{"id": "pubmed23n0004_0", "title": "Concanavalin A stimulates phospholipid methylation and phosphatidylserine decarboxylation in rat mast cells.", "content": "When histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells is stimulated by concanavalin A, membrane phospholipids are methylated in the early stage of this process. Exogenously added phosphatidylserine enhances the concanavalin A-induced histamine release, and at the same time the lectin markedly stimulates the decarboxylation and methylation of phosphatidylserine. Within minutes after the addition of concanavalin A to rat mast cells, the newly methylated phospholipids begin to disappear and an increased formation of lysophosphatidylcholine is observed. When rat mast cells are treated with concanavalin A in the absence of Ca2+, phospholipid methylation is stimulated but no significant release of histamine is detected. The subsequent exposure of the pretreated cells to Ca2+ causes increased release of histamine and degradation of methylated phospholipids. The inhibition of either synthesis or degradation of methylated phospholipids results in the inhibition of histamine release. These observations suggest that the synthesis and degradation of methylated lipids are an intrinsic part of the biochemical mechanism that modulate histamine release from mast cells.", "contents": "Concanavalin A stimulates phospholipid methylation and phosphatidylserine decarboxylation in rat mast cells. When histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells is stimulated by concanavalin A, membrane phospholipids are methylated in the early stage of this process. Exogenously added phosphatidylserine enhances the concanavalin A-induced histamine release, and at the same time the lectin markedly stimulates the decarboxylation and methylation of phosphatidylserine. Within minutes after the addition of concanavalin A to rat mast cells, the newly methylated phospholipids begin to disappear and an increased formation of lysophosphatidylcholine is observed. When rat mast cells are treated with concanavalin A in the absence of Ca2+, phospholipid methylation is stimulated but no significant release of histamine is detected. The subsequent exposure of the pretreated cells to Ca2+ causes increased release of histamine and degradation of methylated phospholipids. The inhibition of either synthesis or degradation of methylated phospholipids results in the inhibition of histamine release. These observations suggest that the synthesis and degradation of methylated lipids are an intrinsic part of the biochemical mechanism that modulate histamine release from mast cells.", "PMID": 92021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1", "title": "Assumed initiation site of fibroin gene transcription.", "content": "To map the initiation site of fibroin gene transcription on cloned genomic fibroin DNA (pFb29), we looked for precursors of fibroin mRNA, first by applying the hybridization mapping method to the RNA from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori. The 6.2-kilobase (kb) DNA fragment used for the assay, from 5.7 kb upstream to 0.5 kb downstream from the cap site, was end-labeled at the Xho I site (position +514) within the intervening sequence of the fibroin gene. By analyzing the labeled DNA protected by the RNA from nuclease S1 treatment, we have shown that the intervening sequence is transcribed together with the surrounding gene sequences in the posterior silk gland (producer) but not in the middle silk gland (nonproducer). Large transcripts that could include entire intervening (1 kb) and fibroin mRNA (16 kb) sequences were found. The 5' end of such transcripts was located around or near the cap locus. Synthesis and analysis of the DNA complementary to the transcripts primed within the intervening sequence region also confirmed that the 5' end of the transcripts is near the cap locus. These results strengthen the possibility that the cap site is the transcription initiation site of fibroin gene.", "contents": "Assumed initiation site of fibroin gene transcription. To map the initiation site of fibroin gene transcription on cloned genomic fibroin DNA (pFb29), we looked for precursors of fibroin mRNA, first by applying the hybridization mapping method to the RNA from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori. The 6.2-kilobase (kb) DNA fragment used for the assay, from 5.7 kb upstream to 0.5 kb downstream from the cap site, was end-labeled at the Xho I site (position +514) within the intervening sequence of the fibroin gene. By analyzing the labeled DNA protected by the RNA from nuclease S1 treatment, we have shown that the intervening sequence is transcribed together with the surrounding gene sequences in the posterior silk gland (producer) but not in the middle silk gland (nonproducer). Large transcripts that could include entire intervening (1 kb) and fibroin mRNA (16 kb) sequences were found. The 5' end of such transcripts was located around or near the cap locus. Synthesis and analysis of the DNA complementary to the transcripts primed within the intervening sequence region also confirmed that the 5' end of the transcripts is near the cap locus. These results strengthen the possibility that the cap site is the transcription initiation site of fibroin gene.", "PMID": 92022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2", "title": "Characterization of the reverse transcriptase of a type C RNA virus produced by a human lymphoma cell line.", "content": "The reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase) of the type C RNA virus produced by the human lymphoma cell line SU-DHL-1 was purified by ion-exchange chromatography of SU-DHL-1 culture fluids and repetitive affinity chromatography on poly(rC).agarose, as were the polymerases of several other type C viruses. The DHL-1 enzyme used template-primers at levels expected of a viral reverse transcriptase, and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoretic analysis of radioiodinated DHL-1 enzyme revealed a peak at a position corresponding to those of several other type C viral reverse transcriptases (namely, at 72,000-78,000 daltons). The purified enzyme was partially neutralized by antibodies specific for the reverse transcriptase of simian sarcoma virus. Two-dimensional analysis on thin-layer cellulose plates of tryptic hydrolysates of the radioiodinated enzymes of several viruses revealed that six peptides are common to the polymerases of simian sarcoma virus, gibbon ape leukemia virus, baboon endogenous virus, and the DHL-1 virus, and that two to four peptides are unique to each of these enzymes. The DHL-1 viral reverse transcriptase appears to be most closely related structurally to the enzymes of simian sarcoma virus, gibbon ape leukemia virus, and baboon endogenous virus. However, the DHL-1 viral enzyme differed from any one or combination of the other subhuman primate viral enzymes by virtue of its unique peptides. The implications of these findings with respect to the probable origin of the DHL-1 virus are discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of the reverse transcriptase of a type C RNA virus produced by a human lymphoma cell line. The reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase) of the type C RNA virus produced by the human lymphoma cell line SU-DHL-1 was purified by ion-exchange chromatography of SU-DHL-1 culture fluids and repetitive affinity chromatography on poly(rC).agarose, as were the polymerases of several other type C viruses. The DHL-1 enzyme used template-primers at levels expected of a viral reverse transcriptase, and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoretic analysis of radioiodinated DHL-1 enzyme revealed a peak at a position corresponding to those of several other type C viral reverse transcriptases (namely, at 72,000-78,000 daltons). The purified enzyme was partially neutralized by antibodies specific for the reverse transcriptase of simian sarcoma virus. Two-dimensional analysis on thin-layer cellulose plates of tryptic hydrolysates of the radioiodinated enzymes of several viruses revealed that six peptides are common to the polymerases of simian sarcoma virus, gibbon ape leukemia virus, baboon endogenous virus, and the DHL-1 virus, and that two to four peptides are unique to each of these enzymes. The DHL-1 viral reverse transcriptase appears to be most closely related structurally to the enzymes of simian sarcoma virus, gibbon ape leukemia virus, and baboon endogenous virus. However, the DHL-1 viral enzyme differed from any one or combination of the other subhuman primate viral enzymes by virtue of its unique peptides. The implications of these findings with respect to the probable origin of the DHL-1 virus are discussed.", "PMID": 92023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3", "title": "Experimental autoimmune model of nerve growth factor deprivation: effects on developing peripheral sympathetic and sensory neurons.", "content": "An experimental autoimmune model of nerve growth factor (NGF) deprivation has been used to assess the role of NGF in the development of various cell types in the nervous system. Adult rats immunized with 2.5S mouse NGF in complete Freund's adjuvant produced antibodies that crossreacted with their own NGF and that were transferred in utero to the fetus and in milk to the neonate. Cross-fostering experiments were carried out to separate the effects of exposure to anti-NGF in utero from those due to exposure through the milk. Anti-NGF transferred in utero and in milk resulted in the destruction of peripheral sympathetic neurons assessed by morphological methods (light microscopy) and biochemical methods (tyrosine hydroxylase activity, choline acetyltransferase activity, and protein content). No effects were observed on the adrenal medulla. Offspring of NGF-immunized females exposed to anti-NGF in utero had a decreased protein content in the dorsal root ganglia and were unable to transport (125)I-labeled NGF injected in the forepaw to the dorsal root ganglia. These results suggest that a subpopulation of sensory neurons is dependent on NGF for survival during some period of fetal development. This model offers the potential for determining the degree and time of dependence of various cell types on NGF.", "contents": "Experimental autoimmune model of nerve growth factor deprivation: effects on developing peripheral sympathetic and sensory neurons. An experimental autoimmune model of nerve growth factor (NGF) deprivation has been used to assess the role of NGF in the development of various cell types in the nervous system. Adult rats immunized with 2.5S mouse NGF in complete Freund's adjuvant produced antibodies that crossreacted with their own NGF and that were transferred in utero to the fetus and in milk to the neonate. Cross-fostering experiments were carried out to separate the effects of exposure to anti-NGF in utero from those due to exposure through the milk. Anti-NGF transferred in utero and in milk resulted in the destruction of peripheral sympathetic neurons assessed by morphological methods (light microscopy) and biochemical methods (tyrosine hydroxylase activity, choline acetyltransferase activity, and protein content). No effects were observed on the adrenal medulla. Offspring of NGF-immunized females exposed to anti-NGF in utero had a decreased protein content in the dorsal root ganglia and were unable to transport (125)I-labeled NGF injected in the forepaw to the dorsal root ganglia. These results suggest that a subpopulation of sensory neurons is dependent on NGF for survival during some period of fetal development. This model offers the potential for determining the degree and time of dependence of various cell types on NGF.", "PMID": 92024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4", "title": "Conformation of gramicidin A channel in phospholipid vesicles: a 13C and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance study.", "content": "We have determined the conformation of the channel-forming polypeptide antibiotic gramicidin A in phosphatidylcholine vesicles by using 13C and 19F NMR spectroscopy. The models previously proposed for the conformation of the dimer channel differ in the surface localization of the NH2 and COOH termini. We have incorporated specific 13C and 19F nuclei at both the NH2, and COOH termini of gramicidin and have used 13C and 19F chemical shifts and spin lattice relaxation time measurements to determine the accessibility of these labels to three paramagnetic NMR probes--two in aqueous solution and one attached to the phosphatidylcholine fatty acid chain9 all of our results indicate that the COOH terminus of gramicidin in the channel is located near the surface of the membrane and the NH2 terminus is buried deep within the lipid bilayer. These findings strongly favor an NH2-terminal to NH2-terminal helical dimer as the major conformation for the gramicidin channel in phosphatidylcholine vesicles.", "contents": "Conformation of gramicidin A channel in phospholipid vesicles: a 13C and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance study. We have determined the conformation of the channel-forming polypeptide antibiotic gramicidin A in phosphatidylcholine vesicles by using 13C and 19F NMR spectroscopy. The models previously proposed for the conformation of the dimer channel differ in the surface localization of the NH2 and COOH termini. We have incorporated specific 13C and 19F nuclei at both the NH2, and COOH termini of gramicidin and have used 13C and 19F chemical shifts and spin lattice relaxation time measurements to determine the accessibility of these labels to three paramagnetic NMR probes--two in aqueous solution and one attached to the phosphatidylcholine fatty acid chain9 all of our results indicate that the COOH terminus of gramicidin in the channel is located near the surface of the membrane and the NH2 terminus is buried deep within the lipid bilayer. These findings strongly favor an NH2-terminal to NH2-terminal helical dimer as the major conformation for the gramicidin channel in phosphatidylcholine vesicles.", "PMID": 92025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5", "title": "Characterization of alkylamine-sensitive site in alpha 2-macroglobulin.", "content": "Methylamine reacts with the plasma protease inhibitor, alpha 2-macroglobulin, to form an irreversible, covalent modification. Quantitation of the reaction indicates 3.9 +/- (SD) 0.4 reactive sites per native tetrameric protein (Mr = 725,000) or one site per subunit. The reaction is selective and specific in that only 1 or 2 labeled peptides are observed on radioautography of peptide maps derived from [14C]methylamine-treated alpha 2-macroglobulin. A single chymotryptic peptide was isolated in 56% overall yield from the labeled protein. The peptide sequence by Edman degradation was found to be Gly-Cys-Gly-Glu-X-Asn-Met-(Val, Leu), in which X was the only radiolabeled phenylthiohydantoin derivative. Amino acid analysis and mass spectral analysis of the derivative suggests that X is gamma-glutamylmethylamide. Because glutamic acid and glutamine residues do not normally react with alkylamines, this work presents presumptive evidence for an alternative activated center in selected proteins.", "contents": "Characterization of alkylamine-sensitive site in alpha 2-macroglobulin. Methylamine reacts with the plasma protease inhibitor, alpha 2-macroglobulin, to form an irreversible, covalent modification. Quantitation of the reaction indicates 3.9 +/- (SD) 0.4 reactive sites per native tetrameric protein (Mr = 725,000) or one site per subunit. The reaction is selective and specific in that only 1 or 2 labeled peptides are observed on radioautography of peptide maps derived from [14C]methylamine-treated alpha 2-macroglobulin. A single chymotryptic peptide was isolated in 56% overall yield from the labeled protein. The peptide sequence by Edman degradation was found to be Gly-Cys-Gly-Glu-X-Asn-Met-(Val, Leu), in which X was the only radiolabeled phenylthiohydantoin derivative. Amino acid analysis and mass spectral analysis of the derivative suggests that X is gamma-glutamylmethylamide. Because glutamic acid and glutamine residues do not normally react with alkylamines, this work presents presumptive evidence for an alternative activated center in selected proteins.", "PMID": 92026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6", "title": "Trace polypeptides in cellular extracts and human body fluids detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis and a highly sensitive silver stain.", "content": "Development of a highly sensitive silver stain permits the characterization of trace cellular and body fluid proteins separated by the two-dimensional electrophoresis technique of O'Farrell. Many of the proteins detected by the silver stain in urine, spinal fluid, amniotic fluid, and cells were undetected with the widely used Coomassie blue stain. Trace polypeptides observed in Escherichia coli cell lysates with this silver stain could be detected previously only by growth in radioactive precursors followed by lengthy autoradiography. In situations that do not permit the use of radioactive labeling, as in human clinical studies, the enhanced ability to detect proteins achieved by the silver stain will facilitate metabolic studies and the screening for protein abnormalities in mutational studies and in genetic diseases.", "contents": "Trace polypeptides in cellular extracts and human body fluids detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis and a highly sensitive silver stain. Development of a highly sensitive silver stain permits the characterization of trace cellular and body fluid proteins separated by the two-dimensional electrophoresis technique of O'Farrell. Many of the proteins detected by the silver stain in urine, spinal fluid, amniotic fluid, and cells were undetected with the widely used Coomassie blue stain. Trace polypeptides observed in Escherichia coli cell lysates with this silver stain could be detected previously only by growth in radioactive precursors followed by lengthy autoradiography. In situations that do not permit the use of radioactive labeling, as in human clinical studies, the enhanced ability to detect proteins achieved by the silver stain will facilitate metabolic studies and the screening for protein abnormalities in mutational studies and in genetic diseases.", "PMID": 92027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7", "title": "Synthesis of a 600-nucleotide-long plus-strand DNA by virions of Moloney murine leukemia virus.", "content": "A discrete, 600-nucleotide-long plus-strand DNA has been identified among the products of reverse transcription by virions of Moloney murine leukemia virus. Its polarity was shown by hybridization to minus-strand DNA. It appears to be copied from the right end of minus-strand DNA because (i) its restriction endonuclease cleavage pattern corresponds to the redundant 600-base segment found at either end of the ultimate double-stranded reverse transcription products, (ii) its synthesis is actinomycin D sensitive, and (iii) its synthesis begins during the first hour of a reverse transcription reaction when only the right-hand end of minus-strand DNA is available as template. We therefore call this DNA plus-strong-stop DNA by analogy with the minus-strong-stop DNA copied from the left end of the viral RNA. Both strong-stop DNAs are made early during in vitro reactions and decline in concentration later, consistent with postulated roles as initiators of long minus- and plus-strand DNA. Unlike minus-strong-stop DNA, plus-strong-stop DNA remains as a double-stranded nucleic acid after its synthesis, as shown by S1 nuclease resistance. A primer to initiate plus-strong-stop DNA synthesis has not been identified; the product found thus far has no detectable RNA attached to it.", "contents": "Synthesis of a 600-nucleotide-long plus-strand DNA by virions of Moloney murine leukemia virus. A discrete, 600-nucleotide-long plus-strand DNA has been identified among the products of reverse transcription by virions of Moloney murine leukemia virus. Its polarity was shown by hybridization to minus-strand DNA. It appears to be copied from the right end of minus-strand DNA because (i) its restriction endonuclease cleavage pattern corresponds to the redundant 600-base segment found at either end of the ultimate double-stranded reverse transcription products, (ii) its synthesis is actinomycin D sensitive, and (iii) its synthesis begins during the first hour of a reverse transcription reaction when only the right-hand end of minus-strand DNA is available as template. We therefore call this DNA plus-strong-stop DNA by analogy with the minus-strong-stop DNA copied from the left end of the viral RNA. Both strong-stop DNAs are made early during in vitro reactions and decline in concentration later, consistent with postulated roles as initiators of long minus- and plus-strand DNA. Unlike minus-strong-stop DNA, plus-strong-stop DNA remains as a double-stranded nucleic acid after its synthesis, as shown by S1 nuclease resistance. A primer to initiate plus-strong-stop DNA synthesis has not been identified; the product found thus far has no detectable RNA attached to it.", "PMID": 92028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8", "title": "Comparison of amino acid sequences of two human histocompatibility antigens, HLA-A2 and HLA-B7: location of putative alloantigenic sites.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence for papain-solubilized HLA-B7 heavy chain is compared with the partial sequences of HLA-A2 and H-2Kb heavy chains. Although these molecules are highly conserved (i.e., 80% homology in comparing HLA-B7 with HLA-A2; 72% and 74% homology in comparing H-2Kb with HLA-A2 and HLA-B7, respectively), two stretches of greater variability are observed. These clusters of variability are discussed in terms of their possible involvement in the alloantigenic determinant(s) characteristic of these highly polymorphic membrane antigens.", "contents": "Comparison of amino acid sequences of two human histocompatibility antigens, HLA-A2 and HLA-B7: location of putative alloantigenic sites. The complete amino acid sequence for papain-solubilized HLA-B7 heavy chain is compared with the partial sequences of HLA-A2 and H-2Kb heavy chains. Although these molecules are highly conserved (i.e., 80% homology in comparing HLA-B7 with HLA-A2; 72% and 74% homology in comparing H-2Kb with HLA-A2 and HLA-B7, respectively), two stretches of greater variability are observed. These clusters of variability are discussed in terms of their possible involvement in the alloantigenic determinant(s) characteristic of these highly polymorphic membrane antigens.", "PMID": 92029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9", "title": "Differentiation of 3T3-L2 fibroblasts into adipose cells in bromodeoxyuridine-suppressed cultures.", "content": "Growth of 3T3-L2 fibroblasts in medium containing 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine prevents the spontaneous cytodifferentiation of these cells into adipose cells. Treatment of bromodeoxyuridine-suppressed cultures at confluence with 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, a promoter of the adipose conversion, results in differentiation of the fibroblasts into adipose cells but the extent of the conversion is less than that seen in cultures not treated with bromodeoxyuridine. 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine appears to function without altering the amount of bromodeoxyuridine present in DNA.", "contents": "Differentiation of 3T3-L2 fibroblasts into adipose cells in bromodeoxyuridine-suppressed cultures. Growth of 3T3-L2 fibroblasts in medium containing 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine prevents the spontaneous cytodifferentiation of these cells into adipose cells. Treatment of bromodeoxyuridine-suppressed cultures at confluence with 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, a promoter of the adipose conversion, results in differentiation of the fibroblasts into adipose cells but the extent of the conversion is less than that seen in cultures not treated with bromodeoxyuridine. 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine appears to function without altering the amount of bromodeoxyuridine present in DNA.", "PMID": 92030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10", "title": "Identification of a Rous sarcoma virus transformation-related protein in normal avian and mammalian cells.", "content": "Avian sarcoma viruses (ASV) contain a gene (src) whose protein product mediates sarcomagenic transformation. This product is a 60,000-Mr phosphoprotein designated pp60src. We have found that normal uninfected frog, chicken, rat, and human cells contain a 60,000-Mr phosphoprotein related to the product of the ASV src gene and have designated that protein pp60. A phosphoprotein of similar size was not detectable in Drosophila cells. The pp60 proteins were detected by immunoprecipitation with rabbit antitumor serum containing broad spectrum antibodies to pp60src. Peptide maps of [35S]methionine-labeled pp60 and pp60src indicated major similarities as well as some differences in amino acid composition. Peptide maps of the 32P-labeled proteins demonstrated that the phosphopeptides of all endogenous pp60 molecules tested were identical. However, some differences were noted between the phosphopeptide patterns of pp60 and viral pp60src. The kinase activity associated with pp60src was measured in the immunocomplex and resulted in the transfer of radioactive phosphorus from [gamma-32P]ATP to the immunoglobulin heavy chain as well as to an 80,000-Mr phosphoprotein. The pp60 of chicken, rat, and human origin also contained an associated kinase activity. These results are consistent with the notion that the pp60 molecules are the protein products of endogenous sarc sequences found in vertebrate cells.", "contents": "Identification of a Rous sarcoma virus transformation-related protein in normal avian and mammalian cells. Avian sarcoma viruses (ASV) contain a gene (src) whose protein product mediates sarcomagenic transformation. This product is a 60,000-Mr phosphoprotein designated pp60src. We have found that normal uninfected frog, chicken, rat, and human cells contain a 60,000-Mr phosphoprotein related to the product of the ASV src gene and have designated that protein pp60. A phosphoprotein of similar size was not detectable in Drosophila cells. The pp60 proteins were detected by immunoprecipitation with rabbit antitumor serum containing broad spectrum antibodies to pp60src. Peptide maps of [35S]methionine-labeled pp60 and pp60src indicated major similarities as well as some differences in amino acid composition. Peptide maps of the 32P-labeled proteins demonstrated that the phosphopeptides of all endogenous pp60 molecules tested were identical. However, some differences were noted between the phosphopeptide patterns of pp60 and viral pp60src. The kinase activity associated with pp60src was measured in the immunocomplex and resulted in the transfer of radioactive phosphorus from [gamma-32P]ATP to the immunoglobulin heavy chain as well as to an 80,000-Mr phosphoprotein. The pp60 of chicken, rat, and human origin also contained an associated kinase activity. These results are consistent with the notion that the pp60 molecules are the protein products of endogenous sarc sequences found in vertebrate cells.", "PMID": 92031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11", "title": "The flow properties of axoplasm in a defined chemical environment: influence of anions and calcium.", "content": "The flow properties of axoplasm have been studied in a defined chemical environment. Axoplasm extruded from squid giant axons was introduced into porous cellulose acetate tubes of diameter roughly equal to that of the original axon. Passage of axoplasm along the tube rapidly coated the tube walls with a layer of protein. By measuring the rate of low back and forth along the tube, the rheological properties of the axoplasm plug were investigated at a range of pressures and in a variety of media. Axoplasm behaves as a classical Bingham body the motion of which can be characterized by a yield stress (theta) and a plastic viscosity (eta p). In a potassium methanesulphonate medium containing 65 nM free Ca2+, theta averaged 109 +/- 46 dyn/cm2 and eta p1 146 +/- 83 P. These values were little affected by ATP, COLCHICINE, CYTOCHOLASIN B or by replacing K by Na but were sensitive to the anion composition of the medium. The effectiveness of different anions at reducing theta and eta p1 was in the order SCN greater than I greater then Br greater than Cl greater than methanesulphonate. Theta and eta p1 were also drastically reduced by increasing the ionized Ca. This effect required millimolar amounts of Ca, was unaffected by the presence of ATP and was irreversible. It could be blocked by the protease inhibitor TLCK. E.p.r. measurements showed that within the matrix of the axoplasm gel there is a watery space that is largely unaffected by anions or calcium.", "contents": "The flow properties of axoplasm in a defined chemical environment: influence of anions and calcium. The flow properties of axoplasm have been studied in a defined chemical environment. Axoplasm extruded from squid giant axons was introduced into porous cellulose acetate tubes of diameter roughly equal to that of the original axon. Passage of axoplasm along the tube rapidly coated the tube walls with a layer of protein. By measuring the rate of low back and forth along the tube, the rheological properties of the axoplasm plug were investigated at a range of pressures and in a variety of media. Axoplasm behaves as a classical Bingham body the motion of which can be characterized by a yield stress (theta) and a plastic viscosity (eta p). In a potassium methanesulphonate medium containing 65 nM free Ca2+, theta averaged 109 +/- 46 dyn/cm2 and eta p1 146 +/- 83 P. These values were little affected by ATP, COLCHICINE, CYTOCHOLASIN B or by replacing K by Na but were sensitive to the anion composition of the medium. The effectiveness of different anions at reducing theta and eta p1 was in the order SCN greater than I greater then Br greater than Cl greater than methanesulphonate. Theta and eta p1 were also drastically reduced by increasing the ionized Ca. This effect required millimolar amounts of Ca, was unaffected by the presence of ATP and was irreversible. It could be blocked by the protease inhibitor TLCK. E.p.r. measurements showed that within the matrix of the axoplasm gel there is a watery space that is largely unaffected by anions or calcium.", "PMID": 92032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12", "title": "Endotoxin determination in viscous opaque solutions of iron dextran by Limulus amebocyte lysate.", "content": "LAL would not form a clot when mixed with a viscous, opaque parenteral preparation of iron dextran spiked with endotoxin. However, recoverable precipitate could be obtained by diluting the LAL iron dextran mixture with PBS and centrifuging. Although the pellet so formed was red colored the protein present could be quantitated by dissolving it in a Coomassie Blue stain solution. The very rapid change in color from reddish black to deep blue was measured quantitatively in a spectrophotometer and was sigmoidally related to the amount of endotoxin used to spike the iron dextran. This method is suggested to be generally useful to measure quantitatively endotoxin concentrations too low to form a clot with LAL but high enough to precipitate recoverable protein from LAL.", "contents": "Endotoxin determination in viscous opaque solutions of iron dextran by Limulus amebocyte lysate. LAL would not form a clot when mixed with a viscous, opaque parenteral preparation of iron dextran spiked with endotoxin. However, recoverable precipitate could be obtained by diluting the LAL iron dextran mixture with PBS and centrifuging. Although the pellet so formed was red colored the protein present could be quantitated by dissolving it in a Coomassie Blue stain solution. The very rapid change in color from reddish black to deep blue was measured quantitatively in a spectrophotometer and was sigmoidally related to the amount of endotoxin used to spike the iron dextran. This method is suggested to be generally useful to measure quantitatively endotoxin concentrations too low to form a clot with LAL but high enough to precipitate recoverable protein from LAL.", "PMID": 92034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13", "title": "Dependence in rats after one injection of heroin-, LAAM- or hydromorphone-zinc tannate.", "content": "Complex zinc tannate salts of heroin, hydromorphone and l-alpha-acetylmethadol were synthesized and injected in a slow-release vehicle, into rats. One, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after the drug was administered rats were injected with naloxone hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) and during the following 4 hours body weights, core temperature and behavioral signs such as diarrhea, writhing, teeth chattering and wet dog shakes were recorded. On every naloxone testing day the narcotic-treated groups presented behavioral signs of abstinence, but weight loss and temperature changes were much less consistent. Reduction of core temperature following naloxone administration seems to be an earlier indicator of physical dependence than weight loss. According to the parameters tested a level of physical dependence can persist for at least two weeks after a single injection of these narcotic salts.", "contents": "Dependence in rats after one injection of heroin-, LAAM- or hydromorphone-zinc tannate. Complex zinc tannate salts of heroin, hydromorphone and l-alpha-acetylmethadol were synthesized and injected in a slow-release vehicle, into rats. One, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after the drug was administered rats were injected with naloxone hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) and during the following 4 hours body weights, core temperature and behavioral signs such as diarrhea, writhing, teeth chattering and wet dog shakes were recorded. On every naloxone testing day the narcotic-treated groups presented behavioral signs of abstinence, but weight loss and temperature changes were much less consistent. Reduction of core temperature following naloxone administration seems to be an earlier indicator of physical dependence than weight loss. According to the parameters tested a level of physical dependence can persist for at least two weeks after a single injection of these narcotic salts.", "PMID": 92035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14", "title": "Localized cerebritis following an esthetic rhinoplasty.", "content": "We report a case of Wernicke's sensory aphasia, caused by a localized cerebritis of the left temporal lobe. The condition developed in the second week after an esthetic rhinoplasty. There was an associated small abscess in the right inner canthal area.", "contents": "Localized cerebritis following an esthetic rhinoplasty. We report a case of Wernicke's sensory aphasia, caused by a localized cerebritis of the left temporal lobe. The condition developed in the second week after an esthetic rhinoplasty. There was an associated small abscess in the right inner canthal area.", "PMID": 92036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_15", "title": "Arterial occlusion in the management of pain from metastatic renal carcinoma.", "content": "Arterial embolization was performed in nine patients with metastases from renal carcinoma who had severe pain resistant to conventional therapy. Patients with metastases in the ilium (four), the lumbosacral spine (one), and the base of the skull (one) experienced pain relief lasting from one to six months. The other three patients, who had metastases in the proximal femur, underwent preoperative embolization to facilitate tumor curettage and internal hip fixation. No significant complications were seen with this therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Arterial occlusion in the management of pain from metastatic renal carcinoma. Arterial embolization was performed in nine patients with metastases from renal carcinoma who had severe pain resistant to conventional therapy. Patients with metastases in the ilium (four), the lumbosacral spine (one), and the base of the skull (one) experienced pain relief lasting from one to six months. The other three patients, who had metastases in the proximal femur, underwent preoperative embolization to facilitate tumor curettage and internal hip fixation. No significant complications were seen with this therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 92038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_16", "title": "Selecting audiovisual materials for use in radiography programs.", "content": "To select the highest quality audiovisual instructional materials for use in radiography programs, instructors must go beyond a simple subjective judgement. This article provides a method of selection that will help instructors locate and make an objective assessment of the instructional value of audiovisual materials and help insure that these materials will be of high quality and serve the learning needs of their students.", "contents": "Selecting audiovisual materials for use in radiography programs. To select the highest quality audiovisual instructional materials for use in radiography programs, instructors must go beyond a simple subjective judgement. This article provides a method of selection that will help instructors locate and make an objective assessment of the instructional value of audiovisual materials and help insure that these materials will be of high quality and serve the learning needs of their students.", "PMID": 92037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_17", "title": "[Measurement for serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and its clinical assessment in diagnosis of thyroid states (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum levels of thyroxine (T4)-binding globulin (TBG) were determined by a radioimmunoassay using cellulose-linked antibody to TBG. Values obtained in healthy young adults averaged 1.62 +/- 0.25 (SD) mg/100 ml, and no significant difference wwas detected between males and females. The TBG levels remained within the normal limit in hyperthyroidism while they were significantly increased in hypothyroidism. Interestingly enough, TBG levels were significantly elevated in chronic thyroidities with no overt hypothyroidism. In normal pregnancy, TBG was increased slightly in the first trimester, and markedly in the second and third trimesters. In one case of congenital TBG deficiency, no immunoreactive TBG was detected. It was demonstrated, further, that an inverse relationship (r = -0.7593) existed between the TBG level and serum triiodothyronine uptake index, and that a direct relation (r = +0.6557) was present between the TBG level and T4 in sera from normal subjects and pregnancy. Ratios of T4/TBG were markedly increased in hyperthyroidism, and decreased in hypothyroidism, showing no overlap with the normal subjects, whereas they were below the normal limit in half the cases in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The radioimmunoassay for TBG was useful in evaluating hypothyroid states, because it could differentiate the increase in T4 associated with elevated TBG from hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "[Measurement for serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and its clinical assessment in diagnosis of thyroid states (author's transl)]. Serum levels of thyroxine (T4)-binding globulin (TBG) were determined by a radioimmunoassay using cellulose-linked antibody to TBG. Values obtained in healthy young adults averaged 1.62 +/- 0.25 (SD) mg/100 ml, and no significant difference wwas detected between males and females. The TBG levels remained within the normal limit in hyperthyroidism while they were significantly increased in hypothyroidism. Interestingly enough, TBG levels were significantly elevated in chronic thyroidities with no overt hypothyroidism. In normal pregnancy, TBG was increased slightly in the first trimester, and markedly in the second and third trimesters. In one case of congenital TBG deficiency, no immunoreactive TBG was detected. It was demonstrated, further, that an inverse relationship (r = -0.7593) existed between the TBG level and serum triiodothyronine uptake index, and that a direct relation (r = +0.6557) was present between the TBG level and T4 in sera from normal subjects and pregnancy. Ratios of T4/TBG were markedly increased in hyperthyroidism, and decreased in hypothyroidism, showing no overlap with the normal subjects, whereas they were below the normal limit in half the cases in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The radioimmunoassay for TBG was useful in evaluating hypothyroid states, because it could differentiate the increase in T4 associated with elevated TBG from hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 92043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_18", "title": "[Severely increased alpha fetoprotein and associated diseases].", "content": "In 1977 and 1978 the serum concentration of alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP) in 3200 patients was measured for diagnostic purposes. Values above 320 ng/ml were observed in 75 patients; they underwent closer study. The final diagnoses were hepatoma (50), germ cell tumors (15), other malignant tumors (6) and acute hepatitis (4). Also, chronic hepatitis and liver coma may be associated with AFP values above 320 ng/ml. Repeated measurements usually provide further diagnostic information.", "contents": "[Severely increased alpha fetoprotein and associated diseases]. In 1977 and 1978 the serum concentration of alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP) in 3200 patients was measured for diagnostic purposes. Values above 320 ng/ml were observed in 75 patients; they underwent closer study. The final diagnoses were hepatoma (50), germ cell tumors (15), other malignant tumors (6) and acute hepatitis (4). Also, chronic hepatitis and liver coma may be associated with AFP values above 320 ng/ml. Repeated measurements usually provide further diagnostic information.", "PMID": 92051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_19", "title": "Orcein-positive material in hepatocytes in viral hepatitis and other liver diseases.", "content": "Liver biopsy samples from 110 patients with various liver diseases were stained by orcein according to the method of Shikata et al. Orcein-positive hepatocellular material was observed in only the 31.7% of HBsAg seropositive cases. A positive orcein reaction was frequently found in protracted and chronic viral hepatitis and occasionally in other liver diseases, such as alcoholic and cholestatic hepatitis, as well as in cryptogenetic cirrhosis and in liver metastases. The results obtained suggest a more cautious evaluation of the diagnostic and prognostic significance of orcein-positive hepatocellular material.", "contents": "Orcein-positive material in hepatocytes in viral hepatitis and other liver diseases. Liver biopsy samples from 110 patients with various liver diseases were stained by orcein according to the method of Shikata et al. Orcein-positive hepatocellular material was observed in only the 31.7% of HBsAg seropositive cases. A positive orcein reaction was frequently found in protracted and chronic viral hepatitis and occasionally in other liver diseases, such as alcoholic and cholestatic hepatitis, as well as in cryptogenetic cirrhosis and in liver metastases. The results obtained suggest a more cautious evaluation of the diagnostic and prognostic significance of orcein-positive hepatocellular material.", "PMID": 92049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_20", "title": "Derived X chromosome in the turtle genus Staurotypus.", "content": "C-banding, G-banding, and silver (Ag-AS) staining techniques reveal a distinctive sex chromosome system in the turtle Staurotypus salvinii. Unlike previously described systems in most other vertebrate groups in which the Y or W is derived and the homogametic sex represents the primitive condition, the reverse is true for S. salvinii. The X chromosome is derived; thus the homogametic sex (female) is more derived than the heterogametic sex. The male is intermediate between the female and the ancestral condition observed in other turtle species. Staurotypus does not confirm to the general model of sex chromosome evolution for diploid dioecious organisms.", "contents": "Derived X chromosome in the turtle genus Staurotypus. C-banding, G-banding, and silver (Ag-AS) staining techniques reveal a distinctive sex chromosome system in the turtle Staurotypus salvinii. Unlike previously described systems in most other vertebrate groups in which the Y or W is derived and the homogametic sex represents the primitive condition, the reverse is true for S. salvinii. The X chromosome is derived; thus the homogametic sex (female) is more derived than the heterogametic sex. The male is intermediate between the female and the ancestral condition observed in other turtle species. Staurotypus does not confirm to the general model of sex chromosome evolution for diploid dioecious organisms.", "PMID": 92052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_21", "title": "Visualization of polymercurimethane-labeled for bacteriophage in the scanning transmission electron microscope.", "content": "Each of the 2700 coat proteins of fd bacteriophage was labeled with tetrakis(acetoxymercuri)methane (TAMM) or aquoglycylmethionineplatinum(II). The TAMM-labeled specimens reveal striking bright spots in the scanning transmission electron microscope which arise from clustering. Measurements of mass show increases consistent with the addition of four mercury atoms or one platinum atom, respectively, to each coat protein.", "contents": "Visualization of polymercurimethane-labeled for bacteriophage in the scanning transmission electron microscope. Each of the 2700 coat proteins of fd bacteriophage was labeled with tetrakis(acetoxymercuri)methane (TAMM) or aquoglycylmethionineplatinum(II). The TAMM-labeled specimens reveal striking bright spots in the scanning transmission electron microscope which arise from clustering. Measurements of mass show increases consistent with the addition of four mercury atoms or one platinum atom, respectively, to each coat protein.", "PMID": 92053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_22", "title": "Pharyngolaryngectomy, total extrathoracic esophagectomy and gastric transposition.", "content": "Total pharyngolaryngectomy, extrathoracic esophagectomy and immediate reconstruction using transposed stomach were performed without operative mortality in 16 patients using a two team approach. The intact transposed stomach appears to be a highly reliable esophageal substitute. Significant palliation was achieved since all were able to swallow by mouth until their death. Results in terms of survival were disappointing but, possibly, may be improved by better patient selection and the judicious use of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation.", "contents": "Pharyngolaryngectomy, total extrathoracic esophagectomy and gastric transposition. Total pharyngolaryngectomy, extrathoracic esophagectomy and immediate reconstruction using transposed stomach were performed without operative mortality in 16 patients using a two team approach. The intact transposed stomach appears to be a highly reliable esophageal substitute. Significant palliation was achieved since all were able to swallow by mouth until their death. Results in terms of survival were disappointing but, possibly, may be improved by better patient selection and the judicious use of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation.", "PMID": 92064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_23", "title": "Treatment of infestation with Phthirus pubis: comparative efficacies of synergized pyrethrins and gamma-benzene hexachloride.", "content": "In recent years there has been a steady increase in the incidence of infestation with Phthirus pubis, a sexually transmitted louse. A recently introduced nonprescription liquid pediculicide, whose major ingredient is 0.3% pyrethrins synergized by 3.0% piperonyl butoxide (RiD), was compared for efficacy and safety with a prescription-only pediculicidal lotion whose major ingredient is 1% gamma-benzene hexachloride (Kwell). Thirty adult man and women with P. pubis infestation were assigned randomly to treatment with either the synergized pyrethrins or gamma-benzene hexachloride. A single 10-min application of the synergized-pyrethrin liquid produced the same results as a single 12-hr application of the gamma-benze hexachloride lotion: total eradication of adult lice and nymphs, cessation of pruritus, and no treatment-induced side effect. A follow-up visit a week after treatment verified all eradications.", "contents": "Treatment of infestation with Phthirus pubis: comparative efficacies of synergized pyrethrins and gamma-benzene hexachloride. In recent years there has been a steady increase in the incidence of infestation with Phthirus pubis, a sexually transmitted louse. A recently introduced nonprescription liquid pediculicide, whose major ingredient is 0.3% pyrethrins synergized by 3.0% piperonyl butoxide (RiD), was compared for efficacy and safety with a prescription-only pediculicidal lotion whose major ingredient is 1% gamma-benzene hexachloride (Kwell). Thirty adult man and women with P. pubis infestation were assigned randomly to treatment with either the synergized pyrethrins or gamma-benzene hexachloride. A single 10-min application of the synergized-pyrethrin liquid produced the same results as a single 12-hr application of the gamma-benze hexachloride lotion: total eradication of adult lice and nymphs, cessation of pruritus, and no treatment-induced side effect. A follow-up visit a week after treatment verified all eradications.", "PMID": 92062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_24", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity of lung and spleen extracts observed in conventional but not in germ-free rats.", "content": "Protease-like activity which split plasminogen-free fibrin was demonstrated in 2 M KSCN extracts of the lung and spleen of conventional rats. The activity was virtually undetectable in tissue extracts from germ-free rats. The extracts from the conventional rat tissues split fibrin and fibrinogen remarkably at neutral pH, but not casein, when examined using fibrin, fibrinogen-agar and casein-agar plates. The fibrinolytic activity was inhibited by STI and DFP, indicating a serine protease nature. The activity was not inhibited by TLCK, t-AMCHA or dansyl-L-arginine-methylpiperidine amide (a selective synthetic thrombin inhibitor, OM189). It was neither activated nor inhibited by cysteine, KCN or iodoacetic acid. The results obtained indicate that the protease-like activity of the lung and spleen extracted with 2 M KSCN from conventional rats has properties which differ from those of trypsin, plasmin, plasminogen-activator, thrombin, and cathepsin A, B and C.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity of lung and spleen extracts observed in conventional but not in germ-free rats. Protease-like activity which split plasminogen-free fibrin was demonstrated in 2 M KSCN extracts of the lung and spleen of conventional rats. The activity was virtually undetectable in tissue extracts from germ-free rats. The extracts from the conventional rat tissues split fibrin and fibrinogen remarkably at neutral pH, but not casein, when examined using fibrin, fibrinogen-agar and casein-agar plates. The fibrinolytic activity was inhibited by STI and DFP, indicating a serine protease nature. The activity was not inhibited by TLCK, t-AMCHA or dansyl-L-arginine-methylpiperidine amide (a selective synthetic thrombin inhibitor, OM189). It was neither activated nor inhibited by cysteine, KCN or iodoacetic acid. The results obtained indicate that the protease-like activity of the lung and spleen extracted with 2 M KSCN from conventional rats has properties which differ from those of trypsin, plasmin, plasminogen-activator, thrombin, and cathepsin A, B and C.", "PMID": 92068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_25", "title": "Plasma high molecular weight kininogen concentration in health and in chosen impairments of haemostasis. Evidence that plasmin uncovers a new antigenic site in high molecular weight kininogen.", "content": "High molecular weight kininogen (HMW-kininogen) concentration was measured in the plasma of healthy blood donors, patients with haemophilia A, idiopathic thrombocytopoenic purpura, deep vein thrombosis treated with oral anticoagulants and patients treated with streptokinase (SK). The concentration of HMW-kininogen in the plasma of healthy subjects was 92 +/- 15 micrograms/ml. The values obtained in patients' plasma were not different statistically. In the plasma of patients treated with repeated infusion of SK, a significant increase of HMW-kininogen antigen activity was noted after each injection of the drug. Similar results were obtained when SK was added to plasma \"in vitro\" or when a purified preparation of HMW-kininogen was treated with plasmin. These and additional data obtained suggest that plasmin uncovers in the HMW-kininogen molecule a new antigenic site(s) common to HMW-kininogen and low molecular weight kininogen and new antigenic site(s) specific only for HMW-kininogen.", "contents": "Plasma high molecular weight kininogen concentration in health and in chosen impairments of haemostasis. Evidence that plasmin uncovers a new antigenic site in high molecular weight kininogen. High molecular weight kininogen (HMW-kininogen) concentration was measured in the plasma of healthy blood donors, patients with haemophilia A, idiopathic thrombocytopoenic purpura, deep vein thrombosis treated with oral anticoagulants and patients treated with streptokinase (SK). The concentration of HMW-kininogen in the plasma of healthy subjects was 92 +/- 15 micrograms/ml. The values obtained in patients' plasma were not different statistically. In the plasma of patients treated with repeated infusion of SK, a significant increase of HMW-kininogen antigen activity was noted after each injection of the drug. Similar results were obtained when SK was added to plasma \"in vitro\" or when a purified preparation of HMW-kininogen was treated with plasmin. These and additional data obtained suggest that plasmin uncovers in the HMW-kininogen molecule a new antigenic site(s) common to HMW-kininogen and low molecular weight kininogen and new antigenic site(s) specific only for HMW-kininogen.", "PMID": 92069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_26", "title": "Purification and properties of an antiactivator fraction from bovine serum.", "content": "A method is described for the purification of antiactivator from bovine euglobulin-free serum by means of gelfiltration and ion exchange chromatography. The purified antiactivator has no antifibrinolytic activity. It has a molecular weight of about 115,000 and it appears to be a gamma globulin. The dissociation constant of its complex with urokinase is 1.6 x 10(-9) M and the maximum urokinase binding is close to 2000 CTA units per mg. Its concentration in bovine serum is 0.37%. Flufenamate displaces urokinase from the antiactivator at very low concentrations, about 10(-4) M. Cysteine restores its activity if lost by standing. Also an antifibrinolysin fraction is obtained free of antiactivator activity.", "contents": "Purification and properties of an antiactivator fraction from bovine serum. A method is described for the purification of antiactivator from bovine euglobulin-free serum by means of gelfiltration and ion exchange chromatography. The purified antiactivator has no antifibrinolytic activity. It has a molecular weight of about 115,000 and it appears to be a gamma globulin. The dissociation constant of its complex with urokinase is 1.6 x 10(-9) M and the maximum urokinase binding is close to 2000 CTA units per mg. Its concentration in bovine serum is 0.37%. Flufenamate displaces urokinase from the antiactivator at very low concentrations, about 10(-4) M. Cysteine restores its activity if lost by standing. Also an antifibrinolysin fraction is obtained free of antiactivator activity.", "PMID": 92070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_27", "title": "[Clinical relevance of 111In-bleomycine in intrathoracal neoplasms (author's transl)].", "content": "With a medium storage ratio of 1:1.4 between sound and neoplastic lung tissue additional diagnostic information cannot be obtained by positive tumor scintigraphy with 111In-bleomycine. This may be accounted for on the one hand by the diffuse borders of the storage foci, on the other hand by the relatively high storage of radioactivity in normal lung tissue.", "contents": "[Clinical relevance of 111In-bleomycine in intrathoracal neoplasms (author's transl)]. With a medium storage ratio of 1:1.4 between sound and neoplastic lung tissue additional diagnostic information cannot be obtained by positive tumor scintigraphy with 111In-bleomycine. This may be accounted for on the one hand by the diffuse borders of the storage foci, on the other hand by the relatively high storage of radioactivity in normal lung tissue.", "PMID": 92075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_28", "title": "Xenoantisera to allotypic specificities of HLA-A and B antigens. Serological characterization.", "content": "By using the lysostrip and the blocking of cytotoxicity by Fab2 fragments, HLA-A and B antibodies were detected in sera from rabbits and goats immunized with human high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated HLA antigens isolated from sera and from cultured lymphoid cells. After appropriate absorptions, the xenoantisera became specific for HLA-A and B alloantigens, reacted with the same structures as alloantisera, and displayed the same patterns of cross-reactions as alloantisera; however, several xenoantisera contained antibodies cross-reactive with antigens coded by the A and B loci. Our data indicate that HDL-associated HLA antigens isolated from lymphoid cells and from serum efficiently elicit xenoantibodies to allotypic specificities of the human histocompatibility system.", "contents": "Xenoantisera to allotypic specificities of HLA-A and B antigens. Serological characterization. By using the lysostrip and the blocking of cytotoxicity by Fab2 fragments, HLA-A and B antibodies were detected in sera from rabbits and goats immunized with human high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated HLA antigens isolated from sera and from cultured lymphoid cells. After appropriate absorptions, the xenoantisera became specific for HLA-A and B alloantigens, reacted with the same structures as alloantisera, and displayed the same patterns of cross-reactions as alloantisera; however, several xenoantisera contained antibodies cross-reactive with antigens coded by the A and B loci. Our data indicate that HDL-associated HLA antigens isolated from lymphoid cells and from serum efficiently elicit xenoantibodies to allotypic specificities of the human histocompatibility system.", "PMID": 92080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_29", "title": "A study of blood utilization by diagnosis, month of transfusion, and geographic region of the United States.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to analyze blood utilization by 92,815 transfused patients treated in 300 United States hospitals during 1974. In order to achieve this end, transfused patients were first divided into 349 diagnosis groups. Blood transfusion data for the highest ranking 50 groups in terms of total units administered to patients in the group are presented and discussed, as well as the blood needs of patients in 19 major disease categories such as malignant neoplasm. Blood transfusion is then correlated with the month of the year by presenting the mean number and the total number of units transfused per month for the country as a whole and for each of four geographic regions. Individual diagnosis groups with significant variation in the mean number of units transfused among the months are also listed and discussed. To aid in the interpretation of mean monthly transfusion rates for the various diagnosis groups, a list of operative procedures with significant variation in the quarterly frequency is offered. Diagnosis groups with significant variation in the mean transfusion rate among the four geographic regions are presented with interpretation of the data.", "contents": "A study of blood utilization by diagnosis, month of transfusion, and geographic region of the United States. The purpose of this study was to analyze blood utilization by 92,815 transfused patients treated in 300 United States hospitals during 1974. In order to achieve this end, transfused patients were first divided into 349 diagnosis groups. Blood transfusion data for the highest ranking 50 groups in terms of total units administered to patients in the group are presented and discussed, as well as the blood needs of patients in 19 major disease categories such as malignant neoplasm. Blood transfusion is then correlated with the month of the year by presenting the mean number and the total number of units transfused per month for the country as a whole and for each of four geographic regions. Individual diagnosis groups with significant variation in the mean number of units transfused among the months are also listed and discussed. To aid in the interpretation of mean monthly transfusion rates for the various diagnosis groups, a list of operative procedures with significant variation in the quarterly frequency is offered. Diagnosis groups with significant variation in the mean transfusion rate among the four geographic regions are presented with interpretation of the data.", "PMID": 92077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_30", "title": "IgM cold-warm hemolysins in infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "A patient with infectious mononucleosis and immune hemolytic anemia is described. The hemolysis was mediated by the temporary appearance of both a serum IgM anti-i cold agglutinin and an increase of red blood cell i antigen. The cold agglutinin had a high titer, low thermal amplitude and cold-warm hemolytic activity.", "contents": "IgM cold-warm hemolysins in infectious mononucleosis. A patient with infectious mononucleosis and immune hemolytic anemia is described. The hemolysis was mediated by the temporary appearance of both a serum IgM anti-i cold agglutinin and an increase of red blood cell i antigen. The cold agglutinin had a high titer, low thermal amplitude and cold-warm hemolytic activity.", "PMID": 92078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_31", "title": "Expression of the Ag-F differentiation antigen on T-lymphocyte blasts and cytotoxic cells.", "content": "In conclusion, we have demonstrated that Ag-F antigen is not present on cytotoxic splenocytes generated in vivo. Furthermore, we have preliminary evidence that mitogen- and MLR-activated T cells are both Ag-F negative and positive; however, proliferation of some Ag-F-positive precursors may be inhibited in whole lymph node populations.", "contents": "Expression of the Ag-F differentiation antigen on T-lymphocyte blasts and cytotoxic cells. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that Ag-F antigen is not present on cytotoxic splenocytes generated in vivo. Furthermore, we have preliminary evidence that mitogen- and MLR-activated T cells are both Ag-F negative and positive; however, proliferation of some Ag-F-positive precursors may be inhibited in whole lymph node populations.", "PMID": 92085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_32", "title": "[Use of ethidium for the cytochemical study of chromatin].", "content": "A cytochemical method of chromatin study by means of nuclear staining with ethidium (bromide) is described. Dependence of stain binding by chromatin on ethidium concentration, ionic composition and buffer pH value has been analyzed. It is suggested that cells be stained in 2.10(-5) M solution of ethidium in 0.1 M tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.0 during 30 min. The fluorescence of nuclei stained with ethidium under conditions described is shown to reflect changes in physico-chemical properties of chromatin taking place in the course of its chemical modification and physiological activation in regenerating liver. The use of ethidium for chromatin cytochemistry allows to study chromatin properties in wide ranges of pH. Some other advantages of the method suggested over the commonly used method of acridine orange staining are discussed.", "contents": "[Use of ethidium for the cytochemical study of chromatin]. A cytochemical method of chromatin study by means of nuclear staining with ethidium (bromide) is described. Dependence of stain binding by chromatin on ethidium concentration, ionic composition and buffer pH value has been analyzed. It is suggested that cells be stained in 2.10(-5) M solution of ethidium in 0.1 M tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.0 during 30 min. The fluorescence of nuclei stained with ethidium under conditions described is shown to reflect changes in physico-chemical properties of chromatin taking place in the course of its chemical modification and physiological activation in regenerating liver. The use of ethidium for chromatin cytochemistry allows to study chromatin properties in wide ranges of pH. Some other advantages of the method suggested over the commonly used method of acridine orange staining are discussed.", "PMID": 92086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_33", "title": "[Use of the antibiotic, olivomycin, for the cytochemical study of chromatin].", "content": "The possibility to use the antibiotic olivomycin for fluorescence cytochemistry of chromatin properties has been shown. It is found that the binding of olivomycin to nuclei reveals the functional state of chromatin and changes in the course of its activation. The essential condition for the application of the method described is the use of ethanol-aceton fixative. When other fixatives are used, in particular 70% ethanol, olivomycin binding reflects differences in nuclear DNA amount, rather than those in chromatin properties. The advantages of the method described, in comparison with the commonly used technique, are associated with the high affinity of olivomycin to DNA, absence of olivomycin binding with RNA, simplicity of the staining procedures , and with rather a high stability of complexes formed between olivomycin and DNA.", "contents": "[Use of the antibiotic, olivomycin, for the cytochemical study of chromatin]. The possibility to use the antibiotic olivomycin for fluorescence cytochemistry of chromatin properties has been shown. It is found that the binding of olivomycin to nuclei reveals the functional state of chromatin and changes in the course of its activation. The essential condition for the application of the method described is the use of ethanol-aceton fixative. When other fixatives are used, in particular 70% ethanol, olivomycin binding reflects differences in nuclear DNA amount, rather than those in chromatin properties. The advantages of the method described, in comparison with the commonly used technique, are associated with the high affinity of olivomycin to DNA, absence of olivomycin binding with RNA, simplicity of the staining procedures , and with rather a high stability of complexes formed between olivomycin and DNA.", "PMID": 92087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_34", "title": "Tumor markers in testicular cancer.", "content": "The tumor markers alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin have proved to be useful in staging disease in patients with testicular carcinomas. Moreover, their detection has often had a bearing on the therapeutic regimen selected. The nature and value of these tumor markers are discussed in detail, and other potentially useful oncofetal gene products are reviewed.", "contents": "Tumor markers in testicular cancer. The tumor markers alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin have proved to be useful in staging disease in patients with testicular carcinomas. Moreover, their detection has often had a bearing on the therapeutic regimen selected. The nature and value of these tumor markers are discussed in detail, and other potentially useful oncofetal gene products are reviewed.", "PMID": 92089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_35", "title": "[Tissue concentrations of sulfametrol-trimethoprim in the human prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten patients with normal liver and kidney functions were admitted to a urology department for prostatectomy because of benign prostatic hypertrophy. They received a twice daily administration of 2 tablets of sulfametrole/trimethoprim (Lidaprim) for 4 days; the last dose of 2 tablets was given 4 hours before surgery. Having been enucleated by the suprapubic route, the prostatic glands were examined both histologically and chemico-analytically. The concentrations of the chemotherapeutically active substances were determined in the plasma and in the prostatic tissues. The prostatic tissue concentration of sulfametrole was 24,0 +/- 8,6 mg/kg and that of trimethoprim 7,1 +/- 2,2 mg/kg.", "contents": "[Tissue concentrations of sulfametrol-trimethoprim in the human prostate (author's transl)]. Ten patients with normal liver and kidney functions were admitted to a urology department for prostatectomy because of benign prostatic hypertrophy. They received a twice daily administration of 2 tablets of sulfametrole/trimethoprim (Lidaprim) for 4 days; the last dose of 2 tablets was given 4 hours before surgery. Having been enucleated by the suprapubic route, the prostatic glands were examined both histologically and chemico-analytically. The concentrations of the chemotherapeutically active substances were determined in the plasma and in the prostatic tissues. The prostatic tissue concentration of sulfametrole was 24,0 +/- 8,6 mg/kg and that of trimethoprim 7,1 +/- 2,2 mg/kg.", "PMID": 92090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_36", "title": "Effect of megestrol acetate on uroflow rates in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy: double-blind study.", "content": "Sixty-one patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and decreased maximum and mean urine flow rates were randomly assigned to megestrol (Megace, 120 mg./day) or placebo therapy. The patients were studied over a five-month period with maximal and mean urine flow rates every two weeks. The patients on megestrol demonstrated significant increases in maximum and mean urine flow rates from the sixth through the twentieth weeks compared with their own control baseline values; the placebo-treated patients showed no significant changes in mean flow rates at any time point over the twenty weeks in comparison with their own baseline control values; maximum flow rates in placebo-treated patients did demonstrate statistically significant increases above their own control baseline values at eight, twelve, eighteen, and twenty weeks. Megestrol-treated patients, in comparison with the placebo group, showed statistically significant increases in maximum flow rate at fourteen, sixteen, and twenty weeks after therapy, and statistically significant increases in mean flow rate over the placebo patients at ten, twelve, fourteen, and twenty weeks. Clinical symptoms improved in 78 per cent of the megestrol-treated patients and 57 per cent of the placebo-treated patients. The side effects of megestrol were minimal except for loss of libido in 70 per cent of patients.", "contents": "Effect of megestrol acetate on uroflow rates in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy: double-blind study. Sixty-one patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and decreased maximum and mean urine flow rates were randomly assigned to megestrol (Megace, 120 mg./day) or placebo therapy. The patients were studied over a five-month period with maximal and mean urine flow rates every two weeks. The patients on megestrol demonstrated significant increases in maximum and mean urine flow rates from the sixth through the twentieth weeks compared with their own control baseline values; the placebo-treated patients showed no significant changes in mean flow rates at any time point over the twenty weeks in comparison with their own baseline control values; maximum flow rates in placebo-treated patients did demonstrate statistically significant increases above their own control baseline values at eight, twelve, eighteen, and twenty weeks. Megestrol-treated patients, in comparison with the placebo group, showed statistically significant increases in maximum flow rate at fourteen, sixteen, and twenty weeks after therapy, and statistically significant increases in mean flow rate over the placebo patients at ten, twelve, fourteen, and twenty weeks. Clinical symptoms improved in 78 per cent of the megestrol-treated patients and 57 per cent of the placebo-treated patients. The side effects of megestrol were minimal except for loss of libido in 70 per cent of patients.", "PMID": 92091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_37", "title": "[Importance of immunotherapy in the management of patients with acute staphylococcal lactation mastitis].", "content": "Failure of antibiotic therapy against the background of sharply decreased defensive forces of the organism in the postpartum period made it necessary to perform a comparative clinical evaluation of the effect of homologous and heterologous gamma globulins. It has been established that treatment with these drugs results in normalization of clinical and immunological signs which are retained till the complete recovery of patients.", "contents": "[Importance of immunotherapy in the management of patients with acute staphylococcal lactation mastitis]. Failure of antibiotic therapy against the background of sharply decreased defensive forces of the organism in the postpartum period made it necessary to perform a comparative clinical evaluation of the effect of homologous and heterologous gamma globulins. It has been established that treatment with these drugs results in normalization of clinical and immunological signs which are retained till the complete recovery of patients.", "PMID": 92094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_38", "title": "[Biochemical characteristics of a calf leukemia virus in chronically infected cells].", "content": "Studied were the conditions of cultivation of FLK cells chronically infected with a calf leucosis virus. The gradient values of density were compared to those of the murine sarcoma virus--1.14--1.15 vs, 1.17--1.18/cm3. Established were the parameters of the reverse transcriptase reaction for the calf leukosis virus (Magnesium-dependent reverse transcriptase). Data showed that the calf leucosis virus may not resolutely be referred either to the B- or the the C-type of retroviruses.", "contents": "[Biochemical characteristics of a calf leukemia virus in chronically infected cells]. Studied were the conditions of cultivation of FLK cells chronically infected with a calf leucosis virus. The gradient values of density were compared to those of the murine sarcoma virus--1.14--1.15 vs, 1.17--1.18/cm3. Established were the parameters of the reverse transcriptase reaction for the calf leukosis virus (Magnesium-dependent reverse transcriptase). Data showed that the calf leucosis virus may not resolutely be referred either to the B- or the the C-type of retroviruses.", "PMID": 92095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_39", "title": "Plasma cells and immunoglobulin-synthesis in oral precancer and cancer. Correlation with dysplasia, cancer differentiation, radio- and chemotherapy.", "content": "The subepithelial and peritumoral inflammatory infiltrates of 202 oral premalignant and malignant lesions -- 108 leukoplakias and 94 squamous cell carcinomata with different grades of dysplasia were examined using an immunoenzymatic method. In addition, the influence of radiation and bleomycin-therapy on the stromal reaction of 24 carcinomata was studied. The incidence of immunoglobulin labelled plasma cells (IgA and IgG) was twice as high in those cases of leukoplakia where dysplasia was present. The number of plasma cells, especially IgA- and IgG-containing plasma cells, decreased significantly with progressive tumor dedifferentiation. The plasma cell response differed before and after radiation with a decrease in IgA- and IgG-containing plasma cells after therapy. In contrast, bleomycin-therapy did not produce distinct changes in the humoral and cellular stromal reaction. In the epithelium, IgA and IgG were localized throughout all epithelial layers in leukoplakias with dysplasia. This finding indicates a leakage of locally synthesized immunoglobulins through an altered oral mucosa. This investigation reveals alterations in the local immune homoeostasis of the oral mucosa in premalignant and malignant lesions which varies with the grade of dysplasia, tumor differentiation and therapy.", "contents": "Plasma cells and immunoglobulin-synthesis in oral precancer and cancer. Correlation with dysplasia, cancer differentiation, radio- and chemotherapy. The subepithelial and peritumoral inflammatory infiltrates of 202 oral premalignant and malignant lesions -- 108 leukoplakias and 94 squamous cell carcinomata with different grades of dysplasia were examined using an immunoenzymatic method. In addition, the influence of radiation and bleomycin-therapy on the stromal reaction of 24 carcinomata was studied. The incidence of immunoglobulin labelled plasma cells (IgA and IgG) was twice as high in those cases of leukoplakia where dysplasia was present. The number of plasma cells, especially IgA- and IgG-containing plasma cells, decreased significantly with progressive tumor dedifferentiation. The plasma cell response differed before and after radiation with a decrease in IgA- and IgG-containing plasma cells after therapy. In contrast, bleomycin-therapy did not produce distinct changes in the humoral and cellular stromal reaction. In the epithelium, IgA and IgG were localized throughout all epithelial layers in leukoplakias with dysplasia. This finding indicates a leakage of locally synthesized immunoglobulins through an altered oral mucosa. This investigation reveals alterations in the local immune homoeostasis of the oral mucosa in premalignant and malignant lesions which varies with the grade of dysplasia, tumor differentiation and therapy.", "PMID": 92096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_40", "title": "[Effect of the contrast conditions using solutions of phosphotungstic acid on the electron microscopic image of the foot-and-mouth disease virus].", "content": "A method of negative staining of foot-and-mouth disease virus preparations permits to obtain separately positive (2% phosphotungstic acid solution, pH 3.0) and negative (2% PTA solution, pH 6.8 +/- 8.0) stainings. When a 3--4% PTA solution, pH 6.8 +/- 8.0 is used, simultaneous positive and negative staining of each virion is possible which characterizes the functional heterogeneity of the virion protein membrane in interaction with PTA anions.", "contents": "[Effect of the contrast conditions using solutions of phosphotungstic acid on the electron microscopic image of the foot-and-mouth disease virus]. A method of negative staining of foot-and-mouth disease virus preparations permits to obtain separately positive (2% phosphotungstic acid solution, pH 3.0) and negative (2% PTA solution, pH 6.8 +/- 8.0) stainings. When a 3--4% PTA solution, pH 6.8 +/- 8.0 is used, simultaneous positive and negative staining of each virion is possible which characterizes the functional heterogeneity of the virion protein membrane in interaction with PTA anions.", "PMID": 92099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_41", "title": "[Antigenic and biological characteristics of the A (H1N1) strains that caused the 1977--1978 epidemic].", "content": "By the antigenic specificity of the surface subunits, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, the influenza virus strains A (H1N1) isolated in 1977--1978 were related but not identical to the A (H1N1) strains circulating in 1950--1952. The A/FM/1/47 strain differed from the A/England/51, A/Pan/52 strains and A/USSR/090/77 strain by its antigenic relations with the A/Netherland/56 and A/Denver/57 strains. Biologically, the new A/H1N1/77 strains were similar to the reference strains circulating in 1947--1952 by any one feature.", "contents": "[Antigenic and biological characteristics of the A (H1N1) strains that caused the 1977--1978 epidemic]. By the antigenic specificity of the surface subunits, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, the influenza virus strains A (H1N1) isolated in 1977--1978 were related but not identical to the A (H1N1) strains circulating in 1950--1952. The A/FM/1/47 strain differed from the A/England/51, A/Pan/52 strains and A/USSR/090/77 strain by its antigenic relations with the A/Netherland/56 and A/Denver/57 strains. Biologically, the new A/H1N1/77 strains were similar to the reference strains circulating in 1947--1952 by any one feature.", "PMID": 92100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_42", "title": "[Antigenic determinants in the composition of the hemagglutinins of the influenza virus H1N1 isolated in 1977 and of the H1N1 viruses isolated in 1947--1956].", "content": "A comparative analysis of hemagglutinins (HA) of the A/USSR/090/77 (H1N1) virus isolated in 1977 and A/FM/47, A/Leningrad/49, A/Pan/52, and A/Netherlands/56 viruses with the antigenic formula (H1N1) was done. By the method of cross adsorption of rabbit influenza antisera, HA of the viruses under study were found to contain three antigenic determinants: one is common for all the variants studied, another characterizes the relationships of individual variants isolated in different years, and the third is strain-specific, determining the antigenic differences between the variants. According to our results, the influenza A/USSR/090/77 (H1N1) virus has in its HA three antigenic determinants closely related or identical to those of HA of a/leningrad/49 and A/Pan/52 viruses.", "contents": "[Antigenic determinants in the composition of the hemagglutinins of the influenza virus H1N1 isolated in 1977 and of the H1N1 viruses isolated in 1947--1956]. A comparative analysis of hemagglutinins (HA) of the A/USSR/090/77 (H1N1) virus isolated in 1977 and A/FM/47, A/Leningrad/49, A/Pan/52, and A/Netherlands/56 viruses with the antigenic formula (H1N1) was done. By the method of cross adsorption of rabbit influenza antisera, HA of the viruses under study were found to contain three antigenic determinants: one is common for all the variants studied, another characterizes the relationships of individual variants isolated in different years, and the third is strain-specific, determining the antigenic differences between the variants. According to our results, the influenza A/USSR/090/77 (H1N1) virus has in its HA three antigenic determinants closely related or identical to those of HA of a/leningrad/49 and A/Pan/52 viruses.", "PMID": 92101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_43", "title": "[Treatment of intra- and postoperative cardiac tachyarrhythmias with the new calciumantagonist Ro 11-1781 (author's transl)].", "content": "30 patients with cardiac tachyarrhythmias were treated intra- and postoperatively with the new calciumantagonist Ro 11-1781. Atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles and atrial tachycardia were the main indications. A good antiarrhythmic effect was noticed, provided that a dose of not less than 1 mg/kg was given. The mean fall of blood pressure was 4%, the maximal fall 15%.", "contents": "[Treatment of intra- and postoperative cardiac tachyarrhythmias with the new calciumantagonist Ro 11-1781 (author's transl)]. 30 patients with cardiac tachyarrhythmias were treated intra- and postoperatively with the new calciumantagonist Ro 11-1781. Atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles and atrial tachycardia were the main indications. A good antiarrhythmic effect was noticed, provided that a dose of not less than 1 mg/kg was given. The mean fall of blood pressure was 4%, the maximal fall 15%.", "PMID": 92105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_44", "title": "[Dacarbazin -- therapy of metastazising malignant melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgery has continuously improved the prognosis of malignant melanoma but not in case of metastases. Widespread metastases are only accessible to palliative chemotherapy. This paper deals with therapy by Dacarbazin in 19 patients suffering from metastazising malignant melanoma. Dacarbazin increases our limited feasibilities in treating advanced malignant melanoma.", "contents": "[Dacarbazin -- therapy of metastazising malignant melanoma (author's transl)]. Surgery has continuously improved the prognosis of malignant melanoma but not in case of metastases. Widespread metastases are only accessible to palliative chemotherapy. This paper deals with therapy by Dacarbazin in 19 patients suffering from metastazising malignant melanoma. Dacarbazin increases our limited feasibilities in treating advanced malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 92112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_45", "title": "[ECG changes in chronic polyarthritis compared to a healthy control group].", "content": "ECG from 200 patients with radiologically and clinically definite rheumatoid arthritis were compared with those from a healthy group with the same age and sex distribution. The frequency of pathological changes of the ECG was found to be the same in both groups. Therefore doubt remains whether the pathological changes of the ECG can be attributed to rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[ECG changes in chronic polyarthritis compared to a healthy control group]. ECG from 200 patients with radiologically and clinically definite rheumatoid arthritis were compared with those from a healthy group with the same age and sex distribution. The frequency of pathological changes of the ECG was found to be the same in both groups. Therefore doubt remains whether the pathological changes of the ECG can be attributed to rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 92110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_46", "title": "[Antibody response to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase induced by an influenza subunit vaccine (author's transl)].", "content": "To study antigenicity, persistence of antibody (efficacy) and reactogenicity of a new bivalent influenza subunit vaccine, Sandovac, it was given in two different concentrations (1000 and 2000 IU) to 156 subjects from two epidemiologically destinct areas (119 students from Essen, average age 22 years, 37 residents from Kassel average age 56 years). Serum antibody response was measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) tests before, one, two and six months after vaccination. The following results were obtained: 1. Four weeks post vaccination an excellent strain specific and crossreactive (H3 N2 variant-specific) antibody response was observed. Subtype specific (H0, H1 or H2) activity could not be detected. 2. Six months post vaccination a still notably higher antibody level as compared to the preimmunization status could be demonstrated. 3. A difference, however, existed between the immune responses of the Essen student population with an average age of 22 years, and of the Kassel resident population with an average age of 56 years. The immune response being significantly better in younger vaccinees. 4. High and low concentrated vaccines revealed neither objective nor subjective differences in reactogenicity and were very well tolerated. 5. In all immunological parameters tested the double concentrated vaccine (S 2000) proved to be slightly superior to the lower concentrated vaccine (S 1000) that is officially licensed in the German Federal Republic.", "contents": "[Antibody response to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase induced by an influenza subunit vaccine (author's transl)]. To study antigenicity, persistence of antibody (efficacy) and reactogenicity of a new bivalent influenza subunit vaccine, Sandovac, it was given in two different concentrations (1000 and 2000 IU) to 156 subjects from two epidemiologically destinct areas (119 students from Essen, average age 22 years, 37 residents from Kassel average age 56 years). Serum antibody response was measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) tests before, one, two and six months after vaccination. The following results were obtained: 1. Four weeks post vaccination an excellent strain specific and crossreactive (H3 N2 variant-specific) antibody response was observed. Subtype specific (H0, H1 or H2) activity could not be detected. 2. Six months post vaccination a still notably higher antibody level as compared to the preimmunization status could be demonstrated. 3. A difference, however, existed between the immune responses of the Essen student population with an average age of 22 years, and of the Kassel resident population with an average age of 56 years. The immune response being significantly better in younger vaccinees. 4. High and low concentrated vaccines revealed neither objective nor subjective differences in reactogenicity and were very well tolerated. 5. In all immunological parameters tested the double concentrated vaccine (S 2000) proved to be slightly superior to the lower concentrated vaccine (S 1000) that is officially licensed in the German Federal Republic.", "PMID": 92113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_47", "title": "Problems with particle-associated DNA polymerase assays in the diagnosis of plasma-suspended viruses.", "content": "The in vitro reaction results of virus-associated DNA polymerases for the demonstration of plasma-suspended particles of avian leukemia virus (AMV) and of hepatitis type B virus (HBV) were compared. AMV particles could be identified by the transcription of the templates poly mC(dG)12-18, poly rAT10, and poly d(AT) using standardized reaction mixtures. With comparable test conditions, no DNA polymerase activity was found in human plasma containing HBV. These findings and the results of a systematic study of factors influencing the polymerization assays are discussed.", "contents": "Problems with particle-associated DNA polymerase assays in the diagnosis of plasma-suspended viruses. The in vitro reaction results of virus-associated DNA polymerases for the demonstration of plasma-suspended particles of avian leukemia virus (AMV) and of hepatitis type B virus (HBV) were compared. AMV particles could be identified by the transcription of the templates poly mC(dG)12-18, poly rAT10, and poly d(AT) using standardized reaction mixtures. With comparable test conditions, no DNA polymerase activity was found in human plasma containing HBV. These findings and the results of a systematic study of factors influencing the polymerization assays are discussed.", "PMID": 92114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_48", "title": "Serological cross-reactions of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (F4) antigen.", "content": "The serological specificity of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (F4) antigen was examined by the technique of passive haemagglutination. F4 extracted from leptospiral serovars representative of several different serogroups showed wide cross reaction between serovars, including numerous one-way (non-reciprocal) reactions. The pattern of cross reaction was different to that of the standard leptospiral classification scheme.", "contents": "Serological cross-reactions of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (F4) antigen. The serological specificity of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (F4) antigen was examined by the technique of passive haemagglutination. F4 extracted from leptospiral serovars representative of several different serogroups showed wide cross reaction between serovars, including numerous one-way (non-reciprocal) reactions. The pattern of cross reaction was different to that of the standard leptospiral classification scheme.", "PMID": 92115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_49", "title": "In situ microspectrofluorometry of nuclear and kinetoplast DNA in Trypanosoma gambiense.", "content": "Using a spectrofluorometer with the Zeiss Universal Micro-Spectrophotometer 1 (UMSP 1), both nuclear and kinetoplast DNA (N-DNA and K-DNA) in the trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma gambiense (Strain Wellcome) were measured in situ without being extracted. As the fluorescent dye, ethidium bromide was preferably employed because there was a very marked increase in the ethidium fluorescence when the dye was intercalated between the base paires of the DNA helix. According to this method, it became possible to demonstrate the existence of double-stranded DNA in both nucleus and kinetoplast clearer than before.", "contents": "In situ microspectrofluorometry of nuclear and kinetoplast DNA in Trypanosoma gambiense. Using a spectrofluorometer with the Zeiss Universal Micro-Spectrophotometer 1 (UMSP 1), both nuclear and kinetoplast DNA (N-DNA and K-DNA) in the trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma gambiense (Strain Wellcome) were measured in situ without being extracted. As the fluorescent dye, ethidium bromide was preferably employed because there was a very marked increase in the ethidium fluorescence when the dye was intercalated between the base paires of the DNA helix. According to this method, it became possible to demonstrate the existence of double-stranded DNA in both nucleus and kinetoplast clearer than before.", "PMID": 92116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_50", "title": "[Infection as indicator of finding complex environmental noxious agents within a short time (author's transl)].", "content": "We do not know whether complexes of chemical agents produce an accumulation of their respective noxious effects or whether these effects weaken each other and we have no exact methods to quantify these effects. Knowledge of such methods would be important for investigation of environmental health. In the course of researches how to influence infectious diseases by altering natural resistance we have found that it might be possible to use an indicator method: Animals exposed to such a light environmental toxic influence that they seem to be in a good health have a reduced period of survival time and an altered steroid metabolism after infection. The time of survival (after infection) and the steroid metabolism are the indicators of some hidden trouble caused by environmental influence. Here are three examples: 1) The covered intoxication with exhaust fumes, 2) the covered intoxication with lead salt and 3) the covered intoxication with DDT demonstrate the applicability of this method, results being available within a period of 2--3 weeks.", "contents": "[Infection as indicator of finding complex environmental noxious agents within a short time (author's transl)]. We do not know whether complexes of chemical agents produce an accumulation of their respective noxious effects or whether these effects weaken each other and we have no exact methods to quantify these effects. Knowledge of such methods would be important for investigation of environmental health. In the course of researches how to influence infectious diseases by altering natural resistance we have found that it might be possible to use an indicator method: Animals exposed to such a light environmental toxic influence that they seem to be in a good health have a reduced period of survival time and an altered steroid metabolism after infection. The time of survival (after infection) and the steroid metabolism are the indicators of some hidden trouble caused by environmental influence. Here are three examples: 1) The covered intoxication with exhaust fumes, 2) the covered intoxication with lead salt and 3) the covered intoxication with DDT demonstrate the applicability of this method, results being available within a period of 2--3 weeks.", "PMID": 92117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_51", "title": "[Macrophage enhancement of the immunogenicity of a suboptimal dosage of antigen-antibody complex].", "content": "Dawley mice were immunized with rabbit gamma globulin combined with allotypical antibodies, introduced alone or after preliminary incubation with syngeneic macrophages. Enhanced immune response was observed in the rats immunized both with low (0.11 mg) and high (1.1 mg) doses of the antigen with macrophages. A conclusion was made that this enhanced response had no connection with the elimination of the excess antigen by the macrophages.", "contents": "[Macrophage enhancement of the immunogenicity of a suboptimal dosage of antigen-antibody complex]. Dawley mice were immunized with rabbit gamma globulin combined with allotypical antibodies, introduced alone or after preliminary incubation with syngeneic macrophages. Enhanced immune response was observed in the rats immunized both with low (0.11 mg) and high (1.1 mg) doses of the antigen with macrophages. A conclusion was made that this enhanced response had no connection with the elimination of the excess antigen by the macrophages.", "PMID": 92119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_52", "title": "[Isolation of fractions from Bordetella parapertussis extracts and their use for preparing an erythrocyte diagnostic preparation].", "content": "Soluble parapertusis antigen, serologically active, having hemosensitive properties and containing only 2 antigenic components was obtained by the method of ethanol fractionation of microbial extracts. This method is simple and convenient for production purposes. The antigen thus obtained was used for the production of a highly specific erythrocytic diagnostic preparation (formalinized, liquid). When tested in reaction with animal and human sera, the new diagnostic preparation proved to be sufficiently active and species specific.", "contents": "[Isolation of fractions from Bordetella parapertussis extracts and their use for preparing an erythrocyte diagnostic preparation]. Soluble parapertusis antigen, serologically active, having hemosensitive properties and containing only 2 antigenic components was obtained by the method of ethanol fractionation of microbial extracts. This method is simple and convenient for production purposes. The antigen thus obtained was used for the production of a highly specific erythrocytic diagnostic preparation (formalinized, liquid). When tested in reaction with animal and human sera, the new diagnostic preparation proved to be sufficiently active and species specific.", "PMID": 92121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_53", "title": "[Production of antiserum to neurotoxin-2 from Naja naja oxiana cobra venom and reaction with the toxin].", "content": "Antiserum to neurotoxin-2 from the venom of the cobra was obtained by immunization of rabbits via the injection of the toxin into the lymphatic nodes and by two re-immunizations via the injection of the toxin into the blood and intramuscularly. Using scores of micrograms of the toxin, specific antisera with high antibody titer were obtained. In spite of high specificity of separate stages of the reactions, using indirect immune fluorescence technique, no specific fluorescence was found in the end-plates of the diaphragm, in which \"intact\" cholinoreceptors were bound to neurotoxin-2. It is suggested that antigenic determinant of the toxin is involved into the formation of a firm link with the receptors, this process resulting in \"masking\" the determinant and in loss of its ability to react with antibodies.", "contents": "[Production of antiserum to neurotoxin-2 from Naja naja oxiana cobra venom and reaction with the toxin]. Antiserum to neurotoxin-2 from the venom of the cobra was obtained by immunization of rabbits via the injection of the toxin into the lymphatic nodes and by two re-immunizations via the injection of the toxin into the blood and intramuscularly. Using scores of micrograms of the toxin, specific antisera with high antibody titer were obtained. In spite of high specificity of separate stages of the reactions, using indirect immune fluorescence technique, no specific fluorescence was found in the end-plates of the diaphragm, in which \"intact\" cholinoreceptors were bound to neurotoxin-2. It is suggested that antigenic determinant of the toxin is involved into the formation of a firm link with the receptors, this process resulting in \"masking\" the determinant and in loss of its ability to react with antibodies.", "PMID": 92118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_54", "title": "A quantitative method for the assessment of the microtopography of human skin.", "content": "The skin relief influences the exterior aspect of the skin which is very sensitive to aging. It could also be related to the mechanical properties and structure of both dermis and stratum corneum. Consequently, quantitative measurement of the skin surface roughness would seem most useful, as it would permit a quantification of skin aging, an in vivo analysis of mechanical forces acting on the skin structure, and the detection of abnormalities otherwise not visible. The method described comprises three steps: (1) making a silicone rubber negative replica, (2) making an Araldite positive cast, (3) roughness measurement of the cast with a device commonly used in engineering, which provides quantitative parameters: Ra, Rp, Rt, Rmax and others. The reliability of each of these steps was checked, and also the absolute need to locate precisely the site of sampling and to know the angle of the scanning direction with the main axis of the limb or the body. The method seems useful for studying aging, either normal or affected by UV rays and other physiopathological events influencing the skin surface.", "contents": "A quantitative method for the assessment of the microtopography of human skin. The skin relief influences the exterior aspect of the skin which is very sensitive to aging. It could also be related to the mechanical properties and structure of both dermis and stratum corneum. Consequently, quantitative measurement of the skin surface roughness would seem most useful, as it would permit a quantification of skin aging, an in vivo analysis of mechanical forces acting on the skin structure, and the detection of abnormalities otherwise not visible. The method described comprises three steps: (1) making a silicone rubber negative replica, (2) making an Araldite positive cast, (3) roughness measurement of the cast with a device commonly used in engineering, which provides quantitative parameters: Ra, Rp, Rt, Rmax and others. The reliability of each of these steps was checked, and also the absolute need to locate precisely the site of sampling and to know the angle of the scanning direction with the main axis of the limb or the body. The method seems useful for studying aging, either normal or affected by UV rays and other physiopathological events influencing the skin surface.", "PMID": 92140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_55", "title": "Fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products in exudates from bullous dematoses.", "content": "Inflammatory exudates from 10 patients with bullous skin diseases were analysed by immunochemical techniques including crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The results were compared with those obtained in fluid from suction bullae obtained in normal skin in 13 control subjects and synovial fluid from 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Abnormal fibrinogen degradation products identical with those found in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were detected in exudates from each of the patients with bullous dermatoses, whereas significantly smaller amounts of fibrinogen antigenic material were detected in fluid obtained by suction. The fibrinogen antigenic material demonstrated in exudates from pathological bullae, immunochemically similar to that found in rheumatoid synovial fluid, indicates that the presence of these products reflects the more general features of an inflammatory exudate.", "contents": "Fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products in exudates from bullous dematoses. Inflammatory exudates from 10 patients with bullous skin diseases were analysed by immunochemical techniques including crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The results were compared with those obtained in fluid from suction bullae obtained in normal skin in 13 control subjects and synovial fluid from 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Abnormal fibrinogen degradation products identical with those found in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were detected in exudates from each of the patients with bullous dermatoses, whereas significantly smaller amounts of fibrinogen antigenic material were detected in fluid obtained by suction. The fibrinogen antigenic material demonstrated in exudates from pathological bullae, immunochemically similar to that found in rheumatoid synovial fluid, indicates that the presence of these products reflects the more general features of an inflammatory exudate.", "PMID": 92141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_56", "title": "Effects of histamine receptor antagonists on histamine-induced responses in human skin.", "content": "The effects of intradermally administered histamine H1- and H2-receptor antagonists on the cutaneous responses--redness, weal, flare and itch--induced by intradermal injection of histamine were studied in man. Weal and redness were studied after blockade of the axon reflex by local infiltration with lidocaine. All responses were significantly inhibited by the H1-receptor antagonist mepyramine. The H2-antagonists cimetidine and metiamide reduced flare and itch significantly but not to the same extenet as mepyramine and not in a clearly dose-related manner. The size of weal and redness was not significantly reduced by cimetidine. No further reduction of flare, itch or weal was obtained by adding metiamide or cimetidine to mepyramine. After blockade of the axon reflex with lidocaine the histamine-induced weals turned white at the centre. This blanching was more prominent when histamine was injected in combination with cimetidine. Substituting mepyramine for cimetidine resulted in small weals with an intense red colour. It is concluded that, apart from being engaged in the direct vasodilatory response to histamine, H2-receptors do not seem to be involved in the other cutaneous responses to histamine studied.", "contents": "Effects of histamine receptor antagonists on histamine-induced responses in human skin. The effects of intradermally administered histamine H1- and H2-receptor antagonists on the cutaneous responses--redness, weal, flare and itch--induced by intradermal injection of histamine were studied in man. Weal and redness were studied after blockade of the axon reflex by local infiltration with lidocaine. All responses were significantly inhibited by the H1-receptor antagonist mepyramine. The H2-antagonists cimetidine and metiamide reduced flare and itch significantly but not to the same extenet as mepyramine and not in a clearly dose-related manner. The size of weal and redness was not significantly reduced by cimetidine. No further reduction of flare, itch or weal was obtained by adding metiamide or cimetidine to mepyramine. After blockade of the axon reflex with lidocaine the histamine-induced weals turned white at the centre. This blanching was more prominent when histamine was injected in combination with cimetidine. Substituting mepyramine for cimetidine resulted in small weals with an intense red colour. It is concluded that, apart from being engaged in the direct vasodilatory response to histamine, H2-receptors do not seem to be involved in the other cutaneous responses to histamine studied.", "PMID": 92142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_57", "title": "Increased urine histamine after challenge of contact sensitivity in the mouse.", "content": "The urinary excretion of histamine was observed daily during the development of contact sensitivity to picryl chloride in the mouse. After challenge, effected by painting the ears, urine histamine increased about four fold, while the histamine content in the ears did not change significantly. It is suggested that during challenge there is a general release of histamine, which may be the result either of an immediate hypersensitivity reaction or an effect of anaphylatoxin formation after complement activation.", "contents": "Increased urine histamine after challenge of contact sensitivity in the mouse. The urinary excretion of histamine was observed daily during the development of contact sensitivity to picryl chloride in the mouse. After challenge, effected by painting the ears, urine histamine increased about four fold, while the histamine content in the ears did not change significantly. It is suggested that during challenge there is a general release of histamine, which may be the result either of an immediate hypersensitivity reaction or an effect of anaphylatoxin formation after complement activation.", "PMID": 92143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_58", "title": "Light and electron microscopic aspects of pemphigus herpetiformis (eosinophilic spongiosis) in comparison with other acantholytic disorders.", "content": "Histopathological and electron microscopic analyses of pemphigus herpetiformis in a 64-year old woman with a previously operated atoxic goitre and suffering from a nephrotic syndrome and a chronic non-aggressive hepatitis revealed acantholysis preceded by eosinophilic spongiosis. Light microscopically the acantholysis is characterized by the occurrence of necrobiotic epidermal cells. No dyskeratotic cells are found. The mechanism of acantholysis depends on an exuberant elongation of desmosomes, leading to their disruption, spongiotic acantholysis. A conspicuous convolution of specific tight intercellular spaces is observed. Intracytoplasmatic occurrence of such tight intercellular spaces is seen in sections. Pseudomyeloid bodies of various types seem to be of significance. Particles closely similar to pox viruses are observed. The acantholytic process is compared with other acantholytic disorders in which the above-mentioned findings were not observed.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic aspects of pemphigus herpetiformis (eosinophilic spongiosis) in comparison with other acantholytic disorders. Histopathological and electron microscopic analyses of pemphigus herpetiformis in a 64-year old woman with a previously operated atoxic goitre and suffering from a nephrotic syndrome and a chronic non-aggressive hepatitis revealed acantholysis preceded by eosinophilic spongiosis. Light microscopically the acantholysis is characterized by the occurrence of necrobiotic epidermal cells. No dyskeratotic cells are found. The mechanism of acantholysis depends on an exuberant elongation of desmosomes, leading to their disruption, spongiotic acantholysis. A conspicuous convolution of specific tight intercellular spaces is observed. Intracytoplasmatic occurrence of such tight intercellular spaces is seen in sections. Pseudomyeloid bodies of various types seem to be of significance. Particles closely similar to pox viruses are observed. The acantholytic process is compared with other acantholytic disorders in which the above-mentioned findings were not observed.", "PMID": 92144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_59", "title": "Acquired cutis laxa (generalized elastolysis): light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "The case is described of a 44-year-old man with acquired cutis laxa. The primary clinical manifestation was an erythema of the chest. Gradually there developed persistent circumscribed lesions in other areas of the skin, spreading into large erythematous plaques with loose skin. Slight restrictive ventilatory insufficiency, elongation of the vocal cord and diverticulosis of the colon were also found, indicating a chronic and widespread disorder. Skin biopsies showed diminution and degeneration of the elastic fibres. The light-microscopic features were subdivided in relation to the various skin manifestations. Ultrastructure of the skin showed various amounts of electron-dense, amorphous material and loosely bound microfibrils in and around elastic and collagen fibres as well as some microfibrils with knobs in the interfibrouer, were found normal. It is suggested that the first changes in the elastic fibres induced an inflammatory response and mild mucinous changes of the collagen fibres. Furthermore elastic fibres seemed to be replaced by newly formed collagen.", "contents": "Acquired cutis laxa (generalized elastolysis): light and electron microscopic studies. The case is described of a 44-year-old man with acquired cutis laxa. The primary clinical manifestation was an erythema of the chest. Gradually there developed persistent circumscribed lesions in other areas of the skin, spreading into large erythematous plaques with loose skin. Slight restrictive ventilatory insufficiency, elongation of the vocal cord and diverticulosis of the colon were also found, indicating a chronic and widespread disorder. Skin biopsies showed diminution and degeneration of the elastic fibres. The light-microscopic features were subdivided in relation to the various skin manifestations. Ultrastructure of the skin showed various amounts of electron-dense, amorphous material and loosely bound microfibrils in and around elastic and collagen fibres as well as some microfibrils with knobs in the interfibrouer, were found normal. It is suggested that the first changes in the elastic fibres induced an inflammatory response and mild mucinous changes of the collagen fibres. Furthermore elastic fibres seemed to be replaced by newly formed collagen.", "PMID": 92145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_60", "title": "Diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia: histological and electron microscopic study.", "content": "A female case of diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia (or eosinophilic fasciitis) is reported. This disease is characterized by suddenly developed circumscribed subcutaneous indurations on the extremities, hyalinized fibrosis of the fascia and peripheral eosinophilia. Our patient further displayed Raynaud's phenomenon preceded by thrombophlebitis, and histological and electron microscopical features of her subcutaneous hyalinized area centering at the fascia closely resembled those of morphaea.", "contents": "Diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia: histological and electron microscopic study. A female case of diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia (or eosinophilic fasciitis) is reported. This disease is characterized by suddenly developed circumscribed subcutaneous indurations on the extremities, hyalinized fibrosis of the fascia and peripheral eosinophilia. Our patient further displayed Raynaud's phenomenon preceded by thrombophlebitis, and histological and electron microscopical features of her subcutaneous hyalinized area centering at the fascia closely resembled those of morphaea.", "PMID": 92146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_61", "title": "Epithelioid sarcoma: ultrastructural observation of lymphoid cell-induced lysis of tumor cells.", "content": "Epithelioid sarcoma of the palm of 7 months' duration was observed in a 30-year-old man. Six months after wide surgical excision there was no evidence of recurrence or metastasis. By light microscopic examination the tumor showed typical nodular arrangement of malignant cells, with necrosis of these cells in the centers of the nodules. Patchy lymphocytic infiltrates were observed at the peripheries of the nodules and also extended in places between the tumor cells. Other types of inflammatory cells were practically absent. By electron microscopic examination it was noted that numerous neoplastic cells formed firm close contacts with lymphocytes. Considerable numbers of neoplastic ells so contacted were damaged or even disintegrated. The damaged tumor cells contained abundant lysosomes. The release of enzymes from these lysosomes in the disintegrating tumor cells might be an important factor underlying the extracellular tissue injury and necrosis so conspicuous in epithelioid sarcoma. The very slow growth of this neoplasm and its slow tendency to metastasize might be related to the high efficacy of lymphocyte-mediated defenses against this tumor.", "contents": "Epithelioid sarcoma: ultrastructural observation of lymphoid cell-induced lysis of tumor cells. Epithelioid sarcoma of the palm of 7 months' duration was observed in a 30-year-old man. Six months after wide surgical excision there was no evidence of recurrence or metastasis. By light microscopic examination the tumor showed typical nodular arrangement of malignant cells, with necrosis of these cells in the centers of the nodules. Patchy lymphocytic infiltrates were observed at the peripheries of the nodules and also extended in places between the tumor cells. Other types of inflammatory cells were practically absent. By electron microscopic examination it was noted that numerous neoplastic cells formed firm close contacts with lymphocytes. Considerable numbers of neoplastic ells so contacted were damaged or even disintegrated. The damaged tumor cells contained abundant lysosomes. The release of enzymes from these lysosomes in the disintegrating tumor cells might be an important factor underlying the extracellular tissue injury and necrosis so conspicuous in epithelioid sarcoma. The very slow growth of this neoplasm and its slow tendency to metastasize might be related to the high efficacy of lymphocyte-mediated defenses against this tumor.", "PMID": 92147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_62", "title": "Amyloidosis of the skin: a comparison between localized and systemic amyloidosis.", "content": "Skin biopsies from patients with different forms of localized and systemic amyloidoses were studied. Subepidermal deposits, typical of lichen amyloidosus, were also seen in other types of amyloidosis, least frequent in the secondary systemic form. Amyloid within the epidermis and especially the horny layer as well as pigmented cells close to the deposits were found in all cases of lichen amyloidosus but in no other specimens. Plasma cells, on the other hand, were numerous in nodular amyloidosis but were not found in any other cases. It is concluded that in the pathogenesis of lichen amyloidosus the epidermis and perhaps dermal melanocytes are involved. In the pathogenesis of localized nocular amyloidosis the plasma cells might be of importance.", "contents": "Amyloidosis of the skin: a comparison between localized and systemic amyloidosis. Skin biopsies from patients with different forms of localized and systemic amyloidoses were studied. Subepidermal deposits, typical of lichen amyloidosus, were also seen in other types of amyloidosis, least frequent in the secondary systemic form. Amyloid within the epidermis and especially the horny layer as well as pigmented cells close to the deposits were found in all cases of lichen amyloidosus but in no other specimens. Plasma cells, on the other hand, were numerous in nodular amyloidosis but were not found in any other cases. It is concluded that in the pathogenesis of lichen amyloidosus the epidermis and perhaps dermal melanocytes are involved. In the pathogenesis of localized nocular amyloidosis the plasma cells might be of importance.", "PMID": 92148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_63", "title": "Congenital poikiloderma with traumatic bulla formation, anhidrosisi, and keratoderma.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy with congenital poikiloderma had anhidrosis, palmoplantar-pitted keratoderma, traumatic bulla formation, and defective dentition, but no abnormalities of the hair, nails, or eyes. This patient was similar in some respects to others reported as having dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis, the Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome, the Mendes da Costa syndrome, and acrokeratotic poikiloderma.", "contents": "Congenital poikiloderma with traumatic bulla formation, anhidrosisi, and keratoderma. A 14-year-old boy with congenital poikiloderma had anhidrosis, palmoplantar-pitted keratoderma, traumatic bulla formation, and defective dentition, but no abnormalities of the hair, nails, or eyes. This patient was similar in some respects to others reported as having dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis, the Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome, the Mendes da Costa syndrome, and acrokeratotic poikiloderma.", "PMID": 92149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_64", "title": "Urinary proline to hydroxyproline ratio varies with age.", "content": "Urinary excretion of proline and hydroxyproline was studied in five groups of subjects, viz. controls, pituitary dwarfs, familial dwarfs, patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive and patients with generalized scleroderma. The ratio Pro/Hyp in the urinary fraction precipitated with 5 parts of acetone (1 + 5 fraction) was close to one in children and youngsters in all the groups, while in adults it was higher than two. Total Pro/Hyp does not give an accurate index of age.", "contents": "Urinary proline to hydroxyproline ratio varies with age. Urinary excretion of proline and hydroxyproline was studied in five groups of subjects, viz. controls, pituitary dwarfs, familial dwarfs, patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive and patients with generalized scleroderma. The ratio Pro/Hyp in the urinary fraction precipitated with 5 parts of acetone (1 + 5 fraction) was close to one in children and youngsters in all the groups, while in adults it was higher than two. Total Pro/Hyp does not give an accurate index of age.", "PMID": 92150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_65", "title": "Intracellular distribution of dopa and 5-S-cysteinyldopa in pigment cells with minimal pigment formation.", "content": "The hypothesis that only melanosomal catecholic amino acids contribute to melanin formation was tested by studying adult bovine eyes in which pigment synthesis is considered to be low or absent. Dopa and 5-S-cysteinyldopa were investigated in different cell fractions of the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium of cattle. Most of the dopa and 5-S-cysteinyldopa was found in the cytoplasm and very little in the large granule fraction. The presence of cysteinyldopa in the adult eye is evidence of tyrosinase activity, but the catechol amino acids in the cytoplasm probably do not give rise to melanin formation. It is assumed that they instead are excreted from the cells.", "contents": "Intracellular distribution of dopa and 5-S-cysteinyldopa in pigment cells with minimal pigment formation. The hypothesis that only melanosomal catecholic amino acids contribute to melanin formation was tested by studying adult bovine eyes in which pigment synthesis is considered to be low or absent. Dopa and 5-S-cysteinyldopa were investigated in different cell fractions of the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium of cattle. Most of the dopa and 5-S-cysteinyldopa was found in the cytoplasm and very little in the large granule fraction. The presence of cysteinyldopa in the adult eye is evidence of tyrosinase activity, but the catechol amino acids in the cytoplasm probably do not give rise to melanin formation. It is assumed that they instead are excreted from the cells.", "PMID": 92151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_66", "title": "Periodic structures in the Langerhans' cell: an optical diffraction study.", "content": "The crystalline-like structure of horizontally sectioned Langerhans cell granules has been studied by optical diffraction. Two different fixation techniques resulted in two different sets of spacings.", "contents": "Periodic structures in the Langerhans' cell: an optical diffraction study. The crystalline-like structure of horizontally sectioned Langerhans cell granules has been studied by optical diffraction. Two different fixation techniques resulted in two different sets of spacings.", "PMID": 92152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_67", "title": "Dermatological study of 47,XYY males.", "content": "Dermatological features of five 47,XYY males are presented. Port-wine stains were observed in 2 cases. As the incidence of port-wine stains among the general population is believed to be 0.5%, this result would seem to indicate that the association of 47,XYY males with port-wine stains is more than a coincidence, though the survey of previous studied failed to reveal any 47,XYY cases with port-wine stains.", "contents": "Dermatological study of 47,XYY males. Dermatological features of five 47,XYY males are presented. Port-wine stains were observed in 2 cases. As the incidence of port-wine stains among the general population is believed to be 0.5%, this result would seem to indicate that the association of 47,XYY males with port-wine stains is more than a coincidence, though the survey of previous studied failed to reveal any 47,XYY cases with port-wine stains.", "PMID": 92153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_68", "title": "Kwashiorkor-like zinc deficiency syndrome in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "This report deals with a 26-year-old white woman exhibiting signs of both Kwashiorkor (marasmus, pallor, hypopigmentation of hair and hepatomegaly) and acrodermatitis enteropathica (eczematous dermatitis predominantly on acral areas). Clinical and laboratory examinations excluded malabsorption syndrome and glucagonoma syndrome and revealed hypoproteinemia and marked zinc deficiency. Psychiatric examination disclosed anorexia nervosa. Substitution therapy led to rapid clearing of the skin lesions.", "contents": "Kwashiorkor-like zinc deficiency syndrome in anorexia nervosa. This report deals with a 26-year-old white woman exhibiting signs of both Kwashiorkor (marasmus, pallor, hypopigmentation of hair and hepatomegaly) and acrodermatitis enteropathica (eczematous dermatitis predominantly on acral areas). Clinical and laboratory examinations excluded malabsorption syndrome and glucagonoma syndrome and revealed hypoproteinemia and marked zinc deficiency. Psychiatric examination disclosed anorexia nervosa. Substitution therapy led to rapid clearing of the skin lesions.", "PMID": 92154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_69", "title": "Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN).", "content": "A 12-year-old boy with inflammatory linear verrucous nevus is described. The lesions were pruritic and consisted of small, erythematous, slightly scaling papules coalescing to form linear, lichenified and excoriated plaques. The histological picture was psoriasiform but features of eczema were also seen.", "contents": "Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN). A 12-year-old boy with inflammatory linear verrucous nevus is described. The lesions were pruritic and consisted of small, erythematous, slightly scaling papules coalescing to form linear, lichenified and excoriated plaques. The histological picture was psoriasiform but features of eczema were also seen.", "PMID": 92155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_70", "title": "Oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy of uncommon photodermatoses.", "content": "Three uncommon idiopathic photodermatoses, refractory to other treatment, responded to oral psoralen photochemotherapy. Tow females with photosensitivity in association with atopy, one female with persistent light reaction following a systemic drug-induced photosensitivity and an elderly male with actinic reticuloid were treated.", "contents": "Oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy of uncommon photodermatoses. Three uncommon idiopathic photodermatoses, refractory to other treatment, responded to oral psoralen photochemotherapy. Tow females with photosensitivity in association with atopy, one female with persistent light reaction following a systemic drug-induced photosensitivity and an elderly male with actinic reticuloid were treated.", "PMID": 92156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_71", "title": "Drug-induced lupus erythematosus aggravated by oral zinc therapy.", "content": "A woman with hypertension had been treated with hydralazine and propranolol for the past 6 years. Leg ulcers and mild joint involvement had been observed for 3 years. When oral zinc therapy was started, multisystemic manifestations of a lupus erythematosus-like syndrome developed within one week. The possible implication of zinc in drug-induced lupus is discussed.", "contents": "Drug-induced lupus erythematosus aggravated by oral zinc therapy. A woman with hypertension had been treated with hydralazine and propranolol for the past 6 years. Leg ulcers and mild joint involvement had been observed for 3 years. When oral zinc therapy was started, multisystemic manifestations of a lupus erythematosus-like syndrome developed within one week. The possible implication of zinc in drug-induced lupus is discussed.", "PMID": 92157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_72", "title": "Liver injury following administration of 8-methoxypsoralen during PUVA therapy.", "content": "A case of liver injury caused by 8-methoxypsoralen given orally during PUVA therapy is presented. The reaction, manifested by elevated serum alanine-aminotransferase and serum aspartate-aminotransferase, was provoked on three consecutive occasions, on the last one with 8-MOP only. The liver injury seems to be of the hepatocellular and nonpredictable type.", "contents": "Liver injury following administration of 8-methoxypsoralen during PUVA therapy. A case of liver injury caused by 8-methoxypsoralen given orally during PUVA therapy is presented. The reaction, manifested by elevated serum alanine-aminotransferase and serum aspartate-aminotransferase, was provoked on three consecutive occasions, on the last one with 8-MOP only. The liver injury seems to be of the hepatocellular and nonpredictable type.", "PMID": 92158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_73", "title": "Comparison of clobetasol propionate and betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate with reference to adrenal suppression.", "content": "32 adult hospitalized patients with common skin disorders were controlled in a double-blind comparison study with clobetasol propionate (Dermovat) and betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate (Diproderm) with regard to adrenal suppression. The latter, when assessed by plasma cortisol, was significantly greater in the dermovat-treated groups after the 1st and 2nd week with daily treatment with both 25 g and 15 g ointment. Daily treatment of skin areas greater than 25% with 25 g Diproderm also showed clear adrenal suppression, whereas no such effect was obtained with daily treatment with 10 g Diproderm of skin areas greater than 15%. In all cases, plasma cortisol levels were normal 1--2 weeks after the end of topical treatment.", "contents": "Comparison of clobetasol propionate and betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate with reference to adrenal suppression. 32 adult hospitalized patients with common skin disorders were controlled in a double-blind comparison study with clobetasol propionate (Dermovat) and betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate (Diproderm) with regard to adrenal suppression. The latter, when assessed by plasma cortisol, was significantly greater in the dermovat-treated groups after the 1st and 2nd week with daily treatment with both 25 g and 15 g ointment. Daily treatment of skin areas greater than 25% with 25 g Diproderm also showed clear adrenal suppression, whereas no such effect was obtained with daily treatment with 10 g Diproderm of skin areas greater than 15%. In all cases, plasma cortisol levels were normal 1--2 weeks after the end of topical treatment.", "PMID": 92159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_74", "title": "Transfer factor in mycosis fungoides: a case report on a patient \"cured\".", "content": "A report is given of the successful treatment with transfer factor as an additional therapeutic agent of a patient in the tumour stage of mycosis fungoides who had not responded to conventional treatment with nitrogen mustard, methotrexate, or grenz rays alone. Besides twelve injections of transfer factor, the patient received X-irradiation, 1 400 r (50 kV 1 mm Al) in all, to three tumours. The combined treatment induced sustained remissions. When that patient died from a coronary infarct 5 years after treatment began, autopsy showed no evidence of mycosis fungoides at all.", "contents": "Transfer factor in mycosis fungoides: a case report on a patient \"cured\". A report is given of the successful treatment with transfer factor as an additional therapeutic agent of a patient in the tumour stage of mycosis fungoides who had not responded to conventional treatment with nitrogen mustard, methotrexate, or grenz rays alone. Besides twelve injections of transfer factor, the patient received X-irradiation, 1 400 r (50 kV 1 mm Al) in all, to three tumours. The combined treatment induced sustained remissions. When that patient died from a coronary infarct 5 years after treatment began, autopsy showed no evidence of mycosis fungoides at all.", "PMID": 92160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_75", "title": "Acquired epidermolysis bullosa treated with a gold compound.", "content": "A 20-year-old man with acquired epidermolysis bullosa of 3 years' duration was treated intramuscularly with gold sodium thiomalate. After a total dose of 1 000 mg gold sodium thiomalate, administered over a period of 9 months, the patient has shown an almost complete remission, without any apparent side effects of the chrysotherapy.", "contents": "Acquired epidermolysis bullosa treated with a gold compound. A 20-year-old man with acquired epidermolysis bullosa of 3 years' duration was treated intramuscularly with gold sodium thiomalate. After a total dose of 1 000 mg gold sodium thiomalate, administered over a period of 9 months, the patient has shown an almost complete remission, without any apparent side effects of the chrysotherapy.", "PMID": 92161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_76", "title": "Drug-induced neutropenias in the Stockholm region 1976-1977.", "content": "Previously we reviewed the incidence and causes of drug-induced neutropenia in the Stockholm region during the years 1973-75. We here present an equivalent study for the years 1976-77. The yearly incidence of drug-induced neutropenia, cytostatics excluded, remained around 0.01%. About one half of the cases were caused by sulphonamides. Among the other causes, antithyroid drugs and phenothiazines were most frequent. The mortality rate was 27%, in contrast to only 2% in our previous study. Of the seven patiets who died, 5 had taken sulphonamides.", "contents": "Drug-induced neutropenias in the Stockholm region 1976-1977. Previously we reviewed the incidence and causes of drug-induced neutropenia in the Stockholm region during the years 1973-75. We here present an equivalent study for the years 1976-77. The yearly incidence of drug-induced neutropenia, cytostatics excluded, remained around 0.01%. About one half of the cases were caused by sulphonamides. Among the other causes, antithyroid drugs and phenothiazines were most frequent. The mortality rate was 27%, in contrast to only 2% in our previous study. Of the seven patiets who died, 5 had taken sulphonamides.", "PMID": 92166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_77", "title": "Procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus-like syndrome in relation to acetylator phenotype and plasma levels of procainamide.", "content": "To investigate the relationship between acetylator phenotype and the development of procainamide (PA)-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE-like syndrome, 28 patients with chronic ventricular arrhythmias treated with PA were followed for one year. The therapy was guided by plasma monitoring in all patients in order to obtain the proposed therapeutic plasma level of PA. Nine patients (30%), both slow and rapid acetylators, developed the SLE-like syndrome within one year. PA plasma levels were similar in both slow and rapid acetylators and there was no difference in total dose or duration of therapy before development of the syndrome. Thus, the acetylator phenotype is probably of no or minor predictive importance when PA therapy is guided by plasma monitoring. On the other hand, the antinuclear antibodies appeared significantly more rapidly in patients developing the syndrome and could possible be used as an indicator of the risk. The results support the hypothesis that the primary amino group structure of PA may be of importance in the induction of the SLE-like syndrome.", "contents": "Procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus-like syndrome in relation to acetylator phenotype and plasma levels of procainamide. To investigate the relationship between acetylator phenotype and the development of procainamide (PA)-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE-like syndrome, 28 patients with chronic ventricular arrhythmias treated with PA were followed for one year. The therapy was guided by plasma monitoring in all patients in order to obtain the proposed therapeutic plasma level of PA. Nine patients (30%), both slow and rapid acetylators, developed the SLE-like syndrome within one year. PA plasma levels were similar in both slow and rapid acetylators and there was no difference in total dose or duration of therapy before development of the syndrome. Thus, the acetylator phenotype is probably of no or minor predictive importance when PA therapy is guided by plasma monitoring. On the other hand, the antinuclear antibodies appeared significantly more rapidly in patients developing the syndrome and could possible be used as an indicator of the risk. The results support the hypothesis that the primary amino group structure of PA may be of importance in the induction of the SLE-like syndrome.", "PMID": 92167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_78", "title": "Spontaneous and induced non-specific drug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Nitrous acid, diepoxybutane and methyl methane sulfonate induce effectively non-mitochondrial chloramphenicol-resistant mutants cross-resistant to other drugs. HNO2 induces also unstable erythromycin resistant mutants. The ability of the mutants to grow on antibiotic media can be modified by detergents, guanidine hydrochloride or increased osmotic pressure of the medium. This suggests that the resistance is due to changes in cell membrane permeability similar to those described by Rank, Robertson and Philips (1975b). Multiple drug-resistant mutants selected for chloramphenicol resistance show an increased sensitivity to ethidium bromide in glucose medium. Therefore the mutations involved increase probably nuclear envelope permeability to the latter drug. Results of genetic analyses of non-mitochondrial capr and eryr mutants suggest strongly that in most, if not all, cases the resistance is determined by interaction between nuclear and extranuclear factors.", "contents": "Spontaneous and induced non-specific drug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nitrous acid, diepoxybutane and methyl methane sulfonate induce effectively non-mitochondrial chloramphenicol-resistant mutants cross-resistant to other drugs. HNO2 induces also unstable erythromycin resistant mutants. The ability of the mutants to grow on antibiotic media can be modified by detergents, guanidine hydrochloride or increased osmotic pressure of the medium. This suggests that the resistance is due to changes in cell membrane permeability similar to those described by Rank, Robertson and Philips (1975b). Multiple drug-resistant mutants selected for chloramphenicol resistance show an increased sensitivity to ethidium bromide in glucose medium. Therefore the mutations involved increase probably nuclear envelope permeability to the latter drug. Results of genetic analyses of non-mitochondrial capr and eryr mutants suggest strongly that in most, if not all, cases the resistance is determined by interaction between nuclear and extranuclear factors.", "PMID": 92168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_79", "title": "Aggregation deficient Escherichia coli K-12 female mutants with altered lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Two F- mutants deficient in conjugation with F-donors have been characterized. They map at about 83 minut position, show resistance to T3 and T7 bacteriophages, and form mating aggregates in the liquid medium with lowered efficiency. Mutants have no detectable alterations in their outer membrane protein composition.", "contents": "Aggregation deficient Escherichia coli K-12 female mutants with altered lipopolysaccharide. Two F- mutants deficient in conjugation with F-donors have been characterized. They map at about 83 minut position, show resistance to T3 and T7 bacteriophages, and form mating aggregates in the liquid medium with lowered efficiency. Mutants have no detectable alterations in their outer membrane protein composition.", "PMID": 92169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_80", "title": "New types of Escherichia coli K-12 facultative recombination deficient mutants resistant to ultraviolet.", "content": "Numerous facultative temperature sensitive recombination deficient mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 strain 108 were isolated after mutagenization with nitrosoguanidine. The majority of the mutants were resistant to UV irradiation. Three mutants, KBP72, KBP169 and KBP610, with marked recombination deificiency (300 to 15,000 times) at 42 degrees C, were UV resistant; their sensitivity to mitomycin C was altered only slightly or not at all. Mutation KBP72 was co-transduced with ilv (83 unit on E. coli genetic map). The mutant is not able to form a functional recombinat structure. Two other mutations are located between 0 and 19 unit of the genetic map.", "contents": "New types of Escherichia coli K-12 facultative recombination deficient mutants resistant to ultraviolet. Numerous facultative temperature sensitive recombination deficient mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 strain 108 were isolated after mutagenization with nitrosoguanidine. The majority of the mutants were resistant to UV irradiation. Three mutants, KBP72, KBP169 and KBP610, with marked recombination deificiency (300 to 15,000 times) at 42 degrees C, were UV resistant; their sensitivity to mitomycin C was altered only slightly or not at all. Mutation KBP72 was co-transduced with ilv (83 unit on E. coli genetic map). The mutant is not able to form a functional recombinat structure. Two other mutations are located between 0 and 19 unit of the genetic map.", "PMID": 92170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_81", "title": "Transfer of RP4 and R68.45 factors to Rhizobium.", "content": "Two R factor were introduced by conjugation into Rhizobium trifolii and Rhizobium meliloti strains at a frequency of 10(-5) to 10(-6). Plasmids RP4 from Escherichia coli J53 and R68.45 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO.25 were maintained stably in Rhizobium hosts and could be retransferred to other Rhizobium recipients. Some of the transconjugants were able to mobilize chromosome and transfer his or met genes in intra-, and interspecies matings.", "contents": "Transfer of RP4 and R68.45 factors to Rhizobium. Two R factor were introduced by conjugation into Rhizobium trifolii and Rhizobium meliloti strains at a frequency of 10(-5) to 10(-6). Plasmids RP4 from Escherichia coli J53 and R68.45 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO.25 were maintained stably in Rhizobium hosts and could be retransferred to other Rhizobium recipients. Some of the transconjugants were able to mobilize chromosome and transfer his or met genes in intra-, and interspecies matings.", "PMID": 92171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_82", "title": "Aflatoxin B1 effect on beta-D-galactosidase in some starter cultures.", "content": "Six starter cultures were examined for their ability to induce beta-D-Galactosidase activity. The maximum (713 x 10(-4) units/ml) and minimum (140 x 10(-4) units/ml) enzyme activity was shown by Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptomyces thermophilus, respectively. The maximum inhibition by aflatoxin B1 of induction and activity of enzyme in vitro was observed at 60 micrograms/ml in all cultures. However, low levels of the toxin stimulated induction of the enzyme in Streptococcus lactis and S. thermophilus.", "contents": "Aflatoxin B1 effect on beta-D-galactosidase in some starter cultures. Six starter cultures were examined for their ability to induce beta-D-Galactosidase activity. The maximum (713 x 10(-4) units/ml) and minimum (140 x 10(-4) units/ml) enzyme activity was shown by Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptomyces thermophilus, respectively. The maximum inhibition by aflatoxin B1 of induction and activity of enzyme in vitro was observed at 60 micrograms/ml in all cultures. However, low levels of the toxin stimulated induction of the enzyme in Streptococcus lactis and S. thermophilus.", "PMID": 92172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_83", "title": "The effect of organic substrate concentration on activity for microbiological reduction of sulfates.", "content": "Lactate, pyruvate, malate and alpha-glycerophosphate are excellent sources of energy and structural carbon for Desulfovibrio vulgaris. A fully stoichiometric course of the sulfate reduction process has been observed. A simplified equation of the reaction describing the respiration process of the above bacteria in the presence of alpha-glycerophosphate is proposed.", "contents": "The effect of organic substrate concentration on activity for microbiological reduction of sulfates. Lactate, pyruvate, malate and alpha-glycerophosphate are excellent sources of energy and structural carbon for Desulfovibrio vulgaris. A fully stoichiometric course of the sulfate reduction process has been observed. A simplified equation of the reaction describing the respiration process of the above bacteria in the presence of alpha-glycerophosphate is proposed.", "PMID": 92173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_84", "title": "Effect of high concentrations of nitrogen on mixed populations of nitrifying bacteria isolated from industrial nitrogenous wastewaters.", "content": "The effect of high concentrations of different forms of nitrogen (NH4+, NO2-, NO3- and urea N) on nitrification by mixed populations of nitrosobacters isolated from nitrogen fertilizer plant wastewaters and nitrobacters isolated from effluents from a biological bed treating these wastewaters was determined. The inhibitory activity (within the concentration values for industrial wastewaters) of only the reaction products was observed, i.e. nitrites for nitrification phase I and nitrates for nitrification phase II. A mixed population of phase II nitrifying bacteria is highly resistant to high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (50% inhibition at 3,000 mg N/l).", "contents": "Effect of high concentrations of nitrogen on mixed populations of nitrifying bacteria isolated from industrial nitrogenous wastewaters. The effect of high concentrations of different forms of nitrogen (NH4+, NO2-, NO3- and urea N) on nitrification by mixed populations of nitrosobacters isolated from nitrogen fertilizer plant wastewaters and nitrobacters isolated from effluents from a biological bed treating these wastewaters was determined. The inhibitory activity (within the concentration values for industrial wastewaters) of only the reaction products was observed, i.e. nitrites for nitrification phase I and nitrates for nitrification phase II. A mixed population of phase II nitrifying bacteria is highly resistant to high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (50% inhibition at 3,000 mg N/l).", "PMID": 92174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_85", "title": "Effect of methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol on the work of activated sludge.", "content": "The effect of methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol on the work of activated sludge grown in synthetic wastewater was investigated. Wastewater carrying these compounds could be purified by the activated sludge method, providing the concentration of methyl alcohol and glycol did not exceed 5,000 mg/l and 1,000 mg/l, respectively. At these values reduced purification efficiency, increased volumetric index of the sludge and changes in the structure of the activated sludge flocs could be observed.", "contents": "Effect of methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol on the work of activated sludge. The effect of methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol on the work of activated sludge grown in synthetic wastewater was investigated. Wastewater carrying these compounds could be purified by the activated sludge method, providing the concentration of methyl alcohol and glycol did not exceed 5,000 mg/l and 1,000 mg/l, respectively. At these values reduced purification efficiency, increased volumetric index of the sludge and changes in the structure of the activated sludge flocs could be observed.", "PMID": 92175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_86", "title": "Demonstration of antigenic differences between strains of poliovirus type 1 by agar diffusion precipitation reaction.", "content": "Antigenic differences between type 1 poliovirus strains circulating in nature were investigated by agar diffusion precipitation reaction. Three strain-specific sera were absorbed with antigens prepared from 8 strains (Sabin's vaccine strain LSc2ab and 7 strains isolated from poliomyelitis patients or healthy persons). The results suggested the presence of at least 5 antigenic determinants in the poliovirus type 1 strains studied. Three determinants in different combinations were found in 7 strains and 2 determinants were found in 1 strain. It is assumed that antigenic differences among poliovirus strains may be due to different combinations of several antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Demonstration of antigenic differences between strains of poliovirus type 1 by agar diffusion precipitation reaction. Antigenic differences between type 1 poliovirus strains circulating in nature were investigated by agar diffusion precipitation reaction. Three strain-specific sera were absorbed with antigens prepared from 8 strains (Sabin's vaccine strain LSc2ab and 7 strains isolated from poliomyelitis patients or healthy persons). The results suggested the presence of at least 5 antigenic determinants in the poliovirus type 1 strains studied. Three determinants in different combinations were found in 7 strains and 2 determinants were found in 1 strain. It is assumed that antigenic differences among poliovirus strains may be due to different combinations of several antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 92184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_87", "title": "Relief of pancreatic pain by radiography-guided block.", "content": "A 7-year experience with radiography-guided blockade of the celiac ganglia in patients suffering from pancreatic pain is described; 36 patients had carcinoma of the pancreas and nine had chronic pancreatitis. The importance of fluoroscopic guidance of deposition of the blocking agent is stressed. The success rate of this procedure is similar to operative intervention for interruption of the pathways of pain conduction. Radiography-guided celiac ganglion block along with enzymatic substitution for increasing pancreatic insufficiency are recommended for effective palliative treatment.", "contents": "Relief of pancreatic pain by radiography-guided block. A 7-year experience with radiography-guided blockade of the celiac ganglia in patients suffering from pancreatic pain is described; 36 patients had carcinoma of the pancreas and nine had chronic pancreatitis. The importance of fluoroscopic guidance of deposition of the blocking agent is stressed. The success rate of this procedure is similar to operative intervention for interruption of the pathways of pain conduction. Radiography-guided celiac ganglion block along with enzymatic substitution for increasing pancreatic insufficiency are recommended for effective palliative treatment.", "PMID": 92185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_88", "title": "An evaluation of cellularity in various types of bone marrow specimens.", "content": "Comparisons of marrow cellularity determinations in needle biopsy sections, aspirated smears of marrow particles, and aspirated clot sections were made using the point-counting and standard visual methods of measurement. Good correlations of cellularity between biopsies and smears were obtained with the point-counting method. This occurred with either single- or multiple-observer measurements, and differed from the wide observer-to-observer variation obtained in the other comparisons. Although the optimal method for cellularity measurements is point counting by biopsy sections, the findings indicate that aspirated smears of marrow particles can be a suitable substitute for needle biopsy sections when point counting is used. This would be particularly useful in clinical settings necessitating frequent cellularity assessments. The results also show that the standard visual method of cellularity measurement is satisfactory when specimens are evaluated by one observer. The point-counting method of measurement, although the most accurate, is not as reproducible among observers as previously considered.", "contents": "An evaluation of cellularity in various types of bone marrow specimens. Comparisons of marrow cellularity determinations in needle biopsy sections, aspirated smears of marrow particles, and aspirated clot sections were made using the point-counting and standard visual methods of measurement. Good correlations of cellularity between biopsies and smears were obtained with the point-counting method. This occurred with either single- or multiple-observer measurements, and differed from the wide observer-to-observer variation obtained in the other comparisons. Although the optimal method for cellularity measurements is point counting by biopsy sections, the findings indicate that aspirated smears of marrow particles can be a suitable substitute for needle biopsy sections when point counting is used. This would be particularly useful in clinical settings necessitating frequent cellularity assessments. The results also show that the standard visual method of cellularity measurement is satisfactory when specimens are evaluated by one observer. The point-counting method of measurement, although the most accurate, is not as reproducible among observers as previously considered.", "PMID": 92191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_89", "title": "Developmental-behavioral dysfunction in preschool children. Descriptive analysis of a pediatric consultative model.", "content": "A study of 79 preschool children referred to an interdisciplinary clinic because of behavioral problems and developmental concerns was done. Historical data and information regarding present functioning were collected using standard questionnaires. In addition to medical, neurological, and psychiatric examinations, every child received a neurodevelopmental assessment. When compared with a matched cohort of children from the community, the clinic population had a higher incidence of developmental concerns. Of 37 children referred because of \"hyperactivity\" or other behavioral concerns, 13 had previously undetected developmental concerns requiring specific interventions. Dysfunction in preschool children may be the result of an ongoing reciprocal interaction between constitutional predispositions and social and environmental factors. A comprehensive, developmentally oriented approach seems to be indicated in the assessment of these children. This may have implications for pediatric practice.", "contents": "Developmental-behavioral dysfunction in preschool children. Descriptive analysis of a pediatric consultative model. A study of 79 preschool children referred to an interdisciplinary clinic because of behavioral problems and developmental concerns was done. Historical data and information regarding present functioning were collected using standard questionnaires. In addition to medical, neurological, and psychiatric examinations, every child received a neurodevelopmental assessment. When compared with a matched cohort of children from the community, the clinic population had a higher incidence of developmental concerns. Of 37 children referred because of \"hyperactivity\" or other behavioral concerns, 13 had previously undetected developmental concerns requiring specific interventions. Dysfunction in preschool children may be the result of an ongoing reciprocal interaction between constitutional predispositions and social and environmental factors. A comprehensive, developmentally oriented approach seems to be indicated in the assessment of these children. This may have implications for pediatric practice.", "PMID": 92192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_90", "title": "Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhydrosis. Report of a family and review of literature with reference to immune deficiency.", "content": "Congenital indifference to pain with anhydrosis (CIPA) is a well-defined entity among a group of sensory deficiency syndromes. Children with this genetic disease are insensitive to pain and temperature and do not sweat and suffer from psychomotor retardation. Self-inflicted trauma may be severe and lead to insoluble orthopedic problems. To date, 11 cases have been reported. We have reviewed the literature and are describing two girls with CIPA, born to consanguine Jewish parents of Moroccan origin. Immunoglobulin deficiency has been reported in CIPA but an immunologic investigation on one of our cases showed only an early and transient deficiency of IgA. The presence in the family of a brother with ataxia telangiectasia and complete absence of IgA would seem to be irrelevant and it seems probable that the parents are heterozygotic for two disparate autosomal recessive syndromes.", "contents": "Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhydrosis. Report of a family and review of literature with reference to immune deficiency. Congenital indifference to pain with anhydrosis (CIPA) is a well-defined entity among a group of sensory deficiency syndromes. Children with this genetic disease are insensitive to pain and temperature and do not sweat and suffer from psychomotor retardation. Self-inflicted trauma may be severe and lead to insoluble orthopedic problems. To date, 11 cases have been reported. We have reviewed the literature and are describing two girls with CIPA, born to consanguine Jewish parents of Moroccan origin. Immunoglobulin deficiency has been reported in CIPA but an immunologic investigation on one of our cases showed only an early and transient deficiency of IgA. The presence in the family of a brother with ataxia telangiectasia and complete absence of IgA would seem to be irrelevant and it seems probable that the parents are heterozygotic for two disparate autosomal recessive syndromes.", "PMID": 92193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_91", "title": "A comparison of the formalin-ether concentration and trichrome-stained smear methods for the recovery and identification of intestinal protozoa.", "content": "The detection and identification of intestinal protozoa were compared using the formalin-ether concentration technique and trichrome smears. Using the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) one-vial collection method, 13,194 outpatient samples were examined by both methods. Twenty-three percent or 3077 specimens were positive for one or more species of intestinal protozoa. Of the pathogenic protozoa identified, 96.3 percent of the trophozoites and 44.2 percent of the cysts were identified only by the trichrome-stained smear. It is recommended that both procedures by included in the examination of fecal sepcimens for protozoa.", "contents": "A comparison of the formalin-ether concentration and trichrome-stained smear methods for the recovery and identification of intestinal protozoa. The detection and identification of intestinal protozoa were compared using the formalin-ether concentration technique and trichrome smears. Using the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) one-vial collection method, 13,194 outpatient samples were examined by both methods. Twenty-three percent or 3077 specimens were positive for one or more species of intestinal protozoa. Of the pathogenic protozoa identified, 96.3 percent of the trophozoites and 44.2 percent of the cysts were identified only by the trichrome-stained smear. It is recommended that both procedures by included in the examination of fecal sepcimens for protozoa.", "PMID": 92195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_92", "title": "Human lymphocyte antigen expression in hydatidiform mole: androgenesis following fertilization by a haploid sperm.", "content": "Thirteen hydatidiform moles (complete moles) and lymphocytes from each parent were analyzed for human lymphocyte antigen (HLA-A and HLA-B specificities). It was demonstrated that molar tissues expressed homozygous A and B specificities which were identical to those of the father and not those of the mother. It was concluded that androgenesis was responsible for the pathogenesis of most cases of complete mole. There was homozygous expression of paternal HLA specificities which were heterozygous for A locus and/or B locus in eight of nine cases of complete mole. This suggests that these hydatidiform moles developed from an egg which was fertilized by a haploid sperm which duplicated its own chromosomes after meiosis.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte antigen expression in hydatidiform mole: androgenesis following fertilization by a haploid sperm. Thirteen hydatidiform moles (complete moles) and lymphocytes from each parent were analyzed for human lymphocyte antigen (HLA-A and HLA-B specificities). It was demonstrated that molar tissues expressed homozygous A and B specificities which were identical to those of the father and not those of the mother. It was concluded that androgenesis was responsible for the pathogenesis of most cases of complete mole. There was homozygous expression of paternal HLA specificities which were heterozygous for A locus and/or B locus in eight of nine cases of complete mole. This suggests that these hydatidiform moles developed from an egg which was fertilized by a haploid sperm which duplicated its own chromosomes after meiosis.", "PMID": 92196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_93", "title": "Natural history of serous detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "Fifty eyes of 40 patients with serous (avascular) detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium were followed up for an average of 22 months. Of the 50 eyes, 14 (28%) developed bleeding beneath the retinal pigment epithelium and retina or subretinal neovascularization detected on fluorescein angiography. These changes did not occur in eyes of patients younger than age 56 years at diagnosis or in detachments less than 1 disk diameter in size, whereas 35.9% (14) of eyes in patients older than age 56 years developed vascular complications. Vascular complications were uncommon when the initial detachment did not involve the fovea. Visual acuity declined in only one (9.1%) of eyes in patients younger than age 56 years but in 20 (51.3%) of eyes in patients age 56 years or greater.", "contents": "Natural history of serous detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium. Fifty eyes of 40 patients with serous (avascular) detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium were followed up for an average of 22 months. Of the 50 eyes, 14 (28%) developed bleeding beneath the retinal pigment epithelium and retina or subretinal neovascularization detected on fluorescein angiography. These changes did not occur in eyes of patients younger than age 56 years at diagnosis or in detachments less than 1 disk diameter in size, whereas 35.9% (14) of eyes in patients older than age 56 years developed vascular complications. Vascular complications were uncommon when the initial detachment did not involve the fovea. Visual acuity declined in only one (9.1%) of eyes in patients younger than age 56 years but in 20 (51.3%) of eyes in patients age 56 years or greater.", "PMID": 92197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_94", "title": "Serous detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium in patients with senile macular disease.", "content": "Thirty-one patients had senile macular disease with serous detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium without evidence of choroidal neovascularization. Of these 31 patients the natural history of 24 eyes was compared with 21 eyes treated with photocoagulation. Eight patients with bilateral detachments had treatment applied to one eye. There was no conclusive evidence that photocoagulation alters the natural course of this condition.", "contents": "Serous detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium in patients with senile macular disease. Thirty-one patients had senile macular disease with serous detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium without evidence of choroidal neovascularization. Of these 31 patients the natural history of 24 eyes was compared with 21 eyes treated with photocoagulation. Eight patients with bilateral detachments had treatment applied to one eye. There was no conclusive evidence that photocoagulation alters the natural course of this condition.", "PMID": 92198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_95", "title": "Posterior pole neovascularization in a patient with hemoglobin SC disease.", "content": "A 33-year-old black woman with hemoglobin SC disease and a history of photocoagulation for peripherally located retinal neovascularization had a neovascular frond at the temporal border of her right macula. Multiple zones of black sunburst hyperpigmentation were located nearby. Fluorescein angiography showed that the lesions were closely related to an extensive zone of avascular retina in the posterior pole. The perifoveal vasculature was uninvolved, and the patient was unaware of any visual deficit. Although sickle cell maculopathy is a well-recognized entity, there have been no published reports, to the best of our knowledge, of posterior pole neovascularization in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. The fluorescein angiographic findings in our case provide further support for the hypothesis that retinal hypoxia is an important stimulus for retinal neovascularization.", "contents": "Posterior pole neovascularization in a patient with hemoglobin SC disease. A 33-year-old black woman with hemoglobin SC disease and a history of photocoagulation for peripherally located retinal neovascularization had a neovascular frond at the temporal border of her right macula. Multiple zones of black sunburst hyperpigmentation were located nearby. Fluorescein angiography showed that the lesions were closely related to an extensive zone of avascular retina in the posterior pole. The perifoveal vasculature was uninvolved, and the patient was unaware of any visual deficit. Although sickle cell maculopathy is a well-recognized entity, there have been no published reports, to the best of our knowledge, of posterior pole neovascularization in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. The fluorescein angiographic findings in our case provide further support for the hypothesis that retinal hypoxia is an important stimulus for retinal neovascularization.", "PMID": 92199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_96", "title": "Subretinal neovascularization with geographic (serpiginous) choroiditis.", "content": "Three patients with geographic choroiditis developed subretinal neovascular membranes associated with subretinal hemorrhage and serous elevation of the retina. Proximity of the membrane to the foveal avascular zone prevented photocoagulation of the neovascular membrane in one patient. Central visual acuity remained 6/60 (20/200) despite systemic corticosteroid therapy. The neovascular membranes in the other two patients were obliterated by argon laser photocoagulation with preservation of central vision. The inflammatory process of geographic choroiditis can disrupt Bruch's membrane, allowing occasional choroidal vascular growth. Concomitant destruction of choroidal vessels may account for rarity of subretinal neovascularization in geographic choroiditis.", "contents": "Subretinal neovascularization with geographic (serpiginous) choroiditis. Three patients with geographic choroiditis developed subretinal neovascular membranes associated with subretinal hemorrhage and serous elevation of the retina. Proximity of the membrane to the foveal avascular zone prevented photocoagulation of the neovascular membrane in one patient. Central visual acuity remained 6/60 (20/200) despite systemic corticosteroid therapy. The neovascular membranes in the other two patients were obliterated by argon laser photocoagulation with preservation of central vision. The inflammatory process of geographic choroiditis can disrupt Bruch's membrane, allowing occasional choroidal vascular growth. Concomitant destruction of choroidal vessels may account for rarity of subretinal neovascularization in geographic choroiditis.", "PMID": 92200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_97", "title": "Disk and peripheral retinal neovascularization secondary to talc and cornstarch emboli.", "content": "A 30-year-old man was examined because of blurred vision. The symptoms had occurred immediately after the patient had injected himself intravenously with crushed, unfiltered, methylphenidate HCl (Ritalin) tablets. Fine yellow-white crystals were scattered throughout the retin of both eyes. The crystals were presumed to be talc emboli. Disk and peripheral retinal neovascularization were present. Fluorescein angiography revealed widespread retinal capillary nonperfusion. This is the first reported case, to the best of my knowledge, of disk neovascularization occurring after intravenously injected, crushed, unfiltered, methylphenidate HCl tablets.", "contents": "Disk and peripheral retinal neovascularization secondary to talc and cornstarch emboli. A 30-year-old man was examined because of blurred vision. The symptoms had occurred immediately after the patient had injected himself intravenously with crushed, unfiltered, methylphenidate HCl (Ritalin) tablets. Fine yellow-white crystals were scattered throughout the retin of both eyes. The crystals were presumed to be talc emboli. Disk and peripheral retinal neovascularization were present. Fluorescein angiography revealed widespread retinal capillary nonperfusion. This is the first reported case, to the best of my knowledge, of disk neovascularization occurring after intravenously injected, crushed, unfiltered, methylphenidate HCl tablets.", "PMID": 92201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_98", "title": "Direct and indirect laser photocoagulation of central serous choroidopathy.", "content": "A 3 1/2-year prospective randomized clinical trial showed a definite superiority of direct argon laser photocoagulation to the fluorescein leaking site compared to indirect treatment away from the leak in patients with central serous choroidopathy. One patient in each treatment group developed a subretinal neovascular membrane after photocoagulation to the fluorescein leak. Moderate prolongation of the neurosensory detachment did not adversely influence the final visual acuity in the indirect treatment group. Although direct laser photocoagulation reduces the duration of central serous choroidopathy, there is a risk of producing subretinal neovascularization. The principles of risk vs benefit should be explained to all patients and treatment should be advised only for compelling reasons.", "contents": "Direct and indirect laser photocoagulation of central serous choroidopathy. A 3 1/2-year prospective randomized clinical trial showed a definite superiority of direct argon laser photocoagulation to the fluorescein leaking site compared to indirect treatment away from the leak in patients with central serous choroidopathy. One patient in each treatment group developed a subretinal neovascular membrane after photocoagulation to the fluorescein leak. Moderate prolongation of the neurosensory detachment did not adversely influence the final visual acuity in the indirect treatment group. Although direct laser photocoagulation reduces the duration of central serous choroidopathy, there is a risk of producing subretinal neovascularization. The principles of risk vs benefit should be explained to all patients and treatment should be advised only for compelling reasons.", "PMID": 92202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_99", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a new serodeme of Trypanosoma rhodesiense.", "content": "The isolation and characterization of a new serodeme of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is described. A clone of organisms derived from a human infection produced chronic infections in mice. Additional clones of differing antigenic specificities were isolated from peaks of parasitemia which occurred in these mice. The variable antigen types (VATs) of these clones were determined by agglutination, immunofluorescence, and protection of actively immunized mice. Thirteen distinct VATs were isolated and designated Walter Reed Army Trypanozoon antigenic types. The described methodology and reagents, together with the chronicity of the infection produced in mice by this serodeme, provide a model for further study of immunopathology and antigenic variation in African trypanosomiasis. The use of these reagents in determining the incidence of VATs in an endemic area may allow an assessment of the feasibility of immunoprophylaxis.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a new serodeme of Trypanosoma rhodesiense. The isolation and characterization of a new serodeme of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is described. A clone of organisms derived from a human infection produced chronic infections in mice. Additional clones of differing antigenic specificities were isolated from peaks of parasitemia which occurred in these mice. The variable antigen types (VATs) of these clones were determined by agglutination, immunofluorescence, and protection of actively immunized mice. Thirteen distinct VATs were isolated and designated Walter Reed Army Trypanozoon antigenic types. The described methodology and reagents, together with the chronicity of the infection produced in mice by this serodeme, provide a model for further study of immunopathology and antigenic variation in African trypanosomiasis. The use of these reagents in determining the incidence of VATs in an endemic area may allow an assessment of the feasibility of immunoprophylaxis.", "PMID": 92203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_100", "title": "Ganglion cells in the facial nerve trunk of the mouse.", "content": "Numbers and distribution of the ganglion cells in the facial trunk distal to the ggl. geniculi of the mouse were examined with the light microscope. Counts of the ganglion cells in 22 nerves from 14 mice showed that all specimens contained some ganglion cells and numbers of the ganglion cells were various (1--80) and, on an average, there were 24 ganglion cells in each facial trunk. Ganglion cells existed most frequently in the dorsal corner and the dorso-lateral border of the small fiber zone of the facial trunk near the level of the origin of the n. stapedius. Also they were often found in the facial trunk near the origin of the chorda tympani and near the cross contact of the r. auricularis n. vagi with the facial trunk. These ganglion cells may be sensory neurons.", "contents": "Ganglion cells in the facial nerve trunk of the mouse. Numbers and distribution of the ganglion cells in the facial trunk distal to the ggl. geniculi of the mouse were examined with the light microscope. Counts of the ganglion cells in 22 nerves from 14 mice showed that all specimens contained some ganglion cells and numbers of the ganglion cells were various (1--80) and, on an average, there were 24 ganglion cells in each facial trunk. Ganglion cells existed most frequently in the dorsal corner and the dorso-lateral border of the small fiber zone of the facial trunk near the level of the origin of the n. stapedius. Also they were often found in the facial trunk near the origin of the chorda tympani and near the cross contact of the r. auricularis n. vagi with the facial trunk. These ganglion cells may be sensory neurons.", "PMID": 92206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_101", "title": "Relationship between antigen-specific IgE antibody (RAST) and total serum IgE levels.", "content": "Although the total serum IgE level is generally higher in atopic than in non-atopic individuals, high total serum IgE levels and atopic diseases are not invariably associated. In 42 atopic patients with the total serum IgE levels less than 100 U/ml, 27% of RAST against 14 allergens were positive whereas in 45 atopic patients with the total serum IgE levels greater than 500 U/ml, 57% of RAST against 14 allergens were positive. The mean RAST values against four grass antigens expressed as a percentage of antigen-disc bound radioactivities were significantly lower in the group with the lower total serum IgE levels. Low or normal total serum IgE levels are likely to be found in atopic patients who are allergic to a relatively few grass antigens.", "contents": "Relationship between antigen-specific IgE antibody (RAST) and total serum IgE levels. Although the total serum IgE level is generally higher in atopic than in non-atopic individuals, high total serum IgE levels and atopic diseases are not invariably associated. In 42 atopic patients with the total serum IgE levels less than 100 U/ml, 27% of RAST against 14 allergens were positive whereas in 45 atopic patients with the total serum IgE levels greater than 500 U/ml, 57% of RAST against 14 allergens were positive. The mean RAST values against four grass antigens expressed as a percentage of antigen-disc bound radioactivities were significantly lower in the group with the lower total serum IgE levels. Low or normal total serum IgE levels are likely to be found in atopic patients who are allergic to a relatively few grass antigens.", "PMID": 92207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_102", "title": "Bleomycin-induced interstitial pulmonary disease in the nude, athymic mouse.", "content": "Evidence from divergent sources suggests that some forms of interstitial pulmonary disease are associated with abnormalities of the cellular immune system. To evaluate whether cellular immune processes are necessary determinants for the development of parenchymal alveolitis and fibrosis secondary to bleomycin, we examined the effect of bleomycin on the NIH, outbred white mouse as compared to the homozygous nude, athymic mouse on the NIH outbred background. The nude mouse has virtually no detectable cell-mediated immune function; we therefore hypothesized that if this component of the immune system were necessary for the development of bleomycin-induced interstitial disease, bleomycin would not induce the same pulmonary lesion in the nude mouse as in the white mouse. However, both white and nude mice developed alveolitis and fibrosis after intraperitoneal administration of bleomycin. Comparison of the frequency and severity of these lesions in the 2 groups revealed no significant differences. These findings suggest that the presence of an intact cell-mediated immune system is not an absolute requirement for the development of bleomycin-induced interstitial disease in the mouse. To the extent that this model is an appropriate approximation of human bleomycin-induced pulmonary disease, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that T-lymphocyte mediated processes are not primary determinants of this lesion.", "contents": "Bleomycin-induced interstitial pulmonary disease in the nude, athymic mouse. Evidence from divergent sources suggests that some forms of interstitial pulmonary disease are associated with abnormalities of the cellular immune system. To evaluate whether cellular immune processes are necessary determinants for the development of parenchymal alveolitis and fibrosis secondary to bleomycin, we examined the effect of bleomycin on the NIH, outbred white mouse as compared to the homozygous nude, athymic mouse on the NIH outbred background. The nude mouse has virtually no detectable cell-mediated immune function; we therefore hypothesized that if this component of the immune system were necessary for the development of bleomycin-induced interstitial disease, bleomycin would not induce the same pulmonary lesion in the nude mouse as in the white mouse. However, both white and nude mice developed alveolitis and fibrosis after intraperitoneal administration of bleomycin. Comparison of the frequency and severity of these lesions in the 2 groups revealed no significant differences. These findings suggest that the presence of an intact cell-mediated immune system is not an absolute requirement for the development of bleomycin-induced interstitial disease in the mouse. To the extent that this model is an appropriate approximation of human bleomycin-induced pulmonary disease, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that T-lymphocyte mediated processes are not primary determinants of this lesion.", "PMID": 92208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_103", "title": "Ultrastructural localization and characterization of proteoglycans in the pulmonary alveolus.", "content": "The ultrastructural identification and characterization of lung proteoglycans was studied using the polycationic dye, ruthenium red. Treating lung parenchyma with the detergent Triton X-100 increased epithelial permeability and allowed the dye to penetrate alveolar walls and stain the alveolar basement membrane and lung collagen. Ruthenium red stained numerous 10- to 40-nm granules concentrated at the lamina surface of basement membrane and attached to the major doublet collagen band. The granules attached to collagen were digested by chondroitinase ABC and papain, indicating that they represent proteoglycan aggregates containing chondroitin or dermatan sulfate. Granules observed on the alveolar basement membrane were resistant to digestion by collagenase and by all glycosidases, suggesting that heparin or heparan sulfate is the predominant glycosaminoglycan in epithelial basement membrane. Ruthenium red in association with tannic acid also stained a fine network of 3- to 10-nm filaments in which collagen was enmeshed, forming the interfibrillar matrix. This network was resistant to collagenase and glycosidase digestion but was removed after papain digestion, suggesting that it was a protein or glycoprotein that did not contain glycosaminoglycans. These methods have allowed visualization of lung proteoglycans and have identified a structure that does not contain glycosaminoglycan that is intimately associated with collagen. This technique can now be applied to explore the potential role of proteoglycans in lung development and in restructuring the lung in various disease states.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization and characterization of proteoglycans in the pulmonary alveolus. The ultrastructural identification and characterization of lung proteoglycans was studied using the polycationic dye, ruthenium red. Treating lung parenchyma with the detergent Triton X-100 increased epithelial permeability and allowed the dye to penetrate alveolar walls and stain the alveolar basement membrane and lung collagen. Ruthenium red stained numerous 10- to 40-nm granules concentrated at the lamina surface of basement membrane and attached to the major doublet collagen band. The granules attached to collagen were digested by chondroitinase ABC and papain, indicating that they represent proteoglycan aggregates containing chondroitin or dermatan sulfate. Granules observed on the alveolar basement membrane were resistant to digestion by collagenase and by all glycosidases, suggesting that heparin or heparan sulfate is the predominant glycosaminoglycan in epithelial basement membrane. Ruthenium red in association with tannic acid also stained a fine network of 3- to 10-nm filaments in which collagen was enmeshed, forming the interfibrillar matrix. This network was resistant to collagenase and glycosidase digestion but was removed after papain digestion, suggesting that it was a protein or glycoprotein that did not contain glycosaminoglycans. These methods have allowed visualization of lung proteoglycans and have identified a structure that does not contain glycosaminoglycan that is intimately associated with collagen. This technique can now be applied to explore the potential role of proteoglycans in lung development and in restructuring the lung in various disease states.", "PMID": 92209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_104", "title": "The O antigenic relationships of Kloeckera africana, Salmonella aberdeen and Escherichia coli O75.", "content": "The immune sera for Salmonella aberdeen (O11) and Escherichia coli (O75) agglutinated Kloeckera africana strain. The immune serum for K. africana agglutinated S. aberdeen (O11) and E. coli (O75) strains. Absorption and agglutination cross-tests demonstrated common antigenic factor(s) in the tested yeast and Salmonella O11 and E. coli O75 antigens.", "contents": "The O antigenic relationships of Kloeckera africana, Salmonella aberdeen and Escherichia coli O75. The immune sera for Salmonella aberdeen (O11) and Escherichia coli (O75) agglutinated Kloeckera africana strain. The immune serum for K. africana agglutinated S. aberdeen (O11) and E. coli (O75) strains. Absorption and agglutination cross-tests demonstrated common antigenic factor(s) in the tested yeast and Salmonella O11 and E. coli O75 antigens.", "PMID": 92211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_105", "title": "Myelin basic protein binding cells in active multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A sensitive, antigen-specific rosetting technique was used to enumerate blood cells that bind myelin basic protein (BP) in MS patients and controls. Sixteen of 23 MS patients in exacerbation but only 7 of 48 in remission formed elevated numbers of rosettes. Five of the latter 7 patients had recovered from an exacerbation within four months of the laboratory evaluation. Eight of 20 patients with progressive MS, all of whom had had disease for more than four years, had BP rosette-forming cells. None of the 16 normal volunteers and 1 of 8 neurological controls had BP rosette-forming cells. These results suggest that BP-binding cells in MS are confined to patients in acute exacerbation or within four months of activity, and those who have had progressive disease for at least four years.", "contents": "Myelin basic protein binding cells in active multiple sclerosis. A sensitive, antigen-specific rosetting technique was used to enumerate blood cells that bind myelin basic protein (BP) in MS patients and controls. Sixteen of 23 MS patients in exacerbation but only 7 of 48 in remission formed elevated numbers of rosettes. Five of the latter 7 patients had recovered from an exacerbation within four months of the laboratory evaluation. Eight of 20 patients with progressive MS, all of whom had had disease for more than four years, had BP rosette-forming cells. None of the 16 normal volunteers and 1 of 8 neurological controls had BP rosette-forming cells. These results suggest that BP-binding cells in MS are confined to patients in acute exacerbation or within four months of activity, and those who have had progressive disease for at least four years.", "PMID": 92212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_106", "title": "[Effect of Soviet bleomycin-bleomycetin on the body of animals in multiple parenteral administration].", "content": "Toxicity of bleomycetin was studied on 3 animal species (rats, rabbits and dogs). The antibiotic was administered intramuscularly and intravenously in various doses for a prolonged period of time. The death of the rats, rabbits and dogs treated with repeated lethal doses of bleomycetin was due to its toxic effect on the kidneys and probably lungs. The level of urea in the blood of the animals before death increased up to 300--400 mg %. Histological examination of the kidneys revealed the picture of glomerulonephritis. The lungs were highly plethoric and showed areas of alveolar collapse and consolidation consisting mainly of the collapsed alveolar epithelium. The liver was not affected by bleomycetin according to both the results of some functional tests and histological examination. tthe blood sugar level after bleomycetin administration was not altered significantly. The changes in the peripheral blood were not pronounced. An increased P wave, decreased R wave and deep S wave were seen on the ECG. Such deviitions may be due not only to the changes in the myocardium but also to the lung affection. When bleomycetiin was used repeatedly in nonlethal doses (1 mg/kg for rats, 1--2 mg/kg for rabbits and 0.25--0.5 mg/kg for dogs), the above changes were less pronounced or not manifested at all. No inhibitory effect on hemopoiesis is an important positive characteristics of bleomycetin, so that it compares very favourably with most other antitumor drugs.", "contents": "[Effect of Soviet bleomycin-bleomycetin on the body of animals in multiple parenteral administration]. Toxicity of bleomycetin was studied on 3 animal species (rats, rabbits and dogs). The antibiotic was administered intramuscularly and intravenously in various doses for a prolonged period of time. The death of the rats, rabbits and dogs treated with repeated lethal doses of bleomycetin was due to its toxic effect on the kidneys and probably lungs. The level of urea in the blood of the animals before death increased up to 300--400 mg %. Histological examination of the kidneys revealed the picture of glomerulonephritis. The lungs were highly plethoric and showed areas of alveolar collapse and consolidation consisting mainly of the collapsed alveolar epithelium. The liver was not affected by bleomycetin according to both the results of some functional tests and histological examination. tthe blood sugar level after bleomycetin administration was not altered significantly. The changes in the peripheral blood were not pronounced. An increased P wave, decreased R wave and deep S wave were seen on the ECG. Such deviitions may be due not only to the changes in the myocardium but also to the lung affection. When bleomycetiin was used repeatedly in nonlethal doses (1 mg/kg for rats, 1--2 mg/kg for rabbits and 0.25--0.5 mg/kg for dogs), the above changes were less pronounced or not manifested at all. No inhibitory effect on hemopoiesis is an important positive characteristics of bleomycetin, so that it compares very favourably with most other antitumor drugs.", "PMID": 92213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_107", "title": "Viability assessment by dye exclusion. A fluorescent method for fungal cells.", "content": "A new fluorescent staining technique for fungi utilizes the differential affinity of dead cells for rhodamine B. A mounting medium has been devised that includes the dye. This medium allows direct processing of cells from a broth and provides optimal conditions for fluorescence intensity. Comparison with the standard methylene blue exclusion test as applied to the Candida albicans yeast phase indicates similar specificity. Various pseudohyphae and several fungi also exhibited selective uptake of the dye when killed. This technique should prove useful in studying the effect of both drugs and cells on pathogenic yeasts.", "contents": "Viability assessment by dye exclusion. A fluorescent method for fungal cells. A new fluorescent staining technique for fungi utilizes the differential affinity of dead cells for rhodamine B. A mounting medium has been devised that includes the dye. This medium allows direct processing of cells from a broth and provides optimal conditions for fluorescence intensity. Comparison with the standard methylene blue exclusion test as applied to the Candida albicans yeast phase indicates similar specificity. Various pseudohyphae and several fungi also exhibited selective uptake of the dye when killed. This technique should prove useful in studying the effect of both drugs and cells on pathogenic yeasts.", "PMID": 92216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_108", "title": "Transcutaneous gamma benzene hexachloride absorption and toxicity in infants and children.", "content": "A premature, malnourished infant had seizures and abnormal neurological function associated with topical gamma benzene hexachloride (lindane) therapy. The level of gamma benzene hexachloride in his blood was 17 times greater than expected after a single topical application of 1% gamma benzene hexachloride. Significant levels developed in another child's blood after repeated applications of small amounts to areas of dermatitis and excoriations on the skin. The use of topical gamma benzene hexachloride in pediatric patients is reviewed because of increased evidence of unpredictable absorption and toxicity.", "contents": "Transcutaneous gamma benzene hexachloride absorption and toxicity in infants and children. A premature, malnourished infant had seizures and abnormal neurological function associated with topical gamma benzene hexachloride (lindane) therapy. The level of gamma benzene hexachloride in his blood was 17 times greater than expected after a single topical application of 1% gamma benzene hexachloride. Significant levels developed in another child's blood after repeated applications of small amounts to areas of dermatitis and excoriations on the skin. The use of topical gamma benzene hexachloride in pediatric patients is reviewed because of increased evidence of unpredictable absorption and toxicity.", "PMID": 92217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_109", "title": "A prospective study of 18 infants of chronic HBsAg mothers.", "content": "28 of 1002 pregnant Sicilian women (2.8%) were asymptomatic HBsAg chronic carriers. 18 children of these women were followed and at least 15 of them showed evidence of transplacental infection with HBsAg, resulting either from the presence of the antigen in cord blood, or from the development of the corresponding antibody in the serum within the first 2 months of life. Despite this, only 2 or 3 of the infants developed chronic antigenaemia from age 2--4 months. Only the infants whose mothers were HBeAb-negative, and who themselves remained HBsAb-negative during the first months of life, became HBsAg carriers. On the basis of these results, a strategy is suggested for selecting infants from areas with a high prevalence of HBsAg carriers so that they can be given passive immunisation with hyperimmune globulin.", "contents": "A prospective study of 18 infants of chronic HBsAg mothers. 28 of 1002 pregnant Sicilian women (2.8%) were asymptomatic HBsAg chronic carriers. 18 children of these women were followed and at least 15 of them showed evidence of transplacental infection with HBsAg, resulting either from the presence of the antigen in cord blood, or from the development of the corresponding antibody in the serum within the first 2 months of life. Despite this, only 2 or 3 of the infants developed chronic antigenaemia from age 2--4 months. Only the infants whose mothers were HBeAb-negative, and who themselves remained HBsAb-negative during the first months of life, became HBsAg carriers. On the basis of these results, a strategy is suggested for selecting infants from areas with a high prevalence of HBsAg carriers so that they can be given passive immunisation with hyperimmune globulin.", "PMID": 92218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_110", "title": "Esophagogastrectomy for carcinoma of the middle third of the esophagus.", "content": "Elective esophagogastrectomy and reconstruction by esophagogastrostomy were performed on 55 patients with malignant tumors of the midesophagus, despite invasion of contiguous structures in 60% and regional lymph node involvement in 75%. The operations were invariably palliative. Two patients died within thirty days of operation. Dysphagia was relieved and oral alimentation resumed in the other 53. Twenty-nine patients who had experienced painful swallowing and 16 who had vomiting obtained relief. Survival curves show no improvement from previous decades for patients with malignancies of the middle third of the esophagus. The mean survival was 10.4 months. Mean survival of patients with liver metastases was 3.5 months.", "contents": "Esophagogastrectomy for carcinoma of the middle third of the esophagus. Elective esophagogastrectomy and reconstruction by esophagogastrostomy were performed on 55 patients with malignant tumors of the midesophagus, despite invasion of contiguous structures in 60% and regional lymph node involvement in 75%. The operations were invariably palliative. Two patients died within thirty days of operation. Dysphagia was relieved and oral alimentation resumed in the other 53. Twenty-nine patients who had experienced painful swallowing and 16 who had vomiting obtained relief. Survival curves show no improvement from previous decades for patients with malignancies of the middle third of the esophagus. The mean survival was 10.4 months. Mean survival of patients with liver metastases was 3.5 months.", "PMID": 92220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_111", "title": "[The tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF)].", "content": "The tumor Angiogenesis Factor (T.A.F.) isolated from several human and animal neoplasms by J. Folkman and S. Kumar is a factor that induces the appearance of neovessels in the tumors. After describing the methods of vasculor, physiological, experimental and in some cases pathological proliferation, the author has compared the Angiogenesis in both the natural and neoplastic tissues, then, he's studies the tumoral growth the rate of which regularized by the T.A.F. The proving, the extraction and chemical nature of this factor have been reviewed. Afterwards, the author has called to mind the notion of tumoral ecology and the various possibilities of inhibition of the tumoral growth, that is founded on the inhibition of the Angiogenesis and the therapeutical possibilities of the T.A.F. in the fight against cancer. To end up with his study, the author is now considering the possibility of using the T.A.F., extract of the sarcoma of sticker as a complement to the electontherapy in the treatment of this neoplasm.", "contents": "[The tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF)]. The tumor Angiogenesis Factor (T.A.F.) isolated from several human and animal neoplasms by J. Folkman and S. Kumar is a factor that induces the appearance of neovessels in the tumors. After describing the methods of vasculor, physiological, experimental and in some cases pathological proliferation, the author has compared the Angiogenesis in both the natural and neoplastic tissues, then, he's studies the tumoral growth the rate of which regularized by the T.A.F. The proving, the extraction and chemical nature of this factor have been reviewed. Afterwards, the author has called to mind the notion of tumoral ecology and the various possibilities of inhibition of the tumoral growth, that is founded on the inhibition of the Angiogenesis and the therapeutical possibilities of the T.A.F. in the fight against cancer. To end up with his study, the author is now considering the possibility of using the T.A.F., extract of the sarcoma of sticker as a complement to the electontherapy in the treatment of this neoplasm.", "PMID": 92221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_112", "title": "Lipolytic enzymes in bovine thyroid tissue. III. Lysophospholipase activity.", "content": "Lysophospholipids are formed during phospholipid breakdown as a result of the action of phospholipases A. At certain concentrations these lysoderivatives destabilise biological membranes. Therefore, their concentration is of critical importance for membrane integrity. Prevention of lysophosphoglycerides accumulation may be the important role for lysophospholipases and is probably the explanation for their widespread occurrence in nature. Lysophospholipase activities were found in molds (Fairbairn, 1948), rice bran (Contardi & Ercoli, 1933), several microorganisms (Brockerhoff & Jensen, 1974), snake and bee venoms (Doery & Pearson, 1964; Mohamed et al., 1969; Shiloah et al., 1973), insects (Khan & Hodgson, 1967; Rao & Subrahmanyam, 1969), fish muscle (Yurkovski & Brockerhoff, 1965; Cohen et al., 1967) and in various animal tissues (Marples & Thompson, 1960). In mammalian tissue the enzyme was first described in beef pancreas (Shapiro, 1953). Relatively high levels were detected in intestine, lung, spleen, liver and pancreas, while lower levels were present in muscle, kidney, testes, brain and blood (Marples & Thompson, 1960). The presence of lysophospholipase activity in both supernatant and sediment of bovine thyroid was reported previously in relation to possible interference of this enzyme with the phospholipase A activity assay (De Wolf et al., 1976). The subcellular localization of bovine thyroid lysophospholipase and some properties of the membrane bound enzyme activity are discussed in this paper.", "contents": "Lipolytic enzymes in bovine thyroid tissue. III. Lysophospholipase activity. Lysophospholipids are formed during phospholipid breakdown as a result of the action of phospholipases A. At certain concentrations these lysoderivatives destabilise biological membranes. Therefore, their concentration is of critical importance for membrane integrity. Prevention of lysophosphoglycerides accumulation may be the important role for lysophospholipases and is probably the explanation for their widespread occurrence in nature. Lysophospholipase activities were found in molds (Fairbairn, 1948), rice bran (Contardi & Ercoli, 1933), several microorganisms (Brockerhoff & Jensen, 1974), snake and bee venoms (Doery & Pearson, 1964; Mohamed et al., 1969; Shiloah et al., 1973), insects (Khan & Hodgson, 1967; Rao & Subrahmanyam, 1969), fish muscle (Yurkovski & Brockerhoff, 1965; Cohen et al., 1967) and in various animal tissues (Marples & Thompson, 1960). In mammalian tissue the enzyme was first described in beef pancreas (Shapiro, 1953). Relatively high levels were detected in intestine, lung, spleen, liver and pancreas, while lower levels were present in muscle, kidney, testes, brain and blood (Marples & Thompson, 1960). The presence of lysophospholipase activity in both supernatant and sediment of bovine thyroid was reported previously in relation to possible interference of this enzyme with the phospholipase A activity assay (De Wolf et al., 1976). The subcellular localization of bovine thyroid lysophospholipase and some properties of the membrane bound enzyme activity are discussed in this paper.", "PMID": 92222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_113", "title": "[Multi-factor study of 100 transurethral prostatic resections].", "content": "The author makes a detailed analysis in a series of 100 transurethral prostate resectionings, of diagnostic, morphologic-volumetric, prostatic aspects, the concomitant urological pathology, the bacteriological aspects, the surgical technique used, the effectiveness of the same, the additional surgical tactics used at the same time as the resectioning, the instruments used and the size of the urethra of the patients operated upon and finally he assesses the results obtained as well as the complications which arose with the use of this surgical technique.", "contents": "[Multi-factor study of 100 transurethral prostatic resections]. The author makes a detailed analysis in a series of 100 transurethral prostate resectionings, of diagnostic, morphologic-volumetric, prostatic aspects, the concomitant urological pathology, the bacteriological aspects, the surgical technique used, the effectiveness of the same, the additional surgical tactics used at the same time as the resectioning, the instruments used and the size of the urethra of the patients operated upon and finally he assesses the results obtained as well as the complications which arose with the use of this surgical technique.", "PMID": 92219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_114", "title": "Effect of ethionine on gamma-cystathionase, homoserine dehydratase and cysteine desulfhydrase activities.", "content": "The administration of ethionine results in a rapid and marked increase in rat liver cysteine desulfhydrase activity. However, this antimetabolite of methionine does not affect the hepatic levels of homoserine dehydratase and gamma-cystathionase.", "contents": "Effect of ethionine on gamma-cystathionase, homoserine dehydratase and cysteine desulfhydrase activities. The administration of ethionine results in a rapid and marked increase in rat liver cysteine desulfhydrase activity. However, this antimetabolite of methionine does not affect the hepatic levels of homoserine dehydratase and gamma-cystathionase.", "PMID": 92223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_115", "title": "[Urinary catecholamine excretion in aging].", "content": "In ageing female subjects, the urinary noradrenaline excretion (UNA) is reduced with respect to the controls in young adults. On the other hand the ratio UNA/clearance of endogenous creatinine increases with ageing. This provides a confirmation of the fact that ageing is associated with an increase in plasma noradrenaline. The ratio UA/clearance of creatinine remains unaltered. So far the physiological meaning of these results remains unclear.", "contents": "[Urinary catecholamine excretion in aging]. In ageing female subjects, the urinary noradrenaline excretion (UNA) is reduced with respect to the controls in young adults. On the other hand the ratio UNA/clearance of endogenous creatinine increases with ageing. This provides a confirmation of the fact that ageing is associated with an increase in plasma noradrenaline. The ratio UA/clearance of creatinine remains unaltered. So far the physiological meaning of these results remains unclear.", "PMID": 92224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_116", "title": "[Orthosympathetic stimulation after hypercapnia in the rat].", "content": "Inhalation of a gas mixture : CO2, 25% -- O2, 37.5% -- N2, 37.5%, provokes regularly in the light anaesthetized rat, an increase of catecholaminemia of central origin, associated with systemic arterial hypertension.", "contents": "[Orthosympathetic stimulation after hypercapnia in the rat]. Inhalation of a gas mixture : CO2, 25% -- O2, 37.5% -- N2, 37.5%, provokes regularly in the light anaesthetized rat, an increase of catecholaminemia of central origin, associated with systemic arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 92225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_117", "title": "Electrical and mechanical response in biventricular mechanical alternans.", "content": "Mechanical alternans of various degrees is produced by rapid heart rates, slower rates in failing hearts and can be brought about by a single extra systole. It has also been shown that the two ventricles may exhibit different degrees of mechanical alternation. The present study was planned to clarify the possible mechanism inducing this latter phenomenon. For this reason myocardial tension was recorded simultaneously from the two ventricles as well as through a miniature strain gage capable of measuring electrogram and myocardial tension of a small area -- just adjacent to a stimulating electrode. The heart was driven at a steady heart rate through one electrode and very late premature beats were applied at various coupling times at another site through an electrode attached to the miniature strain gage. It was found that the degree of mechanical alternans is markedly different at the sites of measurements in either ventricle. These changes could be related to the time interval elapsed between the application of the electrical stimulus and the occurrence of the mechanical response.", "contents": "Electrical and mechanical response in biventricular mechanical alternans. Mechanical alternans of various degrees is produced by rapid heart rates, slower rates in failing hearts and can be brought about by a single extra systole. It has also been shown that the two ventricles may exhibit different degrees of mechanical alternation. The present study was planned to clarify the possible mechanism inducing this latter phenomenon. For this reason myocardial tension was recorded simultaneously from the two ventricles as well as through a miniature strain gage capable of measuring electrogram and myocardial tension of a small area -- just adjacent to a stimulating electrode. The heart was driven at a steady heart rate through one electrode and very late premature beats were applied at various coupling times at another site through an electrode attached to the miniature strain gage. It was found that the degree of mechanical alternans is markedly different at the sites of measurements in either ventricle. These changes could be related to the time interval elapsed between the application of the electrical stimulus and the occurrence of the mechanical response.", "PMID": 92266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_118", "title": "Membrane-bound mitochondrial DNA: isolation, transcription and protein composition.", "content": "Mitochondrial membrane-bound DNA complex from bovine heart mitochondria lysed in the presence of Triton X-100 was isolated by differential centrifugation. The yield of \"nucleoid\" is about 30 microgram protein/mg mitochondrial protein. It contains about 3-5 microgram DNA/mg protein and varying amounts of RNA. The heart mitochondrial nucleoid actively synthesizes RNA. The nucleoid fraction contains about sixteen different proteins as evidenced by urea-SDS gel electrophoresis and about twenty-one proteins as evidenced by acid-urea gel electrophoresis. It appears that the nucleoid is attached to the inner membrane since it does contain cytochromes.", "contents": "Membrane-bound mitochondrial DNA: isolation, transcription and protein composition. Mitochondrial membrane-bound DNA complex from bovine heart mitochondria lysed in the presence of Triton X-100 was isolated by differential centrifugation. The yield of \"nucleoid\" is about 30 microgram protein/mg mitochondrial protein. It contains about 3-5 microgram DNA/mg protein and varying amounts of RNA. The heart mitochondrial nucleoid actively synthesizes RNA. The nucleoid fraction contains about sixteen different proteins as evidenced by urea-SDS gel electrophoresis and about twenty-one proteins as evidenced by acid-urea gel electrophoresis. It appears that the nucleoid is attached to the inner membrane since it does contain cytochromes.", "PMID": 92288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_119", "title": "Studies in vitro on the effect of adenosine, adenine and NAD on guinea pig myometrium in the presence of exogenously applied PGE2.", "content": "In guinea pig isolated uterine strips, separate addition of adenosine, adenine and NAD was without any effect. Adenosine and NAD when administered after previously applied subthreshold dose of PGE2 exhibited a strong contractile effect. Indomethacin, added to the organ bath before addition of prostaglandin, blocked, partially or totally, the observed synergistic action of PGE2 with adenosine and NAD. From the experimental data of the present work it is postulated that adenosine and NAD stimulate prostaglandin biosynthesis in myometrium as already it has been suggested for ATP, ADP and AMP. The aspect for the existence of a functional link between adenyl compounds and prostaglandins, based on these findings, is reinforced.", "contents": "Studies in vitro on the effect of adenosine, adenine and NAD on guinea pig myometrium in the presence of exogenously applied PGE2. In guinea pig isolated uterine strips, separate addition of adenosine, adenine and NAD was without any effect. Adenosine and NAD when administered after previously applied subthreshold dose of PGE2 exhibited a strong contractile effect. Indomethacin, added to the organ bath before addition of prostaglandin, blocked, partially or totally, the observed synergistic action of PGE2 with adenosine and NAD. From the experimental data of the present work it is postulated that adenosine and NAD stimulate prostaglandin biosynthesis in myometrium as already it has been suggested for ATP, ADP and AMP. The aspect for the existence of a functional link between adenyl compounds and prostaglandins, based on these findings, is reinforced.", "PMID": 92289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_120", "title": "Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the contraction frequency of the isolated atria from fed and fasted rats.", "content": "The mere exogenous substrate removal did not change the contraction frequency of the isolated rat atria. However, addition of 2-deoxy-D-glucose together with the glucose removal, elicited a decrease in the atrial frequency. This decrease was significantly greater in the atria from fed rats with respect to those from fasted rats. Near the end of the experiments, only in the atria from fed rats, transient irregular beating appeared. The results suggest that triglycerides constitute the major endogenous substrate of the sinus node pacemaker cells when rats have been previously fasted and that these cells have metabolic features similar to those of contractile fibres.", "contents": "Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the contraction frequency of the isolated atria from fed and fasted rats. The mere exogenous substrate removal did not change the contraction frequency of the isolated rat atria. However, addition of 2-deoxy-D-glucose together with the glucose removal, elicited a decrease in the atrial frequency. This decrease was significantly greater in the atria from fed rats with respect to those from fasted rats. Near the end of the experiments, only in the atria from fed rats, transient irregular beating appeared. The results suggest that triglycerides constitute the major endogenous substrate of the sinus node pacemaker cells when rats have been previously fasted and that these cells have metabolic features similar to those of contractile fibres.", "PMID": 92290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_121", "title": "Glucose metabolism by isolated fat cells from sloth.", "content": "Glucose metabolism by sloth fat cells with and without addition of insulin was investigated. The data were compared to the results obtained with rat fat cells incubated under the same experimental conditions. Sloth fat cells showed a very low glucose oxidation to 14CO2 and incorporation into total lipids. The glucose incorporated into lipids is mainly in the glyceride-glycerol moiety. Addition of insulin did not produce an increase on glucose oxidation and a slight increase in the incorporation into total lipids was observed. Since it has been reported that sloths have a very low rate on thyroxine secretion, the results are discussed in relation to data in the literature on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in hypothyroid animals.", "contents": "Glucose metabolism by isolated fat cells from sloth. Glucose metabolism by sloth fat cells with and without addition of insulin was investigated. The data were compared to the results obtained with rat fat cells incubated under the same experimental conditions. Sloth fat cells showed a very low glucose oxidation to 14CO2 and incorporation into total lipids. The glucose incorporated into lipids is mainly in the glyceride-glycerol moiety. Addition of insulin did not produce an increase on glucose oxidation and a slight increase in the incorporation into total lipids was observed. Since it has been reported that sloths have a very low rate on thyroxine secretion, the results are discussed in relation to data in the literature on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in hypothyroid animals.", "PMID": 92291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_122", "title": "The rat and hamster jejunum during transintestinal transport in vitro.", "content": "By using the jejunal tract of rat and hamster intestine, net fluid transintestinal transport in the everted sac incubated in vitro at 28 degrees C and at 38 degrees C has been determined. In the scraped mucosa wet weight/dry weight ratio, cell water, sodium and potassium concentration have been detected in vivo and in vitro, throughout the incubation time, at the two different temperatures. Under all these conditions ATP, ADP and AMP levels have been determined in total intestine and in scraped mucosa. In rat jejunum incubated in vitro at 38 degrees C transintestinal fluid transport continuously decreases during 1-h experiment; in the same time the enterocyte gains sodium, dilutes cell potassium and swells, whereas its energy charge is dramatically reduced. All these parameters are constant in rat jejunum incubated at 28 degrees C and in the hamster incubated both at 28 degrees C and at 38 degrees C throughout the experiment. An inadequate diffusion of oxygen into the enterocyte, could tentatively explain experimental results obtained on rat jejunum at 38 degrees C. Under all tested conditions, energy charge and intracellular potassium are lower in conditions in vitro than in those in vivo; the contrary happens for cell sodium and swelling. The oxygenation of the intestine in vitro, lower than the one in vivo, could explain the different behaviour found in the two experimental conditions.", "contents": "The rat and hamster jejunum during transintestinal transport in vitro. By using the jejunal tract of rat and hamster intestine, net fluid transintestinal transport in the everted sac incubated in vitro at 28 degrees C and at 38 degrees C has been determined. In the scraped mucosa wet weight/dry weight ratio, cell water, sodium and potassium concentration have been detected in vivo and in vitro, throughout the incubation time, at the two different temperatures. Under all these conditions ATP, ADP and AMP levels have been determined in total intestine and in scraped mucosa. In rat jejunum incubated in vitro at 38 degrees C transintestinal fluid transport continuously decreases during 1-h experiment; in the same time the enterocyte gains sodium, dilutes cell potassium and swells, whereas its energy charge is dramatically reduced. All these parameters are constant in rat jejunum incubated at 28 degrees C and in the hamster incubated both at 28 degrees C and at 38 degrees C throughout the experiment. An inadequate diffusion of oxygen into the enterocyte, could tentatively explain experimental results obtained on rat jejunum at 38 degrees C. Under all tested conditions, energy charge and intracellular potassium are lower in conditions in vitro than in those in vivo; the contrary happens for cell sodium and swelling. The oxygenation of the intestine in vitro, lower than the one in vivo, could explain the different behaviour found in the two experimental conditions.", "PMID": 92292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_123", "title": "The effect of training and detraining on several enzymes in horse skeletal muscle.", "content": "Training and detraining had little effect on the activity of glycogen synthase, hexokinase, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase or total protein. The activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase increased markedly during training. After 5 weeks of detraining, the activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase was returning to pre-training values, whilst by 10-week detraining, the levels were increasing again.", "contents": "The effect of training and detraining on several enzymes in horse skeletal muscle. Training and detraining had little effect on the activity of glycogen synthase, hexokinase, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase or total protein. The activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase increased markedly during training. After 5 weeks of detraining, the activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase was returning to pre-training values, whilst by 10-week detraining, the levels were increasing again.", "PMID": 92293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_124", "title": "[Effect of pindolol on tachycardia and certain metabolic variations dependent of muscular exertion].", "content": "1. -- In young well trained adults, adrenergic beta receptors blockade by pindolol or propranolol causes a relative bradycardia during running on a threadmill during 10 to 20 min at 50% VO2 max. 2. -- Pindolol activity is maximum for 5-7.5 mg ingested one hour before starting. In two subjects, tachycardia reappears for 30 mg : this secondary increase may be explained by an intrinsic sympathetic activity of pindolol. 3. -- Propranolol is about 14 times less active than pindolol without any intrinsic sympathetic activity.", "contents": "[Effect of pindolol on tachycardia and certain metabolic variations dependent of muscular exertion]. 1. -- In young well trained adults, adrenergic beta receptors blockade by pindolol or propranolol causes a relative bradycardia during running on a threadmill during 10 to 20 min at 50% VO2 max. 2. -- Pindolol activity is maximum for 5-7.5 mg ingested one hour before starting. In two subjects, tachycardia reappears for 30 mg : this secondary increase may be explained by an intrinsic sympathetic activity of pindolol. 3. -- Propranolol is about 14 times less active than pindolol without any intrinsic sympathetic activity.", "PMID": 92294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_125", "title": "[Experimental use of prostaglandin F2 alpha to synchronize estrus in cattle].", "content": "Experiments were conducted for the use of prostaglandin to synchronise oestrus in dairy cows. One single dose of 5 mg F2-Alpha prostaglandin was administered via the intrauterine route. The reference values of the control groups were matched by first insemination following induced oestrus among the best of the test animals which were inseminated twice. These values reached 72 and 96 hours following application accounted for 46.7 and 50.0 per cent. The yellow body phase, a prerequisite for oestrus production by prostaglandins, had been induced in the test animals by cycle blocking, using gestagen. Possible use of the method in a bio-engineering context for large-scale oestrus synchronisation in cows is discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental use of prostaglandin F2 alpha to synchronize estrus in cattle]. Experiments were conducted for the use of prostaglandin to synchronise oestrus in dairy cows. One single dose of 5 mg F2-Alpha prostaglandin was administered via the intrauterine route. The reference values of the control groups were matched by first insemination following induced oestrus among the best of the test animals which were inseminated twice. These values reached 72 and 96 hours following application accounted for 46.7 and 50.0 per cent. The yellow body phase, a prerequisite for oestrus production by prostaglandins, had been induced in the test animals by cycle blocking, using gestagen. Possible use of the method in a bio-engineering context for large-scale oestrus synchronisation in cows is discussed.", "PMID": 92295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_126", "title": "Human adenohypophyseal quantitative histochemical cell classification. I. Morphologic criteria and cell type distribution.", "content": "Recent advances in immunocytochemistry and histochemical staining have made it possible to identify pituitary cells that contain specific hormones by their appearance under light microscopy. Criteria for identification of functional cell classes were formulated from these studies. Fourteen hypophyses were obtained at the time of autopsy (four to 22 hours postmortem), embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and differentially stained. Cell counts on areas in the acidophil wing and basophil wedge were performed using the formulated criteria. Chromophilic thyrotrophic hormone cells and melanocorticotrophic hormone cells occurred significantly more frequently in glands from men, whereas the numbers of other cell types were statistically comparable in glands from both sexes. We were able to functionally classify 72.1% of 53,167 pituitary cells. Only 0.1% of presumptive secretory cells were completely chromophobic. Cell distribution patterns were similar to those previously described, with the exceptions that gonadotrophic cells were more prominent in the lateral wings and that prolactin cells had a more even distribution.", "contents": "Human adenohypophyseal quantitative histochemical cell classification. I. Morphologic criteria and cell type distribution. Recent advances in immunocytochemistry and histochemical staining have made it possible to identify pituitary cells that contain specific hormones by their appearance under light microscopy. Criteria for identification of functional cell classes were formulated from these studies. Fourteen hypophyses were obtained at the time of autopsy (four to 22 hours postmortem), embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and differentially stained. Cell counts on areas in the acidophil wing and basophil wedge were performed using the formulated criteria. Chromophilic thyrotrophic hormone cells and melanocorticotrophic hormone cells occurred significantly more frequently in glands from men, whereas the numbers of other cell types were statistically comparable in glands from both sexes. We were able to functionally classify 72.1% of 53,167 pituitary cells. Only 0.1% of presumptive secretory cells were completely chromophobic. Cell distribution patterns were similar to those previously described, with the exceptions that gonadotrophic cells were more prominent in the lateral wings and that prolactin cells had a more even distribution.", "PMID": 92296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_127", "title": "Special problems and indications of the palliative osteosynthesis of the cervical vertebra.", "content": "The palliative internal fixation of the cervical spine becomes more and more important. Independent of the patients age, the procedure is indicated by neurologic complications, very severe pain, in patients of generally good condition. The tumorous lesion of the spine should be a local restricted one.", "contents": "Special problems and indications of the palliative osteosynthesis of the cervical vertebra. The palliative internal fixation of the cervical spine becomes more and more important. Independent of the patients age, the procedure is indicated by neurologic complications, very severe pain, in patients of generally good condition. The tumorous lesion of the spine should be a local restricted one.", "PMID": 92297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_128", "title": "Resolution of block neutralization test curves into components of the foot-and-mouth disease virus system.", "content": "Classic neutralization studies by Fazekas de St. Groth and Webster (8) on mixtures of influenza viruses and mixtures of rabbit antisera are reinterpreted in terms of a percentage contaminant in the stock used for the dilution series. A very small amount of a different virus changes the shape of quantal assay curves considerably, but even a large amount of a different antiserum has negligible effect on the shape and merely shifts the curve along the serum dilution axis. These conclusions are the reverse of the authors, who only considered an absolute amount of another component in all dilution tubes. An artificial mixture of 2.7 percent O8 in O1 foot-and-mouth disease virus strains was tested against anti-O1 serum assaying in suckling mice. The small amount of O8 virus greatly altered the shape of the neutralization curve in the direction expected from the reanalysis of the influenza literature data. Results from artificial mixtures are used to explain what were hitherto anomalously broad neutralization curves for some other foot-and-mouth disease strains given by Booth et al. (1) Many of the virus stocks studied can now be postulated as a natural mixture of related virus strains. In fact, the O1 and O8 stocks used might also be of themselves mixtures. These virus strains also exhibit still a further test complication in that the virus-antibody reaction appeared to shift away from complexes on dilution immediately prior to assay.", "contents": "Resolution of block neutralization test curves into components of the foot-and-mouth disease virus system. Classic neutralization studies by Fazekas de St. Groth and Webster (8) on mixtures of influenza viruses and mixtures of rabbit antisera are reinterpreted in terms of a percentage contaminant in the stock used for the dilution series. A very small amount of a different virus changes the shape of quantal assay curves considerably, but even a large amount of a different antiserum has negligible effect on the shape and merely shifts the curve along the serum dilution axis. These conclusions are the reverse of the authors, who only considered an absolute amount of another component in all dilution tubes. An artificial mixture of 2.7 percent O8 in O1 foot-and-mouth disease virus strains was tested against anti-O1 serum assaying in suckling mice. The small amount of O8 virus greatly altered the shape of the neutralization curve in the direction expected from the reanalysis of the influenza literature data. Results from artificial mixtures are used to explain what were hitherto anomalously broad neutralization curves for some other foot-and-mouth disease strains given by Booth et al. (1) Many of the virus stocks studied can now be postulated as a natural mixture of related virus strains. In fact, the O1 and O8 stocks used might also be of themselves mixtures. These virus strains also exhibit still a further test complication in that the virus-antibody reaction appeared to shift away from complexes on dilution immediately prior to assay.", "PMID": 92300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_129", "title": "[Analysis of the seasonal pattern of blood lead levels in relation to different concentrations of atmospheric lead].", "content": "Blood lead levels have been analysed in a group of people resident in Turin in relation to different concentrations of lead in the atmosphere. Blood samples were taken in three periods of the year corresponding to seasonal maximums of pollution. Blood lead levels showed a marked decrease in the summer when the lowest concentrations are observed but the following autum sample did not show an increase. It is therefore considered likely that blood values would have been found to be increased if the final sample had been put off by 1-2 months.", "contents": "[Analysis of the seasonal pattern of blood lead levels in relation to different concentrations of atmospheric lead]. Blood lead levels have been analysed in a group of people resident in Turin in relation to different concentrations of lead in the atmosphere. Blood samples were taken in three periods of the year corresponding to seasonal maximums of pollution. Blood lead levels showed a marked decrease in the summer when the lowest concentrations are observed but the following autum sample did not show an increase. It is therefore considered likely that blood values would have been found to be increased if the final sample had been put off by 1-2 months.", "PMID": 92298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_130", "title": "Tracing neural connections of human brain with selective silver impregnation. Observations on geniculocalcarine, spinothalamic, and entorhinal pathways.", "content": "In selected human brains, it is possible to study the efferent connections of a damaged site with the suppressive silver impregnation techniques described by Nauta and Gygax. Autopsy specimens with circumscribed lesions of recent origin ( one to five weeks before death) are suitable. However, the large size of the human brain and the lack of perfusion with fixative necessitates modifications in the methodology used on experimental animals. With these modifications, it has been possible to trace details of the spinothalamic tract, the geniculocalcarine pathway, and a projection into the entorhinal area in autopsied human brains. More frequent use of this methodology may substantially increase the information that is currently available on the neuronal connections of the human brain.", "contents": "Tracing neural connections of human brain with selective silver impregnation. Observations on geniculocalcarine, spinothalamic, and entorhinal pathways. In selected human brains, it is possible to study the efferent connections of a damaged site with the suppressive silver impregnation techniques described by Nauta and Gygax. Autopsy specimens with circumscribed lesions of recent origin ( one to five weeks before death) are suitable. However, the large size of the human brain and the lack of perfusion with fixative necessitates modifications in the methodology used on experimental animals. With these modifications, it has been possible to trace details of the spinothalamic tract, the geniculocalcarine pathway, and a projection into the entorhinal area in autopsied human brains. More frequent use of this methodology may substantially increase the information that is currently available on the neuronal connections of the human brain.", "PMID": 92302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_131", "title": "[Carbon monoxide: environmental and biological aspects].", "content": "The problem of carbon monoxide as a pollutant is examined. Its physico-chemical features are considered along with the sources of pollution (natural and technological), the characteristics of the pollutant in the environment and, particularly, the effects of car and industrial emissions and of cigarette smoke on the human organism.", "contents": "[Carbon monoxide: environmental and biological aspects]. The problem of carbon monoxide as a pollutant is examined. Its physico-chemical features are considered along with the sources of pollution (natural and technological), the characteristics of the pollutant in the environment and, particularly, the effects of car and industrial emissions and of cigarette smoke on the human organism.", "PMID": 92299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_132", "title": "Detection of B cell antigens in multiple sclerosis. Use of serum from multiparous women.", "content": "Sera from two multiparous wives of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were used to detect B cell antigens in other patients. With serum X, 11 of 16 patients were positive as compared with ten of 16 controls (.05 less than P less than .1). With serum Y, a positive response was found in 11 of 16 patients and two of 23 controls (P less than .0005). Ten of the 11 patients who were positive with serum Y were also HLA-Dw2, which suggests that the B cell antigen detected by this serum is linked to Dw2. Three of four Dw2-positive controls were negative with serum Y, which raises two alternative hypothetical possibilities concerning the B cell antigen. These findings indicate that serum from multiparous wives may be an important tool in the investigation of the genetic components associated with MS.", "contents": "Detection of B cell antigens in multiple sclerosis. Use of serum from multiparous women. Sera from two multiparous wives of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were used to detect B cell antigens in other patients. With serum X, 11 of 16 patients were positive as compared with ten of 16 controls (.05 less than P less than .1). With serum Y, a positive response was found in 11 of 16 patients and two of 23 controls (P less than .0005). Ten of the 11 patients who were positive with serum Y were also HLA-Dw2, which suggests that the B cell antigen detected by this serum is linked to Dw2. Three of four Dw2-positive controls were negative with serum Y, which raises two alternative hypothetical possibilities concerning the B cell antigen. These findings indicate that serum from multiparous wives may be an important tool in the investigation of the genetic components associated with MS.", "PMID": 92303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_133", "title": "Salvage operations for malignant obstruction of the oesophagus.", "content": "Two patients with locally advanced carcinoma of the oesophagus, who did not obtain palliation with radiotherapy, underwent salvage operations to restore their ability to swallow. One patient was subjected to pharyngolaryngo-oesophagectomy together with excision of the involved posterior tracheal wall. Reconstruction was by pharyngoglossogastrostomy, with a deltopectoral flap used to replace the tracheal defect. The second patient, who had cervical metastases and severe pulmonary complications, underwent a jejunal loop bypass operation. Both patients were able to eat normally before dying many months later from metastatic disease. Salvage operation should be considered for patients with primary tumours which appear to be slow-growing, even though locally advanced and free of widespread disease. Worthwhile palliation is obtained when the operation, either resection or bypass, has been successful.", "contents": "Salvage operations for malignant obstruction of the oesophagus. Two patients with locally advanced carcinoma of the oesophagus, who did not obtain palliation with radiotherapy, underwent salvage operations to restore their ability to swallow. One patient was subjected to pharyngolaryngo-oesophagectomy together with excision of the involved posterior tracheal wall. Reconstruction was by pharyngoglossogastrostomy, with a deltopectoral flap used to replace the tracheal defect. The second patient, who had cervical metastases and severe pulmonary complications, underwent a jejunal loop bypass operation. Both patients were able to eat normally before dying many months later from metastatic disease. Salvage operation should be considered for patients with primary tumours which appear to be slow-growing, even though locally advanced and free of widespread disease. Worthwhile palliation is obtained when the operation, either resection or bypass, has been successful.", "PMID": 92306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_134", "title": "Amniotic fluid beta 2 microglobulin: correlation with L/S ratios and creatinine levels.", "content": "Beta 2 microglobulin (beta 2 m) levels were measured in amniotic fluids taken after the 32nd week of gestation. Beta 2 m levels fell continuously from 5.2 microgram/ml at the 32nd week to 3.08 microgram/ml after the 39th week of gestation. Abnormally high levels of beta 2 m were found in 12.6% of samples. There was a significant correlation between beta 2 m levels and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios at 32 weeks of gestation and with creatinine levels at 37-38 weeks (P less than .05). Although elevated beta 2 m levels may be associated with maternal and/or fetal abnormalities, the precise relationship is not clearly established: in particular, our data do not suggest that estimation of beta 2 m levels could be of value in determining fetal maturity.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid beta 2 microglobulin: correlation with L/S ratios and creatinine levels. Beta 2 microglobulin (beta 2 m) levels were measured in amniotic fluids taken after the 32nd week of gestation. Beta 2 m levels fell continuously from 5.2 microgram/ml at the 32nd week to 3.08 microgram/ml after the 39th week of gestation. Abnormally high levels of beta 2 m were found in 12.6% of samples. There was a significant correlation between beta 2 m levels and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios at 32 weeks of gestation and with creatinine levels at 37-38 weeks (P less than .05). Although elevated beta 2 m levels may be associated with maternal and/or fetal abnormalities, the precise relationship is not clearly established: in particular, our data do not suggest that estimation of beta 2 m levels could be of value in determining fetal maturity.", "PMID": 92308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_135", "title": "Ultrastructural analysis of the lining layer of the rat pulmonary alveolus.", "content": "Using electron microscopy we have examined the lining layer of the rat pulmonary alveolus. This layer appears as a morphological entity 1-3 days after birth: it is composed at first of a filamentous Ruthenium Red-negative material derived from lamellar bodies, and subsequently (4 days after birth) of a homogeneous Ruthenium Red-positive material. This latter material, which corresponds to the epithelia lining of the alveolus typical of adult rats, is presumably derived from a mixture of the filamentous material produced by the lamellar bodies, and a material produced by the alveolar cells 4 days after birth which contains acidic groups which bind Ruthenium Red.", "contents": "Ultrastructural analysis of the lining layer of the rat pulmonary alveolus. Using electron microscopy we have examined the lining layer of the rat pulmonary alveolus. This layer appears as a morphological entity 1-3 days after birth: it is composed at first of a filamentous Ruthenium Red-negative material derived from lamellar bodies, and subsequently (4 days after birth) of a homogeneous Ruthenium Red-positive material. This latter material, which corresponds to the epithelia lining of the alveolus typical of adult rats, is presumably derived from a mixture of the filamentous material produced by the lamellar bodies, and a material produced by the alveolar cells 4 days after birth which contains acidic groups which bind Ruthenium Red.", "PMID": 92309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_136", "title": "A case of acute myelomonocytic leukaemia associated with therapy: Feulgen-DNA microdensitometric determinations.", "content": "A cytochemical study of a case of acute myelomonocytic leukaemia, which arose after radiation therapy and polychemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease, is presented. The distribution of the DNA content of the circulating blood cells appears to be different from the unimodal diploid distribution reported in the literature for acute myelomonocytic leukamias not associated with therapy. This finding seems to strengthen the hypothesis, already put forward by Marinone et al. (1979), that a particular pattern of DNA content distribution could be characteristic of leukaemias linked to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.", "contents": "A case of acute myelomonocytic leukaemia associated with therapy: Feulgen-DNA microdensitometric determinations. A cytochemical study of a case of acute myelomonocytic leukaemia, which arose after radiation therapy and polychemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease, is presented. The distribution of the DNA content of the circulating blood cells appears to be different from the unimodal diploid distribution reported in the literature for acute myelomonocytic leukamias not associated with therapy. This finding seems to strengthen the hypothesis, already put forward by Marinone et al. (1979), that a particular pattern of DNA content distribution could be characteristic of leukaemias linked to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.", "PMID": 92310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_137", "title": "Feulgen-DNA content of the Purkinje neuron: \"diploid\" or \"tetraploid\"?", "content": "Microdensitometric measurements of the Feulgen-DNA content of the Purkinje cells and of the small granular cells (2c control) were carried out at lambda 550 nm and by the two wavelength method according to Fukuda et al., and were also corrected for the glare. We analysed sections of perfused cerebella and isolated cells of cerebellar cortex from adult rats. The Purkinje cells had a mean value of Feulgen-DNA content 30-45% higher than the 2c value, irrespective of the methods of preparation or measurement.", "contents": "Feulgen-DNA content of the Purkinje neuron: \"diploid\" or \"tetraploid\"? Microdensitometric measurements of the Feulgen-DNA content of the Purkinje cells and of the small granular cells (2c control) were carried out at lambda 550 nm and by the two wavelength method according to Fukuda et al., and were also corrected for the glare. We analysed sections of perfused cerebella and isolated cells of cerebellar cortex from adult rats. The Purkinje cells had a mean value of Feulgen-DNA content 30-45% higher than the 2c value, irrespective of the methods of preparation or measurement.", "PMID": 92311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_138", "title": "The relation of heart rhythm to postextrasystolic potentiation.", "content": "In 9 patients with various forms of heart rhythms and rates, all of whom had a temporary pacemaker electrode inserted, several single premature ventricular contractions (PVC) with various coupling intervals (CI) were induced. The relative systolic area of the carotid pulse curve in the postextrasystolic beat was used as an indicator of the degree of postextrasystolic potentiation (PESP). A close correlation between PESP and CI was found only in sinus rhythm patients (r = -0.85). The patients with junctional and ventricular rhythms had no PESP regardless of CI or the degree of heart failure. Compensatory pause (CP) in these patients surprisingly related (r = 0.95) to heart rate, slower rates having a shorter relative CP.", "contents": "The relation of heart rhythm to postextrasystolic potentiation. In 9 patients with various forms of heart rhythms and rates, all of whom had a temporary pacemaker electrode inserted, several single premature ventricular contractions (PVC) with various coupling intervals (CI) were induced. The relative systolic area of the carotid pulse curve in the postextrasystolic beat was used as an indicator of the degree of postextrasystolic potentiation (PESP). A close correlation between PESP and CI was found only in sinus rhythm patients (r = -0.85). The patients with junctional and ventricular rhythms had no PESP regardless of CI or the degree of heart failure. Compensatory pause (CP) in these patients surprisingly related (r = 0.95) to heart rate, slower rates having a shorter relative CP.", "PMID": 92314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_139", "title": "Quantitative determination of cardiac myosin subunits stained with fast green in SDS-electrophoresis gels.", "content": "In the present study a procedure is described which permits simultaneous relative quantification of all myosin subunits in the same fast green stained electrophoresis gel. The relative protein quantification can be performed successively in the same gel using densitometry and the elution method, respectively. Thus, the results obtained with one method can be checked with the other. This procedure provided reliable estimates of the stoichiometry of cardiac myosin subunits within a range of about 20--110 micrograms of total myosin protein per elctrophoresis gel.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of cardiac myosin subunits stained with fast green in SDS-electrophoresis gels. In the present study a procedure is described which permits simultaneous relative quantification of all myosin subunits in the same fast green stained electrophoresis gel. The relative protein quantification can be performed successively in the same gel using densitometry and the elution method, respectively. Thus, the results obtained with one method can be checked with the other. This procedure provided reliable estimates of the stoichiometry of cardiac myosin subunits within a range of about 20--110 micrograms of total myosin protein per elctrophoresis gel.", "PMID": 92312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_140", "title": "Increase in fatty acid synthetase content of 3T3-L cells undergoing spontaneous and chemically induced differentiation to adipocytes.", "content": "3T3-L fibroblasts differentiate into adipose cells when maintained in a non-growing state. The specific activity of fatty acid synthetase of differentiated cells was 25--30-fold higher than that present in 3T3-L fibroblasts or in 3T3-C2 cells that possess an extremely low incidence of differentiation to adipocytes. The results of immunochemical analysis indicate that the increased specific activity of fatty acid synthetase in the differentiated cells is due to an increase in the cellular content of this enzyme. The rate of conversion of adipose cells was accelerated by brief exposure of confluent non-growing cultures of 3T3-L cells to 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. This was accompanied by an increase in the specificity activity of fatty acid synthetase, which was also shown to be due to an increase in the cellular content of this enzyme. The continuous presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine in the culture medium was not required to elicit the morphological and biochemical changes in 3T3-L cells that occurred many days after the removal of the inducer but earlier than the onset of spontanous differentiation.", "contents": "Increase in fatty acid synthetase content of 3T3-L cells undergoing spontaneous and chemically induced differentiation to adipocytes. 3T3-L fibroblasts differentiate into adipose cells when maintained in a non-growing state. The specific activity of fatty acid synthetase of differentiated cells was 25--30-fold higher than that present in 3T3-L fibroblasts or in 3T3-C2 cells that possess an extremely low incidence of differentiation to adipocytes. The results of immunochemical analysis indicate that the increased specific activity of fatty acid synthetase in the differentiated cells is due to an increase in the cellular content of this enzyme. The rate of conversion of adipose cells was accelerated by brief exposure of confluent non-growing cultures of 3T3-L cells to 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. This was accompanied by an increase in the specificity activity of fatty acid synthetase, which was also shown to be due to an increase in the cellular content of this enzyme. The continuous presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine in the culture medium was not required to elicit the morphological and biochemical changes in 3T3-L cells that occurred many days after the removal of the inducer but earlier than the onset of spontanous differentiation.", "PMID": 92315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_141", "title": "Immunologic regulation in pregnancy.", "content": "Theories to explain the failure of rejection of the fetus by the mother during pregnancy include immunologic privilege of the uterus as a graft site, lack of transplantation antigen expression on the trophoblast, weakening of maternal cellular immunity during pregnancy, and separation of maternal and fetal circulations. Evidence for and against each of these theories is discussed. Local concentration of a variety of hormones, including human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), sex steroids, alpha-fetoprotein, and immunoglobulins, could provide a blocking mechanism to prevent maternal cellular immune attack. Possibly, progesterone, antibodies, and immune complexes are important in protecting the placenta and ultimately the fetus from rejection. Elucidation of regulatory mechanisms in pregnancy may be applicable to other problems in immunology.", "contents": "Immunologic regulation in pregnancy. Theories to explain the failure of rejection of the fetus by the mother during pregnancy include immunologic privilege of the uterus as a graft site, lack of transplantation antigen expression on the trophoblast, weakening of maternal cellular immunity during pregnancy, and separation of maternal and fetal circulations. Evidence for and against each of these theories is discussed. Local concentration of a variety of hormones, including human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), sex steroids, alpha-fetoprotein, and immunoglobulins, could provide a blocking mechanism to prevent maternal cellular immune attack. Possibly, progesterone, antibodies, and immune complexes are important in protecting the placenta and ultimately the fetus from rejection. Elucidation of regulatory mechanisms in pregnancy may be applicable to other problems in immunology.", "PMID": 92318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_142", "title": "Placenta-bound immunoglobulins.", "content": "Low pH eluates were prepared from trophoblasts derived from 8 term human placentas. A qualitative analysis for immunoglobulins revealed the presence of IgG, IgA, and IgM in these eluates. IgC-rich fractions were obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of ammonium sulfate-concentrated eluates. These fractions were able to neutralize, in vitro, the catalytic activity of reverse transcriptases (RT) from several retroviruses. RT from baboon endogenous virus (BEV) seemed to be more susceptible to the neutralizing activity of some eluates. This was in contrast to RT from feline leukemia virus (FeLV) which were neutralized by eluates of leukocytes from chronic myelogenous leukemia. In contrast to previous and present results with purified IgG from leukemic leukocytes, the purified IgG from placenta eluates was incapable of RT neutralization. However, such purified IgG fractions inhibited mixed lymphocyte reactions.", "contents": "Placenta-bound immunoglobulins. Low pH eluates were prepared from trophoblasts derived from 8 term human placentas. A qualitative analysis for immunoglobulins revealed the presence of IgG, IgA, and IgM in these eluates. IgC-rich fractions were obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of ammonium sulfate-concentrated eluates. These fractions were able to neutralize, in vitro, the catalytic activity of reverse transcriptases (RT) from several retroviruses. RT from baboon endogenous virus (BEV) seemed to be more susceptible to the neutralizing activity of some eluates. This was in contrast to RT from feline leukemia virus (FeLV) which were neutralized by eluates of leukocytes from chronic myelogenous leukemia. In contrast to previous and present results with purified IgG from leukemic leukocytes, the purified IgG from placenta eluates was incapable of RT neutralization. However, such purified IgG fractions inhibited mixed lymphocyte reactions.", "PMID": 92319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_143", "title": "[Modifications in alpha 2 globulins, gamma globulins and in rheumatoid factor during gold salt therapy in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "A total dose of g 1.071, given as hydrosoluble salts for a 12 month period, showed a significant decrease in serum gamma globulins along with clinical improvement in 17 patients affected with rheumatoid arthritis. A decrease in alpha 2 globulins and in rheumatoid factor titre was observed too, but it was not significant. The data suggest that in rheumatoid arthritis the gold therapy might also be effective on the immunological disease mechanism.", "contents": "[Modifications in alpha 2 globulins, gamma globulins and in rheumatoid factor during gold salt therapy in rheumatoid arthritis]. A total dose of g 1.071, given as hydrosoluble salts for a 12 month period, showed a significant decrease in serum gamma globulins along with clinical improvement in 17 patients affected with rheumatoid arthritis. A decrease in alpha 2 globulins and in rheumatoid factor titre was observed too, but it was not significant. The data suggest that in rheumatoid arthritis the gold therapy might also be effective on the immunological disease mechanism.", "PMID": 92320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_144", "title": "[Various histochemical aspects of chorionic villi].", "content": "Detail studies on a diastasic digested leucofuxin coloured citotrofoblastic and synciziotrophoblastic villus cells permitted to localize chorion glicoprotein concentration almost exclusively in the proximal portion of the trophoblastic syncitium. Furthermore, like in the epatic tissue, but unlike the findings in some other sites such as sarcolemma, necrilemm basal membranes, the reticula villus substance is argirofila but not P.A.S. positive. Some considerations were proposed to explain this abnormal pattern.", "contents": "[Various histochemical aspects of chorionic villi]. Detail studies on a diastasic digested leucofuxin coloured citotrofoblastic and synciziotrophoblastic villus cells permitted to localize chorion glicoprotein concentration almost exclusively in the proximal portion of the trophoblastic syncitium. Furthermore, like in the epatic tissue, but unlike the findings in some other sites such as sarcolemma, necrilemm basal membranes, the reticula villus substance is argirofila but not P.A.S. positive. Some considerations were proposed to explain this abnormal pattern.", "PMID": 92321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_145", "title": "[Current modifications in lipoprotein staining method on acetate gel cellulose].", "content": "Some modification are proposed to standardize better the staining technique of lipoprotein fractions. These modifications facilitate greatly the procedure originally reported by Colfs and Verheyden.", "contents": "[Current modifications in lipoprotein staining method on acetate gel cellulose]. Some modification are proposed to standardize better the staining technique of lipoprotein fractions. These modifications facilitate greatly the procedure originally reported by Colfs and Verheyden.", "PMID": 92322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_146", "title": "Immunological cross-reactivity between acid extracts of myelin, liver and neoplastic tissues: studies in immunized guinea-pigs.", "content": "Groups of 4 guinea-pigs were immunized with acid extracts prepared from bovine myelin (EF), normal human liver tissue and malignant or benign neoplastic tissues in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA1. The animals were weighed daily and examined for clinical signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). All the animals immunized with EF developed clinical symptoms of EAE within 21 days of the initial immunization, whilst some of the animals immunized with certain tumour extracts developed symptoms which closely resembled those of EAE. Control animals immunized with FCA only remained asymptomatic. Cellular immunity to the various extracts in immunized animals was assessed 20 days after immunization by i.d. skin testing, and upon killing at Day 21 with the direct peritoneal-exudate macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) test. Brains and spinal cords were removed at killing, fixed in formalin and processed for histological examination. I.d. skin testing was shown to be most consistent in demonstrating positive delayed hypersensitivity, whilst the MMI test frequently gave negative results in the presence of pronounced skin responses to specific extracts. Thus it was shown that 3/4 animals immunized with basic proteins extracted from an adenocarcinoma of the lung or related hepatic metastases, and 1/2 animals immunized with an extract of a carcinoma of the breast, gave intense erythema and induration responses 5 mm in diameter 24 h after i.d. challenge with EF. No such response was obtained in animals immunized with basic proteins extracted from normal human liver, any of the other neoplastic tissues, or in control animals immunized with FCA only. Examination of brains and spinal cords from animals immunized with EF revealed dense infiltration by mononuclear cells in the ependyma and choroid plexus of levels in the spinal cord. Examination of brains and spinal cords from animals immunized with the lung-tumour extract or related hepatic metastases which showed demonstrable immunological cross-reactivity with EF in immunized animals, revealed a number of inflammatory changes characterized by dense infiltrates of mononuclear cells sub-ependymally, and perivascular cuffing in the cortex. However, no significant lesions were seen in the spinal cords of these animals. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the 2 tumour extracts exerting this apparent encephalitogenic effect did not reveal proteins within the mol. wt range of EF. Thus the observed pathological effects and cross-reactivity with EF were probably not due to contamination with nervous-tissue components. It is suggested that these tumour extracts may have contained a component or components other than EF, immunologically cross-reactive with EF, and capable of inducing the observed encephalitis.", "contents": "Immunological cross-reactivity between acid extracts of myelin, liver and neoplastic tissues: studies in immunized guinea-pigs. Groups of 4 guinea-pigs were immunized with acid extracts prepared from bovine myelin (EF), normal human liver tissue and malignant or benign neoplastic tissues in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA1. The animals were weighed daily and examined for clinical signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). All the animals immunized with EF developed clinical symptoms of EAE within 21 days of the initial immunization, whilst some of the animals immunized with certain tumour extracts developed symptoms which closely resembled those of EAE. Control animals immunized with FCA only remained asymptomatic. Cellular immunity to the various extracts in immunized animals was assessed 20 days after immunization by i.d. skin testing, and upon killing at Day 21 with the direct peritoneal-exudate macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) test. Brains and spinal cords were removed at killing, fixed in formalin and processed for histological examination. I.d. skin testing was shown to be most consistent in demonstrating positive delayed hypersensitivity, whilst the MMI test frequently gave negative results in the presence of pronounced skin responses to specific extracts. Thus it was shown that 3/4 animals immunized with basic proteins extracted from an adenocarcinoma of the lung or related hepatic metastases, and 1/2 animals immunized with an extract of a carcinoma of the breast, gave intense erythema and induration responses 5 mm in diameter 24 h after i.d. challenge with EF. No such response was obtained in animals immunized with basic proteins extracted from normal human liver, any of the other neoplastic tissues, or in control animals immunized with FCA only. Examination of brains and spinal cords from animals immunized with EF revealed dense infiltration by mononuclear cells in the ependyma and choroid plexus of levels in the spinal cord. Examination of brains and spinal cords from animals immunized with the lung-tumour extract or related hepatic metastases which showed demonstrable immunological cross-reactivity with EF in immunized animals, revealed a number of inflammatory changes characterized by dense infiltrates of mononuclear cells sub-ependymally, and perivascular cuffing in the cortex. However, no significant lesions were seen in the spinal cords of these animals. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the 2 tumour extracts exerting this apparent encephalitogenic effect did not reveal proteins within the mol. wt range of EF. Thus the observed pathological effects and cross-reactivity with EF were probably not due to contamination with nervous-tissue components. It is suggested that these tumour extracts may have contained a component or components other than EF, immunologically cross-reactive with EF, and capable of inducing the observed encephalitis.", "PMID": 92328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_147", "title": "Isolation of plasma-membrane components from cultured human pancreatic cancer cells by immuno-affinity chromatography of anti-beta 2M sepharose 6MB.", "content": "Human pancreatic exocrine adenocarcinoma cells established in tissue culture expressed both HLA and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M). Plasma-membrane components of this pancreatic cancer cell line were purified from plasma membrane fractions enriched by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation, using immunoaffinity chromatography on immobilized anti-human beta 2M antibody. Both rabbit and mouse monoclonal anti-beta 2M IgG were used, with a 20--25-fold overall purification of 5'-nucleotidase. The method was applicable to 5 x 10(7) cells and permitted the solubilization of membranes retained on the column, with the selective desorption of components not associated with beta 2M before the subsequent elution at pH 3 of beta 2M-associated macromolecules. The acid eluate contained one major and two minor bands in the 40--45,000 mol.-wt range with two additional enriched components of 18,000 and 22,000 dalton. A major carbohydrate-containing component of high mol. wt was also found to be associated with the pancreatic cancer-cell plasma membrane.", "contents": "Isolation of plasma-membrane components from cultured human pancreatic cancer cells by immuno-affinity chromatography of anti-beta 2M sepharose 6MB. Human pancreatic exocrine adenocarcinoma cells established in tissue culture expressed both HLA and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M). Plasma-membrane components of this pancreatic cancer cell line were purified from plasma membrane fractions enriched by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation, using immunoaffinity chromatography on immobilized anti-human beta 2M antibody. Both rabbit and mouse monoclonal anti-beta 2M IgG were used, with a 20--25-fold overall purification of 5'-nucleotidase. The method was applicable to 5 x 10(7) cells and permitted the solubilization of membranes retained on the column, with the selective desorption of components not associated with beta 2M before the subsequent elution at pH 3 of beta 2M-associated macromolecules. The acid eluate contained one major and two minor bands in the 40--45,000 mol.-wt range with two additional enriched components of 18,000 and 22,000 dalton. A major carbohydrate-containing component of high mol. wt was also found to be associated with the pancreatic cancer-cell plasma membrane.", "PMID": 92330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_148", "title": "Tumour markers in breast cancer.", "content": "The clinical usefulness of 8 potential tumour markers has been evaluated in 69 patients with Stage I and II breast cancer and 57 patients with Stage III and IV. Serum CEA concentrations were raised in 13% of patients with local and 65% of those with advanced breast cancer. In patients with clinical evidence of progression or regression of tumour, serum CEA levels changed appropriately in 83% of cases. Taking 4 of the markers (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), lactalbumin, alpha subunit and haptoglobin) serum concentrations of one or more were raised in 33% of patients with local disease and 81% of those with advanced breast cancer. However, marker concentrations were often only marginally raised, and are unlikely to provide sensitive guide to tumour burden. CEA, lactalbumin and alpha subunit were detectable in 68%, 43% and 40% respectively of extracts of primary breast cancers.", "contents": "Tumour markers in breast cancer. The clinical usefulness of 8 potential tumour markers has been evaluated in 69 patients with Stage I and II breast cancer and 57 patients with Stage III and IV. Serum CEA concentrations were raised in 13% of patients with local and 65% of those with advanced breast cancer. In patients with clinical evidence of progression or regression of tumour, serum CEA levels changed appropriately in 83% of cases. Taking 4 of the markers (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), lactalbumin, alpha subunit and haptoglobin) serum concentrations of one or more were raised in 33% of patients with local disease and 81% of those with advanced breast cancer. However, marker concentrations were often only marginally raised, and are unlikely to provide sensitive guide to tumour burden. CEA, lactalbumin and alpha subunit were detectable in 68%, 43% and 40% respectively of extracts of primary breast cancers.", "PMID": 92331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_149", "title": "Serum IgG, IgM and slow alpha-globulin levels in carrageenan-treated rats.", "content": "Serum levels of IgM, IgG, slow alpha 1- and slow alpha 2-globulins were measured either by quantitative radial immunodiffusion (IgG) or immunoelectrophoresis (IgM and slow alpha-globulins) during the 3-week period after i.p. injection of 50 mg potassium carrageenan. There was a significant elevation in levels of IgM and slow alpha 1-globulin, maximal on Day 4 and returning to normal by Day 14. Slow alpha 2-globulin was detectable within 24 h, reached a peak at Day 2, and was no longer measurable in most rats by Day 14. Levels of IgG however, were unaffected by carrageenan injection.", "contents": "Serum IgG, IgM and slow alpha-globulin levels in carrageenan-treated rats. Serum levels of IgM, IgG, slow alpha 1- and slow alpha 2-globulins were measured either by quantitative radial immunodiffusion (IgG) or immunoelectrophoresis (IgM and slow alpha-globulins) during the 3-week period after i.p. injection of 50 mg potassium carrageenan. There was a significant elevation in levels of IgM and slow alpha 1-globulin, maximal on Day 4 and returning to normal by Day 14. Slow alpha 2-globulin was detectable within 24 h, reached a peak at Day 2, and was no longer measurable in most rats by Day 14. Levels of IgG however, were unaffected by carrageenan injection.", "PMID": 92333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_150", "title": "Effects of bacterial endotoxin and corticosteroids on plasma concentrations of alpha 2 macroglobulin, haptoglobin and fibrinogen in rats.", "content": "Bacterial endotoxin injected into rats resulted in increased plasma concentration of alpha 2 macroglobulin, haptoglobin and fibrinogen. Cortisone acetate injected i.m. by itself was sufficient to increase the plasma concentration of haptoglobin by 54% and to a lesser extent the concentrations of the other two proteins. When cortisone acetate and/or cortisol succinate were injected simultaneously with varying doses of endotoxin, the effects of the corticosteroid differed for each plasma protein. Doubtless because of the effect of cortisone by itself the slope of the dose-response relationship for haptoglobin was greatly reduced. In contrast to this the slope for alpha 2 macroglobulin was reduced and that for fibrinogen was unaffected. These findings suggest that, if effects due to endogenous corticosteroids are to be avoided, increases in plasma fibrinogen will serve best as indicators of stimulation of the acute-phase response. Since, however, the relative increase of alpha 2 macroglobulin due to the lowest dose of endotoxin was much greater than that of fibrinogen, increases in concentration of the former protein represent the most sensitive indication of the acute-phase response. Consideration of the responses in individual rats has made possible division into those with more or less than average increases for all 3 plasma proteins and those showing irregular responses. Especially in the group which had received the lowest dose of endotoxin, a much larger number than would be expected on a random basis was found to respond regularly with either more or less than average increases for all 3 proteins.", "contents": "Effects of bacterial endotoxin and corticosteroids on plasma concentrations of alpha 2 macroglobulin, haptoglobin and fibrinogen in rats. Bacterial endotoxin injected into rats resulted in increased plasma concentration of alpha 2 macroglobulin, haptoglobin and fibrinogen. Cortisone acetate injected i.m. by itself was sufficient to increase the plasma concentration of haptoglobin by 54% and to a lesser extent the concentrations of the other two proteins. When cortisone acetate and/or cortisol succinate were injected simultaneously with varying doses of endotoxin, the effects of the corticosteroid differed for each plasma protein. Doubtless because of the effect of cortisone by itself the slope of the dose-response relationship for haptoglobin was greatly reduced. In contrast to this the slope for alpha 2 macroglobulin was reduced and that for fibrinogen was unaffected. These findings suggest that, if effects due to endogenous corticosteroids are to be avoided, increases in plasma fibrinogen will serve best as indicators of stimulation of the acute-phase response. Since, however, the relative increase of alpha 2 macroglobulin due to the lowest dose of endotoxin was much greater than that of fibrinogen, increases in concentration of the former protein represent the most sensitive indication of the acute-phase response. Consideration of the responses in individual rats has made possible division into those with more or less than average increases for all 3 plasma proteins and those showing irregular responses. Especially in the group which had received the lowest dose of endotoxin, a much larger number than would be expected on a random basis was found to respond regularly with either more or less than average increases for all 3 proteins.", "PMID": 92334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_151", "title": "Human blood and rabbit peritoneal leucocytes as sources of endogenous mediators.", "content": "\"Buffy-coat\" residues from human blood have been investigated as a source of leucocytic endogenous mediator (LEM). After separation from most of the erythrocytes and uptake of opsonized zymosan by the polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PML) and macrophages, the cells were incubated in Hanks' medium. To demonstrate the presence of LEM the supernatant thus produced was injected into rats and then after 24 h increases in the plasma concentrations of haptoglobin, alpha 2 macroglobulin and fibrinogen were estimated. For comparison rats were also injected with LEM prepared from rabbit peritoneal cells. Because these cells were obtained from rabbits which had been stimulated by i.p. injection of glycogen, addition of zymosan in vitro was not required. Despite the different species from which the leucocytes were obtained and the different method of preparation of LEM, similar increases in concentration of haptoglobin, fibrinogen and alpha 2 macroglobulin in the plasma of the recipient rats were obtained. Because injection of LEM resulted in very varied increases in concentration of each of the 3 plasma proteins, an attempt was made to ascertain whether positive responses for all 3 proteins occurred in the same rats or whether the rats responded randomly. The presence of endogenous pyrogen as a constituent of the LEM produced from both sources was confirmed using both rabbits and prewarmed mice (Bodel and Miller, 1976).", "contents": "Human blood and rabbit peritoneal leucocytes as sources of endogenous mediators. \"Buffy-coat\" residues from human blood have been investigated as a source of leucocytic endogenous mediator (LEM). After separation from most of the erythrocytes and uptake of opsonized zymosan by the polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PML) and macrophages, the cells were incubated in Hanks' medium. To demonstrate the presence of LEM the supernatant thus produced was injected into rats and then after 24 h increases in the plasma concentrations of haptoglobin, alpha 2 macroglobulin and fibrinogen were estimated. For comparison rats were also injected with LEM prepared from rabbit peritoneal cells. Because these cells were obtained from rabbits which had been stimulated by i.p. injection of glycogen, addition of zymosan in vitro was not required. Despite the different species from which the leucocytes were obtained and the different method of preparation of LEM, similar increases in concentration of haptoglobin, fibrinogen and alpha 2 macroglobulin in the plasma of the recipient rats were obtained. Because injection of LEM resulted in very varied increases in concentration of each of the 3 plasma proteins, an attempt was made to ascertain whether positive responses for all 3 proteins occurred in the same rats or whether the rats responded randomly. The presence of endogenous pyrogen as a constituent of the LEM produced from both sources was confirmed using both rabbits and prewarmed mice (Bodel and Miller, 1976).", "PMID": 92335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_152", "title": "beta-Thromboglobulin, platelet production time and pletelet function in vascular disease.", "content": "Plasma beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG) levels were measured in 103 healthy controls and 112 patients suffering from either peripheral vascular disease (PVD), or cerebrovascular disease (CVD) or deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Plasma beta TG was significantly elevated in 46 PVD patients and 24 recent DVT patients compared to controls, but did not differ significantly in 18 chronic DVT and 24 old CVD patients. In addition, heparin neutralizing activity (HNA) and platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate, 1-epinephrine and thrombin were compared in 33 out of the 46 PVD patients to 33 controls. The mean HNA was significantly shorter in the PVD patients than in controls. The rate and extent of platelet aggregation were increased in PVD patients compared to controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. Platelet production time (PPT) was measured in 20 controls, 35 PVD patients, nine chronic DVT and 12 chronic CVD patients; significantly shorter PPT was only observed in 14 patients with advanced PVD compared to controls, suggesting increased platelet consumption in these patients. All four assays (plasma beta TG, HNA, platelet aggregation and PPT) were performed in 25 patients; no correlation between the four tests was found in these patients suggesting that the tests were measuring various aspects of platelet function. These results suggest that in vivo platelet consumption as well as platelet aggregation and 'release reaction' are presumably enhanced in PVD and recent DVT patients and that plasma beta TG and PPT assays may be better and more specific indicators of in vivo platelet activation than in vitro platelet aggregation test.", "contents": "beta-Thromboglobulin, platelet production time and pletelet function in vascular disease. Plasma beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG) levels were measured in 103 healthy controls and 112 patients suffering from either peripheral vascular disease (PVD), or cerebrovascular disease (CVD) or deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Plasma beta TG was significantly elevated in 46 PVD patients and 24 recent DVT patients compared to controls, but did not differ significantly in 18 chronic DVT and 24 old CVD patients. In addition, heparin neutralizing activity (HNA) and platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate, 1-epinephrine and thrombin were compared in 33 out of the 46 PVD patients to 33 controls. The mean HNA was significantly shorter in the PVD patients than in controls. The rate and extent of platelet aggregation were increased in PVD patients compared to controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. Platelet production time (PPT) was measured in 20 controls, 35 PVD patients, nine chronic DVT and 12 chronic CVD patients; significantly shorter PPT was only observed in 14 patients with advanced PVD compared to controls, suggesting increased platelet consumption in these patients. All four assays (plasma beta TG, HNA, platelet aggregation and PPT) were performed in 25 patients; no correlation between the four tests was found in these patients suggesting that the tests were measuring various aspects of platelet function. These results suggest that in vivo platelet consumption as well as platelet aggregation and 'release reaction' are presumably enhanced in PVD and recent DVT patients and that plasma beta TG and PPT assays may be better and more specific indicators of in vivo platelet activation than in vitro platelet aggregation test.", "PMID": 92336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_153", "title": "Studies on pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in the third trimester of pregnancy.", "content": "The plasma concentration of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) was measured in 34 women during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. From 30 to 36 weeks the concentration of this protein increased steadily. Thereafter the concentration of PAPP-A rose more steeply, the highest amounts being found in early labour. The concentration of PAPP-A in peripheral  venous blood and in the uterine vein was much the same. It was less in the retroplacental blood and a great deal less in the peritoneal fluid. The day-to-day variation was small; the coefficient of variation at 38 weeks was only 7.3 per cent. After delivery, the concentration of PAPP-A fell more slowly than other placental proteins and steroids, the average half-life being 51 hours. Although there is no doubt that PAPP-A is a product of the syncytiotrophoblast, our findings suggest that it is not simply secreted by the chorionic villi directly into the intervillous space but makes its way into the maternal circulation by a more circuitous route.", "contents": "Studies on pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in the third trimester of pregnancy. The plasma concentration of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) was measured in 34 women during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. From 30 to 36 weeks the concentration of this protein increased steadily. Thereafter the concentration of PAPP-A rose more steeply, the highest amounts being found in early labour. The concentration of PAPP-A in peripheral  venous blood and in the uterine vein was much the same. It was less in the retroplacental blood and a great deal less in the peritoneal fluid. The day-to-day variation was small; the coefficient of variation at 38 weeks was only 7.3 per cent. After delivery, the concentration of PAPP-A fell more slowly than other placental proteins and steroids, the average half-life being 51 hours. Although there is no doubt that PAPP-A is a product of the syncytiotrophoblast, our findings suggest that it is not simply secreted by the chorionic villi directly into the intervillous space but makes its way into the maternal circulation by a more circuitous route.", "PMID": 92338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_154", "title": "The relation between the concentration of placental specific proteins in retroplacental and peripheral blood.", "content": "Concentrations of four placental proteins: human placental lactogen (hPL), placental protein 5 (PP5), pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein (SP1) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and a normal serum component, alpha 2 macroglobulin, were measured in the peripheral circulation and in blood obtained from the retroplacental space in 20 women at term delivery. Levels of hPL and PP5 were higher in the retroplacental blood than in the peripheral circulation in all patients. By contrast, levels of SP1 and hCG were consistently lower in retroplacental blood than in the peripheral circulation. Similarly, levels of alpha 2 macroglobulin were lower in the retroplacental blood. It is suggested that this 'reverse' gradient is a technical arterfact. These findings are discussed in relation to synthesis of placental proteins in a site distal to the retroplacental space, and the introduction of a technical artefact in the collection of samples.", "contents": "The relation between the concentration of placental specific proteins in retroplacental and peripheral blood. Concentrations of four placental proteins: human placental lactogen (hPL), placental protein 5 (PP5), pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein (SP1) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and a normal serum component, alpha 2 macroglobulin, were measured in the peripheral circulation and in blood obtained from the retroplacental space in 20 women at term delivery. Levels of hPL and PP5 were higher in the retroplacental blood than in the peripheral circulation in all patients. By contrast, levels of SP1 and hCG were consistently lower in retroplacental blood than in the peripheral circulation. Similarly, levels of alpha 2 macroglobulin were lower in the retroplacental blood. It is suggested that this 'reverse' gradient is a technical arterfact. These findings are discussed in relation to synthesis of placental proteins in a site distal to the retroplacental space, and the introduction of a technical artefact in the collection of samples.", "PMID": 92339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_155", "title": "Effect of defaunation on the metabolism of rumen micro-organisms.", "content": "1. Rumen contents of a fasted fistulated wether, obtained in a faunated, defaunated and refaunated period were incubated in vitro with a mixture of cellobiose and maltose, in the presence of ammonium bicarbonate and 32PO43-. Total synthesis of microbial N (Nt) was calculated from 32P incorporation and N:P determined in microbial matter. The N:P value was not affected by defaunation. Net synthesis of microbial N (Nn) was calculated from ammonia-N incorporation. An estimate of degradation of microbial N was calculated as Nt-Nn. Energetic efficiency of synthesis was calculated from the volatile fatty acids produced during incubation, as g N incorporated per kg organic matter fermented (g N/kg OMf). 2. Defaunation decreased the proportions of acetate, butyrate and methane and increased those of propionate in fermentation end-products. Fermentation rate when expressed per mg microbial N was not affected by defaunation. 3. Expressed per unit volume of rumen contents, Nn was increased by defaunation whereas Nt remained unchanged. Thus, a decrease in degradation can be calculated. Energetic efficiences of total and net synthesis were increased from 35 and 13 to 47 and 30 g N/kg OMf respectively. 4. Specific rates of both total and net synthesis of microbial N were significantly increased by defaunation whereas the specific rate of degradation was not affected.", "contents": "Effect of defaunation on the metabolism of rumen micro-organisms. 1. Rumen contents of a fasted fistulated wether, obtained in a faunated, defaunated and refaunated period were incubated in vitro with a mixture of cellobiose and maltose, in the presence of ammonium bicarbonate and 32PO43-. Total synthesis of microbial N (Nt) was calculated from 32P incorporation and N:P determined in microbial matter. The N:P value was not affected by defaunation. Net synthesis of microbial N (Nn) was calculated from ammonia-N incorporation. An estimate of degradation of microbial N was calculated as Nt-Nn. Energetic efficiency of synthesis was calculated from the volatile fatty acids produced during incubation, as g N incorporated per kg organic matter fermented (g N/kg OMf). 2. Defaunation decreased the proportions of acetate, butyrate and methane and increased those of propionate in fermentation end-products. Fermentation rate when expressed per mg microbial N was not affected by defaunation. 3. Expressed per unit volume of rumen contents, Nn was increased by defaunation whereas Nt remained unchanged. Thus, a decrease in degradation can be calculated. Energetic efficiences of total and net synthesis were increased from 35 and 13 to 47 and 30 g N/kg OMf respectively. 4. Specific rates of both total and net synthesis of microbial N were significantly increased by defaunation whereas the specific rate of degradation was not affected.", "PMID": 92340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_156", "title": "Studies on the activation of canine trypsinogens in vitro.", "content": "The activation of canine anionic and cationic trypsinogen by enterokinase, trypsin, thrombin, plasmin and extracts from canine granulocytes were studied in vitro. Enterokinase activates both trypsinogens about 1000 times faster than trypsin. The enterokinase-catalyzed activation is not inhibited by the main serum protease inhibitors, alpha-macroglobulin and alpha 1-antitrypsin. alpha-Macroglobulin cannot inhibit the activation of the trypsinogens by trypsin but this reaction is completely inhibited by alpha 1-antitrypsin. The results are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Studies on the activation of canine trypsinogens in vitro. The activation of canine anionic and cationic trypsinogen by enterokinase, trypsin, thrombin, plasmin and extracts from canine granulocytes were studied in vitro. Enterokinase activates both trypsinogens about 1000 times faster than trypsin. The enterokinase-catalyzed activation is not inhibited by the main serum protease inhibitors, alpha-macroglobulin and alpha 1-antitrypsin. alpha-Macroglobulin cannot inhibit the activation of the trypsinogens by trypsin but this reaction is completely inhibited by alpha 1-antitrypsin. The results are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 92342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_157", "title": "Rapid removal to the liver of intravenously injected lipoprotein lipase.", "content": "Lipoprotein lipase was purified from bovine milk and labeled with 125I. After intravenous injection to rats the labeled lipase rapidly disappeared from the blood. The initial half-life was about 1 min and more than 70% of the radioactivity was found in the liver at 10 min. 30 min after the injection about 10% of the injected radioactivity was present in acid-soluble form in blood, indicating that the enzyme had been rapidly degraded. Injection of asialofetuin, ribonuclease B or mannan in amounts known to block the hepatic receptors for glycoproteins with exposed galactose, N-acetylglucosamine or mannose residues did not retard the removal of the lipoprotein lipase. Thus, some other, as yet undefined, receptor is implicated. Lipoprotein lipase is known to bind to heparin and some related polysacchrides. Heparin injected before the enzyme delayed its removal and heparin injected after the enzyme caused an immediate increase in blood radioactivity, signifying return from tissues to blood of labeled enzyme. Lipoprotein lipase is present at the endothelium in several extrahepatic tissues and is rapidly turned over. Its presence in blood in appreciable amounts would cause a derangement of lipid transport. The efficient hepatic removal of the enzyme may thus serve an important physiological purpose in keeping the blood levels of this enzyme low.", "contents": "Rapid removal to the liver of intravenously injected lipoprotein lipase. Lipoprotein lipase was purified from bovine milk and labeled with 125I. After intravenous injection to rats the labeled lipase rapidly disappeared from the blood. The initial half-life was about 1 min and more than 70% of the radioactivity was found in the liver at 10 min. 30 min after the injection about 10% of the injected radioactivity was present in acid-soluble form in blood, indicating that the enzyme had been rapidly degraded. Injection of asialofetuin, ribonuclease B or mannan in amounts known to block the hepatic receptors for glycoproteins with exposed galactose, N-acetylglucosamine or mannose residues did not retard the removal of the lipoprotein lipase. Thus, some other, as yet undefined, receptor is implicated. Lipoprotein lipase is known to bind to heparin and some related polysacchrides. Heparin injected before the enzyme delayed its removal and heparin injected after the enzyme caused an immediate increase in blood radioactivity, signifying return from tissues to blood of labeled enzyme. Lipoprotein lipase is present at the endothelium in several extrahepatic tissues and is rapidly turned over. Its presence in blood in appreciable amounts would cause a derangement of lipid transport. The efficient hepatic removal of the enzyme may thus serve an important physiological purpose in keeping the blood levels of this enzyme low.", "PMID": 92343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_158", "title": "Blood transfusion and renal transplantation.", "content": "Blood transfusions given to potential renal transplant recipients are beneficial to subsequent graft survival. This study has shown an association graft survival. This study has shown an association between the inhibitory activity of patients' plasma on their own non-specific lymphocyte responses to antigen and the administration of blood transfusions. Most of the inhibitory activity was related to alpha-2 macroglobulin. Alpha-2 macroglobulin was able to prolong the survival of rat cardiac allografts. Immunoregulatory activity related to the alpha globulins of plasma has been described in a wide variety of conditions (i.e. cancer, pregnancy, diabetes) and this study has shown similar activity following blood transfusions.", "contents": "Blood transfusion and renal transplantation. Blood transfusions given to potential renal transplant recipients are beneficial to subsequent graft survival. This study has shown an association graft survival. This study has shown an association between the inhibitory activity of patients' plasma on their own non-specific lymphocyte responses to antigen and the administration of blood transfusions. Most of the inhibitory activity was related to alpha-2 macroglobulin. Alpha-2 macroglobulin was able to prolong the survival of rat cardiac allografts. Immunoregulatory activity related to the alpha globulins of plasma has been described in a wide variety of conditions (i.e. cancer, pregnancy, diabetes) and this study has shown similar activity following blood transfusions.", "PMID": 92346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_159", "title": "An electron microscopic study of neurones in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey labelled by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "In a previous report horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reaction product has been described as accumulating in a restricted part of neurones in the lateral geniculate nucleus following injections of HRP into the visual cortex of the primate. With the aid of long series of ultrathin sections from the same material labelled neurones have been partially reconstructed in the present study, and it has been confirmed that HRP reaction product aggregates as a group of electron-dense lysosome-like bodies which form a cap to one side of the nucleus.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of neurones in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey labelled by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. In a previous report horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reaction product has been described as accumulating in a restricted part of neurones in the lateral geniculate nucleus following injections of HRP into the visual cortex of the primate. With the aid of long series of ultrathin sections from the same material labelled neurones have been partially reconstructed in the present study, and it has been confirmed that HRP reaction product aggregates as a group of electron-dense lysosome-like bodies which form a cap to one side of the nucleus.", "PMID": 92349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_160", "title": "Reduction by reserpine of the accumulation of retrogradely transported [125I]nerve growth factor in sympathetic neurons.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to determine if stimuli which augment preganglionic nerve activity to sympathetic neurons, and thereby cause trans-synaptic induction, increase the retrograde transport of nerve growth factor (NGF). It was found that nerve activity had no effect on retrograde transport of [125I]NGF. It was found, however, that reserpine decreased retrograde transport of [125I]NGF and this inhibition was characterized. Reserpine decreased the maximal accumulation of intravenously administered [125I]NGF in superior cervical ganglia (SCG) by about 60%. It also caused a distinct shift in the time course of accumulation so that maximal accumulation was seen 12 h after [125I]NGF injection rather than at 9 h as in control animals. Reserpine had no effect on retrograde transport in sensory neurons. Dose--response curves showed that maximal inhibition occurred with doses of reserpine of 2.5 mg/kg i.p. and that reserpine was not able to completely block transport at any dose. The maximal inhibition of retrograde transport was achieved within 30 min of reserpine administration and inhibitory activity was unchanged for 36 h. The ability of sympathetic neurons to transport [125I]NGF subsequently recovered and was normal 96 h after reserpine administration. The inhibitory effect of reserpine appears to be due to an action at or very near to the nerve terminal since it was effective at reducing NGF transport at very low doses (0.33 microgram) when co-administered directly into the eye with [125I]NGF. An action of reserpine at the nerve terminal was further suggested by the inability of reserpine to affect transport if the drug was given 4 h after [125I]NGF administration. Based upon these data, it is suggested that there may be two pools of retrogradely transported NGF and that only more rapidly turning over pool is reserpine-sensitive. This pool may represent the retrogradely moving synaptic vesicles or some derivative of the vesicles.", "contents": "Reduction by reserpine of the accumulation of retrogradely transported [125I]nerve growth factor in sympathetic neurons. Experiments were carried out to determine if stimuli which augment preganglionic nerve activity to sympathetic neurons, and thereby cause trans-synaptic induction, increase the retrograde transport of nerve growth factor (NGF). It was found that nerve activity had no effect on retrograde transport of [125I]NGF. It was found, however, that reserpine decreased retrograde transport of [125I]NGF and this inhibition was characterized. Reserpine decreased the maximal accumulation of intravenously administered [125I]NGF in superior cervical ganglia (SCG) by about 60%. It also caused a distinct shift in the time course of accumulation so that maximal accumulation was seen 12 h after [125I]NGF injection rather than at 9 h as in control animals. Reserpine had no effect on retrograde transport in sensory neurons. Dose--response curves showed that maximal inhibition occurred with doses of reserpine of 2.5 mg/kg i.p. and that reserpine was not able to completely block transport at any dose. The maximal inhibition of retrograde transport was achieved within 30 min of reserpine administration and inhibitory activity was unchanged for 36 h. The ability of sympathetic neurons to transport [125I]NGF subsequently recovered and was normal 96 h after reserpine administration. The inhibitory effect of reserpine appears to be due to an action at or very near to the nerve terminal since it was effective at reducing NGF transport at very low doses (0.33 microgram) when co-administered directly into the eye with [125I]NGF. An action of reserpine at the nerve terminal was further suggested by the inability of reserpine to affect transport if the drug was given 4 h after [125I]NGF administration. Based upon these data, it is suggested that there may be two pools of retrogradely transported NGF and that only more rapidly turning over pool is reserpine-sensitive. This pool may represent the retrogradely moving synaptic vesicles or some derivative of the vesicles.", "PMID": 92350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_161", "title": "Extra-axonal diffusion in the rabbit optic system: a caution in axonal transport studies.", "content": "The hazards of using optic nerve (as opposed to optic tract and more distal components of the optic system) to study axonal transport were highlighted by observing the fate of [14C]serine and [3H]glycerol injected into the rabbit eye. Despite prior blockage of axonal transport with colchicine, appreciable radioactivity rapidly appeared in the optic nerve adjacent to the injected eye. Radioactivity decreased exponentially along the entire optic chiasm. Counts were distributed among the lipid, protein, and acid-soluble fractions. Separation of optic nerve lipids revealed appreciable labeling of most lipid classes including those characteristic of myelin; a markedly different labeling pattern was observed for axonally transported lipids. The data are consistent with a mechanism involving extra-axonal diffusion of precursor into the surrounding glia followed by incorporation into lipids and proteins of those cells and ultimately myelin. The phenomenon is discussed in relation to possible errors that were made in interpreting earlier experiments.", "contents": "Extra-axonal diffusion in the rabbit optic system: a caution in axonal transport studies. The hazards of using optic nerve (as opposed to optic tract and more distal components of the optic system) to study axonal transport were highlighted by observing the fate of [14C]serine and [3H]glycerol injected into the rabbit eye. Despite prior blockage of axonal transport with colchicine, appreciable radioactivity rapidly appeared in the optic nerve adjacent to the injected eye. Radioactivity decreased exponentially along the entire optic chiasm. Counts were distributed among the lipid, protein, and acid-soluble fractions. Separation of optic nerve lipids revealed appreciable labeling of most lipid classes including those characteristic of myelin; a markedly different labeling pattern was observed for axonally transported lipids. The data are consistent with a mechanism involving extra-axonal diffusion of precursor into the surrounding glia followed by incorporation into lipids and proteins of those cells and ultimately myelin. The phenomenon is discussed in relation to possible errors that were made in interpreting earlier experiments.", "PMID": 92351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_162", "title": "[Contribution of new methods of quantitative cytology and immunology to the understanding of lymphoproliferative syndromes].", "content": "Seventy one patients with a lymphoid hemopathy, three with agammaglobulinemia and six normal controls were investigated with regard to their blood lymphocyte membrane-associated light chains. Detection and quantitation of antigenic determinants were performed by means of peroxidase-labeled antibodies. Compared to normal controls, values found in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were very low (tenfold decrease). The number of antigenic determinants on lymphoid cells from patients with blast crises supervening in CLL, prolymphocytic leukemia, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and Burkitt cell acute leukemia were significantly higher than those seen in patients with CLL. The data obtained in this investigation through quantitative immunocytology constitutes a new parameter for the classification of lymphoid hemopathies and for an approach to their pathogenesis, in particular if the quantity of membrane immunoglobulin correlates with the stage of cell maturation.", "contents": "[Contribution of new methods of quantitative cytology and immunology to the understanding of lymphoproliferative syndromes]. Seventy one patients with a lymphoid hemopathy, three with agammaglobulinemia and six normal controls were investigated with regard to their blood lymphocyte membrane-associated light chains. Detection and quantitation of antigenic determinants were performed by means of peroxidase-labeled antibodies. Compared to normal controls, values found in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were very low (tenfold decrease). The number of antigenic determinants on lymphoid cells from patients with blast crises supervening in CLL, prolymphocytic leukemia, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and Burkitt cell acute leukemia were significantly higher than those seen in patients with CLL. The data obtained in this investigation through quantitative immunocytology constitutes a new parameter for the classification of lymphoid hemopathies and for an approach to their pathogenesis, in particular if the quantity of membrane immunoglobulin correlates with the stage of cell maturation.", "PMID": 92356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_163", "title": "[\"Non-specific cross reacting antigen (NCA)\", a tracer of human granulocytes and monocytes].", "content": "The non specific cross reacting antigen, or NCA, is a normal tissue antigen that cross reacts with CEA. It bears a specific antigenic determinant that is absent from CEA. Immunocytological studies first pointed out that NCA, but not CEA, is present in alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclears. Further work demonstrated that NCA is a marker of granulocytic series: it appears at the stage of promyelocyte and likely is linked to the azurophilic granules. The same antigen is also present in peripheral blood monocytes, it is not detectable in them, but after adherence to glass. The possible role of NCA in these lytic enzyme rich cells is discussed.", "contents": "[\"Non-specific cross reacting antigen (NCA)\", a tracer of human granulocytes and monocytes]. The non specific cross reacting antigen, or NCA, is a normal tissue antigen that cross reacts with CEA. It bears a specific antigenic determinant that is absent from CEA. Immunocytological studies first pointed out that NCA, but not CEA, is present in alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclears. Further work demonstrated that NCA is a marker of granulocytic series: it appears at the stage of promyelocyte and likely is linked to the azurophilic granules. The same antigen is also present in peripheral blood monocytes, it is not detectable in them, but after adherence to glass. The possible role of NCA in these lytic enzyme rich cells is discussed.", "PMID": 92357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_164", "title": "Topical application of epinephrine during bronchoscopy in barbiturate-halothane-anaesthesia and its influence on cardiac action.", "content": "Since the introduction of halothane as an anaesthetic there have been several reports about cardiac arrhythmias during application of epinephrine in combination with halothane. This complication was also reported when epinephrine was used as local haemostyptic. We describe the effect of topical epinephrine upon cardiac action during bronchoscopy in barbiturate-halothane-anaesthesia. 21 patients with an average age of 66.4 years underwent bronchoscopy mainly because of suspect bronchial carcinoma, they were monitored by lead I ECG and blood gas analysis was carried out repeatedly. Immediately following biopsies, sponses with epinephrine solution 1:1000 were applied to the bronchial mucosa - the average epinephrine dose of these sponges was 0.12 mgs as calculated before by weighting. During this procedure we could not observe significant cardiac arrhythmias following epinephrine application. We conclude this to be the result of limited dosage and maintenance of adequate ventilation and oxygenation. Thus, epinephrine can be used as a local haemostyptic during bronchoscopy in halothane anaesthesia without significant risk when the above described precautions are observed.", "contents": "Topical application of epinephrine during bronchoscopy in barbiturate-halothane-anaesthesia and its influence on cardiac action. Since the introduction of halothane as an anaesthetic there have been several reports about cardiac arrhythmias during application of epinephrine in combination with halothane. This complication was also reported when epinephrine was used as local haemostyptic. We describe the effect of topical epinephrine upon cardiac action during bronchoscopy in barbiturate-halothane-anaesthesia. 21 patients with an average age of 66.4 years underwent bronchoscopy mainly because of suspect bronchial carcinoma, they were monitored by lead I ECG and blood gas analysis was carried out repeatedly. Immediately following biopsies, sponses with epinephrine solution 1:1000 were applied to the bronchial mucosa - the average epinephrine dose of these sponges was 0.12 mgs as calculated before by weighting. During this procedure we could not observe significant cardiac arrhythmias following epinephrine application. We conclude this to be the result of limited dosage and maintenance of adequate ventilation and oxygenation. Thus, epinephrine can be used as a local haemostyptic during bronchoscopy in halothane anaesthesia without significant risk when the above described precautions are observed.", "PMID": 92354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_165", "title": "Place of immunological examinations in extrinsic asthma.", "content": "The provocation test is - in spite of its drawbacks, especially the risk for the patient - the most reliable way to identify causative agents in extrinsic asthma. The immunological genesis of the obstruction provoked must be proved with adequate methods however. RAST (Radio-allergo-sorbent-test) and histamine liberation are valuable in vitro techniques for the identification of atopic sensitizations. Their disadvantages - the expensive equipment and the time-consuming procedure respectively - limit their widespread use. A carefully performed and evaluated prick test possesses a comparable specificity with acceptable risk. Less satisfying is the situation in nonimmediate asthma. Precipitations tests are at present most valuable. Main indications for immunological methods in extrinsic asthma are: - the identification of causative allergens and the kind of underlying immune reactions; - the control and - in the future - the individualization of hyposensitization procedure. The future use of allergen extracts containing a minimum of non-specific irritants is extremely important.", "contents": "Place of immunological examinations in extrinsic asthma. The provocation test is - in spite of its drawbacks, especially the risk for the patient - the most reliable way to identify causative agents in extrinsic asthma. The immunological genesis of the obstruction provoked must be proved with adequate methods however. RAST (Radio-allergo-sorbent-test) and histamine liberation are valuable in vitro techniques for the identification of atopic sensitizations. Their disadvantages - the expensive equipment and the time-consuming procedure respectively - limit their widespread use. A carefully performed and evaluated prick test possesses a comparable specificity with acceptable risk. Less satisfying is the situation in nonimmediate asthma. Precipitations tests are at present most valuable. Main indications for immunological methods in extrinsic asthma are: - the identification of causative allergens and the kind of underlying immune reactions; - the control and - in the future - the individualization of hyposensitization procedure. The future use of allergen extracts containing a minimum of non-specific irritants is extremely important.", "PMID": 92355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_166", "title": "Ductular carcinoma of the breast: serum antibodies to tumor-associated antigens.", "content": "Serum antibodies to tumor-associated antigens of breast carcinoma have been studied by indirect immunofluorescence in 109 patients with breast carcinoma and 125 controls, including age/sex matched normal individuals, patients with nonmalignant disease, and patients with malignant disease other than breast cancer. We report here that sera of a large proportion of patients with ductular carcinoma of the breast have antibodies to cell surface and/or intracellular antigens of autologous tumor cells and include evidence that the antigens are absent from a considerable range of normal and other types of malignant tissues. In addition to testing of control sera, specificity of the reacting antibodies was investigated further by testing of sera with normal breast tissue and the absorption of sera from breast cancer patients with various normal tissues and cancer cells. The significance of the findings in breast cancer is discussed.", "contents": "Ductular carcinoma of the breast: serum antibodies to tumor-associated antigens. Serum antibodies to tumor-associated antigens of breast carcinoma have been studied by indirect immunofluorescence in 109 patients with breast carcinoma and 125 controls, including age/sex matched normal individuals, patients with nonmalignant disease, and patients with malignant disease other than breast cancer. We report here that sera of a large proportion of patients with ductular carcinoma of the breast have antibodies to cell surface and/or intracellular antigens of autologous tumor cells and include evidence that the antigens are absent from a considerable range of normal and other types of malignant tissues. In addition to testing of control sera, specificity of the reacting antibodies was investigated further by testing of sera with normal breast tissue and the absorption of sera from breast cancer patients with various normal tissues and cancer cells. The significance of the findings in breast cancer is discussed.", "PMID": 92359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_167", "title": "Purification and biochemical characterization of a virus-specific reverse transcriptase from human osteosarcoma tissue.", "content": "A RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RTase) was purified from human osteosarcoma tissue by successive column chromatography of the microsomal fraction on DEAE-cellulose (DE-23 and DE-52) and phosphocellulose. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of about 68,000, a pH optimum of 8.1, a Mg2+ optimum of 0.8 mM, Mn2+ optimum of 1.0 mM and a KCl optimum of 60 mM. The enzyme transcribes (rA)n . (dT)12, (rC)n . (dG)12-18 and (2-O-methyl C)n . (dG)18, but is unable to transcribe (dA)n . (dT)10. The enzyme has no catalytic activity in the presence of oligodeoxynucleotide initiators alone, indicating the absence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. The purified enzyme is able to transcribe the heteropolymeric regions of a 70S RNA from R(Mu)LV. The presented data support the presence of a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in human osteosarcoma tissue with biochemical properties, resembling those of C-type RNA tumor viruses.", "contents": "Purification and biochemical characterization of a virus-specific reverse transcriptase from human osteosarcoma tissue. A RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RTase) was purified from human osteosarcoma tissue by successive column chromatography of the microsomal fraction on DEAE-cellulose (DE-23 and DE-52) and phosphocellulose. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of about 68,000, a pH optimum of 8.1, a Mg2+ optimum of 0.8 mM, Mn2+ optimum of 1.0 mM and a KCl optimum of 60 mM. The enzyme transcribes (rA)n . (dT)12, (rC)n . (dG)12-18 and (2-O-methyl C)n . (dG)18, but is unable to transcribe (dA)n . (dT)10. The enzyme has no catalytic activity in the presence of oligodeoxynucleotide initiators alone, indicating the absence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. The purified enzyme is able to transcribe the heteropolymeric regions of a 70S RNA from R(Mu)LV. The presented data support the presence of a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in human osteosarcoma tissue with biochemical properties, resembling those of C-type RNA tumor viruses.", "PMID": 92360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_168", "title": "Serological characterization of a purified reverse transcriptase from osteosarcoma of a child.", "content": "Serological analysis of the reverse transcriptase (RTase), purified from human osteosarcoma tissue, has shown that it is antigenically related to DNA polymerases from BEV and from RD-114. No cross-reactivity of the osteosarcoma RTase was observed with RTases purified from AMV, RLV, SiSV, GaLV and from human spleen of a patient with myelofibrosis.", "contents": "Serological characterization of a purified reverse transcriptase from osteosarcoma of a child. Serological analysis of the reverse transcriptase (RTase), purified from human osteosarcoma tissue, has shown that it is antigenically related to DNA polymerases from BEV and from RD-114. No cross-reactivity of the osteosarcoma RTase was observed with RTases purified from AMV, RLV, SiSV, GaLV and from human spleen of a patient with myelofibrosis.", "PMID": 92361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_169", "title": "Suramin: a potent inhibitor of the reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses.", "content": "Suramin--a well-known antitrypanosomal agent--was found to exert a strong inhibitory effect on the RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) activity of several oncornaviruses such as Moloney murine leukemia virus, murine Rauscher leukemia viruses, Moloney murine sarcoma virus and avian myeloblastosis virus. Inhibition of enzyme activity was obtained with both endogenous viral RNA and (A)n . oligo(dT) as the template-primer. Suramin effected a 50% inhibition of the reverse transcriptase activity of oncornaviruses at a concentration range of 0.1--1 microgram/ml. In this aspect it compared favorably to ethidium bromide, another trypanocide drug which is considered as one of the most powerful inhibitors of oncornaviral DNA polymerases. The inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity by suramin was competitive with the template-primer, (A)n . oligo(dT), suggesting that the drug may interact with the template-primer binding site of the enzyme.", "contents": "Suramin: a potent inhibitor of the reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses. Suramin--a well-known antitrypanosomal agent--was found to exert a strong inhibitory effect on the RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) activity of several oncornaviruses such as Moloney murine leukemia virus, murine Rauscher leukemia viruses, Moloney murine sarcoma virus and avian myeloblastosis virus. Inhibition of enzyme activity was obtained with both endogenous viral RNA and (A)n . oligo(dT) as the template-primer. Suramin effected a 50% inhibition of the reverse transcriptase activity of oncornaviruses at a concentration range of 0.1--1 microgram/ml. In this aspect it compared favorably to ethidium bromide, another trypanocide drug which is considered as one of the most powerful inhibitors of oncornaviral DNA polymerases. The inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity by suramin was competitive with the template-primer, (A)n . oligo(dT), suggesting that the drug may interact with the template-primer binding site of the enzyme.", "PMID": 92362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_170", "title": "A Markham rotation enhancement of two polygon types from isolated negatively stained human placental coated vesicles.", "content": "A simple image enhancement method has been used to reinforce the rotational symmetries of two types of polygon which form the facets of the clathrin lattice of human placental coated vesicles. Hexagons and pentagons were found but no evidence of other polygons (up to enneagon) was obtained.", "contents": "A Markham rotation enhancement of two polygon types from isolated negatively stained human placental coated vesicles. A simple image enhancement method has been used to reinforce the rotational symmetries of two types of polygon which form the facets of the clathrin lattice of human placental coated vesicles. Hexagons and pentagons were found but no evidence of other polygons (up to enneagon) was obtained.", "PMID": 92372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_171", "title": "Vitamin D binding globulin phenotypes in liver disease.", "content": "The binding properties towards vitamin D metabolites of plasma from individuals with the three common Gc-globulin phenotypes, Gc-1, Gc-2 and Gc-2-1, have been found to be identical. In patients with liver disease there is a good correlation between the levels of Gc-globulin andalbumin in plasma. In addition the Gc-globulin levels correlate well with the ability of plasma to bind 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Patients with the Gc-2-1 phenotype showed a significantly smaller depression in plasma Gc-globulin than those with the Gc-2 and Gc-1 phenotypes. The relation of these findings to the pathogenesis of disorders of calcium metabolism in liver disease is discussed.", "contents": "Vitamin D binding globulin phenotypes in liver disease. The binding properties towards vitamin D metabolites of plasma from individuals with the three common Gc-globulin phenotypes, Gc-1, Gc-2 and Gc-2-1, have been found to be identical. In patients with liver disease there is a good correlation between the levels of Gc-globulin andalbumin in plasma. In addition the Gc-globulin levels correlate well with the ability of plasma to bind 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Patients with the Gc-2-1 phenotype showed a significantly smaller depression in plasma Gc-globulin than those with the Gc-2 and Gc-1 phenotypes. The relation of these findings to the pathogenesis of disorders of calcium metabolism in liver disease is discussed.", "PMID": 92374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_172", "title": "A nephelometric study of the reaction of monoclonal rheumatoid factor with heat aggregated gamma globulin and sera from patients with immune complex diseases.", "content": "Monoclonal rheumatoid factors (MCRF) have previously been used in a variety of assays for the detection of IgG-containing circulating immune complexes. We have isolated a MCRF from a patient with a lymphoproliferative disorder and have used a nephelometric technique to characterize its reaction with heat-aggreagated gammaglobulin (HAGG) used as a source of artificial immune complexes. The method is simple, economical and rapid and will detect as little as 6 microgram/ml of HAGG over a wide range of physicochemical conditions. A clinical study demonstrated that the sera from thirty-five out of fifty-eight patients (59%) with rheumatoid arthritis and twenty-one out of seventy-four patients (28%) with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) gave increased precipitation with MCRF compared with 232 blood donors. However, in marked contrast to previous studies, sucrose gradient ultracentrifugal analysis of nine strongly precipitating sera revealed that in eight the MCRF precipitated with material sedimenting in the monomeric IgG position. In only one specimen did the MCRF react with material sedimenting in heavier regions. It is suggested that different MCRFs vary in the specificity for binding IgG complexes and these reagents should be carefully characterized before becoming established in nephelometric assays for circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "A nephelometric study of the reaction of monoclonal rheumatoid factor with heat aggregated gamma globulin and sera from patients with immune complex diseases. Monoclonal rheumatoid factors (MCRF) have previously been used in a variety of assays for the detection of IgG-containing circulating immune complexes. We have isolated a MCRF from a patient with a lymphoproliferative disorder and have used a nephelometric technique to characterize its reaction with heat-aggreagated gammaglobulin (HAGG) used as a source of artificial immune complexes. The method is simple, economical and rapid and will detect as little as 6 microgram/ml of HAGG over a wide range of physicochemical conditions. A clinical study demonstrated that the sera from thirty-five out of fifty-eight patients (59%) with rheumatoid arthritis and twenty-one out of seventy-four patients (28%) with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) gave increased precipitation with MCRF compared with 232 blood donors. However, in marked contrast to previous studies, sucrose gradient ultracentrifugal analysis of nine strongly precipitating sera revealed that in eight the MCRF precipitated with material sedimenting in the monomeric IgG position. In only one specimen did the MCRF react with material sedimenting in heavier regions. It is suggested that different MCRFs vary in the specificity for binding IgG complexes and these reagents should be carefully characterized before becoming established in nephelometric assays for circulating immune complexes.", "PMID": 92379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_173", "title": "Demonstration of two disease specific antigens in circulating immune complexes.", "content": "A method is described to assess antigenic cross-reactivity between soluble immune complexes precipitated from sera with polyethylene glycol. The precipitated complex from one serum was dissociated in acid and used to coat a plastic cup. Radioiodinated complexes from another serum were dissociated in the cup, neutralized and allowed to reassociate overnight. The binding of the labelled complex was used to measure the cross-reactivity between the complexes. Using this technique, complexes from a group of patients with haematuria and hypertension have been found to share an antigen, and a different antigen was found in patients with bullous pemphigoid. The participation of rheumatoid factors in the cross-reactions is unlikely, and no cross-reactivity of either group was found with sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Demonstration of two disease specific antigens in circulating immune complexes. A method is described to assess antigenic cross-reactivity between soluble immune complexes precipitated from sera with polyethylene glycol. The precipitated complex from one serum was dissociated in acid and used to coat a plastic cup. Radioiodinated complexes from another serum were dissociated in the cup, neutralized and allowed to reassociate overnight. The binding of the labelled complex was used to measure the cross-reactivity between the complexes. Using this technique, complexes from a group of patients with haematuria and hypertension have been found to share an antigen, and a different antigen was found in patients with bullous pemphigoid. The participation of rheumatoid factors in the cross-reactions is unlikely, and no cross-reactivity of either group was found with sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 92380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_174", "title": "Comparative studies on the expression of Fc-receptors, Ia antigens, and beta 2-microglobulin following in vitro herpes simplex virus infection of human lymphoid cells.", "content": "Characteristics of the specificity and affinity of surface Fc-receptors induced on Raji (a Burkitt's lymphoma derived B cell line) and Molt-4 (a T cell line derived from a leukaemic patient) after herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection were studied, together with the expression of other surface markers. Inhibition experiments of EA-rosetting suggested that Raji cells infected by HSV had a higher affinity for soluble aggregated IgG than for IgG serologically adsorbed onto erythrocytes; an opposite pattern was noted with Molt-4, a non-Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. Using radiometric and microspectrofluorometric techniques, the expression of Fc-receptors, as detected by their capacity to fix aggregated IgG, paralleled the expression of serologically detectable Fc-receptors and Ia determinants. In contrast to beta 2-microglobulin, both Fc-receptor and Ia antigen expression increased following Hsv infection: this suggests a specific induction of these markers on human lymphoid cells following HSV infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing a specific induction of both Fc-receptors and Ia antigens by HSV following in vitro infection of human lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the expression of Fc-receptors, Ia antigens, and beta 2-microglobulin following in vitro herpes simplex virus infection of human lymphoid cells. Characteristics of the specificity and affinity of surface Fc-receptors induced on Raji (a Burkitt's lymphoma derived B cell line) and Molt-4 (a T cell line derived from a leukaemic patient) after herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection were studied, together with the expression of other surface markers. Inhibition experiments of EA-rosetting suggested that Raji cells infected by HSV had a higher affinity for soluble aggregated IgG than for IgG serologically adsorbed onto erythrocytes; an opposite pattern was noted with Molt-4, a non-Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. Using radiometric and microspectrofluorometric techniques, the expression of Fc-receptors, as detected by their capacity to fix aggregated IgG, paralleled the expression of serologically detectable Fc-receptors and Ia determinants. In contrast to beta 2-microglobulin, both Fc-receptor and Ia antigen expression increased following Hsv infection: this suggests a specific induction of these markers on human lymphoid cells following HSV infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing a specific induction of both Fc-receptors and Ia antigens by HSV following in vitro infection of human lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 92381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_175", "title": "Concealed extrasystoles due to Wenckebach conduction delay within the reentry loop.", "content": "Long electrocardiographic strips were analyzed from an aged patient whose heart rhythm had periods of unifocal ventricular extrasystoles with fixed coupling intervals. Periods of gradual prolongation of the coupling interval finally led to omission of a ventricular premature beat. This sequence was repetitive and is considered to be the results of reentrant extrasystoles with a 3:2 Wenckebach type of conduction delay within the reentry loop. The mechanism of concealed conduction due to overlong propagation within the reentry loop is discussed.", "contents": "Concealed extrasystoles due to Wenckebach conduction delay within the reentry loop. Long electrocardiographic strips were analyzed from an aged patient whose heart rhythm had periods of unifocal ventricular extrasystoles with fixed coupling intervals. Periods of gradual prolongation of the coupling interval finally led to omission of a ventricular premature beat. This sequence was repetitive and is considered to be the results of reentrant extrasystoles with a 3:2 Wenckebach type of conduction delay within the reentry loop. The mechanism of concealed conduction due to overlong propagation within the reentry loop is discussed.", "PMID": 92383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_176", "title": "Skeletal changes in Refsum's disease.", "content": "Refsum's disease is a rare inherited disease of lipid metabolism. The cardinal diagnostic features include polyneuritis, cerebellar ataxia, an atypical pigmentosa and a high CSF protein. The disorders is accompanied by the accumulation in the tissues, especially the liver and kidneys, of the lipid 'phytanic acid'. The disease is due to the absence of the enzyme phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase which catalyses the conversion of phytanic acid to alpha-hydroxy phytanic acid the initial step in its further metabolism. In his original monograph Refsum (1945) documented a number of skeletal abnormalities and the full spectrum of changes that occur has become clear though the accumulating subsequent reports. This paper documents the osseous changes in three members with the disease in a single family. These include epiphyseal dysplasia, especially pronounced in the knees, and shortening and deformity of many of the tubular bones in the hands and feet.", "contents": "Skeletal changes in Refsum's disease. Refsum's disease is a rare inherited disease of lipid metabolism. The cardinal diagnostic features include polyneuritis, cerebellar ataxia, an atypical pigmentosa and a high CSF protein. The disorders is accompanied by the accumulation in the tissues, especially the liver and kidneys, of the lipid 'phytanic acid'. The disease is due to the absence of the enzyme phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase which catalyses the conversion of phytanic acid to alpha-hydroxy phytanic acid the initial step in its further metabolism. In his original monograph Refsum (1945) documented a number of skeletal abnormalities and the full spectrum of changes that occur has become clear though the accumulating subsequent reports. This paper documents the osseous changes in three members with the disease in a single family. These include epiphyseal dysplasia, especially pronounced in the knees, and shortening and deformity of many of the tubular bones in the hands and feet.", "PMID": 92386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_177", "title": "Virus-like particles and macromolecules in human milk and breast tumors.", "content": "Relevant data pertaining to present evidence for virus-like particles and virus-related macromolecules in human milk and breast tumors are presented. A critical review and discussion of reported observations concerning virus-related macromolecules will include RNA-directed DNA polymerase, viral antigens, and RNA related to murine mammary tumor virus and/or Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. From the standpoint of clinical applications, the finding of viral-related antigens in human breast tumors and evidence for specific host immune responses to one or more of these antigens may be especially pertinent. The latter data, therefore, will be discussed in depth as to possible employment of these parameters in diagnosis, prognosis and possible management of the human disease.", "contents": "Virus-like particles and macromolecules in human milk and breast tumors. Relevant data pertaining to present evidence for virus-like particles and virus-related macromolecules in human milk and breast tumors are presented. A critical review and discussion of reported observations concerning virus-related macromolecules will include RNA-directed DNA polymerase, viral antigens, and RNA related to murine mammary tumor virus and/or Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. From the standpoint of clinical applications, the finding of viral-related antigens in human breast tumors and evidence for specific host immune responses to one or more of these antigens may be especially pertinent. The latter data, therefore, will be discussed in depth as to possible employment of these parameters in diagnosis, prognosis and possible management of the human disease.", "PMID": 92388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_178", "title": "Cutaneous manifestations of acute carbon monoxide poisoning.", "content": "A patient with acute carbon monoxide poisoning due to leakage of gas from the exhaust system in his automobile noted edema and blister formation over large areas of the skin of one half of his body. Rhabdomyolysis, acute but transient renal insufficiency, and hemolytic anemia developed subsequently.", "contents": "Cutaneous manifestations of acute carbon monoxide poisoning. A patient with acute carbon monoxide poisoning due to leakage of gas from the exhaust system in his automobile noted edema and blister formation over large areas of the skin of one half of his body. Rhabdomyolysis, acute but transient renal insufficiency, and hemolytic anemia developed subsequently.", "PMID": 92389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_179", "title": "Procainamide-induced sinus node dysfunction in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "Two patients with chronic renal failure developed transient sinus node dysfunction requiring insertion of a temporary pacemaker while receiving procainamide to control ventricular arrhythmias. Blood levels of procainamide were found to be elevated, although at these levels, sinus node dysfunction has not previously been reported. Following discontinuance of procainamide, sinus rhythm returned. A combination of factors, including elevated levels of N-acetyl procainamide, the metabolite of procainamide with anti-arrhythmic properties, are suggested as possible contributory causes for the ECG findings. Thus, procainamide may produce electrophysiologic features of \"sick sinus syndrome\" in patients with chronic renal failure even when blood levels of this substance are being monitored.", "contents": "Procainamide-induced sinus node dysfunction in patients with chronic renal failure. Two patients with chronic renal failure developed transient sinus node dysfunction requiring insertion of a temporary pacemaker while receiving procainamide to control ventricular arrhythmias. Blood levels of procainamide were found to be elevated, although at these levels, sinus node dysfunction has not previously been reported. Following discontinuance of procainamide, sinus rhythm returned. A combination of factors, including elevated levels of N-acetyl procainamide, the metabolite of procainamide with anti-arrhythmic properties, are suggested as possible contributory causes for the ECG findings. Thus, procainamide may produce electrophysiologic features of \"sick sinus syndrome\" in patients with chronic renal failure even when blood levels of this substance are being monitored.", "PMID": 92391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_180", "title": "[Circular transhepatic drainage as a palliative surgical measure in central bile duct obstruction].", "content": "A transhepatic drainage tube was used in 27 patients suffering from echinococcus alveolaris of the liver of malignant process of the portal fissure from 1967 to 1978. If an hepatocholangioenterostomy is not possible, another surgical palliative procedure is necessary for drainage of the bile. The transhepatic drainage tube is a simple palliative method. The technique of this procedure, the indications, the possible complications, and the advantages are reported.", "contents": "[Circular transhepatic drainage as a palliative surgical measure in central bile duct obstruction]. A transhepatic drainage tube was used in 27 patients suffering from echinococcus alveolaris of the liver of malignant process of the portal fissure from 1967 to 1978. If an hepatocholangioenterostomy is not possible, another surgical palliative procedure is necessary for drainage of the bile. The transhepatic drainage tube is a simple palliative method. The technique of this procedure, the indications, the possible complications, and the advantages are reported.", "PMID": 92395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_181", "title": "Antiviral agents: action and clinical use.", "content": "The development of antiviral agents has been hindered by a variety of problems. There are fundamental biological differences between viruses and other infectious agents. Viruses are strictly dependent on cellular metabolic processes and possess very limited intrinsic enzyme systems and building blocks which may serve as targets for drugs. Antiviral drugs must also possess the ability to enter the host cell. Viral replication consists of a series of events, each of which can be interfered with, leading to interruption of the viral replication cycle. Currently, the major antiviral agents in therapeutic use are amantadine, idoxuridine and vidarabine. Methisazone and isoprinosine are also used in some areas. Immunoglobulins have some antiviral activity. Immune serum globulin and high titred hepatitis B immune globulin have both been used in prophylaxis of viral hepatitis. However, studies in this area have not been well controlled and results in some areas are conflicting. Interferon appears to be the most exciting antiviral agent yet discovered. However, its potential is limited by its availability, which remains dependent on biological method. Significant progress has been made recently, though, which may lead to the chemical synthesis of interferon and thus to an antiviral agent active against many viruses.", "contents": "Antiviral agents: action and clinical use. The development of antiviral agents has been hindered by a variety of problems. There are fundamental biological differences between viruses and other infectious agents. Viruses are strictly dependent on cellular metabolic processes and possess very limited intrinsic enzyme systems and building blocks which may serve as targets for drugs. Antiviral drugs must also possess the ability to enter the host cell. Viral replication consists of a series of events, each of which can be interfered with, leading to interruption of the viral replication cycle. Currently, the major antiviral agents in therapeutic use are amantadine, idoxuridine and vidarabine. Methisazone and isoprinosine are also used in some areas. Immunoglobulins have some antiviral activity. Immune serum globulin and high titred hepatitis B immune globulin have both been used in prophylaxis of viral hepatitis. However, studies in this area have not been well controlled and results in some areas are conflicting. Interferon appears to be the most exciting antiviral agent yet discovered. However, its potential is limited by its availability, which remains dependent on biological method. Significant progress has been made recently, though, which may lead to the chemical synthesis of interferon and thus to an antiviral agent active against many viruses.", "PMID": 92398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_182", "title": "The value of plasma TSH estimation and TRH stimulation test in the course of treatment of differentiated thyroid cancers.", "content": "Plasma TSH levels were measured on 114 occasions in 96 patients treated for differentiated thyroid cancer. Prior to thyroid surgery, plasma TSH levels were within the range of normal. Plasma TSH levels increased slightly following partial thyroid resection and definitely after total thyroid ablation. In patients where the removal of normal thyroid induced hormonogenesis in thyroid tumours, plasma TSH levels were dependent on the hormonal secretion of the tumour as shown by inverse relationship between TSH and both PBI and 131I uptake. The increase of radioiodide uptake following stimulation by exogenous bovine TSH was inversely related to the plasma thyrotropin levels. The suppressibility of enhanced thyrotropin levels was complete with individually adjusted doses of synthetic thyroid hormones. With the exception of patients on suppressive treatment, TRH administration induced increase in plasma TSH levels. The findings are discussed with regard to the role played by TSH in the induction of hormonogenesis in thyroid tumours. The practical values of TSH estimation and TRH stimulation seem to be low; the measurements of thyrotropin levels may be important for the estimation of the suppressive effect in the course of and following withdrawal of treatment with thyroid hormones.", "contents": "The value of plasma TSH estimation and TRH stimulation test in the course of treatment of differentiated thyroid cancers. Plasma TSH levels were measured on 114 occasions in 96 patients treated for differentiated thyroid cancer. Prior to thyroid surgery, plasma TSH levels were within the range of normal. Plasma TSH levels increased slightly following partial thyroid resection and definitely after total thyroid ablation. In patients where the removal of normal thyroid induced hormonogenesis in thyroid tumours, plasma TSH levels were dependent on the hormonal secretion of the tumour as shown by inverse relationship between TSH and both PBI and 131I uptake. The increase of radioiodide uptake following stimulation by exogenous bovine TSH was inversely related to the plasma thyrotropin levels. The suppressibility of enhanced thyrotropin levels was complete with individually adjusted doses of synthetic thyroid hormones. With the exception of patients on suppressive treatment, TRH administration induced increase in plasma TSH levels. The findings are discussed with regard to the role played by TSH in the induction of hormonogenesis in thyroid tumours. The practical values of TSH estimation and TRH stimulation seem to be low; the measurements of thyrotropin levels may be important for the estimation of the suppressive effect in the course of and following withdrawal of treatment with thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 92401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_183", "title": "Effect of the pesticides phosalone and lindane on the activity of some dipeptidases and disaccharidases in rat intestinal mucosa.", "content": "The intestinal dipeptidase and disaccharidase activities were investigated in 120 male albino rats of the Wistar strain after administration of 21 mumol.kg-1 body weight phosalone, 14.8 mumol.kg-1 body weight lindane and 10.5 mumol.kg-1 body weight phosalone combined with 7.4 mumol.kg-1 body weight lindane. The dipeptidase activity under the effect of these comparatively low doses of pesticides reveals slightly to moderate changes. The activity of intestinal disaccharidases after a 90-day phosalone and lindane treatment is markedly decreased, particularly that of sucrase. The mechanism of these changes remains unknown.", "contents": "Effect of the pesticides phosalone and lindane on the activity of some dipeptidases and disaccharidases in rat intestinal mucosa. The intestinal dipeptidase and disaccharidase activities were investigated in 120 male albino rats of the Wistar strain after administration of 21 mumol.kg-1 body weight phosalone, 14.8 mumol.kg-1 body weight lindane and 10.5 mumol.kg-1 body weight phosalone combined with 7.4 mumol.kg-1 body weight lindane. The dipeptidase activity under the effect of these comparatively low doses of pesticides reveals slightly to moderate changes. The activity of intestinal disaccharidases after a 90-day phosalone and lindane treatment is markedly decreased, particularly that of sucrase. The mechanism of these changes remains unknown.", "PMID": 92405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_184", "title": "A reappraisal of palliative surgery for total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: description of a new operative technique.", "content": "The need for effective palliation of critically ill infants born with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection is reappraised. Careful study of autopsy specimens in patients with this cardiac malformation (patient ages ranging from newborn to 5 1/2 mth) revealed 4 favorable anatomic dispositions in 16 selected hearts: (1) a horizontal vein or a lobar vein larger than 3-mm size was present in every case; (2) these veins were of adequate length for a shunt anastomosis; (3) the heart could be rotated for easy access to the left atrium; and (4) one of the two separate connecting veins in the mixed type could be utilized. Based on morphologic observations and trial procedures on the autopsy specimens, a new palliative operation is proposed which can be performed under normothermia and without cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "A reappraisal of palliative surgery for total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: description of a new operative technique. The need for effective palliation of critically ill infants born with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection is reappraised. Careful study of autopsy specimens in patients with this cardiac malformation (patient ages ranging from newborn to 5 1/2 mth) revealed 4 favorable anatomic dispositions in 16 selected hearts: (1) a horizontal vein or a lobar vein larger than 3-mm size was present in every case; (2) these veins were of adequate length for a shunt anastomosis; (3) the heart could be rotated for easy access to the left atrium; and (4) one of the two separate connecting veins in the mixed type could be utilized. Based on morphologic observations and trial procedures on the autopsy specimens, a new palliative operation is proposed which can be performed under normothermia and without cardiopulmonary bypass.", "PMID": 92409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_185", "title": "Helper activity of T cells stimulated in long-term culture.", "content": "Thymus-derived (T) cells obtained from three categories of in vitro antigen-induced proliferative responses were assayed as sources of helper T cells. These categories are exemplified by (a) direct stimulation of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed cell with KLH, which results in high indexes of proliferation; (b) direct stimulation of apoferritin-primed cells with apoferritin, which does not result in indexes of proliferation above background levels; (c) trans-stimulation of unprimed cells with X-irradiated KLH-primed cells which results in indexes of proliferation comparable to category (a). Our results indicate that levels of [3H]thymidine incorporation by proliferating populations are not an accurate reflection of helper T cell generation. Directly stimulated KLH and apoferritin-primed cells give rise to highly enriched populations of antigen-specific helper T cells which support both IgM and IgG antibody responses in vitro. Moreover, these specific helper T cells are functionally restricted by products encoded by the I region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Helper T cells generated in KLH-trans-stimulated cultures are not KLH-specific in that comparable levels of helper activity are expressed using either KLH or apoferritin as carriers. These non-KLH-specific helper T cells only support the production of IgM antibody in vitro and they are not functionally restricted by MHC products.", "contents": "Helper activity of T cells stimulated in long-term culture. Thymus-derived (T) cells obtained from three categories of in vitro antigen-induced proliferative responses were assayed as sources of helper T cells. These categories are exemplified by (a) direct stimulation of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed cell with KLH, which results in high indexes of proliferation; (b) direct stimulation of apoferritin-primed cells with apoferritin, which does not result in indexes of proliferation above background levels; (c) trans-stimulation of unprimed cells with X-irradiated KLH-primed cells which results in indexes of proliferation comparable to category (a). Our results indicate that levels of [3H]thymidine incorporation by proliferating populations are not an accurate reflection of helper T cell generation. Directly stimulated KLH and apoferritin-primed cells give rise to highly enriched populations of antigen-specific helper T cells which support both IgM and IgG antibody responses in vitro. Moreover, these specific helper T cells are functionally restricted by products encoded by the I region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Helper T cells generated in KLH-trans-stimulated cultures are not KLH-specific in that comparable levels of helper activity are expressed using either KLH or apoferritin as carriers. These non-KLH-specific helper T cells only support the production of IgM antibody in vitro and they are not functionally restricted by MHC products.", "PMID": 92411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_186", "title": "Amino acid sequence analysis of group e allotype-related peptides derived from lagomorph IgG.", "content": "A tryptic peptide (T 19) was isolated from a CNBr fragment of IgG from several representatives of present-day lagomorphs including domestic rabbit, hare, cottontail rabbit and pika. The amino acid sequence of this peptide revealed differences which can be correlated with serological polymorphism associated with group e IgG allotypes. The results confirm previous studies establishing the importance of Ala309 for the expression of e 15, particularly the i subspecificity. Arg315 correlates with the expression of the j subspecificity.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence analysis of group e allotype-related peptides derived from lagomorph IgG. A tryptic peptide (T 19) was isolated from a CNBr fragment of IgG from several representatives of present-day lagomorphs including domestic rabbit, hare, cottontail rabbit and pika. The amino acid sequence of this peptide revealed differences which can be correlated with serological polymorphism associated with group e IgG allotypes. The results confirm previous studies establishing the importance of Ala309 for the expression of e 15, particularly the i subspecificity. Arg315 correlates with the expression of the j subspecificity.", "PMID": 92412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_187", "title": "Generation of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells in vitro. I. Induction conditions of primary and secondary Sendai virus-specific cytotoxic T cells.", "content": "H-2-restricted cytotoxic T cells specific for Sendai virus were generated in vitro in a primary response from normal mouse lymphocytes cultured in the presence of infective as well as inactivated Sendai virus. Antigen-presenting cells of different origin, including T cells, were found to be effective stimulators. Antibodies to Sendai virus were shown to inhibit the activation of specific precursor killer cells when added to cultures before, but not after, the addition of viral antigen. Data obtained by Lyt phenotyping, revealed that precursor killer cells specific for Sendai virus reside in the Lyt-2,3+ T cell population and that Lyt-1,2,3+ T cells are not required for the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Different activation kinetics were demonstrated for primary and secondary antiviral cytotoxic responses, and the analysis of the proliferation and stimulation requirements suggests qualitative differences.", "contents": "Generation of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells in vitro. I. Induction conditions of primary and secondary Sendai virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. H-2-restricted cytotoxic T cells specific for Sendai virus were generated in vitro in a primary response from normal mouse lymphocytes cultured in the presence of infective as well as inactivated Sendai virus. Antigen-presenting cells of different origin, including T cells, were found to be effective stimulators. Antibodies to Sendai virus were shown to inhibit the activation of specific precursor killer cells when added to cultures before, but not after, the addition of viral antigen. Data obtained by Lyt phenotyping, revealed that precursor killer cells specific for Sendai virus reside in the Lyt-2,3+ T cell population and that Lyt-1,2,3+ T cells are not required for the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Different activation kinetics were demonstrated for primary and secondary antiviral cytotoxic responses, and the analysis of the proliferation and stimulation requirements suggests qualitative differences.", "PMID": 92413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_188", "title": "N-acetylprocainamide and ischemia-induced ventricular fibrillation in the dog.", "content": "Open-chest dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital were treated with saline or N-acetylprocainamide (20 mg/kg, i.v.) 10 min prior to simultaneous ligation of the left anterior descending and septal coronary arteries. Ventricular fibrillation occurred in 20 of 26 control dogs but in only 6 of 15 dogs treated with N-acetylprocainamide (P less than 0.05). Since N-acetylprocainamide significantly reduced spontaneous heart rate this may have contributed to its antifibrillatory effect.", "contents": "N-acetylprocainamide and ischemia-induced ventricular fibrillation in the dog. Open-chest dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital were treated with saline or N-acetylprocainamide (20 mg/kg, i.v.) 10 min prior to simultaneous ligation of the left anterior descending and septal coronary arteries. Ventricular fibrillation occurred in 20 of 26 control dogs but in only 6 of 15 dogs treated with N-acetylprocainamide (P less than 0.05). Since N-acetylprocainamide significantly reduced spontaneous heart rate this may have contributed to its antifibrillatory effect.", "PMID": 92414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_189", "title": "Comparative evaluation of 7 helminth antigens in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (E.L.I.S.A.).", "content": "112 sera from Europeans with parasitologically proven helminthiasis were tested in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (E.L.I.S.A.) against 6 crude extracts of various helminths (2 of adult worms: Dipetalonema viteae, Fasciola hepatica; 3 of eggs: Ascaris suum, Toxocara canis, Schistosoma mansoni; and of Echinococcus granulosus scolices) and against bovine hydatid fluid. Each serum was tested simultaneously at a fixed dilution of 1:160 against all antigens. Extensive cross-reactions were observed, leading to the conclusion that non-purified helminth antigens, even in combination, are of limited value for reliable serodiagnosis in E.L.I.S.A.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of 7 helminth antigens in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (E.L.I.S.A.). 112 sera from Europeans with parasitologically proven helminthiasis were tested in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (E.L.I.S.A.) against 6 crude extracts of various helminths (2 of adult worms: Dipetalonema viteae, Fasciola hepatica; 3 of eggs: Ascaris suum, Toxocara canis, Schistosoma mansoni; and of Echinococcus granulosus scolices) and against bovine hydatid fluid. Each serum was tested simultaneously at a fixed dilution of 1:160 against all antigens. Extensive cross-reactions were observed, leading to the conclusion that non-purified helminth antigens, even in combination, are of limited value for reliable serodiagnosis in E.L.I.S.A.", "PMID": 92420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_190", "title": "Pepstatin, an inhibitor of acid kininogenases and ascites retardant in neoplastic disease.", "content": "Evidence is reviewed that pepstatin, an inhibitor of acid kininogenases such as cathepsin D, may be an effective therapeutic agent in retarding ascites accumulation in certain cancers. The evidence for this conclusion is based on the actions of pepstatin in retarding ascites in six different tumor strains inoculated into various species of mice, as well as the demonstration that cathepsin D activity is reduced in vivo in several organs following pepstatin administration. The latter is significant since we have postulated that ascites formation, in good part, is due to leukokinin formation, which is catalyzed by cellular-released cathepsin D.", "contents": "Pepstatin, an inhibitor of acid kininogenases and ascites retardant in neoplastic disease. Evidence is reviewed that pepstatin, an inhibitor of acid kininogenases such as cathepsin D, may be an effective therapeutic agent in retarding ascites accumulation in certain cancers. The evidence for this conclusion is based on the actions of pepstatin in retarding ascites in six different tumor strains inoculated into various species of mice, as well as the demonstration that cathepsin D activity is reduced in vivo in several organs following pepstatin administration. The latter is significant since we have postulated that ascites formation, in good part, is due to leukokinin formation, which is catalyzed by cellular-released cathepsin D.", "PMID": 92421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_191", "title": "Neurobehavioral performance of low-birthweight infants at 40 weeks conceptional age: comparison with normal fullterm infants.", "content": "This study compares the neurobehavioral status of 118 low-birthweight infants tested at 40 weeks conceptional age with that of 76 normal fullterm infants. A neonatal neurobehavioral examination comprising 21 test and four summary items was used. The most striking differences between the groups were found in visual and auditory orienting, with approximately two-thirds of the low-birthweight infants falling below the range of performance of the fullterm group. Items testing motor performance showed a lower incidence of deviant performance among the low-birthweight infants. Of the 21 test items, 19 could be assigned cut-off scores, below which infants can be considered deviant on the specific items.", "contents": "Neurobehavioral performance of low-birthweight infants at 40 weeks conceptional age: comparison with normal fullterm infants. This study compares the neurobehavioral status of 118 low-birthweight infants tested at 40 weeks conceptional age with that of 76 normal fullterm infants. A neonatal neurobehavioral examination comprising 21 test and four summary items was used. The most striking differences between the groups were found in visual and auditory orienting, with approximately two-thirds of the low-birthweight infants falling below the range of performance of the fullterm group. Items testing motor performance showed a lower incidence of deviant performance among the low-birthweight infants. Of the 21 test items, 19 could be assigned cut-off scores, below which infants can be considered deviant on the specific items.", "PMID": 92430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_192", "title": "Progressive rubella panencephalitis: clinical course and response to 'isoprinosine'.", "content": "This report describes the clinical course of a 16-year-old Canadian-born Chinese boy who has progressive rubella panencephalitis. The progression, the lack of response to 'Isoprenosine', and the additional finding of myopathy are discussed. The clinical and pathological features of this rare, progressive neurological disorder are also summarized. In view of the last major rubella pandemic occuring in the mid-60s, it is likely that during the next few years physicians will diagnose an increased number of patients with this distinct neurological entity.", "contents": "Progressive rubella panencephalitis: clinical course and response to 'isoprinosine'. This report describes the clinical course of a 16-year-old Canadian-born Chinese boy who has progressive rubella panencephalitis. The progression, the lack of response to 'Isoprenosine', and the additional finding of myopathy are discussed. The clinical and pathological features of this rare, progressive neurological disorder are also summarized. In view of the last major rubella pandemic occuring in the mid-60s, it is likely that during the next few years physicians will diagnose an increased number of patients with this distinct neurological entity.", "PMID": 92431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_193", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with a new anthracycline glycoside, aclacinomycin-A, and active drugs for malignant lymphomas in P388 mouse leukemia system.", "content": "Aclacinomycin-A is a new anthracycline glycoside and has less cardiotoxicity than adriamycin. In an attempt to provide an experimental model of a phase III study of aclacinomycin-A, particularly for the treatment of malignant lymphomas, various therapeutic designs of combinations of this drug with other conventional agents were investigated using a P388 mouse leukemia system. Aclacinomycin-A showed no treatment schedule dependency in this tumor system and the optimal dosage of this drug was twice higher than that of adriamycin on each treatment schedule; i.e., single treatment on day 1, three treatments on days 1, 5, and 9, or 10 treatments on every other day from days 1 to 19 after an inoculation of 10(6) leukemic cells on day 0. This antibiotic was ineffective against an adriamycin-resistant subline of P388 leukemia. Among combinations of aclacinomycin-A with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, or bleomycin, the combinations of aclacinomycin-A with cyclophosphamide or vincristine showed a therapeutic synergism in P388 leukemia system.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with a new anthracycline glycoside, aclacinomycin-A, and active drugs for malignant lymphomas in P388 mouse leukemia system. Aclacinomycin-A is a new anthracycline glycoside and has less cardiotoxicity than adriamycin. In an attempt to provide an experimental model of a phase III study of aclacinomycin-A, particularly for the treatment of malignant lymphomas, various therapeutic designs of combinations of this drug with other conventional agents were investigated using a P388 mouse leukemia system. Aclacinomycin-A showed no treatment schedule dependency in this tumor system and the optimal dosage of this drug was twice higher than that of adriamycin on each treatment schedule; i.e., single treatment on day 1, three treatments on days 1, 5, and 9, or 10 treatments on every other day from days 1 to 19 after an inoculation of 10(6) leukemic cells on day 0. This antibiotic was ineffective against an adriamycin-resistant subline of P388 leukemia. Among combinations of aclacinomycin-A with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, or bleomycin, the combinations of aclacinomycin-A with cyclophosphamide or vincristine showed a therapeutic synergism in P388 leukemia system.", "PMID": 92432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_194", "title": "Specificity of micro-leucocyte adherence inhibition test in patients with gastric cancer.", "content": "Specificity of micro-leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test was studied in patients with gastric cancer. Because of the presence of nonspecific reactions, specificity appeared obscure unless interaction analysis was applied to the results of LAI tests. Application of interaction analysis revealed that only leucocytes from patients with gastric cancer showed specificity to gastric cancer antigen. Further technical improvement is required to eliminate nonspecific reactions which seem to be due to either leucocytes or tumor antigens.", "contents": "Specificity of micro-leucocyte adherence inhibition test in patients with gastric cancer. Specificity of micro-leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test was studied in patients with gastric cancer. Because of the presence of nonspecific reactions, specificity appeared obscure unless interaction analysis was applied to the results of LAI tests. Application of interaction analysis revealed that only leucocytes from patients with gastric cancer showed specificity to gastric cancer antigen. Further technical improvement is required to eliminate nonspecific reactions which seem to be due to either leucocytes or tumor antigens.", "PMID": 92433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_195", "title": "[Simplification of the Papanicolaou stain which is easily reproducable (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple and well reproducable modification of the Papanicolaou stain is reported. The most important modification is the replacement of the natural stain hematoxyline by the qualitively excellent synthetic stain thionin which is immediately added to the alcoholic fixation solution for a fixation stain. The high labor intense alternation between alcohol water and alcohol is thus eliminated. The quality of the nuclear staining is very good. The fixation staining with thionin without counter-staining of the cytoplasma may be used for a rapid thionin stain which gives sufficient cytoplasmatic staining by the thionin for a rapid cytological smear for cancer. The counter-stain of the cytoplasma was also simplified. The over-all staining of this simplification of the pap smear is comparable to that of the original papanicolaou stain. This modification of the papanicolaou stain fulfills requirements which a stain in competition with the original papanicolaou stain should have. 1. The modification is qualitively equal to the original method, 2. the staining method is simpler, 3. the staining method is well reproducable, 4. the staining method is more economical.", "contents": "[Simplification of the Papanicolaou stain which is easily reproducable (author's transl)]. A simple and well reproducable modification of the Papanicolaou stain is reported. The most important modification is the replacement of the natural stain hematoxyline by the qualitively excellent synthetic stain thionin which is immediately added to the alcoholic fixation solution for a fixation stain. The high labor intense alternation between alcohol water and alcohol is thus eliminated. The quality of the nuclear staining is very good. The fixation staining with thionin without counter-staining of the cytoplasma may be used for a rapid thionin stain which gives sufficient cytoplasmatic staining by the thionin for a rapid cytological smear for cancer. The counter-stain of the cytoplasma was also simplified. The over-all staining of this simplification of the pap smear is comparable to that of the original papanicolaou stain. This modification of the papanicolaou stain fulfills requirements which a stain in competition with the original papanicolaou stain should have. 1. The modification is qualitively equal to the original method, 2. the staining method is simpler, 3. the staining method is well reproducable, 4. the staining method is more economical.", "PMID": 92434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_196", "title": "[The early diagnosis of teratogenic malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of anencephaly is reported which was diagnosed at 32 weeks gestation by ultra-sound despite a family history: AFP, HPL and estriol were normal and the case was referred late. It is suggested that all pregnancies require an ultra-sound scan between 16 and 20 weeks to rule out major fetal anomalies.", "contents": "[The early diagnosis of teratogenic malformations (author's transl)]. A case of anencephaly is reported which was diagnosed at 32 weeks gestation by ultra-sound despite a family history: AFP, HPL and estriol were normal and the case was referred late. It is suggested that all pregnancies require an ultra-sound scan between 16 and 20 weeks to rule out major fetal anomalies.", "PMID": 92435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_197", "title": "[Genetic conditions for the induction and realization of the action of specific T-suppressors immune to H-2 antigens].", "content": "Spleen T-cells of mice immunized intravenously with gamma-irradiated allogenic lymphoid cells at a high dose are shown to inhibit the activation of DNA synthesis in MLC. The difference in the whole H-2 complex or in either of its K, I, D regions or I-subregions is required and sufficient for induction of specific T-suppressors. The magnitude of the suppression is a sum of suppressive reactions induced separately by each of the immunizing complex components, the products of one of the H-2 regions (subregions) as shown by changing the source of stimulator cells in MLC. These components have a similar impact in the suppressor activity. Unlike the other T-cell subclasses, T-suppressors react only to serologically defined mutant antigens of the Dd allele, but do not react to the mutants of the Kb allele and do not discriminate Kb and Kba antigens. Specific suppressor T-cells recognize the I-subregion products without their linkage to the K/D region products. For elicitation of the suppression two conditions are required and sufficient: a) direct contact of immune suppressors with the corresponding antigenic determinant; b) the subregion IC identity between the suppressors and the responder cells. Intensity of suppression is reduced if F1 hybrid responder cells interact with parent suppressor cells, but is not reduced in the inverse arrangement of the experiment. Specific suppressor T-cells are presumed to differ from other subclasses of T-cells and to be similar to B-cells relatively to the nature and multiplicity of recognizable individual products of the H-complex and to narrow specialization of reactive clones.", "contents": "[Genetic conditions for the induction and realization of the action of specific T-suppressors immune to H-2 antigens]. Spleen T-cells of mice immunized intravenously with gamma-irradiated allogenic lymphoid cells at a high dose are shown to inhibit the activation of DNA synthesis in MLC. The difference in the whole H-2 complex or in either of its K, I, D regions or I-subregions is required and sufficient for induction of specific T-suppressors. The magnitude of the suppression is a sum of suppressive reactions induced separately by each of the immunizing complex components, the products of one of the H-2 regions (subregions) as shown by changing the source of stimulator cells in MLC. These components have a similar impact in the suppressor activity. Unlike the other T-cell subclasses, T-suppressors react only to serologically defined mutant antigens of the Dd allele, but do not react to the mutants of the Kb allele and do not discriminate Kb and Kba antigens. Specific suppressor T-cells recognize the I-subregion products without their linkage to the K/D region products. For elicitation of the suppression two conditions are required and sufficient: a) direct contact of immune suppressors with the corresponding antigenic determinant; b) the subregion IC identity between the suppressors and the responder cells. Intensity of suppression is reduced if F1 hybrid responder cells interact with parent suppressor cells, but is not reduced in the inverse arrangement of the experiment. Specific suppressor T-cells are presumed to differ from other subclasses of T-cells and to be similar to B-cells relatively to the nature and multiplicity of recognizable individual products of the H-complex and to narrow specialization of reactive clones.", "PMID": 92436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_198", "title": "Community residential treatment for skid row alcoholics.", "content": "A significant factor affecting the chance for recovery is the ability of the skid row alcoholic to form and sustain a relationship with someone or something. The author describes an open-ended, community residential program that encourages such relationships and which is proving to be an effective treatment model.", "contents": "Community residential treatment for skid row alcoholics. A significant factor affecting the chance for recovery is the ability of the skid row alcoholic to form and sustain a relationship with someone or something. The author describes an open-ended, community residential program that encourages such relationships and which is proving to be an effective treatment model.", "PMID": 92441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_199", "title": "[The coagulation and fibrinolysis activities of the blood during various phases of labor].", "content": "In a group of 20 women 22 parameters of the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis systems were separately determined during spontaneous delivery. An increased activity of the coagulation factors was observed except of the factors V, IX and XIII. Factor VIII activity in plasma increased slightly during stage II of labour, probably related to stress. Fibrinogen as well as the factors II, VII and X exhibited congruently slight post partum decrease, which can be interpreted as the result of an increased turnover of these factors. Plasminogen levels as well as antiplasmin activity increased; the total fibrinolysis activity was not significantly changed. The increase of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products, however, indicated the occurrence of discrete fibrinolytic or fibrinogenolytic reactions. The thrombelastograms demonstrated a shift of the balance of pro- and anticoagulatory factors in favour of an increased blood coagulation activity during labour.", "contents": "[The coagulation and fibrinolysis activities of the blood during various phases of labor]. In a group of 20 women 22 parameters of the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis systems were separately determined during spontaneous delivery. An increased activity of the coagulation factors was observed except of the factors V, IX and XIII. Factor VIII activity in plasma increased slightly during stage II of labour, probably related to stress. Fibrinogen as well as the factors II, VII and X exhibited congruently slight post partum decrease, which can be interpreted as the result of an increased turnover of these factors. Plasminogen levels as well as antiplasmin activity increased; the total fibrinolysis activity was not significantly changed. The increase of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products, however, indicated the occurrence of discrete fibrinolytic or fibrinogenolytic reactions. The thrombelastograms demonstrated a shift of the balance of pro- and anticoagulatory factors in favour of an increased blood coagulation activity during labour.", "PMID": 92443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_200", "title": "[Gamma globulin in secondary antibody deficiency syndrome].", "content": "12 patients with secondary antibody deficiency syndrome received a new gammaglobulin compound intravenously (lyoph. SRK Sandoz). The drug was given in a 3% NaCl-solution once to four times. At the end of the infusion of 6 g gammaglobulin and after one week, serum levels were significantly higher. Gammaglobulin intravenously was well tolerated in all cases. Severe infections during the period of treatment were not observed.", "contents": "[Gamma globulin in secondary antibody deficiency syndrome]. 12 patients with secondary antibody deficiency syndrome received a new gammaglobulin compound intravenously (lyoph. SRK Sandoz). The drug was given in a 3% NaCl-solution once to four times. At the end of the infusion of 6 g gammaglobulin and after one week, serum levels were significantly higher. Gammaglobulin intravenously was well tolerated in all cases. Severe infections during the period of treatment were not observed.", "PMID": 92444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_201", "title": "A simple, versatile, sensitive and volume-independent method for quantitative protein determination which is independent of other external influences.", "content": "A method is described which in principle is a quantitative \"spot analysis\". 0.5-5 microliter of a protein solution in the concentration range between 0.01-10 mg/ml is used for one determination. The sample is taken up by capillary attraction in a 0.5-, 1-, 2- or 5-microliters capillary and transferred to a cellulose acetate strip. The protein is fixed and stained simultaneously by dipping the cellulose acetate strip into a solution of Amido Black or a benzoxanthene derivative (Hoechst 2495) dissolved in in methanol/acetic acid. After elution of the excess of dye (3 x 5 min) the quantitative evaluation can be performed in different ways: 1) The sample is fixed and made transpartent by incubation in dioxane/1-butanol and evaluated densitometrically (Amido Black 10B) or 2) the evaluation is performed in situ by spot fluorometry (Hoechst 2495). 3 The sample can be dissolved together with the acetate layer completely in dioxane, dimethylsulfoxide or N,N-dimethylformamide and evaluated photometrically or 4) fluorometrically. 5) Highest sensitivity is reached if the fluorochrome (Hoechst 2495) bound to the protein is eluted with 15% NH4OH and measured fluorometrically. There is a linear correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 between the fluorescence and a protein amount of 10 ng-20 micrograms. In addition to its simplicity, the method has the advantage of being independent of or well-defined against other external influences, e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate, mercaptoethanol, Triton X-100, etc. The stainability of a protein with Amido Black is influenced stoichiometrically by sodium dodecyl sulfate (not by mercaptoethanol) whilst the staining with Hoechst 2495 is not at all affected. As there is linear correlation between the area of a spot on an acetate layer and the volume applied in the range between 0.5 and 5 microliters, (only influenced stoichiometrically by the protein concentration in that volume, which in turn is measured by staining with Amido Black), then with a simple iterative calculation on the basis of suitable calibration curves, it is easily possible to determine a protein concentration in mg/ml even in an unknown volume between 0.5 and 5 microliters.", "contents": "A simple, versatile, sensitive and volume-independent method for quantitative protein determination which is independent of other external influences. A method is described which in principle is a quantitative \"spot analysis\". 0.5-5 microliter of a protein solution in the concentration range between 0.01-10 mg/ml is used for one determination. The sample is taken up by capillary attraction in a 0.5-, 1-, 2- or 5-microliters capillary and transferred to a cellulose acetate strip. The protein is fixed and stained simultaneously by dipping the cellulose acetate strip into a solution of Amido Black or a benzoxanthene derivative (Hoechst 2495) dissolved in in methanol/acetic acid. After elution of the excess of dye (3 x 5 min) the quantitative evaluation can be performed in different ways: 1) The sample is fixed and made transpartent by incubation in dioxane/1-butanol and evaluated densitometrically (Amido Black 10B) or 2) the evaluation is performed in situ by spot fluorometry (Hoechst 2495). 3 The sample can be dissolved together with the acetate layer completely in dioxane, dimethylsulfoxide or N,N-dimethylformamide and evaluated photometrically or 4) fluorometrically. 5) Highest sensitivity is reached if the fluorochrome (Hoechst 2495) bound to the protein is eluted with 15% NH4OH and measured fluorometrically. There is a linear correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 between the fluorescence and a protein amount of 10 ng-20 micrograms. In addition to its simplicity, the method has the advantage of being independent of or well-defined against other external influences, e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate, mercaptoethanol, Triton X-100, etc. The stainability of a protein with Amido Black is influenced stoichiometrically by sodium dodecyl sulfate (not by mercaptoethanol) whilst the staining with Hoechst 2495 is not at all affected. As there is linear correlation between the area of a spot on an acetate layer and the volume applied in the range between 0.5 and 5 microliters, (only influenced stoichiometrically by the protein concentration in that volume, which in turn is measured by staining with Amido Black), then with a simple iterative calculation on the basis of suitable calibration curves, it is easily possible to determine a protein concentration in mg/ml even in an unknown volume between 0.5 and 5 microliters.", "PMID": 92445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_202", "title": "Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors derived by limited proteolysis of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, I. Determination of the amino acid sequence of the antitryptic domain by solid-phase Edman degradation.", "content": "The acid-stable trypsin inhibitor of human serum and urine is released in vivo by limited proteolysis from the high molecular weight, acid-labile inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. When complexed with trypsin, both this acid-stable, active derivative and the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor can be degraded in vitro by prolonged digestion with trypsin to a low molecular weight \"minimal\" inhibitor. This minimal trypsin inhibitor was sequenced and found to be homologous to the known Kunitz-type inhibitors (e.g. the basic trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor from bovine organs). This indicates that the antitryptic activity of the big inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor is due to a Kunitz-type domain.", "contents": "Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors derived by limited proteolysis of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, I. Determination of the amino acid sequence of the antitryptic domain by solid-phase Edman degradation. The acid-stable trypsin inhibitor of human serum and urine is released in vivo by limited proteolysis from the high molecular weight, acid-labile inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. When complexed with trypsin, both this acid-stable, active derivative and the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor can be degraded in vitro by prolonged digestion with trypsin to a low molecular weight \"minimal\" inhibitor. This minimal trypsin inhibitor was sequenced and found to be homologous to the known Kunitz-type inhibitors (e.g. the basic trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor from bovine organs). This indicates that the antitryptic activity of the big inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor is due to a Kunitz-type domain.", "PMID": 92447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_203", "title": "Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors derived by limited proteolysis of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, II. Characterization of a second inhibitory inactive domain by amino acid sequence determination.", "content": "A short digestion with excess of trypsin releases an inhibitor with an apparent molecular weight of 14,000 from both the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and the ITI-related acid-stable inhibitor. The amino acid sequence of this inhibitor was determined. The inhibitor is composed of two covalently linked homologous Kunitz-type domains. One domain has antitryptic activity, as reported. This paper characterizes the second, inactive domain as also of the Kunitz type.", "contents": "Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors derived by limited proteolysis of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, II. Characterization of a second inhibitory inactive domain by amino acid sequence determination. A short digestion with excess of trypsin releases an inhibitor with an apparent molecular weight of 14,000 from both the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and the ITI-related acid-stable inhibitor. The amino acid sequence of this inhibitor was determined. The inhibitor is composed of two covalently linked homologous Kunitz-type domains. One domain has antitryptic activity, as reported. This paper characterizes the second, inactive domain as also of the Kunitz type.", "PMID": 92448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_204", "title": "Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors derived by limited proteolysis of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, III. Sequence of the two Kunitz-type domains inside the native inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, its biological aspects and also of its cleavage products.", "content": "The human inhibitor HI-14 consists of two Kunitz-type domains covalently connected. They are liberated from the human ITI by limited tryptic proteolysis. The inhibitor HI-14 is formed via a trypsin inhibitor complex. We have reported the amino acid sequences of the domain with antitryptic activity and the homologous domain without activity. Here we present the sequence of the domains as present in ITI. The domain lacking antitryptic activity is the N-terminal part of the inhibitor HI-14, whereas the domain with antitryptic activity represents the C-terminal part of HI-14 and probably the C-terminus of the ITI-molecule, too.", "contents": "Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors derived by limited proteolysis of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, III. Sequence of the two Kunitz-type domains inside the native inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, its biological aspects and also of its cleavage products. The human inhibitor HI-14 consists of two Kunitz-type domains covalently connected. They are liberated from the human ITI by limited tryptic proteolysis. The inhibitor HI-14 is formed via a trypsin inhibitor complex. We have reported the amino acid sequences of the domain with antitryptic activity and the homologous domain without activity. Here we present the sequence of the domains as present in ITI. The domain lacking antitryptic activity is the N-terminal part of the inhibitor HI-14, whereas the domain with antitryptic activity represents the C-terminal part of HI-14 and probably the C-terminus of the ITI-molecule, too.", "PMID": 92449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_205", "title": "Human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. Limited proteolysis by trypsin, plasmin, kallikrein and granulocytic elastase and inhibitory properties of the cleavage products.", "content": "The acid-labile inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor is cleaved enzymatically in vivo, liberating a smaller acid-stable inhibitor. The molar ratio of native inhibitor to this smaller inhibitor in plasma is significantly changed in some severe cases of inflammation and kidney injury. To clarify this observation on a molecular basis, the action of four different types of proteinases (trypsin, plasmin, kallikrein and granulocyte elastase) on the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor was studied. The initial rate of cleavage of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor by a 1.3-fold molar excess of proteinase over inhibitor was found to be 4375 nM x min-1 with granulocyte elastase, 860 nM x min-1 with trypsin, 67 nM x min-1 with plasmin, and 0.3 nM X min-1 with kallikrein. Obviously, of the enzymes studied so far, the granulocyte elastase known to be released during severe inflammatory processes is by far the most potent proteinase in the transformation of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. The inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and its cleavage products inhibit bovine trypsin very strongly (Ki = 10(-9)--10(-11) M), porcine plasmin much less strongly, human plasmin very weakly and pancreatic kallikrein practically not at all.", "contents": "Human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. Limited proteolysis by trypsin, plasmin, kallikrein and granulocytic elastase and inhibitory properties of the cleavage products. The acid-labile inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor is cleaved enzymatically in vivo, liberating a smaller acid-stable inhibitor. The molar ratio of native inhibitor to this smaller inhibitor in plasma is significantly changed in some severe cases of inflammation and kidney injury. To clarify this observation on a molecular basis, the action of four different types of proteinases (trypsin, plasmin, kallikrein and granulocyte elastase) on the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor was studied. The initial rate of cleavage of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor by a 1.3-fold molar excess of proteinase over inhibitor was found to be 4375 nM x min-1 with granulocyte elastase, 860 nM x min-1 with trypsin, 67 nM x min-1 with plasmin, and 0.3 nM X min-1 with kallikrein. Obviously, of the enzymes studied so far, the granulocyte elastase known to be released during severe inflammatory processes is by far the most potent proteinase in the transformation of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. The inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and its cleavage products inhibit bovine trypsin very strongly (Ki = 10(-9)--10(-11) M), porcine plasmin much less strongly, human plasmin very weakly and pancreatic kallikrein practically not at all.", "PMID": 92450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_206", "title": "Demonstration of two different regions of lateral asymmetry in human Y chromosomes.", "content": "Two differently stained regions of lateral asymmetry were observed in the long arm of the human Y chromosome, following FPG staining. The first asymmetry was confined to band q12 of the long arm. The second asymmetrically stained region was located at the junction between bands q11 and q12. In the non-fluorescent Y chromosomes only one region of lateral asymmetry was found at the end of the long arm and its staining properties were similar to the region situated at the junction between q11 and q12 bands in the fluorescent Ys. The two morphologically distinguishable regions of lateral asymmetry are presumed to indicate sites containing different satellite DNAs in the human Y chromosome.", "contents": "Demonstration of two different regions of lateral asymmetry in human Y chromosomes. Two differently stained regions of lateral asymmetry were observed in the long arm of the human Y chromosome, following FPG staining. The first asymmetry was confined to band q12 of the long arm. The second asymmetrically stained region was located at the junction between bands q11 and q12. In the non-fluorescent Y chromosomes only one region of lateral asymmetry was found at the end of the long arm and its staining properties were similar to the region situated at the junction between q11 and q12 bands in the fluorescent Ys. The two morphologically distinguishable regions of lateral asymmetry are presumed to indicate sites containing different satellite DNAs in the human Y chromosome.", "PMID": 92451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_207", "title": "Populational polymorphisms in silver staining of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in human acrocentric chromosomes.", "content": "The Ag stainability of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) was studied in the acrocentric chromosomes identified by Q banding of cultured lymphocytes in 41 karyotypically normal persons (33 males and 8 females) originating from southeast Estonia. The data obtained are compared with those established earlier for a combined Vienna-Ulm population of 51 karyotypically normal persons (see Mikelsaar et al., 1977a). Significant differences between the two populations in the frequency and patterns of Ag-positive NORs were found. The following findings were most striking: the frequency of Ag-positive NORs in chromosome 14 and in the totals was significantly lower in the Estonian population than in the Vienna-Ulm population (P less than 0.01). The average modal number of Ag-positive NORs per individual was 7.8 in the Estonian population and 8.7 in the Vienna-Ulm sample (P less than 0.01). If the data of the two populations were combined the frequency of positive NORs was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in chromosome 22 than in 13, 15, and 21, but not 14.", "contents": "Populational polymorphisms in silver staining of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in human acrocentric chromosomes. The Ag stainability of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) was studied in the acrocentric chromosomes identified by Q banding of cultured lymphocytes in 41 karyotypically normal persons (33 males and 8 females) originating from southeast Estonia. The data obtained are compared with those established earlier for a combined Vienna-Ulm population of 51 karyotypically normal persons (see Mikelsaar et al., 1977a). Significant differences between the two populations in the frequency and patterns of Ag-positive NORs were found. The following findings were most striking: the frequency of Ag-positive NORs in chromosome 14 and in the totals was significantly lower in the Estonian population than in the Vienna-Ulm population (P less than 0.01). The average modal number of Ag-positive NORs per individual was 7.8 in the Estonian population and 8.7 in the Vienna-Ulm sample (P less than 0.01). If the data of the two populations were combined the frequency of positive NORs was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in chromosome 22 than in 13, 15, and 21, but not 14.", "PMID": 92452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_208", "title": "Immunochemical study on basement membrane (type IV) collagens.", "content": "Basement membrane (type IV) collagens were extracted from a mouse tumour with acetic acid and from human placenta after limited enzymatic digestion. Antisera were produced against both collagens in rabbits and guinea-pigs and examined by various assays. These antisera were found to be specific for basement membrane collagen and showed little or no cross-reactions with the interstitial collagens, types I, II and III or with human placenta collagen consisting of alpha A and alpha B chains. Varying degrees of cross-reaction were observed between antisera to human and mouse type IV collagen. Immunochemical analyses demonstrated the presence of three distinct determinants in the tumour type IV collagen. Rabbit antisera against this antigen reacted with either collagenase-resistant segments or with a collagenous, disulphide-bonded segment (P3). Guinea-pig antisera recognized primarily antigenic determinants in the P3 segment. Antisera to placenta type IV collagen reacted with another collagenous, pepsin fragment (P1) which lacks disulphide bonds. These antisera showed complete cross-reaction with collagenous alpha 1 (IV) chains prepared from pepsin-digests of human placenta and bovine lens capsule.", "contents": "Immunochemical study on basement membrane (type IV) collagens. Basement membrane (type IV) collagens were extracted from a mouse tumour with acetic acid and from human placenta after limited enzymatic digestion. Antisera were produced against both collagens in rabbits and guinea-pigs and examined by various assays. These antisera were found to be specific for basement membrane collagen and showed little or no cross-reactions with the interstitial collagens, types I, II and III or with human placenta collagen consisting of alpha A and alpha B chains. Varying degrees of cross-reaction were observed between antisera to human and mouse type IV collagen. Immunochemical analyses demonstrated the presence of three distinct determinants in the tumour type IV collagen. Rabbit antisera against this antigen reacted with either collagenase-resistant segments or with a collagenous, disulphide-bonded segment (P3). Guinea-pig antisera recognized primarily antigenic determinants in the P3 segment. Antisera to placenta type IV collagen reacted with another collagenous, pepsin fragment (P1) which lacks disulphide bonds. These antisera showed complete cross-reaction with collagenous alpha 1 (IV) chains prepared from pepsin-digests of human placenta and bovine lens capsule.", "PMID": 92454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_209", "title": "An examination of the O and K specificity involved in the antibody-induced loss of the K88 plasmid from porcine enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The heat-labile K88 antigen, a virulence determinant coded for by a transmissible plasmid, was eliminated from enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli by passage through media containing antibodies to the heat stable antigens of an Abbotstown (O149:K91,K88ac) strain. The plasmid-curing activity of O149 antisera was not O-antigen specific as O149, O45, O8 and O138 strains of E. coli could be 'cured' of their K88 plasmids by this technique. The curing activity was differentiated from the O-antibody by gel filtration, the O149 antibodies were eluted in the IgM peak while the curing activity was found in the IgG peak. In view of the lack of O-specificity and the absence of K88 antibodies it appears that antibodies to a common heat-stable antigenic determinant were involved in this phenomenon.", "contents": "An examination of the O and K specificity involved in the antibody-induced loss of the K88 plasmid from porcine enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. The heat-labile K88 antigen, a virulence determinant coded for by a transmissible plasmid, was eliminated from enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli by passage through media containing antibodies to the heat stable antigens of an Abbotstown (O149:K91,K88ac) strain. The plasmid-curing activity of O149 antisera was not O-antigen specific as O149, O45, O8 and O138 strains of E. coli could be 'cured' of their K88 plasmids by this technique. The curing activity was differentiated from the O-antibody by gel filtration, the O149 antibodies were eluted in the IgM peak while the curing activity was found in the IgG peak. In view of the lack of O-specificity and the absence of K88 antibodies it appears that antibodies to a common heat-stable antigenic determinant were involved in this phenomenon.", "PMID": 92455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_210", "title": "Idiotypic specificities and cross-reactivities of rabbit antibodies to human antidextran.", "content": "Idiotypic antibodies were prepared by immunizing two groups of rabbits with dextran-antidextran specific precipitates and purified antidextran obtained subsequently from the same human donor. Half of the animals were made tolerant to pooled human IgG. Tests showed that sera from tolerant rabbits reacted better with the antidextran preparation used to immunize the other group of animals than with the antidextran that formed part of their immunogen. Non-tolerant animals did not recognize this serological difference. Sera from animals immunized with the antidextran preparation donated later reacted better with this material irrespective of their tolerance to human IgG.", "contents": "Idiotypic specificities and cross-reactivities of rabbit antibodies to human antidextran. Idiotypic antibodies were prepared by immunizing two groups of rabbits with dextran-antidextran specific precipitates and purified antidextran obtained subsequently from the same human donor. Half of the animals were made tolerant to pooled human IgG. Tests showed that sera from tolerant rabbits reacted better with the antidextran preparation used to immunize the other group of animals than with the antidextran that formed part of their immunogen. Non-tolerant animals did not recognize this serological difference. Sera from animals immunized with the antidextran preparation donated later reacted better with this material irrespective of their tolerance to human IgG.", "PMID": 92456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_211", "title": "The effect of ablation of eosinophils on immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions.", "content": "The effect of ablation of eosinophils on hypersensitivity reactions in guinea-pigs was tested by administration of rabbit antiserum to the eosinophil (AES) and by administration of glucocorticoids. Both AES and methylprednisolone ablated eosinophils from the blood and peritoneal cavity of test animals. Neither administration of AES nor methylprednisolone, however, altered passive cutaneous or systemic anaphylactic reactions when compared to reactions occurring in control animals treated with normal rabbit serum (NRS). Also there was no consistent effect of AES on the intensity of the Arthus reaction. The effect of ablation of eosinophils on histamine release in the passively sensitized peritoneal cavity of the guinea-pig was also tested. In five experiments a significant reduction in histamine release was seen in AES-treated animals. Ablation of eosinophils by cortisone acetate also resulted in a marked reduction in the quantity of histamine released into the peritoneal cavity following passive sensitization and antigen challenge. Histamine release following intraperitoneal injection of compound 48/80 was not affected by either the prior administration of AES or cortisone acetate, suggesting that the stores of histamine were not depleted by these agents. Overall these results suggest that eosinophils do not play a prominent role in initial expression of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions where the density of these cells in tissues is low. When present in larger numbers, however, eosinophils may contribute to histamine release in immediate-type reactions.", "contents": "The effect of ablation of eosinophils on immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. The effect of ablation of eosinophils on hypersensitivity reactions in guinea-pigs was tested by administration of rabbit antiserum to the eosinophil (AES) and by administration of glucocorticoids. Both AES and methylprednisolone ablated eosinophils from the blood and peritoneal cavity of test animals. Neither administration of AES nor methylprednisolone, however, altered passive cutaneous or systemic anaphylactic reactions when compared to reactions occurring in control animals treated with normal rabbit serum (NRS). Also there was no consistent effect of AES on the intensity of the Arthus reaction. The effect of ablation of eosinophils on histamine release in the passively sensitized peritoneal cavity of the guinea-pig was also tested. In five experiments a significant reduction in histamine release was seen in AES-treated animals. Ablation of eosinophils by cortisone acetate also resulted in a marked reduction in the quantity of histamine released into the peritoneal cavity following passive sensitization and antigen challenge. Histamine release following intraperitoneal injection of compound 48/80 was not affected by either the prior administration of AES or cortisone acetate, suggesting that the stores of histamine were not depleted by these agents. Overall these results suggest that eosinophils do not play a prominent role in initial expression of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions where the density of these cells in tissues is low. When present in larger numbers, however, eosinophils may contribute to histamine release in immediate-type reactions.", "PMID": 92457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_212", "title": "Effect of leukocyte hydrolases on bacteria. XIV. Bacteriolytic effects of human sera, synovial fluids, and purulent exudates on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis: modulation by Cohn's fraction II and by polyelectrolytes.", "content": "Normal sera and plasma, derived from humans, calves, rats, rabbits, horses, human synovial fluids, inflammatory exudates, and leukocyte extracts, when sufficiently diluted are highly bacteriolytic for Staph, aureus, Strep. faecalis, B. sutilis and to a variety of gram-negative rods. On the other hand, concentrated serum or the other body fluids are usually not bacteriolytic for these bacterial species. While the lysis of Staph, aureus and B. subtilis by diluted serum is not lysozyme dependent, lysis of Strep. faecalis is absolutely dependent on the concentration of lysozyme. The lytic factor in human serum is present in Cohn's fractions III, IV, and V. It is nondialyzable, resistant to heating for 75 degrees C and 20 min, and acts optimally at pH 5.0. Like leukocyte extracts, synovial fluids, and inflammatory exudates, it lyses only young staphylococci. The inability of concentrated serum to lyse Staph. aureus and Strep. faecalis is due to the presence in the gamma globulin fraction of a potent inhibitor, which can be partly removed by dilution of by adsorption upon the homologous bacteria. Lysis of the bacteria is also strongly inhibited by Cohn's fraction II (gamma globulin) by high-molecular-weight DNA, heparin, liquoid, and histone. The possible role played by serum globulin in the protection of bacteria against degradation by leukocyte is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of leukocyte hydrolases on bacteria. XIV. Bacteriolytic effects of human sera, synovial fluids, and purulent exudates on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis: modulation by Cohn's fraction II and by polyelectrolytes. Normal sera and plasma, derived from humans, calves, rats, rabbits, horses, human synovial fluids, inflammatory exudates, and leukocyte extracts, when sufficiently diluted are highly bacteriolytic for Staph, aureus, Strep. faecalis, B. sutilis and to a variety of gram-negative rods. On the other hand, concentrated serum or the other body fluids are usually not bacteriolytic for these bacterial species. While the lysis of Staph, aureus and B. subtilis by diluted serum is not lysozyme dependent, lysis of Strep. faecalis is absolutely dependent on the concentration of lysozyme. The lytic factor in human serum is present in Cohn's fractions III, IV, and V. It is nondialyzable, resistant to heating for 75 degrees C and 20 min, and acts optimally at pH 5.0. Like leukocyte extracts, synovial fluids, and inflammatory exudates, it lyses only young staphylococci. The inability of concentrated serum to lyse Staph. aureus and Strep. faecalis is due to the presence in the gamma globulin fraction of a potent inhibitor, which can be partly removed by dilution of by adsorption upon the homologous bacteria. Lysis of the bacteria is also strongly inhibited by Cohn's fraction II (gamma globulin) by high-molecular-weight DNA, heparin, liquoid, and histone. The possible role played by serum globulin in the protection of bacteria against degradation by leukocyte is discussed.", "PMID": 92458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_213", "title": "Effect of leukocyte hydrolases on bacteria. XV. Inhibition by antibiotics, metabolic inhibitors, and ultraviolet irradiation of the release by leukocyte extracts, trypsin, and lysozyme of lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "Leukocyte extracts, trypsin, and lysozyme are all capable of releasing the bulk of the LPS from S. typhi, S. typhimurium, and E. coli. Bacteria which have been killed by heat, ultraviolet irradiation, or by a variety of metabolic inhibitors and antibiotics which affect protein, DNA, RNA, and cell wall synthesis no longer yield soluble LPS following treatment with the releasing agents. On the other hand, bacteria which are resistant to certain of the antibiotics yield nearly the full amount of soluble LPS following treatment, suggesting that certain heatlabile endogenous metabolic pathways collaborate with the releasing agents in the release of LPS from the bacteria. It is suggested that some of the beneficial effects of antibiotics on infections with gram-negative bacteria may be the prevention of massive release of endotoxin by leukocyte enzymes in inflammatory sites.", "contents": "Effect of leukocyte hydrolases on bacteria. XV. Inhibition by antibiotics, metabolic inhibitors, and ultraviolet irradiation of the release by leukocyte extracts, trypsin, and lysozyme of lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria. Leukocyte extracts, trypsin, and lysozyme are all capable of releasing the bulk of the LPS from S. typhi, S. typhimurium, and E. coli. Bacteria which have been killed by heat, ultraviolet irradiation, or by a variety of metabolic inhibitors and antibiotics which affect protein, DNA, RNA, and cell wall synthesis no longer yield soluble LPS following treatment with the releasing agents. On the other hand, bacteria which are resistant to certain of the antibiotics yield nearly the full amount of soluble LPS following treatment, suggesting that certain heatlabile endogenous metabolic pathways collaborate with the releasing agents in the release of LPS from the bacteria. It is suggested that some of the beneficial effects of antibiotics on infections with gram-negative bacteria may be the prevention of massive release of endotoxin by leukocyte enzymes in inflammatory sites.", "PMID": 92459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_214", "title": "Characterization of a 130,000-dalton glycoprotein isolated from pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis.", "content": "A new glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 130,000 was isolated, purified, and partially characterized from the pulmonary secretions which accumulate so massively in the lungs of patients suffering from pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The amino acid analysis of the glycoprotein showed the presence of relatively high amounts of glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine, and valine, and small amounts of hydroxyproline, but no hydroxylysine. It contains approximately 6% hexose, 3% sialic acid, and 4% glucosamine. The neutral sugars are galactose, mannose, and fucose. This alveolar glycoprotein cross-reacted with an antiserum prepared in rabbits against a larger glycoprotein (250,000 mol wt) isolated from the same source, suggesting that the larger alveolar glycoprotein may be the precursor of the smaller one.", "contents": "Characterization of a 130,000-dalton glycoprotein isolated from pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis. A new glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 130,000 was isolated, purified, and partially characterized from the pulmonary secretions which accumulate so massively in the lungs of patients suffering from pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The amino acid analysis of the glycoprotein showed the presence of relatively high amounts of glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine, and valine, and small amounts of hydroxyproline, but no hydroxylysine. It contains approximately 6% hexose, 3% sialic acid, and 4% glucosamine. The neutral sugars are galactose, mannose, and fucose. This alveolar glycoprotein cross-reacted with an antiserum prepared in rabbits against a larger glycoprotein (250,000 mol wt) isolated from the same source, suggesting that the larger alveolar glycoprotein may be the precursor of the smaller one.", "PMID": 92460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_215", "title": "E-rosette formation in Graves' ophthalmopathy.", "content": "We investigated the lymphocyte characteristics of 77 Graves' disease patients with and without infiltrative ophthalmopathy. Thirteen patients with infiltrative ophthalmopathy without prior antithyroid therapy and 20 euthyroid patients with progressive ophthalmopathy demonstrated decreased percentages of active and total erythrocyte rosette-forming lymphocytes compared to thyrotoxic patients without eye disease and to a control population (p less than 0.001). There was no significant difference in rosette-forming cells between untreated thyrotoxic and treated euthyroid patients with ophthalmopathy. No lymphocytotoxic antibodies or rosette inhibitory factor was present in the sera of patients with infiltrative ophthalmopathy. Untreated and treated patients with lid retraction and mild proptosis without extraocular muscle disease had decreased active rosette-forming cells (p less than 0.001) but normal total rosette-forming cells. Five patients with infiltrative ophthalmopathy who failed to improve with systemic corticosteroids demonstrated elevated active but normal total rosette-forming cells. Differences in rosette formation between ophthalmic and nonophthalmic Graves' disease may represent an associated cell-mediated abnormality that may explain why control of the thyrotoxic state need not correlate with the ophthalmic manifestations of the disorder.", "contents": "E-rosette formation in Graves' ophthalmopathy. We investigated the lymphocyte characteristics of 77 Graves' disease patients with and without infiltrative ophthalmopathy. Thirteen patients with infiltrative ophthalmopathy without prior antithyroid therapy and 20 euthyroid patients with progressive ophthalmopathy demonstrated decreased percentages of active and total erythrocyte rosette-forming lymphocytes compared to thyrotoxic patients without eye disease and to a control population (p less than 0.001). There was no significant difference in rosette-forming cells between untreated thyrotoxic and treated euthyroid patients with ophthalmopathy. No lymphocytotoxic antibodies or rosette inhibitory factor was present in the sera of patients with infiltrative ophthalmopathy. Untreated and treated patients with lid retraction and mild proptosis without extraocular muscle disease had decreased active rosette-forming cells (p less than 0.001) but normal total rosette-forming cells. Five patients with infiltrative ophthalmopathy who failed to improve with systemic corticosteroids demonstrated elevated active but normal total rosette-forming cells. Differences in rosette formation between ophthalmic and nonophthalmic Graves' disease may represent an associated cell-mediated abnormality that may explain why control of the thyrotoxic state need not correlate with the ophthalmic manifestations of the disorder.", "PMID": 92464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_216", "title": "Histochemical observations on Pneumocystis carinii: selective demonstration of honeycomb forms.", "content": "Histochemical investigations of pulmonary lesions indicated selective coloration of membranes of honeycomb stages of Pneumocystis carinii by the periodic acid--sodium bisulfite--resorcin-fuchsin reaction for basement membranes; mucus, fibrin and other deposits in respiratory pathways did not react. These membranes were colored selectively also by the picro-Sirius Red F3BA method for collagens; fungi in tissues from patients with candidiasis remained unstained. For simultaneous demonstration of honeycomb and cyst forms of Pneumocystis carinii, sections were prestained with Grocott's modification of Gomori's methenamine-silver nitrate technic and then treated with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) or picro-Sirius Red F3BA reaction. In contrast to other Gram-positive microorganisms, cysts of Pneumocystis carinii were immediately decolorized by acetone-ether mixtures; this indicates differences in the mode of dye binding. Frequently, only one stage of Pneumocystis carinii was found in a given area. Hence a combination of reactions showing different stages is recommended for studies of small tissue samples.", "contents": "Histochemical observations on Pneumocystis carinii: selective demonstration of honeycomb forms. Histochemical investigations of pulmonary lesions indicated selective coloration of membranes of honeycomb stages of Pneumocystis carinii by the periodic acid--sodium bisulfite--resorcin-fuchsin reaction for basement membranes; mucus, fibrin and other deposits in respiratory pathways did not react. These membranes were colored selectively also by the picro-Sirius Red F3BA method for collagens; fungi in tissues from patients with candidiasis remained unstained. For simultaneous demonstration of honeycomb and cyst forms of Pneumocystis carinii, sections were prestained with Grocott's modification of Gomori's methenamine-silver nitrate technic and then treated with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) or picro-Sirius Red F3BA reaction. In contrast to other Gram-positive microorganisms, cysts of Pneumocystis carinii were immediately decolorized by acetone-ether mixtures; this indicates differences in the mode of dye binding. Frequently, only one stage of Pneumocystis carinii was found in a given area. Hence a combination of reactions showing different stages is recommended for studies of small tissue samples.", "PMID": 92466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_217", "title": "Quantification of nuclear DNA and intracellular glycogen in a single cell by fluorescent double-staining.", "content": "It was found that intracellular glycogen is stabilized against acid treatment when it is stored under dry conditions for three months after methanol fixation. This stabilization allowed quantitative double fluorescence staining for nuclear DNA and intracellular glycogen, in a single cell. A Feulgen nucleal reaction, with acriflavine-Schiff's reagent following 5 N HCl hydrolysis at 25 degrees C for 4 min, was followed by a pararosanilin-Schiff PAS reaction for glycogen. This short term hydrolysis was found to be sufficient for the performance of a acriflavine-Schiff's Feulgen nucleal reaction and to provide good preservation of intracellular glycogen. Quantification of nuclear DNA and intracellular glycogen were consecutively carried out with a digital microfluorometer on a single ascites cancer cell of the AH-13 line stained by this method. It was found that there is a positive linear correlation between the amount of DNA and glycogen in this cell line.", "contents": "Quantification of nuclear DNA and intracellular glycogen in a single cell by fluorescent double-staining. It was found that intracellular glycogen is stabilized against acid treatment when it is stored under dry conditions for three months after methanol fixation. This stabilization allowed quantitative double fluorescence staining for nuclear DNA and intracellular glycogen, in a single cell. A Feulgen nucleal reaction, with acriflavine-Schiff's reagent following 5 N HCl hydrolysis at 25 degrees C for 4 min, was followed by a pararosanilin-Schiff PAS reaction for glycogen. This short term hydrolysis was found to be sufficient for the performance of a acriflavine-Schiff's Feulgen nucleal reaction and to provide good preservation of intracellular glycogen. Quantification of nuclear DNA and intracellular glycogen were consecutively carried out with a digital microfluorometer on a single ascites cancer cell of the AH-13 line stained by this method. It was found that there is a positive linear correlation between the amount of DNA and glycogen in this cell line.", "PMID": 92467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_218", "title": "Acquisition of adjectives and adverbs in sentences written by hearing impaired and aphasic children.", "content": "The effect of an instructional package, which included modeling, reinforcement, and remedial feedback on the rate, accuracy, and topography of sentences composed by four hearing impaired and aphasic children, was examined. In a specially designed classroom, students wrote sentences describing a stimulus picture on acetate sheets placed on the stage of an overhead projector which was built into each student's desk. This arrangement provided the teacher and other students immediate and continuous visual access to each student's sentences. In a multiple baseline design across behaviors, model sentences were projected and token reinforcment and remedial feedback were made contingent upon writing correct sentences containing prenominal adjectives only, then adverbs only, then prenomial adjectives plus adverbs. During baseline all student displayed poor written language skills and seldom wrote sentences containing modifiers. When the instructional package was implemented, all students demonstrated significant increases in response rate, accuracy, and percentage of correct sentences including prenominal adjectives and adverbs.", "contents": "Acquisition of adjectives and adverbs in sentences written by hearing impaired and aphasic children. The effect of an instructional package, which included modeling, reinforcement, and remedial feedback on the rate, accuracy, and topography of sentences composed by four hearing impaired and aphasic children, was examined. In a specially designed classroom, students wrote sentences describing a stimulus picture on acetate sheets placed on the stage of an overhead projector which was built into each student's desk. This arrangement provided the teacher and other students immediate and continuous visual access to each student's sentences. In a multiple baseline design across behaviors, model sentences were projected and token reinforcment and remedial feedback were made contingent upon writing correct sentences containing prenominal adjectives only, then adverbs only, then prenomial adjectives plus adverbs. During baseline all student displayed poor written language skills and seldom wrote sentences containing modifiers. When the instructional package was implemented, all students demonstrated significant increases in response rate, accuracy, and percentage of correct sentences including prenominal adjectives and adverbs.", "PMID": 92469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_219", "title": "alpha 2 Macroglobulin binding to the plasma membrane of cultured fibroblasts. Diffuse binding followed by clustering in coated regions.", "content": "Using transmission electron microscopy, we have studied the interaction of alpha 2 macroglobulin (alpha 2 M) with the surface of cultured fibroblasts. When cells were incubated for 2 h at 4 degrees C with ferritin-conjugated alpha 2 M, approximately 90% of the alpha 2 M was diffusely distributed on the cell surface, and the other 10% was concentrated in \"coated\" pits. A pattern of diffuse labeling with some clustering in \"coated\" pits was also obtained when cells were incubated for 5 min at 4 degrees C with alpha 2 M, fixed with glutaraldehyde, and the alpha 2 M was localized with affinity-purified, peroxidase-labeled antibody to alpha 2 M. Experiments in which cells were fixed with 0.2% paraformaldehyde before incubation with alpha 2 M showed that the native distribution of alpha 2 M receptors was entirely diffuse without significant clustering in \"coated\" pits. This indicates that some redistribution of the alpha 2 M-receptor complexes into clusters occurred even at 4 degrees C. In experiments with concanavalin A(Con A), we found that some of the Con A clustered in coated regions of the membrane and was internalized in coated vesicles, but much of the Con A was directly internalized in uncoated vesicles or pinosomes. We conclude that unoccupied alpha 2 M receptors are diffusely distributed on the cell surface. When alpha 2 M-receptor complexes are formed, they rapidly cluster in coated regions or pits in the plasma membrane and subsequently are internalized in coated vesicles. Because insulin and epidermal growth factor are internalized in the same structures as alpha 2 M (Maxfield, F.R., J. Schlessinger, Y. Schechter, I. Pastan, and M.C. Willingham. 1978. Cell, 14: 805--810.), we suggest that all peptide hormones, as well as other proteins that enter the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis, follow this same pathway.", "contents": "alpha 2 Macroglobulin binding to the plasma membrane of cultured fibroblasts. Diffuse binding followed by clustering in coated regions. Using transmission electron microscopy, we have studied the interaction of alpha 2 macroglobulin (alpha 2 M) with the surface of cultured fibroblasts. When cells were incubated for 2 h at 4 degrees C with ferritin-conjugated alpha 2 M, approximately 90% of the alpha 2 M was diffusely distributed on the cell surface, and the other 10% was concentrated in \"coated\" pits. A pattern of diffuse labeling with some clustering in \"coated\" pits was also obtained when cells were incubated for 5 min at 4 degrees C with alpha 2 M, fixed with glutaraldehyde, and the alpha 2 M was localized with affinity-purified, peroxidase-labeled antibody to alpha 2 M. Experiments in which cells were fixed with 0.2% paraformaldehyde before incubation with alpha 2 M showed that the native distribution of alpha 2 M receptors was entirely diffuse without significant clustering in \"coated\" pits. This indicates that some redistribution of the alpha 2 M-receptor complexes into clusters occurred even at 4 degrees C. In experiments with concanavalin A(Con A), we found that some of the Con A clustered in coated regions of the membrane and was internalized in coated vesicles, but much of the Con A was directly internalized in uncoated vesicles or pinosomes. We conclude that unoccupied alpha 2 M receptors are diffusely distributed on the cell surface. When alpha 2 M-receptor complexes are formed, they rapidly cluster in coated regions or pits in the plasma membrane and subsequently are internalized in coated vesicles. Because insulin and epidermal growth factor are internalized in the same structures as alpha 2 M (Maxfield, F.R., J. Schlessinger, Y. Schechter, I. Pastan, and M.C. Willingham. 1978. Cell, 14: 805--810.), we suggest that all peptide hormones, as well as other proteins that enter the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis, follow this same pathway.", "PMID": 92473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_220", "title": "Regulation of surface topography of mouse peritoneal cells. Formation of microvilli and vesiculated pits on omental mesothelial cells by serum and other proteins.", "content": "The mesothelial cells of the mouse omentum provide an in vivo model for the study of the mobilization of labile microvilli on the cell surface. These mesothelial cells are sparsely covered with microvilli and large pits 150--400 nm in diameter, termed vesiculated pits. On the unstimulated cell, the microvilli average 44/100 microns2 and pits, 30/100 microns 2 of surface and they are rapidly induced to increase in number by the intraperitoneal injection of isologous mouse serum. After 2 min, microvilli increase threefold, continue to sevenfold at 30 min, and decrease to fourfold at 90 min. Vesiculated pits increased with similar kinetics. Bovine serum albumin and gamma globulin also stimulate the microvilli and pits to form, but the response is a slow, gradual rise to five- or sixfold the normal value at 90 min. Evidence indicates that multiple factors, possibly including insulin and immunoglobulins, are involved in the effect of serum. The close physical and temporal relationship between microvilli and pits suggests that a correlation exists in their mobilization by the cell and it is hypothesized that microvilli function in the regulation of the cortical microfilament network in effecting this mobilization.", "contents": "Regulation of surface topography of mouse peritoneal cells. Formation of microvilli and vesiculated pits on omental mesothelial cells by serum and other proteins. The mesothelial cells of the mouse omentum provide an in vivo model for the study of the mobilization of labile microvilli on the cell surface. These mesothelial cells are sparsely covered with microvilli and large pits 150--400 nm in diameter, termed vesiculated pits. On the unstimulated cell, the microvilli average 44/100 microns2 and pits, 30/100 microns 2 of surface and they are rapidly induced to increase in number by the intraperitoneal injection of isologous mouse serum. After 2 min, microvilli increase threefold, continue to sevenfold at 30 min, and decrease to fourfold at 90 min. Vesiculated pits increased with similar kinetics. Bovine serum albumin and gamma globulin also stimulate the microvilli and pits to form, but the response is a slow, gradual rise to five- or sixfold the normal value at 90 min. Evidence indicates that multiple factors, possibly including insulin and immunoglobulins, are involved in the effect of serum. The close physical and temporal relationship between microvilli and pits suggests that a correlation exists in their mobilization by the cell and it is hypothesized that microvilli function in the regulation of the cortical microfilament network in effecting this mobilization.", "PMID": 92474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_221", "title": "Selective retrograde transsynaptic transfer of a protein, tetanus toxin, subsequent to its retrograde axonal transport.", "content": "The fate of tetanus toxin (mol wt 150,000) subsequent to its retrograde axonal transport in peripheral sympathetic neurons of the rat was studied by both electron microscope autoradiography and cytochemistry using toxin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) coupling products, and compared to that of nerve growth factor (NGF), cholera toxin, and the lectins wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), and ricin. All these macromolecules are taken up by adrenergic nerve terminals and transported retrogradely in a selective, highly efficient manner. This selective uptake and transport is a consequence of the binding of these macromolecules to specific receptive sites on the nerve terminal membrane. All these ligands are transported in the axons within smooth vesicles, cisternae, and tubules. In the cell bodies these membrane compartments fuse and most of the transported macromolecules are finally incorporated into lysosomes. The cell nuclei, the parallel golgi cisternae, and the extracellular space always remain unlabeled. In case the tetanus toxin, however, a substantial fraction of the labeled material appears in presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals which innervate the labeled ganglion cells. In these terminals tetanus toxin-HRP is localized in 500-1,000 A diam vesicles. In contrast, such a retrograde transsynaptic transfer is not at all or only very rarely detectable after retrograde transport of cholera toxin, NGF, WGA, PHA, or ricin. An atoxic fragment of the tetanus toxin, which contains the ganglioside-binding site, behaves like intact toxin. With all these macromolecules, the extracellular space and the glial cells in the ganglion remain unlabeled. We conclude that the selectivity of this transsynaptic transfer of tetanus toxin is due to a selective release of the toxin from the postsynaptic dendrites. This release is immediately followed by an uptake into the presynaptic terminals.", "contents": "Selective retrograde transsynaptic transfer of a protein, tetanus toxin, subsequent to its retrograde axonal transport. The fate of tetanus toxin (mol wt 150,000) subsequent to its retrograde axonal transport in peripheral sympathetic neurons of the rat was studied by both electron microscope autoradiography and cytochemistry using toxin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) coupling products, and compared to that of nerve growth factor (NGF), cholera toxin, and the lectins wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), and ricin. All these macromolecules are taken up by adrenergic nerve terminals and transported retrogradely in a selective, highly efficient manner. This selective uptake and transport is a consequence of the binding of these macromolecules to specific receptive sites on the nerve terminal membrane. All these ligands are transported in the axons within smooth vesicles, cisternae, and tubules. In the cell bodies these membrane compartments fuse and most of the transported macromolecules are finally incorporated into lysosomes. The cell nuclei, the parallel golgi cisternae, and the extracellular space always remain unlabeled. In case the tetanus toxin, however, a substantial fraction of the labeled material appears in presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals which innervate the labeled ganglion cells. In these terminals tetanus toxin-HRP is localized in 500-1,000 A diam vesicles. In contrast, such a retrograde transsynaptic transfer is not at all or only very rarely detectable after retrograde transport of cholera toxin, NGF, WGA, PHA, or ricin. An atoxic fragment of the tetanus toxin, which contains the ganglioside-binding site, behaves like intact toxin. With all these macromolecules, the extracellular space and the glial cells in the ganglion remain unlabeled. We conclude that the selectivity of this transsynaptic transfer of tetanus toxin is due to a selective release of the toxin from the postsynaptic dendrites. This release is immediately followed by an uptake into the presynaptic terminals.", "PMID": 92475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_222", "title": "Autoradiographic identification of acetylcholine in the rabbit retina.", "content": "Rabbit retinas were studied in vitro under conditions known to maintain their physiological function. Retinas incubated in the presence of [3H]choline synthesized substantial amounts of both [3H]phosphorylcholine and [3H]acetylcholine. With time, [3H]phosphorylcholine proceeded into phospholipids, primarily phosphatidylcholine. Retinas pulse-labeled by a 15-min exposure to 0.3 microM [3H]choline were incubated for a subsequent hour under chase conditions designed either to retain newly synthesized acetylcholine within synapses or to promote its release. At the end of this time the two groups of retinas were found to contain equal amounts of radioactivity in the phospholipid pathway, but only the retinas incubated under the acetylcholine-protecting conditions contained [3H]acetylcholine. Freeze-dried, vacuum-embedded tissue from each retina was autoradiographed on dry emulsion. All retinas showed silver grains over the photoreceptor cells and faint labeling of all ganglion cells. In the retinas that contained [3H]acetylcholine, silver grains also accumulated densely over a few cells with the position of amacrine cells, over a subset of the cells of the ganglion cell layer, and in two bands over the inner plexiform layer. Fixation of the retina with aqueous osmium tetroxide retained only the radioactive compounds located in the photoreceptor and ganglion cells. Sections from freeze-dried tissue lost their water-soluble choline metabolites when exposed to water, and autoradiography of such sections again revealed radioactivity primarily in the photoreceptor and ganglion cells. Radioactive compounds extracted from the sections were found to faithfully reflect those present in the tissue before processing; analysis of the compounds eluted from sections microdissected along the outer plexiform layer showed [3H]acetylcholine to have been synthesized only by cells of the inner retina. Taken together, these results indicate that the photoreceptor and ganglion cells are distinguished by a rapid synthesis of choline-containing phospholipids, while acetylcholine synthesis is restricted to a few cells at both margins of the inner plexiform layer. They imply that the only neurons to release acetylcholine within the rabbit retina are a small group of probable amacrine cells.", "contents": "Autoradiographic identification of acetylcholine in the rabbit retina. Rabbit retinas were studied in vitro under conditions known to maintain their physiological function. Retinas incubated in the presence of [3H]choline synthesized substantial amounts of both [3H]phosphorylcholine and [3H]acetylcholine. With time, [3H]phosphorylcholine proceeded into phospholipids, primarily phosphatidylcholine. Retinas pulse-labeled by a 15-min exposure to 0.3 microM [3H]choline were incubated for a subsequent hour under chase conditions designed either to retain newly synthesized acetylcholine within synapses or to promote its release. At the end of this time the two groups of retinas were found to contain equal amounts of radioactivity in the phospholipid pathway, but only the retinas incubated under the acetylcholine-protecting conditions contained [3H]acetylcholine. Freeze-dried, vacuum-embedded tissue from each retina was autoradiographed on dry emulsion. All retinas showed silver grains over the photoreceptor cells and faint labeling of all ganglion cells. In the retinas that contained [3H]acetylcholine, silver grains also accumulated densely over a few cells with the position of amacrine cells, over a subset of the cells of the ganglion cell layer, and in two bands over the inner plexiform layer. Fixation of the retina with aqueous osmium tetroxide retained only the radioactive compounds located in the photoreceptor and ganglion cells. Sections from freeze-dried tissue lost their water-soluble choline metabolites when exposed to water, and autoradiography of such sections again revealed radioactivity primarily in the photoreceptor and ganglion cells. Radioactive compounds extracted from the sections were found to faithfully reflect those present in the tissue before processing; analysis of the compounds eluted from sections microdissected along the outer plexiform layer showed [3H]acetylcholine to have been synthesized only by cells of the inner retina. Taken together, these results indicate that the photoreceptor and ganglion cells are distinguished by a rapid synthesis of choline-containing phospholipids, while acetylcholine synthesis is restricted to a few cells at both margins of the inner plexiform layer. They imply that the only neurons to release acetylcholine within the rabbit retina are a small group of probable amacrine cells.", "PMID": 92476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_223", "title": "Estrogen and progestin regulation of the progesterone receptor concentration in human endometrium.", "content": "The concentration of the progesterone receptor (PR), both cytosol and nuclear, has been measured in the endometrium of 31 normal menstruating women during the 2 phases of their menstrual cycle and compared with the plasma 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone concentrations. There was no relationship between PR concentrations and the plasma steroid levels when the 2 phases of the cycle were considered; however, a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.70;  P less than 0.005) was observed between PR concentration and plasma 17 beta-estradiol when only the follicular phase was considered. PR was then measured in the endometrium of 14 postmenopausal patients treated with ethinylestradiol at increasing doses with or without association of chlormadinone acetate. Ethinylestradiol was shown to increase PR concentration (P less than 0.05), and chlormadinone acetate was found to prevent this increase. These data suggest that in humans, as in other mammalian species, the endometrial PR concentration is under estrogen and progestin control.", "contents": "Estrogen and progestin regulation of the progesterone receptor concentration in human endometrium. The concentration of the progesterone receptor (PR), both cytosol and nuclear, has been measured in the endometrium of 31 normal menstruating women during the 2 phases of their menstrual cycle and compared with the plasma 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone concentrations. There was no relationship between PR concentrations and the plasma steroid levels when the 2 phases of the cycle were considered; however, a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.70;  P less than 0.005) was observed between PR concentration and plasma 17 beta-estradiol when only the follicular phase was considered. PR was then measured in the endometrium of 14 postmenopausal patients treated with ethinylestradiol at increasing doses with or without association of chlormadinone acetate. Ethinylestradiol was shown to increase PR concentration (P less than 0.05), and chlormadinone acetate was found to prevent this increase. These data suggest that in humans, as in other mammalian species, the endometrial PR concentration is under estrogen and progestin control.", "PMID": 92478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_224", "title": "Pulmonary carcinoid tumours: a comparative regional study.", "content": "Twenty-two pulmonary carcinoid tumours (18 central, 4 peripheral) were seen in this department over an 11-year period. The majority of the tumours displayed a mixed pattern on microscopic examination, and cell-nest formation was a prominent feature in sixteen. The findings are at variance with the results of a similar series reported from Japan and suggest that there is regional variation in the tumour pattern of pulmonary carcinoids. Various aspects of the histopathology are discussed, and a causal relationship between ossification of bronchial cartilage in these tumours and locally produced calcitonin is postulated.", "contents": "Pulmonary carcinoid tumours: a comparative regional study. Twenty-two pulmonary carcinoid tumours (18 central, 4 peripheral) were seen in this department over an 11-year period. The majority of the tumours displayed a mixed pattern on microscopic examination, and cell-nest formation was a prominent feature in sixteen. The findings are at variance with the results of a similar series reported from Japan and suggest that there is regional variation in the tumour pattern of pulmonary carcinoids. Various aspects of the histopathology are discussed, and a causal relationship between ossification of bronchial cartilage in these tumours and locally produced calcitonin is postulated.", "PMID": 92479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_225", "title": "Early detection of Chlamydia trachomatis using fluorescent, DNA binding dyes.", "content": "HeLa 229 cells were infected with genital tract strains of Chlamydia trachomatis. After incubation for varying times the infected cells were fixed and stained with the fluorescent DNA binding dyes Hoechst 33258 or DAPI for comparison with conventional Giemsa stain. Fluorochrome-treated preparations were examined by incident ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy and the Giemsa-stained preparations by dark-ground light microscopy. Chlamydial inclusion bodies could be identified unambiguously as early as 18 hours after infection of HeLa 229 cells using either Hoechst 33258 or DAPI but not until some 48 hours in Giemsa-stained preparations. The DNA rich chlamydial elementary bodies in infected egg yolk suspension were readily detected using Hoechst 33258. The fluorescent dye technique was simpler and more rapid than Giemsa staining. Using Hoechst 33258 it is possible to speed up the identification of chlamydial isolates growing in tissue culture.", "contents": "Early detection of Chlamydia trachomatis using fluorescent, DNA binding dyes. HeLa 229 cells were infected with genital tract strains of Chlamydia trachomatis. After incubation for varying times the infected cells were fixed and stained with the fluorescent DNA binding dyes Hoechst 33258 or DAPI for comparison with conventional Giemsa stain. Fluorochrome-treated preparations were examined by incident ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy and the Giemsa-stained preparations by dark-ground light microscopy. Chlamydial inclusion bodies could be identified unambiguously as early as 18 hours after infection of HeLa 229 cells using either Hoechst 33258 or DAPI but not until some 48 hours in Giemsa-stained preparations. The DNA rich chlamydial elementary bodies in infected egg yolk suspension were readily detected using Hoechst 33258. The fluorescent dye technique was simpler and more rapid than Giemsa staining. Using Hoechst 33258 it is possible to speed up the identification of chlamydial isolates growing in tissue culture.", "PMID": 92480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_226", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of beta-haemolytic streptococcus group B endocarditis by buffy-coat examination and gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A semicomatose 34-year-old man had fever, heart murmur, and multiple gangrenous lesions. Several blood cultures were negative. Cultures of the heart valve grew beta-haemolytic streptococcus group B. The organism was seen in buffy-coat examination of the venous blood. The gas-liquid chromatogram of the serum was different from those of normal controls and of patients with invasive candida infection; it closely mimicked the one obtained from the organism itself. These studies promise to be valuable diagnostic adjuncts.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of beta-haemolytic streptococcus group B endocarditis by buffy-coat examination and gas-liquid chromatography. A semicomatose 34-year-old man had fever, heart murmur, and multiple gangrenous lesions. Several blood cultures were negative. Cultures of the heart valve grew beta-haemolytic streptococcus group B. The organism was seen in buffy-coat examination of the venous blood. The gas-liquid chromatogram of the serum was different from those of normal controls and of patients with invasive candida infection; it closely mimicked the one obtained from the organism itself. These studies promise to be valuable diagnostic adjuncts.", "PMID": 92481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_227", "title": "Distribution of T-lymphocytes in follicular lymphomas as revealed by acid alpha-naphthol acetate esterase.", "content": "Twelve cases of follicular centroblastic/centrocytic malignant lymphoma were studied for acid non-specific esterase. The majority of the lymphocytes in interfollicular areas showed a pattern of enzymatic activity consistent with a T-cell nature. Variable numbers of lymphocytes with a similar enzymatic pattern were also seen among the negative centroblasts and centrocytes in neoplastic follicles.", "contents": "Distribution of T-lymphocytes in follicular lymphomas as revealed by acid alpha-naphthol acetate esterase. Twelve cases of follicular centroblastic/centrocytic malignant lymphoma were studied for acid non-specific esterase. The majority of the lymphocytes in interfollicular areas showed a pattern of enzymatic activity consistent with a T-cell nature. Variable numbers of lymphocytes with a similar enzymatic pattern were also seen among the negative centroblasts and centrocytes in neoplastic follicles.", "PMID": 92482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_228", "title": "Black and white human skin differences.", "content": "This review of black and white human skin differences emphasizes the alleged importance of factors other than the obvious, i.e., skin color. Physicochemical differences and differences in susceptibility to irritants and allergens suggest a more resistant black than white skin. Differences appear to exist in the frequency of which several skin diseases occur among blacks and whites. A striking feature in this literature is the disagreement between authors. Common for much of this information is difficulty of interpretation, because of socioeconomic influences and other environmental factors.", "contents": "Black and white human skin differences. This review of black and white human skin differences emphasizes the alleged importance of factors other than the obvious, i.e., skin color. Physicochemical differences and differences in susceptibility to irritants and allergens suggest a more resistant black than white skin. Differences appear to exist in the frequency of which several skin diseases occur among blacks and whites. A striking feature in this literature is the disagreement between authors. Common for much of this information is difficulty of interpretation, because of socioeconomic influences and other environmental factors.", "PMID": 92483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_229", "title": "Distributional uptake of gamma-globulin in small intestine of neonatal calves.", "content": "Newborn calves deprived of colostrum were used to determine distribution of uptake of gamma-globulin labeled with iodine-125 in small intestine. Ten calves less than 12.5 h of age (average 7 h) were anesthetized, and intestines were exteriorized through an abdominal incision. Intestine was ligated into 10-cm segments, 70 cm apart, beginning at the ileocecal junction and progressing anteriorally, then each segment injected with 100 mg (appoximately 1  microCi) labeled gamma-globulin in 5 ml electrolyte solution, and incubated for 1.5 h. One additional segment was formed adjacent to segments 1, 5, and 10 to assess uptake after .5 h incubation with [iodine-125] gamma-globulin. After prescribed gamma-globulin exposure, segments were excised; then volume of lumen contents, segment weight, and tissue activity were measured. The location of each segment was the percentage of distance from cecum to abomasum. Uptake was milligrams gamma-globulin per gram of segment tissue. Distribution of gamma-globulin uptake after 1.5 h incubation was a cubic function of segment position. Uptake was greatest in a region 15% of the cecum-abomasum distance and declined progressively toward the abomasum. After .5-h incubation with gamma-globulin, regression of uptake on segment position was a quadratic function with greatest uptake at 30% of cecum-abomasum distance. Uptake was greater in segments exposed to gamma-globulin for 1.5 h than .5 h.", "contents": "Distributional uptake of gamma-globulin in small intestine of neonatal calves. Newborn calves deprived of colostrum were used to determine distribution of uptake of gamma-globulin labeled with iodine-125 in small intestine. Ten calves less than 12.5 h of age (average 7 h) were anesthetized, and intestines were exteriorized through an abdominal incision. Intestine was ligated into 10-cm segments, 70 cm apart, beginning at the ileocecal junction and progressing anteriorally, then each segment injected with 100 mg (appoximately 1  microCi) labeled gamma-globulin in 5 ml electrolyte solution, and incubated for 1.5 h. One additional segment was formed adjacent to segments 1, 5, and 10 to assess uptake after .5 h incubation with [iodine-125] gamma-globulin. After prescribed gamma-globulin exposure, segments were excised; then volume of lumen contents, segment weight, and tissue activity were measured. The location of each segment was the percentage of distance from cecum to abomasum. Uptake was milligrams gamma-globulin per gram of segment tissue. Distribution of gamma-globulin uptake after 1.5 h incubation was a cubic function of segment position. Uptake was greatest in a region 15% of the cecum-abomasum distance and declined progressively toward the abomasum. After .5-h incubation with gamma-globulin, regression of uptake on segment position was a quadratic function with greatest uptake at 30% of cecum-abomasum distance. Uptake was greater in segments exposed to gamma-globulin for 1.5 h than .5 h.", "PMID": 92484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_230", "title": "Radiochemical determination of the metabolic activity of collagen in mature dentin.", "content": "Tritiated proline was administered to domestic cats during the development of their permanent premolars. The metabolic activity of collagen in the mature premolar dentin was determined by quantitating the amount of tritiated hydroxyproline in the dentin as a function of time. It has been demonstrated that the metabolic activity of the dentinal collagen was extremely low and remained within the experimental error for a period of 45 weeks.", "contents": "Radiochemical determination of the metabolic activity of collagen in mature dentin. Tritiated proline was administered to domestic cats during the development of their permanent premolars. The metabolic activity of collagen in the mature premolar dentin was determined by quantitating the amount of tritiated hydroxyproline in the dentin as a function of time. It has been demonstrated that the metabolic activity of the dentinal collagen was extremely low and remained within the experimental error for a period of 45 weeks.", "PMID": 92485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_231", "title": "Study on the significance of bronchial hyperreactivity in the bronchus obstruction after inhalation of cat dander allergen.", "content": "The role of bronchial hyperreactivity in the process that leads to bronchial obstruction after inhalation of an allergen was investigated. In 30 asthmatic children selected because of a positive skin test to cat dander allergen, we measured the histamine threshold, the reaction after allergen inhalation, the allergen-specific IgE concentration in serum, the lowest allergen concentration to which the intracutaneous skin test was positive (skin titer), and the histamine release of leukocytes after challenge with allergen. These variables were correlated with each other. The highest correlation was found between the inhalation reaction and the combination of the histamine threshold and either the allergen-specific IgE or the skin titer. Inhalation was only positive with a decreased histamine threshold (less than or equal to 8 mg/ml). With a low histamine threshold, a positive reaction to inhalation is likely to occur at an allergen-specific IgE concentration of > or = 2 U/ml or at a skin titer of < or = 2.5 x 10(-1) micrograms/ml.", "contents": "Study on the significance of bronchial hyperreactivity in the bronchus obstruction after inhalation of cat dander allergen. The role of bronchial hyperreactivity in the process that leads to bronchial obstruction after inhalation of an allergen was investigated. In 30 asthmatic children selected because of a positive skin test to cat dander allergen, we measured the histamine threshold, the reaction after allergen inhalation, the allergen-specific IgE concentration in serum, the lowest allergen concentration to which the intracutaneous skin test was positive (skin titer), and the histamine release of leukocytes after challenge with allergen. These variables were correlated with each other. The highest correlation was found between the inhalation reaction and the combination of the histamine threshold and either the allergen-specific IgE or the skin titer. Inhalation was only positive with a decreased histamine threshold (less than or equal to 8 mg/ml). With a low histamine threshold, a positive reaction to inhalation is likely to occur at an allergen-specific IgE concentration of > or = 2 U/ml or at a skin titer of < or = 2.5 x 10(-1) micrograms/ml.", "PMID": 92487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_232", "title": "Allergenic and biologic activity of commercial preparations of house dust extract.", "content": "The endotoxin, protein nitrogen unit (PNU) content, and allergenic activity of seven different extracts of house dust were determined. The PNU content varied from 1,600 to 44,000 PNU/ml. The endotoxin content as measured by the limulus assay varied from 450 to 500,000 ng/ml. Pyrogenic activity was present by rabbit fever assay and correlated well with the limulus assay. There was no correlation between endotoxin and PNU content of the different dust preparations. Leukocytes from 15 patients with a clinical history of allergy to dust were used for histamine release studies. The allergenic activity did not correlate with the PNU or endotoxin content of the different house dust preparations. The dust extracts could be divided into three groups according to their activities: three extracts which were the most reactive (30% histamine release with 0.12 to 0.39 PNU/ml), two which were about 20 times less active (4.75 to 6.43 PNU/ml for 30% histamine release), and a final group of two which were about 600 times less active. The leukocytes of three out of 15 patients failed to release histamine with one of these least reactive extracts. The reactivity pattern of five of the dust preparations appeared to correlate, suggesting that the different preparations contained the same allergens. Reactivities of two of the other extracts correlated poorly, and the reactivity of the least reactive sample did not correlate with six out of the seven preparations. Therefore, some dust preparations contain significant endotoxin-like material. Wide variations in the endotoxin, PNU content, allergenic activity, and reactivity patterns of different dust preparations were observed.", "contents": "Allergenic and biologic activity of commercial preparations of house dust extract. The endotoxin, protein nitrogen unit (PNU) content, and allergenic activity of seven different extracts of house dust were determined. The PNU content varied from 1,600 to 44,000 PNU/ml. The endotoxin content as measured by the limulus assay varied from 450 to 500,000 ng/ml. Pyrogenic activity was present by rabbit fever assay and correlated well with the limulus assay. There was no correlation between endotoxin and PNU content of the different dust preparations. Leukocytes from 15 patients with a clinical history of allergy to dust were used for histamine release studies. The allergenic activity did not correlate with the PNU or endotoxin content of the different house dust preparations. The dust extracts could be divided into three groups according to their activities: three extracts which were the most reactive (30% histamine release with 0.12 to 0.39 PNU/ml), two which were about 20 times less active (4.75 to 6.43 PNU/ml for 30% histamine release), and a final group of two which were about 600 times less active. The leukocytes of three out of 15 patients failed to release histamine with one of these least reactive extracts. The reactivity pattern of five of the dust preparations appeared to correlate, suggesting that the different preparations contained the same allergens. Reactivities of two of the other extracts correlated poorly, and the reactivity of the least reactive sample did not correlate with six out of the seven preparations. Therefore, some dust preparations contain significant endotoxin-like material. Wide variations in the endotoxin, PNU content, allergenic activity, and reactivity patterns of different dust preparations were observed.", "PMID": 92488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_233", "title": "Structure and activity of ragweed antigen E. II. Allergenic crossreactivity of the subunits.", "content": "Recently we have reported the isolation of the two subunits (alpha and beta) of ragweed antigen E (AgE) in their active form. In the present work we have compared the allergenic activity of the two subunits with native AgE by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and by inhibition of the RAST. Also, the amounts of IgE antibodies in 30 ragweed-sensitive sera bound to alpha and beta subunits as well as native AgE were measured by RAST. In all individuals the percentage of RAST binding was greatest to native AgE; however, varying patterns of reactivity to alpha and beta subunits were noted. In RAST inhibition experiments, free beta subunit was equally effective in inhibiting the binding of IgE antibody (from a pooled ragweed-sensitive sera) to immoblized alpha or beta subunit. Similarly, fluid-phase alpha subunit inhibited in a comparable manner the binding of IgE antibody to solid-phase alpha or beta subunits. In further RAST inhibition experiments 7 x 10(-13) moles of fluid-phase native AgE was required for 50% inhibition of the binding of IgE antibody to solid-phase native AgE. Larger molar amounts of fluid phase beta (3.5 x 10(-11) and alpha (3 x 10(-10) were needed for 50% inhibition of the binding of IgE antibody to solid-phase native AgE. AgE allergenicity as measured by RAST could not be totally reconstituted by recombination of equimolar quantities of alpha and beta subunits. Less than 1 x 10(-12) moles of fluid-phase native AgE inhibited the binding of IgE antibody to solid-phase alpha or beta, greater than 50%. Finally, the isolated chains are bioligcally active as demonstrated by their ability to provoke wheal-and-flare skin reactions in subjects allergic to ragweed pollen, and the activities of the chains were approximately equivalent on a weight basis to native AgE.", "contents": "Structure and activity of ragweed antigen E. II. Allergenic crossreactivity of the subunits. Recently we have reported the isolation of the two subunits (alpha and beta) of ragweed antigen E (AgE) in their active form. In the present work we have compared the allergenic activity of the two subunits with native AgE by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and by inhibition of the RAST. Also, the amounts of IgE antibodies in 30 ragweed-sensitive sera bound to alpha and beta subunits as well as native AgE were measured by RAST. In all individuals the percentage of RAST binding was greatest to native AgE; however, varying patterns of reactivity to alpha and beta subunits were noted. In RAST inhibition experiments, free beta subunit was equally effective in inhibiting the binding of IgE antibody (from a pooled ragweed-sensitive sera) to immoblized alpha or beta subunit. Similarly, fluid-phase alpha subunit inhibited in a comparable manner the binding of IgE antibody to solid-phase alpha or beta subunits. In further RAST inhibition experiments 7 x 10(-13) moles of fluid-phase native AgE was required for 50% inhibition of the binding of IgE antibody to solid-phase native AgE. Larger molar amounts of fluid phase beta (3.5 x 10(-11) and alpha (3 x 10(-10) were needed for 50% inhibition of the binding of IgE antibody to solid-phase native AgE. AgE allergenicity as measured by RAST could not be totally reconstituted by recombination of equimolar quantities of alpha and beta subunits. Less than 1 x 10(-12) moles of fluid-phase native AgE inhibited the binding of IgE antibody to solid-phase alpha or beta, greater than 50%. Finally, the isolated chains are bioligcally active as demonstrated by their ability to provoke wheal-and-flare skin reactions in subjects allergic to ragweed pollen, and the activities of the chains were approximately equivalent on a weight basis to native AgE.", "PMID": 92489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_234", "title": "An in vitro procedure for the estimation of thyroid hormone releasing factors in sera of thyrotoxic patients.", "content": "LATS containing sera and a number of Graves' disease sera stimulated T4 release from mouse thyroids in vitro as determined by RIA, thus confirming the presence of a thyroid hormone releasing factor in sera of thyrotoxic patients. The pattern of stimulation was similar to that previously shown for TSH in terms of T4 release time sequence. cAMP increase and catecholamine inhibition via alpha-adrenergic receptors. In the same in vitro system, neutralization with a human thyroid homogenate showed presence of LATS-Protector (LPA) in LATS negative thyrotoxic sera. The present study describes a simpler procedure for estimating LATS or similar activity, as compared to the McKenzie assay, and suggests identical receptor sites for TSH and other thyroid stimulators.", "contents": "An in vitro procedure for the estimation of thyroid hormone releasing factors in sera of thyrotoxic patients. LATS containing sera and a number of Graves' disease sera stimulated T4 release from mouse thyroids in vitro as determined by RIA, thus confirming the presence of a thyroid hormone releasing factor in sera of thyrotoxic patients. The pattern of stimulation was similar to that previously shown for TSH in terms of T4 release time sequence. cAMP increase and catecholamine inhibition via alpha-adrenergic receptors. In the same in vitro system, neutralization with a human thyroid homogenate showed presence of LATS-Protector (LPA) in LATS negative thyrotoxic sera. The present study describes a simpler procedure for estimating LATS or similar activity, as compared to the McKenzie assay, and suggests identical receptor sites for TSH and other thyroid stimulators.", "PMID": 92490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_235", "title": "Myoglobin as an ultrastructural probe for studying permeability of the nephron.", "content": "Hemeproteins, like cytochrome c (12,500 M.W.; Karnovsky and Rice, 1969) and myoglobin (17,816 M.W.; Anderson, 1972; Simionescu et al., 1973) are advantageous over the true peroxidases with larger molecular weights (e.g. horseradish peroxidase, ca. 40,000 M.W) as ultrastructural probes in that they do not elicit vascular leakage in the inflammatory response (Cotran and Karnovsky, 1967) and are relatively nontoxic immunologically inert substances. The main disadvantage in using cytochrome c and myoglobin is that they have weak peroxidatic activity compared to the true peroxidases (Nakamura et al., 1960; Keilin, 1961; Kurozimi et al., 1961). These hemeproteins, however, offer the following advantages: 1) they retain sufficient peroxidatic activity after aldehyde-fixation to oxidize 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB), 2) they may be localized by virtue of an insoluble reaction product (osmium black) deposited at the site of hemeprotein immobilization by fixation, and 3) they represent low molecular weight probes. This brief report emphasizes the advantages of myoglobin in the study of glomerular permeability, transport by endocytosis in proximal tubules and translocation of protein in the lower segments of the nephron.", "contents": "Myoglobin as an ultrastructural probe for studying permeability of the nephron. Hemeproteins, like cytochrome c (12,500 M.W.; Karnovsky and Rice, 1969) and myoglobin (17,816 M.W.; Anderson, 1972; Simionescu et al., 1973) are advantageous over the true peroxidases with larger molecular weights (e.g. horseradish peroxidase, ca. 40,000 M.W) as ultrastructural probes in that they do not elicit vascular leakage in the inflammatory response (Cotran and Karnovsky, 1967) and are relatively nontoxic immunologically inert substances. The main disadvantage in using cytochrome c and myoglobin is that they have weak peroxidatic activity compared to the true peroxidases (Nakamura et al., 1960; Keilin, 1961; Kurozimi et al., 1961). These hemeproteins, however, offer the following advantages: 1) they retain sufficient peroxidatic activity after aldehyde-fixation to oxidize 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB), 2) they may be localized by virtue of an insoluble reaction product (osmium black) deposited at the site of hemeprotein immobilization by fixation, and 3) they represent low molecular weight probes. This brief report emphasizes the advantages of myoglobin in the study of glomerular permeability, transport by endocytosis in proximal tubules and translocation of protein in the lower segments of the nephron.", "PMID": 92492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_236", "title": "Application of microspectrophotometry to biomedical research.", "content": "During recent years, the utilization of microspectrophotometry in biomedical research has increased at a rapid pace. This growth has been facilitated by both the advent of commercially available instruments which are reliable and manageable as well as improvements in histochemical techniques. This paper discusses the fundamental principles of visible light microspectrophotometry and important design criteria as well as briefly reviewing a wide range of applications. Special emphasis will be given to the Vickers M85 scanning integrating microspectrophotometer which is being routinely employed for both clinical and laboratory studies by a sizeable number of investigators.", "contents": "Application of microspectrophotometry to biomedical research. During recent years, the utilization of microspectrophotometry in biomedical research has increased at a rapid pace. This growth has been facilitated by both the advent of commercially available instruments which are reliable and manageable as well as improvements in histochemical techniques. This paper discusses the fundamental principles of visible light microspectrophotometry and important design criteria as well as briefly reviewing a wide range of applications. Special emphasis will be given to the Vickers M85 scanning integrating microspectrophotometer which is being routinely employed for both clinical and laboratory studies by a sizeable number of investigators.", "PMID": 92495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_237", "title": "Nonspecific light loss and intrinsic DNA variation problems associated with feulgen DNA cytophotometry.", "content": "Nonspecific light loss by the cell-wall-plus-cytoplasm (CWC) can cause a 50% increase in Feulgen absorption units in peanut root-tip nuclei as determined by scanning at 450 nm, whereas this phenomenon is not evident with chicken erythrocytes. A two wavelength scanning method of subtracting nonspecific 450 nm absorption from 550 nm Feulgen absorption values eliminated the nonspecific light loss in CWC, However, the two wavelength scanning method is time consuming and somewhat impractical with a regular scanning microdensitometer such as Vickers M85. Elimination of the problem of nonspecific light loss is suggested by careful determination of background setting with the spot position close to the nucleus in CWC. The accuracy of the CWC background setting method was further tested by comparison with subtraction method. The use of plant nucleis as an internal standard in plant DNA measurements was also evaluated. Significant variation among the replicate slides due to the variation in pine nuclear DNA amounts was observed and plant nuclei generally are not reliable internal standards. Mature chicken erythrocytes are recommended as an internal standard because the cell type and metabolic state is known.", "contents": "Nonspecific light loss and intrinsic DNA variation problems associated with feulgen DNA cytophotometry. Nonspecific light loss by the cell-wall-plus-cytoplasm (CWC) can cause a 50% increase in Feulgen absorption units in peanut root-tip nuclei as determined by scanning at 450 nm, whereas this phenomenon is not evident with chicken erythrocytes. A two wavelength scanning method of subtracting nonspecific 450 nm absorption from 550 nm Feulgen absorption values eliminated the nonspecific light loss in CWC, However, the two wavelength scanning method is time consuming and somewhat impractical with a regular scanning microdensitometer such as Vickers M85. Elimination of the problem of nonspecific light loss is suggested by careful determination of background setting with the spot position close to the nucleus in CWC. The accuracy of the CWC background setting method was further tested by comparison with subtraction method. The use of plant nucleis as an internal standard in plant DNA measurements was also evaluated. Significant variation among the replicate slides due to the variation in pine nuclear DNA amounts was observed and plant nuclei generally are not reliable internal standards. Mature chicken erythrocytes are recommended as an internal standard because the cell type and metabolic state is known.", "PMID": 92496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_238", "title": "Applications of microcomputer technology to cytophotometry.", "content": "Lack of appropriate software support for microprocessor program development has previously limited the applications of such technology in the field of microspectrophotometry. This paper describes our use of a Vickers M86 integrating microdensitometer coupled through a custom-designed interface circuit to a Processor Technology SOL III microcomputer. W e have developed a series of interactive, user-oriented programs for DNA-Feulgen cytophotometry with this instrument to allow automatic storage of data in files on floppy disks and instant retrieval of sets of measurements for statistical processing. The same data files can also be used to generate graphic displays in the form of bar histograms or plots of linear regressions on a video monitor and to produce hardcopy output of data files and graphic displays through the use of a high speed DIABLO printer.", "contents": "Applications of microcomputer technology to cytophotometry. Lack of appropriate software support for microprocessor program development has previously limited the applications of such technology in the field of microspectrophotometry. This paper describes our use of a Vickers M86 integrating microdensitometer coupled through a custom-designed interface circuit to a Processor Technology SOL III microcomputer. W e have developed a series of interactive, user-oriented programs for DNA-Feulgen cytophotometry with this instrument to allow automatic storage of data in files on floppy disks and instant retrieval of sets of measurements for statistical processing. The same data files can also be used to generate graphic displays in the form of bar histograms or plots of linear regressions on a video monitor and to produce hardcopy output of data files and graphic displays through the use of a high speed DIABLO printer.", "PMID": 92497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_239", "title": "Immunoelectron microscopic localization of herpes simplex virus antigens in infected cells using the unlabeled antibody-enzyme method.", "content": "Subcellular localization of viral antigens was demonstrated during viral morphogenesis using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infected monolayers of rabbit cornea cells. The localization was done by immunoelectron microscopy employing the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical technique and the postembedding staining method. The localization of viral antigens was followed at time intervals during infection from 2 to 19 hr. After exposure of sections to either polyspecific antibodies against total HSV-1 antigens or monospecific antibodies against HSV-1 antigen No. 8, specific immunological reaction products were identified both in the cytoplasm and nucleus after 2 hr. The distribution and quantity of reaction products varied in the infected cells during the viral morphogenesis. The present results on the subcellular distribution of the HSV-1 antigens are related to current biochemical findings.", "contents": "Immunoelectron microscopic localization of herpes simplex virus antigens in infected cells using the unlabeled antibody-enzyme method. Subcellular localization of viral antigens was demonstrated during viral morphogenesis using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infected monolayers of rabbit cornea cells. The localization was done by immunoelectron microscopy employing the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical technique and the postembedding staining method. The localization of viral antigens was followed at time intervals during infection from 2 to 19 hr. After exposure of sections to either polyspecific antibodies against total HSV-1 antigens or monospecific antibodies against HSV-1 antigen No. 8, specific immunological reaction products were identified both in the cytoplasm and nucleus after 2 hr. The distribution and quantity of reaction products varied in the infected cells during the viral morphogenesis. The present results on the subcellular distribution of the HSV-1 antigens are related to current biochemical findings.", "PMID": 92500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_240", "title": "Cytochemistry of human catalase. The demonstration of hepatic and renal peroxisomes by a high temperature procedure.", "content": "The cytochemical demonstration of marker enzymes for subcellular organelles permits light microscopic analysis of their structure and function in normal and diseased tissues. Currently available staining procedures for the peroxidatic activity of catalase in peroxisomes of plant and animal cells yield weak and inconsistent light microscopic staining when applied to human tissues. We have developed a simple and sensitive high temperature procedure that clearly and reproducibly stains these abundant, but poorly understood, organelles in biopsy specimens of human liver and kidney. This method utilizes formaldehyde fixation, a modified diaminobenzidine (DAB) medium, incubation at 45 degrees C and postosmication for both light and electron microscopy.", "contents": "Cytochemistry of human catalase. The demonstration of hepatic and renal peroxisomes by a high temperature procedure. The cytochemical demonstration of marker enzymes for subcellular organelles permits light microscopic analysis of their structure and function in normal and diseased tissues. Currently available staining procedures for the peroxidatic activity of catalase in peroxisomes of plant and animal cells yield weak and inconsistent light microscopic staining when applied to human tissues. We have developed a simple and sensitive high temperature procedure that clearly and reproducibly stains these abundant, but poorly understood, organelles in biopsy specimens of human liver and kidney. This method utilizes formaldehyde fixation, a modified diaminobenzidine (DAB) medium, incubation at 45 degrees C and postosmication for both light and electron microscopy.", "PMID": 92501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_241", "title": "Evaluation of the validity of the histochemical lead nitrate technique for alkaline and acid deoxyribonuclease.", "content": "The results of several tests and the characteristic morphological distribution of the enzymatic activity appeared to be in favor of the validity and specificity of the histochemical lead nitrate technique for alkaline and acid deoxyribonuclease (DNAse) detection. These tests included thermal inhibition, omission of substrate, use of different chemical inhibitors and the reproduction of histochemical staining on Coujard's slides. Most of these results were in conformity with the biochemical data gathered from literature. Topographically selective inhibition of alkaline or acid DNAse by different factors suggested that there might exist two kinds of alkaline or acid DNase--one cytoplasmic and the other one nuclear. The whole histochemical procedure produced relatively small loss of alkaline and acid DNAse activities as verified by biochemical methods.", "contents": "Evaluation of the validity of the histochemical lead nitrate technique for alkaline and acid deoxyribonuclease. The results of several tests and the characteristic morphological distribution of the enzymatic activity appeared to be in favor of the validity and specificity of the histochemical lead nitrate technique for alkaline and acid deoxyribonuclease (DNAse) detection. These tests included thermal inhibition, omission of substrate, use of different chemical inhibitors and the reproduction of histochemical staining on Coujard's slides. Most of these results were in conformity with the biochemical data gathered from literature. Topographically selective inhibition of alkaline or acid DNAse by different factors suggested that there might exist two kinds of alkaline or acid DNase--one cytoplasmic and the other one nuclear. The whole histochemical procedure produced relatively small loss of alkaline and acid DNAse activities as verified by biochemical methods.", "PMID": 92502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_242", "title": "Generation and enrichment of C4d in whole serum.", "content": "A comparison of two methods of generation of C4d (the degradation product of complement component C4) and a method for the preparation of an enriched serum fraction of this fragment are presented.", "contents": "Generation and enrichment of C4d in whole serum. A comparison of two methods of generation of C4d (the degradation product of complement component C4) and a method for the preparation of an enriched serum fraction of this fragment are presented.", "PMID": 92504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_243", "title": "An improved method for selecting T-cell hybridomas by the fluorescence-activated cell sorter.", "content": "A two-step sorting procedure with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) is described to select T cell hybridomas from cell populations obtained from the fusion of activated T cells and T- lymphoma cells. Cells are first sorted on the basis of differences in cell-surface antigens. After a period of growth in culture, the cells are then stained with the DNA-labeling dye dis-benzimidazole 33258 Hoechst and sorted on the basis of their DNA content. From 15 to 25% of the resulting cell clones, growing out of limiting dilutions, were hybrid lines as judged by chromosome analysis.", "contents": "An improved method for selecting T-cell hybridomas by the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. A two-step sorting procedure with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) is described to select T cell hybridomas from cell populations obtained from the fusion of activated T cells and T- lymphoma cells. Cells are first sorted on the basis of differences in cell-surface antigens. After a period of growth in culture, the cells are then stained with the DNA-labeling dye dis-benzimidazole 33258 Hoechst and sorted on the basis of their DNA content. From 15 to 25% of the resulting cell clones, growing out of limiting dilutions, were hybrid lines as judged by chromosome analysis.", "PMID": 92505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_244", "title": "Sensitive radioimmunoassays using partially purified gamma globulins coupled to enzacryl (acrylamide polymer) solid support.", "content": "Enzacryl polythiolactone is a cross-linked acrylamide polymer with an active thiolactone group, capable of coupling to lysine, serine and tyrosine residues. Gamma globulins from antisera specific to human chorionic gonadotropin, carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-foetoprotein or casein were isolated using Protein A Sepharose and were subsequently coupled to enzacryl. The resulting coupled antibodies were found to provide greater sensitivity and convenience in radioimmunoassay studies than conventional double antibody precipitation methods using the same antisera.", "contents": "Sensitive radioimmunoassays using partially purified gamma globulins coupled to enzacryl (acrylamide polymer) solid support. Enzacryl polythiolactone is a cross-linked acrylamide polymer with an active thiolactone group, capable of coupling to lysine, serine and tyrosine residues. Gamma globulins from antisera specific to human chorionic gonadotropin, carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-foetoprotein or casein were isolated using Protein A Sepharose and were subsequently coupled to enzacryl. The resulting coupled antibodies were found to provide greater sensitivity and convenience in radioimmunoassay studies than conventional double antibody precipitation methods using the same antisera.", "PMID": 92506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_245", "title": "An investigation of the optimal conditions for the in vivo production of immunologically sensitised rat mast cells.", "content": "Experiments were designed to develop an optimal method for inducing in vivo production of sensitised peritoneal mast cells. Rats of different strains were sensitised with whole egg-white and killed at suitable intervals to harvest the peritoneal mast cells. Release of histamine was induced in vitro by both whole egg-white and its major protein constituents, and assayed by a standard spectrofluorometric method. Wistar rats showed higher levels of sensitisation than black-hooded Lister rats; it was more convenient to harvest erythrocyte-free peritoneal mast cells from males than females. Very young (less than 150 g) and very old (greater than 300 g) rats showed sub-optimal sensitisation. Optimal sensitisation was obtained by simultaneous administration of antigen (doses of 50 micrograms whole egg-white and above) and adjuvant (1.0 ml pertussis vaccine); mast cells harvested between 20 and 50 days after the sensitising dose exhibited maximal histamine release upon in vitro challenge with 'whole' egg-white (100 micrograms). Routine use of plastic ware, and ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) for handling cells and avoidance of heparin and excessive centrifugation ensured optimal preservation of histamine-releasing capacity of the harvested peritoneal mast cells.", "contents": "An investigation of the optimal conditions for the in vivo production of immunologically sensitised rat mast cells. Experiments were designed to develop an optimal method for inducing in vivo production of sensitised peritoneal mast cells. Rats of different strains were sensitised with whole egg-white and killed at suitable intervals to harvest the peritoneal mast cells. Release of histamine was induced in vitro by both whole egg-white and its major protein constituents, and assayed by a standard spectrofluorometric method. Wistar rats showed higher levels of sensitisation than black-hooded Lister rats; it was more convenient to harvest erythrocyte-free peritoneal mast cells from males than females. Very young (less than 150 g) and very old (greater than 300 g) rats showed sub-optimal sensitisation. Optimal sensitisation was obtained by simultaneous administration of antigen (doses of 50 micrograms whole egg-white and above) and adjuvant (1.0 ml pertussis vaccine); mast cells harvested between 20 and 50 days after the sensitising dose exhibited maximal histamine release upon in vitro challenge with 'whole' egg-white (100 micrograms). Routine use of plastic ware, and ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) for handling cells and avoidance of heparin and excessive centrifugation ensured optimal preservation of histamine-releasing capacity of the harvested peritoneal mast cells.", "PMID": 92507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_246", "title": "Molecular heterogeneity of pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein: the effect on measurement by radioimmunoassay and electroimmunoassay.", "content": "A comparison of methods for the quantification of circulating pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein in late pregnancy was performed to assess the influence of the presence of a high molecular weight glycoprotein with alpha 2 electrophoretic mobility (SP1 alpha) which is immunochemically identifiable with pregnancy-specific PBETA 1 glycoprotein (SP1 beta). Serum samples from 47 volunteers in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy were subjected to measurements of pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein in rocket immunoelectrophoresis, quantitative crossed-immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis gives a result which reflects the total SP1 content, i.e. SP1 alpha and SP1 beta while quantitative crossed-immunoelectrophoresis permits differentiation between the two molecules. Radioimmunoassay predominantly measures authenic SP1, i.e. SP1 beta in the presence of physiological amounts of SP1 alpha.", "contents": "Molecular heterogeneity of pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein: the effect on measurement by radioimmunoassay and electroimmunoassay. A comparison of methods for the quantification of circulating pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein in late pregnancy was performed to assess the influence of the presence of a high molecular weight glycoprotein with alpha 2 electrophoretic mobility (SP1 alpha) which is immunochemically identifiable with pregnancy-specific PBETA 1 glycoprotein (SP1 beta). Serum samples from 47 volunteers in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy were subjected to measurements of pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein in rocket immunoelectrophoresis, quantitative crossed-immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis gives a result which reflects the total SP1 content, i.e. SP1 alpha and SP1 beta while quantitative crossed-immunoelectrophoresis permits differentiation between the two molecules. Radioimmunoassay predominantly measures authenic SP1, i.e. SP1 beta in the presence of physiological amounts of SP1 alpha.", "PMID": 92508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_247", "title": "Intrathymic injection of antigen: a potent procedure for the induction of suppressor T cells.", "content": "Immunological tolerance is induced in mice by intrathymic injection of HSA. The tolerance thus induced is mediated by suppressor T cells. Strong tolerance persists more than 56 days after the induction, and the high efficiency of the tolerance thus induced is accounted for in terms of the number or the potentiality of suppressor cells. Possible mechanisms of suppressor T cell induction by iT injection of the antigen are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Intrathymic injection of antigen: a potent procedure for the induction of suppressor T cells. Immunological tolerance is induced in mice by intrathymic injection of HSA. The tolerance thus induced is mediated by suppressor T cells. Strong tolerance persists more than 56 days after the induction, and the high efficiency of the tolerance thus induced is accounted for in terms of the number or the potentiality of suppressor cells. Possible mechanisms of suppressor T cell induction by iT injection of the antigen are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 92509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_248", "title": "Microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the study of the structural relationship between myosin light chains.", "content": "A microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (microELISA) for the study of immunochemical relationships between rabbit myosin light chains is described. Purified individual fast-muscle myosin light chains (LC1F, LC2F and LC3F) and their respective antisera, obtained in chicken, were used. Optimal conditions for antigen concentration, antiserum dilution, substrate concentration, incubation time and reproducibility with time were established. The observed cross-reactivities between the different types of light chains associated with rabbit fast-muscle myosin confirm and extend previous results obtained by other authors using radioimmunoassay procedures. It was concluded that microELIAS may be successfully employed also to the study of macromolecule cross-reactivities.", "contents": "Microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the study of the structural relationship between myosin light chains. A microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (microELISA) for the study of immunochemical relationships between rabbit myosin light chains is described. Purified individual fast-muscle myosin light chains (LC1F, LC2F and LC3F) and their respective antisera, obtained in chicken, were used. Optimal conditions for antigen concentration, antiserum dilution, substrate concentration, incubation time and reproducibility with time were established. The observed cross-reactivities between the different types of light chains associated with rabbit fast-muscle myosin confirm and extend previous results obtained by other authors using radioimmunoassay procedures. It was concluded that microELIAS may be successfully employed also to the study of macromolecule cross-reactivities.", "PMID": 92510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_249", "title": "Efficacy of purified influenza subunit vaccines and relation to the major antigenic determinants on the hemagglutinin molecule.", "content": "Inactivated whole-virus vaccine of influenza A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) virus containing 700 or 1,400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units, a purified subunit vaccine of equivalent dosage, or placebo were studied in 186 adult volunteers. Placebo was least reactogenic, 1,400-CCA unit whole-virus vaccine was most reactogenic, and others were intermediate. Vaccines were equally antigenic, and delineation of antibody specificities revealed antibody cross-reacting with A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus in all sera. Antibody specific for A/Hong Kong/68 virus was found in 82% of sera and for A/Scotland/74 virus in 46%. When compared with volunteers given placebo, volunteers given 700 CCA units of subunit or whole-virus vaccine exhibited significant protection against infection with live A/Scotland/74 virus. Infections in vaccinees occurred only in those with low titers of antibody to A/Scotland/74 virus, and this antibody was of the cross-reacting type. Persons with moderate and high levels of antibody resisted infection regardless of the absence or presence of antibody specific for A/Scotland/74 virus. Purified subunit vaccines provide an alternative to whole-virus preparations in primed individuals. Efficacy of vaccines may be dependent on the nature of the antibody response.", "contents": "Efficacy of purified influenza subunit vaccines and relation to the major antigenic determinants on the hemagglutinin molecule. Inactivated whole-virus vaccine of influenza A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) virus containing 700 or 1,400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units, a purified subunit vaccine of equivalent dosage, or placebo were studied in 186 adult volunteers. Placebo was least reactogenic, 1,400-CCA unit whole-virus vaccine was most reactogenic, and others were intermediate. Vaccines were equally antigenic, and delineation of antibody specificities revealed antibody cross-reacting with A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus in all sera. Antibody specific for A/Hong Kong/68 virus was found in 82% of sera and for A/Scotland/74 virus in 46%. When compared with volunteers given placebo, volunteers given 700 CCA units of subunit or whole-virus vaccine exhibited significant protection against infection with live A/Scotland/74 virus. Infections in vaccinees occurred only in those with low titers of antibody to A/Scotland/74 virus, and this antibody was of the cross-reacting type. Persons with moderate and high levels of antibody resisted infection regardless of the absence or presence of antibody specific for A/Scotland/74 virus. Purified subunit vaccines provide an alternative to whole-virus preparations in primed individuals. Efficacy of vaccines may be dependent on the nature of the antibody response.", "PMID": 92511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_250", "title": "An electron microscopic India ink technique for demonstrating capsules on microorganisms: studies with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "A technique using India ink in electron microscopic preparations was used to study bacterial capsules. Capsules were demonstrated on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus (strain M and the Smith diffuse variant) from in vitro cultures. Two types of false capsules were observed on Neisseria gonorrhoeae grown in vitro or obtained from human urethral exudates. No true capsules were definitively identified on gonococci from these sources. The technique described does not require the use of specific anticapsular antibody or specific polysaccharide stains and permits the detection of artifacts that may, by the use of light microscopic methods, be misinterpreted as capsules.", "contents": "An electron microscopic India ink technique for demonstrating capsules on microorganisms: studies with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A technique using India ink in electron microscopic preparations was used to study bacterial capsules. Capsules were demonstrated on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus (strain M and the Smith diffuse variant) from in vitro cultures. Two types of false capsules were observed on Neisseria gonorrhoeae grown in vitro or obtained from human urethral exudates. No true capsules were definitively identified on gonococci from these sources. The technique described does not require the use of specific anticapsular antibody or specific polysaccharide stains and permits the detection of artifacts that may, by the use of light microscopic methods, be misinterpreted as capsules.", "PMID": 92512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_251", "title": "Concealed quadrigeminy and quintageminy.", "content": "Electrocardiographic rhythm strips were analyzed from three patients who had frequent unifocal extrasystoles. Parasystole was excluded in all three cases. Analysis of the distributions of the numbers (S) of conducted sinus beats between extrasystoles revealed that the distributions conformed to two variants of concealed quadrigeminy (namely, the \"S = 4n\" and \"S = 4n - 2\" variants) and to one variant of concealed quintageminy (namely, the \"S = 5n - 2\" variant). The binomial theorem was used to test the likelihoods that these patterns of distribution of extrasystoles could occur on the basis of chance alone; the probabilities were all extremely small.", "contents": "Concealed quadrigeminy and quintageminy. Electrocardiographic rhythm strips were analyzed from three patients who had frequent unifocal extrasystoles. Parasystole was excluded in all three cases. Analysis of the distributions of the numbers (S) of conducted sinus beats between extrasystoles revealed that the distributions conformed to two variants of concealed quadrigeminy (namely, the \"S = 4n\" and \"S = 4n - 2\" variants) and to one variant of concealed quintageminy (namely, the \"S = 5n - 2\" variant). The binomial theorem was used to test the likelihoods that these patterns of distribution of extrasystoles could occur on the basis of chance alone; the probabilities were all extremely small.", "PMID": 92515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_252", "title": "Inhibition of H-Y cell-mediated cytolysis by H-2Db antiserum.", "content": "Assays of H-Y-specific cell-mediated cytolysis (CMC) in vitro were carried out with B6 female effector cells and B6 male target cells. This lytic system depends on compatibility for H-2Db but not for H-2Kb. Antibody to H-2Db but not to H-2Kb blocked the CMC assay. However, maximal blocking required exposure to the target cells to H-2Db antibody for up to 2 h. This interval is far longer than would be required for blocking of a pre-existing H-Y:H-2Db complex, and seems more consonant with a membrane reorganization bringing H-Y and H-2Db together, as proposed from mapping studies. The question whether the postulated configurational change affecting H-Y and H-2Db is a necessary feature of CMC awaits further study.", "contents": "Inhibition of H-Y cell-mediated cytolysis by H-2Db antiserum. Assays of H-Y-specific cell-mediated cytolysis (CMC) in vitro were carried out with B6 female effector cells and B6 male target cells. This lytic system depends on compatibility for H-2Db but not for H-2Kb. Antibody to H-2Db but not to H-2Kb blocked the CMC assay. However, maximal blocking required exposure to the target cells to H-2Db antibody for up to 2 h. This interval is far longer than would be required for blocking of a pre-existing H-Y:H-2Db complex, and seems more consonant with a membrane reorganization bringing H-Y and H-2Db together, as proposed from mapping studies. The question whether the postulated configurational change affecting H-Y and H-2Db is a necessary feature of CMC awaits further study.", "PMID": 92516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_253", "title": "Hapten-specific T-cell responses to 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl. II. Demonstration of idiotypic determinants on suppressor T cells.", "content": "The ability of NP-coupled syngeneic spleen cells to induce antigen-specific T-suppressor cells capable of binding to NP-BSA-coated Petri dishes and mediating transfer of specific suppressive activity to NP was demonstrated. Furthermore, in strains of mice bearing the Ig-1b allotype, including SJL, and in (non-Ig-1b x Ig-1b)F1 hybrids, the NP-specific suppressor cells also interferes with expression of immunity after priming with NIP-BGG. Anti-NPb anti-idiotype antiserum plus complement treatment effectively abrogated the ability to transfer suppression. Formal genetic mapping of the fine specificity of cross-reactivity with Ig-1 allotypic congenic mice implies that expression of this trait is linked to the Ig-1b heavy chain linkage group. The sensitivity of NP-suppressor cells of appropriate strains to anti-idiotype treatment was also consistent with the formal mapping data. These experiments suggest that there are shared V-region structures on antibody and T cells that are crucial in the suppression pathway for the same antigen.", "contents": "Hapten-specific T-cell responses to 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl. II. Demonstration of idiotypic determinants on suppressor T cells. The ability of NP-coupled syngeneic spleen cells to induce antigen-specific T-suppressor cells capable of binding to NP-BSA-coated Petri dishes and mediating transfer of specific suppressive activity to NP was demonstrated. Furthermore, in strains of mice bearing the Ig-1b allotype, including SJL, and in (non-Ig-1b x Ig-1b)F1 hybrids, the NP-specific suppressor cells also interferes with expression of immunity after priming with NIP-BGG. Anti-NPb anti-idiotype antiserum plus complement treatment effectively abrogated the ability to transfer suppression. Formal genetic mapping of the fine specificity of cross-reactivity with Ig-1 allotypic congenic mice implies that expression of this trait is linked to the Ig-1b heavy chain linkage group. The sensitivity of NP-suppressor cells of appropriate strains to anti-idiotype treatment was also consistent with the formal mapping data. These experiments suggest that there are shared V-region structures on antibody and T cells that are crucial in the suppression pathway for the same antigen.", "PMID": 92517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_254", "title": "Studies on the clonal origin of multiple myeloma. Use of individually specific (idiotype) antibodies to trace the oncogenic event to its earliest point of expression in B-cell differentiation.", "content": "IgA myeloma proteins of kappa- and lambda-types were isolated from two patients. These were used to produce and purify anti-idiotype antibodies of both broad (myeloma-related) and narrow (individual myeloma) specificities. The anti-idiotype antibodies were conjugated with fluorochromes and used as immunofluorescent probes to trace in the patients clonal expansion at different levels of B-cell differentiation. Our results (a) confirm that B lymphocyte precursors in IgA plasma-cell myelomas are involved in the malignant process, (b) show that B lymphocytes of the malignant clone include those expressing each of the major heavy-chain isotypes, mu, delta, gamma, and alpha, and (c) provide strong circumstantial evidence that pre-B-cell members of the malignant clone are also increased in frequency. T cells expressing idiotypic determinants were not detected. These findings argue that the initial oncogenic event may occur in a B-stem cell and is not influenced through stimulation by antigen. An interesting association was the increased frequency of related clones of B lymphocytes as detected by their reactivity with anti-idiotype antibodies of broad specificity. Neither plasma cell nor pre-B-cell members of these related clones were increased in frequency. Anti-idiotype antibodies or helper T cells reactive with myeloma-related idiotypes could be responsible for this phenomenon. We discuss other implications of these findings and speculate that all of the various phenotypes of B-lineage malignancies may result from oncogenic processes affecting stem cell targets.", "contents": "Studies on the clonal origin of multiple myeloma. Use of individually specific (idiotype) antibodies to trace the oncogenic event to its earliest point of expression in B-cell differentiation. IgA myeloma proteins of kappa- and lambda-types were isolated from two patients. These were used to produce and purify anti-idiotype antibodies of both broad (myeloma-related) and narrow (individual myeloma) specificities. The anti-idiotype antibodies were conjugated with fluorochromes and used as immunofluorescent probes to trace in the patients clonal expansion at different levels of B-cell differentiation. Our results (a) confirm that B lymphocyte precursors in IgA plasma-cell myelomas are involved in the malignant process, (b) show that B lymphocytes of the malignant clone include those expressing each of the major heavy-chain isotypes, mu, delta, gamma, and alpha, and (c) provide strong circumstantial evidence that pre-B-cell members of the malignant clone are also increased in frequency. T cells expressing idiotypic determinants were not detected. These findings argue that the initial oncogenic event may occur in a B-stem cell and is not influenced through stimulation by antigen. An interesting association was the increased frequency of related clones of B lymphocytes as detected by their reactivity with anti-idiotype antibodies of broad specificity. Neither plasma cell nor pre-B-cell members of these related clones were increased in frequency. Anti-idiotype antibodies or helper T cells reactive with myeloma-related idiotypes could be responsible for this phenomenon. We discuss other implications of these findings and speculate that all of the various phenotypes of B-lineage malignancies may result from oncogenic processes affecting stem cell targets.", "PMID": 92518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_255", "title": "Suppression of hapten-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in mice by idiotype-specific suppressor T cells after administration of anti-idiotypic antibodies.", "content": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses specific for the phosphorylcholine (PC) hapten were induced in BALB/c mice by immunization with syngeneic peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) coupled with diazotized phenyl-phosphoryl-choline. PC-specific DTH responses were elicited in such immunized mice after footpad challenge with PC-derivatized syngeneic spleen cells. Moreover, PC-immune lymph node cells could passively transfer PC-specific DTH responses to naive BALB/c mice and it was possible to demonstrate that the cells responsible for such passively transferred responses were T lymphocytes. Because the T-15 idiotypic determinant displayed on the TEPC-15 PC-binding myeloma protein is known to be a dominant idiotype associated with anti-PC antibody responses in BALB/c mice, an analysis was made of the effects of anti-T-15 idiotypic antibodies on the induction and expression of murine PC-specific DTH responses. Repeated injections of anti-T-15 idiotypic antiserum, raised in A/J mice by immunization with TEPC-15 myeloma protein, into recipient BALB/c mice both immediately before and after sensitization with PC-PEC virtually abolished the development of PC-specific DTH responses. Although administration of anti-T-15 antiserum effectively inhibited the induction phase of PC-specific DTH responses, these anti-idiotypic antibodies had no suppressive activity at the effector phase of these responses. The inhibition observed with anti-T-15 antibodies was highly specific for the PC hapten, and for PC-specific DTH responses of BALB/c but not A/J mice. Studies were conducted to address the possibility that anti-Id treatment induced suppressor T lymphocytes capable of specifically inhibiting the activity of PC-specific T cells participating in DTH responses. The results demonstrate that idiotype-specific suppressor T cells are, indeed, induced by treatment with anti-Id; moreover, such suppressor T cells, once induced, are highly effective in abrogating both the induction and the effector phases of PC-specific T cell-mediated DTH responses in BALB/c mice.", "contents": "Suppression of hapten-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in mice by idiotype-specific suppressor T cells after administration of anti-idiotypic antibodies. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses specific for the phosphorylcholine (PC) hapten were induced in BALB/c mice by immunization with syngeneic peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) coupled with diazotized phenyl-phosphoryl-choline. PC-specific DTH responses were elicited in such immunized mice after footpad challenge with PC-derivatized syngeneic spleen cells. Moreover, PC-immune lymph node cells could passively transfer PC-specific DTH responses to naive BALB/c mice and it was possible to demonstrate that the cells responsible for such passively transferred responses were T lymphocytes. Because the T-15 idiotypic determinant displayed on the TEPC-15 PC-binding myeloma protein is known to be a dominant idiotype associated with anti-PC antibody responses in BALB/c mice, an analysis was made of the effects of anti-T-15 idiotypic antibodies on the induction and expression of murine PC-specific DTH responses. Repeated injections of anti-T-15 idiotypic antiserum, raised in A/J mice by immunization with TEPC-15 myeloma protein, into recipient BALB/c mice both immediately before and after sensitization with PC-PEC virtually abolished the development of PC-specific DTH responses. Although administration of anti-T-15 antiserum effectively inhibited the induction phase of PC-specific DTH responses, these anti-idiotypic antibodies had no suppressive activity at the effector phase of these responses. The inhibition observed with anti-T-15 antibodies was highly specific for the PC hapten, and for PC-specific DTH responses of BALB/c but not A/J mice. Studies were conducted to address the possibility that anti-Id treatment induced suppressor T lymphocytes capable of specifically inhibiting the activity of PC-specific T cells participating in DTH responses. The results demonstrate that idiotype-specific suppressor T cells are, indeed, induced by treatment with anti-Id; moreover, such suppressor T cells, once induced, are highly effective in abrogating both the induction and the effector phases of PC-specific T cell-mediated DTH responses in BALB/c mice.", "PMID": 92519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_256", "title": "T-lymphocyte response to cytochrome c. I. Demonstration of a T-cell heteroclitic proliferative response and identification of a topographic antigenic determinant on pigeon cytochrome c whose immune recognition requires two complementing major histocompatibility complex-linked immune response genes.", "content": "The T-lymphocyte proliferative response to pigeon cytochrome c was studied in the mouse. H-2a and H-2k strains were responders to this antigen whereas H-2b, H-2d, H-2f, H-2ja, H-2p, H-2q, H-2r, H-2s, and H-2u strains were low or nonresponders. Genetic mapping demonstrated that two major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-linked Ir genes control the response, one in I-A, the other in I-E/I-C. The major antigenic determinant recognized in this response was localized by cross-stimulations with species variants and cyanogen bromide cleavage fragments of cytochrome c. It was found to be a topographic surface determinant composed of an isoleucine for valine substitution at residue 3, a glutamine for lysine substitution at residue 100 and a lysine for glutamic acid substitution at residue 104. Tobacco hornworm moth cytochrome c, which contains a glutamine at residue 100 but a terminal lysine at residue 103 (one amino acid closer to the glutamine), stimulated pigeon cytochrome c immune T cells better than the immunogen. This result demonstrates for the first time a functional T-cell heteroclitic proliferative response in a system under Ir gene control. Immunization with the cyanogen bromide cleavage fragments revealed that only pigeon cytochrome c fragment 81-104 was immunogenic. This fragment primed for a T-cell proliferative response whose specificity was nearly identical to that of the T-cell response primed for by the whole molecule, suggesting that the glutamine at 100 and the lysine at 104 form the immunodominant portion of the antigenic site. Furthermore, mixing experiments using the two cross-reacting antigens, hippopotamus cytochrome c and Pekin duck or chicken cytochrome c fragment (81-104), each of which contains only one of the two immunodominant substitutions, demonstrated that the T lymphocytes responding to the major antigenic determinant comprise a single family of clones that recognize both amino acids as part of the same determinant. Thus, two complementing MHC-linked Ir genes can control the immune response to a single antigenic determinant.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte response to cytochrome c. I. Demonstration of a T-cell heteroclitic proliferative response and identification of a topographic antigenic determinant on pigeon cytochrome c whose immune recognition requires two complementing major histocompatibility complex-linked immune response genes. The T-lymphocyte proliferative response to pigeon cytochrome c was studied in the mouse. H-2a and H-2k strains were responders to this antigen whereas H-2b, H-2d, H-2f, H-2ja, H-2p, H-2q, H-2r, H-2s, and H-2u strains were low or nonresponders. Genetic mapping demonstrated that two major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-linked Ir genes control the response, one in I-A, the other in I-E/I-C. The major antigenic determinant recognized in this response was localized by cross-stimulations with species variants and cyanogen bromide cleavage fragments of cytochrome c. It was found to be a topographic surface determinant composed of an isoleucine for valine substitution at residue 3, a glutamine for lysine substitution at residue 100 and a lysine for glutamic acid substitution at residue 104. Tobacco hornworm moth cytochrome c, which contains a glutamine at residue 100 but a terminal lysine at residue 103 (one amino acid closer to the glutamine), stimulated pigeon cytochrome c immune T cells better than the immunogen. This result demonstrates for the first time a functional T-cell heteroclitic proliferative response in a system under Ir gene control. Immunization with the cyanogen bromide cleavage fragments revealed that only pigeon cytochrome c fragment 81-104 was immunogenic. This fragment primed for a T-cell proliferative response whose specificity was nearly identical to that of the T-cell response primed for by the whole molecule, suggesting that the glutamine at 100 and the lysine at 104 form the immunodominant portion of the antigenic site. Furthermore, mixing experiments using the two cross-reacting antigens, hippopotamus cytochrome c and Pekin duck or chicken cytochrome c fragment (81-104), each of which contains only one of the two immunodominant substitutions, demonstrated that the T lymphocytes responding to the major antigenic determinant comprise a single family of clones that recognize both amino acids as part of the same determinant. Thus, two complementing MHC-linked Ir genes can control the immune response to a single antigenic determinant.", "PMID": 92520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_257", "title": "Macrophage oxygen-dependent antimicrobial activity. I. Susceptibility of Toxoplasma gondii to oxygen intermediates.", "content": "A sensitive method for evaluating extracellular parasite viability was used to determine the in vitro susceptibility of virulent Toxoplasma gondii to selected oxygen intermediates. By acridine orange fluorescent staining criteria, toxoplasmas were resistant to up to either 10(-3) M reagent H2O2 or H2O2 generated by glucose-glucose oxidase. In keeping with a lack of sensitivity to H2O2, toxoplasmas contained endogenous catalase (5.7 x 10(-4) Baudhuin units/10(6) organisms). The addition of a peroxidase and halide, however, markedly accelerated killing and lowered the H2O2 requirement by 1,000-fold. In contrast, toxoplasmas were promptly killed after exposure to products generated by xanthine (1.5 x 10(-4) M) and xanthine oxidase (50 micrograms). The inhibition of this system's microbicidal activity by scavengers of O2- (superoxide dismutase) and H2O2 (catalase) indicated that although neither O2- nor H2O2 were toxoplasmacidal, their interaction was required for parasite killing. Quenching OH. and 1O2, presumed products of O2--H2O2 interaction, by mannitol, benzoate, diazabicyclooctane, and histidine, also inhibited toxoplasma killing by xanthine-xanthine oxidase. These findings suggested that O2- and H2O2 functioned in precursor roles and that OH. and 1O2 were toxoplasmacidal. The capacity of normal peritoneal macrophages to pinocytose an oxygen intermediate scavenger, soluble catalase, was also demonstrated. Appreciable extraphagosomal concentrations of catalase were achieved by exposing macrophages to 1 mg/ml of the enzyme for 3 h. Maintenance of high intracellular levels required constant exposure because interiorized catalase was rapidly degraded.", "contents": "Macrophage oxygen-dependent antimicrobial activity. I. Susceptibility of Toxoplasma gondii to oxygen intermediates. A sensitive method for evaluating extracellular parasite viability was used to determine the in vitro susceptibility of virulent Toxoplasma gondii to selected oxygen intermediates. By acridine orange fluorescent staining criteria, toxoplasmas were resistant to up to either 10(-3) M reagent H2O2 or H2O2 generated by glucose-glucose oxidase. In keeping with a lack of sensitivity to H2O2, toxoplasmas contained endogenous catalase (5.7 x 10(-4) Baudhuin units/10(6) organisms). The addition of a peroxidase and halide, however, markedly accelerated killing and lowered the H2O2 requirement by 1,000-fold. In contrast, toxoplasmas were promptly killed after exposure to products generated by xanthine (1.5 x 10(-4) M) and xanthine oxidase (50 micrograms). The inhibition of this system's microbicidal activity by scavengers of O2- (superoxide dismutase) and H2O2 (catalase) indicated that although neither O2- nor H2O2 were toxoplasmacidal, their interaction was required for parasite killing. Quenching OH. and 1O2, presumed products of O2--H2O2 interaction, by mannitol, benzoate, diazabicyclooctane, and histidine, also inhibited toxoplasma killing by xanthine-xanthine oxidase. These findings suggested that O2- and H2O2 functioned in precursor roles and that OH. and 1O2 were toxoplasmacidal. The capacity of normal peritoneal macrophages to pinocytose an oxygen intermediate scavenger, soluble catalase, was also demonstrated. Appreciable extraphagosomal concentrations of catalase were achieved by exposing macrophages to 1 mg/ml of the enzyme for 3 h. Maintenance of high intracellular levels required constant exposure because interiorized catalase was rapidly degraded.", "PMID": 92521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_258", "title": "Mice whose B cells cannot produce the T15 idiotype also lack an antigen-specific helper T cell required for T15 expression.", "content": "The X-linked CBA/N defect in B cell function precludes an antibody response to phosphorylcholine (PC). Accordingly, (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 male mice are unresponsive to PC and lack circulating immunoglobulin bearing the T15 idiotype characteristic of BALB/C anti-PC antibody. In contrast, (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 female mice respond to PC and greater than 80% of the anti-PC antibody is T15+. No T-cell abnormalities are known to be associated with the CBA/N mutation. These experiments compared the ability of helper T cells from either (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 male (T15-) or F1 female (T15+) mice to help F1 female B cells respond to PC and to influence the level of T15 expression. The results indicate that although F1 male T cells collaborated with F1 female B cells just as efficiently as F1 female T cells for the total anti-PC response, the percentage of T15 expression induced by F1 male T cells fell dramatically. The (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 male thus appear to lack a helper T-cell subset required for dominant idiotype production. This helper T cell defect could be repaired by adding F1 female T cells primed to a second carrier to F1 male T cells and restimulating the cell mixture with PC coupled to the antigen used to prime the F1 male cells plus free second carrier. This result implies that conventional helper T cells derived from the F1 male donor can collaborate with a distinct helper T-cell subset from the F1 female donor which recognizes both carrier and idiotype to induce an anti-PC antibody response dominated by the T15 clonotype.", "contents": "Mice whose B cells cannot produce the T15 idiotype also lack an antigen-specific helper T cell required for T15 expression. The X-linked CBA/N defect in B cell function precludes an antibody response to phosphorylcholine (PC). Accordingly, (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 male mice are unresponsive to PC and lack circulating immunoglobulin bearing the T15 idiotype characteristic of BALB/C anti-PC antibody. In contrast, (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 female mice respond to PC and greater than 80% of the anti-PC antibody is T15+. No T-cell abnormalities are known to be associated with the CBA/N mutation. These experiments compared the ability of helper T cells from either (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 male (T15-) or F1 female (T15+) mice to help F1 female B cells respond to PC and to influence the level of T15 expression. The results indicate that although F1 male T cells collaborated with F1 female B cells just as efficiently as F1 female T cells for the total anti-PC response, the percentage of T15 expression induced by F1 male T cells fell dramatically. The (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 male thus appear to lack a helper T-cell subset required for dominant idiotype production. This helper T cell defect could be repaired by adding F1 female T cells primed to a second carrier to F1 male T cells and restimulating the cell mixture with PC coupled to the antigen used to prime the F1 male cells plus free second carrier. This result implies that conventional helper T cells derived from the F1 male donor can collaborate with a distinct helper T-cell subset from the F1 female donor which recognizes both carrier and idiotype to induce an anti-PC antibody response dominated by the T15 clonotype.", "PMID": 92522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_259", "title": "Ia determinants on human T-cell subsets defined by monoclonal antibody. Activation stimuli required for expression.", "content": "The nature of Ia antigens which appear on human T cells after activation and the stimuli required for their expression was examined utilizing a monoclonal antibody reactive with the Ia antigen framework. T cells were purified using monoclonal antibodies directed either at the entire T-cell population (OKT3) or the T-cell inducer subset (OKT4). By indirect immunofluorescence, it was shown that the human T-cell population contains no detectable Ia+ cells in the resting state. In contrast, in excess of 60% of the T-cell population expresses Ia antigen after alloactivation in the mixed lymphocyte culture. Moreover, these Ia antigens are expressed within both the OKT4+ and OKT4- subsets. Similarly, phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A induced approximately 20% of peripheral T cells to express Ia antigen and the expression of these antigens is not restricted to either OKT4 subset. In contrast, only the inducer T-cell population which proliferates maximally to soluble antigen expresses Ia antigens after activation by tetanus toxoid. Thus, the expression of human Ia antigens on unique T-cell subsets depends upon the activation stimuli utilized and ability of the individual subset to respond to a given stimulus. Additional studies indicated that Ia antigens appear on previously Ia- T cells after activation and do not result from clonal expansion of a small subset of Ia+ T cells.", "contents": "Ia determinants on human T-cell subsets defined by monoclonal antibody. Activation stimuli required for expression. The nature of Ia antigens which appear on human T cells after activation and the stimuli required for their expression was examined utilizing a monoclonal antibody reactive with the Ia antigen framework. T cells were purified using monoclonal antibodies directed either at the entire T-cell population (OKT3) or the T-cell inducer subset (OKT4). By indirect immunofluorescence, it was shown that the human T-cell population contains no detectable Ia+ cells in the resting state. In contrast, in excess of 60% of the T-cell population expresses Ia antigen after alloactivation in the mixed lymphocyte culture. Moreover, these Ia antigens are expressed within both the OKT4+ and OKT4- subsets. Similarly, phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A induced approximately 20% of peripheral T cells to express Ia antigen and the expression of these antigens is not restricted to either OKT4 subset. In contrast, only the inducer T-cell population which proliferates maximally to soluble antigen expresses Ia antigens after activation by tetanus toxoid. Thus, the expression of human Ia antigens on unique T-cell subsets depends upon the activation stimuli utilized and ability of the individual subset to respond to a given stimulus. Additional studies indicated that Ia antigens appear on previously Ia- T cells after activation and do not result from clonal expansion of a small subset of Ia+ T cells.", "PMID": 92523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_260", "title": "Continuous proliferation of murine antigen-specific helper T lymphocytes in culture.", "content": "Murine helper T cells activated to sheep or horse erythrocyte antigens in vivo have been established as continuous cell lines in culture. T cells require the presence of a T-cell growth factor (TCGF) for continuous proliferation. TCGF purified from murine, rat, or human sources all stimulate murine T-cell growth. The T-cell mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin do not stimulate cell proliferation in continuous T-cell lines. All cells that grow in the presence of TCGF express Thy-1 antigens. Helper activity of T-cell lines is both antigen specific and effective for syngeneic or F1 B cells. Supernates from T-cell lines do not contain antigen-specific or nonspecific helper factors. Although several T-cell lines have shown stable helper activity for greater than 50 wk in culture, other cell lines have shown a gradual decline in effector function. The procedure used to establish and maintain proliferation of T cells in culture should be suitable for the selection and growth of antigen-specific effector T cells from each subclass.", "contents": "Continuous proliferation of murine antigen-specific helper T lymphocytes in culture. Murine helper T cells activated to sheep or horse erythrocyte antigens in vivo have been established as continuous cell lines in culture. T cells require the presence of a T-cell growth factor (TCGF) for continuous proliferation. TCGF purified from murine, rat, or human sources all stimulate murine T-cell growth. The T-cell mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin do not stimulate cell proliferation in continuous T-cell lines. All cells that grow in the presence of TCGF express Thy-1 antigens. Helper activity of T-cell lines is both antigen specific and effective for syngeneic or F1 B cells. Supernates from T-cell lines do not contain antigen-specific or nonspecific helper factors. Although several T-cell lines have shown stable helper activity for greater than 50 wk in culture, other cell lines have shown a gradual decline in effector function. The procedure used to establish and maintain proliferation of T cells in culture should be suitable for the selection and growth of antigen-specific effector T cells from each subclass.", "PMID": 92524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_261", "title": "Primary in vitro cytotoxic response of NZB spleen cells to Qa-1b-associated antigenic determinants.", "content": "We have shown that cytotoxic lymphocytes generated in primary cultures of NZB spleen cells with H-2-identical BALB/c or B10.D2 stimulator cells exhibit specificity for Qa-1b-associated antigenic determinants. This unidirectional cytotoxicity constitutes the initial demonstration of a primary in vitro response to antigens of the Qa-Tla system. Such responses do not require H-2 homology between effector and target cells in the assay system. In fact, when H-2Dd homologous target cells were employed there was little, if any, evidence for development of primary H-2-restricted responses to minor locus histocompatibility antigens or viral antigens. In view of the recently defined role of Qa-1+, Ly-1,2,3+ cells as regulators of antibody responses, and of the deficiency of such cells in NZB mice, the observation of hyperreactivity for determinants of this system may be relevant to the development of autoimmunity in these animals.", "contents": "Primary in vitro cytotoxic response of NZB spleen cells to Qa-1b-associated antigenic determinants. We have shown that cytotoxic lymphocytes generated in primary cultures of NZB spleen cells with H-2-identical BALB/c or B10.D2 stimulator cells exhibit specificity for Qa-1b-associated antigenic determinants. This unidirectional cytotoxicity constitutes the initial demonstration of a primary in vitro response to antigens of the Qa-Tla system. Such responses do not require H-2 homology between effector and target cells in the assay system. In fact, when H-2Dd homologous target cells were employed there was little, if any, evidence for development of primary H-2-restricted responses to minor locus histocompatibility antigens or viral antigens. In view of the recently defined role of Qa-1+, Ly-1,2,3+ cells as regulators of antibody responses, and of the deficiency of such cells in NZB mice, the observation of hyperreactivity for determinants of this system may be relevant to the development of autoimmunity in these animals.", "PMID": 92525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_262", "title": "Altered phospholipid composition in mutants of Escherichia coli sensitive or resistant to organic solvents.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli with altered resistance to low molecular weight organic solvents were isolated. Solvent-resistant mutants showed a decrease in the ratio of phosphatidylethanolamine to the anionic phospholipids (phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin) relative to the wild-type, whereas solvent-sensitive strains showed an increase. Reversion studies on representative mutants demonstrated that the phenotypic response to solvents and the changes in phospholipid composition were genetically associated. The fatty acid and lipopolysaccharide compositions of the various mutants showed no significant differences from the parental strain. The lesions in two of the solvent-sensitive mutants (DC7 and DC9) and one of the resistant mutants (DC11) were mapped by cotransduction with phage P1 and shown to lie very close to the pss locus at 56 min on the Escherichia coli map.", "contents": "Altered phospholipid composition in mutants of Escherichia coli sensitive or resistant to organic solvents. Mutants of Escherichia coli with altered resistance to low molecular weight organic solvents were isolated. Solvent-resistant mutants showed a decrease in the ratio of phosphatidylethanolamine to the anionic phospholipids (phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin) relative to the wild-type, whereas solvent-sensitive strains showed an increase. Reversion studies on representative mutants demonstrated that the phenotypic response to solvents and the changes in phospholipid composition were genetically associated. The fatty acid and lipopolysaccharide compositions of the various mutants showed no significant differences from the parental strain. The lesions in two of the solvent-sensitive mutants (DC7 and DC9) and one of the resistant mutants (DC11) were mapped by cotransduction with phage P1 and shown to lie very close to the pss locus at 56 min on the Escherichia coli map.", "PMID": 92527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_263", "title": "Acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Myelin basic protein-reactive T cells in the circulation and in meningeal infiltrates.", "content": "MBP-reactive early T cells were determined simultaneously in the circulation and in inflammatory cells from the meninges of guinea pigs with acute EAE. In addition, early and late T cells as well as B cells were estimated in both compartments. Within the circulation, early T cells were found to decrease at the onset of clinical signs, and MBP-reactive early T cells were significantly higher than in normals. Different changes were found in inflammatory cells from the meninges. In this cell population, early T cells were increased but did not show significant, further elevation after incubation with MBP. This may indicate that the majority of early T cells in meningeal infiltrates had been previously activated by MBP in vivo.", "contents": "Acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Myelin basic protein-reactive T cells in the circulation and in meningeal infiltrates. MBP-reactive early T cells were determined simultaneously in the circulation and in inflammatory cells from the meninges of guinea pigs with acute EAE. In addition, early and late T cells as well as B cells were estimated in both compartments. Within the circulation, early T cells were found to decrease at the onset of clinical signs, and MBP-reactive early T cells were significantly higher than in normals. Different changes were found in inflammatory cells from the meninges. In this cell population, early T cells were increased but did not show significant, further elevation after incubation with MBP. This may indicate that the majority of early T cells in meningeal infiltrates had been previously activated by MBP in vivo.", "PMID": 92528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_264", "title": "Stimulation of active E-rosette forming lymphocytes by myelin basic protein and specific antigens from multiple sclerosis brains.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 30 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) responded to low doses (i.e. 0.1--5 pg total protein) of crude MS myelin basic protein (BP) as assayed by the active E-rosette test (AER). Of the MS patients studied 20 (65%) responded to control BP. The optimum response of MS lymphocytes to MS BP was obtained at a lower concentration than their response to control BP. Thirty percent of other neurological patients (OND) were stimulated by both MS and control BP. Lymphocytes of all MS patients but none of the OND responded to partially purified protein fraction of MS brain (\"peak 2\"). Crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed the presence of one common specific antigen in crude MS BP and MS \"peak 2\" antigens. The nature of these antigens is discussed.", "contents": "Stimulation of active E-rosette forming lymphocytes by myelin basic protein and specific antigens from multiple sclerosis brains. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 30 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) responded to low doses (i.e. 0.1--5 pg total protein) of crude MS myelin basic protein (BP) as assayed by the active E-rosette test (AER). Of the MS patients studied 20 (65%) responded to control BP. The optimum response of MS lymphocytes to MS BP was obtained at a lower concentration than their response to control BP. Thirty percent of other neurological patients (OND) were stimulated by both MS and control BP. Lymphocytes of all MS patients but none of the OND responded to partially purified protein fraction of MS brain (\"peak 2\"). Crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed the presence of one common specific antigen in crude MS BP and MS \"peak 2\" antigens. The nature of these antigens is discussed.", "PMID": 92529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_265", "title": "Correlation between the capacity of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to supress experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and its mitogenic activity for lymph node cells in guinea pigs.", "content": "Protection of guinea pigs from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was attempted using bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from 4 sources. The ability of these LPS to induce DNA synthesis in guinea pig lymph node (LN) cells in vitro was also investigated. It was found that there existed a good correlation between the capacity of LPS to suppress EAE and their degree of mitogenic activities for LN cells. LPS from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (Ec-LPS), which was most effective in suppressing EAE and also best inducer of DNA synthesis in LN cells, enhanced the proliferation of cells forming antibody to myelin basic protein (BP) in the regional LN. These results, in addition to the previous report, suggested that at the inductive phase the proliferation of B lymphocytes or their products, antibodies to BP, could inhibit formation of T lymphocytes sensitized to BP, resulting in suppression of EAE. Lipid A but not PS fraction of Ec-LPS showed a protective activity against EAE and a mitogenic activity for LN cells although less so than whole LPS. In addition, Lipid A appeared to exert its mitogenic effect mainly on B rather than on T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Correlation between the capacity of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to supress experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and its mitogenic activity for lymph node cells in guinea pigs. Protection of guinea pigs from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was attempted using bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from 4 sources. The ability of these LPS to induce DNA synthesis in guinea pig lymph node (LN) cells in vitro was also investigated. It was found that there existed a good correlation between the capacity of LPS to suppress EAE and their degree of mitogenic activities for LN cells. LPS from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (Ec-LPS), which was most effective in suppressing EAE and also best inducer of DNA synthesis in LN cells, enhanced the proliferation of cells forming antibody to myelin basic protein (BP) in the regional LN. These results, in addition to the previous report, suggested that at the inductive phase the proliferation of B lymphocytes or their products, antibodies to BP, could inhibit formation of T lymphocytes sensitized to BP, resulting in suppression of EAE. Lipid A but not PS fraction of Ec-LPS showed a protective activity against EAE and a mitogenic activity for LN cells although less so than whole LPS. In addition, Lipid A appeared to exert its mitogenic effect mainly on B rather than on T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 92530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_266", "title": "Further studies on cell-mediated immunity to myelin basic protein in schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) toward myelin human basic protein (HBP) was studied in 19 chronic drug-free schizophrenic patients and in 30 patients with primary affective disorders receiving psychoactive drugs, 74% of the schizophrenics showed an inhibition of macrophage migration, whereas only one patient from the affective group showed such a response. These results indicate that drugs are not responsible for the appearance of CMI to HBP in schizophrenics. One out of 9 ECT-treated patients developed a CMI to HBP.", "contents": "Further studies on cell-mediated immunity to myelin basic protein in schizophrenic patients. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) toward myelin human basic protein (HBP) was studied in 19 chronic drug-free schizophrenic patients and in 30 patients with primary affective disorders receiving psychoactive drugs, 74% of the schizophrenics showed an inhibition of macrophage migration, whereas only one patient from the affective group showed such a response. These results indicate that drugs are not responsible for the appearance of CMI to HBP in schizophrenics. One out of 9 ECT-treated patients developed a CMI to HBP.", "PMID": 92531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_267", "title": "Hypersomnia with simultaneous waking and sleep patterns in the electroencephalogram. A case report with neurotransmitter studies.", "content": "A mildly dyslexic boy of 11 years, with no neurological deficit or history of epileptic seizures, had marked hypersomnia for 2 years, which was most pronounced in the morning hours. Repeated EEG studies and power spectral analysis revealed simultaneous posterior alpha rhythm and sleep patterns (spindles, vertex waves, K complexes) over vertex and frontocentral regions, while the patient was behaviorally awake. Bilateral synchronous anterior spikes were frequently noted in association with sleep patterns. A polysomnogram over 24 h confirmed excessive sleep, night and day (especially morning hours) and there was evidence of a large REM sleep percentage (on EMG and EOG basis) while the EEG had predominantly non-REM sleep patterns. Special neurotransmitter studies were performed in view of a presumed disturbance affecting the neurobiochemical sleep regulation. These studies were based on CSF metabolite levels and provided evidence for a high serotonin metabolite (5HIAA) level. It is tempting to hypothesize that the biochemical disturbance has led to encroachment of non-REM sleep patterns on both wakefulness and REM sleep. Further discussion deals with the bilateral-synchronous spike activity and its relationship to arousal patterns in sleep.", "contents": "Hypersomnia with simultaneous waking and sleep patterns in the electroencephalogram. A case report with neurotransmitter studies. A mildly dyslexic boy of 11 years, with no neurological deficit or history of epileptic seizures, had marked hypersomnia for 2 years, which was most pronounced in the morning hours. Repeated EEG studies and power spectral analysis revealed simultaneous posterior alpha rhythm and sleep patterns (spindles, vertex waves, K complexes) over vertex and frontocentral regions, while the patient was behaviorally awake. Bilateral synchronous anterior spikes were frequently noted in association with sleep patterns. A polysomnogram over 24 h confirmed excessive sleep, night and day (especially morning hours) and there was evidence of a large REM sleep percentage (on EMG and EOG basis) while the EEG had predominantly non-REM sleep patterns. Special neurotransmitter studies were performed in view of a presumed disturbance affecting the neurobiochemical sleep regulation. These studies were based on CSF metabolite levels and provided evidence for a high serotonin metabolite (5HIAA) level. It is tempting to hypothesize that the biochemical disturbance has led to encroachment of non-REM sleep patterns on both wakefulness and REM sleep. Further discussion deals with the bilateral-synchronous spike activity and its relationship to arousal patterns in sleep.", "PMID": 92532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_268", "title": "Right/left differences of median nerve evoked scalp potentials in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Scalp potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist were examined in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls. The latencies of the first negative peak (about 18 ms latency) of the response to right and to left-sided stimulation were compared. Forty-eight of 60 measured latency differences in 15 suspected or certain MS patients were more than 3 standard deviations beyond the average difference in controls (arbitrary norm limit), whereas none of the 56 results of the 14 controls was in that range. Fifteen of 24 latency differences in 6 patients without anamnestic or clinical sensory disturbances in the arms were above the limit. On the other hand, conduction velocity between wrist, neck and scalp did not differentiate controls from patients. We suggest using latency differences of the early components of right and left median nerve-evoked scalp potentials as a mean for the early detection of functional disturbances in multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Right/left differences of median nerve evoked scalp potentials in multiple sclerosis. Scalp potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist were examined in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls. The latencies of the first negative peak (about 18 ms latency) of the response to right and to left-sided stimulation were compared. Forty-eight of 60 measured latency differences in 15 suspected or certain MS patients were more than 3 standard deviations beyond the average difference in controls (arbitrary norm limit), whereas none of the 56 results of the 14 controls was in that range. Fifteen of 24 latency differences in 6 patients without anamnestic or clinical sensory disturbances in the arms were above the limit. On the other hand, conduction velocity between wrist, neck and scalp did not differentiate controls from patients. We suggest using latency differences of the early components of right and left median nerve-evoked scalp potentials as a mean for the early detection of functional disturbances in multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 92533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_269", "title": "Progressive extrinsic ophthalmoplegia with peripheral neuropathy and storage of muscle glycogen.", "content": "A case of progressive extrinsic ophthalmoplegia associated with peripheral neuropathy and hypertriglyceridemia type IV is described. Motor and sensory conduction velocities of the spinal nerves were severely decreased, while the EMG of the facial muscles was more suggested of a myopathic disorder. Electron microscopic study of biopsies of biceps and peroneus brevis muscles disclosed many ragged red fibers, mainly type I, which contained typical abnormal mitochondria. Other fibers, all type II, contained increased amounts of glycogen between myofibrils or beneath the sarcolemmal membrane, but the mitochondria were normal. These fibers were more abundant in the peroneus brevis than in the biceps muscle. Nerve biopsy revealed marked loss of myelinated fibers, but neither mitochondrial changes nor glycogen storages were evident in Schwann's cells. Biochemical investigations confirmed the increased amount of glycogen in both muscle biopsies and revealed a decrease of guanilcyclase. Phosphorylase, phosphorylase b kinase, adenilcyclase, and carnitine concentrations were all normal. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is discussed and the relationship between mitochondrial abnormalities and glycogen accumulation in muscle tissue are considered.", "contents": "Progressive extrinsic ophthalmoplegia with peripheral neuropathy and storage of muscle glycogen. A case of progressive extrinsic ophthalmoplegia associated with peripheral neuropathy and hypertriglyceridemia type IV is described. Motor and sensory conduction velocities of the spinal nerves were severely decreased, while the EMG of the facial muscles was more suggested of a myopathic disorder. Electron microscopic study of biopsies of biceps and peroneus brevis muscles disclosed many ragged red fibers, mainly type I, which contained typical abnormal mitochondria. Other fibers, all type II, contained increased amounts of glycogen between myofibrils or beneath the sarcolemmal membrane, but the mitochondria were normal. These fibers were more abundant in the peroneus brevis than in the biceps muscle. Nerve biopsy revealed marked loss of myelinated fibers, but neither mitochondrial changes nor glycogen storages were evident in Schwann's cells. Biochemical investigations confirmed the increased amount of glycogen in both muscle biopsies and revealed a decrease of guanilcyclase. Phosphorylase, phosphorylase b kinase, adenilcyclase, and carnitine concentrations were all normal. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is discussed and the relationship between mitochondrial abnormalities and glycogen accumulation in muscle tissue are considered.", "PMID": 92534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_270", "title": "Isoelectric focusing and crossed immunoelectrofocusing of CSF immunoglobulins in MS.", "content": "The 3 main Ig classes and the presence of free light chains were studied by isoelectric focusing and crossed immunoelectrofocusing in 100 CSF samples from patients with clinically definitie or probable MS. Minute quantities of IgM and free light-chain (mostly lambda) components were found in 2 out of 11 and 5 out of 14 samples respectively. IgG and IgA were detected in all samples examined for these proteins and were found in the pI-ranges of 5.3-9.8 and 4.6-6.4 pH-units respectively. The gammaglobulin abnormalities found on isoelectric focusing were identified as microheterogeneous, oligoclonal IgG with predominantly kappa light-chain determinants. The IgG immunoprecipitates differed from those of normal subjects and the major abnormal components most frequently exhibited pI-values greater than 8 pH-units. The IgA immunoprecipitates had 2-4 main components with some tendency to discontinuous subfractionation. This Ig class, however, did not exhibit the marked tendency to oligoclonal distribution found for IgG.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing and crossed immunoelectrofocusing of CSF immunoglobulins in MS. The 3 main Ig classes and the presence of free light chains were studied by isoelectric focusing and crossed immunoelectrofocusing in 100 CSF samples from patients with clinically definitie or probable MS. Minute quantities of IgM and free light-chain (mostly lambda) components were found in 2 out of 11 and 5 out of 14 samples respectively. IgG and IgA were detected in all samples examined for these proteins and were found in the pI-ranges of 5.3-9.8 and 4.6-6.4 pH-units respectively. The gammaglobulin abnormalities found on isoelectric focusing were identified as microheterogeneous, oligoclonal IgG with predominantly kappa light-chain determinants. The IgG immunoprecipitates differed from those of normal subjects and the major abnormal components most frequently exhibited pI-values greater than 8 pH-units. The IgA immunoprecipitates had 2-4 main components with some tendency to discontinuous subfractionation. This Ig class, however, did not exhibit the marked tendency to oligoclonal distribution found for IgG.", "PMID": 92535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_271", "title": "Erythrocyte unsaturated fatty acid test (E-UFA test): a biological test to detect optic neuritis as initial feature of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Retrobulbar optic neuritis, though suspicious is not always considered as a possible onset of MS. For this reason we submitted to the E-UFA (erythrocyte unsaturated fatty acid) test, 41 subjects who suffered from one or several episodes of retrobulbar optic neuritis with no other neurological signs. The test was positive in 14 subjects (34, 1%).", "contents": "Erythrocyte unsaturated fatty acid test (E-UFA test): a biological test to detect optic neuritis as initial feature of multiple sclerosis. Retrobulbar optic neuritis, though suspicious is not always considered as a possible onset of MS. For this reason we submitted to the E-UFA (erythrocyte unsaturated fatty acid) test, 41 subjects who suffered from one or several episodes of retrobulbar optic neuritis with no other neurological signs. The test was positive in 14 subjects (34, 1%).", "PMID": 92536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_272", "title": "Plasma exchange in motor neuron disease. A controlled study.", "content": "In vitro studies seem to indicate that a serum factor may be involved in the pathogenesis of motor neuron disease. If so, plasmaphoresis might influence the course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) favorably. In the present study, therefore, ALS patients were subjected to weekly 21 plasma exchanges, using a Haemonetics blood separator. Seven other ALS patients, matched as closely as possible with the treatment group regarding age, sex, duration of symptoms as well as degree of involvement, served as control group. The progression of the disease was followed by an arbitrary grading system, assessment of muscular power by Zadig's dynamometer, and by tests for motor speed, coordination and for pulmonary function. Duration of treatment was from 6 to 15 months. Monthly evaluations indicated that the rate of deterioration was approximately the same in treatment and control groups. Plasmaphoresis carried out in this way does thus not alter the downhill course of ALS.", "contents": "Plasma exchange in motor neuron disease. A controlled study. In vitro studies seem to indicate that a serum factor may be involved in the pathogenesis of motor neuron disease. If so, plasmaphoresis might influence the course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) favorably. In the present study, therefore, ALS patients were subjected to weekly 21 plasma exchanges, using a Haemonetics blood separator. Seven other ALS patients, matched as closely as possible with the treatment group regarding age, sex, duration of symptoms as well as degree of involvement, served as control group. The progression of the disease was followed by an arbitrary grading system, assessment of muscular power by Zadig's dynamometer, and by tests for motor speed, coordination and for pulmonary function. Duration of treatment was from 6 to 15 months. Monthly evaluations indicated that the rate of deterioration was approximately the same in treatment and control groups. Plasmaphoresis carried out in this way does thus not alter the downhill course of ALS.", "PMID": 92537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_273", "title": "Primidone metabolism in renal insufficiency and acute intoxication.", "content": "Primidone (PRIM) is metabolized into phenobarbital (PB) and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA). During anticonvulsant therapy with PRIM under normal conditions PB represents by fat the largest portion of the total concentration of all three components (PRIM + PB + PEMA). In combined therapy with diphenylhydantoin (DPH), and during chronic PRIM overdosage, the relative concentration of PB is even higher. A case of renal insufficiency while on PRIM therapy and a case of acute PRIM intoxication are presented. In both cases PRIM and PEMA are elevated while PB is relatively low. The mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are discussed. Excluding young children with chronic PRIM overdosage, and the endogenous and exogenous intoxication described here, a relative PB concentration below 40% indicates a lack of patient compliance if a steady treatment schedule has been maintained for at least 3 weeks.", "contents": "Primidone metabolism in renal insufficiency and acute intoxication. Primidone (PRIM) is metabolized into phenobarbital (PB) and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA). During anticonvulsant therapy with PRIM under normal conditions PB represents by fat the largest portion of the total concentration of all three components (PRIM + PB + PEMA). In combined therapy with diphenylhydantoin (DPH), and during chronic PRIM overdosage, the relative concentration of PB is even higher. A case of renal insufficiency while on PRIM therapy and a case of acute PRIM intoxication are presented. In both cases PRIM and PEMA are elevated while PB is relatively low. The mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are discussed. Excluding young children with chronic PRIM overdosage, and the endogenous and exogenous intoxication described here, a relative PB concentration below 40% indicates a lack of patient compliance if a steady treatment schedule has been maintained for at least 3 weeks.", "PMID": 92538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_274", "title": "Roving eye movements with bilateral symmetrical lesions of the thalamus.", "content": "Typical roving eye movements (pendular deviations of the bulbi) were observed in a 41-year-old patient with bilateral symmetrical softenings in the anterior thalamic region. They constantly appeared after lid closure with a mean latency of 7.3 sec. The mean frequency was 0.25 cps, the mean amplitude 30 degrees. The phenomenon of roving eye movement is discussed with regard to the supranuclear structures regulating binocular eye movements.", "contents": "Roving eye movements with bilateral symmetrical lesions of the thalamus. Typical roving eye movements (pendular deviations of the bulbi) were observed in a 41-year-old patient with bilateral symmetrical softenings in the anterior thalamic region. They constantly appeared after lid closure with a mean latency of 7.3 sec. The mean frequency was 0.25 cps, the mean amplitude 30 degrees. The phenomenon of roving eye movement is discussed with regard to the supranuclear structures regulating binocular eye movements.", "PMID": 92539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_275", "title": "Hyperacute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys as a model of acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "A comparative study of clinical and morphological findings in three fatal cases of acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis (ANHE) and hyperacute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (HEAE) in rhesus monkeys is reported. In all cases ANHE was characterized clinically by definite prodromal respiratory infection. The course was rapidly progressive with fatal termination. The salient histopathological changes were necrosis of blood vessels with plasma exudation and fibrin impregnation, hemorrhages and inflammatory reaction in the damaged cerebral tissue. Perivascular lymphoid histiocytic infiltration with glial proliferation was also noted in all cases. Numerous compound granular cells were found in one case. HEAE was detected in five rhesus monkeys immunized with homological spinal cord emulsion with complete Freund adjuvant. The illness was acute or subacute and the course was rapidly progressive with a fatal end. There was multiple necrosis of small blood vessels with plasma exudation, fibrin impregnation and massive neutrophila infiltration of the damaged brain tissue in all rhesus monkeys with HEAE. There was also widespread glial proliferation and numerous compound granular cells alongside with necrosis of blood vessels in the brain. These findings suggest that HEAE in rhesus monkeys can be viewed as an adequate model of ANHE.", "contents": "Hyperacute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys as a model of acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis. A comparative study of clinical and morphological findings in three fatal cases of acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis (ANHE) and hyperacute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (HEAE) in rhesus monkeys is reported. In all cases ANHE was characterized clinically by definite prodromal respiratory infection. The course was rapidly progressive with fatal termination. The salient histopathological changes were necrosis of blood vessels with plasma exudation and fibrin impregnation, hemorrhages and inflammatory reaction in the damaged cerebral tissue. Perivascular lymphoid histiocytic infiltration with glial proliferation was also noted in all cases. Numerous compound granular cells were found in one case. HEAE was detected in five rhesus monkeys immunized with homological spinal cord emulsion with complete Freund adjuvant. The illness was acute or subacute and the course was rapidly progressive with a fatal end. There was multiple necrosis of small blood vessels with plasma exudation, fibrin impregnation and massive neutrophila infiltration of the damaged brain tissue in all rhesus monkeys with HEAE. There was also widespread glial proliferation and numerous compound granular cells alongside with necrosis of blood vessels in the brain. These findings suggest that HEAE in rhesus monkeys can be viewed as an adequate model of ANHE.", "PMID": 92540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_276", "title": "Recurrent transient global amnesia in a case with cerebrovascular lesions and livedo reticularis (Sneddon Syndrome).", "content": "Eight attacks of transient global amnesia were observed in a female patient who suffered from livedo reticularis and a series of other neurological symptoms, which were transient in most stances. The neurological deficits include focal epileptic attacks, unilateral loss of vision, paresis of left arm and/or leg and dysarthria. The first amnestic attack was seen at the age of 19. The episodes lasted from a few to 3 days. The intervals between the amnestic episodes varied between a few days and 11 years. The livedo reticularis became more obvious during each neurological episode and was less pronounced during the time of remission. A benign type of essential hypertension and parproteinemia (gamma-M) was found. The investigations failed to show any evidence of essential thrombocythemia, polyarteriitis nodosa, lupus erythematodes and other immune complex diseases. The underlaying disease remained unclear.", "contents": "Recurrent transient global amnesia in a case with cerebrovascular lesions and livedo reticularis (Sneddon Syndrome). Eight attacks of transient global amnesia were observed in a female patient who suffered from livedo reticularis and a series of other neurological symptoms, which were transient in most stances. The neurological deficits include focal epileptic attacks, unilateral loss of vision, paresis of left arm and/or leg and dysarthria. The first amnestic attack was seen at the age of 19. The episodes lasted from a few to 3 days. The intervals between the amnestic episodes varied between a few days and 11 years. The livedo reticularis became more obvious during each neurological episode and was less pronounced during the time of remission. A benign type of essential hypertension and parproteinemia (gamma-M) was found. The investigations failed to show any evidence of essential thrombocythemia, polyarteriitis nodosa, lupus erythematodes and other immune complex diseases. The underlaying disease remained unclear.", "PMID": 92541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_277", "title": "Familial meralgia paresthetica with an autosomal dominant trait.", "content": "Familial occurrence of Meralgia paresthetica is uncommon. Only few familial case studies have been reported up to now. The author presents a family with Meralgia in four generations, suggesting a distinctly autosomal dominant trait.", "contents": "Familial meralgia paresthetica with an autosomal dominant trait. Familial occurrence of Meralgia paresthetica is uncommon. Only few familial case studies have been reported up to now. The author presents a family with Meralgia in four generations, suggesting a distinctly autosomal dominant trait.", "PMID": 92542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_278", "title": "An unusual case of paroxysmal facial pain.", "content": "Paroxysmal facial pain is a rare sequel to brainstem infarction. This is a report of a patient who developed paroxysmal facial pain with the exceptional features of a trigger zone and relative refractory pain-free periods in an area previously anesthetic after infarction of the brainstem. The characteristic of this patient's pain is compared with the pain is compared with the pain of trigeminal neuralgia and possible similar pathogenetic mechanisms.", "contents": "An unusual case of paroxysmal facial pain. Paroxysmal facial pain is a rare sequel to brainstem infarction. This is a report of a patient who developed paroxysmal facial pain with the exceptional features of a trigger zone and relative refractory pain-free periods in an area previously anesthetic after infarction of the brainstem. The characteristic of this patient's pain is compared with the pain is compared with the pain of trigeminal neuralgia and possible similar pathogenetic mechanisms.", "PMID": 92544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_279", "title": "Varieties of the locked-in syndrome.", "content": "The locked-in syndrome (LiS) was broken down on the basis of neurological symptoms in 12 patients. The criteria of classical LiS are total immobility except for vertical eye movements and blinking. If any other movements are present one should consider the condition as incomplete LiS. Total immobility, including all eye movements, combined with signs of undisturbed cortical function in the EEG led to the concept of total LiS. The anatomical basis for this condition consists of lesions in both cerebral peduncles which interrupt the pyramidal and corticobulbar tracts, the supranuclear fibers for horizontal gaze and the postnuclear oculomotor fibers. As to the course, chronic and transient LiS have been described.", "contents": "Varieties of the locked-in syndrome. The locked-in syndrome (LiS) was broken down on the basis of neurological symptoms in 12 patients. The criteria of classical LiS are total immobility except for vertical eye movements and blinking. If any other movements are present one should consider the condition as incomplete LiS. Total immobility, including all eye movements, combined with signs of undisturbed cortical function in the EEG led to the concept of total LiS. The anatomical basis for this condition consists of lesions in both cerebral peduncles which interrupt the pyramidal and corticobulbar tracts, the supranuclear fibers for horizontal gaze and the postnuclear oculomotor fibers. As to the course, chronic and transient LiS have been described.", "PMID": 92545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_280", "title": "The value of CT and EEG in cases of posttraumatic epilepsy.", "content": "The results of the clinical neurological investigation were compared with those of electroencephalography (EEG) and computed tomography (CT) in 64 patients suffering from verified posttraumatic epilepsy. Only 18 patients (28%) showed central neurological features with corresponding focal disorders on CT (15 cases) and EEG (11 cases). The combined application of both methods led to positive results in 94% on the part of at least one accessory examination. The clinical neurological investigation as well as the EEG and CT were normal in only 3 cases, although the traumatic etiology of epilepsy was beyond doubt. In addition to the clinical neurological investigation, EEG and CT are most important accessory examinations for the diagnosis and followup studies in cases of posttraumatic epilepsy.", "contents": "The value of CT and EEG in cases of posttraumatic epilepsy. The results of the clinical neurological investigation were compared with those of electroencephalography (EEG) and computed tomography (CT) in 64 patients suffering from verified posttraumatic epilepsy. Only 18 patients (28%) showed central neurological features with corresponding focal disorders on CT (15 cases) and EEG (11 cases). The combined application of both methods led to positive results in 94% on the part of at least one accessory examination. The clinical neurological investigation as well as the EEG and CT were normal in only 3 cases, although the traumatic etiology of epilepsy was beyond doubt. In addition to the clinical neurological investigation, EEG and CT are most important accessory examinations for the diagnosis and followup studies in cases of posttraumatic epilepsy.", "PMID": 92546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_281", "title": "Intracranial giant cell arteritis.", "content": "A case of giant cell arteritis of intracranial vessels diagnosed by autopsy is described. Giant cell arteritis of the proximal basal brain arteries was exceptionally marked in a man of 60 years. The clinical course, laboratory findings and the pathological alterations of the brain and intracranial blood vessels are described. The case is discussed on the basis of the literature on giant cell arteritis with cerebral symptoms as well as on granulomatous giant cells arteritis of the brain. A separation of these two entities does not seem justified.", "contents": "Intracranial giant cell arteritis. A case of giant cell arteritis of intracranial vessels diagnosed by autopsy is described. Giant cell arteritis of the proximal basal brain arteries was exceptionally marked in a man of 60 years. The clinical course, laboratory findings and the pathological alterations of the brain and intracranial blood vessels are described. The case is discussed on the basis of the literature on giant cell arteritis with cerebral symptoms as well as on granulomatous giant cells arteritis of the brain. A separation of these two entities does not seem justified.", "PMID": 92547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_282", "title": "Isotachophoresis of CSF proteins in gel tubes especially gammaglobulins. An analytical and preparative technique for high-separation of CSF proteins.", "content": "An isotachophoretic method using polyacrylamide gel (PAG-ITP) in a simple disc electrophoretic equipment with plastic tubes containing the gels, was elaborated and especially designed for studying the gammaglobulins in CSF and serum from control subjects and patients with neurological disorders, especially known or probable MS. The device and the ITP system used, including leading and terminating electrolytes and spacer substances, dividing the gammaglobulins in a reproducible way, are described. No cooling of the gel tubes was needed. The sample volumes varied between 5--500 microliters, and the separation time was 1.5--3.0 h. CSF from patients with verified or probable MS revealed characteristic, increased low-mobility gammaglobulin fractions. Using other ITP systems, such as other spacer compositions, the anodic proteins can also be studied in more detail. PAG-ITP in gel tubes is a simple and inexpensive technique which can be used for both analytical and preparative procedures for biological material such as CSF, serum and extractions from nervous tissues.", "contents": "Isotachophoresis of CSF proteins in gel tubes especially gammaglobulins. An analytical and preparative technique for high-separation of CSF proteins. An isotachophoretic method using polyacrylamide gel (PAG-ITP) in a simple disc electrophoretic equipment with plastic tubes containing the gels, was elaborated and especially designed for studying the gammaglobulins in CSF and serum from control subjects and patients with neurological disorders, especially known or probable MS. The device and the ITP system used, including leading and terminating electrolytes and spacer substances, dividing the gammaglobulins in a reproducible way, are described. No cooling of the gel tubes was needed. The sample volumes varied between 5--500 microliters, and the separation time was 1.5--3.0 h. CSF from patients with verified or probable MS revealed characteristic, increased low-mobility gammaglobulin fractions. Using other ITP systems, such as other spacer compositions, the anodic proteins can also be studied in more detail. PAG-ITP in gel tubes is a simple and inexpensive technique which can be used for both analytical and preparative procedures for biological material such as CSF, serum and extractions from nervous tissues.", "PMID": 92548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_283", "title": "Isotachophoresis in capillary tubes of CSF proteins -- especially gammaglobulins.", "content": "Isotachophoresis in polyacrylamide gel tubes (PAG-ITP) and in capillary tubes (Tachophor, LKB) have previously been found by the authors, to be very promising high-separation methods for CSF and serum proteins, especially regarding the diagnosis of MS. PAG-ITP methods for analytical and preparative use have been described by the authors elsewhere, while in this paper proper cationic systems for ITP in capillary tubes for studying gammaglobulins in microliter amounts of CSF and serum are described, i.e. the albumin injection-clog problem is avoided and the preparation time can be forced. By using microdialysis of the CSF samples for desalting, with a technique easy to perform and with high reproducibility, microliter amounts of native CSF can be performed in less than half an hour. The method seems to be even more applicable for clinical and scientific use if the capillary isotachophoretic apparatus is connected to a synchronized equipment (LKB Tachophrac) with a cellulosa acetate strip onto which the separated fractions are ejected for further analysis by immunological tests. The analytical systems used have been especially directed to gammaglobulins in CSF and serum regarding further studies on demyelinating and infectious disorders of the nervous system.", "contents": "Isotachophoresis in capillary tubes of CSF proteins -- especially gammaglobulins. Isotachophoresis in polyacrylamide gel tubes (PAG-ITP) and in capillary tubes (Tachophor, LKB) have previously been found by the authors, to be very promising high-separation methods for CSF and serum proteins, especially regarding the diagnosis of MS. PAG-ITP methods for analytical and preparative use have been described by the authors elsewhere, while in this paper proper cationic systems for ITP in capillary tubes for studying gammaglobulins in microliter amounts of CSF and serum are described, i.e. the albumin injection-clog problem is avoided and the preparation time can be forced. By using microdialysis of the CSF samples for desalting, with a technique easy to perform and with high reproducibility, microliter amounts of native CSF can be performed in less than half an hour. The method seems to be even more applicable for clinical and scientific use if the capillary isotachophoretic apparatus is connected to a synchronized equipment (LKB Tachophrac) with a cellulosa acetate strip onto which the separated fractions are ejected for further analysis by immunological tests. The analytical systems used have been especially directed to gammaglobulins in CSF and serum regarding further studies on demyelinating and infectious disorders of the nervous system.", "PMID": 92549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_284", "title": "Intrathecal IgG synthesis in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases: a comparative evaluation by IgG-index and isoelectric focusing.", "content": "Intrathecal IgG synthesis has been investigated by determining the IgG index and by isoelectric focusing in 30 cases of definite multiple sclerosis, in 15 cases of probable multiple sclerosis and in 128 patients affected by other neurological diseases. The blood-brain barrier function was evaluated at the same time by serum albumin/CSF albumin quotient and isoelectric focusing. The IgG index was found elevated in 73.3% of definite multiple sclerosis patients, while oligoclonal IgG bands occurred in 90%. In the other neurological diseases the IgG index was abnormally increased in 35.1% but IgG bands were present only in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 1.5% and both in the CSF and serum in 7% of patients. The high capacity of isoelectric focusing to detect IgG oligoclonal bands in the CSF is pointed out as an extremely useful diagnostic tool in multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Intrathecal IgG synthesis in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases: a comparative evaluation by IgG-index and isoelectric focusing. Intrathecal IgG synthesis has been investigated by determining the IgG index and by isoelectric focusing in 30 cases of definite multiple sclerosis, in 15 cases of probable multiple sclerosis and in 128 patients affected by other neurological diseases. The blood-brain barrier function was evaluated at the same time by serum albumin/CSF albumin quotient and isoelectric focusing. The IgG index was found elevated in 73.3% of definite multiple sclerosis patients, while oligoclonal IgG bands occurred in 90%. In the other neurological diseases the IgG index was abnormally increased in 35.1% but IgG bands were present only in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 1.5% and both in the CSF and serum in 7% of patients. The high capacity of isoelectric focusing to detect IgG oligoclonal bands in the CSF is pointed out as an extremely useful diagnostic tool in multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 92550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_285", "title": "The discriminating role of EEG power spectra in dyslexic children.", "content": "The aim of this investigation is to compare EEG power-density spectra between dyslexic and normal children. The children have been selected on the basis of specific reading and writing tasks; those with severe organic diseases and mental disorders were excluded. Groups aged 8, 9 and 10 years have been compared. In the 8-year-old group the power in the alpha band is higher in normals, in the 9-year-old group there was a higher power of the mu rhythm in normals and in the 10-year-old group the power in the temporal theta band is lower in normals. A possible relation between these findings and psychomotor development is discussed.", "contents": "The discriminating role of EEG power spectra in dyslexic children. The aim of this investigation is to compare EEG power-density spectra between dyslexic and normal children. The children have been selected on the basis of specific reading and writing tasks; those with severe organic diseases and mental disorders were excluded. Groups aged 8, 9 and 10 years have been compared. In the 8-year-old group the power in the alpha band is higher in normals, in the 9-year-old group there was a higher power of the mu rhythm in normals and in the 10-year-old group the power in the temporal theta band is lower in normals. A possible relation between these findings and psychomotor development is discussed.", "PMID": 92551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_286", "title": "EEG spectra in children aged 8, 9 and 10 years. Reference values.", "content": "In a group of normal children aged 8, 9 and 10 years power density spectra of a 100-second EEG period were made over four different brain regions. All children had to undergo medical and psychological examinations prior to this EEG and the criteria for normality were based on these examinations. Reference values of the power density distribution for children between 8 and 10.5 years are given.", "contents": "EEG spectra in children aged 8, 9 and 10 years. Reference values. In a group of normal children aged 8, 9 and 10 years power density spectra of a 100-second EEG period were made over four different brain regions. All children had to undergo medical and psychological examinations prior to this EEG and the criteria for normality were based on these examinations. Reference values of the power density distribution for children between 8 and 10.5 years are given.", "PMID": 92552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_287", "title": "Unusual features in a case diagnosed as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).", "content": "SSPE is characterised by progressive mental deterioration, myoclonic and similar motor disorders and final severe comatose states, increase of immunoglobuline G in the CSF, strongly elevated antibody titers to measles virus in serum and CSF and typical periodic K-complexes in the EEG. The disease appears commonly in childhood and has a fatal course. Cases with atypical signs have occasionally been reported. The case described in this paper shows a number of uncommon features: late onset, partial remission and stationary course, increased antibody titers to measles virus but relatively low in comparison to others, dissociation of cytoplasmic and nuclear fluorescent antibodies against SSPE brain tissue and an initial increase of antibodies against rubella virus. The patient was treated with isoprinosine. Improvement was observed before the start of this therapy and stabilized while treatment was being continued.", "contents": "Unusual features in a case diagnosed as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). SSPE is characterised by progressive mental deterioration, myoclonic and similar motor disorders and final severe comatose states, increase of immunoglobuline G in the CSF, strongly elevated antibody titers to measles virus in serum and CSF and typical periodic K-complexes in the EEG. The disease appears commonly in childhood and has a fatal course. Cases with atypical signs have occasionally been reported. The case described in this paper shows a number of uncommon features: late onset, partial remission and stationary course, increased antibody titers to measles virus but relatively low in comparison to others, dissociation of cytoplasmic and nuclear fluorescent antibodies against SSPE brain tissue and an initial increase of antibodies against rubella virus. The patient was treated with isoprinosine. Improvement was observed before the start of this therapy and stabilized while treatment was being continued.", "PMID": 92553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_288", "title": "A case of priapism with ruptured intracranial aneurysm.", "content": "A man of 35 years, who had had three attacks of subarachnoid hemorrhage in the previous 3 years, was admitted to hospital with complaints of headache and priapism. There had been intermittent priapism with abnormal acceleration of sexual desire since the first attack, and erection of the penis had persisted with intolerable pain after the last attack of subarachnoid hemorrhage. A carotid angiogram revealed an aneurysm at the junction of the left internal carotid and posterior communicating arteries. Clipping of the aneurysmal neck was successfully performed. However, priapism continued for 22 days after the operation and resulted in sexual impotence. The neurological problems of priapism are discussed with special reference to a hypothalamic lesion caused by the ruptured intracranial aneurysm in this report.", "contents": "A case of priapism with ruptured intracranial aneurysm. A man of 35 years, who had had three attacks of subarachnoid hemorrhage in the previous 3 years, was admitted to hospital with complaints of headache and priapism. There had been intermittent priapism with abnormal acceleration of sexual desire since the first attack, and erection of the penis had persisted with intolerable pain after the last attack of subarachnoid hemorrhage. A carotid angiogram revealed an aneurysm at the junction of the left internal carotid and posterior communicating arteries. Clipping of the aneurysmal neck was successfully performed. However, priapism continued for 22 days after the operation and resulted in sexual impotence. The neurological problems of priapism are discussed with special reference to a hypothalamic lesion caused by the ruptured intracranial aneurysm in this report.", "PMID": 92554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_289", "title": "Quantitative and qualitative changes in phospholipid in the intestine of the gerbil and the development of lipodystrophy.", "content": "Female gerbils fed a diet containing 20% coconut oil develop an intestinal lipodystrophy that is not seen in animals fed a diet containing 20% safflower oil or a diet of 20% coconut oil supplemented with 0.1% inositol. The coconut oil diets contained 1.5% safflower oil to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency. The level of inositol in the intestinal tissue of animals fed the coconut oil diet not supplemented with inositol has been shown to be decreased. Phospholipid analyses of the intestinal tissue were undertaken to determine if this decrease in total inositol was reflected in a decrease in phosphatidylinositol or resulted in an altered phospholipid pattern. No difference in the phosphatidylinositol level was seen between animals fed 20% coconut oil with and without inositol supplementation (microgram P/gut section), although animals fed coconut oil diets had lower levels of phosphatidylinositol than animals fed safflower oil diets. Fatty acid analyses of total phospholipid and phosphatidylinositol in gut tissue revealed that animals which deveoped the lesion had an ultered phosphatidylinositol fraction with a depressed level of arachidonic acid and an elevated level of oleic acid. This suggests that the development of the intestinal lipodystrophy may be correlated with qualitative rather than quantitative changes in phosphatidylinositol.", "contents": "Quantitative and qualitative changes in phospholipid in the intestine of the gerbil and the development of lipodystrophy. Female gerbils fed a diet containing 20% coconut oil develop an intestinal lipodystrophy that is not seen in animals fed a diet containing 20% safflower oil or a diet of 20% coconut oil supplemented with 0.1% inositol. The coconut oil diets contained 1.5% safflower oil to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency. The level of inositol in the intestinal tissue of animals fed the coconut oil diet not supplemented with inositol has been shown to be decreased. Phospholipid analyses of the intestinal tissue were undertaken to determine if this decrease in total inositol was reflected in a decrease in phosphatidylinositol or resulted in an altered phospholipid pattern. No difference in the phosphatidylinositol level was seen between animals fed 20% coconut oil with and without inositol supplementation (microgram P/gut section), although animals fed coconut oil diets had lower levels of phosphatidylinositol than animals fed safflower oil diets. Fatty acid analyses of total phospholipid and phosphatidylinositol in gut tissue revealed that animals which deveoped the lesion had an ultered phosphatidylinositol fraction with a depressed level of arachidonic acid and an elevated level of oleic acid. This suggests that the development of the intestinal lipodystrophy may be correlated with qualitative rather than quantitative changes in phosphatidylinositol.", "PMID": 92556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_290", "title": "Histogenesis of the so-called \"intravascular bronchioloalveolar tumour\".", "content": "Three cases of Dial and Liebow's intravascular bronchioloalveolar tumour are described, with emphasis on ultrastructure and histogenesis. The tumour cells are quite different from adjacent reactive alveolar cells and electron microscopy does not support the suggested alveolar cell origin. The tumour cells contain abundant microfilaments, moderate amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and varying numbers of Weibel-Palade bodies. With features of smooth muscle, myofibroblast and endothelial cell differentiation, a vascular origin from precursor mesenchymal cells such as the vasoformative reserve cells is suggested.", "contents": "Histogenesis of the so-called \"intravascular bronchioloalveolar tumour\". Three cases of Dial and Liebow's intravascular bronchioloalveolar tumour are described, with emphasis on ultrastructure and histogenesis. The tumour cells are quite different from adjacent reactive alveolar cells and electron microscopy does not support the suggested alveolar cell origin. The tumour cells contain abundant microfilaments, moderate amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and varying numbers of Weibel-Palade bodies. With features of smooth muscle, myofibroblast and endothelial cell differentiation, a vascular origin from precursor mesenchymal cells such as the vasoformative reserve cells is suggested.", "PMID": 92557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_291", "title": "Isolation and characterization of surface antigens from Schistosoma mansoni. II. Antigenicity of radiolabeled proteins from adult worms.", "content": "Adult Schistosoma mansoni were radiolabeled in vitro with 125I Bolton-Hunter reagent. Surface membrane antigens were solubilized with non-ionic detergent, then reacted with infection or normal serum. The antigen-antibody complexes were then precipitated with staphylococcal protein A immunoadsorbent, eluted with urea and SDS, and fractionated by SDS-PAGE. The results indicated the presence of 6 to 8 tegument antigens, depending on the type of antisera used. Human antisera to S. japonicum and S. haematobium reacted with some but not all of the antigens identified with human S. mansoni infection serum; this implies the presence of species-specific tegument antigens. The molecular weights of the radiolabeled antigens ranged from 10,000 to 100,000. A large (greater than 100,000) molecular weight glycoprotein and an uncharacterized lipid fraction appeared to be precipitated nonspecifically. Immunoprecipitation methods with anti-mouse IgG and anti-mouse whole serum failed to detect the presence of hostlike antigens in the labeled extracts. Several of the labeled proteins from S. mansoni were found to react with serum from patients infected with either S. haematobium or with S. japonicum.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of surface antigens from Schistosoma mansoni. II. Antigenicity of radiolabeled proteins from adult worms. Adult Schistosoma mansoni were radiolabeled in vitro with 125I Bolton-Hunter reagent. Surface membrane antigens were solubilized with non-ionic detergent, then reacted with infection or normal serum. The antigen-antibody complexes were then precipitated with staphylococcal protein A immunoadsorbent, eluted with urea and SDS, and fractionated by SDS-PAGE. The results indicated the presence of 6 to 8 tegument antigens, depending on the type of antisera used. Human antisera to S. japonicum and S. haematobium reacted with some but not all of the antigens identified with human S. mansoni infection serum; this implies the presence of species-specific tegument antigens. The molecular weights of the radiolabeled antigens ranged from 10,000 to 100,000. A large (greater than 100,000) molecular weight glycoprotein and an uncharacterized lipid fraction appeared to be precipitated nonspecifically. Immunoprecipitation methods with anti-mouse IgG and anti-mouse whole serum failed to detect the presence of hostlike antigens in the labeled extracts. Several of the labeled proteins from S. mansoni were found to react with serum from patients infected with either S. haematobium or with S. japonicum.", "PMID": 92558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_292", "title": "Antigenic make-up of Trypanosoma cruzi culture forms: identification of a specific component.", "content": "A comparison of Trypanosoma cruzi water soluble antigens with those of stercorarian and salivarian trypanosomes, and Leishmania using immunoprecipitation in gels and immunoelectrophoresis, with the aid of hyperimmune rabbit serum and heterologous adsorptions showed the following. 1) There is a high complexity of soluble antigens of T. cruzi and T. rangeli. 2) At the intraspecific level our results demonstrated the antigenic stability of T. cruzi when maintained in vitro, and that there was quantitative antigenic consistency of the culture forms of different strains of T. cruzi from diverse geographic and parasite sources. At the interspecific level, the antigenic relationships between T. cruzi and the other Trypanosomatidae were established, as follows: 6/10ths of the antigens are shared by stercorarian species (T. dionisii, T. rangeli); 4/10ths by a salivarian trypanosome (T. brucei); and 3/10ths by Leishmania (L. donovani, L. mexicana). 3) Among the 4/10ths of antigenic components specific to T. cruzi, one component was characterized by its antigenicity and immunogenicity in natural and experimental infections, and in immunization experiments; this component was specific to T. cruzi when compared to the other Trypanosomatidae antigens.", "contents": "Antigenic make-up of Trypanosoma cruzi culture forms: identification of a specific component. A comparison of Trypanosoma cruzi water soluble antigens with those of stercorarian and salivarian trypanosomes, and Leishmania using immunoprecipitation in gels and immunoelectrophoresis, with the aid of hyperimmune rabbit serum and heterologous adsorptions showed the following. 1) There is a high complexity of soluble antigens of T. cruzi and T. rangeli. 2) At the intraspecific level our results demonstrated the antigenic stability of T. cruzi when maintained in vitro, and that there was quantitative antigenic consistency of the culture forms of different strains of T. cruzi from diverse geographic and parasite sources. At the interspecific level, the antigenic relationships between T. cruzi and the other Trypanosomatidae were established, as follows: 6/10ths of the antigens are shared by stercorarian species (T. dionisii, T. rangeli); 4/10ths by a salivarian trypanosome (T. brucei); and 3/10ths by Leishmania (L. donovani, L. mexicana). 3) Among the 4/10ths of antigenic components specific to T. cruzi, one component was characterized by its antigenicity and immunogenicity in natural and experimental infections, and in immunization experiments; this component was specific to T. cruzi when compared to the other Trypanosomatidae antigens.", "PMID": 92559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_293", "title": "Evidence for reappearance of Trypanosoma brucei variable antigen types in relapse populations.", "content": "Seven out of 11 bovines infected with different clones of Trypanosoma brucei showed 2 peaks of antibody activity against the infecting clone within 7 weeks, as measured by immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and neutralization of infectivity tests. Using other clones from an unrelated Stock, antibodies to these clones were not detectable, indicating that the antibodies produced were specific to the infecting organisms. These results suggest that there was a reappearance or increase in numbers of the infecting organisms or of organisms with variable surface antigens similar to those of the infecting clones. The reappearance of variable antigen types in the presence of specific antibodies would imply that antibody plays a selective rather than an inductive role in the process of antigenic variation in African trypanosomes.", "contents": "Evidence for reappearance of Trypanosoma brucei variable antigen types in relapse populations. Seven out of 11 bovines infected with different clones of Trypanosoma brucei showed 2 peaks of antibody activity against the infecting clone within 7 weeks, as measured by immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and neutralization of infectivity tests. Using other clones from an unrelated Stock, antibodies to these clones were not detectable, indicating that the antibodies produced were specific to the infecting organisms. These results suggest that there was a reappearance or increase in numbers of the infecting organisms or of organisms with variable surface antigens similar to those of the infecting clones. The reappearance of variable antigen types in the presence of specific antibodies would imply that antibody plays a selective rather than an inductive role in the process of antigenic variation in African trypanosomes.", "PMID": 92560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_294", "title": "Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumors in infants and children.", "content": "Endodermal sinus tumors, as a specific entity, were first proposed and described by Teilum on the basis of morphological and histogenetic features. Recent work utilizing tumor markers (alpha-fetoprotein), immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies have supported Teilum's original concept as to the origin of these tumors. Five typical presentations of endodermal sinus tumors seen in the pediatric age group were reviewed with reference to the original presentation, the utilization of tumor markers (alpha-fetoprotein) and the prognostic implications of this neoplasm.", "contents": "Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumors in infants and children. Endodermal sinus tumors, as a specific entity, were first proposed and described by Teilum on the basis of morphological and histogenetic features. Recent work utilizing tumor markers (alpha-fetoprotein), immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies have supported Teilum's original concept as to the origin of these tumors. Five typical presentations of endodermal sinus tumors seen in the pediatric age group were reviewed with reference to the original presentation, the utilization of tumor markers (alpha-fetoprotein) and the prognostic implications of this neoplasm.", "PMID": 92561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_295", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants. XLII: Effect of phenobarbital on systemic availability of orally administered dicumarol in rats with ligated bile ducts.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the previously demonstrated inhibitory effect of phenobarbital treatment on the systemic availability of orally administered dicumarol in rats is related to the known effect of phenobarbital on bile output. It was found that phenobarbital had no apparent effect on the systemic availability of an aqueous dicumarol suspension in rats with ligated bile ducts. Compared to results obtained previously on normal rats, bile duct-ligated rats absorbed and eliminated dicumarol much more slowly and absorbed much less of the anticoagulant. On the other hand, the relative inductive effect of phenobarbital treatment on dicumarol elimination was similar in normal and in bile duct-ligated animals. The latter exhibited substantial serum transaminase elevations, indicative of liver damage presumably secondary to cholestasis. These results demonstrate that a drug-drug interaction can depend markedly on the pathophysiological status of the animals.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants. XLII: Effect of phenobarbital on systemic availability of orally administered dicumarol in rats with ligated bile ducts. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the previously demonstrated inhibitory effect of phenobarbital treatment on the systemic availability of orally administered dicumarol in rats is related to the known effect of phenobarbital on bile output. It was found that phenobarbital had no apparent effect on the systemic availability of an aqueous dicumarol suspension in rats with ligated bile ducts. Compared to results obtained previously on normal rats, bile duct-ligated rats absorbed and eliminated dicumarol much more slowly and absorbed much less of the anticoagulant. On the other hand, the relative inductive effect of phenobarbital treatment on dicumarol elimination was similar in normal and in bile duct-ligated animals. The latter exhibited substantial serum transaminase elevations, indicative of liver damage presumably secondary to cholestasis. These results demonstrate that a drug-drug interaction can depend markedly on the pathophysiological status of the animals.", "PMID": 92562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_296", "title": "Benzalkonium chloride: selective inhibitor of histamine release induced by compound 48/80 and other polyamines.", "content": "Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a mixture of quaternary benzyldimethylalkylammonium chlorides which was found to inhibit histamine release induced by polyamines (48/80, ATP, bradykinin, curare, guanethidine, polylysine, polymyxin B, poly-THIQ, protamine, stilbamidine or substance P), but not that caused by antigens, concanavalin A, dextran, lonophores (A23187 or X-537A), enzymes (chymotrypsin or phospholipase C), monoamines (dextromethorphan, meperidine or chlorpromazine) or detergents (decylamine, Triton X-100 or a fire ant venom alkylpiperidine). Inhibition by 1.5 and 3 microgram of BAC per ml caused parallel shifts of the 48/80 dose-response curves to the right with no loss of efficacy, indicating that the antagonism was surmountable. Phospholipase C was partially inhibited by BAC, but Triton X-100 also inhibited phospholipase C (but not 48/80), indicating that the inhibition of phospholipase C by BAC was probably a nonspecific, detergent effect. BAC caused histamine release by itself at concentrations over 5 microgram/ml. Heat inactivation (50 degrees C for 15 min) of the mast cells did not prevent this release, suggesting a lytic mechanism for this action. Structure-activity relations studies on various members of the BAC family for their ability to inhibit 48/80-induced histamine release indicated that benzyldimethyltridecylammonium chloride was the most potent.", "contents": "Benzalkonium chloride: selective inhibitor of histamine release induced by compound 48/80 and other polyamines. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a mixture of quaternary benzyldimethylalkylammonium chlorides which was found to inhibit histamine release induced by polyamines (48/80, ATP, bradykinin, curare, guanethidine, polylysine, polymyxin B, poly-THIQ, protamine, stilbamidine or substance P), but not that caused by antigens, concanavalin A, dextran, lonophores (A23187 or X-537A), enzymes (chymotrypsin or phospholipase C), monoamines (dextromethorphan, meperidine or chlorpromazine) or detergents (decylamine, Triton X-100 or a fire ant venom alkylpiperidine). Inhibition by 1.5 and 3 microgram of BAC per ml caused parallel shifts of the 48/80 dose-response curves to the right with no loss of efficacy, indicating that the antagonism was surmountable. Phospholipase C was partially inhibited by BAC, but Triton X-100 also inhibited phospholipase C (but not 48/80), indicating that the inhibition of phospholipase C by BAC was probably a nonspecific, detergent effect. BAC caused histamine release by itself at concentrations over 5 microgram/ml. Heat inactivation (50 degrees C for 15 min) of the mast cells did not prevent this release, suggesting a lytic mechanism for this action. Structure-activity relations studies on various members of the BAC family for their ability to inhibit 48/80-induced histamine release indicated that benzyldimethyltridecylammonium chloride was the most potent.", "PMID": 92563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_297", "title": "Development, utilization, and evaluation of educational programs for patients with maxillary and mandibular defects.", "content": "Prior to the development of these two rehabilitation programs, there was no informational material available for patients having undergone debilitative maxillary or mandibular surgery. Realizing that what little information the patients and their families did receive during the rehabilitative process was often fragmented, misunderstood, or simply forgotten, two audiovisual programs were designed to fulfill a long-neglected need. Experience with this project indicates that if patient rehabilitation programs are to be effective, it is essential that the patients contribute to the program's development. Only in this way can members of the health-care team be assured that the transmission of pertinent information through variatious educational materials is totally effective.", "contents": "Development, utilization, and evaluation of educational programs for patients with maxillary and mandibular defects. Prior to the development of these two rehabilitation programs, there was no informational material available for patients having undergone debilitative maxillary or mandibular surgery. Realizing that what little information the patients and their families did receive during the rehabilitative process was often fragmented, misunderstood, or simply forgotten, two audiovisual programs were designed to fulfill a long-neglected need. Experience with this project indicates that if patient rehabilitation programs are to be effective, it is essential that the patients contribute to the program's development. Only in this way can members of the health-care team be assured that the transmission of pertinent information through variatious educational materials is totally effective.", "PMID": 92564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_298", "title": "Distribution of alpha 1-fetoprotein in fetal plasma, allantoic fluid, amniotic fluid and maternal plasma of cows.", "content": "Maximal concentrations of AFP, measured by RIA, were obtained in fetal plasma and amniotic and allantoic fluid between the 3rd and 4th month of gestation, with levels declining thereafter until term. AFP values in maternal plasma were unchanged. Throughout gestation, AFP values were higher in allantoic than in amniotic fluid and the ratio of allantoic fluid/amniotic fluid AFP was significantly correlated with gestational age.", "contents": "Distribution of alpha 1-fetoprotein in fetal plasma, allantoic fluid, amniotic fluid and maternal plasma of cows. Maximal concentrations of AFP, measured by RIA, were obtained in fetal plasma and amniotic and allantoic fluid between the 3rd and 4th month of gestation, with levels declining thereafter until term. AFP values in maternal plasma were unchanged. Throughout gestation, AFP values were higher in allantoic than in amniotic fluid and the ratio of allantoic fluid/amniotic fluid AFP was significantly correlated with gestational age.", "PMID": 92565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_299", "title": "Biologically active polycycloalkanes. 6. Antiviral 1-tricyclo[4.3.1.1 2,5]undecyl derivatives.", "content": "Functionalization reactions via cationic intermediates of tricyclo[4.3.1.1 2,5]undecane (2) were investigated to prepare derivatives with potential antiviral activities. Bromination of 2 took place regiospecifically at C-1, and the resulted bromide 5 was converted into the hydroxide 9, the carboxylic acid 12, and the amine 22, from which were synthesized a variety of secondary derivatives, including homologous esters 10 and 20, amides 14 and 19, carbamates 24, and ureas 17 and 25. The hydroxide 9, the acid 12, and the acetamide 21 were also obtainable directly from tricyclo[5.2.1.0 2,6]dec-endo-2-ylcarbinol (1), the precursor for the synthesis of the hydrocarbon 2. Success in these functionalization-rearrangements was attributed to the inability of the intermediate 2-1-yl cation (2+) for further skeletal isomerizations. Among the 1-substituted derivatives of 2 prepared, the amine hydrochlorides (16 and 23), a few esters (20b and 20d), and some N-alkylamides (19c, 19d, and 19e) exhibited marked antiviral activities as compared to amantadine hydrochloride, when tested in vitro on a monolayer culture of chick embryo fibroblasts against Newcastle disease virus.", "contents": "Biologically active polycycloalkanes. 6. Antiviral 1-tricyclo[4.3.1.1 2,5]undecyl derivatives. Functionalization reactions via cationic intermediates of tricyclo[4.3.1.1 2,5]undecane (2) were investigated to prepare derivatives with potential antiviral activities. Bromination of 2 took place regiospecifically at C-1, and the resulted bromide 5 was converted into the hydroxide 9, the carboxylic acid 12, and the amine 22, from which were synthesized a variety of secondary derivatives, including homologous esters 10 and 20, amides 14 and 19, carbamates 24, and ureas 17 and 25. The hydroxide 9, the acid 12, and the acetamide 21 were also obtainable directly from tricyclo[5.2.1.0 2,6]dec-endo-2-ylcarbinol (1), the precursor for the synthesis of the hydrocarbon 2. Success in these functionalization-rearrangements was attributed to the inability of the intermediate 2-1-yl cation (2+) for further skeletal isomerizations. Among the 1-substituted derivatives of 2 prepared, the amine hydrochlorides (16 and 23), a few esters (20b and 20d), and some N-alkylamides (19c, 19d, and 19e) exhibited marked antiviral activities as compared to amantadine hydrochloride, when tested in vitro on a monolayer culture of chick embryo fibroblasts against Newcastle disease virus.", "PMID": 92566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_300", "title": "Synthesis and antitumor activity of 5-azacytosine arabinoside.", "content": "5-Azacytosine arabinoside (ara-AC) can be considered a combination of structural elements derived from the antitumor nucleosides cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) and 5-azacytidine (5-AC). The synthesis of ara-AC, for which standard methods were inadequate, was accomplished using the stable dihydro derivative as a synthetic intermediate. A novel dehydrogenation of the latter through the application of a trimethylsilylation-oxidation procedure gave ara-AC in good yield. Using murine L1210 leukemia as a test system, ara-AC was evaluated for antitumor properties in parallel determinations with 5-AC and ara-C. Although higher dose levels were necessary, ara-AC demonstrated a reproducibly greater efficacy in the L1210 system (% ILS = 144-148) than that shown by 5-AC (% ILS = 126-124) or ara-C (% ILS=127-121 ). Moreover, initial data suggest that ara-AC exhibits less host toxicity than either 5-AC or ARA-C. Although ara-AC can equally be considered an analogue of either 5-AC or ara-C, preliminary results indicate that ara-AC is chemically similar to 5-AC but biologically more closely related to ara-C.", "contents": "Synthesis and antitumor activity of 5-azacytosine arabinoside. 5-Azacytosine arabinoside (ara-AC) can be considered a combination of structural elements derived from the antitumor nucleosides cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) and 5-azacytidine (5-AC). The synthesis of ara-AC, for which standard methods were inadequate, was accomplished using the stable dihydro derivative as a synthetic intermediate. A novel dehydrogenation of the latter through the application of a trimethylsilylation-oxidation procedure gave ara-AC in good yield. Using murine L1210 leukemia as a test system, ara-AC was evaluated for antitumor properties in parallel determinations with 5-AC and ara-C. Although higher dose levels were necessary, ara-AC demonstrated a reproducibly greater efficacy in the L1210 system (% ILS = 144-148) than that shown by 5-AC (% ILS = 126-124) or ara-C (% ILS=127-121 ). Moreover, initial data suggest that ara-AC exhibits less host toxicity than either 5-AC or ARA-C. Although ara-AC can equally be considered an analogue of either 5-AC or ara-C, preliminary results indicate that ara-AC is chemically similar to 5-AC but biologically more closely related to ara-C.", "PMID": 92567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_301", "title": "Formation of ionic channels in black lipid membranes by succinic derivatives of gramicidin A.", "content": "Different succinyl derivatives of Gramicidin A were synthesized and their activity was investigated with different methods on lipid bilayer membranes. The succinyl derivatives of Gramicidin A can be classified as three different types, the O-succinyl derivative, the N-succinyl derivative and the N-O-succinyl derivative of Gramicidin A. An O-pyromellityl-N-succinyl gramicidin was synthesized which can be attributed to the latter class. It was found that O-succinyl gramicidin behaves like the unmodified Gramicidin A despite a charge effect on single-channel conductance, arising from the negative charge of the succinic residue at the mouth of the channel. The activity of N-succinyl and N-O-succinyl gramacidin and of O-pyromellityl-N-succinyl-gramicidin depends strongly on the pH of the electrolyte solution. It is demonstrated that at low pH (less than or equal to 5) the N-succinyl derivatives show high activity, whereas at high pH (greater than or equal to 7) the activity is sharply reduced or disappears totally. From these experiments it can be concluded that, for the formation of a dimeric gramicidin channel, the hydrogen of the formyl group can be replaced by a protonated carboxylic group of a succinic residue. Further results, obtained by measurement of the single-channel conductance and of the reaction rate constants for the channel formation, are discussed in terms of the structural basis of the single stranded model for the gramicidin channel. On this basis the double stranded helix can be excluded and an interesting head-to-head single stranded beta(pi L.D.) helical channel is described which contains carboxyl groups at the head-to-head junction.", "contents": "Formation of ionic channels in black lipid membranes by succinic derivatives of gramicidin A. Different succinyl derivatives of Gramicidin A were synthesized and their activity was investigated with different methods on lipid bilayer membranes. The succinyl derivatives of Gramicidin A can be classified as three different types, the O-succinyl derivative, the N-succinyl derivative and the N-O-succinyl derivative of Gramicidin A. An O-pyromellityl-N-succinyl gramicidin was synthesized which can be attributed to the latter class. It was found that O-succinyl gramicidin behaves like the unmodified Gramicidin A despite a charge effect on single-channel conductance, arising from the negative charge of the succinic residue at the mouth of the channel. The activity of N-succinyl and N-O-succinyl gramacidin and of O-pyromellityl-N-succinyl-gramicidin depends strongly on the pH of the electrolyte solution. It is demonstrated that at low pH (less than or equal to 5) the N-succinyl derivatives show high activity, whereas at high pH (greater than or equal to 7) the activity is sharply reduced or disappears totally. From these experiments it can be concluded that, for the formation of a dimeric gramicidin channel, the hydrogen of the formyl group can be replaced by a protonated carboxylic group of a succinic residue. Further results, obtained by measurement of the single-channel conductance and of the reaction rate constants for the channel formation, are discussed in terms of the structural basis of the single stranded model for the gramicidin channel. On this basis the double stranded helix can be excluded and an interesting head-to-head single stranded beta(pi L.D.) helical channel is described which contains carboxyl groups at the head-to-head junction.", "PMID": 92569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_302", "title": "Dicarboxylic acid analogs of gramicidin A: dimerization kinetics and single channel properties.", "content": "According to the model of Urry, the cation-permeable gramicidin channel is a dimeric helix formed by association of two peptide monomers linked at their amino ends. In this paper the channel properties of gramicidin analogs are described which have been obtained by chemical modification at the coupling site of the two half-channels. In these analogs the amino terminal -CHO group is replaced by -CO(CH2)nCCOH (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). All analogs form conducting channels in black lipid membranes with the same general properties as found for gramicidin A. The observation that the channel-forming activity decreases with increasing pH is consistent with the notion that the half-channels are linked at the amino terminus. The channel lifetime of the different analogs varies between 2 msec and greater than of equal to 50 sec, the longest lifetime being found for the compound with n = 3. The single-channel conductance : formula : (see text) is always smaller than that of gramicidin A, but the reduction of : formula : (see text) depends on the nature of the permeable ion. Ion specificity was studied at 1 M electrolyte by measuring the conductance : formula : (see text) for different permeable ions (Na+, K+, Cs+). The conductance ration : formula : (see text) (Cs+)/ : formula : (see text) (Na+) was found to vary between 2 and 10.5 for the different analogs.", "contents": "Dicarboxylic acid analogs of gramicidin A: dimerization kinetics and single channel properties. According to the model of Urry, the cation-permeable gramicidin channel is a dimeric helix formed by association of two peptide monomers linked at their amino ends. In this paper the channel properties of gramicidin analogs are described which have been obtained by chemical modification at the coupling site of the two half-channels. In these analogs the amino terminal -CHO group is replaced by -CO(CH2)nCCOH (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). All analogs form conducting channels in black lipid membranes with the same general properties as found for gramicidin A. The observation that the channel-forming activity decreases with increasing pH is consistent with the notion that the half-channels are linked at the amino terminus. The channel lifetime of the different analogs varies between 2 msec and greater than of equal to 50 sec, the longest lifetime being found for the compound with n = 3. The single-channel conductance : formula : (see text) is always smaller than that of gramicidin A, but the reduction of : formula : (see text) depends on the nature of the permeable ion. Ion specificity was studied at 1 M electrolyte by measuring the conductance : formula : (see text) for different permeable ions (Na+, K+, Cs+). The conductance ration : formula : (see text) (Cs+)/ : formula : (see text) (Na+) was found to vary between 2 and 10.5 for the different analogs.", "PMID": 92570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_303", "title": "Mutant of B-tropic murine leukemia virus synthesizing an altered polymerase molecule.", "content": "A nonconditional mutant of B-tropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV), defective in polymerase, has been isolated by cloning chronically infected cells. The cell clone containing the mutant produced virus particles which were noninfectious. However, superinfection of the cells by replication-competent XC-negative viruses resulted in the rescue of virus capable of forming plaques in a modified XC test, termed the \"complementation plaque assay\" (A. Rein and R. H. Bassin, J. Virol. 28:656-660, 1978). Analysis of the noninfectious virions produced without superinfection demonstrated that they contained only 2 to 5% of the wild-type level of reverse transcriptase activity. Purification of this activity indicated that it was associated with a smaller molecule than that produced by wild-type virus. Cells producing the mutant virions did not contain the gag-pol precursor, Pr180gag-pol; however the cells contained proteins of 147K and 114K daltons precipitable with anti-pol serum. All of the normal structural proteins as well as 70S genomic RNA could be detected in the mutant particles. An interference test indicated that a functional ecotropic glycoprotein was synthesized by the mutant. These results indicate that the mutant has a unique defect in the pol gene.", "contents": "Mutant of B-tropic murine leukemia virus synthesizing an altered polymerase molecule. A nonconditional mutant of B-tropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV), defective in polymerase, has been isolated by cloning chronically infected cells. The cell clone containing the mutant produced virus particles which were noninfectious. However, superinfection of the cells by replication-competent XC-negative viruses resulted in the rescue of virus capable of forming plaques in a modified XC test, termed the \"complementation plaque assay\" (A. Rein and R. H. Bassin, J. Virol. 28:656-660, 1978). Analysis of the noninfectious virions produced without superinfection demonstrated that they contained only 2 to 5% of the wild-type level of reverse transcriptase activity. Purification of this activity indicated that it was associated with a smaller molecule than that produced by wild-type virus. Cells producing the mutant virions did not contain the gag-pol precursor, Pr180gag-pol; however the cells contained proteins of 147K and 114K daltons precipitable with anti-pol serum. All of the normal structural proteins as well as 70S genomic RNA could be detected in the mutant particles. An interference test indicated that a functional ecotropic glycoprotein was synthesized by the mutant. These results indicate that the mutant has a unique defect in the pol gene.", "PMID": 92571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_304", "title": "Preparation of syngeneic tumor regressor serum reactive with the unique determinants of the Abelson murine leukemia virus-encoded P120 protein at the cell surface.", "content": "Antisera reactive with the Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV)-specified P120 (anti-AbT sera) were produced in C57L/J mice. Of many strains tested, only C57L/J reproducibly rejected syngenic A-MuLV-induced tumor cells; after multiple immunizations their sera would immunoprecipitate both P120 and Moloney-MuLV (M-MuLV) proteins. Using labeled A-MuLV-induced nonproducer cells, only P120 could be detected by anti-AbT sera, suggesting that it may be the only A-MuLV-specified protein. Reactivity of anti-AbT sera with P120 was not blocked by M-MuLV virion proteins, implying that the sera recognize a portion of P120 that is not homologous to any M-MuLV product. Anti-AbT sera stained the surface of live, A-MuLV-transformed nonproducer cells in a two-stage immunofluorescence assay, and such staining was not blocked by M-MuLV protein. Also, intact A-MuLV-transformed cells absorbed much of the reactivity of certain anti-AbT sera for P120. Thus a portion of P120 appears to be exposed on the surface of transformed cells. P120 lacks detectable carbohydrate, is not affected by endoglycosidase H, and cannot be labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. Thus P120 is an unusual surface protein.", "contents": "Preparation of syngeneic tumor regressor serum reactive with the unique determinants of the Abelson murine leukemia virus-encoded P120 protein at the cell surface. Antisera reactive with the Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV)-specified P120 (anti-AbT sera) were produced in C57L/J mice. Of many strains tested, only C57L/J reproducibly rejected syngenic A-MuLV-induced tumor cells; after multiple immunizations their sera would immunoprecipitate both P120 and Moloney-MuLV (M-MuLV) proteins. Using labeled A-MuLV-induced nonproducer cells, only P120 could be detected by anti-AbT sera, suggesting that it may be the only A-MuLV-specified protein. Reactivity of anti-AbT sera with P120 was not blocked by M-MuLV virion proteins, implying that the sera recognize a portion of P120 that is not homologous to any M-MuLV product. Anti-AbT sera stained the surface of live, A-MuLV-transformed nonproducer cells in a two-stage immunofluorescence assay, and such staining was not blocked by M-MuLV protein. Also, intact A-MuLV-transformed cells absorbed much of the reactivity of certain anti-AbT sera for P120. Thus a portion of P120 appears to be exposed on the surface of transformed cells. P120 lacks detectable carbohydrate, is not affected by endoglycosidase H, and cannot be labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. Thus P120 is an unusual surface protein.", "PMID": 92572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_305", "title": "Establishment of a lymphoblastoid cell line and isolation of an Epstein-Barr-related virus of gorilla origin.", "content": "A B-lymphoid cell line was established from a normal gorilla. The cells contained Epstein-Barr virus-related antigens, and herpesvirus particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy. DNA-DNA reassociation kin\u00e9tics revealed 30 to 40% hybridization to Epstein-Barr virus with 50 genomes per cell. Examination of the viral nuclear antigen with gorilla sera showed this to be a unique isolate termed Herpesvirus gorilla. H. gorilla transformed gibbon B-lymphocytes in vitro.", "contents": "Establishment of a lymphoblastoid cell line and isolation of an Epstein-Barr-related virus of gorilla origin. A B-lymphoid cell line was established from a normal gorilla. The cells contained Epstein-Barr virus-related antigens, and herpesvirus particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy. DNA-DNA reassociation kin\u00e9tics revealed 30 to 40% hybridization to Epstein-Barr virus with 50 genomes per cell. Examination of the viral nuclear antigen with gorilla sera showed this to be a unique isolate termed Herpesvirus gorilla. H. gorilla transformed gibbon B-lymphocytes in vitro.", "PMID": 92573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_306", "title": "Characterization of intracellular precursor polyproteins of Moloney murine leukemia virus.", "content": "Intracellular Moloney murine leukemia viral precursor polyproteins were compared with mature viral proteins by immunoprecipitation and tryptic peptide mapping experiments. The results were consistent with precursor roles for Pr65gag, Pr200gag-pol, Pr135pol, and gPr83env. The glycosylated gag gene product gPr85gag, although containing sequences characteristic of all four core proteins plus additional sequences not found in Pr65gag, lacked a major tyrosine-containing p30 tryptic peptide, suggesting that gPr85gag is not processed to p30.", "contents": "Characterization of intracellular precursor polyproteins of Moloney murine leukemia virus. Intracellular Moloney murine leukemia viral precursor polyproteins were compared with mature viral proteins by immunoprecipitation and tryptic peptide mapping experiments. The results were consistent with precursor roles for Pr65gag, Pr200gag-pol, Pr135pol, and gPr83env. The glycosylated gag gene product gPr85gag, although containing sequences characteristic of all four core proteins plus additional sequences not found in Pr65gag, lacked a major tyrosine-containing p30 tryptic peptide, suggesting that gPr85gag is not processed to p30.", "PMID": 92574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_307", "title": "Polypeptides of hepatitis B virus surface antigen produced by a hepatoma cell line.", "content": "The PLC/PRF/5 cell line derived from a human hepatoma produces hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in 22-nm particles of the same buoyant density as those found in the serum of infected patients. The HBsAg particles from this cell line were labeled with [35S]methionine and purified, and the polypeptides were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with those of serum-derived particles. The two major polypeptides of serum-derived HBsAg particles (p20 and p23) were found in the same relative amounts in the particles from the cell line. The three smallest of the five minor components observed in HBsAg particles from serum were present in particles from the cell line. These polypeptides (p31, p36, and p43), as well as p20 and p23, were precipitated with anti-HBs-containing serum. The two largest polypeptides of serum particles (p49 and p66) were not detected in particles from these cells. When the PLC/PRF/5 HBsAg particles were radiolabeled with tritiated sugars, p23, and not p20, was found to contain radioactivity, indicating that the pattern of polypeptide glycosylation is similar to that of serum HBsAg. None of the other possible gene products of hepatitis B virus was detected in the PLC/PRF/5-derived HBsAg particles, in the cells, or in the cell supernatants.", "contents": "Polypeptides of hepatitis B virus surface antigen produced by a hepatoma cell line. The PLC/PRF/5 cell line derived from a human hepatoma produces hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in 22-nm particles of the same buoyant density as those found in the serum of infected patients. The HBsAg particles from this cell line were labeled with [35S]methionine and purified, and the polypeptides were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with those of serum-derived particles. The two major polypeptides of serum-derived HBsAg particles (p20 and p23) were found in the same relative amounts in the particles from the cell line. The three smallest of the five minor components observed in HBsAg particles from serum were present in particles from the cell line. These polypeptides (p31, p36, and p43), as well as p20 and p23, were precipitated with anti-HBs-containing serum. The two largest polypeptides of serum particles (p49 and p66) were not detected in particles from these cells. When the PLC/PRF/5 HBsAg particles were radiolabeled with tritiated sugars, p23, and not p20, was found to contain radioactivity, indicating that the pattern of polypeptide glycosylation is similar to that of serum HBsAg. None of the other possible gene products of hepatitis B virus was detected in the PLC/PRF/5-derived HBsAg particles, in the cells, or in the cell supernatants.", "PMID": 92575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_308", "title": "Establishment of a C3Hf mammary tumor cell line expressing endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus: antigenic and genetic relationships of this virus with highly oncogenic mouse mammary tumor viruses.", "content": "A single-cell clone of C3Hf mammary tumor cells (clone 14) was developed into a continuous cell line expressing high levels of endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) with less than 0.1% murine leukemia virus expression. Comparison of the C3Hf MMTV protein profile on sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with that of C3H MMTV revealed that the protein content of the two viruses was quite similar. However, oligonucleotide fingerprints obtained of MMTV 70S RNA revealed that approximately 20% of the large oligonucleotides examined were unique to each virus. The oligonucleotide fingerprint indicated that although the viruses were similar, they differed in their genetic content. The differences in the two viruses extended to immunological differences in the major envelope glycoprotein, gp52. C3Hf MMTV competed only partially in a homologous radioimmunoassay for gp52 of C3H MMTV, whereas C3H MMTV gave complete competition, indicating that gp52 of C3H MMTV contained type-specific determinants not present on gp52 of C3Hf MMTV. Comparison of C3Hf MMTV with highly oncogenic C3H, GR, and RIII MMTVs in a homologous C3H MMTV gp52 assay gave two patterns of reactivity: complete competition by GR and C3H MMTV and incomplete competition by C3Hf and RIII MMTV. Absorption of anti-C3H MMTV serum by either C3Hf MMTV or RIII MMTV removed all antibodies against both viruses but not against GR and C3H MMTVs. These results indicate that C3H and GR MMTVs are more closely related to each other than to RIII and C3Hf MMTVs.", "contents": "Establishment of a C3Hf mammary tumor cell line expressing endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus: antigenic and genetic relationships of this virus with highly oncogenic mouse mammary tumor viruses. A single-cell clone of C3Hf mammary tumor cells (clone 14) was developed into a continuous cell line expressing high levels of endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) with less than 0.1% murine leukemia virus expression. Comparison of the C3Hf MMTV protein profile on sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with that of C3H MMTV revealed that the protein content of the two viruses was quite similar. However, oligonucleotide fingerprints obtained of MMTV 70S RNA revealed that approximately 20% of the large oligonucleotides examined were unique to each virus. The oligonucleotide fingerprint indicated that although the viruses were similar, they differed in their genetic content. The differences in the two viruses extended to immunological differences in the major envelope glycoprotein, gp52. C3Hf MMTV competed only partially in a homologous radioimmunoassay for gp52 of C3H MMTV, whereas C3H MMTV gave complete competition, indicating that gp52 of C3H MMTV contained type-specific determinants not present on gp52 of C3Hf MMTV. Comparison of C3Hf MMTV with highly oncogenic C3H, GR, and RIII MMTVs in a homologous C3H MMTV gp52 assay gave two patterns of reactivity: complete competition by GR and C3H MMTV and incomplete competition by C3Hf and RIII MMTV. Absorption of anti-C3H MMTV serum by either C3Hf MMTV or RIII MMTV removed all antibodies against both viruses but not against GR and C3H MMTVs. These results indicate that C3H and GR MMTVs are more closely related to each other than to RIII and C3Hf MMTVs.", "PMID": 92576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_309", "title": "Correlation between Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen and three large cell surface glycoproteins.", "content": "A correlation between Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen (MA) and three surface glycoproteins has been established on the basis of radio-immunoprecipitation and immunoabsorption experiments. For radio-immunoprecipitation, Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells were radiolabeled either with neuraminidase-galactose oxidase tritiated borohydride, a procedure highly specific for surface glycoproteins, or with a general tritiated amino acid mixture. Intact cells were incubated with MA(-) or MA(+) human sera, washed free of unbound immunoglobulins, and then lysed with Nonidet P-40. The antigen-antibody complexes were bound to protein A-Sepharose and after elution with sodium dodecyl sulfate were analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. MA(+) sera specifically precipitated three glycoproteins with molecular weights of 236,000, 212,000, and 141,000 from B95-8 cells induced with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbal-13-acetate (TPA) and from Raji cells superinfected with P3HR-1 virus. These glycoproteins were not detected on Epstein-Barr virus-negative Ramos cells treated with TPA or on B95-8 cells treated simultaneously with TPA and phosphonoacetic acid. Soybean lectin-Sepharose bound all three glycoproteins, and lectin-Sepharose-bound glycoproteins from TPA-induced P95-8 cells absorbed MA-specific antibody from MA(+) human sera. The data strongly suggest that either all three glycoproteins have MA determinants or they are part of a complex in which one or more of the components constitute the reactive antigen.", "contents": "Correlation between Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen and three large cell surface glycoproteins. A correlation between Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen (MA) and three surface glycoproteins has been established on the basis of radio-immunoprecipitation and immunoabsorption experiments. For radio-immunoprecipitation, Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells were radiolabeled either with neuraminidase-galactose oxidase tritiated borohydride, a procedure highly specific for surface glycoproteins, or with a general tritiated amino acid mixture. Intact cells were incubated with MA(-) or MA(+) human sera, washed free of unbound immunoglobulins, and then lysed with Nonidet P-40. The antigen-antibody complexes were bound to protein A-Sepharose and after elution with sodium dodecyl sulfate were analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. MA(+) sera specifically precipitated three glycoproteins with molecular weights of 236,000, 212,000, and 141,000 from B95-8 cells induced with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbal-13-acetate (TPA) and from Raji cells superinfected with P3HR-1 virus. These glycoproteins were not detected on Epstein-Barr virus-negative Ramos cells treated with TPA or on B95-8 cells treated simultaneously with TPA and phosphonoacetic acid. Soybean lectin-Sepharose bound all three glycoproteins, and lectin-Sepharose-bound glycoproteins from TPA-induced P95-8 cells absorbed MA-specific antibody from MA(+) human sera. The data strongly suggest that either all three glycoproteins have MA determinants or they are part of a complex in which one or more of the components constitute the reactive antigen.", "PMID": 92577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_310", "title": "Single dose whole pelvis megavoltage irradiation for palliative control of hematuria or ureteral obstruction.", "content": "Of 7 patients with bladder carcinoma whose medical condition or disease status prevented an operation 5 had intractable vesical hemorrhage and 2 had progressive azotemia caused by ureteral obstruction. These patients were treated with pelvic irradiation of 1,000 rad single doses. Four patients received 3 doses 3 to 4 weeks apart and 1 patient received 2 doses at a 4-week interval. Prompt cessation of bleeding occurred in all patients and renal function improved in the 2 patients with ureteral obstruction.", "contents": "Single dose whole pelvis megavoltage irradiation for palliative control of hematuria or ureteral obstruction. Of 7 patients with bladder carcinoma whose medical condition or disease status prevented an operation 5 had intractable vesical hemorrhage and 2 had progressive azotemia caused by ureteral obstruction. These patients were treated with pelvic irradiation of 1,000 rad single doses. Four patients received 3 doses 3 to 4 weeks apart and 1 patient received 2 doses at a 4-week interval. Prompt cessation of bleeding occurred in all patients and renal function improved in the 2 patients with ureteral obstruction.", "PMID": 92578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_311", "title": "Search for specificity in natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "Differences in antigenicity between the human osteosarcoma cell line TE 85/B and its feline sarcoma virus-infected subline NIH E1041 were detected by competitive inhibition of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC). Whether the differences could be attributed to the viral infection was investigated by absorption and elution studies of antibodies that determine the specificity of NCMC against the cell lines. Antibodies from the serum of healthy individuals were first absorbed onto target cells against which they were to be tested and then eluted to provide antibodies putatively specific for the target cells. Trypsin-treated effector cells were restored with the absorbed serum or eluted antibodies and tested against TE 85/B and its intentionally infected sublines. The differences observed previously between TE 85/B and NIH E1041 were extended to the detection of small differences in antigenicity among all sublines. Separately maintained sublines from the same culture became antigenically different with continuous passage. The causes for these specific changes were unknown, but a role for the control of these antigens by NCMC was suggested. Differences in antigenicity between virus-infected sublines cultured separately need not be related to the virus infection.", "contents": "Search for specificity in natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Differences in antigenicity between the human osteosarcoma cell line TE 85/B and its feline sarcoma virus-infected subline NIH E1041 were detected by competitive inhibition of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC). Whether the differences could be attributed to the viral infection was investigated by absorption and elution studies of antibodies that determine the specificity of NCMC against the cell lines. Antibodies from the serum of healthy individuals were first absorbed onto target cells against which they were to be tested and then eluted to provide antibodies putatively specific for the target cells. Trypsin-treated effector cells were restored with the absorbed serum or eluted antibodies and tested against TE 85/B and its intentionally infected sublines. The differences observed previously between TE 85/B and NIH E1041 were extended to the detection of small differences in antigenicity among all sublines. Separately maintained sublines from the same culture became antigenically different with continuous passage. The causes for these specific changes were unknown, but a role for the control of these antigens by NCMC was suggested. Differences in antigenicity between virus-infected sublines cultured separately need not be related to the virus infection.", "PMID": 92584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_312", "title": "Species cross-reacting epithelial and urothelial specific antigens in human fetal, adult, and neoplastic bladder epithelium.", "content": "Antiserum from a New Zealand White rabbit was raised against the saline-soluble fraction of homogenates of calf urinary bladder epithelium. After absorption, with human red blood cells, human, calf, and mouse sera, and nonepithelial organs, this antiserum was specific for all human epithelia tested. Further absorptions with nonurinary tract epithelia rendered the antiserum specific for urothelium. Species cross-reactivity was seen between the superficial cell layers of calf, human fetal, and adult bladder epithelia. The antigen appeared to be cytoplasmic and was also present (although to a lesser extent) in human bladder tumor biopsy specimens and human bladder tumor cell lines.", "contents": "Species cross-reacting epithelial and urothelial specific antigens in human fetal, adult, and neoplastic bladder epithelium. Antiserum from a New Zealand White rabbit was raised against the saline-soluble fraction of homogenates of calf urinary bladder epithelium. After absorption, with human red blood cells, human, calf, and mouse sera, and nonepithelial organs, this antiserum was specific for all human epithelia tested. Further absorptions with nonurinary tract epithelia rendered the antiserum specific for urothelium. Species cross-reactivity was seen between the superficial cell layers of calf, human fetal, and adult bladder epithelia. The antigen appeared to be cytoplasmic and was also present (although to a lesser extent) in human bladder tumor biopsy specimens and human bladder tumor cell lines.", "PMID": 92585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_313", "title": "Primary human breast carcinomas transplantable in the nude mouse.", "content": "Of 19 primary human breast carcinomas implanted into noninbred female nude mice, 3 produced transplantable tumors. Membrane components specific for human mammary epithelial cells were demonstrated in the cells from heterotransplants even after four or five passages in nude mice.", "contents": "Primary human breast carcinomas transplantable in the nude mouse. Of 19 primary human breast carcinomas implanted into noninbred female nude mice, 3 produced transplantable tumors. Membrane components specific for human mammary epithelial cells were demonstrated in the cells from heterotransplants even after four or five passages in nude mice.", "PMID": 92586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_314", "title": "Isolation of polyomavirus-induced surface antigens of mouse cells: affinity chromatography and biologic activities.", "content": "Tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) and polyomavirus-induced tumor-associated surface antigen (TASA) were isolated from polyomavirus-transformed BALB/c mouse cells with the use of 3-M KCl solubilization and affinity chromatography on antibody-coated Sepharose 4B. Particular conditions were chosen for removal of the nonspecifically bound proteins from the gel. Under these conditions, the ratio between the amounts of crude extract and specifically bound proteins giving the same TASA activity was about 5,000. Mice inoculated with this material were protected against tumor challenge. We therefore assume that TSTA is a part of TASA. Furthermore, these antigens can be dissociated from the major histocompatibility antigens.", "contents": "Isolation of polyomavirus-induced surface antigens of mouse cells: affinity chromatography and biologic activities. Tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) and polyomavirus-induced tumor-associated surface antigen (TASA) were isolated from polyomavirus-transformed BALB/c mouse cells with the use of 3-M KCl solubilization and affinity chromatography on antibody-coated Sepharose 4B. Particular conditions were chosen for removal of the nonspecifically bound proteins from the gel. Under these conditions, the ratio between the amounts of crude extract and specifically bound proteins giving the same TASA activity was about 5,000. Mice inoculated with this material were protected against tumor challenge. We therefore assume that TSTA is a part of TASA. Furthermore, these antigens can be dissociated from the major histocompatibility antigens.", "PMID": 92587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_315", "title": "Transplantable argyrophilic gastric carcinoid of Mastomys natalensis secreting both histamine and serotonin.", "content": "A transplantable strain of gastric carcinoids of Mastomys (Praomys) natalensis secreted not only histamine but also serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)]. Mastomys bearing growing transplants excreted 11.3 times more histamine and 4.4 times more 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the urine than did Mastomys in which transplanted tumors did not grow. Mastomys that developed primary gastric carcinoids also excreted 3.9 times more histamine than did those free from primary tumors, but the difference in urinary excretion of 5-HIAA was not significant in both groups. All transplantable carcinoids contained definite amounts of both histamine and serotonin, whereas the primary gastric carcinoids contained only histamine. We also confirmed that the histamine and 5-HIAA excreted in urine increased as the size of transplanted tumors enlarged. 5-HT was histochemically demonstrated in a small number of carcinoid cells of the transplanted tumors but not in primary carcinoids.", "contents": "Transplantable argyrophilic gastric carcinoid of Mastomys natalensis secreting both histamine and serotonin. A transplantable strain of gastric carcinoids of Mastomys (Praomys) natalensis secreted not only histamine but also serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)]. Mastomys bearing growing transplants excreted 11.3 times more histamine and 4.4 times more 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the urine than did Mastomys in which transplanted tumors did not grow. Mastomys that developed primary gastric carcinoids also excreted 3.9 times more histamine than did those free from primary tumors, but the difference in urinary excretion of 5-HIAA was not significant in both groups. All transplantable carcinoids contained definite amounts of both histamine and serotonin, whereas the primary gastric carcinoids contained only histamine. We also confirmed that the histamine and 5-HIAA excreted in urine increased as the size of transplanted tumors enlarged. 5-HT was histochemically demonstrated in a small number of carcinoid cells of the transplanted tumors but not in primary carcinoids.", "PMID": 92588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_316", "title": "[Sudden death in myocardial infarct, its precursors and the problems of prevention].", "content": "Continuous magnetic tape recording of the ECG made it possible to reveal ventricular extrasystoles in 99% of patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction and extrasystoles, regarded as the precursors of ventricular fibrillation, in 95%. Treatment with lipocaine or trimecaine (103 persons) reduced the frequency of the development of complex gradation of ventricular extrasystoles as compared to a random control group (106 persons). A considerable decrease was also noted in the number of cases with primary ventricular fibrillation in the group of patients treated with antiarrhythmic drugs. Ventricular fibrillation occurred in 3 patients of the experimental group and in 8 patients in the comparison group.", "contents": "[Sudden death in myocardial infarct, its precursors and the problems of prevention]. Continuous magnetic tape recording of the ECG made it possible to reveal ventricular extrasystoles in 99% of patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction and extrasystoles, regarded as the precursors of ventricular fibrillation, in 95%. Treatment with lipocaine or trimecaine (103 persons) reduced the frequency of the development of complex gradation of ventricular extrasystoles as compared to a random control group (106 persons). A considerable decrease was also noted in the number of cases with primary ventricular fibrillation in the group of patients treated with antiarrhythmic drugs. Ventricular fibrillation occurred in 3 patients of the experimental group and in 8 patients in the comparison group.", "PMID": 92589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_317", "title": "[Preliminary clinical experiences with adenine arabinoside monophosphate (ARA-AMP) in encephalitis due to viruses of the herpes group and varicella/zoster infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Adenine arabinoside monophosphate (ARA-AMP) is a new antiviral agent with significant activity against DNA viruses of the herpes group. It appears to be superior to cytosine arabinoside and iodoxuridine in severe herpes simplex infections. Unlike cytosine arabinoside and idoxuridine ARA-AMP has only minimal myelosuppressive and immunosuppressive properties. The original compound, adenine arabinoside (ARA-A) which has been used in the United States in the last years had the disadvantage of poor solubility and tissue penetrance. Compared to adenine arabinoside the monophosphate ester of this compound has the advantage of better solubility and is more slowly metabolized in humans. In eight children with virus induced encephalitis ARA-AMP was well tolerated, we could not observe any severe side effects. A case of herpes simplex encephalitis showed a complete recovery. However it has to be pointed out that in herpes simplex encephalitis ARA-AMP should be given early in the course of infection to have a beneficial effect, therefore an early diagnosis is of utmost importance. A case of generalized herpes zoster healed up within about a week. Of course these are very preliminary results which must be confirmed by further experiences.", "contents": "[Preliminary clinical experiences with adenine arabinoside monophosphate (ARA-AMP) in encephalitis due to viruses of the herpes group and varicella/zoster infections (author's transl)]. Adenine arabinoside monophosphate (ARA-AMP) is a new antiviral agent with significant activity against DNA viruses of the herpes group. It appears to be superior to cytosine arabinoside and iodoxuridine in severe herpes simplex infections. Unlike cytosine arabinoside and idoxuridine ARA-AMP has only minimal myelosuppressive and immunosuppressive properties. The original compound, adenine arabinoside (ARA-A) which has been used in the United States in the last years had the disadvantage of poor solubility and tissue penetrance. Compared to adenine arabinoside the monophosphate ester of this compound has the advantage of better solubility and is more slowly metabolized in humans. In eight children with virus induced encephalitis ARA-AMP was well tolerated, we could not observe any severe side effects. A case of herpes simplex encephalitis showed a complete recovery. However it has to be pointed out that in herpes simplex encephalitis ARA-AMP should be given early in the course of infection to have a beneficial effect, therefore an early diagnosis is of utmost importance. A case of generalized herpes zoster healed up within about a week. Of course these are very preliminary results which must be confirmed by further experiences.", "PMID": 92592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_318", "title": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg).", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay was developed for the detection of HBeAg and anti-HBe in sera or serum fractions. HBe/sAg positive sera, partially purified HBeAg, partially purified HBsAg, and HBe/sAg negative sera were polymerized in polyacrylamide and compared for their ability to bind 125I-IgG (anti-HBe). Only gels containing HBeAg reacted specifically with the iodinated antibody. The specificity of the binding was confirmed by blocking and inhibition tests using anti-HBe, HBeAg, HBsAg, and negative control sera. The radioimmunoassay allows the specific and quantitative detection of HBeAg and anti-HBe even in the presence of detergents and high salt concentrations.", "contents": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg). A solid-phase radioimmunoassay was developed for the detection of HBeAg and anti-HBe in sera or serum fractions. HBe/sAg positive sera, partially purified HBeAg, partially purified HBsAg, and HBe/sAg negative sera were polymerized in polyacrylamide and compared for their ability to bind 125I-IgG (anti-HBe). Only gels containing HBeAg reacted specifically with the iodinated antibody. The specificity of the binding was confirmed by blocking and inhibition tests using anti-HBe, HBeAg, HBsAg, and negative control sera. The radioimmunoassay allows the specific and quantitative detection of HBeAg and anti-HBe even in the presence of detergents and high salt concentrations.", "PMID": 92593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_319", "title": "Serum electrophoretic patterns of karyotypically defined owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus).", "content": "Sera were electrophoretically separated and examined from 238 karyotyped Aotus trivirgatus and 29 unkaryotyped offspring. Albumin polymorphism was observed with high frequency and found to conform to a codominant allele mode of transmission. A unique alpha globulin was identified in Karyotypes I, VII and unkaryotyped offspring, of which one parent was a Karyotype I. This alpha globulin phenotype appears to be a dominant characteristic.", "contents": "Serum electrophoretic patterns of karyotypically defined owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus). Sera were electrophoretically separated and examined from 238 karyotyped Aotus trivirgatus and 29 unkaryotyped offspring. Albumin polymorphism was observed with high frequency and found to conform to a codominant allele mode of transmission. A unique alpha globulin was identified in Karyotypes I, VII and unkaryotyped offspring, of which one parent was a Karyotype I. This alpha globulin phenotype appears to be a dominant characteristic.", "PMID": 92594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_320", "title": "The pathology of the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): a review.", "content": "Both naturally occurring disease processes and experimental models of human disease in the Mongolian gerbil were reviewed. The gerbil was highly susceptible to cerebral infarction following unilateral ligation of one common carotid artery and was useful in studies of the pathogenesis of stroke. Spontaneous epileptiform seizures mimicked those of human idiopathic epilepsy, and both seizure-sensitive and resistant strains have been bred. Perhaps because of its more efficient nephron, the gerbil accumulated four to six times as much renal lead as the rat, and the gerbil has been proposed as an experimental model of lead nephropathy. On standard diets, about 10% of the animals became obese, and some showed decreased glucose tolerance, elevated serum immunoreactive insulin and diabetic changes in the pancreas and other organs. Some breeders exhibited hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex associated with hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and degenerative vascular disease. Although dietary supplements of cholesterol were toxic and did not induce atherosclerosis, the gerbil was useful in other studies of cholesterol absorption and metabolism. Spontaneous, insidious periodontal disease became evident after about 6 months on standard diets, and dental caries were induced by cariogenic diets or by pathodontic streptococci. Spontaneous neoplasia occurred in 8.4--24% of gerbils, usually after 2 years of life. Adrenal cortical, ovarian and cutaneous tumors were the most consistently reported neoplasms.", "contents": "The pathology of the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): a review. Both naturally occurring disease processes and experimental models of human disease in the Mongolian gerbil were reviewed. The gerbil was highly susceptible to cerebral infarction following unilateral ligation of one common carotid artery and was useful in studies of the pathogenesis of stroke. Spontaneous epileptiform seizures mimicked those of human idiopathic epilepsy, and both seizure-sensitive and resistant strains have been bred. Perhaps because of its more efficient nephron, the gerbil accumulated four to six times as much renal lead as the rat, and the gerbil has been proposed as an experimental model of lead nephropathy. On standard diets, about 10% of the animals became obese, and some showed decreased glucose tolerance, elevated serum immunoreactive insulin and diabetic changes in the pancreas and other organs. Some breeders exhibited hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex associated with hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and degenerative vascular disease. Although dietary supplements of cholesterol were toxic and did not induce atherosclerosis, the gerbil was useful in other studies of cholesterol absorption and metabolism. Spontaneous, insidious periodontal disease became evident after about 6 months on standard diets, and dental caries were induced by cariogenic diets or by pathodontic streptococci. Spontaneous neoplasia occurred in 8.4--24% of gerbils, usually after 2 years of life. Adrenal cortical, ovarian and cutaneous tumors were the most consistently reported neoplasms.", "PMID": 92595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_321", "title": "Benign prostatic hyperplasia in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "Benign prostatic hyperplasia was diagnosed at necropsy in a middle-aged squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Grossly, the prostate gland was asymmetrically enlarged and had an irregular surface. Microscopically, both cystic glandular hyperplasia and fibromuscular, nodular hyperplasia were identified.", "contents": "Benign prostatic hyperplasia in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Benign prostatic hyperplasia was diagnosed at necropsy in a middle-aged squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Grossly, the prostate gland was asymmetrically enlarged and had an irregular surface. Microscopically, both cystic glandular hyperplasia and fibromuscular, nodular hyperplasia were identified.", "PMID": 92596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_322", "title": "The effects of early auditory deprivation on temporal perceptions: a comparison of hearing and hearing-impaired children on temporal pattern matching tasks.", "content": "This study was designed to test the hypothesis that hearing children, but not children deprived of early auditory experiences, would use an auditory frame of reference, or auditory encoding, for temporal perceptions. Two age groups (8 and 11 years of age) of hearing and hearing-impaired children were tested in two sessions; tasks required each child to decide whether two temporal patterns (sequences of lights, sounds or both) were the same or different. Specific trial-types were designed to reveal different patterns of performances (across trial-types) for children who differed in terms of whether an auditory frame of reference was used. The results suggested that all children used similar temporal frames of reference, but that hearing-impaired children demonstrated developmental lags.", "contents": "The effects of early auditory deprivation on temporal perceptions: a comparison of hearing and hearing-impaired children on temporal pattern matching tasks. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that hearing children, but not children deprived of early auditory experiences, would use an auditory frame of reference, or auditory encoding, for temporal perceptions. Two age groups (8 and 11 years of age) of hearing and hearing-impaired children were tested in two sessions; tasks required each child to decide whether two temporal patterns (sequences of lights, sounds or both) were the same or different. Specific trial-types were designed to reveal different patterns of performances (across trial-types) for children who differed in terms of whether an auditory frame of reference was used. The results suggested that all children used similar temporal frames of reference, but that hearing-impaired children demonstrated developmental lags.", "PMID": 92613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_323", "title": "The accessibility of antigenic determinants of ribosomal protein S4 in situ.", "content": "Antibodies to Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S4 react with S4 in subribosomal particles, eg, the complex of 16S RNA with S4, S7, S8, S15, S16, S17, and S19 and the RI reconstitution intermediate, but they do not react with intact 30S subunits. Antibodies were isolated by three different methods from antisera obtained during the immunization of eight rabbits. Some of these antibody preparations, which contained contaminant antibodies directed against other ribosomal proteins, reacted with subunits, but this reaction was not affected by removal of the anti-S4 antibody population. Other antibody preparations did not react with subunits. It is concluded that the antigenic determinants of S4 are accessible in some protein deficient subribosomal particles but not in intact 30S subunits.", "contents": "The accessibility of antigenic determinants of ribosomal protein S4 in situ. Antibodies to Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S4 react with S4 in subribosomal particles, eg, the complex of 16S RNA with S4, S7, S8, S15, S16, S17, and S19 and the RI reconstitution intermediate, but they do not react with intact 30S subunits. Antibodies were isolated by three different methods from antisera obtained during the immunization of eight rabbits. Some of these antibody preparations, which contained contaminant antibodies directed against other ribosomal proteins, reacted with subunits, but this reaction was not affected by removal of the anti-S4 antibody population. Other antibody preparations did not react with subunits. It is concluded that the antigenic determinants of S4 are accessible in some protein deficient subribosomal particles but not in intact 30S subunits.", "PMID": 92615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_324", "title": "Instability of cerebral blood-flow in insulin-dependent diabetics.", "content": "Cerebral blood-flow (CBF) was measured in 23 insulin-dependent diabetics before and 2--3 h after insulin/breakfast. In 10 of these patients CBF changed significantly during the day, with a significant fall in 9. In 3 patients who had the greatest falls in CBF there was a concomitant sensation of an impending faint. Thus CBF is unstable in insulin-dependent diabetics in contrast to control subjects in who there is little or no variation. Sudden falls in CBF in insulin-dependent diabetics may explain the symptoms of impending faint without hypoglycaemia; such falls would also be relevant to the pathogenesis of strokes in these patients.", "contents": "Instability of cerebral blood-flow in insulin-dependent diabetics. Cerebral blood-flow (CBF) was measured in 23 insulin-dependent diabetics before and 2--3 h after insulin/breakfast. In 10 of these patients CBF changed significantly during the day, with a significant fall in 9. In 3 patients who had the greatest falls in CBF there was a concomitant sensation of an impending faint. Thus CBF is unstable in insulin-dependent diabetics in contrast to control subjects in who there is little or no variation. Sudden falls in CBF in insulin-dependent diabetics may explain the symptoms of impending faint without hypoglycaemia; such falls would also be relevant to the pathogenesis of strokes in these patients.", "PMID": 92619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_325", "title": "Emergence of trimethoprim-resistant enterobacteria in patients receiving long-term co-trimoxazole for the control of intractable urinary-tract infection.", "content": "In patients with previously intractable urinary-tract infection treated with low-dose co-trimoxazole for 6--58 (mean 32.7) months, the percentage of infected urines fell from 41.4 before treatment to 6.3 during treatment. Only 6 episodes of infection were due to trimethoprim-resistant bacteria. Results in a small group of patients in whom treatment was continued with trimethoprim alone were similar. Under the conditions of this study, long-term control of urinary-tract infection was not materially compromised by breakthrough infections due to trimethoprim-resistant organisms.", "contents": "Emergence of trimethoprim-resistant enterobacteria in patients receiving long-term co-trimoxazole for the control of intractable urinary-tract infection. In patients with previously intractable urinary-tract infection treated with low-dose co-trimoxazole for 6--58 (mean 32.7) months, the percentage of infected urines fell from 41.4 before treatment to 6.3 during treatment. Only 6 episodes of infection were due to trimethoprim-resistant bacteria. Results in a small group of patients in whom treatment was continued with trimethoprim alone were similar. Under the conditions of this study, long-term control of urinary-tract infection was not materially compromised by breakthrough infections due to trimethoprim-resistant organisms.", "PMID": 92620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_326", "title": "Oral rehydration of neonates with dehydrating diarrhoeas.", "content": "Thirty-nine of forty neonates with mean dehydration equivalent to 6.7% of body-weight were orally rehydrated with a glucose/electrolyte solution. Only one patient required any intravenous fluids for rehydration. Hypernatraemia and acidosis present at admission were corrected within a few hours without complications. It seems that oral rehydration, is suitable for neonates as well as for children and adults.", "contents": "Oral rehydration of neonates with dehydrating diarrhoeas. Thirty-nine of forty neonates with mean dehydration equivalent to 6.7% of body-weight were orally rehydrated with a glucose/electrolyte solution. Only one patient required any intravenous fluids for rehydration. Hypernatraemia and acidosis present at admission were corrected within a few hours without complications. It seems that oral rehydration, is suitable for neonates as well as for children and adults.", "PMID": 92621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_327", "title": "Raised maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein levels and spontaneous fetomaternal transfusion.", "content": "Study of blood smears showed that spontaneous fetomaternal transfusions were significantly more common among 42 pregnant women with raised serum-alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels than among 45 pregnant women with normal serum-AFP levels. Raised serum-AFP was associated with a spontaneous fetomaternal transfusion of greater than or equal to 0.1 ml in at least 21 of the 42 women in the study group.", "contents": "Raised maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein levels and spontaneous fetomaternal transfusion. Study of blood smears showed that spontaneous fetomaternal transfusions were significantly more common among 42 pregnant women with raised serum-alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels than among 45 pregnant women with normal serum-AFP levels. Raised serum-AFP was associated with a spontaneous fetomaternal transfusion of greater than or equal to 0.1 ml in at least 21 of the 42 women in the study group.", "PMID": 92622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_328", "title": "Efficacy of immune plasma in treatment of Argentine haemorrhagic fever and association between treatment and a late neurological syndrome.", "content": "In a double-blind trial patients with Argentine haemorrhagic fever treated with immune plasma within 8 days of the onset of the disease had a much lower mortality than those given normal plasma. Some patients treated with immune plasma developed late neurological complications.", "contents": "Efficacy of immune plasma in treatment of Argentine haemorrhagic fever and association between treatment and a late neurological syndrome. In a double-blind trial patients with Argentine haemorrhagic fever treated with immune plasma within 8 days of the onset of the disease had a much lower mortality than those given normal plasma. Some patients treated with immune plasma developed late neurological complications.", "PMID": 92624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_329", "title": "Sensitive trypsin assay for dried-blood specimens as a screening procedure for early detection of cystic fibrosis.", "content": "An immunoreactive-trypsin assay uses small dried-blood spots (diameter 1.25 mm) and is therefore suitable for incorporation in established neonatal screening schemes. Blood specimens from neonates with cystic fibrosis had trypsin levels greater than those in control subjects, thus confirming earlier findings. Trypsin levels were below normal in several older patients with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Sensitive trypsin assay for dried-blood specimens as a screening procedure for early detection of cystic fibrosis. An immunoreactive-trypsin assay uses small dried-blood spots (diameter 1.25 mm) and is therefore suitable for incorporation in established neonatal screening schemes. Blood specimens from neonates with cystic fibrosis had trypsin levels greater than those in control subjects, thus confirming earlier findings. Trypsin levels were below normal in several older patients with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 92625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_330", "title": "Prematurity.", "content": "Perinatal epidemiologists no longer speak much of \"prematurity\". Instead the World Health Organization recommends that infants born before 37 completed weeks of gestation should be designated \"preterm\" and those of birthweight less than 2500 g \"low birthweight\". Both definitions have obvious drawbacks--the former because menstrual dates are often unknown or unreliable, the latter because it does not separate preterm from small-for-gestational-age infants. Whatever the classification of these small infants there is no dispute about their high mortality and morbidity; in the United Kingdom they account for over two-thirds of first-week deaths.", "contents": "Prematurity. Perinatal epidemiologists no longer speak much of \"prematurity\". Instead the World Health Organization recommends that infants born before 37 completed weeks of gestation should be designated \"preterm\" and those of birthweight less than 2500 g \"low birthweight\". Both definitions have obvious drawbacks--the former because menstrual dates are often unknown or unreliable, the latter because it does not separate preterm from small-for-gestational-age infants. Whatever the classification of these small infants there is no dispute about their high mortality and morbidity; in the United Kingdom they account for over two-thirds of first-week deaths.", "PMID": 92631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_331", "title": "Aspirin and secondary mortality after myocardial infarction.", "content": "A randomised controlled double-blind trial of aspirin in the prevention of death was conducted in 1682 patients (including 248 women) who had had a confirmed myocardial infarct (MI). 25% of the patients were admitted to the trial within 3 days of the infarction and 50% within 7 days. Aspirin, 300 mg three times daily, was given for 1 yr. Total mortality was 12.3% in patients given aspirin and 14.8% in those given placebo, a reduction by aspirin of 17%, which was not statistically significant at p less than 0.05. The reduction in specific ischaemic-heart-disease (IHD) mortality was 22% and in total mortality plus IHD morbidity (readmission to hospital for MI in survivors) was 28%.", "contents": "Aspirin and secondary mortality after myocardial infarction. A randomised controlled double-blind trial of aspirin in the prevention of death was conducted in 1682 patients (including 248 women) who had had a confirmed myocardial infarct (MI). 25% of the patients were admitted to the trial within 3 days of the infarction and 50% within 7 days. Aspirin, 300 mg three times daily, was given for 1 yr. Total mortality was 12.3% in patients given aspirin and 14.8% in those given placebo, a reduction by aspirin of 17%, which was not statistically significant at p less than 0.05. The reduction in specific ischaemic-heart-disease (IHD) mortality was 22% and in total mortality plus IHD morbidity (readmission to hospital for MI in survivors) was 28%.", "PMID": 92668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_332", "title": "Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea and periodic respiration.", "content": "Patterns of breathing at night were recorded in 4 patients with heart-failure. 2 had periodic breathing while awake and in 2 it developed after they fell asleep. In all 4 the phase of hyperventilation disturbed sleep. These cases also illustrate other problems caused by periodic respiration in heart-failure, which range from tiredness during the day to an inability to sleep for more than a few minutes. Nocturnal waking in the hyperventilation phase of Cheyne-Stokes breathing should be differentiated from paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea caused by episodes of pulmonary oedema at night.", "contents": "Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea and periodic respiration. Patterns of breathing at night were recorded in 4 patients with heart-failure. 2 had periodic breathing while awake and in 2 it developed after they fell asleep. In all 4 the phase of hyperventilation disturbed sleep. These cases also illustrate other problems caused by periodic respiration in heart-failure, which range from tiredness during the day to an inability to sleep for more than a few minutes. Nocturnal waking in the hyperventilation phase of Cheyne-Stokes breathing should be differentiated from paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea caused by episodes of pulmonary oedema at night.", "PMID": 92669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_333", "title": "Comparison of hormonal and metabolic effects of salbutamol infusion in normal subjects and insulin-requiring diabetics.", "content": "A comparison of the metabolic effects of salbutamol in diabetic patients and normal subjects showed that salbutamol infused at 5 and 2 microgram/min (a) stimulated hepatic glucose production to a greater extent in diabetic patients than in normal subjects despite prior restoration of the diabetic patients' fasting blood glucose to normal by an overnight infusion of insulin; (b) caused a greater rise in plasma glucose, free fatty acids, glycerol, and ketone-body concentrations in the diabetic patients; and (c) produced a marked fall in plasma-potassium concentrations. The differences between the diabetic and normal groups were accounted for by an immediate (six-fold) stimulation of insulin secretion in the normal subjects.", "contents": "Comparison of hormonal and metabolic effects of salbutamol infusion in normal subjects and insulin-requiring diabetics. A comparison of the metabolic effects of salbutamol in diabetic patients and normal subjects showed that salbutamol infused at 5 and 2 microgram/min (a) stimulated hepatic glucose production to a greater extent in diabetic patients than in normal subjects despite prior restoration of the diabetic patients' fasting blood glucose to normal by an overnight infusion of insulin; (b) caused a greater rise in plasma glucose, free fatty acids, glycerol, and ketone-body concentrations in the diabetic patients; and (c) produced a marked fall in plasma-potassium concentrations. The differences between the diabetic and normal groups were accounted for by an immediate (six-fold) stimulation of insulin secretion in the normal subjects.", "PMID": 92670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_334", "title": "Abnormal small-bowel motility demonstrated by radiotelemetry in a patient with irritable colon.", "content": "Jejunal motility was recorded for 47 h by telemetry from a tethered ingested radio-pill in a patient with irritable colon. In fasted controls, motor complexes are as frequent at night as during the day; the patient with irritable colon had a pronounced reduction in complexes when awake. Two prolonged episodes of pain were associated with irregular contractile activity, and ended when cyclical interdigestive activity resumed. This study suggests that irritable colon may be a disorder affecting the upper digestive tract.", "contents": "Abnormal small-bowel motility demonstrated by radiotelemetry in a patient with irritable colon. Jejunal motility was recorded for 47 h by telemetry from a tethered ingested radio-pill in a patient with irritable colon. In fasted controls, motor complexes are as frequent at night as during the day; the patient with irritable colon had a pronounced reduction in complexes when awake. Two prolonged episodes of pain were associated with irregular contractile activity, and ended when cyclical interdigestive activity resumed. This study suggests that irritable colon may be a disorder affecting the upper digestive tract.", "PMID": 92671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_335", "title": "Endogenous cell-mediated immunity, blood transfusion, and outcome of renal transplantation.", "content": "The cell-mediated immunity (CMI) of a group of patients on regular dialysis was measured by a quantitative dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) skin test, the reaction being graded 0--15. The score in these patients varied widely, although the mean was much lower than that occurring in a group of 15 healthy subjects. 55 cadaveric renal allografts were subsequently done in 51 of these patients, and graft survival was assessed at 6 months. The 39 patients with weak DNCB skin reactions had a much higher graft survival (71%) than did the 12 with strong reaction (15%) (p less than 0.01). The weak DNCB reactors also had more pre-transplant blood transfusions. The findings suggest that the CMI of the recipient as measured by the DNCB test has an important influence on subsequent graft survival. This influence may partly be related to pre-transplant blood transfusion.", "contents": "Endogenous cell-mediated immunity, blood transfusion, and outcome of renal transplantation. The cell-mediated immunity (CMI) of a group of patients on regular dialysis was measured by a quantitative dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) skin test, the reaction being graded 0--15. The score in these patients varied widely, although the mean was much lower than that occurring in a group of 15 healthy subjects. 55 cadaveric renal allografts were subsequently done in 51 of these patients, and graft survival was assessed at 6 months. The 39 patients with weak DNCB skin reactions had a much higher graft survival (71%) than did the 12 with strong reaction (15%) (p less than 0.01). The weak DNCB reactors also had more pre-transplant blood transfusions. The findings suggest that the CMI of the recipient as measured by the DNCB test has an important influence on subsequent graft survival. This influence may partly be related to pre-transplant blood transfusion.", "PMID": 92672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_336", "title": "Bone density in ageing Caucasian and African populations.", "content": "Fracture surveys in the Johannesburg metropolitan area showed that the rate of femoral-neck fractures rose sharply after the climacteric in Caucasians, whereas the incidence of such fractures in African Negroes of the same age was almost negligible. However, a parallel epidemiological survey of metacarpal bone density in random samples of the same populations showed that absolute values for skeletal mass and bone density were greater in the Caucasians through most of the age-range from 5 to 75 years. Also, although bone density increased more rapidly and reached higher maximum values in young Caucasians than in Africans, it fell more rapidly in the former from the fourth decade onwards. The differences in the pattern of bone density alone are unlikely to account for the large difference in the fracture rates in the two populations. Perhaps quantitative changes in bone mass associated with ageing are accompanied by qualitative changes which may be critical in determining the liability to fracture.", "contents": "Bone density in ageing Caucasian and African populations. Fracture surveys in the Johannesburg metropolitan area showed that the rate of femoral-neck fractures rose sharply after the climacteric in Caucasians, whereas the incidence of such fractures in African Negroes of the same age was almost negligible. However, a parallel epidemiological survey of metacarpal bone density in random samples of the same populations showed that absolute values for skeletal mass and bone density were greater in the Caucasians through most of the age-range from 5 to 75 years. Also, although bone density increased more rapidly and reached higher maximum values in young Caucasians than in Africans, it fell more rapidly in the former from the fourth decade onwards. The differences in the pattern of bone density alone are unlikely to account for the large difference in the fracture rates in the two populations. Perhaps quantitative changes in bone mass associated with ageing are accompanied by qualitative changes which may be critical in determining the liability to fracture.", "PMID": 92673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_337", "title": "Bronchial provocation studies in farmers allergic to storage mites.", "content": "In an investigation of the relationship between storage mites and symptoms of allergic respiratory disease in farmers exposed to hay and grain dust, the clinical responses suggested an immediate type-I hypersensitivity. This study confirmed that farmers are exposed to large numbers of mites, particularly while feeding cattle. Storage mites may be an important cause of asthma in the farming community and should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of farmers lung.", "contents": "Bronchial provocation studies in farmers allergic to storage mites. In an investigation of the relationship between storage mites and symptoms of allergic respiratory disease in farmers exposed to hay and grain dust, the clinical responses suggested an immediate type-I hypersensitivity. This study confirmed that farmers are exposed to large numbers of mites, particularly while feeding cattle. Storage mites may be an important cause of asthma in the farming community and should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of farmers lung.", "PMID": 92674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_338", "title": "Significance in neonatal myasthenia gravis of inhibitory effect of amniotic fluid on binding of antibodies to acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "The effect of amniotic fluid on the binding of anti-acetylcholine receptor (anti-AChR) antibodies from myasthenia gravis (MG) patients to AChR preparations was examined by radioimmunoassay using 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin. Human amniotic fluid from healthy women in their second trimester inhibited the in-vitro interaction between antibody and antigen. This finding suggests that during pregnancy there is a similar inhibitory effect in MG on the in-vivo binding of maternal anti-AChR antibodies, transferred through the placenta, to AChR at the fetal neuromuscular junction. The presence of feto-placental inhibitory factors may explain the development of transitory muscular weakness only after birth and only in the minority of the babies born to myasthenic mothers.", "contents": "Significance in neonatal myasthenia gravis of inhibitory effect of amniotic fluid on binding of antibodies to acetylcholine receptor. The effect of amniotic fluid on the binding of anti-acetylcholine receptor (anti-AChR) antibodies from myasthenia gravis (MG) patients to AChR preparations was examined by radioimmunoassay using 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin. Human amniotic fluid from healthy women in their second trimester inhibited the in-vitro interaction between antibody and antigen. This finding suggests that during pregnancy there is a similar inhibitory effect in MG on the in-vivo binding of maternal anti-AChR antibodies, transferred through the placenta, to AChR at the fetal neuromuscular junction. The presence of feto-placental inhibitory factors may explain the development of transitory muscular weakness only after birth and only in the minority of the babies born to myasthenic mothers.", "PMID": 92675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_339", "title": "1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D-receptor in breast cancer cells.", "content": "A specific receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D has been demonstrated in a cultured human breast cancer cell line. This is the first such demonstration in any cancer cell. It may explain the high incidence of metastatic bone destruction and hypercalcaemia in this common malignancy, and the limited success of other steroid-receptor assays in predicting the response of breast cancer to therapy.", "contents": "1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D-receptor in breast cancer cells. A specific receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D has been demonstrated in a cultured human breast cancer cell line. This is the first such demonstration in any cancer cell. It may explain the high incidence of metastatic bone destruction and hypercalcaemia in this common malignancy, and the limited success of other steroid-receptor assays in predicting the response of breast cancer to therapy.", "PMID": 92676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_340", "title": "Dietary fats and coronary heart disease: unfinished business.", "content": "In the scientific and lay press, dietary recommendations that are aimed at prevention of coronary heart disease in the general public are appearing more and more frequently. The dietary pattern that is now most widely advocated is a low-fat, low cholesterol diet with a polyunsaturated/saturated ratio of 1. The argument for such a dietary change is supported mainly by extrapolations from epidemiological data and from animal experimentation. Reasons are given for concluding that the recommendations are unwise, impractical, and unlikely to lead to a reduced incidence of arteriosclerotic disease. Sinc complacency is equally inappropriate, a few practical questions are outlined that should be settled before the public is assured that a low-fat diet will lead to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Dietary fats and coronary heart disease: unfinished business. In the scientific and lay press, dietary recommendations that are aimed at prevention of coronary heart disease in the general public are appearing more and more frequently. The dietary pattern that is now most widely advocated is a low-fat, low cholesterol diet with a polyunsaturated/saturated ratio of 1. The argument for such a dietary change is supported mainly by extrapolations from epidemiological data and from animal experimentation. Reasons are given for concluding that the recommendations are unwise, impractical, and unlikely to lead to a reduced incidence of arteriosclerotic disease. Sinc complacency is equally inappropriate, a few practical questions are outlined that should be settled before the public is assured that a low-fat diet will lead to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 92686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_341", "title": "Reliability of assessment of alcohol intake based on personal interviews in a liver clinic.", "content": "In 37 patients with alcoholic liver disease urinary alcohol was measured daily for up to 6 months. Every week the patients were asked about their drinking during the past week. Those who convinced the physicians of their abstinence were recorded as not drinking. Patients with alcohol in their urines convincingly denied alcohol intake 52% of the times that they were questioned. 25% of them denied drinking every time. Only 17% of all patients admitted it at all times. Patients who always admitted to drinking had an average urinary alcohol value of 1420 +/- 66 mg/l, compared to 81 +/- 5 mg/l in those who denied drinking every time. Those who admitted drinking intermittently had significantly higher urinary alcohol values (1001 +/- 57 mg/l) when admitting than when denying (538 +/- mg/l). The personal interview should not be used to separate populations of abstainers and non-abstainers in the follow-up of alcoholic patients. On the other hand, deniers appear to consume less alcohol than those who admit their drinking.", "contents": "Reliability of assessment of alcohol intake based on personal interviews in a liver clinic. In 37 patients with alcoholic liver disease urinary alcohol was measured daily for up to 6 months. Every week the patients were asked about their drinking during the past week. Those who convinced the physicians of their abstinence were recorded as not drinking. Patients with alcohol in their urines convincingly denied alcohol intake 52% of the times that they were questioned. 25% of them denied drinking every time. Only 17% of all patients admitted it at all times. Patients who always admitted to drinking had an average urinary alcohol value of 1420 +/- 66 mg/l, compared to 81 +/- 5 mg/l in those who denied drinking every time. Those who admitted drinking intermittently had significantly higher urinary alcohol values (1001 +/- 57 mg/l) when admitting than when denying (538 +/- mg/l). The personal interview should not be used to separate populations of abstainers and non-abstainers in the follow-up of alcoholic patients. On the other hand, deniers appear to consume less alcohol than those who admit their drinking.", "PMID": 92689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_342", "title": "Sequential combination chemotherapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck have been treated with sequential combination chemotherapy consisting of Cytoxan, methotrexate, oncovin, bleomycin and adriamycin, followed by Leucovorin (COMBAL). All patients had undergone extensive prior radiation and/or surgery. All the patients had recurrent cancer. Toxicity included two deaths from drug induced pancytophenia and one from sepsis. Treatment was well tolerated and could be given in the outpatient clinic. No bleomycin pulmonary or adriamycin cardiac toxicity was seen. Results include 4 patients who achieved complete remission, objective improvement in measurable lesions in 6 others, stabilization of disease for 1 to 3 mo. in 5, and progression of disease in 13. Survival has ranged from 1 to 19+ months with a median of 10.7 mo. for patients that were evaluated. We conclude that COMBAL produces objective evidence of improvement in approximately 45% of patients with far advanced, previously treated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.", "contents": "Sequential combination chemotherapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Thirty-four patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck have been treated with sequential combination chemotherapy consisting of Cytoxan, methotrexate, oncovin, bleomycin and adriamycin, followed by Leucovorin (COMBAL). All patients had undergone extensive prior radiation and/or surgery. All the patients had recurrent cancer. Toxicity included two deaths from drug induced pancytophenia and one from sepsis. Treatment was well tolerated and could be given in the outpatient clinic. No bleomycin pulmonary or adriamycin cardiac toxicity was seen. Results include 4 patients who achieved complete remission, objective improvement in measurable lesions in 6 others, stabilization of disease for 1 to 3 mo. in 5, and progression of disease in 13. Survival has ranged from 1 to 19+ months with a median of 10.7 mo. for patients that were evaluated. We conclude that COMBAL produces objective evidence of improvement in approximately 45% of patients with far advanced, previously treated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.", "PMID": 92740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_343", "title": "Ultrastructure and partial characterization of a regular array in the cell wall of Lactobacillus brevis.", "content": "The cell wall of Lactobacillus brevis was revealed by electron microscopy to have an outer layer composed of a regular array. The morphological unit of the regular array appeared to consist of four spherical subunits, each about 2 nm in diameter, which were arranged in a tetragonal pattern about 4.5 by 7.0 nm in dimension. The regular array was composed of the tetragonal units in rows in two directions at an angle of about 75 degrees to each other. The average spacing between the rows was about 10 nm in one direction and about 7 nm in the other. The tetragonally arranged subunits were removed from the cell wall by treatment with guanidine hydrochloride, urea, or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) but not by the action of ethylenediaminetetraacetate, nonionic detergents, or proteolytic enzymes except pepsin. The regular subunits were shown to be composed of a protein with a molecular weight of about 51,000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and partial characterization of a regular array in the cell wall of Lactobacillus brevis. The cell wall of Lactobacillus brevis was revealed by electron microscopy to have an outer layer composed of a regular array. The morphological unit of the regular array appeared to consist of four spherical subunits, each about 2 nm in diameter, which were arranged in a tetragonal pattern about 4.5 by 7.0 nm in dimension. The regular array was composed of the tetragonal units in rows in two directions at an angle of about 75 degrees to each other. The average spacing between the rows was about 10 nm in one direction and about 7 nm in the other. The tetragonally arranged subunits were removed from the cell wall by treatment with guanidine hydrochloride, urea, or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) but not by the action of ethylenediaminetetraacetate, nonionic detergents, or proteolytic enzymes except pepsin. The regular subunits were shown to be composed of a protein with a molecular weight of about 51,000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 92747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_344", "title": "The pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis.", "content": "Recent investigations on protease inhibitors in articular cartilage have provided new insights into the possible initial lesions of osteoarthrosis. A hypothesis has been formulated based upon an impaired ability of chondrocytes to synthesize protease inhibitors, which leads to loss of matrix integrity and vascular invasion from subchondral bone and the joint margins.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis. Recent investigations on protease inhibitors in articular cartilage have provided new insights into the possible initial lesions of osteoarthrosis. A hypothesis has been formulated based upon an impaired ability of chondrocytes to synthesize protease inhibitors, which leads to loss of matrix integrity and vascular invasion from subchondral bone and the joint margins.", "PMID": 92750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_345", "title": "Oleander poisoning.", "content": "The two common oleanders, Thevetia peruviana and Nerium oleander, contain a mixture of poisons including cardiac glycosides, and are extremely toxic. They are cultivated universally throughout Australia, and rank equally with mushrooms as the major cause of children's admission to hospital after accidental plant ingestions. A seven-year total population survey from south-east Queensland has revealed that, in practice, the rate of clinical poisoning due to oleander is inconsequential, and mortality is negligible. The annual age-specific admission rate for children (aged from birth to 12 years of age), for all plant ingestions is 2.33 per 100 000, and 0.62 per 100 000 specifically for oleander. Oleander ingestion causes a syndrome of combine cardiac and gastrointestinal symptoms and signs. A case series of 13 children is described, and the clinical features summarized. After accidental oleander ingestion, current experience indicates that the prognosis is excellent.", "contents": "Oleander poisoning. The two common oleanders, Thevetia peruviana and Nerium oleander, contain a mixture of poisons including cardiac glycosides, and are extremely toxic. They are cultivated universally throughout Australia, and rank equally with mushrooms as the major cause of children's admission to hospital after accidental plant ingestions. A seven-year total population survey from south-east Queensland has revealed that, in practice, the rate of clinical poisoning due to oleander is inconsequential, and mortality is negligible. The annual age-specific admission rate for children (aged from birth to 12 years of age), for all plant ingestions is 2.33 per 100 000, and 0.62 per 100 000 specifically for oleander. Oleander ingestion causes a syndrome of combine cardiac and gastrointestinal symptoms and signs. A case series of 13 children is described, and the clinical features summarized. After accidental oleander ingestion, current experience indicates that the prognosis is excellent.", "PMID": 92752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_346", "title": "The repair of bleomycin-induced DNA damage and its relationship to chromosome aberration repair.", "content": "Previous studies using the technique of premature chromosome condensation indicated that nearly one-half of the bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks and gaps in CHO cells could be repaired within 1 h (repair starting at 30 min) after treatment. Cycloheximide and streptovitacin A (but not hydroxyurea or hycanthone) inhibited chromosome repair. The purpose of this study was to measure the kinetics of DNA repair after bleomycin treatment using the alkaline elution technique and to determine whether various inhibitors could block this repair. After bleomycin treatment, the major proportion of the repair of DNA damage occurred within 15 min, with significant repair evident by 2 min. This fast repair component was inhibited by 0.2% EDTA. A slower repair component was observed to occur up to 60 min after bleomycin treatment. None of the inhibitors tested were found to have a significant effect on the repair of bleomycin damage at the DNA level. Since chromosome breaks were observed not to begin repair until after 30 min while over 50% of the DNA was repaired by 15 min, these results suggest that the DNA lesions that are repaired quickly are not important in the formation of chromosome aberrations. Further, since cycloheximide and streptovitacin A blocked chromosome repair but had little measurable effect on DNA repair, these results suggest that the DNA lesions responsible for chromosome damage represent only a small proportion of the total DNA lesions produced by bleomycin.", "contents": "The repair of bleomycin-induced DNA damage and its relationship to chromosome aberration repair. Previous studies using the technique of premature chromosome condensation indicated that nearly one-half of the bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks and gaps in CHO cells could be repaired within 1 h (repair starting at 30 min) after treatment. Cycloheximide and streptovitacin A (but not hydroxyurea or hycanthone) inhibited chromosome repair. The purpose of this study was to measure the kinetics of DNA repair after bleomycin treatment using the alkaline elution technique and to determine whether various inhibitors could block this repair. After bleomycin treatment, the major proportion of the repair of DNA damage occurred within 15 min, with significant repair evident by 2 min. This fast repair component was inhibited by 0.2% EDTA. A slower repair component was observed to occur up to 60 min after bleomycin treatment. None of the inhibitors tested were found to have a significant effect on the repair of bleomycin damage at the DNA level. Since chromosome breaks were observed not to begin repair until after 30 min while over 50% of the DNA was repaired by 15 min, these results suggest that the DNA lesions that are repaired quickly are not important in the formation of chromosome aberrations. Further, since cycloheximide and streptovitacin A blocked chromosome repair but had little measurable effect on DNA repair, these results suggest that the DNA lesions responsible for chromosome damage represent only a small proportion of the total DNA lesions produced by bleomycin.", "PMID": 92762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_347", "title": "Non-mutagenicity for Salmonella of the chlorinated hydrocarbons aroclor 1254, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, mirex and kepone.", "content": "A polychlorinated biphenyl mixture, Aroclor 1254, two commercial grade insecticides, mirex and kepone, and a pesticide breakdown product, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were evaluated for mutagenicity and hepatic enzyme induction potential in the Salmonella/microsomal assay. None was found to revert strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 or TA100 when tested with or without metabolic activation. Liver microsomal extracts (S9) from rats induced with 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were shown to differ from S9 of either control or Aroclor 1254-induced rats in the capacity to activate 2-aminoanthracene mutagenesis.", "contents": "Non-mutagenicity for Salmonella of the chlorinated hydrocarbons aroclor 1254, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, mirex and kepone. A polychlorinated biphenyl mixture, Aroclor 1254, two commercial grade insecticides, mirex and kepone, and a pesticide breakdown product, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were evaluated for mutagenicity and hepatic enzyme induction potential in the Salmonella/microsomal assay. None was found to revert strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 or TA100 when tested with or without metabolic activation. Liver microsomal extracts (S9) from rats induced with 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were shown to differ from S9 of either control or Aroclor 1254-induced rats in the capacity to activate 2-aminoanthracene mutagenesis.", "PMID": 92763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_348", "title": "Ionomycin stimulates mast cell histamine secretion by forming a lipid-soluble calcium complex.", "content": "The activation of cellular function following the direct introduction of Ca2+ into the cytosol by the use of a Ca2+-transporting ionophore has served to confirm the widely held idea that Ca2+ has the status of a second messenger in many cell types. However, this evidence has been obtained largely from the use of a single ionophore, the antibiotic A23187; experiments with X537A, which is another ionophorous antibiotic capable of transporting Ca2+ (ref. 3), have failed to show the expected characteristics. For example, histamine release from rat mast cells mediated by X537A is neither dependent on extracellular Ca2+ nor prevented by metabolic inhibitors. Ionomycin is a recently described polyether antibiotic produced by Streptomyces conglobatus ATCC 31005, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. The antibiotic action is presumably due to its ionophorous properties, as it extracts Ca2+ from an aqueous phase into an organic phase with a stoichiometry of 1:1 (ref. 6). The ionophore is also capable of transporting 45Ca2+ across biological membranes (our unpublished results). Here we report the application of ionomycin to rat mast cells. We show that ionomycin stimulates mast cell secretion solely through its ability to form a lipid-soluble calcium complex, and thus to convey Ca2+ across the hydrocarbon region of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Ionomycin stimulates mast cell histamine secretion by forming a lipid-soluble calcium complex. The activation of cellular function following the direct introduction of Ca2+ into the cytosol by the use of a Ca2+-transporting ionophore has served to confirm the widely held idea that Ca2+ has the status of a second messenger in many cell types. However, this evidence has been obtained largely from the use of a single ionophore, the antibiotic A23187; experiments with X537A, which is another ionophorous antibiotic capable of transporting Ca2+ (ref. 3), have failed to show the expected characteristics. For example, histamine release from rat mast cells mediated by X537A is neither dependent on extracellular Ca2+ nor prevented by metabolic inhibitors. Ionomycin is a recently described polyether antibiotic produced by Streptomyces conglobatus ATCC 31005, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. The antibiotic action is presumably due to its ionophorous properties, as it extracts Ca2+ from an aqueous phase into an organic phase with a stoichiometry of 1:1 (ref. 6). The ionophore is also capable of transporting 45Ca2+ across biological membranes (our unpublished results). Here we report the application of ionomycin to rat mast cells. We show that ionomycin stimulates mast cell secretion solely through its ability to form a lipid-soluble calcium complex, and thus to convey Ca2+ across the hydrocarbon region of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 92764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_349", "title": "[Levels of complement and its various fractions in the blood of patients with Horton's headache. Preliminary report].", "content": "The pathogenesis of cluster headache remains unexplained and the immunological mechanisms have not been studied in this disease. Suspecting a possible allergic character of headache attacks it was decided to determine the haemolytic activity of the complement system and the levels of its C3 and C4 components. The investigations were carried out in 11 patients with cluster headache and in 10 patients with neurotic symptoms who served as controls. It was found that the levels of complement and its C4 fraction were not different in both groups but the level of C3 fraction showed a statistically significant difference. The authors discuss the obtained results and postulate continuation of investigations.", "contents": "[Levels of complement and its various fractions in the blood of patients with Horton's headache. Preliminary report]. The pathogenesis of cluster headache remains unexplained and the immunological mechanisms have not been studied in this disease. Suspecting a possible allergic character of headache attacks it was decided to determine the haemolytic activity of the complement system and the levels of its C3 and C4 components. The investigations were carried out in 11 patients with cluster headache and in 10 patients with neurotic symptoms who served as controls. It was found that the levels of complement and its C4 fraction were not different in both groups but the level of C3 fraction showed a statistically significant difference. The authors discuss the obtained results and postulate continuation of investigations.", "PMID": 92767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_350", "title": "Uptake and retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in normal and axotomized motor neurons during postnatal development.", "content": "The axonal uptake and somatopetal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was studied during early postnatal development of facial neurons in mice and rats. HRP injected systemically or locally into the muscles of the vibrissae, diffused into the region of the immature neuromuscular junction and was incorporated into vesicles in the axon terminals on the first and third postnatal days, at a time when synaptic vesicles were already present. HRP later was found in the nerve cell bodies of the facial nucleus in the brain stem indicating a somatopetal transport of the tracer in axons. The response of facial neurons to nerve transection changed from rapid neuronal death to prolonged survival between the 6th and 10th postnatal day. HRP was transferred to nerve cell bodies after topical application to the proximal stump of transected facial nerves in rats 3 days-of-age. In the perikaryon it was localized to vesicles and vacuoles with no signs of leakage into the cytoplasm. In the light of our findings different hypotheses for the mechanism of the neuronal death in the immature animals are discussed.", "contents": "Uptake and retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in normal and axotomized motor neurons during postnatal development. The axonal uptake and somatopetal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was studied during early postnatal development of facial neurons in mice and rats. HRP injected systemically or locally into the muscles of the vibrissae, diffused into the region of the immature neuromuscular junction and was incorporated into vesicles in the axon terminals on the first and third postnatal days, at a time when synaptic vesicles were already present. HRP later was found in the nerve cell bodies of the facial nucleus in the brain stem indicating a somatopetal transport of the tracer in axons. The response of facial neurons to nerve transection changed from rapid neuronal death to prolonged survival between the 6th and 10th postnatal day. HRP was transferred to nerve cell bodies after topical application to the proximal stump of transected facial nerves in rats 3 days-of-age. In the perikaryon it was localized to vesicles and vacuoles with no signs of leakage into the cytoplasm. In the light of our findings different hypotheses for the mechanism of the neuronal death in the immature animals are discussed.", "PMID": 92768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_351", "title": "Influence of cholinergic agents on dopamine release from medial basal hypothalamus.", "content": "The ability of acetylcholine to influence the stimulation-induced release of [3H]dopamine in medial basal hypothalamus was evaluated. A muscarinic facilitation of electrical field-stimulated but not potassium-stimulated release was observed. These data suggest a muscarinic enhancement of dopamine release perhaps via an action at the level of the cell body. These data suggest that observed effects of cholinergic agents on prolactin release may be mediated in part through such a cholinergic-dopaminergic interaction.", "contents": "Influence of cholinergic agents on dopamine release from medial basal hypothalamus. The ability of acetylcholine to influence the stimulation-induced release of [3H]dopamine in medial basal hypothalamus was evaluated. A muscarinic facilitation of electrical field-stimulated but not potassium-stimulated release was observed. These data suggest a muscarinic enhancement of dopamine release perhaps via an action at the level of the cell body. These data suggest that observed effects of cholinergic agents on prolactin release may be mediated in part through such a cholinergic-dopaminergic interaction.", "PMID": 92774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_352", "title": "Myelin basic protein depolarizes neuronal membranes.", "content": "Bath application of 10(-5) M myelin basic protein (MBP) to various types of cultured nerve cells resulted in a membrane depolarization amounting to a change of 41 +/- 15 mV. Excitability could be restored by repolarizing the membrane by means of current injection through the recording electrode. The action of MBP persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), Co2+ or D-600 as well as in low Na+ and low Cl- solutions, whereas it was abolished by increasing extracellular Ca2+ concentrations. The action MBP was mimicked by ouabain. We propose that the effect of the protein might be generated by blockade of an ion pump. It is speculated that MBP may exert a direct effect on neuronal membranes in demyelinating diseases.", "contents": "Myelin basic protein depolarizes neuronal membranes. Bath application of 10(-5) M myelin basic protein (MBP) to various types of cultured nerve cells resulted in a membrane depolarization amounting to a change of 41 +/- 15 mV. Excitability could be restored by repolarizing the membrane by means of current injection through the recording electrode. The action of MBP persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), Co2+ or D-600 as well as in low Na+ and low Cl- solutions, whereas it was abolished by increasing extracellular Ca2+ concentrations. The action MBP was mimicked by ouabain. We propose that the effect of the protein might be generated by blockade of an ion pump. It is speculated that MBP may exert a direct effect on neuronal membranes in demyelinating diseases.", "PMID": 92776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_353", "title": "Cytomegalovirus strain differentiation by DNA restriction analysis.", "content": "The heterogeneity of CMV DNA obtained from standard strains and new isolates, including a vaccination strain (Towne 125), was investigated. The cleavage patterns produced by the restriction endonucleases Eco RI and Bam 1 revealed stable strain specificities of CMV. On the other hand, a remarkable homology of sequence-specific CMV DNA fragmentation was demonstrated. A CMV subtyping relevant to clinical questions seems to be improbable.", "contents": "Cytomegalovirus strain differentiation by DNA restriction analysis. The heterogeneity of CMV DNA obtained from standard strains and new isolates, including a vaccination strain (Towne 125), was investigated. The cleavage patterns produced by the restriction endonucleases Eco RI and Bam 1 revealed stable strain specificities of CMV. On the other hand, a remarkable homology of sequence-specific CMV DNA fragmentation was demonstrated. A CMV subtyping relevant to clinical questions seems to be improbable.", "PMID": 92777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_354", "title": "Oncornavirus-like particles released by human prostatic explant cultures.", "content": "Explant cultures from several human prostatic tissues have been examined for oncornavirus production. Some of these explants, epithelial in morphology, appear to release oncornavirus-like particles. The extracellular particulate material, obtained from the culture medium of these explants display the following characteristics: (1) It contains particles that band at a density of 1.1-1.2 g/cm3 in a sucrose density gradient. (2) The particles contain RNA-directed DNA polymerase. This polymerase utilizes poly(Cm) as a template and shows preference for poly(A) over poly(dA) and manganese over magnesium. (3) Apparently, the particles also contain RNA that directs the synthesis of DNA in vitro. The DNA thus synthesized is associated with RNA, some of it with high molecular weight RNA. Such particles are not observed in the culture medium from monolayers of monkey kidney CV-1 cells. We have found that explant cultures from 5 out of 15 tissue specimens with prostatic hyperplasia and 3 out of 4 with prostatic adenocarcinoma release particles that band at a density of 1.1-1.2 g/cm3 and contain RNA-directed DNA polymerase. Explant cultures of two normal prostates examined did not release such particles.", "contents": "Oncornavirus-like particles released by human prostatic explant cultures. Explant cultures from several human prostatic tissues have been examined for oncornavirus production. Some of these explants, epithelial in morphology, appear to release oncornavirus-like particles. The extracellular particulate material, obtained from the culture medium of these explants display the following characteristics: (1) It contains particles that band at a density of 1.1-1.2 g/cm3 in a sucrose density gradient. (2) The particles contain RNA-directed DNA polymerase. This polymerase utilizes poly(Cm) as a template and shows preference for poly(A) over poly(dA) and manganese over magnesium. (3) Apparently, the particles also contain RNA that directs the synthesis of DNA in vitro. The DNA thus synthesized is associated with RNA, some of it with high molecular weight RNA. Such particles are not observed in the culture medium from monolayers of monkey kidney CV-1 cells. We have found that explant cultures from 5 out of 15 tissue specimens with prostatic hyperplasia and 3 out of 4 with prostatic adenocarcinoma release particles that band at a density of 1.1-1.2 g/cm3 and contain RNA-directed DNA polymerase. Explant cultures of two normal prostates examined did not release such particles.", "PMID": 92778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_355", "title": "The antigen-specific signal in T-lymphocyte activation by alloantigen.", "content": "Current concepts of the mechanism of alloactivation of cytotoxic lymphocytes and the identity of the target cell determinants with which they interact are reviewed. The results of a quantitative analysis of the stimulatory activity of different forms of antigen and the role of a costimulator factor are presented. These lead to the conclusions that SD antigens are not the target cell antigens and that existing theories of cytotoxic T cell activation are inadequate. A new theory of activation of alloareactive cytotoxic lymphocytes is proposed.", "contents": "The antigen-specific signal in T-lymphocyte activation by alloantigen. Current concepts of the mechanism of alloactivation of cytotoxic lymphocytes and the identity of the target cell determinants with which they interact are reviewed. The results of a quantitative analysis of the stimulatory activity of different forms of antigen and the role of a costimulator factor are presented. These lead to the conclusions that SD antigens are not the target cell antigens and that existing theories of cytotoxic T cell activation are inadequate. A new theory of activation of alloareactive cytotoxic lymphocytes is proposed.", "PMID": 92782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_356", "title": "Terminal care: evaluation of in-patient service at St Christopher's Hospice. Part I. Views of surviving spouse on effects of the service on the patient.", "content": "The surviving spouses of 34 patients who died of cancer at St Christopher's Hospice have been interviewed about 13 months after the patient's death. The information given is compared with that obtained from 34 spouses of patients dying from cancer in other hospitals and matched with the St Christopher's group. Patients at St Christopher's were less often thought to have suffered severe pain and other distress than at other hospitals, but pain relief was not bought at the cost of drug-induced confusion and patients at St Christopher's remained more mobile than at other hospitals. Hospice patients were more aware of chapel services and prayers than at other hospitals. None was said to have been upset by these and 66% were glad of them. Despite the frequency of deaths in the Hospice, patients at St Christopher's were no more likely to be thought to have been 'upset' by such events than patients elsewhere or to have found their interactions with other patients anything but helpful.", "contents": "Terminal care: evaluation of in-patient service at St Christopher's Hospice. Part I. Views of surviving spouse on effects of the service on the patient. The surviving spouses of 34 patients who died of cancer at St Christopher's Hospice have been interviewed about 13 months after the patient's death. The information given is compared with that obtained from 34 spouses of patients dying from cancer in other hospitals and matched with the St Christopher's group. Patients at St Christopher's were less often thought to have suffered severe pain and other distress than at other hospitals, but pain relief was not bought at the cost of drug-induced confusion and patients at St Christopher's remained more mobile than at other hospitals. Hospice patients were more aware of chapel services and prayers than at other hospitals. None was said to have been upset by these and 66% were glad of them. Despite the frequency of deaths in the Hospice, patients at St Christopher's were no more likely to be thought to have been 'upset' by such events than patients elsewhere or to have found their interactions with other patients anything but helpful.", "PMID": 92788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_357", "title": "Assessment of the quality of sitting and gait patterns in children with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Clinical work with children with Down's syndrome resulted in a suggestion of a relationship between the external rotation and abduction of their hips, their excessive hip mobility in sitting, and their wide-based gait. This relationship was examined using data from 104 questionnaires completed by the parents of children with Down's syndrome. The clinical and demographic findings consistently documented the unusual sitting patterns of these children. How children were placed in the sitting position significantly influenced subsequent come-to-sit patterns but did not appear to influence subsequent walking patterns. Longitudinal studies of sitting patterns, hip mobility and gait are recommended. Therapeutic implications are that body rotation should be incorporated into motor intervention programs for children with Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Assessment of the quality of sitting and gait patterns in children with Down's syndrome. Clinical work with children with Down's syndrome resulted in a suggestion of a relationship between the external rotation and abduction of their hips, their excessive hip mobility in sitting, and their wide-based gait. This relationship was examined using data from 104 questionnaires completed by the parents of children with Down's syndrome. The clinical and demographic findings consistently documented the unusual sitting patterns of these children. How children were placed in the sitting position significantly influenced subsequent come-to-sit patterns but did not appear to influence subsequent walking patterns. Longitudinal studies of sitting patterns, hip mobility and gait are recommended. Therapeutic implications are that body rotation should be incorporated into motor intervention programs for children with Down's syndrome.", "PMID": 92793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_358", "title": "Correlation of the macrogram and the microgram of the penicillin focus in turtle (Testudo) cerebral cortex. Localization of the capillary microelectrode tip with Pontamine Sky Blue 6BX.", "content": "Localization of the tip of the recording microelectrode with Pontamine Sky Blue 6BX introduced into the tissue iontophoretically was used to study the relationship of the morphological type of the neurone to a given type of elecrographic activity during the epileptic focal discharge. Paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDSs) and short bursts of spikes in the negative phase of the focal discharge were found to be related to cells of the pyramidal type. Conversely, ovoid cells were active only in quiescent intervals and were inhibited throughout the whole duration of the focal discharge.", "contents": "Correlation of the macrogram and the microgram of the penicillin focus in turtle (Testudo) cerebral cortex. Localization of the capillary microelectrode tip with Pontamine Sky Blue 6BX. Localization of the tip of the recording microelectrode with Pontamine Sky Blue 6BX introduced into the tissue iontophoretically was used to study the relationship of the morphological type of the neurone to a given type of elecrographic activity during the epileptic focal discharge. Paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDSs) and short bursts of spikes in the negative phase of the focal discharge were found to be related to cells of the pyramidal type. Conversely, ovoid cells were active only in quiescent intervals and were inhibited throughout the whole duration of the focal discharge.", "PMID": 92796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_359", "title": "Is schizophrenia an HLA-associated disease?", "content": "Certain specificities of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system have been shown to be associated with particular diseases. A review of recent studies in schizophrenia shows inconsistent results for schizophrenia as a whole, although a significant increase in HLA A28 remains on combining the data. There are more consistent findings for disease subtypes. In particular, HLA A9 and HLA CW4 are increased in paranoid schizophrenics, while HLA A1 and the A1-B8 haplotype are increased in nuclear forms. It is postulated that the relationship between the schizophrenias and certain HLA types could be due to an influence of the latter upon neuronal post-synaptic membrane sensitivity to central neurotransmitters such as dopamine.", "contents": "Is schizophrenia an HLA-associated disease? Certain specificities of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system have been shown to be associated with particular diseases. A review of recent studies in schizophrenia shows inconsistent results for schizophrenia as a whole, although a significant increase in HLA A28 remains on combining the data. There are more consistent findings for disease subtypes. In particular, HLA A9 and HLA CW4 are increased in paranoid schizophrenics, while HLA A1 and the A1-B8 haplotype are increased in nuclear forms. It is postulated that the relationship between the schizophrenias and certain HLA types could be due to an influence of the latter upon neuronal post-synaptic membrane sensitivity to central neurotransmitters such as dopamine.", "PMID": 92797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_360", "title": "Osmiophilic reagents in electronmicroscopic histocytochemistry.", "content": "Direct histocytochemical staining methods on undisrupted tissues, stabilized by chemical fixation, potentially offer perhaps the most reliable approach to the study of the enzymes of the cell with relation to its ultrastructure. The atoms which, for the most part, comprise the biomacromolecules and enzymes of cells and tissues contribute little to their inherent electron opacity or ability to scatter electrons differentially. The latter property of a substance is responsible for its observation with the electron microscope. Since the introduction of osmiophilic reagents into cytochemistry (HANKER et al. 1964), the selective deposition of relatively large amounts of polymeric osmium black reaction products at the subcellular sites of insoluble or immobilized enzymes or biomacromolecules has facilitated their demonstration with the light and electron microscopes. Perhaps the most widely employed osmiophilic reagent in histocytochemistry has been DAB which was introduced by GRAHAM and KARNOVSKY (1966a, b). Although it receives its widest use for demonstrating the sites to which the exogenous ultrastructural tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is transported in vertebrate tissues, it is also widely employed for the demonstration of catalase in peroxisomes with the media of FAHIMI (1969) or of NOVIKOFF and GOLDFISCHER (1969), and for the demonstration of cytochrome oxidase with the medium of SELIGMAN et al. (1968a). The importance of this reagent lies in its ability to undergo oxidative polymerization forming an insoluble osmiophilic melanin-like product (HANKER et al. 1972a) which comforms well to ultrastructure, at the sites of enzymic or nonenzyme proteins which catalyze its oxidation. In the past few years, studies in our laboratory have shown that a rational approach to the histocytochemical demonstration of enzymes could be devised. It is based on the selective deposition of transition metal compounds at the sites of enzymes that resemble hemoproteins in their ability to catalyze the oxidative polymerization of DAB. The most useful of these compounds, cupric ferrocyanide (Hatchett's brown) was also introduced into cytochemistry by Karnovsky's laboratory (KARNOVSKY 1964; KARNOVSKY and ROOTS 1974). By the use of natural substrates, when available, or synthetic substrates which liberate or form a reducing agent at the sites of the enzymatic activity, many diverse types of enzymes have been demonstrated by methods depending on this principle known as catalytic osmiophilic polymer generation. DAB has probably been the most useful histocytochemical reagent of the past decade. Yet its borderline carcinogenicity and the frequent interruption of a supply of good quality DAB have encouraged research into a substitute reagent. A new substitute for DAB has resulted from the study of artificial melanins in our laboratory for several years. It consists of a mixture of p-phenylenediamine and pyrocatechol and is much better than DAB for the demonstration of HRP used as a cytochemical tracer...", "contents": "Osmiophilic reagents in electronmicroscopic histocytochemistry. Direct histocytochemical staining methods on undisrupted tissues, stabilized by chemical fixation, potentially offer perhaps the most reliable approach to the study of the enzymes of the cell with relation to its ultrastructure. The atoms which, for the most part, comprise the biomacromolecules and enzymes of cells and tissues contribute little to their inherent electron opacity or ability to scatter electrons differentially. The latter property of a substance is responsible for its observation with the electron microscope. Since the introduction of osmiophilic reagents into cytochemistry (HANKER et al. 1964), the selective deposition of relatively large amounts of polymeric osmium black reaction products at the subcellular sites of insoluble or immobilized enzymes or biomacromolecules has facilitated their demonstration with the light and electron microscopes. Perhaps the most widely employed osmiophilic reagent in histocytochemistry has been DAB which was introduced by GRAHAM and KARNOVSKY (1966a, b). Although it receives its widest use for demonstrating the sites to which the exogenous ultrastructural tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is transported in vertebrate tissues, it is also widely employed for the demonstration of catalase in peroxisomes with the media of FAHIMI (1969) or of NOVIKOFF and GOLDFISCHER (1969), and for the demonstration of cytochrome oxidase with the medium of SELIGMAN et al. (1968a). The importance of this reagent lies in its ability to undergo oxidative polymerization forming an insoluble osmiophilic melanin-like product (HANKER et al. 1972a) which comforms well to ultrastructure, at the sites of enzymic or nonenzyme proteins which catalyze its oxidation. In the past few years, studies in our laboratory have shown that a rational approach to the histocytochemical demonstration of enzymes could be devised. It is based on the selective deposition of transition metal compounds at the sites of enzymes that resemble hemoproteins in their ability to catalyze the oxidative polymerization of DAB. The most useful of these compounds, cupric ferrocyanide (Hatchett's brown) was also introduced into cytochemistry by Karnovsky's laboratory (KARNOVSKY 1964; KARNOVSKY and ROOTS 1974). By the use of natural substrates, when available, or synthetic substrates which liberate or form a reducing agent at the sites of the enzymatic activity, many diverse types of enzymes have been demonstrated by methods depending on this principle known as catalytic osmiophilic polymer generation. DAB has probably been the most useful histocytochemical reagent of the past decade. Yet its borderline carcinogenicity and the frequent interruption of a supply of good quality DAB have encouraged research into a substitute reagent. A new substitute for DAB has resulted from the study of artificial melanins in our laboratory for several years. It consists of a mixture of p-phenylenediamine and pyrocatechol and is much better than DAB for the demonstration of HRP used as a cytochemical tracer...", "PMID": 92799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_361", "title": "Antigens of Hyostrongylus rubidus, the red stomach worm of pigs. Analyses by means of passive haemagglutination and immediate hypersensitivity tests.", "content": "Antigens were prepared from different stages of worm development and adult worm antigens were fractionated by ion exchange and exclusion chromatography. The antigens, or fractions of them, were assessed for their activity in passive haemagglutination reactions or intradermal tests. The results of the passive haemagglutination reactions indicated that circulating agglutinins were more readily detected when adult stage specific antigens were used. Antigen prepared from worms isolated when the population was declining was less sensitive. Fractions of adult worm antigen did not confer greater sensitivity than the whole worm extract.", "contents": "Antigens of Hyostrongylus rubidus, the red stomach worm of pigs. Analyses by means of passive haemagglutination and immediate hypersensitivity tests. Antigens were prepared from different stages of worm development and adult worm antigens were fractionated by ion exchange and exclusion chromatography. The antigens, or fractions of them, were assessed for their activity in passive haemagglutination reactions or intradermal tests. The results of the passive haemagglutination reactions indicated that circulating agglutinins were more readily detected when adult stage specific antigens were used. Antigen prepared from worms isolated when the population was declining was less sensitive. Fractions of adult worm antigen did not confer greater sensitivity than the whole worm extract.", "PMID": 92802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_362", "title": "Immunological release of histamine from human lung. I. Studies on the beta 2-sympathomimetic stimulator fenoterol.", "content": "Human lung tissue passively sensitized with anti-grass pollen IgE antibodies release histamine upon exposure to specific grass pollen antigen. Fenoterol, a beta 2-sympathomimetic stimulator drug, is shown to be a potent inhibitor of antigen-induced release of histamine. This inhibitory effect occurred with fenoterol concentrations of 2 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-7) M, and was determined by 67 and 95%, respectively. Thus, the beta 2-receptor stimulator fenoterol is a valuable drug for treating allergic bronchial asthma since it exhibits a combination of prophylactic and direct therapeutic properties.", "contents": "Immunological release of histamine from human lung. I. Studies on the beta 2-sympathomimetic stimulator fenoterol. Human lung tissue passively sensitized with anti-grass pollen IgE antibodies release histamine upon exposure to specific grass pollen antigen. Fenoterol, a beta 2-sympathomimetic stimulator drug, is shown to be a potent inhibitor of antigen-induced release of histamine. This inhibitory effect occurred with fenoterol concentrations of 2 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-7) M, and was determined by 67 and 95%, respectively. Thus, the beta 2-receptor stimulator fenoterol is a valuable drug for treating allergic bronchial asthma since it exhibits a combination of prophylactic and direct therapeutic properties.", "PMID": 92803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_363", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein in intracranial malignant teratoma.", "content": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein was identified in five patients with histologically verified teratomas and in one patient with a suspected malignant teratoma. Detection of serum alpha-fetoprotein is specifically indicative of malignant teratoma, as no other known type of intracranial tumor produces it.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein in intracranial malignant teratoma. Serum alpha-fetoprotein was identified in five patients with histologically verified teratomas and in one patient with a suspected malignant teratoma. Detection of serum alpha-fetoprotein is specifically indicative of malignant teratoma, as no other known type of intracranial tumor produces it.", "PMID": 92810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_364", "title": "Initial therapy of suspected microbial corneal ulcers. I. Broad antibiotic therapy based on prevalence of organisms.", "content": "The initial treatment of bacterial ulcers of the cornea should consist of a combination of antibiotics that are effective against the major pathogens in the community. A gram stain may be misleading and therefore may suggest inappropriate therapy. Antibiotic therapy should include subconjunctival injections and concentrated eye drops, but not systemic administration except following perforation. Initially, we use cefazolin and tobramycin or gentamicin. Bacitracin may be substituted as a topical medication. Antibiotic therapy should be changed only if the pathogen is reported to be resistant to initial therapy and if the corneal ulcer continues to worsen.", "contents": "Initial therapy of suspected microbial corneal ulcers. I. Broad antibiotic therapy based on prevalence of organisms. The initial treatment of bacterial ulcers of the cornea should consist of a combination of antibiotics that are effective against the major pathogens in the community. A gram stain may be misleading and therefore may suggest inappropriate therapy. Antibiotic therapy should include subconjunctival injections and concentrated eye drops, but not systemic administration except following perforation. Initially, we use cefazolin and tobramycin or gentamicin. Bacitracin may be substituted as a topical medication. Antibiotic therapy should be changed only if the pathogen is reported to be resistant to initial therapy and if the corneal ulcer continues to worsen.", "PMID": 92811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_365", "title": "Initial therapy of suspected microbial corneal ulcers. II. Specific antibiotic therapy based on corneal smears.", "content": "The encounter of the microorganism with the cornea is a complex event which generates tissue destruction through multiple host and organism-derived mediators. Suspicion of microbial invasion, proper utilization of the microbiology laboratory, and initiation of effective antimicrobial agents are the crucial measures in controlling the replicating organism and preserving visual function.", "contents": "Initial therapy of suspected microbial corneal ulcers. II. Specific antibiotic therapy based on corneal smears. The encounter of the microorganism with the cornea is a complex event which generates tissue destruction through multiple host and organism-derived mediators. Suspicion of microbial invasion, proper utilization of the microbiology laboratory, and initiation of effective antimicrobial agents are the crucial measures in controlling the replicating organism and preserving visual function.", "PMID": 92812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_366", "title": "Inhibition of idiosyncratic reactions to aspirin in asthmatic patients by clemastine.", "content": "An H1-receptor blocking antihistamine, clemastine, taken before aspirin gave complete or partial protection against flushing, rhinorrhea, cough, and headache in ten asthmatic patients with idiosyncrasy to aspirin. In five of the ten patients aspirin-precipitated bronchoconstriction was also reduced or prevented after pretreatment with clemastine. Thus histamine appears to play a part in the production of most non-respiratory symptoms occurring after aspirin ingestion in intolerant patients with asthma. Bronchial reactions might depend partly on histamine and partly on the action of other spasmogens. It is suggested that inhibition of prostaglandins of the E series by aspirin-like drugs plays a crucial part in the release of histamine from tissue stores in aspirin-sensitive asthmatic patients. Clemastine might be of use in the treatment of acute reactions to aspirin.", "contents": "Inhibition of idiosyncratic reactions to aspirin in asthmatic patients by clemastine. An H1-receptor blocking antihistamine, clemastine, taken before aspirin gave complete or partial protection against flushing, rhinorrhea, cough, and headache in ten asthmatic patients with idiosyncrasy to aspirin. In five of the ten patients aspirin-precipitated bronchoconstriction was also reduced or prevented after pretreatment with clemastine. Thus histamine appears to play a part in the production of most non-respiratory symptoms occurring after aspirin ingestion in intolerant patients with asthma. Bronchial reactions might depend partly on histamine and partly on the action of other spasmogens. It is suggested that inhibition of prostaglandins of the E series by aspirin-like drugs plays a crucial part in the release of histamine from tissue stores in aspirin-sensitive asthmatic patients. Clemastine might be of use in the treatment of acute reactions to aspirin.", "PMID": 92816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_367", "title": "Effects of single and repeated exposures to abate on rat behavior and cholinesterase activity.", "content": "Rats were injected i.p. with the organophosphate insecticide ABATE and tested over the next 16 days. Animals given 1000 mg/kg showed impaired performance of a previously conditioned avoidance response 6 days after injection but not 2, 8, 10, or 16 days after injection. No behavioral changes were observed in animals given 316 or 562 mg/kg. A subsequent experiment showed that the avoidance impairment in animals given 1000 mg/kg was accompanied by significant erythrocyte, plasma, and brain cholinesterase activity inhibition and decreased spontaneous motor activity. If administration of the same ABATE dose was distributed over 6 days (167 mg/kg/day), cholinesterase and motor activity depression was still evident but conditioned avoidance performance was unimpaired. The results were interpreted as differential behavioral adaption to repeated injections of ABATE.", "contents": "Effects of single and repeated exposures to abate on rat behavior and cholinesterase activity. Rats were injected i.p. with the organophosphate insecticide ABATE and tested over the next 16 days. Animals given 1000 mg/kg showed impaired performance of a previously conditioned avoidance response 6 days after injection but not 2, 8, 10, or 16 days after injection. No behavioral changes were observed in animals given 316 or 562 mg/kg. A subsequent experiment showed that the avoidance impairment in animals given 1000 mg/kg was accompanied by significant erythrocyte, plasma, and brain cholinesterase activity inhibition and decreased spontaneous motor activity. If administration of the same ABATE dose was distributed over 6 days (167 mg/kg/day), cholinesterase and motor activity depression was still evident but conditioned avoidance performance was unimpaired. The results were interpreted as differential behavioral adaption to repeated injections of ABATE.", "PMID": 92820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_368", "title": "A comparative light microscopic evaluation of oxytalan fiber staining with a variety of dye substances.", "content": "Staining of oxytalan fibers in marsupial, eutherian and human periodontal ligaments was surveyed with 65 different dyes. Using the criteria of response to preoxidation, distribution, and morphologic appearance, 27 dye preparations in addition to the Gomori aldehyde-fuchsin, Taenzer-Unna orcein, and Weigert resorcin-fuchsin techniques displayed oxytalan fibers. With two exceptions all dyes were cationic and reacted with varying degrees of excellence with different animals. Most dyes produced their best staining results as concentrated solutions in 3% acetic acid, suggesting involvement of oxidatively engendered polyanions predominantly associated with an acid mucopolysaccharide component of the oxytalan fiber. The significance of carboxyl and sulfur-containing groups should not be overlooked in further studies aiming to elucidate oxytalan fiber chemistry and microstructure. This study supported the view that oxytalan fibers belong to the family of elastic tissues and represent a biologically important system within the periodontal ligament.", "contents": "A comparative light microscopic evaluation of oxytalan fiber staining with a variety of dye substances. Staining of oxytalan fibers in marsupial, eutherian and human periodontal ligaments was surveyed with 65 different dyes. Using the criteria of response to preoxidation, distribution, and morphologic appearance, 27 dye preparations in addition to the Gomori aldehyde-fuchsin, Taenzer-Unna orcein, and Weigert resorcin-fuchsin techniques displayed oxytalan fibers. With two exceptions all dyes were cationic and reacted with varying degrees of excellence with different animals. Most dyes produced their best staining results as concentrated solutions in 3% acetic acid, suggesting involvement of oxidatively engendered polyanions predominantly associated with an acid mucopolysaccharide component of the oxytalan fiber. The significance of carboxyl and sulfur-containing groups should not be overlooked in further studies aiming to elucidate oxytalan fiber chemistry and microstructure. This study supported the view that oxytalan fibers belong to the family of elastic tissues and represent a biologically important system within the periodontal ligament.", "PMID": 92821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_369", "title": "An improved silver stain for developing nervous tissue.", "content": "A reduced silver technique using physical development to stain embryonic nervous tissue is described. Brains are fixed in Bodian's fixative. Paraffin sections are pretreated with 1% chromic acid or 5% formol. They are impregnated with 0.01% silver nitrate dissolved in 0.1 M boric acid/sodium tetraborate buffer of pH 8 or with silver proteinate. Finally they are developed in a special physical developer which contains 0.1% silver nitrate, 0.01-0.1% formol as reducing agent, 2.5% sodium carbonate to buffer the solution at pH 10.3, 0.1% ammonium nitrate to prevent precipitation of silver hydroxide, and 5% tungstosilicic acid as a protective colloid. The development takes several minutes in this solution, thus the intensity of staining can be controlled easily. The method yields uniform, complete and reproducible staining of axons at all developmental stages of the nervous tissue and is easy to handle.", "contents": "An improved silver stain for developing nervous tissue. A reduced silver technique using physical development to stain embryonic nervous tissue is described. Brains are fixed in Bodian's fixative. Paraffin sections are pretreated with 1% chromic acid or 5% formol. They are impregnated with 0.01% silver nitrate dissolved in 0.1 M boric acid/sodium tetraborate buffer of pH 8 or with silver proteinate. Finally they are developed in a special physical developer which contains 0.1% silver nitrate, 0.01-0.1% formol as reducing agent, 2.5% sodium carbonate to buffer the solution at pH 10.3, 0.1% ammonium nitrate to prevent precipitation of silver hydroxide, and 5% tungstosilicic acid as a protective colloid. The development takes several minutes in this solution, thus the intensity of staining can be controlled easily. The method yields uniform, complete and reproducible staining of axons at all developmental stages of the nervous tissue and is easy to handle.", "PMID": 92822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_370", "title": "Feulgen cytophotometry of pine nuclei. II. Effect of pectinase used in cell separation.", "content": "Pectinase used for cell separation prior to cytophotometry contains a DNase that is able to penetrate the cells of pine root tips and attack nuclear DNA. When pine root tips were exposed to 1% pectinase (pH 6.0), there was a decrease in nuclear DNA content at every sample point and a sharp drop between 16 and 20 hr. The effect of the DNase was eliminated by preparing the enzyme solution in 0.01 M sodium citrate or 0.001 M EDTA. It is suggested that heat denaturation of the DNase should also be effective and might be used in combination with the magnesium chelators.", "contents": "Feulgen cytophotometry of pine nuclei. II. Effect of pectinase used in cell separation. Pectinase used for cell separation prior to cytophotometry contains a DNase that is able to penetrate the cells of pine root tips and attack nuclear DNA. When pine root tips were exposed to 1% pectinase (pH 6.0), there was a decrease in nuclear DNA content at every sample point and a sharp drop between 16 and 20 hr. The effect of the DNase was eliminated by preparing the enzyme solution in 0.01 M sodium citrate or 0.001 M EDTA. It is suggested that heat denaturation of the DNase should also be effective and might be used in combination with the magnesium chelators.", "PMID": 92823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_371", "title": "[Preliminary results of the pilot phase of neutron treatment in Essen (author's transl)].", "content": "In agreement with the EORTC Charged Particle Therapy Project Group, a pilot phase of neutron treatment was performed on 59 patients in 1978. All patients suffered from far-advanced tumours. Sixteen were treated with neutrons exclusively, while all the others had recurrences after chemotherapy, surgery, or combined surgery and photon- or electron therapy. 29 of them received reduced doses (10 to 14 Gy), thirty patients got a full neutron course of 16 Gy (Total Effective Dose). The observation time varied from 2 to 11 months. Serious side effects occurred in 11 cases. A complete tumour regression was achieved in 35 patients, and a partial regression in 17. Recurrences developed in 5 cases, no tumour regression was seen in 2 cases. These preliminary results encouraged us to start a randomized trial of head and neck tumours according to the protocols of the EORTC Charged Particle Therapy Project Group.", "contents": "[Preliminary results of the pilot phase of neutron treatment in Essen (author's transl)]. In agreement with the EORTC Charged Particle Therapy Project Group, a pilot phase of neutron treatment was performed on 59 patients in 1978. All patients suffered from far-advanced tumours. Sixteen were treated with neutrons exclusively, while all the others had recurrences after chemotherapy, surgery, or combined surgery and photon- or electron therapy. 29 of them received reduced doses (10 to 14 Gy), thirty patients got a full neutron course of 16 Gy (Total Effective Dose). The observation time varied from 2 to 11 months. Serious side effects occurred in 11 cases. A complete tumour regression was achieved in 35 patients, and a partial regression in 17. Recurrences developed in 5 cases, no tumour regression was seen in 2 cases. These preliminary results encouraged us to start a randomized trial of head and neck tumours according to the protocols of the EORTC Charged Particle Therapy Project Group.", "PMID": 92830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_372", "title": "[Influence of radiotherapy upon tumor accumulation and organ distribution of 57Co-bleomycin in mice with chemically induced squamous cell carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma was induced in male 6 to 8-week old NMRI-mice by application of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene on the skin. 15 weeks later macroscopically visible skin tumors are developed. Then organ distribution and tumor accumulation of 57Co-Bleomycin (spec. activity 1 mCi/3.3 mg) were studied 1 to 48 hours after injection. In squamous cell carcinoma a high uptake of this tumor-seeking agent can be demonstrated (n = 46). After radiotherapy (100 kV; 1.7 mm Al-filter; 18.8 Gy) (n = 26), however, a significantly reduced uptake of 57Co-Bleomycin in tumor tissue is observed. Possible consequences from these animal studies for tumor scintigraphy with this radiopharmaceutical in man are discussed.", "contents": "[Influence of radiotherapy upon tumor accumulation and organ distribution of 57Co-bleomycin in mice with chemically induced squamous cell carcinoma (author's transl)]. Squamous cell carcinoma was induced in male 6 to 8-week old NMRI-mice by application of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene on the skin. 15 weeks later macroscopically visible skin tumors are developed. Then organ distribution and tumor accumulation of 57Co-Bleomycin (spec. activity 1 mCi/3.3 mg) were studied 1 to 48 hours after injection. In squamous cell carcinoma a high uptake of this tumor-seeking agent can be demonstrated (n = 46). After radiotherapy (100 kV; 1.7 mm Al-filter; 18.8 Gy) (n = 26), however, a significantly reduced uptake of 57Co-Bleomycin in tumor tissue is observed. Possible consequences from these animal studies for tumor scintigraphy with this radiopharmaceutical in man are discussed.", "PMID": 92831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_373", "title": "Characterization of estrogen binding in the developing rat testis. Ontogeny of the testicular cytoplasmic estrogen receptor.", "content": "The properties and physical characteristics of a steroid binding component present in the immature (7 to 35 day) rat were investigated and found to be different from those of the 17 beta-estradiol receptor in the mature rat testis. These properties include a binding capacity of 483 fmol estradiol/mg protein, a Ka at equilibrium of 4.23 x 10(7)M-1, and broad steroid specificity as shown by interaction with several steroids; no binding was observed with diethylstilbestrol. The component, found in blood and several tissues including the testis, migrated as a 4.6S peak on sucrose gradients. This 4.6S component, which interacted with an anti-alphafetoprotein antiserum, decreased with age and was not detectable in the testis after day 21 or in the serum after day 25. These data suggest that this component is alphafetoprotein. Ontogenic appearance of the testicular cytoplasmic 17 beta-estradiol receptor in the developing rat was further elucidated. Sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis of cytosols revealed an 8S binding component that was first detectable at 23 days. Specific binding (fmol [3H]-estradiol/testis) was relatively low in neonates, rose to 59 fmol during the third week, and increased dramatically to 333 fmol at 7 weeks; binding rose only gradually after maturity. The receptor was tissue specific and steroid specificity studies demonstrated that only diethylstilbestrol and other estrogens were effective in competing with 17 beta-estradiol for binding sites. The Ka at equilibrium was determined as 3 x 10(10)M-1 and the binding sites were saturable in an in vitro system. The receptor did not interact with anti-alphafetoprotein antiserum as indicated by sucrose gradient studies. These data demonstrate the developmental appearance of the testicular cytoplasmic estradiol receptor in the immature rat.", "contents": "Characterization of estrogen binding in the developing rat testis. Ontogeny of the testicular cytoplasmic estrogen receptor. The properties and physical characteristics of a steroid binding component present in the immature (7 to 35 day) rat were investigated and found to be different from those of the 17 beta-estradiol receptor in the mature rat testis. These properties include a binding capacity of 483 fmol estradiol/mg protein, a Ka at equilibrium of 4.23 x 10(7)M-1, and broad steroid specificity as shown by interaction with several steroids; no binding was observed with diethylstilbestrol. The component, found in blood and several tissues including the testis, migrated as a 4.6S peak on sucrose gradients. This 4.6S component, which interacted with an anti-alphafetoprotein antiserum, decreased with age and was not detectable in the testis after day 21 or in the serum after day 25. These data suggest that this component is alphafetoprotein. Ontogenic appearance of the testicular cytoplasmic 17 beta-estradiol receptor in the developing rat was further elucidated. Sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis of cytosols revealed an 8S binding component that was first detectable at 23 days. Specific binding (fmol [3H]-estradiol/testis) was relatively low in neonates, rose to 59 fmol during the third week, and increased dramatically to 333 fmol at 7 weeks; binding rose only gradually after maturity. The receptor was tissue specific and steroid specificity studies demonstrated that only diethylstilbestrol and other estrogens were effective in competing with 17 beta-estradiol for binding sites. The Ka at equilibrium was determined as 3 x 10(10)M-1 and the binding sites were saturable in an in vitro system. The receptor did not interact with anti-alphafetoprotein antiserum as indicated by sucrose gradient studies. These data demonstrate the developmental appearance of the testicular cytoplasmic estradiol receptor in the immature rat.", "PMID": 92832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_374", "title": "[The use of audiovisual teaching and learning aids in dentistry].", "content": "In order to intensify university teaching (mastering of the ever increasing advance of knowledge and realization of the specified curriculum with its increased requirements in the teaching and learning process), it will be necessary to use audio-visual teaching aids to a greater extent. The audio-visual tools are used in combination, with due regard to the specificity of each of them. The specificity and the use of diapositives, synchronized slide audiotype series, fragmental films, survey films, folding foils, natural models, drawings on the blackboard, and closed-circuit television are dealt with.", "contents": "[The use of audiovisual teaching and learning aids in dentistry]. In order to intensify university teaching (mastering of the ever increasing advance of knowledge and realization of the specified curriculum with its increased requirements in the teaching and learning process), it will be necessary to use audio-visual teaching aids to a greater extent. The audio-visual tools are used in combination, with due regard to the specificity of each of them. The specificity and the use of diapositives, synchronized slide audiotype series, fragmental films, survey films, folding foils, natural models, drawings on the blackboard, and closed-circuit television are dealt with.", "PMID": 92833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_375", "title": "Peripelvic urinoma associated with benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "A case report of a large peripelvic urinoma which disappeared after decompression of a distended obstructed bladder is presented. The etiology of this rare complication of bladder outlet obstruction is reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Peripelvic urinoma associated with benign prostatic hypertrophy. A case report of a large peripelvic urinoma which disappeared after decompression of a distended obstructed bladder is presented. The etiology of this rare complication of bladder outlet obstruction is reviewed and discussed.", "PMID": 92838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_376", "title": "Abnormal seminiferous tubule cells associated with choriocarcinoma: immunoperoxidase study.", "content": "A case is presented of widely metastatic choriocarinoma, associated with an intratubular proliferation of atypical germ cells in the testis and a minute adult cystic teratoma. Immunoperoxidase study of the intratubular germ cells did not confirm their trophoblastic origin. Intratubular proliferation of undifferentiated germ cells may be associated with choriocarcinoma.", "contents": "Abnormal seminiferous tubule cells associated with choriocarcinoma: immunoperoxidase study. A case is presented of widely metastatic choriocarinoma, associated with an intratubular proliferation of atypical germ cells in the testis and a minute adult cystic teratoma. Immunoperoxidase study of the intratubular germ cells did not confirm their trophoblastic origin. Intratubular proliferation of undifferentiated germ cells may be associated with choriocarcinoma.", "PMID": 92839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_377", "title": "Urodynamics studies in benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "A study of patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy indicates that flow rates may well be useful in evaluating the degree of obstruction and the results of therapy. Electromyography and cytometry studies, while demonstrating certain tendencies in benign prostatic hypertrophy, do not give statistically significant data for evaluation and prognostication either by themselves or when correlated with radiographic changes and flow rates.", "contents": "Urodynamics studies in benign prostatic hypertrophy. A study of patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy indicates that flow rates may well be useful in evaluating the degree of obstruction and the results of therapy. Electromyography and cytometry studies, while demonstrating certain tendencies in benign prostatic hypertrophy, do not give statistically significant data for evaluation and prognostication either by themselves or when correlated with radiographic changes and flow rates.", "PMID": 92840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_378", "title": "[Physicochemical properties of neurospecific basic protein (SCP) of the spinal cord].", "content": "Basic protein (SCP) known as antiencephalytogenic was isolated from the bull spinal cord and spinal roots. The protein is purified to a molecular homogeneous state, some of its physicochemical properties are studied. Molecular homogeneity of the protein is established by the method of disk electrophoresis in 15% polyacrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulphate present and by analytic ultracentrifugation. During electrophoresis in 15% polyacrylamide gel at pH 4.0 the protein movement occurs only in one zone, and at pH 7.0 three closely located zones are formed. The protein molecular weight determined by different methods is about 13500. The protein amino acid composition is determined and it is shown that 9.6 mole of amide nitrogen falls on 1 mole of the protein. The presence of the tertiary structure in the protein is supposed.", "contents": "[Physicochemical properties of neurospecific basic protein (SCP) of the spinal cord]. Basic protein (SCP) known as antiencephalytogenic was isolated from the bull spinal cord and spinal roots. The protein is purified to a molecular homogeneous state, some of its physicochemical properties are studied. Molecular homogeneity of the protein is established by the method of disk electrophoresis in 15% polyacrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulphate present and by analytic ultracentrifugation. During electrophoresis in 15% polyacrylamide gel at pH 4.0 the protein movement occurs only in one zone, and at pH 7.0 three closely located zones are formed. The protein molecular weight determined by different methods is about 13500. The protein amino acid composition is determined and it is shown that 9.6 mole of amide nitrogen falls on 1 mole of the protein. The presence of the tertiary structure in the protein is supposed.", "PMID": 92837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_379", "title": "[Effect of axoplasmic flow blockade on enzymic activities and components of the rat muscle adenylate system].", "content": "Proteolytic aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, beta-D-galactosidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activities, contents of phosphocreatine, AMP + IMP, ADP, ATP were studied in the rat musculi gastrocnemius after denervation and blockade of axoplasmic flow, the latter being caused by 0.05 M colchicin solution applied to the sciatic nerve. Two weeks after denervation and the axoflow disturbance all the indices (except the N-acetyl-beta-D-glucoseaminidase activity) showed uniform changes. A month following the colchicin blockade the phosphocreatine and adenylates contents became normal. A conclusion is made on significance of the axoplasmic flow as a factor performing the trophic function of the nervous system.", "contents": "[Effect of axoplasmic flow blockade on enzymic activities and components of the rat muscle adenylate system]. Proteolytic aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, beta-D-galactosidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activities, contents of phosphocreatine, AMP + IMP, ADP, ATP were studied in the rat musculi gastrocnemius after denervation and blockade of axoplasmic flow, the latter being caused by 0.05 M colchicin solution applied to the sciatic nerve. Two weeks after denervation and the axoflow disturbance all the indices (except the N-acetyl-beta-D-glucoseaminidase activity) showed uniform changes. A month following the colchicin blockade the phosphocreatine and adenylates contents became normal. A conclusion is made on significance of the axoplasmic flow as a factor performing the trophic function of the nervous system.", "PMID": 92836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_380", "title": "[Leucosis diagnosis in cattle using the Sudan black B staining method on granulocytes and monocytes].", "content": "In the peripheral blood of healthy cattle and cattle suffering from leucosis a positive reaction with Sudan black B was found in neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes: in healthy cattle at an intensity from ++ to ++++, and in cattle suffering from leucosis it was somewhat slighter (++ to +++). This finding can, to a certain extent, help in the distinguishing of reactive lymphocytosis from the leucosis of cattle. Compared with granulocytes the reaction of monocytes is markedly weaker: in healthy cattle at an intensity from 0 to (++), and in diseased cattle from 0 to (+++). In the bone marrow there is a significantly weaker reaction to Sudan black B in the group of large cells (neutrophilic and eosinophilic promyelocytes and myelocytes); in the group of healthy and diseases cattle the reaction is weaker than in neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes of the peripheral blood. The reaction obtained with Sudan black B for lipids can be used as an aid for the distinguishing of cells of the myeloid, monocytic, and lymphoid order of peripheral blood and bone marrow in cattle leucosis.", "contents": "[Leucosis diagnosis in cattle using the Sudan black B staining method on granulocytes and monocytes]. In the peripheral blood of healthy cattle and cattle suffering from leucosis a positive reaction with Sudan black B was found in neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes: in healthy cattle at an intensity from ++ to ++++, and in cattle suffering from leucosis it was somewhat slighter (++ to +++). This finding can, to a certain extent, help in the distinguishing of reactive lymphocytosis from the leucosis of cattle. Compared with granulocytes the reaction of monocytes is markedly weaker: in healthy cattle at an intensity from 0 to (++), and in diseased cattle from 0 to (+++). In the bone marrow there is a significantly weaker reaction to Sudan black B in the group of large cells (neutrophilic and eosinophilic promyelocytes and myelocytes); in the group of healthy and diseases cattle the reaction is weaker than in neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes of the peripheral blood. The reaction obtained with Sudan black B for lipids can be used as an aid for the distinguishing of cells of the myeloid, monocytic, and lymphoid order of peripheral blood and bone marrow in cattle leucosis.", "PMID": 92849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_381", "title": "[Antigenic structure of the L forms of Br. Abortus 544].", "content": "The gel precipitation test after Ouchterlony and Mancini was employed to study comparatively the antigenic structures of S and L forms of Brucella abortus 544. Reduction of the antigenic fractions was established with the L-transformed Brucella organisms as compared to the initial cultures. Reduced were mainly fractions of the antigenic structures that took part in cell wall building. Cytoplasmic antigens remained unchanged. Those that participated in the building of cell walls precipitated in compact lines. On the other hand, the cytoplasmic antigens produced diffuse-and-compact precipitation zones. The intact antigenic structures retained their specificity.", "contents": "[Antigenic structure of the L forms of Br. Abortus 544]. The gel precipitation test after Ouchterlony and Mancini was employed to study comparatively the antigenic structures of S and L forms of Brucella abortus 544. Reduction of the antigenic fractions was established with the L-transformed Brucella organisms as compared to the initial cultures. Reduced were mainly fractions of the antigenic structures that took part in cell wall building. Cytoplasmic antigens remained unchanged. Those that participated in the building of cell walls precipitated in compact lines. On the other hand, the cytoplasmic antigens produced diffuse-and-compact precipitation zones. The intact antigenic structures retained their specificity.", "PMID": 92852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_382", "title": "[Potentialities of diagnostics and palliative surgery in patients with obstructive jaundice of tumorous origin].", "content": "The work deals with the results of treatment of 322 patients with subhepatic jaundice of tumorous origin, who were treated at the clinic of Hospital Surgery of the Kuibyshev Medical Institute during the recent 15 years. In patients subjected to surgery associated with chemotherapy a longer survival was noted as compared with those without chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Potentialities of diagnostics and palliative surgery in patients with obstructive jaundice of tumorous origin]. The work deals with the results of treatment of 322 patients with subhepatic jaundice of tumorous origin, who were treated at the clinic of Hospital Surgery of the Kuibyshev Medical Institute during the recent 15 years. In patients subjected to surgery associated with chemotherapy a longer survival was noted as compared with those without chemotherapy.", "PMID": 92856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_383", "title": "[alpha-fetoprotein biosynthesis in a human embryonic tissue culture].", "content": "Labelled amino acids from 14C-chlorella hydrolysate incorporated into alpha-fetoprotein during \"in vitro\" cultivation of fetal liver, gastrointestinal tract, lung, kidney and bone tissues, obtained with in 6-12 weeks of pregnancy. alpha-Fetoprotein was apparently synthesized in tissues of entodermal origin.", "contents": "[alpha-fetoprotein biosynthesis in a human embryonic tissue culture]. Labelled amino acids from 14C-chlorella hydrolysate incorporated into alpha-fetoprotein during \"in vitro\" cultivation of fetal liver, gastrointestinal tract, lung, kidney and bone tissues, obtained with in 6-12 weeks of pregnancy. alpha-Fetoprotein was apparently synthesized in tissues of entodermal origin.", "PMID": 92855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_384", "title": "[The efficiency of cold staining methods at the light microscopical evidence of acid fast bacilli (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparing studies has been demonstrated wether or not the cold staining of acid fast bacilli is qualitative and quantitative better than the Ziehl-Neelsen-method. The hot staining was superior to all cold staining methods and their modifications tested. If a cold staining is necessary two methods are recommended, the Kinyoun method and the staining with carbolfuchsin which chloroform is added to. Thin smear and homogeneous material provide better results. Additional investigations concerning decolorizations have shown, that 10% sulfuric acid is as effective as hydrochloric acid-ethanol mixture.", "contents": "[The efficiency of cold staining methods at the light microscopical evidence of acid fast bacilli (author's transl)]. Comparing studies has been demonstrated wether or not the cold staining of acid fast bacilli is qualitative and quantitative better than the Ziehl-Neelsen-method. The hot staining was superior to all cold staining methods and their modifications tested. If a cold staining is necessary two methods are recommended, the Kinyoun method and the staining with carbolfuchsin which chloroform is added to. Thin smear and homogeneous material provide better results. Additional investigations concerning decolorizations have shown, that 10% sulfuric acid is as effective as hydrochloric acid-ethanol mixture.", "PMID": 92862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_385", "title": "The zinc iodide-osmium (ZIO) reaction in the central nervous system: localization and relations to functional activity.", "content": "The fine structural characteristics of ZIO reaction was studied in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex and olfactory bulb of the rat and in synaptosomes prepared from rat cerebellar cortex. It was concluded that: 1. Organelles of different nerve cell types exhibit different ZIO reactions provided that the impregnation was carried out under standardized conditions. 2. 6...10 times more synaptic vesicles were stained by ZIO in the inhibitory terminals than in the excitatory ones. 3. ZIO positivity was found in all types of synaptosomes prepared from cerebral cortex. Following electrical or chemical (KCl) depolarization there was a decrease in the number of ZIO positive synaptic vesicles, which decrease was directly proportional to the parameters of stimulation. 4. By x-ray microanalysis Os, Zn and Ca were consistently detected in the ZIO precipitates. Iodine, however, could not always be found. After stimulation the presence of Ca was observed even in those synaptosomes in which the ZIO reaction product was absent. 5. On the basis of the staining characteristics the reaction, under standard conditions, can reflect certain functional states of the nerve terminals.", "contents": "The zinc iodide-osmium (ZIO) reaction in the central nervous system: localization and relations to functional activity. The fine structural characteristics of ZIO reaction was studied in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex and olfactory bulb of the rat and in synaptosomes prepared from rat cerebellar cortex. It was concluded that: 1. Organelles of different nerve cell types exhibit different ZIO reactions provided that the impregnation was carried out under standardized conditions. 2. 6...10 times more synaptic vesicles were stained by ZIO in the inhibitory terminals than in the excitatory ones. 3. ZIO positivity was found in all types of synaptosomes prepared from cerebral cortex. Following electrical or chemical (KCl) depolarization there was a decrease in the number of ZIO positive synaptic vesicles, which decrease was directly proportional to the parameters of stimulation. 4. By x-ray microanalysis Os, Zn and Ca were consistently detected in the ZIO precipitates. Iodine, however, could not always be found. After stimulation the presence of Ca was observed even in those synaptosomes in which the ZIO reaction product was absent. 5. On the basis of the staining characteristics the reaction, under standard conditions, can reflect certain functional states of the nerve terminals.", "PMID": 92863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_386", "title": "[Use of Dr\u0103gan's high-speed PBT staining method in oral cytology examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "Dr\u0103gan's high-speed PBT (polychrome blue tannin) staining method enables cellular elements to be detected in oral smears in one minute at most. The basic dyes in the polychrome blue solution allow the acid-group-containing substrate to be detected in the nucleus, in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells and leukocytes, as well as in the elements of the flora. The chromatin shows a distinct basophilic, orthochromatic reaction. The fine, reddish-violet metachromatic granules in the cytoplasm are of a glycolipid nature and occur with the tonofibrils. The keratohyalin granules show a basophilic orthochromatic or metachromatic, homogeneous or granular reaction in relation to the chemically acid portions of their structure.", "contents": "[Use of Dr\u0103gan's high-speed PBT staining method in oral cytology examinations (author's transl)]. Dr\u0103gan's high-speed PBT (polychrome blue tannin) staining method enables cellular elements to be detected in oral smears in one minute at most. The basic dyes in the polychrome blue solution allow the acid-group-containing substrate to be detected in the nucleus, in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells and leukocytes, as well as in the elements of the flora. The chromatin shows a distinct basophilic, orthochromatic reaction. The fine, reddish-violet metachromatic granules in the cytoplasm are of a glycolipid nature and occur with the tonofibrils. The keratohyalin granules show a basophilic orthochromatic or metachromatic, homogeneous or granular reaction in relation to the chemically acid portions of their structure.", "PMID": 92864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_387", "title": "[Light microscopic findings on globular hyalin bodies in the human liver and its electron microscopic equivalents (author's transl)].", "content": "According to electron microscopic investigations, there is no uniform substratum and no uniform formal pathogenesis in the light microscopic appearance of globular hyalin bodies in the liver. This paper presents a survey on the different electron microscopic equivalents of the light microscopic findings of globular hyalin bodies in human liver biopsies. These electron microscopic equivalents, their occurrence, their different pathogenesis and, resulting from this, their different diagnostic and prognostic significance are described and demonstrated in detail.", "contents": "[Light microscopic findings on globular hyalin bodies in the human liver and its electron microscopic equivalents (author's transl)]. According to electron microscopic investigations, there is no uniform substratum and no uniform formal pathogenesis in the light microscopic appearance of globular hyalin bodies in the liver. This paper presents a survey on the different electron microscopic equivalents of the light microscopic findings of globular hyalin bodies in human liver biopsies. These electron microscopic equivalents, their occurrence, their different pathogenesis and, resulting from this, their different diagnostic and prognostic significance are described and demonstrated in detail.", "PMID": 92865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_388", "title": "[Determination of the internal association constant as a measure of the affinity of erythocyte-fixed antibodies that interact with mono- and multivalent antigens].", "content": "The fraction of antibody-bound determinants of a polyvalent antigen is determined by the fraction of free antigen molecules and the valence of the antigen. The internal association constant for antibodies fixed onto erythrocytes can be found by the suspension method, the index obtained in this process being similar when both monovalent and polyvalent antigens are used. The sensitivity of the antibody-erythrocyte diagnostic preparation in the passive hemagglutinin test depends on the affinity of the active centers of antibodies.", "contents": "[Determination of the internal association constant as a measure of the affinity of erythocyte-fixed antibodies that interact with mono- and multivalent antigens]. The fraction of antibody-bound determinants of a polyvalent antigen is determined by the fraction of free antigen molecules and the valence of the antigen. The internal association constant for antibodies fixed onto erythrocytes can be found by the suspension method, the index obtained in this process being similar when both monovalent and polyvalent antigens are used. The sensitivity of the antibody-erythrocyte diagnostic preparation in the passive hemagglutinin test depends on the affinity of the active centers of antibodies.", "PMID": 92866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_389", "title": "[Modified method of obtaining washings of the large intestine for determining coproantibodies and immunoglobulins in the dynamics of acute dysentery].", "content": "The study of the washings obtained during rectoscopy from the mucous membrane of the large intestine with the use of a special attachment for a rectoscope revealed that this method had a number of advantages when compared with the study of coprofiltrates; in particular, this method allowed to obtain pure secretions of the mucous membrane free of fecal admixtures and to concentrate the gamma globulin fraction. The study of the dynamics of coproantibody secretion in acute dysentery revealed that coproantibodies were most frequently detected on the second week of the disease (reaching 85.7%), while immunoglobulins occurred in the protein fraction of the washings with almost the same frequency during the whole period of the disease.", "contents": "[Modified method of obtaining washings of the large intestine for determining coproantibodies and immunoglobulins in the dynamics of acute dysentery]. The study of the washings obtained during rectoscopy from the mucous membrane of the large intestine with the use of a special attachment for a rectoscope revealed that this method had a number of advantages when compared with the study of coprofiltrates; in particular, this method allowed to obtain pure secretions of the mucous membrane free of fecal admixtures and to concentrate the gamma globulin fraction. The study of the dynamics of coproantibody secretion in acute dysentery revealed that coproantibodies were most frequently detected on the second week of the disease (reaching 85.7%), while immunoglobulins occurred in the protein fraction of the washings with almost the same frequency during the whole period of the disease.", "PMID": 92867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_390", "title": "The effect of gramicidin A on the K+ conductance of the membrane of isolated frog skeletal muscle fibres.", "content": "Gramicidin A effects a drastic decrease of the membrane resistance of frog skeletal muscle fibres in isotonic K2SO4 solution. In detubulated fibres the effect is not so pronounced. The reduction of the membrane resistance is caused by an increase in the K+ conductance of the surface and T-system membranes of the muscle cell.", "contents": "The effect of gramicidin A on the K+ conductance of the membrane of isolated frog skeletal muscle fibres. Gramicidin A effects a drastic decrease of the membrane resistance of frog skeletal muscle fibres in isotonic K2SO4 solution. In detubulated fibres the effect is not so pronounced. The reduction of the membrane resistance is caused by an increase in the K+ conductance of the surface and T-system membranes of the muscle cell.", "PMID": 92868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_391", "title": "Studies on the inactivation of encephalitogenic myelin basic protein by serum.", "content": "This study confirms previous reports that myelin basic protein loses its encephalitogenic activity when incubated in normal serum at 37 degrees C. The mechanisms for this was studied. 125I-labelled human myelin basic protein was rapidly degraded by normal guinea pig serum to low molecular weight products as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An intermediate product of molecular weight about 6000 daltons was seen. Plasma had a much lower degradative activity than serum; the half life of myelin basic protein was 3.8 hours in plasma compared with 12 minutes in serum. Serum degraded myelin basic protein was no longer capable of suppressing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig nor of eliciting delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs sensitized to myelin basic protein.", "contents": "Studies on the inactivation of encephalitogenic myelin basic protein by serum. This study confirms previous reports that myelin basic protein loses its encephalitogenic activity when incubated in normal serum at 37 degrees C. The mechanisms for this was studied. 125I-labelled human myelin basic protein was rapidly degraded by normal guinea pig serum to low molecular weight products as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An intermediate product of molecular weight about 6000 daltons was seen. Plasma had a much lower degradative activity than serum; the half life of myelin basic protein was 3.8 hours in plasma compared with 12 minutes in serum. Serum degraded myelin basic protein was no longer capable of suppressing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig nor of eliciting delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs sensitized to myelin basic protein.", "PMID": 92876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_392", "title": "Proteolytic enzyme activity in patients with severe head injury and the effect of a proteinase inhibitor.", "content": "A study was performed to detect the inhibitory effect of intravenously administered aprotinin (Trasylol) on brain and CSF protease activity in 25 patients with severe head injury. The data presented include measurements of CSF protease activity, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, haptoglobulin, polyacrylamidgel-electrophoresis pattern, total protein and hemoglobin content. The results indicate that increased protease activity is present and that this induces autolytic processes which can be inhibited by aprotinin treatment. The survival rate was higher after aprotinin treatment. Total CSF protein content was significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors.", "contents": "Proteolytic enzyme activity in patients with severe head injury and the effect of a proteinase inhibitor. A study was performed to detect the inhibitory effect of intravenously administered aprotinin (Trasylol) on brain and CSF protease activity in 25 patients with severe head injury. The data presented include measurements of CSF protease activity, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, haptoglobulin, polyacrylamidgel-electrophoresis pattern, total protein and hemoglobin content. The results indicate that increased protease activity is present and that this induces autolytic processes which can be inhibited by aprotinin treatment. The survival rate was higher after aprotinin treatment. Total CSF protein content was significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors.", "PMID": 92877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_393", "title": "Human kininogen from Cohns Fraction IV: comparisons of antigenicity and multiple forms.", "content": "Kininogen was isolated from Cohns fraction IV by DEAE-chromatography, gel filtration and ammonium sulphate precipitation. Immunologically pure kininogen was prepared by removal of protein impurities using specific immunoadsorbents with Sepharose-bound antibody. Anti-kininogen serum was raised in rabbits against the pure antigen. Comparison with anti-kininogen sera prepared with the biologically active LMW antigen from whole plasma suggested antigenic identity by double immunodiffusion analysis. The Cohn-kininogen was shown to contain mainly two components (85%) in about equal amounts focusing with peaks at pI 4.2 (42%) and pI 4.3 (43%). These represent apparently structurally altered forms of the native plasma kininogen focusing at pI 4.5-4.6 (54%), which occurred as a minor component (13%).", "contents": "Human kininogen from Cohns Fraction IV: comparisons of antigenicity and multiple forms. Kininogen was isolated from Cohns fraction IV by DEAE-chromatography, gel filtration and ammonium sulphate precipitation. Immunologically pure kininogen was prepared by removal of protein impurities using specific immunoadsorbents with Sepharose-bound antibody. Anti-kininogen serum was raised in rabbits against the pure antigen. Comparison with anti-kininogen sera prepared with the biologically active LMW antigen from whole plasma suggested antigenic identity by double immunodiffusion analysis. The Cohn-kininogen was shown to contain mainly two components (85%) in about equal amounts focusing with peaks at pI 4.2 (42%) and pI 4.3 (43%). These represent apparently structurally altered forms of the native plasma kininogen focusing at pI 4.5-4.6 (54%), which occurred as a minor component (13%).", "PMID": 92879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_394", "title": "The isolation of leukokinin-H and leukokininogen from human ascites fluid; their properties and role.", "content": "The leukokinin-leukokininogen system is a pathological kinin generating system which is catalyzed by acid proteases present in neoplastic cells, white cells and even normal tissues. The components of the human system including leukokinin-H and leukokininogen have now been isolated and characterized. Very specific protease inhibitors of the system such as pepstatin have been found and are now known to prevent \"in vivo\" the formation of pathological fluids such as neoplastic ascites. Strong evidence has been previously published and additional evidence has been presented here which indicates that pepstatin's actions are related to the inhibition of cathepsin-D in vivo and the inhibition of leukokinin formation. Both leukokinins and leukokininogens have been clearly defined and shown to differ from bradykinin and human bradykininogens. This clearly demonstrates the presence in pathological systems of a kinin-generating system which is separate and distinct from the bradykinin generating system. The importance of the leukokinin-leukokininogen system in disease would seem to be very great. The finding that pepstatin can inhibit the system in vivo opens the way for studies of pepstatin and related protease inhibitors as therapeutic agents in neoplastic disease and protease mediated inflammatory disorders.", "contents": "The isolation of leukokinin-H and leukokininogen from human ascites fluid; their properties and role. The leukokinin-leukokininogen system is a pathological kinin generating system which is catalyzed by acid proteases present in neoplastic cells, white cells and even normal tissues. The components of the human system including leukokinin-H and leukokininogen have now been isolated and characterized. Very specific protease inhibitors of the system such as pepstatin have been found and are now known to prevent \"in vivo\" the formation of pathological fluids such as neoplastic ascites. Strong evidence has been previously published and additional evidence has been presented here which indicates that pepstatin's actions are related to the inhibition of cathepsin-D in vivo and the inhibition of leukokinin formation. Both leukokinins and leukokininogens have been clearly defined and shown to differ from bradykinin and human bradykininogens. This clearly demonstrates the presence in pathological systems of a kinin-generating system which is separate and distinct from the bradykinin generating system. The importance of the leukokinin-leukokininogen system in disease would seem to be very great. The finding that pepstatin can inhibit the system in vivo opens the way for studies of pepstatin and related protease inhibitors as therapeutic agents in neoplastic disease and protease mediated inflammatory disorders.", "PMID": 92880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_395", "title": "Immunogenicity of guinea-pig submandibular and coagulating gland kininogenases.", "content": "The antigenic relationship between submandibular and coagulating gland kininogenases of the guinea-pig has been examined using Ouchterlony double diffusion, crossed and rocket immunoelectrophoresis and immunofluorescent techniques. The evidence suggests a partial immunological identity between submandibular and coagulating gland kininogenases of the guinea-pig. In this respect these enzymes seem to differ from the glandular kallikreins of other species (porcine, human and rat) which apparently share a complete immunological identity.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of guinea-pig submandibular and coagulating gland kininogenases. The antigenic relationship between submandibular and coagulating gland kininogenases of the guinea-pig has been examined using Ouchterlony double diffusion, crossed and rocket immunoelectrophoresis and immunofluorescent techniques. The evidence suggests a partial immunological identity between submandibular and coagulating gland kininogenases of the guinea-pig. In this respect these enzymes seem to differ from the glandular kallikreins of other species (porcine, human and rat) which apparently share a complete immunological identity.", "PMID": 92881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_396", "title": "Relevance of GABA in the nigrostriatal system.", "content": "In conclusion, even though the mutual integration of intrastriatal circuits remains an open question, the electrophysiological and neurochemical approaches seem to provide valid support toward understanding the complexity of these systems. Recent findings seem to indicate that, besides a dopaminergic and cholinergic link, interactions between DA and GABA neurons may be operative within the striatum. An understanding of these functional interplays may facilitate future attempts aimed at clarifying the electrophysiological discrepancies concerning the inhibitory or excitatory action of DA on the target cells in this brain structure. Studies on the functional roles of pathways projecting from striatum to substantia nigra have indicated that these may be implicated in the regulation of nigral efferents to other brain nuclei and that they do control striatal DA activity through feedback mechanisms.", "contents": "Relevance of GABA in the nigrostriatal system. In conclusion, even though the mutual integration of intrastriatal circuits remains an open question, the electrophysiological and neurochemical approaches seem to provide valid support toward understanding the complexity of these systems. Recent findings seem to indicate that, besides a dopaminergic and cholinergic link, interactions between DA and GABA neurons may be operative within the striatum. An understanding of these functional interplays may facilitate future attempts aimed at clarifying the electrophysiological discrepancies concerning the inhibitory or excitatory action of DA on the target cells in this brain structure. Studies on the functional roles of pathways projecting from striatum to substantia nigra have indicated that these may be implicated in the regulation of nigral efferents to other brain nuclei and that they do control striatal DA activity through feedback mechanisms.", "PMID": 92882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_397", "title": "Effects of some anti-rheumatic agents on copper-catalyzed thermal aggregation of gamma globulin.", "content": "Gerber has shown that specific anti-rheumatics, D-penicillamine and aurothiomalate, inhibit copper(II)-catalyzed thermal aggregation of human gamma globulin. Various anti-rheumatics were tested for the activity. Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents were almost ineffective, while a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, TAI-284 (6-chloro-5-cyclohexyl-1-indancarboxylic acid), was found to be one half as active as aurothiomalate. The structure-activity relationship of TAI-284 derivatives and the mode of action of TAI-284 were investigated.", "contents": "Effects of some anti-rheumatic agents on copper-catalyzed thermal aggregation of gamma globulin. Gerber has shown that specific anti-rheumatics, D-penicillamine and aurothiomalate, inhibit copper(II)-catalyzed thermal aggregation of human gamma globulin. Various anti-rheumatics were tested for the activity. Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents were almost ineffective, while a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, TAI-284 (6-chloro-5-cyclohexyl-1-indancarboxylic acid), was found to be one half as active as aurothiomalate. The structure-activity relationship of TAI-284 derivatives and the mode of action of TAI-284 were investigated.", "PMID": 92884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_398", "title": "Metastatic neuroblastoma in bone marrow aspirate smears.", "content": "The authors observed rosette formation and partially fibrillar, blue-grey, extracellular material in Wright-Giemsa-stained bone marrow aspirate smears in five preparations from three cases of neuroblastoma metastatic to bone marrow. These features are little publicized in the literature and textbooks. These findings in neuroblastoma metastatic to bone marrow should prove helpful in differentiating that entity from acute leukemia and from other metastatic small-cell neoplasms in bone marrow.", "contents": "Metastatic neuroblastoma in bone marrow aspirate smears. The authors observed rosette formation and partially fibrillar, blue-grey, extracellular material in Wright-Giemsa-stained bone marrow aspirate smears in five preparations from three cases of neuroblastoma metastatic to bone marrow. These features are little publicized in the literature and textbooks. These findings in neuroblastoma metastatic to bone marrow should prove helpful in differentiating that entity from acute leukemia and from other metastatic small-cell neoplasms in bone marrow.", "PMID": 92888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_399", "title": "A quick and easy method for the staining of reticulocytes.", "content": "This report presents a simplification of the conventional method for the staining of reticulocytes that is easier, faster and requires no extraneous equipment. Blood is applied directly to a spot of dried stain on a microscope slide. An identical slide is placed over the first and the blood and stain are mixed for about a minute. The slides are held apart by paper labels at each end. The slides are then slid apart to produce a smear on each slide.", "contents": "A quick and easy method for the staining of reticulocytes. This report presents a simplification of the conventional method for the staining of reticulocytes that is easier, faster and requires no extraneous equipment. Blood is applied directly to a spot of dried stain on a microscope slide. An identical slide is placed over the first and the blood and stain are mixed for about a minute. The slides are held apart by paper labels at each end. The slides are then slid apart to produce a smear on each slide.", "PMID": 92889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_400", "title": "Prostate-specific acid phosphatase: purification and specific antibody production in rabbits.", "content": "Demonstration of prostate-specific acid phosphatase by immunologic methods in tissue sections or in plasma necessitates a monospecific antiserum. This is produced by immunizing rabbits with pure prostate-specific acid phosphatase antigen, prepared from seminal fluid. The ejaculate is centrifuged, dialyzed against a citrate buffer, pH 4.8, and centrifuged again. The supernatant is brought onto a Sephacryl S-200 Superfine column and eluted with the same buffer. Prostate-specific acid phosphatase-positive fractions are concentrated, brought onto and stepwise eluted from a Sulphopropyl Sephadex column with citrate buffers at pH 4.8, 5.2, and 5.5. Fractions containing prostate-specific acid phosphatase are concentrated again and purified over a Blue Sepharose CL-6 B column. After elution, a new concentration step yields a protein concentration of 0.5-1.0 mg . ml-1. This sample in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows a single protein band and is used to immunize female rabbits. The purity of the antiserum is then tested by immunoelectrophoresis and an Ouchterlony technic. Besides anti-prostate-specific acid phosphatase, two other antibodies against serum proteins are present, one of which is anti-albumin. Absorption of these impurities results in a monospecific antiserum against prostate-specific acid phosphatase.", "contents": "Prostate-specific acid phosphatase: purification and specific antibody production in rabbits. Demonstration of prostate-specific acid phosphatase by immunologic methods in tissue sections or in plasma necessitates a monospecific antiserum. This is produced by immunizing rabbits with pure prostate-specific acid phosphatase antigen, prepared from seminal fluid. The ejaculate is centrifuged, dialyzed against a citrate buffer, pH 4.8, and centrifuged again. The supernatant is brought onto a Sephacryl S-200 Superfine column and eluted with the same buffer. Prostate-specific acid phosphatase-positive fractions are concentrated, brought onto and stepwise eluted from a Sulphopropyl Sephadex column with citrate buffers at pH 4.8, 5.2, and 5.5. Fractions containing prostate-specific acid phosphatase are concentrated again and purified over a Blue Sepharose CL-6 B column. After elution, a new concentration step yields a protein concentration of 0.5-1.0 mg . ml-1. This sample in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows a single protein band and is used to immunize female rabbits. The purity of the antiserum is then tested by immunoelectrophoresis and an Ouchterlony technic. Besides anti-prostate-specific acid phosphatase, two other antibodies against serum proteins are present, one of which is anti-albumin. Absorption of these impurities results in a monospecific antiserum against prostate-specific acid phosphatase.", "PMID": 92890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_401", "title": "Quality assurance of gram-stained direct smears.", "content": "Clinical laboratories do not always prepare and examine direct smears. In part, this may be explained by lack of control over the precision and accuracy of the procedure, which has diminished confidence in direct smears among both laboratory scientists and clinicians. Objective criteria were established for enumeration of cells and placement of bacteria in identification categories. Two methods for monitoring the accuracy and reproducibility of their application were studied: (1) examination of previously examined and reported direct smears of clinical specimens by independent observers with subsequent review of discrepancies with decisions by personnel; (2) preparation of suspensions of cells and bacteria that yielded identical smears for subsequent examination as unknowns. Method 1 showed agreement in bacterial identification category in 65%, quality score 74%, enumeration of neutrophils 79%, squamous cells 76%, and erythrocytes 92%. Method 2 showed that conformance of technologists' observations to expected results varied, for neutrophils conformance was 72-78%, squamous cells, 68-78%, bacterial identification category, 100%, and bacterial enumeration, 45-96%.", "contents": "Quality assurance of gram-stained direct smears. Clinical laboratories do not always prepare and examine direct smears. In part, this may be explained by lack of control over the precision and accuracy of the procedure, which has diminished confidence in direct smears among both laboratory scientists and clinicians. Objective criteria were established for enumeration of cells and placement of bacteria in identification categories. Two methods for monitoring the accuracy and reproducibility of their application were studied: (1) examination of previously examined and reported direct smears of clinical specimens by independent observers with subsequent review of discrepancies with decisions by personnel; (2) preparation of suspensions of cells and bacteria that yielded identical smears for subsequent examination as unknowns. Method 1 showed agreement in bacterial identification category in 65%, quality score 74%, enumeration of neutrophils 79%, squamous cells 76%, and erythrocytes 92%. Method 2 showed that conformance of technologists' observations to expected results varied, for neutrophils conformance was 72-78%, squamous cells, 68-78%, bacterial identification category, 100%, and bacterial enumeration, 45-96%.", "PMID": 92891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_402", "title": "The inhibition of corneal vascularization with aortic extracts in rabbits.", "content": "A low molecular weight fraction of bovine aortic extract inhibited corneal vascularization and edema in rabbits when administered either subconjunctivally or topically as long as 48 hours after injury. The extract also appeared to enhance the regression of newly formed corneal vessels. Topical administration for as long as two months had no deleterious ocular side effects. Tissue culture experiments showed that analagous fractions prepared from bovine vitreous inhibit endothelial cell growth. The major growth inhibitor of corneal neovascularization was not the Kunitz bovine protease inhibitor.", "contents": "The inhibition of corneal vascularization with aortic extracts in rabbits. A low molecular weight fraction of bovine aortic extract inhibited corneal vascularization and edema in rabbits when administered either subconjunctivally or topically as long as 48 hours after injury. The extract also appeared to enhance the regression of newly formed corneal vessels. Topical administration for as long as two months had no deleterious ocular side effects. Tissue culture experiments showed that analagous fractions prepared from bovine vitreous inhibit endothelial cell growth. The major growth inhibitor of corneal neovascularization was not the Kunitz bovine protease inhibitor.", "PMID": 92893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_403", "title": "Axoplasmic transport blockage therapy in herpes zoster ophthalmicus.", "content": "Three patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus were treated with an oral administration of colchicine and corticosteroid, while another seven were given systemic corticosteroid, vitamins, and sedatives. Colchicine inhibited the formation of new skin lesions but did not suppress the already grown vesicles. The effect of colchicine was attributed to a blockage of intra-axonal dissemination by neurotrophic virus.", "contents": "Axoplasmic transport blockage therapy in herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Three patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus were treated with an oral administration of colchicine and corticosteroid, while another seven were given systemic corticosteroid, vitamins, and sedatives. Colchicine inhibited the formation of new skin lesions but did not suppress the already grown vesicles. The effect of colchicine was attributed to a blockage of intra-axonal dissemination by neurotrophic virus.", "PMID": 92895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_404", "title": "Anti-anaphylactic and bronchodilating action of a beta-adrenoceptor stimulator, KWD 2131, in human lung tissue.", "content": "The beta-adrenoceptor stimulating agent KWD 2131 has been studied with regard to inhibitory effect on allergen-induced histamine release from passively sensitized human lung tissue and relaxing effect on contracted small (diameter = 1 mm) and large (diameter greater than 3 mm) isolated human bronchi. The dose for 50% inhibition of the allergen-induced histamine release was 2 x 10(-11) M. The potency of KWD 2131 was approximately 0.15 times that of terbutaline and 0.05 times that of isoprenaline in this respect. The bronchodilating potency of KWD 2131 was 0.02-0.03 times that of terbutaline. The data indicate that KWD 2131 is a compound with preferably anti-anaphylactic potency in the human lung.", "contents": "Anti-anaphylactic and bronchodilating action of a beta-adrenoceptor stimulator, KWD 2131, in human lung tissue. The beta-adrenoceptor stimulating agent KWD 2131 has been studied with regard to inhibitory effect on allergen-induced histamine release from passively sensitized human lung tissue and relaxing effect on contracted small (diameter = 1 mm) and large (diameter greater than 3 mm) isolated human bronchi. The dose for 50% inhibition of the allergen-induced histamine release was 2 x 10(-11) M. The potency of KWD 2131 was approximately 0.15 times that of terbutaline and 0.05 times that of isoprenaline in this respect. The bronchodilating potency of KWD 2131 was 0.02-0.03 times that of terbutaline. The data indicate that KWD 2131 is a compound with preferably anti-anaphylactic potency in the human lung.", "PMID": 92896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_405", "title": "Ataxia-telangiectasia and hepatocellular carcinoma.", "content": "Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) is a multi-system disease involving the cerebellum, cutaneous blood vessels and the immune system including both cellular and humoral components. It also involves hematological, endocrine and peripheral nervous systems. This disease is often associated with abnormal liver function tests, such as, raised alkaline phosphatase and various nonspecific histological changes in the liver. High incidence of various malignancies involving lymphoreticular, gastrointestinal and mesenchymal organs have reported in ataxia-telangiectasia. Elevated levels of alpha fetoprotein have been noted commonly in this disorder. In spite of the hepatic histological and biochemical changes associated with elevated alpha fetoprotein, to our knowledge, development of hepatocellular carcinoma has not been reported in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. A case of a young white female with AT who developed hepatocellular carcinoma along with significantly elevated levels of alpha fetoprotein is presented.", "contents": "Ataxia-telangiectasia and hepatocellular carcinoma. Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) is a multi-system disease involving the cerebellum, cutaneous blood vessels and the immune system including both cellular and humoral components. It also involves hematological, endocrine and peripheral nervous systems. This disease is often associated with abnormal liver function tests, such as, raised alkaline phosphatase and various nonspecific histological changes in the liver. High incidence of various malignancies involving lymphoreticular, gastrointestinal and mesenchymal organs have reported in ataxia-telangiectasia. Elevated levels of alpha fetoprotein have been noted commonly in this disorder. In spite of the hepatic histological and biochemical changes associated with elevated alpha fetoprotein, to our knowledge, development of hepatocellular carcinoma has not been reported in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. A case of a young white female with AT who developed hepatocellular carcinoma along with significantly elevated levels of alpha fetoprotein is presented.", "PMID": 92892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_406", "title": "Immunotherapy in spring-time hay fever. A clinical and immunological study comparing two different treatment extract compositions.", "content": "In a study of the efficacy of two different treatment schedules for perennial immunotherapy, 47 adult patients with spring-time hay fever due to allergy against birch and other deciduous trees were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: one group received birch, alder and hazel allergen in Allpyral, another group received the same Allpyral mixture and in addition all relevant tree pollens in aqueous extract and a control group received no injections. For determination of antibody titres the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and the ammonium sulphate precipitation (ASP) technique were used. Cellular responsiveness was studied by measuring birch pollen (BP) induced leucocyte histamine release in peripheral blood. The clinical and immunological response was similar in the two treated groups. Treated patients had less symptoms and a lower consumption of antihistamine tablets during the pollen season than the control group. Non-IgE BP antibodies and IgE antibodies recorded with the ASP technique increased after immunotherapy while RAST values did not change significantly. A decrease of RAST values from postseasonal values during the first year to preseasonal values in the following year was seen in all patient groups but was less pronounced in treated than in untreated patients. The decrease was more pronounced in patients with high RAST values of postseasonal sera than in patients with low RAST values. Cellular reactivity increased slightly during the first phase of therapy but returned to the pre-treatment level later. Clinical improvement was positively correlated to the percentage increase of non-IgE antibody titre and to the pre-treatment non-IgE/IgE antibody ratio. Patients with high preseasonal RAST titres or high cellular sensitivity tended to have more severe symptoms during the pollen season. It is concluded that a mixture of birch, alder and hazel is sufficient for immunotherapy in spring-term hay fever. It is obvious that changes of a single immunological variable do not account for the therapeutic results in immunotherapy.", "contents": "Immunotherapy in spring-time hay fever. A clinical and immunological study comparing two different treatment extract compositions. In a study of the efficacy of two different treatment schedules for perennial immunotherapy, 47 adult patients with spring-time hay fever due to allergy against birch and other deciduous trees were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: one group received birch, alder and hazel allergen in Allpyral, another group received the same Allpyral mixture and in addition all relevant tree pollens in aqueous extract and a control group received no injections. For determination of antibody titres the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and the ammonium sulphate precipitation (ASP) technique were used. Cellular responsiveness was studied by measuring birch pollen (BP) induced leucocyte histamine release in peripheral blood. The clinical and immunological response was similar in the two treated groups. Treated patients had less symptoms and a lower consumption of antihistamine tablets during the pollen season than the control group. Non-IgE BP antibodies and IgE antibodies recorded with the ASP technique increased after immunotherapy while RAST values did not change significantly. A decrease of RAST values from postseasonal values during the first year to preseasonal values in the following year was seen in all patient groups but was less pronounced in treated than in untreated patients. The decrease was more pronounced in patients with high RAST values of postseasonal sera than in patients with low RAST values. Cellular reactivity increased slightly during the first phase of therapy but returned to the pre-treatment level later. Clinical improvement was positively correlated to the percentage increase of non-IgE antibody titre and to the pre-treatment non-IgE/IgE antibody ratio. Patients with high preseasonal RAST titres or high cellular sensitivity tended to have more severe symptoms during the pollen season. It is concluded that a mixture of birch, alder and hazel is sufficient for immunotherapy in spring-term hay fever. It is obvious that changes of a single immunological variable do not account for the therapeutic results in immunotherapy.", "PMID": 92897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_407", "title": "3H-histamine release from human leukocytes. A new method for detecting type I allergy compared with basophil histamine release technique.", "content": "A rapid, simple, and inexpensive method for large scale screening of patients suspected of type I allergy has been developed. The method is based on in vitro incorporation of 3H-histamine in the leukocytes of the patient, whereafter release of labelled histamine is measured after provocation of the cells with the suspected allergen. The new method was compared with the conventional basophil histamine release technique by in vitro provocation of six asthmatic patients under suspicion of type I allergy against animal dander, house dust, and mite, and an almost identical release of histamine was observed in both assays.", "contents": "3H-histamine release from human leukocytes. A new method for detecting type I allergy compared with basophil histamine release technique. A rapid, simple, and inexpensive method for large scale screening of patients suspected of type I allergy has been developed. The method is based on in vitro incorporation of 3H-histamine in the leukocytes of the patient, whereafter release of labelled histamine is measured after provocation of the cells with the suspected allergen. The new method was compared with the conventional basophil histamine release technique by in vitro provocation of six asthmatic patients under suspicion of type I allergy against animal dander, house dust, and mite, and an almost identical release of histamine was observed in both assays.", "PMID": 92898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_408", "title": "Gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways in the cerebellum studied by retrograde and anterograde transport of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody after in vivo injections.", "content": "Injections of characterized antibody against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were made into the cerebellum. Small cortical injections of anti-GAD antibody produced labeled stellate, basket, Purkinje, and Golgi cells and their processes at the injection site. Anterograde transport of GAD antigen-antibody complexes in Purkinje cell axons caused intense labelling of terminals in deep cerebellar and several vestibular nuclei. Small groups of mossy fiber rosettes labeled and produced retrograde labeling and GAD immunoreactivity in a small number of pleomorphic neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei. Injections into the dentate nucleus produced retrograde labeling in Purkinje cell bodies and anterograde label in a small number of mossy fiber rosettes. All projections conformed to previously reported topographic distributions of corticonuclear and nucleocortical cerebellar pathways. These findings confirm the GABA content of most Purkinje cell-deep nuclei connections and provide new evidence for a GABA component in part of the nucleocortical pathway in the cerebellum. Immunocytochemical controls for specificity were conducted by injections of preimmune rabbit serum as a substitute for GAD antibody. Only nonspecific labeling was obtained in these cases. Colchicine caused a cumulative enhancement of GAD immunoreactivity in all cases. The present studies indicate that the method of in vivo antibody injections can be utilized to study chemically specific connections in nervous tissue.", "contents": "Gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways in the cerebellum studied by retrograde and anterograde transport of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody after in vivo injections. Injections of characterized antibody against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were made into the cerebellum. Small cortical injections of anti-GAD antibody produced labeled stellate, basket, Purkinje, and Golgi cells and their processes at the injection site. Anterograde transport of GAD antigen-antibody complexes in Purkinje cell axons caused intense labelling of terminals in deep cerebellar and several vestibular nuclei. Small groups of mossy fiber rosettes labeled and produced retrograde labeling and GAD immunoreactivity in a small number of pleomorphic neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei. Injections into the dentate nucleus produced retrograde labeling in Purkinje cell bodies and anterograde label in a small number of mossy fiber rosettes. All projections conformed to previously reported topographic distributions of corticonuclear and nucleocortical cerebellar pathways. These findings confirm the GABA content of most Purkinje cell-deep nuclei connections and provide new evidence for a GABA component in part of the nucleocortical pathway in the cerebellum. Immunocytochemical controls for specificity were conducted by injections of preimmune rabbit serum as a substitute for GAD antibody. Only nonspecific labeling was obtained in these cases. Colchicine caused a cumulative enhancement of GAD immunoreactivity in all cases. The present studies indicate that the method of in vivo antibody injections can be utilized to study chemically specific connections in nervous tissue.", "PMID": 92901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_409", "title": "Penicillin and cephalosporin immunogenicity in man.", "content": "Whether cross-allergenicity exists between the penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics is controversial. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay was adapted to detect drug-specific IgG, IgM and IgE antibodies. Penicillin and cephalothin-specific serum immunoglobulins were determined in patients' serum before and after a therapeutic course of sodium cephalothin. Changes in IgG, IgM and IgE antipenicillin and anticephalothin antibodies, respectively, occurred and were closely correlated to one another (r = 0.80--0.99, p less than 0.0005), indicating that antibody responses to penicillin and cephalothin were linked. This in vitro assay system should prove useful for further study of clinical drug allergies.", "contents": "Penicillin and cephalosporin immunogenicity in man. Whether cross-allergenicity exists between the penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics is controversial. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay was adapted to detect drug-specific IgG, IgM and IgE antibodies. Penicillin and cephalothin-specific serum immunoglobulins were determined in patients' serum before and after a therapeutic course of sodium cephalothin. Changes in IgG, IgM and IgE antipenicillin and anticephalothin antibodies, respectively, occurred and were closely correlated to one another (r = 0.80--0.99, p less than 0.0005), indicating that antibody responses to penicillin and cephalothin were linked. This in vitro assay system should prove useful for further study of clinical drug allergies.", "PMID": 92902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_410", "title": "The role of mite allergen in chronic urticaria.", "content": "Fifty-two patients with chronic urticaria were tested intradermally with mite allergen (Dermatophagoides farinae). None had any past history of any other atopic diseases. Thirty of the 52 patients gave positive skin tests to mite allergen. A good correlation between skin sensitivity to mite allergen and in vitro mite antigen-induced histamine release from leucocytes was observed. These facts suggest that a mite may be an important role in chronic urticaria.", "contents": "The role of mite allergen in chronic urticaria. Fifty-two patients with chronic urticaria were tested intradermally with mite allergen (Dermatophagoides farinae). None had any past history of any other atopic diseases. Thirty of the 52 patients gave positive skin tests to mite allergen. A good correlation between skin sensitivity to mite allergen and in vitro mite antigen-induced histamine release from leucocytes was observed. These facts suggest that a mite may be an important role in chronic urticaria.", "PMID": 92903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_411", "title": "Serologic studies on porcine strains of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (pleuropneumoniae): extraction of type-specific antigens.", "content": "By the use of phenol water extraction it was possible to obtain strictly serotype-specific antigens from mucoid cell cultures of five serotypes of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (pleuropneumoniae). These serotype-specific antigens did not cross-react with each other in immunodiffusion tests. The type-specific precipitating phenol-water-fractions were composed of two to four antigenic components, presumably of polysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide nature.", "contents": "Serologic studies on porcine strains of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (pleuropneumoniae): extraction of type-specific antigens. By the use of phenol water extraction it was possible to obtain strictly serotype-specific antigens from mucoid cell cultures of five serotypes of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (pleuropneumoniae). These serotype-specific antigens did not cross-react with each other in immunodiffusion tests. The type-specific precipitating phenol-water-fractions were composed of two to four antigenic components, presumably of polysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide nature.", "PMID": 92904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_412", "title": "Evaluation of pseudorabies viral antigens in the agar gel immunodiffusion test.", "content": "Procedures designed to extract pseudorabies viral (PRV) antigens from PRV-infected tissue cultures were investigated to determine whether differences in extraction method had an effect upon the final concentrated antigenic product. All four of the preparations made from PRV-infected tissue culture cells (trypsin extract and disrupted cells) or entire PRV-infected cultures (polysorbate 80 extract and (NH4)2SO4 precipitate) contained relatively large amounts of the same antigen, whereas cell-free PRV-infected tissue culture fluids did not contain significant amounts of this antigen. Specific antibody directed against this antigen was present in all PRV antisera tested. Two other antigens were observed in some of the preparations, but PRV antisera varied in their ability to precipitate with these antigens. Therefore, the number of precipitation lines observed in agar gel immunodiffusion between PRV preparations and PRV-positive antisera depended both upon the extraction method used to obtain the antigen and upon the specificity of the selected antiserum.", "contents": "Evaluation of pseudorabies viral antigens in the agar gel immunodiffusion test. Procedures designed to extract pseudorabies viral (PRV) antigens from PRV-infected tissue cultures were investigated to determine whether differences in extraction method had an effect upon the final concentrated antigenic product. All four of the preparations made from PRV-infected tissue culture cells (trypsin extract and disrupted cells) or entire PRV-infected cultures (polysorbate 80 extract and (NH4)2SO4 precipitate) contained relatively large amounts of the same antigen, whereas cell-free PRV-infected tissue culture fluids did not contain significant amounts of this antigen. Specific antibody directed against this antigen was present in all PRV antisera tested. Two other antigens were observed in some of the preparations, but PRV antisera varied in their ability to precipitate with these antigens. Therefore, the number of precipitation lines observed in agar gel immunodiffusion between PRV preparations and PRV-positive antisera depended both upon the extraction method used to obtain the antigen and upon the specificity of the selected antiserum.", "PMID": 92905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_413", "title": "Characterization of antigens from Aspergillus fumigatus. III. Comparison of antigenic relationships of clinically important aspergilli.", "content": "Antigenic relationships between strains of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus fumigatus var. elipticus, Aspergillus phialiseptus, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger were analyzed by fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis and by skin tests. Seventy-three to 89 % of the numbers of antigens detected between strains and species of the A. fumigatus series were shared. The degree of sharing between antigens of A. flavus, A. fumigatus series, and A. niger was much lower and ranged from 19 to 35 %. In reciprocal skin tests in sensitized guinea pigs, similar relationships were shown. Three fractions of A. fumigatus extract proved to be markedly specific for this species. Cross reactivity was associated primarily with carbohydrate and glycoprotein fractions.", "contents": "Characterization of antigens from Aspergillus fumigatus. III. Comparison of antigenic relationships of clinically important aspergilli. Antigenic relationships between strains of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus fumigatus var. elipticus, Aspergillus phialiseptus, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger were analyzed by fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis and by skin tests. Seventy-three to 89 % of the numbers of antigens detected between strains and species of the A. fumigatus series were shared. The degree of sharing between antigens of A. flavus, A. fumigatus series, and A. niger was much lower and ranged from 19 to 35 %. In reciprocal skin tests in sensitized guinea pigs, similar relationships were shown. Three fractions of A. fumigatus extract proved to be markedly specific for this species. Cross reactivity was associated primarily with carbohydrate and glycoprotein fractions.", "PMID": 92906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_414", "title": "Language deficits after apparent clinical recovery from childhood aphasia.", "content": "Twenty-seven children with childhood injury to the left hemisphere were tested for language function and compared with appropriate controls. Eleven children had incurred their lesions before the age of 1 year, 16 afterward. The group with perinatal injury to the left hemisphere did not show a specific aphasic deficit even though they were mildly cognitively impaired. The group of children with later injury to the left hemisphere showed aphasic deficits if the original injury had caused a language defect; otherwise the left hemisphere injury was not associated with specific disturbances in language function. The average age at time of lesion in those children who had recovered from aphasia was 4.7 years. We conclude that even when childhood aphasia results from a unilateral nonprogressive lesion, recovery of language is less complete than has been generally supposed.", "contents": "Language deficits after apparent clinical recovery from childhood aphasia. Twenty-seven children with childhood injury to the left hemisphere were tested for language function and compared with appropriate controls. Eleven children had incurred their lesions before the age of 1 year, 16 afterward. The group with perinatal injury to the left hemisphere did not show a specific aphasic deficit even though they were mildly cognitively impaired. The group of children with later injury to the left hemisphere showed aphasic deficits if the original injury had caused a language defect; otherwise the left hemisphere injury was not associated with specific disturbances in language function. The average age at time of lesion in those children who had recovered from aphasia was 4.7 years. We conclude that even when childhood aphasia results from a unilateral nonprogressive lesion, recovery of language is less complete than has been generally supposed.", "PMID": 92909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_415", "title": "Chronic progressive myelopathy: investigation with CSF electrophoresis, evoked potentials, and CT scan.", "content": "Chronic progressive myelopathy (CPM) is a difficult clinical problem. Many patients who present with CPM turn out to have a spinal form of multiple sclerosis (MS), but until there is clear lesion dissemination, a definite clinical diagnosis cannot be made. We have looked for MS-related abnormalities in 72 patients with CPM. The mean age of onset was 42 years, mean duration was ten years, and mean Kurtzke disability rating was 4.5. Studies performed were cerebrospinal fluid electrophoresis for oligoclonal banding, pattern-reversal visual evoked responses, blink reflex latencies, and computerized axial tomography. Oligoclonal banding was found in 32 patients (44%), patterned visual evoked responses were abnormal in 32 (44%), and blink latencies were abnormal in 40 (56%). A least one of these studies was abnormal in 61 patients (85%) and at least two in 48 (66%). The CT scan was abnormal in 38 )53%), 36 with atrophy and 3 with low-density or enhancing lesions. These results suggest that at least 44% of patients with CPM may have MS that could be diagnosed by oligoclonal bands. Other physiological tests suggesting diffuse or disseminated disease bring the total to 85%. Only autopsy follow-up will tell us the exact diagnostic accuracy of these studies in this complex syndrome.", "contents": "Chronic progressive myelopathy: investigation with CSF electrophoresis, evoked potentials, and CT scan. Chronic progressive myelopathy (CPM) is a difficult clinical problem. Many patients who present with CPM turn out to have a spinal form of multiple sclerosis (MS), but until there is clear lesion dissemination, a definite clinical diagnosis cannot be made. We have looked for MS-related abnormalities in 72 patients with CPM. The mean age of onset was 42 years, mean duration was ten years, and mean Kurtzke disability rating was 4.5. Studies performed were cerebrospinal fluid electrophoresis for oligoclonal banding, pattern-reversal visual evoked responses, blink reflex latencies, and computerized axial tomography. Oligoclonal banding was found in 32 patients (44%), patterned visual evoked responses were abnormal in 32 (44%), and blink latencies were abnormal in 40 (56%). A least one of these studies was abnormal in 61 patients (85%) and at least two in 48 (66%). The CT scan was abnormal in 38 )53%), 36 with atrophy and 3 with low-density or enhancing lesions. These results suggest that at least 44% of patients with CPM may have MS that could be diagnosed by oligoclonal bands. Other physiological tests suggesting diffuse or disseminated disease bring the total to 85%. Only autopsy follow-up will tell us the exact diagnostic accuracy of these studies in this complex syndrome.", "PMID": 92910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_416", "title": "Multiple sclerosis: circulating antigen-reactive lymphocytes.", "content": "Circulating lymphocyte populations were examined in 85 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 26 of whom showed exacerbations; 48 patients with other neurological diseases (OND); 14 patients suffering from psychiatric disorders; and 2 normal subjects. The study involved the assay of early (active, high-affinity rosetting) T-cells, myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive early T-cells, late (total, 24-hour rosetting) T-cell levels were significantly lower in MS (p less than 0.01) than in OND subjects. Exacerbations in MS were usually accompanied by further decreases in early T-cells. The lower levels of early T-cells in MS and their fluctuations are believed to reflect disease activity. MBP-reactive early T-cells were more frequently increased in MS (75% of cases) than OND (50%), and while this might be indicative of increased sensitization against myelin antigens, it was found not to be an MS-specific phenomenon.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis: circulating antigen-reactive lymphocytes. Circulating lymphocyte populations were examined in 85 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 26 of whom showed exacerbations; 48 patients with other neurological diseases (OND); 14 patients suffering from psychiatric disorders; and 2 normal subjects. The study involved the assay of early (active, high-affinity rosetting) T-cells, myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive early T-cells, late (total, 24-hour rosetting) T-cell levels were significantly lower in MS (p less than 0.01) than in OND subjects. Exacerbations in MS were usually accompanied by further decreases in early T-cells. The lower levels of early T-cells in MS and their fluctuations are believed to reflect disease activity. MBP-reactive early T-cells were more frequently increased in MS (75% of cases) than OND (50%), and while this might be indicative of increased sensitization against myelin antigens, it was found not to be an MS-specific phenomenon.", "PMID": 92911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_417", "title": "[Role of gramicidin S in the sporulation of the R+ and R- variants of Bacillus brevis var. G.-B].", "content": "The effect of gramicidin S added to the cultivation medium on sporulation of the gramicidin S-producing P+ variant and gramicidin S-nonproducing P- variant of Bacillus brevis var. G.-B. was studied. Gramicidin S added to the synthetic medium with glucose in an amount of 30 and 100 microgram/ml 4 and 7 hours after inoculation with the vegetative cells of R- variant had no effect on the growth of the culture but retarded its sporulation. When gramicidin S was added in an amount of 100 microgram/ml 4 hours after inoculation, the sporulation rate of R- variant strongly decreased, rohile sporulation was not suppressed as it was noted before with respect to R+ variant. Active stimulation of Bacillus brevis var. G.-B. sporulation was observed after addition of gramicidin S 13 hours after development of R+ and R- variants without the antibiotic biosynthesis. Synthesis of gramicidin S by R+ strain was suppressed by the specific inhibitor beta-phenyl-beta-alanine. The amount of gramicidin S added to the medium during the sporulation process of R+ and R- variants decreased. On addition of 30 microgram/ml of the antibiotic it was practically not detectable when the culture showed the greatest number of the spores. Therefore, gramicidin S added to the medium is probably adsorbed by the cells of Bac. brevis var. G.-B. and affects sporulation of R- and R+ variants thus accelerating or retarding this process depending on the cultivation conditions.", "contents": "[Role of gramicidin S in the sporulation of the R+ and R- variants of Bacillus brevis var. G.-B]. The effect of gramicidin S added to the cultivation medium on sporulation of the gramicidin S-producing P+ variant and gramicidin S-nonproducing P- variant of Bacillus brevis var. G.-B. was studied. Gramicidin S added to the synthetic medium with glucose in an amount of 30 and 100 microgram/ml 4 and 7 hours after inoculation with the vegetative cells of R- variant had no effect on the growth of the culture but retarded its sporulation. When gramicidin S was added in an amount of 100 microgram/ml 4 hours after inoculation, the sporulation rate of R- variant strongly decreased, rohile sporulation was not suppressed as it was noted before with respect to R+ variant. Active stimulation of Bacillus brevis var. G.-B. sporulation was observed after addition of gramicidin S 13 hours after development of R+ and R- variants without the antibiotic biosynthesis. Synthesis of gramicidin S by R+ strain was suppressed by the specific inhibitor beta-phenyl-beta-alanine. The amount of gramicidin S added to the medium during the sporulation process of R+ and R- variants decreased. On addition of 30 microgram/ml of the antibiotic it was practically not detectable when the culture showed the greatest number of the spores. Therefore, gramicidin S added to the medium is probably adsorbed by the cells of Bac. brevis var. G.-B. and affects sporulation of R- and R+ variants thus accelerating or retarding this process depending on the cultivation conditions.", "PMID": 92912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_418", "title": "Diagnostic considerations in ataxia-telangiectasia.", "content": "13 children with ataxia-telangiectasia were followed for 6 years. Unlike previously reported cases, these patients had progressive, debilitating neurological disease and slight pulmonary or infectious symptoms. Immunological dysfunction was variable and endocrinological defects were absent. Oculomotor findings, alpha-fetoprotein levels, and the incidence of chromosomal breakage were the most consistent parameters in the diagnosis of the condition. This disease should be considered in any patient with chronic ataxia, regardless of immunological findings or whether he has a history of infections.", "contents": "Diagnostic considerations in ataxia-telangiectasia. 13 children with ataxia-telangiectasia were followed for 6 years. Unlike previously reported cases, these patients had progressive, debilitating neurological disease and slight pulmonary or infectious symptoms. Immunological dysfunction was variable and endocrinological defects were absent. Oculomotor findings, alpha-fetoprotein levels, and the incidence of chromosomal breakage were the most consistent parameters in the diagnosis of the condition. This disease should be considered in any patient with chronic ataxia, regardless of immunological findings or whether he has a history of infections.", "PMID": 92914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_419", "title": "Carcinoma of the esophagus: results of treatment.", "content": "The treatment results of the Rotterdam working group on esophageal cancer during the period January 1970-January 1978 were assessed. A total number of 328 patients were treated: 230 males and 98 females. Of the 133 patients eligible for a combined treatment modality i.e. preoperative radiotherapy and surgery, 52 showed irresectable or metastatic disease during operation. The five year actuarial survival rate of the 81 patients, in whom curative surgical resection of the tumor was performed, amounted to 21%. Females fared better than males, the five year survivals being 42% and 12% respectively. This female preponderance in survival is partly explained by the considerable postoperative mortality of the male patients: 28% vs 7.4% in females. Patients who received only radiation therapy, whether curative or palliative, had a very bad prognosis. It is concluded that preoperative irradiation followed by surgical removal of the tumor should be performed in all operable-curable patients.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the esophagus: results of treatment. The treatment results of the Rotterdam working group on esophageal cancer during the period January 1970-January 1978 were assessed. A total number of 328 patients were treated: 230 males and 98 females. Of the 133 patients eligible for a combined treatment modality i.e. preoperative radiotherapy and surgery, 52 showed irresectable or metastatic disease during operation. The five year actuarial survival rate of the 81 patients, in whom curative surgical resection of the tumor was performed, amounted to 21%. Females fared better than males, the five year survivals being 42% and 12% respectively. This female preponderance in survival is partly explained by the considerable postoperative mortality of the male patients: 28% vs 7.4% in females. Patients who received only radiation therapy, whether curative or palliative, had a very bad prognosis. It is concluded that preoperative irradiation followed by surgical removal of the tumor should be performed in all operable-curable patients.", "PMID": 92916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_420", "title": "Esophagogastrectomy for carcinoma: current hospital mortality and morbidity rates.", "content": "Between January 1, 1970, and March 1, 1979, 153 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus or cardia were seen at the Lahey Clinic; 124 (81%) underwent surgical exploration and 102 (82.3%) were found amendable to resection. This report concerns the 82 patients operated on by the senior author, 72 of whom (87.8%) had surgical resection. A variety of resective techniques were used but currently esophagogastrectomy and esophagogastrostomy is preferred, a left thoracotomy being used for low lying lesions; upper thoracic and cervical lesions are approached through a combined abdominal and right thoracic approach or esophagectomy with cervical esophagogastrostomy and without thoracotomy is used. Two deaths occurred within 30 days of operation, a hospital mortality rate of 2.8%. Significant complications developed in 11 patients (15.3%). The average survival was 20.8 months, and satisfactory long-term relief of dysphagia was achieved in 91.2% of patients. An aggressive surgical approach to the management of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus or cardia is justified, for esophagogastrectomy and esophagogastrostomy is applicable to the majority of patients; can now be performed at low risk with a reasonable period of hospitalization; and provides satisfactory long-term palliation.", "contents": "Esophagogastrectomy for carcinoma: current hospital mortality and morbidity rates. Between January 1, 1970, and March 1, 1979, 153 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus or cardia were seen at the Lahey Clinic; 124 (81%) underwent surgical exploration and 102 (82.3%) were found amendable to resection. This report concerns the 82 patients operated on by the senior author, 72 of whom (87.8%) had surgical resection. A variety of resective techniques were used but currently esophagogastrectomy and esophagogastrostomy is preferred, a left thoracotomy being used for low lying lesions; upper thoracic and cervical lesions are approached through a combined abdominal and right thoracic approach or esophagectomy with cervical esophagogastrostomy and without thoracotomy is used. Two deaths occurred within 30 days of operation, a hospital mortality rate of 2.8%. Significant complications developed in 11 patients (15.3%). The average survival was 20.8 months, and satisfactory long-term relief of dysphagia was achieved in 91.2% of patients. An aggressive surgical approach to the management of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus or cardia is justified, for esophagogastrectomy and esophagogastrostomy is applicable to the majority of patients; can now be performed at low risk with a reasonable period of hospitalization; and provides satisfactory long-term palliation.", "PMID": 92917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_421", "title": "Sex-hormone-binding globulin in the plasma of normal men and patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "Sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was measured in the plasma of normal men aged 30--50 yr, normal men 50--70 yr of age, and men 50--70 yr of age suffering from benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). The level of binding proteins in normal \"young\" men decreased approximately 45% in normal \"older\" men. A 100% rise was observed in BPH patients as compared to normal older men. This increase seemed to be related to a rise in SHBG and also to the appearance of binding species of smaller molecular weight than that of SHBG.", "contents": "Sex-hormone-binding globulin in the plasma of normal men and patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was measured in the plasma of normal men aged 30--50 yr, normal men 50--70 yr of age, and men 50--70 yr of age suffering from benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). The level of binding proteins in normal \"young\" men decreased approximately 45% in normal \"older\" men. A 100% rise was observed in BPH patients as compared to normal older men. This increase seemed to be related to a rise in SHBG and also to the appearance of binding species of smaller molecular weight than that of SHBG.", "PMID": 92918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_422", "title": "Tuberculosis. Clinical aspects and diagnosis.", "content": "The presentation of tuberculosis is variable depending on the severity of the infection, the age of the patient, whether the infection is primary or secondary, and whether the manifestations are due to inhalation of organisms or hematogenous dissemination. A definitive diagnosis is made by culture of the organism; spontaneously expectorated sputum is the most suitable specimen for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis. Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis frequently requires tissue biopsy. The classic staining method for demonstrating tubercle bacilli is the Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Newer methods based on fluorescent dyes and phase-contract microscopy make rapid screening feasible, but false-positive identification is more frequent. Culture of tubercle bacilli is most successful when two media are used. The differential diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis includes bacterial pneumonia, especially anaerobic infection, and fungal infections including histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and blastomycosis. Lung carcinoma can mimic tuberculosis and the two diseases can coexist. Surgery is frequently necessary for a definitive diagnosis, expecially when the disease is seen as a noncalcified nodule.", "contents": "Tuberculosis. Clinical aspects and diagnosis. The presentation of tuberculosis is variable depending on the severity of the infection, the age of the patient, whether the infection is primary or secondary, and whether the manifestations are due to inhalation of organisms or hematogenous dissemination. A definitive diagnosis is made by culture of the organism; spontaneously expectorated sputum is the most suitable specimen for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis. Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis frequently requires tissue biopsy. The classic staining method for demonstrating tubercle bacilli is the Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Newer methods based on fluorescent dyes and phase-contract microscopy make rapid screening feasible, but false-positive identification is more frequent. Culture of tubercle bacilli is most successful when two media are used. The differential diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis includes bacterial pneumonia, especially anaerobic infection, and fungal infections including histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and blastomycosis. Lung carcinoma can mimic tuberculosis and the two diseases can coexist. Surgery is frequently necessary for a definitive diagnosis, expecially when the disease is seen as a noncalcified nodule.", "PMID": 92919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_423", "title": "Regulation of the kidney xanthine dehydrogenase by glutaminase.", "content": "The steady-state concentrations of glutamine, glutamate and ammonia in the kidney cells might regulate the rate of renal xanthine dehydrogenase activity. Both glutamate and glutamine were found to be effective inhibitors of the renal xanthine dehydrogenase activity in vivo. The inhibition by glutamate depends essentially on the glutaminase inhibition.", "contents": "Regulation of the kidney xanthine dehydrogenase by glutaminase. The steady-state concentrations of glutamine, glutamate and ammonia in the kidney cells might regulate the rate of renal xanthine dehydrogenase activity. Both glutamate and glutamine were found to be effective inhibitors of the renal xanthine dehydrogenase activity in vivo. The inhibition by glutamate depends essentially on the glutaminase inhibition.", "PMID": 92920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_424", "title": "Pattern of the ventilatory response to transient hypoxia in man: differences from transient hypercapnic test.", "content": "The pattern of change in ventilatory variables after inhalation of pure N2 for two breaths was studied in normal children and adults. In six subjects the trends of change were compared to the ventilatory response to transient hypercapnia. We observed differences in the patterns of increasing ventilation with an initial abrupt increase of tidal volume for transient hypoxia and a progressive change for hypercapnia. In both cases respiratory frequency was progressively but unsystematically enhanced. A highly significant positive correlation was demonstrated between individual sensitivities to CO2 and O2, with a greater response to hypercapnia (5.6 time) than to hypoxia. Finally, a very short-latency decrease in expiratory duration occurred in the first breath after inhalation of hypercapnic mixture, supporting the recent data of Cunningham et al. (1977).", "contents": "Pattern of the ventilatory response to transient hypoxia in man: differences from transient hypercapnic test. The pattern of change in ventilatory variables after inhalation of pure N2 for two breaths was studied in normal children and adults. In six subjects the trends of change were compared to the ventilatory response to transient hypercapnia. We observed differences in the patterns of increasing ventilation with an initial abrupt increase of tidal volume for transient hypoxia and a progressive change for hypercapnia. In both cases respiratory frequency was progressively but unsystematically enhanced. A highly significant positive correlation was demonstrated between individual sensitivities to CO2 and O2, with a greater response to hypercapnia (5.6 time) than to hypoxia. Finally, a very short-latency decrease in expiratory duration occurred in the first breath after inhalation of hypercapnic mixture, supporting the recent data of Cunningham et al. (1977).", "PMID": 92921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_425", "title": "alpha-Methyl-D-glucoside uptake in renal cortical slices of normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits.", "content": "The uptake of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside by slices of renal cortex was compared in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. Alloxanized rabbit tissue showed significantly higher levels of sugar accumulation than normal tissue. Diamide, which is known to oxidize intracellular glutathione (GSH), inhibited the uptake of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside by renal cortical slices. GSH stimulated sugar uptake and was also capable of reversing the inhibition of sugar accumulation caused by diamide. Mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, which are commonly used thiol compounds, were not as effective as GSH in stimulating sugar uptake. The level of GSH found in normal and alloxan diabetics rabbit kidneys shows a slightly decreased cortical GSH content in alloxanized animals. One can conclude that GSH participates in sugar uptake in kidney slices from both diabetic and normal rabbits.", "contents": "alpha-Methyl-D-glucoside uptake in renal cortical slices of normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. The uptake of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside by slices of renal cortex was compared in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. Alloxanized rabbit tissue showed significantly higher levels of sugar accumulation than normal tissue. Diamide, which is known to oxidize intracellular glutathione (GSH), inhibited the uptake of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside by renal cortical slices. GSH stimulated sugar uptake and was also capable of reversing the inhibition of sugar accumulation caused by diamide. Mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, which are commonly used thiol compounds, were not as effective as GSH in stimulating sugar uptake. The level of GSH found in normal and alloxan diabetics rabbit kidneys shows a slightly decreased cortical GSH content in alloxanized animals. One can conclude that GSH participates in sugar uptake in kidney slices from both diabetic and normal rabbits.", "PMID": 92922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_426", "title": "[Effect of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine of dopamine catabolism].", "content": "1.--The administration of SAH to rats, at physiologically active dose on the sleep, does not change the urinary level of MD and NM. On the other hand, the excretion of DA and NA decreases. 2.--In the brain, SAH does not modify neither the concentration of NA and NM in hypothalamus and thalamus, nor the concentration of DA and MD in corpus striatum. 3.--After intracisternally injection of [14C]DA or [3H]NA, SAH increases the level of [14C]MD and [3H]NM. 4.--Contrary to the studies in vitro, where SAH is an inhibitor of COMT, on the rat it does not seem prevent the methylation of DA and NA.", "contents": "[Effect of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine of dopamine catabolism]. 1.--The administration of SAH to rats, at physiologically active dose on the sleep, does not change the urinary level of MD and NM. On the other hand, the excretion of DA and NA decreases. 2.--In the brain, SAH does not modify neither the concentration of NA and NM in hypothalamus and thalamus, nor the concentration of DA and MD in corpus striatum. 3.--After intracisternally injection of [14C]DA or [3H]NA, SAH increases the level of [14C]MD and [3H]NM. 4.--Contrary to the studies in vitro, where SAH is an inhibitor of COMT, on the rat it does not seem prevent the methylation of DA and NA.", "PMID": 92923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_427", "title": "Quantitative measurement of gluconeogenesis from isobutyrate in sheep.", "content": "Experiments with continuous infusion of [14C] isobutyrate and single injection of [3H] glucose were performed in two sheep under fed and fasted conditions in order to investigate the contribution of isobutyrate to glucose synthesis. The pool size, total entry and irreversible loss of glucose in the fed sheep were 2.8 mmol/kg0.75, 1.70 and 1.43 mmol/h per kg0.75. After 72-h fasting these parameters decreased about 40% but recycling of glucose carbon increased from 16 to 38% of the total entry rate. Isobutyrate infused intravenously at a rate of 3.5 mmol/h contributed to a minimum of 3-5% of glucose entry indicating that at least 40-60% of the infused isobutyrate was used for net glucose synthesis. The efficiency of the glucogenic and energetic use of isobutyrate as compared to propionate is discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative measurement of gluconeogenesis from isobutyrate in sheep. Experiments with continuous infusion of [14C] isobutyrate and single injection of [3H] glucose were performed in two sheep under fed and fasted conditions in order to investigate the contribution of isobutyrate to glucose synthesis. The pool size, total entry and irreversible loss of glucose in the fed sheep were 2.8 mmol/kg0.75, 1.70 and 1.43 mmol/h per kg0.75. After 72-h fasting these parameters decreased about 40% but recycling of glucose carbon increased from 16 to 38% of the total entry rate. Isobutyrate infused intravenously at a rate of 3.5 mmol/h contributed to a minimum of 3-5% of glucose entry indicating that at least 40-60% of the infused isobutyrate was used for net glucose synthesis. The efficiency of the glucogenic and energetic use of isobutyrate as compared to propionate is discussed.", "PMID": 92924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_428", "title": "Biological parameters of the blood in the genetically obese Zucker rat.", "content": "A study of the various biological parameters of the blood in the genetically obese Zucker rat, the nonobese Zucker rat, and the Wistar rat has revealed great similarity between the two latter types of animals. On the other hand, in genetically obese Zucker rats as compared with the nonobese ones, (1) the blood mass per unit of weight was lower; (2) the level of nitrogenous degradation compounds was the same; (3) the lipase activity was lower; (4) the levels of substances for which liver plays a crucial role--all lipid and protein fractions, glucose, and the enzyme GPT--were higher; (5) the levels of Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu and Pi were high; (6) the blood and bone-marrow cells were unremarkable.", "contents": "Biological parameters of the blood in the genetically obese Zucker rat. A study of the various biological parameters of the blood in the genetically obese Zucker rat, the nonobese Zucker rat, and the Wistar rat has revealed great similarity between the two latter types of animals. On the other hand, in genetically obese Zucker rats as compared with the nonobese ones, (1) the blood mass per unit of weight was lower; (2) the level of nitrogenous degradation compounds was the same; (3) the lipase activity was lower; (4) the levels of substances for which liver plays a crucial role--all lipid and protein fractions, glucose, and the enzyme GPT--were higher; (5) the levels of Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu and Pi were high; (6) the blood and bone-marrow cells were unremarkable.", "PMID": 92925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_429", "title": "Ouabain-sensitive and -insensitive ATPase activities in the kidney and the liver of spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Ouabain-sensitive and-insensitive ATPase activities were measured in the kidneys and the kidneys and the liver of male and female rats of the Lyon hypertensive (LHS) and Lyon normotensive strain (LNS). At the age of 48 +/- 2 weeks, hypertensive rats exhibited a significantly higher blood pressure and body weight than age-matched normotensive rats. Ouabian-insensitive ATPase activity was decreased in the kidney, but not in the liver of hypertensive rats compared to normotensive rats. Ouabian-sensitive ATPase activity was non significantly decreased in the kidney of hypertensive rats.", "contents": "Ouabain-sensitive and -insensitive ATPase activities in the kidney and the liver of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Ouabain-sensitive and-insensitive ATPase activities were measured in the kidneys and the kidneys and the liver of male and female rats of the Lyon hypertensive (LHS) and Lyon normotensive strain (LNS). At the age of 48 +/- 2 weeks, hypertensive rats exhibited a significantly higher blood pressure and body weight than age-matched normotensive rats. Ouabian-insensitive ATPase activity was decreased in the kidney, but not in the liver of hypertensive rats compared to normotensive rats. Ouabian-sensitive ATPase activity was non significantly decreased in the kidney of hypertensive rats.", "PMID": 92926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_430", "title": "Effects of nickel ion on the conduction of action potentials in non-myelinated nerve fibre of crayfish.", "content": "Effects of NiCL2 and PCMB (p-chloromercuribenzoate) on the action potential were examined by the method of extra- and intracellular electrodes, using a single nerve fibre of crayfish. The results obtained were as follows : The conduction of the action potential was blocked by treating the nerve fibre with Ni ion or PCMB. The blockade was easily recovered by replacement with cysteine. The process of the blockade and recovery, which could be repeated several times, was fairly characteristic such that the more repetition led the sooner blockade and the harder recovery. No conduction block was observed by treatment with Ni-cysteine mixed solution nor with PCMB-cysteine solution. The critical concentration for blocking was 1.1 x 10(-4)M for NiCL2 and 5.6 x 10(-6) M for PCMB. The action potential was disappeared without any change in the resting potential by treatment with the chemicals, which gave significant effects on the rising and falling phases of the action potential before the blockade.", "contents": "Effects of nickel ion on the conduction of action potentials in non-myelinated nerve fibre of crayfish. Effects of NiCL2 and PCMB (p-chloromercuribenzoate) on the action potential were examined by the method of extra- and intracellular electrodes, using a single nerve fibre of crayfish. The results obtained were as follows : The conduction of the action potential was blocked by treating the nerve fibre with Ni ion or PCMB. The blockade was easily recovered by replacement with cysteine. The process of the blockade and recovery, which could be repeated several times, was fairly characteristic such that the more repetition led the sooner blockade and the harder recovery. No conduction block was observed by treatment with Ni-cysteine mixed solution nor with PCMB-cysteine solution. The critical concentration for blocking was 1.1 x 10(-4)M for NiCL2 and 5.6 x 10(-6) M for PCMB. The action potential was disappeared without any change in the resting potential by treatment with the chemicals, which gave significant effects on the rising and falling phases of the action potential before the blockade.", "PMID": 92927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_431", "title": "Prostaglandins do not affect ion concentrations in human erythrocytes.", "content": "In an attempt to further our understanding of the mode of action of prostaglandins (PGs), experiments were performed in which sodium and potassium ion concentrations were measured in human erythrocytes exposed to various concentrations of PGs. No consistent effect was observed and it is concluded that such changes are not likely to underlie excitability alterations induced by PGs.", "contents": "Prostaglandins do not affect ion concentrations in human erythrocytes. In an attempt to further our understanding of the mode of action of prostaglandins (PGs), experiments were performed in which sodium and potassium ion concentrations were measured in human erythrocytes exposed to various concentrations of PGs. No consistent effect was observed and it is concluded that such changes are not likely to underlie excitability alterations induced by PGs.", "PMID": 92928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_432", "title": "Concentrating capacity of the kidney and nitrogen partition in the urine in Perodicticus potto (Prosimii, Lorisidae, Lorisinae).", "content": "The concentrating ability of the kidney in Perodicticus potto was investigated. As the relation between this capacity and the thickness of the medulla has been stressed by Schmidt-Nielsen & O'Dell, the size of the various layers in the kidney was measured. Based on our observation that the potto may excrete uric acid in fairly high concentrations, the partition of nitrogen in the urine was also explored.", "contents": "Concentrating capacity of the kidney and nitrogen partition in the urine in Perodicticus potto (Prosimii, Lorisidae, Lorisinae). The concentrating ability of the kidney in Perodicticus potto was investigated. As the relation between this capacity and the thickness of the medulla has been stressed by Schmidt-Nielsen & O'Dell, the size of the various layers in the kidney was measured. Based on our observation that the potto may excrete uric acid in fairly high concentrations, the partition of nitrogen in the urine was also explored.", "PMID": 92929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_433", "title": "Relatedness among coagulase-negative staphylococci: deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation and comparative immunological studies.", "content": "DNA-DNA-homology values were determined under restrictive to relaxed reassociation conditions with type strains and some additional strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci belonging to ten different species. The immunological relationship of the catalases present in the type strains of these species was also determined by applying double immunodiffusion and microcomplement fixation. The results of these studies support the previous proposal to subdivide the coagulase-negative staphylococci into at least ten separate species. However, it is evident that some of the species are more closely realted than others and can form species groups. According to the results presented in this study, the coagulase-negative staphylococci can be combined into five species groups: The Staphylococcus saprophyticus group is composed of S. saprophyticus, S. xylosus and S. cohnii. The S. epidermidis group comprises S. epidermis, S. capitis and S. warneri. The S. hominis group which exhibits a significant relationship to S. epidermidis includes S. hominis and S. haemolyticus. The species group S. sciuri consists of S. sciuri ssp. sciuri and S. sciuri ssp. lentus and the species group S. simulans is presently represented by the corresponding single species.", "contents": "Relatedness among coagulase-negative staphylococci: deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation and comparative immunological studies. DNA-DNA-homology values were determined under restrictive to relaxed reassociation conditions with type strains and some additional strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci belonging to ten different species. The immunological relationship of the catalases present in the type strains of these species was also determined by applying double immunodiffusion and microcomplement fixation. The results of these studies support the previous proposal to subdivide the coagulase-negative staphylococci into at least ten separate species. However, it is evident that some of the species are more closely realted than others and can form species groups. According to the results presented in this study, the coagulase-negative staphylococci can be combined into five species groups: The Staphylococcus saprophyticus group is composed of S. saprophyticus, S. xylosus and S. cohnii. The S. epidermidis group comprises S. epidermis, S. capitis and S. warneri. The S. hominis group which exhibits a significant relationship to S. epidermidis includes S. hominis and S. haemolyticus. The species group S. sciuri consists of S. sciuri ssp. sciuri and S. sciuri ssp. lentus and the species group S. simulans is presently represented by the corresponding single species.", "PMID": 92972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_434", "title": "Carcinoembryonic (CEA)--like antigen in adenomas and cancers of the breast in human patients.", "content": "By using specific anti-CEA serum and indirect immunofluorescence, a substance was detected in breast cancers which reacted similarly to CEA demonstrable by the same method in cancers of gastrointestinal tract. However, the double diffusion test in agar gel and additional absorption analysis showed that it was a glycoprotein different from CEA, although possessing common or similar antigenic determinants with it. This antigen also differs from another antigen called \"nonspecific cross-reacting antigen NCA\" and from alpha 1-acid glycoprotein of human serum.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic (CEA)--like antigen in adenomas and cancers of the breast in human patients. By using specific anti-CEA serum and indirect immunofluorescence, a substance was detected in breast cancers which reacted similarly to CEA demonstrable by the same method in cancers of gastrointestinal tract. However, the double diffusion test in agar gel and additional absorption analysis showed that it was a glycoprotein different from CEA, although possessing common or similar antigenic determinants with it. This antigen also differs from another antigen called \"nonspecific cross-reacting antigen NCA\" and from alpha 1-acid glycoprotein of human serum.", "PMID": 92973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_435", "title": "Immunoglobulins of colostrum. V. Comparative studies of ovine and bovine serum and colostral IgM.", "content": "Comparative studies of physiocochemical properties of ovine and bovine serum and colostral IgM are described. Serologic properties, molecular weight, amino acid composition, carbohydrate content, peptide maps, heterogeneity, and ORD and CD spectra were compared. Colostral IgM have additional antigenic determinants, higher carbohydrate content, lower heterogeneity, and higher content of beta-structure. Different amino acid composition and different peptide maps of serum and colostral IgM were shown. The results obtained suggest that ovine and bovine colostral IgM immunoglobulins may be a mixed population of molecules locally synthesized and transferred from the serum.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins of colostrum. V. Comparative studies of ovine and bovine serum and colostral IgM. Comparative studies of physiocochemical properties of ovine and bovine serum and colostral IgM are described. Serologic properties, molecular weight, amino acid composition, carbohydrate content, peptide maps, heterogeneity, and ORD and CD spectra were compared. Colostral IgM have additional antigenic determinants, higher carbohydrate content, lower heterogeneity, and higher content of beta-structure. Different amino acid composition and different peptide maps of serum and colostral IgM were shown. The results obtained suggest that ovine and bovine colostral IgM immunoglobulins may be a mixed population of molecules locally synthesized and transferred from the serum.", "PMID": 92974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_436", "title": "Antigenic structure and biological characteristics of influenza strains isolated in the USSR during the 1974/75 epidemic.", "content": "Antigenic analysis of strains isolated in the USSR during the epidemic in 1974/1975 showed differences in the hemagglutination inhibition test and in neuramidase activity with antisera against three reference strains. Strains isolated in a later period of the epidemic were classified into subgroup A/Port Chalmers/1/73. Nearly all strains were effective inducers of interferon and were susceptible to this inhibitor of virus replication.", "contents": "Antigenic structure and biological characteristics of influenza strains isolated in the USSR during the 1974/75 epidemic. Antigenic analysis of strains isolated in the USSR during the epidemic in 1974/1975 showed differences in the hemagglutination inhibition test and in neuramidase activity with antisera against three reference strains. Strains isolated in a later period of the epidemic were classified into subgroup A/Port Chalmers/1/73. Nearly all strains were effective inducers of interferon and were susceptible to this inhibitor of virus replication.", "PMID": 92975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_437", "title": "Antigenic similarity of morphologic type CIII1 bacteriophages.", "content": "The aim of the study was to demonstrate antigenic differentiation among bacteriophages belonging to the same morphologic type--CIII1 according to Krzywy and Slopek or A2 according to Ackermann. Twenty-six bacteriophages which multiplied on various strains of bacteria of the genera Escherichia, Shigella and Klebsiella, were studied. Serologic tests were done by the quantitative complement fixation test. Immune sera against 5 phi E. coli. D8 Sh. flexneri, G35 Sh. sonnei and Kl7 Klebsiella bacteriophages were obtained from rabbits. It was shown that bacteriophages of CIII1 morphologic type, with morphologically identical virion had different antigenic specificity. On the basis of results obtained the phages could be divided into eight serologic groups. The bacteriophages for which antisera were obtained belonged to four different serologic groups. All bacteriophages had some common antigens with 5 phi E. coli phage. The similarity points to a phylogenetic relationship among phages of CIII1 morphologic type.", "contents": "Antigenic similarity of morphologic type CIII1 bacteriophages. The aim of the study was to demonstrate antigenic differentiation among bacteriophages belonging to the same morphologic type--CIII1 according to Krzywy and Slopek or A2 according to Ackermann. Twenty-six bacteriophages which multiplied on various strains of bacteria of the genera Escherichia, Shigella and Klebsiella, were studied. Serologic tests were done by the quantitative complement fixation test. Immune sera against 5 phi E. coli. D8 Sh. flexneri, G35 Sh. sonnei and Kl7 Klebsiella bacteriophages were obtained from rabbits. It was shown that bacteriophages of CIII1 morphologic type, with morphologically identical virion had different antigenic specificity. On the basis of results obtained the phages could be divided into eight serologic groups. The bacteriophages for which antisera were obtained belonged to four different serologic groups. All bacteriophages had some common antigens with 5 phi E. coli phage. The similarity points to a phylogenetic relationship among phages of CIII1 morphologic type.", "PMID": 92976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_438", "title": "HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in the population of southern Poland.", "content": "Results of a population study on frequencies of phenotypes and genotypes of the HLA system (locus A and B) in 240 adults, unrelated and of both sexes, living in southern Poland are reported. Frequencies of haplotypes were calculated according to Mattiuz et al. Distribution of all HLA specificities conformed with the Hardy-Weinberg law and was similar to the distribution in other white populations, except HLA-B13 which had a phenotype frequency of 14.17% and gene frequency 7%. Haplotype frequencies and positive and negative association were analogous with those in other white populations.", "contents": "HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in the population of southern Poland. Results of a population study on frequencies of phenotypes and genotypes of the HLA system (locus A and B) in 240 adults, unrelated and of both sexes, living in southern Poland are reported. Frequencies of haplotypes were calculated according to Mattiuz et al. Distribution of all HLA specificities conformed with the Hardy-Weinberg law and was similar to the distribution in other white populations, except HLA-B13 which had a phenotype frequency of 14.17% and gene frequency 7%. Haplotype frequencies and positive and negative association were analogous with those in other white populations.", "PMID": 92977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_439", "title": "Isolation and cell culture propagation of rotaviruses from turkeys and chickens.", "content": "Rotaviruses were detected by electron microscopy in the faeces of turkey poults and broiler chickens with diarrhoea. Apparently symptomless infection was also observed in broilers. The avian rotaviruses could not be isolated in cell cultures by conventional techniques, but were adapted to serial growth in chick cell cultures following trypsin treatment of the virus and the cells. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the avian and mammalian rotaviruses are antigenically related. Antibodies to rotavirus were widespread in sera collected from turkeys, chickens and ducks.", "contents": "Isolation and cell culture propagation of rotaviruses from turkeys and chickens. Rotaviruses were detected by electron microscopy in the faeces of turkey poults and broiler chickens with diarrhoea. Apparently symptomless infection was also observed in broilers. The avian rotaviruses could not be isolated in cell cultures by conventional techniques, but were adapted to serial growth in chick cell cultures following trypsin treatment of the virus and the cells. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the avian and mammalian rotaviruses are antigenically related. Antibodies to rotavirus were widespread in sera collected from turkeys, chickens and ducks.", "PMID": 92979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_440", "title": "C-type RNA virus from hamster cells transformed in vitro by 1-B-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine.", "content": "Evidence of type-C RNA viral activity in fetal hamster cells transformed in vitro by 1-B-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) after at least one in vivo passage is described. The virus possesses properties typical of other type-C RNA viruses, such as: a) morphology as determined with the electron microscope, b) presence of 70S RNA, c) enhanced expression following treatment with halogenated pyrimidines, d) group specific antigens of hamster type, and e) a buoyant density of 1.15 g per cm3. However, the virus particles are deficient in RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity under conditions that easily detect Rauscher Leukemia virus and will infect neither hamster, rat, mouse, human nor rabbit cells. The possible role of this virus in chemical carcinogenesis of cultured hamster fetal cells is discussed.", "contents": "C-type RNA virus from hamster cells transformed in vitro by 1-B-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Evidence of type-C RNA viral activity in fetal hamster cells transformed in vitro by 1-B-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) after at least one in vivo passage is described. The virus possesses properties typical of other type-C RNA viruses, such as: a) morphology as determined with the electron microscope, b) presence of 70S RNA, c) enhanced expression following treatment with halogenated pyrimidines, d) group specific antigens of hamster type, and e) a buoyant density of 1.15 g per cm3. However, the virus particles are deficient in RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity under conditions that easily detect Rauscher Leukemia virus and will infect neither hamster, rat, mouse, human nor rabbit cells. The possible role of this virus in chemical carcinogenesis of cultured hamster fetal cells is discussed.", "PMID": 92980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_441", "title": "[Cryptococcosis with a lesion of the meninges and adrenals (on the choice of fungal stain in histological sections].", "content": "A description of vitally unrecognized cryptococcal meningitis and tumour-like cryptococcosis of the adrenals is presented. Comparison of the results of various stainings for degeneratively changes and phagocytized fungi suggests that cryptococci in histological sections should be stained by Zihl-Nilsen's method (methylene blue and basic fuchsin).", "contents": "[Cryptococcosis with a lesion of the meninges and adrenals (on the choice of fungal stain in histological sections]. A description of vitally unrecognized cryptococcal meningitis and tumour-like cryptococcosis of the adrenals is presented. Comparison of the results of various stainings for degeneratively changes and phagocytized fungi suggests that cryptococci in histological sections should be stained by Zihl-Nilsen's method (methylene blue and basic fuchsin).", "PMID": 92981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_442", "title": "[Excretion of urinary hydroxyproline in urinary tract diseases].", "content": "Urinary hydroxyproline has been measured in 150 patients, 70 of them with urinary diseases. High values were found in chronic hyperazotaemia and in carcinoma with bone metastasis. In the latter, the prognostic value was of particular interest where the lesions are not yet identifiable radiologically.", "contents": "[Excretion of urinary hydroxyproline in urinary tract diseases]. Urinary hydroxyproline has been measured in 150 patients, 70 of them with urinary diseases. High values were found in chronic hyperazotaemia and in carcinoma with bone metastasis. In the latter, the prognostic value was of particular interest where the lesions are not yet identifiable radiologically.", "PMID": 92978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_443", "title": "A modified filtering operation for neovascular glaucoma.", "content": "Thirteen patients with useful vision but suffering from uncontrollable neovascular glaucoma due to total angle closure were treated with modified filtering operations. Ten (77%) of the cases were controlled more than one year postoperatively. Most patients whose pressures were controlled maintained their preoperative visual acuities. These visual results appear to be better than those reported with cyclocryotherapy, where vision is usually lost despite satisfactory pressure control.", "contents": "A modified filtering operation for neovascular glaucoma. Thirteen patients with useful vision but suffering from uncontrollable neovascular glaucoma due to total angle closure were treated with modified filtering operations. Ten (77%) of the cases were controlled more than one year postoperatively. Most patients whose pressures were controlled maintained their preoperative visual acuities. These visual results appear to be better than those reported with cyclocryotherapy, where vision is usually lost despite satisfactory pressure control.", "PMID": 92983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_444", "title": "Iris neovascular tufts. Relationship to rubeosis, insulin, and hypotony.", "content": "Iris neovascular tufts are abnormal proliferations of twisted microcapillary loops that project from the iris pupillary border. They appear to be a morphologic variant of rubeosis iridis. This study searched for iris neovascular tufts by biomicroscopy and iris fluorescein angiography. They were found in two of 16 (12.5%) myotonic dystrophy patients, in two of 30 (6.7%) maturity-onset diabetics, and in zero of 14 (0%) juvenile-onset diabetics. Myotonic and adult-onset diabetics have in common pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, abnormally high serum insulin levels, and possibly defective hormone-receptor interactions. Whether these factors contribute to the altered blood-iris barrier and iris neovascular tufts in these groups is uncertain, but a correlation is suggested because the myotonic with the highest insulin level also had the most prominent tufts. Hyperinsulinemia and ocular hypotony are associated with neovascular tufts.", "contents": "Iris neovascular tufts. Relationship to rubeosis, insulin, and hypotony. Iris neovascular tufts are abnormal proliferations of twisted microcapillary loops that project from the iris pupillary border. They appear to be a morphologic variant of rubeosis iridis. This study searched for iris neovascular tufts by biomicroscopy and iris fluorescein angiography. They were found in two of 16 (12.5%) myotonic dystrophy patients, in two of 30 (6.7%) maturity-onset diabetics, and in zero of 14 (0%) juvenile-onset diabetics. Myotonic and adult-onset diabetics have in common pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, abnormally high serum insulin levels, and possibly defective hormone-receptor interactions. Whether these factors contribute to the altered blood-iris barrier and iris neovascular tufts in these groups is uncertain, but a correlation is suggested because the myotonic with the highest insulin level also had the most prominent tufts. Hyperinsulinemia and ocular hypotony are associated with neovascular tufts.", "PMID": 92984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_445", "title": "Genetics of formamidase-5 (brain formamidase) in the mouse: localization of the structural gene on chromosome 14.", "content": "A single formamidase, which is different from the formamidases found in other tissues occurs in the brains of mice. This enzyme is here called formamidase-5 and the gene symbol is designated For-5. Two alleles are recognized on the basis of their differential heat sensitivity:For-5b is relatively heat stable and is present in strain C57BL/6J, while For-5d is relatively heat sensitive and is present in strain DBA/2J. The heat sensitivity of formamidase-5 in 44 other inbred strains and substrains was tested and found to resemble that of C57BL/6J or DBA/2J. Thirty-six recombinant inbred strains derived from progenitors that differed at For-5 were studies to test for single-gene inheritance and linkage with other loci. Complete concordance was found with the esterase-10 locus (Es-10), indicating close linkage. The 99% upper confidence limit of the distance between For-5 and Es-10 is 3.7 centimorgans (cM). Es-10 is located on chromosome 14 about 19 cM from the centromere. An independent demonstration of linkage of For-5 with Es-10 and another chromosome 14 marker, hairless (hr), is provided by the finding that the HRS/J strain, which has been sibmated for 60 generations with forced heterozygosity at the hr locus, is cosegregating at For-5 and Es-10. A survey of 32 inbred strains and substrains revealed that the For-5d allele is associated with the Es-10b allele, and that the For-5b allele is associated with Es-10a and Es-10c. Formamidase-5 segregates as expected in the F2 generation of crosses between strains bearing For-5b and For-5d alleles. It is possible that this unique formamidase of the brain is involved in the metabolism of a neurotransmitter substance.", "contents": "Genetics of formamidase-5 (brain formamidase) in the mouse: localization of the structural gene on chromosome 14. A single formamidase, which is different from the formamidases found in other tissues occurs in the brains of mice. This enzyme is here called formamidase-5 and the gene symbol is designated For-5. Two alleles are recognized on the basis of their differential heat sensitivity:For-5b is relatively heat stable and is present in strain C57BL/6J, while For-5d is relatively heat sensitive and is present in strain DBA/2J. The heat sensitivity of formamidase-5 in 44 other inbred strains and substrains was tested and found to resemble that of C57BL/6J or DBA/2J. Thirty-six recombinant inbred strains derived from progenitors that differed at For-5 were studies to test for single-gene inheritance and linkage with other loci. Complete concordance was found with the esterase-10 locus (Es-10), indicating close linkage. The 99% upper confidence limit of the distance between For-5 and Es-10 is 3.7 centimorgans (cM). Es-10 is located on chromosome 14 about 19 cM from the centromere. An independent demonstration of linkage of For-5 with Es-10 and another chromosome 14 marker, hairless (hr), is provided by the finding that the HRS/J strain, which has been sibmated for 60 generations with forced heterozygosity at the hr locus, is cosegregating at For-5 and Es-10. A survey of 32 inbred strains and substrains revealed that the For-5d allele is associated with the Es-10b allele, and that the For-5b allele is associated with Es-10a and Es-10c. Formamidase-5 segregates as expected in the F2 generation of crosses between strains bearing For-5b and For-5d alleles. It is possible that this unique formamidase of the brain is involved in the metabolism of a neurotransmitter substance.", "PMID": 92985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_446", "title": "Further studies on the structural requirements for polypeptide-mediated histamine release from rat mast cells.", "content": "Structure-activity studies have been performed on a series of naturally occurring and 'tailor-made' polypeptides, by measurement of ability to induce selective histamine release from normal rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro. Compounds investigated include corticotropin and melittin derivatives, mast-cell-degranulating peptide from bee venom, polymyxin B, bradykinin and various synthetic poly(amino acids) and short-chain peptides. It was confirmed that a cluster of four basic residues (lysine or arginine) was optimal for histamine release by corticotropin and melittin polypeptides, provided that the C-terminal carboxyl group was substituted (by, for instance, amidation). In contrast, the presence of a free C-terminal carboxyl group or nearby dicarboxylic acid residues led to a considerable diminution in histamine-releasing activity. Likewise, polypeptides comprised essentially of acidic amino acids were inactive. On the basis of these observations it has been possible to predict that synthetic peptides comprising a particular sequence within the Fc region of human immunoglobulin E, the immunoglobulin class particularly involved in mediation of allergic reactions of the immediate type, would possess potent histamine-releasing activity when similarly made to react with normal rat mast cells. The further study of such a structure should throw new light on the molecular basis of allergen-antibody triggering of mast cells.", "contents": "Further studies on the structural requirements for polypeptide-mediated histamine release from rat mast cells. Structure-activity studies have been performed on a series of naturally occurring and 'tailor-made' polypeptides, by measurement of ability to induce selective histamine release from normal rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro. Compounds investigated include corticotropin and melittin derivatives, mast-cell-degranulating peptide from bee venom, polymyxin B, bradykinin and various synthetic poly(amino acids) and short-chain peptides. It was confirmed that a cluster of four basic residues (lysine or arginine) was optimal for histamine release by corticotropin and melittin polypeptides, provided that the C-terminal carboxyl group was substituted (by, for instance, amidation). In contrast, the presence of a free C-terminal carboxyl group or nearby dicarboxylic acid residues led to a considerable diminution in histamine-releasing activity. Likewise, polypeptides comprised essentially of acidic amino acids were inactive. On the basis of these observations it has been possible to predict that synthetic peptides comprising a particular sequence within the Fc region of human immunoglobulin E, the immunoglobulin class particularly involved in mediation of allergic reactions of the immediate type, would possess potent histamine-releasing activity when similarly made to react with normal rat mast cells. The further study of such a structure should throw new light on the molecular basis of allergen-antibody triggering of mast cells.", "PMID": 92986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_447", "title": "Soluble proteins in the human atherosclerotic plaque. With spectral reference to immunoglobulins, C3-complement component, alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin.", "content": "A number of soluble proteins contained in human aortic intimal tissue was extracted into buffered saline (pH 7.4) and identified and quantitated by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion. The proteins included IgA, IgG, IgM, B1C (C3), alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, fibrinogen, albumin, LDL, HDL, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, beta 2-glycoprotein, transferrin and ceruloplasmin. The concentration of soluble proteins was significantly higher in the atherosclerotic intima than in the normal intima. The diseased intima also contained a small amount of tissue-bound IgG, IgA and B1C which was extractable with citrate buffer at pH 3.2. The vascular band IgG, and B1C were shown by enzymatic and immunohistochemical studies to be closely associated with the collagenous tissue of the plaque. The Ig contained in the atherosclerotic plaque may be derived in part from the biosynthesis of Ig by the artery, since the incorporation of 14C-labeled leucine into IgG by the atheromatous plaque was demonstrable by radioimmunoelectrophoresis. In contrast to the diseased artery, the normal artery did not synthesize IgG and did not contain vascular bound IgG or complement. However, the normal artery was capable of fixing IgG and B1C eluted from the diseased artery. The present studies suggested that the IgG contained and synthesized by the plaque might represent an immune response to an endogenous or exogenous antigen closely associated with plaque collagen. IgG and B1C either alone or in the form of an immune complex also may play an important role in phagocytosis in the plaque and thereby influence the course of atherosclerosis. The proteolytic inhibitors, alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin, found in relatively high concentrations in the plaque, could enhance fibrosis of the lesion because of thier known inhibitory effects on collagenase and elastase.", "contents": "Soluble proteins in the human atherosclerotic plaque. With spectral reference to immunoglobulins, C3-complement component, alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin. A number of soluble proteins contained in human aortic intimal tissue was extracted into buffered saline (pH 7.4) and identified and quantitated by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion. The proteins included IgA, IgG, IgM, B1C (C3), alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, fibrinogen, albumin, LDL, HDL, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, beta 2-glycoprotein, transferrin and ceruloplasmin. The concentration of soluble proteins was significantly higher in the atherosclerotic intima than in the normal intima. The diseased intima also contained a small amount of tissue-bound IgG, IgA and B1C which was extractable with citrate buffer at pH 3.2. The vascular band IgG, and B1C were shown by enzymatic and immunohistochemical studies to be closely associated with the collagenous tissue of the plaque. The Ig contained in the atherosclerotic plaque may be derived in part from the biosynthesis of Ig by the artery, since the incorporation of 14C-labeled leucine into IgG by the atheromatous plaque was demonstrable by radioimmunoelectrophoresis. In contrast to the diseased artery, the normal artery did not synthesize IgG and did not contain vascular bound IgG or complement. However, the normal artery was capable of fixing IgG and B1C eluted from the diseased artery. The present studies suggested that the IgG contained and synthesized by the plaque might represent an immune response to an endogenous or exogenous antigen closely associated with plaque collagen. IgG and B1C either alone or in the form of an immune complex also may play an important role in phagocytosis in the plaque and thereby influence the course of atherosclerosis. The proteolytic inhibitors, alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin, found in relatively high concentrations in the plaque, could enhance fibrosis of the lesion because of thier known inhibitory effects on collagenase and elastase.", "PMID": 92993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_448", "title": "[Counterimmunoelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane with a commercial lyophilized antigen in diagnosis of human hydatidosis].", "content": "A very simplified method of crossed over electrophoresis (CIEP) was employed with a lyophilized commercially produced antigen (previously submitted to several freezing and thawing) and cellulose acetate membrane, for the diagnosis of human hydatidosis. Results are as follows: active hydatidosis (surgically confirmed): number of sera tested 35; positive 32 (91%). Sera of patients with parasitic and non parasitic illnesses (especially malignancies of liver and lung) did not show any precipitin lines. The pattern of immunoprecipitation is characteristically in the form of an \"upper lip\" or a thick and undulating \"streak\". The very thin arcs of precipitation which are occurring in some control sera, are to be considered negative. These results indicate that with regard to the rule of the \"three S\" (specificity, sensitivity and simplicity) the method appears sufficiently satisfactory.", "contents": "[Counterimmunoelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane with a commercial lyophilized antigen in diagnosis of human hydatidosis]. A very simplified method of crossed over electrophoresis (CIEP) was employed with a lyophilized commercially produced antigen (previously submitted to several freezing and thawing) and cellulose acetate membrane, for the diagnosis of human hydatidosis. Results are as follows: active hydatidosis (surgically confirmed): number of sera tested 35; positive 32 (91%). Sera of patients with parasitic and non parasitic illnesses (especially malignancies of liver and lung) did not show any precipitin lines. The pattern of immunoprecipitation is characteristically in the form of an \"upper lip\" or a thick and undulating \"streak\". The very thin arcs of precipitation which are occurring in some control sera, are to be considered negative. These results indicate that with regard to the rule of the \"three S\" (specificity, sensitivity and simplicity) the method appears sufficiently satisfactory.", "PMID": 92994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_449", "title": "An improved immunoelectrophoretic methodology for the evaluation of protein caloric malnutrition.", "content": "An improved technique of two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis of serum proteins on gelatinized cellulose acetate for routine evaluation of protein nutritional state is described. The method, which allows the estimation of more than 30 protein fractions, proves extremely useful in monitoring the effectiveness of total parenteral nutrition and protein metabolic conditions. Sera samples from healthy subjects and cachectical neoplastic patients have been examined and preliminary results are reported.", "contents": "An improved immunoelectrophoretic methodology for the evaluation of protein caloric malnutrition. An improved technique of two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis of serum proteins on gelatinized cellulose acetate for routine evaluation of protein nutritional state is described. The method, which allows the estimation of more than 30 protein fractions, proves extremely useful in monitoring the effectiveness of total parenteral nutrition and protein metabolic conditions. Sera samples from healthy subjects and cachectical neoplastic patients have been examined and preliminary results are reported.", "PMID": 92995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_450", "title": "Separation of human leukocyte interferon components by concanavalin A-agarose affinity chromatography and their characterization.", "content": "Human leukocyte interferon (HL-IF), produced by mixed leukocytes infected with Newcastle disease virus, was resolved into three distinct fractions when chromatographed on concanavalin A-agarose. The major portion (70--75%) of interferon appeared in the breakthrough (BT fraction). The bound interferon (25--30%) was displaced from the column as two peaks: the first was eluted with 0.01 M methyl alpha-D-mannoside, yielding 15-20% of the interferon activity (alpha-MM fraction), and the second by including ethylene glycol (70%) in the eluant, yielding the remaining 5--15% of the interferon (EG fraction). No interferon was retained when HL-IF produced in the presence of glycosylation inhibitors (tunicamycin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose) was chromatographed on concanavalin A-agarose, suggesting that the fraction of interferon retained by this lectin is glycosylated. The three fractions of interferon (BT, alpha-MM, and EG) were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, cross-species antiviral activity, and neutralization by specific antisera. The BT fraction contains exclusively the 16 000 molecular weight component of human leukocyte interferon. The majority of the alpha-MM fraction (90%) is the 21 000 molecular weight component. However, the EG fraction contains the 16 000 and 21 000--23 000 molecular weight components in essentially equal proportions. On the basis of cross-species antiviral activity and neutralization by specific antisera, the BT and alpha-MM fractions are leukocyte-type interferon and the EG fraction seems to be primarily of fibroblast type.", "contents": "Separation of human leukocyte interferon components by concanavalin A-agarose affinity chromatography and their characterization. Human leukocyte interferon (HL-IF), produced by mixed leukocytes infected with Newcastle disease virus, was resolved into three distinct fractions when chromatographed on concanavalin A-agarose. The major portion (70--75%) of interferon appeared in the breakthrough (BT fraction). The bound interferon (25--30%) was displaced from the column as two peaks: the first was eluted with 0.01 M methyl alpha-D-mannoside, yielding 15-20% of the interferon activity (alpha-MM fraction), and the second by including ethylene glycol (70%) in the eluant, yielding the remaining 5--15% of the interferon (EG fraction). No interferon was retained when HL-IF produced in the presence of glycosylation inhibitors (tunicamycin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose) was chromatographed on concanavalin A-agarose, suggesting that the fraction of interferon retained by this lectin is glycosylated. The three fractions of interferon (BT, alpha-MM, and EG) were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, cross-species antiviral activity, and neutralization by specific antisera. The BT fraction contains exclusively the 16 000 molecular weight component of human leukocyte interferon. The majority of the alpha-MM fraction (90%) is the 21 000 molecular weight component. However, the EG fraction contains the 16 000 and 21 000--23 000 molecular weight components in essentially equal proportions. On the basis of cross-species antiviral activity and neutralization by specific antisera, the BT and alpha-MM fractions are leukocyte-type interferon and the EG fraction seems to be primarily of fibroblast type.", "PMID": 92998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_451", "title": "Utilization of mismatched initiator termini by avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase.", "content": "DNA synthesis by avian myeloblastosis virus was studied using poly(C) as template and modified oligo(dG) as primer. The addition of one noncomplementary base to the 3'-end of the primer has no important effect on synthesis. The mispaired base is incorporated into the product and the apparent Km (for primer) and the V of the reaction remain unchanged. This confirms the absence of a 3' leads to 5'-exodeoxynuclease activity using a template that is transcribed faithfully rather than one that can undergo a slippage reaction.", "contents": "Utilization of mismatched initiator termini by avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase. DNA synthesis by avian myeloblastosis virus was studied using poly(C) as template and modified oligo(dG) as primer. The addition of one noncomplementary base to the 3'-end of the primer has no important effect on synthesis. The mispaired base is incorporated into the product and the apparent Km (for primer) and the V of the reaction remain unchanged. This confirms the absence of a 3' leads to 5'-exodeoxynuclease activity using a template that is transcribed faithfully rather than one that can undergo a slippage reaction.", "PMID": 92999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_452", "title": "Glutathione thiol esterases of human red blood cells. Fractionation by gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing.", "content": "The number and the substrate specificities of glutathione thiol esterases of human red blood cells have been investigated by gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing and staining methods devised for the location of these enzymes on gels. Several glutathione thiol esterase forms, both unspecific (with respect to the S-acyl group of the substrate) and specific were found. Electrophoresis on both polyacrylamide and agarose gels resolved three enzyme components with apparently similar substrate specificity. Isoelectric focusing in liquid column separated two unspecific thiol esterase components with S-lactoylglutathione (pI = 8.4) and S-propionylglutathione (pI = 8.1) as the best substrates, respectively, and two specific enzymes, S-formylglutathione hydrolase (pI = 5.2) and S-succinylglutathione hydrolase (pI = 9.0). Isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel resolved nine unspecific glutathione thiol esterase bands (between pH values 7.0 and 8.4). Partially purified glyoxalase II (S-2-hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase, EC 3.1.2.6) from erythrocytes or liver still gave three components on electrophoresis and several activity bands on gel electrofocusing. These results indicate that human red cells contain at least four separate glutathione thiol esterases. Glyoxalase II, one of these enzymes, apparently occurs in multiple forms. These were neither influenced by preptreatment of the samples with neuraminidase or thiols nor were interconvertible during the fractionations.", "contents": "Glutathione thiol esterases of human red blood cells. Fractionation by gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The number and the substrate specificities of glutathione thiol esterases of human red blood cells have been investigated by gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing and staining methods devised for the location of these enzymes on gels. Several glutathione thiol esterase forms, both unspecific (with respect to the S-acyl group of the substrate) and specific were found. Electrophoresis on both polyacrylamide and agarose gels resolved three enzyme components with apparently similar substrate specificity. Isoelectric focusing in liquid column separated two unspecific thiol esterase components with S-lactoylglutathione (pI = 8.4) and S-propionylglutathione (pI = 8.1) as the best substrates, respectively, and two specific enzymes, S-formylglutathione hydrolase (pI = 5.2) and S-succinylglutathione hydrolase (pI = 9.0). Isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel resolved nine unspecific glutathione thiol esterase bands (between pH values 7.0 and 8.4). Partially purified glyoxalase II (S-2-hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase, EC 3.1.2.6) from erythrocytes or liver still gave three components on electrophoresis and several activity bands on gel electrofocusing. These results indicate that human red cells contain at least four separate glutathione thiol esterases. Glyoxalase II, one of these enzymes, apparently occurs in multiple forms. These were neither influenced by preptreatment of the samples with neuraminidase or thiols nor were interconvertible during the fractionations.", "PMID": 93000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_453", "title": "The use of radio-immuno-inhibition assay for the study of the y, d and w determinants of hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay determination of the HBs antigen subtypes is discussed, it is simple but effective technique was used in association with the use of the Austria II kit (Abbott Laboratories). This method consists of an inhibition reaction of the Austria II test, by previous incubation of the antigen to be subtyped with a monospecific antibody. With this method we were able to distinguish the y and the d antigens as well as the w1, w3, w4 determinants of hepatitis B surface antigen. We have included a frequency table of the various HBs subtypes found among donor and patient populations in Li\u00e8ge.", "contents": "The use of radio-immuno-inhibition assay for the study of the y, d and w determinants of hepatitis B surface antigen. A radioimmunoassay determination of the HBs antigen subtypes is discussed, it is simple but effective technique was used in association with the use of the Austria II kit (Abbott Laboratories). This method consists of an inhibition reaction of the Austria II test, by previous incubation of the antigen to be subtyped with a monospecific antibody. With this method we were able to distinguish the y and the d antigens as well as the w1, w3, w4 determinants of hepatitis B surface antigen. We have included a frequency table of the various HBs subtypes found among donor and patient populations in Li\u00e8ge.", "PMID": 93002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_454", "title": "[Immunohistochemical identification of specific antigens in stained and balsam-embedded eye lens sections].", "content": "Localization of specific proteins at preliminary stained with azan and embedded in balsam sections of amphibian eye lens (Rana temporaria, Xenopus laevis) was studied by indirect immunofluorescence. The analysis was performed on the lens of intact animals as well as on lens induced in amphibia gastrula ectoderm in vitro. To remove balsam the lens sections were successively washed by xylene, ethanol and saline (pH 7.1). Then they were treated according to the general principles of immunohistochemical analysis. Specific antigens have been thus shown to be detectable at lens sections which had been kept in balsam for over a year. The immunofluorescent reaction to lens proteins was negative at more prolonged storage of the sections (2--3 years).", "contents": "[Immunohistochemical identification of specific antigens in stained and balsam-embedded eye lens sections]. Localization of specific proteins at preliminary stained with azan and embedded in balsam sections of amphibian eye lens (Rana temporaria, Xenopus laevis) was studied by indirect immunofluorescence. The analysis was performed on the lens of intact animals as well as on lens induced in amphibia gastrula ectoderm in vitro. To remove balsam the lens sections were successively washed by xylene, ethanol and saline (pH 7.1). Then they were treated according to the general principles of immunohistochemical analysis. Specific antigens have been thus shown to be detectable at lens sections which had been kept in balsam for over a year. The immunofluorescent reaction to lens proteins was negative at more prolonged storage of the sections (2--3 years).", "PMID": 93003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_455", "title": "[Two-layer rocket-electrophoresis on cellulose-acetate membranes].", "content": "Two-floor rocket-electrophoresis on gelatinated acetate cellulose membrane \"Cellogel\" has been developed. The method is based on electroimmunodiffusion detection of the antigen on the acetate-cellulose membranes, containing monospecific antiserum of the test-system. The procedure is followed by the detection of precipitation bands (\"rockets\") by staining, if the reaction is conducted in the visible zone or by the further treatment of the acetate-cellulose strips, containing invisible precipitates with antiglobulin antibodies, the complement or their combination. An increase in the method sensitivity up to 30-60 ng/ml in the visible zone of the reaction is achieved by simultaneous reduction in the antibody concentration and the growth of the absolute quantity of the antigen, subjected to electrophoresis, up to 50-100 microliters. The method has been applied to human alpha-fetoprotein.", "contents": "[Two-layer rocket-electrophoresis on cellulose-acetate membranes]. Two-floor rocket-electrophoresis on gelatinated acetate cellulose membrane \"Cellogel\" has been developed. The method is based on electroimmunodiffusion detection of the antigen on the acetate-cellulose membranes, containing monospecific antiserum of the test-system. The procedure is followed by the detection of precipitation bands (\"rockets\") by staining, if the reaction is conducted in the visible zone or by the further treatment of the acetate-cellulose strips, containing invisible precipitates with antiglobulin antibodies, the complement or their combination. An increase in the method sensitivity up to 30-60 ng/ml in the visible zone of the reaction is achieved by simultaneous reduction in the antibody concentration and the growth of the absolute quantity of the antigen, subjected to electrophoresis, up to 50-100 microliters. The method has been applied to human alpha-fetoprotein.", "PMID": 93004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_456", "title": "Increased serum prolactin pituitary reserve in patients with prostatic neoplasms.", "content": "Prolactin (PRL) pituitary reserve was measured in 8 patients with prostatic adenoma and 11 patients with prostatic carcinoma. The PRL reserve was significantly higher in these patients compared to an age-matched control group of 6 subjects. A possible role for PRL-inhibiting drugs in the management of oestrogen-resistant carcinomas of the prostate is suggested.", "contents": "Increased serum prolactin pituitary reserve in patients with prostatic neoplasms. Prolactin (PRL) pituitary reserve was measured in 8 patients with prostatic adenoma and 11 patients with prostatic carcinoma. The PRL reserve was significantly higher in these patients compared to an age-matched control group of 6 subjects. A possible role for PRL-inhibiting drugs in the management of oestrogen-resistant carcinomas of the prostate is suggested.", "PMID": 93008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_457", "title": "Regulation of hormone-induced cyclic AMP response to parathyroid hormone and prostaglandin E2 in cells cultured from human giant cell tumors of bone.", "content": "Cells dispersed from human giant cell tumors of bone and grown in monolayer culture increase intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) when incubated with parathyroid hormone (PTH) or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). When cells are continuously exposed to PTH, cAMP levels increase acutely but then decrease rapidly to pretreatment values despite continued presence of hormone or addition of new hormone. Preincubation of cells with PTH for periods as short as 10 min results in a decrease in the capacity of cells to increase cAMP content when re-exposed to maximal stimulatory concentrations of PTH. The decrease in the magnitude of the PTH-induced cAMP response observed in cells pretreated with this hormone is dependent on the concentration of PTH present during the preincubation. The loss of cAMP response in cells pretreated with either PGE2 or PTH is hormone specific in that cells made refractory by pretreatment with one hormone still increase cAMP content when exposed to the other. Although the cells are not releasing measurable amounts of prostaglandins into the medium, pretreatment with indomethacin results in an increase in the magnitude of the cAMP response to PGE2. The PTH-induced cAMP response is not affected by indomethacin pretreatment. The loss of PTH responsiveness produced by hormone preincubation is consistent with the phenomenon of \"down-regulation\" observed with ligand-receptor interactions in a variety of tissues.", "contents": "Regulation of hormone-induced cyclic AMP response to parathyroid hormone and prostaglandin E2 in cells cultured from human giant cell tumors of bone. Cells dispersed from human giant cell tumors of bone and grown in monolayer culture increase intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) when incubated with parathyroid hormone (PTH) or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). When cells are continuously exposed to PTH, cAMP levels increase acutely but then decrease rapidly to pretreatment values despite continued presence of hormone or addition of new hormone. Preincubation of cells with PTH for periods as short as 10 min results in a decrease in the capacity of cells to increase cAMP content when re-exposed to maximal stimulatory concentrations of PTH. The decrease in the magnitude of the PTH-induced cAMP response observed in cells pretreated with this hormone is dependent on the concentration of PTH present during the preincubation. The loss of cAMP response in cells pretreated with either PGE2 or PTH is hormone specific in that cells made refractory by pretreatment with one hormone still increase cAMP content when exposed to the other. Although the cells are not releasing measurable amounts of prostaglandins into the medium, pretreatment with indomethacin results in an increase in the magnitude of the cAMP response to PGE2. The PTH-induced cAMP response is not affected by indomethacin pretreatment. The loss of PTH responsiveness produced by hormone preincubation is consistent with the phenomenon of \"down-regulation\" observed with ligand-receptor interactions in a variety of tissues.", "PMID": 93016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_458", "title": "Continuation of fast axonal transport in regenerating axons in vitro.", "content": "A previous study by McLean and co-workers reported that regenerating axons of the rabbit vagus nerve were unable to sustain axonal transport in vitro for several months after nerve injury. In contrast, we found that sensory axons of the rat sciatic nerve were able to transport 3H-labeled protein into their regenerating portions distal to the site of injury within a week after injury when placed in vitro. Transport in vitro was not significantly less than transport in axons maintained in vivo for the same period. Transport occurred in the medium that was used by the McLean group, but was significantly reduced in calcium-free medium. When axon regeneration was delared, only small amounts of activity were present in the nerve distal to the site of injury, showing that labeled protein normally present in that part of the nerve was associated with axons and was not a result of local precursor uptake by nonneural elements in the sciatic nerve. We were not able to explain the failure of McLean and co-workers to demonstrate transport in vitro in regenerating vagus nerve, but we conclude that there is no general peculiarity of growing axons that makes them unable to sustain transport in vitro.", "contents": "Continuation of fast axonal transport in regenerating axons in vitro. A previous study by McLean and co-workers reported that regenerating axons of the rabbit vagus nerve were unable to sustain axonal transport in vitro for several months after nerve injury. In contrast, we found that sensory axons of the rat sciatic nerve were able to transport 3H-labeled protein into their regenerating portions distal to the site of injury within a week after injury when placed in vitro. Transport in vitro was not significantly less than transport in axons maintained in vivo for the same period. Transport occurred in the medium that was used by the McLean group, but was significantly reduced in calcium-free medium. When axon regeneration was delared, only small amounts of activity were present in the nerve distal to the site of injury, showing that labeled protein normally present in that part of the nerve was associated with axons and was not a result of local precursor uptake by nonneural elements in the sciatic nerve. We were not able to explain the failure of McLean and co-workers to demonstrate transport in vitro in regenerating vagus nerve, but we conclude that there is no general peculiarity of growing axons that makes them unable to sustain transport in vitro.", "PMID": 93017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_459", "title": "Effects of adenosine and adenine nucleotides on synaptic transmission in the cerebral cortex.", "content": "Adenosine and the adenine nucleotides have a potent depressant action on cerebral cortical neurons, including identified corticospinal cells. Other purine and pyrimidine nucleotides were either weakly depressant (inosine and guanosine derivatives) or largely inactive (xanthine, cytidine, thymidine, uridine derivatives). The 5'-triphosphates and to a lesser extent the 5'-diphosphates of all the purine and pyrimidines tested had excitant actions on cortical neurons. Adenosine transport blockers and deaminase inhibitors depressed the firing of cortical neurons and potentiated the depressant actions of adenosine and the adenine nucleotides. Methylxanthines (theophylline, caffeine, and isobutylmethylxanthine) antagonized the depressant effects of adenosine and the adenine nucleotides and enhanced the spontaneous firing rate of cerebral cortical neurons. Intracellular recordings showed that adenosine 5'-monophosphate hyperpolarizes cerebral cortical neurons and suppresses spontaneous and evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the absence of any pronounced alterations in membrane resistance or of the threshold for action potential generation. It is suggested that adenosine depresses spontaneous and evoked activity by inhibiting the release of transmitter from presynaptic nerve terminals. Furthermore, the depressant effects of potentiators and excitant effects of antagonists of adenosine on neuronal firing are consistent with the hypothesis that cortical neurons are subject to control by endogenously released purines.", "contents": "Effects of adenosine and adenine nucleotides on synaptic transmission in the cerebral cortex. Adenosine and the adenine nucleotides have a potent depressant action on cerebral cortical neurons, including identified corticospinal cells. Other purine and pyrimidine nucleotides were either weakly depressant (inosine and guanosine derivatives) or largely inactive (xanthine, cytidine, thymidine, uridine derivatives). The 5'-triphosphates and to a lesser extent the 5'-diphosphates of all the purine and pyrimidines tested had excitant actions on cortical neurons. Adenosine transport blockers and deaminase inhibitors depressed the firing of cortical neurons and potentiated the depressant actions of adenosine and the adenine nucleotides. Methylxanthines (theophylline, caffeine, and isobutylmethylxanthine) antagonized the depressant effects of adenosine and the adenine nucleotides and enhanced the spontaneous firing rate of cerebral cortical neurons. Intracellular recordings showed that adenosine 5'-monophosphate hyperpolarizes cerebral cortical neurons and suppresses spontaneous and evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the absence of any pronounced alterations in membrane resistance or of the threshold for action potential generation. It is suggested that adenosine depresses spontaneous and evoked activity by inhibiting the release of transmitter from presynaptic nerve terminals. Furthermore, the depressant effects of potentiators and excitant effects of antagonists of adenosine on neuronal firing are consistent with the hypothesis that cortical neurons are subject to control by endogenously released purines.", "PMID": 93018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_460", "title": "Effect of synthetic cyclic nucleotides on immunologic histamine release from calf granulocytes.", "content": "Sensitized bovine granulocytes release histamine when exposed to specific antigens. A unique modulation of histamine release by adrenergic agents has been shown in the bovine; beta-adrenergic agonists enhance and alpha-adrenergic agonists inhibit histamine release. This is an opposite response to that reported in other species. The present study was undertaken to determine the possible relationship between cyclic nucleotides and adrenergic agents in this species. Dibutyryl cAMP enhanced antigen-induced histamine release over the complete concentration range tested (10(-6)--10(-3)M); it also overcame, in a dose-dependent manner, the inhibition of antigen-induced histamine release produced by 10(-4) M phenylephrine. The 8-bromo cGMP AND 0-MONOBUTYRYL CGMP had no significant effect on antigen-induced histamine release nor did 8-bromo-cGMP have any significant effect on the enhancement of histamine release produced by 10(-4) M dibutyryl cAMP. These findings suggest that only cAMP has a role in the modulation of antigen-induced histamine release from bovine granulocytes.", "contents": "Effect of synthetic cyclic nucleotides on immunologic histamine release from calf granulocytes. Sensitized bovine granulocytes release histamine when exposed to specific antigens. A unique modulation of histamine release by adrenergic agents has been shown in the bovine; beta-adrenergic agonists enhance and alpha-adrenergic agonists inhibit histamine release. This is an opposite response to that reported in other species. The present study was undertaken to determine the possible relationship between cyclic nucleotides and adrenergic agents in this species. Dibutyryl cAMP enhanced antigen-induced histamine release over the complete concentration range tested (10(-6)--10(-3)M); it also overcame, in a dose-dependent manner, the inhibition of antigen-induced histamine release produced by 10(-4) M phenylephrine. The 8-bromo cGMP AND 0-MONOBUTYRYL CGMP had no significant effect on antigen-induced histamine release nor did 8-bromo-cGMP have any significant effect on the enhancement of histamine release produced by 10(-4) M dibutyryl cAMP. These findings suggest that only cAMP has a role in the modulation of antigen-induced histamine release from bovine granulocytes.", "PMID": 93019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_461", "title": "The synthesis of antigenic determinants for yeast D-mannans and a linear (1to 6)-alpha-D-gluco-D-mannan, and their protein conjugates.", "content": "2-O-Benzoyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-1-O-tosyl-D-mannopyranose and 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-6-O-(N-phenylcarbamoyl)-1-O-tosyl-D-glucopyranose were allowed to react with partially blocked 2-[4-(ptoluensulfonamido)phenyl]ethyl alpha-D-manno- and gluco-pyranosides. Disaccharides having alpha-D-Manp-(1 to 2)-alpha-D-Manp, alpha-D-Manp-(1 to 6)-alpha-D-Glcp, alpha-D-Manp-(1 to 6)-alpha-D-Manp, and alpha-D-Glcp-(1 to 6)-alpha-D-Manp structures, and a branched trisaccharide having the structure alpha-D-Manp-(1 to 2)-[alpha-D-Manp-(1 to 6)]-alpha-D-Manp were synthesized. The oligosaccharid:s were deblocked with sodium in liquid ammonia to give glycopyranosides having a free primary aromatic amine which were converted into isothiocyanate derivatives with thio-phosgene. The functionalized oligosaccharides were then coupled to bovine serum albumin to give protein conjugates.", "contents": "The synthesis of antigenic determinants for yeast D-mannans and a linear (1to 6)-alpha-D-gluco-D-mannan, and their protein conjugates. 2-O-Benzoyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-1-O-tosyl-D-mannopyranose and 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-6-O-(N-phenylcarbamoyl)-1-O-tosyl-D-glucopyranose were allowed to react with partially blocked 2-[4-(ptoluensulfonamido)phenyl]ethyl alpha-D-manno- and gluco-pyranosides. Disaccharides having alpha-D-Manp-(1 to 2)-alpha-D-Manp, alpha-D-Manp-(1 to 6)-alpha-D-Glcp, alpha-D-Manp-(1 to 6)-alpha-D-Manp, and alpha-D-Glcp-(1 to 6)-alpha-D-Manp structures, and a branched trisaccharide having the structure alpha-D-Manp-(1 to 2)-[alpha-D-Manp-(1 to 6)]-alpha-D-Manp were synthesized. The oligosaccharid:s were deblocked with sodium in liquid ammonia to give glycopyranosides having a free primary aromatic amine which were converted into isothiocyanate derivatives with thio-phosgene. The functionalized oligosaccharides were then coupled to bovine serum albumin to give protein conjugates.", "PMID": 93021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_462", "title": "Three-dimensional arrangement of sarcoplasmic reticulum in crayfish as seen by high voltage electron microscope.", "content": "Sections several micro thick of single fibres from the crayfish muscle were examined by means of a high voltage electron microscope to find out the geometry of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). A sufficient contrast of the SR was achieved by lead acetate histochemical method for calcium. Longitudinally oriented files of SR vesicles at the level of A bands and interruptions in otherwise continuous SR net are the most conspicuous features.", "contents": "Three-dimensional arrangement of sarcoplasmic reticulum in crayfish as seen by high voltage electron microscope. Sections several micro thick of single fibres from the crayfish muscle were examined by means of a high voltage electron microscope to find out the geometry of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). A sufficient contrast of the SR was achieved by lead acetate histochemical method for calcium. Longitudinally oriented files of SR vesicles at the level of A bands and interruptions in otherwise continuous SR net are the most conspicuous features.", "PMID": 93024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_463", "title": "Cells of origin of the hippocampal afferent projection from the nucleus reuniens thalami. A combined Golgi-HRP study in the rat.", "content": "Neurons of the nucleus reuniens thalami stained with Golgi methods are compared to cells in this nucleus labelled in retrograde fashion after hippocampal injections of horseradish peroxidase. The cellular morphology ranges from fusiform to multiangular with most cells showing radiating processes characteristic of neurons in the reticular core. Dendrites are long and relatively smooth, with a few sparsely distributed spinous processes. These cells are comparable to the cholinergic cells of the median septal/diagonal band area which also project into the hippocampal formation.", "contents": "Cells of origin of the hippocampal afferent projection from the nucleus reuniens thalami. A combined Golgi-HRP study in the rat. Neurons of the nucleus reuniens thalami stained with Golgi methods are compared to cells in this nucleus labelled in retrograde fashion after hippocampal injections of horseradish peroxidase. The cellular morphology ranges from fusiform to multiangular with most cells showing radiating processes characteristic of neurons in the reticular core. Dendrites are long and relatively smooth, with a few sparsely distributed spinous processes. These cells are comparable to the cholinergic cells of the median septal/diagonal band area which also project into the hippocampal formation.", "PMID": 93025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_464", "title": "Assembly and maturation of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens in vivo.", "content": "HLA-A and HLA-B antigens are integral membrane glycoproteins which consist of a glycosylated heavy chain embedded in the membrane in noncovalent association with beta 2-microglobulin, a water-soluble polypeptide. The assembly and maturation of these antigens has been studied in vivo in the human B lymphoblastoid cell line T5-1 (HLA-A1, -A2, -B8, -B27). Two antigenically distinct populations of HLA-A and -B heavy chains can be detected by antisera which recognize determinants sensitive to the conformation of the heavy chain. One heavy chain population is associated with beta 2-microglobulin, whereas the other population is not. These populations can be further distinguished by their oligosaccharide structure and their localization within the cell. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrate a precursor-product relationship between these heavy chain populations and suggest the following pathway for the assembly and maturation of HLA-A and -B antigens. The completed heavy chains initially carry high mannose oligosaccharides and are largely or wholly associated with beta 2-microglobulin. During the next 10-15 min, association with beta 2-microglobulin occurs and the heavy chain conformation is altered. Beginning at about 30 min after synthesis, the oligosaccharides are converted from the high mannose form to the complex form, and between 60 and 80 min after synthesis, the mature antigens appear at the cell surface. These observations are discussed in relation to in vivo and in vitro studies on the biosynthesis of a variety of secreted proteins and membrane proteins.", "contents": "Assembly and maturation of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens in vivo. HLA-A and HLA-B antigens are integral membrane glycoproteins which consist of a glycosylated heavy chain embedded in the membrane in noncovalent association with beta 2-microglobulin, a water-soluble polypeptide. The assembly and maturation of these antigens has been studied in vivo in the human B lymphoblastoid cell line T5-1 (HLA-A1, -A2, -B8, -B27). Two antigenically distinct populations of HLA-A and -B heavy chains can be detected by antisera which recognize determinants sensitive to the conformation of the heavy chain. One heavy chain population is associated with beta 2-microglobulin, whereas the other population is not. These populations can be further distinguished by their oligosaccharide structure and their localization within the cell. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrate a precursor-product relationship between these heavy chain populations and suggest the following pathway for the assembly and maturation of HLA-A and -B antigens. The completed heavy chains initially carry high mannose oligosaccharides and are largely or wholly associated with beta 2-microglobulin. During the next 10-15 min, association with beta 2-microglobulin occurs and the heavy chain conformation is altered. Beginning at about 30 min after synthesis, the oligosaccharides are converted from the high mannose form to the complex form, and between 60 and 80 min after synthesis, the mature antigens appear at the cell surface. These observations are discussed in relation to in vivo and in vitro studies on the biosynthesis of a variety of secreted proteins and membrane proteins.", "PMID": 93026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_465", "title": "Testicular germ cell tumors: diagnosis, management, and the potential for cure.", "content": "Even in advanced stages, testicular germ cell tumors are now curable. Pathologic classification proposed by W.H.O. affords more precise histologic definition; nevertheless, an improved staging classification more relevant to combination chemotherapy is required. Diagnostic evaluation should include the newer serum protein markers, lymphangiography as well as ultrasound and/or computerized axial tomography when clinically indicated. Combination chemotherapy drug regimens have made a major impact on survival of patients with testicular germ cell tumors because they can induce a high percentage of durable complete remissions. Only prospective trials can define the optimum number of drugs needed and the length of time of treatment to obtain cure. The role of combined modality therapy (radiation, reductive surgery, chemotherapy) needs to be further defined. It is hoped that ongoing clinical trials will answer many of these important questions.", "contents": "Testicular germ cell tumors: diagnosis, management, and the potential for cure. Even in advanced stages, testicular germ cell tumors are now curable. Pathologic classification proposed by W.H.O. affords more precise histologic definition; nevertheless, an improved staging classification more relevant to combination chemotherapy is required. Diagnostic evaluation should include the newer serum protein markers, lymphangiography as well as ultrasound and/or computerized axial tomography when clinically indicated. Combination chemotherapy drug regimens have made a major impact on survival of patients with testicular germ cell tumors because they can induce a high percentage of durable complete remissions. Only prospective trials can define the optimum number of drugs needed and the length of time of treatment to obtain cure. The role of combined modality therapy (radiation, reductive surgery, chemotherapy) needs to be further defined. It is hoped that ongoing clinical trials will answer many of these important questions.", "PMID": 93029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_466", "title": "Phase I and II clinical study of anhydro-ara-5-fluorocytosine (AAFC) and ICRF-159 combination in adenocarcinoma of digestive origin.", "content": "The results of a phase I--II study of a combination chemotherapy with AAFC and ICRF-159 in advanced adenocarcinoma of digestive origin are presented. Myelosuppression was the dose-limiting toxicity with anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The maximum tolerated dose of AAFC in the combination program was 650 mg/m2 I.V. weekly. ICRF-159 was given in a 3-day course every 3 weeks and the dose was escalated from 125 mg/m2 to 500 mg/m2 daily. Bone marrow toxicity was noticied at the first escalation level and all dose levels were similarly toxic. The results of this combination chemotherapy were: two partial responses in 14 patients with gastric cancer; no responses in nine patients with colorectal cancer; no responses in three patients with pancreatic cancer; and no responses in two patients with biliary tree cancer. In conclusion, AAFC and ICRF-159 combination chemotherapy demonstrated a low level of activity in advanced carcinoma of digestive origin. The peculiar hematologic toxicity found at the low-level dose requires further documentation and could make this drug association suitable for a phase II study in leukemia and/or lymphoma.", "contents": "Phase I and II clinical study of anhydro-ara-5-fluorocytosine (AAFC) and ICRF-159 combination in adenocarcinoma of digestive origin. The results of a phase I--II study of a combination chemotherapy with AAFC and ICRF-159 in advanced adenocarcinoma of digestive origin are presented. Myelosuppression was the dose-limiting toxicity with anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The maximum tolerated dose of AAFC in the combination program was 650 mg/m2 I.V. weekly. ICRF-159 was given in a 3-day course every 3 weeks and the dose was escalated from 125 mg/m2 to 500 mg/m2 daily. Bone marrow toxicity was noticied at the first escalation level and all dose levels were similarly toxic. The results of this combination chemotherapy were: two partial responses in 14 patients with gastric cancer; no responses in nine patients with colorectal cancer; no responses in three patients with pancreatic cancer; and no responses in two patients with biliary tree cancer. In conclusion, AAFC and ICRF-159 combination chemotherapy demonstrated a low level of activity in advanced carcinoma of digestive origin. The peculiar hematologic toxicity found at the low-level dose requires further documentation and could make this drug association suitable for a phase II study in leukemia and/or lymphoma.", "PMID": 93030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_467", "title": "The biologic basis for combined modality treatment of cancer.", "content": "Strategies related to cancer should be aimed at optimization of local and regional treatment. Delineation of subsets of patients with high risk for recurrence would have a significant impact, upon which such adjunctive systems of therapeutic management should be evaluated. In disseminated disease, or where the probability of dissemination is high, evaluation of any realistic potential combination of treatment for tumor control should be pursued. It is necessary to delineate optimal palliative therapy where tumor control is not possible, but also to test new drugs, immunotherapeutic tools and combination regimens in all such situations where the disseminated compartment of the disease is of high probability. Only under such circumstances will the most practical and important optimization of treatment programs be achieved. The development of the above basic attributes for each tumor type needs to be studied so that protocols can be developed with a clear understanding of the nature of the disease, condition to be studied, and the general therapeutic strategies to be followed.", "contents": "The biologic basis for combined modality treatment of cancer. Strategies related to cancer should be aimed at optimization of local and regional treatment. Delineation of subsets of patients with high risk for recurrence would have a significant impact, upon which such adjunctive systems of therapeutic management should be evaluated. In disseminated disease, or where the probability of dissemination is high, evaluation of any realistic potential combination of treatment for tumor control should be pursued. It is necessary to delineate optimal palliative therapy where tumor control is not possible, but also to test new drugs, immunotherapeutic tools and combination regimens in all such situations where the disseminated compartment of the disease is of high probability. Only under such circumstances will the most practical and important optimization of treatment programs be achieved. The development of the above basic attributes for each tumor type needs to be studied so that protocols can be developed with a clear understanding of the nature of the disease, condition to be studied, and the general therapeutic strategies to be followed.", "PMID": 93031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_468", "title": "[Stimulating determinants of the secondary mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR-II)].", "content": "An anti-Ia immune serum (A . TL anti-A . TH) directed to the antigens of the stimulating cell, blocked the MLR-II. A significant correlation was observed between the anti-Ia reactivity of the immune serum, studied against a panel of eleven original H-2 haplotypes and the reactivity against the same panel of the in vitro primed responding cells (A . TL anti-A . TH). These results confirm the hypothesis that Ia antigens are the structures stimulating the MLR-II.", "contents": "[Stimulating determinants of the secondary mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR-II)]. An anti-Ia immune serum (A . TL anti-A . TH) directed to the antigens of the stimulating cell, blocked the MLR-II. A significant correlation was observed between the anti-Ia reactivity of the immune serum, studied against a panel of eleven original H-2 haplotypes and the reactivity against the same panel of the in vitro primed responding cells (A . TL anti-A . TH). These results confirm the hypothesis that Ia antigens are the structures stimulating the MLR-II.", "PMID": 93033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_469", "title": "[Comparison of soluble antigens of 2 cultured clones, of different age, from the same strain of a flagellate parasite: Trichomonas vaginalis Donn\u00e9, 1837].", "content": "Antigenic analysis released indications that there seemed to be a qualitative difference between two clones (A2, A3) as well as between a young clone A2 and an old one (the latter having been in culture for 12 months) both of them originating from the same initial clone. Such differences are reduced to quantitative level by the results of cross absorptions. Antigenic variations mentioned by the previous authors are to be questioned.", "contents": "[Comparison of soluble antigens of 2 cultured clones, of different age, from the same strain of a flagellate parasite: Trichomonas vaginalis Donn\u00e9, 1837]. Antigenic analysis released indications that there seemed to be a qualitative difference between two clones (A2, A3) as well as between a young clone A2 and an old one (the latter having been in culture for 12 months) both of them originating from the same initial clone. Such differences are reduced to quantitative level by the results of cross absorptions. Antigenic variations mentioned by the previous authors are to be questioned.", "PMID": 93034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_470", "title": "New concepts concerning the clinical control of IgE synthesis.", "content": "Prospects for new therapeutic approaches to IgE-mediated allergic diseases have arisen from (1) recent experimental observations that have suggested new concepts concerning the pathogenesis of the allergic phenotype, and (2) adaptation of previously described methods for induction of specific immunological tolerance to problems to allergy. The bases for these new approaches to allergic diseases are summarized herein.", "contents": "New concepts concerning the clinical control of IgE synthesis. Prospects for new therapeutic approaches to IgE-mediated allergic diseases have arisen from (1) recent experimental observations that have suggested new concepts concerning the pathogenesis of the allergic phenotype, and (2) adaptation of previously described methods for induction of specific immunological tolerance to problems to allergy. The bases for these new approaches to allergic diseases are summarized herein.", "PMID": 93035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_471", "title": "Metabolism of intravenously administered cholecalciferol in man.", "content": "Following intravenous injection of (3H) cholecalciferol into healthy subjects the disappearance of label from the plasma was followed by the reappearance (\"rebound\") of (3H) radioactivity associated exclusively with cholecalciferol. Lipoprotein fractionation of plasma revealed an increasing association of label with protein rather than lipoprotein during the rebound phase. We conclude that the rebound of plasma radioactivity reflects the transfer of label from lipoprotein to Vitamin D-binding globulin in the liver followed by its release into plasma.", "contents": "Metabolism of intravenously administered cholecalciferol in man. Following intravenous injection of (3H) cholecalciferol into healthy subjects the disappearance of label from the plasma was followed by the reappearance (\"rebound\") of (3H) radioactivity associated exclusively with cholecalciferol. Lipoprotein fractionation of plasma revealed an increasing association of label with protein rather than lipoprotein during the rebound phase. We conclude that the rebound of plasma radioactivity reflects the transfer of label from lipoprotein to Vitamin D-binding globulin in the liver followed by its release into plasma.", "PMID": 93036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_472", "title": "Sister chromatid differential staining by direct staining in Na2HPO4-Giemsa solution and the mechanism involved.", "content": "The direct staining of BrdU-substituted Chinese hamster chromosomes in a Na2HPO4-Giemsa solution without any pretreatments resulted in a B-dark type SCD istituted (TB) chromatids stained light. Detailed examinations of the staining process suggested that the Na2HPO4 solution acts to collapse chromosomes whereas the Giemsa dye works to reconstruct the collapsed chromosomes, and that during the reconstruction process preferential binding of the Giemsa dye to the BB-chromatids occurs to produce the B-dark SCD. It was revealed that not only the time but the temperature at which chromosome preparations are kept prior to use considerably affect the occurrence of SCD.", "contents": "Sister chromatid differential staining by direct staining in Na2HPO4-Giemsa solution and the mechanism involved. The direct staining of BrdU-substituted Chinese hamster chromosomes in a Na2HPO4-Giemsa solution without any pretreatments resulted in a B-dark type SCD istituted (TB) chromatids stained light. Detailed examinations of the staining process suggested that the Na2HPO4 solution acts to collapse chromosomes whereas the Giemsa dye works to reconstruct the collapsed chromosomes, and that during the reconstruction process preferential binding of the Giemsa dye to the BB-chromatids occurs to produce the B-dark SCD. It was revealed that not only the time but the temperature at which chromosome preparations are kept prior to use considerably affect the occurrence of SCD.", "PMID": 93041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_473", "title": "[Primary retroperitoneal tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Mean duration from symptoms to diagnosis in 87 patients with primary retroperitoneal tumour was 4.8 months for malignant tumour (67 patients), 18.1 months for benign tumour (20). The cardinal symptoms were palpable abdominal mass (68%), feeling of fullness and nausea (64%), as well as ill-defined abdominal pain (55%). Radiological diagnosis, especially selective angiography, provided important pointers to the global diagnosis of \"retroperitoneal tumour\". Small-needle biopsy, guided by ultrasound, has now become available in the pre-operative diagnosis of the type and malignancy of these tumours. After radical resection of 30 malignant tumours there was a mean survival time of, so far, 30.2 months. Results were worse with palliative malignant-tumour removal in 25 patients, at an average of 17.3 months. Survival time was only 4.8 months for 29 patients declared inoperable. In individual instances cytostatic treatment achieved an increase in survival time of up to 12 years.", "contents": "[Primary retroperitoneal tumours (author's transl)]. Mean duration from symptoms to diagnosis in 87 patients with primary retroperitoneal tumour was 4.8 months for malignant tumour (67 patients), 18.1 months for benign tumour (20). The cardinal symptoms were palpable abdominal mass (68%), feeling of fullness and nausea (64%), as well as ill-defined abdominal pain (55%). Radiological diagnosis, especially selective angiography, provided important pointers to the global diagnosis of \"retroperitoneal tumour\". Small-needle biopsy, guided by ultrasound, has now become available in the pre-operative diagnosis of the type and malignancy of these tumours. After radical resection of 30 malignant tumours there was a mean survival time of, so far, 30.2 months. Results were worse with palliative malignant-tumour removal in 25 patients, at an average of 17.3 months. Survival time was only 4.8 months for 29 patients declared inoperable. In individual instances cytostatic treatment achieved an increase in survival time of up to 12 years.", "PMID": 93042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_474", "title": "[Anti-arrhythmic effect of tocainide (lidocaine congener) on ventricular arrhythmias (author's transl)].", "content": "The antiarrhythmic effect of tocainide, an amine analogue of lidocaine, was tested in the course of a double-blind trial on 12 patients with ventricular arrhythmias. Daily dose was 400 or 600 mg every eight hours. In all tested patients the frequency of ventricular extrasystoles, analysed by means of ambulatory 24-hour ECG monitoring, decreased by an average of 70%. In four of nine patients the severity of the ventricular extrasystoles (Lown's classification) was improved by at least one functional class. There was no correlation between the anti-arrhythmic effect and the plasma level of tocainide, which was between 4.1 and 9.7 micrograms/ml. Four patients had side effects in the form of CNS symptoms, but the drug did not have to be discontinued. Tocainide is an orally effective antiarrhythmic drug, an alternative in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "[Anti-arrhythmic effect of tocainide (lidocaine congener) on ventricular arrhythmias (author's transl)]. The antiarrhythmic effect of tocainide, an amine analogue of lidocaine, was tested in the course of a double-blind trial on 12 patients with ventricular arrhythmias. Daily dose was 400 or 600 mg every eight hours. In all tested patients the frequency of ventricular extrasystoles, analysed by means of ambulatory 24-hour ECG monitoring, decreased by an average of 70%. In four of nine patients the severity of the ventricular extrasystoles (Lown's classification) was improved by at least one functional class. There was no correlation between the anti-arrhythmic effect and the plasma level of tocainide, which was between 4.1 and 9.7 micrograms/ml. Four patients had side effects in the form of CNS symptoms, but the drug did not have to be discontinued. Tocainide is an orally effective antiarrhythmic drug, an alternative in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias.", "PMID": 93043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_475", "title": "Binding of bovine immunoglobulins to pituitary intermediate lobe cells.", "content": "Basophilic granular cells of the bovine pituitary intermediate lobe and intraglandular colloid show an affinity for immunoglobulin IgG, IgA, and IgM. The cells were identified by direct and indirect fluorescent staining methods using blocking tests as controls. It is suggested that these cells may play some role in the synthesis and release of immunoglobulins or their determinants to the intact Ig molecule.", "contents": "Binding of bovine immunoglobulins to pituitary intermediate lobe cells. Basophilic granular cells of the bovine pituitary intermediate lobe and intraglandular colloid show an affinity for immunoglobulin IgG, IgA, and IgM. The cells were identified by direct and indirect fluorescent staining methods using blocking tests as controls. It is suggested that these cells may play some role in the synthesis and release of immunoglobulins or their determinants to the intact Ig molecule.", "PMID": 93045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_476", "title": "Activity staining for glutamate and alanine dehydrogenases in polyacrylamide gels of varying porosity. A study of bovine placental enzyme forms.", "content": "A procedure has been developed for characterizing the various molecular forms of placental and liver glutamate dehydrogenases through a combination of activity staining and varying gel pore size in electrophoresis. At a concentration of 2 mg/ml, the bovine liver GDH remained associated in a very high molecular weight form, while the placental enzyme was substantially dissociated to a molecular species of near 240,000 molecular weight and several charge isomeric species of near 160,000 molecular weight. The general approach outlined here provides a means of definitely correlating the electrophoretic behavior of various dehydrogenase isozymes with both glutamate and alanine dehydrogenase activities and molecular size and should be applicable, even in crude extracts to other dehydrogenase enzymes which exhibit multiple forms or states of association.", "contents": "Activity staining for glutamate and alanine dehydrogenases in polyacrylamide gels of varying porosity. A study of bovine placental enzyme forms. A procedure has been developed for characterizing the various molecular forms of placental and liver glutamate dehydrogenases through a combination of activity staining and varying gel pore size in electrophoresis. At a concentration of 2 mg/ml, the bovine liver GDH remained associated in a very high molecular weight form, while the placental enzyme was substantially dissociated to a molecular species of near 240,000 molecular weight and several charge isomeric species of near 160,000 molecular weight. The general approach outlined here provides a means of definitely correlating the electrophoretic behavior of various dehydrogenase isozymes with both glutamate and alanine dehydrogenase activities and molecular size and should be applicable, even in crude extracts to other dehydrogenase enzymes which exhibit multiple forms or states of association.", "PMID": 93046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_477", "title": "Neoplasm localization with radionuclides.", "content": "Tumor scintigraphic localization of neoplasms can be done in two ways: indirectly and directly. The first method shows alternations of the normal structure of the organ, such as \"cold lesions\" in liver and thyroid. Abnormalities in function as increased permeability of the blood barrier results from abnormal deposition of the radionuclide in the brain scintigram of a patient with neoplasm. Increased focal areas of uptake of bone-seeking radionuclides are very characteristic of metastases. The direct methods depend on preferential uptake of the radionuclide by the neoplastic tissue resulting from altered metabolism (e.g. Se-75). Other agents such as Gallium-67 have affinity for neoplasms. Another approach is to use antineoplastic agents and radioactive antibodies which will localize in the tumor. At this stage the most useful neoplasm seeking agents are Gallium-67 citrate and 111In-Bleomycin, even though infections can give false positives. The possibility should be considered of enhancing the uptake of radionuclides by neoplastic cells using increased O2 concentration.", "contents": "Neoplasm localization with radionuclides. Tumor scintigraphic localization of neoplasms can be done in two ways: indirectly and directly. The first method shows alternations of the normal structure of the organ, such as \"cold lesions\" in liver and thyroid. Abnormalities in function as increased permeability of the blood barrier results from abnormal deposition of the radionuclide in the brain scintigram of a patient with neoplasm. Increased focal areas of uptake of bone-seeking radionuclides are very characteristic of metastases. The direct methods depend on preferential uptake of the radionuclide by the neoplastic tissue resulting from altered metabolism (e.g. Se-75). Other agents such as Gallium-67 have affinity for neoplasms. Another approach is to use antineoplastic agents and radioactive antibodies which will localize in the tumor. At this stage the most useful neoplasm seeking agents are Gallium-67 citrate and 111In-Bleomycin, even though infections can give false positives. The possibility should be considered of enhancing the uptake of radionuclides by neoplastic cells using increased O2 concentration.", "PMID": 93047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_478", "title": "The effect of dose loading and of double labelling with 57Co and 125I on the tissue distribution in animals.", "content": "Dose loading effects upon the performance of 57Co-bleomycin as a tumor localizing agent have been investigated in Rhabdomyosarcoma bearing Wag/Ry rats. The addition of non-radioactively labelled Co-bleomycin increased the relative uptake of 57Co-bleomycin in rapid growing tumors, but the addition of non-chelated bleomycin had no influence at all. In our experimental system, iodinated bleomycin generally labelled by reaction with ICl, was found to be an unsatisfactory tumor localizing agent. In order to combine the useful localizing properties of Co-bleomycin with the qualified detection properties of some iodine isotopes, we attempted to prepare bleomycin doubly labelled with Co and I. However, we were unable to prepare 57Co-125I-bleomycin by general labelling with ICl. This result indicates that both labels need the imidazole ring for the formation of a stable, labelled bleomycin.", "contents": "The effect of dose loading and of double labelling with 57Co and 125I on the tissue distribution in animals. Dose loading effects upon the performance of 57Co-bleomycin as a tumor localizing agent have been investigated in Rhabdomyosarcoma bearing Wag/Ry rats. The addition of non-radioactively labelled Co-bleomycin increased the relative uptake of 57Co-bleomycin in rapid growing tumors, but the addition of non-chelated bleomycin had no influence at all. In our experimental system, iodinated bleomycin generally labelled by reaction with ICl, was found to be an unsatisfactory tumor localizing agent. In order to combine the useful localizing properties of Co-bleomycin with the qualified detection properties of some iodine isotopes, we attempted to prepare bleomycin doubly labelled with Co and I. However, we were unable to prepare 57Co-125I-bleomycin by general labelling with ICl. This result indicates that both labels need the imidazole ring for the formation of a stable, labelled bleomycin.", "PMID": 93048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_479", "title": "HLA B27 and defects in the T-cell system in Whipple's disease.", "content": "The cellular immune system was tested in nine patients with Whipples' disease. Three patients had active disease, and six had been in remission for up to 10 years. Intradermal delayed hypersensitivity reactions to candidin, trichophytin, tuberculin and varidase, T-cell counts as determined by E-rosettes, allogeneic stimulation of lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte culture, and mitogenic activation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin and by pokeweed mitogen, were tested in the patients and compared with control subjects. HLA typing was performed in all patients. The reaction to tuberculin and varidase, the T-cell counts and the activation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A were significantly reduced in patients with active disease and in patients during remission. The reaction to candidin and trichophytin was poor even in the controls. The mean results of the mixed lymphocyte culture, phytohaemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen activation tests were not significantly different from the controls. In patients with active disease the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction and the T-cell counts were less than in patients in remission. The results suggest a persistent defect of T-cells in patients with Whipple's disease, a defect that is more severe in patients with active disease. The finding of HLA B27 in four of thenine patients supports the hypothesis of primary rather than secondary impairment of the cellular immune system in Whipple's disease.", "contents": "HLA B27 and defects in the T-cell system in Whipple's disease. The cellular immune system was tested in nine patients with Whipples' disease. Three patients had active disease, and six had been in remission for up to 10 years. Intradermal delayed hypersensitivity reactions to candidin, trichophytin, tuberculin and varidase, T-cell counts as determined by E-rosettes, allogeneic stimulation of lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte culture, and mitogenic activation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin and by pokeweed mitogen, were tested in the patients and compared with control subjects. HLA typing was performed in all patients. The reaction to tuberculin and varidase, the T-cell counts and the activation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A were significantly reduced in patients with active disease and in patients during remission. The reaction to candidin and trichophytin was poor even in the controls. The mean results of the mixed lymphocyte culture, phytohaemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen activation tests were not significantly different from the controls. In patients with active disease the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction and the T-cell counts were less than in patients in remission. The results suggest a persistent defect of T-cells in patients with Whipple's disease, a defect that is more severe in patients with active disease. The finding of HLA B27 in four of thenine patients supports the hypothesis of primary rather than secondary impairment of the cellular immune system in Whipple's disease.", "PMID": 93049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_480", "title": "Clinical experience of encainide (MJ 9067): a new anti-arrhythmic drug.", "content": "Encainide is a new anti-arrhythmic drug, which is highly effective against ventricular extrasystoles, both single and coupled, in the dose range of 80--140 mg i.v. Ventricular extrasystoles were abolished in 31 out of 33 cases treated. The drug is also relatively effective against supraventricular extrasystoles, but has little effect on atrial fibrillation. Both subjects with clinically normal hearts and those with ischaemic heart disease have been successfully treated. The drug prolongs the QRS and QT duration. Its effectiveness appears to be of the same order of magnitude and the range of indications similar to those of aprindine and lorcainide. Further study of the drug seems to be warranted.", "contents": "Clinical experience of encainide (MJ 9067): a new anti-arrhythmic drug. Encainide is a new anti-arrhythmic drug, which is highly effective against ventricular extrasystoles, both single and coupled, in the dose range of 80--140 mg i.v. Ventricular extrasystoles were abolished in 31 out of 33 cases treated. The drug is also relatively effective against supraventricular extrasystoles, but has little effect on atrial fibrillation. Both subjects with clinically normal hearts and those with ischaemic heart disease have been successfully treated. The drug prolongs the QRS and QT duration. Its effectiveness appears to be of the same order of magnitude and the range of indications similar to those of aprindine and lorcainide. Further study of the drug seems to be warranted.", "PMID": 93050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_481", "title": "Immunological activity of a T hybrid line. I. Production of an H-2-related suppressor factor with specificity for sheep red blood cells.", "content": "T lymphocyte hybrid lines have been produced by fusion of the thymoma BW 5147 with spleen cells of C57BL/10 mice primed to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The supernatant (culture fluid) of a T hybrid designated A 1 was able to suppress the primary (IgM) and secondary (IgM and IgG) antibody responses to SRBC in vitro. The suppressive activity of supernatants could be titrated to 50% end points at final dilutions of up to 1 : 270. The suppression affected only SRBC and haptens coupled to SRBC, except when used at high concentration when some nonspecific suppression was observed. Absorption of the A 1 supernatant with SRBC removed all activity, while several other species of red cells failed to do so. The suppressor factor present in A 1 supernatant was not removed by anti-Ig adsorbents, but was removed by anti-H-2 antibodies reacting specifically with the haplotype of the spleen cells used in the fusion (H-2b). The cellular target of action of the factor was apparently a B cell, based on absorption with different cell populations. No genetic restrictions in the activity of the factor were found. A 1 cells carried H-2 and Thy-1 alleles of both parental cells and formed rosettes with SRBC.", "contents": "Immunological activity of a T hybrid line. I. Production of an H-2-related suppressor factor with specificity for sheep red blood cells. T lymphocyte hybrid lines have been produced by fusion of the thymoma BW 5147 with spleen cells of C57BL/10 mice primed to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The supernatant (culture fluid) of a T hybrid designated A 1 was able to suppress the primary (IgM) and secondary (IgM and IgG) antibody responses to SRBC in vitro. The suppressive activity of supernatants could be titrated to 50% end points at final dilutions of up to 1 : 270. The suppression affected only SRBC and haptens coupled to SRBC, except when used at high concentration when some nonspecific suppression was observed. Absorption of the A 1 supernatant with SRBC removed all activity, while several other species of red cells failed to do so. The suppressor factor present in A 1 supernatant was not removed by anti-Ig adsorbents, but was removed by anti-H-2 antibodies reacting specifically with the haplotype of the spleen cells used in the fusion (H-2b). The cellular target of action of the factor was apparently a B cell, based on absorption with different cell populations. No genetic restrictions in the activity of the factor were found. A 1 cells carried H-2 and Thy-1 alleles of both parental cells and formed rosettes with SRBC.", "PMID": 93051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_482", "title": "Epidermal growth factor stimulates proliferation of rat hepatoma cells producing alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "Epidermal growth factor stimulated both [3H]thymidine uptake and proliferation of rat AH66 hepatoma cells. However, the increase in cell number was not accompanied by a proportional increase in the levels of alpha-fetoprotein of the culture media. The effects of EGF on the cell proliferation were antagonized by N6,O2'-dibutyryl cAMP.", "contents": "Epidermal growth factor stimulates proliferation of rat hepatoma cells producing alpha-fetoprotein. Epidermal growth factor stimulated both [3H]thymidine uptake and proliferation of rat AH66 hepatoma cells. However, the increase in cell number was not accompanied by a proportional increase in the levels of alpha-fetoprotein of the culture media. The effects of EGF on the cell proliferation were antagonized by N6,O2'-dibutyryl cAMP.", "PMID": 93054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_483", "title": "Effect of hyperthermia on DNA single-strand breaks induced by bleomycin in Hela cells.", "content": "The effect of hyperthermia (43 approximately 45 degrees) on DNA single-strand breaks induced by bleomycin was examined in HeLa cells by the alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis. When HeLa cells were exposed to a temperature of 43 degrees approximately 45 degrees for 1 hr, only a small number of DNA single-strand breaks than bleomycin treatment at 37 degrees. The DNA strand breaks induced by bleomycin were almost completely repaired by post-treatment incubation of the cells in the control medium at 37 degrees. On the contrary, the repairing capacity of the cells was markedly inhibited by post-treatment incubation at 43 degrees, and this inhibition of cell repair seemed irreversible because no repair was found after an additional incubation of the cells at 37 degrees for 1 hr. These results support the possibility that the mechanism of synergism between the effect of bleomycin and hyperthermia may be related to the inhibition of DNA repair.", "contents": "Effect of hyperthermia on DNA single-strand breaks induced by bleomycin in Hela cells. The effect of hyperthermia (43 approximately 45 degrees) on DNA single-strand breaks induced by bleomycin was examined in HeLa cells by the alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis. When HeLa cells were exposed to a temperature of 43 degrees approximately 45 degrees for 1 hr, only a small number of DNA single-strand breaks than bleomycin treatment at 37 degrees. The DNA strand breaks induced by bleomycin were almost completely repaired by post-treatment incubation of the cells in the control medium at 37 degrees. On the contrary, the repairing capacity of the cells was markedly inhibited by post-treatment incubation at 43 degrees, and this inhibition of cell repair seemed irreversible because no repair was found after an additional incubation of the cells at 37 degrees for 1 hr. These results support the possibility that the mechanism of synergism between the effect of bleomycin and hyperthermia may be related to the inhibition of DNA repair.", "PMID": 93058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_484", "title": "[Prenatal recognition of omphalocele (author's transl)].", "content": "The prenatal diagnosis of omphalocele is reported. The characteristic signs in the ultra-sound scan were a small trunk, an angulation of the spine and mass adjacent to the absomen of the fetus. By x-ray amniography the ultra-sound findings were confirmed at further abnormalities outlined. The alpha fetal protein levels in the maternal serum and in the amniotic fluid are markedly elevated.", "contents": "[Prenatal recognition of omphalocele (author's transl)]. The prenatal diagnosis of omphalocele is reported. The characteristic signs in the ultra-sound scan were a small trunk, an angulation of the spine and mass adjacent to the absomen of the fetus. By x-ray amniography the ultra-sound findings were confirmed at further abnormalities outlined. The alpha fetal protein levels in the maternal serum and in the amniotic fluid are markedly elevated.", "PMID": 93060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_485", "title": "Site specificity of bleomycin-mediated single-strand scissions and alkali-labile damage in duplex DNA.", "content": "Form II PM2 DNA, which contained bleomycin-mediated single-strand breaks, was purified and treated with the extracellular endonuclease from Alteromonas BAL 31. This enzyme cleaves the phosphodiester backbone opposite a single-strand break to yield a double-strand break. The locations of these double-strand breaks were determined relative to the cleavage sites produced by the restriction enzyme HindIII. The experimental procedure was as follows. Form I PM2 DNA was treated with bleomycin to produce alkali-labile bonds. These were hydrolyzed by alkali treatment and the DNA, now containing single-strand breaks, was purified and treated with the BAL 31 enzyme and the HindIII enzyme to determine the positions of the original alkali-labile bonds. It was found that the single-strand breaks and alkali-labile bonds were introduced at preferred sites on the PM2 genome, since electrophoretic analyses of the DNA after the HindIII digestion revealed DNA bands of discrete sizes. The molecular weights of the DNA fragments produced by these treatments indicate that single-strand breaks and alkali-labile bonds occur at the same sites as those previously determined for direct double-strand scissions introduced by bleomycin at neutral pH. Some of the specific sites of double-strand scissions mediated by bleomycin at neutral pH (Lloyd et al., 1978b) are also shown here to be relatively more reactive than other sites when the DNA contains superhelical turns.", "contents": "Site specificity of bleomycin-mediated single-strand scissions and alkali-labile damage in duplex DNA. Form II PM2 DNA, which contained bleomycin-mediated single-strand breaks, was purified and treated with the extracellular endonuclease from Alteromonas BAL 31. This enzyme cleaves the phosphodiester backbone opposite a single-strand break to yield a double-strand break. The locations of these double-strand breaks were determined relative to the cleavage sites produced by the restriction enzyme HindIII. The experimental procedure was as follows. Form I PM2 DNA was treated with bleomycin to produce alkali-labile bonds. These were hydrolyzed by alkali treatment and the DNA, now containing single-strand breaks, was purified and treated with the BAL 31 enzyme and the HindIII enzyme to determine the positions of the original alkali-labile bonds. It was found that the single-strand breaks and alkali-labile bonds were introduced at preferred sites on the PM2 genome, since electrophoretic analyses of the DNA after the HindIII digestion revealed DNA bands of discrete sizes. The molecular weights of the DNA fragments produced by these treatments indicate that single-strand breaks and alkali-labile bonds occur at the same sites as those previously determined for direct double-strand scissions introduced by bleomycin at neutral pH. Some of the specific sites of double-strand scissions mediated by bleomycin at neutral pH (Lloyd et al., 1978b) are also shown here to be relatively more reactive than other sites when the DNA contains superhelical turns.", "PMID": 93064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_486", "title": "Bleomycin fragmentation of duplex DNA occurs as staggered single-strand scissions.", "content": "Electron microscopy of purified full-length linear duplex molecules produced by bleomycin reaction with PM2 DNA revealed low frequencies of closed circular duplex molecules as well as linear duplex molecules with opposed ends (cyclized molecules which have dissociated to yield a gap between the termini). The occurrence of these latter forms indicates that double-strand scissions produced by bleomycin reaction consist of two single-strand scissions which are physically staggered on the complementary strands. Analysis of the temperature dependence for cyclization led to the estimate that an average of 1.7 +/- 0.44 base-pairs (2.6 +/- 0.5 base pairs without base-stacking energies) occur between the staggered breaks. The reassociated termini cannot be ligated with T4 ligase. When PM2 DNA was fragmented at several sites within each molecule, circular duplexes and linear duplexes with opposed ends with a range of sizes from 350 base pairs up to full-length PM2 DNA were observed. Analysis of the frequency distribution of lengths of these fragments indicates that most, if not all, of the specific sites for bleomycin-directed double-strand scissions in PM2 DNA contain representatives of the same two base single-stranded termini.", "contents": "Bleomycin fragmentation of duplex DNA occurs as staggered single-strand scissions. Electron microscopy of purified full-length linear duplex molecules produced by bleomycin reaction with PM2 DNA revealed low frequencies of closed circular duplex molecules as well as linear duplex molecules with opposed ends (cyclized molecules which have dissociated to yield a gap between the termini). The occurrence of these latter forms indicates that double-strand scissions produced by bleomycin reaction consist of two single-strand scissions which are physically staggered on the complementary strands. Analysis of the temperature dependence for cyclization led to the estimate that an average of 1.7 +/- 0.44 base-pairs (2.6 +/- 0.5 base pairs without base-stacking energies) occur between the staggered breaks. The reassociated termini cannot be ligated with T4 ligase. When PM2 DNA was fragmented at several sites within each molecule, circular duplexes and linear duplexes with opposed ends with a range of sizes from 350 base pairs up to full-length PM2 DNA were observed. Analysis of the frequency distribution of lengths of these fragments indicates that most, if not all, of the specific sites for bleomycin-directed double-strand scissions in PM2 DNA contain representatives of the same two base single-stranded termini.", "PMID": 93065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_487", "title": "[Treatment of prostatic neoplasms].", "content": "Early stage carcinoma of the prostate is curable. Not every patient must be treated because there are significant differences in the biologic activity of the tumors. This causes a sharp difference between morbidity and mortality rate in prostatic cancer. Besides the clinical staging morphological malignancy grading is the trend factor for the treatment that has to be chosen because it has shown to be a reasonable and feasable prognostic indicator.", "contents": "[Treatment of prostatic neoplasms]. Early stage carcinoma of the prostate is curable. Not every patient must be treated because there are significant differences in the biologic activity of the tumors. This causes a sharp difference between morbidity and mortality rate in prostatic cancer. Besides the clinical staging morphological malignancy grading is the trend factor for the treatment that has to be chosen because it has shown to be a reasonable and feasable prognostic indicator.", "PMID": 93073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_488", "title": "[Medical management of tachycardias (author's transl)].", "content": "Guidelines for a step-wise plan of treatment of tachycardias have been compiled based on clinical empirical experience and with the aid of surface electrocardiograms, intracardial electrograms and stimulation techniques. The plan is primarily with the aid of surface electrocardiograms, intracardial electrograms and stimulation techniques. The plan is primarily oriented with respect to the antiarrhythmic efficacy, the adverse reactions and the practicability of the respective agents. Any type of tachycardia, including premature atrial or ventricular contractions, may be regarded as indication for treatment. Treatment is not indicated only in those asymptomatic patients with rare and evanescent tachycardias and in those with less than 300 premature contractions per hour. Beta-adrenergic blockers are the drugs of choice for the persistent sinus tachycardia. Should the latter agents be contraindicated, propafenon, amiodarone or aprindine may be administered. Verapamil and/or digitalis are indicated only for suppression of paroxysmal sinus tachycardias. Atrial premature contractions are best managed with guinidine or disopyramid. An acute reduction of rapid ventricular rates associated with atrial tachycardias, atrial flutter or fibrillation can best be attained through the administration of verapamil prior to digitalis or beta-adrenergic blockers. Re-establishment of sinus rhythm and prophylactic suppression of the latter should be undertaken with quinidine or disopyramid in combination with digitalis and/or either a beta-adrenergic blocker or intravenously-administered verapamil. Verapamil is the drug of choice for initial management of AV-junctional tachycardia for which a combination with digitalis may be considered. An alternative combination is that of a beta-adrenergic blocker and digitalis. For the acute treatment of ventricular tachycardias, lidocain has proved most effective. Although ajmaline and/or propafenon may be given should no response be obtained, electrical cardioversion would be more appropriate. To prevent ventricular tachycardia or when treatment is indicated for ventricular premature beats, ajmaline, propafenon, quinidine, disopyramid or mexiletine, occasionally in combination with a beta-adrenergic blocker should be employed. Verapamil and/or ajmaline, are usually very effective for termination of reciprocal tachycardias. Ajmaline or propafenon in combination with a beta-adrenergic blocker is recommended for the prophylactic treatment of reciprocal tachycardia. In patients who additionally have bradycardia, prolonged QT-intervals or pre-excitation syndromes, the guidelines should be modified accordingly.", "contents": "[Medical management of tachycardias (author's transl)]. Guidelines for a step-wise plan of treatment of tachycardias have been compiled based on clinical empirical experience and with the aid of surface electrocardiograms, intracardial electrograms and stimulation techniques. The plan is primarily with the aid of surface electrocardiograms, intracardial electrograms and stimulation techniques. The plan is primarily oriented with respect to the antiarrhythmic efficacy, the adverse reactions and the practicability of the respective agents. Any type of tachycardia, including premature atrial or ventricular contractions, may be regarded as indication for treatment. Treatment is not indicated only in those asymptomatic patients with rare and evanescent tachycardias and in those with less than 300 premature contractions per hour. Beta-adrenergic blockers are the drugs of choice for the persistent sinus tachycardia. Should the latter agents be contraindicated, propafenon, amiodarone or aprindine may be administered. Verapamil and/or digitalis are indicated only for suppression of paroxysmal sinus tachycardias. Atrial premature contractions are best managed with guinidine or disopyramid. An acute reduction of rapid ventricular rates associated with atrial tachycardias, atrial flutter or fibrillation can best be attained through the administration of verapamil prior to digitalis or beta-adrenergic blockers. Re-establishment of sinus rhythm and prophylactic suppression of the latter should be undertaken with quinidine or disopyramid in combination with digitalis and/or either a beta-adrenergic blocker or intravenously-administered verapamil. Verapamil is the drug of choice for initial management of AV-junctional tachycardia for which a combination with digitalis may be considered. An alternative combination is that of a beta-adrenergic blocker and digitalis. For the acute treatment of ventricular tachycardias, lidocain has proved most effective. Although ajmaline and/or propafenon may be given should no response be obtained, electrical cardioversion would be more appropriate. To prevent ventricular tachycardia or when treatment is indicated for ventricular premature beats, ajmaline, propafenon, quinidine, disopyramid or mexiletine, occasionally in combination with a beta-adrenergic blocker should be employed. Verapamil and/or ajmaline, are usually very effective for termination of reciprocal tachycardias. Ajmaline or propafenon in combination with a beta-adrenergic blocker is recommended for the prophylactic treatment of reciprocal tachycardia. In patients who additionally have bradycardia, prolonged QT-intervals or pre-excitation syndromes, the guidelines should be modified accordingly.", "PMID": 93075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_489", "title": "Immunological properties of peptic fragments of bovine serum albumin.", "content": "The effect of peptic degradation on the immunological and antigenic properties of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated. Molecular fragments obtained after various times of digestion (3-360 min) were studied. Enzymatic digestion resulted in a rapid loss of serologically defined antigenic determinants. The immunogenicity of the fragments as measured by the level of reaginic and total anti-BSA antibody response in BDF1 mice was also diminished. Pre-treatment of mice with fragments exhibiting a low density of B-cell interacting determinants before immunization with BSA, resulted in significant suppression of both the primary and secondary antibody response. The most effective immunosuppressive fragments were obtained following removal of peptides which bound to anti-BSA antibodies. The suppression was shown to be antigen specific. It was concluded that separate determinants on the BSA molecule were responsible for the immunogenic and suppressive properties of the antigen.", "contents": "Immunological properties of peptic fragments of bovine serum albumin. The effect of peptic degradation on the immunological and antigenic properties of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated. Molecular fragments obtained after various times of digestion (3-360 min) were studied. Enzymatic digestion resulted in a rapid loss of serologically defined antigenic determinants. The immunogenicity of the fragments as measured by the level of reaginic and total anti-BSA antibody response in BDF1 mice was also diminished. Pre-treatment of mice with fragments exhibiting a low density of B-cell interacting determinants before immunization with BSA, resulted in significant suppression of both the primary and secondary antibody response. The most effective immunosuppressive fragments were obtained following removal of peptides which bound to anti-BSA antibodies. The suppression was shown to be antigen specific. It was concluded that separate determinants on the BSA molecule were responsible for the immunogenic and suppressive properties of the antigen.", "PMID": 93079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_490", "title": "B-cell subsets responsive to fluorescein-conjugated antigens. III. Differential effect of E. Coli lipopolysaccharide on T-dependent and T-independent responses in vivo.", "content": "The effect of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the induction of both hapten-specific immunity and tolerance was studied in an in vivo system utilizing putative T-cell dependent (TD) or T-cell independent (TI) challenge antigens. The administration of LPS 1 day prior to challenge preempted the response of C3D2 mice to a TD antigen (FL-KLH) but had little effect on the response to FL-Ficoll, a TI antigen. LPS did not affect the responsiveness of C3H/HeJ mice, an LPS-unresponsive strain, to either antigen. The reduction of the response to a putative T-dependent antigen by LPS pre-treatment was only temporary since mice challenged 7 days after LPS responded normally in vivo. We also confirmed that LPS administered shortly after a tolerogen prevented FL-specific IgG tolerence induction and produced B-cell priming to a subsequent T-dependent antigenic challenge. LPS, however, did not significantly interfere with tolerance induction in terms of the IgM responce to either challenge antigen. These results suggest that LPS acts either directly or indirectly on a subpopulation of B cells responsive to a TD antigen. Our data further reflect the heterogeneity of B-cell subpopulations responsive to various polyclonal activators.", "contents": "B-cell subsets responsive to fluorescein-conjugated antigens. III. Differential effect of E. Coli lipopolysaccharide on T-dependent and T-independent responses in vivo. The effect of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the induction of both hapten-specific immunity and tolerance was studied in an in vivo system utilizing putative T-cell dependent (TD) or T-cell independent (TI) challenge antigens. The administration of LPS 1 day prior to challenge preempted the response of C3D2 mice to a TD antigen (FL-KLH) but had little effect on the response to FL-Ficoll, a TI antigen. LPS did not affect the responsiveness of C3H/HeJ mice, an LPS-unresponsive strain, to either antigen. The reduction of the response to a putative T-dependent antigen by LPS pre-treatment was only temporary since mice challenged 7 days after LPS responded normally in vivo. We also confirmed that LPS administered shortly after a tolerogen prevented FL-specific IgG tolerence induction and produced B-cell priming to a subsequent T-dependent antigenic challenge. LPS, however, did not significantly interfere with tolerance induction in terms of the IgM responce to either challenge antigen. These results suggest that LPS acts either directly or indirectly on a subpopulation of B cells responsive to a TD antigen. Our data further reflect the heterogeneity of B-cell subpopulations responsive to various polyclonal activators.", "PMID": 93080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_491", "title": "Inhibition of antigen-induced lymph node cell proliferation by murine amniotic fluid and its components.", "content": "Murine amniotic fluid (MAF), alpha-foeto-protein (AFP) and MAF depleted of AFP by affinity chromatography (MAF-AFP) inhibited the T-cell dependent in vitro proliferative responses of lymph node cells sensitized to a variety of soluble antigens. Variable degrees of inhibition were observed with the different antigens used in the assay. In general, the higher the proliferative response induced by a particular antigen, the less it was inhibited by the three inhibitors. Enhancement of proliferation was not infrequently observed at lower concentrations followed by a dose-dependent inhibition as the concentration of the inhibitor was increased. Usually the order of inhibition was MAF greater than MAF-AFP greater than or equal to AFP although variations in inhibitory potency were noted between different preparations of AFP and MAF-AFP. The existence of inhibitors in preparations of MAF depleted of AFP raised the question as to whether MAF contains single or multiple inhibitory factors. The most facile explanation is that two inhbitors exist; AFP and the as yet uncharacterized non-AFP suppressor present in MAF-AFP.", "contents": "Inhibition of antigen-induced lymph node cell proliferation by murine amniotic fluid and its components. Murine amniotic fluid (MAF), alpha-foeto-protein (AFP) and MAF depleted of AFP by affinity chromatography (MAF-AFP) inhibited the T-cell dependent in vitro proliferative responses of lymph node cells sensitized to a variety of soluble antigens. Variable degrees of inhibition were observed with the different antigens used in the assay. In general, the higher the proliferative response induced by a particular antigen, the less it was inhibited by the three inhibitors. Enhancement of proliferation was not infrequently observed at lower concentrations followed by a dose-dependent inhibition as the concentration of the inhibitor was increased. Usually the order of inhibition was MAF greater than MAF-AFP greater than or equal to AFP although variations in inhibitory potency were noted between different preparations of AFP and MAF-AFP. The existence of inhibitors in preparations of MAF depleted of AFP raised the question as to whether MAF contains single or multiple inhibitory factors. The most facile explanation is that two inhbitors exist; AFP and the as yet uncharacterized non-AFP suppressor present in MAF-AFP.", "PMID": 93081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_492", "title": "Antigenic differences between alveolar and peritoneal macrophages of the rat. Lack of population-specific determinants.", "content": "Antisera produced in rabbits against adherent cells of rat alveolar or peritoneal lavage fluid (anti-rat alveolar macrophage sera, ARAMS, or anti-rat peritoneal macrophage sera, ARPMS) were used to detect antigenic differences between alveolar (AM) and peritoneal (PM) macrophages in an indirect membrane immunofluorescence (IMF) test. Of all sera tested, the IMF titres were higher with cells of that population which was used for immunization. These differences were found before and after exhaustive absorptions with insolubilized rat plasma, rat erythrocytes, and non-adherent rat kidney, spleen, thymus and bone marrow cells. The differences were not due to antigens specific for one of the macrophage populations, as demonstrated by cross-adsorption studies with macrophages of different localization. It is assumed that two or more macrophage specific antigenic determinants are present in different density in the two macrophage populations.", "contents": "Antigenic differences between alveolar and peritoneal macrophages of the rat. Lack of population-specific determinants. Antisera produced in rabbits against adherent cells of rat alveolar or peritoneal lavage fluid (anti-rat alveolar macrophage sera, ARAMS, or anti-rat peritoneal macrophage sera, ARPMS) were used to detect antigenic differences between alveolar (AM) and peritoneal (PM) macrophages in an indirect membrane immunofluorescence (IMF) test. Of all sera tested, the IMF titres were higher with cells of that population which was used for immunization. These differences were found before and after exhaustive absorptions with insolubilized rat plasma, rat erythrocytes, and non-adherent rat kidney, spleen, thymus and bone marrow cells. The differences were not due to antigens specific for one of the macrophage populations, as demonstrated by cross-adsorption studies with macrophages of different localization. It is assumed that two or more macrophage specific antigenic determinants are present in different density in the two macrophage populations.", "PMID": 93082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_493", "title": "Preferential induction of memory T cells for delayed-type hypersensitivity with reduced and alkylated human serum albumin in mice.", "content": "Reduction and alkylation of human serum albumin (HSA) resulted in molecular aggregation of the protein. The reduced and alkylated antigen (RA-HSA) was lacking in the ability to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response as well as antibody response to native HSA in mice, although native HSA induced both responses. On the other hand, RA-HSA could stimulate a priming function that accelerated and enhanced the DTH response to native HSA, which, however, failed to stimulate the function. Thus, DTH-related memory activity was dissociated from DTH-related effector activity. The DTH-related memory activity, manifested by the accelerated an enhanced response in RA-HSA-primed mice, could be transferred antigen-specifically by their spleen cells and T-cell enriched fraction, but not by their T-cell depleted spleen cells. The RA-HSA-primed T cells, however, failed to transfer the effector function for DTH response. These results suggested that DTH-related memory T cells belong to different subset(s) of T cells from effector T cells for a DTH response.", "contents": "Preferential induction of memory T cells for delayed-type hypersensitivity with reduced and alkylated human serum albumin in mice. Reduction and alkylation of human serum albumin (HSA) resulted in molecular aggregation of the protein. The reduced and alkylated antigen (RA-HSA) was lacking in the ability to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response as well as antibody response to native HSA in mice, although native HSA induced both responses. On the other hand, RA-HSA could stimulate a priming function that accelerated and enhanced the DTH response to native HSA, which, however, failed to stimulate the function. Thus, DTH-related memory activity was dissociated from DTH-related effector activity. The DTH-related memory activity, manifested by the accelerated an enhanced response in RA-HSA-primed mice, could be transferred antigen-specifically by their spleen cells and T-cell enriched fraction, but not by their T-cell depleted spleen cells. The RA-HSA-primed T cells, however, failed to transfer the effector function for DTH response. These results suggested that DTH-related memory T cells belong to different subset(s) of T cells from effector T cells for a DTH response.", "PMID": 93084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_494", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus in mice: in vivo responses to isolated Staphylococcal antigens.", "content": "The development of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to Staphylococcus aureus in Swiss mice was evaluated by the footpad (FP) assay. In order to determine which component of the bacteria was responsible for the in vivo immune reactivity, purified Staphylococcal cell wall, cell membrane, protein A, lipoteichoic acid, teichoic acid, as well as lipid-free membrane proteins were isolated. The immune responses of mice receiving one to eight S. aureus injections indicated that the first DH peak, following three injections, was primarily dependent upon protein antigens associated with the bacterial membrane. Increased bacterial injections gave rise to a second DH peak following seven injections which was dependent upon multiple bacterial components including cell wall, protein A, and membrane proteins.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus in mice: in vivo responses to isolated Staphylococcal antigens. The development of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to Staphylococcus aureus in Swiss mice was evaluated by the footpad (FP) assay. In order to determine which component of the bacteria was responsible for the in vivo immune reactivity, purified Staphylococcal cell wall, cell membrane, protein A, lipoteichoic acid, teichoic acid, as well as lipid-free membrane proteins were isolated. The immune responses of mice receiving one to eight S. aureus injections indicated that the first DH peak, following three injections, was primarily dependent upon protein antigens associated with the bacterial membrane. Increased bacterial injections gave rise to a second DH peak following seven injections which was dependent upon multiple bacterial components including cell wall, protein A, and membrane proteins.", "PMID": 93087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_495", "title": "Normal immunosuppressive protein: in vitro inhibition of DNA synthesis in T and B lymphocytes and lymphoid cell lines.", "content": "The biologic activity of normal immunosuppressive protein (NIP) isolated from human plasma was studied. NIP was found to inhibit the proliferation of both T and B lympohcytes in vitro. It suppressed the DNA synthesis of normal mouse lymphocytes responding to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide, as well as the [3H]Thymidine and [3H]leucine uptake by T and B lymphoid cell lines of human and murine origin. The lymphoid specificity of NIP was demonstrated by showing that DNA and protein synthesis of normal and transformed fibroblasts and other nonlympohid cell lines was not affected by NIP treatment. Furthermore, by using lymphoid cell lines we were able to show that 1) NIP inhibits the process of ongoing DNA and protein synthesis; 2) the duration of the cells' exposure to NIP is crucial for obtaining optimal effect; and 3) the inhibitory effect of NIP is totally reversible.", "contents": "Normal immunosuppressive protein: in vitro inhibition of DNA synthesis in T and B lymphocytes and lymphoid cell lines. The biologic activity of normal immunosuppressive protein (NIP) isolated from human plasma was studied. NIP was found to inhibit the proliferation of both T and B lympohcytes in vitro. It suppressed the DNA synthesis of normal mouse lymphocytes responding to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide, as well as the [3H]Thymidine and [3H]leucine uptake by T and B lymphoid cell lines of human and murine origin. The lymphoid specificity of NIP was demonstrated by showing that DNA and protein synthesis of normal and transformed fibroblasts and other nonlympohid cell lines was not affected by NIP treatment. Furthermore, by using lymphoid cell lines we were able to show that 1) NIP inhibits the process of ongoing DNA and protein synthesis; 2) the duration of the cells' exposure to NIP is crucial for obtaining optimal effect; and 3) the inhibitory effect of NIP is totally reversible.", "PMID": 93092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_496", "title": "[New studies on the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus].", "content": "The pathogenesis of the lupus erythematosus results from co-operation of three principles: (1) genetical disposition, (2) increased reactivity of the immune system, (3) different exogenic influences. The genetical disposition is confirmed by family investigations, metabolic disorders and immune anomalies as well as by parallels to animal models. The reaction manner of the immune system is genetically determined. Exogenic factors influence the immune system (behaviour) either as starter or by modifying the genetical material. The most striking humoral immune phenomenon is an immense number of (auto-)antibodies. Investigations of xeroderma pigmentosum as well as with DNA of different antigenity have shown that an increase of the antigenicity is unlikely for this phenomenon. In the serum of patients there were established and partially characterized factors (mitogens, granulocytic adherence-factor) for increasing the immune reactivity. The increase of such factors may be the sequence of a T-suppressor cell-defect. Like-wise no interdigitating cells in systemic lupus erythematosus have been found, cells which may be responsible for the terminal differentiation of T-lymphocytes. The mode of action of exogenic factors is represented and discussed with the example of the UV provocation.", "contents": "[New studies on the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus]. The pathogenesis of the lupus erythematosus results from co-operation of three principles: (1) genetical disposition, (2) increased reactivity of the immune system, (3) different exogenic influences. The genetical disposition is confirmed by family investigations, metabolic disorders and immune anomalies as well as by parallels to animal models. The reaction manner of the immune system is genetically determined. Exogenic factors influence the immune system (behaviour) either as starter or by modifying the genetical material. The most striking humoral immune phenomenon is an immense number of (auto-)antibodies. Investigations of xeroderma pigmentosum as well as with DNA of different antigenity have shown that an increase of the antigenicity is unlikely for this phenomenon. In the serum of patients there were established and partially characterized factors (mitogens, granulocytic adherence-factor) for increasing the immune reactivity. The increase of such factors may be the sequence of a T-suppressor cell-defect. Like-wise no interdigitating cells in systemic lupus erythematosus have been found, cells which may be responsible for the terminal differentiation of T-lymphocytes. The mode of action of exogenic factors is represented and discussed with the example of the UV provocation.", "PMID": 93093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_497", "title": "Simultaneous determination of the amounts of metallic and \"reducible\" silver in histologic specimens.", "content": "Acids and weak complexing agents (pK less than 8) are not able to remove, without leaving a residue, silver bound to biological tissues by ionic or complex bonds (\"reducible\" silver), whereas, strong complexing agents (pK greater than 8) can also partially or completely dissolve metallic silver formed under the influence of reducing groups in the tissue. For this reason, the chemical nature of the silver contained in tissue sections, be it metallic or reducible, must not be determined on the basis of solubility tests; moreover, the amount of neither of the two above fractions can be determined by removing the other with any kind of washing. Using radioactive impregnating baths, radioactive silver bound to the tissue as reducible silver can be replaced in a quantitative manner with inactive silver ions by means of a one-hour incubation in 1% inactive silver nitrate dissolved in 10% acetic acid, but the radioactive silver existing in reduced (atomic) state will be left unaffected. Consequently, radioactivity remaining in the tissue after the above treatment represents metallic silver. The amount of reducible silver can be calculated by subtracting that of the metallic silver from the total silver content of the sections.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of the amounts of metallic and \"reducible\" silver in histologic specimens. Acids and weak complexing agents (pK less than 8) are not able to remove, without leaving a residue, silver bound to biological tissues by ionic or complex bonds (\"reducible\" silver), whereas, strong complexing agents (pK greater than 8) can also partially or completely dissolve metallic silver formed under the influence of reducing groups in the tissue. For this reason, the chemical nature of the silver contained in tissue sections, be it metallic or reducible, must not be determined on the basis of solubility tests; moreover, the amount of neither of the two above fractions can be determined by removing the other with any kind of washing. Using radioactive impregnating baths, radioactive silver bound to the tissue as reducible silver can be replaced in a quantitative manner with inactive silver ions by means of a one-hour incubation in 1% inactive silver nitrate dissolved in 10% acetic acid, but the radioactive silver existing in reduced (atomic) state will be left unaffected. Consequently, radioactivity remaining in the tissue after the above treatment represents metallic silver. The amount of reducible silver can be calculated by subtracting that of the metallic silver from the total silver content of the sections.", "PMID": 93095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_498", "title": "Kinetics of formation of metallic silver and binding of silver ions by tissue components.", "content": "The effect of time on the formation of metallic silver by tissue reducing groups follows a curve which can be divided into three main parts. In the first, which may last for several hours, the reaction is very slow, and only an undetectably small amount of metallic silver is produced. In the second period the speed of the reaction first increases in a progressive manner and then begins to decrease gradually; during the third period the speed approaches zero asymptotically. Binding of the silver ions by the tissue commences initially at its fastest rate; the level then decreases steadily to zero within about a quarter of an hour. There is no direct relationship between the amount of silver ion bound to the tissue and the formation of metallic silver. The latter cannot take place by way of direct (non-catalysed) reaction. The following mechanism is proposed for the process: Transfer of electrons from the reducing molecules to the silver ions is mediated at first by certain tissue sites (catalytic points) and then also by the steadily increasing total surface area of the metallic silver grains (autocatalysis). On the basis of this mechanism, several anomalies of both the argentaffin and argyrophil reactions are explained.", "contents": "Kinetics of formation of metallic silver and binding of silver ions by tissue components. The effect of time on the formation of metallic silver by tissue reducing groups follows a curve which can be divided into three main parts. In the first, which may last for several hours, the reaction is very slow, and only an undetectably small amount of metallic silver is produced. In the second period the speed of the reaction first increases in a progressive manner and then begins to decrease gradually; during the third period the speed approaches zero asymptotically. Binding of the silver ions by the tissue commences initially at its fastest rate; the level then decreases steadily to zero within about a quarter of an hour. There is no direct relationship between the amount of silver ion bound to the tissue and the formation of metallic silver. The latter cannot take place by way of direct (non-catalysed) reaction. The following mechanism is proposed for the process: Transfer of electrons from the reducing molecules to the silver ions is mediated at first by certain tissue sites (catalytic points) and then also by the steadily increasing total surface area of the metallic silver grains (autocatalysis). On the basis of this mechanism, several anomalies of both the argentaffin and argyrophil reactions are explained.", "PMID": 93096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_499", "title": "Factors affecting the formation of metallic silver and the binding of silver ions by tissue components.", "content": "The rate of formation of metallic silver has a maximum when plotted as a function of pH. The site of this maximum on a pH scale differs noticeably for various tissue elements. By contrast, the amount of silver ions bound to the tissue is a monotonously increasing function of the pH. A temperature rise decreases the length of the induction period and increases the gradient of the ascending section of the kinetic curve representing the formation of metallic silver. It also increases the maximum amount of silver ions bound to the tissue. An increase in the concentration (activity) of the silver ions in the impregnating bath has the same effect. Chemical composition and concentration of the complexing agent, as well as \"special\" ions in the impregnating bath to which earlier some definitive role has been attributed in the silver staining methods, proved to be ineffective when both pH and activity of silver ions were kept constant. Illumination of the reaction was also ineffective. The kinetic curves obtained in nonaqueous but polar media (e.g., acetone) exhibited the same qualitative characteristics as those obtained in aqueous solutions. No reaction between silver ions and tissue was observed in apolar solvents.", "contents": "Factors affecting the formation of metallic silver and the binding of silver ions by tissue components. The rate of formation of metallic silver has a maximum when plotted as a function of pH. The site of this maximum on a pH scale differs noticeably for various tissue elements. By contrast, the amount of silver ions bound to the tissue is a monotonously increasing function of the pH. A temperature rise decreases the length of the induction period and increases the gradient of the ascending section of the kinetic curve representing the formation of metallic silver. It also increases the maximum amount of silver ions bound to the tissue. An increase in the concentration (activity) of the silver ions in the impregnating bath has the same effect. Chemical composition and concentration of the complexing agent, as well as \"special\" ions in the impregnating bath to which earlier some definitive role has been attributed in the silver staining methods, proved to be ineffective when both pH and activity of silver ions were kept constant. Illumination of the reaction was also ineffective. The kinetic curves obtained in nonaqueous but polar media (e.g., acetone) exhibited the same qualitative characteristics as those obtained in aqueous solutions. No reaction between silver ions and tissue was observed in apolar solvents.", "PMID": 93097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_500", "title": "The histochemistry of complex carbohydrates in the testes of patients of idiopathic male infertility.", "content": "In testis tissues from patients with idiopathic male infertility, complex carbohydrates have been studied by means of light microscopic histochemical methods, comparisons being made with the normal testes. In the infertile testes, histochemical reactions for acidic and neutral complex carbohydrates were in general weaker in intensity than in the normal testes. In the seminiferous tubules and interstitium of the infertile testes, a histochemical finding of primary importance was obtained with the demonstration of galactose deficiency in the complex carbohydrates involved. These glycoproteins contained only small numbers of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups. The possible histophysiological significance of these complex carbohydrates is discussed, with special reference to their histochemical properties determined in the present study.", "contents": "The histochemistry of complex carbohydrates in the testes of patients of idiopathic male infertility. In testis tissues from patients with idiopathic male infertility, complex carbohydrates have been studied by means of light microscopic histochemical methods, comparisons being made with the normal testes. In the infertile testes, histochemical reactions for acidic and neutral complex carbohydrates were in general weaker in intensity than in the normal testes. In the seminiferous tubules and interstitium of the infertile testes, a histochemical finding of primary importance was obtained with the demonstration of galactose deficiency in the complex carbohydrates involved. These glycoproteins contained only small numbers of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups. The possible histophysiological significance of these complex carbohydrates is discussed, with special reference to their histochemical properties determined in the present study.", "PMID": 93098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_501", "title": "Quantitative succinate-dehydrogenase histochemistry. I. A Methodological study on mammalian and fish muscle.", "content": "In enzyme histochemistry formazan production can be used as a measure for oxidative enzyme activity. The formazan deposits can be measured quantitatively per cell with a scanning and integrating microspectrophotometer. Optimal conditions are described for the estimation of histochemical succinate dehydrogenase activity in sections of fish bodymusculature and mouse soleus and plantaris muscle. It is shown that when proper measuring conditions are chosen a ditetrazolium salt (TNBT) can be used in quantitative enzyme histochemistry and that the optimal conditions for the histochemical succinate dehydrogenase reaction in muscle fibres of fish and mouse muscle are somewhat different for these two species. The differences in pH, temperature and succinate sensitivity are the most prominent.", "contents": "Quantitative succinate-dehydrogenase histochemistry. I. A Methodological study on mammalian and fish muscle. In enzyme histochemistry formazan production can be used as a measure for oxidative enzyme activity. The formazan deposits can be measured quantitatively per cell with a scanning and integrating microspectrophotometer. Optimal conditions are described for the estimation of histochemical succinate dehydrogenase activity in sections of fish bodymusculature and mouse soleus and plantaris muscle. It is shown that when proper measuring conditions are chosen a ditetrazolium salt (TNBT) can be used in quantitative enzyme histochemistry and that the optimal conditions for the histochemical succinate dehydrogenase reaction in muscle fibres of fish and mouse muscle are somewhat different for these two species. The differences in pH, temperature and succinate sensitivity are the most prominent.", "PMID": 93099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_502", "title": "Quantitative succinate-dehydrogenase histochemistry. II. A comparison between visual and quantitative msucle fibre typing.", "content": "Most muscles exhibit a mosaic pattern of staining intensities of their muscle fibres after the histochemical reaction for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Visually these muscle fibres are usually classified into three groups: with low (A-fibres), intermediate (B-fibres), and high (C-fibres) enzymatic activity (staining intensity). Cytospectrophotometric methods were employed to investigate whether discrete groups of muscle fibres could be discerned, comparable to those found after the visual classification. The classifications were based on quantitative parameters of the total absorbance per cell and the distribution of the coloured endproduct over the fibre cross area.", "contents": "Quantitative succinate-dehydrogenase histochemistry. II. A comparison between visual and quantitative msucle fibre typing. Most muscles exhibit a mosaic pattern of staining intensities of their muscle fibres after the histochemical reaction for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Visually these muscle fibres are usually classified into three groups: with low (A-fibres), intermediate (B-fibres), and high (C-fibres) enzymatic activity (staining intensity). Cytospectrophotometric methods were employed to investigate whether discrete groups of muscle fibres could be discerned, comparable to those found after the visual classification. The classifications were based on quantitative parameters of the total absorbance per cell and the distribution of the coloured endproduct over the fibre cross area.", "PMID": 93100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_503", "title": "Quantitative succinate-dehydrogenase histochemistry. III. Variations in histochemical succinatedehydrogenase activity in different cross-sections of the same muscle fibre.", "content": "The variation in histochemical SDH-activity at different levels in the same muscle fibre was determined in muscle fibre cross-sections both by visual classification and quantitative determination of the formazan-deposits. This work resulted in a confirmation of the earlier micro-biochemical studies of Spamer AND Pette (1977, 1979) and Lowrey et al. (1978) that the activity of enzymes of the citric acid cycle is not homogeneously distributed in a muscle fibre over its entire length. In addition it is shown that the observed variations in histochemical SDH-activity strongly interfere with the visual muscle fibre typing. Some of the possible causes for these variations in histochemical SDH-activity (section-thickness, presence of the motor-endplate) and the implications of these findings for the relation between histochemical characteristics and functional properties of the muscle fibres are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative succinate-dehydrogenase histochemistry. III. Variations in histochemical succinatedehydrogenase activity in different cross-sections of the same muscle fibre. The variation in histochemical SDH-activity at different levels in the same muscle fibre was determined in muscle fibre cross-sections both by visual classification and quantitative determination of the formazan-deposits. This work resulted in a confirmation of the earlier micro-biochemical studies of Spamer AND Pette (1977, 1979) and Lowrey et al. (1978) that the activity of enzymes of the citric acid cycle is not homogeneously distributed in a muscle fibre over its entire length. In addition it is shown that the observed variations in histochemical SDH-activity strongly interfere with the visual muscle fibre typing. Some of the possible causes for these variations in histochemical SDH-activity (section-thickness, presence of the motor-endplate) and the implications of these findings for the relation between histochemical characteristics and functional properties of the muscle fibres are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 93101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_504", "title": "Immunocytochemical technique for detection of prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) in hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of dog prostate and mammary gland.", "content": "An immunocytochemical technique was described to test for immunoreactive prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) in spontaneous and experimentally induced hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the prostate and mammary gland. The dog was used as an animal model. The specificity and validity of the immunocytochemical staining procedure and of the antisera to canine PRL and canine GH can be regarded as established for the demonstration of PRL- and GH-dependent staining respectively. In mammary and prostatic tissues, both endogenous PRL and GH as well as intracellular free binding sites (for exogenous PRL and GH) were detected immunocytochemically. The technique presented seems to be an important tool to localize putative target sites for pituitary hormones in hormone-dependent hyperplasia and neoplasia.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical technique for detection of prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) in hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of dog prostate and mammary gland. An immunocytochemical technique was described to test for immunoreactive prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) in spontaneous and experimentally induced hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the prostate and mammary gland. The dog was used as an animal model. The specificity and validity of the immunocytochemical staining procedure and of the antisera to canine PRL and canine GH can be regarded as established for the demonstration of PRL- and GH-dependent staining respectively. In mammary and prostatic tissues, both endogenous PRL and GH as well as intracellular free binding sites (for exogenous PRL and GH) were detected immunocytochemically. The technique presented seems to be an important tool to localize putative target sites for pituitary hormones in hormone-dependent hyperplasia and neoplasia.", "PMID": 93102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_505", "title": "Histochemical reactions of gastrointestinal mucosubstances with high iron diamine after prior oxidation and methylation of tissue sections.", "content": "High iron diamine reactions after the prior methylation and oxidation of tissue sections with performic acid or potassium permanganate (metox-HID or ox-met-HID) in epithelial mucosubstances and in mucosal mast cells were studied in tissue samples from the human gastrointestinal tract and were compared with reactions with high iron diamine without any pretreatment (HID) and high iron diamine with the prior methylation (met-HID). High iron diamine reactions after the prior oxidation (met-ox-HID, ox-met-Hid and ox-Hid) demonstrated mucosubstances in a way which seemed to operate by the staining of acidic groups evoked by the oxidation of the tissue sections. These acidic groups were not blocked by the methylation. It was supposed that they are sulphonic acids resulting from sulphur groups (sulphydryls or disulphides) in some mucus glycoproteins. Met-ox-HID and ox-met-HID reactions seemed to stain mucosubstances and mast cells in a similar way but differed from the ox-HID reactions with the manner which could be interpretated to be due to the blocking of free sulphate ester groups in reactions of the former. Met-ox-HID (and ox-met-HID) positive and in goblet cells of small and large bowel.", "contents": "Histochemical reactions of gastrointestinal mucosubstances with high iron diamine after prior oxidation and methylation of tissue sections. High iron diamine reactions after the prior methylation and oxidation of tissue sections with performic acid or potassium permanganate (metox-HID or ox-met-HID) in epithelial mucosubstances and in mucosal mast cells were studied in tissue samples from the human gastrointestinal tract and were compared with reactions with high iron diamine without any pretreatment (HID) and high iron diamine with the prior methylation (met-HID). High iron diamine reactions after the prior oxidation (met-ox-HID, ox-met-Hid and ox-Hid) demonstrated mucosubstances in a way which seemed to operate by the staining of acidic groups evoked by the oxidation of the tissue sections. These acidic groups were not blocked by the methylation. It was supposed that they are sulphonic acids resulting from sulphur groups (sulphydryls or disulphides) in some mucus glycoproteins. Met-ox-HID and ox-met-HID reactions seemed to stain mucosubstances and mast cells in a similar way but differed from the ox-HID reactions with the manner which could be interpretated to be due to the blocking of free sulphate ester groups in reactions of the former. Met-ox-HID (and ox-met-HID) positive and in goblet cells of small and large bowel.", "PMID": 93103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_506", "title": "Specificity of cytochemical procedures for localising peroxidase activity in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Cytochemical evidence is reported for substantiating the view that when lightly-fixed skeletal muscle is incubated in a diaminobenzidine-H2O2 medium at pH 5, the resulting enhanced electron opacity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is more likely to be due to a peroxidatic activity therein rather than to a non-enzymic binding reaction. The reticulum staining is absent in incubated sections of overfixed or boiled tissue; or if hydrogen peroxide is omitted from the incubation medium; or if aminotriazole is included in the medium.", "contents": "Specificity of cytochemical procedures for localising peroxidase activity in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Cytochemical evidence is reported for substantiating the view that when lightly-fixed skeletal muscle is incubated in a diaminobenzidine-H2O2 medium at pH 5, the resulting enhanced electron opacity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is more likely to be due to a peroxidatic activity therein rather than to a non-enzymic binding reaction. The reticulum staining is absent in incubated sections of overfixed or boiled tissue; or if hydrogen peroxide is omitted from the incubation medium; or if aminotriazole is included in the medium.", "PMID": 93104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_507", "title": "Facilitating generalization of on-task behavior through self-monitoring of academic tasks.", "content": "This study (1) examined whether a self-monitoring procedure taught in a laboratory setting would increase independent on-task behavior there and would generalize without further teaching to a classroom setting, and (2) analyzed the durability of the training effects over the course of 5 months for one subject and 10 months for two other subjects. Two multiple-baseline designs, one across three normal and the other across three deviant children, showed that self-monitoring of academic task-completions facilitated on-task responding for all subjects in the generalization (classroom) setting. A subsequent reversal design showed that these effects were durable, in two of the three subjects still available, at least as much as 1 year after commencement of training. This latter design also suggested that one subject who was not maintained by self-monitoring could be supported in on-task behavior by a peer who was maintained by self-monitoring.", "contents": "Facilitating generalization of on-task behavior through self-monitoring of academic tasks. This study (1) examined whether a self-monitoring procedure taught in a laboratory setting would increase independent on-task behavior there and would generalize without further teaching to a classroom setting, and (2) analyzed the durability of the training effects over the course of 5 months for one subject and 10 months for two other subjects. Two multiple-baseline designs, one across three normal and the other across three deviant children, showed that self-monitoring of academic task-completions facilitated on-task responding for all subjects in the generalization (classroom) setting. A subsequent reversal design showed that these effects were durable, in two of the three subjects still available, at least as much as 1 year after commencement of training. This latter design also suggested that one subject who was not maintained by self-monitoring could be supported in on-task behavior by a peer who was maintained by self-monitoring.", "PMID": 93106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_508", "title": "Electron microscopy of the rodlet layer of Neurospora crassa conidia.", "content": "Neurospora crassa macroconidia possess a regularly arranged layer of small fibers (rodlets) near the spore surface. The structure and location of this layer were studied by making surface replicas, by negative staining, by freeze-fracturing and deep-etching, and by thin sectioning. When conidia were shaken vigorously in water, the layer fragmented and became separated from the surface in sheets. Negative staining of such sheets showed that the individual rodlets have a hollow central core. When conidia were shaken gently in water or fixative, large fragments of the rodlet layer often remained on the conidial surface. The fragments tended to fold back on each other such that multiple layers were sometimes seen in thin sections. It is concluded that in dry conidia the rodlets are located on the extreme outside of the spore where they form a monolayer with only occasional regions of overlap.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of the rodlet layer of Neurospora crassa conidia. Neurospora crassa macroconidia possess a regularly arranged layer of small fibers (rodlets) near the spore surface. The structure and location of this layer were studied by making surface replicas, by negative staining, by freeze-fracturing and deep-etching, and by thin sectioning. When conidia were shaken vigorously in water, the layer fragmented and became separated from the surface in sheets. Negative staining of such sheets showed that the individual rodlets have a hollow central core. When conidia were shaken gently in water or fixative, large fragments of the rodlet layer often remained on the conidial surface. The fragments tended to fold back on each other such that multiple layers were sometimes seen in thin sections. It is concluded that in dry conidia the rodlets are located on the extreme outside of the spore where they form a monolayer with only occasional regions of overlap.", "PMID": 93107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_509", "title": "Immunochemical studies on the correlation between conformational changes of DNA caused by ultraviolet irradiation and manifestation of antigenicity.", "content": "The conformational changes of double-stranded DNA induced during irradiation with ultraviolet, were immunologically investigated. These studies revealed that at least two distinct antigenic sites were induced in the irradiated DNA molecule, giving rise to two different antibodies specific for ultraviolet-irradiated (uv) DNA and thermally denatured DNA-like structure, and these were demonstrable using radioimmunoassay and double diffusion tests. A series of experiments, including melting profile, fluorescence intensity of the ethidium bromide complex and chromatographic behavior on hydroxyapatite, performed on the antigenically active uvDNA indicated that the duplex structure of DNA separated irregularly during irradiation. Furthermore, the data showed that the conformational determinants of uvDNA are located on the exposed single-stranded regions.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on the correlation between conformational changes of DNA caused by ultraviolet irradiation and manifestation of antigenicity. The conformational changes of double-stranded DNA induced during irradiation with ultraviolet, were immunologically investigated. These studies revealed that at least two distinct antigenic sites were induced in the irradiated DNA molecule, giving rise to two different antibodies specific for ultraviolet-irradiated (uv) DNA and thermally denatured DNA-like structure, and these were demonstrable using radioimmunoassay and double diffusion tests. A series of experiments, including melting profile, fluorescence intensity of the ethidium bromide complex and chromatographic behavior on hydroxyapatite, performed on the antigenically active uvDNA indicated that the duplex structure of DNA separated irregularly during irradiation. Furthermore, the data showed that the conformational determinants of uvDNA are located on the exposed single-stranded regions.", "PMID": 93108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_510", "title": "Motor neuron diseases in man and animals.", "content": "Aspects of motor neuron diseases in man are described and compared with a series of animal models for these disorders. Such models provide new approaches to understanding many features of abnormalities of the central and peripheral nervous system.", "contents": "Motor neuron diseases in man and animals. Aspects of motor neuron diseases in man are described and compared with a series of animal models for these disorders. Such models provide new approaches to understanding many features of abnormalities of the central and peripheral nervous system.", "PMID": 93105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_511", "title": "Incubation of 3,4-benzo(s)pyrene with serum fractions: effect on tumor production.", "content": "The effect on tumor formation in Swiss mice of incubation of 3,4-Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P]either with saline or saline containing serum, gamma-globulin or albumin (form mouse or rabbit) was investigated. A high incidence of sarcomas (80--100%) was obtained in Swiss mice by B(A)P incubated in vitro with rabbit serum, rabbit gamma-globulin, mouse serum, mouse gamma-globulin, and saline. A lower incidence (60--65%) was obtained with B(a)P incubated with mouse serum, mouse albumin, and rabbit albumin. The data suggest that binding of B(a)P to protein, particularly to albumin, significantly decreases the biological activity of B(a)P.", "contents": "Incubation of 3,4-benzo(s)pyrene with serum fractions: effect on tumor production. The effect on tumor formation in Swiss mice of incubation of 3,4-Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P]either with saline or saline containing serum, gamma-globulin or albumin (form mouse or rabbit) was investigated. A high incidence of sarcomas (80--100%) was obtained in Swiss mice by B(A)P incubated in vitro with rabbit serum, rabbit gamma-globulin, mouse serum, mouse gamma-globulin, and saline. A lower incidence (60--65%) was obtained with B(a)P incubated with mouse serum, mouse albumin, and rabbit albumin. The data suggest that binding of B(a)P to protein, particularly to albumin, significantly decreases the biological activity of B(a)P.", "PMID": 93109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_512", "title": "[Concentrations of cytostatic drugs in organs and tumors: comparison after intravenous and intratumoral injection (author's transl)].", "content": "The cytostatic drugs Chlorambucil and Bleomycin were labeled with 131I and with 57Co, respectively: Ruthenocenealdehyde-(N-methyl-N-beta-chlorethyl)-hydrazone and Ruthenocene-3-phenyl-prop.1-en-3-one were labeled with the gamma emitter 103Ru. In tumor-bearing mice the elimination and organ distribution of these radioactive substances were tested after intravenous (i.v.) and intratumoral (i.t.) injection of the drugs. The organ load showed lower values after i.t. than after i.v. application, while the radioactivity concentrations in the tumor were considerably increased after i.t. injection. The integrals of the concentration-time curves showed 10--80 times higher concentrations in the tumor after i.t. compared to i.v. injection of the drugs.", "contents": "[Concentrations of cytostatic drugs in organs and tumors: comparison after intravenous and intratumoral injection (author's transl)]. The cytostatic drugs Chlorambucil and Bleomycin were labeled with 131I and with 57Co, respectively: Ruthenocenealdehyde-(N-methyl-N-beta-chlorethyl)-hydrazone and Ruthenocene-3-phenyl-prop.1-en-3-one were labeled with the gamma emitter 103Ru. In tumor-bearing mice the elimination and organ distribution of these radioactive substances were tested after intravenous (i.v.) and intratumoral (i.t.) injection of the drugs. The organ load showed lower values after i.t. than after i.v. application, while the radioactivity concentrations in the tumor were considerably increased after i.t. injection. The integrals of the concentration-time curves showed 10--80 times higher concentrations in the tumor after i.t. compared to i.v. injection of the drugs.", "PMID": 93110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_513", "title": "Analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus soluble antigens by employing passive hemagglutination.", "content": "The passive hemagglutination assay was explored as a sensitive test of immunological reactivity of endotoxin and other antigens prepared from selected strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The tannic acid procedure for passive hemagglutination, commonly used with protein antigens, was the only procedure yielding good results with V. parahaemolyticus protein extracts, endotoxins, and related preparations. These results were probably due to the presence of large amounts of protein in the V. parahaemolyticus endotoxins as determined by earlier work referenced in the text. Glucose and galactose as possible antigenic determinants in the endotoxin of a Vibrio strain were tested by inhibition tests. Cross-reactions were observed between endotoxin preparations, but were low in hemagglutination, suggesting reactions of common generic antigens. The ability of V. parahaemolyticus endotoxins to stimulate production of antibodies was determined.", "contents": "Analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus soluble antigens by employing passive hemagglutination. The passive hemagglutination assay was explored as a sensitive test of immunological reactivity of endotoxin and other antigens prepared from selected strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The tannic acid procedure for passive hemagglutination, commonly used with protein antigens, was the only procedure yielding good results with V. parahaemolyticus protein extracts, endotoxins, and related preparations. These results were probably due to the presence of large amounts of protein in the V. parahaemolyticus endotoxins as determined by earlier work referenced in the text. Glucose and galactose as possible antigenic determinants in the endotoxin of a Vibrio strain were tested by inhibition tests. Cross-reactions were observed between endotoxin preparations, but were low in hemagglutination, suggesting reactions of common generic antigens. The ability of V. parahaemolyticus endotoxins to stimulate production of antibodies was determined.", "PMID": 93111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_514", "title": "A technique for estimating total spine numbers on Golgi-impregnated dendrites.", "content": "The functional significance of dendritic spines and their morphological sensitivity to a wide spectrum of experimental manipulations and pathological states have led to a number of studies in which counts of dendritic spine number have been carried out. These studies have, for the most part, involved the enumeration of only those spines which protrude from the opaque shafts of Golgi-impregnated dendrites into the clear zones flanking the dendrite. Such counts, limited to only those spines which are visible, underrepresent the true total number of spines borne by the dendrites. The magnitude of underrepresentation correlates positively with dendritic shaft diameter and negatively with spine length. This seriously restricts the usefulness of comparisons of spine density between dendrites, or even between segments of the same dendrite. In the present report, a geometrically based method is presented whereby total dendritic spine numbers can be estimated with reasonable accuracy, taking into account factors such as dendrite diameter and spine length. The technique entails the following principal steps: a determination, for a given length of dendrite over which spines are to be enumerated, of the volume of the flanking zones in which spines are visible and can be counted; a determination of the volume of the entire zone which encircles the dendritic shaft and which contains all spines, both visible and not visible; and a proportional extrapolation from the number of visible spines to obtain an estimate of the true total spine number. Tests of the predictive accuracy of the technique using dendrites of known total spine number suggest that estimates which deviate from true total spine numbers by less than 10% can be achieved.", "contents": "A technique for estimating total spine numbers on Golgi-impregnated dendrites. The functional significance of dendritic spines and their morphological sensitivity to a wide spectrum of experimental manipulations and pathological states have led to a number of studies in which counts of dendritic spine number have been carried out. These studies have, for the most part, involved the enumeration of only those spines which protrude from the opaque shafts of Golgi-impregnated dendrites into the clear zones flanking the dendrite. Such counts, limited to only those spines which are visible, underrepresent the true total number of spines borne by the dendrites. The magnitude of underrepresentation correlates positively with dendritic shaft diameter and negatively with spine length. This seriously restricts the usefulness of comparisons of spine density between dendrites, or even between segments of the same dendrite. In the present report, a geometrically based method is presented whereby total dendritic spine numbers can be estimated with reasonable accuracy, taking into account factors such as dendrite diameter and spine length. The technique entails the following principal steps: a determination, for a given length of dendrite over which spines are to be enumerated, of the volume of the flanking zones in which spines are visible and can be counted; a determination of the volume of the entire zone which encircles the dendritic shaft and which contains all spines, both visible and not visible; and a proportional extrapolation from the number of visible spines to obtain an estimate of the true total spine number. Tests of the predictive accuracy of the technique using dendrites of known total spine number suggest that estimates which deviate from true total spine numbers by less than 10% can be achieved.", "PMID": 93115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_515", "title": "A stain for plucked anagen hairs.", "content": "Anagen and telogen plucked hairs may be difficult to distinguish based on their microscopic appearance. The root ends of plucked anagen hairs develop a red color when stained with 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, while those of plucked telogen hairs do not. This is the result of a reaction with citrulline-containing proteins in the internal root sheath. This histochemical stain provides a simple and accurate means of determining the telogen/anagen ratio in plucked hairs.", "contents": "A stain for plucked anagen hairs. Anagen and telogen plucked hairs may be difficult to distinguish based on their microscopic appearance. The root ends of plucked anagen hairs develop a red color when stained with 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, while those of plucked telogen hairs do not. This is the result of a reaction with citrulline-containing proteins in the internal root sheath. This histochemical stain provides a simple and accurate means of determining the telogen/anagen ratio in plucked hairs.", "PMID": 93116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_516", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis to the perfume in Mycolog cream.", "content": "Mycolog contact allergy is due primarily to its ethylenediamine and fragrance components. In the evaluation of Mycolog-sensitive patients, the major constituents, including the perfume at 5% or 10% in petrolatum, should be tested.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis to the perfume in Mycolog cream. Mycolog contact allergy is due primarily to its ethylenediamine and fragrance components. In the evaluation of Mycolog-sensitive patients, the major constituents, including the perfume at 5% or 10% in petrolatum, should be tested.", "PMID": 93117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_517", "title": "Pinguecula and actinic elastosis. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Three cases of pinguecula (conjunctival elastosis) were ultrastructurally investigated. Findings were compared with the features described in cutaneous actinic elastosis. Changes observed were not uniform. In both diseases, numerous elastotoc fibers were present with a finely granular matrix and masses of dense grains. The degenerative changes of the elastotic fibers evolved differently in conjunctival stroma and in dermis. The superficial extracellular concretions observed in pinguecula seemed to be an ultimate stage of elastotic degeneration. Like actinic elastosis and elastosis observed in chronic radiodermatitis, pinguecula is believed to result from a dystrophic increased elastogenesis induced by chronic irradiation, with secondary degenerative changes.", "contents": "Pinguecula and actinic elastosis. An ultrastructural study. Three cases of pinguecula (conjunctival elastosis) were ultrastructurally investigated. Findings were compared with the features described in cutaneous actinic elastosis. Changes observed were not uniform. In both diseases, numerous elastotoc fibers were present with a finely granular matrix and masses of dense grains. The degenerative changes of the elastotic fibers evolved differently in conjunctival stroma and in dermis. The superficial extracellular concretions observed in pinguecula seemed to be an ultimate stage of elastotic degeneration. Like actinic elastosis and elastosis observed in chronic radiodermatitis, pinguecula is believed to result from a dystrophic increased elastogenesis induced by chronic irradiation, with secondary degenerative changes.", "PMID": 93118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_518", "title": "An exploration of a patient-centred nursing approach in the admission of selected surgical patients: a replicated study.", "content": "It is well recognized that admission to hospital is a stressful experience for patients, and little attention is directed towards helping patients to adapt to hospitalization. This paper reports the replication of a descriptive study which explored the patient's welfare after the use of a patient-centred nursing approach designed to alleviate stress on admission to hospital. It also attempts to determine the patient's perception of the nurse during the implementation of the admission procedure, and his general reactions toward the admission procedure.", "contents": "An exploration of a patient-centred nursing approach in the admission of selected surgical patients: a replicated study. It is well recognized that admission to hospital is a stressful experience for patients, and little attention is directed towards helping patients to adapt to hospitalization. This paper reports the replication of a descriptive study which explored the patient's welfare after the use of a patient-centred nursing approach designed to alleviate stress on admission to hospital. It also attempts to determine the patient's perception of the nurse during the implementation of the admission procedure, and his general reactions toward the admission procedure.", "PMID": 93119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_519", "title": "Learning disabilities: the role of the developmental optometrist.", "content": "The role of the optometrist in treating children experiencing learning disabilities embraces numerous areas beyond the customary optometric services. Etiological, diagnostic and therapeutic factors are discussed stressing visual functional disorders, perceptual-motor and developmental lags and cognitive style. Their effects on the learning disabled child are analyzed; and the rationale of optometric procedures frequently used in treating LD children is reviewed. The optometrist may also be helpful in counseling patients who have learning readiness problems, reading disorders, psychological difficulties and nutritional deficits.", "contents": "Learning disabilities: the role of the developmental optometrist. The role of the optometrist in treating children experiencing learning disabilities embraces numerous areas beyond the customary optometric services. Etiological, diagnostic and therapeutic factors are discussed stressing visual functional disorders, perceptual-motor and developmental lags and cognitive style. Their effects on the learning disabled child are analyzed; and the rationale of optometric procedures frequently used in treating LD children is reviewed. The optometrist may also be helpful in counseling patients who have learning readiness problems, reading disorders, psychological difficulties and nutritional deficits.", "PMID": 93120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_520", "title": "Therapeutic possibilities in Pseudomonas infections.", "content": "Acute pseudomonas infections require treatment with antibiotics producing a bactericidal effect. The most useful are gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin and polymyxin B. In resistant strains, amikacin is indicated in addition. Carbenicillin, ticarcillin, carfenicillin or azocillin should never be given alone but in combination with some of the above preparations. Other drugs, such as chloramphenicol, tetracycline or streptomycin, though effective in vitro, should be avoided. Chemotherapy may be complemented by passive immunization either with hyperimmune specific gama globulin or hyperimmune plasma. A programmatic item of combined treatment is active immunization, especially with toxoid vaccine. Chronic processes are not, perhaps with the exception of urinary infections, suitable for antibiotic therapy. For this reason effective polyvalent vaccines should be developed from appropriate strains. It is now certain that in infections caused by mucous strains (most frequently encountered in cystic fibrosis) the vaccine should be prepared from these strains, since they have distinct functional and antigenic characteristics.", "contents": "Therapeutic possibilities in Pseudomonas infections. Acute pseudomonas infections require treatment with antibiotics producing a bactericidal effect. The most useful are gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin and polymyxin B. In resistant strains, amikacin is indicated in addition. Carbenicillin, ticarcillin, carfenicillin or azocillin should never be given alone but in combination with some of the above preparations. Other drugs, such as chloramphenicol, tetracycline or streptomycin, though effective in vitro, should be avoided. Chemotherapy may be complemented by passive immunization either with hyperimmune specific gama globulin or hyperimmune plasma. A programmatic item of combined treatment is active immunization, especially with toxoid vaccine. Chronic processes are not, perhaps with the exception of urinary infections, suitable for antibiotic therapy. For this reason effective polyvalent vaccines should be developed from appropriate strains. It is now certain that in infections caused by mucous strains (most frequently encountered in cystic fibrosis) the vaccine should be prepared from these strains, since they have distinct functional and antigenic characteristics.", "PMID": 93125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_521", "title": "Investigation of the incidence of influenza A viraemia caused by virus strains circulating among children in 1968 - 1977.", "content": "Nineteen strains of Type A influenza virus isolated from the blood of small children in 1968--77 were studied. The investigation of the strains in HAIR with antisera to the antigenic components of the strains in HAIR with antisera to the antigenic components of the strains  A/Hong-Kong/68,A/Anglia/72, A/Port Chalmers/73 and A/Victoria/75 made it possible to demonstrate antigenic \"drive\" of the haemagglutinin in the years 1968--1977 and to divide the strains into 4 varieties. A high sensitivity to inhibitors was observed in all the strains isolated. The study of pathogenicity and toxicity of the strains revealed viraemia in the strains isolated during the 1972--1973 epidemic and the subsequent epidemics with the absence of pathogenicity and toxicity for white mice. Regular finding of viraemia coincided in time with increased thermostablty of the haemagglutnin in the strains under study.", "contents": "Investigation of the incidence of influenza A viraemia caused by virus strains circulating among children in 1968 - 1977. Nineteen strains of Type A influenza virus isolated from the blood of small children in 1968--77 were studied. The investigation of the strains in HAIR with antisera to the antigenic components of the strains in HAIR with antisera to the antigenic components of the strains  A/Hong-Kong/68,A/Anglia/72, A/Port Chalmers/73 and A/Victoria/75 made it possible to demonstrate antigenic \"drive\" of the haemagglutinin in the years 1968--1977 and to divide the strains into 4 varieties. A high sensitivity to inhibitors was observed in all the strains isolated. The study of pathogenicity and toxicity of the strains revealed viraemia in the strains isolated during the 1972--1973 epidemic and the subsequent epidemics with the absence of pathogenicity and toxicity for white mice. Regular finding of viraemia coincided in time with increased thermostablty of the haemagglutnin in the strains under study.", "PMID": 93126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_522", "title": "Testing the properties of an experimental batch of zoster immune gammaglobulin (ZIG).", "content": "The methods of indirct haemagglutination (IH) and precipitation in gel (ID) were employed to test the level of varicella-zoster (VZ) antibodies in an experimental batch of zoster gammaglobulin (ZIG). The titre of indirect haemagglutinating antibodies in ZIG was about 64 times higher than in the ordinary batches of normal immunoglobulin and about 8 times higher in comparison with the level of the initial plasma pool. In the reaction of precipitation in gel, ZIG produced 5 to 6 zones. In comparison with the initial pool of convalescent plasma, ZIG also showed an 8-fold concentration of precipitating antibodies. ZIG was administered preventively to 6 children with risk diagnoses. None of the children fell ill with varicella. According to the results of subsequent serological examination in the reactions of indirect haemagglutination and radioimmunologic analysis, only 3 children were definitely susceptible to VZ infection. In two other children (very low antibody titres) the risk could not be excluded. No substantial increase in the levels of IH and RIA antibodies was observed in the 4 children under serological observation in a period of 6 months following the administration of ZIG. ZIG was administered therapeutically to four children with varicella. The effect of ZIG therapy was very suggestive, especially in two newborn infants lacking maternal antibodies, where the dose of ZIG per 1 kg body weigt was unusually high.", "contents": "Testing the properties of an experimental batch of zoster immune gammaglobulin (ZIG). The methods of indirct haemagglutination (IH) and precipitation in gel (ID) were employed to test the level of varicella-zoster (VZ) antibodies in an experimental batch of zoster gammaglobulin (ZIG). The titre of indirect haemagglutinating antibodies in ZIG was about 64 times higher than in the ordinary batches of normal immunoglobulin and about 8 times higher in comparison with the level of the initial plasma pool. In the reaction of precipitation in gel, ZIG produced 5 to 6 zones. In comparison with the initial pool of convalescent plasma, ZIG also showed an 8-fold concentration of precipitating antibodies. ZIG was administered preventively to 6 children with risk diagnoses. None of the children fell ill with varicella. According to the results of subsequent serological examination in the reactions of indirect haemagglutination and radioimmunologic analysis, only 3 children were definitely susceptible to VZ infection. In two other children (very low antibody titres) the risk could not be excluded. No substantial increase in the levels of IH and RIA antibodies was observed in the 4 children under serological observation in a period of 6 months following the administration of ZIG. ZIG was administered therapeutically to four children with varicella. The effect of ZIG therapy was very suggestive, especially in two newborn infants lacking maternal antibodies, where the dose of ZIG per 1 kg body weigt was unusually high.", "PMID": 93127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_523", "title": "Experimental infection with Ancylostoma caninum larvae in mice. VI. Serum protein pattern use due to repeated exposures to infection.", "content": "Three mice groups were infected with various repeated doses and other four groups with single doses of Ancylostoma caninum larvae. Serum samples collected at various intervals were analysed electrophoretically. The results were compared first with an uninfected control group and then with those of the corresponding non-immunized single-dose-infected groups. Remarkably decreased values of albumin, increased beta globulin and increased total globulins with a decreased A/G ratio were observed. There was no correlation between the decrease in albumin and the increase in beta globulin found in the immunized groups. No further enhancement in serum protein components was noted on repeated exposure to infection. Immunized groups of mice, infected twice with a 500-larval dose, showed an exceptional increase in alpha-2 globulin and unchanged gamma globulin levels.", "contents": "Experimental infection with Ancylostoma caninum larvae in mice. VI. Serum protein pattern use due to repeated exposures to infection. Three mice groups were infected with various repeated doses and other four groups with single doses of Ancylostoma caninum larvae. Serum samples collected at various intervals were analysed electrophoretically. The results were compared first with an uninfected control group and then with those of the corresponding non-immunized single-dose-infected groups. Remarkably decreased values of albumin, increased beta globulin and increased total globulins with a decreased A/G ratio were observed. There was no correlation between the decrease in albumin and the increase in beta globulin found in the immunized groups. No further enhancement in serum protein components was noted on repeated exposure to infection. Immunized groups of mice, infected twice with a 500-larval dose, showed an exceptional increase in alpha-2 globulin and unchanged gamma globulin levels.", "PMID": 93128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_524", "title": "The quantitation of cell surface antigens by antibody-complement mediated cytotoxicity: application to murine leukemia virus-infected mouse cells.", "content": "51Cr-antibody-complement mediated cytotoxicity (ACC) can be used to quantify nanogram amounts of cell surface antigens. When pure antigen is available for calibration, inhibition of ACC by known amounts of antigen and by whole cells yields an estimate of the number of antigenic equivalents per cell. ACC is more suitable for this purpose than radioimmunoprecipitation assay. By ACC the number of antigenic equivalents of the oncornaviral proteins gp70 and p30 has been determined on the surface of various cells infected with Rauscher and Gross murine leukemia viruses.", "contents": "The quantitation of cell surface antigens by antibody-complement mediated cytotoxicity: application to murine leukemia virus-infected mouse cells. 51Cr-antibody-complement mediated cytotoxicity (ACC) can be used to quantify nanogram amounts of cell surface antigens. When pure antigen is available for calibration, inhibition of ACC by known amounts of antigen and by whole cells yields an estimate of the number of antigenic equivalents per cell. ACC is more suitable for this purpose than radioimmunoprecipitation assay. By ACC the number of antigenic equivalents of the oncornaviral proteins gp70 and p30 has been determined on the surface of various cells infected with Rauscher and Gross murine leukemia viruses.", "PMID": 93129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_525", "title": "Purification of alpha-fetoprotein from mouse amniotic fluid by gel-entrapped antibody filtration.", "content": "A one-step immunospecific affinity chromatographic method for purification of mouse alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) directly from amniotic fluid is described. The procedure employed a rabbit anti-AFP immunoglobulin-G entrapped in a polyacrylamide gel matrix prepared as a gel slurry. The presence of impurities could not be demonstrated in the eluted fraction and the recovery of AFP was approximately 26%. Sufficient quantities of AFP were readily purified for raising antibodies and for purity studies.", "contents": "Purification of alpha-fetoprotein from mouse amniotic fluid by gel-entrapped antibody filtration. A one-step immunospecific affinity chromatographic method for purification of mouse alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) directly from amniotic fluid is described. The procedure employed a rabbit anti-AFP immunoglobulin-G entrapped in a polyacrylamide gel matrix prepared as a gel slurry. The presence of impurities could not be demonstrated in the eluted fraction and the recovery of AFP was approximately 26%. Sufficient quantities of AFP were readily purified for raising antibodies and for purity studies.", "PMID": 93130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_526", "title": "Phylogeny of the rabbit gamma-chain determinants: a d12-like antigenic determinant in Pronolagus rupestris.", "content": "A survey for constant region gamma-chain allotypes (de locus) was undertaken in different lagomorph genera. As yet only Pronolagus rupestris, a paleolaginae, showed the presence of a determinant similar to rabbit d12 although it lacked the widespread e15 determinant. All seven individuals possessed the d12 like determinant which was studied by immunodiffusion, haemagglutination inhibition, radiobinding and binding inhibition assays. In addition, a new enzymic method for typing for d12, based on the presence of the asymmetric rabbit hinge carbohydrate linked to the d12 characteristic threonine, is presented. This method suggests, however, that, unlike the d12 rabbit, Pronolagus does not seem to have a majority of IgG molecules with a glycosylated hinge.", "contents": "Phylogeny of the rabbit gamma-chain determinants: a d12-like antigenic determinant in Pronolagus rupestris. A survey for constant region gamma-chain allotypes (de locus) was undertaken in different lagomorph genera. As yet only Pronolagus rupestris, a paleolaginae, showed the presence of a determinant similar to rabbit d12 although it lacked the widespread e15 determinant. All seven individuals possessed the d12 like determinant which was studied by immunodiffusion, haemagglutination inhibition, radiobinding and binding inhibition assays. In addition, a new enzymic method for typing for d12, based on the presence of the asymmetric rabbit hinge carbohydrate linked to the d12 characteristic threonine, is presented. This method suggests, however, that, unlike the d12 rabbit, Pronolagus does not seem to have a majority of IgG molecules with a glycosylated hinge.", "PMID": 93133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_527", "title": "Biosynthesis of human blood group T-, N- and M-specific immunodeterminants on human erythrocyte antigens.", "content": "We synthesized on Tn erythrocytes with human sera, UDP-Gal, and activators T-specific haptenic structures in satisfactory yield. The specificity of this biosynthesis was ascertained by agglutination with human and animal anti-T, by specific absorption of human anti-T as well as by agglutination inhibition assays. With isolated human erythrocyte T antigen as substrate we synthesized N- and M-specific structures with sera from individual human donors in presence of CMP-sialic acid by incubation for 24 hr at 37 degrees C. Serology on the recovered product was carried out with nineteen monospecific human and animal sera under strictly standardized and controlled conditions with the mandatory tube assay. All M- as well as N-derived T antigens tested acquired N specificity with all transferase sera of all MN types. In contrast, M-activation of M- and N-drived T antigens tested acquired N specificity with all transferase sera of all MN types. In contrast, M-activation of M- and N-derived T antigens occurred only if the transferase donor had the M gene. The nine M transferase sera used all gave M-activation of MM- and NN-derived T antigens. None of twelve transferase sera from NN donors M-activated any T antigen. NN antigen was transformed to a M-specific one by all transferase sera from MM donors but by none from NN donors. We have not yet established the biochemical-genetic relation of M to N; N may be the immediate precursor of M or M may originate directly from T. The sialyltransferase responsible for M activation may be a N transferase 'modified' by the M gene product or an entirely different sialyltransferase.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of human blood group T-, N- and M-specific immunodeterminants on human erythrocyte antigens. We synthesized on Tn erythrocytes with human sera, UDP-Gal, and activators T-specific haptenic structures in satisfactory yield. The specificity of this biosynthesis was ascertained by agglutination with human and animal anti-T, by specific absorption of human anti-T as well as by agglutination inhibition assays. With isolated human erythrocyte T antigen as substrate we synthesized N- and M-specific structures with sera from individual human donors in presence of CMP-sialic acid by incubation for 24 hr at 37 degrees C. Serology on the recovered product was carried out with nineteen monospecific human and animal sera under strictly standardized and controlled conditions with the mandatory tube assay. All M- as well as N-derived T antigens tested acquired N specificity with all transferase sera of all MN types. In contrast, M-activation of M- and N-drived T antigens tested acquired N specificity with all transferase sera of all MN types. In contrast, M-activation of M- and N-derived T antigens occurred only if the transferase donor had the M gene. The nine M transferase sera used all gave M-activation of MM- and NN-derived T antigens. None of twelve transferase sera from NN donors M-activated any T antigen. NN antigen was transformed to a M-specific one by all transferase sera from MM donors but by none from NN donors. We have not yet established the biochemical-genetic relation of M to N; N may be the immediate precursor of M or M may originate directly from T. The sialyltransferase responsible for M activation may be a N transferase 'modified' by the M gene product or an entirely different sialyltransferase.", "PMID": 93134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_528", "title": "Differences in the susceptibility of MHC and non-MHC mixed lymphocyte reactions to suppression by murine amnionic fluid and its components.", "content": "The ability of mouse amniotic fluid (MAF), alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) and MAF depleted of AFP (MAF - AFP) to suppress primary one-way MLR's was investigated. It was found that MAF, AFP and MAF - AFP were all suppressive of MLR's specific for MHC, K, D or I + S determinants. Suppression was observed when either lymph node or spleen cells were used as the responder cells. Nylon wool column passage of these cells did not significantly affect the immunosuppressive action of these substances. In contrast, MLR's specific for non-MHC/M-locus determinants demonstrated either diminished suppression or augmentation of the response, compared with the MHC stimulated MLR's. Our results show a differential effect of whole MAF and its fractions on the proliferative responses induced by various allogeneic stimuli and suggest that suppression is not due to a non-specific effect on proliferation regardless of the stimulus or cell type involved.", "contents": "Differences in the susceptibility of MHC and non-MHC mixed lymphocyte reactions to suppression by murine amnionic fluid and its components. The ability of mouse amniotic fluid (MAF), alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) and MAF depleted of AFP (MAF - AFP) to suppress primary one-way MLR's was investigated. It was found that MAF, AFP and MAF - AFP were all suppressive of MLR's specific for MHC, K, D or I + S determinants. Suppression was observed when either lymph node or spleen cells were used as the responder cells. Nylon wool column passage of these cells did not significantly affect the immunosuppressive action of these substances. In contrast, MLR's specific for non-MHC/M-locus determinants demonstrated either diminished suppression or augmentation of the response, compared with the MHC stimulated MLR's. Our results show a differential effect of whole MAF and its fractions on the proliferative responses induced by various allogeneic stimuli and suggest that suppression is not due to a non-specific effect on proliferation regardless of the stimulus or cell type involved.", "PMID": 93135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_529", "title": "Radioimmunological determination of serum 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid in normal subjects and patients with liver disease.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the determination of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid in human serum has been developed, using 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoyl-thyroglobulin as immunogen and 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoylglycyl-125I histamine as radioactive ligand. The association constant was 6.3 X 10(8) l/mol. Cross reactivity with other bile acids of human serum was not detectable, but was 5.6% with cholesterol. Serum sample preparation included extraction of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid from serum, solvolysis of sulfates, hydrolysis of conjugates, and separation from cholesterol by thin-layer chromatography. Serum concentrations of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid were 0.23 +/- SD 0.12 mumol/l and 0.21 +/- SD 0.09 mumol/l in healthy males and females, respectively. In patients with primary biliary cirrhosis the serum concentration of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid and the quotient 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid over total 3 alpha-hydroxy-bile acids (measured enzymatically) were significantly higher (P less than 0.02) than in patients with chronic active hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis. Analysis of 17 sera with elevated concentration of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid by radioimmunoassay and capillary gas-liquid chromatography showed a close correlation (r = 0.91, slope = 0.97) between the results of the two methods.", "contents": "Radioimmunological determination of serum 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid in normal subjects and patients with liver disease. A radioimmunoassay for the determination of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid in human serum has been developed, using 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoyl-thyroglobulin as immunogen and 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoylglycyl-125I histamine as radioactive ligand. The association constant was 6.3 X 10(8) l/mol. Cross reactivity with other bile acids of human serum was not detectable, but was 5.6% with cholesterol. Serum sample preparation included extraction of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid from serum, solvolysis of sulfates, hydrolysis of conjugates, and separation from cholesterol by thin-layer chromatography. Serum concentrations of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid were 0.23 +/- SD 0.12 mumol/l and 0.21 +/- SD 0.09 mumol/l in healthy males and females, respectively. In patients with primary biliary cirrhosis the serum concentration of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid and the quotient 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid over total 3 alpha-hydroxy-bile acids (measured enzymatically) were significantly higher (P less than 0.02) than in patients with chronic active hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis. Analysis of 17 sera with elevated concentration of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid by radioimmunoassay and capillary gas-liquid chromatography showed a close correlation (r = 0.91, slope = 0.97) between the results of the two methods.", "PMID": 93138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_530", "title": "Immunological relationships among ovine glycoprotein hormones.", "content": "An antiserum to partially purified ovine FSH (but essentially free of LH) bound 125I-labelled ovine LH or bovine TSH. The antibody was directed exclusively against determinants in the alpha subunit. In a radioimmunoassay, only the intact ovine and bovine hormones and their alpha subunits were reactive; the hormone specific beta subunits exhibited no cross-reaction. The antibody directed against the alpha subunit was highly dependent on conformation. Human LH, FSH, TSH or their alpha subunits did not cross-react in the radioimmunoassay. Structural modifications such as acylation of the amino groups, reduction and alkylation of the S-S-bridges, or performic acid oxidation of the intact ovine FSH, LH or their alpha subunits virtually eliminated immunological reactivity. Using the alpha subunit radioimmunoassay, the presence of a significant quantity of free intact alpha subunit in standard (NIH) preparations of TSH-B7, FSH-S10 and LH-S19 was demonstrated.", "contents": "Immunological relationships among ovine glycoprotein hormones. An antiserum to partially purified ovine FSH (but essentially free of LH) bound 125I-labelled ovine LH or bovine TSH. The antibody was directed exclusively against determinants in the alpha subunit. In a radioimmunoassay, only the intact ovine and bovine hormones and their alpha subunits were reactive; the hormone specific beta subunits exhibited no cross-reaction. The antibody directed against the alpha subunit was highly dependent on conformation. Human LH, FSH, TSH or their alpha subunits did not cross-react in the radioimmunoassay. Structural modifications such as acylation of the amino groups, reduction and alkylation of the S-S-bridges, or performic acid oxidation of the intact ovine FSH, LH or their alpha subunits virtually eliminated immunological reactivity. Using the alpha subunit radioimmunoassay, the presence of a significant quantity of free intact alpha subunit in standard (NIH) preparations of TSH-B7, FSH-S10 and LH-S19 was demonstrated.", "PMID": 93139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_531", "title": "Studies on antibodies against feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) in cat sera and rabbit anti-FeLV sera: cross reaction and differences.", "content": "The indirect immunoferritin technique (IFT) that enables us to distinguish clearly whether an antibody reacts with a virus particle or only with the cell membrane, was used to study 25 cat sera and one rabbit anti-feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) serum using FL-74 cells as target. (1) All sera contained antibodies against FeLV even though 11 of the cats were viraemic  at the same time; (2) from the effect of glutaraldehyde fixation of the FL-74 cells on the reaction with cat sera and the results of blocking experiments, it could be concluded that cat sera and rabbit anti-FeLV sera react partly with different antigenic specificities of FeLV, partly with the same antigens; and (3) the indirect membrane immunofluorescence test using FL-74 cells as target is not a good test to detect the presence of antibodies against feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA) because FL-74 cells produce a large quantity of FeLV and the fluorescence measured could be from antibodies against FeLV.", "contents": "Studies on antibodies against feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) in cat sera and rabbit anti-FeLV sera: cross reaction and differences. The indirect immunoferritin technique (IFT) that enables us to distinguish clearly whether an antibody reacts with a virus particle or only with the cell membrane, was used to study 25 cat sera and one rabbit anti-feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) serum using FL-74 cells as target. (1) All sera contained antibodies against FeLV even though 11 of the cats were viraemic  at the same time; (2) from the effect of glutaraldehyde fixation of the FL-74 cells on the reaction with cat sera and the results of blocking experiments, it could be concluded that cat sera and rabbit anti-FeLV sera react partly with different antigenic specificities of FeLV, partly with the same antigens; and (3) the indirect membrane immunofluorescence test using FL-74 cells as target is not a good test to detect the presence of antibodies against feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA) because FL-74 cells produce a large quantity of FeLV and the fluorescence measured could be from antibodies against FeLV.", "PMID": 93140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_532", "title": "Bidirectional axonal transport of free glycine in identified neurons R3--R14 of Aplysia.", "content": "The axonal transport of 3H-amino acids was studied in the axons of identified neurons R3--R14 in the parietovisceral ganglion (PVG) of the mollusc Aplysia. The PVG was incubated (3--24 hr) in media containing physiological concentrations of single 3H-amino acids while the isolated nerve was superfused with plain or chemically altered media. The nerve was then sliced into sequential segments for biochemical analyses or fixed for autoradiography. 3H-glucine was transported at 70 mm/day in 6X greater quantities than other amino acids which were transported at less than 40 mm/day. In the 3H-glycine experiments, greater than 80% of the label transported into the nerve remained as free glycine, comigrating with glycine in thin-layer chromatographs. In autoradiographs of sections 4 mm from the ganglion-nerve barrier, greater than 50% of the silver grains were over R3--R14 axons which occupy less than 10% of the nerve cross-sectional area. EM autoradiographs confirmed that grains were within R3--R14 and not in surrounding glia. The selective transport of glycine was inhibited by Hg2+, by vinblastine and Nocodazole, and by low Ca2+ media. Autoradiographs of vinblastine-treated nerves showed a drastic reduction in label over R3--R14 and other axons. Label was also transported retrogradely; this transport rate was similar to the orthograde rate, but 5--10 times less label moved retrogradely. Autoradiographs showed that the retrograde label was localized to R3--R14 axons. This report clearly demonstrates the rapid, selective, and bidirectional transport of a free amino acid and provides further evidence that glycine may be used as a neurochemical messenter by neurons R3--R14.", "contents": "Bidirectional axonal transport of free glycine in identified neurons R3--R14 of Aplysia. The axonal transport of 3H-amino acids was studied in the axons of identified neurons R3--R14 in the parietovisceral ganglion (PVG) of the mollusc Aplysia. The PVG was incubated (3--24 hr) in media containing physiological concentrations of single 3H-amino acids while the isolated nerve was superfused with plain or chemically altered media. The nerve was then sliced into sequential segments for biochemical analyses or fixed for autoradiography. 3H-glucine was transported at 70 mm/day in 6X greater quantities than other amino acids which were transported at less than 40 mm/day. In the 3H-glycine experiments, greater than 80% of the label transported into the nerve remained as free glycine, comigrating with glycine in thin-layer chromatographs. In autoradiographs of sections 4 mm from the ganglion-nerve barrier, greater than 50% of the silver grains were over R3--R14 axons which occupy less than 10% of the nerve cross-sectional area. EM autoradiographs confirmed that grains were within R3--R14 and not in surrounding glia. The selective transport of glycine was inhibited by Hg2+, by vinblastine and Nocodazole, and by low Ca2+ media. Autoradiographs of vinblastine-treated nerves showed a drastic reduction in label over R3--R14 and other axons. Label was also transported retrogradely; this transport rate was similar to the orthograde rate, but 5--10 times less label moved retrogradely. Autoradiographs showed that the retrograde label was localized to R3--R14 axons. This report clearly demonstrates the rapid, selective, and bidirectional transport of a free amino acid and provides further evidence that glycine may be used as a neurochemical messenter by neurons R3--R14.", "PMID": 93141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_533", "title": "Intracellular filaments in human cancer cells: a histological study.", "content": "The distribution of intracellular filamentous systems in human breast and colonic cancers has been demonstrated by means of the tannic acid-phosphomolybdic acid-milling dye staining technique. Plasma membrane-associated staining is prominent in breast carcinomas and is strongest in anaplastic tumours. Strong staining is also noted in the cells at the margins of the tumours where the malignant cells are invading the surrounding tissues. In colonic carcinomas, filaments are mainly restricted to the terminal web region of the cells but dedifferentiation is accompanied by the development of circumferential staining of the cell membrane. The results are discussed in relation to immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies of contractile proteins in non-muscle cells.", "contents": "Intracellular filaments in human cancer cells: a histological study. The distribution of intracellular filamentous systems in human breast and colonic cancers has been demonstrated by means of the tannic acid-phosphomolybdic acid-milling dye staining technique. Plasma membrane-associated staining is prominent in breast carcinomas and is strongest in anaplastic tumours. Strong staining is also noted in the cells at the margins of the tumours where the malignant cells are invading the surrounding tissues. In colonic carcinomas, filaments are mainly restricted to the terminal web region of the cells but dedifferentiation is accompanied by the development of circumferential staining of the cell membrane. The results are discussed in relation to immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies of contractile proteins in non-muscle cells.", "PMID": 93142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_534", "title": "Intra-axonal diffusion of [3H]acetylcholine and [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid in a neurone of Aplysia.", "content": "1. [3H]acetylcholine (ACh) or [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was injected into the cell body of a cholinergic neurone of Aplysia kurodai. 2. [3H]ACh moved down the axon at a maximum speed of 2.5 mm/sec at 20 degrees C. 3. 20 mM-colchicine suppressed this movement, but some passive movement of radioactivity was noted along the axon. 4. Profiles of the passive movement coincided with theoretically obtained diffusion profiles. 5. The diffusion coefficient of ACh in the axoplasm was estimated. It was 3 x 10(-6) cm2/sec at 5 degrees C, 4 X 10(-6) cm2/sec at 15 degrees C and 6.5 x 10(-6) cm2/sec at 30 degrees C. The Q10 was 1.35, the activation energy was about 5 kcal/degrees C. These diffusion coefficients were lower than that of free diffusion of ACh (8 x 10(-6) cm2/sec at 18 degrees C, Fatt, 1954), and assumed to be reasonable, if one considers frictional resistivity of axoplasm in the diffusion of ACh molecules. 6. [3H]GABA diffused similarly to ACh, and the diffusion coefficients agreed with the estimated value when the molecular size differences were taken into account. 7. Both ACh and GABA seemed to diffuse in soluble form or as single molecules in the axoplasm. 8. Intra-axonal diffusion is very effective for short distances.", "contents": "Intra-axonal diffusion of [3H]acetylcholine and [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid in a neurone of Aplysia. 1. [3H]acetylcholine (ACh) or [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was injected into the cell body of a cholinergic neurone of Aplysia kurodai. 2. [3H]ACh moved down the axon at a maximum speed of 2.5 mm/sec at 20 degrees C. 3. 20 mM-colchicine suppressed this movement, but some passive movement of radioactivity was noted along the axon. 4. Profiles of the passive movement coincided with theoretically obtained diffusion profiles. 5. The diffusion coefficient of ACh in the axoplasm was estimated. It was 3 x 10(-6) cm2/sec at 5 degrees C, 4 X 10(-6) cm2/sec at 15 degrees C and 6.5 x 10(-6) cm2/sec at 30 degrees C. The Q10 was 1.35, the activation energy was about 5 kcal/degrees C. These diffusion coefficients were lower than that of free diffusion of ACh (8 x 10(-6) cm2/sec at 18 degrees C, Fatt, 1954), and assumed to be reasonable, if one considers frictional resistivity of axoplasm in the diffusion of ACh molecules. 6. [3H]GABA diffused similarly to ACh, and the diffusion coefficients agreed with the estimated value when the molecular size differences were taken into account. 7. Both ACh and GABA seemed to diffuse in soluble form or as single molecules in the axoplasm. 8. Intra-axonal diffusion is very effective for short distances.", "PMID": 93144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_535", "title": "Ultrastructure of red cells frozen with hydroxyethyl starch.", "content": "The freeze fracture appearance of red cells frozen in the presence of varying concentrations of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is described. A technique is used which allows examination of a small portion of cells from a larger unit. The frozen cells appear distorted probably as a result of osmotic dehydration but indicate no evidence of intracellular ice. The frozen mixture with HES has three phases--a particulate phase consisting of the concentrated HES (and other salts), a sculptured ice phase and the red cells. When the concentration of HES is increased, the particulate phase becomes more prominent and at 14% HES appears to surround nearly all cells. In cells frozen in saline alone and 4% HES, the cytoplasm in a majority of cells has numerous cavities and depressions. Since such units haemolyse badly when thawed, it is possible that these regions indicate structural damage. In contrast, those units frozen with 14% HES (in which nearly 85% of the cells survive freeze-thaw) possess cells which only infrequently have such regions in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of red cells frozen with hydroxyethyl starch. The freeze fracture appearance of red cells frozen in the presence of varying concentrations of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is described. A technique is used which allows examination of a small portion of cells from a larger unit. The frozen cells appear distorted probably as a result of osmotic dehydration but indicate no evidence of intracellular ice. The frozen mixture with HES has three phases--a particulate phase consisting of the concentrated HES (and other salts), a sculptured ice phase and the red cells. When the concentration of HES is increased, the particulate phase becomes more prominent and at 14% HES appears to surround nearly all cells. In cells frozen in saline alone and 4% HES, the cytoplasm in a majority of cells has numerous cavities and depressions. Since such units haemolyse badly when thawed, it is possible that these regions indicate structural damage. In contrast, those units frozen with 14% HES (in which nearly 85% of the cells survive freeze-thaw) possess cells which only infrequently have such regions in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 93149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_536", "title": "A simple apparatus for staining and washing a batch of grids.", "content": "An efficient device for the staining and washing of up to fourteen grids simultaneously is described. It is simply constructed from inexpensive laboratory materials and is easy to load and operate.", "contents": "A simple apparatus for staining and washing a batch of grids. An efficient device for the staining and washing of up to fourteen grids simultaneously is described. It is simply constructed from inexpensive laboratory materials and is easy to load and operate.", "PMID": 93150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_537", "title": "Seronegative systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often depens on positive tests for antinuclear antibody, LE cells, and antibody to DNA. In fact, the presence of such serological markers is virtually required for the diagnosis of active disease. This report describes 5 well-studied patients with SLE who initially presented with negative serology despite active multisystemic disease. When followed from 10 months to 7 yr, negative serologic markers, including the ANA, LE cell test, and anti-DNA were seen to change from negative to positive, analogous to the seronegative rheumatoid patient who may become seropositive. In a few cases of lupus, therefore, negative serologic tests do not always exclude SLE, and serial testing at periodic intervals may be indicated.", "contents": "Seronegative systemic lupus erythematosus. The diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often depens on positive tests for antinuclear antibody, LE cells, and antibody to DNA. In fact, the presence of such serological markers is virtually required for the diagnosis of active disease. This report describes 5 well-studied patients with SLE who initially presented with negative serology despite active multisystemic disease. When followed from 10 months to 7 yr, negative serologic markers, including the ANA, LE cell test, and anti-DNA were seen to change from negative to positive, analogous to the seronegative rheumatoid patient who may become seropositive. In a few cases of lupus, therefore, negative serologic tests do not always exclude SLE, and serial testing at periodic intervals may be indicated.", "PMID": 93147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_538", "title": "Extracellular aggregates of immunoglobulin in synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Particulate extracellular aggregates of immunoglobulin can be demonstrated in many whole synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis but not in other diseases. These occur only in seropositive patients and correlate with more active inflammation and lowered synovial fluid C3. Aggregates were associated with intracellular inclusions but were more abundant and always contained both IgG and IgM. No aggregates were seen in 50 control fluids. These aggregates are compatible with immune complexes and should be included in studies of immunologic events in rheumatoid fluids.", "contents": "Extracellular aggregates of immunoglobulin in synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis. Particulate extracellular aggregates of immunoglobulin can be demonstrated in many whole synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis but not in other diseases. These occur only in seropositive patients and correlate with more active inflammation and lowered synovial fluid C3. Aggregates were associated with intracellular inclusions but were more abundant and always contained both IgG and IgM. No aggregates were seen in 50 control fluids. These aggregates are compatible with immune complexes and should be included in studies of immunologic events in rheumatoid fluids.", "PMID": 93146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_539", "title": "Influence of an oversulphated heparinoid upon hyaluronate metabolism of the human synovial cell in vivo.", "content": "Glycosaminoglycans appear to affect proteoglycan metabolism of fibroblasts, human synovial cells, and chondrocytes under in vitro conditions. The influence of an oversulphated heparinoid (Arteparon) on hyaluronate metabolism of the human synovial lining cell was studied by in vivo experiments on human volunteers. A higher production of better polymerized hyaluronic acid was observed after repeated intraarticular injections of this heparinoid into the knees of 2 osteoarthritic patients. After a single injection a statistically significant rise of synovial fluid hyaluronate concentration was observed over 4 days. A higher molecular weight of this molecule was suspected in view of a significant increase of the anomalous viscosity index 2 and 4 days after intraarticular administration.", "contents": "Influence of an oversulphated heparinoid upon hyaluronate metabolism of the human synovial cell in vivo. Glycosaminoglycans appear to affect proteoglycan metabolism of fibroblasts, human synovial cells, and chondrocytes under in vitro conditions. The influence of an oversulphated heparinoid (Arteparon) on hyaluronate metabolism of the human synovial lining cell was studied by in vivo experiments on human volunteers. A higher production of better polymerized hyaluronic acid was observed after repeated intraarticular injections of this heparinoid into the knees of 2 osteoarthritic patients. After a single injection a statistically significant rise of synovial fluid hyaluronate concentration was observed over 4 days. A higher molecular weight of this molecule was suspected in view of a significant increase of the anomalous viscosity index 2 and 4 days after intraarticular administration.", "PMID": 93148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_540", "title": "[Immunocellular response to fetal antigens in patients with hepatoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The immunocellular response to fetal antigens was studied in ten patients with hepatocarcinomas. Homogenized extracts of human fetal liver and purified human alpha-fetoprotein were used as antigen substances. The control group included 15 patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The level of circulating T lymphocytes (E-rosettes) was also registered. Patients with hepatocarcinoma showed a definite response to both antigens, determined by the degree of inhibition of leukocyte migration. The migration indices were as follows: x = 0.65 +/- 0.16 for homogenized fetal liver antigen, and x = 0.79 +/- 0.13 for alpha-fetoprotein antigen. These values were 0.93 +/- 0.13 and 0.95 +/- 0.15 respectively in the cirrhotic patients. The differences in the migration indices for the two groups were statistically significant with both antigens (p less than 0.0005 and p less than 0.005). The decrease of the number of T lymphocytes in patients with hepatomas was also significant (p less than 0.005). The determination with homogenized fetal antigen was more sensitive than with alpha-fetoprotein (p less than 0.01). A significant relationship between the severity of the tumor and the immunocellular response could also be seen (r = 0.84; p less than 0.001). Response tended to diminish as the tumor progressed. The disappearance of immunocellular response seemed to depend at least in part on the decreasing number of T lymphocytes, since there was a significant inverse correlation between the two parameters (r = -0.75; p less than 0.01).", "contents": "[Immunocellular response to fetal antigens in patients with hepatoma (author's transl)]. The immunocellular response to fetal antigens was studied in ten patients with hepatocarcinomas. Homogenized extracts of human fetal liver and purified human alpha-fetoprotein were used as antigen substances. The control group included 15 patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The level of circulating T lymphocytes (E-rosettes) was also registered. Patients with hepatocarcinoma showed a definite response to both antigens, determined by the degree of inhibition of leukocyte migration. The migration indices were as follows: x = 0.65 +/- 0.16 for homogenized fetal liver antigen, and x = 0.79 +/- 0.13 for alpha-fetoprotein antigen. These values were 0.93 +/- 0.13 and 0.95 +/- 0.15 respectively in the cirrhotic patients. The differences in the migration indices for the two groups were statistically significant with both antigens (p less than 0.0005 and p less than 0.005). The decrease of the number of T lymphocytes in patients with hepatomas was also significant (p less than 0.005). The determination with homogenized fetal antigen was more sensitive than with alpha-fetoprotein (p less than 0.01). A significant relationship between the severity of the tumor and the immunocellular response could also be seen (r = 0.84; p less than 0.001). Response tended to diminish as the tumor progressed. The disappearance of immunocellular response seemed to depend at least in part on the decreasing number of T lymphocytes, since there was a significant inverse correlation between the two parameters (r = -0.75; p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 93178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_541", "title": "Randomised trial of jejunoileal bypass versus medical treatment in morbid obesity. The Danish Obesity Project.", "content": "In a randomised clinical trial to assess the value of intestinal bypass in the treatment of gross obesity 130 patients who underwent end-to-side jejunoileostomy (with either a 1/3 or a 3/1 ratio between jejunum and ileum left in continuity) were compared with 66 non-surgically treated patients. All patients in the study had gross, long-standing, treatment-resistant obesity with resultant somatic, psychic, or social problems; none were alcoholic or had liver disease or other conditions which made them poor surgical risks. Most subjects were observed for more than 3 years. Median weight loss within 24 months was 42.9 kg in the bypass group, compared with 5.9 kg in the control group. No deaths occurred among those who underwent surgery. Patients who underwent intestinal bypass also had a better improvement in quality of life and a higher degree of patient satisfaction. Complications of the operation were, however, common and occasionally severe.", "contents": "Randomised trial of jejunoileal bypass versus medical treatment in morbid obesity. The Danish Obesity Project. In a randomised clinical trial to assess the value of intestinal bypass in the treatment of gross obesity 130 patients who underwent end-to-side jejunoileostomy (with either a 1/3 or a 3/1 ratio between jejunum and ileum left in continuity) were compared with 66 non-surgically treated patients. All patients in the study had gross, long-standing, treatment-resistant obesity with resultant somatic, psychic, or social problems; none were alcoholic or had liver disease or other conditions which made them poor surgical risks. Most subjects were observed for more than 3 years. Median weight loss within 24 months was 42.9 kg in the bypass group, compared with 5.9 kg in the control group. No deaths occurred among those who underwent surgery. Patients who underwent intestinal bypass also had a better improvement in quality of life and a higher degree of patient satisfaction. Complications of the operation were, however, common and occasionally severe.", "PMID": 93179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_542", "title": "Double-blind trial of antihypertensive effect of chlorothiazide in severe renal failure.", "content": "A randomised double-blind crossover trial was done to assess the efficacy of chlorothiazide as an antihypertensive drug in patients with severe renal failure. There was a significant reduction in standing (mean drop 13/6 mm Hg) and supine (mean drop 13/5 mm Hg) blood-pressure, without postural hypotension. Chlorothiazide has a place in the management of hypertension in patients with severe renal failure and its antihypertensive effect is probably due to a change in peripheral vascular resistance and not to volume contraction.", "contents": "Double-blind trial of antihypertensive effect of chlorothiazide in severe renal failure. A randomised double-blind crossover trial was done to assess the efficacy of chlorothiazide as an antihypertensive drug in patients with severe renal failure. There was a significant reduction in standing (mean drop 13/6 mm Hg) and supine (mean drop 13/5 mm Hg) blood-pressure, without postural hypotension. Chlorothiazide has a place in the management of hypertension in patients with severe renal failure and its antihypertensive effect is probably due to a change in peripheral vascular resistance and not to volume contraction.", "PMID": 93180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_543", "title": "Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency diagnosis by assays on peripheral blood-cells.", "content": "Human peripheral lymphocytes, granulocytes, and platelets contain the enzyme dihydropteridine reductase. A simple procedure and assay for diagnosing dihydropteridine reductase on peripheral blood is described. In twelve controls the level of enzyme activity in a lymphocyte-platelet preparation was 29.5 +/- 4.8 (SD) nmol NADH oxidised/min/mg protein. Two heterozygotes for dihydropteridine reductase deficiency had activities of 6.4 and 10.3 nmol NADH oxidised/min/mg protein, respectively.", "contents": "Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency diagnosis by assays on peripheral blood-cells. Human peripheral lymphocytes, granulocytes, and platelets contain the enzyme dihydropteridine reductase. A simple procedure and assay for diagnosing dihydropteridine reductase on peripheral blood is described. In twelve controls the level of enzyme activity in a lymphocyte-platelet preparation was 29.5 +/- 4.8 (SD) nmol NADH oxidised/min/mg protein. Two heterozygotes for dihydropteridine reductase deficiency had activities of 6.4 and 10.3 nmol NADH oxidised/min/mg protein, respectively.", "PMID": 93181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_544", "title": "Detection of virus-associated antigen in serum and liver of patients with non-A non-B hepatitis.", "content": "In a search for serological markers of non-A non-B(NANB) hepatitis, sera from repeatedly transfused and convalescent patients were assayed by immunodiffusion against sera from 12 patients with early acute NANB hepatitis. A new antigen/antibody system distinct from HBsAg was demonstrated in 8 cases. To assess the specificity of the test, serial sera from 17 patients with acute hepatitis of known aetiology (10 due to hepatitis-B virus, 4 to hepatitis-A virus, 3 to drugs) were tested twice a month, together with sera from 14 NANB patients obtained during a prospective post-transfusion study. NANB antigen (Ag) was detected in at least one sample from 12 of the 14 NANB patients (86%) but in none of the other groups. NANB Ag appeared after or just before elevation of transaminase levels and was cleared before they fell to normal. 4 of 5 patients who showed seroconversion to NANB antibody (Ab) had transient hepatitis. In contrast, the alanine adminotransferase value returned to normal in only 1 of the 5 with persistent NANB antigenaemia during 6 months' follow-up. NANB Ag was also demonstrated by immunodiffusion in liver extracts from patients with chronic NANB hepatitis with antigenaemia. Fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labelled gammaglobulins with strong NANB Ab activity revealed specific nuclear fluorescence in foci of hepatocytes on cryostat sectons of these livers but in none of 6 control human livers. The results suggest that the antigen and antibody are specifically linked to NANB hepatitis of long incubation period.", "contents": "Detection of virus-associated antigen in serum and liver of patients with non-A non-B hepatitis. In a search for serological markers of non-A non-B(NANB) hepatitis, sera from repeatedly transfused and convalescent patients were assayed by immunodiffusion against sera from 12 patients with early acute NANB hepatitis. A new antigen/antibody system distinct from HBsAg was demonstrated in 8 cases. To assess the specificity of the test, serial sera from 17 patients with acute hepatitis of known aetiology (10 due to hepatitis-B virus, 4 to hepatitis-A virus, 3 to drugs) were tested twice a month, together with sera from 14 NANB patients obtained during a prospective post-transfusion study. NANB antigen (Ag) was detected in at least one sample from 12 of the 14 NANB patients (86%) but in none of the other groups. NANB Ag appeared after or just before elevation of transaminase levels and was cleared before they fell to normal. 4 of 5 patients who showed seroconversion to NANB antibody (Ab) had transient hepatitis. In contrast, the alanine adminotransferase value returned to normal in only 1 of the 5 with persistent NANB antigenaemia during 6 months' follow-up. NANB Ag was also demonstrated by immunodiffusion in liver extracts from patients with chronic NANB hepatitis with antigenaemia. Fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labelled gammaglobulins with strong NANB Ab activity revealed specific nuclear fluorescence in foci of hepatocytes on cryostat sectons of these livers but in none of 6 control human livers. The results suggest that the antigen and antibody are specifically linked to NANB hepatitis of long incubation period.", "PMID": 93182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_545", "title": "Parenteral acyclovir therapy for herpesvirus infections in man.", "content": "Acyclovir is a new antiviral agent which is highly active against herpesviruses in vitro and in laboratory animals. Twenty-three cancer patients with cutaneous and/or systemic herpes zoster or herpes simplex infections were treated with parenteral acyclovir. All had received previous specific treatment for their malignant disease and ten had undergone bone-marrow transplantation. The drug seemed to arrest the progress of the infections and was most effective when given early. Although two patients showed transient increases in blood-urea, possibly the result of acyclovir, the drug was remarkably non-toxic in the doses used.", "contents": "Parenteral acyclovir therapy for herpesvirus infections in man. Acyclovir is a new antiviral agent which is highly active against herpesviruses in vitro and in laboratory animals. Twenty-three cancer patients with cutaneous and/or systemic herpes zoster or herpes simplex infections were treated with parenteral acyclovir. All had received previous specific treatment for their malignant disease and ten had undergone bone-marrow transplantation. The drug seemed to arrest the progress of the infections and was most effective when given early. Although two patients showed transient increases in blood-urea, possibly the result of acyclovir, the drug was remarkably non-toxic in the doses used.", "PMID": 93183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_546", "title": "Neurosecretory bodies within the median eminence in association with pituitary tumours.", "content": "During necropsy the pituitary stalk is usually deliberately divided and the median eminence is separated from the posterior pituitary. In a series of 133 necropsies the brain was removed in a manner that preserved the integrity of the neurohypophysis and allowed histological examination of the entire neurohypophysis and the juxtaposed adenohypophysis. Neurosecretory bodies were found within the neurohypophysis in 2 patients,and in both microadenomas were found within the adenohypophysis. 2 other patients had larger tumours within the adenohypophysis but had no abnormalities within the neurohypophysis.", "contents": "Neurosecretory bodies within the median eminence in association with pituitary tumours. During necropsy the pituitary stalk is usually deliberately divided and the median eminence is separated from the posterior pituitary. In a series of 133 necropsies the brain was removed in a manner that preserved the integrity of the neurohypophysis and allowed histological examination of the entire neurohypophysis and the juxtaposed adenohypophysis. Neurosecretory bodies were found within the neurohypophysis in 2 patients,and in both microadenomas were found within the adenohypophysis. 2 other patients had larger tumours within the adenohypophysis but had no abnormalities within the neurohypophysis.", "PMID": 93184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_547", "title": "Dietary fibre, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia. Progress and prospects.", "content": "When diabetes and cardiovascular disease were first classed as possible fibre-deficiency diseases, laboratory and clinical evidence was lacking. Subsequent studies indicated that the gums and viscous types of fibre (e.g., guar and pectin) are more effective than other fibres in slowing carbohydrate absorption and hence in reducing the postprandial rise in blood glucose and serum insulin. This effect has longer term metabolic consequences. In addition, gums and viscous fibres reduce serum cholesterol, possibly by mechanisms other than simply increasing bile-salt loss. If these potential therapeutic effects of fibre are to be exploited, palatable formulations must be developed. The effect of fibre in whole foods should also be determined.", "contents": "Dietary fibre, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia. Progress and prospects. When diabetes and cardiovascular disease were first classed as possible fibre-deficiency diseases, laboratory and clinical evidence was lacking. Subsequent studies indicated that the gums and viscous types of fibre (e.g., guar and pectin) are more effective than other fibres in slowing carbohydrate absorption and hence in reducing the postprandial rise in blood glucose and serum insulin. This effect has longer term metabolic consequences. In addition, gums and viscous fibres reduce serum cholesterol, possibly by mechanisms other than simply increasing bile-salt loss. If these potential therapeutic effects of fibre are to be exploited, palatable formulations must be developed. The effect of fibre in whole foods should also be determined.", "PMID": 93193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_548", "title": "[alpha 1-Antitrypsin deficiency in early childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "alpha 1-Antitrypsin inhibits various proteases and excessive proteolysis. If serum and tissue concentrations of this compound are low throughout longer periods of time due to deficient synthesis, - which is a dominantly inherited trait, - progressive pulmonary emphysema will develop in adults, and liver disease in more than 50% of the cases in infancy and early childhood. Three subtypes can be distinguished: the heaptitis type, the intrahepatic hypoplasia of the bile duct system, and the cholangitic type which may imitate atresia of bile ducts. Prognosis of the liver disease depends upon the time, at which inflammatory processes stop, excessive proteolysis coming to a stop at the same time. No treatment is known for this disease.", "contents": "[alpha 1-Antitrypsin deficiency in early childhood (author's transl)]. alpha 1-Antitrypsin inhibits various proteases and excessive proteolysis. If serum and tissue concentrations of this compound are low throughout longer periods of time due to deficient synthesis, - which is a dominantly inherited trait, - progressive pulmonary emphysema will develop in adults, and liver disease in more than 50% of the cases in infancy and early childhood. Three subtypes can be distinguished: the heaptitis type, the intrahepatic hypoplasia of the bile duct system, and the cholangitic type which may imitate atresia of bile ducts. Prognosis of the liver disease depends upon the time, at which inflammatory processes stop, excessive proteolysis coming to a stop at the same time. No treatment is known for this disease.", "PMID": 93226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_549", "title": "[Portal hypertension - surgery during childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Portal hypertension in children and infants is rare. It is caused in 75% of the cases by prehepatic obstruction of the portal vein, liver parenchyma being essentially unimpaired. Thus most of these cases may be cured, if the pathological hemodynamic situation can be corrected. The nature and extent of pathologic changes vary widely, thus the surgical approach has to be rather individual. The most important aim is to avoid esophageal bleeding but more has to be done to cure the underlying disease. 50 different surgical approaches have been described; when selecting one of these it has to be taken into account if and to what extent portal pressure has to be lowered, and how portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flow are to be influenced.", "contents": "[Portal hypertension - surgery during childhood (author's transl)]. Portal hypertension in children and infants is rare. It is caused in 75% of the cases by prehepatic obstruction of the portal vein, liver parenchyma being essentially unimpaired. Thus most of these cases may be cured, if the pathological hemodynamic situation can be corrected. The nature and extent of pathologic changes vary widely, thus the surgical approach has to be rather individual. The most important aim is to avoid esophageal bleeding but more has to be done to cure the underlying disease. 50 different surgical approaches have been described; when selecting one of these it has to be taken into account if and to what extent portal pressure has to be lowered, and how portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flow are to be influenced.", "PMID": 93227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_550", "title": "[Methods to prepare histological microautoradiographs for evaluation by automatic image analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "A prerequisite for automatic image analysis of histoautoradiographs is the arrangement of the silver grains within the same plane of focus. This can be obtained by semi thin sections of 1 micrometer in thickness. A sufficient contrast for the determination of the nuclear areas and the overlying silver grains at the same time can be reached by staining the preparations with Kernechtrot or Feulgen nucleal reaction. If a higher image contrast is desired sections measuring 2 micrometer or more in thickness may be subjected to the autoradiographic procedure without removing the resin.", "contents": "[Methods to prepare histological microautoradiographs for evaluation by automatic image analysis (author's transl)]. A prerequisite for automatic image analysis of histoautoradiographs is the arrangement of the silver grains within the same plane of focus. This can be obtained by semi thin sections of 1 micrometer in thickness. A sufficient contrast for the determination of the nuclear areas and the overlying silver grains at the same time can be reached by staining the preparations with Kernechtrot or Feulgen nucleal reaction. If a higher image contrast is desired sections measuring 2 micrometer or more in thickness may be subjected to the autoradiographic procedure without removing the resin.", "PMID": 93233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_551", "title": "[Selective and high-contrast staining in nervous tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "Using silver as an impregnating medium and controlling the staining process by physical development, a specific and reliable staining of high contrast can be achieved. These properties represent important prerequisites for automatic and quantitative television image analysis. Specificity depends on appropriate pretreatment. Television image analysis cannot only be used for object analysis, but also to quantify reliability and dependency of contrast on developmental conditions, as demonstrated for stained myelin.", "contents": "[Selective and high-contrast staining in nervous tissue (author's transl)]. Using silver as an impregnating medium and controlling the staining process by physical development, a specific and reliable staining of high contrast can be achieved. These properties represent important prerequisites for automatic and quantitative television image analysis. Specificity depends on appropriate pretreatment. Television image analysis cannot only be used for object analysis, but also to quantify reliability and dependency of contrast on developmental conditions, as demonstrated for stained myelin.", "PMID": 93234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_552", "title": "[Portal hypertension associated with alcoholic liver damage (author's transl)].", "content": "Alcoholic liver damage is associated with the development of portal hypertension quite early, as a result of increasing fibrosis. By means of laparoscopic transhepatic manometry (LTM) in the branches of the portal and hepatic veins, we measured the pressure levels in 15 patients with early and transitional-stage alcoholic injury extending to cirrhosis of the liver, and compared them with histological and laboratory investigation criteria. We discovered that parenchymal damage with portal and centrolobular fibrosis already gave rise to some portal hypertension which, compared to a group showing histological changes of remodelling or cirrhosis, constantly increased. In completely developed alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 41), the pressure levels reached a peak. Despite this fact, bleeding from oesophageal varices cannot be predicted. Over the period of observation of 33 months, 4 deaths occurred (portal vein pressure between 4.5 to 5 kPa = 34.0 to 38.8 mm Hg), and three variceal bleedings we were able to manage were seen (pressures between 3.6 to 4.3 kPa = 27.0 and 32.0 mm Hg). Compared to hepatitic cirrhosis the prognosis was slightly more favourable.", "contents": "[Portal hypertension associated with alcoholic liver damage (author's transl)]. Alcoholic liver damage is associated with the development of portal hypertension quite early, as a result of increasing fibrosis. By means of laparoscopic transhepatic manometry (LTM) in the branches of the portal and hepatic veins, we measured the pressure levels in 15 patients with early and transitional-stage alcoholic injury extending to cirrhosis of the liver, and compared them with histological and laboratory investigation criteria. We discovered that parenchymal damage with portal and centrolobular fibrosis already gave rise to some portal hypertension which, compared to a group showing histological changes of remodelling or cirrhosis, constantly increased. In completely developed alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 41), the pressure levels reached a peak. Despite this fact, bleeding from oesophageal varices cannot be predicted. Over the period of observation of 33 months, 4 deaths occurred (portal vein pressure between 4.5 to 5 kPa = 34.0 to 38.8 mm Hg), and three variceal bleedings we were able to manage were seen (pressures between 3.6 to 4.3 kPa = 27.0 and 32.0 mm Hg). Compared to hepatitic cirrhosis the prognosis was slightly more favourable.", "PMID": 93237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_553", "title": "[Diffusion of cefuroxime into the prostatic and other tissues of the urogenital region (author's transl)].", "content": "From 33 patients with prostatic adenoma with an average age of 68.4 years, serum and prostatic tissue concentrations after a single bolus-dose of 1.5 grams of cefuroxime were estimated. The mean serum concentrations 30 to 35 minutes after the injection were measured with 132.6 and after 55 to 60 minutes with 99.6 micrograms/ml. The corresponding concentrations in the prostata tissue were 29.2 after 30 to 35 minutes and 20.1 micrograms/g after 55 to 60 minutes respectively. After 145 to 155 minutes the concentrations in the serum were still at 23 micrograms/ml and 9.2 micrograms/g in the prostatic tissue. In other organ tissues of the urogenital region (renal tissue, testicle, fat, muscle) the concentrations were different depending on the state of the tissue. The estimated concentrations of cefuroxime in serum and tissue are suited for the treatment of infections caused by cefuroxime sensitive microorganisms.", "contents": "[Diffusion of cefuroxime into the prostatic and other tissues of the urogenital region (author's transl)]. From 33 patients with prostatic adenoma with an average age of 68.4 years, serum and prostatic tissue concentrations after a single bolus-dose of 1.5 grams of cefuroxime were estimated. The mean serum concentrations 30 to 35 minutes after the injection were measured with 132.6 and after 55 to 60 minutes with 99.6 micrograms/ml. The corresponding concentrations in the prostata tissue were 29.2 after 30 to 35 minutes and 20.1 micrograms/g after 55 to 60 minutes respectively. After 145 to 155 minutes the concentrations in the serum were still at 23 micrograms/ml and 9.2 micrograms/g in the prostatic tissue. In other organ tissues of the urogenital region (renal tissue, testicle, fat, muscle) the concentrations were different depending on the state of the tissue. The estimated concentrations of cefuroxime in serum and tissue are suited for the treatment of infections caused by cefuroxime sensitive microorganisms.", "PMID": 93238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_554", "title": "[Evolution of viral diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Biological characteristics of viruses determine their distribution in men and animals as well as their means of surviving or persisting. Taking measles as an example, we show that we are dealing with a recent phenomenon in evolution--as opposed, for instance, to those infections due to arboviruses (eg yellow fever) common in tropical regions. Survival rates are lower for highly virulent viruses (myxomatosis). Antigenmodification (influenza) or latency (herpes virus infections) allow the virus repeatedly to escape the body's immune system. The distribution and clinical appearance of the infections are influenced by environmental and particularly iatrogenic impact. Complete extirpation of infections will not be possible, only their manifestations will undergo continuous change.", "contents": "[Evolution of viral diseases (author's transl)]. Biological characteristics of viruses determine their distribution in men and animals as well as their means of surviving or persisting. Taking measles as an example, we show that we are dealing with a recent phenomenon in evolution--as opposed, for instance, to those infections due to arboviruses (eg yellow fever) common in tropical regions. Survival rates are lower for highly virulent viruses (myxomatosis). Antigenmodification (influenza) or latency (herpes virus infections) allow the virus repeatedly to escape the body's immune system. The distribution and clinical appearance of the infections are influenced by environmental and particularly iatrogenic impact. Complete extirpation of infections will not be possible, only their manifestations will undergo continuous change.", "PMID": 93241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_555", "title": "Relationship between alpha-fetoprotein positive cells and precancerous lesions in rat liver during 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene carcinogenesis.", "content": "Localization of characteristic precancerous lesions was compared with that of alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) positive cells during hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats fed 0.06% 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene in basal diet. Proliferative activity of liver cells was simultaneously followed by deoxycytidylate deaminase. The first alpha-FP positive hepatocytes were found after 3 weeks of carcinogenesis in certain parts of the capsule 0.1--0.2 mm thick. In the seventh week of carcinogenesis their number increased and they were present in groups also subcapsularly. At this stage, hyperplastic islets began to be formed in the liver parenchyma. After 14 weeks of carcinogenesis, alpha-FP positive cell clusters and islets were also found in the deeper layers of liver parenchyma in regions with proliferation of transitory cells. Hyperplastic basophilic foci and islets occurred regularly, however, these were not identical with alpha-FP positive sites and their incidence was more frequent.", "contents": "Relationship between alpha-fetoprotein positive cells and precancerous lesions in rat liver during 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene carcinogenesis. Localization of characteristic precancerous lesions was compared with that of alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) positive cells during hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats fed 0.06% 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene in basal diet. Proliferative activity of liver cells was simultaneously followed by deoxycytidylate deaminase. The first alpha-FP positive hepatocytes were found after 3 weeks of carcinogenesis in certain parts of the capsule 0.1--0.2 mm thick. In the seventh week of carcinogenesis their number increased and they were present in groups also subcapsularly. At this stage, hyperplastic islets began to be formed in the liver parenchyma. After 14 weeks of carcinogenesis, alpha-FP positive cell clusters and islets were also found in the deeper layers of liver parenchyma in regions with proliferation of transitory cells. Hyperplastic basophilic foci and islets occurred regularly, however, these were not identical with alpha-FP positive sites and their incidence was more frequent.", "PMID": 93242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_556", "title": "Value of tumor markers in the treatment of endodermal sinus tumors and choriocarcinomas in the pineal region.", "content": "A case of embryonal carcinoma in the pineal region of a 17-year-old boy is presented. The tumor included elements of choriocarcinoma and endodermal sinus tumor, and the use of human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein as tumor markers is discussed. The markers were demonstrated both within the tumor and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. The patient was treated with a postoperative program of irradiation and cancer chemotherapy, and at follow-up examination 20 months after operation no signs of residual tumor were present. It is suggested that human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein should be measured in the blood and CSF before the treatment of midline tumors.", "contents": "Value of tumor markers in the treatment of endodermal sinus tumors and choriocarcinomas in the pineal region. A case of embryonal carcinoma in the pineal region of a 17-year-old boy is presented. The tumor included elements of choriocarcinoma and endodermal sinus tumor, and the use of human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein as tumor markers is discussed. The markers were demonstrated both within the tumor and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. The patient was treated with a postoperative program of irradiation and cancer chemotherapy, and at follow-up examination 20 months after operation no signs of residual tumor were present. It is suggested that human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein should be measured in the blood and CSF before the treatment of midline tumors.", "PMID": 93253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_557", "title": "Spinal subdural hematoma: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of lumbar spinal subdural hematoma in a patient who had been on anticoagulant therapy is reported. Thus far 19 cases of spinal subdural hematoma have been reported in the literature, the majority in patients with a bleeding diathesis and after a lumbar puncture. Our case is the third reported to be in association with anticoagulant therapy. The hematoma was lumbosacral, in contrast to the usual location in the dorsal-lumbar area. A possible mechanism for the production of spinal subdural hematoma after a lumbar puncture is discussed. An early decompressive laminectomy and evacuation of the hematoma is the recommended treatment to obtain the best possible recovery of neurological function. (Neurosurgery, 5: 614--616, 1979).", "contents": "Spinal subdural hematoma: case report and review of the literature. A case of lumbar spinal subdural hematoma in a patient who had been on anticoagulant therapy is reported. Thus far 19 cases of spinal subdural hematoma have been reported in the literature, the majority in patients with a bleeding diathesis and after a lumbar puncture. Our case is the third reported to be in association with anticoagulant therapy. The hematoma was lumbosacral, in contrast to the usual location in the dorsal-lumbar area. A possible mechanism for the production of spinal subdural hematoma after a lumbar puncture is discussed. An early decompressive laminectomy and evacuation of the hematoma is the recommended treatment to obtain the best possible recovery of neurological function. (Neurosurgery, 5: 614--616, 1979).", "PMID": 93254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_558", "title": "Brain metastasis: current status and recommended guidelines for management.", "content": "An overview of brain metastasis with respect to the pathological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects is presented. Management is almost always palliative, with cure being a rare exception. Evaluation of various therapeutic modalities--radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery--has been confounded by a lack of controlled, randomized studies whereby the relative benefit of the respective modalities can be assessed objectively. Despite these limitations, some progress is being made in the identification of those patients for whom therapy is likely to be of benefit. Apart from the use of steroids to control cerebral edema, radiotherapy is currently the most commonly employed therapeutic modality for cerebral metastasis. It is the treatment of choice for multiple intracranial metastases and it affords temporary improvement in neurological symptoms in about 60% of patients. For solitary metastases, combined therapy--surgical excision followed by whole brain radiotherapy--has been shown to result in a better quality and longer duration of survival than either modality alone. Except for patients who are terminally ill, aggressive treatment seems warranted, inasmuch as therapeutic results have been improving steadily over the years. Neither chemotherapy nor immunotherapy has been shown to be of benefit in the management of cerebral metastasis. An exception is choriocarcinoma, which responds well to a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Although the prognosis for meningeal carcinomatosis is poor, improved survival may be achieved by a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These are recommended guidelines for surgical intervention, usually followed by radiotherapy: (a) In general, surgical excision is recommended only for patients with relatively superficial, solitary lesions. It is reasonable, however, to consider the excision of a metastatic lesion that is immediately life-threatening or incapacitating, even though one or more other metastatic brain lesions may be present. This may be extended to the removal of multiple metastatic brain tumors if they are surgically accessible. (b) The second consideration is whether the primary tumor can or has been treated or if the primary tumor will permit reasonably long survival. (c) There should not be metastases elsewhere in the body, although their presence should not categorically exclude the patient as a surgical candidate. (d) The patient's general condition should be satisfactory. (e) Operation is recommended if the diagnosis of the intracranial lesion is uncertain. (f) A shunt should be considered for treatment of hydrocephalus secondary to obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid pathway by tumor or edema. (Neurosurgery, 5: 617--631, 1979).", "contents": "Brain metastasis: current status and recommended guidelines for management. An overview of brain metastasis with respect to the pathological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects is presented. Management is almost always palliative, with cure being a rare exception. Evaluation of various therapeutic modalities--radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery--has been confounded by a lack of controlled, randomized studies whereby the relative benefit of the respective modalities can be assessed objectively. Despite these limitations, some progress is being made in the identification of those patients for whom therapy is likely to be of benefit. Apart from the use of steroids to control cerebral edema, radiotherapy is currently the most commonly employed therapeutic modality for cerebral metastasis. It is the treatment of choice for multiple intracranial metastases and it affords temporary improvement in neurological symptoms in about 60% of patients. For solitary metastases, combined therapy--surgical excision followed by whole brain radiotherapy--has been shown to result in a better quality and longer duration of survival than either modality alone. Except for patients who are terminally ill, aggressive treatment seems warranted, inasmuch as therapeutic results have been improving steadily over the years. Neither chemotherapy nor immunotherapy has been shown to be of benefit in the management of cerebral metastasis. An exception is choriocarcinoma, which responds well to a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Although the prognosis for meningeal carcinomatosis is poor, improved survival may be achieved by a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These are recommended guidelines for surgical intervention, usually followed by radiotherapy: (a) In general, surgical excision is recommended only for patients with relatively superficial, solitary lesions. It is reasonable, however, to consider the excision of a metastatic lesion that is immediately life-threatening or incapacitating, even though one or more other metastatic brain lesions may be present. This may be extended to the removal of multiple metastatic brain tumors if they are surgically accessible. (b) The second consideration is whether the primary tumor can or has been treated or if the primary tumor will permit reasonably long survival. (c) There should not be metastases elsewhere in the body, although their presence should not categorically exclude the patient as a surgical candidate. (d) The patient's general condition should be satisfactory. (e) Operation is recommended if the diagnosis of the intracranial lesion is uncertain. (f) A shunt should be considered for treatment of hydrocephalus secondary to obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid pathway by tumor or edema. (Neurosurgery, 5: 617--631, 1979).", "PMID": 93255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_559", "title": "The value of smears in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea in the female.", "content": "Of 332 consecutive patients attending the female venereal disease clinic, Auckland Hospital, 74 patients had gonorrhoea confirmed by culture, but gram stained slides were positive in only 36 of these patients. Five other patients had positive gram stained smears but were culture negative. The study showed the value of gram stained smear in the rapid diagnosis of gonorrhoea in the female.", "contents": "The value of smears in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea in the female. Of 332 consecutive patients attending the female venereal disease clinic, Auckland Hospital, 74 patients had gonorrhoea confirmed by culture, but gram stained slides were positive in only 36 of these patients. Five other patients had positive gram stained smears but were culture negative. The study showed the value of gram stained smear in the rapid diagnosis of gonorrhoea in the female.", "PMID": 93256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_560", "title": "[Combination of adriamycin and cyclophosphamide (alone or with other substances) in the treatment of breast cancer].", "content": "This paper reviews clinical trials at the University of Arizona Cancer Center which were designed to improve the outcome in breast cancer by utilizing the combination of adriamycin and cyclophosphamide (A--C) alone or with the addition of other agents or modalities. Our initial trial in advanced breast cancer with A--C produced an overall objective response rate of 78% in 51 patients with advanced breast cancer without prior chemotherapy. The median duration of disease control was 12 months. Subsequent studies showed that the addition of either vincristine or the androgen, calusterone, effectively doubled the remission duration and prolonged survival. In our surgical adjuvant trial with 6 months of treatment with A--C there has been only a 9% relapse rate in stage II patients thus far, with a median follow-up of close to 2 years. A subset of stage II patients who received regional radiotherapy along with A--C have not yet shown added benefit compared to the use of A--C alone. Since 1975, stage I patients have been treated with an abbreviated treatment schedule (3 courses of A--C over 9 weeks). While there have not yet been relapses in this category, much longer periods of follow-up will be required. The use of A--C (plus other drugs) has clearly provided excellent palliation and improved survival in patients with advanced or recurrent breast cancer; in our opinion it should be used as initial cytotoxic chemotherapy. The brief intensive program of A--C as a surgical adjuvant also shows considerable promise for erradicating occult micrometastases in both pre- and postmenopausal women.", "contents": "[Combination of adriamycin and cyclophosphamide (alone or with other substances) in the treatment of breast cancer]. This paper reviews clinical trials at the University of Arizona Cancer Center which were designed to improve the outcome in breast cancer by utilizing the combination of adriamycin and cyclophosphamide (A--C) alone or with the addition of other agents or modalities. Our initial trial in advanced breast cancer with A--C produced an overall objective response rate of 78% in 51 patients with advanced breast cancer without prior chemotherapy. The median duration of disease control was 12 months. Subsequent studies showed that the addition of either vincristine or the androgen, calusterone, effectively doubled the remission duration and prolonged survival. In our surgical adjuvant trial with 6 months of treatment with A--C there has been only a 9% relapse rate in stage II patients thus far, with a median follow-up of close to 2 years. A subset of stage II patients who received regional radiotherapy along with A--C have not yet shown added benefit compared to the use of A--C alone. Since 1975, stage I patients have been treated with an abbreviated treatment schedule (3 courses of A--C over 9 weeks). While there have not yet been relapses in this category, much longer periods of follow-up will be required. The use of A--C (plus other drugs) has clearly provided excellent palliation and improved survival in patients with advanced or recurrent breast cancer; in our opinion it should be used as initial cytotoxic chemotherapy. The brief intensive program of A--C as a surgical adjuvant also shows considerable promise for erradicating occult micrometastases in both pre- and postmenopausal women.", "PMID": 93257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_561", "title": "Conjunctival transplantation as an alternative to keratoplasty.", "content": "Rehabilitation of the ocular surface is frequently desired following severe chemical and thermal injury. While keratoplasty, both lamellar and penetrating, has been the usual mode of therapy, chronic healing deficits and graft rejections as a result of heavy vascularization often lead to an unsatisfactory result. In unilateral injury, conjunctival transplantation from the opposite, uninvolved eye offers an alternative therapy which avoids both intraocular surgery and the introduction of immunologically foreign tissue. Seven of ten cases of unilateral chemical or thermal injury showed marked reduction in vascularization and scarring following conjunctival transplantation. The characteristic early vascularization of the peripheral conjunctival grafts showed marked regression one to four months postoperatively. At the same time, the central cornea, whose superficial vessels and scarring were removed by keratectomy, showed reepithelialization and smoothing, without attendant vascularization. Three cases were optical failures partially as a result of deep scarring that could not be adequately excised with keratectomy. Preoperative evaluation must be directed primarily toward evaluation of the corneal thickness and the extent of deep vascularization to select those patients most likely to be improved by conjunctival transplantation.", "contents": "Conjunctival transplantation as an alternative to keratoplasty. Rehabilitation of the ocular surface is frequently desired following severe chemical and thermal injury. While keratoplasty, both lamellar and penetrating, has been the usual mode of therapy, chronic healing deficits and graft rejections as a result of heavy vascularization often lead to an unsatisfactory result. In unilateral injury, conjunctival transplantation from the opposite, uninvolved eye offers an alternative therapy which avoids both intraocular surgery and the introduction of immunologically foreign tissue. Seven of ten cases of unilateral chemical or thermal injury showed marked reduction in vascularization and scarring following conjunctival transplantation. The characteristic early vascularization of the peripheral conjunctival grafts showed marked regression one to four months postoperatively. At the same time, the central cornea, whose superficial vessels and scarring were removed by keratectomy, showed reepithelialization and smoothing, without attendant vascularization. Three cases were optical failures partially as a result of deep scarring that could not be adequately excised with keratectomy. Preoperative evaluation must be directed primarily toward evaluation of the corneal thickness and the extent of deep vascularization to select those patients most likely to be improved by conjunctival transplantation.", "PMID": 93258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_562", "title": "Management of complications associated with lathe-cut soft contact lenses.", "content": "At the present time, nine lathe-cut lenses are FDA approved and commercially available in the United States. Complications of lathe-cut soft contact lenses cover a wide spectrum of problems. Five significant complications of lathe-cut lenses and their prevention and therapeutic management are discussed.", "contents": "Management of complications associated with lathe-cut soft contact lenses. At the present time, nine lathe-cut lenses are FDA approved and commercially available in the United States. Complications of lathe-cut soft contact lenses cover a wide spectrum of problems. Five significant complications of lathe-cut lenses and their prevention and therapeutic management are discussed.", "PMID": 93259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_563", "title": "Complications associated with aphakic contact lenses.", "content": "Complications associated with rigid contact lenses are more frequent in aphakia. The limited dexterity of older patients not only may prove an insurmountable barrier to the mastery of daily contact lens insertion and removal, but also may produce significant direct eye trauma, its seriousness determined by the integrity of the cataract wound. Since prolonged wear of aphakic contact lenses is the rule rather than the exception, the risk of irreversible corneal changes such as vascularization and erosions is greater. A poorly fitted aphakic contact lens that does not permit adequate oxygenation of all corneal areas makes such complications even more likely to occur. Decreased corneal sensitivity associated with cataract surgery permits continued wear of a poorly fitted lens, which does not allow the cornea to recover between wearing periods. Detection of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, more prevalent in the older age group, may prevent the associated complications of corneal erosion, iritis, and infection. Complications of aphakic contact lenses can be controlled by patient instruction, appropriate contact lens adjustments, and regularly scheduled follow-up examinations.", "contents": "Complications associated with aphakic contact lenses. Complications associated with rigid contact lenses are more frequent in aphakia. The limited dexterity of older patients not only may prove an insurmountable barrier to the mastery of daily contact lens insertion and removal, but also may produce significant direct eye trauma, its seriousness determined by the integrity of the cataract wound. Since prolonged wear of aphakic contact lenses is the rule rather than the exception, the risk of irreversible corneal changes such as vascularization and erosions is greater. A poorly fitted aphakic contact lens that does not permit adequate oxygenation of all corneal areas makes such complications even more likely to occur. Decreased corneal sensitivity associated with cataract surgery permits continued wear of a poorly fitted lens, which does not allow the cornea to recover between wearing periods. Detection of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, more prevalent in the older age group, may prevent the associated complications of corneal erosion, iritis, and infection. Complications of aphakic contact lenses can be controlled by patient instruction, appropriate contact lens adjustments, and regularly scheduled follow-up examinations.", "PMID": 93260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_564", "title": "Complications associated with therapeutic soft contact lenses.", "content": "The complications of therapeutic hydrophilic contact lens wear are systematically outlined. Hypoxia is the major cause of initial patient failure as well as the long-term problems of corneal edema, neovascularization, and susceptibility to infection. The common difficulties with lens breakage, lens deposits, poor lens retention, and other entities are discussed. Suggestions for avoiding and treating various complications are given, including updated indications and contraindications for fitting these lenses. Careful patient selection and meticulous follow-up are essential.", "contents": "Complications associated with therapeutic soft contact lenses. The complications of therapeutic hydrophilic contact lens wear are systematically outlined. Hypoxia is the major cause of initial patient failure as well as the long-term problems of corneal edema, neovascularization, and susceptibility to infection. The common difficulties with lens breakage, lens deposits, poor lens retention, and other entities are discussed. Suggestions for avoiding and treating various complications are given, including updated indications and contraindications for fitting these lenses. Careful patient selection and meticulous follow-up are essential.", "PMID": 93261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_565", "title": "Brief note. Induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in sheep with purified bovine basic protein and adjuvant.", "content": "A large animal model for the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to study the immunological disease parameters through closed-circuit extracorporeal thoracic duct filtration was successfully produced in two different strains of sheep. This study demonstrates the advantages of using a well-defined antigen to obtain both rapid onset of disease and a higher percentage of animals succumbing to the illness.", "contents": "Brief note. Induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in sheep with purified bovine basic protein and adjuvant. A large animal model for the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to study the immunological disease parameters through closed-circuit extracorporeal thoracic duct filtration was successfully produced in two different strains of sheep. This study demonstrates the advantages of using a well-defined antigen to obtain both rapid onset of disease and a higher percentage of animals succumbing to the illness.", "PMID": 93263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_566", "title": "Anomalous alpha 2-macroglobulin-protease complexes in cystic fibrosis: decreased uptake of the complexes by fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "Immunochemical and functional properties of control and Cystic Fibrosis (CF) alpha 2-Macroglobulin (alpha 2M) are compared. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and Ouchterlony double diffusion revealed no qualitative differences between the two alpha 2-M preparations. Trypsin-esterase activity assayed with BAPNA as a substrate, in the presence of an excess STI, gave similar ratios between total and active alpha 2M. These alpha 2M-trypsin complexes were equally stable under various experimental conditions and maintained a constant STI non-inhibited esterase activity. Normal and CF-alpha 2M-trypsin complexes were taken up by normal human fibroblasts to a similar extent during a four hour period. The only significant difference was observed when the uptake of alpha 2M from untreated sera was examined. The uptake of alpha 2M from CF sera was always lower than from pooled control sera despite large variation. Mixing of control and CF serum did not affect the normal uptake and other serum components were taken up to the normal extent. Intracellular degradation of CF alpha 2M had a half life of 2.0 to 2.8 hours, which compares well to the normal half life of 2.2 hours. More work needs to be done on the nature of the interaction between alpha 2M and proteases before a reasonable explanation for the molecular nature of the abnormal behavior can be sought.", "contents": "Anomalous alpha 2-macroglobulin-protease complexes in cystic fibrosis: decreased uptake of the complexes by fibroblasts in culture. Immunochemical and functional properties of control and Cystic Fibrosis (CF) alpha 2-Macroglobulin (alpha 2M) are compared. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and Ouchterlony double diffusion revealed no qualitative differences between the two alpha 2-M preparations. Trypsin-esterase activity assayed with BAPNA as a substrate, in the presence of an excess STI, gave similar ratios between total and active alpha 2M. These alpha 2M-trypsin complexes were equally stable under various experimental conditions and maintained a constant STI non-inhibited esterase activity. Normal and CF-alpha 2M-trypsin complexes were taken up by normal human fibroblasts to a similar extent during a four hour period. The only significant difference was observed when the uptake of alpha 2M from untreated sera was examined. The uptake of alpha 2M from CF sera was always lower than from pooled control sera despite large variation. Mixing of control and CF serum did not affect the normal uptake and other serum components were taken up to the normal extent. Intracellular degradation of CF alpha 2M had a half life of 2.0 to 2.8 hours, which compares well to the normal half life of 2.2 hours. More work needs to be done on the nature of the interaction between alpha 2M and proteases before a reasonable explanation for the molecular nature of the abnormal behavior can be sought.", "PMID": 93265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_567", "title": "Two new serotypes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.", "content": "Among a group of 16 argentine strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 2 new serotypes have been found. Typing was performed by means of the agar gel diffusion test. Extracts produced by autoclaving the organisms for 1 hour at 120 degrees C were used as antigen. Antisera against all known types were produced in rabbits. Extracts produced from the two strains in question (Ba\u00f1o 36 and Ba\u00f1o 107) did not react with any of the knwon type antisera. Antisera against the two strains did not react with extracts of any of the known type strains, but only with extract of their homologous strains. The two new types were designated Type 21 (Ba\u00f1o 36) and Type 22 (Ba\u00f1o 107).", "contents": "Two new serotypes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Among a group of 16 argentine strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 2 new serotypes have been found. Typing was performed by means of the agar gel diffusion test. Extracts produced by autoclaving the organisms for 1 hour at 120 degrees C were used as antigen. Antisera against all known types were produced in rabbits. Extracts produced from the two strains in question (Ba\u00f1o 36 and Ba\u00f1o 107) did not react with any of the knwon type antisera. Antisera against the two strains did not react with extracts of any of the known type strains, but only with extract of their homologous strains. The two new types were designated Type 21 (Ba\u00f1o 36) and Type 22 (Ba\u00f1o 107).", "PMID": 93271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_568", "title": "[Thrombocytopenic purpura during heparinotherapy. Two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In two patients treated by heparin for thrombosis, thrombocytopenia under 10 000/cumm occured accompanied with bleeding cud recurrent thrombosis. The demonstration in the patients' serum of a factor inducing platelet aggregation and serotonin release in the presence of heparin suggests that the thrombocytopenia could be of immuno-allergic origin. In both cases, the discontinuation of heparin resulted in clinical and biological improvement. The rare cases of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia reported in the literature are discussed.", "contents": "[Thrombocytopenic purpura during heparinotherapy. Two cases (author's transl)]. In two patients treated by heparin for thrombosis, thrombocytopenia under 10 000/cumm occured accompanied with bleeding cud recurrent thrombosis. The demonstration in the patients' serum of a factor inducing platelet aggregation and serotonin release in the presence of heparin suggests that the thrombocytopenia could be of immuno-allergic origin. In both cases, the discontinuation of heparin resulted in clinical and biological improvement. The rare cases of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia reported in the literature are discussed.", "PMID": 93273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_569", "title": "[Epstein-Barr virus associated Burkitt's lymphoma in a French child (author's transl)].", "content": "Pathologic diagnosis of malignant lymphoma, Burkitt type, was made in a 12 year old child with an abdominal tumour. The association of this lymphoma with Epstein-Barr virus was done based on the detection of Epstein-Barr viral markers within the tumour cells, as well as on the patient's serology. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the association between Burkitt's lymphoma and Epstein-Barr virus, which is frequent in Africa, is reported in a Caucasian French.", "contents": "[Epstein-Barr virus associated Burkitt's lymphoma in a French child (author's transl)]. Pathologic diagnosis of malignant lymphoma, Burkitt type, was made in a 12 year old child with an abdominal tumour. The association of this lymphoma with Epstein-Barr virus was done based on the detection of Epstein-Barr viral markers within the tumour cells, as well as on the patient's serology. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the association between Burkitt's lymphoma and Epstein-Barr virus, which is frequent in Africa, is reported in a Caucasian French.", "PMID": 93275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_570", "title": "Myxobacterial hemagglutinin: a development-specific lectin of Myxococcus xanthus.", "content": "Fruiting body formation in the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus consists of a temporal sequence of cellular aggregation and sporulation. During the period of cellular aggregation, a major new development-specific protein that has lectin-like activity is synthesized. This protein, called myxobacterial hemagglutinin (MBHA), was able to agglutinate sheep or guinea pig erythrocytes but not horse, ox, chicken, or human erythrocytes. MBHA was undetectable in extracts of vegetative cells, cells starved in liquid buffer, or in glycerol-induced cells. However, cells starved on a fruiting medium produced large amounts of MBHA (about 5% of protein synthesis), starting at about 6-8 hr of development. The protein accumulated in the soluble fraction of cells, reaching a peak of 1-2% of total protein at about the time when aggregation was completed. At later times the amount of MBHA present in the soluble fraction declined although synthesis continued. The hemagglutinating activity of MBHA could not be inhibited with simple sugars or aminosugars but could be inhibited with fetuin, a fetal calf serum glycoprotein. The O-glycosidically linked trisaccharide glycopeptide of fetuin was shown to be inhibitory by itself. The penultimate galactose of this glycopeptide was directly implicated in the inhibitory activity, because the inhibition by asialofetuin was reduced to 1/60th by periodate oxidation and to 1/15th after beta-galactosidase treatment. MBHA is an abundant biochemical marker of development in M. xanthus. The fact that it is a lectin suggests that it may play a role in cell-cell recognition or agglutination.", "contents": "Myxobacterial hemagglutinin: a development-specific lectin of Myxococcus xanthus. Fruiting body formation in the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus consists of a temporal sequence of cellular aggregation and sporulation. During the period of cellular aggregation, a major new development-specific protein that has lectin-like activity is synthesized. This protein, called myxobacterial hemagglutinin (MBHA), was able to agglutinate sheep or guinea pig erythrocytes but not horse, ox, chicken, or human erythrocytes. MBHA was undetectable in extracts of vegetative cells, cells starved in liquid buffer, or in glycerol-induced cells. However, cells starved on a fruiting medium produced large amounts of MBHA (about 5% of protein synthesis), starting at about 6-8 hr of development. The protein accumulated in the soluble fraction of cells, reaching a peak of 1-2% of total protein at about the time when aggregation was completed. At later times the amount of MBHA present in the soluble fraction declined although synthesis continued. The hemagglutinating activity of MBHA could not be inhibited with simple sugars or aminosugars but could be inhibited with fetuin, a fetal calf serum glycoprotein. The O-glycosidically linked trisaccharide glycopeptide of fetuin was shown to be inhibitory by itself. The penultimate galactose of this glycopeptide was directly implicated in the inhibitory activity, because the inhibition by asialofetuin was reduced to 1/60th by periodate oxidation and to 1/15th after beta-galactosidase treatment. MBHA is an abundant biochemical marker of development in M. xanthus. The fact that it is a lectin suggests that it may play a role in cell-cell recognition or agglutination.", "PMID": 93278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_571", "title": "Structural studies of of \"active complex\" of bleomycin: assignment of ligands to the ferrous ion in a ferrous-bleomycin-carbon monoxide complex.", "content": "Proton NMR studies at 360 MHz establish the binary Fe(II)-bleomycin complex to be paramagnetic with a spectrum covering 70 ppm. Addition of carbon monoxide generates a stable, diamagnetic Fe(II)-bleomycin-CO complex that is a putative structural analog of the \"active\" Fe(II)-bleomycin-O2 complex. The following six groups have been determined to be coordinated to the Fe(II) ion from analysis of the highly resolved 1H NMR spectra of this complex: CO, the primary and secondary amine nitrogens of the beta-aminoalanine moiety, the carbamoyl moiety on the 3-position of mannose, the pyrimidine N-1, and the imidazole N-1. The Fe(II)-bleomycin-CO complex binds to DNA, as shown by fluorescence quenching experiments, but Fe(II)-bleomycin-CO does not mediate thymine release. These results necessitate a major revision in the current model for metal coordination to bleomycin.", "contents": "Structural studies of of \"active complex\" of bleomycin: assignment of ligands to the ferrous ion in a ferrous-bleomycin-carbon monoxide complex. Proton NMR studies at 360 MHz establish the binary Fe(II)-bleomycin complex to be paramagnetic with a spectrum covering 70 ppm. Addition of carbon monoxide generates a stable, diamagnetic Fe(II)-bleomycin-CO complex that is a putative structural analog of the \"active\" Fe(II)-bleomycin-O2 complex. The following six groups have been determined to be coordinated to the Fe(II) ion from analysis of the highly resolved 1H NMR spectra of this complex: CO, the primary and secondary amine nitrogens of the beta-aminoalanine moiety, the carbamoyl moiety on the 3-position of mannose, the pyrimidine N-1, and the imidazole N-1. The Fe(II)-bleomycin-CO complex binds to DNA, as shown by fluorescence quenching experiments, but Fe(II)-bleomycin-CO does not mediate thymine release. These results necessitate a major revision in the current model for metal coordination to bleomycin.", "PMID": 93279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_572", "title": "Calcium-dependent increase in adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and induction of the acrosome reaction in guinea pig spermatozoa.", "content": "Experiments were designed to determine the interrelationship between cyclic AMP and Ca(2+) during the processes of sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction. In minimal culture media containing pyruvate and lactate as substrates, guinea pig spermatozoa required a minimum of 1.0-1.5 hr to capacitate in the presence of 1.7 mM Ca(2+) and a minimum of 0.5-1.0 hr to capacitate in the absence of added Ca(2+). Sperm cyclic AMP concentrations were increased by as much as 30-fold within 0.5 min after addition of cells to various media containing Ca(2+), and the concentrations then remained increased for up to 4 hr. When the cells were added to several Ca(2+)-deficient media, however, cyclic AMP concentrations increased only about 3-fold within 0.5 min and then returned to basal concentrations within 2 min. D-600, a calcium transport antagonist, completely blocked the Ca(2+)-induced increase in sperm cyclic AMP concentrations. In contrast to capacitation, the acrosome reaction failed to occur in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+). After capacitation of spermatozoa in a Ca(2+)-free medium, addition of Ca(2+) caused an increase in sperm cyclic AMP concentrations within 1 min and a maximal number of spermatozoa showing an acrosome reaction within 10 min. The addition of 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine along with Ca(2+) had a synergistic effect on the increase in cyclic AMP. Neither 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine nor 8-Br cyclic AMP induced an acrosome reaction in capacitated spermatozoa in the absence of Ca(2+), but both significantly decreased the time required for maximal expression of the acrosome reaction in the presence of Ca(2+). These results suggest that the sperm acrosome reaction is associated with both a primary transport of Ca(2+) and a Ca(2+)-dependent increase in sperm cyclic AMP concentrations. Because a cyclic AMP analogue did not induce an acrosome reaction in the absence of added Ca(2+), the increase in sperm cyclic AMP concentrations induced by Ca(2+) probably reflects one of a number of Ca(2+)-dependent events associated with the acrosome reaction.", "contents": "Calcium-dependent increase in adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and induction of the acrosome reaction in guinea pig spermatozoa. Experiments were designed to determine the interrelationship between cyclic AMP and Ca(2+) during the processes of sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction. In minimal culture media containing pyruvate and lactate as substrates, guinea pig spermatozoa required a minimum of 1.0-1.5 hr to capacitate in the presence of 1.7 mM Ca(2+) and a minimum of 0.5-1.0 hr to capacitate in the absence of added Ca(2+). Sperm cyclic AMP concentrations were increased by as much as 30-fold within 0.5 min after addition of cells to various media containing Ca(2+), and the concentrations then remained increased for up to 4 hr. When the cells were added to several Ca(2+)-deficient media, however, cyclic AMP concentrations increased only about 3-fold within 0.5 min and then returned to basal concentrations within 2 min. D-600, a calcium transport antagonist, completely blocked the Ca(2+)-induced increase in sperm cyclic AMP concentrations. In contrast to capacitation, the acrosome reaction failed to occur in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+). After capacitation of spermatozoa in a Ca(2+)-free medium, addition of Ca(2+) caused an increase in sperm cyclic AMP concentrations within 1 min and a maximal number of spermatozoa showing an acrosome reaction within 10 min. The addition of 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine along with Ca(2+) had a synergistic effect on the increase in cyclic AMP. Neither 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine nor 8-Br cyclic AMP induced an acrosome reaction in capacitated spermatozoa in the absence of Ca(2+), but both significantly decreased the time required for maximal expression of the acrosome reaction in the presence of Ca(2+). These results suggest that the sperm acrosome reaction is associated with both a primary transport of Ca(2+) and a Ca(2+)-dependent increase in sperm cyclic AMP concentrations. Because a cyclic AMP analogue did not induce an acrosome reaction in the absence of added Ca(2+), the increase in sperm cyclic AMP concentrations induced by Ca(2+) probably reflects one of a number of Ca(2+)-dependent events associated with the acrosome reaction.", "PMID": 93280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_573", "title": "Estimation of membrane potentials of individual lymphocytes by flow cytometry.", "content": "The membrane potentials of individual cells can be estimated by flow cytometric quantitation of the cells' uptake of the fluorescent lipophilic cationic dye 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide. Human lymphocytes separated from peripheral blood on Hypaque-Ficoll gradients are uniformly depolarized by gramicidin and hyperpolarized by valinomycin. Concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin depolarize only a fraction of the lymphocytes. The flow cytometric technique allows precise detection of heterogeneous membrane potential responses to stimuli such as lectins; it could also provide a basis for sorting cells that respond differently to a given stimulus.", "contents": "Estimation of membrane potentials of individual lymphocytes by flow cytometry. The membrane potentials of individual cells can be estimated by flow cytometric quantitation of the cells' uptake of the fluorescent lipophilic cationic dye 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide. Human lymphocytes separated from peripheral blood on Hypaque-Ficoll gradients are uniformly depolarized by gramicidin and hyperpolarized by valinomycin. Concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin depolarize only a fraction of the lymphocytes. The flow cytometric technique allows precise detection of heterogeneous membrane potential responses to stimuli such as lectins; it could also provide a basis for sorting cells that respond differently to a given stimulus.", "PMID": 93281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_574", "title": "Dissociation and exchange of the beta 2-microglobulin subunit of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens.", "content": "Human histocompatibility antigens HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C are a complex of two noncovalently associated subunits: a heavy chain glycoprotein (alpha) carrying the genetic polymorphism and an invariant light chain, beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m). Upon incubation of papain-solubilized HLA with radiolabeled urinary beta 2m, the latter is incorporated into HLA, where it substitutes for the preexisting beta 2m that has dissociated from the complex. The association-dissociation equilibrium that governs this beta 2m exchange reaction was investigated and found to be characterized by a long lifetime of the complex (half-life of 80 min at 37 degrees C) and a relatively low Kd (4 nM). The beta 2m exchange was used as the basis of a radioimmunoassay for HLA antigens with radiolabeled beta 2m as a unique label for all HLA specificities. In a similar fashion, radiolabeled beta 2m can be incorporated into HLA at the cell surface. Although the process is slower and less extensive than in solution, it can be used as a means to tag cells with specific probes for HLA antigens.", "contents": "Dissociation and exchange of the beta 2-microglobulin subunit of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens. Human histocompatibility antigens HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C are a complex of two noncovalently associated subunits: a heavy chain glycoprotein (alpha) carrying the genetic polymorphism and an invariant light chain, beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m). Upon incubation of papain-solubilized HLA with radiolabeled urinary beta 2m, the latter is incorporated into HLA, where it substitutes for the preexisting beta 2m that has dissociated from the complex. The association-dissociation equilibrium that governs this beta 2m exchange reaction was investigated and found to be characterized by a long lifetime of the complex (half-life of 80 min at 37 degrees C) and a relatively low Kd (4 nM). The beta 2m exchange was used as the basis of a radioimmunoassay for HLA antigens with radiolabeled beta 2m as a unique label for all HLA specificities. In a similar fashion, radiolabeled beta 2m can be incorporated into HLA at the cell surface. Although the process is slower and less extensive than in solution, it can be used as a means to tag cells with specific probes for HLA antigens.", "PMID": 93282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_575", "title": "Disassembly of viral membranes by complement independent of channel formation.", "content": "We have compared the effects of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC), nystatin, and melittin on the envelope of murine leukemia viruses to determine if channel formation alone is sufficient to cause membranolysis. Nystatin is a channel former and mellitin is not, although both are hemolytic. Whereas MAC and melittin disintegrated the viral membrane, nystatin had no effect on morphology, integrity, and infectivity of the virus. Incorporation of the antibiotic into the viral membranes was demonstrated by measurements of the characteristic fluorescence of nystatin in membranes and the dose-dependent increase in viral density after uptake of the antibiotic. The density of nystatin was measured to be 1.26-1.27 g/cm3. Proof for the formation of functional nystatin channels was obtained by light scattering measurements. Exposure of  untreated virus to hypotonic conditions increased viral light scattering because of osmotic swelling but otherwise had no effect on the integrity of the virus. Nystatin channel formation abolished the light scattering change, showing that the antibiotic had impaired the viral permeability barrier. We interpret these results to indicate that virolysis by MAC is not caused by channel formation and, conversely, in the absence of colloid-osmotic effects, channel formation by itself is not sufficient to disassemble a viral membrane.", "contents": "Disassembly of viral membranes by complement independent of channel formation. We have compared the effects of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC), nystatin, and melittin on the envelope of murine leukemia viruses to determine if channel formation alone is sufficient to cause membranolysis. Nystatin is a channel former and mellitin is not, although both are hemolytic. Whereas MAC and melittin disintegrated the viral membrane, nystatin had no effect on morphology, integrity, and infectivity of the virus. Incorporation of the antibiotic into the viral membranes was demonstrated by measurements of the characteristic fluorescence of nystatin in membranes and the dose-dependent increase in viral density after uptake of the antibiotic. The density of nystatin was measured to be 1.26-1.27 g/cm3. Proof for the formation of functional nystatin channels was obtained by light scattering measurements. Exposure of  untreated virus to hypotonic conditions increased viral light scattering because of osmotic swelling but otherwise had no effect on the integrity of the virus. Nystatin channel formation abolished the light scattering change, showing that the antibiotic had impaired the viral permeability barrier. We interpret these results to indicate that virolysis by MAC is not caused by channel formation and, conversely, in the absence of colloid-osmotic effects, channel formation by itself is not sufficient to disassemble a viral membrane.", "PMID": 93283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_576", "title": "Structural characterization of the murine fourth component of complement and sex-limited protein and their precursors: evidence for two loci in the S region of the H-2 complex.", "content": "The S region of the murine major histocompatibility complex controls the expression of two related, serum substance-positive proteins; one (C4) has functional complement activity, whereas the other, the sex-limited protein (Slp), is hemolytically nonfunctional. The structural relationships of these molecules to each other and to their putative intracellular precursors have been examined. Radiolabeled intracellular C4 and Slp precursors were isolated from lysates of cultured peritoneal cells. The C4 and Slp precursors and their processed subunits were purified by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antigenically distinct precursors for C4 and Slp were demonstrated by sequential immunoprecipitation experiments in which anti-Slp-reactive molecules were precleared by exhaustive immunoprecipitation and residual C4 molecules were precipitated by antibody to serum substance. Both molecules had apparent molecular weights of 185,000. Their molecular identities as precursors of the mature C4 and Slp proteins were established in pulse-chase studies and by comparisons of their tryptic peptide profiles with those of isolated subunits from the processed proteins. When isolated alpha- or beta-subunits from C4 and Slp proteins were compared by peptide mapping, it was possible to detect multiple distinct and multiple shared peptides. This evidence indicates that the C4 and Slp proteins derive from distinct precursor polypeptides and suggests that the primary structures of the C4 and Slp alpha- and beta-subunits are different. These results support the postulate that the S region contains two discrete structural loci that specify discrete C4 and Slp proteins.", "contents": "Structural characterization of the murine fourth component of complement and sex-limited protein and their precursors: evidence for two loci in the S region of the H-2 complex. The S region of the murine major histocompatibility complex controls the expression of two related, serum substance-positive proteins; one (C4) has functional complement activity, whereas the other, the sex-limited protein (Slp), is hemolytically nonfunctional. The structural relationships of these molecules to each other and to their putative intracellular precursors have been examined. Radiolabeled intracellular C4 and Slp precursors were isolated from lysates of cultured peritoneal cells. The C4 and Slp precursors and their processed subunits were purified by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antigenically distinct precursors for C4 and Slp were demonstrated by sequential immunoprecipitation experiments in which anti-Slp-reactive molecules were precleared by exhaustive immunoprecipitation and residual C4 molecules were precipitated by antibody to serum substance. Both molecules had apparent molecular weights of 185,000. Their molecular identities as precursors of the mature C4 and Slp proteins were established in pulse-chase studies and by comparisons of their tryptic peptide profiles with those of isolated subunits from the processed proteins. When isolated alpha- or beta-subunits from C4 and Slp proteins were compared by peptide mapping, it was possible to detect multiple distinct and multiple shared peptides. This evidence indicates that the C4 and Slp proteins derive from distinct precursor polypeptides and suggests that the primary structures of the C4 and Slp alpha- and beta-subunits are different. These results support the postulate that the S region contains two discrete structural loci that specify discrete C4 and Slp proteins.", "PMID": 93284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_577", "title": "Crossreactive mixed lymphocyte reaction determinants recognized by cloned alloreactive T cells.", "content": "We have isolated clones of alloreactive T cells by soft agar cloning of primed responder cells contained in serially restimulated, mixed lymphocyte cultures. These clones recognize unique mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) stimulating determinants present on (C57B/6 X A/J)F1 (B6A) spleen cells. By assaying the reactivity patterns of these clones on a panel of stimulator cells, we have identified at least three separate \"specificities\" of alloreactive T cell clones. Several clones exhibiting one of these three reactivity patterns have been isolated on many occasions from different experiments. Using such clones of alloreactive T cells, we have identified and are attempting to define crossreactive MLR stimulating determinants exhibited by a panel of stimulator cells. Recognition by certain clones of a shared MLR determinant(s) on B6A and DBA/2 and of the lack of this determinant(s) on B6 stimulator cells questions current concepts concerning the nature of MLR stimulating determinants and T cell recognition of alloantigens.", "contents": "Crossreactive mixed lymphocyte reaction determinants recognized by cloned alloreactive T cells. We have isolated clones of alloreactive T cells by soft agar cloning of primed responder cells contained in serially restimulated, mixed lymphocyte cultures. These clones recognize unique mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) stimulating determinants present on (C57B/6 X A/J)F1 (B6A) spleen cells. By assaying the reactivity patterns of these clones on a panel of stimulator cells, we have identified at least three separate \"specificities\" of alloreactive T cell clones. Several clones exhibiting one of these three reactivity patterns have been isolated on many occasions from different experiments. Using such clones of alloreactive T cells, we have identified and are attempting to define crossreactive MLR stimulating determinants exhibited by a panel of stimulator cells. Recognition by certain clones of a shared MLR determinant(s) on B6A and DBA/2 and of the lack of this determinant(s) on B6 stimulator cells questions current concepts concerning the nature of MLR stimulating determinants and T cell recognition of alloantigens.", "PMID": 93286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_578", "title": "Induction of calcium flux across the rat mast cell membrane by bridging IgE receptors.", "content": "Rabbit antibody against IgE receptors or its F(ab')2 fragments induced an increase of 45Ca uptake into normal mast cells, and this process was accompanied by histamine release. Evidence was obtained that a substantial portion of 45Ca uptake was due to movement of calcium across the cell membrane. Neither 45Ca uptake nor histamine release was induced by Fab' monomer fragments of the antireceptor antibody. However, bridging of receptor-bound Fab' fragments by antirabbit IgG or bridging of receptor-bound IgE by anti-IgE induced an increase in 45Ca uptake. The results collectively indicate that crosslinking IgE receptors increases the membrane permeability of the mast cells toward calcium.", "contents": "Induction of calcium flux across the rat mast cell membrane by bridging IgE receptors. Rabbit antibody against IgE receptors or its F(ab')2 fragments induced an increase of 45Ca uptake into normal mast cells, and this process was accompanied by histamine release. Evidence was obtained that a substantial portion of 45Ca uptake was due to movement of calcium across the cell membrane. Neither 45Ca uptake nor histamine release was induced by Fab' monomer fragments of the antireceptor antibody. However, bridging of receptor-bound Fab' fragments by antirabbit IgG or bridging of receptor-bound IgE by anti-IgE induced an increase in 45Ca uptake. The results collectively indicate that crosslinking IgE receptors increases the membrane permeability of the mast cells toward calcium.", "PMID": 93285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_579", "title": "Antigen-induced strain-specific autoantiidiotypic antibodies modulate the immune response to dextran B 512.", "content": "Sera from CBA and C57BL mice immunized against dextran B 512 eight or more days earlier contain mainly IgG antibodies that specifically suppress the development of plaque-forming cells against dextran in vitro. Suppression was not caused by antibodies against the alpha 1-6 epitope of dextran to any major extent. Sera from CBA mice (IgCH allotype j) suppressed plaque-forming cells from CBA mice, whereas sera from C57BL mice (allotype b) inhibited plaques from C57BL and CBA/Ig-1b mice. Sera from dextran-tolerant mice or from mice that are genetic unresponders to dextran did not suppress plaque-forming cells. Both thymus-independent and thymus-dependent forms of dextran induced the appearance of these autoantiidiotypic antibodies that can distinguish between anti-alpha 1-6 antibodies produced in mouse strains having different IgCH-locus-determined allotypes.", "contents": "Antigen-induced strain-specific autoantiidiotypic antibodies modulate the immune response to dextran B 512. Sera from CBA and C57BL mice immunized against dextran B 512 eight or more days earlier contain mainly IgG antibodies that specifically suppress the development of plaque-forming cells against dextran in vitro. Suppression was not caused by antibodies against the alpha 1-6 epitope of dextran to any major extent. Sera from CBA mice (IgCH allotype j) suppressed plaque-forming cells from CBA mice, whereas sera from C57BL mice (allotype b) inhibited plaques from C57BL and CBA/Ig-1b mice. Sera from dextran-tolerant mice or from mice that are genetic unresponders to dextran did not suppress plaque-forming cells. Both thymus-independent and thymus-dependent forms of dextran induced the appearance of these autoantiidiotypic antibodies that can distinguish between anti-alpha 1-6 antibodies produced in mouse strains having different IgCH-locus-determined allotypes.", "PMID": 93287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_580", "title": "Effect of colicins Ia and E1 on ion permeability of liposomes.", "content": "Colicins Ia and E1 are shown to inhibit the formation and bring about the collapse of a potassium diffusion potential imposed across the membrane of liposomes prepared from soybean or Escherichia coli phospholipids. Such depolarization results from a colicin-induced increase in membrane ion permeability. Colicins E2 and E3 do not depolarize such membranes. In addition to the colicin Ia-induced rapid efflux of preloaded rubidium, sodium, phosphate, or choline from liposomes, a slower efflux of preloaded sucrose or glucose 6-phosphate occurs. However, treated liposomes do not leak inulin or dextran, demonstrating that the effects of E1 and Ia are not due to a general disruption of membrane structure. The fact that colicin-induced ion efflux is observed in the complete absence of a membrane potential shows that the action of these colicins on liposomes is not voltage dependent. These results provide strong evidence that the depolarization of E. coli cells by colicins Ia and E1 results from a colicin-induced increase in membrane permeability to ions. It is proposed that this is brought about by the direct interaction of the colicin molecules with the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Effect of colicins Ia and E1 on ion permeability of liposomes. Colicins Ia and E1 are shown to inhibit the formation and bring about the collapse of a potassium diffusion potential imposed across the membrane of liposomes prepared from soybean or Escherichia coli phospholipids. Such depolarization results from a colicin-induced increase in membrane ion permeability. Colicins E2 and E3 do not depolarize such membranes. In addition to the colicin Ia-induced rapid efflux of preloaded rubidium, sodium, phosphate, or choline from liposomes, a slower efflux of preloaded sucrose or glucose 6-phosphate occurs. However, treated liposomes do not leak inulin or dextran, demonstrating that the effects of E1 and Ia are not due to a general disruption of membrane structure. The fact that colicin-induced ion efflux is observed in the complete absence of a membrane potential shows that the action of these colicins on liposomes is not voltage dependent. These results provide strong evidence that the depolarization of E. coli cells by colicins Ia and E1 results from a colicin-induced increase in membrane permeability to ions. It is proposed that this is brought about by the direct interaction of the colicin molecules with the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.", "PMID": 93288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_581", "title": "Estrogenic activity of the insecticide chlordecone (Kepone) and interaction with uterine estrogen receptors.", "content": "The chlorinated insecticide chlordecone (Kepone) interacts with the estrogen receptor system in the rat uterus in vitro and in vivo. It competes with estradiol for binding to the cytoplasmic receptor in vitro and also induces nuclear accumulation of estrogen receptor sites in uteri in vitro. When injected into immature rats, chlordecone translocates estrogen receptor sites to the uterine nucleus, increases uterine weight, and stimulates the synthesis of the progesterone receptor, an estrogen receptor-mediated process. Its slow onset of action but prolonged duration of interaction with estrogen receptor and stimulation of uterine weight gain and progesterone receptor synthesis indicates that, although it has an affinity for receptor only 0.01-0.04% that of estradiol, its considerable estrogenic activity may likely be derived from its long half-life and bioaccumulative character.", "contents": "Estrogenic activity of the insecticide chlordecone (Kepone) and interaction with uterine estrogen receptors. The chlorinated insecticide chlordecone (Kepone) interacts with the estrogen receptor system in the rat uterus in vitro and in vivo. It competes with estradiol for binding to the cytoplasmic receptor in vitro and also induces nuclear accumulation of estrogen receptor sites in uteri in vitro. When injected into immature rats, chlordecone translocates estrogen receptor sites to the uterine nucleus, increases uterine weight, and stimulates the synthesis of the progesterone receptor, an estrogen receptor-mediated process. Its slow onset of action but prolonged duration of interaction with estrogen receptor and stimulation of uterine weight gain and progesterone receptor synthesis indicates that, although it has an affinity for receptor only 0.01-0.04% that of estradiol, its considerable estrogenic activity may likely be derived from its long half-life and bioaccumulative character.", "PMID": 93289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_582", "title": "Immunotherapy in atopic disorders.", "content": "Immunotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, asthma, and insect sting allergy. In the latter circumstance, immunotherapy with specific venom from the stinging insects can be life saving. Most commonly employed in immunotherapy are aqueuos extracts of aeroallergens, particularly plant pollen, and mold spores. Recent advances suggest that modification of these allergens, such as polymerization, can result in improved symptom response with fewer side effects. Efficacy trials of immunotherapy have demonstrated satisfactory treatment responses in allergic rhinitis and allergen-induced asthma. These responses, as measured by changes in symptom scores, are attended by specific immunologic changes summarized in Table 2.", "contents": "Immunotherapy in atopic disorders. Immunotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, asthma, and insect sting allergy. In the latter circumstance, immunotherapy with specific venom from the stinging insects can be life saving. Most commonly employed in immunotherapy are aqueuos extracts of aeroallergens, particularly plant pollen, and mold spores. Recent advances suggest that modification of these allergens, such as polymerization, can result in improved symptom response with fewer side effects. Efficacy trials of immunotherapy have demonstrated satisfactory treatment responses in allergic rhinitis and allergen-induced asthma. These responses, as measured by changes in symptom scores, are attended by specific immunologic changes summarized in Table 2.", "PMID": 93293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_583", "title": "Analysis of factors which might improve the survival rate of infants with congenital heart disease.", "content": "During 1973--1977, 212 infants underwent open heart operations for congenital heart disease at the Thoracic Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street. The current results (75% survival rate) are compared with the results from earlier years (1963--1967) which showed only a 35% survival rate. Two groups are discussed in detail: Infants with Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage, and Persistent Truncus Arteriosus. Although the operative risk in both groups remains high, the analysis of the natural history, palliative and corrective surgery and causes of death suggests that early total repair of severely symptomatic infants achieves the optimal results. The importance of careful analysis is emphasised. Palliative surgery still plays an important role in the treatment of congenital heart defects in infancy. The optimal timing and time of operation can only be selected after careful analysis of various factors.", "contents": "Analysis of factors which might improve the survival rate of infants with congenital heart disease. During 1973--1977, 212 infants underwent open heart operations for congenital heart disease at the Thoracic Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street. The current results (75% survival rate) are compared with the results from earlier years (1963--1967) which showed only a 35% survival rate. Two groups are discussed in detail: Infants with Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage, and Persistent Truncus Arteriosus. Although the operative risk in both groups remains high, the analysis of the natural history, palliative and corrective surgery and causes of death suggests that early total repair of severely symptomatic infants achieves the optimal results. The importance of careful analysis is emphasised. Palliative surgery still plays an important role in the treatment of congenital heart defects in infancy. The optimal timing and time of operation can only be selected after careful analysis of various factors.", "PMID": 93294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_584", "title": "Characterization of two pregnancy associated serum proteins with pregnancy specific beta 1-glycoprotein (PS-beta-G)-determinants.", "content": "The existence of two pregnancy associated, partially identical glycoproteins with PS-beta-G determinants were demonstrated in serum from pregnant women. Crossed and crossed-line immunoelectrophoretic analysis of pregnancy sera revealed two precipitates with alpha- and beta-mobility, respectively. The ratio between the precipitation areas in various samples could be related to three different types of precipitation patterns observed in rocket immunoelectrophoresis. This variation in precipitation pattern could so far not be related to the progression of any obstetric parameters. The diphasic shape of the precipitate in crossed immunoelectrophoresis was not changed by incubation with normal human male serum or antibody to normal human serum. Incorporation of 4% PEG in the gels enhanced the precipitate in the alpha-region. The cross-reactive glycoproteins were detected in all pregnant women examined. These results point to the need for specific antibody preparations permitting separate quantitation of the two antigen populations with PS-beta-G determinants.", "contents": "Characterization of two pregnancy associated serum proteins with pregnancy specific beta 1-glycoprotein (PS-beta-G)-determinants. The existence of two pregnancy associated, partially identical glycoproteins with PS-beta-G determinants were demonstrated in serum from pregnant women. Crossed and crossed-line immunoelectrophoretic analysis of pregnancy sera revealed two precipitates with alpha- and beta-mobility, respectively. The ratio between the precipitation areas in various samples could be related to three different types of precipitation patterns observed in rocket immunoelectrophoresis. This variation in precipitation pattern could so far not be related to the progression of any obstetric parameters. The diphasic shape of the precipitate in crossed immunoelectrophoresis was not changed by incubation with normal human male serum or antibody to normal human serum. Incorporation of 4% PEG in the gels enhanced the precipitate in the alpha-region. The cross-reactive glycoproteins were detected in all pregnant women examined. These results point to the need for specific antibody preparations permitting separate quantitation of the two antigen populations with PS-beta-G determinants.", "PMID": 93301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_585", "title": "Serum beta2-microglobulin in liver disease.", "content": "The concentration of beta 2-microglobulin in serum was determined in seventy-one patients with various liver disorders. Elevated values were found in most patients with chronic active or chronic persistent hepatitis and in over 80% of patients with alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis. In contrast, patients with alcohol-induced fatty liver, the serum beta 2-microglobulin concentrations were mostly within the normal range. Significant correlation (P less than 0.001) was noted between the elimination rate of galactose from blood and the serum beta 2-microglobulin concentration in patients with alcoholic liver damage but not in patients with chronic hepatitis. The reasons for the increased S-beta 2-microglobulin concentrations in liver diseases are unknown. Several explanations including a release of beta 2-microglobulin from necrotic liver cells or an increased synthesis of beta 2-microglobulin consequent to inflammation in the liver are possible. Alternatively, raised beta 2-microglobulin levels may reflect the hepatic synthesis during reparative growth.", "contents": "Serum beta2-microglobulin in liver disease. The concentration of beta 2-microglobulin in serum was determined in seventy-one patients with various liver disorders. Elevated values were found in most patients with chronic active or chronic persistent hepatitis and in over 80% of patients with alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis. In contrast, patients with alcohol-induced fatty liver, the serum beta 2-microglobulin concentrations were mostly within the normal range. Significant correlation (P less than 0.001) was noted between the elimination rate of galactose from blood and the serum beta 2-microglobulin concentration in patients with alcoholic liver damage but not in patients with chronic hepatitis. The reasons for the increased S-beta 2-microglobulin concentrations in liver diseases are unknown. Several explanations including a release of beta 2-microglobulin from necrotic liver cells or an increased synthesis of beta 2-microglobulin consequent to inflammation in the liver are possible. Alternatively, raised beta 2-microglobulin levels may reflect the hepatic synthesis during reparative growth.", "PMID": 93302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_586", "title": "[Short-term effects of gamma-globulins on sleep organization in epileptic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of the effect of gamma-globulins on sleep was conducted in 8 patients aged 1 to 35 years with epilepsy not responding to any of the conventional treatments. Two polygraphic recordings were carried out during the 4th and 5th nights following a placebo injection and then an injection of gamma-globulin 16 Merieux (1 ml/kg). The short-term effects of the gamma-globulins were : --reduction in percentage of paroxysms, --an acceleration in the electroencephalographic tracings of the different stages of sleep and those of the waking period, --a statistically significant increase in the percentage of paradoxical sleep, though the general organization of sleep remained unchanged.", "contents": "[Short-term effects of gamma-globulins on sleep organization in epileptic patients (author's transl)]. A study of the effect of gamma-globulins on sleep was conducted in 8 patients aged 1 to 35 years with epilepsy not responding to any of the conventional treatments. Two polygraphic recordings were carried out during the 4th and 5th nights following a placebo injection and then an injection of gamma-globulin 16 Merieux (1 ml/kg). The short-term effects of the gamma-globulins were : --reduction in percentage of paroxysms, --an acceleration in the electroencephalographic tracings of the different stages of sleep and those of the waking period, --a statistically significant increase in the percentage of paradoxical sleep, though the general organization of sleep remained unchanged.", "PMID": 93297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_587", "title": "Hormonal influences on the dog prostate--a correlation study with light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Dog prostates under defined hormonal influences were investigated by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The normal acinar cell apices exhibited well-developed, densely packed microvilli. TEM demonstrated numerous secretory granules, indicating a high secretory activity. Following castration, the acinar cells of the dog prostate showed rounded apices. Most of the microvilli disappeared and only knob-like protrusions were seen. Castrated dogs following administration of 3 alpha-androstandiol showed fewer microvilli than the controls; however, a well-developed undulating surface could be observed. Castrated dogs given 3 alpha-androstandiol and cyproterone acetate showed almost completely atrophic glandular cells. Prostates of dogs with spontaneous benign prostatic  hyperplasia (BPH) were characterized by pleomorphism of cell shapes and surfaces. The different hormonal influences induced changes of the prostatic surface structures and secretory activity.", "contents": "Hormonal influences on the dog prostate--a correlation study with light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Dog prostates under defined hormonal influences were investigated by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The normal acinar cell apices exhibited well-developed, densely packed microvilli. TEM demonstrated numerous secretory granules, indicating a high secretory activity. Following castration, the acinar cells of the dog prostate showed rounded apices. Most of the microvilli disappeared and only knob-like protrusions were seen. Castrated dogs following administration of 3 alpha-androstandiol showed fewer microvilli than the controls; however, a well-developed undulating surface could be observed. Castrated dogs given 3 alpha-androstandiol and cyproterone acetate showed almost completely atrophic glandular cells. Prostates of dogs with spontaneous benign prostatic  hyperplasia (BPH) were characterized by pleomorphism of cell shapes and surfaces. The different hormonal influences induced changes of the prostatic surface structures and secretory activity.", "PMID": 93303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_588", "title": "Comparative scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the prostatic gland in different species (mouse, rat, dog, man).", "content": "Man, dog, rat and mouse prostatic glandular cells were compared by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In rodents and dogs, a merocrine secretion exists, and in these species the undulating surface represented a confluence of secretory granules. The prominent secretory blebs observed in dog and human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) corresponded to apocrine secretions. Also variations in the amount of secretory activity were seen. Androgenic hormones were responsible for the differentiation of the prostatic epithelial cells during development. Therefore, an absence of microvilli as well as the appearance of ruffles, microplicae, and bare cells were seen in the prepuberal and castrated rat. In the elderly rat and in human BPH, a pleomorphism of the apical cell surface was evident.", "contents": "Comparative scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the prostatic gland in different species (mouse, rat, dog, man). Man, dog, rat and mouse prostatic glandular cells were compared by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In rodents and dogs, a merocrine secretion exists, and in these species the undulating surface represented a confluence of secretory granules. The prominent secretory blebs observed in dog and human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) corresponded to apocrine secretions. Also variations in the amount of secretory activity were seen. Androgenic hormones were responsible for the differentiation of the prostatic epithelial cells during development. Therefore, an absence of microvilli as well as the appearance of ruffles, microplicae, and bare cells were seen in the prepuberal and castrated rat. In the elderly rat and in human BPH, a pleomorphism of the apical cell surface was evident.", "PMID": 93304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_589", "title": "Visualization of subsurface structures in cells and tissues by backscattered electron imaging.", "content": "A fraction of the beam electrons which interact with a specimen scatter back. The number of backscattered electrons (BE's) increases with the atomic number of the elements encountered. Cell and tissue structures lacking a heavy metal content yield few BE's compared to structures affixed with heavy metals, either vitally or by means of staining methods applied after fixation. The BE imaging mode of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides an intensity map of the BE yield from the specimen. BE imaging of selectively stained structures in cells and tissues renders these structures visible in contrast to the unstained surround. Since BE's can emerge from a significant depth within the material, BE imaging can be used to view such heavy metal stained structures beneath intact cell surfaces. The microcontours of the overlying surface can be viewed concurrently by using the surface scanning (i.e., the secondary electron imaging; SEI) mode of the microscope. Methods for selectively contrasting subsurface structures can be adapted from existing light microscope (LM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) methods. Staining methods have been devised for subsurface viewing of cell organelles, including nuclei, mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, and phagosomes. A physical model is presented which describes these observations and suggests future possible trends in this subject. Specifically the image contrast and resolution are described in terms of the physical properties of the stain and specimen and of the SEM operating conditions of energy and current. Finally a summary of instrumentation considerations describes present and potential BE detectors, their ancillary electronics, and image processing.", "contents": "Visualization of subsurface structures in cells and tissues by backscattered electron imaging. A fraction of the beam electrons which interact with a specimen scatter back. The number of backscattered electrons (BE's) increases with the atomic number of the elements encountered. Cell and tissue structures lacking a heavy metal content yield few BE's compared to structures affixed with heavy metals, either vitally or by means of staining methods applied after fixation. The BE imaging mode of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides an intensity map of the BE yield from the specimen. BE imaging of selectively stained structures in cells and tissues renders these structures visible in contrast to the unstained surround. Since BE's can emerge from a significant depth within the material, BE imaging can be used to view such heavy metal stained structures beneath intact cell surfaces. The microcontours of the overlying surface can be viewed concurrently by using the surface scanning (i.e., the secondary electron imaging; SEI) mode of the microscope. Methods for selectively contrasting subsurface structures can be adapted from existing light microscope (LM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) methods. Staining methods have been devised for subsurface viewing of cell organelles, including nuclei, mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, and phagosomes. A physical model is presented which describes these observations and suggests future possible trends in this subject. Specifically the image contrast and resolution are described in terms of the physical properties of the stain and specimen and of the SEM operating conditions of energy and current. Finally a summary of instrumentation considerations describes present and potential BE detectors, their ancillary electronics, and image processing.", "PMID": 93305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_590", "title": "Cross-reactivity of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-binding receptors immune to antigens of the H-2 system.", "content": "Anti-B10 D2 (anti-KbDb) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and monospecific anti-Kk and anti-Dd CTL, separated from their mixture in anti-A B10 lymphocytes and concentrated with the absorption-elution technique on the macrophage monolayers of various genotypes, gave rise to cross-lysis of third-party target cells. Anti-B6 R101 (anti-Kb) CTL, which display a cross-lysis of mutant Kbd (M505) and Kba (Hzl) target cells, were separated into two fractions, one of them being able and the other unable to adhere to the cell monolayer of the particular mutant. The fraction of anti-Kb CTL adherent to Kba antigen was isolated by elution from the Hzl cell monolayer. These anti-Kba CTL and CTL eluted from the B6 cell monolayer displayed a considerably higher cytotoxic effect on B6 than on Hzl target cells. This difference was not due to lower sensitivity of Hzl targets to lysis. The findings indicate that anti-Kb CTL are homogeneous in the specificity of their receptors. The H-2 molecule is presumed to bear a single CTL determinant only, which induces a CTL clone or a group of clones homogeneous in specificity but heterogeneous in the affinity of its receptors.", "contents": "Cross-reactivity of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-binding receptors immune to antigens of the H-2 system. Anti-B10 D2 (anti-KbDb) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and monospecific anti-Kk and anti-Dd CTL, separated from their mixture in anti-A B10 lymphocytes and concentrated with the absorption-elution technique on the macrophage monolayers of various genotypes, gave rise to cross-lysis of third-party target cells. Anti-B6 R101 (anti-Kb) CTL, which display a cross-lysis of mutant Kbd (M505) and Kba (Hzl) target cells, were separated into two fractions, one of them being able and the other unable to adhere to the cell monolayer of the particular mutant. The fraction of anti-Kb CTL adherent to Kba antigen was isolated by elution from the Hzl cell monolayer. These anti-Kba CTL and CTL eluted from the B6 cell monolayer displayed a considerably higher cytotoxic effect on B6 than on Hzl target cells. This difference was not due to lower sensitivity of Hzl targets to lysis. The findings indicate that anti-Kb CTL are homogeneous in the specificity of their receptors. The H-2 molecule is presumed to bear a single CTL determinant only, which induces a CTL clone or a group of clones homogeneous in specificity but heterogeneous in the affinity of its receptors.", "PMID": 93306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_591", "title": "HLA-D-restricted antigen activation of sensitized T lymphocytes: studies on the ability of HLA-D/DR-expressing B lymphocytes to substitute for macrophages in antigen activation.", "content": "The proliferative response of sensitized human T lymphocytes to purified protein derivative (PPD) and to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-conjugated autologous cells in vitro is restricted by self HLA-D/DR determinants. Here we report that the PPD-specific response is strictly related to the content of phagocytosing cells (macrophages, Mphi) in the cultures and that an optimal PPD response occurred at a T/Mphi ratio between 10:1 and 5:1. B-cell-enriched suspensions, which also express the HLA-D/DR determinants, were not able to replace the macrophages in this HLA-D/DR-restricted response. On the other hand, TNP-treated similarly prepared B cells were in most instances effective in inducing a secondary TNP-specific response of in vitro-sensitized T cells.", "contents": "HLA-D-restricted antigen activation of sensitized T lymphocytes: studies on the ability of HLA-D/DR-expressing B lymphocytes to substitute for macrophages in antigen activation. The proliferative response of sensitized human T lymphocytes to purified protein derivative (PPD) and to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-conjugated autologous cells in vitro is restricted by self HLA-D/DR determinants. Here we report that the PPD-specific response is strictly related to the content of phagocytosing cells (macrophages, Mphi) in the cultures and that an optimal PPD response occurred at a T/Mphi ratio between 10:1 and 5:1. B-cell-enriched suspensions, which also express the HLA-D/DR determinants, were not able to replace the macrophages in this HLA-D/DR-restricted response. On the other hand, TNP-treated similarly prepared B cells were in most instances effective in inducing a secondary TNP-specific response of in vitro-sensitized T cells.", "PMID": 93307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_592", "title": "Pneumococcal infections and the possible need for a vaccine.", "content": "Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics have been available for about 40 years, but still bacterial infections constitute some of the greatest problems in medicine. Pneumococci causing pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis and otitis are a leading cause of illness and death. The exact incidence and lethality of pneumococcal infections is not known, however, since they are not reportable diseases in most countries and since microbiological diagnosis is difficult. In the latest years some significant progresses have been made for the diagnosis of infections caused by pneumococci, especially pneumonia. This is for example the counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) for antigen determination, the transtracheal aspiration (TTA) for direct bacterial cultivation from trachea, and serological assays like radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for pneumococcal capsular antibody determination. These techniques have further emphasized the significance of pneumococcal infections. The recent finding of pneumococci resistant to penicillin and some other antibiotics also emphasizes the need for immunological prophylaxis. In recent years a vaccine consisting of the purified, most common pneumococcal polysaccharides has been introduced. It has been shown to protect against pneumonia, pneumococcal infections in splenectomized individuals and people with spherocytosis and probably partly against otitis media. Indications for the vaccine are suggested.", "contents": "Pneumococcal infections and the possible need for a vaccine. Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics have been available for about 40 years, but still bacterial infections constitute some of the greatest problems in medicine. Pneumococci causing pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis and otitis are a leading cause of illness and death. The exact incidence and lethality of pneumococcal infections is not known, however, since they are not reportable diseases in most countries and since microbiological diagnosis is difficult. In the latest years some significant progresses have been made for the diagnosis of infections caused by pneumococci, especially pneumonia. This is for example the counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) for antigen determination, the transtracheal aspiration (TTA) for direct bacterial cultivation from trachea, and serological assays like radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for pneumococcal capsular antibody determination. These techniques have further emphasized the significance of pneumococcal infections. The recent finding of pneumococci resistant to penicillin and some other antibiotics also emphasizes the need for immunological prophylaxis. In recent years a vaccine consisting of the purified, most common pneumococcal polysaccharides has been introduced. It has been shown to protect against pneumonia, pneumococcal infections in splenectomized individuals and people with spherocytosis and probably partly against otitis media. Indications for the vaccine are suggested.", "PMID": 93308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_593", "title": "In vitro aggregation of mouse peritoneal exudate cells.", "content": "(1) Immunological mechanisms which cause macrophage agglutination in vitro have been investigated. (2) Quantitative differences in the agglutinating properties of sero-positive rheumatoid sera and normal sera were found. (3) NZB X W mouse peritoneal macrophages differed from normal (NZCW) mouse peritoneal macrophages in susceptibility to agglutination. These quantitative differences could be explained by NZB X W macrophages carrying a surface immunoglobulin component which increased agglutination by rheumatoid sera. (4) Antimacrophage antibody was more effective in rendering macrophages susceptible to the agglutinating effect of antiglobulins than was heat-aggregated gamma globulin.", "contents": "In vitro aggregation of mouse peritoneal exudate cells. (1) Immunological mechanisms which cause macrophage agglutination in vitro have been investigated. (2) Quantitative differences in the agglutinating properties of sero-positive rheumatoid sera and normal sera were found. (3) NZB X W mouse peritoneal macrophages differed from normal (NZCW) mouse peritoneal macrophages in susceptibility to agglutination. These quantitative differences could be explained by NZB X W macrophages carrying a surface immunoglobulin component which increased agglutination by rheumatoid sera. (4) Antimacrophage antibody was more effective in rendering macrophages susceptible to the agglutinating effect of antiglobulins than was heat-aggregated gamma globulin.", "PMID": 93309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_594", "title": "Some membrane events occurring during fusion and exocytosis in rat peritoneal mast cells.", "content": "We have used the mast cell as a model system for studying some of the membrane events which occur during exocytosis. Our observations indicate that the maximum cluster size of IgE molecules necessary for the 'on' signal to activate a mast cell is ten or less, and that the 'off' signal is not associated with the gross patching or pinocytosis of IgE and its Fc receptors. Furthermore, the use of Con A-Sepharose beads to stimulate mast cells has shown that such signalling is localized to the areas of stimulus, but this localization is not a function of desensitization over the rest of the cell since the subsequent addition of soluble Con A to locally released cells induced generalized degranulation. Ca2+ influx therefore acts in a localized manner to initiate degranulation. Following receptor cross-linking, most of the membrane proteins and the layer of intervening cytoplasm are laterally displaced away from the areas of membrane interaction. This displacement may act as the signal for fusion to occur. The resulting fused bilayers are predominantly lipid, a situation which may be common in all transient membrane fusion.", "contents": "Some membrane events occurring during fusion and exocytosis in rat peritoneal mast cells. We have used the mast cell as a model system for studying some of the membrane events which occur during exocytosis. Our observations indicate that the maximum cluster size of IgE molecules necessary for the 'on' signal to activate a mast cell is ten or less, and that the 'off' signal is not associated with the gross patching or pinocytosis of IgE and its Fc receptors. Furthermore, the use of Con A-Sepharose beads to stimulate mast cells has shown that such signalling is localized to the areas of stimulus, but this localization is not a function of desensitization over the rest of the cell since the subsequent addition of soluble Con A to locally released cells induced generalized degranulation. Ca2+ influx therefore acts in a localized manner to initiate degranulation. Following receptor cross-linking, most of the membrane proteins and the layer of intervening cytoplasm are laterally displaced away from the areas of membrane interaction. This displacement may act as the signal for fusion to occur. The resulting fused bilayers are predominantly lipid, a situation which may be common in all transient membrane fusion.", "PMID": 93311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_595", "title": "H-2L: demonstration of four new allelic products and independence of H-2D and H-2L molecules.", "content": "The H-2L molecules were detected for the first time in the Dd region products using antisera against the public specificity H-2.28. This specificity was analyzed because its presence in K as well as in D region products and its apparent allelism with another public specificity, H-2.1, indicated that these two specificities may have a special position may have a special position in the H-2 system. This was corroborated by subsequent identification of H-2L molecules in Dq and Dk products using anti-H-2.28 AND ANTI-H-2.1 sera, respectively, while none of the other previously known public or private specificities was detected on H-2L molecules. We tested the products of four D region alleles which had not been analyzed previously. In each of them we identified two distinct types of molecules: H-2D, which reacts with sera agains the D region private specificity, and H-2L, which does not react with these sera, but which is detectable either by anti-H-2.28 sera (H-2Lb, H-2Lf, H-2LS) or by anti-H-2.1 sera (H-2Ldx). This increases the number of identified H-2L alleles to seven (five H-2.8+, two H-2.1+). No association between H-2D and H-2D and H-2L molecules on the cell surface was detected in capping experiments.", "contents": "H-2L: demonstration of four new allelic products and independence of H-2D and H-2L molecules. The H-2L molecules were detected for the first time in the Dd region products using antisera against the public specificity H-2.28. This specificity was analyzed because its presence in K as well as in D region products and its apparent allelism with another public specificity, H-2.1, indicated that these two specificities may have a special position may have a special position in the H-2 system. This was corroborated by subsequent identification of H-2L molecules in Dq and Dk products using anti-H-2.28 AND ANTI-H-2.1 sera, respectively, while none of the other previously known public or private specificities was detected on H-2L molecules. We tested the products of four D region alleles which had not been analyzed previously. In each of them we identified two distinct types of molecules: H-2D, which reacts with sera agains the D region private specificity, and H-2L, which does not react with these sera, but which is detectable either by anti-H-2.28 sera (H-2Lb, H-2Lf, H-2LS) or by anti-H-2.1 sera (H-2Ldx). This increases the number of identified H-2L alleles to seven (five H-2.8+, two H-2.1+). No association between H-2D and H-2D and H-2L molecules on the cell surface was detected in capping experiments.", "PMID": 93315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_596", "title": "HLA markers in six Lebanese religious subpopulations.", "content": "A total of 315 normal, unrelated individuals from six of the seven principal religious communities of Lebanon have been typed for 26 alleles of the A and B loci. The gene, haplotype frequencies and delta values have been calculated. The HLA gene frequencies for loci A and B reported in this study are shown to cross Moslim-Christian lines, but generate a distinguishably different profile for the Armenian immigrant subpopulation. This first-level homogeneity which is inconsistent with results earlier reported for ABO, rhesus and Gm systems, seems to disappear when linkage disequilibrium deltas are compared.", "contents": "HLA markers in six Lebanese religious subpopulations. A total of 315 normal, unrelated individuals from six of the seven principal religious communities of Lebanon have been typed for 26 alleles of the A and B loci. The gene, haplotype frequencies and delta values have been calculated. The HLA gene frequencies for loci A and B reported in this study are shown to cross Moslim-Christian lines, but generate a distinguishably different profile for the Armenian immigrant subpopulation. This first-level homogeneity which is inconsistent with results earlier reported for ABO, rhesus and Gm systems, seems to disappear when linkage disequilibrium deltas are compared.", "PMID": 93316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_597", "title": "Some structural properties of thymus leukemia antigen (TL) solubilized with detergent.", "content": "Plasma membranes were isolated from the leukemia cell line ASL1w and extracted with detergent (DOC). DOC solubilized more TL activity than could be detected on isolated membranes. However, extraction of membranes with LDS or EDTA solubilized only 17% and 4%, respectively, of the activity. This indicated that TL was not loosely associated with the membrane but rather was integrated into the lipid bilayer. At low concentrations of DOC (0.05%), TL was found to be largely aggregated and was also prone to autolysis. Neither aggregation nor autolysis was observed at a higher DOC concentration (0.5%). The apparent molecular weight of TL in 0.5% DOC was determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography to be about 65,000-70,000. Digestion of a 0.5% DOC extract of TL with either papain or trypsin produced a fragment of TL of about 35,000 molecular weight. These fragments were similar in size to a fragment produced by autolysis. These data suggested that a region of the TL molecule was very prone to proteolytic attack. The 35,000 molecular weight proteolytic fragments bound specifically to lentil lectin affinity columns, which indicated that they retained at least part of the carbohydrate present on the native molecule.", "contents": "Some structural properties of thymus leukemia antigen (TL) solubilized with detergent. Plasma membranes were isolated from the leukemia cell line ASL1w and extracted with detergent (DOC). DOC solubilized more TL activity than could be detected on isolated membranes. However, extraction of membranes with LDS or EDTA solubilized only 17% and 4%, respectively, of the activity. This indicated that TL was not loosely associated with the membrane but rather was integrated into the lipid bilayer. At low concentrations of DOC (0.05%), TL was found to be largely aggregated and was also prone to autolysis. Neither aggregation nor autolysis was observed at a higher DOC concentration (0.5%). The apparent molecular weight of TL in 0.5% DOC was determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography to be about 65,000-70,000. Digestion of a 0.5% DOC extract of TL with either papain or trypsin produced a fragment of TL of about 35,000 molecular weight. These fragments were similar in size to a fragment produced by autolysis. These data suggested that a region of the TL molecule was very prone to proteolytic attack. The 35,000 molecular weight proteolytic fragments bound specifically to lentil lectin affinity columns, which indicated that they retained at least part of the carbohydrate present on the native molecule.", "PMID": 93317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_598", "title": "A method for the differentiation of T and B lymphocytes and monocytes migrating under agarose.", "content": "This report describes alterations in the agarose lymphocyte migration technique which resulted in satisfactory differentiation of T and B lymphocytes and monocytes which have migrated as a monolayer for 1-3 days. The Wright-Giemsa staining used in the original method did not permit identification of individual migrating cell types. The most important modifications were changing from a plastic to a glass migration surface, and significantly reducing the overlying thickness of agarose which permitted a short fixation time and easy preparation of permanent slides stained for nonspecific esterase. The esterase staining of monocyte cytoplasm was intense and diffuse. One or two small, discrete areas of cytoplasmic esterase activity were identified in the majority of T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes showed either a trace or no evidence of esterase activity. The modified method should prove useful for the histochemical differentiation of migrating subpopulations of mononuclear cells.", "contents": "A method for the differentiation of T and B lymphocytes and monocytes migrating under agarose. This report describes alterations in the agarose lymphocyte migration technique which resulted in satisfactory differentiation of T and B lymphocytes and monocytes which have migrated as a monolayer for 1-3 days. The Wright-Giemsa staining used in the original method did not permit identification of individual migrating cell types. The most important modifications were changing from a plastic to a glass migration surface, and significantly reducing the overlying thickness of agarose which permitted a short fixation time and easy preparation of permanent slides stained for nonspecific esterase. The esterase staining of monocyte cytoplasm was intense and diffuse. One or two small, discrete areas of cytoplasmic esterase activity were identified in the majority of T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes showed either a trace or no evidence of esterase activity. The modified method should prove useful for the histochemical differentiation of migrating subpopulations of mononuclear cells.", "PMID": 93323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_599", "title": "Rapid removal of acid from glycol methacrylate for improved histological embedding.", "content": "A method for the rapid and complete removal of methacrylic acid from commercial samples of glycol methacrylate is presented. It entails conversion of the acid to an insoluble N-acylurea by treatment with an equivalent amount of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Sections of tissue embedded in polymer prepared from the purified monomer can be stained with basic dyes without simultaneously staining the polymer.", "contents": "Rapid removal of acid from glycol methacrylate for improved histological embedding. A method for the rapid and complete removal of methacrylic acid from commercial samples of glycol methacrylate is presented. It entails conversion of the acid to an insoluble N-acylurea by treatment with an equivalent amount of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Sections of tissue embedded in polymer prepared from the purified monomer can be stained with basic dyes without simultaneously staining the polymer.", "PMID": 93324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_600", "title": "A method for myoglobin in cryostat sections of muscle by precipitation with sulfosalicylic acid.", "content": "Transverse cryostat sections of skeletal muscle were fixed in a solution containing 1.5% glutaraldehyde and 1.5% sulfosalicylic acid and stained in a solution containing equal volumes of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 50% ethanol saturated with o-tolidine. Myoglobin in the sarcoplasm of muscle fibers was precipitated and stained blue. Applicability of this method to cryostat sections, without glutaraldehyde fixations prior to freezing, allowed the myoglobin content of individual muscle fibers to be correlated with other histochemical characteristics of the same fibers seen in serial sections. In the dark red bovine sternomandibularis muscle, fibers with weak adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and strong succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity always exhibited strong myoglobin staining. An equal degree of staining was found in many fibers with strong ATPase and intermediate to strong SDH activity. Fibers with strong ATPase and weak SDH activity were less strongly stained than the preceding types.", "contents": "A method for myoglobin in cryostat sections of muscle by precipitation with sulfosalicylic acid. Transverse cryostat sections of skeletal muscle were fixed in a solution containing 1.5% glutaraldehyde and 1.5% sulfosalicylic acid and stained in a solution containing equal volumes of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 50% ethanol saturated with o-tolidine. Myoglobin in the sarcoplasm of muscle fibers was precipitated and stained blue. Applicability of this method to cryostat sections, without glutaraldehyde fixations prior to freezing, allowed the myoglobin content of individual muscle fibers to be correlated with other histochemical characteristics of the same fibers seen in serial sections. In the dark red bovine sternomandibularis muscle, fibers with weak adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and strong succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity always exhibited strong myoglobin staining. An equal degree of staining was found in many fibers with strong ATPase and intermediate to strong SDH activity. Fibers with strong ATPase and weak SDH activity were less strongly stained than the preceding types.", "PMID": 93325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_601", "title": "Contributions to semithin sectioning on a conventional rotary microtome.", "content": "Procedures for obtaining sections 1 micrometer thick on a conventional rotary microtome are described. Hydrophilic resin blocks with adequate hardness and elasticity for semithin sectioning are made by addition of divinylbenzene and methylmethacrylate to a commercial embedding kit. The blocks are pinched between two simple adapters and mounted in the specimen holder of a microtome. A glass knife of the Ralph type with an effective blade length of 25 mm is made from a glass slide and attached to a metal bar with paraffin. The low cost assembly is set in the steel knife holder of a conventional rotary microtome. Sections 1 micron in thickness can be cut from the resin embedded blocks. Staining with the usual staining solutions may be weak due to the thinness of the sections, but the fine resolution and low distortion achieved are compensating gains.", "contents": "Contributions to semithin sectioning on a conventional rotary microtome. Procedures for obtaining sections 1 micrometer thick on a conventional rotary microtome are described. Hydrophilic resin blocks with adequate hardness and elasticity for semithin sectioning are made by addition of divinylbenzene and methylmethacrylate to a commercial embedding kit. The blocks are pinched between two simple adapters and mounted in the specimen holder of a microtome. A glass knife of the Ralph type with an effective blade length of 25 mm is made from a glass slide and attached to a metal bar with paraffin. The low cost assembly is set in the steel knife holder of a conventional rotary microtome. Sections 1 micron in thickness can be cut from the resin embedded blocks. Staining with the usual staining solutions may be weak due to the thinness of the sections, but the fine resolution and low distortion achieved are compensating gains.", "PMID": 93326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_602", "title": "Trypsin-orcein banding in plant chromosomes.", "content": "A convenient and quick method using trypsin-orcein for banding plant chromosomes (O-banding) is suggested. The technique is directly applicable to meristematic tissues (e.g. root tips) and involves the treatment of root tips with 1-2% solution of trypsin either in buffer or in 0.5 N HCl for 5-10 minutes at 37 C or for 30-60 minutes near 0 C followed by staining with 1.5% acetic orcein: 1 N HCl (19:1). Dark staining bands are reproducible and species specific. These bands possibly represent specific DNA-protein-dye interaction.", "contents": "Trypsin-orcein banding in plant chromosomes. A convenient and quick method using trypsin-orcein for banding plant chromosomes (O-banding) is suggested. The technique is directly applicable to meristematic tissues (e.g. root tips) and involves the treatment of root tips with 1-2% solution of trypsin either in buffer or in 0.5 N HCl for 5-10 minutes at 37 C or for 30-60 minutes near 0 C followed by staining with 1.5% acetic orcein: 1 N HCl (19:1). Dark staining bands are reproducible and species specific. These bands possibly represent specific DNA-protein-dye interaction.", "PMID": 93327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_603", "title": "Nucleoli visualized by silver staining combined with a new RNA-specific fluorochrome.", "content": "A technique for distinguishing nucleolar components by light microscopy is described. Silver staining is used for localizing nuceolar-organizing regions. A new RNA-specific fluorochrome, 4''-6-bis(2'-imidazolinyl-4'-5'H)-2-phenyl-4'-phenoxyindole, visualizes the RNA-containing \"partes fibrillares et granulares\" of the nucleolus. Both staining procedures can be combined to analyze nucleolar structure and function by light microscopy.", "contents": "Nucleoli visualized by silver staining combined with a new RNA-specific fluorochrome. A technique for distinguishing nucleolar components by light microscopy is described. Silver staining is used for localizing nuceolar-organizing regions. A new RNA-specific fluorochrome, 4''-6-bis(2'-imidazolinyl-4'-5'H)-2-phenyl-4'-phenoxyindole, visualizes the RNA-containing \"partes fibrillares et granulares\" of the nucleolus. Both staining procedures can be combined to analyze nucleolar structure and function by light microscopy.", "PMID": 93328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_604", "title": "A rapid technique for preparing microorganisms for transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "A rapid and efficient method of preparing microorganisms for transmission electron microscopy is reported. In developing the method Salmonella, streptococcal, and protozoal specimens were fixed with glutaraldehyde. After fixation cells are collected on a membrane filter, washed with buffer, postfixed with osmium tetroxide, then washed with distilled water and stained en bloc with uranyl acetate. Specimens are dehydrated using a graded series of acetone and then infiltrated with graded mixtures of acetone and Spurr embedding medium. Finally the membrane filter is cut into small pieces and embedded in fresh embedding medium polymerized in polyethylene capsules. By collecting and processing the specimens on membrane filters, numerous centrifugations are eliminated from standard procedures. The use of a low viscosity embedding medium allows for rapid infiltration and embedding of the specimen. Using this technique microbial specimens can be sectioned after less than 4 hours preparation.", "contents": "A rapid technique for preparing microorganisms for transmission electron microscopy. A rapid and efficient method of preparing microorganisms for transmission electron microscopy is reported. In developing the method Salmonella, streptococcal, and protozoal specimens were fixed with glutaraldehyde. After fixation cells are collected on a membrane filter, washed with buffer, postfixed with osmium tetroxide, then washed with distilled water and stained en bloc with uranyl acetate. Specimens are dehydrated using a graded series of acetone and then infiltrated with graded mixtures of acetone and Spurr embedding medium. Finally the membrane filter is cut into small pieces and embedded in fresh embedding medium polymerized in polyethylene capsules. By collecting and processing the specimens on membrane filters, numerous centrifugations are eliminated from standard procedures. The use of a low viscosity embedding medium allows for rapid infiltration and embedding of the specimen. Using this technique microbial specimens can be sectioned after less than 4 hours preparation.", "PMID": 93330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_605", "title": "[Individual variability and an error in the method of determining protein thermostability].", "content": "The individual variability of the heat resistance of two enzymes (aldolase and actomyosine) of the m. gastrochemius of the grass frog Rana temporaria has been quantitatively evaluated by means of analysis of variance. 37--41% of the total variability of the character may be due to errors in the methods of investigation, whereas 59--63% of the variability is due to phenotypic differences between individuals of the same population. The extent of error is primarily associated with the initial stages of the experiment, i. e. the isolation of the enzyme preparations. The individual variability of the heat resistance of proteins is lower than that of the cells or the organisms from which they are derived.", "contents": "[Individual variability and an error in the method of determining protein thermostability]. The individual variability of the heat resistance of two enzymes (aldolase and actomyosine) of the m. gastrochemius of the grass frog Rana temporaria has been quantitatively evaluated by means of analysis of variance. 37--41% of the total variability of the character may be due to errors in the methods of investigation, whereas 59--63% of the variability is due to phenotypic differences between individuals of the same population. The extent of error is primarily associated with the initial stages of the experiment, i. e. the isolation of the enzyme preparations. The individual variability of the heat resistance of proteins is lower than that of the cells or the organisms from which they are derived.", "PMID": 93332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_606", "title": "[Antitumor resistance induced by immunization with normal definitive tissues].", "content": "Immunization of C3HA mice with homogenates of various normal definitive tissues, obtained from syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic donors, resulted in an increase of antitumor resistance, as evidenced by a considerable retardation of growth of the transplantable strain-specific hepatoma 22a. The effect may be due to sensibilization of animals to the antigens of normal definitive cells, and, in particular to the tissue-specific antigens characteristic of cells of the tumor in question.", "contents": "[Antitumor resistance induced by immunization with normal definitive tissues]. Immunization of C3HA mice with homogenates of various normal definitive tissues, obtained from syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic donors, resulted in an increase of antitumor resistance, as evidenced by a considerable retardation of growth of the transplantable strain-specific hepatoma 22a. The effect may be due to sensibilization of animals to the antigens of normal definitive cells, and, in particular to the tissue-specific antigens characteristic of cells of the tumor in question.", "PMID": 93333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_607", "title": "Effect of hemodialysis on plasma beta thromboglobulin levels.", "content": "BTG levels are significantly elevated in patients on chronic hemodialysis. The increased levels are not due to turbulent flow within the vascular access, but may be due to platelet aggregation within the hemodialyzer during the first hour of dialysis. This effect is observed with the Travenol CF series hollow fiber (cuprophane) but not the Cordis-dow artificial kidney (regenerated cellulose).", "contents": "Effect of hemodialysis on plasma beta thromboglobulin levels. BTG levels are significantly elevated in patients on chronic hemodialysis. The increased levels are not due to turbulent flow within the vascular access, but may be due to platelet aggregation within the hemodialyzer during the first hour of dialysis. This effect is observed with the Travenol CF series hollow fiber (cuprophane) but not the Cordis-dow artificial kidney (regenerated cellulose).", "PMID": 93341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_608", "title": "[Soluble Babesia ovis antigen].", "content": "Dissolved antigen of plasma and of erythrocytic cytoplasma was obtained from 4 splenectomized sheep experimentally infected by Babesia ovis. Blood was taken in the stage of acute parasitemia with 23--25% parasite erythrocytes. The antigen was isolated by precipitating the plasma and the erythrocytic cytoplasma three times with an ammonium sulfate solution saturated 50 and 75%. The fraction obtained following dialysis was concentrated after McErlean's method. The specificity and activity of the isolated soluble antigen were proven by RAGP against serums of 6 weaned lamb groups: I group -- with 4 cm3 plasma, II group -- with 8 cm3 plasma, III group -- with 2 cm3 erythrocytic cytoplasma, IV group -- with live vaccine, V group -- with normal plasma and VI group -- normal weaned lambs. The same groups were used to assess the immunogenic properties of the dissolved antigen. Following provocation with a virulent B. ovis strain the lambs of group II proved as resistant as these immunized with live vaccine. The result was confirmed under production conditions -- not one of the 360 lambs immunized with 5 and 10 cm3 plasma became infected, while of the 250 control lambs 30 were infected. The conclusion is drawn that plasma in the stage of acute parasitemia can be used for immunoprophylaxis, but more supplementary studies are needed.", "contents": "[Soluble Babesia ovis antigen]. Dissolved antigen of plasma and of erythrocytic cytoplasma was obtained from 4 splenectomized sheep experimentally infected by Babesia ovis. Blood was taken in the stage of acute parasitemia with 23--25% parasite erythrocytes. The antigen was isolated by precipitating the plasma and the erythrocytic cytoplasma three times with an ammonium sulfate solution saturated 50 and 75%. The fraction obtained following dialysis was concentrated after McErlean's method. The specificity and activity of the isolated soluble antigen were proven by RAGP against serums of 6 weaned lamb groups: I group -- with 4 cm3 plasma, II group -- with 8 cm3 plasma, III group -- with 2 cm3 erythrocytic cytoplasma, IV group -- with live vaccine, V group -- with normal plasma and VI group -- normal weaned lambs. The same groups were used to assess the immunogenic properties of the dissolved antigen. Following provocation with a virulent B. ovis strain the lambs of group II proved as resistant as these immunized with live vaccine. The result was confirmed under production conditions -- not one of the 360 lambs immunized with 5 and 10 cm3 plasma became infected, while of the 250 control lambs 30 were infected. The conclusion is drawn that plasma in the stage of acute parasitemia can be used for immunoprophylaxis, but more supplementary studies are needed.", "PMID": 93342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_609", "title": "Glycosomes (protein-glycogen complex) in the canine heart. Ultrastructure, histochemistry and changes induced by acidic treatment.", "content": "Cardiac conducting fibers were selected from two dogs defined as A and B. The specimens differed in the reaction of their electron dense granules, commonly referred to as glycogen, to the treatment en bloc with uranyl acetate. Material was fixed in glutaraldehyde and OsO4. Blocks were processed either conventionally or immersed in uranyl acetate before dehydration. Sections were examined unsatined, stained with U and/or Pb or with a histochemical technique (PA-TSC-SP) specific for glycogen. Electron dense granules have affinity to Os, U and Pb which suggests ionic reactions specific for protein but improbable for glycogen. Large granules in A turned into pale ghosts and small granules in B disappeared after treatment en bloc with uranyl acetate. PA-TSC-SP in conventional samples showed glycogen particles arranged into aggregates corresponding in size to the electron dense granules. Treatment en bloc slightly affected glycogen aggregates in A and resulted in a formation of large clumps of glycogen particles in B. It was concluded that the electron dense granules represented protein bound to glycogen in the organelles called glycosomes. Acidic action of uranyl acetate removed protein from glycosomes. The degree of this removal depended on the amount of protein present in glycosomes in the moment of fixation.", "contents": "Glycosomes (protein-glycogen complex) in the canine heart. Ultrastructure, histochemistry and changes induced by acidic treatment. Cardiac conducting fibers were selected from two dogs defined as A and B. The specimens differed in the reaction of their electron dense granules, commonly referred to as glycogen, to the treatment en bloc with uranyl acetate. Material was fixed in glutaraldehyde and OsO4. Blocks were processed either conventionally or immersed in uranyl acetate before dehydration. Sections were examined unsatined, stained with U and/or Pb or with a histochemical technique (PA-TSC-SP) specific for glycogen. Electron dense granules have affinity to Os, U and Pb which suggests ionic reactions specific for protein but improbable for glycogen. Large granules in A turned into pale ghosts and small granules in B disappeared after treatment en bloc with uranyl acetate. PA-TSC-SP in conventional samples showed glycogen particles arranged into aggregates corresponding in size to the electron dense granules. Treatment en bloc slightly affected glycogen aggregates in A and resulted in a formation of large clumps of glycogen particles in B. It was concluded that the electron dense granules represented protein bound to glycogen in the organelles called glycosomes. Acidic action of uranyl acetate removed protein from glycosomes. The degree of this removal depended on the amount of protein present in glycosomes in the moment of fixation.", "PMID": 93343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_610", "title": "Production of antibodies to human immunoglobulins in a gibbon.", "content": "Immunization of a chimpanzee, a gibbon, a baboon and a rhesus monkey with human globulins gave different results. While chimpanzees did not produce any anti-human antibodies, baboon and rhesus monkey responded by producing anti-human IgG antibodies that did not show subclass or allotype specificity. In the gibbon antiserum, on the other hand, six different antibodies were demonstrated with a specificity against one or more of the four human IgG subclasses, including one allotype. Comparative investigations of non-human primate species sera showed that one of the specificities detected by these antibodies, i.e., the allotype G1m(f), was restricted to man; the other five antibodies reacted with man and with two or more genera of apes. Lower primates did not share any of these antigenic determinants. The extent of immunological distance is parallel to the taxonomic classification. The gibbon shows that there are more similarities between man and chimpanzee or pygmy chimpanzee than between man and gorilla or orangutan.", "contents": "Production of antibodies to human immunoglobulins in a gibbon. Immunization of a chimpanzee, a gibbon, a baboon and a rhesus monkey with human globulins gave different results. While chimpanzees did not produce any anti-human antibodies, baboon and rhesus monkey responded by producing anti-human IgG antibodies that did not show subclass or allotype specificity. In the gibbon antiserum, on the other hand, six different antibodies were demonstrated with a specificity against one or more of the four human IgG subclasses, including one allotype. Comparative investigations of non-human primate species sera showed that one of the specificities detected by these antibodies, i.e., the allotype G1m(f), was restricted to man; the other five antibodies reacted with man and with two or more genera of apes. Lower primates did not share any of these antigenic determinants. The extent of immunological distance is parallel to the taxonomic classification. The gibbon shows that there are more similarities between man and chimpanzee or pygmy chimpanzee than between man and gorilla or orangutan.", "PMID": 93346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_611", "title": "In vitro comparison of the erythrocyte sedimenting properties of dextran, hydroxyethyl starch and a new low-molecular-weight hydroxyethyl starch.", "content": "A low-molecular-weight preparation of hydroxyethyl starch (LMW-HES) may serve as a desirable substitute for the erythrocyte sedimenting agents presently employed to improve neutrophil yields in centrifugation and gravity leukapheresis. The cell-separating and erythrocyte-sedimenting properties of LMW-HES, assessed in vitro by the recovery of various blood cells in plasma supernatant fluids, were similar to those of the higher-molecular-weight hydroxyethyl starch in current use and to dextran under a variety of conditions. These data predict success for LMW-HES as a sedimenting agent in leukapheresis and recommend that it be evaluated in clinical trials.", "contents": "In vitro comparison of the erythrocyte sedimenting properties of dextran, hydroxyethyl starch and a new low-molecular-weight hydroxyethyl starch. A low-molecular-weight preparation of hydroxyethyl starch (LMW-HES) may serve as a desirable substitute for the erythrocyte sedimenting agents presently employed to improve neutrophil yields in centrifugation and gravity leukapheresis. The cell-separating and erythrocyte-sedimenting properties of LMW-HES, assessed in vitro by the recovery of various blood cells in plasma supernatant fluids, were similar to those of the higher-molecular-weight hydroxyethyl starch in current use and to dextran under a variety of conditions. These data predict success for LMW-HES as a sedimenting agent in leukapheresis and recommend that it be evaluated in clinical trials.", "PMID": 93347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_612", "title": "[Short-term use of lithium carbonate in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "The examinations were performed on 3 groups of altogether 65 persons with thyreotoxicosis, the cause of which was either Basedow's disease or struma nodosa. The first group received metizol (thiamazol) in a daily dosage of 60 mg, the second group lithium carbonate (1.0 up to 1.5 g/a day), the third group metizol together with lithium carbonate. The groups were of the same value, concerning the degree of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The examinations showed that when lithium carbonate is used alone at the earliest a significant decrease of the serum T4 and T3 concentration as well as of the T3 binding index appears. After a treatment of seven days the therapeutic effects even up. Under the lithium therapy an essential improvement of the clinical findings was achieved. The combined therapy with lithium and metizol did not exhibit any advantages in this respect. The side-effects observed under the lithium therapy are no essential clinical problem.", "contents": "[Short-term use of lithium carbonate in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis]. The examinations were performed on 3 groups of altogether 65 persons with thyreotoxicosis, the cause of which was either Basedow's disease or struma nodosa. The first group received metizol (thiamazol) in a daily dosage of 60 mg, the second group lithium carbonate (1.0 up to 1.5 g/a day), the third group metizol together with lithium carbonate. The groups were of the same value, concerning the degree of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The examinations showed that when lithium carbonate is used alone at the earliest a significant decrease of the serum T4 and T3 concentration as well as of the T3 binding index appears. After a treatment of seven days the therapeutic effects even up. Under the lithium therapy an essential improvement of the clinical findings was achieved. The combined therapy with lithium and metizol did not exhibit any advantages in this respect. The side-effects observed under the lithium therapy are no essential clinical problem.", "PMID": 93353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_613", "title": "[Monoreceptor sera to the antigenic determinants of influenza virus A hemagglutinin].", "content": "The method of specific adsorption was used to produce monoreceptor sera to individual antigenic determinants of hemagglutinin of influenza A virus, Hong Kong variant. The sera were completely free of inhibitors, contained no antibody to neuraminidase or host cell antigens. The monoreceptor sera were used in HI tests and immunoelectrophoresis for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the antigenic variants isolated in 1968--1977. It was shown that alongside with the appearance of qualitatively new antigenic determinants changes in the content of some or other antigens in influenza virus hemagglutinins occurred.", "contents": "[Monoreceptor sera to the antigenic determinants of influenza virus A hemagglutinin]. The method of specific adsorption was used to produce monoreceptor sera to individual antigenic determinants of hemagglutinin of influenza A virus, Hong Kong variant. The sera were completely free of inhibitors, contained no antibody to neuraminidase or host cell antigens. The monoreceptor sera were used in HI tests and immunoelectrophoresis for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the antigenic variants isolated in 1968--1977. It was shown that alongside with the appearance of qualitatively new antigenic determinants changes in the content of some or other antigens in influenza virus hemagglutinins occurred.", "PMID": 93350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_614", "title": "Identification and characterization of some serum proteins of the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Rat (Rattus norvegicus) serum proteins were examined by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. We have performed the topographic characterization of prealbumins, albumin, orosomucoid, glycoprotein of Darcy, alpha-macroglobulins, haptoglobin, hemopexin, transferrin and IgG. There are several differences in rat serum in comparison to human serum. This applies, for example, to prealbunins and to Darcy's glycoprotein. The behaviour of these fractions in different conditions is discussed in more detail.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of some serum proteins of the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Rat (Rattus norvegicus) serum proteins were examined by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. We have performed the topographic characterization of prealbumins, albumin, orosomucoid, glycoprotein of Darcy, alpha-macroglobulins, haptoglobin, hemopexin, transferrin and IgG. There are several differences in rat serum in comparison to human serum. This applies, for example, to prealbunins and to Darcy's glycoprotein. The behaviour of these fractions in different conditions is discussed in more detail.", "PMID": 93358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_615", "title": "5 years' experience of 5-S-cysteinyldopa in melanoma diagnosis.", "content": "Determinations of the urinary excretion of 5-S-cysteinyldopa were performed in 571 patients previously treated by surgery for melanoma or melanoma metastasis. 90% of the 161 patients with metastases showed values exceeding 0.15 mg/24 h, and 9% of the 410 patients without metastases had such values. The increase in 5-S-cysteinyldopa excretion was generally more pronounced in men with metastases than in women, 98% of the men and 77% of the women with metastases showing values exceeding 0.15 mg/24 h. High levels of 5-S-cysteinyldopa are of grave prognostic significan4% died within one month, and only 3% survived for more than a year. In Sweden, determination of 5-S-cysteinyldopa in patients operated on for melanoma gives maximum information in the winter (October--March), when sun exposure does not influence the excretion levels.", "contents": "5 years' experience of 5-S-cysteinyldopa in melanoma diagnosis. Determinations of the urinary excretion of 5-S-cysteinyldopa were performed in 571 patients previously treated by surgery for melanoma or melanoma metastasis. 90% of the 161 patients with metastases showed values exceeding 0.15 mg/24 h, and 9% of the 410 patients without metastases had such values. The increase in 5-S-cysteinyldopa excretion was generally more pronounced in men with metastases than in women, 98% of the men and 77% of the women with metastases showing values exceeding 0.15 mg/24 h. High levels of 5-S-cysteinyldopa are of grave prognostic significan4% died within one month, and only 3% survived for more than a year. In Sweden, determination of 5-S-cysteinyldopa in patients operated on for melanoma gives maximum information in the winter (October--March), when sun exposure does not influence the excretion levels.", "PMID": 93360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_616", "title": "[X-ray diagnosis and surgical treatment of brain tumors in young children].", "content": "Among 319 patients under the age of three years with tumors of the brain verified by means of contrast X-ray examination, during operation, or on autopsy, 215 had undergone surgery (166 with tumor of the posterior cranial fossa and 84 with tumor of supratentotial localization). From analysis of 176 cases in which X-ray contrast methods of examination were applied it was established that the method is safe and yields sufficient information for making the topic diagnosis of the tumor, determining its blood supply, its relation to the system of the cerebrospinal fluid and for judging the degree of the concomitant internal hydrocephalus and occlusion of the cerebrospinal fluid passages. In addition, these methods help to solve problems of the techniques of surgical intervention or the contraindications for operations. Analysis of the results of 250 operations shows that when the child's condition and the localization of the tumor permit, the surgeon should strive to perform single-stage subtotal or total removal of the tumor because this does not increase postoperative mortality.", "contents": "[X-ray diagnosis and surgical treatment of brain tumors in young children]. Among 319 patients under the age of three years with tumors of the brain verified by means of contrast X-ray examination, during operation, or on autopsy, 215 had undergone surgery (166 with tumor of the posterior cranial fossa and 84 with tumor of supratentotial localization). From analysis of 176 cases in which X-ray contrast methods of examination were applied it was established that the method is safe and yields sufficient information for making the topic diagnosis of the tumor, determining its blood supply, its relation to the system of the cerebrospinal fluid and for judging the degree of the concomitant internal hydrocephalus and occlusion of the cerebrospinal fluid passages. In addition, these methods help to solve problems of the techniques of surgical intervention or the contraindications for operations. Analysis of the results of 250 operations shows that when the child's condition and the localization of the tumor permit, the surgeon should strive to perform single-stage subtotal or total removal of the tumor because this does not increase postoperative mortality.", "PMID": 93357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_617", "title": "Adult human skin maintained in organ culture: I. The ultrastructure of the acellular compartment of connective tissue.", "content": "Collagenolytic enzymes are produced by cultured skin explants. During cultivation the acellular compartment of the dermal connective tissues is digested away. The ultrastructure of the connective tissue resorption has been studied in human skin maintained in organ culture for 2--10 weeks. The connective tissue changes are: (1) Collagen fibrils with normal axial periodicity but decreasing diameters. On cross sections these fibrils have irregular outlines, while the longitudinal sections show fibrils separated into thin bundles of filaments 40--80 A thick with preserved normal axial periodicity. (2) Cross-banded filamentous aggregations (CBFA) consisting of fine parallel filaments 25 A thick and without axial periodicity. The CBFA has 350 A thick bands at 525 A intervals. At the end of the cultivation, the CBFA are replaced by solitary filaments 25 A thick. (3) The elastic fibres show no marked changes of the amorphous matrix, while the fibrils disappear. The loss of collagen and elastic fibrils during cultivation of the skin gives direct evidence of connective tissue degradation. The described changes are discussed in relation to previous ultrastructural studies on connective tissue resorption of various tissues.", "contents": "Adult human skin maintained in organ culture: I. The ultrastructure of the acellular compartment of connective tissue. Collagenolytic enzymes are produced by cultured skin explants. During cultivation the acellular compartment of the dermal connective tissues is digested away. The ultrastructure of the connective tissue resorption has been studied in human skin maintained in organ culture for 2--10 weeks. The connective tissue changes are: (1) Collagen fibrils with normal axial periodicity but decreasing diameters. On cross sections these fibrils have irregular outlines, while the longitudinal sections show fibrils separated into thin bundles of filaments 40--80 A thick with preserved normal axial periodicity. (2) Cross-banded filamentous aggregations (CBFA) consisting of fine parallel filaments 25 A thick and without axial periodicity. The CBFA has 350 A thick bands at 525 A intervals. At the end of the cultivation, the CBFA are replaced by solitary filaments 25 A thick. (3) The elastic fibres show no marked changes of the amorphous matrix, while the fibrils disappear. The loss of collagen and elastic fibrils during cultivation of the skin gives direct evidence of connective tissue degradation. The described changes are discussed in relation to previous ultrastructural studies on connective tissue resorption of various tissues.", "PMID": 93361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_618", "title": "Lipid droplets of the sebaceous gland: some new observations from tannic acid fixation.", "content": "Electron microscopic examination using tannic acid fixation strongly supported the view that lipid droplets in the normal human sebaceous gland originate from smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. A true limiting membrane was clearly detected around the lipid droplets in the incipient stages but was undetectable in mature droplets.", "contents": "Lipid droplets of the sebaceous gland: some new observations from tannic acid fixation. Electron microscopic examination using tannic acid fixation strongly supported the view that lipid droplets in the normal human sebaceous gland originate from smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. A true limiting membrane was clearly detected around the lipid droplets in the incipient stages but was undetectable in mature droplets.", "PMID": 93362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_619", "title": "[Does one have to be aggressive in the surgical management of diverticular disease of the colon (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of 61 consecutive cases with diverticular disease and its complications is presented. Fourteen cases with uncomplicated diverticular disease and 3 with massive GI tract hemorrhage underwent an uneventful (segmental) resection. Of 6 cases operated for fistula formation 1 died. Surgical therapy for abscessformation, peritonitis and \"pseudo-tumoral\" obstruction (38 cases) carried a high mortality (26.3%). The application of a one-staged aggressive and curative surgical approach lowers the mortality considerably, especially in the complicated forms of the disease. In a group of 30 cases so treated only 1 death occurred (3.3%). This in contrast with a group of 31 patients treated with a two-staged and initially palliative procedure with a mortality of 10 (32.2%). The Hartmann procedure with total excision of the lesion and avoidance of an enteroenteric anastomosis gives excellent results in the treatment of the complicated forms of the disease.", "contents": "[Does one have to be aggressive in the surgical management of diverticular disease of the colon (author's transl)]. A series of 61 consecutive cases with diverticular disease and its complications is presented. Fourteen cases with uncomplicated diverticular disease and 3 with massive GI tract hemorrhage underwent an uneventful (segmental) resection. Of 6 cases operated for fistula formation 1 died. Surgical therapy for abscessformation, peritonitis and \"pseudo-tumoral\" obstruction (38 cases) carried a high mortality (26.3%). The application of a one-staged aggressive and curative surgical approach lowers the mortality considerably, especially in the complicated forms of the disease. In a group of 30 cases so treated only 1 death occurred (3.3%). This in contrast with a group of 31 patients treated with a two-staged and initially palliative procedure with a mortality of 10 (32.2%). The Hartmann procedure with total excision of the lesion and avoidance of an enteroenteric anastomosis gives excellent results in the treatment of the complicated forms of the disease.", "PMID": 93359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_620", "title": "Ultrastructure of skin in primary systemic amyloidosis.", "content": "Amyloid masses were found in the dermis of two brothers suffering from primary amyloidosis. The masses consisted of fibrils, composed in turn of twin hollow filaments of amyloid. An amyloid filament appeared as a 3 nm thick lucent core with a 2 nm thick wall. Occasionally 4--6 filaments were packed together in one fibril. The twin filaments were slightly twisted, with a twisting angle of 2.5 degrees and a coiling pitch of 1 160 nm. Wavy shapes of amyloid fibrils were also seen in elastic fibres. Amyloid fibrils were found in elastic fibres, under the basal lamina of the epidermis, sweat gland epithelium and Schwann cells; also around perineural cells, perivascular cells and, in one of the brothers, in collagen fibril bundles. No amyloid fibrils were found under the endothelial basal lamina. It would appear that amyloid fibrils are pathological fibrils belonging to the elastic fibre-basal lamina system.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of skin in primary systemic amyloidosis. Amyloid masses were found in the dermis of two brothers suffering from primary amyloidosis. The masses consisted of fibrils, composed in turn of twin hollow filaments of amyloid. An amyloid filament appeared as a 3 nm thick lucent core with a 2 nm thick wall. Occasionally 4--6 filaments were packed together in one fibril. The twin filaments were slightly twisted, with a twisting angle of 2.5 degrees and a coiling pitch of 1 160 nm. Wavy shapes of amyloid fibrils were also seen in elastic fibres. Amyloid fibrils were found in elastic fibres, under the basal lamina of the epidermis, sweat gland epithelium and Schwann cells; also around perineural cells, perivascular cells and, in one of the brothers, in collagen fibril bundles. No amyloid fibrils were found under the endothelial basal lamina. It would appear that amyloid fibrils are pathological fibrils belonging to the elastic fibre-basal lamina system.", "PMID": 93363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_621", "title": "Mast cells in solitary glomus tumors: a possible algogenic role.", "content": "Mast cells in three cases of solitary glomus tumor were examined by light and electron microscopy. As seen by light microscopy, a number of round, oval or elongated mast cells were distributed throughout the stromal connective tissue and showed slight or moderate metachromasia when stained with toluidine blue (pH 4.1). Electron microscopy revealed various types and degrees of degranulation of mast cell granules, and also disclosed a close correlation between mast cells and non-myelinated nerve fibers. These findings suggest that mast cells may play an algogenic role in solitary glomus tumors, probably mediated by the contents, mainly histamine, concentrated in their granules.", "contents": "Mast cells in solitary glomus tumors: a possible algogenic role. Mast cells in three cases of solitary glomus tumor were examined by light and electron microscopy. As seen by light microscopy, a number of round, oval or elongated mast cells were distributed throughout the stromal connective tissue and showed slight or moderate metachromasia when stained with toluidine blue (pH 4.1). Electron microscopy revealed various types and degrees of degranulation of mast cell granules, and also disclosed a close correlation between mast cells and non-myelinated nerve fibers. These findings suggest that mast cells may play an algogenic role in solitary glomus tumors, probably mediated by the contents, mainly histamine, concentrated in their granules.", "PMID": 93364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_622", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes (CIC) were measured by three different methods in serum from 17 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 3 patients with \"hydralazine-induced\" SLE-like syndromes, 14 patients with discoid lupus (DLE), 8 patients with systemic sclerosis and 5 patients with dermatomyositis. Immune complexes were detected in 13 of the 17 patients with SLE. All patients with lupus nephritis and typical exanthema had circulating immune complexes. The concentration of immune complexes was inversely correlated to serum complements C4 and C3. All 3 patients with \"hydralazine-induced\" SLE-like syndromes had circulating immune complexes that disappeared after withdrawal of the drug. Immune complexes were detected in 3 of the 14 patients with DLE; all 3 patients with CIC had wide-spread DLE. In systemic sclerosis, CIC were detected in only 1 of the 8 patients. Four of the 5 patients with dermatomyositis demonstrated CIC in serum. No complement consumption was detected in dermatomyositis and the immune complexes may have been secondary to tissue destruction.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis. Circulating immune complexes (CIC) were measured by three different methods in serum from 17 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 3 patients with \"hydralazine-induced\" SLE-like syndromes, 14 patients with discoid lupus (DLE), 8 patients with systemic sclerosis and 5 patients with dermatomyositis. Immune complexes were detected in 13 of the 17 patients with SLE. All patients with lupus nephritis and typical exanthema had circulating immune complexes. The concentration of immune complexes was inversely correlated to serum complements C4 and C3. All 3 patients with \"hydralazine-induced\" SLE-like syndromes had circulating immune complexes that disappeared after withdrawal of the drug. Immune complexes were detected in 3 of the 14 patients with DLE; all 3 patients with CIC had wide-spread DLE. In systemic sclerosis, CIC were detected in only 1 of the 8 patients. Four of the 5 patients with dermatomyositis demonstrated CIC in serum. No complement consumption was detected in dermatomyositis and the immune complexes may have been secondary to tissue destruction.", "PMID": 93365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_623", "title": "Immunofluorescent and electron-microscope findings in the uninvolved skin of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Specimens of uninvolved skin of 20 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied using a direct immunofluorescent technique (IF) and the electron microscope (EM). EM examination revealed deposits of electron-dense material below the basal membrane, among collagen fibers in the dermis and in the walls of dermal blood vessels. The direct IF technique revealed granular \"band\" deposition of immunoglobulins and complement at the dermo-epidermal junction as well as granular deposition in the walls of blood vessels. There was close correlation between the IF and EM findings. It was concluded that the EM is of particular value in precisely delineating the location and ultrastructural pattern of skin deposits. The IF technique is not limited in relation to the size of area which can be studied and makes it possible to identify the specific immune fractions present. It is suggested that these two methods are mutually complementary in providing information concerning the deposition of immunoglobulins taking place in the uninvolved skin of SLE patients.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent and electron-microscope findings in the uninvolved skin of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Specimens of uninvolved skin of 20 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied using a direct immunofluorescent technique (IF) and the electron microscope (EM). EM examination revealed deposits of electron-dense material below the basal membrane, among collagen fibers in the dermis and in the walls of dermal blood vessels. The direct IF technique revealed granular \"band\" deposition of immunoglobulins and complement at the dermo-epidermal junction as well as granular deposition in the walls of blood vessels. There was close correlation between the IF and EM findings. It was concluded that the EM is of particular value in precisely delineating the location and ultrastructural pattern of skin deposits. The IF technique is not limited in relation to the size of area which can be studied and makes it possible to identify the specific immune fractions present. It is suggested that these two methods are mutually complementary in providing information concerning the deposition of immunoglobulins taking place in the uninvolved skin of SLE patients.", "PMID": 93366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_624", "title": "Effect of chloroquine on DNA synthesis in the skin of DLE patients.", "content": "Changes in the semiconservative and excision repair DNA synthesis were studied autoradiographically in the skin of 12 patients with discoid lupus erythematosus during Chloroquine treatment (500 mg/day for 8 weeks). The originally increased rate of the semiconservative DNA synthesis in the area of the skin lesions returned to the normal level simultaneous with clinical improvement. No effect on the excision reapir DNA synthesis could be detected.", "contents": "Effect of chloroquine on DNA synthesis in the skin of DLE patients. Changes in the semiconservative and excision repair DNA synthesis were studied autoradiographically in the skin of 12 patients with discoid lupus erythematosus during Chloroquine treatment (500 mg/day for 8 weeks). The originally increased rate of the semiconservative DNA synthesis in the area of the skin lesions returned to the normal level simultaneous with clinical improvement. No effect on the excision reapir DNA synthesis could be detected.", "PMID": 93367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_625", "title": "Neutrophil chemotaxis in psoriasis.", "content": "Neutrophil chemotaxis was assessed in 69 psoriatic patients and 37 healthy human subjects. It was found to be significantly enhanced in 52 untreated patients. In 20 patients treated with an orally-administered phosphodiesterase inhibitor, Diphylline, neutrophil chemotaxis was normal. The enhanced chemotactic response of neutrophils from untreated patients with minimal skin lesions was at least equal to the response of those from patients with extensive skin lesions. Preincubation of normal human leukocytes with plasma derived from patients with widespread lesions markedly reduced their chemotactic activity. Plasma derived from patients with extensive skin lesions exhibited marked chemoattracting properties in comparison with plasma from healthy subjects. It is postulated that the basic intrinsic abnormality of neutrophil function in psoriasis could be caused by a decreased cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP ratio, similar to the decreased cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP ratio found in the lesional epidermis of this disease. Plasma factors which influence chemotaxis in psoriasis are related to the extent of the eruption and their effect is contrary to the effect of the basic intrinsic abnormality of psoriatic neutrophils.", "contents": "Neutrophil chemotaxis in psoriasis. Neutrophil chemotaxis was assessed in 69 psoriatic patients and 37 healthy human subjects. It was found to be significantly enhanced in 52 untreated patients. In 20 patients treated with an orally-administered phosphodiesterase inhibitor, Diphylline, neutrophil chemotaxis was normal. The enhanced chemotactic response of neutrophils from untreated patients with minimal skin lesions was at least equal to the response of those from patients with extensive skin lesions. Preincubation of normal human leukocytes with plasma derived from patients with widespread lesions markedly reduced their chemotactic activity. Plasma derived from patients with extensive skin lesions exhibited marked chemoattracting properties in comparison with plasma from healthy subjects. It is postulated that the basic intrinsic abnormality of neutrophil function in psoriasis could be caused by a decreased cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP ratio, similar to the decreased cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP ratio found in the lesional epidermis of this disease. Plasma factors which influence chemotaxis in psoriasis are related to the extent of the eruption and their effect is contrary to the effect of the basic intrinsic abnormality of psoriatic neutrophils.", "PMID": 93368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_626", "title": "In vitro lymphocyte transformation to nickel: a study of nickel-sensitive patients before and after epicutaneous and oral challenge with nickel.", "content": "An in vitro lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) was performed in 8 patients with nickel contact dermatitis and in 4 control persons. The mitogenic response was of the same magnitude before patch testing, after patch testing and after oral challenge with nickel. When purified protein derivative (PPD) was used as the antigen, there was no difference between the LTT response of patients and controls before and after patch testing. After oral challenge with nickel, however, the patients' responses to PPD were significantly increased when compared with the responses after patch testing. The responses of the controls were unchanged. The LTT levels of the patients were approximately the same before and after patch testing, but were markedly increased after oral challenge.", "contents": "In vitro lymphocyte transformation to nickel: a study of nickel-sensitive patients before and after epicutaneous and oral challenge with nickel. An in vitro lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) was performed in 8 patients with nickel contact dermatitis and in 4 control persons. The mitogenic response was of the same magnitude before patch testing, after patch testing and after oral challenge with nickel. When purified protein derivative (PPD) was used as the antigen, there was no difference between the LTT response of patients and controls before and after patch testing. After oral challenge with nickel, however, the patients' responses to PPD were significantly increased when compared with the responses after patch testing. The responses of the controls were unchanged. The LTT levels of the patients were approximately the same before and after patch testing, but were markedly increased after oral challenge.", "PMID": 93369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_627", "title": "Electron spin resonance studies on phaeomelanins.", "content": "ESR spectra of synthetic melanins formed from dopa and from 5-S-cysteinyldopa and of melanins isolated from human melanomas were studied. Alkali-soluble melanin synthesized from cysteinyldopa showed a signal similar to that of insoluble melanin synthesized from dopa, but also a simple fine structure. Trichochromes C and F synthesized from 5-S-cysteinyldopa had a broader signal than dopamelanin, and in addition a hyperfine structure that could be explained by the presence of manganous ions. An insoluble eumelanin from a human melanoma with a sulphur content of 5% showed an ESR spectrum consisting of one line like dopamelanin. An alkali-soluble phaeomelanin from a human melanoma with a sulphur content of 10% showed a very broad signal with a hyperfine structure that could be explained by the presence of manganous ions.", "contents": "Electron spin resonance studies on phaeomelanins. ESR spectra of synthetic melanins formed from dopa and from 5-S-cysteinyldopa and of melanins isolated from human melanomas were studied. Alkali-soluble melanin synthesized from cysteinyldopa showed a signal similar to that of insoluble melanin synthesized from dopa, but also a simple fine structure. Trichochromes C and F synthesized from 5-S-cysteinyldopa had a broader signal than dopamelanin, and in addition a hyperfine structure that could be explained by the presence of manganous ions. An insoluble eumelanin from a human melanoma with a sulphur content of 5% showed an ESR spectrum consisting of one line like dopamelanin. An alkali-soluble phaeomelanin from a human melanoma with a sulphur content of 10% showed a very broad signal with a hyperfine structure that could be explained by the presence of manganous ions.", "PMID": 93370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_628", "title": "Diffuse melanosis and trichochromuria in malignant melanoma.", "content": "A previous finding of pronounced excretion of trichochromes in a patient with metastasizing melanoma and diffuse melanosis prompted this study on trichochromes in another patient with these two features. The patient now reported also excreted large amounts of trichochromes. Iit is suggested that diffuse melanosis in metastatic melanoma patients is due to deposition of trichochromes in the tissue.", "contents": "Diffuse melanosis and trichochromuria in malignant melanoma. A previous finding of pronounced excretion of trichochromes in a patient with metastasizing melanoma and diffuse melanosis prompted this study on trichochromes in another patient with these two features. The patient now reported also excreted large amounts of trichochromes. Iit is suggested that diffuse melanosis in metastatic melanoma patients is due to deposition of trichochromes in the tissue.", "PMID": 93371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_629", "title": "Quantitation of skin bacteria: lethality of the wash solution used to remove bacteria.", "content": "A widely used technique for the quantitative removal of bacteria from the skin uses a detergent, Triton X-100 (p, t-octylphenoxynonaethoxyethanol), to remove and suspend the bacteria. We determined the half-life for the survival of five common skin bacteria suspended in the solution. The shortest-lived was Streptococcus pyogenes with a half-life of 0.9 hours. All of the others (Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) had half-lives of 1.5 hours or longer. K. pneumoniae, the only Gram-negative species tested, had a half-life of more than 30 hours. Thus, a one hour delay in plating and incubation of samples suspended in this detergent solution inhibits quantitation of most species tested.", "contents": "Quantitation of skin bacteria: lethality of the wash solution used to remove bacteria. A widely used technique for the quantitative removal of bacteria from the skin uses a detergent, Triton X-100 (p, t-octylphenoxynonaethoxyethanol), to remove and suspend the bacteria. We determined the half-life for the survival of five common skin bacteria suspended in the solution. The shortest-lived was Streptococcus pyogenes with a half-life of 0.9 hours. All of the others (Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) had half-lives of 1.5 hours or longer. K. pneumoniae, the only Gram-negative species tested, had a half-life of more than 30 hours. Thus, a one hour delay in plating and incubation of samples suspended in this detergent solution inhibits quantitation of most species tested.", "PMID": 93373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_630", "title": "Linear dermo-epidermal IgA deposition in bullous pemphigoid.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient with a bullous eruption with in vivo linear deposition of IgA and complement (C3) along the basement membrane zone of perilesional skin (DIF method). Some data presented here are in favour of the concept that cases of linear in vivo deposition of IgA alone, or in combination with other IF findings, might be classified as bullous pemphigoid (BP). Clearing of the lesions due to oral prednisone therapy was accompanied by disappearance of complement deposition, while IgA deposition remained unchanged. Some aspects of tissue injury in this case are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Linear dermo-epidermal IgA deposition in bullous pemphigoid. A case is reported of a patient with a bullous eruption with in vivo linear deposition of IgA and complement (C3) along the basement membrane zone of perilesional skin (DIF method). Some data presented here are in favour of the concept that cases of linear in vivo deposition of IgA alone, or in combination with other IF findings, might be classified as bullous pemphigoid (BP). Clearing of the lesions due to oral prednisone therapy was accompanied by disappearance of complement deposition, while IgA deposition remained unchanged. Some aspects of tissue injury in this case are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 93374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_631", "title": "Treatment of generalized scleroderma: updated results.", "content": "Long-term treatment of patients with generalized progressive scleroderma by means of inhibitors of connective-tissue biosynthesis brings about total or subtotal regression of dermal sclerosis in 40.8%, partial regression in 33.1%, arrest of progression without regression in 14.8%, while in 11.3% it had no effect whatsoever. The drugs used were D-penicillamine, benzyl-penicillin-diethyl-aminoethylesterhydro-iodide, glutamine, hydralazine, chlorpromazine, L-dopa, diphenylhydantoin, and corticosteroids. Disease activity before, during and after treatment was indicated by the urinary fractions of high-molecular hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine containing peptides and of uronic acid, break-down products of collagen and acid glycosaminoglycans of connective-tissue ground substance. The prospects were better for young patients than for old, for those with a short history than for the longstanding disease cases, and for those having a large total dose than for those who had less. If left untreated, scleroderma progresses inexorably.", "contents": "Treatment of generalized scleroderma: updated results. Long-term treatment of patients with generalized progressive scleroderma by means of inhibitors of connective-tissue biosynthesis brings about total or subtotal regression of dermal sclerosis in 40.8%, partial regression in 33.1%, arrest of progression without regression in 14.8%, while in 11.3% it had no effect whatsoever. The drugs used were D-penicillamine, benzyl-penicillin-diethyl-aminoethylesterhydro-iodide, glutamine, hydralazine, chlorpromazine, L-dopa, diphenylhydantoin, and corticosteroids. Disease activity before, during and after treatment was indicated by the urinary fractions of high-molecular hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine containing peptides and of uronic acid, break-down products of collagen and acid glycosaminoglycans of connective-tissue ground substance. The prospects were better for young patients than for old, for those with a short history than for the longstanding disease cases, and for those having a large total dose than for those who had less. If left untreated, scleroderma progresses inexorably.", "PMID": 93375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_632", "title": "Severe skin pain after PUVA treatment.", "content": "Severe skin pain lasting one or two months occurred in 8 of 210 patients treated with PUVA. The pain started 4--8 weeks after the initial dose, mostly about one week after discontinuation of the treatment. It was a prickling, burning pain, usually coming in bouts and confined to limited areas \"deep under the skin\". In some respects the pain was related to itching, but the patients could easily distinguish between the two sensations. A variety of drugs was tried, but none had any noteworthy effect on this peculiar pain.", "contents": "Severe skin pain after PUVA treatment. Severe skin pain lasting one or two months occurred in 8 of 210 patients treated with PUVA. The pain started 4--8 weeks after the initial dose, mostly about one week after discontinuation of the treatment. It was a prickling, burning pain, usually coming in bouts and confined to limited areas \"deep under the skin\". In some respects the pain was related to itching, but the patients could easily distinguish between the two sensations. A variety of drugs was tried, but none had any noteworthy effect on this peculiar pain.", "PMID": 93376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_633", "title": "Pulmonary disease complicating intermittent methotrexate therapy of psoriasis.", "content": "A patient with psoriasis was treated with methotrexate (MTX) orally once a week. Bilateral pulmonary infiltrations, hilar- and peripheral adenopathy with granulomas, cough, fever and dyspnoea developed after 10 months of treatment. Similar symptoms in patients receiving MTX have been described by others. The clinical symptoms cleared after MTX was withdrawn. However, the radiographic changes persisted long after the symptoms had resolved. The possibility of sarcoidosis incidentally developing during the MTX treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary disease complicating intermittent methotrexate therapy of psoriasis. A patient with psoriasis was treated with methotrexate (MTX) orally once a week. Bilateral pulmonary infiltrations, hilar- and peripheral adenopathy with granulomas, cough, fever and dyspnoea developed after 10 months of treatment. Similar symptoms in patients receiving MTX have been described by others. The clinical symptoms cleared after MTX was withdrawn. However, the radiographic changes persisted long after the symptoms had resolved. The possibility of sarcoidosis incidentally developing during the MTX treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 93377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_634", "title": "Anti-androgen TSAA-291. I. Anti-androgenic effects of a new steroid TSAA-291 (16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one) and its derivatives.", "content": "Anti-androgenic properties of newly synthesized steroidal compounds, TSAA-291 and its derivatives, were studied in the rat. (1) Subcutaneous administrations of TSAA-291 and TSAA-272 were effective in depressing the weight of seminal vesicles and ventral and dorsal prostates in the adult rat. (2) TSAA-291, TSAA-328 and TSAA-272 were shown to be anti-androgenic by the subcutaneous or oral route in the immature castrated male rat treated with testosterone propionate. The dose-response curves of all the test agents expressed in terms of percentage inhibition were approximately parallel to each other. Cyproterone acetate depressed the weight of levator ani muscle dose-dependently, whereas TSAA-291, TSAA-328 and TSAA-330 did not inhibit the muscle weight in a dose range sufficiently effective in inhibiting the weight of seminal vesicles and ventral and dorsal prostates. (3) TSAA-291 was also anti-androgenic against androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone. (4) Local administration of the anti-androgenic compounds into the left seminal vesicle or left testis of the young adult rat depressed the weight of the seminal vesicle or testis on the treated side as compared with the vehicle-injected contra-lateral side.", "contents": "Anti-androgen TSAA-291. I. Anti-androgenic effects of a new steroid TSAA-291 (16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one) and its derivatives. Anti-androgenic properties of newly synthesized steroidal compounds, TSAA-291 and its derivatives, were studied in the rat. (1) Subcutaneous administrations of TSAA-291 and TSAA-272 were effective in depressing the weight of seminal vesicles and ventral and dorsal prostates in the adult rat. (2) TSAA-291, TSAA-328 and TSAA-272 were shown to be anti-androgenic by the subcutaneous or oral route in the immature castrated male rat treated with testosterone propionate. The dose-response curves of all the test agents expressed in terms of percentage inhibition were approximately parallel to each other. Cyproterone acetate depressed the weight of levator ani muscle dose-dependently, whereas TSAA-291, TSAA-328 and TSAA-330 did not inhibit the muscle weight in a dose range sufficiently effective in inhibiting the weight of seminal vesicles and ventral and dorsal prostates. (3) TSAA-291 was also anti-androgenic against androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone. (4) Local administration of the anti-androgenic compounds into the left seminal vesicle or left testis of the young adult rat depressed the weight of the seminal vesicle or testis on the treated side as compared with the vehicle-injected contra-lateral side.", "PMID": 93380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_635", "title": "[Histological and histoenzymological study of liver. I: In gallstone without treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "46 liver biopsies from gallstones and a control group have been studied by histological and histoenzymological technics. The most frequent injuries are in the portal tract, inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis; the most peculiar is a sinusoidal congestion. A brown pigment overload is seen in numerous livers. Lactic-, glyceric-, glutamic-, isocitric-, glucose-6-phosphate-deshydrogenase activities decrease but alkaline phosphatases-, transaminases activities are increased.", "contents": "[Histological and histoenzymological study of liver. I: In gallstone without treatment (author's transl)]. 46 liver biopsies from gallstones and a control group have been studied by histological and histoenzymological technics. The most frequent injuries are in the portal tract, inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis; the most peculiar is a sinusoidal congestion. A brown pigment overload is seen in numerous livers. Lactic-, glyceric-, glutamic-, isocitric-, glucose-6-phosphate-deshydrogenase activities decrease but alkaline phosphatases-, transaminases activities are increased.", "PMID": 93382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_636", "title": "Histochemical distribution of acid mucopolysaccharides and some active transport enzymes in the lingual glands of Jaculus jaculus L. (Dipodidae, Mammalia).", "content": "From examination of the structural data obtained for the tongue of rodent Jaculus jaculus, it has been possible to deduce that it is lined with filiform papillae in the dorsal epithelium and that it has a rich glandular apparatus consisting of anterior serous glands which are located immediately after the apex and composed of epithelial cells arranged in a single synctitial layer, and both nucous and seromucous acini (Weber's glands) in the posterior portion of the tongue on the lateral sides and ventromedian region respectively. In the tip glands there is an elaboration of protein material; both neutral and acid glycoproteins are absent. In the posterior Weber's glands acidic moieties in the mucosubstances are due mainly to sialomucins and hyaluronidase resistant sulfomucins; in the seromucous acini on the other hand, mucopolysaccharides with vicinal hydroxyl groups and proteins are present. The histoenzymological tests employed to detect the succinic dehydrogenase and carbonic anhydrase also revealed the two reactions in the seromucous acini. Their presence is discussed on the basis of their having a probable role in the salivary production mechanisms in the same way as those cells which have a very strong secretory activity, or those involved in ionic reabsorption processes. The role of granular catalase activity in the duct cells is assumed to be able of protecting the glandular parenchyma from bacterial attacks. The presence also of acid glycoproteins within the lingual glands is correlated with taste sensation in view of the current revaluation of the role played by the proteoglycans in neuronal functions.", "contents": "Histochemical distribution of acid mucopolysaccharides and some active transport enzymes in the lingual glands of Jaculus jaculus L. (Dipodidae, Mammalia). From examination of the structural data obtained for the tongue of rodent Jaculus jaculus, it has been possible to deduce that it is lined with filiform papillae in the dorsal epithelium and that it has a rich glandular apparatus consisting of anterior serous glands which are located immediately after the apex and composed of epithelial cells arranged in a single synctitial layer, and both nucous and seromucous acini (Weber's glands) in the posterior portion of the tongue on the lateral sides and ventromedian region respectively. In the tip glands there is an elaboration of protein material; both neutral and acid glycoproteins are absent. In the posterior Weber's glands acidic moieties in the mucosubstances are due mainly to sialomucins and hyaluronidase resistant sulfomucins; in the seromucous acini on the other hand, mucopolysaccharides with vicinal hydroxyl groups and proteins are present. The histoenzymological tests employed to detect the succinic dehydrogenase and carbonic anhydrase also revealed the two reactions in the seromucous acini. Their presence is discussed on the basis of their having a probable role in the salivary production mechanisms in the same way as those cells which have a very strong secretory activity, or those involved in ionic reabsorption processes. The role of granular catalase activity in the duct cells is assumed to be able of protecting the glandular parenchyma from bacterial attacks. The presence also of acid glycoproteins within the lingual glands is correlated with taste sensation in view of the current revaluation of the role played by the proteoglycans in neuronal functions.", "PMID": 93383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_637", "title": "A staining sequence for the differentiation of A-, B-, and D-cells of the islets of guinea-pig pancreas.", "content": "Four mu sections of guinea-pig pancreas that had been fixed in Bouin's fluid were deparaffinized, hydrated, oxidized in equal volumes of 0.3% KMnO4 and 0.3%  H2SO4, decolorized in 2% oxalic acid and stained in 1% alcian blue in 70% alcohol for 10 min. Next they were stained for 5 min in chrome hematoxylin then into a dilute aqueous acid fuchsin solution followed by 2% phosphotungstic acid for 1 min. They were washed in running water until only the A-cells retained the red stain and were then counter stained with alcoholic aurantia for 5 min. Finally, the sections were cleared in xylene and mounted in D.P.X. Within the islets, B-cells stained blue green, A-cells bright red, D-cells pale yellow, while the acinar tissue stained blue grey. The wide separation between these colors represents a considerable advance on previous techniques for individual cell recognition within the islet.", "contents": "A staining sequence for the differentiation of A-, B-, and D-cells of the islets of guinea-pig pancreas. Four mu sections of guinea-pig pancreas that had been fixed in Bouin's fluid were deparaffinized, hydrated, oxidized in equal volumes of 0.3% KMnO4 and 0.3%  H2SO4, decolorized in 2% oxalic acid and stained in 1% alcian blue in 70% alcohol for 10 min. Next they were stained for 5 min in chrome hematoxylin then into a dilute aqueous acid fuchsin solution followed by 2% phosphotungstic acid for 1 min. They were washed in running water until only the A-cells retained the red stain and were then counter stained with alcoholic aurantia for 5 min. Finally, the sections were cleared in xylene and mounted in D.P.X. Within the islets, B-cells stained blue green, A-cells bright red, D-cells pale yellow, while the acinar tissue stained blue grey. The wide separation between these colors represents a considerable advance on previous techniques for individual cell recognition within the islet.", "PMID": 93379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_638", "title": "[Combinations of enzyme-histochemical methods for differentiating of fibers types and evaluating the skeletal musculature (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reports 2 combinations of enzyme-histochemical reactions (NADH tetrazolium oxidoreductase and myosin ATPase after alkaline preincubation, menadione-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate oxidoreductase and myosin ATPase after acid preincubation). One type of skeletal muscle fiber is stained golden-brown and the other blue. The differentiation of types of fibers is greatly improved by reliable classification. In addition, the same section can be used to determine the oxidative and glycolytic metabolic capacity, respectively. Finer differences in the structure of fibers may be recognized more easily and allowed of arrangement in a larger number of classes without dispensing with the old-established method of differentiating. It is possible for myopathological alterations to be made clearly visible. New and other combinations also offer promise of an advantageous extension of the method to other applications.", "contents": "[Combinations of enzyme-histochemical methods for differentiating of fibers types and evaluating the skeletal musculature (author's transl)]. This paper reports 2 combinations of enzyme-histochemical reactions (NADH tetrazolium oxidoreductase and myosin ATPase after alkaline preincubation, menadione-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate oxidoreductase and myosin ATPase after acid preincubation). One type of skeletal muscle fiber is stained golden-brown and the other blue. The differentiation of types of fibers is greatly improved by reliable classification. In addition, the same section can be used to determine the oxidative and glycolytic metabolic capacity, respectively. Finer differences in the structure of fibers may be recognized more easily and allowed of arrangement in a larger number of classes without dispensing with the old-established method of differentiating. It is possible for myopathological alterations to be made clearly visible. New and other combinations also offer promise of an advantageous extension of the method to other applications.", "PMID": 93384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_639", "title": "Ultrastructure of elastic fibers as shown by polarization optics after the topo-optical permanganate-bisulfite-toluidine blue (PBT) reaction.", "content": "Permanganate-bisulfite-toluidine blue (PBT) reaction proved to be a highly selective and sensitive method for demonstration of elastic structures in tissue sections. Permanganate oxidation liberates a great amount of aldehyde groups in young and adult elastic fibers both in bovine ligamentum nuchae which can be demonstrated with the bisulfite-toluidine blue (pH = 1.0) staining procedure. There are suggestive evidences that the aldehyde groups are liberated from the desmosine and isodesmosine cross bondings of elastin. The dichroism and the strong birefringence of the elastic fibers induced by the PBT reaction indicate a high degree of linear fibrillar molecular order of the reacting elastin molecules which are assumed to be arranged helically in the aortic elastic fibers and they are assumed to show 2 different micellar textures in ligamentum nuchae fibers as reported with other topo-optical reactions earlier by Romhanyi.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of elastic fibers as shown by polarization optics after the topo-optical permanganate-bisulfite-toluidine blue (PBT) reaction. Permanganate-bisulfite-toluidine blue (PBT) reaction proved to be a highly selective and sensitive method for demonstration of elastic structures in tissue sections. Permanganate oxidation liberates a great amount of aldehyde groups in young and adult elastic fibers both in bovine ligamentum nuchae which can be demonstrated with the bisulfite-toluidine blue (pH = 1.0) staining procedure. There are suggestive evidences that the aldehyde groups are liberated from the desmosine and isodesmosine cross bondings of elastin. The dichroism and the strong birefringence of the elastic fibers induced by the PBT reaction indicate a high degree of linear fibrillar molecular order of the reacting elastin molecules which are assumed to be arranged helically in the aortic elastic fibers and they are assumed to show 2 different micellar textures in ligamentum nuchae fibers as reported with other topo-optical reactions earlier by Romhanyi.", "PMID": 93385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_640", "title": "Peritoneal macrophages introduced into mouse foot pads enter the germinal center of regional lymph nodes nonspecifically.", "content": "Male mice were injected into their foot pads with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) to form lymph follicles in the germinal centers in the popliteal lymph nodes. 4 weeks later, peritoneal macrophages labeled with carbon from syngeneic donors sensitized with SRBC or typhoid-paratyphoid bacilli (TAB) were separately injected into the foot pads as well. The popliteal lymph nodes were histologically examined at 6 h to 5 days after injection. Labeled macrophages appeared in the marginal sinus, migrated straight across the cortex from the marginal sinus to the lymph follicles and then entered the germinal centers. There was no difference in the mode of appearance, migration and localization of labeled macrophages in the regional lymph nodes between the mice given labeled macrophages from SRBC-sensitized donors and those given macrophages from TAB-sensitized donors. The entrance of lymph macrophages into the germinal centers of the regional lymph nodes would be immunologically nonspecific. After the injection of Pelikan ink into the foot pads, the macrophages which have taken up carbon in the peripheral tissue reached the regional lymph nodes via the afferent lymphatics and then entered the germinal centers, mainly through the medullary pole of the lymph follicles, after migrating along their immediate exterior from their marginal sinus to their medullary pole.", "contents": "Peritoneal macrophages introduced into mouse foot pads enter the germinal center of regional lymph nodes nonspecifically. Male mice were injected into their foot pads with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) to form lymph follicles in the germinal centers in the popliteal lymph nodes. 4 weeks later, peritoneal macrophages labeled with carbon from syngeneic donors sensitized with SRBC or typhoid-paratyphoid bacilli (TAB) were separately injected into the foot pads as well. The popliteal lymph nodes were histologically examined at 6 h to 5 days after injection. Labeled macrophages appeared in the marginal sinus, migrated straight across the cortex from the marginal sinus to the lymph follicles and then entered the germinal centers. There was no difference in the mode of appearance, migration and localization of labeled macrophages in the regional lymph nodes between the mice given labeled macrophages from SRBC-sensitized donors and those given macrophages from TAB-sensitized donors. The entrance of lymph macrophages into the germinal centers of the regional lymph nodes would be immunologically nonspecific. After the injection of Pelikan ink into the foot pads, the macrophages which have taken up carbon in the peripheral tissue reached the regional lymph nodes via the afferent lymphatics and then entered the germinal centers, mainly through the medullary pole of the lymph follicles, after migrating along their immediate exterior from their marginal sinus to their medullary pole.", "PMID": 93386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_641", "title": "Histology and mucosubstance histochemistry of ferret lingual glands.", "content": "The histology and mucosubstance histochemistry of the ferret lingual glands were studied. Both serous and mucous minor salivary glands were present in the posterior part of the tongue. In serous glands, acinar cells and a very few cells of the excretory ducts contained granules which gave reactions for neutral mucopolysaccharides only. The mucous glands, including the duct system, contained mainly weakly sulphated acidic mucin, some neutral mucin but no carboxylated mucin. Occasional goblet cells were present in the excretory ducts of both serous and mucous glands. They contained weakly sulphated mucin.", "contents": "Histology and mucosubstance histochemistry of ferret lingual glands. The histology and mucosubstance histochemistry of the ferret lingual glands were studied. Both serous and mucous minor salivary glands were present in the posterior part of the tongue. In serous glands, acinar cells and a very few cells of the excretory ducts contained granules which gave reactions for neutral mucopolysaccharides only. The mucous glands, including the duct system, contained mainly weakly sulphated acidic mucin, some neutral mucin but no carboxylated mucin. Occasional goblet cells were present in the excretory ducts of both serous and mucous glands. They contained weakly sulphated mucin.", "PMID": 93387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_642", "title": "Argentophil neuronal perikarya and neurofibrils induced by postmortem trauma and hypertonic perfusates.", "content": "Argentophil neuronal perikarya and perikaryal neurofibrils similar to those illustrated in Ram\u00f3n y Cajal's classical studies have in the present investigation been found to be manifestations of the chromophil neuron. Conclusive evidence of such association was obtained by silver impregnation with the Bodian technique of sections previously stained with cresyl violet. Regardless of the fixative used, silver-impregnated neurofibrils were evident when (1) normal tissues were fixed by immersion or unsuccessfully fixed by perfusion, (2) normal tissues were exposed and touched after death but before perfusion with the fixative, or (3) flow of perfusates was compromised by the effect of an experimental procedure, as well as when (4) a hypertonic saline solution was used in the first perfusate. These cytologic peculiarities were still discernible after 24 h of postmortem autolysis following a delay in removal of the brain or in immersion of the exposed brain in the fixative. After immersion fixation, argentophilia and chromophilia occurred ubiquitously in the brain of the newborn guinea pig; however, argentophil neurofibrils were noted in the absence of chromophil neurons in the brain stem of the newborn rat, rabbit and cat. After fixation by perfusion, perikaryal neurofibrils were not impregnated in either newborn or old animals or in animals with facial nerve transection. Affinity for Congo red or birefringency, exhibited by neurons with marked neurofilbrillary changes in human senile brain atrophy, were absent in the present material. On the basis of the current light-microscopic observations, it is concluded that argentophilia of neuronal perikarya and perikaryal neurofibrils is another manifestation of the chromophil neuron induced by postmortem trauma and of the ocellate neuron elicited by perfusion with hypertonic saline.", "contents": "Argentophil neuronal perikarya and neurofibrils induced by postmortem trauma and hypertonic perfusates. Argentophil neuronal perikarya and perikaryal neurofibrils similar to those illustrated in Ram\u00f3n y Cajal's classical studies have in the present investigation been found to be manifestations of the chromophil neuron. Conclusive evidence of such association was obtained by silver impregnation with the Bodian technique of sections previously stained with cresyl violet. Regardless of the fixative used, silver-impregnated neurofibrils were evident when (1) normal tissues were fixed by immersion or unsuccessfully fixed by perfusion, (2) normal tissues were exposed and touched after death but before perfusion with the fixative, or (3) flow of perfusates was compromised by the effect of an experimental procedure, as well as when (4) a hypertonic saline solution was used in the first perfusate. These cytologic peculiarities were still discernible after 24 h of postmortem autolysis following a delay in removal of the brain or in immersion of the exposed brain in the fixative. After immersion fixation, argentophilia and chromophilia occurred ubiquitously in the brain of the newborn guinea pig; however, argentophil neurofibrils were noted in the absence of chromophil neurons in the brain stem of the newborn rat, rabbit and cat. After fixation by perfusion, perikaryal neurofibrils were not impregnated in either newborn or old animals or in animals with facial nerve transection. Affinity for Congo red or birefringency, exhibited by neurons with marked neurofilbrillary changes in human senile brain atrophy, were absent in the present material. On the basis of the current light-microscopic observations, it is concluded that argentophilia of neuronal perikarya and perikaryal neurofibrils is another manifestation of the chromophil neuron induced by postmortem trauma and of the ocellate neuron elicited by perfusion with hypertonic saline.", "PMID": 93388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_643", "title": "A neuropathologic study of Whipple's disease.", "content": "A patient with Whipple's disease developed massive and irreversible CNS involvement after a drug-induced intestinal remission. The multifocal brain lesions were apparent grossly with the heaviest concentration being noted in rhinencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. This patient exhibited progressive neurologic deterioration, although viable organisms could not be identified in the brain at autopsy. Astrocytes, pericytes, and choroid plexus cells attempted to dispose of the organism, in additional to the traditionally implicated microglial and ependymal cell.", "contents": "A neuropathologic study of Whipple's disease. A patient with Whipple's disease developed massive and irreversible CNS involvement after a drug-induced intestinal remission. The multifocal brain lesions were apparent grossly with the heaviest concentration being noted in rhinencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. This patient exhibited progressive neurologic deterioration, although viable organisms could not be identified in the brain at autopsy. Astrocytes, pericytes, and choroid plexus cells attempted to dispose of the organism, in additional to the traditionally implicated microglial and ependymal cell.", "PMID": 93389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_644", "title": "Organ cultured donor material for penetrating corneal grafts. A preliminary report.", "content": "Fresh and undamaged cornea had unchanged endothelial cell density for four weeks in culture, while eyes removed at autopsy suffered a cell loss. Acceptable cell density was found in eyes removed within eight hours, and this was confirmed by the results of 55 penetrating grafts using cultured autopsy material. Storage in culture for more than one week seemed to influence the results unfavourably. Immune reactions were not seen.", "contents": "Organ cultured donor material for penetrating corneal grafts. A preliminary report. Fresh and undamaged cornea had unchanged endothelial cell density for four weeks in culture, while eyes removed at autopsy suffered a cell loss. Acceptable cell density was found in eyes removed within eight hours, and this was confirmed by the results of 55 penetrating grafts using cultured autopsy material. Storage in culture for more than one week seemed to influence the results unfavourably. Immune reactions were not seen.", "PMID": 93391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_645", "title": "Refsum's disease. Eye manifestations in a patient treated with low phytol low phytanic acid diet.", "content": "The cardinal eye symptoms of Refsum's disease are night blindness, retinal pigmentary degeneration and constriction of the visual fields. Similarities with or differences from retinitis pigmentosa are discussed. A 39-year-old male has had manifestations of Refsum's disease from the age of 7 years and has been on a low phytol low phytanic acid diet for the last 13 years. Peripheral ring scotomas were present. Some reduction of the visual fields has been recorded, but only in the far periphery. The central field has not been significantly constricted during a 7-year period. Very good visual functions were found within this area. All cone mechanisms were functioning at a normal level. A moderately reduced sensitivity level of the rod mechanism could be explained in a great measure by poor pupillary dilation in the dark. In this patient minimal or no progression of the visual findings was apparent. Probably an effect of treatment, there is little resemblance with ordinary retinitis pigmentosa. ERG showed moderate abnormality. Normal conducting time was found by VER. With fluorescein angiography a central area of normal appearance was sharply outlined in contrast to marked degenerations in paracentral regions.", "contents": "Refsum's disease. Eye manifestations in a patient treated with low phytol low phytanic acid diet. The cardinal eye symptoms of Refsum's disease are night blindness, retinal pigmentary degeneration and constriction of the visual fields. Similarities with or differences from retinitis pigmentosa are discussed. A 39-year-old male has had manifestations of Refsum's disease from the age of 7 years and has been on a low phytol low phytanic acid diet for the last 13 years. Peripheral ring scotomas were present. Some reduction of the visual fields has been recorded, but only in the far periphery. The central field has not been significantly constricted during a 7-year period. Very good visual functions were found within this area. All cone mechanisms were functioning at a normal level. A moderately reduced sensitivity level of the rod mechanism could be explained in a great measure by poor pupillary dilation in the dark. In this patient minimal or no progression of the visual findings was apparent. Probably an effect of treatment, there is little resemblance with ordinary retinitis pigmentosa. ERG showed moderate abnormality. Normal conducting time was found by VER. With fluorescein angiography a central area of normal appearance was sharply outlined in contrast to marked degenerations in paracentral regions.", "PMID": 93392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_646", "title": "Beta-2-microglobulin, an indicator of renal tubular maturation and dysfunction in the newborn.", "content": "The urinary excretion and proximal tubular reabsorption of beta-2-microglobulin was studied in 17 healthy newborn infants in relation to gestational and post-natal age. The effect of IRDS and non-conjugated hyperbilirubinemia on the tubular reabsorption of the protein was evaluated in 10 IRDS infants and 14 infants with non-conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The urinary excretion of beta-2-microglobulin was determined under standardized conditions. When GFR was determined, the single injection clearance method was used. The filtered load of beta-2-microglobulin was found to increase with increasing gestational age. This was due to a rise in plasma beta-2-microglobulin concentration as well as to a rise in the GFR. Although the smallest filtered load was recorded in infants with a mean GA of 32.4 weeks, these infants had a lower fractional reabsorption of the protein (88%) than infants with a mean GA of 35.0 weeks or more (98%). In infants with a GA of 35 weeks or more a glomerulo-tubular balance for beta-2-microglobulin apparently was established. In these infants the filtered load of beta-2-microglobulin increased rapidly during the first days of life. This was paralleled by an increase in the reabsorptive capacity for the protein. In infants with IRDS and in infants with non-conjugated hyperbilirubinemia the fractional reabsorption of beta-2-microglobulin was lower than in control infants of a corresponding gestational and postnatal age. This indicates, that in the neonatal period, the proximal tubular transporting capacity is more vulnerable than the glomerular filtration rate in states of hypoxia and hyperbilirubinemia.", "contents": "Beta-2-microglobulin, an indicator of renal tubular maturation and dysfunction in the newborn. The urinary excretion and proximal tubular reabsorption of beta-2-microglobulin was studied in 17 healthy newborn infants in relation to gestational and post-natal age. The effect of IRDS and non-conjugated hyperbilirubinemia on the tubular reabsorption of the protein was evaluated in 10 IRDS infants and 14 infants with non-conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The urinary excretion of beta-2-microglobulin was determined under standardized conditions. When GFR was determined, the single injection clearance method was used. The filtered load of beta-2-microglobulin was found to increase with increasing gestational age. This was due to a rise in plasma beta-2-microglobulin concentration as well as to a rise in the GFR. Although the smallest filtered load was recorded in infants with a mean GA of 32.4 weeks, these infants had a lower fractional reabsorption of the protein (88%) than infants with a mean GA of 35.0 weeks or more (98%). In infants with a GA of 35 weeks or more a glomerulo-tubular balance for beta-2-microglobulin apparently was established. In these infants the filtered load of beta-2-microglobulin increased rapidly during the first days of life. This was paralleled by an increase in the reabsorptive capacity for the protein. In infants with IRDS and in infants with non-conjugated hyperbilirubinemia the fractional reabsorption of beta-2-microglobulin was lower than in control infants of a corresponding gestational and postnatal age. This indicates, that in the neonatal period, the proximal tubular transporting capacity is more vulnerable than the glomerular filtration rate in states of hypoxia and hyperbilirubinemia.", "PMID": 93393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_647", "title": "Amyloid-like green birefringence in cytoskeletal 10 nm filaments after staining with Congo red.", "content": "The commonly accepted markers for amyliod are a fibrillar ultrastructure and congophilia combined with green birefringence when viewed under polarized light. Although a number of cells have been implicated in amyloid formation the detailed events leading to accumulation of amyloid are still unknown. Previous studies have suggested that amyloid shares antigenic properties with cytoskeletal intermediate (10 nm) filaments and connective tissue microfibrils. In the present study we show that such filaments present in fibroblasts and lymphoid cells have an affinity for Congo red, exhibit the typical green birefringence and are ultrastructurally indistinguishable from amyloid fibrils. Intermediate filaments of cultured fibroblasts depleted of nutrient medium retained the Congo red birefringent property and typical ultrastructure despite cell damage. Our observations suggest that amyloid deposits may form locally through abnormal accumulation of bundles of cytoskeletal intermediate filaments under conditions characterized by increased cell proliferation and death.", "contents": "Amyloid-like green birefringence in cytoskeletal 10 nm filaments after staining with Congo red. The commonly accepted markers for amyliod are a fibrillar ultrastructure and congophilia combined with green birefringence when viewed under polarized light. Although a number of cells have been implicated in amyloid formation the detailed events leading to accumulation of amyloid are still unknown. Previous studies have suggested that amyloid shares antigenic properties with cytoskeletal intermediate (10 nm) filaments and connective tissue microfibrils. In the present study we show that such filaments present in fibroblasts and lymphoid cells have an affinity for Congo red, exhibit the typical green birefringence and are ultrastructurally indistinguishable from amyloid fibrils. Intermediate filaments of cultured fibroblasts depleted of nutrient medium retained the Congo red birefringent property and typical ultrastructure despite cell damage. Our observations suggest that amyloid deposits may form locally through abnormal accumulation of bundles of cytoskeletal intermediate filaments under conditions characterized by increased cell proliferation and death.", "PMID": 93395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_648", "title": "The diagnostic value of cytochemical staining for non-specific esterase in the search for cancer cells in effusions.", "content": "143 consecutive effusion samples were stained for non-specific esterase (NSE) in order to test the diagnostic value of the staining method with reference to the diagnosis of carcinosis in pleural and peritoneal cavities. On comparing the results obtained by cytomorphological evaluation and NSE staining the former was proved to have a signficnat higher diagnostic specificity. The diagnostic sensitivity of the two methods showed no difference. The low diagnostic specificity of the NSE staining was due to occasionally intense staining of macrophages and mesothelial cells in connection with reactive states of the mesothelium. The NSE staining is not recommendable as a diagnostic supplement to the cytomorphological evaluation.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of cytochemical staining for non-specific esterase in the search for cancer cells in effusions. 143 consecutive effusion samples were stained for non-specific esterase (NSE) in order to test the diagnostic value of the staining method with reference to the diagnosis of carcinosis in pleural and peritoneal cavities. On comparing the results obtained by cytomorphological evaluation and NSE staining the former was proved to have a signficnat higher diagnostic specificity. The diagnostic sensitivity of the two methods showed no difference. The low diagnostic specificity of the NSE staining was due to occasionally intense staining of macrophages and mesothelial cells in connection with reactive states of the mesothelium. The NSE staining is not recommendable as a diagnostic supplement to the cytomorphological evaluation.", "PMID": 93396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_649", "title": "Formation of granulation tissue in subcutaneously implanted sponges in rats. A comparison between granulation tissue developed in viscose cellulose sponges (Visella) and in polyvinyl alcohol sponges (Ivalon).", "content": "A comparison was made between the granulation tissue formation in two different synthetic sponge types. Visella and Ivalon, of different sizes. The granulation tissue formed in the two sponge types did not differ qualitatively, and had the character of wound tissue and inflammatory tissue in man. The rate of tissue formation in the Visella sponges was faster and the tissue was more homogenous than in the Ivalon sponges. Fourteen-day-old Visella implants of either size contained more granulation tissue than Ivalon sponges, probably owing to the smaller pore size of the former material. This may also account for the more frequent occurrence of giant cells in the Visella implants. In contrast to the Visella sponges, the trabeculae of the Ivalon polymer showed calcification and positive staining properties with histological staining procedures, and deformation was frequent among the Ivalon implants. Thin sponges of either type closed in about 21 days, thick ones after about 42 days of implantation. Calculated per 2 cm3 of implant, thin sponges produced more tissue after 14 days of implantation than thick noes. It is concluded that the Visella sponge type is best suitable for this experimental model of inflammation.", "contents": "Formation of granulation tissue in subcutaneously implanted sponges in rats. A comparison between granulation tissue developed in viscose cellulose sponges (Visella) and in polyvinyl alcohol sponges (Ivalon). A comparison was made between the granulation tissue formation in two different synthetic sponge types. Visella and Ivalon, of different sizes. The granulation tissue formed in the two sponge types did not differ qualitatively, and had the character of wound tissue and inflammatory tissue in man. The rate of tissue formation in the Visella sponges was faster and the tissue was more homogenous than in the Ivalon sponges. Fourteen-day-old Visella implants of either size contained more granulation tissue than Ivalon sponges, probably owing to the smaller pore size of the former material. This may also account for the more frequent occurrence of giant cells in the Visella implants. In contrast to the Visella sponges, the trabeculae of the Ivalon polymer showed calcification and positive staining properties with histological staining procedures, and deformation was frequent among the Ivalon implants. Thin sponges of either type closed in about 21 days, thick ones after about 42 days of implantation. Calculated per 2 cm3 of implant, thin sponges produced more tissue after 14 days of implantation than thick noes. It is concluded that the Visella sponge type is best suitable for this experimental model of inflammation.", "PMID": 93397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_650", "title": "The anal transitional zone. Location and extent.", "content": "The location and extent of the anal transitional zone (ATZ) were investigated in the age group typical for anal canal carcinomas. The methods used were macroscopic determination after whole-mount staining with Alcian-dyes as well as conventional histological technique. The results show that the epithelial variants may be found over a larger area than previously reported, namely from 6 mm below to 20 mm above the dentate line. Variations in location and extent of the ATZ are described, as well as the frequent finding of mature squamous epithelium high in the anal canal. The significance of the findings in relation to the special types of anal canal carcinomas is discussed, and on the basis of the macroscopic definition of the canal, as well as the histological observations in this study, it is proposed that anal canal carcinomas should be defined as tumours partly or totally located within a distance of 2 cm above the dentate line.", "contents": "The anal transitional zone. Location and extent. The location and extent of the anal transitional zone (ATZ) were investigated in the age group typical for anal canal carcinomas. The methods used were macroscopic determination after whole-mount staining with Alcian-dyes as well as conventional histological technique. The results show that the epithelial variants may be found over a larger area than previously reported, namely from 6 mm below to 20 mm above the dentate line. Variations in location and extent of the ATZ are described, as well as the frequent finding of mature squamous epithelium high in the anal canal. The significance of the findings in relation to the special types of anal canal carcinomas is discussed, and on the basis of the macroscopic definition of the canal, as well as the histological observations in this study, it is proposed that anal canal carcinomas should be defined as tumours partly or totally located within a distance of 2 cm above the dentate line.", "PMID": 93398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_651", "title": "Antibodies to the strain-specific and cross-reactive determinants of the haemagglutinin of influenza H3N2 viruses. 1. Preparation of antibodies and in vitro studies.", "content": "The serological analysis of antibodies to the haemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A viruses of the Hong Kong (H3N2) subtype is described, using haemagglutination-inhibition, immuno-double-diffusion and single-radial-diffusion techniques. By cross-absorption of antisera to purified HA antigens, different populations of antibody molecules were obtained, which are designated strain-specific and cross-reactive and characterized in terms of their antigenic specificities for HA antigens of the homologous and antigenically variant H3N2 viruses. A narrowly strain-specific population of antibodies (SS\"HK) was obtained as the residual antibody in antiserum to A/Hong Kong/1/68 HA after absorption with the closely related A/England/42/72 virus, whilst a contrasting broadly cross-reactive population (CR'HK) was obtained by absorption of the anti-A/Hong Kong/1/68 HA serum with the more distantly related strain A/Victoria/3/75 and eluting the cross-reactive antibodies from the absorbing virus. Similarly, specific and cross-reactive antibodies were derived from antiserum to A/Victoria/3/75 HA antigen by absorption with A/Hong Kong/1/68 virus. Single-radial-diffusion tests were performed, involving sequential application of different antibody preparations in the same wells in immunoplates containing intact virus particles. The cross-reactive and strain-specific antibodies differed in their property of mutual interference of attachment ot antigen. The results suggested that the cross-reactive antigenic determinants on the HA subunit may be located closer to the distal end of the molecule than the strain-specific determinants. Further tests employing single-radial-diffusion showed that there are more cross-reactive than strain-specific sites available for antibody in the intact virus particle. The strain-specific antibodies also gave higher haemagglutination-inhibition titres per microgram IgG than the cross-reactive antibodies.", "contents": "Antibodies to the strain-specific and cross-reactive determinants of the haemagglutinin of influenza H3N2 viruses. 1. Preparation of antibodies and in vitro studies. The serological analysis of antibodies to the haemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A viruses of the Hong Kong (H3N2) subtype is described, using haemagglutination-inhibition, immuno-double-diffusion and single-radial-diffusion techniques. By cross-absorption of antisera to purified HA antigens, different populations of antibody molecules were obtained, which are designated strain-specific and cross-reactive and characterized in terms of their antigenic specificities for HA antigens of the homologous and antigenically variant H3N2 viruses. A narrowly strain-specific population of antibodies (SS\"HK) was obtained as the residual antibody in antiserum to A/Hong Kong/1/68 HA after absorption with the closely related A/England/42/72 virus, whilst a contrasting broadly cross-reactive population (CR'HK) was obtained by absorption of the anti-A/Hong Kong/1/68 HA serum with the more distantly related strain A/Victoria/3/75 and eluting the cross-reactive antibodies from the absorbing virus. Similarly, specific and cross-reactive antibodies were derived from antiserum to A/Victoria/3/75 HA antigen by absorption with A/Hong Kong/1/68 virus. Single-radial-diffusion tests were performed, involving sequential application of different antibody preparations in the same wells in immunoplates containing intact virus particles. The cross-reactive and strain-specific antibodies differed in their property of mutual interference of attachment ot antigen. The results suggested that the cross-reactive antigenic determinants on the HA subunit may be located closer to the distal end of the molecule than the strain-specific determinants. Further tests employing single-radial-diffusion showed that there are more cross-reactive than strain-specific sites available for antibody in the intact virus particle. The strain-specific antibodies also gave higher haemagglutination-inhibition titres per microgram IgG than the cross-reactive antibodies.", "PMID": 93399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_652", "title": "Fibrinogen binding structures in beta-hemolytic streptococci group A, C, and G. Comparisons with receptors for IgG and aggregated beta 2-microglobulin.", "content": "Binding of radiolabelled fibrinogen was measured to 197 strains of 16 different bacterial species. All streptococcal strains belonging to groups A, C, and G isolated from human sources were strongly positive. S. aureus strains showed low binding values. Occasional group B streptococci were positive. Reactive strains were also noted among group C streptococci of animal origin, Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Str. equii, and bovine beta-hemolytic group G streptococci. Bovine alpha-hemolytic group G strains as well as the remaining seven species of human origin were all negative. Inhibition experiments and correlation studies indicated that the streptococcal receptor for fibrinogen was different from immunoglobulin Fc binding reactivity. Comparisons with the newly discovered beta 2-microglobulin binding factor showed that trypsin concentrations which destroyed this receptor left the fibrinogen receptor intact. Although the two receptors correlate in strain population studies and show competition for binding the difference in trypsin sensitivity indicates that they represent two different structural entities. Both receptors might serve as basic markers for M-protein like surface components of Gram positive cocci.", "contents": "Fibrinogen binding structures in beta-hemolytic streptococci group A, C, and G. Comparisons with receptors for IgG and aggregated beta 2-microglobulin. Binding of radiolabelled fibrinogen was measured to 197 strains of 16 different bacterial species. All streptococcal strains belonging to groups A, C, and G isolated from human sources were strongly positive. S. aureus strains showed low binding values. Occasional group B streptococci were positive. Reactive strains were also noted among group C streptococci of animal origin, Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Str. equii, and bovine beta-hemolytic group G streptococci. Bovine alpha-hemolytic group G strains as well as the remaining seven species of human origin were all negative. Inhibition experiments and correlation studies indicated that the streptococcal receptor for fibrinogen was different from immunoglobulin Fc binding reactivity. Comparisons with the newly discovered beta 2-microglobulin binding factor showed that trypsin concentrations which destroyed this receptor left the fibrinogen receptor intact. Although the two receptors correlate in strain population studies and show competition for binding the difference in trypsin sensitivity indicates that they represent two different structural entities. Both receptors might serve as basic markers for M-protein like surface components of Gram positive cocci.", "PMID": 93400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_653", "title": "Influence of contrast media osmolality on isolated rabbit heart performance.", "content": "A low osmolality contrast medium (Iopamidol) caused less cardiac disturbance on isolated rabbit heart than a high osmolality medium (Urografin). The same effects were induced by glucose solutions iso-osmolal with the two media. After perfusion with Propranolol (1 microgram/ml) and Cimetidine (1 microgram/ml) the observed effect was unaltered.", "contents": "Influence of contrast media osmolality on isolated rabbit heart performance. A low osmolality contrast medium (Iopamidol) caused less cardiac disturbance on isolated rabbit heart than a high osmolality medium (Urografin). The same effects were induced by glucose solutions iso-osmolal with the two media. After perfusion with Propranolol (1 microgram/ml) and Cimetidine (1 microgram/ml) the observed effect was unaltered.", "PMID": 93401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_654", "title": "Tamoxifen treatment of advanced breast carcinoma.", "content": "Sixty postmenopausal patients with microscopically confirmed, progressive mammary carcinoma and local recurrence alone or in combination with distant metastases or with distant metastases only, not previously treated with cytostatics, were given tamoxifen (Nolvadex), 10 mg 3 times daily. The response rate in 37 evaluable patients was 48 per cent, with a median duration of the response of 26+ weeks. The effectiveness of the drug increased significantly with an increasing interval between primary treatment and the appearance of the first recurrence. No serious side effects occurred.", "contents": "Tamoxifen treatment of advanced breast carcinoma. Sixty postmenopausal patients with microscopically confirmed, progressive mammary carcinoma and local recurrence alone or in combination with distant metastases or with distant metastases only, not previously treated with cytostatics, were given tamoxifen (Nolvadex), 10 mg 3 times daily. The response rate in 37 evaluable patients was 48 per cent, with a median duration of the response of 26+ weeks. The effectiveness of the drug increased significantly with an increasing interval between primary treatment and the appearance of the first recurrence. No serious side effects occurred.", "PMID": 93402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_655", "title": "Home observation for measurement of the environment: a revision of the preschool scale.", "content": "Information pertaining to a revision of the Caldwell HOME Inventory for use with families of children ages 3 to 6 was presented. Factor and item analyses were used as a basis for reducing the number of items from 80 to 55. The items were clustered into eight subscales. Kuder-Richardson 20 coefficients for the scale ranged from .53 to .93. Concurrent and predictive validity studies indicated that the HOME scales significantly correlated with IQ (as high as r = .58). Low to moderate correlations were obtained between HOME scores and SES measures, with significant correlations ranging from .30 to .65.", "contents": "Home observation for measurement of the environment: a revision of the preschool scale. Information pertaining to a revision of the Caldwell HOME Inventory for use with families of children ages 3 to 6 was presented. Factor and item analyses were used as a basis for reducing the number of items from 80 to 55. The items were clustered into eight subscales. Kuder-Richardson 20 coefficients for the scale ranged from .53 to .93. Concurrent and predictive validity studies indicated that the HOME scales significantly correlated with IQ (as high as r = .58). Low to moderate correlations were obtained between HOME scores and SES measures, with significant correlations ranging from .30 to .65.", "PMID": 93417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_656", "title": "Yolk sac tumor of the anterior mediastinum. Case report with light- and electron-microscopic examination and immunohistochemical study of alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "A case of yolk sac tumor of the anterior mediastinum was studied by light and electron microscopy and found to have characteristic patterns which were similar to a neoplasm of gonadal origin. These findings, in addition to the immunohistochemical identification of alpha-fetoprotein in the tumor, indicated that the neoplasm was germ cell in origin. A brief review of previously reported cases is included. Prognosis of the patients with yolk sac tumor of the anterior mediastinum was generally dismal; however, those patients with tumors incidentally found but completely excised survived without evidence of reucrrence.", "contents": "Yolk sac tumor of the anterior mediastinum. Case report with light- and electron-microscopic examination and immunohistochemical study of alpha-fetoprotein. A case of yolk sac tumor of the anterior mediastinum was studied by light and electron microscopy and found to have characteristic patterns which were similar to a neoplasm of gonadal origin. These findings, in addition to the immunohistochemical identification of alpha-fetoprotein in the tumor, indicated that the neoplasm was germ cell in origin. A brief review of previously reported cases is included. Prognosis of the patients with yolk sac tumor of the anterior mediastinum was generally dismal; however, those patients with tumors incidentally found but completely excised survived without evidence of reucrrence.", "PMID": 93418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_657", "title": "Distribution of wheat germ agglutinin binding sites on normal human and guinea pig bone marrow cells: an ultrastructural histochemical study.", "content": "The wheat germ agglutinin-gold labeled ovomucoid (WGA-Ovo-G) method has been employed in the ultrastructural localization of WGA surface receptor sites on gluteraldehyde-fixed normal human and guinea pig bone marrow cells. The number of gold particles per micron of cell surface were counted and data subjected to statistical analysis. WGA labeling of the bone marrow cells was found to be quite heavy and evenly distributed along the cell surface. Only macrophages, in both species, and a number of lymphocytes in the guinea pig exhibited limited WGA labeling. Comparison of morphologically similar cell types in human and guinea pig marrow indicated that WGA receptor sites were more abundant on the guinea pig hemic cells. WGA surface labeling was found to be not only related to cell type and to animal species but, in some instances, varied with the stage of maturation of a given cell line; viz., neutrophilic cell series in both man and guinea pig and erythrocytic cell series in the guinea pig.", "contents": "Distribution of wheat germ agglutinin binding sites on normal human and guinea pig bone marrow cells: an ultrastructural histochemical study. The wheat germ agglutinin-gold labeled ovomucoid (WGA-Ovo-G) method has been employed in the ultrastructural localization of WGA surface receptor sites on gluteraldehyde-fixed normal human and guinea pig bone marrow cells. The number of gold particles per micron of cell surface were counted and data subjected to statistical analysis. WGA labeling of the bone marrow cells was found to be quite heavy and evenly distributed along the cell surface. Only macrophages, in both species, and a number of lymphocytes in the guinea pig exhibited limited WGA labeling. Comparison of morphologically similar cell types in human and guinea pig marrow indicated that WGA receptor sites were more abundant on the guinea pig hemic cells. WGA surface labeling was found to be not only related to cell type and to animal species but, in some instances, varied with the stage of maturation of a given cell line; viz., neutrophilic cell series in both man and guinea pig and erythrocytic cell series in the guinea pig.", "PMID": 93422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_658", "title": "[In vitro influence of albumin, gammaglobulin and fibrinogen on the sedimentation rate and the rheological behaviour of the red cell (author's transl)].", "content": "The complexity of the mechanisms which enter into play in the phenomenon of erythrocyte sedimentation have for long aroused the curiosity of research workers. A simultaneous study of this parameter and of the viscosity, of the relative zeta potential together with the osmotic fragility, led us to appreciate the respective actions of three isolated plasma proteins  : albumin, immunoglobuin G, fibrinogen, on the ESR and on the rheological properties of the red cell.", "contents": "[In vitro influence of albumin, gammaglobulin and fibrinogen on the sedimentation rate and the rheological behaviour of the red cell (author's transl)]. The complexity of the mechanisms which enter into play in the phenomenon of erythrocyte sedimentation have for long aroused the curiosity of research workers. A simultaneous study of this parameter and of the viscosity, of the relative zeta potential together with the osmotic fragility, led us to appreciate the respective actions of three isolated plasma proteins  : albumin, immunoglobuin G, fibrinogen, on the ESR and on the rheological properties of the red cell.", "PMID": 93423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_659", "title": "Antigenic structure and relationship between serotypes 1 and 2 of Haemophilus paragallinarum.", "content": "Antigenic structure and relationship between serotypes 1 and 2 of Haemophilus paragallinarum were analyzed by the rapid plate agglutination and cross-absorption tests. Encapsulated strain forming iridescent colony type of both serotypes 1 and 2 had at least three antigens: heat-labile and trypsin-sensitive (L), heat-labile and trypsin-resistant (HL), and heat-stable and trypsin-resistant (HS). The L was a major antigen located in a surface and divided serologically into three parts: L1, L2, and L3. The L1 was specifici to serotype 1, the L2 was specific to serotype 2, and the L3 was a common antigen shared by serotypes 1 and 2. The HL and HS were common antigens between serotypes. By trypsinization or heating at 121 C, L antigen lost its agglutinability and agglutinin-producing ability. Nonencapsulated organisms forming noniridescent colony type lacked the L antigen. These results suggested that antigenic structure of H paragallinarum serotypes 1 was L1, L3, HL and HS, while serotype 2 was L2, L3, HL, and HS.", "contents": "Antigenic structure and relationship between serotypes 1 and 2 of Haemophilus paragallinarum. Antigenic structure and relationship between serotypes 1 and 2 of Haemophilus paragallinarum were analyzed by the rapid plate agglutination and cross-absorption tests. Encapsulated strain forming iridescent colony type of both serotypes 1 and 2 had at least three antigens: heat-labile and trypsin-sensitive (L), heat-labile and trypsin-resistant (HL), and heat-stable and trypsin-resistant (HS). The L was a major antigen located in a surface and divided serologically into three parts: L1, L2, and L3. The L1 was specifici to serotype 1, the L2 was specific to serotype 2, and the L3 was a common antigen shared by serotypes 1 and 2. The HL and HS were common antigens between serotypes. By trypsinization or heating at 121 C, L antigen lost its agglutinability and agglutinin-producing ability. Nonencapsulated organisms forming noniridescent colony type lacked the L antigen. These results suggested that antigenic structure of H paragallinarum serotypes 1 was L1, L3, HL and HS, while serotype 2 was L2, L3, HL, and HS.", "PMID": 93424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_660", "title": "Relationship of seminal volume to size and disease of the prostate in the beagle.", "content": "The seminal volume of young adult Beagles was correlated with the size of and disease in their prostates. The ejaculate volume of naturally collected semen increased in a linear manner with prostatic weight in dogs with normal or glandular hyperplastic prostates. This correlation was not observed in the dogs with cystic hyperplasia, in which there was a reduction in volume of 50% in the semen produced for each gram of prostate. There were no significant differences in other seminal characteristics regardless of prostatic size of disease.", "contents": "Relationship of seminal volume to size and disease of the prostate in the beagle. The seminal volume of young adult Beagles was correlated with the size of and disease in their prostates. The ejaculate volume of naturally collected semen increased in a linear manner with prostatic weight in dogs with normal or glandular hyperplastic prostates. This correlation was not observed in the dogs with cystic hyperplasia, in which there was a reduction in volume of 50% in the semen produced for each gram of prostate. There were no significant differences in other seminal characteristics regardless of prostatic size of disease.", "PMID": 93426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_661", "title": "Effect of azacytidine on Simian Virus 40 nucleoprotein complexes.", "content": "Simian virus 40 nucleoprotein complexes synthesized in the presence of 5-azacytidine showed small differences in sedimentation rate on neutral sucrose and buoyant density in metrizamide and cesium chloride. Simian virus 40 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) I, isolated from the nucleoprotein complexes of drug-treated cultures, was found to band at a higher buoyant density and therefore had a decreased ability to bind ethidium bromide. The data indicated that these molecules were deficient in superhelical turns. Treatment with 5-azacytidine was shown to inhibit protein synthesis, which preceded the inhibition of DNA synthesis. Under the same conditions, protein synthesis was inhibited to a greater degree and occurred much faster than inhibition of DNA syntheses. Upon removal of the drug, resumption of protein and DNA synthesis occurred slowly. It is concluded that the inhibition of simian virus 40 DNA synthesis and the conformational alterations in DNA I isolated from nucleoprotein complexes result from the inhibition of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of azacytidine on Simian Virus 40 nucleoprotein complexes. Simian virus 40 nucleoprotein complexes synthesized in the presence of 5-azacytidine showed small differences in sedimentation rate on neutral sucrose and buoyant density in metrizamide and cesium chloride. Simian virus 40 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) I, isolated from the nucleoprotein complexes of drug-treated cultures, was found to band at a higher buoyant density and therefore had a decreased ability to bind ethidium bromide. The data indicated that these molecules were deficient in superhelical turns. Treatment with 5-azacytidine was shown to inhibit protein synthesis, which preceded the inhibition of DNA synthesis. Under the same conditions, protein synthesis was inhibited to a greater degree and occurred much faster than inhibition of DNA syntheses. Upon removal of the drug, resumption of protein and DNA synthesis occurred slowly. It is concluded that the inhibition of simian virus 40 DNA synthesis and the conformational alterations in DNA I isolated from nucleoprotein complexes result from the inhibition of protein synthesis.", "PMID": 93427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_662", "title": "In vitro production of Rauscher murine leukemia virus: influence of culture age on biological properties.", "content": "Large-scale production and concentration procedures have been standardized to study the biological properties of Rauscher leukemia virus produced from the high-passaged JLS-V9-H mouse bone marrow cell line. Virus produced early (days 4 to 6) in the harvest and refeed cycle contained higher levels of ribonucleic acid-directed deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity and was more infectious than Rauscher leukemia virus produced later (days 7 to 10) in the growth period. The peak of virus production as detected by physical assays (virus particle count, protein, and p30 antigen) was highest at day 6, whereas the optimum biological and ribonucleic acid-directed deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity occurred 24 h earlier. When product characterization values of each concentrate were adjusted to a specific activity (i.e., per milligram of protein) basis, virus particle counts averaged 4 x 10(11) through days 5 to 9, and the peak infectivity occurred at day 4, whereas ribonucleic acid-directed deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity was highest at day 4 (endogenous) and 5 (exogenous). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis revealed only slight differences in the polypeptide pattern of Rauscher leukemia virus harvested from cultures of varying age, although Rauscher leukemia virus produced between days 3 and 5 contained more glycoprotein than either earlier or later harvests.", "contents": "In vitro production of Rauscher murine leukemia virus: influence of culture age on biological properties. Large-scale production and concentration procedures have been standardized to study the biological properties of Rauscher leukemia virus produced from the high-passaged JLS-V9-H mouse bone marrow cell line. Virus produced early (days 4 to 6) in the harvest and refeed cycle contained higher levels of ribonucleic acid-directed deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity and was more infectious than Rauscher leukemia virus produced later (days 7 to 10) in the growth period. The peak of virus production as detected by physical assays (virus particle count, protein, and p30 antigen) was highest at day 6, whereas the optimum biological and ribonucleic acid-directed deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity occurred 24 h earlier. When product characterization values of each concentrate were adjusted to a specific activity (i.e., per milligram of protein) basis, virus particle counts averaged 4 x 10(11) through days 5 to 9, and the peak infectivity occurred at day 4, whereas ribonucleic acid-directed deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity was highest at day 4 (endogenous) and 5 (exogenous). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis revealed only slight differences in the polypeptide pattern of Rauscher leukemia virus harvested from cultures of varying age, although Rauscher leukemia virus produced between days 3 and 5 contained more glycoprotein than either earlier or later harvests.", "PMID": 93428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_663", "title": "[The LE cell phenomenon. New aspects in molecular biology and immunocytology].", "content": "1. The effects of antinuclear antibodies on nuclear material can be observed directly in free leucocyte nuclei in the supravital preparation according to Engel. 2. The antinuclear antibodies prevent the lysis of free nuclei, they obstruct the normal degeneration of nuclei. 3. The nuclear blockade is recognizable in the dark-clodded, rigid nuclei which remain small. These blocked nuclei are the visible expression of a development of complexes between chromatin and antinuclear antibodies. 4. It is supposed that the protective effect of antinuclear antibodies consists of the obstruction of the DNases and histon-proteases bound to chromatin. 5. The effects of antinuclear antibodies is in agreement with the structure of the nucleosomes of chromatin. 6. The nuclear blockade caused a persistence of antigenic material, which can create an increase of antibody production. This means that in vivo the antinuclear blockade is an effect which sustains illness.", "contents": "[The LE cell phenomenon. New aspects in molecular biology and immunocytology]. 1. The effects of antinuclear antibodies on nuclear material can be observed directly in free leucocyte nuclei in the supravital preparation according to Engel. 2. The antinuclear antibodies prevent the lysis of free nuclei, they obstruct the normal degeneration of nuclei. 3. The nuclear blockade is recognizable in the dark-clodded, rigid nuclei which remain small. These blocked nuclei are the visible expression of a development of complexes between chromatin and antinuclear antibodies. 4. It is supposed that the protective effect of antinuclear antibodies consists of the obstruction of the DNases and histon-proteases bound to chromatin. 5. The effects of antinuclear antibodies is in agreement with the structure of the nucleosomes of chromatin. 6. The nuclear blockade caused a persistence of antigenic material, which can create an increase of antibody production. This means that in vivo the antinuclear blockade is an effect which sustains illness.", "PMID": 93429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_664", "title": "[Histamine levels in interstitial fluid of lesional and perilesional skin in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria (author's transl)].", "content": "In 8 patients with idiopathic chronic urticaria suction blisters were produced simultaneously on lesional and perilesional skin in the periumbilical area without application of heat. The suction pressure was 250 mm Hg, and thus the blister production lasted from 60--120 min. The blister fluid histamine was determined with a modified autoanalyzer technique developed by Siraganian. In this method the extractionof histamine, the condensation of o-phthaldial-dehyde with histamine and the measurement of the fluorochrome is automated. With the described method it is possible to measure values less than 0.5 ng/ml. Histamine levels in perilesional skin were nearly in the same range as in the periumbilical skin of 10 normal persons. The range of the normal tissue fluid histamine levels was 0--15 ng/ml and they did not differ significantly from the plasma levels. In all 8 patients with chronic urticaria the histamine values were higher in lesional than in perilesional skin. In 1 patient the lesional blister fluid histamine value reached 35.5 ng/ml. Four of the patients showed only low differences (less than 3 ng/ml).", "contents": "[Histamine levels in interstitial fluid of lesional and perilesional skin in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria (author's transl)]. In 8 patients with idiopathic chronic urticaria suction blisters were produced simultaneously on lesional and perilesional skin in the periumbilical area without application of heat. The suction pressure was 250 mm Hg, and thus the blister production lasted from 60--120 min. The blister fluid histamine was determined with a modified autoanalyzer technique developed by Siraganian. In this method the extractionof histamine, the condensation of o-phthaldial-dehyde with histamine and the measurement of the fluorochrome is automated. With the described method it is possible to measure values less than 0.5 ng/ml. Histamine levels in perilesional skin were nearly in the same range as in the periumbilical skin of 10 normal persons. The range of the normal tissue fluid histamine levels was 0--15 ng/ml and they did not differ significantly from the plasma levels. In all 8 patients with chronic urticaria the histamine values were higher in lesional than in perilesional skin. In 1 patient the lesional blister fluid histamine value reached 35.5 ng/ml. Four of the patients showed only low differences (less than 3 ng/ml).", "PMID": 93430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_665", "title": "[Effect of pH on the motility of isolated jejunal loops in dogs].", "content": "Thirty-Vella jejunal loops are perfused at a constant rate with solutions of variable pH (1.55-11.25). Net loop absorption and motility of the oral segment do not significantly vary between pH values of 2.2 to 10.0. At a more acid pH, there exists a strong increase in the amplitude of pressure waves accompanied by a decrease in their frequence.", "contents": "[Effect of pH on the motility of isolated jejunal loops in dogs]. Thirty-Vella jejunal loops are perfused at a constant rate with solutions of variable pH (1.55-11.25). Net loop absorption and motility of the oral segment do not significantly vary between pH values of 2.2 to 10.0. At a more acid pH, there exists a strong increase in the amplitude of pressure waves accompanied by a decrease in their frequence.", "PMID": 93433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_666", "title": "Energy-dependent accumulation of Ca2+ by human embryonic lung fibroblasts.", "content": "Human embryonic fibroblasts accumulate Ca2+ in the presence of extracellular ATP and Mg2+, the uptake being maximal at 3 mM ATP. Iodoacetic acid, oligomycin and temperatures of 2 degrees C all inhibit the ATP-potentiated uptake suggesting that an active process may be involved in the transport of Ca2+ into these cells under certain conditions.", "contents": "Energy-dependent accumulation of Ca2+ by human embryonic lung fibroblasts. Human embryonic fibroblasts accumulate Ca2+ in the presence of extracellular ATP and Mg2+, the uptake being maximal at 3 mM ATP. Iodoacetic acid, oligomycin and temperatures of 2 degrees C all inhibit the ATP-potentiated uptake suggesting that an active process may be involved in the transport of Ca2+ into these cells under certain conditions.", "PMID": 93434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_667", "title": "Inhibition of energy-dependent Ca2+ accumulation in fibroblasts by smooth muscle antibodies.", "content": "An antibody prepared against smooth muscle myosin interferes with active Ca2+ accumulation of fibroblasts. This provides further evidence for the existence of myosin at the cell surface.", "contents": "Inhibition of energy-dependent Ca2+ accumulation in fibroblasts by smooth muscle antibodies. An antibody prepared against smooth muscle myosin interferes with active Ca2+ accumulation of fibroblasts. This provides further evidence for the existence of myosin at the cell surface.", "PMID": 93435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_668", "title": "Variations of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP contents of the liver and of brown and white adipose tissues of the rat during the first week of cold exposure.", "content": "The variation in the amounts of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP were studied in white and brown adipose tissues and in the liver of rats during the first week of cold exposure (5 degrees C). In white fat, only a small increase in cAMP was observed on the first day. In brown fat, parallel decreases in cAMP and cGMP contents were induced which might be related to a large mobilization of tissue fatty acids. In the liver, cold exposure barely affected the cAMP content but the level of cGMP was markedly increased. These results are discussed with regard to the respective role of these different tissues in cold-induced energetic substrate mobilization.", "contents": "Variations of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP contents of the liver and of brown and white adipose tissues of the rat during the first week of cold exposure. The variation in the amounts of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP were studied in white and brown adipose tissues and in the liver of rats during the first week of cold exposure (5 degrees C). In white fat, only a small increase in cAMP was observed on the first day. In brown fat, parallel decreases in cAMP and cGMP contents were induced which might be related to a large mobilization of tissue fatty acids. In the liver, cold exposure barely affected the cAMP content but the level of cGMP was markedly increased. These results are discussed with regard to the respective role of these different tissues in cold-induced energetic substrate mobilization.", "PMID": 93436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_669", "title": "[Lipovitellins in Palaemon adspersus (Rathke, 1837)].", "content": "The study of the ovarian cycle of Palaemon adspersus shows the occurrence of two lipo-glycoproteins accumulated into the ovocytes during vitellogenesis. The molecular weight of the main protein constituent in vitellus is evaluated to about 350 000 daltons. This protein is formed by two subunits having a similar molecular weight. The incorporation in vitro of [14C] leucine shows the participation of the ovary to lipovitellin synthesis.", "contents": "[Lipovitellins in Palaemon adspersus (Rathke, 1837)]. The study of the ovarian cycle of Palaemon adspersus shows the occurrence of two lipo-glycoproteins accumulated into the ovocytes during vitellogenesis. The molecular weight of the main protein constituent in vitellus is evaluated to about 350 000 daltons. This protein is formed by two subunits having a similar molecular weight. The incorporation in vitro of [14C] leucine shows the participation of the ovary to lipovitellin synthesis.", "PMID": 93437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_670", "title": "Changes in the fatty acid composition of Drosophila melanogaster during development and ageing.", "content": "In Drosophila melanogaster the saturated fatty acids increase in amount early in pupal development relative to the concentrations in late third instar larvae, then decline to the levels characteristic of one-day-old adults. Conversely, the monounsaturated fatty acids decline in content early in pupal development, then increase late in the pupal period. Lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (14:0) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) become more prominent and oleic acid (18:1) and palmitic acid (16:0) less prominent as the adult ages. At about 40 days of adult age myristic acid (14:0) begins to decrease and oleic acid (18:1) to increase. Within 20 days of eclosion males and females contain different amounts of myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1).", "contents": "Changes in the fatty acid composition of Drosophila melanogaster during development and ageing. In Drosophila melanogaster the saturated fatty acids increase in amount early in pupal development relative to the concentrations in late third instar larvae, then decline to the levels characteristic of one-day-old adults. Conversely, the monounsaturated fatty acids decline in content early in pupal development, then increase late in the pupal period. Lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (14:0) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) become more prominent and oleic acid (18:1) and palmitic acid (16:0) less prominent as the adult ages. At about 40 days of adult age myristic acid (14:0) begins to decrease and oleic acid (18:1) to increase. Within 20 days of eclosion males and females contain different amounts of myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1).", "PMID": 93438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_671", "title": "The interaction of lanthanides with isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "The interaction of lanthanides with isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles from rabbit skeletal muscle and the effects of lanthanides on 45Ca2+ uptake by the vesicles were studied. 153Gd3+ was taken up by the vesicles in the absence of ATP and oxalate in a time-dependent manner, reaching a maximum total accumulation of 380 nmol 153Gd3+/mg protein after 20 min with 200 microM 153Gd3+. This 153Gd3+ accumulation was not washed out by 1 mM EGTA. The addition of ATP induced the release of 87% of the bound 153Gd3+, leaving behind irreversibly-accumulated 153Gd3+. Pre-incubation of the vesicles with lanthanides in the absence of ATP and oxalate inhibited 45Ca2+ uptake without affecting Ca2+-ATPase activity. The percent inhibition of 45Ca2+ uptake increased with length of pre-incubation of the vesicles with lanthanides, reaching 33% after 20 min of pre-incubation. Increasing the 45Ca2+ concentration or adding ATP or oxalate to the preincubation medium abolished these inhibitory effects on 45Ca2+ uptake.", "contents": "The interaction of lanthanides with isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from rabbit skeletal muscle. The interaction of lanthanides with isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles from rabbit skeletal muscle and the effects of lanthanides on 45Ca2+ uptake by the vesicles were studied. 153Gd3+ was taken up by the vesicles in the absence of ATP and oxalate in a time-dependent manner, reaching a maximum total accumulation of 380 nmol 153Gd3+/mg protein after 20 min with 200 microM 153Gd3+. This 153Gd3+ accumulation was not washed out by 1 mM EGTA. The addition of ATP induced the release of 87% of the bound 153Gd3+, leaving behind irreversibly-accumulated 153Gd3+. Pre-incubation of the vesicles with lanthanides in the absence of ATP and oxalate inhibited 45Ca2+ uptake without affecting Ca2+-ATPase activity. The percent inhibition of 45Ca2+ uptake increased with length of pre-incubation of the vesicles with lanthanides, reaching 33% after 20 min of pre-incubation. Increasing the 45Ca2+ concentration or adding ATP or oxalate to the preincubation medium abolished these inhibitory effects on 45Ca2+ uptake.", "PMID": 93439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_672", "title": "Inactivation of the slow potassium outward current in crab muscle fibre.", "content": "The slow outward current (IK2) recorded in crab muscle fibre using the double sucrose gap method decreases when high and maintained depolarizations are applied. This decrease corresponds to a true inactivation of the potassium conductance rather than to a shift in the reversal potential of the charge carrying ion following local accumulation.", "contents": "Inactivation of the slow potassium outward current in crab muscle fibre. The slow outward current (IK2) recorded in crab muscle fibre using the double sucrose gap method decreases when high and maintained depolarizations are applied. This decrease corresponds to a true inactivation of the potassium conductance rather than to a shift in the reversal potential of the charge carrying ion following local accumulation.", "PMID": 93440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_673", "title": "[Changes in blood levels of noradrenaline in man following short and long term exogenous infusion].", "content": "Norepinephrine (NE) was infused in four normal men in doses of 1.5, 6.0 and 9.0 microgram/min for 60 min. The rise in plasma NE was observed only after 5 min and steady state plasma NE and infusion rates. The calculated turnover time averaged 35 sec for 1.5 microgram/min infusion and 20 sec for both 6.0 and 9.0 microgram/min infusion experiments. These differences may be explained by adjustments occurring in inactivation processes in relation to infused doses. A basal endogenous overflow rate of 15 ng kg-1 min-1 was calculated for NE. In the month following NE infusion plasma concentrations decreased exponentially but remained above preinfusion values during about 10 days. The above results confirm the important role of inactivation mechanisms to remove NE from plasma and show that the amine taken up by sympathetic neurons may be released over a long period following the end of infusion.", "contents": "[Changes in blood levels of noradrenaline in man following short and long term exogenous infusion]. Norepinephrine (NE) was infused in four normal men in doses of 1.5, 6.0 and 9.0 microgram/min for 60 min. The rise in plasma NE was observed only after 5 min and steady state plasma NE and infusion rates. The calculated turnover time averaged 35 sec for 1.5 microgram/min infusion and 20 sec for both 6.0 and 9.0 microgram/min infusion experiments. These differences may be explained by adjustments occurring in inactivation processes in relation to infused doses. A basal endogenous overflow rate of 15 ng kg-1 min-1 was calculated for NE. In the month following NE infusion plasma concentrations decreased exponentially but remained above preinfusion values during about 10 days. The above results confirm the important role of inactivation mechanisms to remove NE from plasma and show that the amine taken up by sympathetic neurons may be released over a long period following the end of infusion.", "PMID": 93441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_674", "title": "Dipyridamole affects myocardial adenosine kinase activity.", "content": "Adenosine kinase (EN 2.7.1.20) from rat and dog heart was purified until it was devoid of adenosine deaminase activity. A stimulation of adenosine kinase activity by dipyridamole was observed when the enzyme was assayed under optimal conditions. At low substrate concentrations adenosine kinase was inhibited by the drug. It increased the Km for adenosine sevenfold. The effects of dipyridamole were Mg2+-dependent. The adenosine-sparing action of dipyridamole at low substrate concentrations is in keeping with the vasodilatory action of the drug.", "contents": "Dipyridamole affects myocardial adenosine kinase activity. Adenosine kinase (EN 2.7.1.20) from rat and dog heart was purified until it was devoid of adenosine deaminase activity. A stimulation of adenosine kinase activity by dipyridamole was observed when the enzyme was assayed under optimal conditions. At low substrate concentrations adenosine kinase was inhibited by the drug. It increased the Km for adenosine sevenfold. The effects of dipyridamole were Mg2+-dependent. The adenosine-sparing action of dipyridamole at low substrate concentrations is in keeping with the vasodilatory action of the drug.", "PMID": 93442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_675", "title": "[Effect of noradrenaline on its own internal liberation from cortex synaptosomes in the rat].", "content": "Norepinephrine (NE) uptake velocity in rat cerebral cortex synaptosomes does not depend on internal NE contents: continuous exchange occurs. NE enhances spontaneous release and inhibits release elicited by KCl. Phenylephrine an a agonist, produces the same effect. Phentolamine, an a antagonist, did not modified the spontaneous release but enhanced release elicited by KCl 25 mM.", "contents": "[Effect of noradrenaline on its own internal liberation from cortex synaptosomes in the rat]. Norepinephrine (NE) uptake velocity in rat cerebral cortex synaptosomes does not depend on internal NE contents: continuous exchange occurs. NE enhances spontaneous release and inhibits release elicited by KCl. Phenylephrine an a agonist, produces the same effect. Phentolamine, an a antagonist, did not modified the spontaneous release but enhanced release elicited by KCl 25 mM.", "PMID": 93443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_676", "title": "Cortisol-binding components of cytosol receptor in normal and adrenalectomized rat liver.", "content": "[3H] cortisol was found to be bound to two distinct components of receptor protein in hepatic cytosol of both normal and adrenalectomized adult male rats. In liver cytosol of normal rats, 78% of total bound [3H] cortisol to receptor was associated with the first receptor component, and about 20% to the second one. However, the first component of cytosol receptor in adrenalectomized rats was found to bind 95% of total [3H] cortisol bound to both receptor components, while only 4.5% of the bound hormone was found associated with the second receptor component. These alterations in binding capacity are discussed in relation to possible regulation of nuclear RNA synthesis by cortisol-receptor complexes.", "contents": "Cortisol-binding components of cytosol receptor in normal and adrenalectomized rat liver. [3H] cortisol was found to be bound to two distinct components of receptor protein in hepatic cytosol of both normal and adrenalectomized adult male rats. In liver cytosol of normal rats, 78% of total bound [3H] cortisol to receptor was associated with the first receptor component, and about 20% to the second one. However, the first component of cytosol receptor in adrenalectomized rats was found to bind 95% of total [3H] cortisol bound to both receptor components, while only 4.5% of the bound hormone was found associated with the second receptor component. These alterations in binding capacity are discussed in relation to possible regulation of nuclear RNA synthesis by cortisol-receptor complexes.", "PMID": 93444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_677", "title": "Hormonal regulation of osmotic and ionic balance in the haemolymph of the larvae of dragonfly, Aeschna cyanea (M\u00fcller) (Odonata : Aeschnidae).", "content": "The present studies provide an evidence of an active involvement of the neurosecretory A cells of the thoracic ganglia in both, the internal hypo- and hyperosmotic regulation in the larvae of Aeschna cyanea.", "contents": "Hormonal regulation of osmotic and ionic balance in the haemolymph of the larvae of dragonfly, Aeschna cyanea (M\u00fcller) (Odonata : Aeschnidae). The present studies provide an evidence of an active involvement of the neurosecretory A cells of the thoracic ganglia in both, the internal hypo- and hyperosmotic regulation in the larvae of Aeschna cyanea.", "PMID": 93445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_678", "title": "[Effect of the modality of exercise on the VO2 max].", "content": "1. Maximum oxygen consumption has been measured by means of three different exercises: cycle ergometry, treadmill running and uphill walking with a 20 kg-load. 2. Loaded walking allowed to reach a VO2 max level in average 2% greater than running and 13% greater than bicycling. 3. This finding suggest that VO2 max may depend on peripheral factors.", "contents": "[Effect of the modality of exercise on the VO2 max]. 1. Maximum oxygen consumption has been measured by means of three different exercises: cycle ergometry, treadmill running and uphill walking with a 20 kg-load. 2. Loaded walking allowed to reach a VO2 max level in average 2% greater than running and 13% greater than bicycling. 3. This finding suggest that VO2 max may depend on peripheral factors.", "PMID": 93446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_679", "title": "[Intravenous perfusion of adrenaline and adaptation to muscular exercise in man].", "content": "Eleven normal subjects underwent epinephrine perfusions (1.9; 6.1; 11.8 ng/min) during a short (20 min) and mild (50% VO2 max) exercise. VO2 was not modified by epinephrine perfusion, while heart rate ventrilation and plasmatic lactate were increased proportionally to epinephrine doses.", "contents": "[Intravenous perfusion of adrenaline and adaptation to muscular exercise in man]. Eleven normal subjects underwent epinephrine perfusions (1.9; 6.1; 11.8 ng/min) during a short (20 min) and mild (50% VO2 max) exercise. VO2 was not modified by epinephrine perfusion, while heart rate ventrilation and plasmatic lactate were increased proportionally to epinephrine doses.", "PMID": 93447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_680", "title": "Column chromatography of plant polyphenols on weak anion exchangers.", "content": "Mixtures of phenols and cinnamic acid derived plant polyphenols are separated on several WAX cellulose materials and on DEAE Sephadex. Reference mixtures are also split up into the following distinct groups: phenolic carboxylic acids--neutral o-dihydroxy phenolics--neutral non o-dihydroxy phenolics. Quantitative recoveries are obtained, while no isomerizations occur with the pH labile plant phenolics. It is suggested that these materials can be used for preparative scale purification of plant phenolics, or for cleaning up plant extracts prior to HPLC examination.", "contents": "Column chromatography of plant polyphenols on weak anion exchangers. Mixtures of phenols and cinnamic acid derived plant polyphenols are separated on several WAX cellulose materials and on DEAE Sephadex. Reference mixtures are also split up into the following distinct groups: phenolic carboxylic acids--neutral o-dihydroxy phenolics--neutral non o-dihydroxy phenolics. Quantitative recoveries are obtained, while no isomerizations occur with the pH labile plant phenolics. It is suggested that these materials can be used for preparative scale purification of plant phenolics, or for cleaning up plant extracts prior to HPLC examination.", "PMID": 93448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_681", "title": "Species differences in the chronotropic response to acid-base alterations.", "content": "The chronotropic response to acid-base alterations was studied in isolated spontaneously beating atria of rat, cat and rabbit. In the three species, atrial rate was found to be dependent on extracellular pH. Both \"respiratory\" and \"metabolic\" alterations affected chronotropism to the same extent. Decreasing pH from 7.8 led to a decrease in rate in the three species, although the rabbit kept atrial rate constant when pH changed between 7.65 and 7.18. There was a curvilinear relationship between rate and pH so that decreasing pH from 7.8 to 7.4 had a lesser chronotropic effect than decreasing pH below 7.4. However, when atrial rate was plotted against hydrogen ion concentration, an almost linear relationship was obtained. Species differences were observed when assessing the absolute decrease of atrial rate for a given change in pH. The rat was the most responsive of the species tested, while the rabbit possessed the least ability to change its rate in response to modifications in pH.", "contents": "Species differences in the chronotropic response to acid-base alterations. The chronotropic response to acid-base alterations was studied in isolated spontaneously beating atria of rat, cat and rabbit. In the three species, atrial rate was found to be dependent on extracellular pH. Both \"respiratory\" and \"metabolic\" alterations affected chronotropism to the same extent. Decreasing pH from 7.8 led to a decrease in rate in the three species, although the rabbit kept atrial rate constant when pH changed between 7.65 and 7.18. There was a curvilinear relationship between rate and pH so that decreasing pH from 7.8 to 7.4 had a lesser chronotropic effect than decreasing pH below 7.4. However, when atrial rate was plotted against hydrogen ion concentration, an almost linear relationship was obtained. Species differences were observed when assessing the absolute decrease of atrial rate for a given change in pH. The rat was the most responsive of the species tested, while the rabbit possessed the least ability to change its rate in response to modifications in pH.", "PMID": 93449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_682", "title": "[Effect of natural amino acids on ethanol oxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes].", "content": "The effects of the various naturally occurring amino acids on ethanol oxidation in hepatocytes from starved rats was systematically studied. In order to minimize the non ADH pathways, the ethanol concentration used was 4 mmol/litre, the amino acids being added at the same concentration. In hepatocytes from fasted rats, alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, citrulline, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, ornithine and serine increase significantly ethanol consumption. The stimulatory effect of glutamine being much less pronounced than the asparagine one and proline being devoid of action, the influence of ammonium chloride addition on ethanol consumption in the presence of these amino acids was studied. Ammonium chloride determines an enhancement of ethanol oxidation in these conditions, the results showing no apparent correlation between intracellular glutamate concentration and ethanol oxidation rate, contrarily to previous data. In hepatocytes from fed rats, only alanine, asparagine, cysteine, glycine, hydroxyproline, ornithine and serine increase ethanol oxidation, although to a lesser extent than in cells from starved rats.", "contents": "[Effect of natural amino acids on ethanol oxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes]. The effects of the various naturally occurring amino acids on ethanol oxidation in hepatocytes from starved rats was systematically studied. In order to minimize the non ADH pathways, the ethanol concentration used was 4 mmol/litre, the amino acids being added at the same concentration. In hepatocytes from fasted rats, alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, citrulline, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, ornithine and serine increase significantly ethanol consumption. The stimulatory effect of glutamine being much less pronounced than the asparagine one and proline being devoid of action, the influence of ammonium chloride addition on ethanol consumption in the presence of these amino acids was studied. Ammonium chloride determines an enhancement of ethanol oxidation in these conditions, the results showing no apparent correlation between intracellular glutamate concentration and ethanol oxidation rate, contrarily to previous data. In hepatocytes from fed rats, only alanine, asparagine, cysteine, glycine, hydroxyproline, ornithine and serine increase ethanol oxidation, although to a lesser extent than in cells from starved rats.", "PMID": 93450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_683", "title": "[Echovirus encephalitis during Bruton disease. Favorable development. Therapeutic problems].", "content": "A 16 year old boy with Bruton type agammaglobulinaemia developed acute encephalitis. Echo virus type 3 was isolated on two occasions from the same sample of CSF. Clinical improvement occured after treatment with gammaglobulin with high anti-Echo virus titers given intramuscularly and intrathecally. However the C.S.F. protein is still raised so that it is not certain he has been completely cured.", "contents": "[Echovirus encephalitis during Bruton disease. Favorable development. Therapeutic problems]. A 16 year old boy with Bruton type agammaglobulinaemia developed acute encephalitis. Echo virus type 3 was isolated on two occasions from the same sample of CSF. Clinical improvement occured after treatment with gammaglobulin with high anti-Echo virus titers given intramuscularly and intrathecally. However the C.S.F. protein is still raised so that it is not certain he has been completely cured.", "PMID": 93470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_684", "title": "[Unusual pseudosarcoid granulomatosis of a prostatic adenoma].", "content": "In the reported observation, numerous granulomas of the sarcoid type in the absence of sarcoidosis were found under the capsule of the removed prostate adenoma in a man of 57 who was practically normal for 8 1/2 years after the operation. Some of these granulomas were formed around adenoma glands. Also, large periglandular lymphoidcell infiltrates were found, sometimes with foci of cells similar to epithelioid ones. It is assumed that these infiltrates may precede granuloma formation. In the same sections there were rounded foci of sclerotic changes which apparently may be due to scarring of granulomas. An infectious-allergic genesis of the disease is suggested.", "contents": "[Unusual pseudosarcoid granulomatosis of a prostatic adenoma]. In the reported observation, numerous granulomas of the sarcoid type in the absence of sarcoidosis were found under the capsule of the removed prostate adenoma in a man of 57 who was practically normal for 8 1/2 years after the operation. Some of these granulomas were formed around adenoma glands. Also, large periglandular lymphoidcell infiltrates were found, sometimes with foci of cells similar to epithelioid ones. It is assumed that these infiltrates may precede granuloma formation. In the same sections there were rounded foci of sclerotic changes which apparently may be due to scarring of granulomas. An infectious-allergic genesis of the disease is suggested.", "PMID": 93472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_685", "title": "[Nature and origin of hepatocellular hyaline, Mallory bodies].", "content": "The current concepts on the nature and origin of alcohol hyaline are analysed. The latter is a sign of acute alcoholic hepatitis and reflects the severity of destructive and inflammatory processes in the organ; it is based on the protein-polysaccharide-phospholipid complex which has three ultrastructural varieties. The pathogenesis of alcohol hyaline is complex. In addition to the metabolic and toxic effect of ethanol, it includes the following stages: (1) inhibition of dissemination of intermediate filaments synthesized by rough reticulum; (2) accumulation of filaments in cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and formation of fibrillar hyaline; (3) transformation of the fibrillar hyaline into granular one; (4) hepatocyte necrosis. Alcoholic hyaline as an autoantigen induces antibody production followed by the involvement of the immunopathological mechanisms.", "contents": "[Nature and origin of hepatocellular hyaline, Mallory bodies]. The current concepts on the nature and origin of alcohol hyaline are analysed. The latter is a sign of acute alcoholic hepatitis and reflects the severity of destructive and inflammatory processes in the organ; it is based on the protein-polysaccharide-phospholipid complex which has three ultrastructural varieties. The pathogenesis of alcohol hyaline is complex. In addition to the metabolic and toxic effect of ethanol, it includes the following stages: (1) inhibition of dissemination of intermediate filaments synthesized by rough reticulum; (2) accumulation of filaments in cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and formation of fibrillar hyaline; (3) transformation of the fibrillar hyaline into granular one; (4) hepatocyte necrosis. Alcoholic hyaline as an autoantigen induces antibody production followed by the involvement of the immunopathological mechanisms.", "PMID": 93473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_686", "title": "Myelin basic proteins in myelin subfractions from normal and quaking mice.", "content": "The relative proportions of four myelin basic proteins (preL, L, preS,S) were determined in myelin subfractions prepared from the forebrains of quaking and littermate control mice. The distribution pattern of each protein was similar in both mutant and control fractions. The S component was the only basic protein present in low amounts in myelin from the mutant.", "contents": "Myelin basic proteins in myelin subfractions from normal and quaking mice. The relative proportions of four myelin basic proteins (preL, L, preS,S) were determined in myelin subfractions prepared from the forebrains of quaking and littermate control mice. The distribution pattern of each protein was similar in both mutant and control fractions. The S component was the only basic protein present in low amounts in myelin from the mutant.", "PMID": 93476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_687", "title": "Partial purification of tumour-specific transplantation antigens from methylcholanthrene-induced murine sarcomas by immobilized lectins.", "content": "Plasma membranes isolated from two immunogenic, non-cross-protecting, MC sarcomas were shown to retain the specific rejection antigens of whole cells as well as serologically detected H-2 antigens. Solubilization of the membranes with sodium deoxycholate gave quantitative release of H-2 and retained the rejection specificity of the tumour from which it was derived. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (PAGE) showed no extensive degradation of membrane components during solubilization. The solubilized TSTAs were further characterized and purified on columns of 4 different lectins immobilized on sepharose beads. TSTA from both tumours bound to WGA but not to Con A, LCH or RCA columns. Specific activity was retained after elution from the WGA column. Serologically detectable H-2 bound to the Con A and LCH columns only. Clear separation of H-2 from TSTA activity was thus obtained. Furthermore the WGA-binding material represents a source for further purification of TSTA molecules in order to explore the basis for their diversity.", "contents": "Partial purification of tumour-specific transplantation antigens from methylcholanthrene-induced murine sarcomas by immobilized lectins. Plasma membranes isolated from two immunogenic, non-cross-protecting, MC sarcomas were shown to retain the specific rejection antigens of whole cells as well as serologically detected H-2 antigens. Solubilization of the membranes with sodium deoxycholate gave quantitative release of H-2 and retained the rejection specificity of the tumour from which it was derived. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (PAGE) showed no extensive degradation of membrane components during solubilization. The solubilized TSTAs were further characterized and purified on columns of 4 different lectins immobilized on sepharose beads. TSTA from both tumours bound to WGA but not to Con A, LCH or RCA columns. Specific activity was retained after elution from the WGA column. Serologically detectable H-2 bound to the Con A and LCH columns only. Clear separation of H-2 from TSTA activity was thus obtained. Furthermore the WGA-binding material represents a source for further purification of TSTA molecules in order to explore the basis for their diversity.", "PMID": 93484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_688", "title": "Occurrence of G gamma Hb F in Greek HPFH: analysis of heterozygotes and compound heterozygotes with beta thalassaemia.", "content": "Haemoglobin F has been isolated from the red cells of individuals with the Greek form of hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH), and the glycine/alanine composition of the gamma CB3 peptides determined. In contrast to previous reports we have shown that the Hb F of the Greek HPFH heterozygotes contains significant amounts of G gamma chains and circumstantial evidence indicates that these are the products of the same chromosome that carries the Greek HPFH determinant. Hence this chromosome must be directing the synthesis of G gamma, A gamma and (probably) beta and delta chains, thus implying that the Greek form of HPFH does not result from a deletion involving the globin chain structural genes. Analysis of the levels and structure of Hb F from the Greek HPFH heterozygotes and from separated cell populations from the Greek HPFH/beta thalassaemia compound heterozygotes indicate that the Greek HPFH determinant, while allowing an overall increase in gamma chain synthesis, is not the sole factor determining the absolute amount of Hb F production on a cellular basis.", "contents": "Occurrence of G gamma Hb F in Greek HPFH: analysis of heterozygotes and compound heterozygotes with beta thalassaemia. Haemoglobin F has been isolated from the red cells of individuals with the Greek form of hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH), and the glycine/alanine composition of the gamma CB3 peptides determined. In contrast to previous reports we have shown that the Hb F of the Greek HPFH heterozygotes contains significant amounts of G gamma chains and circumstantial evidence indicates that these are the products of the same chromosome that carries the Greek HPFH determinant. Hence this chromosome must be directing the synthesis of G gamma, A gamma and (probably) beta and delta chains, thus implying that the Greek form of HPFH does not result from a deletion involving the globin chain structural genes. Analysis of the levels and structure of Hb F from the Greek HPFH heterozygotes and from separated cell populations from the Greek HPFH/beta thalassaemia compound heterozygotes indicate that the Greek HPFH determinant, while allowing an overall increase in gamma chain synthesis, is not the sole factor determining the absolute amount of Hb F production on a cellular basis.", "PMID": 93488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_689", "title": "A comparison of the homozygous states for G gamma and G gamma A gamma delta beta thalassaemia.", "content": "One Arabic and two Indian patients with thalassaemia intermedia produce only Hb F for the G gamma type. Haemoglobin synthesis studies and genetic analysis indicate that they are homozygous for G gamma delta beta thalassaemia. The findings in these patients and their heterozygous relatives are compared with those in an individual homozygous for G gamma A gamma delta beta thalassaemia. From this analysis, and from previously reported data on G gamma A gamma delta beta thalassaemia, the phenotypic expression of the two varieties of delta beta thalassaemia is defined. The relationship between the clinical expression and molecular pathology of these forms of delta beta thalassaemia is discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of the homozygous states for G gamma and G gamma A gamma delta beta thalassaemia. One Arabic and two Indian patients with thalassaemia intermedia produce only Hb F for the G gamma type. Haemoglobin synthesis studies and genetic analysis indicate that they are homozygous for G gamma delta beta thalassaemia. The findings in these patients and their heterozygous relatives are compared with those in an individual homozygous for G gamma A gamma delta beta thalassaemia. From this analysis, and from previously reported data on G gamma A gamma delta beta thalassaemia, the phenotypic expression of the two varieties of delta beta thalassaemia is defined. The relationship between the clinical expression and molecular pathology of these forms of delta beta thalassaemia is discussed.", "PMID": 93489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_690", "title": "Granulocyte-specific alloantigen loss in chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "The granulocytes of 23 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia were examined in the indirect immunofluorescence test and some also in the microleucoagglutination test, with specific alloantisera against the NA1, NA2, NB1 and ND1 antigens and a specific granulocyte xenoantiserum. In 10 cases a complete loss of alloantigens was detected. In one patient a partial loss was found. A significant correlation was established between this loss and an accelerated activity (impending blast crisis) of the disease.", "contents": "Granulocyte-specific alloantigen loss in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. The granulocytes of 23 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia were examined in the indirect immunofluorescence test and some also in the microleucoagglutination test, with specific alloantisera against the NA1, NA2, NB1 and ND1 antigens and a specific granulocyte xenoantiserum. In 10 cases a complete loss of alloantigens was detected. In one patient a partial loss was found. A significant correlation was established between this loss and an accelerated activity (impending blast crisis) of the disease.", "PMID": 93490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_691", "title": "Sickle cell trait and diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "The presence of sickle cell trait and the prevalence and severity of retinopathy were assessed in 124 Negro diabetics. Sickle cell trait had no adverse effect on diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "Sickle cell trait and diabetic retinopathy. The presence of sickle cell trait and the prevalence and severity of retinopathy were assessed in 124 Negro diabetics. Sickle cell trait had no adverse effect on diabetic retinopathy.", "PMID": 93492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_692", "title": "Function of individual E. coli 30 S ribosomal proteins as determined by in situ immunospecific neutralization: a tentative classification.", "content": "The accessibility of each 30S subunit protein to their cognate antibodies (IgG or Fabs) having been previously well established, the effect of their in situ specific neutralization by monovalent IgG fragments (FabI) are reported for five reactions: 1) T4 and R17 RNA directed protein synthesis: 2) polyphenylalanine synthesis: 3) enzymatic Phe-tRNA binding in the presence of 30S + 50W subunits: 4) fMet-tRNAf binding to the 30S subunit in the presence of initiation factors IF1, IF2, IF3; 5) coupling with lambda plac DNA transcription of the initial translation step (i.e., interaction of IF3 activated 30S subunits with nascent mRNA, in the absence of tRNA). According to evident similarities in their inhibition pattern concerning the five reactions tested, 30S subunit proteins can be classified in five categories which are discussed in terms of functional topography.", "contents": "Function of individual E. coli 30 S ribosomal proteins as determined by in situ immunospecific neutralization: a tentative classification. The accessibility of each 30S subunit protein to their cognate antibodies (IgG or Fabs) having been previously well established, the effect of their in situ specific neutralization by monovalent IgG fragments (FabI) are reported for five reactions: 1) T4 and R17 RNA directed protein synthesis: 2) polyphenylalanine synthesis: 3) enzymatic Phe-tRNA binding in the presence of 30S + 50W subunits: 4) fMet-tRNAf binding to the 30S subunit in the presence of initiation factors IF1, IF2, IF3; 5) coupling with lambda plac DNA transcription of the initial translation step (i.e., interaction of IF3 activated 30S subunits with nascent mRNA, in the absence of tRNA). According to evident similarities in their inhibition pattern concerning the five reactions tested, 30S subunit proteins can be classified in five categories which are discussed in terms of functional topography.", "PMID": 93493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_693", "title": "Localization of a gene: the nucleolar organizer.", "content": "Nucleolus differentiates around the nucleolus organizer regions of the chromosomes or NORs. In the interphasic nucleoli the fibrillar centers are now considered as the NORs. The purpose of this editorial is to review the experimental data which allowed such identification. Our current concepts regarding this point result from three lines of evidence: 1) specific localization during nucleologenesis, 2) in situ hybridization with labeled ribosomal RNA or DNA, and 3) specific staining with silver.", "contents": "Localization of a gene: the nucleolar organizer. Nucleolus differentiates around the nucleolus organizer regions of the chromosomes or NORs. In the interphasic nucleoli the fibrillar centers are now considered as the NORs. The purpose of this editorial is to review the experimental data which allowed such identification. Our current concepts regarding this point result from three lines of evidence: 1) specific localization during nucleologenesis, 2) in situ hybridization with labeled ribosomal RNA or DNA, and 3) specific staining with silver.", "PMID": 93494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_694", "title": "Antigenic similarities between human plasma inhibitor of thrombin (At-III) and its analogues from other mammals.", "content": "Cross reactions investigated by double immunodiffusion and by immunoelectrophoresis between human plasma and plasma of 5 animal species using a specific rabbit antiserum against human At-III revealed antigenic relationships between the antithrombins of these species. But the quantitative measurements of At-III by immunologic methods (electro-immunodiffusion and radial immunodiffusion), using the rabbit antiserum, were not possible in common laboratory animals, except in baboons.", "contents": "Antigenic similarities between human plasma inhibitor of thrombin (At-III) and its analogues from other mammals. Cross reactions investigated by double immunodiffusion and by immunoelectrophoresis between human plasma and plasma of 5 animal species using a specific rabbit antiserum against human At-III revealed antigenic relationships between the antithrombins of these species. But the quantitative measurements of At-III by immunologic methods (electro-immunodiffusion and radial immunodiffusion), using the rabbit antiserum, were not possible in common laboratory animals, except in baboons.", "PMID": 93495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_695", "title": "Elevated serum beta 2-microglobulin levels and C1q-binding immune complexes in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Serum beta 2 microglobulin levels were found significantly higher (3.05 +/- 0.98 mg/l) in 32 sarcoidosis patients without renal dysfunction than in normal controls (1.54 +/- 0.22 mg/l). Low levels of C1q-binding immune complexes were detected in 70% of patient's sera, despite the absence of extra-thoracic manifestations. C-reactive protein was detected in 55% of sarcoidosis sera. Neither C1q-binding immune complexes nor C-reactive protein were correlated with beta 2 microglobulin levels. Beta 2 microglobulin raised during relapses and fell under efficient corticosteroid treatment. Beta 2 microglobulin would represent a possible biological marker of disease activity.", "contents": "Elevated serum beta 2-microglobulin levels and C1q-binding immune complexes in sarcoidosis. Serum beta 2 microglobulin levels were found significantly higher (3.05 +/- 0.98 mg/l) in 32 sarcoidosis patients without renal dysfunction than in normal controls (1.54 +/- 0.22 mg/l). Low levels of C1q-binding immune complexes were detected in 70% of patient's sera, despite the absence of extra-thoracic manifestations. C-reactive protein was detected in 55% of sarcoidosis sera. Neither C1q-binding immune complexes nor C-reactive protein were correlated with beta 2 microglobulin levels. Beta 2 microglobulin raised during relapses and fell under efficient corticosteroid treatment. Beta 2 microglobulin would represent a possible biological marker of disease activity.", "PMID": 93496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_696", "title": "5-Hydroxytryptamine and myoclonus induced by 1,2-di-hydroxybenzene (catechol) in the guinea-pig.", "content": "Myoclonus induced by catechol in the guinea-pig is not altered by manipulation of cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The administration of catechol does not alter brain levels of 5-HT or its metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. This form of myoclonus therefore is not of relevance to the 5-HT-sensitive post-anoxic action myoclonus occurring in man.", "contents": "5-Hydroxytryptamine and myoclonus induced by 1,2-di-hydroxybenzene (catechol) in the guinea-pig. Myoclonus induced by catechol in the guinea-pig is not altered by manipulation of cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The administration of catechol does not alter brain levels of 5-HT or its metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. This form of myoclonus therefore is not of relevance to the 5-HT-sensitive post-anoxic action myoclonus occurring in man.", "PMID": 93500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_697", "title": "An analysis of xanthine dehydrogenase negative mutants of the rosy locus in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Eighteen alleles of the rosy locus in Drosophila melanogaster were characterized to identify putative nonsense mutants. Seven alleles exhibited no evidence of intragenic complementation, no evidence of immunological complementation, no evidence of immunological cross-reactivity to antibodies elicited by wild type xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), and of course were completely deficient in measurable XDH activity. It is possible that one or more of these highly negative ry alleles are nonsense mutants. The remaining eleven ry alleles code for XDH molecules that retain some antigenic similarities to the wild type enzyme as assessed by immunoelectrophoresis and six of these eleven were capable of intragenic complementation.", "contents": "An analysis of xanthine dehydrogenase negative mutants of the rosy locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Eighteen alleles of the rosy locus in Drosophila melanogaster were characterized to identify putative nonsense mutants. Seven alleles exhibited no evidence of intragenic complementation, no evidence of immunological complementation, no evidence of immunological cross-reactivity to antibodies elicited by wild type xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), and of course were completely deficient in measurable XDH activity. It is possible that one or more of these highly negative ry alleles are nonsense mutants. The remaining eleven ry alleles code for XDH molecules that retain some antigenic similarities to the wild type enzyme as assessed by immunoelectrophoresis and six of these eleven were capable of intragenic complementation.", "PMID": 93503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_698", "title": "Spiroplasmas: serological grouping of strains associated with plants and insects.", "content": "Spiroplasma strains from plant and arthropod hosts, and from surfaces of flowers, were classified into three serological groups (designated I, II, and III) based on results from growth-inhibition tests. No significant cross reactions were observed among groups. The groupings were confirmed by ring-interface precipitin and microprecipitin tests, using membrane preparations as test antigens, and by organism-deformation tests. Serogroup I contained three subgroups: subgroup A (Spiroplasma citri strains Maroc R8A2 and C189), subgroup B (strain AS 576 and closely related strains from honeybee or flowers), and subgroup C (corn stunt spiroplasma strains). Serogroup II contained strains 23-6 and 27-31 isolated from flowers of the tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) growing in Maryland. Serogroup III contained strains SR 3 and SR 9 isolated from flowers of the tulip growing in Connecticut. The subgroups of serogroup I were based on organism deformation, microprecipitin, and ring-interface precipitin tests. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the three serogroups represent no less than three distinct spiroplasma species.", "contents": "Spiroplasmas: serological grouping of strains associated with plants and insects. Spiroplasma strains from plant and arthropod hosts, and from surfaces of flowers, were classified into three serological groups (designated I, II, and III) based on results from growth-inhibition tests. No significant cross reactions were observed among groups. The groupings were confirmed by ring-interface precipitin and microprecipitin tests, using membrane preparations as test antigens, and by organism-deformation tests. Serogroup I contained three subgroups: subgroup A (Spiroplasma citri strains Maroc R8A2 and C189), subgroup B (strain AS 576 and closely related strains from honeybee or flowers), and subgroup C (corn stunt spiroplasma strains). Serogroup II contained strains 23-6 and 27-31 isolated from flowers of the tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) growing in Maryland. Serogroup III contained strains SR 3 and SR 9 isolated from flowers of the tulip growing in Connecticut. The subgroups of serogroup I were based on organism deformation, microprecipitin, and ring-interface precipitin tests. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the three serogroups represent no less than three distinct spiroplasma species.", "PMID": 93504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_699", "title": "Regulation of internal solute concentrations of marine Vibrio alginolyticus in response to external NaCl concentration.", "content": "Slightly halophilic marine Vibrio alginolyticus grown in the range of NaCl from 0.2 to 1.5 M maintained the total internal solute concentration always higher than the external medium by about 0.25 osM. The concentrations of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and protein were little affected by the increase in medium NaCl. The internal K+ concentration was kept to about 400 mM in the range of medium NaCl from 0.4 to 0.8 M; it rose to 510 mM when the bacterium was grown in 1.5 M NaCl, indicating that K+ increased only slightly in response to the large increase in medium NaCl. Thus, in contrast to the case of nonhalophilic and extremely halophilic bacteria, K+ was unlikely to act as a major component to regulate the internal solute concentration of marine V. alginolyticus. The internal Na+ and Cl- concentrations were maintained always lower than those in the growth medium, but they increased in response to the increase in medium NaCl. The concentration of internal Na+ was close to that of K+ at the concentration of medium NaCl that supports the optimal growth of this organism. The total amino acid content of V. alginolyticus increased from 76 to 413 mM by the increase in medium NaCl from 0.2 to 1.5 M. The concentrations of glutamic acid and prolined were 254 and 72 mM, respectively, when grown in 1.5 M NaCl. These results indicated that Na+, Cl- and amino acids, especially glutamic acid and proline, contributed to the regulation of internal solute concentration of V. alginolyticus in response to the increased external NaCl.", "contents": "Regulation of internal solute concentrations of marine Vibrio alginolyticus in response to external NaCl concentration. Slightly halophilic marine Vibrio alginolyticus grown in the range of NaCl from 0.2 to 1.5 M maintained the total internal solute concentration always higher than the external medium by about 0.25 osM. The concentrations of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and protein were little affected by the increase in medium NaCl. The internal K+ concentration was kept to about 400 mM in the range of medium NaCl from 0.4 to 0.8 M; it rose to 510 mM when the bacterium was grown in 1.5 M NaCl, indicating that K+ increased only slightly in response to the large increase in medium NaCl. Thus, in contrast to the case of nonhalophilic and extremely halophilic bacteria, K+ was unlikely to act as a major component to regulate the internal solute concentration of marine V. alginolyticus. The internal Na+ and Cl- concentrations were maintained always lower than those in the growth medium, but they increased in response to the increase in medium NaCl. The concentration of internal Na+ was close to that of K+ at the concentration of medium NaCl that supports the optimal growth of this organism. The total amino acid content of V. alginolyticus increased from 76 to 413 mM by the increase in medium NaCl from 0.2 to 1.5 M. The concentrations of glutamic acid and prolined were 254 and 72 mM, respectively, when grown in 1.5 M NaCl. These results indicated that Na+, Cl- and amino acids, especially glutamic acid and proline, contributed to the regulation of internal solute concentration of V. alginolyticus in response to the increased external NaCl.", "PMID": 93505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_700", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of tallysomycin and bleomycin in the beagle dog.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of tallysomycin, a third-generation bleomycin analog, and bleomycin have been determined and compared in the beagle dog. Both compounds exhibited biphasic plasma elimination characteristics and were extensively absorbed after in injection. The elimination half-lives of tallysomycin after iv and im administration were 1.51 +/- 0.41 hours and 2.40 +/- 0.667 hours respectively. These values were longer than the comparable iv (1.01 +/- 0.19 hours) and im (1.12 +/- 0.39 hours) elimination half-lives for bleomycin. The volume of distribution in the central compartment after iv administration was 0.111 +/- 0.039 liter/kg for tallysomycin and 0.125 +/- 0.0723 liter/kg for bleomycin. The total apparent volumes of distribution were 0.706 +/- 0.255 liter/kg and 0.388 +/- 0.245 liter/kg for tallysomycin and bleomycin respectively after iv injection. These values were significantly different (P less than 0.05). Total urinary recovery in 24 hours for tallysomycin was significantly (P less than 0.05) less than that for bleomycin after both iv and im injections. These observed differences in pharmacokinetic behavior may, in part, account for differences in in vivo antitumor activities and toxic effects which have been reported for these drugs.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of tallysomycin and bleomycin in the beagle dog. The pharmacokinetics of tallysomycin, a third-generation bleomycin analog, and bleomycin have been determined and compared in the beagle dog. Both compounds exhibited biphasic plasma elimination characteristics and were extensively absorbed after in injection. The elimination half-lives of tallysomycin after iv and im administration were 1.51 +/- 0.41 hours and 2.40 +/- 0.667 hours respectively. These values were longer than the comparable iv (1.01 +/- 0.19 hours) and im (1.12 +/- 0.39 hours) elimination half-lives for bleomycin. The volume of distribution in the central compartment after iv administration was 0.111 +/- 0.039 liter/kg for tallysomycin and 0.125 +/- 0.0723 liter/kg for bleomycin. The total apparent volumes of distribution were 0.706 +/- 0.255 liter/kg and 0.388 +/- 0.245 liter/kg for tallysomycin and bleomycin respectively after iv injection. These values were significantly different (P less than 0.05). Total urinary recovery in 24 hours for tallysomycin was significantly (P less than 0.05) less than that for bleomycin after both iv and im injections. These observed differences in pharmacokinetic behavior may, in part, account for differences in in vivo antitumor activities and toxic effects which have been reported for these drugs.", "PMID": 93509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_701", "title": "Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), methotrexate, bleomycin, and vincristine in head and neck cancer: a pilot study.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with advanced epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with a combination of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), methotrexate, bleomycin, and vincristine. Twenty-nine patients were evaluable for response and 39 were evaluable for toxicity. With this regimen toxicity was acceptable and the following rates were observed in a total of 139 treatment courses: 100% (nausea and vomiting), 3% (decreased creatinine clearance), 4% (thrombocytopenia), 5% (leukopenia), and 2% (pulmonary fibrosis). There was one death due to sepsis during a period of chemotherapy-induced leukopenia. Although the patients treated with this regimen had advanced disease and had been treated aggressively previously, an overall response rate of 24% was observed, with three patients (10%) having a complete response. Median duration of response was 7 + months. These results indicate that this intensive combination chemotherapy has a sufficiently favorable risk/benefit ratio to allow its evaluation in randomized clinical trials in patients with head and neck cancer.", "contents": "Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), methotrexate, bleomycin, and vincristine in head and neck cancer: a pilot study. Thirty-nine patients with advanced epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with a combination of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), methotrexate, bleomycin, and vincristine. Twenty-nine patients were evaluable for response and 39 were evaluable for toxicity. With this regimen toxicity was acceptable and the following rates were observed in a total of 139 treatment courses: 100% (nausea and vomiting), 3% (decreased creatinine clearance), 4% (thrombocytopenia), 5% (leukopenia), and 2% (pulmonary fibrosis). There was one death due to sepsis during a period of chemotherapy-induced leukopenia. Although the patients treated with this regimen had advanced disease and had been treated aggressively previously, an overall response rate of 24% was observed, with three patients (10%) having a complete response. Median duration of response was 7 + months. These results indicate that this intensive combination chemotherapy has a sufficiently favorable risk/benefit ratio to allow its evaluation in randomized clinical trials in patients with head and neck cancer.", "PMID": 93508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_702", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for tallysomycin.", "content": "Antibodies were raised against a new antineoplastic agent, tallysomycin, for use in a radioimmunoassay. The assay was sensitive to 2.5 ng of tallysomycin, had a coefficient of variation of 10.5% at 50 ng/ml, and was highly specific for tallysomycin A. The antibody exhibited reduced cross-reactivity with closely related tallysomycin analogs and little or no immunoreactivity with other antitumor antibiotics including bleomycin and phleomycin. Increased immunoreactivity occurred following copper chelation of tallysomycin B as compared with the non-chelated forms, thus indicating possible conformational alterations upon metal binding.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for tallysomycin. Antibodies were raised against a new antineoplastic agent, tallysomycin, for use in a radioimmunoassay. The assay was sensitive to 2.5 ng of tallysomycin, had a coefficient of variation of 10.5% at 50 ng/ml, and was highly specific for tallysomycin A. The antibody exhibited reduced cross-reactivity with closely related tallysomycin analogs and little or no immunoreactivity with other antitumor antibiotics including bleomycin and phleomycin. Increased immunoreactivity occurred following copper chelation of tallysomycin B as compared with the non-chelated forms, thus indicating possible conformational alterations upon metal binding.", "PMID": 93510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_703", "title": "Role of the pituitary gland in experimental hormonal induction and prevention of benign prostatic hyperplasia in the dog.", "content": "The antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate (CPA), prevents development of prostatic hyperplasia, induced in castrated dogs by a 6 month-treatment with 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (A)alone or in combination with 17 beta-oestradiol (E2). The immunoperoxidase technique was used to study functional cell types in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland and to detect growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) target sites in the prostate gland. Homologous radioimmunoassays for estimation of serum canine GH and PRL concentrations were also performed. Treatment with the combinations A + E2 and A + E2 + CPA resulted in morphological indications of stimulated GH and PRL cells and depressed gonadotrophs. This correlates well with an increase in PRL-dependent staining in glandular epithelium and fibromuscular tissue of the prostate gland. However, basal serum PRL and GH levels were not significantly affected. Treatment with A and A + E2 stimulated, while additional treatment with CPA clearly suppressed adrenocorticotrophin/melanotrophin (ACTH/MSH) cells. These findings indicate that an endocrine imbalance in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function may be involved in induction and prevention of prostatic hyperplasia in the dog.", "contents": "Role of the pituitary gland in experimental hormonal induction and prevention of benign prostatic hyperplasia in the dog. The antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate (CPA), prevents development of prostatic hyperplasia, induced in castrated dogs by a 6 month-treatment with 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (A)alone or in combination with 17 beta-oestradiol (E2). The immunoperoxidase technique was used to study functional cell types in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland and to detect growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) target sites in the prostate gland. Homologous radioimmunoassays for estimation of serum canine GH and PRL concentrations were also performed. Treatment with the combinations A + E2 and A + E2 + CPA resulted in morphological indications of stimulated GH and PRL cells and depressed gonadotrophs. This correlates well with an increase in PRL-dependent staining in glandular epithelium and fibromuscular tissue of the prostate gland. However, basal serum PRL and GH levels were not significantly affected. Treatment with A and A + E2 stimulated, while additional treatment with CPA clearly suppressed adrenocorticotrophin/melanotrophin (ACTH/MSH) cells. These findings indicate that an endocrine imbalance in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function may be involved in induction and prevention of prostatic hyperplasia in the dog.", "PMID": 93515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_704", "title": "Relationship between photoreceptor terminations and centrifugal neurons in the optic lobe of octopus.", "content": "Retinal bundles, connecting the retina of the octopus to the ipsilateral optic lobe, contain both retinal photoreceptor axons that terminate in the optic lobe and centrifugal axons whose cell bodies lie within the lobe. Staining axonal elements in proximal stubs of individual retinal bundles by cobalt diffusion and subsequent sulphide treatment reveals the topographic relationship between afferent terminals and centrifugal cell bodies. At the outer border of the plexiform layer, stained terminal bags (photoreceptor axon enlargements), an indicator of photoreceptor terminal spread within this layer, overlap stained centrifugal cell bodies located within the inner granule layer. The details of this overlap indicate a dorsoventral representation of each retinal bundle within the optic lobe cortex.", "contents": "Relationship between photoreceptor terminations and centrifugal neurons in the optic lobe of octopus. Retinal bundles, connecting the retina of the octopus to the ipsilateral optic lobe, contain both retinal photoreceptor axons that terminate in the optic lobe and centrifugal axons whose cell bodies lie within the lobe. Staining axonal elements in proximal stubs of individual retinal bundles by cobalt diffusion and subsequent sulphide treatment reveals the topographic relationship between afferent terminals and centrifugal cell bodies. At the outer border of the plexiform layer, stained terminal bags (photoreceptor axon enlargements), an indicator of photoreceptor terminal spread within this layer, overlap stained centrifugal cell bodies located within the inner granule layer. The details of this overlap indicate a dorsoventral representation of each retinal bundle within the optic lobe cortex.", "PMID": 93516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_705", "title": "Effect of mithramycin on widespread painful bone metastases in cancer of the breast.", "content": "Fifteen patients with widespread painful osseous metastases from breast cancer unresponsive to other systemic therapy were treated with mithramycin at dose levels usually used for treating Paget's disease. Ten patients had relief of pain, which was marked and rapid in onset in seven. Mobility was greatly improved in four patients. Healing of bone lesions did not occur and new lesions developed while treatment was being given. Clinical response was associated with a decrease in plasma alkaline phosphatase. Toxicity was mild and consisted of nausea in most patients and a slight decrease in platelet count in one patient. Mithramycin is a useful agent for palliation of painful bone metastases and should be considered for further trials of combination chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer with bone metastases.", "contents": "Effect of mithramycin on widespread painful bone metastases in cancer of the breast. Fifteen patients with widespread painful osseous metastases from breast cancer unresponsive to other systemic therapy were treated with mithramycin at dose levels usually used for treating Paget's disease. Ten patients had relief of pain, which was marked and rapid in onset in seven. Mobility was greatly improved in four patients. Healing of bone lesions did not occur and new lesions developed while treatment was being given. Clinical response was associated with a decrease in plasma alkaline phosphatase. Toxicity was mild and consisted of nausea in most patients and a slight decrease in platelet count in one patient. Mithramycin is a useful agent for palliation of painful bone metastases and should be considered for further trials of combination chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer with bone metastases.", "PMID": 93511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_706", "title": "Cyclocytidine in the treatment of refractory acute childhood leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group Phase I-II study.", "content": "Thirty-seven children and adolescents with acute leukemia in relapse were treated with cyclocytidine in a cooperative group setting. Only one of the 27 evaluable patients achieved complete remission. A significant decrease (greater than or equal to 20%) in circulating and/or bone marrow leukemia cells occurred in an additional five patients. Drug toxicity was evaluated in 35 patients and included ten cases of jaw pain, two cases of hypotension, one case of fever, and one case of severe vomiting.", "contents": "Cyclocytidine in the treatment of refractory acute childhood leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group Phase I-II study. Thirty-seven children and adolescents with acute leukemia in relapse were treated with cyclocytidine in a cooperative group setting. Only one of the 27 evaluable patients achieved complete remission. A significant decrease (greater than or equal to 20%) in circulating and/or bone marrow leukemia cells occurred in an additional five patients. Drug toxicity was evaluated in 35 patients and included ten cases of jaw pain, two cases of hypotension, one case of fever, and one case of severe vomiting.", "PMID": 93513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_707", "title": "Arthropod-borne encephalitides in the Americas.", "content": "The arthropod-borne encephalitides are an important cause of equine and human morbidity in the Americas. Between 1975 and 1978, 6970 human cases of arboviral encephalitis were reported in the United States of America; however, this represents only a fraction of the true incidence. St Louis encephalitis (4824 cases), California encephalitis (1035 cases), and western equine encephalitis (WEE, 947 cases) accounted for 98.5% of all reported infections. Approximately 1000-4000 cases of equine encephalitis occur annually in the United States, the majority due to WEE. In tropical America, important outbreaks of Venezuelan, eastern, and western equine encephalitis, and of Rocio encephalitis have occurred.In this article, epidemiological aspects of arboviral encephalitis outbreaks occurring within the past 5 years are reviewed. In addition, summaries of current research activities on the ecology and epidemiology of St Louis, western equine, Venezuelan equine, Rocio, and California encephalitis viruses are presented, and the problem of control of these infections is discussed.", "contents": "Arthropod-borne encephalitides in the Americas. The arthropod-borne encephalitides are an important cause of equine and human morbidity in the Americas. Between 1975 and 1978, 6970 human cases of arboviral encephalitis were reported in the United States of America; however, this represents only a fraction of the true incidence. St Louis encephalitis (4824 cases), California encephalitis (1035 cases), and western equine encephalitis (WEE, 947 cases) accounted for 98.5% of all reported infections. Approximately 1000-4000 cases of equine encephalitis occur annually in the United States, the majority due to WEE. In tropical America, important outbreaks of Venezuelan, eastern, and western equine encephalitis, and of Rocio encephalitis have occurred.In this article, epidemiological aspects of arboviral encephalitis outbreaks occurring within the past 5 years are reviewed. In addition, summaries of current research activities on the ecology and epidemiology of St Louis, western equine, Venezuelan equine, Rocio, and California encephalitis viruses are presented, and the problem of control of these infections is discussed.", "PMID": 93518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_708", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with vincristine, bleomycin, and methotrexate for advanced head and neck cancers.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with a combination of vincristine, methotrexate, and bleomycin. The regimen was as follows: Day 1, vincristine (2 mg iv) and methotrexate (200 mg/m2 iv over 24 hours); Day 2, bleomycin (15 mg/day by iv infusion for 48 hours). Folinic acid rescue began 36 hours after the start of methotrexate. The regimen was repeated at intervals of 3 weeks. Toxicity was minimal but the overall response rate was only 24% (three complete responses and five partial responses) and the median duration of remission was only 16 weeks overall. The combination of vincristine, methotrexate, and bleomycin in this dosage schedule has a response rate lower than that reported with single-agent treatment of advanced head and neck cancers.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with vincristine, bleomycin, and methotrexate for advanced head and neck cancers. Thirty-three patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with a combination of vincristine, methotrexate, and bleomycin. The regimen was as follows: Day 1, vincristine (2 mg iv) and methotrexate (200 mg/m2 iv over 24 hours); Day 2, bleomycin (15 mg/day by iv infusion for 48 hours). Folinic acid rescue began 36 hours after the start of methotrexate. The regimen was repeated at intervals of 3 weeks. Toxicity was minimal but the overall response rate was only 24% (three complete responses and five partial responses) and the median duration of remission was only 16 weeks overall. The combination of vincristine, methotrexate, and bleomycin in this dosage schedule has a response rate lower than that reported with single-agent treatment of advanced head and neck cancers.", "PMID": 93514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_709", "title": "[Mannosylation of lipid and protein acceptors in sheep lung microsomes].", "content": "In Sheep lungs, we have shown that a mannosyl-transferase activity is involved at microsomal level. This enzymatic system is able to catalyze the incorporation of mannose from GDP-mannose into two different endogenous acceptors: lipids and proteins. The mannolipid has the properties of a mannosyl-phosphoryl-polyprenol. The kinetic studies of product biosynthesis demonstrate that no precursor-product relationship exists in this system; this is an original behaviour of the lung in glycosylation phenomenon.", "contents": "[Mannosylation of lipid and protein acceptors in sheep lung microsomes]. In Sheep lungs, we have shown that a mannosyl-transferase activity is involved at microsomal level. This enzymatic system is able to catalyze the incorporation of mannose from GDP-mannose into two different endogenous acceptors: lipids and proteins. The mannolipid has the properties of a mannosyl-phosphoryl-polyprenol. The kinetic studies of product biosynthesis demonstrate that no precursor-product relationship exists in this system; this is an original behaviour of the lung in glycosylation phenomenon.", "PMID": 93519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_710", "title": "[Genetic analysis of interspecific crosses Mus musculus L. x Mus spretus Lataste: linkage of Adh-1 with Amy-1 on chromosome 3 and Es-14 with Mod-1 on chromosome 9].", "content": "192 offsprings from interspecific back-crosses (male M. spretus x female BALB/c) F1 x male BALB/c or (male M. spretus x female C57BL6) F1 x male C57BL6 were analysed at thirteen structural loci. Linkage of ES-14 with Mod-1 on chromosome 9 and that of Adh-1 with Amy-1 on chromosome 3 are shown. The following order centromere/Car-2/Amy-1 is tentatively proposed for these loci on chromosome 3.", "contents": "[Genetic analysis of interspecific crosses Mus musculus L. x Mus spretus Lataste: linkage of Adh-1 with Amy-1 on chromosome 3 and Es-14 with Mod-1 on chromosome 9]. 192 offsprings from interspecific back-crosses (male M. spretus x female BALB/c) F1 x male BALB/c or (male M. spretus x female C57BL6) F1 x male C57BL6 were analysed at thirteen structural loci. Linkage of ES-14 with Mod-1 on chromosome 9 and that of Adh-1 with Amy-1 on chromosome 3 are shown. The following order centromere/Car-2/Amy-1 is tentatively proposed for these loci on chromosome 3.", "PMID": 93520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_711", "title": "[Monolayer culture of adult mouse hepatic cells secreting albumin and alpha fetoprotein].", "content": "Adult mouse liver cells obtained by enzymatic dispersion were maintained in primary cultures for up to 4 weeks. They retained some of the typical morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of hepatocytes. After 2 days of culture, structures similar to bile canaliculi were found and after 6 days clusters of small proliferating cells were noticed in the gaps of the monolayer formed by large well-spread hepatocytes. Almost all 3-day cultures began to secrete alphafetoprotein for about 2 weeks, whereas albumin was secreted throughout the period of culture.", "contents": "[Monolayer culture of adult mouse hepatic cells secreting albumin and alpha fetoprotein]. Adult mouse liver cells obtained by enzymatic dispersion were maintained in primary cultures for up to 4 weeks. They retained some of the typical morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of hepatocytes. After 2 days of culture, structures similar to bile canaliculi were found and after 6 days clusters of small proliferating cells were noticed in the gaps of the monolayer formed by large well-spread hepatocytes. Almost all 3-day cultures began to secrete alphafetoprotein for about 2 weeks, whereas albumin was secreted throughout the period of culture.", "PMID": 93521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_712", "title": "Measurement of pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A).", "content": "A method is described for measuring pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in the maternal circulation during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. The method used is a modification of Laurell's electroimmunodiffusion technique.", "contents": "Measurement of pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A). A method is described for measuring pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in the maternal circulation during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. The method used is a modification of Laurell's electroimmunodiffusion technique.", "PMID": 93522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_713", "title": "[Smoking and serum alpha 1-antitrypsin in 1296 healthy men (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) was measured by radial immunodiffusion in 1296 healthy men aged 18--50 years. Other biological criteria, including leukocyte count and alpha 2-globulins were measured and the subjects were given a detailed questionnaire on their smoking habits. Results showed a very strong positive relationship between smoking and serum alpha 1AT: the heavy smokers had a serum alpha 1AT 20% higher than the non-smokers, and among subjects who stopped smoking, the level returned rapidly to normal. There were also close interrelationships between serum alpha 1AT, smoking, leukocyte count and a alpha 2-globulins. A discussion of these results is presented.", "contents": "[Smoking and serum alpha 1-antitrypsin in 1296 healthy men (author's transl)]. Serum alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) was measured by radial immunodiffusion in 1296 healthy men aged 18--50 years. Other biological criteria, including leukocyte count and alpha 2-globulins were measured and the subjects were given a detailed questionnaire on their smoking habits. Results showed a very strong positive relationship between smoking and serum alpha 1AT: the heavy smokers had a serum alpha 1AT 20% higher than the non-smokers, and among subjects who stopped smoking, the level returned rapidly to normal. There were also close interrelationships between serum alpha 1AT, smoking, leukocyte count and a alpha 2-globulins. A discussion of these results is presented.", "PMID": 93523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_714", "title": "Alteration in the immunochemical dominance of determinants following the chemical modification of ox insulins: implications for the structure of the ox insulin monomer in solution.", "content": "Insulins of differing species, together with chemically modified insulins, were used in cross-reactivity experiments employing selected antisera raised to ox insulin in the Harley guinea-pig. The immunogen had been administered as a water-in-oil emulsion, using H. pertussis vaccine as adjuvant. Antibody was generated by determinants in the C-terminus of the B chain plus the adjacent N-terminus of the A chain, in the central core of the A chain (A8-A14 region) and in its anti-parallel N-terminus of the B chain. From this antibody pool chemically modified ox insulin selected antibody to unaltered determinants. The immunochemical data were compatible with monomeric ox insulin being immunogenic, the immunogen perhaps being recognized by the immune system in the form of the Molecule-II rather than the Molecule-I of the dimer pair (as originally suggested by X-ray crystallographic data).", "contents": "Alteration in the immunochemical dominance of determinants following the chemical modification of ox insulins: implications for the structure of the ox insulin monomer in solution. Insulins of differing species, together with chemically modified insulins, were used in cross-reactivity experiments employing selected antisera raised to ox insulin in the Harley guinea-pig. The immunogen had been administered as a water-in-oil emulsion, using H. pertussis vaccine as adjuvant. Antibody was generated by determinants in the C-terminus of the B chain plus the adjacent N-terminus of the A chain, in the central core of the A chain (A8-A14 region) and in its anti-parallel N-terminus of the B chain. From this antibody pool chemically modified ox insulin selected antibody to unaltered determinants. The immunochemical data were compatible with monomeric ox insulin being immunogenic, the immunogen perhaps being recognized by the immune system in the form of the Molecule-II rather than the Molecule-I of the dimer pair (as originally suggested by X-ray crystallographic data).", "PMID": 93526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_715", "title": "Cross-reactions between serum proteins and water soluble liver tissue antigens of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus Linn.) and man.", "content": "Cross-reactions between serum proteins and water soluble liver antigens of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus Linn.) and man were studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Armadillo serum tested with rabbit antiserum against human serum proteins gave twelve components in CIE. Nine of these cross-reacting proteins were identified and showed partial identity with the corresponding human proteins. The electrophoretic mobility of alpha 2-macroglobulin and Gc-globulin differed in the two species. An ultrasonicate of normal armadillo liver gave twenty-eight anodic and eight cathodic components in CIE. By absorption experiments with armadillo serum, twenty of the former and seven of the latter were shown to be liver tissue components. A combination of CIE and crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis (CLIE) revealed the presence of twelve anodic and six cathodic liver tissue components cross-reacting with man. A cathodic armadillo liver antigen called (CALA-17) showed partial identity with that of man both in tandem and fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the use of armadillo-grown M. leprae for skin testing and other purposes in man.", "contents": "Cross-reactions between serum proteins and water soluble liver tissue antigens of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus Linn.) and man. Cross-reactions between serum proteins and water soluble liver antigens of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus Linn.) and man were studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Armadillo serum tested with rabbit antiserum against human serum proteins gave twelve components in CIE. Nine of these cross-reacting proteins were identified and showed partial identity with the corresponding human proteins. The electrophoretic mobility of alpha 2-macroglobulin and Gc-globulin differed in the two species. An ultrasonicate of normal armadillo liver gave twenty-eight anodic and eight cathodic components in CIE. By absorption experiments with armadillo serum, twenty of the former and seven of the latter were shown to be liver tissue components. A combination of CIE and crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis (CLIE) revealed the presence of twelve anodic and six cathodic liver tissue components cross-reacting with man. A cathodic armadillo liver antigen called (CALA-17) showed partial identity with that of man both in tandem and fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the use of armadillo-grown M. leprae for skin testing and other purposes in man.", "PMID": 93527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_716", "title": "Modulatory effects of oestrogen on immunological responsiveness. II. Suppression of tumour-associated immunity in patients with prostatic cancer.", "content": "The effect of oestrogen (diethylstilboesterol diphosphate, DES-P) on immunity to tumour-associated antigens in patients with prostatic cancer was evaluated by leucocyte adherence inhibition, a suggested in vitro correlate of cellular immunity. Significant (P smaller than 0.05) suppression of immunity to malignant prostate was observed in thirty out of thirty-one patients following pre-incubation of their leucocytes with therapeutically significant levels of DES-P. Suppression of tumour-associated immunity by exogenous oestrogen provides further evidence to earlier studies demonstrating oestrogenic suppression of non-specific cellular responsiveness evaluated by mitogen-induced lymphocytic blastogenesis, and for concern over the efficacy of oestrogenic therapy and its adverse effect in the treatment of patients with hormone-dependent tumours and responsive diseases. The reduced efficiency of immunosurveillance of tumours and underlying infectious agents may contribute to the exacerbation of disease. While speculative, these observations may also be relevant to the possible assocition between uterine cancer and prolonged administration of DES and the development of vaginal tumours in offspring found in association with maternal ingestion during pregnancy.", "contents": "Modulatory effects of oestrogen on immunological responsiveness. II. Suppression of tumour-associated immunity in patients with prostatic cancer. The effect of oestrogen (diethylstilboesterol diphosphate, DES-P) on immunity to tumour-associated antigens in patients with prostatic cancer was evaluated by leucocyte adherence inhibition, a suggested in vitro correlate of cellular immunity. Significant (P smaller than 0.05) suppression of immunity to malignant prostate was observed in thirty out of thirty-one patients following pre-incubation of their leucocytes with therapeutically significant levels of DES-P. Suppression of tumour-associated immunity by exogenous oestrogen provides further evidence to earlier studies demonstrating oestrogenic suppression of non-specific cellular responsiveness evaluated by mitogen-induced lymphocytic blastogenesis, and for concern over the efficacy of oestrogenic therapy and its adverse effect in the treatment of patients with hormone-dependent tumours and responsive diseases. The reduced efficiency of immunosurveillance of tumours and underlying infectious agents may contribute to the exacerbation of disease. While speculative, these observations may also be relevant to the possible assocition between uterine cancer and prolonged administration of DES and the development of vaginal tumours in offspring found in association with maternal ingestion during pregnancy.", "PMID": 93529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_717", "title": "Clinical significance of immunopathological findings in patients with post-pericardiotomy syndrome. II. The significance of serum inhibition and rosette inhibitory factors.", "content": "Serum inhibition factors (SIF) that suppress phytohaemagglutinin-induced blast transformation of normal lymphocytes, and lymphocyte E-rosette inhibitory factors (RIF) that inhibit the T cell-specific property of E-rosette formation were determined in sixty-five patients before and after cardiac surgery. SIF was found in the first post-operative week in almost all patients; patients with complete post-pericardiotomy syndrome (PPS) still had these factors in the fourth postoperative week. The appearance of SIF correlated well with the intensity of the PPS. Persistence of SIF in eleven out of eighteen patients with clinically incomplete PPS reaffirms the probability that they had an 'immunologically' positive PPS. RIF was to be found in one third of the patients with complete or incomplete PPS and may be of prognostic value. The two factors were not identical.", "contents": "Clinical significance of immunopathological findings in patients with post-pericardiotomy syndrome. II. The significance of serum inhibition and rosette inhibitory factors. Serum inhibition factors (SIF) that suppress phytohaemagglutinin-induced blast transformation of normal lymphocytes, and lymphocyte E-rosette inhibitory factors (RIF) that inhibit the T cell-specific property of E-rosette formation were determined in sixty-five patients before and after cardiac surgery. SIF was found in the first post-operative week in almost all patients; patients with complete post-pericardiotomy syndrome (PPS) still had these factors in the fourth postoperative week. The appearance of SIF correlated well with the intensity of the PPS. Persistence of SIF in eleven out of eighteen patients with clinically incomplete PPS reaffirms the probability that they had an 'immunologically' positive PPS. RIF was to be found in one third of the patients with complete or incomplete PPS and may be of prognostic value. The two factors were not identical.", "PMID": 93530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_718", "title": "DIODA: delineation and feature extraction of microscopical objects.", "content": "A computer program is described for delineation and measurement of microscopical objects, such as cells and chromosomes, which may have been scanned using absorbance, fluorescence or reflectance microscopy. The quality of the object delineation is optimized through the controur ratio, which is simply computed from the object contour. Geometrical features, like the perimeter and area are computed. A new definition is introduced for the background region, especially suited for the analysis of closely packed objects. This definition is based upon a comparison between total staining material content values resulting from a variety of methods and circumstances. The program is principally intended for use in the on-line real-time environment of a small laboratory computer, but may be used off-line as well. It has facilities for displaying the results and the process by which they are produced. A program module is described for displaying scan data on a bilevel display using an adaptation of the sigma-delta method.", "contents": "DIODA: delineation and feature extraction of microscopical objects. A computer program is described for delineation and measurement of microscopical objects, such as cells and chromosomes, which may have been scanned using absorbance, fluorescence or reflectance microscopy. The quality of the object delineation is optimized through the controur ratio, which is simply computed from the object contour. Geometrical features, like the perimeter and area are computed. A new definition is introduced for the background region, especially suited for the analysis of closely packed objects. This definition is based upon a comparison between total staining material content values resulting from a variety of methods and circumstances. The program is principally intended for use in the on-line real-time environment of a small laboratory computer, but may be used off-line as well. It has facilities for displaying the results and the process by which they are produced. A program module is described for displaying scan data on a bilevel display using an adaptation of the sigma-delta method.", "PMID": 93532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_719", "title": "Effects of gibberellic acid and of tunicamycin on glycosyl-transferase activities and on alpha-amylase secretion in barley.", "content": "A crude membrane fraction was prepared from isolated aleurone layers, the secretory tissue of barley grains. The layers were pre-incubated in the presence or absence of the phytohormone gibberellic acid. The membranes catalyzed the transfer of [14C]mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose and of N-[14C]acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-[14C]acetylglucosamine to endogenous and exogenous dolichyl monophosphate. When gibberellic acid was present during the pretreatment the activity of the transferases was increased by a factor of two to three. A significantly increased activity was observable within four hours after the addition of gibberellic acid, whereas the gibberellic-acid-induced secretion of the glycoprotein alpha-amylase started only after 12 h. Tunicamycin inhibited the secretion of alpha-amylase by 60 to 80%. Intracellularly, however, no alpha-amylase was found to accumulate. On the other hand, tunicamycin did not inhibit the rate of total protein synthesis by more than 10%. The possibility is discussed that the synthesis of the protein portion of glycoproteins is specifically inhibited, when glycosylation is prevented.", "contents": "Effects of gibberellic acid and of tunicamycin on glycosyl-transferase activities and on alpha-amylase secretion in barley. A crude membrane fraction was prepared from isolated aleurone layers, the secretory tissue of barley grains. The layers were pre-incubated in the presence or absence of the phytohormone gibberellic acid. The membranes catalyzed the transfer of [14C]mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose and of N-[14C]acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-[14C]acetylglucosamine to endogenous and exogenous dolichyl monophosphate. When gibberellic acid was present during the pretreatment the activity of the transferases was increased by a factor of two to three. A significantly increased activity was observable within four hours after the addition of gibberellic acid, whereas the gibberellic-acid-induced secretion of the glycoprotein alpha-amylase started only after 12 h. Tunicamycin inhibited the secretion of alpha-amylase by 60 to 80%. Intracellularly, however, no alpha-amylase was found to accumulate. On the other hand, tunicamycin did not inhibit the rate of total protein synthesis by more than 10%. The possibility is discussed that the synthesis of the protein portion of glycoproteins is specifically inhibited, when glycosylation is prevented.", "PMID": 93536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_720", "title": "Regulation of Ca2+ efflux from kidney and liver mitochondria by unsaturated fatty acids and Na+ ions.", "content": "The effects of fatty acids and monovalent cations on the Ca2+ efflux from isolated liver and kidney mitochondria were investigated by means of electrode techniques. It was shown that unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids of medium chain length (C12 and C14) induced a Ca2+ efflux from mitochondria which was not inhibited by ruthenium red, but was specifically inhibited by Na+ and Li+. The Ca2+-releasing activity of unsaturated fatty acids did not correlate with their uncoupling activity. In kidney mitochondria a spontaneous, temperature-dependent Ca2+ efflux was observed which was inhibited either by albumin or by Na+. It is suggested that the net Ca2+ accumulation by mitochondria depends on the operation of independent pump and leak pathways. The pump is driven by the membrane potential and can be inhibited by ruthenium red, the leak depends on the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and is inhibited by Na+ and Li+. It is suggested that the unsaturated fatty acids produced by mitochondrial phospholipase A2 can be essential in the regulation of the Ca2+ retention in and the Ca2+ release from the mitochondria.", "contents": "Regulation of Ca2+ efflux from kidney and liver mitochondria by unsaturated fatty acids and Na+ ions. The effects of fatty acids and monovalent cations on the Ca2+ efflux from isolated liver and kidney mitochondria were investigated by means of electrode techniques. It was shown that unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids of medium chain length (C12 and C14) induced a Ca2+ efflux from mitochondria which was not inhibited by ruthenium red, but was specifically inhibited by Na+ and Li+. The Ca2+-releasing activity of unsaturated fatty acids did not correlate with their uncoupling activity. In kidney mitochondria a spontaneous, temperature-dependent Ca2+ efflux was observed which was inhibited either by albumin or by Na+. It is suggested that the net Ca2+ accumulation by mitochondria depends on the operation of independent pump and leak pathways. The pump is driven by the membrane potential and can be inhibited by ruthenium red, the leak depends on the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and is inhibited by Na+ and Li+. It is suggested that the unsaturated fatty acids produced by mitochondrial phospholipase A2 can be essential in the regulation of the Ca2+ retention in and the Ca2+ release from the mitochondria.", "PMID": 93538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_721", "title": "Macroamylasaemia following the infusion of low molecular weight-hydroxyethyl starch in man.", "content": "In fasted normovolaemic subjects dosed with 400 ml of 14% low molecular weight-hydroxyethyl starch (LMW-HES, Mw 264,000 daltons, Mn 63,000 daltons, Mw/Mn = 4.2, MS = 0.43), an increase in the concentration of alpha-amylase was observed in blood which exceeded the upper limit of normal (190 U-1(-1), and in all cases reached twice the basal value. Concomitant with this elevated activity in the blood, the urinary excretion of this enzyme was significantly reduced. Gel filtration of serum recovered from 1 subject on a column of Sephadex G-100 revealed the presence of an LMW-HES-induced macroamylase, detectable for up to 6 h post-injection. This induced alpha-amylase-LMW-HES complex is apparently of a molecular weight that is not easily filtered at the renal glomerulus, thus accounting for the observed hyperamylasaemia concomitant with the decrease in renal excretion. By 12 h post-injection however, the high activity of alpha-amylase in the blood was returning to normal levels and this was observed to parallel the reduction in the formation of macroamylase complexes in serum.", "contents": "Macroamylasaemia following the infusion of low molecular weight-hydroxyethyl starch in man. In fasted normovolaemic subjects dosed with 400 ml of 14% low molecular weight-hydroxyethyl starch (LMW-HES, Mw 264,000 daltons, Mn 63,000 daltons, Mw/Mn = 4.2, MS = 0.43), an increase in the concentration of alpha-amylase was observed in blood which exceeded the upper limit of normal (190 U-1(-1), and in all cases reached twice the basal value. Concomitant with this elevated activity in the blood, the urinary excretion of this enzyme was significantly reduced. Gel filtration of serum recovered from 1 subject on a column of Sephadex G-100 revealed the presence of an LMW-HES-induced macroamylase, detectable for up to 6 h post-injection. This induced alpha-amylase-LMW-HES complex is apparently of a molecular weight that is not easily filtered at the renal glomerulus, thus accounting for the observed hyperamylasaemia concomitant with the decrease in renal excretion. By 12 h post-injection however, the high activity of alpha-amylase in the blood was returning to normal levels and this was observed to parallel the reduction in the formation of macroamylase complexes in serum.", "PMID": 93539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_722", "title": "Vasoconstrictor effect of midodrine, ST 1059, noradrenaline, etilefrine and dihydroergotamine on isolated human veins.", "content": "ST 1059, the pharmacologically active metabolite of midodrine, is a powerful vasoconstrictor compound, acting by stimulation of alpha-receptors. It elicited 80% of noradrenaline-induced contraction of human veins.", "contents": "Vasoconstrictor effect of midodrine, ST 1059, noradrenaline, etilefrine and dihydroergotamine on isolated human veins. ST 1059, the pharmacologically active metabolite of midodrine, is a powerful vasoconstrictor compound, acting by stimulation of alpha-receptors. It elicited 80% of noradrenaline-induced contraction of human veins.", "PMID": 93544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_723", "title": "Ontogeny of immunity in amphibians: changes in antibody repertoires and appearance of adult major histocompatibility antigens in Xenopus.", "content": "Larval Xenopus anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl antibodies of the low-molecular weight type can be analyzed by isoelectric focusing (IEF). Within a clone of genetically identical animals, tadpoles make antibodies whose IEF spectrotypes are shared by most of the individuals. Adults of the same clone also make antibodies of identical spectrotype, but the adult pattern can be very different from the larval one, although both responses are heterogeneous. The larval spectrotypes that one cannot see in a primary adult response can be found if the adult has been primed during larval life and boosted after metamorphosis. The heterogeneity of the response is somewhat lower in tadpoles (up to 12 antibody IEF bands) than in adults (up to 20 antibody IEF bands). The change in the repertoire occurs during metamorphosis at the time of the appearance of two major histocompatibility complex antigens. One, a lymphocyte antigen, appears 10-15 days before the end of metamorphosis, the other, present on red cells (and presumably also on lymphocytes), appears 1.5 month after the end of metamorphosis, as determined by immunofluorescence analysis. During the same period, the syngeneic mixed leukocyte reaction switches from a larval anti-adult to an adult anti-larval reaction.", "contents": "Ontogeny of immunity in amphibians: changes in antibody repertoires and appearance of adult major histocompatibility antigens in Xenopus. Larval Xenopus anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl antibodies of the low-molecular weight type can be analyzed by isoelectric focusing (IEF). Within a clone of genetically identical animals, tadpoles make antibodies whose IEF spectrotypes are shared by most of the individuals. Adults of the same clone also make antibodies of identical spectrotype, but the adult pattern can be very different from the larval one, although both responses are heterogeneous. The larval spectrotypes that one cannot see in a primary adult response can be found if the adult has been primed during larval life and boosted after metamorphosis. The heterogeneity of the response is somewhat lower in tadpoles (up to 12 antibody IEF bands) than in adults (up to 20 antibody IEF bands). The change in the repertoire occurs during metamorphosis at the time of the appearance of two major histocompatibility complex antigens. One, a lymphocyte antigen, appears 10-15 days before the end of metamorphosis, the other, present on red cells (and presumably also on lymphocytes), appears 1.5 month after the end of metamorphosis, as determined by immunofluorescence analysis. During the same period, the syngeneic mixed leukocyte reaction switches from a larval anti-adult to an adult anti-larval reaction.", "PMID": 93547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_724", "title": "The fine specificity of regulatory T cells. IV. Idiotypic complementarity and antigen-bridging interactions in the anti-lysozyme response.", "content": "The hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL)-specific B cells which are activated in response to HEL share a cross-reactive idiotype as well as submolecular specificity. Helper T cells of two different specificities are implicated in their optimal activation, one recognizing the idiotype and the other, an epitope on the HEL molecule opposite to the one recognized by B cells. Thus, efficient T-B collaboration involves both idiotypic complementary and antigen bridging.", "contents": "The fine specificity of regulatory T cells. IV. Idiotypic complementarity and antigen-bridging interactions in the anti-lysozyme response. The hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL)-specific B cells which are activated in response to HEL share a cross-reactive idiotype as well as submolecular specificity. Helper T cells of two different specificities are implicated in their optimal activation, one recognizing the idiotype and the other, an epitope on the HEL molecule opposite to the one recognized by B cells. Thus, efficient T-B collaboration involves both idiotypic complementary and antigen bridging.", "PMID": 93548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_725", "title": "Characteristics of the T-dependent alpha(1 leads to 6) glucosyl (dextran) antibody response induced in mice with isomaltohexaose coupled to chicken gamma-globulin.", "content": "Isomaltohexaose flavazole coupled to chicken gamma-globulin (IM6-CGG) induced T cell-dependent anti-alpha(1 leads to 6) dextran-specific IgM and IgG responses in CBA, BALB/c and A strain mice. The IgG responses were of restricted heterogeneity as judged by isoelectric focusing, and belonged mostly to the IgG1 subclass with a minor IgG3 component in the case of BALB/c and CBA mice. All four subclasses of IgG were produced in A strain mice. In contrast, native dextran B 512 induces exclusively T cell-independent IgM responses of the same specificity for all 3 strains. All BALB/c mice immunized with different doses of IM6-CGG either in Freund's adjuvant or with Al(OH)3 plus Bordetella pertussis showed the same spectrotypes by isoelectric focusing. Sera obtained at different times after immunization of BALB/c mice failed to show spectrotype variations. Late, but not early, bleedings from CBA mice showed a tendency towards more uniform isoelectric focusing patterns.", "contents": "Characteristics of the T-dependent alpha(1 leads to 6) glucosyl (dextran) antibody response induced in mice with isomaltohexaose coupled to chicken gamma-globulin. Isomaltohexaose flavazole coupled to chicken gamma-globulin (IM6-CGG) induced T cell-dependent anti-alpha(1 leads to 6) dextran-specific IgM and IgG responses in CBA, BALB/c and A strain mice. The IgG responses were of restricted heterogeneity as judged by isoelectric focusing, and belonged mostly to the IgG1 subclass with a minor IgG3 component in the case of BALB/c and CBA mice. All four subclasses of IgG were produced in A strain mice. In contrast, native dextran B 512 induces exclusively T cell-independent IgM responses of the same specificity for all 3 strains. All BALB/c mice immunized with different doses of IM6-CGG either in Freund's adjuvant or with Al(OH)3 plus Bordetella pertussis showed the same spectrotypes by isoelectric focusing. Sera obtained at different times after immunization of BALB/c mice failed to show spectrotype variations. Late, but not early, bleedings from CBA mice showed a tendency towards more uniform isoelectric focusing patterns.", "PMID": 93549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_726", "title": "Substance P infusion into substantia nigra of the rat: behavioural analysis and involvement of striatal dopamine.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to characterize the nature of the behavioural response to substance P (SP) infusion into the substantia nigra and to evaluate this response in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) caudate lesioned rats. The effects of SP infusions (3 microgram in 1 microliter bilaterally) were assessed in an open field. Two groups of rats were used: one with 6-OHDA lesions in the caudate nucleus, and one with sham lesions. In sham rats, the first infusion produced a strong increase in sterotyped rearing and sniffing, with no concurrent enhancement of locomotion. With three subsequent infusions (made at interval of two days) the rearing response disappeared and a tendency to groom emerged. All SP-induced behavioural stimulation was blocked in the caudate-lesioned rats; an effect of the lesion itself was reduced rearing. These results suggest that the response to SP infusion is mediated through the nigro-striatal dopamine system. The behavioural profiles which emerge after SP infusion into the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area are compared. In general, the behavioural studies of SP effects support the concept that the A9 and A10 dopamine systems can be behaviourally differentiated.", "contents": "Substance P infusion into substantia nigra of the rat: behavioural analysis and involvement of striatal dopamine. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the nature of the behavioural response to substance P (SP) infusion into the substantia nigra and to evaluate this response in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) caudate lesioned rats. The effects of SP infusions (3 microgram in 1 microliter bilaterally) were assessed in an open field. Two groups of rats were used: one with 6-OHDA lesions in the caudate nucleus, and one with sham lesions. In sham rats, the first infusion produced a strong increase in sterotyped rearing and sniffing, with no concurrent enhancement of locomotion. With three subsequent infusions (made at interval of two days) the rearing response disappeared and a tendency to groom emerged. All SP-induced behavioural stimulation was blocked in the caudate-lesioned rats; an effect of the lesion itself was reduced rearing. These results suggest that the response to SP infusion is mediated through the nigro-striatal dopamine system. The behavioural profiles which emerge after SP infusion into the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area are compared. In general, the behavioural studies of SP effects support the concept that the A9 and A10 dopamine systems can be behaviourally differentiated.", "PMID": 93550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_727", "title": "Aprotinin induces surface changes in malignant cells in culture: a possible mode of antitumour action.", "content": "Treatment of TRES cells with aprotinin (Trasylol) produced marked changes in their surface properties. There was a concentration-dependent increase in the surface charge density of the cells. The agglutinability of the cells was inhibited by the antiproteinase. The cells became less adhesive to concanavalin A-linked plates. The adhesion of treated TRES cells appeared to be mediated by lectin receptors with lower specificity for concanavalin A. These observations and an analysis of the kinetics of adhesion have suggested the possibility that a new class of concanavalin A receptors appears on the surface of aprotinin-treated TRES cells, which might increase immunogenicity of the cells.", "contents": "Aprotinin induces surface changes in malignant cells in culture: a possible mode of antitumour action. Treatment of TRES cells with aprotinin (Trasylol) produced marked changes in their surface properties. There was a concentration-dependent increase in the surface charge density of the cells. The agglutinability of the cells was inhibited by the antiproteinase. The cells became less adhesive to concanavalin A-linked plates. The adhesion of treated TRES cells appeared to be mediated by lectin receptors with lower specificity for concanavalin A. These observations and an analysis of the kinetics of adhesion have suggested the possibility that a new class of concanavalin A receptors appears on the surface of aprotinin-treated TRES cells, which might increase immunogenicity of the cells.", "PMID": 93555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_728", "title": "Differential location of different types of intermediate-sized filaments in various tissues of the chicken embryo.", "content": "The location of constitutive proteins of different types of intermediate-sized (about 10 mm) filaments (cytokeratin, vimentin, desmin, brain filament protein) was examined in various tissues of 11--20 day chick embryos, using specific antibodies against the isolated proteins and immunofluorescence microscopy on frozen sections and on isolated serous membrane. The tissues studied which contained epithelia were small intestine, gizzard, esophagus, crop, liver, kidney, thymus, mesenteries, and epidermis. The results show that the different intermediate filament proteins, as seen in the same organ, are characteristic of specific lines of differentiation: Cytokeratin filaments are restricted to--and specific for--epithelial cells; vimentin filaments are seen--at this stage of embryogenesis--only in mesenchymal cells, including connective tissue, endothelial and blood cells, and chondrocytes; filaments containing protein(s) related to the subunit protein prepared from gizzard 10 nm filaments (i.e., desmin) are significant only in muscle cells; and intermediate filament protein of brain, most probably neurofilament protein, is present only in nerve cells. We conclude that for most tissues the expression of filaments of cytokeratin, vimentin, desmin, and neurofilament protein is mutually exclusive, and that these protein structurees provide useful markers for histochemical and cytochemical differentiation of cells of epithelial, mesenchymal, myogenic, and neurogenic differentiation.", "contents": "Differential location of different types of intermediate-sized filaments in various tissues of the chicken embryo. The location of constitutive proteins of different types of intermediate-sized (about 10 mm) filaments (cytokeratin, vimentin, desmin, brain filament protein) was examined in various tissues of 11--20 day chick embryos, using specific antibodies against the isolated proteins and immunofluorescence microscopy on frozen sections and on isolated serous membrane. The tissues studied which contained epithelia were small intestine, gizzard, esophagus, crop, liver, kidney, thymus, mesenteries, and epidermis. The results show that the different intermediate filament proteins, as seen in the same organ, are characteristic of specific lines of differentiation: Cytokeratin filaments are restricted to--and specific for--epithelial cells; vimentin filaments are seen--at this stage of embryogenesis--only in mesenchymal cells, including connective tissue, endothelial and blood cells, and chondrocytes; filaments containing protein(s) related to the subunit protein prepared from gizzard 10 nm filaments (i.e., desmin) are significant only in muscle cells; and intermediate filament protein of brain, most probably neurofilament protein, is present only in nerve cells. We conclude that for most tissues the expression of filaments of cytokeratin, vimentin, desmin, and neurofilament protein is mutually exclusive, and that these protein structurees provide useful markers for histochemical and cytochemical differentiation of cells of epithelial, mesenchymal, myogenic, and neurogenic differentiation.", "PMID": 93557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_729", "title": "Identification and characterization of epithelial cells in mammalian tissues by immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies to prekeratin.", "content": "The occurrence of intermediate-sized filaments containing prekeratin-like proteins ('cytokeratins') has been examined in various organs of rat and cow by electron microscopy and by immunofluorescence microscopy on frozen sections using antibodies to defined constitutive proteins of various types of intermediate-sized filaments (prekeratin, vimentin, desmin). Positive cytokeratin reaction and tonofilament-like structures have been observed in the following epithelia: epidermis; ductal, secretory, and myoepithelial cells of sweat glands; mammary gland duct; myoepithelial cells of lactating mammary gland; milk secreting cells of cow; ductal, secretory, and myoepithelial cells of various salivary glands; tongue mucosa; bile duct; excretory duct of pancreas; intestinal mucosa; urothelium; trachea; bronchi; thymus reticulum, including Hassall corpuscles; mesothelium; uterus; and ciliated cells of oviduct. None of the epithelial cells mentioned has shown significant reaction with antibodies to vimentin, the major component of the type of intermediate-sized filaments predominant in mesenchymal cells. The widespread, if not general occurrence of cytokeratin filaments in epithelial cells is emphasized, and it is proposed to use this specific structure as a criterion for true epithelial character or origin.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of epithelial cells in mammalian tissues by immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies to prekeratin. The occurrence of intermediate-sized filaments containing prekeratin-like proteins ('cytokeratins') has been examined in various organs of rat and cow by electron microscopy and by immunofluorescence microscopy on frozen sections using antibodies to defined constitutive proteins of various types of intermediate-sized filaments (prekeratin, vimentin, desmin). Positive cytokeratin reaction and tonofilament-like structures have been observed in the following epithelia: epidermis; ductal, secretory, and myoepithelial cells of sweat glands; mammary gland duct; myoepithelial cells of lactating mammary gland; milk secreting cells of cow; ductal, secretory, and myoepithelial cells of various salivary glands; tongue mucosa; bile duct; excretory duct of pancreas; intestinal mucosa; urothelium; trachea; bronchi; thymus reticulum, including Hassall corpuscles; mesothelium; uterus; and ciliated cells of oviduct. None of the epithelial cells mentioned has shown significant reaction with antibodies to vimentin, the major component of the type of intermediate-sized filaments predominant in mesenchymal cells. The widespread, if not general occurrence of cytokeratin filaments in epithelial cells is emphasized, and it is proposed to use this specific structure as a criterion for true epithelial character or origin.", "PMID": 93558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_730", "title": "Carcinoembryonic proteins in gastric carcinoma metastatic to the liver.", "content": "Two cases of liver metastases from gastric carcinoma are described in which the simultaneous occurrences of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatase (CPALP) were demonstrated in the sera and tumor tissues. AFP was detected not only in the tumor tissues but also in the liver tissue adjacent to the tumor, while the other 2 carcinoembryonic proteins were not detected in the non cancerous liver tissues. The characteristics of CPALP in Case 1 were almost similar to the Nagao isoenzyme, based on enzyme tests involving L-leucine, L-phenylalanine and EDTA inhibitions, heat-stability and Michaelis constant, except for electrophoretical slower moving, while that in Case 2 were identical to variant type CPALP (Warnock).", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic proteins in gastric carcinoma metastatic to the liver. Two cases of liver metastases from gastric carcinoma are described in which the simultaneous occurrences of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatase (CPALP) were demonstrated in the sera and tumor tissues. AFP was detected not only in the tumor tissues but also in the liver tissue adjacent to the tumor, while the other 2 carcinoembryonic proteins were not detected in the non cancerous liver tissues. The characteristics of CPALP in Case 1 were almost similar to the Nagao isoenzyme, based on enzyme tests involving L-leucine, L-phenylalanine and EDTA inhibitions, heat-stability and Michaelis constant, except for electrophoretical slower moving, while that in Case 2 were identical to variant type CPALP (Warnock).", "PMID": 93560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_731", "title": "Topographical distribution and association of tumor--associated antigens and their role in antigenicity in rat tumor cells.", "content": "The antigenicity of tumor-associated antigen (TAA) was compared between 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat fibrosarcoma KMT-17 and Friend murine leukemia virus-infected KMT-17 (FV-KMT-17) cells. The antigenicity was classified into immunosensitivity and immunogenicity, and studied from the viewpoint of humoral immunity. The immunosensitivity to anti TAA antibodies increased by artificial infection of KMT-17 cells with Friend virus. The results suggested that an increase of lateral mobility of TAA on the cell surface contributes to the increase of immunosensitivity. Concerning the immunogenicity of TAA, an augmentation of anti-TAA antibody formation was demonstrated when FV-KMT-17 cells were used as the immunogen. In this case, a physical association between TAA and virus-associated antigen (VAA) was suggested to be very important to increase the immunogenicity of TAA.", "contents": "Topographical distribution and association of tumor--associated antigens and their role in antigenicity in rat tumor cells. The antigenicity of tumor-associated antigen (TAA) was compared between 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat fibrosarcoma KMT-17 and Friend murine leukemia virus-infected KMT-17 (FV-KMT-17) cells. The antigenicity was classified into immunosensitivity and immunogenicity, and studied from the viewpoint of humoral immunity. The immunosensitivity to anti TAA antibodies increased by artificial infection of KMT-17 cells with Friend virus. The results suggested that an increase of lateral mobility of TAA on the cell surface contributes to the increase of immunosensitivity. Concerning the immunogenicity of TAA, an augmentation of anti-TAA antibody formation was demonstrated when FV-KMT-17 cells were used as the immunogen. In this case, a physical association between TAA and virus-associated antigen (VAA) was suggested to be very important to increase the immunogenicity of TAA.", "PMID": 93561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_732", "title": "Effect of modification of reactive lysine on antitryptic and antichymotryptic activity of proteinase inhibitor from cow colostrum.", "content": "40% of the primary structure of the cow colostrum proteinase inhibitor (CTI) is homologous with the structure of the trypsin kallikrein inhibitor (TKI) from bovine organs; the positions of the reactive lysine residues are also the same in both inhibitors. Both CTI and TKI were modified by carbamoylation and the fully labeled derivatives were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography. The effect of the modification on the antitryptic and antichymotryptic activity of both inhibitors was investigated. The antichymotryptic activity of both inhibitors is not decreased after the modification. The antitryptic activity of modified TKI is retained, yet the dissociation constant of the complex of the modified inhibitor with trypsin is considerably increased; nevertheless, modified TKI is a good trypsin inhibitor. The antitryptic activity of modified CTI is hardly detectable. We explain this difference in the behaviour of both inhibitors by a replacement of basic residues Arg-17 and Arg-39 in TKI by neutral amino acids Ala-20 and Gln-42 in CTI.", "contents": "Effect of modification of reactive lysine on antitryptic and antichymotryptic activity of proteinase inhibitor from cow colostrum. 40% of the primary structure of the cow colostrum proteinase inhibitor (CTI) is homologous with the structure of the trypsin kallikrein inhibitor (TKI) from bovine organs; the positions of the reactive lysine residues are also the same in both inhibitors. Both CTI and TKI were modified by carbamoylation and the fully labeled derivatives were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography. The effect of the modification on the antitryptic and antichymotryptic activity of both inhibitors was investigated. The antichymotryptic activity of both inhibitors is not decreased after the modification. The antitryptic activity of modified TKI is retained, yet the dissociation constant of the complex of the modified inhibitor with trypsin is considerably increased; nevertheless, modified TKI is a good trypsin inhibitor. The antitryptic activity of modified CTI is hardly detectable. We explain this difference in the behaviour of both inhibitors by a replacement of basic residues Arg-17 and Arg-39 in TKI by neutral amino acids Ala-20 and Gln-42 in CTI.", "PMID": 93562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_733", "title": "Protease inhibitors in porcine serum and their immunological relationships to human protease inhibitors.", "content": "A close molecular relationship exists between the protease inhibitors of porcine serum and those of human serum as shown by studying their immunological cross-reactivities with gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoretic methods. On studying seven different antisera to human protease inhibitors, five were found to cross-react with porcine serum, and on this bisis it was possible to identify alpha 2 -macroglobulin f, alpha 2 -macroglobulin s, alpha 1 -protease inhibitor, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, antithrombin and alpha 2 -antiplasmin in porcine serum. Antisera to four of these porcine serum inhibitors (alpha 2 -macroglobulin f, alpha 2 -macroglobulin s, alpha 1 -protease inhibitor and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor) were produced and were shown to react immunologically with their human serum protease inhibitor counterparts.", "contents": "Protease inhibitors in porcine serum and their immunological relationships to human protease inhibitors. A close molecular relationship exists between the protease inhibitors of porcine serum and those of human serum as shown by studying their immunological cross-reactivities with gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoretic methods. On studying seven different antisera to human protease inhibitors, five were found to cross-react with porcine serum, and on this bisis it was possible to identify alpha 2 -macroglobulin f, alpha 2 -macroglobulin s, alpha 1 -protease inhibitor, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, antithrombin and alpha 2 -antiplasmin in porcine serum. Antisera to four of these porcine serum inhibitors (alpha 2 -macroglobulin f, alpha 2 -macroglobulin s, alpha 1 -protease inhibitor and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor) were produced and were shown to react immunologically with their human serum protease inhibitor counterparts.", "PMID": 93563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_734", "title": "Identification and characterization of trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase inhibitors in porcine serum.", "content": "Characterization of the trypsin-, chymotrypsin- and elastase-inhibiting properties of porcine serum was carried out by gel filtration on Ultrogel, AcA 44, and agarose gel electrophoresis with subsequent processing for protease-inhibiting activity. Moreover, by allowing the fractions obtained from gel filtration to react with antibodies to porcine serum protease inhibitors, the specific inhibiting properties of these inhibitor molecules were identified. At least six protease inhibitors were identified and partially characterized in porcine serum. Two alpha 2 -macroglobulins (alpha 2 Mf and alpha 2 Ms), homologues to human alpha 2 -macroglobulin, with slightly different electrophoretic mobilities, were both found to exhibit trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase inhibiting activity. Alpha 1 -Protease inhibitor (Mr 51 000), a homologue to human alpha 1 -protease inhibitor (alpha 1 -antitrypsin), also showed trypsin-, chymotrypsin- and elastase-inhibiting properties. Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (Mr 162 000 and 129000), a porcine serum counterpart to human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, showed trypsin- and chymo-trypsin-inhibiting properties. In addition, a specific trypsin inhibitor, alpha 2 -antigrypsin (Mr 58 000), and a specific elastase inhibitor, beta-elastase inhibitor, were characterized in porcine serum, and these seem to have no counterparts in human serum.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase inhibitors in porcine serum. Characterization of the trypsin-, chymotrypsin- and elastase-inhibiting properties of porcine serum was carried out by gel filtration on Ultrogel, AcA 44, and agarose gel electrophoresis with subsequent processing for protease-inhibiting activity. Moreover, by allowing the fractions obtained from gel filtration to react with antibodies to porcine serum protease inhibitors, the specific inhibiting properties of these inhibitor molecules were identified. At least six protease inhibitors were identified and partially characterized in porcine serum. Two alpha 2 -macroglobulins (alpha 2 Mf and alpha 2 Ms), homologues to human alpha 2 -macroglobulin, with slightly different electrophoretic mobilities, were both found to exhibit trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase inhibiting activity. Alpha 1 -Protease inhibitor (Mr 51 000), a homologue to human alpha 1 -protease inhibitor (alpha 1 -antitrypsin), also showed trypsin-, chymotrypsin- and elastase-inhibiting properties. Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (Mr 162 000 and 129000), a porcine serum counterpart to human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, showed trypsin- and chymo-trypsin-inhibiting properties. In addition, a specific trypsin inhibitor, alpha 2 -antigrypsin (Mr 58 000), and a specific elastase inhibitor, beta-elastase inhibitor, were characterized in porcine serum, and these seem to have no counterparts in human serum.", "PMID": 93564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_735", "title": "[Purification and characterization of the free secretory piece of human colostrum (author's transl)].", "content": "The free secretory piece is isolated from human colostrum by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography in high yield (200 mg/l colostrum). DEAE-Cellulose chromatography separates the free secretory piece in two fractions which are electrophoretically distinct, but otherwise have the same characteristics, like molecular weight, antigenic determinants, N-terminal sequence, peptide map and amino acid composition. It was therefore concluded that the protein part of the secretory piece is homogenous.", "contents": "[Purification and characterization of the free secretory piece of human colostrum (author's transl)]. The free secretory piece is isolated from human colostrum by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography in high yield (200 mg/l colostrum). DEAE-Cellulose chromatography separates the free secretory piece in two fractions which are electrophoretically distinct, but otherwise have the same characteristics, like molecular weight, antigenic determinants, N-terminal sequence, peptide map and amino acid composition. It was therefore concluded that the protein part of the secretory piece is homogenous.", "PMID": 93565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_736", "title": "Histochemistry in the diagnosis of early prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Twenty-seven prostatic adenocarcinomas, most of them well differentiated, were examined for acid mucoproteins by the Kreyberg and alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff methods. Seventeen (63 per cent) showed varying amounts of positive material in the lumens of the malignant glands. The procedures can be performed on routinely fixed and paraffin blocked tissues, and are useful in confirming the presence of malignant disease in equivocal cases in which crush artifact or small amounts of very well differentiated tumor acini are present.", "contents": "Histochemistry in the diagnosis of early prostatic carcinoma. Twenty-seven prostatic adenocarcinomas, most of them well differentiated, were examined for acid mucoproteins by the Kreyberg and alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff methods. Seventeen (63 per cent) showed varying amounts of positive material in the lumens of the malignant glands. The procedures can be performed on routinely fixed and paraffin blocked tissues, and are useful in confirming the presence of malignant disease in equivocal cases in which crush artifact or small amounts of very well differentiated tumor acini are present.", "PMID": 93567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_737", "title": "The application of immunoperoxidase methodology for the visualization of prolactin binding sites in human prostate tissue.", "content": "In previous studies the immunoperoxidase method was used to detect intracellular prolactin binding sites in epithelial cells of normal and neoplastic rat prostate. As an extension of this work, the same approach was used to test for and to localize prolactin binding sites in autopsy and biopsy specimens of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded human prostate. Rehydrated tissue sections were exposed to varying concentrations of human placental lactogen or human prolactin and then to human placental lactogen or human prolactin antisera. The loci of hormone binding were visualized by an immunoperoxidase staining sequence. Hormone pretreatment produced immunospecific, dose related staining inside epithelial cells of normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic human prostate indicative of intracellular prolactin binding. The patterns of intracellular hormone binding in human prostate were similar to those seen previously in rat prostate tissue. The possible involvement of prolactin in prostatic cancer and the potential diagnostic value of the immunoperoxidase approach to hormone binding are discussed.", "contents": "The application of immunoperoxidase methodology for the visualization of prolactin binding sites in human prostate tissue. In previous studies the immunoperoxidase method was used to detect intracellular prolactin binding sites in epithelial cells of normal and neoplastic rat prostate. As an extension of this work, the same approach was used to test for and to localize prolactin binding sites in autopsy and biopsy specimens of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded human prostate. Rehydrated tissue sections were exposed to varying concentrations of human placental lactogen or human prolactin and then to human placental lactogen or human prolactin antisera. The loci of hormone binding were visualized by an immunoperoxidase staining sequence. Hormone pretreatment produced immunospecific, dose related staining inside epithelial cells of normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic human prostate indicative of intracellular prolactin binding. The patterns of intracellular hormone binding in human prostate were similar to those seen previously in rat prostate tissue. The possible involvement of prolactin in prostatic cancer and the potential diagnostic value of the immunoperoxidase approach to hormone binding are discussed.", "PMID": 93568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_738", "title": "Serum and cellular biologic tumor markers in patients with urologic cancer.", "content": "During the past several years the development of radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemical techniques to detect small amounts of marker in the sera and cancer cells of cancer patients has made a significant impact on the diagnosis and management of certain cancers. Among these markers alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein have been useful in the staging, detection of recurrence, prognosis, and management of testicular cancer. In this article the recent developments and future perspectives concerning these and other newer markers are discussed.", "contents": "Serum and cellular biologic tumor markers in patients with urologic cancer. During the past several years the development of radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemical techniques to detect small amounts of marker in the sera and cancer cells of cancer patients has made a significant impact on the diagnosis and management of certain cancers. Among these markers alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein have been useful in the staging, detection of recurrence, prognosis, and management of testicular cancer. In this article the recent developments and future perspectives concerning these and other newer markers are discussed.", "PMID": 93569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_739", "title": "MA 160 and EB33 cell lines: HeLa cell contaminants, hybrids or prostatic epithelial cells?", "content": "Studies of acid phosphates produced by cell lines MA 160 and EB 33 demonstrated immunochemically their prostatic origin. MA 160 and EB 33, rather than being HeLa contaminants, may be hybrids of prostatic epithelial and HeLa cells or true prostatic cell lines with chromosomal changes common to all long-term cultivated cell lines.", "contents": "MA 160 and EB33 cell lines: HeLa cell contaminants, hybrids or prostatic epithelial cells? Studies of acid phosphates produced by cell lines MA 160 and EB 33 demonstrated immunochemically their prostatic origin. MA 160 and EB 33, rather than being HeLa contaminants, may be hybrids of prostatic epithelial and HeLa cells or true prostatic cell lines with chromosomal changes common to all long-term cultivated cell lines.", "PMID": 93571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_740", "title": "Surface-associated host proteins on virulent Treponema pallidum.", "content": "A surface coat of host serum proteins was detected on virulent Treponema pallidum by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The loosely associated serum proteins could be removed by repeated washings in a protein-free medium. Washed T. pallidum retained the ability to readsorb numerous host proteins from rabbit serum as well as iodinated rabbit or human albumin. In addition, various avidly associated host serum proteins including albumin, alpha(2)-macroglobulin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, and C3 were identified on the outer envelope of washed treponemes by an immunoadsorbent technique with protein A-bearing staphylococcus. Hyaluronidase treatment did not remove the avidly associated host proteins from the surface of washed treponemes, whereas trypsin treatment resulted in decreased levels of agglutination. Electrophoretic patterns of trypsin-treated treponemes showed that treponemal proteins as well as adsorbed host proteins were released concurrently by protease digestion. Reacquisition studies involving alpha(2)-macroglobulin and transferrin suggested the presence of noncompetitive binding sites for serum proteins on the treponemal outer envelope. Finally, differences among the T. pallidum preparations from individual rabbits with respect to incorporation of [(35)S]methionine, extent of agglutination with antisera, and length of time required for removal of avidly associated host proteins by trypsin treatment indicated biological variability among the treponemal populations.", "contents": "Surface-associated host proteins on virulent Treponema pallidum. A surface coat of host serum proteins was detected on virulent Treponema pallidum by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The loosely associated serum proteins could be removed by repeated washings in a protein-free medium. Washed T. pallidum retained the ability to readsorb numerous host proteins from rabbit serum as well as iodinated rabbit or human albumin. In addition, various avidly associated host serum proteins including albumin, alpha(2)-macroglobulin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, and C3 were identified on the outer envelope of washed treponemes by an immunoadsorbent technique with protein A-bearing staphylococcus. Hyaluronidase treatment did not remove the avidly associated host proteins from the surface of washed treponemes, whereas trypsin treatment resulted in decreased levels of agglutination. Electrophoretic patterns of trypsin-treated treponemes showed that treponemal proteins as well as adsorbed host proteins were released concurrently by protease digestion. Reacquisition studies involving alpha(2)-macroglobulin and transferrin suggested the presence of noncompetitive binding sites for serum proteins on the treponemal outer envelope. Finally, differences among the T. pallidum preparations from individual rabbits with respect to incorporation of [(35)S]methionine, extent of agglutination with antisera, and length of time required for removal of avidly associated host proteins by trypsin treatment indicated biological variability among the treponemal populations.", "PMID": 93574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_741", "title": "Antigenic heterogeneity of the non-serogroup antigen structure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "Studies of the antigenic structure of the polysaccharide component of gonococcal lipopolysaccaride (LPS) indicated that the non-serogroup antigen structure is antigenically heterogeneous. Immunodiffusion studies of Gc4 strain 8551 indicated that in addition to the Gc serogroup determinent, this polysaccharide contains two other sets of determinants, one which is shared with the other five Gc serogroups and a second which is shared by the Gc1 and Gc3 serogroups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) studies confirmed the immunodiffusion, documented qualitative differences, and suggested that quantitative differences may exist in the common determinant from serogroup to serogroup. As measured by ELISA inhibition, native LPS showed the same antigenic arrangement as the purified LPS polysaccharides. Studies with LPS-derived polysaccharides from nonprototype strains in immunodiffusion gave results identical to the prototype strains. This antigen variation, although distinct from serogroup specificity, was related to the serogroup determinant.", "contents": "Antigenic heterogeneity of the non-serogroup antigen structure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipopolysaccharides. Studies of the antigenic structure of the polysaccharide component of gonococcal lipopolysaccaride (LPS) indicated that the non-serogroup antigen structure is antigenically heterogeneous. Immunodiffusion studies of Gc4 strain 8551 indicated that in addition to the Gc serogroup determinent, this polysaccharide contains two other sets of determinants, one which is shared with the other five Gc serogroups and a second which is shared by the Gc1 and Gc3 serogroups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) studies confirmed the immunodiffusion, documented qualitative differences, and suggested that quantitative differences may exist in the common determinant from serogroup to serogroup. As measured by ELISA inhibition, native LPS showed the same antigenic arrangement as the purified LPS polysaccharides. Studies with LPS-derived polysaccharides from nonprototype strains in immunodiffusion gave results identical to the prototype strains. This antigen variation, although distinct from serogroup specificity, was related to the serogroup determinant.", "PMID": 93575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_742", "title": "Generation of specfic T-cell suppressor function induced by Streptococcus mutans in monkeys and mice.", "content": "Specific suppressor cells in mice and monkeys can be induced with high doses of Streptococcus mutans antigen. When these cells are further cultured with a low dose of S. mutans antigen in vitro, they secrete specific suppressor factors which decrease the cooperative responses to this antigen. In view of the sensitivity of these cells to anti-Thy 1 and complement, and as they are not retained on nylon-wool, these suppressor cells are T cells. The suppressor factor exerts its effect on T helper cells and not on B cells. Suppressor cells and factors may regulate antibody responses to S. mutans and might be of significance in determining the dose and frequency of immunization and the type of adjuvant to be used.", "contents": "Generation of specfic T-cell suppressor function induced by Streptococcus mutans in monkeys and mice. Specific suppressor cells in mice and monkeys can be induced with high doses of Streptococcus mutans antigen. When these cells are further cultured with a low dose of S. mutans antigen in vitro, they secrete specific suppressor factors which decrease the cooperative responses to this antigen. In view of the sensitivity of these cells to anti-Thy 1 and complement, and as they are not retained on nylon-wool, these suppressor cells are T cells. The suppressor factor exerts its effect on T helper cells and not on B cells. Suppressor cells and factors may regulate antibody responses to S. mutans and might be of significance in determining the dose and frequency of immunization and the type of adjuvant to be used.", "PMID": 93576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_743", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in mice. Effect of Raf gene.", "content": "The regulation of the high physiological level of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in BALB/c/J mice was studied. Serum AFP concentration in 7- to 12-week-old BALB/c/J mice varied from 460 ng/ml up to 2,790 ng/ml and in other strains tested from 10 ng/ml to 400 ng/ml. In contrast to the difference in serum AFP level, activity of the fetal enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in the liver of BALB/c/J mice was similar to that found in other mice. In all newborn mice, the initially high GGT activity decreased almost 100-fold during the first 10 days. The serum AFP concentration stayed relatively stable during this period. AFP decreased to the adult level between the 10th and 30th days. Partial hepatectomy and administration of carbon tetrachloride increased the serum AFP level in all mice. The elevation of AFP was 10 times higher in BALB/c/J mice than in mice with low basal AFP level. A slightly elevated GGT activity in the liver was observed in only 10 out of 40 mice after carbon tetrachloride treatment, but none of the mice after partial hepatectomy showed an elevation. These results suggest that the gene (\"Raf\" gene) controlling the reduced decrease of serum AFP level in young BALB/c/J mice enhances the \"turning on\" of production of AFP in the regenerating liver. This gene does not, however, control the expression of the other carcinofetal liver marker, GGT.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in mice. Effect of Raf gene. The regulation of the high physiological level of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in BALB/c/J mice was studied. Serum AFP concentration in 7- to 12-week-old BALB/c/J mice varied from 460 ng/ml up to 2,790 ng/ml and in other strains tested from 10 ng/ml to 400 ng/ml. In contrast to the difference in serum AFP level, activity of the fetal enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in the liver of BALB/c/J mice was similar to that found in other mice. In all newborn mice, the initially high GGT activity decreased almost 100-fold during the first 10 days. The serum AFP concentration stayed relatively stable during this period. AFP decreased to the adult level between the 10th and 30th days. Partial hepatectomy and administration of carbon tetrachloride increased the serum AFP level in all mice. The elevation of AFP was 10 times higher in BALB/c/J mice than in mice with low basal AFP level. A slightly elevated GGT activity in the liver was observed in only 10 out of 40 mice after carbon tetrachloride treatment, but none of the mice after partial hepatectomy showed an elevation. These results suggest that the gene (\"Raf\" gene) controlling the reduced decrease of serum AFP level in young BALB/c/J mice enhances the \"turning on\" of production of AFP in the regenerating liver. This gene does not, however, control the expression of the other carcinofetal liver marker, GGT.", "PMID": 93577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_744", "title": "Epstein-Barr virus-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in patients with Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "Coded sera from 54 patients with African Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) were titrated for antibodies against an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced membrane antigen in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. The titers were then correlated with the progression of lymphoma growth following chemotherapy. In 74% of the patients with high ADCC titers (greater than 3,840), lymphomas showed partial or complete regression following therapy. In the medium-titered group (240-3,840), 36% of the lymphomas showed some response to therapy, while only 29% of the lymphomas in the low group (less than 240) responded to treatment. These preliminary results indicated that, as previously reported for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, ADCC titers may be a prognotic value in patients with this EBV-associated disease. In an attempt to determine the identity of the ADCC antigen, some of these sera were examined for antibody to the four major MA components so far identified in the membrane of EBV-infected Raji cells. Sera with high ADCC titers in general contained antibody to the four major MA components, while low-titered sera usually contained antibody to three or less of these proteins. There were exceptions to this pattern, however, indicating that the ADCC antigen might differ from the four EBV-induced membrane components so far identified.", "contents": "Epstein-Barr virus-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. Coded sera from 54 patients with African Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) were titrated for antibodies against an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced membrane antigen in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. The titers were then correlated with the progression of lymphoma growth following chemotherapy. In 74% of the patients with high ADCC titers (greater than 3,840), lymphomas showed partial or complete regression following therapy. In the medium-titered group (240-3,840), 36% of the lymphomas showed some response to therapy, while only 29% of the lymphomas in the low group (less than 240) responded to treatment. These preliminary results indicated that, as previously reported for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, ADCC titers may be a prognotic value in patients with this EBV-associated disease. In an attempt to determine the identity of the ADCC antigen, some of these sera were examined for antibody to the four major MA components so far identified in the membrane of EBV-infected Raji cells. Sera with high ADCC titers in general contained antibody to the four major MA components, while low-titered sera usually contained antibody to three or less of these proteins. There were exceptions to this pattern, however, indicating that the ADCC antigen might differ from the four EBV-induced membrane components so far identified.", "PMID": 93578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_745", "title": "Hepatitis B virus antigens in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma tissues.", "content": "The presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigens was examined in specimens of liver tissue obtained at necropsy from black Senegalese patients suffering from primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC). The results were correlated with markers of hepatitis B infection in serum. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and core antigen (HBcAg) were sought for in 15 liver extracts. HBsAg was found in the liver in 10 of 12 cases with HBsAg-positive serum. HBcAg was detected in three livers. The HBsAg was detected in seven of eight livers by immunofluorescence and orcein staining. HBsAg-positive cells were mainly located in the peri-tumoral cirrhotic tissue, although positive hepatocytes were also found in tumour nodules in liver from one of the patients. HBcAg was found in five of seven cases by  immunofluorescence in hepatocytes of the cirrhotic areas. HBcAg fluorescence was primarily nuclear but, in some lobules, a patchy cytoplasmic fluorescence was observed. This suggests a cytoplasm-nucleus pathway in the synthesis of the HBV core antigen. Electron microscopy was performed on two HBsAg- and HBcAg-positive cases. Fibrillar and crystalline cytoplasmic inclusions were observed in tumour cells. In the same cells, 20-25 nm virus-like particles were present in swollen cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Hepatitis B virus antigens in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. The presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigens was examined in specimens of liver tissue obtained at necropsy from black Senegalese patients suffering from primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC). The results were correlated with markers of hepatitis B infection in serum. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and core antigen (HBcAg) were sought for in 15 liver extracts. HBsAg was found in the liver in 10 of 12 cases with HBsAg-positive serum. HBcAg was detected in three livers. The HBsAg was detected in seven of eight livers by immunofluorescence and orcein staining. HBsAg-positive cells were mainly located in the peri-tumoral cirrhotic tissue, although positive hepatocytes were also found in tumour nodules in liver from one of the patients. HBcAg was found in five of seven cases by  immunofluorescence in hepatocytes of the cirrhotic areas. HBcAg fluorescence was primarily nuclear but, in some lobules, a patchy cytoplasmic fluorescence was observed. This suggests a cytoplasm-nucleus pathway in the synthesis of the HBV core antigen. Electron microscopy was performed on two HBsAg- and HBcAg-positive cases. Fibrillar and crystalline cytoplasmic inclusions were observed in tumour cells. In the same cells, 20-25 nm virus-like particles were present in swollen cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 93579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_746", "title": "In vivo induction of endogenous retroviruses in BALB/c mouse hepatocytes by successive treatments with carbon tetrachloride and bromodeoxyuridine.", "content": "The effects of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation into hepatocytes of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced regenerating liver of BALB/c mice on the induction of endogenous retroviruses was examined. From the nucliec acid hybridization studies, the maximum levels of hybridization were obtained for both N- and X-tropic BALB/c endogenous retrovirus specific [3H]-cDNAs with liver RNA from animals receiving BrdUrd at 40 and 44 h post-CCl4 treatment, and killed on the fourth day following BrdUrd injection. Media from NIH-3T3 (Swiss mouse) and mink cell cultures, infected with liver homogenates from animals treated as above, gave significant levels of reverse transcriptase activity. The observations made in the present study show that BrdUrd incorporation into cell DNA can cause induction of both N- and X-tropic endogenous retroviruses in BALB/c mouse hepatocytes in vivo, and such induction is probably a transient event.", "contents": "In vivo induction of endogenous retroviruses in BALB/c mouse hepatocytes by successive treatments with carbon tetrachloride and bromodeoxyuridine. The effects of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation into hepatocytes of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced regenerating liver of BALB/c mice on the induction of endogenous retroviruses was examined. From the nucliec acid hybridization studies, the maximum levels of hybridization were obtained for both N- and X-tropic BALB/c endogenous retrovirus specific [3H]-cDNAs with liver RNA from animals receiving BrdUrd at 40 and 44 h post-CCl4 treatment, and killed on the fourth day following BrdUrd injection. Media from NIH-3T3 (Swiss mouse) and mink cell cultures, infected with liver homogenates from animals treated as above, gave significant levels of reverse transcriptase activity. The observations made in the present study show that BrdUrd incorporation into cell DNA can cause induction of both N- and X-tropic endogenous retroviruses in BALB/c mouse hepatocytes in vivo, and such induction is probably a transient event.", "PMID": 93580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_747", "title": "Isolation of a SV40-like Papovavirus from a human glioblastoma.", "content": "A human glioblastoma multiforme (M27) tested in early cell cultures by indirect immunofluorescence staining showed SV40-related tumor (T)-antigen, 95% of the cells being positive. SV40-related viral capsid (V)-antigen was absent in all cells tested. Experiments to rescue this virus were performed by fusing M27 cells with CV-I monkey cells, which were permissive for SV40, using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as fusion factor. We succeeded in isolating virus particles SV40-GBM which electron microscopy showed to correspond in size and morphology to papovaviruses. Serological tests (hemagglutination, neutralization, fluorescent antibody) revealed that the virus is indistinguishable from SV40. Despite this apparent antigenic identity SV40-GBM differs slightly from SV40 wild type. This virus can propagate and produce CPE in both CV-I cells and primary fetal human kidney cells. Furthermore digestion of SV40-GBM DNA with the HindII/III restriction endonucleases revealed minor differences compared with the SV40 DNA. Therefore the virus SV40-GBM obtained from glioblastoma cells seems to be closely related to the SV40-PML viruses described earlier.", "contents": "Isolation of a SV40-like Papovavirus from a human glioblastoma. A human glioblastoma multiforme (M27) tested in early cell cultures by indirect immunofluorescence staining showed SV40-related tumor (T)-antigen, 95% of the cells being positive. SV40-related viral capsid (V)-antigen was absent in all cells tested. Experiments to rescue this virus were performed by fusing M27 cells with CV-I monkey cells, which were permissive for SV40, using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as fusion factor. We succeeded in isolating virus particles SV40-GBM which electron microscopy showed to correspond in size and morphology to papovaviruses. Serological tests (hemagglutination, neutralization, fluorescent antibody) revealed that the virus is indistinguishable from SV40. Despite this apparent antigenic identity SV40-GBM differs slightly from SV40 wild type. This virus can propagate and produce CPE in both CV-I cells and primary fetal human kidney cells. Furthermore digestion of SV40-GBM DNA with the HindII/III restriction endonucleases revealed minor differences compared with the SV40 DNA. Therefore the virus SV40-GBM obtained from glioblastoma cells seems to be closely related to the SV40-PML viruses described earlier.", "PMID": 93581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_748", "title": "The localization of Hodgkin's disease in lymph nodes. A study with immunohistological, enzyme histochemical and rosetting techniques on frozen sections.", "content": "Lymphoid tissue of 51 patients with Hodgkin's disease was studied with immunohistological, enzyme histochemical and rosetting techniques for the detection of B and T cells in frozen sections. In lymph nodes of patients with lymphocyte predominance type of Hodgkin's disease, the majority of the lymphocytes in the involved areas were normal B lymphocytes of polyclonal origin. This was also true for nodular sclerosis cases with a predominance of lymphocytes. Surrounding Sternberg-Reed cells small clusters of T lymphocytes could be demonstrated. In mixed cellularity and also in nodular sclerosis with a mixed cellular pattern only small residual areas of B lymphocytes were present, whereas relatively large numbers of T lymphocytes were found in the involved areas. In lymphocyte depletion B lymphocytes were scarce and T lymphocytes were present in small number. It is concluded that different patterns of lymphocyte population can be discerned in the subtypes of Hodgkin's disease. A predominance of B lymphocytes is found in cases with lymphocyte predominance and thus is a prognostic favourable sign. A predominance of T lymphocytes as found in cases with a mixed cellular pattern with or without nodular sclerosis is therefore not a favourable sign in general but may indicate progressive disease. The possible reasons for the presence of large numbers of B or T lymphocytes in lymphoid tissue affected by Hodgkin's disease are discussed.", "contents": "The localization of Hodgkin's disease in lymph nodes. A study with immunohistological, enzyme histochemical and rosetting techniques on frozen sections. Lymphoid tissue of 51 patients with Hodgkin's disease was studied with immunohistological, enzyme histochemical and rosetting techniques for the detection of B and T cells in frozen sections. In lymph nodes of patients with lymphocyte predominance type of Hodgkin's disease, the majority of the lymphocytes in the involved areas were normal B lymphocytes of polyclonal origin. This was also true for nodular sclerosis cases with a predominance of lymphocytes. Surrounding Sternberg-Reed cells small clusters of T lymphocytes could be demonstrated. In mixed cellularity and also in nodular sclerosis with a mixed cellular pattern only small residual areas of B lymphocytes were present, whereas relatively large numbers of T lymphocytes were found in the involved areas. In lymphocyte depletion B lymphocytes were scarce and T lymphocytes were present in small number. It is concluded that different patterns of lymphocyte population can be discerned in the subtypes of Hodgkin's disease. A predominance of B lymphocytes is found in cases with lymphocyte predominance and thus is a prognostic favourable sign. A predominance of T lymphocytes as found in cases with a mixed cellular pattern with or without nodular sclerosis is therefore not a favourable sign in general but may indicate progressive disease. The possible reasons for the presence of large numbers of B or T lymphocytes in lymphoid tissue affected by Hodgkin's disease are discussed.", "PMID": 93582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_749", "title": "Rauscher leukemia virus-induced tumor antigens: complete separation from gp70, p30 and H-2.", "content": "The possibility that some or all of the viral proteins, gp70, p30, and the histocompatibility antigen, H-2, function as the tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) of the R-MuLV-induced leukemia, RBL-5, and also in the secondary in vitro induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), was investigated. The antigen was obtained by isolating the plasma membranes of RBL-5 cells and solubilizing with sodium deoxycholate (DOC) followed by gel filtration chromatography. A fraction containing excellent tumor-rejection activity but low amounts of gp70, p30 and H-2 was chromatographed on goat anti-gp 70 goat anti-p 30 and sheep anti-H-2b immunoaffinity columns. The data obtained indicate that gp 70, p 30 or H-2 do not function as TSTA of RBL-5 leukemia, individually or as a complex. Similarly, the antigen responsible for the specific secondary induction of CTL in vitro is distinct from these three proteins.", "contents": "Rauscher leukemia virus-induced tumor antigens: complete separation from gp70, p30 and H-2. The possibility that some or all of the viral proteins, gp70, p30, and the histocompatibility antigen, H-2, function as the tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) of the R-MuLV-induced leukemia, RBL-5, and also in the secondary in vitro induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), was investigated. The antigen was obtained by isolating the plasma membranes of RBL-5 cells and solubilizing with sodium deoxycholate (DOC) followed by gel filtration chromatography. A fraction containing excellent tumor-rejection activity but low amounts of gp70, p30 and H-2 was chromatographed on goat anti-gp 70 goat anti-p 30 and sheep anti-H-2b immunoaffinity columns. The data obtained indicate that gp 70, p 30 or H-2 do not function as TSTA of RBL-5 leukemia, individually or as a complex. Similarly, the antigen responsible for the specific secondary induction of CTL in vitro is distinct from these three proteins.", "PMID": 93583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_750", "title": "Abortive expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cycle in a variety of EBV DNA-containing cell lines, as reflected by nucleic acid hybridization in situ.", "content": "A variety of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA-containing cell lines have been tested for the expression of the EBV-associated antigens EBNA (nuclear antigen), EA (early antigen), and VCA (viral capsid antigen), and for the presence of cells containing disproportionate amounts of EBV DNA. The antigen tests utilized immunofluorescence and 125I-labelled antibodies combined with autoradiography. EBV-DNA was detected by in situ hybridization with 3H-labelled EBV RNA complementary to P3HR-1 EBV DNA (P-EBVcRNA). The P-EBVcRNA has been shown to represent the majority of the P3HR-1 EBV DNA sequences. It was concluded that EBV DNA-containing cell lines can be divided into those that express only EBNA, those that express EBNA and EA and those that express EBNA, EA and VCA and also contain cells that undergo disproportionate EBV DNA synthesis. Consequently, in some cell lines there is an abortive expression of the EBV cycle in that some cells spontaneously express EA but fail to continue further to viral DNA synthesis. A similar pattern can be found after experimental induction of the EBV cycle, suggesting that related mechanisms govern the spontaneous expression of the EBV cycle and the extent of its inducibility.", "contents": "Abortive expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cycle in a variety of EBV DNA-containing cell lines, as reflected by nucleic acid hybridization in situ. A variety of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA-containing cell lines have been tested for the expression of the EBV-associated antigens EBNA (nuclear antigen), EA (early antigen), and VCA (viral capsid antigen), and for the presence of cells containing disproportionate amounts of EBV DNA. The antigen tests utilized immunofluorescence and 125I-labelled antibodies combined with autoradiography. EBV-DNA was detected by in situ hybridization with 3H-labelled EBV RNA complementary to P3HR-1 EBV DNA (P-EBVcRNA). The P-EBVcRNA has been shown to represent the majority of the P3HR-1 EBV DNA sequences. It was concluded that EBV DNA-containing cell lines can be divided into those that express only EBNA, those that express EBNA and EA and those that express EBNA, EA and VCA and also contain cells that undergo disproportionate EBV DNA synthesis. Consequently, in some cell lines there is an abortive expression of the EBV cycle in that some cells spontaneously express EA but fail to continue further to viral DNA synthesis. A similar pattern can be found after experimental induction of the EBV cycle, suggesting that related mechanisms govern the spontaneous expression of the EBV cycle and the extent of its inducibility.", "PMID": 93584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_751", "title": "Characteristics and genetic control of NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity activated by naturally acquired infection in the mouse.", "content": "Most and perhaps all natural-cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) may be activated by a response to exogenous infections. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice have little or no natural killer (NK) cell activity, but when they are relocated in conventional conditions, they develop strong NCMC within 2 to 3 days. Unlike other SPF animals, hypothymic nude mice display good NCMC which is further augmented upon their entry into a pathogenic environment. The ontogeny, genetic control and other features of pathogen-activated NCMC resemble those previously described for NK cells. An H2-D region NCMC regulatory gene is active in either a homozygous or heterozygous state, but to be operative seems to require the presence of an additional complementing locus, which maps outside the H-2 complex. It is proposed that H-2 influences NCMC levels by affecting the expression or immunogenicity of NK cell-activating determinants. Recently activated NK cells were non-adherent and lacked Ia and Thy-1 determinants. NCMC was not affected by treatment with monoclonal high-titer Thy-1.2 antisera and complement. However, an Ly-6.2 antiserum did contain anti-NK cytotoxic activity, which was shown by absorption analysis to be distinct from anti-Ly-6.2 activity. The NK antigen has a strain distribution pattern distinct from Ly-5 and other Ly markers, but may be related or identical to NK-1.", "contents": "Characteristics and genetic control of NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity activated by naturally acquired infection in the mouse. Most and perhaps all natural-cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) may be activated by a response to exogenous infections. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice have little or no natural killer (NK) cell activity, but when they are relocated in conventional conditions, they develop strong NCMC within 2 to 3 days. Unlike other SPF animals, hypothymic nude mice display good NCMC which is further augmented upon their entry into a pathogenic environment. The ontogeny, genetic control and other features of pathogen-activated NCMC resemble those previously described for NK cells. An H2-D region NCMC regulatory gene is active in either a homozygous or heterozygous state, but to be operative seems to require the presence of an additional complementing locus, which maps outside the H-2 complex. It is proposed that H-2 influences NCMC levels by affecting the expression or immunogenicity of NK cell-activating determinants. Recently activated NK cells were non-adherent and lacked Ia and Thy-1 determinants. NCMC was not affected by treatment with monoclonal high-titer Thy-1.2 antisera and complement. However, an Ly-6.2 antiserum did contain anti-NK cytotoxic activity, which was shown by absorption analysis to be distinct from anti-Ly-6.2 activity. The NK antigen has a strain distribution pattern distinct from Ly-5 and other Ly markers, but may be related or identical to NK-1.", "PMID": 93585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_752", "title": "Enhancement of feline leukemia virus-induced leukemogenesis in cats exposed to methylnitrosourea.", "content": "The effect of methylnitrosourea (MNU), a potent resorptive carcinogen, was evaluated for its influence on the susceptibility of adult cats to infection and induction of oncornavirus disease by feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Young adult cats at an age previously demonstrated to be highly resistant to FeLV, were injected intravenously with moderately toxic doses (15-20 mg/kg) of MNU alone or with infections FeLV (Rickard strain). Following exposure to virus and chemical, cats were monitored for antibody to the feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA), viremia by direct infectivity and the presence of gsa in peripheral blood leukocytes, and for toxic effects of MNU by hemogram analyses on peripheral blood. Of 8 cats injected with MNU + FeLV, 6 developed persistent viremia, 5 of which became debilitated from thymic lymphoma. Only 1 of 6 non-MNU-treated and infected cats of the same age became transiently viremic. FOCMA antibody development was markedly depressed in MNU + FeLV inoculated cats compared with cats inoculated with FeLV alone. Results show that MNU was apparently responsible for the obliteration of age-related susceptibility in cats to FeLV infection and induction of FeLV-related disease, and suggest that in nature exposure to toxic chemical carcinogens may act as factors which determine susceptibility to feline oncornaviruses in the cat.", "contents": "Enhancement of feline leukemia virus-induced leukemogenesis in cats exposed to methylnitrosourea. The effect of methylnitrosourea (MNU), a potent resorptive carcinogen, was evaluated for its influence on the susceptibility of adult cats to infection and induction of oncornavirus disease by feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Young adult cats at an age previously demonstrated to be highly resistant to FeLV, were injected intravenously with moderately toxic doses (15-20 mg/kg) of MNU alone or with infections FeLV (Rickard strain). Following exposure to virus and chemical, cats were monitored for antibody to the feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA), viremia by direct infectivity and the presence of gsa in peripheral blood leukocytes, and for toxic effects of MNU by hemogram analyses on peripheral blood. Of 8 cats injected with MNU + FeLV, 6 developed persistent viremia, 5 of which became debilitated from thymic lymphoma. Only 1 of 6 non-MNU-treated and infected cats of the same age became transiently viremic. FOCMA antibody development was markedly depressed in MNU + FeLV inoculated cats compared with cats inoculated with FeLV alone. Results show that MNU was apparently responsible for the obliteration of age-related susceptibility in cats to FeLV infection and induction of FeLV-related disease, and suggest that in nature exposure to toxic chemical carcinogens may act as factors which determine susceptibility to feline oncornaviruses in the cat.", "PMID": 93586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_753", "title": "The effect of mazindol on metabolic and regulatory changes in obese women during weight reduction.", "content": "The effect of mazindol (1 mg/day) on some metabolic and regulatory values was investigated in ten adult obese women and compared with the same number of controls during weight reduction in hospital (a five-times repeated cycle of 5 days complete starvation and 3 days on a 500 kcal(2.1MJ/day diet.) Mazindol caused a rise of hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase in striated muscle by 70 per cent and a marked decline in malic dehydrogenase. Mazindol also produced higher levels of non-esterified fatty acids--significantly higher during the fifth starvation period; a small decrease in blood glucose, IRI and glucose/IRI ratio being unaffected, a significantly two-fold greater decrease of serum cholesterol; a significant increase of the noradrenaline elimination compared with a decrease in controls and in increase in triiodothyronine binding globulin towards the upper range of normal.", "contents": "The effect of mazindol on metabolic and regulatory changes in obese women during weight reduction. The effect of mazindol (1 mg/day) on some metabolic and regulatory values was investigated in ten adult obese women and compared with the same number of controls during weight reduction in hospital (a five-times repeated cycle of 5 days complete starvation and 3 days on a 500 kcal(2.1MJ/day diet.) Mazindol caused a rise of hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase in striated muscle by 70 per cent and a marked decline in malic dehydrogenase. Mazindol also produced higher levels of non-esterified fatty acids--significantly higher during the fifth starvation period; a small decrease in blood glucose, IRI and glucose/IRI ratio being unaffected, a significantly two-fold greater decrease of serum cholesterol; a significant increase of the noradrenaline elimination compared with a decrease in controls and in increase in triiodothyronine binding globulin towards the upper range of normal.", "PMID": 93588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_754", "title": "Nutritive value of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan in man.", "content": "The nutritive value of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan was investigated by loading tests with deuterated L-tryptophan and deuterated N-acetyl-L-tryptophan in three healthy adults, and by a 7 day-long feeding experiment with deuterated N-acetyl-L-tryptophan in one healthy adult. After loading with deuterated N-acetyl-L-tryptophan, serum levels of deuterated tryptophan and kynurenine were only about 10%, and the amounts of deuterated 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid excreted in 24 h approximately 30% of those found after deuterated tryptophan loading. During the feeding experiment with deuterated N-acetyl-L-tryptophan, the serum level of deuterated tryptophan remained below 20% of total serum tryptophan, and serum protein fell below the normal range. It is concluded that the nutritive value of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan is inferior to that of L-tryptophan. Contradictory findings of earlier studies are discussed.", "contents": "Nutritive value of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan in man. The nutritive value of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan was investigated by loading tests with deuterated L-tryptophan and deuterated N-acetyl-L-tryptophan in three healthy adults, and by a 7 day-long feeding experiment with deuterated N-acetyl-L-tryptophan in one healthy adult. After loading with deuterated N-acetyl-L-tryptophan, serum levels of deuterated tryptophan and kynurenine were only about 10%, and the amounts of deuterated 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid excreted in 24 h approximately 30% of those found after deuterated tryptophan loading. During the feeding experiment with deuterated N-acetyl-L-tryptophan, the serum level of deuterated tryptophan remained below 20% of total serum tryptophan, and serum protein fell below the normal range. It is concluded that the nutritive value of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan is inferior to that of L-tryptophan. Contradictory findings of earlier studies are discussed.", "PMID": 93590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_755", "title": "Orcein, collastin and pseudo-elastica: a re-investigation of Unna's concepts.", "content": "Orcein has been recommended for identification of elastin. Since other traditional elastica stains proved to be unspecific, it was deemed of interest to determine the selectivity of orcein and to review pertinent literature. Orcein was employed as a textile dye in ancient Egypt and was used for dyeing of wool and silk until the early 20th century. It was introduced into histological technic in 1878 as a stain for cytoplasm. Unna recommended it for demonstration of elastic tissue in 1890 and retracted claims for its specifity in 1894 because orcein colored also certain collagen fibers. Unna suggested the term collastin for collagen fibers which share the affinity of elastin for acid orcein. Other orcein solutions were used as selective stains for collagen. In histochemical studies, the staining properties of resorcin-fuchsin and orcein were very similar; elastin and various collagen fibers were strongly colored. Unna's collastin is apparently identical with the pseudo-elastica described in sections stained with resorcin-fuchsin. Both dyes react with meshworks of fine fibers, embryonic, experimentally or pathologically altered collagens. It is suggested to use the term collastin, instead of pseudo-elastica, for collagenous fibers which bind the traditional elastica stains.", "contents": "Orcein, collastin and pseudo-elastica: a re-investigation of Unna's concepts. Orcein has been recommended for identification of elastin. Since other traditional elastica stains proved to be unspecific, it was deemed of interest to determine the selectivity of orcein and to review pertinent literature. Orcein was employed as a textile dye in ancient Egypt and was used for dyeing of wool and silk until the early 20th century. It was introduced into histological technic in 1878 as a stain for cytoplasm. Unna recommended it for demonstration of elastic tissue in 1890 and retracted claims for its specifity in 1894 because orcein colored also certain collagen fibers. Unna suggested the term collastin for collagen fibers which share the affinity of elastin for acid orcein. Other orcein solutions were used as selective stains for collagen. In histochemical studies, the staining properties of resorcin-fuchsin and orcein were very similar; elastin and various collagen fibers were strongly colored. Unna's collastin is apparently identical with the pseudo-elastica described in sections stained with resorcin-fuchsin. Both dyes react with meshworks of fine fibers, embryonic, experimentally or pathologically altered collagens. It is suggested to use the term collastin, instead of pseudo-elastica, for collagenous fibers which bind the traditional elastica stains.", "PMID": 93591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_756", "title": "Ruthenium red as a stain for electron microscopy. Some new aspects of its application and mode of action.", "content": "Commercial ruthenium red has been tested for its purity by spectrophotometry. Impurities detected by this method could be abolished by nitric acid-precipitation of ruthenium brown. This substance has no effect on cell surface staining and converts almost completely to ruthenium red under the conditions used in electron microscopy. It was found, by photometric analysis, that in the ruthenium red-osmium tetroxide-cacodylate combination, generally used for cell surface staining, chemical reactions between ruthenium red and osmium tetroxide occur. As aerial oxidation of hexammineruthenium2+ leads to a product with some surface staining capability, it is suggested that an oxidized product of ruthenium red is responsible for binding to cellular components, and that a reduced product of osmium tetroxide gives an additional contrast enhancement. In ruthenium red-osmium dioxide combinations ruthenium red seems to bind to cell surfaces without any molecular alteration, and contrast is gained by the model proposed by Blanquet (1976b). The latter method could open a way for investigating the binding of ruthenium red to certain natural compounds involved in calcium transport, as postulated by a number of authors. Both ruthenium-osmium combinations differ in their cell surface staining ability. The ruthenium red-osmium dioxide combination tends to form distinct subunits, whereas the osmium tetroxide variety stains homogeneously. In combination with osmium dioxide, the surface staining is affected by EDTA, and, in contrast to osmium tetroxide, a successive application of ruthenium red and osmium dioxide as possible.", "contents": "Ruthenium red as a stain for electron microscopy. Some new aspects of its application and mode of action. Commercial ruthenium red has been tested for its purity by spectrophotometry. Impurities detected by this method could be abolished by nitric acid-precipitation of ruthenium brown. This substance has no effect on cell surface staining and converts almost completely to ruthenium red under the conditions used in electron microscopy. It was found, by photometric analysis, that in the ruthenium red-osmium tetroxide-cacodylate combination, generally used for cell surface staining, chemical reactions between ruthenium red and osmium tetroxide occur. As aerial oxidation of hexammineruthenium2+ leads to a product with some surface staining capability, it is suggested that an oxidized product of ruthenium red is responsible for binding to cellular components, and that a reduced product of osmium tetroxide gives an additional contrast enhancement. In ruthenium red-osmium dioxide combinations ruthenium red seems to bind to cell surfaces without any molecular alteration, and contrast is gained by the model proposed by Blanquet (1976b). The latter method could open a way for investigating the binding of ruthenium red to certain natural compounds involved in calcium transport, as postulated by a number of authors. Both ruthenium-osmium combinations differ in their cell surface staining ability. The ruthenium red-osmium dioxide combination tends to form distinct subunits, whereas the osmium tetroxide variety stains homogeneously. In combination with osmium dioxide, the surface staining is affected by EDTA, and, in contrast to osmium tetroxide, a successive application of ruthenium red and osmium dioxide as possible.", "PMID": 93592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_757", "title": "The ionic components of normal human oesophageal epithelium.", "content": "The distribution of cations and anions in normal human oesophageal epithelium has been investigated with the pyroantimonate and silver-osmium tetroxide techniques. There is a discontinuous distribution of both ions in the intercellular space. The ions are associated with various organelles, as has already been described in the literature. Specifically, in the oesophageal epithelium, there are a few deposits of pyroantimonate and occasional silver in the membrane coating granules, but here is no apparent relationship of either ion with the tonofilaments or glycogen particles. The superficial cells are leaky and contain fewer ions than the deeper functional layer cells.", "contents": "The ionic components of normal human oesophageal epithelium. The distribution of cations and anions in normal human oesophageal epithelium has been investigated with the pyroantimonate and silver-osmium tetroxide techniques. There is a discontinuous distribution of both ions in the intercellular space. The ions are associated with various organelles, as has already been described in the literature. Specifically, in the oesophageal epithelium, there are a few deposits of pyroantimonate and occasional silver in the membrane coating granules, but here is no apparent relationship of either ion with the tonofilaments or glycogen particles. The superficial cells are leaky and contain fewer ions than the deeper functional layer cells.", "PMID": 93593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_758", "title": "The histochemical demonstration of brush border endopeptidase.", "content": "A histochemical method for the demonstration of a brush border endopeptidase is described based on results of biochemical and histochemical experiments. The substrate of choice is Glut-Ala-Ala-Ala-MNA which displays a very good localization ability and suitable kinetic properties. Km estimated in rat kidney homogenate amounts to 2.35 X 10(-4) M. pH optimum of this endopeptidase associated with the brush border membrane is in the alkaline range. The activity is dependent on the buffer used. In phosphate and cacodylate buffers of pH 7.2 about 30% lower activity in rat kidney and about 25% lower activity in rat small intestine than in Tris-HCl buffer of the same pH was found. The most suitable diazonium salt for the detection \"in situ\" is Fast Blue B. It inhibits the endopeptidase activity of rat kidney by about 85% at pH 7.2 AND BY ABOUT 55% AT PH 6.0. The best results are obtained in cryostat sections adherent to semipermeable membranes treated with chloroform-acetone before the incubation. A microdensitometric evaluation of the reaction product is possible and results are in good agreement with those of the biochemical determination. When Suc-Ala-Ala-Ala-INA is used as substrate hexazonium-p-rosaniline is the most suitable coupling agent although it inhibits more than Fast Blue B. The reaction using acylated trialanyl naphthylamides as substrates runs in two steps. Endopeptidase sets free Ala-NA which is attacked by aminopeptidase M. Aminopeptidase M is not reaction rate or localization limiting factor because its activity in the brush border is very high and the enzyme is anchored to the cell membrane very closely to endopeptidase. In homogenates of rat kidney and jejunal mucosa the endopeptidase activity was inhibted by EDTA (2X10(-3) M) by 75% in the kidney and by 68% in the jejunum, by DFP (10(-3) M) by 41% in the kidney and by 35% in the intestine, by Mn2+ (5X10(-3) M) by 25% in the kidney and by 30% in the intestine. No inhibition was exerted by E 600. In sections the results were similar. 1,10-phenanthroline (10(-2) M) caused a substantial inhibition. Endopeptidase activity was detected in the brush border of cells of proximal convuluted tubules of the kidney and in the brush border of differentiated enterocytes of the small intestine. In the same species enterocytes display a lower activity than kidney tubular cells. There are species differences in the distribution pattern of endopeptidase in the kidney. In the rabbit and man the positive reaction occurs in the whole cortex. It is distributed unevenly, however. In the rat the tubules of the inner cortex display a very high activity. In the outer cortex straight portions react strongly. In the rabbit kidney cells of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule display a weak reaction as well. No sex differences were found in the distribution pattern of endopeptidase in the rat kidney. In the intestine of all species examined a proximo-distal gradient was found...", "contents": "The histochemical demonstration of brush border endopeptidase. A histochemical method for the demonstration of a brush border endopeptidase is described based on results of biochemical and histochemical experiments. The substrate of choice is Glut-Ala-Ala-Ala-MNA which displays a very good localization ability and suitable kinetic properties. Km estimated in rat kidney homogenate amounts to 2.35 X 10(-4) M. pH optimum of this endopeptidase associated with the brush border membrane is in the alkaline range. The activity is dependent on the buffer used. In phosphate and cacodylate buffers of pH 7.2 about 30% lower activity in rat kidney and about 25% lower activity in rat small intestine than in Tris-HCl buffer of the same pH was found. The most suitable diazonium salt for the detection \"in situ\" is Fast Blue B. It inhibits the endopeptidase activity of rat kidney by about 85% at pH 7.2 AND BY ABOUT 55% AT PH 6.0. The best results are obtained in cryostat sections adherent to semipermeable membranes treated with chloroform-acetone before the incubation. A microdensitometric evaluation of the reaction product is possible and results are in good agreement with those of the biochemical determination. When Suc-Ala-Ala-Ala-INA is used as substrate hexazonium-p-rosaniline is the most suitable coupling agent although it inhibits more than Fast Blue B. The reaction using acylated trialanyl naphthylamides as substrates runs in two steps. Endopeptidase sets free Ala-NA which is attacked by aminopeptidase M. Aminopeptidase M is not reaction rate or localization limiting factor because its activity in the brush border is very high and the enzyme is anchored to the cell membrane very closely to endopeptidase. In homogenates of rat kidney and jejunal mucosa the endopeptidase activity was inhibted by EDTA (2X10(-3) M) by 75% in the kidney and by 68% in the jejunum, by DFP (10(-3) M) by 41% in the kidney and by 35% in the intestine, by Mn2+ (5X10(-3) M) by 25% in the kidney and by 30% in the intestine. No inhibition was exerted by E 600. In sections the results were similar. 1,10-phenanthroline (10(-2) M) caused a substantial inhibition. Endopeptidase activity was detected in the brush border of cells of proximal convuluted tubules of the kidney and in the brush border of differentiated enterocytes of the small intestine. In the same species enterocytes display a lower activity than kidney tubular cells. There are species differences in the distribution pattern of endopeptidase in the kidney. In the rabbit and man the positive reaction occurs in the whole cortex. It is distributed unevenly, however. In the rat the tubules of the inner cortex display a very high activity. In the outer cortex straight portions react strongly. In the rabbit kidney cells of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule display a weak reaction as well. No sex differences were found in the distribution pattern of endopeptidase in the rat kidney. In the intestine of all species examined a proximo-distal gradient was found...", "PMID": 93594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_759", "title": "The binding of streptomycin to ribonucleotides.", "content": "Incubation of streptomycin (SM) with [32P]5'-ribonucleotides at pH 7.0 produces fractions that migrate towards the cathode in high voltage electrophoresis (HVE) separations at pH 3.5. SM appears to interact with pG, pA and pC but not with pU. The appearance of these [32P]-labeled fractions is dependent on incubation time and SM concentration. Incubation of nucleotides with dihydrostreptomycin (DSM) or SM reduced with sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) at pH 5.0, does not produce detectable changes in [32P] nucleotide mobility on HVE; however, incubation with SM reduced with NaBH3CN at pH 7.0 does produce [32P]-labeled fractions migrating with a net positive charge. Elution of [32P]-labeled material migrating towards the cathode from SM-5'-nucleotide incubations and re-electrophoresis results in nucleotides migrating with pG, pA and pC markers. These data indicate a reversible interaction between the SM-streptose aldehyde and amino-group containing nucleotides. This type of interaction may form an additional binding site for SM to RNA, relative to DSM.", "contents": "The binding of streptomycin to ribonucleotides. Incubation of streptomycin (SM) with [32P]5'-ribonucleotides at pH 7.0 produces fractions that migrate towards the cathode in high voltage electrophoresis (HVE) separations at pH 3.5. SM appears to interact with pG, pA and pC but not with pU. The appearance of these [32P]-labeled fractions is dependent on incubation time and SM concentration. Incubation of nucleotides with dihydrostreptomycin (DSM) or SM reduced with sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) at pH 5.0, does not produce detectable changes in [32P] nucleotide mobility on HVE; however, incubation with SM reduced with NaBH3CN at pH 7.0 does produce [32P]-labeled fractions migrating with a net positive charge. Elution of [32P]-labeled material migrating towards the cathode from SM-5'-nucleotide incubations and re-electrophoresis results in nucleotides migrating with pG, pA and pC markers. These data indicate a reversible interaction between the SM-streptose aldehyde and amino-group containing nucleotides. This type of interaction may form an additional binding site for SM to RNA, relative to DSM.", "PMID": 93596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_760", "title": "Response to bleomycin of Escherichia coli mutants deficient in DNA repair.", "content": "The effect of bleomycin on the colony forming ability of Escherichia coli K12 strains in exponential growth at 37 degrees C was not affected by introducing recA13, lexA1, polA1 and uvrA6 mutations. For cells starved for amino acids, wild type strains became ten-fold more resistant to bleomycin, but again introducing lexA1, polA1 and uvrA6 strains did not change the effect on colony forming ability; however, starved recA13 cells were now four-fold more sensitive. Strains with recA13, lexA1 and polA1 mutations were always more sensitive than wild type to gamma rays under the same conditions as used for the bleomycin treatment. It is suggested that bleomycin-induced lesions may be concentrated in that part of the bacterial genomes at the cell wall, near the replication forks.", "contents": "Response to bleomycin of Escherichia coli mutants deficient in DNA repair. The effect of bleomycin on the colony forming ability of Escherichia coli K12 strains in exponential growth at 37 degrees C was not affected by introducing recA13, lexA1, polA1 and uvrA6 mutations. For cells starved for amino acids, wild type strains became ten-fold more resistant to bleomycin, but again introducing lexA1, polA1 and uvrA6 strains did not change the effect on colony forming ability; however, starved recA13 cells were now four-fold more sensitive. Strains with recA13, lexA1 and polA1 mutations were always more sensitive than wild type to gamma rays under the same conditions as used for the bleomycin treatment. It is suggested that bleomycin-induced lesions may be concentrated in that part of the bacterial genomes at the cell wall, near the replication forks.", "PMID": 93597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_761", "title": "Studies of metallobleomycins by electronic spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and potentiometric titration.", "content": "The 1:1 bleomycin-A2-Cu(II) complex shows an absorption maximum at 595 nm (epsilon 120), circular dichroism extrema at 555 nm (delta epsilon + 1.21) and 665 nm (-0.61), and electron spin resonance (ESR) signal with g = 2.211, g = 2.055, and A = 178 x 10(-4) cm-1. The formation constant (log K = 12.630) and deprotonation constant (PKc = 3.585) of the 1:1 bleomycin-Cu(II) complex were determined by computer analysis of potentiometric data. The results of potentiometric titration also indicate that the stability of bleomycin-metal complexes is in the order Fe(II) less than Co(II) less than Ni(II) less than Cu(II) greater than Zn(II) and that these divalent metal complexes have a similar coordination environment. The bleomycin-Cu(II) complex has substantially a square-pyramidal configuration in which the secondary amine nitrogen, pyrimidine(N-1) ring nitrogen, deprotonated peptide nitrogen of histidine residue, and histidine imidazole(N-1) nitrogen coordinate to Cu(II) as planar ligand donors, and the alpha-amino nitrogen as axial donor. The specific Cu(II)-binding site of bleomycin has been compared with that of human serum albumin.", "contents": "Studies of metallobleomycins by electronic spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and potentiometric titration. The 1:1 bleomycin-A2-Cu(II) complex shows an absorption maximum at 595 nm (epsilon 120), circular dichroism extrema at 555 nm (delta epsilon + 1.21) and 665 nm (-0.61), and electron spin resonance (ESR) signal with g = 2.211, g = 2.055, and A = 178 x 10(-4) cm-1. The formation constant (log K = 12.630) and deprotonation constant (PKc = 3.585) of the 1:1 bleomycin-Cu(II) complex were determined by computer analysis of potentiometric data. The results of potentiometric titration also indicate that the stability of bleomycin-metal complexes is in the order Fe(II) less than Co(II) less than Ni(II) less than Cu(II) greater than Zn(II) and that these divalent metal complexes have a similar coordination environment. The bleomycin-Cu(II) complex has substantially a square-pyramidal configuration in which the secondary amine nitrogen, pyrimidine(N-1) ring nitrogen, deprotonated peptide nitrogen of histidine residue, and histidine imidazole(N-1) nitrogen coordinate to Cu(II) as planar ligand donors, and the alpha-amino nitrogen as axial donor. The specific Cu(II)-binding site of bleomycin has been compared with that of human serum albumin.", "PMID": 93598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_762", "title": "Low resolution crystal structures of Taka-amylase A and its complexes with inhibitors.", "content": "The molecular structure of Taka-amylase A, an alpha-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae, has been studied at 6 A resolution by X-ray diffraction analysis. The electron density map showed a non-crystallographic three-fold screw arrangement of the molecules in the crystal. The molecule is an ellipsoid with approximate dimensions of 80 x 45 x 35 A and contains a hollow which may correspond to the active center. The inhibitor molecules bind to Taka-amylase A at four different sites, one of which is located in the hollow of the enzyme. The probable position of a thiol group is discussed in connection with heavy atom binding.", "contents": "Low resolution crystal structures of Taka-amylase A and its complexes with inhibitors. The molecular structure of Taka-amylase A, an alpha-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae, has been studied at 6 A resolution by X-ray diffraction analysis. The electron density map showed a non-crystallographic three-fold screw arrangement of the molecules in the crystal. The molecule is an ellipsoid with approximate dimensions of 80 x 45 x 35 A and contains a hollow which may correspond to the active center. The inhibitor molecules bind to Taka-amylase A at four different sites, one of which is located in the hollow of the enzyme. The probable position of a thiol group is discussed in connection with heavy atom binding.", "PMID": 93603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_763", "title": "Structure of a major oligosaccharide of Taka-amylase A.", "content": "The structures of a major oligosaccharide of Taka-amylase A, shown below, is proposed based on the results of chemical (methylation and acetolysis) and enzymatic (digestions with exo and endo-glycosidases) analyses. This structure is an amendment of that proposed by Yamaguchi et al. (1971) (J. Biochem. 70, 587-594), in which one more mannose residue is attached (Formula: see text) through an alpha 1,2 linkage to the mannose residue which is alpha 1,3-linked to the intermost mannose residue.", "contents": "Structure of a major oligosaccharide of Taka-amylase A. The structures of a major oligosaccharide of Taka-amylase A, shown below, is proposed based on the results of chemical (methylation and acetolysis) and enzymatic (digestions with exo and endo-glycosidases) analyses. This structure is an amendment of that proposed by Yamaguchi et al. (1971) (J. Biochem. 70, 587-594), in which one more mannose residue is attached (Formula: see text) through an alpha 1,2 linkage to the mannose residue which is alpha 1,3-linked to the intermost mannose residue.", "PMID": 93604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_764", "title": "Fine structural observations of calcium storage in human dental pulp cells in primary culture.", "content": "Primary culture of explants of human dental pulp tissue allows the study of the cytophysiology and differentiation of the cultured cells over a two-week period. The distribution of calcium was found in two different experimental conditions : with and without a calcium loading, by mean of a lead technique checked by microprobe analysis. The existence of two cell populations was revealed. Intra-mitochondrial ring-like granules characterize type 1 cells when overloaded, while a strong calcium storage is detected in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondrial (without any inner organization of the deposits) of the type 2 cells. Our results also show the presence of calcium on gap-junctions (revealed) by lanthanum method), and on the extracellular matrix (collagen fibres and complex carbohydrates). The ability of some mitochondria to store calcium (ring-like granules) suggests that the type 1 cells are fully differentiated in odontoblast-like cells and perhaps engaged in mineralization processes. The calcium binding sites, localized on the extracellular matrix may therefore be considered as the earliest foci of calcification.", "contents": "Fine structural observations of calcium storage in human dental pulp cells in primary culture. Primary culture of explants of human dental pulp tissue allows the study of the cytophysiology and differentiation of the cultured cells over a two-week period. The distribution of calcium was found in two different experimental conditions : with and without a calcium loading, by mean of a lead technique checked by microprobe analysis. The existence of two cell populations was revealed. Intra-mitochondrial ring-like granules characterize type 1 cells when overloaded, while a strong calcium storage is detected in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondrial (without any inner organization of the deposits) of the type 2 cells. Our results also show the presence of calcium on gap-junctions (revealed) by lanthanum method), and on the extracellular matrix (collagen fibres and complex carbohydrates). The ability of some mitochondria to store calcium (ring-like granules) suggests that the type 1 cells are fully differentiated in odontoblast-like cells and perhaps engaged in mineralization processes. The calcium binding sites, localized on the extracellular matrix may therefore be considered as the earliest foci of calcification.", "PMID": 93605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_765", "title": "Practical considerations in using counterimmunoelectrophoresis to identify the principal causative agents of bacterial meningitis.", "content": "Many clinical laboratories are currently using counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) as an aid in the rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Because cross-reactions among causative agents have been reported, the present study was undertaken to explore the problems that might occur when reference and commercial antisera are used in CIE. Broth cultures of 35 bacterial strains were tested with 76 reference and commercial antisera by CIE. Some of the antisera tested failed to react with their homologous strains. Furthermore, several cross-reactions between genera, as well as within species, were noted. These findings suggest that precautions must be taken to insure that all materials used in CIE tests are of high quality. If properly performed and interpreted, CIE may be a valuable adjunct in the identification of organisms causing bacterial meningitis, but it is, nevertheless, a presumptive test and should not be used to replace the Gram stain and culture techniques.", "contents": "Practical considerations in using counterimmunoelectrophoresis to identify the principal causative agents of bacterial meningitis. Many clinical laboratories are currently using counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) as an aid in the rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Because cross-reactions among causative agents have been reported, the present study was undertaken to explore the problems that might occur when reference and commercial antisera are used in CIE. Broth cultures of 35 bacterial strains were tested with 76 reference and commercial antisera by CIE. Some of the antisera tested failed to react with their homologous strains. Furthermore, several cross-reactions between genera, as well as within species, were noted. These findings suggest that precautions must be taken to insure that all materials used in CIE tests are of high quality. If properly performed and interpreted, CIE may be a valuable adjunct in the identification of organisms causing bacterial meningitis, but it is, nevertheless, a presumptive test and should not be used to replace the Gram stain and culture techniques.", "PMID": 93606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_766", "title": "Neutralizing antibody responses of humans and mice to vaccination with Venezuelan encephalitis (TC-83) virus.", "content": "Laboratory workers were vaccinated with Venezuelan encephalitis virus, strain TC-83. After 2 to 3 years, they were bled, and their sera were tested for neutralizing antibody to all known Venezuelan encephalitis subtypes and varieties. The results indicated higher titers to epizootic than to enzootic Venezuelan encephalitis viruses and suggested that individuals vaccinated with TC-83 do not produce significant neutralizing antibody to heterologous subtypes. Mice vaccinated, bled, and tested in a similar manner produced much the same antibody profiles as did the humans and resisted challenge with all Venezuelan encephalitis viruses tested. In addition, the serum dilution plaque reduction neutralization test used was shown to be highly specific and adequate for diagnosis of infections with Venezuelan encephalitis viruses.", "contents": "Neutralizing antibody responses of humans and mice to vaccination with Venezuelan encephalitis (TC-83) virus. Laboratory workers were vaccinated with Venezuelan encephalitis virus, strain TC-83. After 2 to 3 years, they were bled, and their sera were tested for neutralizing antibody to all known Venezuelan encephalitis subtypes and varieties. The results indicated higher titers to epizootic than to enzootic Venezuelan encephalitis viruses and suggested that individuals vaccinated with TC-83 do not produce significant neutralizing antibody to heterologous subtypes. Mice vaccinated, bled, and tested in a similar manner produced much the same antibody profiles as did the humans and resisted challenge with all Venezuelan encephalitis viruses tested. In addition, the serum dilution plaque reduction neutralization test used was shown to be highly specific and adequate for diagnosis of infections with Venezuelan encephalitis viruses.", "PMID": 93607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_767", "title": "Comparison of auramine-rhodamine B and acridine orange for staining of acid-fast bacteria.", "content": "In cooperation of 6 laboratories in Czechoslovakia and in the GDR, the efficiency of auramine-rhodamine B (AR) and acridine orange (AO) (short-time method) for staining of acid-fast bacilli was compared. Whereas a former comparison of AR and AO (original method) pointed out the superiority of AR, the investigation of both methods used as short-time procedures showed significantly more acid-fast rods after using AO. The number of \"false positive\" results was somewhat higher on AR staining. However the results depend not only on the method used but also on the procedure of staining and the optical equipment, and they are essentially influenced by the experience and proficiency of the microscopist. Taking into account the results of both studies both auramine-rhodamine B and acridine orange can be proposed for the staining of slides for microscopical detection of acid-fast rods. In case of AO, the short-time method is superior to the original long-time procedure.", "contents": "Comparison of auramine-rhodamine B and acridine orange for staining of acid-fast bacteria. In cooperation of 6 laboratories in Czechoslovakia and in the GDR, the efficiency of auramine-rhodamine B (AR) and acridine orange (AO) (short-time method) for staining of acid-fast bacilli was compared. Whereas a former comparison of AR and AO (original method) pointed out the superiority of AR, the investigation of both methods used as short-time procedures showed significantly more acid-fast rods after using AO. The number of \"false positive\" results was somewhat higher on AR staining. However the results depend not only on the method used but also on the procedure of staining and the optical equipment, and they are essentially influenced by the experience and proficiency of the microscopist. Taking into account the results of both studies both auramine-rhodamine B and acridine orange can be proposed for the staining of slides for microscopical detection of acid-fast rods. In case of AO, the short-time method is superior to the original long-time procedure.", "PMID": 93610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_768", "title": "Genetic variation in the M antigen of group A streptococci: reassortment of type-specific markers and possible antigenic drift.", "content": "The phylogenetic relationships of 73 strains of group A Streptococcus isolated over a six-year period from a population with a high prevalence of streptococcal infections were analyzed with use of four serotype-specific markers: the serum opacity factor (OF), the T antigen, the determinant of the M antigen that precipitates with antibody, and the M antiphagocytic determinant. OF inhibition tests divided the strains into five subtypes: a, b, c, d, and e. Strains within subtypes a, b, and c shared a previously unidentified M precipitin. The identification of this new common M precipitin was based on absorption studies, double agar immunodiffusion, and immunoelectrophoresis analysis. Antisera directed against representative strains from subtypes a, b, and c contained cross-reactive bactericidal antibody, and absorption studies indicated that determinants of the M precipitins were identical, whereas determinants of resistance to phagocytosis were closely related but not identical. The association of a common M precipitin with three different OF antigens, two different T antigens, and three different, yet similar, antiphagocytic determinants is discussed in light of the possibility that the genes that code for these antigens have reassorted or recombined. Moreover, the possibility that differences in the antiphagocytic determinants of these strains have resulted from antigenic drift in a common gene is considered.", "contents": "Genetic variation in the M antigen of group A streptococci: reassortment of type-specific markers and possible antigenic drift. The phylogenetic relationships of 73 strains of group A Streptococcus isolated over a six-year period from a population with a high prevalence of streptococcal infections were analyzed with use of four serotype-specific markers: the serum opacity factor (OF), the T antigen, the determinant of the M antigen that precipitates with antibody, and the M antiphagocytic determinant. OF inhibition tests divided the strains into five subtypes: a, b, c, d, and e. Strains within subtypes a, b, and c shared a previously unidentified M precipitin. The identification of this new common M precipitin was based on absorption studies, double agar immunodiffusion, and immunoelectrophoresis analysis. Antisera directed against representative strains from subtypes a, b, and c contained cross-reactive bactericidal antibody, and absorption studies indicated that determinants of the M precipitins were identical, whereas determinants of resistance to phagocytosis were closely related but not identical. The association of a common M precipitin with three different OF antigens, two different T antigens, and three different, yet similar, antiphagocytic determinants is discussed in light of the possibility that the genes that code for these antigens have reassorted or recombined. Moreover, the possibility that differences in the antiphagocytic determinants of these strains have resulted from antigenic drift in a common gene is considered.", "PMID": 93611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_769", "title": "Immunoprecipitation of Triton X-100-solubilized Mycoplasma mycoides proteins.", "content": "Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (PG1 and strain Y) proteins were solubilized in Triton X-100, and the antigenic proteins were precipitated from this complex mixture by addition of antiserum and then separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Of the 300 proteins solubilized, about 10 were precipitated. Proteins of PG1, a slow-growing, small colony (SC) strain, were precipitated by antiserum to PG1 and by antiserum to strain Y, a fast-growing, large colony (LC) strain. Similarly, strain Y proteins were precipitated by antiserum to PG1 and by antiserum to strain Y. The few proteins precipitated in this way gave similar patterns after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicating that many of the dominant protein antigens of PG1 and strain Y are shared. Antiserum to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (PG3) also precipitated some proteins of strain Y. Antiserum to Mycoplasma gallisepticum gave no reaction with any M. mycoides antigens. It was concluded that, in addition to the polysaccharide antigens, there are proteins in M. mycoides that are antigenic and that some of these are found in both the SC and LC strains of subsp. mycoides and also in subsp. capri.", "contents": "Immunoprecipitation of Triton X-100-solubilized Mycoplasma mycoides proteins. Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (PG1 and strain Y) proteins were solubilized in Triton X-100, and the antigenic proteins were precipitated from this complex mixture by addition of antiserum and then separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Of the 300 proteins solubilized, about 10 were precipitated. Proteins of PG1, a slow-growing, small colony (SC) strain, were precipitated by antiserum to PG1 and by antiserum to strain Y, a fast-growing, large colony (LC) strain. Similarly, strain Y proteins were precipitated by antiserum to PG1 and by antiserum to strain Y. The few proteins precipitated in this way gave similar patterns after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicating that many of the dominant protein antigens of PG1 and strain Y are shared. Antiserum to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (PG3) also precipitated some proteins of strain Y. Antiserum to Mycoplasma gallisepticum gave no reaction with any M. mycoides antigens. It was concluded that, in addition to the polysaccharide antigens, there are proteins in M. mycoides that are antigenic and that some of these are found in both the SC and LC strains of subsp. mycoides and also in subsp. capri.", "PMID": 93614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_770", "title": "Mechanism of the inhibitory action of linoleic acid on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Linoleic acid, but not stearic acid, inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325. Growth inhibition was associated with an increase in the permeability of the bacterial membrane. The presence of a plasmid conferring resistance to penicillin (PC plasmid, e.g. pI258blaI-) increased the growth inhibitory and membrane permeability effects of linoleic acid. Under growth inhibitory conditions, linoleic acid was incorporated into the lipid of both PC plasmid-containing and PC plasmid-negative bacteria and there was little difference between these cultures in the uptake or fate of linoleic acid. Experiments using a glycerol auxotroph of S. aureus suggested that free linoleic acid, rather than lipid containing this acid, inhibits growth. Linoleic acid probably inhibits growth by increasing the permeability of the bacterial membrane as a result of its surfactant action, and the presence of the PC plasmid increases these effects.", "contents": "Mechanism of the inhibitory action of linoleic acid on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Linoleic acid, but not stearic acid, inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325. Growth inhibition was associated with an increase in the permeability of the bacterial membrane. The presence of a plasmid conferring resistance to penicillin (PC plasmid, e.g. pI258blaI-) increased the growth inhibitory and membrane permeability effects of linoleic acid. Under growth inhibitory conditions, linoleic acid was incorporated into the lipid of both PC plasmid-containing and PC plasmid-negative bacteria and there was little difference between these cultures in the uptake or fate of linoleic acid. Experiments using a glycerol auxotroph of S. aureus suggested that free linoleic acid, rather than lipid containing this acid, inhibits growth. Linoleic acid probably inhibits growth by increasing the permeability of the bacterial membrane as a result of its surfactant action, and the presence of the PC plasmid increases these effects.", "PMID": 93615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_771", "title": "Susceptibility to butirosin and neomycin B in Bacillus circulans, the butirosin-producing organism.", "content": "Butirosin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is produced by Bacillus circulans B-3312. Experiments using recombined ribosomal and supernatant fractions from this strain and from B. megaterium KM have shown that the ribosome of both are sensitive to butirosin. The aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase present in B. circulans modifies butirosin and neomycin in vitro but confers resistance only to the former in vivo. The phosphotransferase does not modifya detectable amount of extracellular butirosin while mediating resistance to the antibiotic. In vitro, however, the enzyme appears to protect against inhibition by butirosin by inactivating the bulk of the antibiotic in the system. An extrachromosomal element of unknown function has been detected in B. circulans.", "contents": "Susceptibility to butirosin and neomycin B in Bacillus circulans, the butirosin-producing organism. Butirosin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is produced by Bacillus circulans B-3312. Experiments using recombined ribosomal and supernatant fractions from this strain and from B. megaterium KM have shown that the ribosome of both are sensitive to butirosin. The aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase present in B. circulans modifies butirosin and neomycin in vitro but confers resistance only to the former in vivo. The phosphotransferase does not modifya detectable amount of extracellular butirosin while mediating resistance to the antibiotic. In vitro, however, the enzyme appears to protect against inhibition by butirosin by inactivating the bulk of the antibiotic in the system. An extrachromosomal element of unknown function has been detected in B. circulans.", "PMID": 93616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_772", "title": "Analysis of hepatitis B surface antigen components solubilized with Triton X-100.", "content": "Three glycoproteins of intact hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with mol. wt. of 32 000, 30 000 and 28 000 respectively were identified by reaction with 125I-concanavalin A (Con A) after separation by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The antigen was effectively disrupted with Triton X-100 to produce a structure with a sedimentation coefficient of 3.9S. Affinity chromatography of disrupted HBsAg using concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B (Con A-Sepharose) resulted in two fractions. The first contained material which did not bind to the lectin and consisted of a single polypeptide of mol. wt. 64 000. Further studies revealed this component to be serologically identical to serum albumin and to lack any affinity for antibody to HBsAg. A comparison of the tryptic peptide map of this polypeptide with that of purified serum albumin demonstrated identical amino-acid sequences. The second fraction contained material which bound to Con A and contained two polypeptides with mol. wt. of 28000 and 23000 respectively. HBsAg reactivity was associated with this fraction. This procedure allows the prepartion of HBsAg sub-units in milligram quantities for further immunological studies.", "contents": "Analysis of hepatitis B surface antigen components solubilized with Triton X-100. Three glycoproteins of intact hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with mol. wt. of 32 000, 30 000 and 28 000 respectively were identified by reaction with 125I-concanavalin A (Con A) after separation by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The antigen was effectively disrupted with Triton X-100 to produce a structure with a sedimentation coefficient of 3.9S. Affinity chromatography of disrupted HBsAg using concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B (Con A-Sepharose) resulted in two fractions. The first contained material which did not bind to the lectin and consisted of a single polypeptide of mol. wt. 64 000. Further studies revealed this component to be serologically identical to serum albumin and to lack any affinity for antibody to HBsAg. A comparison of the tryptic peptide map of this polypeptide with that of purified serum albumin demonstrated identical amino-acid sequences. The second fraction contained material which bound to Con A and contained two polypeptides with mol. wt. of 28000 and 23000 respectively. HBsAg reactivity was associated with this fraction. This procedure allows the prepartion of HBsAg sub-units in milligram quantities for further immunological studies.", "PMID": 93617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_773", "title": "Characterization of adenovirus protein IX.", "content": "Protein IX from adenovirus type 2 was purified by two methods, one from groups of nine hexons obtained by disrupting purified virus by heating in the presence of deoxycholate, and the other by a previously published method. The purified protein was used to obtain a monospecific antiserum. Protein IX was found to possess both sub-group- and type-specific antigenic determinants which were apparently accessible within the groups of nine hexons. Approximately 15 molecules of IX were found per group of nine hexons and from considerations of symmetry it seemed possible that IX was located at the 'corner to edge' contacts between hexons in the icosahedron. The protein in infected cells was found to possess approximately neutral charge as determined by immunoelectrophoresis. This was consistent with the amino acid composition, which showed it to be rich in serine, alanine and leucine with approximately half of its glutamic and aspartic acid residues amidified, and the isoelectric point of 6.0, as determined by two dimensional gel analysis. No free N-terminal amino acid was detectable. It is suggested that a unique tryptophan residue is located at around position 70 from the blocked N-terminus, on the basis of chemical cleavage by BNPS-skatole. Based on one tryptophan residue a total of 107 amino acids and a mol. wt. of 11200 was deduced. Analysis of 35S-methionine-labelled infected cell extracts in a two-dimensional gel system showed that the synthesis of polypeptide IX could be detected early in infection, i.e. in the presence of an inhibitor of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Characterization of adenovirus protein IX. Protein IX from adenovirus type 2 was purified by two methods, one from groups of nine hexons obtained by disrupting purified virus by heating in the presence of deoxycholate, and the other by a previously published method. The purified protein was used to obtain a monospecific antiserum. Protein IX was found to possess both sub-group- and type-specific antigenic determinants which were apparently accessible within the groups of nine hexons. Approximately 15 molecules of IX were found per group of nine hexons and from considerations of symmetry it seemed possible that IX was located at the 'corner to edge' contacts between hexons in the icosahedron. The protein in infected cells was found to possess approximately neutral charge as determined by immunoelectrophoresis. This was consistent with the amino acid composition, which showed it to be rich in serine, alanine and leucine with approximately half of its glutamic and aspartic acid residues amidified, and the isoelectric point of 6.0, as determined by two dimensional gel analysis. No free N-terminal amino acid was detectable. It is suggested that a unique tryptophan residue is located at around position 70 from the blocked N-terminus, on the basis of chemical cleavage by BNPS-skatole. Based on one tryptophan residue a total of 107 amino acids and a mol. wt. of 11200 was deduced. Analysis of 35S-methionine-labelled infected cell extracts in a two-dimensional gel system showed that the synthesis of polypeptide IX could be detected early in infection, i.e. in the presence of an inhibitor of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 93618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_774", "title": "Antigenic and structural relationships between avian paramyxoviruses isolated from ducks in Hong Kong and Mississippi, U.S.A.", "content": "Representative isolates of the paramyxoviruses duck/Hong Kong/75 and duck/Mississippi/75 were shown to be serologically closely related by haemagglutination and neuraminidase inhibition tests. The structural polypeptides of these viruses were also shown to be similar. For each of the isolates tested, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS revealed a similar polypeptide pattern consisting, under reducing conditions, of seven polypeptides with apparent mol. wt. ranging from 46000 to 190000. Each virus had two glycosylated polypeptides with apparent mol. wt. of 56000 and 71000 to 72000 under reducing conditions and 62000 to 63000 and 135000 to 142000 under non-reducing conditions.", "contents": "Antigenic and structural relationships between avian paramyxoviruses isolated from ducks in Hong Kong and Mississippi, U.S.A. Representative isolates of the paramyxoviruses duck/Hong Kong/75 and duck/Mississippi/75 were shown to be serologically closely related by haemagglutination and neuraminidase inhibition tests. The structural polypeptides of these viruses were also shown to be similar. For each of the isolates tested, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS revealed a similar polypeptide pattern consisting, under reducing conditions, of seven polypeptides with apparent mol. wt. ranging from 46000 to 190000. Each virus had two glycosylated polypeptides with apparent mol. wt. of 56000 and 71000 to 72000 under reducing conditions and 62000 to 63000 and 135000 to 142000 under non-reducing conditions.", "PMID": 93619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_775", "title": "Physicochemical heterogeneity of hepatitis B e antigen detected in asymptomatic carriers and carriers in a hemodialysis unit.", "content": "Physicochemical studies of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) revealed a clear cut difference between e1 and e2 antigen. The e1 antigen was found to have a MW of Ca 150,000 and a pI of 6.4-7.2, whereas both the MW and pI of the e2 antigen were heterogeneous depending upon the source of serum. Sera obtained from asymptomatic carriers were characterized by low titers of HBs antigen, HBc antigen and DNA polymerase and contained e2 antigen of larger molecular weight (200,000-300,000) with a narrow distribution range and a pI of 4.8 to 5.2 (type 1). On the other hand, the sera from patients in a hemodialysis unit who were HBs antigen carriers and had high titers of HBs antigen, HBc antigen and DNA polymerase contained e2 antigen of heterogeneous distribution in MW (from 300,000 to 70,000) and pI (type 2 and 3). The e2 antigen obtained from the higher MW type 3 serum had lower isoelectric points (pI 4.5 to 5.2) as was the case with e2 antigen obtained from asymptomatic carriers whereas relatively wide range of isoelectric points (pI 5.1 to 8.2) was found with the lower molecular weight e2 antigen.", "contents": "Physicochemical heterogeneity of hepatitis B e antigen detected in asymptomatic carriers and carriers in a hemodialysis unit. Physicochemical studies of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) revealed a clear cut difference between e1 and e2 antigen. The e1 antigen was found to have a MW of Ca 150,000 and a pI of 6.4-7.2, whereas both the MW and pI of the e2 antigen were heterogeneous depending upon the source of serum. Sera obtained from asymptomatic carriers were characterized by low titers of HBs antigen, HBc antigen and DNA polymerase and contained e2 antigen of larger molecular weight (200,000-300,000) with a narrow distribution range and a pI of 4.8 to 5.2 (type 1). On the other hand, the sera from patients in a hemodialysis unit who were HBs antigen carriers and had high titers of HBs antigen, HBc antigen and DNA polymerase contained e2 antigen of heterogeneous distribution in MW (from 300,000 to 70,000) and pI (type 2 and 3). The e2 antigen obtained from the higher MW type 3 serum had lower isoelectric points (pI 4.5 to 5.2) as was the case with e2 antigen obtained from asymptomatic carriers whereas relatively wide range of isoelectric points (pI 5.1 to 8.2) was found with the lower molecular weight e2 antigen.", "PMID": 93620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_776", "title": "Changes in brain dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin associated with convulsions induced by pinealectomy in the gerbil.", "content": "In three separate experiments, adult male gerbils 10 weeks of age were pinealectomized (PX), observed for convulsions, and sacrificed at various intervals after PX. Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in selected brain parts were determined by fluorometric procedures. No changes in DA were observed. Serotonin levels were shown to be elevated in sham-operated and PX animals, possibly due to stress phenomena associated with anesthesia or surgical procedures. Norepinephrine was significantly depressed over control and sham-operated animals by 1 hour after surgery with a post-operative duration of at least 12 hours. Results in this study did not indicate whether the decreased NE was the cause or an effect of the PX-induced convulsive activity.", "contents": "Changes in brain dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin associated with convulsions induced by pinealectomy in the gerbil. In three separate experiments, adult male gerbils 10 weeks of age were pinealectomized (PX), observed for convulsions, and sacrificed at various intervals after PX. Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in selected brain parts were determined by fluorometric procedures. No changes in DA were observed. Serotonin levels were shown to be elevated in sham-operated and PX animals, possibly due to stress phenomena associated with anesthesia or surgical procedures. Norepinephrine was significantly depressed over control and sham-operated animals by 1 hour after surgery with a post-operative duration of at least 12 hours. Results in this study did not indicate whether the decreased NE was the cause or an effect of the PX-induced convulsive activity.", "PMID": 93621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_777", "title": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with retinal pigment dystrophy and protanopia. Neurological, ophthalmological and genetic study of a family.", "content": "Neurological, ophthalmological and genetic investigations were performed on a family, a member of which presented with a rare association of tapeto-retinal degeneration, protanopia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), and asked for genetic counseling. The neurological enquiry was completed by measurement of motor nerve conduction velocity in several completed by measurement of motor nerve conduction velocity in several members of the family. The propositus was submitted to a muscle biopsy. The ophthalmological examination included ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, electroretinogram and electrooculogram. The propositus, a woman aged 40, had typical CMT disease and her father also had a mild form of it. She had protanopia as had her father, her son and her nephew. In addition she had large macular pigmented changes, described as retinal dystrophy, \"flavus flavimaculatus.\" Her mother had only senile pigmented modification of the fundus and her three daughters had mild macular pigmented changes, like \"salt and pepper.\" Two genes are probably involved: one for protanopia with X linked recessive inheritance, the other responsible of CMT and tapeto-retinal degeneration, with an autosomal dominant inheritance, giving a 50% risk of recurrence.", "contents": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with retinal pigment dystrophy and protanopia. Neurological, ophthalmological and genetic study of a family. Neurological, ophthalmological and genetic investigations were performed on a family, a member of which presented with a rare association of tapeto-retinal degeneration, protanopia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), and asked for genetic counseling. The neurological enquiry was completed by measurement of motor nerve conduction velocity in several completed by measurement of motor nerve conduction velocity in several members of the family. The propositus was submitted to a muscle biopsy. The ophthalmological examination included ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, electroretinogram and electrooculogram. The propositus, a woman aged 40, had typical CMT disease and her father also had a mild form of it. She had protanopia as had her father, her son and her nephew. In addition she had large macular pigmented changes, described as retinal dystrophy, \"flavus flavimaculatus.\" Her mother had only senile pigmented modification of the fundus and her three daughters had mild macular pigmented changes, like \"salt and pepper.\" Two genes are probably involved: one for protanopia with X linked recessive inheritance, the other responsible of CMT and tapeto-retinal degeneration, with an autosomal dominant inheritance, giving a 50% risk of recurrence.", "PMID": 93622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_778", "title": "Treatment of myasthenia gravis. Report on 139 patients.", "content": "In the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) considerable progress has recently been achieved. Our experience is based on the observation of 139 patients with an average follow-up of 3 years and 4 months. A treatment plan and results are presented. Indications for thymectomy: all cases of MG in adult life, apart from ocular myasthenia without radiological thymoma and without electrophysiological and pharmacological signs of generalization; before puberty only cases with radiological thymoma and severely incapacitating or life-threatening signs. Median sternotomy is preferable for thymoma, the transcervical approach with a sternal split for non-neoplastic thymus. Mediastinal radiotherapy is indicated after removal of an invasive or adhesive thymoma. Indications for corticosteroids: 1) before thymectomy: respiratory weakness; 2) soon after thymectomy: life-threatening signs; 3) later after thymectomy: incapacitating or life-threatening signs; 4) as an alternative to thymectomy: when surgery cannot be performed or it is not indicated. Oral Prednisone was nearly always preferred: alternate-day high single dose (75 to 115 mg) has given good results in most cases even if in some cases a small dose was required in the \"off day\"; inversely a lower alternate-day or daily dose was often sufficient. Long-term results: following this schedule for adult patients good results were scored in 67% of thymomas, in 94% of hyperplasias, and in 62% of unthymectomized patients: in prepuberal life the few cases of severe MG have all shown a favorable evolution.", "contents": "Treatment of myasthenia gravis. Report on 139 patients. In the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) considerable progress has recently been achieved. Our experience is based on the observation of 139 patients with an average follow-up of 3 years and 4 months. A treatment plan and results are presented. Indications for thymectomy: all cases of MG in adult life, apart from ocular myasthenia without radiological thymoma and without electrophysiological and pharmacological signs of generalization; before puberty only cases with radiological thymoma and severely incapacitating or life-threatening signs. Median sternotomy is preferable for thymoma, the transcervical approach with a sternal split for non-neoplastic thymus. Mediastinal radiotherapy is indicated after removal of an invasive or adhesive thymoma. Indications for corticosteroids: 1) before thymectomy: respiratory weakness; 2) soon after thymectomy: life-threatening signs; 3) later after thymectomy: incapacitating or life-threatening signs; 4) as an alternative to thymectomy: when surgery cannot be performed or it is not indicated. Oral Prednisone was nearly always preferred: alternate-day high single dose (75 to 115 mg) has given good results in most cases even if in some cases a small dose was required in the \"off day\"; inversely a lower alternate-day or daily dose was often sufficient. Long-term results: following this schedule for adult patients good results were scored in 67% of thymomas, in 94% of hyperplasias, and in 62% of unthymectomized patients: in prepuberal life the few cases of severe MG have all shown a favorable evolution.", "PMID": 93623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_779", "title": "Cerebral atrophy and long-term response to levodopa in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "In 92 parkinsonian patients (42 men, 50 women) aged from 37-79 years (mean 62.8) the impact of cerebral atrophy as assessed by computed tomography on the course of the clinical symptomatology under levodopa during a period of 1 to 5 years was investigated. It could be shown that patients suffering from medium to severe degrees of atrophy-independent of its special location--have a less favorable response than those with normal CT findings. The data do not allow a definite decision whether cortical artrophy or ventricular enlargement are of major importance. At any rate, the width of the third ventricle seems to have no influence on the course of the clinical symptoms. After 3 years of levodopa treatment a dissociation between cerebral atrophy and therapeutic effectiveness can be observed.", "contents": "Cerebral atrophy and long-term response to levodopa in Parkinson's disease. In 92 parkinsonian patients (42 men, 50 women) aged from 37-79 years (mean 62.8) the impact of cerebral atrophy as assessed by computed tomography on the course of the clinical symptomatology under levodopa during a period of 1 to 5 years was investigated. It could be shown that patients suffering from medium to severe degrees of atrophy-independent of its special location--have a less favorable response than those with normal CT findings. The data do not allow a definite decision whether cortical artrophy or ventricular enlargement are of major importance. At any rate, the width of the third ventricle seems to have no influence on the course of the clinical symptoms. After 3 years of levodopa treatment a dissociation between cerebral atrophy and therapeutic effectiveness can be observed.", "PMID": 93625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_780", "title": "The prognosis of intraventricular hemorrhage.", "content": "A series of 40 patients with blood in the cerebral ventricular system demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) is presented. Overall prognosis was found to be better than expected from the literature. Nearly half of the patients are still alive; 12 of the 40 patients in this study had no significant residual disability. The results suggest that the rupture into the ventricular system by itself is of minor importance. However the clinical condition of the patient on admission, site and origin of the ruptured intracerebral hematoma and possibly the age of the patient seem to play an important role in predicting the outcome.", "contents": "The prognosis of intraventricular hemorrhage. A series of 40 patients with blood in the cerebral ventricular system demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) is presented. Overall prognosis was found to be better than expected from the literature. Nearly half of the patients are still alive; 12 of the 40 patients in this study had no significant residual disability. The results suggest that the rupture into the ventricular system by itself is of minor importance. However the clinical condition of the patient on admission, site and origin of the ruptured intracerebral hematoma and possibly the age of the patient seem to play an important role in predicting the outcome.", "PMID": 93626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_781", "title": "Diagnostic value of brief microzone electrophoresis of unconcentrated CSF and agar gel electrophoresis of concentrated and unconcentrated CSF.", "content": "This paper reports a comparison between brief microzone electrophoresis and agar gel electrophoresis of CSF proteins; 41 different CSFs were examined simultaneously by all three methods. Fractionation of gamma-globulins was found by brief microzone electrophoresis in 53.7% of unconcentrated CSF. This fractionation was found in 63.4% of unconcentrated CSF after agar gel electrophoresis, in 48.8% of concentrated CSF. Serum-like pherogram and the rapid alpha-globulin type were found equally often.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of brief microzone electrophoresis of unconcentrated CSF and agar gel electrophoresis of concentrated and unconcentrated CSF. This paper reports a comparison between brief microzone electrophoresis and agar gel electrophoresis of CSF proteins; 41 different CSFs were examined simultaneously by all three methods. Fractionation of gamma-globulins was found by brief microzone electrophoresis in 53.7% of unconcentrated CSF. This fractionation was found in 63.4% of unconcentrated CSF after agar gel electrophoresis, in 48.8% of concentrated CSF. Serum-like pherogram and the rapid alpha-globulin type were found equally often.", "PMID": 93627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_782", "title": "Vertigo and drop attacks caused by acute transient monocular disequilibrium (Halpern's syndrome).", "content": "Among the causes of acute vertigo the syndrome of sensorimotor induction in unilateral disequilibrium (Halpern's syndrome) should be considered. This syndrome was found in a patient and described in detail. The major features of this syndrome are the displacement of vertical and horizontal axes induced by looking with the \"affected\" eye only, which are further aggravated by applying red filters to the eyes only, which are further aggravated by applying red filters to the eyes and corrected by blue filters. The symptomatology is described and discussed in detail. Theories causing this syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "Vertigo and drop attacks caused by acute transient monocular disequilibrium (Halpern's syndrome). Among the causes of acute vertigo the syndrome of sensorimotor induction in unilateral disequilibrium (Halpern's syndrome) should be considered. This syndrome was found in a patient and described in detail. The major features of this syndrome are the displacement of vertical and horizontal axes induced by looking with the \"affected\" eye only, which are further aggravated by applying red filters to the eyes only, which are further aggravated by applying red filters to the eyes and corrected by blue filters. The symptomatology is described and discussed in detail. Theories causing this syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 93628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_783", "title": "Differentiation of normal pressure hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy by computed tomography and spinal infusion test.", "content": "The diagnostic value of computed tomography (CT) and spinal infusion test (SIT) was investigated in 27 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and 35 patients with cerebral atrophy. The most consistent CT finding of NPH was dilatation of the temporal horns, that of cerebral atrophy widening of the convexity sulci. However, 43% of patients with cerebral atrophy demonstrated no cortical atrophy. The SIT showed an excellent relation with isotope cisternography and continuous intracranial pressure recording. NPH and cerebral atrophy were correctly differentiated in 71% by CT and SIT. A normal SIT and a CT scan without the typical features of NPH exclude impairment of cerebrospinal fluid absorption. An abnormal SIT and a CT scan showing ventricular enlargement without dilatation of convexity sulci, require isotope cisternography and possibly intracranial pressure recording to determine the degree of the absorption deficit.", "contents": "Differentiation of normal pressure hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy by computed tomography and spinal infusion test. The diagnostic value of computed tomography (CT) and spinal infusion test (SIT) was investigated in 27 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and 35 patients with cerebral atrophy. The most consistent CT finding of NPH was dilatation of the temporal horns, that of cerebral atrophy widening of the convexity sulci. However, 43% of patients with cerebral atrophy demonstrated no cortical atrophy. The SIT showed an excellent relation with isotope cisternography and continuous intracranial pressure recording. NPH and cerebral atrophy were correctly differentiated in 71% by CT and SIT. A normal SIT and a CT scan without the typical features of NPH exclude impairment of cerebrospinal fluid absorption. An abnormal SIT and a CT scan showing ventricular enlargement without dilatation of convexity sulci, require isotope cisternography and possibly intracranial pressure recording to determine the degree of the absorption deficit.", "PMID": 93629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_784", "title": "The symptomatology with the most severe clinical course of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "The symptomatology of 18 patients with the severest clinical course after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is described and analyzed. Seventeen patients died, five with an acute bulbar syndrome with cardiac arrest, and 12 with irreversible breakdown of brain function. One patient had an apallic syndrome with minimal signs of remission, who died 4 months after the first rebleeding. The cases are divided into five clinical groups on the basis of the acute brainstem symptomatology which set in instantly or after temporary adaptation, or following a second hemorrhage. Pathological examination revealed that 16 patients had a brainstem pressure cone, 14 with marked edema and signs of herniation; one patient had only cisternal tamponade while another had predominantly brain edema with herniation. There was striking parenchymatous damage of the brain of the patient with the apallic syndrome. There was a marked analogy between the material reported and the symptomatology described by Plum and Posner (1972).", "contents": "The symptomatology with the most severe clinical course of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. The symptomatology of 18 patients with the severest clinical course after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is described and analyzed. Seventeen patients died, five with an acute bulbar syndrome with cardiac arrest, and 12 with irreversible breakdown of brain function. One patient had an apallic syndrome with minimal signs of remission, who died 4 months after the first rebleeding. The cases are divided into five clinical groups on the basis of the acute brainstem symptomatology which set in instantly or after temporary adaptation, or following a second hemorrhage. Pathological examination revealed that 16 patients had a brainstem pressure cone, 14 with marked edema and signs of herniation; one patient had only cisternal tamponade while another had predominantly brain edema with herniation. There was striking parenchymatous damage of the brain of the patient with the apallic syndrome. There was a marked analogy between the material reported and the symptomatology described by Plum and Posner (1972).", "PMID": 93630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_785", "title": "Peripheral neuropathy after administration of tetanus toxoid.", "content": "A reversible paresis of several muscles of the right arm was observed in a 20-year-old female, 3 weeks after the intragluteal injection of tetanus toxoid and 6--7 weeks after multiple injuries. The EMG findings indicated a transitory conduction block of nerve fibers to the deltoid and pectoralis muscles and a more severe axonal-demyelinating lesion of fibers to the biceps muscle. The cause of the palsy was probably a reaction to the administration of tetanus toxoid; other possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "Peripheral neuropathy after administration of tetanus toxoid. A reversible paresis of several muscles of the right arm was observed in a 20-year-old female, 3 weeks after the intragluteal injection of tetanus toxoid and 6--7 weeks after multiple injuries. The EMG findings indicated a transitory conduction block of nerve fibers to the deltoid and pectoralis muscles and a more severe axonal-demyelinating lesion of fibers to the biceps muscle. The cause of the palsy was probably a reaction to the administration of tetanus toxoid; other possible causes are discussed.", "PMID": 93631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_786", "title": "Electrophysiological findings in workers exposed to N-heptane fumes.", "content": "Electrophysiological examination of the peroneal nerve was performed in a group of individuals exposed for professional reasons to vapours of n-heptane. The results suggest a probably specific role of this hydrocarbon compound in provoking \"minimal\" peripheral nerve damage.", "contents": "Electrophysiological findings in workers exposed to N-heptane fumes. Electrophysiological examination of the peroneal nerve was performed in a group of individuals exposed for professional reasons to vapours of n-heptane. The results suggest a probably specific role of this hydrocarbon compound in provoking \"minimal\" peripheral nerve damage.", "PMID": 93632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_787", "title": "Genetic segregation of multiple sclerosis and histocompatibility (HLA) haplotypes.", "content": "The possibility that a gene determining susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MSS) may be closely linked to the major histocompatibility locus (HLA) is suggested by observation of a loose association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and certain HLA determinants. In the present study, the possible association was analyzed by studying the segregation of MS and the HLA haplotypes in families with more than one case of MS. Analysis of 48 published families revealed that the haplotype shared by those with MS within the family was also shared by those without clinical signs of MS at close to the 50% frequency expected by chance. Thus, we were unable to demonstrate that MS is associated with one HLA defined parental haplotype. We discussed reasons for this apparent failure to demonstrate existence of an MSS gene using available multiplex MS families.", "contents": "Genetic segregation of multiple sclerosis and histocompatibility (HLA) haplotypes. The possibility that a gene determining susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MSS) may be closely linked to the major histocompatibility locus (HLA) is suggested by observation of a loose association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and certain HLA determinants. In the present study, the possible association was analyzed by studying the segregation of MS and the HLA haplotypes in families with more than one case of MS. Analysis of 48 published families revealed that the haplotype shared by those with MS within the family was also shared by those without clinical signs of MS at close to the 50% frequency expected by chance. Thus, we were unable to demonstrate that MS is associated with one HLA defined parental haplotype. We discussed reasons for this apparent failure to demonstrate existence of an MSS gene using available multiplex MS families.", "PMID": 93633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_788", "title": "Familial cerebellar ataxia with hypogonadism.", "content": "A brother and sister with congenital cerebellar ataxia, anosmia, oligophrenia, hypogonadism and anomalies of amino acid distribution are reported. Ties between the different symptoms are difficult to establish. It seems to be a new syndrome rather than a new disease. Once more these associations emphasize the need for metabolic and biochemical research in heredodegenerative diseases. The evolution of the disease in these cases might make it possible to classify and locate it more accurately.", "contents": "Familial cerebellar ataxia with hypogonadism. A brother and sister with congenital cerebellar ataxia, anosmia, oligophrenia, hypogonadism and anomalies of amino acid distribution are reported. Ties between the different symptoms are difficult to establish. It seems to be a new syndrome rather than a new disease. Once more these associations emphasize the need for metabolic and biochemical research in heredodegenerative diseases. The evolution of the disease in these cases might make it possible to classify and locate it more accurately.", "PMID": 93634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_789", "title": "Pattern reversal evoked cortical responses in normals. A study of different methods of stimulation and potential reproducibility.", "content": "Using a commercially available television set for stimulation of 78 healthy subjects, the upper limit of normal for the latency of the major positive wave (p 100) of checkerboard pattern reversal evoked potentials is practically the same as that obtained by employing slide projector combined with a rotating mirror. Potentials evoked by a small pattern, for purely foveal stimulation, were often difficult to evaluate exactly. Fixation of a large pattern at the upper border of the stimulus field brought no advantages as compared to the usual fixation in the center. Continuous prolonged recordings, with successive averaging of 64 pattern reversals, confirmed statements that only the major positive wave and its latency are constantly reproducible without being influenced by fatigue or inattention. Repeated examinations in the same subjects at intervals of 2 weeks showed a considerable spread of the latencies from one session to the other but the absolute values always ranged within the normal. More or less large latency differences (up to 12ms with large pattern stimulation) were found in every subject at least once. A longer latency found at a control examination, or a newly appearing latency difference, therefore do not prove a fresh optic nerve lesion as long as the absolute values are still within the limits of normal. From repeated examinations it could also be seen that foveal stimulation with a small pattern is not suitable for routine examinations because of high variation in the results.", "contents": "Pattern reversal evoked cortical responses in normals. A study of different methods of stimulation and potential reproducibility. Using a commercially available television set for stimulation of 78 healthy subjects, the upper limit of normal for the latency of the major positive wave (p 100) of checkerboard pattern reversal evoked potentials is practically the same as that obtained by employing slide projector combined with a rotating mirror. Potentials evoked by a small pattern, for purely foveal stimulation, were often difficult to evaluate exactly. Fixation of a large pattern at the upper border of the stimulus field brought no advantages as compared to the usual fixation in the center. Continuous prolonged recordings, with successive averaging of 64 pattern reversals, confirmed statements that only the major positive wave and its latency are constantly reproducible without being influenced by fatigue or inattention. Repeated examinations in the same subjects at intervals of 2 weeks showed a considerable spread of the latencies from one session to the other but the absolute values always ranged within the normal. More or less large latency differences (up to 12ms with large pattern stimulation) were found in every subject at least once. A longer latency found at a control examination, or a newly appearing latency difference, therefore do not prove a fresh optic nerve lesion as long as the absolute values are still within the limits of normal. From repeated examinations it could also be seen that foveal stimulation with a small pattern is not suitable for routine examinations because of high variation in the results.", "PMID": 93635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_790", "title": "Benign encephalitis: electro-oculographic analysis of opsoclonus.", "content": "Two cases of benign encephalitis are described, which showed opsoclonus associated with myoclonic jerks of the body and face, and with cerebellar dystaxia in one case. EOG and EEG analysis during the course of these cases showed: 1. opsoclonic eye movements were triggered by saccadic and non-saccadic eye movements, 2. decrease of luminancy and loss of fixation were releasing, but not triggering opsoclonic bursts during the initial stages, 3. eye closure had the strongest trigger effect, which lasted very long and allowed an objective description of the (benign) course of the illness, 4. besides conjugate, mostly horizontal, spontaneous eye movements oblique and vertical ones were also obtained. Monocular and disconjugate eye movements were seen only during the initial stages, 5. statistical analysis of the frequency of single eye movements during periods of opsoclonic bursts showed that, in the course of the disease the variability of frequencies decreased and the degree of fast frequencies increased, particularly with open eyes, 6. the frequent coincidence of opsoclonus and lesions of the cerebellum or of the cerebellar pathways is striking, but the initially distinct EEG changes, the very different trigger modes and certain pathoanatomically described cases without any cerebellar lesion indicate the more general character of the disturbance. 7. the entity of opsoclonus, body tremulousness, and benign encephalitis has to be differentiated from other syndromes including the sign opsoclonus by recording the EEG and EOG during the course of the disease; this might lead to very useful diagnostic and prognostic information.", "contents": "Benign encephalitis: electro-oculographic analysis of opsoclonus. Two cases of benign encephalitis are described, which showed opsoclonus associated with myoclonic jerks of the body and face, and with cerebellar dystaxia in one case. EOG and EEG analysis during the course of these cases showed: 1. opsoclonic eye movements were triggered by saccadic and non-saccadic eye movements, 2. decrease of luminancy and loss of fixation were releasing, but not triggering opsoclonic bursts during the initial stages, 3. eye closure had the strongest trigger effect, which lasted very long and allowed an objective description of the (benign) course of the illness, 4. besides conjugate, mostly horizontal, spontaneous eye movements oblique and vertical ones were also obtained. Monocular and disconjugate eye movements were seen only during the initial stages, 5. statistical analysis of the frequency of single eye movements during periods of opsoclonic bursts showed that, in the course of the disease the variability of frequencies decreased and the degree of fast frequencies increased, particularly with open eyes, 6. the frequent coincidence of opsoclonus and lesions of the cerebellum or of the cerebellar pathways is striking, but the initially distinct EEG changes, the very different trigger modes and certain pathoanatomically described cases without any cerebellar lesion indicate the more general character of the disturbance. 7. the entity of opsoclonus, body tremulousness, and benign encephalitis has to be differentiated from other syndromes including the sign opsoclonus by recording the EEG and EOG during the course of the disease; this might lead to very useful diagnostic and prognostic information.", "PMID": 93636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_791", "title": "Calcium and cyclic nucleotide interaction in secretion of amylase from rat pancreas in vitro.", "content": "1. Interaction of Ca2+ and cyclic nucleotides in stimulus-secretion coupling in rat pancreas in vitro was studied utilizing the divalent cation inophore A23187. phosphodiesterase inhibitors, cyclic nucleotides and cholera toxin. 2. Amylase secretion was increased by the ionophore in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ in a dose-dependent fashion. Activation of CCK-PZ receptors simultaneously with induction of amylase secretion by A23187 did not alter amylase secretion whereas theophylline or caffeine had effects additive to A23187. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP potentiated the effect of ionophore whereas dibutyryl cyclic GMP had no effect on basal or ionophore-induced amylase secretion. Cholera toxin by itself did not effect amylase secretion whereas it potentiated the effect of ionophore. 3. A23187 increased bidirectional fluxes of 45Ca and increased efflux of 45Ca in a fashion similar to CCK-PZ. Theophylline did not alter basal efflux of 45Ca. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased the basal efflux of 45Ca whereas, cholera toxin, dibutyryl cyclic GMP and sodium butyrate had no effect. 4. Theophylline increased basal cyclic AMP levels with a peak effect observed at 5 min. Combination of theophylline and ionophore did not lead to an increase in levels of cyclic AMP greater than that observed with theophylline alone. Cholera toxin increased cyclic AMP levels at 30 and 60 min of incubation. 5. Ionophore and CCK-PZ increased tissue cyclic GMP levels significantly greater than that obtained with theophylline alone. This effect was dependent on extracellular Ca2+. The effect of ionophore on tissue levels of cyclic GMP could be dissociated from its effect on 45Ca efflux and amylase secretion. 6. It is concluded from these studies that Ca2+ plays a predominant role in regulating amylase secretion with interactions occurring between Ca2+ and cyclic AMP and Ca2+ and cyclic GMP. It appears that by themselves cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP do not play a significant role in regulating enzyme secretion.", "contents": "Calcium and cyclic nucleotide interaction in secretion of amylase from rat pancreas in vitro. 1. Interaction of Ca2+ and cyclic nucleotides in stimulus-secretion coupling in rat pancreas in vitro was studied utilizing the divalent cation inophore A23187. phosphodiesterase inhibitors, cyclic nucleotides and cholera toxin. 2. Amylase secretion was increased by the ionophore in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ in a dose-dependent fashion. Activation of CCK-PZ receptors simultaneously with induction of amylase secretion by A23187 did not alter amylase secretion whereas theophylline or caffeine had effects additive to A23187. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP potentiated the effect of ionophore whereas dibutyryl cyclic GMP had no effect on basal or ionophore-induced amylase secretion. Cholera toxin by itself did not effect amylase secretion whereas it potentiated the effect of ionophore. 3. A23187 increased bidirectional fluxes of 45Ca and increased efflux of 45Ca in a fashion similar to CCK-PZ. Theophylline did not alter basal efflux of 45Ca. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased the basal efflux of 45Ca whereas, cholera toxin, dibutyryl cyclic GMP and sodium butyrate had no effect. 4. Theophylline increased basal cyclic AMP levels with a peak effect observed at 5 min. Combination of theophylline and ionophore did not lead to an increase in levels of cyclic AMP greater than that observed with theophylline alone. Cholera toxin increased cyclic AMP levels at 30 and 60 min of incubation. 5. Ionophore and CCK-PZ increased tissue cyclic GMP levels significantly greater than that obtained with theophylline alone. This effect was dependent on extracellular Ca2+. The effect of ionophore on tissue levels of cyclic GMP could be dissociated from its effect on 45Ca efflux and amylase secretion. 6. It is concluded from these studies that Ca2+ plays a predominant role in regulating amylase secretion with interactions occurring between Ca2+ and cyclic AMP and Ca2+ and cyclic GMP. It appears that by themselves cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP do not play a significant role in regulating enzyme secretion.", "PMID": 93637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_792", "title": "Activation and inhibition of calcium-dependent histamine secretion by ATP ions applied to rat mast cells.", "content": "1. The concentration dependence on ATP of mast cell histamine secretion in the presence of various concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+ confirms that the agonist form of ATP is the free form of ATP (ATP(free) not bound to divalent cations, i.e. ATP4-. It induces 50% activation at about 1.2 microM, maximal secretion at about 2.7 microM and 50% self-inhibition at about 4.4 microM. 2. The divalent cations Mg2+ and Ca2+ were used to buffer ATP(tree) in the range 1-8 microM in the presence of much higher concentrations of ATP(total). In addition to its effect as a buffer for ATP, Ca2+ is required for secretion. 3. With ATP(free) at 1 microM, the time-course of histamine secretion is characterized by a delay of about 10 min before secretion commences. With increasing concentration of ATP(free) the delay becomes shorter (less than 5 min with ATP(free) at 2 microM). 4. Secretion commences promptly on addition of Ca2+ to cells which have been pretreated with low concentrations of ATP(free) (less than 2 microM). This observation suggests that the delay normally observed represents the time taken for Ca2+ sensitivity to develop (i.e. probably the time taken for Ca2+ channels to open). 5. Late addition of Ca2+ to cells pretreated with higher concentrations of ATP(free) (greater than 2 microM) results in a reduced amount of histamine secretion compared with that which normally occurs. This reduction (which increases with time of exposure to ATP) and the self-inhibition due to higher concentrations of ATP(free) may be two facets of a common inhibitory mechanism. 6. These results are discussed in the light of other experiments which show that mast cells treated with ATP(free) at self-inhibitory concentrations become permeable to phosphorylated metabolites and nucleotides.", "contents": "Activation and inhibition of calcium-dependent histamine secretion by ATP ions applied to rat mast cells. 1. The concentration dependence on ATP of mast cell histamine secretion in the presence of various concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+ confirms that the agonist form of ATP is the free form of ATP (ATP(free) not bound to divalent cations, i.e. ATP4-. It induces 50% activation at about 1.2 microM, maximal secretion at about 2.7 microM and 50% self-inhibition at about 4.4 microM. 2. The divalent cations Mg2+ and Ca2+ were used to buffer ATP(tree) in the range 1-8 microM in the presence of much higher concentrations of ATP(total). In addition to its effect as a buffer for ATP, Ca2+ is required for secretion. 3. With ATP(free) at 1 microM, the time-course of histamine secretion is characterized by a delay of about 10 min before secretion commences. With increasing concentration of ATP(free) the delay becomes shorter (less than 5 min with ATP(free) at 2 microM). 4. Secretion commences promptly on addition of Ca2+ to cells which have been pretreated with low concentrations of ATP(free) (less than 2 microM). This observation suggests that the delay normally observed represents the time taken for Ca2+ sensitivity to develop (i.e. probably the time taken for Ca2+ channels to open). 5. Late addition of Ca2+ to cells pretreated with higher concentrations of ATP(free) (greater than 2 microM) results in a reduced amount of histamine secretion compared with that which normally occurs. This reduction (which increases with time of exposure to ATP) and the self-inhibition due to higher concentrations of ATP(free) may be two facets of a common inhibitory mechanism. 6. These results are discussed in the light of other experiments which show that mast cells treated with ATP(free) at self-inhibitory concentrations become permeable to phosphorylated metabolites and nucleotides.", "PMID": 93638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_793", "title": "Amylase secretion in the rabbit parotid gland when stimulating the sympathetic nerves during parasympathetic activity.", "content": "1. In anaesthetized rabbits amylase secretion from the parotid gland was investigated. Secretion was evoked by sympathetic nerve stimulation, either alone or superimposed on a parasympathetic background secretion, imitating the resting secretion present in the waking animal.2. Sympathetic nerve stimulation at frequencies below 1 Hz was alone subthreshold for fluid secretion, but could greatly increase the amounts of amylase present in fluid secretion produced by parasympathetic nerve stimulation. The amylase output due to sympathetic nerve stimulation alone at 10 Hz did not exceed that seen in response to a stimulation at 1 Hz superimposed on parasympathetic activity.3. The amylase output in response to superimposed sympathetic stimulation was not influenced by the rate of fluid secretion, which was altered by stimulating the parasympathetic nerves at different frequencies.4. Sympathetically-evoked amylase secretion was abolished after beta(1)-block. The amylase secretion remaining on parasympathetic activation was sparse.5. It is concluded that secretion of amylase in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation requires the presence of a parasympathetic fluid secretion to be washed along the glandular ducts. Parasympathetic activity may also augment the sympathetic effect on amylase secretion.", "contents": "Amylase secretion in the rabbit parotid gland when stimulating the sympathetic nerves during parasympathetic activity. 1. In anaesthetized rabbits amylase secretion from the parotid gland was investigated. Secretion was evoked by sympathetic nerve stimulation, either alone or superimposed on a parasympathetic background secretion, imitating the resting secretion present in the waking animal.2. Sympathetic nerve stimulation at frequencies below 1 Hz was alone subthreshold for fluid secretion, but could greatly increase the amounts of amylase present in fluid secretion produced by parasympathetic nerve stimulation. The amylase output due to sympathetic nerve stimulation alone at 10 Hz did not exceed that seen in response to a stimulation at 1 Hz superimposed on parasympathetic activity.3. The amylase output in response to superimposed sympathetic stimulation was not influenced by the rate of fluid secretion, which was altered by stimulating the parasympathetic nerves at different frequencies.4. Sympathetically-evoked amylase secretion was abolished after beta(1)-block. The amylase secretion remaining on parasympathetic activation was sparse.5. It is concluded that secretion of amylase in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation requires the presence of a parasympathetic fluid secretion to be washed along the glandular ducts. Parasympathetic activity may also augment the sympathetic effect on amylase secretion.", "PMID": 93640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_794", "title": "Delayed neurotoxicity of subchronic oral administration of leptophos to hens: recovery during four months after exposure.", "content": "Daily oral administration of small doses of technical grade O-methyl O-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl phenylphosphonothioate (leptophos, 0.5-20.0 mg/kg) caused delayed neurotoxicity in hens. Severity of clinical condition and progression or improvement of signs of delayed neurotoxicity depended on the dose and duration of administration. Hens given 20.0 mg/kg suffered ataxia, paralysis, and death. Intermediate doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) caused ataxia, with most treated hens showing no change in clinical condition during the 4-mo observation period. Hens given small doses (2.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) demonstrated regression of neurological deficits after administration of leptophos was stopped. Hens given the smallest tested dose (,.5 mg/kg) developed mild ataxia and showed total recovery during the observation period. Days of administration and total administered dose before onset of ataxia depended on the daily dose. Degeneration of axons and myelin i, the spinal cord was the most consistent histopathologic change and was identical to that observed in tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) control hens. Only one hen, which died early in the treatment period, showed peripheral nerve degeneration. Controls consisted of 3 groups of hens given a daily oral dose of 10.0 mg/kg TOCP, 1.0 mg/kg O,O-diethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate (parathion), or an empty gelatin capsule. TOCP-treated hens developed delayed neurotoxicity, whereas those given parathion showed initial leg weakness but subsequently recovery without developing delayed neurotoxicity. Controls given gelatin capsules remained normal.", "contents": "Delayed neurotoxicity of subchronic oral administration of leptophos to hens: recovery during four months after exposure. Daily oral administration of small doses of technical grade O-methyl O-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl phenylphosphonothioate (leptophos, 0.5-20.0 mg/kg) caused delayed neurotoxicity in hens. Severity of clinical condition and progression or improvement of signs of delayed neurotoxicity depended on the dose and duration of administration. Hens given 20.0 mg/kg suffered ataxia, paralysis, and death. Intermediate doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) caused ataxia, with most treated hens showing no change in clinical condition during the 4-mo observation period. Hens given small doses (2.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) demonstrated regression of neurological deficits after administration of leptophos was stopped. Hens given the smallest tested dose (,.5 mg/kg) developed mild ataxia and showed total recovery during the observation period. Days of administration and total administered dose before onset of ataxia depended on the daily dose. Degeneration of axons and myelin i, the spinal cord was the most consistent histopathologic change and was identical to that observed in tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) control hens. Only one hen, which died early in the treatment period, showed peripheral nerve degeneration. Controls consisted of 3 groups of hens given a daily oral dose of 10.0 mg/kg TOCP, 1.0 mg/kg O,O-diethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate (parathion), or an empty gelatin capsule. TOCP-treated hens developed delayed neurotoxicity, whereas those given parathion showed initial leg weakness but subsequently recovery without developing delayed neurotoxicity. Controls given gelatin capsules remained normal.", "PMID": 93648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_795", "title": "[Determination of LH and FSH levels before and after prostatic adenomectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma testosterone, LH, and FSH levels were measured in 29 patients with adenoma of the prostate, before and after adenomectomy. Blood testosterone levels showed significant variations which were probably related to operation stress, as after a moderate reduction--they returned to pre-operative levels. No significant modifications in plasma LH or FSH levels were observed.", "contents": "[Determination of LH and FSH levels before and after prostatic adenomectomy (author's transl)]. Plasma testosterone, LH, and FSH levels were measured in 29 patients with adenoma of the prostate, before and after adenomectomy. Blood testosterone levels showed significant variations which were probably related to operation stress, as after a moderate reduction--they returned to pre-operative levels. No significant modifications in plasma LH or FSH levels were observed.", "PMID": 93649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_796", "title": "[Radiomanometric study of the anatomic sites of the pressure profile (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of the urethral pressure profile was realised on 30 normal patients. The technique of radiomanometry permitted to visualize the anatomic sites of the urethral and the corresponding pressure.", "contents": "[Radiomanometric study of the anatomic sites of the pressure profile (author's transl)]. The analysis of the urethral pressure profile was realised on 30 normal patients. The technique of radiomanometry permitted to visualize the anatomic sites of the urethral and the corresponding pressure.", "PMID": 93650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_797", "title": "Dietary control of the renal absorption and excretion of alpha 2u-globulin.", "content": "The kidneys are an important factor in controlling the excretion of the sex-dependent protein, alpha 2u globulin, in the urine. On a protein-free diet (0% casein), when the plasma level was reduced by 60%, the daily excretion of alpha 2u in the urine was reduced from a normal of 11 mg to 0.2 mg; 97% of the alpha 2u filtered by the kidneys was reabsorbed. When a normal-protein diet (20% casein) was restored, the serum alpha 2u levels were returned to normal within 48 hours. The urinary excretion, on the other hand, remained below normal until the eighth day after repletion, whereas the renal concentrations of alpha 2u reached higher than normal values by the fourth day. Thus, during protein deficiency the kidney reduced excessive losses of protein in the urine by an almost total reabsorption of alpha 2u. On a high-protein diet (50% casein), the serum levels of alpha 2u were normal, yet its excretion was elevated 80% above the normal (20 mg/day compared with 11 mg/day). To effect this increased loss, the reabsorption of the protein was reduced to 26% of the normal.", "contents": "Dietary control of the renal absorption and excretion of alpha 2u-globulin. The kidneys are an important factor in controlling the excretion of the sex-dependent protein, alpha 2u globulin, in the urine. On a protein-free diet (0% casein), when the plasma level was reduced by 60%, the daily excretion of alpha 2u in the urine was reduced from a normal of 11 mg to 0.2 mg; 97% of the alpha 2u filtered by the kidneys was reabsorbed. When a normal-protein diet (20% casein) was restored, the serum alpha 2u levels were returned to normal within 48 hours. The urinary excretion, on the other hand, remained below normal until the eighth day after repletion, whereas the renal concentrations of alpha 2u reached higher than normal values by the fourth day. Thus, during protein deficiency the kidney reduced excessive losses of protein in the urine by an almost total reabsorption of alpha 2u. On a high-protein diet (50% casein), the serum levels of alpha 2u were normal, yet its excretion was elevated 80% above the normal (20 mg/day compared with 11 mg/day). To effect this increased loss, the reabsorption of the protein was reduced to 26% of the normal.", "PMID": 93662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_798", "title": "Double staining technique for rat foetus skeletons in teratological studies.", "content": "Cartilage and bone were differentiated using alcian blue and alizarin red S respectively. Anomalies of both cartilaginous and bony parts of the skeleton could be examined.", "contents": "Double staining technique for rat foetus skeletons in teratological studies. Cartilage and bone were differentiated using alcian blue and alizarin red S respectively. Anomalies of both cartilaginous and bony parts of the skeleton could be examined.", "PMID": 93666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_799", "title": "[Determination of the lymphocytic and oncofetal antigen subpopulations in patients with adenocarcinomas of the stomach and of the colon and rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a study of 50 patients with adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum, patients with gastric adenocarcinomas, and 30 healthy individuals as a control group. In all subjects the following parameters were determined: total number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, T lymphocytes, T-active lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes. A study of the test for lymphoblastic transformation (TTL) with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation and the determination of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) were also carried out. In patients with gastric adenocarcinoma the results revealed a lymphopenia, especially at the expense of T and T-active lymphocytes, as well as a depression (in 73 per cent) of the lymphocytic response to the PHA stimulation. Patients with carcinoma of the colon showed significant results in the T-active lymphocyte population. In both neoplastic situations the determination for alpha-fetoprotein was negative, while the CEA presented a clear correlation with the evolutive stage of the tumor, being more demonstrative in the tumors located in the colon and rectum.", "contents": "[Determination of the lymphocytic and oncofetal antigen subpopulations in patients with adenocarcinomas of the stomach and of the colon and rectum (author's transl)]. The authors present a study of 50 patients with adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum, patients with gastric adenocarcinomas, and 30 healthy individuals as a control group. In all subjects the following parameters were determined: total number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, T lymphocytes, T-active lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes. A study of the test for lymphoblastic transformation (TTL) with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation and the determination of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) were also carried out. In patients with gastric adenocarcinoma the results revealed a lymphopenia, especially at the expense of T and T-active lymphocytes, as well as a depression (in 73 per cent) of the lymphocytic response to the PHA stimulation. Patients with carcinoma of the colon showed significant results in the T-active lymphocyte population. In both neoplastic situations the determination for alpha-fetoprotein was negative, while the CEA presented a clear correlation with the evolutive stage of the tumor, being more demonstrative in the tumors located in the colon and rectum.", "PMID": 93670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_800", "title": "[Systemic lupus erythematosus induced by anticonvulsivant drug (author's transl)].", "content": "A 20-year-old patient with previous history since 9 years of age of epileptic crises, was followed since then by anticonvulsivant therapy. Eight months before her admittance to the hospital ethosuximide was added to the anticonvulsivant treatment with good results. The development of fever, pain in the joints, and pleuropericarditis decided her admittance, being the clinical evaluation analytically and immunologically compatible with a systemic lupus erythematosus. The discontinuance of the anticonvulsivant medication determined at the end of the 3rd week the clinical and analytical recovery of the patient. The immunological study was normal after 3 months. The addition of other anticonvulsivant drugs, without having modified the normal condition of the patient, establishes a cause-effect relationship after the administration of ethosuximide. The infrequency of this observation is commented on, and the present knowledge of the possible mechanisms implicated in the drug-induction of a systemic lupus erythematosus is discussed.", "contents": "[Systemic lupus erythematosus induced by anticonvulsivant drug (author's transl)]. A 20-year-old patient with previous history since 9 years of age of epileptic crises, was followed since then by anticonvulsivant therapy. Eight months before her admittance to the hospital ethosuximide was added to the anticonvulsivant treatment with good results. The development of fever, pain in the joints, and pleuropericarditis decided her admittance, being the clinical evaluation analytically and immunologically compatible with a systemic lupus erythematosus. The discontinuance of the anticonvulsivant medication determined at the end of the 3rd week the clinical and analytical recovery of the patient. The immunological study was normal after 3 months. The addition of other anticonvulsivant drugs, without having modified the normal condition of the patient, establishes a cause-effect relationship after the administration of ethosuximide. The infrequency of this observation is commented on, and the present knowledge of the possible mechanisms implicated in the drug-induction of a systemic lupus erythematosus is discussed.", "PMID": 93671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_801", "title": "[The control of culicidae in Djibouti town. An experience of 7 years (author's transl)].", "content": "The control of culicidae in Djibouti is based first on an antilarval action with suppression of breeding areas and use of Dursban and Abate 5 times a year. Baygon, the use of which is more expensive, is employed for imagicidal control in well delimitated foci.", "contents": "[The control of culicidae in Djibouti town. An experience of 7 years (author's transl)]. The control of culicidae in Djibouti is based first on an antilarval action with suppression of breeding areas and use of Dursban and Abate 5 times a year. Baygon, the use of which is more expensive, is employed for imagicidal control in well delimitated foci.", "PMID": 93676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_802", "title": "Projection system with brightness amplifier for biology and medicine.", "content": "Some results of investigation of biological systems using laser projection microscope is given. The scheme permitted to work both in reflected and transmitting light. The image of a living cell on a large screen was observed.", "contents": "Projection system with brightness amplifier for biology and medicine. Some results of investigation of biological systems using laser projection microscope is given. The scheme permitted to work both in reflected and transmitting light. The image of a living cell on a large screen was observed.", "PMID": 93683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_803", "title": "Staining of DNA-phosphate groups with a mixture of azure A and acridine yellow.", "content": "This paper deals with staining of DNA-phosphate groups with a mixture of an equal parts of aqueous solution of azure A and acridine yellow in a 1:1 proportion and also embodies a study of the absorption properties of the stained nuclei. It also embodies results of sequential staining of nuclei stained first with azure A followed by staining with acridine yellow and vice versa, after extraction of RNA with cold phosphoric acid. The results indicate that the absorption peaks of nuclei differ from those of nuclei stained for DNA-aldehyde molecules with azure A-SO2 or acridine yellow-SO2. The in vitro absorption characteristics of an aqueous solution of azure A and those of an aqueous solution of acridine yellow are also presented herein. The conclusion obtained from this study is that all the phosphate groups of DNA do not take part in the staining process when staining is carried out with azure A or acridine yellow alone after after RNA has been extracted. This is because the nuclei stained with these dyes sequentially show the presence of acridine yellow-DNA and azure A-DNA complex.", "contents": "Staining of DNA-phosphate groups with a mixture of azure A and acridine yellow. This paper deals with staining of DNA-phosphate groups with a mixture of an equal parts of aqueous solution of azure A and acridine yellow in a 1:1 proportion and also embodies a study of the absorption properties of the stained nuclei. It also embodies results of sequential staining of nuclei stained first with azure A followed by staining with acridine yellow and vice versa, after extraction of RNA with cold phosphoric acid. The results indicate that the absorption peaks of nuclei differ from those of nuclei stained for DNA-aldehyde molecules with azure A-SO2 or acridine yellow-SO2. The in vitro absorption characteristics of an aqueous solution of azure A and those of an aqueous solution of acridine yellow are also presented herein. The conclusion obtained from this study is that all the phosphate groups of DNA do not take part in the staining process when staining is carried out with azure A or acridine yellow alone after after RNA has been extracted. This is because the nuclei stained with these dyes sequentially show the presence of acridine yellow-DNA and azure A-DNA complex.", "PMID": 93684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_804", "title": "Staining of acid mucopolysaccharides appearing on and in various cell types by DAPI.", "content": "It could be shown that DAPI, a newer fluorochrome (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), is able to stain various types of acid mucopolysaccharides, e.g. heparin and agar mucopolysaccharides. Due to their content of heparin, mast cells and basophil cells could be stained rapidly. Other cells e.g. mononuclear phagocytes and malignant epithelial cells, could be loaded with these acid mucopolysaccharides and subsequently stained by DAPI.", "contents": "Staining of acid mucopolysaccharides appearing on and in various cell types by DAPI. It could be shown that DAPI, a newer fluorochrome (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), is able to stain various types of acid mucopolysaccharides, e.g. heparin and agar mucopolysaccharides. Due to their content of heparin, mast cells and basophil cells could be stained rapidly. Other cells e.g. mononuclear phagocytes and malignant epithelial cells, could be loaded with these acid mucopolysaccharides and subsequently stained by DAPI.", "PMID": 93685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_805", "title": "[Changes in the physiologic properties of a chemostat culture of Propionibacterium shermanii during growth limitation by a deficiency of sodium lactate].", "content": "A chemostat curve has been constructed for changes in the Propionibacterium shermanii population density with an increase in the flow rate of the medium from 0.04 to 0.55 h-1 upon limitation of the growth with sodium lactate deficiency. The curve differs from the classic chemostat curve described with the Monod equation, thus indicating changes in metabolism at different growth rates. Fermentation of lactate to acetic and propionic acids by the culture is most complete at low flow rates of the medium (D = 0.04 h-1). The rates of oxidation processes increase at average flow rates (D = 0.1--0.33 h-1). Lactate is both fermented to yield volatile acids, and oxidized. The growth rate D = mu = 0.55 h-1 approaches the maximal one. The rate of fermentation by the culture at this growth rate decreases while the rate of oxidation increases. The ratio between the rates of these two processes shifts towards oxidation. The cells display now a very high synthetic activity: constructive metabolism of the cells is realized practically only at the account of the nitrogen from ammonium rather than the nitrogen of amino acids. The chemical composition of the cells along the chemostat curve is relatively constant. The content of protein and DNA does not change; the content of RNA slightly rises with an increase in the growth rate, and the protein synthesizing activity of RNA is directly proportional to D = mu.", "contents": "[Changes in the physiologic properties of a chemostat culture of Propionibacterium shermanii during growth limitation by a deficiency of sodium lactate]. A chemostat curve has been constructed for changes in the Propionibacterium shermanii population density with an increase in the flow rate of the medium from 0.04 to 0.55 h-1 upon limitation of the growth with sodium lactate deficiency. The curve differs from the classic chemostat curve described with the Monod equation, thus indicating changes in metabolism at different growth rates. Fermentation of lactate to acetic and propionic acids by the culture is most complete at low flow rates of the medium (D = 0.04 h-1). The rates of oxidation processes increase at average flow rates (D = 0.1--0.33 h-1). Lactate is both fermented to yield volatile acids, and oxidized. The growth rate D = mu = 0.55 h-1 approaches the maximal one. The rate of fermentation by the culture at this growth rate decreases while the rate of oxidation increases. The ratio between the rates of these two processes shifts towards oxidation. The cells display now a very high synthetic activity: constructive metabolism of the cells is realized practically only at the account of the nitrogen from ammonium rather than the nitrogen of amino acids. The chemical composition of the cells along the chemostat curve is relatively constant. The content of protein and DNA does not change; the content of RNA slightly rises with an increase in the growth rate, and the protein synthesizing activity of RNA is directly proportional to D = mu.", "PMID": 93687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_806", "title": "Effects of a chromatin low molecular weight peptidic fraction on differentiation markers and virus production in Friend leukemia cells.", "content": "Low molecular weight chromatin peptides exert a dose-dependent inhibition of Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-induced erythroid differentiation of murine Friend Leukemia Cells (FLC). This effect correlates with the degree of purification of the peptide fractions. Crot analysis of globin mRNA amounts in DMSO-treated FLC given the peptides showed a 4-5-fold decrease of messenger RNA in the cytoplasma with no nuclear storage of globin transcripts. Spectrin accumulation in \"induced\" FLC is inhibited as well. The effects of the peptides on erythroid markers are reversible upon removal of the compounds. They also appear to be specific for induced gene expression as (1) no effects are observed on cell growth and RNA synthesis in normal non-differentiating cell lines; and (2) no changes have been detected with regard to the expression of integrated viral genes coding for continuous shedding of viral particles.", "contents": "Effects of a chromatin low molecular weight peptidic fraction on differentiation markers and virus production in Friend leukemia cells. Low molecular weight chromatin peptides exert a dose-dependent inhibition of Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-induced erythroid differentiation of murine Friend Leukemia Cells (FLC). This effect correlates with the degree of purification of the peptide fractions. Crot analysis of globin mRNA amounts in DMSO-treated FLC given the peptides showed a 4-5-fold decrease of messenger RNA in the cytoplasma with no nuclear storage of globin transcripts. Spectrin accumulation in \"induced\" FLC is inhibited as well. The effects of the peptides on erythroid markers are reversible upon removal of the compounds. They also appear to be specific for induced gene expression as (1) no effects are observed on cell growth and RNA synthesis in normal non-differentiating cell lines; and (2) no changes have been detected with regard to the expression of integrated viral genes coding for continuous shedding of viral particles.", "PMID": 93693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_807", "title": "[Diagnosis value of lipid content in prostatic cancer].", "content": "Authors have demonstrated presence of lipide droplets in the tumour cells in 16 cases out of 22 of the carcinoma of prostata. In 8 cases the tumour was of the xanthomatous variant of Kinoshita. Metastases were examined in 4 cases. Cells of the metastatic tumours contained lipide alike the primaer ones. Authors believe, that lipide content of the metastatic carcinoma may help in recognition of the original tumour, i.e. prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "[Diagnosis value of lipid content in prostatic cancer]. Authors have demonstrated presence of lipide droplets in the tumour cells in 16 cases out of 22 of the carcinoma of prostata. In 8 cases the tumour was of the xanthomatous variant of Kinoshita. Metastases were examined in 4 cases. Cells of the metastatic tumours contained lipide alike the primaer ones. Authors believe, that lipide content of the metastatic carcinoma may help in recognition of the original tumour, i.e. prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 93697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_808", "title": "[Modified trichrome staining].", "content": "Author in the process of the trichrom staining method instead of Orange-G, acid fuchsine and aniline-blue applied other dyes. For the staining of thin sections ponceau-S was found more suitable than acid-fuchsine. For the staining of thick sections the cerommends acid-fuchsine, light-green and fast-green FCF.", "contents": "[Modified trichrome staining]. Author in the process of the trichrom staining method instead of Orange-G, acid fuchsine and aniline-blue applied other dyes. For the staining of thin sections ponceau-S was found more suitable than acid-fuchsine. For the staining of thick sections the cerommends acid-fuchsine, light-green and fast-green FCF.", "PMID": 93698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_809", "title": "A simple method for staining semi-thick tissue sections to demonstrate fungal elements.", "content": "A simple method of staining epon embedded semi-thick sections with Schiff-reagent is described. This technique allows fungal elements in tissue to be readily observed. The combination of Schiff-reagent with a Methylene blue counterstain for demonstrating fungal elements and tissue structures is also described.", "contents": "A simple method for staining semi-thick tissue sections to demonstrate fungal elements. A simple method of staining epon embedded semi-thick sections with Schiff-reagent is described. This technique allows fungal elements in tissue to be readily observed. The combination of Schiff-reagent with a Methylene blue counterstain for demonstrating fungal elements and tissue structures is also described.", "PMID": 93702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_810", "title": "Shape change of blood platelets brought about by myelin basic protein and other basic polypeptides.", "content": "Basic proteins and polypeptides (BPP) such as myelin basic protein (MBP), polyornithine (M.W. 40,000), polylysine and protamine, which are known to cause neuronal depolarization in the central nervous system, induced a shape change reaction in blood platelets of various species, including man. This reaction was not accompanied by platelet aggregation or marked alterations of 5-hydroxytryptamine release. Cyclic nucleotide levels were also unchanged. The shape change induced by polyornithine was inhibited by heparin but not by antagonists of 5HT, catecholamines or gamma-aminobutryic acid, substances which are known to have no effect on the MBP-induced neuronal depolarization. Other basic substances, e.g. low molecular weight polyornithine (M.W. 4,000), cytochrome c, spermine and spermidine, did not induce either platelet shape change or (as shown before) neuronal depolarization. It is concluded, that 1) the shape change reaction of platelets seems to be a sensitive and simple means of detecting those BPP which induce functional changes in mammalian cells and 2) the use of platelets as models for neurons can be extended to include the action of BPP on the plasma membranes.", "contents": "Shape change of blood platelets brought about by myelin basic protein and other basic polypeptides. Basic proteins and polypeptides (BPP) such as myelin basic protein (MBP), polyornithine (M.W. 40,000), polylysine and protamine, which are known to cause neuronal depolarization in the central nervous system, induced a shape change reaction in blood platelets of various species, including man. This reaction was not accompanied by platelet aggregation or marked alterations of 5-hydroxytryptamine release. Cyclic nucleotide levels were also unchanged. The shape change induced by polyornithine was inhibited by heparin but not by antagonists of 5HT, catecholamines or gamma-aminobutryic acid, substances which are known to have no effect on the MBP-induced neuronal depolarization. Other basic substances, e.g. low molecular weight polyornithine (M.W. 4,000), cytochrome c, spermine and spermidine, did not induce either platelet shape change or (as shown before) neuronal depolarization. It is concluded, that 1) the shape change reaction of platelets seems to be a sensitive and simple means of detecting those BPP which induce functional changes in mammalian cells and 2) the use of platelets as models for neurons can be extended to include the action of BPP on the plasma membranes.", "PMID": 93703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_811", "title": "Longitudinal contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum induced by rapid cooling.", "content": "1. Rapid change of bath temperature from 37 degrees C to 27 degrees C and vice versa caused longitudinal contraction of the isolated guinea-pig ileum. 2. Tetrodotoxin, tropicamide, noradrenaline, isoprenaline, morphine, and the met-enkephalin analogue FK 33-824 depressed the responses or accelerated the fade of the contraction induced by rapid cooling when added after the response had reached its maximum. 3. Hexamethonium had no influence on the responses. 4. Physostigmine potentiated all responses and reversed the fade of contraction induced by rapid cooling when added after this contraction had reached its maximum. 5. The effects of rapid cooling or warming were not altered in preparations made tachyphylactic to substance P; the response to rapid warming, but not cooling, was partially inhibited under tachyphylaxis to 5-hydroxytryptamine. 6. Antazoline, phentolamine, naloxone, and indomethacin did not block the responses. 7. Capsaicin firt potentiated and subsequently depressed the responses to both rapid cooling and warming. 8. The results indicate that rapid change of bath temperature induces longitudinal contraction by excitation of postganglionic cholinergic fibres.", "contents": "Longitudinal contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum induced by rapid cooling. 1. Rapid change of bath temperature from 37 degrees C to 27 degrees C and vice versa caused longitudinal contraction of the isolated guinea-pig ileum. 2. Tetrodotoxin, tropicamide, noradrenaline, isoprenaline, morphine, and the met-enkephalin analogue FK 33-824 depressed the responses or accelerated the fade of the contraction induced by rapid cooling when added after the response had reached its maximum. 3. Hexamethonium had no influence on the responses. 4. Physostigmine potentiated all responses and reversed the fade of contraction induced by rapid cooling when added after this contraction had reached its maximum. 5. The effects of rapid cooling or warming were not altered in preparations made tachyphylactic to substance P; the response to rapid warming, but not cooling, was partially inhibited under tachyphylaxis to 5-hydroxytryptamine. 6. Antazoline, phentolamine, naloxone, and indomethacin did not block the responses. 7. Capsaicin firt potentiated and subsequently depressed the responses to both rapid cooling and warming. 8. The results indicate that rapid change of bath temperature induces longitudinal contraction by excitation of postganglionic cholinergic fibres.", "PMID": 93705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_812", "title": "Preferential replication of murine xenotropic type-C virus in human lymphosarcoma-derived cell lines.", "content": "Murine xenotropic virus, designated 698/X, was recovered by implantation of human lymphosarcoma-derived cells U-698M into nude mice of Giovanella's colony. The budded and extracellular particles revealed typical type-C morphology, the latter possessing reverse transcriptase (RT) activity and exhibiting a buoyant density 1.17 g/ml in sucrose gradient. In competitive radioimmunoassay using iodinated p30 of Rauscher MuLV, the 698X viral concentrate and cell extracts of both implanted lymphosarcoma cells (U-698M-N-1 and U-715M-N-1) were as effective as Gross MuLV, thus indicating the murine origin of the virus. The propagation of the 698/X virus in five human, four mouse (permissive for N- and B-tropic MuLV), two rat and one bovine cell lines was followed by RT, XC syncytia assays and EM investigations. The replication of the 698/X virus seems to be restricted mainly to both human lymphosarcoma-derived cell lines U-698M and U-715M. The new recovery of the virus from the nude mouse by implantation of U-175M cells has asserted its high tropism to human lymphosarcoma cells and its murine origin. The comparative response of mouse, rabbit and rat cells exposed to both NZB and 698/X xenotropic murine viruses exhibited host range differences between these viruses. The rabbit SIRC and rat embryonic cells REC were fully permissive for the murine xenotropic NZB virus, while low viral production was detected by RT assay only in 698/X virus infected SIRC cells.", "contents": "Preferential replication of murine xenotropic type-C virus in human lymphosarcoma-derived cell lines. Murine xenotropic virus, designated 698/X, was recovered by implantation of human lymphosarcoma-derived cells U-698M into nude mice of Giovanella's colony. The budded and extracellular particles revealed typical type-C morphology, the latter possessing reverse transcriptase (RT) activity and exhibiting a buoyant density 1.17 g/ml in sucrose gradient. In competitive radioimmunoassay using iodinated p30 of Rauscher MuLV, the 698X viral concentrate and cell extracts of both implanted lymphosarcoma cells (U-698M-N-1 and U-715M-N-1) were as effective as Gross MuLV, thus indicating the murine origin of the virus. The propagation of the 698/X virus in five human, four mouse (permissive for N- and B-tropic MuLV), two rat and one bovine cell lines was followed by RT, XC syncytia assays and EM investigations. The replication of the 698/X virus seems to be restricted mainly to both human lymphosarcoma-derived cell lines U-698M and U-715M. The new recovery of the virus from the nude mouse by implantation of U-175M cells has asserted its high tropism to human lymphosarcoma cells and its murine origin. The comparative response of mouse, rabbit and rat cells exposed to both NZB and 698/X xenotropic murine viruses exhibited host range differences between these viruses. The rabbit SIRC and rat embryonic cells REC were fully permissive for the murine xenotropic NZB virus, while low viral production was detected by RT assay only in 698/X virus infected SIRC cells.", "PMID": 93707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_813", "title": "Demonstration of alpha 2-pregnancy associated-glycoprotein (alpha 2-PGA) in serum of men with different localization of cancer.", "content": "By counterimmunoelectrophoresis in agarose gel the presence of alpha 2-PGA in the sera of 28 untreated patients with different localization of cancer was demonstrated. In 17 (60.7%) a precipitation line between the well with patient serum and that with monospecific anti-alpha 2-PGA serum, diluted 1 : 7 was obtained. At 1 : 7 dilution, with the sera from 28 healthy persons precipitation lines were not obtained. The determination of alpha 2-PAG can be made quickly and contributes to cancer diagnosis in men.", "contents": "Demonstration of alpha 2-pregnancy associated-glycoprotein (alpha 2-PGA) in serum of men with different localization of cancer. By counterimmunoelectrophoresis in agarose gel the presence of alpha 2-PGA in the sera of 28 untreated patients with different localization of cancer was demonstrated. In 17 (60.7%) a precipitation line between the well with patient serum and that with monospecific anti-alpha 2-PGA serum, diluted 1 : 7 was obtained. At 1 : 7 dilution, with the sera from 28 healthy persons precipitation lines were not obtained. The determination of alpha 2-PAG can be made quickly and contributes to cancer diagnosis in men.", "PMID": 93708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_814", "title": "Combined regional chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the treatment of epidermoid carcinoma in the oro-facial region.", "content": "Followed treatment of oro-facial epidermoid carcinoma by combined chemo- and radiation therapy with eventual surgical intervention. Cytostatic drugs were applied intraarterially. After a monocytostatic treatment trial with Methotrexat (MTX), a combined cytostatic program was worked out utilizing two cytostatic drugs, viz. MTX and Bleomycin (BLM) in a cyclic alternation. Usefulness of chemotherapy and its inclusion into the treatment of epidermoid carcinoma in the oro-facial region was found justified principally in the case of combined therapy. However, the selected intraarterial mode of cytostatic administration is attended by certain drawbacks, mainly of a technical nature and is not suitable for routine application. For this reason, the authors have abandoned the i. a. mode of cytostatic administration in epidermoid oro-facial carcinoma and have adopted systemic application and this in combination with radiation, eventually surgical therapy with the utilization of chemotherapy.", "contents": "Combined regional chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the treatment of epidermoid carcinoma in the oro-facial region. Followed treatment of oro-facial epidermoid carcinoma by combined chemo- and radiation therapy with eventual surgical intervention. Cytostatic drugs were applied intraarterially. After a monocytostatic treatment trial with Methotrexat (MTX), a combined cytostatic program was worked out utilizing two cytostatic drugs, viz. MTX and Bleomycin (BLM) in a cyclic alternation. Usefulness of chemotherapy and its inclusion into the treatment of epidermoid carcinoma in the oro-facial region was found justified principally in the case of combined therapy. However, the selected intraarterial mode of cytostatic administration is attended by certain drawbacks, mainly of a technical nature and is not suitable for routine application. For this reason, the authors have abandoned the i. a. mode of cytostatic administration in epidermoid oro-facial carcinoma and have adopted systemic application and this in combination with radiation, eventually surgical therapy with the utilization of chemotherapy.", "PMID": 93709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_815", "title": "Effect of transection on choline acetyltransferase, thyrotropin releasing hormone and substance P in the cat cervical cord.", "content": "The effects of a transection on the choline acetyltransferase activity, the thyrotropin releasing hormone and substance P contents in the cat cervical spinal cord have been investigated. Seven days after the hemitransection at the C1 level, the grey matter of the C6-7 levels of the spinal cord were dissected for the biochemical measurements. The choline acetyltransferase activity and the thyrotropin releasing hormone content remained unchanged in any regions in the grey matter following the high cervical transection. On the other hand, the substance P content was decreased by approx. 70% in the ventral horn. These results suggest that the fibers originating the supraspinal structures and terminating in the grey matter of the spinal cord, contain the substance P-releasing fibers, whereas there seems to be little cholinergic or thyrotropin releasing hormone-containing fibers.", "contents": "Effect of transection on choline acetyltransferase, thyrotropin releasing hormone and substance P in the cat cervical cord. The effects of a transection on the choline acetyltransferase activity, the thyrotropin releasing hormone and substance P contents in the cat cervical spinal cord have been investigated. Seven days after the hemitransection at the C1 level, the grey matter of the C6-7 levels of the spinal cord were dissected for the biochemical measurements. The choline acetyltransferase activity and the thyrotropin releasing hormone content remained unchanged in any regions in the grey matter following the high cervical transection. On the other hand, the substance P content was decreased by approx. 70% in the ventral horn. These results suggest that the fibers originating the supraspinal structures and terminating in the grey matter of the spinal cord, contain the substance P-releasing fibers, whereas there seems to be little cholinergic or thyrotropin releasing hormone-containing fibers.", "PMID": 93714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_816", "title": "Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in sciatic nerve of rats and dystrophy mice.", "content": "The relationship between nerve or muscle activity and retrograde HRP transport was studied in rat Sciatic nerve and in dystrophy mice. sciatic nerve stimulation facilitated transport to 250% of control level, while colchicine decrease transport depending on dosage. Tendonectomy as well as colchicine treatment ultimately decreased HRP transport, but before the decrease, there was a transient facilitatory phase in both colchicine treated and tendonectomized rats. In dystrophy mice, almost twice as much nerve trunk injected HRP was transported as in control mice. This suggests that retrograde transport level increases in some stage of dystrophy.", "contents": "Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in sciatic nerve of rats and dystrophy mice. The relationship between nerve or muscle activity and retrograde HRP transport was studied in rat Sciatic nerve and in dystrophy mice. sciatic nerve stimulation facilitated transport to 250% of control level, while colchicine decrease transport depending on dosage. Tendonectomy as well as colchicine treatment ultimately decreased HRP transport, but before the decrease, there was a transient facilitatory phase in both colchicine treated and tendonectomized rats. In dystrophy mice, almost twice as much nerve trunk injected HRP was transported as in control mice. This suggests that retrograde transport level increases in some stage of dystrophy.", "PMID": 93715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_817", "title": "Gastric afferents to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the cat.", "content": "Afferent projections of the vagus nerve (X) were investigated following nodose ganglion injections of [3H]leucine or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and stomach wall injections of HRP. Ganglionic injections demonstrated a projection to the solitary nucleus (SN) including the part designated as the area subpostrema (ASP). A projection to the area postrema was also seen following [3H]leucine injections. Stomach wall injections of HRP labelled fibres and terminals bilaterally in the ASP and more ventral parts of the SN. These results provide the first morphological evidence of gastric afferents of X projecting to an area of the SN previously implicated in gastric functions.", "contents": "Gastric afferents to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the cat. Afferent projections of the vagus nerve (X) were investigated following nodose ganglion injections of [3H]leucine or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and stomach wall injections of HRP. Ganglionic injections demonstrated a projection to the solitary nucleus (SN) including the part designated as the area subpostrema (ASP). A projection to the area postrema was also seen following [3H]leucine injections. Stomach wall injections of HRP labelled fibres and terminals bilaterally in the ASP and more ventral parts of the SN. These results provide the first morphological evidence of gastric afferents of X projecting to an area of the SN previously implicated in gastric functions.", "PMID": 93717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_818", "title": "Are histamine H2-receptor depressions of neuronal activity in tissue cultures from rat hypothalamus mediated through cyclic adenosine monophosphate?", "content": "Iontophoretic application of histamine H2-agonists depressed spontaneous firing of tuberal hypothalamic neurons in tissue culture. Perfusion with inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase increased the strength of these depressions, which persisted during perfusion with Ca2+-free medium. These results support a role of cyclic AMP as a mediator of histamine H2-elicited depressions of neuronal activity.", "contents": "Are histamine H2-receptor depressions of neuronal activity in tissue cultures from rat hypothalamus mediated through cyclic adenosine monophosphate? Iontophoretic application of histamine H2-agonists depressed spontaneous firing of tuberal hypothalamic neurons in tissue culture. Perfusion with inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase increased the strength of these depressions, which persisted during perfusion with Ca2+-free medium. These results support a role of cyclic AMP as a mediator of histamine H2-elicited depressions of neuronal activity.", "PMID": 93718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_819", "title": "Immunohistochemical evidence for an intracellular localization of plasma proteins in human foetal choroid plexus and brain.", "content": "The intracellular distribution of plasma proteins in human foetal choroid plexus and brain was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Small groups of cells or single scattered cells in the epithelial layer of the choroid plexus exhibited positive staining for alpha-fetoprotein, albumin and transferrin, whereas prealbumin was found in the majority of the epithelial cells. Numerous nerve cells in the cerebral wall and in various brain stem nuclei were positively stained for alpha-fetoprotein, albumin and prealbumin. All appropriate controls were negative. The presence of plasma proteins within choroid plexus epithelial cells suggest that these proteins are transported from blood to CSF by a transcellular route across the choroid plexus epithelium. The intracellular distribution of plasma proteins in developing neurons may indicate that these proteins play some important role in neuronal differentiation or development.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical evidence for an intracellular localization of plasma proteins in human foetal choroid plexus and brain. The intracellular distribution of plasma proteins in human foetal choroid plexus and brain was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Small groups of cells or single scattered cells in the epithelial layer of the choroid plexus exhibited positive staining for alpha-fetoprotein, albumin and transferrin, whereas prealbumin was found in the majority of the epithelial cells. Numerous nerve cells in the cerebral wall and in various brain stem nuclei were positively stained for alpha-fetoprotein, albumin and prealbumin. All appropriate controls were negative. The presence of plasma proteins within choroid plexus epithelial cells suggest that these proteins are transported from blood to CSF by a transcellular route across the choroid plexus epithelium. The intracellular distribution of plasma proteins in developing neurons may indicate that these proteins play some important role in neuronal differentiation or development.", "PMID": 93719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_820", "title": "Staining of the dorsal root primary afferent fibers by anterograde movement of horseradish peroxidase and retrograde labelling of motoneurons and preganglionic autonomic cells in the turtle spinal cord.", "content": "The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been applied to the proximal stumps of severed thoracic and lumbar dorsal roots in the turtles Pseudemys scripta elegans and Testudo hermanni. The results obtained confirm the distribution pattern observed with anterograde degeneration techniques. Primary afferent terminal structures, however, could be demonstrated in more detail. Commonly, ventral roots were also more or less damaged which resulted in the presence of retrogradely labeled motoneurons and small cells in area X. This group of retrogradely labeled small neurons probably represents cells of origin of preganglionic autonomic fibers.", "contents": "Staining of the dorsal root primary afferent fibers by anterograde movement of horseradish peroxidase and retrograde labelling of motoneurons and preganglionic autonomic cells in the turtle spinal cord. The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been applied to the proximal stumps of severed thoracic and lumbar dorsal roots in the turtles Pseudemys scripta elegans and Testudo hermanni. The results obtained confirm the distribution pattern observed with anterograde degeneration techniques. Primary afferent terminal structures, however, could be demonstrated in more detail. Commonly, ventral roots were also more or less damaged which resulted in the presence of retrogradely labeled motoneurons and small cells in area X. This group of retrogradely labeled small neurons probably represents cells of origin of preganglionic autonomic fibers.", "PMID": 93720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_821", "title": "A horseradish peroxidase study of primary afferent projections to the medullary cuneate nucleus in the rat.", "content": "HRP was used to label first order afferent cells of the dorsal root ganglia which synapse at the cuneate nucleus. The results show that it is a population of predominantly large cells that project monosynaptically to the medullary cuneate nucleus and thus support anatomical and physiological studies showing that directly projecting axons to the dorsal column nuclei are larger, faster and conduct information from a select class of sensitive cutaneous mechanoreceptors. The finding, that approximately 20% of DRG neurons can be labeled from the dorsal column nuclei, is consistent with previous estimates of dorsal root fiber projections in the dorsal column based on Marchi degeneration.", "contents": "A horseradish peroxidase study of primary afferent projections to the medullary cuneate nucleus in the rat. HRP was used to label first order afferent cells of the dorsal root ganglia which synapse at the cuneate nucleus. The results show that it is a population of predominantly large cells that project monosynaptically to the medullary cuneate nucleus and thus support anatomical and physiological studies showing that directly projecting axons to the dorsal column nuclei are larger, faster and conduct information from a select class of sensitive cutaneous mechanoreceptors. The finding, that approximately 20% of DRG neurons can be labeled from the dorsal column nuclei, is consistent with previous estimates of dorsal root fiber projections in the dorsal column based on Marchi degeneration.", "PMID": 93721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_822", "title": "Distribution of carotid sinus nerve afferent fibers to solitary tract nuclei of the cat using transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The distribution of carotid sinus nerve (CSN) afferent fibers to the solitary tract and its various nuclei has been determined using transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The ipsilateral solitary tract was labeled and, in addition, the heaviest labeling was seen dorsomedial within the medial solitary nucleus, as well as just lateral to the tractus solitarius in the lateral solitary nucleus. Bilateral labeling was present caudal to the obex in both the medial and commissural nuclei. The paucity of reaction product within the ventrolateral solitary nucleus supports previous neurophysiological studies suggesting carotid chemoreceptors do not make monosynaptic contacts with respiratory neurons within that nucleus.", "contents": "Distribution of carotid sinus nerve afferent fibers to solitary tract nuclei of the cat using transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. The distribution of carotid sinus nerve (CSN) afferent fibers to the solitary tract and its various nuclei has been determined using transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The ipsilateral solitary tract was labeled and, in addition, the heaviest labeling was seen dorsomedial within the medial solitary nucleus, as well as just lateral to the tractus solitarius in the lateral solitary nucleus. Bilateral labeling was present caudal to the obex in both the medial and commissural nuclei. The paucity of reaction product within the ventrolateral solitary nucleus supports previous neurophysiological studies suggesting carotid chemoreceptors do not make monosynaptic contacts with respiratory neurons within that nucleus.", "PMID": 93722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_823", "title": "Somatotopy in the phrenic motor nucleus of the cat as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Cats received unilateral or bilateral horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections into various portions of the diaphragm. In two experiments one of the cut cervical roots of the phrenic nerve was immersed in HRP. The phrenic motoneurons located in the fifth and occasionally the fourth cervical segment send their axons, via the upper phrenic root, to pars sternalis and pars costalis of the diaphragmatic dome whereas the neurons of the sixth segment innervate preferentially the dorsal portion both crura and dome. No evidence of contralateral innervation of the diaphragm was obtained.", "contents": "Somatotopy in the phrenic motor nucleus of the cat as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Cats received unilateral or bilateral horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections into various portions of the diaphragm. In two experiments one of the cut cervical roots of the phrenic nerve was immersed in HRP. The phrenic motoneurons located in the fifth and occasionally the fourth cervical segment send their axons, via the upper phrenic root, to pars sternalis and pars costalis of the diaphragmatic dome whereas the neurons of the sixth segment innervate preferentially the dorsal portion both crura and dome. No evidence of contralateral innervation of the diaphragm was obtained.", "PMID": 93723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_824", "title": "The presynaptic stimulating effect of acetylcholine on dopamine release is suppressed during activation of nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons in the cat.", "content": "Acetylcholine (ACh) (10(-5) M) in the presence of eserine (2 . 10(-4) M) stimulated the release of [3H]dopamine (DA) continuously formed from [3H]tyrosine, when delivered to a push-pull cannula implanted in the left caudate nucleus of halothane anaesthetized cats. This effect was transient and followed by a second increase in [3H]DA release after removal of ACh and eserine. These changes in [3H]DA release during and after ACh application were no longer seen during activation of the dopaminergic neurons by continuous delivery of substance P to the ipsilateral substantia nigra (SN). These results indicate that the presynaptic regulation of DA release by ACh is dependent on the rate of firing of nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons.", "contents": "The presynaptic stimulating effect of acetylcholine on dopamine release is suppressed during activation of nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons in the cat. Acetylcholine (ACh) (10(-5) M) in the presence of eserine (2 . 10(-4) M) stimulated the release of [3H]dopamine (DA) continuously formed from [3H]tyrosine, when delivered to a push-pull cannula implanted in the left caudate nucleus of halothane anaesthetized cats. This effect was transient and followed by a second increase in [3H]DA release after removal of ACh and eserine. These changes in [3H]DA release during and after ACh application were no longer seen during activation of the dopaminergic neurons by continuous delivery of substance P to the ipsilateral substantia nigra (SN). These results indicate that the presynaptic regulation of DA release by ACh is dependent on the rate of firing of nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons.", "PMID": 93724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_825", "title": "Location of bladder preganglionic neurons within the sacral parasympathetic nucleus of the cat.", "content": "Sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons innervating the urinary bladder were labelled by applying horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to branches of the pelvic nerve at the neck of the bladder. Bladder preganglionic cells were located primarily in the intermediolateral grey matter of sacral cord segments 1, 2 and 3 and extended from the ventral end of the central canal to the inferior margin of the dorsal horn. Dendrites extended into the dorsolateral funiculus, toward the lateral edge of the dorsal horn, medially beneath the dorsal horn and ventrally within the nucleus. Although a small number of cells were found medially beneath the dorsal horn, it is concluded that the majority of bladder preganglionic neurons occupy a lateral position within the sacral parasympathetic nucleus.", "contents": "Location of bladder preganglionic neurons within the sacral parasympathetic nucleus of the cat. Sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons innervating the urinary bladder were labelled by applying horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to branches of the pelvic nerve at the neck of the bladder. Bladder preganglionic cells were located primarily in the intermediolateral grey matter of sacral cord segments 1, 2 and 3 and extended from the ventral end of the central canal to the inferior margin of the dorsal horn. Dendrites extended into the dorsolateral funiculus, toward the lateral edge of the dorsal horn, medially beneath the dorsal horn and ventrally within the nucleus. Although a small number of cells were found medially beneath the dorsal horn, it is concluded that the majority of bladder preganglionic neurons occupy a lateral position within the sacral parasympathetic nucleus.", "PMID": 93725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_826", "title": "Superior colliculus efferents to the hypothalamus.", "content": "The projection of the superior colliculus to the hypothalamus was studied in the rabbit and rat with light and electron microscopic techniques. This projection system, as demonstrated with the anterograde transport of tritiated leucine, proline, adenosine or horseradish peroxidase, is primarily to dendrites located in the ipsilateral optic and supraoptic tracts. The dendrites originate from cells located in the lateral and anterior hypothalamic areas, retrochiasmatic area and supraoptic nucleus. Thus, the ventral tier of the hypothalamus appears to receive both separate and overlapping visual and multimodal sensory-motor inputs from the retina, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus.", "contents": "Superior colliculus efferents to the hypothalamus. The projection of the superior colliculus to the hypothalamus was studied in the rabbit and rat with light and electron microscopic techniques. This projection system, as demonstrated with the anterograde transport of tritiated leucine, proline, adenosine or horseradish peroxidase, is primarily to dendrites located in the ipsilateral optic and supraoptic tracts. The dendrites originate from cells located in the lateral and anterior hypothalamic areas, retrochiasmatic area and supraoptic nucleus. Thus, the ventral tier of the hypothalamus appears to receive both separate and overlapping visual and multimodal sensory-motor inputs from the retina, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus.", "PMID": 93726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_827", "title": "A unique population of uranaffin-positive intrinsic nerve endings in the small intestine.", "content": "A positive uranaffin reaction was observed in the small (40-60 nm) diameter vesicles of some intestinal axons. There was no change in the number of reactive axons or the intensity of reaction after reserpine (5 mg/kg) or after interruption of axons reaching the intestine through the mesentery. The axons were found in the myenteric, submucous and deep muscular plexuses and in the circular muscle. Some uranaffin-positive axons formed synapses with neurons of the myenteric and submucous plexuses. It is concluded that these axons are not noradrenergic. The axons must represent one of the several nerve types which are known to be intrinsic to the intestine, but are as yet unidentified at an ultrastructural level. If, as has been postulated, the reaction localizes amine storage vesicles, the uranaffin-positive axons are probably the intrinsic amine-handling axons previously demonstrated histochemically.", "contents": "A unique population of uranaffin-positive intrinsic nerve endings in the small intestine. A positive uranaffin reaction was observed in the small (40-60 nm) diameter vesicles of some intestinal axons. There was no change in the number of reactive axons or the intensity of reaction after reserpine (5 mg/kg) or after interruption of axons reaching the intestine through the mesentery. The axons were found in the myenteric, submucous and deep muscular plexuses and in the circular muscle. Some uranaffin-positive axons formed synapses with neurons of the myenteric and submucous plexuses. It is concluded that these axons are not noradrenergic. The axons must represent one of the several nerve types which are known to be intrinsic to the intestine, but are as yet unidentified at an ultrastructural level. If, as has been postulated, the reaction localizes amine storage vesicles, the uranaffin-positive axons are probably the intrinsic amine-handling axons previously demonstrated histochemically.", "PMID": 93727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_828", "title": "Double labelling of blanched neurons in the central nervous system of the rat by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase and iron dextran complex.", "content": "The retrograde axonal transport of an iron-dextran complex leads to a labelling of neural cell bodies in the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat. This tracer and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) can both be demonstrated histochemically in same cell bodies of intralaminar thalamic neurons in the central lateral nucleus, after injection of iron-dextran in the striatum and injection of HRP in the motor cortex. This is made possible by processing the sections first for HRP and then for ferric ions by Perl's reaction. This method allows an accurate demonstration of divergent axonal projections and is compatible with cytoarchitectonic studies on the same sections.", "contents": "Double labelling of blanched neurons in the central nervous system of the rat by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase and iron dextran complex. The retrograde axonal transport of an iron-dextran complex leads to a labelling of neural cell bodies in the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat. This tracer and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) can both be demonstrated histochemically in same cell bodies of intralaminar thalamic neurons in the central lateral nucleus, after injection of iron-dextran in the striatum and injection of HRP in the motor cortex. This is made possible by processing the sections first for HRP and then for ferric ions by Perl's reaction. This method allows an accurate demonstration of divergent axonal projections and is compatible with cytoarchitectonic studies on the same sections.", "PMID": 93728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_829", "title": "In vivo release of substance P in the cat substantia nigra.", "content": "Push-pull cannuale were implanted into the substantia nigra (SN) and the caudate nucleus (CN) of the cat to study the in vivo release of substance P (SP), using a radioimmunoassay and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The spontaneous release of SP could be detected in the SN and the CN. Potassium (50 mM) locally applied stimulated SP release in both structures. Furthermore an important evoked release of SP was observed in the SN during depolarization of striato-nigral SP fibers with potassium (50 mM) applied in the CN.", "contents": "In vivo release of substance P in the cat substantia nigra. Push-pull cannuale were implanted into the substantia nigra (SN) and the caudate nucleus (CN) of the cat to study the in vivo release of substance P (SP), using a radioimmunoassay and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The spontaneous release of SP could be detected in the SN and the CN. Potassium (50 mM) locally applied stimulated SP release in both structures. Furthermore an important evoked release of SP was observed in the SN during depolarization of striato-nigral SP fibers with potassium (50 mM) applied in the CN.", "PMID": 93729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_830", "title": "Presynaptic localization of substance P degradative enzymes(s) in rat substantia nigra.", "content": "Intrastriatal injections of kainic acid in rat brain, which destroyed striatal nerve cell bodies and their axons projecting to the substantia nigra (s. nigra) decreased the rate of breakdown of exogenuously added substance P by washed slice preparations of s. nigra. Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the s. nigra, which destroys the dopamine nerve cell bodies in this region, did not significantly affect the rate of degradation of substance P by nigral slices. Part of the peptidase activity responsible for breakdown of substance P in the s. nigra may thus be located on the terminals of striatal afferents to the s. nigra.", "contents": "Presynaptic localization of substance P degradative enzymes(s) in rat substantia nigra. Intrastriatal injections of kainic acid in rat brain, which destroyed striatal nerve cell bodies and their axons projecting to the substantia nigra (s. nigra) decreased the rate of breakdown of exogenuously added substance P by washed slice preparations of s. nigra. Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the s. nigra, which destroys the dopamine nerve cell bodies in this region, did not significantly affect the rate of degradation of substance P by nigral slices. Part of the peptidase activity responsible for breakdown of substance P in the s. nigra may thus be located on the terminals of striatal afferents to the s. nigra.", "PMID": 93730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_831", "title": "Mechanisms in the pathogenesis of post-infectious vaccinia virus encephalomyelitis in the mouse.", "content": "After intracranial replication of a neurotropic strain of vaccinia in mouse brain, analysis of the purified virus preparation reveals the presence of at least one host protein on the virus which was identified as the myelin basic protein. Vaccinia virus Elstree, a dermotropic virus may substitute for complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in inducing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Guinea pigs challenged with virus-myelin emulsions without CFA developed clinical and histological signs of EAE.", "contents": "Mechanisms in the pathogenesis of post-infectious vaccinia virus encephalomyelitis in the mouse. After intracranial replication of a neurotropic strain of vaccinia in mouse brain, analysis of the purified virus preparation reveals the presence of at least one host protein on the virus which was identified as the myelin basic protein. Vaccinia virus Elstree, a dermotropic virus may substitute for complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in inducing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Guinea pigs challenged with virus-myelin emulsions without CFA developed clinical and histological signs of EAE.", "PMID": 93731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_832", "title": "Infrequency of retinal neovascularization following central retinal vein occlusion.", "content": "Forty-eight patients with the clinical diagnosis of central retinal vein occlusion and ten surgically enulceated eyes with central retinal vein  occlusion documented by histopathologic examination were studied and reviewed. Retinal neovascularization developed in only one of the ten eyes. Rubeosis iridis occurred in 14% (7) of the clinical cases and in all of the histopathologic cases. Ten eyes with neovascular glaucoma, enucleated following central retinal vein occlusion, showed absence of retinal endothelial cells. The absence of retinal capillary endothelial cells is significant in explaining the rare occurrence of retinal neovascularization following central retinal vein  occlusion. However, the small number of cases may reflect a biased result. Further studies of more cases over a longer period are required to reach the final conclusion.", "contents": "Infrequency of retinal neovascularization following central retinal vein occlusion. Forty-eight patients with the clinical diagnosis of central retinal vein occlusion and ten surgically enulceated eyes with central retinal vein  occlusion documented by histopathologic examination were studied and reviewed. Retinal neovascularization developed in only one of the ten eyes. Rubeosis iridis occurred in 14% (7) of the clinical cases and in all of the histopathologic cases. Ten eyes with neovascular glaucoma, enucleated following central retinal vein occlusion, showed absence of retinal endothelial cells. The absence of retinal capillary endothelial cells is significant in explaining the rare occurrence of retinal neovascularization following central retinal vein  occlusion. However, the small number of cases may reflect a biased result. Further studies of more cases over a longer period are required to reach the final conclusion.", "PMID": 93733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_833", "title": "An objective analysis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy before and after pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "Nineteen eyes on which pars plana vitrectomy was performed were studied with fluorescein angiography. The degree of background diabetic retinopathy before and after surgical treatment appeared unchanged. The degree of proliferative retinopathy not only was less after surgical treatment, but continued to show regression with time.", "contents": "An objective analysis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy before and after pars plana vitrectomy. Nineteen eyes on which pars plana vitrectomy was performed were studied with fluorescein angiography. The degree of background diabetic retinopathy before and after surgical treatment appeared unchanged. The degree of proliferative retinopathy not only was less after surgical treatment, but continued to show regression with time.", "PMID": 93734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_834", "title": "Choriovitreal and subretinal proliferations: complications of photocoagulation.", "content": "Ten choriovitreal and three subretinal fibrovascular proliferations were seen after heavy focal photocoagulation of diabetic retinopathy. These complications were believed to be caused by the use of a small spot size with high energy.", "contents": "Choriovitreal and subretinal proliferations: complications of photocoagulation. Ten choriovitreal and three subretinal fibrovascular proliferations were seen after heavy focal photocoagulation of diabetic retinopathy. These complications were believed to be caused by the use of a small spot size with high energy.", "PMID": 93735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_835", "title": "Problems associated with prolonged wear soft contact lenses.", "content": "Complications of prolonged wearing of soft contact lenses are corneal infection, peripheral vascularization, giant papillary conjunctivitis and allergy, sterile ulcers, corneal warping, lens infection, protein and calcium deposits, lens fragility, and problems with disinfecting solutions. Further long-term studies are needed to compare the safety of prolonged wear soft contact lenses with the safety of intraocular lenses, on which long-term studies are currently being done.", "contents": "Problems associated with prolonged wear soft contact lenses. Complications of prolonged wearing of soft contact lenses are corneal infection, peripheral vascularization, giant papillary conjunctivitis and allergy, sterile ulcers, corneal warping, lens infection, protein and calcium deposits, lens fragility, and problems with disinfecting solutions. Further long-term studies are needed to compare the safety of prolonged wear soft contact lenses with the safety of intraocular lenses, on which long-term studies are currently being done.", "PMID": 93736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_836", "title": "Cell kinetic aspects of chemoradiotherapy in laryngeal and pharyngeal carcinomas.", "content": "Chemoradiotherapy is an established method in the therapeutic management of incurable laryngeal and pharyngeal carcinomas or recurrences. On principle two different schedules of chemoradiotherapy are available: (1) the synchronization therapy (irradiation subsequent to a subtoxic dose of 5-fluorouracil) and (2) the combined treatment with bleomycine and X-rays. The results of cell kinetic studies which have fundamentally contributed to our knowledge and understanding of these therapeutic schedules are discussed and the clinical results are demonstrated. The conclusion is drawn that the chemoradiotherapy cannot and shall not substitute the proved methods of surgery and radiotherapy. But in hopeless cases it lengthens the survival time and diminishes the excruciating pain of the tumor patient.", "contents": "Cell kinetic aspects of chemoradiotherapy in laryngeal and pharyngeal carcinomas. Chemoradiotherapy is an established method in the therapeutic management of incurable laryngeal and pharyngeal carcinomas or recurrences. On principle two different schedules of chemoradiotherapy are available: (1) the synchronization therapy (irradiation subsequent to a subtoxic dose of 5-fluorouracil) and (2) the combined treatment with bleomycine and X-rays. The results of cell kinetic studies which have fundamentally contributed to our knowledge and understanding of these therapeutic schedules are discussed and the clinical results are demonstrated. The conclusion is drawn that the chemoradiotherapy cannot and shall not substitute the proved methods of surgery and radiotherapy. But in hopeless cases it lengthens the survival time and diminishes the excruciating pain of the tumor patient.", "PMID": 93737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_837", "title": "Observations on fast axoplasmic transport in peripheral nerve following repetitive electrical stimulation.", "content": "In a series of 13 cats the effect of electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve on the mechanism of fast axoplasmic transport was studied. Electrical stimulation was used for varying time periods at parameters reported in the range of those used to produce electroanalgesia in man. Our results indicate that at these parameters, electrical stimulation produced no effect on this important aspect of nerve function, and, therefore, our work lends support to the safety of these devices in pain states.", "contents": "Observations on fast axoplasmic transport in peripheral nerve following repetitive electrical stimulation. In a series of 13 cats the effect of electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve on the mechanism of fast axoplasmic transport was studied. Electrical stimulation was used for varying time periods at parameters reported in the range of those used to produce electroanalgesia in man. Our results indicate that at these parameters, electrical stimulation produced no effect on this important aspect of nerve function, and, therefore, our work lends support to the safety of these devices in pain states.", "PMID": 93738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_838", "title": "Amyloidosis in Malaysian aborigines (Orang Asli).", "content": "Material from 334 consecutive autopsies on Orang Asli subjects performed in the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur between May 1967 and June 1978 was examined for amyloidosis. Nine positive cases were found, all in patients above 40 years of age, giving an age-corrected incidence of about 9%. In 6 cases, amyloidosis was probably secondary to tuberculosis. The remaining 3 cases exhibited a pericollagenous distribution characteristic of primary amyloidosis. Involvement of the heart and lungs was prominent. However, there were considerable similarities in the distribution and staining properties of the amyloid in the 2 groups. Though both the heart and kidney were frequently affected, the kidney was the most common organ to give rise to clinical symptoms. Infection probably plays a major contributory role in amyloidosis in the Orang Asli.", "contents": "Amyloidosis in Malaysian aborigines (Orang Asli). Material from 334 consecutive autopsies on Orang Asli subjects performed in the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur between May 1967 and June 1978 was examined for amyloidosis. Nine positive cases were found, all in patients above 40 years of age, giving an age-corrected incidence of about 9%. In 6 cases, amyloidosis was probably secondary to tuberculosis. The remaining 3 cases exhibited a pericollagenous distribution characteristic of primary amyloidosis. Involvement of the heart and lungs was prominent. However, there were considerable similarities in the distribution and staining properties of the amyloid in the 2 groups. Though both the heart and kidney were frequently affected, the kidney was the most common organ to give rise to clinical symptoms. Infection probably plays a major contributory role in amyloidosis in the Orang Asli.", "PMID": 93739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_839", "title": "[Scintigraphic follow-up of patients with liver and spleen metastases undergoing cytotoxic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of scintigrpahy in the diagnosis of liver and spleen tumors is well known. There is, however, up to this time only poor information regarding the use of scintigraphy in follow up studies in patients with liver and spleen metastases undergoing cytostatic therapy. We had the opportunity to investigate 30 patients in whom Hodgkin's disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, ovarian, breast or bronchial and GI malignancy was confirmed by histology. The scintigraphic examinations were performed by means of a scintillation camera using 99mTc sulfur colloid as radiotracer. In each case, three views of the organ were recorded firstly prior to therapy and (at least) once again during or after therapy respectively. The results of liver and spleen scintigraphy were compared with clinical findings, laboratory tests, laparoscopy and histopathology. In 13 of our patients, diminution of metastases was detected. In one patient an increase of the size of the tumors was seen after temporary improvement. In 8 patients, there was no change of the metastatic pattern after cytostatic therapy. 6 patients showed an increase of liver metastases under therapy. Two patients with normal liver scintigraphy in whom clinical and laboratory findings indicated liver involvement yielded no evidence of metastasis at autopsy. In 13 cases, the diagnosis of liver metastasis was detected earlier by scintigraphy than by laboratory tests.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic follow-up of patients with liver and spleen metastases undergoing cytotoxic therapy (author's transl)]. The importance of scintigrpahy in the diagnosis of liver and spleen tumors is well known. There is, however, up to this time only poor information regarding the use of scintigraphy in follow up studies in patients with liver and spleen metastases undergoing cytostatic therapy. We had the opportunity to investigate 30 patients in whom Hodgkin's disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, ovarian, breast or bronchial and GI malignancy was confirmed by histology. The scintigraphic examinations were performed by means of a scintillation camera using 99mTc sulfur colloid as radiotracer. In each case, three views of the organ were recorded firstly prior to therapy and (at least) once again during or after therapy respectively. The results of liver and spleen scintigraphy were compared with clinical findings, laboratory tests, laparoscopy and histopathology. In 13 of our patients, diminution of metastases was detected. In one patient an increase of the size of the tumors was seen after temporary improvement. In 8 patients, there was no change of the metastatic pattern after cytostatic therapy. 6 patients showed an increase of liver metastases under therapy. Two patients with normal liver scintigraphy in whom clinical and laboratory findings indicated liver involvement yielded no evidence of metastasis at autopsy. In 13 cases, the diagnosis of liver metastasis was detected earlier by scintigraphy than by laboratory tests.", "PMID": 93740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_840", "title": "Rotational diffusion of band 3 in the red cell membrane: measurements using triplet probes.", "content": "Rotational diffusion of band 3 in the human erythrocyte membrane has been investigated using the technique of flash photolysis. Membranes are labeled with the triplet probe eosin isothiocyanate; most of the label is found to be associated with band 3. Rotation is measured by observing the decay of dichroism of flash-induced absorbance changes arising from the eosin probe. The results indicate that band 3 rotates about an axis normal to the plane of the membrane with a diffusion coefficient in the order of 1,000 sec-1. Removal of spectrin has no observable effect on the rotation of band 3 at pH 7.6. Essentially similar results are obtained with a different probe, iodoacetamidoeosin. Both eosin derivatives are strong inhibitors of anion transport. Illumination of eosin-labeled ghosts causes a rapid loss of acetylcholinesterase activity but this can be prevented by prior displacement of oxygen in the sample by argon.", "contents": "Rotational diffusion of band 3 in the red cell membrane: measurements using triplet probes. Rotational diffusion of band 3 in the human erythrocyte membrane has been investigated using the technique of flash photolysis. Membranes are labeled with the triplet probe eosin isothiocyanate; most of the label is found to be associated with band 3. Rotation is measured by observing the decay of dichroism of flash-induced absorbance changes arising from the eosin probe. The results indicate that band 3 rotates about an axis normal to the plane of the membrane with a diffusion coefficient in the order of 1,000 sec-1. Removal of spectrin has no observable effect on the rotation of band 3 at pH 7.6. Essentially similar results are obtained with a different probe, iodoacetamidoeosin. Both eosin derivatives are strong inhibitors of anion transport. Illumination of eosin-labeled ghosts causes a rapid loss of acetylcholinesterase activity but this can be prevented by prior displacement of oxygen in the sample by argon.", "PMID": 93746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_841", "title": "16, 16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 reduces histamine release from the stomach and protects the gastric mucosal barrier altered by ethanol in neutral solution.", "content": "Damage to the gastric mucosal barrier results in histamine release from intramucosal stores. Previous reports have shown that 16, 16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dm PGE2) protects the stomach from injury by various damaging agents in either acidic or neutral solution. Furthermore histamine released in response to a damaging drug in an acidic medium was reduced by dm PGE2. Using the Heidenhain pouch dog preparation, the present study examined the action of dm PGE2 on ethanol-induced barrier breaking and histamine release in neutral solution. Topical ethanol treatment (15% w/v) damaged the gastric mucosal barrier as evidenced by increased net fluxes of Na+ and K+ and an increase in the histamine content of the fluid irrigating the histamine content of the fluid irrigating the Heidenhain pouch. Intravenous injection of dm PGE2 in the doses of 0.01, 0.10 and 1.00 microgram/kg one-half hour before ethanol administration significantly reduced the appearance of Na+, K+ and histamine. It is concluded that dm PGE2 effectively protects the canine gastric mucosa from damaging agents in neutral solution as evidenced by a reduction in the luminal appearance of Na+, K+ and histamine.", "contents": "16, 16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 reduces histamine release from the stomach and protects the gastric mucosal barrier altered by ethanol in neutral solution. Damage to the gastric mucosal barrier results in histamine release from intramucosal stores. Previous reports have shown that 16, 16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dm PGE2) protects the stomach from injury by various damaging agents in either acidic or neutral solution. Furthermore histamine released in response to a damaging drug in an acidic medium was reduced by dm PGE2. Using the Heidenhain pouch dog preparation, the present study examined the action of dm PGE2 on ethanol-induced barrier breaking and histamine release in neutral solution. Topical ethanol treatment (15% w/v) damaged the gastric mucosal barrier as evidenced by increased net fluxes of Na+ and K+ and an increase in the histamine content of the fluid irrigating the histamine content of the fluid irrigating the Heidenhain pouch. Intravenous injection of dm PGE2 in the doses of 0.01, 0.10 and 1.00 microgram/kg one-half hour before ethanol administration significantly reduced the appearance of Na+, K+ and histamine. It is concluded that dm PGE2 effectively protects the canine gastric mucosa from damaging agents in neutral solution as evidenced by a reduction in the luminal appearance of Na+, K+ and histamine.", "PMID": 93761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_842", "title": "[Clinical and biochemical contributions on the action of maprotiline and clomipramine in depressive states (preliminary observation)].", "content": "This study has been conducted on 17 patients suffering from neurotic and psychotic depressions, who had not received a pharmacological antidepressive therapy since at least 1 month. 6 patients suffering from psychotic depression were treated with 100 mg clomipramine i.v. daily for 20 days; 11 patients, 7 of whom suffered from psychotic depression and 4 from neurotic depression, were treated with 150 mg maprotiline i.v. daily for 20 days. In both groups the therapy has been continued orally. In 17 patients a remarkable improvement and even in some cases complete recovery has been obtained. The two psychotropic antidepressive drugs are, furthermore, both active in the same symptoms. The determination of serotonin in human platelets confirms the strong inhibition of its re-uptake by clomipramine and the absence of re-uptake of 5-HT with maprotiline. A constant and progressive increase of 5-HIAA was noted in patients treated with clomipramine. This increase may be considered as a consequence of the increased metabolism of the larger quantity of 5-HT used by the central synapses. The interpretation of the increased levels of 5-HIAA in patients treated with maprotiline is more difficult. Further trials, for instance on the plasmatic tryptophan level, will perhaps solve the problem.", "contents": "[Clinical and biochemical contributions on the action of maprotiline and clomipramine in depressive states (preliminary observation)]. This study has been conducted on 17 patients suffering from neurotic and psychotic depressions, who had not received a pharmacological antidepressive therapy since at least 1 month. 6 patients suffering from psychotic depression were treated with 100 mg clomipramine i.v. daily for 20 days; 11 patients, 7 of whom suffered from psychotic depression and 4 from neurotic depression, were treated with 150 mg maprotiline i.v. daily for 20 days. In both groups the therapy has been continued orally. In 17 patients a remarkable improvement and even in some cases complete recovery has been obtained. The two psychotropic antidepressive drugs are, furthermore, both active in the same symptoms. The determination of serotonin in human platelets confirms the strong inhibition of its re-uptake by clomipramine and the absence of re-uptake of 5-HT with maprotiline. A constant and progressive increase of 5-HIAA was noted in patients treated with clomipramine. This increase may be considered as a consequence of the increased metabolism of the larger quantity of 5-HT used by the central synapses. The interpretation of the increased levels of 5-HIAA in patients treated with maprotiline is more difficult. Further trials, for instance on the plasmatic tryptophan level, will perhaps solve the problem.", "PMID": 93762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_843", "title": "[Rare hemoglobinopathies in Costa Rica].", "content": "Among the rare hemoglobinopathies found in Cost Rica are those of the Alfa, Beta, and Delta chains. Among these, Hb Cubujuqu\u00ed, an undescribed variant, is of special interest. There was an association between the different thalassemic syndromes and their combinations with abnormal hemoglobins.", "contents": "[Rare hemoglobinopathies in Costa Rica]. Among the rare hemoglobinopathies found in Cost Rica are those of the Alfa, Beta, and Delta chains. Among these, Hb Cubujuqu\u00ed, an undescribed variant, is of special interest. There was an association between the different thalassemic syndromes and their combinations with abnormal hemoglobins.", "PMID": 93765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_844", "title": "The secretory component of the interdigestive migrating motor complex in man.", "content": "Intraduodenal pH, bicarbonate and amylase secretion, and gastric acid and pepsin output were studied in relation to the migrating motor complex in man. The occurrence of a motor complex in the duodenum was preceded by an increase in gastric acid and pepsin output and followed by a peak in bicarbonate and amylase secretion. It is concluded that the interdigestive phase in man is characterized by periodic activity complexes comprising both motor and secretory components. These observations may have important implications for the interpretation of currently used functional tests of gastrointestinal secretion.", "contents": "The secretory component of the interdigestive migrating motor complex in man. Intraduodenal pH, bicarbonate and amylase secretion, and gastric acid and pepsin output were studied in relation to the migrating motor complex in man. The occurrence of a motor complex in the duodenum was preceded by an increase in gastric acid and pepsin output and followed by a peak in bicarbonate and amylase secretion. It is concluded that the interdigestive phase in man is characterized by periodic activity complexes comprising both motor and secretory components. These observations may have important implications for the interpretation of currently used functional tests of gastrointestinal secretion.", "PMID": 93773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_845", "title": "Effects of intestinal amylase and trypsin on pancreatic secretion in the pig.", "content": "Pigs were surgically prepared with external pancreatic fistulae and duodenal cannulae in order to elucidate whether the proposed intestinal feedback control of pancreatic secretion in the pig--as in rat and man--is exerted by trypsin. Furthermore, the effect of intraluminal amylase on pancreatic secretion was studied. Reintroduction of pancreatic juice into the duodenum or infusion of trypsin into the duodenum depressed the volume of the pancreatic flow and the protein output markedly. Introduction of amylase into the duodenum did not significantly affect the pancreatic secretion. Thus, it seemed as it trypsin but not amylase was involved in the suppression exerted by pancreatic juice on exocrine pancreatic secretion in the pig.", "contents": "Effects of intestinal amylase and trypsin on pancreatic secretion in the pig. Pigs were surgically prepared with external pancreatic fistulae and duodenal cannulae in order to elucidate whether the proposed intestinal feedback control of pancreatic secretion in the pig--as in rat and man--is exerted by trypsin. Furthermore, the effect of intraluminal amylase on pancreatic secretion was studied. Reintroduction of pancreatic juice into the duodenum or infusion of trypsin into the duodenum depressed the volume of the pancreatic flow and the protein output markedly. Introduction of amylase into the duodenum did not significantly affect the pancreatic secretion. Thus, it seemed as it trypsin but not amylase was involved in the suppression exerted by pancreatic juice on exocrine pancreatic secretion in the pig.", "PMID": 93774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_846", "title": "T helper lymphocytes recognize the VL domain of the isologous mouse myeloma protein 315.", "content": "The localization of a major determinant on an isologous myeloma protein (M315) which stimulates BALB/c helper T cells was investigated. Augmentation of the adoptive secondary antibody response to NIP-M315 and the idiotype of M315 (Id315) was used as an indicator of helper effects. Spleen cells primed with the light chain of M315 (L315) and its V-domain (VL315) were highly efficient helpers; priming with the fragment containing the two V-domains of M315 (FV315) induced a somewhat weaker helper effect than L315 or VL315. The helper effect was abolished or markedly reduced by treating the primed cells with rabbit anti-brain theta + C. Cells primed with the heavy chain of M315 (H315) effected weak but significant help. The V-domain of H315 (VH315) was incapable of eliciting cells with detectable helper effect. The data indicate that the VL315 embodies a major determinant for T helper lymphocytes. This determinant is expressed on the free VL315 as well as on the complete M315. In contrast, previous studies have shown that BALB/c antibodies produced against Id315 recognize antigenic sites that are only displayed on associated (VL315 + VH315) domains.", "contents": "T helper lymphocytes recognize the VL domain of the isologous mouse myeloma protein 315. The localization of a major determinant on an isologous myeloma protein (M315) which stimulates BALB/c helper T cells was investigated. Augmentation of the adoptive secondary antibody response to NIP-M315 and the idiotype of M315 (Id315) was used as an indicator of helper effects. Spleen cells primed with the light chain of M315 (L315) and its V-domain (VL315) were highly efficient helpers; priming with the fragment containing the two V-domains of M315 (FV315) induced a somewhat weaker helper effect than L315 or VL315. The helper effect was abolished or markedly reduced by treating the primed cells with rabbit anti-brain theta + C. Cells primed with the heavy chain of M315 (H315) effected weak but significant help. The V-domain of H315 (VH315) was incapable of eliciting cells with detectable helper effect. The data indicate that the VL315 embodies a major determinant for T helper lymphocytes. This determinant is expressed on the free VL315 as well as on the complete M315. In contrast, previous studies have shown that BALB/c antibodies produced against Id315 recognize antigenic sites that are only displayed on associated (VL315 + VH315) domains.", "PMID": 93775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_847", "title": "I-region-coded products expressed on both macrophages and thymus epithelium influence T-cell activities.", "content": "I-region-coded products expressed on the surface of both macrophages (Mph) and thymus epithelium were shown to restrict T-cell activities at the level of antigen recognition and determination of the T-cell repertoire. Thus keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) -pulsed Mph could elicit a delayed-type hypersensitivity response in a KLH-sensitized mouse only when the Mph and the sensitized mouse were compatible at the I-A region of the major histocompatibility complex. Also, experiments with thymus-grafted chimaeras showed that I-region compatibility between the thymus of the cell donor and the reticuloendothelial system of the recipient was essential for successful transfer of the DTH reaction. Thus, F1 T cells derived from stem cells differentiating in a P1 thymus graft, where F1 parents (P1 and P2) differed only at defined regions of the H-2 complex, could always transfer sensitivity to P1 mice. However, successful transfer to P2 mice was possible only if P1 and P2 were H-21-compatible.", "contents": "I-region-coded products expressed on both macrophages and thymus epithelium influence T-cell activities. I-region-coded products expressed on the surface of both macrophages (Mph) and thymus epithelium were shown to restrict T-cell activities at the level of antigen recognition and determination of the T-cell repertoire. Thus keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) -pulsed Mph could elicit a delayed-type hypersensitivity response in a KLH-sensitized mouse only when the Mph and the sensitized mouse were compatible at the I-A region of the major histocompatibility complex. Also, experiments with thymus-grafted chimaeras showed that I-region compatibility between the thymus of the cell donor and the reticuloendothelial system of the recipient was essential for successful transfer of the DTH reaction. Thus, F1 T cells derived from stem cells differentiating in a P1 thymus graft, where F1 parents (P1 and P2) differed only at defined regions of the H-2 complex, could always transfer sensitivity to P1 mice. However, successful transfer to P2 mice was possible only if P1 and P2 were H-21-compatible.", "PMID": 93776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_848", "title": "The availability for recognition of normal H-2 antigens by cytotoxic T lymphocytes on a Rauscher-virus-transformed cell, RBL-5A.", "content": "The availability for recognition of cell surface H-2Db antigenic determinants on RBL-5A cells in comparison to normal C57BL/L cells was investigated by an in vitro immunological assay. No differences in the immunological recognition of the H-2Db antigens on RBL-5A cells compared to normal C57BL/L cells were detected. This assay system, however, readily detected changes in the H-2Kb determinant profile on target cells from the C57BL/L H-2Kb region mutant strains H(zl) and H(zl70) when compared to normal C57BL/6 mice. The result obtained with RBL-5A target cells therefore suggests that Rauscher murine leukaemia virus transformation does not induce, either genotypically or phenotypically, an immunologically recognizable alteration of the H-2Db antigen profile on this cell.", "contents": "The availability for recognition of normal H-2 antigens by cytotoxic T lymphocytes on a Rauscher-virus-transformed cell, RBL-5A. The availability for recognition of cell surface H-2Db antigenic determinants on RBL-5A cells in comparison to normal C57BL/L cells was investigated by an in vitro immunological assay. No differences in the immunological recognition of the H-2Db antigens on RBL-5A cells compared to normal C57BL/L cells were detected. This assay system, however, readily detected changes in the H-2Kb determinant profile on target cells from the C57BL/L H-2Kb region mutant strains H(zl) and H(zl70) when compared to normal C57BL/6 mice. The result obtained with RBL-5A target cells therefore suggests that Rauscher murine leukaemia virus transformation does not induce, either genotypically or phenotypically, an immunologically recognizable alteration of the H-2Db antigen profile on this cell.", "PMID": 93777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_849", "title": "Relative opsonic and protective activities of antibodies against K1, O and lipid A antigens of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The K1 Escherichia coli capsular antigen has been implicated as a virulence factor because of the frequency of isolation of K1 containing strains from certain invasive human infections. In the study of the interaction between K1 strains, normal human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and fresh human serum, we have found varying susceptibility to phagocytosis and killing; thus, the in vitro opsonophagocytic and in vivo protective role of K1, somatic O and core glycolipid antibodies remain unclear. We have therefore examined strains of E. coli with defined susceptibility to phagocytosis by normal PMNs and sera and compared the effect of K1, somatic O and lipid A antibodies in opsonophagocytic tests and mouse protection experiments. K1 E. coli strains demonstrating relative resistance to phagocytosis and killing were effectively opsonized only with specific K1 capsular antisera. Similarly, K1 capsular antisera, but not anti-O or lipid A antisera, also provided protection in mice challenged with a LD100 of K1 E. coli that were \"resistant\" to phagocytosis. The ability of purified capsular antigens from Neisseria meningitidis group B and K1 \"resistant\" E. coli to inhibit the phagocytosis of a \"sensitive\" non-K1 and a K1 E. coli strain of \"intermediate\" susceptibility to opsonophagocytosis was also investigated. Purified K1 and group B capsular antigens were able to block specific capsular-antibody mediated opsonophagocytosis, yet these capsular antigens failed to inhibit the phagocytosis of non-K1 \"sensitive\" or K1 \"intermediate\" E. coli. These studies suggest that K1 antibodies are obligatory for the in vitro and in vivo opsonophagocytosis of \"resistant\" K1 E. coli and that the K1 antigen must remain in situ on the bacterial surface to exert an anti-phagocytic effect.", "contents": "Relative opsonic and protective activities of antibodies against K1, O and lipid A antigens of Escherichia coli. The K1 Escherichia coli capsular antigen has been implicated as a virulence factor because of the frequency of isolation of K1 containing strains from certain invasive human infections. In the study of the interaction between K1 strains, normal human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and fresh human serum, we have found varying susceptibility to phagocytosis and killing; thus, the in vitro opsonophagocytic and in vivo protective role of K1, somatic O and core glycolipid antibodies remain unclear. We have therefore examined strains of E. coli with defined susceptibility to phagocytosis by normal PMNs and sera and compared the effect of K1, somatic O and lipid A antibodies in opsonophagocytic tests and mouse protection experiments. K1 E. coli strains demonstrating relative resistance to phagocytosis and killing were effectively opsonized only with specific K1 capsular antisera. Similarly, K1 capsular antisera, but not anti-O or lipid A antisera, also provided protection in mice challenged with a LD100 of K1 E. coli that were \"resistant\" to phagocytosis. The ability of purified capsular antigens from Neisseria meningitidis group B and K1 \"resistant\" E. coli to inhibit the phagocytosis of a \"sensitive\" non-K1 and a K1 E. coli strain of \"intermediate\" susceptibility to opsonophagocytosis was also investigated. Purified K1 and group B capsular antigens were able to block specific capsular-antibody mediated opsonophagocytosis, yet these capsular antigens failed to inhibit the phagocytosis of non-K1 \"sensitive\" or K1 \"intermediate\" E. coli. These studies suggest that K1 antibodies are obligatory for the in vitro and in vivo opsonophagocytosis of \"resistant\" K1 E. coli and that the K1 antigen must remain in situ on the bacterial surface to exert an anti-phagocytic effect.", "PMID": 93778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_850", "title": "The weight of the dorsal, lateral and medial prostatic lobes in man.", "content": "The weight of the prostatic lobes in man was determined in an atuopsy series comprising 158 cases. In children the medial pair of lobes formed half of the prostate gland. The \"normal\" mean weights in adult men of the dorsal, lateral and medial pair of lobes were 3.6, 3.4 and 4.3 g, respectively. In adult men there was no change in lobe weight with increasing age. In subjects who died after protracted disease all of the prostatic lobes had decreased in weight. In subjects with periurethral adenomas the greater weight of the total prostate was due to higher weights of the dorsal and medial prostatic lobes. The observation that the separate prostatic lobes in man can react differently to growth promoting factors indicates that the lobation of the human prostate is not only of anatomical but also of physiological significance.", "contents": "The weight of the dorsal, lateral and medial prostatic lobes in man. The weight of the prostatic lobes in man was determined in an atuopsy series comprising 158 cases. In children the medial pair of lobes formed half of the prostate gland. The \"normal\" mean weights in adult men of the dorsal, lateral and medial pair of lobes were 3.6, 3.4 and 4.3 g, respectively. In adult men there was no change in lobe weight with increasing age. In subjects who died after protracted disease all of the prostatic lobes had decreased in weight. In subjects with periurethral adenomas the greater weight of the total prostate was due to higher weights of the dorsal and medial prostatic lobes. The observation that the separate prostatic lobes in man can react differently to growth promoting factors indicates that the lobation of the human prostate is not only of anatomical but also of physiological significance.", "PMID": 93779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_851", "title": "Prostatism. I. The correlation between symptoms, cystometric and urodynamic findings.", "content": "One hundred and seven consecutive patients referred with symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction were studied using cystometry and combined pressure-flow-electromyographic investigation. The symptoms of infravesical obstruction were not statistically significantly correlated to the hydrodynamic documentation of increased bladder outlet resistance as judged by maximum flow rate and the calculated urethral resistance. Irritative symptoms such as frequency, nocturia, urgency and urgeincontinence were statistically significantly correlated to the presence of detrusor hyperreflexia. The functional disorder bladder neck dyssynergia was encounterd in 5% of the patients (95% confidence limits 1-10%). This diagnosis cannot be made by conventional urological investigations. It is concluded that objective demonstration of infravesical obstruction is mandatory in the selection of patients with symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction for surgery on the prostate or the bladder neck.", "contents": "Prostatism. I. The correlation between symptoms, cystometric and urodynamic findings. One hundred and seven consecutive patients referred with symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction were studied using cystometry and combined pressure-flow-electromyographic investigation. The symptoms of infravesical obstruction were not statistically significantly correlated to the hydrodynamic documentation of increased bladder outlet resistance as judged by maximum flow rate and the calculated urethral resistance. Irritative symptoms such as frequency, nocturia, urgency and urgeincontinence were statistically significantly correlated to the presence of detrusor hyperreflexia. The functional disorder bladder neck dyssynergia was encounterd in 5% of the patients (95% confidence limits 1-10%). This diagnosis cannot be made by conventional urological investigations. It is concluded that objective demonstration of infravesical obstruction is mandatory in the selection of patients with symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction for surgery on the prostate or the bladder neck.", "PMID": 93780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_852", "title": "[Method for long-term pacemaker treatment of refractory reentry tachycardias].", "content": "A new method for pacemaker treatment of refractory reentry tachycardias has been developed which in 5 patients proved effective over a period of up to ten months. The system consists of a modified QRS-synchronous pacemaker and an external trigger unit. During tachycardia the external unit senses pacemaker spikes and by timed skin stimulation activates the implanted pacemaker to provoke the ventricular premature beats necessary for interruption of the tachycardia. The system also allows repetitive non-invasive programmed stimulation of the heart.", "contents": "[Method for long-term pacemaker treatment of refractory reentry tachycardias]. A new method for pacemaker treatment of refractory reentry tachycardias has been developed which in 5 patients proved effective over a period of up to ten months. The system consists of a modified QRS-synchronous pacemaker and an external trigger unit. During tachycardia the external unit senses pacemaker spikes and by timed skin stimulation activates the implanted pacemaker to provoke the ventricular premature beats necessary for interruption of the tachycardia. The system also allows repetitive non-invasive programmed stimulation of the heart.", "PMID": 93781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_853", "title": "[High spontaneous variability of ventricular arrhythmias limits the evidence gained by long-term ECG studies].", "content": "The spontaneous variability of ventricular arrhythmias was investigated in 8 patients with chronic coronary heart disease. In each patient 6 eight-hour long-term ambulatory ECG recordings were made. During the first three periods patients were without medication and during the following three periods they received a placebo b.i.d. Hour to hour variability was high in all patients. When compared with the first hour of an eight-hour period the number of ventricular premature beats (VPB) per hour in four patients declined by more than 90%, in two patients by more than 70% and in only two by less than 50%. On the other hand, increments of several hundred percent were often observed. Day to day variability of VPBs was also high. When compared with the first documented eight-hour period VPBs either decreased or increased substantially (-84% to +940%). A spontaneous reduction of VPB's for several hours may simulate an antiarrhythmic drug effect. For the group as a whole placebo had a significant effect on the number of VPBs (p less than 0.001). Beside variations of quantity, the complexity of ventricular arrhythmias (Lown classification) spontaneously changed several classes in one patient. Therefore, high spontaneous variability renders it very difficult to estimate the behaviour of ventricular arrhythmias in the individual patient with the Holter-ECG.", "contents": "[High spontaneous variability of ventricular arrhythmias limits the evidence gained by long-term ECG studies]. The spontaneous variability of ventricular arrhythmias was investigated in 8 patients with chronic coronary heart disease. In each patient 6 eight-hour long-term ambulatory ECG recordings were made. During the first three periods patients were without medication and during the following three periods they received a placebo b.i.d. Hour to hour variability was high in all patients. When compared with the first hour of an eight-hour period the number of ventricular premature beats (VPB) per hour in four patients declined by more than 90%, in two patients by more than 70% and in only two by less than 50%. On the other hand, increments of several hundred percent were often observed. Day to day variability of VPBs was also high. When compared with the first documented eight-hour period VPBs either decreased or increased substantially (-84% to +940%). A spontaneous reduction of VPB's for several hours may simulate an antiarrhythmic drug effect. For the group as a whole placebo had a significant effect on the number of VPBs (p less than 0.001). Beside variations of quantity, the complexity of ventricular arrhythmias (Lown classification) spontaneously changed several classes in one patient. Therefore, high spontaneous variability renders it very difficult to estimate the behaviour of ventricular arrhythmias in the individual patient with the Holter-ECG.", "PMID": 93782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_854", "title": "[Action of feeding lindane or/and zineb on aflatoxin B1-induced toxic effects in rat and mouse liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of the ingestion of balanced diets containing pesticides [lindane (125 ppm) or/and zineb (5200 ppm)] on aflatoxin B1-induced toxic effects (inhibition of RNA and protein syntheses in liver) has been determined in two animal species. In the rat, the ingestion of these diets for 4 weeks before aflatoxin B1 treatment (0,7 mg/kg for 3 h), strongly decreased the toxic effects on both transcription and translation. By contrast, in the mouse, the above-mentioned diets did not modify the extent of the inhibition produced by aflatoxin B1 (60 mg/kg for 3 hr) on RNA and protein syntheses. These results were discussed.", "contents": "[Action of feeding lindane or/and zineb on aflatoxin B1-induced toxic effects in rat and mouse liver (author's transl)]. The action of the ingestion of balanced diets containing pesticides [lindane (125 ppm) or/and zineb (5200 ppm)] on aflatoxin B1-induced toxic effects (inhibition of RNA and protein syntheses in liver) has been determined in two animal species. In the rat, the ingestion of these diets for 4 weeks before aflatoxin B1 treatment (0,7 mg/kg for 3 h), strongly decreased the toxic effects on both transcription and translation. By contrast, in the mouse, the above-mentioned diets did not modify the extent of the inhibition produced by aflatoxin B1 (60 mg/kg for 3 hr) on RNA and protein syntheses. These results were discussed.", "PMID": 93790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_855", "title": "Predictive value of HLA-DR matching for nonreactivity in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) depends on matching for HLA-D.", "content": "In white members of our panel who have been repeatedly typed, close association between the HLA-D and DR specificities was observed. The typings were concordant with both haplotypes in 71% of the North American white panel. In American Indians concordance was observed in 47%, and in American black panel members in only 24%. One-way MLC reactions between individuals matched for both HLA-DR and D were very low (15.8%). MLC reactions between individuals who were DR matched but D mismatched were found to be generally strong, with a mean DNV of 72.3%. It was concluded that the HLA-DR matching predicted the outcome of mixed lymphocyte culture reactions only when the individuals tested were matched also for HLA-D.", "contents": "Predictive value of HLA-DR matching for nonreactivity in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) depends on matching for HLA-D. In white members of our panel who have been repeatedly typed, close association between the HLA-D and DR specificities was observed. The typings were concordant with both haplotypes in 71% of the North American white panel. In American Indians concordance was observed in 47%, and in American black panel members in only 24%. One-way MLC reactions between individuals matched for both HLA-DR and D were very low (15.8%). MLC reactions between individuals who were DR matched but D mismatched were found to be generally strong, with a mean DNV of 72.3%. It was concluded that the HLA-DR matching predicted the outcome of mixed lymphocyte culture reactions only when the individuals tested were matched also for HLA-D.", "PMID": 93804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_856", "title": "Phase and amplitude contrast in electron microscopy of stained biological objects.", "content": "For biological objects negatively stained with heavy atom material, electron microscope images show best contrast for image detail on the scale of 10--20 A when a small objective aperture is used. In images taken under the optimum phase contrast imaging conditions of Scherzer, the required image detail is lost in unwanted noise. Both of these conditions may be described in terms of phase contrast imaging for a thin phase object. Calculations of image intensities and noise are reported for a model object consisting of heavy and light atoms randomly distributed to simulate a negatively stained protein molecule. The results are consistent with experimental observations.", "contents": "Phase and amplitude contrast in electron microscopy of stained biological objects. For biological objects negatively stained with heavy atom material, electron microscope images show best contrast for image detail on the scale of 10--20 A when a small objective aperture is used. In images taken under the optimum phase contrast imaging conditions of Scherzer, the required image detail is lost in unwanted noise. Both of these conditions may be described in terms of phase contrast imaging for a thin phase object. Calculations of image intensities and noise are reported for a model object consisting of heavy and light atoms randomly distributed to simulate a negatively stained protein molecule. The results are consistent with experimental observations.", "PMID": 93821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_857", "title": "Recent advances in applied malaria immunology.", "content": "Our present knowledge of cellular and humoral factors which are involved in immunity to plasmodial infections are discussed. Immunization against plasmodial infection has been achieved in birds, rodents, simians, and humans. Avian hosts have been immunized against gametocytes which resulted in inhibition of gametocytes within the mosquito vector. Immunization of humans against plasmodial gametocytes would indirectly protect them against malaria by blocking mosquito transmission to other susceptible individuals. Immunization by sporozoites provides short-lived protection against sporozoite challenge, but gives no protection against erythrocytic forms. Some success has been obtained in immunizing avian and mammalian hosts with exoerythrocytic forms obtained from cultured avian cells. The most significant advances have occurred in immunizing simian hosts against simian or human malaria by vaccinating with fresh erythrocytic merozoites or a nonviable lyophilized antigen obtained from intraerythrocytic forms. The development of an antigen preparation suitable for use as a human malaria vaccine is dependent upon prior development of an in vitro system which would provide adequate amounts of parasite material. Efforts to cultivate the sporogonic, exoerythrocytic, and erythrocytic, and erythrocytic phases of plasmodia as well as the feasibility of using these forms for vaccination are discussed.", "contents": "Recent advances in applied malaria immunology. Our present knowledge of cellular and humoral factors which are involved in immunity to plasmodial infections are discussed. Immunization against plasmodial infection has been achieved in birds, rodents, simians, and humans. Avian hosts have been immunized against gametocytes which resulted in inhibition of gametocytes within the mosquito vector. Immunization of humans against plasmodial gametocytes would indirectly protect them against malaria by blocking mosquito transmission to other susceptible individuals. Immunization by sporozoites provides short-lived protection against sporozoite challenge, but gives no protection against erythrocytic forms. Some success has been obtained in immunizing avian and mammalian hosts with exoerythrocytic forms obtained from cultured avian cells. The most significant advances have occurred in immunizing simian hosts against simian or human malaria by vaccinating with fresh erythrocytic merozoites or a nonviable lyophilized antigen obtained from intraerythrocytic forms. The development of an antigen preparation suitable for use as a human malaria vaccine is dependent upon prior development of an in vitro system which would provide adequate amounts of parasite material. Efforts to cultivate the sporogonic, exoerythrocytic, and erythrocytic, and erythrocytic phases of plasmodia as well as the feasibility of using these forms for vaccination are discussed.", "PMID": 93828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_858", "title": "Seasonal variations of rat thyroid C cell population.", "content": "With the aid of argyrophilic and metachromatic reactions male rats' thyroid C cells were investigated in spring and autumn. Autumn C cells were found to be more swollen and richer in granules and showed a more pronounced metachromasia and argyrophilia than spring C cells. The area occupied by C cells in the central part of the thyroid lobe was large in autumn and reduced in spring. A study into the proportions of C cell: follicular cell: colloid: stroma indicated a significantly higher number of C cells in autumn than in spring.", "contents": "Seasonal variations of rat thyroid C cell population. With the aid of argyrophilic and metachromatic reactions male rats' thyroid C cells were investigated in spring and autumn. Autumn C cells were found to be more swollen and richer in granules and showed a more pronounced metachromasia and argyrophilia than spring C cells. The area occupied by C cells in the central part of the thyroid lobe was large in autumn and reduced in spring. A study into the proportions of C cell: follicular cell: colloid: stroma indicated a significantly higher number of C cells in autumn than in spring.", "PMID": 93835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_859", "title": "[Structuro-functional analysis of identified grape snail neurons].", "content": "The study of microanatomy of central neurons in Helix pomatia showed that each identified neurone has a constant number of definitely directed processes. The branching pattern of the processes is also specific for each neurone, but in the same cell the number of the branches may vary. It is concluded, that the general morphology of the neurone is its sufficiently stable characteristic and may serve as a criterion for its identification. The possible functional role of different types of the neurone's branchings is discussed. It is suggested that the processes and branches of RPa3 neurone are axones whereas the branches in the form of fine threads are dendrites. It is shown that the neurone with such organization of process branchings play integrative and command functions.", "contents": "[Structuro-functional analysis of identified grape snail neurons]. The study of microanatomy of central neurons in Helix pomatia showed that each identified neurone has a constant number of definitely directed processes. The branching pattern of the processes is also specific for each neurone, but in the same cell the number of the branches may vary. It is concluded, that the general morphology of the neurone is its sufficiently stable characteristic and may serve as a criterion for its identification. The possible functional role of different types of the neurone's branchings is discussed. It is suggested that the processes and branches of RPa3 neurone are axones whereas the branches in the form of fine threads are dendrites. It is shown that the neurone with such organization of process branchings play integrative and command functions.", "PMID": 93832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_860", "title": "Further study on HLA-A, B, C, D, DR and haplotype antigen frequencies in psoriasis vulgaris.", "content": "HLA-A, B, C, D, and DR antigens in 40 Japanese patients with psoriasis vulgaris were analysed using the antisera obtained from the Seventh International Histocompatibility Workshop. The most deviant HLA antigens in psoriasis were found to be HLA-Cw6 and DRw7. by observing the HLA-A, B, C and DR antigens en bloc in psoriasis, it is shown that the statistically significantly associated haplotype antigens were HLA-A1, B13, Cw6 and DRw7, and A1, B37, Cw6 and DRw6 respectively. No HLA-Dw11 (LD17) antigen was associated with the disease.", "contents": "Further study on HLA-A, B, C, D, DR and haplotype antigen frequencies in psoriasis vulgaris. HLA-A, B, C, D, and DR antigens in 40 Japanese patients with psoriasis vulgaris were analysed using the antisera obtained from the Seventh International Histocompatibility Workshop. The most deviant HLA antigens in psoriasis were found to be HLA-Cw6 and DRw7. by observing the HLA-A, B, C and DR antigens en bloc in psoriasis, it is shown that the statistically significantly associated haplotype antigens were HLA-A1, B13, Cw6 and DRw7, and A1, B37, Cw6 and DRw6 respectively. No HLA-Dw11 (LD17) antigen was associated with the disease.", "PMID": 93841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_861", "title": "Acid mucopolysaccharides of the dermis in incipient psoriasis.", "content": "Acid mucopolysaccharides have been studied in the dermis of 40 cases of incipient psoriasis. In the upper dermis a marked reduction of the material stained with colloidal iron and with Alcian blue solutions containing 0.1 and 0.2 M MgCl2 was observed; enzymatic controls with hyaluronidase support the idea that this material consists mainly of hyaluronic acid. The intensity and the extension of this dermal alteration far beyond the limits of the above-mentioned epidermal alteration give credence to the hypothesis that in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, dermal alterations are of a primitive character.", "contents": "Acid mucopolysaccharides of the dermis in incipient psoriasis. Acid mucopolysaccharides have been studied in the dermis of 40 cases of incipient psoriasis. In the upper dermis a marked reduction of the material stained with colloidal iron and with Alcian blue solutions containing 0.1 and 0.2 M MgCl2 was observed; enzymatic controls with hyaluronidase support the idea that this material consists mainly of hyaluronic acid. The intensity and the extension of this dermal alteration far beyond the limits of the above-mentioned epidermal alteration give credence to the hypothesis that in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, dermal alterations are of a primitive character.", "PMID": 93842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_862", "title": "Formation of the horny layer in psoriasis--primarily defective or secondarily affected.", "content": "It is our belief that any abnormality in keratinization is secondary to an increased rate of epidermal cell production and decreased transit time and research into the underlying nature of psoriasis should concentrate on the issue of whether the stimulus to increased epidermopoietic activity is dermally or epidermally derived.", "contents": "Formation of the horny layer in psoriasis--primarily defective or secondarily affected. It is our belief that any abnormality in keratinization is secondary to an increased rate of epidermal cell production and decreased transit time and research into the underlying nature of psoriasis should concentrate on the issue of whether the stimulus to increased epidermopoietic activity is dermally or epidermally derived.", "PMID": 93843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_863", "title": "Cytologic investigations in Chlamydia infection.", "content": "Chlamydia is an extremely common genital infection. It can cause serious disseminated disease and can infect the neonate and the sexual partner. Morphologically, Chlamydia infection was identified in routine Fast smears obtained from 160 women. Chlamydia infection manifests as intracytoplasmic coccoid and inclusion bodies in the metaplastic cells. Infected cells also reveal cytomegaly and multinucleation. Immunofluorescence studies, electron microscopy, tissue studies, histochemical techniques and tissue cultures were undertaken to establish the diagnosis of Chlamydia infection as observed in Papanicolaou-stained material. Detailed cytomorphology of Chlamydia infection is described. Clinical implications of such a diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Cytologic investigations in Chlamydia infection. Chlamydia is an extremely common genital infection. It can cause serious disseminated disease and can infect the neonate and the sexual partner. Morphologically, Chlamydia infection was identified in routine Fast smears obtained from 160 women. Chlamydia infection manifests as intracytoplasmic coccoid and inclusion bodies in the metaplastic cells. Infected cells also reveal cytomegaly and multinucleation. Immunofluorescence studies, electron microscopy, tissue studies, histochemical techniques and tissue cultures were undertaken to establish the diagnosis of Chlamydia infection as observed in Papanicolaou-stained material. Detailed cytomorphology of Chlamydia infection is described. Clinical implications of such a diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 93839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_864", "title": "Elevated plasma beta-thromboglobulin levels in multiple myeloma and in polycythaemia vera.", "content": "Plasma beta-thromboglobulin levels were determined in 22 multiple myeloma patients, in 15 patients with polycythaemia vera and in 70 healthy controls. In both multiple myeloma and polycythaemia vera significantly increased plasma concentrations of this platelet-specific protein were found.", "contents": "Elevated plasma beta-thromboglobulin levels in multiple myeloma and in polycythaemia vera. Plasma beta-thromboglobulin levels were determined in 22 multiple myeloma patients, in 15 patients with polycythaemia vera and in 70 healthy controls. In both multiple myeloma and polycythaemia vera significantly increased plasma concentrations of this platelet-specific protein were found.", "PMID": 93844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_865", "title": "Serum enzymes after hip joint surgery.", "content": "The effect of hip joint surgery on routine serum enzyme values was studied. The increase in creatine kinase was most marked and normal levels were restored again after approximately 1 week. Asparatate aminotransferase was slightly elevated throughout the first two postoperative weeks. Alanine aminotransferase was essentially unchanged during the first three postoperative days in contrast to lactate dehydrogenase which reached preoperative values again after only 2--3 days. Alkaline phosphatase showed an increase after 1 week whereas S-amylase was essentially normal throughout the 2 weeks studied.", "contents": "Serum enzymes after hip joint surgery. The effect of hip joint surgery on routine serum enzyme values was studied. The increase in creatine kinase was most marked and normal levels were restored again after approximately 1 week. Asparatate aminotransferase was slightly elevated throughout the first two postoperative weeks. Alanine aminotransferase was essentially unchanged during the first three postoperative days in contrast to lactate dehydrogenase which reached preoperative values again after only 2--3 days. Alkaline phosphatase showed an increase after 1 week whereas S-amylase was essentially normal throughout the 2 weeks studied.", "PMID": 93845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_866", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism associated with distal tubular dysfunction but intact reabsorption of protein in the proximal tubules.", "content": "The urinary output of beta 2-microglobulin was measured in ten hypercalcemic patients undergoing surgery because of hyperparathyroidism. In three subjects the beta 2-microglobulin excretion was abnormally increased and in seven patients it was normal before surgery. Three of these seven patients displayed markedly impaired distal tubular function with a reduced urinary concentration capacity. After surgery all patients became normocalcemic and the urinary concentrating capacities improved. The beta 2-microglobulin excretion, on the other hand, remained unchanged. Thus, hypercalcemia per se does not readily affect the proximal tubular function of reabsorbing low molecular weight proteins. \"Tubular proteinuria\", if found in patients with hypercalcemia, should be suspected to reflect damage to the kidney by additional mechanisms.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism associated with distal tubular dysfunction but intact reabsorption of protein in the proximal tubules. The urinary output of beta 2-microglobulin was measured in ten hypercalcemic patients undergoing surgery because of hyperparathyroidism. In three subjects the beta 2-microglobulin excretion was abnormally increased and in seven patients it was normal before surgery. Three of these seven patients displayed markedly impaired distal tubular function with a reduced urinary concentration capacity. After surgery all patients became normocalcemic and the urinary concentrating capacities improved. The beta 2-microglobulin excretion, on the other hand, remained unchanged. Thus, hypercalcemia per se does not readily affect the proximal tubular function of reabsorbing low molecular weight proteins. \"Tubular proteinuria\", if found in patients with hypercalcemia, should be suspected to reflect damage to the kidney by additional mechanisms.", "PMID": 93849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_867", "title": "The surface structure of the completely and incompletely orthokeratinized oral epithelium in the rat: a light, scanning and transmission electron microscope study.", "content": "Mucosa from the hard and soft palates, molar gingiva, cheek and dorsal surface of the tongue of the rat was examined in the light microscope, following Mallory's triple connective tissue stain, and in the scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The epithelium covering the hard palate, gingiva, the smooth band of mucosa at the junction of the hard and soft palates, intermediate zones of the soft palate, fungiform papilla-like structures in the central zone of the soft palate, the fungiform papillae, and the more superficial part and posterior surfaces of the filiform papillae of the tongue all exhibited complete orthokeratinization. The oral surfaces of the epithelial cells in all these areas had a honeycomb pattern of interconnecting ridges surrounding depressions. Imprints of the overlying cells that had been desquamated were apparent, and the lateral boundaries between the cells were formed by two raised ridges separated by a gap. The epithelium covering the cheek, central zone of the soft palate apart from the fungiform papilla-like structures, lateral zones of the soft palate, gingival crevice, and the mucosa between the fungiform and filiform papillae of the tongue all exhibited incomplete orthokeratinization. The oral surfaces of the epithelial cells in all these areas were relatively smooth and did not exhibit a honeycomb pattern of interconnecting ridges. Imprints of the overlying cells that had been desquamated and the lateral boundaries between the cells were only very occasionally found. In the transmission electron microscope the outlines of the cells were compatible with the surface patterns seen in the scanning electron microscope. The possible relationships between the degree of orthokeratinization and ultrastructure of the various epithelia are discussed.", "contents": "The surface structure of the completely and incompletely orthokeratinized oral epithelium in the rat: a light, scanning and transmission electron microscope study. Mucosa from the hard and soft palates, molar gingiva, cheek and dorsal surface of the tongue of the rat was examined in the light microscope, following Mallory's triple connective tissue stain, and in the scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The epithelium covering the hard palate, gingiva, the smooth band of mucosa at the junction of the hard and soft palates, intermediate zones of the soft palate, fungiform papilla-like structures in the central zone of the soft palate, the fungiform papillae, and the more superficial part and posterior surfaces of the filiform papillae of the tongue all exhibited complete orthokeratinization. The oral surfaces of the epithelial cells in all these areas had a honeycomb pattern of interconnecting ridges surrounding depressions. Imprints of the overlying cells that had been desquamated were apparent, and the lateral boundaries between the cells were formed by two raised ridges separated by a gap. The epithelium covering the cheek, central zone of the soft palate apart from the fungiform papilla-like structures, lateral zones of the soft palate, gingival crevice, and the mucosa between the fungiform and filiform papillae of the tongue all exhibited incomplete orthokeratinization. The oral surfaces of the epithelial cells in all these areas were relatively smooth and did not exhibit a honeycomb pattern of interconnecting ridges. Imprints of the overlying cells that had been desquamated and the lateral boundaries between the cells were only very occasionally found. In the transmission electron microscope the outlines of the cells were compatible with the surface patterns seen in the scanning electron microscope. The possible relationships between the degree of orthokeratinization and ultrastructure of the various epithelia are discussed.", "PMID": 93850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_868", "title": "Intra-operative frozen section technique for pituitary adenomas.", "content": "Orange G-hematoxylin stains performed on frozen sections from the sella turcica had a diagnostic accuracy of over 90% when compared to permanent sections on the same tissue. This technique allows the pathologist to make an intra-operative contribution to the establishment of tumor margins in the selective removal of pituitary adenomas.", "contents": "Intra-operative frozen section technique for pituitary adenomas. Orange G-hematoxylin stains performed on frozen sections from the sella turcica had a diagnostic accuracy of over 90% when compared to permanent sections on the same tissue. This technique allows the pathologist to make an intra-operative contribution to the establishment of tumor margins in the selective removal of pituitary adenomas.", "PMID": 93851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_869", "title": "Role of serotoninergic and adrenergic mechanisms in the action of prominal.", "content": "The aim of this work was determination of the interrelations between the metabolism of biogenic amines in the brain and the action of Prominal. The power of the anticonvulsive action of Prominal was decreased by p-chlorphenylalanine (PCPA). The influence of the tested anticonvulsant on the levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and on serotonin turnover was investigated and a correlation was found between the anticonvulsive action of Prominal and its effect on the serotonin level. Prominal increased serotonin synthesis and turnover in the brain. It may be supposed that the anticonvulsive action of Prominal is connected with its effect of serotonin metabolism in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Role of serotoninergic and adrenergic mechanisms in the action of prominal. The aim of this work was determination of the interrelations between the metabolism of biogenic amines in the brain and the action of Prominal. The power of the anticonvulsive action of Prominal was decreased by p-chlorphenylalanine (PCPA). The influence of the tested anticonvulsant on the levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and on serotonin turnover was investigated and a correlation was found between the anticonvulsive action of Prominal and its effect on the serotonin level. Prominal increased serotonin synthesis and turnover in the brain. It may be supposed that the anticonvulsive action of Prominal is connected with its effect of serotonin metabolism in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 93847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_870", "title": "Haematological changes in hyperimmunized rabbits treated with hydrazinophthalazines for long time periods.", "content": "Haematological investigations of peripheral blood and bone marrow were performed in rabbits receiving hydrazinophthalazines (hydralazine or binazin) with or without simultaneous hyperimmunization by means of repeated injections of bovine albumin. It was found that long-term administration of hydralazine caused appearance of LE factor in the serum and LE cells in blood. Less evident changes were caused by Binazin administration. Hyperimmunization caused weaknening of the effects of hydralazinophthalazines. Haematological investigations demonstrated hypochromic anaemia.", "contents": "Haematological changes in hyperimmunized rabbits treated with hydrazinophthalazines for long time periods. Haematological investigations of peripheral blood and bone marrow were performed in rabbits receiving hydrazinophthalazines (hydralazine or binazin) with or without simultaneous hyperimmunization by means of repeated injections of bovine albumin. It was found that long-term administration of hydralazine caused appearance of LE factor in the serum and LE cells in blood. Less evident changes were caused by Binazin administration. Hyperimmunization caused weaknening of the effects of hydralazinophthalazines. Haematological investigations demonstrated hypochromic anaemia.", "PMID": 93848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_871", "title": "Diagnostic value of histochemistry in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.", "content": "Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas from the nasopharynx of two children were examined by histochemical methods commonly applied to muscle biopsies. These stains included nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), PAS, PAS-diastase, myophosphorylase, calcium-mediated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) preincubated at high and low pH, and oil red O. Myofibrils were easily identified with ATPase and blood vessel walls were also stained. NADH-TR clearly showed longitudinal and cross-striations that were not seen with H&E or PTAH stains. The modified Gomori trichrome stain additionally contributed to the recognition of myofibrils. Some techniques of muscle histochemistry applied to fresh frozen sections of tumor tissue may provide evidence of muscular differentiation in otherwise poorly differentiated sarcomas for a more accurate diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of histochemistry in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas from the nasopharynx of two children were examined by histochemical methods commonly applied to muscle biopsies. These stains included nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), PAS, PAS-diastase, myophosphorylase, calcium-mediated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) preincubated at high and low pH, and oil red O. Myofibrils were easily identified with ATPase and blood vessel walls were also stained. NADH-TR clearly showed longitudinal and cross-striations that were not seen with H&E or PTAH stains. The modified Gomori trichrome stain additionally contributed to the recognition of myofibrils. Some techniques of muscle histochemistry applied to fresh frozen sections of tumor tissue may provide evidence of muscular differentiation in otherwise poorly differentiated sarcomas for a more accurate diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma.", "PMID": 93852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_872", "title": "The association of pyloric antral tissue levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and restraint stress ulceration in the rat.", "content": "To determine the possible role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the formation of restraint ulcerations, we investigated the relationship among mucosal tissue levels of 5-HT, vagotomy, and restraint ulcerations. Three murine experimental groups and one control group were used to compare the ulcerogenic effects of restraint with and without prior vagotomy. Ulcers were graded as to frequency, size, and hemorrhage on a 0-4+ scale. 5HT was measured in the gastric mucosa of each animal. Restraint caused significant ulcerations. The mean tissue level of 5-HT was significantly higher in the group with marked ulcerations (p less than 0.001). Our data suggest an increased cellular production of 5-HT during the development of the restraint ulcers. Vagotomy protected the animals against restraint ulcerations without depleting the baseline levels of 5-HT. Previous experiments have shown that urine levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) increase during the restraint period. Thus, increased tissue and urine levels of 5-HT appear to coincide with the development of restraint stress ulcers in the rat. Accordingly, if the coincidence occurs in humans, the measurement of urinary levels of 5-HIAA may be an indirect means of determining those patients at high risk for the development of stress ulcers.", "contents": "The association of pyloric antral tissue levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and restraint stress ulceration in the rat. To determine the possible role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the formation of restraint ulcerations, we investigated the relationship among mucosal tissue levels of 5-HT, vagotomy, and restraint ulcerations. Three murine experimental groups and one control group were used to compare the ulcerogenic effects of restraint with and without prior vagotomy. Ulcers were graded as to frequency, size, and hemorrhage on a 0-4+ scale. 5HT was measured in the gastric mucosa of each animal. Restraint caused significant ulcerations. The mean tissue level of 5-HT was significantly higher in the group with marked ulcerations (p less than 0.001). Our data suggest an increased cellular production of 5-HT during the development of the restraint ulcers. Vagotomy protected the animals against restraint ulcerations without depleting the baseline levels of 5-HT. Previous experiments have shown that urine levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) increase during the restraint period. Thus, increased tissue and urine levels of 5-HT appear to coincide with the development of restraint stress ulcers in the rat. Accordingly, if the coincidence occurs in humans, the measurement of urinary levels of 5-HIAA may be an indirect means of determining those patients at high risk for the development of stress ulcers.", "PMID": 93856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_873", "title": "[Dynamic and plastic expression as a method of accident prevention during infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors review the importance of fostering suitable methods at infancy, as a prophylaxis of accidents at such stage in life. They propose the use of plastic expression handed-out as a sequence of pictures, ordered in the form of a story or tale, rigorously studied from the psychological point of view and which limelights the most frequent risks. Likewise they value the importance of dynamic methods of expression and summarise their experience with puppet theatres. A prototype show is described and psychological result evaluation analized.", "contents": "[Dynamic and plastic expression as a method of accident prevention during infancy (author's transl)]. Authors review the importance of fostering suitable methods at infancy, as a prophylaxis of accidents at such stage in life. They propose the use of plastic expression handed-out as a sequence of pictures, ordered in the form of a story or tale, rigorously studied from the psychological point of view and which limelights the most frequent risks. Likewise they value the importance of dynamic methods of expression and summarise their experience with puppet theatres. A prototype show is described and psychological result evaluation analized.", "PMID": 93857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_874", "title": "Enhancement of retrovirus production by anti-interferon serum.", "content": "In order to investigate the role of endogenous interferon in retrovirus production by infected or induced cells, the effect of two sera raised against mouse interferon has been tested on various C-type murine viruses. Addition of a highly potent anti-interferon serum to 3T3/IC cells chronically infected by the Moloney strain of MLV results in a considerable increase of virus production, as tested by reverse transcriptase assay. This effect is neutralized by an excess of exogenous interferon. The greatest effect of anti-interferon sera was obtained in the derepression of endogenous retroviruses: in K. BALB/c cells treated by IUDR, anti-interferon serum increases up to 50-fold the expression of the endogenous virus. The extinction of virus production which secondarily occurs after its induction by IUdR is likely to be caused by cellular endogenous interferon. The biological parameters of the viral agent produced in the presence of anti-interferon serum are those of the xenotropic endogenous virus.", "contents": "Enhancement of retrovirus production by anti-interferon serum. In order to investigate the role of endogenous interferon in retrovirus production by infected or induced cells, the effect of two sera raised against mouse interferon has been tested on various C-type murine viruses. Addition of a highly potent anti-interferon serum to 3T3/IC cells chronically infected by the Moloney strain of MLV results in a considerable increase of virus production, as tested by reverse transcriptase assay. This effect is neutralized by an excess of exogenous interferon. The greatest effect of anti-interferon sera was obtained in the derepression of endogenous retroviruses: in K. BALB/c cells treated by IUDR, anti-interferon serum increases up to 50-fold the expression of the endogenous virus. The extinction of virus production which secondarily occurs after its induction by IUdR is likely to be caused by cellular endogenous interferon. The biological parameters of the viral agent produced in the presence of anti-interferon serum are those of the xenotropic endogenous virus.", "PMID": 93859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_875", "title": "Characterization of clones derived from an attenuated strain of Rauscher murine leukaemia virus.", "content": "With a view to defining its subpopulations, an attenuated strain of Rauscher leukaemia virus, which comprises a majority of fragile virions, was closed by end-point dilution. The presence in the obtained clones of markers (analyzed by radioimmunoassay and isoelectric focusing) associated with Rauscher virus, together with persistent infectivity and leukaemogenicity, excluded the hypothesis that endogenous virus might have replaced the original Rauscher population. Due to the closing method employed, non fragile virions were obtained. Moreover, despite its selectivity for the lymphatic leukaemia virus component, sporadic cases of atypical erythroblastogenic leukaemia were observed.", "contents": "Characterization of clones derived from an attenuated strain of Rauscher murine leukaemia virus. With a view to defining its subpopulations, an attenuated strain of Rauscher leukaemia virus, which comprises a majority of fragile virions, was closed by end-point dilution. The presence in the obtained clones of markers (analyzed by radioimmunoassay and isoelectric focusing) associated with Rauscher virus, together with persistent infectivity and leukaemogenicity, excluded the hypothesis that endogenous virus might have replaced the original Rauscher population. Due to the closing method employed, non fragile virions were obtained. Moreover, despite its selectivity for the lymphatic leukaemia virus component, sporadic cases of atypical erythroblastogenic leukaemia were observed.", "PMID": 93858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_876", "title": "The generation of an allospecific suppressor factor in culture.", "content": "When mouse spleen cells were stimulated by irradiated allogeneic cells in a mixed lymphocyte culture for 96 hours, allospecific suppressor cells were generated that could inhibit the replicative processes when transferred to another MLR. When the primed cells were purified on Ficoll and incubated alone for another 24 hours, they released into the medium a subcellular factor which could also suppress MLR allospecifically. Evidence is provided that the cells which generate this factor arise by cooperation of at least two types of T-lymphocytes, one of which is the progenitor of the suppressor cell and the other an essential accessory cell. Adherent cells were shown to be also essential for the priming of suppressor lymphocytes.", "contents": "The generation of an allospecific suppressor factor in culture. When mouse spleen cells were stimulated by irradiated allogeneic cells in a mixed lymphocyte culture for 96 hours, allospecific suppressor cells were generated that could inhibit the replicative processes when transferred to another MLR. When the primed cells were purified on Ficoll and incubated alone for another 24 hours, they released into the medium a subcellular factor which could also suppress MLR allospecifically. Evidence is provided that the cells which generate this factor arise by cooperation of at least two types of T-lymphocytes, one of which is the progenitor of the suppressor cell and the other an essential accessory cell. Adherent cells were shown to be also essential for the priming of suppressor lymphocytes.", "PMID": 93868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_877", "title": "Comparison of antigen-specific I-region-associated cell interaction factors.", "content": "Two basic types of factors reacting with anti-I region (anti-Ia) antisera are compared, those derived from macrophage-like antigen presenting cells and others derived from T-lymphocytes, of either the suppressor or helper type. Despite the common property of reacting with anti-Ia antisera, the two sets of factors differ by many criteria. Macrophages, upon culture with antigen, release complexes of Ia antigen and a fragment of the original immunogen. This material is only produced by responder macrophages and thus appears to be a soluble Ir gene product. The genetic restriction of the T-macrophage interaction was investigated in chimeras, and it was found that the host environment as well as the donor genotype was of importance in determining restrictions, which were thus not really directed to \"self.\" There was no evidence for intrinsic T-cell Ir genes, as nonresponder stem cells developed into responder T-cells in a (responder X nonresponder) F1 environment. However, these cells only responded in the presence of responder macrophages. Specific T-cell factors are different in nature. These all react with anti-Ia antisera, but the nature or function of the T-cell Ia is unknown. The basic structure involves a VARIAble region\" responsible for antigen binding which, as it reacts with anti-idiotype antisera and anti-variable region framework antisera is an immunoglobulin variable region. There is also a \"constant region,\" defined by its biological properties as well as by specific rabbit antisera. This two-region nature of specific factors is reminiscent of immunoglobulin structure and it is a reasonable hypothesis that the constant region is linked to the Ig cluster of genes.", "contents": "Comparison of antigen-specific I-region-associated cell interaction factors. Two basic types of factors reacting with anti-I region (anti-Ia) antisera are compared, those derived from macrophage-like antigen presenting cells and others derived from T-lymphocytes, of either the suppressor or helper type. Despite the common property of reacting with anti-Ia antisera, the two sets of factors differ by many criteria. Macrophages, upon culture with antigen, release complexes of Ia antigen and a fragment of the original immunogen. This material is only produced by responder macrophages and thus appears to be a soluble Ir gene product. The genetic restriction of the T-macrophage interaction was investigated in chimeras, and it was found that the host environment as well as the donor genotype was of importance in determining restrictions, which were thus not really directed to \"self.\" There was no evidence for intrinsic T-cell Ir genes, as nonresponder stem cells developed into responder T-cells in a (responder X nonresponder) F1 environment. However, these cells only responded in the presence of responder macrophages. Specific T-cell factors are different in nature. These all react with anti-Ia antisera, but the nature or function of the T-cell Ia is unknown. The basic structure involves a VARIAble region\" responsible for antigen binding which, as it reacts with anti-idiotype antisera and anti-variable region framework antisera is an immunoglobulin variable region. There is also a \"constant region,\" defined by its biological properties as well as by specific rabbit antisera. This two-region nature of specific factors is reminiscent of immunoglobulin structure and it is a reasonable hypothesis that the constant region is linked to the Ig cluster of genes.", "PMID": 93870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_878", "title": "Has myelin basic protein received a fair trial in the treatment of multiple sclerosis?", "content": "Autosensitization to some central nervous system antigen still remains one of the best hypotheses for the continuing pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Enough is now known about the cause, pathogenesis, and treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) to test this hypothesis. Reports of therapeutic failure of the encephalitogen myelin basic protein (BP) in the treatment of MS have their counterparts in similar therapeutic failures in EAE. Only highly inbred strain 13 guinea pigs respond consistently to BP therapy, and this only when BP is administered in relatively high doses. Noninbred guinea pigs respond much less well to simple BP therapy, and monkeys hardly at all. In both strains of monkeys so far studied, a nonspecific adjunctive factor--an antibiotic in Macaca mulatta and a steroid in Macaca fascicularis--is also required. Accordingly, human trials of the therapeutic efficacy of BP in MS should include its administration in large concentrations together with an adjunctive agent.", "contents": "Has myelin basic protein received a fair trial in the treatment of multiple sclerosis? Autosensitization to some central nervous system antigen still remains one of the best hypotheses for the continuing pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Enough is now known about the cause, pathogenesis, and treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) to test this hypothesis. Reports of therapeutic failure of the encephalitogen myelin basic protein (BP) in the treatment of MS have their counterparts in similar therapeutic failures in EAE. Only highly inbred strain 13 guinea pigs respond consistently to BP therapy, and this only when BP is administered in relatively high doses. Noninbred guinea pigs respond much less well to simple BP therapy, and monkeys hardly at all. In both strains of monkeys so far studied, a nonspecific adjunctive factor--an antibiotic in Macaca mulatta and a steroid in Macaca fascicularis--is also required. Accordingly, human trials of the therapeutic efficacy of BP in MS should include its administration in large concentrations together with an adjunctive agent.", "PMID": 93873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_879", "title": "Myelin basic protein treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in monkeys.", "content": "Treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in two strains of monkeys with large amounts of myelin basic basic protein (BP) fails unless an adjunct is also used. In both strains the adjunct by itself is more effective than BP by itself, but in the one strain which could be investigated sufficiently, the combination can be made almost totally effective in reversing EAE. The adjunct varies with the strain of monkey, an antibiotic in Macaca mulatta and a steroid in Macaca fascicularis. Similar adjunctive treatments should be considered in the management of multiple sclerosis, for EAE remains one of the best studied models.", "contents": "Myelin basic protein treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in monkeys. Treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in two strains of monkeys with large amounts of myelin basic basic protein (BP) fails unless an adjunct is also used. In both strains the adjunct by itself is more effective than BP by itself, but in the one strain which could be investigated sufficiently, the combination can be made almost totally effective in reversing EAE. The adjunct varies with the strain of monkey, an antibiotic in Macaca mulatta and a steroid in Macaca fascicularis. Similar adjunctive treatments should be considered in the management of multiple sclerosis, for EAE remains one of the best studied models.", "PMID": 93874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_880", "title": "Degradation of myelin basic protein by cerebrospinal fluid: preservation of antigenic determinants under physiological conditions.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid contains several proteolytic enzymes that can degrade myelin basic protein (BP) under physiological conditions into peptide fragments of various sizes which still contain antigenic determinants capable of binding antibodies to BP. These enzymes are optimally active in either acid (pH 4) or nuetral (pH 7 to 8) conditions and can be characterized by the nature of the BP peptide fragments produced. Proteinases resembling cathepsin D, thrombin, plasmin (fibrinolysin), or kallikrein are present in variable amounts in CSF. No relationship to any particular disease has yet been established.", "contents": "Degradation of myelin basic protein by cerebrospinal fluid: preservation of antigenic determinants under physiological conditions. Cerebrospinal fluid contains several proteolytic enzymes that can degrade myelin basic protein (BP) under physiological conditions into peptide fragments of various sizes which still contain antigenic determinants capable of binding antibodies to BP. These enzymes are optimally active in either acid (pH 4) or nuetral (pH 7 to 8) conditions and can be characterized by the nature of the BP peptide fragments produced. Proteinases resembling cathepsin D, thrombin, plasmin (fibrinolysin), or kallikrein are present in variable amounts in CSF. No relationship to any particular disease has yet been established.", "PMID": 93875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_881", "title": "Rapid enzymatic determination of amylase in serum and urine using a centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "A convenient, totally enzymatic procedure for amylase assay using a centrifugal analyzer is described. The reaction scheme is examined using both starch and maltotetroase as substrates. Data for the reaction kinetics, linearity and sensitivity are presented. The proposed method exhibits linear reaction kinetics between three and five minutes after the initiation of the reaction and is linear to 1200 U per liter of amylase. The determination is rapid, (five minutes analysis time), convenient, (only one reagent), and precise, (1.2% within-day C.V. and 4.6% day-to-day C.V.), at a level of 62 U per liter. The proposed method compares favorably with chromogenic procedures; (r = 0.979, n = 84).", "contents": "Rapid enzymatic determination of amylase in serum and urine using a centrifugal analyzer. A convenient, totally enzymatic procedure for amylase assay using a centrifugal analyzer is described. The reaction scheme is examined using both starch and maltotetroase as substrates. Data for the reaction kinetics, linearity and sensitivity are presented. The proposed method exhibits linear reaction kinetics between three and five minutes after the initiation of the reaction and is linear to 1200 U per liter of amylase. The determination is rapid, (five minutes analysis time), convenient, (only one reagent), and precise, (1.2% within-day C.V. and 4.6% day-to-day C.V.), at a level of 62 U per liter. The proposed method compares favorably with chromogenic procedures; (r = 0.979, n = 84).", "PMID": 93872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_882", "title": "Characterization and mode of action of a bacteriocin produced by a Bacteroides fragilis strain.", "content": "A Bacteroides fragilis strain produces a low-molecular-weight (13,500 to 18,700), proteinaceous bacteriocin during the stationary growth phase. The extracellular bacteriocin is not inducible by ultraviolet light or mitomycin C and is stable between pH 7.5 and 8.2. The majority of the bacteriocin is thermolabile, but a small proportion (3%) of the bacteriocin is stable after autoclaving at 121 degrees C for 15 min. Killing of sensitive bacteroides cells follows single-hit kinetics, and the interaction of a single molecule of bacteriocin with a target cell occurs in two stages. The killing of susceptible cells is affected by temperature and the growth state of the susceptible cells. The bacteriocin is unusual in that the primary event in its mode of action is the inhibition of RNA synthesis. The bacteriocin inhibits RNA synthesis immediately but has no effect on DNA synthesis or intracellular ATP levels. Protein synthesis is inhibited after a delay of 20 min, presumably as a result of the initial inhibition of RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Characterization and mode of action of a bacteriocin produced by a Bacteroides fragilis strain. A Bacteroides fragilis strain produces a low-molecular-weight (13,500 to 18,700), proteinaceous bacteriocin during the stationary growth phase. The extracellular bacteriocin is not inducible by ultraviolet light or mitomycin C and is stable between pH 7.5 and 8.2. The majority of the bacteriocin is thermolabile, but a small proportion (3%) of the bacteriocin is stable after autoclaving at 121 degrees C for 15 min. Killing of sensitive bacteroides cells follows single-hit kinetics, and the interaction of a single molecule of bacteriocin with a target cell occurs in two stages. The killing of susceptible cells is affected by temperature and the growth state of the susceptible cells. The bacteriocin is unusual in that the primary event in its mode of action is the inhibition of RNA synthesis. The bacteriocin inhibits RNA synthesis immediately but has no effect on DNA synthesis or intracellular ATP levels. Protein synthesis is inhibited after a delay of 20 min, presumably as a result of the initial inhibition of RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 93876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_883", "title": "Triggering of autolytic cell wall degradation in Escherichia coli by beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "A biochemical method was developed to quantitatively compare the effectiveness of beta-lactams in triggering murein degradation (autolysin activity) in Escherichia coli. Bacteria prelabeled in their cell walls with radioactive diaminopimelic acid in growth medium were exposed for 10 min to the antibiotics at the appropriate minimal growth inhibitory concentrations and at multiples of these values, and the rate of cell wall degradation was followed during subsequent penicillin-binding protein (PBP)-1 were the most effective triggers of autolytic wall degradation; beta-lactams selective for PBP-2 were the poorest; and antibiotics preferentially binding to PBP-3 showed intermediate activities. The relative effectiveness of beta-lactams in autolysin triggering was found to parallel the effectiveness of the same drugs in causing rapid loss of viability, culture lysis, and spheroplast formation. Autolysin triggering was suppressed by inhibitors of protein and ribonucleic acid biosynthesis but not by inhibitors of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. The beta-lactam-induced cell wall degradation did not seem to involve a direct stimulation of enzyme activity or synthesis of new enzyme molecules, and murein sacculi isolated from cells that had been preexposed to a triggering dose of beta-lactam treatment exhibited the same sensitivity to crude, homologous autolysins as sacculi prepared from untreated control bacteria. On the basis of these observations, mechanisms are considered for the triggering of E. coli autolysins and for the role of autolytic activity in bacterial spheroplast formation, lysis, and death.", "contents": "Triggering of autolytic cell wall degradation in Escherichia coli by beta-lactam antibiotics. A biochemical method was developed to quantitatively compare the effectiveness of beta-lactams in triggering murein degradation (autolysin activity) in Escherichia coli. Bacteria prelabeled in their cell walls with radioactive diaminopimelic acid in growth medium were exposed for 10 min to the antibiotics at the appropriate minimal growth inhibitory concentrations and at multiples of these values, and the rate of cell wall degradation was followed during subsequent penicillin-binding protein (PBP)-1 were the most effective triggers of autolytic wall degradation; beta-lactams selective for PBP-2 were the poorest; and antibiotics preferentially binding to PBP-3 showed intermediate activities. The relative effectiveness of beta-lactams in autolysin triggering was found to parallel the effectiveness of the same drugs in causing rapid loss of viability, culture lysis, and spheroplast formation. Autolysin triggering was suppressed by inhibitors of protein and ribonucleic acid biosynthesis but not by inhibitors of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. The beta-lactam-induced cell wall degradation did not seem to involve a direct stimulation of enzyme activity or synthesis of new enzyme molecules, and murein sacculi isolated from cells that had been preexposed to a triggering dose of beta-lactam treatment exhibited the same sensitivity to crude, homologous autolysins as sacculi prepared from untreated control bacteria. On the basis of these observations, mechanisms are considered for the triggering of E. coli autolysins and for the role of autolytic activity in bacterial spheroplast formation, lysis, and death.", "PMID": 93877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_884", "title": "Microbial conversion of ethylbenzene to 1-phenethanol and acetophenone by Nocardia tartaricans ATCC 31190.", "content": "A culture of Nocardia tartaricans ATCC 31190 was capable of catalyzing the conversion of ethylbenzene to 1-phenethanol and acetophenone while growing in a shake flask culture with hexadecane as the source of carbon and energy. This subterminal oxidative reaction with ethylbenzene appears not to have been previously reported for Nocardia species. When N. tartaricans was grown on glucose as its source of carbon and energy and ethylbenzene was added, no subsequent production of 1-phenethanol or acetophenone was observed. The mechanisms of 1-phenethanol and acetophenone production from ethylbenzene are thought to involve a subterminal oxidation of the alpha-carbon of the alkyl group to 1-phenethanol followed by biological oxidation of the latter to acetophenone.", "contents": "Microbial conversion of ethylbenzene to 1-phenethanol and acetophenone by Nocardia tartaricans ATCC 31190. A culture of Nocardia tartaricans ATCC 31190 was capable of catalyzing the conversion of ethylbenzene to 1-phenethanol and acetophenone while growing in a shake flask culture with hexadecane as the source of carbon and energy. This subterminal oxidative reaction with ethylbenzene appears not to have been previously reported for Nocardia species. When N. tartaricans was grown on glucose as its source of carbon and energy and ethylbenzene was added, no subsequent production of 1-phenethanol or acetophenone was observed. The mechanisms of 1-phenethanol and acetophenone production from ethylbenzene are thought to involve a subterminal oxidation of the alpha-carbon of the alkyl group to 1-phenethanol followed by biological oxidation of the latter to acetophenone.", "PMID": 93878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_885", "title": "Effect of vitamin A acid on the growth of keratinocytes in culture.", "content": "The effect of vitamin A acid on the culture of guinea pig ear keratinocytes was investigated. Use of this agent and treatment of the plastic dishes with collagen solution facilitated attachment and growth. Vitamin A acid elicited a wave of DNA synthesis which was studied by incorporation of tritiated thymidine and quantitation of cellular DNA, particularly during the period 24--45 h after plating. During this period, thymidine incorporation into DNA was increased ten-fold by vitamin A acid and showed a complex pattern of peaks and shoulders which may represent the S phase of synchronous keratinocytes.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin A acid on the growth of keratinocytes in culture. The effect of vitamin A acid on the culture of guinea pig ear keratinocytes was investigated. Use of this agent and treatment of the plastic dishes with collagen solution facilitated attachment and growth. Vitamin A acid elicited a wave of DNA synthesis which was studied by incorporation of tritiated thymidine and quantitation of cellular DNA, particularly during the period 24--45 h after plating. During this period, thymidine incorporation into DNA was increased ten-fold by vitamin A acid and showed a complex pattern of peaks and shoulders which may represent the S phase of synchronous keratinocytes.", "PMID": 93879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_886", "title": "[Viral acanthomas and specialized forms of keratinosome \"membrane coating granules\" (author's transl)].", "content": "In the case of viral acanthomas, the stratum spinosum and granulosum presents ballooned cells which contain all transitional stages from multivesicular bodies (MVB) to keratinosomes. A particularity in condylomata acuminata are the \"wagon-wheel\" bodies. These structures are typical for the non keratinazed squamous epithelium. The participation of intercellular extruded \"wagon-wheel\" bodies, MVB and atypical keratinosomes on an irregular baso-apical diffusion-barrier in the epidermis of cases with viral acanthomas has been discussed. On the basis of the relation seen between MVB and the Golgi-apparatus, their transition to partially atypical keratinosomes in cases of viral acanthomas and their \"expulsion\" into the intercellular space could indicate that in keratinozytes the enzymatically regulated feed-back between the cellular surface and the capability to synthesize is changed by viral agents. The interference appears to manifest itself in the Golgi-apparatus and also appears to be \"specified\" by the terrain present.", "contents": "[Viral acanthomas and specialized forms of keratinosome \"membrane coating granules\" (author's transl)]. In the case of viral acanthomas, the stratum spinosum and granulosum presents ballooned cells which contain all transitional stages from multivesicular bodies (MVB) to keratinosomes. A particularity in condylomata acuminata are the \"wagon-wheel\" bodies. These structures are typical for the non keratinazed squamous epithelium. The participation of intercellular extruded \"wagon-wheel\" bodies, MVB and atypical keratinosomes on an irregular baso-apical diffusion-barrier in the epidermis of cases with viral acanthomas has been discussed. On the basis of the relation seen between MVB and the Golgi-apparatus, their transition to partially atypical keratinosomes in cases of viral acanthomas and their \"expulsion\" into the intercellular space could indicate that in keratinozytes the enzymatically regulated feed-back between the cellular surface and the capability to synthesize is changed by viral agents. The interference appears to manifest itself in the Golgi-apparatus and also appears to be \"specified\" by the terrain present.", "PMID": 93880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_887", "title": "Experiments on the accumulation of lindane (gamma-BHC) by the primary producers Chlorella spec. and Chlorella pyrenoidosa.", "content": "Experiments were performed on the accumulation of the pesticide lindane (gamma-isomer of BHC) by two algae with different surfaces. An analytical procedure was developed for the gas chromatographic determinnation of lindane. At room temperature, lindane had a water solubility of 7.8 mg/L in distilled water and 6.7 mg/L in tap water. Under the experimental conditions of 10 to 100 microgram/L, 2.3% of the dissolved lindane was lost through adsorption on the glass walls of the equipment and 0.2% through evaporation. The recovery rate of lindane was 98% for the water samples and more than 90% for Chlorella spec. The tolerance in the gas chromatographic measurements amounted to 1.2%. Investigations on the effect of lindane on the growth of Chlorella spec. revealed irreparable damage to the algae cells through loss of chlorophyll, coagulation, and complete sedimentation at concentrations greater than 300 microgram/L. The experiments on sublethal accumulation showed the development of a state of equilibrium between the amount of lindane per cell and in the surrounding water with lindane concentrations of 10 to 100 microgram/L. The lindane was adsorptively attached to the algal cells within a few hr, and after three days lindane stabilized in the cells. The gelatinous surface of the algae increases the accumulation of lindane.", "contents": "Experiments on the accumulation of lindane (gamma-BHC) by the primary producers Chlorella spec. and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Experiments were performed on the accumulation of the pesticide lindane (gamma-isomer of BHC) by two algae with different surfaces. An analytical procedure was developed for the gas chromatographic determinnation of lindane. At room temperature, lindane had a water solubility of 7.8 mg/L in distilled water and 6.7 mg/L in tap water. Under the experimental conditions of 10 to 100 microgram/L, 2.3% of the dissolved lindane was lost through adsorption on the glass walls of the equipment and 0.2% through evaporation. The recovery rate of lindane was 98% for the water samples and more than 90% for Chlorella spec. The tolerance in the gas chromatographic measurements amounted to 1.2%. Investigations on the effect of lindane on the growth of Chlorella spec. revealed irreparable damage to the algae cells through loss of chlorophyll, coagulation, and complete sedimentation at concentrations greater than 300 microgram/L. The experiments on sublethal accumulation showed the development of a state of equilibrium between the amount of lindane per cell and in the surrounding water with lindane concentrations of 10 to 100 microgram/L. The lindane was adsorptively attached to the algal cells within a few hr, and after three days lindane stabilized in the cells. The gelatinous surface of the algae increases the accumulation of lindane.", "PMID": 93882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_888", "title": "Molecular adaptability of carp myosin: a study of some physico-chemical properties and their comparison with those of rabbit myosin.", "content": "During thermal inactivation, the addition of as low as M urea resulted in the reduction of delta G identical to barrier of the inactivation of carp myosin Ca2+-ATPase, whereas that of rabbit myosin remained unaffected. In the absence of urea, a four-hour incubation of carp myosin was accompanied by the release of light chains at 30 degrees C, a value 10 degrees C lower than that for rabbit myosin. Electron micrographs revealed that carp myosin forms artificial thick filaments, which were uniform in size and may differ in a few details from those of rabbit. Not only that helical content of carp myosin was about 4% less than those of rabbit myosin, but it showed more sensitivity to thermal and urea denaturation; and its reversibility upon subsequent cooling or removal of urea was rather poor. The loss in helicity of myosins by urea was a concentration- and temperature-dependent biphasic reaction, with the most obvious effect observed on carp myosin. That carp myosin has increased tendency of unfolding in urea solutions was confirmed by viscosity data and the exposure of thiols also. Even in the absence of urea more SH groups of carp myosin were incorporated by DTNB, and more epsilon-amino groups reacted with NQS. Carp myosin remained in solution till the modification of about 52 surface myosin remained in solution till the modification of about 52 surface amino groups, whereas no precipitation effect was noted in case of rabbit myosin. Neither amino-acid composition nor some parameters derived from it, such as average hydrophobicity polarity index and number of polar side chains, revealed any difference pertinent to the relative stability of the two myosins. On the contrary, the contractile efficiency of carp myosin in the near physiological range was high and thus inversely related with the thermostability. This relationship along with the above evidence has been regarded to demonstrate the adaptability of carp myosin through a loose molecular conformation, which has probably been achieved by the addition of weak interactions in the course of evolution.", "contents": "Molecular adaptability of carp myosin: a study of some physico-chemical properties and their comparison with those of rabbit myosin. During thermal inactivation, the addition of as low as M urea resulted in the reduction of delta G identical to barrier of the inactivation of carp myosin Ca2+-ATPase, whereas that of rabbit myosin remained unaffected. In the absence of urea, a four-hour incubation of carp myosin was accompanied by the release of light chains at 30 degrees C, a value 10 degrees C lower than that for rabbit myosin. Electron micrographs revealed that carp myosin forms artificial thick filaments, which were uniform in size and may differ in a few details from those of rabbit. Not only that helical content of carp myosin was about 4% less than those of rabbit myosin, but it showed more sensitivity to thermal and urea denaturation; and its reversibility upon subsequent cooling or removal of urea was rather poor. The loss in helicity of myosins by urea was a concentration- and temperature-dependent biphasic reaction, with the most obvious effect observed on carp myosin. That carp myosin has increased tendency of unfolding in urea solutions was confirmed by viscosity data and the exposure of thiols also. Even in the absence of urea more SH groups of carp myosin were incorporated by DTNB, and more epsilon-amino groups reacted with NQS. Carp myosin remained in solution till the modification of about 52 surface myosin remained in solution till the modification of about 52 surface amino groups, whereas no precipitation effect was noted in case of rabbit myosin. Neither amino-acid composition nor some parameters derived from it, such as average hydrophobicity polarity index and number of polar side chains, revealed any difference pertinent to the relative stability of the two myosins. On the contrary, the contractile efficiency of carp myosin in the near physiological range was high and thus inversely related with the thermostability. This relationship along with the above evidence has been regarded to demonstrate the adaptability of carp myosin through a loose molecular conformation, which has probably been achieved by the addition of weak interactions in the course of evolution.", "PMID": 93883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_889", "title": "Reinvestigation of denervation diuresis and natriuresis in conscious dogs.", "content": "The function of innervated and denervated kidney was compared in clearance studies with conscious dogs. The animals were prepared for experiments by unilateral renal denervation and surgical division of the bladder to form two hemibladders enabling separate urine collection from two kidneys. The mean urine flow was 6% higher for the denervated kidney (not significant) while mean differences for osmolar clearance (+ 13%), sodium excretion (+21%) and GFT (+5%) were all significant (P less than 0.05). When corrected to 100 ml GFR, sodium excretion was not significantly higher for the denervated kidney. In most experiments higher sodium excretion on the denefvated side was associated with higher GFR. Thus, contrary to some earlier views, a slight increase in the excretory function which follows denervation of the kidney is demonstrable also in conscious undisturbed animals. The data suggest that increased haemodynamics of the denervated kidney are responsible for higher excretion, but do not exclude a contribution of inhibited tubular reabsorption.", "contents": "Reinvestigation of denervation diuresis and natriuresis in conscious dogs. The function of innervated and denervated kidney was compared in clearance studies with conscious dogs. The animals were prepared for experiments by unilateral renal denervation and surgical division of the bladder to form two hemibladders enabling separate urine collection from two kidneys. The mean urine flow was 6% higher for the denervated kidney (not significant) while mean differences for osmolar clearance (+ 13%), sodium excretion (+21%) and GFT (+5%) were all significant (P less than 0.05). When corrected to 100 ml GFR, sodium excretion was not significantly higher for the denervated kidney. In most experiments higher sodium excretion on the denefvated side was associated with higher GFR. Thus, contrary to some earlier views, a slight increase in the excretory function which follows denervation of the kidney is demonstrable also in conscious undisturbed animals. The data suggest that increased haemodynamics of the denervated kidney are responsible for higher excretion, but do not exclude a contribution of inhibited tubular reabsorption.", "PMID": 93884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_890", "title": "Thirst and renal excretion of water and electrolytes during pyrogen fever in dogs.", "content": "Body temperature, water intake, urine output, sodium and potassium excretion, osmolal and free water clearance, plasma osmolality, sodium and potassium concentrations and osmotic thirst were examined in conscious dogs during pyrogen fever and compared to those found under control conditions. Arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure were also measured in some experiments. Administration of pyrogen produced transient but significant decreases in urine output and striking increases in the spontaneous water intake in some of the experiments in the phase of increasing fever. Arterial blood pressure decreased, whetreas central venous pressure increased at this stage of fever. No significant changes in renal excretion of solutes and free water as well as sodium and potassium were found. Plasma osmolality and sodium concentration increased and potassium concentration decreased unsignificantly both in control and pyrogen experiments. The main finding was that the thirst threshold to osmotic stimuli increased markedly during the phase of stabilized fever may be caused by significant increase in internal body temperature.", "contents": "Thirst and renal excretion of water and electrolytes during pyrogen fever in dogs. Body temperature, water intake, urine output, sodium and potassium excretion, osmolal and free water clearance, plasma osmolality, sodium and potassium concentrations and osmotic thirst were examined in conscious dogs during pyrogen fever and compared to those found under control conditions. Arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure were also measured in some experiments. Administration of pyrogen produced transient but significant decreases in urine output and striking increases in the spontaneous water intake in some of the experiments in the phase of increasing fever. Arterial blood pressure decreased, whetreas central venous pressure increased at this stage of fever. No significant changes in renal excretion of solutes and free water as well as sodium and potassium were found. Plasma osmolality and sodium concentration increased and potassium concentration decreased unsignificantly both in control and pyrogen experiments. The main finding was that the thirst threshold to osmotic stimuli increased markedly during the phase of stabilized fever may be caused by significant increase in internal body temperature.", "PMID": 93885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_891", "title": "Purification of prophenoloxidase in the haemolymph of Calliphora vicina (R. & D.).", "content": "An improved method for the purification of prophenoloxidase is described. The proenzyme was purified 400 fold in homogenous form. The purity was tested by disc-electrophoresis and the molecular weight was found to be 87 000 in comparison to the mobility of marker enzymes, which were run simultaneously in SDS-gel electrophoresis. The proenzyme was denatured at 80 degrees C and maximum conversion into active state was found between 40 and 50 degrees C.", "contents": "Purification of prophenoloxidase in the haemolymph of Calliphora vicina (R. & D.). An improved method for the purification of prophenoloxidase is described. The proenzyme was purified 400 fold in homogenous form. The purity was tested by disc-electrophoresis and the molecular weight was found to be 87 000 in comparison to the mobility of marker enzymes, which were run simultaneously in SDS-gel electrophoresis. The proenzyme was denatured at 80 degrees C and maximum conversion into active state was found between 40 and 50 degrees C.", "PMID": 93886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_892", "title": "A comparative study in Porcellio laevis (Lat.) and Armadillidium vulgare (Lat.): response to temperature, photoperiod and oxygen concentration.", "content": "Relationship of body weight, imposed fasting, temperature, light intensity, and oxygen concentration to oxygen consumption in Porcellio laevis and Armadillidium vulgare has been investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. It was observed that (1) the metabolic response in the two species to temperature change was a uniform increase of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature from 15 degrees C to 60 degrees C. Beyond 30 degrees C, the oxygen consumption in each species fell, and the thermal death point was reached at about 40 degrees C. (2) The response  to decreasing oxygen concentrations was a corresponding decrease in oxygen consumption. Armadillidium vulgare was a partial regulator while Porcellio laevis was able to conform its internal state to the changing oxygen levels. (3) In each species there was a decrease in metabolic rate with increasing body weight. (4) On the basis of their general activity level and oxygen consumption rate, Porcellio appeared to be a nocturnal species, while Armadillidium had a day active metabolism.", "contents": "A comparative study in Porcellio laevis (Lat.) and Armadillidium vulgare (Lat.): response to temperature, photoperiod and oxygen concentration. Relationship of body weight, imposed fasting, temperature, light intensity, and oxygen concentration to oxygen consumption in Porcellio laevis and Armadillidium vulgare has been investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. It was observed that (1) the metabolic response in the two species to temperature change was a uniform increase of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature from 15 degrees C to 60 degrees C. Beyond 30 degrees C, the oxygen consumption in each species fell, and the thermal death point was reached at about 40 degrees C. (2) The response  to decreasing oxygen concentrations was a corresponding decrease in oxygen consumption. Armadillidium vulgare was a partial regulator while Porcellio laevis was able to conform its internal state to the changing oxygen levels. (3) In each species there was a decrease in metabolic rate with increasing body weight. (4) On the basis of their general activity level and oxygen consumption rate, Porcellio appeared to be a nocturnal species, while Armadillidium had a day active metabolism.", "PMID": 93887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_893", "title": "Studies on the cholinesterase forms present in the ascitic fluid of Ehrlich tumour.", "content": "Cholinesterase activity was detected in the ascitic fluid of Ehrlich tumour and studied in a comparative manner in relation to that found in mice plasma. Enzymes from both sources were characterized with respect to optimum pH, substrate concentration and quinidine inhibition. After gel filtration by Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose 6B, two enzyme forms were observed in ascitic fluid as well as in mice plasma: a large form (L) and a small form (S) presenting molecular weights of 191 000, and 224 000 daltons for L forms and 71 000 and 69 000 daltons for S forms respectively. Concanavalin A interacts with both molecular forms, suggesting a glycoprotein nature for these enzymes.", "contents": "Studies on the cholinesterase forms present in the ascitic fluid of Ehrlich tumour. Cholinesterase activity was detected in the ascitic fluid of Ehrlich tumour and studied in a comparative manner in relation to that found in mice plasma. Enzymes from both sources were characterized with respect to optimum pH, substrate concentration and quinidine inhibition. After gel filtration by Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose 6B, two enzyme forms were observed in ascitic fluid as well as in mice plasma: a large form (L) and a small form (S) presenting molecular weights of 191 000, and 224 000 daltons for L forms and 71 000 and 69 000 daltons for S forms respectively. Concanavalin A interacts with both molecular forms, suggesting a glycoprotein nature for these enzymes.", "PMID": 93888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_894", "title": "Occurrence and subcellular localization of glucose 6-phosphatase in bovine thyroid.", "content": "In bovine thyroid tissue the glucose 6-phosphatase activity is not entirely due to the presence of an unspecific acid phenylphosphatase nor to beta-glycerophosphatase. This glucose 6-phosphatase is very probably localized within endoplasmic reticulum membranes. It is not a good marker for distribution patterns obtained after differential pelleting. However it can be used as a marker for endoplasmic reticulum membranes after centrifugation in a zonal rotor.", "contents": "Occurrence and subcellular localization of glucose 6-phosphatase in bovine thyroid. In bovine thyroid tissue the glucose 6-phosphatase activity is not entirely due to the presence of an unspecific acid phenylphosphatase nor to beta-glycerophosphatase. This glucose 6-phosphatase is very probably localized within endoplasmic reticulum membranes. It is not a good marker for distribution patterns obtained after differential pelleting. However it can be used as a marker for endoplasmic reticulum membranes after centrifugation in a zonal rotor.", "PMID": 93889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_895", "title": "Effects of exogenous gonadotropic and steroid hormones on the social behaviour and gonadal maturation of male domestic ducklings Anas platyrhynchos L.", "content": "Male domestic ducklings were injected during their first month of life with mammalian gonadotrophins (ovine LH or FSH, HMG) or gonadal steroids (testosterone or oestradiol). LH and testosterone stimulated sexual behaviour while oestradiol inhibited the increase of aggression observed in control birds during the experiment. The mammalian gonadotrophins did not increase plasma testosterone but nevertheless they all stimulated the testis growth. Several hypotheses which could explain this finding (stimulation of spermatogenesis without any apparent effect on testosterone) are discussed and the possibility of a direct action of LH on the sexual behaviour is analysed. Social displays were only moderately stimulated by testosterone and not at all by gonadotrophins. The hormonal controls of these behaviour patterns remains thus largely unknown.", "contents": "Effects of exogenous gonadotropic and steroid hormones on the social behaviour and gonadal maturation of male domestic ducklings Anas platyrhynchos L. Male domestic ducklings were injected during their first month of life with mammalian gonadotrophins (ovine LH or FSH, HMG) or gonadal steroids (testosterone or oestradiol). LH and testosterone stimulated sexual behaviour while oestradiol inhibited the increase of aggression observed in control birds during the experiment. The mammalian gonadotrophins did not increase plasma testosterone but nevertheless they all stimulated the testis growth. Several hypotheses which could explain this finding (stimulation of spermatogenesis without any apparent effect on testosterone) are discussed and the possibility of a direct action of LH on the sexual behaviour is analysed. Social displays were only moderately stimulated by testosterone and not at all by gonadotrophins. The hormonal controls of these behaviour patterns remains thus largely unknown.", "PMID": 93890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_896", "title": "[Deoxyribonucleic acids from Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica].", "content": "Pasteurella multocida and P. haemolytica strains contain between 1.5 and three per cent phosphorus, between nine and 14 per cent nitrogen, between two and four per cent DNA, and between five and 18 per cent RNA, the precise figures depending on culturing conditions. High-molecular DNA may be isolated by means of bacteriolysis, using deoxycholate or dodecylsulphate and the usual steps of purification, with yield and purity differing by strains. DNA with sufficient purity can be obtained from Sepharose 2 B by gel chromatography. The isolated DNA yields were characterised, base values being between 37 and 38 per cent GC for P. haemolytica and between 41 and 48 per cent GC for P. multocida. Highly suitable precursors to DNA synthesis for tritium labelling are 3H-thymidine, which is incorporated in excess of 3H-thymine by a factor of 255, as well as 3H-uracil, with its activity being recovered also from the pyrimidine bases of DNA via pyrimidine biosynthesis.", "contents": "[Deoxyribonucleic acids from Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica]. Pasteurella multocida and P. haemolytica strains contain between 1.5 and three per cent phosphorus, between nine and 14 per cent nitrogen, between two and four per cent DNA, and between five and 18 per cent RNA, the precise figures depending on culturing conditions. High-molecular DNA may be isolated by means of bacteriolysis, using deoxycholate or dodecylsulphate and the usual steps of purification, with yield and purity differing by strains. DNA with sufficient purity can be obtained from Sepharose 2 B by gel chromatography. The isolated DNA yields were characterised, base values being between 37 and 38 per cent GC for P. haemolytica and between 41 and 48 per cent GC for P. multocida. Highly suitable precursors to DNA synthesis for tritium labelling are 3H-thymidine, which is incorporated in excess of 3H-thymine by a factor of 255, as well as 3H-uracil, with its activity being recovered also from the pyrimidine bases of DNA via pyrimidine biosynthesis.", "PMID": 93955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_897", "title": "[Separation of cellular and viral DNA polymerase from oncornavirus infected chicken cells].", "content": "RNA-directed DNA polymerase was isolated from the liver, spleen, and myeloblasts of chickens that had been infected with virus of avian myeloblastosis. The enzyme was chromatographically purified from the myeloblasts and brought to about 1,000-fold concentration. The method consisted in cell fractionation, lysis of the microsomal fraction, chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and phosphocellulose, as well as ultracentrifugation in the glycerol gradient. The cellular DNA polymerases alpha and beta were clearly separated from the DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus and could be distinguished from one another by template-specific reactions. The viral DNA polymerase activities in the microsomal fractions of liver, spleen, and myeloblasts were compared with one another. The amount of avian myeloblastosis virus and related DNA polymerase recorded from the myeloblasts was about six times that in the liver and four times higher than that in the spleen. The procedure described, together with the use of cell fractionation and gel filtration, is an appropriate method for biochemical detection of avian oncorna viruses in cells.", "contents": "[Separation of cellular and viral DNA polymerase from oncornavirus infected chicken cells]. RNA-directed DNA polymerase was isolated from the liver, spleen, and myeloblasts of chickens that had been infected with virus of avian myeloblastosis. The enzyme was chromatographically purified from the myeloblasts and brought to about 1,000-fold concentration. The method consisted in cell fractionation, lysis of the microsomal fraction, chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and phosphocellulose, as well as ultracentrifugation in the glycerol gradient. The cellular DNA polymerases alpha and beta were clearly separated from the DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus and could be distinguished from one another by template-specific reactions. The viral DNA polymerase activities in the microsomal fractions of liver, spleen, and myeloblasts were compared with one another. The amount of avian myeloblastosis virus and related DNA polymerase recorded from the myeloblasts was about six times that in the liver and four times higher than that in the spleen. The procedure described, together with the use of cell fractionation and gel filtration, is an appropriate method for biochemical detection of avian oncorna viruses in cells.", "PMID": 93956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_898", "title": "Purification of antibodies to influenza A virus structural proteins by affinity chromatography, and their participation in haemagglutination-inhibition, neutralization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "Affinity chromatography was used to purify rabbit antibodies to common and strain-specific antigeneic determinants of haemagglutinin, to neuraminidase, and to a combination of the internal proteins of influenza A viruses. The purity of the antibodies was assessed by haemagglutination-inhibition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and competition ELISA. The antibodies were examined for their participation in neutralization and haemagglutination-inhibition assays, and in ELISA. ELISA was found to be the most sensitive technique for detecting antibodies. Antibodies to the common and strain-specific determinants of haemagglutinin were shown to participate in neutralization assay and ELISA, but only those antibodies to the common determinants were detected by haemagglutination-inhibition.", "contents": "Purification of antibodies to influenza A virus structural proteins by affinity chromatography, and their participation in haemagglutination-inhibition, neutralization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Affinity chromatography was used to purify rabbit antibodies to common and strain-specific antigeneic determinants of haemagglutinin, to neuraminidase, and to a combination of the internal proteins of influenza A viruses. The purity of the antibodies was assessed by haemagglutination-inhibition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and competition ELISA. The antibodies were examined for their participation in neutralization and haemagglutination-inhibition assays, and in ELISA. ELISA was found to be the most sensitive technique for detecting antibodies. Antibodies to the common and strain-specific determinants of haemagglutinin were shown to participate in neutralization assay and ELISA, but only those antibodies to the common determinants were detected by haemagglutination-inhibition.", "PMID": 93960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_899", "title": "Human tumour immunology.", "content": "Many human cancer cells appear to differ from their normal counterparts in ways that are recognisable by the immune system of the host or patient. The specificities of these differences, however, and the nature, extent and significance of the most responses to them are often not very clear. Disturbances of the immune system generally contribute little to the occurrence, progression and clinical features of common malignant diseases. The present value of immunological monitoring of cancer patients is rather limited. Immunotherapy remains an experimental mode of treatment, the results of which are often disappointing. Current studies of the host-tumour relationship in experimental animals and man suggest, however, that a wholly pessimistic view is not justified.", "contents": "Human tumour immunology. Many human cancer cells appear to differ from their normal counterparts in ways that are recognisable by the immune system of the host or patient. The specificities of these differences, however, and the nature, extent and significance of the most responses to them are often not very clear. Disturbances of the immune system generally contribute little to the occurrence, progression and clinical features of common malignant diseases. The present value of immunological monitoring of cancer patients is rather limited. Immunotherapy remains an experimental mode of treatment, the results of which are often disappointing. Current studies of the host-tumour relationship in experimental animals and man suggest, however, that a wholly pessimistic view is not justified.", "PMID": 93961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_900", "title": "Repetitive DNA and Feulgen hydrolysis kinetics in three species of Bufo.", "content": "Two North American species of the genus Bufo (Bufo cognatus and Bufo boreas, 2n = 22) and one African species (Bufo regularis, 2n = 20) were analyzed with respect to their repetitive DNA fractions and the behaviour of their chromatin to the acid hydrolysis at different times. The mean melting point of the total isolated DNA decreased from 89 degrees C to 87 degrees C with a genome size increase from 4.4 to 7.5 pg. The differences in genome size can only partly be explained on the basis of repetitive DNA fractions (renaturing up to Cot 10 in 0.12 M phosphate buffer). Several fractions in this repetitive range behave independently in the three species and the spectrum of repetitive fractions in the African Bufo regularis differs distinctly from those of the American toads. When fixed chromatin of these species in histochemical preparations is hydrolyzed with 5N HCl during the Feulgen reaction, the kinetics of depurination are equal in all species, while hydrolytic DNA breakdown proceeds distinctly more slowly in Bufo reularis as compared to the other species.", "contents": "Repetitive DNA and Feulgen hydrolysis kinetics in three species of Bufo. Two North American species of the genus Bufo (Bufo cognatus and Bufo boreas, 2n = 22) and one African species (Bufo regularis, 2n = 20) were analyzed with respect to their repetitive DNA fractions and the behaviour of their chromatin to the acid hydrolysis at different times. The mean melting point of the total isolated DNA decreased from 89 degrees C to 87 degrees C with a genome size increase from 4.4 to 7.5 pg. The differences in genome size can only partly be explained on the basis of repetitive DNA fractions (renaturing up to Cot 10 in 0.12 M phosphate buffer). Several fractions in this repetitive range behave independently in the three species and the spectrum of repetitive fractions in the African Bufo regularis differs distinctly from those of the American toads. When fixed chromatin of these species in histochemical preparations is hydrolyzed with 5N HCl during the Feulgen reaction, the kinetics of depurination are equal in all species, while hydrolytic DNA breakdown proceeds distinctly more slowly in Bufo reularis as compared to the other species.", "PMID": 93962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_901", "title": "Autoradiographic thymidine-3H activity after successive steps of the Feulgen reaction.", "content": "Autoradiographs were prepared of sections of the ovary of Dytiscus marginalis labelled with thymidine-3H after each successive step of the Feulgen reaction and after treatment with each separate component of the Schiff's reagent. Results of grain counts over ovarian nurse cells showed that losses of thymidine-3H activity occur not only during hydrolysis but also during the successive steps of the Feulgen reaction. It is suggested that the latter decrease in radioactivity may depend on the extraction of fragments of apurinic acid from the sections. An emulsion desensitizing effect has also been observed in sections stained with basic fuchsin alone; this effect appears, however, to be strongly counteracted by the metabisulphite present in the Schiff's reagent.", "contents": "Autoradiographic thymidine-3H activity after successive steps of the Feulgen reaction. Autoradiographs were prepared of sections of the ovary of Dytiscus marginalis labelled with thymidine-3H after each successive step of the Feulgen reaction and after treatment with each separate component of the Schiff's reagent. Results of grain counts over ovarian nurse cells showed that losses of thymidine-3H activity occur not only during hydrolysis but also during the successive steps of the Feulgen reaction. It is suggested that the latter decrease in radioactivity may depend on the extraction of fragments of apurinic acid from the sections. An emulsion desensitizing effect has also been observed in sections stained with basic fuchsin alone; this effect appears, however, to be strongly counteracted by the metabisulphite present in the Schiff's reagent.", "PMID": 93963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_902", "title": "Histochemical and electron microscopical investigations on the calcified keratin in the horn pearls of a glans carcinoma (calcified keratin).", "content": "The calcified keratin in the horn pearls of a glans carcinoma has been studied by histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The former have shown that the calcified areas contain glycoproteins and acid proteoglycans and have a concentration of sulphydryl groups greater than that of the surrounding, uncalcified keratin. Electron microscopy has shown the presence of intracellular needle- and filament-like crystals closely related to the keratinocyte filaments and similar to those found in other calcified tissues. Besides the close relationship discovered between crystals and keratinocyte filaments, the other main conclusions are that keratin calcification is an intracellular process and that keratin molecules are responsible for the induction and regulation of the process.", "contents": "Histochemical and electron microscopical investigations on the calcified keratin in the horn pearls of a glans carcinoma (calcified keratin). The calcified keratin in the horn pearls of a glans carcinoma has been studied by histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The former have shown that the calcified areas contain glycoproteins and acid proteoglycans and have a concentration of sulphydryl groups greater than that of the surrounding, uncalcified keratin. Electron microscopy has shown the presence of intracellular needle- and filament-like crystals closely related to the keratinocyte filaments and similar to those found in other calcified tissues. Besides the close relationship discovered between crystals and keratinocyte filaments, the other main conclusions are that keratin calcification is an intracellular process and that keratin molecules are responsible for the induction and regulation of the process.", "PMID": 93964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_903", "title": "Comedo naevus of the palm--a sweat duct naevus?", "content": "A 9-year-old boy is described with keratotic pits on the left palm, present since birth, which clinically resembled those seen in comedo naevus. Histology and scanning electron microscopy of skin surface replicas showed the lesions to be large, abnormal sweat ducts. It is suggested that comedo naevi are not necessarily pilosebaceous in origin and that in our case the term sweat duct naevus may be more appropriate.", "contents": "Comedo naevus of the palm--a sweat duct naevus? A 9-year-old boy is described with keratotic pits on the left palm, present since birth, which clinically resembled those seen in comedo naevus. Histology and scanning electron microscopy of skin surface replicas showed the lesions to be large, abnormal sweat ducts. It is suggested that comedo naevi are not necessarily pilosebaceous in origin and that in our case the term sweat duct naevus may be more appropriate.", "PMID": 93967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_904", "title": "DNA-directed cell-free protein-synthesizing system of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A cell-free coupled system of transcription and translation using cell extracts from Bacillus subtilis and DNA from phage SP82 has been developed. Under optimum conditions, it incorporated approx. 300 pmol methionine during a 1 h incubation. The activity of the system increased linearly as the concentration of S-150 supernatant fraction protein increased from 125 to 325 microgram per assay. The optimum Mg2+ concentration was 12.5-15 mM. Ribosomes required treatment with DNAase in order to reduce endogenous activity, but the S-150 fraction was kept DNAase-free to prevent degradation of exogenously added DNA. The coupled system was sensitive to inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. Kinetic studies showed that the number of pmol of nucleotides present in newly synthesized RNA increased linearly for the first 20-min reaction and that the rate of amino acid incorporation increased linearly for the first 30 min. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the in vitro synthesized products yielded a band pattern that closely resembled the pattern of early phage SP82 proteins produced in vivo.", "contents": "DNA-directed cell-free protein-synthesizing system of Bacillus subtilis. A cell-free coupled system of transcription and translation using cell extracts from Bacillus subtilis and DNA from phage SP82 has been developed. Under optimum conditions, it incorporated approx. 300 pmol methionine during a 1 h incubation. The activity of the system increased linearly as the concentration of S-150 supernatant fraction protein increased from 125 to 325 microgram per assay. The optimum Mg2+ concentration was 12.5-15 mM. Ribosomes required treatment with DNAase in order to reduce endogenous activity, but the S-150 fraction was kept DNAase-free to prevent degradation of exogenously added DNA. The coupled system was sensitive to inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. Kinetic studies showed that the number of pmol of nucleotides present in newly synthesized RNA increased linearly for the first 20-min reaction and that the rate of amino acid incorporation increased linearly for the first 30 min. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the in vitro synthesized products yielded a band pattern that closely resembled the pattern of early phage SP82 proteins produced in vivo.", "PMID": 93969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_905", "title": "Immunochemical comparison of histidine-rich protein in keratohyalin granules and cornified cells.", "content": "(1) Combination of techniques for extraction and purification of histidine rich protein established by several investigators were employed for comparison of histidine-rich protein in granular cells and cornified cells of newborn rats. (2) Histidine-rich protein extracted from the same cell fraction by two different techniques either in 1 M potassium phosphate buffer (Ugel) or in 4 M urea (Dale) showed identical elution profiles on CM 52 cellulose ion exchange chromatography and the same SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns. (3) Histidine-rich protein from granular cells contained polypeptides of larger molecular sizes than those in histidine-rich protein from cornfield cells, although amino acid composition of the two histidine-rich protein was non-distinguishable (histidine residue was more than 7%). (4) Antibodies raised in rabbits by injection of histidine rich protein from granular cells and that from cornfield cells immunologically cross-reacted. Furthermore, the antisera were found to be reactive over both keratohyalin granules and cornified cells, but not epidermal cells of the lower strata.", "contents": "Immunochemical comparison of histidine-rich protein in keratohyalin granules and cornified cells. (1) Combination of techniques for extraction and purification of histidine rich protein established by several investigators were employed for comparison of histidine-rich protein in granular cells and cornified cells of newborn rats. (2) Histidine-rich protein extracted from the same cell fraction by two different techniques either in 1 M potassium phosphate buffer (Ugel) or in 4 M urea (Dale) showed identical elution profiles on CM 52 cellulose ion exchange chromatography and the same SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns. (3) Histidine-rich protein from granular cells contained polypeptides of larger molecular sizes than those in histidine-rich protein from cornfield cells, although amino acid composition of the two histidine-rich protein was non-distinguishable (histidine residue was more than 7%). (4) Antibodies raised in rabbits by injection of histidine rich protein from granular cells and that from cornfield cells immunologically cross-reacted. Furthermore, the antisera were found to be reactive over both keratohyalin granules and cornified cells, but not epidermal cells of the lower strata.", "PMID": 93971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_906", "title": "Control of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein expression in rat liver and in some transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas.", "content": "Albumin and alpha-fetoprotein production by rat liver and by four selected transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas is compared to the messenger RNA present in these tissues. Albumin and alpha-fetoprotein were measured by radioimmunoassay of serum concentration, immunofluorescence, and in vitro incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins specifically precipitated by antisera. The number of mRNA molecules per cell was calculated from the hybridization of specific cDNA probes to polysomal mRNA and by translational activity of polysomal RNA in a wheat germ system. The amount of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein produced by the different tissues is directly related to the number of functional mRNA molecules per cell for each protein.", "contents": "Control of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein expression in rat liver and in some transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas. Albumin and alpha-fetoprotein production by rat liver and by four selected transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas is compared to the messenger RNA present in these tissues. Albumin and alpha-fetoprotein were measured by radioimmunoassay of serum concentration, immunofluorescence, and in vitro incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins specifically precipitated by antisera. The number of mRNA molecules per cell was calculated from the hybridization of specific cDNA probes to polysomal mRNA and by translational activity of polysomal RNA in a wheat germ system. The amount of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein produced by the different tissues is directly related to the number of functional mRNA molecules per cell for each protein.", "PMID": 93970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_907", "title": "The chemical heterogeneity of human hemoglobin F. Direct evidence for the existence of three types of gamma chain, the G gamma I, A gamma I, and A gamma T chains.", "content": "Direct evidence is presented for the existence of three types of gamma chain of human hemoglobin F. A modification of a CM-cellulose chromatographic method has allowed the incomplete separation of these gamma chains while high pressure liquid chromatography and fingerprint analyses of tryptic peptides of zones of the isolated gamma chains, and amino acid analyses of isolated peptides were used to identify the chains. These studies have shown that the presence of a glycyl residue in position 136 (G gamma chain) is directly related to that of an isoleucyl residue in position 75 (I gamma chain), thus indicating the existence of an G gamma I chain, and that the presence of an alanyl residue in position 136 (A gamma chain) can be related to that of an isoleucyl residue in position 75, thus suggesting the existence of an A gamma I chain. When the isoleucyl residue at positive 75 is replaced by a threonyl residue, invariably it is related to the alanyl substitution at position 136 (A gamma T chain). These data support indirect evidence from case analyses and family studies which were published before, and indicate that the T gamma chain is an allele of the A gamma which should be renamed the A gamma T chain.", "contents": "The chemical heterogeneity of human hemoglobin F. Direct evidence for the existence of three types of gamma chain, the G gamma I, A gamma I, and A gamma T chains. Direct evidence is presented for the existence of three types of gamma chain of human hemoglobin F. A modification of a CM-cellulose chromatographic method has allowed the incomplete separation of these gamma chains while high pressure liquid chromatography and fingerprint analyses of tryptic peptides of zones of the isolated gamma chains, and amino acid analyses of isolated peptides were used to identify the chains. These studies have shown that the presence of a glycyl residue in position 136 (G gamma chain) is directly related to that of an isoleucyl residue in position 75 (I gamma chain), thus indicating the existence of an G gamma I chain, and that the presence of an alanyl residue in position 136 (A gamma chain) can be related to that of an isoleucyl residue in position 75, thus suggesting the existence of an A gamma I chain. When the isoleucyl residue at positive 75 is replaced by a threonyl residue, invariably it is related to the alanyl substitution at position 136 (A gamma T chain). These data support indirect evidence from case analyses and family studies which were published before, and indicate that the T gamma chain is an allele of the A gamma which should be renamed the A gamma T chain.", "PMID": 93972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_908", "title": "Immunological and serological data concerning human histocompatibility antigens (HLA) and alpha 1-microglobulin co-purified from urine.", "content": "Serologically active glycoproteins (HLA) purified from urine contained only about 4% HLA antigens co-purified with alpha 1-microglobulin. The immunization of rabbits with the serologically active product gave rise to an antiserum containing two kinds of antibodies: anti-HLA-A9 and anti-alpha 1-microglobulin. The anti-HLA-A9 antibodies were detected by the lymphocytotoxicity and indirect immunofluorescence techniques against peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured lymphoid cell lines. Anti-alpha 1-microblobulin antibodies were detected by immunoprecipitation in gel. Pure alpha 1-microglobulin gave rise to an antiserum directed only against alpha 1-microglobulin. This antiserum did not react with peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured lymphoid cell lines.", "contents": "Immunological and serological data concerning human histocompatibility antigens (HLA) and alpha 1-microglobulin co-purified from urine. Serologically active glycoproteins (HLA) purified from urine contained only about 4% HLA antigens co-purified with alpha 1-microglobulin. The immunization of rabbits with the serologically active product gave rise to an antiserum containing two kinds of antibodies: anti-HLA-A9 and anti-alpha 1-microglobulin. The anti-HLA-A9 antibodies were detected by the lymphocytotoxicity and indirect immunofluorescence techniques against peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured lymphoid cell lines. Anti-alpha 1-microblobulin antibodies were detected by immunoprecipitation in gel. Pure alpha 1-microglobulin gave rise to an antiserum directed only against alpha 1-microglobulin. This antiserum did not react with peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured lymphoid cell lines.", "PMID": 93973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_909", "title": "The influence of prostatic anatomy on the differing results of prostatectomy according to the surgical approach.", "content": "An anatomical study of cadaver prostates has demonstrated that, in all cases, adenomatous tissue lies inferior to the verumontanum. The proportion of tissue distal to the verumontanum varies from less than 10 to 50%. In a series of 100 patients the post-operative urodynamic studies showed that in the tansurethral resection group the mean urethral length was longer, the flow rate lower and the residual urine higher than in the retropubic prostatectomy group. It is suggested that prostatectomy by the transurethral route is less complete due to residual sub-verumontanal prostatic tissue. However, it is likely that by restricting resection to supra-verumontanal tissue many patients are spared post-operative stress incontinence.", "contents": "The influence of prostatic anatomy on the differing results of prostatectomy according to the surgical approach. An anatomical study of cadaver prostates has demonstrated that, in all cases, adenomatous tissue lies inferior to the verumontanum. The proportion of tissue distal to the verumontanum varies from less than 10 to 50%. In a series of 100 patients the post-operative urodynamic studies showed that in the tansurethral resection group the mean urethral length was longer, the flow rate lower and the residual urine higher than in the retropubic prostatectomy group. It is suggested that prostatectomy by the transurethral route is less complete due to residual sub-verumontanal prostatic tissue. However, it is likely that by restricting resection to supra-verumontanal tissue many patients are spared post-operative stress incontinence.", "PMID": 93974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_910", "title": "Diagnosis and staging of prostatic cancer by transrectal ultrasonography. A preliminary study.", "content": "Sixty men (7 normal, 53 with prostatic disease) underwent transrectal ultrasonic scanning of their prostates in order to assess the technique and evaluate its reliability in the detection and staging of prostatic cancer. The prostatic capsule was clearly seen in 58 men; non-integrity of the capsule occurred only in those with proven cancer (17 cases). An ultrasound diagnosis of cancer was made for 32 of 33 men with proven disease and it was shown that ultrasound demonstrated anterior perforations of the capsule in 6 out of 18 men with tumours that had been judged by rectal palpation to have been confined to the prostate. It is concluded that transrectal ultrasound is a promising technique of imaging the prostate, particularly in relation to selection of patients for biopsy and for checking staging of cancer carried out by digital assessment of the prostate.", "contents": "Diagnosis and staging of prostatic cancer by transrectal ultrasonography. A preliminary study. Sixty men (7 normal, 53 with prostatic disease) underwent transrectal ultrasonic scanning of their prostates in order to assess the technique and evaluate its reliability in the detection and staging of prostatic cancer. The prostatic capsule was clearly seen in 58 men; non-integrity of the capsule occurred only in those with proven cancer (17 cases). An ultrasound diagnosis of cancer was made for 32 of 33 men with proven disease and it was shown that ultrasound demonstrated anterior perforations of the capsule in 6 out of 18 men with tumours that had been judged by rectal palpation to have been confined to the prostate. It is concluded that transrectal ultrasound is a promising technique of imaging the prostate, particularly in relation to selection of patients for biopsy and for checking staging of cancer carried out by digital assessment of the prostate.", "PMID": 93975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_911", "title": "Identification of a silver binding protein associated with the cytological silver staining of actively transcribing nucleolar regions.", "content": "Nucleoli isolated from Novikoff hepatoma cells were stained with AgNO3 to demonstrate the typical staining of active ribosomal cistrons. Pre-treatment of the nucleoli with 80 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) -- 2.0 M NaCl did not interfere with silver staining. Treatment of the nucleoli with 80 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) -- 0.15 M NaCl did, however, eliminate silver binding. Serial extraction of nucleoli with 2.0 M NaCl buffer followed by 0.15 M NaCl buffer also abolished silver staining. Analysis of the supernatant fraction of these extracts by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that, although more than one nucleolar protein can bind silver, only one protein is associated with the staining of active ribosomal cistrons.", "contents": "Identification of a silver binding protein associated with the cytological silver staining of actively transcribing nucleolar regions. Nucleoli isolated from Novikoff hepatoma cells were stained with AgNO3 to demonstrate the typical staining of active ribosomal cistrons. Pre-treatment of the nucleoli with 80 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) -- 2.0 M NaCl did not interfere with silver staining. Treatment of the nucleoli with 80 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) -- 0.15 M NaCl did, however, eliminate silver binding. Serial extraction of nucleoli with 2.0 M NaCl buffer followed by 0.15 M NaCl buffer also abolished silver staining. Analysis of the supernatant fraction of these extracts by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that, although more than one nucleolar protein can bind silver, only one protein is associated with the staining of active ribosomal cistrons.", "PMID": 93980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_912", "title": "Combination chemotherapy trials in metastatic carcinoid tumor and the malignant carcinoid syndrome.", "content": "One hundred eighteen patients with metastatic carcinoid tumor were randomized to treatment with streptozotocin combined with cyclophosphamide or with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Commonly experienced side effects were nausea, vomiting, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and nephrotoxicity. Objective response rates among eligible and evaluable patients treated with the 5-FU combination was 14 of 42 (33%) and with the cyclophosphamide combination, 12 of 47 (26%). Among those patients with carcinoids primary to the small bowel the respective response rates were 44% and 37%. The overall response rates for patients with carcinoids of pulmonary or unknown origin were only 12% and 17%. There was no significant difference in patient survival between the two treatment arms. Among 11 patients who received crossover therapy with 5-FU alone there were two responders. There were no responders among eight patients treated with cyclophosphamide alone. Urinary 5HIAA excretion proved to be a useful biologic marker in these patients that correlated well with the observed measurements of tumor bulk. Median survival times from the diagnosis of unresectable malignant disease related to sites of origin of carcinoid tumor were the following: small bowel, 28.4 months; pancreas, 24.0 months; lung, 15.1 months; and unknown origin, 9.0 months. Metastatic carcinoid tumor is a malignant disease susceptible to chemotherapeutic approaches and continued investigation of the therapy of these neoplasms should be strongly encouraged.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy trials in metastatic carcinoid tumor and the malignant carcinoid syndrome. One hundred eighteen patients with metastatic carcinoid tumor were randomized to treatment with streptozotocin combined with cyclophosphamide or with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Commonly experienced side effects were nausea, vomiting, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and nephrotoxicity. Objective response rates among eligible and evaluable patients treated with the 5-FU combination was 14 of 42 (33%) and with the cyclophosphamide combination, 12 of 47 (26%). Among those patients with carcinoids primary to the small bowel the respective response rates were 44% and 37%. The overall response rates for patients with carcinoids of pulmonary or unknown origin were only 12% and 17%. There was no significant difference in patient survival between the two treatment arms. Among 11 patients who received crossover therapy with 5-FU alone there were two responders. There were no responders among eight patients treated with cyclophosphamide alone. Urinary 5HIAA excretion proved to be a useful biologic marker in these patients that correlated well with the observed measurements of tumor bulk. Median survival times from the diagnosis of unresectable malignant disease related to sites of origin of carcinoid tumor were the following: small bowel, 28.4 months; pancreas, 24.0 months; lung, 15.1 months; and unknown origin, 9.0 months. Metastatic carcinoid tumor is a malignant disease susceptible to chemotherapeutic approaches and continued investigation of the therapy of these neoplasms should be strongly encouraged.", "PMID": 93982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_913", "title": "Feasibility and efficacy of 5-azacytidine used early in the therapy of adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: an ECOG pilot study.", "content": "Ten of 19 adult patients (53%) with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia achieved a complete remission (CR) after receiving combination therapy with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside. The early administration of 5-azacytidine to treatment failures did not enhance the CR rate. Patients gaining CR received six monthly cycles of single-agent chemotherapy (5-azacytidine, daunorubicin, and cytosine arabinoside) sequentially as consolidation therapy over the next 7 months and no subsequent maintenance therapy. The median duration of CR is 10 months which is similar to previous studies. The early administration of 4-azacytidine did not increase the duration of remission, but was not associated with significant toxicity.", "contents": "Feasibility and efficacy of 5-azacytidine used early in the therapy of adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: an ECOG pilot study. Ten of 19 adult patients (53%) with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia achieved a complete remission (CR) after receiving combination therapy with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside. The early administration of 5-azacytidine to treatment failures did not enhance the CR rate. Patients gaining CR received six monthly cycles of single-agent chemotherapy (5-azacytidine, daunorubicin, and cytosine arabinoside) sequentially as consolidation therapy over the next 7 months and no subsequent maintenance therapy. The median duration of CR is 10 months which is similar to previous studies. The early administration of 4-azacytidine did not increase the duration of remission, but was not associated with significant toxicity.", "PMID": 93983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_914", "title": "Prolonged disease-free survival in MOPP-resistant Hodgkin's disease after treatment with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD).", "content": "Twenty-one patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease resistant to MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone) were treated with ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine). ABVD induced complete remission in 13 patients (62%) and partial remission in 2 (9.5%). In particular, complete response to ABVD was obtained in 7 of 13 patients who failed to respond to primary MOPP chemotherapy. After six cycles, no further therapy was given to patients in complete remission. At 36 months from starting ABVD, 69.7% of complete responders remain alive and free of disease, with a total survival of 73.4%. In contrast, none of the patients in whom partial response or nonresponse was observed was alive at 18 months. ABVD for six cycles was accompanied by mild and reversible toxicity. The results indicate that there is no cross-resistance between MOPP and ABVD. ABVD appears a simple effective, and tolerable multiple-drug chemotherapy for use in patients who are resistant to MOPP.", "contents": "Prolonged disease-free survival in MOPP-resistant Hodgkin's disease after treatment with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD). Twenty-one patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease resistant to MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone) were treated with ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine). ABVD induced complete remission in 13 patients (62%) and partial remission in 2 (9.5%). In particular, complete response to ABVD was obtained in 7 of 13 patients who failed to respond to primary MOPP chemotherapy. After six cycles, no further therapy was given to patients in complete remission. At 36 months from starting ABVD, 69.7% of complete responders remain alive and free of disease, with a total survival of 73.4%. In contrast, none of the patients in whom partial response or nonresponse was observed was alive at 18 months. ABVD for six cycles was accompanied by mild and reversible toxicity. The results indicate that there is no cross-resistance between MOPP and ABVD. ABVD appears a simple effective, and tolerable multiple-drug chemotherapy for use in patients who are resistant to MOPP.", "PMID": 93984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_915", "title": "Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for anticancer drugs.", "content": "The rationale and history of the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are briefly reviewed in this paper. The methods of model construction and the previous application of this type of model to anticancer drugs are discussed. Future research should be focused on the following areas: (1) interspecies scaling, (2) the effects of disease states on the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs, and (3) the applications of pharmocokinetics to the studies of growth behavior of cancer cells. The ultimate goal will be to utilize this basic information to design an optimal dosage regimen and treatment schedule for the safe and effective cancer chemotherapy of each individual patient.", "contents": "Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for anticancer drugs. The rationale and history of the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are briefly reviewed in this paper. The methods of model construction and the previous application of this type of model to anticancer drugs are discussed. Future research should be focused on the following areas: (1) interspecies scaling, (2) the effects of disease states on the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs, and (3) the applications of pharmocokinetics to the studies of growth behavior of cancer cells. The ultimate goal will be to utilize this basic information to design an optimal dosage regimen and treatment schedule for the safe and effective cancer chemotherapy of each individual patient.", "PMID": 93986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_916", "title": "Liposome-incorporated enzymes: studies on amylase.", "content": "Alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) from hog pancreas was incorporated into artificial phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine liposomes. To kinetically follow the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of amylose the liposome-bound amylase was incubated in a medium containing amylose-iodine substrate. The reaction was studied at different concentrations of amylose and at different ionic strengths. Activation of amylase incorporated into liposomes by chloride ions varies with the type of phospholipid utilized to prepare the liposomes. Whe amylase bound to negative charged liposomes was used, a sigmoidal relationship between the reaction velocity and substrate concentration was found. Incorporation into liposomes protects amylase from heat inactivation.", "contents": "Liposome-incorporated enzymes: studies on amylase. Alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) from hog pancreas was incorporated into artificial phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine liposomes. To kinetically follow the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of amylose the liposome-bound amylase was incubated in a medium containing amylose-iodine substrate. The reaction was studied at different concentrations of amylose and at different ionic strengths. Activation of amylase incorporated into liposomes by chloride ions varies with the type of phospholipid utilized to prepare the liposomes. Whe amylase bound to negative charged liposomes was used, a sigmoidal relationship between the reaction velocity and substrate concentration was found. Incorporation into liposomes protects amylase from heat inactivation.", "PMID": 93989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_917", "title": "Determination of renal clearances of amylase/creatinine with chromogenic and enzymatic methods.", "content": "Urinary amylase was estimated by chromogenic (amylochrome Roche) as well as enzymatic methods (SKI and Beckman: substrate starch and substrate maltotetraose respectively). Random and timed urines (24 hour collections) were analysed. Clearances of amylase gave different results dependent upon the amylase-test used and the glomerular filtration rate. Correlation between chromogenic and enzymatic methods (starch as substrate) was poor. The ratio of amylase and creatinine clearance was used to test different methods. Reference values for this ratio for the amylochrome method (N = 106) were 2.85 +/- 0.99% and for the Beckman-DS method (N = 60) 2.82 +/- 0.87%.", "contents": "Determination of renal clearances of amylase/creatinine with chromogenic and enzymatic methods. Urinary amylase was estimated by chromogenic (amylochrome Roche) as well as enzymatic methods (SKI and Beckman: substrate starch and substrate maltotetraose respectively). Random and timed urines (24 hour collections) were analysed. Clearances of amylase gave different results dependent upon the amylase-test used and the glomerular filtration rate. Correlation between chromogenic and enzymatic methods (starch as substrate) was poor. The ratio of amylase and creatinine clearance was used to test different methods. Reference values for this ratio for the amylochrome method (N = 106) were 2.85 +/- 0.99% and for the Beckman-DS method (N = 60) 2.82 +/- 0.87%.", "PMID": 93990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_918", "title": "Precocious puberty associated with primary hypothyroidism in a mongol girl.", "content": "A mongol child suffereing from hypothyroidism who presented with precocious puberty is described. A presumptive diagnosis of idiopathic precocious puberty was first made and she was treated initially with medroxyprogesterone acetate, and later, with cyproterone acetate. The diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism was made late because of misleading results of protein bound iodine estimations. Subsequently, thyroid medication resulted in a prompt return to the normal range of the previously elevated levels of plasma gonadotrophins, thyroid stimulating hormone and plasma and urinary oestrogens, but the serum prolactin remained elevated for several months after therapy was begun.", "contents": "Precocious puberty associated with primary hypothyroidism in a mongol girl. A mongol child suffereing from hypothyroidism who presented with precocious puberty is described. A presumptive diagnosis of idiopathic precocious puberty was first made and she was treated initially with medroxyprogesterone acetate, and later, with cyproterone acetate. The diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism was made late because of misleading results of protein bound iodine estimations. Subsequently, thyroid medication resulted in a prompt return to the normal range of the previously elevated levels of plasma gonadotrophins, thyroid stimulating hormone and plasma and urinary oestrogens, but the serum prolactin remained elevated for several months after therapy was begun.", "PMID": 93994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_919", "title": "Smooth muscle autoantibodies and autoantigens.", "content": "Smooth muscle autoantibody (SMA) was first found in the sera of patients with chronic active hepatitis and subsequently in the sera of patients with other autoimmune liver diseases, viral infections, certain cancers, heroin addicts and female infertility. SMA from patients with chronic active hepatitis reacts with many muscle and 'non-muscle' tissues while SMA from patients with other diseases usually reacts only with smooth muscle. These differences in immunofluorescent staining reactions suggest that SMA is a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies reactive with different smooth muscle autoantigens. As further evidence for this are findings that broad-reacting SMA can be absorbed out by actin, whereas autoantibodies reactive only with smooth muscle cannot, and that different SMAs give different immunofluorescent staining patterns using fibroblasts in tissue culture. Such staining patterns correspond to reactivity with either microfilaments, microtubules or intermediate filaments, ubiquitous cytoplasmic structures which make up the 'cytoskeleton'. Autoantibodies to actin-like microfilaments appear specific for chronic active hepatitis, autoantibodies to microtubules occur in infectious mononucleosis whereas autoantibodies to intermediate filaments occur in infectious hepatitis, chickenpox, measles and mumps. Predictably, future studies will show that presence of SMA with specificities for other proteins in the three types of cytoplasmic filaments, and given more information on antigenicity of the proteins and pathogenicity of the corresponding autoantibodies.", "contents": "Smooth muscle autoantibodies and autoantigens. Smooth muscle autoantibody (SMA) was first found in the sera of patients with chronic active hepatitis and subsequently in the sera of patients with other autoimmune liver diseases, viral infections, certain cancers, heroin addicts and female infertility. SMA from patients with chronic active hepatitis reacts with many muscle and 'non-muscle' tissues while SMA from patients with other diseases usually reacts only with smooth muscle. These differences in immunofluorescent staining reactions suggest that SMA is a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies reactive with different smooth muscle autoantigens. As further evidence for this are findings that broad-reacting SMA can be absorbed out by actin, whereas autoantibodies reactive only with smooth muscle cannot, and that different SMAs give different immunofluorescent staining patterns using fibroblasts in tissue culture. Such staining patterns correspond to reactivity with either microfilaments, microtubules or intermediate filaments, ubiquitous cytoplasmic structures which make up the 'cytoskeleton'. Autoantibodies to actin-like microfilaments appear specific for chronic active hepatitis, autoantibodies to microtubules occur in infectious mononucleosis whereas autoantibodies to intermediate filaments occur in infectious hepatitis, chickenpox, measles and mumps. Predictably, future studies will show that presence of SMA with specificities for other proteins in the three types of cytoplasmic filaments, and given more information on antigenicity of the proteins and pathogenicity of the corresponding autoantibodies.", "PMID": 93995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_920", "title": "Common enterobacterial antigen and ONPG test in the taxonomy of the genus Yersinia.", "content": "The detection of the common enterobacterial antigen (Kunin) in strains of Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterotocolitica has brought an additional reason for separating them from the Pasteurella and for their inclusion in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Yersinia that give a positive ONPG test lack true beta-galactoridase, except when they harbour a lactose plasmid.", "contents": "Common enterobacterial antigen and ONPG test in the taxonomy of the genus Yersinia. The detection of the common enterobacterial antigen (Kunin) in strains of Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterotocolitica has brought an additional reason for separating them from the Pasteurella and for their inclusion in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Yersinia that give a positive ONPG test lack true beta-galactoridase, except when they harbour a lactose plasmid.", "PMID": 94001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_921", "title": "Differentiation of antibodies against Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was found to be from ten to hundred-fold more sensitive than commonly used tube agglutination text. The ELISA using both direct and indirect inhibition assays revealed antigenic differences between Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica O-group V (serotype 9), which are undetected by commonly used serological routine tests. The results point to the possibility that the ELISA assay can be used as a serological method for differentiation between antibodies against different Brucella species and Y. enterocolitica O-group V.", "contents": "Differentiation of antibodies against Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was found to be from ten to hundred-fold more sensitive than commonly used tube agglutination text. The ELISA using both direct and indirect inhibition assays revealed antigenic differences between Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica O-group V (serotype 9), which are undetected by commonly used serological routine tests. The results point to the possibility that the ELISA assay can be used as a serological method for differentiation between antibodies against different Brucella species and Y. enterocolitica O-group V.", "PMID": 94003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_922", "title": "Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in Chinese hamster chromosomes as visualized by Coomasie brilliant blue.", "content": "Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) of Chinese hamster chromosomes have been demonstrated by using a Coomasie brilliant blue dye (CBB) method. The staining procedure involved is simple and the results are reproducible. The staining process is easily controllable because over-staining of the chromosomes seldom occurs. The CBB solution is stable (pH 3) and can be used for many days at room temperature. Contrary to the silver technique, the stained material in the NORs is resistant to acid extraction. Since it is sensitive to trypsin treatment, it is suggested that the CBB stained material is protein in nature.", "contents": "Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in Chinese hamster chromosomes as visualized by Coomasie brilliant blue. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) of Chinese hamster chromosomes have been demonstrated by using a Coomasie brilliant blue dye (CBB) method. The staining procedure involved is simple and the results are reproducible. The staining process is easily controllable because over-staining of the chromosomes seldom occurs. The CBB solution is stable (pH 3) and can be used for many days at room temperature. Contrary to the silver technique, the stained material in the NORs is resistant to acid extraction. Since it is sensitive to trypsin treatment, it is suggested that the CBB stained material is protein in nature.", "PMID": 94005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_923", "title": "Hormone-responsive genes of the mouse mammary tumor virus.", "content": "By optimal hormonal treatment the production of exogenously transmitted MMTV can be stimulated in vitro to different degrees, depending on cultivation conditions and origin of tumor cells. Moreover, after appropriate hormonal treatment, endogenous MMTV-Y can be rescued from primary cell cultures derived from dimethyl benzanthracene- and hormone-induced C57BL/10 mouse mammary adenocarcinoma, as determined by reverse transcriptase assay, distribution of 3H-uridine-labelled viral particles, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. On the contrary, all attempts to rescue MMTV-Y from cultures derived from urethane-induced C57BL/10 tumors failed. These data indicate that upon syncarcinogenic action of non-viral carcinogenes, estrogen and prolactin, the MMTV-Y genome can be expressed in mammary gland parenchymatous cells, which in turn may result in cell transformation. The full MMTV-Y gene expression occur after appropriate hormonal stimulation of the C57BL/10 mammary cancer cells in vitro.", "contents": "Hormone-responsive genes of the mouse mammary tumor virus. By optimal hormonal treatment the production of exogenously transmitted MMTV can be stimulated in vitro to different degrees, depending on cultivation conditions and origin of tumor cells. Moreover, after appropriate hormonal treatment, endogenous MMTV-Y can be rescued from primary cell cultures derived from dimethyl benzanthracene- and hormone-induced C57BL/10 mouse mammary adenocarcinoma, as determined by reverse transcriptase assay, distribution of 3H-uridine-labelled viral particles, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. On the contrary, all attempts to rescue MMTV-Y from cultures derived from urethane-induced C57BL/10 tumors failed. These data indicate that upon syncarcinogenic action of non-viral carcinogenes, estrogen and prolactin, the MMTV-Y genome can be expressed in mammary gland parenchymatous cells, which in turn may result in cell transformation. The full MMTV-Y gene expression occur after appropriate hormonal stimulation of the C57BL/10 mammary cancer cells in vitro.", "PMID": 94006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_924", "title": "Photocoagulation treatment in diabetic retinopathy: a two-year pre- and five-year post-treatment study.", "content": "A randomized controlled study covering a two-year pre-treatment and a five-year post-treatment period was performed in 42 patients with diabetic retinopathy given photocoagulation treatment in one eye. Patients with progressive diabetic retinopathy of equal intensity in both eyes were selected from a single diabetes department. The course of diabetic retinopathy was assessed by ophthalmoscopy and composite fundus photographs as well as fluorescence angiography. In the first two-year post-treatment period non-proliferative retinopathy improved in the coagulated eyes and also, albeit to a lower degree, in the control eyes. In the next three years the treated eyes showed further improvement or stabilization, whereas the control eyes showed either stabilization or deterioration of the retinopathy. The most favourable results were obtained in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, which regressed in the majority of the eyes, the other eyes remaining stable or progressing only very slightly, in contrast with the control eyes, in the great majority of which proliferative diabetic retinopathy developed or progressed.", "contents": "Photocoagulation treatment in diabetic retinopathy: a two-year pre- and five-year post-treatment study. A randomized controlled study covering a two-year pre-treatment and a five-year post-treatment period was performed in 42 patients with diabetic retinopathy given photocoagulation treatment in one eye. Patients with progressive diabetic retinopathy of equal intensity in both eyes were selected from a single diabetes department. The course of diabetic retinopathy was assessed by ophthalmoscopy and composite fundus photographs as well as fluorescence angiography. In the first two-year post-treatment period non-proliferative retinopathy improved in the coagulated eyes and also, albeit to a lower degree, in the control eyes. In the next three years the treated eyes showed further improvement or stabilization, whereas the control eyes showed either stabilization or deterioration of the retinopathy. The most favourable results were obtained in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, which regressed in the majority of the eyes, the other eyes remaining stable or progressing only very slightly, in contrast with the control eyes, in the great majority of which proliferative diabetic retinopathy developed or progressed.", "PMID": 94008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_925", "title": "A developmental model for studying choline acetyltransferase transport in chick motoneurons.", "content": "The proximodistal axonal transport of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) has been studied in the chick sciatic nerve in the absence of any experimental manipulation. The phenomenon utilized by us is a physiological transient fall in the activity of ChAc. This fall occurs in most areas of the chick central nervous system after hatching, and moves toward the periphery along the nerves. Having ruled out the presence of transient inhibitors, the movement of the fall towards skeletal muscles has been considered to correspond to the proximodistal transport of ChAc. The calculated average velocity is 7.86 mm/day, corresponding to the slow rate of transport. Nevertheless, the kinematics study suggests that the velocity varies along the nerve from a state of rest to an intermediate rate of transport (16 mm/day). The possible influence of variations in the resistance of the conductor on these changes in velocity is discussed.", "contents": "A developmental model for studying choline acetyltransferase transport in chick motoneurons. The proximodistal axonal transport of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) has been studied in the chick sciatic nerve in the absence of any experimental manipulation. The phenomenon utilized by us is a physiological transient fall in the activity of ChAc. This fall occurs in most areas of the chick central nervous system after hatching, and moves toward the periphery along the nerves. Having ruled out the presence of transient inhibitors, the movement of the fall towards skeletal muscles has been considered to correspond to the proximodistal transport of ChAc. The calculated average velocity is 7.86 mm/day, corresponding to the slow rate of transport. Nevertheless, the kinematics study suggests that the velocity varies along the nerve from a state of rest to an intermediate rate of transport (16 mm/day). The possible influence of variations in the resistance of the conductor on these changes in velocity is discussed.", "PMID": 94010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_926", "title": "Renin-activation by kallikrein: evidence for alkaline-activation of plasma renin.", "content": "Porcine pancreatic kallikrein leads to a significant activation of human plasma renin when incubated at pH 8.2. 'Endogenous' activation of plasma renin can be seen by incubation of plasmas at the same pH. Both 'endogenous' alkaline- and kallikrein-activation of plasma renin can be inhibited by aprotinin. Both, kallikrein- and 'endogenous' alkaline activation of plasma renin are significantly correlated to cryo- and acid-activation. We suggest that kallikrein-and 'endogenous' alkaline-activiation come close to the in vivo activation process.", "contents": "Renin-activation by kallikrein: evidence for alkaline-activation of plasma renin. Porcine pancreatic kallikrein leads to a significant activation of human plasma renin when incubated at pH 8.2. 'Endogenous' activation of plasma renin can be seen by incubation of plasmas at the same pH. Both 'endogenous' alkaline- and kallikrein-activation of plasma renin can be inhibited by aprotinin. Both, kallikrein- and 'endogenous' alkaline activation of plasma renin are significantly correlated to cryo- and acid-activation. We suggest that kallikrein-and 'endogenous' alkaline-activiation come close to the in vivo activation process.", "PMID": 94013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_927", "title": "Amylase/creatinine clearance ratio and tubular proteinuria in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Amylase/creatinine clearance ratio (CAm/CCr), urinary protein concentration and urinary protein pattern were studied in 102 samples from 27 patients with acute pancreatitis and in 46 controls. Raised CAm/CCr, proteinuria and a tubular protein pattern were present in 74, 56 and 96% of the patients, respectively. However, CAm/CCr and proteinuria and CAm/CCr and tubular protein pattern were not correlated. These results do not support the suggestion that an elevated CAm/CCr in acute pancreatitis is due to generalized tubular protein reabsorption failure presenting with tubular proteinuria.", "contents": "Amylase/creatinine clearance ratio and tubular proteinuria in acute pancreatitis. Amylase/creatinine clearance ratio (CAm/CCr), urinary protein concentration and urinary protein pattern were studied in 102 samples from 27 patients with acute pancreatitis and in 46 controls. Raised CAm/CCr, proteinuria and a tubular protein pattern were present in 74, 56 and 96% of the patients, respectively. However, CAm/CCr and proteinuria and CAm/CCr and tubular protein pattern were not correlated. These results do not support the suggestion that an elevated CAm/CCr in acute pancreatitis is due to generalized tubular protein reabsorption failure presenting with tubular proteinuria.", "PMID": 94020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_928", "title": "Diet composition and insulin effect on amylase to lipase ratio in pancreas of diabetic rats.", "content": "In man and in rat, the diabetic state is associated with diseases of exocrine pancreatic function. In this work, streptozotocin diabetes was shown to lead to a 95% decrease in the amylase to lipase ratio in rats. Diabetes was reversed by either pancreas transplantation or insulin treatment. Transplantation of neonatal pancreases was successful in reversing the diabetic-induced alterations of exocrine pancreatic function. To assess whether insulin acts directly on the exocrine pancreas, or through the enhancement of glucose utilization, animals were fed either a low-fat diet or a high-fat diet during insulin treatment; this latter diet is well known to impair insulin's effect on glucose metabolism. When diabetic rats were fed a low-fat diet, insulin treatment was able to correct the hyperketonemia and to reverse the amylase to lipase ratio to the prediabetes level. In contrast, the insulin treatment failed to restore the amylase to lipase ratio when the diabetic rats were fed the high-fat diet. Despite insulin treatment, the hyperketonemia worsened implying that glucose utilization remained low as would be expected on high-fat diet. The dependence of the insulin effect upon diet composition demonstrates that the rate of glucose metabolism is the primary factor in the regulation of amylase to lipase ratio.", "contents": "Diet composition and insulin effect on amylase to lipase ratio in pancreas of diabetic rats. In man and in rat, the diabetic state is associated with diseases of exocrine pancreatic function. In this work, streptozotocin diabetes was shown to lead to a 95% decrease in the amylase to lipase ratio in rats. Diabetes was reversed by either pancreas transplantation or insulin treatment. Transplantation of neonatal pancreases was successful in reversing the diabetic-induced alterations of exocrine pancreatic function. To assess whether insulin acts directly on the exocrine pancreas, or through the enhancement of glucose utilization, animals were fed either a low-fat diet or a high-fat diet during insulin treatment; this latter diet is well known to impair insulin's effect on glucose metabolism. When diabetic rats were fed a low-fat diet, insulin treatment was able to correct the hyperketonemia and to reverse the amylase to lipase ratio to the prediabetes level. In contrast, the insulin treatment failed to restore the amylase to lipase ratio when the diabetic rats were fed the high-fat diet. Despite insulin treatment, the hyperketonemia worsened implying that glucose utilization remained low as would be expected on high-fat diet. The dependence of the insulin effect upon diet composition demonstrates that the rate of glucose metabolism is the primary factor in the regulation of amylase to lipase ratio.", "PMID": 94021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_929", "title": "Common leukemia-associated antigen of DBA/2 mouse leukemia detected by tumor rejection and complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays.", "content": "A cytotoxic antibody for L1210 leukemia cells was found in the (C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1 (BDF1) mice immunized with L1210 leukemia cells infected with ts mutant of HVJ (HVJ-pi) and challenged several times with uninfected L1210 leukemia cells. These immune mice fell into two categories; high and low responders regarding the titer of cytotoxic antibody produced. The antigen defined by this cytotoxic antibody was present on leukemia cells originating in DBA/2 mice but not on leukemia induced by passage-A Gross virus or spontaneous mammary tumors. This serological cross-reactivity among L1210, P388, and L5178Y leukemia cells has been substantially confirmed by the observation of cross protection against challenge with DBA/2 leukemia cells in immune BDF1 mice. These findings strongly suggested the presence of a common DBA/2 leukemia-associated antigen different from known cell-surface antigens of murine leukemia. The results obtained in the present work also demonstrated the great efficacy of non-cytopathic, viable HVJ-pi-injected tumor cells as an immunogen for inducing tumor immunity.", "contents": "Common leukemia-associated antigen of DBA/2 mouse leukemia detected by tumor rejection and complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays. A cytotoxic antibody for L1210 leukemia cells was found in the (C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1 (BDF1) mice immunized with L1210 leukemia cells infected with ts mutant of HVJ (HVJ-pi) and challenged several times with uninfected L1210 leukemia cells. These immune mice fell into two categories; high and low responders regarding the titer of cytotoxic antibody produced. The antigen defined by this cytotoxic antibody was present on leukemia cells originating in DBA/2 mice but not on leukemia induced by passage-A Gross virus or spontaneous mammary tumors. This serological cross-reactivity among L1210, P388, and L5178Y leukemia cells has been substantially confirmed by the observation of cross protection against challenge with DBA/2 leukemia cells in immune BDF1 mice. These findings strongly suggested the presence of a common DBA/2 leukemia-associated antigen different from known cell-surface antigens of murine leukemia. The results obtained in the present work also demonstrated the great efficacy of non-cytopathic, viable HVJ-pi-injected tumor cells as an immunogen for inducing tumor immunity.", "PMID": 94022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_930", "title": "Genetic variation in amount of salivary amylase in the bank vole, Clethrionomys glareola.", "content": "Several investigated bank vole populations are polymorphis for the number of salivary amylase loci, and individual chromosomes may carry one, two or three linked amylase structural genes. In the present study, we have used bank vole stocks homozygous for different chromosomes to investigate the relationship between amylase production and gene number. By measuring the amylase activity in parotid glands and the percentage of amylase protein in saliva, we have been able to demonstrate that the amount of salivary amylase is directly proportional to the proposed gene number. The paper also describes the allele, AmySu, which codes for a heat-labile salivary amylase. The relative amounts of the heat-labile isozyme have been determined in different heterozygotes containing this allele, and these results also support the multiple locus model. Finally, a stock devoid of salivary amylase activity was established. Animals from this strain have, however, a protein in the parotid glands and in saliva that is very similar to amylase in molecular weight, amino acid composition and in its binding to glycogen and cyclohepta-amylose. In genetic crosses, the protein segregates as an amylase allele. Therefore, this protein, encoded by the functionally null allele AmyN, may represent an incorrectly processed amylase precursor.", "contents": "Genetic variation in amount of salivary amylase in the bank vole, Clethrionomys glareola. Several investigated bank vole populations are polymorphis for the number of salivary amylase loci, and individual chromosomes may carry one, two or three linked amylase structural genes. In the present study, we have used bank vole stocks homozygous for different chromosomes to investigate the relationship between amylase production and gene number. By measuring the amylase activity in parotid glands and the percentage of amylase protein in saliva, we have been able to demonstrate that the amount of salivary amylase is directly proportional to the proposed gene number. The paper also describes the allele, AmySu, which codes for a heat-labile salivary amylase. The relative amounts of the heat-labile isozyme have been determined in different heterozygotes containing this allele, and these results also support the multiple locus model. Finally, a stock devoid of salivary amylase activity was established. Animals from this strain have, however, a protein in the parotid glands and in saliva that is very similar to amylase in molecular weight, amino acid composition and in its binding to glycogen and cyclohepta-amylose. In genetic crosses, the protein segregates as an amylase allele. Therefore, this protein, encoded by the functionally null allele AmyN, may represent an incorrectly processed amylase precursor.", "PMID": 94023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_931", "title": "F cells in gynaecologic malignancy.", "content": "Red cells containing Hb F (F cells) were detected by immunofluorescence using a specific antiserum. In normal persons, the number of F cells was 2.5 +/- 1.1%. A significantly increased number of F cells was found in 65% of patients with cancer of the ovary, 69% of patients with cancer of the endometrium and in 22% of patients with cancer of the cervix. Highest values were obtained in cancer of the ovary and endometrium. There was no correlation between the number of F cells and stage of disease or degree of differentiation. It is postulated that in patients with malignant disease a humoral factor is produced which interferes with normal erythropoiesis resulting in a process of dedifferentiation.", "contents": "F cells in gynaecologic malignancy. Red cells containing Hb F (F cells) were detected by immunofluorescence using a specific antiserum. In normal persons, the number of F cells was 2.5 +/- 1.1%. A significantly increased number of F cells was found in 65% of patients with cancer of the ovary, 69% of patients with cancer of the endometrium and in 22% of patients with cancer of the cervix. Highest values were obtained in cancer of the ovary and endometrium. There was no correlation between the number of F cells and stage of disease or degree of differentiation. It is postulated that in patients with malignant disease a humoral factor is produced which interferes with normal erythropoiesis resulting in a process of dedifferentiation.", "PMID": 94026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_932", "title": "Some histochemical aspects of keratinization of oral, esophageal and gastric membrane of the albino rat.", "content": "Using histochemical methods a comparative study was carried out, to identify important substances at the keratinization metabolism. With the results obtained, we may conclude that: a) in the four layers of all regions studied, it was possible to detect the presence of the characteristic active radicals of the amino acids cysteine, cystine and arginine, mainly in the corneus layer; b) the presence of -SH radicals of cysteine in the keratohyalin granules was evident in all regions studied.", "contents": "Some histochemical aspects of keratinization of oral, esophageal and gastric membrane of the albino rat. Using histochemical methods a comparative study was carried out, to identify important substances at the keratinization metabolism. With the results obtained, we may conclude that: a) in the four layers of all regions studied, it was possible to detect the presence of the characteristic active radicals of the amino acids cysteine, cystine and arginine, mainly in the corneus layer; b) the presence of -SH radicals of cysteine in the keratohyalin granules was evident in all regions studied.", "PMID": 94029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_933", "title": "Investigation of the chemiluminescence associated with phagocytic and intracellular killing activity of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes.", "content": "The chemiluminescence associated with phagocytic and intracellular killing activity of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes was investigated. A significant, opsonization-dependent increase in photon emission of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes was observed induced by engulfment of opsonized, heat-killed and living fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), aggregated gamma globulin, latex and India ink particles. Mononuclear cells displayed only minimal enhancement of photon emission after incubation of various particles. It is suggested that the method can be used in clinical practice as a test of phagocytotic and intracellular killing function.", "contents": "Investigation of the chemiluminescence associated with phagocytic and intracellular killing activity of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes. The chemiluminescence associated with phagocytic and intracellular killing activity of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes was investigated. A significant, opsonization-dependent increase in photon emission of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes was observed induced by engulfment of opsonized, heat-killed and living fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), aggregated gamma globulin, latex and India ink particles. Mononuclear cells displayed only minimal enhancement of photon emission after incubation of various particles. It is suggested that the method can be used in clinical practice as a test of phagocytotic and intracellular killing function.", "PMID": 94028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_934", "title": "Nucleolar organizers in human oocytes at meiotic prophase I, studied by the silver-NOR method and electron microscopy.", "content": "Use of the silver-NOR method to study the nucleolar organizers in human oocytes demonstrates that topographic and quantitative variations occur during meiotic prophase. In the oogonia nucleolus the nucleolar organizers are dispersed, whereas beginning at leptotene and throughout the remaining stages of meiotic prophase they occupy a marginal position in the nucleolus. At leptotene, a modal number of seven nucleolar organizers can be observed, whereas this number falls to 2.5 at pachytene and rises to ten at diplotene, thus showing that there is intense rRNA synthesis during the latter stage of meiosis. During pachytene, one end of the bivalents containing the ribosomal cistrons is always associated with the Ag-positive zone of the nucleolus. Observation of pachytene in the electron microscope shows that the secondary constriction region of D and G bivalents is constantly associated with the fibrillar center of the nucleolus. Comparison of these two methods of investigation reveals that the silver-stained regions of the nucleolus correspond to the fibrillar centers. The latter are surrounded by a layer of electron-dense fibrils corresponding to the zone of rDNA transcription. This electron-dense layer is absent during pachytene when the nucleolus displays spontaneous segregation of its components; this absence is related to temporary arrest of rDNA transcription. The affinity of the fibrillar centers for silver-NOR staining confirms that these structures contain ribosomal cistrons. During the diplotene stage, numerous micronucleoli are formed outside the nucleolar organizers of D and G chromosomes. Most of these micronucleoli present an Ag-positive granule on one of their margins, thus indicating that they contain an actively transcribed sequence of rDNA. This observation confirms the existence of amplification of ribosomal genes in the human oocyte.", "contents": "Nucleolar organizers in human oocytes at meiotic prophase I, studied by the silver-NOR method and electron microscopy. Use of the silver-NOR method to study the nucleolar organizers in human oocytes demonstrates that topographic and quantitative variations occur during meiotic prophase. In the oogonia nucleolus the nucleolar organizers are dispersed, whereas beginning at leptotene and throughout the remaining stages of meiotic prophase they occupy a marginal position in the nucleolus. At leptotene, a modal number of seven nucleolar organizers can be observed, whereas this number falls to 2.5 at pachytene and rises to ten at diplotene, thus showing that there is intense rRNA synthesis during the latter stage of meiosis. During pachytene, one end of the bivalents containing the ribosomal cistrons is always associated with the Ag-positive zone of the nucleolus. Observation of pachytene in the electron microscope shows that the secondary constriction region of D and G bivalents is constantly associated with the fibrillar center of the nucleolus. Comparison of these two methods of investigation reveals that the silver-stained regions of the nucleolus correspond to the fibrillar centers. The latter are surrounded by a layer of electron-dense fibrils corresponding to the zone of rDNA transcription. This electron-dense layer is absent during pachytene when the nucleolus displays spontaneous segregation of its components; this absence is related to temporary arrest of rDNA transcription. The affinity of the fibrillar centers for silver-NOR staining confirms that these structures contain ribosomal cistrons. During the diplotene stage, numerous micronucleoli are formed outside the nucleolar organizers of D and G chromosomes. Most of these micronucleoli present an Ag-positive granule on one of their margins, thus indicating that they contain an actively transcribed sequence of rDNA. This observation confirms the existence of amplification of ribosomal genes in the human oocyte.", "PMID": 94032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_935", "title": "Normal and benign human prostatic epithelium in culture. I. Isolation.", "content": "Isolation of normal human glandular epithelia and their growth and maintenance in vitro have been major problems. The primary objective of studies presented here was to isolate postpubertal, normal human, viable prostatic epithelium for in vitro cultivation. The long-term objective of these investigations was to develop an in vitro human cell model system for studies on prostatic carcinogenesis. A method for isolation of viable, normal and benign human prostatic epithelium, using collagenase for tissue dissociation, is described. Intact acini were isolated, which, on plating gave rise to vigorously growing monolayer cultures of epithelial cells. The purity of epithelial cultures partly depended upon the source of tissue. Specimens of normal prostate and those of benign tissue derived from open prostatectomies provided primarily pure epithelial cultures with occasional fibroblast colonies in some cultures, which could be removed. Cultures from some specimens of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) contained many fibroblast colonies due to incomplete separation of acini from the stroma. This resulted from incomplete digestion of denatured tissue caused by electrocauterization during surgery. Cultures established in this manner are being used to study the effects of hormones, vitamins and other growth regulators in order to establish growth requirements of these cells in vitro, which would facilitate their long-term maintenance.", "contents": "Normal and benign human prostatic epithelium in culture. I. Isolation. Isolation of normal human glandular epithelia and their growth and maintenance in vitro have been major problems. The primary objective of studies presented here was to isolate postpubertal, normal human, viable prostatic epithelium for in vitro cultivation. The long-term objective of these investigations was to develop an in vitro human cell model system for studies on prostatic carcinogenesis. A method for isolation of viable, normal and benign human prostatic epithelium, using collagenase for tissue dissociation, is described. Intact acini were isolated, which, on plating gave rise to vigorously growing monolayer cultures of epithelial cells. The purity of epithelial cultures partly depended upon the source of tissue. Specimens of normal prostate and those of benign tissue derived from open prostatectomies provided primarily pure epithelial cultures with occasional fibroblast colonies in some cultures, which could be removed. Cultures from some specimens of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) contained many fibroblast colonies due to incomplete separation of acini from the stroma. This resulted from incomplete digestion of denatured tissue caused by electrocauterization during surgery. Cultures established in this manner are being used to study the effects of hormones, vitamins and other growth regulators in order to establish growth requirements of these cells in vitro, which would facilitate their long-term maintenance.", "PMID": 94033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_936", "title": "A serum-free medium for the growth of muscle cells in culture.", "content": "Rates of cell proliferation essentially equal to those in 10% serum were obtained when Yaffe's L6 myoblasts were incubated in Ham's F-12 medium containing 10(-5) M fetuin, 10(-6) M insulin, and 10(-7) M dexamethasone; we have designated this mixture muscle medium-1 (MM-1). Addition of other growth factors and hormones in various combinations did not increase the proliferation of myoblasts above the rate in MM-1, and neither fetuin nor insulin could be replaced by other growth factors. All glucocorticoids tested (but no other steroid hormones) were active. Fetuins prepared by the rather different procedures of Pedersen, Deutsch, and Spiro were all active, and the active material was heat labile and nondialyzable; this is the first cell culture system in which highly purified Spiro fetuin has been found active. Primary rat myoblasts proliferated more rapidly that fibroblasts in parallel cultures when incubated in MM-1. This simple medium, composed of relatively inexpensive and readily available components, should be useful for the study of muscle cell growth and differentiation.", "contents": "A serum-free medium for the growth of muscle cells in culture. Rates of cell proliferation essentially equal to those in 10% serum were obtained when Yaffe's L6 myoblasts were incubated in Ham's F-12 medium containing 10(-5) M fetuin, 10(-6) M insulin, and 10(-7) M dexamethasone; we have designated this mixture muscle medium-1 (MM-1). Addition of other growth factors and hormones in various combinations did not increase the proliferation of myoblasts above the rate in MM-1, and neither fetuin nor insulin could be replaced by other growth factors. All glucocorticoids tested (but no other steroid hormones) were active. Fetuins prepared by the rather different procedures of Pedersen, Deutsch, and Spiro were all active, and the active material was heat labile and nondialyzable; this is the first cell culture system in which highly purified Spiro fetuin has been found active. Primary rat myoblasts proliferated more rapidly that fibroblasts in parallel cultures when incubated in MM-1. This simple medium, composed of relatively inexpensive and readily available components, should be useful for the study of muscle cell growth and differentiation.", "PMID": 94034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_937", "title": "A human breast tumor cell line (BT-474) that supports mouse mammary tumor virus replication.", "content": "A human breast tumor cell line BT-474 derived from an invasive ductal carcinoma was experimentally infected in vitro with a mouse mammary tumor virus from the TIII strain (RIII-MuMTV). The virus that replicated in the human cells was characterized as a mouse virus by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and the presence of a specific RNA-directed DNA polymerase. The cells themselves were human as per the karyotype and isoenzyme migration patterns. It is concluded that human cells are susceptible to the mouse mammary tumor virus and can, eventually, support its replication.", "contents": "A human breast tumor cell line (BT-474) that supports mouse mammary tumor virus replication. A human breast tumor cell line BT-474 derived from an invasive ductal carcinoma was experimentally infected in vitro with a mouse mammary tumor virus from the TIII strain (RIII-MuMTV). The virus that replicated in the human cells was characterized as a mouse virus by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and the presence of a specific RNA-directed DNA polymerase. The cells themselves were human as per the karyotype and isoenzyme migration patterns. It is concluded that human cells are susceptible to the mouse mammary tumor virus and can, eventually, support its replication.", "PMID": 94035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_938", "title": "Alien H-2 allospecificities in murine chemically-induced tumors.", "content": "Sera from C3H/HeHa mice immunized with syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma react with allogeneic thymus, lymphoma and leukemia cells. The presence on leukemia and lymphoma cells of H-2 specificities expressed on normal cells of other H-2 haplotypes from the one in which the tumor originates is described. It was observed that the reaction of antisera to H-2 specificities with lymphoma cells was blocked by anti-MCA sarcoma sera. The cross-reactivity between MC sarcomas, thymus, leukemia and lymphoma cells is considered to be due to antibodies against these \"alien\" allospecificities.", "contents": "Alien H-2 allospecificities in murine chemically-induced tumors. Sera from C3H/HeHa mice immunized with syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma react with allogeneic thymus, lymphoma and leukemia cells. The presence on leukemia and lymphoma cells of H-2 specificities expressed on normal cells of other H-2 haplotypes from the one in which the tumor originates is described. It was observed that the reaction of antisera to H-2 specificities with lymphoma cells was blocked by anti-MCA sarcoma sera. The cross-reactivity between MC sarcomas, thymus, leukemia and lymphoma cells is considered to be due to antibodies against these \"alien\" allospecificities.", "PMID": 94037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_939", "title": "Characterization of turkey myelin basic protein isolated by a simple procedure.", "content": "Highly purified basic proteins have been isolated from bovine and turkey brains by a novel method employing acid-acetone extraction. The final product gave a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.3 and in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Both proteins have arginine at the COOH-terminus while the NH2-terminal residue cannot be detected and is probably blocked. A higher ratio of histidine to lysine and a greater proportion of serine and valine was found for the turkey compared with the bovine protein. Both proteins contain one tryptophan and two methionine residues. However, it was found from cyanogen bromide treatment that there is a marked difference in the location of one of the methionine residues, while the tryptophan-containing peptides liberated after trypsin digestion have different mobilities on peptide maps. When dissolved in water these proteins give a typical random coil curve from circular dichroism (CD), whereas in 80% methyl alcohol they assume a 25% alpha-helix.", "contents": "Characterization of turkey myelin basic protein isolated by a simple procedure. Highly purified basic proteins have been isolated from bovine and turkey brains by a novel method employing acid-acetone extraction. The final product gave a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.3 and in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Both proteins have arginine at the COOH-terminus while the NH2-terminal residue cannot be detected and is probably blocked. A higher ratio of histidine to lysine and a greater proportion of serine and valine was found for the turkey compared with the bovine protein. Both proteins contain one tryptophan and two methionine residues. However, it was found from cyanogen bromide treatment that there is a marked difference in the location of one of the methionine residues, while the tryptophan-containing peptides liberated after trypsin digestion have different mobilities on peptide maps. When dissolved in water these proteins give a typical random coil curve from circular dichroism (CD), whereas in 80% methyl alcohol they assume a 25% alpha-helix.", "PMID": 94040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_940", "title": "Detection of herpesvirus type-specific antibody by a micro solid phase radioimmunometric assay.", "content": "A micro solid phase radioimmunometric assay has been developed which measures type-specific antibody in human sera to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). The test is performed by coating wells of microtiter plates with purified HSV-specified glycoproteins, VP123 and VP119, derived from HSV-1- and HSV-2-infected cells, respectively. The coated wells are then incubated with diluted unadsorbed sera and subsequently with radioiodinated goat anti-human IgG reagent. Because these major viral envelope glycoproteins contain type-specific antigenic determinants, type-specific antibodies are preferentially detected in our assay.", "contents": "Detection of herpesvirus type-specific antibody by a micro solid phase radioimmunometric assay. A micro solid phase radioimmunometric assay has been developed which measures type-specific antibody in human sera to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). The test is performed by coating wells of microtiter plates with purified HSV-specified glycoproteins, VP123 and VP119, derived from HSV-1- and HSV-2-infected cells, respectively. The coated wells are then incubated with diluted unadsorbed sera and subsequently with radioiodinated goat anti-human IgG reagent. Because these major viral envelope glycoproteins contain type-specific antigenic determinants, type-specific antibodies are preferentially detected in our assay.", "PMID": 94044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_941", "title": "Adrenal ablation.", "content": "Of 135 patients who had bilateral adrenalectomies for metastatic breast cancer, 110 could be evaluated and 63 patients (57.3%) responded (43 objective, 20 subjective responders). Patients aged 31 to 45 years had a 56% response rate; 58% of patients aged 46 to 70 responded. Oophorectomy responders benefited from adrenalectomy 62% of the time and oophorectomy failures reponded in 38% of the cases. Patients with a disease-free interval of zero to 2.5 years responded to adrenalectomy at a rate of 46%, whereas patients with a free interval greater than 2.5 years responded at a rate of 73%. The median survival rate of 63 adrenalectomy responders was 28 months; it was ten months for 47 nonresponders.", "contents": "Adrenal ablation. Of 135 patients who had bilateral adrenalectomies for metastatic breast cancer, 110 could be evaluated and 63 patients (57.3%) responded (43 objective, 20 subjective responders). Patients aged 31 to 45 years had a 56% response rate; 58% of patients aged 46 to 70 responded. Oophorectomy responders benefited from adrenalectomy 62% of the time and oophorectomy failures reponded in 38% of the cases. Patients with a disease-free interval of zero to 2.5 years responded to adrenalectomy at a rate of 46%, whereas patients with a free interval greater than 2.5 years responded at a rate of 73%. The median survival rate of 63 adrenalectomy responders was 28 months; it was ten months for 47 nonresponders.", "PMID": 94043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_942", "title": "Ultrastructure of Legionella pneumophila.", "content": "Eleven lung samples positive for Legionnaires' disease, 12 strains of Legionella pneumophila cultured on various bacteriological media, and one strain growth in the yolk sac of fertile hens' eggs were examined by negative staining, thin sectioning, and scanning electron microscopy. All organisms studied were ultrastructurally similar irrespective of strain, source, or method of cultivation, presenting mainly as short rods, 0.6 x 1.5 micrometer, with tapered ends, though long forms and filaments were also evident. In this they resembled typical Gram-negative organisms. Division was by non-septate binary fission, and the cell wall was composed of two triple-unit membranes with morphological evidence of a peptidoglycan layer. The bacterial cytoplasm was rich in ribosomes and nuclear elements and often contained vacuoles. No acid polysaccharides or bacterial appendages were detected surrounding the organisms. In lung tissue and yolk sac membranes, the organisms replicated within the cytoplasm of infected cells and in the intercellular spaces and were specifically identified in thin sections by immunoferritin techniques.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Legionella pneumophila. Eleven lung samples positive for Legionnaires' disease, 12 strains of Legionella pneumophila cultured on various bacteriological media, and one strain growth in the yolk sac of fertile hens' eggs were examined by negative staining, thin sectioning, and scanning electron microscopy. All organisms studied were ultrastructurally similar irrespective of strain, source, or method of cultivation, presenting mainly as short rods, 0.6 x 1.5 micrometer, with tapered ends, though long forms and filaments were also evident. In this they resembled typical Gram-negative organisms. Division was by non-septate binary fission, and the cell wall was composed of two triple-unit membranes with morphological evidence of a peptidoglycan layer. The bacterial cytoplasm was rich in ribosomes and nuclear elements and often contained vacuoles. No acid polysaccharides or bacterial appendages were detected surrounding the organisms. In lung tissue and yolk sac membranes, the organisms replicated within the cytoplasm of infected cells and in the intercellular spaces and were specifically identified in thin sections by immunoferritin techniques.", "PMID": 94059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_943", "title": "A histochemical comparison of the O-acylated sialic acids of the epithelial mucins in ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and normal controls.", "content": "Two histochemical techniques, the PAT/KOH/PAS and the PBT/KOH/PAS, were used to investigate the side chain O-acyl substitution patterns of the sialic acids of the colonic epithelial mucins in cases of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. In both diseases there was, as compared to normal, a reduction in the proportion of sialic acids O-acylated at C7C8, the reduction being greater in ulcerative colitis. Further, there appeared to be an association between the severity of the disease and the reduction in the staining of O-acylated sialic acids. This relationship was more marked in ulcerative colitis. In some cases of both diseases there was evidence for epithelial mucins containing predominantly C7-substituted sialic acids. This study has confirmed our previous conclusion that, in Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum, the disease is associated with an increase in the proportion of sialic acids bearing side chain substituents.", "contents": "A histochemical comparison of the O-acylated sialic acids of the epithelial mucins in ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and normal controls. Two histochemical techniques, the PAT/KOH/PAS and the PBT/KOH/PAS, were used to investigate the side chain O-acyl substitution patterns of the sialic acids of the colonic epithelial mucins in cases of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. In both diseases there was, as compared to normal, a reduction in the proportion of sialic acids O-acylated at C7C8, the reduction being greater in ulcerative colitis. Further, there appeared to be an association between the severity of the disease and the reduction in the staining of O-acylated sialic acids. This relationship was more marked in ulcerative colitis. In some cases of both diseases there was evidence for epithelial mucins containing predominantly C7-substituted sialic acids. This study has confirmed our previous conclusion that, in Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum, the disease is associated with an increase in the proportion of sialic acids bearing side chain substituents.", "PMID": 94060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_944", "title": "Induction of refractoriness to isoproterenol by prior treatment of C6-2B rat astrocytoma cells with cholera toxin.", "content": "Rat C6-2B astrocytoma cells responded to cholera toxin treatment with an 8-fold increase in intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations. Cyclic AMP levels began to rise 60--90 minutes after addition of the toxin and reached maximal concentrations in 3 hours. Cells exposed to cholera toxin and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX), displayed an increase in cyclic AMP of 15-fold. The peak isoproterenol response was reduced 80--90% in cells previously treated with cholera toxin. Cholera toxin-induced refractoriness was time dependent and was not altered by concurrent treatment with propranolol. Prolonged exposure of the cells to isoproterenol reduced the cyclic AMP response to cholera toxin by 80%. MIX augmented both cholera toxin-induced refractoriness and isoproterenol-induced refractoriness. Cycloheximide inhibited the full development of refractoriness to both cholera toxin and isoproterenol. These results indicate that C6-2B cell refractoriness to cholera toxin is mediated by cyclic AMP and requires new protein synthesis. Refractoriness in C6-2B cells does not appear to be agonist-specific and probably involves a common locus of action on adenylate cyclase beyond that of the membrane receptors for cholera toxin and isoproterenol.", "contents": "Induction of refractoriness to isoproterenol by prior treatment of C6-2B rat astrocytoma cells with cholera toxin. Rat C6-2B astrocytoma cells responded to cholera toxin treatment with an 8-fold increase in intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations. Cyclic AMP levels began to rise 60--90 minutes after addition of the toxin and reached maximal concentrations in 3 hours. Cells exposed to cholera toxin and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX), displayed an increase in cyclic AMP of 15-fold. The peak isoproterenol response was reduced 80--90% in cells previously treated with cholera toxin. Cholera toxin-induced refractoriness was time dependent and was not altered by concurrent treatment with propranolol. Prolonged exposure of the cells to isoproterenol reduced the cyclic AMP response to cholera toxin by 80%. MIX augmented both cholera toxin-induced refractoriness and isoproterenol-induced refractoriness. Cycloheximide inhibited the full development of refractoriness to both cholera toxin and isoproterenol. These results indicate that C6-2B cell refractoriness to cholera toxin is mediated by cyclic AMP and requires new protein synthesis. Refractoriness in C6-2B cells does not appear to be agonist-specific and probably involves a common locus of action on adenylate cyclase beyond that of the membrane receptors for cholera toxin and isoproterenol.", "PMID": 94063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_945", "title": "Dissimilar cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activities in subcellular fractions from normal and SV40-transformed WI-38 fibroblasts.", "content": "Broken cell preparations of WI-38 and SV40-transformed WI-38 (VA13) fibroblasts were used to compare the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activities of the two cell strains. The bulk of the cAMP or cGMP phosphodiesterase activity of WI-38 and VA13 homogenates was found in the 100,000 x g fibroblast supernatant fractions. WI-38 and VA13 soluble phosphodiesterase activities showed anomalous kinetic behavior with either cAMP or cGMP as the substrate. At low substrate concentrations, e.g., 0.1 muM, WI-38 supernatant fractions hydrolyzed cGMP much more rapidly than cAMP. At high substrate concentrations, e.g., 100muM, the same enzyme preparations degraded cAMP more than twice as fast as cGMP. In contrast, VA13 soluble phosphodiesterase activity catalyzed the hydrolysis of a wide range of cAMP and cGMP concentrations at similar rates. Phosphodiesterase activity in WI-38 supernatant fractions was generally more sensitive than that of the comparable VA13 enzyme activity to inhibition by MIX and papaverine. The cAMP phosphodiesterase activity of both WI-38 and VA13 supernatant preparations was decreased by cGMP in a concentration-dependent manner. cAMP was an effective inhibitor of cGMP hydrolysis by VA13 soluble phosphodiesterase activity. Yet, the cGMP phosphodiesterase activity of WI-38 supernatant fractions was only slightly reduced in the presence of cAMP. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of WI-38 and VA13 supernatant preparations revealed two major peaks of phosphodiesterase activity for each cell type. WI-38 peak I showed much greater activity with 1muM cGMP than with 1muM cAMP and appeared to be composed of two different phosphodiesterase activities. WI-38 peak Ia included phosphodiesterase activity which could be stimulated by boiled, dialyzed fibroblast homogenates while WI-38 peak Ib coincided with column fractions which contained most of the cyclic GMP hydrolytic activity. VA13 peak I phosphodiesterase activity was eluted from DEAE cellulose columns at the same ionic strength as WI-38 peak Ia and hydrolyzed these two substrates at nearly identical rates. This enzyme activity was also increased in the presence of boiled, dialyzed fibroblast preparations. Peak II phosphodiesterase activities from both WI-38 and VA13 fibroblasts were relatively specific for cAMP as the substrate. Phosphodiesterase activity with the properties of WI-38 peak Ib was not isolated from VA13 supernatant fractions. These results suggested that the dissimilar patterns of cAMP accumulation in WI-38 and VA13 cultures may be at least partially related to different phosphodiesterase activities in the normal and the transformed fibroblasts.", "contents": "Dissimilar cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activities in subcellular fractions from normal and SV40-transformed WI-38 fibroblasts. Broken cell preparations of WI-38 and SV40-transformed WI-38 (VA13) fibroblasts were used to compare the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activities of the two cell strains. The bulk of the cAMP or cGMP phosphodiesterase activity of WI-38 and VA13 homogenates was found in the 100,000 x g fibroblast supernatant fractions. WI-38 and VA13 soluble phosphodiesterase activities showed anomalous kinetic behavior with either cAMP or cGMP as the substrate. At low substrate concentrations, e.g., 0.1 muM, WI-38 supernatant fractions hydrolyzed cGMP much more rapidly than cAMP. At high substrate concentrations, e.g., 100muM, the same enzyme preparations degraded cAMP more than twice as fast as cGMP. In contrast, VA13 soluble phosphodiesterase activity catalyzed the hydrolysis of a wide range of cAMP and cGMP concentrations at similar rates. Phosphodiesterase activity in WI-38 supernatant fractions was generally more sensitive than that of the comparable VA13 enzyme activity to inhibition by MIX and papaverine. The cAMP phosphodiesterase activity of both WI-38 and VA13 supernatant preparations was decreased by cGMP in a concentration-dependent manner. cAMP was an effective inhibitor of cGMP hydrolysis by VA13 soluble phosphodiesterase activity. Yet, the cGMP phosphodiesterase activity of WI-38 supernatant fractions was only slightly reduced in the presence of cAMP. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of WI-38 and VA13 supernatant preparations revealed two major peaks of phosphodiesterase activity for each cell type. WI-38 peak I showed much greater activity with 1muM cGMP than with 1muM cAMP and appeared to be composed of two different phosphodiesterase activities. WI-38 peak Ia included phosphodiesterase activity which could be stimulated by boiled, dialyzed fibroblast homogenates while WI-38 peak Ib coincided with column fractions which contained most of the cyclic GMP hydrolytic activity. VA13 peak I phosphodiesterase activity was eluted from DEAE cellulose columns at the same ionic strength as WI-38 peak Ia and hydrolyzed these two substrates at nearly identical rates. This enzyme activity was also increased in the presence of boiled, dialyzed fibroblast preparations. Peak II phosphodiesterase activities from both WI-38 and VA13 fibroblasts were relatively specific for cAMP as the substrate. Phosphodiesterase activity with the properties of WI-38 peak Ib was not isolated from VA13 supernatant fractions. These results suggested that the dissimilar patterns of cAMP accumulation in WI-38 and VA13 cultures may be at least partially related to different phosphodiesterase activities in the normal and the transformed fibroblasts.", "PMID": 94064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_946", "title": "Antigenicity of casein enzymatic hydrolysate.", "content": "An enzymatic hydrolysate of bovine casein were studied for molecular size and antigenic properties. As determined by Sephadex G-25 gel filtration, polypeptide fractions having molecular weights greater than 1,000 were not detected in the soluble fraction of the casein hydrolysate. Antigenicity of the fraction was not detected by heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pig-rabbit antiserum system mediated by immunoglobulin G types of antibody (guinea pig passive cutaneous anaphylaxis) and its inhibition test. Furthermore, it was not detected by rat long latency homologous mediated by immunoglobulin E antibody and its inhibition test. To prepare anticasein immunoglobulin E serum for rat long latency homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, immunization of rats was by single subcutaneous injection of casein with aluminum hydroxide. Antiserum with highest passive cutaneous anaphylaxis titer (1:64) against bovine casein was obtained by a dose of 2,000 micrograms of the protein at day 12.", "contents": "Antigenicity of casein enzymatic hydrolysate. An enzymatic hydrolysate of bovine casein were studied for molecular size and antigenic properties. As determined by Sephadex G-25 gel filtration, polypeptide fractions having molecular weights greater than 1,000 were not detected in the soluble fraction of the casein hydrolysate. Antigenicity of the fraction was not detected by heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pig-rabbit antiserum system mediated by immunoglobulin G types of antibody (guinea pig passive cutaneous anaphylaxis) and its inhibition test. Furthermore, it was not detected by rat long latency homologous mediated by immunoglobulin E antibody and its inhibition test. To prepare anticasein immunoglobulin E serum for rat long latency homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, immunization of rats was by single subcutaneous injection of casein with aluminum hydroxide. Antiserum with highest passive cutaneous anaphylaxis titer (1:64) against bovine casein was obtained by a dose of 2,000 micrograms of the protein at day 12.", "PMID": 94065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_947", "title": "[Value and limit of photocoagulation for juxtafoveolar sub-retinal vessels (author's transl)].", "content": "Sub-retinal new vessels arising from the choroid are the most dangerous components in disciform maculopathies. The greatest advance made in their treatment has been due to the use of photocoagulation over the last few years, but their destruction by this method is still a very controversial subject. The aim of the present study was to define which lesions should be treated and which should not. Results demonstrated that the use of photocoagulation to destroy new vascular membrane which is very close to the foveola, is possible, and can restore vision or preserve useful visual acuity. The laser can be used very close to the centre of the foveola, even in a part of the central avascular area. A randomized study is now being conducted and should supply statistical evidence as to whether this treatment should or should not be recommanded.", "contents": "[Value and limit of photocoagulation for juxtafoveolar sub-retinal vessels (author's transl)]. Sub-retinal new vessels arising from the choroid are the most dangerous components in disciform maculopathies. The greatest advance made in their treatment has been due to the use of photocoagulation over the last few years, but their destruction by this method is still a very controversial subject. The aim of the present study was to define which lesions should be treated and which should not. Results demonstrated that the use of photocoagulation to destroy new vascular membrane which is very close to the foveola, is possible, and can restore vision or preserve useful visual acuity. The laser can be used very close to the centre of the foveola, even in a part of the central avascular area. A randomized study is now being conducted and should supply statistical evidence as to whether this treatment should or should not be recommanded.", "PMID": 94069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_948", "title": "[Identification of nerve cells in the visual cortex of the rat using Nissl and Golgi-Kopsch methods].", "content": "The neurons of the visual cortex of the albino rat were studied using both the Nissl- and Golgi-Kopsch methods. In Nissl preparations we can distinguish between a group of neurons rich in cytoplasm, a group of neurons poor in cytoplasm and an intermediate group. In the Golgi preparations the neurons can be subdivided according to the shape of their cell bodies, dendrites and axons. Spiny cells with long axonal main trunks are pyramidal cells, multiangular cells and stellate cells of layer IV. Cells with spineless dendrites and short axonal arborization are basket cells, neuroglioform cells and small double bouquet cells. Due to its spines and the short axonal arborization, the coarse fusiform cell (Martinotti cell) is an intermediate type. We assume cells having long axons and dendritic spines are category I neurons and cells having short axons and no or a few spines are category II neurons (according to SZENTAGOTHAI 1973). On the basis of homological criterions and taxonomically relevant features references for identifying the cell group rich in cytoplasm and category I neurons, on the one hand, and the cell group poor in cytoplasm and category II neurons, on the other hand, were found. The group of cells rich in cytoplasm is related to pyramidal cells, multiangular cells and stellate cells of lamina IV. The group of cells poor in cytoplasm is discussed as corresponding to cells of lamina I, round or oval forms as basket cells and neuroglioform cells, fusiform cells as double bouquet cells. The intermediate cell form in the Nissl preparations is according to the Martinotti cell in Golgi material. These findings allow quantitative studies about particular cell populations and can, completed with electron microscopical date, instruct computer models to simulate the complicate neuronal network of the visual cortex.", "contents": "[Identification of nerve cells in the visual cortex of the rat using Nissl and Golgi-Kopsch methods]. The neurons of the visual cortex of the albino rat were studied using both the Nissl- and Golgi-Kopsch methods. In Nissl preparations we can distinguish between a group of neurons rich in cytoplasm, a group of neurons poor in cytoplasm and an intermediate group. In the Golgi preparations the neurons can be subdivided according to the shape of their cell bodies, dendrites and axons. Spiny cells with long axonal main trunks are pyramidal cells, multiangular cells and stellate cells of layer IV. Cells with spineless dendrites and short axonal arborization are basket cells, neuroglioform cells and small double bouquet cells. Due to its spines and the short axonal arborization, the coarse fusiform cell (Martinotti cell) is an intermediate type. We assume cells having long axons and dendritic spines are category I neurons and cells having short axons and no or a few spines are category II neurons (according to SZENTAGOTHAI 1973). On the basis of homological criterions and taxonomically relevant features references for identifying the cell group rich in cytoplasm and category I neurons, on the one hand, and the cell group poor in cytoplasm and category II neurons, on the other hand, were found. The group of cells rich in cytoplasm is related to pyramidal cells, multiangular cells and stellate cells of lamina IV. The group of cells poor in cytoplasm is discussed as corresponding to cells of lamina I, round or oval forms as basket cells and neuroglioform cells, fusiform cells as double bouquet cells. The intermediate cell form in the Nissl preparations is according to the Martinotti cell in Golgi material. These findings allow quantitative studies about particular cell populations and can, completed with electron microscopical date, instruct computer models to simulate the complicate neuronal network of the visual cortex.", "PMID": 94077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_949", "title": "Microscopic visualization of axon carbohydrates.", "content": "Localization of glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides in Central and Perypheral Nervous System axons of several mammals is studied by means of histochemical techniques. In some system of fibers of the Central Nervous System the inside of the axon appears PAS positive. However, Concanavalin A binding sites were not observed inside the axon. The myelin surface showed positivity for the Colloidal Iron method, PAS, and Concanavalin A. Differences for the PAS and Colloidal Iron methods among the axons of the Central Nervous System and those of the Peripheral Nervous System were observed. The study of three stages of postnatal development in the rat brain shows changes in the mucopolysaccharides content of the axons in function of the stage of development. The diverse involvements of the results obtained in relation to neuronal activity, axonal transport and morphogenesis of the Nervous System are discussed.", "contents": "Microscopic visualization of axon carbohydrates. Localization of glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides in Central and Perypheral Nervous System axons of several mammals is studied by means of histochemical techniques. In some system of fibers of the Central Nervous System the inside of the axon appears PAS positive. However, Concanavalin A binding sites were not observed inside the axon. The myelin surface showed positivity for the Colloidal Iron method, PAS, and Concanavalin A. Differences for the PAS and Colloidal Iron methods among the axons of the Central Nervous System and those of the Peripheral Nervous System were observed. The study of three stages of postnatal development in the rat brain shows changes in the mucopolysaccharides content of the axons in function of the stage of development. The diverse involvements of the results obtained in relation to neuronal activity, axonal transport and morphogenesis of the Nervous System are discussed.", "PMID": 94078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_950", "title": "Findings of serotypes of group B streptococci in human and bovine sources.", "content": "Five hundred and fifty-five strains of S. agalactiae of human or bovine origin were serologically typed. In human strains, serotype Ia was the most frequent irrespective of the source and kind of cultivation material, but serotype R was very frequent in urine. In bovine strains, one serotype was found as a rule in one stable both in small private and large socialist farms. The reason for such uniformity of serotypes is not known. Monocolonisation is one of the alternatives, but it seems more reasonable to assume that, the most resistant or more invasive strain will predominate in the herd in the course of time.", "contents": "Findings of serotypes of group B streptococci in human and bovine sources. Five hundred and fifty-five strains of S. agalactiae of human or bovine origin were serologically typed. In human strains, serotype Ia was the most frequent irrespective of the source and kind of cultivation material, but serotype R was very frequent in urine. In bovine strains, one serotype was found as a rule in one stable both in small private and large socialist farms. The reason for such uniformity of serotypes is not known. Monocolonisation is one of the alternatives, but it seems more reasonable to assume that, the most resistant or more invasive strain will predominate in the herd in the course of time.", "PMID": 94080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_951", "title": "Effects of tamoxifen on the binding and metabolism of testosterone by human prostatic tissue and plasma in vitro.", "content": "The in-vitro metabolism of testosterone in benign and malignant prostatic tissue was examined and distinct quantitative differences between the two types of specimens were observed. The major metabolite of testosterone in the hyperplastic prostate was 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and a high 3 alpha(beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was also detected. In the malignant tissue, 5 alpha-reductase activity was considerably reduced and there was little or no androstanediol formed; the 17 beta-dehydrogenase activity was, however, higher than in the benign tissue. The decrease in 5 alpha-reductase was always followed by a compensatory change in the 3 alpha(beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of the malignant prostate. The present study revealed that the ratio of the mean activities of 5 alpha-reductase to 3 alpha(beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the two types of specimen always remained a constant. Although the antioestrogen, tamoxifen, induced an inhibitory effect on the activities of 5 alpha-reductase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the gland, the present investigation also suggested that tamoxifen stimulated the activity of 3 alpha(3 beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. In blood, the action of tamoxifen appeared to be confined to the displacement of androgens from the binding sites on the sex hormone binding globulin.", "contents": "Effects of tamoxifen on the binding and metabolism of testosterone by human prostatic tissue and plasma in vitro. The in-vitro metabolism of testosterone in benign and malignant prostatic tissue was examined and distinct quantitative differences between the two types of specimens were observed. The major metabolite of testosterone in the hyperplastic prostate was 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and a high 3 alpha(beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was also detected. In the malignant tissue, 5 alpha-reductase activity was considerably reduced and there was little or no androstanediol formed; the 17 beta-dehydrogenase activity was, however, higher than in the benign tissue. The decrease in 5 alpha-reductase was always followed by a compensatory change in the 3 alpha(beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of the malignant prostate. The present study revealed that the ratio of the mean activities of 5 alpha-reductase to 3 alpha(beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the two types of specimen always remained a constant. Although the antioestrogen, tamoxifen, induced an inhibitory effect on the activities of 5 alpha-reductase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the gland, the present investigation also suggested that tamoxifen stimulated the activity of 3 alpha(3 beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. In blood, the action of tamoxifen appeared to be confined to the displacement of androgens from the binding sites on the sex hormone binding globulin.", "PMID": 94084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_952", "title": "Cell differentiation in isolated inner cell masses of mouse blastocysts in vitro: onset of specific gene expression.", "content": "Inner cell masses (ICMs) were isolated by immunosurgery from giant blastocysts formed by the aggregation of three morulae. A layer of endoderm cells formed on the outer surface of these primary ICMs in vitro. When this layer was removed by immunosurgery, a secondary endoderm layer formed. Alphafetoprotein (AFP) was used as a biochemical marker to characterize visceral endoderm formation in these cultured ICMs. The immunoperoxidase reaction on sections of ICMs cultured for intervals up to 120 h in vitro showed that some primary endoderm cells contained AFP, but these were always in the minority. The secondary endoderm layer, on the other hand, was composed of predominantly AFP-positive cells. It is concluded that the primary endoderm contains mainly parietal endoderm cells, while the secondary layer contains visceral endoderm cells. A model is proposed for the consecutive differentiation of parietal and visceral endoderm cell types from the ICM of mouse blastocysts.", "contents": "Cell differentiation in isolated inner cell masses of mouse blastocysts in vitro: onset of specific gene expression. Inner cell masses (ICMs) were isolated by immunosurgery from giant blastocysts formed by the aggregation of three morulae. A layer of endoderm cells formed on the outer surface of these primary ICMs in vitro. When this layer was removed by immunosurgery, a secondary endoderm layer formed. Alphafetoprotein (AFP) was used as a biochemical marker to characterize visceral endoderm formation in these cultured ICMs. The immunoperoxidase reaction on sections of ICMs cultured for intervals up to 120 h in vitro showed that some primary endoderm cells contained AFP, but these were always in the minority. The secondary endoderm layer, on the other hand, was composed of predominantly AFP-positive cells. It is concluded that the primary endoderm contains mainly parietal endoderm cells, while the secondary layer contains visceral endoderm cells. A model is proposed for the consecutive differentiation of parietal and visceral endoderm cell types from the ICM of mouse blastocysts.", "PMID": 94085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_953", "title": "Ebola and Marburg viruses: I. Some ultrastructural differences between strains when grown in Vero cells.", "content": "A strain of Marburg virus and two strains of Ebola virus grown in Vero cells were compared by electron microscopy. The outer coat of the Marburg virion appeared to be more resistant to erosion by negative staining techniques than that of the Epbola strains. Marburg virus commonly produced \"torus\" forms and short filaments; the Zaire strain of Ebola produced extensive branched forms and very long filaments; the Sudan strain of Ebola produced shorter, less branched structures but very many aberrant forms. The mechanism for the production of these aberrant forms is described.", "contents": "Ebola and Marburg viruses: I. Some ultrastructural differences between strains when grown in Vero cells. A strain of Marburg virus and two strains of Ebola virus grown in Vero cells were compared by electron microscopy. The outer coat of the Marburg virion appeared to be more resistant to erosion by negative staining techniques than that of the Epbola strains. Marburg virus commonly produced \"torus\" forms and short filaments; the Zaire strain of Ebola produced extensive branched forms and very long filaments; the Sudan strain of Ebola produced shorter, less branched structures but very many aberrant forms. The mechanism for the production of these aberrant forms is described.", "PMID": 94087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_954", "title": "Simultaneous treatment of toxic diffuse goiter with I-131 and antithyroid drugs: a prospective study.", "content": "We report a prospective study to avaluate the effect of antithyroid drugs containing the sulfhydryl radical on the outcome of I-131 (RAI) therapy. Twenty-four male patients withe toxic diffuse goiter were assigned randomly into tow treatment groups: Group A received RAI treatment while on antighyroid drugs after attainment of euthyroidism; Group B received no antithyroid drugs before, or when, RAI was given. Patients in each group received a dose of RAI calculated to deliver approximately 5000 rads per treatment. The incidence of hypothyroidism at 12 mo was 8% for Group A and 36% for Group B (p less than 0.01). During 12-102 mo of follow-up, no additional hypothyroidism was encountered in Group A. Two patients with significantly elevated TSH levels were found in Group B, one at 20 mo and one at 75 mo after RAI. The mean time to cure was 15.2 +/- 9.1 mo for Group A and 19.7 +/- 8.2 mo. for Group B (NS: p more than 0.45). The improved therapeutic outcome of patients in Group A suggests that further validation of the method in a larger patient population, including females, is warranted.", "contents": "Simultaneous treatment of toxic diffuse goiter with I-131 and antithyroid drugs: a prospective study. We report a prospective study to avaluate the effect of antithyroid drugs containing the sulfhydryl radical on the outcome of I-131 (RAI) therapy. Twenty-four male patients withe toxic diffuse goiter were assigned randomly into tow treatment groups: Group A received RAI treatment while on antighyroid drugs after attainment of euthyroidism; Group B received no antithyroid drugs before, or when, RAI was given. Patients in each group received a dose of RAI calculated to deliver approximately 5000 rads per treatment. The incidence of hypothyroidism at 12 mo was 8% for Group A and 36% for Group B (p less than 0.01). During 12-102 mo of follow-up, no additional hypothyroidism was encountered in Group A. Two patients with significantly elevated TSH levels were found in Group B, one at 20 mo and one at 75 mo after RAI. The mean time to cure was 15.2 +/- 9.1 mo for Group A and 19.7 +/- 8.2 mo. for Group B (NS: p more than 0.45). The improved therapeutic outcome of patients in Group A suggests that further validation of the method in a larger patient population, including females, is warranted.", "PMID": 94089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_955", "title": "Calcium and receptor regulation of radiosodium uptake by dispersed rat parotid acinar cells.", "content": "1. Dispersed rat parotid acinar cells were used to study the effects of secretagogues on 22Na uptake. 2. Carbachol stimulated 22Na uptake, and caused a net gain in total Na and a loss in total K. These effects were accentuated in the presence of 10(-3) M-ouabain. 3. Substance P, epinephrine and phenylephrine also stimulated 22Na uptake while isoproterenol and angiotensin II did not. 4. The 22Na uptake due to carbachol was inhibited by atropine, procaine or CoCl2; the response to Substance P was inhibited by CoCl2 only. 5. Extracellular Ca was required for stimulation of 22Na uptake by carbachol. Strontium but not Ba could substitute for Ca in supporting 22Na uptake. 6. Uptake of 22Na was stimulated by the divalent cationophore, A-23187, and Ca was required for this effect. 7. It is concluded that activation of Ca influx by muscarinic, alpha-adrenergic or peptide agonists triggers, among other effects, an increased membrane permeability to Na.", "contents": "Calcium and receptor regulation of radiosodium uptake by dispersed rat parotid acinar cells. 1. Dispersed rat parotid acinar cells were used to study the effects of secretagogues on 22Na uptake. 2. Carbachol stimulated 22Na uptake, and caused a net gain in total Na and a loss in total K. These effects were accentuated in the presence of 10(-3) M-ouabain. 3. Substance P, epinephrine and phenylephrine also stimulated 22Na uptake while isoproterenol and angiotensin II did not. 4. The 22Na uptake due to carbachol was inhibited by atropine, procaine or CoCl2; the response to Substance P was inhibited by CoCl2 only. 5. Extracellular Ca was required for stimulation of 22Na uptake by carbachol. Strontium but not Ba could substitute for Ca in supporting 22Na uptake. 6. Uptake of 22Na was stimulated by the divalent cationophore, A-23187, and Ca was required for this effect. 7. It is concluded that activation of Ca influx by muscarinic, alpha-adrenergic or peptide agonists triggers, among other effects, an increased membrane permeability to Na.", "PMID": 94091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_956", "title": "The trophic influence of tetrodotoxin-inactive nerves on normal and reinnervated rat skeletal muscles.", "content": "1. Nerve impulses in the rat sciatic nerve were blocked for long periods by tetrodotoxin (TTX) released from capillary implants. The TTX capillaries did not block axonal transport, nor did they cause any sign of nerve degeneration. 2. A comparison of the effects of TTX paralysis and denervation was made on both extensor digitorium longus (e.d.l.) and soleus muscles over 21 days, a time when the products of nerve degeneration were unlikely to contribute to the changes associated with denervation. The resting membrane potential of TTX-paralysed muscles was significantly different (P less than 0.005) from that of the denervated muscles at all periods and at 21 days the decrease that can be attributed to inactivity was 61% (e.d.l.) and 49% (soleus) of that which follows denervation. This disparity was even more pronounced for the ACh receptor density where the increase in receptors due to inactivity was only 34% (e.d.l.) and 21% (soleus) of that due to denervation. 3. A similar comparison was made on muscles which had been reinnervated by TTX-inactive nerves. These muscles were found to have a significantly higher resting membrane potential and lower ACh receptor density than the denervated muscles (P less than 0.05). 4. The experiments on reinnervated muscles preclude the possibility that nerve degeneration products are solely responsible for the difference between the TTX-paralysed and denervated muscles and suggest that the difference can be attributed to the trophic influence of the nerve. 5. An observed increase in the m.e.p.p. frequency of the TTX-paralysed muscles indicated that nerve action potentials play a role in regulating the spontaneous release from nerve terminals.", "contents": "The trophic influence of tetrodotoxin-inactive nerves on normal and reinnervated rat skeletal muscles. 1. Nerve impulses in the rat sciatic nerve were blocked for long periods by tetrodotoxin (TTX) released from capillary implants. The TTX capillaries did not block axonal transport, nor did they cause any sign of nerve degeneration. 2. A comparison of the effects of TTX paralysis and denervation was made on both extensor digitorium longus (e.d.l.) and soleus muscles over 21 days, a time when the products of nerve degeneration were unlikely to contribute to the changes associated with denervation. The resting membrane potential of TTX-paralysed muscles was significantly different (P less than 0.005) from that of the denervated muscles at all periods and at 21 days the decrease that can be attributed to inactivity was 61% (e.d.l.) and 49% (soleus) of that which follows denervation. This disparity was even more pronounced for the ACh receptor density where the increase in receptors due to inactivity was only 34% (e.d.l.) and 21% (soleus) of that due to denervation. 3. A similar comparison was made on muscles which had been reinnervated by TTX-inactive nerves. These muscles were found to have a significantly higher resting membrane potential and lower ACh receptor density than the denervated muscles (P less than 0.05). 4. The experiments on reinnervated muscles preclude the possibility that nerve degeneration products are solely responsible for the difference between the TTX-paralysed and denervated muscles and suggest that the difference can be attributed to the trophic influence of the nerve. 5. An observed increase in the m.e.p.p. frequency of the TTX-paralysed muscles indicated that nerve action potentials play a role in regulating the spontaneous release from nerve terminals.", "PMID": 94092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_957", "title": "Electrostatic potentials of deoxydinucleoside monophosphates. 1. Deoxydinucleoside monophosphates and actinomycin chromophore interactions.", "content": "We present electrostatic potential maps for the ten Watson-Crick base-pair combinations of dinucleoside monophosphates in a conformation appropriate for intercalation of drugs to occur. These maps reveal interesting differences among the base-pair combinations and suggest reasons for the base-pair specificities often observed upon intercalation. Simple electrostatic calculations on the intercalation energy of substituted actinomycin chromophores correlate qualitatively with the relative biological activity of these compounds, although the correlation with binding affinity is not as satisfactory.", "contents": "Electrostatic potentials of deoxydinucleoside monophosphates. 1. Deoxydinucleoside monophosphates and actinomycin chromophore interactions. We present electrostatic potential maps for the ten Watson-Crick base-pair combinations of dinucleoside monophosphates in a conformation appropriate for intercalation of drugs to occur. These maps reveal interesting differences among the base-pair combinations and suggest reasons for the base-pair specificities often observed upon intercalation. Simple electrostatic calculations on the intercalation energy of substituted actinomycin chromophores correlate qualitatively with the relative biological activity of these compounds, although the correlation with binding affinity is not as satisfactory.", "PMID": 94094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_958", "title": "Syntheses and activities of sulfur and selenium isosteric substitution analogues of retinol.", "content": "The syntheses of sulfur and selenium isosteric substitution analogues of retinol, namely, retinyl phenyl thioether (2b), retinyl phenyl selenoether (2c), and retinyl thioacetate (2e) are described. These retinoid derivatives were examined for activity in terms of \"chemoprevention\" of cancer by measuring the reverse keratinization of epithelial cells in vitro. Retinoid analogues 2b, 2c, and 2e were found to be active in 20, 80, and 33.3% of the cultures, respectively, as compared to 72.7% activity for trans-retinol.", "contents": "Syntheses and activities of sulfur and selenium isosteric substitution analogues of retinol. The syntheses of sulfur and selenium isosteric substitution analogues of retinol, namely, retinyl phenyl thioether (2b), retinyl phenyl selenoether (2c), and retinyl thioacetate (2e) are described. These retinoid derivatives were examined for activity in terms of \"chemoprevention\" of cancer by measuring the reverse keratinization of epithelial cells in vitro. Retinoid analogues 2b, 2c, and 2e were found to be active in 20, 80, and 33.3% of the cultures, respectively, as compared to 72.7% activity for trans-retinol.", "PMID": 94095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_959", "title": "Polymer-linked 6-azauridine 5'-monophosphate, a resin of high bioaffinity to orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase.", "content": "Condensation of 6-azauridine with ethyl levulinate, followed by saponification or phosphorylation, leads to 2',3'-O-[1-(2-carboxyethyl)ethylidene]-6-azauridine and its 5'-monophosphate. The latter was coupled to 6-aminohexylagarose via its carboxylic group. Using the same synthetic route, agarose-linked uridine 5'-monophosphate has been prepared. Both polymers show specific binding toward orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase. The immobilized inhibitor (6-azauridine 5'-monophosphat) binds the enzyme more strongly than the immobilized uridine 5'-monophosphate. Both resins have been used to separate orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase from orotidine-5'-monophosphate pyrophosphorylase.", "contents": "Polymer-linked 6-azauridine 5'-monophosphate, a resin of high bioaffinity to orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase. Condensation of 6-azauridine with ethyl levulinate, followed by saponification or phosphorylation, leads to 2',3'-O-[1-(2-carboxyethyl)ethylidene]-6-azauridine and its 5'-monophosphate. The latter was coupled to 6-aminohexylagarose via its carboxylic group. Using the same synthetic route, agarose-linked uridine 5'-monophosphate has been prepared. Both polymers show specific binding toward orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase. The immobilized inhibitor (6-azauridine 5'-monophosphat) binds the enzyme more strongly than the immobilized uridine 5'-monophosphate. Both resins have been used to separate orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase from orotidine-5'-monophosphate pyrophosphorylase.", "PMID": 94096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_960", "title": "[Value of radiological investigations in patients with dysuria after prostatic adenomectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Dysuria is a relatively frequent complication after prostatic adenomectomy. The authors review 107 patients with this complication and demonstrate that radiological investigation, including a micturition study, preferably after IVU, shows the presence of an obstructive cause for the dysuria in the vast majority of cases (92.5%). There are two main types of obstructive lesion: - parietal stenosing lesions, - compression lesions. - The most frequent parietal stenosing lesions, apart from those of the bladder neck, are urethral stenoses. - Stenoses with total compression of the capsule are often the cause of severe dysuria. - Localized compression of the capsule and urethral stenosis usually cause only moderate dysuria. - An irregular lacunar image should suggest cancer of the prostate.", "contents": "[Value of radiological investigations in patients with dysuria after prostatic adenomectomy (author's transl)]. Dysuria is a relatively frequent complication after prostatic adenomectomy. The authors review 107 patients with this complication and demonstrate that radiological investigation, including a micturition study, preferably after IVU, shows the presence of an obstructive cause for the dysuria in the vast majority of cases (92.5%). There are two main types of obstructive lesion: - parietal stenosing lesions, - compression lesions. - The most frequent parietal stenosing lesions, apart from those of the bladder neck, are urethral stenoses. - Stenoses with total compression of the capsule are often the cause of severe dysuria. - Localized compression of the capsule and urethral stenosis usually cause only moderate dysuria. - An irregular lacunar image should suggest cancer of the prostate.", "PMID": 94093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_961", "title": "Heterogeneity of sickle cell anaemia in Arabs: review of cases with various amounts of fetal haemoglobin.", "content": "A study is presented on eleven patients with homozygous sickle cell anaemia. They are non-Sheeah Arabs from the United Arab Emirates on the south-eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. The proportions of fetal haemoglobin in these patients are variable, and there is a marked variation in the severity of their disease condition; these facts are not related. African sickle cell gene admixture is a likely affecting factor.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of sickle cell anaemia in Arabs: review of cases with various amounts of fetal haemoglobin. A study is presented on eleven patients with homozygous sickle cell anaemia. They are non-Sheeah Arabs from the United Arab Emirates on the south-eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. The proportions of fetal haemoglobin in these patients are variable, and there is a marked variation in the severity of their disease condition; these facts are not related. African sickle cell gene admixture is a likely affecting factor.", "PMID": 94097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_962", "title": "Longitudinal studies of lymphocyte response to Toxoplasma antigen in humans infected with T. gondii.", "content": "Toxoplasma antigen-specific lymphocyte transformation was measured in subjects in whom the diagnosis of acute acquired Toxoplasma infection was documented and in whom the time of onset of clinical illness was carefully determined. Neither false positive nor false negative reactions to Toxoplasma antigen were seen in lymphocytes from uninfected subjects or subjects with chronic Toxoplasma infection. Lymphocytes from subjects in both of these control groups responded equally to a different antigen, streptokinase-streptodornase (SK/SD). On the initial determination, the lymphocytes of 7 of 24 subjects with acute Toxoplasma infection of less than 12 months' duration failed to transform to Toxoplasma antigen. Five of these 7 subjects were among a group of 14 who had developed clinical illness less than 3 months previously. To determine when lymphocyte transformation to Toxoplasma antigen developed, longitudinal studies were carried out in subjects with acute Toxoplasma infection whose lumphocytes failed to transform initially to Toxoplasma antigen. It was found that in all patients, lymphocytes transformed with Toxoplasma antigen eventually, though in two patients this occurred between 9 and 12 months after the initial infection.", "contents": "Longitudinal studies of lymphocyte response to Toxoplasma antigen in humans infected with T. gondii. Toxoplasma antigen-specific lymphocyte transformation was measured in subjects in whom the diagnosis of acute acquired Toxoplasma infection was documented and in whom the time of onset of clinical illness was carefully determined. Neither false positive nor false negative reactions to Toxoplasma antigen were seen in lymphocytes from uninfected subjects or subjects with chronic Toxoplasma infection. Lymphocytes from subjects in both of these control groups responded equally to a different antigen, streptokinase-streptodornase (SK/SD). On the initial determination, the lymphocytes of 7 of 24 subjects with acute Toxoplasma infection of less than 12 months' duration failed to transform to Toxoplasma antigen. Five of these 7 subjects were among a group of 14 who had developed clinical illness less than 3 months previously. To determine when lymphocyte transformation to Toxoplasma antigen developed, longitudinal studies were carried out in subjects with acute Toxoplasma infection whose lumphocytes failed to transform initially to Toxoplasma antigen. It was found that in all patients, lymphocytes transformed with Toxoplasma antigen eventually, though in two patients this occurred between 9 and 12 months after the initial infection.", "PMID": 94098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_963", "title": "Demonstration of an analogue to human pregnancy zone protein in the African green monkey.", "content": "A serum protein in the grivet (Cercopithecus aethiops), immunologically cross-reacting with human pregnancy zone protein (PZP), is found in males as well as in nonpregnant females. The electrophoretic mobility, antigenic cross-reactivity, molecular weight, and carbohydrate structure appear analogous to PZP; however, contrary to the situation in man, exogenous estrogens cause a fall in serum concentration of the protein.", "contents": "Demonstration of an analogue to human pregnancy zone protein in the African green monkey. A serum protein in the grivet (Cercopithecus aethiops), immunologically cross-reacting with human pregnancy zone protein (PZP), is found in males as well as in nonpregnant females. The electrophoretic mobility, antigenic cross-reactivity, molecular weight, and carbohydrate structure appear analogous to PZP; however, contrary to the situation in man, exogenous estrogens cause a fall in serum concentration of the protein.", "PMID": 94099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_964", "title": "[Palliative chemotherapy with 5 FU and CPM in cancer of the prostate with bone metastases resistant to oestrogens. A clinical trial (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficacy of an association of cyclophosphamide (CPM) and 5-fluorouracil was studied in 15 patients with prostate cancer not responding to oestrogen therapy, and more particularly its effect on pain due to bone metastases. No objective improvement was noted with this association, but there was a definitite reduction in bone metastases pain in 5 of the patients, with an average remission time of 4 months. Half of the patients had nausea and vomiting, but in spite of this digestive intolerance those patients who obtained pain relief for 4 months considered the treatment to be of positive value. This therapy is recommended only fater the failure of castration, anti-androgens, and oestrogens, together with nitrogen mustard (Estracyt) and corticotherapy.", "contents": "[Palliative chemotherapy with 5 FU and CPM in cancer of the prostate with bone metastases resistant to oestrogens. A clinical trial (author's transl)]. The efficacy of an association of cyclophosphamide (CPM) and 5-fluorouracil was studied in 15 patients with prostate cancer not responding to oestrogen therapy, and more particularly its effect on pain due to bone metastases. No objective improvement was noted with this association, but there was a definitite reduction in bone metastases pain in 5 of the patients, with an average remission time of 4 months. Half of the patients had nausea and vomiting, but in spite of this digestive intolerance those patients who obtained pain relief for 4 months considered the treatment to be of positive value. This therapy is recommended only fater the failure of castration, anti-androgens, and oestrogens, together with nitrogen mustard (Estracyt) and corticotherapy.", "PMID": 94108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_965", "title": "Inhibitory action of 6-ethyl-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-YL)chromone (AA-344) on IgE, IgGa- or chemical agent-induced histamine release from isolated rat mast cells.", "content": "The antiallergic action of 6-ethyl-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)chromone (AA-344) was studied on isolated rat peritoneal mast cells. AA-344 clearly inhibited the IgE-mediated release of histamine caused by various concentrations of antigen and the 50% inhibitory concentration was 0.1 microM. On the IgGa-mediated release of histamine, a peak inhibition of AA-344 was observed at 10 microM. The histamine release induced by chemical agents such as concanavalin A, dextran and compound 48/80 was depressed by AA-344 at the range of 0.1--1 mM. The results obtained in this study indicate that the antiallergic action of AA-344 is due to selective inhibition on the immunological release of the chemical mediator from mast cells.", "contents": "Inhibitory action of 6-ethyl-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-YL)chromone (AA-344) on IgE, IgGa- or chemical agent-induced histamine release from isolated rat mast cells. The antiallergic action of 6-ethyl-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)chromone (AA-344) was studied on isolated rat peritoneal mast cells. AA-344 clearly inhibited the IgE-mediated release of histamine caused by various concentrations of antigen and the 50% inhibitory concentration was 0.1 microM. On the IgGa-mediated release of histamine, a peak inhibition of AA-344 was observed at 10 microM. The histamine release induced by chemical agents such as concanavalin A, dextran and compound 48/80 was depressed by AA-344 at the range of 0.1--1 mM. The results obtained in this study indicate that the antiallergic action of AA-344 is due to selective inhibition on the immunological release of the chemical mediator from mast cells.", "PMID": 94114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_966", "title": "Effects of intra-arterial bradykinin and substance P on isolated, blood-perfused small intestine of the rat.", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rat isolated, small intestine perfused at a fixed flow rate through the superior mesenteric artery with arterial blood from a donor rat, to determine the responses of the ileum to different peptides. Drugs were closely injected into the superior mesenteric artery. Single injections of bradykinin produced monophasic fast contractions of the ileum preceded by an initial fall and a subsequent rise of tone. The fast contraction was abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX), morphine and hexamethonium (C6), but was resistant to blockade by atropine or mepyramine. Changes in ileal tone induced by bradykinin remained evident even in the presence of these blocking agents, thereby suggesting a direct action on smooth muscle fibers of the ileum. The fast contraction in response to substance P was not influenced by either TTX, morphine, C6, atropine or mepyramine. The present results indicate that bradykinin induces the fast contraction of the ileum by excitation of myenteric neuronal elements involving cholinergic interneurons, while substance P produces the contraction by a direct stimulation of smooth muscle fibers of the ileal region.", "contents": "Effects of intra-arterial bradykinin and substance P on isolated, blood-perfused small intestine of the rat. Experiments were conducted on rat isolated, small intestine perfused at a fixed flow rate through the superior mesenteric artery with arterial blood from a donor rat, to determine the responses of the ileum to different peptides. Drugs were closely injected into the superior mesenteric artery. Single injections of bradykinin produced monophasic fast contractions of the ileum preceded by an initial fall and a subsequent rise of tone. The fast contraction was abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX), morphine and hexamethonium (C6), but was resistant to blockade by atropine or mepyramine. Changes in ileal tone induced by bradykinin remained evident even in the presence of these blocking agents, thereby suggesting a direct action on smooth muscle fibers of the ileum. The fast contraction in response to substance P was not influenced by either TTX, morphine, C6, atropine or mepyramine. The present results indicate that bradykinin induces the fast contraction of the ileum by excitation of myenteric neuronal elements involving cholinergic interneurons, while substance P produces the contraction by a direct stimulation of smooth muscle fibers of the ileal region.", "PMID": 94115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_967", "title": "Histamine release from rat neutrophils and mast cells as induced by ionophore--a pharmacological approach--.", "content": "A comparative study was carried out on the histamine release from rat neutrophils and mast cells by calcium ionohpore A 23 187 (Ionophore). A maximum release of histamine from neutrophils was induced by 10(-6) g/ml Ionophore and that from mast cells was 5 x 10(-6) g/ml. A fairly good correlation was found between the 45Ca incorporation into and the histamine release from both cells. The Ionophore-induced histamine release from both cells was decreased in Ca2+-free Tyrode's solution and by pretreatment with 0.05 M EDTA. Effects of different drugs on Ionophore-induced histamine release from neutrophils were similar to those seen in mast cells. Dibutyl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, theophylline, isoproterenol and prostaglandin E1 had not or only a slight inhibition on the release. The dose dependent inhibition of release was observed with disodium cromoglycate, N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid and disodium baicalein phosphate, in experiments using both cells. Colchicine did not inhibit the reaction in these cells, however phosphatidylserine enhanced the reaction. On the other hand, the effect of concanavalin A was different in each type of cells, the release from mast cells was inhibited while the release from neutrophils was potentiated. These findings suggest the similarity of biochemical events in Ionophore-induced histamine release from neutrophils and mast cells.", "contents": "Histamine release from rat neutrophils and mast cells as induced by ionophore--a pharmacological approach--. A comparative study was carried out on the histamine release from rat neutrophils and mast cells by calcium ionohpore A 23 187 (Ionophore). A maximum release of histamine from neutrophils was induced by 10(-6) g/ml Ionophore and that from mast cells was 5 x 10(-6) g/ml. A fairly good correlation was found between the 45Ca incorporation into and the histamine release from both cells. The Ionophore-induced histamine release from both cells was decreased in Ca2+-free Tyrode's solution and by pretreatment with 0.05 M EDTA. Effects of different drugs on Ionophore-induced histamine release from neutrophils were similar to those seen in mast cells. Dibutyl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, theophylline, isoproterenol and prostaglandin E1 had not or only a slight inhibition on the release. The dose dependent inhibition of release was observed with disodium cromoglycate, N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid and disodium baicalein phosphate, in experiments using both cells. Colchicine did not inhibit the reaction in these cells, however phosphatidylserine enhanced the reaction. On the other hand, the effect of concanavalin A was different in each type of cells, the release from mast cells was inhibited while the release from neutrophils was potentiated. These findings suggest the similarity of biochemical events in Ionophore-induced histamine release from neutrophils and mast cells.", "PMID": 94116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_968", "title": "Effects of adrenergic agonists on the oxygen uptake and amylase output in rat submandibular gland slices.", "content": "Oxygen uptake and amylase output in rat submandibular gland slices were measured by utilizing adrenergic agonists. Adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoproterenol significantly stimulated the oxygen uptake and amylase output. In the presence of propranolol or phenoxybenzamine, adrenaline-stimulated oxygen uptake was obviously blocked. Adrenaline-stimulated amylase output was inhibited by propranolol, but was not inhibited by phenoxybenzamine. The increase in oxygen uptake by nornol-stimulated oxygen uptake and amylase output were strongly inhibited by propranolol. The oxygen uptake due to isoproterenol was little affected by phenoxybenzamine. These results suggest that the increase in oxygen uptake seen with adrenergic agonists is mediated by both alpha- and beta-receptors, and that the amylase output is evoked through the stimulation of beta-receptors.", "contents": "Effects of adrenergic agonists on the oxygen uptake and amylase output in rat submandibular gland slices. Oxygen uptake and amylase output in rat submandibular gland slices were measured by utilizing adrenergic agonists. Adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoproterenol significantly stimulated the oxygen uptake and amylase output. In the presence of propranolol or phenoxybenzamine, adrenaline-stimulated oxygen uptake was obviously blocked. Adrenaline-stimulated amylase output was inhibited by propranolol, but was not inhibited by phenoxybenzamine. The increase in oxygen uptake by nornol-stimulated oxygen uptake and amylase output were strongly inhibited by propranolol. The oxygen uptake due to isoproterenol was little affected by phenoxybenzamine. These results suggest that the increase in oxygen uptake seen with adrenergic agonists is mediated by both alpha- and beta-receptors, and that the amylase output is evoked through the stimulation of beta-receptors.", "PMID": 94117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_969", "title": "A system for the three-dimensional construction, manipulation and display of microbiological models.", "content": "A system is described for building up serial sections into a three dimensional structure, incorporating density, that can be displayed and then further manipulated by rotation about three orthogonal axes. The initial application was to produce a computer model of a protein structure and to compare the diverse images obtained from rotation with the two dimensional images observed in related electron micrographs. To obtain sufficient contrast in the electron microscope images of protein structures, the specimens need to be stained and since this can cause some deformation of the observed images, it is also necessary to simulate ths possible effects of stain on the protein model. Because of the need to compare numerous orientations of the combined model, techniques are available either for speeding up the comparison or for obtaining better accuracy. The methods have been applied to the interpretation of electron micrograph images of microbiological specimens, where the three dimensional structure of the specimen is an important aid in understanding its biological function, but the techniques are also applicable to more general serial reconstruction requirements.", "contents": "A system for the three-dimensional construction, manipulation and display of microbiological models. A system is described for building up serial sections into a three dimensional structure, incorporating density, that can be displayed and then further manipulated by rotation about three orthogonal axes. The initial application was to produce a computer model of a protein structure and to compare the diverse images obtained from rotation with the two dimensional images observed in related electron micrographs. To obtain sufficient contrast in the electron microscope images of protein structures, the specimens need to be stained and since this can cause some deformation of the observed images, it is also necessary to simulate ths possible effects of stain on the protein model. Because of the need to compare numerous orientations of the combined model, techniques are available either for speeding up the comparison or for obtaining better accuracy. The methods have been applied to the interpretation of electron micrograph images of microbiological specimens, where the three dimensional structure of the specimen is an important aid in understanding its biological function, but the techniques are also applicable to more general serial reconstruction requirements.", "PMID": 94140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_970", "title": "Isolation and characterisation of a strain carrying a conditional lethal mutation in the cou gene of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "A strain which carries a mutation conferring clorobiocin resistance and temperature sensitivity for growth was isolated from Escherichia coli K12. Genetic mapping and the molecular weight of the gene product suggest that the mutation is in the cou gene, specifying a sub-unit of DNA gyrase. Nuclear organisation and segregation and placement of septa are grossly abnormal in the mutant at 42 degrees C. RNA synthesis and initiation of DNA replication are also affected at the restrictive temperature but the rate of DNA chain elongation continues almost undisturbed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterisation of a strain carrying a conditional lethal mutation in the cou gene of Escherichia coli K12. A strain which carries a mutation conferring clorobiocin resistance and temperature sensitivity for growth was isolated from Escherichia coli K12. Genetic mapping and the molecular weight of the gene product suggest that the mutation is in the cou gene, specifying a sub-unit of DNA gyrase. Nuclear organisation and segregation and placement of septa are grossly abnormal in the mutant at 42 degrees C. RNA synthesis and initiation of DNA replication are also affected at the restrictive temperature but the rate of DNA chain elongation continues almost undisturbed.", "PMID": 94144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_971", "title": "Hierarchy of T cell dependency in antibody response among different antigens.", "content": "T cell dependency of antibody response to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sheep red blood cells (SRBC), bovine gamma globulin (BGG), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was examined. PVP and the other three are known as a T cell-independent antigen and T cell-dependent antigens respectively. Adult mice were thymectomized, X-irradiated, reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells (TxXB mice), with bone marrow cells plus thymus cells (TxXBT mice), or with bone marrow cells treated with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement (TxXB-theta mice) and used as experimental animals. The anti-PVP response of TxXBT mice was significantly lower than that of TxXB mice, suggesting that T cells exerted a suppressive effect on the response to PVP. Both IgM and IgG responses to SRBC and BGG occurred even in TxXB-theta mice with the aid of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, a significant response to BSA was not observed in TxXB mice even in the presence of LPS or several other adjuvants. These results indicate that the T cell dependency of antigens is different among so called thymus-dependent antigens, that antibody response less dependent on the helper action of T cells can be supported by LPS in the absence of T cells, and that anti-BSA response seems to be extremely T cell dependent.", "contents": "Hierarchy of T cell dependency in antibody response among different antigens. T cell dependency of antibody response to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sheep red blood cells (SRBC), bovine gamma globulin (BGG), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was examined. PVP and the other three are known as a T cell-independent antigen and T cell-dependent antigens respectively. Adult mice were thymectomized, X-irradiated, reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells (TxXB mice), with bone marrow cells plus thymus cells (TxXBT mice), or with bone marrow cells treated with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement (TxXB-theta mice) and used as experimental animals. The anti-PVP response of TxXBT mice was significantly lower than that of TxXB mice, suggesting that T cells exerted a suppressive effect on the response to PVP. Both IgM and IgG responses to SRBC and BGG occurred even in TxXB-theta mice with the aid of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, a significant response to BSA was not observed in TxXB mice even in the presence of LPS or several other adjuvants. These results indicate that the T cell dependency of antigens is different among so called thymus-dependent antigens, that antibody response less dependent on the helper action of T cells can be supported by LPS in the absence of T cells, and that anti-BSA response seems to be extremely T cell dependent.", "PMID": 94145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_972", "title": "Antigenic analysis of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis viruses (enterovirus type 70).", "content": "The antigenic characteristics of enterovirus type 70 (EV 70) were investigated by means of cross and kinetic neutralization tests (NT). Twelve strains of EV 70 isolated in a period from 1971 to 1976 were analyzed using seven rabbit and one monkey hyper-immune sera. All the strains investigated were found to possess a common and prime variant antigens in varying proportions. Accordingly, EV 70 isolates were devided intratypically into three antigenic sub groups; (1) prototype-like (four strain from 1971 to 1972), (2) intermediate, G-10/72-like (two strains from 1972 to 1973), and (3) prime variant, G-2/74-like (six strains from 1974 to 1976) groups. Thus it was considered that EV 70 might represent a virus type with antigenic heterogeneity, and that antigenic drift from the prototype to the prime type may have occurred successively after 1971.", "contents": "Antigenic analysis of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis viruses (enterovirus type 70). The antigenic characteristics of enterovirus type 70 (EV 70) were investigated by means of cross and kinetic neutralization tests (NT). Twelve strains of EV 70 isolated in a period from 1971 to 1976 were analyzed using seven rabbit and one monkey hyper-immune sera. All the strains investigated were found to possess a common and prime variant antigens in varying proportions. Accordingly, EV 70 isolates were devided intratypically into three antigenic sub groups; (1) prototype-like (four strain from 1971 to 1972), (2) intermediate, G-10/72-like (two strains from 1972 to 1973), and (3) prime variant, G-2/74-like (six strains from 1974 to 1976) groups. Thus it was considered that EV 70 might represent a virus type with antigenic heterogeneity, and that antigenic drift from the prototype to the prime type may have occurred successively after 1971.", "PMID": 94146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_973", "title": "The use of antithyroid therapy in the treatment of neoplastic conditions with cytotoxic drugs.", "content": "Taking into account the known actions of thyroid hormone, we suggest that standard antithyroid therapy may be used to create a situation of greater sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs in tumour tissues as compared with normal tissues.", "contents": "The use of antithyroid therapy in the treatment of neoplastic conditions with cytotoxic drugs. Taking into account the known actions of thyroid hormone, we suggest that standard antithyroid therapy may be used to create a situation of greater sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs in tumour tissues as compared with normal tissues.", "PMID": 94147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_974", "title": "Advanced male non-seminomatous germ-cell tumours. Combination chemotherapy with cis-platinum, vinblastine and bleomycin.", "content": "Nineteen men with advanced germ-cell tumours were treated with a combination of vinblastine, bleomycin and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (cis-platinum). One patient died nine days after starting chemotherapy. Seventeen patients responded to therapy (14 completely and three partially). Toxicity was very high, and three patients died of septicaemia during therapy. Eight patients remain in complete remission 36 to 80 weeks after starting chemotherapy.", "contents": "Advanced male non-seminomatous germ-cell tumours. Combination chemotherapy with cis-platinum, vinblastine and bleomycin. Nineteen men with advanced germ-cell tumours were treated with a combination of vinblastine, bleomycin and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (cis-platinum). One patient died nine days after starting chemotherapy. Seventeen patients responded to therapy (14 completely and three partially). Toxicity was very high, and three patients died of septicaemia during therapy. Eight patients remain in complete remission 36 to 80 weeks after starting chemotherapy.", "PMID": 94148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_975", "title": "[Electrophoretic mobility test in the early diagnosis of malignant tumors; findings in the prestages of cervical and breast cancers].", "content": "A double-blind pilot study of 130 female patients was carried out to determine the feasibility and significance of the EM test in the early diagnosis of carcinoma of the female genital organs and breast. Early stages of cervical carcinoma (carcinoma in situ) as well as fibroid adenoma, mastopathy and breast tumors were tested and compared with the results of their manifest forms. Positive results were recorded in 87.5% of the cases of middle-grade to severe epithelial dysplasia (Papanicolaou III and IV) (n = 10) and in 90% of the cases of carcinoma in situ (n = 16). A positive result in 90% of the cases of carcinoma in situ (n = 16). A positive result in 90% of the cases of genital carcinoma was also recorded. In the case of fibroid adenoma (n = 10) and breast tumor (Prechtel I and II) (n = 16), negative results were recorded in 80.8%, whereas in the manifest forms of carcinoma of the breast a positive result of over 95% was shown. As a result of this pilot study, it can be seen that immunological in vitro screening has clinical significance in the early diagnosis of tumors as well as for confirmation of their manifest forms.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic mobility test in the early diagnosis of malignant tumors; findings in the prestages of cervical and breast cancers]. A double-blind pilot study of 130 female patients was carried out to determine the feasibility and significance of the EM test in the early diagnosis of carcinoma of the female genital organs and breast. Early stages of cervical carcinoma (carcinoma in situ) as well as fibroid adenoma, mastopathy and breast tumors were tested and compared with the results of their manifest forms. Positive results were recorded in 87.5% of the cases of middle-grade to severe epithelial dysplasia (Papanicolaou III and IV) (n = 10) and in 90% of the cases of carcinoma in situ (n = 16). A positive result in 90% of the cases of carcinoma in situ (n = 16). A positive result in 90% of the cases of genital carcinoma was also recorded. In the case of fibroid adenoma (n = 10) and breast tumor (Prechtel I and II) (n = 16), negative results were recorded in 80.8%, whereas in the manifest forms of carcinoma of the breast a positive result of over 95% was shown. As a result of this pilot study, it can be seen that immunological in vitro screening has clinical significance in the early diagnosis of tumors as well as for confirmation of their manifest forms.", "PMID": 94155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_976", "title": "Conversion of 3H-testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in human hypertrophic prostatic tissue.", "content": "The aim of the study was to develop a simple method for the determination of the conversion of testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) after incubation of human hypertrophic prostatic tissue with 3H-testosterone. The mean conversion rate of 3H-testosterone to 5 alpha-DHT in hypertrophic prostatic tissue was found to be higher than in normal and carcinomatous tissue. The results indicate that androgen metabolism in the hypertrophic prostatic gland is enhanced.", "contents": "Conversion of 3H-testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in human hypertrophic prostatic tissue. The aim of the study was to develop a simple method for the determination of the conversion of testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) after incubation of human hypertrophic prostatic tissue with 3H-testosterone. The mean conversion rate of 3H-testosterone to 5 alpha-DHT in hypertrophic prostatic tissue was found to be higher than in normal and carcinomatous tissue. The results indicate that androgen metabolism in the hypertrophic prostatic gland is enhanced.", "PMID": 94161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_977", "title": "Intermolecular base-paired interaction between complementary sequences present near the 3' ends of 5S rRNA and 18S (16S) rRNA might be involved in the reversible association of ribosomal subunits.", "content": "Highly conserved sequences present at an identical position near the 3' ends of eukaryotic and prokaryotic 5S rRNAs are complementary to the 5' strand of the m2(6)A hairpin structure near the 3' ends of 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA, respectively. The extent of base-pairing and the calculated stabilities of the hybrids that can be constructed between 5S rRNAs and the small ribosomal subunit RNAs are greater than most, if not all, RNA-RNA interactions that have been implicated in protein synthesis. The existence of complementary sequences in 5S rRNA and small ribosomal subunit RNA, along with the previous observation that there is very efficient and selective hybridization in vitro between 5S and 18S rRNA, suggests that base-pairing between 5S rRNA in the large ribosomal subunit and 18S (16S) rRNA in the small ribosomal subunit might be involved in the reversible association of ribosomal subunits. Structural and functional evidence supporting this hypothesis is discussed.", "contents": "Intermolecular base-paired interaction between complementary sequences present near the 3' ends of 5S rRNA and 18S (16S) rRNA might be involved in the reversible association of ribosomal subunits. Highly conserved sequences present at an identical position near the 3' ends of eukaryotic and prokaryotic 5S rRNAs are complementary to the 5' strand of the m2(6)A hairpin structure near the 3' ends of 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA, respectively. The extent of base-pairing and the calculated stabilities of the hybrids that can be constructed between 5S rRNAs and the small ribosomal subunit RNAs are greater than most, if not all, RNA-RNA interactions that have been implicated in protein synthesis. The existence of complementary sequences in 5S rRNA and small ribosomal subunit RNA, along with the previous observation that there is very efficient and selective hybridization in vitro between 5S and 18S rRNA, suggests that base-pairing between 5S rRNA in the large ribosomal subunit and 18S (16S) rRNA in the small ribosomal subunit might be involved in the reversible association of ribosomal subunits. Structural and functional evidence supporting this hypothesis is discussed.", "PMID": 94160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_978", "title": "Chlorinated pesticide residues in chicken egg.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-one representative samples of chicken eggs of native and commercial strains of Gallus domesticus were collected during January 1975 to August 1977 throughout the Tehran area and the Northern province of Mazandarane. The samples were analyzed for chlorinated pesticide residues by gas-liquid chromatography. The insecticides [1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl)ethanel] (DDT), [1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl) ethane] (TDE), [1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl)ethylene] (DDE), isomers of benzene hexachloride (BHC), Aldrin/Dieldrin, Heptachlor/Heptachlor epoxide, Dieldrin, and endrin were detected in varying concentration in the eggs. The eggs of native bred chickens, mainly as a result of their food sources, showed greater concentration of all pesticides except BHC isomers than those of commercial types. Though concentration of DDT compounds in 22% of native bred and 5% of commercial eggs exceeded WHO tolerance limit, the mean concentrations of pesticides residues were not exceeding these limits. There was no correlation between concentrations of pesticides and egg shell thinning.", "contents": "Chlorinated pesticide residues in chicken egg. Two hundred and twenty-one representative samples of chicken eggs of native and commercial strains of Gallus domesticus were collected during January 1975 to August 1977 throughout the Tehran area and the Northern province of Mazandarane. The samples were analyzed for chlorinated pesticide residues by gas-liquid chromatography. The insecticides [1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl)ethanel] (DDT), [1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl) ethane] (TDE), [1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl)ethylene] (DDE), isomers of benzene hexachloride (BHC), Aldrin/Dieldrin, Heptachlor/Heptachlor epoxide, Dieldrin, and endrin were detected in varying concentration in the eggs. The eggs of native bred chickens, mainly as a result of their food sources, showed greater concentration of all pesticides except BHC isomers than those of commercial types. Though concentration of DDT compounds in 22% of native bred and 5% of commercial eggs exceeded WHO tolerance limit, the mean concentrations of pesticides residues were not exceeding these limits. There was no correlation between concentrations of pesticides and egg shell thinning.", "PMID": 94164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_979", "title": "Prenatal amphetamine exposure: ovulation, sexual behavior and hypothalamic monoamine content in rats.", "content": "Previous observations have pointed out that amphetamine treatment during pregnancy produces behavioral and neurochemical changes in the male offspring. The present study was undertaken in order to determine whether those findings could be extended to sexual behavior, reproductive function and hypothalamic monoamine metabolism in female rats. It was found that offspring of amphetamine treated rats have greater sensitivity to estrogen and estrogen-progesterone for the induction of sexual receptivity. 5-HT content in medial hypothalamus of estrogen-progesterone treated rats was decreased with respect to controls. On the other hand the content of 5-HIAA was not different; noradrenaline levels in hypothalamus were also normal. Sex cycle duration and ovulatory phenomena were not affected.", "contents": "Prenatal amphetamine exposure: ovulation, sexual behavior and hypothalamic monoamine content in rats. Previous observations have pointed out that amphetamine treatment during pregnancy produces behavioral and neurochemical changes in the male offspring. The present study was undertaken in order to determine whether those findings could be extended to sexual behavior, reproductive function and hypothalamic monoamine metabolism in female rats. It was found that offspring of amphetamine treated rats have greater sensitivity to estrogen and estrogen-progesterone for the induction of sexual receptivity. 5-HT content in medial hypothalamus of estrogen-progesterone treated rats was decreased with respect to controls. On the other hand the content of 5-HIAA was not different; noradrenaline levels in hypothalamus were also normal. Sex cycle duration and ovulatory phenomena were not affected.", "PMID": 94165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_980", "title": "[Clinical and biochemical contributions on the effect of maprotiline and clomipramine in depressive states (preliminary observation)].", "content": "This study has been conducted on 17 patients suffering from neurotic and psychotic depressions, who had not received a pharmacological antidepressive therapy since at least 1 month. 6 patients suffering from psychotic depression were treated with 100 mg clomipramine i.v. daily for 20 days; 11 patients, 7 of whom suffered from psychotic depression and 4 from neurotic depression, were treated with 150 mg maprotiline i.v. daily for 20 days. In both groups  the therapy has been continued orally. In 17 patients a remarkable improvement and even in some cases complete recovery has been obtained. The two psychotropic antidepressive drugs are, furthermore, both active in the same symptoms. The determination of serotonin in human platelets confirms the strong inhibition of its re-uptake by clomipramine and the absence of re-uptake of 5-HT with maprotiline. A constant and progressive increase of 5-HIAA was noted in patients treated with clomipramine. This increase may be considered as a consequence of the increased metabolism of the larger quantitity of 5-HT used by the central synapses. The interpretation of the increased levels of 5-HIAA in patients treated with maprotiline is more difficult. Further trials, for instance on the plasmatic tryptophan level, will perhaps solve the problem.", "contents": "[Clinical and biochemical contributions on the effect of maprotiline and clomipramine in depressive states (preliminary observation)]. This study has been conducted on 17 patients suffering from neurotic and psychotic depressions, who had not received a pharmacological antidepressive therapy since at least 1 month. 6 patients suffering from psychotic depression were treated with 100 mg clomipramine i.v. daily for 20 days; 11 patients, 7 of whom suffered from psychotic depression and 4 from neurotic depression, were treated with 150 mg maprotiline i.v. daily for 20 days. In both groups  the therapy has been continued orally. In 17 patients a remarkable improvement and even in some cases complete recovery has been obtained. The two psychotropic antidepressive drugs are, furthermore, both active in the same symptoms. The determination of serotonin in human platelets confirms the strong inhibition of its re-uptake by clomipramine and the absence of re-uptake of 5-HT with maprotiline. A constant and progressive increase of 5-HIAA was noted in patients treated with clomipramine. This increase may be considered as a consequence of the increased metabolism of the larger quantitity of 5-HT used by the central synapses. The interpretation of the increased levels of 5-HIAA in patients treated with maprotiline is more difficult. Further trials, for instance on the plasmatic tryptophan level, will perhaps solve the problem.", "PMID": 94169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_981", "title": "[C.T. scan appearances of acute necrotizing herpes encephalitis (7 cases). Preliminary therapeutic results after isoprinosine (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven cases of confirmed or probable acute necrotizing herpes encephalitis (ANE) were studied using computer tomography during the various acute or chronic stages of the disease. They were bilateral, or in some rare patients, asymmetrical pseudofocal cases of ANE. Computer tomography appearances are described from the morphological and topographical point of view, before and after intravenous injection of a contrast medium. Analogous data reported in the published literature is used to describe the findings and to emphasize the problem of differential diagnosis. Computer tomography appears to be an essential examination for establishing the diagnosis and prognosis in herpes encephalitis, but it must be correlated with the results of an electro-encephalogram, and biological and immunological tests of the cerebrospinal fluid. It can also be of value for choosing the optimal site for urgent cerebral biopsy with immunofluorescence. Treatment must be given very early, whether Ara A antiviral DNA or Isoprinosine (Inosiplex) which stimulates cellular immunity, as soon after diagnosis has been established as possible. The authors chose the latter medication for 6 of the 7 cases reported, as well as in 12 other cases of acute primary viral encephalitis, and 3 cases of subacute sclerozing panencephalitis, and obtained very positive results.", "contents": "[C.T. scan appearances of acute necrotizing herpes encephalitis (7 cases). Preliminary therapeutic results after isoprinosine (author's transl)]. Seven cases of confirmed or probable acute necrotizing herpes encephalitis (ANE) were studied using computer tomography during the various acute or chronic stages of the disease. They were bilateral, or in some rare patients, asymmetrical pseudofocal cases of ANE. Computer tomography appearances are described from the morphological and topographical point of view, before and after intravenous injection of a contrast medium. Analogous data reported in the published literature is used to describe the findings and to emphasize the problem of differential diagnosis. Computer tomography appears to be an essential examination for establishing the diagnosis and prognosis in herpes encephalitis, but it must be correlated with the results of an electro-encephalogram, and biological and immunological tests of the cerebrospinal fluid. It can also be of value for choosing the optimal site for urgent cerebral biopsy with immunofluorescence. Treatment must be given very early, whether Ara A antiviral DNA or Isoprinosine (Inosiplex) which stimulates cellular immunity, as soon after diagnosis has been established as possible. The authors chose the latter medication for 6 of the 7 cases reported, as well as in 12 other cases of acute primary viral encephalitis, and 3 cases of subacute sclerozing panencephalitis, and obtained very positive results.", "PMID": 94173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_982", "title": "Hypozincaemia after jejuno-ileal bypass.", "content": "Serum zinc, albumin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, calcium, and magnesium were measured in 39 jejuno-ileal shunt-operated patients. The binding of serum zinc to albumin and alpha 2-macroglobulin were calculated. The results demonstrate that the patients as a group had a highly significant hypozincaemia (P less than 0.001), caused by a reduction of the albumin-bound serum zinc (P less than 0.001). Furthermore, the patients showed hypocalcaemia (P less than 0.001) and hypomagnesaemia (P less than 0.001). The findings indicate that patients with jejuno-ileal bypass for gross obesity develop deficiency of the divalent cations.", "contents": "Hypozincaemia after jejuno-ileal bypass. Serum zinc, albumin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, calcium, and magnesium were measured in 39 jejuno-ileal shunt-operated patients. The binding of serum zinc to albumin and alpha 2-macroglobulin were calculated. The results demonstrate that the patients as a group had a highly significant hypozincaemia (P less than 0.001), caused by a reduction of the albumin-bound serum zinc (P less than 0.001). Furthermore, the patients showed hypocalcaemia (P less than 0.001) and hypomagnesaemia (P less than 0.001). The findings indicate that patients with jejuno-ileal bypass for gross obesity develop deficiency of the divalent cations.", "PMID": 94174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_983", "title": "Trypsin as a regulator of pancreatic secretion in the rat.", "content": "The effect of intraduodenally administered trypsin on pancreatic exocrine secretion was investigated in conscious rats surgically prepared with bile--pancreatic fistulae. Introduction of NaHCO3 into the duodenum did not influence pancreatic secretion. Reintroduction of bile--pancreatic juice into the duodenum, however, suppressed pancreatic protein output, mainly because of changes in protein concentration. Infusion of trypsin into the duodenum in the absence of intraluminal pancreatic juice significantly suppressed the secretory volume and pancreatic enzyme output; addition of trypsin inhibitor to the trypsin infusion resulted in an immediate increase of pancreatic secretion. Trypsin inhibitor per se, however, was without effect. Bile--pancreatic juice affected amylase, kipase, and trypsinogen output in a parallel fashion; after addition of trypsin inhibitor to the infusion the inhibitory effects on pancreatic enzyme output was reversed in a parallel manner. The results support the hypothesis that pancreatic exocrine secretion is regulated by a feedback mechanism exerted--at least partly--by intraluminal trypsin.", "contents": "Trypsin as a regulator of pancreatic secretion in the rat. The effect of intraduodenally administered trypsin on pancreatic exocrine secretion was investigated in conscious rats surgically prepared with bile--pancreatic fistulae. Introduction of NaHCO3 into the duodenum did not influence pancreatic secretion. Reintroduction of bile--pancreatic juice into the duodenum, however, suppressed pancreatic protein output, mainly because of changes in protein concentration. Infusion of trypsin into the duodenum in the absence of intraluminal pancreatic juice significantly suppressed the secretory volume and pancreatic enzyme output; addition of trypsin inhibitor to the trypsin infusion resulted in an immediate increase of pancreatic secretion. Trypsin inhibitor per se, however, was without effect. Bile--pancreatic juice affected amylase, kipase, and trypsinogen output in a parallel fashion; after addition of trypsin inhibitor to the infusion the inhibitory effects on pancreatic enzyme output was reversed in a parallel manner. The results support the hypothesis that pancreatic exocrine secretion is regulated by a feedback mechanism exerted--at least partly--by intraluminal trypsin.", "PMID": 94175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_984", "title": "A double-blind trial of synthetic salmon calcitonin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "A multicenter randomized double-blind trial on the use of synthetic salmon calcitonin (SCT) was carried out in 94 patients with acute pancreatitis. In addition to strict standard treatment--without aprotinin, atropine, or antacids--50 patients received daily 3 x 20 micrograms = 300 MRCU SCT intravenously and 44 patients received placebo for 6 days. Mortality rate was not influenced, overall mortality being 5.3%. The number of patients without pain and with normalized serum amylase on a given day was significantly higher in the group treated with SCT. Other parameters such as doses of analgesics, leukocyte count, and normalization of seven defined clinical and laboratory criteria within 6 days showed a positive trend without reaching significance.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of synthetic salmon calcitonin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. A multicenter randomized double-blind trial on the use of synthetic salmon calcitonin (SCT) was carried out in 94 patients with acute pancreatitis. In addition to strict standard treatment--without aprotinin, atropine, or antacids--50 patients received daily 3 x 20 micrograms = 300 MRCU SCT intravenously and 44 patients received placebo for 6 days. Mortality rate was not influenced, overall mortality being 5.3%. The number of patients without pain and with normalized serum amylase on a given day was significantly higher in the group treated with SCT. Other parameters such as doses of analgesics, leukocyte count, and normalization of seven defined clinical and laboratory criteria within 6 days showed a positive trend without reaching significance.", "PMID": 94176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_985", "title": "[Lidocain poisoning. 5 patients with letal (2 patients) and reversible course].", "content": "A report is presented on two cases of lethal intoxication with lidocain. One death occurred after paracervical anesthesia for legal abortion and the other after accidental oral administration. In three instances intoxication occurred during intensive care for ventricular arrhythmia. Immediate therapy in these cases led to rapid and complete recovery. The clinical signs of lidocain, intoxication are discussed and appropriate treatment for prevention of lethal complications is outlined.", "contents": "[Lidocain poisoning. 5 patients with letal (2 patients) and reversible course]. A report is presented on two cases of lethal intoxication with lidocain. One death occurred after paracervical anesthesia for legal abortion and the other after accidental oral administration. In three instances intoxication occurred during intensive care for ventricular arrhythmia. Immediate therapy in these cases led to rapid and complete recovery. The clinical signs of lidocain, intoxication are discussed and appropriate treatment for prevention of lethal complications is outlined.", "PMID": 94179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_986", "title": "Circulating immune complexes, free antigen and alpha 1-antitrypsin in levels in sarcoidosis patients.", "content": "Consecutive serum samples from 26 sarcoidosis patients were examined for circulating immune complex (IC) activity. Fifteen (58%) gave IC-positive reactions in a complement consumption (CC) test and a significant difference as regards anticomplementary was observed when comparing patients in clinical stages 2 and 1 respectively (P less than 0.01) The serum alpha 1-antitrypsin levels were not correlated (r=0.36) to the results of the CC-assay. The duration of IC-occurrence was studied, by two IC-assays, over 1 1/2 to 2 years. The majority of the positive reactions were registered in patients in clinical stage 2. Isolated IC was used for immunization of rabbits. Absorbed immune sera produced a single precipitate of postalbumin mobility with seven out of 36 sarcoidosis sera. In two cases a tailing of the recipitate suggested that the antigen was in complex formation. Immunoelectrophoresis indicated identity between the antigen detected in different sarcoidosis sera. No precipitates were observed using 130 sera from other patients, and screening of 100 blood donors revealed one positive reaction. The antigen, which eluted in the first protein peak on Sephadex G-200, has not been identified serologically.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes, free antigen and alpha 1-antitrypsin in levels in sarcoidosis patients. Consecutive serum samples from 26 sarcoidosis patients were examined for circulating immune complex (IC) activity. Fifteen (58%) gave IC-positive reactions in a complement consumption (CC) test and a significant difference as regards anticomplementary was observed when comparing patients in clinical stages 2 and 1 respectively (P less than 0.01) The serum alpha 1-antitrypsin levels were not correlated (r=0.36) to the results of the CC-assay. The duration of IC-occurrence was studied, by two IC-assays, over 1 1/2 to 2 years. The majority of the positive reactions were registered in patients in clinical stage 2. Isolated IC was used for immunization of rabbits. Absorbed immune sera produced a single precipitate of postalbumin mobility with seven out of 36 sarcoidosis sera. In two cases a tailing of the recipitate suggested that the antigen was in complex formation. Immunoelectrophoresis indicated identity between the antigen detected in different sarcoidosis sera. No precipitates were observed using 130 sera from other patients, and screening of 100 blood donors revealed one positive reaction. The antigen, which eluted in the first protein peak on Sephadex G-200, has not been identified serologically.", "PMID": 94178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_987", "title": "[Alpha fetoprotein and dysgerminaomas].", "content": "Sera of 128 consecutive patients in whom a malignant testicular tumor or an extragonadal teratoma was thought to be present were tested for alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP). The AFP results were correlated with the final diagnoses. AFP was normal in all 9 patients with non-malignant testicular disorders and in all 29 patients with seminoma. AFP was elevated in 72% of the patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors when tested before treatment was started. At that time the degree of AFP elevation gave little information on the stage of the tumor. However, AFP concentrations reflected the disease course when tested repeatedly. Thus, regular AFP measurements may be of value in monitoring therapy in patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors.", "contents": "[Alpha fetoprotein and dysgerminaomas]. Sera of 128 consecutive patients in whom a malignant testicular tumor or an extragonadal teratoma was thought to be present were tested for alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP). The AFP results were correlated with the final diagnoses. AFP was normal in all 9 patients with non-malignant testicular disorders and in all 29 patients with seminoma. AFP was elevated in 72% of the patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors when tested before treatment was started. At that time the degree of AFP elevation gave little information on the stage of the tumor. However, AFP concentrations reflected the disease course when tested repeatedly. Thus, regular AFP measurements may be of value in monitoring therapy in patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors.", "PMID": 94180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_988", "title": "Changes in ovarian activity during hepatocarcinogenesis by N-2-fluorenylacetamide: role of alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "During chemical hepatocarcinogenesis by N-2-fluorenylacetamide, the hormonal status of female Sprague Dawley rats is largely modified. Ovaries present a reduced activity which is evidenced by a decreased number of follicles and corpora lutea. The level of progesterone in N-2-fluorenylacetamide treated rats is low and agrees with the lack of corpora lutea. Conversely, estradiol level remains normal. This fact may be explained by the presence of alpha-fetoprotein, a carcino-embryonic protein which binds specifically estrogenic hormones.", "contents": "Changes in ovarian activity during hepatocarcinogenesis by N-2-fluorenylacetamide: role of alpha-fetoprotein. During chemical hepatocarcinogenesis by N-2-fluorenylacetamide, the hormonal status of female Sprague Dawley rats is largely modified. Ovaries present a reduced activity which is evidenced by a decreased number of follicles and corpora lutea. The level of progesterone in N-2-fluorenylacetamide treated rats is low and agrees with the lack of corpora lutea. Conversely, estradiol level remains normal. This fact may be explained by the presence of alpha-fetoprotein, a carcino-embryonic protein which binds specifically estrogenic hormones.", "PMID": 94191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_989", "title": "Ligand properties of diethylstilbestrol: studies with purified native and fatty acid-free rat alpha 1-fetoprotein and albumin.", "content": "We report the equilibrium binding parameters for the interactions of the estrogen analogue diethylstilbestrol (DES) with highly purified rat alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP) and serum albumin preparations. At 25 degrees C and pH 7.4, an association constant (Ka) of about 1.5 X 10(6)M-1 and 2 sites/mole are measured with the DES-AFP system, whereas for the DES-albumin interaction, we find a Ka of approximately 2 X 10(5)M-1 and about 11 sites/mole of protein. The removal of fatty acids from pure AFP causes a reversible 3 fold increase of the number of DES binding sites; the same delipidation procedure applied to albumin slightly diminishes its DES binding parameters. We also demonstrate the capability of DES to displace competitively estradiol-17 beta (E2) from its high affinity sites on the estrophilic rat AFP. Finally, the binding behaviour of the two serum proteins towards the synthetic estrogen is compared to their interaction with the natural hormones. The physiological and pharmacological relevance of these data is discussed.", "contents": "Ligand properties of diethylstilbestrol: studies with purified native and fatty acid-free rat alpha 1-fetoprotein and albumin. We report the equilibrium binding parameters for the interactions of the estrogen analogue diethylstilbestrol (DES) with highly purified rat alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP) and serum albumin preparations. At 25 degrees C and pH 7.4, an association constant (Ka) of about 1.5 X 10(6)M-1 and 2 sites/mole are measured with the DES-AFP system, whereas for the DES-albumin interaction, we find a Ka of approximately 2 X 10(5)M-1 and about 11 sites/mole of protein. The removal of fatty acids from pure AFP causes a reversible 3 fold increase of the number of DES binding sites; the same delipidation procedure applied to albumin slightly diminishes its DES binding parameters. We also demonstrate the capability of DES to displace competitively estradiol-17 beta (E2) from its high affinity sites on the estrophilic rat AFP. Finally, the binding behaviour of the two serum proteins towards the synthetic estrogen is compared to their interaction with the natural hormones. The physiological and pharmacological relevance of these data is discussed.", "PMID": 94192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_990", "title": "Combination of a viability test and a quantification method for Schistosoma haematobium eggs (filtration--trypan blue-staining-technique).", "content": "The efficiency of the polycarbamate membrane filtration technique for detecting Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine has been increased by using a pore size of 14 micrometers diameter and the suction of a water jet pump. The technique permits filtration of several 1000 ml of urine in one test. Eggs concentrations of 1 egg in more than 1000 ml of urine were detected. Viability was assess after filtration by staining with trypan blue. Preliminary data of 118 Schistosoma haematobium-positive urine samples of 32 patients suggest that the filtration trypan blue-staining-technique is of high validity in light infection with scanty egg-output.", "contents": "Combination of a viability test and a quantification method for Schistosoma haematobium eggs (filtration--trypan blue-staining-technique). The efficiency of the polycarbamate membrane filtration technique for detecting Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine has been increased by using a pore size of 14 micrometers diameter and the suction of a water jet pump. The technique permits filtration of several 1000 ml of urine in one test. Eggs concentrations of 1 egg in more than 1000 ml of urine were detected. Viability was assess after filtration by staining with trypan blue. Preliminary data of 118 Schistosoma haematobium-positive urine samples of 32 patients suggest that the filtration trypan blue-staining-technique is of high validity in light infection with scanty egg-output.", "PMID": 94193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_991", "title": "[Therapy of non-Hodgkin lymphomas].", "content": "The survey is introduced by references to the relations between special diagnostic findings and life expectancy. Also the contribution of the clinician to the diagnostics of the non-Hodgkin-lymphomas is dealt with. Five standpoints are to be regarded in the new management of chemotherapy: 1. The polychemotherapy is more effective than the monotherapy. 2. Massive-dose therapies of middle degree are more favourable than frequent, low-dosed cytostatic dosages. 3. Connection of the polychemotherapy with the radiotherapy in stage III and IV. 4. Particularly in the lymphomas with a high degree of malignancy polychemotherapy already in stage II following the radiation. 5. Especially intensive polychemotherapy in the lymphomas with a high degree of malignancy. The hitherto got findings in the polychemotherapy of the non-Hodgkin-lymphomas are reported. Here particularly the COP-scheme proved to be favourable, if necessary in connection with bleomycin, adriamycin or methotrexat; also BCNU or dakarbacin are possible. Own propositions, separated for lymphomas for low and high malignancy, respectively, take into consideration also the GDR-preparation Cytostasan.", "contents": "[Therapy of non-Hodgkin lymphomas]. The survey is introduced by references to the relations between special diagnostic findings and life expectancy. Also the contribution of the clinician to the diagnostics of the non-Hodgkin-lymphomas is dealt with. Five standpoints are to be regarded in the new management of chemotherapy: 1. The polychemotherapy is more effective than the monotherapy. 2. Massive-dose therapies of middle degree are more favourable than frequent, low-dosed cytostatic dosages. 3. Connection of the polychemotherapy with the radiotherapy in stage III and IV. 4. Particularly in the lymphomas with a high degree of malignancy polychemotherapy already in stage II following the radiation. 5. Especially intensive polychemotherapy in the lymphomas with a high degree of malignancy. The hitherto got findings in the polychemotherapy of the non-Hodgkin-lymphomas are reported. Here particularly the COP-scheme proved to be favourable, if necessary in connection with bleomycin, adriamycin or methotrexat; also BCNU or dakarbacin are possible. Own propositions, separated for lymphomas for low and high malignancy, respectively, take into consideration also the GDR-preparation Cytostasan.", "PMID": 94197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_992", "title": "[Absence of bioavailability of HPL following intramuscular application (author's transl)].", "content": "Repeated intramuscular application of HPL to pregnant women did not significantly influence serum concentrations of HPL, SP-1 and estriol. Thus, this mode of application seems to be not adequately for substitutional therapy during pregnancy.", "contents": "[Absence of bioavailability of HPL following intramuscular application (author's transl)]. Repeated intramuscular application of HPL to pregnant women did not significantly influence serum concentrations of HPL, SP-1 and estriol. Thus, this mode of application seems to be not adequately for substitutional therapy during pregnancy.", "PMID": 94198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_993", "title": "[Selective effects of lindane (gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6 hexachlorocyclohexane) on photosynthesis, membrane transport of amino acids and protein synthesis in Anacystis nidulans (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide Lindane on membrane transport of two neutrale amino acids in the Cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans (Synechococcus AN) were measured. In white light the L-Leucine incorporation into the protein fraction was inhibited, increasing with time. After 30 minutes the degree of inhibition was the same as the effect of DCMU (5 X 10(-6) M) on L-Leucine incorporation. 14CO2-fixation was also reduced at this time. At 717 nm, which enables PS I activity allone, no inhibition was observed. The light energy dependent membrane transport itself of L-Leucine in presence of CAM and of the non-metabolisable alpha-AIB in white light and in monochromatic light of 630 nm and of 717 nm were not influenced by Lindane. The different sites of Lindane action are discussed. It is assumed that in 30 minutes chiefly photosynthesis (PS II and CO2-fixation) is affected by Lindane, resulting in a suppression of protein synthesis caused by a depletion of intermediates of CO2-fixation.", "contents": "[Selective effects of lindane (gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6 hexachlorocyclohexane) on photosynthesis, membrane transport of amino acids and protein synthesis in Anacystis nidulans (author's transl)]. Effects of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide Lindane on membrane transport of two neutrale amino acids in the Cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans (Synechococcus AN) were measured. In white light the L-Leucine incorporation into the protein fraction was inhibited, increasing with time. After 30 minutes the degree of inhibition was the same as the effect of DCMU (5 X 10(-6) M) on L-Leucine incorporation. 14CO2-fixation was also reduced at this time. At 717 nm, which enables PS I activity allone, no inhibition was observed. The light energy dependent membrane transport itself of L-Leucine in presence of CAM and of the non-metabolisable alpha-AIB in white light and in monochromatic light of 630 nm and of 717 nm were not influenced by Lindane. The different sites of Lindane action are discussed. It is assumed that in 30 minutes chiefly photosynthesis (PS II and CO2-fixation) is affected by Lindane, resulting in a suppression of protein synthesis caused by a depletion of intermediates of CO2-fixation.", "PMID": 94199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_994", "title": "Data on the efficiency of specific antimumps immunoglobulins in the prevention of mumps and of its complications.", "content": "Administration of specific antimumps immunoglobulins(Ig) to mumps contacts in various children communities conferred protection only when performed early after the outbreak of the epidemic and if the proportion of previous mumps cases did not surpass 8% of the total number of children. Application of specific Ig to mumps patients within the first 5 days after onset prevented the appearance of secondary determinations and/or complications and reduced the duration of the disease and of the hospitalization period. The efficiency of standard gamma-globulins was very limited.", "contents": "Data on the efficiency of specific antimumps immunoglobulins in the prevention of mumps and of its complications. Administration of specific antimumps immunoglobulins(Ig) to mumps contacts in various children communities conferred protection only when performed early after the outbreak of the epidemic and if the proportion of previous mumps cases did not surpass 8% of the total number of children. Application of specific Ig to mumps patients within the first 5 days after onset prevented the appearance of secondary determinations and/or complications and reduced the duration of the disease and of the hospitalization period. The efficiency of standard gamma-globulins was very limited.", "PMID": 94196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_995", "title": "[Pesticide residues in poppy seed (author's transl)].", "content": "131 samples of poppy seed imported in 1977, 1978, and 1979 were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides. The average and maximum residue levels were 0.05 and 0.42 ppm for BHC-isomers without lindane, 0.07 and 0.40 ppm for lindane, 0.016 and 0.14 ppm for total DDDT (DDT, DDD, and DDE). Other pesticides could not be detected. The residue level was much higher in the first half year of our examination. Poppy seed from Eastern Europe and Turkey showed appreciably higher contamination than imports from Western European countries.", "contents": "[Pesticide residues in poppy seed (author's transl)]. 131 samples of poppy seed imported in 1977, 1978, and 1979 were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides. The average and maximum residue levels were 0.05 and 0.42 ppm for BHC-isomers without lindane, 0.07 and 0.40 ppm for lindane, 0.016 and 0.14 ppm for total DDDT (DDT, DDD, and DDE). Other pesticides could not be detected. The residue level was much higher in the first half year of our examination. Poppy seed from Eastern Europe and Turkey showed appreciably higher contamination than imports from Western European countries.", "PMID": 94201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_996", "title": "Synthesis of substance P analogs and agonistic and antagonistic activities.", "content": "Fourteen analogs of substances P (SP), six previously synthesized by a solution method and eight newly synthesized by a solid-phase technique, have been tested for agonistic and antagonistic activities utilizing the isolated guinea pig ileum. The primary objective is to achieve effective inhibitors of SP. These analogs had agonistic activities ranging from negligible to that equivalent to SP. Six of the fourteen analogs had some degree of antagonistic activity [D-Leu8, D-Phe9]-SP is an analog which constitutes a lead to new substitutions, because it had antagonistic activity, but only negligible agonistic activity. One concept for effective antagonistic activity requires negligible or no agonistic activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of substance P analogs and agonistic and antagonistic activities. Fourteen analogs of substances P (SP), six previously synthesized by a solution method and eight newly synthesized by a solid-phase technique, have been tested for agonistic and antagonistic activities utilizing the isolated guinea pig ileum. The primary objective is to achieve effective inhibitors of SP. These analogs had agonistic activities ranging from negligible to that equivalent to SP. Six of the fourteen analogs had some degree of antagonistic activity [D-Leu8, D-Phe9]-SP is an analog which constitutes a lead to new substitutions, because it had antagonistic activity, but only negligible agonistic activity. One concept for effective antagonistic activity requires negligible or no agonistic activity.", "PMID": 94202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_997", "title": "Separation of the isoenzymes of glyoxalase I from human red blood cells by electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel and by ion exchange chromatography.", "content": "Methods have been devised for the separation of the isoenzymes of glyoxalase I(S-lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing), EC 4.4.1.5) from human red blood cells by electrophoresis and electrofocusing on polyacrylamide gel slabs. Three different staining methods were used for the location of the enzyme. Three electrophoretic phenotypes of the enzyme were resolved, the fast and slow types with one band and the intermediate type with three glyoxalase I activity bands. In gel electrofocusing (pH gradient 3.5-9.5) two glyoxalase I activity bands were found for all electrophoretic types. In electrofocusing on gel with a narrow pH gradient, at least four separate enzyme components were resolved for the fast and slow electrophoretic types and at least six components for the intermediate type. The phenotypes could be distinguished correspondingly to the electrophoretic results. Preparative separation of the isoenzymes were achieved by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel but gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100 gave the same elution volume for all enzyme phenotypes. This corresponds to an apparent molecular weight of about 47 000.", "contents": "Separation of the isoenzymes of glyoxalase I from human red blood cells by electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel and by ion exchange chromatography. Methods have been devised for the separation of the isoenzymes of glyoxalase I(S-lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing), EC 4.4.1.5) from human red blood cells by electrophoresis and electrofocusing on polyacrylamide gel slabs. Three different staining methods were used for the location of the enzyme. Three electrophoretic phenotypes of the enzyme were resolved, the fast and slow types with one band and the intermediate type with three glyoxalase I activity bands. In gel electrofocusing (pH gradient 3.5-9.5) two glyoxalase I activity bands were found for all electrophoretic types. In electrofocusing on gel with a narrow pH gradient, at least four separate enzyme components were resolved for the fast and slow electrophoretic types and at least six components for the intermediate type. The phenotypes could be distinguished correspondingly to the electrophoretic results. Preparative separation of the isoenzymes were achieved by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel but gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100 gave the same elution volume for all enzyme phenotypes. This corresponds to an apparent molecular weight of about 47 000.", "PMID": 94203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_998", "title": "Intracellular collagen fibrils in cultured human skin.", "content": "During cultivation, the collagen fibrils of skin explants are broken down. The cells of the explants participate in this resorption. The ultrastructure of the intracellular degradation of collagen fibrils of cultured human skin has been examined. Intracellular collagen fibrils occur in fibroblasts, macrophages, smooth muscle cells and unidentifiable cells. Normal collagen fibrils are engulfed and appear within membrane-bounded tubes of the cytoplasm. Primary lysosomes fuse with the tubes. Degraded intracellular collagen fibrils are frequently present in secondary lysosomes and show decreasing diameters, filamentous splitting, loss of axial periodicity, variable stainability and cross-banded filamentous aggregates. The changes in the intracellular collagen fibrils are identical with those seen in the extracellular space. The present study demonstrates that various cell types in dermis are involved in collagen fibril degradation and that the lysosomes play an important part in the intracellular resorption.", "contents": "Intracellular collagen fibrils in cultured human skin. During cultivation, the collagen fibrils of skin explants are broken down. The cells of the explants participate in this resorption. The ultrastructure of the intracellular degradation of collagen fibrils of cultured human skin has been examined. Intracellular collagen fibrils occur in fibroblasts, macrophages, smooth muscle cells and unidentifiable cells. Normal collagen fibrils are engulfed and appear within membrane-bounded tubes of the cytoplasm. Primary lysosomes fuse with the tubes. Degraded intracellular collagen fibrils are frequently present in secondary lysosomes and show decreasing diameters, filamentous splitting, loss of axial periodicity, variable stainability and cross-banded filamentous aggregates. The changes in the intracellular collagen fibrils are identical with those seen in the extracellular space. The present study demonstrates that various cell types in dermis are involved in collagen fibril degradation and that the lysosomes play an important part in the intracellular resorption.", "PMID": 94205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_999", "title": "Studies on fibronectin in the skin. III. Indirect immunofluorescence studies in lichen planus.", "content": "Fibronectin is a glycoprotein which is responsible for a varity of functions in the human organism, such as mediation of contact between cells and between cells and fibres, opsonic qualities, interaction in the stabilization of fibrin, etc. Fibronectin is an important constituent of the ground substance having a special affinity to collagen. In indirect immunofluorescence studies its presence has been abundantly demonstrated in normal human skin, in collagen-rich structures such as the basement membranes, the papillary and reticular dermis, and in the vascular and neural structures, demonstrable by its characteristic staining patterns. Fibronectin is not found in the epidermis. In lichen planus, the distribution in unaffected skin is identical with that in normal skin, whereas in affected skin, changes in the pattern of fibronectin are found. The basement membrane zone becomes broader and hazy, later undergoing disintegration and destruction, concomitant with swelling and homogenization of the reticular distribution of fibronectin in the papillary dermis. Globular structures containing fibronectin are found in the basement membrane area, together with an intensified immunofluorescence in the vascular system. Fibronectin has certain adhesional properties and changes in the distribution of this glycoprotein may result in loss of tissue stability. The pathophysiological significance of the changes of fibronectin in lichen planus is, however, difficult to evaluate at present.", "contents": "Studies on fibronectin in the skin. III. Indirect immunofluorescence studies in lichen planus. Fibronectin is a glycoprotein which is responsible for a varity of functions in the human organism, such as mediation of contact between cells and between cells and fibres, opsonic qualities, interaction in the stabilization of fibrin, etc. Fibronectin is an important constituent of the ground substance having a special affinity to collagen. In indirect immunofluorescence studies its presence has been abundantly demonstrated in normal human skin, in collagen-rich structures such as the basement membranes, the papillary and reticular dermis, and in the vascular and neural structures, demonstrable by its characteristic staining patterns. Fibronectin is not found in the epidermis. In lichen planus, the distribution in unaffected skin is identical with that in normal skin, whereas in affected skin, changes in the pattern of fibronectin are found. The basement membrane zone becomes broader and hazy, later undergoing disintegration and destruction, concomitant with swelling and homogenization of the reticular distribution of fibronectin in the papillary dermis. Globular structures containing fibronectin are found in the basement membrane area, together with an intensified immunofluorescence in the vascular system. Fibronectin has certain adhesional properties and changes in the distribution of this glycoprotein may result in loss of tissue stability. The pathophysiological significance of the changes of fibronectin in lichen planus is, however, difficult to evaluate at present.", "PMID": 94206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1000", "title": "Photolysis of mast cells in presence of protoporphyrin.", "content": "The effects of ultraviolet and visible irradiation in presence of protoporhyrin upon mast cells were investigated. Rat peritoneal mast cells were suspended in a medium containing varying concentrations of protoporphyrin and were irradiated using a mercury vapor lamp. The release of histamine is related to both the concentrations of protoporphyrin and the period of irradiation. Comparatively negligible amounts of histamine were released when the cells were irradiated in absence of protophyrin or when the cells were incubated in the dark in presence of protoporphyrin. When 51Cr-labelled cells were employed, the release of histamine was paralleled by the release of 51Cr. These results suggest that the release of histamine was due to the lysis of cells. It was found that 2-deoxyglucose, iodoacetate and carbonyl cyanide, m-chlorophenyl hydrazone at concentrations which are known to inhibit the secretory release of histamine or uncouple oxidative phosphorylation, had no effect on the photolysis of mast cells. When mast cells were irradiated in presence of protoporphyrin for 5 to 10 minutes and then kept in the dark, the release of histamine was greater than when the cells were irradiated but not subsequently kept in the dark. It is suggested that the initial site of photochemical lysis is at or near the cell surface.", "contents": "Photolysis of mast cells in presence of protoporphyrin. The effects of ultraviolet and visible irradiation in presence of protoporhyrin upon mast cells were investigated. Rat peritoneal mast cells were suspended in a medium containing varying concentrations of protoporphyrin and were irradiated using a mercury vapor lamp. The release of histamine is related to both the concentrations of protoporphyrin and the period of irradiation. Comparatively negligible amounts of histamine were released when the cells were irradiated in absence of protophyrin or when the cells were incubated in the dark in presence of protoporphyrin. When 51Cr-labelled cells were employed, the release of histamine was paralleled by the release of 51Cr. These results suggest that the release of histamine was due to the lysis of cells. It was found that 2-deoxyglucose, iodoacetate and carbonyl cyanide, m-chlorophenyl hydrazone at concentrations which are known to inhibit the secretory release of histamine or uncouple oxidative phosphorylation, had no effect on the photolysis of mast cells. When mast cells were irradiated in presence of protoporphyrin for 5 to 10 minutes and then kept in the dark, the release of histamine was greater than when the cells were irradiated but not subsequently kept in the dark. It is suggested that the initial site of photochemical lysis is at or near the cell surface.", "PMID": 94207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1001", "title": "Strongyloides stercoralis in routine Papanicolaou-stained sputum smears.", "content": "Three cases are reported in which the initial detection of unsuspected Strongyloides stercoralis infestation was made on Papanicolaou-stained smears of sputum submitted for routine cytopathology. All cases were subsequently confirmed by the examination of stool specimens. A common factor in the three cases was long-term treatment with corticosteroids for chronic respiratory disease. All three patients responded to treatment with antihelminthics. The significance of this parasite is discussed, and its appearance in Papanicolaou-stained smears is described and illustrated.", "contents": "Strongyloides stercoralis in routine Papanicolaou-stained sputum smears. Three cases are reported in which the initial detection of unsuspected Strongyloides stercoralis infestation was made on Papanicolaou-stained smears of sputum submitted for routine cytopathology. All cases were subsequently confirmed by the examination of stool specimens. A common factor in the three cases was long-term treatment with corticosteroids for chronic respiratory disease. All three patients responded to treatment with antihelminthics. The significance of this parasite is discussed, and its appearance in Papanicolaou-stained smears is described and illustrated.", "PMID": 94204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1002", "title": "Erythemal and pigmentary phototest reactions in polymorphic light eruptions.", "content": "The erythemal and pigmentary skin reactions in 110 patients with chronic polymorphic light eruptions (PMLE) and in 154 control persons were investigated by phototesting with a medium pressure mercury lamp. Recording the erythemal threshold (MED) at 2-h intervals for up to 24 h after irradition disclosed no differences between PMLE patients and controls. There was, however, a tendency for the erythemal reaction to subside more slowly in the PMLE patients; this tendency reached a statistically very significant level by day 7. Seventy-three per cent of the PMLE patients and 86% of the controls showed immediate pigmentation. Three days after irradiation, however, 91% of the PMLE patients showed a delayed pigmentary response, in contrast to 66% of the controls; the depth of pigmentation was also greater in the PMLE patients. This study demonstrates that although PMLE patients and healthy controls, taken as groups, may show some differences in their erythemal and pigmentary response, the measurement of the these reactions is of no immediate assistance in the diagnosis of individual cases of polymorphic light eruptions.", "contents": "Erythemal and pigmentary phototest reactions in polymorphic light eruptions. The erythemal and pigmentary skin reactions in 110 patients with chronic polymorphic light eruptions (PMLE) and in 154 control persons were investigated by phototesting with a medium pressure mercury lamp. Recording the erythemal threshold (MED) at 2-h intervals for up to 24 h after irradition disclosed no differences between PMLE patients and controls. There was, however, a tendency for the erythemal reaction to subside more slowly in the PMLE patients; this tendency reached a statistically very significant level by day 7. Seventy-three per cent of the PMLE patients and 86% of the controls showed immediate pigmentation. Three days after irradiation, however, 91% of the PMLE patients showed a delayed pigmentary response, in contrast to 66% of the controls; the depth of pigmentation was also greater in the PMLE patients. This study demonstrates that although PMLE patients and healthy controls, taken as groups, may show some differences in their erythemal and pigmentary response, the measurement of the these reactions is of no immediate assistance in the diagnosis of individual cases of polymorphic light eruptions.", "PMID": 94208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1003", "title": "Pruritus in polycythemia vera: treatment with aspirin and possibility of platelet involvement.", "content": "The characteristic temperature-dependent pruritus in polycythemia vera (PV) is described. The triggering factor seems to be a sudden decrease in skin temperature, e.g. after a hot bath or shower. The sudden onset and limited duration of the pruritus might suggest an activation or release of some humoral factor(s). In a controlled study we showed that aspirin alleviates this particular pruritus. Therefore, the possibility of prostaglandin and platelet involvement was considered. It was found that substances such as PGE2 and serotonin, produced and released by platelets, could elicit pruritus in healthy volunteers when injected intradermally and that PGE2 enhanced the cutaneous responses to serotonin. Studies of platelet aggregation did not reveal any abnormalitites in the PV patients but ADP was shown to sensitize platelets to adrenaline-induced aggregation in vitro. Although not proven the following hypothesis is suggested: a combination of ADP, emerging from erythrocytes, and catecholamines released from adrenergic vasoconstrictor nerves when the skin is cooled down, might stimulate platelets to aggregation in skin vessels and to production and release of pruritogenic factors.", "contents": "Pruritus in polycythemia vera: treatment with aspirin and possibility of platelet involvement. The characteristic temperature-dependent pruritus in polycythemia vera (PV) is described. The triggering factor seems to be a sudden decrease in skin temperature, e.g. after a hot bath or shower. The sudden onset and limited duration of the pruritus might suggest an activation or release of some humoral factor(s). In a controlled study we showed that aspirin alleviates this particular pruritus. Therefore, the possibility of prostaglandin and platelet involvement was considered. It was found that substances such as PGE2 and serotonin, produced and released by platelets, could elicit pruritus in healthy volunteers when injected intradermally and that PGE2 enhanced the cutaneous responses to serotonin. Studies of platelet aggregation did not reveal any abnormalitites in the PV patients but ADP was shown to sensitize platelets to adrenaline-induced aggregation in vitro. Although not proven the following hypothesis is suggested: a combination of ADP, emerging from erythrocytes, and catecholamines released from adrenergic vasoconstrictor nerves when the skin is cooled down, might stimulate platelets to aggregation in skin vessels and to production and release of pruritogenic factors.", "PMID": 94209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1004", "title": "Two siblings with epidermodysplasia verruciformis with large clear cells in the epidermis: electron microscope and immunological findings.", "content": "In two Arab brothers presenting the characteristic clinical picture of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), histological examination revealed large clear cells in the granular layer and uppermost part of the prickle cell layer of the epidermis. The report of this histological picture in two cases by other authors in the past had aroused considerable discussion as to the true diagnosis. The finding of large clear cells in our two confirmed cases of EV supports the opinion that this does not necessarily contradict the diagnosis of EV. Electron microscope investigation revealed groups of particles in the nuclei of a few keratinocytes in the granular layer which were compatible with papova virus particles. The changes seen in the clear cells support the theory of the viral etiology of EV. Ehe immunological studies showed intact humoral immunity but impaired cellular immunity.", "contents": "Two siblings with epidermodysplasia verruciformis with large clear cells in the epidermis: electron microscope and immunological findings. In two Arab brothers presenting the characteristic clinical picture of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), histological examination revealed large clear cells in the granular layer and uppermost part of the prickle cell layer of the epidermis. The report of this histological picture in two cases by other authors in the past had aroused considerable discussion as to the true diagnosis. The finding of large clear cells in our two confirmed cases of EV supports the opinion that this does not necessarily contradict the diagnosis of EV. Electron microscope investigation revealed groups of particles in the nuclei of a few keratinocytes in the granular layer which were compatible with papova virus particles. The changes seen in the clear cells support the theory of the viral etiology of EV. Ehe immunological studies showed intact humoral immunity but impaired cellular immunity.", "PMID": 94210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1005", "title": "The activity in vitro of five different antimycotics against Pityrosporum orbiculare.", "content": "The activity in vitro of miconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, sodium omadine, and sodium thiosulphate against Pityrosporum orbiculare was found to correlate with the good clinical results these drugs produce in tinea versicolor. In addition many substances used as solvents or in vehicles had an inhibitory effect in vitro against P. orbiculare. The influence of the culture medium, especially lipids, on the action of imidazole derivatives is discussed.", "contents": "The activity in vitro of five different antimycotics against Pityrosporum orbiculare. The activity in vitro of miconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, sodium omadine, and sodium thiosulphate against Pityrosporum orbiculare was found to correlate with the good clinical results these drugs produce in tinea versicolor. In addition many substances used as solvents or in vehicles had an inhibitory effect in vitro against P. orbiculare. The influence of the culture medium, especially lipids, on the action of imidazole derivatives is discussed.", "PMID": 94211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1006", "title": "Cyclic AMP and psoriasis once more.", "content": "Imbalanced cyclic nucleotides are implicated as an underlying pathogenetic mechanism in psoriasis, but conflicting data on the levels of cAMP in psoriatic tissue have been obtained by different laboratories. Using heat separation and a competitive protein binding cAMP assay, a noticeably decreased epidermal level of cAMP was detected in newly formed guttate lesions in 10 patients with psoriasis (involved: 4.32 +/- 1.06 pmol/mg dry weight mean +/- S.E.M.). uninvolved: 7.97 +/- 1.63 pmol/mg dry weight mean +/- S.E.M.). In proliferative rat skin, bidirectional alterations in cAMP levels are known to occur. On the basis of present observation, we assume that the conflicting data hitherto obtained in psoriatic tissue similarly may merely reflect the various levels of cAMP at different developmental stages.", "contents": "Cyclic AMP and psoriasis once more. Imbalanced cyclic nucleotides are implicated as an underlying pathogenetic mechanism in psoriasis, but conflicting data on the levels of cAMP in psoriatic tissue have been obtained by different laboratories. Using heat separation and a competitive protein binding cAMP assay, a noticeably decreased epidermal level of cAMP was detected in newly formed guttate lesions in 10 patients with psoriasis (involved: 4.32 +/- 1.06 pmol/mg dry weight mean +/- S.E.M.). uninvolved: 7.97 +/- 1.63 pmol/mg dry weight mean +/- S.E.M.). In proliferative rat skin, bidirectional alterations in cAMP levels are known to occur. On the basis of present observation, we assume that the conflicting data hitherto obtained in psoriatic tissue similarly may merely reflect the various levels of cAMP at different developmental stages.", "PMID": 94212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1007", "title": "Ultrastructural study of mechanobullous desquamative gingivitis: a case report.", "content": "A 67-year-old female with localized bullous desquamative gingivitis is described. Ultrastructural studies of the perilesional area showed changes similar to those seen in cicatricial pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of mechanobullous desquamative gingivitis: a case report. A 67-year-old female with localized bullous desquamative gingivitis is described. Ultrastructural studies of the perilesional area showed changes similar to those seen in cicatricial pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.", "PMID": 94213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1008", "title": "Mixed bullous disease with labile erythrocyte sedimentation rate.", "content": "A woman, aged 66, fulfilled all the usual criteria of dermatitis herpetiformis. Subsequently, she developed circulating IgA and IgM basement membrane zone antibodies, a labile erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and the clinical picture changed to one of bullous pemphigoid. Her labile ESR was obviously caused by a factor related to the erythrocytes. Direct Coombs test was positive.", "contents": "Mixed bullous disease with labile erythrocyte sedimentation rate. A woman, aged 66, fulfilled all the usual criteria of dermatitis herpetiformis. Subsequently, she developed circulating IgA and IgM basement membrane zone antibodies, a labile erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and the clinical picture changed to one of bullous pemphigoid. Her labile ESR was obviously caused by a factor related to the erythrocytes. Direct Coombs test was positive.", "PMID": 94214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1009", "title": "Congenital localized skin defect and epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria letalis.", "content": "Epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria letalis (Herlitz) rarely appears with all the clinical characteristics originally described as belonging to the syndrome. Besides the blistering of the skin and mucous membranes in the oral cavity, the case presented showed dystrophic nails, congenital localized skin defects with hypoplasia of underlying structures and a rare but characteristic malformation of the foot of the affected extremity. No scar formation occurred before death at the age of 6 months. Histological examination of the blisters showed separation between the basement membrane and the cell membrane of the basal cells. In areas of skin defects, normal appearing hair follicles and sweat glands were seen. The relation of the syndrome to Bart's syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital localized skin defect and epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria letalis. Epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria letalis (Herlitz) rarely appears with all the clinical characteristics originally described as belonging to the syndrome. Besides the blistering of the skin and mucous membranes in the oral cavity, the case presented showed dystrophic nails, congenital localized skin defects with hypoplasia of underlying structures and a rare but characteristic malformation of the foot of the affected extremity. No scar formation occurred before death at the age of 6 months. Histological examination of the blisters showed separation between the basement membrane and the cell membrane of the basal cells. In areas of skin defects, normal appearing hair follicles and sweat glands were seen. The relation of the syndrome to Bart's syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 94215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1010", "title": "Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris: the value of routine radiographic examinations in the detection of an infectious focus.", "content": "A three-year clinical material of 163 patients with pustulosis palmaris et plantaris is presented. The study was designed to assess the value of routine radiographic examinations of teeth, nasal sinuses and chest in the detection of an asymptomatic infectious focus. 66 patients underwent 151 examinations. Infectious lesions were found in the lungs of 0 of 53 examinations, inflammation in the nasal sinuses in 3 of 52 examinations (6%) , and abscesses at the teeth roots in 8 of 46 examinations (17%). The 3 patients with sinuitis had symptoms leading to the diagnosis. The root abscesses were all asymptomatic. Elimination of the infectious foci did not affect the course of the disease. The high incidence of asymptomatic tooth root abscesses is discussed. From studies on clinically healthy persons, similar results have been reported. It is concluded that routine radiographic examinations are of little or no value, possibly with the exception of the dental examination.", "contents": "Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris: the value of routine radiographic examinations in the detection of an infectious focus. A three-year clinical material of 163 patients with pustulosis palmaris et plantaris is presented. The study was designed to assess the value of routine radiographic examinations of teeth, nasal sinuses and chest in the detection of an asymptomatic infectious focus. 66 patients underwent 151 examinations. Infectious lesions were found in the lungs of 0 of 53 examinations, inflammation in the nasal sinuses in 3 of 52 examinations (6%) , and abscesses at the teeth roots in 8 of 46 examinations (17%). The 3 patients with sinuitis had symptoms leading to the diagnosis. The root abscesses were all asymptomatic. Elimination of the infectious foci did not affect the course of the disease. The high incidence of asymptomatic tooth root abscesses is discussed. From studies on clinically healthy persons, similar results have been reported. It is concluded that routine radiographic examinations are of little or no value, possibly with the exception of the dental examination.", "PMID": 94216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1011", "title": "Chequered localized pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a variety of Christensen's exogenous pseudoxanthoma elasticum?", "content": "We report a very curious case of a condition which has never been described before. Its features are comparable but not quite identical with those of Christensen's saltpetre-induced PXE which the author considers to be an exogenous variety of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Since our case appeared spontaneously without any accidental episode we prefer to designate it under the name 'localized PXE'. The chequered appearance of the lesions seems to be the characteristic feature of the disease.", "contents": "Chequered localized pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a variety of Christensen's exogenous pseudoxanthoma elasticum? We report a very curious case of a condition which has never been described before. Its features are comparable but not quite identical with those of Christensen's saltpetre-induced PXE which the author considers to be an exogenous variety of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Since our case appeared spontaneously without any accidental episode we prefer to designate it under the name 'localized PXE'. The chequered appearance of the lesions seems to be the characteristic feature of the disease.", "PMID": 94217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1012", "title": "Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis: a report of neonatal onset.", "content": "A child developed diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis when 20 days old. His prognosis appears good, compared with other reports of similar neonatal onset.", "contents": "Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis: a report of neonatal onset. A child developed diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis when 20 days old. His prognosis appears good, compared with other reports of similar neonatal onset.", "PMID": 94218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1013", "title": "Dermatomyositis induced by penicillamine.", "content": "A case of dermatomyositis is reported in a 50-year-old woman receiving D-Penicillamine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. There was no evidence of neoplasia on full investigation. Remission of dermatomyositis occurred on withdrawal of D-Penicillamine.", "contents": "Dermatomyositis induced by penicillamine. A case of dermatomyositis is reported in a 50-year-old woman receiving D-Penicillamine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. There was no evidence of neoplasia on full investigation. Remission of dermatomyositis occurred on withdrawal of D-Penicillamine.", "PMID": 94219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1014", "title": "Local photochemotherapy in nodular prurigo.", "content": "Fifteen patients with nodular prurigo were treated with a trioxsalen bath (50 mg/150 l of water) and UVA given in an ordinary PUVA cabin. Good results were observed in 8 and moderate in 7 patients in the initial phase. The result was good or excellent in 13 of the 15 patients during maintenance treatment. The good results are promising in the treatment of this chronic and otherwise therapy-resistant disease.", "contents": "Local photochemotherapy in nodular prurigo. Fifteen patients with nodular prurigo were treated with a trioxsalen bath (50 mg/150 l of water) and UVA given in an ordinary PUVA cabin. Good results were observed in 8 and moderate in 7 patients in the initial phase. The result was good or excellent in 13 of the 15 patients during maintenance treatment. The good results are promising in the treatment of this chronic and otherwise therapy-resistant disease.", "PMID": 94220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1015", "title": "Induction of delayed-type sensitivity to Leishmania parasite in a case of leishmaniasis cutanea diffusa with BCG and cord-factor (Trehalose-6-6' dimycolate).", "content": "The delayed hypersensitivity against the leishmania parasite was restored to a patient who had suffered from diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) for 26 years, by the application of an ointment containing heat-killed and lyophilized BCG and cord-factor (trehalose-6-6'-dimycolate) after stripping the affected and adjacent areas with scotch-tape.", "contents": "Induction of delayed-type sensitivity to Leishmania parasite in a case of leishmaniasis cutanea diffusa with BCG and cord-factor (Trehalose-6-6' dimycolate). The delayed hypersensitivity against the leishmania parasite was restored to a patient who had suffered from diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) for 26 years, by the application of an ointment containing heat-killed and lyophilized BCG and cord-factor (trehalose-6-6'-dimycolate) after stripping the affected and adjacent areas with scotch-tape.", "PMID": 94221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1016", "title": "Treatment of leishmaniasis recidivens with intralesional injections of emetine hydrochloride: a case report.", "content": "A patient, suffering for 42 years from the late tuberculoid-type of leishmaniasis located in his face, was successfully treated with intralesional injections of emetine hydrochloride. Previous treatments, which included intralesional injections of steroids and concomitant intramuscular injections of antimonials, flagyl, fluorocytosine, infusions of amphotericin B--with and without concomitant treatment by steroids systemically and/or intralesionally--and amphotericin B intralesionally, were altogether ineffective. In addition, the patient underwent five operations in a plastic surgery department.", "contents": "Treatment of leishmaniasis recidivens with intralesional injections of emetine hydrochloride: a case report. A patient, suffering for 42 years from the late tuberculoid-type of leishmaniasis located in his face, was successfully treated with intralesional injections of emetine hydrochloride. Previous treatments, which included intralesional injections of steroids and concomitant intramuscular injections of antimonials, flagyl, fluorocytosine, infusions of amphotericin B--with and without concomitant treatment by steroids systemically and/or intralesionally--and amphotericin B intralesionally, were altogether ineffective. In addition, the patient underwent five operations in a plastic surgery department.", "PMID": 94222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1017", "title": "Antibiotic sensitivity of comedonal Propionibacterium acnes.", "content": "Previous studies on antibiotic MIC levels for P. acnes and P. granulosum have shown them generally sensitive to therapeutic levels in both blood and surface lipids. The clinical response of acne vulgaris to antibiotic therapy is slower than one would anticipate from in vitro studies. It is also delayed well beyond the time tetracycline is known to appear in surface lipids. The concentration of antibiotics in comedonal material could be important, but it is not known. To determine the sensitivity level required for such an assay, MIC studies on P. acnes and P. granulosum from comedonal material were carried out from 0.05 to 25 microgram/ml. The assay would need to detect 0.05 microgram/ml or less in comedonal material. Interestingly, two organisms were found to be resistant to one or more antibiotics at the 25 microgram/ml level and another had a MIC level of 12.5 microgram/ml for tetracycline.", "contents": "Antibiotic sensitivity of comedonal Propionibacterium acnes. Previous studies on antibiotic MIC levels for P. acnes and P. granulosum have shown them generally sensitive to therapeutic levels in both blood and surface lipids. The clinical response of acne vulgaris to antibiotic therapy is slower than one would anticipate from in vitro studies. It is also delayed well beyond the time tetracycline is known to appear in surface lipids. The concentration of antibiotics in comedonal material could be important, but it is not known. To determine the sensitivity level required for such an assay, MIC studies on P. acnes and P. granulosum from comedonal material were carried out from 0.05 to 25 microgram/ml. The assay would need to detect 0.05 microgram/ml or less in comedonal material. Interestingly, two organisms were found to be resistant to one or more antibiotics at the 25 microgram/ml level and another had a MIC level of 12.5 microgram/ml for tetracycline.", "PMID": 94223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1018", "title": "Inhibition of hyperhidrosis by topical application of a local anesthetic composition.", "content": "An eutectic mixture of 5% lidocaine and 5% prilocaine applied locally to the skin inhibited epinephrine-induced sweating in healthy subjects. It also inhibited palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis from 1 to 6 hours after application to 15 of 17 patients tested. A placebo lotion was without effect. When used daily for 3--4 weeks, only 25% of the patients were very pleased with the treatment. The reason for the decrease of efficacy is uncertain.", "contents": "Inhibition of hyperhidrosis by topical application of a local anesthetic composition. An eutectic mixture of 5% lidocaine and 5% prilocaine applied locally to the skin inhibited epinephrine-induced sweating in healthy subjects. It also inhibited palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis from 1 to 6 hours after application to 15 of 17 patients tested. A placebo lotion was without effect. When used daily for 3--4 weeks, only 25% of the patients were very pleased with the treatment. The reason for the decrease of efficacy is uncertain.", "PMID": 94225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1019", "title": "On the mechanism of HBFP stain and an analysis of heterogeneous nuclei in rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Haematoxylin-Basic fuchsin-Picric acid (HBFP) technique characterises two varieties of nuclear population in the rat hepatocytes. HBFP technique is capricious and the differentiation step should be controlled stringently; ethanolic picric acid, therefore, is recommended as a differentiation fluid. On the basis of controls treated with (1) ribonuclease (RNase), (2) deoxyribonuclease (DNase), (3) Bouins fluid or (4) protease, this study has determined that DNA-associated protein(s) and some DNA may be responsible for the HBFP produced nuclear fuchsinorrhagia. The heterogeneous nuclei of the rat hepatocytes were statistically analyzed in periportal, centrilobular and intermediate areas. Fuchsinorrhagic nuclei were preponderant in the periportal areas.", "contents": "On the mechanism of HBFP stain and an analysis of heterogeneous nuclei in rat hepatocytes. Haematoxylin-Basic fuchsin-Picric acid (HBFP) technique characterises two varieties of nuclear population in the rat hepatocytes. HBFP technique is capricious and the differentiation step should be controlled stringently; ethanolic picric acid, therefore, is recommended as a differentiation fluid. On the basis of controls treated with (1) ribonuclease (RNase), (2) deoxyribonuclease (DNase), (3) Bouins fluid or (4) protease, this study has determined that DNA-associated protein(s) and some DNA may be responsible for the HBFP produced nuclear fuchsinorrhagia. The heterogeneous nuclei of the rat hepatocytes were statistically analyzed in periportal, centrilobular and intermediate areas. Fuchsinorrhagic nuclei were preponderant in the periportal areas.", "PMID": 94226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1020", "title": "A critical re-evaluation of the anisotropic index used in polarization microscopy: a study on epiphyseal cartilage.", "content": "Topo-optical reactions specific for collagen and glycosaminoglycans were performed on epiphyseal cartilage plates which differed in age, in chemical composition, and in structure. Retardation values were measured with the polarization microscope and anisotropic index values were calculated after each reaction. It was found that the anisotropic index proposed earlier for quantitative evaluation of topo-optical reactions did not refer either to the submicroscopic orientation pattern or to the quantity of cartilage matrix components. It is suggested that retardation values of induced birefringence may be only used to characterize the spatial orientation of these components in the cartilage matrix.", "contents": "A critical re-evaluation of the anisotropic index used in polarization microscopy: a study on epiphyseal cartilage. Topo-optical reactions specific for collagen and glycosaminoglycans were performed on epiphyseal cartilage plates which differed in age, in chemical composition, and in structure. Retardation values were measured with the polarization microscope and anisotropic index values were calculated after each reaction. It was found that the anisotropic index proposed earlier for quantitative evaluation of topo-optical reactions did not refer either to the submicroscopic orientation pattern or to the quantity of cartilage matrix components. It is suggested that retardation values of induced birefringence may be only used to characterize the spatial orientation of these components in the cartilage matrix.", "PMID": 94227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1021", "title": "Distribution and nature of desmosomes in the bovine developing ruminal epithelium.", "content": "Desmosomes entirely similar to those of the deeper layers of ruminal epithelium are seen in the luminal layers of the early fetal ruminal epithelium. In the older fetuses, these desmosomes have morphological features that reveal to some extent the occurrence of processes of keratinization. This could indicate that the basis for cell keratinization is already present in the fetus and that postnatal keratinization corresponds mainly to the full development of the prenatally existing pattern of differentiation.", "contents": "Distribution and nature of desmosomes in the bovine developing ruminal epithelium. Desmosomes entirely similar to those of the deeper layers of ruminal epithelium are seen in the luminal layers of the early fetal ruminal epithelium. In the older fetuses, these desmosomes have morphological features that reveal to some extent the occurrence of processes of keratinization. This could indicate that the basis for cell keratinization is already present in the fetus and that postnatal keratinization corresponds mainly to the full development of the prenatally existing pattern of differentiation.", "PMID": 94228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1022", "title": "Cross-reactions between Staphylococcus aureus and fifteen other bacterial species.", "content": "Fifty-five different antigens were demonstrated in an antigen preparation obtained by sonication of a protein A-free strain of Staphylococcus aureus, using crossed immunoelectrophoresis and antiserum obtained from rabbits. The antigens were characterized by absorption experiments with formalin-killed bacterial cells, temperature resistance and protein and polysaccharide staining. One of the antigens showed reaction of identity with a preparation of teichoic acid from S. aureus. Using this reference system, cross-reactions between the S. aureus reference strain and S. aureus strains from the four phage groups as well as 15 other bacterial species, were studied by various quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods. The S. aureus antigens from the four phage groups showed almost 100% cross-reactivity for all antigens, while antigens from nine other bacterial species cross-reacted to varying degrees with one to four S. aureus antigens. All of 12 S. aureus antigens cross-reacted with the four S. epidermidis biotypes.", "contents": "Cross-reactions between Staphylococcus aureus and fifteen other bacterial species. Fifty-five different antigens were demonstrated in an antigen preparation obtained by sonication of a protein A-free strain of Staphylococcus aureus, using crossed immunoelectrophoresis and antiserum obtained from rabbits. The antigens were characterized by absorption experiments with formalin-killed bacterial cells, temperature resistance and protein and polysaccharide staining. One of the antigens showed reaction of identity with a preparation of teichoic acid from S. aureus. Using this reference system, cross-reactions between the S. aureus reference strain and S. aureus strains from the four phage groups as well as 15 other bacterial species, were studied by various quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods. The S. aureus antigens from the four phage groups showed almost 100% cross-reactivity for all antigens, while antigens from nine other bacterial species cross-reacted to varying degrees with one to four S. aureus antigens. All of 12 S. aureus antigens cross-reacted with the four S. epidermidis biotypes.", "PMID": 94234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1023", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid proteins electrophoresis without prior concentration.", "content": "There is a need for new methods to study CSF proteins. Kerenyi et al., 1973 and Verheecke, 1975 have already used this method and discussed its advantages. The electrophoresis is carried out according to the method of Wieme with as supporting medium agar. The volume applied varies between 5 to 15 microliters according to the total protein content and the width of the slit. Care must be taken to work at all times with bidistilled water and pro analysis reagents. After drying, the electrophoretic plates are reduced in a 10% solution of thiodiglycol, dried again, then immersed in 2% potassium hexacyanoferrate, washed thoroughly, then revealed with a silver nitrate solution (Kerenyi et al., 1973; Verheecke P., 1975) and left in 1% acetic acid. This technique is of major value as: 1. It avoids artefacts due to concentration and loss of proteins; 2. It works with very small amounts of fluid; 3. Where the CSF is silent for antibodies restricted heterogeneity using the classical methods, it reveals marked IgG fractionation.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid proteins electrophoresis without prior concentration. There is a need for new methods to study CSF proteins. Kerenyi et al., 1973 and Verheecke, 1975 have already used this method and discussed its advantages. The electrophoresis is carried out according to the method of Wieme with as supporting medium agar. The volume applied varies between 5 to 15 microliters according to the total protein content and the width of the slit. Care must be taken to work at all times with bidistilled water and pro analysis reagents. After drying, the electrophoretic plates are reduced in a 10% solution of thiodiglycol, dried again, then immersed in 2% potassium hexacyanoferrate, washed thoroughly, then revealed with a silver nitrate solution (Kerenyi et al., 1973; Verheecke P., 1975) and left in 1% acetic acid. This technique is of major value as: 1. It avoids artefacts due to concentration and loss of proteins; 2. It works with very small amounts of fluid; 3. Where the CSF is silent for antibodies restricted heterogeneity using the classical methods, it reveals marked IgG fractionation.", "PMID": 94230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1024", "title": "Cross-reactions between Haemophilus influenzae and nineteen other bacterial species.", "content": "Forty-one different antigens were demonstrated in an antigen preparation obtained by sonication of a Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) type b strain, using crossed immunoelectrophoresis and antiserum obtained from rabbits. Antigens were characterized by absorption experiments with whole heat-killed bacteria, temperature resistance and protein and polysaccharide staining. Cross-reactions between H. influenzae type b and 19 other bacterial species were studied by various quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods, using the reference system. A non-capsulated H. influenzae cross-reacted extensively (41 antigens) with H. influenzae type b and Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Haemophilus haemolyticus showed considerable cross-reactivity with H. influenzae type b (26 and 32 antigens respectively), while antigens from eight other bacterial species cross-reacted to varying degrees with one to five H. influenzae antigens.", "contents": "Cross-reactions between Haemophilus influenzae and nineteen other bacterial species. Forty-one different antigens were demonstrated in an antigen preparation obtained by sonication of a Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) type b strain, using crossed immunoelectrophoresis and antiserum obtained from rabbits. Antigens were characterized by absorption experiments with whole heat-killed bacteria, temperature resistance and protein and polysaccharide staining. Cross-reactions between H. influenzae type b and 19 other bacterial species were studied by various quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods, using the reference system. A non-capsulated H. influenzae cross-reacted extensively (41 antigens) with H. influenzae type b and Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Haemophilus haemolyticus showed considerable cross-reactivity with H. influenzae type b (26 and 32 antigens respectively), while antigens from eight other bacterial species cross-reacted to varying degrees with one to five H. influenzae antigens.", "PMID": 94235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1025", "title": "O-antigenic cross-reactivity in Fusobacterium nucleatum.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the same chemotype isolated from seven strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum were examined by indirect haemagglutination and inhibition of haemagglutination in unabsorbed and absorbed antisera. Four common major antigenic specificities were detected, and two of the LPS examined contained antigenic specificities not shared with any of the other LPS. In addition, a few weak cross-reactions were observed, also with some LPS of other chemotypes.", "contents": "O-antigenic cross-reactivity in Fusobacterium nucleatum. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the same chemotype isolated from seven strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum were examined by indirect haemagglutination and inhibition of haemagglutination in unabsorbed and absorbed antisera. Four common major antigenic specificities were detected, and two of the LPS examined contained antigenic specificities not shared with any of the other LPS. In addition, a few weak cross-reactions were observed, also with some LPS of other chemotypes.", "PMID": 94236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1026", "title": "Chloride transport by self-exchange and by KCl salt diffusion in gramicidin-treated red blood cells.", "content": "The permeability of gramicidin-treated human red blood cell membranes to K+ and Cl- has been measured at normal ionic strength (1) by tracer exchange at steady-state distribution of salt, and (2) by net transport of salt in the presence of a salt concentration gradient. Under both conditions KCl was the only inorganic salt in cells and medium. In the studies of self-exchanges the electrical driving force on the ions was zero. Calculaton of permeability coefficients from net salt transport was simplified because the experiment was designed as a special case of the Nerst-Planck diffusion regime, i.e. the single salt case. Gramicidin altered the cell membranes from being anion to become cation selective. Gramicidin increased the potassium exchange without affecting the chloride exchange measurably. The chloride exchange showed saturation kinetics as does chloride exchange in normal cells. The net transport of KCl in the presence of a constant concentration gradient increased to a constant value with increasing gramicidin concentration. At high gramicidin concentrations (0 degree C, pH 7.2) the \"chloride permeability coefficient\" calculated from tracer exchange (1.9 x 10(-6) cm/s) was 290 times the chloride permeability coefficient calculated from net salt transport (0.65 x 10(-8) cm/s). The latter value corresponds to a chloride conductance of 4.2 x 10(-6) ohm-1 cm-2. The chloride permeability coefficient was 2.1 x 10(-6) cm/s at 25 degrees C (pH 6.8) indicating a value of 3 for the Q25. It appears that normal red cells are anion selective in the sense that anion permeability exceeds cation permeability with a factor of more than a hundred between 0 degrees C and body temperature. The anion exchange, i.e. the Hamburger shift, is a tightly coupled transport process which is several orders of magnitude faster than anion transport by salt diffusion.", "contents": "Chloride transport by self-exchange and by KCl salt diffusion in gramicidin-treated red blood cells. The permeability of gramicidin-treated human red blood cell membranes to K+ and Cl- has been measured at normal ionic strength (1) by tracer exchange at steady-state distribution of salt, and (2) by net transport of salt in the presence of a salt concentration gradient. Under both conditions KCl was the only inorganic salt in cells and medium. In the studies of self-exchanges the electrical driving force on the ions was zero. Calculaton of permeability coefficients from net salt transport was simplified because the experiment was designed as a special case of the Nerst-Planck diffusion regime, i.e. the single salt case. Gramicidin altered the cell membranes from being anion to become cation selective. Gramicidin increased the potassium exchange without affecting the chloride exchange measurably. The chloride exchange showed saturation kinetics as does chloride exchange in normal cells. The net transport of KCl in the presence of a constant concentration gradient increased to a constant value with increasing gramicidin concentration. At high gramicidin concentrations (0 degree C, pH 7.2) the \"chloride permeability coefficient\" calculated from tracer exchange (1.9 x 10(-6) cm/s) was 290 times the chloride permeability coefficient calculated from net salt transport (0.65 x 10(-8) cm/s). The latter value corresponds to a chloride conductance of 4.2 x 10(-6) ohm-1 cm-2. The chloride permeability coefficient was 2.1 x 10(-6) cm/s at 25 degrees C (pH 6.8) indicating a value of 3 for the Q25. It appears that normal red cells are anion selective in the sense that anion permeability exceeds cation permeability with a factor of more than a hundred between 0 degrees C and body temperature. The anion exchange, i.e. the Hamburger shift, is a tightly coupled transport process which is several orders of magnitude faster than anion transport by salt diffusion.", "PMID": 94237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1027", "title": "Immuno-chemotherapy of malignant lymphoma using OK-432, a streptococcal agent.", "content": "Clinical trials of immuno-chemotherapy were conducted on malignant lymphoma patients. Patients during the period from 1972 through 1977 were allocated to two groups retrospectively according to the mode of treatment, i.e., chemotherapy alone (historical control group, 35 patients) and chemotherapy with OK-432 (treated group, 15 patients). Comparisons were made of the two groups, which were homogeneous with regard to induction chemotherapy, maintenance chemotherapy, stage and histologic type of disease. The treated group had a higher remission rate, and a longer remission duration and survival than the control groups, especially in patients with Hodgkin's disease but the difference was not statistically significant owing to the limited number of cases.", "contents": "Immuno-chemotherapy of malignant lymphoma using OK-432, a streptococcal agent. Clinical trials of immuno-chemotherapy were conducted on malignant lymphoma patients. Patients during the period from 1972 through 1977 were allocated to two groups retrospectively according to the mode of treatment, i.e., chemotherapy alone (historical control group, 35 patients) and chemotherapy with OK-432 (treated group, 15 patients). Comparisons were made of the two groups, which were homogeneous with regard to induction chemotherapy, maintenance chemotherapy, stage and histologic type of disease. The treated group had a higher remission rate, and a longer remission duration and survival than the control groups, especially in patients with Hodgkin's disease but the difference was not statistically significant owing to the limited number of cases.", "PMID": 94239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1028", "title": "Heat-stable somatic antigens of a group of unclassified fluorescent pseudomonads (UFP).", "content": "(i) Isolates belonging to a group of unclassified fluorescent pseudomonads (UFP) are similar to Pseudomonas aeruginosa not only in cultural behaviour but also in basic serological properties of their somatic antigens. Living bacteria and cultures subjected to prolonged heating at 100 degrees C or above agglutinated readily in homologous O serum, whereas after exposure to 60 degrees C, ethanol, saturated sodium chloride and formalin the cells of both species became practically inagglutinable. Surface factors inhibiting the agglutination of living bacteria in O sera being absent, the slide technique was chosen as a routine method for the serological grouping of UFP. (ii) The O antigens of UFP were different in serological specificity from those of P. aeruginosa: the two organisms were related only by minor \"common\" antigens detectable with bacteria heated at 130 degrees C. One hundred and ten out of 115 UFP isolates were classified into 17 serological groups; O groups 2, 5, 10, 12 and 16 were each further divided into two subgroups. Five isolates reacted in several sera or were unstable. (iii) Serological grouping of UFP is reproducible and adequate for the tracing of isolates and may be helpful for a rapid differentiation of the organism from P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Heat-stable somatic antigens of a group of unclassified fluorescent pseudomonads (UFP). (i) Isolates belonging to a group of unclassified fluorescent pseudomonads (UFP) are similar to Pseudomonas aeruginosa not only in cultural behaviour but also in basic serological properties of their somatic antigens. Living bacteria and cultures subjected to prolonged heating at 100 degrees C or above agglutinated readily in homologous O serum, whereas after exposure to 60 degrees C, ethanol, saturated sodium chloride and formalin the cells of both species became practically inagglutinable. Surface factors inhibiting the agglutination of living bacteria in O sera being absent, the slide technique was chosen as a routine method for the serological grouping of UFP. (ii) The O antigens of UFP were different in serological specificity from those of P. aeruginosa: the two organisms were related only by minor \"common\" antigens detectable with bacteria heated at 130 degrees C. One hundred and ten out of 115 UFP isolates were classified into 17 serological groups; O groups 2, 5, 10, 12 and 16 were each further divided into two subgroups. Five isolates reacted in several sera or were unstable. (iii) Serological grouping of UFP is reproducible and adequate for the tracing of isolates and may be helpful for a rapid differentiation of the organism from P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 94240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1029", "title": "Subpopulations of human peripheral blood cells: analysis of granulocytic progenitor cells by flow cytometry and immunologic surface markers.", "content": "Normal human peripheral blood cells were separated into different populations based upon isopycnic sedimentation, E rosetting, and EAC rosetting. Each population was characterized according to morphology, surface markers, granulocytic colony formation in semi-solid media, and stainable RNA content by acridine orange (AO) flow cytometry. These techniques enrich for a population of cells that is characterized by a lymphoid morphology, a high granulocytic-macrophage progenitor cell cloning efficiency, a lack of surface markers, and a high stainable RNA content not found in the other two populations of peripheral blood lymphocytes (T cells and B cells). The stainable RNA content serves as a new metabolic marker for the population of cells in which the preponderance of granulocytic progenitor cells reside.", "contents": "Subpopulations of human peripheral blood cells: analysis of granulocytic progenitor cells by flow cytometry and immunologic surface markers. Normal human peripheral blood cells were separated into different populations based upon isopycnic sedimentation, E rosetting, and EAC rosetting. Each population was characterized according to morphology, surface markers, granulocytic colony formation in semi-solid media, and stainable RNA content by acridine orange (AO) flow cytometry. These techniques enrich for a population of cells that is characterized by a lymphoid morphology, a high granulocytic-macrophage progenitor cell cloning efficiency, a lack of surface markers, and a high stainable RNA content not found in the other two populations of peripheral blood lymphocytes (T cells and B cells). The stainable RNA content serves as a new metabolic marker for the population of cells in which the preponderance of granulocytic progenitor cells reside.", "PMID": 94243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1030", "title": "[Histochemical studies on the structure and the age changes of Descemet's membrane in cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "Descemet's membrane of 15 cattle-corneas, aged 6 month to 13 years was studied by various histochemical and morphometric methods. 3 zones could be differentiated. Zone 1 is relatively small and does not show significant changes with age; zone 2 comprises the main part of Descemet's membrane, its diameter increased with age. Zone 2 is rich in sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Zone 3, below the endothelial lining, does not develop before the 3rd and 5th year of life and stains different from zone 2.", "contents": "[Histochemical studies on the structure and the age changes of Descemet's membrane in cattle (author's transl)]. Descemet's membrane of 15 cattle-corneas, aged 6 month to 13 years was studied by various histochemical and morphometric methods. 3 zones could be differentiated. Zone 1 is relatively small and does not show significant changes with age; zone 2 comprises the main part of Descemet's membrane, its diameter increased with age. Zone 2 is rich in sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Zone 3, below the endothelial lining, does not develop before the 3rd and 5th year of life and stains different from zone 2.", "PMID": 94246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1031", "title": "[Effect of pyridoxine on histamine liberation and degranulation of rat mast cells].", "content": "Pyridoxine, one of the B vitamins, has been shown to be useful in the treatment of childhood bronchial asthma by Collip et al. (1975). A double-blind study with 76 asthmatic children followed for five months indicated significant improvement in asthma following pyridoxine therapy (200 mg daily) and a reduction in dosage of bronchodilators and cortisone. Other reports have shown that nicotinamide, another B vitamin shows inhibitory activity in rat mast cell degranulation and histamine release (Bekier et al. 1974, Wiczolkowska and Maslinski, 1975, 1976). These results induced us to investigate if pyridoxine, like nicotinamide or disodium cromoglycate, exhibits pharmacological inhibitory activity in rat mast cell degranulation and histamine release induced by antigen or other non-immunological stimulants. We found that pyridoxine at concentrations of 10 (-3) M, or greater significantly inhibited rat mast cell degranulation and histamine release induced by phospholipase A, compound 48/80, antigen (egg albumin) or a mixture of dextran and phosphatidyl serine, respectively. In these experimental models, pyridoxine shows a pharmacological profile similar to nicotinamide and disodium cromoglycate, although weaker than the latter. In spite of this, the lack of toxicity of this vitamin at relatively high doses (1 or 1.5 g), the possibility that other mechanisms of action may be involved, such as the improvement in tryptophan metabolism reported by Collip following pyridoxine therapy, suggest that this vitamine merits additional research.", "contents": "[Effect of pyridoxine on histamine liberation and degranulation of rat mast cells]. Pyridoxine, one of the B vitamins, has been shown to be useful in the treatment of childhood bronchial asthma by Collip et al. (1975). A double-blind study with 76 asthmatic children followed for five months indicated significant improvement in asthma following pyridoxine therapy (200 mg daily) and a reduction in dosage of bronchodilators and cortisone. Other reports have shown that nicotinamide, another B vitamin shows inhibitory activity in rat mast cell degranulation and histamine release (Bekier et al. 1974, Wiczolkowska and Maslinski, 1975, 1976). These results induced us to investigate if pyridoxine, like nicotinamide or disodium cromoglycate, exhibits pharmacological inhibitory activity in rat mast cell degranulation and histamine release induced by antigen or other non-immunological stimulants. We found that pyridoxine at concentrations of 10 (-3) M, or greater significantly inhibited rat mast cell degranulation and histamine release induced by phospholipase A, compound 48/80, antigen (egg albumin) or a mixture of dextran and phosphatidyl serine, respectively. In these experimental models, pyridoxine shows a pharmacological profile similar to nicotinamide and disodium cromoglycate, although weaker than the latter. In spite of this, the lack of toxicity of this vitamin at relatively high doses (1 or 1.5 g), the possibility that other mechanisms of action may be involved, such as the improvement in tryptophan metabolism reported by Collip following pyridoxine therapy, suggest that this vitamine merits additional research.", "PMID": 94242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1032", "title": "Mycoplasma pneumonia presenting as meningoencephalitis and hemolytic anemia.", "content": "Simultaneous occurrence of cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia and central nervous system disease due to Mycoplasma pneumonia is extremely rare. A patient is described who initially presented with severe hemolysis and diffuse neurologic dysfunction which appeared during the period of roentgenographic resolution of her pneumonia. Spectrum, pathogenesis, and antimicrobial treatment of the neurologic complications are reviewed.", "contents": "Mycoplasma pneumonia presenting as meningoencephalitis and hemolytic anemia. Simultaneous occurrence of cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia and central nervous system disease due to Mycoplasma pneumonia is extremely rare. A patient is described who initially presented with severe hemolysis and diffuse neurologic dysfunction which appeared during the period of roentgenographic resolution of her pneumonia. Spectrum, pathogenesis, and antimicrobial treatment of the neurologic complications are reviewed.", "PMID": 94244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1033", "title": "[Specific soluble cell-wall antigens of \"Candida tropicalis\" demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present study, soluble cytoplasmic extracts of Candida albicans and C. tropicalis were prepared and showed respectively 67 and 47 precipitates in crossed immunoelectrophoresis performed with a commerical goat anti-C. albicans immunserum. Purified cell walls of C. tropicalis have been prepared, and corresponding antiserum was got in rabbits. Although important cross-reacting antigens exist between soluble cytoplasmic extracts of C. albicans and C. tropicalis, the C. tropicalis cell wall antiserum precipitated antigens in crossed immunoelectrophoresis only in C. tropicalis soluble cytoplasmic extracts. The present study: - confirms that C. albicans shared 70% of the antigens with C. tropicalis; - demonstrates that soluble cytoplasmic antigens prepared by homogenization of yeasts contain cell wall constituents; - allows us to prepare a specific immune serum for C. tropicalis.", "contents": "[Specific soluble cell-wall antigens of \"Candida tropicalis\" demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (author's transl)]. In the present study, soluble cytoplasmic extracts of Candida albicans and C. tropicalis were prepared and showed respectively 67 and 47 precipitates in crossed immunoelectrophoresis performed with a commerical goat anti-C. albicans immunserum. Purified cell walls of C. tropicalis have been prepared, and corresponding antiserum was got in rabbits. Although important cross-reacting antigens exist between soluble cytoplasmic extracts of C. albicans and C. tropicalis, the C. tropicalis cell wall antiserum precipitated antigens in crossed immunoelectrophoresis only in C. tropicalis soluble cytoplasmic extracts. The present study: - confirms that C. albicans shared 70% of the antigens with C. tropicalis; - demonstrates that soluble cytoplasmic antigens prepared by homogenization of yeasts contain cell wall constituents; - allows us to prepare a specific immune serum for C. tropicalis.", "PMID": 94248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1034", "title": "C- and G-banding patterns and chromosomal morphology of some breeds of Australian cattle.", "content": "A cytogenetical study using metaphase chromosomes from cultured lymphocytes, was made of 2 Banteng (Bibos banteng) steers and 218 bulls representing 13 purebreeds (Bos taurus type, Bos indicus type and Sanga) and 7 cross-breeds. Studies were made of photographic karyotypes of Giemsa stained and C-banded chromosomes of bulls of each breed and of B-banded chromosomes from 3 breeds of Bos indicus and one cross-breed Australian Friesian Sahiwal) cattle. The relative lengths of chromosomes of Bos taurus and Bos indicus bulls were compared and significant difference in relative lengths of the X chromosomes were noted between these two species. There was a differences in morphology of the Y chromosomes; Sanga, Banteng and Bos taurus type breeds had a small submetacentric Y chromosome, except for the Jersey which had a metacentric Y chromosome. All Bos indicus type bulls had an acrocentric Y chromosome but the Droughtmaster breed had two forms of the Y chromosome (submetacentric and acrocentric). The C-banding patterns of the autosomes and X chromosomes were similar for all breeds while those of the Y chromosomes of Bos indicus type cattle allowed their accurate identification. G-banding patterns of Bos indicus resembled those of Bos taurus and enabled pairing of homologous chromosomes. Centromeres of the autosomes were unstained but those of the sex chromosomes were darkly stained.", "contents": "C- and G-banding patterns and chromosomal morphology of some breeds of Australian cattle. A cytogenetical study using metaphase chromosomes from cultured lymphocytes, was made of 2 Banteng (Bibos banteng) steers and 218 bulls representing 13 purebreeds (Bos taurus type, Bos indicus type and Sanga) and 7 cross-breeds. Studies were made of photographic karyotypes of Giemsa stained and C-banded chromosomes of bulls of each breed and of B-banded chromosomes from 3 breeds of Bos indicus and one cross-breed Australian Friesian Sahiwal) cattle. The relative lengths of chromosomes of Bos taurus and Bos indicus bulls were compared and significant difference in relative lengths of the X chromosomes were noted between these two species. There was a differences in morphology of the Y chromosomes; Sanga, Banteng and Bos taurus type breeds had a small submetacentric Y chromosome, except for the Jersey which had a metacentric Y chromosome. All Bos indicus type bulls had an acrocentric Y chromosome but the Droughtmaster breed had two forms of the Y chromosome (submetacentric and acrocentric). The C-banding patterns of the autosomes and X chromosomes were similar for all breeds while those of the Y chromosomes of Bos indicus type cattle allowed their accurate identification. G-banding patterns of Bos indicus resembled those of Bos taurus and enabled pairing of homologous chromosomes. Centromeres of the autosomes were unstained but those of the sex chromosomes were darkly stained.", "PMID": 94258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1035", "title": "Efficiency and safety of methidathion applied as a pour-on systemic insecticide for control of cattle lice.", "content": "Methidathion applied to cattle as a pour-on insecticide for control of lice (predominantly Linognathus vituli, but also Haematopinus eurysternus and Damalinia bovis) caused a reduction in the lice population of approximately 98% to 99% in laboratory trials at the minimum recommended dose of 4 mg/kg and a 98.8% to 100% efficiency was achieved in field trials. In a comparative efficiency trial in the laboratory methidathion at 3.5 to 5 mg/kg reduced the lice population by 98.8% to 99%, fenthion by 98.5% at 4.5 mg/kg and famphur by 99.7% at 16.5 mg/kg. Methidathion was tolerated by calves aged 15 to 20 weeks at dose rates up to 40 mg/kg indicating an approximate 7 fold safety margin, but 1 of 4 calves treated at 50 mg/kg died following treatment. Treatment with fenthion at 50 mg/kg, 7.4 times the average recommended rate, famphur at 75 mg/kg, 3 times the average rate and chlorpyrifos at 85 mg/kg, 5 times average rate, caused reductions in whole blood cholinesterase activity of 52%, 27% and 47% respectively which were similar to the reductions in cholinesterase activity found in calves treated with methidathion at similar levels above the recommended commercial dose rates. It was found that 2 day old calves were more sensitive to treatment with methidathion than calves 9 or 16 days old. A further 11,900 cattle of varying age, breed and sex were treated with methidathion under field conditions at the recommended rate of 4 to 8 mg/kg, and 534 cattle were treated at 24 mg/kg without any signs of toxicity.", "contents": "Efficiency and safety of methidathion applied as a pour-on systemic insecticide for control of cattle lice. Methidathion applied to cattle as a pour-on insecticide for control of lice (predominantly Linognathus vituli, but also Haematopinus eurysternus and Damalinia bovis) caused a reduction in the lice population of approximately 98% to 99% in laboratory trials at the minimum recommended dose of 4 mg/kg and a 98.8% to 100% efficiency was achieved in field trials. In a comparative efficiency trial in the laboratory methidathion at 3.5 to 5 mg/kg reduced the lice population by 98.8% to 99%, fenthion by 98.5% at 4.5 mg/kg and famphur by 99.7% at 16.5 mg/kg. Methidathion was tolerated by calves aged 15 to 20 weeks at dose rates up to 40 mg/kg indicating an approximate 7 fold safety margin, but 1 of 4 calves treated at 50 mg/kg died following treatment. Treatment with fenthion at 50 mg/kg, 7.4 times the average recommended rate, famphur at 75 mg/kg, 3 times the average rate and chlorpyrifos at 85 mg/kg, 5 times average rate, caused reductions in whole blood cholinesterase activity of 52%, 27% and 47% respectively which were similar to the reductions in cholinesterase activity found in calves treated with methidathion at similar levels above the recommended commercial dose rates. It was found that 2 day old calves were more sensitive to treatment with methidathion than calves 9 or 16 days old. A further 11,900 cattle of varying age, breed and sex were treated with methidathion under field conditions at the recommended rate of 4 to 8 mg/kg, and 534 cattle were treated at 24 mg/kg without any signs of toxicity.", "PMID": 94259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1036", "title": "Genetic regulation of CFA expression in interspecific avian hybrids and somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Chicken fetal-leukemic antigen (CFA) is an oncodevelopmental antigen present on embryonic and neonatal chicken peripheral red blood cells (RBCs) but is not restricted to fetal stages of development in other avian species. Crosses between white Leghorn chickens and Japanese quail resulted in adult hybrids whose peripheral RBCs were positive for CFA. Of the four CFA determinants normally found in adult quail RBCs, only two were present on quail-chicken hybrid RBCs. Adult quail--chicken hybrid RBCs also possessed on CFA determinant associated with early development in both quail and chicken and one chicken-specific CFA determinant. Evidence is presented for the possible association of CFA-positive adult peripheral RBCs and the level of circulating reticulocytes. Crosses between pheasant and turkey (both with CFA-positive adult RBCs) resulted in hybrid adult RBCs expressing only a portion of the parental CFA determinants. Through the formation of somatic cell hybrids between adult chicken and embryonic Japanese quail RBCs, it was possible to induce the appearance of CFA determinants normally restricted to embryonic chicken RBCs. Approximately 50% of the hybrid cells showed reexpression of CFA, and this induction was both time and temperature dependent. Hybridization between RBCs of adult chicken and those of either adult Japanese quail or adult turkey failed to elicit the reexpression of chicken-specific CFA.", "contents": "Genetic regulation of CFA expression in interspecific avian hybrids and somatic cell hybrids. Chicken fetal-leukemic antigen (CFA) is an oncodevelopmental antigen present on embryonic and neonatal chicken peripheral red blood cells (RBCs) but is not restricted to fetal stages of development in other avian species. Crosses between white Leghorn chickens and Japanese quail resulted in adult hybrids whose peripheral RBCs were positive for CFA. Of the four CFA determinants normally found in adult quail RBCs, only two were present on quail-chicken hybrid RBCs. Adult quail--chicken hybrid RBCs also possessed on CFA determinant associated with early development in both quail and chicken and one chicken-specific CFA determinant. Evidence is presented for the possible association of CFA-positive adult peripheral RBCs and the level of circulating reticulocytes. Crosses between pheasant and turkey (both with CFA-positive adult RBCs) resulted in hybrid adult RBCs expressing only a portion of the parental CFA determinants. Through the formation of somatic cell hybrids between adult chicken and embryonic Japanese quail RBCs, it was possible to induce the appearance of CFA determinants normally restricted to embryonic chicken RBCs. Approximately 50% of the hybrid cells showed reexpression of CFA, and this induction was both time and temperature dependent. Hybridization between RBCs of adult chicken and those of either adult Japanese quail or adult turkey failed to elicit the reexpression of chicken-specific CFA.", "PMID": 94262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1037", "title": "Biochemical and immunological studies of three genetic variants of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase 2 from the mouse.", "content": "Three electrophoretic variants of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (PGK-2A,PGK-2B, and PGK-2C) were purified from DBA/2J, C3H/HeJ, and C57L/J mice, respectively. PGK-2C exhibits only 2% of the specific activity of PGK-2A and PGK-2B in the reaction leading to the formation of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. Compared to PGK-2A and PGK-2B, PGK-2C exhibits broader coenzyme specificity and lower Kms for substrate and coenzymes.  Incubation at 45C revealed immunionactivation and double immunodiffusion studies showed that mice carrying any one of these three PGK-2 alleles have similar amounts of proteins for PGK-1 and PGK-2 in testes.  The results of these studies suggest that low PGK-2C activity in C57L/J mice is a result of a structural rather than a regulatory gene mutation.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological studies of three genetic variants of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase 2 from the mouse. Three electrophoretic variants of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (PGK-2A,PGK-2B, and PGK-2C) were purified from DBA/2J, C3H/HeJ, and C57L/J mice, respectively. PGK-2C exhibits only 2% of the specific activity of PGK-2A and PGK-2B in the reaction leading to the formation of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. Compared to PGK-2A and PGK-2B, PGK-2C exhibits broader coenzyme specificity and lower Kms for substrate and coenzymes.  Incubation at 45C revealed immunionactivation and double immunodiffusion studies showed that mice carrying any one of these three PGK-2 alleles have similar amounts of proteins for PGK-1 and PGK-2 in testes.  The results of these studies suggest that low PGK-2C activity in C57L/J mice is a result of a structural rather than a regulatory gene mutation.", "PMID": 94263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1038", "title": "Genetic variation in mouse salivary amylase rate of synthesis.", "content": "Heterozygotes from matings of the mouse strains YBR/Cv and C3H/As have about 3 times more YBR-amylase than C3H-amylase in the saliva.  The determinant for this quantitative effect is located on linkage group XVI close to or with in the structural gene for salivary amylase.  The quantitative effect is the result of an increase in the rate of synthesis of YBR-amylase, and the determinant is cis acting.  Studies of other mouse strains suggest that regulatory genetic elements may modulate salivary amylase production.", "contents": "Genetic variation in mouse salivary amylase rate of synthesis. Heterozygotes from matings of the mouse strains YBR/Cv and C3H/As have about 3 times more YBR-amylase than C3H-amylase in the saliva.  The determinant for this quantitative effect is located on linkage group XVI close to or with in the structural gene for salivary amylase.  The quantitative effect is the result of an increase in the rate of synthesis of YBR-amylase, and the determinant is cis acting.  Studies of other mouse strains suggest that regulatory genetic elements may modulate salivary amylase production.", "PMID": 94264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1039", "title": "Phosphorescence of protein-bound eosin and erythrosin. A possible probe for measurements of slow rotational mobility.", "content": "We used a pulsed dye laser working at 540 nm to excite triplet-state formation of eosin and erythrosin, either bound or unbound to bovine serum albumin, in aqueous solution anaerobically at pH 8 and 20-22 degrees C. Delayed emission from radiative transitions of the triplet state was readily detectable, both as delayed fluorescence and as red phosphorescence. Detection of the triplet state by measurement of phosphorescence at 645 nm upwards was at least 100-fold more sensitive than by absorbance measurements of ground-state depletion at 500 nm. When immobilized in poly(methyl methacrylate), the phosphorescence of eosin and erythrosin was polarized with an anisotropy parameter [Jablonski (1961) Z. Naturforsch. A16, 1-4] of about 0.25. The phosphorescence of erythrosin is sufficiently intense to be distinguishable from the long-wavelength end of fluorescence under conditions of continuous rather than pulsed excitation. Our observations suggest that phosphorescence depolarization of eosin or erythrosin probes could be used as a highly sensitive method of measuring rotational relaxation times in region from 10(-5) to 10(-3) s, such as those of the uniaxial rotation of membrane proteins.", "contents": "Phosphorescence of protein-bound eosin and erythrosin. A possible probe for measurements of slow rotational mobility. We used a pulsed dye laser working at 540 nm to excite triplet-state formation of eosin and erythrosin, either bound or unbound to bovine serum albumin, in aqueous solution anaerobically at pH 8 and 20-22 degrees C. Delayed emission from radiative transitions of the triplet state was readily detectable, both as delayed fluorescence and as red phosphorescence. Detection of the triplet state by measurement of phosphorescence at 645 nm upwards was at least 100-fold more sensitive than by absorbance measurements of ground-state depletion at 500 nm. When immobilized in poly(methyl methacrylate), the phosphorescence of eosin and erythrosin was polarized with an anisotropy parameter [Jablonski (1961) Z. Naturforsch. A16, 1-4] of about 0.25. The phosphorescence of erythrosin is sufficiently intense to be distinguishable from the long-wavelength end of fluorescence under conditions of continuous rather than pulsed excitation. Our observations suggest that phosphorescence depolarization of eosin or erythrosin probes could be used as a highly sensitive method of measuring rotational relaxation times in region from 10(-5) to 10(-3) s, such as those of the uniaxial rotation of membrane proteins.", "PMID": 94265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1040", "title": "Antiarrhythmic effectiveness of creatinol O-phosphate in man.", "content": "Antiarrhythmic effectiveness of N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) has been investigated in 10 patients with ischemic heart disease and frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). Each patient received a random succession of treatment with the drug (1020 mg) and with a reference substance (solvent of COP) both administered i.m. twice a day over a 3-day period. In each patient a Holter ECG was recorded in the basal state and during the last 24 h of each treatment. Heart rate, PQ and QTc showed no changes. On the contrary, PVCs were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) with COP than with the reference substance. The drug showed a prevailing effect during daytime. Results are discussed in view of experimental observations suggesting that COP has a \"membrane effect\".", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic effectiveness of creatinol O-phosphate in man. Antiarrhythmic effectiveness of N-methyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl) guanidine O-phosphate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP) has been investigated in 10 patients with ischemic heart disease and frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). Each patient received a random succession of treatment with the drug (1020 mg) and with a reference substance (solvent of COP) both administered i.m. twice a day over a 3-day period. In each patient a Holter ECG was recorded in the basal state and during the last 24 h of each treatment. Heart rate, PQ and QTc showed no changes. On the contrary, PVCs were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) with COP than with the reference substance. The drug showed a prevailing effect during daytime. Results are discussed in view of experimental observations suggesting that COP has a \"membrane effect\".", "PMID": 94266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1041", "title": "[Expression of viral antigens on the membrane of normal and leukemic thymocytes of AKR mice].", "content": "Expression of antigenous determinants of structural proteins G-MuLV (p10, p12, p30, gp14, gp17) and R-MuLV (gp69/71, p15) on thymocytes of normal and leukemic AKR mice was studied by membrane immunofluorescence. From this sign sharp difference between normal and malignant thymocytes was shown. A possible role in the antitumour immunity of antigens to structural viral proteins MuLV expressed on the leukemic cell membrane is discussed.", "contents": "[Expression of viral antigens on the membrane of normal and leukemic thymocytes of AKR mice]. Expression of antigenous determinants of structural proteins G-MuLV (p10, p12, p30, gp14, gp17) and R-MuLV (gp69/71, p15) on thymocytes of normal and leukemic AKR mice was studied by membrane immunofluorescence. From this sign sharp difference between normal and malignant thymocytes was shown. A possible role in the antitumour immunity of antigens to structural viral proteins MuLV expressed on the leukemic cell membrane is discussed.", "PMID": 94268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1042", "title": "[Differences in the properties of antibodies and natural antiglobulin-homoreactants revealed by the method of human IgG chemical modification].", "content": "The naturally occurring antiglobulin factors - homoreactants, contained by human IgG preparations, are inactivated as a result of incubation in a solution of sodium rhodanide (3 - 5 M) and sodium desoxycholate (0.005M). Staphylococcal antitoxin contained by the same human IgG preparations is resistant to the action of the reagents. The data obtained indicate the differences in the structure of homoreactants and antibodies.", "contents": "[Differences in the properties of antibodies and natural antiglobulin-homoreactants revealed by the method of human IgG chemical modification]. The naturally occurring antiglobulin factors - homoreactants, contained by human IgG preparations, are inactivated as a result of incubation in a solution of sodium rhodanide (3 - 5 M) and sodium desoxycholate (0.005M). Staphylococcal antitoxin contained by the same human IgG preparations is resistant to the action of the reagents. The data obtained indicate the differences in the structure of homoreactants and antibodies.", "PMID": 94269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1043", "title": "[Ketotifen, a selective histamine liberator].", "content": "Ketotifen-induced histamine release from isolated rat mast cells is inhibited under conditions of ATP content depletion in the mast cells. The histamine release is a temperature-dependent process and is blocked at a low temperature. It is concluded that ketotifen is a selective histamine liberator. Time course of ketotifen-induced histamine release corresponds with the process of partial cellular uptake of histamine released.", "contents": "[Ketotifen, a selective histamine liberator]. Ketotifen-induced histamine release from isolated rat mast cells is inhibited under conditions of ATP content depletion in the mast cells. The histamine release is a temperature-dependent process and is blocked at a low temperature. It is concluded that ketotifen is a selective histamine liberator. Time course of ketotifen-induced histamine release corresponds with the process of partial cellular uptake of histamine released.", "PMID": 94270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1044", "title": "[Intensity of RNA and protein synthesis in fibroblasts of mice in wound healing].", "content": "The RNA and protein synthesis in mouse fibroblasts was studied on the 3d and 7th day of wound healing by electron-microscopic autoradiography with double-labeling technique. It was shown that the ratio between the protein synthesis in cytoplasm and the RNA synthesis in the nucleus of some cells significantly differed resulting in relative predominance of one of the two processes studied in the fibroblasts during both terms of wound healing. On an average the fibroblasts were characterized by a higher level of the protein synthesis on the 3d day of wound healing. This average high level was provided by an increase in the fibroblasts, in which the protein synthesis prevailed over the RNA one.", "contents": "[Intensity of RNA and protein synthesis in fibroblasts of mice in wound healing]. The RNA and protein synthesis in mouse fibroblasts was studied on the 3d and 7th day of wound healing by electron-microscopic autoradiography with double-labeling technique. It was shown that the ratio between the protein synthesis in cytoplasm and the RNA synthesis in the nucleus of some cells significantly differed resulting in relative predominance of one of the two processes studied in the fibroblasts during both terms of wound healing. On an average the fibroblasts were characterized by a higher level of the protein synthesis on the 3d day of wound healing. This average high level was provided by an increase in the fibroblasts, in which the protein synthesis prevailed over the RNA one.", "PMID": 94271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1045", "title": "[Effect of embryonal organ-specific RNA on myocardial hypertrophy].", "content": "The relative weight of the heart and the thickness of muscular fibers in the left ventricular myocardium of rats were evaluated 70-91 and 120-227 days after creating stenosis of the abdominal portion of the aorta. Half of the animals were inoculated with cardiac type-specific embryonal RNA, the rest of the animals being intact. The data were treated by the variational statistical technique, by dispersion and mathematic analyses. Administration of RNA decreased the rate of myocardial hypertrophy development.", "contents": "[Effect of embryonal organ-specific RNA on myocardial hypertrophy]. The relative weight of the heart and the thickness of muscular fibers in the left ventricular myocardium of rats were evaluated 70-91 and 120-227 days after creating stenosis of the abdominal portion of the aorta. Half of the animals were inoculated with cardiac type-specific embryonal RNA, the rest of the animals being intact. The data were treated by the variational statistical technique, by dispersion and mathematic analyses. Administration of RNA decreased the rate of myocardial hypertrophy development.", "PMID": 94272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1046", "title": "Use of antisera against bovine (NCDV) and simian (SA11) rotaviruses in ELISA to detect different types of human rotavirus.", "content": "Two ELISA systems for the detection of human rotaviruses were developed. In the first system antibodies to Nebraska calf diarrhea virus (NCDV) were used for coating the solid matrix and for the preparation of the enzyme conjugate. In the second system antibodies to human rotavirus and antibodies to simian rotavirus (SA11) were used for coating the solid matrix and for the preparation of the enzyme conjugate respectively. The second ELISA system proved to have a broader spectrum for the detection of human rotaviruses. By using the two ELISA systems, the different types of human rotavirus could be distinguished. The ELISA tests developed were 8 to 64 times as sensitive as electron microscopy (EM) and (or) counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). The antigen detected by ELISA was shown to be different from that detected by the hemagglutination test.", "contents": "Use of antisera against bovine (NCDV) and simian (SA11) rotaviruses in ELISA to detect different types of human rotavirus. Two ELISA systems for the detection of human rotaviruses were developed. In the first system antibodies to Nebraska calf diarrhea virus (NCDV) were used for coating the solid matrix and for the preparation of the enzyme conjugate. In the second system antibodies to human rotavirus and antibodies to simian rotavirus (SA11) were used for coating the solid matrix and for the preparation of the enzyme conjugate respectively. The second ELISA system proved to have a broader spectrum for the detection of human rotaviruses. By using the two ELISA systems, the different types of human rotavirus could be distinguished. The ELISA tests developed were 8 to 64 times as sensitive as electron microscopy (EM) and (or) counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). The antigen detected by ELISA was shown to be different from that detected by the hemagglutination test.", "PMID": 94274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1047", "title": "The kallikrein-kinin system in blood pressure homeostasis.", "content": "1. The acute effects of the kallikrein inhibitor aprotinin (498 ki.u./min), and the kininase II inhibitor SQ 14,225 (250 MICROGRAM), GIVEN INTRAVEnously during saralasin-induced angiotensin blockade, were studied in conscious sham-operated rats and rats with benign and malignant two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertension during dietary sodium restriction. 2. The blood pressure of conscious sham-operated rats increased significantly in response to aprotinin. It remained unchanged after SQ 14,225 in contrast to the significant vasodepressor effect seen when SQ 14,225 was given to the same rats under surgical stress and pentobarbital anaesthesia. 3. Benignly hypertensive rats showed a consistent vasopressor response to aprotinin and a marked vasodepressor response to SQ 14,225. The effects of both inhibitors were markedly and significantly blunted in malignantly hypertensive rats. 4. Our demonstration that two agents with known opposite actions on the kallikrein-kinin system produced predictable and opposite effects on blood pressure may indicate that this system is involved in the homeostatic regulation of blood pressure. It may play an important antihypertensive role in benign two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertension, a role which might be impaired in malignant hypertension.", "contents": "The kallikrein-kinin system in blood pressure homeostasis. 1. The acute effects of the kallikrein inhibitor aprotinin (498 ki.u./min), and the kininase II inhibitor SQ 14,225 (250 MICROGRAM), GIVEN INTRAVEnously during saralasin-induced angiotensin blockade, were studied in conscious sham-operated rats and rats with benign and malignant two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertension during dietary sodium restriction. 2. The blood pressure of conscious sham-operated rats increased significantly in response to aprotinin. It remained unchanged after SQ 14,225 in contrast to the significant vasodepressor effect seen when SQ 14,225 was given to the same rats under surgical stress and pentobarbital anaesthesia. 3. Benignly hypertensive rats showed a consistent vasopressor response to aprotinin and a marked vasodepressor response to SQ 14,225. The effects of both inhibitors were markedly and significantly blunted in malignantly hypertensive rats. 4. Our demonstration that two agents with known opposite actions on the kallikrein-kinin system produced predictable and opposite effects on blood pressure may indicate that this system is involved in the homeostatic regulation of blood pressure. It may play an important antihypertensive role in benign two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertension, a role which might be impaired in malignant hypertension.", "PMID": 94277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1048", "title": "Differentiation antigens of the lymphocyte cell surface.", "content": "Many alloantigens and xenoantigens of lymphocytes are not found generally on other tissues, and this suggests that much of the lymphocyte cell surface is differentiated in comparison with other cell membranes. These differentiation antigens are probably molecules that mediate lymphocyte-specific functions, and are also of interest in that they provide markers for different lymphoid cell types and may be important as target antigens for immunosuppressive anti-(lymphocyte) sera. The purification of differentiation antigens will be important in allowing their molecular properties to be discovered, and will also lead to the production of strong, specific antisera that can be used in functional studies. Radioimmunoassays have been developed for the analysis of anti-(lymphocyte) sera, and these assays provide advantages in purification studies over other techniques. The features of these assays are discussed, and studies of differentiation antigens of rat lymphocytes are described. These include the purification and characterization of the rat Thy-1 antigen, and preliminary studies on two other rat lymphocyte differentiation antigens.", "contents": "Differentiation antigens of the lymphocyte cell surface. Many alloantigens and xenoantigens of lymphocytes are not found generally on other tissues, and this suggests that much of the lymphocyte cell surface is differentiated in comparison with other cell membranes. These differentiation antigens are probably molecules that mediate lymphocyte-specific functions, and are also of interest in that they provide markers for different lymphoid cell types and may be important as target antigens for immunosuppressive anti-(lymphocyte) sera. The purification of differentiation antigens will be important in allowing their molecular properties to be discovered, and will also lead to the production of strong, specific antisera that can be used in functional studies. Radioimmunoassays have been developed for the analysis of anti-(lymphocyte) sera, and these assays provide advantages in purification studies over other techniques. The features of these assays are discussed, and studies of differentiation antigens of rat lymphocytes are described. These include the purification and characterization of the rat Thy-1 antigen, and preliminary studies on two other rat lymphocyte differentiation antigens.", "PMID": 94279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1049", "title": "The morphology of normal and denatured polytene chromosomes from Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Normal and denatured polytene chromosomes from Drosophila were compared by light, transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy, under different conditions of pretreatment, fixation and specimen preparation. Apart from variations in contrast, acid-alcohol squashes of normal chromosomes were quite comparable in terms of resolution and image quality, regardless of mode of visualization, i.e. stained, unstained, phase contrast, etc. These chromosomes do not appear markedly different from the unfixed or \"native\" chromosomes isolated by other workers. Thus at the light microscope level at least, any soluble components extracted by acid-alcohol fixation seem to play minor structural roles only. SEM examination of similar squash preparations provided useful topographic views of selected chromosome regions, particularly in favourable spreads where metal coating and tilt angles were optimized. Information on the internal organization of polytene chromosomes was sought by subjecting isolated preparations to alkali-urea denaturation. Under these conditions, chromosomes gradually extend laterally to give rise to lampbrush-like structures, remarkably similar to the meiotic chromosomes of amphibian oocytes. This effect is at least partially reversed by return of alkali-urea treated preparations to physiological Ringer solution, where chromosomes contract again and near-normal banding patterns are re-established. It is suggested that apart from bulk differences due to polyteny, the basic structure of polytene chromosomes and true lampbrush chromosomes may be rather similar.", "contents": "The morphology of normal and denatured polytene chromosomes from Drosophila melanogaster. Normal and denatured polytene chromosomes from Drosophila were compared by light, transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy, under different conditions of pretreatment, fixation and specimen preparation. Apart from variations in contrast, acid-alcohol squashes of normal chromosomes were quite comparable in terms of resolution and image quality, regardless of mode of visualization, i.e. stained, unstained, phase contrast, etc. These chromosomes do not appear markedly different from the unfixed or \"native\" chromosomes isolated by other workers. Thus at the light microscope level at least, any soluble components extracted by acid-alcohol fixation seem to play minor structural roles only. SEM examination of similar squash preparations provided useful topographic views of selected chromosome regions, particularly in favourable spreads where metal coating and tilt angles were optimized. Information on the internal organization of polytene chromosomes was sought by subjecting isolated preparations to alkali-urea denaturation. Under these conditions, chromosomes gradually extend laterally to give rise to lampbrush-like structures, remarkably similar to the meiotic chromosomes of amphibian oocytes. This effect is at least partially reversed by return of alkali-urea treated preparations to physiological Ringer solution, where chromosomes contract again and near-normal banding patterns are re-established. It is suggested that apart from bulk differences due to polyteny, the basic structure of polytene chromosomes and true lampbrush chromosomes may be rather similar.", "PMID": 94284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1050", "title": "The identification of human H-Y antigen and testicular transformation induced by its interaction with the receptor site of bovine fetal ovarian cells.", "content": "beta 2m(-), HLA (-) Daudi human male Burkitt lymphoma cells excreted a group of protein subunits that shared three distinctive characteristics; their conspicuously longer half-lives compared to more hydrophilic Daudi excreted proteins, their tendency to form progressively larger polymers by means of interchain disulfide bridges, and the extreme hydrophobicity of these polymers. The plasma membrane of extragonadal somatic cells absorbed 1.2 to 2.8% of these hydrophobic proteins. The unoccupied H-Y receptor sites residing on the plasma membrane of bovine fetal ovarian cells, on the other hand, selectively absorbed polymers of 18,000 mol. wt. subunits, and this antigen-receptor interaction, if allowed to continue for five days, induced the formation of tunica albuginea and seminiferous tubules in bovine XX embryonic indifferent gonads. In this manner, human H-Y antigen excreted by Daudi cells has functionally been identified as a series of polymers derived from 18,000 mol. wt. subunits. While, the H-Y antigenic determinants were retained even by the largest polymeric form that became irreversibly water insoluble, the receptor binding activity was shown only by 36.8% of the available polymeric forms of 18,000 mol. wt. subunits, at the most. Nevertheless, once bound to the receptor site, these polymers were rapidly reduced to the monomeric form on the plasma membrane of bovine fetal ovarian cells. Accordingly, the 18,000 mol. wt. monomer might actually represent the functional form of H-Y antigen.", "contents": "The identification of human H-Y antigen and testicular transformation induced by its interaction with the receptor site of bovine fetal ovarian cells. beta 2m(-), HLA (-) Daudi human male Burkitt lymphoma cells excreted a group of protein subunits that shared three distinctive characteristics; their conspicuously longer half-lives compared to more hydrophilic Daudi excreted proteins, their tendency to form progressively larger polymers by means of interchain disulfide bridges, and the extreme hydrophobicity of these polymers. The plasma membrane of extragonadal somatic cells absorbed 1.2 to 2.8% of these hydrophobic proteins. The unoccupied H-Y receptor sites residing on the plasma membrane of bovine fetal ovarian cells, on the other hand, selectively absorbed polymers of 18,000 mol. wt. subunits, and this antigen-receptor interaction, if allowed to continue for five days, induced the formation of tunica albuginea and seminiferous tubules in bovine XX embryonic indifferent gonads. In this manner, human H-Y antigen excreted by Daudi cells has functionally been identified as a series of polymers derived from 18,000 mol. wt. subunits. While, the H-Y antigenic determinants were retained even by the largest polymeric form that became irreversibly water insoluble, the receptor binding activity was shown only by 36.8% of the available polymeric forms of 18,000 mol. wt. subunits, at the most. Nevertheless, once bound to the receptor site, these polymers were rapidly reduced to the monomeric form on the plasma membrane of bovine fetal ovarian cells. Accordingly, the 18,000 mol. wt. monomer might actually represent the functional form of H-Y antigen.", "PMID": 94287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1051", "title": "The immature intestine: implications for nutrition of the neonate.", "content": "The survival and prognosis of the prematurely born human infant are dependent on a successful transition from the intrauterine to the extrauterine environment. This is largely a consequence of the maturation of sufficient gastrointestinal function to provide adequate nutrition. However, the gastrointestinal tract of the premature infant, and to some extent, of the full-term infant, may be unprepared to provide the requisite absorptive function. Data presented in this symposium emphasize the dissociations in the development of human gastrointestinal function. Morphological maturation is completed early in gestation while glucose absorption increases with gestational age. Sucrase and maltase activities appear early; lactase activity begins to increase at 30 weeks and increases steadily to term. The latter pattern is accompanied by increased production of cortisol and thyroid in the fetus. The intraluminal phase of fat digestion is immature even in the full-term neonate. Both pancreatic secretory function and bile salt metabolism mature postnatally. Despite this relative immaturity, breast milk fat is absorbed with great efficiency by the term infant, and breast milk provides other important influences on intestinal development: mitogenic factor, immunological support, control of intestinal flora. The goals of nutrition support of the premature infant have been to maintain intrauterine growth standards; yet premature infants receiving pooled breast milk from mothers at 40 weeks or more may be given too little protein for their needs. Human milk from mothers of premature infants may be a more appropriate nutrient source. Supplements with higher contents of amino acids may lead to amino acid imbalance or hyperammonaemia. Additional stresses and requirements are imposed by illness or congenital anomalies. While we must apply current research findings to clinical care, we must also extend our knowledge of extrauterine human development. The ultimate measure of success in this field will be the physical and neurological capacities of infants followed prospectively.", "contents": "The immature intestine: implications for nutrition of the neonate. The survival and prognosis of the prematurely born human infant are dependent on a successful transition from the intrauterine to the extrauterine environment. This is largely a consequence of the maturation of sufficient gastrointestinal function to provide adequate nutrition. However, the gastrointestinal tract of the premature infant, and to some extent, of the full-term infant, may be unprepared to provide the requisite absorptive function. Data presented in this symposium emphasize the dissociations in the development of human gastrointestinal function. Morphological maturation is completed early in gestation while glucose absorption increases with gestational age. Sucrase and maltase activities appear early; lactase activity begins to increase at 30 weeks and increases steadily to term. The latter pattern is accompanied by increased production of cortisol and thyroid in the fetus. The intraluminal phase of fat digestion is immature even in the full-term neonate. Both pancreatic secretory function and bile salt metabolism mature postnatally. Despite this relative immaturity, breast milk fat is absorbed with great efficiency by the term infant, and breast milk provides other important influences on intestinal development: mitogenic factor, immunological support, control of intestinal flora. The goals of nutrition support of the premature infant have been to maintain intrauterine growth standards; yet premature infants receiving pooled breast milk from mothers at 40 weeks or more may be given too little protein for their needs. Human milk from mothers of premature infants may be a more appropriate nutrient source. Supplements with higher contents of amino acids may lead to amino acid imbalance or hyperammonaemia. Additional stresses and requirements are imposed by illness or congenital anomalies. While we must apply current research findings to clinical care, we must also extend our knowledge of extrauterine human development. The ultimate measure of success in this field will be the physical and neurological capacities of infants followed prospectively.", "PMID": 94285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1052", "title": "Cytology and cytochemistry of the hypophysis of the freshwater teleost Rhamdia hilarii (Val., 1840).", "content": "The characterization of cell types in the rostral pars distalis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia of the Bagre fish hypophysis during the reproductive cycles, as well as a cytochemical study of mucosubstances were undertaken. The cytophysiological relationship among the different acidophilic, basophilic and chromophobic cells with the several hypophyseal hormones was also considered.", "contents": "Cytology and cytochemistry of the hypophysis of the freshwater teleost Rhamdia hilarii (Val., 1840). The characterization of cell types in the rostral pars distalis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia of the Bagre fish hypophysis during the reproductive cycles, as well as a cytochemical study of mucosubstances were undertaken. The cytophysiological relationship among the different acidophilic, basophilic and chromophobic cells with the several hypophyseal hormones was also considered.", "PMID": 94291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1053", "title": "[Immunopharmacological study of buckwheat hypersensitivity (author's transl)].", "content": "Effect of dialysate from buckwheat extract on immediate hypersensitivity reactions. To investigate the hypersensitivity reaction of buckwheat, the aqueous extract of buckwheat was separated into dialysate (BWD) and non-dialysate (BWND). BWD neither decreased a release of anaphylactic mediator from the chopped lung tissue nor inhibited Schultz-dale reaction in the ileum of guinea pig sensitized with BWND. Heterologous PCA mediated by rabbit anti-BWND serum in guinea pig and homologous PCA in rats using anti-BWND IgE serum were inhibited by i.d. or i.v. treatment of BWD. Radioallegosorbent test (RAST) and PK reaction were inhibited in a dose dependent fashion by BWD mixed with human serum sensitive to buckwheat, although BWD required approximately 10,000 times more than BWND to produce a RAST inhibition. RAST, however, was not affected when BWD was added to 125I-labelled anti-human IgE. Anti-buckwheat IgE antibody in sensitized animals and atopic patients was specifically absorbed with an insoluble copolymer of BWD-conjugated BSA. BWD did not form a precipitin line against anti-BWND IgG antibody in immunoelectrophoresis. Rat IgE serum-induced degranulation and histamine release from mast cells were inhibited in a dose dependent fashion by BWD and the inhibition was specific to anti-BWND IgE antibody. BWD may be useful as an hyposensitization agent in buckwheat hypersensitivity, since BWD is a haptenic substance capable of neutralizing specific IgE antibody on mast cells.", "contents": "[Immunopharmacological study of buckwheat hypersensitivity (author's transl)]. Effect of dialysate from buckwheat extract on immediate hypersensitivity reactions. To investigate the hypersensitivity reaction of buckwheat, the aqueous extract of buckwheat was separated into dialysate (BWD) and non-dialysate (BWND). BWD neither decreased a release of anaphylactic mediator from the chopped lung tissue nor inhibited Schultz-dale reaction in the ileum of guinea pig sensitized with BWND. Heterologous PCA mediated by rabbit anti-BWND serum in guinea pig and homologous PCA in rats using anti-BWND IgE serum were inhibited by i.d. or i.v. treatment of BWD. Radioallegosorbent test (RAST) and PK reaction were inhibited in a dose dependent fashion by BWD mixed with human serum sensitive to buckwheat, although BWD required approximately 10,000 times more than BWND to produce a RAST inhibition. RAST, however, was not affected when BWD was added to 125I-labelled anti-human IgE. Anti-buckwheat IgE antibody in sensitized animals and atopic patients was specifically absorbed with an insoluble copolymer of BWD-conjugated BSA. BWD did not form a precipitin line against anti-BWND IgG antibody in immunoelectrophoresis. Rat IgE serum-induced degranulation and histamine release from mast cells were inhibited in a dose dependent fashion by BWD and the inhibition was specific to anti-BWND IgE antibody. BWD may be useful as an hyposensitization agent in buckwheat hypersensitivity, since BWD is a haptenic substance capable of neutralizing specific IgE antibody on mast cells.", "PMID": 94295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1054", "title": "[Pharmacological properties of dl-2-(3'-t-butylamino-2'-hydroxypropylthio)-4-(5'-carbamoyl-2'-thienyl) thiazole hydrochloride (S-596), a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent (author's transl)].", "content": "We developed a new beta-adrenergic blocking, antiarrhythmic compound S-596 and compared the findings with those of propranolol or practolol. S-596 antagonized the positive chronotropic and inotropic actions of adrenaline in isolated guinea-pig atria, and blocked the relaxant response to adrenaline of isolated guinea pig tracheal strips. In anesthetized mongrel dogs, S-596 given intravenously inhibited increases in heart rate and myocardial contractile force and decreases in systemic blood pressure induced by isoproterenol. In conscious dogs, the oral administration of S-596 reduced the isoproterenol induced tachycardia and the maximal effect was attained one hour after administration. In this regard S-596 was about 5 times more potent than propranolol, and S-596 was significantly longer-acting than propranolol. Thus, S-596 has greater beta-blocking activity than propranolol. S-596 has a lesser degree of myocardial depressant action than propranolol in spontaneously contracting rat or guinea pig atria and no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in reserpinized rats. S-596 also has a weaker local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic activity than propranolol, as determined in guinea pigs and rabbits.", "contents": "[Pharmacological properties of dl-2-(3'-t-butylamino-2'-hydroxypropylthio)-4-(5'-carbamoyl-2'-thienyl) thiazole hydrochloride (S-596), a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent (author's transl)]. We developed a new beta-adrenergic blocking, antiarrhythmic compound S-596 and compared the findings with those of propranolol or practolol. S-596 antagonized the positive chronotropic and inotropic actions of adrenaline in isolated guinea-pig atria, and blocked the relaxant response to adrenaline of isolated guinea pig tracheal strips. In anesthetized mongrel dogs, S-596 given intravenously inhibited increases in heart rate and myocardial contractile force and decreases in systemic blood pressure induced by isoproterenol. In conscious dogs, the oral administration of S-596 reduced the isoproterenol induced tachycardia and the maximal effect was attained one hour after administration. In this regard S-596 was about 5 times more potent than propranolol, and S-596 was significantly longer-acting than propranolol. Thus, S-596 has greater beta-blocking activity than propranolol. S-596 has a lesser degree of myocardial depressant action than propranolol in spontaneously contracting rat or guinea pig atria and no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in reserpinized rats. S-596 also has a weaker local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic activity than propranolol, as determined in guinea pigs and rabbits.", "PMID": 94296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1055", "title": "Immunodiffusion systematics of the primates. Part V. The Platyrrhini.", "content": "Evolutionary relationships between New World monkeys and marmoset genera and the place of the Ceboidea within the primates are considered in terms of the immunological specificity of ceboid proteins. Antigenic distances between the New World primates are measured using antisera produced in rabbits to nine ceboid genera: Alouatta, Aotes, Ateles, Callicebus, Cebus, Chiropotes, Lagothrix, Saimiri and Saguinus. A cladogram constructed on the basis of increasing degrees of antigenic distance between branches depicts Ceboidea as a monophyletic assemblage within which Alouatta is grouped with the Atelinae genera, Lagothrix and Ateles, Chiropotes joins Cacajao and Cebus joins Saimiri. The joining of the cebid genera Aotes and Callicebus with callithricid genera Callimico and Saguinus into a single complex lineage suggests that Cebidae is a paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxon. A phylogenetic taxonomy for Platyrrhini is proposed.", "contents": "Immunodiffusion systematics of the primates. Part V. The Platyrrhini. Evolutionary relationships between New World monkeys and marmoset genera and the place of the Ceboidea within the primates are considered in terms of the immunological specificity of ceboid proteins. Antigenic distances between the New World primates are measured using antisera produced in rabbits to nine ceboid genera: Alouatta, Aotes, Ateles, Callicebus, Cebus, Chiropotes, Lagothrix, Saimiri and Saguinus. A cladogram constructed on the basis of increasing degrees of antigenic distance between branches depicts Ceboidea as a monophyletic assemblage within which Alouatta is grouped with the Atelinae genera, Lagothrix and Ateles, Chiropotes joins Cacajao and Cebus joins Saimiri. The joining of the cebid genera Aotes and Callicebus with callithricid genera Callimico and Saguinus into a single complex lineage suggests that Cebidae is a paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxon. A phylogenetic taxonomy for Platyrrhini is proposed.", "PMID": 94297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1056", "title": "[Effect of kidney function on the elimination and action of colloidal plasma substitutes].", "content": "Hypovolemia and prophylaxis of thrombosis are the main indications for colloidal plasma substitutes. This is also true for patients with renal failure. Due to their difference in molecular structure colloidal plasma substitutes, which are in clinical use--dextran, hydroxyethyl starch, gelatin--, are eliminated tbrough different pathways. However, the kidney plays an important role in the elimination of all three substances. Therefore pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of colloidal plasma substitutes, which are based on dextran, hydroxyethyl starch and gelatin, were studied in patients with normal or impaired renal function. Renal insufficiency proved to affect the elimination and therapeutic efficacy of these colloids in different and characteristic ways. Consequently this requires special indications and dosage recommendations for patients with renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Effect of kidney function on the elimination and action of colloidal plasma substitutes]. Hypovolemia and prophylaxis of thrombosis are the main indications for colloidal plasma substitutes. This is also true for patients with renal failure. Due to their difference in molecular structure colloidal plasma substitutes, which are in clinical use--dextran, hydroxyethyl starch, gelatin--, are eliminated tbrough different pathways. However, the kidney plays an important role in the elimination of all three substances. Therefore pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of colloidal plasma substitutes, which are based on dextran, hydroxyethyl starch and gelatin, were studied in patients with normal or impaired renal function. Renal insufficiency proved to affect the elimination and therapeutic efficacy of these colloids in different and characteristic ways. Consequently this requires special indications and dosage recommendations for patients with renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 94298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1057", "title": "Induction of antibody responses in vivo by antigen specific helper factor.", "content": "T helper cell factors (HF) have been preparated against protein and synthetic antigens by restimulating in vitro induced helper cells with small amounts of antigen. HF when tested in vitro are antigen specific and capable of replacing T cells, initiating a thymus dependent IgM response. In the in vivo adoptive transfer assay HF is capable of replacing T helper cells and is active at very high dilution, inducing both IgM and IgG responses. When tested on unirradiated DNP primed animals the HF was able to initiate a thymus dependent anti-hapten response, comparable to that seen with helper T cells, of both IgM and IgG class. It was also shown that HF acts on anti-Thy 1 treated spleen cells. The results indicate that antigen specific helper factors may be one of the physiologic mediators of T-B interactions in intact animals.", "contents": "Induction of antibody responses in vivo by antigen specific helper factor. T helper cell factors (HF) have been preparated against protein and synthetic antigens by restimulating in vitro induced helper cells with small amounts of antigen. HF when tested in vitro are antigen specific and capable of replacing T cells, initiating a thymus dependent IgM response. In the in vivo adoptive transfer assay HF is capable of replacing T helper cells and is active at very high dilution, inducing both IgM and IgG responses. When tested on unirradiated DNP primed animals the HF was able to initiate a thymus dependent anti-hapten response, comparable to that seen with helper T cells, of both IgM and IgG class. It was also shown that HF acts on anti-Thy 1 treated spleen cells. The results indicate that antigen specific helper factors may be one of the physiologic mediators of T-B interactions in intact animals.", "PMID": 94304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1058", "title": "Hypothesis on the origin of the strong alloreactivity.", "content": "The high proportion of alloreactive T lymphocytes and many of the available data on T cell receptors can be explained by one single hypothesis with four basic assumptions: A) The functional induction of T lineage cells in the thymus inherently causes a selection for V-regions that bind to major histocompatibility antigens (MHA). The type of MHA determines the functional pathway of the T cell. B) This process selects with the highest probability for binding sites with high affinity for the self-MHA, yet binding sites with high affinity for non-self-MHA and low affinity for self-MHA will also be selected with a low but finite probability. C) This positive selection for self-MHA binding V-regions is followed by a rigorous selection against self-reactive T cells during the subsequent thymic or post-thymic phase of tolerance induction. D) Most crucial for the hypothesis is, finally, the assumption that the second (negative) selection operates with a higher affinity threshold than the first (positive) selection. The negative selection thus spares T cell clones with low affinity for self-antigens. This provides a strong selective advantage for two major groups of cells, namely alloreactive cells most of which recognize nonself-MHA in complex with nonpolymorphic non-MHA determinants, and cells that recognize nonself-determinants in complex with self-MHA with different degrees of restriction. One of the predictions of this hypothesis is that the proportion of alloreactive cells is relatively small among the T lineage cells that leave the thymus but increases largely during the post-thymic development of the peripheral T cell pool. The hypothesis is not biased in respect to the underlying germ line repertoire of V genes, and is in fact compatible with the simple assumption that T and B cells use the same sets of V genes.", "contents": "Hypothesis on the origin of the strong alloreactivity. The high proportion of alloreactive T lymphocytes and many of the available data on T cell receptors can be explained by one single hypothesis with four basic assumptions: A) The functional induction of T lineage cells in the thymus inherently causes a selection for V-regions that bind to major histocompatibility antigens (MHA). The type of MHA determines the functional pathway of the T cell. B) This process selects with the highest probability for binding sites with high affinity for the self-MHA, yet binding sites with high affinity for non-self-MHA and low affinity for self-MHA will also be selected with a low but finite probability. C) This positive selection for self-MHA binding V-regions is followed by a rigorous selection against self-reactive T cells during the subsequent thymic or post-thymic phase of tolerance induction. D) Most crucial for the hypothesis is, finally, the assumption that the second (negative) selection operates with a higher affinity threshold than the first (positive) selection. The negative selection thus spares T cell clones with low affinity for self-antigens. This provides a strong selective advantage for two major groups of cells, namely alloreactive cells most of which recognize nonself-MHA in complex with nonpolymorphic non-MHA determinants, and cells that recognize nonself-determinants in complex with self-MHA with different degrees of restriction. One of the predictions of this hypothesis is that the proportion of alloreactive cells is relatively small among the T lineage cells that leave the thymus but increases largely during the post-thymic development of the peripheral T cell pool. The hypothesis is not biased in respect to the underlying germ line repertoire of V genes, and is in fact compatible with the simple assumption that T and B cells use the same sets of V genes.", "PMID": 94305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1059", "title": "Studies of the producer cell of interferon in human lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "The producer cells of interferon were studied in human leucocyte cultures stimulated by a variety of stimulants, including phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), Corynebacterium parvum (CP) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). When the cells were fractionated by the use of neuraminidase-treated sheep red blood cells (SRBC), the T cell population responded with interferon production to PHA and PWM but not to CP or HSV. However, the non-T population showed a vigorous response to the latter two stimuli. In contrast, nylon column eluate cells enriched for T cells responded well to CP and HSV with production of interferon. To resolve these contradictory data, we have used combinations of techniques. Nylon column eluate cells were further separated by SRBC and it was found that the nylon non-adherent rosetting cell did not produce interferon in response to HSV or CP whereas the nylon-nonadherent non-rosetting cell did. In additional experiments more elaborate techniques were used. Leucocytes were treated by plastic adherence and iron filings, passed over a nylon column and subsequently over an Ig-anti-Ig column, and then rosetted with SRBC. Again only the non-rosetting population produced interferon. In parallel experiments the capacity of the different cell populations to lyse three types of target cells in a chromium release assay as a test for \"natural killer\" (NK) cell activity was investigated. There was some correlation between interferon production and NK cell activity. Thus, our data indicate that interferon is produced by non-T, non-B cells, possibly by cells related to NK cells.", "contents": "Studies of the producer cell of interferon in human lymphocyte cultures. The producer cells of interferon were studied in human leucocyte cultures stimulated by a variety of stimulants, including phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), Corynebacterium parvum (CP) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). When the cells were fractionated by the use of neuraminidase-treated sheep red blood cells (SRBC), the T cell population responded with interferon production to PHA and PWM but not to CP or HSV. However, the non-T population showed a vigorous response to the latter two stimuli. In contrast, nylon column eluate cells enriched for T cells responded well to CP and HSV with production of interferon. To resolve these contradictory data, we have used combinations of techniques. Nylon column eluate cells were further separated by SRBC and it was found that the nylon non-adherent rosetting cell did not produce interferon in response to HSV or CP whereas the nylon-nonadherent non-rosetting cell did. In additional experiments more elaborate techniques were used. Leucocytes were treated by plastic adherence and iron filings, passed over a nylon column and subsequently over an Ig-anti-Ig column, and then rosetted with SRBC. Again only the non-rosetting population produced interferon. In parallel experiments the capacity of the different cell populations to lyse three types of target cells in a chromium release assay as a test for \"natural killer\" (NK) cell activity was investigated. There was some correlation between interferon production and NK cell activity. Thus, our data indicate that interferon is produced by non-T, non-B cells, possibly by cells related to NK cells.", "PMID": 94306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1060", "title": "Studies on renin activation in normal human plasma.", "content": "The phenomenon of plasma renin activattion by acid dialysis and preincubation with trypsin was studied in normal human plasma. Activation of plasma renin by exposure to pH 3.3 was shown to require at least one dialysis step and could be inhibited by the presence of Trasylol, indicating the involvement of a protease in acid activation. Amniotic fluid exposed to pH 1.5 to destroy renin and renin substrate was also found to contain an enzyme capable of activating plasma renin. The Michaelis-Menten constant Km and the molecular weight of activated \"renin\" were found to be similar to those of normal plasma renin. Inactive renins or renin-like enzymes were partially purified from plasma by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A, precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 and isoelectric focusing. Trypsin and acid exposure gave similar results with regard to the activation of this zymogen, suggesting that trypsin and acid dialysis may increase plasma renin activity by the same mechanism.", "contents": "Studies on renin activation in normal human plasma. The phenomenon of plasma renin activattion by acid dialysis and preincubation with trypsin was studied in normal human plasma. Activation of plasma renin by exposure to pH 3.3 was shown to require at least one dialysis step and could be inhibited by the presence of Trasylol, indicating the involvement of a protease in acid activation. Amniotic fluid exposed to pH 1.5 to destroy renin and renin substrate was also found to contain an enzyme capable of activating plasma renin. The Michaelis-Menten constant Km and the molecular weight of activated \"renin\" were found to be similar to those of normal plasma renin. Inactive renins or renin-like enzymes were partially purified from plasma by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A, precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 and isoelectric focusing. Trypsin and acid exposure gave similar results with regard to the activation of this zymogen, suggesting that trypsin and acid dialysis may increase plasma renin activity by the same mechanism.", "PMID": 94312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1061", "title": "[Improvement of blood viscosity after infusion of low-molecular hydroxyethyl starch (Expafusin) in healthy subjects].", "content": "In healthy volunteers, 500 ml of a 6% low molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch solution (Expafusin) was infused intravenously within 30 minutes. Blood samples for the measurement of rheological parameters were obtained before and after the infusion. Blood and plasma viscosity were significantly decreased after the infusion of HES. Red cell deformability as measured by a filtration technique was slightly improved. Red cell aggregation as measured by a light transmission method was markedly reduced. Repeated infusion of 500 ml Expafusin indicates that the improvement of the flow properties of blood can be maintained for more than 3 hours.", "contents": "[Improvement of blood viscosity after infusion of low-molecular hydroxyethyl starch (Expafusin) in healthy subjects]. In healthy volunteers, 500 ml of a 6% low molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch solution (Expafusin) was infused intravenously within 30 minutes. Blood samples for the measurement of rheological parameters were obtained before and after the infusion. Blood and plasma viscosity were significantly decreased after the infusion of HES. Red cell deformability as measured by a filtration technique was slightly improved. Red cell aggregation as measured by a light transmission method was markedly reduced. Repeated infusion of 500 ml Expafusin indicates that the improvement of the flow properties of blood can be maintained for more than 3 hours.", "PMID": 94316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1062", "title": "[Effect of various plasma substitutes on blood groups].", "content": "In order to test the influence of the plasma substitutes Macrodex 6%, Plasmasteril and Expafusin on subsequent blood-typing and serologic tolerance tests, blood specimens of known donors of blood group 0 Rh negative were incubated with the respective plasma substitutes in various dilutions and serologic tests performed. In the AB0 and Rh system, none of the plasma substitutes tested caused falsely positive agglutinations. Reading of cross-match in the albumin test was not impeded in any of the substitutes. The higher molecular dextran Macrodex 6% and the high molecular hydroxyethylene starch Plasmateril appeared to have positive blood-group serologic reactions. With the low molecular hydroxyethylene starch Expafusin no irritations occurred in all tests of cross-matching.", "contents": "[Effect of various plasma substitutes on blood groups]. In order to test the influence of the plasma substitutes Macrodex 6%, Plasmasteril and Expafusin on subsequent blood-typing and serologic tolerance tests, blood specimens of known donors of blood group 0 Rh negative were incubated with the respective plasma substitutes in various dilutions and serologic tests performed. In the AB0 and Rh system, none of the plasma substitutes tested caused falsely positive agglutinations. Reading of cross-match in the albumin test was not impeded in any of the substitutes. The higher molecular dextran Macrodex 6% and the high molecular hydroxyethylene starch Plasmateril appeared to have positive blood-group serologic reactions. With the low molecular hydroxyethylene starch Expafusin no irritations occurred in all tests of cross-matching.", "PMID": 94317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1063", "title": "Rapid dextran infusion in essential hypertension.", "content": "Hemodynamic parameters were studied before and after rapid dextran infusion in 34 men including 17 patients with sustained essential hypertension and 17 normotensive controls. In both groups of patients, dextran infusion induced a significant increase (p less than 0.001) in central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output (CO), and stroke volume. The percent change in stroke volume was significantly higher in hypertensives (p less than 0.001) than in controls. Three indices of volume expansion were calculated: 1) the ratio between the change in CO and the change in volume, which was significantly higher in hypertensives (p less than 0.025), 2) the ratio between the change in CO and the change in CVP, which was similar in both groups, and 3) the ratio between the change in volume and the change in CVP, which was significantly reduced in hypertensives (p less than 0.001). In the overall population, the latter ratio was negatively correlated with the change in CO (or in stroke volume) induced by expansion ( r = -0.75). The results provided evidence that: 1) the slope of the relationship between CO and blood volume was steeper in hypertensives than in normotensives, and 2) the steeper slope was due to a reduction in the effective compliance of the vascular bed, causing a greater elevation in CO per unit rise in volume.", "contents": "Rapid dextran infusion in essential hypertension. Hemodynamic parameters were studied before and after rapid dextran infusion in 34 men including 17 patients with sustained essential hypertension and 17 normotensive controls. In both groups of patients, dextran infusion induced a significant increase (p less than 0.001) in central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output (CO), and stroke volume. The percent change in stroke volume was significantly higher in hypertensives (p less than 0.001) than in controls. Three indices of volume expansion were calculated: 1) the ratio between the change in CO and the change in volume, which was significantly higher in hypertensives (p less than 0.025), 2) the ratio between the change in CO and the change in CVP, which was similar in both groups, and 3) the ratio between the change in volume and the change in CVP, which was significantly reduced in hypertensives (p less than 0.001). In the overall population, the latter ratio was negatively correlated with the change in CO (or in stroke volume) induced by expansion ( r = -0.75). The results provided evidence that: 1) the slope of the relationship between CO and blood volume was steeper in hypertensives than in normotensives, and 2) the steeper slope was due to a reduction in the effective compliance of the vascular bed, causing a greater elevation in CO per unit rise in volume.", "PMID": 94313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1064", "title": "Six years' experience with cryosurgery in the oral cavity.", "content": "Ninety selected patients with a benign or malignant lesion in the oral cavity were treated by cryosurgery. A clinical study was carried out during a 6-year period to investigate the value of cryosurgery as supplemental or substitute therapy. Good results have been obtained in the treatment of small to moderate, superficially situated angiomas. Cryotherapy has also been found to be satisfactory in the treatment of papillary hyperplasia of the palate. As symptomatic treatment we employed the freezing procedure to painful erosive lichen planus. Until now, a casual treatment has not been possible because of an unknown etiology. Used as symtomatic therapy, cryosurgery may be of some use in these cases, especially to relieve pain. Good results have been obtained in the treatment of oral leukoplakia. The pathologically changed mucous membranes could be completely eliminated in most of the cases without severe scar formation or impairment to functions. Cryosurgery for palliation was employed in 11 incurable tumors. Results have been disappointing. Twenty-one localized malignant neoplasms were treated by cryosurgery to cure. The tumor was completely destroyed in 67% of the cases.", "contents": "Six years' experience with cryosurgery in the oral cavity. Ninety selected patients with a benign or malignant lesion in the oral cavity were treated by cryosurgery. A clinical study was carried out during a 6-year period to investigate the value of cryosurgery as supplemental or substitute therapy. Good results have been obtained in the treatment of small to moderate, superficially situated angiomas. Cryotherapy has also been found to be satisfactory in the treatment of papillary hyperplasia of the palate. As symptomatic treatment we employed the freezing procedure to painful erosive lichen planus. Until now, a casual treatment has not been possible because of an unknown etiology. Used as symtomatic therapy, cryosurgery may be of some use in these cases, especially to relieve pain. Good results have been obtained in the treatment of oral leukoplakia. The pathologically changed mucous membranes could be completely eliminated in most of the cases without severe scar formation or impairment to functions. Cryosurgery for palliation was employed in 11 incurable tumors. Results have been disappointing. Twenty-one localized malignant neoplasms were treated by cryosurgery to cure. The tumor was completely destroyed in 67% of the cases.", "PMID": 94318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1065", "title": "The surgical treatment of cancer of the esophagus. Summary of replies to a questionnaire.", "content": "In an attempt to assess the different methods of treatment of tumors of the esophagus we contacted 170 surgeons (in 1975-1976). Seventy-six (45%) answered a questionnaire concerning the surgical management of esophageal tumors, the reasons for non operability and non resectability, the place of radiotherapy, the validity of palliative procedures, the exposure and type of resection for tumors at various levels in the esophagus, the technical details of the operations, the resectability and mortality rate, the anastomotic leak rate and its treatment, and the five-year survival rate after operation. The replies to the questionnaire are summarized.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of cancer of the esophagus. Summary of replies to a questionnaire. In an attempt to assess the different methods of treatment of tumors of the esophagus we contacted 170 surgeons (in 1975-1976). Seventy-six (45%) answered a questionnaire concerning the surgical management of esophageal tumors, the reasons for non operability and non resectability, the place of radiotherapy, the validity of palliative procedures, the exposure and type of resection for tumors at various levels in the esophagus, the technical details of the operations, the resectability and mortality rate, the anastomotic leak rate and its treatment, and the five-year survival rate after operation. The replies to the questionnaire are summarized.", "PMID": 94320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1066", "title": "1-N-Alkyl analogs of butirosin.", "content": "Butirosin (Ia), 5''-amino-5''-deoxy-(Ic), 3',4'-dideoxy-(Ie), and 5''-amino-3',4',5''-trideoxy-butirosin A (If) were converted into the corresponding 1'''-deoxo derivatives, Ib, Id, Ig, and Ih by borane reduction. In addition, xylostasin (IIIa) was converted into its 1-N-ethyl derivative (IIIb) by reductive ethylation. Their antibacterial activities were discussed.", "contents": "1-N-Alkyl analogs of butirosin. Butirosin (Ia), 5''-amino-5''-deoxy-(Ic), 3',4'-dideoxy-(Ie), and 5''-amino-3',4',5''-trideoxy-butirosin A (If) were converted into the corresponding 1'''-deoxo derivatives, Ib, Id, Ig, and Ih by borane reduction. In addition, xylostasin (IIIa) was converted into its 1-N-ethyl derivative (IIIb) by reductive ethylation. Their antibacterial activities were discussed.", "PMID": 94324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1067", "title": "The biochemical effect of auromomycin on bacterial cells.", "content": "The mechanism of action of auromomycin was studied with intact cells of Bacillus subtilis. The antibiotic exhibited a preferential inhibition of DNA synthesis over RNA and protein syntheses. The strand scission of cellular DNA was induced by the drug, and DNA was degraded into acid-soluble fragments. The results suggested that DNA is the chemoreceptor of auromomycin.", "contents": "The biochemical effect of auromomycin on bacterial cells. The mechanism of action of auromomycin was studied with intact cells of Bacillus subtilis. The antibiotic exhibited a preferential inhibition of DNA synthesis over RNA and protein syntheses. The strand scission of cellular DNA was induced by the drug, and DNA was degraded into acid-soluble fragments. The results suggested that DNA is the chemoreceptor of auromomycin.", "PMID": 94325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1068", "title": "The distribution of desmosomes and ruthenium red-bound cell surface carbohydrates during palatal closure in the hamster.", "content": "The distribution of ruthenium red (RR)-bound cell surface carbohydrates and desmosomes was studied during epithelial adhesion and seam formation stages of palatal development in the hamster. Before closure, RR-positive material was observed on the plasma membrane of the superficial cells and in the intercellular spaces of the palatal epithelium. At the time of initial contact, RR-bound substance was absent or reduced on the outer plasma membrane and desmosomes were forming between the epithelial cells of the opposing palatal shelves. Except in the oral and nasal triangular areas, RR-positive material was absent in the epithelial seam. Quantitative analysis showed a three-fold increase in the number of desmosomes from the vertical stage to the epithelial fusion stage which correlated well with the disappearance of RR-bound material. Desmosome formation appears crucial during initial adhesion between epithelia of the opposing palatal shelves and during the formation and maintenance of the seam.", "contents": "The distribution of desmosomes and ruthenium red-bound cell surface carbohydrates during palatal closure in the hamster. The distribution of ruthenium red (RR)-bound cell surface carbohydrates and desmosomes was studied during epithelial adhesion and seam formation stages of palatal development in the hamster. Before closure, RR-positive material was observed on the plasma membrane of the superficial cells and in the intercellular spaces of the palatal epithelium. At the time of initial contact, RR-bound substance was absent or reduced on the outer plasma membrane and desmosomes were forming between the epithelial cells of the opposing palatal shelves. Except in the oral and nasal triangular areas, RR-positive material was absent in the epithelial seam. Quantitative analysis showed a three-fold increase in the number of desmosomes from the vertical stage to the epithelial fusion stage which correlated well with the disappearance of RR-bound material. Desmosome formation appears crucial during initial adhesion between epithelia of the opposing palatal shelves and during the formation and maintenance of the seam.", "PMID": 94323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1069", "title": "The cyclic AMP-dependent initiation of DNA synthesis by T51B rat liver epithelioid cells.", "content": "The brief rise in the cellular cyclic AMP content which occurs late in the prereplicative phases of rat hepatocytes in vivo and T51B rat liver epitheloid cells in vitro seems to be necessary for the initiation of DNA synthesis. Thus, the extracellular calcium-deprivation in T51B rat liver cells in culture which induces a late G-1 block is rapidly reversible (cells surge into S phase within one hour) either by creating a cyclic AMP surge by the addition of calcium or 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (a cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor) or by the exogenous addition of low concentrations of cyclic AMP itself (i.e., 10(-8)-10(-5) M). On the other hand, prevention of the calcium-induced cyclic AMP surge by imidazole (a cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activator) blocked the initiation of DNA synthesis by the calcium-deprived T51B cells.", "contents": "The cyclic AMP-dependent initiation of DNA synthesis by T51B rat liver epithelioid cells. The brief rise in the cellular cyclic AMP content which occurs late in the prereplicative phases of rat hepatocytes in vivo and T51B rat liver epitheloid cells in vitro seems to be necessary for the initiation of DNA synthesis. Thus, the extracellular calcium-deprivation in T51B rat liver cells in culture which induces a late G-1 block is rapidly reversible (cells surge into S phase within one hour) either by creating a cyclic AMP surge by the addition of calcium or 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (a cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor) or by the exogenous addition of low concentrations of cyclic AMP itself (i.e., 10(-8)-10(-5) M). On the other hand, prevention of the calcium-induced cyclic AMP surge by imidazole (a cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activator) blocked the initiation of DNA synthesis by the calcium-deprived T51B cells.", "PMID": 94328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1070", "title": "Role of hydrogen bonding in red cell aggregation.", "content": "The role of hydrogen bonding in red cell aggregation induced by dextran was studied with the use of urea, an inhibitor for hydrogen bonding. In order to avoid hemolysis of red cells by the high concentration of urea, the studies were performed on human red cells hardened in glutaraldehyde. The degree of red cell aggregation at Hct = 45% was estimated by the use of a coaxial cylinder viscometer. The viscometric aggregation index (VAI) was calculated from viscosity values at shear rates of 52 sec-1 (eta H) and 0.05 sec-1 (eta L); VAI = (eta L - eta H)/eta H. Red cells with surface charge intact and with charge removal by neuraminidase treatment were studied. Urea at high concentrations, e.g., 6 M, significantly inhibited red cell aggregation induced by dextran. These findings indicate that hydrogen bonding plays an important role in dextran-induced red cell aggregation. An understanding of the nature of the forces involved in red cell aggregation serves to establish the physicochemical principles of cell-to-cell interactions induced by macromolecules.", "contents": "Role of hydrogen bonding in red cell aggregation. The role of hydrogen bonding in red cell aggregation induced by dextran was studied with the use of urea, an inhibitor for hydrogen bonding. In order to avoid hemolysis of red cells by the high concentration of urea, the studies were performed on human red cells hardened in glutaraldehyde. The degree of red cell aggregation at Hct = 45% was estimated by the use of a coaxial cylinder viscometer. The viscometric aggregation index (VAI) was calculated from viscosity values at shear rates of 52 sec-1 (eta H) and 0.05 sec-1 (eta L); VAI = (eta L - eta H)/eta H. Red cells with surface charge intact and with charge removal by neuraminidase treatment were studied. Urea at high concentrations, e.g., 6 M, significantly inhibited red cell aggregation induced by dextran. These findings indicate that hydrogen bonding plays an important role in dextran-induced red cell aggregation. An understanding of the nature of the forces involved in red cell aggregation serves to establish the physicochemical principles of cell-to-cell interactions induced by macromolecules.", "PMID": 94329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1071", "title": "Electrochemical detection of tryptophan metabolites following high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Electrochemical detection of tryptophan metabolites following separation on a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography column was compared with other means of detection. Of 29 compounds studied, 26 could be detected at a sensitivity comparable to that of fluorescence derivatisation procedures. Response was linear over a wide range of concentrations and selectivity was shown to be superior to ultraviolet detection when analysing urine. Additionally, it was possible to control selectivity so that only those tryptophan metabolites from the tryptophan hydroxylase pathway were detected. This is of particular value in the study of distrubances of serotonin metabolism and is unique to this type of detector.", "contents": "Electrochemical detection of tryptophan metabolites following high-performance liquid chromatography. Electrochemical detection of tryptophan metabolites following separation on a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography column was compared with other means of detection. Of 29 compounds studied, 26 could be detected at a sensitivity comparable to that of fluorescence derivatisation procedures. Response was linear over a wide range of concentrations and selectivity was shown to be superior to ultraviolet detection when analysing urine. Additionally, it was possible to control selectivity so that only those tryptophan metabolites from the tryptophan hydroxylase pathway were detected. This is of particular value in the study of distrubances of serotonin metabolism and is unique to this type of detector.", "PMID": 94331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1072", "title": "Antigenic components of Taenia saginata and their relevance to the diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis by immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "22 antigenic components of Taenia saginata proglottides were detected by immunoelectrophoretic (IEP) study. Cross-absorption of the hyperimmune serum, raised in rabbits against T. saginata, with heterologous and host antigens showed that two thirds of these components were not specific for the cestode. Among the calves experimentally infected with T. saginata eggs, 3 precipitation patterns in IEP were identified depending on the evolutionary stage of the infection. The hydrosoluble extract of T. saginata was used as antigen. A short precipitating arc present near the antigen well and appearing 3 to 4 weeks post-infection of the calves and a long precipitating arc extending towards the anodic end of the slide and appearing in later stages of infection were found of high diagnostic value. No false-positive reaction or cross-reaction were found. Among the calves harbouring less than 50 cysticerci, false-negative reactions were seen.", "contents": "Antigenic components of Taenia saginata and their relevance to the diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis by immunoelectrophoresis. 22 antigenic components of Taenia saginata proglottides were detected by immunoelectrophoretic (IEP) study. Cross-absorption of the hyperimmune serum, raised in rabbits against T. saginata, with heterologous and host antigens showed that two thirds of these components were not specific for the cestode. Among the calves experimentally infected with T. saginata eggs, 3 precipitation patterns in IEP were identified depending on the evolutionary stage of the infection. The hydrosoluble extract of T. saginata was used as antigen. A short precipitating arc present near the antigen well and appearing 3 to 4 weeks post-infection of the calves and a long precipitating arc extending towards the anodic end of the slide and appearing in later stages of infection were found of high diagnostic value. No false-positive reaction or cross-reaction were found. Among the calves harbouring less than 50 cysticerci, false-negative reactions were seen.", "PMID": 94334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1073", "title": "Immune response to herpesvirus antigens in adults with acute cytomegaloviral mononucleosis.", "content": "The immune response of eight patients with mononucleosis caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) was measured early in their illness--when virus was present in their urine and/or blood--and subsequently during convalescence. Levels of CMV-specific antibody rose early in the illness, but the proliferative response of mononuclear cells to CMV antigen did not reach the level characteristic of CMV-immune donors until several months later. The production of interferon by mononuclear cells in response to CMV antigen was also low early in the illness. Although these patients had prior immunity to herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus, their mononuclear cells responded poorly to antigens prepared from these viruses. The proliferative response to these antigens returned to normal in parallel with the development of a normal response to CMV. It is suggested that acute CMV mononucleosis suppresses the proliferative response of human mononuclear cells.", "contents": "Immune response to herpesvirus antigens in adults with acute cytomegaloviral mononucleosis. The immune response of eight patients with mononucleosis caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) was measured early in their illness--when virus was present in their urine and/or blood--and subsequently during convalescence. Levels of CMV-specific antibody rose early in the illness, but the proliferative response of mononuclear cells to CMV antigen did not reach the level characteristic of CMV-immune donors until several months later. The production of interferon by mononuclear cells in response to CMV antigen was also low early in the illness. Although these patients had prior immunity to herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus, their mononuclear cells responded poorly to antigens prepared from these viruses. The proliferative response to these antigens returned to normal in parallel with the development of a normal response to CMV. It is suggested that acute CMV mononucleosis suppresses the proliferative response of human mononuclear cells.", "PMID": 94336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1074", "title": "[The antenatal diagnosis before 20 weeks of an omphalocoele and a failure of development of the abdominal wall (author's transl)].", "content": "We report 2 cases of malformations occuring in the region of the umbilicus which were diagnosed by amniocenteses before the 20th week of pregnancy (with levels of alphafetoprotein) and echography. Failure of development of the abdominal wall was only diagnosed for certain after the therapeutic abortion had been carried out. The omphalocoele was diagnosed for certain by echography at the 19th week after anencephaly and spina bifida had been eliminated in spite of an abnormally high rise in the level of amniotic fluid alphafetoprotein (100.000 microgram/l). We have not found any similar cases in the literature at this gestational age. These observations prove the value of combining the estimation of alphafetoprotein level in the amniotic fluid when making antenatal diagnoses because of the age of the mother (after the age of 38), with echography specially directed to searching for such apparent morphological abnormalities.", "contents": "[The antenatal diagnosis before 20 weeks of an omphalocoele and a failure of development of the abdominal wall (author's transl)]. We report 2 cases of malformations occuring in the region of the umbilicus which were diagnosed by amniocenteses before the 20th week of pregnancy (with levels of alphafetoprotein) and echography. Failure of development of the abdominal wall was only diagnosed for certain after the therapeutic abortion had been carried out. The omphalocoele was diagnosed for certain by echography at the 19th week after anencephaly and spina bifida had been eliminated in spite of an abnormally high rise in the level of amniotic fluid alphafetoprotein (100.000 microgram/l). We have not found any similar cases in the literature at this gestational age. These observations prove the value of combining the estimation of alphafetoprotein level in the amniotic fluid when making antenatal diagnoses because of the age of the mother (after the age of 38), with echography specially directed to searching for such apparent morphological abnormalities.", "PMID": 94333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1075", "title": "Effect of specific antibodies on chronic echovirus type 5 encephalitis in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia.", "content": "The effects of specific antibodies in chronic echovirus type 5 (echo 5) encephalitis were investigated in a patient with x-linked hypogammaglobulinemia. Virus was detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood despite treatment with commercial human gammaglobulin that contained low titers of antibodies to echo 5 (0.6 x 10(4) units per injection). Virus disappeared from blood and CSF when plasma containing high concentrations of antibodies (total dose, 1--4 x 10(4) units/kg) was administered intravenously. Maximal inhibition of virus was achieved in culture and in the patient's CSF when the titer of antibody to echo 5 in CSF was greater than or equal to 16 units/ml. Although the patient died, hyperimmune plasma improved the neurologic status and eliminated detectable virus from the blood and CSF.", "contents": "Effect of specific antibodies on chronic echovirus type 5 encephalitis in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia. The effects of specific antibodies in chronic echovirus type 5 (echo 5) encephalitis were investigated in a patient with x-linked hypogammaglobulinemia. Virus was detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood despite treatment with commercial human gammaglobulin that contained low titers of antibodies to echo 5 (0.6 x 10(4) units per injection). Virus disappeared from blood and CSF when plasma containing high concentrations of antibodies (total dose, 1--4 x 10(4) units/kg) was administered intravenously. Maximal inhibition of virus was achieved in culture and in the patient's CSF when the titer of antibody to echo 5 in CSF was greater than or equal to 16 units/ml. Although the patient died, hyperimmune plasma improved the neurologic status and eliminated detectable virus from the blood and CSF.", "PMID": 94337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1076", "title": "Chemotherapy of herpes simplex virus encephalitis in mice by direct intracerebral injection.", "content": "The effects of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine-5'-phosphate (ara-A-5'-P) on herpes simplex virus encephalitis in mice were studied. This drug is a monophosphate derivative of adenine arabinoside (ara-A). When administered by the intracerebral (ic) route, ara-A-5'-P was highly effective in virus-infected mice in the 17-20 g weight range provided therapy was begun before clinical symptoms of encephalitis appeared. The most effective dose schedule was found to be three daily ic injections totaling 400 micrograms/day (20 mg/kg) beginning on the third day after injection. Such treatment resulted in a survival rate of 50%-75% among infected mice after six months. In the early stages of many experiments, 90%-100% of the controls died whereas all of the treated animals survived.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of herpes simplex virus encephalitis in mice by direct intracerebral injection. The effects of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine-5'-phosphate (ara-A-5'-P) on herpes simplex virus encephalitis in mice were studied. This drug is a monophosphate derivative of adenine arabinoside (ara-A). When administered by the intracerebral (ic) route, ara-A-5'-P was highly effective in virus-infected mice in the 17-20 g weight range provided therapy was begun before clinical symptoms of encephalitis appeared. The most effective dose schedule was found to be three daily ic injections totaling 400 micrograms/day (20 mg/kg) beginning on the third day after injection. Such treatment resulted in a survival rate of 50%-75% among infected mice after six months. In the early stages of many experiments, 90%-100% of the controls died whereas all of the treated animals survived.", "PMID": 94338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1077", "title": "Chlamydia psittaci: growth characteristics and enumeration of serotypes 1 and 2 in cultured cells.", "content": "The growth characteristics of Chlamydia psittaci serotypes 1 and 2 (ovine and bovine origin) were studed in mouse L cells. Formation of inclusions and yield of infectious progeny for serotype 1 were maximal when host cells were treated with cycloheximide and the pH in the cell culture medium was 7.2-7.4. The number of cells that contained inclusions and the infectivity yield for serotype 2 were maximal when the pH was 6.6-7.0. Treatments with diethylaminoethyl dextran and cycloheximide increased inclusion formation in serotype 2 but decreased the yield per infected cell. For both serotypes, centrifugation of the chlamydiae onto monolayers infected 50-1,200 times the number of cells infected with use of stationary adsorption. An enumeration method for L-cell infectious units was developed that gave higher titers than the chicken embryo 50% lethal dose after yolk sac inoculation.", "contents": "Chlamydia psittaci: growth characteristics and enumeration of serotypes 1 and 2 in cultured cells. The growth characteristics of Chlamydia psittaci serotypes 1 and 2 (ovine and bovine origin) were studed in mouse L cells. Formation of inclusions and yield of infectious progeny for serotype 1 were maximal when host cells were treated with cycloheximide and the pH in the cell culture medium was 7.2-7.4. The number of cells that contained inclusions and the infectivity yield for serotype 2 were maximal when the pH was 6.6-7.0. Treatments with diethylaminoethyl dextran and cycloheximide increased inclusion formation in serotype 2 but decreased the yield per infected cell. For both serotypes, centrifugation of the chlamydiae onto monolayers infected 50-1,200 times the number of cells infected with use of stationary adsorption. An enumeration method for L-cell infectious units was developed that gave higher titers than the chicken embryo 50% lethal dose after yolk sac inoculation.", "PMID": 94339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1078", "title": "Simultaneous occurrence in the same serum of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen of different subtypes.", "content": "The simultaneous occurrence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) of different subtypes in the serum of a hemodiaylzed patient was studied. The w(a) subdeterminants were involved. The HBsAg belonged to the ayw3 subtype, and the anti-HBs exhibited monospecific anti-w2 activity. Both the HBsAg and the anti-HBs were detectable by counterelectrophoresis (CEP). The specificity of the antibody was demonstrated by CEP in tests against 128 sera containing HBsAg of 12 different subtypes and in absorption experiments with eight sera containing HBsAg of eight different subtypes, as well as by radioimmunoassay in the liquid phase. The monospecific antibody was selectively directed against the w2 subdeterminant of the adw2 subtype and was designated anti-w2.", "contents": "Simultaneous occurrence in the same serum of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen of different subtypes. The simultaneous occurrence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) of different subtypes in the serum of a hemodiaylzed patient was studied. The w(a) subdeterminants were involved. The HBsAg belonged to the ayw3 subtype, and the anti-HBs exhibited monospecific anti-w2 activity. Both the HBsAg and the anti-HBs were detectable by counterelectrophoresis (CEP). The specificity of the antibody was demonstrated by CEP in tests against 128 sera containing HBsAg of 12 different subtypes and in absorption experiments with eight sera containing HBsAg of eight different subtypes, as well as by radioimmunoassay in the liquid phase. The monospecific antibody was selectively directed against the w2 subdeterminant of the adw2 subtype and was designated anti-w2.", "PMID": 94340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1079", "title": "Immunodiagnosis of systemic candidiasis: mannan antigenemia detected by radioimmunoassay in experimental and human infections.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) that detects candida mannan was developed so that immunodiagnosis of systemic candidiasis could be improved. The RIA was evaluated in an animal model of disseminated disease and in a panel of patient sera. Mannan antigenemia was detected with the RIA in 52% of 29 rabbits with systemic candidasis, but not in 60 normal rabbits or 31 rabbits with systemic aspergillosis. In an evaluation of human sera, mannan antigenemia was detected in five of 11 patients with systemic candidiasis, one of three patients with invasive gastrointestinal candidiasis, and one patient with a sustained candidemia associated with an infected intravenous catheter. Mannan was not detected in sera from 11 patients with superficial candida infections, seven patients colonized with Candida, three patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, eight patients with other systemic mycoses, or 22 normal donors. This study demonstrates the utility of this RIA for early, specific immunodiagnosis of invasive candidiasis.", "contents": "Immunodiagnosis of systemic candidiasis: mannan antigenemia detected by radioimmunoassay in experimental and human infections. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) that detects candida mannan was developed so that immunodiagnosis of systemic candidiasis could be improved. The RIA was evaluated in an animal model of disseminated disease and in a panel of patient sera. Mannan antigenemia was detected with the RIA in 52% of 29 rabbits with systemic candidasis, but not in 60 normal rabbits or 31 rabbits with systemic aspergillosis. In an evaluation of human sera, mannan antigenemia was detected in five of 11 patients with systemic candidiasis, one of three patients with invasive gastrointestinal candidiasis, and one patient with a sustained candidemia associated with an infected intravenous catheter. Mannan was not detected in sera from 11 patients with superficial candida infections, seven patients colonized with Candida, three patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, eight patients with other systemic mycoses, or 22 normal donors. This study demonstrates the utility of this RIA for early, specific immunodiagnosis of invasive candidiasis.", "PMID": 94341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1080", "title": "Relationships among raffinose plasmids determined by the immunochemical cross-reaction of their alpha-galactosidases.", "content": "Plasmid-encoded alpha-galactosidase served as a marker enzyme for the recognition and comparison of raffinose (Raf) plasmids present in strains of Escherichia coli. Immunochemical relationships were established among Raf plasmids of 39 independent isolates from man and domestic animals (from three continents) by using antiserum against alpha-galactosidase. Immunodiffusion revealed three serological subclasses of alpha-galactosidase, which are correlated with the biological and geographical origin of the host strains. It is concluded that the raf determinants of all Raf plasmids tested have evolved from a common ancestor.", "contents": "Relationships among raffinose plasmids determined by the immunochemical cross-reaction of their alpha-galactosidases. Plasmid-encoded alpha-galactosidase served as a marker enzyme for the recognition and comparison of raffinose (Raf) plasmids present in strains of Escherichia coli. Immunochemical relationships were established among Raf plasmids of 39 independent isolates from man and domestic animals (from three continents) by using antiserum against alpha-galactosidase. Immunodiffusion revealed three serological subclasses of alpha-galactosidase, which are correlated with the biological and geographical origin of the host strains. It is concluded that the raf determinants of all Raf plasmids tested have evolved from a common ancestor.", "PMID": 94343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1081", "title": "Phosphonoformate inhibits reverse transcriptase.", "content": "The new antiviral substance phosphonoformate (PFA) has been tested in a cell-free system for its effect on reverse transcriptases from an avian retrovirus (avian myeloblastosis virus, AMV) and from mammalian retroviruses (Rauscher leukaemia virus, RMuLV; bovine leukaemia virus; baboon endogenous virus; simian sarcoma virus; visna virus). The observed inhibitory effect of PFA has been compared with that of a structurally related substance, phosphonoacetate (PAA). Phosphonoformate, at a concentration of 100 microM, reduced the activities of all the above mentioned polymerases by 90% when (rA)n.(dT)10 was used as a template/primer. The dose-response curves for AMV and RMuLV polymerases primed with (rA)n.(dT)10 showed PFA to be a 1000-fold more active than PAA; the RMuLV polymerase activity was reduced to 50% after incubation with 0.7 microM-PFA and 0.7 mM-PAA, respectively. There was no difference in PFA inhibition of virus-associated and purified reverse transcriptase activity. Results with various synthetic templates showed that both the RNA- and the DNA-dependent polymerase activities of reverse transcriptase were inhibited by PFA. The endogenous polymerase activity of AMV was inhibited to 50% at 100 microM-PFA, while PAA had no effect. The PFA inhibition was dependent on whether Mg2+ or Mn2+ was used as divalent cation in the assay. Phosphonoformate arrested DNA synthesis immediately after being added to the assay system. The mechanism of inhibition of the AMV polymerase was non-competitive with respect to substrate and template and the apparent inhibition constants were 16 microM and 9 microM, respectively.", "contents": "Phosphonoformate inhibits reverse transcriptase. The new antiviral substance phosphonoformate (PFA) has been tested in a cell-free system for its effect on reverse transcriptases from an avian retrovirus (avian myeloblastosis virus, AMV) and from mammalian retroviruses (Rauscher leukaemia virus, RMuLV; bovine leukaemia virus; baboon endogenous virus; simian sarcoma virus; visna virus). The observed inhibitory effect of PFA has been compared with that of a structurally related substance, phosphonoacetate (PAA). Phosphonoformate, at a concentration of 100 microM, reduced the activities of all the above mentioned polymerases by 90% when (rA)n.(dT)10 was used as a template/primer. The dose-response curves for AMV and RMuLV polymerases primed with (rA)n.(dT)10 showed PFA to be a 1000-fold more active than PAA; the RMuLV polymerase activity was reduced to 50% after incubation with 0.7 microM-PFA and 0.7 mM-PAA, respectively. There was no difference in PFA inhibition of virus-associated and purified reverse transcriptase activity. Results with various synthetic templates showed that both the RNA- and the DNA-dependent polymerase activities of reverse transcriptase were inhibited by PFA. The endogenous polymerase activity of AMV was inhibited to 50% at 100 microM-PFA, while PAA had no effect. The PFA inhibition was dependent on whether Mg2+ or Mn2+ was used as divalent cation in the assay. Phosphonoformate arrested DNA synthesis immediately after being added to the assay system. The mechanism of inhibition of the AMV polymerase was non-competitive with respect to substrate and template and the apparent inhibition constants were 16 microM and 9 microM, respectively.", "PMID": 94344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1082", "title": "Priming increases the amount of interferon mRNA in poly(rI).poly(rC)-treated L cells.", "content": "Priming by mouse interferon pre-treatment resulted in an accumulation of interferon mRNA in poly(rI).poly(rC)-treated L cells, starting early in the period of interferon synthesis. On electrophoresis, the priming activity of an interferon preparation co-migrated with the antiviral activity, which suggests identity of the functional principle(s) for these activities.", "contents": "Priming increases the amount of interferon mRNA in poly(rI).poly(rC)-treated L cells. Priming by mouse interferon pre-treatment resulted in an accumulation of interferon mRNA in poly(rI).poly(rC)-treated L cells, starting early in the period of interferon synthesis. On electrophoresis, the priming activity of an interferon preparation co-migrated with the antiviral activity, which suggests identity of the functional principle(s) for these activities.", "PMID": 94345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1083", "title": "Somatic cell genetics of human interferon production in human-rodent cell hybrids.", "content": "Forty-two primary human-mouse cell hybrids, derived in two separate experiments, were treated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV): eight hybrids were found to produce human interferon and this was shown in every case to be predominantly of the fibroblast type. An extensive analysis was made in terms of karyotype and marker enzymes on all the eight hybrids producing interferon and also on five hybrids which did not produce interferon, five randomly selected hybrids and eleven subclones resistant to diphtheria toxin. The results suggest that, contrary to previous reports, a gene on chromosome 5 is not involved in production of human interferon. Its production was however correlated with the presence of chromosome 9 in the hybrids. Analyses of two sets of human-Chinese hamster hybrid subclones from two different crosses were also consistent with the assignment of a human interferon gene to chromosome 9.", "contents": "Somatic cell genetics of human interferon production in human-rodent cell hybrids. Forty-two primary human-mouse cell hybrids, derived in two separate experiments, were treated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV): eight hybrids were found to produce human interferon and this was shown in every case to be predominantly of the fibroblast type. An extensive analysis was made in terms of karyotype and marker enzymes on all the eight hybrids producing interferon and also on five hybrids which did not produce interferon, five randomly selected hybrids and eleven subclones resistant to diphtheria toxin. The results suggest that, contrary to previous reports, a gene on chromosome 5 is not involved in production of human interferon. Its production was however correlated with the presence of chromosome 9 in the hybrids. Analyses of two sets of human-Chinese hamster hybrid subclones from two different crosses were also consistent with the assignment of a human interferon gene to chromosome 9.", "PMID": 94346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1084", "title": "Modulation by cell trypsinization of Sendai virus expression in African green monkey kidney cells: first infection and establishment of a carrier state.", "content": "Two African green monkey kidney (AGMK) cell lines, 37RC (interferon-producing) and Vero (non-interferon-producing), were infected by egg-grown Sendai virus passaged in eggs at high and low m.o.i. The appearance of haem-adsorption, and cytopathic effect (c.p.e.) as well as the presence of haemagglutinating virions in the supernates were much more pronounced with a virus seed obtained with 10(-3) diluted passages than with a seed obtained with undiluted inoculum. They were also independent of interferon production (data obtained in 37RC and Vero cells were almost superimposable). In studies carried out with the virus seed prepared at high dilution the establishment of infection was maximal when monolayers were infected as soon as 5 h after trypsinization and cell seeding, regardless of cell density. Virus in supernates obtained from cultures infected 5, 20 or 50 h after seeding exhibited a greatly reduced infectivity for monkey cells, but not apparently for chick embryos. Trypsin treatment of the virus supernates restored their infectivity for AGMK cells more efficiently for virus released from cells infected 5 h after seeding than for virus released from cells infected later after seeding. In keeping with these observations, virus in supernates from cultures infected 5, 20 or 50 h after seeding contained increasing amounts of auto-interfering virions. The decreased infectivity obtained in cell supernates was not accounted for by major differences in virus RNA synthesis. Similarly, the optimum infection established in cells seeded only for 5 h was not due to increased virus adsorption. Several lines of cells surviving first infection with egg-grown Sendai virus have been obtained and kept in cultures for 3 to 18 months. Virus release and c.p.e. apparently become reduced in the cells surviving the first infection until the newly repopulated monolayers must undergo trypsinization. Weekly protease treatments of the cells reactivate all parameters of virus infection which again will tend to disappear slowly and then reappear following each trypsinization ('intermittent' carrier state). The establishment and the 'intermittent' reactivation of these lines were not prevented by the inclusion in the medium of anti-Sendai virus serum. Temperature-sensitive ts functions do not seem to play an important role in this virus-host relationship.", "contents": "Modulation by cell trypsinization of Sendai virus expression in African green monkey kidney cells: first infection and establishment of a carrier state. Two African green monkey kidney (AGMK) cell lines, 37RC (interferon-producing) and Vero (non-interferon-producing), were infected by egg-grown Sendai virus passaged in eggs at high and low m.o.i. The appearance of haem-adsorption, and cytopathic effect (c.p.e.) as well as the presence of haemagglutinating virions in the supernates were much more pronounced with a virus seed obtained with 10(-3) diluted passages than with a seed obtained with undiluted inoculum. They were also independent of interferon production (data obtained in 37RC and Vero cells were almost superimposable). In studies carried out with the virus seed prepared at high dilution the establishment of infection was maximal when monolayers were infected as soon as 5 h after trypsinization and cell seeding, regardless of cell density. Virus in supernates obtained from cultures infected 5, 20 or 50 h after seeding exhibited a greatly reduced infectivity for monkey cells, but not apparently for chick embryos. Trypsin treatment of the virus supernates restored their infectivity for AGMK cells more efficiently for virus released from cells infected 5 h after seeding than for virus released from cells infected later after seeding. In keeping with these observations, virus in supernates from cultures infected 5, 20 or 50 h after seeding contained increasing amounts of auto-interfering virions. The decreased infectivity obtained in cell supernates was not accounted for by major differences in virus RNA synthesis. Similarly, the optimum infection established in cells seeded only for 5 h was not due to increased virus adsorption. Several lines of cells surviving first infection with egg-grown Sendai virus have been obtained and kept in cultures for 3 to 18 months. Virus release and c.p.e. apparently become reduced in the cells surviving the first infection until the newly repopulated monolayers must undergo trypsinization. Weekly protease treatments of the cells reactivate all parameters of virus infection which again will tend to disappear slowly and then reappear following each trypsinization ('intermittent' carrier state). The establishment and the 'intermittent' reactivation of these lines were not prevented by the inclusion in the medium of anti-Sendai virus serum. Temperature-sensitive ts functions do not seem to play an important role in this virus-host relationship.", "PMID": 94347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1085", "title": "Comparative biochemical and serological analysis of five isolates of a single serotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus.", "content": "A comparison has been made of some of the biochemical and serological characteristics of five isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), serotype A. Three of the viruses have been assigned to the same subtype, A22; the other two belong to different subtypes, A5 and A24. RNA competition hybridization and two-dimensional electrophoresis of the oligonucleotides produced by ribonuclease T1 showed that the three A22 viruses formed a group which could be distinguished from the A5 and A24 viruses. However, the three A22 viruses showed some differences by both tests. Analysis of the virus polypeptides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis methods also distinguished the A22 viruses as a group distinct from the A5 and A24 viruses, but small differences within the A22 group were observed using electrofocusing techniques. Serological differences were observed between the viruses using complement fixation tests and by competition radioimmunoassay with antisera obtained from guinea pigs infected with these viruses. The greatest similarity occurred between the viruses previously subtyped as A22, with A5 and A24 being distinct from the A22 group and from each other. The relationship of the biochemical and serological data is discussed.", "contents": "Comparative biochemical and serological analysis of five isolates of a single serotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus. A comparison has been made of some of the biochemical and serological characteristics of five isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), serotype A. Three of the viruses have been assigned to the same subtype, A22; the other two belong to different subtypes, A5 and A24. RNA competition hybridization and two-dimensional electrophoresis of the oligonucleotides produced by ribonuclease T1 showed that the three A22 viruses formed a group which could be distinguished from the A5 and A24 viruses. However, the three A22 viruses showed some differences by both tests. Analysis of the virus polypeptides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis methods also distinguished the A22 viruses as a group distinct from the A5 and A24 viruses, but small differences within the A22 group were observed using electrofocusing techniques. Serological differences were observed between the viruses using complement fixation tests and by competition radioimmunoassay with antisera obtained from guinea pigs infected with these viruses. The greatest similarity occurred between the viruses previously subtyped as A22, with A5 and A24 being distinct from the A22 group and from each other. The relationship of the biochemical and serological data is discussed.", "PMID": 94348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1086", "title": "Type-C virus antigen detection in co-cultures of human leukaemic bone marrow and dog cells.", "content": "Bone marrow of leukaemic patients, non-leukaemic patients and normal individuals were co-cultivated with the canine cell line A7573. These co-cultures were screened for retrovirus antigens by means of the indirect cytoplasmic immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Rabbit antisera directed against the major structural protein (p30) of woolly monkey (simian) sarcoma leukaemia virus (grown in human lymphoid cells) and Rauscher murine leukaemia virus were used for testing. After 2 months in culture, 6 of 17 co-cultures containing cells from leukaemic patients showed positive staining in the IFA with the anti-simian virus serum. In control dog cells fluorescence was never observed. Five of the six positive cultures were derived from leukaemic children. One of 12 co-cultures of the non-leukaemic group and one of nine normal bone marrow co-cultures were positive with the simian virus antiserum. None of the 38 co-cultures stained positive in the IFA with Rauscher virus antiserum. Absorption of the simian virus antiserum with calf serum or mouse mammary tumour virus had no dramatic effect in the IFA on positive control cells or on cells of a positive co-culture. However, absorption with purified simian virus (grown in rat cells) completely abolished these fluorescence reactions. The results provide evidence that simian sarcoma-leukaemia virus related information was present in the original bone marrow samples and that co-cultivation with permissive mammalian cells enabled the detection of virus footprints.", "contents": "Type-C virus antigen detection in co-cultures of human leukaemic bone marrow and dog cells. Bone marrow of leukaemic patients, non-leukaemic patients and normal individuals were co-cultivated with the canine cell line A7573. These co-cultures were screened for retrovirus antigens by means of the indirect cytoplasmic immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Rabbit antisera directed against the major structural protein (p30) of woolly monkey (simian) sarcoma leukaemia virus (grown in human lymphoid cells) and Rauscher murine leukaemia virus were used for testing. After 2 months in culture, 6 of 17 co-cultures containing cells from leukaemic patients showed positive staining in the IFA with the anti-simian virus serum. In control dog cells fluorescence was never observed. Five of the six positive cultures were derived from leukaemic children. One of 12 co-cultures of the non-leukaemic group and one of nine normal bone marrow co-cultures were positive with the simian virus antiserum. None of the 38 co-cultures stained positive in the IFA with Rauscher virus antiserum. Absorption of the simian virus antiserum with calf serum or mouse mammary tumour virus had no dramatic effect in the IFA on positive control cells or on cells of a positive co-culture. However, absorption with purified simian virus (grown in rat cells) completely abolished these fluorescence reactions. The results provide evidence that simian sarcoma-leukaemia virus related information was present in the original bone marrow samples and that co-cultivation with permissive mammalian cells enabled the detection of virus footprints.", "PMID": 94349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1087", "title": "Biochemical properties of paramyxovirus Duck/Mississippi/75 neuraminidase.", "content": "The neuraminidase activity of two strains of Duck/Mississippi/75 virus:DK/Mississippi/320 and DK/Mississippi/334 was studied. These neuraminidases hydrolyse the alpha 2 leads to 3 and alpha 2 leads to 8 ketosidic bonds of different substrates such as fetuin, N-acetyl neuramine lactose and colominic acid, but do not hydrolyse the alpha 2 leads to 6 bonds of mucin type I and type II. The kinetic values of the neuraminidases, Michaelis constant, maximal and initial velocities and the effect of pH, temperature and detergents were also evaluated. The isolates differ mainly in the optimal pH and temperature conditions of activity. As with other paramyxovirus neuraminidases, the enzyme of DK/Mississippi/75 was destroyed by ionic but not non-ionic detergents.", "contents": "Biochemical properties of paramyxovirus Duck/Mississippi/75 neuraminidase. The neuraminidase activity of two strains of Duck/Mississippi/75 virus:DK/Mississippi/320 and DK/Mississippi/334 was studied. These neuraminidases hydrolyse the alpha 2 leads to 3 and alpha 2 leads to 8 ketosidic bonds of different substrates such as fetuin, N-acetyl neuramine lactose and colominic acid, but do not hydrolyse the alpha 2 leads to 6 bonds of mucin type I and type II. The kinetic values of the neuraminidases, Michaelis constant, maximal and initial velocities and the effect of pH, temperature and detergents were also evaluated. The isolates differ mainly in the optimal pH and temperature conditions of activity. As with other paramyxovirus neuraminidases, the enzyme of DK/Mississippi/75 was destroyed by ionic but not non-ionic detergents.", "PMID": 94350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1088", "title": "Comparative studies on LS antigens induced by vaccinia and cowpox viruses.", "content": "The constituents of LS antigen from cells infected with vaccinia virus and with cowpox virus were compared by immunoprecipitation and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Antiserum to the LS antigen from cells infected with vaccinia virus reacted with at least five polypeptides in cells infected with either virus. Four of these polypeptides were similar sizes in cells infected with the two viruses. However, one major polypeptide with a mol. wt. of about 100 000 (100 K) detected in cells infected with vaccinia virus was not found in cells infected with cowpox virus. Conversely, a polypeptide with a mol. wt. of about 60 000 (60K) was detected only in cells infected with cowpox virus.", "contents": "Comparative studies on LS antigens induced by vaccinia and cowpox viruses. The constituents of LS antigen from cells infected with vaccinia virus and with cowpox virus were compared by immunoprecipitation and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Antiserum to the LS antigen from cells infected with vaccinia virus reacted with at least five polypeptides in cells infected with either virus. Four of these polypeptides were similar sizes in cells infected with the two viruses. However, one major polypeptide with a mol. wt. of about 100 000 (100 K) detected in cells infected with vaccinia virus was not found in cells infected with cowpox virus. Conversely, a polypeptide with a mol. wt. of about 60 000 (60K) was detected only in cells infected with cowpox virus.", "PMID": 94351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1089", "title": "Comparison of the antibodies elicited by the individual structural polypeptides of foot-and mouth disease and polio viruses.", "content": "Antibody produced against preparations of VP1, one of the four structural polypeptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus, neutralized the virus and reacted with both full and empty particles in radioimmunoassays (RIA). Antiserum against VP2 reacted with artificial empty particles of the virus but not with full particles. In contrast, none of the individual polypeptides of poliovirus produced antisera which neutralized the virus nor reacted with it in RIA. However, antisera produced with VP1 and VP2 reacted with artificial empty particles in RIA.", "contents": "Comparison of the antibodies elicited by the individual structural polypeptides of foot-and mouth disease and polio viruses. Antibody produced against preparations of VP1, one of the four structural polypeptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus, neutralized the virus and reacted with both full and empty particles in radioimmunoassays (RIA). Antiserum against VP2 reacted with artificial empty particles of the virus but not with full particles. In contrast, none of the individual polypeptides of poliovirus produced antisera which neutralized the virus nor reacted with it in RIA. However, antisera produced with VP1 and VP2 reacted with artificial empty particles in RIA.", "PMID": 94352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1090", "title": "Purification of adenovirus 4 type-specific hemagglutinins for use in diagnostic counterelectrophoresis tests.", "content": "Three type-specific hemagglutinins of adenovirus (AV) 4 were purified, tested for various activities, and used as immunogens in rabbits. The components were purified by anion exchange and exclusion chromatographies to purification factors of 33, 20, and 37, respectively, and were identified as fiber (polypeptide, mol wt 70,000; incomplete hemagglutinin), penton (mol wt greater than 400,000; incomplete hemagglutinin; possession of cytotoxic activity), and dodecon (mol wt greater than 400,000; complete hemagglutinin; appearance by electron microscopy). Rabbit antisera to these hemagglutinating components possessed type-specific hemagglutination-inhibition and serum neutralization antibodies and were thoroughly evaluated for potency and specificty in immunodiffusion (ID), immunoelectrophoresis, and counterelectrophoresis (CE) tests. The anti-fiber and anti-dodecon sera were highly type-specific in ID and CE tests with a battery of commonly isolated AV serotypes; the anti-penton serum was similarly specific after it was absorbed with AV 2 hexons. These sera were thus proved to be suitable reagents for use in both the routine diagnostic ID test and the more rapid CE test.", "contents": "Purification of adenovirus 4 type-specific hemagglutinins for use in diagnostic counterelectrophoresis tests. Three type-specific hemagglutinins of adenovirus (AV) 4 were purified, tested for various activities, and used as immunogens in rabbits. The components were purified by anion exchange and exclusion chromatographies to purification factors of 33, 20, and 37, respectively, and were identified as fiber (polypeptide, mol wt 70,000; incomplete hemagglutinin), penton (mol wt greater than 400,000; incomplete hemagglutinin; possession of cytotoxic activity), and dodecon (mol wt greater than 400,000; complete hemagglutinin; appearance by electron microscopy). Rabbit antisera to these hemagglutinating components possessed type-specific hemagglutination-inhibition and serum neutralization antibodies and were thoroughly evaluated for potency and specificty in immunodiffusion (ID), immunoelectrophoresis, and counterelectrophoresis (CE) tests. The anti-fiber and anti-dodecon sera were highly type-specific in ID and CE tests with a battery of commonly isolated AV serotypes; the anti-penton serum was similarly specific after it was absorbed with AV 2 hexons. These sera were thus proved to be suitable reagents for use in both the routine diagnostic ID test and the more rapid CE test.", "PMID": 94353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1091", "title": "Uptake of thallium-201 in enlarged thyroid glands: concise communication.", "content": "We have investigated the thyroid uptake of Tl-201 in 37 patients with various types of goiter, and in six with normal thyroids. Significant thallium uptake was found in all cases in which there was thyroid enlargement, including Graves' disease, toxic thyroid nodule, primary hypothyroidism, simple goiter, Hashimoto's disease, thyroid carcinoma, and thyroid adenoma. If goiter was absent, however, there was no demonstrable uptake--e.g., in secondary hypothyroidism, subacute thyroiditis, and the normal controls. Thallium uptake did not correlate with thyroid function tests such as BMR, T3-RU, T3, T4, TSH, antithyroid antibodies, or the 24-hr I-131 uptake. In 23 patients with diffuse goiter, on the other hand, maximum Tl-201 uptake correlated well with thyroid weight: r = 0.836 (p less than 0.001); y = 0.02 x + 0.06.", "contents": "Uptake of thallium-201 in enlarged thyroid glands: concise communication. We have investigated the thyroid uptake of Tl-201 in 37 patients with various types of goiter, and in six with normal thyroids. Significant thallium uptake was found in all cases in which there was thyroid enlargement, including Graves' disease, toxic thyroid nodule, primary hypothyroidism, simple goiter, Hashimoto's disease, thyroid carcinoma, and thyroid adenoma. If goiter was absent, however, there was no demonstrable uptake--e.g., in secondary hypothyroidism, subacute thyroiditis, and the normal controls. Thallium uptake did not correlate with thyroid function tests such as BMR, T3-RU, T3, T4, TSH, antithyroid antibodies, or the 24-hr I-131 uptake. In 23 patients with diffuse goiter, on the other hand, maximum Tl-201 uptake correlated well with thyroid weight: r = 0.836 (p less than 0.001); y = 0.02 x + 0.06.", "PMID": 94354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1092", "title": "Mice with spontaneous mammary tumors develop type-specific neutralizing and cytotoxic antibodies against the mouse mammary tumor virus envelope protein gp52.", "content": "Sera from C3H mammary tumor-bearing mice contain cytotoxic antibodies for mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-producing cells, based on (51)Cr release in a complement-dependent serum cytotoxicity assay. The cytotoxic antibodies could be absorbed by purified C3H MMTV gp52 and C3H MMTV-infected cat cells (C3H [MMTV] CrFK) containing cell surface MMTV gp52. However, purified MMTV p27 and uninfected CrFK cat cells were negative. Absorption of the sera with GR (MMTV) CrFK cells also removed all of the cytotoxicity, whereas absorption with RIII (MMTV) CrFK cells was negative, even though all three infected cat cells contained equivalent amounts of gp52. The same C3H cytotoxic sera also neutralized the focus-forming capacity of a C3H MMTV pseudotype of Kirsten sarcoma virus containing MMTV gp52. In contrast, sera from mammary tumor-bearing GR and RIII mice did not neutralize the pseudotype. Furthermore, neutralization could be achieved only by anti-gp52 but not by anti-gp36, -p27, -p14, or -p10 C3H MMTV sera. The gp52's of C3H, GR, and RIII MMTV could also be distinguished by using a type-specific competition radioimmunoassay employing (125)I-gp52 of C3H MMTV and a hyperimmune rabbit anti-C3H MMTV serum. To demonstrate these differences directly, we studied the primary structure of gp52 on the surface of the C3H, GR, and RIII (MMTV) CrFK cells. Two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps of the cell surface lactoper-oxidase-catalyzed iodinated gp52's revealed a greater number of peptides common to the gp52's of C3H and GR MMTVs than to RIII MMTV gp52. These results demonstrate that gp52 is a major target antigen for both cytotoxic and neutralizing antibodies, that the cell surface and virion-associated gp52's of C3H, GR, and RIII MMTV contain both group- and type-specific determinants, and that C3H and GR MMTV gp52's are antigenically more related to each other than to RIII MMTV gp52. Furthermore, C3H mammary tumor-bearing mice develop type-specific antibodies capable of recognizing unique gp52 determinants and, therefore, are able to distinguish the gp52 of C3H MMTV from the gp52's of GR and RIII MMTV.", "contents": "Mice with spontaneous mammary tumors develop type-specific neutralizing and cytotoxic antibodies against the mouse mammary tumor virus envelope protein gp52. Sera from C3H mammary tumor-bearing mice contain cytotoxic antibodies for mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-producing cells, based on (51)Cr release in a complement-dependent serum cytotoxicity assay. The cytotoxic antibodies could be absorbed by purified C3H MMTV gp52 and C3H MMTV-infected cat cells (C3H [MMTV] CrFK) containing cell surface MMTV gp52. However, purified MMTV p27 and uninfected CrFK cat cells were negative. Absorption of the sera with GR (MMTV) CrFK cells also removed all of the cytotoxicity, whereas absorption with RIII (MMTV) CrFK cells was negative, even though all three infected cat cells contained equivalent amounts of gp52. The same C3H cytotoxic sera also neutralized the focus-forming capacity of a C3H MMTV pseudotype of Kirsten sarcoma virus containing MMTV gp52. In contrast, sera from mammary tumor-bearing GR and RIII mice did not neutralize the pseudotype. Furthermore, neutralization could be achieved only by anti-gp52 but not by anti-gp36, -p27, -p14, or -p10 C3H MMTV sera. The gp52's of C3H, GR, and RIII MMTV could also be distinguished by using a type-specific competition radioimmunoassay employing (125)I-gp52 of C3H MMTV and a hyperimmune rabbit anti-C3H MMTV serum. To demonstrate these differences directly, we studied the primary structure of gp52 on the surface of the C3H, GR, and RIII (MMTV) CrFK cells. Two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps of the cell surface lactoper-oxidase-catalyzed iodinated gp52's revealed a greater number of peptides common to the gp52's of C3H and GR MMTVs than to RIII MMTV gp52. These results demonstrate that gp52 is a major target antigen for both cytotoxic and neutralizing antibodies, that the cell surface and virion-associated gp52's of C3H, GR, and RIII MMTV contain both group- and type-specific determinants, and that C3H and GR MMTV gp52's are antigenically more related to each other than to RIII MMTV gp52. Furthermore, C3H mammary tumor-bearing mice develop type-specific antibodies capable of recognizing unique gp52 determinants and, therefore, are able to distinguish the gp52 of C3H MMTV from the gp52's of GR and RIII MMTV.", "PMID": 94356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1093", "title": "Characterization of 40,000- and 25,000-dalton intermediate precursors to Rauscher murine leukemia virus gag gene products.", "content": "Under steady-state labeling conditions, Rauscher murine leukemia virus-infected NIH Swiss mouse cells contain at least three major polyproteins derived from the viral gag gene. They have molecular weights of 65,000, 40,000, and 25,000. They have been termed pPr65gag, Pr40gag, and pPr25gag. pPr65gag has been shown by a number of laboratories to be composed of all four core proteins (p15, pp12, p30, and p10). In this paper, Pr40gag was found to contain p30 and p10 antigenic determinants and peptide sequences, whereas pPr25gag was found to contain p15 and pp12. Pr40gag and pPr25gag are rapidly labeled precursor proteins that were detectable early in pulse-chase experiments. Both precursors disappeared during the later stages of the chase period concurrent with the appearance of the mature viral core proteins. pPr65gag and pPr25gag were found to be phosphorylated, pPr25 having a higher specific activity of 32P than pPr65. In spite of this, peptide mapping studies, as well as the identification of the phosphorylated amino acid residues of pPr65, and pPr25, and pp12, indicated that the same sites are phosphorylated regardless of whether the precursors or the mature pp12 are examined.", "contents": "Characterization of 40,000- and 25,000-dalton intermediate precursors to Rauscher murine leukemia virus gag gene products. Under steady-state labeling conditions, Rauscher murine leukemia virus-infected NIH Swiss mouse cells contain at least three major polyproteins derived from the viral gag gene. They have molecular weights of 65,000, 40,000, and 25,000. They have been termed pPr65gag, Pr40gag, and pPr25gag. pPr65gag has been shown by a number of laboratories to be composed of all four core proteins (p15, pp12, p30, and p10). In this paper, Pr40gag was found to contain p30 and p10 antigenic determinants and peptide sequences, whereas pPr25gag was found to contain p15 and pp12. Pr40gag and pPr25gag are rapidly labeled precursor proteins that were detectable early in pulse-chase experiments. Both precursors disappeared during the later stages of the chase period concurrent with the appearance of the mature viral core proteins. pPr65gag and pPr25gag were found to be phosphorylated, pPr25 having a higher specific activity of 32P than pPr65. In spite of this, peptide mapping studies, as well as the identification of the phosphorylated amino acid residues of pPr65, and pPr25, and pp12, indicated that the same sites are phosphorylated regardless of whether the precursors or the mature pp12 are examined.", "PMID": 94357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1094", "title": "Hepatitis B viral DNA molecules have cohesive ends.", "content": "Hepatitis B virus DNA made fully double stranded by a virion DNA polymerase reaction could be converted from circular to linear molecules by heating in 10 mM NaCl at 77 degrees C or in 100 mM NaCl at 90 degrees C for 15 min. Heat-generated linear hepatitis B virus DNA was reannealed to circular molecules by incubating in higher salt concentrations. The identity of the molecular forms was established by their electrophoretic mobility and appearance in electron micrographs. Recircularization was blocked by reacting linear molecules with nuclease S1 or avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase. These results suggest that the heated linear DNA had single-stranded ends with complementary nucleotide sequences. It also suggests that a discontinuity or nick is present in each strand of the circular DNA molecule after the single-stranded region is made double stranded by the virion DNA polymerase reaction. The difference in contour length by electron microscopy of circular and linear molecules spread under aqueous conditions suggested that the discontinuities in the two strands were about 270 base pairs apart. The amount of nucleotide incorporated into the ends of heat-generated linear hepatitis B virus DNA by reverse transcriptase suggested that the single-stranded ends were about 305 bases in length. This fully double-stranded linear DNA was cleaved with EcoRI or HpaI restriction endonuclease. The sum of the two fragments generated by each totaled 3,510 base pairs, 310 base pairs greater than the contour length of circular hepatitis B virus DNA which represents a third estimate of the distance between the discontinuities in the two DNA strands of circular DNA. Restriction endonuclease cleavage also indicated that the ends of heated linear DNA which correspond to the discontinuities in the two strands of the circular DNA are at unique sites in the DNA with respect to the restriction sites.", "contents": "Hepatitis B viral DNA molecules have cohesive ends. Hepatitis B virus DNA made fully double stranded by a virion DNA polymerase reaction could be converted from circular to linear molecules by heating in 10 mM NaCl at 77 degrees C or in 100 mM NaCl at 90 degrees C for 15 min. Heat-generated linear hepatitis B virus DNA was reannealed to circular molecules by incubating in higher salt concentrations. The identity of the molecular forms was established by their electrophoretic mobility and appearance in electron micrographs. Recircularization was blocked by reacting linear molecules with nuclease S1 or avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase. These results suggest that the heated linear DNA had single-stranded ends with complementary nucleotide sequences. It also suggests that a discontinuity or nick is present in each strand of the circular DNA molecule after the single-stranded region is made double stranded by the virion DNA polymerase reaction. The difference in contour length by electron microscopy of circular and linear molecules spread under aqueous conditions suggested that the discontinuities in the two strands were about 270 base pairs apart. The amount of nucleotide incorporated into the ends of heat-generated linear hepatitis B virus DNA by reverse transcriptase suggested that the single-stranded ends were about 305 bases in length. This fully double-stranded linear DNA was cleaved with EcoRI or HpaI restriction endonuclease. The sum of the two fragments generated by each totaled 3,510 base pairs, 310 base pairs greater than the contour length of circular hepatitis B virus DNA which represents a third estimate of the distance between the discontinuities in the two DNA strands of circular DNA. Restriction endonuclease cleavage also indicated that the ends of heated linear DNA which correspond to the discontinuities in the two strands of the circular DNA are at unique sites in the DNA with respect to the restriction sites.", "PMID": 94358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1095", "title": "Serological relationship of woodchuck hepatitis virus to human hepatitis B virus.", "content": "Two antigenic systems of the woodchuck hepatitis virus have been identified. The relationship between viral antigens of the woodchuck hepatitis virus and the human hepatitis B virus was determined by using immunoprecipitation, hemagglutination, and immune electron microscopy techniques. Antigens found on the cores of the two viruses were cross-reactive. Lack of cross-reactivity between the surface antigens of the two viruses in immunodiffusion experiments suggested that the major antigenic determinants of the viral surfaces are different; however, results of passive hemagglutination tests indicated that there are common minor determinants. Nucleic acid homology, as measured by liquid hybridization, was found to be 3 to 5% of the viral genomes. The results of this study provide further evidence that woodchuck hepatitis virus is the second member of a new class of viruses represented by human hepatitis B virus. Since virus-infected woodchucks may acquire chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, these antigens and their respective antibodies will be useful markers for following the course of virus infection in investigations of the oncogenic potential of this class of viruses. The nucleocapsid antigen described may be a class-specific antigen of these viruses and, thus, may be useful in discovering new members of the group.", "contents": "Serological relationship of woodchuck hepatitis virus to human hepatitis B virus. Two antigenic systems of the woodchuck hepatitis virus have been identified. The relationship between viral antigens of the woodchuck hepatitis virus and the human hepatitis B virus was determined by using immunoprecipitation, hemagglutination, and immune electron microscopy techniques. Antigens found on the cores of the two viruses were cross-reactive. Lack of cross-reactivity between the surface antigens of the two viruses in immunodiffusion experiments suggested that the major antigenic determinants of the viral surfaces are different; however, results of passive hemagglutination tests indicated that there are common minor determinants. Nucleic acid homology, as measured by liquid hybridization, was found to be 3 to 5% of the viral genomes. The results of this study provide further evidence that woodchuck hepatitis virus is the second member of a new class of viruses represented by human hepatitis B virus. Since virus-infected woodchucks may acquire chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, these antigens and their respective antibodies will be useful markers for following the course of virus infection in investigations of the oncogenic potential of this class of viruses. The nucleocapsid antigen described may be a class-specific antigen of these viruses and, thus, may be useful in discovering new members of the group.", "PMID": 94359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1096", "title": "Detection of polymorphism in BALB/c leukemia viruses with mouse antisera.", "content": "Antisera produced in mice recognize primarily type-specific antigenic determinants on both the major core protein, p30, and the major envelope proteins, gp70 and p15(E), of the endogenous leukemia viruses (MuLV) of BALB/c mice. Three different mouse sera were investigated in detail. (i) Antisera prepared in C57BL/6 mice against the AKR leukemia K36 reacted with the gp70, p15(E), and p30 proteins of MuLV. Certain pools of the C57BL/6 anti-AKR K36 serum contained antibodies which serologically distinguished the p30 proteins of N-ecotropic, B-ecotropic, and xenotropic BALB/c MuLV. (ii) Antisera prepared in BALB/c mice against the BALB/c sarcoma 1315 contained antibodies that reacted with a type-specific antigen of the 1315 MuLV gp70 that is not found on other BALB/c MuLV. (iii) The normal sera of multiparous BALB/c mice contained antibodies that reacted with gp70 and p15(E) proteins of ecotropic MuLV. Sera from some of these mice contained antibodies that serologically distinguished the gp70 of N-ecotropic and B-ecotropic BALB/c viruses. These results emphasize the utility of mouse antisera in the serological typing of MuLV. Furthermore, the antigenic differences observed in the p30 and gp70 proteins should be of particular use in the future analysis of recombinant BALB/c MuLV.", "contents": "Detection of polymorphism in BALB/c leukemia viruses with mouse antisera. Antisera produced in mice recognize primarily type-specific antigenic determinants on both the major core protein, p30, and the major envelope proteins, gp70 and p15(E), of the endogenous leukemia viruses (MuLV) of BALB/c mice. Three different mouse sera were investigated in detail. (i) Antisera prepared in C57BL/6 mice against the AKR leukemia K36 reacted with the gp70, p15(E), and p30 proteins of MuLV. Certain pools of the C57BL/6 anti-AKR K36 serum contained antibodies which serologically distinguished the p30 proteins of N-ecotropic, B-ecotropic, and xenotropic BALB/c MuLV. (ii) Antisera prepared in BALB/c mice against the BALB/c sarcoma 1315 contained antibodies that reacted with a type-specific antigen of the 1315 MuLV gp70 that is not found on other BALB/c MuLV. (iii) The normal sera of multiparous BALB/c mice contained antibodies that reacted with gp70 and p15(E) proteins of ecotropic MuLV. Sera from some of these mice contained antibodies that serologically distinguished the gp70 of N-ecotropic and B-ecotropic BALB/c viruses. These results emphasize the utility of mouse antisera in the serological typing of MuLV. Furthermore, the antigenic differences observed in the p30 and gp70 proteins should be of particular use in the future analysis of recombinant BALB/c MuLV.", "PMID": 94360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1097", "title": "Pheasant virus DNA polymerase is related to avian leukosis virus DNA polymerase at the active site.", "content": "The DNA polymerase from Amherst pheasant virus (APV), a member of the pheasant virus species of retroviruses, was compared to the DNA polymerases of avian leukosis viruses (ALV) and a reticuloendotheliosis virus (spleen necrosis virus (SNV)). Immunoglobulin inhibition tests and competition immunoassays showed that APV and ALV DNA polymerases are closely related at their active sites. The determinants common to their active sites are not shared by SNV DNA polymerase. Bu using a species-specific radioimmunoassay, it was shown that both APV and SNV DNA polymerases are grossly different from ALV DNA polymerase. The specificity of the relationship of the active sites of APV and ALV DNA polymerases was confirmed by a heterologous radioimmunoassay. Our data indicate that pheasant viruses are evolutionarily linked to ALV.", "contents": "Pheasant virus DNA polymerase is related to avian leukosis virus DNA polymerase at the active site. The DNA polymerase from Amherst pheasant virus (APV), a member of the pheasant virus species of retroviruses, was compared to the DNA polymerases of avian leukosis viruses (ALV) and a reticuloendotheliosis virus (spleen necrosis virus (SNV)). Immunoglobulin inhibition tests and competition immunoassays showed that APV and ALV DNA polymerases are closely related at their active sites. The determinants common to their active sites are not shared by SNV DNA polymerase. Bu using a species-specific radioimmunoassay, it was shown that both APV and SNV DNA polymerases are grossly different from ALV DNA polymerase. The specificity of the relationship of the active sites of APV and ALV DNA polymerases was confirmed by a heterologous radioimmunoassay. Our data indicate that pheasant viruses are evolutionarily linked to ALV.", "PMID": 94361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1098", "title": "Isolation of basic protein-acidic lipid complex from myelin.", "content": "When lyophilized myelin prepared from canine brain white matter was extracted with a solvent mixture of n-propanol-n-hexane (2:3, v/v), it was found that the extract contained less amounts of sulfatide and phosphatidylserine and no protein like so-called proteolipid-protein in comparison with the total chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) extract of myelin. Thus, the propanol-hexane myelin residue was re-extracted with chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) and the extract was subjected to UV-spectroscopy, TLC and slab SDS-gel electrophoresis, respectively. The UV-absorption pattern of the extract showed a maximum band due to protein at about 280 nm. The lipid portion was found to be predominantly sulfatide (63.6%), phosphatidylserine (26.2%) and other lipids (10.2%), while the major portion of protein was basic protein. The amino acid composition of the extract was also very similar to that of a control porcine basic protein. The major normal fatty acids of sulfatide were C24:0 (34.5%), C24:1 (13.7%), C23:0 (8.3%) and C18:0 (16.0%), while the hydroxy acids were predominantly C24:0 (44.1%), C24:1 (22.2%) and C23:0 (10.4%). Also, the fatty acids of phosphatidylserine were mainly C18:0 and C18:1. The solubilization of the basic protein-acidic lipid complex (about 2.56 by weight in the ratio of protein to lipid) in chloroform-methanol suggested the interaction of the basic protein with acidic lipids which might be related to the molecular organization in myelin. The basic protein-acidic lipid complex was also found to have an encephalitogenic activity which seemed to be a little different from that of basic protein itself.", "contents": "Isolation of basic protein-acidic lipid complex from myelin. When lyophilized myelin prepared from canine brain white matter was extracted with a solvent mixture of n-propanol-n-hexane (2:3, v/v), it was found that the extract contained less amounts of sulfatide and phosphatidylserine and no protein like so-called proteolipid-protein in comparison with the total chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) extract of myelin. Thus, the propanol-hexane myelin residue was re-extracted with chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) and the extract was subjected to UV-spectroscopy, TLC and slab SDS-gel electrophoresis, respectively. The UV-absorption pattern of the extract showed a maximum band due to protein at about 280 nm. The lipid portion was found to be predominantly sulfatide (63.6%), phosphatidylserine (26.2%) and other lipids (10.2%), while the major portion of protein was basic protein. The amino acid composition of the extract was also very similar to that of a control porcine basic protein. The major normal fatty acids of sulfatide were C24:0 (34.5%), C24:1 (13.7%), C23:0 (8.3%) and C18:0 (16.0%), while the hydroxy acids were predominantly C24:0 (44.1%), C24:1 (22.2%) and C23:0 (10.4%). Also, the fatty acids of phosphatidylserine were mainly C18:0 and C18:1. The solubilization of the basic protein-acidic lipid complex (about 2.56 by weight in the ratio of protein to lipid) in chloroform-methanol suggested the interaction of the basic protein with acidic lipids which might be related to the molecular organization in myelin. The basic protein-acidic lipid complex was also found to have an encephalitogenic activity which seemed to be a little different from that of basic protein itself.", "PMID": 94368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1099", "title": "Changes in cardiac norepinephrine in spontaneously hypertensive and stroke-prone rats.", "content": "The norepinephrine (NE) concentration of cardiac ventricles was determined by radioenzymatic assay in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and stroke-prone rats (SPR) at 3-6, 14-19, and over 31 weeks of age. There was no difference between strains prior to hypertension, but a progressive decrease in cardiac NE concentration occurred in SHR and particularly in SPR relative to WKY after hypertension was established. This decrease was not due to cardiac hypertrophy. The cardiac neuronal NE storage capacity in rats over 31 weeks of age was analyzed by determining the maximum concentration of NE obtained in a cardiac microsomal fraction, after saturation in vivo with exogenous NE. The results indicated that, after a long period of hypertension, there was a reduction in cardiac NE storage capacity resulting from a loss either of sympathetic nerve endings or of storage vesicles. Moreover, in addition to this reduction in the total size of the cardiac NE store, there was an independent reduction in the degree of filling of this store in both SHR and SPR. This could reflect an increased turnover of cardiac NE in chronically hypertensive SHR and SPR.", "contents": "Changes in cardiac norepinephrine in spontaneously hypertensive and stroke-prone rats. The norepinephrine (NE) concentration of cardiac ventricles was determined by radioenzymatic assay in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and stroke-prone rats (SPR) at 3-6, 14-19, and over 31 weeks of age. There was no difference between strains prior to hypertension, but a progressive decrease in cardiac NE concentration occurred in SHR and particularly in SPR relative to WKY after hypertension was established. This decrease was not due to cardiac hypertrophy. The cardiac neuronal NE storage capacity in rats over 31 weeks of age was analyzed by determining the maximum concentration of NE obtained in a cardiac microsomal fraction, after saturation in vivo with exogenous NE. The results indicated that, after a long period of hypertension, there was a reduction in cardiac NE storage capacity resulting from a loss either of sympathetic nerve endings or of storage vesicles. Moreover, in addition to this reduction in the total size of the cardiac NE store, there was an independent reduction in the degree of filling of this store in both SHR and SPR. This could reflect an increased turnover of cardiac NE in chronically hypertensive SHR and SPR.", "PMID": 94373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1100", "title": "Characterization of the coronary vasodilator and hemodynamic actions of monensin, a carboxylic ionophore.", "content": "The effects of monensin on coronary blood flow (CBF) and other hemodynamic parameters were studied in anesthetized dogs. A dose-response relationship was established, and it was found that the lowest doses of monensin (5-25 micrograms/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase (3-5x) in CBF with a concomitant decrease in total peripheral resistance (TPR). Pretreatment with diphenhydramine, atropine, indomethacin, or propranolol resulted in no reduction in peak increase in CBF or in the duration of response to monensin. However, the response was partially blocked by aminophylline. Large doses (100 and 200 micrograms/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in cardiac output, aortic pressure, and LV dP/dt max. The duration of these effects was dose-dependent, ranging from 60 to 120 min or longer. Heart rate remained unchanged with all doses of monensin. Pretreatment with propranolol, H87/07 (a cardioselective beta-blocker), and D-600 given alone or in combination significantly reduced, but did not completely abolish, the monensin-induced increase in LV dP/dt max and aortic pressure responses. The increase in CBF in the left anterior descending coronary artery was not significantly affected by these drug pretreatments. Thus, our studies indicate that monensin has two distinct pharmacological effects--in the lower dose range (less than 25 micrograms/kg) it produces a direct relaxation of the blood vessels resulting in an increase in CBF and a decrease in TPR; at high doses (greater than 25 micrograms/kg) it increases myocardial contractility and aortic blood pressure.", "contents": "Characterization of the coronary vasodilator and hemodynamic actions of monensin, a carboxylic ionophore. The effects of monensin on coronary blood flow (CBF) and other hemodynamic parameters were studied in anesthetized dogs. A dose-response relationship was established, and it was found that the lowest doses of monensin (5-25 micrograms/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase (3-5x) in CBF with a concomitant decrease in total peripheral resistance (TPR). Pretreatment with diphenhydramine, atropine, indomethacin, or propranolol resulted in no reduction in peak increase in CBF or in the duration of response to monensin. However, the response was partially blocked by aminophylline. Large doses (100 and 200 micrograms/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in cardiac output, aortic pressure, and LV dP/dt max. The duration of these effects was dose-dependent, ranging from 60 to 120 min or longer. Heart rate remained unchanged with all doses of monensin. Pretreatment with propranolol, H87/07 (a cardioselective beta-blocker), and D-600 given alone or in combination significantly reduced, but did not completely abolish, the monensin-induced increase in LV dP/dt max and aortic pressure responses. The increase in CBF in the left anterior descending coronary artery was not significantly affected by these drug pretreatments. Thus, our studies indicate that monensin has two distinct pharmacological effects--in the lower dose range (less than 25 micrograms/kg) it produces a direct relaxation of the blood vessels resulting in an increase in CBF and a decrease in TPR; at high doses (greater than 25 micrograms/kg) it increases myocardial contractility and aortic blood pressure.", "PMID": 94374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1101", "title": "Beneficial actions of bevantolol on subendocardial blood flow and contractile function in ischemic myocardium.", "content": "The effect of a new cardioselective beta adrenergic antagonist, bevantolol (CI-775), on regional myocardial blood flow and contractile function distal to a severe flow-limiting stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery was studied in open-chest dogs. Bevantolol (1 mg/kg, i.v.) or saline was administered 30 min after production of left circumflex stenosis sufficient to reduce resting coronary blood flow and contractile force approximately 40%. Regional myocardial blood flow and contractile force were measured with radiolabeled microspheres and Brodie-Walton strain gauge arches, respectively. No significant changes were observed in the saline-treated group. Following bevantolol treatment subendocardial blood flow (1.30 +/- 0.29 to 0.93 +/- 0.19 ml/min/g) and contractile force decreased (11.4 +/- 4.4%) significantly (p less than 0.05) in nonischemic myocardium. Subendocardial blood flow (0.59 +/- 0.14 to 0.81 +/- 0.14 ml/min/g) and contractile force increased (29.3 +/- 3.6%) significantly (p less than 0.05) in ischemic myocardium. These results suggest that bevantolol produces a favorable redistribution of flow to ischemic subendocardium. The increase in flow results in an improvement of contractile function in the ischemic region.", "contents": "Beneficial actions of bevantolol on subendocardial blood flow and contractile function in ischemic myocardium. The effect of a new cardioselective beta adrenergic antagonist, bevantolol (CI-775), on regional myocardial blood flow and contractile function distal to a severe flow-limiting stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery was studied in open-chest dogs. Bevantolol (1 mg/kg, i.v.) or saline was administered 30 min after production of left circumflex stenosis sufficient to reduce resting coronary blood flow and contractile force approximately 40%. Regional myocardial blood flow and contractile force were measured with radiolabeled microspheres and Brodie-Walton strain gauge arches, respectively. No significant changes were observed in the saline-treated group. Following bevantolol treatment subendocardial blood flow (1.30 +/- 0.29 to 0.93 +/- 0.19 ml/min/g) and contractile force decreased (11.4 +/- 4.4%) significantly (p less than 0.05) in nonischemic myocardium. Subendocardial blood flow (0.59 +/- 0.14 to 0.81 +/- 0.14 ml/min/g) and contractile force increased (29.3 +/- 3.6%) significantly (p less than 0.05) in ischemic myocardium. These results suggest that bevantolol produces a favorable redistribution of flow to ischemic subendocardium. The increase in flow results in an improvement of contractile function in the ischemic region.", "PMID": 94375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1102", "title": "Reversal of serotonin vasodilatation in the dog external carotid bed by sympathetic denervation.", "content": "In view of the conflicting reports of both constrictor and dilator effects of serotonin on the external carotid vascular bed of dogs, the influence of intraarterial infusions of the amine on blood flow through this territory was assessed by electromagnetic flowmeter techniques. In anesthetized intact dogs, serotonin produced dose-related increases in flow. These vasodilator responses were markedly diminished after ipsilateral vagotomy and were followed by delayed vasoconstriction, which then became the predominant response. Pretreatment with atropine did not modify dilator responses, while resection of the ipsilateral stellate ganglion reversed them to pure constriction. In the internal carotid, serotonin elicited constriction, and this effect was unaffected by vagotomy. These results were interpreted in terms of the hypothesis relating serotonin reactivity to vascular tone. The amine would elicit dilatation through an effect on tonically constricted small vessels. Removal of this tone by section of the vagosympathetic trunk or stellectomy would unmask the constrictor effect of serotonin on large vessels. Such reversal of responses would not occur in the internal carotid, a territory normally devoid of important sympathetic tone.", "contents": "Reversal of serotonin vasodilatation in the dog external carotid bed by sympathetic denervation. In view of the conflicting reports of both constrictor and dilator effects of serotonin on the external carotid vascular bed of dogs, the influence of intraarterial infusions of the amine on blood flow through this territory was assessed by electromagnetic flowmeter techniques. In anesthetized intact dogs, serotonin produced dose-related increases in flow. These vasodilator responses were markedly diminished after ipsilateral vagotomy and were followed by delayed vasoconstriction, which then became the predominant response. Pretreatment with atropine did not modify dilator responses, while resection of the ipsilateral stellate ganglion reversed them to pure constriction. In the internal carotid, serotonin elicited constriction, and this effect was unaffected by vagotomy. These results were interpreted in terms of the hypothesis relating serotonin reactivity to vascular tone. The amine would elicit dilatation through an effect on tonically constricted small vessels. Removal of this tone by section of the vagosympathetic trunk or stellectomy would unmask the constrictor effect of serotonin on large vessels. Such reversal of responses would not occur in the internal carotid, a territory normally devoid of important sympathetic tone.", "PMID": 94376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1103", "title": "Myocardial procainamide concentration in canine atria and ventricles.", "content": "The aim of this investigation was to examine the distribution of procainamide in the canine heart. Eight anesthetized open-chest dogs received intravenous infusions of 14C-labeled procainamide at 40 micrograms/kg/min for 4 hr. Just prior to the end of the infusion period, 51Cr-labeled microspheres were injected into the left atrium to measure regional myocardial blood flow. The heart was then excised and dissected into regional myocardial sections from each cardiac chamber. Samples from each section were combusted, and the liberated 14CO2 was trapped and counted to determine regional myocardial procainamide concentration. The remainder of each section was analyzed for 51Cr to determine regional myocardial blood flow. Plasma procainamide concentration (mean +/- SE) at the termination of the infusion was 2.68 +/- 0.14 micrograms/ml. Left ventricular procainamide concentration was 6.09 +/- 0.46 micrograms/g. The right ventricular drug concentration was 94% (NS), the left atrial concentration was 85% (p less than 0.005), and the right atrial concentration was 79% (p less than 0.005) of the left ventricular concentration. Within the myocardium of each cardiac chamber there was no correlation between drug concentration and blood flow. We conclude that these concentration differences are insufficient to explain differences in procainamide efficacy between ventricular and atrial arrhythmias.", "contents": "Myocardial procainamide concentration in canine atria and ventricles. The aim of this investigation was to examine the distribution of procainamide in the canine heart. Eight anesthetized open-chest dogs received intravenous infusions of 14C-labeled procainamide at 40 micrograms/kg/min for 4 hr. Just prior to the end of the infusion period, 51Cr-labeled microspheres were injected into the left atrium to measure regional myocardial blood flow. The heart was then excised and dissected into regional myocardial sections from each cardiac chamber. Samples from each section were combusted, and the liberated 14CO2 was trapped and counted to determine regional myocardial procainamide concentration. The remainder of each section was analyzed for 51Cr to determine regional myocardial blood flow. Plasma procainamide concentration (mean +/- SE) at the termination of the infusion was 2.68 +/- 0.14 micrograms/ml. Left ventricular procainamide concentration was 6.09 +/- 0.46 micrograms/g. The right ventricular drug concentration was 94% (NS), the left atrial concentration was 85% (p less than 0.005), and the right atrial concentration was 79% (p less than 0.005) of the left ventricular concentration. Within the myocardium of each cardiac chamber there was no correlation between drug concentration and blood flow. We conclude that these concentration differences are insufficient to explain differences in procainamide efficacy between ventricular and atrial arrhythmias.", "PMID": 94377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1104", "title": "Mechanism of antihypertensive activity of orally administered prazosin in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "In conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) oral prazosin (0.03-3.0 mg/kg) resulted in dose-related reductions of systolic blood pressure measured with a tail cuff. In SHR whose tail artery blood pressure was continuously monitored the antihypertensive effect of prazosin (1.0 mg/kg, p.o.) was accompanied by a significant increase in heart rate. Several groups of SHR were pithed 2 hr after oral prazosin (1.0 mg/kg) or placebo. In this preparation the mean carotid blood pressure increases following i.v. injections of angiotensin II or 5-hydroxytryptamine and the positive chronotropic responses to i.v. norepinephrine or electrical stimulation of the spinal cord were similar in control and prazosin-pretreated animals. However, the dose-pressor response curves to i.v. norepinephrine or electrical stimulation of the spinal cord from prazosin-pretreated SHR lay to the right of the control curves. In addition, the slopes of the linear portion of these curves were flatter after prazosin and remained so even after i.v. propranolol was given alone or with cocaine. Prazosin-pretreated SHR responded to phenylephrine with a fall followed by a rise in carotid blood pressure. The depressor effect was abolished and the pressor phase enhanced by i.v. propranolol. The pressor responses to i.v. cirazoline or clonidine were significantly inhibited by prazosin. Finally, prazosin failed to significantly modify the negative chronotropic effects of clonidine observed in pithed SHR whose heart rate was raised by continuous electrical stimulation of the thoracic spinal cord. These results indicate that oral prazosin exerts pronounced antihypertensive effects in the SHR. This action apparently results from impairment of the sympathetic nervous system at the level of vascular postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors.", "contents": "Mechanism of antihypertensive activity of orally administered prazosin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) oral prazosin (0.03-3.0 mg/kg) resulted in dose-related reductions of systolic blood pressure measured with a tail cuff. In SHR whose tail artery blood pressure was continuously monitored the antihypertensive effect of prazosin (1.0 mg/kg, p.o.) was accompanied by a significant increase in heart rate. Several groups of SHR were pithed 2 hr after oral prazosin (1.0 mg/kg) or placebo. In this preparation the mean carotid blood pressure increases following i.v. injections of angiotensin II or 5-hydroxytryptamine and the positive chronotropic responses to i.v. norepinephrine or electrical stimulation of the spinal cord were similar in control and prazosin-pretreated animals. However, the dose-pressor response curves to i.v. norepinephrine or electrical stimulation of the spinal cord from prazosin-pretreated SHR lay to the right of the control curves. In addition, the slopes of the linear portion of these curves were flatter after prazosin and remained so even after i.v. propranolol was given alone or with cocaine. Prazosin-pretreated SHR responded to phenylephrine with a fall followed by a rise in carotid blood pressure. The depressor effect was abolished and the pressor phase enhanced by i.v. propranolol. The pressor responses to i.v. cirazoline or clonidine were significantly inhibited by prazosin. Finally, prazosin failed to significantly modify the negative chronotropic effects of clonidine observed in pithed SHR whose heart rate was raised by continuous electrical stimulation of the thoracic spinal cord. These results indicate that oral prazosin exerts pronounced antihypertensive effects in the SHR. This action apparently results from impairment of the sympathetic nervous system at the level of vascular postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors.", "PMID": 94380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1105", "title": "Mexiletine in the prophylaxis of ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In a double-blind study involving 165 patients we examined the role of mexiletine, a new antiarrhythmic drug, for the prophylaxis of ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction. Mexiletine or placebo was given orally to patients on arrival in the coronary care unit, and continuous electrocardiographic tape recordings were used to document arrhythmias. Ventricular tachycardia and R-on-T ventricular ectopic beats were significantly reduced in the mexiletine patients, but too few episodes of ventricular fibrillation occurred for statistical comment. When arrhythmias did occur in the mexiletine group, it was usually early in the study, at which time plasma drug levels were low. Adverse effects were uncommon. Patients who were given therapy, but in whom acute myocardial infarction could not be confirmed, suffered no serious consequences of taking mexiletine. The results demonstrate the benefit and limitations of prophylactic oral antiarrhythmic therapy for patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Mexiletine in the prophylaxis of ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial infarction. In a double-blind study involving 165 patients we examined the role of mexiletine, a new antiarrhythmic drug, for the prophylaxis of ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction. Mexiletine or placebo was given orally to patients on arrival in the coronary care unit, and continuous electrocardiographic tape recordings were used to document arrhythmias. Ventricular tachycardia and R-on-T ventricular ectopic beats were significantly reduced in the mexiletine patients, but too few episodes of ventricular fibrillation occurred for statistical comment. When arrhythmias did occur in the mexiletine group, it was usually early in the study, at which time plasma drug levels were low. Adverse effects were uncommon. Patients who were given therapy, but in whom acute myocardial infarction could not be confirmed, suffered no serious consequences of taking mexiletine. The results demonstrate the benefit and limitations of prophylactic oral antiarrhythmic therapy for patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 94381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1106", "title": "Effects of phenytoin on refractoriness and conduction in the human heart.", "content": "Using His bundle electrograms and the atrial (A2) and ventricular extrastimulus (V2) techniques, anterograde and retrograde refractory period studies were performed (in 9 and 12 patients, respectively) before and 10 min after intravenous infusion of phenytoin (DPH; mean plasma level, 17.3 micrograms/ml). DPH had no effect on the duration of the QRS complex or the H-V interval of the sinus beats; it had variable but insignificant effects on the sinus rates and the atrial, A-V nodal, and ventricular muscle refractoriness. With the use of the A2 technique, the effective refractory period (ERP) of the His-Purkinje system (HPS) could not be determined in any patient; the relative refractory period (RRP) of the HPS could be determined in 2/9 patients and shortened in both patients after DPH. With the use of the V2 technique, retrograde functional refractory period (FRP) and RRP of the HPS could be determined in all 12 patients and the retrograde ERP of the HPS in 7/12; DPH significantly shortened all these parameters (p less than 0.001, less than 0.001, and less than 0.005, respectively). Functional refractory period of the ventriculo-atrial conduction system (VACS) could be determined in 11/12 patients during control studies (the remaining one patient had complete ventriculo-atrial block). DPH significantly shortened the FRP of the VACS in those (4) patients (Group I) in whom it was determined primarily by the HPS (p less than 0.025), and had variable but insignificant effects on FRP of the VACS in the other seven patients (Group II) in whom it was determined almost exclusively by the A-V node. DPH significantly decreased the retrograde HPS conduction times of the premature impulses (V2H2 intervals) for the same coupling (V1V2) intervals (p less than 0.001). It is concluded that, in the human heart, DPH exerts its most important effects on the HPS where it significantly decreases refractoriness and enhances conduction of the premature impulses. This study also demonstrates that the V2 technique is far superior to the A2 technique for evaluating the effects of drugs on refractoriness and conduction in the HPS.", "contents": "Effects of phenytoin on refractoriness and conduction in the human heart. Using His bundle electrograms and the atrial (A2) and ventricular extrastimulus (V2) techniques, anterograde and retrograde refractory period studies were performed (in 9 and 12 patients, respectively) before and 10 min after intravenous infusion of phenytoin (DPH; mean plasma level, 17.3 micrograms/ml). DPH had no effect on the duration of the QRS complex or the H-V interval of the sinus beats; it had variable but insignificant effects on the sinus rates and the atrial, A-V nodal, and ventricular muscle refractoriness. With the use of the A2 technique, the effective refractory period (ERP) of the His-Purkinje system (HPS) could not be determined in any patient; the relative refractory period (RRP) of the HPS could be determined in 2/9 patients and shortened in both patients after DPH. With the use of the V2 technique, retrograde functional refractory period (FRP) and RRP of the HPS could be determined in all 12 patients and the retrograde ERP of the HPS in 7/12; DPH significantly shortened all these parameters (p less than 0.001, less than 0.001, and less than 0.005, respectively). Functional refractory period of the ventriculo-atrial conduction system (VACS) could be determined in 11/12 patients during control studies (the remaining one patient had complete ventriculo-atrial block). DPH significantly shortened the FRP of the VACS in those (4) patients (Group I) in whom it was determined primarily by the HPS (p less than 0.025), and had variable but insignificant effects on FRP of the VACS in the other seven patients (Group II) in whom it was determined almost exclusively by the A-V node. DPH significantly decreased the retrograde HPS conduction times of the premature impulses (V2H2 intervals) for the same coupling (V1V2) intervals (p less than 0.001). It is concluded that, in the human heart, DPH exerts its most important effects on the HPS where it significantly decreases refractoriness and enhances conduction of the premature impulses. This study also demonstrates that the V2 technique is far superior to the A2 technique for evaluating the effects of drugs on refractoriness and conduction in the HPS.", "PMID": 94379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1107", "title": "Methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment in global ischemia of the cat isolated heart.", "content": "Effects of methylprednisolone were studied on isolated, blood-perfused cat hearts subjected to 1 hr of normothermic ischemic arrest. Untreated hearts sustained decreases in peak ventricular pressure pulse, dP/dt, and ventricular compliance. Ischemic hearts also became edematous, gained sodium, and lost potassium and creatine kinase enzyme activity. Steroid treatment did not significantly alter any of these ischemia-induced changes. Methylprednisolone treatment did increase resting coronary flow and also increased the hyperemic response after reperfusion. These results, in isolated hearts, provide no evidence that steroid treatment exerts a direct protective effect on the globally ischemic myocardium.", "contents": "Methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment in global ischemia of the cat isolated heart. Effects of methylprednisolone were studied on isolated, blood-perfused cat hearts subjected to 1 hr of normothermic ischemic arrest. Untreated hearts sustained decreases in peak ventricular pressure pulse, dP/dt, and ventricular compliance. Ischemic hearts also became edematous, gained sodium, and lost potassium and creatine kinase enzyme activity. Steroid treatment did not significantly alter any of these ischemia-induced changes. Methylprednisolone treatment did increase resting coronary flow and also increased the hyperemic response after reperfusion. These results, in isolated hearts, provide no evidence that steroid treatment exerts a direct protective effect on the globally ischemic myocardium.", "PMID": 94382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1108", "title": "Paradoxical actions of quinidine in hyperpermeable heart cells.", "content": "The effect of quinidine on the inotropic state was examined using small fragments of hyperpermeable ventricular muscle in vitro. In concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) M, quinidine had no effect on the force of spontaneously contracting fibers. At a concentration of 10(-3) M, contractile force increased by at least twofold. We conclude that the negative inotropic action of quinidine is not by a direct action on intracellular organelles of the heart.", "contents": "Paradoxical actions of quinidine in hyperpermeable heart cells. The effect of quinidine on the inotropic state was examined using small fragments of hyperpermeable ventricular muscle in vitro. In concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) M, quinidine had no effect on the force of spontaneously contracting fibers. At a concentration of 10(-3) M, contractile force increased by at least twofold. We conclude that the negative inotropic action of quinidine is not by a direct action on intracellular organelles of the heart.", "PMID": 94383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1109", "title": "Comparison between the acute hemodynamic effects and brain penetration of atenolol and metoprolol.", "content": "Atenolol and metoprolol are beta 1-selective adrenergic receptor blockers, devoid of local anesthetic and intrinsic sympathomimetic properties. Their antihypertensive and hypotensive activities are equivalent. They differ with respect to their lipophilic character, as is apparent from their octanol/buffer (pH, 7.4 at 37 degrees C) partition coefficients: metoprolol, 1.084; atenolol, 0.012. We compared the two agents with regard to their acute hemodynamic effects and degree of penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and into the brain. For this purpose [3H]-metoprolol and [14C]-atenolol were injected either intravenously or into the left vertebral artery of chloralose-anesthetized cats. With both routes of administration, metoprolol, the more lipophilic of the two compounds, achieved much higher concentrations in the CSF and in the pontomedullary region than did atenolol. One hour after completion of an intravenous injection, the concentration of metoprolol in the CSF was about 6.5 times higher than that of atenolol; after administration into the vertebral artery, the difference was about ninefold. In spite of these considerable differences, the hypotensive and bradycardic activities of both drugs, administered intravenously or into the left vertebral artery, were virtually the same. These results suggest that the acute hemodynamic effects of metoprolol and atenolol are probably not due to an action within the central nervous system, but rather to a peripheral mechanism.", "contents": "Comparison between the acute hemodynamic effects and brain penetration of atenolol and metoprolol. Atenolol and metoprolol are beta 1-selective adrenergic receptor blockers, devoid of local anesthetic and intrinsic sympathomimetic properties. Their antihypertensive and hypotensive activities are equivalent. They differ with respect to their lipophilic character, as is apparent from their octanol/buffer (pH, 7.4 at 37 degrees C) partition coefficients: metoprolol, 1.084; atenolol, 0.012. We compared the two agents with regard to their acute hemodynamic effects and degree of penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and into the brain. For this purpose [3H]-metoprolol and [14C]-atenolol were injected either intravenously or into the left vertebral artery of chloralose-anesthetized cats. With both routes of administration, metoprolol, the more lipophilic of the two compounds, achieved much higher concentrations in the CSF and in the pontomedullary region than did atenolol. One hour after completion of an intravenous injection, the concentration of metoprolol in the CSF was about 6.5 times higher than that of atenolol; after administration into the vertebral artery, the difference was about ninefold. In spite of these considerable differences, the hypotensive and bradycardic activities of both drugs, administered intravenously or into the left vertebral artery, were virtually the same. These results suggest that the acute hemodynamic effects of metoprolol and atenolol are probably not due to an action within the central nervous system, but rather to a peripheral mechanism.", "PMID": 94385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1110", "title": "Sodium intake and plasma angiotensin level as modulators of adrenal and uterine angiotensin II receptors in the rat.", "content": "Angiotensin II receptors from rat adrenal cortex and myometrium were studied with the use of tritiated angiotensin under conditions where the sensitivity of the target organs for angiotensin II is modified. Sodium status was found to modulate the number of angiotensin receptors both in adrenal gland and uterus. In both target tissues low Na+ diet increases the number of receptors, while a high Na+ diet results in an increase in uterine receptors without modifying adrenal cortical receptors. However, a more markedly positive sodium balance, such as that observed in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertension  and in one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, resulted in a reduction of the adrenocortical angiotensin II binding capacity. The endogenous angiotensin II level may also regulate the number of receptor sites as demonstrated by an increased number of receptors after suppression of circulating angiotensin II. It is proposed that the number of angiotensin II receptors is determined by the combined influences of sodium status and angiotensin II concentration. Some changes in the sensitivity of the target organ can be secondary to variations in the number of angiotensin receptors. However, others cannot be so explained and stem, therefore, from events occurring beyond the hormone-receptor interaction.", "contents": "Sodium intake and plasma angiotensin level as modulators of adrenal and uterine angiotensin II receptors in the rat. Angiotensin II receptors from rat adrenal cortex and myometrium were studied with the use of tritiated angiotensin under conditions where the sensitivity of the target organs for angiotensin II is modified. Sodium status was found to modulate the number of angiotensin receptors both in adrenal gland and uterus. In both target tissues low Na+ diet increases the number of receptors, while a high Na+ diet results in an increase in uterine receptors without modifying adrenal cortical receptors. However, a more markedly positive sodium balance, such as that observed in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertension  and in one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, resulted in a reduction of the adrenocortical angiotensin II binding capacity. The endogenous angiotensin II level may also regulate the number of receptor sites as demonstrated by an increased number of receptors after suppression of circulating angiotensin II. It is proposed that the number of angiotensin II receptors is determined by the combined influences of sodium status and angiotensin II concentration. Some changes in the sensitivity of the target organ can be secondary to variations in the number of angiotensin receptors. However, others cannot be so explained and stem, therefore, from events occurring beyond the hormone-receptor interaction.", "PMID": 94387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1111", "title": "Thyroid hormone regulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors: studies in rat myocardium.", "content": "The effects of alterations in thyroid state on cardiac alpha-adrenergic receptors were investigated by the binding of [3H]dihydroergocryptine (DHE), a potent alpha-adrenergic antagonist. In seven experiments, cardiac membranes from euthyroid rats bound 47 +/- 9 fmoles DHE/mg protein (mean +/- SE) at saturation and demonstrated a dissociation constant (KD) of 2.5 +/- 0.4 nM. Hyperthyroidism, produced by parenteral injection of triiodothyronine, significantly reduced the binding of DHE at all concentrations studied. Scatchard analysis showed this reduction of binding to be due largely to a decreased affinity (KD = 4.0 +/- 0.8 nM, p less than 0.05), although possibly due to a decreased number of binding sites as well (29 +/- 7 fmoles/mg protein, p less than 0.10). Hypothyroidism, produced either by oral propylthiouracil or by surgical thyroidectomy, did not produce a significant change in either the number of binding sites for DHE (56 +/- 8 fmoles/mg protein, p less than 0.40) or in binding affinity (KD = 3.1 +/- 0.5 nM, p less than 0.40). Thus, in addition to the regulation of cardiac beta-receptors by thyroid hormone that has been described previously, thyroid hormone exerts a regulatory effect on the characteristics of cardiac alpha-receptors as well. These changes provide a possible molecular mechanism for the thyroid hormone-induced alterations in cardiac responsiveness to alpha-adrenergic stimulation that have been reported previously.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone regulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors: studies in rat myocardium. The effects of alterations in thyroid state on cardiac alpha-adrenergic receptors were investigated by the binding of [3H]dihydroergocryptine (DHE), a potent alpha-adrenergic antagonist. In seven experiments, cardiac membranes from euthyroid rats bound 47 +/- 9 fmoles DHE/mg protein (mean +/- SE) at saturation and demonstrated a dissociation constant (KD) of 2.5 +/- 0.4 nM. Hyperthyroidism, produced by parenteral injection of triiodothyronine, significantly reduced the binding of DHE at all concentrations studied. Scatchard analysis showed this reduction of binding to be due largely to a decreased affinity (KD = 4.0 +/- 0.8 nM, p less than 0.05), although possibly due to a decreased number of binding sites as well (29 +/- 7 fmoles/mg protein, p less than 0.10). Hypothyroidism, produced either by oral propylthiouracil or by surgical thyroidectomy, did not produce a significant change in either the number of binding sites for DHE (56 +/- 8 fmoles/mg protein, p less than 0.40) or in binding affinity (KD = 3.1 +/- 0.5 nM, p less than 0.40). Thus, in addition to the regulation of cardiac beta-receptors by thyroid hormone that has been described previously, thyroid hormone exerts a regulatory effect on the characteristics of cardiac alpha-receptors as well. These changes provide a possible molecular mechanism for the thyroid hormone-induced alterations in cardiac responsiveness to alpha-adrenergic stimulation that have been reported previously.", "PMID": 94388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1112", "title": "Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass with heparin administration on digitoxin pharmacokinetics, serum electrolytes, free fatty acids, and renal function.", "content": "In 14 patients investigated before, during, and after extracorporeal circulation, serum digitoxin concentration fell significantly during bypass but returned to preoperative values within 24 hr. Both changes occurred in parallel with changes in hematocrit. Serum magnesium concentration fell markedly just before and during bypass and returned to preoperative values on the third and fourth postoperative days. Urine digitoxin concentration fell on the day of operation and remained low in the postoperative period, with a concomitant reduction in the renal excretion of digitoxin. Creatinine and digitoxin clearances decreased on the day of operation and returned slowly to control values during the postoperative period. In 5 other patients, serum digitoxin protein binding decreased significantly during bypass due to heparinization and was normalized by administration of protamine sulfate. Free fatty acids increased significantly immediately before bypass and returned to normal toward its end. The marked changes in digitoxin serum levels during cardiopulmonary bypass can be explained by hemodilution. Acute deterioration of renal function does not lead to accumulation of digitoxin. Heparin administration causes major changes in free fatty acids and serum digitoxin protein binding without important changes in the free digitoxin concentration. Digitoxin can thus be safely administered to patients undergoing cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation.", "contents": "Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass with heparin administration on digitoxin pharmacokinetics, serum electrolytes, free fatty acids, and renal function. In 14 patients investigated before, during, and after extracorporeal circulation, serum digitoxin concentration fell significantly during bypass but returned to preoperative values within 24 hr. Both changes occurred in parallel with changes in hematocrit. Serum magnesium concentration fell markedly just before and during bypass and returned to preoperative values on the third and fourth postoperative days. Urine digitoxin concentration fell on the day of operation and remained low in the postoperative period, with a concomitant reduction in the renal excretion of digitoxin. Creatinine and digitoxin clearances decreased on the day of operation and returned slowly to control values during the postoperative period. In 5 other patients, serum digitoxin protein binding decreased significantly during bypass due to heparinization and was normalized by administration of protamine sulfate. Free fatty acids increased significantly immediately before bypass and returned to normal toward its end. The marked changes in digitoxin serum levels during cardiopulmonary bypass can be explained by hemodilution. Acute deterioration of renal function does not lead to accumulation of digitoxin. Heparin administration causes major changes in free fatty acids and serum digitoxin protein binding without important changes in the free digitoxin concentration. Digitoxin can thus be safely administered to patients undergoing cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation.", "PMID": 94389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1113", "title": "Antiarrhythmic effects of bupuranolol against canine ventricular arrhythmias induced by halothane-adrenaline or two-stage coronary ligation.", "content": "We compared the beta-adrenoceptor blocking actions of bupuranolol and propranolol using the response to isoprenaline of the strength of contraction of the canine blood-perfused ventricular muscle, of the rate and strength of contraction of the isolated guinea pig heart and of a guinea pig tracheal ring preparation. The potency ratios of bupuranolol to propranolol were 3.6, 3.0, 3.4, and 2.4, respectively. Bupuranolol decreased the maximum dV/dt of the canine ventricular action potential and had no sympathomimetic action. Bupuranolol effectively suppressed halothane-adrenaline ventricular arrhythmias in the dog, reflecting its potency as a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. In contrast, bupuranolol did not suppress ventricular arrhythmias induced by two-stage coronary ligation in the dog. Compared to propranolol and certain other antiarrhythmic drugs, bupuranolol had weaker effects on prolonging the effective refractory period than on the maximum dV/dt of canine ventricular muscle. This suggests that lengthening of the refractory period may be important for suppressing the two-stage coronary ligation arrhythmia and that the mechanism of this arrhythmia might be reentry.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic effects of bupuranolol against canine ventricular arrhythmias induced by halothane-adrenaline or two-stage coronary ligation. We compared the beta-adrenoceptor blocking actions of bupuranolol and propranolol using the response to isoprenaline of the strength of contraction of the canine blood-perfused ventricular muscle, of the rate and strength of contraction of the isolated guinea pig heart and of a guinea pig tracheal ring preparation. The potency ratios of bupuranolol to propranolol were 3.6, 3.0, 3.4, and 2.4, respectively. Bupuranolol decreased the maximum dV/dt of the canine ventricular action potential and had no sympathomimetic action. Bupuranolol effectively suppressed halothane-adrenaline ventricular arrhythmias in the dog, reflecting its potency as a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. In contrast, bupuranolol did not suppress ventricular arrhythmias induced by two-stage coronary ligation in the dog. Compared to propranolol and certain other antiarrhythmic drugs, bupuranolol had weaker effects on prolonging the effective refractory period than on the maximum dV/dt of canine ventricular muscle. This suggests that lengthening of the refractory period may be important for suppressing the two-stage coronary ligation arrhythmia and that the mechanism of this arrhythmia might be reentry.", "PMID": 94390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1114", "title": "Tissue distribution and elimination of digoxin and methyldigoxin after single and multiple doses in dogs.", "content": "Glycoside concentrations in plasma and various tissues of dogs were determined after a single and repeated intravenous administration of tritium-labeled digoxin and beta-methyldigoxin. Twenty-four hours after single dosing, the highest concentrations were measured in the kidney. This was followed by the heart, adrenal gland, liver, pancreas, lung, spleen, diaphragm, and skeletal muscle. The glycoside concentration in the brain was low after a single administration of dogoxin. A higher concentration was found after a single dose of the more lipophilic methyldigoxin. After repeated daily administration, the glycoside concentration in plasma and tissues increased continuously and, except for the brain, reached a plateau level after 6 to 8 days. The accumulation factor for both digoxin and methyldigoxin was 2.6. During daily administration for 10 days, the glycoside cconcentration in the brain increased continuously. The mean accumulation factor in all brain areas amounted to 12.4 for methyldigoxin. The concentration of digoxin and methyldigoxin in the tissues decreased, with mean half-lives of 33 and 28 hr, respectively. Glycoside elimination from the brain was clearly slower. A mean half-life of 73 hr was measured for digoxin and of 154 hr for methyldigoxin. The elimination of digoxin was largely renal, while that of methyldigoxin was largely fecal.", "contents": "Tissue distribution and elimination of digoxin and methyldigoxin after single and multiple doses in dogs. Glycoside concentrations in plasma and various tissues of dogs were determined after a single and repeated intravenous administration of tritium-labeled digoxin and beta-methyldigoxin. Twenty-four hours after single dosing, the highest concentrations were measured in the kidney. This was followed by the heart, adrenal gland, liver, pancreas, lung, spleen, diaphragm, and skeletal muscle. The glycoside concentration in the brain was low after a single administration of dogoxin. A higher concentration was found after a single dose of the more lipophilic methyldigoxin. After repeated daily administration, the glycoside concentration in plasma and tissues increased continuously and, except for the brain, reached a plateau level after 6 to 8 days. The accumulation factor for both digoxin and methyldigoxin was 2.6. During daily administration for 10 days, the glycoside cconcentration in the brain increased continuously. The mean accumulation factor in all brain areas amounted to 12.4 for methyldigoxin. The concentration of digoxin and methyldigoxin in the tissues decreased, with mean half-lives of 33 and 28 hr, respectively. Glycoside elimination from the brain was clearly slower. A mean half-life of 73 hr was measured for digoxin and of 154 hr for methyldigoxin. The elimination of digoxin was largely renal, while that of methyldigoxin was largely fecal.", "PMID": 94391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1115", "title": "Time courses of carbachol-induced responses in guinea pig atria under the influence of ouabain, calcium, and rate of stimulation.", "content": "The response of isolated left atria of guinea pigs to carbachol was measured in the presence and during washout of the drug. The time courses of the negative inotropic effect and of the rate of shortening in action potential duration were compared. The initial rapid decline in force of contraction was followed by a slowly developing partial recovery (fading). After removal of the drug, a transient phase of hypercontractility was observed before the control level was reached again. In contrast to the mechanical effect, the drug-induced shortening of the action potential duration proceeded monophasically. The fading and hypercontractility phenomena shown by the mechanical response to the drug were influenced by the stimulation rate and by the presence of ouabain. From the dissociation of electrical and mechanical effects it is concluded that fading and hypercontractility are not due to changes of receptor sensitivity but reflect a change in cellular calcium distribution.", "contents": "Time courses of carbachol-induced responses in guinea pig atria under the influence of ouabain, calcium, and rate of stimulation. The response of isolated left atria of guinea pigs to carbachol was measured in the presence and during washout of the drug. The time courses of the negative inotropic effect and of the rate of shortening in action potential duration were compared. The initial rapid decline in force of contraction was followed by a slowly developing partial recovery (fading). After removal of the drug, a transient phase of hypercontractility was observed before the control level was reached again. In contrast to the mechanical effect, the drug-induced shortening of the action potential duration proceeded monophasically. The fading and hypercontractility phenomena shown by the mechanical response to the drug were influenced by the stimulation rate and by the presence of ouabain. From the dissociation of electrical and mechanical effects it is concluded that fading and hypercontractility are not due to changes of receptor sensitivity but reflect a change in cellular calcium distribution.", "PMID": 94392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1116", "title": "Effect of adrenergic receptor blockade on the responses to isometric handgrip: studies in normal and hypertensive subjects.", "content": "Heart rate and blood pressure (BP) responses to a standardized 3 min isometric handgrip (IHG) test were measured in 32 normotensive men and compared with those found in 35 age-matched, drug-free men with established essential hypertension (BP range: 140--170/90--110). IHG testing in the normal subjects induced significant increases in heart rate (mean +/- SE: 7.6 +/- 3.3 beats/min), systolic blood pressure (19.4 +/- 5.3 mm Hg), and diastolic blood pressure (15.6 +/- 4.6 mm Hg). Although beginning from higher resting levels the hypertensive patients had similar degrees of increase in all three parameters. After chronic treatment with propranolol, the heart rate increase with IHG was suppressed in both study groups, but blood pressure responses differed, with a diminished pressor response to IHG seen in normal subjects and augmented pressor effects in the hypertensive group. Intravenous administration of phentolamine and propranolol completely abolished the pressor effects of IHG. These observations suggest that the autonomic control mechanisms mediating the responses to isometric exercise function similarly in drug-free normal and hypertensive patients and that the responses to IHG, mediated largely by endogenous catecholamine release, can be prevented by peripheral sympathetic receptor blockade.", "contents": "Effect of adrenergic receptor blockade on the responses to isometric handgrip: studies in normal and hypertensive subjects. Heart rate and blood pressure (BP) responses to a standardized 3 min isometric handgrip (IHG) test were measured in 32 normotensive men and compared with those found in 35 age-matched, drug-free men with established essential hypertension (BP range: 140--170/90--110). IHG testing in the normal subjects induced significant increases in heart rate (mean +/- SE: 7.6 +/- 3.3 beats/min), systolic blood pressure (19.4 +/- 5.3 mm Hg), and diastolic blood pressure (15.6 +/- 4.6 mm Hg). Although beginning from higher resting levels the hypertensive patients had similar degrees of increase in all three parameters. After chronic treatment with propranolol, the heart rate increase with IHG was suppressed in both study groups, but blood pressure responses differed, with a diminished pressor response to IHG seen in normal subjects and augmented pressor effects in the hypertensive group. Intravenous administration of phentolamine and propranolol completely abolished the pressor effects of IHG. These observations suggest that the autonomic control mechanisms mediating the responses to isometric exercise function similarly in drug-free normal and hypertensive patients and that the responses to IHG, mediated largely by endogenous catecholamine release, can be prevented by peripheral sympathetic receptor blockade.", "PMID": 94394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1117", "title": "Effects of hypertonic mannitol on contractile responses and 45Ca movements in isolated canine arteries.", "content": "The effects of hyperosmotic mannitol on vascular smooth muscle contractile responses and on 45Ca movements were examined in different isolated canine arteries. Prior exposure to 50 mM mannitol decreased contractile responses elicited with dopamine (DA) in helical strips of canine terminal mesenteric arteries (Tm) and decreased the contractile response elicited with potassium (K+) in both isolated left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex coronary arteries. Tension responses induced by norepinephrine or DA in the Tm and K+ and prostaglandin F2 alpha in LAD were relaxed by subsequent exposure to mannitol. Mannitol increased the uptake of 45Ca in Tm arteries. Exposure of the Tm and branches of the LAD to mannitol during the washout of 45Ca resulted in a decrease in the rate of loss of 45Ca; the presence of either K+, Mg2+, or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid during the washout did not prevent the observed mannitol-induced decrease in 45Ca efflux. These effects of mannitol on 45Ca efflux without a concomitant major change in net 45Ca uptake could be attributed to an increase in bound Ca2+ at relevant membrane sites or stores. Thus, hypertonic mannitol may alter contractile responsiveness of selected canine arteries by impeding the release of bound and/or sequestered Ca2+  and, in this manner, decreasing the Ca2+ concentration at the contractile elements.", "contents": "Effects of hypertonic mannitol on contractile responses and 45Ca movements in isolated canine arteries. The effects of hyperosmotic mannitol on vascular smooth muscle contractile responses and on 45Ca movements were examined in different isolated canine arteries. Prior exposure to 50 mM mannitol decreased contractile responses elicited with dopamine (DA) in helical strips of canine terminal mesenteric arteries (Tm) and decreased the contractile response elicited with potassium (K+) in both isolated left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex coronary arteries. Tension responses induced by norepinephrine or DA in the Tm and K+ and prostaglandin F2 alpha in LAD were relaxed by subsequent exposure to mannitol. Mannitol increased the uptake of 45Ca in Tm arteries. Exposure of the Tm and branches of the LAD to mannitol during the washout of 45Ca resulted in a decrease in the rate of loss of 45Ca; the presence of either K+, Mg2+, or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid during the washout did not prevent the observed mannitol-induced decrease in 45Ca efflux. These effects of mannitol on 45Ca efflux without a concomitant major change in net 45Ca uptake could be attributed to an increase in bound Ca2+ at relevant membrane sites or stores. Thus, hypertonic mannitol may alter contractile responsiveness of selected canine arteries by impeding the release of bound and/or sequestered Ca2+  and, in this manner, decreasing the Ca2+ concentration at the contractile elements.", "PMID": 94395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1118", "title": "Prazosin and renal hemodynamics: arteriolar vasodilation during therapy of essential hypertension in man.", "content": "Renal hemodynamic effects of chronic prazosin therapy were studied in 10 men and with essential hypertension. Successful antihypertensive therapy was accompanied by diminution in total renovascular resistance, probably at the level of the afferent arteriole. The resistance change was unexplained by alterations in intravascular volume, the vasodilatory renal kallikrein-kinin system, or sympathetic nervous system activity, but was associated with a diminution in plasma renin activity. Potential mechanisms for the resistance decrement are discussed, including renal perfusion autoregulation, diminished activity of the vasoconstrictive renin-angiotensin system, and direct intrarenal afferent arteriolar alpha adrenergic blockade.", "contents": "Prazosin and renal hemodynamics: arteriolar vasodilation during therapy of essential hypertension in man. Renal hemodynamic effects of chronic prazosin therapy were studied in 10 men and with essential hypertension. Successful antihypertensive therapy was accompanied by diminution in total renovascular resistance, probably at the level of the afferent arteriole. The resistance change was unexplained by alterations in intravascular volume, the vasodilatory renal kallikrein-kinin system, or sympathetic nervous system activity, but was associated with a diminution in plasma renin activity. Potential mechanisms for the resistance decrement are discussed, including renal perfusion autoregulation, diminished activity of the vasoconstrictive renin-angiotensin system, and direct intrarenal afferent arteriolar alpha adrenergic blockade.", "PMID": 94396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1119", "title": "Effects of atenolol, metroprolol, and pamatolol on cardiac and vascular beta-adrenoceptors in the rat.", "content": "Three beta-adrenoceptor antagonists--atenolol (A), metoprolol (M), and pamatolol (P)--were examined with respect to their effects on isoproterenol responses of isolated right atria and portal veins from rats. With all three blockers at concentrations of 10(-7), 10(-6), and 10(-5) M, the chronotropic atrial responses indicated a linear relation with slope of 1 for log (dose ratio - 1) versus log[blocker]. The following pA2 values were obtained: A = 7.14, M = 7.51, P = 7.56. Inhibition of spontaneous contractions in portal veins by isoproterenol was studied after alpha-adrenoceptor blockade by phenoxybenzamine. The beta-adrenoceptor antagonists were used at 10(-6), 10(-5), and 10(-4) M in these experiments. Only with P did the relation log (dose ratio-1) versus log[blocker] show a slope near unity, whereas A and M gave slopes significantly less than 1. Intercepts of the regression lines with the abscissa corresponded to pA2 values of A = 6.01, M = 6.51, P = 5.54. The results indicate that all three substances are \"cardioselective\" beta-adrenoceptor antagonists devoid of intrinsic beta-stimulatory action. A and M show a comparable degree of cardioselectivity, whereas P is more selective.", "contents": "Effects of atenolol, metroprolol, and pamatolol on cardiac and vascular beta-adrenoceptors in the rat. Three beta-adrenoceptor antagonists--atenolol (A), metoprolol (M), and pamatolol (P)--were examined with respect to their effects on isoproterenol responses of isolated right atria and portal veins from rats. With all three blockers at concentrations of 10(-7), 10(-6), and 10(-5) M, the chronotropic atrial responses indicated a linear relation with slope of 1 for log (dose ratio - 1) versus log[blocker]. The following pA2 values were obtained: A = 7.14, M = 7.51, P = 7.56. Inhibition of spontaneous contractions in portal veins by isoproterenol was studied after alpha-adrenoceptor blockade by phenoxybenzamine. The beta-adrenoceptor antagonists were used at 10(-6), 10(-5), and 10(-4) M in these experiments. Only with P did the relation log (dose ratio-1) versus log[blocker] show a slope near unity, whereas A and M gave slopes significantly less than 1. Intercepts of the regression lines with the abscissa corresponded to pA2 values of A = 6.01, M = 6.51, P = 5.54. The results indicate that all three substances are \"cardioselective\" beta-adrenoceptor antagonists devoid of intrinsic beta-stimulatory action. A and M show a comparable degree of cardioselectivity, whereas P is more selective.", "PMID": 94397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1120", "title": "Effect of endothelial damage on prostaglandin synthesis by isolated perfused rabbit mesenteric vasculature.", "content": "Isolated perfused rabbit mesenteric blood vessels selectively metabolized arachidonic acid to prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2). However, the less lipid soluble prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH2) administered exogenously was not metabolized by vascular prostacyclin synthetase but was partially degraded to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Peptide stimulation (e.g., angiotensin II, bradykinin) resulted in formation of both PGI2 and PGE2 from endogenous arachidonic acid. Denuding the blood vessels of their endothelial layer by perfusion with hypotonic fluid did not affect the metabolism of arachidonic acid or the response to peptide stimulation, suggesting that the cyclooxygenase, prostacyclin synthetase, and angiotensin II receptors are present and functional in the subendothelial smooth muscle cells of the vessel walls. In contrast, exogenous PGH2 either escaped completely unmetabolized or was converted to both PGI2 and PGE2 in the presence of vascular injury induced by hypotonic fluid.", "contents": "Effect of endothelial damage on prostaglandin synthesis by isolated perfused rabbit mesenteric vasculature. Isolated perfused rabbit mesenteric blood vessels selectively metabolized arachidonic acid to prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2). However, the less lipid soluble prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH2) administered exogenously was not metabolized by vascular prostacyclin synthetase but was partially degraded to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Peptide stimulation (e.g., angiotensin II, bradykinin) resulted in formation of both PGI2 and PGE2 from endogenous arachidonic acid. Denuding the blood vessels of their endothelial layer by perfusion with hypotonic fluid did not affect the metabolism of arachidonic acid or the response to peptide stimulation, suggesting that the cyclooxygenase, prostacyclin synthetase, and angiotensin II receptors are present and functional in the subendothelial smooth muscle cells of the vessel walls. In contrast, exogenous PGH2 either escaped completely unmetabolized or was converted to both PGI2 and PGE2 in the presence of vascular injury induced by hypotonic fluid.", "PMID": 94398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1121", "title": "A specific effect of lidocaine and tocainide on ventricular conduction of mid-range extrasystoles.", "content": "Lidocaine and tocainide had no effect on ventricular conduction of extrasystoles with coupling intervals longer than 500 msec in isolated blood-perfused dog hearts, but caused interval-related increases in conduction time of extrasystoles in the range of 250--400 msec, here called mid-range extrasystoles (MRE). Quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide, and methyl lidocaine increased conduction times of extrasystoles at all coupling intervals, and no additional slowing of MRE was observed. The slowing of MRE specific to lidocaine and tocainide was confirmed in the intact dog heart. During acute myocardial ischemia in the intact dog heart, conduction was slowed and additional slowing of MRE was found. Lidocaine and tocainide caused further slowing of conduction of MRE. This unique effect of lidocaine and tocainide on the conduction of MRE may be important in the suppression of reentrant arrhythmias. However, lidocaine and tocainide were also found to be arrhythmogenic when extrasystoles were introduced, after acute coronary occlusion, in those animals in which such occlusion alone did not allow demonstration of arrhythmias due to extrasystoles.", "contents": "A specific effect of lidocaine and tocainide on ventricular conduction of mid-range extrasystoles. Lidocaine and tocainide had no effect on ventricular conduction of extrasystoles with coupling intervals longer than 500 msec in isolated blood-perfused dog hearts, but caused interval-related increases in conduction time of extrasystoles in the range of 250--400 msec, here called mid-range extrasystoles (MRE). Quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide, and methyl lidocaine increased conduction times of extrasystoles at all coupling intervals, and no additional slowing of MRE was observed. The slowing of MRE specific to lidocaine and tocainide was confirmed in the intact dog heart. During acute myocardial ischemia in the intact dog heart, conduction was slowed and additional slowing of MRE was found. Lidocaine and tocainide caused further slowing of conduction of MRE. This unique effect of lidocaine and tocainide on the conduction of MRE may be important in the suppression of reentrant arrhythmias. However, lidocaine and tocainide were also found to be arrhythmogenic when extrasystoles were introduced, after acute coronary occlusion, in those animals in which such occlusion alone did not allow demonstration of arrhythmias due to extrasystoles.", "PMID": 94400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1122", "title": "Electrophysiological actions of lorcainide in patients with cardiac disease.", "content": "Lorcainide is a new antiarrhythmic agent which effectively suppresses ventricular premature contractions. Its electrophysiological actions were studied in 15 cardiac patients with and without cardiac conduction abnormalities. In a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight, lorcainide decreased the sinus cycle length (SCL) and increased the corrected sinus node recovery time. The intra-atrial, atrioventricular (AV), and intraventricular conduction times were prolonged. A third-degree AV block developed in 2 patients with pre-existing conduction abnormalities. QRS widening showed that intramyocardial conduction was also affected. The effective refractory period of the atrioventricular node (ERP-AVN) was shortened, whereas the effect on the functional refractory period of the AVN was variable. The decrease in SCL and ERP-AVN may be due to a possible anticholinergic effect of the drug. The accessory pathway was blocked in 3 patients with a Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The ERP of the ventricle was slightly prolonged. The electrophysiological profile of the drug, i.e., slowing of conduction velocity throughout the heart combined with shortening of SCL and ERP-AVN, differs from other antiarrhythmic agents.", "contents": "Electrophysiological actions of lorcainide in patients with cardiac disease. Lorcainide is a new antiarrhythmic agent which effectively suppresses ventricular premature contractions. Its electrophysiological actions were studied in 15 cardiac patients with and without cardiac conduction abnormalities. In a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight, lorcainide decreased the sinus cycle length (SCL) and increased the corrected sinus node recovery time. The intra-atrial, atrioventricular (AV), and intraventricular conduction times were prolonged. A third-degree AV block developed in 2 patients with pre-existing conduction abnormalities. QRS widening showed that intramyocardial conduction was also affected. The effective refractory period of the atrioventricular node (ERP-AVN) was shortened, whereas the effect on the functional refractory period of the AVN was variable. The decrease in SCL and ERP-AVN may be due to a possible anticholinergic effect of the drug. The accessory pathway was blocked in 3 patients with a Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The ERP of the ventricle was slightly prolonged. The electrophysiological profile of the drug, i.e., slowing of conduction velocity throughout the heart combined with shortening of SCL and ERP-AVN, differs from other antiarrhythmic agents.", "PMID": 94401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1123", "title": "Effects of probucol on hyperlipidemic patients with cardiac allografts.", "content": "Probucol, a well-tolerated new drug with moderate hypocholesterolemic effect in the general population, was evaluated in hypercholesterolemic (greater than 300 mg/dl) cardiac transplant recipients. Nine patients received probucol, 500 mg twice daily, in a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial lasting 20 weeks. Six patients responded with cholesterol falls of -20% (mean, -13.2%), and 1 patient showed minimal change. One patient developed cardiac rejection and was excluded, and another responded paradoxically and was returned to previous therapy. In 1 patient, probucol was readministered, and a similar favorable response occurred, which has been sustained for over 6 months. For the group completing the study, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol fell by 15.4%, accounting for the major portion of overall change in plasma cholesterol. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol also fell (-15.6%), and the LDL/HDL ratio was unchanged. Triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol showed variable responses with no overall change. Probucol was universally well tolerated, without adverse clinical or laboratory effects. In conclusion, probucol may effect a moderate hypocholesterolemic response in hyperlipidemic recipients of cardiac transplantation, despite long-term maintenance therapy with corticosteroids. However, efficacy should be individually documented. The long-term effect of probucol on the natural history of coronary artery disease in these patients remains to be determined, particularly in view of its effects on HDL cholesterol.", "contents": "Effects of probucol on hyperlipidemic patients with cardiac allografts. Probucol, a well-tolerated new drug with moderate hypocholesterolemic effect in the general population, was evaluated in hypercholesterolemic (greater than 300 mg/dl) cardiac transplant recipients. Nine patients received probucol, 500 mg twice daily, in a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial lasting 20 weeks. Six patients responded with cholesterol falls of -20% (mean, -13.2%), and 1 patient showed minimal change. One patient developed cardiac rejection and was excluded, and another responded paradoxically and was returned to previous therapy. In 1 patient, probucol was readministered, and a similar favorable response occurred, which has been sustained for over 6 months. For the group completing the study, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol fell by 15.4%, accounting for the major portion of overall change in plasma cholesterol. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol also fell (-15.6%), and the LDL/HDL ratio was unchanged. Triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol showed variable responses with no overall change. Probucol was universally well tolerated, without adverse clinical or laboratory effects. In conclusion, probucol may effect a moderate hypocholesterolemic response in hyperlipidemic recipients of cardiac transplantation, despite long-term maintenance therapy with corticosteroids. However, efficacy should be individually documented. The long-term effect of probucol on the natural history of coronary artery disease in these patients remains to be determined, particularly in view of its effects on HDL cholesterol.", "PMID": 94402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1124", "title": "Influence of atropine on spontaneous or catecholamine-induced arrhythmias after experimental infarction in the dog.", "content": "The effects of atropine on ventricular tachyarrhythmias induced by ligature of the anterior descending coronary artery were studied in conscious dogs. On the first day after surgery, animals received a mixture of quinidine and phenytoin orally in order to partially correct rhythm disturbances on the second day. The same animals were used on the third and fourth days after occlusion, when spontaneous regression of arrhythmias was occurring. Atropine (0.2 mg/kg i.v.) or methscopolamine (0.2 mg/kg i.v.) almost completely suppressed the ventricular arrhythmias which persisted in some animals on day 2. In animals with partially corrected tachyarrhythmias, atropine protected against aggravation of rhythm disturbances by norepinephrine and even more so against those induced by isoproterenol. The favorable effect of atropine seems to be mainly related to overdrive suppression. Atrial electrostimulation at a frequency slightly above that of the ventricular arrhythmias also normalized cardiac rhythm.", "contents": "Influence of atropine on spontaneous or catecholamine-induced arrhythmias after experimental infarction in the dog. The effects of atropine on ventricular tachyarrhythmias induced by ligature of the anterior descending coronary artery were studied in conscious dogs. On the first day after surgery, animals received a mixture of quinidine and phenytoin orally in order to partially correct rhythm disturbances on the second day. The same animals were used on the third and fourth days after occlusion, when spontaneous regression of arrhythmias was occurring. Atropine (0.2 mg/kg i.v.) or methscopolamine (0.2 mg/kg i.v.) almost completely suppressed the ventricular arrhythmias which persisted in some animals on day 2. In animals with partially corrected tachyarrhythmias, atropine protected against aggravation of rhythm disturbances by norepinephrine and even more so against those induced by isoproterenol. The favorable effect of atropine seems to be mainly related to overdrive suppression. Atrial electrostimulation at a frequency slightly above that of the ventricular arrhythmias also normalized cardiac rhythm.", "PMID": 94403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1125", "title": "Hemodynamic consequences of administration of phentolamine or nitroprusside with dopamine in the dog.", "content": "Dopamine was administered intravenously to two groups of anesthetized dogs at rates of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/kg/min. After the 20 micrograms/kg/min infusion, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, renal blood flow, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and left ventricular filling pressure were increased. The dopamine infusion was continued in both groups of animals. In Group I phentolamine was administered at rates of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 micrograms/kg/min; in Group II sodium nitroprusside at rates of 1, 2, 3, and 4 micrograms/kg/min. Phentolamine and sodium nitroprusside produced similar reductions in mean arterial blood pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, left ventricular filling pressure, and similar increments in heart rate. Renal blood flow was maintained with phentolamine infusions and decreased slightly with the nitroprusside infusions. These studies demonstrated that both phentolamine and nitroprusside have the ability to reduce the vasoconstricting effects of dopamine.", "contents": "Hemodynamic consequences of administration of phentolamine or nitroprusside with dopamine in the dog. Dopamine was administered intravenously to two groups of anesthetized dogs at rates of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/kg/min. After the 20 micrograms/kg/min infusion, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, renal blood flow, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and left ventricular filling pressure were increased. The dopamine infusion was continued in both groups of animals. In Group I phentolamine was administered at rates of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 micrograms/kg/min; in Group II sodium nitroprusside at rates of 1, 2, 3, and 4 micrograms/kg/min. Phentolamine and sodium nitroprusside produced similar reductions in mean arterial blood pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, left ventricular filling pressure, and similar increments in heart rate. Renal blood flow was maintained with phentolamine infusions and decreased slightly with the nitroprusside infusions. These studies demonstrated that both phentolamine and nitroprusside have the ability to reduce the vasoconstricting effects of dopamine.", "PMID": 94404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1126", "title": "Hemodynamic consequences of long-term beta-blocker therapy: a 5-year follow-up study of atenolol.", "content": "The long-term hemodynamic effects of atenolol were studied in 10 patients with previously untreated essential hypertension in WHO stage I. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, cardiac output, and intra-arterial brachial pressure were recorded at rest in supine and sitting positions and during steady-state work at 50, 100, and 150 W. The patients were treated with 100 mg atenolol daily (200 mg in 1 patient) as the sole antihypertensive drug and were restudied after 1 and 5 years. After 1 year the blood pressure was reduced approximately 18% both at rest and during exercise, and the heart rate about 25%. The cardiac output was reduced 16% at rest supine, 27% at rest sitting, and about 20% during exercise. The calculated total peripheral resistance was not decreased compared to pretreatment values. After 5 years on treatment, the hemodynamic parameters were almost identical to those seen after 1 year. There was no increase in stroke volume or cardiac output and no decrease in the total peripheral resistance. Thus prolonged beta-blocker treatment over several years does not seem to normalize hemodynamics in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.", "contents": "Hemodynamic consequences of long-term beta-blocker therapy: a 5-year follow-up study of atenolol. The long-term hemodynamic effects of atenolol were studied in 10 patients with previously untreated essential hypertension in WHO stage I. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, cardiac output, and intra-arterial brachial pressure were recorded at rest in supine and sitting positions and during steady-state work at 50, 100, and 150 W. The patients were treated with 100 mg atenolol daily (200 mg in 1 patient) as the sole antihypertensive drug and were restudied after 1 and 5 years. After 1 year the blood pressure was reduced approximately 18% both at rest and during exercise, and the heart rate about 25%. The cardiac output was reduced 16% at rest supine, 27% at rest sitting, and about 20% during exercise. The calculated total peripheral resistance was not decreased compared to pretreatment values. After 5 years on treatment, the hemodynamic parameters were almost identical to those seen after 1 year. There was no increase in stroke volume or cardiac output and no decrease in the total peripheral resistance. Thus prolonged beta-blocker treatment over several years does not seem to normalize hemodynamics in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.", "PMID": 94405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1127", "title": "Effects of prazosin and phentolamine on arterial pressure, heart rate, and renin activity: evidence in the conscious rat for the functional significance of the presynaptic alpha-receptor.", "content": "We examined the functional significance of the presynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor, to stimulus-induced norepinephrine release. The effects of prazosin and phentolamine, alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists with different in vitro selectivities for the presynaptic alpha-receptor, on mean arterial pressure and serum renin activity were determined in the conscious rat. Both drugs resulted in dose-related reductions in mean arterial pressure and dose-related increase in heart rate and serum renin activity. However, consistent with the greater selectivity of prazosin for the postsynaptic alpha-receptor, a given reduction in arterial pressure was associated with a lesser increment in heart rate and serum renin activity after prazosin than after the nonselective agent phentolamine. The differential effects of these agents on heart rate and serum renin activity are consistent with different degrees of blockade of a functionally significant presynaptic alpha-receptor.", "contents": "Effects of prazosin and phentolamine on arterial pressure, heart rate, and renin activity: evidence in the conscious rat for the functional significance of the presynaptic alpha-receptor. We examined the functional significance of the presynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor, to stimulus-induced norepinephrine release. The effects of prazosin and phentolamine, alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists with different in vitro selectivities for the presynaptic alpha-receptor, on mean arterial pressure and serum renin activity were determined in the conscious rat. Both drugs resulted in dose-related reductions in mean arterial pressure and dose-related increase in heart rate and serum renin activity. However, consistent with the greater selectivity of prazosin for the postsynaptic alpha-receptor, a given reduction in arterial pressure was associated with a lesser increment in heart rate and serum renin activity after prazosin than after the nonselective agent phentolamine. The differential effects of these agents on heart rate and serum renin activity are consistent with different degrees of blockade of a functionally significant presynaptic alpha-receptor.", "PMID": 94406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1128", "title": "Increased diastolic time: a possible important factor in the benefical effect of propranolol in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "Diastolic time (DT) calculated as the cycle length minus electromechanical systole (QS2) has a nonlinear relationship to heart rate (HR), increasing rapidly as rates fall below 75. The effect of propranolol on DT was studied in 150 patients with coronary artery disease. Patients were divided into three groups. Group I included patients with stable angina pectoris: propranolol (2.5 mg, i.v.) significantly increased DT from 411 +/- 18 to 527 +/- 22 msec (p less than 0.001) in 23 patients of group I; therapy with propranolol (mean daily dose 200 +/- 15 mg) increased DT from 446 +/- 29 to 766 +/- 26 msec (p less than 0.001) in 15 patients with stable angina. Group II was made up of patients with acute myocardial infarction: Propranolol (2.5 mg, i.v.) increased DT from 379 +/- 16 to 458 +/- 24 (p less than 0.001) in 18 of these patients. Group III included patients with recent coronary bypass surgery: propranolol (2.5 mg, i.v.) increased DT from 323 +/- 9 to 468 +/- 24 msec (p less than 0.001) in 14 patients 7 days after surgery. In addition, DT at 15 hr and 2 weeks after surgery was compared in 30 patients maintained on propranolol (mean daily dose, 155 +/- 11 mg preoperative and 68 +/- 9 mg postoperative) and 50 other patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery not on propranolol. DT was greater in propranolol patients (546 +/- 21 vs. 388 +/- 16 msec, p less than 0.001), preoperative and 396 +/- 15 vs. 320 +/- 12 msec, p less than 0.001, postoperative). Changes in DT after propranolol are mainly attributed to decreased HR. Changes in QS2 were much less profound and always less (p less than 0.01) than changes in DT. Thus propranolol significantly increased DT per beat in patients with coronary artery disease, which allowed more time for coronary perfusion; this effect of propranolol could well be as important as the reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Increased diastolic time: a possible important factor in the benefical effect of propranolol in patients with coronary artery disease. Diastolic time (DT) calculated as the cycle length minus electromechanical systole (QS2) has a nonlinear relationship to heart rate (HR), increasing rapidly as rates fall below 75. The effect of propranolol on DT was studied in 150 patients with coronary artery disease. Patients were divided into three groups. Group I included patients with stable angina pectoris: propranolol (2.5 mg, i.v.) significantly increased DT from 411 +/- 18 to 527 +/- 22 msec (p less than 0.001) in 23 patients of group I; therapy with propranolol (mean daily dose 200 +/- 15 mg) increased DT from 446 +/- 29 to 766 +/- 26 msec (p less than 0.001) in 15 patients with stable angina. Group II was made up of patients with acute myocardial infarction: Propranolol (2.5 mg, i.v.) increased DT from 379 +/- 16 to 458 +/- 24 (p less than 0.001) in 18 of these patients. Group III included patients with recent coronary bypass surgery: propranolol (2.5 mg, i.v.) increased DT from 323 +/- 9 to 468 +/- 24 msec (p less than 0.001) in 14 patients 7 days after surgery. In addition, DT at 15 hr and 2 weeks after surgery was compared in 30 patients maintained on propranolol (mean daily dose, 155 +/- 11 mg preoperative and 68 +/- 9 mg postoperative) and 50 other patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery not on propranolol. DT was greater in propranolol patients (546 +/- 21 vs. 388 +/- 16 msec, p less than 0.001), preoperative and 396 +/- 15 vs. 320 +/- 12 msec, p less than 0.001, postoperative). Changes in DT after propranolol are mainly attributed to decreased HR. Changes in QS2 were much less profound and always less (p less than 0.01) than changes in DT. Thus propranolol significantly increased DT per beat in patients with coronary artery disease, which allowed more time for coronary perfusion; this effect of propranolol could well be as important as the reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 94407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1129", "title": "Interactions between clonidine and alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs on the tachycardic response to stimulation of the cardiac nerve in dogs.", "content": "In pentobarbital-treated dogs clonidine (10 micrograms/kg) reduced the increase in heart rate caused by electrical stimulation of the cardiac nerve (1-10 Hz). We studied the actions of six alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. Yohimbine (0.3 mg/kg) and phentolamine (1 mg/kg) potentiated the effects of nerve stimulation and antagonized the inhibitory effects of clonidine. Piperoxan (1 mg/kg) increased the response to nerve stimulation but antagonized the effects of clonidine only at the lowest frequency of stimulation. Thymoxamine (1 mg/kg) and prazosin at high doses (1 mg/kg) also antagonized the effects of clonidine but failed to increase the positive chronotropic response to stimulation of the cardiac nerve. AR-C239, a new and potent alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent, changed neither the response to nerve stimulation nor the inhibitory effect of clonidine. The effects of all these drugs were observed at doses which reduced or reversed the pressor response to adrenaline. Therefore, our results afford further evidence for a dissimilarity between postsynaptic and presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors in the dog. In addition, they show that the failure of an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking compound to increase the response to nerve stimulation does not necessarily indicate a lack of presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor blockade.", "contents": "Interactions between clonidine and alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs on the tachycardic response to stimulation of the cardiac nerve in dogs. In pentobarbital-treated dogs clonidine (10 micrograms/kg) reduced the increase in heart rate caused by electrical stimulation of the cardiac nerve (1-10 Hz). We studied the actions of six alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. Yohimbine (0.3 mg/kg) and phentolamine (1 mg/kg) potentiated the effects of nerve stimulation and antagonized the inhibitory effects of clonidine. Piperoxan (1 mg/kg) increased the response to nerve stimulation but antagonized the effects of clonidine only at the lowest frequency of stimulation. Thymoxamine (1 mg/kg) and prazosin at high doses (1 mg/kg) also antagonized the effects of clonidine but failed to increase the positive chronotropic response to stimulation of the cardiac nerve. AR-C239, a new and potent alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent, changed neither the response to nerve stimulation nor the inhibitory effect of clonidine. The effects of all these drugs were observed at doses which reduced or reversed the pressor response to adrenaline. Therefore, our results afford further evidence for a dissimilarity between postsynaptic and presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors in the dog. In addition, they show that the failure of an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking compound to increase the response to nerve stimulation does not necessarily indicate a lack of presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor blockade.", "PMID": 94408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1130", "title": "Correlation between pharmacokinetics and intropic and electrophysiologic responses to digitoxin in the intact dog.", "content": "We attempted to correlate inotropic and eletrophysilogic digitoxin effects with serum digitoxin concentrations during 8 hr after a single dose. Eight pentobarbital-anesthetized Labrador dogs were given 2.0 mg digitoxin intravenously. Left heart catheterization and His bundle registration were performed. acing and programed electrical stimulation were used to determine heart rate-independant changes in dP/dt, intra-atrial, atrioventricular (AV), His-Purkinje, and intraventricular conduction velocity. The effective (A-ERP) and functional (A-FRP) refractory periods of the atrium and the functional nodal refractory period (AV-FRP) were measured. Serum digitoxin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Median serum digitoxin half-time was 5.7 hr. The dP/dt increased after digitoxin, with maximum values after 2 hr. Digitoxin concentration correlated with the inotropic response after 4 hr. Heart rate fell significantly within 2 min and remained below control values for the 8 hr observation period concimitant with an increase in AV-nodal conduction time and AV-ERP increased significantly in the late elimination phase, while A-FRP increased slightly initially and remained high. No consistent correlation was found between the electrophysilogic variables and serum concentrations. We conclude that the two main effects of digitoxin, the inotropic and electrophysiologic, are dissociated in the elimination phase after a single dose.", "contents": "Correlation between pharmacokinetics and intropic and electrophysiologic responses to digitoxin in the intact dog. We attempted to correlate inotropic and eletrophysilogic digitoxin effects with serum digitoxin concentrations during 8 hr after a single dose. Eight pentobarbital-anesthetized Labrador dogs were given 2.0 mg digitoxin intravenously. Left heart catheterization and His bundle registration were performed. acing and programed electrical stimulation were used to determine heart rate-independant changes in dP/dt, intra-atrial, atrioventricular (AV), His-Purkinje, and intraventricular conduction velocity. The effective (A-ERP) and functional (A-FRP) refractory periods of the atrium and the functional nodal refractory period (AV-FRP) were measured. Serum digitoxin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Median serum digitoxin half-time was 5.7 hr. The dP/dt increased after digitoxin, with maximum values after 2 hr. Digitoxin concentration correlated with the inotropic response after 4 hr. Heart rate fell significantly within 2 min and remained below control values for the 8 hr observation period concimitant with an increase in AV-nodal conduction time and AV-ERP increased significantly in the late elimination phase, while A-FRP increased slightly initially and remained high. No consistent correlation was found between the electrophysilogic variables and serum concentrations. We conclude that the two main effects of digitoxin, the inotropic and electrophysiologic, are dissociated in the elimination phase after a single dose.", "PMID": 94409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1131", "title": "Symbols and selectivity: a statistical analysis of native American medical ethnobotany.", "content": "Native Americans use a wide range of plants medicinally. Many of these plants have profound meaning to their users. Does this mean, as some assert, that tribal medicine is \"all placebo\"? Since the essential character of meaning is the arbitrariness of the sign, then insofar as this medicine is symbolic, the plants used medicinally will be a random representation of plants available in nature. Several regression analyses of plants used by native Americans on plants available to them indicate substantial selectivity in plant use. Native American medical ethnobotany is not only placebo medicine.", "contents": "Symbols and selectivity: a statistical analysis of native American medical ethnobotany. Native Americans use a wide range of plants medicinally. Many of these plants have profound meaning to their users. Does this mean, as some assert, that tribal medicine is \"all placebo\"? Since the essential character of meaning is the arbitrariness of the sign, then insofar as this medicine is symbolic, the plants used medicinally will be a random representation of plants available in nature. Several regression analyses of plants used by native Americans on plants available to them indicate substantial selectivity in plant use. Native American medical ethnobotany is not only placebo medicine.", "PMID": 94415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1132", "title": "Disopyramide plasma and myocardial tissue concentrations as they relate to antiarrhythmic activity.", "content": "Antiarrhythmic concentrations of disopyramide in canine plasma and myocardium were determined by gas chromatography. Ventricular tachycardia was incuded in anesthetized dogs by the intravenous administration of ouabain. Disopyramide phosphate was then administered by a two-stage continuous infusion method. A rapid infusion of disopyramide (9.08 mg/kg/hr) was administered for 30 min, followed by a slow infusion (2.18 mg/kg/hr) to maintain steady-state plasma levels of 1.98-2.21, mean +/- SEM = 2.1 +/- 0.02 microgram/ml at the end of 2 hr. Myocardial tissue levels of disopyramide at steady-state plasma levels were four times those of plasma (atrial tissue, 8.91 +/- 0.10; right ventricular free wall, 8.93 +/- 0.13; left ventricular free wall, 9.11 +/- 0.16 microgram/gm wet tissue). The intravenous administration of 80 units crystalline zinc insulin produced both hypokalemia (3.78 +/- 0.22 reduced to 2.36 +/- 0.18 mEq potassium/liter plasma) and a reappearance of ventricular tachycardia despite no change in plasma and myocardial tissue concentrations of disopyramide from those which had been effective in establishing and maintaining sinus rhythm. The observations demonstrate a relationship between plasma and myocardial disopyramide concentrations such that the former can be used in assessing patient therapy. In addition, this study suggests the important of plasma potassium in determining the therapeutic effectiveness of disopyramide.", "contents": "Disopyramide plasma and myocardial tissue concentrations as they relate to antiarrhythmic activity. Antiarrhythmic concentrations of disopyramide in canine plasma and myocardium were determined by gas chromatography. Ventricular tachycardia was incuded in anesthetized dogs by the intravenous administration of ouabain. Disopyramide phosphate was then administered by a two-stage continuous infusion method. A rapid infusion of disopyramide (9.08 mg/kg/hr) was administered for 30 min, followed by a slow infusion (2.18 mg/kg/hr) to maintain steady-state plasma levels of 1.98-2.21, mean +/- SEM = 2.1 +/- 0.02 microgram/ml at the end of 2 hr. Myocardial tissue levels of disopyramide at steady-state plasma levels were four times those of plasma (atrial tissue, 8.91 +/- 0.10; right ventricular free wall, 8.93 +/- 0.13; left ventricular free wall, 9.11 +/- 0.16 microgram/gm wet tissue). The intravenous administration of 80 units crystalline zinc insulin produced both hypokalemia (3.78 +/- 0.22 reduced to 2.36 +/- 0.18 mEq potassium/liter plasma) and a reappearance of ventricular tachycardia despite no change in plasma and myocardial tissue concentrations of disopyramide from those which had been effective in establishing and maintaining sinus rhythm. The observations demonstrate a relationship between plasma and myocardial disopyramide concentrations such that the former can be used in assessing patient therapy. In addition, this study suggests the important of plasma potassium in determining the therapeutic effectiveness of disopyramide.", "PMID": 94410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1133", "title": "Structure-activity relationships of an aminosugar cardiac glycoside, ASI-222 HCl, in the heart-lung preparation of the dog.", "content": "ASI-222 [3-beta-O-(4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl) digitoxigenin HCl] is a semisynthetic aminosugar cardiac glycoside that has been shown to have a greater therapeutic index than ouabain or digoxin in dogs. We have compared the effects of ASI, digitoxigenin, digitoxigenin-beta-D-galactose, and digoxin in the dog heart-lung preparation. Minute work and stroke work were calculated. Controls were obtained before and after the hearts were failed with sodium pentobarbital. ASI-222 is about three times more potent than digitoxigenin and about twice as potent as digitoxigenin-beta-D-galactose in producing similar increases in the left ventricular stroke work. ASI-222 is about three times more potent than digoxin in creasing left ventricular stroke work. Our results indicate that the addition of an aminosugar group to the genin further increased potency over that observed with the addition of a single neutral sugar and prolonged the duration of activity in failing myocardial tissue.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships of an aminosugar cardiac glycoside, ASI-222 HCl, in the heart-lung preparation of the dog. ASI-222 [3-beta-O-(4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl) digitoxigenin HCl] is a semisynthetic aminosugar cardiac glycoside that has been shown to have a greater therapeutic index than ouabain or digoxin in dogs. We have compared the effects of ASI, digitoxigenin, digitoxigenin-beta-D-galactose, and digoxin in the dog heart-lung preparation. Minute work and stroke work were calculated. Controls were obtained before and after the hearts were failed with sodium pentobarbital. ASI-222 is about three times more potent than digitoxigenin and about twice as potent as digitoxigenin-beta-D-galactose in producing similar increases in the left ventricular stroke work. ASI-222 is about three times more potent than digoxin in creasing left ventricular stroke work. Our results indicate that the addition of an aminosugar group to the genin further increased potency over that observed with the addition of a single neutral sugar and prolonged the duration of activity in failing myocardial tissue.", "PMID": 94411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1134", "title": "Cardiotonic effects of anthopleurin-A, a polypeptide from a sea anemone.", "content": "The positive inotropic effect of anthopleurin-A (AP-A) was studied in vitro on isolated cat heart papillary muscles and in vivo in anesthetized and conscious dogs. In vitro, in low Ca2+ solution (1.27 mM), AP-A increased the force of contractions of isolated cat heart papillary muscles at concentrations from 0.2 x 10(-8) M and higher; on a molar basis, AP-A was more than 200 times as potent as digoxin and on a weight basis, 33 times as potent. In vivo in anesthetized dogs, AP-A at 0.2 microgram/kg/min i.v. increased myocardial contractile force; the geometric mean dose of AP-A required to increase the contractile force by 25% was 2.6 micrograms/kg; the corresponding dose of digoxin (infused at 2.8 micrograms/kg/min) was 107.4 micrograms/kg. The geometric mean lethal dose of AP-A for 8 dogs was 19.3 and that of digoxin 263.2 micrograms/kg i.v. The therapeutic index of AP-A was significantly higher than that of digoxin. All animals that received either AP-A or digoxin died in ventricular fibrillation. The reversal of t-wave was typical for AP-A. As measured by left ventricular pressure telemetry, AP-A, 2 micrograms/kg i.v. single dose, increased LV dp/dt max in conscious dogs for longer than 2 hr.", "contents": "Cardiotonic effects of anthopleurin-A, a polypeptide from a sea anemone. The positive inotropic effect of anthopleurin-A (AP-A) was studied in vitro on isolated cat heart papillary muscles and in vivo in anesthetized and conscious dogs. In vitro, in low Ca2+ solution (1.27 mM), AP-A increased the force of contractions of isolated cat heart papillary muscles at concentrations from 0.2 x 10(-8) M and higher; on a molar basis, AP-A was more than 200 times as potent as digoxin and on a weight basis, 33 times as potent. In vivo in anesthetized dogs, AP-A at 0.2 microgram/kg/min i.v. increased myocardial contractile force; the geometric mean dose of AP-A required to increase the contractile force by 25% was 2.6 micrograms/kg; the corresponding dose of digoxin (infused at 2.8 micrograms/kg/min) was 107.4 micrograms/kg. The geometric mean lethal dose of AP-A for 8 dogs was 19.3 and that of digoxin 263.2 micrograms/kg i.v. The therapeutic index of AP-A was significantly higher than that of digoxin. All animals that received either AP-A or digoxin died in ventricular fibrillation. The reversal of t-wave was typical for AP-A. As measured by left ventricular pressure telemetry, AP-A, 2 micrograms/kg i.v. single dose, increased LV dp/dt max in conscious dogs for longer than 2 hr.", "PMID": 94413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1135", "title": "Effects of etafenone and antiarrhythmic drugs on Na and Ca channels of guinea pig atrial muscle.", "content": "Since Ca-mediated electrophysiological phenomena seem to be important in the generation of various arrhythmias, we quantitatively compared the effects of quinidine, disopyramide, procainamide, lidocaine, propranolol, and etafenone, a new coronary vasodilator with antiarrhythmic properties, on Na and Ca channels in normal and depolarized guinea pig atria. The maximum rate of rise of the normal action potential and the amplitude of the depolarized, Ca-mediated action potential were measured to examine the Na and Ca channel activity, respectively. In both preparations, the contractile force was determined concomitantly in order to establish the role of Ca influx in the inotropic effects of the drugs. All six drugs suppressed the Na channel, the effect being strongest with etafenone, followed in order by quinidine, propranolol, disopyramide, lidocaine, and procainamide. Only quinidine, disopyramide, and propranolol suppressed the Ca channel and only in concentrations higher than those required to block the Na channel. Etafenone and procainamide decreased Ca influx, while lidocaine had no effect on it. The negative inotropic effects of propranolol and disopyramide may be due to decreases in Ca influx, but the order drugs seem to have other mechanisms for their inotropic effects.", "contents": "Effects of etafenone and antiarrhythmic drugs on Na and Ca channels of guinea pig atrial muscle. Since Ca-mediated electrophysiological phenomena seem to be important in the generation of various arrhythmias, we quantitatively compared the effects of quinidine, disopyramide, procainamide, lidocaine, propranolol, and etafenone, a new coronary vasodilator with antiarrhythmic properties, on Na and Ca channels in normal and depolarized guinea pig atria. The maximum rate of rise of the normal action potential and the amplitude of the depolarized, Ca-mediated action potential were measured to examine the Na and Ca channel activity, respectively. In both preparations, the contractile force was determined concomitantly in order to establish the role of Ca influx in the inotropic effects of the drugs. All six drugs suppressed the Na channel, the effect being strongest with etafenone, followed in order by quinidine, propranolol, disopyramide, lidocaine, and procainamide. Only quinidine, disopyramide, and propranolol suppressed the Ca channel and only in concentrations higher than those required to block the Na channel. Etafenone and procainamide decreased Ca influx, while lidocaine had no effect on it. The negative inotropic effects of propranolol and disopyramide may be due to decreases in Ca influx, but the order drugs seem to have other mechanisms for their inotropic effects.", "PMID": 94412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1136", "title": "Electrophysiological and hemodynamic disturbances in a patients overdosed with disopyramide.", "content": "Disopyramide exerts a quinidinelike effect on the heart and is a valuable drug for treating atrial and, especially, ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The therapeutic plasma concentration of disopyramide is thought to be 2.0-4.0 (5.0) microgram/ml. We here report the cardiac effects of a high dose of disopryamide in a patient with extensive coronary artery disease complicated by ventricular extrasystoles. At plasma levels above approximately 7.0 micrograms/ml, heart rate was decreased, while PQ interval, width, and QT interval were increased. At concentrations above approximately 6.0 micrograms/ml, disopyramide exerted negative intropic effects as judged by increases in mean right atrial, pulmonary arteriolar, and pulmonary capillary venous pressures and a decrease in cardiac output.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and hemodynamic disturbances in a patients overdosed with disopyramide. Disopyramide exerts a quinidinelike effect on the heart and is a valuable drug for treating atrial and, especially, ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The therapeutic plasma concentration of disopyramide is thought to be 2.0-4.0 (5.0) microgram/ml. We here report the cardiac effects of a high dose of disopryamide in a patient with extensive coronary artery disease complicated by ventricular extrasystoles. At plasma levels above approximately 7.0 micrograms/ml, heart rate was decreased, while PQ interval, width, and QT interval were increased. At concentrations above approximately 6.0 micrograms/ml, disopyramide exerted negative intropic effects as judged by increases in mean right atrial, pulmonary arteriolar, and pulmonary capillary venous pressures and a decrease in cardiac output.", "PMID": 94414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1137", "title": "Infectivity suppressing and virus-binding activities of a membrane material isolated from tobacco leaves.", "content": "TMV binding substance (R) was isolated from a tobacco leaf membrane fraction and was purified by extraction with organic solvents and by column chromatography. Experimental results suggest that the binding of R with TMV results in inactivation of TMV. When tobacco leaves were inoculated with the R-TMV complex, it was found that the formation of polysome containing infecting viral RNA was inhibited. Model experiments showed that the mode of R-TMV adsorption to the membrane is different from that of TMV adsorption and that stripping of coat protein from TMV by SDS was inhibited by R. A possible explanation for the mechanism of this inhibition by R is that the R-TMV complex follows a pathway which does not lead to establishment of infection. Although less efficient, R was still active when it was applied after virus inoculation. Due to its affinity to coat protein, R might also interfere with a later process of viral multiplication.", "contents": "Infectivity suppressing and virus-binding activities of a membrane material isolated from tobacco leaves. TMV binding substance (R) was isolated from a tobacco leaf membrane fraction and was purified by extraction with organic solvents and by column chromatography. Experimental results suggest that the binding of R with TMV results in inactivation of TMV. When tobacco leaves were inoculated with the R-TMV complex, it was found that the formation of polysome containing infecting viral RNA was inhibited. Model experiments showed that the mode of R-TMV adsorption to the membrane is different from that of TMV adsorption and that stripping of coat protein from TMV by SDS was inhibited by R. A possible explanation for the mechanism of this inhibition by R is that the R-TMV complex follows a pathway which does not lead to establishment of infection. Although less efficient, R was still active when it was applied after virus inoculation. Due to its affinity to coat protein, R might also interfere with a later process of viral multiplication.", "PMID": 94422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1138", "title": "Antigenicity of erythrocytes as analyzed in terms of their cross-reactivity.", "content": "The antigenicity of human erythrocytes of four different ABO blood groups and sheep erythrocytes of unknown blood type from different individual sheep were analyzed in terms of their cross-reactivity with antibody-producing cells (plaque-forming cells, PFC) and serum antibody in immunized C57BL/6 and C3H/He mice. The antigenicity of human erythrocytes of different ABO blood groups in the C57BL/6 mice, as determined by the number of specific PFC, was, in decreasing order, AB = A greater than B = O (p less than 0.005). The efficiency of immunogenicity of the human erythrocytes in terms of their cross-reactivity with PFC was, in order, AB = A = B greater than O, and the degree of reactinogenicity was, in order, AB greater than A greater than B greater than O. The order of antigenicity of sheep erythrocytes from different animals, SRBC No. 1 - No. 6, was No. 1 (= No. 2) greater than No. 3 = No. 4 = No. 5 greater than No. 6 in C57BL/6 mice and No. 1 = No. 2 = No. 3 = No. 4 = No. 6 greater than No. 5 in C3H/He mice, determined by the number of specific PFC (p less than 0.01). The cross-reactivity of SRBC No. 1 - No. 6 with PFC demonstrates that the order of immunogenicity of SRBC was No. 1 = No. 2 = No. 3 = No. 4 = No. 5 greater than No. 6 in C57BL/6 mice and No. 1 = No. 2 = No. 3 = No. 4 = No. 6 greater than No. 5 in C3H/He mice, and that of their reactinogenicity was No. 1 greater than No. 2 =No. 3 = No. 4 = No. 5 greater than No. 6 in C57BL/6 mice and No. 1 greater than No. 4 = No. 6 greater than No. 2 = No. 3 greater than No. 5 in C3H/He mice. The cross-reactivity at the antibody level was indicative of the immunologic characteristics of blood cells of low antigenicity (human group O erythrocytes and SRBC No. 5 and No. 6). SRBC No. 5 and No. 6 were somewhat opposed to each other regarding antigenicity in C57BL/6 and C3H/He mice. This signifies the presence of different immunogenic components on SRBC No. 5 and No. 6. The production of anti-SRBC No. 1 antibody reached its peak on the third day after secondary immunization. That of anti- SRBC No. 1, cross-reactive with SRBC No. 6, occurred after a longer latent period, reaching its peak on day 6. This indicates that SRBC No. 1 possesses more than one kind of immunogenic component or immunogenic determinant group on its surface.", "contents": "Antigenicity of erythrocytes as analyzed in terms of their cross-reactivity. The antigenicity of human erythrocytes of four different ABO blood groups and sheep erythrocytes of unknown blood type from different individual sheep were analyzed in terms of their cross-reactivity with antibody-producing cells (plaque-forming cells, PFC) and serum antibody in immunized C57BL/6 and C3H/He mice. The antigenicity of human erythrocytes of different ABO blood groups in the C57BL/6 mice, as determined by the number of specific PFC, was, in decreasing order, AB = A greater than B = O (p less than 0.005). The efficiency of immunogenicity of the human erythrocytes in terms of their cross-reactivity with PFC was, in order, AB = A = B greater than O, and the degree of reactinogenicity was, in order, AB greater than A greater than B greater than O. The order of antigenicity of sheep erythrocytes from different animals, SRBC No. 1 - No. 6, was No. 1 (= No. 2) greater than No. 3 = No. 4 = No. 5 greater than No. 6 in C57BL/6 mice and No. 1 = No. 2 = No. 3 = No. 4 = No. 6 greater than No. 5 in C3H/He mice, determined by the number of specific PFC (p less than 0.01). The cross-reactivity of SRBC No. 1 - No. 6 with PFC demonstrates that the order of immunogenicity of SRBC was No. 1 = No. 2 = No. 3 = No. 4 = No. 5 greater than No. 6 in C57BL/6 mice and No. 1 = No. 2 = No. 3 = No. 4 = No. 6 greater than No. 5 in C3H/He mice, and that of their reactinogenicity was No. 1 greater than No. 2 =No. 3 = No. 4 = No. 5 greater than No. 6 in C57BL/6 mice and No. 1 greater than No. 4 = No. 6 greater than No. 2 = No. 3 greater than No. 5 in C3H/He mice. The cross-reactivity at the antibody level was indicative of the immunologic characteristics of blood cells of low antigenicity (human group O erythrocytes and SRBC No. 5 and No. 6). SRBC No. 5 and No. 6 were somewhat opposed to each other regarding antigenicity in C57BL/6 and C3H/He mice. This signifies the presence of different immunogenic components on SRBC No. 5 and No. 6. The production of anti-SRBC No. 1 antibody reached its peak on the third day after secondary immunization. That of anti- SRBC No. 1, cross-reactive with SRBC No. 6, occurred after a longer latent period, reaching its peak on day 6. This indicates that SRBC No. 1 possesses more than one kind of immunogenic component or immunogenic determinant group on its surface.", "PMID": 94423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1139", "title": "Observations on the antigenicity and serological relationships of stocks of Trypanosoma congolense from East and West Africa.", "content": "Antigenic relationships of 4 stocks of Trypanosoma congolense from different parts of Africa were examined by immunofluorescence (IFAT) and neutralization tests. Antisera to each stock were obtained from rabbits infected with trypanosomes transmitted by Glossina morsitans. Trypanosomes for use as antigens were obtained from local skin reactions developing on rabbits infected with 2 of the stocks. Using the IFAT and antisera at end-point dilutions approximately 40% of the trypanosomes fluoresced strongly and a further 30% less intensely with homologous antisera, indicating antigenic heterogeneity among the trypanosomes developing in the skin. Using antisera at low dilutions some samples gave cross-reactions with trypanosomes of heterologous stocks, but at higher dilutions there were no cross-reactions with either of the antigens. The lack of cross-reactions at high antiserum dilutions was interpreted as indicating antigenic differences between the 4 trypanosome stocks. Using neutralization tests only homologous antisera reduced the infectivity of trypanosome suspensions. Overall, these observations indicated that there were at least 3 different strains of T. congolense among the 4 stocks examined.", "contents": "Observations on the antigenicity and serological relationships of stocks of Trypanosoma congolense from East and West Africa. Antigenic relationships of 4 stocks of Trypanosoma congolense from different parts of Africa were examined by immunofluorescence (IFAT) and neutralization tests. Antisera to each stock were obtained from rabbits infected with trypanosomes transmitted by Glossina morsitans. Trypanosomes for use as antigens were obtained from local skin reactions developing on rabbits infected with 2 of the stocks. Using the IFAT and antisera at end-point dilutions approximately 40% of the trypanosomes fluoresced strongly and a further 30% less intensely with homologous antisera, indicating antigenic heterogeneity among the trypanosomes developing in the skin. Using antisera at low dilutions some samples gave cross-reactions with trypanosomes of heterologous stocks, but at higher dilutions there were no cross-reactions with either of the antigens. The lack of cross-reactions at high antiserum dilutions was interpreted as indicating antigenic differences between the 4 trypanosome stocks. Using neutralization tests only homologous antisera reduced the infectivity of trypanosome suspensions. Overall, these observations indicated that there were at least 3 different strains of T. congolense among the 4 stocks examined.", "PMID": 94428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1140", "title": "Immunological differences in Eimeria maxima: effect of a mixed immunizing inoculum on heterologous challenge.", "content": "The immunological differences known to exist between laboratory strains of Eimeria maxima was confirmed. Protection against challenge with different strains or field isolates of the species could be achieved by including small numbers (25 oocysts) of each in the immunizing inoculum. Similar protection was obtained when 4 distinct populations which were allowed to interbreed were used in the immunizing inoculum. This hybrid mixture of E. maxima was used to immunize chickens against challenge with 7 new isolates of E. maxima from poultry houses in different parts of England. The results show that although immunological differences exist within E. maxima good protection against many strains of this species may be achieved by initial infection with the hybrid mixture of E. maxima.", "contents": "Immunological differences in Eimeria maxima: effect of a mixed immunizing inoculum on heterologous challenge. The immunological differences known to exist between laboratory strains of Eimeria maxima was confirmed. Protection against challenge with different strains or field isolates of the species could be achieved by including small numbers (25 oocysts) of each in the immunizing inoculum. Similar protection was obtained when 4 distinct populations which were allowed to interbreed were used in the immunizing inoculum. This hybrid mixture of E. maxima was used to immunize chickens against challenge with 7 new isolates of E. maxima from poultry houses in different parts of England. The results show that although immunological differences exist within E. maxima good protection against many strains of this species may be achieved by initial infection with the hybrid mixture of E. maxima.", "PMID": 94429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1141", "title": "[Convalent binding of various tetra- and tricyclic heterocycles with isothiocyanate structure to human serum albumin and bovine gamma globulin. Part 24: Immunosuppressive agent - antigen conjugates (author's transl)].", "content": "In view of their potential activity as antigen-specific immunosuppressive agents, the authors produced conjugates by treating the tri- and tetracyclic compounds 1-8 (with isothiocyanate structure) with human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine gamma globulin (BGG). In certain cases the conjugates of BGG were obtained only under conditions leading to protein degeneration. The corresponding products were devoid of antigen-specific immunosuppressive activity and must be considered to be merely repository forms of the respective low-molecular compounds. In contrast, the conjugates of HSA could be obtained under conditions under which no protein denaturation was detectable. These conjugates may be used for the planned investigation. After reaction of the isothiocyanates with the proteins, time dependent changes were observed in the ultraviolet spectra of some conjugates, the possible causes of which are discussed.", "contents": "[Convalent binding of various tetra- and tricyclic heterocycles with isothiocyanate structure to human serum albumin and bovine gamma globulin. Part 24: Immunosuppressive agent - antigen conjugates (author's transl)]. In view of their potential activity as antigen-specific immunosuppressive agents, the authors produced conjugates by treating the tri- and tetracyclic compounds 1-8 (with isothiocyanate structure) with human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine gamma globulin (BGG). In certain cases the conjugates of BGG were obtained only under conditions leading to protein degeneration. The corresponding products were devoid of antigen-specific immunosuppressive activity and must be considered to be merely repository forms of the respective low-molecular compounds. In contrast, the conjugates of HSA could be obtained under conditions under which no protein denaturation was detectable. These conjugates may be used for the planned investigation. After reaction of the isothiocyanates with the proteins, time dependent changes were observed in the ultraviolet spectra of some conjugates, the possible causes of which are discussed.", "PMID": 94443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1142", "title": "Action of substance P on neurotico-hypertensive rats.", "content": "The action of an eledoisin-hexapeptide analogue (EH) upon learning and memorising processes of 48 male Wistar laboratory rats aged between 5 and 6 months was studied and is reported in this paper. The animals suffered from neurogenic hypertension which had been experimentally induced by applying emotional stress. A comparison between the action of EH (Lys-Phe-Ile-Gly-Leu-MetNH2) and that of Substance P (Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-MetNH2) on conditioned-reflex learning in the intact rat had been reported by the authors in one of their previous papers [7]. The following results were obtained with regard to EH and its action upon rats with neurogenic hypertension. The learning process was favoured, as it had been by 2 or 3 weeks of exercise. Defective learning and memorizing process as well as impaired behavioural patterns, interpreted as neurotic phenomena, were normalized by doses of 250 microgram/kg and 500 microgram/kg. Blood pressures were reduced, depending on dosage. The action of the EH analogue used on the central nervous system was stronger than that on blood pressure. Discontinuance of peptide application was followed by the phenomenon of \"state-dependent learning\". The results are likely to suggest possible involvement of such peptide sequences in the regulation of processes which are relevant to the whole. That effect is of particular interest, as Substance P is under discussion as a transmitter or modulator in mammals.", "contents": "Action of substance P on neurotico-hypertensive rats. The action of an eledoisin-hexapeptide analogue (EH) upon learning and memorising processes of 48 male Wistar laboratory rats aged between 5 and 6 months was studied and is reported in this paper. The animals suffered from neurogenic hypertension which had been experimentally induced by applying emotional stress. A comparison between the action of EH (Lys-Phe-Ile-Gly-Leu-MetNH2) and that of Substance P (Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-MetNH2) on conditioned-reflex learning in the intact rat had been reported by the authors in one of their previous papers [7]. The following results were obtained with regard to EH and its action upon rats with neurogenic hypertension. The learning process was favoured, as it had been by 2 or 3 weeks of exercise. Defective learning and memorizing process as well as impaired behavioural patterns, interpreted as neurotic phenomena, were normalized by doses of 250 microgram/kg and 500 microgram/kg. Blood pressures were reduced, depending on dosage. The action of the EH analogue used on the central nervous system was stronger than that on blood pressure. Discontinuance of peptide application was followed by the phenomenon of \"state-dependent learning\". The results are likely to suggest possible involvement of such peptide sequences in the regulation of processes which are relevant to the whole. That effect is of particular interest, as Substance P is under discussion as a transmitter or modulator in mammals.", "PMID": 94444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1143", "title": "[Comparison of three anti-nucleus antibody detection methods in different pathologies (author's transl)].", "content": "Anti-nucleus antibodies were detected in the blood sera of 232 patients of different pathologies by three diverse methods: a morphological method, and indirect immunofluorescent method and a radioimmunologic method. The results demonstrated the importance of the radioimmunologic method since this method displays anti-DNA antibodies which are specific in the active stage of lupus erythematosus (LE). Forthermore, the immunofluorescent method proved to be highly sensitive; and the morphological method can reveal different aspects of the LE phenomenon (such as nucleus phagocytosis) which can be indicative of an auto-aggressive process. Our survey indicates that simultaneous use of the three methods is advisable.", "contents": "[Comparison of three anti-nucleus antibody detection methods in different pathologies (author's transl)]. Anti-nucleus antibodies were detected in the blood sera of 232 patients of different pathologies by three diverse methods: a morphological method, and indirect immunofluorescent method and a radioimmunologic method. The results demonstrated the importance of the radioimmunologic method since this method displays anti-DNA antibodies which are specific in the active stage of lupus erythematosus (LE). Forthermore, the immunofluorescent method proved to be highly sensitive; and the morphological method can reveal different aspects of the LE phenomenon (such as nucleus phagocytosis) which can be indicative of an auto-aggressive process. Our survey indicates that simultaneous use of the three methods is advisable.", "PMID": 94445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1144", "title": "[Prognostic value of alpha-foetoprotein in fulminant hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum concentrations of alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) were measured sequentially by radioimmunoassay in 32 patients with fulminant hepatitis and coma, 22 of whom died. Levels were significantly elevated in 100% of patients who survived and in 7 out of 22 patients (38.5%) who died (P = less than 0.005). In the survivors the rise of AFP levels was found early after the development of coma and subsequently in all serum samples obtained during acute phase of illness. In 2 of 7 fatal cases who had raised AFP levels and the more protracted illness, AFP levels fall after 6 days. The high levels of serum AFP observed in severe forms of hepatitis may represent active hepatocyte regeneration after extensive hepatic necrosis. Although the correlation between survival and serum concentration of AFP is not absolute, our finding indicate that the rise in serum of this protein in patients with massive hepatic necrosis may be considered a favorable prognostic sign.", "contents": "[Prognostic value of alpha-foetoprotein in fulminant hepatitis (author's transl)]. Serum concentrations of alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) were measured sequentially by radioimmunoassay in 32 patients with fulminant hepatitis and coma, 22 of whom died. Levels were significantly elevated in 100% of patients who survived and in 7 out of 22 patients (38.5%) who died (P = less than 0.005). In the survivors the rise of AFP levels was found early after the development of coma and subsequently in all serum samples obtained during acute phase of illness. In 2 of 7 fatal cases who had raised AFP levels and the more protracted illness, AFP levels fall after 6 days. The high levels of serum AFP observed in severe forms of hepatitis may represent active hepatocyte regeneration after extensive hepatic necrosis. Although the correlation between survival and serum concentration of AFP is not absolute, our finding indicate that the rise in serum of this protein in patients with massive hepatic necrosis may be considered a favorable prognostic sign.", "PMID": 94446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1145", "title": "[Determination of alpha-1-fetoprotein during pregnancy].", "content": "218 samples of serum of pregnant women from 144 normal and 12 risky pregnancy, are tested for AFP RIA, radial immunodiffusion and slide agglutination. The results, according to thet of other AA., as regards un normal pregnancy AFP behaviour, emphasize the necssity to have more data from the same subjects during pregnancy, in order to plot a significant curve for the interpretation of the single values. As regards the technique, the delicacy and the specificity of the research, suggest the use of very sensible methods, which leave simplicity of execution and immediacy of results, out of consideration.", "contents": "[Determination of alpha-1-fetoprotein during pregnancy]. 218 samples of serum of pregnant women from 144 normal and 12 risky pregnancy, are tested for AFP RIA, radial immunodiffusion and slide agglutination. The results, according to thet of other AA., as regards un normal pregnancy AFP behaviour, emphasize the necssity to have more data from the same subjects during pregnancy, in order to plot a significant curve for the interpretation of the single values. As regards the technique, the delicacy and the specificity of the research, suggest the use of very sensible methods, which leave simplicity of execution and immediacy of results, out of consideration.", "PMID": 94447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1146", "title": "Effect of LH-RH, gonadotrophins or sex hormone treatment on RNA and DNA concentration in hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary and uterus in the immature female rat.", "content": "RNA and DNA concentration was measured in hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary and uterus of immature female rats after treatment with 5 doses of LH-RH, PMSG, HCG, FSH + LH, estradiol benzoate or progesterone. All assayed hormones decreased DNA concentration and increased the [RNA]/[DNA] ratio in their target organs. These findings were interpreted as increases in cell volume and RNA synthesis in target organs after treatment. Gonadotrophins and sex hormones decreased DNA concentration and increased RNA synthesis in hypothalamus and pituitary, which revealed the stimulatory effect of both hormonal groups on the above mentioned organs.", "contents": "Effect of LH-RH, gonadotrophins or sex hormone treatment on RNA and DNA concentration in hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary and uterus in the immature female rat. RNA and DNA concentration was measured in hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary and uterus of immature female rats after treatment with 5 doses of LH-RH, PMSG, HCG, FSH + LH, estradiol benzoate or progesterone. All assayed hormones decreased DNA concentration and increased the [RNA]/[DNA] ratio in their target organs. These findings were interpreted as increases in cell volume and RNA synthesis in target organs after treatment. Gonadotrophins and sex hormones decreased DNA concentration and increased RNA synthesis in hypothalamus and pituitary, which revealed the stimulatory effect of both hormonal groups on the above mentioned organs.", "PMID": 94450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1147", "title": "Whipple's disease: the role of duodenal biopsy in diagnosis and follow-up.", "content": "Blind suction small intestinal biopsy is still the classical method in establishing the diagnosis of Whipple's disease. Duodenal endoscopy with directed biopsy seems however to be a better alternative after the description, in recent years, of a characteristic endoscopic picture of Whipple's disease. In clinically suspected cases, biopsy from other parts of the small intestine may be rewarding if the duodenal biopsy is negative. A case of Whipple's disease, diagnosed by duodenal biopsy, is reported and the relevant literature is discussed.", "contents": "Whipple's disease: the role of duodenal biopsy in diagnosis and follow-up. Blind suction small intestinal biopsy is still the classical method in establishing the diagnosis of Whipple's disease. Duodenal endoscopy with directed biopsy seems however to be a better alternative after the description, in recent years, of a characteristic endoscopic picture of Whipple's disease. In clinically suspected cases, biopsy from other parts of the small intestine may be rewarding if the duodenal biopsy is negative. A case of Whipple's disease, diagnosed by duodenal biopsy, is reported and the relevant literature is discussed.", "PMID": 94454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1148", "title": "OMGE--Study on prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in different liver diseases.", "content": "The prevalence of hepatitis B viral infection has been evaluated by means of a questionnaire. Contributions were made by 160 institutions from 39 countries and involved more than 400 collaborators. HBsAg was identified by a variety of test kits which were available at the time of the questionnaire. Data are presented for the prevalence of HBsAg in acute viral hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver and primary liver cancer. Wide variations in antigenaemia were identified in different countries and between the various forms of liver disease. HBsAg is positive more often in chronic hepatitis than cirrhosis. More data using sensitive tests are needed but it appears as if at least one-fifth of the world population has had a previous hepatitis B virus infection.", "contents": "OMGE--Study on prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in different liver diseases. The prevalence of hepatitis B viral infection has been evaluated by means of a questionnaire. Contributions were made by 160 institutions from 39 countries and involved more than 400 collaborators. HBsAg was identified by a variety of test kits which were available at the time of the questionnaire. Data are presented for the prevalence of HBsAg in acute viral hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver and primary liver cancer. Wide variations in antigenaemia were identified in different countries and between the various forms of liver disease. HBsAg is positive more often in chronic hepatitis than cirrhosis. More data using sensitive tests are needed but it appears as if at least one-fifth of the world population has had a previous hepatitis B virus infection.", "PMID": 94455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1149", "title": "Effect of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of mecillinam on the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein of Salmonella typhimurium: a proposed mechanism of action.", "content": "Salmonellae alter their rod-like morphology to become large ovals within 3-5 hr after being exposed to concentrations of mecillinam below the minimal inhibitory concentration. Before this overt morphologic change occurs, synthesis of DNA increases, with a concomitant decrease in total protein synthesis. Incorporation of [3H]leucine into cell wall protein is markedly inhibited by mecillinam, whereas incorporation of leucine into soluble intracellular proteins is enchanced by the drug. Electrophoretic separation of stained, soluble intracellular proteins of salmonellae exposed to mecillinam indicates that as many as 15-20 individual groups of protein occur at higher concentrations in mecillinam-exposed salmonellae than in unexposed control organisms. These results suggest that, at low concentrations, mecillinam binds selectively to cell wall components, thereby interfering with the assembly of the cell wall during growth. This interference causes a buildup of newly synthesized soluble proteins that are normally involved in cell wall assembly. The weakening of the cell wall, combined with this buildup, causes the cell to assume a three-dimensional oval structure that is the result of equal hydrostatic pressure exerted by the medium.", "contents": "Effect of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of mecillinam on the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein of Salmonella typhimurium: a proposed mechanism of action. Salmonellae alter their rod-like morphology to become large ovals within 3-5 hr after being exposed to concentrations of mecillinam below the minimal inhibitory concentration. Before this overt morphologic change occurs, synthesis of DNA increases, with a concomitant decrease in total protein synthesis. Incorporation of [3H]leucine into cell wall protein is markedly inhibited by mecillinam, whereas incorporation of leucine into soluble intracellular proteins is enchanced by the drug. Electrophoretic separation of stained, soluble intracellular proteins of salmonellae exposed to mecillinam indicates that as many as 15-20 individual groups of protein occur at higher concentrations in mecillinam-exposed salmonellae than in unexposed control organisms. These results suggest that, at low concentrations, mecillinam binds selectively to cell wall components, thereby interfering with the assembly of the cell wall during growth. This interference causes a buildup of newly synthesized soluble proteins that are normally involved in cell wall assembly. The weakening of the cell wall, combined with this buildup, causes the cell to assume a three-dimensional oval structure that is the result of equal hydrostatic pressure exerted by the medium.", "PMID": 94451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1150", "title": "Effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and nitrofurantoin on the attachment of Escherichia coli to human uroepithelial cells in vitro.", "content": "An in vitro system with epithelial cells of the human urinary tract and Escherichia coli isolated from the urine of pateints with acute pyelonephritis was used for tests of the effect of antibacterial agents on bacterial adhesion. E. coli treated with subminimal inhibitory amounts of ampicillin attached less than untreated control bacteria. Subminimal inhibitory amounts of chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin had no effect on adhesion of the 15 strains of E. coli tested. The combination of bacterial pretreatment with ampicillin and addition of antibodies to the adhesion test tube decreased adhesion more than did either treatment separately.", "contents": "Effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and nitrofurantoin on the attachment of Escherichia coli to human uroepithelial cells in vitro. An in vitro system with epithelial cells of the human urinary tract and Escherichia coli isolated from the urine of pateints with acute pyelonephritis was used for tests of the effect of antibacterial agents on bacterial adhesion. E. coli treated with subminimal inhibitory amounts of ampicillin attached less than untreated control bacteria. Subminimal inhibitory amounts of chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin had no effect on adhesion of the 15 strains of E. coli tested. The combination of bacterial pretreatment with ampicillin and addition of antibodies to the adhesion test tube decreased adhesion more than did either treatment separately.", "PMID": 94452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1151", "title": "Ultrastructural and functional studied on the lymphocytes of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and nuclear extrusion.", "content": "The cells of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) showed a peculiar phenomenon of nuclear blebbing and nuclear extrusion, observed by transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. Protein synthesis of the lymphocytes was 3 times higher than that of cells of other 3 patients with CLL, but was lower than the synthesis of cells from a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Similar results were observed when RNA synthesizing activity of the cells was examined. On the other hand, thymidine incorporation proceeded in a similar rate in the patient's and the ALL lymphocytes, whereas in those CLL patients it was merely detected. The morphological findings and the synthesizing activities of the cells suggest that the patient's disease represents an intermediate form between CLL and ALL.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and functional studied on the lymphocytes of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and nuclear extrusion. The cells of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) showed a peculiar phenomenon of nuclear blebbing and nuclear extrusion, observed by transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. Protein synthesis of the lymphocytes was 3 times higher than that of cells of other 3 patients with CLL, but was lower than the synthesis of cells from a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Similar results were observed when RNA synthesizing activity of the cells was examined. On the other hand, thymidine incorporation proceeded in a similar rate in the patient's and the ALL lymphocytes, whereas in those CLL patients it was merely detected. The morphological findings and the synthesizing activities of the cells suggest that the patient's disease represents an intermediate form between CLL and ALL.", "PMID": 94456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1152", "title": "Pernicious anaemia in association with argyrophil (Sevier-Munger) gastric carcinoid.", "content": "3 cases of pernicious anaemia in association with gastric carcinoid (in 1 case multiple) are described. All tumours were rich in argyrophil cells with the Sevier-Munger and Grimelius staining techniques, indicating that they might be of the enterochromaffin-like cell type. The possible causal relationship between pernicious anaemia and this type of argyrophil carcinoid is discussed.", "contents": "Pernicious anaemia in association with argyrophil (Sevier-Munger) gastric carcinoid. 3 cases of pernicious anaemia in association with gastric carcinoid (in 1 case multiple) are described. All tumours were rich in argyrophil cells with the Sevier-Munger and Grimelius staining techniques, indicating that they might be of the enterochromaffin-like cell type. The possible causal relationship between pernicious anaemia and this type of argyrophil carcinoid is discussed.", "PMID": 94457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1153", "title": "Beta thromboglobulin and glycosylated haemoglobin in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "No correlation has been demonstrated between the elevated levels of plasma beta-thromboglobulin and glycosylated haemoglobin found in a group of 97 diabetic patients. The abnormality in diabetic platelets which is reflected by beta-thromboglobulin levels may not therefore be a direct result of poor metabolic control. The highest levels of beta-thromboglobulin were found in those patients with a raised blood urea. Glycosylated haemoglobin levels correlated with prevailing blood glucose and with the type of therapy employed, and were highest in the insulin dependent diabetics, intermediate in those on tablets and lowest in those on diet alone.", "contents": "Beta thromboglobulin and glycosylated haemoglobin in diabetes mellitus. No correlation has been demonstrated between the elevated levels of plasma beta-thromboglobulin and glycosylated haemoglobin found in a group of 97 diabetic patients. The abnormality in diabetic platelets which is reflected by beta-thromboglobulin levels may not therefore be a direct result of poor metabolic control. The highest levels of beta-thromboglobulin were found in those patients with a raised blood urea. Glycosylated haemoglobin levels correlated with prevailing blood glucose and with the type of therapy employed, and were highest in the insulin dependent diabetics, intermediate in those on tablets and lowest in those on diet alone.", "PMID": 94458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1154", "title": "Hereditary alpha 2-macroglobulin deficiency.", "content": "On screening of a normal material 1 man was found (age 37) who on repeated determinations had a low alpha 2M, namely 25 % with electroimmuno assay according to Laurell. Investigation of the family revealed that the mother (age 69) and one daughter (age 5) had low values too. All other coagulation and fibrinolytic components were normal. They had no signs of increased fibrinolysis and normal levels of alpha 2-antiplasmin, alpha 1-antitrypsin and antithrombin III. Liver function tests were normal. It seems to be an inherited deficiency. The transmission is apparently autosomal dominant and the affected members heterozygotes. The defect has not caused any clinical symptoms. This family appears to be the first reported with an alpha 2M deficiency.", "contents": "Hereditary alpha 2-macroglobulin deficiency. On screening of a normal material 1 man was found (age 37) who on repeated determinations had a low alpha 2M, namely 25 % with electroimmuno assay according to Laurell. Investigation of the family revealed that the mother (age 69) and one daughter (age 5) had low values too. All other coagulation and fibrinolytic components were normal. They had no signs of increased fibrinolysis and normal levels of alpha 2-antiplasmin, alpha 1-antitrypsin and antithrombin III. Liver function tests were normal. It seems to be an inherited deficiency. The transmission is apparently autosomal dominant and the affected members heterozygotes. The defect has not caused any clinical symptoms. This family appears to be the first reported with an alpha 2M deficiency.", "PMID": 94459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1155", "title": "Macrophage-lymphocyte clusters in the immune response to soluble protein antigen in vitro. VIII. Cinephotomicrographic studies.", "content": "T cells from immune guinea-pigs produce clusters in vitro with macrophages pulsed with soluble protein antigens. The formation of clusters is antigen-specific. Time-lapse cinephotomicrography was used to study the sequence of events leading to cluster formation and the kinetics of already formed clusters. The central lymphocyte attaches through a broad base to the macrophage during the first few hours of incubation. After several hours, during which the central lymphocyte is situated alone on the surface of the macrophage, free lymphocytes begin to interact for shorter or longer periods of time through their uropods with the central lymphocyte, thus acting as peripheral lymphocytes. In spite of a frequent traffic of peripheral lymphocytes in and out, the cluster is a relatively stable structure. Occasionally the entire complex of lymphocytes leaves the macrophage, moves randomly in the culutre and attaches to a new macrophage or returns to the same macrophage.", "contents": "Macrophage-lymphocyte clusters in the immune response to soluble protein antigen in vitro. VIII. Cinephotomicrographic studies. T cells from immune guinea-pigs produce clusters in vitro with macrophages pulsed with soluble protein antigens. The formation of clusters is antigen-specific. Time-lapse cinephotomicrography was used to study the sequence of events leading to cluster formation and the kinetics of already formed clusters. The central lymphocyte attaches through a broad base to the macrophage during the first few hours of incubation. After several hours, during which the central lymphocyte is situated alone on the surface of the macrophage, free lymphocytes begin to interact for shorter or longer periods of time through their uropods with the central lymphocyte, thus acting as peripheral lymphocytes. In spite of a frequent traffic of peripheral lymphocytes in and out, the cluster is a relatively stable structure. Occasionally the entire complex of lymphocytes leaves the macrophage, moves randomly in the culutre and attaches to a new macrophage or returns to the same macrophage.", "PMID": 94460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1156", "title": "Macrophage-lymphocyte clusters in the immune response to soluble protein antigen in vitro. IX. Antigen-pulsed macrophages as a tool for specific absorption of cluster-initiating T cells.", "content": "T-cell populations from guinea-pigs sensitized to the protein antigens purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ovalbumin, or horseradish perioxidase can be selectively depleted of cells capable of initiating antigen-specific macrophage-lymphocyte clusters in vitro. The depletion is achieved by incubating the T cells on a monolayer of antigen-pulsed macrophages in a Petri dish for some hours and then gently aspirating the cells not adhering to the bottom of the dish. When subsequently assayed, the aspirated cells were found to be depleted of cluster-initiating lymphocytes committed to horseradish peroxidase, monolayers of macrophages pulsed with that antigen must be used. The optimum time for incubation on the absorbing monolayer appears to be 4 h, and two successive incubations are more effective than one. The cell density of the absorbing monolayer and the handling of the Petri dish may be critical for effective removal of the cluster-initating lymphocytes. With optimum procedure we have achieved up to 90% depletion of specific cells with no depletion of cells committed to a control antigen.", "contents": "Macrophage-lymphocyte clusters in the immune response to soluble protein antigen in vitro. IX. Antigen-pulsed macrophages as a tool for specific absorption of cluster-initiating T cells. T-cell populations from guinea-pigs sensitized to the protein antigens purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ovalbumin, or horseradish perioxidase can be selectively depleted of cells capable of initiating antigen-specific macrophage-lymphocyte clusters in vitro. The depletion is achieved by incubating the T cells on a monolayer of antigen-pulsed macrophages in a Petri dish for some hours and then gently aspirating the cells not adhering to the bottom of the dish. When subsequently assayed, the aspirated cells were found to be depleted of cluster-initiating lymphocytes committed to horseradish peroxidase, monolayers of macrophages pulsed with that antigen must be used. The optimum time for incubation on the absorbing monolayer appears to be 4 h, and two successive incubations are more effective than one. The cell density of the absorbing monolayer and the handling of the Petri dish may be critical for effective removal of the cluster-initating lymphocytes. With optimum procedure we have achieved up to 90% depletion of specific cells with no depletion of cells committed to a control antigen.", "PMID": 94461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1157", "title": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity during vaccinia virus revaccination in man: influence of antibodies and interferon.", "content": "Seven healthy human adults were revaccinated with vaccinia virus. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity to vaccinia virus-infected fibroblasts was investigated on the day of vaccination and on days with peak activity. Three donors were studied until day 30 after vaccination. The addition of interferon to cytotoxicity reactions resulted in an increase in killing. This increase was not seen when antibodies were added. When a mixture of lymphocytes from a revaccinated and a non-revaccinated donor was used as effector cells, the killing observed corresponded to the killing seen with lymphocytes from the revaccinated donor, when tested alone. This finding indicates that no antibodies or other soluble mediators capable of increasing cytotoxicity are released from the lymphocytes during the cytotoxicity assay.", "contents": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity during vaccinia virus revaccination in man: influence of antibodies and interferon. Seven healthy human adults were revaccinated with vaccinia virus. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity to vaccinia virus-infected fibroblasts was investigated on the day of vaccination and on days with peak activity. Three donors were studied until day 30 after vaccination. The addition of interferon to cytotoxicity reactions resulted in an increase in killing. This increase was not seen when antibodies were added. When a mixture of lymphocytes from a revaccinated and a non-revaccinated donor was used as effector cells, the killing observed corresponded to the killing seen with lymphocytes from the revaccinated donor, when tested alone. This finding indicates that no antibodies or other soluble mediators capable of increasing cytotoxicity are released from the lymphocytes during the cytotoxicity assay.", "PMID": 94462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1158", "title": "The humoral immune response to alpha, beta and gamma crystallins of the human lens.", "content": "By radioimmunoassay the occurrence of antibodies against alpha, beta and gamma crystallins was examined in sera from groups of patients with clear lenses, cataracts or lens injuries.  In about half of the sera from each group low anti alpha crystallin activity was found. No significant difference in antibody activity was found between the groups. Antibody activity against beta or gamma crystallins was not detected in any of the sera. Four patients with lens damage were followed for 2 years; two of them developed uveitis and showed increasing anti alpha crystallin activity. It is suggested that in man immunological tolerance to lens crystallins is normally present.", "contents": "The humoral immune response to alpha, beta and gamma crystallins of the human lens. By radioimmunoassay the occurrence of antibodies against alpha, beta and gamma crystallins was examined in sera from groups of patients with clear lenses, cataracts or lens injuries.  In about half of the sera from each group low anti alpha crystallin activity was found. No significant difference in antibody activity was found between the groups. Antibody activity against beta or gamma crystallins was not detected in any of the sera. Four patients with lens damage were followed for 2 years; two of them developed uveitis and showed increasing anti alpha crystallin activity. It is suggested that in man immunological tolerance to lens crystallins is normally present.", "PMID": 94463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1159", "title": "The epidermal melanocyte system in individuals of Scandinavian origin, determined by DOPA-staining and TEM.", "content": "The quantitative evaluation of DOPA-positive epidermal melanocytes in 16 patients of Scandinavian origin showed both individual and regional differences in the melanocyte count. Our data is in agreement with other published studies. The distribution in the number of melanocytes varies significantly in some specimens. This is due partly to the preparation procedure and partly to normal biological variations. We believe that we have demonstrated a cyclic function of the melanocyte in the epidermis. The varying density of cells in epidermal sheets as well as their varying morphology support the theory concerning the presence of the epidermal melanin unit.", "contents": "The epidermal melanocyte system in individuals of Scandinavian origin, determined by DOPA-staining and TEM. The quantitative evaluation of DOPA-positive epidermal melanocytes in 16 patients of Scandinavian origin showed both individual and regional differences in the melanocyte count. Our data is in agreement with other published studies. The distribution in the number of melanocytes varies significantly in some specimens. This is due partly to the preparation procedure and partly to normal biological variations. We believe that we have demonstrated a cyclic function of the melanocyte in the epidermis. The varying density of cells in epidermal sheets as well as their varying morphology support the theory concerning the presence of the epidermal melanin unit.", "PMID": 94464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1160", "title": "The epidermal melanocytes in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. A transmission electron microscopic investigation.", "content": "The epidermal melanocytes were studied in biopsies from clinically normal skin removed at various distances from cutaneous malignant melanomas. Melanocytes with some ultrastructural changes were found in a number of patients, which can be either contingent on genetic or inter/extra cellular factors. It is possible that cells with these changes are more instable and more easily transformed to malignant cells by external influence. Malignant cells were not demonstrated in either the epidermis or the dermo-epidermal junction. Activation was seen of the epidermal melanocytes lying in the immediate neighbourhood of the superficially spreading melanomas, which would suggest that this type of tumour is presumably able to influence the melanocytes. The most pronounced changes in the whole of the melanocyte system was found in patients with multiple melanomas, and in a patient with metastasizing malignant melanoma.", "contents": "The epidermal melanocytes in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. A transmission electron microscopic investigation. The epidermal melanocytes were studied in biopsies from clinically normal skin removed at various distances from cutaneous malignant melanomas. Melanocytes with some ultrastructural changes were found in a number of patients, which can be either contingent on genetic or inter/extra cellular factors. It is possible that cells with these changes are more instable and more easily transformed to malignant cells by external influence. Malignant cells were not demonstrated in either the epidermis or the dermo-epidermal junction. Activation was seen of the epidermal melanocytes lying in the immediate neighbourhood of the superficially spreading melanomas, which would suggest that this type of tumour is presumably able to influence the melanocytes. The most pronounced changes in the whole of the melanocyte system was found in patients with multiple melanomas, and in a patient with metastasizing malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 94465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1161", "title": "Antigenic relationships among thermophilic actinomycetes.", "content": "Antigens from Micropolyspora faeni, Saccharomonospora viridis, Thermoactinomyces candidus, T. sacchari and T. vulgaris were prepared by growing them on dialysate of trypticase soy broth. Sera from rabbits immunized with these antigens were used to study cross-reactivity between thermophilic actinomycetes by antigen-antibody crossed immunoelectrophoresis and by agar gel double diffusion. Mi. faeni and S. viridis showed some degree of cross-reaction, but both failed to show any cross reactivity with Thermoactinomyces species. Antigens from Thermoactinomyces cross-reacted with members within the genus, but no reactivity against S. viridis or M. faeni antisera was detected. Hence, the presence of antibodies to several thermophilic actinomycetes in the sera of patients may be attributed to the exposure of the individual to different thermophilic actinomycetes rather than to the antigenic cross-reactivity between the organisms.", "contents": "Antigenic relationships among thermophilic actinomycetes. Antigens from Micropolyspora faeni, Saccharomonospora viridis, Thermoactinomyces candidus, T. sacchari and T. vulgaris were prepared by growing them on dialysate of trypticase soy broth. Sera from rabbits immunized with these antigens were used to study cross-reactivity between thermophilic actinomycetes by antigen-antibody crossed immunoelectrophoresis and by agar gel double diffusion. Mi. faeni and S. viridis showed some degree of cross-reaction, but both failed to show any cross reactivity with Thermoactinomyces species. Antigens from Thermoactinomyces cross-reacted with members within the genus, but no reactivity against S. viridis or M. faeni antisera was detected. Hence, the presence of antibodies to several thermophilic actinomycetes in the sera of patients may be attributed to the exposure of the individual to different thermophilic actinomycetes rather than to the antigenic cross-reactivity between the organisms.", "PMID": 94466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1162", "title": "Control of exocellular proteases in dermatophytes and especially Trichophyton rubrum.", "content": "The production of proteases was investigated during growth of dermatophytic fungi with special emphasis on Trichophyton rubrum. Exogenous glucose suppressed elastase production in all dermatophytes examined. The production of protease active guinea pig hair in keratin-salts broth by Microsporum gypseum. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum was also suppressed by glucose. Various carbohydrates added to keratin-salts broth curtailed protease production by T. rubrum as did individual amino acids but ammonium phosphate did not. Enzyme activities against guinea pig hair were compared in twenty-one diverse clinical isolates of T. rubrum cultured in keratin-salts broth. Activity also occurred towards casein, bovine serum albumin, keratin, collagen and elastin after keratin-growth. Studies concerning the properties of enzyme activities in culture filtrates of T. rubrum after keratin-growth suggested that multiple proteases occurred here. Hydrolysis of guinea pig hair and elastin were optimal at pH7 while keratinase was most active at alkaline pH. Divalent cations stimulated protease(s). Ferric ion and mercuric ion stimulated keratinase but were inhibitory to guinea pig hair hydrolysis and elastase. Chelating agents inhibited elastase and the hydrolysis of guinea pig hair more severely than keratinase and all of those effects were reversed by excess calcium. A serine-protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF), curtailed keratinase but was less inhibitory to elastase and guinea pig hair hydrolysis. Soybean trypsin inhibitor arrested each protease.", "contents": "Control of exocellular proteases in dermatophytes and especially Trichophyton rubrum. The production of proteases was investigated during growth of dermatophytic fungi with special emphasis on Trichophyton rubrum. Exogenous glucose suppressed elastase production in all dermatophytes examined. The production of protease active guinea pig hair in keratin-salts broth by Microsporum gypseum. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum was also suppressed by glucose. Various carbohydrates added to keratin-salts broth curtailed protease production by T. rubrum as did individual amino acids but ammonium phosphate did not. Enzyme activities against guinea pig hair were compared in twenty-one diverse clinical isolates of T. rubrum cultured in keratin-salts broth. Activity also occurred towards casein, bovine serum albumin, keratin, collagen and elastin after keratin-growth. Studies concerning the properties of enzyme activities in culture filtrates of T. rubrum after keratin-growth suggested that multiple proteases occurred here. Hydrolysis of guinea pig hair and elastin were optimal at pH7 while keratinase was most active at alkaline pH. Divalent cations stimulated protease(s). Ferric ion and mercuric ion stimulated keratinase but were inhibitory to guinea pig hair hydrolysis and elastase. Chelating agents inhibited elastase and the hydrolysis of guinea pig hair more severely than keratinase and all of those effects were reversed by excess calcium. A serine-protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF), curtailed keratinase but was less inhibitory to elastase and guinea pig hair hydrolysis. Soybean trypsin inhibitor arrested each protease.", "PMID": 94467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1163", "title": "Affinity of intramitochondrial granules for ruthenium red accompanying induced cell death in chick embryos.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that ruthenium red binding of intramitochondrial granules might reflect an altered or pathological state of membranes associated with degeneration, embryos were treated with 6-AN to induce cell death in cartilaginous skeletons of chick embryos. Cervical cartilage from normal, 6-AN-treated and nicotinamide-alleviated 6-AN embryos was examined ultrastructurally for presence of IM RR-positive granules. Mitochondria of normal cervical chondroblasts which undergo normal phenotypic expression acquire RR-positive granules, although few mature cells are observed in young embryos. Necrotic chondroblasts, chondroblasts in various stages of degeneration, and proliferating chondrogenic cells of 6-AN-treated embryos all demonstrated induced RR-positive IM granules. Foci of degenerating chondroblasts, with mitochondria demonstrating RR granules, were observed infrequently in teratogen-alleviated tissue. The cytological features induced by 6-AN confirm its lethal effect and the degenerative effect on membranes presumably \"unmasks\" mitochondrial Ca-affinity sites which then become RR-positive. Cytochemical observations correspond with the biochemical and structural changes induced by 6-AN and confirm the hypothesis that RR-positive sites are the result of pathological changes.", "contents": "Affinity of intramitochondrial granules for ruthenium red accompanying induced cell death in chick embryos. To test the hypothesis that ruthenium red binding of intramitochondrial granules might reflect an altered or pathological state of membranes associated with degeneration, embryos were treated with 6-AN to induce cell death in cartilaginous skeletons of chick embryos. Cervical cartilage from normal, 6-AN-treated and nicotinamide-alleviated 6-AN embryos was examined ultrastructurally for presence of IM RR-positive granules. Mitochondria of normal cervical chondroblasts which undergo normal phenotypic expression acquire RR-positive granules, although few mature cells are observed in young embryos. Necrotic chondroblasts, chondroblasts in various stages of degeneration, and proliferating chondrogenic cells of 6-AN-treated embryos all demonstrated induced RR-positive IM granules. Foci of degenerating chondroblasts, with mitochondria demonstrating RR granules, were observed infrequently in teratogen-alleviated tissue. The cytological features induced by 6-AN confirm its lethal effect and the degenerative effect on membranes presumably \"unmasks\" mitochondrial Ca-affinity sites which then become RR-positive. Cytochemical observations correspond with the biochemical and structural changes induced by 6-AN and confirm the hypothesis that RR-positive sites are the result of pathological changes.", "PMID": 94469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1164", "title": "beta-thromboglobulin in antecubital vein blood--the influence of age, sex and blood group.", "content": "Samples of blood for estimation of beta-thromboglobulin (B.T.G.) in normal subjects have been obtained both from blood donors at the end of their donation and from other volunteers by standard venepuncture. The former was a satisfactory method in males only. By standard venepuncture females have on average lower values than males and in the pre-menopausal age groups the difference is statistically significant. Mean values vary little up to 59 years after which they rise slowly but steadily. There is no significant difference in the mean B.T.G. values between the ABO blood groups.", "contents": "beta-thromboglobulin in antecubital vein blood--the influence of age, sex and blood group. Samples of blood for estimation of beta-thromboglobulin (B.T.G.) in normal subjects have been obtained both from blood donors at the end of their donation and from other volunteers by standard venepuncture. The former was a satisfactory method in males only. By standard venepuncture females have on average lower values than males and in the pre-menopausal age groups the difference is statistically significant. Mean values vary little up to 59 years after which they rise slowly but steadily. There is no significant difference in the mean B.T.G. values between the ABO blood groups.", "PMID": 94470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1165", "title": "Neovasculogenesis. Triggering factors and possible mechanisms.", "content": "The possible regulating mechanism(s) of neovascularization are discussed. Experimental data supporting the view that ocular neovascularization might be triggered by a fundamental metabolic mechanism are presented. Based on his own data and scattered evidence from the literature, the author suggests a model for a possible regulating mechanism of the neovascular process in which the prostaglandins fulfill the role of neovascular mediating substances. Preliminary results demonstrating that indomethacin limits the extent of the neovascular process support this concept and may have a therapeutic implication. Further studies are in progress in order to better understand the pivotal role fulfilled by the prostaglandins in neovasculogenesis.", "contents": "Neovasculogenesis. Triggering factors and possible mechanisms. The possible regulating mechanism(s) of neovascularization are discussed. Experimental data supporting the view that ocular neovascularization might be triggered by a fundamental metabolic mechanism are presented. Based on his own data and scattered evidence from the literature, the author suggests a model for a possible regulating mechanism of the neovascular process in which the prostaglandins fulfill the role of neovascular mediating substances. Preliminary results demonstrating that indomethacin limits the extent of the neovascular process support this concept and may have a therapeutic implication. Further studies are in progress in order to better understand the pivotal role fulfilled by the prostaglandins in neovasculogenesis.", "PMID": 94468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1166", "title": "[Immunofluorescent diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica trophocoites in preserved stool specimens of patients (author's transl)].", "content": "A fixative and examination technique is described for identification of Entamoeba histolytica trophocoites in faeces with the aid of the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Magnaforms in bloody-dysenteric specimens and Minutaforms in spontaneous or saline purged specimens give equally good fluorescence. The specifity of the rabbit antiserum against axenically grown E. hist. is good: There is strong positive reaction only with trophocoites of E. hist. Weak crossreactions are encountered with trophocoites of E. coli, E. hartmanni and E. polecki. Negative reactions are encountered with trophocoites of Endolimax nana, Jodamoeba b\u0101utschlii, and Dientamoeba fragilis. Amebic cysts, flagellates, leucocytes, epithelial cells and Blastocytis give negative reactions, too.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescent diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica trophocoites in preserved stool specimens of patients (author's transl)]. A fixative and examination technique is described for identification of Entamoeba histolytica trophocoites in faeces with the aid of the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Magnaforms in bloody-dysenteric specimens and Minutaforms in spontaneous or saline purged specimens give equally good fluorescence. The specifity of the rabbit antiserum against axenically grown E. hist. is good: There is strong positive reaction only with trophocoites of E. hist. Weak crossreactions are encountered with trophocoites of E. coli, E. hartmanni and E. polecki. Negative reactions are encountered with trophocoites of Endolimax nana, Jodamoeba b\u0101utschlii, and Dientamoeba fragilis. Amebic cysts, flagellates, leucocytes, epithelial cells and Blastocytis give negative reactions, too.", "PMID": 94475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1167", "title": "Primary and secondary resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis in Eastern Botswana.", "content": "Of 51 patients in Eastern Botswana who denied previous anti-tuberculosis treatment, 6 (11.8 %) were excreting tubercle bacilli resistant to one of the first-line drugs in regular use: 4 patients (7.8 %) showed resistance to isoniazid, 2 (3.9 %) to thiacetazone and none to streptomycin. Of 44 patients known to have been on previous anti-tuberculosis treatment, 31 (70.5 %) were found to show resistance to one or more of the first line drugs: 31 (70.5 %) to isoniazid, 12 (27.2 %) to streptomycin and 11 (25.9 %) to thiacetazone. No appreciable resistance was found to second line drugs. These resistance patterns, which correspond quite well with other published results from Africa, are related to the overall problem in Botswana, namely the failure of a high proportion of patients, to complete a full course of first line treatment.", "contents": "Primary and secondary resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis in Eastern Botswana. Of 51 patients in Eastern Botswana who denied previous anti-tuberculosis treatment, 6 (11.8 %) were excreting tubercle bacilli resistant to one of the first-line drugs in regular use: 4 patients (7.8 %) showed resistance to isoniazid, 2 (3.9 %) to thiacetazone and none to streptomycin. Of 44 patients known to have been on previous anti-tuberculosis treatment, 31 (70.5 %) were found to show resistance to one or more of the first line drugs: 31 (70.5 %) to isoniazid, 12 (27.2 %) to streptomycin and 11 (25.9 %) to thiacetazone. No appreciable resistance was found to second line drugs. These resistance patterns, which correspond quite well with other published results from Africa, are related to the overall problem in Botswana, namely the failure of a high proportion of patients, to complete a full course of first line treatment.", "PMID": 94476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1168", "title": "Hepatocellular carcinoma with intracytoplasmic hyaline globules.", "content": "A case of hepatocellular carcinoma with intracytoplasmic hyaline globules is reported. By serological, histochemical, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies the authors maintain that in this case intracytoplasmic hyaline globules represent lysosomal structures. According to Von Ardenne's theory, these lysosomal globules appear related to neoplastic cells necrosis.", "contents": "Hepatocellular carcinoma with intracytoplasmic hyaline globules. A case of hepatocellular carcinoma with intracytoplasmic hyaline globules is reported. By serological, histochemical, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies the authors maintain that in this case intracytoplasmic hyaline globules represent lysosomal structures. According to Von Ardenne's theory, these lysosomal globules appear related to neoplastic cells necrosis.", "PMID": 94477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1169", "title": "[Complement fixation reaction studies in rhinopneumonitis of horses].", "content": "It was established that the complement binding reaction (CBR) is a suitable and very fast method for horse rhino-pneumonitis diagnostics. Cell cultural virus produced in cell cultures of pig kidneys was used as antigen. The antigen lots tested have no anticomplementary properties. Highest complement binding activity was evident in the non-diluted antigen, which discovered specific antibodies in immune serums. The CBR specificity was tested by the aid of homologous and heterologous serums and antigens. The titers of complement binding antibodies in the serums of 255 horses recovered from the disease varied from 1:10 to 1:320, and in some cases even to 1:640. The blood samples investigated were from studs having rhinopneumonitis proven by clinical observations, by virus neutralizing reaction and by virus isolation. In almost all animals under study neutralizing and complement binding antibodies were established simultaneously.", "contents": "[Complement fixation reaction studies in rhinopneumonitis of horses]. It was established that the complement binding reaction (CBR) is a suitable and very fast method for horse rhino-pneumonitis diagnostics. Cell cultural virus produced in cell cultures of pig kidneys was used as antigen. The antigen lots tested have no anticomplementary properties. Highest complement binding activity was evident in the non-diluted antigen, which discovered specific antibodies in immune serums. The CBR specificity was tested by the aid of homologous and heterologous serums and antigens. The titers of complement binding antibodies in the serums of 255 horses recovered from the disease varied from 1:10 to 1:320, and in some cases even to 1:640. The blood samples investigated were from studs having rhinopneumonitis proven by clinical observations, by virus neutralizing reaction and by virus isolation. In almost all animals under study neutralizing and complement binding antibodies were established simultaneously.", "PMID": 94480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1170", "title": "Immunoglobulin epitopes in primates.", "content": "Non-human primate sera were investigated for the presence of various human immunoglobulin epitopes including allotypes of kappa-, gamma 1-, gamma 2-, gamma 3- and alpha 2-chains, isotypes of kappa-, gamma 1-, gamma 2-, gamma 3-, gamma 4-, alpha 1-, alpha 2- and mu-chains and iso-allotypes. The non-human primate sera comprised representatives of several species of apes, Old World Monkeys, New World monkeys and prosimians. It is concluded that non-human primate immunoglobulins have many structural similarities with those of human IgM, IgA and IgG. The extent of these similarities parallels the taxonomic classification.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin epitopes in primates. Non-human primate sera were investigated for the presence of various human immunoglobulin epitopes including allotypes of kappa-, gamma 1-, gamma 2-, gamma 3- and alpha 2-chains, isotypes of kappa-, gamma 1-, gamma 2-, gamma 3-, gamma 4-, alpha 1-, alpha 2- and mu-chains and iso-allotypes. The non-human primate sera comprised representatives of several species of apes, Old World Monkeys, New World monkeys and prosimians. It is concluded that non-human primate immunoglobulins have many structural similarities with those of human IgM, IgA and IgG. The extent of these similarities parallels the taxonomic classification.", "PMID": 94481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1171", "title": "[Immunological identity of neurospecific (SCP and P-2) proteins and SCP protein distribution in the nervous system].", "content": "Capacity of basic protein (SCP) to prevent the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was studied in guinea pigs. This protein is shown to possess no antiencephalitogenic effect. Distribution of this protein in various areas of the central and peripheral nervous system was investigated using immune serum to the protein. The protein under study is shown to localize mainly in the peripheral nervous system: spinal roots, sciatic nerve, brachial plexus nerves, vagus and optic nerves, and in the central nervous system areas rich in nerve fibres: spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons varolii, corpus callosum, white substance of cerebral cortex. The protein content in corpus callosum and white substance of cerebral cortex is extremely insignificant. Using the Ouchterlony reaction of double immunodiffusion the protein under study was found in the myelin membrane of the peripheral nervous system and its immunological identity to the myelin basic protein (P-2) is shown.", "contents": "[Immunological identity of neurospecific (SCP and P-2) proteins and SCP protein distribution in the nervous system]. Capacity of basic protein (SCP) to prevent the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was studied in guinea pigs. This protein is shown to possess no antiencephalitogenic effect. Distribution of this protein in various areas of the central and peripheral nervous system was investigated using immune serum to the protein. The protein under study is shown to localize mainly in the peripheral nervous system: spinal roots, sciatic nerve, brachial plexus nerves, vagus and optic nerves, and in the central nervous system areas rich in nerve fibres: spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons varolii, corpus callosum, white substance of cerebral cortex. The protein content in corpus callosum and white substance of cerebral cortex is extremely insignificant. Using the Ouchterlony reaction of double immunodiffusion the protein under study was found in the myelin membrane of the peripheral nervous system and its immunological identity to the myelin basic protein (P-2) is shown.", "PMID": 94478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1172", "title": "[Amniocentesis for antenatal diagnosis. A report on an initial series of 180 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The results are presented of amniocentesis for diagnostic genetic purposes in 180 patients. A diagnosis was obtainable in 170 cases (94%). Genetic abnormalities were detected in 11 cases; one patient miscarried 3 days after amniocentesis. Antenatal diagnosis of certain genetic disorders can be considered a routine method nowadays and should be offered to any woman at risk. It therefore seems necessary to supply the practitioners with the relevant information on this topic.", "contents": "[Amniocentesis for antenatal diagnosis. A report on an initial series of 180 cases (author's transl)]. The results are presented of amniocentesis for diagnostic genetic purposes in 180 patients. A diagnosis was obtainable in 170 cases (94%). Genetic abnormalities were detected in 11 cases; one patient miscarried 3 days after amniocentesis. Antenatal diagnosis of certain genetic disorders can be considered a routine method nowadays and should be offered to any woman at risk. It therefore seems necessary to supply the practitioners with the relevant information on this topic.", "PMID": 94482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1173", "title": "[Effect of temperature on RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli CRT 266 (dna Bts) following infection with bacteriophage T3].", "content": "Infection of the temperature-sensitive E. coli CRT 266 (dnaBts) with T3-phages at the temperature of 30 degrees C and 35 degrees C, respectively, induced T3-specific RNA synthesis with a maximum rate at 7 min (30 degrees C) and 4.5 min (35 degrees C) after infection. At temperatures above 40 degrees C no T3-induced RNA synthesis could be observed. Infection of E. coli CR 34--45 (dnaB+) with T3 phages at 30 degrees C, 35 degrees C and at temperatures above 40 degrees C, however, produced T3-specific RNA synthesis. The maximum of T3-induced RNA synthesis could be observed between 7 min and 3 min depending on the temperature during infection. The inability to form T3-specific RNA after infection of E. coli CRT 266 at nonpermissive temperatures may be a cause for the absence of the formation of T3 phages and lysis of the host cells.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature on RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli CRT 266 (dna Bts) following infection with bacteriophage T3]. Infection of the temperature-sensitive E. coli CRT 266 (dnaBts) with T3-phages at the temperature of 30 degrees C and 35 degrees C, respectively, induced T3-specific RNA synthesis with a maximum rate at 7 min (30 degrees C) and 4.5 min (35 degrees C) after infection. At temperatures above 40 degrees C no T3-induced RNA synthesis could be observed. Infection of E. coli CR 34--45 (dnaB+) with T3 phages at 30 degrees C, 35 degrees C and at temperatures above 40 degrees C, however, produced T3-specific RNA synthesis. The maximum of T3-induced RNA synthesis could be observed between 7 min and 3 min depending on the temperature during infection. The inability to form T3-specific RNA after infection of E. coli CRT 266 at nonpermissive temperatures may be a cause for the absence of the formation of T3 phages and lysis of the host cells.", "PMID": 94483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1174", "title": "Dependence of macromolecular composition and morphology of Streptomyces hygroscopicus on specific growth rate.", "content": "The dependence of macromolecular composition and morphology of Streptomyces hygroscopicus on specific growth rate micron was investigated. The percentage of DNA on dry weight (%DNA) is constant, % protein is also nearly independent of micron whereas %RNA rises considerably with increasing micron, regarding mycelia grown in glucose-limited and ammonium-limited continuous cultures as well as in discontinuous cultures with various carbon sources. It is probable that the overall synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein is regulated in the mycelium-forming bacterium S. hygroscopicus by the same mechanisms found in unicellular bacteria like Escherichia coli because of the qualitatively similar dependence of %DNA, %RNA and %protein on micron. But differences exist in quantitative regard whereby %DNA, %RNA and %protein of S. hygroscopicus are much smaller at low micron and, with increasing micron, approach those of unicellular bacteria. The hypothesis about the increase of the hyphal regions showing high synthesis activity in S. hygroscopicus mycelia grown in glucose-limited continuous cultures with increasing micron -- derived from comparison of macromolecular composition of S. hygroscopicus and unicellular bacteria -- was confirmed autoradiographically with respect to protein synthesis. The increase of the part of mycelial regions showing high cytoplasmic activity results in an increase of mean hyphal diameter, of mean relative apical growth rate alpha and/or mean relative branching rate beta. Beta depends sigmoidally and alpha inverses sigmoidally on micron. Therefore, the morphology of the mycelium determined by alpha and beta also depends on micron. The hyphal growth unit L/N, the distance from apex to first branch Lp and the mean distance between neighbouring branches Ln decline with increasing micron and reach a minimum at micron = 0.32 (1/h). A further rise of micron is accompanied with an increase of L/N, Lp and Ln. This means that mycelia growing slowly or very quickly have a loose form whereas quickly growing mycelia are characterized by a more compact form. The complicated dependence of alpha, beta, L/N, Lp and Ln on micron indicates that the morphology is regulated by different mechanisms depending on the specific growth rate.", "contents": "Dependence of macromolecular composition and morphology of Streptomyces hygroscopicus on specific growth rate. The dependence of macromolecular composition and morphology of Streptomyces hygroscopicus on specific growth rate micron was investigated. The percentage of DNA on dry weight (%DNA) is constant, % protein is also nearly independent of micron whereas %RNA rises considerably with increasing micron, regarding mycelia grown in glucose-limited and ammonium-limited continuous cultures as well as in discontinuous cultures with various carbon sources. It is probable that the overall synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein is regulated in the mycelium-forming bacterium S. hygroscopicus by the same mechanisms found in unicellular bacteria like Escherichia coli because of the qualitatively similar dependence of %DNA, %RNA and %protein on micron. But differences exist in quantitative regard whereby %DNA, %RNA and %protein of S. hygroscopicus are much smaller at low micron and, with increasing micron, approach those of unicellular bacteria. The hypothesis about the increase of the hyphal regions showing high synthesis activity in S. hygroscopicus mycelia grown in glucose-limited continuous cultures with increasing micron -- derived from comparison of macromolecular composition of S. hygroscopicus and unicellular bacteria -- was confirmed autoradiographically with respect to protein synthesis. The increase of the part of mycelial regions showing high cytoplasmic activity results in an increase of mean hyphal diameter, of mean relative apical growth rate alpha and/or mean relative branching rate beta. Beta depends sigmoidally and alpha inverses sigmoidally on micron. Therefore, the morphology of the mycelium determined by alpha and beta also depends on micron. The hyphal growth unit L/N, the distance from apex to first branch Lp and the mean distance between neighbouring branches Ln decline with increasing micron and reach a minimum at micron = 0.32 (1/h). A further rise of micron is accompanied with an increase of L/N, Lp and Ln. This means that mycelia growing slowly or very quickly have a loose form whereas quickly growing mycelia are characterized by a more compact form. The complicated dependence of alpha, beta, L/N, Lp and Ln on micron indicates that the morphology is regulated by different mechanisms depending on the specific growth rate.", "PMID": 94484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1175", "title": "[Programmed stimulation for the analysis of arrhythmias].", "content": "On the basis of the examination of a left bundle-branch heart block depending on frequency, of a paroxysmal tachycardia in functional conduction dissociation in the atrioventricular node and a WPW-syndrome of type A is shown that and how by means of programmed stimulation of the right atrium in order to establish the times of conduction and the refractory periods of all conduction sections of the conduction system of the heart also under influence of medicaments the diagnostic repertoire is enriched for the analysis of disturbances of the rhythm without comprehensively or finally estimating the clinical valency of the method.", "contents": "[Programmed stimulation for the analysis of arrhythmias]. On the basis of the examination of a left bundle-branch heart block depending on frequency, of a paroxysmal tachycardia in functional conduction dissociation in the atrioventricular node and a WPW-syndrome of type A is shown that and how by means of programmed stimulation of the right atrium in order to establish the times of conduction and the refractory periods of all conduction sections of the conduction system of the heart also under influence of medicaments the diagnostic repertoire is enriched for the analysis of disturbances of the rhythm without comprehensively or finally estimating the clinical valency of the method.", "PMID": 94485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1176", "title": "[Quantitative measurement of arterial flow by means of directional Doppler technic in hemodynamic animal experiments].", "content": "The usability of the continuous ultrasonic Doppler-method for the measurement of the blood flow in the haemodynamic animal experiment was tested. For this purpose measurements at the ascending aorta and the commune carotid artery were performed on different current conditions and compared with the electromagnetically registered blood flow. The causes for the non-conformity are discussed.", "contents": "[Quantitative measurement of arterial flow by means of directional Doppler technic in hemodynamic animal experiments]. The usability of the continuous ultrasonic Doppler-method for the measurement of the blood flow in the haemodynamic animal experiment was tested. For this purpose measurements at the ascending aorta and the commune carotid artery were performed on different current conditions and compared with the electromagnetically registered blood flow. The causes for the non-conformity are discussed.", "PMID": 94486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1177", "title": "[Serum proteins and specific antibodies in a German and an alien population (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins A, M and G, of alpha 2-macroglobulin, complement component C 3 and of specific antibodies against streptolysin O, staphylolysin, influenza/parainfluenzavirus and measles virus were measured from 323 German and 167 alien pregnant women. Except from a statistically significant increase of IgG and alpha 2-macroglobulin in the alien group, no measurable differences could be seen. It is concluded that the evaluation of all measured parameters can be equal for both populations.", "contents": "[Serum proteins and specific antibodies in a German and an alien population (author's transl)]. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins A, M and G, of alpha 2-macroglobulin, complement component C 3 and of specific antibodies against streptolysin O, staphylolysin, influenza/parainfluenzavirus and measles virus were measured from 323 German and 167 alien pregnant women. Except from a statistically significant increase of IgG and alpha 2-macroglobulin in the alien group, no measurable differences could be seen. It is concluded that the evaluation of all measured parameters can be equal for both populations.", "PMID": 94487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1178", "title": "[Comparative examinations of high-molecular maternal serum protein bodies during pregnancy--a contribution to biochemical pregnancy control (author's transl)].", "content": "The maternal Serum concentrations of beta 1 SP 1, IgM and alpha 2-macroglobulin were determined in relation to the gestation age, using the simple radial immunodiffusion method in 102 non-pathologic pregnancies and 35 pregnancies involving risk factors. To assess the clinical relevance of these determinations, we examined to what extent the changes in concentration of beta 1 SP 1 IgM and alpha 2-macroglobulin would permit a prognostically useful conclusion on the placenta function and foetal condition. All patients with lowered beta 1 SP 1-serum concentrations were examined for their antepartua CTG-evaluation, as well as the type of termination of parturition. The normal distribution for beta 1 SP 1 showed a continuous rise in serum concentration up to the 37th pregnancy week. During the last 3 weeks, beta 1 SP 1 remained almost constant. For the cases with EPH-gestosis and placenta insufficiency, a beta 1 SP 1-concentration below the normal distribution level was found in the large majority of all cases. In diabetes mellitus during gravidity, twin gravidity and MHN, the determination of beta 1 SP 1 is not of any decisive prognostic significance. The maternal serum levels of IgM showed no significant differences when comparing normal pregnancy and risk pregnancy. The serum concentration of alpha 2-macroglobulin increased in both groups of patients with increasing gestation age. Of the three examined protein bodies, we consider beta 1 SP 1 to be a good, additional parameter for the assessment of the trophoblast function.", "contents": "[Comparative examinations of high-molecular maternal serum protein bodies during pregnancy--a contribution to biochemical pregnancy control (author's transl)]. The maternal Serum concentrations of beta 1 SP 1, IgM and alpha 2-macroglobulin were determined in relation to the gestation age, using the simple radial immunodiffusion method in 102 non-pathologic pregnancies and 35 pregnancies involving risk factors. To assess the clinical relevance of these determinations, we examined to what extent the changes in concentration of beta 1 SP 1 IgM and alpha 2-macroglobulin would permit a prognostically useful conclusion on the placenta function and foetal condition. All patients with lowered beta 1 SP 1-serum concentrations were examined for their antepartua CTG-evaluation, as well as the type of termination of parturition. The normal distribution for beta 1 SP 1 showed a continuous rise in serum concentration up to the 37th pregnancy week. During the last 3 weeks, beta 1 SP 1 remained almost constant. For the cases with EPH-gestosis and placenta insufficiency, a beta 1 SP 1-concentration below the normal distribution level was found in the large majority of all cases. In diabetes mellitus during gravidity, twin gravidity and MHN, the determination of beta 1 SP 1 is not of any decisive prognostic significance. The maternal serum levels of IgM showed no significant differences when comparing normal pregnancy and risk pregnancy. The serum concentration of alpha 2-macroglobulin increased in both groups of patients with increasing gestation age. Of the three examined protein bodies, we consider beta 1 SP 1 to be a good, additional parameter for the assessment of the trophoblast function.", "PMID": 94488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1179", "title": "Serological evidence of human leptospirosis in northern Greece.", "content": "a) 1069 human blood samples were tested for the presence of C. F. antibodies to leptospirae. 98 of these sera were from patients suffering from Weil's syndrome. 13 out of 98 patients were found to be suffering from leptospirosis; one of these died. 460 sera were from patients with febrile (acute) illness of unknown origin and 511 sera from patients with respiratory disease (especially \"influenza like disease\"). None of these patients was found to be suffering from leptospirosis. b) 191 human sera from healthy people at risk to leptospiral infection were examined by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). A high percentage (14.1%) was found to have antibodies against one or two leptospiral serogroups. The results obtained suggest that the incidence of leptospiral infections in humans in Northern Greece is higher than previously reported and the predominant serogroups were found to be Icterohaemorrhagiae followed by Autumnalis and Canicola.", "contents": "Serological evidence of human leptospirosis in northern Greece. a) 1069 human blood samples were tested for the presence of C. F. antibodies to leptospirae. 98 of these sera were from patients suffering from Weil's syndrome. 13 out of 98 patients were found to be suffering from leptospirosis; one of these died. 460 sera were from patients with febrile (acute) illness of unknown origin and 511 sera from patients with respiratory disease (especially \"influenza like disease\"). None of these patients was found to be suffering from leptospirosis. b) 191 human sera from healthy people at risk to leptospiral infection were examined by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). A high percentage (14.1%) was found to have antibodies against one or two leptospiral serogroups. The results obtained suggest that the incidence of leptospiral infections in humans in Northern Greece is higher than previously reported and the predominant serogroups were found to be Icterohaemorrhagiae followed by Autumnalis and Canicola.", "PMID": 94493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1180", "title": "[Investigations into the biological disintegration of organic natural substances by aquatic hyphomycetes (author's transl)].", "content": "The ability of 5 aquatic Hyphomycetes to produce Amylase, Pectinase and Cellulase was investigated. All the tested strains were weak producers of Amylase and good producers of Pectinase, whereas degradation of Cellulose was only found with two strains.", "contents": "[Investigations into the biological disintegration of organic natural substances by aquatic hyphomycetes (author's transl)]. The ability of 5 aquatic Hyphomycetes to produce Amylase, Pectinase and Cellulase was investigated. All the tested strains were weak producers of Amylase and good producers of Pectinase, whereas degradation of Cellulose was only found with two strains.", "PMID": 94494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1181", "title": "Effect of 3-methylcholanthrene on the biliary excretion of bromsulphthalein and eosine in newborn rats.", "content": "The biliary excretion rates of bromsulphthalein (BSP), bromsulphthalein-glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH) and eosine have been studied in 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-pretreated (100 mg/kg i.p.) and control rats aged 10 days. Liver weight was invariably increased after 3-MC treatment, associated with enhanced biliary excretion of total BSP. The increase in the biliary excretion of total BSP was due solely to the increased excretion of BSP-GSH. Following 3-MC pretreatment, BSP-GSH and eosine appeared in the bile in the same amount as in the control rats after i.v. administration of BSP-GSH and eosine. Pretreatment with 3-MC increased the ratio of BSP-GSH to BSP in the liver and bile. Our results suggest that the increased biliary excretion of total BSP following 3-MC treatment was due to an enhanced conjugation of BSP with GSH.", "contents": "Effect of 3-methylcholanthrene on the biliary excretion of bromsulphthalein and eosine in newborn rats. The biliary excretion rates of bromsulphthalein (BSP), bromsulphthalein-glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH) and eosine have been studied in 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-pretreated (100 mg/kg i.p.) and control rats aged 10 days. Liver weight was invariably increased after 3-MC treatment, associated with enhanced biliary excretion of total BSP. The increase in the biliary excretion of total BSP was due solely to the increased excretion of BSP-GSH. Following 3-MC pretreatment, BSP-GSH and eosine appeared in the bile in the same amount as in the control rats after i.v. administration of BSP-GSH and eosine. Pretreatment with 3-MC increased the ratio of BSP-GSH to BSP in the liver and bile. Our results suggest that the increased biliary excretion of total BSP following 3-MC treatment was due to an enhanced conjugation of BSP with GSH.", "PMID": 94498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1182", "title": "Relationship between serum IgE levels and anaphylactic histamine release from isolated rat mast cells.", "content": "Inbred Hooded Lister rats were immunized with egg albumin with B. pertussis vaccine used as an adjuvant. The serum levels of total IgE and IgE antibody (egg albumin specific) were determined by radioimmunoassay techniques before and after immunization. The basic level of total IgE in serum was 560 +/- 110 ng/ml. After immunization a maximal peak at day 11 of 1940 +/- 160 ng/ml was registered. Anti-egg albumin IgE antibody showed a maximum around day 13 of 75 +/- 11 units/ml. Pleural mast cells were isolated on Ficoll between day 14 and 20 after immunization. A significant negative correlation between the basic total IgE level and histamine release by antigen (egg albumin) was found and also a significant positive correlation of specific IgE antibody (determined at day 11) and histamine release. The correlation between IgE level and histamine release was slightly improved if instead the ratio of specific IgE antibody over total IgE was used.", "contents": "Relationship between serum IgE levels and anaphylactic histamine release from isolated rat mast cells. Inbred Hooded Lister rats were immunized with egg albumin with B. pertussis vaccine used as an adjuvant. The serum levels of total IgE and IgE antibody (egg albumin specific) were determined by radioimmunoassay techniques before and after immunization. The basic level of total IgE in serum was 560 +/- 110 ng/ml. After immunization a maximal peak at day 11 of 1940 +/- 160 ng/ml was registered. Anti-egg albumin IgE antibody showed a maximum around day 13 of 75 +/- 11 units/ml. Pleural mast cells were isolated on Ficoll between day 14 and 20 after immunization. A significant negative correlation between the basic total IgE level and histamine release by antigen (egg albumin) was found and also a significant positive correlation of specific IgE antibody (determined at day 11) and histamine release. The correlation between IgE level and histamine release was slightly improved if instead the ratio of specific IgE antibody over total IgE was used.", "PMID": 94500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1183", "title": "Effect of irradiation and chemotherapeutic agents on the capillaries of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma of mice.", "content": "The effect of irradiation and chemotherapeutic agents on the capillaries of experimental solid tumours was analysed by the resin cast method. The most evident change of the 5 vascular layers was rarefaction of the newly produced extruding capillaries on the surface of the tumour mass, which was related to the tumour growth.", "contents": "Effect of irradiation and chemotherapeutic agents on the capillaries of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma of mice. The effect of irradiation and chemotherapeutic agents on the capillaries of experimental solid tumours was analysed by the resin cast method. The most evident change of the 5 vascular layers was rarefaction of the newly produced extruding capillaries on the surface of the tumour mass, which was related to the tumour growth.", "PMID": 94502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1184", "title": "Induction of interferon and radioprotective activity of polyriboguanylic-polyribocytidylic acid complex in mice.", "content": "The effect of polyriboguanylic-polyribocytidylic acid complex was investigated against acute X- and prolonged 60Co-gamma irradiation. Prophylactic administration of the polyribonucleotide complex increased endogenous spleen colony formation and the percentage of survival of irradiated BALB/c mice. The most pronounced effect was observed when the animals had been irradiated at the time of maximum interferon accumulation in blood, i.e. 24 hr after interferon induction by the polyribonucleotide complex.", "contents": "Induction of interferon and radioprotective activity of polyriboguanylic-polyribocytidylic acid complex in mice. The effect of polyriboguanylic-polyribocytidylic acid complex was investigated against acute X- and prolonged 60Co-gamma irradiation. Prophylactic administration of the polyribonucleotide complex increased endogenous spleen colony formation and the percentage of survival of irradiated BALB/c mice. The most pronounced effect was observed when the animals had been irradiated at the time of maximum interferon accumulation in blood, i.e. 24 hr after interferon induction by the polyribonucleotide complex.", "PMID": 94503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1185", "title": "Fanconi's anemia: the preanemic phase.", "content": "Anticipation of Franconi's anemia prior to the development of overt marrow aplasia may prevent some morbidity and mortality from infectious and hemorrhagic complications. A presumptive diagnosis was made in a firstborn child and radial anomalies, small size, elevated fetal hemoglobin, intermittent excessive chromosome breakage and elevated T-antigen expression in fibroblasts infected with Simian virus 40. Serial studies may help identify infants and young children at risk to develop this type of constitutional marrow hypoplasia.", "contents": "Fanconi's anemia: the preanemic phase. Anticipation of Franconi's anemia prior to the development of overt marrow aplasia may prevent some morbidity and mortality from infectious and hemorrhagic complications. A presumptive diagnosis was made in a firstborn child and radial anomalies, small size, elevated fetal hemoglobin, intermittent excessive chromosome breakage and elevated T-antigen expression in fibroblasts infected with Simian virus 40. Serial studies may help identify infants and young children at risk to develop this type of constitutional marrow hypoplasia.", "PMID": 94509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1186", "title": "Eosinophilic globules in Spitz's nevi. New findings and a diagnostic sign.", "content": "Dull pink globules were found within the epidermis in 65% of junctional, 75% of compound, and 25% of intradermal types of Spitz's nevi (the nevi of large spindle and/or epithelioid cells). These globules were PAS-positive, diastase-resistant and also were positive with the trichrome stain. Similar-appearing eosinophilic globules were noted in the epidermis in only 2% of malignant melanomas and in but 0.9% of ordinary melanocytic nevi. The globules in malignant melanomas and in ordinary melanocytic nevi were negative with PAS and trichrome stains. Therefore, the finding of PAS- and trichrome-positive eosinophilic globules within the epidermis is a helpful sign for histologic differentiation of Spitz's nevus from malignant melanoma.", "contents": "Eosinophilic globules in Spitz's nevi. New findings and a diagnostic sign. Dull pink globules were found within the epidermis in 65% of junctional, 75% of compound, and 25% of intradermal types of Spitz's nevi (the nevi of large spindle and/or epithelioid cells). These globules were PAS-positive, diastase-resistant and also were positive with the trichrome stain. Similar-appearing eosinophilic globules were noted in the epidermis in only 2% of malignant melanomas and in but 0.9% of ordinary melanocytic nevi. The globules in malignant melanomas and in ordinary melanocytic nevi were negative with PAS and trichrome stains. Therefore, the finding of PAS- and trichrome-positive eosinophilic globules within the epidermis is a helpful sign for histologic differentiation of Spitz's nevus from malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 94511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1187", "title": "Fluorescence-activated separation of cervical abnormal cells using herpesvirus antigenic markers.", "content": "Antisera to total HSV-2 (G) viral antigens (Ra-2) and to increasingly purified viral antigenic fractions (\"crude\" and \"pure\" AG-e) specifically stain HSV-2-(G)- or HSV-1-(F)-infected HEp-2 cells in indirect immunofluorescence. Anti-\"crude\" AG-e sera induced by HSV-1 (F) or HSV-2 (G) produce a single precipitin band of identity when reacted in gel immunodiffusion against soluble antigenic mixtures from HSV-2-infected cells (HSV-2 (G) SAM). These reactivities are lost following adsorption of the sera with HSV-1 or HSV-2-infected cells or with pelleted or dextran gradient purified virions. Ra-2 and anti-\"crude\" or \"pure\" AG-e sera stain exfoliated cervical cells from patients with herpetic cervicitis as well as atypical cells from patients with atypia, carcinoma in situ or invasive cancer. Normal squamous cells do not stain. HSV-2 viral antigens recognized by the Ra-2 and anti-AG-e sera appear to constitute specific and sensitive markers for the separation of atypical cells in a fluorescence-activated cell sorter.", "contents": "Fluorescence-activated separation of cervical abnormal cells using herpesvirus antigenic markers. Antisera to total HSV-2 (G) viral antigens (Ra-2) and to increasingly purified viral antigenic fractions (\"crude\" and \"pure\" AG-e) specifically stain HSV-2-(G)- or HSV-1-(F)-infected HEp-2 cells in indirect immunofluorescence. Anti-\"crude\" AG-e sera induced by HSV-1 (F) or HSV-2 (G) produce a single precipitin band of identity when reacted in gel immunodiffusion against soluble antigenic mixtures from HSV-2-infected cells (HSV-2 (G) SAM). These reactivities are lost following adsorption of the sera with HSV-1 or HSV-2-infected cells or with pelleted or dextran gradient purified virions. Ra-2 and anti-\"crude\" or \"pure\" AG-e sera stain exfoliated cervical cells from patients with herpetic cervicitis as well as atypical cells from patients with atypia, carcinoma in situ or invasive cancer. Normal squamous cells do not stain. HSV-2 viral antigens recognized by the Ra-2 and anti-AG-e sera appear to constitute specific and sensitive markers for the separation of atypical cells in a fluorescence-activated cell sorter.", "PMID": 94520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1188", "title": "Azure B-eosin staining of blood cells: the effects of variation in stain formulation and staining technique on stain performance.", "content": "A quantitative study of azure B-eosin-stained blood cells is reported. The effects of variation in stain formulation and staining technique on the binding of azure B and eosin by acidophilic, basophilic and neutrophilic substrates were measured by scanning microdensitometry. The variables considered were stain concentration (the azure B-eosin concentration ratio was constant), azure B concentration (at constant eosin concentration), eosin concentration (at constant azure B concentration), staining time, buffer pH, metal salt contamination, dye contamination, buffer concentration and fixation time. The last two were the only variables which failed to produce changes in dye uptake. Tentative explanations of the observed effects are advanced.", "contents": "Azure B-eosin staining of blood cells: the effects of variation in stain formulation and staining technique on stain performance. A quantitative study of azure B-eosin-stained blood cells is reported. The effects of variation in stain formulation and staining technique on the binding of azure B and eosin by acidophilic, basophilic and neutrophilic substrates were measured by scanning microdensitometry. The variables considered were stain concentration (the azure B-eosin concentration ratio was constant), azure B concentration (at constant eosin concentration), eosin concentration (at constant azure B concentration), staining time, buffer pH, metal salt contamination, dye contamination, buffer concentration and fixation time. The last two were the only variables which failed to produce changes in dye uptake. Tentative explanations of the observed effects are advanced.", "PMID": 94523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1189", "title": "Evaluation of Debrisan as a treatment for leg ulcers.", "content": "Dextranomer beads, a new treatment for leg ulcerations, has been widely promoted. Comparison with simple saline dressings in an animal model demonstrated no significant difference in its ability to decrease the quantitative bacterial count of granulation tissue. In a prospective randomized clinical study it appeared that, in moist exudative venous stasis ulcers, dextranomer beads may be an effective way of decreasing bacterial contamination. In drier ulcerations caused by this ischemia, this difference was not observed. Recognized principles of treatment such as elevation, debridement, physiological protection of granulation tissue, or vascular reconstruction are as important as a particular dressing regimen and must be utilized in the treatment of leg ulcerations.", "contents": "Evaluation of Debrisan as a treatment for leg ulcers. Dextranomer beads, a new treatment for leg ulcerations, has been widely promoted. Comparison with simple saline dressings in an animal model demonstrated no significant difference in its ability to decrease the quantitative bacterial count of granulation tissue. In a prospective randomized clinical study it appeared that, in moist exudative venous stasis ulcers, dextranomer beads may be an effective way of decreasing bacterial contamination. In drier ulcerations caused by this ischemia, this difference was not observed. Recognized principles of treatment such as elevation, debridement, physiological protection of granulation tissue, or vascular reconstruction are as important as a particular dressing regimen and must be utilized in the treatment of leg ulcerations.", "PMID": 94528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1190", "title": "Studies on Papanicolaou staining. I. Visible-light spectra of stained cervical cells.", "content": "This paper presents visible-light absorbance spectra of the nuclei and cytoplasms of ten types of cervical cells stained by the Papanicolaou technique, together with tables summarizing the data. It is concluded that for automated image processing of Papanicolaou smears the most suitable wavelengths are 531 nm to maximize the contrast of cell against background and a wavelength in the range 560 nm to 605 nm (with a mean at 575 nm) to maximize the contrast of the nucleus against the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Studies on Papanicolaou staining. I. Visible-light spectra of stained cervical cells. This paper presents visible-light absorbance spectra of the nuclei and cytoplasms of ten types of cervical cells stained by the Papanicolaou technique, together with tables summarizing the data. It is concluded that for automated image processing of Papanicolaou smears the most suitable wavelengths are 531 nm to maximize the contrast of cell against background and a wavelength in the range 560 nm to 605 nm (with a mean at 575 nm) to maximize the contrast of the nucleus against the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 94521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1191", "title": "Sample preparation variation and its effects on automated blood cell differential analysis.", "content": "Uniform and reproducible sample preparation is an indispensable ingredient in automated instruments for cell analysis. Differences in measured cell morphology resulting from nonuniform sample preparation are indistinguishable to the instrument from differences reflecting different cell types or functions. As a result, as sample preparation becomes more variable, subtle cell distinctions are first confused and then completely obscured. As part of the development of the Abbott ADC-500 differential analysis system, automatic blood film spinner and stainer modules were developed to provide uniform sample preparation. These modules were tested to quantitate the effects of variations in the spinning and staining conditions on the measured ADC-500 parameters and observed cell morphology. The previously reported increase in spin time with increasing hematocrits was confirmed for the ADC-500 spinner. Moderate variations in spin speed, acceleration, deceleration and spin chamber configuration were found to have little or not effect. Postspinning air flow over the slide had a dramatic effect on morphology distortion. Variations of the staining temperature, staining time or rinse volume were found to have very little effect on measured leukocyte parameters although staining temperature had a dramatic effect on observed erythrocyte morphology and staining. Stain:buffer ratio variations were found to alter measured leukocyte parameters, with the measured density increasing as the fraction of stain increased up to a 1:2 stain:buffer ratio. Because the operational limits for the spinning and staining parameters are much tighter than the range of variables investigated, it was concluded that the ADC-500 sample preparation modules do not introduce variations in the analyzer results.", "contents": "Sample preparation variation and its effects on automated blood cell differential analysis. Uniform and reproducible sample preparation is an indispensable ingredient in automated instruments for cell analysis. Differences in measured cell morphology resulting from nonuniform sample preparation are indistinguishable to the instrument from differences reflecting different cell types or functions. As a result, as sample preparation becomes more variable, subtle cell distinctions are first confused and then completely obscured. As part of the development of the Abbott ADC-500 differential analysis system, automatic blood film spinner and stainer modules were developed to provide uniform sample preparation. These modules were tested to quantitate the effects of variations in the spinning and staining conditions on the measured ADC-500 parameters and observed cell morphology. The previously reported increase in spin time with increasing hematocrits was confirmed for the ADC-500 spinner. Moderate variations in spin speed, acceleration, deceleration and spin chamber configuration were found to have little or not effect. Postspinning air flow over the slide had a dramatic effect on morphology distortion. Variations of the staining temperature, staining time or rinse volume were found to have very little effect on measured leukocyte parameters although staining temperature had a dramatic effect on observed erythrocyte morphology and staining. Stain:buffer ratio variations were found to alter measured leukocyte parameters, with the measured density increasing as the fraction of stain increased up to a 1:2 stain:buffer ratio. Because the operational limits for the spinning and staining parameters are much tighter than the range of variables investigated, it was concluded that the ADC-500 sample preparation modules do not introduce variations in the analyzer results.", "PMID": 94524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1192", "title": "Microfluorometric quantitation of size, deoxyribonucleic acid and viral antigenic determinants in cells productively infected with HSV-2.", "content": "The interaction of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) with the eukaryotic human cell line (HEp-2) was investigated by flow microfluorometric analysis. The three parameters that were quantitated include cell size, deoxyribonucleic acid content and the expression of virus-specific antigens. Productively infected cells are always smaller than uninfected ones, and they resolve into two populations with respect to viral antigenic content. Consistent with viral replication, one of these two populations, displaying a higher viral antigenic content, shows morphologic features characteristic of cell degeneration. On the other hand, the second population, with a relatively lower content of viral antigens, displays morphologic features consistent with increased cell growth. Indeed, microfluorometric measurements of the HSV-2-infected cells with respect to DNA content and expression of viral antigenic determinants resolves four cell populations. Of them, one displays the lowest level of viral antigens with the highest (equivalent to 8N) DNA content, features consistent with transformation. The results demonstrate the great potential of this technique for the detection, separation and quantitation of statistically significant cell populations not otherwise identified and for the analysis of virus-host cell interactions resulting in different pathologic outcomes.", "contents": "Microfluorometric quantitation of size, deoxyribonucleic acid and viral antigenic determinants in cells productively infected with HSV-2. The interaction of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) with the eukaryotic human cell line (HEp-2) was investigated by flow microfluorometric analysis. The three parameters that were quantitated include cell size, deoxyribonucleic acid content and the expression of virus-specific antigens. Productively infected cells are always smaller than uninfected ones, and they resolve into two populations with respect to viral antigenic content. Consistent with viral replication, one of these two populations, displaying a higher viral antigenic content, shows morphologic features characteristic of cell degeneration. On the other hand, the second population, with a relatively lower content of viral antigens, displays morphologic features consistent with increased cell growth. Indeed, microfluorometric measurements of the HSV-2-infected cells with respect to DNA content and expression of viral antigenic determinants resolves four cell populations. Of them, one displays the lowest level of viral antigens with the highest (equivalent to 8N) DNA content, features consistent with transformation. The results demonstrate the great potential of this technique for the detection, separation and quantitation of statistically significant cell populations not otherwise identified and for the analysis of virus-host cell interactions resulting in different pathologic outcomes.", "PMID": 94525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1193", "title": "Studies on Papanicolaou staining. II. Quantitation of dye components bound to cervical cells.", "content": "Dye binding to Papanicolaou-stained cervical cells was quantitated with a spectral subtraction technique. It was shown that of the dye components of Papanicolaou stains only aluminum hematein, orange G, light green SF and eosin Y are bound to cervical cells and that their chromophores do not interact. Bismarck brown Y was not bound to cervical cells, which confirms the subjective findings of previous authors, and so it should be omitted. No evidence of substrate-related variations in dye polymerization was found. The proportions of the four dyes were found to vary considerably from substrate to substrate. Spectra are presented of (1) solutions of the component dyes of the Papanicolaou stain, and (2) cervical cells stained with these individual component dyes, for comparison with the full Papanicolaou technique.", "contents": "Studies on Papanicolaou staining. II. Quantitation of dye components bound to cervical cells. Dye binding to Papanicolaou-stained cervical cells was quantitated with a spectral subtraction technique. It was shown that of the dye components of Papanicolaou stains only aluminum hematein, orange G, light green SF and eosin Y are bound to cervical cells and that their chromophores do not interact. Bismarck brown Y was not bound to cervical cells, which confirms the subjective findings of previous authors, and so it should be omitted. No evidence of substrate-related variations in dye polymerization was found. The proportions of the four dyes were found to vary considerably from substrate to substrate. Spectra are presented of (1) solutions of the component dyes of the Papanicolaou stain, and (2) cervical cells stained with these individual component dyes, for comparison with the full Papanicolaou technique.", "PMID": 94522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1194", "title": "Human tumor cell identification in short-term cultures by combined microdensitometry and autoradiography.", "content": "Several groups are using short-term cultures of human tumor specimens as models to study cancer. When cells from a biopsy are grown in this way, it is essential to confirm that the tumor cells and not the normal stromal cells have been cultured. This paper reports the use of combined microdensitometry and autoradiography to identify tumor cells in cultures prepared from different types of malignancy, especially abdominal tumors, melanomas and gliomas. Cells of known origin were analyzed to provide standards. Three main results were shown. (1) Provided that the tumor cells have DNA values which differ from normal by at least 10%, they can be identified when the cells are first put into culture, and their presence can be confirmed at later stages. (2) The proportion of normal and tumor cells can be estimated, and the presence of just 10% normal cells can be detected, so new culture methods designed to favor the growth of tumor cells can be evaluated. (3) Most types of tumor are suitable for analysis, but when biopsies contain a high proportion of stromal fibroblasts, there is a real danger that after about 20 days in culture the normal cells will overgrow the tumor cells. An attempt to distinguish tumor cells which have normal DNA values from normal cells on the basis of a different optimum hydrolysis time with hydrochloric acid was unsuccessful.", "contents": "Human tumor cell identification in short-term cultures by combined microdensitometry and autoradiography. Several groups are using short-term cultures of human tumor specimens as models to study cancer. When cells from a biopsy are grown in this way, it is essential to confirm that the tumor cells and not the normal stromal cells have been cultured. This paper reports the use of combined microdensitometry and autoradiography to identify tumor cells in cultures prepared from different types of malignancy, especially abdominal tumors, melanomas and gliomas. Cells of known origin were analyzed to provide standards. Three main results were shown. (1) Provided that the tumor cells have DNA values which differ from normal by at least 10%, they can be identified when the cells are first put into culture, and their presence can be confirmed at later stages. (2) The proportion of normal and tumor cells can be estimated, and the presence of just 10% normal cells can be detected, so new culture methods designed to favor the growth of tumor cells can be evaluated. (3) Most types of tumor are suitable for analysis, but when biopsies contain a high proportion of stromal fibroblasts, there is a real danger that after about 20 days in culture the normal cells will overgrow the tumor cells. An attempt to distinguish tumor cells which have normal DNA values from normal cells on the basis of a different optimum hydrolysis time with hydrochloric acid was unsuccessful.", "PMID": 94526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1195", "title": "Inhibition of rat pancreatic secretion by neurotensin: mechanism of action.", "content": "The effect of neurotensin on rat pancreatic secretion was studied in the conscious animal as well as on pancreatic lobules. In vivo neurotensin induced a dose-related inhibition of both water and protein basal secretion. Protein secretion was much more depressed than fluid secretion. Neurotensin did not modify the pancreatic response to exogenous secretin or cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, or to intraduodenal infusion of HCl. On the other hand neurotensin totally inhibited the increase in volume as well as in protein output to an intraduodenal infusion of oleic acid, but did not change the delayed inhibitory effect on protein output. In vitro, neurotensin did not affect basal and cholecystokinin stimulated pancreatic secretion. These results indicate that: 1) neurotensin could interfere with the release of hormones from the gut (cholecystokinin, and possibly VIP), 2) neurotensin did not mimic the delayed protein inhibitory effect observed after administration of oleic acid.", "contents": "Inhibition of rat pancreatic secretion by neurotensin: mechanism of action. The effect of neurotensin on rat pancreatic secretion was studied in the conscious animal as well as on pancreatic lobules. In vivo neurotensin induced a dose-related inhibition of both water and protein basal secretion. Protein secretion was much more depressed than fluid secretion. Neurotensin did not modify the pancreatic response to exogenous secretin or cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, or to intraduodenal infusion of HCl. On the other hand neurotensin totally inhibited the increase in volume as well as in protein output to an intraduodenal infusion of oleic acid, but did not change the delayed inhibitory effect on protein output. In vitro, neurotensin did not affect basal and cholecystokinin stimulated pancreatic secretion. These results indicate that: 1) neurotensin could interfere with the release of hormones from the gut (cholecystokinin, and possibly VIP), 2) neurotensin did not mimic the delayed protein inhibitory effect observed after administration of oleic acid.", "PMID": 94530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1196", "title": "Potentiation and inhibition of ganglionic transmission by ruthenium red.", "content": "The effect of ruthenium red, 2.5 to 5 muM, on ganglionic transmission in rat superior cervical ganglia and frog abdominal ganglia were studied in vitro. In rat ganglia, ruthenium red caused a spontaneous firing of ganglia cells, and an increase in the amplitude and duration of the compound action potential following a single stimulus volley. However, transmission following a conditioning volley or a repetitive stimulus train to the preganglionic nerve was depressed up to 60 sec. The asynchronous firing caused by bethanechol was potentiated by ruthenium red. In the frog, ruthenium red caused repetitive firing of ganglion neurons following either orthodromic or antidromic stimulation. It is suggested that the potentiation of the single potential and the spontaneous firing are due to a ruthenium red-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration. The depression of transmission may be due to a temporary depletion of readily releasable acetylcholine. It is also suggested that ruthenium red has an effect on the postsynaptic membrane.", "contents": "Potentiation and inhibition of ganglionic transmission by ruthenium red. The effect of ruthenium red, 2.5 to 5 muM, on ganglionic transmission in rat superior cervical ganglia and frog abdominal ganglia were studied in vitro. In rat ganglia, ruthenium red caused a spontaneous firing of ganglia cells, and an increase in the amplitude and duration of the compound action potential following a single stimulus volley. However, transmission following a conditioning volley or a repetitive stimulus train to the preganglionic nerve was depressed up to 60 sec. The asynchronous firing caused by bethanechol was potentiated by ruthenium red. In the frog, ruthenium red caused repetitive firing of ganglion neurons following either orthodromic or antidromic stimulation. It is suggested that the potentiation of the single potential and the spontaneous firing are due to a ruthenium red-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration. The depression of transmission may be due to a temporary depletion of readily releasable acetylcholine. It is also suggested that ruthenium red has an effect on the postsynaptic membrane.", "PMID": 94531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1197", "title": "Interspecies antigenic determinants of structural proteins of mammalian type-C viruses as detected by a competitive sepharose bead immunofluorescence assay.", "content": "The present paper describes a competitive immunoassay using antiserum to FeLV p 27 and SSV-conjugated Sepharose beads. The assay is applied to compare the interspecies-specific antigenic determinants of the major structural proteins of type-C viruses of different mammalian species. The test proves to be highly sensitive and specific and may be used for the demonstration of viral proteins in crude cellular extracts.", "contents": "Interspecies antigenic determinants of structural proteins of mammalian type-C viruses as detected by a competitive sepharose bead immunofluorescence assay. The present paper describes a competitive immunoassay using antiserum to FeLV p 27 and SSV-conjugated Sepharose beads. The assay is applied to compare the interspecies-specific antigenic determinants of the major structural proteins of type-C viruses of different mammalian species. The test proves to be highly sensitive and specific and may be used for the demonstration of viral proteins in crude cellular extracts.", "PMID": 94533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1198", "title": "Biological markers of human tumors and monitoring of cancer treatment.", "content": "The development of human tumors is accompanied very often by tumor-associated phenomena such as production of tumor-derived substances, production of certian substances in response to the tumor or immunological reactions. Up to now no of these phenomena can be used as a diagnostic cancer test but biological markers are increasingly used for monitoring progression and regression of human tumors. Basing on a number of own studies the value of the determination of CEA-serum level and urinary excretion of hydroxyprolin, spermidin and putrescin for monitoring the tumor behaviour particularly during cancer chemotherapy is demonstrated.", "contents": "Biological markers of human tumors and monitoring of cancer treatment. The development of human tumors is accompanied very often by tumor-associated phenomena such as production of tumor-derived substances, production of certian substances in response to the tumor or immunological reactions. Up to now no of these phenomena can be used as a diagnostic cancer test but biological markers are increasingly used for monitoring progression and regression of human tumors. Basing on a number of own studies the value of the determination of CEA-serum level and urinary excretion of hydroxyprolin, spermidin and putrescin for monitoring the tumor behaviour particularly during cancer chemotherapy is demonstrated.", "PMID": 94534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1199", "title": "Biophysical properties of virions of human adenovirus of the type 6 and its DNA.", "content": "A study has been made of human adenovirus type 6 (Ad 6) which belongs to the C subgroup of the nononcogenic adenoviruses. The buoyant density of the Ad 6 virions in CsCl gradient was 1.3545 +/- 0.0010 g/cm3. The DNA content determined from the buoyant density values and direct phosphorus analysis was 11.2 +/- 0.5 and 11.5 +/- 0.5 per cent, respectively. The S20,w0 and D20,w0 values for the Ad 6 virions were 795 +/- 18S and (3.255 +/- 0.035) X 10-8 cm2/s. The hydrodynamic parameters of the viral particle and its volume as well as the specific partial volume, the content and the molecular weight of the DNA have yielded a molecular weight of the virions of (203.6 +/- 10.0) X 10(6). The sedimentation constant and the intrinsic viscosity of the DNA have been found to be 32.7 +/- 0.7S and 93.5 +/- 5.0 dl/g, respectively. The molecular weight of the DNA found from these results is (23.4 +/- 0.8) X 10(6). The buoyant density of the Ad 6 DNA measured in CsCl and Cs2SO4 density gradients was 1.7128 +/- 0.0010 and 1.427 +/- 0.001 g/cm3, respectively. The GC content found from the buoyant density and the melting temperature (90.5 +/- 0.1 degrees C in 1 SSC and 75.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C in 0.1 SSC) was 52.6 +/- 1.0 per cent, that is, it is considerably lower than the GC content of 56-60 per cent which, according to the \"Green's rule\", should be typical of the DNAs of all the human adenoviruses of the subgroup C (30).", "contents": "Biophysical properties of virions of human adenovirus of the type 6 and its DNA. A study has been made of human adenovirus type 6 (Ad 6) which belongs to the C subgroup of the nononcogenic adenoviruses. The buoyant density of the Ad 6 virions in CsCl gradient was 1.3545 +/- 0.0010 g/cm3. The DNA content determined from the buoyant density values and direct phosphorus analysis was 11.2 +/- 0.5 and 11.5 +/- 0.5 per cent, respectively. The S20,w0 and D20,w0 values for the Ad 6 virions were 795 +/- 18S and (3.255 +/- 0.035) X 10-8 cm2/s. The hydrodynamic parameters of the viral particle and its volume as well as the specific partial volume, the content and the molecular weight of the DNA have yielded a molecular weight of the virions of (203.6 +/- 10.0) X 10(6). The sedimentation constant and the intrinsic viscosity of the DNA have been found to be 32.7 +/- 0.7S and 93.5 +/- 5.0 dl/g, respectively. The molecular weight of the DNA found from these results is (23.4 +/- 0.8) X 10(6). The buoyant density of the Ad 6 DNA measured in CsCl and Cs2SO4 density gradients was 1.7128 +/- 0.0010 and 1.427 +/- 0.001 g/cm3, respectively. The GC content found from the buoyant density and the melting temperature (90.5 +/- 0.1 degrees C in 1 SSC and 75.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C in 0.1 SSC) was 52.6 +/- 1.0 per cent, that is, it is considerably lower than the GC content of 56-60 per cent which, according to the \"Green's rule\", should be typical of the DNAs of all the human adenoviruses of the subgroup C (30).", "PMID": 94535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1200", "title": "A comparative study of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo group of viruses.", "content": "Twelve strains of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF)-Congo group of viruses the Bunyaviridae family were investigated with respect to sensitivity to lipid solvents and temperature, pathogenicity for animals, interactions with cell cultures and antigenic relationships. Complement fixation, agar gel diffusion and precipitation, immunofluorescence and neutralization tests showed Hazara virus to have a number of features distinguishing it from the other antigenic type of the CHF-Congo group.", "contents": "A comparative study of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo group of viruses. Twelve strains of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF)-Congo group of viruses the Bunyaviridae family were investigated with respect to sensitivity to lipid solvents and temperature, pathogenicity for animals, interactions with cell cultures and antigenic relationships. Complement fixation, agar gel diffusion and precipitation, immunofluorescence and neutralization tests showed Hazara virus to have a number of features distinguishing it from the other antigenic type of the CHF-Congo group.", "PMID": 94536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1201", "title": "Resolution of human fibroblast interferon into two distinct classes by thiol exchange chromatography.", "content": "Chromatography of crude and purified human fibroblast interferon on activated thiol Sepharose 4B yielded two classes of material exhibiting different stability to inactivation by mechanical stress. Interferon which bound to the gel accounted for 20--30 per cent of recoverable activity, could be eluted with reducing agents and was unstable. Unbound material did not bind on subsequent rechromatography and was stable to shear forces. Leucocyte interferon did not bind, nor did fibroblast interferon treated with thiol blocking reagents. Peak eluted fractions had a specific activity of up to 10(7.9) units per milligram of protein, representing a 1700 fold purification.", "contents": "Resolution of human fibroblast interferon into two distinct classes by thiol exchange chromatography. Chromatography of crude and purified human fibroblast interferon on activated thiol Sepharose 4B yielded two classes of material exhibiting different stability to inactivation by mechanical stress. Interferon which bound to the gel accounted for 20--30 per cent of recoverable activity, could be eluted with reducing agents and was unstable. Unbound material did not bind on subsequent rechromatography and was stable to shear forces. Leucocyte interferon did not bind, nor did fibroblast interferon treated with thiol blocking reagents. Peak eluted fractions had a specific activity of up to 10(7.9) units per milligram of protein, representing a 1700 fold purification.", "PMID": 94537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1202", "title": "Factors involved in the age-dependent resistance of mice infected with low-virulence mouse hepatitis virus.", "content": "Four-week-old weanling mice survived, whereas 1-week-old suckling mice died, after intraperitoneal inoculation of mouse hepatitis virus, MHV-S strain. The factors involved in this difference in susceptibility were studied. After virus inoculation, differences in virus growth in the liver and spleen were observed, which correlated with the susceptibility of animals to the virus. Interferon, detected at an early stage of infection, was considerably lower in suckling mice than in weanling mice. Titers of MHV-S in peritoneal cells from infected animals were at least 100 times greater in suckling than in weanling mice, and a similar, but less prominent difference in virus growth was also found in the corresponding cultured macrophages. After transfer of peritoneal cells from weanling to suckling mice, a decrease in mortality of infected suckling mice was observed. These results suggest that both interferon and macrophages may be important in the age-dependent resistance of mice to MHV-S infection.", "contents": "Factors involved in the age-dependent resistance of mice infected with low-virulence mouse hepatitis virus. Four-week-old weanling mice survived, whereas 1-week-old suckling mice died, after intraperitoneal inoculation of mouse hepatitis virus, MHV-S strain. The factors involved in this difference in susceptibility were studied. After virus inoculation, differences in virus growth in the liver and spleen were observed, which correlated with the susceptibility of animals to the virus. Interferon, detected at an early stage of infection, was considerably lower in suckling mice than in weanling mice. Titers of MHV-S in peritoneal cells from infected animals were at least 100 times greater in suckling than in weanling mice, and a similar, but less prominent difference in virus growth was also found in the corresponding cultured macrophages. After transfer of peritoneal cells from weanling to suckling mice, a decrease in mortality of infected suckling mice was observed. These results suggest that both interferon and macrophages may be important in the age-dependent resistance of mice to MHV-S infection.", "PMID": 94538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1203", "title": "Properties of Border disease virus as studied in a sheep cell line.", "content": "A fetal lamb muscle cell line has been isolated in which two strains of Border disease virus replicate well and induce a clear-cut cytopathic effect, thus providing a sensitive and practical assay system for both the virus and neutralizing antibodies. This system enabled us to study some characteristics of Border disease virus in comparison with two other agents responsible for hog cholera and bovine viral diarrhea. Our results indicate that the last virus and the Border disease agent are indistinguishable in vitro.", "contents": "Properties of Border disease virus as studied in a sheep cell line. A fetal lamb muscle cell line has been isolated in which two strains of Border disease virus replicate well and induce a clear-cut cytopathic effect, thus providing a sensitive and practical assay system for both the virus and neutralizing antibodies. This system enabled us to study some characteristics of Border disease virus in comparison with two other agents responsible for hog cholera and bovine viral diarrhea. Our results indicate that the last virus and the Border disease agent are indistinguishable in vitro.", "PMID": 94539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1204", "title": "Immune retention: immunological requirements for maintaining an easily degradable antigen in vivo.", "content": "Radioactive human serum albumin (125I-HSA) was injected into the hind foot pads of unimmunized mice, actively immunized mice and mice passively immunized with mouse or rabbit anti-HSA serum. Eleven days later the unimmunized mice had cleared most of the 125I-HSA. In contrast, a high concentration of 125I-HSA was retained in the feet and draining lymph nodes and, to a lesser extent, in the spleen of the actively or passively immunized mice. Although immune retention required specific antibody, it appeared to be independent of T-cells or T-cell factors, since passively immunized nude mice retained antigen as well as actively or passively immunized normal mice. Depletion of the complement system with cobra venom factor (CVF) increased antigen retention in the feet but decreased retention in the spleen. Treatment with CVF did not decrease antigen retention in lymph nodes of actively immunized mice. Such treatment did, however, decrease retention in lymph nodes of passively immunized mice although not to the same extent as in the spleen. Retention of antigen in the feet was not only complement-independent but was also Fc independent, since F(ab')2 fragments of IgG could mediate immune retention. Antigen dose response studies indicated that immune retention in lymph nodes occurred optimally with minute amounts of antigen, whereas optimal retention in the feet required much higher concentrations of antigen. Foot pad injections of non-radiolabelled HSA eliminated 60% of the radioactivity retained in the foot pads of immunized mice. In contrast, non-radioactive egg albumin (EA) had almost no effect on retained HSA. However, if the mice were immunized to both EA and HSA, an injection of EA would displace a significant amount of retained HSA. Complexes of one specificity can apparently displace some retained antigen of a differing specificity.", "contents": "Immune retention: immunological requirements for maintaining an easily degradable antigen in vivo. Radioactive human serum albumin (125I-HSA) was injected into the hind foot pads of unimmunized mice, actively immunized mice and mice passively immunized with mouse or rabbit anti-HSA serum. Eleven days later the unimmunized mice had cleared most of the 125I-HSA. In contrast, a high concentration of 125I-HSA was retained in the feet and draining lymph nodes and, to a lesser extent, in the spleen of the actively or passively immunized mice. Although immune retention required specific antibody, it appeared to be independent of T-cells or T-cell factors, since passively immunized nude mice retained antigen as well as actively or passively immunized normal mice. Depletion of the complement system with cobra venom factor (CVF) increased antigen retention in the feet but decreased retention in the spleen. Treatment with CVF did not decrease antigen retention in lymph nodes of actively immunized mice. Such treatment did, however, decrease retention in lymph nodes of passively immunized mice although not to the same extent as in the spleen. Retention of antigen in the feet was not only complement-independent but was also Fc independent, since F(ab')2 fragments of IgG could mediate immune retention. Antigen dose response studies indicated that immune retention in lymph nodes occurred optimally with minute amounts of antigen, whereas optimal retention in the feet required much higher concentrations of antigen. Foot pad injections of non-radiolabelled HSA eliminated 60% of the radioactivity retained in the foot pads of immunized mice. In contrast, non-radioactive egg albumin (EA) had almost no effect on retained HSA. However, if the mice were immunized to both EA and HSA, an injection of EA would displace a significant amount of retained HSA. Complexes of one specificity can apparently displace some retained antigen of a differing specificity.", "PMID": 94545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1205", "title": "Biophysical and serological characteristics of some New Zealand bovine enteroviruses.", "content": "Five previously reported New Zealand bovine enteroviruses are further characterised with regard to their biophysical and serological properties. Characteristics studied included heat stability, buoyant density, virus replication, plaque production and thin section electron microscopy. Serological tests indicated the isolates belonged to two different serogroups which showed only limited relationships with U.S. serotypes BES 1, 3 and 4. A correlation was noted between 2(alpha-hydroxybenzyl) benzimidazole sensitivity, heat stability and the serogroup of the isolates.", "contents": "Biophysical and serological characteristics of some New Zealand bovine enteroviruses. Five previously reported New Zealand bovine enteroviruses are further characterised with regard to their biophysical and serological properties. Characteristics studied included heat stability, buoyant density, virus replication, plaque production and thin section electron microscopy. Serological tests indicated the isolates belonged to two different serogroups which showed only limited relationships with U.S. serotypes BES 1, 3 and 4. A correlation was noted between 2(alpha-hydroxybenzyl) benzimidazole sensitivity, heat stability and the serogroup of the isolates.", "PMID": 94546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1206", "title": "The pharmacodynamics of 4-(p-chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719) in humans.", "content": "4-(p-Chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719) is absorbed, metabolized and excreted when administered orally to human volunteers. The butyrate (W-2718) and the acetate (W-2683) metabolites were found in plasma with W-2683 being the major biotransformation product and detectable seven days after administration with an apparent half-life of 33.2 h. p-Chlorothiophenol appeared to be the major biotransformation product in urine and was detectable through day 6. As in plasma, the other major biotransformation product was W-2683, which was again detectable through day 7 and had a t 1/2 in urine of 40.8 h. The minor metabolite found in urine was W-2718. No W-2719 was found in either plasma or urine after oral administration.", "contents": "The pharmacodynamics of 4-(p-chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719) in humans. 4-(p-Chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719) is absorbed, metabolized and excreted when administered orally to human volunteers. The butyrate (W-2718) and the acetate (W-2683) metabolites were found in plasma with W-2683 being the major biotransformation product and detectable seven days after administration with an apparent half-life of 33.2 h. p-Chlorothiophenol appeared to be the major biotransformation product in urine and was detectable through day 6. As in plasma, the other major biotransformation product was W-2683, which was again detectable through day 7 and had a t 1/2 in urine of 40.8 h. The minor metabolite found in urine was W-2718. No W-2719 was found in either plasma or urine after oral administration.", "PMID": 94548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1207", "title": "Early intrathecal synthesis of interferon in herpes encephalitis.", "content": "Large quantities of type I interferon were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected at the onset of herpes encephalitis. This interferon was synthesized intrathecally and disappeared about 10 days after the beginning of neurological signs. In 12 cases of post-eruptive measles encephalitis and in four post-rubella encephalitis, type I interferon was present only in low amounts, or not found at all, even in the CSF collected early. The existence of an intrathecal synthesis of interferon during encephalitis provides a valuable contribution to both the early diagnosis of herpes encephalitis and the study of the pathogenesis of virus infection of the central nervous system (CNS).", "contents": "Early intrathecal synthesis of interferon in herpes encephalitis. Large quantities of type I interferon were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected at the onset of herpes encephalitis. This interferon was synthesized intrathecally and disappeared about 10 days after the beginning of neurological signs. In 12 cases of post-eruptive measles encephalitis and in four post-rubella encephalitis, type I interferon was present only in low amounts, or not found at all, even in the CSF collected early. The existence of an intrathecal synthesis of interferon during encephalitis provides a valuable contribution to both the early diagnosis of herpes encephalitis and the study of the pathogenesis of virus infection of the central nervous system (CNS).", "PMID": 94549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1208", "title": "Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of spasmodic torticollis: a review.", "content": "The few existing neuropathological, neurochemical, and neuropharmacological studies have shed little light on the pathophysiology of spasmodic torticollis (ST). The relevance of experimental ST in animals and drug-induced ST in man to idiopathic ST is unclear. Most pharmacotherapeutic endeavors have focused on drugs affecting basal ganglia function. Unfortunately, problems of sample size, clinical heterogeneity of patient population, research design, objective evaluation of response, documentation of key data, and adequacy of duration of follow-up make interpretation of published results difficult. Because of the heterogeneity of ST, investigations aimed at establishing a neurotransmitter profile for each patient by observing the acute response to a test dose of drugs affecting cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and gamma-aminobutyric acid systems may provide a more rational basis to the selection of treatment.", "contents": "Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of spasmodic torticollis: a review. The few existing neuropathological, neurochemical, and neuropharmacological studies have shed little light on the pathophysiology of spasmodic torticollis (ST). The relevance of experimental ST in animals and drug-induced ST in man to idiopathic ST is unclear. Most pharmacotherapeutic endeavors have focused on drugs affecting basal ganglia function. Unfortunately, problems of sample size, clinical heterogeneity of patient population, research design, objective evaluation of response, documentation of key data, and adequacy of duration of follow-up make interpretation of published results difficult. Because of the heterogeneity of ST, investigations aimed at establishing a neurotransmitter profile for each patient by observing the acute response to a test dose of drugs affecting cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and gamma-aminobutyric acid systems may provide a more rational basis to the selection of treatment.", "PMID": 94551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1209", "title": "Correlation of a specific chromosomal marker, 21q-, and retroviral indicators in patients with thrombocythemia.", "content": "A chromosomal anomaly, 21q-, has been found in association with retroviral indicators in patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) and acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). The viral indicators are found in platelet homogenates of thrombocythemic patients. Evidence is presented from 2 laboratories (Philadelphia, USA and Bologna, Italy) for the 21q- deletion in MPD patients. Thirty patients evaluated for the presence of both viral and chromosomal markers in Philadelphia showed positive correlations.", "contents": "Correlation of a specific chromosomal marker, 21q-, and retroviral indicators in patients with thrombocythemia. A chromosomal anomaly, 21q-, has been found in association with retroviral indicators in patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) and acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). The viral indicators are found in platelet homogenates of thrombocythemic patients. Evidence is presented from 2 laboratories (Philadelphia, USA and Bologna, Italy) for the 21q- deletion in MPD patients. Thirty patients evaluated for the presence of both viral and chromosomal markers in Philadelphia showed positive correlations.", "PMID": 94552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1210", "title": "Synthesis of Plasmodium knowlesi polypeptides in a cell-free system.", "content": "Preliminary results are presented concerning the characterization of Plasmodium knowlesi antigens. RNA with messenger activity has been extracted from P. knowlesi and translated in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system. The products of this system have been analysed both before and after precipitation with specific P. knowlesi antiserum and many polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from over 100 000 to approximately 20 000 have been found. A good correlation was found between these results and those obtained by McColin with in vitro labelling of P. knowlesi with ((3)H)-isoleucine. The major polypeptide in both systems had a molecular weight of about 50 000-55 000. These results indicate the parasite origin of the antigens.", "contents": "Synthesis of Plasmodium knowlesi polypeptides in a cell-free system. Preliminary results are presented concerning the characterization of Plasmodium knowlesi antigens. RNA with messenger activity has been extracted from P. knowlesi and translated in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system. The products of this system have been analysed both before and after precipitation with specific P. knowlesi antiserum and many polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from over 100 000 to approximately 20 000 have been found. A good correlation was found between these results and those obtained by McColin with in vitro labelling of P. knowlesi with ((3)H)-isoleucine. The major polypeptide in both systems had a molecular weight of about 50 000-55 000. These results indicate the parasite origin of the antigens.", "PMID": 94553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1211", "title": "On the nature of Romanowsky dyes and the Romanowsky-Giemsa effect.", "content": "This paper reviews the nature of Romanowsky staining and the relationship between Romanowsky dyes and the Romanowsky-Giemsa effect (RGE). On blood and bone marrow smears the RGE is characterized by a purple colouration of nuclei and neutrophil granules. The nuclear purple contrasts strongly with the blue cytoplasmic staining of cells rich in RNA. Requirement for the occurrence of RGE are: I A cationic dye: The best dye is azure B and, though azure A gives the nuclear purple colour, the cytoplasmic blue is inferior. No other cationic dye such as methylene blue is suitable. 2 An anionic dye: Most commonly eosin Y is used, but it can be replaced by the erythrosins. Full halogenation of the fluorescein (four atoms of bromine or iodine) is not necessary. Phloxine and rose bengal are unsuitable. 3 An appropriate substrate: These are proteins with acidic side groups or proteins bound to a polyanion. For the interaction with the dyes substrates must provide a suitable three-dimensional network which is why the RGE is not obtained in solutions. A tentative theory of RGE is advanced and briefly discussed.", "contents": "On the nature of Romanowsky dyes and the Romanowsky-Giemsa effect. This paper reviews the nature of Romanowsky staining and the relationship between Romanowsky dyes and the Romanowsky-Giemsa effect (RGE). On blood and bone marrow smears the RGE is characterized by a purple colouration of nuclei and neutrophil granules. The nuclear purple contrasts strongly with the blue cytoplasmic staining of cells rich in RNA. Requirement for the occurrence of RGE are: I A cationic dye: The best dye is azure B and, though azure A gives the nuclear purple colour, the cytoplasmic blue is inferior. No other cationic dye such as methylene blue is suitable. 2 An anionic dye: Most commonly eosin Y is used, but it can be replaced by the erythrosins. Full halogenation of the fluorescein (four atoms of bromine or iodine) is not necessary. Phloxine and rose bengal are unsuitable. 3 An appropriate substrate: These are proteins with acidic side groups or proteins bound to a polyanion. For the interaction with the dyes substrates must provide a suitable three-dimensional network which is why the RGE is not obtained in solutions. A tentative theory of RGE is advanced and briefly discussed.", "PMID": 94558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1212", "title": "Comparison of several in vitro assay methods for the quantitative determination of complement consumption ('binding') by gammaglobulin preparations.", "content": "Unspecifically induced activation of Complement (C) in solution can be caused either by denatured Ig molecules and by polymeric aggregates of same or more specifically by antigen-antibody complexes. As a quality criteria, e.g. for i.v.-IgG preparations, it is agreed by the majority of people concerned that the activation of C via the classical pathway might not be unspecifically initiated. Therefore, the generally used assay systems are based on quantitating the degree of consumption of C undergoing an antigen-independent, 'frustrated' activation via the classical pathway. There are principally two different types of test modifications which were investigated: a) C is being kept constant and protein is diluted or b) protein is being kept constant and C is titrated. When a group of differing IgG preparations or IgG fragments was assayed for its so-called 'anticomplementary' activity in various already described test methods, the particular test results from the individual test methods could not unequivocally be compared with each other because some of the methods had not been optimized with regard to the amount of reagents or test substance used; only a rough estimate of the data was obtained. The value of the not standardized assays remains, therefore, questionable reasonably good and reproducible results are obtained when the amount in particular of C added as well as its quality have been adequately optimized and standardized. This allows a refined differentiation of various IgG preparations by a reliable and unadjusted quantitation of C consumption. If for example, inappropriate and not optimized rations of C amboceptor (e.g. slight C excess) was used, a suppressed C consumption was found. It seems advisable to accept prophylactic testing of anticomplementary activity for quality control as one out of several other in vitro and in vivo parameters which potentially might predict safety for the patient, the physician, and also for the producer. However, it is agreed that, irrespective of in vitro tests, in vivo testing in animals and clinical proof of safety is undoubtedly needed.", "contents": "Comparison of several in vitro assay methods for the quantitative determination of complement consumption ('binding') by gammaglobulin preparations. Unspecifically induced activation of Complement (C) in solution can be caused either by denatured Ig molecules and by polymeric aggregates of same or more specifically by antigen-antibody complexes. As a quality criteria, e.g. for i.v.-IgG preparations, it is agreed by the majority of people concerned that the activation of C via the classical pathway might not be unspecifically initiated. Therefore, the generally used assay systems are based on quantitating the degree of consumption of C undergoing an antigen-independent, 'frustrated' activation via the classical pathway. There are principally two different types of test modifications which were investigated: a) C is being kept constant and protein is diluted or b) protein is being kept constant and C is titrated. When a group of differing IgG preparations or IgG fragments was assayed for its so-called 'anticomplementary' activity in various already described test methods, the particular test results from the individual test methods could not unequivocally be compared with each other because some of the methods had not been optimized with regard to the amount of reagents or test substance used; only a rough estimate of the data was obtained. The value of the not standardized assays remains, therefore, questionable reasonably good and reproducible results are obtained when the amount in particular of C added as well as its quality have been adequately optimized and standardized. This allows a refined differentiation of various IgG preparations by a reliable and unadjusted quantitation of C consumption. If for example, inappropriate and not optimized rations of C amboceptor (e.g. slight C excess) was used, a suppressed C consumption was found. It seems advisable to accept prophylactic testing of anticomplementary activity for quality control as one out of several other in vitro and in vivo parameters which potentially might predict safety for the patient, the physician, and also for the producer. However, it is agreed that, irrespective of in vitro tests, in vivo testing in animals and clinical proof of safety is undoubtedly needed.", "PMID": 94568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1213", "title": "An unstable allele of the am locus of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The mutant strain am126 was isolated, using the direct selection procedure, after nitrous acid mutagenesis. It produced neither measurable NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) nor immunologically cross-reacting material. That the am126 strain produced some form of GDH product was shown by the fact that it complemented several other am mutant strains. The GDH formed by complementation between am126 and each of two other am mutants was relatively thermolabile, but could not be distinguished from wild-type GDH formed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. This, together with the relatively high yield of the complementation enzymes, suggest that the am126 product is a polypeptide chain not grossly abnormal in structure. The spontaneous revertant frequency was between 0.3 and 3 prototrophic revertants per 10(5) live cells. This frequency was at least 40 times greater than that for am19, which had the second highest spontaneous revertant frequency among the mutants tested. Neither meiosis nor mutagenesis increased the revertant frequency, nor did incubation at elevated temperatures lower it. Sixty-eight revertant strains were examined for thermostability of their GHD. All appeared to be identical to wild type. Seven of the revertant strains were also tested for instability with regard to forward mutation to am auxtrophy. None was found to be unstable. Models for the genetic instability of the am126 mutation are discussed.", "contents": "An unstable allele of the am locus of Neurospora crassa. The mutant strain am126 was isolated, using the direct selection procedure, after nitrous acid mutagenesis. It produced neither measurable NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) nor immunologically cross-reacting material. That the am126 strain produced some form of GDH product was shown by the fact that it complemented several other am mutant strains. The GDH formed by complementation between am126 and each of two other am mutants was relatively thermolabile, but could not be distinguished from wild-type GDH formed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. This, together with the relatively high yield of the complementation enzymes, suggest that the am126 product is a polypeptide chain not grossly abnormal in structure. The spontaneous revertant frequency was between 0.3 and 3 prototrophic revertants per 10(5) live cells. This frequency was at least 40 times greater than that for am19, which had the second highest spontaneous revertant frequency among the mutants tested. Neither meiosis nor mutagenesis increased the revertant frequency, nor did incubation at elevated temperatures lower it. Sixty-eight revertant strains were examined for thermostability of their GHD. All appeared to be identical to wild type. Seven of the revertant strains were also tested for instability with regard to forward mutation to am auxtrophy. None was found to be unstable. Models for the genetic instability of the am126 mutation are discussed.", "PMID": 94569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1214", "title": "Genetic modulation of RNA metabolism in Drosophila. IV. Measurement of rats of RNA synthesis by density labeling.", "content": "Accumulation of RNA was measured in adult males of two genotypes: car bb/Ybb- and car bb/YbbSuVar-5. The two genotypes have similar amounts of rDNA, which is reduced in comparison to wild type (CLARK, STRAUSBAUGH and KIEFER 1977). Although genotypically bobbed, car bb/YbbSuVar-5 flies have a wild-type phenotype; car bb/Ybb- flies are both phenotypically and genotypically bobbed (CLARK, STRAUSBAUGH and KIEFER 1977). The wild-type phenotype observed in the car bb/YbbSuVar-5 flies is thought to be the result of an increased rate of rRNA synthesis due to the presence of the YbbSuVar-5 chromosome (SHERMOEN and KIFFER 1975; CLARK, STRAUSBAUGH and KIEFER 1977; CLARK and KIEFER 1977). To further define this phenomenon, the absolute accumulation of RNA was measured in the two genotypes, using density labeling methods. The accumulation of RNA is 1.4 to 1.8 times higher in car bb/YbbSuVar-5 flies than in car bb/Ybb- flies, demonstrating that there is genetic regulation of synthesis in this genotype. The use of density-labeled nucleosides has clearly shown that there is no difference in precusor pool sizes or use between the two genotypes studied.", "contents": "Genetic modulation of RNA metabolism in Drosophila. IV. Measurement of rats of RNA synthesis by density labeling. Accumulation of RNA was measured in adult males of two genotypes: car bb/Ybb- and car bb/YbbSuVar-5. The two genotypes have similar amounts of rDNA, which is reduced in comparison to wild type (CLARK, STRAUSBAUGH and KIEFER 1977). Although genotypically bobbed, car bb/YbbSuVar-5 flies have a wild-type phenotype; car bb/Ybb- flies are both phenotypically and genotypically bobbed (CLARK, STRAUSBAUGH and KIEFER 1977). The wild-type phenotype observed in the car bb/YbbSuVar-5 flies is thought to be the result of an increased rate of rRNA synthesis due to the presence of the YbbSuVar-5 chromosome (SHERMOEN and KIFFER 1975; CLARK, STRAUSBAUGH and KIEFER 1977; CLARK and KIEFER 1977). To further define this phenomenon, the absolute accumulation of RNA was measured in the two genotypes, using density labeling methods. The accumulation of RNA is 1.4 to 1.8 times higher in car bb/YbbSuVar-5 flies than in car bb/Ybb- flies, demonstrating that there is genetic regulation of synthesis in this genotype. The use of density-labeled nucleosides has clearly shown that there is no difference in precusor pool sizes or use between the two genotypes studied.", "PMID": 94570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1215", "title": "Release of particle associated RNA dependent DNA polymerases by primary chicken and quail embryo cells.", "content": "These results show that primary chick embryo cells in culture release a particle bound RNA dependent DNA polymerase into the culture fluid. The enzyme is also found in the allantoic fluid of embryonated chicken eggs. This phenomenon is not restricted to the chicken system because primary quail embryo cells which are not known to express the so far known endogenous viruses release a particle bound RNA dependent DNA polymerase as well. In both cases this enzymes may be part of an hitherto unknown endogenous viral system. However, since the expression of the chicken- and quail-enzyme goes through a sharp peak during embryogenesis one may speculate on a physiological role for the newly described enzymes during development.", "contents": "Release of particle associated RNA dependent DNA polymerases by primary chicken and quail embryo cells. These results show that primary chick embryo cells in culture release a particle bound RNA dependent DNA polymerase into the culture fluid. The enzyme is also found in the allantoic fluid of embryonated chicken eggs. This phenomenon is not restricted to the chicken system because primary quail embryo cells which are not known to express the so far known endogenous viruses release a particle bound RNA dependent DNA polymerase as well. In both cases this enzymes may be part of an hitherto unknown endogenous viral system. However, since the expression of the chicken- and quail-enzyme goes through a sharp peak during embryogenesis one may speculate on a physiological role for the newly described enzymes during development.", "PMID": 94582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1216", "title": "Cellular and virological studies directed to the pathogenesis of the human myelogenous leukemias.", "content": "1. Work over the past years and especially results of the past few years indicate that type-C viral or viral related genetic information exists in humans. 2. We do not know how this information entered humans or whether it causes disease, but it is of interest that the probes from the viruses used to detect this information are from the very same viruses which we find can affect growth and differentiation of some human hematopoietic cells. 3. The status of actual virus isolates from humans, though encouraging because of similarities of isolates from five different laboratories, remain very perplexing and so far have not been especially informative to human leukemogenesis. 4. In the near future we hope to clone in bacteria the viral related sequences detected in human DNA in order to more precisely determine their chemical and biological properties. The HL-60 system may also afford an opportunity to purify receptors for CSF. When CSF and other, perhaps more important, regulatory factors are purified, we would like to determine if they bind differently to leukemic and normal cells.", "contents": "Cellular and virological studies directed to the pathogenesis of the human myelogenous leukemias. 1. Work over the past years and especially results of the past few years indicate that type-C viral or viral related genetic information exists in humans. 2. We do not know how this information entered humans or whether it causes disease, but it is of interest that the probes from the viruses used to detect this information are from the very same viruses which we find can affect growth and differentiation of some human hematopoietic cells. 3. The status of actual virus isolates from humans, though encouraging because of similarities of isolates from five different laboratories, remain very perplexing and so far have not been especially informative to human leukemogenesis. 4. In the near future we hope to clone in bacteria the viral related sequences detected in human DNA in order to more precisely determine their chemical and biological properties. The HL-60 system may also afford an opportunity to purify receptors for CSF. When CSF and other, perhaps more important, regulatory factors are purified, we would like to determine if they bind differently to leukemic and normal cells.", "PMID": 94583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1217", "title": "Placental alkaline phosphatase, alphafetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen in testicular tumors. Tissue typing by means of cytologic smears.", "content": "Indirect immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay with specific rabbit antisera demonstrated the occurrence of alphafetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in primary testicular tumor cells. Embryonal carcinomas had AFP- and CEA-containing cells, sometimes PLAP. PLAP and sometimes CEA were found in seminoma cells. Sera from patients with advanced non-seminomatous tumors could contain any of these antigens or any combination of them. Sera from patients with seminomas had raised PLAP or CEA. PLAP appears to be a new marker for seminoma.", "contents": "Placental alkaline phosphatase, alphafetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen in testicular tumors. Tissue typing by means of cytologic smears. Indirect immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay with specific rabbit antisera demonstrated the occurrence of alphafetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in primary testicular tumor cells. Embryonal carcinomas had AFP- and CEA-containing cells, sometimes PLAP. PLAP and sometimes CEA were found in seminoma cells. Sera from patients with advanced non-seminomatous tumors could contain any of these antigens or any combination of them. Sera from patients with seminomas had raised PLAP or CEA. PLAP appears to be a new marker for seminoma.", "PMID": 94592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1218", "title": "Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) antigen(s) are present on B lymphocytes of BALB/c mice.", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies using a polyvalent anti-MMTV serum revealed the presence of MMTV antigen(s) on the surface of spleen cells from the low mammary tumor incidence mouse strain BALB/cCrgl. Upon separation of the splenocytes on nylon-wool columns the populations of cells exhibiting positive fluorescence were nylon-adherent. These cells were considered to be B lymphocytes by the following criteria: presence of surface immunoglobulin (Slg), absence of Thy-1 antigens, enhanced responses to B-cell mitogens and decreased reactivity to T-cell mitogens. In order to ascertain the specificity of the cell surface immunofluorescence reaction, blocking studies were performed. Immunofluorescence was blocked by preincubation of the antiserum or with purified MMTV, but not by R-MuLV. Non-specific binding of the anti-MMTV to Fc receptors present on B lymphocytes was ruled out by the use of Fab'2 fragments of IgG from the various sera. Double label immunofluorescent studies with rhodamine-conjugated anti-mouse Slg Fab'2 fragments and rabbit anti-MMTV Fab'2 with fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-rabbit Fab'2 showed the simultaneous appearance of both labels in the nylon-adherent splenocytes. These results suggest the expression of viral polypeptide(s) encoded by an endogenous MMTV on the surface of B-type splenocytes in mice devoid of intact viral particles.", "contents": "Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) antigen(s) are present on B lymphocytes of BALB/c mice. Immunofluorescence studies using a polyvalent anti-MMTV serum revealed the presence of MMTV antigen(s) on the surface of spleen cells from the low mammary tumor incidence mouse strain BALB/cCrgl. Upon separation of the splenocytes on nylon-wool columns the populations of cells exhibiting positive fluorescence were nylon-adherent. These cells were considered to be B lymphocytes by the following criteria: presence of surface immunoglobulin (Slg), absence of Thy-1 antigens, enhanced responses to B-cell mitogens and decreased reactivity to T-cell mitogens. In order to ascertain the specificity of the cell surface immunofluorescence reaction, blocking studies were performed. Immunofluorescence was blocked by preincubation of the antiserum or with purified MMTV, but not by R-MuLV. Non-specific binding of the anti-MMTV to Fc receptors present on B lymphocytes was ruled out by the use of Fab'2 fragments of IgG from the various sera. Double label immunofluorescent studies with rhodamine-conjugated anti-mouse Slg Fab'2 fragments and rabbit anti-MMTV Fab'2 with fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-rabbit Fab'2 showed the simultaneous appearance of both labels in the nylon-adherent splenocytes. These results suggest the expression of viral polypeptide(s) encoded by an endogenous MMTV on the surface of B-type splenocytes in mice devoid of intact viral particles.", "PMID": 94593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1219", "title": "Expression of feline xenotropic RNA tumor virus in hybrids between permissive human and non-permissive mouse cells.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids were generated by fusing human (A549) cells, cloned after infection with the feline xenotropic CCC virus, to mouse (3T3) cells which are non-permissive for this virus. Hybrid clones were found to be capable of expressing infectious virus. CCC virus expression, however, was regulated in the hybrid cells in such a way that 20-200 times less virus was released into the culture fluid than by the human parental line. Thus human permissiveness for this virus is co-expressed with murine restriction. Markers for twenty human chromosomes were assayed in the hybrid clones. No single human chromosome was found to be essential and sufficient for CCC virus production, since none of them was consistently present or lost in virus-positive and virus-negative clones, respectively.", "contents": "Expression of feline xenotropic RNA tumor virus in hybrids between permissive human and non-permissive mouse cells. Somatic cell hybrids were generated by fusing human (A549) cells, cloned after infection with the feline xenotropic CCC virus, to mouse (3T3) cells which are non-permissive for this virus. Hybrid clones were found to be capable of expressing infectious virus. CCC virus expression, however, was regulated in the hybrid cells in such a way that 20-200 times less virus was released into the culture fluid than by the human parental line. Thus human permissiveness for this virus is co-expressed with murine restriction. Markers for twenty human chromosomes were assayed in the hybrid clones. No single human chromosome was found to be essential and sufficient for CCC virus production, since none of them was consistently present or lost in virus-positive and virus-negative clones, respectively.", "PMID": 94594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1220", "title": "Oral rehabilitation by prosthetic restoration after maxillectomy for malignant tumors.", "content": "In maxillectomy patients, speech intelligibility between before and after insertion of prostheses has been reviewed by many investigators. Speech intelligibility was not related to the size of the defect, but rather to the defect region. Speech intelligibility was considerably improved by the use of prostheses. A great difference could not be found in escape rate from the nasal cavity between before and after insertion of prostheses, but there was a remarkable change in the spirometer. Postmaxillectomy functions are also easily restored by prosthetic oral rehabilitation, necessary to aid surgical procedure.", "contents": "Oral rehabilitation by prosthetic restoration after maxillectomy for malignant tumors. In maxillectomy patients, speech intelligibility between before and after insertion of prostheses has been reviewed by many investigators. Speech intelligibility was not related to the size of the defect, but rather to the defect region. Speech intelligibility was considerably improved by the use of prostheses. A great difference could not be found in escape rate from the nasal cavity between before and after insertion of prostheses, but there was a remarkable change in the spirometer. Postmaxillectomy functions are also easily restored by prosthetic oral rehabilitation, necessary to aid surgical procedure.", "PMID": 94595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1221", "title": "Simian rotavirus SA-11 plaque formation in the presence of trypsin.", "content": "Incorporation of 5 micrograms of trpsin per ml of the overlay (Eagle minimal essential medium-0.7% Ionagar no. 2) was found to be necessary for plaque formation by simian rotavirus SA-11. Plaques of 3 to 4 mm in diameter were produced in MA-104 cells after 5 days of incubation at 37 degrees C. Plaque size was even larger (5 to 6 mm) in monolayers of African green monkey kidney cells. Addition of diethyl-aminotheyl-dextran, protamine sulfate, or 5-bromodeoxyuridine to the trypsin-containing overlay did not improve plaque formation by the virus. Incorporation of beef extract or yeast extract to a final concentration of 0.5% in the trypsin-containing overlay inhibited plaque formation. On the other hand, the presence of lactalbumin hydrolysate or peptone at a similar concentration in the overlay did not inhibit plaque formation. When methylcellulose was used instead of the agar as the solidifying agent in the overlay, no plaques were seen. SA-11 is a useful model for the study of human rotaviruses, and this relatively simple plaque assay system should further enhance its usefulness in this regard.", "contents": "Simian rotavirus SA-11 plaque formation in the presence of trypsin. Incorporation of 5 micrograms of trpsin per ml of the overlay (Eagle minimal essential medium-0.7% Ionagar no. 2) was found to be necessary for plaque formation by simian rotavirus SA-11. Plaques of 3 to 4 mm in diameter were produced in MA-104 cells after 5 days of incubation at 37 degrees C. Plaque size was even larger (5 to 6 mm) in monolayers of African green monkey kidney cells. Addition of diethyl-aminotheyl-dextran, protamine sulfate, or 5-bromodeoxyuridine to the trypsin-containing overlay did not improve plaque formation by the virus. Incorporation of beef extract or yeast extract to a final concentration of 0.5% in the trypsin-containing overlay inhibited plaque formation. On the other hand, the presence of lactalbumin hydrolysate or peptone at a similar concentration in the overlay did not inhibit plaque formation. When methylcellulose was used instead of the agar as the solidifying agent in the overlay, no plaques were seen. SA-11 is a useful model for the study of human rotaviruses, and this relatively simple plaque assay system should further enhance its usefulness in this regard.", "PMID": 94597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1222", "title": "Lectins in diagnostic microbiology: use of wheat germ agglutinin for laboratory identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "A lectin slide agglutination test has been developed for the confirmatory identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. With wheat germ lectin as an agglutinin, 164 of 165 clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae gave a 3 to 4+ reaction within 6 to 8 min. Four gonococcal isolates, even though negative by the fluoresecent-antibody method, gave strong positive reactions with the wheat germ lectin. Among 23 isolates of Neisseria meningitidis tested, which included representatives of sero-groups A, B, C,D, X, Y, and Z, only one strain in group X gave a false-positive reaction. The nonpathogenic species of Neisseria, as well as Branhamella catarrhalis, all showed negative reactions with the wheat germ agglutinin. The novel method provides a simple, rapid, and inexpensive means for the laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhea and obviates the need for performing second-stage sugar fermentation studies or utilizing the more expensive fluorescent-antibody techniques.", "contents": "Lectins in diagnostic microbiology: use of wheat germ agglutinin for laboratory identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A lectin slide agglutination test has been developed for the confirmatory identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. With wheat germ lectin as an agglutinin, 164 of 165 clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae gave a 3 to 4+ reaction within 6 to 8 min. Four gonococcal isolates, even though negative by the fluoresecent-antibody method, gave strong positive reactions with the wheat germ lectin. Among 23 isolates of Neisseria meningitidis tested, which included representatives of sero-groups A, B, C,D, X, Y, and Z, only one strain in group X gave a false-positive reaction. The nonpathogenic species of Neisseria, as well as Branhamella catarrhalis, all showed negative reactions with the wheat germ agglutinin. The novel method provides a simple, rapid, and inexpensive means for the laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhea and obviates the need for performing second-stage sugar fermentation studies or utilizing the more expensive fluorescent-antibody techniques.", "PMID": 94598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1223", "title": "Virus-like particle, 35 to 40 nm, associated with an institutional outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in adults.", "content": "In an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in an institution for the mentally retarded at Otofuke, Hokkaido, Japan, virus-like particles were observed by electron microscopy in five of seven stool specimens from the patients. The particles had 10 rod-shaped and 10 round projections or capsomeres on the periphery, measured 35 to 40 nm in diameter, and had a buoyant density of 1.35 to 1.37 g/ml in cesium chloride. Attempts to culture these particles in tissue culture or in mouse brain were unsuccessful. Immune electron miscroscopy performed with the virus from the patients as antigen demonstrated significant serological responses in all patients examined. Antigenic similarity of the virus particles obtained from five patients was also confirmed by immune electron microscopy with the paired acute- and convalescent-phase sera of one of the patients. Furthermore, in immune electron micrsocopy these particles appeared to have no antigenic relationship to three candidate viruses for gastroenteritis so far reported: the Norwalk agent, the W agent, and the calicivirus-like particle. These results suggested the possibility that this agent, tentatively designated as the Otofuke agent, might be a new candidate virus for gastroenteritis.", "contents": "Virus-like particle, 35 to 40 nm, associated with an institutional outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in adults. In an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in an institution for the mentally retarded at Otofuke, Hokkaido, Japan, virus-like particles were observed by electron microscopy in five of seven stool specimens from the patients. The particles had 10 rod-shaped and 10 round projections or capsomeres on the periphery, measured 35 to 40 nm in diameter, and had a buoyant density of 1.35 to 1.37 g/ml in cesium chloride. Attempts to culture these particles in tissue culture or in mouse brain were unsuccessful. Immune electron miscroscopy performed with the virus from the patients as antigen demonstrated significant serological responses in all patients examined. Antigenic similarity of the virus particles obtained from five patients was also confirmed by immune electron microscopy with the paired acute- and convalescent-phase sera of one of the patients. Furthermore, in immune electron micrsocopy these particles appeared to have no antigenic relationship to three candidate viruses for gastroenteritis so far reported: the Norwalk agent, the W agent, and the calicivirus-like particle. These results suggested the possibility that this agent, tentatively designated as the Otofuke agent, might be a new candidate virus for gastroenteritis.", "PMID": 94599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1224", "title": "Detection of herpes simplex virus infection of female genitalia by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method alone or in conjunction with the Papanicolaou stain.", "content": "The sensitive peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PXAPX) method individually and in conjunction with the Papanicolaou (PAP) stain was used to detect herpes simplex virus (HSV) in specimens from human female genitalia. Initial studies using a model system of HSV-1 or HSV-2-infected Vero cells established (i) acetone as the most effective fixative, (ii) optimal dilutions of preimmunization and anti-HSV serum for differentiation of infected from noninfected cells, (iii) optimal concentration of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride and H2O2 for maximal staining of infected cells with minimal background reaction, and (iv) removal of endogenous peroxidase with absolute MeOH. These various parameters, once established, were utilized in the PXAPX or PXAPX-PAP on human specimens from the vulva or cervix. In these specimens, examined by standard light microscopy, PXAPX-positive cells were dark brown with a single nucleus or multiple nuclei. By coupling the PAP to the PXAPX, detailed nuclear observations of PXAPX-positive cells were possible and revealed nuclear changes consistent with HSV infection, including syncytium formation, chromatin condensation, and an occasional Cowdry type A inclusion. The PXAPX and PXAPX-PAP correlated (r = 0.742) over a period of 72 h with HSV isolation from these samples.", "contents": "Detection of herpes simplex virus infection of female genitalia by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method alone or in conjunction with the Papanicolaou stain. The sensitive peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PXAPX) method individually and in conjunction with the Papanicolaou (PAP) stain was used to detect herpes simplex virus (HSV) in specimens from human female genitalia. Initial studies using a model system of HSV-1 or HSV-2-infected Vero cells established (i) acetone as the most effective fixative, (ii) optimal dilutions of preimmunization and anti-HSV serum for differentiation of infected from noninfected cells, (iii) optimal concentration of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride and H2O2 for maximal staining of infected cells with minimal background reaction, and (iv) removal of endogenous peroxidase with absolute MeOH. These various parameters, once established, were utilized in the PXAPX or PXAPX-PAP on human specimens from the vulva or cervix. In these specimens, examined by standard light microscopy, PXAPX-positive cells were dark brown with a single nucleus or multiple nuclei. By coupling the PAP to the PXAPX, detailed nuclear observations of PXAPX-positive cells were possible and revealed nuclear changes consistent with HSV infection, including syncytium formation, chromatin condensation, and an occasional Cowdry type A inclusion. The PXAPX and PXAPX-PAP correlated (r = 0.742) over a period of 72 h with HSV isolation from these samples.", "PMID": 94600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1225", "title": "Cytochemical analysis at the fine-structural level of trypanosomatids stained with phosphotungstic acid.", "content": "The ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (PTA) technic was used to detect, at the fine-structural level, basic proteins in various developmental stages of pathogenic Trypanosoma cruzi, and nonpathogenic Herpetomonas samuelpessoai, Leptomonas samueli, and Crithidia deanei, trypanosomatids. Reactions were observed in the nucleus of all stages. In the kinetoplast of epimastigote and promastigote forms reactions were noted mainly at the periphery. In trypomastigotes and choanomastigotes forms, however, an intense reacion was observed thorughout the kinetoplast. Reactions were present in cytoplasmic vesicles related to protein storage in T. cruzi and in membrane-bounded peroxisome-like organelles of H. samuelpessoai, L. samueli and C. deanei. The network of filaments which forms the paraxial rod did not react. In the flagellum, reaction was noted only at the peripheral doublet microtubules. PTA reacts also with structures related to the junction between the flagellar and cell body membranes.", "contents": "Cytochemical analysis at the fine-structural level of trypanosomatids stained with phosphotungstic acid. The ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (PTA) technic was used to detect, at the fine-structural level, basic proteins in various developmental stages of pathogenic Trypanosoma cruzi, and nonpathogenic Herpetomonas samuelpessoai, Leptomonas samueli, and Crithidia deanei, trypanosomatids. Reactions were observed in the nucleus of all stages. In the kinetoplast of epimastigote and promastigote forms reactions were noted mainly at the periphery. In trypomastigotes and choanomastigotes forms, however, an intense reacion was observed thorughout the kinetoplast. Reactions were present in cytoplasmic vesicles related to protein storage in T. cruzi and in membrane-bounded peroxisome-like organelles of H. samuelpessoai, L. samueli and C. deanei. The network of filaments which forms the paraxial rod did not react. In the flagellum, reaction was noted only at the peripheral doublet microtubules. PTA reacts also with structures related to the junction between the flagellar and cell body membranes.", "PMID": 94607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1226", "title": "[Periodic, metabolic and structural phenomena in a protist, Euglena gracilis].", "content": "Sychronous divisions of Euglena gracilis strain Z can be obtained by various methods. When the cells are cultivated in a medium containing lactate as the sole carbon source, synchronous divisions are observed, independent of the conditions of illumination. Nevertheless, there exists a relationship between the phase of cell division and ther periods of light and darkness applied to the culture. During the cell cycle, the synthesis of macromolecules is discontinuous--this is true of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, ribosomal and nonribosomal RNA, and certain proteins (cytochrome c 558). Cyclic variations in the structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts are observed. In the course of the cell cycle, sequential metabolic processes accompany structural modifications of the organelles. Also, at the beginning of the cycle, at the start of phase G1, the cytoplasmic ribosomes are synthesized, and then, in green euglenids, nonribosomal RNAs are formed. These syntheses of RNA precede enlargement of the chondriome and plastids. In mid-G1 phase, a new synthesis of RNA begins, which precedes synthesis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. At the end of G1 phase, division of organelles starts, beginning with the chondriome and plastids, arranged in a network.", "contents": "[Periodic, metabolic and structural phenomena in a protist, Euglena gracilis]. Sychronous divisions of Euglena gracilis strain Z can be obtained by various methods. When the cells are cultivated in a medium containing lactate as the sole carbon source, synchronous divisions are observed, independent of the conditions of illumination. Nevertheless, there exists a relationship between the phase of cell division and ther periods of light and darkness applied to the culture. During the cell cycle, the synthesis of macromolecules is discontinuous--this is true of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, ribosomal and nonribosomal RNA, and certain proteins (cytochrome c 558). Cyclic variations in the structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts are observed. In the course of the cell cycle, sequential metabolic processes accompany structural modifications of the organelles. Also, at the beginning of the cycle, at the start of phase G1, the cytoplasmic ribosomes are synthesized, and then, in green euglenids, nonribosomal RNAs are formed. These syntheses of RNA precede enlargement of the chondriome and plastids. In mid-G1 phase, a new synthesis of RNA begins, which precedes synthesis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. At the end of G1 phase, division of organelles starts, beginning with the chondriome and plastids, arranged in a network.", "PMID": 94608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1227", "title": "Effects of hydroxyurea on Crithidia fasciculata.", "content": "Hydroxyurea (HU) inhibits increase in cell number in cultures of Crithidia fasciculata. Complete inhibition is produced by 8 mM and higher concentrations. If HU is not removed, population growth resumes in 45-50 h; if HU is removed, partially synchronous growth occurs through 2 cycles. During HU inhibition, the rate of DNA synthesis is reduced to 1% of that in exponentially growing cultures; protein and RNA syntheses continue at slightly reduced rates. Mean cell size and protein and RNA contents per cell increase; rate of oxygen consumption per mg cell protein remains constant. The behavior of a culture upon addition of HU and upon its removal agrees with predictions based on the hypothesis that the only direct effect of HU is to block DNA synthesis. The synchrony produced by HU is judged satisfactory for investigations of kinetoplast and nuclear replication but not for biochemical characterization of other aspects of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Effects of hydroxyurea on Crithidia fasciculata. Hydroxyurea (HU) inhibits increase in cell number in cultures of Crithidia fasciculata. Complete inhibition is produced by 8 mM and higher concentrations. If HU is not removed, population growth resumes in 45-50 h; if HU is removed, partially synchronous growth occurs through 2 cycles. During HU inhibition, the rate of DNA synthesis is reduced to 1% of that in exponentially growing cultures; protein and RNA syntheses continue at slightly reduced rates. Mean cell size and protein and RNA contents per cell increase; rate of oxygen consumption per mg cell protein remains constant. The behavior of a culture upon addition of HU and upon its removal agrees with predictions based on the hypothesis that the only direct effect of HU is to block DNA synthesis. The synchrony produced by HU is judged satisfactory for investigations of kinetoplast and nuclear replication but not for biochemical characterization of other aspects of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 94609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1228", "title": "Poly(A)+ RNA from Tetrahymena: stimulation of protein synthesis in vitro.", "content": "Cell-free synthesis of high molecular weight polypeptides, programmed by RNA from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain W is reported, and methods for preparation of the RNA are described. The RNA was extracted by the SDS-phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol technic. The bulk of extracted RNA was ribosomal and on sucrose gradients peaked at approximately 17S and 25S. After heat denaturation all the 25S RNA was converted to 17S, indicating the presence of hidden breaks, possibly the result of nuclease activity during extraction. Nevertheless, when poly(A) +/- RNA was collected using oligo-(dT)-cellulose column chromatography, it promoted a 15-fold increase in incorporation of [35S] methionine into TCA-precipitable material. Slab-gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of the product revealed 12 different major polypeptides, varying in weight from 28,000 to 65,000 Daltons. A method for preparation of translatable RNA from Tetrahymena will make possible the comparison of messenger RNAs associated with specific cell structures and with different developmental events.", "contents": "Poly(A)+ RNA from Tetrahymena: stimulation of protein synthesis in vitro. Cell-free synthesis of high molecular weight polypeptides, programmed by RNA from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain W is reported, and methods for preparation of the RNA are described. The RNA was extracted by the SDS-phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol technic. The bulk of extracted RNA was ribosomal and on sucrose gradients peaked at approximately 17S and 25S. After heat denaturation all the 25S RNA was converted to 17S, indicating the presence of hidden breaks, possibly the result of nuclease activity during extraction. Nevertheless, when poly(A) +/- RNA was collected using oligo-(dT)-cellulose column chromatography, it promoted a 15-fold increase in incorporation of [35S] methionine into TCA-precipitable material. Slab-gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of the product revealed 12 different major polypeptides, varying in weight from 28,000 to 65,000 Daltons. A method for preparation of translatable RNA from Tetrahymena will make possible the comparison of messenger RNAs associated with specific cell structures and with different developmental events.", "PMID": 94610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1229", "title": "Interferon induction with Newcastle disease virus in FS-4 cells: effect of priming with interferon and of virus inactivating treatments.", "content": "Inoculation of human FS-4 cells with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) resulted in the induction of two distinct interferon responses, one that peaked at about 5 hr (early response) and one that reached a maximum between 10 to 24 hr after inoculation (second response). The early interferon response was enhanced by previous treatment of the cells with interferon (priming), whereas the second response decreased after interferon treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The early response diminished with decreasing multiplicities of infection, the magnitude of the second response in unprimed cells was relatively independent of the dose of NDV employed. The early interferon response was sensitive to inhibition by actinomycin D for only 1 hr after inoculation. In marked contrast, the second response remained sensitive to inhibition by actinomycin D until 12 hr after inoculation. The ability of NDV to induce the second response was greatly diminished by irradiation of the virus with ultraviolet light or by its treatment with hydroxylamine, whereas the ability to stimulate the early response was relatively resistant to these virus-inactivating treatments. Treatment of NDV with hydroxylamine abolished the virus to induce the second response at the same rate as it destroyed infectivity. The results suggest the existence of at least two distinct mechanisms of interferon induction by NDV; the early response is triggered either by a virion component or by a product of primary transcription, whereas induction of the second response requires the expression of some functions of the virus not needed for triggering the early response.", "contents": "Interferon induction with Newcastle disease virus in FS-4 cells: effect of priming with interferon and of virus inactivating treatments. Inoculation of human FS-4 cells with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) resulted in the induction of two distinct interferon responses, one that peaked at about 5 hr (early response) and one that reached a maximum between 10 to 24 hr after inoculation (second response). The early interferon response was enhanced by previous treatment of the cells with interferon (priming), whereas the second response decreased after interferon treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The early response diminished with decreasing multiplicities of infection, the magnitude of the second response in unprimed cells was relatively independent of the dose of NDV employed. The early interferon response was sensitive to inhibition by actinomycin D for only 1 hr after inoculation. In marked contrast, the second response remained sensitive to inhibition by actinomycin D until 12 hr after inoculation. The ability of NDV to induce the second response was greatly diminished by irradiation of the virus with ultraviolet light or by its treatment with hydroxylamine, whereas the ability to stimulate the early response was relatively resistant to these virus-inactivating treatments. Treatment of NDV with hydroxylamine abolished the virus to induce the second response at the same rate as it destroyed infectivity. The results suggest the existence of at least two distinct mechanisms of interferon induction by NDV; the early response is triggered either by a virion component or by a product of primary transcription, whereas induction of the second response requires the expression of some functions of the virus not needed for triggering the early response.", "PMID": 94611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1230", "title": "Induction of SV40-related transplantation immunity in mice by BK virus-transformed cells.", "content": "The reactivity of tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTAs) induced by SV40 and BK virus (BKV) was studied in Balb/Ccr mice with SV40-transformed tumor cells (mKSA-4AC). The mice, which had received BKV-transformed mouse or hamster cells, were highly resistant to the challenge with mKSA-4AC. The mKSA-rejected animals, however, were as susceptible as non-immunized ones to the subsequent challenge with Moloney sarcoma virus (Kirsten)-transformed cells. The result shows that BKV-transformed cells have a TSTA immunologically related closely to that induced by SV40.", "contents": "Induction of SV40-related transplantation immunity in mice by BK virus-transformed cells. The reactivity of tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTAs) induced by SV40 and BK virus (BKV) was studied in Balb/Ccr mice with SV40-transformed tumor cells (mKSA-4AC). The mice, which had received BKV-transformed mouse or hamster cells, were highly resistant to the challenge with mKSA-4AC. The mKSA-rejected animals, however, were as susceptible as non-immunized ones to the subsequent challenge with Moloney sarcoma virus (Kirsten)-transformed cells. The result shows that BKV-transformed cells have a TSTA immunologically related closely to that induced by SV40.", "PMID": 94612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1231", "title": "Fatal interstitial pneumonitis induced by low dosage of bleomycin in an esophageal cancer patient.", "content": "One-shot intratumor injection of 60 mg oil-bleomycin prior to subtotal esophagectomy induced fatal, acute interstitial pneumonitis in a 53 year-old esophageal circinoma patient. The progression of bleomycin-induced pneumonitis was rapid and the patient succumbed to respiratory insufficiency 41 days after surgery (58 days after bleomycin administration). Autopsy revealed bilaterally increased lung weight and the organ was of rubbery consistency and anthracotic. Histology showed advanced interstitial fibrosis, numerous lymphocytes in alveolar septi and fibrinous exudate, macrophages and desquamative cells within the alveolar spaces. In the present case, pneumonitis was due not to patient age or dosage level of bleomycin, but rather to the administration method.", "contents": "Fatal interstitial pneumonitis induced by low dosage of bleomycin in an esophageal cancer patient. One-shot intratumor injection of 60 mg oil-bleomycin prior to subtotal esophagectomy induced fatal, acute interstitial pneumonitis in a 53 year-old esophageal circinoma patient. The progression of bleomycin-induced pneumonitis was rapid and the patient succumbed to respiratory insufficiency 41 days after surgery (58 days after bleomycin administration). Autopsy revealed bilaterally increased lung weight and the organ was of rubbery consistency and anthracotic. Histology showed advanced interstitial fibrosis, numerous lymphocytes in alveolar septi and fibrinous exudate, macrophages and desquamative cells within the alveolar spaces. In the present case, pneumonitis was due not to patient age or dosage level of bleomycin, but rather to the administration method.", "PMID": 94614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1232", "title": "The errors in assembly of MuLV in interferon treated cells.", "content": "Interferon treatment of JLSV-6 cells chronically infected with Rauscher MuLV leads to the formation of noninfectious particles (interferon virions) containing the structural proteins of env and gag genes as well as additional viral polypeptides. In the control virions the major glycoprotein detected is gp71, interferon virions contain in addition to gp71 and 85k dalton (gp85) glucosamine-containing, fucose-deficient glycoprotein which is recognized by antiserum to MuLV but not by the gp71 antiserum. The surface iodination of the intact virions indicates that both gp71 and gp85 are the major components of the external virions envelope. However, unlike the control virions in which gp71 associates with p15E (gp90), the gp71-p15E complex was not detected in interferon virions. The analysis of the iodinated proteins of the disrupted interferon virions revealed the presence of 85k and 65k dalton polypeptides preciptable with antiserum against MuLV, which are not present in the control virions. The difference in the polypeptide pattern of virions produced in the presence of interferon does not seem to be a consequence of the slowdown in the synthesis of viral proteins or their processing in the interferon-treated cells. Both the structural proteins of env and gag genes seem to be synthesized and processed at a comparable rate in the interferon-treated and -untreated cells. These results indicate an alteration of virus assembly in the presence of interferon.", "contents": "The errors in assembly of MuLV in interferon treated cells. Interferon treatment of JLSV-6 cells chronically infected with Rauscher MuLV leads to the formation of noninfectious particles (interferon virions) containing the structural proteins of env and gag genes as well as additional viral polypeptides. In the control virions the major glycoprotein detected is gp71, interferon virions contain in addition to gp71 and 85k dalton (gp85) glucosamine-containing, fucose-deficient glycoprotein which is recognized by antiserum to MuLV but not by the gp71 antiserum. The surface iodination of the intact virions indicates that both gp71 and gp85 are the major components of the external virions envelope. However, unlike the control virions in which gp71 associates with p15E (gp90), the gp71-p15E complex was not detected in interferon virions. The analysis of the iodinated proteins of the disrupted interferon virions revealed the presence of 85k and 65k dalton polypeptides preciptable with antiserum against MuLV, which are not present in the control virions. The difference in the polypeptide pattern of virions produced in the presence of interferon does not seem to be a consequence of the slowdown in the synthesis of viral proteins or their processing in the interferon-treated cells. Both the structural proteins of env and gag genes seem to be synthesized and processed at a comparable rate in the interferon-treated and -untreated cells. These results indicate an alteration of virus assembly in the presence of interferon.", "PMID": 94615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1233", "title": "Evaluation of indapamide in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "A randomized double-blind, crossover trial was carried out in twenty hypertensive patients to evaluate the hypotensive efficacy and safety of indapamide. Indapamide in doses of 2.5 mg per day in combination with other antihypertensive agents was as effective in reducing the blood pressure in hypertensive patients as one tablet of Moduretic (50 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 5 mg amiloride). Indapamide induced no changes in serum potassium or uric acid levels and there were no major side effects.", "contents": "Evaluation of indapamide in the treatment of hypertension. A randomized double-blind, crossover trial was carried out in twenty hypertensive patients to evaluate the hypotensive efficacy and safety of indapamide. Indapamide in doses of 2.5 mg per day in combination with other antihypertensive agents was as effective in reducing the blood pressure in hypertensive patients as one tablet of Moduretic (50 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 5 mg amiloride). Indapamide induced no changes in serum potassium or uric acid levels and there were no major side effects.", "PMID": 94616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1234", "title": "Time- and dose-dependent changes in ejection fraction after anthracycline therapy.", "content": "Cardiac toxicity due to anthracycline therapy is dose related, and congestive failure is a major limiting factor to therapy. Radionuclide cardiac evaluation provides a sensitive noninvasive method for detecting changes in cardiac function. Fifteen patients receiving either doxorubicin or daunomycin were evaluated with radionuclide ejection fractions (EFrn). The data indicate that the EFrn can detect an acute depressant cardiac action of these drugs as early as 24 hr after drug administration. In addition, a cumulative or chronic cardiac depression was noted; cumulative dosage of doxorubicin or daunomycin correlated with a reduced EFrn (p less than 0.001). We conclude that (1) the EFrn can noninvasively detect significant changes in cardiac function at low cumulative doses of doxorubicin or daunomycin and (2) the EFrn may be useful in evaluating cardiac function in patients during doxorubicin or daunomycin therapy.", "contents": "Time- and dose-dependent changes in ejection fraction after anthracycline therapy. Cardiac toxicity due to anthracycline therapy is dose related, and congestive failure is a major limiting factor to therapy. Radionuclide cardiac evaluation provides a sensitive noninvasive method for detecting changes in cardiac function. Fifteen patients receiving either doxorubicin or daunomycin were evaluated with radionuclide ejection fractions (EFrn). The data indicate that the EFrn can detect an acute depressant cardiac action of these drugs as early as 24 hr after drug administration. In addition, a cumulative or chronic cardiac depression was noted; cumulative dosage of doxorubicin or daunomycin correlated with a reduced EFrn (p less than 0.001). We conclude that (1) the EFrn can noninvasively detect significant changes in cardiac function at low cumulative doses of doxorubicin or daunomycin and (2) the EFrn may be useful in evaluating cardiac function in patients during doxorubicin or daunomycin therapy.", "PMID": 94617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1235", "title": "Acute and chronic beta-receptor blockage with propranolol and the cardiovascular responses to intravenous sodium nitroprusside in the conscious rabbit.", "content": "Sodium nitroprusside infused intravenously into conscious rabbits lowered blood pressure and raised heart rate and plasma noradrenaline. Acute beta blockade with propranolol, 2 mg/kg/hr i.v. for 2 hr, increased resting plasma noradrenaline and did not change the hypotensive effects of nitroprusside or the rise in plasma noradrenaline but attenuated the increase in heart rate. Chronic treatment with propranolol, 2 mg/kg twice daily for 3 weeks, did not modify the cardiovascular or reflex effects of nitroprusside. However, bilateral sinoaortic denervation augmented the hypotensive effect of nitroprusside and abolished both the heart rate and plasma noradrenaline responses to the vasodilator. The fall in blood pressure after nitroprusside is therefore attenuated by baroreflex mechanisms, which did not appear to be mediated by beta adrenoceptors or by withdrawal of vagal tone but could involve alpha-receptor-mediated vasoconstriction. Propranolol does not lower noradrenaline or modify the increase in noradrenaline after sodium nitroprusside.", "contents": "Acute and chronic beta-receptor blockage with propranolol and the cardiovascular responses to intravenous sodium nitroprusside in the conscious rabbit. Sodium nitroprusside infused intravenously into conscious rabbits lowered blood pressure and raised heart rate and plasma noradrenaline. Acute beta blockade with propranolol, 2 mg/kg/hr i.v. for 2 hr, increased resting plasma noradrenaline and did not change the hypotensive effects of nitroprusside or the rise in plasma noradrenaline but attenuated the increase in heart rate. Chronic treatment with propranolol, 2 mg/kg twice daily for 3 weeks, did not modify the cardiovascular or reflex effects of nitroprusside. However, bilateral sinoaortic denervation augmented the hypotensive effect of nitroprusside and abolished both the heart rate and plasma noradrenaline responses to the vasodilator. The fall in blood pressure after nitroprusside is therefore attenuated by baroreflex mechanisms, which did not appear to be mediated by beta adrenoceptors or by withdrawal of vagal tone but could involve alpha-receptor-mediated vasoconstriction. Propranolol does not lower noradrenaline or modify the increase in noradrenaline after sodium nitroprusside.", "PMID": 94618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1236", "title": "Electrophysiological study of human ventricular heart muscle treated with quinidine: interaction with isoprenaline.", "content": "We have investigated the effects of quinidine on the force of contraction and the intracellularly recorded action potential in papillary muscles isolated from human hearts. All preparations were obtained from patients undergoing corrective open heart surgery. The following results were obtained: (1) quinidine had a depressant effect on myocardial contractile force; (2) quinidine reduced the maximal upstroke velocity of the action potential; (3) quinidine shortened the plateau phase and prolonged the terminal repolarization of the action potential; (4) at higher concentrations quinidine reduced the resting potential; and (5) the depression by quinidine of both the plateau and the force of contraction was antagonized by isoprenaline. It is concluded that quinidine reduces the membrane conductances for sodium, calcium, and potassium ions. All of these actions of quinidine may contribute to the antiarrhythmic effects of the drug. The negative inotropic effect of quinidine can be explained by a depression of the calcium conductance at the myocardial cell membrane. The results show that earlier findings in laboratory animals regarding the effects of quinidine on the upstroke velocity and repolarization phase of the action potential are applicable to the human heart.", "contents": "Electrophysiological study of human ventricular heart muscle treated with quinidine: interaction with isoprenaline. We have investigated the effects of quinidine on the force of contraction and the intracellularly recorded action potential in papillary muscles isolated from human hearts. All preparations were obtained from patients undergoing corrective open heart surgery. The following results were obtained: (1) quinidine had a depressant effect on myocardial contractile force; (2) quinidine reduced the maximal upstroke velocity of the action potential; (3) quinidine shortened the plateau phase and prolonged the terminal repolarization of the action potential; (4) at higher concentrations quinidine reduced the resting potential; and (5) the depression by quinidine of both the plateau and the force of contraction was antagonized by isoprenaline. It is concluded that quinidine reduces the membrane conductances for sodium, calcium, and potassium ions. All of these actions of quinidine may contribute to the antiarrhythmic effects of the drug. The negative inotropic effect of quinidine can be explained by a depression of the calcium conductance at the myocardial cell membrane. The results show that earlier findings in laboratory animals regarding the effects of quinidine on the upstroke velocity and repolarization phase of the action potential are applicable to the human heart.", "PMID": 94619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1237", "title": "Electrophysiological effects of a new antiarrhythmic agent, flecainide, on the intact canine heart.", "content": "The cardiac electrophysiology of flecainide a new antiarrhythmic agent, was studied in open-chested dogs. At plasma concentrations of 0.4 to 0.7 microgram/ml, flecainide significantly prolonged atrioventricular (AV) conduction. At plasma concentrations greater than 6.5 micrograms/ml, flecainide caused delay throughout the conduction system (77--240%). Low plasma levels of flecainide caused slight prolongation in atrial effective refractory period and AV nodal functional and relative refractory periods. At flecainide levels of 0.7 microgram/ml, ventricular response during atrial fibrillation was significantly slowed. The effects of flecainide on AV nodal and infranodal conduction and refractoriness were significantly enhanced by d,1-propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) but were unaffected by ouabain (0.01 mg/kg). The ventricular fibrillation threshold of supraventricular beats and ventricular premature beats increased with increasing plasma flecainide concentration (122% at 9.3 micrograms/ml and 172% at 1.3 micrograms/ml, respectively). Flecainide slowed ectopic atrial and ventricular pacemakers without affecting sinusor junctional pacemakers.", "contents": "Electrophysiological effects of a new antiarrhythmic agent, flecainide, on the intact canine heart. The cardiac electrophysiology of flecainide a new antiarrhythmic agent, was studied in open-chested dogs. At plasma concentrations of 0.4 to 0.7 microgram/ml, flecainide significantly prolonged atrioventricular (AV) conduction. At plasma concentrations greater than 6.5 micrograms/ml, flecainide caused delay throughout the conduction system (77--240%). Low plasma levels of flecainide caused slight prolongation in atrial effective refractory period and AV nodal functional and relative refractory periods. At flecainide levels of 0.7 microgram/ml, ventricular response during atrial fibrillation was significantly slowed. The effects of flecainide on AV nodal and infranodal conduction and refractoriness were significantly enhanced by d,1-propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) but were unaffected by ouabain (0.01 mg/kg). The ventricular fibrillation threshold of supraventricular beats and ventricular premature beats increased with increasing plasma flecainide concentration (122% at 9.3 micrograms/ml and 172% at 1.3 micrograms/ml, respectively). Flecainide slowed ectopic atrial and ventricular pacemakers without affecting sinusor junctional pacemakers.", "PMID": 94620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1238", "title": "Pressor effect of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with clonidine.", "content": "The opposing effects on blood pressure of clonidine and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists which have been observed in some hypertensive patients were studied in conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rats. Daily treament with clonidine (100 micrograms/kg, given by gavage) for 2 weeks significantly reduced systolic blood pressure and heart rate. After 2 weeks of treatment with clonidine, administration by gavage of d,l-propranolol (10 mg/kg daily) or sotalol (10 mg/kg daily) or intraperitoneal injection of H 35/25 [d,1-erythro-4-methyl-alpha-(1-isopropylaminoethyl)-genzylalcohol hydrochloride] (10 mg/kg daily) concomitantly with clonidine significantly counteracted the hypotensive action of clonidine. d-Propranolol, metoprolol, and atenolol (all 10 mg/kg daily) had no such effect. All drugs except d-propranolol and H 35/25, a selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, enhanced the bradycardic action of clonidine. These findings suggest that the pressor effect of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents during treatment with clonidine occurs at the level of beta 2-adrenoceptors in the periphery.", "contents": "Pressor effect of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with clonidine. The opposing effects on blood pressure of clonidine and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists which have been observed in some hypertensive patients were studied in conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rats. Daily treament with clonidine (100 micrograms/kg, given by gavage) for 2 weeks significantly reduced systolic blood pressure and heart rate. After 2 weeks of treatment with clonidine, administration by gavage of d,l-propranolol (10 mg/kg daily) or sotalol (10 mg/kg daily) or intraperitoneal injection of H 35/25 [d,1-erythro-4-methyl-alpha-(1-isopropylaminoethyl)-genzylalcohol hydrochloride] (10 mg/kg daily) concomitantly with clonidine significantly counteracted the hypotensive action of clonidine. d-Propranolol, metoprolol, and atenolol (all 10 mg/kg daily) had no such effect. All drugs except d-propranolol and H 35/25, a selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, enhanced the bradycardic action of clonidine. These findings suggest that the pressor effect of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents during treatment with clonidine occurs at the level of beta 2-adrenoceptors in the periphery.", "PMID": 94621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1239", "title": "Effects of propranolol and timolol on calcium uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.", "content": "The effects of the beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents propranolol and timolol on the initial calcium uptake velocity of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles of rabbit skeletal muscle were studied. Racemic d- and l-propranolol had similar inhibitory effects on initial calcium uptake velocity, which was inhibited 50% by 5--7 X 10(-4) M racemic propranolol. Timolol was a much less potent inhibitor of initial calcim uptake velocity; 50% inhibition occurred at approximately 10(-2) M timolol. Both drugs inhibited maximal calcium uptake velocity; however, KCa (the Ca2+ concentration at which calcium uptake was half-maximal) was modified differently. Propranolol increased KCa, whereas timolol caused the KCa to decrease. Addition of either drug to an ongoing calcium uptake reaction at the time that calcium content became maximal caused renewed calcium uptake. The relative potencies of propranolol and timolol as negative inotropic agents are similar to their potencies as inhibitors of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake, but dissimilar to their beta-adrenergic receptor blocking potencies. Timolol, which has been reported to have less negative inotropic effect than propranolol, is approximately 5 time more potent than propranolol as a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent but 15 times less potent as an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake. Inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake may thus characterize negative inotropic potencies of new beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol and timolol on calcium uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. The effects of the beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents propranolol and timolol on the initial calcium uptake velocity of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles of rabbit skeletal muscle were studied. Racemic d- and l-propranolol had similar inhibitory effects on initial calcium uptake velocity, which was inhibited 50% by 5--7 X 10(-4) M racemic propranolol. Timolol was a much less potent inhibitor of initial calcim uptake velocity; 50% inhibition occurred at approximately 10(-2) M timolol. Both drugs inhibited maximal calcium uptake velocity; however, KCa (the Ca2+ concentration at which calcium uptake was half-maximal) was modified differently. Propranolol increased KCa, whereas timolol caused the KCa to decrease. Addition of either drug to an ongoing calcium uptake reaction at the time that calcium content became maximal caused renewed calcium uptake. The relative potencies of propranolol and timolol as negative inotropic agents are similar to their potencies as inhibitors of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake, but dissimilar to their beta-adrenergic receptor blocking potencies. Timolol, which has been reported to have less negative inotropic effect than propranolol, is approximately 5 time more potent than propranolol as a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent but 15 times less potent as an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake. Inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake may thus characterize negative inotropic potencies of new beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents.", "PMID": 94622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1240", "title": "Nature of the central serotonin receptors mediating hypotension.", "content": "The stimulation of central serotonin receptors leading to a decrease in blood pressure is well documented, but the nature of these receptors is not well known. It was therefore decided to characterize such receptors by assessing the modifications in blood pressure and heart rate after the intracerebroventricular administration of several drugs to anesthetized cats. Serotonin produced a dose-related decrease in blood pressure and heart rate, while parachloroamphetamine produced a slowly developing increase in blood pressure, and quipazine did not affect any of the parameters measured. The hypotension produced by serotonin was not modified by pretreatment with methysergide, was partially antagonized by quipazine, and was completely blocked by tolazoline. The present findings suggest that the central serotonin receptors which modulate blood pressure are different not only from peripheral receptors, but also from other receptors of this type.", "contents": "Nature of the central serotonin receptors mediating hypotension. The stimulation of central serotonin receptors leading to a decrease in blood pressure is well documented, but the nature of these receptors is not well known. It was therefore decided to characterize such receptors by assessing the modifications in blood pressure and heart rate after the intracerebroventricular administration of several drugs to anesthetized cats. Serotonin produced a dose-related decrease in blood pressure and heart rate, while parachloroamphetamine produced a slowly developing increase in blood pressure, and quipazine did not affect any of the parameters measured. The hypotension produced by serotonin was not modified by pretreatment with methysergide, was partially antagonized by quipazine, and was completely blocked by tolazoline. The present findings suggest that the central serotonin receptors which modulate blood pressure are different not only from peripheral receptors, but also from other receptors of this type.", "PMID": 94623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1241", "title": "Subsensitivity of cardiac beta-adrenoceptors in renal hypertensive rats.", "content": "beta-Adrenoceptors were labeled with the selective beta-antagonist (-)[3H]dihydroalprenolol ([3H]DHA). Cardiac membranes isolated from renal hypertensive rats had the same density of adrenoceptors as normotensive rats (28 fmoles/mg of protein in both groups) but showed a significant elevation of the dissociation constant for [3H]DHA (Kd = 1.86 nM versus 1.04 nM for controls), indicating a reduced affinity of cardiac adrenoceptors for the radioligant. The lowered sensitivity to catecholamine is probably due to chronic exposure of beta-receptors to a high concentration of noradrenaline, whose turnover in cardiac nerves of renal hypertensive rats was significantly accelerated (turnover time 10.5 hr for hypertensive versus 17.2 for normotensive).", "contents": "Subsensitivity of cardiac beta-adrenoceptors in renal hypertensive rats. beta-Adrenoceptors were labeled with the selective beta-antagonist (-)[3H]dihydroalprenolol ([3H]DHA). Cardiac membranes isolated from renal hypertensive rats had the same density of adrenoceptors as normotensive rats (28 fmoles/mg of protein in both groups) but showed a significant elevation of the dissociation constant for [3H]DHA (Kd = 1.86 nM versus 1.04 nM for controls), indicating a reduced affinity of cardiac adrenoceptors for the radioligant. The lowered sensitivity to catecholamine is probably due to chronic exposure of beta-receptors to a high concentration of noradrenaline, whose turnover in cardiac nerves of renal hypertensive rats was significantly accelerated (turnover time 10.5 hr for hypertensive versus 17.2 for normotensive).", "PMID": 94624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1242", "title": "Antiarrhythmic and hemodynamic actions of flecainide acetate (R-818) in the ischemic porcine heart.", "content": "The antiarrhythmic activity of flecainide acetate (R-818), 2 mg/kg, was investigated in anesthetized, open-chest pigs. Ventricular arrhythmias were provoked by reducing the flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) to 25% of control during 30 min. During this period ventricular fibrillation occurred in 33% (11 out of 33) of control animals against 12.5% (1 out of 8) of animals treated with flecainide. Ventricular tachycardias were seen in 42% (14 out of 33) of the untreated animals as compared to none of the animals previously treated with flecainide. Total number of ventricular arrhythmias was significantly lower in the treated than in the untreated animals (p less than 0.05). However, when the LAD was occluded completely at its distal part, ventricular fibrillation occurred in all animals (5 untreated and 6 pretreated with flecainide). Time to onset of  ventricular fibrillation was the same for both groups of animals, despite a lower incidence of preceding ventricular arrhythmias in the pretreated group. Flecainide depressed myocardial contractility (LVdP/dt max), caused hypotension, and increased QRS width. Both myocardial depression and widening of QRS are related to arterial plasma levels of flecainide. Therefore, a slower infusion rate than the 1 mg/kg per minute used in this study is advisable when myocardial function is impaired.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic and hemodynamic actions of flecainide acetate (R-818) in the ischemic porcine heart. The antiarrhythmic activity of flecainide acetate (R-818), 2 mg/kg, was investigated in anesthetized, open-chest pigs. Ventricular arrhythmias were provoked by reducing the flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) to 25% of control during 30 min. During this period ventricular fibrillation occurred in 33% (11 out of 33) of control animals against 12.5% (1 out of 8) of animals treated with flecainide. Ventricular tachycardias were seen in 42% (14 out of 33) of the untreated animals as compared to none of the animals previously treated with flecainide. Total number of ventricular arrhythmias was significantly lower in the treated than in the untreated animals (p less than 0.05). However, when the LAD was occluded completely at its distal part, ventricular fibrillation occurred in all animals (5 untreated and 6 pretreated with flecainide). Time to onset of  ventricular fibrillation was the same for both groups of animals, despite a lower incidence of preceding ventricular arrhythmias in the pretreated group. Flecainide depressed myocardial contractility (LVdP/dt max), caused hypotension, and increased QRS width. Both myocardial depression and widening of QRS are related to arterial plasma levels of flecainide. Therefore, a slower infusion rate than the 1 mg/kg per minute used in this study is advisable when myocardial function is impaired.", "PMID": 94625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1243", "title": "Studies on the role of vasopressin in blood pressure control of spontaneously hypertensive rats with established hypertension (SHR, stroke-prone strain).", "content": "We investigated the role of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in maintaining the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats (stroke-prone strain) with established hypertension (22--28 weeks of age). In comparison with normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, plasma AVP concentrations of SH rats with benign hypertension (BH) were elevated twofold and in rats with severe or malignant hypertension (S-MH), fourfold. The height of the blood pressure was quantitatively related to plasma AVP in both BH and S-MH rats, the overall correlation coefficient being 0.66 (p less than 0.001). The intravenous injection of a specific AVP antiserum into conscious and unrestrained rats lowered blood pressure in 4 BH rats by 48 +/- 14 mm Hg and in 4 S-MH rats by 78 +/- 10 mm Hg and had only a marginal effect in 4 normotensive WKY rats. Infusion of saralasin did not lower blood pressure in WKY and BH rats and reduced blood pressure in only 2 of 7 S-MH rats tetsted (by 15 and 20 mm Hg). During AVP infusion the blood pressure of SH rats increased more (p less than 0.001) and heart rate fell much less (p less than 0.001) than in WKY rats. It is concluded that in SH rats with established hypertension, plasma AVP plays an important role in the maintenance of high blood pressure, while the renin-angiotensin system plays a minor or no role.", "contents": "Studies on the role of vasopressin in blood pressure control of spontaneously hypertensive rats with established hypertension (SHR, stroke-prone strain). We investigated the role of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in maintaining the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats (stroke-prone strain) with established hypertension (22--28 weeks of age). In comparison with normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, plasma AVP concentrations of SH rats with benign hypertension (BH) were elevated twofold and in rats with severe or malignant hypertension (S-MH), fourfold. The height of the blood pressure was quantitatively related to plasma AVP in both BH and S-MH rats, the overall correlation coefficient being 0.66 (p less than 0.001). The intravenous injection of a specific AVP antiserum into conscious and unrestrained rats lowered blood pressure in 4 BH rats by 48 +/- 14 mm Hg and in 4 S-MH rats by 78 +/- 10 mm Hg and had only a marginal effect in 4 normotensive WKY rats. Infusion of saralasin did not lower blood pressure in WKY and BH rats and reduced blood pressure in only 2 of 7 S-MH rats tetsted (by 15 and 20 mm Hg). During AVP infusion the blood pressure of SH rats increased more (p less than 0.001) and heart rate fell much less (p less than 0.001) than in WKY rats. It is concluded that in SH rats with established hypertension, plasma AVP plays an important role in the maintenance of high blood pressure, while the renin-angiotensin system plays a minor or no role.", "PMID": 94626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1244", "title": "Effects of labetalol on plasma renin, aldosterone, and catecholamines in hypertensive patients.", "content": "We studied the effects of labetalol, an alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, on maximum exercise heart rate and on plasma renin, aldosterone, noradrenaline, and adrenaline levels at rest and during exercise in hypertensive patients. The dose of labetalol was doubled weekly from 0.3 to 2.4 g per day. The maximum exercise heart rate fell significantly during labetalol treatment, and there was a significant correlation between exercise tachycardia and the dosage of labetalol. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration at rest decreased during treatment with labetalol. The exercise-induced increase in plasma renin activity was reduced by labetalol. Labetalol did not cause any significant changes in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline at rest or during exercise.", "contents": "Effects of labetalol on plasma renin, aldosterone, and catecholamines in hypertensive patients. We studied the effects of labetalol, an alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, on maximum exercise heart rate and on plasma renin, aldosterone, noradrenaline, and adrenaline levels at rest and during exercise in hypertensive patients. The dose of labetalol was doubled weekly from 0.3 to 2.4 g per day. The maximum exercise heart rate fell significantly during labetalol treatment, and there was a significant correlation between exercise tachycardia and the dosage of labetalol. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration at rest decreased during treatment with labetalol. The exercise-induced increase in plasma renin activity was reduced by labetalol. Labetalol did not cause any significant changes in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline at rest or during exercise.", "PMID": 94628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1245", "title": "Interaction of imidazoline alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists with histamine receptors.", "content": "Because the alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists phentolamine and tolazoline are similar in structure to histamine, it is possible that the vasodilatation caused by these drugs may be due in part to stimulation of histamine receptors. The vascular effects of these agents were studied in the hindquarters of rats and the gracilis muscle of dogs. To eliminate interruption of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone as a mechanism of vasodilatation, all animals were treated with the alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist, dibozane. After dibozane, histamine caused vasodilatation in the rat, whereas both tolazoline and phentolamine caused vasoconstriction. It is concluded that phentolamine and tolazoline do not stimulate vascular histamine receptors in the rat. In the dog, after alpha-receptor blockade, phentolamine and tolazoline caused vasodilatation, as did histamine. Responses to histamine were partially attenuated by mepyramine and greatly attenuated by the combination of mepyramine and metiamide, indicating the participation of both H1- and H2-histamine receptors. Vasodilatation caused by phentolamine was not reduced by antihistamines and does not appear to involve histamine receptors. Vasodilatation following tolazoline was blocked by metiamide but not mepyramine. It is concluded that in addition to blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors, tolazoline can cause vasodilatation by stimulation of histamine H2-receptors.", "contents": "Interaction of imidazoline alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists with histamine receptors. Because the alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists phentolamine and tolazoline are similar in structure to histamine, it is possible that the vasodilatation caused by these drugs may be due in part to stimulation of histamine receptors. The vascular effects of these agents were studied in the hindquarters of rats and the gracilis muscle of dogs. To eliminate interruption of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone as a mechanism of vasodilatation, all animals were treated with the alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist, dibozane. After dibozane, histamine caused vasodilatation in the rat, whereas both tolazoline and phentolamine caused vasoconstriction. It is concluded that phentolamine and tolazoline do not stimulate vascular histamine receptors in the rat. In the dog, after alpha-receptor blockade, phentolamine and tolazoline caused vasodilatation, as did histamine. Responses to histamine were partially attenuated by mepyramine and greatly attenuated by the combination of mepyramine and metiamide, indicating the participation of both H1- and H2-histamine receptors. Vasodilatation caused by phentolamine was not reduced by antihistamines and does not appear to involve histamine receptors. Vasodilatation following tolazoline was blocked by metiamide but not mepyramine. It is concluded that in addition to blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors, tolazoline can cause vasodilatation by stimulation of histamine H2-receptors.", "PMID": 94629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1246", "title": "Prazosin first-pass metabolism and hepatic extraction in the dog.", "content": "The short half-life, low plasma concentrations, and extensive biotransformation of prazosin suggest that it might be subject to extensive first-pass metabolism. Bioavailability, disposition, and hepatic extraction were studied in the dog. In conscious dogs whole blood prazosin concentrations were measured after oral and intravenous administration of the drug. Anesthetized dogs were used to measure prazosin concentrations in arterial and hepatic venous blood samples drawn simultaneously. The bioavailability of prazosin was 0.38 +/- 0.11. In anesthetized dogs the hepatic extraction of prazosin was 0.47 +/- 0.08 for a predicted availability of 0.53 +/- 0.08. Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar in conscious and anesthetized animals. Following intravenous administration to conscious dogs, prazosin concentrations in whole blood declined with a fast half-life of 3.9 +/- 1.74 min and a slow half-life of 153 +/- 24 min, the volume of distribution at steady state being 48.6 +/- 15.3 liters in dogs (mean weight, 22.6 kg). We conclude that prazosin availability following oral administration is low and that first-pass hepatic metabolism is largely responsible for this. A one-compartment model adequately describes prazosin pharmacokinetics in the dog.", "contents": "Prazosin first-pass metabolism and hepatic extraction in the dog. The short half-life, low plasma concentrations, and extensive biotransformation of prazosin suggest that it might be subject to extensive first-pass metabolism. Bioavailability, disposition, and hepatic extraction were studied in the dog. In conscious dogs whole blood prazosin concentrations were measured after oral and intravenous administration of the drug. Anesthetized dogs were used to measure prazosin concentrations in arterial and hepatic venous blood samples drawn simultaneously. The bioavailability of prazosin was 0.38 +/- 0.11. In anesthetized dogs the hepatic extraction of prazosin was 0.47 +/- 0.08 for a predicted availability of 0.53 +/- 0.08. Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar in conscious and anesthetized animals. Following intravenous administration to conscious dogs, prazosin concentrations in whole blood declined with a fast half-life of 3.9 +/- 1.74 min and a slow half-life of 153 +/- 24 min, the volume of distribution at steady state being 48.6 +/- 15.3 liters in dogs (mean weight, 22.6 kg). We conclude that prazosin availability following oral administration is low and that first-pass hepatic metabolism is largely responsible for this. A one-compartment model adequately describes prazosin pharmacokinetics in the dog.", "PMID": 94630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1247", "title": "Chronotropic effects of atropine sulfate and methscopolamine bromide in normal subjects and patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.", "content": "The increase in heart rate caused by intravenous injections of atropine sulfate (AS) and methscopolamine bromide (MSB) were compared in 12 healthy volunteers. AS, 200 micrograms, or MSB, 100 micrograms, were injected every 3 min for five doses on successive days. Mean heart rate from the second and fifth injections of MSB was significantly greater than after corresponding injections of atropine. The ratio of equivalent doses of MSB and AS was found to be 1:3. Three subjects with AS and four subjects with MSB exhibited reduced heart rates after the first injection. Excellent correlation of plasma atropine concentrations and heart rate increase were obtained in two volunteers (correlation coefficient, r = 0.84). In the second study, AS, 180 micrograms, and MSB, 60 micrograms, were compared in 20 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriography. Both drugs produced equivalent increments in heart rate. MSB produced a more predictable dose response than AS. Side effects were similar with both drugs when equivalent doses were used. This study confirms previous investigations that MSB can be titrated by intravenous injections to increase heart rate to desired levels. Absence of central nervous system stimulation by MSB suggests that it may be more appropriate for use in patients with myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Chronotropic effects of atropine sulfate and methscopolamine bromide in normal subjects and patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. The increase in heart rate caused by intravenous injections of atropine sulfate (AS) and methscopolamine bromide (MSB) were compared in 12 healthy volunteers. AS, 200 micrograms, or MSB, 100 micrograms, were injected every 3 min for five doses on successive days. Mean heart rate from the second and fifth injections of MSB was significantly greater than after corresponding injections of atropine. The ratio of equivalent doses of MSB and AS was found to be 1:3. Three subjects with AS and four subjects with MSB exhibited reduced heart rates after the first injection. Excellent correlation of plasma atropine concentrations and heart rate increase were obtained in two volunteers (correlation coefficient, r = 0.84). In the second study, AS, 180 micrograms, and MSB, 60 micrograms, were compared in 20 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriography. Both drugs produced equivalent increments in heart rate. MSB produced a more predictable dose response than AS. Side effects were similar with both drugs when equivalent doses were used. This study confirms previous investigations that MSB can be titrated by intravenous injections to increase heart rate to desired levels. Absence of central nervous system stimulation by MSB suggests that it may be more appropriate for use in patients with myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 94631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1248", "title": "Effects of two monocarboxylic ionophores, grisorixin and alborixin, on cardiovascular function and plasma cation concentrations in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "Grisorixin and alborixin are two monocarboxylic ionophores of the nigericin group which carry potassium preferentially over sodium. We studied their cardiovascular effects in anesthetized dogs. Grisorixin (2 mg/kg) and alborixin (1 mg/kg) produced a dramatic increase in ventricular contractile force (+250 and +320%, respectively) and in systolic and diastolic arterial pressures. At the same time, they induced a marked increase in plasma potassium in the coronary sinus and hepatic vein and a lesser increase in the renal and deep femoral veins. The concomitant modifications of the electrocardiogram were similar to those usually described in hyperkalemia, reflecting the effect of grisorixin and alborixin on plasma potassium. The parallel decrease in plasma sodium in the coronary sinus was more marked with alborixin than with grisorixin. These results suggest that the ionophores alter the intracellular ionic state of the myocardium, which may partly explain their positive inotropic effect and the greater effect of alborixin.", "contents": "Effects of two monocarboxylic ionophores, grisorixin and alborixin, on cardiovascular function and plasma cation concentrations in the anesthetized dog. Grisorixin and alborixin are two monocarboxylic ionophores of the nigericin group which carry potassium preferentially over sodium. We studied their cardiovascular effects in anesthetized dogs. Grisorixin (2 mg/kg) and alborixin (1 mg/kg) produced a dramatic increase in ventricular contractile force (+250 and +320%, respectively) and in systolic and diastolic arterial pressures. At the same time, they induced a marked increase in plasma potassium in the coronary sinus and hepatic vein and a lesser increase in the renal and deep femoral veins. The concomitant modifications of the electrocardiogram were similar to those usually described in hyperkalemia, reflecting the effect of grisorixin and alborixin on plasma potassium. The parallel decrease in plasma sodium in the coronary sinus was more marked with alborixin than with grisorixin. These results suggest that the ionophores alter the intracellular ionic state of the myocardium, which may partly explain their positive inotropic effect and the greater effect of alborixin.", "PMID": 94632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1249", "title": "Regional myocardial perfusion and wall thickness and arteriovenous shunting after ergotamine administration to pigs with a fixed coronary stenosis.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of antimigraine drug ergotamine, which is considered contraindicated in patients with coronary artery disease, were studied in pigs with a normal myocardial circulation (doses of 8, 16, and 32 micrograms/kg, i.v.) or with acute coronary stenosis (8 micrograms/kg). In both groups of animals, ergotamine decreased heart rate, cardiac output, and arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow while increasing aortic blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance. No effects on total ventricular blood flow and its distribution within the myocardium were found in normal animals. In animals with a clamp on the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), the blood flow to the LAD-perfused area was reduced from 1.10 +/- 0.16 to 0.67 +/- 0.05 cm3/min/g. The endocardium was affected more than the epicardium and the endo/epi flow ratio decreased from 1.18 +/- 0.05 to 0.74 +/- 0.07. Ergotamine increased the blood flow to the ischemic zone towards normal values, and the endo/epi flow ratio to 1.05 +/- 0.21. However, myocardial wall thickness parameters, which showed functional deterioration during ischemia, did not change after ergotamine. The present study provides no clear support for cardiovascular contraindications to ergotamine administration.", "contents": "Regional myocardial perfusion and wall thickness and arteriovenous shunting after ergotamine administration to pigs with a fixed coronary stenosis. The hemodynamic effects of antimigraine drug ergotamine, which is considered contraindicated in patients with coronary artery disease, were studied in pigs with a normal myocardial circulation (doses of 8, 16, and 32 micrograms/kg, i.v.) or with acute coronary stenosis (8 micrograms/kg). In both groups of animals, ergotamine decreased heart rate, cardiac output, and arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow while increasing aortic blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance. No effects on total ventricular blood flow and its distribution within the myocardium were found in normal animals. In animals with a clamp on the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), the blood flow to the LAD-perfused area was reduced from 1.10 +/- 0.16 to 0.67 +/- 0.05 cm3/min/g. The endocardium was affected more than the epicardium and the endo/epi flow ratio decreased from 1.18 +/- 0.05 to 0.74 +/- 0.07. Ergotamine increased the blood flow to the ischemic zone towards normal values, and the endo/epi flow ratio to 1.05 +/- 0.21. However, myocardial wall thickness parameters, which showed functional deterioration during ischemia, did not change after ergotamine. The present study provides no clear support for cardiovascular contraindications to ergotamine administration.", "PMID": 94633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1250", "title": "Long-term antihypertensive therapy with prazosin plus a diuretic.", "content": "Prazosin was administered to 21 diuretic-treated mild hypertensives for intervals of 1 month to 1 year. Three patients dropped out of the study, one from side-effects, one from noncompliance and the third for relocation. At 1, 6, and 12 months of follow-up therapy, blood pressures were reduced by 9--12%. Pulse rate was essentially unchanged. Thus prazosin appears to lower blood pressure for periods up to 1 year with little evidence of tolerance and with no change in heart rate.", "contents": "Long-term antihypertensive therapy with prazosin plus a diuretic. Prazosin was administered to 21 diuretic-treated mild hypertensives for intervals of 1 month to 1 year. Three patients dropped out of the study, one from side-effects, one from noncompliance and the third for relocation. At 1, 6, and 12 months of follow-up therapy, blood pressures were reduced by 9--12%. Pulse rate was essentially unchanged. Thus prazosin appears to lower blood pressure for periods up to 1 year with little evidence of tolerance and with no change in heart rate.", "PMID": 94636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1251", "title": "Comparison of prazosin and methyldopa in essential hypertension: results of a randomized, double-blind, parallel trial.", "content": "The value of prazosin and methyldopa administration was compared in 16 patients with essential hypertension during a 6 month randomized, double-blind, parallel trial. Both drugs were administered in combination with hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg twice daily, until recumbent diastolic blood pressure was decreased to less than 90 mm Hg or the patient was receiving prazosin, 5 mg q.i.d., or methylodpa, 500 mg q.i.d. Addition of either prazosin or methyldopa to hydrochlorothiazide lowered blood pressure significantly and to a similar degree without altering plasma renin activity. Heart rate and weight were significantly increased during prazosin, but not methyldopa, therapy. Symptomatic side effects occurred with equal frequency during treatment with both agents and did not result in alteration or discontinuation of therapy in any patient. A decrease in frequency of administration from q.i.d. to b.i.d. or t.i.d./b.i.d. to q.d. did not adversely affect blood pressure control. Substitution of propranolol for prazosin or methyldopa provided similar antihypertensive effectiveness with a significant decrease in heart rate.", "contents": "Comparison of prazosin and methyldopa in essential hypertension: results of a randomized, double-blind, parallel trial. The value of prazosin and methyldopa administration was compared in 16 patients with essential hypertension during a 6 month randomized, double-blind, parallel trial. Both drugs were administered in combination with hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg twice daily, until recumbent diastolic blood pressure was decreased to less than 90 mm Hg or the patient was receiving prazosin, 5 mg q.i.d., or methylodpa, 500 mg q.i.d. Addition of either prazosin or methyldopa to hydrochlorothiazide lowered blood pressure significantly and to a similar degree without altering plasma renin activity. Heart rate and weight were significantly increased during prazosin, but not methyldopa, therapy. Symptomatic side effects occurred with equal frequency during treatment with both agents and did not result in alteration or discontinuation of therapy in any patient. A decrease in frequency of administration from q.i.d. to b.i.d. or t.i.d./b.i.d. to q.d. did not adversely affect blood pressure control. Substitution of propranolol for prazosin or methyldopa provided similar antihypertensive effectiveness with a significant decrease in heart rate.", "PMID": 94637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1252", "title": "Renal perfusion changes during treatment of essential hypertension: prazosin versus propranolol.", "content": "To evaluate renal hemodynamic changes during therapy of essential hypertension, we treated 12 essential hypertensives in crossover fashion, with 1 month each of placebo, prazosin, and propranolol alone. During prazosin treatment, blood pressure was normalized with preservation of glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, and renal blood flow. Propranolol, however, normalized blood pressure with an associated significant decline in glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, and renal blood flow. The potential mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Renal perfusion changes during treatment of essential hypertension: prazosin versus propranolol. To evaluate renal hemodynamic changes during therapy of essential hypertension, we treated 12 essential hypertensives in crossover fashion, with 1 month each of placebo, prazosin, and propranolol alone. During prazosin treatment, blood pressure was normalized with preservation of glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, and renal blood flow. Propranolol, however, normalized blood pressure with an associated significant decline in glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, and renal blood flow. The potential mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 94638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1253", "title": "Effects of prazosin in the control of blood pressure in hypertensive dialysis patients.", "content": "Twenty-two chronic hemodialysis patients with hypertension were treated with prazosin. Eight patients had volume-responsive hypertension, 11 volume-indpendent, and 3 high-renin hypertension. Blood pressure fell in all volume-responsive patients from a predialysis level of 175 +/- 5/100 +/- 3 to 148 +/- 4/75 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) after 3 months of therapy. Prazosin alone was effective in volume responsive patients at a dose of 5 +/- 1.0 mg daily. The blood pressure fell in volume-indpendent patients from 192 +/- 7/105 +/- 2 mm Hg predialysis to 155 +/- 6/80 +/- 3 after 3 months (p less than 0.001). Two were controlled on prazosin alone at a dose of 12 +/- 2 mg daily. Nine required 27 +/- 5 mg of prazosin daily as well as additional antihypertensive treatment. The blood pressure fell from 183 +/- 3/109 +/- 6 mm Hg predialysis to 173 +/- 17/85 +/- 3 mm Hg in high-renin patients after 3 months. One patient was controlled on 40 mg of prazosin daily. Two required 40 mg of prazosin daily as well as additional antihypertensive medication. Eleven patients described transient dizziness within the first month of therapy. One patient had recurrent syncope necessitating prazosin withdrawal; Prazosin is an effective antihypertensive agent which can be used in all types of hypertensive dialysis patients either alone or in combination with minimal side effects.", "contents": "Effects of prazosin in the control of blood pressure in hypertensive dialysis patients. Twenty-two chronic hemodialysis patients with hypertension were treated with prazosin. Eight patients had volume-responsive hypertension, 11 volume-indpendent, and 3 high-renin hypertension. Blood pressure fell in all volume-responsive patients from a predialysis level of 175 +/- 5/100 +/- 3 to 148 +/- 4/75 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) after 3 months of therapy. Prazosin alone was effective in volume responsive patients at a dose of 5 +/- 1.0 mg daily. The blood pressure fell in volume-indpendent patients from 192 +/- 7/105 +/- 2 mm Hg predialysis to 155 +/- 6/80 +/- 3 after 3 months (p less than 0.001). Two were controlled on prazosin alone at a dose of 12 +/- 2 mg daily. Nine required 27 +/- 5 mg of prazosin daily as well as additional antihypertensive treatment. The blood pressure fell from 183 +/- 3/109 +/- 6 mm Hg predialysis to 173 +/- 17/85 +/- 3 mm Hg in high-renin patients after 3 months. One patient was controlled on 40 mg of prazosin daily. Two required 40 mg of prazosin daily as well as additional antihypertensive medication. Eleven patients described transient dizziness within the first month of therapy. One patient had recurrent syncope necessitating prazosin withdrawal; Prazosin is an effective antihypertensive agent which can be used in all types of hypertensive dialysis patients either alone or in combination with minimal side effects.", "PMID": 94639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1254", "title": "Isolation and characterization of free and membrane-bound polyribosomes from rabbit spinal cord.", "content": "A procedure is described for the preparation of free and membrane-bound polyribosomes from rabbit spinal cord. First, myelin and filaments are floated away from other subcellular components. The latter are then fractionated by differential centrifugation followed by sedimentation through a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The ribosomal fractions are characterized by their electron microscopic appearance, RNA/protein ratios and sedimentation profile in a linear sucrose gradient. Both membrane-bound and free polyribosomes are active in incorporating amino acids in a cell-free system, whether heterologous or homologous pH 5 enzyme fractions are employed. Autoradiographic analysis of translation products separated by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels shows that both ribosome fractions are active in the synthesis of a variety of proteins including polypeptides which comigrate with alpha- and beta-tubulins and actin. The utility of these polyribosome preparations for the cell-free study of protein biosynthesis is indicated by the high molecular weight of many of the translation products, and by the similarity of the electrophoretic pattern of translation products from the cell-free systems to the pattern of radioactive protein synthesized by rabbit spinal cord during the hour prior to sacrifice.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of free and membrane-bound polyribosomes from rabbit spinal cord. A procedure is described for the preparation of free and membrane-bound polyribosomes from rabbit spinal cord. First, myelin and filaments are floated away from other subcellular components. The latter are then fractionated by differential centrifugation followed by sedimentation through a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The ribosomal fractions are characterized by their electron microscopic appearance, RNA/protein ratios and sedimentation profile in a linear sucrose gradient. Both membrane-bound and free polyribosomes are active in incorporating amino acids in a cell-free system, whether heterologous or homologous pH 5 enzyme fractions are employed. Autoradiographic analysis of translation products separated by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels shows that both ribosome fractions are active in the synthesis of a variety of proteins including polypeptides which comigrate with alpha- and beta-tubulins and actin. The utility of these polyribosome preparations for the cell-free study of protein biosynthesis is indicated by the high molecular weight of many of the translation products, and by the similarity of the electrophoretic pattern of translation products from the cell-free systems to the pattern of radioactive protein synthesized by rabbit spinal cord during the hour prior to sacrifice.", "PMID": 94644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1255", "title": "Prazosin in hypertension with heart failure.", "content": "Prazosin, in daily doses of 6--16 mg, was used along with furosemide and polythiazide in 11 hypertensive heart failure patients. Average supine and standing blood pressures were reduced from 180/108 and 171/106 to 130/84 and 135/86, respectively. Average heart rate decreased from 83 to 73 supine and from 84 to 75 standing. Changes in the indices of cardiac function--indlucing the ejection fraction, ejection time, and apical indices--each indicated improvement of left ventricular function. Thus prazosin along with diuretic agents may be particularly useful in the treatment simultaneously of heart failure and of elevated blood pressure with few side effects.", "contents": "Prazosin in hypertension with heart failure. Prazosin, in daily doses of 6--16 mg, was used along with furosemide and polythiazide in 11 hypertensive heart failure patients. Average supine and standing blood pressures were reduced from 180/108 and 171/106 to 130/84 and 135/86, respectively. Average heart rate decreased from 83 to 73 supine and from 84 to 75 standing. Changes in the indices of cardiac function--indlucing the ejection fraction, ejection time, and apical indices--each indicated improvement of left ventricular function. Thus prazosin along with diuretic agents may be particularly useful in the treatment simultaneously of heart failure and of elevated blood pressure with few side effects.", "PMID": 94640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1256", "title": "[The plasma concentration of beta 2-microglobulin in the diagnosis of malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "In patients with various stages of carcinoma of the colon-rectum (n = 42) or stomach (n = 15) the plasma concentration of beta 2-microglobulin was determined. The upper limit for normal was evaluated in a control group of healthy people (n = 36) and was found to be 2.4 mg/l. 36% of the patients with carcinoma of the colon-rectum and 27% of those with carcinoma of the stomach had higher than normal beta 2-microglobulin values. In the group of colon carcinoma patients there was a positive correlation between the extent of the tumor and the beta 2-microglobulin concentration. Thus, an appreciable frequency of increased values (greater than 50%) was found only in advanced stage carcinoma. In patients with carcinoma of the stomach only occasionally increased values were observed, independent of the stage of the tumor. In conclusion, the plasma concentration of beta 2-microglobulin is no adjunct in the early diagnosis of carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "[The plasma concentration of beta 2-microglobulin in the diagnosis of malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)]. In patients with various stages of carcinoma of the colon-rectum (n = 42) or stomach (n = 15) the plasma concentration of beta 2-microglobulin was determined. The upper limit for normal was evaluated in a control group of healthy people (n = 36) and was found to be 2.4 mg/l. 36% of the patients with carcinoma of the colon-rectum and 27% of those with carcinoma of the stomach had higher than normal beta 2-microglobulin values. In the group of colon carcinoma patients there was a positive correlation between the extent of the tumor and the beta 2-microglobulin concentration. Thus, an appreciable frequency of increased values (greater than 50%) was found only in advanced stage carcinoma. In patients with carcinoma of the stomach only occasionally increased values were observed, independent of the stage of the tumor. In conclusion, the plasma concentration of beta 2-microglobulin is no adjunct in the early diagnosis of carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 94649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1257", "title": "[Cross reactions of eight yeasts and their importance in serological Candida diagnostic (author's transl)].", "content": "While the antigen structure of yeast cell walls is well known, the immunological cross reactivity of these is often difficult to interpret. The cross reactions of eight yeasts were tested in rabbit hyperimmune sera by the indirect immunofluorescence test. Among the eight species examined were the medically important yeasts C. albicans, C. pseudotropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, T. glabrata, and C. guilliermondii and the apathogenic yeast S. cerevisiae. It has been shown, that there is no correlation between the number of common antigens and the degree of cross reactivity which give identical titers. Therefore it appears, that the quantitative contributions of the single antigens have an important rule, i.e., some antigens are immunogenic in one species while having only hapten characteristics in another. Further the results show that in infections with C. krusei, C. pseudotropicalis, and C. guilliermondii homologous antigens have to be used for the serological diagnosis. The testing of human sera with the yeast antigens by the same methods showed that the strikingly distributions of the Candida titer and the Saccharomyces titer were similar. A larger number of sera of healthy people and patients were compared in the hemagglutination test. These results showed that pathological C. albicans titers cannot be caused by S, cerevisiae antibodies.", "contents": "[Cross reactions of eight yeasts and their importance in serological Candida diagnostic (author's transl)]. While the antigen structure of yeast cell walls is well known, the immunological cross reactivity of these is often difficult to interpret. The cross reactions of eight yeasts were tested in rabbit hyperimmune sera by the indirect immunofluorescence test. Among the eight species examined were the medically important yeasts C. albicans, C. pseudotropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, T. glabrata, and C. guilliermondii and the apathogenic yeast S. cerevisiae. It has been shown, that there is no correlation between the number of common antigens and the degree of cross reactivity which give identical titers. Therefore it appears, that the quantitative contributions of the single antigens have an important rule, i.e., some antigens are immunogenic in one species while having only hapten characteristics in another. Further the results show that in infections with C. krusei, C. pseudotropicalis, and C. guilliermondii homologous antigens have to be used for the serological diagnosis. The testing of human sera with the yeast antigens by the same methods showed that the strikingly distributions of the Candida titer and the Saccharomyces titer were similar. A larger number of sera of healthy people and patients were compared in the hemagglutination test. These results showed that pathological C. albicans titers cannot be caused by S, cerevisiae antibodies.", "PMID": 94650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1258", "title": "Identification of Bacteroides fragilis by indirect immunofluorescence.", "content": "Rabbit antiserum against live or heat-killed Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343 bacteria was titrated against hot phenol water-extracted polysaccharide antigens from five different species of the 'B. fragilis group' of bacteria using an enzyme immunoassay and shown to be specific for the B. fragilis NCTC 9343 polysaccharide. When the antiserum was used in indirect immunofluorescence, 97.1% of 244 B. fragilis strains were correctly identified. Only 8 of the other 312 Bacteroides strains were stained by the anti-B fragilis serum. The 'cross-reactive' Bacteriodes strains all belonged to the \"B. fragilis group\" of bacteria (i.e., B; distasonis, B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. uniformis, and B. vulgatus). None of the 425 aerobic enteric bacteria representing Salmonella, E. coli, Proteus, Yersinia, Shigella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Pseudomonas were positive using the anti-B. fragilis serum. Likewise, all the 59 gram-positive strains representing Streptococcus, Bacillus, Peptostreptococcus, Peptococcus, Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, and Clostridium did not stain. Our data shows in accordance with other findings [11], that B. fragilis strains possess a species-specific cell envelope antigen(s) which promises to be important for production of antisera, making a rapid identification of the species possible.", "contents": "Identification of Bacteroides fragilis by indirect immunofluorescence. Rabbit antiserum against live or heat-killed Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343 bacteria was titrated against hot phenol water-extracted polysaccharide antigens from five different species of the 'B. fragilis group' of bacteria using an enzyme immunoassay and shown to be specific for the B. fragilis NCTC 9343 polysaccharide. When the antiserum was used in indirect immunofluorescence, 97.1% of 244 B. fragilis strains were correctly identified. Only 8 of the other 312 Bacteroides strains were stained by the anti-B fragilis serum. The 'cross-reactive' Bacteriodes strains all belonged to the \"B. fragilis group\" of bacteria (i.e., B; distasonis, B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. uniformis, and B. vulgatus). None of the 425 aerobic enteric bacteria representing Salmonella, E. coli, Proteus, Yersinia, Shigella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Pseudomonas were positive using the anti-B. fragilis serum. Likewise, all the 59 gram-positive strains representing Streptococcus, Bacillus, Peptostreptococcus, Peptococcus, Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, and Clostridium did not stain. Our data shows in accordance with other findings [11], that B. fragilis strains possess a species-specific cell envelope antigen(s) which promises to be important for production of antisera, making a rapid identification of the species possible.", "PMID": 94651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1259", "title": "Neutral protease activity in lymphocytes of Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "Lymphocytes from popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes of Lewis rats with acute EAE as a result of injection of lyophilized guinea pig myelin in Freund's complete adjuvant exerted strong proteolytic activity at neutral pH toward myelin basic protein. After injection of myelin the level of proteolytic activity remained about the same as that in lymphocytes from Freund's adjuvant-injected controls until about day 10 after injection, just before the onset of paralytic symptoms; then the proteolytic activity increased to approximately double its former level. Myelin basic protein was hydrolyzed by whole lymphocytes, but more activity was unmasked by homogenization. Similar results were also obtained using lymphocytes from thymus of EAE and control animals. Lymphocytes with high levels of proteolytic activity were not absorbed by glass wool, did not stain with neutral red, nor did they phagocytose antibody-coated sheep red blood cells. Thymus and lymph node lymphocytes cleaved myelin basic protein to three major peptides and a fourth minor peptide, while spleen lymphocytes hydrolyzed basic protein at only one point resulting in two peptides whose molecular weights added up to that of myelin basic protein. The protease activity was inhibited by 5 X 10(-3) M p-chloromercuribenzoate and by phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride, TPCK, and soybean trypsin inhibitor, therefore the enzymatic activity probably depends on a serine residue and a sulfhydryl group. The bulk of the enzymatic activity is mostly membrane bound with the highest specific activity and total activity contained in a lysosomal-mitochondrial fraction. In view of the infiltration of lymphocytes into the brain substance in acute EAE, it is suggested that these cells may contribute to the destruction of myelin which is usually attributed to the monocyte or macrophage.", "contents": "Neutral protease activity in lymphocytes of Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Lymphocytes from popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes of Lewis rats with acute EAE as a result of injection of lyophilized guinea pig myelin in Freund's complete adjuvant exerted strong proteolytic activity at neutral pH toward myelin basic protein. After injection of myelin the level of proteolytic activity remained about the same as that in lymphocytes from Freund's adjuvant-injected controls until about day 10 after injection, just before the onset of paralytic symptoms; then the proteolytic activity increased to approximately double its former level. Myelin basic protein was hydrolyzed by whole lymphocytes, but more activity was unmasked by homogenization. Similar results were also obtained using lymphocytes from thymus of EAE and control animals. Lymphocytes with high levels of proteolytic activity were not absorbed by glass wool, did not stain with neutral red, nor did they phagocytose antibody-coated sheep red blood cells. Thymus and lymph node lymphocytes cleaved myelin basic protein to three major peptides and a fourth minor peptide, while spleen lymphocytes hydrolyzed basic protein at only one point resulting in two peptides whose molecular weights added up to that of myelin basic protein. The protease activity was inhibited by 5 X 10(-3) M p-chloromercuribenzoate and by phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride, TPCK, and soybean trypsin inhibitor, therefore the enzymatic activity probably depends on a serine residue and a sulfhydryl group. The bulk of the enzymatic activity is mostly membrane bound with the highest specific activity and total activity contained in a lysosomal-mitochondrial fraction. In view of the infiltration of lymphocytes into the brain substance in acute EAE, it is suggested that these cells may contribute to the destruction of myelin which is usually attributed to the monocyte or macrophage.", "PMID": 94652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1260", "title": "Persistence of nucleolar RNA-rich structures and Ph1 duplication in the blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Nucleolar persistence in metaphase plates is a feature observed in most of the cells in neoplastic processes. Pathological persistence or fragmentation of the nucleoli is thought to be the cause of some numerical chromosomal aberrations due to non-disjunction of the chromatids, with particular involvement of the satellite chromosomes. Thus, a combined selective staining of both the nucleoli (amido black 10B according to Mundkur and Brauer's cytochemical technique) and the chromosomes (neutral red) was applied to the metaphase plates of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in the blastic crisis. Duplicated Ph1 was associated with amido black-stained areas at a very high rate in some cases. Since the blastic crisis in chronic myeloid leukaemia is characterized by the appearance of an increased number of immature, highly nucleolated cells, these findings lend support to the hypothesis that the duplication of the Ph1 represents a feature possibly favoured by the pathological persistence of nucleolar RNA-rich structures in the metaphase.", "contents": "Persistence of nucleolar RNA-rich structures and Ph1 duplication in the blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Nucleolar persistence in metaphase plates is a feature observed in most of the cells in neoplastic processes. Pathological persistence or fragmentation of the nucleoli is thought to be the cause of some numerical chromosomal aberrations due to non-disjunction of the chromatids, with particular involvement of the satellite chromosomes. Thus, a combined selective staining of both the nucleoli (amido black 10B according to Mundkur and Brauer's cytochemical technique) and the chromosomes (neutral red) was applied to the metaphase plates of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in the blastic crisis. Duplicated Ph1 was associated with amido black-stained areas at a very high rate in some cases. Since the blastic crisis in chronic myeloid leukaemia is characterized by the appearance of an increased number of immature, highly nucleolated cells, these findings lend support to the hypothesis that the duplication of the Ph1 represents a feature possibly favoured by the pathological persistence of nucleolar RNA-rich structures in the metaphase.", "PMID": 94687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1261", "title": "APUD cells in normal and hyperplastic prostates.", "content": "Argyrophilia and argentaffinity, as basic properties of APUD cells, were investigated in 50 normal and hyperplastic prostates, which included both autopsy and surgical specimens from patients of various ages. Normal prostates (including glands from 3 foetuses) had 62% of argyrophil-positive granules in the glandular epithelia, while only 44% of the hyperplastic glands were positive. Argentaffin-positive cells were found in 12% of the surgical hyperplastic cases. Both argyrophil and argentaffin cells were distributed in zones, often in lobule-like shapes, lying along the basal membrane. On the basis of these findings, there is a discussion on the possible roles played by the so-called APUD cells in hyperplastic and neoplastic growths of the prostate, such as carcinoid tumours (apudomas) or endocrine-associated syndromes in the course of prostatic cancer.", "contents": "APUD cells in normal and hyperplastic prostates. Argyrophilia and argentaffinity, as basic properties of APUD cells, were investigated in 50 normal and hyperplastic prostates, which included both autopsy and surgical specimens from patients of various ages. Normal prostates (including glands from 3 foetuses) had 62% of argyrophil-positive granules in the glandular epithelia, while only 44% of the hyperplastic glands were positive. Argentaffin-positive cells were found in 12% of the surgical hyperplastic cases. Both argyrophil and argentaffin cells were distributed in zones, often in lobule-like shapes, lying along the basal membrane. On the basis of these findings, there is a discussion on the possible roles played by the so-called APUD cells in hyperplastic and neoplastic growths of the prostate, such as carcinoid tumours (apudomas) or endocrine-associated syndromes in the course of prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 94688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1262", "title": "Sharing Ia antigens between species. III. Ia specificities shared between mice and human beings.", "content": "Certain mouse alloantisera have been found to detect immunologic cross-reactions between human and murine Ia antigens. Almost every anti-Iaa, -Iak and -Iad serum tested exhibited such cross-reactions. Sera prepared against the products of limited segments of the mouse I region and tested on human B cells revealed that anti-I-E/Ck cross-reactions were more readily detectable than anti-I-A, B, Jk cross-reactions. Most of the mouse alloantisera were cytotoxic to bells from almost every individual tested, although a few sera exhibited more restricted patterns of lysis, permitting limited segregation analyses. The cytotoxicity of these mouse alloantisera in family studies was consistent with HLA linkage of the genes responsible for the cross-reacting Ia determinants. Immunochemical analysis on radiolabelled detergent lysates of human lymphocytes indicated that the sera reacted with molecules of 34,000 and 28,000 daltons. Thus, by cellular distribution, HLA association, and immunochemical criteria, these mouse alloantisera detect human Ia antigens. These cross-reactive sera should be of practical value for the detection of human Ia antigens and may also have theoretical implications for the evolution of genes coding for Ia antigens.", "contents": "Sharing Ia antigens between species. III. Ia specificities shared between mice and human beings. Certain mouse alloantisera have been found to detect immunologic cross-reactions between human and murine Ia antigens. Almost every anti-Iaa, -Iak and -Iad serum tested exhibited such cross-reactions. Sera prepared against the products of limited segments of the mouse I region and tested on human B cells revealed that anti-I-E/Ck cross-reactions were more readily detectable than anti-I-A, B, Jk cross-reactions. Most of the mouse alloantisera were cytotoxic to bells from almost every individual tested, although a few sera exhibited more restricted patterns of lysis, permitting limited segregation analyses. The cytotoxicity of these mouse alloantisera in family studies was consistent with HLA linkage of the genes responsible for the cross-reacting Ia determinants. Immunochemical analysis on radiolabelled detergent lysates of human lymphocytes indicated that the sera reacted with molecules of 34,000 and 28,000 daltons. Thus, by cellular distribution, HLA association, and immunochemical criteria, these mouse alloantisera detect human Ia antigens. These cross-reactive sera should be of practical value for the detection of human Ia antigens and may also have theoretical implications for the evolution of genes coding for Ia antigens.", "PMID": 94693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1263", "title": "Clearance and glomerular localization of preformed DNP anti-DNP immune complexes.", "content": "The in vivo behaviour of well-defined immune complexes in rats was studied using complexes derived from DNP-conjugated bovine thyroglobulin (DNP-BTG) and purified specific goat anti-DNP IgG. Both clearance and glomerular localization were mainly dependent on the nature of the antigen. Soluble immune complexes formed with DNP17-BTG were cleared faster and showed a more marked localization in the glomerular mesangium than complexes formed with DNP3.4-BTG. A slight increase in the antibody to antigen ratio seemed to facilitate mesangial localization of soluble immune complexes. Insoluble immune complexes showed temporary localization as microemboli in the lumina of glomerular and peritubular capillaries. This study thus shows that not only the size and composition of the complexes but also the nature of the antigen within the complex can influence the clearance and organ localization of circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "Clearance and glomerular localization of preformed DNP anti-DNP immune complexes. The in vivo behaviour of well-defined immune complexes in rats was studied using complexes derived from DNP-conjugated bovine thyroglobulin (DNP-BTG) and purified specific goat anti-DNP IgG. Both clearance and glomerular localization were mainly dependent on the nature of the antigen. Soluble immune complexes formed with DNP17-BTG were cleared faster and showed a more marked localization in the glomerular mesangium than complexes formed with DNP3.4-BTG. A slight increase in the antibody to antigen ratio seemed to facilitate mesangial localization of soluble immune complexes. Insoluble immune complexes showed temporary localization as microemboli in the lumina of glomerular and peritubular capillaries. This study thus shows that not only the size and composition of the complexes but also the nature of the antigen within the complex can influence the clearance and organ localization of circulating immune complexes.", "PMID": 94694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1264", "title": "T cell independent induction of antigen specific suppression of the antibody response.", "content": "Immune spleen cells (from mice given 2 x 10(7) HRBC 14 days earlier) when mixed in vitro with carrier-primed syngeneic spleen cells (from mice given 2 x 10(5) HRBC 3 days earlier) are able to suppress the anti-TNP and anti-HRBC PFC response to TNP-HRBC. If immune thymocytes are substituted for spleen cells suppression is not observed. This suppression is antigen specific, resistant to anti-T treatment or x-irradiation, and is exerted by nylon wool-retained cells of the immune spleen cell population. An antigen specific suppressive factor is released from immune spleen cells in culture. Under these experimental conditions, suppression appears to be mediated by a specific product of B rather than T cells present in the immune spleen cell population.", "contents": "T cell independent induction of antigen specific suppression of the antibody response. Immune spleen cells (from mice given 2 x 10(7) HRBC 14 days earlier) when mixed in vitro with carrier-primed syngeneic spleen cells (from mice given 2 x 10(5) HRBC 3 days earlier) are able to suppress the anti-TNP and anti-HRBC PFC response to TNP-HRBC. If immune thymocytes are substituted for spleen cells suppression is not observed. This suppression is antigen specific, resistant to anti-T treatment or x-irradiation, and is exerted by nylon wool-retained cells of the immune spleen cell population. An antigen specific suppressive factor is released from immune spleen cells in culture. Under these experimental conditions, suppression appears to be mediated by a specific product of B rather than T cells present in the immune spleen cell population.", "PMID": 94690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1265", "title": "A thymus-independent IgG response against dextran B512 can be induced in C57BL but not in CBA mice, even though both strains possess a VHdex gene.", "content": "CBA and C57BL mice both possess a VHdex gene coding for antibodies against the alpha 1-6 epitope of dextran B512. After immunization with dextran, CBA mice produce IgM plaque-forming cells (PFC) only, which show regular cyclical fluctuations. The second PFC peak disappeared after injection of dextranase, indicating that it is antigen-dependent. The anti-dextran response in C57BL mice is characterized by only one IgM peak, followed 1 day later by an IgG peak that may exceed the IgM response by a factor of 10. The IgG anti-dextran response in C57BL mice was thymus-independent. CBA mice gave an IgG response to the hapten fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) after immunization with FITC-dextran, indicating that dextran can function as a carrier for an IgG response in this strain. Attempts to induce IgG PFC against dextran by immunizing CBA mice with thymus-dependent dextran-protein conjugates consistently failed, althouth the conjugates induced IgG fc in C57BL mice. Spleen cells from CBA mice failed to produce IgG antibodies against dextran after transfer into lethally irradiated C57BL mice, whereas the C57BL spleen cells produced IgG PFC after transfer into CBA mice. The lack of IgG synthesis against the alpha 1-6 epitope of dextran in CBA mice appears to be regulated exclusively at the B cell level and is restricted specifically to the VHdex gene product.", "contents": "A thymus-independent IgG response against dextran B512 can be induced in C57BL but not in CBA mice, even though both strains possess a VHdex gene. CBA and C57BL mice both possess a VHdex gene coding for antibodies against the alpha 1-6 epitope of dextran B512. After immunization with dextran, CBA mice produce IgM plaque-forming cells (PFC) only, which show regular cyclical fluctuations. The second PFC peak disappeared after injection of dextranase, indicating that it is antigen-dependent. The anti-dextran response in C57BL mice is characterized by only one IgM peak, followed 1 day later by an IgG peak that may exceed the IgM response by a factor of 10. The IgG anti-dextran response in C57BL mice was thymus-independent. CBA mice gave an IgG response to the hapten fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) after immunization with FITC-dextran, indicating that dextran can function as a carrier for an IgG response in this strain. Attempts to induce IgG PFC against dextran by immunizing CBA mice with thymus-dependent dextran-protein conjugates consistently failed, althouth the conjugates induced IgG fc in C57BL mice. Spleen cells from CBA mice failed to produce IgG antibodies against dextran after transfer into lethally irradiated C57BL mice, whereas the C57BL spleen cells produced IgG PFC after transfer into CBA mice. The lack of IgG synthesis against the alpha 1-6 epitope of dextran in CBA mice appears to be regulated exclusively at the B cell level and is restricted specifically to the VHdex gene product.", "PMID": 94695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1266", "title": "The effect of dextran on the incidence of thrombosis in microvenous Nakayama ring pin anastomoses. Including further studies on the histopathology of Nakayama anastomoses.", "content": "Anastomoses of the posterior facial veins in the rabbits neck (diameter appr. 1.5-2.0 mm) were performed under the operating microscope, using the Nakayama ring pin stapler. Immediately before the operation the animals received clinical dextran (mw 70000) or physiological saline intravenously in a double-blind randomized pattern. The total incidence of partial or complete thrombosis in this experiment was low (around 10%). No difference between the two groups were detected. All anastomoses were examined in vivo, under the microscope and histologically. The histological findings are penetrated.", "contents": "The effect of dextran on the incidence of thrombosis in microvenous Nakayama ring pin anastomoses. Including further studies on the histopathology of Nakayama anastomoses. Anastomoses of the posterior facial veins in the rabbits neck (diameter appr. 1.5-2.0 mm) were performed under the operating microscope, using the Nakayama ring pin stapler. Immediately before the operation the animals received clinical dextran (mw 70000) or physiological saline intravenously in a double-blind randomized pattern. The total incidence of partial or complete thrombosis in this experiment was low (around 10%). No difference between the two groups were detected. All anastomoses were examined in vivo, under the microscope and histologically. The histological findings are penetrated.", "PMID": 94697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1267", "title": "Analysis of HGPRT- CRM+ human lymphoblast mutants.", "content": "Three 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants of the human diploid lymphoblast line MGL-8 were studied. The inactivation by heat of both HGPRT activity and antigenicity of the HGPRT immunologically cross-reacting material of the A30 mutant cells were not protected by PRPP, indicating that the HGPRT in A30 cells has an altered PRPP binding site, leading to lack of stabilization and rapid degradation of the enzyme. Two dimensional separations of the immunoprecipitates from extracts of the parental and mutant cell lines showed that the A35 mutant CRM has a more acidic isoelectric pH, while the A30 CRM has a more basic isoelectric pH and that the A30 protein has a faster rate of degradation than the wild-type HGPRT. The A30 CRM also has a smaller molecular size than the wild-type enzyme.", "contents": "Analysis of HGPRT- CRM+ human lymphoblast mutants. Three 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants of the human diploid lymphoblast line MGL-8 were studied. The inactivation by heat of both HGPRT activity and antigenicity of the HGPRT immunologically cross-reacting material of the A30 mutant cells were not protected by PRPP, indicating that the HGPRT in A30 cells has an altered PRPP binding site, leading to lack of stabilization and rapid degradation of the enzyme. Two dimensional separations of the immunoprecipitates from extracts of the parental and mutant cell lines showed that the A35 mutant CRM has a more acidic isoelectric pH, while the A30 CRM has a more basic isoelectric pH and that the A30 protein has a faster rate of degradation than the wild-type HGPRT. The A30 CRM also has a smaller molecular size than the wild-type enzyme.", "PMID": 94698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1268", "title": "Colorectal carcinoma antigens detected by hybridoma antibodies.", "content": "Hybridoma cells which secrete colorectal carcinoma-specific antibodies have been produced and used to study the antigenic structure of these tumor cells. Nineteen antibodies have been studied in detail, and 15 of these are colorectal carcinoma specific. Only two antibodies reactive with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) have been discovered and five other antibodies that react with distinct epitopes on the cell surface have been defined. Several antigens with distinct molecular characteristics have been shown to exist by use of hybridoma antibodies. Six hybridoma antibodies have been shown to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).", "contents": "Colorectal carcinoma antigens detected by hybridoma antibodies. Hybridoma cells which secrete colorectal carcinoma-specific antibodies have been produced and used to study the antigenic structure of these tumor cells. Nineteen antibodies have been studied in detail, and 15 of these are colorectal carcinoma specific. Only two antibodies reactive with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) have been discovered and five other antibodies that react with distinct epitopes on the cell surface have been defined. Several antigens with distinct molecular characteristics have been shown to exist by use of hybridoma antibodies. Six hybridoma antibodies have been shown to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).", "PMID": 94699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1269", "title": "Regulation of expression of type C virion DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) in human x mouse and human x rat hybrid cells.", "content": "Human cells from 13 different individuals were fused to mouse and rat cells producing abundant type C viral particles. The results demonstrate that incorporation of active DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) into mature type C particles is suppressed in many of the hybrid clones but not in the parental mouse cell clones. This low particle-associated DNA polymerase phenotype was a heritable trait for over 100 cell generations but reversion to a high particle-associated DNA polymerase phenotype was possible. In contrast, no evidence for suppression of viral p30 antigen was found. These results suggest that human cells contain a factor(s) capable of interfering with the normal maturation of the mouse retrovirus DNA polymerase protein; however, it was not possible to assign this function to any of 20 different human chromosomes tested. It is suggested that these somatic cell hybrids may be useful in examining individual events in retrovirus packaging and release.", "contents": "Regulation of expression of type C virion DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) in human x mouse and human x rat hybrid cells. Human cells from 13 different individuals were fused to mouse and rat cells producing abundant type C viral particles. The results demonstrate that incorporation of active DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) into mature type C particles is suppressed in many of the hybrid clones but not in the parental mouse cell clones. This low particle-associated DNA polymerase phenotype was a heritable trait for over 100 cell generations but reversion to a high particle-associated DNA polymerase phenotype was possible. In contrast, no evidence for suppression of viral p30 antigen was found. These results suggest that human cells contain a factor(s) capable of interfering with the normal maturation of the mouse retrovirus DNA polymerase protein; however, it was not possible to assign this function to any of 20 different human chromosomes tested. It is suggested that these somatic cell hybrids may be useful in examining individual events in retrovirus packaging and release.", "PMID": 94700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1270", "title": "HLA antigens in a psoriatic family: comparative studies with MLC, HTC, PLT and serological HLA-DR determinations.", "content": "HLA genotypes were characterized in a large family of 48 individuals in three generations. In this family, carriers of the proband's disease-predisposing haplotype commonly expressed clinical signs of illness, manifested as psoriasis and/or arthritic lesions. From these data, and from other family studies, presented previously, we have concluded that cutaneous and/or joint lesions may be signs of disease in carriers of the predisposing HLA haplotype. We have investigated HLA-A, B, C and D/DR antigens in the family members. This gave us the opportunity to evaluate the validity of different assays for the determination of HLA-D alleles in a family material where the MLC tests formed the basis for a correct assignment of HLA-D determinants. The HTC method and the PLT assay were both afflicted with specific typing problems, partly due to the existence of cellular cross-reactions between HLA-D determinants, which seemed to be reminiscent of serological DR crossreactions.", "contents": "HLA antigens in a psoriatic family: comparative studies with MLC, HTC, PLT and serological HLA-DR determinations. HLA genotypes were characterized in a large family of 48 individuals in three generations. In this family, carriers of the proband's disease-predisposing haplotype commonly expressed clinical signs of illness, manifested as psoriasis and/or arthritic lesions. From these data, and from other family studies, presented previously, we have concluded that cutaneous and/or joint lesions may be signs of disease in carriers of the predisposing HLA haplotype. We have investigated HLA-A, B, C and D/DR antigens in the family members. This gave us the opportunity to evaluate the validity of different assays for the determination of HLA-D alleles in a family material where the MLC tests formed the basis for a correct assignment of HLA-D determinants. The HTC method and the PLT assay were both afflicted with specific typing problems, partly due to the existence of cellular cross-reactions between HLA-D determinants, which seemed to be reminiscent of serological DR crossreactions.", "PMID": 94702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1271", "title": "Two HLA-D and DR alleles are associated with coeliac disease.", "content": "A group of 45 children affected with Coeliac Disease (CD) was typed for HLA-A, B, C, D, and DR specificities. The most significant associations were found with two alleles of the D series, with both cellular and serological typing. It is suggested that the susceptibility to CD is determined by two different genes within the HLA region, the first in common with organ-specific autoimmune diseases and associated with DW3, the second possibly specific for CD and associated with Dw7.", "contents": "Two HLA-D and DR alleles are associated with coeliac disease. A group of 45 children affected with Coeliac Disease (CD) was typed for HLA-A, B, C, D, and DR specificities. The most significant associations were found with two alleles of the D series, with both cellular and serological typing. It is suggested that the susceptibility to CD is determined by two different genes within the HLA region, the first in common with organ-specific autoimmune diseases and associated with DW3, the second possibly specific for CD and associated with Dw7.", "PMID": 94703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1272", "title": "Improved B cell typing for HLA-DR using nylon wool column enriched B lymphocyte preparations.", "content": "A rapid, simple procedure for preparing B lymphocytes using nylon wool has been devised. When mixtures of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and monocytes are applied to nylon wool columns, B lymphocytes can then be removed, virtually free of monocytes. Such preparations (Ad) are 85 +/- 6% SIg+ and have only 3 +/- 1% monocyte contamination. The yield from peripheral blood averages 5% of all mononuclear cells. In contrast, the E rosette depletion method (E-) yields cells which are only 64 +/- 5% SIg+ and have 25 +/- 7% monocyte contamination. The superiority of the nylon method for HLA-DR typing was demonstrated in a comparative study of Ad and E- with eight normal individuals. Cytotoxic scores were higher and a large number of reactions, representing DRw groups and additional cross-reactions, was detected.", "contents": "Improved B cell typing for HLA-DR using nylon wool column enriched B lymphocyte preparations. A rapid, simple procedure for preparing B lymphocytes using nylon wool has been devised. When mixtures of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and monocytes are applied to nylon wool columns, B lymphocytes can then be removed, virtually free of monocytes. Such preparations (Ad) are 85 +/- 6% SIg+ and have only 3 +/- 1% monocyte contamination. The yield from peripheral blood averages 5% of all mononuclear cells. In contrast, the E rosette depletion method (E-) yields cells which are only 64 +/- 5% SIg+ and have 25 +/- 7% monocyte contamination. The superiority of the nylon method for HLA-DR typing was demonstrated in a comparative study of Ad and E- with eight normal individuals. Cytotoxic scores were higher and a large number of reactions, representing DRw groups and additional cross-reactions, was detected.", "PMID": 94704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1273", "title": "Influence of genes associated with the main histocompatibility complex on deoxyribonucleic acid excision repair capacity and bleomycin sensitivity in mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "In sets of mice congenic at H-2 and upon two backgrounds, and selected according to known differences in strain-specific lifespans, DNA repair efficiency in spleen cells was compared by two techniques: excision repair capacity following UV-irradiation, and bleomycin sensitivity. Significant differences between certain congenic partner sets were noted with both techniques, suggesting that the main histocompatibility complex influences DNA repair capacity.", "contents": "Influence of genes associated with the main histocompatibility complex on deoxyribonucleic acid excision repair capacity and bleomycin sensitivity in mouse lymphocytes. In sets of mice congenic at H-2 and upon two backgrounds, and selected according to known differences in strain-specific lifespans, DNA repair efficiency in spleen cells was compared by two techniques: excision repair capacity following UV-irradiation, and bleomycin sensitivity. Significant differences between certain congenic partner sets were noted with both techniques, suggesting that the main histocompatibility complex influences DNA repair capacity.", "PMID": 94705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1274", "title": "HLA frequencies in a Mexican Mestizo population.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to reevaluate the distribution of HLA antigens in Mexican Mestizos since, in our previous report, very few specificities were explored for this population. The Mestizos are primarly a mixture of Caucasians (Spaniards) and Mexican Indians and account at the present time for about 95% of the total Mexican population. A and B antigens were typed on isolated cells using a microlymphocytotoxicity technique. Antigen, gene and haplotype frequencies were calculated including the significance for delta values. The results clearly showed that the HLA distribution differs from other ethnic groups and the predominant antigens are A2, A9, B5, Bw35 and B40, but the general pattern clearly shows the participation in genetical composition of Spanish and Mexican Indian backgrounds. The most frequent haplotypes were A2-B5, A9-Bw35, A9-B40 and A2-B40, which are also the most common in some Mongoloid populations.", "contents": "HLA frequencies in a Mexican Mestizo population. The aim of the present study was to reevaluate the distribution of HLA antigens in Mexican Mestizos since, in our previous report, very few specificities were explored for this population. The Mestizos are primarly a mixture of Caucasians (Spaniards) and Mexican Indians and account at the present time for about 95% of the total Mexican population. A and B antigens were typed on isolated cells using a microlymphocytotoxicity technique. Antigen, gene and haplotype frequencies were calculated including the significance for delta values. The results clearly showed that the HLA distribution differs from other ethnic groups and the predominant antigens are A2, A9, B5, Bw35 and B40, but the general pattern clearly shows the participation in genetical composition of Spanish and Mexican Indian backgrounds. The most frequent haplotypes were A2-B5, A9-Bw35, A9-B40 and A2-B40, which are also the most common in some Mongoloid populations.", "PMID": 94707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1275", "title": "False negative HLA-DR assignment necrokidney donors. A glucocorticoid effect?", "content": "Thirteen potential necrokidney donors were HLA-DR typed using peripheral blood B lymphocytes (PBBL). Antigen assignment was impossible in 10 cases because of non-reactivity of the PBBL with the HLA-DR testserum set, in some of the cases in spite of positive reactions with a positive control xenogeneic anti-human B cell antiserum. In five of these 10 donors, HLA-DR typing was also performed on B lymphocytes isolated from the spleens, and in all five cases strong specific reactions were obtained, allowing reliable antigen assignment. Evidence is provided that the negative serum reactions with the five donors' PBBL were \"falsely negative\". It is suggested that glucocorticoid treatment prior to blood sampling for HLA-DR typing may be responsible for the phenomenon.", "contents": "False negative HLA-DR assignment necrokidney donors. A glucocorticoid effect? Thirteen potential necrokidney donors were HLA-DR typed using peripheral blood B lymphocytes (PBBL). Antigen assignment was impossible in 10 cases because of non-reactivity of the PBBL with the HLA-DR testserum set, in some of the cases in spite of positive reactions with a positive control xenogeneic anti-human B cell antiserum. In five of these 10 donors, HLA-DR typing was also performed on B lymphocytes isolated from the spleens, and in all five cases strong specific reactions were obtained, allowing reliable antigen assignment. Evidence is provided that the negative serum reactions with the five donors' PBBL were \"falsely negative\". It is suggested that glucocorticoid treatment prior to blood sampling for HLA-DR typing may be responsible for the phenomenon.", "PMID": 94708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1276", "title": "Androgen receptors in benign and malignant prostatic tissue.", "content": "A new procedure has been developed to purify prostatic cell nuclei and to achieve a high yield of nuclear material for study. This technique allowed the investigation of the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase and its relationship to the translocation of dihydrotestosterone and androgen receptors into the nucleus of the prostatic cell. The studies revealed that 5-alpha-reductase was localized chiefly to the stromal components of all types of prostatic tissue. Although there is a higher concentration of dihydrotestosterone in carcinoma tissue the 5-alpha-reductase activity is low. Studies on the effect of androgens and antiandrogens on nuclear uptake of androgen revealed that androgens are potent stimulants of receptor translocation, while antiandrogens stimulate little or no translocation.", "contents": "Androgen receptors in benign and malignant prostatic tissue. A new procedure has been developed to purify prostatic cell nuclei and to achieve a high yield of nuclear material for study. This technique allowed the investigation of the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase and its relationship to the translocation of dihydrotestosterone and androgen receptors into the nucleus of the prostatic cell. The studies revealed that 5-alpha-reductase was localized chiefly to the stromal components of all types of prostatic tissue. Although there is a higher concentration of dihydrotestosterone in carcinoma tissue the 5-alpha-reductase activity is low. Studies on the effect of androgens and antiandrogens on nuclear uptake of androgen revealed that androgens are potent stimulants of receptor translocation, while antiandrogens stimulate little or no translocation.", "PMID": 94714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1277", "title": "Keratinization of the conjunctiva.", "content": "Keratinization of the tarsal conjunctiva in an eye with adequate tears occurs following a number of conditions, including irritation and sensitivity to topical medications, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, radiation to the lid, and occasionally from unknown causes. The keratinized cells produce an epithelial keratitis with subsequent vascularization of the cornea. The morphogenesis of this condition is discussed, along with therapy including mucous membrane grafts and freezing of the tissue.", "contents": "Keratinization of the conjunctiva. Keratinization of the tarsal conjunctiva in an eye with adequate tears occurs following a number of conditions, including irritation and sensitivity to topical medications, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, radiation to the lid, and occasionally from unknown causes. The keratinized cells produce an epithelial keratitis with subsequent vascularization of the cornea. The morphogenesis of this condition is discussed, along with therapy including mucous membrane grafts and freezing of the tissue.", "PMID": 94716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1278", "title": "[Characteristics of immunoglobulin dynamics and absorption in newborn calves].", "content": "A study on protein dynamics in calf blood serum from the time of birth to age of 60 days was carried out by use of electrophoresis on 1% agar gel, immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit immune serum against cattle blood serum, colostrum whey and pure nu-globulin. Investigations were performed on the 4th and 24th hour, and on the 3rd, 6th, 8th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 30th, 45th and 60th day after birth. Resorption of colostral gamma globulins, applied intravenously and orally in the form of the preparation lactoplasmin and 10% normal gamma-globulin injected intravenously was followed under experimental conditions. It was established that calves are born with a comparatively low protein level in the blood serum and after feeding with colostrum begins, specific quantitative and qualitative changes in their profile take place, but the changes concerning gamma-globulins are most pronounced. gamma-globulins are best resorbed after oral application of colostral globulin preparations, and not so well after intravenous application. Noral blood gamma-globulin injected intravenously is least resorbed. Eventual causes for this fact are discussed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of immunoglobulin dynamics and absorption in newborn calves]. A study on protein dynamics in calf blood serum from the time of birth to age of 60 days was carried out by use of electrophoresis on 1% agar gel, immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit immune serum against cattle blood serum, colostrum whey and pure nu-globulin. Investigations were performed on the 4th and 24th hour, and on the 3rd, 6th, 8th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 30th, 45th and 60th day after birth. Resorption of colostral gamma globulins, applied intravenously and orally in the form of the preparation lactoplasmin and 10% normal gamma-globulin injected intravenously was followed under experimental conditions. It was established that calves are born with a comparatively low protein level in the blood serum and after feeding with colostrum begins, specific quantitative and qualitative changes in their profile take place, but the changes concerning gamma-globulins are most pronounced. gamma-globulins are best resorbed after oral application of colostral globulin preparations, and not so well after intravenous application. Noral blood gamma-globulin injected intravenously is least resorbed. Eventual causes for this fact are discussed.", "PMID": 94718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1279", "title": "The development of an experimental model of subretinal neovascularization in disciform macular degeneration.", "content": "A reproducible model of subretinal neovascularization has been developed, an important first step in the study of disciform macular degeneration. The methodology and clinical description of subretinal neovascularization in the primate have been provided and histopathologic and electron microscopic correlations included. This model provides a most promising and useful mechanism for the evaluation of the many different factors and hypotheses that have been proposed for the genesis of the disciform response. In humans, it probably has more relevance to the traumatically induced disciform process, particularly that after laser therapy, than to the senile degenerative process. The purpose of this investigation is to develop the animal model by which many different theories regarding the pathogenesis of the disciform response can be tested. These initial studies relate to ischemia, hemorrhage, the inflammatory response, and position in relation to the center of the vascular-free zone as factors important in the development and evolution of subretinal neovascularization.", "contents": "The development of an experimental model of subretinal neovascularization in disciform macular degeneration. A reproducible model of subretinal neovascularization has been developed, an important first step in the study of disciform macular degeneration. The methodology and clinical description of subretinal neovascularization in the primate have been provided and histopathologic and electron microscopic correlations included. This model provides a most promising and useful mechanism for the evaluation of the many different factors and hypotheses that have been proposed for the genesis of the disciform response. In humans, it probably has more relevance to the traumatically induced disciform process, particularly that after laser therapy, than to the senile degenerative process. The purpose of this investigation is to develop the animal model by which many different theories regarding the pathogenesis of the disciform response can be tested. These initial studies relate to ischemia, hemorrhage, the inflammatory response, and position in relation to the center of the vascular-free zone as factors important in the development and evolution of subretinal neovascularization.", "PMID": 94717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1280", "title": "Effect of nutrients on the toxicity of pesticides carbofuran and hexachlorocyclohexane to blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum.", "content": "The effects of various levels of nutrients like potassium phosphate (dibasic), calcium nitrate, and calcium chloride individually and in combinations were studied on the toxicity of the commonly used pesticides carbofuran and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in growth medium to the N2-fixing blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum. It was observed that all these chemicals had some effects on toxicity. The toxicity of both carbofuran and HCH was reduced to some extent in the presence of higher concentrations of the nutrients when compared to normal levels of the chemicals in the medium. The higher doses of nutrients in combinations antagonized the effect of individual treatment and enhanced the toxicity of pesticides.", "contents": "Effect of nutrients on the toxicity of pesticides carbofuran and hexachlorocyclohexane to blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum. The effects of various levels of nutrients like potassium phosphate (dibasic), calcium nitrate, and calcium chloride individually and in combinations were studied on the toxicity of the commonly used pesticides carbofuran and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in growth medium to the N2-fixing blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum. It was observed that all these chemicals had some effects on toxicity. The toxicity of both carbofuran and HCH was reduced to some extent in the presence of higher concentrations of the nutrients when compared to normal levels of the chemicals in the medium. The higher doses of nutrients in combinations antagonized the effect of individual treatment and enhanced the toxicity of pesticides.", "PMID": 94720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1281", "title": "[Host range relationship of bacteriophages T3 and T7 with Escherichia coli K 12 strains].", "content": "The closely related phages T3 and T7 exhibit different growth patterns on Escherichia coli W hosts cells (E. coli K12 derivatives). T7 grows normally while T3 does not adsorb. T3hw mutants displaying a T7-like host range were isolated and described.", "contents": "[Host range relationship of bacteriophages T3 and T7 with Escherichia coli K 12 strains]. The closely related phages T3 and T7 exhibit different growth patterns on Escherichia coli W hosts cells (E. coli K12 derivatives). T7 grows normally while T3 does not adsorb. T3hw mutants displaying a T7-like host range were isolated and described.", "PMID": 94721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1282", "title": "An in vitro culture system for crayfish organs.", "content": "Organs of crayfishes--mainly integument of Astacus leptodactylus--have been kept in an in vitro culture of several days. The medium consists of 2 parts of van Harreveld saline and one part of horse serum, supplemented with antibiotics for long term cultures. This medium is very similar to the Astacus hemolymph in its ionic content, the pH, the osmolarity, the protein concentration and the cholesterol content. The glucose concentration is somewhat higher and there are differences in the nitrogen excretory end products. Integument of Astacus is able to synthesize protein, RNA and DNA in vitro for several days. Ecdysone is converted to 20-OH-ecdysone by the integument under in vitro conditions.", "contents": "An in vitro culture system for crayfish organs. Organs of crayfishes--mainly integument of Astacus leptodactylus--have been kept in an in vitro culture of several days. The medium consists of 2 parts of van Harreveld saline and one part of horse serum, supplemented with antibiotics for long term cultures. This medium is very similar to the Astacus hemolymph in its ionic content, the pH, the osmolarity, the protein concentration and the cholesterol content. The glucose concentration is somewhat higher and there are differences in the nitrogen excretory end products. Integument of Astacus is able to synthesize protein, RNA and DNA in vitro for several days. Ecdysone is converted to 20-OH-ecdysone by the integument under in vitro conditions.", "PMID": 94722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1283", "title": "Observations on the chromatin staining by aluminium-hematoxylin.", "content": "The staining reaction of chromatin by aluminium-hematoxylin was investigated. Intense staining, which proved dependent on nucleic acid content, was achieved by using either the preformed lake, mordanting followed by hematoxylin, hematoxylin alone or the lake at high ionic strength. Extraction procedures removed aluminium ions from chromatin but the lake was retained. Chromatin fluorescence induced by ethidium bromide and acridine orange was abolished after staining with the lake. Intercalating-like forces are suggested for aluminium-hematoxylin binding to chromatin.", "contents": "Observations on the chromatin staining by aluminium-hematoxylin. The staining reaction of chromatin by aluminium-hematoxylin was investigated. Intense staining, which proved dependent on nucleic acid content, was achieved by using either the preformed lake, mordanting followed by hematoxylin, hematoxylin alone or the lake at high ionic strength. Extraction procedures removed aluminium ions from chromatin but the lake was retained. Chromatin fluorescence induced by ethidium bromide and acridine orange was abolished after staining with the lake. Intercalating-like forces are suggested for aluminium-hematoxylin binding to chromatin.", "PMID": 94723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1284", "title": "Effect of DDT and gamma-HCH on the biological properties of staphylococci.", "content": "The effect of DDT and gamma-HCH in concentrations of 100, 50, and 10 micrograms on the biological properties of staphylococci was studied. Both substances proved to be inhibitory to coagulation of rabbit plasma and to penicillinase production, causing depigmentation of the colonies. The morphological structure of cells is affected by these substances as well. The growth of the strain is not substantially influenced. Gas chromatography proved that staphylococci do not participate in the DDT and gamma-HCH degradation in the medium.", "contents": "Effect of DDT and gamma-HCH on the biological properties of staphylococci. The effect of DDT and gamma-HCH in concentrations of 100, 50, and 10 micrograms on the biological properties of staphylococci was studied. Both substances proved to be inhibitory to coagulation of rabbit plasma and to penicillinase production, causing depigmentation of the colonies. The morphological structure of cells is affected by these substances as well. The growth of the strain is not substantially influenced. Gas chromatography proved that staphylococci do not participate in the DDT and gamma-HCH degradation in the medium.", "PMID": 94724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1285", "title": "[The antigenic relationship between Kloeckera and Salmonella cholerae-suis O antigen (author's transl)].", "content": "The immune sera for Kloeckera africana, K. corticis, K. javanica var. javanica and K. javanica var. lafarir agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (O:6(2),7). The immune serum for S. cholerae-suis agglutinated K. africana, K. corticis, K. javanica var. javanica and K. javanica var. lafarii. Absorption and agglutination cross tests demonstrated common antigenic factor(s) between above mentioned yeasts and Salmonella O:7 antigen and also K. javanica var. lafarii and Salmonella O antigens 6 and 7.", "contents": "[The antigenic relationship between Kloeckera and Salmonella cholerae-suis O antigen (author's transl)]. The immune sera for Kloeckera africana, K. corticis, K. javanica var. javanica and K. javanica var. lafarir agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (O:6(2),7). The immune serum for S. cholerae-suis agglutinated K. africana, K. corticis, K. javanica var. javanica and K. javanica var. lafarii. Absorption and agglutination cross tests demonstrated common antigenic factor(s) between above mentioned yeasts and Salmonella O:7 antigen and also K. javanica var. lafarii and Salmonella O antigens 6 and 7.", "PMID": 94725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1286", "title": "[On the presence of 20-methylcholanthrene in the atmospheric air (author's transl)].", "content": "The strongly carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 20-Methylcholanthrene was detected in the urban atmospheric air in Budapest (the capital of Hungary). The main source of this pollution seems to be the motor vehicle traffic, since samples from a heavy traffic junction contained up to six times higher 20-Methylcholanthrene concentrations than samples from a low traffic area. Ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry yielded similar results. The presence of 20-Methylcholanthrene is apparently connected with the presence of 3,4-Benzpyrene and 1,2-Benzpyrene, respectively.", "contents": "[On the presence of 20-methylcholanthrene in the atmospheric air (author's transl)]. The strongly carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 20-Methylcholanthrene was detected in the urban atmospheric air in Budapest (the capital of Hungary). The main source of this pollution seems to be the motor vehicle traffic, since samples from a heavy traffic junction contained up to six times higher 20-Methylcholanthrene concentrations than samples from a low traffic area. Ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry yielded similar results. The presence of 20-Methylcholanthrene is apparently connected with the presence of 3,4-Benzpyrene and 1,2-Benzpyrene, respectively.", "PMID": 94726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1287", "title": "Effect of cyproterone acetate on the genital organs of female rats.", "content": "Effects of cyproterone acetate, a synthetic steroidal compound, on the reproductive organs of female rats have been investigated. This agent causes reduction in ovarian weights indicative of suppression of pituitary gonadotrophins. Oestrogenic nature of cyproterone acetate was investigated in intact and ovariectomized animals taking uterine weight, vaginal keratinization and other oestrogen sensitive biochemical parameters. Cyproterone acetate in ovariectomized animals induced vaginal keratinization, increase in uterine weight and uterine protein, RNA, glycogen and sialic acid contents. These effects were parallel to the effect of oestradiol dipropionate in ovariectomized animals, thus indicating oestrogenic activity cyproterone acetate. The histological and biochemical parameters lead to the conclusion that cyproterone acetate possessed antifertility property due to its inherent oestrogenic nature.", "contents": "Effect of cyproterone acetate on the genital organs of female rats. Effects of cyproterone acetate, a synthetic steroidal compound, on the reproductive organs of female rats have been investigated. This agent causes reduction in ovarian weights indicative of suppression of pituitary gonadotrophins. Oestrogenic nature of cyproterone acetate was investigated in intact and ovariectomized animals taking uterine weight, vaginal keratinization and other oestrogen sensitive biochemical parameters. Cyproterone acetate in ovariectomized animals induced vaginal keratinization, increase in uterine weight and uterine protein, RNA, glycogen and sialic acid contents. These effects were parallel to the effect of oestradiol dipropionate in ovariectomized animals, thus indicating oestrogenic activity cyproterone acetate. The histological and biochemical parameters lead to the conclusion that cyproterone acetate possessed antifertility property due to its inherent oestrogenic nature.", "PMID": 94736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1288", "title": "Correlation between hepatic transport of cholephilic organic anions and their effect on hepatic mitochondrial respiration.", "content": "The maximum biliary excretion rate (Tm) of some nonmetabolized organic anions was investigated in anaesthetized male rats and was found to increase in the following order: indocyanine green (ICG), rose bengal (RB), bromsulphthalein (BSP; its conjugation with glutathione was prevented by diethyl maleate), bromcresol green (BCG), eosine (E), BSP-glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH), iodoxamic acid (IA) and amaranth (A). The accumulation of ICG, RB, BSP and BCG in liver was relatively high, whereas E, BSP-GSH,IA and A were taken up by the liver in a lower concentration. ICG, RB, BSP and BCG decreased the biliary flow, however, E, BSP-GSH, IA and A stimulated it. ICG, RB and BSP had a strong, BCG and E a moderate, inhibitory effect on hepatic mitochondrial respiration stimulated by ADP, DNP and glutamate-malate, whereas BSP-GSH, IA and A had no effect on this process. Our results suggest that the depressing effect of cholephilic organic anions on bile production and their low biliary excretion rates are connected with their inhibitory effects on mitochondrial respiration.", "contents": "Correlation between hepatic transport of cholephilic organic anions and their effect on hepatic mitochondrial respiration. The maximum biliary excretion rate (Tm) of some nonmetabolized organic anions was investigated in anaesthetized male rats and was found to increase in the following order: indocyanine green (ICG), rose bengal (RB), bromsulphthalein (BSP; its conjugation with glutathione was prevented by diethyl maleate), bromcresol green (BCG), eosine (E), BSP-glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH), iodoxamic acid (IA) and amaranth (A). The accumulation of ICG, RB, BSP and BCG in liver was relatively high, whereas E, BSP-GSH,IA and A were taken up by the liver in a lower concentration. ICG, RB, BSP and BCG decreased the biliary flow, however, E, BSP-GSH, IA and A stimulated it. ICG, RB and BSP had a strong, BCG and E a moderate, inhibitory effect on hepatic mitochondrial respiration stimulated by ADP, DNP and glutamate-malate, whereas BSP-GSH, IA and A had no effect on this process. Our results suggest that the depressing effect of cholephilic organic anions on bile production and their low biliary excretion rates are connected with their inhibitory effects on mitochondrial respiration.", "PMID": 94737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1289", "title": "Hepatic microsomal induction and hepatic transport.", "content": "Hepatic microsomal induction (hexobarbital sleeping time, cytochrome P-450 and microsomal protein concentration, liver weight) and hepatic transport (hepatic uptake, biotransformation, biliary excretion) have been studied in rats. Phenobarbital pretreatment (75 mg/kg i.p. daily for 5 days) produced microsomal induction in the liver and enhanced biliary excretion of bromcresol green, eosine, bromsulphthaleine glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH), amaranth and iodoxamic acid. However, biliary excretion of indocyanine green was unchanged after phenobarbital pretreatment. Biotransformation of bromsulphthalein (BSP) with glutathione was also increased by phenobarbital. The hepatic concentration of these organic anions was not influenced uniformly after phenobarbital pretreatment: the concentration of indocyanine green, bromcresol green, eosin and BSP-GSH in the liver was unchanged, that of amaranth and iodoxamic acid was enhanced following phenobarbital pretreatment. Investigation of the effect of pretreatment with other barbiturates showed that barbital, butobarbital, pentobarbital and amobarbital produced microsomal induction. Only baribtal and butobarbital stimulated biliary excretion of organic anions, whereas pentobarbital and amobarbital proved to be ineffective in this parameter. The results seem to indicate that the enhanced biliary excretion of exogenous organic anions produced by barbiturates is independent of microsomal enzyme induction.", "contents": "Hepatic microsomal induction and hepatic transport. Hepatic microsomal induction (hexobarbital sleeping time, cytochrome P-450 and microsomal protein concentration, liver weight) and hepatic transport (hepatic uptake, biotransformation, biliary excretion) have been studied in rats. Phenobarbital pretreatment (75 mg/kg i.p. daily for 5 days) produced microsomal induction in the liver and enhanced biliary excretion of bromcresol green, eosine, bromsulphthaleine glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH), amaranth and iodoxamic acid. However, biliary excretion of indocyanine green was unchanged after phenobarbital pretreatment. Biotransformation of bromsulphthalein (BSP) with glutathione was also increased by phenobarbital. The hepatic concentration of these organic anions was not influenced uniformly after phenobarbital pretreatment: the concentration of indocyanine green, bromcresol green, eosin and BSP-GSH in the liver was unchanged, that of amaranth and iodoxamic acid was enhanced following phenobarbital pretreatment. Investigation of the effect of pretreatment with other barbiturates showed that barbital, butobarbital, pentobarbital and amobarbital produced microsomal induction. Only baribtal and butobarbital stimulated biliary excretion of organic anions, whereas pentobarbital and amobarbital proved to be ineffective in this parameter. The results seem to indicate that the enhanced biliary excretion of exogenous organic anions produced by barbiturates is independent of microsomal enzyme induction.", "PMID": 94738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1290", "title": "A neurolinguistic longitudinal study of a pure motor aphasia.", "content": "We have made a detailed neurolinguistic study of a patient with motor aphasia. The method used for his reeducation and the variants found in his language from a linguistic point of view through the course of several months are described. During this study we have found similarities with cases studied by Marcie reached by him in the errors common in patients with motor aphasia. But, contrary to Marcies, findings, we have found phonemes and allophones outside of the phonological and/or dilectal system of the language in this area. These phonemes and allophones are described together with the environment in which they appear.", "contents": "A neurolinguistic longitudinal study of a pure motor aphasia. We have made a detailed neurolinguistic study of a patient with motor aphasia. The method used for his reeducation and the variants found in his language from a linguistic point of view through the course of several months are described. During this study we have found similarities with cases studied by Marcie reached by him in the errors common in patients with motor aphasia. But, contrary to Marcies, findings, we have found phonemes and allophones outside of the phonological and/or dilectal system of the language in this area. These phonemes and allophones are described together with the environment in which they appear.", "PMID": 94739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1291", "title": "HLA types in corneal diseases.", "content": "Evaluation of the results of HLA typing of 187 patients grouped into herpetic keratitis (37), non-herpetic keratitis (43), keratoconus (42), endothelial dystrophy (23), stromal dystrophy (13), lues (5), and injuries (24), failed to show convincing deviations in any of the groups from a normal control series (2900 persons). Yet, as for the herpes group, a rise in B5 must strongly be suspected. The data are presented and possible implications are discussed.", "contents": "HLA types in corneal diseases. Evaluation of the results of HLA typing of 187 patients grouped into herpetic keratitis (37), non-herpetic keratitis (43), keratoconus (42), endothelial dystrophy (23), stromal dystrophy (13), lues (5), and injuries (24), failed to show convincing deviations in any of the groups from a normal control series (2900 persons). Yet, as for the herpes group, a rise in B5 must strongly be suspected. The data are presented and possible implications are discussed.", "PMID": 94740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1292", "title": "Corneal endothelial permeability following storage in moist chamber and MK medium.", "content": "Rabbit corneal endothelial permeability to sucrose and dextran was determined after storage in moist chamber or MK medium. When compared to fresh rabbit corneas there was no statistically significant difference in endothelial permeability to these two solutes after both types of storage for periods up to ten days.", "contents": "Corneal endothelial permeability following storage in moist chamber and MK medium. Rabbit corneal endothelial permeability to sucrose and dextran was determined after storage in moist chamber or MK medium. When compared to fresh rabbit corneas there was no statistically significant difference in endothelial permeability to these two solutes after both types of storage for periods up to ten days.", "PMID": 94741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1293", "title": "Hypertrophic response of the kidney in indomethacin treated rats.", "content": "Indomethacin, a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis administered to rats in a total dose of 2 x 4.5 mg/kg i.v. for 2 days enhanced compensatory renal hypertrophy following unilateral nephrectomy (UN). The same drug given to rats with intact kidneys in a total dose of 4 x 4.5 mg/kg i.p. in 2 days increased kidney weight renal RNA content and decreased renal acidic ribonuclease activity. It remains to be elucidated whether the suppression of PG synthesis and/or other pharmacological effects of indomethacin account for these findings.", "contents": "Hypertrophic response of the kidney in indomethacin treated rats. Indomethacin, a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis administered to rats in a total dose of 2 x 4.5 mg/kg i.v. for 2 days enhanced compensatory renal hypertrophy following unilateral nephrectomy (UN). The same drug given to rats with intact kidneys in a total dose of 4 x 4.5 mg/kg i.p. in 2 days increased kidney weight renal RNA content and decreased renal acidic ribonuclease activity. It remains to be elucidated whether the suppression of PG synthesis and/or other pharmacological effects of indomethacin account for these findings.", "PMID": 94742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1294", "title": "Thyroxine-induced cardiomegaly: assessment of nucleic acid, protein content and myosin ATPase of rat heart.", "content": "1 mg/kg L-thyroxine was administered to rats for 14 days to evaluate the potential of the hyperthyroid state to induce heart hypertrophy and its effect on myosin adenosine-triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. Evidence of hyperthyroidism such as weight loss, elevation of rectal temperature, increased heart rate and oxygen consumption, was observed in all treated rats. Cardiac enlargement was determined by comparison of wet and dry ventricle weights, myocardial RNA, DNA and protein content. Wet and dry ventricle weights and the level of cardiac RNA and protein were augmented by thyroxine treatment. ATPase activity of cardiac myosin was stimulated as the Ca2+ concentration in the incubation medium increased. No difference was found in Ca2+-activation, salt sensitivity or ATPase activity of unreacted and sulphydrylmodified cardiac myosins from euthyroid or hyperthyroid groups. The results showed that in hyperthyroid rats, in contrast to some other species, the biochemical mechanism responsible for the enhancement of cardiac contractility is not an increased myosin ATPase.", "contents": "Thyroxine-induced cardiomegaly: assessment of nucleic acid, protein content and myosin ATPase of rat heart. 1 mg/kg L-thyroxine was administered to rats for 14 days to evaluate the potential of the hyperthyroid state to induce heart hypertrophy and its effect on myosin adenosine-triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. Evidence of hyperthyroidism such as weight loss, elevation of rectal temperature, increased heart rate and oxygen consumption, was observed in all treated rats. Cardiac enlargement was determined by comparison of wet and dry ventricle weights, myocardial RNA, DNA and protein content. Wet and dry ventricle weights and the level of cardiac RNA and protein were augmented by thyroxine treatment. ATPase activity of cardiac myosin was stimulated as the Ca2+ concentration in the incubation medium increased. No difference was found in Ca2+-activation, salt sensitivity or ATPase activity of unreacted and sulphydrylmodified cardiac myosins from euthyroid or hyperthyroid groups. The results showed that in hyperthyroid rats, in contrast to some other species, the biochemical mechanism responsible for the enhancement of cardiac contractility is not an increased myosin ATPase.", "PMID": 94743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1295", "title": "Transferable drug resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from infant diarrhoea.", "content": "The resistance to several drugs was determined in 29 pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (026, 055 and 0111) isolated from infant diarrhoea and 18 non-pathogenic E. coli strains isolated from the same individuals. Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains were resistant to at least 1 to 10 drugs, but only in four cases resistance patterns of the pathogenic strains were identical with those of non pathogenic ones. The majority of the strains were resistant to sulfonamide, tetracycline, ampicillin, carbenicillin, neomycin and kanamycin. The drug resistance (except the resistance to nalidixic acid and rifampicin) was associated with conjugative R-plasmids. Some of the tested strains carried two R-plasmids in one cell, being in hetero R-state.", "contents": "Transferable drug resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from infant diarrhoea. The resistance to several drugs was determined in 29 pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (026, 055 and 0111) isolated from infant diarrhoea and 18 non-pathogenic E. coli strains isolated from the same individuals. Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains were resistant to at least 1 to 10 drugs, but only in four cases resistance patterns of the pathogenic strains were identical with those of non pathogenic ones. The majority of the strains were resistant to sulfonamide, tetracycline, ampicillin, carbenicillin, neomycin and kanamycin. The drug resistance (except the resistance to nalidixic acid and rifampicin) was associated with conjugative R-plasmids. Some of the tested strains carried two R-plasmids in one cell, being in hetero R-state.", "PMID": 94745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1296", "title": "Fungal nucleic acids as interferon inducers.", "content": "Nucleic acids isolated from the fungi Aspergillus niger x11, Piptoporus betulinus and Ganoderma applanatum reduced the number of vaccinia virus plaques in chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) tissue culture and when administered intravenously to white mice protected them against lethal infection with tick borne encephalitis virus strain K5 (TBE). In CEF tissue culture the nucleic acids of the studied fungi were found to induce small but detectable amounts of a substance with the character of interferon. In vivo only ribonucleic acid from G. applanatum induced a substance showing interferon properties in the spleen of mice.", "contents": "Fungal nucleic acids as interferon inducers. Nucleic acids isolated from the fungi Aspergillus niger x11, Piptoporus betulinus and Ganoderma applanatum reduced the number of vaccinia virus plaques in chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) tissue culture and when administered intravenously to white mice protected them against lethal infection with tick borne encephalitis virus strain K5 (TBE). In CEF tissue culture the nucleic acids of the studied fungi were found to induce small but detectable amounts of a substance with the character of interferon. In vivo only ribonucleic acid from G. applanatum induced a substance showing interferon properties in the spleen of mice.", "PMID": 94746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1297", "title": "IgM antibodies in rubella infections: absorption with staphylococcal protein A of sera examined by immunofluorescence and haemagglutination inhibition.", "content": "A similar frequency of positive results for rubella IgM antibodies in the sera of rubella patients and persons contacting such patients was obtained by immunofluorescence after separation of IgM is sucrose gradient and after absorption of the sera with Staphylococcus aureus and immunoglobulin aggregates. Compared to the immunofluorescence method, the haemagglutination method for rubella IgM antibodies performed after absorption of the sera with S. aureus and reduction of immunoglobulins M with 2-mercaptoethanol was less sensitive for serum samples taken in the acute phase of the disease and 5 weeks after the appearance of rubella symptoms.", "contents": "IgM antibodies in rubella infections: absorption with staphylococcal protein A of sera examined by immunofluorescence and haemagglutination inhibition. A similar frequency of positive results for rubella IgM antibodies in the sera of rubella patients and persons contacting such patients was obtained by immunofluorescence after separation of IgM is sucrose gradient and after absorption of the sera with Staphylococcus aureus and immunoglobulin aggregates. Compared to the immunofluorescence method, the haemagglutination method for rubella IgM antibodies performed after absorption of the sera with S. aureus and reduction of immunoglobulins M with 2-mercaptoethanol was less sensitive for serum samples taken in the acute phase of the disease and 5 weeks after the appearance of rubella symptoms.", "PMID": 94747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1298", "title": "Removal of nitrogen from industrial wastewaters by three-step nitrification and denitrification.", "content": "The removal of nitrogen from industrial wastewaters carrying about 1,000 mg NH4-N and urea-N/l was investigated on a laboratory scale. The use of a three-step nitryfying activated sludge with adjustment of pH from step to step resulted in 99% oxidation of both forms of nitrogen to nitrites. The efficiency of nitrification was 18 mg N/l/h. Total time of wastewater aeration depended  on nitrogen concentration and was 33-54 hours. Complete dentrification of NO2-N was obtained in packed-bed reactor with the use of acetic acid as a carbon source. Efficiency of denitrification was 361 mg N/l/h.", "contents": "Removal of nitrogen from industrial wastewaters by three-step nitrification and denitrification. The removal of nitrogen from industrial wastewaters carrying about 1,000 mg NH4-N and urea-N/l was investigated on a laboratory scale. The use of a three-step nitryfying activated sludge with adjustment of pH from step to step resulted in 99% oxidation of both forms of nitrogen to nitrites. The efficiency of nitrification was 18 mg N/l/h. Total time of wastewater aeration depended  on nitrogen concentration and was 33-54 hours. Complete dentrification of NO2-N was obtained in packed-bed reactor with the use of acetic acid as a carbon source. Efficiency of denitrification was 361 mg N/l/h.", "PMID": 94748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1299", "title": "Rhizosphere mycoflora of healthy and yellow vein mosaic virus infected okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) plants.", "content": "Investigations on the rhizosphere mycoflora of healthy and virus (YVMV) infected okra plants showed a higher fungal population in the rhizosphere of healthy plants at preflowering and post-flowering stages than in that of diseased ones. Maximum population was observed during flowering both in healthy and diseased plant rhizosphere as well as in non-rhizosphere soil. However, virus infected plants showed a higher population at the flowering stage than healthy ones. The quantitative differences in the rhizosphere of healthy and diseased plants during flowering seem to be due to a change in C/N ratio and amino acids. The drastic reduction in diseased plant rhizospheres during the post-flowering stage may be due to either change in C/N ratio unfavourable to mycoflora or production of some toxic substances inhibiting multiplication of the mycoflora.", "contents": "Rhizosphere mycoflora of healthy and yellow vein mosaic virus infected okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) plants. Investigations on the rhizosphere mycoflora of healthy and virus (YVMV) infected okra plants showed a higher fungal population in the rhizosphere of healthy plants at preflowering and post-flowering stages than in that of diseased ones. Maximum population was observed during flowering both in healthy and diseased plant rhizosphere as well as in non-rhizosphere soil. However, virus infected plants showed a higher population at the flowering stage than healthy ones. The quantitative differences in the rhizosphere of healthy and diseased plants during flowering seem to be due to a change in C/N ratio and amino acids. The drastic reduction in diseased plant rhizospheres during the post-flowering stage may be due to either change in C/N ratio unfavourable to mycoflora or production of some toxic substances inhibiting multiplication of the mycoflora.", "PMID": 94749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1300", "title": "Occurrence and distribution of rhizobiophages in Indian soils.", "content": "Soil samples from 30 fields in neighbouring districts of Varanasi were screened for rhizobiophages on 60 Rhizobium strains. Plaques were observed on five strains: P1, P5, SU391 (R. leguminosarum), CB756 and 32H1 (Rhizobium sp.). Rhizobiophages infective on one or more of the five strains were present in all fields. There seems to be no correlation between presence of phage and the standing crop or the pH (7.1-8.2) of the soil. Eight distinct rhizobiophages have been isolated and characterized for host specificity, plaque morphology and maximum titer in broth.", "contents": "Occurrence and distribution of rhizobiophages in Indian soils. Soil samples from 30 fields in neighbouring districts of Varanasi were screened for rhizobiophages on 60 Rhizobium strains. Plaques were observed on five strains: P1, P5, SU391 (R. leguminosarum), CB756 and 32H1 (Rhizobium sp.). Rhizobiophages infective on one or more of the five strains were present in all fields. There seems to be no correlation between presence of phage and the standing crop or the pH (7.1-8.2) of the soil. Eight distinct rhizobiophages have been isolated and characterized for host specificity, plaque morphology and maximum titer in broth.", "PMID": 94751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1301", "title": "Glucose and phosphorus utilization by two dermatophytes.", "content": "Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Aspergillus fumigatus dissimilated glucose through EMP pathway. Oxygen and inorganic phosphorus were found to control the rate and extent of glucose metabolism.", "contents": "Glucose and phosphorus utilization by two dermatophytes. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Aspergillus fumigatus dissimilated glucose through EMP pathway. Oxygen and inorganic phosphorus were found to control the rate and extent of glucose metabolism.", "PMID": 94752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1302", "title": "Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction and genetic control of immune responsiveness.", "content": "We have reviewed briefly some of the diverse functions of macrophages in the immune response. Clearly, this population of cells interact physically with lymphoid cells, are required for activation of T cells, and process various protein antigens. Finally, we have studied the immune response to insulin in order to unify these previous data in such a way to demonstrate the active role of macrophages in the regulation of the immune response. The function of the Ir gene in the guinea pigs appears to be an intramolecular selection of discrete regions within the antigen for recognition by the T cell. The data presented suggest that this function operates at the level of the macrophage.", "contents": "Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction and genetic control of immune responsiveness. We have reviewed briefly some of the diverse functions of macrophages in the immune response. Clearly, this population of cells interact physically with lymphoid cells, are required for activation of T cells, and process various protein antigens. Finally, we have studied the immune response to insulin in order to unify these previous data in such a way to demonstrate the active role of macrophages in the regulation of the immune response. The function of the Ir gene in the guinea pigs appears to be an intramolecular selection of discrete regions within the antigen for recognition by the T cell. The data presented suggest that this function operates at the level of the macrophage.", "PMID": 94754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1303", "title": "A novel biological function of macrophages associated with antigen discrimination properties.", "content": "The ability of fresh or cultured subpopulation of adherent peritoneal exudate cells to perform discrete biological functions commonly associated with macrophages, namely antibody dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis, has been compared with the ability of the same cells to present TNP coupled to carbohydrate or protein carriers for a subsequent antibody response, or semi-allogeneic cells for T cell cytotoxic responses, in tissue culture. Data are presented to show that ADCC reactivity rapidly disappears on cultures of peritoneal cells, though phagocytic activity is more persistent throughout the 14 days of culture. When ADCC activity reappeared it was no longer restricted to those fractions active initially. Antigen handling of different TNP-protein conjugates was pronounced throughout the culture period and was not easily explained in terms of the ADCC/phagocytic activity of the macrophage subpopulation concerned. In contrast, however, antigen handling of carbohydrate antigens for presentation to T or B lymphocytes by the different macrophage populations varied during the culture period in fashions which were in some degree correlated with the phagocytic activity of the various cells but were also a function of the antigen under consideration. These data are interpreted in terms of a novel role for the macrophage in discrimination of carbohydrate antigens for presentation to lymphocytes.", "contents": "A novel biological function of macrophages associated with antigen discrimination properties. The ability of fresh or cultured subpopulation of adherent peritoneal exudate cells to perform discrete biological functions commonly associated with macrophages, namely antibody dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis, has been compared with the ability of the same cells to present TNP coupled to carbohydrate or protein carriers for a subsequent antibody response, or semi-allogeneic cells for T cell cytotoxic responses, in tissue culture. Data are presented to show that ADCC reactivity rapidly disappears on cultures of peritoneal cells, though phagocytic activity is more persistent throughout the 14 days of culture. When ADCC activity reappeared it was no longer restricted to those fractions active initially. Antigen handling of different TNP-protein conjugates was pronounced throughout the culture period and was not easily explained in terms of the ADCC/phagocytic activity of the macrophage subpopulation concerned. In contrast, however, antigen handling of carbohydrate antigens for presentation to T or B lymphocytes by the different macrophage populations varied during the culture period in fashions which were in some degree correlated with the phagocytic activity of the various cells but were also a function of the antigen under consideration. These data are interpreted in terms of a novel role for the macrophage in discrimination of carbohydrate antigens for presentation to lymphocytes.", "PMID": 94755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1304", "title": "Cardiac specific antigen and antibody in immunopathogenesis of cardiac disease.", "content": "Antibody to human cardiac extracts was detected in the sera of many patients undergoing open heart surgery. A passive hemagglutination assay using cardiac extracts as antigen coated onto erythrocytes showed the development of cardiac antibody in the patients, with peak titers usually one to three weeks after the surgery. Radioimmunoassay revealed the presence of cardiac specific myoglobin antigen antigen in the sera of many patients, with peak levels 1-3 days after the procedure. A correlation was observed between development of circulating serum antibody and appearance of cardiac myoglobin antigen. These results support the view that immunologic disease related to release of cardiac antigen in patients undergoing heart surgery may be a factor in post-cardiotomy disease.", "contents": "Cardiac specific antigen and antibody in immunopathogenesis of cardiac disease. Antibody to human cardiac extracts was detected in the sera of many patients undergoing open heart surgery. A passive hemagglutination assay using cardiac extracts as antigen coated onto erythrocytes showed the development of cardiac antibody in the patients, with peak titers usually one to three weeks after the surgery. Radioimmunoassay revealed the presence of cardiac specific myoglobin antigen antigen in the sera of many patients, with peak levels 1-3 days after the procedure. A correlation was observed between development of circulating serum antibody and appearance of cardiac myoglobin antigen. These results support the view that immunologic disease related to release of cardiac antigen in patients undergoing heart surgery may be a factor in post-cardiotomy disease.", "PMID": 94756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1305", "title": "The effects of metiamide and H1 receptor blocking agents on anaphylactic response in guinea-pigs.", "content": "The effects of metiamide and of four H1 receptor blocking agents (mepyramine, promethazine, clemastine and ketotifene) on anaphylactic reaction were studied in the guinea-pig. The H1 blockers conferred partial protection which shows that with the experimental protocol utilized (challenge injection with high doses of antigen), histamine plays a lesser role than other mediators released or synthesized. Metiamide (30.0 mg/kg i.v.) noticeably enhanced the increase in pulmonary resistance observed during anaphylactic reaction and reduced the protective effect of the H1 antagonists on this parameter and on histamine release. These effects might be explained by an inhibition - at least partial - of the negative feed-back mechanism through which histamine controls its own release, or by a specific action of metiamide in high doses. The transient tachycardia initially observed in anaphylactic shock is partly related to stimulation of cardiac H2 receptors by the histamine released, since it is suppressed by metiamide.", "contents": "The effects of metiamide and H1 receptor blocking agents on anaphylactic response in guinea-pigs. The effects of metiamide and of four H1 receptor blocking agents (mepyramine, promethazine, clemastine and ketotifene) on anaphylactic reaction were studied in the guinea-pig. The H1 blockers conferred partial protection which shows that with the experimental protocol utilized (challenge injection with high doses of antigen), histamine plays a lesser role than other mediators released or synthesized. Metiamide (30.0 mg/kg i.v.) noticeably enhanced the increase in pulmonary resistance observed during anaphylactic reaction and reduced the protective effect of the H1 antagonists on this parameter and on histamine release. These effects might be explained by an inhibition - at least partial - of the negative feed-back mechanism through which histamine controls its own release, or by a specific action of metiamide in high doses. The transient tachycardia initially observed in anaphylactic shock is partly related to stimulation of cardiac H2 receptors by the histamine released, since it is suppressed by metiamide.", "PMID": 94763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1306", "title": "Adjuvant-induced inflammatory disease in the rat: plasma levels of peptide hydrolases and protease inhibitors reflect disease activity.", "content": "Both during the primary (localized) inflammation and the development of the secondary (generalized) inflammation in adjuvant-treated rats, the plasma level of functional alpha-macroglobulins increases while proteases (measured as peptide hydrolases) sharply decrease. The decreased peptide hydrolase levels during episodes when protease 'spillage' into the bloodstream is elevated, suggests a more rapid clearance of alpha-macroglobulin-protease complexes associated with inflammation.", "contents": "Adjuvant-induced inflammatory disease in the rat: plasma levels of peptide hydrolases and protease inhibitors reflect disease activity. Both during the primary (localized) inflammation and the development of the secondary (generalized) inflammation in adjuvant-treated rats, the plasma level of functional alpha-macroglobulins increases while proteases (measured as peptide hydrolases) sharply decrease. The decreased peptide hydrolase levels during episodes when protease 'spillage' into the bloodstream is elevated, suggests a more rapid clearance of alpha-macroglobulin-protease complexes associated with inflammation.", "PMID": 94764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1307", "title": "Laboratory characteristics of four strains of goatpox virus.", "content": "Significant differences were found between four strains of goatpox virus isolated from goats in Egypt, Iraq, Iran and the U.S.S.R., namely in their growth behaviour in embryonated eggs, ceiling temperature, plaque characteristics in cell culture, heat resistance and in the degree of inhibition of their replication by actinomycin D and bromodeoxyuridine. All the strains studied had morphologically similar virions and induced type A V- inclusions. They were uncapable to produce haemagglutinins in infected cell cultures. Antigenically, the strains were indistinguishable.", "contents": "Laboratory characteristics of four strains of goatpox virus. Significant differences were found between four strains of goatpox virus isolated from goats in Egypt, Iraq, Iran and the U.S.S.R., namely in their growth behaviour in embryonated eggs, ceiling temperature, plaque characteristics in cell culture, heat resistance and in the degree of inhibition of their replication by actinomycin D and bromodeoxyuridine. All the strains studied had morphologically similar virions and induced type A V- inclusions. They were uncapable to produce haemagglutinins in infected cell cultures. Antigenically, the strains were indistinguishable.", "PMID": 94766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1308", "title": "Influence of human leukocyte interferon on IgG on the replication of herpes simplex virus in nervous tissue in vitro.", "content": "Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replicated productively in rabbit and guinea pig ganglia and nerve organ cultures when inoculated in high titres. Treatment with IgG 20 hr before and 48 hr after infection produced a delay of 4 to 7 days in the recovery of HSV-1 by the method of co-cultivation. The same result was obtained when IgG was combined with human leukocyte interferon. There was no difference in the period up to HSV recovery between the groups treated with interferon alone and the HSV control. Morphological evidence by light and electron microscopy of viral productive infection was obtained in all the cell types of nervous tissues infected in vitro.", "contents": "Influence of human leukocyte interferon on IgG on the replication of herpes simplex virus in nervous tissue in vitro. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replicated productively in rabbit and guinea pig ganglia and nerve organ cultures when inoculated in high titres. Treatment with IgG 20 hr before and 48 hr after infection produced a delay of 4 to 7 days in the recovery of HSV-1 by the method of co-cultivation. The same result was obtained when IgG was combined with human leukocyte interferon. There was no difference in the period up to HSV recovery between the groups treated with interferon alone and the HSV control. Morphological evidence by light and electron microscopy of viral productive infection was obtained in all the cell types of nervous tissues infected in vitro.", "PMID": 94767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1309", "title": "The effect of native and sonicated double-stranded polyribonucleotides on the course of spontaneous autoimmune disease in NZB and NZB/Swiss F1 mice.", "content": "The administration of sonicated fractions of f2 phage polyribonucleotides caused an increased weight loss and deterioration of the clinical state in female NZB mice. Discontinuance of the treatment resulted in an improvement of both the clinical state and the genetically determined autoimmune disorders of these mice. Some potential explanations of this effect are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of native and sonicated double-stranded polyribonucleotides on the course of spontaneous autoimmune disease in NZB and NZB/Swiss F1 mice. The administration of sonicated fractions of f2 phage polyribonucleotides caused an increased weight loss and deterioration of the clinical state in female NZB mice. Discontinuance of the treatment resulted in an improvement of both the clinical state and the genetically determined autoimmune disorders of these mice. Some potential explanations of this effect are discussed.", "PMID": 94768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1310", "title": "Serological relationships between Robinia mosiac, clover blotch and peanut stunt viruses.", "content": "Based on the results of agar gel double immunodiffusion tests with broad spectrum rabbit antisera and narrow spectrum mouse immune ascitic fluids and formalin-fixed purified viruses, a close relationship was established between 3 members of the Cucumovirus group namely Robinia mosaic virus (RoMV), clover blotch virus (CBV) and peanut stunt virus (PSV). The relationship of these 3 viruses to cucumber mosiac virus proved to be more distant. The results also suggested that RoMV and CBV could represent distinct strains of PSV.", "contents": "Serological relationships between Robinia mosiac, clover blotch and peanut stunt viruses. Based on the results of agar gel double immunodiffusion tests with broad spectrum rabbit antisera and narrow spectrum mouse immune ascitic fluids and formalin-fixed purified viruses, a close relationship was established between 3 members of the Cucumovirus group namely Robinia mosaic virus (RoMV), clover blotch virus (CBV) and peanut stunt virus (PSV). The relationship of these 3 viruses to cucumber mosiac virus proved to be more distant. The results also suggested that RoMV and CBV could represent distinct strains of PSV.", "PMID": 94769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1311", "title": "A further member of the Yucaipa group isolated from the common wren (Troglodytes troglodytes).", "content": "In 1977, 477 small birds of 52 species were virologically examined. Five cloacal swabs from Troglodytes troglodytes yielded two paramyxovirus strains which were found antigenically related to, but not identical with Ch/Yucaipa/California/56 virus according to three serological tests. The ecological significance of these findings and the possibility of paramyxovirus classification into four types are discussed.", "contents": "A further member of the Yucaipa group isolated from the common wren (Troglodytes troglodytes). In 1977, 477 small birds of 52 species were virologically examined. Five cloacal swabs from Troglodytes troglodytes yielded two paramyxovirus strains which were found antigenically related to, but not identical with Ch/Yucaipa/California/56 virus according to three serological tests. The ecological significance of these findings and the possibility of paramyxovirus classification into four types are discussed.", "PMID": 94770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1312", "title": "The plasma kinetics of hydroxyethyl starch 350/0.60: a potential new adjunct for centrifugal leucapheresis.", "content": "A modified species of hydroxyethyl starch (HES 350/0.60) possessing a Mw- of 350,000 daltons combined with a molar hydroxyethyl group substitution (MS) of 0.60 (60 hydroxyethyl groups.100 glucose residues) was clinically assessed in seven normal subjects to determine the influence of these chemical modifications on intravascular clearance kinetics concomitantly with effects on the suspension stability (ESR) of blood. Following a standardised intravenous dose (30 gm.m2 BSA), the concentration of HES 350/0.60 in serum fell to half its peak value in 11.8 +/- 1.3 (SD) hours, while the ESR remained elevated for up to 12 hours post-injection. By adopting a Mw- of 350,000 daltons, the critical molecular weight (Cmw) of this colloid was surpassed, while the critical concentration (Cc), below which the suspension stability of blood is not affected, was shown to range between 0.3 and 0.5 gm.dl-1. In comparison to the present species of HES (Mw- 450,000 daltons, MS: 0.70) utilised as a sedimenting agent duirng centrifugal leucapheresis, HES 350,000/0.60 appears to affect the ESR in a similar manner, but is removed from the intravascular space approximately twice as rapidly. This more rapid clearance should be useful in avoiding cumulative build-up of HES in blood concomitant with reducing the total amount of intravascular H2O bound to this colloid, in normal and CML donors undergoing multiple cell collection procedures.", "contents": "The plasma kinetics of hydroxyethyl starch 350/0.60: a potential new adjunct for centrifugal leucapheresis. A modified species of hydroxyethyl starch (HES 350/0.60) possessing a Mw- of 350,000 daltons combined with a molar hydroxyethyl group substitution (MS) of 0.60 (60 hydroxyethyl groups.100 glucose residues) was clinically assessed in seven normal subjects to determine the influence of these chemical modifications on intravascular clearance kinetics concomitantly with effects on the suspension stability (ESR) of blood. Following a standardised intravenous dose (30 gm.m2 BSA), the concentration of HES 350/0.60 in serum fell to half its peak value in 11.8 +/- 1.3 (SD) hours, while the ESR remained elevated for up to 12 hours post-injection. By adopting a Mw- of 350,000 daltons, the critical molecular weight (Cmw) of this colloid was surpassed, while the critical concentration (Cc), below which the suspension stability of blood is not affected, was shown to range between 0.3 and 0.5 gm.dl-1. In comparison to the present species of HES (Mw- 450,000 daltons, MS: 0.70) utilised as a sedimenting agent duirng centrifugal leucapheresis, HES 350,000/0.60 appears to affect the ESR in a similar manner, but is removed from the intravascular space approximately twice as rapidly. This more rapid clearance should be useful in avoiding cumulative build-up of HES in blood concomitant with reducing the total amount of intravascular H2O bound to this colloid, in normal and CML donors undergoing multiple cell collection procedures.", "PMID": 94771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1313", "title": "Transient myeloid metaplasia associated with an unusual hemoglobin in a newborn infant.", "content": "A newborn infant presented with hepatosplenomegaly, rash, anemia, and leukocytosis at one day of age and manifested characteristic myeloid metaplasia by one mouth of life. Vitamin B12 and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase were elevated and platelet aggregation was impaired. Myelofibrosis was not present and neutrophil function was preserved. An unidentified high isoelectric point hemoglobin with unusual chromatographic and electrophoretic behaviors was found to comprise 12% of the total hemoglobin. The myeloid metaplasia and mutant hemoglobin disappeared over the subsequent months without biochemical or clinical residual. The available evidence was consistent with the mutant hemoglobin representing either a gamma chain or clonal embryonic chain variant. The inability to clarify prognostic factors in these unusual myeloproliferative syndromes suggests caution in the initiation of cytotoxic therapy.", "contents": "Transient myeloid metaplasia associated with an unusual hemoglobin in a newborn infant. A newborn infant presented with hepatosplenomegaly, rash, anemia, and leukocytosis at one day of age and manifested characteristic myeloid metaplasia by one mouth of life. Vitamin B12 and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase were elevated and platelet aggregation was impaired. Myelofibrosis was not present and neutrophil function was preserved. An unidentified high isoelectric point hemoglobin with unusual chromatographic and electrophoretic behaviors was found to comprise 12% of the total hemoglobin. The myeloid metaplasia and mutant hemoglobin disappeared over the subsequent months without biochemical or clinical residual. The available evidence was consistent with the mutant hemoglobin representing either a gamma chain or clonal embryonic chain variant. The inability to clarify prognostic factors in these unusual myeloproliferative syndromes suggests caution in the initiation of cytotoxic therapy.", "PMID": 94773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1314", "title": "Detection and quantitation of Dermatophagoides antigens in house dust by immunochemical techniques.", "content": "Rabbit antibodies against D. pteronyssinus whole culture extract were rendered specific to mite antigens by immunoabsorption with extract of human dander. Using the absorbed antibodies, an extract of a mite culture gave rise to 15 peaks in crossed immunoelectrophoresis and to a titer of 512 in counter-immunoelectrophoresis. When applied to dust samples from the homes of allergic patients, counterimmunoelectrophoresis gave reproducible results within an error of 1 titer-step. Mite antigens were detected in 64% of 105 dust samples investigated. The titer correlated well (P less than 0.005) with the concentration of Dermatophagoides bodies, found in 13 mattress dust samples by microscopy. Advantages and limitations of immunochemical quantitations of house dust mites in dust samples is discussed in relation to investigations by microscopy.", "contents": "Detection and quantitation of Dermatophagoides antigens in house dust by immunochemical techniques. Rabbit antibodies against D. pteronyssinus whole culture extract were rendered specific to mite antigens by immunoabsorption with extract of human dander. Using the absorbed antibodies, an extract of a mite culture gave rise to 15 peaks in crossed immunoelectrophoresis and to a titer of 512 in counter-immunoelectrophoresis. When applied to dust samples from the homes of allergic patients, counterimmunoelectrophoresis gave reproducible results within an error of 1 titer-step. Mite antigens were detected in 64% of 105 dust samples investigated. The titer correlated well (P less than 0.005) with the concentration of Dermatophagoides bodies, found in 13 mattress dust samples by microscopy. Advantages and limitations of immunochemical quantitations of house dust mites in dust samples is discussed in relation to investigations by microscopy.", "PMID": 94774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1315", "title": "Cyclic AMP in hypersensitivity reactions.", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was capable of inducing non-cytotoxic histamine release from human leucocytes. In the presence of deuterium oxide (D2O), PHA caused significantly greater histamine release. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (d-cAMP) could enhance the histamine release in the presence of D2O although it was an inhibitor of the release if used alone. However, a beta agonist, isoproterenol, which increases intracellular level of cAMP was inhibitory with or without D2O. These data ask the question about dual effect of cAMP and suggest the possibility of different polls of cAMP in the target cells.", "contents": "Cyclic AMP in hypersensitivity reactions. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was capable of inducing non-cytotoxic histamine release from human leucocytes. In the presence of deuterium oxide (D2O), PHA caused significantly greater histamine release. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (d-cAMP) could enhance the histamine release in the presence of D2O although it was an inhibitor of the release if used alone. However, a beta agonist, isoproterenol, which increases intracellular level of cAMP was inhibitory with or without D2O. These data ask the question about dual effect of cAMP and suggest the possibility of different polls of cAMP in the target cells.", "PMID": 94775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1316", "title": "Frontiers of quantitative cytochemistry: a review of recent developments and potentials.", "content": "This article attempts to describe the current state of quantitative cytochemical methods and to point out areas where, in the author's opinion, the greatest progress is either being made or can be expected. Nearly 300 references to the current literature are cited.", "contents": "Frontiers of quantitative cytochemistry: a review of recent developments and potentials. This article attempts to describe the current state of quantitative cytochemical methods and to point out areas where, in the author's opinion, the greatest progress is either being made or can be expected. Nearly 300 references to the current literature are cited.", "PMID": 94776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1317", "title": "Comparison of two Papanicolaou staining procedures for automated prescreening.", "content": "A \"regressive\" (procedure I) and a \"progressive\" (procedure II) modification of the Papanicolaou stain were tested for their suitability for automated screening procedures. Intermediate squamous cells and carcinoma cells were scanned with a high-resolution system, and digitized data were statistically analyzed after feature extraction. The regressive modification accentuates the textural features of intermediate squamous cell nuclei as well as the contrast ratio of nucleus and cytoplasm. The progressive modification accentuates some criteria of malignancy, such as polychromasia, hyperchromasia and shifting of nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. Grouping of data according to patients indicates that the differences found are due to the staining procedures and not to individual variability of parameters in different patients.", "contents": "Comparison of two Papanicolaou staining procedures for automated prescreening. A \"regressive\" (procedure I) and a \"progressive\" (procedure II) modification of the Papanicolaou stain were tested for their suitability for automated screening procedures. Intermediate squamous cells and carcinoma cells were scanned with a high-resolution system, and digitized data were statistically analyzed after feature extraction. The regressive modification accentuates the textural features of intermediate squamous cell nuclei as well as the contrast ratio of nucleus and cytoplasm. The progressive modification accentuates some criteria of malignancy, such as polychromasia, hyperchromasia and shifting of nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. Grouping of data according to patients indicates that the differences found are due to the staining procedures and not to individual variability of parameters in different patients.", "PMID": 94777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1318", "title": "The monodisperse cervical smear: quantitative analysis of cell dispersion and loss with enzymatic and chemical agents.", "content": "The proper utilization of flow-through instruments for the automatic detection of malignant cells in human cervical specimens requires that the cells be in the form of a monodisperse suspension. Information regarding the degree of cell dispersion and of cell loss is therefore of critical importance in the evaluation of any procedure used to render cervical specimens monodispe automatic detection of malignant cells in human cervical specimens requires that the cells be in the form of a monodisperse suspension. Information regarding the degree of cell dispersion and of cell loss is therefore of critical importance in the evaluation of any procedure used to render cervical specimens monodispe automatic detection of malignant cells in human cervical specimens requires that the cells be in the form of a monodisperse suspension. Information regarding the degree of cell dispersion and of cell loss is therefore of critical importance in the evaluation of any procedure used to render cervical specimens monodisperse. We have devised a simple method for the simultaneous assessment of these two parameters using smears prepared with the Perkin-Elmer Uni-Smear Spinner. Our quantitative evaluation indicates that none of the 15 enzymatic and chemical agents tested to disperse cervical specimens produced an adequate monodispersed cell suspension without unacceptable cell loss. Electron microscopic evidence is used to illustrate the deleterious effects of some of the agents employed.", "contents": "The monodisperse cervical smear: quantitative analysis of cell dispersion and loss with enzymatic and chemical agents. The proper utilization of flow-through instruments for the automatic detection of malignant cells in human cervical specimens requires that the cells be in the form of a monodisperse suspension. Information regarding the degree of cell dispersion and of cell loss is therefore of critical importance in the evaluation of any procedure used to render cervical specimens monodispe automatic detection of malignant cells in human cervical specimens requires that the cells be in the form of a monodisperse suspension. Information regarding the degree of cell dispersion and of cell loss is therefore of critical importance in the evaluation of any procedure used to render cervical specimens monodispe automatic detection of malignant cells in human cervical specimens requires that the cells be in the form of a monodisperse suspension. Information regarding the degree of cell dispersion and of cell loss is therefore of critical importance in the evaluation of any procedure used to render cervical specimens monodisperse. We have devised a simple method for the simultaneous assessment of these two parameters using smears prepared with the Perkin-Elmer Uni-Smear Spinner. Our quantitative evaluation indicates that none of the 15 enzymatic and chemical agents tested to disperse cervical specimens produced an adequate monodispersed cell suspension without unacceptable cell loss. Electron microscopic evidence is used to illustrate the deleterious effects of some of the agents employed.", "PMID": 94778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1319", "title": "A poststaining fixation technique for acridine orange: quantitative aspects.", "content": "A poststaining fixation technique was developed for acridine orange staining of cytologic specimens. A quantitative evaluation was performed to assess the suitability of this technique for routine use in analytic cytology and its potential for future use in automated screening equipment. Three major advantages of the poststaining fixation technique over conventional acridine orange staining methods were documented: (1) stained cells may be stored for several months without alteration of cellular morphology or fluorescence characteristics; (2) the protocol minimizes diffusion of stain out of cells; and (3) poststaining fixation reduces dependence of nuclear or total cell fluorescence on cell distribution or concentration on a slide or in flow.", "contents": "A poststaining fixation technique for acridine orange: quantitative aspects. A poststaining fixation technique was developed for acridine orange staining of cytologic specimens. A quantitative evaluation was performed to assess the suitability of this technique for routine use in analytic cytology and its potential for future use in automated screening equipment. Three major advantages of the poststaining fixation technique over conventional acridine orange staining methods were documented: (1) stained cells may be stored for several months without alteration of cellular morphology or fluorescence characteristics; (2) the protocol minimizes diffusion of stain out of cells; and (3) poststaining fixation reduces dependence of nuclear or total cell fluorescence on cell distribution or concentration on a slide or in flow.", "PMID": 94779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1320", "title": "Chronic metabolic effects of ammonia in mouse brain.", "content": "Chronic ammonia toxicity in experimental mice was induced by exposing them for 2 and 5 days to 5 % (v/v) ammonia solution. The enzymes concerned with glutamate metabolism (aspartate-, alanine- and tyrosine aminotransferases, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase) and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase were estimated in the three regions of brain (cerebellum, cerebral cortex and brain stem) and in liver. Glutamate, aspartate, alanine, glutamine and GABA, RNA and protein were also estimated in the three regions of brain and liver. A significant rise in the activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in all the three regions of brain along with a fall in the activity of alanine aminotransferase was noticed. Changes in the activities of other enzymes were also observed. A significant increase in alanine and a decrease in glutamic acid was observed while no change was observed in the content of other amino acids belonging to the glutamate family. As a result of this, changes in the ratios of glutamate/glutamine and glutamate + aspartate/GABA was observed. The results indicated that the brain was in a state of more depression and less of excitation. Under these conditions the liver tissue was showing a profound rise in the activity of the enzymes of glutamate metabolism. The results are further discussed.", "contents": "Chronic metabolic effects of ammonia in mouse brain. Chronic ammonia toxicity in experimental mice was induced by exposing them for 2 and 5 days to 5 % (v/v) ammonia solution. The enzymes concerned with glutamate metabolism (aspartate-, alanine- and tyrosine aminotransferases, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase) and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase were estimated in the three regions of brain (cerebellum, cerebral cortex and brain stem) and in liver. Glutamate, aspartate, alanine, glutamine and GABA, RNA and protein were also estimated in the three regions of brain and liver. A significant rise in the activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in all the three regions of brain along with a fall in the activity of alanine aminotransferase was noticed. Changes in the activities of other enzymes were also observed. A significant increase in alanine and a decrease in glutamic acid was observed while no change was observed in the content of other amino acids belonging to the glutamate family. As a result of this, changes in the ratios of glutamate/glutamine and glutamate + aspartate/GABA was observed. The results indicated that the brain was in a state of more depression and less of excitation. Under these conditions the liver tissue was showing a profound rise in the activity of the enzymes of glutamate metabolism. The results are further discussed.", "PMID": 94819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1321", "title": "An alpha-adrenotropic study of the normal and diabetic rabbit kidney.", "content": "Rabbit kidneys from normal and alloxan-treated animals were isolated and perfused at 30 degrees C, with Krebs-Henseleit solution. Norepinephrine (NOR), 1 microgram/min, promoted an increase in perfusion pressure which was blocked by phentolamine. In diabetic kidneys NOR induced a sluggish increase in perfusion pressure and resistance, showing a decrease in sensitivity of the adrenergic receptors to the drug. Propranolol, a beta-blocker, was able to elicit an alpha adrenergic blockade in diabetic kidneys. These facts demonstrate an adrenergic receptor defect in diabetic animals, which was shown just three weeks after alloxan treatment.", "contents": "An alpha-adrenotropic study of the normal and diabetic rabbit kidney. Rabbit kidneys from normal and alloxan-treated animals were isolated and perfused at 30 degrees C, with Krebs-Henseleit solution. Norepinephrine (NOR), 1 microgram/min, promoted an increase in perfusion pressure which was blocked by phentolamine. In diabetic kidneys NOR induced a sluggish increase in perfusion pressure and resistance, showing a decrease in sensitivity of the adrenergic receptors to the drug. Propranolol, a beta-blocker, was able to elicit an alpha adrenergic blockade in diabetic kidneys. These facts demonstrate an adrenergic receptor defect in diabetic animals, which was shown just three weeks after alloxan treatment.", "PMID": 94820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1322", "title": "[Effects of precursors and metabolites of catecholamines on motricity of isolated rat duodenum. Particular reference to dopamine].", "content": "Studying the effects, on the isolated rat duodenum motricity, of ten compounds precursors or metabolites of catecholamines, the following results were obtained: The direct metabolites of epinephrine and norepinephrine (metanephrine, normetanephrine), are either ineffective at concentrations below 5 X 10(-6) M, or weakly inhibitory at higher concentrations. Such inhibitory effects are prevented by alpha- and beta-blockers. 3-methoxy, 4-hydroxyphenylglycol and vanylmandelic acid have no significant effect. The catecholamine precursor, dopamine, the related compounds DOPA, 3 methoxytyramine, and to a lesser extent, 3-O methyl DOPA and homovanillic acid, have excito-motor effects at concentrations ranging mainly from 10(-7) M to 10(-5) M. At higher concentrations, the same compounds frequently exhibit inhibitory effects. The excito-motor effects might be due to a serotoninergic mechanism, since they are suppressed by the serotoninergic blocking agents methysergide and cyproheptadine. Furthermore, in the case of DOPA, we were able to establish a relationship between the excito-motor effects and duodenal serotonin stores. As for the inhibitory effects, they may be prevented by using alpha and beta blocking agents. Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid has no effect on the isolated rat duodenum motricity. The fact that dopamine and related compounds may have excitomotor effects at some concentrations, correlated with some physiopathological observations in man and animal allows some considerations about the eventual role of dopamine on intestinal motricity.", "contents": "[Effects of precursors and metabolites of catecholamines on motricity of isolated rat duodenum. Particular reference to dopamine]. Studying the effects, on the isolated rat duodenum motricity, of ten compounds precursors or metabolites of catecholamines, the following results were obtained: The direct metabolites of epinephrine and norepinephrine (metanephrine, normetanephrine), are either ineffective at concentrations below 5 X 10(-6) M, or weakly inhibitory at higher concentrations. Such inhibitory effects are prevented by alpha- and beta-blockers. 3-methoxy, 4-hydroxyphenylglycol and vanylmandelic acid have no significant effect. The catecholamine precursor, dopamine, the related compounds DOPA, 3 methoxytyramine, and to a lesser extent, 3-O methyl DOPA and homovanillic acid, have excito-motor effects at concentrations ranging mainly from 10(-7) M to 10(-5) M. At higher concentrations, the same compounds frequently exhibit inhibitory effects. The excito-motor effects might be due to a serotoninergic mechanism, since they are suppressed by the serotoninergic blocking agents methysergide and cyproheptadine. Furthermore, in the case of DOPA, we were able to establish a relationship between the excito-motor effects and duodenal serotonin stores. As for the inhibitory effects, they may be prevented by using alpha and beta blocking agents. Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid has no effect on the isolated rat duodenum motricity. The fact that dopamine and related compounds may have excitomotor effects at some concentrations, correlated with some physiopathological observations in man and animal allows some considerations about the eventual role of dopamine on intestinal motricity.", "PMID": 94821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1323", "title": "Determination of metabolite compartition in hepatic cells by varying the redox state in vivo.", "content": "In the present study, metabolite (lactate, pyruvate, glycerol 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate) concentrations were measured in various redox states. The mathematical relations between metabolite concentrations in various redox states were expressed algebraically and studied. Models which provided separate lactate/pyruvate (L/P) and glycerol 3-phosphate/dihydroxyacetone phosphate (G/D) spaces correspond to the experimental results in the case of \"reductants\" (e.g. ethanol, acetaldehyde, dihydroxyacetone and acetate) or of \"oxidizing agents\" (e.g. pyruvate) of the cytosolic NAD-NADH. Crotonate injection caused an oxidation of cytosolic redox couples, but no separation of the lactate/pyruvate space from the glycerol 3-phosphate/dihydroxyacetone phosphate space may necessarily be inferred. Furthermore, the following statements could be made in both first cases: (i.e. of \"reductants\" and \"oxidizing agents\"): (a) Redox couples in L/P space and in G/D space (together L/P-G/D system) are in equilibrium; (b) Redox-equivalent transport from the L/P space to the G/D space is not subject to any velocity-limiting mechanism; (c) Substrates which transports redox-equivalents into and from the L/P-G/D system reach concentrations to values, which are in a linear relation to each other in this system; (d) It is possible that these substrates are regenerated in another system which is also in equilibrium and subject to statement c.", "contents": "Determination of metabolite compartition in hepatic cells by varying the redox state in vivo. In the present study, metabolite (lactate, pyruvate, glycerol 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate) concentrations were measured in various redox states. The mathematical relations between metabolite concentrations in various redox states were expressed algebraically and studied. Models which provided separate lactate/pyruvate (L/P) and glycerol 3-phosphate/dihydroxyacetone phosphate (G/D) spaces correspond to the experimental results in the case of \"reductants\" (e.g. ethanol, acetaldehyde, dihydroxyacetone and acetate) or of \"oxidizing agents\" (e.g. pyruvate) of the cytosolic NAD-NADH. Crotonate injection caused an oxidation of cytosolic redox couples, but no separation of the lactate/pyruvate space from the glycerol 3-phosphate/dihydroxyacetone phosphate space may necessarily be inferred. Furthermore, the following statements could be made in both first cases: (i.e. of \"reductants\" and \"oxidizing agents\"): (a) Redox couples in L/P space and in G/D space (together L/P-G/D system) are in equilibrium; (b) Redox-equivalent transport from the L/P space to the G/D space is not subject to any velocity-limiting mechanism; (c) Substrates which transports redox-equivalents into and from the L/P-G/D system reach concentrations to values, which are in a linear relation to each other in this system; (d) It is possible that these substrates are regenerated in another system which is also in equilibrium and subject to statement c.", "PMID": 94822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1324", "title": "Cytochalasin E-induced oxidative metabolism in polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The extent of the cyanide-resistent oxidative burst of polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes after stimulation with cytochalasin E was shown to depend markedly on the osmolarity of the cell-suspension medium. With granulocyte concentrations up to 2 X 10(6) cells/ml, optimal oxygen consumption and releases of H2O2 and superoxide anions were reached at 180 mOsmol and 2 X 10(-5) M cytochalasin E. After removal of unbound activator, the cellular oxidative activity remained unaltered and continued to depend on the used osmotic conditions. It is proposed that binding of cytochalasin to the plasma membrane induces an irreversible activation of the oxidative system, whereas the resulting metabolic activity depends on conformational changes in the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Cytochalasin E-induced oxidative metabolism in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The extent of the cyanide-resistent oxidative burst of polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes after stimulation with cytochalasin E was shown to depend markedly on the osmolarity of the cell-suspension medium. With granulocyte concentrations up to 2 X 10(6) cells/ml, optimal oxygen consumption and releases of H2O2 and superoxide anions were reached at 180 mOsmol and 2 X 10(-5) M cytochalasin E. After removal of unbound activator, the cellular oxidative activity remained unaltered and continued to depend on the used osmotic conditions. It is proposed that binding of cytochalasin to the plasma membrane induces an irreversible activation of the oxidative system, whereas the resulting metabolic activity depends on conformational changes in the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 94823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1325", "title": "Effect of beta-blockers on sodium and potassium content of human erythrocytes.", "content": "Recently, hyperpotassemia was reported in patients treated with propranolol, but the mechanism has not yet been delineated. We have investigated the effects of various beta-adrenergic blockers and of D-propranolol on the Na+ and K+ distribution intra- and extracellularly in human erythrocytes. K+ loss and Na+ gain by cells was demonstrated at drug concentrations of 10(-4) M or greater. D-Propranolol was more effective than L-propranolol, whereas pindolol was ineffective. Practolol increased Na+ content but did not influence K+. The results suggest that electrolyte redistribution across cell membranes is not a likely explanation for hyperpotassemia in patients treated with propranolol, or for the local anaesthetic effect of this drug.", "contents": "Effect of beta-blockers on sodium and potassium content of human erythrocytes. Recently, hyperpotassemia was reported in patients treated with propranolol, but the mechanism has not yet been delineated. We have investigated the effects of various beta-adrenergic blockers and of D-propranolol on the Na+ and K+ distribution intra- and extracellularly in human erythrocytes. K+ loss and Na+ gain by cells was demonstrated at drug concentrations of 10(-4) M or greater. D-Propranolol was more effective than L-propranolol, whereas pindolol was ineffective. Practolol increased Na+ content but did not influence K+. The results suggest that electrolyte redistribution across cell membranes is not a likely explanation for hyperpotassemia in patients treated with propranolol, or for the local anaesthetic effect of this drug.", "PMID": 94824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1326", "title": "The influence of sex, of castration in new-born males and of androgen treatment in new-born females on the mouse-killing behaviour of the rat.", "content": "The results we have got on the mouse-killing behaviour of the rat point out the remarkable percentage difference between control males and control females, between integral males and males castrated at birth, and between normal females and females under the effects of androgens. Such results make us believe that the appearance of the killer behaviour is affected by the presence of testosterone in the first days of life of the rat.", "contents": "The influence of sex, of castration in new-born males and of androgen treatment in new-born females on the mouse-killing behaviour of the rat. The results we have got on the mouse-killing behaviour of the rat point out the remarkable percentage difference between control males and control females, between integral males and males castrated at birth, and between normal females and females under the effects of androgens. Such results make us believe that the appearance of the killer behaviour is affected by the presence of testosterone in the first days of life of the rat.", "PMID": 94825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1327", "title": "A research on the action of testosterone propionate and of ciproterone acetate on the mouse-killing behaviour of the adult rat.", "content": "Data demonstrate exactly that testosterone favour above all the killing behaviour of castrate males at birth in comparison with control males while ciproterone acetate turns out to be more effective in diminishing the killing behaviour of males having integral testicle and of androgenized females at birth in comparison with castrated males. The results point out that the killing behaviour of rats is affected by the presence of testosterone in the first days of life, and in the grown-up animal.", "contents": "A research on the action of testosterone propionate and of ciproterone acetate on the mouse-killing behaviour of the adult rat. Data demonstrate exactly that testosterone favour above all the killing behaviour of castrate males at birth in comparison with control males while ciproterone acetate turns out to be more effective in diminishing the killing behaviour of males having integral testicle and of androgenized females at birth in comparison with castrated males. The results point out that the killing behaviour of rats is affected by the presence of testosterone in the first days of life, and in the grown-up animal.", "PMID": 94826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1328", "title": "Effect of evisceration on the disposal of [14C] palmitate in the rat.", "content": "The utilization in vivo of [1-(14)C] palmitate was studied in hepatectomized-nephrectomized rats and their sham-operated controls. After i.v. injection of the tracer, the [14C] lipids in plasma disappeared more slowly in eviscerated animals than in their controls. More label reappeared in plasma as esterified fatty acids in the latter group. At 30 min after the tracer, the amount of label found in the lipidic fraction of carcass and heart was much greater in eviscerated animals than in their controls although the percentile distribution of labelled lipidic fractions remained stable, a considerable proportion being present in the esterified fatty acid form. On the basis of these findings, the rapid increase in the plasma levels of FFA in eviscerated animals must be the result of augmented lipolytic activity more than reduced utilization of these metabolites.", "contents": "Effect of evisceration on the disposal of [14C] palmitate in the rat. The utilization in vivo of [1-(14)C] palmitate was studied in hepatectomized-nephrectomized rats and their sham-operated controls. After i.v. injection of the tracer, the [14C] lipids in plasma disappeared more slowly in eviscerated animals than in their controls. More label reappeared in plasma as esterified fatty acids in the latter group. At 30 min after the tracer, the amount of label found in the lipidic fraction of carcass and heart was much greater in eviscerated animals than in their controls although the percentile distribution of labelled lipidic fractions remained stable, a considerable proportion being present in the esterified fatty acid form. On the basis of these findings, the rapid increase in the plasma levels of FFA in eviscerated animals must be the result of augmented lipolytic activity more than reduced utilization of these metabolites.", "PMID": 94827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1329", "title": "Thyroid activity in a hypometabolic primate, the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus).", "content": "Serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) were significantly lower in owl monkeys than in long-tailed macaques. These observations were considered to be consistent with the lower metabolic rate of the owl monkey. However, the absence of a significant difference in the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) between the two species suggested a lower thyroid sensitivity to TSH in the owl monkeys. There was an inverse relation between levels of T3 and TSH in the owl monkeys at night and during the day.", "contents": "Thyroid activity in a hypometabolic primate, the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). Serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) were significantly lower in owl monkeys than in long-tailed macaques. These observations were considered to be consistent with the lower metabolic rate of the owl monkey. However, the absence of a significant difference in the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) between the two species suggested a lower thyroid sensitivity to TSH in the owl monkeys. There was an inverse relation between levels of T3 and TSH in the owl monkeys at night and during the day.", "PMID": 94828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1330", "title": "[Chemoreflexive drive of ventilation and noradrenaline stimulus in man].", "content": "O2 chemoreflex drive of ventilation was studied before and after an intravenous infusion of L-norepinephrine (9 microgram/min), inducing a plasmatic hormone concentration similar to that obtained during submaximal exercise. The ventilation increasing rapidly at the beginning of the infusion was stabilized after 30 min : the ventilation was two times the reference value. The O2 chemoreflex drive of ventilation increased during norepinephrine infusion. When man was transiently switched from hypoxia to pure O2 (O2 test) the maximal fall of ventilation was two times the reference response. This increase in the chemoreflex drive, although the physico-chemical blood state was unchanged, may be explained by a norepinephrine chemoreceptor sensitization. Such a mechanism could partly explain the increase of O2 chemoreflex drive observed during muscular exercise.", "contents": "[Chemoreflexive drive of ventilation and noradrenaline stimulus in man]. O2 chemoreflex drive of ventilation was studied before and after an intravenous infusion of L-norepinephrine (9 microgram/min), inducing a plasmatic hormone concentration similar to that obtained during submaximal exercise. The ventilation increasing rapidly at the beginning of the infusion was stabilized after 30 min : the ventilation was two times the reference value. The O2 chemoreflex drive of ventilation increased during norepinephrine infusion. When man was transiently switched from hypoxia to pure O2 (O2 test) the maximal fall of ventilation was two times the reference response. This increase in the chemoreflex drive, although the physico-chemical blood state was unchanged, may be explained by a norepinephrine chemoreceptor sensitization. Such a mechanism could partly explain the increase of O2 chemoreflex drive observed during muscular exercise.", "PMID": 94829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1331", "title": "Thiamine intestinal transport and phosphorylation : a study in vitro of potential inhibitors of small intestinal thiamine-pyrophosphokinase using a crude enzymatic preparation.", "content": "Using as enzymatic source the cytoplasmatic fraction of enterocytes isolated from the rat small intestine, thiamine-pyrophosphokinase activity was studied with a radiometric method using [thiazole-2-(14)C] thiamine. The Km value for thiamine was 2.14 X 10(-6) M and V 0.87 nmol of thiamine pyrophosphate mg-1 protein h-1. Eleven thiamine structural analogs and derivatives were assayed for their inhibitory action on the small intestine thiamine-pyrophosphokinase activity. Their Ki values were : pyrithiamine, 2.25 X 10(-6) M; thiamine monophosphate, 4 X 10(-6) M; 2'-ethylthiamine, 8 X 10(-6) M; 2'-butylthiamine, 6 X 10(-6) M; chloroethylthiamine and dimethalium, 1.5 X 10(-5) M; amprolium, 1.8 X 10(-4) M; L-582571, 1.65 X 10(-4) M; oxythiamine, 4.2 X 10(-3) M. Of the miscellaneous compounds tested (toxopyrimidine, Na-pyrophosphate, choline, L-phenylalanine, ethyl-urethane and 5-fluorouracil), none had any inhibitory action on intestinal thiamine-pyrophosphokinase activity, even if used at concentrations hundred times higher than that of labelled thiamine.", "contents": "Thiamine intestinal transport and phosphorylation : a study in vitro of potential inhibitors of small intestinal thiamine-pyrophosphokinase using a crude enzymatic preparation. Using as enzymatic source the cytoplasmatic fraction of enterocytes isolated from the rat small intestine, thiamine-pyrophosphokinase activity was studied with a radiometric method using [thiazole-2-(14)C] thiamine. The Km value for thiamine was 2.14 X 10(-6) M and V 0.87 nmol of thiamine pyrophosphate mg-1 protein h-1. Eleven thiamine structural analogs and derivatives were assayed for their inhibitory action on the small intestine thiamine-pyrophosphokinase activity. Their Ki values were : pyrithiamine, 2.25 X 10(-6) M; thiamine monophosphate, 4 X 10(-6) M; 2'-ethylthiamine, 8 X 10(-6) M; 2'-butylthiamine, 6 X 10(-6) M; chloroethylthiamine and dimethalium, 1.5 X 10(-5) M; amprolium, 1.8 X 10(-4) M; L-582571, 1.65 X 10(-4) M; oxythiamine, 4.2 X 10(-3) M. Of the miscellaneous compounds tested (toxopyrimidine, Na-pyrophosphate, choline, L-phenylalanine, ethyl-urethane and 5-fluorouracil), none had any inhibitory action on intestinal thiamine-pyrophosphokinase activity, even if used at concentrations hundred times higher than that of labelled thiamine.", "PMID": 94830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1332", "title": "Protein nutrition of Tenebrio molitor L. XX. Growth response of larvae to graded levels of amino acids.", "content": "Larvae of Tenebrio molitor L;, Gembloux strain, race F, having an average initial weight of 10 mg were reared for 4 weeks at 27 +/- 0.25 degrees C and 65 +/- 5% relative humidity on diets containing an amino-acid mixture resembling the composition of larval tissues; Each of 14 amino acids was tested individually at levels of 0, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200% of the amount found in larval tissues, while the concentration of other amino acids remained constant. Diets were maintained isonitrogenous at 1.6% nitrogen with supplementary glutamic acid, glycine, serine and tyrosine; Maximum fresh weight gains and dry weights were achieved by larvae fed reference levels of all essential amino acids except phenylalanine, threonine and tryptophan. Maximum growth was achieved by larvae fed 50% of the phenylalanine level found in larval tissues, Threonine and tryptophan were the limiting amino acids in this study and are probably required in the diet in excess of twice the concentration occuring in larval tissues, Probable ranges for quantitative amino-acid requirements of T. molitor were determined and suggestions were made for improving the nutritional adequacy of the amino-acid mixture.", "contents": "Protein nutrition of Tenebrio molitor L. XX. Growth response of larvae to graded levels of amino acids. Larvae of Tenebrio molitor L;, Gembloux strain, race F, having an average initial weight of 10 mg were reared for 4 weeks at 27 +/- 0.25 degrees C and 65 +/- 5% relative humidity on diets containing an amino-acid mixture resembling the composition of larval tissues; Each of 14 amino acids was tested individually at levels of 0, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200% of the amount found in larval tissues, while the concentration of other amino acids remained constant. Diets were maintained isonitrogenous at 1.6% nitrogen with supplementary glutamic acid, glycine, serine and tyrosine; Maximum fresh weight gains and dry weights were achieved by larvae fed reference levels of all essential amino acids except phenylalanine, threonine and tryptophan. Maximum growth was achieved by larvae fed 50% of the phenylalanine level found in larval tissues, Threonine and tryptophan were the limiting amino acids in this study and are probably required in the diet in excess of twice the concentration occuring in larval tissues, Probable ranges for quantitative amino-acid requirements of T. molitor were determined and suggestions were made for improving the nutritional adequacy of the amino-acid mixture.", "PMID": 94831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1333", "title": "Antigenic homology of feline and human beta-hexosaminidase.", "content": "The immunological characteristics of feline beta-hexosaminidase (beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase, EC 3.2.1.30) isoenzymes, Hex A and Hex B, were studied. Immunization of rabbits and goats with either cat Hex A or Hex B produced antibodies which reacted with a common antigenic marker shared by both Hex A and Hex B. With properly absorbed antisera, a unique antigenic marker was demonstrated on cat Hex A, but not on Hex B. This antigenic profile is comparable to that of the human beta-hexosaminidase isozymes, in which both Hex A and Hex B share the antigenic determinant, beta, while only Hex A possesses the antigenic determinant, alpha. Ho cross-reactivity between the two species could be demonstrated using goat or rabbit antisera to either feline of human beta-hexosaminidase. These immunological data validate feline Gm2 gangliosidosis as a model for human Gm2 gangliosidosis type II, and facilitate the investigation of enzyme replacement therapy.", "contents": "Antigenic homology of feline and human beta-hexosaminidase. The immunological characteristics of feline beta-hexosaminidase (beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase, EC 3.2.1.30) isoenzymes, Hex A and Hex B, were studied. Immunization of rabbits and goats with either cat Hex A or Hex B produced antibodies which reacted with a common antigenic marker shared by both Hex A and Hex B. With properly absorbed antisera, a unique antigenic marker was demonstrated on cat Hex A, but not on Hex B. This antigenic profile is comparable to that of the human beta-hexosaminidase isozymes, in which both Hex A and Hex B share the antigenic determinant, beta, while only Hex A possesses the antigenic determinant, alpha. Ho cross-reactivity between the two species could be demonstrated using goat or rabbit antisera to either feline of human beta-hexosaminidase. These immunological data validate feline Gm2 gangliosidosis as a model for human Gm2 gangliosidosis type II, and facilitate the investigation of enzyme replacement therapy.", "PMID": 94833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1334", "title": "Purification and properties of rat alpha 2 acute-phase macroglobulin.", "content": "Alpha 2 acute-phase macroglobulin was isolated from plasma of turpentine-injected rats. In the method conditions known to damage the biological activities of alpha 2 macroglobulin are avoided. The procedure successively involves: rivanol precipitation, concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Proteolytic activities were minimized throughout the purification. Thus alpha 2 macroglobulin was obtained in a 20% yield and was pure by biochemical and immunological criteria. Its molecular weight appeared to be 760 000 and it consisted of four subunits (Mr 190 000). The protein has an A1cm 1% = 8.8 and an isoelectric point = 4.8. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions were determined. Our preparations bound 1 molecule of trypsin or 1 molecule of plasmin/molecule of alpha 2 macroglobulin. Kinetic parameters for alpha 2 macroglobulin-bound trypsin and plasmin were determined and compared with those of free trypsin and plasmin using butoxycarbonyl-L-valylglycyl-L-arginine-2-naphthylamide and benzoyl-L-arginine ethylester as substrates.", "contents": "Purification and properties of rat alpha 2 acute-phase macroglobulin. Alpha 2 acute-phase macroglobulin was isolated from plasma of turpentine-injected rats. In the method conditions known to damage the biological activities of alpha 2 macroglobulin are avoided. The procedure successively involves: rivanol precipitation, concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Proteolytic activities were minimized throughout the purification. Thus alpha 2 macroglobulin was obtained in a 20% yield and was pure by biochemical and immunological criteria. Its molecular weight appeared to be 760 000 and it consisted of four subunits (Mr 190 000). The protein has an A1cm 1% = 8.8 and an isoelectric point = 4.8. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions were determined. Our preparations bound 1 molecule of trypsin or 1 molecule of plasmin/molecule of alpha 2 macroglobulin. Kinetic parameters for alpha 2 macroglobulin-bound trypsin and plasmin were determined and compared with those of free trypsin and plasmin using butoxycarbonyl-L-valylglycyl-L-arginine-2-naphthylamide and benzoyl-L-arginine ethylester as substrates.", "PMID": 94834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1335", "title": "Mechanism of binding of mouse interferon to controlled pore glass.", "content": "Many proteins bind to controlled pore glass; they are either acid elutable or alkali elutable. Mouse interferon is an acid-elutable protein. Since poly(L-lysine) and, to some extent, poly(L-arginine) are also eluted from controlled pore glass under acidic conditions, one may postulate that mouse interferon binds to controlled pore glass via some of the protein's epsilon-amino groups (of lysine) and/or guanidinium groups (of arginine) and the beads' silanol (hydroxyl groups). The necessity of lysine in the binding of interferon to controlled pore glass is further substantiated by the fact that citraconylated interferon does not bind to controlled pore glass. A requirement for Lewis acid-base interaction between the beads' B2O3 groups and the amide groups of arginine is unlikely in view of the results obtained with the alternative system, ZrOH, which, being devoid of B2O3, did bind interferon. Since a substantial amount of interferon could be eluted from controlled pore glass with ethylene glycol and high salt, one may assume that some hydrophobicity is involved in the binding of interferon to controlled pore glass.", "contents": "Mechanism of binding of mouse interferon to controlled pore glass. Many proteins bind to controlled pore glass; they are either acid elutable or alkali elutable. Mouse interferon is an acid-elutable protein. Since poly(L-lysine) and, to some extent, poly(L-arginine) are also eluted from controlled pore glass under acidic conditions, one may postulate that mouse interferon binds to controlled pore glass via some of the protein's epsilon-amino groups (of lysine) and/or guanidinium groups (of arginine) and the beads' silanol (hydroxyl groups). The necessity of lysine in the binding of interferon to controlled pore glass is further substantiated by the fact that citraconylated interferon does not bind to controlled pore glass. A requirement for Lewis acid-base interaction between the beads' B2O3 groups and the amide groups of arginine is unlikely in view of the results obtained with the alternative system, ZrOH, which, being devoid of B2O3, did bind interferon. Since a substantial amount of interferon could be eluted from controlled pore glass with ethylene glycol and high salt, one may assume that some hydrophobicity is involved in the binding of interferon to controlled pore glass.", "PMID": 94835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1336", "title": "Internalization of the amino terminal 1-78 sequence of the gamma chain of native fibrinogen and exposure associated with catabolism and plasmin cleavage.", "content": "Specific antibodies of the gamma 1--78 peptide of human fibrinogen were employed in binding assays and in equilibrium competitive inhibition assays to analyze the expression of gamma 1--78 antigenic determinants as an indication of the relative exposure of the gamma 1--78 sequence in the E domain of fibrinogen, high solubility fibrinogen subfractions I-8 and I-9, and plasmic cleavage fragments of fibrinogen and fibrin. A very limited exposure of gamma 1--78 sequences was found to occur concomitant with proteolytic deletions of the major carboxyterminal segment of the A alpha chains in fgI-8, fgI-9. Exposure of gamma 1--78 is not influenced by further proteolysis to fg-X which is associated with B beta 1--43 deletion. Further proteolysis to fg-Y, which is associated with deletion of beta 43--53 and of one of the D domains, is associated with additional exposure of gamma 1--78. This is not significantly influenced by further proteolysis to fg-E with deletion of the second D domain, deletion of A alpha 1--19, and proteolysis at the carboxyterminal aspects of the E domain chains.", "contents": "Internalization of the amino terminal 1-78 sequence of the gamma chain of native fibrinogen and exposure associated with catabolism and plasmin cleavage. Specific antibodies of the gamma 1--78 peptide of human fibrinogen were employed in binding assays and in equilibrium competitive inhibition assays to analyze the expression of gamma 1--78 antigenic determinants as an indication of the relative exposure of the gamma 1--78 sequence in the E domain of fibrinogen, high solubility fibrinogen subfractions I-8 and I-9, and plasmic cleavage fragments of fibrinogen and fibrin. A very limited exposure of gamma 1--78 sequences was found to occur concomitant with proteolytic deletions of the major carboxyterminal segment of the A alpha chains in fgI-8, fgI-9. Exposure of gamma 1--78 is not influenced by further proteolysis to fg-X which is associated with B beta 1--43 deletion. Further proteolysis to fg-Y, which is associated with deletion of beta 43--53 and of one of the D domains, is associated with additional exposure of gamma 1--78. This is not significantly influenced by further proteolysis to fg-E with deletion of the second D domain, deletion of A alpha 1--19, and proteolysis at the carboxyterminal aspects of the E domain chains.", "PMID": 94836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1337", "title": "[Saliva secretion, concentration and secretion of human salivary amylase in the 1st year of life].", "content": "This work show the levels of the salivary secretion volume in 5 min., the salivary amylase concentration in U/ml and the salivary amylase secretion in U/kg/5 min. in 10 children at 4, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 days of life and at 9 and 12 months. All the children had the same nourishment orientation and showed a good weight and neuromotor development during the period of the observation. The datas were compared with datas of 18 children with 20-36 months of age and 18 healthy young man. It was standardized the technic and the time-table to collect the salivary secretion. It was observed that the salivary secretion is higher between 90 and 180 days of age preceding theeth eruption. At 12 months of life the levels of the amylase salivary concentration reach the levels of infants and adults. The salivary amylase secretion is high after the 60 days of life. Probably this is responsible by the good starch tolerance at this time.", "contents": "[Saliva secretion, concentration and secretion of human salivary amylase in the 1st year of life]. This work show the levels of the salivary secretion volume in 5 min., the salivary amylase concentration in U/ml and the salivary amylase secretion in U/kg/5 min. in 10 children at 4, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 days of life and at 9 and 12 months. All the children had the same nourishment orientation and showed a good weight and neuromotor development during the period of the observation. The datas were compared with datas of 18 children with 20-36 months of age and 18 healthy young man. It was standardized the technic and the time-table to collect the salivary secretion. It was observed that the salivary secretion is higher between 90 and 180 days of age preceding theeth eruption. At 12 months of life the levels of the amylase salivary concentration reach the levels of infants and adults. The salivary amylase secretion is high after the 60 days of life. Probably this is responsible by the good starch tolerance at this time.", "PMID": 94832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1338", "title": "Hydrophobic interaction of fluorescent probes with fetuin, ovine submaxillary mucin, and canine tracheal mucins.", "content": "The presence of hydrophobic sites in fetuin, ovine submaxillary mucin and two homogeneous canine tracheal mucins was established by fluorescence probe techniques. The interaction between the above-mentioned glycoproteins and two hydrophobic fluorescent compounds, sodium mansate and mansylphenylalanine, was accompanied by an enhancement in fluorescence and a shift of the fluorescence maxima to shorter wavelengths. The introduction of a phenylalanine residue to the mansyl group enhanced the binding affinity of the probe for the hydrophobic sites of these glycoproteins as evidenced by lower values for the dissociation constants. The high molecular weight (581 600) tracheal mucin, which had the highest carbohydrate content (80%) of all the glycoproteins investigated, exhibited the highest fluorescence enhancement and the largest number of binding sites for these fluorescent probes.", "contents": "Hydrophobic interaction of fluorescent probes with fetuin, ovine submaxillary mucin, and canine tracheal mucins. The presence of hydrophobic sites in fetuin, ovine submaxillary mucin and two homogeneous canine tracheal mucins was established by fluorescence probe techniques. The interaction between the above-mentioned glycoproteins and two hydrophobic fluorescent compounds, sodium mansate and mansylphenylalanine, was accompanied by an enhancement in fluorescence and a shift of the fluorescence maxima to shorter wavelengths. The introduction of a phenylalanine residue to the mansyl group enhanced the binding affinity of the probe for the hydrophobic sites of these glycoproteins as evidenced by lower values for the dissociation constants. The high molecular weight (581 600) tracheal mucin, which had the highest carbohydrate content (80%) of all the glycoproteins investigated, exhibited the highest fluorescence enhancement and the largest number of binding sites for these fluorescent probes.", "PMID": 94837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1339", "title": "[Effects of different concentrations of chloramphenicol on RNA synthesis in E. coli].", "content": "In the presence of 2 microgram/ml chloramphenicol the rate of total RNA synthesis increases 1,6-fold, while that of rRNA synthesis--2,5--3,0-fold. Other ribosomal antibiotics, e.g. oxytetracycline, neomycin and puromycin, as well as chloramphenicol stimulate the synthesis of RNA while not causing a complete inhibition of the protein synthesis. Intensive stimulation of the rate of rRNA synthesis with low concentrations of chloramphenicol may be due to a decrease of intracellular concentration of guanosine-5'-diphosphate, 3'-diphosphate, as well as to the maintenance of a sufficiently high level of protein synthesis under these conditions.", "contents": "[Effects of different concentrations of chloramphenicol on RNA synthesis in E. coli]. In the presence of 2 microgram/ml chloramphenicol the rate of total RNA synthesis increases 1,6-fold, while that of rRNA synthesis--2,5--3,0-fold. Other ribosomal antibiotics, e.g. oxytetracycline, neomycin and puromycin, as well as chloramphenicol stimulate the synthesis of RNA while not causing a complete inhibition of the protein synthesis. Intensive stimulation of the rate of rRNA synthesis with low concentrations of chloramphenicol may be due to a decrease of intracellular concentration of guanosine-5'-diphosphate, 3'-diphosphate, as well as to the maintenance of a sufficiently high level of protein synthesis under these conditions.", "PMID": 94838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1340", "title": "[Study of membrane proteins from Microccus lysodeikticus using immunochemical methods].", "content": "Using immunoelectrophoresis, the antigenicity of various protein fractions of the Micrococcus lysodeikticus membranes was evaluated. It was shown that both the peripheral and integral membrane proteins possess the antigenic determinants. The antiserum exhausted by the M. lysodeikticus mebranes loses its ability to interact with intergral proteins, which are not solubilized by Triton X-100. It was thus assumed that the integral proteins are exposed on the membrane surface constantly or periodically and that there exist no proteins which are completely and permanently incorporated into the lipid bilayer. The respiratory chain of the M. lysodeikticus membrane is inhibited by membrane immunoglobulins by 50%. This is probably due to the presence in the membrane antiserum of antibodies specific to the respiratory chain enzymes. Evidence for this assumption can be derived from the fact that partially purified cytochrome b556 forms a precipitation zone with the membrane antiserum and that the activity of membrane NADH-dehydrogenase is inhibited by a monoserum against NADH-dehydrogenase.", "contents": "[Study of membrane proteins from Microccus lysodeikticus using immunochemical methods]. Using immunoelectrophoresis, the antigenicity of various protein fractions of the Micrococcus lysodeikticus membranes was evaluated. It was shown that both the peripheral and integral membrane proteins possess the antigenic determinants. The antiserum exhausted by the M. lysodeikticus mebranes loses its ability to interact with intergral proteins, which are not solubilized by Triton X-100. It was thus assumed that the integral proteins are exposed on the membrane surface constantly or periodically and that there exist no proteins which are completely and permanently incorporated into the lipid bilayer. The respiratory chain of the M. lysodeikticus membrane is inhibited by membrane immunoglobulins by 50%. This is probably due to the presence in the membrane antiserum of antibodies specific to the respiratory chain enzymes. Evidence for this assumption can be derived from the fact that partially purified cytochrome b556 forms a precipitation zone with the membrane antiserum and that the activity of membrane NADH-dehydrogenase is inhibited by a monoserum against NADH-dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 94839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1341", "title": "[Role of calcium in realization of nervous control during RNA synthesis in skeletal muscles].", "content": "The effects of Ca2+ on the RNA polymerase activity of the nuclei isolated from normal and denervated gastrocnemius muscles of the rabbit were studied. It was shown that 18 hrs after denervation the RNA synthesis in vitro, Ca2+ content and the Ca, Mg-ATPase activity of the nuclei are decreased. After addition of exogenous Ca2+ the incorporation of labelled UTP into the nuclei is stimulated in the denervated muscle and is inhibited in the control. Electrostimulation of the denervated muscle at the peripheral part of the sciatic nerve for 3 hrs increases both the RNA synthesis in the nuclei and the Ca2+ content, as well as the Ca, Mg-ATPase activity. Exogenous Ca2+ has an inhibitory effect on the nuclei of the stimulated muscle. The correlation established is indicative of participation of Ca2+ in the transmission of excitation in skeletal muscle sarcolemma to the processes occurring in nuclear structures.", "contents": "[Role of calcium in realization of nervous control during RNA synthesis in skeletal muscles]. The effects of Ca2+ on the RNA polymerase activity of the nuclei isolated from normal and denervated gastrocnemius muscles of the rabbit were studied. It was shown that 18 hrs after denervation the RNA synthesis in vitro, Ca2+ content and the Ca, Mg-ATPase activity of the nuclei are decreased. After addition of exogenous Ca2+ the incorporation of labelled UTP into the nuclei is stimulated in the denervated muscle and is inhibited in the control. Electrostimulation of the denervated muscle at the peripheral part of the sciatic nerve for 3 hrs increases both the RNA synthesis in the nuclei and the Ca2+ content, as well as the Ca, Mg-ATPase activity. Exogenous Ca2+ has an inhibitory effect on the nuclei of the stimulated muscle. The correlation established is indicative of participation of Ca2+ in the transmission of excitation in skeletal muscle sarcolemma to the processes occurring in nuclear structures.", "PMID": 94840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1342", "title": "Genetic control of aldehyde oxidase activity and cross-reacting-material in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Four different genes are known to affect aldehyde oxidase activity (AO) in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutants at each of these loci eliminate AO activity and simultaneously eliminate detectable AO-crossing reacting material (AO-CRM) even though only one is the structural gene for AO (Aldoxn). The other three genes (cin1, lxd and mal) coordinately \"control\" the levels of activity of AO and two related enzymes, xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and pyridoxal oxidase (PO). Contrary to their effects on AO-CRM, neither of these three mutants eliminate XDH-CRM. A model of interaction of these enzymes and genes controlling their activities is discussed.", "contents": "Genetic control of aldehyde oxidase activity and cross-reacting-material in Drosophila melanogaster. Four different genes are known to affect aldehyde oxidase activity (AO) in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutants at each of these loci eliminate AO activity and simultaneously eliminate detectable AO-crossing reacting material (AO-CRM) even though only one is the structural gene for AO (Aldoxn). The other three genes (cin1, lxd and mal) coordinately \"control\" the levels of activity of AO and two related enzymes, xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and pyridoxal oxidase (PO). Contrary to their effects on AO-CRM, neither of these three mutants eliminate XDH-CRM. A model of interaction of these enzymes and genes controlling their activities is discussed.", "PMID": 94842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1343", "title": "The effects of lao on aldehyde, oxidase activity and cross-reacting-material in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "In Drosophila melanogaster aldehyde oxidase occurs in at least two forms that can be separated electrophoretically. The mutant allele lao (low aldehyde oxidase activity) causes a deficiency of the major form of this enzyme. Immunoelectrophoretic analyses suggest that lao homozygotes produce aldehyde oxidase cross-reacting-material in nearly wild-type levels. Although aldehyde oxidase from the mutant stock is heat labile. properties such as Km and pH optima are not different from the normal enzyme.", "contents": "The effects of lao on aldehyde, oxidase activity and cross-reacting-material in Drosophila melanogaster. In Drosophila melanogaster aldehyde oxidase occurs in at least two forms that can be separated electrophoretically. The mutant allele lao (low aldehyde oxidase activity) causes a deficiency of the major form of this enzyme. Immunoelectrophoretic analyses suggest that lao homozygotes produce aldehyde oxidase cross-reacting-material in nearly wild-type levels. Although aldehyde oxidase from the mutant stock is heat labile. properties such as Km and pH optima are not different from the normal enzyme.", "PMID": 94843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1344", "title": "Influence of post-extrasystolic potentiation on left ventricular function estimated by means of systolic time intervals.", "content": "Systolic time intervals were measured in 50 patients with frequent premature ventricular beats. The patients were divided into two groups: group I included those which showed in the beat that preceded an extrasystole a pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) ratio greater than or equal to 0.43, and group II with PEP/LVET ratio greater than 0.44. Systolic time intervals recorded during post-extrasystolic potentiation were compared with those measured in the preextrasystolic complex. Also the measured intervals were tested against the hourly rate of premature beats obtained by electrocardiographic telemetric monitoring. The results confirmed the following results of previous reports: a) ventricular premature beats are followed by sinus-potentiated contractions inversely related to the coupling interval and dependent on adequate compensatory pauses; b) potentiated contractions are greater in patients with ventricular dysfunction. No relationship was found between left ventricular performance and the rate of premature beats. It is concluded that the effect of an antiarrhythmic intervention on the left ventricular function might be adequately evaluated by means of systolic time intervals and provoked post-extrasystolic potentiation, with the advantage of using totally non-invasive procedures.", "contents": "Influence of post-extrasystolic potentiation on left ventricular function estimated by means of systolic time intervals. Systolic time intervals were measured in 50 patients with frequent premature ventricular beats. The patients were divided into two groups: group I included those which showed in the beat that preceded an extrasystole a pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) ratio greater than or equal to 0.43, and group II with PEP/LVET ratio greater than 0.44. Systolic time intervals recorded during post-extrasystolic potentiation were compared with those measured in the preextrasystolic complex. Also the measured intervals were tested against the hourly rate of premature beats obtained by electrocardiographic telemetric monitoring. The results confirmed the following results of previous reports: a) ventricular premature beats are followed by sinus-potentiated contractions inversely related to the coupling interval and dependent on adequate compensatory pauses; b) potentiated contractions are greater in patients with ventricular dysfunction. No relationship was found between left ventricular performance and the rate of premature beats. It is concluded that the effect of an antiarrhythmic intervention on the left ventricular function might be adequately evaluated by means of systolic time intervals and provoked post-extrasystolic potentiation, with the advantage of using totally non-invasive procedures.", "PMID": 94849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1345", "title": "Lack of leukocyte migration inhibition by hepatitis B surface antigen in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.", "content": "Soluble part of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue extracts with or without hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was tested against leukocytes of 13 histologically confirmed HCC patients. Inhibition of leukocyte migration was observed in 9 out of 13 cases when tested by soluble HCC extract containing HBsAg, while inhibition of lukocyte migration was observed in 8 out of 13 cases when tested by solublp greater than 0.05, by Fisher's exact test). In the meantime, soluble HCC extract with or without HBsAg did not significantly cause inhibition of leukocyte migration in 12 non-HCC patients. Therefore, it is concluded that inhibition of leukocyte migration in HCC patients is caused by the tumor-associated antigen, not caused by HBsAg.", "contents": "Lack of leukocyte migration inhibition by hepatitis B surface antigen in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Soluble part of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue extracts with or without hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was tested against leukocytes of 13 histologically confirmed HCC patients. Inhibition of leukocyte migration was observed in 9 out of 13 cases when tested by soluble HCC extract containing HBsAg, while inhibition of lukocyte migration was observed in 8 out of 13 cases when tested by solublp greater than 0.05, by Fisher's exact test). In the meantime, soluble HCC extract with or without HBsAg did not significantly cause inhibition of leukocyte migration in 12 non-HCC patients. Therefore, it is concluded that inhibition of leukocyte migration in HCC patients is caused by the tumor-associated antigen, not caused by HBsAg.", "PMID": 94850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1346", "title": "[Faecal enzyme diagnostic (author's transl)].", "content": "The hitherto existing results of determinations of enzymatic activities in stool are presented in this review. The chymotrypsin activity is diminished in advanced exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The faecal alpha-amylase activity has up to now no significance in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. Up to five amylolytic enzyme activities are detectable. The alkaline phosphatase is mostly of intestinal origin. Up to 4 enzyme bands can be exhibited with the disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Lysozyme and N-Acetyl-beta-D-glycosaminidase can also be detected in stool.", "contents": "[Faecal enzyme diagnostic (author's transl)]. The hitherto existing results of determinations of enzymatic activities in stool are presented in this review. The chymotrypsin activity is diminished in advanced exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The faecal alpha-amylase activity has up to now no significance in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. Up to five amylolytic enzyme activities are detectable. The alkaline phosphatase is mostly of intestinal origin. Up to 4 enzyme bands can be exhibited with the disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Lysozyme and N-Acetyl-beta-D-glycosaminidase can also be detected in stool.", "PMID": 94852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1347", "title": "[Animal experiments on the induction of humoral antibodies by repeated implantations of dental gelatin and dried fibrin foam].", "content": "An attempt was made to demonstrate humoral antibodies against porcine and bovine protein in the sera of guinea pigs following repeated subcutaneous implantation of Gelastypt, Gelfoam, and Fibrospum. Precipitated antibodies against porcine protein could not be demonstrated with the agar gel double diffusion test in the sera of those animals in which gelatin substances had been implanted (starting protein: porcine collagen). Precipitated antibodies against bovine protein were demonstrable in the sera of all animals treated with Fibrospum (starting protein: bovine fibrin). The active hemagglutination test with porcine erythrocytes using sera taken from animals treated with gelatin substances showed a positive to high antibody titer in three cases. The same test carried out with bovine erythrocytes and sera from animals treated with Fibrospum showed positive to high antibody titer for all animals tested.", "contents": "[Animal experiments on the induction of humoral antibodies by repeated implantations of dental gelatin and dried fibrin foam]. An attempt was made to demonstrate humoral antibodies against porcine and bovine protein in the sera of guinea pigs following repeated subcutaneous implantation of Gelastypt, Gelfoam, and Fibrospum. Precipitated antibodies against porcine protein could not be demonstrated with the agar gel double diffusion test in the sera of those animals in which gelatin substances had been implanted (starting protein: porcine collagen). Precipitated antibodies against bovine protein were demonstrable in the sera of all animals treated with Fibrospum (starting protein: bovine fibrin). The active hemagglutination test with porcine erythrocytes using sera taken from animals treated with gelatin substances showed a positive to high antibody titer in three cases. The same test carried out with bovine erythrocytes and sera from animals treated with Fibrospum showed positive to high antibody titer for all animals tested.", "PMID": 94853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1348", "title": "[Characteristics of human dental pulp cells in cell cultures].", "content": "The generation time and the division rate were measured with routine methods of cell culturing. The conditions contributing to the stagnation of growth were examined; the synchrony of the growth process was investigated. The biochemical composition of the cells was assessed via colorimetry and then compared with other cell systems. The cell culture examined may be used to test capping materials; only cells up through the eighth generation however should be utilized.", "contents": "[Characteristics of human dental pulp cells in cell cultures]. The generation time and the division rate were measured with routine methods of cell culturing. The conditions contributing to the stagnation of growth were examined; the synchrony of the growth process was investigated. The biochemical composition of the cells was assessed via colorimetry and then compared with other cell systems. The cell culture examined may be used to test capping materials; only cells up through the eighth generation however should be utilized.", "PMID": 94854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1349", "title": "The effect of glutaurine on the development of amphibian larvae with inhibited RNA and protein synthesis.", "content": "1. Glutaurine (gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine) isolated from bovine parathyroid and later synthetized retards the metamorphosis of Rana arvalis. 2. From day 13 of treatment glutaurine moderates the metamorphosis inhibiting effect of antibiotics acting at the transcription and translation level.", "contents": "The effect of glutaurine on the development of amphibian larvae with inhibited RNA and protein synthesis. 1. Glutaurine (gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine) isolated from bovine parathyroid and later synthetized retards the metamorphosis of Rana arvalis. 2. From day 13 of treatment glutaurine moderates the metamorphosis inhibiting effect of antibiotics acting at the transcription and translation level.", "PMID": 94855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1350", "title": "The effects of aminotriazole (ATZ) on the thyroid gland and the development of the White Leghorn chick.", "content": "White Leghorn chicks, injected i.p. (days 3 through 40) with 0.5 g/kg or 1.0 g/kg mean body weight of aminotriazole (ATZ), gained less weight than the control animals. In the 1.0 g/kg ATZ group in comparison to the 0.5 g/kg animals, the responses were of greater magnitude and for longer durations of time. In both experimental groups, the thyroid/body weight ratios increased and were greater than those of the controls after day 10. In the higher dosage group, these ratios increased markedly, whereas with the lower dosage group, the ratios stabilized at a lower value. Histological alterations of the thyroid included hypertrophy, hyperplasia and hyperemia. To study the effect of cessation of drug treatment, groups of animals received the same dosages of ATZ through day 20. At the termination of the experiment (day 41), this resulted in a sharp increase in body weight, experimentals weighing as much as or more than the controls. Regarding the decrease in thyroid/body weight ratios, experimentals never attained the low control values. However, upon cessation of drug treatment, a return towards normal thyroid histology was noted. The gross body weight, the thyroid/body weight ratios, the histological analyses of the thyroidal components and the triiodothyronine and thyroxine determinations in the blood serum demonstrate that ATZ is a potent goitrogenic agent which produces a state of functional hypothyroidism.", "contents": "The effects of aminotriazole (ATZ) on the thyroid gland and the development of the White Leghorn chick. White Leghorn chicks, injected i.p. (days 3 through 40) with 0.5 g/kg or 1.0 g/kg mean body weight of aminotriazole (ATZ), gained less weight than the control animals. In the 1.0 g/kg ATZ group in comparison to the 0.5 g/kg animals, the responses were of greater magnitude and for longer durations of time. In both experimental groups, the thyroid/body weight ratios increased and were greater than those of the controls after day 10. In the higher dosage group, these ratios increased markedly, whereas with the lower dosage group, the ratios stabilized at a lower value. Histological alterations of the thyroid included hypertrophy, hyperplasia and hyperemia. To study the effect of cessation of drug treatment, groups of animals received the same dosages of ATZ through day 20. At the termination of the experiment (day 41), this resulted in a sharp increase in body weight, experimentals weighing as much as or more than the controls. Regarding the decrease in thyroid/body weight ratios, experimentals never attained the low control values. However, upon cessation of drug treatment, a return towards normal thyroid histology was noted. The gross body weight, the thyroid/body weight ratios, the histological analyses of the thyroidal components and the triiodothyronine and thyroxine determinations in the blood serum demonstrate that ATZ is a potent goitrogenic agent which produces a state of functional hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 94856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1351", "title": "Effect of glucocorticoid hormone on the content and synthesis of nucleic acids in cartilage of growing mice.", "content": "Glucocorticoid hormones are known to exert distinct inhibitory effects upon skeletal growth. This study examined the influence of triamcinolone hexacetonide, a long-acting synthetic analogue of cortisol, on nucleic acid synthesis in condylar cartilage of neonatal mice. It became evident that following a single injection of the hormone the DNA, RNA and protein contents were significantly reduced. The hormone inhibited both the uptake and incorporation of 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine into DNA and RNA. Significant changes became apparent by 24 hours and persisted for 72 hours after administering the hormone. Thereafter full recovery was noted. Correlative relationship was noted between the inhibitory effects on the uptake and the subsequent incorporation of the above precursors into their respective nucleic acids. This study clearly indicates that corticosteroid hormones possess a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferative activity of neonatal chondrocytes and upon the latter's protein synthetic pathways, thereby affecting the normal process of endochondral bone growth.", "contents": "Effect of glucocorticoid hormone on the content and synthesis of nucleic acids in cartilage of growing mice. Glucocorticoid hormones are known to exert distinct inhibitory effects upon skeletal growth. This study examined the influence of triamcinolone hexacetonide, a long-acting synthetic analogue of cortisol, on nucleic acid synthesis in condylar cartilage of neonatal mice. It became evident that following a single injection of the hormone the DNA, RNA and protein contents were significantly reduced. The hormone inhibited both the uptake and incorporation of 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine into DNA and RNA. Significant changes became apparent by 24 hours and persisted for 72 hours after administering the hormone. Thereafter full recovery was noted. Correlative relationship was noted between the inhibitory effects on the uptake and the subsequent incorporation of the above precursors into their respective nucleic acids. This study clearly indicates that corticosteroid hormones possess a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferative activity of neonatal chondrocytes and upon the latter's protein synthetic pathways, thereby affecting the normal process of endochondral bone growth.", "PMID": 94857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1352", "title": "On the pharmacology of venous smooth muscle from dog and man.", "content": "Changes in tension of spiral strips from canine and human veins induced by various drugs are compared with results from the literature on human veins. The order of potencies of alpha-adrenoceptor stimulating amines (adrenaline greater than noradrenaline greater than dopamine greater than isoprenaline) is similar in human and canine veins. Comparison of the affinities for alpha-adrenoceptors of pharmacologic drugs (thymoxamine, indoramine, clonidine, dihydroergotamine) suggest marked differences between the alpha-adrenoceptors in veins from man and dog. Venoconstriction mediating 5-HT receptors and a very small population of beta-adrenoceptors exist in both species. Human veins are always dilated by histamine, while canine femoral veins in vitro are relaxed by lower and contracted by higher histamine concentrations. Prostaglandin F2 alpha constricts both canine femoral and human hand veins. PGA2 and PGE2 increase the tension of canine and human veins in vitro but dilate human hand veins in situ. The order of potencies of ergot alkaloids in canine femoral veins is ergotamine greater than dihydroergovaline greater than dihydroergotamine = dihydroergostine greater than methysergide, whereas in human hand veins it is ergotamine = dihydroergovaline greater than methysergide greater than dihydroergotamine greater than dihydroergostine. In dogs the venoconstrictor effect of ergotamine is mediated by at least 3 mechanisms: stimulation of [1] alpha-adrenoceptors, [2] 5-HT receptors and [3] endogenous prostaglandin synthesis. Stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors by dihydroergotamine and of 5-HT receptors by ergotamine was confirmed on human hand veins in situ. Prejunctional receptors at sympathetic nerve terminals are involved in the regulation of venous tone. Inhibitory alpha-adrenoceptors, dopamine and PGE2 receptors as well as facilitating beta-adrenoceptor existing at human vasoconstrictor nerves may be stimulated or blocked by pharmacologic drugs thereby modifying venous tone.", "contents": "On the pharmacology of venous smooth muscle from dog and man. Changes in tension of spiral strips from canine and human veins induced by various drugs are compared with results from the literature on human veins. The order of potencies of alpha-adrenoceptor stimulating amines (adrenaline greater than noradrenaline greater than dopamine greater than isoprenaline) is similar in human and canine veins. Comparison of the affinities for alpha-adrenoceptors of pharmacologic drugs (thymoxamine, indoramine, clonidine, dihydroergotamine) suggest marked differences between the alpha-adrenoceptors in veins from man and dog. Venoconstriction mediating 5-HT receptors and a very small population of beta-adrenoceptors exist in both species. Human veins are always dilated by histamine, while canine femoral veins in vitro are relaxed by lower and contracted by higher histamine concentrations. Prostaglandin F2 alpha constricts both canine femoral and human hand veins. PGA2 and PGE2 increase the tension of canine and human veins in vitro but dilate human hand veins in situ. The order of potencies of ergot alkaloids in canine femoral veins is ergotamine greater than dihydroergovaline greater than dihydroergotamine = dihydroergostine greater than methysergide, whereas in human hand veins it is ergotamine = dihydroergovaline greater than methysergide greater than dihydroergotamine greater than dihydroergostine. In dogs the venoconstrictor effect of ergotamine is mediated by at least 3 mechanisms: stimulation of [1] alpha-adrenoceptors, [2] 5-HT receptors and [3] endogenous prostaglandin synthesis. Stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors by dihydroergotamine and of 5-HT receptors by ergotamine was confirmed on human hand veins in situ. Prejunctional receptors at sympathetic nerve terminals are involved in the regulation of venous tone. Inhibitory alpha-adrenoceptors, dopamine and PGE2 receptors as well as facilitating beta-adrenoceptor existing at human vasoconstrictor nerves may be stimulated or blocked by pharmacologic drugs thereby modifying venous tone.", "PMID": 94863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1353", "title": "[Effect of ergoline derivatives on platelet and blood vessels].", "content": "The influence of dihydrogenated ergot alkaloids on vessels and blood platelets was studied in vitro and in vivo. At low concentrations they cause contraction of isolated vein strips via a stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors, at higher concentrations they antagonize the action of noradrenaline on arteries and veins and inhibit the adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. In volunteers, intravenous and subcutaneous administration of dihydroergotamine (Dihytamin) caused a decrease in blood volume of the capacitance vessels and inhibition of the adrenaline-potentiated platelet aggregation \"ex vivo\". The selective venoconstrictor and antiaggregating effects of dihydroergotamine are utilized in the postoperative prophylaxis of thrombosis.", "contents": "[Effect of ergoline derivatives on platelet and blood vessels]. The influence of dihydrogenated ergot alkaloids on vessels and blood platelets was studied in vitro and in vivo. At low concentrations they cause contraction of isolated vein strips via a stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors, at higher concentrations they antagonize the action of noradrenaline on arteries and veins and inhibit the adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. In volunteers, intravenous and subcutaneous administration of dihydroergotamine (Dihytamin) caused a decrease in blood volume of the capacitance vessels and inhibition of the adrenaline-potentiated platelet aggregation \"ex vivo\". The selective venoconstrictor and antiaggregating effects of dihydroergotamine are utilized in the postoperative prophylaxis of thrombosis.", "PMID": 94864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1354", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of phlebotropic drugs.", "content": "Methods used in clinical and clinical pharmacological assessments of phlebotropic drugs are outlined. The knowledge of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of phlebotropic drugs in human organism is far from complete as yet. Of objective methods proving haemodynamic effects of phlebotropic drugs, the authors have the best experiences with the strain-gauge type occlusive plethysmography, which is capable of proving a reduction of the capillary filtration fraction even after a single administration of an active preparation to healthy volunteers. The control of the patient's subjective complaints by phlebotropic drugs is documented by statistically significant findings in double-blind clinical trials with a placebo.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of phlebotropic drugs. Methods used in clinical and clinical pharmacological assessments of phlebotropic drugs are outlined. The knowledge of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of phlebotropic drugs in human organism is far from complete as yet. Of objective methods proving haemodynamic effects of phlebotropic drugs, the authors have the best experiences with the strain-gauge type occlusive plethysmography, which is capable of proving a reduction of the capillary filtration fraction even after a single administration of an active preparation to healthy volunteers. The control of the patient's subjective complaints by phlebotropic drugs is documented by statistically significant findings in double-blind clinical trials with a placebo.", "PMID": 94865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1355", "title": "[Prevention of postoperative phlebothrombosis by means of pneumatic massage of the extremities in animals].", "content": "Thromboembolism may be considered as the most serious complication in the postoperative period. Due to improvements in anaesthesia and postoperative supervision even those patients who are in a bad state of health may be operated upon. The frequency of postoperative phlebothrombosis, however, has increased in recent years. External pneumatic massage of the extremities will speed up the blood flow in the veins and increase the fibrinolytic activity in the vein wall. In animal experiments we could observe a significant decrease of the thrombus size in artificially produced thrombosis in the vena femoralis of dogs, if after thrombus induction the external pneumatic massage was applied.", "contents": "[Prevention of postoperative phlebothrombosis by means of pneumatic massage of the extremities in animals]. Thromboembolism may be considered as the most serious complication in the postoperative period. Due to improvements in anaesthesia and postoperative supervision even those patients who are in a bad state of health may be operated upon. The frequency of postoperative phlebothrombosis, however, has increased in recent years. External pneumatic massage of the extremities will speed up the blood flow in the veins and increase the fibrinolytic activity in the vein wall. In animal experiments we could observe a significant decrease of the thrombus size in artificially produced thrombosis in the vena femoralis of dogs, if after thrombus induction the external pneumatic massage was applied.", "PMID": 94866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1356", "title": "Biochemical mechanism of platelet activation. Involvement of contractile proteins.", "content": "The present state of knowledge of the biochemical mechanism of platelet activation (adhesion, shape change, microspike formation, aggregation, release reaction, clot retraction) is presented under involvement of contractile proteins. The working hypothesis on the contractile mechanism of platelet activation is explained.", "contents": "Biochemical mechanism of platelet activation. Involvement of contractile proteins. The present state of knowledge of the biochemical mechanism of platelet activation (adhesion, shape change, microspike formation, aggregation, release reaction, clot retraction) is presented under involvement of contractile proteins. The working hypothesis on the contractile mechanism of platelet activation is explained.", "PMID": 94868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1357", "title": "[Clinical aspects of control in therapy with platelet inhibitors].", "content": "46 patients with ischaemic heart disease were treated with Micristin (20-40 mg/kg) or a combination of Micristin and Propranolol (80-120 mg/die). The values of bleeding time, the platelet factor 4 in lysate of thrombocytes or in plasma of patients as well as the soluble fibrin monomer complexes were investigated. They showed no obvious correlation to the clinical findings.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of control in therapy with platelet inhibitors]. 46 patients with ischaemic heart disease were treated with Micristin (20-40 mg/kg) or a combination of Micristin and Propranolol (80-120 mg/die). The values of bleeding time, the platelet factor 4 in lysate of thrombocytes or in plasma of patients as well as the soluble fibrin monomer complexes were investigated. They showed no obvious correlation to the clinical findings.", "PMID": 94869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1358", "title": "[Clinical-experimental studies on the inhibition of thrombocyte function with acetylsalicylic acid and with indobufen].", "content": "The mode of action of two inhibitors of platelet function is reported. At low doses both substances inhibit platelet aggregation, at higher doses they inhibit the availability of platelet factor 3 and liberation of platelet factor 4. Acetylsalicylic acid, however, possesses a long-lasting effect produced by irreversible acetylation of platelet membrane. This was demonstrated in a series of clinico-experimental studies in which 14C-labelled ASA was used. Indobufen was found to cause transitory changes of platelet function. It is easily washed out from platelets and binds loosely to cytosol proteins of platelets, as shown in studies with 14-C-labelled indobufen. In contrast to ASA, it exerts an effect on platelets lasting for a few hours only.", "contents": "[Clinical-experimental studies on the inhibition of thrombocyte function with acetylsalicylic acid and with indobufen]. The mode of action of two inhibitors of platelet function is reported. At low doses both substances inhibit platelet aggregation, at higher doses they inhibit the availability of platelet factor 3 and liberation of platelet factor 4. Acetylsalicylic acid, however, possesses a long-lasting effect produced by irreversible acetylation of platelet membrane. This was demonstrated in a series of clinico-experimental studies in which 14C-labelled ASA was used. Indobufen was found to cause transitory changes of platelet function. It is easily washed out from platelets and binds loosely to cytosol proteins of platelets, as shown in studies with 14-C-labelled indobufen. In contrast to ASA, it exerts an effect on platelets lasting for a few hours only.", "PMID": 94870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1359", "title": "[Prevention of reinfarction with acetylsalicylic acid].", "content": "A report is presented on the prospective trial for prophylaxis of myocardial reinfarction by means of acetylsalicyclic acid. For the first time it was organized on the basis of population. 1,340 patients were treated with acetylsalicylic acid or placebo respectively for 22 months on an average. There were 24 cases of reinfarction in the group of treatment and 51 in the placebo group. The difference is significant.", "contents": "[Prevention of reinfarction with acetylsalicylic acid]. A report is presented on the prospective trial for prophylaxis of myocardial reinfarction by means of acetylsalicyclic acid. For the first time it was organized on the basis of population. 1,340 patients were treated with acetylsalicylic acid or placebo respectively for 22 months on an average. There were 24 cases of reinfarction in the group of treatment and 51 in the placebo group. The difference is significant.", "PMID": 94871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1360", "title": "[Prevention of cardiovascular complications in manifest arteriosclerosis by the use of Micristine].", "content": "A long-term clinical trial in micristin-treated patients suffering from organic arterial circulatory disturbances is reported. Problems of therapy monitoring by determination of the ASA level in plasma and of control of platelet aggregation are discussed. Acute cardiovascular complications (myocardial infarction, stroke, acute vascular occlusion, amputation and angiographically demonstrated progression) were observed. The observation time did not suffice to establish statistically significant differences between micristin therapy anticoagulant treatment and basic cardiovascular therapy. The results are suggestive of a more beneficial effect of anticoagulant treatment.", "contents": "[Prevention of cardiovascular complications in manifest arteriosclerosis by the use of Micristine]. A long-term clinical trial in micristin-treated patients suffering from organic arterial circulatory disturbances is reported. Problems of therapy monitoring by determination of the ASA level in plasma and of control of platelet aggregation are discussed. Acute cardiovascular complications (myocardial infarction, stroke, acute vascular occlusion, amputation and angiographically demonstrated progression) were observed. The observation time did not suffice to establish statistically significant differences between micristin therapy anticoagulant treatment and basic cardiovascular therapy. The results are suggestive of a more beneficial effect of anticoagulant treatment.", "PMID": 94872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1361", "title": "[Study of the platelet aggregation inhibitor MICRISTIN as to its efficacy in the prevention of thromboembolism in the postoperative phase following surgical interventions].", "content": "Clinical test of the acetylsalicylic acid preparation micristin concerning effect and side-effect on the postoperative rate of thromboembolism in general surgery and traumatology. Prospective, randomized, checked double-blind study in 802 operated patients: 401 patients with micristin and 401 patients with placebo. Objectivization of findings in highly endangered patients by the radiofibrinogen test, ultrasonic doubler, venography of contrast medium, section. In total there were 149 thromboembolic complications = 18.6%. The placebo control group (401 patients) had 52 ensured deep venothrombosises and 8 fatal pulmonary embolisms. The group with micristin treatment (401 patients) had 23 ensured deep venothrombosises and 4 fatal pulmonary embolisms. Significant decrease of the thromboembolism rate by micristin (p = 0.001). Failures concerning the effect of micristin included fractures near the hip. Favourable effects concerned intra-abdominal surgery. Frequent side-effect: increased intra-operative and postoperative bleeding tendency.", "contents": "[Study of the platelet aggregation inhibitor MICRISTIN as to its efficacy in the prevention of thromboembolism in the postoperative phase following surgical interventions]. Clinical test of the acetylsalicylic acid preparation micristin concerning effect and side-effect on the postoperative rate of thromboembolism in general surgery and traumatology. Prospective, randomized, checked double-blind study in 802 operated patients: 401 patients with micristin and 401 patients with placebo. Objectivization of findings in highly endangered patients by the radiofibrinogen test, ultrasonic doubler, venography of contrast medium, section. In total there were 149 thromboembolic complications = 18.6%. The placebo control group (401 patients) had 52 ensured deep venothrombosises and 8 fatal pulmonary embolisms. The group with micristin treatment (401 patients) had 23 ensured deep venothrombosises and 4 fatal pulmonary embolisms. Significant decrease of the thromboembolism rate by micristin (p = 0.001). Failures concerning the effect of micristin included fractures near the hip. Favourable effects concerned intra-abdominal surgery. Frequent side-effect: increased intra-operative and postoperative bleeding tendency.", "PMID": 94873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1362", "title": "[Effect of ASS on platelet function in experimental DIC].", "content": "In thrombin-induced DIC, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) prevents the strong initial fall in platelet count and the obturation of the microvasculature of the lung with platelet aggregates. During the DIC reaction increasing inhibition of aggregability of circulating platelets against collagen and ADP is observed. Furthermore, ASA prevents the increase in the plasma haemoglobin level caused by DIC.", "contents": "[Effect of ASS on platelet function in experimental DIC]. In thrombin-induced DIC, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) prevents the strong initial fall in platelet count and the obturation of the microvasculature of the lung with platelet aggregates. During the DIC reaction increasing inhibition of aggregability of circulating platelets against collagen and ADP is observed. Furthermore, ASA prevents the increase in the plasma haemoglobin level caused by DIC.", "PMID": 94874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1363", "title": "Pyrazolidine derivatives: a comparative study of their effects on platelet aggregation.", "content": "Quantitative studies were carried out of the in vitro and ex vivo effects of phenylbutazone and 3-oxoalkyl substituted diphenyldioxopyrazolidines (kebuzone, tribuzone, benzopyrazone) on platelet aggregation. The specified pyrazolidine derivatives exhibited in vitro inhibitory effects on secondary platelet aggregation (induced by adrenaline and collagen), commensurable with the effects of sulfinpyrazone. The ex vivo efficacy was markedly influenced by the height of the drug level in blood and by differences in the elimination kinetics of the pyrazolidine derivatives in human organism. Inhibitory activities against primary aggregation (induced by ADP and thrombin) were found in vitro mainly in the phenyloxoalkyl derivative of diphenyldioxopyrazolidine (benzopyrazone) and its analogues. By substitution on the phenyl attached to its alkyl side chain (for example, by a halogen in the meta position), compounds were obtained which also possessed higher activities inhibiting secondary platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Pyrazolidine derivatives: a comparative study of their effects on platelet aggregation. Quantitative studies were carried out of the in vitro and ex vivo effects of phenylbutazone and 3-oxoalkyl substituted diphenyldioxopyrazolidines (kebuzone, tribuzone, benzopyrazone) on platelet aggregation. The specified pyrazolidine derivatives exhibited in vitro inhibitory effects on secondary platelet aggregation (induced by adrenaline and collagen), commensurable with the effects of sulfinpyrazone. The ex vivo efficacy was markedly influenced by the height of the drug level in blood and by differences in the elimination kinetics of the pyrazolidine derivatives in human organism. Inhibitory activities against primary aggregation (induced by ADP and thrombin) were found in vitro mainly in the phenyloxoalkyl derivative of diphenyldioxopyrazolidine (benzopyrazone) and its analogues. By substitution on the phenyl attached to its alkyl side chain (for example, by a halogen in the meta position), compounds were obtained which also possessed higher activities inhibiting secondary platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 94876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1364", "title": "[Effect of aggregation inducers and inhibitors on the functional properties and the ultrastructure of platelets].", "content": "The influence of inductors and inhibitors of platelet aggregation on certain functional properties and structural peculiarities of platelets are investigated. Inductors of aggregation, such as ADP and thrombin, will cause the calcium binding to the platelet membrane to be diminished, whereas inhibitory substances of platelet aggregation will cause an increase of calcium binding. Inductors increase the number of partially degranulated platelets. Inhibitors, such as triphtazin and papaverin, inhibit these morphological changes.", "contents": "[Effect of aggregation inducers and inhibitors on the functional properties and the ultrastructure of platelets]. The influence of inductors and inhibitors of platelet aggregation on certain functional properties and structural peculiarities of platelets are investigated. Inductors of aggregation, such as ADP and thrombin, will cause the calcium binding to the platelet membrane to be diminished, whereas inhibitory substances of platelet aggregation will cause an increase of calcium binding. Inductors increase the number of partially degranulated platelets. Inhibitors, such as triphtazin and papaverin, inhibit these morphological changes.", "PMID": 94877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1365", "title": "[Effect of bencyclan and theophylline on changes of platelet aggregation and factor 3 activity].", "content": "The ADP- and adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation and platelet factor 3 availability were studied in patients before and eight hours after intravenous administration of bencyclan (100 mg) and/or theophylline (240 mg). Aggregation was primarily inhibited by bencyclan, the availability of factor 3 was inhibited by theophylline. Combination of both drugs exerted additive effects on both parameters. The combined use of drugs as inhibitors of aggregation is recommended, since they inhibit primary haemostasis simultaneously at two points of attack.", "contents": "[Effect of bencyclan and theophylline on changes of platelet aggregation and factor 3 activity]. The ADP- and adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation and platelet factor 3 availability were studied in patients before and eight hours after intravenous administration of bencyclan (100 mg) and/or theophylline (240 mg). Aggregation was primarily inhibited by bencyclan, the availability of factor 3 was inhibited by theophylline. Combination of both drugs exerted additive effects on both parameters. The combined use of drugs as inhibitors of aggregation is recommended, since they inhibit primary haemostasis simultaneously at two points of attack.", "PMID": 94878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1366", "title": "[Interactions of platelet inhibitors].", "content": "Combination effects of inhibitors of platelet function with different mechanisms of action such as adenosine, acetylsalicylic acid, papaverine, dipyridamole, and sodium nitroprusside were studied in vitro by means of ADP- and collagen-induced aggregation of human blood platelets. In case of ADP-induced aggregation, potentiation of the inhibitory effect was observed only with the combination adenosine-papaverine, whereas in case of collagen-induced aggregation the inhibitory effect was potentiated at various inhibitor combinations.", "contents": "[Interactions of platelet inhibitors]. Combination effects of inhibitors of platelet function with different mechanisms of action such as adenosine, acetylsalicylic acid, papaverine, dipyridamole, and sodium nitroprusside were studied in vitro by means of ADP- and collagen-induced aggregation of human blood platelets. In case of ADP-induced aggregation, potentiation of the inhibitory effect was observed only with the combination adenosine-papaverine, whereas in case of collagen-induced aggregation the inhibitory effect was potentiated at various inhibitor combinations.", "PMID": 94879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1367", "title": "[Mechanism of the thrombin-platelet reaction].", "content": "In the course of investigations concerning the mechanism of the thrombin platelet interaction the conditions for the appearance of a refractory behaviour of platelets towards thrombin were examined. As investigation of the platelet reactivity by determining the amine liberation showed that a continuous or discontinuous addition of slight amounts of thrombin will cause the refractory condition. The findings were analyzed in view of the interaction between the dissolved enzyme and the fixed substrate. It is assumed that the number of receptors diminished after the first thrombin contact will cause a decrease of the receptor occupation speed on the platelet surface, thus leading to a decreased platelet reactivity.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the thrombin-platelet reaction]. In the course of investigations concerning the mechanism of the thrombin platelet interaction the conditions for the appearance of a refractory behaviour of platelets towards thrombin were examined. As investigation of the platelet reactivity by determining the amine liberation showed that a continuous or discontinuous addition of slight amounts of thrombin will cause the refractory condition. The findings were analyzed in view of the interaction between the dissolved enzyme and the fixed substrate. It is assumed that the number of receptors diminished after the first thrombin contact will cause a decrease of the receptor occupation speed on the platelet surface, thus leading to a decreased platelet reactivity.", "PMID": 94880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1368", "title": "[Preparation of human platelets without the use of anticoagulants and study of the effect of Catt on aggregation].", "content": "A method for the preparation of human blood platelets is presented which substitutes the use of anticoagulants by a gelfiltration for the removal of plasma calcium from native blood. In a second step the platelets are separated from the gel filtered blood by a centrifugation on a Ficoll density gradient. The anticoagulant-free platelets reveal an intact morphological feature and a normal aggregation behaviour in response to different aggregation inducers. It was found that in ADP-induced aggregation monophasic aggregation is shifted to a biphasic one by increasing concentrations of extracellular calcium.", "contents": "[Preparation of human platelets without the use of anticoagulants and study of the effect of Catt on aggregation]. A method for the preparation of human blood platelets is presented which substitutes the use of anticoagulants by a gelfiltration for the removal of plasma calcium from native blood. In a second step the platelets are separated from the gel filtered blood by a centrifugation on a Ficoll density gradient. The anticoagulant-free platelets reveal an intact morphological feature and a normal aggregation behaviour in response to different aggregation inducers. It was found that in ADP-induced aggregation monophasic aggregation is shifted to a biphasic one by increasing concentrations of extracellular calcium.", "PMID": 94881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1369", "title": "[Detection of soluble fibrin monomer complexes and of platelet factor 4 in the plasma of patients with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "In 70 patients with diabetes mellitus the concentration of soluble fibrin monomer complexes and the plasma level of platelet factor 4 in blood were investigated. A significant increase of both parameter in comparison with the normal values were seen. The results indicate intravascular micro thrombosis in diabetes mellitus; the thrombocytic factors as well as the plasmatic factors of the haemostasis are included.", "contents": "[Detection of soluble fibrin monomer complexes and of platelet factor 4 in the plasma of patients with diabetes mellitus]. In 70 patients with diabetes mellitus the concentration of soluble fibrin monomer complexes and the plasma level of platelet factor 4 in blood were investigated. A significant increase of both parameter in comparison with the normal values were seen. The results indicate intravascular micro thrombosis in diabetes mellitus; the thrombocytic factors as well as the plasmatic factors of the haemostasis are included.", "PMID": 94882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1370", "title": "[In vitro studies and model calculations on the kinetics of fibrinolysis with streptokinase].", "content": "A method of measuring the distribution kinetics of radioactive 51Cr-EDTA between human plasma and a fibrinoclot are represented. In the presence of streptokinase the speed of distribution is a measure for the progressing of fibrinolysis. The results of measurement as well as the model calculations on the kinetics of fibrinolysis by streptokinase with physiologically relevant data are compared with those observations on the mechanism of thrombolysis obtained from biochemical findings. These results indicate that at the dissolution speeds of the clots observed clinically or experimentally the diffusion of streptokinase activator complexes into the clot seems to play no important role.", "contents": "[In vitro studies and model calculations on the kinetics of fibrinolysis with streptokinase]. A method of measuring the distribution kinetics of radioactive 51Cr-EDTA between human plasma and a fibrinoclot are represented. In the presence of streptokinase the speed of distribution is a measure for the progressing of fibrinolysis. The results of measurement as well as the model calculations on the kinetics of fibrinolysis by streptokinase with physiologically relevant data are compared with those observations on the mechanism of thrombolysis obtained from biochemical findings. These results indicate that at the dissolution speeds of the clots observed clinically or experimentally the diffusion of streptokinase activator complexes into the clot seems to play no important role.", "PMID": 94884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1371", "title": "[The heterogeneity of streptokinases].", "content": "Purified streptokinases of some strains of different types of Strep. pyrogenes (group A) as well as streptokinases of a strain of group C or group G streptococci, resp., were studied in regard of their heterogeneity. Differences of the streptokinases were found in their amino acid compositions and in isoelectric points. Serological differences were detected by a quantitative precipitation reaction with fluorescein-coupled antistreptokinase antisera from the goat as well as by neutralization reactions of the activator activities of the streptokinases by antistreptokinase antisera obtained from guinea pigs.", "contents": "[The heterogeneity of streptokinases]. Purified streptokinases of some strains of different types of Strep. pyrogenes (group A) as well as streptokinases of a strain of group C or group G streptococci, resp., were studied in regard of their heterogeneity. Differences of the streptokinases were found in their amino acid compositions and in isoelectric points. Serological differences were detected by a quantitative precipitation reaction with fluorescein-coupled antistreptokinase antisera from the goat as well as by neutralization reactions of the activator activities of the streptokinases by antistreptokinase antisera obtained from guinea pigs.", "PMID": 94885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1372", "title": "[Animal experimental studies on fibrinolysis with streptokinase].", "content": "In contrast to rabbit blood plasma, in guinea pig and rat blood plasma activation of fibrinolysis by streptokinase is achieved after addition of human plasminogen or human plasma only. A simple experimental procedure for testing application forms of streptokinase in rats is described. Fibrinolysis in vivo is more effective after subsequent administration of human plasma and streptokinase in rats than after administration of a mixture of human plasma and streptokinase (activator).", "contents": "[Animal experimental studies on fibrinolysis with streptokinase]. In contrast to rabbit blood plasma, in guinea pig and rat blood plasma activation of fibrinolysis by streptokinase is achieved after addition of human plasminogen or human plasma only. A simple experimental procedure for testing application forms of streptokinase in rats is described. Fibrinolysis in vivo is more effective after subsequent administration of human plasma and streptokinase in rats than after administration of a mixture of human plasma and streptokinase (activator).", "PMID": 94886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1373", "title": "[Rheologic changes with streptokinase--experimental studies].", "content": "In dogs with artificial stenosis of the femoral artery application of 96 000 IU Awelysin/kg initially and subsequent infusion of 1200 IU/kg/min caused an increase of the blood flow below the stenosis. The improvement in blood flow is attributed to the decrease in fibrinogen and to the increase in fibrinogen degradation products.", "contents": "[Rheologic changes with streptokinase--experimental studies]. In dogs with artificial stenosis of the femoral artery application of 96 000 IU Awelysin/kg initially and subsequent infusion of 1200 IU/kg/min caused an increase of the blood flow below the stenosis. The improvement in blood flow is attributed to the decrease in fibrinogen and to the increase in fibrinogen degradation products.", "PMID": 94887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1374", "title": "[Streptokinase therapy of myocardial infarct dependent on the severity of the disease].", "content": "A critical analysis of 14 clinical studies published since 1963 on the fibrinolytic treatment of acute cardiac infarct with streptokinase or urokinase shows that only half of them corresponds to the demands of a controlled clinical trial of therapy. The degree of seriousness of the infarct groups described in the different papers shows considerable fluctuations. The findings on letality are not uniform, there is a distinctive trend towards a reduced letality under streptokinase. It was only in recent studies that the dependence of the results of treatment on the seriousness of the disease were checked by retrospective stratification (Australian study) or by prospective stratification (European co-operative study). According to the findings of the European co-operative study those patients who are selected for the purpose of examination and affected with an infarct of medium degree of seriousness being not older than 12 hours have a significantly reduced six months letality under streptokinase on the conditions of this study.", "contents": "[Streptokinase therapy of myocardial infarct dependent on the severity of the disease]. A critical analysis of 14 clinical studies published since 1963 on the fibrinolytic treatment of acute cardiac infarct with streptokinase or urokinase shows that only half of them corresponds to the demands of a controlled clinical trial of therapy. The degree of seriousness of the infarct groups described in the different papers shows considerable fluctuations. The findings on letality are not uniform, there is a distinctive trend towards a reduced letality under streptokinase. It was only in recent studies that the dependence of the results of treatment on the seriousness of the disease were checked by retrospective stratification (Australian study) or by prospective stratification (European co-operative study). According to the findings of the European co-operative study those patients who are selected for the purpose of examination and affected with an infarct of medium degree of seriousness being not older than 12 hours have a significantly reduced six months letality under streptokinase on the conditions of this study.", "PMID": 94888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1375", "title": "[Successes, failures and complications in thrombolytic therapy in peripheral, arterial and venous occlusions].", "content": "Thrombocytic therapy in peripheral arterial and venous vessel occlusion represents a clearly described alternative towards the surgery of vessels. A success rate of 36.5% can be found in subacute peripheral arterial thrombosis and 46.3% in subacute thrombotic occlusion of a bypass-graft. Contrary to that, a rate of 29.8% can be found in complications or side-effects respectively. In cases of peripheral deep venous thrombosis, a partial or full success can be found in 72%. However, the rate of complication amounting to 44.2% is comparatively high. The longer thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase or urokinase will last, the more frequently and more serious will be the complications, such as bleedings of different kind as well as increase of temperature to mention the most frequent ones. The application of urokinase is absolutely possible today, however, the use of urokinase seems to be only justified, if a thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase was carried out successfully and a subsequent surgical therapy was not possible. The present costs of this preparation are far too high for urokinase to be applied routinely. A thrombolytic therapy with SK as well as with UK has to be followed by an anticoagulant treatment.", "contents": "[Successes, failures and complications in thrombolytic therapy in peripheral, arterial and venous occlusions]. Thrombocytic therapy in peripheral arterial and venous vessel occlusion represents a clearly described alternative towards the surgery of vessels. A success rate of 36.5% can be found in subacute peripheral arterial thrombosis and 46.3% in subacute thrombotic occlusion of a bypass-graft. Contrary to that, a rate of 29.8% can be found in complications or side-effects respectively. In cases of peripheral deep venous thrombosis, a partial or full success can be found in 72%. However, the rate of complication amounting to 44.2% is comparatively high. The longer thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase or urokinase will last, the more frequently and more serious will be the complications, such as bleedings of different kind as well as increase of temperature to mention the most frequent ones. The application of urokinase is absolutely possible today, however, the use of urokinase seems to be only justified, if a thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase was carried out successfully and a subsequent surgical therapy was not possible. The present costs of this preparation are far too high for urokinase to be applied routinely. A thrombolytic therapy with SK as well as with UK has to be followed by an anticoagulant treatment.", "PMID": 94889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1376", "title": "[Clinical late results after long-term treatment of acute femoro-iliacal thrombophlebitis].", "content": "The development of subfacial chronic insufficiency of veins (SCIV) was investigated after medicamentous treatment of acute femoroilliacal phlebothrombosises. Streptokinase (streptase) or heparin were used as medicaments. A control group of patients was treated without medicaments for the purpose of comparison. With the exception of the patients of the control group, all others were treated with oral anticoagulants for 6-7 months. Simultaneously, part of those patients treated with heparin were given a benzopyron preparation (venolat). After 1, 2, and 5 years a check-up was made for evaluating the stage of SCIV development. The best clinical late results could be found in patients of the streptokinase group. The effect of the combined administration of dicumarol and benzupyronan was markedly better than the sole anticoagulant treatment. SCIV developed most rapidly in patients of the control group. However, a check-up made 5 years after the beginning of therapy could not reveal the development of ulcers cruris in any patient.", "contents": "[Clinical late results after long-term treatment of acute femoro-iliacal thrombophlebitis]. The development of subfacial chronic insufficiency of veins (SCIV) was investigated after medicamentous treatment of acute femoroilliacal phlebothrombosises. Streptokinase (streptase) or heparin were used as medicaments. A control group of patients was treated without medicaments for the purpose of comparison. With the exception of the patients of the control group, all others were treated with oral anticoagulants for 6-7 months. Simultaneously, part of those patients treated with heparin were given a benzopyron preparation (venolat). After 1, 2, and 5 years a check-up was made for evaluating the stage of SCIV development. The best clinical late results could be found in patients of the streptokinase group. The effect of the combined administration of dicumarol and benzupyronan was markedly better than the sole anticoagulant treatment. SCIV developed most rapidly in patients of the control group. However, a check-up made 5 years after the beginning of therapy could not reveal the development of ulcers cruris in any patient.", "PMID": 94890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1377", "title": "[Early Awelysin therapy in massive pulmonary embolism after hip alloarthroplasty].", "content": "The fibrinolytic therapy of massive frest pneumatic embolism represents an ensured progress today. Until now it was only possible to report on those cases where the patients had survived at least two hours from the beginning of the acute event. Two cases are reported here where the patients were successfully treated in spite of a standstill in the circulation. In a 60 years old female patient and 54 years old female hypertonic patient a successful reanimation could be performed in the early postoperative phase by applying a high dosage of awelysin. The progress indicated that the therapy has led to a lysis or partial lysis of embolus respectively and thus again to a perfusion of the lungs. At the same time the serious bleeding complications clearly indicate the limits of this aggressive form of intensive therapy.", "contents": "[Early Awelysin therapy in massive pulmonary embolism after hip alloarthroplasty]. The fibrinolytic therapy of massive frest pneumatic embolism represents an ensured progress today. Until now it was only possible to report on those cases where the patients had survived at least two hours from the beginning of the acute event. Two cases are reported here where the patients were successfully treated in spite of a standstill in the circulation. In a 60 years old female patient and 54 years old female hypertonic patient a successful reanimation could be performed in the early postoperative phase by applying a high dosage of awelysin. The progress indicated that the therapy has led to a lysis or partial lysis of embolus respectively and thus again to a perfusion of the lungs. At the same time the serious bleeding complications clearly indicate the limits of this aggressive form of intensive therapy.", "PMID": 94891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1378", "title": "Diagnostic problems in thromboembolism.", "content": "Some pathogenetic aspects and diagnostic problems in venous thrombosis are briefly discussed. Emphasis is put on the value of blood tests. It is concluded that the various tests are neither able to detect ongoing thrombosis, nor to identify a prethrombotic state. The necessity of direct demonstration of the thrombus preferably by phlebography is stressed. The tests are valuable as a part of the \"coagulation profile\", and may aid to discover e.g. antithrombin III deficiency or subnormal fibrinolytic activity.", "contents": "Diagnostic problems in thromboembolism. Some pathogenetic aspects and diagnostic problems in venous thrombosis are briefly discussed. Emphasis is put on the value of blood tests. It is concluded that the various tests are neither able to detect ongoing thrombosis, nor to identify a prethrombotic state. The necessity of direct demonstration of the thrombus preferably by phlebography is stressed. The tests are valuable as a part of the \"coagulation profile\", and may aid to discover e.g. antithrombin III deficiency or subnormal fibrinolytic activity.", "PMID": 94892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1379", "title": "Prophylaxis of recurrent venous thrombosis with long-term enhancement of fibrinolysis.", "content": "The effects of 6 months' combined therapy with phenformin and an anabolic steroid were compared in patients with thrombophlebitis migrans (12 patients) and those with superficial thrombophlebitis (15 patients). In both groups of patients an increase in blood fibrinolytic activity, and \"capacity\" decrease in platelet adhesiveness, plasma fibrinogen, blood lipids, beta lipoproteins as well as serum cholesterol level were found. A statistically significant decrease in frequency of inflammations in patients with thrombophlebitis migrans occurred. In these patients a return of the previously low \"fibrinolytic capacity\" to normal values was observed. It seems that prolonged activation of fibrinolysis by means of phenformin and an anabolic steriod may be of value in the prophylaxis of venous thrombosis especially thrombophlebitis migrans.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of recurrent venous thrombosis with long-term enhancement of fibrinolysis. The effects of 6 months' combined therapy with phenformin and an anabolic steroid were compared in patients with thrombophlebitis migrans (12 patients) and those with superficial thrombophlebitis (15 patients). In both groups of patients an increase in blood fibrinolytic activity, and \"capacity\" decrease in platelet adhesiveness, plasma fibrinogen, blood lipids, beta lipoproteins as well as serum cholesterol level were found. A statistically significant decrease in frequency of inflammations in patients with thrombophlebitis migrans occurred. In these patients a return of the previously low \"fibrinolytic capacity\" to normal values was observed. It seems that prolonged activation of fibrinolysis by means of phenformin and an anabolic steriod may be of value in the prophylaxis of venous thrombosis especially thrombophlebitis migrans.", "PMID": 94894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1380", "title": "[Tumor plasminogen activators and their clinical significance].", "content": "By means of a radio-immunological method the amount of plasminogen activators released by tumours was determined. The concentrations of tumour plasminogen activators was considerably higher in the venous blood of ovarial tumours than in the peripheral blood. In the uterine fluid the uterus cavity the concentration of plasminogen activator was increased in cases with neoplastic endometrium compared to those with normal endometrium.", "contents": "[Tumor plasminogen activators and their clinical significance]. By means of a radio-immunological method the amount of plasminogen activators released by tumours was determined. The concentrations of tumour plasminogen activators was considerably higher in the venous blood of ovarial tumours than in the peripheral blood. In the uterine fluid the uterus cavity the concentration of plasminogen activator was increased in cases with neoplastic endometrium compared to those with normal endometrium.", "PMID": 94895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1381", "title": "Ia antigens in serum during different murine infections.", "content": "There exists in the mouse a family of I-region-controlled (Ia) antigens which carry carbohydrate-defined determinants. These antigens appear in serum as glycolipids and seem to be actively secreted by antigen-activated T-cells. This paper describes the ability of selected viral, bacterial, and protozoal infections of mice to markedly alter the serum levels of these Ia antigens. All the infectious agents examined induced substantial augmentation or suppression of serum Ia concentrations or both. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus first enhanced and then suppressed serum Ia levels during the course of acute infection. Enhancement occurred during the time of ongoing virus replication and splenic lymphoproliferation while suppression coincided with the peak of the cytotoxic T-cell response and virus clearance. Listeria monocytogenes infection induced a substantial reduction in Ia levels at a time just after marked depletion of T-cells in the spleen. In contrast, Brucella abortus caused a significant increase in Ia levels 7 days postinfection, which correlates with the appearance of peak numbers of bacteria in tissues. Finally, Plasmodium yoelii, a nonlethal malarial parasite which stimulates prolonged T-cell proliferation, augmented serum Ia levels, whereas P. berghei, a lethal parasite which tends to inhibit. T-cell division, suppressed Ia secretion. Possible interpretations of these different results are presented.", "contents": "Ia antigens in serum during different murine infections. There exists in the mouse a family of I-region-controlled (Ia) antigens which carry carbohydrate-defined determinants. These antigens appear in serum as glycolipids and seem to be actively secreted by antigen-activated T-cells. This paper describes the ability of selected viral, bacterial, and protozoal infections of mice to markedly alter the serum levels of these Ia antigens. All the infectious agents examined induced substantial augmentation or suppression of serum Ia concentrations or both. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus first enhanced and then suppressed serum Ia levels during the course of acute infection. Enhancement occurred during the time of ongoing virus replication and splenic lymphoproliferation while suppression coincided with the peak of the cytotoxic T-cell response and virus clearance. Listeria monocytogenes infection induced a substantial reduction in Ia levels at a time just after marked depletion of T-cells in the spleen. In contrast, Brucella abortus caused a significant increase in Ia levels 7 days postinfection, which correlates with the appearance of peak numbers of bacteria in tissues. Finally, Plasmodium yoelii, a nonlethal malarial parasite which stimulates prolonged T-cell proliferation, augmented serum Ia levels, whereas P. berghei, a lethal parasite which tends to inhibit. T-cell division, suppressed Ia secretion. Possible interpretations of these different results are presented.", "PMID": 94905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1382", "title": "Ability of enriched immune T cells to confer resistance in hamsters to infection with Treponema pertenue.", "content": "This investigation presents the first direct evidence that T cells are involved in resistance to challenge with Treponema pertenue. Enriched T cells from immune hamsters were obtained by sequential filtration through glass and nylon-wool columns. This procedure removed the majority of functional antibody-producing and immunoglobulin-bearing cells. The fractionated cell suspensions were less responsive to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide, and dextran sulfate, but they were enriched with antithymocyte-sensitive cells and were more responsive to stimulation with concanavalin A. Hamsters receiving fractionated or unfractionated immune cells had no cutaneous lesions 21 days after infection and had significantly lower lymph node weights and fewer treponemes per node than hamsters that received fractionated or unfractionated normal cells. Resistance was transferred with immune cell suspension enriched in T cells despite an absence of anamnestic antibody response to specific treponemal antigens.", "contents": "Ability of enriched immune T cells to confer resistance in hamsters to infection with Treponema pertenue. This investigation presents the first direct evidence that T cells are involved in resistance to challenge with Treponema pertenue. Enriched T cells from immune hamsters were obtained by sequential filtration through glass and nylon-wool columns. This procedure removed the majority of functional antibody-producing and immunoglobulin-bearing cells. The fractionated cell suspensions were less responsive to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide, and dextran sulfate, but they were enriched with antithymocyte-sensitive cells and were more responsive to stimulation with concanavalin A. Hamsters receiving fractionated or unfractionated immune cells had no cutaneous lesions 21 days after infection and had significantly lower lymph node weights and fewer treponemes per node than hamsters that received fractionated or unfractionated normal cells. Resistance was transferred with immune cell suspension enriched in T cells despite an absence of anamnestic antibody response to specific treponemal antigens.", "PMID": 94906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1383", "title": "Regulation and function of sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase in Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Sucrose catabolism by Streptococcus mutans is initiated by a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sucrose phosphotransferase reaction that produces sucrose 6-phosphate the latter is then cleaved by a sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase reaction that yields glucose 6-phosphate and fructose. We have examined the regulation of the sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase and found that it was synthesized constitutively whereas sucrose phosphotransferase activity was inducible. However, the levels of both sucrose phosphotransferase and sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase were repressed when fructose was used as a growth substrate. The specific activity of sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase in permeabilized cells was approximately 30 mmol/min per mg (dry weight of cells), and it had an apparent Km for sucrose 6-phosphate of 0.3 mM. analysis of a mutant that was missing sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase activity revealed that its ability to hydrolyze sucrose was reduced.", "contents": "Regulation and function of sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase in Streptococcus mutans. Sucrose catabolism by Streptococcus mutans is initiated by a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sucrose phosphotransferase reaction that produces sucrose 6-phosphate the latter is then cleaved by a sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase reaction that yields glucose 6-phosphate and fructose. We have examined the regulation of the sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase and found that it was synthesized constitutively whereas sucrose phosphotransferase activity was inducible. However, the levels of both sucrose phosphotransferase and sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase were repressed when fructose was used as a growth substrate. The specific activity of sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase in permeabilized cells was approximately 30 mmol/min per mg (dry weight of cells), and it had an apparent Km for sucrose 6-phosphate of 0.3 mM. analysis of a mutant that was missing sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase activity revealed that its ability to hydrolyze sucrose was reduced.", "PMID": 94907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1384", "title": "Role of interferon in mice in protection against influenza A virus by bacterial ribosomes together with membranal glycoproteins of Klebsiella pneumoniae as adjuvant.", "content": "Nonspecific protection against infectious aerosols of influenza A virus was obtained in Swiss mice after vaccination by aerosols of bacterial ribosomes together with membranal glycoproteins extracted from Klebsiella pneumoniae as the adjuvant. It was shown that repeated stimulant aerosols were necessary to obtain this protection. Routine estimation of serum interferon levels after administration of the association of ribosomes plus membranal glycoproteins to the animals by aerosol or intravenous route showed that there was no correlation between protection and the presence of serum interferon. It was shown that the serum interferon-inducer activity was due to ribosomes. No induction of serum interferon was obtained with membranal glycoproteins used separately. Local liberation of interferon in the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract was not investigated.", "contents": "Role of interferon in mice in protection against influenza A virus by bacterial ribosomes together with membranal glycoproteins of Klebsiella pneumoniae as adjuvant. Nonspecific protection against infectious aerosols of influenza A virus was obtained in Swiss mice after vaccination by aerosols of bacterial ribosomes together with membranal glycoproteins extracted from Klebsiella pneumoniae as the adjuvant. It was shown that repeated stimulant aerosols were necessary to obtain this protection. Routine estimation of serum interferon levels after administration of the association of ribosomes plus membranal glycoproteins to the animals by aerosol or intravenous route showed that there was no correlation between protection and the presence of serum interferon. It was shown that the serum interferon-inducer activity was due to ribosomes. No induction of serum interferon was obtained with membranal glycoproteins used separately. Local liberation of interferon in the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract was not investigated.", "PMID": 94908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1385", "title": "Affinity partition of proteins in aqueous two-phase systems containing polyoxyethylene glycol-bound ligand and charged dextrans.", "content": "The partition of the delta 5 leads to 4 3-oxosteroid isomerase of Pseudomonas testosteroni in aqueous two-phase systems containing both the macroligand, polyoxyethylene glycol-bound estradiol, and charged (cationic or anionic) dextrans has been studied. If the enzyme is well retained in the upper phase by an adequate amount of macroligand, it is possible to improve the removal of the contaminating proteins by extracting them into a lower phase containing positively or negatively charged dextran. Some mult-step extraction experiments were carried out to purify isomerase, by washing the upper phase successively with cationic and anionic dextran-rich phases.", "contents": "Affinity partition of proteins in aqueous two-phase systems containing polyoxyethylene glycol-bound ligand and charged dextrans. The partition of the delta 5 leads to 4 3-oxosteroid isomerase of Pseudomonas testosteroni in aqueous two-phase systems containing both the macroligand, polyoxyethylene glycol-bound estradiol, and charged (cationic or anionic) dextrans has been studied. If the enzyme is well retained in the upper phase by an adequate amount of macroligand, it is possible to improve the removal of the contaminating proteins by extracting them into a lower phase containing positively or negatively charged dextran. Some mult-step extraction experiments were carried out to purify isomerase, by washing the upper phase successively with cationic and anionic dextran-rich phases.", "PMID": 94912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1386", "title": "Separation of small DNA and RNA oligonucleotides by high-performance anion-exchange liquid chromatography.", "content": "Small oligonucleotides from DNA and RNA have been separated according to their base composition by high-performance anion-exchange liquid chromatography on Partisil-10 SAX using triethylammonium acetate buffer as the eluent. Fifteen of the 16 possible deoxydinucleoside monophosphates and all 16 dinucleoside monophosphates have been separated. All pairs of sequence isomers were all resolved. The 15 commercially available deoxydinucleotides were resolved into 13 fractions. A good resolution of deoxytrinucleoside diphosphates isolated from an alkaline phosphatase-Mg2+-activated DNase I digest of calf thymus DNA was achieved by this technique. A large number of sequence isomers could be fully separated. The base sequence of the eluted individual constituents has been determined by their hydrolysis with snake venom and spleen phosphodiesterase followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the nucleotides released. The eight trinucleoside diphosphates isolated from an alkaline phosphatase-pancreatic RNase digest of yeast RNA have also been separated according to base composition. Their sequence was determined as above. The described technique is fast and gave very good separation. Most of the sequence isomers could be separated. Moreover, the eluent triethylammonium acetate can easily be removed from column effluents by freeze-drying in order to facilitate subsequent sequence analysis of the eluted compounds. The observed elution orders of the sequence isomers obey certain rules which are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Separation of small DNA and RNA oligonucleotides by high-performance anion-exchange liquid chromatography. Small oligonucleotides from DNA and RNA have been separated according to their base composition by high-performance anion-exchange liquid chromatography on Partisil-10 SAX using triethylammonium acetate buffer as the eluent. Fifteen of the 16 possible deoxydinucleoside monophosphates and all 16 dinucleoside monophosphates have been separated. All pairs of sequence isomers were all resolved. The 15 commercially available deoxydinucleotides were resolved into 13 fractions. A good resolution of deoxytrinucleoside diphosphates isolated from an alkaline phosphatase-Mg2+-activated DNase I digest of calf thymus DNA was achieved by this technique. A large number of sequence isomers could be fully separated. The base sequence of the eluted individual constituents has been determined by their hydrolysis with snake venom and spleen phosphodiesterase followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the nucleotides released. The eight trinucleoside diphosphates isolated from an alkaline phosphatase-pancreatic RNase digest of yeast RNA have also been separated according to base composition. Their sequence was determined as above. The described technique is fast and gave very good separation. Most of the sequence isomers could be separated. Moreover, the eluent triethylammonium acetate can easily be removed from column effluents by freeze-drying in order to facilitate subsequent sequence analysis of the eluted compounds. The observed elution orders of the sequence isomers obey certain rules which are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 94913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1387", "title": "Study of the interaction between phosphorylase and hydrophobic groups by means of affinity electrophoresis.", "content": "A homologous series of water-soluble alkyl-dextrans varying in the length of their hydrocarbon side-chain [-NH-(CH2)n-CH3; n = 1-5] were synthesized. When alkyl-dextrans were entrapped in polyacrylamide gel, the electrophoretic mobility of phosphorylase was retarded by hydrophobic interaction between phosphorylase and the immobilized alkyl groups. The dissociation constants of rabbit brain phosphorylase, rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase a and b and potato glycogen and starch phosphorylases were calculated from the extent of the retardation of mobility as a function of the concentration of the alkyl groups. As the length of the hydrocarbon side-chains of alkyl groups increased, the affinity of the phosphorylases for the alkyl groups increased. The introduction of a hydroxyl or an amino group at the terminal position of the hydrocarbon side-chain diminished the affinity.", "contents": "Study of the interaction between phosphorylase and hydrophobic groups by means of affinity electrophoresis. A homologous series of water-soluble alkyl-dextrans varying in the length of their hydrocarbon side-chain [-NH-(CH2)n-CH3; n = 1-5] were synthesized. When alkyl-dextrans were entrapped in polyacrylamide gel, the electrophoretic mobility of phosphorylase was retarded by hydrophobic interaction between phosphorylase and the immobilized alkyl groups. The dissociation constants of rabbit brain phosphorylase, rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase a and b and potato glycogen and starch phosphorylases were calculated from the extent of the retardation of mobility as a function of the concentration of the alkyl groups. As the length of the hydrocarbon side-chains of alkyl groups increased, the affinity of the phosphorylases for the alkyl groups increased. The introduction of a hydroxyl or an amino group at the terminal position of the hydrocarbon side-chain diminished the affinity.", "PMID": 94915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1388", "title": "Major and modified nucleosides in tRNA hydrolysates by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe a high-performance liquid chromatographic analytical method that can be readily placed in operation, and which is particularly well suited to scientists investigating tRNA structure, biosynthesis, and function, and for the determination of major and modified nucleosides of tRNA. The method is characterized by the following features: (1) Sensitivity at the nanogram level; (2) High chromatographic resolution and selectivity; (3) Direct measurement of nucleosides with accuracy and precision; (4) Analysis is non-destructive and the high capacity of this chromatographic system allows easy isolation of pure nucleosides for further characterization; (5) Rapid separation and measurement in ca. 1 h after hydrolysis to nucleosides; and (6) Quantitation without use of radiolabeled compounds; however, labeled compounds are readily isolated and measured.", "contents": "Major and modified nucleosides in tRNA hydrolysates by high-performance liquid chromatography. We describe a high-performance liquid chromatographic analytical method that can be readily placed in operation, and which is particularly well suited to scientists investigating tRNA structure, biosynthesis, and function, and for the determination of major and modified nucleosides of tRNA. The method is characterized by the following features: (1) Sensitivity at the nanogram level; (2) High chromatographic resolution and selectivity; (3) Direct measurement of nucleosides with accuracy and precision; (4) Analysis is non-destructive and the high capacity of this chromatographic system allows easy isolation of pure nucleosides for further characterization; (5) Rapid separation and measurement in ca. 1 h after hydrolysis to nucleosides; and (6) Quantitation without use of radiolabeled compounds; however, labeled compounds are readily isolated and measured.", "PMID": 94916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1389", "title": "Rapid isolation of carcinogen-bound DNA and RNA by hydroxyapatite chromatography.", "content": "Carcinogen-bound DNA and RNA are conveniently isolated by solvent extraction and hydroxyapatite (HAP) chromatography. Tissue is suspended in 8 M urea-0.24 M sodium phosphate-1% sodium dodecyl sulfate-10 mM EDTA, pH 6.8 (MUP-SDS-EDTA) and extracted with chloroform-isoamyl alcohol-phenol (24:1:25; CIP) to remove protein. RNA and DNA are separated by passing the aqueous solution through an HAP column; RNA is eluted with MUP, DNA with 0.48 M sodium phosphate, pH 6.8. Examples presented are: (1) calf thymus DNA that has been reacted with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OAc-AAF), (2) isolated intact rat hepatocytes incubated with N-hydroxy-AAF and (3) livers from Sprague-Dawley rats treated with N-hydroxy-AAF.", "contents": "Rapid isolation of carcinogen-bound DNA and RNA by hydroxyapatite chromatography. Carcinogen-bound DNA and RNA are conveniently isolated by solvent extraction and hydroxyapatite (HAP) chromatography. Tissue is suspended in 8 M urea-0.24 M sodium phosphate-1% sodium dodecyl sulfate-10 mM EDTA, pH 6.8 (MUP-SDS-EDTA) and extracted with chloroform-isoamyl alcohol-phenol (24:1:25; CIP) to remove protein. RNA and DNA are separated by passing the aqueous solution through an HAP column; RNA is eluted with MUP, DNA with 0.48 M sodium phosphate, pH 6.8. Examples presented are: (1) calf thymus DNA that has been reacted with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OAc-AAF), (2) isolated intact rat hepatocytes incubated with N-hydroxy-AAF and (3) livers from Sprague-Dawley rats treated with N-hydroxy-AAF.", "PMID": 94918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1390", "title": "Electron microscope histochemistry of acetylcholinesterase distribution in the optic tectum of teleosts.", "content": "An ultrastructural analysis was made on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) localization in the optic tectum of two teleosts, the goldfish and the catfish. Electron microscope histochemistry reveals several details on synthesis, distribution and possible sites of utilization of the enzyme in the different tectal layers. The results show that AChE is synthesized by all the neuronal types present in the optic tectum. The final localization of the enzyme is the result of its synthesis in cell bodies, its storage and transport along dendrites and its release in extracellular spaces. The differences in AChE localization between the two teleosts examined mainly derive from differential enzyme release in the corresponding layers of the optic tectum. Cholinergic synapses cannot be precisely identified by means of AChE histochemistry, but the layers in which maximum release of enzyme in the extracellular spaces occurs most likely correspond to areas where cholinergic mechanisms are operating. In this connection some interesting differences of AChE localization in the superficial tectal layers (stratum marginale, stratum opticum and stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale) are discussed. Electron microscopic histochemistry of AChE confirms its usefulness in better understanding some links between the anatomical and functional organization of complex neural structures.", "contents": "Electron microscope histochemistry of acetylcholinesterase distribution in the optic tectum of teleosts. An ultrastructural analysis was made on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) localization in the optic tectum of two teleosts, the goldfish and the catfish. Electron microscope histochemistry reveals several details on synthesis, distribution and possible sites of utilization of the enzyme in the different tectal layers. The results show that AChE is synthesized by all the neuronal types present in the optic tectum. The final localization of the enzyme is the result of its synthesis in cell bodies, its storage and transport along dendrites and its release in extracellular spaces. The differences in AChE localization between the two teleosts examined mainly derive from differential enzyme release in the corresponding layers of the optic tectum. Cholinergic synapses cannot be precisely identified by means of AChE histochemistry, but the layers in which maximum release of enzyme in the extracellular spaces occurs most likely correspond to areas where cholinergic mechanisms are operating. In this connection some interesting differences of AChE localization in the superficial tectal layers (stratum marginale, stratum opticum and stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale) are discussed. Electron microscopic histochemistry of AChE confirms its usefulness in better understanding some links between the anatomical and functional organization of complex neural structures.", "PMID": 94927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1391", "title": "[Kinetic determination of alpha-amylase in serum and urine with an oligosaccharide as substrate--modification for a fully mechanized enzyme measuring device (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports a modification of the UV method UltraZyme Plus alpha-Amyl Harleco and the adaptation to the Eppendorf Enzymautomat 5010. alpha-amylase acts on an oligosaccharide mixture yielding maltose, which is hydrolysed by alpha-glucosidase. The liberated glucose is determined specifically by the hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+-dependent) method+ by addition of pyruvate, lactate dehydrogenase and ATP. Thereafter the lactate dehydrogenase reaction is stopped by addition of oxamate and the alpha-amylase activity is measured.", "contents": "[Kinetic determination of alpha-amylase in serum and urine with an oligosaccharide as substrate--modification for a fully mechanized enzyme measuring device (author's transl)]. The author reports a modification of the UV method UltraZyme Plus alpha-Amyl Harleco and the adaptation to the Eppendorf Enzymautomat 5010. alpha-amylase acts on an oligosaccharide mixture yielding maltose, which is hydrolysed by alpha-glucosidase. The liberated glucose is determined specifically by the hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+-dependent) method+ by addition of pyruvate, lactate dehydrogenase and ATP. Thereafter the lactate dehydrogenase reaction is stopped by addition of oxamate and the alpha-amylase activity is measured.", "PMID": 94928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1392", "title": "[Continuously measuring procedures for the determination of alpha-amylase in serum. Comparison with amyloklastic and chromolytic methods (author's transl)].", "content": "Alpha-amylase has been measured in 57 patients' sera with normal to highly elevated amylase activities. The results obtained with four enzymatic-kinetic test-kits have been compared with those from five conventional marketed procedures. The results are evaluated by regression analysis. The specificity of the methods was analysed with amylase samples from human pancreas, human saliva and pig pancreas. The susceptibility of the kinetic procedures to interferences is smaller. The problems of conversion of activity units and reference ranges are discussed. The UltraZyme and the Monamyl neu-methods have been found superior to the other procedures because of their good practicability, precision and broad linear range; their specificity for diagnostic purposes in pancreatic diseases is less favourable compared with that of conventional procedures.", "contents": "[Continuously measuring procedures for the determination of alpha-amylase in serum. Comparison with amyloklastic and chromolytic methods (author's transl)]. Alpha-amylase has been measured in 57 patients' sera with normal to highly elevated amylase activities. The results obtained with four enzymatic-kinetic test-kits have been compared with those from five conventional marketed procedures. The results are evaluated by regression analysis. The specificity of the methods was analysed with amylase samples from human pancreas, human saliva and pig pancreas. The susceptibility of the kinetic procedures to interferences is smaller. The problems of conversion of activity units and reference ranges are discussed. The UltraZyme and the Monamyl neu-methods have been found superior to the other procedures because of their good practicability, precision and broad linear range; their specificity for diagnostic purposes in pancreatic diseases is less favourable compared with that of conventional procedures.", "PMID": 94929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1393", "title": "Cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins: a comparison between dextran sulfate-magnesium chloride precipitation and preparative ultracentrifugation.", "content": "The cholesterol in high density lipoproteins (HDL) has been determined in 140 serum samples after dextran sulfate-magnesium chloride precipitation of the apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. The values correlated well with simultaneously measured values from preparative ultracentrifugation (slope 0.98, r = 0.93). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation in 60 specimen between the dextran sulfate-MgCl2 and heparin-MnCl2-precipitation method.", "contents": "Cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins: a comparison between dextran sulfate-magnesium chloride precipitation and preparative ultracentrifugation. The cholesterol in high density lipoproteins (HDL) has been determined in 140 serum samples after dextran sulfate-magnesium chloride precipitation of the apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. The values correlated well with simultaneously measured values from preparative ultracentrifugation (slope 0.98, r = 0.93). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation in 60 specimen between the dextran sulfate-MgCl2 and heparin-MnCl2-precipitation method.", "PMID": 94930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1394", "title": "[Circadian variations of the plasma proteins in the adult male rat under natural synchronisation (author's transl)].", "content": "Circadian rhythms of blood total proteins, albumin, alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta- and gamma-globulins were documented in 80 Wistar SPF adult male rats, synchronized by natural light (06.00-18.00 h) and darkness (18.00-06.00 h) during the month of October 78. Blood was sampled at four fixed time points in the 24 h scale (i.e. 04.00, 10.00, 16.00 or 24.00 h). Total proteins, albumin, alpha 2- and gamma-globulins showed a statistically significant rhythm with a maximum at 04.00 h. The data obtained in anaesthetized rats under artificial synchronization and in man are compared, taking into account that the rat is a nocturnally active rodent. The present work partially confirms the hypotheses of previous chronopharmacological studies, thus e.g. curarizing substances have a mimimum activity when the protein plasma level, especially albumin, is the highest.", "contents": "[Circadian variations of the plasma proteins in the adult male rat under natural synchronisation (author's transl)]. Circadian rhythms of blood total proteins, albumin, alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta- and gamma-globulins were documented in 80 Wistar SPF adult male rats, synchronized by natural light (06.00-18.00 h) and darkness (18.00-06.00 h) during the month of October 78. Blood was sampled at four fixed time points in the 24 h scale (i.e. 04.00, 10.00, 16.00 or 24.00 h). Total proteins, albumin, alpha 2- and gamma-globulins showed a statistically significant rhythm with a maximum at 04.00 h. The data obtained in anaesthetized rats under artificial synchronization and in man are compared, taking into account that the rat is a nocturnally active rodent. The present work partially confirms the hypotheses of previous chronopharmacological studies, thus e.g. curarizing substances have a mimimum activity when the protein plasma level, especially albumin, is the highest.", "PMID": 94931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1395", "title": "Tumor-associated antigenic differences between the primary and the descendant metastatic tumor cell populations.", "content": "The existence of antigenic differences between cell populations in the local growth of the 3LL tumor (L-3LL) and its lung metastases (M-3LL) was studied. Normal C57BL/6 spleen cells sensitized in vitro for 5 days against L-3LL monolayers lysed preferentially L-3LL targets but not M-3LL tumor cell targets. Conversely, anti-M-366-sensitized lymphocytes killed M-3LL targets more efficiently than they killed L-3LL targets. Furthermore, spleen cells from mice bearing subcutaneous L-3LL tumors were significantly more cytotoxic to L-3LL targets than to M-3LL targets and vice versa. M-3LL cells were found also to be more resistant in vitro and in vivo to natural killer cells than were L-3LL tumor cells. M-3LL cells were more resistant than L-3LL cells to hybrid resistant mechanisms when they were inoculated into F1 (C3Heb x C57BL/6) or F1 (BALB/c x C57BL/6) mice. Anti-M-3LL lymphocytes generated both in vitro and in vivo, but not anti-L-3LL lymphocytes, admixed with L-3LL or M-3LL tumor cells and inoculated into footpads of syngeneic recipients suppressed the development of lung metastases. These results suggest that metastatic cells are indeed phenotypic variants of the local growing tumor cell populations. Presumably, these variants are selected for their capacity to home to and grow in the lungs, and for their resistance to specific immune effects initially evoked against the local tumor and to nonspecific natural killer cells. These data may prove to be of importance with respect to any rational approach to the problem of immunotherapy.", "contents": "Tumor-associated antigenic differences between the primary and the descendant metastatic tumor cell populations. The existence of antigenic differences between cell populations in the local growth of the 3LL tumor (L-3LL) and its lung metastases (M-3LL) was studied. Normal C57BL/6 spleen cells sensitized in vitro for 5 days against L-3LL monolayers lysed preferentially L-3LL targets but not M-3LL tumor cell targets. Conversely, anti-M-366-sensitized lymphocytes killed M-3LL targets more efficiently than they killed L-3LL targets. Furthermore, spleen cells from mice bearing subcutaneous L-3LL tumors were significantly more cytotoxic to L-3LL targets than to M-3LL targets and vice versa. M-3LL cells were found also to be more resistant in vitro and in vivo to natural killer cells than were L-3LL tumor cells. M-3LL cells were more resistant than L-3LL cells to hybrid resistant mechanisms when they were inoculated into F1 (C3Heb x C57BL/6) or F1 (BALB/c x C57BL/6) mice. Anti-M-3LL lymphocytes generated both in vitro and in vivo, but not anti-L-3LL lymphocytes, admixed with L-3LL or M-3LL tumor cells and inoculated into footpads of syngeneic recipients suppressed the development of lung metastases. These results suggest that metastatic cells are indeed phenotypic variants of the local growing tumor cell populations. Presumably, these variants are selected for their capacity to home to and grow in the lungs, and for their resistance to specific immune effects initially evoked against the local tumor and to nonspecific natural killer cells. These data may prove to be of importance with respect to any rational approach to the problem of immunotherapy.", "PMID": 94933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1396", "title": "[Volvulus of the afferent loop after Billroth II operation (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is given of a patient, who had a volvulus of the afferent loop after Billroth II operation; on relaparotomy it was found, that this loop had slipped cranially through the mesocolic slit, twisted, and become gangreneous, due to bad adjustement of the slit. Increased levels of serum amylase initially had given rise to the suspicion, that the deteriorating condition of the patient was due to pancreatitis. The patient recovered fully after resection had been done and an Y-Roux-anastomosis established. A review is given covering 22 cases from the literature.", "contents": "[Volvulus of the afferent loop after Billroth II operation (author's transl)]. A case report is given of a patient, who had a volvulus of the afferent loop after Billroth II operation; on relaparotomy it was found, that this loop had slipped cranially through the mesocolic slit, twisted, and become gangreneous, due to bad adjustement of the slit. Increased levels of serum amylase initially had given rise to the suspicion, that the deteriorating condition of the patient was due to pancreatitis. The patient recovered fully after resection had been done and an Y-Roux-anastomosis established. A review is given covering 22 cases from the literature.", "PMID": 94934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1397", "title": "[Whipple's disease in an elderly person (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is given of a 73 years old woman suffering from Whipple's disease. Intermittant polyarthralgias, diarrhea, weight loss and laboratory signs of malabsorption had been present for 6 years, when diagnosis was established by biopsy: pathognomonic PAS-positive macrophages were demonstrated in the duodenal mucosa. A complete remission of the disease could be achieved after 100 mg of doxycycline had been administered continuously for a year. Some special details of the course of Whipple's disease in the higher age group are discussed.", "contents": "[Whipple's disease in an elderly person (author's transl)]. A case report is given of a 73 years old woman suffering from Whipple's disease. Intermittant polyarthralgias, diarrhea, weight loss and laboratory signs of malabsorption had been present for 6 years, when diagnosis was established by biopsy: pathognomonic PAS-positive macrophages were demonstrated in the duodenal mucosa. A complete remission of the disease could be achieved after 100 mg of doxycycline had been administered continuously for a year. Some special details of the course of Whipple's disease in the higher age group are discussed.", "PMID": 94935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1398", "title": "[Antigenic markers of variable region of mouse myeloma MOPC 21 light chain].", "content": "Monospecific antibodies against V-region of the L-chain of the mouse myeloma protein MOPC21 (VK 15 group) were obtained and used for preparation of antibody-immunoadsorbents. By means of the immunoadsorbents the content of normal immunoglobulins with antigenic markers of VK 15 group in the serum of mouse strains BALB/c, CBA and C57BL/6 was determined. The least quantity of the proteins determined by this method was estimated to be 1.4%. If each of K-chains of the variable groups is represented equally in the population of normal immunoglobulins, the number of VK groups and respectively germ-line VK genes should be not less than 70.", "contents": "[Antigenic markers of variable region of mouse myeloma MOPC 21 light chain]. Monospecific antibodies against V-region of the L-chain of the mouse myeloma protein MOPC21 (VK 15 group) were obtained and used for preparation of antibody-immunoadsorbents. By means of the immunoadsorbents the content of normal immunoglobulins with antigenic markers of VK 15 group in the serum of mouse strains BALB/c, CBA and C57BL/6 was determined. The least quantity of the proteins determined by this method was estimated to be 1.4%. If each of K-chains of the variable groups is represented equally in the population of normal immunoglobulins, the number of VK groups and respectively germ-line VK genes should be not less than 70.", "PMID": 94936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1399", "title": "[Inhibition of RNA synthesis in vitro by antibodies against mononucleotides].", "content": "Antibodies against purine nucleotides were obtained from rabbits immunized with conjugates of bovine serum albumine with AMP or GMP. The antibodies purified by affinity chromatography on nucleoside monophosphate-human serum albumine-Sepharose columns inhibited RNA synthesis on native T4 phage DNA by E. coli RNA polymerase. The inhibition of transcription was due mainly to inhibition of the initiation stage of RNA synthesis.", "contents": "[Inhibition of RNA synthesis in vitro by antibodies against mononucleotides]. Antibodies against purine nucleotides were obtained from rabbits immunized with conjugates of bovine serum albumine with AMP or GMP. The antibodies purified by affinity chromatography on nucleoside monophosphate-human serum albumine-Sepharose columns inhibited RNA synthesis on native T4 phage DNA by E. coli RNA polymerase. The inhibition of transcription was due mainly to inhibition of the initiation stage of RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 94937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1400", "title": "Growth, morphology, and function of xenotransplanted human tumors.", "content": "Tansplantability, growth, morphology, and function of xenotransplanted human tumors, such as carcinomas of the lung, liver, breast, choriocarcinoma, and blastomas of the liver, lung, kidney, and uterus, are described. From the tumor take rate, it is clear that xenotransplantation cannot be used for the study of every human tumor: slow-growing tumors are difficult to analyze, and functioning adenomas and low-grade malignant carcinomas are at present almost impossible to study by this approach. From the authors' transplantation experience, tumor antigenicity to nude mice with no T-cell function, either tumor specific or species specific, was suspected. Therefore, the growth in nude mice may not equate to that in the human body. The stroma of the transplanted tumor, which is most likely of mouse origin, might also alter the growth rate, as it did the histology of some tumors. Another possible hindrance that has not been described in the text is the mouse endogenous virus. Serially transplanted human tumors are often infected with C particles, which could well influence the tumor growth and character. In spite of the presence of some factors unfavorable for the study of human tumors through xenotransplantation, it has, nevertheless, been clearly shown that the nude mouse/human tumor system is a very useful tool for functional analysis of tumors in relation to growth, differentiation, and morphology, such as eutopic or ectopic production of various hormones, AFP, normal serum proteins, colony-stimulating factor, erythropoietin, and so on. This system can be employed to elucidate the production of many other biologically active and inactive substances by a variety of tumors and their effects on the host in the future and should provide better understanding of human cancers. Attempts to induce differentiation and to change the biologic behavior of xenotransplanted human malignant tumors have failed so far, except for induced dormancy of breast carcinoma under unfavorable hormonal conditions. This line of investigation may have particular import on cancer research, particularly in relation to the biology and treatment of human cancers.", "contents": "Growth, morphology, and function of xenotransplanted human tumors. Tansplantability, growth, morphology, and function of xenotransplanted human tumors, such as carcinomas of the lung, liver, breast, choriocarcinoma, and blastomas of the liver, lung, kidney, and uterus, are described. From the tumor take rate, it is clear that xenotransplantation cannot be used for the study of every human tumor: slow-growing tumors are difficult to analyze, and functioning adenomas and low-grade malignant carcinomas are at present almost impossible to study by this approach. From the authors' transplantation experience, tumor antigenicity to nude mice with no T-cell function, either tumor specific or species specific, was suspected. Therefore, the growth in nude mice may not equate to that in the human body. The stroma of the transplanted tumor, which is most likely of mouse origin, might also alter the growth rate, as it did the histology of some tumors. Another possible hindrance that has not been described in the text is the mouse endogenous virus. Serially transplanted human tumors are often infected with C particles, which could well influence the tumor growth and character. In spite of the presence of some factors unfavorable for the study of human tumors through xenotransplantation, it has, nevertheless, been clearly shown that the nude mouse/human tumor system is a very useful tool for functional analysis of tumors in relation to growth, differentiation, and morphology, such as eutopic or ectopic production of various hormones, AFP, normal serum proteins, colony-stimulating factor, erythropoietin, and so on. This system can be employed to elucidate the production of many other biologically active and inactive substances by a variety of tumors and their effects on the host in the future and should provide better understanding of human cancers. Attempts to induce differentiation and to change the biologic behavior of xenotransplanted human malignant tumors have failed so far, except for induced dormancy of breast carcinoma under unfavorable hormonal conditions. This line of investigation may have particular import on cancer research, particularly in relation to the biology and treatment of human cancers.", "PMID": 94941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1401", "title": "Recognition of structure of 5-halogenated derivatives of ara-UTP by DNA polymerase gamma and reverse transcriptase.", "content": "This report deals with the test of a series of 5-halogenated derivatives of ara-UTP for the inhibition of DNA polymerase gamma and viral reverse transcriptase. The compounds newly synthesized and tested were; ara5-FUTP, ara5-C1UTP, ara5-BrUTP and ara5-IUTP. The results were: 1) All these compounds were inhibitory to DNA polymerase gamma and reverse transcriptase. The mode of inhibitions was, in all cases, competitive against dTTP. 2) Ki values for these inhibitors with DNA polymerase gamma were lower than those with reverse transcriptase. 3) Ara5-ClUTP was less inhibitory to reverse transcriptase than other derivatives.", "contents": "Recognition of structure of 5-halogenated derivatives of ara-UTP by DNA polymerase gamma and reverse transcriptase. This report deals with the test of a series of 5-halogenated derivatives of ara-UTP for the inhibition of DNA polymerase gamma and viral reverse transcriptase. The compounds newly synthesized and tested were; ara5-FUTP, ara5-C1UTP, ara5-BrUTP and ara5-IUTP. The results were: 1) All these compounds were inhibitory to DNA polymerase gamma and reverse transcriptase. The mode of inhibitions was, in all cases, competitive against dTTP. 2) Ki values for these inhibitors with DNA polymerase gamma were lower than those with reverse transcriptase. 3) Ara5-ClUTP was less inhibitory to reverse transcriptase than other derivatives.", "PMID": 94943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1402", "title": "Prostaglandin synthesis inhibition and monoamine metabolites in the rat brain.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin 3 mg/kg on levels of homovanillic acid (HVA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl ethylene glycol (HMPG) and 5-hydroxy indol acetic acid (5HIAA) was studied in rat striatum and olfactory tubercle with and without pretreatment with morphine 10 mg/kg. Indomethacin caused a small decrease in resting levels of HVA in striatum but not in olfactory tubercle. No effects were seen on resting or morphine induced changes in the levels of these monoamine metabolites. Likewise indomethacin 20 mg/kg failed to alter the elevation of HVA induced by chlorpromazine 15 mg/kg or the decrease of HVA induced by apomorphine (1--10 mg/kg) in the rat striatum. Our results do not support a major role for endogenous prostaglandins in the modulation of monoamine neurotransmission in the rat brain.", "contents": "Prostaglandin synthesis inhibition and monoamine metabolites in the rat brain. The effect of indomethacin 3 mg/kg on levels of homovanillic acid (HVA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl ethylene glycol (HMPG) and 5-hydroxy indol acetic acid (5HIAA) was studied in rat striatum and olfactory tubercle with and without pretreatment with morphine 10 mg/kg. Indomethacin caused a small decrease in resting levels of HVA in striatum but not in olfactory tubercle. No effects were seen on resting or morphine induced changes in the levels of these monoamine metabolites. Likewise indomethacin 20 mg/kg failed to alter the elevation of HVA induced by chlorpromazine 15 mg/kg or the decrease of HVA induced by apomorphine (1--10 mg/kg) in the rat striatum. Our results do not support a major role for endogenous prostaglandins in the modulation of monoamine neurotransmission in the rat brain.", "PMID": 94946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1403", "title": "A silver carbonate method for cell counts of neurons and glial elements on paraffin embedded brain tissue.", "content": "A modification of the Del Rio-Hortega method for the demonstration of central nervous system elements is presented. This silver impregnation technique is particularly useful for the classification of cell types for quantitative differential cell counts. Formalin fixed paraffin sections are immersed in formol-ammonium bromide for 1 1/2 hours; this solution is an excellent mordant for various silver nitrate stains. The samples are stained for 20 to 60 minutes in a silver carbonate solution (25 ml of 25% silver nitrate combined with 200 ml of 5% sodium carbonate) and then reduced in a 1% formaldehyde solution to which 20 drops of acetic acid have been added. Finally, the slides are fixed in sodium thiosulfate, rinsed in tap water, dehydrated, cleared, and mounted. This procedure will enable this investigator to identify neurons, oligodendroglia, and astrocytes on the basis of their nuclear staining as well as to demonstrate the laminae of brain tissue since the method allows differentiation of cell layers and fiber tracts.", "contents": "A silver carbonate method for cell counts of neurons and glial elements on paraffin embedded brain tissue. A modification of the Del Rio-Hortega method for the demonstration of central nervous system elements is presented. This silver impregnation technique is particularly useful for the classification of cell types for quantitative differential cell counts. Formalin fixed paraffin sections are immersed in formol-ammonium bromide for 1 1/2 hours; this solution is an excellent mordant for various silver nitrate stains. The samples are stained for 20 to 60 minutes in a silver carbonate solution (25 ml of 25% silver nitrate combined with 200 ml of 5% sodium carbonate) and then reduced in a 1% formaldehyde solution to which 20 drops of acetic acid have been added. Finally, the slides are fixed in sodium thiosulfate, rinsed in tap water, dehydrated, cleared, and mounted. This procedure will enable this investigator to identify neurons, oligodendroglia, and astrocytes on the basis of their nuclear staining as well as to demonstrate the laminae of brain tissue since the method allows differentiation of cell layers and fiber tracts.", "PMID": 94949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1404", "title": "A simple and rapid whole-mount staining method with methyl green-pyronin G applied to a molluscan brain preparation.", "content": "Subesophageal ganglia of molluscs have been stained as whole mounts with methyl green-pyronin G to display the relative location of individual neurons. Nuclei appear blue, perikarya red. Expose the ganglion cells by dissection of the connective tissue in snail Ringer. Transfer the ganglion to a fixative of 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M Na cacodylate pH 7.1 at 4 C for 12--24 hours, and wash in distilled water for 1 1/2 hours. Stain with methyl green-pyronin G for 1/2--1 hour and differentiate in 96% ethanol using many rapid changes. Transfer the ganglion to absolute ethanol for 2 1/2 hours and clear in xylene for 3 hours before embedding in Depex in a suitable dish. When the Depex has hardened, the preparation can be stored, and is readily available for subsequent examination. The method may be applicable to other invertebrate tissues, and may be useful in preparing objects for teaching purposes.", "contents": "A simple and rapid whole-mount staining method with methyl green-pyronin G applied to a molluscan brain preparation. Subesophageal ganglia of molluscs have been stained as whole mounts with methyl green-pyronin G to display the relative location of individual neurons. Nuclei appear blue, perikarya red. Expose the ganglion cells by dissection of the connective tissue in snail Ringer. Transfer the ganglion to a fixative of 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M Na cacodylate pH 7.1 at 4 C for 12--24 hours, and wash in distilled water for 1 1/2 hours. Stain with methyl green-pyronin G for 1/2--1 hour and differentiate in 96% ethanol using many rapid changes. Transfer the ganglion to absolute ethanol for 2 1/2 hours and clear in xylene for 3 hours before embedding in Depex in a suitable dish. When the Depex has hardened, the preparation can be stored, and is readily available for subsequent examination. The method may be applicable to other invertebrate tissues, and may be useful in preparing objects for teaching purposes.", "PMID": 94950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1405", "title": "The effect of quipazine and LSD on monoamines in the rat striatum.", "content": "Rats given quipazine (5 mg/kg) or LSD (0.05 mg/kg), were decapitated at the time of maximum of behavioral effect of drugs (head twitches), resp. 30 and 15 min, or when the behavioral effects disappeared (resp. 60 and 30 min), and concentrations of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5HT) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) were assayed in the striatum. Quipazine significantly elevated the DA level at both periods tested. LSD at the peak of its action depressed the level of 5-HIAA, and in the next period produced a significant depression of striatal levels of NA, 5HT and 5-HIAA.", "contents": "The effect of quipazine and LSD on monoamines in the rat striatum. Rats given quipazine (5 mg/kg) or LSD (0.05 mg/kg), were decapitated at the time of maximum of behavioral effect of drugs (head twitches), resp. 30 and 15 min, or when the behavioral effects disappeared (resp. 60 and 30 min), and concentrations of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5HT) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) were assayed in the striatum. Quipazine significantly elevated the DA level at both periods tested. LSD at the peak of its action depressed the level of 5-HIAA, and in the next period produced a significant depression of striatal levels of NA, 5HT and 5-HIAA.", "PMID": 94944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1406", "title": "Simple butyrate esterase stain for monocytes.", "content": "The esterases used to identify monocytes are best demonstrated using alpha-naphthyl butyrate as substrate. However, the reagents commonly used for this stain are time-consuming to prepare and are unstable. This report describes a quick, easy, and reproducible staining method using stable reagents which are readily available commercially but which may also be prepared in the laboratory.", "contents": "Simple butyrate esterase stain for monocytes. The esterases used to identify monocytes are best demonstrated using alpha-naphthyl butyrate as substrate. However, the reagents commonly used for this stain are time-consuming to prepare and are unstable. This report describes a quick, easy, and reproducible staining method using stable reagents which are readily available commercially but which may also be prepared in the laboratory.", "PMID": 94951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1407", "title": "Light microscopic identification and photography of Golgi impregnated central nervous system neurons during sectioning for electron microscopy.", "content": "A method is described for a rapid and systematic light microscopic documentation of Golgi impregnated neurons while they are being sectioned for electron microscopy. A drawing under the light microscope of a Golgi impregnated neuron is made first; subsequently thin sections of the tissue containing this neuron are cut in the same plane as for light microscopy. During thin sectioning the chuck containing the block is taken out of the ultramicrotome at regular intervals and placed in a special device under a light microscope. The neuron is photographed to record the stage of sectioning. Comparison of the micrographs indicates which part of the neuron and its dendritic tree are contained in the thin sections. No semithin sections are used and therefore no material is lost for reconstruction.", "contents": "Light microscopic identification and photography of Golgi impregnated central nervous system neurons during sectioning for electron microscopy. A method is described for a rapid and systematic light microscopic documentation of Golgi impregnated neurons while they are being sectioned for electron microscopy. A drawing under the light microscope of a Golgi impregnated neuron is made first; subsequently thin sections of the tissue containing this neuron are cut in the same plane as for light microscopy. During thin sectioning the chuck containing the block is taken out of the ultramicrotome at regular intervals and placed in a special device under a light microscope. The neuron is photographed to record the stage of sectioning. Comparison of the micrographs indicates which part of the neuron and its dendritic tree are contained in the thin sections. No semithin sections are used and therefore no material is lost for reconstruction.", "PMID": 94952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1408", "title": "Electron microscopy of malachite green--glutaraldehyde fixed bacteria.", "content": "Malachite green combined with glutaraldehyde has been used recently as a fixative for preserving and revaling lipid complexes in thin sections of eukaryotic cells examined by electron microscopy. When bacteria were prefixed with the above mixture granular electron dense inclusions were revealed in all cultures tested. These inclusions were replaced by electron transparent areas in cells fixed with glutaraldehyde alone. The structures were frequently located near to or within the nucleoid and adjacent to the cell membrane in Gram-negative bacteria and were associated with the nucleoid and mesosomes in Gram-positive species. Polyhydroxybutyrate granules, generally poorly preserved in thin sections of Aquaspirillum serpens, were well preserved by the malachite green-glutaraldehyde fixative. Malachite green complexes were observed outside of the cells in all preparations. Capsules were neither preserved nor stained.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of malachite green--glutaraldehyde fixed bacteria. Malachite green combined with glutaraldehyde has been used recently as a fixative for preserving and revaling lipid complexes in thin sections of eukaryotic cells examined by electron microscopy. When bacteria were prefixed with the above mixture granular electron dense inclusions were revealed in all cultures tested. These inclusions were replaced by electron transparent areas in cells fixed with glutaraldehyde alone. The structures were frequently located near to or within the nucleoid and adjacent to the cell membrane in Gram-negative bacteria and were associated with the nucleoid and mesosomes in Gram-positive species. Polyhydroxybutyrate granules, generally poorly preserved in thin sections of Aquaspirillum serpens, were well preserved by the malachite green-glutaraldehyde fixative. Malachite green complexes were observed outside of the cells in all preparations. Capsules were neither preserved nor stained.", "PMID": 94953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1409", "title": "Staining with chromoxane cyanine R.", "content": "Since Pearse in 1957 introduced chromoxane cyanine R as a dual nuclear and cytoplasmic stain there have appeared numerous procedures for use of this dye. These have differed widely, sharing in common mainly the implication that each is best. A defendable procedure has been developed on an experimental basis and is reported here. Four stock solutions are needed: (1) a 0.2% solution of chromoxane cyanine R in 0.5% aqueous H2SO4 (v/v); boil this solution for 5 min, (2) 10% FeCl3 in 3% HCl, (3) 1% aqueous HN4OH, and (4) 1% HCl in 70% ethanol. The staining solution: 40 ml of dye solution, 2 ml of FeCl3 solution, 8 ml H2O. Dewax and hydrate sections and stain for 10 min. If a myelin sheath stain is desired differentiate for 1 min in solution (3). For a nuclear stain differentiate for 1 min in solution (4). The nuclear stain when counterstained with eosin closely resembles the routine hematoxylin and eosin. Histochemical tests show that the functional group for myelin staining contains nitrogen, and probably hydrogen bonding is involved. The nuclear stain involves a different functional group and possibly neither electrostatic nor hydrogen bonding.", "contents": "Staining with chromoxane cyanine R. Since Pearse in 1957 introduced chromoxane cyanine R as a dual nuclear and cytoplasmic stain there have appeared numerous procedures for use of this dye. These have differed widely, sharing in common mainly the implication that each is best. A defendable procedure has been developed on an experimental basis and is reported here. Four stock solutions are needed: (1) a 0.2% solution of chromoxane cyanine R in 0.5% aqueous H2SO4 (v/v); boil this solution for 5 min, (2) 10% FeCl3 in 3% HCl, (3) 1% aqueous HN4OH, and (4) 1% HCl in 70% ethanol. The staining solution: 40 ml of dye solution, 2 ml of FeCl3 solution, 8 ml H2O. Dewax and hydrate sections and stain for 10 min. If a myelin sheath stain is desired differentiate for 1 min in solution (3). For a nuclear stain differentiate for 1 min in solution (4). The nuclear stain when counterstained with eosin closely resembles the routine hematoxylin and eosin. Histochemical tests show that the functional group for myelin staining contains nitrogen, and probably hydrogen bonding is involved. The nuclear stain involves a different functional group and possibly neither electrostatic nor hydrogen bonding.", "PMID": 94954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1410", "title": "[Differences in sensitivity of T3, T7, T4 and lambda phages to bleomycin and phleomycin].", "content": "In contrast to phage lambda the phages T3, T7 and T4 are not inhibited by as much as 150 microgram bleomycin/ml, while the chemically related antibiotic phleomycin increasingly inhibits the propagation of the phages in the order T4-T3-lambda. 20 microgram phleomycin/ml inhibit T3 by 95%. The resistance against bleomycin is surprising, because 10 microgram BM/ml block completely the colony-forming capacity of the host bacterium. The drug resistance of the phage growth correlates with the weak decrease of phage DNA synthesis, while the host cell DNA synthesis ceases rapidly. In accordance with these data is the in vivo inhibition of Escherichia coli cells and the in vitro degradation of their DNA. However, a contradiction exists between the in vivo resistance of T3 and T4 and the in vitro susceptibility of their DNA against nucleolytical fragmentation by bleomycin. The mechanism of the insensitivity of T3, T7 and T4 against bleomycin is unknown.", "contents": "[Differences in sensitivity of T3, T7, T4 and lambda phages to bleomycin and phleomycin]. In contrast to phage lambda the phages T3, T7 and T4 are not inhibited by as much as 150 microgram bleomycin/ml, while the chemically related antibiotic phleomycin increasingly inhibits the propagation of the phages in the order T4-T3-lambda. 20 microgram phleomycin/ml inhibit T3 by 95%. The resistance against bleomycin is surprising, because 10 microgram BM/ml block completely the colony-forming capacity of the host bacterium. The drug resistance of the phage growth correlates with the weak decrease of phage DNA synthesis, while the host cell DNA synthesis ceases rapidly. In accordance with these data is the in vivo inhibition of Escherichia coli cells and the in vitro degradation of their DNA. However, a contradiction exists between the in vivo resistance of T3 and T4 and the in vitro susceptibility of their DNA against nucleolytical fragmentation by bleomycin. The mechanism of the insensitivity of T3, T7 and T4 against bleomycin is unknown.", "PMID": 94958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1411", "title": "[Amniocentesis in prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders in twin pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "In 14 twin pregnancies amniocentesis was performed for prenatal detection of genetic disorders. The indications, technique of amniocentesis under control of ultrasound, results and the outcome of pregnancies were described. In all cases with two amniotic-sacs a separate amniocentesis was possible. The prenatal diagnosis was always proved after delivery.", "contents": "[Amniocentesis in prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders in twin pregnancies (author's transl)]. In 14 twin pregnancies amniocentesis was performed for prenatal detection of genetic disorders. The indications, technique of amniocentesis under control of ultrasound, results and the outcome of pregnancies were described. In all cases with two amniotic-sacs a separate amniocentesis was possible. The prenatal diagnosis was always proved after delivery.", "PMID": 94961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1412", "title": "[Problems in prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of AFP in amniotic fluid for the prediction of neural tube defects fails in cases of myelomeningoceles which changes their status from the open to the closed form. AFP values laying in a borderline range require a fundamental clarification by ultrasound examination for the detection of spinal malformation.", "contents": "[Problems in prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects (author's transl)]. The determination of AFP in amniotic fluid for the prediction of neural tube defects fails in cases of myelomeningoceles which changes their status from the open to the closed form. AFP values laying in a borderline range require a fundamental clarification by ultrasound examination for the detection of spinal malformation.", "PMID": 94962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1413", "title": "[Hypothyreotic connatal struma after amniofetography (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported on a newborn suffering from a pronounced hypothyreosis and a big goitre caused by an amniofetography during the 22. week of pregnancy using a hydrous and a oily iodiferous drug. The big goitre impeded the respiration, so that intubation was indicated. After treatment with thyroid hormones for 8 months the goitre decreased. The thyroid hormone-levels and function tests were in normal range after interruption of the thyroid drugs. Etiology and pathogenesis of this disease are discussed. It is warned of using drugs containing high iodine doses for amnio- or fetography.", "contents": "[Hypothyreotic connatal struma after amniofetography (author's transl)]. It is reported on a newborn suffering from a pronounced hypothyreosis and a big goitre caused by an amniofetography during the 22. week of pregnancy using a hydrous and a oily iodiferous drug. The big goitre impeded the respiration, so that intubation was indicated. After treatment with thyroid hormones for 8 months the goitre decreased. The thyroid hormone-levels and function tests were in normal range after interruption of the thyroid drugs. Etiology and pathogenesis of this disease are discussed. It is warned of using drugs containing high iodine doses for amnio- or fetography.", "PMID": 94963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1414", "title": "The structure and cytochemistry of the neurosecretory cells in Ocypoda platytarsis Milne Edwards (Crustacea: Brachyura).", "content": "Four types of NS cells ('A', 'B', 'C' and 'D') in the brain, thoracic ganglion and four types ('alpha', 'beta', 'gamma' and 'delta') in the eye-stalk of Ocypoda platytarsis have been encountered. The cells in the brain occur in groups. Five groups have been noticed in the brain. Of the five groups the ventro-median group is unpaired and homogenous. In the other four one is unpaired and three are paired, and all are heterogenous. In the eyestalk the NS cells are distributed in 6 groups. They are MEX1, MIX1, MTX1, MTX2, MTX3 and MTX4. Of these MEX1 and MTX4 are homogenous. A battery of histochemical tests applied to NS cells revealed that the NS material is rich in carbohydrate moiety, disulfide groups, lipids, phospholipids and RNA. It contains little sulfhydryl groups, protein bound NH2 groups and no tyrosine, tryptophan and arginine.", "contents": "The structure and cytochemistry of the neurosecretory cells in Ocypoda platytarsis Milne Edwards (Crustacea: Brachyura). Four types of NS cells ('A', 'B', 'C' and 'D') in the brain, thoracic ganglion and four types ('alpha', 'beta', 'gamma' and 'delta') in the eye-stalk of Ocypoda platytarsis have been encountered. The cells in the brain occur in groups. Five groups have been noticed in the brain. Of the five groups the ventro-median group is unpaired and homogenous. In the other four one is unpaired and three are paired, and all are heterogenous. In the eyestalk the NS cells are distributed in 6 groups. They are MEX1, MIX1, MTX1, MTX2, MTX3 and MTX4. Of these MEX1 and MTX4 are homogenous. A battery of histochemical tests applied to NS cells revealed that the NS material is rich in carbohydrate moiety, disulfide groups, lipids, phospholipids and RNA. It contains little sulfhydryl groups, protein bound NH2 groups and no tyrosine, tryptophan and arginine.", "PMID": 94965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1415", "title": "[Our first results with cryotherapy on the prostate].", "content": "It is reported on our first experiences with the cryotherapy in 15 patients with adenomas of the neck of the bladder and carcinoma of the prostate who all on account of high quantities of residual urine underwent a permannt catheterisation and in whom an open operation of Tur were contraindicated due to severe concurring secondary diseases. 2/3 of the patients we could free from the permanent catheter, in 1/3 an undisturbed miction free from residual urine was possible In 1/3, however, the catheter had to be kept also after the end of the treatment.", "contents": "[Our first results with cryotherapy on the prostate]. It is reported on our first experiences with the cryotherapy in 15 patients with adenomas of the neck of the bladder and carcinoma of the prostate who all on account of high quantities of residual urine underwent a permannt catheterisation and in whom an open operation of Tur were contraindicated due to severe concurring secondary diseases. 2/3 of the patients we could free from the permanent catheter, in 1/3 an undisturbed miction free from residual urine was possible In 1/3, however, the catheter had to be kept also after the end of the treatment.", "PMID": 94966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1416", "title": "[A contribution to the stabilisation of the MVA-vaccine (author's transl)].", "content": "The titre of the MVA-vaccine remains constant at -20 degrees C with human serum albumin, sorbitol, Haemaccel, Rheomacrodex and cysteine within 8 month. At -20 degrees C the stability of the MVA-virus is equivalent to the Vaccinia-virus, stabilized by peptone and sorbitol. Storing the MVA-Virus at +4 degrees C, +20 degrees C for 8 month or at 27 degrees C for 4 weeks, 1% human serum albumin and 5% sorbitol preserves the virustitre best, but the stability of Vaccinia-virus with 5% peptone and 5% sorbitol can, however, not be obtained by the MVA-virus under these conditions.", "contents": "[A contribution to the stabilisation of the MVA-vaccine (author's transl)]. The titre of the MVA-vaccine remains constant at -20 degrees C with human serum albumin, sorbitol, Haemaccel, Rheomacrodex and cysteine within 8 month. At -20 degrees C the stability of the MVA-virus is equivalent to the Vaccinia-virus, stabilized by peptone and sorbitol. Storing the MVA-Virus at +4 degrees C, +20 degrees C for 8 month or at 27 degrees C for 4 weeks, 1% human serum albumin and 5% sorbitol preserves the virustitre best, but the stability of Vaccinia-virus with 5% peptone and 5% sorbitol can, however, not be obtained by the MVA-virus under these conditions.", "PMID": 94967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1417", "title": "[Case report of a patient with coexistent rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis].", "content": "In simultaneous conditions of inflammatory changes in peripheral joints and in sacroiliac joints, a differential diagnosis, amongst others, of rheumatoid arthritis with involvement of the sacro-iliac joints and also ankylosing spondylitis with peripheral joint involvement should be considered. It seems that in rare cases both diseases occur together. We describe one female patient with coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The X-rays showed sacro-iliitis, syndesmophytes and inflammatory changes of the finger and toes, which are typical for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid factor was detected in serum and in synovial fluid. HLA B27 was negative. The results of 13 patients with coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis reported in the literature since 1975, are compared with the above described patient.", "contents": "[Case report of a patient with coexistent rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis]. In simultaneous conditions of inflammatory changes in peripheral joints and in sacroiliac joints, a differential diagnosis, amongst others, of rheumatoid arthritis with involvement of the sacro-iliac joints and also ankylosing spondylitis with peripheral joint involvement should be considered. It seems that in rare cases both diseases occur together. We describe one female patient with coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The X-rays showed sacro-iliitis, syndesmophytes and inflammatory changes of the finger and toes, which are typical for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid factor was detected in serum and in synovial fluid. HLA B27 was negative. The results of 13 patients with coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis reported in the literature since 1975, are compared with the above described patient.", "PMID": 94968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1418", "title": "Binding of exogenous DNA by human lymphocytes and by their isolated plasma membranes.", "content": "The binding of labeled bacterial DNA to human tonsil lymphocytes and to plasma membranes isolated from these cells involved macromolecules mainly located at the cell surface, since plasma membrane preparations showed properties in common with those of viable cells. DNA binding to lymphocytes was a dissociable, saturable, time, temperature, pH and concentration dependent process. A double reciprocal plot of the data obtained from DNA saturation curves gave an apparent dissociation constant of about 4 X 10(-10) M. The process of interaction of 3H-DNA with lymphocyte membranes gave a complex Scatchard plot, whose first slope yielded an apparent dissociation constant similar to that obtained for DNA-cell interaction. Binding was shown to be specific for DNA because RNA did not displace the bound DNA. Double stranded DNA was preferentially bound relative to single stranded DNA. Temperatures greater than 55 degrees C abolished the binding capacity. Results of experiments in which pH and salt concentration were varied point to the importance of conformational changes of the nucleic acid in the binding process.", "contents": "Binding of exogenous DNA by human lymphocytes and by their isolated plasma membranes. The binding of labeled bacterial DNA to human tonsil lymphocytes and to plasma membranes isolated from these cells involved macromolecules mainly located at the cell surface, since plasma membrane preparations showed properties in common with those of viable cells. DNA binding to lymphocytes was a dissociable, saturable, time, temperature, pH and concentration dependent process. A double reciprocal plot of the data obtained from DNA saturation curves gave an apparent dissociation constant of about 4 X 10(-10) M. The process of interaction of 3H-DNA with lymphocyte membranes gave a complex Scatchard plot, whose first slope yielded an apparent dissociation constant similar to that obtained for DNA-cell interaction. Binding was shown to be specific for DNA because RNA did not displace the bound DNA. Double stranded DNA was preferentially bound relative to single stranded DNA. Temperatures greater than 55 degrees C abolished the binding capacity. Results of experiments in which pH and salt concentration were varied point to the importance of conformational changes of the nucleic acid in the binding process.", "PMID": 94969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1419", "title": "[Plastic image and symbolization].", "content": "This paper deals with the ontogenesis of the plastic image in its different pxychobiological aspects, in the background of the symbolization process. A reference is made to the maturing of perceptive processes, including the developments of Spitz, Wallon, Melanie Klein and Fontana. The analysis of the neurophysiological correlations of the image formation process is followed by a study of the functional role of the image in psychic dynamics, its genetic relationship with sensation and speech, its role in the communication functions, in the structuring of the relationship between the internal and the external world. The symbolizing faculty of the image is shown in the fact that it connects the body, the emotions and the sensations with the objects visually perceived, and makes up a unit with all that. According with the principle of genetic continuity, the effect of disturbances in the image formation process on speech is studied, and the way this is reflected in the forms of connexion and in the characteristic discourse of the different psychopathological structures. The image as a confluence of corporal and affective sensations constitutes a basic support in the projective identification process and in the problems of fusion-differentiation with the object as something external, the predominance of the image or of that which is perceived. The items in this paper offer a detailed description of the earliest stages of development, and is completed with references to aspects in the history of man and of culture where an evidence can be found of the role of the image insofar it reflects a certain orden in human dimensions in time and space.", "contents": "[Plastic image and symbolization]. This paper deals with the ontogenesis of the plastic image in its different pxychobiological aspects, in the background of the symbolization process. A reference is made to the maturing of perceptive processes, including the developments of Spitz, Wallon, Melanie Klein and Fontana. The analysis of the neurophysiological correlations of the image formation process is followed by a study of the functional role of the image in psychic dynamics, its genetic relationship with sensation and speech, its role in the communication functions, in the structuring of the relationship between the internal and the external world. The symbolizing faculty of the image is shown in the fact that it connects the body, the emotions and the sensations with the objects visually perceived, and makes up a unit with all that. According with the principle of genetic continuity, the effect of disturbances in the image formation process on speech is studied, and the way this is reflected in the forms of connexion and in the characteristic discourse of the different psychopathological structures. The image as a confluence of corporal and affective sensations constitutes a basic support in the projective identification process and in the problems of fusion-differentiation with the object as something external, the predominance of the image or of that which is perceived. The items in this paper offer a detailed description of the earliest stages of development, and is completed with references to aspects in the history of man and of culture where an evidence can be found of the role of the image insofar it reflects a certain orden in human dimensions in time and space.", "PMID": 94970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1420", "title": "The effect of cyclophosphamide on a secondary ocular immune response in rabbits.", "content": "Treatment of rabbits with immunosuppressive doses of cyclophosphamide during the primary response to intravitreally injected bovine gamma globulin did not prevent priming for a secondary response to the same antigen. High antibody titers were found in the aqueous humor and serum of most of the treated rabbits. Ocular tissue plaque forming cell numbers were similar to those of the controls in many of the rabbits, and slightly lower in others. Treatment with cyclophosphamide completely suppressed the ocular immune response in many rabbits that had undergone a primary response following intravitreal injection of BGC. The response in other animals was depressed but not completely inhibited. The presence of ocular inflammation and lymphocytes in the challenged eyes of the treated rabbits suggested a differential effect of cyclophosphamide on cells stimulated to divide after challenge.", "contents": "The effect of cyclophosphamide on a secondary ocular immune response in rabbits. Treatment of rabbits with immunosuppressive doses of cyclophosphamide during the primary response to intravitreally injected bovine gamma globulin did not prevent priming for a secondary response to the same antigen. High antibody titers were found in the aqueous humor and serum of most of the treated rabbits. Ocular tissue plaque forming cell numbers were similar to those of the controls in many of the rabbits, and slightly lower in others. Treatment with cyclophosphamide completely suppressed the ocular immune response in many rabbits that had undergone a primary response following intravitreal injection of BGC. The response in other animals was depressed but not completely inhibited. The presence of ocular inflammation and lymphocytes in the challenged eyes of the treated rabbits suggested a differential effect of cyclophosphamide on cells stimulated to divide after challenge.", "PMID": 94972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1421", "title": "Fetal to adult hemoglobin switch in cultures of early erythroid precursors from human fetuses and neonates.", "content": "Erythroid burst colonies derived from the cord blood of nine neonates and from the blood and liver of three fetuses aborted after 20 weeks of gestation were grown in plasma clot culture. Their quantitative study revealed a higher proportion of burst-forming units (BFU-Es) in cord blood than in cord blood of normal adults. In addition, colony-forming units (CFU-Es) were present in cord blood but absent from adult blood. Study of haemoglobin synthesis in 14-day cultures of cord blood BFU-Es showed a significantly higher degree of Hb A synthesis than was found in reticulocytes from fresh cord blood; this proportion was, however, similar to that expected in vivo about three weeks after birth. These data suggest that the hemoglobin switch is already programmed in most of the early erythroid precursors present in cord blood or full-term neonates and indicate that the differentiation time is probably of the same order of magnitude in vivo and in vitro. The proportion of Hb A and F synthesis in erythroid bursts was not influenced by the concentration of erythropoietin in the range studied--ie, from 0.5 to 12 international units. Low but identical proportions of Hb A synthesis were found both in erythroid cells from liver after two hours of incubation with [3H]-leucine, and in 14-day liver bursts from fetuses aborted at 20 weeks of gestation.", "contents": "Fetal to adult hemoglobin switch in cultures of early erythroid precursors from human fetuses and neonates. Erythroid burst colonies derived from the cord blood of nine neonates and from the blood and liver of three fetuses aborted after 20 weeks of gestation were grown in plasma clot culture. Their quantitative study revealed a higher proportion of burst-forming units (BFU-Es) in cord blood than in cord blood of normal adults. In addition, colony-forming units (CFU-Es) were present in cord blood but absent from adult blood. Study of haemoglobin synthesis in 14-day cultures of cord blood BFU-Es showed a significantly higher degree of Hb A synthesis than was found in reticulocytes from fresh cord blood; this proportion was, however, similar to that expected in vivo about three weeks after birth. These data suggest that the hemoglobin switch is already programmed in most of the early erythroid precursors present in cord blood or full-term neonates and indicate that the differentiation time is probably of the same order of magnitude in vivo and in vitro. The proportion of Hb A and F synthesis in erythroid bursts was not influenced by the concentration of erythropoietin in the range studied--ie, from 0.5 to 12 international units. Low but identical proportions of Hb A synthesis were found both in erythroid cells from liver after two hours of incubation with [3H]-leucine, and in 14-day liver bursts from fetuses aborted at 20 weeks of gestation.", "PMID": 94975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1422", "title": "Inhibitors of fibrinolysis in diabetic children, mothers, and their newborn.", "content": "Late diabetic complications are often related to vascular changes and formation of thrombi in the altered vasculature. Contributing factors to thrombosis susceptibility of diabetic patients include changes in clotting factors, platelets, and inhibition of fibrinolysis. We have measured various fibrinolytic inhibitors in the blood of diabetic children, diabetic pregnant women and their offspring, and healthy controls. Inhibitors studied included 1) fast (immediate) antiplasmin, 2) slow (progressive) antiplasmin, 3) alpha-2-macroglobulin, and 4) alpha-1-antitrypsin. It appears from our study that high fast-antiplasmin levels, and low or missing slow-antiplasmin levels are characteristic of diabetic patients and of newborn of diabetic mothers. The reason for high fast-antiplasmin levels is not clear: Levels are not connected with the age of the patient or duration of diabetes, and are not elevated in response to a fibrinolytic process (fibrin decomposition products could not be shown to be present in the serum of diabetic children). Alpha-2-macroglobulin was significantly higher and alpha-1-antitrypsin significantly lower in diabetic women than in controls. In the other groups of patients studied differences in these inhibitors from the appropriate control groups were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Inhibitors of fibrinolysis in diabetic children, mothers, and their newborn. Late diabetic complications are often related to vascular changes and formation of thrombi in the altered vasculature. Contributing factors to thrombosis susceptibility of diabetic patients include changes in clotting factors, platelets, and inhibition of fibrinolysis. We have measured various fibrinolytic inhibitors in the blood of diabetic children, diabetic pregnant women and their offspring, and healthy controls. Inhibitors studied included 1) fast (immediate) antiplasmin, 2) slow (progressive) antiplasmin, 3) alpha-2-macroglobulin, and 4) alpha-1-antitrypsin. It appears from our study that high fast-antiplasmin levels, and low or missing slow-antiplasmin levels are characteristic of diabetic patients and of newborn of diabetic mothers. The reason for high fast-antiplasmin levels is not clear: Levels are not connected with the age of the patient or duration of diabetes, and are not elevated in response to a fibrinolytic process (fibrin decomposition products could not be shown to be present in the serum of diabetic children). Alpha-2-macroglobulin was significantly higher and alpha-1-antitrypsin significantly lower in diabetic women than in controls. In the other groups of patients studied differences in these inhibitors from the appropriate control groups were not statistically significant.", "PMID": 94976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1423", "title": "Immunogenetic studies on wild pigs in Japan.", "content": "The variations of blood groups in the two subspecies of wild pigs in Japan (Sus scrofa leucomystax and S.s. riukiuanus) were investigated by serological techniques. S.s. leucomystax showed polymorphism in the A and F systems. S.s. riukiuanus showed a little polymorphism in the F system only. As a whole, there was a great similarity in erythrocyte antigen structures of both S.s. leucomystax and S.s. riukiuanus. In comparison with the erythrocyte antigen frequenties of wild pigs in the Eurasian Continent reported by other workers. East-West geographical clines in the frequencies of Ea, Fa, Ga, Ka, Kb and Lh antigens were clearly observed. From the results of investigation on genetic similarities among seven wild pig populations, it was made clear that the two Japanese strains were very close and were closer to Far Eastern TS.s. ussuricus) than Middle Asian (S.s. nigripes), Transcausian (S.s. attila) and European pigs (S.s. ferus).", "contents": "Immunogenetic studies on wild pigs in Japan. The variations of blood groups in the two subspecies of wild pigs in Japan (Sus scrofa leucomystax and S.s. riukiuanus) were investigated by serological techniques. S.s. leucomystax showed polymorphism in the A and F systems. S.s. riukiuanus showed a little polymorphism in the F system only. As a whole, there was a great similarity in erythrocyte antigen structures of both S.s. leucomystax and S.s. riukiuanus. In comparison with the erythrocyte antigen frequenties of wild pigs in the Eurasian Continent reported by other workers. East-West geographical clines in the frequencies of Ea, Fa, Ga, Ka, Kb and Lh antigens were clearly observed. From the results of investigation on genetic similarities among seven wild pig populations, it was made clear that the two Japanese strains were very close and were closer to Far Eastern TS.s. ussuricus) than Middle Asian (S.s. nigripes), Transcausian (S.s. attila) and European pigs (S.s. ferus).", "PMID": 94977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1424", "title": "Genetic polymorphism and close linkage of two alpha 1-protease inhibitors in horse serum.", "content": "Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of horse serum proteins was done by a first-dimension separation in agarose gel (pH 5.4) followed by a second-dimension separation in horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0). This method resulted in improved and reproducible separation of many alpha-globulins. Two groups of alpha 1-globulins, designated Pi1 and Pi2, were found to be protease inhibitors. Preliminary studies indicated that Pi1 and Pi2 proteins differed from each other in molecular weight and in protease inhibiting spectra. Extensive polymorphism was observed for both these proteins. Family data supported the hypothesis that Pi1 and Pi2 types were controlled by autosomal codominant alleles. For both Pi1 and Pi2 systems, most of the homozygous types showed two fractions each while the heterozygous types had 4 fractions. Six Pi1 and five Pi2 alleles were observed in two breeds of Swedish horses. Complete genetic linkage was observed for Pi1 and Pi2 loci as no recombinant type was observed in 40 informative matings studied.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism and close linkage of two alpha 1-protease inhibitors in horse serum. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of horse serum proteins was done by a first-dimension separation in agarose gel (pH 5.4) followed by a second-dimension separation in horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0). This method resulted in improved and reproducible separation of many alpha-globulins. Two groups of alpha 1-globulins, designated Pi1 and Pi2, were found to be protease inhibitors. Preliminary studies indicated that Pi1 and Pi2 proteins differed from each other in molecular weight and in protease inhibiting spectra. Extensive polymorphism was observed for both these proteins. Family data supported the hypothesis that Pi1 and Pi2 types were controlled by autosomal codominant alleles. For both Pi1 and Pi2 systems, most of the homozygous types showed two fractions each while the heterozygous types had 4 fractions. Six Pi1 and five Pi2 alleles were observed in two breeds of Swedish horses. Complete genetic linkage was observed for Pi1 and Pi2 loci as no recombinant type was observed in 40 informative matings studied.", "PMID": 94978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1425", "title": "[Extraction of plasma lipids preserving antigenic properties of proteins and allowing quantitation of gangliosides by neuraminic acid determination (author's transl)].", "content": "A technique described by Cham and Knowles allows the extraction of plasma phospholipides, triglycerides, cholesterol and free fatty acids without denaturing the proteins. The method has been slightly modified by us. Under our conditions, the yield of lipid extraction is comparable to the method of Folch. It has the advantage of not extracting mineral phosphorous and blood glucose. Thus gangliosides can be also easily determined. We confirmed by immunoelectrophoresis that the antigenic properties of plasmatic proteins remain after lipid extraction.", "contents": "[Extraction of plasma lipids preserving antigenic properties of proteins and allowing quantitation of gangliosides by neuraminic acid determination (author's transl)]. A technique described by Cham and Knowles allows the extraction of plasma phospholipides, triglycerides, cholesterol and free fatty acids without denaturing the proteins. The method has been slightly modified by us. Under our conditions, the yield of lipid extraction is comparable to the method of Folch. It has the advantage of not extracting mineral phosphorous and blood glucose. Thus gangliosides can be also easily determined. We confirmed by immunoelectrophoresis that the antigenic properties of plasmatic proteins remain after lipid extraction.", "PMID": 94979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1426", "title": "[Adaptation to Gemsaec centrigugal analyser of a method of turbidimetric estimation of amylase (author's transl)].", "content": "Hydrolysis of a solution of amylopectin by serum or urinary amylase leads to a reduction of the turbidity of this solution, observed at 340 nm. Adapted to centrifugal analysis, this method permits 15 estimations in 3 minutes with a serial reproducibility of 2.7 per cent, and a daily reproducibility of 6 per cent. The correlation with a nephelemetric method of estimation gives r = 0,969, with an enzyme method r = 0,957 and with an amyloclastic method, r = 0,919.", "contents": "[Adaptation to Gemsaec centrigugal analyser of a method of turbidimetric estimation of amylase (author's transl)]. Hydrolysis of a solution of amylopectin by serum or urinary amylase leads to a reduction of the turbidity of this solution, observed at 340 nm. Adapted to centrifugal analysis, this method permits 15 estimations in 3 minutes with a serial reproducibility of 2.7 per cent, and a daily reproducibility of 6 per cent. The correlation with a nephelemetric method of estimation gives r = 0,969, with an enzyme method r = 0,957 and with an amyloclastic method, r = 0,919.", "PMID": 94980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1427", "title": "An assessment of four methods for the assay of amylase activity.", "content": "This paper describes an investigation carried out to select a reagent kit for amylase assay to replace the Wohlgemuth method currently in use in our laboratory. The following four commercial kits were assessed: Amylochrome, Phadebas, DyAmyl-L and Amylotube. The results showed that the first three kits which employed chromogenic substrates gave better reproducibility than the Amylotube kit which used plain starch substrate and the starch-iodine reaction. Results obtained with the former methods correlated well with one another but poorly with results obtained with the latter method. Various considerations given for the recommended use of the Amylochrome method are discussed.", "contents": "An assessment of four methods for the assay of amylase activity. This paper describes an investigation carried out to select a reagent kit for amylase assay to replace the Wohlgemuth method currently in use in our laboratory. The following four commercial kits were assessed: Amylochrome, Phadebas, DyAmyl-L and Amylotube. The results showed that the first three kits which employed chromogenic substrates gave better reproducibility than the Amylotube kit which used plain starch substrate and the starch-iodine reaction. Results obtained with the former methods correlated well with one another but poorly with results obtained with the latter method. Various considerations given for the recommended use of the Amylochrome method are discussed.", "PMID": 94982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1428", "title": "[Estrogen determination in the urine of heifers during natural and CAP-affected sexual cycle].", "content": "With all differences due to environmental effects and individuality, oestrogen secretion actually follows a typical line of dynamics during one normal sexual cycle. Oestrogen curves were found to rise on the seventh and ninth days of the sexual cycle and to reach a maximum level on the last day. Cycle-depending differences between oestrogen concentrations were found to be leveled on the eighth day, when the oestrus had been synchronised by means of CAP. Oestrogens then went down, in response to synchronisation, up to the 15th day. Both the curve proper and the amount of oestrogens in the given cycle, following synchronised oestrus in heifer, practically were congruent with the values recordable from a normal sexual cycle. Two daily CAP doses of 10 mg per individual did synchronise oestrus in heifer and had no side effects on ovarian function over the following sexual cycle.", "contents": "[Estrogen determination in the urine of heifers during natural and CAP-affected sexual cycle]. With all differences due to environmental effects and individuality, oestrogen secretion actually follows a typical line of dynamics during one normal sexual cycle. Oestrogen curves were found to rise on the seventh and ninth days of the sexual cycle and to reach a maximum level on the last day. Cycle-depending differences between oestrogen concentrations were found to be leveled on the eighth day, when the oestrus had been synchronised by means of CAP. Oestrogens then went down, in response to synchronisation, up to the 15th day. Both the curve proper and the amount of oestrogens in the given cycle, following synchronised oestrus in heifer, practically were congruent with the values recordable from a normal sexual cycle. Two daily CAP doses of 10 mg per individual did synchronise oestrus in heifer and had no side effects on ovarian function over the following sexual cycle.", "PMID": 94986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1429", "title": "[Histochemical behavior of succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase as well as ribonucleic acid in the epithelium of lactic ducts and alveoli of cow udder].", "content": "The activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDR) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as the ribonucleic acid levels in the epithelium of both the lactic ducts and alveoli of lactic glands were examined in heifers, close to full term, lactating cows, some of them with subclinical mastitis lesions, and udder biopsies of two cows. The activities of SDH and LDH as well as RNA levels were pronounced in the glandular epithelium of alveoli and in the epithelium of the lesser lactic ducts. All three parameters were also pronounced but at lower levels in the cells of the apical stratum of the two-layer epithelium in the greater lactic ducts. Relationships were found to exist between the enzyme activities and RNA levels and the lactation cycle. Their patterns and manifestations were more or less typical of those areas of the lactic gland which were affected by mastitis.", "contents": "[Histochemical behavior of succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase as well as ribonucleic acid in the epithelium of lactic ducts and alveoli of cow udder]. The activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDR) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as the ribonucleic acid levels in the epithelium of both the lactic ducts and alveoli of lactic glands were examined in heifers, close to full term, lactating cows, some of them with subclinical mastitis lesions, and udder biopsies of two cows. The activities of SDH and LDH as well as RNA levels were pronounced in the glandular epithelium of alveoli and in the epithelium of the lesser lactic ducts. All three parameters were also pronounced but at lower levels in the cells of the apical stratum of the two-layer epithelium in the greater lactic ducts. Relationships were found to exist between the enzyme activities and RNA levels and the lactation cycle. Their patterns and manifestations were more or less typical of those areas of the lactic gland which were affected by mastitis.", "PMID": 94987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1430", "title": "Synthetic antigens III. Antigen-binding cells to interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid PSM and sheep red blood cells in mice immunized with PSM.", "content": "Studies on the immune response in mice to a new synthetic antigen interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSM) are described. The immune response was measured by determination of antigen binding cells by means of rosette test with PSM-coated SRBC, An unexpected effect was observed--besides rosette-forming cells for PSM, rosette-forming cells and agglutinating antibodies for sheep red cells were found. The results presented in this paper suggest that PSM is acting both as an immunogen and a polyclonal B-cell activator. As a polyclonal B-cell activator, PSM might stimulate the immune response to sheep red blood cells. However, in the case of PSM, in contrast to other polyclonal B-cell activators, this response is suppressed and delayed. The suppression may be caused by suppressor T-cells generated by PSM or by blockade by PSM of antigen-binding cells and antibody-forming cells for sheep red blood cells. The mechanism of the effect observed is discussed.", "contents": "Synthetic antigens III. Antigen-binding cells to interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid PSM and sheep red blood cells in mice immunized with PSM. Studies on the immune response in mice to a new synthetic antigen interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSM) are described. The immune response was measured by determination of antigen binding cells by means of rosette test with PSM-coated SRBC, An unexpected effect was observed--besides rosette-forming cells for PSM, rosette-forming cells and agglutinating antibodies for sheep red cells were found. The results presented in this paper suggest that PSM is acting both as an immunogen and a polyclonal B-cell activator. As a polyclonal B-cell activator, PSM might stimulate the immune response to sheep red blood cells. However, in the case of PSM, in contrast to other polyclonal B-cell activators, this response is suppressed and delayed. The suppression may be caused by suppressor T-cells generated by PSM or by blockade by PSM of antigen-binding cells and antibody-forming cells for sheep red blood cells. The mechanism of the effect observed is discussed.", "PMID": 94989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1431", "title": "Rheumatoid factors bind beta 2 microglobulin. Detection of beta 2 microglobulin-complexes in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "beta 2 Microglobulin binding rheumatoid factors and occurrence of complexed form of beta 2 microglobulin were found in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by radioimmunological methods. 1. As related to the appropriate values of control sera and osteoarthritic synovial fluids, one of the six sera and five of the six synovial fluids of RA patients exhibited increased binding activity for 125I-beta 2 microglobulin, 2. Rheumatoid factors (RF) purified by means of immunoadsorbent bound beta 2 microglobulin; 3. Both 19S and 7S components of sera, synovial fluids and purified RF samples had beta 2 microglobulin binding activity, which was inhibited by an excess of unlabeled beta 2 microglobulin; 4. Complexed (3% PEG 6000 insoluble) beta 2 microglobulin was found in three of fourteen sera and in twelve of fourteen synovial fluids of RA patients. Level of complexed beta 2 microglobulin was independent of its total concentration in the original samples; 5. In the fraction of synovial fluids enriched immune complex the amount of beta 2 microglobulin was in positive correlation with quantity of RF. Presumable immunological and pathological significance of \"anti-beta 2 microglobulin\"-like cross-reactive RF antibodies is discussed.", "contents": "Rheumatoid factors bind beta 2 microglobulin. Detection of beta 2 microglobulin-complexes in rheumatoid arthritis. beta 2 Microglobulin binding rheumatoid factors and occurrence of complexed form of beta 2 microglobulin were found in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by radioimmunological methods. 1. As related to the appropriate values of control sera and osteoarthritic synovial fluids, one of the six sera and five of the six synovial fluids of RA patients exhibited increased binding activity for 125I-beta 2 microglobulin, 2. Rheumatoid factors (RF) purified by means of immunoadsorbent bound beta 2 microglobulin; 3. Both 19S and 7S components of sera, synovial fluids and purified RF samples had beta 2 microglobulin binding activity, which was inhibited by an excess of unlabeled beta 2 microglobulin; 4. Complexed (3% PEG 6000 insoluble) beta 2 microglobulin was found in three of fourteen sera and in twelve of fourteen synovial fluids of RA patients. Level of complexed beta 2 microglobulin was independent of its total concentration in the original samples; 5. In the fraction of synovial fluids enriched immune complex the amount of beta 2 microglobulin was in positive correlation with quantity of RF. Presumable immunological and pathological significance of \"anti-beta 2 microglobulin\"-like cross-reactive RF antibodies is discussed.", "PMID": 94990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1432", "title": "Immunobiologic studies in hepatoma-bearing mice passively immunized to alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "Mice bearing the BW7756 hepatoma were passively immunized using rabbit antiserum to murine alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) administered in constant or increasing doses. Control tumor-bearing mice were inoculated with saline or nonimmune rabbit serum (NRS) (constant or increasing doses), or were left untreated. The tumor growth curves from mice receiving constant or increasing doses of anti-AFP or constant doses of NRS showed suppression of hepatoma growth; but in both groups of anti-AFP-treated mice this was accompanied by gross anatomical changes, including necrosis, more extensive than in the NRS-treated or other control mice. AFP blood levels roughly paralleled the tumor growth responses. Since an immunological response against the rabbit serum was elicited in the host, it is possible that circulating immune complexes play some role in tumor suppression. Changes observed in liver- and spleen-to-body weight ratios may also reflect a response to circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "Immunobiologic studies in hepatoma-bearing mice passively immunized to alpha-fetoprotein. Mice bearing the BW7756 hepatoma were passively immunized using rabbit antiserum to murine alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) administered in constant or increasing doses. Control tumor-bearing mice were inoculated with saline or nonimmune rabbit serum (NRS) (constant or increasing doses), or were left untreated. The tumor growth curves from mice receiving constant or increasing doses of anti-AFP or constant doses of NRS showed suppression of hepatoma growth; but in both groups of anti-AFP-treated mice this was accompanied by gross anatomical changes, including necrosis, more extensive than in the NRS-treated or other control mice. AFP blood levels roughly paralleled the tumor growth responses. Since an immunological response against the rabbit serum was elicited in the host, it is possible that circulating immune complexes play some role in tumor suppression. Changes observed in liver- and spleen-to-body weight ratios may also reflect a response to circulating immune complexes.", "PMID": 94991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1433", "title": "Histochemical studies of mucosubstances and keratins of thymic corpuscles.", "content": "Keratin and prekeratin have been visualized histochemically by testing the reactivity of disulfide groups in the thymic corpuscles of the sheep. Rhesus monkey, rabbit and dog, and the reactivity of sulfhydryl groups in the sheep, Rhesus monkey, rabbit and rat. Ten to 50% of the thymic corpuscles showed keratinization by this method. Acidic mucosubstances were visualized histochemically in the Rhesus monkey, sheep and rat but not in the rabbit. Staining for vic-glycol groups was prominent in all species tested. Neuraminidase treatment with subsequent Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining indicated the presence of sialomucins in the thymic corpuscles of the monkey and rat, but sialomucins were not demonstrated in the rabbit.", "contents": "Histochemical studies of mucosubstances and keratins of thymic corpuscles. Keratin and prekeratin have been visualized histochemically by testing the reactivity of disulfide groups in the thymic corpuscles of the sheep. Rhesus monkey, rabbit and dog, and the reactivity of sulfhydryl groups in the sheep, Rhesus monkey, rabbit and rat. Ten to 50% of the thymic corpuscles showed keratinization by this method. Acidic mucosubstances were visualized histochemically in the Rhesus monkey, sheep and rat but not in the rabbit. Staining for vic-glycol groups was prominent in all species tested. Neuraminidase treatment with subsequent Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining indicated the presence of sialomucins in the thymic corpuscles of the monkey and rat, but sialomucins were not demonstrated in the rabbit.", "PMID": 94996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1434", "title": "[Differentiation in vitro of chick-embryo skin in presence of histones. Analysis of protein synthesis in toto and of keratin in particular, with the use of labeled precursors].", "content": "Six-day limb skin from a chick embryo was cultured in vitro for seven days in a complete medium either supplemented or not with histones. At the end of the incubation period, the chick embryo skin cultured in the absence of histones was found to undergo keratinization, the converse being true for the limbs cultured in the presence of histones. In the latter, when H3-leucine and C14-cystine were added to the medium, a sharp decrease in the labeled amino acid incorporation was found.", "contents": "[Differentiation in vitro of chick-embryo skin in presence of histones. Analysis of protein synthesis in toto and of keratin in particular, with the use of labeled precursors]. Six-day limb skin from a chick embryo was cultured in vitro for seven days in a complete medium either supplemented or not with histones. At the end of the incubation period, the chick embryo skin cultured in the absence of histones was found to undergo keratinization, the converse being true for the limbs cultured in the presence of histones. In the latter, when H3-leucine and C14-cystine were added to the medium, a sharp decrease in the labeled amino acid incorporation was found.", "PMID": 94998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1435", "title": "Affinity sensors for individual metabolites.", "content": "Specific metabolite sensors may be constructed for species when a specific binding agent and optically detectable competing assay ligands are available.", "contents": "Affinity sensors for individual metabolites. Specific metabolite sensors may be constructed for species when a specific binding agent and optically detectable competing assay ligands are available.", "PMID": 94999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1436", "title": "[Radioautographic analysis of retinofugal projections in the primitive bony fish Polypterus senegalus C].", "content": "Retinofugal pathways of Polypterus senegalus C. have been examined by means of the radioautographic method. Contralaterally the retina projects to the hypothalamus, thalamus, pretectum and tectum. An important ipsilateral component has been observed. No retinal projection to the mesencephalic tegmentum has been identified. Comparing the primary optic system of Polypterus with that of other body Fish, indicates that this species possesses a combination of characteristics which are both actinopterygian and sarcopterygian. The significance of this mozaic arrangement is discussed.", "contents": "[Radioautographic analysis of retinofugal projections in the primitive bony fish Polypterus senegalus C]. Retinofugal pathways of Polypterus senegalus C. have been examined by means of the radioautographic method. Contralaterally the retina projects to the hypothalamus, thalamus, pretectum and tectum. An important ipsilateral component has been observed. No retinal projection to the mesencephalic tegmentum has been identified. Comparing the primary optic system of Polypterus with that of other body Fish, indicates that this species possesses a combination of characteristics which are both actinopterygian and sarcopterygian. The significance of this mozaic arrangement is discussed.", "PMID": 95000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1437", "title": "Pulsus alternans in regionally hypoxic ventricles of open-chest dogs: regional mechanical alternation of potentiation and attenuation of the inotropic state.", "content": "Sustained mechanical alternation appeared after a spontaneous premature ventricular contraction in 6 open-chest dogs during the perfusion of the left circumflex coronary artery by Krebs-Henseleit solution equilibrated with 5% CO2 and 95% N2. The animals were instrumented with a catheter in the left ventricle and ultrasonic crystals in hypoxic and control segments. Left ventricular systolic pressure was significantly higher in the strong than in the weak beats with no significant difference of end-diastolic lengths in hypoxic and control segments. In hypoxic segments, systolic shortening was significantly larger in strong beats (11.9 +/- 1.9%) as compared with weak beats (5.1 +/- 1.6%) and with control beats preceding the premature ventricular contraction (9.7 +/- 1.6%) but the postextrasystolic beat was larger (17.9 +/- 1.3%). There was no significant change of systolic shortening in control segments during mechanical alternation which appears thus as a regional phenomenon which cannot be explained by the Starling mechanism: instead, alternation is attributed to a change of excitation-contraction coupling after a premature contraction with alternation of potentiation and attenuation of the inotropic state.", "contents": "Pulsus alternans in regionally hypoxic ventricles of open-chest dogs: regional mechanical alternation of potentiation and attenuation of the inotropic state. Sustained mechanical alternation appeared after a spontaneous premature ventricular contraction in 6 open-chest dogs during the perfusion of the left circumflex coronary artery by Krebs-Henseleit solution equilibrated with 5% CO2 and 95% N2. The animals were instrumented with a catheter in the left ventricle and ultrasonic crystals in hypoxic and control segments. Left ventricular systolic pressure was significantly higher in the strong than in the weak beats with no significant difference of end-diastolic lengths in hypoxic and control segments. In hypoxic segments, systolic shortening was significantly larger in strong beats (11.9 +/- 1.9%) as compared with weak beats (5.1 +/- 1.6%) and with control beats preceding the premature ventricular contraction (9.7 +/- 1.6%) but the postextrasystolic beat was larger (17.9 +/- 1.3%). There was no significant change of systolic shortening in control segments during mechanical alternation which appears thus as a regional phenomenon which cannot be explained by the Starling mechanism: instead, alternation is attributed to a change of excitation-contraction coupling after a premature contraction with alternation of potentiation and attenuation of the inotropic state.", "PMID": 94997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1438", "title": "[Fixation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by alpha fetoprotein and serum albumin in rats. Comparison with the accumulation of these acids in developing rat brain].", "content": "Quantitative data are presented on the fatty acid composition of rat alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and serum albumin, (SA), and of brain extracts of suckling rats. In AFP and SA preparations, 40% and 13%, respectively, of total fatty acids present are polyenoic acids. Among them, docosahexaenoic acid is quantitatively the most important in AFP, while in SA, arachidonic acid is largely predominant. Both docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids were the predominant polyenoic acids in brain extracts. The rate of accumulation of these acids in the brain of suckling rats and the rate of AFP secretion during the same period showed a maximum around 10--12 days after birth. These results suggest that AFP and SA play an important role in the transport and the incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the developing brain.", "contents": "[Fixation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by alpha fetoprotein and serum albumin in rats. Comparison with the accumulation of these acids in developing rat brain]. Quantitative data are presented on the fatty acid composition of rat alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and serum albumin, (SA), and of brain extracts of suckling rats. In AFP and SA preparations, 40% and 13%, respectively, of total fatty acids present are polyenoic acids. Among them, docosahexaenoic acid is quantitatively the most important in AFP, while in SA, arachidonic acid is largely predominant. Both docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids were the predominant polyenoic acids in brain extracts. The rate of accumulation of these acids in the brain of suckling rats and the rate of AFP secretion during the same period showed a maximum around 10--12 days after birth. These results suggest that AFP and SA play an important role in the transport and the incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the developing brain.", "PMID": 95001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1439", "title": "[Intracellular localization of alpha-fetoprotein and serum albumin in the central nervous system of the rat during fetal and postnatal development].", "content": "The morphological localisation of alphafetoprotein (AFP), serumalbumin (SA), transferrin and immunoglobulins (IgG) has been studied in the developing central nervous system of the Rat by immunocytochemical methods. Evidence is presented of a highly selective staining for AFP and SA, both proteins exhibiting the same topographical distribution. Practically all the areas of the brain and the spinal cord are stained at a given moment of the developmental process. The labeling is cytoplasmic and in the neuronal elements extends to their axonic and dendritic prolongations. The localization of AFP and SA in the nervous system may be related to the well known binding properties of these proteins for varied substances (estrogen and/or fatty acids). The morphological data presented here suggest that both proteins may be actively involved in the uptake of such substances by the cellular structures of the nervous tissue.", "contents": "[Intracellular localization of alpha-fetoprotein and serum albumin in the central nervous system of the rat during fetal and postnatal development]. The morphological localisation of alphafetoprotein (AFP), serumalbumin (SA), transferrin and immunoglobulins (IgG) has been studied in the developing central nervous system of the Rat by immunocytochemical methods. Evidence is presented of a highly selective staining for AFP and SA, both proteins exhibiting the same topographical distribution. Practically all the areas of the brain and the spinal cord are stained at a given moment of the developmental process. The labeling is cytoplasmic and in the neuronal elements extends to their axonic and dendritic prolongations. The localization of AFP and SA in the nervous system may be related to the well known binding properties of these proteins for varied substances (estrogen and/or fatty acids). The morphological data presented here suggest that both proteins may be actively involved in the uptake of such substances by the cellular structures of the nervous tissue.", "PMID": 95002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1440", "title": "Localisation of lesions in aphasia: clinical-CT scan correlations in stroke patients.", "content": "Ninety right-handed patients with present or past evidence of aphasia following a stroke were given a standard language battery and a CT scan examination. Presence and type of aphasia were correlated with the location and extent of the CT scan lesion. Most of the findings were compatible with the traditional views about the localisation of lesions in aphasia (e.g., anterior lesions in nonfluent aphasias with good comprehension, posterior lesions in fluent aphasia, etc.). The possible explanations for some unexpected findings (e.g., purely anterior lesions in global aphasia, or purely deep lesions in Broca's aphasia) are discussed. It is stressed that in establishing clinico-CT scan correlation, careful consideration must be given to the fact that both aphasia and the underlying lesion evolve with time.", "contents": "Localisation of lesions in aphasia: clinical-CT scan correlations in stroke patients. Ninety right-handed patients with present or past evidence of aphasia following a stroke were given a standard language battery and a CT scan examination. Presence and type of aphasia were correlated with the location and extent of the CT scan lesion. Most of the findings were compatible with the traditional views about the localisation of lesions in aphasia (e.g., anterior lesions in nonfluent aphasias with good comprehension, posterior lesions in fluent aphasia, etc.). The possible explanations for some unexpected findings (e.g., purely anterior lesions in global aphasia, or purely deep lesions in Broca's aphasia) are discussed. It is stressed that in establishing clinico-CT scan correlation, careful consideration must be given to the fact that both aphasia and the underlying lesion evolve with time.", "PMID": 95004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1441", "title": "[Use of antidepressants: pharmacokinetic basis (author's transl)].", "content": "It is evident from a number of studies that \"antidepressants\" may be effective in the treatment of various depressive disorders, but also that failures are quite common. The reasons are manifold, but an important source of variation is the pharmacokinetics of these drugs. An adequate concentration of the drug at the cerebral receptors is a reasonable prerequisite for success. This concentration is likely to be reflected by the plasma level of the drug that may display great variations in different individuals receiving the same dosage, mainly due to variations in drug metabolism. The metabolism of the drug depends both on genetic factors and on induction by other drugs such as barbiturates. Whereas most side effects have a fairly simple, linear relation to the blood level, this does not hold true for all drugs as regards their therapeutic effect. Nortriptyline and possibly also mianserin show a curvilinear relation between level and therapeutic outcome. The effect is optimal within a certain concentration range, worse with both lower and with higher concentration. Monitoring treatment by means of measuring blood concentration may thus be desirable in certain situations. -With dimethylated drugs the effects may be complicated if the drug itself and some metabolite act on different transmittor systems. This holds true for, e.g., chlorimipramine and zimelidine. However, the clinical implications are still obscure.", "contents": "[Use of antidepressants: pharmacokinetic basis (author's transl)]. It is evident from a number of studies that \"antidepressants\" may be effective in the treatment of various depressive disorders, but also that failures are quite common. The reasons are manifold, but an important source of variation is the pharmacokinetics of these drugs. An adequate concentration of the drug at the cerebral receptors is a reasonable prerequisite for success. This concentration is likely to be reflected by the plasma level of the drug that may display great variations in different individuals receiving the same dosage, mainly due to variations in drug metabolism. The metabolism of the drug depends both on genetic factors and on induction by other drugs such as barbiturates. Whereas most side effects have a fairly simple, linear relation to the blood level, this does not hold true for all drugs as regards their therapeutic effect. Nortriptyline and possibly also mianserin show a curvilinear relation between level and therapeutic outcome. The effect is optimal within a certain concentration range, worse with both lower and with higher concentration. Monitoring treatment by means of measuring blood concentration may thus be desirable in certain situations. -With dimethylated drugs the effects may be complicated if the drug itself and some metabolite act on different transmittor systems. This holds true for, e.g., chlorimipramine and zimelidine. However, the clinical implications are still obscure.", "PMID": 95008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1442", "title": "[Indoleamine precursors in depression (author's transl)].", "content": "Tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan have now been extensively investigated in affective disorders. There is now very good evidence that tryptophan increases the antidepressant activity of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The antidepressant activity of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan has also been the subject of numerous investigations. There is evidence that patients with decreased cerebrospinal fluid concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid respond particularly favourably to this treatment. The therapeutic activity of tryptophan has led to the investigation of the plasma concentration of tryptophan. Free plasma tryptophan, that is tryptophan unbound to plasma protein, appears decreased. There is also evidence that tryptophan and 5-HT transported are abnormal in depression.", "contents": "[Indoleamine precursors in depression (author's transl)]. Tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan have now been extensively investigated in affective disorders. There is now very good evidence that tryptophan increases the antidepressant activity of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The antidepressant activity of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan has also been the subject of numerous investigations. There is evidence that patients with decreased cerebrospinal fluid concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid respond particularly favourably to this treatment. The therapeutic activity of tryptophan has led to the investigation of the plasma concentration of tryptophan. Free plasma tryptophan, that is tryptophan unbound to plasma protein, appears decreased. There is also evidence that tryptophan and 5-HT transported are abnormal in depression.", "PMID": 95009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1443", "title": "[Respective position of antidepressants in therapeutics (author's transl)].", "content": "The author points out the heterogeneity of depressions and antidepressants. He stresses the need of finding predictive indicators of antidepressant activity. Genetic, \"demographic\", biological, biochemical and pharmacokinetic factors can help to guide antidepressant's prescription. Urinary MHPG dosage seems to be one of the most interesting in this field.", "contents": "[Respective position of antidepressants in therapeutics (author's transl)]. The author points out the heterogeneity of depressions and antidepressants. He stresses the need of finding predictive indicators of antidepressant activity. Genetic, \"demographic\", biological, biochemical and pharmacokinetic factors can help to guide antidepressant's prescription. Urinary MHPG dosage seems to be one of the most interesting in this field.", "PMID": 95010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1444", "title": "Purification of mouse interferon by sequential chromatography.", "content": "Two schemes for the purification of mouse interferon are described, based on the concerted application of various physicochemical and affinity/adsorption column chromatographic techniques. Mouse interferon was purified to a final specific activity of 1.0--8.0 x 10(8) units/mg when first precipitated with ammonium sulphate and further processed by hydrophobic chromatography and adsorption chromatography on AFFI-Gel 202 and Controlled Pore Glass. It was purified to a final specific activity of 2.5--3.7 x 10(8) units/mg when first precipitated with ammonium sulphate and further processed by gel filtration with Ultrogel AcA 54, ion-exchange chromatography with Carboxymethyl Boi-Gel Agarose, hydrophobic chromatography with AFFI-Gel 202 and adsorption chromatography with Controlled Pore Glass.", "contents": "Purification of mouse interferon by sequential chromatography. Two schemes for the purification of mouse interferon are described, based on the concerted application of various physicochemical and affinity/adsorption column chromatographic techniques. Mouse interferon was purified to a final specific activity of 1.0--8.0 x 10(8) units/mg when first precipitated with ammonium sulphate and further processed by hydrophobic chromatography and adsorption chromatography on AFFI-Gel 202 and Controlled Pore Glass. It was purified to a final specific activity of 2.5--3.7 x 10(8) units/mg when first precipitated with ammonium sulphate and further processed by gel filtration with Ultrogel AcA 54, ion-exchange chromatography with Carboxymethyl Boi-Gel Agarose, hydrophobic chromatography with AFFI-Gel 202 and adsorption chromatography with Controlled Pore Glass.", "PMID": 95020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1445", "title": "The assembly of lipid-linked oligosaccharides in plant and animal membranes.", "content": "Membrane preparations from growing regions of pea stems and actively-dividing mouse L-cells form lipid-linked saccharides from GDP-mannose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. These lipids have properties which are consistent with those of mono- and di-phosphoryl polyisoprenyl derivatives. In experiments using plant membranes, the monophosphoryl derivative labeled with GDP-(14C) mannose contains mannose only, while the diphosphoryl derivative labeled with the same nucleotide sugar is heterogeneous, containing oligosaccharides corresponding to mannosaccharides of 5, 7, and 9--12 residues. Only the diphosphoryl polyisoprenyl derivatives are labeled with UDP-(14C)glucosamine and these contain predominantly chitobiose and N-acetylglucosamine itself. Unlabeled GDP-mannose added after UDP-N-acetyl-(14C)glucosamine results in the formation of higher lipid-linked oligosaccharides which are apparently the same as those which are labeled with GDP-(14C)mannose alone. Incubation of the membranes with GDP-(14C)mannose in the presence of Mn2+, unlabeled UDP-glucose or unlabeled UDP-N-acetylglucosamine results in marked changes in the accumulation of both the polyisoprenyl monophosphoryl mannose and polyisoprenyl diphosphoryl oligosaccharides. Animal cell membranes synthesise lipid-linked oligosaccharides when incubated with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and GDP-mannose. These oligosaccharides are similar in size to those synthesised by the plant membranes but their formation is more efficient. The potential roles of these compounds in glycoprotein biosynthesis in both plant and animal tissues is discussed.", "contents": "The assembly of lipid-linked oligosaccharides in plant and animal membranes. Membrane preparations from growing regions of pea stems and actively-dividing mouse L-cells form lipid-linked saccharides from GDP-mannose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. These lipids have properties which are consistent with those of mono- and di-phosphoryl polyisoprenyl derivatives. In experiments using plant membranes, the monophosphoryl derivative labeled with GDP-(14C) mannose contains mannose only, while the diphosphoryl derivative labeled with the same nucleotide sugar is heterogeneous, containing oligosaccharides corresponding to mannosaccharides of 5, 7, and 9--12 residues. Only the diphosphoryl polyisoprenyl derivatives are labeled with UDP-(14C)glucosamine and these contain predominantly chitobiose and N-acetylglucosamine itself. Unlabeled GDP-mannose added after UDP-N-acetyl-(14C)glucosamine results in the formation of higher lipid-linked oligosaccharides which are apparently the same as those which are labeled with GDP-(14C)mannose alone. Incubation of the membranes with GDP-(14C)mannose in the presence of Mn2+, unlabeled UDP-glucose or unlabeled UDP-N-acetylglucosamine results in marked changes in the accumulation of both the polyisoprenyl monophosphoryl mannose and polyisoprenyl diphosphoryl oligosaccharides. Animal cell membranes synthesise lipid-linked oligosaccharides when incubated with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and GDP-mannose. These oligosaccharides are similar in size to those synthesised by the plant membranes but their formation is more efficient. The potential roles of these compounds in glycoprotein biosynthesis in both plant and animal tissues is discussed.", "PMID": 95024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1446", "title": "Fibronectin associated with the glial component of embryonic brain cell cultures.", "content": "In the basic approach to investigations of neuronal--glial interactions during both normal brain development and its pathogenesis, embryonic brain cell populations were fractionated into purified neuronal and glial components. Using separation procedures based on differential adhesion and cytotoxicity, the isolated neuronal and glial phenotypes could be identified by distinct morphological and biochemical characteristics, including the visualization of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFA) within glial cells in immunohistochemical assays with monospecific anti-GFA serum. When unfractionated cerebrum cells dissociated from 10-day chick or 14-day mouse embryos were plated as monolayers and cultured for 1--14 days, monospecific antiserum against fibronectin (LETS glycoprotein) was found to react with many, but not all, of the cells as revealed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. The isolated neuronal and glial components of these populations were used to determine whether the appearance of membrane-associated fibronectin was characteristic of one cell type or the other, or both, and if neuronal--glial cell interaction was required for its expression. It was found that the surfaces of glial cells, completely isolated from neurons, showed an intense fluorescent reaction to the anti-fibronectin serum. In contrast, the purified neuronal cultures showed no fluorescence with either the anti-GFA or anti-fibronectin sera. These results demonstrate fibronectin as a cell surface protein associated primarily with glial cells and independent of neuronal--glial cell interaction for its expression. Furthermore, the results indicate that the fibronectin observed on glial cell surfaces in these cultures is produced endogenously and is not due to the preferential binding of fibronectin present in the culture medium. The role of fibronectin as an adhesive molecule in neuronal--glial interactions is discussed.", "contents": "Fibronectin associated with the glial component of embryonic brain cell cultures. In the basic approach to investigations of neuronal--glial interactions during both normal brain development and its pathogenesis, embryonic brain cell populations were fractionated into purified neuronal and glial components. Using separation procedures based on differential adhesion and cytotoxicity, the isolated neuronal and glial phenotypes could be identified by distinct morphological and biochemical characteristics, including the visualization of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFA) within glial cells in immunohistochemical assays with monospecific anti-GFA serum. When unfractionated cerebrum cells dissociated from 10-day chick or 14-day mouse embryos were plated as monolayers and cultured for 1--14 days, monospecific antiserum against fibronectin (LETS glycoprotein) was found to react with many, but not all, of the cells as revealed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. The isolated neuronal and glial components of these populations were used to determine whether the appearance of membrane-associated fibronectin was characteristic of one cell type or the other, or both, and if neuronal--glial cell interaction was required for its expression. It was found that the surfaces of glial cells, completely isolated from neurons, showed an intense fluorescent reaction to the anti-fibronectin serum. In contrast, the purified neuronal cultures showed no fluorescence with either the anti-GFA or anti-fibronectin sera. These results demonstrate fibronectin as a cell surface protein associated primarily with glial cells and independent of neuronal--glial cell interaction for its expression. Furthermore, the results indicate that the fibronectin observed on glial cell surfaces in these cultures is produced endogenously and is not due to the preferential binding of fibronectin present in the culture medium. The role of fibronectin as an adhesive molecule in neuronal--glial interactions is discussed.", "PMID": 95025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1447", "title": "Infrequency of retinal neovascularization following central retinal vein occlusion attributed to endothelial death.", "content": "48 patients with central retinal vein occlusion by clinical diagnosis and 10 eyes by histopathological documentation were studied and reviewed. Only 1 eye developed retinal neovascularization. Rubeosis iridis occurs in 14% of clinical cases and all of histopathologic cases. 10 long-standing neovascular glaucoma enucleated eyes following central retinal vein occlusion show absence of retinal endothelial cells. The absence of retinal capillary endothelial cells seems to be significant in explaining the rare occurrence of retinal neovascularization following central retinal vein occlusion. However, the small number sampling may reflect a biased result. Further prospective studies with more cases and time observation are required to draw the final conclusion.", "contents": "Infrequency of retinal neovascularization following central retinal vein occlusion attributed to endothelial death. 48 patients with central retinal vein occlusion by clinical diagnosis and 10 eyes by histopathological documentation were studied and reviewed. Only 1 eye developed retinal neovascularization. Rubeosis iridis occurs in 14% of clinical cases and all of histopathologic cases. 10 long-standing neovascular glaucoma enucleated eyes following central retinal vein occlusion show absence of retinal endothelial cells. The absence of retinal capillary endothelial cells seems to be significant in explaining the rare occurrence of retinal neovascularization following central retinal vein occlusion. However, the small number sampling may reflect a biased result. Further prospective studies with more cases and time observation are required to draw the final conclusion.", "PMID": 95027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1448", "title": "[Differences in permeability for FITC-dextrane in cornea neovascularisation (author's transl)].", "content": "3 weeks after NaOH cauterization of rat corneas, the newly formed vessels were angiographically investigated by means of FITC dextran fractions. An angiographic picture similar to that of fluorescein Na was observed after intravenous administration of FD 3. A minimum diffusion of FD 40 could only be detected in the area of the distal terminal loops of the newly formed corneal vessels. FD 70 and FS 150 shoed an angiographically similar behaviour with no diffusion in the whole area of neovascularization.", "contents": "[Differences in permeability for FITC-dextrane in cornea neovascularisation (author's transl)]. 3 weeks after NaOH cauterization of rat corneas, the newly formed vessels were angiographically investigated by means of FITC dextran fractions. An angiographic picture similar to that of fluorescein Na was observed after intravenous administration of FD 3. A minimum diffusion of FD 40 could only be detected in the area of the distal terminal loops of the newly formed corneal vessels. FD 70 and FS 150 shoed an angiographically similar behaviour with no diffusion in the whole area of neovascularization.", "PMID": 95039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1449", "title": "Electronic image analysis in retinal fluoroangiography. With 1 colour plate.", "content": "The authors describe an original method of fluororetinographic densitometry based on electronic image analysis. They suggest practical applications of this method and report morphologic and quantitative results of their preliminary study.", "contents": "Electronic image analysis in retinal fluoroangiography. With 1 colour plate. The authors describe an original method of fluororetinographic densitometry based on electronic image analysis. They suggest practical applications of this method and report morphologic and quantitative results of their preliminary study.", "PMID": 95040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1450", "title": "[So-called refractory hypoxemia: treatment with acexamic acid].", "content": "Acexamic acid is currently used to avoid pulmonary fibrosis in patients treated with bleomycim. It seems to be equally effective to prevent pulmonary fibrosis in adult respiratory distress syndrome. The complications of this therapy are hypercalcemia and hypernatremia.", "contents": "[So-called refractory hypoxemia: treatment with acexamic acid]. Acexamic acid is currently used to avoid pulmonary fibrosis in patients treated with bleomycim. It seems to be equally effective to prevent pulmonary fibrosis in adult respiratory distress syndrome. The complications of this therapy are hypercalcemia and hypernatremia.", "PMID": 95046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1451", "title": "Foetal liver transplant in Fabry's disease.", "content": "Two patients, 33 and 26 years old, presented with Fabry's disease and minimal renal involvement. They were treated with a transplant of foetal liver cells exhibiting normal enzymatic activities, after plasma transfusions and symptomatic therapies had proved ineffective. In the first patient, objective and subjective clinical symptoms were significantly improved: sweating appeared, cutaneous lesions seemed slightly decreased and pains disappeared. In the second patient, pains were also seemingly decreased. The mechanism which may be held responsible for improvement of our patients, as of recipients of a kidney transplant, is not completely elucidated. The cells, rather than steroids or azathioprine, seemed to be responsible for the improvement.", "contents": "Foetal liver transplant in Fabry's disease. Two patients, 33 and 26 years old, presented with Fabry's disease and minimal renal involvement. They were treated with a transplant of foetal liver cells exhibiting normal enzymatic activities, after plasma transfusions and symptomatic therapies had proved ineffective. In the first patient, objective and subjective clinical symptoms were significantly improved: sweating appeared, cutaneous lesions seemed slightly decreased and pains disappeared. In the second patient, pains were also seemingly decreased. The mechanism which may be held responsible for improvement of our patients, as of recipients of a kidney transplant, is not completely elucidated. The cells, rather than steroids or azathioprine, seemed to be responsible for the improvement.", "PMID": 95047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1452", "title": "Human gamma globulin enhances the survival of renal allografts.", "content": "Ninety seven transplant recipients participated in a controlled, clinical trial measuring the graft-enhancing property of a human gamma globulin preparation. The latter was prepared from the blood of pregnant women (RPGG) and contained antibodies with specificities for HLA locus products. Data analysis indicated that RPGG treated recipients had enhanced survival rates of their grafts if they had received one or more blood transfusions prior to transplantation.", "contents": "Human gamma globulin enhances the survival of renal allografts. Ninety seven transplant recipients participated in a controlled, clinical trial measuring the graft-enhancing property of a human gamma globulin preparation. The latter was prepared from the blood of pregnant women (RPGG) and contained antibodies with specificities for HLA locus products. Data analysis indicated that RPGG treated recipients had enhanced survival rates of their grafts if they had received one or more blood transfusions prior to transplantation.", "PMID": 95048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1453", "title": "Low molecular weight proteins as urinary markers of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in man.", "content": "The proteinuria of fifteen patients treated with just aminoglycoside or aminoglycoside and either penicillin or cephalosporin was studied. The proteinuria was analysed by means of immunoelectrophoresis, acetate cellulose electrophoresis, thin-layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecylsulphate acrylamide gel electrophoresis. We observed a urinary excretion of free immunoglobulin light chains and an increased urinary excretion of lysozyme in all cases. The increase in urinary excretion of beta-2-microglobulin and retinol-binding-protein appeared only in patients treated with aminoglycoside and cephalosporin. These disturbances disappeared a few days after the treatment was discontinued.", "contents": "Low molecular weight proteins as urinary markers of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in man. The proteinuria of fifteen patients treated with just aminoglycoside or aminoglycoside and either penicillin or cephalosporin was studied. The proteinuria was analysed by means of immunoelectrophoresis, acetate cellulose electrophoresis, thin-layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecylsulphate acrylamide gel electrophoresis. We observed a urinary excretion of free immunoglobulin light chains and an increased urinary excretion of lysozyme in all cases. The increase in urinary excretion of beta-2-microglobulin and retinol-binding-protein appeared only in patients treated with aminoglycoside and cephalosporin. These disturbances disappeared a few days after the treatment was discontinued.", "PMID": 95049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1454", "title": "Amplification of template capacity of mammalian DNA following extraction of low molecular weight peptides.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to evaluate the physical and functional modifications of DNA from several mammalian tissues following alkaline extraction (pH 9.5). The results indicate that such extraction provokes removal of firmly bound low molecular weight non-histone peptides involved in a general mechanism regulating the template capacity of DNA.", "contents": "Amplification of template capacity of mammalian DNA following extraction of low molecular weight peptides. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the physical and functional modifications of DNA from several mammalian tissues following alkaline extraction (pH 9.5). The results indicate that such extraction provokes removal of firmly bound low molecular weight non-histone peptides involved in a general mechanism regulating the template capacity of DNA.", "PMID": 95050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1455", "title": "[Cutaneous reactions to thiacetazone (TB1) (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve cases of cutaneous reactions to TB1 (Thiacetazone associated with isoniazid) occurring on tuberculous black patients are reported: 8 of them are severe reactions (one Lyell's syndrome with fatal outcome). The different patterns of cutaneous side effects of Thiacetazone are reviewed.", "contents": "[Cutaneous reactions to thiacetazone (TB1) (author's transl)]. Twelve cases of cutaneous reactions to TB1 (Thiacetazone associated with isoniazid) occurring on tuberculous black patients are reported: 8 of them are severe reactions (one Lyell's syndrome with fatal outcome). The different patterns of cutaneous side effects of Thiacetazone are reviewed.", "PMID": 95055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1456", "title": "Treatment of severe herpes keratitis with cryosurgery and immunotherapy.", "content": "The contrasting type of lesion produced in the first eye of non-immune and the second eye of the then immune rabbits using herpes simplex Type I virus is demonstrated. Cryosurgery may make the first eye worse but the second eye is healed. A large percentage of second eyes heal spontaneously, however, as circulating antibody titres are high. Artefacts may be mistaken for lesions in the immune eye but superficial viral growth has a characteristic plaque-like appearance. One hundred eyes with recurrent superficial, recurrent superficial stromal, disciform deep stomal, and metaherpes treated with cryosurgery and immunotherapy are discussed. An immediate cure was obtained in all cases. Seven cases recurred over the 10-year period studied, but these were all successfully re-treated. Corneal grafts were performed in twelve cases with failure in only one case.", "contents": "Treatment of severe herpes keratitis with cryosurgery and immunotherapy. The contrasting type of lesion produced in the first eye of non-immune and the second eye of the then immune rabbits using herpes simplex Type I virus is demonstrated. Cryosurgery may make the first eye worse but the second eye is healed. A large percentage of second eyes heal spontaneously, however, as circulating antibody titres are high. Artefacts may be mistaken for lesions in the immune eye but superficial viral growth has a characteristic plaque-like appearance. One hundred eyes with recurrent superficial, recurrent superficial stromal, disciform deep stomal, and metaherpes treated with cryosurgery and immunotherapy are discussed. An immediate cure was obtained in all cases. Seven cases recurred over the 10-year period studied, but these were all successfully re-treated. Corneal grafts were performed in twelve cases with failure in only one case.", "PMID": 95060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1457", "title": "Fundus changes in sarcoidosis. Review of 33 patients with histological confirmation.", "content": "A series of 33 patients with histological evidence of sarcoidosis and a retinopathy is reviewed. The fundus can be involved in the absence of anterior uveitis and involvement may be grossly asymmetrical. The most common lesion was a retinal periphlebitis which can progress to occlusion and neovascularization at the same site or at the optic disc. Focal chorio-retinal changes frequently occur, usually without serious visual loss. Central retinal vein or large branch vein occlusions did not occur and the disease appears primarily to affect the smaller retinal veins.", "contents": "Fundus changes in sarcoidosis. Review of 33 patients with histological confirmation. A series of 33 patients with histological evidence of sarcoidosis and a retinopathy is reviewed. The fundus can be involved in the absence of anterior uveitis and involvement may be grossly asymmetrical. The most common lesion was a retinal periphlebitis which can progress to occlusion and neovascularization at the same site or at the optic disc. Focal chorio-retinal changes frequently occur, usually without serious visual loss. Central retinal vein or large branch vein occlusions did not occur and the disease appears primarily to affect the smaller retinal veins.", "PMID": 95061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1458", "title": "Familial exudative vitreo-retinopathy.", "content": "Two brothers aged 18 and 14 years showing the features of familial exudative vitreo-retinopathy are described and the treatment of the condition discussed. Two of their cousins aged 9 and 7 1/2 years who showed the presence of congenital retinal folds are also described, and a possible link between the two conditions is postulated. The differential diagnosis is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Familial exudative vitreo-retinopathy. Two brothers aged 18 and 14 years showing the features of familial exudative vitreo-retinopathy are described and the treatment of the condition discussed. Two of their cousins aged 9 and 7 1/2 years who showed the presence of congenital retinal folds are also described, and a possible link between the two conditions is postulated. The differential diagnosis is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 95062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1459", "title": "Common heat stable protective antigen in gonococci.", "content": "1. Gonococci possess a common heat stable antigen that is not identical to endotoxin. 2. A model of gonococcal peritonitis is described that simulates human disease in its progression from local to disseminated infection and its milieu of mucin and hemoglobin. 3. Vaccination with the heat stable antigen protected against disseminated infection and raised the LD50s from 100 to 1000-fold. 4. Vaccination with antigen from one strain of gonococci conferred protection against heterologous infection. 5. This protection did not require pili antigens or bactericidal antibody. 6. Protection in vaccinated mice resulted from a rapid, intense, and chemotactically-mediated influx of PMNs that eradicates the local infection.", "contents": "Common heat stable protective antigen in gonococci. 1. Gonococci possess a common heat stable antigen that is not identical to endotoxin. 2. A model of gonococcal peritonitis is described that simulates human disease in its progression from local to disseminated infection and its milieu of mucin and hemoglobin. 3. Vaccination with the heat stable antigen protected against disseminated infection and raised the LD50s from 100 to 1000-fold. 4. Vaccination with antigen from one strain of gonococci conferred protection against heterologous infection. 5. This protection did not require pili antigens or bactericidal antibody. 6. Protection in vaccinated mice resulted from a rapid, intense, and chemotactically-mediated influx of PMNs that eradicates the local infection.", "PMID": 95067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1460", "title": "[Comparative studies of total milk protein and protein fractions in various forms of bovine mastitis].", "content": "The content of total protein was assessed in 112 milk samples and of protein fractions--in 106 samples taken from cows suffering from clinical mastitis, subclinical mastitis, secretory disturbances, latent infection, and normal milk. Total protein increased along with the rise of cell content. It increased considerably also in the secretion of cows suffering from clinical mastitis, but the rise in the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis, secretory mastitis and laten infection was insignificant. In all mastitis forms the content of serum albumins and gamma-globulin rose significantly, while alpha-lactoalbumins and beta-lactoglobulin were reduced. These changes in the protein fractions of milk can be used with certainty in the diagnosis of all forms of mastitis.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of total milk protein and protein fractions in various forms of bovine mastitis]. The content of total protein was assessed in 112 milk samples and of protein fractions--in 106 samples taken from cows suffering from clinical mastitis, subclinical mastitis, secretory disturbances, latent infection, and normal milk. Total protein increased along with the rise of cell content. It increased considerably also in the secretion of cows suffering from clinical mastitis, but the rise in the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis, secretory mastitis and laten infection was insignificant. In all mastitis forms the content of serum albumins and gamma-globulin rose significantly, while alpha-lactoalbumins and beta-lactoglobulin were reduced. These changes in the protein fractions of milk can be used with certainty in the diagnosis of all forms of mastitis.", "PMID": 95069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1461", "title": "Acute toxicity of organophosphorus and organochlorine insecticides in laboratory animals.", "content": "The influence of acute poisoning with Dursban (O.P.I.) and D.D.T. (O.cl.I.) on serum enzymes and histopathological examination of the liver, kidney and testes was investigated in albino rats. Two repeated i.p. injections of Dursban in a dose of half the LD 50 resulted in a significant increase in serum GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatase activity and a decrease of cholinesterase. In case of DDT, two doses of 150 mg/kg orally resulted in a significant increase in the activity of serum GPT only, while three doses increased serum GOT and GPT. No significant change was observed in serum alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase activity. Regarding the pathological examination it was found that in animals treated with Dursban there was liver necrosis of mid-zonal type and fatty change at the periphery. In case of DDT the liver cells lost their radial arrangements and showed fatty change. There was cellular infiltration in the centre, mostly mononucleolar cells. In both insecticides there was necrosis of some of the seminiferous tubules of the testes and cloudy swelling of the convoluted tubules of the kidney. Histochemical study of the liver in animals treated with Dursban showed that glycogen was deposited at one side of the cell. However, there was depletion of glycogen around the central vein. In liver treated with DDT there were large globules of fat inside the liver cells, indicating increased fat content compared to control liver, where there were tiny minute droplets of fat.", "contents": "Acute toxicity of organophosphorus and organochlorine insecticides in laboratory animals. The influence of acute poisoning with Dursban (O.P.I.) and D.D.T. (O.cl.I.) on serum enzymes and histopathological examination of the liver, kidney and testes was investigated in albino rats. Two repeated i.p. injections of Dursban in a dose of half the LD 50 resulted in a significant increase in serum GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatase activity and a decrease of cholinesterase. In case of DDT, two doses of 150 mg/kg orally resulted in a significant increase in the activity of serum GPT only, while three doses increased serum GOT and GPT. No significant change was observed in serum alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase activity. Regarding the pathological examination it was found that in animals treated with Dursban there was liver necrosis of mid-zonal type and fatty change at the periphery. In case of DDT the liver cells lost their radial arrangements and showed fatty change. There was cellular infiltration in the centre, mostly mononucleolar cells. In both insecticides there was necrosis of some of the seminiferous tubules of the testes and cloudy swelling of the convoluted tubules of the kidney. Histochemical study of the liver in animals treated with Dursban showed that glycogen was deposited at one side of the cell. However, there was depletion of glycogen around the central vein. In liver treated with DDT there were large globules of fat inside the liver cells, indicating increased fat content compared to control liver, where there were tiny minute droplets of fat.", "PMID": 95070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1462", "title": "[Dangers of rapid digitalization].", "content": "On the patients with moderate and severe heart insufficiency haemodynamic, clinical and electrocardiographic examinations were carried out. After the application of digitoxin at the beginning in the majority of cases no favourable effects on clinical and haemodynamic findings could be proved. In 2 patients with cor pulmonale even a drastic deterioration with increase of the pulmonary pressure and formation of a pulmonary oedema developed. The temporary analysis of the systole and the estimation of the glycoside level did not give any reliable references. The recompensation began only after 2-3 days. In 5 out of 10 patients in whom the cardiac rhythm was continuously controlled by means of a tape storage device, after the application of digoxin ventricular extrasystoles appeared. Also in these cases increased as well as subtherapeutic digoxin-plasma levels were present. In 2 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy the infundibular gradients were considerably increased by strophantin. The causes of the different reaction patters are to be sought in disease-specific peculiarities, in the degree of severity of the heart insufficiency, in the speed of the flooding of glycoside and several extracardiac factors.", "contents": "[Dangers of rapid digitalization]. On the patients with moderate and severe heart insufficiency haemodynamic, clinical and electrocardiographic examinations were carried out. After the application of digitoxin at the beginning in the majority of cases no favourable effects on clinical and haemodynamic findings could be proved. In 2 patients with cor pulmonale even a drastic deterioration with increase of the pulmonary pressure and formation of a pulmonary oedema developed. The temporary analysis of the systole and the estimation of the glycoside level did not give any reliable references. The recompensation began only after 2-3 days. In 5 out of 10 patients in whom the cardiac rhythm was continuously controlled by means of a tape storage device, after the application of digoxin ventricular extrasystoles appeared. Also in these cases increased as well as subtherapeutic digoxin-plasma levels were present. In 2 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy the infundibular gradients were considerably increased by strophantin. The causes of the different reaction patters are to be sought in disease-specific peculiarities, in the degree of severity of the heart insufficiency, in the speed of the flooding of glycoside and several extracardiac factors.", "PMID": 95071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1463", "title": "Activity of pectinases, amylases, and saccharase in Pythium spp.", "content": "The activity of pectine-lyase, polygalacturonase, pectine-methyl-esterase, amylase, and saccharase in Pythium ultimum, Pythium oligandrum, and Pythium debaryanum was determined. Cultures of fungi were cultivated under different temperatures and pH-values within 24 hours and 15 days. The optimum temperature for production of the mentioned enzymes was found to be 24 degrees C. Furthermore, the influence of pH and age of culture on activity of enzyme was investigated. The same trend was found in all the fungus species examined.", "contents": "Activity of pectinases, amylases, and saccharase in Pythium spp. The activity of pectine-lyase, polygalacturonase, pectine-methyl-esterase, amylase, and saccharase in Pythium ultimum, Pythium oligandrum, and Pythium debaryanum was determined. Cultures of fungi were cultivated under different temperatures and pH-values within 24 hours and 15 days. The optimum temperature for production of the mentioned enzymes was found to be 24 degrees C. Furthermore, the influence of pH and age of culture on activity of enzyme was investigated. The same trend was found in all the fungus species examined.", "PMID": 95072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1464", "title": "[Hydroxyethyl starch--a new interesting colloidal plasma volume expander. Anaphylactoid reactions (author's transl)].", "content": "Laboratory and clinical experience shows that after i.v. infusion of colloidal plasma volume expanders not only the wanted effect but unwanted side effects are to be expected as well. Besides Dextran and Gelatine, Hydroxyethyl starch is increasingly used. The author deals especially with possible anaphylactoid reactions after application of this new volume expander.", "contents": "[Hydroxyethyl starch--a new interesting colloidal plasma volume expander. Anaphylactoid reactions (author's transl)]. Laboratory and clinical experience shows that after i.v. infusion of colloidal plasma volume expanders not only the wanted effect but unwanted side effects are to be expected as well. Besides Dextran and Gelatine, Hydroxyethyl starch is increasingly used. The author deals especially with possible anaphylactoid reactions after application of this new volume expander.", "PMID": 95073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1465", "title": "[Carcinoma of papilla of Vater and its surgical treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Partial pancreato-duodenectomy is in our opinion the method of choice. Mortality rate 15%; 5-years survival rate 31.5%. The results obtained by resection of Vater's papilla are less favourable: the mean survival time comes only up to less than 50%. Palliative procedures should only be practiced in cases of incurability.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of papilla of Vater and its surgical treatment (author's transl)]. Partial pancreato-duodenectomy is in our opinion the method of choice. Mortality rate 15%; 5-years survival rate 31.5%. The results obtained by resection of Vater's papilla are less favourable: the mean survival time comes only up to less than 50%. Palliative procedures should only be practiced in cases of incurability.", "PMID": 95074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1466", "title": "[On the serology and immunbiology of listeriosis. VII. Communication: Further investigations on the agglutination-immobilization test (author's transl)].", "content": "Factor antisera oriented to different serovars of Listeria moncytogenes, expecially to serovar 7 and Murray grayi (Listeria grayi) were tested. It was found that the agglutination-immobilization test detects antibodies oriented to the H-antigen. By contrast, the growth inhibition test measures antibodies oriented to the O-antigen. Summarizingly, it can be stated that the following three seroreactions, each based on a different mode of action, are available for the determination of antibodies specifically oriented to the somatic or flagellar antigens of L. monocytogenes: 1. Bacterial agglutination reaction for the detection of O and H antibodies 2. The growth-inhibition test for the detection of O antibodies 3. The agglutination-immobilization test for the detection of H antibodies.", "contents": "[On the serology and immunbiology of listeriosis. VII. Communication: Further investigations on the agglutination-immobilization test (author's transl)]. Factor antisera oriented to different serovars of Listeria moncytogenes, expecially to serovar 7 and Murray grayi (Listeria grayi) were tested. It was found that the agglutination-immobilization test detects antibodies oriented to the H-antigen. By contrast, the growth inhibition test measures antibodies oriented to the O-antigen. Summarizingly, it can be stated that the following three seroreactions, each based on a different mode of action, are available for the determination of antibodies specifically oriented to the somatic or flagellar antigens of L. monocytogenes: 1. Bacterial agglutination reaction for the detection of O and H antibodies 2. The growth-inhibition test for the detection of O antibodies 3. The agglutination-immobilization test for the detection of H antibodies.", "PMID": 95075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1467", "title": "[Studies of acid-soluble antigens in several strains of the genus Bacillus for orienting purposes (author's transl)].", "content": "By acid hydrolysis (0.2 n HCl) it was possible to obtain extracts from nonsporulated cells of different strains of 5 species of the genus Bacillus which were composed mainly or solely of species-specific antigens. This was the result of experiments using the immunodiffusion technique after having prepared antisera from rabbits with the aid of HCl extracts. Cross-reacting antibodies were adsorbed easily. The species-specific reacting antisera revealed the existence of group- or strain-specific antigens. Therefore HCl extracts could become helpful in serotyping strains which belong to the taxa of the genus Bacillus.", "contents": "[Studies of acid-soluble antigens in several strains of the genus Bacillus for orienting purposes (author's transl)]. By acid hydrolysis (0.2 n HCl) it was possible to obtain extracts from nonsporulated cells of different strains of 5 species of the genus Bacillus which were composed mainly or solely of species-specific antigens. This was the result of experiments using the immunodiffusion technique after having prepared antisera from rabbits with the aid of HCl extracts. Cross-reacting antibodies were adsorbed easily. The species-specific reacting antisera revealed the existence of group- or strain-specific antigens. Therefore HCl extracts could become helpful in serotyping strains which belong to the taxa of the genus Bacillus.", "PMID": 95076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1468", "title": "Comparison of antigenic properties among various strains of Treponema hyodysenteriae.", "content": "Agglutinin-absorption and precipitin-absorption studies demonstrated that three strains of Treponema hyodysenteriae isolated from cases of swine dysentery were antigenically different from each other and also from a spirochete isolated from a clinically normal dog. Each of the strains of T. hyodysenteriae also possessed two common antigens.", "contents": "Comparison of antigenic properties among various strains of Treponema hyodysenteriae. Agglutinin-absorption and precipitin-absorption studies demonstrated that three strains of Treponema hyodysenteriae isolated from cases of swine dysentery were antigenically different from each other and also from a spirochete isolated from a clinically normal dog. Each of the strains of T. hyodysenteriae also possessed two common antigens.", "PMID": 95077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1469", "title": "The analysis of stain loading tests for the assessment of the liver function.", "content": "Stain loading curves are analysed by discriminant analysis. In this multivariate statistical method, the stain concentrations measured in the blood at defined intervals after injection are regarded as measurement vectors.", "contents": "The analysis of stain loading tests for the assessment of the liver function. Stain loading curves are analysed by discriminant analysis. In this multivariate statistical method, the stain concentrations measured in the blood at defined intervals after injection are regarded as measurement vectors.", "PMID": 95078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1470", "title": "[Specificity of interactions between thymus-dependent lymphocytes and influenza viruses (author's transl)].", "content": "Destruction of influenza virus-infected target cells by cytotoxic, thymus-derived lymphocytes (CTL) and the measurement of this reaction with an 51Cr-release assay is a practicable model for studying the complicated interactions between influenza viruses and T-lymphocytes. There is abundant evidence that T-cell-mediated lysis of influenza virus-infected target cells generally requires the H-2K or H2D region histocompatibility between CTL and target cells. Two general explanation have been proposed to account the requirement of the H-2 compatibility between lymphocytes and virus-infected target cells, the \"altered self\" concept and the \"dual recognition\" hypothesis. The specificity of the cytotoxic response against influenza viruses is dependent on the viral haemaglutinin. A second, cross-reactive subpopulation of CTL recognized furthermore the M protein as the traget antigen. The role of the target cells in determining the specificity of the CTL response is therefore of special importance for the infectivity of the influenza viruses.", "contents": "[Specificity of interactions between thymus-dependent lymphocytes and influenza viruses (author's transl)]. Destruction of influenza virus-infected target cells by cytotoxic, thymus-derived lymphocytes (CTL) and the measurement of this reaction with an 51Cr-release assay is a practicable model for studying the complicated interactions between influenza viruses and T-lymphocytes. There is abundant evidence that T-cell-mediated lysis of influenza virus-infected target cells generally requires the H-2K or H2D region histocompatibility between CTL and target cells. Two general explanation have been proposed to account the requirement of the H-2 compatibility between lymphocytes and virus-infected target cells, the \"altered self\" concept and the \"dual recognition\" hypothesis. The specificity of the cytotoxic response against influenza viruses is dependent on the viral haemaglutinin. A second, cross-reactive subpopulation of CTL recognized furthermore the M protein as the traget antigen. The role of the target cells in determining the specificity of the CTL response is therefore of special importance for the infectivity of the influenza viruses.", "PMID": 95080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1471", "title": "The keraton. A biological unit of the epidermis.", "content": "The term keraton is proposed to denote that specific subpopulation of epidermal cells that matures to form epidermis and horny layer exclusive of other functional units within the epidermis such as melanocytes, acrosyringium, acrotrichium, Langerhans' cells, and nerves.", "contents": "The keraton. A biological unit of the epidermis. The term keraton is proposed to denote that specific subpopulation of epidermal cells that matures to form epidermis and horny layer exclusive of other functional units within the epidermis such as melanocytes, acrosyringium, acrotrichium, Langerhans' cells, and nerves.", "PMID": 95081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1472", "title": "[The use of intravenous gamma globulins in pediatrics].", "content": "In pediatrics, intravenous Gamma Globulin therapy is extremely valuable when combined with other antimicrobial therapy or when employed on its own especially in cases of viral infection. The use of the intravenous route allows the injection of large amounts of drug, intramuscular injections, which are often counter-indicated in children, particularly in children suffering from malignant blood dyscrasias, are thus avoided. Furthermore with the intravenous route, a high blood titre of gamma globulins is achieved immediately and the treatment can be maintained as long as necessary. The tolerance to this drug, in our experience, at least with the preparation used, was found to be excellent in the vast majority of cases. These preparations ought to be widely employed in all of the serious digestive disorders and in paediatrics.", "contents": "[The use of intravenous gamma globulins in pediatrics]. In pediatrics, intravenous Gamma Globulin therapy is extremely valuable when combined with other antimicrobial therapy or when employed on its own especially in cases of viral infection. The use of the intravenous route allows the injection of large amounts of drug, intramuscular injections, which are often counter-indicated in children, particularly in children suffering from malignant blood dyscrasias, are thus avoided. Furthermore with the intravenous route, a high blood titre of gamma globulins is achieved immediately and the treatment can be maintained as long as necessary. The tolerance to this drug, in our experience, at least with the preparation used, was found to be excellent in the vast majority of cases. These preparations ought to be widely employed in all of the serious digestive disorders and in paediatrics.", "PMID": 95082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1473", "title": "Cerebral manifestations of Whipple's disease.", "content": "A case of Whipple's disease with central nervous system (CNS) involvement has been retrospectively diagnosed. At the age of 50 and after six years of recurrent bouts of pyrexia, anorexia and loss of weight, a man developed a subacute encephalitis. Two episodes of acute loss of vision were followed by changes in mental status, supranuclear ophthalmoplegia and oculo-facio-cervical myorhythmias which remained present until death, one year later. Combined light- and electron microscopic studies have demonstrated: No. 1 the presence in the CNS of nodules containing large amounts of Sieracki cells; No. 2 the existence of bacteria in various stages of degeneration in macrophages or in the neuropile. A review of CNS complications in Whipple's disease is made.", "contents": "Cerebral manifestations of Whipple's disease. A case of Whipple's disease with central nervous system (CNS) involvement has been retrospectively diagnosed. At the age of 50 and after six years of recurrent bouts of pyrexia, anorexia and loss of weight, a man developed a subacute encephalitis. Two episodes of acute loss of vision were followed by changes in mental status, supranuclear ophthalmoplegia and oculo-facio-cervical myorhythmias which remained present until death, one year later. Combined light- and electron microscopic studies have demonstrated: No. 1 the presence in the CNS of nodules containing large amounts of Sieracki cells; No. 2 the existence of bacteria in various stages of degeneration in macrophages or in the neuropile. A review of CNS complications in Whipple's disease is made.", "PMID": 95079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1474", "title": "[Recording of monophasic action potentials of the right ventricle in a case of long QT and isolated alternation of the U wave].", "content": "Monophasic action potentials (MAP) of the right ventricle were recorded with suction electrodes in a case of long QTU, electrical alternans of the U wave and \"torsades de pointe\" by hypocalcaemia. Two electrophysiological features were observed:--a notable difference in the duration of MAPs of different zones of the right ventricle;--a change in the length and appearances of phase 3 of the longest MAPs with an inconstant bulge (delayed repolarisation) in the terminal portion of these same MAPs. These changes, which favourise focal reentry phenomena and/or reciprocal conduction are the probable explanation of the pathogenesis of episodes of \"torsades de pointe\". A reduction in the conductance of potassium associated or related to hypocalcaemia probably explains the second of the two changes.", "contents": "[Recording of monophasic action potentials of the right ventricle in a case of long QT and isolated alternation of the U wave]. Monophasic action potentials (MAP) of the right ventricle were recorded with suction electrodes in a case of long QTU, electrical alternans of the U wave and \"torsades de pointe\" by hypocalcaemia. Two electrophysiological features were observed:--a notable difference in the duration of MAPs of different zones of the right ventricle;--a change in the length and appearances of phase 3 of the longest MAPs with an inconstant bulge (delayed repolarisation) in the terminal portion of these same MAPs. These changes, which favourise focal reentry phenomena and/or reciprocal conduction are the probable explanation of the pathogenesis of episodes of \"torsades de pointe\". A reduction in the conductance of potassium associated or related to hypocalcaemia probably explains the second of the two changes.", "PMID": 95088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1475", "title": "[Antigen-specific T-cell factors in the regulation of the immune response (author's transl)].", "content": "We have examined in this brief review several facets of antigen-specific T-cell mediators found independently by different investigators. These factors have many common properties: (1) they are produced as a consequence of antigen stimulation; (2) they are obtained from T-cell populations and not from B cells or macrophages; their synthesis by T cells, however, has not been formally demonstrated; (3) they are antigen-specific and are selectively adsorbed by antigen-Sepharose columns; (4) they lack immunoglobulin constant region determinants of either L or H chain; (5) their estimated molecular weight by gel filtration is between 40,000 and 50,000 daltons; (6) they bear distinct I region controlled determinants; the helper factors are removed by anti-I-A immunoadsorbents; the suppressor factors in different distinct systems bear determinants coded foor by the I-J sub-region.", "contents": "[Antigen-specific T-cell factors in the regulation of the immune response (author's transl)]. We have examined in this brief review several facets of antigen-specific T-cell mediators found independently by different investigators. These factors have many common properties: (1) they are produced as a consequence of antigen stimulation; (2) they are obtained from T-cell populations and not from B cells or macrophages; their synthesis by T cells, however, has not been formally demonstrated; (3) they are antigen-specific and are selectively adsorbed by antigen-Sepharose columns; (4) they lack immunoglobulin constant region determinants of either L or H chain; (5) their estimated molecular weight by gel filtration is between 40,000 and 50,000 daltons; (6) they bear distinct I region controlled determinants; the helper factors are removed by anti-I-A immunoadsorbents; the suppressor factors in different distinct systems bear determinants coded foor by the I-J sub-region.", "PMID": 95085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1476", "title": "The influence of protease inhibitor on the progress of bronchial asthma.", "content": "Trasylol in a single dose 100000 i.u. was administered intravenously to 22 patients suffering from bronchial asthma. Pulmonary function was evaluated by the subjects self-comfort, physical examination, spirometric measurements (VC, FEV1, FEV1%, MCBind.) and blood gas analysis (pH PCO2, PO2, SaO2). In half of the patients after Trasylol administration, a diminished dyspnoea and bronchospasm were observed. Analysis of blood gases indicated some decrease of PCO2, and an increase of PO2 and pH. In spirometric study no statistically significant differences, either before or after Trasylol administration, were noticed. Trasylol treatment may be applied for asthmatic patients especially those with severe disturbances in gas exchange.", "contents": "The influence of protease inhibitor on the progress of bronchial asthma. Trasylol in a single dose 100000 i.u. was administered intravenously to 22 patients suffering from bronchial asthma. Pulmonary function was evaluated by the subjects self-comfort, physical examination, spirometric measurements (VC, FEV1, FEV1%, MCBind.) and blood gas analysis (pH PCO2, PO2, SaO2). In half of the patients after Trasylol administration, a diminished dyspnoea and bronchospasm were observed. Analysis of blood gases indicated some decrease of PCO2, and an increase of PO2 and pH. In spirometric study no statistically significant differences, either before or after Trasylol administration, were noticed. Trasylol treatment may be applied for asthmatic patients especially those with severe disturbances in gas exchange.", "PMID": 95090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1477", "title": "Audiovisual self-confrontation in schizophrenia.", "content": "Only rarely have the effects of audiovisual self-confrontation on psychiatric patients been investigated experimentally and there are few specific hypotheses about the precise effects. Since we hypothesized that the method could have an effect on schizophrenic ego disturbances eight items were used to investigate these disturbances in a carefully selected single case. In contrast to group comparison studies, we used a single case analysis to register subtle individual changes. The ego disturbances of the patients underwent changes during the sessions which were represented in some fields by an increase, in others by a decrease (1% level). The fact that confrontation sessions differed significantly from interviews supported our hypothesis that ego disturbances can be influenced through audiovisual self-confrontation. In cases of acute anxiety symptoms, the danger of the increasing ego disturbance must be anticipated. For this reason, the use of self-confrontation in these cases should be avoided. Our study shows, however, that a patient in the early stages of recovery can increase his ego strength through self-confrontation. Herein lies the possibility of integrating this technique into rehabilitation programs.", "contents": "Audiovisual self-confrontation in schizophrenia. Only rarely have the effects of audiovisual self-confrontation on psychiatric patients been investigated experimentally and there are few specific hypotheses about the precise effects. Since we hypothesized that the method could have an effect on schizophrenic ego disturbances eight items were used to investigate these disturbances in a carefully selected single case. In contrast to group comparison studies, we used a single case analysis to register subtle individual changes. The ego disturbances of the patients underwent changes during the sessions which were represented in some fields by an increase, in others by a decrease (1% level). The fact that confrontation sessions differed significantly from interviews supported our hypothesis that ego disturbances can be influenced through audiovisual self-confrontation. In cases of acute anxiety symptoms, the danger of the increasing ego disturbance must be anticipated. For this reason, the use of self-confrontation in these cases should be avoided. Our study shows, however, that a patient in the early stages of recovery can increase his ego strength through self-confrontation. Herein lies the possibility of integrating this technique into rehabilitation programs.", "PMID": 95091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1478", "title": "Use of concanavalin A to analyse the mechanism of memory cell differentiation into killer cells.", "content": "The renewing by ConA of the cytolytic activity evaluated in a short-term chromium release assay in a population of memory cells obtained in a long-term mixed lymphocyte culture is shown to be largely dependent upon the dose of ConA used; a three staged phenomenon in terms of dose response and kinetics is analysed and suggests that at least for low concentration of ConA (0.5 micrograms/ml) the lectin acts on the same subpopulation and through the same mechanism as the specific antigen, as shown by DNA-synthesis inhibition experiments. Preincubation with ConA at doses giving the best secondary-like response strongly inhibits further response to the primary alloantigen. Experiments using mixtures of ConA and alloantigens as stimulators show that both agents can compete in differentiating memory cells into killer cells. All these data suggest an important overlap of the structures on memory cells which are triggered by ConA or specific antigen.", "contents": "Use of concanavalin A to analyse the mechanism of memory cell differentiation into killer cells. The renewing by ConA of the cytolytic activity evaluated in a short-term chromium release assay in a population of memory cells obtained in a long-term mixed lymphocyte culture is shown to be largely dependent upon the dose of ConA used; a three staged phenomenon in terms of dose response and kinetics is analysed and suggests that at least for low concentration of ConA (0.5 micrograms/ml) the lectin acts on the same subpopulation and through the same mechanism as the specific antigen, as shown by DNA-synthesis inhibition experiments. Preincubation with ConA at doses giving the best secondary-like response strongly inhibits further response to the primary alloantigen. Experiments using mixtures of ConA and alloantigens as stimulators show that both agents can compete in differentiating memory cells into killer cells. All these data suggest an important overlap of the structures on memory cells which are triggered by ConA or specific antigen.", "PMID": 95086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1479", "title": "Phosphorylcholine antigens from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. II.--Isolation and partial characterization of phosphorylcholine antigens from adult worm.", "content": "The phosphorylcholine antigens (C substance) were specifically isolated from Nippostrongglus brasiliensis adult worms. They formed a gorup of fairly closely related molecules, but it was not possible to evidence that the carrier molecule was unique. An indirect immunoenzymatic test using immobilized lectins (concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin Els, wheat germ agglutinin, recin types I and II, peanut agglutinin) gave some light on the carbohydrate composition of the carrier molecules, whereas the amino acid part of these molecules seemed to indicate an unique oligopeptide, the composition of which would be: Asx (4), Thr (2), Ser (4), Glux (6), Gly (6) Ala (3), Val (2), Ile (1), Leu (2), Phe (8), Lys (2), Arg (1). An epitope of the carrier molecules was demonstrated with anti-N. brasiliensis egg antisera. It was shared with various pathogens including Haemonchus contortus, Schistosoma mansoni and Dipetalonema vitae. It was also found on the purified pneumococcal C. polysaccharide. The C. substance from a variety of parasites can now be isolated by a combination of specific reactions using both anti-phosphorylcholine and anti-carrier molecule antibodies.", "contents": "Phosphorylcholine antigens from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. II.--Isolation and partial characterization of phosphorylcholine antigens from adult worm. The phosphorylcholine antigens (C substance) were specifically isolated from Nippostrongglus brasiliensis adult worms. They formed a gorup of fairly closely related molecules, but it was not possible to evidence that the carrier molecule was unique. An indirect immunoenzymatic test using immobilized lectins (concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin Els, wheat germ agglutinin, recin types I and II, peanut agglutinin) gave some light on the carbohydrate composition of the carrier molecules, whereas the amino acid part of these molecules seemed to indicate an unique oligopeptide, the composition of which would be: Asx (4), Thr (2), Ser (4), Glux (6), Gly (6) Ala (3), Val (2), Ile (1), Leu (2), Phe (8), Lys (2), Arg (1). An epitope of the carrier molecules was demonstrated with anti-N. brasiliensis egg antisera. It was shared with various pathogens including Haemonchus contortus, Schistosoma mansoni and Dipetalonema vitae. It was also found on the purified pneumococcal C. polysaccharide. The C. substance from a variety of parasites can now be isolated by a combination of specific reactions using both anti-phosphorylcholine and anti-carrier molecule antibodies.", "PMID": 95087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1480", "title": "Effects of progesterone on the oestrogen-stimulated uterus: a comparative study of the mouse, guinea pig, rabbit and sheep.", "content": "To examine more closely the anti-oestrogenic action of progesterone (P), its effect on various parameters in the 17 beta-oestradiol (E2)-primed uterus of the mouse, guinea pig, rabbit and ewe was studied. Changes in uterine wet weight, rate of in vitro protein synthesis, protein : DNA and RNA : DNA ratios, peroxidase activity and the level of cytosol receptors for E2 and P were measured. Considerable between-species differences in the effect of P on these parameters were observed. The anti-uterotrophic action was greater in the mouse than in the guinea pig and was not seen in the rabbit or ewe. P inhibited protein synthesis in the mouse, was without significant effect in the guinea pig and was mildly stimulatory in the rabbit and ewe. Inhibitory effects on protein : DNA and RNA : DNA ratios were substantial in the mouse, minor in the guinea pig and absent in the rabbit and ewe. Peroxidase activity was decrease in the mouse and guinea pig, essentially lacking in the rabbit and not detectable in the ewe. In all species the level of both oestrogen and progesterone cytosol receptors was decreased, although the effect on the E2 receptor was less marked in the ewe. The results indicate that in the species studied an effect of P on the replenishment of the E2 receptor is not necessarily associated with other anti-oestrogenic actions of P and argue against the concept that initial anti-oestrogenic actions of P are mediated via a specific effect on such replenishment.", "contents": "Effects of progesterone on the oestrogen-stimulated uterus: a comparative study of the mouse, guinea pig, rabbit and sheep. To examine more closely the anti-oestrogenic action of progesterone (P), its effect on various parameters in the 17 beta-oestradiol (E2)-primed uterus of the mouse, guinea pig, rabbit and ewe was studied. Changes in uterine wet weight, rate of in vitro protein synthesis, protein : DNA and RNA : DNA ratios, peroxidase activity and the level of cytosol receptors for E2 and P were measured. Considerable between-species differences in the effect of P on these parameters were observed. The anti-uterotrophic action was greater in the mouse than in the guinea pig and was not seen in the rabbit or ewe. P inhibited protein synthesis in the mouse, was without significant effect in the guinea pig and was mildly stimulatory in the rabbit and ewe. Inhibitory effects on protein : DNA and RNA : DNA ratios were substantial in the mouse, minor in the guinea pig and absent in the rabbit and ewe. Peroxidase activity was decrease in the mouse and guinea pig, essentially lacking in the rabbit and not detectable in the ewe. In all species the level of both oestrogen and progesterone cytosol receptors was decreased, although the effect on the E2 receptor was less marked in the ewe. The results indicate that in the species studied an effect of P on the replenishment of the E2 receptor is not necessarily associated with other anti-oestrogenic actions of P and argue against the concept that initial anti-oestrogenic actions of P are mediated via a specific effect on such replenishment.", "PMID": 95094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1481", "title": "[Use of a new selective stain for demonstrating the vagal fibers in gastric surgery. Experimental study].", "content": "Scalar concentrations (0.4%-0.2%-0.1%-0.05%) of methylene blue in a 7.02% ascorbic acid solution have been used in animals and humans for visualizing vagal branches at gastric level. These solutions constitute a simplified variation of Lee's test and the most effective for determining vagal fibres proved to be the 0.1% concentration.", "contents": "[Use of a new selective stain for demonstrating the vagal fibers in gastric surgery. Experimental study]. Scalar concentrations (0.4%-0.2%-0.1%-0.05%) of methylene blue in a 7.02% ascorbic acid solution have been used in animals and humans for visualizing vagal branches at gastric level. These solutions constitute a simplified variation of Lee's test and the most effective for determining vagal fibres proved to be the 0.1% concentration.", "PMID": 95092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1482", "title": "Preparation of liposomes of defined size distribution by extrusion through polycarbonate membranes.", "content": "Liposomes of defined size and homogeneity have been prepared by sequential extrusion of the usual multilamellar vesicles through polycarbonate membranes. The process is easy, reproducible, produces no detectable degradation of the phospholipids, and can double the encapsulation efficiency of the liposome preparation. Multilamellar vesicles extruded by this technique are shown by both negative stain and freeze-fracture electron microscopy to have mean diameters approaching the pore diameter of the polycarbonate membrane through which they were extruded. When sequentially extruded down through a 0.2 micron membrane, the resulting vesicles exhibit a very homogeneous size distribution with a mean diameter of 0.27 micron while maintaining an acceptable level of encapsulation of the aqueous phase.", "contents": "Preparation of liposomes of defined size distribution by extrusion through polycarbonate membranes. Liposomes of defined size and homogeneity have been prepared by sequential extrusion of the usual multilamellar vesicles through polycarbonate membranes. The process is easy, reproducible, produces no detectable degradation of the phospholipids, and can double the encapsulation efficiency of the liposome preparation. Multilamellar vesicles extruded by this technique are shown by both negative stain and freeze-fracture electron microscopy to have mean diameters approaching the pore diameter of the polycarbonate membrane through which they were extruded. When sequentially extruded down through a 0.2 micron membrane, the resulting vesicles exhibit a very homogeneous size distribution with a mean diameter of 0.27 micron while maintaining an acceptable level of encapsulation of the aqueous phase.", "PMID": 95096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1483", "title": "Tetracaine blocks the responses of isolated acinar cells from rat parotid to carbachol but not to substance P.", "content": "Carbachol and substance P stimulated 45Ca2+ flux changes, 86Rb+ efflux, and amylase secretion from acinar cells isolated from rat parotid. The local anesthetic tetracaine blocked all of these measured responses to carbachol, but none of the responses to substance P. Tetracaine must act at either the cholinergic receptor or at a subsequent transducing step in the cholinergic stimulus-response sequence. If tetracaine acts at one of the transducing steps between cholinergic receptor occupation and the physiological responses then the action of tetracaine must be at a locus in the cholinergic reaction scheme not shared by substance P, because tetracaine did not block any response of the parotid to substance P.", "contents": "Tetracaine blocks the responses of isolated acinar cells from rat parotid to carbachol but not to substance P. Carbachol and substance P stimulated 45Ca2+ flux changes, 86Rb+ efflux, and amylase secretion from acinar cells isolated from rat parotid. The local anesthetic tetracaine blocked all of these measured responses to carbachol, but none of the responses to substance P. Tetracaine must act at either the cholinergic receptor or at a subsequent transducing step in the cholinergic stimulus-response sequence. If tetracaine acts at one of the transducing steps between cholinergic receptor occupation and the physiological responses then the action of tetracaine must be at a locus in the cholinergic reaction scheme not shared by substance P, because tetracaine did not block any response of the parotid to substance P.", "PMID": 95097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1484", "title": "Evaluation of the activity of chlorine-containing pesticides as inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.", "content": "The influence of chlorine-containing pesticides, which are representatives of various classes of chemical compounds and possess various pesticidal activities, on the NAD . H oxidase activity of the submitochondrial particles (SMP) obtained from beef heart was studied. It was found that the strongest inhibitors of NAD . H oxidase of the SMP are chloro-derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons (DDT and its analogs DDD and DDE). Derivatives of propionic and acetic acids (propinate, dalapon, MCAA, DCAA, and TCAA) did not exhibit any appreciable inhibiting effect under the experimental conditions. Criteria were introduced (phi and Ca50) permitting a quantitative characterization of the influence of pesticides on the respiratory chain of the mitochondria. Indications were obtained of possible mechanisms of the inhibiting action of the pesticides used.", "contents": "Evaluation of the activity of chlorine-containing pesticides as inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The influence of chlorine-containing pesticides, which are representatives of various classes of chemical compounds and possess various pesticidal activities, on the NAD . H oxidase activity of the submitochondrial particles (SMP) obtained from beef heart was studied. It was found that the strongest inhibitors of NAD . H oxidase of the SMP are chloro-derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons (DDT and its analogs DDD and DDE). Derivatives of propionic and acetic acids (propinate, dalapon, MCAA, DCAA, and TCAA) did not exhibit any appreciable inhibiting effect under the experimental conditions. Criteria were introduced (phi and Ca50) permitting a quantitative characterization of the influence of pesticides on the respiratory chain of the mitochondria. Indications were obtained of possible mechanisms of the inhibiting action of the pesticides used.", "PMID": 95098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1485", "title": "Development of metabolic shifts in structures of the spinal reflex arc in rats after space flight.", "content": "The stage of structures of the spinal reflex arc was studied by methods of quantitative cytochemistry in rats after orbital space flights lasting 19.5 and 22.5 days; the RNA and cytoplasmic protein content was determined in spinal motoneurons and sensory neurons of the spinal ganglia, the composition of soluble proteins of the gray and white matter of the spinal cord and spinal ganglia was determined; the lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isozyme spectrum also was investigated in the spinal ganglia and muscles of the hind limbs. A decrease in the content of cytoplasmic proteins in the spinal motoneurons and neurons of the spinal ganglia and a decrease in the content of water-soluble proteins in the gray and white matter of the spinal cord were found 5-11 h after space flight lasting 19.5 days and during the first day after a space flight lasting 22.5 days. Significant changes in the activity of isozyme fractions LD1 and LD2 were found in homogenates of the spinal ganglia. On the 1st and 2nd days after flight the LD isozyme spectrum of the soleus muscle changed from \"cardiac\" to \"intermediate\" type. The changes discovered were evidently the result of functional underactivity of the skeletal muscles under conditions of weightlessness. An increase in the RNA content in the sensory and motor neurons and an increase in the content of water-soluble proteins in the gray matter of the spinal cord were found 25-27 days after the end of the space flights, probably a manifestation of readaptation of the animals to terrestrial conditions.", "contents": "Development of metabolic shifts in structures of the spinal reflex arc in rats after space flight. The stage of structures of the spinal reflex arc was studied by methods of quantitative cytochemistry in rats after orbital space flights lasting 19.5 and 22.5 days; the RNA and cytoplasmic protein content was determined in spinal motoneurons and sensory neurons of the spinal ganglia, the composition of soluble proteins of the gray and white matter of the spinal cord and spinal ganglia was determined; the lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isozyme spectrum also was investigated in the spinal ganglia and muscles of the hind limbs. A decrease in the content of cytoplasmic proteins in the spinal motoneurons and neurons of the spinal ganglia and a decrease in the content of water-soluble proteins in the gray and white matter of the spinal cord were found 5-11 h after space flight lasting 19.5 days and during the first day after a space flight lasting 22.5 days. Significant changes in the activity of isozyme fractions LD1 and LD2 were found in homogenates of the spinal ganglia. On the 1st and 2nd days after flight the LD isozyme spectrum of the soleus muscle changed from \"cardiac\" to \"intermediate\" type. The changes discovered were evidently the result of functional underactivity of the skeletal muscles under conditions of weightlessness. An increase in the RNA content in the sensory and motor neurons and an increase in the content of water-soluble proteins in the gray matter of the spinal cord were found 25-27 days after the end of the space flights, probably a manifestation of readaptation of the animals to terrestrial conditions.", "PMID": 95099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1486", "title": "Effect of beta-indoleacetic acid on RNA and protein synthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effect of different concentrations of beta-indoleacetic acid (IAA) on RNA and protein synthesis and the stability of associations of E. coli ribosomes at 3 mM Mg2+ was investigated. IAA in a concentration of 100 microgram/ml had a slight stimulatory effect on the incorporation of [14C]leucine into proteins and stimulated the incorporation of [14C]uracil into the RNA of intact cells more noticeably. In the presence of 2500 microgram/ml of the auxin RNA synthesis was inhibited by 65% and protein synthesis by 40-50% as compared to the control. In a cell-free system containing poly(U) IAA in concentrations of 10-100 microgram/ml increased polyphenylalanine synthesis by an average of 30%, while at high concentrations IAA noticeably inhibited its synthesis. It was found that the proportion of stable ribosomes in lysates obtained from cells incubated with IAA in concentrations of 250 and 1000 microgram/ml decreased to 18 and 3%. It is suggested that the inhibition of protein synthesis in E. coli by IAA is due to inhibition of the initiation of translation.", "contents": "Effect of beta-indoleacetic acid on RNA and protein synthesis in Escherichia coli. The effect of different concentrations of beta-indoleacetic acid (IAA) on RNA and protein synthesis and the stability of associations of E. coli ribosomes at 3 mM Mg2+ was investigated. IAA in a concentration of 100 microgram/ml had a slight stimulatory effect on the incorporation of [14C]leucine into proteins and stimulated the incorporation of [14C]uracil into the RNA of intact cells more noticeably. In the presence of 2500 microgram/ml of the auxin RNA synthesis was inhibited by 65% and protein synthesis by 40-50% as compared to the control. In a cell-free system containing poly(U) IAA in concentrations of 10-100 microgram/ml increased polyphenylalanine synthesis by an average of 30%, while at high concentrations IAA noticeably inhibited its synthesis. It was found that the proportion of stable ribosomes in lysates obtained from cells incubated with IAA in concentrations of 250 and 1000 microgram/ml decreased to 18 and 3%. It is suggested that the inhibition of protein synthesis in E. coli by IAA is due to inhibition of the initiation of translation.", "PMID": 95100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1487", "title": "Studies on histones and non-histone proteins from rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "A study has been made of the histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins of rat liver after treatment in vivo with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) (2 mg/kg). DMN was found not to affect histone turnover, as measured by 3H-labelled amino-acids incorporation. A decrease was observed in specific activity of the histones with time after injection of [14C]DMN or [14C]-formate and this was attributable to demethylation of both abnormal and normal methylation sites in these proteins. In the case of the non-histone proteins, DMN was found to increase greatly the turnover of those non-histone proteins loosely associated with chromatin DNA and RNA; turnover of those non-histone proteins tightly bound to chromatin DNA and RNA was unaffected. Demethylation of both normal and abnormal methylation sites was found to take place from both non-histone protein fractions. In the case of the loosely bound non-histone proteins a lower rate of demethylation was observed after DMN treatment.", "contents": "Studies on histones and non-histone proteins from rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine. A study has been made of the histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins of rat liver after treatment in vivo with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) (2 mg/kg). DMN was found not to affect histone turnover, as measured by 3H-labelled amino-acids incorporation. A decrease was observed in specific activity of the histones with time after injection of [14C]DMN or [14C]-formate and this was attributable to demethylation of both abnormal and normal methylation sites in these proteins. In the case of the non-histone proteins, DMN was found to increase greatly the turnover of those non-histone proteins loosely associated with chromatin DNA and RNA; turnover of those non-histone proteins tightly bound to chromatin DNA and RNA was unaffected. Demethylation of both normal and abnormal methylation sites was found to take place from both non-histone protein fractions. In the case of the loosely bound non-histone proteins a lower rate of demethylation was observed after DMN treatment.", "PMID": 95105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1488", "title": "Age-dependent changes in tolerizability with rabbit gamma-globulin in the Biozzi high and low-responder lines of mice.", "content": "The antibody response to rabbit gamma-globulin (RGG) of high-responder, but not of low-responder Biozzi mice decreased with age. Injection with aggregate-freed RGG reduced the response of high-responder but not of low-responder mice to subsequent injections with aggregated RGG. This reduction in the antibody response, formed by high-responder mice, decreased with increasing age; aggregate-freed RGG appeared to sensitize 6-month-old low-responder mice to a subsequent injection with aggregated RGG. When animals, not pretreated with aggregate-freed RGG, were immunized with RGG and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the immune response was greatly enhanced. The response of both pretreated low and high responders was substantially smaller than that of corresponding animals which were not given aggregate-freed RGG, prior to immunization. LPS revealed an inhibitory effect on low-responder mice of aggregate-freed RGG, which was not detected upon immunization with heat-aggregated RGG alone. The involvement of nonspecific suppressor cells and of B cell tolerance in low-responder mice is discussed.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes in tolerizability with rabbit gamma-globulin in the Biozzi high and low-responder lines of mice. The antibody response to rabbit gamma-globulin (RGG) of high-responder, but not of low-responder Biozzi mice decreased with age. Injection with aggregate-freed RGG reduced the response of high-responder but not of low-responder mice to subsequent injections with aggregated RGG. This reduction in the antibody response, formed by high-responder mice, decreased with increasing age; aggregate-freed RGG appeared to sensitize 6-month-old low-responder mice to a subsequent injection with aggregated RGG. When animals, not pretreated with aggregate-freed RGG, were immunized with RGG and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the immune response was greatly enhanced. The response of both pretreated low and high responders was substantially smaller than that of corresponding animals which were not given aggregate-freed RGG, prior to immunization. LPS revealed an inhibitory effect on low-responder mice of aggregate-freed RGG, which was not detected upon immunization with heat-aggregated RGG alone. The involvement of nonspecific suppressor cells and of B cell tolerance in low-responder mice is discussed.", "PMID": 95106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1489", "title": "Immunologically active zones in bovine growth hormone.", "content": "Antigenic determinant areas were detected in bovine growth hormone fragments 6--124 and 125--149, the former being predominant. Reduction and carboxymethylation of disulfide bridge 53--164 destroys the immunological reactivity of the area which is little affected by reduction and carbamoylmethylation. All the activity found in fragment 6--124 seems to be concentrated in the sequence 87--124.", "contents": "Immunologically active zones in bovine growth hormone. Antigenic determinant areas were detected in bovine growth hormone fragments 6--124 and 125--149, the former being predominant. Reduction and carboxymethylation of disulfide bridge 53--164 destroys the immunological reactivity of the area which is little affected by reduction and carbamoylmethylation. All the activity found in fragment 6--124 seems to be concentrated in the sequence 87--124.", "PMID": 95107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1490", "title": "Demonstration of a murine cell surface component with affinity for exogenous beta 2-microglobulin.", "content": "Murine and human beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) bind to various types of mouse cells. The binding is saturable and displays a single association constant of about 1 x 10(9) liter/mol. The binding of beta 2m to splenocytes was not affected by a variety of metabolic inhibitors but was temperature-dependent. It is suggested that the beta 2m \"receptor\" exhibits a temperature-dependent conformational change since the \"receptor\", whether integrated into the membrane or solubilized by the detergent Triton X-100, binds beta 2m poorly at low temperatures. Spleen T and B lymphocytes display more binding sites than thymocytes, kidney, liver and brain cells. The relative amounts of the beta 2m-binding \"receptor\" on these cell types are strongly correlated to the relative amounts of H-2 antigens. This correlation is also obvious for the teratocarcinoma cell line F9, which lacks both beta 2m \"receptor\" and H-2 antigens, but spermatozoa, which express very small amounts of H-2 antigens, have an appreciable amount of the beta 2m \"receptor\". The latter observation, together with the fact that alloantisera directed against H-2 K and D antigens do not measurably affect the binding of beta 2m to the \"receptor\", may argue against the notion that the beta 2m \"receptor\" represents H-2 antigens which have lost their endogenous beta 2m. Normal mouse serum contains a component which inhibits the binding of beta 2m to splenocytes. It is likely that this serum protein is identical to a newly discovered H-2 antigen-like glycoprotein. The beta 2m \"receptor\" appears to be under the control of the major histocompatibility complex as splenocytes of the H-2f haplotype bind considerably more beta 2m than splenocytes of other haplotypes.", "contents": "Demonstration of a murine cell surface component with affinity for exogenous beta 2-microglobulin. Murine and human beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) bind to various types of mouse cells. The binding is saturable and displays a single association constant of about 1 x 10(9) liter/mol. The binding of beta 2m to splenocytes was not affected by a variety of metabolic inhibitors but was temperature-dependent. It is suggested that the beta 2m \"receptor\" exhibits a temperature-dependent conformational change since the \"receptor\", whether integrated into the membrane or solubilized by the detergent Triton X-100, binds beta 2m poorly at low temperatures. Spleen T and B lymphocytes display more binding sites than thymocytes, kidney, liver and brain cells. The relative amounts of the beta 2m-binding \"receptor\" on these cell types are strongly correlated to the relative amounts of H-2 antigens. This correlation is also obvious for the teratocarcinoma cell line F9, which lacks both beta 2m \"receptor\" and H-2 antigens, but spermatozoa, which express very small amounts of H-2 antigens, have an appreciable amount of the beta 2m \"receptor\". The latter observation, together with the fact that alloantisera directed against H-2 K and D antigens do not measurably affect the binding of beta 2m to the \"receptor\", may argue against the notion that the beta 2m \"receptor\" represents H-2 antigens which have lost their endogenous beta 2m. Normal mouse serum contains a component which inhibits the binding of beta 2m to splenocytes. It is likely that this serum protein is identical to a newly discovered H-2 antigen-like glycoprotein. The beta 2m \"receptor\" appears to be under the control of the major histocompatibility complex as splenocytes of the H-2f haplotype bind considerably more beta 2m than splenocytes of other haplotypes.", "PMID": 95108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1491", "title": "Radioimmunoassay determinations of murine beta 2-microglobulin and an H-2 antigen-like serum component.", "content": "Normal mouse serum contains H-2 antigen-like components. One such protein consists of a 40 000 dalton chain and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) and the other component contains the two H-2 antigen-like subunits and, in addition, two larger polypeptide chains with apparent molecular weights (mol. wt.) of 65 000 and 80 000. Radioimmunoassay procedures specific for the H-2 antigen-like chain and beta 2m, respectively, have been developed. Whereas free beta 2m and beta 2m associated with other polypeptide chains reacted identically in the beta 2m radioimmunoassay, the two serum forms of the H-2 antigen-like chain displayed different reactivities in the heavy-chain assay. The low mol. wt. protein complex, comprising the 40 000 dalton chain and beta 2m, inhibited in the heavy-chain assay identically with the standard. However, the high mol. wt. complex containing the H-2 antigen-like chain gave rise to a biphasic inhibition profile. This was apparently due to some antigenic determinants of the 40 000 dalton chain being buried by the 65 000 and 80 000 dalton chains. Inhibition curves parallel with the standard were, however, obtained on dissociation of the high mol. wt. protein complex with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Thus, by subjecting serum to the ionic detergent-sensitive radioimmunoassay, procedures for the two H-2 antigen-like chains could be developed. The serum levels of the H-2 antigen-like chain and of beta 2m vary with the age of the animal, and adult levels are recorded only at 6 to 7 weeks of age. The serum concentrations of the two proteins are strongly correlated. The H-2 haplotype appears to partly regulate the serum levels of the two proteins. Mice of the H-2f haplotype contain about 40-fold lower levels of the H-2 antigen-like chain than do mice of other strains.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay determinations of murine beta 2-microglobulin and an H-2 antigen-like serum component. Normal mouse serum contains H-2 antigen-like components. One such protein consists of a 40 000 dalton chain and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) and the other component contains the two H-2 antigen-like subunits and, in addition, two larger polypeptide chains with apparent molecular weights (mol. wt.) of 65 000 and 80 000. Radioimmunoassay procedures specific for the H-2 antigen-like chain and beta 2m, respectively, have been developed. Whereas free beta 2m and beta 2m associated with other polypeptide chains reacted identically in the beta 2m radioimmunoassay, the two serum forms of the H-2 antigen-like chain displayed different reactivities in the heavy-chain assay. The low mol. wt. protein complex, comprising the 40 000 dalton chain and beta 2m, inhibited in the heavy-chain assay identically with the standard. However, the high mol. wt. complex containing the H-2 antigen-like chain gave rise to a biphasic inhibition profile. This was apparently due to some antigenic determinants of the 40 000 dalton chain being buried by the 65 000 and 80 000 dalton chains. Inhibition curves parallel with the standard were, however, obtained on dissociation of the high mol. wt. protein complex with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Thus, by subjecting serum to the ionic detergent-sensitive radioimmunoassay, procedures for the two H-2 antigen-like chains could be developed. The serum levels of the H-2 antigen-like chain and of beta 2m vary with the age of the animal, and adult levels are recorded only at 6 to 7 weeks of age. The serum concentrations of the two proteins are strongly correlated. The H-2 haplotype appears to partly regulate the serum levels of the two proteins. Mice of the H-2f haplotype contain about 40-fold lower levels of the H-2 antigen-like chain than do mice of other strains.", "PMID": 95109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1492", "title": "Articular changes due to disuse in Sudeck's atrophy.", "content": "Two cases of Sudeck's atrophy of the foot occurring 16 months and 17 years after infected fractures of the leg were studied radiologically and pathologically. Various cartilaginous changes were observed, the nature and severity of which depended on the joint involved. They included superficial pannus, deep erosion, fibrous ankylosis and, at times, bony ankylosis. These changes are similar to those observed in nine cases studied by Rutishauser et al. Comparison of the pathological changes in human and experimental joint immobilization suggests that these changes are due mainly to decreased mobility of the joints of the foot in Sudeck's atrophy. These observations also suggest that physiotherapeutic mobilization in Sudeck's atrophy is important for the joints as well as for bone. From a more general point of view, they demonstrate that a condition which is nosologically different from the chronic rheumatic diseases can nevertheless cause lesions that are a fundamental part of the pathological changes in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "Articular changes due to disuse in Sudeck's atrophy. Two cases of Sudeck's atrophy of the foot occurring 16 months and 17 years after infected fractures of the leg were studied radiologically and pathologically. Various cartilaginous changes were observed, the nature and severity of which depended on the joint involved. They included superficial pannus, deep erosion, fibrous ankylosis and, at times, bony ankylosis. These changes are similar to those observed in nine cases studied by Rutishauser et al. Comparison of the pathological changes in human and experimental joint immobilization suggests that these changes are due mainly to decreased mobility of the joints of the foot in Sudeck's atrophy. These observations also suggest that physiotherapeutic mobilization in Sudeck's atrophy is important for the joints as well as for bone. From a more general point of view, they demonstrate that a condition which is nosologically different from the chronic rheumatic diseases can nevertheless cause lesions that are a fundamental part of the pathological changes in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.", "PMID": 95116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1493", "title": "[Drainage in biliopancreatic surgery].", "content": "Among the various drains used in biliary tract surgery the T-tube drain proves to be most useful as a routine drainage procedure after any intervention for common duct stones. This drain allows an undisturbed healing of the common duct incision, an intra- and postoperative control cholangiography and, if necessary, a non-operative extraction of a residual stone. For high strictures of the hepatic duct we recommend the straight transhepatic drain and for palliative procedures in cases of centrally located tumors the Y-T-drain may restore bile flow from both the left and the right liver into the duodenum. If a drain in the pancreatic duct is necessary at all, one best uses a straight catheter that is brought out through the jejunum by means of a Witzel canal. The abdominal cavity is being drained routinely also for simple biliopancreatic surgery with a Penrose drain.", "contents": "[Drainage in biliopancreatic surgery]. Among the various drains used in biliary tract surgery the T-tube drain proves to be most useful as a routine drainage procedure after any intervention for common duct stones. This drain allows an undisturbed healing of the common duct incision, an intra- and postoperative control cholangiography and, if necessary, a non-operative extraction of a residual stone. For high strictures of the hepatic duct we recommend the straight transhepatic drain and for palliative procedures in cases of centrally located tumors the Y-T-drain may restore bile flow from both the left and the right liver into the duodenum. If a drain in the pancreatic duct is necessary at all, one best uses a straight catheter that is brought out through the jejunum by means of a Witzel canal. The abdominal cavity is being drained routinely also for simple biliopancreatic surgery with a Penrose drain.", "PMID": 95117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1494", "title": "The conformations of the Lewis blood group determinants, sucrose and kanamycin A.", "content": "The main purpose is to illustrate the potential, in terms of structure and conformational analysis in the general area of carbohydrate chemistry, presented by the new generation of high frequency FT nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers based in the highly stable magnetic fields generated by superconducting solenoids. In the case of the LEWIS human blood group antigenic determinants, specific interunit deshielding effects on 1H-chemical shifts and specific interunit nuclear OVERHAUSER enhancements of 1H-signals allowed specific assignments of overall conformations for these branched oligosaccharides. Furthermore, these conformations are shown to be well anticipated by way of simple hard-sphere calculations but taking into consideration important contributions by the exo-anomeric effect in the assignment of conformational preferences at the glycosidic bonds. The presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between OH-2g and OH-1f for sucrose dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide-d6(DMSO-d6) is demonstrated by examining the spectrum of a solution which has near 50% of the OH groups in the OD form. The 1H-signals in the structural unit Clf-O-H comes from O(C2g)-H comes from DMSO-d6 are shown to be deuterium shifted by 0.005-0.007 ppm when in the forms Clf-O-H comes from O(C2g)-D comes from DMSO-d6 (deshielded) and Clf-O-D comes from O(C2g)-H comes from DMSO-d6 (shielded). These small shifts were readily discerned at 400 MHz. The (1H)(400 MHz) and 13C (100 MHz) spectra of kanamycin A both as the free amine and the sulfate salt are presented to illustrate how modern nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy together with interpretations based in conformational analysis may allow the elucidation of the structures (except for the absolute configuration) of such substances. It is demonstrated that the effect on 13C chemical shifts of the protonation of the amino groups can provide useful clues as to their relative dispositions in three-dimensional space.", "contents": "The conformations of the Lewis blood group determinants, sucrose and kanamycin A. The main purpose is to illustrate the potential, in terms of structure and conformational analysis in the general area of carbohydrate chemistry, presented by the new generation of high frequency FT nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers based in the highly stable magnetic fields generated by superconducting solenoids. In the case of the LEWIS human blood group antigenic determinants, specific interunit deshielding effects on 1H-chemical shifts and specific interunit nuclear OVERHAUSER enhancements of 1H-signals allowed specific assignments of overall conformations for these branched oligosaccharides. Furthermore, these conformations are shown to be well anticipated by way of simple hard-sphere calculations but taking into consideration important contributions by the exo-anomeric effect in the assignment of conformational preferences at the glycosidic bonds. The presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between OH-2g and OH-1f for sucrose dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide-d6(DMSO-d6) is demonstrated by examining the spectrum of a solution which has near 50% of the OH groups in the OD form. The 1H-signals in the structural unit Clf-O-H comes from O(C2g)-H comes from DMSO-d6 are shown to be deuterium shifted by 0.005-0.007 ppm when in the forms Clf-O-H comes from O(C2g)-D comes from DMSO-d6 (deshielded) and Clf-O-D comes from O(C2g)-H comes from DMSO-d6 (shielded). These small shifts were readily discerned at 400 MHz. The (1H)(400 MHz) and 13C (100 MHz) spectra of kanamycin A both as the free amine and the sulfate salt are presented to illustrate how modern nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy together with interpretations based in conformational analysis may allow the elucidation of the structures (except for the absolute configuration) of such substances. It is demonstrated that the effect on 13C chemical shifts of the protonation of the amino groups can provide useful clues as to their relative dispositions in three-dimensional space.", "PMID": 95123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1495", "title": "The Lewis antigens and secretor status.", "content": "The coincidence of the presence of ABH active substances in the saliva of persons with those individuals who possess either LEWIS-d or LEWIS-b antigens on epithelial cells of their stomach tissues is examined in terms of the three-dimensional conformations of the oligosaccharide structures which form the ABH and LEWIS antigenic determinants. The H activity in saliva is normally established by examining the inhibition of the agglutination of human H red cells, which possess H (Type 2) determints at their surface, by the lectin Ulex europaeus. As was to be expected, the LEWIS-d (H-Type 1) (alpha LFuc (1 leads to 2) beta DGal (1 leads to 3) beta DGlcNAcOR, R = (CH2)8COOCH3) and LEWIS-b (alpha LFuc (1 leads to 2) beta DGal (1 leads to 3) [alpha LFuc (1 leads to 4)] beta DGlcNAcOR) determinants, obtained by chemical synthesis, do not bind Ulex. However, these structures in the de-N-acetylated form proved to do so as evidenced by their ability to inhibit the agglutination. These results together with results obtained in inhibition studies involving chemically modified H (Type 1) and H (Type 2) structures are rationalized in terms of conformational analysis and raise the possibility that the LEWIS-b and d antigens in saliva are present with the determinants in the amine form. The circumstantial evidence obtained in support of this possibility is, as yet, inconclusive. The main thrust of the paper is to indicate how modern conformational analysis may play an important role in the improvement of knowledge in carbohydrate-receptor site interaction.", "contents": "The Lewis antigens and secretor status. The coincidence of the presence of ABH active substances in the saliva of persons with those individuals who possess either LEWIS-d or LEWIS-b antigens on epithelial cells of their stomach tissues is examined in terms of the three-dimensional conformations of the oligosaccharide structures which form the ABH and LEWIS antigenic determinants. The H activity in saliva is normally established by examining the inhibition of the agglutination of human H red cells, which possess H (Type 2) determints at their surface, by the lectin Ulex europaeus. As was to be expected, the LEWIS-d (H-Type 1) (alpha LFuc (1 leads to 2) beta DGal (1 leads to 3) beta DGlcNAcOR, R = (CH2)8COOCH3) and LEWIS-b (alpha LFuc (1 leads to 2) beta DGal (1 leads to 3) [alpha LFuc (1 leads to 4)] beta DGlcNAcOR) determinants, obtained by chemical synthesis, do not bind Ulex. However, these structures in the de-N-acetylated form proved to do so as evidenced by their ability to inhibit the agglutination. These results together with results obtained in inhibition studies involving chemically modified H (Type 1) and H (Type 2) structures are rationalized in terms of conformational analysis and raise the possibility that the LEWIS-b and d antigens in saliva are present with the determinants in the amine form. The circumstantial evidence obtained in support of this possibility is, as yet, inconclusive. The main thrust of the paper is to indicate how modern conformational analysis may play an important role in the improvement of knowledge in carbohydrate-receptor site interaction.", "PMID": 95124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1496", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the nuclear matrix from the male Xenopus laevis following estrogen administration: kinetics of [3H] uridine incorporation.", "content": "At various times following estrogen administration, the nuclear matrix was isolated from the liver of male Xenopus laevis by sucrose gradient centrifugation of nuclei treated with a high-salt buffer and DNase I in the presence of a proteolytic inhibitor (PMSC--phenylmethyl sulfonyl chloride). Electron micrographs of the nuclear matrix demonstrate a sponge-like network attached to a well-defined inner envelope with a ribosome-free outer envelope. Chemical analyses show that the HSB-DNase-treated nuclei consist of 16% DNA, 2% RNA, and 82% protein, a composition that is consistent with that of nuclear matrices isolated from other species. The specific activity of the matrix-associated RNA following estrogen treatment appears to be maximally enhanced after 5 h and decreases until approximately 12 h, when the activity begins to increase again.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the nuclear matrix from the male Xenopus laevis following estrogen administration: kinetics of [3H] uridine incorporation. At various times following estrogen administration, the nuclear matrix was isolated from the liver of male Xenopus laevis by sucrose gradient centrifugation of nuclei treated with a high-salt buffer and DNase I in the presence of a proteolytic inhibitor (PMSC--phenylmethyl sulfonyl chloride). Electron micrographs of the nuclear matrix demonstrate a sponge-like network attached to a well-defined inner envelope with a ribosome-free outer envelope. Chemical analyses show that the HSB-DNase-treated nuclei consist of 16% DNA, 2% RNA, and 82% protein, a composition that is consistent with that of nuclear matrices isolated from other species. The specific activity of the matrix-associated RNA following estrogen treatment appears to be maximally enhanced after 5 h and decreases until approximately 12 h, when the activity begins to increase again.", "PMID": 95125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1497", "title": "Actions of quinacrine on RNA and casein syntheses in mouse mammary gland explants.", "content": "Quinacrine at concentrations of 0.025 mM and greater significantly reduced or abolished the prolactin stimulation of RNA synthesis in mouse mammary gland explants. At concentrations of 0.01 mM or greater, the stimulatory action of prolactin on [3H]-leucine incorporation into a casein-rich protein fraction was also reduced or abolished. The possible relationship of these actions of quinacrine to its inhibition of phospholipase A2 and/or prostaglandin biosynthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Actions of quinacrine on RNA and casein syntheses in mouse mammary gland explants. Quinacrine at concentrations of 0.025 mM and greater significantly reduced or abolished the prolactin stimulation of RNA synthesis in mouse mammary gland explants. At concentrations of 0.01 mM or greater, the stimulatory action of prolactin on [3H]-leucine incorporation into a casein-rich protein fraction was also reduced or abolished. The possible relationship of these actions of quinacrine to its inhibition of phospholipase A2 and/or prostaglandin biosynthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 95126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1498", "title": "Effects of ascorbate on leucocytes: Part II. Effects of ascorbic acid and calcium and sodium ascorbate on neutrophil phagocytosis and post-phagocytic metabolic activity.", "content": "The effects of ascorbic acid and calcium and sodium ascorbate at a concentration range of 10(-6)M - 10(-1)M on polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) phagocytosis of Candida albicans and post-phagocytic nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) activity and myeloperoxidase-mediated iodination of ingested protein were investigated. Phagocytosis of C. albicans was unaffected by ascorbate concentrations of 10(-6)M - 10(-2)M; however, progressive inhibition was observed at concentrations of 10(-2)M upwards. Enhancement of resting and stimulated HMS activity and NBT reduction was evident at ascorbate concentrations of 10(-5) M - 10(-2)M. The stimulations of HMS activity and NBT reduction was independent of myeloperoxidase iodination of ingested protein and this latter function was strongly inhibited by ascorbate. Concentrations of ascorbic acid and calcium and sodium ascorbate which caused inhibition of phagocytosis and HMS activity were the same as those which mediated stimulation of cell motility, indicating that independent cellular mechanisms may govern motility and phagocytosis.", "contents": "Effects of ascorbate on leucocytes: Part II. Effects of ascorbic acid and calcium and sodium ascorbate on neutrophil phagocytosis and post-phagocytic metabolic activity. The effects of ascorbic acid and calcium and sodium ascorbate at a concentration range of 10(-6)M - 10(-1)M on polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) phagocytosis of Candida albicans and post-phagocytic nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) activity and myeloperoxidase-mediated iodination of ingested protein were investigated. Phagocytosis of C. albicans was unaffected by ascorbate concentrations of 10(-6)M - 10(-2)M; however, progressive inhibition was observed at concentrations of 10(-2)M upwards. Enhancement of resting and stimulated HMS activity and NBT reduction was evident at ascorbate concentrations of 10(-5) M - 10(-2)M. The stimulations of HMS activity and NBT reduction was independent of myeloperoxidase iodination of ingested protein and this latter function was strongly inhibited by ascorbate. Concentrations of ascorbic acid and calcium and sodium ascorbate which caused inhibition of phagocytosis and HMS activity were the same as those which mediated stimulation of cell motility, indicating that independent cellular mechanisms may govern motility and phagocytosis.", "PMID": 95138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1499", "title": "An improved cobalt labeling technique with complex compounds.", "content": "Results of axonal labelings with CoCl2, cobaltous lysine and cobaltic lysine complexes are compared on dorsal roots and nerves of the spinal cord and brain stem in the living frog. The most satisfactory staining of fibres and terminals is given by CoCl2; its application however, is limited by its rather short (6--10 mm) axonal transport. Cobaltous lysine is transported somewhat better, but it gives a poor fibre staining in the spinal cord. The axonal transport of cobaltic lysine is the best, covering a distance of 40--50 mm. Combination of cobaltic lysine with 2--5% dimethyl sulphoxide greatly enhances the axonal uptake of cobalt and extends the distance of transport to 70--80 mm. It is assumed that better transport of cobalt complexes is achieved by their less toxic effect on the nerve cell.", "contents": "An improved cobalt labeling technique with complex compounds. Results of axonal labelings with CoCl2, cobaltous lysine and cobaltic lysine complexes are compared on dorsal roots and nerves of the spinal cord and brain stem in the living frog. The most satisfactory staining of fibres and terminals is given by CoCl2; its application however, is limited by its rather short (6--10 mm) axonal transport. Cobaltous lysine is transported somewhat better, but it gives a poor fibre staining in the spinal cord. The axonal transport of cobaltic lysine is the best, covering a distance of 40--50 mm. Combination of cobaltic lysine with 2--5% dimethyl sulphoxide greatly enhances the axonal uptake of cobalt and extends the distance of transport to 70--80 mm. It is assumed that better transport of cobalt complexes is achieved by their less toxic effect on the nerve cell.", "PMID": 95142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1500", "title": "Diurnal rhythm of hypophyseal cells in mich. II. Pars intermedia.", "content": "By the use of Mac Conaill's lead hematoxylin, periodic acid and Schiff's reagent (PAS, PbH-positive and PAS-positive cells were distinguished in the pars intermedia of the hypophysis in mice. Nuclear volume in PbH-positive and PAS-positive cells in the pars intermedia of the hypophysis in male and female mice under conditions of 12 h light and 12 h darkness shows distinct diurnal rhythmicity. Maximum nuclear volume in PbH-positive cells of the pars intermedia in both sexes was observed at 1800 h, and minimum at 2400 h. In the Pas-positive cells in females maximum nuclear volume was observed at 600 h, and minimum at 2400 h. In males maximal nuclear volume in these cells appears at 2400 h, and minimum at 1800 h. Maximum number of vacuoles in the nuclei of PbH-positive cells in the pars intermedia in both sexes appeared at 1800 h, and minimum at 2400 h. Maximum numbers of vacuoles in the nuclei of PAS-positive cells in females was noted at 1200 h, and minimum at 2400 h. In males the maximum number of vacuoles appeared at 600 h, and minimum at 1200 h. Differences in the number of vacuoles in the nuclei of PAS-positive cells between males and females were also noted.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythm of hypophyseal cells in mich. II. Pars intermedia. By the use of Mac Conaill's lead hematoxylin, periodic acid and Schiff's reagent (PAS, PbH-positive and PAS-positive cells were distinguished in the pars intermedia of the hypophysis in mice. Nuclear volume in PbH-positive and PAS-positive cells in the pars intermedia of the hypophysis in male and female mice under conditions of 12 h light and 12 h darkness shows distinct diurnal rhythmicity. Maximum nuclear volume in PbH-positive cells of the pars intermedia in both sexes was observed at 1800 h, and minimum at 2400 h. In the Pas-positive cells in females maximum nuclear volume was observed at 600 h, and minimum at 2400 h. In males maximal nuclear volume in these cells appears at 2400 h, and minimum at 1800 h. Maximum number of vacuoles in the nuclei of PbH-positive cells in the pars intermedia in both sexes appeared at 1800 h, and minimum at 2400 h. Maximum numbers of vacuoles in the nuclei of PAS-positive cells in females was noted at 1200 h, and minimum at 2400 h. In males the maximum number of vacuoles appeared at 600 h, and minimum at 1200 h. Differences in the number of vacuoles in the nuclei of PAS-positive cells between males and females were also noted.", "PMID": 95143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1501", "title": "[Structural and immunochemical studies of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) immunoglobulin. V. Tryptic fragments of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) immunoglobulin M].", "content": "Carp IgM, isolated from normal serum is more sensitive to trypsinization compared to a human myeloma protein IgMGo. Under the same conditions (treatment with trypsin at 56 degrees C for 30 min) carp IgM was degraded to small, mostly dialysable peptides to a larger extent than IgMGo. In both cases the fragmentation resulted in immunoelectrophoretically pure Fab mu and Fc mu fragments. The Fab mu fragments of human IgM (yield: 20% of used IgM material) had a molecular weight of 54,000, the Fc mu fragments (yield: 30%) were a heterogenous mixture as far as molecular sizes concerned with values of about 300,000. For the corresponding fragments of carp IgM we could analyze a molecular weight of about 43,000 for Fab mu (yield: 8%) and for Fc mu (yield 10%) three fractions of 160,000, 130,000 and 90,000. The reductive subunits of Fc mu fragments showed different molecular weights: 39,000 for IgMGo and 45,000 for carp IgM. The anti-fragment antisera prepared in rabbits were monospecific as demonstrated by immunodiffusion.", "contents": "[Structural and immunochemical studies of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) immunoglobulin. V. Tryptic fragments of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) immunoglobulin M]. Carp IgM, isolated from normal serum is more sensitive to trypsinization compared to a human myeloma protein IgMGo. Under the same conditions (treatment with trypsin at 56 degrees C for 30 min) carp IgM was degraded to small, mostly dialysable peptides to a larger extent than IgMGo. In both cases the fragmentation resulted in immunoelectrophoretically pure Fab mu and Fc mu fragments. The Fab mu fragments of human IgM (yield: 20% of used IgM material) had a molecular weight of 54,000, the Fc mu fragments (yield: 30%) were a heterogenous mixture as far as molecular sizes concerned with values of about 300,000. For the corresponding fragments of carp IgM we could analyze a molecular weight of about 43,000 for Fab mu (yield: 8%) and for Fc mu (yield 10%) three fractions of 160,000, 130,000 and 90,000. The reductive subunits of Fc mu fragments showed different molecular weights: 39,000 for IgMGo and 45,000 for carp IgM. The anti-fragment antisera prepared in rabbits were monospecific as demonstrated by immunodiffusion.", "PMID": 95144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1502", "title": "Combination chemotherapy of malignant histiocytosis.", "content": "Three patients with malignant histiocytosis treated with combination chemotherapy are reported. Induction treatment included bleomycin, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (BACOP). Complete response was obtained in one patient who is alive and well 32 months after diagnosis. A partial response was obtained in the second patient, who is alive and well 35 months after diagnosis. The third patient died with drug-induced agranulocytosis and sepsis.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy of malignant histiocytosis. Three patients with malignant histiocytosis treated with combination chemotherapy are reported. Induction treatment included bleomycin, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (BACOP). Complete response was obtained in one patient who is alive and well 32 months after diagnosis. A partial response was obtained in the second patient, who is alive and well 35 months after diagnosis. The third patient died with drug-induced agranulocytosis and sepsis.", "PMID": 95146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1503", "title": "Distribution of the A blood group activity on lipid and nonlipid fractions of pig organs.", "content": "Lipids and protein-containing nonlipids of pig erythrocytes, serum and several organs were tested for A blood group activity. Both lipids and nonlipids of brain, myocardium, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue show no A activity. The way of distribution of A activity on lipids and nonlipids of other tissues and serum differs among individual pigs. With respect to the acquisition of A activity of erythrocytes in a postnatal period, it seems likely that the lipidic A substance Tor part of it containing the A determinant) is transferred from plasma to the erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Distribution of the A blood group activity on lipid and nonlipid fractions of pig organs. Lipids and protein-containing nonlipids of pig erythrocytes, serum and several organs were tested for A blood group activity. Both lipids and nonlipids of brain, myocardium, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue show no A activity. The way of distribution of A activity on lipids and nonlipids of other tissues and serum differs among individual pigs. With respect to the acquisition of A activity of erythrocytes in a postnatal period, it seems likely that the lipidic A substance Tor part of it containing the A determinant) is transferred from plasma to the erythrocyte membrane.", "PMID": 95147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1504", "title": "Enhancement of the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio in pregnancy.", "content": "The renal clearance of amylase, expressed as a proportion of simultaneous creatinine clearance (Cam/-Ccr), was determined in 131 women in various stages of pregnancy. No abnormal serum levels of amylase were found. A moderate but significant increase in Cam/Ccr occurred during the last 15 weeks of pregnancy. Possible causes for this change were investigated in smaller groups of subjects. No increase in rapidly cleared isoamylase could be detected. No modification in renal tubular handling of protein could be evidenced, as assessed by measurements of the renal clearance of beta 2 microglobulin, expressed as a proportion of simultaneous creatinine clearance. An incrased glomerular permeability to amylase probably accounts for elevated Cam/Ccr in pregnancy.", "contents": "Enhancement of the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio in pregnancy. The renal clearance of amylase, expressed as a proportion of simultaneous creatinine clearance (Cam/-Ccr), was determined in 131 women in various stages of pregnancy. No abnormal serum levels of amylase were found. A moderate but significant increase in Cam/Ccr occurred during the last 15 weeks of pregnancy. Possible causes for this change were investigated in smaller groups of subjects. No increase in rapidly cleared isoamylase could be detected. No modification in renal tubular handling of protein could be evidenced, as assessed by measurements of the renal clearance of beta 2 microglobulin, expressed as a proportion of simultaneous creatinine clearance. An incrased glomerular permeability to amylase probably accounts for elevated Cam/Ccr in pregnancy.", "PMID": 95148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1505", "title": "Nucleic acids and protein changes in normal and pre-eclamptic placentae.", "content": "DNA and RNA assayed in the placentae of three groups of pregnant women: normal second trimester (16-28), normal third trimester (28 weeks up to term) and in preeclampsia. The protein level in the placentae of the three groups was also assayed. The proteins, DNA and RNA all decreased after 28 weeks and up to term in normal pregnancy. In pre-eclampsia DNA and RNA showed a significant increase compared with cases of normal third trimester pregnancy. Whereas the proteins also showed an increased level, this was still less than its concentration during the second trimester of pregnancy. Protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratios were calculated for the three groups. These ratios showed a gradual decrease during normal pregnancy from 16 weeks up to term, but with a sharper decrease in pre-eclampsia.", "contents": "Nucleic acids and protein changes in normal and pre-eclamptic placentae. DNA and RNA assayed in the placentae of three groups of pregnant women: normal second trimester (16-28), normal third trimester (28 weeks up to term) and in preeclampsia. The protein level in the placentae of the three groups was also assayed. The proteins, DNA and RNA all decreased after 28 weeks and up to term in normal pregnancy. In pre-eclampsia DNA and RNA showed a significant increase compared with cases of normal third trimester pregnancy. Whereas the proteins also showed an increased level, this was still less than its concentration during the second trimester of pregnancy. Protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratios were calculated for the three groups. These ratios showed a gradual decrease during normal pregnancy from 16 weeks up to term, but with a sharper decrease in pre-eclampsia.", "PMID": 95149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1506", "title": "National programme for prevention of the recurrence of neural tube defects.", "content": "Mothers who since 1970 gave birth to children with anencephaly or spina bifida in Hungary are informed about the recurrence risk, the possibility of prevention and about the four institutes where alpha-feto-protein determination is done. In one of these institutes the examination was recommended to 175 women of whom 158 availed themselves of the opportunity. The outcome of their pregnancy is now known in 131 cases. Of these, in 101 the examination was performed because of previous occurrence of anencephaly-spina bifida. High concentration (400, 200, 140 micrograms/ml) were found in 3 cases; they were due to anencephaly (selective induced abortion), severe spina bifida (liveborn) and macerated fetal death. The examination yielded values above the 99% confidence limit in the given gestational week in further 9 cases. The elevated values were due to twinning in 2 cases, to closed spina bifida in 1, and to fetal death in 1 case. The slightly elevated alpha-fetoprotein in 4 of them may have been due to chance.", "contents": "National programme for prevention of the recurrence of neural tube defects. Mothers who since 1970 gave birth to children with anencephaly or spina bifida in Hungary are informed about the recurrence risk, the possibility of prevention and about the four institutes where alpha-feto-protein determination is done. In one of these institutes the examination was recommended to 175 women of whom 158 availed themselves of the opportunity. The outcome of their pregnancy is now known in 131 cases. Of these, in 101 the examination was performed because of previous occurrence of anencephaly-spina bifida. High concentration (400, 200, 140 micrograms/ml) were found in 3 cases; they were due to anencephaly (selective induced abortion), severe spina bifida (liveborn) and macerated fetal death. The examination yielded values above the 99% confidence limit in the given gestational week in further 9 cases. The elevated values were due to twinning in 2 cases, to closed spina bifida in 1, and to fetal death in 1 case. The slightly elevated alpha-fetoprotein in 4 of them may have been due to chance.", "PMID": 95150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1507", "title": "Melanin granule in skin window macrophages.", "content": "Pigment granules have been studied in macrophages of skin window preparations. These granules usually appeared blue with Romanowsky stains, and stained positively for melanin but negatively for iron. There were significantly more pigment granules per macrophage in sun-tanned individuals and in coloured subjects and in the latter, the granules were usually larger and darker. Presumably, the source of the melanin is damaged or degenerating pigment cells of the skin and reflects a normal in vivo phenomenon.", "contents": "Melanin granule in skin window macrophages. Pigment granules have been studied in macrophages of skin window preparations. These granules usually appeared blue with Romanowsky stains, and stained positively for melanin but negatively for iron. There were significantly more pigment granules per macrophage in sun-tanned individuals and in coloured subjects and in the latter, the granules were usually larger and darker. Presumably, the source of the melanin is damaged or degenerating pigment cells of the skin and reflects a normal in vivo phenomenon.", "PMID": 95153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1508", "title": "[Behavior of some acute phase reactant proteins during phlogosis and neoplasms and their correlation with erythrocyte sedimentation rate].", "content": "Alpha 2 macroglobulin, haptoglobin and fibrinogen plasma levels were simultaneously determined, as well as E.S.R., to test if a significant difference could be found among cancer, inflammatory diseases and control subjects. Haptoglobin was higher in the cancer group and fibrinogen in inflammatory diseases, but these selective increases are not believed to be enough to suggest the widespread determinations of these proteins. A significant correlation was found between alpha 2 macroglobulin and E.S.R., as well as between fibrinogen and E.S.R.", "contents": "[Behavior of some acute phase reactant proteins during phlogosis and neoplasms and their correlation with erythrocyte sedimentation rate]. Alpha 2 macroglobulin, haptoglobin and fibrinogen plasma levels were simultaneously determined, as well as E.S.R., to test if a significant difference could be found among cancer, inflammatory diseases and control subjects. Haptoglobin was higher in the cancer group and fibrinogen in inflammatory diseases, but these selective increases are not believed to be enough to suggest the widespread determinations of these proteins. A significant correlation was found between alpha 2 macroglobulin and E.S.R., as well as between fibrinogen and E.S.R.", "PMID": 95158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1509", "title": "Fluorescence analysis of cells using a laser light source.", "content": "A quantitative microfluorometric instrument is described that employs a helium cadmium laser (442 nm) as the illumination source. The instrument consists of a double grating monochromator in front of a gallium arsenide photomultiplier that is interfaced with a desktop computer. The versatility of the instrument in making quantitative nucleic acid measurements on acridine orange and Feulgen-Schiff stained cells is demonstrated. The ploidy levels of several populations are easily determined, and the Feulgen fluorescent emissions are considerably greater than those obtained with a standard mercury lamp.", "contents": "Fluorescence analysis of cells using a laser light source. A quantitative microfluorometric instrument is described that employs a helium cadmium laser (442 nm) as the illumination source. The instrument consists of a double grating monochromator in front of a gallium arsenide photomultiplier that is interfaced with a desktop computer. The versatility of the instrument in making quantitative nucleic acid measurements on acridine orange and Feulgen-Schiff stained cells is demonstrated. The ploidy levels of several populations are easily determined, and the Feulgen fluorescent emissions are considerably greater than those obtained with a standard mercury lamp.", "PMID": 95164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1510", "title": "[Retrospective study in hepatic biopsies, of hepatitis B surface antigen by the orcein method and indirect immunofluorescence methods].", "content": "A retrospective study of the HBsAg was done in 56 liver biopsies of children less than 12 year-old and 78 biopsies of adults. The study was performed by orcein stain and indirect immunofluorescent method. In 23 of the adults patients, the serological detection of HBsAg and antibodies (HbsAb) was determined by reverse passive haemagglutination technique. The adults patients' histological dianosis were variable and included acute or chronic hepatitis (20.5%) and cirrhosis (24.4%). Orcein was positive in 7 and IFI in 6 cases; 5 biopsies were positive by both methods. The highest incidence of HBsAg was seen in active cirrhosis (75%), including two cases of alcoholic cirrhosis. In the 23 serologically studied patients, 15 cases were HBsAg negative and 3 were HBsAg positive both in the liver and serum; only 2 cases showed discrepancy between these results. Three patients were HBsAb positive and HBsAg negative both in the liver and serum. All children biopsies were HBsAg negative. Among these patients, 26.8% had acute or chronic hepatitis and 10.7% cirrhosis. Serological and tissue techniques for HBsAg and HbsAb detection have different sensitivity. This should be kept in mind when studying the incidence of hepatitis B virus related to liver diseases.", "contents": "[Retrospective study in hepatic biopsies, of hepatitis B surface antigen by the orcein method and indirect immunofluorescence methods]. A retrospective study of the HBsAg was done in 56 liver biopsies of children less than 12 year-old and 78 biopsies of adults. The study was performed by orcein stain and indirect immunofluorescent method. In 23 of the adults patients, the serological detection of HBsAg and antibodies (HbsAb) was determined by reverse passive haemagglutination technique. The adults patients' histological dianosis were variable and included acute or chronic hepatitis (20.5%) and cirrhosis (24.4%). Orcein was positive in 7 and IFI in 6 cases; 5 biopsies were positive by both methods. The highest incidence of HBsAg was seen in active cirrhosis (75%), including two cases of alcoholic cirrhosis. In the 23 serologically studied patients, 15 cases were HBsAg negative and 3 were HBsAg positive both in the liver and serum; only 2 cases showed discrepancy between these results. Three patients were HBsAb positive and HBsAg negative both in the liver and serum. All children biopsies were HBsAg negative. Among these patients, 26.8% had acute or chronic hepatitis and 10.7% cirrhosis. Serological and tissue techniques for HBsAg and HbsAb detection have different sensitivity. This should be kept in mind when studying the incidence of hepatitis B virus related to liver diseases.", "PMID": 95161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1511", "title": "Continuous dielectrophoretic separation of cell mixtures.", "content": "Use of stream-centered dielectrophoresis (1-4) produced continuous separations on three cell mixtures (1) Chorella vulgaris with Netrium digitus, (2) Ankistrodesmus falcatus with Staurastrum gracile, and (3) Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Netrium digitus. Maximal separations were obtained for these mixtures of live cells at 100 kHz, 600 kHz, and 2.0 MHz, respectively. The technique was restricted to a frequency range of 0.01-32 MHz, and to suspensions of low conductivity in which microorganisms such as these algae and yeast are tolerant. Extension, however, to cellular organisms requiring higher osmolarity is readily feasible through the use of nonionic solutes such as sucrose, mannose, glycine, etc.", "contents": "Continuous dielectrophoretic separation of cell mixtures. Use of stream-centered dielectrophoresis (1-4) produced continuous separations on three cell mixtures (1) Chorella vulgaris with Netrium digitus, (2) Ankistrodesmus falcatus with Staurastrum gracile, and (3) Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Netrium digitus. Maximal separations were obtained for these mixtures of live cells at 100 kHz, 600 kHz, and 2.0 MHz, respectively. The technique was restricted to a frequency range of 0.01-32 MHz, and to suspensions of low conductivity in which microorganisms such as these algae and yeast are tolerant. Extension, however, to cellular organisms requiring higher osmolarity is readily feasible through the use of nonionic solutes such as sucrose, mannose, glycine, etc.", "PMID": 95165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1512", "title": "Electrokinetic study of the reactions of peritoneal macrophages and eosinophils with IgG immune complexes.", "content": "Electrophoretic light scattering (laser Doppler electrophoresis) has been employed to study the effects of guinea pig IgG immune complexes on the electrophoretic mobility distributions of guinea pig resident peritoneal cells. The resident population of cells is composed of macrophages (approximately 75%) and eosinophils (approximately 25%). These cells were separated according to the well-established method of Boyum. Populations of resident macrophages, eosinophils, and the unfractionated samples were incubated with soluble immune complexes, antigen alone, or antibody alone. The mean mobility of the resident macrophages decreased approximately 60% when incubated in the presence of immune complexes, although no effect could be discerned in the presence of antigen or antibody alone. The width of the resulting macrophage mobility distribution was larger than that of the control distributions, with a broad shoulder on the high-mobility side, indicating a heterogeneous response of the macrophages to the immune complexes. Eosinophils react in two distinct fashions. One population of eosinophils is present near the control experiments. The second population reacts in a manner very similar to that of macrophages. This suggests that at least two populations of eosinophils are present in the unstimulated guinea pig peritoneal cavity. Results that are intermediate between these two cases are found when unfractionated samples are studied.", "contents": "Electrokinetic study of the reactions of peritoneal macrophages and eosinophils with IgG immune complexes. Electrophoretic light scattering (laser Doppler electrophoresis) has been employed to study the effects of guinea pig IgG immune complexes on the electrophoretic mobility distributions of guinea pig resident peritoneal cells. The resident population of cells is composed of macrophages (approximately 75%) and eosinophils (approximately 25%). These cells were separated according to the well-established method of Boyum. Populations of resident macrophages, eosinophils, and the unfractionated samples were incubated with soluble immune complexes, antigen alone, or antibody alone. The mean mobility of the resident macrophages decreased approximately 60% when incubated in the presence of immune complexes, although no effect could be discerned in the presence of antigen or antibody alone. The width of the resulting macrophage mobility distribution was larger than that of the control distributions, with a broad shoulder on the high-mobility side, indicating a heterogeneous response of the macrophages to the immune complexes. Eosinophils react in two distinct fashions. One population of eosinophils is present near the control experiments. The second population reacts in a manner very similar to that of macrophages. This suggests that at least two populations of eosinophils are present in the unstimulated guinea pig peritoneal cavity. Results that are intermediate between these two cases are found when unfractionated samples are studied.", "PMID": 95166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1513", "title": "Discriminant analysis on cells from developing squamous cancer of the respiratory tract.", "content": "Cytologic preparations made from the tracheobronchial tree taken by the Schreiber catheter have been scanned by three color microphotometry. The digitized cell images were processed by the analytical cytodiagnostic programs of the TICAS system. Cells were sorted into two control groups and five groups of increasing atypia ranging from normal epithelium to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Standard statistical tests, including Wilk's Lambda, Rao's V, and the Kruskal-Wallis tests are performed on these subsets of cell image features. This study demonstrates that discriminant analyses permit differentiation between normal cells and those from marked atypia or carcinoma and that the classification achieves a high degree of agreement with visual assignment.", "contents": "Discriminant analysis on cells from developing squamous cancer of the respiratory tract. Cytologic preparations made from the tracheobronchial tree taken by the Schreiber catheter have been scanned by three color microphotometry. The digitized cell images were processed by the analytical cytodiagnostic programs of the TICAS system. Cells were sorted into two control groups and five groups of increasing atypia ranging from normal epithelium to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Standard statistical tests, including Wilk's Lambda, Rao's V, and the Kruskal-Wallis tests are performed on these subsets of cell image features. This study demonstrates that discriminant analyses permit differentiation between normal cells and those from marked atypia or carcinoma and that the classification achieves a high degree of agreement with visual assignment.", "PMID": 95167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1514", "title": "Visualization of mitochondrial coupling factor F1(ATPase) by freeze-drying.", "content": "It is known that the negatively stained preparations of inner mitochondrial membrane display characteristic approximately 9 nm F1 (ATPase) knobs projecting from the matrix surface. Freeze-etch studies have reported the absence of such knobs from the \"etched\" surface of the inner mitochondrial membranes. We have demonstrated their presence on the surface of SMP (submitochondrial particles) prepared by freeze-drying for transmission electron microscopy. This identification has been substantiated by comparison with freeze-dried TU particles (trypsin-urea treated SMP) that are devoid of F1 (ATPase). It has been suggested that a layer of water molecules is strongly adsorbed to the surface of SMP and does not sublime during normal freeze-\"etching.\"", "contents": "Visualization of mitochondrial coupling factor F1(ATPase) by freeze-drying. It is known that the negatively stained preparations of inner mitochondrial membrane display characteristic approximately 9 nm F1 (ATPase) knobs projecting from the matrix surface. Freeze-etch studies have reported the absence of such knobs from the \"etched\" surface of the inner mitochondrial membranes. We have demonstrated their presence on the surface of SMP (submitochondrial particles) prepared by freeze-drying for transmission electron microscopy. This identification has been substantiated by comparison with freeze-dried TU particles (trypsin-urea treated SMP) that are devoid of F1 (ATPase). It has been suggested that a layer of water molecules is strongly adsorbed to the surface of SMP and does not sublime during normal freeze-\"etching.\"", "PMID": 95168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1515", "title": "On the mechanism of binding of human lymphocyte products to guinea pig macrophages.", "content": "When lymphocytes from a majority of patients with cancer are incubated with encephalitogenic factor, a lymphocyte product is released that reduces the anodic electrophoretic mobilities of guinea pig macrophages and fixed, tanned sheep erythrocytes. Although these reactions are not specific for cancer, it is distinctly possible that in patients with cancer, products from stimulated lymphocytes are capable of altering the surfaces of the patients' own macrophages, thereby modifying the course of their disease. In this paper, we attempt to elucidate some mechanisms for the binding of lymphocyte products to macrophages, such as occurs in the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test, since this may be of general interest. Binding of lymphocyte product to macrophages has been monitored by measurements of their electrophoretic mobilities and by electron microscopic determination of the density of binding of electron-dense, cationic colloidal iron hydroxide particles to their surfaces. The results show that the lymphocyte products reduce the net surface negativity of the macrophages by (coulombic) binding of this net positively charged material to sialic acids at the macrophage surface. Product-binding can be prevented by prior treatment of the macrophages with neuraminidase. It appears that only a minority of sialic acids are involved in the binding process, which occurs without demonstrable blocking of adjacent sialic acids or redistribution of such sites over the macrophage surface. Parallel experiments with fixed tanned erythrocytes also suggest that binding of lymphocyte product is not solely determined by surface sialic acids, although it cannot occur without them.", "contents": "On the mechanism of binding of human lymphocyte products to guinea pig macrophages. When lymphocytes from a majority of patients with cancer are incubated with encephalitogenic factor, a lymphocyte product is released that reduces the anodic electrophoretic mobilities of guinea pig macrophages and fixed, tanned sheep erythrocytes. Although these reactions are not specific for cancer, it is distinctly possible that in patients with cancer, products from stimulated lymphocytes are capable of altering the surfaces of the patients' own macrophages, thereby modifying the course of their disease. In this paper, we attempt to elucidate some mechanisms for the binding of lymphocyte products to macrophages, such as occurs in the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test, since this may be of general interest. Binding of lymphocyte product to macrophages has been monitored by measurements of their electrophoretic mobilities and by electron microscopic determination of the density of binding of electron-dense, cationic colloidal iron hydroxide particles to their surfaces. The results show that the lymphocyte products reduce the net surface negativity of the macrophages by (coulombic) binding of this net positively charged material to sialic acids at the macrophage surface. Product-binding can be prevented by prior treatment of the macrophages with neuraminidase. It appears that only a minority of sialic acids are involved in the binding process, which occurs without demonstrable blocking of adjacent sialic acids or redistribution of such sites over the macrophage surface. Parallel experiments with fixed tanned erythrocytes also suggest that binding of lymphocyte product is not solely determined by surface sialic acids, although it cannot occur without them.", "PMID": 95169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1516", "title": "Surface thermodynamics of leukocyte and platelet adhesion to polymer surfaces.", "content": "Adhesion of leukocytes and platelets to solid substrates of different surface tensions and hence different wettability is studied from a thermodynamic point of view. A simple thermodynamic model predicts that a cellular adhesion should increase with increasing surface tension of the solid substrate if the surface tension of the medium in which the cells are suspended is lower than the surface tension of the cells. If the surface tension of the suspending medium is higher than that of the cells, the opposite behavior is predicted. These predictions are borne out completely by neutrophil adhesion tests, where the surface tension of the aqueous suspending medium is varied by addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Platelet adhesion experiments also confirm these predictions, the only difference being that surface tensions of the suspending medium above that of the platelets cannot be realized, owing to exudation of surface active solutes from the platelets. Utilization of the thermodynamic prediction that cellular adhesion should become independent of the surface tension of the substrate when the surface tensions of the cells and that of the suspending medium are equal leads to a value of the surface tension of neutrophils of 69.0 erg/cm(2), in excellent agreement with the value obtained from contact angles measured on layers of cells.", "contents": "Surface thermodynamics of leukocyte and platelet adhesion to polymer surfaces. Adhesion of leukocytes and platelets to solid substrates of different surface tensions and hence different wettability is studied from a thermodynamic point of view. A simple thermodynamic model predicts that a cellular adhesion should increase with increasing surface tension of the solid substrate if the surface tension of the medium in which the cells are suspended is lower than the surface tension of the cells. If the surface tension of the suspending medium is higher than that of the cells, the opposite behavior is predicted. These predictions are borne out completely by neutrophil adhesion tests, where the surface tension of the aqueous suspending medium is varied by addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Platelet adhesion experiments also confirm these predictions, the only difference being that surface tensions of the suspending medium above that of the platelets cannot be realized, owing to exudation of surface active solutes from the platelets. Utilization of the thermodynamic prediction that cellular adhesion should become independent of the surface tension of the substrate when the surface tensions of the cells and that of the suspending medium are equal leads to a value of the surface tension of neutrophils of 69.0 erg/cm(2), in excellent agreement with the value obtained from contact angles measured on layers of cells.", "PMID": 95170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1517", "title": "The dissociation and separation of bovine adenohypophysial cells.", "content": "Bovine adenhypophysial tissue was dissociated by sequential enzymatic incubation in a continuous flow system. Dispersed cells separated into discrete fractions after centrifugation in isopycnic bovine serum albumin gradients. The dispersed and separated cells were prepared for microscopic identification and differential counts by centrifugal cytology. Radioimmunoassays for LH, FSH, TSH, and Prl were used to corroborate the differential counts and determine the homogeneity of the fractions. The thyrotrophs banded at an average density (rho) of 1.0417, the FSH-secretory cells at rho = 1.0597, the LH-secretory cells at rho = 1.0458, and the Prl-secretory cells at rho = 1.0126. A 7-16 fold enrichment of different cell populations was possible. In bovine hypophyses each hormone appears to be formed by specific cells: the average TSH concentrations of the thyrotrophs were 5.1 pg/cell for LH- and FSH concentration were 4.7 and 4.9 pg/cell for LH- and FSH-secreting cells, respectively. The average Prl concentration was 4.9 pg/cell for Prl-secreting cells.", "contents": "The dissociation and separation of bovine adenohypophysial cells. Bovine adenhypophysial tissue was dissociated by sequential enzymatic incubation in a continuous flow system. Dispersed cells separated into discrete fractions after centrifugation in isopycnic bovine serum albumin gradients. The dispersed and separated cells were prepared for microscopic identification and differential counts by centrifugal cytology. Radioimmunoassays for LH, FSH, TSH, and Prl were used to corroborate the differential counts and determine the homogeneity of the fractions. The thyrotrophs banded at an average density (rho) of 1.0417, the FSH-secretory cells at rho = 1.0597, the LH-secretory cells at rho = 1.0458, and the Prl-secretory cells at rho = 1.0126. A 7-16 fold enrichment of different cell populations was possible. In bovine hypophyses each hormone appears to be formed by specific cells: the average TSH concentrations of the thyrotrophs were 5.1 pg/cell for LH- and FSH concentration were 4.7 and 4.9 pg/cell for LH- and FSH-secreting cells, respectively. The average Prl concentration was 4.9 pg/cell for Prl-secreting cells.", "PMID": 95171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1518", "title": "The influence of cell surface receptor clustering on the thermodynamics of ligand binding and the kinetics of its dissociation.", "content": "We show that an equilibrium model for the clustering, by divalent ligand, of homogeneous plasma membrane-bound divalent receptors that do not change conformation predicts Scatchard plots with positive second derivatives (concave up). The result is thermodynamically indistinguishable from predictions based upon receptors that are heterogeneous for ligand, or that change conformation in a negatively cooperative way when ligand binds. A more general formulation of the theory, which allows application to dissociation kinetics, predicts that the dissociation of labeled ligand is accelerated in the presence of excess cold ligand and, moreover, that the accelerated dissociation has at least two components. The theory is briefly illustrated by fitting five different sets of data, at several temperatures for two different systems, with parameter values that are well within physically meaningful ranges. The model presented is the simplest and least ad hoc explanation thus far proposed as the basis for the kinetic phenomena, and raises the possibility that the numerous experiments in which such data are observed are primarily minifestations of cell surface clustering.", "contents": "The influence of cell surface receptor clustering on the thermodynamics of ligand binding and the kinetics of its dissociation. We show that an equilibrium model for the clustering, by divalent ligand, of homogeneous plasma membrane-bound divalent receptors that do not change conformation predicts Scatchard plots with positive second derivatives (concave up). The result is thermodynamically indistinguishable from predictions based upon receptors that are heterogeneous for ligand, or that change conformation in a negatively cooperative way when ligand binds. A more general formulation of the theory, which allows application to dissociation kinetics, predicts that the dissociation of labeled ligand is accelerated in the presence of excess cold ligand and, moreover, that the accelerated dissociation has at least two components. The theory is briefly illustrated by fitting five different sets of data, at several temperatures for two different systems, with parameter values that are well within physically meaningful ranges. The model presented is the simplest and least ad hoc explanation thus far proposed as the basis for the kinetic phenomena, and raises the possibility that the numerous experiments in which such data are observed are primarily minifestations of cell surface clustering.", "PMID": 95172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1519", "title": "A theoretical model for adhesion between cells mediated by multivalent ligands.", "content": "A theoretical model is developed for cell-to-cell binding by bivalent ligands that can bind to mobile receptors on the cell surfaces. Monovalent inhibitors that can bind either to receptors or ligands are also included. For symmetrical ligands, that is, ligands in which both binding sites are the same, it is shown that crosslinking of receptors on each cell will interfere with intercellular bridge formation. At equilibrium, such interference is not drastic, but if the crosslinks can form before the cells are brought into contact, crosslinking may greatly impede the rate of intercellular binding. Comparison is made with experiments, and the importance of receptor mobility is discussed. It is noted that ligands can also bind a cell to itself or to a surface.", "contents": "A theoretical model for adhesion between cells mediated by multivalent ligands. A theoretical model is developed for cell-to-cell binding by bivalent ligands that can bind to mobile receptors on the cell surfaces. Monovalent inhibitors that can bind either to receptors or ligands are also included. For symmetrical ligands, that is, ligands in which both binding sites are the same, it is shown that crosslinking of receptors on each cell will interfere with intercellular bridge formation. At equilibrium, such interference is not drastic, but if the crosslinks can form before the cells are brought into contact, crosslinking may greatly impede the rate of intercellular binding. Comparison is made with experiments, and the importance of receptor mobility is discussed. It is noted that ligands can also bind a cell to itself or to a surface.", "PMID": 95173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1520", "title": "Membrane surface properties of sheep erythrocytes, an immunological reagent, after different treatments as reflected by partition in two-polymer aqueous phases.", "content": "Sheep erythrocytes (E) which, with or without certain treatments, are currently used as \"immunological reagents\" to detect cells with specific receptors (by rosette-formation) have been partitioned in two-polymer aqueous-phase systems selected so as to reflect charge-associated or lipid-related membrane surface properties. We have found that the partitioning behavior of E is not affected in these phases by reacting the cells with anti-E antibody (either IgG or IgM), forming EA. The additional binding of complement to the cell-antibody complex, forming EAC, results, however, in a marked decrease in the partition coefficient, K. Apparently both the charge-associated and hydrophobic properties reflected by partitioning remain accessible to the phase polymers when the cells are coated with antibody, but are not with the addition of complement. It is interesting that EA can still rosette with T-lymphocytes (14), a property of E, while the additional coating with complement results in EAC which does not appreciably do so (26). Neuraminidase or trypsin treatments of E, which yield Es having quite different rosetting properties with T-lymphocytes (14), cause increased Ks and unchanged Ks, respectively, in phases reflecting lipid-related surface properties. Either treatment causes reduced Ks of E in charged-phase systems. Neuraminidase treatment also results in a reduced electrophoretic mobility of E, while trypsin treatment is not detectable by cell electrophoresis (25). We are currently studying the possible usefulness of employing cell electrophoresis and cell partitioning in charged-phase systems jointly to obtain information on events occurring at the shear plane versus those occurring deeper in the membrane.", "contents": "Membrane surface properties of sheep erythrocytes, an immunological reagent, after different treatments as reflected by partition in two-polymer aqueous phases. Sheep erythrocytes (E) which, with or without certain treatments, are currently used as \"immunological reagents\" to detect cells with specific receptors (by rosette-formation) have been partitioned in two-polymer aqueous-phase systems selected so as to reflect charge-associated or lipid-related membrane surface properties. We have found that the partitioning behavior of E is not affected in these phases by reacting the cells with anti-E antibody (either IgG or IgM), forming EA. The additional binding of complement to the cell-antibody complex, forming EAC, results, however, in a marked decrease in the partition coefficient, K. Apparently both the charge-associated and hydrophobic properties reflected by partitioning remain accessible to the phase polymers when the cells are coated with antibody, but are not with the addition of complement. It is interesting that EA can still rosette with T-lymphocytes (14), a property of E, while the additional coating with complement results in EAC which does not appreciably do so (26). Neuraminidase or trypsin treatments of E, which yield Es having quite different rosetting properties with T-lymphocytes (14), cause increased Ks and unchanged Ks, respectively, in phases reflecting lipid-related surface properties. Either treatment causes reduced Ks of E in charged-phase systems. Neuraminidase treatment also results in a reduced electrophoretic mobility of E, while trypsin treatment is not detectable by cell electrophoresis (25). We are currently studying the possible usefulness of employing cell electrophoresis and cell partitioning in charged-phase systems jointly to obtain information on events occurring at the shear plane versus those occurring deeper in the membrane.", "PMID": 95174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1521", "title": "Separation of T and B lymphocytes from various mouse strains by density gradient electrophoresis.", "content": "T and B mouse spleen lymphocytes were separated by density gradient electrophoresis on the basis of their surface charge. In all strains examined, the T lymphocytes were found in the high mobility fractions and the B in the low. The T and B cells were separated completely in most fractions, with some overlapping in the middle. Significant differences were found in the electrophoretic distribution profiles between the strains: C57BL/6j, C57BL/10j, (BALB/cXC57BL/6j)F1, and all the following: B6.C-H-2d/cBy (congenic to C57BL/6j), BALB/c, CBA/H/T6j, C57BL/10Sn, and C3H. The C57BL/6j and the (BALB/cXC57BL/6j)F1 cells appear more heterogeneous as far as electrophoretic mobility is concerned. Almost all the other strains give two major peaks. Moreover, the high mobility areas are less populated in the C57BL/6j and the (BALB/cXC57BL/6j)F1 animals than in all the others. The above differences were found consistently when cells prepared by different methods were electrophoresed. It is concluded that the surface charge of lymphocytes may be genetically determined. Possible dependency on the H-2 complex or non-H-2 areas is discussed.", "contents": "Separation of T and B lymphocytes from various mouse strains by density gradient electrophoresis. T and B mouse spleen lymphocytes were separated by density gradient electrophoresis on the basis of their surface charge. In all strains examined, the T lymphocytes were found in the high mobility fractions and the B in the low. The T and B cells were separated completely in most fractions, with some overlapping in the middle. Significant differences were found in the electrophoretic distribution profiles between the strains: C57BL/6j, C57BL/10j, (BALB/cXC57BL/6j)F1, and all the following: B6.C-H-2d/cBy (congenic to C57BL/6j), BALB/c, CBA/H/T6j, C57BL/10Sn, and C3H. The C57BL/6j and the (BALB/cXC57BL/6j)F1 cells appear more heterogeneous as far as electrophoretic mobility is concerned. Almost all the other strains give two major peaks. Moreover, the high mobility areas are less populated in the C57BL/6j and the (BALB/cXC57BL/6j)F1 animals than in all the others. The above differences were found consistently when cells prepared by different methods were electrophoresed. It is concluded that the surface charge of lymphocytes may be genetically determined. Possible dependency on the H-2 complex or non-H-2 areas is discussed.", "PMID": 95175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1522", "title": "Effects of ovarian hormones on cell membranes in the rat uterus. I. Freeze fracture studies of the apical membrane of the liminal epithelium.", "content": "Freeze fracture techniques have been used to study the apical membrane of cells of the luminal epithelium of the rat uterus under various hormonal regimes. In the ovariectomized but otherwise untreated rat, intramembranous particles (IMPs) occur at a density of 1395 +/- 122 per micron 2; they appeared spherical and uniformly distributed. After 3 days treatment with estrogen, no change in appearance or density was found, but 3 days of progesterone treatment produced a significant increase in IMP density to 1622 +/- 104. Treatment with progesterone, with an additional dose of estrogen on day 3, is known to produce an epithelium receptive to the implanting blastocyst. In these conditions, the IMP density rose to 3818 +/- 337: rod-shaped particles and aggregations of IMPs were seen, and some particle arrays resembling gap junctions, in addition to the isolated spherical particles.", "contents": "Effects of ovarian hormones on cell membranes in the rat uterus. I. Freeze fracture studies of the apical membrane of the liminal epithelium. Freeze fracture techniques have been used to study the apical membrane of cells of the luminal epithelium of the rat uterus under various hormonal regimes. In the ovariectomized but otherwise untreated rat, intramembranous particles (IMPs) occur at a density of 1395 +/- 122 per micron 2; they appeared spherical and uniformly distributed. After 3 days treatment with estrogen, no change in appearance or density was found, but 3 days of progesterone treatment produced a significant increase in IMP density to 1622 +/- 104. Treatment with progesterone, with an additional dose of estrogen on day 3, is known to produce an epithelium receptive to the implanting blastocyst. In these conditions, the IMP density rose to 3818 +/- 337: rod-shaped particles and aggregations of IMPs were seen, and some particle arrays resembling gap junctions, in addition to the isolated spherical particles.", "PMID": 95176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1523", "title": "Analysis of cellular DNA distributions. I. G2/G1 channel ratios.", "content": "In the influencent-flow cytophotometric measurement of cellular DNA content the DNA distributions usually have two peaks. The second peak, which corresponds to the 4C DNA content of G2 and M cells, is often positioned at lower values of DNA content than twice that of the 2C DNA peak which contains G1 cells. Computerized numerical analyses were performed on artificial DNA distributions in which the proportion of S-phase cells was varied. It was demonstrated that the contribution of late S-phase cells to the 4C DNA peak in the histogram shifts the second peak to a position below twice the 2C DNA value. Also, increasing the coefficient of variation of the DNA measurement shifts the second peak position to lower values. A group of 33 DNA distribution histograms we found to have an average G2/G1 peak position ratio of 1.90, in keeping with typical values obtained from the numerical analysis of the artificial populations.", "contents": "Analysis of cellular DNA distributions. I. G2/G1 channel ratios. In the influencent-flow cytophotometric measurement of cellular DNA content the DNA distributions usually have two peaks. The second peak, which corresponds to the 4C DNA content of G2 and M cells, is often positioned at lower values of DNA content than twice that of the 2C DNA peak which contains G1 cells. Computerized numerical analyses were performed on artificial DNA distributions in which the proportion of S-phase cells was varied. It was demonstrated that the contribution of late S-phase cells to the 4C DNA peak in the histogram shifts the second peak to a position below twice the 2C DNA value. Also, increasing the coefficient of variation of the DNA measurement shifts the second peak position to lower values. A group of 33 DNA distribution histograms we found to have an average G2/G1 peak position ratio of 1.90, in keeping with typical values obtained from the numerical analysis of the artificial populations.", "PMID": 95178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1524", "title": "Centrifugal elutriation (counterstreaming centrifugation) of cells.", "content": "Lindahl first described the separation of cells by velocity sedimentation utilizing a special technique (counterstreaming centrifugation) that was later modified slightly and renamed centrifugal elutriation. Centrifugal elutriation has been applied, with variable degrees of success, to the separation of hemopoietic cells, mouse tumor cells, testicular cells, and a variety of other specialized cells as well as cells in particular phases of the cell cycle. The capacity of the elutriator to separate large numbers of cells is its chief advantage. The purities of the separated cells have not been compared with the purities of cells separated by other methods in most cases; such comparisons would permit more sophisticated comparison of elutriation with other techniques for velocity sedimentation.", "contents": "Centrifugal elutriation (counterstreaming centrifugation) of cells. Lindahl first described the separation of cells by velocity sedimentation utilizing a special technique (counterstreaming centrifugation) that was later modified slightly and renamed centrifugal elutriation. Centrifugal elutriation has been applied, with variable degrees of success, to the separation of hemopoietic cells, mouse tumor cells, testicular cells, and a variety of other specialized cells as well as cells in particular phases of the cell cycle. The capacity of the elutriator to separate large numbers of cells is its chief advantage. The purities of the separated cells have not been compared with the purities of cells separated by other methods in most cases; such comparisons would permit more sophisticated comparison of elutriation with other techniques for velocity sedimentation.", "PMID": 95177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1525", "title": "Characterization of murine T and B cells by computerized microphotometric analysis.", "content": "Splenocytes and column-separated T cells are differentiated into subpopulations of T and B cells on the basis of computer-assisted morphometric analysis of Feulgen-positive nuclear DNA. Differentiation is based upon the analysis of computable image information related to DNA distribution patterns. The technique at the present time does not allow immunofluorescent and morphometric measurements to be made on a given cell. However, the differentiation obtained by using descriptors proven capable of detecting pure populations of T and B cells shows excellent agreement with the differentiation obtained by immunofluorescence analysis. The descriptors and decision rules used the discrimination among splenocytes are reproducible from one experiment to another and remain valid for the differentiation of lymphocytes from animals of different sex and strain.", "contents": "Characterization of murine T and B cells by computerized microphotometric analysis. Splenocytes and column-separated T cells are differentiated into subpopulations of T and B cells on the basis of computer-assisted morphometric analysis of Feulgen-positive nuclear DNA. Differentiation is based upon the analysis of computable image information related to DNA distribution patterns. The technique at the present time does not allow immunofluorescent and morphometric measurements to be made on a given cell. However, the differentiation obtained by using descriptors proven capable of detecting pure populations of T and B cells shows excellent agreement with the differentiation obtained by immunofluorescence analysis. The descriptors and decision rules used the discrimination among splenocytes are reproducible from one experiment to another and remain valid for the differentiation of lymphocytes from animals of different sex and strain.", "PMID": 95180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1526", "title": "Subclassification of murine T cells by computerized microphotometric analysis.", "content": "Splenocytes separated by physical means and classified as T cells bay immunologic tests and computerized microphotometric analysis are differentiated into subgroups by analysis of the distribution patterns of Feulgen-positive nuclear DNA. In like fashion T cells obtained as purified preparations after separation on a nylon column, and accepted as T cells by micromorphometric analysis were subjected to further computerized morphometric analysis of nuclear DNA to form subgroups of cells. In each case, the number and composition of the detected subgroups were consistent. The classification does not appear to reflect any obvious phases of the cell cycle and is not dependent upon the sex and strain of mice from which the cells were obtained.", "contents": "Subclassification of murine T cells by computerized microphotometric analysis. Splenocytes separated by physical means and classified as T cells bay immunologic tests and computerized microphotometric analysis are differentiated into subgroups by analysis of the distribution patterns of Feulgen-positive nuclear DNA. In like fashion T cells obtained as purified preparations after separation on a nylon column, and accepted as T cells by micromorphometric analysis were subjected to further computerized morphometric analysis of nuclear DNA to form subgroups of cells. In each case, the number and composition of the detected subgroups were consistent. The classification does not appear to reflect any obvious phases of the cell cycle and is not dependent upon the sex and strain of mice from which the cells were obtained.", "PMID": 95181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1527", "title": "Cytotoxic and fluorescent assays for thymocyte subpopulations differing in surface thy-1 level.", "content": "A number of analytical techniques for distinguishing and separating the \"high theta\" \"low theta\" subpopulations of mouse thymocytes have been compared. A differential cytotoxic assay was compared to a quantitative immunofluorescent assay on individual cells using flow cytofluorometry and cell sorting. Conventional anti-Thy-1 antisera were compared with a monoclonal IgM anti-Thy-1. The monoclonal reagent greatly improved both types of assay, eliminated a number of artifacts and allowed either procedure to be used to give a clear distinction, based on Thy-1 level, between the two subpopulations. The distribution of Thy-1 on thymocytes is bimodal, rather than continuous. These separate \"high theta\" and \"low theta\" categories each includes a population a population of dividing cells.", "contents": "Cytotoxic and fluorescent assays for thymocyte subpopulations differing in surface thy-1 level. A number of analytical techniques for distinguishing and separating the \"high theta\" \"low theta\" subpopulations of mouse thymocytes have been compared. A differential cytotoxic assay was compared to a quantitative immunofluorescent assay on individual cells using flow cytofluorometry and cell sorting. Conventional anti-Thy-1 antisera were compared with a monoclonal IgM anti-Thy-1. The monoclonal reagent greatly improved both types of assay, eliminated a number of artifacts and allowed either procedure to be used to give a clear distinction, based on Thy-1 level, between the two subpopulations. The distribution of Thy-1 on thymocytes is bimodal, rather than continuous. These separate \"high theta\" and \"low theta\" categories each includes a population a population of dividing cells.", "PMID": 95182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1528", "title": "Morphometric analysis of B2cAMP induced reverse transformation in synchronized CHO cells.", "content": "Synchronized tranformed and reverse-transformed (by 10(-3) M B2cAMP) CHO-K1 cells, growing adherent to plastic, are characterized by means of geometric and densitometric parameters at the level of both the entire cell and of the nuclei at various time intervals after selective miotic detachment. Transformed and reverse-transformed cells triple-stained with Feulgen, Napthol Yellow S, and periodic acid-Schiff appeared very similar in terms of integrated optical density (IOD), related to either polysaccharides, protein, or DNA amount. On the other hand, a shift from a polygonal to a spindle-shaped morphology is a accompanied by a significant decrease in both form factor and average optical density (AOD) of intact cell and nuclei, which are the most conspicuous measured changes caused by B2cAMP, in addition to a lengthening of the cell cycle duration. In both control and treated cells, important and parallel cell-cycle-dependent modulations of geometric and densitometric parameters are also observed, for both the cytoplasmic (i.e., cell morphometry) and DNA space (i e., nuclear morphometry). Specifically, the modulation in nulear morphometry during G1, S, G2, and M phases confirms previous findings on synchronized HeLa cells. The optical density threshold-dependence of geometric parameters shows that, while becoming fusiform, the cytoplasm of reverse-transformed cells had a particularly low optical density precisely in the polar area. Utilization of such an approach in the development of an objective morphological classification of all cell lines grown as monolayers \"in vitro\" is also discussed.", "contents": "Morphometric analysis of B2cAMP induced reverse transformation in synchronized CHO cells. Synchronized tranformed and reverse-transformed (by 10(-3) M B2cAMP) CHO-K1 cells, growing adherent to plastic, are characterized by means of geometric and densitometric parameters at the level of both the entire cell and of the nuclei at various time intervals after selective miotic detachment. Transformed and reverse-transformed cells triple-stained with Feulgen, Napthol Yellow S, and periodic acid-Schiff appeared very similar in terms of integrated optical density (IOD), related to either polysaccharides, protein, or DNA amount. On the other hand, a shift from a polygonal to a spindle-shaped morphology is a accompanied by a significant decrease in both form factor and average optical density (AOD) of intact cell and nuclei, which are the most conspicuous measured changes caused by B2cAMP, in addition to a lengthening of the cell cycle duration. In both control and treated cells, important and parallel cell-cycle-dependent modulations of geometric and densitometric parameters are also observed, for both the cytoplasmic (i.e., cell morphometry) and DNA space (i e., nuclear morphometry). Specifically, the modulation in nulear morphometry during G1, S, G2, and M phases confirms previous findings on synchronized HeLa cells. The optical density threshold-dependence of geometric parameters shows that, while becoming fusiform, the cytoplasm of reverse-transformed cells had a particularly low optical density precisely in the polar area. Utilization of such an approach in the development of an objective morphological classification of all cell lines grown as monolayers \"in vitro\" is also discussed.", "PMID": 95183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1529", "title": "Assessment of immunocytochemical techniques with particular reference to the mixed-aggregation immunocytochemical technique.", "content": "Antibody-mediated assays are believed to be the most sensitive and specific techniques for antigen localization available to date, but they need extensive controls if specific and quantitative results are to be obtained. Problems arise from both the antibody source and the antigen in the tissue preparation. Specificity of the antibody is often difficult to prove in any direct or indirect antibody technique. When markers are coupled to antibody, binding and diffusion properties of the antibody are changed. Diffusion of antigen from its site and loss of antigenic determinants due to procedures for preserving morphology are two other main problems. The mixed-aggregation immunocytochemical technique provides another way of checking the selectivity of the antibody, since a cross-reactive antigen introduced into the section and not the antibody itself is what is seen. Quantitative studies using localization of lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes in human skeletal muscle fibres show that the technique fulfils most of the present criteria on precision, specificity and validity for determination of enzymes. It also ensures that more than 80% native antigen in frozen sections is fixed and is two to three times more sensitive and selective than the direct antibody technique.", "contents": "Assessment of immunocytochemical techniques with particular reference to the mixed-aggregation immunocytochemical technique. Antibody-mediated assays are believed to be the most sensitive and specific techniques for antigen localization available to date, but they need extensive controls if specific and quantitative results are to be obtained. Problems arise from both the antibody source and the antigen in the tissue preparation. Specificity of the antibody is often difficult to prove in any direct or indirect antibody technique. When markers are coupled to antibody, binding and diffusion properties of the antibody are changed. Diffusion of antigen from its site and loss of antigenic determinants due to procedures for preserving morphology are two other main problems. The mixed-aggregation immunocytochemical technique provides another way of checking the selectivity of the antibody, since a cross-reactive antigen introduced into the section and not the antibody itself is what is seen. Quantitative studies using localization of lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes in human skeletal muscle fibres show that the technique fulfils most of the present criteria on precision, specificity and validity for determination of enzymes. It also ensures that more than 80% native antigen in frozen sections is fixed and is two to three times more sensitive and selective than the direct antibody technique.", "PMID": 95185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1530", "title": "Isoprinosine increases the antitumor action of interferon.", "content": "The association of relatively low doses of interferon with an immunostimulant, isoprinosine, enhanced the antitumor effect of interferon. Each mouse was inoculated with 10(6) Crocker Tumor 180/TG cells. The best results were obtained when both interferon and isoprinosine were injected three times a week for 1 month. Under these conditions, the mean survival time increased from 26 days in the controls to 45 days in the interferon-treated group to 64 days when both agents were used. Isoprinosine alone had no effect. The final survival rate increased from 1 mouse out of 50 mice in the control group to 10 mice out of 50 in the interferon-treated groups and to 25 mice out of 50 with the combined treatment.", "contents": "Isoprinosine increases the antitumor action of interferon. The association of relatively low doses of interferon with an immunostimulant, isoprinosine, enhanced the antitumor effect of interferon. Each mouse was inoculated with 10(6) Crocker Tumor 180/TG cells. The best results were obtained when both interferon and isoprinosine were injected three times a week for 1 month. Under these conditions, the mean survival time increased from 26 days in the controls to 45 days in the interferon-treated group to 64 days when both agents were used. Isoprinosine alone had no effect. The final survival rate increased from 1 mouse out of 50 mice in the control group to 10 mice out of 50 in the interferon-treated groups and to 25 mice out of 50 with the combined treatment.", "PMID": 95187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1531", "title": "Preservation of carrageenan-induced immune suppression with alleviation of toxicity in aprotinin-treated mice.", "content": "Although the immunosuppressive effect of carrageenan was unimpaired in aprotinin-treated mice, the extent of intravascular coagulation induced by this macrophage toxic agent was substantially reduced. Use of antiproteases such as aprotinin may prove beneficial in management of this adverse side effect of certain immunotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Preservation of carrageenan-induced immune suppression with alleviation of toxicity in aprotinin-treated mice. Although the immunosuppressive effect of carrageenan was unimpaired in aprotinin-treated mice, the extent of intravascular coagulation induced by this macrophage toxic agent was substantially reduced. Use of antiproteases such as aprotinin may prove beneficial in management of this adverse side effect of certain immunotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 95188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1532", "title": "E-type delayed fluorescence depolarization, technique to probe rotational motion in the microsecond range.", "content": "E (eosin)-type delayed fluorescence depolarization studies extend the time range for the measurement of rotational diffusion to microseconds and ms, thereby allowing investigation of slow rotational movement of macromolecules like membrane proteins. An apparatus is described for the determination of time-dependent anisotropy in this interesting time range. The method has been tested on eosin-labelled cytochrome P-450 incorporated into phospholipid membrane vesicles.", "contents": "E-type delayed fluorescence depolarization, technique to probe rotational motion in the microsecond range. E (eosin)-type delayed fluorescence depolarization studies extend the time range for the measurement of rotational diffusion to microseconds and ms, thereby allowing investigation of slow rotational movement of macromolecules like membrane proteins. An apparatus is described for the determination of time-dependent anisotropy in this interesting time range. The method has been tested on eosin-labelled cytochrome P-450 incorporated into phospholipid membrane vesicles.", "PMID": 95189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1533", "title": "A millipore--blue dextran affinity binding system.", "content": "Blue dextran has been adsorbed to millipore filter discs in a linkage stable under a variety of conditions. These discs have been to bind lactic dehydrogenase, which may then be specifically eluted with NADH, one of its substrates. In contrast, another enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, not expected to bind to blue dextran, was indeed completely recovered in the filtrate.", "contents": "A millipore--blue dextran affinity binding system. Blue dextran has been adsorbed to millipore filter discs in a linkage stable under a variety of conditions. These discs have been to bind lactic dehydrogenase, which may then be specifically eluted with NADH, one of its substrates. In contrast, another enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, not expected to bind to blue dextran, was indeed completely recovered in the filtrate.", "PMID": 95190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1534", "title": "Vitamin A effect on tumor angiogenesis.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of vitamin A on tumor establishment and growth has been studied in two animal models. The C57L/J hepatoma, when placed in C57L/J mice receiving inoculations of vitamin A, showed slow growth and the hosts had significantly prolonged survival over untreated mice. The V-2 carcinoma, when implanted in the corneas of New Zealand white rabbits receiving injections of vitamin A, showed decreased vascular response in the limbic vessels. The absence of an induced vascular response prevents vascularization of the tumor and subsequent tumor growth. The evidence suggests that vitamin A may exert its inhibitory effect by modifying the normal vascular response to neoplastic tissue.", "contents": "Vitamin A effect on tumor angiogenesis. The inhibitory effect of vitamin A on tumor establishment and growth has been studied in two animal models. The C57L/J hepatoma, when placed in C57L/J mice receiving inoculations of vitamin A, showed slow growth and the hosts had significantly prolonged survival over untreated mice. The V-2 carcinoma, when implanted in the corneas of New Zealand white rabbits receiving injections of vitamin A, showed decreased vascular response in the limbic vessels. The absence of an induced vascular response prevents vascularization of the tumor and subsequent tumor growth. The evidence suggests that vitamin A may exert its inhibitory effect by modifying the normal vascular response to neoplastic tissue.", "PMID": 95197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1535", "title": "Heterogeneity, immunological comparison and concentration profiles of alpha-fetoproteins derived from late-gestational and early postnatal mouse tissue.", "content": "Four distinct alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) species were separated by ion-exchange chromatography of the approximately 70 000 dalton fraction of an extract of late-gestation fetal mice. Although chromatographicaly heterogeneous, antigenic differences among the AFP species resolved were not detected using classical double-diffusion methods. Analysis of the AFP contribution to total body saline-extractable protein of fetal and neonatal mice revealed an abrupt decrease in the fetal AFP contribution to total body saline-extractable protein commencing after the 18th day of gestation.", "contents": "Heterogeneity, immunological comparison and concentration profiles of alpha-fetoproteins derived from late-gestational and early postnatal mouse tissue. Four distinct alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) species were separated by ion-exchange chromatography of the approximately 70 000 dalton fraction of an extract of late-gestation fetal mice. Although chromatographicaly heterogeneous, antigenic differences among the AFP species resolved were not detected using classical double-diffusion methods. Analysis of the AFP contribution to total body saline-extractable protein of fetal and neonatal mice revealed an abrupt decrease in the fetal AFP contribution to total body saline-extractable protein commencing after the 18th day of gestation.", "PMID": 95198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1536", "title": "Plasma pregnancy-associated alpha 2-glycoprotein concentrations in complications of pregnancy and foetal abnormality.", "content": "Maternal plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated alpha 2-glycoprotein (alpha 2-PAG) were measured in normal pregnancy and in pregnancies complicated by apparent threatened abortion, pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). alpha 2-PAG levels were significantly decreased in those women who spontaneously aborted and in those with foetal death, but were unaffected in patients who threatened to abort and in whom pregnancy continued successfully. Concentrations of alpha 2-PAG were also unaffected in subjects with mild or severe pre-eclampsia and in those with IUGR. Patients with high alpha-foetoprotein levels associated with foetal abnormality also had normal alpha 2-PAG levels for stage of gestation. The possible immunological implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma pregnancy-associated alpha 2-glycoprotein concentrations in complications of pregnancy and foetal abnormality. Maternal plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated alpha 2-glycoprotein (alpha 2-PAG) were measured in normal pregnancy and in pregnancies complicated by apparent threatened abortion, pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). alpha 2-PAG levels were significantly decreased in those women who spontaneously aborted and in those with foetal death, but were unaffected in patients who threatened to abort and in whom pregnancy continued successfully. Concentrations of alpha 2-PAG were also unaffected in subjects with mild or severe pre-eclampsia and in those with IUGR. Patients with high alpha-foetoprotein levels associated with foetal abnormality also had normal alpha 2-PAG levels for stage of gestation. The possible immunological implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 95200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1537", "title": "Combined autoradiography and histochemistry: the simultaneous detection of 6-3H thymidine and acid phosphatase activity in cryostate sections.", "content": "A method is described for the simultaneous demonstration of 6-3H thymidine incorporation and acid phosphatase activity in cryostae sections of mouse thymus. The method enables a comparison of mitosis and acid hydrolase activity to be made in the same tissue section. In 8-week-old mice acid phosphatase positive cells reprsent 1.23 +/- 0.06% of the total population and 8.4 +/- 0.27% of the cells incorporate tritiated thymidine. Acid phosphatase activity can be used to estimate cell autolysis and death. The implication of the method in relation to tissue dynamics is discussed.", "contents": "Combined autoradiography and histochemistry: the simultaneous detection of 6-3H thymidine and acid phosphatase activity in cryostate sections. A method is described for the simultaneous demonstration of 6-3H thymidine incorporation and acid phosphatase activity in cryostae sections of mouse thymus. The method enables a comparison of mitosis and acid hydrolase activity to be made in the same tissue section. In 8-week-old mice acid phosphatase positive cells reprsent 1.23 +/- 0.06% of the total population and 8.4 +/- 0.27% of the cells incorporate tritiated thymidine. Acid phosphatase activity can be used to estimate cell autolysis and death. The implication of the method in relation to tissue dynamics is discussed.", "PMID": 95201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1538", "title": "Ribonucleotides in DNA newly synthesised in 3T6 cells in vivo.", "content": "Within the field of DNA replication, considerable interest has focused in recent years on the mechanism of initiation of synthesis of DNA molecules. In vitro replication systems from Escherichia coli have been instrumental in uncovering a priming function fo9r ribonucleotides on the earliest intermediates of DNA polymerisation in vitro and in identifying the proteins involved. In vitro replication systems from mammalian cells that permit the use of the phosphate-transfer method for detection of RNA-DNA junctions as well as direct labelling of the RNA moiety of the molecules have suggested a similar role for ribonucleotides in DNA synthesis in eukaryotes. However, the existence of this mechanism in mammalian cells in vivo has not been established. Here we report the first evidence that a significant proportion of the earliest intermediates in mammalian DNA polymerisation in vivo do, in fact, possess ribonucleotides, presumably because their synthesis was initiated with one or more ribonucleotides.", "contents": "Ribonucleotides in DNA newly synthesised in 3T6 cells in vivo. Within the field of DNA replication, considerable interest has focused in recent years on the mechanism of initiation of synthesis of DNA molecules. In vitro replication systems from Escherichia coli have been instrumental in uncovering a priming function fo9r ribonucleotides on the earliest intermediates of DNA polymerisation in vitro and in identifying the proteins involved. In vitro replication systems from mammalian cells that permit the use of the phosphate-transfer method for detection of RNA-DNA junctions as well as direct labelling of the RNA moiety of the molecules have suggested a similar role for ribonucleotides in DNA synthesis in eukaryotes. However, the existence of this mechanism in mammalian cells in vivo has not been established. Here we report the first evidence that a significant proportion of the earliest intermediates in mammalian DNA polymerisation in vivo do, in fact, possess ribonucleotides, presumably because their synthesis was initiated with one or more ribonucleotides.", "PMID": 95207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1539", "title": "Natural occurrence of 2-5A in interferon-treated EMC virus-infected L cells.", "content": "Until now the interferon-mediated 2'-5' adenine oligonucleotide inhibitors (2-5A) of cell-free protein synthesis have not been detected in intact cells. Here we report their natural occurrence in interferon-treated, EMC virus-infected mouse L cells in amounts consistent with the idea that they play a part in the inhibition of virus growth.", "contents": "Natural occurrence of 2-5A in interferon-treated EMC virus-infected L cells. Until now the interferon-mediated 2'-5' adenine oligonucleotide inhibitors (2-5A) of cell-free protein synthesis have not been detected in intact cells. Here we report their natural occurrence in interferon-treated, EMC virus-infected mouse L cells in amounts consistent with the idea that they play a part in the inhibition of virus growth.", "PMID": 95208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1540", "title": "Ca2+ is essential cofactor for trypanocidal activity of normal human serum.", "content": "Normal human serum has been known to exert a cytotoxic effect on Trypanosoma brucei subspecies for nearly 80 yr. But in spite of many attempts, no trypanocidal factor was found in human or baboon serum, until Rifkin demostrated a high density lipoprotein (HDL) in normal human serum with trypanocidal activity. The conclusion that this was the trypanocidal factor was supported by the report that serum from patients with Tangier disease, characterised by a severe deficiency of HDL, lacked trypanocidal activity. We report here that Ca2+ is an essential cofactor for the trypanocidal activity of normal human serum, in which alpha2 macroglobulin (alpha 2) might function as a Ca2+-carrier. We further show that D-glucose, D-fructose and D-mannose can suppress the trypanocidal action of normal human serum, whereas glycerol has the opposite effect.", "contents": "Ca2+ is essential cofactor for trypanocidal activity of normal human serum. Normal human serum has been known to exert a cytotoxic effect on Trypanosoma brucei subspecies for nearly 80 yr. But in spite of many attempts, no trypanocidal factor was found in human or baboon serum, until Rifkin demostrated a high density lipoprotein (HDL) in normal human serum with trypanocidal activity. The conclusion that this was the trypanocidal factor was supported by the report that serum from patients with Tangier disease, characterised by a severe deficiency of HDL, lacked trypanocidal activity. We report here that Ca2+ is an essential cofactor for the trypanocidal activity of normal human serum, in which alpha2 macroglobulin (alpha 2) might function as a Ca2+-carrier. We further show that D-glucose, D-fructose and D-mannose can suppress the trypanocidal action of normal human serum, whereas glycerol has the opposite effect.", "PMID": 95209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1541", "title": "Actinobacillus seminis infection in sheep in the Republic of South Africa. III. Growth and cultural characteristics of A. seminis.", "content": "Bacteriological tests were done on a large number of different strains of Actinobacillus seminis and also, repeatedly, on the same culture or on different cultures taken periodically from the same donor animal. These tests were also applied to strains of A. seminis representing different serological types, which in turn were compared with strains of Brucella ovis. The tests as applied proved that A. seminis strains have defined, morphological, staining, cultural and biochemical properties, although they can generally be regarded as biochemically inactive. Growth was greatly enhanced on media enriched with blood or serum and also more luxuriant when incubated in a carboxophilic atmosphere. Nitrate reduction was found to be a variable characteristic, as it was more often negative, while weakly positive and negative reactions for hydrogen sulphide production were encountered with equal frequency. On the basis of their bacteriological properties, the strains representing the different serological types can be divided into 2 groups. Strains belonging to the first of these groups conform to the earlier description of A. seminis by Baynes & Simmons (1960) and are usually catalase positive and oxidase negative, while those in the second group more closely resemble Histophilus ovis described by Roberts (1956), and produce variable reactions on the catalase and oxidase tests. Although growth did occur aerobically and was more luxuriant in a carboxyophilic atmosphere in all strains, it was always much slower for strains resembling H. ovis. Similarly, the growth produced by these strains was poorer and more irregular on ordinary nutrient media and, although greatly enhanced and more regular in all strains on enriched media, it was again much slower for these strains. In all stages of development, the colonies of strains similar to H. ovis were always slower and more transparent in appearance, and tended to remain low convex and undifferentiated. Packed organisms of these strains were light yellow (lemon) in colour in contrast to strains resembling A. seminis, which had a greyish-white appearance. A. seminis and B. ovis can clearly be distinguished on their morphology, Stamp staining reaction on both semen and culture smears, colonial morphology, the delayed colony development of B. ovis and sensitivity to dyes and antibiotics.", "contents": "Actinobacillus seminis infection in sheep in the Republic of South Africa. III. Growth and cultural characteristics of A. seminis. Bacteriological tests were done on a large number of different strains of Actinobacillus seminis and also, repeatedly, on the same culture or on different cultures taken periodically from the same donor animal. These tests were also applied to strains of A. seminis representing different serological types, which in turn were compared with strains of Brucella ovis. The tests as applied proved that A. seminis strains have defined, morphological, staining, cultural and biochemical properties, although they can generally be regarded as biochemically inactive. Growth was greatly enhanced on media enriched with blood or serum and also more luxuriant when incubated in a carboxophilic atmosphere. Nitrate reduction was found to be a variable characteristic, as it was more often negative, while weakly positive and negative reactions for hydrogen sulphide production were encountered with equal frequency. On the basis of their bacteriological properties, the strains representing the different serological types can be divided into 2 groups. Strains belonging to the first of these groups conform to the earlier description of A. seminis by Baynes & Simmons (1960) and are usually catalase positive and oxidase negative, while those in the second group more closely resemble Histophilus ovis described by Roberts (1956), and produce variable reactions on the catalase and oxidase tests. Although growth did occur aerobically and was more luxuriant in a carboxyophilic atmosphere in all strains, it was always much slower for strains resembling H. ovis. Similarly, the growth produced by these strains was poorer and more irregular on ordinary nutrient media and, although greatly enhanced and more regular in all strains on enriched media, it was again much slower for these strains. In all stages of development, the colonies of strains similar to H. ovis were always slower and more transparent in appearance, and tended to remain low convex and undifferentiated. Packed organisms of these strains were light yellow (lemon) in colour in contrast to strains resembling A. seminis, which had a greyish-white appearance. A. seminis and B. ovis can clearly be distinguished on their morphology, Stamp staining reaction on both semen and culture smears, colonial morphology, the delayed colony development of B. ovis and sensitivity to dyes and antibiotics.", "PMID": 95214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1542", "title": "Differential suppression of experimental allergic diseases in rats infected with trypanosomes.", "content": "PVG/c rats, infected 3 days previously with 10(3) Trypanosoma brucei brucei S.42 organisms failed to develop adjuvant disease in response to an intradermal inoculation of mycobacterial adjuvant. By contrast, similarly infected rats, immunized with heterologous brain and spinal cord in Freund's complete adjuvant with pertussis vaccine as a secondary adjuvant, developed clinical signs of allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) at least as severe as those in uninfected rats. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to PPD were depressed in trypanosome-infected, adjuvant-injected rats, as were the reactions to myelin basic protein in infected rats developing EAE. There appeared to be no cross-reactivity between trypanosomal antigen and myelin basic protein which could account for the lack of suppression of EAE. It is suggested that the different extent to which autoimmunity is involved in these two experimental allergic diseases may account for the differential suppressive activity of trypanosome infections upon them.", "contents": "Differential suppression of experimental allergic diseases in rats infected with trypanosomes. PVG/c rats, infected 3 days previously with 10(3) Trypanosoma brucei brucei S.42 organisms failed to develop adjuvant disease in response to an intradermal inoculation of mycobacterial adjuvant. By contrast, similarly infected rats, immunized with heterologous brain and spinal cord in Freund's complete adjuvant with pertussis vaccine as a secondary adjuvant, developed clinical signs of allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) at least as severe as those in uninfected rats. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to PPD were depressed in trypanosome-infected, adjuvant-injected rats, as were the reactions to myelin basic protein in infected rats developing EAE. There appeared to be no cross-reactivity between trypanosomal antigen and myelin basic protein which could account for the lack of suppression of EAE. It is suggested that the different extent to which autoimmunity is involved in these two experimental allergic diseases may account for the differential suppressive activity of trypanosome infections upon them.", "PMID": 95215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1543", "title": "Sinus arrest in diaphragmatic myocardial infarction: treatment of power failure with atrial pacing.", "content": "Sinus arrest occurred in a patient with acute diaphragmatic myocardial infarction associated with right ventricular infarction. Cardiac output fell dramatically despite maintenance of a junctional rate of 72. Ventricular pacing at rate 82 and dopamine administration resulted in only slight hemodynamic improvement. Atrial pacing at rate 84 restored normal cardiac output until resumption of sinus node activity. These results suggest that atrial contraction is important for the maintenance of ventricular function in some patients with acute infarction, and may be of particular importance in the presence of right ventricular infarction. Temporary atrial or atrioventricular sequential pacing may be of great hemodynamic benefit in selected patients with conduction defects complicating myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Sinus arrest in diaphragmatic myocardial infarction: treatment of power failure with atrial pacing. Sinus arrest occurred in a patient with acute diaphragmatic myocardial infarction associated with right ventricular infarction. Cardiac output fell dramatically despite maintenance of a junctional rate of 72. Ventricular pacing at rate 82 and dopamine administration resulted in only slight hemodynamic improvement. Atrial pacing at rate 84 restored normal cardiac output until resumption of sinus node activity. These results suggest that atrial contraction is important for the maintenance of ventricular function in some patients with acute infarction, and may be of particular importance in the presence of right ventricular infarction. Temporary atrial or atrioventricular sequential pacing may be of great hemodynamic benefit in selected patients with conduction defects complicating myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 95216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1544", "title": "A new concept for atrial triggered pulse generators.", "content": "In order to avoid the potential risk of a short refractory period and the inconvenience of the electronic blocking mechanism at the highest synchronous rate with the conventional atrial triggered pulse generator, two more functions have been added to the normal atrial triggered (VAT) pulse generator. First, it has been designed to be ventricular inhibited; second, a highest synchronous rate detector has been added. When the highest synchronous rate of about 140 is exceeded, the atrial signals are blocked and the frequency of the basic rate generator is increased to about 130. Two patients could hardly feel the change from atrial triggered pacing to ventricular inhibited stimulation, and both were able to work at higher loads with this type of pacing compared with the conventional atrial triggered pulse generator.", "contents": "A new concept for atrial triggered pulse generators. In order to avoid the potential risk of a short refractory period and the inconvenience of the electronic blocking mechanism at the highest synchronous rate with the conventional atrial triggered pulse generator, two more functions have been added to the normal atrial triggered (VAT) pulse generator. First, it has been designed to be ventricular inhibited; second, a highest synchronous rate detector has been added. When the highest synchronous rate of about 140 is exceeded, the atrial signals are blocked and the frequency of the basic rate generator is increased to about 130. Two patients could hardly feel the change from atrial triggered pacing to ventricular inhibited stimulation, and both were able to work at higher loads with this type of pacing compared with the conventional atrial triggered pulse generator.", "PMID": 95217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1545", "title": "Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in patients with short P-R intervals and narrow QRS complexes.", "content": "Eleven patients with short P-R intervals and narrow QRS complexes had ventricular tachycardia due to organic heart disease: mitral valve prolapse with mitral insufficiency (2 patients); alcoholic (?) cardiomyopathy (2 patients); and coronary artery disease (7 patients). Intracardiac studies showed short A-H intervals during sinus rhythm in all cases. The onset of ventricular fibrillation (which, to our knowledge, has not been observed in patients having short P-R and A-H intervals coexisting with narrow QRS complexes) was documented in 4 cases. Only 1 patient (with quinidine syncope) had been premedicated. In the 3 other patients the episodes of ventricular fibrillation appeared during bouts of atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rates which could have been an exprerssion of the \"enhanced A-V conduction\" that had been manifested in sinus beats by short P-R and A-H intervals. In clinical settings and physiological conditions proven to be hemodynamically unstable (such as transient ischemia or acute myocardial infarction) these rapid ventricular rates could have led to ventricular fibrillation; directly because of the R-on-T phenomenon, and/or indirectly due to decreased coronary perfusion. Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation due to organic heart disease probably occur more often than suggested by the few reported cases in the literature. Its significance, however, has to be clarified by further prospective studies.", "contents": "Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in patients with short P-R intervals and narrow QRS complexes. Eleven patients with short P-R intervals and narrow QRS complexes had ventricular tachycardia due to organic heart disease: mitral valve prolapse with mitral insufficiency (2 patients); alcoholic (?) cardiomyopathy (2 patients); and coronary artery disease (7 patients). Intracardiac studies showed short A-H intervals during sinus rhythm in all cases. The onset of ventricular fibrillation (which, to our knowledge, has not been observed in patients having short P-R and A-H intervals coexisting with narrow QRS complexes) was documented in 4 cases. Only 1 patient (with quinidine syncope) had been premedicated. In the 3 other patients the episodes of ventricular fibrillation appeared during bouts of atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rates which could have been an exprerssion of the \"enhanced A-V conduction\" that had been manifested in sinus beats by short P-R and A-H intervals. In clinical settings and physiological conditions proven to be hemodynamically unstable (such as transient ischemia or acute myocardial infarction) these rapid ventricular rates could have led to ventricular fibrillation; directly because of the R-on-T phenomenon, and/or indirectly due to decreased coronary perfusion. Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation due to organic heart disease probably occur more often than suggested by the few reported cases in the literature. Its significance, however, has to be clarified by further prospective studies.", "PMID": 95218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1546", "title": "The use of balloon-tipped electrodes for permanent cardiac pacing.", "content": "A new balloon-tipped ventricular endocardial electrode for permanent artificial cardiac pacing is described. Following transvenous insertion of the electrode to the right ventricular apex, the distal balloon is inflated with contrast material in order to wedge the electrode tip between or beneath trabeculae and prevent displacement. fifty-nine electrodes were implanted, including a second generation type incorporating a wedge tip as well as the balloon. The incidence of displacement was 17% with 10% of cases being early, and 7% late. Early in the series, 50% Urografin was used to inflate the balloon and this resulted in premature deflation and early electrode displacement in two of the nine patients. When the concentration of Urografin was reduced, the balloon remained inflated for a longer period and the incidence of early displacement was reduced to 8%. However, there was still a late displacement of 8%. Only one wedge-tipped balloon electrode displaced. This electrode had a faulty sealing mechanism and the balloon could not be adequately inflated. There was a 3% incidence of early and a 3% incidence of late threshold problems with the electrode. However, name of the wedge-tipped balloon electrodes exhibited this problem. It was concluded that this new electrode did not fulfill its objectives. The total electrode failure rate, including displacements and episodes of high threshold was approximately 24%.", "contents": "The use of balloon-tipped electrodes for permanent cardiac pacing. A new balloon-tipped ventricular endocardial electrode for permanent artificial cardiac pacing is described. Following transvenous insertion of the electrode to the right ventricular apex, the distal balloon is inflated with contrast material in order to wedge the electrode tip between or beneath trabeculae and prevent displacement. fifty-nine electrodes were implanted, including a second generation type incorporating a wedge tip as well as the balloon. The incidence of displacement was 17% with 10% of cases being early, and 7% late. Early in the series, 50% Urografin was used to inflate the balloon and this resulted in premature deflation and early electrode displacement in two of the nine patients. When the concentration of Urografin was reduced, the balloon remained inflated for a longer period and the incidence of early displacement was reduced to 8%. However, there was still a late displacement of 8%. Only one wedge-tipped balloon electrode displaced. This electrode had a faulty sealing mechanism and the balloon could not be adequately inflated. There was a 3% incidence of early and a 3% incidence of late threshold problems with the electrode. However, name of the wedge-tipped balloon electrodes exhibited this problem. It was concluded that this new electrode did not fulfill its objectives. The total electrode failure rate, including displacements and episodes of high threshold was approximately 24%.", "PMID": 95219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1547", "title": "The response of regular re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia to right heart stimulation.", "content": "The study was designed to assess the effect of various forms of right atrial or ventricular stimulation on the termination of re-entrant \"supraventricular\" tachycardias. Standard electrophysiological techniques were used in 81 patients to study 86 stable tachycardias. All tachycardias were initiated by single or double atrial or ventricular premature stimuli or incremental atrial pacing. Eight groups of tachycardia circuit were defined in terms of the anterograde and retrograde pathways. Termination of each tachycardia was studied by atrial underdrive, ventricular underdrive, rapid atrial stimulation and single or double atrial and ventricular premature extrastimuli. Intranodal re-entrant tachycardias formed 33% of the total and WPW tachycardias as a whole formed 55% of the total number of arrhythmias. The remainder were comprised of atrial tachycardia (5%), tachycardias in association with a partial AV nodal bypass (3%) and pre-excited tachycardias (5%). A single atrial extrastimulus was most effective where the circuit involved the right atrium. Atrial underdrive was consistently less successful than a single atrial extrastimulus in all groups. Rapid atrial pacing was effective in all groups, but caused transient atrial flutter or fibrillation in a proportion of each group except one. Ventricular underdrive stimulation was most effective in those groups where the right ventricle was involved in the circuit, but tended to be less effective than programmed single or double ventricular extrastimuli. Pacemakers designed to deliver appropriately timed single or double extrastimuli may offer an important alternative to other pacing modalities.", "contents": "The response of regular re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia to right heart stimulation. The study was designed to assess the effect of various forms of right atrial or ventricular stimulation on the termination of re-entrant \"supraventricular\" tachycardias. Standard electrophysiological techniques were used in 81 patients to study 86 stable tachycardias. All tachycardias were initiated by single or double atrial or ventricular premature stimuli or incremental atrial pacing. Eight groups of tachycardia circuit were defined in terms of the anterograde and retrograde pathways. Termination of each tachycardia was studied by atrial underdrive, ventricular underdrive, rapid atrial stimulation and single or double atrial and ventricular premature extrastimuli. Intranodal re-entrant tachycardias formed 33% of the total and WPW tachycardias as a whole formed 55% of the total number of arrhythmias. The remainder were comprised of atrial tachycardia (5%), tachycardias in association with a partial AV nodal bypass (3%) and pre-excited tachycardias (5%). A single atrial extrastimulus was most effective where the circuit involved the right atrium. Atrial underdrive was consistently less successful than a single atrial extrastimulus in all groups. Rapid atrial pacing was effective in all groups, but caused transient atrial flutter or fibrillation in a proportion of each group except one. Ventricular underdrive stimulation was most effective in those groups where the right ventricle was involved in the circuit, but tended to be less effective than programmed single or double ventricular extrastimuli. Pacemakers designed to deliver appropriately timed single or double extrastimuli may offer an important alternative to other pacing modalities.", "PMID": 95220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1548", "title": "Myopotential inhibition of demand pacemakers: etiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations.", "content": "Myopotential inhibition of demand pacemakers is a common phenomenon and is responsible for a greater degree of morbidity and possible mortality in patients with pacers. Significant electrical potentials generated by contracting muscle mass gain entry into the pacemaker circuitry causing inhibition of pacemaker activity. Intraoperative and bedside maneuvers can readily precipitate the problem and allow for accurate diagnosis. Holter monitoring frequently can also serve to establish the diagnosis. Pacemaker repositioning, replacement with a bipolar system, use of a fixed-rate pacemaker, and pacemaker \"sleeves\" are possible intraoperative therapeutic methods. External sensitivity adjustable pacemakers would seemingly allow for noninvasive solutions to the problem.", "contents": "Myopotential inhibition of demand pacemakers: etiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations. Myopotential inhibition of demand pacemakers is a common phenomenon and is responsible for a greater degree of morbidity and possible mortality in patients with pacers. Significant electrical potentials generated by contracting muscle mass gain entry into the pacemaker circuitry causing inhibition of pacemaker activity. Intraoperative and bedside maneuvers can readily precipitate the problem and allow for accurate diagnosis. Holter monitoring frequently can also serve to establish the diagnosis. Pacemaker repositioning, replacement with a bipolar system, use of a fixed-rate pacemaker, and pacemaker \"sleeves\" are possible intraoperative therapeutic methods. External sensitivity adjustable pacemakers would seemingly allow for noninvasive solutions to the problem.", "PMID": 95221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1549", "title": "Ventricular tachycardia terminated by carotid sinus massage.", "content": "Carotid sinus massage affects supraventricular arrhythmias primarily through vagotonic effects on the sinus and AV nodes, but vagal innervation of the ventricle also exists and has been shown to have functional significance. The case presented here illustrates an unusual example of a ventricular tachycardia that was repeatedly converted to normal sinus rhythm by carotid sinus massage following administration of digoxin. The clinician should be aware that a wide QRS-complex tachycardia that responds to carotid sinus massage is not necessarily supraventricular in origin.", "contents": "Ventricular tachycardia terminated by carotid sinus massage. Carotid sinus massage affects supraventricular arrhythmias primarily through vagotonic effects on the sinus and AV nodes, but vagal innervation of the ventricle also exists and has been shown to have functional significance. The case presented here illustrates an unusual example of a ventricular tachycardia that was repeatedly converted to normal sinus rhythm by carotid sinus massage following administration of digoxin. The clinician should be aware that a wide QRS-complex tachycardia that responds to carotid sinus massage is not necessarily supraventricular in origin.", "PMID": 95222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1550", "title": "Runaway pacemaker. A case report with a runaway rate of 2100 ppm.", "content": "A case of runaway pulse generator is described. A Vitalith C-23 developed runaway on the 13th postoperative day, without any preceding changes in the rate or amplitude of the pulse generator spike. The rate of runaway was 2100 pulses per minute (ppm), one of the highest rates ever reported. The ventricle was not captured by the runaway pulse generator, but was paced effectively by a temporary demand pacemaker (Medtronic 5880A) which was left in case of displacement of the implanted pacing lead. The reasons why the temporary pacemaker was not inhibited are discussed.", "contents": "Runaway pacemaker. A case report with a runaway rate of 2100 ppm. A case of runaway pulse generator is described. A Vitalith C-23 developed runaway on the 13th postoperative day, without any preceding changes in the rate or amplitude of the pulse generator spike. The rate of runaway was 2100 pulses per minute (ppm), one of the highest rates ever reported. The ventricle was not captured by the runaway pulse generator, but was paced effectively by a temporary demand pacemaker (Medtronic 5880A) which was left in case of displacement of the implanted pacing lead. The reasons why the temporary pacemaker was not inhibited are discussed.", "PMID": 95223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1551", "title": "Pacing-induced alternate Wenckebach periods: incidence and clinical significance.", "content": "Alternate Wenckebach periods have been defined as episodes of 2:1 atrioventricular (AV) block in which conducted P waves exhibit progressive PR prolongation until two or three successively blocked P waves. Ocurrence of this phenomenon during atrial pacing has been established. Thirty-six patients were studied and right atrial pacing was achieved at increasing rates up to 350 beats/min in order to induce alternate Wenckebach periods. His bundle recordings were obtained in every patient. The patients were subdivided into three groups according to the AV nodal conduction time (AH interval): normal AH (75-130 ms) was present in 17 patients, short AH (70 ms) in 13 patients and prolonged AH (130 ms) in eight patients. Alternate Wenckebach periods were observed in 29 patients (80.5%). In every patient alternate Wenckebach periods occurred at the AV node level. Atrial pacing failed to induce alternate Wenckebach periods in seven patients, six of whom belonged to the short AH group. In four patients 3:1 block never appeared because of block at the atrial level. Two patients presented 2:1 and 3:1 infrahissian block without significant AH prolongation. The remaining patient developed atrial fibrillation. Alternate Wenckebach periods were observed in six of nine patients after intravenous atropine. This study suggests: 1. pacing-induced alternate Wenckebach periods at the AV node level are a physiologic phenomenon; and 2. total or partial bypass (or accelerated AV conduction) atrial refractoriness or vulnerability or block at a lower level may prevent its occurrence.", "contents": "Pacing-induced alternate Wenckebach periods: incidence and clinical significance. Alternate Wenckebach periods have been defined as episodes of 2:1 atrioventricular (AV) block in which conducted P waves exhibit progressive PR prolongation until two or three successively blocked P waves. Ocurrence of this phenomenon during atrial pacing has been established. Thirty-six patients were studied and right atrial pacing was achieved at increasing rates up to 350 beats/min in order to induce alternate Wenckebach periods. His bundle recordings were obtained in every patient. The patients were subdivided into three groups according to the AV nodal conduction time (AH interval): normal AH (75-130 ms) was present in 17 patients, short AH (70 ms) in 13 patients and prolonged AH (130 ms) in eight patients. Alternate Wenckebach periods were observed in 29 patients (80.5%). In every patient alternate Wenckebach periods occurred at the AV node level. Atrial pacing failed to induce alternate Wenckebach periods in seven patients, six of whom belonged to the short AH group. In four patients 3:1 block never appeared because of block at the atrial level. Two patients presented 2:1 and 3:1 infrahissian block without significant AH prolongation. The remaining patient developed atrial fibrillation. Alternate Wenckebach periods were observed in six of nine patients after intravenous atropine. This study suggests: 1. pacing-induced alternate Wenckebach periods at the AV node level are a physiologic phenomenon; and 2. total or partial bypass (or accelerated AV conduction) atrial refractoriness or vulnerability or block at a lower level may prevent its occurrence.", "PMID": 95224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1552", "title": "Air entrapment as a cause of transient cardiac pacemaker malfunction.", "content": "Air within a pacemaker pocket may cause transient malfunction of a replacement unipolar cardiac pacemaker. This was noted in a patient in whom entrapped air prevented tissue contact of the anode, resulting in complete cessation of myocardial stimulation and absence of an electrocardiographic pacemaker artifact. Methods for avoiding this complication are proposed.", "contents": "Air entrapment as a cause of transient cardiac pacemaker malfunction. Air within a pacemaker pocket may cause transient malfunction of a replacement unipolar cardiac pacemaker. This was noted in a patient in whom entrapped air prevented tissue contact of the anode, resulting in complete cessation of myocardial stimulation and absence of an electrocardiographic pacemaker artifact. Methods for avoiding this complication are proposed.", "PMID": 95227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1553", "title": "Normally functioning inhibited pacemaker concomitant with vertebral nerve stimulator.", "content": "Electromagnetic inference is a recognized difficulty in concomitant cardiac pacing and nerve stimulation. A case is reported in which a vertebral nerve stimulator was implanted, with a transmitter antenna distal to the right nipple. Six months later, intermittent S-A block with Adams-Stokes attacks urgently necessitated cardiac pacing. The ECG lead II showed nerve stimulator potentials of 0.75 mV. Intracardiac electrogram with unipolar electrode registered potential of 0.25 mV, but with a bipolar system no such potentials were observed. A bipolar pacing electrode was therefore implanted, with an interference from the nerve stiumluator. Various aspects of interference are discussed.", "contents": "Normally functioning inhibited pacemaker concomitant with vertebral nerve stimulator. Electromagnetic inference is a recognized difficulty in concomitant cardiac pacing and nerve stimulation. A case is reported in which a vertebral nerve stimulator was implanted, with a transmitter antenna distal to the right nipple. Six months later, intermittent S-A block with Adams-Stokes attacks urgently necessitated cardiac pacing. The ECG lead II showed nerve stimulator potentials of 0.75 mV. Intracardiac electrogram with unipolar electrode registered potential of 0.25 mV, but with a bipolar system no such potentials were observed. A bipolar pacing electrode was therefore implanted, with an interference from the nerve stiumluator. Various aspects of interference are discussed.", "PMID": 95228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1554", "title": "Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid of the major central metabolites of serotonin (5HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA)--5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy=phenylglycol (MHPG), and homovanillic acid (HVA), respectively--were studied in a group of 26 age-similar military men with no history of major psychiatric illness, but with various personality disorders and difficulties adjusting to military life. Independently scored history of aggressive behavior showed a significant negative correlation with 5HIAA (r = -0.78) and a significant positive correlation with MHPG (r = 0.64).", "contents": "Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites. Cerebrospinal fluid of the major central metabolites of serotonin (5HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA)--5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy=phenylglycol (MHPG), and homovanillic acid (HVA), respectively--were studied in a group of 26 age-similar military men with no history of major psychiatric illness, but with various personality disorders and difficulties adjusting to military life. Independently scored history of aggressive behavior showed a significant negative correlation with 5HIAA (r = -0.78) and a significant positive correlation with MHPG (r = 0.64).", "PMID": 95232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1555", "title": "Central serotonin metabolism and frequency of depression.", "content": "Central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) metabolism can be disturbed in a subgroup of patients with vital (endogenous, primary) depression. Presumably these disturbances do not result from the depression and have a predisposing rather than a causative relationship to it. This latter statement is based on two observations. First, in a majority of patients, the 5-HT disturbances persist after depression has abated. Secondly, 5-hydroxytryptophan seems to have prophylactic value, in particular in patients with persistent abnormalities in central 5-HT metabolism. In this study we approached the hypothesis that 5-HT disturbances are a predisposing factor to the occurrence of depression from still another perspective. If this hypothesis is correct, then depressive patients with persistent 5-HT disturbances should have higher frequencies of depression than depressive patients without demonstrable 5-HT disturbances. This was indeed demonstrated. The same was true for family members of probands with low levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. No cerebrospinal fluid data are available for family members. The reported findings strongly support the predisposition hypothesis.", "contents": "Central serotonin metabolism and frequency of depression. Central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) metabolism can be disturbed in a subgroup of patients with vital (endogenous, primary) depression. Presumably these disturbances do not result from the depression and have a predisposing rather than a causative relationship to it. This latter statement is based on two observations. First, in a majority of patients, the 5-HT disturbances persist after depression has abated. Secondly, 5-hydroxytryptophan seems to have prophylactic value, in particular in patients with persistent abnormalities in central 5-HT metabolism. In this study we approached the hypothesis that 5-HT disturbances are a predisposing factor to the occurrence of depression from still another perspective. If this hypothesis is correct, then depressive patients with persistent 5-HT disturbances should have higher frequencies of depression than depressive patients without demonstrable 5-HT disturbances. This was indeed demonstrated. The same was true for family members of probands with low levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. No cerebrospinal fluid data are available for family members. The reported findings strongly support the predisposition hypothesis.", "PMID": 95233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1556", "title": "The mortality and birth rates of spina bifida during a period of treatment, selection and antenatal screening in Sheffield, 1963-1978.", "content": "The birth rates for all neural tube defects and the mortality rates from spina bifida and encephalocele have been obtained for Sheffield children by examining the congenital anomalies register and death certificates during the period from 1963-1978. The introduction of atenatal alpha foetoprotein screening of all pregnant women in 1977 is associated in time with a sharp fall in the birth rate of neural tube defects. The mortality rate for spina bifida with encephalocele rose gradually from 1967 to 1976, apparently unaffected by the introduction of clinical selection prior to surgery in 1971. The antenatal screening of previously affected families (since 1973) did not affect the mortality rate, but screening the total pregnant population since 1977 has been associated with a sharp reduction in the mortality rate. The mortality rate curve for spina bifida with encephalocele is markedly different from the birth rate curve which makes the common practice of inferring birth rates from mortality rates invalid. There was a gradual increase from 1967 to 1978 in the proportion of children born with spina bifida in any given year who died before their second birthday. This increase appears to have been uninfluenced by the introduction of selection or antenatal screening. The changes in mortality rate and survival may be as much due to unknown factors as to changes in medical management.", "contents": "The mortality and birth rates of spina bifida during a period of treatment, selection and antenatal screening in Sheffield, 1963-1978. The birth rates for all neural tube defects and the mortality rates from spina bifida and encephalocele have been obtained for Sheffield children by examining the congenital anomalies register and death certificates during the period from 1963-1978. The introduction of atenatal alpha foetoprotein screening of all pregnant women in 1977 is associated in time with a sharp fall in the birth rate of neural tube defects. The mortality rate for spina bifida with encephalocele rose gradually from 1967 to 1976, apparently unaffected by the introduction of clinical selection prior to surgery in 1971. The antenatal screening of previously affected families (since 1973) did not affect the mortality rate, but screening the total pregnant population since 1977 has been associated with a sharp reduction in the mortality rate. The mortality rate curve for spina bifida with encephalocele is markedly different from the birth rate curve which makes the common practice of inferring birth rates from mortality rates invalid. There was a gradual increase from 1967 to 1978 in the proportion of children born with spina bifida in any given year who died before their second birthday. This increase appears to have been uninfluenced by the introduction of selection or antenatal screening. The changes in mortality rate and survival may be as much due to unknown factors as to changes in medical management.", "PMID": 95238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1557", "title": "Joseph E. Smadel Memorial Lecture: neuroimmunologic diseases of animals and humans.", "content": "New precepts gained from the crescendo of neuroimmunobiologic research of recent decades have increased our understanding of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), virus-associated acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADE), and multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE of animals and humans provides evidence of the existence in mammalian lymphoid tissues of potential clones of cells with autoreactivity for myelin basic protein (MBP) and other antigenic constituents of the central nervous system (CNS). In a new hamster model, EAE has been strikingly potentiated by persistent infection of the CNS with defective measles virus, a finding that also has implications for virus-associated ADE. Endogenous MBP or MBP degradation fragments, reactive with MBP antibodies of various affinities, have been detected by a recently devised radioimmunoassay in serum, plasma, and other body fluids of normal rats, rats with EAE, and patients with virus-associated ADE or MS. Circulating MBP or MBP fragments may be of great importance in inhibiting neuroautoimmune reactivity and play a role in repair of immunologic CNS injury should it inadvertently occur. Finally, the impressive degree of concordance of immunologic events in EAE, virus-associated ADE, and MS provides additional support for the central importance of host neuroimmunologic responses in the pathogenesis of these neutologic diseases.", "contents": "Joseph E. Smadel Memorial Lecture: neuroimmunologic diseases of animals and humans. New precepts gained from the crescendo of neuroimmunobiologic research of recent decades have increased our understanding of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), virus-associated acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADE), and multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE of animals and humans provides evidence of the existence in mammalian lymphoid tissues of potential clones of cells with autoreactivity for myelin basic protein (MBP) and other antigenic constituents of the central nervous system (CNS). In a new hamster model, EAE has been strikingly potentiated by persistent infection of the CNS with defective measles virus, a finding that also has implications for virus-associated ADE. Endogenous MBP or MBP degradation fragments, reactive with MBP antibodies of various affinities, have been detected by a recently devised radioimmunoassay in serum, plasma, and other body fluids of normal rats, rats with EAE, and patients with virus-associated ADE or MS. Circulating MBP or MBP fragments may be of great importance in inhibiting neuroautoimmune reactivity and play a role in repair of immunologic CNS injury should it inadvertently occur. Finally, the impressive degree of concordance of immunologic events in EAE, virus-associated ADE, and MS provides additional support for the central importance of host neuroimmunologic responses in the pathogenesis of these neutologic diseases.", "PMID": 95235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1558", "title": "[Urodynamic studies on normal bladders and bladders in metabolic disorders using diabetes mellitus as an example].", "content": "In various diseases of the kidney and the urinary bladder, in disturbances of potency and diseases of the outer genital the diabetes mellitus play an essential role. It was the aim the present investigations to establish with the help of manometric examinations of the urinary bladder in diabetics as well as in a comparative group which had no disturbed metabolism in what extent there exist objectively provable differences of the parameters chosen by us. From the results is to be stated that in diabetics, despite a slight increase of the capacity of the urinary bladder, a significant increase of the sphincter opening pressure and of the voluntary tonus of the sphincter is present. We explain these changes as an expression of a beginning disturbance of the innervation of the urinary bladder. In males of this age group from this result disturbances of miction which may lead to incorrect judgments, particularly in connection with a prostatic adenoma.", "contents": "[Urodynamic studies on normal bladders and bladders in metabolic disorders using diabetes mellitus as an example]. In various diseases of the kidney and the urinary bladder, in disturbances of potency and diseases of the outer genital the diabetes mellitus play an essential role. It was the aim the present investigations to establish with the help of manometric examinations of the urinary bladder in diabetics as well as in a comparative group which had no disturbed metabolism in what extent there exist objectively provable differences of the parameters chosen by us. From the results is to be stated that in diabetics, despite a slight increase of the capacity of the urinary bladder, a significant increase of the sphincter opening pressure and of the voluntary tonus of the sphincter is present. We explain these changes as an expression of a beginning disturbance of the innervation of the urinary bladder. In males of this age group from this result disturbances of miction which may lead to incorrect judgments, particularly in connection with a prostatic adenoma.", "PMID": 95239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1559", "title": "Activation of fungal alpha-amylase by dithioerythritol.", "content": "The activity of fungal alpha-amylase has been shown to be influenced by disulfide-reducing reagents. Thus, the enzymatic activity increases in the presence of dithioerythritol or 2-mercaptoethanol. L-Cysteine is also capable of increasing the activity, but the activation competes with an inactivation reaction which dominates at higher reagent concentrations (greater than 20 mM). A possible scheme interpreting the results is given.", "contents": "Activation of fungal alpha-amylase by dithioerythritol. The activity of fungal alpha-amylase has been shown to be influenced by disulfide-reducing reagents. Thus, the enzymatic activity increases in the presence of dithioerythritol or 2-mercaptoethanol. L-Cysteine is also capable of increasing the activity, but the activation competes with an inactivation reaction which dominates at higher reagent concentrations (greater than 20 mM). A possible scheme interpreting the results is given.", "PMID": 95240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1560", "title": "An efficient procedure for serial nucleic acid hybridizations by titration analysis.", "content": "A simplified and efficient procedure has been developed for performing hybridization reactions and analyses of the percentage of hybridization on glass plates. This method is as accurate as conventional methods, while considerably reducing the time and costs to perform the hybridization in titration hybridization experiments.", "contents": "An efficient procedure for serial nucleic acid hybridizations by titration analysis. A simplified and efficient procedure has been developed for performing hybridization reactions and analyses of the percentage of hybridization on glass plates. This method is as accurate as conventional methods, while considerably reducing the time and costs to perform the hybridization in titration hybridization experiments.", "PMID": 95241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1561", "title": "[Morphological changes in the pineal body of domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) depending on light].", "content": "The cerebral epiphysis of twelve gilts, aged 6.5 months, was histologically, histochemically, and histometrically tested, after the animals had been kept permanently under artificial light, 100 lux, or in darkness, interrupted twice a day by two hours of lighting, over ten weeks altogether. The parenchymal cells of the epiphyses of the animals kept in darkness changed clearly from those of the other group with constant exposure to light. Changes in the darkness animals included significant enlargement of the cell nuclear volume by 33 per cent, increase in nucleoli count as well as increases of lipids and ribonucleic acid in cytoplasm.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the pineal body of domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) depending on light]. The cerebral epiphysis of twelve gilts, aged 6.5 months, was histologically, histochemically, and histometrically tested, after the animals had been kept permanently under artificial light, 100 lux, or in darkness, interrupted twice a day by two hours of lighting, over ten weeks altogether. The parenchymal cells of the epiphyses of the animals kept in darkness changed clearly from those of the other group with constant exposure to light. Changes in the darkness animals included significant enlargement of the cell nuclear volume by 33 per cent, increase in nucleoli count as well as increases of lipids and ribonucleic acid in cytoplasm.", "PMID": 95245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1562", "title": "Theoretical basis for interest in acetylprocainamide and clinical experiences with this new antiarrhythmic agent.", "content": "In conclusion, it was the differential responses of slow and rapid acetylators to procainamide therapy that gave the initial clues that acetylprocainamide might be a safer drug than procainamide. So far, the experience with acetylprocainamide has been encouraging.", "contents": "Theoretical basis for interest in acetylprocainamide and clinical experiences with this new antiarrhythmic agent. In conclusion, it was the differential responses of slow and rapid acetylators to procainamide therapy that gave the initial clues that acetylprocainamide might be a safer drug than procainamide. So far, the experience with acetylprocainamide has been encouraging.", "PMID": 95247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1563", "title": "Determination of small differences in buoyant density of macromolecules by analytical density gradient equilibrium centrifugation.", "content": "A sensitive method is proposed for the determination of small differences between the buoyant densities of different species of monodisperse macromolecules by analytical density gradient equilibrium centrifugation. The procedure involves the measurement at sedimentation equilibrium of the bandwidths of the concentration distribution of the separate macromolecules and of a mixture of the different species. The difference in buoyant densities can then be estimated from the difference between the bandwidths.", "contents": "Determination of small differences in buoyant density of macromolecules by analytical density gradient equilibrium centrifugation. A sensitive method is proposed for the determination of small differences between the buoyant densities of different species of monodisperse macromolecules by analytical density gradient equilibrium centrifugation. The procedure involves the measurement at sedimentation equilibrium of the bandwidths of the concentration distribution of the separate macromolecules and of a mixture of the different species. The difference in buoyant densities can then be estimated from the difference between the bandwidths.", "PMID": 95253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1564", "title": "Chromatographic properties of Sephacryl S-300 Superfine.", "content": "Sephacryl S-300 Superfine is a new gel filtration medium that consists of allyldextran crosslinked with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide. It was shown to have a separation range for proteins that extends to 1--2 x 10(6) dalton. The gel filtration properties were characterized by fractionation of human serum and of bovine colostrum. Thyroglobulin from pig could be isolated in one step in a very pure form. The flow properties were characterized by the relationship between flow rate and pressure drop. It was shown that Sephacryl has very good flow properties in comparison with Sephadex G-200 and that it can be used in large-scale columns.", "contents": "Chromatographic properties of Sephacryl S-300 Superfine. Sephacryl S-300 Superfine is a new gel filtration medium that consists of allyldextran crosslinked with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide. It was shown to have a separation range for proteins that extends to 1--2 x 10(6) dalton. The gel filtration properties were characterized by fractionation of human serum and of bovine colostrum. Thyroglobulin from pig could be isolated in one step in a very pure form. The flow properties were characterized by the relationship between flow rate and pressure drop. It was shown that Sephacryl has very good flow properties in comparison with Sephadex G-200 and that it can be used in large-scale columns.", "PMID": 95254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1565", "title": "Spectral properties of atrial and ventricular endocardial signals.", "content": "The spectral energy distributions of signals picked up by endocardial, atrial and ventricular electrodes have been investigated. The results show similar spectral distributions for P-waves and QRS-complexes with maximum spectral densities at frequencies between 10 and 30 Hz.", "contents": "Spectral properties of atrial and ventricular endocardial signals. The spectral energy distributions of signals picked up by endocardial, atrial and ventricular electrodes have been investigated. The results show similar spectral distributions for P-waves and QRS-complexes with maximum spectral densities at frequencies between 10 and 30 Hz.", "PMID": 95258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1566", "title": "Analysis of anti-sperm sera for T/t locus-specific antibody.", "content": "An objective antiglobulin radioimmunoassay for the analysis of anti-spermatozoa antisera has been used to characterize more than 30 alloantisera. Each of these antisera was raised against spermatozoa from mice carrying T/t regin mutations. Whilst all of the antisera had considerable activity for mouse spermatozoa, none of them was found to contain antibodies specific for T/t region gene products. A detailed analysis of a single serum revealed that its activity is for antigens which are non-polymorphic, sperm-specific and species-specific. The failure in this study to detect antibodies specific for T/t region gene products is discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of anti-sperm sera for T/t locus-specific antibody. An objective antiglobulin radioimmunoassay for the analysis of anti-spermatozoa antisera has been used to characterize more than 30 alloantisera. Each of these antisera was raised against spermatozoa from mice carrying T/t regin mutations. Whilst all of the antisera had considerable activity for mouse spermatozoa, none of them was found to contain antibodies specific for T/t region gene products. A detailed analysis of a single serum revealed that its activity is for antigens which are non-polymorphic, sperm-specific and species-specific. The failure in this study to detect antibodies specific for T/t region gene products is discussed.", "PMID": 95255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1567", "title": "Mode of operation induced by rapid external chest wall stimulation in patients with normally functioning QRS-inhibited (VVI) pacemakers.", "content": "The effects of rapid external chest wall stimulation were evaluated in 10 patients with normally-operating unipolar, lithium-powered, QRS-inhibited pacemakers functioning in their control VVI (QRS-inhibited) mode. Stimuli delivered at slow rates resulted in the expected pacemaker inhibition. On the other hand, during rapid (greater than 900/min) external chest wall stimulation, 8 pacemakers reverted to a VOO mode, 1 to a VVI mode and 1 to either a VVI or VOO mode. No pacemaker was totally inhibited by rapid chest wall stimulation. In accordance with the manufacturer's specifications, the rate to which the implanted pacemakers reverted during the VOO modes produced by the fast external stimuli were the same as those of the VOO modes induced by proper application of an external magnet. Although rapid external chest wall stimulation proved to be a safe procedure, more studies are necessary to determine its usefulness in the follow-up of patients with implanted QRS-inhibited (VVI) pacemakers. At present, conclusions cannot be drawn regarding whether these pacemakers will revert to a mode of operation similar to that induced by rapid external chest wall stimulation when subjected to extrinsic sources of strong electromagnetic interference.", "contents": "Mode of operation induced by rapid external chest wall stimulation in patients with normally functioning QRS-inhibited (VVI) pacemakers. The effects of rapid external chest wall stimulation were evaluated in 10 patients with normally-operating unipolar, lithium-powered, QRS-inhibited pacemakers functioning in their control VVI (QRS-inhibited) mode. Stimuli delivered at slow rates resulted in the expected pacemaker inhibition. On the other hand, during rapid (greater than 900/min) external chest wall stimulation, 8 pacemakers reverted to a VOO mode, 1 to a VVI mode and 1 to either a VVI or VOO mode. No pacemaker was totally inhibited by rapid chest wall stimulation. In accordance with the manufacturer's specifications, the rate to which the implanted pacemakers reverted during the VOO modes produced by the fast external stimuli were the same as those of the VOO modes induced by proper application of an external magnet. Although rapid external chest wall stimulation proved to be a safe procedure, more studies are necessary to determine its usefulness in the follow-up of patients with implanted QRS-inhibited (VVI) pacemakers. At present, conclusions cannot be drawn regarding whether these pacemakers will revert to a mode of operation similar to that induced by rapid external chest wall stimulation when subjected to extrinsic sources of strong electromagnetic interference.", "PMID": 95261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1568", "title": "A microcomputer-based stimulator for clinical and experimental investigations in cardiac electrophysiology.", "content": "A cardiac stimulator is described which combines the ease of operation required in clinical investigations, particularly endocavitary studies of cardiac arrhythmias, and the versatility needed in a research context. This instrument uses a microcomputer to control two independent optically-isolated stimulation ports which can be addressed either independently or jointly to stimulate at two different sites. The main software module operates as a cascade of ten real time pulse generators with individually presettable parameters: amplitude, duration, period, initial delay, periodic and cyclic modifiers, triggering mode, etc. A simple interactive procedure allows the operator to define a stimulation protocol either by accessing the generator structure directly, or by calling any of five pre-programmed stimulation protocols. With this combination, the instrument can provide a large variety of pulse patterns. The operator can intervene at any time during stimulation to change parameter values or modify the pulse pattern. Concurrently with stimulation, the instrument generates time-codes to help relate cardiac responses recorded on paper chart and magnetic tape, and reference them to specific events. The instrument can be readily expanded by the addition of parallel microprocessor modules; other real time tasks such as acquisition and processing of cardiac responses can thus be incorporated.", "contents": "A microcomputer-based stimulator for clinical and experimental investigations in cardiac electrophysiology. A cardiac stimulator is described which combines the ease of operation required in clinical investigations, particularly endocavitary studies of cardiac arrhythmias, and the versatility needed in a research context. This instrument uses a microcomputer to control two independent optically-isolated stimulation ports which can be addressed either independently or jointly to stimulate at two different sites. The main software module operates as a cascade of ten real time pulse generators with individually presettable parameters: amplitude, duration, period, initial delay, periodic and cyclic modifiers, triggering mode, etc. A simple interactive procedure allows the operator to define a stimulation protocol either by accessing the generator structure directly, or by calling any of five pre-programmed stimulation protocols. With this combination, the instrument can provide a large variety of pulse patterns. The operator can intervene at any time during stimulation to change parameter values or modify the pulse pattern. Concurrently with stimulation, the instrument generates time-codes to help relate cardiac responses recorded on paper chart and magnetic tape, and reference them to specific events. The instrument can be readily expanded by the addition of parallel microprocessor modules; other real time tasks such as acquisition and processing of cardiac responses can thus be incorporated.", "PMID": 95262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1569", "title": "Permanent programmable pacemakers in the management of recurrent tachycardias.", "content": "Patient reports are presented to indicate the application of standard implanted programmable pacemakers with endocardial electrodes for long-term overdrive suppression of recurrent ventricular tachycardia, and their adaptability to non-invasively induced burts of rapid ventricular pacing to cardiovert that arrhythmia. In carefully preselected patients with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, this type of programmable pacemaker may also be used to convert paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia by short bursts of rapid ventricular pacing. In addition, the advantage of non-invasively instituting overdrive suppression with programmable pacemakers to control recurrent ventricular tachycardia appearing in patients being chronically paced for complete heart block is illustrated.", "contents": "Permanent programmable pacemakers in the management of recurrent tachycardias. Patient reports are presented to indicate the application of standard implanted programmable pacemakers with endocardial electrodes for long-term overdrive suppression of recurrent ventricular tachycardia, and their adaptability to non-invasively induced burts of rapid ventricular pacing to cardiovert that arrhythmia. In carefully preselected patients with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, this type of programmable pacemaker may also be used to convert paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia by short bursts of rapid ventricular pacing. In addition, the advantage of non-invasively instituting overdrive suppression with programmable pacemakers to control recurrent ventricular tachycardia appearing in patients being chronically paced for complete heart block is illustrated.", "PMID": 95263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1570", "title": "The porous endocardial electrode.", "content": "The permanent endocardial electrode has exhibited the problems of dislodgement, excessive threshold rises and loss of sensing. These failure modes are addressed with a new electrode incorporating a porous body of Pt-Ir fibers with a fiber diameter of 20 micrometers and an overall density of 10%. Porous electrodes have the advantages of utilizing the electrode interior both for tissue ingrowth to improve anchoring and for electrolyte penetration which improves R wave amplitude and reduces polarization losses. A series of 20 porous electrodes was compared with 17 solid electrodes of similar dimension. Electrodes were implanted in dogs in the apex of the right ventricle, and were subsequently followed up to 210 days. Comparison of the electrode data revealed that the porous electrodes had a 40% reduction in chronic voltage thresholds and had an overall dislodgement rate of 10%, compared to 53% for the solid electrodes. Histological examination revealed tissue ingrowth throughout the electrode interior and a fibrotic capsule about half the thickness of the solid electrodes. R wave stability was enhanced with the porous electrode due to improved anchoring, reduction in slew rate changes and less R wave attenuation. Assuming results are translatable to humans, the porous electrode will provide a greater pacing safety margin when used with a standard demand pacemaker, or improved longevity with the same safety margin as solid electrodes if used with a programmable pacemaker. The incidence of dislodgement and sensing failure will also be diminished with the porous electrode.", "contents": "The porous endocardial electrode. The permanent endocardial electrode has exhibited the problems of dislodgement, excessive threshold rises and loss of sensing. These failure modes are addressed with a new electrode incorporating a porous body of Pt-Ir fibers with a fiber diameter of 20 micrometers and an overall density of 10%. Porous electrodes have the advantages of utilizing the electrode interior both for tissue ingrowth to improve anchoring and for electrolyte penetration which improves R wave amplitude and reduces polarization losses. A series of 20 porous electrodes was compared with 17 solid electrodes of similar dimension. Electrodes were implanted in dogs in the apex of the right ventricle, and were subsequently followed up to 210 days. Comparison of the electrode data revealed that the porous electrodes had a 40% reduction in chronic voltage thresholds and had an overall dislodgement rate of 10%, compared to 53% for the solid electrodes. Histological examination revealed tissue ingrowth throughout the electrode interior and a fibrotic capsule about half the thickness of the solid electrodes. R wave stability was enhanced with the porous electrode due to improved anchoring, reduction in slew rate changes and less R wave attenuation. Assuming results are translatable to humans, the porous electrode will provide a greater pacing safety margin when used with a standard demand pacemaker, or improved longevity with the same safety margin as solid electrodes if used with a programmable pacemaker. The incidence of dislodgement and sensing failure will also be diminished with the porous electrode.", "PMID": 95264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1571", "title": "Pacing failure due to an unusual fracture of the sutureless myocardial electrode.", "content": "A 64-year-old man, had an apicardial demand pacemaker implanted for treatment of Mobitz type II heart block. Two sutureless myocardial electrodes were inserted, but a unipolar system was used based on stimulation threshold and sensitivity measurements. Fourteen months later the patient presented with pacing failure caused by a fracture of the corkscrew electrode with wide separation of the broken ends. The pacemaker, however, continued to inhibit satisfactorily. Pacing was successfully reestablished employing the second available lead. To our knowledge, there has been no publication reporting this type of failure of the sutureless myocardial electrode.", "contents": "Pacing failure due to an unusual fracture of the sutureless myocardial electrode. A 64-year-old man, had an apicardial demand pacemaker implanted for treatment of Mobitz type II heart block. Two sutureless myocardial electrodes were inserted, but a unipolar system was used based on stimulation threshold and sensitivity measurements. Fourteen months later the patient presented with pacing failure caused by a fracture of the corkscrew electrode with wide separation of the broken ends. The pacemaker, however, continued to inhibit satisfactorily. Pacing was successfully reestablished employing the second available lead. To our knowledge, there has been no publication reporting this type of failure of the sutureless myocardial electrode.", "PMID": 95265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1572", "title": "The recessed chest wall pacemaker pocket.", "content": "Recurrent pouch problems led to the development of a recessed chest wall pacemaker pocket. Segments of the seventh and eighth ribs were resected in the mid-axillary line resulting in a \"tailor-made\" space suitable for generator implantation. Follow-up at one year has proven the chest wall to be a satisfactory alternative site for a pacemaker pocket.", "contents": "The recessed chest wall pacemaker pocket. Recurrent pouch problems led to the development of a recessed chest wall pacemaker pocket. Segments of the seventh and eighth ribs were resected in the mid-axillary line resulting in a \"tailor-made\" space suitable for generator implantation. Follow-up at one year has proven the chest wall to be a satisfactory alternative site for a pacemaker pocket.", "PMID": 95266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1573", "title": "The autodiagnostic pacemaker.", "content": "Loss of normal pacemaker stimulation and/or sensing functions requires prompt detection, automatic correction, and automatic and continuous \"marking\" of the intermittent failure. The autodiagnostic pacemaker (ADP) detects \"failure to capture\" (FC) by distinguishing, at its single stimulating and sensing electrode, between the normal biphasic cardiac response evoked by an adequate stimulus (corresponding to the QRS and T waves on the surface cardiogram) and the monophasic pseudo-response generated by electrotonic spread of a subthreshold stimulating current. Detection of \"failure to sense\" (FS) spontaneous cardiac activity requires two amplifiers: a \"timing control\" amplifier of standard fidelity and standard (approximately 250 ms) refractory period, and a second amplifier which has negligible refractoriness and provides high fidelity amplification of all evoked and spontaneous activity. Failure to sense (FS) is defined as a specified number of consecutive failures to recycle correctly the pacemaker's timing circuits. Similarly, a specified number of consecutive failures of the stimulus to evoke an active cardiac response is defined as a failure to capture (FC). When FC is detected, the ADP doubles the applied stimulus voltage and generates marker pulses which follow every subsequent stimulus by 40 ms. The marker pulses appear on the surface electrocardiogram, serving as an externally detectable \"memory\" of the earlier, possible corrected, failure. When FS is detected, non-stimulating marker pulses, of a different time relation (80 ms delay) to each stimulus, are generated continually and can also be detected externally. The ADP has been tested in 14 anesthetized, open-chest dogs. Unipolar rather than bipolar electrodes were used as they rpovided more reliable stimulation and more satisfactory electrograms for detection.", "contents": "The autodiagnostic pacemaker. Loss of normal pacemaker stimulation and/or sensing functions requires prompt detection, automatic correction, and automatic and continuous \"marking\" of the intermittent failure. The autodiagnostic pacemaker (ADP) detects \"failure to capture\" (FC) by distinguishing, at its single stimulating and sensing electrode, between the normal biphasic cardiac response evoked by an adequate stimulus (corresponding to the QRS and T waves on the surface cardiogram) and the monophasic pseudo-response generated by electrotonic spread of a subthreshold stimulating current. Detection of \"failure to sense\" (FS) spontaneous cardiac activity requires two amplifiers: a \"timing control\" amplifier of standard fidelity and standard (approximately 250 ms) refractory period, and a second amplifier which has negligible refractoriness and provides high fidelity amplification of all evoked and spontaneous activity. Failure to sense (FS) is defined as a specified number of consecutive failures to recycle correctly the pacemaker's timing circuits. Similarly, a specified number of consecutive failures of the stimulus to evoke an active cardiac response is defined as a failure to capture (FC). When FC is detected, the ADP doubles the applied stimulus voltage and generates marker pulses which follow every subsequent stimulus by 40 ms. The marker pulses appear on the surface electrocardiogram, serving as an externally detectable \"memory\" of the earlier, possible corrected, failure. When FS is detected, non-stimulating marker pulses, of a different time relation (80 ms delay) to each stimulus, are generated continually and can also be detected externally. The ADP has been tested in 14 anesthetized, open-chest dogs. Unipolar rather than bipolar electrodes were used as they rpovided more reliable stimulation and more satisfactory electrograms for detection.", "PMID": 95267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1574", "title": "Chest thump and ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Chest thump is a simple method of treatment of some paraxysmal arrhythmias. Its therapeutic efficacy, electrophysiological bases and clinical utility have been studied in 17 patients during 45 episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT). Thumping the precordium interrupted the VT in 22 episodes. Three types of interruption of VT have been observed: (1) In 15 episodes, single ventricular premature beats induced by the blow, occurring randomly in the cycle, stopped the arrhythmia; (2) In 5 episodes, a run of premature beats, induced by a rapid succession of blows, interrupted the tachycardia; (3) In 2 episodes, chest thump caused a short period of asystole followed by sinus rhythm. Chest thump is an antiarrhythmic treatment of definite clinical utility. The complications are rare, although there is a possibility of ventricular fibrillation. Therefore, it should be performed only under careful supervision.", "contents": "Chest thump and ventricular tachycardia. Chest thump is a simple method of treatment of some paraxysmal arrhythmias. Its therapeutic efficacy, electrophysiological bases and clinical utility have been studied in 17 patients during 45 episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT). Thumping the precordium interrupted the VT in 22 episodes. Three types of interruption of VT have been observed: (1) In 15 episodes, single ventricular premature beats induced by the blow, occurring randomly in the cycle, stopped the arrhythmia; (2) In 5 episodes, a run of premature beats, induced by a rapid succession of blows, interrupted the tachycardia; (3) In 2 episodes, chest thump caused a short period of asystole followed by sinus rhythm. Chest thump is an antiarrhythmic treatment of definite clinical utility. The complications are rare, although there is a possibility of ventricular fibrillation. Therefore, it should be performed only under careful supervision.", "PMID": 95268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1575", "title": "Electrograms from the coronary sinus in acute myocardial infarction: implications for electrocardiographic guidance of pacing catheters.", "content": "Intracardiac electrocardiography has been reported to be the most reliable of the techniques used for guiding placement of transvenous pacing catheters. When a catheter electrode is in contact with the right ventricular apical endocardium, the intracardiac electrogram demonstrates marked ST segment elevation and, usually, a very large S wave. The case presented indicates that both of these features of the intracardiac electrogram should be sought since ST segment elevation alone may represent epicardial recording of an acute myocardial infarction when the catheter electrode is in the coronary venous system.", "contents": "Electrograms from the coronary sinus in acute myocardial infarction: implications for electrocardiographic guidance of pacing catheters. Intracardiac electrocardiography has been reported to be the most reliable of the techniques used for guiding placement of transvenous pacing catheters. When a catheter electrode is in contact with the right ventricular apical endocardium, the intracardiac electrogram demonstrates marked ST segment elevation and, usually, a very large S wave. The case presented indicates that both of these features of the intracardiac electrogram should be sought since ST segment elevation alone may represent epicardial recording of an acute myocardial infarction when the catheter electrode is in the coronary venous system.", "PMID": 95271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1576", "title": "Dual-demand pacing for refractory atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia.", "content": "An automatic dual-demand pacemaker has been used in six patients to treat refractory attacks of paroxysmal re-entry atrioventricular tachycardia that occurred in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The pacemaker was designed to pace at a fixed rate of 70 beats per minute when sensed heart rates were either below this rate or above 150 beats per minute; in the latter case, it would compete with the paroxysmal tachycardia and interrupt it after a short period of random scaning. The best location for the permanent pacing electrode and the feasibility of using the pacemaker were tested in each case during a detailed preliminary intracardiac electrophysiological study. The permanent pacing electrode was positioned in the coronary sinus in three patients and was attached to the epicardium of either the left or right ventricle in another three. All patients were given regular oral doses of verapamil or propranolol to enhance the effectiveness of the pacemaker system and, with the latter, to prevent pacemaker activation during sinus tachycardia. Over a follow-up period of between 11 and 47 months, the pacemaker system remained completely effective in three patients, but developed unreliable sensing in another two (one coronary sinus and one left ventricular lead). In the sixth patient the pacemaker was only effective when the rate of the tachycardia remained below 170 beats a minute, as when she was resting supine; when sitting or standing, however, her tachycardia rate considerably exceeded this value and the pacemaker was ineffective. Explantation of the pacemaker and either successful cryosurgical ablation of the accesory AV pathway or treatment with amiodarone was undertaken in the three patients in whom the pacemaker had failed.", "contents": "Dual-demand pacing for refractory atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia. An automatic dual-demand pacemaker has been used in six patients to treat refractory attacks of paroxysmal re-entry atrioventricular tachycardia that occurred in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The pacemaker was designed to pace at a fixed rate of 70 beats per minute when sensed heart rates were either below this rate or above 150 beats per minute; in the latter case, it would compete with the paroxysmal tachycardia and interrupt it after a short period of random scaning. The best location for the permanent pacing electrode and the feasibility of using the pacemaker were tested in each case during a detailed preliminary intracardiac electrophysiological study. The permanent pacing electrode was positioned in the coronary sinus in three patients and was attached to the epicardium of either the left or right ventricle in another three. All patients were given regular oral doses of verapamil or propranolol to enhance the effectiveness of the pacemaker system and, with the latter, to prevent pacemaker activation during sinus tachycardia. Over a follow-up period of between 11 and 47 months, the pacemaker system remained completely effective in three patients, but developed unreliable sensing in another two (one coronary sinus and one left ventricular lead). In the sixth patient the pacemaker was only effective when the rate of the tachycardia remained below 170 beats a minute, as when she was resting supine; when sitting or standing, however, her tachycardia rate considerably exceeded this value and the pacemaker was ineffective. Explantation of the pacemaker and either successful cryosurgical ablation of the accesory AV pathway or treatment with amiodarone was undertaken in the three patients in whom the pacemaker had failed.", "PMID": 95273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1577", "title": "\"Runaway\" in a modern generation pacemaker.", "content": "Life-threatening episodes of ventricular tachycardia were documented in a patient with an implanted Omni-Stanicor pacemaker due to episodic pacemaker runaway. The unit generated impulses at rates varying from 73 to 500 per minute. Ventricular capture at high rates was variable, but frequently resulted in heart rates in excess of 200 per minute. These episodes were associated with loss of consciousness secondary to inadequate cardiac output. Although the pacemaker could be inactivated by reprogramming its output to 2 mA, and suppressed by chest wall stimulation with an external pulse generator, no spontaneous rhythm resulted during these maneuvers. Urgent removal of the battery at the bedside and immediate resumption of pacing with an external generator was required to resolve the problem. Although runaway is infrequent with current generation pacemakers, it should be considered in addition to the more common causes of pacemaker malfunction in the patient with appropriate symptoms.", "contents": "\"Runaway\" in a modern generation pacemaker. Life-threatening episodes of ventricular tachycardia were documented in a patient with an implanted Omni-Stanicor pacemaker due to episodic pacemaker runaway. The unit generated impulses at rates varying from 73 to 500 per minute. Ventricular capture at high rates was variable, but frequently resulted in heart rates in excess of 200 per minute. These episodes were associated with loss of consciousness secondary to inadequate cardiac output. Although the pacemaker could be inactivated by reprogramming its output to 2 mA, and suppressed by chest wall stimulation with an external pulse generator, no spontaneous rhythm resulted during these maneuvers. Urgent removal of the battery at the bedside and immediate resumption of pacing with an external generator was required to resolve the problem. Although runaway is infrequent with current generation pacemakers, it should be considered in addition to the more common causes of pacemaker malfunction in the patient with appropriate symptoms.", "PMID": 95274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1578", "title": "Pre-P (Sino-atrial node region) activity recording from the right atrial cavity by signal averaging.", "content": "A mobile instrumentation and noninvasive method developed recently for external His bundle recording and employing the signal averaging technique was applied for intra-atrial recording of the pre-P (sino-atrial node region) activity. Recordings were obtained in ten anesthetized dogs and five patients at the time of right heart catheterization. A bipolar intra-atrial lead was used for triggering of the averaging process and a unipolar intra-atrial lead was used for signal recording. Direct bipolar epicardial recordings were obtained for comparison from the sino-atrial (S-A) node area in experimental animals. In animals studies, the averaged intra-atrial recording showed 30 muV amplitude deflections beginning 40-45 ms prior to the onset of P wave and were preceded by a slow rise and lower frequency and amplitude deflections arising 60-70 ms earlier. There was good correlation between the pre-P activity recorded intra-atrially and from the epicardium. Deflections of similar configuration but smaller amplitude (1 muV) were recorded in human studies. They preceded the onset of large atrial activity deflections (P wave) in the reference electrocardiogram by 40-80 ms. The exact source of these pre-P activity potentials has not been definitely established, but they appear to originate from the S-A node region, based on their similarity to the direct epicardial recordings and time relationship to the preceding T and following P wave.", "contents": "Pre-P (Sino-atrial node region) activity recording from the right atrial cavity by signal averaging. A mobile instrumentation and noninvasive method developed recently for external His bundle recording and employing the signal averaging technique was applied for intra-atrial recording of the pre-P (sino-atrial node region) activity. Recordings were obtained in ten anesthetized dogs and five patients at the time of right heart catheterization. A bipolar intra-atrial lead was used for triggering of the averaging process and a unipolar intra-atrial lead was used for signal recording. Direct bipolar epicardial recordings were obtained for comparison from the sino-atrial (S-A) node area in experimental animals. In animals studies, the averaged intra-atrial recording showed 30 muV amplitude deflections beginning 40-45 ms prior to the onset of P wave and were preceded by a slow rise and lower frequency and amplitude deflections arising 60-70 ms earlier. There was good correlation between the pre-P activity recorded intra-atrially and from the epicardium. Deflections of similar configuration but smaller amplitude (1 muV) were recorded in human studies. They preceded the onset of large atrial activity deflections (P wave) in the reference electrocardiogram by 40-80 ms. The exact source of these pre-P activity potentials has not been definitely established, but they appear to originate from the S-A node region, based on their similarity to the direct epicardial recordings and time relationship to the preceding T and following P wave.", "PMID": 95275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1579", "title": "Temporary pacemaker treatment in open heart surgery: variation in myocardial threshold, tissue and interface impedances in man.", "content": "Myocardial threshold and impedance of adequately insulated multicore metal electrodes (lengths l1 and l2) were investigated in 28 patients undergoing open heart surgery. Increase in current threshold from the pre-to postoperative period was: 607 +/- 102% (mean +/- SEM) with a constant-current pulse generator and 885 +/- 129% with a constant-voltage pulse generator. Tissue impedance (RT - initial impendance) calculated as voltage/current ratio 90 mus into the pulse changed from 564 +/- 34 omega before surgery to a minimum of 134 +/- 7 omega. Thereafter, there was a gradual increase in RT to 162 +/- 9 omega the day of electrode removal. In 25 of 28 patients the minimum values were reached the third to eighth postoperative day. Electrode/tissue interface impedances--Faraday resistance (RF) and Helmholtz capacity (CH)--were calculated from regression analysis of loaded and unloaded electrograms using the method of least squares. The RF showed a fall from 14.7 +/- 1.4 K omega to 5.2 +/- 0.3 K omega, and the CH (20-40 Hz) rose from 6.0 +/- 0.9 mu F to 15.5 +/- 0.8 muF preoperatively to the day of minimum tissue impedance. There were no further changes until the day of electrode removal. A significant positive correlation was found between CH (p < 0.002), current threshold (p < 0.005) and equivalent electrode length [lequ = l1 X l2/(l1 + l2)]. The electrode signal source impedance calculated from RT, RF and CH was of a magnitude not likely to contribute to demand failures. The low postoperative electrode impendance resulted in excessive load on the constant-voltage generator (condenser discharge type), rendering stimulation of the heart with reasonable current values impossible.", "contents": "Temporary pacemaker treatment in open heart surgery: variation in myocardial threshold, tissue and interface impedances in man. Myocardial threshold and impedance of adequately insulated multicore metal electrodes (lengths l1 and l2) were investigated in 28 patients undergoing open heart surgery. Increase in current threshold from the pre-to postoperative period was: 607 +/- 102% (mean +/- SEM) with a constant-current pulse generator and 885 +/- 129% with a constant-voltage pulse generator. Tissue impedance (RT - initial impendance) calculated as voltage/current ratio 90 mus into the pulse changed from 564 +/- 34 omega before surgery to a minimum of 134 +/- 7 omega. Thereafter, there was a gradual increase in RT to 162 +/- 9 omega the day of electrode removal. In 25 of 28 patients the minimum values were reached the third to eighth postoperative day. Electrode/tissue interface impedances--Faraday resistance (RF) and Helmholtz capacity (CH)--were calculated from regression analysis of loaded and unloaded electrograms using the method of least squares. The RF showed a fall from 14.7 +/- 1.4 K omega to 5.2 +/- 0.3 K omega, and the CH (20-40 Hz) rose from 6.0 +/- 0.9 mu F to 15.5 +/- 0.8 muF preoperatively to the day of minimum tissue impedance. There were no further changes until the day of electrode removal. A significant positive correlation was found between CH (p < 0.002), current threshold (p < 0.005) and equivalent electrode length [lequ = l1 X l2/(l1 + l2)]. The electrode signal source impedance calculated from RT, RF and CH was of a magnitude not likely to contribute to demand failures. The low postoperative electrode impendance resulted in excessive load on the constant-voltage generator (condenser discharge type), rendering stimulation of the heart with reasonable current values impossible.", "PMID": 95276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1580", "title": "Long-term results of permanent atrioventricular sequential demand pacing.", "content": "Pervenous atrioventricular sequential demand pacemakers (AVSDPs) were implanted in 18 patients using an atrial electrode positioned in the right atrial appendage and a ventricular electrode positioned at the apex of the right ventricle. The indications included 13 patients with the sick sinus syndrome (72%), five of whom had the tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, three with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, one with cardiomyopathy and one with carotid sinus syncope. The follow-up ranged from 6 to 38 months, with a mean of 19.4 months (a total of 350 pacing months). Seventeen patients (94%) are asymptomatic. One patient had persistent episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. In the remaining patients with tachyarrhythmia, pacing alone (three patients) or in combination with antiarrhythmic drugs (four patients) controlled the tachyarrhythmia. There was one displacement of the atrial electrode (5.5%). Extrusion of the pacer occurred in three patients. It is concluded from this experience that AV sequential pacing is an effective technique and may be useful in patients with sick sinus syndrome, in patients with tachyarrhythmia and/or patients with poor myocardial function. However, continued research is needed to prolong battery life and to reduce the size of the pacemaker.", "contents": "Long-term results of permanent atrioventricular sequential demand pacing. Pervenous atrioventricular sequential demand pacemakers (AVSDPs) were implanted in 18 patients using an atrial electrode positioned in the right atrial appendage and a ventricular electrode positioned at the apex of the right ventricle. The indications included 13 patients with the sick sinus syndrome (72%), five of whom had the tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, three with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, one with cardiomyopathy and one with carotid sinus syncope. The follow-up ranged from 6 to 38 months, with a mean of 19.4 months (a total of 350 pacing months). Seventeen patients (94%) are asymptomatic. One patient had persistent episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. In the remaining patients with tachyarrhythmia, pacing alone (three patients) or in combination with antiarrhythmic drugs (four patients) controlled the tachyarrhythmia. There was one displacement of the atrial electrode (5.5%). Extrusion of the pacer occurred in three patients. It is concluded from this experience that AV sequential pacing is an effective technique and may be useful in patients with sick sinus syndrome, in patients with tachyarrhythmia and/or patients with poor myocardial function. However, continued research is needed to prolong battery life and to reduce the size of the pacemaker.", "PMID": 95277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1581", "title": "Gas pocket causing pacemaker malfunction.", "content": "Pacemaker malfunction was attributed to the increase in impedance to current flow caused by a pocket of air separating the anodal contact plate of a unipolar generator from the overlying skin. Lack of capture was noted 20 hours after implantation. The malfunction was permanently corrected by bedside aspiration of the gas with a sterile syringe.", "contents": "Gas pocket causing pacemaker malfunction. Pacemaker malfunction was attributed to the increase in impedance to current flow caused by a pocket of air separating the anodal contact plate of a unipolar generator from the overlying skin. Lack of capture was noted 20 hours after implantation. The malfunction was permanently corrected by bedside aspiration of the gas with a sterile syringe.", "PMID": 95278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1582", "title": "Pitfalls in measuring R waves in pacemaker-dependent patients.", "content": "Determination of adequate R wave sensing is an important step in pacemaker electrode implantation and pacemaker replacement operations. In patients who are completely pacemaker dependent, these operations are usually performed with a functional temporary pacemaker in place throughout the testing period. In such patients, there is the special problem of determining whether the test system is sensing the temporary pacemaker spike rather than the resultant QRS voltage. Patients were studied and a laboratory model was created to evaluate the response characteristics of a standard R wave test device. Patients showed two general types of curves as R waves were measured at various output voltages of the temporary pacemaker. Type A responses showed direct correlation between output voltage and measured R waves. Type B responses showed an initial high plateau of R waves followed by an abrupt fall below acceptable values, and then a direct correlation between R waves and output voltage. Laboratory testing revealed that the temporary pacemaker spike, and not the R wave, was being \"sensed\" in Type A curves, and that the R wave was sensed only in the initial plateau of the Type B curves. This pitfall can lead to acceptance of an unsatisfactory electode position in some patients and to futile electrode repositioning in others.", "contents": "Pitfalls in measuring R waves in pacemaker-dependent patients. Determination of adequate R wave sensing is an important step in pacemaker electrode implantation and pacemaker replacement operations. In patients who are completely pacemaker dependent, these operations are usually performed with a functional temporary pacemaker in place throughout the testing period. In such patients, there is the special problem of determining whether the test system is sensing the temporary pacemaker spike rather than the resultant QRS voltage. Patients were studied and a laboratory model was created to evaluate the response characteristics of a standard R wave test device. Patients showed two general types of curves as R waves were measured at various output voltages of the temporary pacemaker. Type A responses showed direct correlation between output voltage and measured R waves. Type B responses showed an initial high plateau of R waves followed by an abrupt fall below acceptable values, and then a direct correlation between R waves and output voltage. Laboratory testing revealed that the temporary pacemaker spike, and not the R wave, was being \"sensed\" in Type A curves, and that the R wave was sensed only in the initial plateau of the Type B curves. This pitfall can lead to acceptance of an unsatisfactory electode position in some patients and to futile electrode repositioning in others.", "PMID": 95279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1583", "title": "Suppression of an external demand pacemaker by diaphragmatic myopotentials: a sign of electrode perforation?", "content": "Transient pacemaker inhibition was observed in a patient with an external bipolar demand pulse generator. Recordings of the proximal, distal and bipolar electrograms showed extracardiac myopotentials only in the unipolar distal and bipolar configuration. These myopotentials which caused inhibition of the pulse generator were related to respiration and other maneuvers that resulted in active contraction of the diaphragm, thus proving their diaphragmatic origin.", "contents": "Suppression of an external demand pacemaker by diaphragmatic myopotentials: a sign of electrode perforation? Transient pacemaker inhibition was observed in a patient with an external bipolar demand pulse generator. Recordings of the proximal, distal and bipolar electrograms showed extracardiac myopotentials only in the unipolar distal and bipolar configuration. These myopotentials which caused inhibition of the pulse generator were related to respiration and other maneuvers that resulted in active contraction of the diaphragm, thus proving their diaphragmatic origin.", "PMID": 95280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1584", "title": "Recurrent pulmonary emboli secondary to right atrial thrombus around a permanent pacing catheter: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "This report describes the management of a woman with multiple pulmonary emboli secondary to a large right atrial clot which had formed around her permanent transvenous pacemaker. She continued to have pulmonary emboli despite adequate anticoagulation. Removal of the catheter and pacing required right atriotomy under cover of cardiopulmonary bypass. Additionally, eight English language case reports of symptomatic pericatheter thromboses are reviewed. In these cases, pericatheter clot resulted either in right-sided inlet obstruction or pulmonary emboli. The mortality rate was 75%. Although the cause for our patent's thromboembolic events is uncertain, congestive heart failure was a predisposing factor in 75% of the other reported cases. We suggest that pacemaker patients in congestive heart failure might benefit greatly from chronic anticoagulation.", "contents": "Recurrent pulmonary emboli secondary to right atrial thrombus around a permanent pacing catheter: a case report and review of the literature. This report describes the management of a woman with multiple pulmonary emboli secondary to a large right atrial clot which had formed around her permanent transvenous pacemaker. She continued to have pulmonary emboli despite adequate anticoagulation. Removal of the catheter and pacing required right atriotomy under cover of cardiopulmonary bypass. Additionally, eight English language case reports of symptomatic pericatheter thromboses are reviewed. In these cases, pericatheter clot resulted either in right-sided inlet obstruction or pulmonary emboli. The mortality rate was 75%. Although the cause for our patent's thromboembolic events is uncertain, congestive heart failure was a predisposing factor in 75% of the other reported cases. We suggest that pacemaker patients in congestive heart failure might benefit greatly from chronic anticoagulation.", "PMID": 95281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1585", "title": "Ventricular pacing from the middle cardiac vein mimicking supraventricular morphology.", "content": "A case is described in which ventricular pacing from the middle cardiac vein produced an electrocardiographic pattern which mimicked the morphology of the normally conducted beats. The possible etiologies of this unusual phenomenon and its implications concerning the functional anatomy of the normal conduction system in the human heart are discussed.", "contents": "Ventricular pacing from the middle cardiac vein mimicking supraventricular morphology. A case is described in which ventricular pacing from the middle cardiac vein produced an electrocardiographic pattern which mimicked the morphology of the normally conducted beats. The possible etiologies of this unusual phenomenon and its implications concerning the functional anatomy of the normal conduction system in the human heart are discussed.", "PMID": 95282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1586", "title": "Diagnostic implications of atrial vulnerability.", "content": "Extrastimulation in the atrial vulnerable zone may result in atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF), especially with stimulation of multiple atrial sites. However, the clinical relevance of such vulnerability to AFF is unknown. Therefore, single twice-threshold extrastimuli were applied at three disparate right atrial sites in 45 consecutive unmedicated patients without overt heart failure. Group I consisted of 12 patients with documented spontaneous paroxysms of AFF. AFF was duplicated in 9 to 12 patients using extrastimulation in the vulnerable zone (5 in sinus rhythm, 4 requiring atrial pacing at 120 beats/min). Group II consisted of 33 patients without documented AFF dispite monitoring. Vulnerability to AFF was found in 12 of 33 patients (4 in sinus rhythm, 8 requiring atrial pacing). The duration of induced AFF did not discriminate between the two groups. Among the 12 Group II patients vulnerable to AFF, 3 had rapid palpitations, 2 had undiagnosed rapid tachycardias, 1 had atrial tachycardias and 1 junctional tachycardias. In vulnerable patients, the pause after AFF correlated with the pause after atrial pacing, but only 1 of 11 Group II patients with sick sinus syndrome was vulnerable. Thus, paroxysmal AFF may be duplicated with the extrastimulus technique if sufficient arial sites are stimulated, providing a model for evaluation of these arrhythmias. But atrial vulnerability, even to extrastimulation at normal heart rates, may be seen in patients suspected of atrial tachyarrhythmia in the absence of documented AFF, and does not contribute to the diagnosis of sinoatrial dysfunction.", "contents": "Diagnostic implications of atrial vulnerability. Extrastimulation in the atrial vulnerable zone may result in atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF), especially with stimulation of multiple atrial sites. However, the clinical relevance of such vulnerability to AFF is unknown. Therefore, single twice-threshold extrastimuli were applied at three disparate right atrial sites in 45 consecutive unmedicated patients without overt heart failure. Group I consisted of 12 patients with documented spontaneous paroxysms of AFF. AFF was duplicated in 9 to 12 patients using extrastimulation in the vulnerable zone (5 in sinus rhythm, 4 requiring atrial pacing at 120 beats/min). Group II consisted of 33 patients without documented AFF dispite monitoring. Vulnerability to AFF was found in 12 of 33 patients (4 in sinus rhythm, 8 requiring atrial pacing). The duration of induced AFF did not discriminate between the two groups. Among the 12 Group II patients vulnerable to AFF, 3 had rapid palpitations, 2 had undiagnosed rapid tachycardias, 1 had atrial tachycardias and 1 junctional tachycardias. In vulnerable patients, the pause after AFF correlated with the pause after atrial pacing, but only 1 of 11 Group II patients with sick sinus syndrome was vulnerable. Thus, paroxysmal AFF may be duplicated with the extrastimulus technique if sufficient arial sites are stimulated, providing a model for evaluation of these arrhythmias. But atrial vulnerability, even to extrastimulation at normal heart rates, may be seen in patients suspected of atrial tachyarrhythmia in the absence of documented AFF, and does not contribute to the diagnosis of sinoatrial dysfunction.", "PMID": 95283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1587", "title": "Unusual demand pacemaker arrhythmia due to partial recycling in the relative refractory period.", "content": "This report presents the electrocardiograms of a patient with a normally functioning lithium QRS-inhibited pulse generator that exhibited partial recycling with inappropriately short escape intervals. The occurrence of partial recycling was time-dependent rather than voltage-dependent, and was observed only when QRS complexes fell within the relative refractory period of the pulse generator. This resulted in a complex arrhythmia simulating pulse generator malfunction. This observation re-emphasizes the need for the physician to appreciate the technical characteristics of pulse generators to avoid the unnecessary replacement of normally functioning units.", "contents": "Unusual demand pacemaker arrhythmia due to partial recycling in the relative refractory period. This report presents the electrocardiograms of a patient with a normally functioning lithium QRS-inhibited pulse generator that exhibited partial recycling with inappropriately short escape intervals. The occurrence of partial recycling was time-dependent rather than voltage-dependent, and was observed only when QRS complexes fell within the relative refractory period of the pulse generator. This resulted in a complex arrhythmia simulating pulse generator malfunction. This observation re-emphasizes the need for the physician to appreciate the technical characteristics of pulse generators to avoid the unnecessary replacement of normally functioning units.", "PMID": 95285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1588", "title": "Spontaneous termination of reentry ventricular tachycardia in the late myocardial infarction period: an experimental study in the dog.", "content": "Forty episodes of induced ventricular tachycardia in the late myocardial infarction period (4-6 days old) were analyzed in 12 dogs in an attempt to identify the possible mechanisms for the termination of reentry tachycardia. Multiple epicardial and endocardial composite electrograms were recorded in and around the central ischemic zone of the infarction. During tachycardia, the earliest site of activation was identified in the epicardial surface of the border or normal zone immediately adjacent to the ischemic zone in 36 of the 40 episodes, suggesting efferent epicardial spread from the site of the activity. In four instances, the efferent pathways were directed to the endocardial surface. Four distinct patterns of activation sequences were observed during spontaneous termination: (a) a shift of the efferent pathways from epicardial to endocardial site (19 instances); (b) a change of the efferent pathways within the endocardium (4 instances); (c) a shift of the earliest site of activation between the left and right ventricles (9 instances); and (d) no apparent change in the epicardial efferent pathways (4 instances). In four other instances, ventricular tachycardia deteriorated into ventricular fibrillation. In patterns (a) and (c), a shift of the efferent pathways resulted in a more rapid and homogeneous activation of the border and normal zone epicardium. These changes were associated with cessation of delayed or continuous activity in the ischemic zone epicardium, resulting in termination of tachycardia.", "contents": "Spontaneous termination of reentry ventricular tachycardia in the late myocardial infarction period: an experimental study in the dog. Forty episodes of induced ventricular tachycardia in the late myocardial infarction period (4-6 days old) were analyzed in 12 dogs in an attempt to identify the possible mechanisms for the termination of reentry tachycardia. Multiple epicardial and endocardial composite electrograms were recorded in and around the central ischemic zone of the infarction. During tachycardia, the earliest site of activation was identified in the epicardial surface of the border or normal zone immediately adjacent to the ischemic zone in 36 of the 40 episodes, suggesting efferent epicardial spread from the site of the activity. In four instances, the efferent pathways were directed to the endocardial surface. Four distinct patterns of activation sequences were observed during spontaneous termination: (a) a shift of the efferent pathways from epicardial to endocardial site (19 instances); (b) a change of the efferent pathways within the endocardium (4 instances); (c) a shift of the earliest site of activation between the left and right ventricles (9 instances); and (d) no apparent change in the epicardial efferent pathways (4 instances). In four other instances, ventricular tachycardia deteriorated into ventricular fibrillation. In patterns (a) and (c), a shift of the efferent pathways resulted in a more rapid and homogeneous activation of the border and normal zone epicardium. These changes were associated with cessation of delayed or continuous activity in the ischemic zone epicardium, resulting in termination of tachycardia.", "PMID": 95291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1589", "title": "The optimization of the pulse delivered by the pacemaker.", "content": "The results of stimulation threshold analysis carried out in 230 patients after the initial electrode implantation, and in 188 patients during pacemaker replacement, are presented. The electrodes investigated were the IE-60K-10 (279 cases), the IE-60-K (96 cases) and the ME-50 (26 cases). The chronic stimulation threshold voltage for the electrode IE-60K-10 (electrode surface area: 10 mm2) at a pulse width of 0.5 ms, after an electrode function time of 25 months, is 2.05 +/- 0.18 V, representing 256% of the acute threshold, and is equally as high as the chronic figure for the IE-60-K electrode (surface area: 27 mm2) measured at 2.08 +/- 0.20 V. The current threshold for the IE-60K-10 increased from 0.78 +/- 0.07 mA by 299% to 2.33 +/- 0.30 mA and was thus, as expected, lower than that of the large area electrode IE-60-K, which increased from 1.11 +/- 0.22 mA to 3.23 +/- 0.43 mA (291%). On the basis of the computation of the stimulation threshold energy and the stimulation threshold charge, a reduction of pulse duration to below 0.5 ms would not appear to make such energy-saving sense.", "contents": "The optimization of the pulse delivered by the pacemaker. The results of stimulation threshold analysis carried out in 230 patients after the initial electrode implantation, and in 188 patients during pacemaker replacement, are presented. The electrodes investigated were the IE-60K-10 (279 cases), the IE-60-K (96 cases) and the ME-50 (26 cases). The chronic stimulation threshold voltage for the electrode IE-60K-10 (electrode surface area: 10 mm2) at a pulse width of 0.5 ms, after an electrode function time of 25 months, is 2.05 +/- 0.18 V, representing 256% of the acute threshold, and is equally as high as the chronic figure for the IE-60-K electrode (surface area: 27 mm2) measured at 2.08 +/- 0.20 V. The current threshold for the IE-60K-10 increased from 0.78 +/- 0.07 mA by 299% to 2.33 +/- 0.30 mA and was thus, as expected, lower than that of the large area electrode IE-60-K, which increased from 1.11 +/- 0.22 mA to 3.23 +/- 0.43 mA (291%). On the basis of the computation of the stimulation threshold energy and the stimulation threshold charge, a reduction of pulse duration to below 0.5 ms would not appear to make such energy-saving sense.", "PMID": 95292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1590", "title": "Automatic \"scanning\" by radiofrequency in the long-term electrical treatment of arrhythmias.", "content": "The use of programmed electrical stimulation in the long term treatment of re-entry tachycardia offers encouraging perspectives. Among the others proposed, the \"scanning\" system seems to be the most effective. However, an implantable stimulator with these features is not yet available and, thus, a temporary external lead is required. These difficulties have been overcome by utilizing radiofrequency to synchronize and stimulate. An implantable device was therefore designed which is triggered by the patient and automatically searches the interruption zone of the tachycardia by exploring the R-R cycle. The external transmitter, which can produce one or two synchronized impulses, is programmed to scan the R-R cycle with progressive steps of 5 or 10 ms; when tachycardia is interrupted, further stimulation is inhibited. The implanted module connected to an endocavitary lead does not have any power supply and, therefore, is very small. The efficacy of this method has been demonstrated in 4 patients with supraventricular tachycardia (3 with WPW syndrome) resistant to conventional pharmacologic therapy.", "contents": "Automatic \"scanning\" by radiofrequency in the long-term electrical treatment of arrhythmias. The use of programmed electrical stimulation in the long term treatment of re-entry tachycardia offers encouraging perspectives. Among the others proposed, the \"scanning\" system seems to be the most effective. However, an implantable stimulator with these features is not yet available and, thus, a temporary external lead is required. These difficulties have been overcome by utilizing radiofrequency to synchronize and stimulate. An implantable device was therefore designed which is triggered by the patient and automatically searches the interruption zone of the tachycardia by exploring the R-R cycle. The external transmitter, which can produce one or two synchronized impulses, is programmed to scan the R-R cycle with progressive steps of 5 or 10 ms; when tachycardia is interrupted, further stimulation is inhibited. The implanted module connected to an endocavitary lead does not have any power supply and, therefore, is very small. The efficacy of this method has been demonstrated in 4 patients with supraventricular tachycardia (3 with WPW syndrome) resistant to conventional pharmacologic therapy.", "PMID": 95293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1591", "title": "Beat-to-beat stability of implanted pacemakers.", "content": "A method of measuring and analyzing beat-to-beat interval stability of implanted pacemakers has been devised, and a number of normal and failing pacers have been studied in this way. It was seen that normal pacer rates were remarkably stable, but that abnormalities in beat-to-beat interval were found in 67.4% of all failing pacers. The abnormalities consisted primarily of excessive interval (rate) scatter, linear and cyclic fluctuation, and transients following application of a magnet. It is expected that in problem cases a beat-to-beat analysis will be of help in differentiating normal from abnormal pacer function, and will provide confirmation signs of pacer failure; it may also uncover unusual and heretofore unpredictable failure modes.", "contents": "Beat-to-beat stability of implanted pacemakers. A method of measuring and analyzing beat-to-beat interval stability of implanted pacemakers has been devised, and a number of normal and failing pacers have been studied in this way. It was seen that normal pacer rates were remarkably stable, but that abnormalities in beat-to-beat interval were found in 67.4% of all failing pacers. The abnormalities consisted primarily of excessive interval (rate) scatter, linear and cyclic fluctuation, and transients following application of a magnet. It is expected that in problem cases a beat-to-beat analysis will be of help in differentiating normal from abnormal pacer function, and will provide confirmation signs of pacer failure; it may also uncover unusual and heretofore unpredictable failure modes.", "PMID": 95294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1592", "title": "Symptomatic sinus node disease: natural history after permanent ventricular pacing.", "content": "Fifty-nine patients between the ages of 13 and 88 with sinus node disease, who received a permanent ventricular pacemaker between 1965 and 1976 at one institution, were followed to determine the natural history of the disorder after permanent pacing. Nineteen had ischemic heart disease, six had primary myocardial disease, and eight valvular heart disease. In 26, no etiology for the arrhythmia was apparent. The one- and five-year survival was 85.5% and 73.1%, respectively. Patients with underlying heart disease had a significantly poorer survival when compared to those without (58% versus 94% at 36 months) and all but 3 of 13 deaths in the first 36 months were in those with ischemic heart disease. There was a distinct trend toward poor survival in those with heart failure prior to pacemaker implant and those over age 65. Patients with sinus bradycardia alone did best (91% survival three years after implant), while those with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome and those with sinoatrial arrest alone did distinctly worse (76% and 65% survival at three years, respectively). Twelve of 18 deaths were due to progression of underlying heart disease. The long-term prognosis with symptomatic sinus node disease can be predicted in part by (1) etiology of the underlying heart disease, (2) pre-implant arrhythmia, and (3) ventricular function prior to implant.", "contents": "Symptomatic sinus node disease: natural history after permanent ventricular pacing. Fifty-nine patients between the ages of 13 and 88 with sinus node disease, who received a permanent ventricular pacemaker between 1965 and 1976 at one institution, were followed to determine the natural history of the disorder after permanent pacing. Nineteen had ischemic heart disease, six had primary myocardial disease, and eight valvular heart disease. In 26, no etiology for the arrhythmia was apparent. The one- and five-year survival was 85.5% and 73.1%, respectively. Patients with underlying heart disease had a significantly poorer survival when compared to those without (58% versus 94% at 36 months) and all but 3 of 13 deaths in the first 36 months were in those with ischemic heart disease. There was a distinct trend toward poor survival in those with heart failure prior to pacemaker implant and those over age 65. Patients with sinus bradycardia alone did best (91% survival three years after implant), while those with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome and those with sinoatrial arrest alone did distinctly worse (76% and 65% survival at three years, respectively). Twelve of 18 deaths were due to progression of underlying heart disease. The long-term prognosis with symptomatic sinus node disease can be predicted in part by (1) etiology of the underlying heart disease, (2) pre-implant arrhythmia, and (3) ventricular function prior to implant.", "PMID": 95295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1593", "title": "Instrumentation for the follow-up of pacemade patients. Telephone transmission of the electrocardiogram and self-check by the patient on pacemaker function and capture.", "content": "Logic circuitry has been added to an electrocardiogram telephone transmitter. It processes the electrocardiogram and permits frequent self-checks by the patient on rate, capture and sensing function of an implanted demand pulse generator system. Correct function is communicated to the patient by a green light. Malfunction with regard to any of these parameters produces an irreversible yellow light signaling the patient to contact his physician. The self-check is reassuring to the patient during intervals between visits to the physician's office or a specialized clinic. The system, at present, is applicable only to demand pulse generators with a high magnet test rate (90 ppm or higher) which assures capture in virtually all patients. This and other limitations are discussed. Their incidence is low, some can be remedied and in the majority of patients they do not impair the clinical usefulness of the system.", "contents": "Instrumentation for the follow-up of pacemade patients. Telephone transmission of the electrocardiogram and self-check by the patient on pacemaker function and capture. Logic circuitry has been added to an electrocardiogram telephone transmitter. It processes the electrocardiogram and permits frequent self-checks by the patient on rate, capture and sensing function of an implanted demand pulse generator system. Correct function is communicated to the patient by a green light. Malfunction with regard to any of these parameters produces an irreversible yellow light signaling the patient to contact his physician. The self-check is reassuring to the patient during intervals between visits to the physician's office or a specialized clinic. The system, at present, is applicable only to demand pulse generators with a high magnet test rate (90 ppm or higher) which assures capture in virtually all patients. This and other limitations are discussed. Their incidence is low, some can be remedied and in the majority of patients they do not impair the clinical usefulness of the system.", "PMID": 95296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1594", "title": "Sick sinus syndrome and AV node re-entry.", "content": "A 69-year-old man presented with recurrent palpitations since childhood. Electrophysiology studies performed on two separate occasions revealed the combination of sick sinus syndrome and AV node re-entrant tachycardia. The case is reported because it illustrates marked temporal variability in the electrophysiological properties of the dual AV node pathways, and also deleterious effects of verapamil on sinoatrial node function.", "contents": "Sick sinus syndrome and AV node re-entry. A 69-year-old man presented with recurrent palpitations since childhood. Electrophysiology studies performed on two separate occasions revealed the combination of sick sinus syndrome and AV node re-entrant tachycardia. The case is reported because it illustrates marked temporal variability in the electrophysiological properties of the dual AV node pathways, and also deleterious effects of verapamil on sinoatrial node function.", "PMID": 95297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1595", "title": "Permanent rapid atrial pacing to control supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient who had continuous supraventricular tachycardia with a ventricular rate of about 170. The arrhythmia was refractory to drugs and DC countershock, and did not convert with atrial pacing. Rapid atrial stimulation controlled the ventricular rate by simulating atrial fibrillation (pacing at 300-400/min), or by simulating a faster atrial tachycardia with 2:1 conduction (pacing at 205-210/min). This form of therapy was used on a permanent basis for more than five months.", "contents": "Permanent rapid atrial pacing to control supraventricular tachycardia. A case is reported of a patient who had continuous supraventricular tachycardia with a ventricular rate of about 170. The arrhythmia was refractory to drugs and DC countershock, and did not convert with atrial pacing. Rapid atrial stimulation controlled the ventricular rate by simulating atrial fibrillation (pacing at 300-400/min), or by simulating a faster atrial tachycardia with 2:1 conduction (pacing at 205-210/min). This form of therapy was used on a permanent basis for more than five months.", "PMID": 95298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1596", "title": "Inappropriate slowing of the pacemaker rate with programmable demand pacemaker.", "content": "A 60-year-old male with a programmable pacemaker developed inappropriate slowing of the pacemaker rate. This was due to oversensing of the T waves combined with after-potential sensing. This does not represent generator malfunction and can usually be corrected by reprogramming the pulse duration, or the milliamperage.", "contents": "Inappropriate slowing of the pacemaker rate with programmable demand pacemaker. A 60-year-old male with a programmable pacemaker developed inappropriate slowing of the pacemaker rate. This was due to oversensing of the T waves combined with after-potential sensing. This does not represent generator malfunction and can usually be corrected by reprogramming the pulse duration, or the milliamperage.", "PMID": 95303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1597", "title": "Intravenous disopyramide phosphate and ventricular overdrive pacing in the termination of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Both antiarrhythmic drugs and bursts of rapid ventricular pacing provide alternatives to DC cardioversion for the treatment of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. This report considers the individual and combined success of burst ventricular pacing and intravenous disopyramide phosphate in the tretment of 11 examples of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. Rapid ventricular pacing, at a rate of up to 50 beats/min faster than the tachycardia rate terminated 7 of the tachycardias. Intravenous disopyramide resulted in increased tachycardiac cycle length (342 +/- 34 ms-385 +/- 56 ms), increased QRS complex width (147 +/- 42 ms-180 +/- 41 ms) and termination of 8 the tachycardias. The remaining 3 tachycardias could be terminated by bursts of ventricular pacing following the infusion of disopyramide. Of these, 2 could not be terminated prior to disopyramide. The use of both techniques allowed the extinction of all 11 tachycardias and prevented the need to proceed to DC conversion.", "contents": "Intravenous disopyramide phosphate and ventricular overdrive pacing in the termination of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. Both antiarrhythmic drugs and bursts of rapid ventricular pacing provide alternatives to DC cardioversion for the treatment of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. This report considers the individual and combined success of burst ventricular pacing and intravenous disopyramide phosphate in the tretment of 11 examples of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. Rapid ventricular pacing, at a rate of up to 50 beats/min faster than the tachycardia rate terminated 7 of the tachycardias. Intravenous disopyramide resulted in increased tachycardiac cycle length (342 +/- 34 ms-385 +/- 56 ms), increased QRS complex width (147 +/- 42 ms-180 +/- 41 ms) and termination of 8 the tachycardias. The remaining 3 tachycardias could be terminated by bursts of ventricular pacing following the infusion of disopyramide. Of these, 2 could not be terminated prior to disopyramide. The use of both techniques allowed the extinction of all 11 tachycardias and prevented the need to proceed to DC conversion.", "PMID": 95308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1598", "title": "Polarization properties of small-surface-area pacemaker electrodes--implications on reliability of sensing and pacing.", "content": "The polarization characteristics of Pt-Ir and Elgiloy small-surface-area (10-12.5 mm2) pacemaker electrodes were studied at AC linear (sensing) and DC non-linear (pacing) conditions. The electrodes' AC polarization impedance was approximately equal to the demand pacemaker's input impedance, which causes waveform distortions ofthe sensed R-wave potentials. The pacemaker's coupling capacitor adds to the distortion's effect. As a result of amplitude attenuation (up to approximately 50%) and slew rate changes, the pacemaker may fail to recognize the ventricular complexes, reverting to hazardous competitive pacing. The impact of the DC polarization elements and of the coupling capacitor on the effectiveness of pacing was examined. The deficiency of small area electrodes was pointed out, this being counter-balanced to some extent by their lower pacing thresholds. The necessity to ensure a sufficient safety margin between the pacing pulse and the stimulation threshold, to avoid possible reasons for creation of exit blocks, was stressed. In reducing the electrode surface, it is advisable not to step down below a 15-20 mm2 effective area for Pt-Ir, and a 40-50 mm2 area for Elgiloy.", "contents": "Polarization properties of small-surface-area pacemaker electrodes--implications on reliability of sensing and pacing. The polarization characteristics of Pt-Ir and Elgiloy small-surface-area (10-12.5 mm2) pacemaker electrodes were studied at AC linear (sensing) and DC non-linear (pacing) conditions. The electrodes' AC polarization impedance was approximately equal to the demand pacemaker's input impedance, which causes waveform distortions ofthe sensed R-wave potentials. The pacemaker's coupling capacitor adds to the distortion's effect. As a result of amplitude attenuation (up to approximately 50%) and slew rate changes, the pacemaker may fail to recognize the ventricular complexes, reverting to hazardous competitive pacing. The impact of the DC polarization elements and of the coupling capacitor on the effectiveness of pacing was examined. The deficiency of small area electrodes was pointed out, this being counter-balanced to some extent by their lower pacing thresholds. The necessity to ensure a sufficient safety margin between the pacing pulse and the stimulation threshold, to avoid possible reasons for creation of exit blocks, was stressed. In reducing the electrode surface, it is advisable not to step down below a 15-20 mm2 effective area for Pt-Ir, and a 40-50 mm2 area for Elgiloy.", "PMID": 95309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1599", "title": "Comparison of active and passive adhering leads for endocardial pacing.", "content": "The frequency of lead failure requiring invasive correction in a total of 276 implants of four different transvenous leads (6907, continuous lead, IE-65-I, and MIP 2000) was observed during a one-and-one-half year period with a minimum of two months follow-up post-implant. Implants were on a successive sequential basis, randomly distributed between the two surgeons normally performing implants, and unselected for presumed ease or difficulty of the procedure. Failure rates with the 6907 and continuous leads were 7 of 76, or 9.2%; with the IE-65-I, 2 of 76, or 2.6%; and with the MIP 2000, 8 of 45, or 17.8%. The difference between the IE-65-I and the two conventional leads was significant at the 5% level, and between the IE-65-I and the group of the other three at the 1.6% level. The MIP 2000 was significantly different from the other three leads at the 2.7% level. Previous clinical experience with 849 implants with continuous and 6807 leads indicated that the overall data was similar to that obtained in the present evaluation. No significant differences in failure rates between surgeons and no measurable \"practice effect\" could be detected. It was concluded that the design of the lead is a major factor in the differing need for early secondary intervention.", "contents": "Comparison of active and passive adhering leads for endocardial pacing. The frequency of lead failure requiring invasive correction in a total of 276 implants of four different transvenous leads (6907, continuous lead, IE-65-I, and MIP 2000) was observed during a one-and-one-half year period with a minimum of two months follow-up post-implant. Implants were on a successive sequential basis, randomly distributed between the two surgeons normally performing implants, and unselected for presumed ease or difficulty of the procedure. Failure rates with the 6907 and continuous leads were 7 of 76, or 9.2%; with the IE-65-I, 2 of 76, or 2.6%; and with the MIP 2000, 8 of 45, or 17.8%. The difference between the IE-65-I and the two conventional leads was significant at the 5% level, and between the IE-65-I and the group of the other three at the 1.6% level. The MIP 2000 was significantly different from the other three leads at the 2.7% level. Previous clinical experience with 849 implants with continuous and 6807 leads indicated that the overall data was similar to that obtained in the present evaluation. No significant differences in failure rates between surgeons and no measurable \"practice effect\" could be detected. It was concluded that the design of the lead is a major factor in the differing need for early secondary intervention.", "PMID": 95310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1600", "title": "His bundle electrogram in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Thirty-seven patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by atrioventricular or bundle branch block, or a combination of both, has His bundle electrogram studies performed during their stay in the coronary care unit. The acute mortality of the 14 patients with a complicating bundle branch was 50%. Pump failure was the main cause of death. Three patients in this group had a prolonged H-V interval and one patient had a split blundle of His. The presence or absence of a prolonged H-V interval did not affect mortality in this group of patients. The acute mortality of the 16 patients with an inferior wall myocardial infarction was 6%. The H-V interval was normal in all but one of these patients. The atrioventricular block was caused by a proximal block in all cases. The acute mortality of the seven patients with an anterior wall myocardial infarction was 29%. The H-V interval was prolonged in two of seven patients. Pump failure was the acute cause of the deaths. The presence or absence of a prolonged H-V interval did not affect mortality in this group of patients.", "contents": "His bundle electrogram in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Thirty-seven patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by atrioventricular or bundle branch block, or a combination of both, has His bundle electrogram studies performed during their stay in the coronary care unit. The acute mortality of the 14 patients with a complicating bundle branch was 50%. Pump failure was the main cause of death. Three patients in this group had a prolonged H-V interval and one patient had a split blundle of His. The presence or absence of a prolonged H-V interval did not affect mortality in this group of patients. The acute mortality of the 16 patients with an inferior wall myocardial infarction was 6%. The H-V interval was normal in all but one of these patients. The atrioventricular block was caused by a proximal block in all cases. The acute mortality of the seven patients with an anterior wall myocardial infarction was 29%. The H-V interval was prolonged in two of seven patients. Pump failure was the acute cause of the deaths. The presence or absence of a prolonged H-V interval did not affect mortality in this group of patients.", "PMID": 95311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1601", "title": "Adrenergaically mediated ventricular fibrillation in probucol-treated dogs: roles of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors.", "content": "A high incidence of sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation (VF) has been observed in dogs under chronic treatment with probucol, a new hypocholesterolemic agent. The present study describes the cardiac electrophysiologic properties of probucol-treated dogs and characterizes the electrophysiological response of these animals to manipulation of the autonomic nervous system. There was no significant difference in the spontaneous sinus cycle length, the QT interval, refractory period of the atrium, ventricle or A-V junction between normal and probucol-treated dogs. Epinephrine produced VF with few and sometimes no preceding premature ventricular extrasystoles. Electrical stimulation of the stellate ganglion induced VF in 16/19 dogs whereas stimulation of the right stellate ganglion induced VF in 1/19 dogs. Phenylephrine induced VF in 0/19 dogs, isoproterenol in 5/19 dogs, but phenylephrine + isoproterenol induced VF in 9/11 dogs in which isoproterenol did not produce VF. alpha (phentolamine) or beta (propranolol) blockade prevented initiation of VF by epinephrine, phenylephrine + is isoproterenol, and left stellate stimulation but alpha blockade did not prevent induction of VF by isoproterenol when isoproterenol alone produced VF. In this nonischemic model, we conclude that left stellate stimulation is a far more potent initiator of VF than right stellate stimulation and that induction of VF appears to require both alpha and beta adrenergic receptor stimulation.", "contents": "Adrenergaically mediated ventricular fibrillation in probucol-treated dogs: roles of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. A high incidence of sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation (VF) has been observed in dogs under chronic treatment with probucol, a new hypocholesterolemic agent. The present study describes the cardiac electrophysiologic properties of probucol-treated dogs and characterizes the electrophysiological response of these animals to manipulation of the autonomic nervous system. There was no significant difference in the spontaneous sinus cycle length, the QT interval, refractory period of the atrium, ventricle or A-V junction between normal and probucol-treated dogs. Epinephrine produced VF with few and sometimes no preceding premature ventricular extrasystoles. Electrical stimulation of the stellate ganglion induced VF in 16/19 dogs whereas stimulation of the right stellate ganglion induced VF in 1/19 dogs. Phenylephrine induced VF in 0/19 dogs, isoproterenol in 5/19 dogs, but phenylephrine + isoproterenol induced VF in 9/11 dogs in which isoproterenol did not produce VF. alpha (phentolamine) or beta (propranolol) blockade prevented initiation of VF by epinephrine, phenylephrine + is isoproterenol, and left stellate stimulation but alpha blockade did not prevent induction of VF by isoproterenol when isoproterenol alone produced VF. In this nonischemic model, we conclude that left stellate stimulation is a far more potent initiator of VF than right stellate stimulation and that induction of VF appears to require both alpha and beta adrenergic receptor stimulation.", "PMID": 95312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1602", "title": "Preliminary experience with the helifix electrode for transvenous atrial implantation.", "content": "A Helifix electrode was inserted transvenously in the right atrial appendage for temporary atrial stimulation in three patients. The low stimulation threshold as well as the excellent stability of the electrode encouraged us to proceed to permanent implantation of this lead in thirteen patients. The lead was introduced through the saphenous vein in twelve patients and through the cephalic vein in one patient. Five patients had sinoatrial dysfunction and five had bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome; they received atrial demand pacemakers. Two patients had atrioventricular block and received atrial synchronous ventricular pacemarkers. Our last patient had restrictive cardiomyopathy, heart failure and a drug-refractory atrial arrhythmia. She received a dual-chamber sequential pacing device. Atrial electrode displacement occurred in one patient soon after implantation. The lead was promptly repositioned without difficulty. Partial sensing of spontaneous P waves was observed in two patients. One recovered spontaneously, the second after substituting a pulse generator with a higher input sensitivity. Our clinical experience during the period from November 1977 to January 1979 has shown that the Helifix electrode is suitable for transvenous atrial implantation.", "contents": "Preliminary experience with the helifix electrode for transvenous atrial implantation. A Helifix electrode was inserted transvenously in the right atrial appendage for temporary atrial stimulation in three patients. The low stimulation threshold as well as the excellent stability of the electrode encouraged us to proceed to permanent implantation of this lead in thirteen patients. The lead was introduced through the saphenous vein in twelve patients and through the cephalic vein in one patient. Five patients had sinoatrial dysfunction and five had bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome; they received atrial demand pacemakers. Two patients had atrioventricular block and received atrial synchronous ventricular pacemarkers. Our last patient had restrictive cardiomyopathy, heart failure and a drug-refractory atrial arrhythmia. She received a dual-chamber sequential pacing device. Atrial electrode displacement occurred in one patient soon after implantation. The lead was promptly repositioned without difficulty. Partial sensing of spontaneous P waves was observed in two patients. One recovered spontaneously, the second after substituting a pulse generator with a higher input sensitivity. Our clinical experience during the period from November 1977 to January 1979 has shown that the Helifix electrode is suitable for transvenous atrial implantation.", "PMID": 95313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1603", "title": "Escape rhythm in complete A-V block. The recovery phase after overdrive suppression from artificial ventricular suppression from artificial ventricular pacing.", "content": "In 60 patients with third degree A-V block, recovery of escape rhythm from overdrive suppression after ventricular pacing has been studied. Implanted unipolar VVI pacemakers were inhibited by chest wall stimuli. A total of 165 rhythmograms were studied. In 37, the rate was irregular, in the other 128 the escape rate increased gradually, following an exponential curve until stabilization after 3 minutes. In 29 of these rhythmograms, a possible exit block of the first escape impulse was observed. In 99 rhythmograms without exit block, escape rhythm recovery time was an average 1.45 times basal escape RR intervals. Overdrive suppression was most marked in patients with a slow escape rhythm.", "contents": "Escape rhythm in complete A-V block. The recovery phase after overdrive suppression from artificial ventricular suppression from artificial ventricular pacing. In 60 patients with third degree A-V block, recovery of escape rhythm from overdrive suppression after ventricular pacing has been studied. Implanted unipolar VVI pacemakers were inhibited by chest wall stimuli. A total of 165 rhythmograms were studied. In 37, the rate was irregular, in the other 128 the escape rate increased gradually, following an exponential curve until stabilization after 3 minutes. In 29 of these rhythmograms, a possible exit block of the first escape impulse was observed. In 99 rhythmograms without exit block, escape rhythm recovery time was an average 1.45 times basal escape RR intervals. Overdrive suppression was most marked in patients with a slow escape rhythm.", "PMID": 95314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1604", "title": "Complications of defibrillation with permanent pacemaker in situ.", "content": "A permanent demand pacing generator was implanted in the right deltopectoral fossa with unipolar transvenous lead advanced to the right ventricle. Implant and subsequent pacing parameters were normal. Five days later an emergency DC cardioversion was performed with one paddle 2 inches from the generator. Cardioversion was followed by failure of QRS-sensing and, at immediate explant, rise in stimulation threshold. The pulse generator showed end-of-life characteristics. The patient died 4 days following replacement of the generator and lead. At autopsy, right ventricular infarction was found, presumably relating to current discharge along the lead. Pacemaker analysis showed damage to the protection zener diode and oscillator integrated circuit of the generator during cardioversion.", "contents": "Complications of defibrillation with permanent pacemaker in situ. A permanent demand pacing generator was implanted in the right deltopectoral fossa with unipolar transvenous lead advanced to the right ventricle. Implant and subsequent pacing parameters were normal. Five days later an emergency DC cardioversion was performed with one paddle 2 inches from the generator. Cardioversion was followed by failure of QRS-sensing and, at immediate explant, rise in stimulation threshold. The pulse generator showed end-of-life characteristics. The patient died 4 days following replacement of the generator and lead. At autopsy, right ventricular infarction was found, presumably relating to current discharge along the lead. Pacemaker analysis showed damage to the protection zener diode and oscillator integrated circuit of the generator during cardioversion.", "PMID": 95315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1605", "title": "The interdependence between electrogram, total electrode impedance and pacemaker input impedance necessary to obtain adequate functioning of demand pacemakers.", "content": "Electrogram maximum derivatives (DMAX, SMAX) and electrogram amplitudes (AMAX, UMAX) (Figure 2), were studied in 71 cases during permanent pacemaker treatment. During the acute phase, (at first implantation), 29 patients were studied, and during the chronic phase, (at pulse generator replacement), 42 patients were studied. Of these patients, 27 (acute phase) and 36 (chronic phase) were studied for tissue impedance (RT) and interface impedance (Faraday resistance RF and Helmholtz capacity CH). DMAX and SMAX changed from 3.47 +/- 0.33 V/s (mean +/- SEM) to 2.46 +/- 0.23 V/s and 1.93 +/- 0.20 V/s to 1.32 +/- 0.12 V/s; p < 0.02; p < 0.01. AMAX and UMAX remained nearly unchanged from acute to chronic phase. A paired comparison in 13 patients showed almost identical results. Electrograms recorded in patients with bundle branch block showed no statistical difference in DMAX, SMAX, AMAX, and UMAX compared with electrograms recorded in patients with QRS-complexes of normal duration. No correlation was found between rise in myocardial threshold and fall in DMAX and SMAX from acute to chronic phase; p > 0.8, p > 0.5. Patients with coronary heart disease were found to have significantly higher AMAX than patients classified as having rhythm disturbances of primary cause; p < 0.01. Extremely low values of amplitudes and maximum derivatives were found in some patients with myocardial infarctions and cardiomyopathies. No difference existed in DMAX, SMAX, AMAX, and UMAX recorded from electrodes with a 8 mm2 area compared with a 12 mm2 area (p > 0.5). RT was statistically significantly higher on the smaller compared with the larger surface electrodes (p > 0.005). There was a slight but not statistically significant fall in RT from acute to chronic phase (p > 0.2). RF ranged from 2.0-94.6 kohms. There was no statistically significant differences between the 8 mm2 compared with the 12 mm2 electrodes (p > 0.2). CH varied between 0.7 and 37.0 microfarads, with significantly lower values for the smallest electrodes (p < 0.05). In patients with electrograms of borderline amplitudes and maximum derivatives for being sensed, the low CH found with the small tip electrodes, will gave a higher risk of demand failure if the input impedance in the sensing circuit of a demand pacemaker is too low.", "contents": "The interdependence between electrogram, total electrode impedance and pacemaker input impedance necessary to obtain adequate functioning of demand pacemakers. Electrogram maximum derivatives (DMAX, SMAX) and electrogram amplitudes (AMAX, UMAX) (Figure 2), were studied in 71 cases during permanent pacemaker treatment. During the acute phase, (at first implantation), 29 patients were studied, and during the chronic phase, (at pulse generator replacement), 42 patients were studied. Of these patients, 27 (acute phase) and 36 (chronic phase) were studied for tissue impedance (RT) and interface impedance (Faraday resistance RF and Helmholtz capacity CH). DMAX and SMAX changed from 3.47 +/- 0.33 V/s (mean +/- SEM) to 2.46 +/- 0.23 V/s and 1.93 +/- 0.20 V/s to 1.32 +/- 0.12 V/s; p < 0.02; p < 0.01. AMAX and UMAX remained nearly unchanged from acute to chronic phase. A paired comparison in 13 patients showed almost identical results. Electrograms recorded in patients with bundle branch block showed no statistical difference in DMAX, SMAX, AMAX, and UMAX compared with electrograms recorded in patients with QRS-complexes of normal duration. No correlation was found between rise in myocardial threshold and fall in DMAX and SMAX from acute to chronic phase; p > 0.8, p > 0.5. Patients with coronary heart disease were found to have significantly higher AMAX than patients classified as having rhythm disturbances of primary cause; p < 0.01. Extremely low values of amplitudes and maximum derivatives were found in some patients with myocardial infarctions and cardiomyopathies. No difference existed in DMAX, SMAX, AMAX, and UMAX recorded from electrodes with a 8 mm2 area compared with a 12 mm2 area (p > 0.5). RT was statistically significantly higher on the smaller compared with the larger surface electrodes (p > 0.005). There was a slight but not statistically significant fall in RT from acute to chronic phase (p > 0.2). RF ranged from 2.0-94.6 kohms. There was no statistically significant differences between the 8 mm2 compared with the 12 mm2 electrodes (p > 0.2). CH varied between 0.7 and 37.0 microfarads, with significantly lower values for the smallest electrodes (p < 0.05). In patients with electrograms of borderline amplitudes and maximum derivatives for being sensed, the low CH found with the small tip electrodes, will gave a higher risk of demand failure if the input impedance in the sensing circuit of a demand pacemaker is too low.", "PMID": 95316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1606", "title": "Similar QRS morphology in sinus rhythm and ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "A 74-year-old man with coronary artery disease and bifascicular block suffered recurrent tachycardia. Although the similarity of QRS morphology in tachycardia and sinus rhythm suggested a supraventricular origin, His bundle electrocardiography and programmed stimulation showed a ventricular origin. Digitalis toxicity was not an etiological factor and there was no evidence to suggest a His bundle tachycardia. The case illustrates that in occasional circumstances the onset of ventricular tachycardia may produce no change in QRS morphology thus making the diagnosis by conventional electrocardiographic criteria difficult.", "contents": "Similar QRS morphology in sinus rhythm and ventricular tachycardia. A 74-year-old man with coronary artery disease and bifascicular block suffered recurrent tachycardia. Although the similarity of QRS morphology in tachycardia and sinus rhythm suggested a supraventricular origin, His bundle electrocardiography and programmed stimulation showed a ventricular origin. Digitalis toxicity was not an etiological factor and there was no evidence to suggest a His bundle tachycardia. The case illustrates that in occasional circumstances the onset of ventricular tachycardia may produce no change in QRS morphology thus making the diagnosis by conventional electrocardiographic criteria difficult.", "PMID": 95317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1607", "title": "Serum and urine beta-2-microglobulin and lysozyme concentrations in transplant rejection.", "content": "We conclude that serum and urinary beta-2-microglobulin concentrations are useful in the diagnosis of acute and chronic renal transplant rejection. In acute transplant rejection, serum elevation in beta-2-microglobulins usually precede a rise in the serum creatinine. Increased urinary beta-2-microglobulin concentrations and elevated fractional excretion of beta-2-microglobulin occur in both acute and chronic transplant rejection. The finding of massive and sustained beta-2-microglobulinuria following acute rejection may herald recurrent clinical rejection episodes and eventual graft loss. Finally, serum and urine lysozyme levels appear to be less sensitive than the beta-2-microglobulins for diagnosing rejection and are often spuriously elevated in the presence of systemic or urinary tract infection.", "contents": "Serum and urine beta-2-microglobulin and lysozyme concentrations in transplant rejection. We conclude that serum and urinary beta-2-microglobulin concentrations are useful in the diagnosis of acute and chronic renal transplant rejection. In acute transplant rejection, serum elevation in beta-2-microglobulins usually precede a rise in the serum creatinine. Increased urinary beta-2-microglobulin concentrations and elevated fractional excretion of beta-2-microglobulin occur in both acute and chronic transplant rejection. The finding of massive and sustained beta-2-microglobulinuria following acute rejection may herald recurrent clinical rejection episodes and eventual graft loss. Finally, serum and urine lysozyme levels appear to be less sensitive than the beta-2-microglobulins for diagnosing rejection and are often spuriously elevated in the presence of systemic or urinary tract infection.", "PMID": 95329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1608", "title": "Effect of 17 phenyl PGF2 alpha on nasal patency in man.", "content": "The effect of three different doses (12.5 microgram, 25 microgram and 50 microgram) of 17 phenyl PGF2 alpha on nasal patency in fourteen patients with vasomotor rhinitis was studied on separate occasions. In all subjects the three doses of the prostaglandin analogue increased nasal patency for varying duration. With the 50 microgram single dose the duration of action ranged between three hours and more than seven hours. There were no side effects in most of the patients.", "contents": "Effect of 17 phenyl PGF2 alpha on nasal patency in man. The effect of three different doses (12.5 microgram, 25 microgram and 50 microgram) of 17 phenyl PGF2 alpha on nasal patency in fourteen patients with vasomotor rhinitis was studied on separate occasions. In all subjects the three doses of the prostaglandin analogue increased nasal patency for varying duration. With the 50 microgram single dose the duration of action ranged between three hours and more than seven hours. There were no side effects in most of the patients.", "PMID": 95330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1609", "title": "[Action of a dithiocarbamate (zinebe) on the liver biosynthesis of RNA and proteins in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Zineb (zinc ethylene bisdithiocarbamate) inhibits the transcriptional activity of an in vitro system functioning with either RNA polymerases of isolated rat liver nuclei or purified E. coli RNA polymerase. Zineb also inhibits the in vitro aminoacid incorporation mediated by a polysomal standard system, by interacting with some pH 5 enzyme components(s). When rats fed a balanced semi-synthetic diet containing zineb (5 200 mg/kg) for ten weeks, one may observe a decrease in the RNA and protein syntheses in liver. The consequences of the ingestion of small but repeated doses of zineb are discussed.", "contents": "[Action of a dithiocarbamate (zinebe) on the liver biosynthesis of RNA and proteins in the rat (author's transl)]. Zineb (zinc ethylene bisdithiocarbamate) inhibits the transcriptional activity of an in vitro system functioning with either RNA polymerases of isolated rat liver nuclei or purified E. coli RNA polymerase. Zineb also inhibits the in vitro aminoacid incorporation mediated by a polysomal standard system, by interacting with some pH 5 enzyme components(s). When rats fed a balanced semi-synthetic diet containing zineb (5 200 mg/kg) for ten weeks, one may observe a decrease in the RNA and protein syntheses in liver. The consequences of the ingestion of small but repeated doses of zineb are discussed.", "PMID": 95332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1610", "title": "Immunodiffusion study on group-specific antigen of MC-29 chicken hepatoma.", "content": "Rabbit serum against crude MC-29 hepatoma extract does not contain anti-avian gs antibodies detectable by gel diffusion methods. Rabbit serum containing antibodies against purified gs 1, gs 2, gs 3 and gs 4 antigens of avian myeloblastosis virus reveals gs 1 antigen in MC-29 hepatoma extract.", "contents": "Immunodiffusion study on group-specific antigen of MC-29 chicken hepatoma. Rabbit serum against crude MC-29 hepatoma extract does not contain anti-avian gs antibodies detectable by gel diffusion methods. Rabbit serum containing antibodies against purified gs 1, gs 2, gs 3 and gs 4 antigens of avian myeloblastosis virus reveals gs 1 antigen in MC-29 hepatoma extract.", "PMID": 95333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1611", "title": "Comparison of a new microcrystalline dicoumarol preparation with warfarin under routine treatment conditions.", "content": "1 To determine whether two different oral anticoagulants show difference under routine clinical conditions, 71 patients were randomized to treatment with Apekumarol, a microcrystalline dicoumarol preparation, and 72 patients to treatment with warfarin. 2 During the inpatient phase of treatment both drug groups remained for about 94% of their treatment time within prothrombin value limits of 5-25% (Simplastin A). No statistically significant difference was found between the drugs. 3 While under outpatient care, both drug groups remained for about 80% of their treatment time within prothrombin value limits of 5-25%. No statistically significant difference was found between the drugs. 4 The intensity of control and number of prothrombin-determinations did not differ significantly between the groups. 5 Variations in the daily dose did not differ significantly between the groups. 6 The mean daily dose could not be correlated to mean body weight. 7 The mean daily dose decreased with age for the male patients taking warfarin, not for the female patients. There was no such decrease for either male or female patients taking Apekumarol. An additional 137 patients who at the time of the trial were under routine treatment with warfarin were also studied with regard to mean daily dose, age and sex. In this additional group the mean daily dose could be correlated with age in both males and females. 8 No difference between Apekumarol and warfarin could be demonstrated when tested under routine clinical conditions according to the design of the present study. Sensitivity for warfarin, but not for Apekumarol, seems to increase with age, this sensitivity has been demonstrated in both sexes.", "contents": "Comparison of a new microcrystalline dicoumarol preparation with warfarin under routine treatment conditions. 1 To determine whether two different oral anticoagulants show difference under routine clinical conditions, 71 patients were randomized to treatment with Apekumarol, a microcrystalline dicoumarol preparation, and 72 patients to treatment with warfarin. 2 During the inpatient phase of treatment both drug groups remained for about 94% of their treatment time within prothrombin value limits of 5-25% (Simplastin A). No statistically significant difference was found between the drugs. 3 While under outpatient care, both drug groups remained for about 80% of their treatment time within prothrombin value limits of 5-25%. No statistically significant difference was found between the drugs. 4 The intensity of control and number of prothrombin-determinations did not differ significantly between the groups. 5 Variations in the daily dose did not differ significantly between the groups. 6 The mean daily dose could not be correlated to mean body weight. 7 The mean daily dose decreased with age for the male patients taking warfarin, not for the female patients. There was no such decrease for either male or female patients taking Apekumarol. An additional 137 patients who at the time of the trial were under routine treatment with warfarin were also studied with regard to mean daily dose, age and sex. In this additional group the mean daily dose could be correlated with age in both males and females. 8 No difference between Apekumarol and warfarin could be demonstrated when tested under routine clinical conditions according to the design of the present study. Sensitivity for warfarin, but not for Apekumarol, seems to increase with age, this sensitivity has been demonstrated in both sexes.", "PMID": 95337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1612", "title": "A rat model (using a semipurified diet) of the fetal alcohol syndrome.", "content": "A semipurified liquid diet was used to develop a chronic rat model of the fetal alcohol syndrome. Control female rats gained weight normally, reproduced normally, and gave birth to normal litters on this diet. Increased neonatal mortality, decreased neonatal weights, and altered sex ratios were observed in offspring of experimental alcoholic animals. Preliminary histological results include a mild delay in cell lamination patterns in the cerebral cortex at 4 days postnatal in alcoholic offspring as well as decreased formation of dendritic spines at 7 days postnatal.", "contents": "A rat model (using a semipurified diet) of the fetal alcohol syndrome. A semipurified liquid diet was used to develop a chronic rat model of the fetal alcohol syndrome. Control female rats gained weight normally, reproduced normally, and gave birth to normal litters on this diet. Increased neonatal mortality, decreased neonatal weights, and altered sex ratios were observed in offspring of experimental alcoholic animals. Preliminary histological results include a mild delay in cell lamination patterns in the cerebral cortex at 4 days postnatal in alcoholic offspring as well as decreased formation of dendritic spines at 7 days postnatal.", "PMID": 95338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1613", "title": "Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of disaccharides from glycoproteins.", "content": "Partial acid hydrolysis and methanolysis released disaccharides and disaccharide methylglycosides from the glycoproteins, ovomucoid and porcine gastric mucin in amounts of 0.5--7 microgram disaccharide per mg of glycoprotein. These disaccharides were fractionated by gas chromatography as the trimethylsilyl (Me3Si) derivatives. The composition of recovered disaccharides has been determined by hydrolysis and rechromatography of the Me3Si monosaccharides. The intersaccharide linkages of the disaccharides have been determined by electron impact mass spectrometry. This simple and rapid method can give structural information on small glycoprotein samples.", "contents": "Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of disaccharides from glycoproteins. Partial acid hydrolysis and methanolysis released disaccharides and disaccharide methylglycosides from the glycoproteins, ovomucoid and porcine gastric mucin in amounts of 0.5--7 microgram disaccharide per mg of glycoprotein. These disaccharides were fractionated by gas chromatography as the trimethylsilyl (Me3Si) derivatives. The composition of recovered disaccharides has been determined by hydrolysis and rechromatography of the Me3Si monosaccharides. The intersaccharide linkages of the disaccharides have been determined by electron impact mass spectrometry. This simple and rapid method can give structural information on small glycoprotein samples.", "PMID": 95343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1614", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of oligopeptides: detection by specific stains.", "content": "By using ultrathin (350 micrometers) polyacrylamide gels, which at the end of the fractionation are pasted to filter paper and dried in an oven at 110 degrees C, and after isoelectric focusing it has been possible to detect oligopeptides in the di- to tetradecapeptide range, which could not be detected by protein staining techniques. This is achieved by developing a series of specific stains for the following amino acids: Arg, Tyr, His, Trp, Met and Cys. Except for Met and Cys, the detection limits appear to be in the order of 0.2--2 micrograms of free amino acid loaded in the gel. The Pauli reaction for His and Tyr and the Sakaguchi stain for Arg can be developed sequentially in the same gel, thus allowing the detection of four different amino acids since, under these conditions, also Trp reacts. Unfortunately, more general reactions, such as the permanganate, the 'Lowry' and the ninhydrin stains, cannot be utilized since the carrier ampholytes react very strongly with all these reagents.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of oligopeptides: detection by specific stains. By using ultrathin (350 micrometers) polyacrylamide gels, which at the end of the fractionation are pasted to filter paper and dried in an oven at 110 degrees C, and after isoelectric focusing it has been possible to detect oligopeptides in the di- to tetradecapeptide range, which could not be detected by protein staining techniques. This is achieved by developing a series of specific stains for the following amino acids: Arg, Tyr, His, Trp, Met and Cys. Except for Met and Cys, the detection limits appear to be in the order of 0.2--2 micrograms of free amino acid loaded in the gel. The Pauli reaction for His and Tyr and the Sakaguchi stain for Arg can be developed sequentially in the same gel, thus allowing the detection of four different amino acids since, under these conditions, also Trp reacts. Unfortunately, more general reactions, such as the permanganate, the 'Lowry' and the ninhydrin stains, cannot be utilized since the carrier ampholytes react very strongly with all these reagents.", "PMID": 95344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1615", "title": "The use of an oscillating-tube densitometer as a tool in enzyme kinetics. Determination of the influence of sodium ascorbate on invertase, dextransucrase and dextranase.", "content": "The use of a commercial oscillating-tube densitometer with an accuracy of 4 . 10(-7) g/cm3 for the determination of enzyme-kinetics constants is tested. This method is applied to the investigation of the influence of vitamin C (sodium ascorbate) on the glycolytic enzymes invertase, dextransucrase and dextranase. Invertase is inhibited uncompetitively, dextransucrase non-competitively. There is no significant effect of the vitamin on dextranase. The comparison of the mechanisms of the three enzymes suggests that only those reaction steps are inhibited by vitamin C in which fructose is released from the enzyme.", "contents": "The use of an oscillating-tube densitometer as a tool in enzyme kinetics. Determination of the influence of sodium ascorbate on invertase, dextransucrase and dextranase. The use of a commercial oscillating-tube densitometer with an accuracy of 4 . 10(-7) g/cm3 for the determination of enzyme-kinetics constants is tested. This method is applied to the investigation of the influence of vitamin C (sodium ascorbate) on the glycolytic enzymes invertase, dextransucrase and dextranase. Invertase is inhibited uncompetitively, dextransucrase non-competitively. There is no significant effect of the vitamin on dextranase. The comparison of the mechanisms of the three enzymes suggests that only those reaction steps are inhibited by vitamin C in which fructose is released from the enzyme.", "PMID": 95345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1616", "title": "Displacement chromatography of simple protein mixtures, using carboxymethyldextrans.", "content": "Simple mixtures of proteins have been used as models to demonstrate that the fractionation of proteins by carboxymethyldextrans on an anion exchanger (Peterson, E.A. (1978) Anal. Biochem. 90, 767--784) is fundamentally a displacement process. Examples include the separation of two closely similar proteins, the A and B forms of beta-lactoglobulin. The use of carboxymethyldextran spacers was essential for good separation, since resolution based on protein--protein displacement was generally inadequate. The origins and effects of heterogeneity in the preparations used as spacers are discussed.", "contents": "Displacement chromatography of simple protein mixtures, using carboxymethyldextrans. Simple mixtures of proteins have been used as models to demonstrate that the fractionation of proteins by carboxymethyldextrans on an anion exchanger (Peterson, E.A. (1978) Anal. Biochem. 90, 767--784) is fundamentally a displacement process. Examples include the separation of two closely similar proteins, the A and B forms of beta-lactoglobulin. The use of carboxymethyldextran spacers was essential for good separation, since resolution based on protein--protein displacement was generally inadequate. The origins and effects of heterogeneity in the preparations used as spacers are discussed.", "PMID": 95346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1617", "title": "Silver staining of myelin by means of physical development.", "content": "For staining myelin with silver a physical development technique has been devised that can render visible the thinnest fibers in various animal species, including fishes and reptiles, even in the early phase of myelination and may be applied to both frozen and embedded materials. Its principle is as follows: Myelin can form and bind colloidal silver particles in a 0.1% ammoniacal silver nitrate solution of pH 7.5. The production of metallic silver by other tissue elements is suppressed by the sections pretreated with a 2:1 mixture of pyridine and acetic anhydride for 30 min. The colloidal silver particles bound in the myelin are enlarged to microscopic dimensions by a special physical developer.", "contents": "Silver staining of myelin by means of physical development. For staining myelin with silver a physical development technique has been devised that can render visible the thinnest fibers in various animal species, including fishes and reptiles, even in the early phase of myelination and may be applied to both frozen and embedded materials. Its principle is as follows: Myelin can form and bind colloidal silver particles in a 0.1% ammoniacal silver nitrate solution of pH 7.5. The production of metallic silver by other tissue elements is suppressed by the sections pretreated with a 2:1 mixture of pyridine and acetic anhydride for 30 min. The colloidal silver particles bound in the myelin are enlarged to microscopic dimensions by a special physical developer.", "PMID": 95356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1618", "title": "The natural course of central retinal vein occlusion.", "content": "Thirty-five patients with central retinal vein occlusion had an extensive medical and laboratory evaluation to identify possible etiologic factors. We describe the natural course of the two forms of retinal venous occlusive disease, hemorrhagic retinopathy and venous stasis retinopathy, by observing a group of 25 untreated patients from one to eight years. Systemic vascular disease was most commonly associated with retinal venous occlusive disease. The visual prognosis is favorable in venous stasis retinopathy and extremely poor in hemorrhagic retinopathy. However, two of ten patients with venous stasis retinopathy developed hemorrhagic retinopathy with poor visual outcome.", "contents": "The natural course of central retinal vein occlusion. Thirty-five patients with central retinal vein occlusion had an extensive medical and laboratory evaluation to identify possible etiologic factors. We describe the natural course of the two forms of retinal venous occlusive disease, hemorrhagic retinopathy and venous stasis retinopathy, by observing a group of 25 untreated patients from one to eight years. Systemic vascular disease was most commonly associated with retinal venous occlusive disease. The visual prognosis is favorable in venous stasis retinopathy and extremely poor in hemorrhagic retinopathy. However, two of ten patients with venous stasis retinopathy developed hemorrhagic retinopathy with poor visual outcome.", "PMID": 95357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1619", "title": "Antigenic similarity between squamous cell carcinoma of horn (horn cancer) and normal bovine foetal tissues.", "content": "Normal bovine foetal (liver and skin) and horn cancer tissue antigens were examined using double diffusion agar gel precipitation and immuno-electrophoretic tests to detect any cross reactivity among them. Rabbit horn cancer antisera absorbed with normal bovine liver, skin and horn core epithelium antigens, when tested with foetal skin and liver (4 to 6 months of gestation), revealed the presence of 2 foetal antigens in horn cancer. Immuno-chemically 2 of the horn cancer antigens were found to be identical to the bovine foetal antigens.", "contents": "Antigenic similarity between squamous cell carcinoma of horn (horn cancer) and normal bovine foetal tissues. Normal bovine foetal (liver and skin) and horn cancer tissue antigens were examined using double diffusion agar gel precipitation and immuno-electrophoretic tests to detect any cross reactivity among them. Rabbit horn cancer antisera absorbed with normal bovine liver, skin and horn core epithelium antigens, when tested with foetal skin and liver (4 to 6 months of gestation), revealed the presence of 2 foetal antigens in horn cancer. Immuno-chemically 2 of the horn cancer antigens were found to be identical to the bovine foetal antigens.", "PMID": 95358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1620", "title": "World veterinary manpower: comparative aspects.", "content": "The number of veterinarians in relation to livestock units, human population, milk and meat production and gross national product for 93 countries is presented. The structure of veterinary manpower is discussed and information on veterinary involvement with companion animals and public health is given. For 23 countries representing all the continents, the number of livestock units, human population and gross national product per veterinary school are presented.", "contents": "World veterinary manpower: comparative aspects. The number of veterinarians in relation to livestock units, human population, milk and meat production and gross national product for 93 countries is presented. The structure of veterinary manpower is discussed and information on veterinary involvement with companion animals and public health is given. For 23 countries representing all the continents, the number of livestock units, human population and gross national product per veterinary school are presented.", "PMID": 95360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1621", "title": "Some inherited lysosomal enzyme defects with special reference to the liver and prospects for their control.", "content": "Lysosomes are subcellular organelles which contain hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes catalyse the degradation of macromolecules which are: I. taken into the cell by endocytosis; II. derived from the cells own structural components by autophagy; III. unused secretory products in the case of exocrine or endocrine cells. Each of the lysosomal storage diseases is due to the mutation of a gene which directs the synthesis of a specific lysosomal enzyme. This alters the catalytic activity of the enzyme and specific, incompletely degraded, macromolecules accumulate. The lysosomal enzymes pass from cell to cell by a combination of exocytosis and endocytosis, and this makes enzyme replacement therapy potentially feasible. The on-going trial of fibroblast transplantation as a means of enzyme replacement for the treatment of Pfaundler-Hurler disease in the author's laboratory, is briefly described.", "contents": "Some inherited lysosomal enzyme defects with special reference to the liver and prospects for their control. Lysosomes are subcellular organelles which contain hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes catalyse the degradation of macromolecules which are: I. taken into the cell by endocytosis; II. derived from the cells own structural components by autophagy; III. unused secretory products in the case of exocrine or endocrine cells. Each of the lysosomal storage diseases is due to the mutation of a gene which directs the synthesis of a specific lysosomal enzyme. This alters the catalytic activity of the enzyme and specific, incompletely degraded, macromolecules accumulate. The lysosomal enzymes pass from cell to cell by a combination of exocytosis and endocytosis, and this makes enzyme replacement therapy potentially feasible. The on-going trial of fibroblast transplantation as a means of enzyme replacement for the treatment of Pfaundler-Hurler disease in the author's laboratory, is briefly described.", "PMID": 95365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1622", "title": "Hearing thresholds with outer and inner hair cell loss.", "content": "Hearing impairment and related cochlear histopathologic changes were evaluated in experimental animals after treatment with aminoglycoside antibiotics or exposure to intense sound. In the course of treatment with kanamycin, neomycin, or dihydrostreptomycin, permanent hearing loss in monkeys and guinea pigs occurred first at the high frequencies and progressed toward the lows. Exposure to different octave bands of noise at 120 dB SPL in monkeys and chinchillas produced permanent hearing loss at frequencies related to the spectral characteristics of the octave band. In most instances loss of outer hair cells was substantially greater than that of inner hair cells. In fact, the pattern and location of missing outer hair cells on the basilar membrane were most often correlated with threshold shifts of 50 dB or less. Generally inner hair cell loss was observed when the threshold shift was greater than 50 dB. Our data support the place principle and the inference that the outer hair cells are essential for hearing from threshold to about 50 dB SL. The inner hair cells, if functioning normally, apparently take over above that level. Although there is little doubt that such a generalization will, in the long term, be found to have been greatly oversimplified, there is every reason to believe that a combination of behavioral and morphologic procedures, as used in this study, will play an important part in elucidating the differences in functional significance of the two types of hair cells.", "contents": "Hearing thresholds with outer and inner hair cell loss. Hearing impairment and related cochlear histopathologic changes were evaluated in experimental animals after treatment with aminoglycoside antibiotics or exposure to intense sound. In the course of treatment with kanamycin, neomycin, or dihydrostreptomycin, permanent hearing loss in monkeys and guinea pigs occurred first at the high frequencies and progressed toward the lows. Exposure to different octave bands of noise at 120 dB SPL in monkeys and chinchillas produced permanent hearing loss at frequencies related to the spectral characteristics of the octave band. In most instances loss of outer hair cells was substantially greater than that of inner hair cells. In fact, the pattern and location of missing outer hair cells on the basilar membrane were most often correlated with threshold shifts of 50 dB or less. Generally inner hair cell loss was observed when the threshold shift was greater than 50 dB. Our data support the place principle and the inference that the outer hair cells are essential for hearing from threshold to about 50 dB SL. The inner hair cells, if functioning normally, apparently take over above that level. Although there is little doubt that such a generalization will, in the long term, be found to have been greatly oversimplified, there is every reason to believe that a combination of behavioral and morphologic procedures, as used in this study, will play an important part in elucidating the differences in functional significance of the two types of hair cells.", "PMID": 95382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1623", "title": "The fibrinolysin system in otitis media with effusion.", "content": "Middle ear effusions can cause the fibrinolytic dissolution of human fibrin clots. The data presented herein indicate that the highest level of fibrinolytic activity and general proteolytic activity is found in the serous effusions. The mucoid effusions show the lowest levels of fibrinolytic activity. The significance of the fibrinolytic activity in middle ear fluids is not fully understood. Plasmin, the active protease of the fibrinolysin system, is capable of activating a number of proteolytic systems, including the intrinsic coagulation system, the vasoactive peptide system, and the complement system. All the inflammatory mediator systems can promote increased vascular permeability, tissue edema, and leukocytic migration. The relation of these systems to inflammation in the middle ear may have a profound influence on the possible conversion of a simple middle ear effusion into chronic otitis media.", "contents": "The fibrinolysin system in otitis media with effusion. Middle ear effusions can cause the fibrinolytic dissolution of human fibrin clots. The data presented herein indicate that the highest level of fibrinolytic activity and general proteolytic activity is found in the serous effusions. The mucoid effusions show the lowest levels of fibrinolytic activity. The significance of the fibrinolytic activity in middle ear fluids is not fully understood. Plasmin, the active protease of the fibrinolysin system, is capable of activating a number of proteolytic systems, including the intrinsic coagulation system, the vasoactive peptide system, and the complement system. All the inflammatory mediator systems can promote increased vascular permeability, tissue edema, and leukocytic migration. The relation of these systems to inflammation in the middle ear may have a profound influence on the possible conversion of a simple middle ear effusion into chronic otitis media.", "PMID": 95383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1624", "title": "Immunological relationships among transaldolases in the genus Bifidobacterium.", "content": "Antisera were prepared against electrophoretically homogeneous transaldolase (dihydroxyacetone transferase, E.C. 2.2.1.2.) of Bifidobacterium thermophilum (B. ruminale) RU326 (ATCC25866), B. cuniculi RA93 (ATCC27916) and B. 'minimum' (homology group) F392 (ATCC 27538). Crude extracts of eighty six strains previously assigned to twenty one species of the genus Bifidobacterium on the basis of deoxyribonouclelic acid (DNA) homology (DNA-DNA hybridization), were compared by double diffusion tests on Ouchterlony plates. Eight groups of identical antigenic specificity were recognized. By analysis of the spur formation, the groups of identical specificity were arranged in preliminary sequences of decreasing similarity to each of the three homologous transaldolases used as reference points. The relationships between immunological data and the genetic similarity among the species of the genus measured by means of DNA-DNA hybridization were discussed together with some relevant points of bifidal ecology.", "contents": "Immunological relationships among transaldolases in the genus Bifidobacterium. Antisera were prepared against electrophoretically homogeneous transaldolase (dihydroxyacetone transferase, E.C. 2.2.1.2.) of Bifidobacterium thermophilum (B. ruminale) RU326 (ATCC25866), B. cuniculi RA93 (ATCC27916) and B. 'minimum' (homology group) F392 (ATCC 27538). Crude extracts of eighty six strains previously assigned to twenty one species of the genus Bifidobacterium on the basis of deoxyribonouclelic acid (DNA) homology (DNA-DNA hybridization), were compared by double diffusion tests on Ouchterlony plates. Eight groups of identical antigenic specificity were recognized. By analysis of the spur formation, the groups of identical specificity were arranged in preliminary sequences of decreasing similarity to each of the three homologous transaldolases used as reference points. The relationships between immunological data and the genetic similarity among the species of the genus measured by means of DNA-DNA hybridization were discussed together with some relevant points of bifidal ecology.", "PMID": 95384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1625", "title": "Regulation of the immune response by macrophages.", "content": "Regulation of the immune response by macrophages was studied with cellular resistance to Listeria monocytogenes as parameter. The use of agents which suppress macrophage activity during the induction-phase of immunity enabled the induction of protective immunity with killed listeria. Fractionation of the cell content of listeria yielded an RNA'se sensitive fraction which in a dose of 300 ng and in combination with the cationic surfactant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide induced protective immunity against listeria.", "contents": "Regulation of the immune response by macrophages. Regulation of the immune response by macrophages was studied with cellular resistance to Listeria monocytogenes as parameter. The use of agents which suppress macrophage activity during the induction-phase of immunity enabled the induction of protective immunity with killed listeria. Fractionation of the cell content of listeria yielded an RNA'se sensitive fraction which in a dose of 300 ng and in combination with the cationic surfactant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide induced protective immunity against listeria.", "PMID": 95385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1626", "title": "Preliminary quantification of immunological relationships among the transaldolases of the genus Bifidobacterium.", "content": "The immunological relatedness among the transaldolases (dihydroxyacetone transferase, E.C. 2.2.1.2) of twenty species of the genus Bifidobacterum has been tested by the microcomplement fixation method, using B. thermophilum (B. ruminale) RU326 (= ATCC 25866), B. cuniculi RA93 (= ATCC 27916) and B. 'minimum' (DNA homology group) F392 (= ATCC 27916) as references. Based on the serological relationships of the transaldolases, expressed either as indices of dissimilarity or as immunological distances, the twenty species of the genus Bifidobacterium were arranged into clusters. These clusters generally coincided with the immunological groups obtained previously by the immunodiffusion method (Sgorbati and Scardovi, 1979).", "contents": "Preliminary quantification of immunological relationships among the transaldolases of the genus Bifidobacterium. The immunological relatedness among the transaldolases (dihydroxyacetone transferase, E.C. 2.2.1.2) of twenty species of the genus Bifidobacterum has been tested by the microcomplement fixation method, using B. thermophilum (B. ruminale) RU326 (= ATCC 25866), B. cuniculi RA93 (= ATCC 27916) and B. 'minimum' (DNA homology group) F392 (= ATCC 27916) as references. Based on the serological relationships of the transaldolases, expressed either as indices of dissimilarity or as immunological distances, the twenty species of the genus Bifidobacterium were arranged into clusters. These clusters generally coincided with the immunological groups obtained previously by the immunodiffusion method (Sgorbati and Scardovi, 1979).", "PMID": 95386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1627", "title": "Hormonal control of gene expression: differential activation of rat bone marrow RNA polymerases by erythropoietin and testosterone.", "content": "Hormones play a role in the regulation of gene expression by inducing changes in enzyme patterns in target cells mediated by the synthesis of specific RNA molecules. Erythropoiesis has been used as a system for studying the molecular mechanism of regulation of gene action by means of two hormones: erythropoietin and testosterone. Experiments designed to correlate the biochemical action of both hormones on rat marrow cells are herein reported. Both factors seems to act at different biochemical and citological levels. Erythropoietin triggers the erythropoietic process acting on the erythropoietin sensitive cells (ESC), in which the hormone induces the synthesis of a high molecular weight RNA, which is the precursor of a functional 9 S messenger RNA. Testosterone seems to act on polychromatophilic erythroblasts, in which the synthesis of ribosomal RNA or its precursor is stimulated. The steroid enhances the nuclear ribonuclease activity, which could represent a control mechanism for the processing (maturation) of high molecular weight RNAs. The incorporation of 3H-GTP and 3H-UTP into RNA by isolated rat bone marrow nuclei is stimulated by erythropoietin and testosterone. Using alpha-amanitine and different ionic strength conditions it was found that erythropoietin enhances preferentially RNA polymerase II activity while testosterone increases RNA polymerase I activity. It is postulated that erythropoietin and testosterone act synergically to create the biochemical machinery for hemoglobin synthesis, the macromolecule that characterizes the erythropoietic process.", "contents": "Hormonal control of gene expression: differential activation of rat bone marrow RNA polymerases by erythropoietin and testosterone. Hormones play a role in the regulation of gene expression by inducing changes in enzyme patterns in target cells mediated by the synthesis of specific RNA molecules. Erythropoiesis has been used as a system for studying the molecular mechanism of regulation of gene action by means of two hormones: erythropoietin and testosterone. Experiments designed to correlate the biochemical action of both hormones on rat marrow cells are herein reported. Both factors seems to act at different biochemical and citological levels. Erythropoietin triggers the erythropoietic process acting on the erythropoietin sensitive cells (ESC), in which the hormone induces the synthesis of a high molecular weight RNA, which is the precursor of a functional 9 S messenger RNA. Testosterone seems to act on polychromatophilic erythroblasts, in which the synthesis of ribosomal RNA or its precursor is stimulated. The steroid enhances the nuclear ribonuclease activity, which could represent a control mechanism for the processing (maturation) of high molecular weight RNAs. The incorporation of 3H-GTP and 3H-UTP into RNA by isolated rat bone marrow nuclei is stimulated by erythropoietin and testosterone. Using alpha-amanitine and different ionic strength conditions it was found that erythropoietin enhances preferentially RNA polymerase II activity while testosterone increases RNA polymerase I activity. It is postulated that erythropoietin and testosterone act synergically to create the biochemical machinery for hemoglobin synthesis, the macromolecule that characterizes the erythropoietic process.", "PMID": 95387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1628", "title": "Probing the program of gene expression utilized in early development.", "content": "Somatic cell nuclei injected into amphibian oocytes enlarge, exchange protein with the surrounding cytoplasm, and actively synthesize RNA for weeks. The message activity of the RNAs synthesized within the oocytes can be detected as new proteins made a few days after the injection of somatic nucleic. The oocyte cytoplasm seems to reprogram the injected nuclei, allowing the expression only of those genes which are normally active in oocytes (De Robertis and Gurdon, 1977). Genes which are unexpressed in somatic cells can be activated by injecting Xenopus laevis somatic nuclei into oocytes of Pleurodeles waltlii (Urodela). The genes that were activated are normally expressed in Xenopus oocytes but not in somatic cells. Conversely, genes which are normally expressed in somatic cells but not in oocytes become inactive after injection into oocytes. We conclude that genes which become inactive during cell differentiation can be reactivated, in the absence of cell division, by normal components of oocyte cytoplasm. These components could turn out to be examples of the \"determinants\" of egg cytoplasm responsible for nuclear activity in early development.", "contents": "Probing the program of gene expression utilized in early development. Somatic cell nuclei injected into amphibian oocytes enlarge, exchange protein with the surrounding cytoplasm, and actively synthesize RNA for weeks. The message activity of the RNAs synthesized within the oocytes can be detected as new proteins made a few days after the injection of somatic nucleic. The oocyte cytoplasm seems to reprogram the injected nuclei, allowing the expression only of those genes which are normally active in oocytes (De Robertis and Gurdon, 1977). Genes which are unexpressed in somatic cells can be activated by injecting Xenopus laevis somatic nuclei into oocytes of Pleurodeles waltlii (Urodela). The genes that were activated are normally expressed in Xenopus oocytes but not in somatic cells. Conversely, genes which are normally expressed in somatic cells but not in oocytes become inactive after injection into oocytes. We conclude that genes which become inactive during cell differentiation can be reactivated, in the absence of cell division, by normal components of oocyte cytoplasm. These components could turn out to be examples of the \"determinants\" of egg cytoplasm responsible for nuclear activity in early development.", "PMID": 95388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1629", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for the detection of HBeAg and anti-HBe.", "content": "We describe a solid-phase radioimmunoassay, based on the \"sandwich\" principle, using anti-HBe1/anti-HBe2 containing IgG precoated to polystirene beads as the solid-phase, and 125I-anti-HBE as labelled antibody for the detection of HBeAg and a two steps competitive procedure for the detection of anti-HBe. Comparison of titre obtained by ID and RIA or reference sera containing HBeAg and anti-HBe revealed that RIA is about 200 fold more sensitive than ID in detecting both HBeAg and anti-HBe. Moreover an increase in the detection rate of HBeAg from 5.9% (ID) to 15% (RIA) and of anti-HBe from 47.8% (ID) to 74.2% (RIA) and consequently a reduction of the frequency of negative samples for both HBeAg and anti-HBe from 46.3% (ID) to 10.8% (RIA) was determined by testing sera from HBsAg asymptomatic carriers. With regard to specificity, the frequency of presumptive HBeAg positive samples not confirmed was of 1 out of 29 (3.4%). Technical improvements of sensitivity and specificity of the described RIA are under development.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for the detection of HBeAg and anti-HBe. We describe a solid-phase radioimmunoassay, based on the \"sandwich\" principle, using anti-HBe1/anti-HBe2 containing IgG precoated to polystirene beads as the solid-phase, and 125I-anti-HBE as labelled antibody for the detection of HBeAg and a two steps competitive procedure for the detection of anti-HBe. Comparison of titre obtained by ID and RIA or reference sera containing HBeAg and anti-HBe revealed that RIA is about 200 fold more sensitive than ID in detecting both HBeAg and anti-HBe. Moreover an increase in the detection rate of HBeAg from 5.9% (ID) to 15% (RIA) and of anti-HBe from 47.8% (ID) to 74.2% (RIA) and consequently a reduction of the frequency of negative samples for both HBeAg and anti-HBe from 46.3% (ID) to 10.8% (RIA) was determined by testing sera from HBsAg asymptomatic carriers. With regard to specificity, the frequency of presumptive HBeAg positive samples not confirmed was of 1 out of 29 (3.4%). Technical improvements of sensitivity and specificity of the described RIA are under development.", "PMID": 95390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1630", "title": "Quantum chemical studies of the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic amines and the stabilities and electrophilicities of their arylnitrenium ions in relation to their mutagenic/carcinogenic potencies.", "content": "Electronic parameters related to the cytochrome P450-catalyzed reactions of eight polycyclic aromatic amines have been calculated using all valence electron semiempirical molecular orbital methods. The reactions considered lead to the presumably carcinogenic arylnitrenium ions and to the competing hydroxylation and epoxidation products. The stabilities of the arylnitrenium ions relative to the N-hydroxylamines and their sulfate esters were also calculated, together with electrophilic reactivity parameters of the ions. The resulting parameters were used to predict major metabolites of the parent compounds and also to correlate with observed mutagenic activities of the four pairs of polycyclic aromatic amines studied. The major factor in determining mutagenic potencies of parent compounds appears to be the extent of N-hydroxylation and competing ring oxidations, as well as the electrophilic properties of the arylnitrenium ions.", "contents": "Quantum chemical studies of the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic amines and the stabilities and electrophilicities of their arylnitrenium ions in relation to their mutagenic/carcinogenic potencies. Electronic parameters related to the cytochrome P450-catalyzed reactions of eight polycyclic aromatic amines have been calculated using all valence electron semiempirical molecular orbital methods. The reactions considered lead to the presumably carcinogenic arylnitrenium ions and to the competing hydroxylation and epoxidation products. The stabilities of the arylnitrenium ions relative to the N-hydroxylamines and their sulfate esters were also calculated, together with electrophilic reactivity parameters of the ions. The resulting parameters were used to predict major metabolites of the parent compounds and also to correlate with observed mutagenic activities of the four pairs of polycyclic aromatic amines studied. The major factor in determining mutagenic potencies of parent compounds appears to be the extent of N-hydroxylation and competing ring oxidations, as well as the electrophilic properties of the arylnitrenium ions.", "PMID": 95393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1631", "title": "Dynamic inorganic ion-protein interactions in structural organization of DNA of living cell nuclei.", "content": "Staining polarization optical techniques showed differences in the structural organization of DNA of chromatin in interphase nuclei and in mitotic chromosomes. The DNA was non-birefringent in intact interphase cell nuclei, but birefringent in chromosomes and in isolated nuclei incubated in a physiological electrolyte solution. The birefringence of DNA appears to be related to an unfolding of DNA filaments induced by free cations and to the oriented binding of dye molecules to DNA phosphates. We propose that the actual concentration of free cations inside the living cell nuclei is regulated by a dynamic interaction between nuclear proteins and ions.", "contents": "Dynamic inorganic ion-protein interactions in structural organization of DNA of living cell nuclei. Staining polarization optical techniques showed differences in the structural organization of DNA of chromatin in interphase nuclei and in mitotic chromosomes. The DNA was non-birefringent in intact interphase cell nuclei, but birefringent in chromosomes and in isolated nuclei incubated in a physiological electrolyte solution. The birefringence of DNA appears to be related to an unfolding of DNA filaments induced by free cations and to the oriented binding of dye molecules to DNA phosphates. We propose that the actual concentration of free cations inside the living cell nuclei is regulated by a dynamic interaction between nuclear proteins and ions.", "PMID": 95394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1632", "title": "Histochemical characteristics of the anal sacs of the cat.", "content": "The histochemistry of polysaccharides and proteins and the distribution of RNA were investigated in the glands and mature secretion of the anal sacs of the cat. Glycogen was extremely abundant in the epithelial lining of the lumen and efferent duct of the anal sac and also in ducts of sebaceous glands of the sacs constantly formed in the place of degenerating acini. Little glycogen was found in the unchanged sebaceous acini. The apocrine glands of the anal sacs were substantially richer in glycogen than the apocrine sweat glands of the skin and were in an active state. A high concentration of acid mucopolysaccharides was present in the mature secretion, and their source was the apocrine glands. The phases of the secretory cycle alternated in different cells and secretory portions of the apocrine glands highly asynchronously. Carboxylated acid mucopolysaccharides were more abundant than sulfated. Sialomucin, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate could be identified in the secretion. Neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides were present in the mature secretion in the form of complexes with one another in approximately equal proportions; neutral polysaccharides consisted chiefly of glycogen. Besides polysaccharides, the apocrine glands produce large quantities of protein, in which the mature secretion was rich. This protein was predominantly basic, and the secretion contained very little acid protein. Maturing cells of the sebaceous acini, and also other specific sebaceous glands, were characterized by a much higher protein concentration than in ordinary sebaceous glands.", "contents": "Histochemical characteristics of the anal sacs of the cat. The histochemistry of polysaccharides and proteins and the distribution of RNA were investigated in the glands and mature secretion of the anal sacs of the cat. Glycogen was extremely abundant in the epithelial lining of the lumen and efferent duct of the anal sac and also in ducts of sebaceous glands of the sacs constantly formed in the place of degenerating acini. Little glycogen was found in the unchanged sebaceous acini. The apocrine glands of the anal sacs were substantially richer in glycogen than the apocrine sweat glands of the skin and were in an active state. A high concentration of acid mucopolysaccharides was present in the mature secretion, and their source was the apocrine glands. The phases of the secretory cycle alternated in different cells and secretory portions of the apocrine glands highly asynchronously. Carboxylated acid mucopolysaccharides were more abundant than sulfated. Sialomucin, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate could be identified in the secretion. Neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides were present in the mature secretion in the form of complexes with one another in approximately equal proportions; neutral polysaccharides consisted chiefly of glycogen. Besides polysaccharides, the apocrine glands produce large quantities of protein, in which the mature secretion was rich. This protein was predominantly basic, and the secretion contained very little acid protein. Maturing cells of the sebaceous acini, and also other specific sebaceous glands, were characterized by a much higher protein concentration than in ordinary sebaceous glands.", "PMID": 95391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1633", "title": "Pathogenesis of proliferative neovascular retinopathies and the role of vitrectomy. A hypothesis.", "content": "Proliferative neovascular retinopathies may be caused by the release of a hypothetical vasoproliferative factor, but mechanical factors seem to self-perpetuate the disease as well. Contraction of proliferative tissue causes vitreous detachment and traction on the retina. Congestion of vascular fronds by traction further stimulates vascularization. Traction on vessels results in hemorrhages. Surgical removal of all intravitreal scaffolds by vitrectomy seems to eliminate the development of this vicious cycle. Results of vitreous surgery seem to indicate that the hypothesis of scaffold removal is valid.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of proliferative neovascular retinopathies and the role of vitrectomy. A hypothesis. Proliferative neovascular retinopathies may be caused by the release of a hypothetical vasoproliferative factor, but mechanical factors seem to self-perpetuate the disease as well. Contraction of proliferative tissue causes vitreous detachment and traction on the retina. Congestion of vascular fronds by traction further stimulates vascularization. Traction on vessels results in hemorrhages. Surgical removal of all intravitreal scaffolds by vitrectomy seems to eliminate the development of this vicious cycle. Results of vitreous surgery seem to indicate that the hypothesis of scaffold removal is valid.", "PMID": 95405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1634", "title": "The technique and indications for photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy. II. The treatment of diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "The beneficial effect of photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy is now established (3-7, 10). Whereas the capability of providing photocoagulation is widespread, the indications and actual technqiues are poorly defined. In an earlier paper (1) we discussed the principles of photocoagulation. In this paper the detailed techniques required for the treatment of individual lesions and of different types of retinopathy will be discussed.", "contents": "The technique and indications for photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy. II. The treatment of diabetic retinopathy. The beneficial effect of photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy is now established (3-7, 10). Whereas the capability of providing photocoagulation is widespread, the indications and actual technqiues are poorly defined. In an earlier paper (1) we discussed the principles of photocoagulation. In this paper the detailed techniques required for the treatment of individual lesions and of different types of retinopathy will be discussed.", "PMID": 95406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1635", "title": "Role of nucleic acids and cytoskeleton in nuclear refringence phenomenon (nrp) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Nuclear refringence is a phenomenon visible by light microscopy that is correlated with lymphocyte maturation and activation. The present study, in employing isolated nuclei as well as intact lymphocytes, confirms the nuclear basis of the phenomenon. Enzymatic degradation of nucleic acids in isolated nuclei attenuates refringence, providing presumptive evidence for the involvement of chromatin in refringence. Cytoplasmic events involving RNA and protein synthesis and microtubular, but not microfilament, function are necessary for the maintenance of refringence. These studies provide the basis for evaluating refringence within the context of nuclear protein changes known to occur during lymphocyte activation and for determining its usefulness as a simple test of the dynamic state of the lymphocyte nucleus.", "contents": "Role of nucleic acids and cytoskeleton in nuclear refringence phenomenon (nrp) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Nuclear refringence is a phenomenon visible by light microscopy that is correlated with lymphocyte maturation and activation. The present study, in employing isolated nuclei as well as intact lymphocytes, confirms the nuclear basis of the phenomenon. Enzymatic degradation of nucleic acids in isolated nuclei attenuates refringence, providing presumptive evidence for the involvement of chromatin in refringence. Cytoplasmic events involving RNA and protein synthesis and microtubular, but not microfilament, function are necessary for the maintenance of refringence. These studies provide the basis for evaluating refringence within the context of nuclear protein changes known to occur during lymphocyte activation and for determining its usefulness as a simple test of the dynamic state of the lymphocyte nucleus.", "PMID": 95408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1636", "title": "Ethanol, disulfiram, and pyrazole: effects on interferon production in mice.", "content": "The effects of ethanol alone or combined with pyrazole or disulfiram were studied in reference to interferon production. Saline, ethanol (2 g/kg), pyrazole (2 mg/kg), or disulfiram (2 mg/kg) were injected, intraperitoneally, 3 hr after poly I:C, an interferon inducer. Drugs were administered either by a single injection, or twice daily for 7 days, and the mice were sacrificed 6 hr after poly I:C. Sera from mice were pooled, dialyzed, and assayed for interferon by the microplaque reduction method. Administration of ethanol alone reduced interferon production 76% and 66% after the single and the multiple injections, respectively. A similar inhibition of interferon occurred after either pyrazole or disulfiram, with a greater potency for pyrazole. Treatment with pyrazole prior to ethanol reduced interferon production further, but only after the 7-day schedule. All drugs tested affected cellular immunity as measured by interferon production. Moreover, reduced interferon production by these agents was associated with a loss of splenic lymphoid tissue, suggesting that ethanol, pyrazole, and disulfiram could affect susceptibility to viral infection.", "contents": "Ethanol, disulfiram, and pyrazole: effects on interferon production in mice. The effects of ethanol alone or combined with pyrazole or disulfiram were studied in reference to interferon production. Saline, ethanol (2 g/kg), pyrazole (2 mg/kg), or disulfiram (2 mg/kg) were injected, intraperitoneally, 3 hr after poly I:C, an interferon inducer. Drugs were administered either by a single injection, or twice daily for 7 days, and the mice were sacrificed 6 hr after poly I:C. Sera from mice were pooled, dialyzed, and assayed for interferon by the microplaque reduction method. Administration of ethanol alone reduced interferon production 76% and 66% after the single and the multiple injections, respectively. A similar inhibition of interferon occurred after either pyrazole or disulfiram, with a greater potency for pyrazole. Treatment with pyrazole prior to ethanol reduced interferon production further, but only after the 7-day schedule. All drugs tested affected cellular immunity as measured by interferon production. Moreover, reduced interferon production by these agents was associated with a loss of splenic lymphoid tissue, suggesting that ethanol, pyrazole, and disulfiram could affect susceptibility to viral infection.", "PMID": 95409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1637", "title": "Glucagonoma, chronic recurrent peptic ulcer disease, and enhanced amylase-creatinine clearance ratio. Report of a case with review of the literature.", "content": "A 53-year-old white woman developed diabetes mellitus, migratory erythema, and anemia, clinical features suggesting the presence of a \"glucagonoma.\" Ten years earlier, after laparotomy and pancreatic biopsy, she had been told that she had an inoperable pancreatic carcinoma. Review of that biopsy together with current hormonal assay now confirms the diagnosis of glucagonoma. The recurrent peptic ulcer in this patient despite high levels of glucagon, a gastric inhibitory agent, is noted but not explained. An enhanced amylase-creatinine clearance ratio supports the notion that glucagon increases the clearances of amylase.", "contents": "Glucagonoma, chronic recurrent peptic ulcer disease, and enhanced amylase-creatinine clearance ratio. Report of a case with review of the literature. A 53-year-old white woman developed diabetes mellitus, migratory erythema, and anemia, clinical features suggesting the presence of a \"glucagonoma.\" Ten years earlier, after laparotomy and pancreatic biopsy, she had been told that she had an inoperable pancreatic carcinoma. Review of that biopsy together with current hormonal assay now confirms the diagnosis of glucagonoma. The recurrent peptic ulcer in this patient despite high levels of glucagon, a gastric inhibitory agent, is noted but not explained. An enhanced amylase-creatinine clearance ratio supports the notion that glucagon increases the clearances of amylase.", "PMID": 95410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1638", "title": "Isoprinosine as an immunopotentiator.", "content": "Isoprinosine is a compound developed for antiviral use. The effects of isoprinosine on mouse responses to sheep red blood cells were studied over a wide range of doses, from 0.5 microgram/kg to 5 g/kg, i.p. administered at the time of i.v. immunization or as pretreatment for 7 days before antigenic stimulus. Low doses, 50 microgram/kg to 50 mg/kg, significantly increased the numbers of IgM- or IgG-spleen antibody-forming cells. Large doses, such as the LD50 (5 g/kg) or pretreatments where unable to impair mouse immune responsiveness. Isoprinosine (< 500 mg/kg/day) orally administered at time of or one day after immunization stimulated immune responses. In vitro addition of isoprinosine to spleen lymphocytes augmented PHA- or Con A-induced proliferation over a concentration range from 10 to 150 microgram/ml, whereas isoprinosine had no effect in the absence of mitogens. These data, and the lack of immunodepressing effect, suggest that there is a need for further evaluation of isoprinosine as an immunopotentiator.", "contents": "Isoprinosine as an immunopotentiator. Isoprinosine is a compound developed for antiviral use. The effects of isoprinosine on mouse responses to sheep red blood cells were studied over a wide range of doses, from 0.5 microgram/kg to 5 g/kg, i.p. administered at the time of i.v. immunization or as pretreatment for 7 days before antigenic stimulus. Low doses, 50 microgram/kg to 50 mg/kg, significantly increased the numbers of IgM- or IgG-spleen antibody-forming cells. Large doses, such as the LD50 (5 g/kg) or pretreatments where unable to impair mouse immune responsiveness. Isoprinosine (< 500 mg/kg/day) orally administered at time of or one day after immunization stimulated immune responses. In vitro addition of isoprinosine to spleen lymphocytes augmented PHA- or Con A-induced proliferation over a concentration range from 10 to 150 microgram/ml, whereas isoprinosine had no effect in the absence of mitogens. These data, and the lack of immunodepressing effect, suggest that there is a need for further evaluation of isoprinosine as an immunopotentiator.", "PMID": 95412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1639", "title": "Differentiation and regulation of lymphocyte populations: evidence for immunopotentiator-induced T cell recruitment.", "content": "Isoprinosine, the p-acetaminobenzoic acid salt of inosine dimethylaminoisopropanol (1:3 molar ratio) and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate are two immumopotentiators which share an ability to induce in vivo acquisition of a specific T-cell marker by undifferentiated precursor lymphoid cells of healthy nu/nu mice, without affecting the B-cell lineage. Serum from treated nu/nu mice tested in dual assays, contains a selective inducer of prothymocytes.", "contents": "Differentiation and regulation of lymphocyte populations: evidence for immunopotentiator-induced T cell recruitment. Isoprinosine, the p-acetaminobenzoic acid salt of inosine dimethylaminoisopropanol (1:3 molar ratio) and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate are two immumopotentiators which share an ability to induce in vivo acquisition of a specific T-cell marker by undifferentiated precursor lymphoid cells of healthy nu/nu mice, without affecting the B-cell lineage. Serum from treated nu/nu mice tested in dual assays, contains a selective inducer of prothymocytes.", "PMID": 95413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1640", "title": "Macromolecular binding in assessing drug and chemical-induced tissue lesions.", "content": "The general concepts that underlie the use of macromolecular binding in studies of chemical-induced tissue lesions are reviewed. Parameters for studying the formation of chemically reactive metabolites are discussed and the factors that alter the formation and covalent binding of reactive metabolites are selectively emphasized. Some of the experimental work that led to these concepts is presented.", "contents": "Macromolecular binding in assessing drug and chemical-induced tissue lesions. The general concepts that underlie the use of macromolecular binding in studies of chemical-induced tissue lesions are reviewed. Parameters for studying the formation of chemically reactive metabolites are discussed and the factors that alter the formation and covalent binding of reactive metabolites are selectively emphasized. Some of the experimental work that led to these concepts is presented.", "PMID": 95414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1641", "title": "[The pancreatico-respiratory syndrome. Problems of intensive therapy and illustration of 5 clinical cases].", "content": "A short account of the mechanisms responsible for pleuropulmonary affections in the course of pancreatitis is followed by the presentation of personal cases observed over the previous four years and reference is made to the relatively high frequency of pleuropneumopathy. Lastly, mention is made of the treatment of pancreatitis. Recent criteria lay down that this should be conservative and medico-intensive in the acute stage. Surgery should be left for cases of peritonitic abdomen (exploratory laparotomy) and chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "[The pancreatico-respiratory syndrome. Problems of intensive therapy and illustration of 5 clinical cases]. A short account of the mechanisms responsible for pleuropulmonary affections in the course of pancreatitis is followed by the presentation of personal cases observed over the previous four years and reference is made to the relatively high frequency of pleuropneumopathy. Lastly, mention is made of the treatment of pancreatitis. Recent criteria lay down that this should be conservative and medico-intensive in the acute stage. Surgery should be left for cases of peritonitic abdomen (exploratory laparotomy) and chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 95418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1642", "title": "Metabolism of halogenated methanes and macromolecular binding.", "content": "Dihalomethanes are metabolized to carbon monoxide both in vivo and in vitro. The reaction is catalyzed by a hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 dependent mixed function oxidase system. Bioorganic mechanism studies suggest an initial oxygen insertion reaction followed by rearrangement to a formyl halide intermediate which in turn decomposes to yield carbon monoxide. In vitro studies show that 14C-dichloromethane becomes covalently bound to both microsomal protein and lipid. The similar characteristics of metabolism to carbon monoxide and covalent binding suggests that a common intermediate, perhaps the formyl halide, may be involved. Dihalomethanes are also metabolized to formaldehyde, formic acid, and inorganic halide. A glutathione transferase, located in hepatic cytosol fractions, appears to be involved. Reaction mechanism studies suggest that a S-hydroxymethyl glutathione intermediate may yield formaldehyde or be diverted via formaldehyde dehydrogenase/S-formyl glutathione hydrolase to yield formic acid. Haloforms are also metabolized in vitro to carbon monoxide by a hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 dependent mixed function oxidase system. This reaction is a markedly stimulated by sulfhydryl compounds.", "contents": "Metabolism of halogenated methanes and macromolecular binding. Dihalomethanes are metabolized to carbon monoxide both in vivo and in vitro. The reaction is catalyzed by a hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 dependent mixed function oxidase system. Bioorganic mechanism studies suggest an initial oxygen insertion reaction followed by rearrangement to a formyl halide intermediate which in turn decomposes to yield carbon monoxide. In vitro studies show that 14C-dichloromethane becomes covalently bound to both microsomal protein and lipid. The similar characteristics of metabolism to carbon monoxide and covalent binding suggests that a common intermediate, perhaps the formyl halide, may be involved. Dihalomethanes are also metabolized to formaldehyde, formic acid, and inorganic halide. A glutathione transferase, located in hepatic cytosol fractions, appears to be involved. Reaction mechanism studies suggest that a S-hydroxymethyl glutathione intermediate may yield formaldehyde or be diverted via formaldehyde dehydrogenase/S-formyl glutathione hydrolase to yield formic acid. Haloforms are also metabolized in vitro to carbon monoxide by a hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 dependent mixed function oxidase system. This reaction is a markedly stimulated by sulfhydryl compounds.", "PMID": 95415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1643", "title": "Late complications of retrolental fibroplasia.", "content": "A modified classification of cicatricial RLF has been presented. Particular emphasis is placed on myopia, one of the hallmarks of grade i cicatricial RLF. Whether or not this is axial myopia is still open to question, but since the more myopic eye was usually longer by ultrasonic measurement than the less myopic eye, actual enlargement of the eye must play some role. Other features noted in grade I RLF were retinal pigmentation, vitreous membranes, and equatorial retinal folds. In grade II the most significant finding was dragging of the retina. It was noted that in all cases of dragging of the retina there were also peripheral retinal changes. Even more important, however, was the fact that peripheral retinal changes are often present when there are no changes in the posterior pole. Neovascularization, elevated retinal vessels, lattice degeneration, and retinal breaks were other features of grade II retinopathy. Significant was the fact that the incidence of lattice in patients with cicatricial RLF (15%) was more than twice that of the normal population. Grade III RLF was characterized by falciform retinal folds, and grade IV, by retinal detachment. Thirty-nine retinal detachments were rhegmatogenous and usually had temporal retinal breaks. Retinal detachments of a tractional exudative variety (14 eyes) tended to occur earlier in life than the rhegmatogenous variety. In infants, they were preceded by increased tortuosity of the vessels in the posterior pole and, sometimes, accumulation of exudation, both ominous prognostic signs.", "contents": "Late complications of retrolental fibroplasia. A modified classification of cicatricial RLF has been presented. Particular emphasis is placed on myopia, one of the hallmarks of grade i cicatricial RLF. Whether or not this is axial myopia is still open to question, but since the more myopic eye was usually longer by ultrasonic measurement than the less myopic eye, actual enlargement of the eye must play some role. Other features noted in grade I RLF were retinal pigmentation, vitreous membranes, and equatorial retinal folds. In grade II the most significant finding was dragging of the retina. It was noted that in all cases of dragging of the retina there were also peripheral retinal changes. Even more important, however, was the fact that peripheral retinal changes are often present when there are no changes in the posterior pole. Neovascularization, elevated retinal vessels, lattice degeneration, and retinal breaks were other features of grade II retinopathy. Significant was the fact that the incidence of lattice in patients with cicatricial RLF (15%) was more than twice that of the normal population. Grade III RLF was characterized by falciform retinal folds, and grade IV, by retinal detachment. Thirty-nine retinal detachments were rhegmatogenous and usually had temporal retinal breaks. Retinal detachments of a tractional exudative variety (14 eyes) tended to occur earlier in life than the rhegmatogenous variety. In infants, they were preceded by increased tortuosity of the vessels in the posterior pole and, sometimes, accumulation of exudation, both ominous prognostic signs.", "PMID": 95419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1644", "title": "Observations of vitamin E in experimental oxygen-induced retinopathy.", "content": "Retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) is a proliferative retinopathy observed in premature infants. Its relationship to oxygen has led to both clinical and laboratory research into the potential benefits of the antioxidant tocopherol in this disorder. Although the clinical trials to date have only suggested a beneficial result, studies in the kitten model demonstrate two significant actions of tocopherol in protecting against this retinopathy, only one of which is predicted by theory. These data support the need for prospective controlled trials in human premature infants.", "contents": "Observations of vitamin E in experimental oxygen-induced retinopathy. Retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) is a proliferative retinopathy observed in premature infants. Its relationship to oxygen has led to both clinical and laboratory research into the potential benefits of the antioxidant tocopherol in this disorder. Although the clinical trials to date have only suggested a beneficial result, studies in the kitten model demonstrate two significant actions of tocopherol in protecting against this retinopathy, only one of which is predicted by theory. These data support the need for prospective controlled trials in human premature infants.", "PMID": 95420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1645", "title": "Clinical evaluation of the EMIT procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide assay.", "content": "Procainamide and its major metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide, were measured by the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay technique (EMIT). The reagents for the EMIT assays were supplied as a separate matched set for each assay. There is no cross-reactivity by procainamide in the assay for N-acetylprocainamide or by N-acetylprocainamide in the assay for procainamide. Within-day precision determined by replicate analysis of samples in the therapeutic range gave a coefficient of variation of less than 5% for each assay. The day-to-day coefficient of variation was less than 6% for each assay. Quantitative results obtained by the enzyme immunoassay on serum samples from patients receiving procainamide were compared with the results obtained by a high pressure liquid chromatography procedure. For the procainamide assay the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.983; for the N-acetylprocainamide assay the correlation coefficient was 0.981. There was no false positives or false negatives. The immunoassay requires 50 microliters of serum and the enzyme activity is measured in a spectrophotometer. An individual determination requires only 1 min to perform; therefore, the procedure can be used for either emergency or routine analysis.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of the EMIT procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide assay. Procainamide and its major metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide, were measured by the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay technique (EMIT). The reagents for the EMIT assays were supplied as a separate matched set for each assay. There is no cross-reactivity by procainamide in the assay for N-acetylprocainamide or by N-acetylprocainamide in the assay for procainamide. Within-day precision determined by replicate analysis of samples in the therapeutic range gave a coefficient of variation of less than 5% for each assay. The day-to-day coefficient of variation was less than 6% for each assay. Quantitative results obtained by the enzyme immunoassay on serum samples from patients receiving procainamide were compared with the results obtained by a high pressure liquid chromatography procedure. For the procainamide assay the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.983; for the N-acetylprocainamide assay the correlation coefficient was 0.981. There was no false positives or false negatives. The immunoassay requires 50 microliters of serum and the enzyme activity is measured in a spectrophotometer. An individual determination requires only 1 min to perform; therefore, the procedure can be used for either emergency or routine analysis.", "PMID": 95422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1646", "title": "Structural characteristics of antigen-specific suppressor factors: definition of 'constant' region and 'variable' region determinants.", "content": "Anti-suppressor factor antisera, prepared either in rabbits (R alpha SF) or in syngeneic (CBA) mice (M alpha SF) by repeated immunisation with antigen purified CBA antigen specific suppressor factor reactive to KLH was shown to abolish the suppression caused by suppressor factors (SF) in vitro. R alpha SF inhibited the function of all SF regardless of their strain of origin or their antigen specificity suggesting that it recognized 'constant region'-like determinants in SF molecules. It did not have any effect on antigen-specific helper factors. Syngeneic M alpha SF only abolished the function of suppressor (or helper) factors which were KLH-specific, and only provided they were derived from the appropriate strains of mice; thus resembling the effects of anti-idiotype antibody. No linkage to MHC could be demonstrated but there was some evidence of possible association with allotype. A schematic structure of the SF molecule is suggessted on the basis of these findings with antisera to SF.", "contents": "Structural characteristics of antigen-specific suppressor factors: definition of 'constant' region and 'variable' region determinants. Anti-suppressor factor antisera, prepared either in rabbits (R alpha SF) or in syngeneic (CBA) mice (M alpha SF) by repeated immunisation with antigen purified CBA antigen specific suppressor factor reactive to KLH was shown to abolish the suppression caused by suppressor factors (SF) in vitro. R alpha SF inhibited the function of all SF regardless of their strain of origin or their antigen specificity suggesting that it recognized 'constant region'-like determinants in SF molecules. It did not have any effect on antigen-specific helper factors. Syngeneic M alpha SF only abolished the function of suppressor (or helper) factors which were KLH-specific, and only provided they were derived from the appropriate strains of mice; thus resembling the effects of anti-idiotype antibody. No linkage to MHC could be demonstrated but there was some evidence of possible association with allotype. A schematic structure of the SF molecule is suggessted on the basis of these findings with antisera to SF.", "PMID": 95423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1647", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of the suspected carcinomatous prostate.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with physical findings suspicious for prostatic cancer were examined by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the prostate region prior to prostatic biopsy of resection. Twelve had benign hypertrophy and/or prostatitis and fourteen had adenocarcinoma. Prostatic contour, density, seminal vesicle \"angle,\" extraprostatic soft tissue \"mass,\" and the pelvic fat planes were evaluated. A nodular prostatic contour was found only in patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, indicating a role for CT in the diagnosis of this disease. Two patients with benign prostatic disease had extraprostatic soft tissue \"masses\" identical to those seen in six patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, suggesting limited usefulness of CT in staging patients with known tumor.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of the suspected carcinomatous prostate. Twenty-six patients with physical findings suspicious for prostatic cancer were examined by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the prostate region prior to prostatic biopsy of resection. Twelve had benign hypertrophy and/or prostatitis and fourteen had adenocarcinoma. Prostatic contour, density, seminal vesicle \"angle,\" extraprostatic soft tissue \"mass,\" and the pelvic fat planes were evaluated. A nodular prostatic contour was found only in patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, indicating a role for CT in the diagnosis of this disease. Two patients with benign prostatic disease had extraprostatic soft tissue \"masses\" identical to those seen in six patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, suggesting limited usefulness of CT in staging patients with known tumor.", "PMID": 95425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1648", "title": "Cerebellotrigeminal and focal dermal dysplasia: a newly recognized neurocutaneous syndrome.", "content": "A female child with brachycephaly, hypertelorism, convergent strabismus, interstitial keratitis, analgesia on both sides of the face, absent corneal reflexes, and focal congenital alopecia of a zone of the occipital and posterior parietal scalp is presented. The patient also had generalized hypotonia in early life, and at age 4 years 9 months, she was found to be moderately mentally subnormal and to have severe cerebellar deficit consisting of gait and truncal ataxia. There was no clinical evidence of other cranial nerves being affected. It is postulated that the patient has a cerebellotrigeminal and focal dermal dysplasia due to a development arrest of the ectoderm, which gives rise to the alar plate of the rhombencephalon, the overlying epidermis, the motor nucleus of V, and the trigeminal placodes.", "contents": "Cerebellotrigeminal and focal dermal dysplasia: a newly recognized neurocutaneous syndrome. A female child with brachycephaly, hypertelorism, convergent strabismus, interstitial keratitis, analgesia on both sides of the face, absent corneal reflexes, and focal congenital alopecia of a zone of the occipital and posterior parietal scalp is presented. The patient also had generalized hypotonia in early life, and at age 4 years 9 months, she was found to be moderately mentally subnormal and to have severe cerebellar deficit consisting of gait and truncal ataxia. There was no clinical evidence of other cranial nerves being affected. It is postulated that the patient has a cerebellotrigeminal and focal dermal dysplasia due to a development arrest of the ectoderm, which gives rise to the alar plate of the rhombencephalon, the overlying epidermis, the motor nucleus of V, and the trigeminal placodes.", "PMID": 95427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1649", "title": "Morphological and functional aspects of the glomerular basement membrane.", "content": "Addition of Alcian Blue to the fixative reveals structural elements bearing negatively charged sites within the glomerular capillary wall of the rat kidney. According to previous research (review by Brenner et al., 1977), these charges represent one of the most important functional components of the glomerular filtration barrier. Alcian Blue also demonstrates negatively charged microfibrils (probably glycoproteins) of the mesangial matrix. Preliminary observations of glomeruli of lower vertebrates suggest that there is always a close correlation between the presence of microfibrils and mesangial cells.", "contents": "Morphological and functional aspects of the glomerular basement membrane. Addition of Alcian Blue to the fixative reveals structural elements bearing negatively charged sites within the glomerular capillary wall of the rat kidney. According to previous research (review by Brenner et al., 1977), these charges represent one of the most important functional components of the glomerular filtration barrier. Alcian Blue also demonstrates negatively charged microfibrils (probably glycoproteins) of the mesangial matrix. Preliminary observations of glomeruli of lower vertebrates suggest that there is always a close correlation between the presence of microfibrils and mesangial cells.", "PMID": 95429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1650", "title": "[Preferential synthesis of fetal hemoglobin in in vitro cultures of erythroid precursors from peripheral blood of healthy persons and those with hemoglobinopathies].", "content": "The synthesis of fetal hemoglobin was investigated in in vitro cultures of erythroid precursors isolated from peripheral blood of normal individuals, newborns and of subjects with different hemoglobinopathies. Synthesis of hemoglobin was assessed by 35s-methionine labeling of cultures and measurement of the radioactivity incorporated into the hemoglobins A2, A, F and S isolated by column chromatography on DE 52 cellulose. The erythroid precursors from most of the studied individuals cultured in in vitro system responded with synthesized an average of 15% of Hb F while cultures from newborns produced an average of 60% of Hb F in comparison of 73% of Hb F in peripheral blood of the same newborns. Erythroid precusors from subjects heterozygotes for beta-thalassemia, heterozygotes for HPFH, and homozygotes for Hb S produced an average of 20%, 43% and 30% of Hb F, respectively, in comparison of 7%, 14% and 9% of Hb F, respectively, present in the RBC of the same individuals. These data support the previously published results (6-11) that erythroid bursts in culture reactivate the structural genes for the gamma chain synthesis.", "contents": "[Preferential synthesis of fetal hemoglobin in in vitro cultures of erythroid precursors from peripheral blood of healthy persons and those with hemoglobinopathies]. The synthesis of fetal hemoglobin was investigated in in vitro cultures of erythroid precursors isolated from peripheral blood of normal individuals, newborns and of subjects with different hemoglobinopathies. Synthesis of hemoglobin was assessed by 35s-methionine labeling of cultures and measurement of the radioactivity incorporated into the hemoglobins A2, A, F and S isolated by column chromatography on DE 52 cellulose. The erythroid precursors from most of the studied individuals cultured in in vitro system responded with synthesized an average of 15% of Hb F while cultures from newborns produced an average of 60% of Hb F in comparison of 73% of Hb F in peripheral blood of the same newborns. Erythroid precusors from subjects heterozygotes for beta-thalassemia, heterozygotes for HPFH, and homozygotes for Hb S produced an average of 20%, 43% and 30% of Hb F, respectively, in comparison of 7%, 14% and 9% of Hb F, respectively, present in the RBC of the same individuals. These data support the previously published results (6-11) that erythroid bursts in culture reactivate the structural genes for the gamma chain synthesis.", "PMID": 95430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1651", "title": "[Use of a new radioenzymatic test in urticaria and drug allergy].", "content": "The Authors report preliminary data obtained with the histamine release test, evaluated with a radioenzymatic technique, in patients with a symptomatology highly indicative for penicillin allergy (21 cases) and in patients with urticarial forms (20 cases) or atopic dermatitis (5 cases). This technique, suitably modified, turned out very sensitive and able to detect histamine concentrations in the picogram range. The use of this test in type I immunoreactions, after Ig removal and fixation (IgE, IgG4) from basophils of atopic and normal subjects, pointed out its remarkable advantages (sensitivity, specificity, reliability) in comparison with other techniques. The results of our case-list, even if preliminary seem to be indicative for an extension of the trial to a wider number of patients both with allergies of pharmacological type and with urticarial forms or atopic dermatitis.", "contents": "[Use of a new radioenzymatic test in urticaria and drug allergy]. The Authors report preliminary data obtained with the histamine release test, evaluated with a radioenzymatic technique, in patients with a symptomatology highly indicative for penicillin allergy (21 cases) and in patients with urticarial forms (20 cases) or atopic dermatitis (5 cases). This technique, suitably modified, turned out very sensitive and able to detect histamine concentrations in the picogram range. The use of this test in type I immunoreactions, after Ig removal and fixation (IgE, IgG4) from basophils of atopic and normal subjects, pointed out its remarkable advantages (sensitivity, specificity, reliability) in comparison with other techniques. The results of our case-list, even if preliminary seem to be indicative for an extension of the trial to a wider number of patients both with allergies of pharmacological type and with urticarial forms or atopic dermatitis.", "PMID": 95431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1652", "title": "Different sensitivity of hemagglutinating and hemolytic activities of Sendai virus to non-antibody inhibitors.", "content": "Research was carried out in order to verify if some components of human serum, which are capable of inhibiting the hemagglutination by Sendai virus, are active even towards the hemolysis by the same virus. It was ascertained that both orosomucoid and low-density lipoproteins obtained by floatation had no action on the hemolysis by Sendai virus while lipoproteins precipitated with dextrane sulphate showed a certain inhibiting effect. This action however is not due to lipoproteins but is probably related to some substances used in the method of precipitation.", "contents": "Different sensitivity of hemagglutinating and hemolytic activities of Sendai virus to non-antibody inhibitors. Research was carried out in order to verify if some components of human serum, which are capable of inhibiting the hemagglutination by Sendai virus, are active even towards the hemolysis by the same virus. It was ascertained that both orosomucoid and low-density lipoproteins obtained by floatation had no action on the hemolysis by Sendai virus while lipoproteins precipitated with dextrane sulphate showed a certain inhibiting effect. This action however is not due to lipoproteins but is probably related to some substances used in the method of precipitation.", "PMID": 95432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1653", "title": "Regulation of the mitochondrial anabolism at low concentrations of thyroid hormones and by some of their structural analogues.", "content": "The Authors demonstrate that the in vitro stimulation of mitochondrial RNA synthesis produced by thyroid hormones takes place also at physiological levels, equal to those held in the liver cells of experimental animals. Two groups of male rats have been used: normal control animals (N) and animals surgically thyroidectomized on the 25th day of life (T). The animals were fed and kept in standard conditions and killed on the 85th day of life. The purification of mitochondrial samples and the determination of the mitochondrial RNA synthesis were carried out as previously described. The results suggest that the in vitro stimulation of mitocondrial RNA synthesis is already significant at the concentration of lnM. The trends are qualitatively comparable for either N or T animals. The structural analogues TRIAC (3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid) and TRIPROP (3,5,3'-triiodothyropropionica acid) exhibit a clearly stimulatory effect on samples of N animals, while on samples of T animals is significant only for the first analogue. Similar trends are also observed on ADP/O ratio.", "contents": "Regulation of the mitochondrial anabolism at low concentrations of thyroid hormones and by some of their structural analogues. The Authors demonstrate that the in vitro stimulation of mitochondrial RNA synthesis produced by thyroid hormones takes place also at physiological levels, equal to those held in the liver cells of experimental animals. Two groups of male rats have been used: normal control animals (N) and animals surgically thyroidectomized on the 25th day of life (T). The animals were fed and kept in standard conditions and killed on the 85th day of life. The purification of mitochondrial samples and the determination of the mitochondrial RNA synthesis were carried out as previously described. The results suggest that the in vitro stimulation of mitocondrial RNA synthesis is already significant at the concentration of lnM. The trends are qualitatively comparable for either N or T animals. The structural analogues TRIAC (3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid) and TRIPROP (3,5,3'-triiodothyropropionica acid) exhibit a clearly stimulatory effect on samples of N animals, while on samples of T animals is significant only for the first analogue. Similar trends are also observed on ADP/O ratio.", "PMID": 95433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1654", "title": "[Cell coat modifications in a series of gliomas as a function of malignancy].", "content": "We have compared the cell coat of benign gliomas and of malignant gliomas, by Ruthenium Red staining in vitro and by Thi\u00e9ry's cytochemical reaction in situ. The thickness of the cell coat is not significantly increased by malignancy on the free surfaces of glioma cells. But in malignant gliomas only the cell coat disappears on the intercellular contact zones. These modifications are related to cell fusion characteristics of malignant transformation.", "contents": "[Cell coat modifications in a series of gliomas as a function of malignancy]. We have compared the cell coat of benign gliomas and of malignant gliomas, by Ruthenium Red staining in vitro and by Thi\u00e9ry's cytochemical reaction in situ. The thickness of the cell coat is not significantly increased by malignancy on the free surfaces of glioma cells. But in malignant gliomas only the cell coat disappears on the intercellular contact zones. These modifications are related to cell fusion characteristics of malignant transformation.", "PMID": 95435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1655", "title": "Studies on the clastogenic effects of biologic stains and dyes.", "content": "We have surveyed the clastogenic potential of 12 different groups of stains and dyes totalling 48 compounds. We observed that 18 compounds induced significant increase in chromosome damage. Most of them were also found to be mutagenic, carcinogenic, or toxic in other reported studies. However, no significant studies were reported on six of them. It is concluded that these agents are potentially harzardous and should be studied further in detail.", "contents": "Studies on the clastogenic effects of biologic stains and dyes. We have surveyed the clastogenic potential of 12 different groups of stains and dyes totalling 48 compounds. We observed that 18 compounds induced significant increase in chromosome damage. Most of them were also found to be mutagenic, carcinogenic, or toxic in other reported studies. However, no significant studies were reported on six of them. It is concluded that these agents are potentially harzardous and should be studied further in detail.", "PMID": 95447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1656", "title": "Flow cytometry: general principles and applications to selected studies in tumor biology.", "content": "The cell populations derived from normal tissues and solid tumors comprised many different cell types. Within each cell type there is a distribution of cells in different phases of the cell cycle and/or metabolic states (ie, differing rates of protein, RNA, and other macromolecular syntheses). Flow cytometry and companion instrumentation now promise to aid in rapid quantitative analyses of heterogeneous cell populations, thus finding broad applicability in many areas of cancer research and treatment. Since it is projected that this analytical technique will greatly expend our knowledge in tumor biology, it seems appropriate to review the basis principles of the methodology and to demonstrate recent applications in several areas of current research. After reviewing basis principles, a detailed description of one specific flow cytometer, the PHYWE-ICP-22, with its computer interface as developed in this laboratory is described. Subsequently, applications of this methodology to analyses of tumor cell kinetics, assays of blastogenesis, and studies of human colon cancer are presented as specific, current applications of flow cytometry. It is anticipated that this overview of flow cytometry along with some current applications will provide a background understanding for the inevitable rapid future developments in this area of research.", "contents": "Flow cytometry: general principles and applications to selected studies in tumor biology. The cell populations derived from normal tissues and solid tumors comprised many different cell types. Within each cell type there is a distribution of cells in different phases of the cell cycle and/or metabolic states (ie, differing rates of protein, RNA, and other macromolecular syntheses). Flow cytometry and companion instrumentation now promise to aid in rapid quantitative analyses of heterogeneous cell populations, thus finding broad applicability in many areas of cancer research and treatment. Since it is projected that this analytical technique will greatly expend our knowledge in tumor biology, it seems appropriate to review the basis principles of the methodology and to demonstrate recent applications in several areas of current research. After reviewing basis principles, a detailed description of one specific flow cytometer, the PHYWE-ICP-22, with its computer interface as developed in this laboratory is described. Subsequently, applications of this methodology to analyses of tumor cell kinetics, assays of blastogenesis, and studies of human colon cancer are presented as specific, current applications of flow cytometry. It is anticipated that this overview of flow cytometry along with some current applications will provide a background understanding for the inevitable rapid future developments in this area of research.", "PMID": 95452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1657", "title": "[Immunological tolerance: induction and abrogation].", "content": "The induction of a state of immune tolerance is a complex event which can take place at different stages of the immune response since it depends both upon the chemical structure and the experimental manipulation of the antigen. This paper deals mainly with the relationship between antigen structure and the kinds of tolerance induced.", "contents": "[Immunological tolerance: induction and abrogation]. The induction of a state of immune tolerance is a complex event which can take place at different stages of the immune response since it depends both upon the chemical structure and the experimental manipulation of the antigen. This paper deals mainly with the relationship between antigen structure and the kinds of tolerance induced.", "PMID": 95448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1658", "title": "[Endotoxic contamination of biological products (ribosomal vaccines, viral vaccines and interferon)].", "content": "The A.A. have examined by the Limulus assay the possible endotoxin contamination in some biological products (ribosomal vaccines, viral vaccines, interferon). While the preparations of influenza vaccines and a partially purified fraction of ribosomal vaccine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibit a gelation of lysate with high levels of endotoxin, rubeola vaccines, interferon and a purified fraction of ribosomal vaccine, presented a negligible amount of endotoxin. The results are discussed with the aim to examine the possible role of contaminating endotoxin in the mediation of some adverse effects and of the unsuspected extrinsic adjuvant activities developed in clinical and experimental use of these preparations.", "contents": "[Endotoxic contamination of biological products (ribosomal vaccines, viral vaccines and interferon)]. The A.A. have examined by the Limulus assay the possible endotoxin contamination in some biological products (ribosomal vaccines, viral vaccines, interferon). While the preparations of influenza vaccines and a partially purified fraction of ribosomal vaccine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibit a gelation of lysate with high levels of endotoxin, rubeola vaccines, interferon and a purified fraction of ribosomal vaccine, presented a negligible amount of endotoxin. The results are discussed with the aim to examine the possible role of contaminating endotoxin in the mediation of some adverse effects and of the unsuspected extrinsic adjuvant activities developed in clinical and experimental use of these preparations.", "PMID": 95449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1659", "title": "Tumor markers for ovarian cancer.", "content": "The literature on tumor distinctive markers in ovarian cancer has been reviewed. Various immunological and biochemical approaches have been attempted for the diagnosis and management of patients with ovarian cancer. The complex spectrum of antigens that can be detected in human ovarian cancer consists of several tumor-associated antigens, fetal or carcinoembryonic antigens, carcinoplacental markers, and normal tissue antigens. We have described and partially characterized two ovarian tumor-associated antigens designated as OCAA and OCAA-1, which seem to have potential for the immunodiagnosis of ovarian cancer. Several other investigators have carried out similar studies, but in general their serological characterization of these antigens has been limited. The well-defined embryonic proteins that have been examined in the ovarian cancer include carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-fp), beta-oncofetal antigen (BOFA), Regan and Nagao isoenzymes and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). The presence of pregnancy-zone protein (PZP) has also been reported in ovarian cancer. In addition, several normal tissue components include fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), alpha 1-globulin, and urokinase have been found associated with ovarian cancer. Both humoral antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses against tumor-associated antigens can be measured in ovarian cancer patients. In addition, serum factors, which block cellular immune reactions, have been identified. However, progress in this area has been hampered by the complexity of the antigens associated with ovarian tumors and the lack of standardized, well-characterized sources of antigens or target cells. Enzymes, especially those involved in glycoprotein biosynthesis, (eg, glycoprotein:glycosyltransferases and glycosidase) have been explored as possible early biochemical indicators of ovarian neoplasia. A serum specific deficiency of alpha-L-fucosidase has been found in patients with ovarian cancers. Of all the glycoprotein:glycosyltransferases studied, galactosyltransferase has been found to be the best enzyme marker for ovarian adenocarcinoma. The determination of serum levels of this enzyme reflected the clinical status of the patient with respect of tumor progression as well as tumor burden. Recently, assay of a phosphodiesterase, which specifically hydrolyzes cytidine 5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid, has been found promising in the detection and management of patients with ovarian cancer.", "contents": "Tumor markers for ovarian cancer. The literature on tumor distinctive markers in ovarian cancer has been reviewed. Various immunological and biochemical approaches have been attempted for the diagnosis and management of patients with ovarian cancer. The complex spectrum of antigens that can be detected in human ovarian cancer consists of several tumor-associated antigens, fetal or carcinoembryonic antigens, carcinoplacental markers, and normal tissue antigens. We have described and partially characterized two ovarian tumor-associated antigens designated as OCAA and OCAA-1, which seem to have potential for the immunodiagnosis of ovarian cancer. Several other investigators have carried out similar studies, but in general their serological characterization of these antigens has been limited. The well-defined embryonic proteins that have been examined in the ovarian cancer include carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-fp), beta-oncofetal antigen (BOFA), Regan and Nagao isoenzymes and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). The presence of pregnancy-zone protein (PZP) has also been reported in ovarian cancer. In addition, several normal tissue components include fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), alpha 1-globulin, and urokinase have been found associated with ovarian cancer. Both humoral antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses against tumor-associated antigens can be measured in ovarian cancer patients. In addition, serum factors, which block cellular immune reactions, have been identified. However, progress in this area has been hampered by the complexity of the antigens associated with ovarian tumors and the lack of standardized, well-characterized sources of antigens or target cells. Enzymes, especially those involved in glycoprotein biosynthesis, (eg, glycoprotein:glycosyltransferases and glycosidase) have been explored as possible early biochemical indicators of ovarian neoplasia. A serum specific deficiency of alpha-L-fucosidase has been found in patients with ovarian cancers. Of all the glycoprotein:glycosyltransferases studied, galactosyltransferase has been found to be the best enzyme marker for ovarian adenocarcinoma. The determination of serum levels of this enzyme reflected the clinical status of the patient with respect of tumor progression as well as tumor burden. Recently, assay of a phosphodiesterase, which specifically hydrolyzes cytidine 5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid, has been found promising in the detection and management of patients with ovarian cancer.", "PMID": 95453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1660", "title": "[General considerations on the interferon system].", "content": "In this review some interesting aspects of interferon and its present perspectives for a practical utilization in human viral infections and in oncological therapy are described. After an evaluation of general characteristics of IF, some particular problems are considered about this system as that of IF and poly I:C interaction with cellular membranes, genetic control of IF system, IF and its inducers influence on immune reactivity and human tumours cells IF inducing ability and sensitivity. Finally are described some data obtained in various Institutes with IF on human virosis and those obtained on human and animal oncology with IF and interferon inducers.", "contents": "[General considerations on the interferon system]. In this review some interesting aspects of interferon and its present perspectives for a practical utilization in human viral infections and in oncological therapy are described. After an evaluation of general characteristics of IF, some particular problems are considered about this system as that of IF and poly I:C interaction with cellular membranes, genetic control of IF system, IF and its inducers influence on immune reactivity and human tumours cells IF inducing ability and sensitivity. Finally are described some data obtained in various Institutes with IF on human virosis and those obtained on human and animal oncology with IF and interferon inducers.", "PMID": 95450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1661", "title": "An endoscopic staining method for detection and operation of early gastric cancer.", "content": "The long term survival rate of gastric cancer has been much improved, and the 5-year survival rate in our institute was 42% with a significant difference between 29% in the advanced stage and 94% in the early stage. This result means that gastric cancer must be detected and treated early as possible. However, the diagnosis of early gastric cancer may remain extremely difficult even for an excellent endoscopist. Therefore, in order to clearly recognize early gastric cancer, an endoscopic staining method with methylene blue has been studied. In this method, one capsule of 150 mg methylene blue is swallowed with a small amount of proteinase solution 3 hours before endoscopy. Gastroscopy is performed routinely after this preparation. This procedure was performed on 153 gastric cancers and 137 of them (89.5%) have been successfully dyed in dark blue. In several cases, with this method, the actual borderline between the normal mucosa and the malignant extent was clearly recognized and resection line was decided. Introduction of methylene blue into the stomach could also stain the intestinalized epithelium of the gastric mucosa. Differential diagnosis of the dyed intestinal metaplasia and the dyed carcinoma seems to be very easy, because both gastric lesions have the characteristic dyed patterns. Mechanism of this phenomenon has been considered to be due to an absorption of the dye in the intestinal metaplasia, and in the gastric cancer, many factors may be involved, among which are the infiltration or diffusion of the dye into the cancerous tissue, the absorption from the abnormal epithelium, and the staining of the necrotic tissue.", "contents": "An endoscopic staining method for detection and operation of early gastric cancer. The long term survival rate of gastric cancer has been much improved, and the 5-year survival rate in our institute was 42% with a significant difference between 29% in the advanced stage and 94% in the early stage. This result means that gastric cancer must be detected and treated early as possible. However, the diagnosis of early gastric cancer may remain extremely difficult even for an excellent endoscopist. Therefore, in order to clearly recognize early gastric cancer, an endoscopic staining method with methylene blue has been studied. In this method, one capsule of 150 mg methylene blue is swallowed with a small amount of proteinase solution 3 hours before endoscopy. Gastroscopy is performed routinely after this preparation. This procedure was performed on 153 gastric cancers and 137 of them (89.5%) have been successfully dyed in dark blue. In several cases, with this method, the actual borderline between the normal mucosa and the malignant extent was clearly recognized and resection line was decided. Introduction of methylene blue into the stomach could also stain the intestinalized epithelium of the gastric mucosa. Differential diagnosis of the dyed intestinal metaplasia and the dyed carcinoma seems to be very easy, because both gastric lesions have the characteristic dyed patterns. Mechanism of this phenomenon has been considered to be due to an absorption of the dye in the intestinal metaplasia, and in the gastric cancer, many factors may be involved, among which are the infiltration or diffusion of the dye into the cancerous tissue, the absorption from the abnormal epithelium, and the staining of the necrotic tissue.", "PMID": 95454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1662", "title": "Computer-controlled double-beam scanning microspectrophotometry for rapid microscopic image reconstructions.", "content": "A method for automated collection of various specific data from an entire microscopical preparation and their quantitative evaluation is described. Its application to the study of neuronal connections is discussed in some detail. Brain sections are scanned using a computer-controlled microscope for reflectance, fluorescences or absorbance signals. Two illuminating beams are used, one of them being amplitude modulated. By means of a synchronous detection the two signals are recorded simultaneously: for example, in an autoradiograph, the reflectance (measuring the density of the silver grains in emulsion) and the absorbance (allowing to localize the underlying counterstained cells). The data are stored in a computer. Various off-line processing schemes allow the reconstruction of the data with respect to the corresponding spatial coordinates. Thus pseudo-three-dimensional, analogue or digital, graphic displays may be obtained in which the patterns of neuronal connections can be recognized and interpreted. A method for the detection of weakly labelled nerve fibres based on digital filtering is presented. The whole processing for a frontal section of the mouse brain (7 X 10 mm area) takes less than 1 h. In addition to the evaluation of microscopically labelled material (grains of autoradiographs, horseradish peroxidase, nucleic acids) the technique described has been successfully used for the study of naturally fluorescent intracellular components in living tissue cultures.", "contents": "Computer-controlled double-beam scanning microspectrophotometry for rapid microscopic image reconstructions. A method for automated collection of various specific data from an entire microscopical preparation and their quantitative evaluation is described. Its application to the study of neuronal connections is discussed in some detail. Brain sections are scanned using a computer-controlled microscope for reflectance, fluorescences or absorbance signals. Two illuminating beams are used, one of them being amplitude modulated. By means of a synchronous detection the two signals are recorded simultaneously: for example, in an autoradiograph, the reflectance (measuring the density of the silver grains in emulsion) and the absorbance (allowing to localize the underlying counterstained cells). The data are stored in a computer. Various off-line processing schemes allow the reconstruction of the data with respect to the corresponding spatial coordinates. Thus pseudo-three-dimensional, analogue or digital, graphic displays may be obtained in which the patterns of neuronal connections can be recognized and interpreted. A method for the detection of weakly labelled nerve fibres based on digital filtering is presented. The whole processing for a frontal section of the mouse brain (7 X 10 mm area) takes less than 1 h. In addition to the evaluation of microscopically labelled material (grains of autoradiographs, horseradish peroxidase, nucleic acids) the technique described has been successfully used for the study of naturally fluorescent intracellular components in living tissue cultures.", "PMID": 95455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1663", "title": "Guinea-pig keratinocytes and melanocytes in tissue culture: scanning, transmission and high voltage electron microscope observations.", "content": "Keratinocytes and melanocytes cultured from guinea-pig epidermis were studied with scanning, transmission and high voltage electron microscopy to characterize the surface and internal morphology. Keratinocytes exhibited contact-inhibition and a range of surface structures consistent with cell-cycle dependent changes. Stereoscopic analysis of high voltage electron micrographs indicated regular oval nuclei with nucleoli at different depths, while thin sections revealed local channels in the nuclei. Secondary cultures differed from primary cultures in the disorder of the microfilaments, in the failure to form desmosomes, and in the failure of melanocytes to persist in culture. The beaded surface of melanocytes was indicative of underlying melanosomes that were seen in high voltage micrographs. Melanocytes were rounded with moderate ruffles or were dendritic with ruffles on the termini. These findings are discussed in relation to the observational techniques and in relation to modes of locomotion of and pigment transfer to epidermal cells.", "contents": "Guinea-pig keratinocytes and melanocytes in tissue culture: scanning, transmission and high voltage electron microscope observations. Keratinocytes and melanocytes cultured from guinea-pig epidermis were studied with scanning, transmission and high voltage electron microscopy to characterize the surface and internal morphology. Keratinocytes exhibited contact-inhibition and a range of surface structures consistent with cell-cycle dependent changes. Stereoscopic analysis of high voltage electron micrographs indicated regular oval nuclei with nucleoli at different depths, while thin sections revealed local channels in the nuclei. Secondary cultures differed from primary cultures in the disorder of the microfilaments, in the failure to form desmosomes, and in the failure of melanocytes to persist in culture. The beaded surface of melanocytes was indicative of underlying melanosomes that were seen in high voltage micrographs. Melanocytes were rounded with moderate ruffles or were dendritic with ruffles on the termini. These findings are discussed in relation to the observational techniques and in relation to modes of locomotion of and pigment transfer to epidermal cells.", "PMID": 95456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1664", "title": "[Chemotherapy for digestive carcinomas. Results of a phase II clinical trial (author's transl)].", "content": "A so-called \"phase II\" clinical trial was carried out in 89 patients with digestive carcinomas who were treated either by chemotherapy alone or by a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. Thirty-five patients with inoperable tumours received chemotherapy alone without any noticeable improvement. Thirty-two patients had tumours which were operable but with inoperable extension. Palliative chemotherapy, given after surgery to reduce the size of the tumour, resulted in a prolongation of survival. Twenty-two patients with operable tumours without inoperable extension benefited from routine adjuvant chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy for digestive carcinomas. Results of a phase II clinical trial (author's transl)]. A so-called \"phase II\" clinical trial was carried out in 89 patients with digestive carcinomas who were treated either by chemotherapy alone or by a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. Thirty-five patients with inoperable tumours received chemotherapy alone without any noticeable improvement. Thirty-two patients had tumours which were operable but with inoperable extension. Palliative chemotherapy, given after surgery to reduce the size of the tumour, resulted in a prolongation of survival. Twenty-two patients with operable tumours without inoperable extension benefited from routine adjuvant chemotherapy.", "PMID": 95458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1665", "title": "[Indications for normovolemic hemodilution].", "content": "So long as normovolaemic conditions are respected and the haematocrit is not reduced to less than 30 per cent, there are a large number of surgical and even medical indications for deliberate haemodilution. Amongst the several contraindications, coronary insufficiency must be considered as being formal.", "contents": "[Indications for normovolemic hemodilution]. So long as normovolaemic conditions are respected and the haematocrit is not reduced to less than 30 per cent, there are a large number of surgical and even medical indications for deliberate haemodilution. Amongst the several contraindications, coronary insufficiency must be considered as being formal.", "PMID": 95460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1666", "title": "[Replacement solutions and hemodilution].", "content": "By definition, haemodilution involves the use of filling solutions, but in this technique the role of different solutions has yet to be clearly defined. Amongst the criteria of choice used at the present time, two would seem to be essential: good tolerance, limiting the risks of complication and side effects to an absolute minimum; and a sufficiently long intravascular half-life ensuring good control of blood volume. On this basis, amongst the crystalloids Ringer lactate offers definite advantages. It is almost always used in association with a colloidal solution, very often human albumin or a dextran.", "contents": "[Replacement solutions and hemodilution]. By definition, haemodilution involves the use of filling solutions, but in this technique the role of different solutions has yet to be clearly defined. Amongst the criteria of choice used at the present time, two would seem to be essential: good tolerance, limiting the risks of complication and side effects to an absolute minimum; and a sufficiently long intravascular half-life ensuring good control of blood volume. On this basis, amongst the crystalloids Ringer lactate offers definite advantages. It is almost always used in association with a colloidal solution, very often human albumin or a dextran.", "PMID": 95461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1667", "title": "Intra-arterial chemotherapy of head and neck tumours.", "content": "The benefits and complications of regional chemotherapy in the treatment of head and neck tumours are discussed. Intra-arterial chemotherapy has been employed in 72 cases of preoperative, postoperative and palliative management. Cytostatic treatment consisted of combined Vincristine, bleomycin, methotrexate, and mitolactol administration by a Watkins-USCI or Sharp chronofusor. In cases of preoperative treatment the tumour regression was in the range of 50-80%. Tumours of the gingiva, parotid gland, maxilla and tonsil responded very well, tumours of the tongue less well to the treatment. The most dangerous complication is thrombosis of the common carotid artery; to avoid this complication the prothrombin index was reduced and kept at the 30-40% level.", "contents": "Intra-arterial chemotherapy of head and neck tumours. The benefits and complications of regional chemotherapy in the treatment of head and neck tumours are discussed. Intra-arterial chemotherapy has been employed in 72 cases of preoperative, postoperative and palliative management. Cytostatic treatment consisted of combined Vincristine, bleomycin, methotrexate, and mitolactol administration by a Watkins-USCI or Sharp chronofusor. In cases of preoperative treatment the tumour regression was in the range of 50-80%. Tumours of the gingiva, parotid gland, maxilla and tonsil responded very well, tumours of the tongue less well to the treatment. The most dangerous complication is thrombosis of the common carotid artery; to avoid this complication the prothrombin index was reduced and kept at the 30-40% level.", "PMID": 95463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1668", "title": "Biochemical and energetic gradients in the mucosa of stomach and duodenum of patients with antral ulcer.", "content": "Separation and measurement of adenine-adenosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lipid phosphates, RNA and DNA, further, separation and measurement of Mg2+-dependent, total (Mg2+-dependent plus Na+--K+-dependent, Mg2+-Na+-K-dependent) and Na+-K+-dependent ATPases were carried out in the mucosa and muscles of the corpus, antrum and duodenum of 68 patients with antral ulcer. It was found that (1) the substrate levels of adenosine nucleotides, lipid phosphates and RNA were significantly higher in the corpus mucosa than those in the mucosa of the antrum and duodenum (calculated for 1.0 mg DNA content); (2) the amounts of adenosine nucleotides and the sum of ATP + ADP + AMP did not alter significantly in the muscles of the corpus, antrum and duodenum; (3) the levels of adenosine nucleotides, sum of ATP + ADP + AMP, lipid phosphates and RNA, further the activities of Mg2+-dependent , total (Mg2/-dependent plus Na+-K+-dependent) and Na+-K+-dependent ATPases were significantly higher in the corpus mucosa than those in the corpus muscles. It was concluded that (1) energetic and biochemical gradients are present between the substrate levels in the mucosa of the corpus, antrum and duodenum; (2) the neural and/or humoral regulatory mechanisms differ in the mucosa and muscles of the corpus, in order to their biochemistry.", "contents": "Biochemical and energetic gradients in the mucosa of stomach and duodenum of patients with antral ulcer. Separation and measurement of adenine-adenosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lipid phosphates, RNA and DNA, further, separation and measurement of Mg2+-dependent, total (Mg2+-dependent plus Na+--K+-dependent, Mg2+-Na+-K-dependent) and Na+-K+-dependent ATPases were carried out in the mucosa and muscles of the corpus, antrum and duodenum of 68 patients with antral ulcer. It was found that (1) the substrate levels of adenosine nucleotides, lipid phosphates and RNA were significantly higher in the corpus mucosa than those in the mucosa of the antrum and duodenum (calculated for 1.0 mg DNA content); (2) the amounts of adenosine nucleotides and the sum of ATP + ADP + AMP did not alter significantly in the muscles of the corpus, antrum and duodenum; (3) the levels of adenosine nucleotides, sum of ATP + ADP + AMP, lipid phosphates and RNA, further the activities of Mg2+-dependent , total (Mg2/-dependent plus Na+-K+-dependent) and Na+-K+-dependent ATPases were significantly higher in the corpus mucosa than those in the corpus muscles. It was concluded that (1) energetic and biochemical gradients are present between the substrate levels in the mucosa of the corpus, antrum and duodenum; (2) the neural and/or humoral regulatory mechanisms differ in the mucosa and muscles of the corpus, in order to their biochemistry.", "PMID": 95466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1669", "title": "Dextran anaphylactoid reaction in Sprague-Dawley CFY rats.", "content": "From a closed colony of randomly-bred Sprague-Dawley CFY rats about 23% failed to respond to intravenous dextran with the characteristic generalized anaphylactoid reaction, but still exhibited an inflammatory response when dextran was given into the foot pad. Brother-sister mating of rats showing the most expressed generalized reaction (reactor rats) yielded good responder offsprings, while the non-reactors had descendants completely unresponsive to systemic dextran. Brother-sister mating of selected non-reactor rats led to a gradual decrease in dextran paw oedema in the subsequent generations, and after the third mating, a complete local non-reactivity developed. In these rats the intradermal injection of dextran failed to increase vascular permeability, while the inflammatory response evoked by histamine, 5-HT, bradykinin, and compound 48/80 remained unchanged as compared to that of the reactor animals. These result show that the anaphylactoid reaction in Sprague-Dawley CFY rats is under genetic control.", "contents": "Dextran anaphylactoid reaction in Sprague-Dawley CFY rats. From a closed colony of randomly-bred Sprague-Dawley CFY rats about 23% failed to respond to intravenous dextran with the characteristic generalized anaphylactoid reaction, but still exhibited an inflammatory response when dextran was given into the foot pad. Brother-sister mating of rats showing the most expressed generalized reaction (reactor rats) yielded good responder offsprings, while the non-reactors had descendants completely unresponsive to systemic dextran. Brother-sister mating of selected non-reactor rats led to a gradual decrease in dextran paw oedema in the subsequent generations, and after the third mating, a complete local non-reactivity developed. In these rats the intradermal injection of dextran failed to increase vascular permeability, while the inflammatory response evoked by histamine, 5-HT, bradykinin, and compound 48/80 remained unchanged as compared to that of the reactor animals. These result show that the anaphylactoid reaction in Sprague-Dawley CFY rats is under genetic control.", "PMID": 95467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1670", "title": "Some characteristics of the insulin-induced potentiation to anaphylactoid reaction in Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "The insulin-induced sensitization to generalized and local anaphylactoid reaction evoked by dextran was studied in Sprague-Dawley CFY rats. The generalized reaction was shown to be potentiated by insulin given subcutaneously in a dose-related manner. The minimum effective dose was as low as 0.04 U/kg. When this dose was injected intravenously, a marked but short-lived potentiation was observed. The insulin response could be elicited throughout the whole year. The local oedema induced by subplantar injection of dextran was found to be much less sensitive to insulin. Potentiation was observed during the period from March to October, while in the intermediate months, no such effect could be seen. The seasonal refractory state to insulin was abolished by bilateral adrenalectomy, and daily pretreatment of the rats with insulin for several days. Actinomycin D prevented the restorative effect of insulin pretreatment. Sensitization by a single insulin dose to both systemic and local dextran was suppressed in rats older than 6 months, and the refractoriness was in part reversed by adrenalectomy.", "contents": "Some characteristics of the insulin-induced potentiation to anaphylactoid reaction in Sprague-Dawley rats. The insulin-induced sensitization to generalized and local anaphylactoid reaction evoked by dextran was studied in Sprague-Dawley CFY rats. The generalized reaction was shown to be potentiated by insulin given subcutaneously in a dose-related manner. The minimum effective dose was as low as 0.04 U/kg. When this dose was injected intravenously, a marked but short-lived potentiation was observed. The insulin response could be elicited throughout the whole year. The local oedema induced by subplantar injection of dextran was found to be much less sensitive to insulin. Potentiation was observed during the period from March to October, while in the intermediate months, no such effect could be seen. The seasonal refractory state to insulin was abolished by bilateral adrenalectomy, and daily pretreatment of the rats with insulin for several days. Actinomycin D prevented the restorative effect of insulin pretreatment. Sensitization by a single insulin dose to both systemic and local dextran was suppressed in rats older than 6 months, and the refractoriness was in part reversed by adrenalectomy.", "PMID": 95468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1671", "title": "[Surgery of hepatic hydatic cyst. Per-operative complications. Possibility of anaphylactic etiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Among fifty cases hepatic hydatid cysts, we have observed four serious complications during operation. These complications appeared at the time of the puncture of the cysts with a severe shock in three cases. Anaphylactic etiology can be suspected but not proved without specific tests. Because the severity of these accidents (one death), anesthesiologist must be aware of the possibility of such complications: it is important to recognize anaphylactic reactions during surgical procedure to institute immediately a treatment to restore both circulatory competency and cardiac out put. Vasopressors with both alpha and beta properties are most useful under the conditions of massive peripheral vasodilatation and bronchospasm which occur in anaphylaxis.", "contents": "[Surgery of hepatic hydatic cyst. Per-operative complications. Possibility of anaphylactic etiology (author's transl)]. Among fifty cases hepatic hydatid cysts, we have observed four serious complications during operation. These complications appeared at the time of the puncture of the cysts with a severe shock in three cases. Anaphylactic etiology can be suspected but not proved without specific tests. Because the severity of these accidents (one death), anesthesiologist must be aware of the possibility of such complications: it is important to recognize anaphylactic reactions during surgical procedure to institute immediately a treatment to restore both circulatory competency and cardiac out put. Vasopressors with both alpha and beta properties are most useful under the conditions of massive peripheral vasodilatation and bronchospasm which occur in anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 95469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1672", "title": "[Hemodilution in vitro and parameters of hemostasis].", "content": "High molecular weight (approximately 60,000) dextran having been selected in a protocol of per-operative hemodilution, a prior study was undertaken in vitro in order to measure the variations in parameters of hemostasis. Factor of primary hemostasis, of plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis were thus evaluated in control blood samples, not diluted and diluted to 1/5 th by dextran or by a buffer solution. Statistical analysis was carried out using the t-test for pairs of variables. The following emerge from the results: 1 - an absence of difference with regard to the fibrinolytic activity of the plasma, but marked fragility of the fibrin clot in the presence of dextran; 2 - variations for plasma coagulation factors due to dilution; 3 - acceleration of the phase of polymerisation of fibrin monomeres and a decrease in platelet stickiness and aggregation due to dextran.", "contents": "[Hemodilution in vitro and parameters of hemostasis]. High molecular weight (approximately 60,000) dextran having been selected in a protocol of per-operative hemodilution, a prior study was undertaken in vitro in order to measure the variations in parameters of hemostasis. Factor of primary hemostasis, of plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis were thus evaluated in control blood samples, not diluted and diluted to 1/5 th by dextran or by a buffer solution. Statistical analysis was carried out using the t-test for pairs of variables. The following emerge from the results: 1 - an absence of difference with regard to the fibrinolytic activity of the plasma, but marked fragility of the fibrin clot in the presence of dextran; 2 - variations for plasma coagulation factors due to dilution; 3 - acceleration of the phase of polymerisation of fibrin monomeres and a decrease in platelet stickiness and aggregation due to dextran.", "PMID": 95470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1673", "title": "[Changes in physicochemical parameters and coagulation factors in hemodilution with dextran of molecular weight 60,000].", "content": "In 18 subjects undergoing aorto-bifemoral by-pass, pre-operative isovalaemic hemodilution was carried out (using a dextran of molecular weight 60,000) at the same time as venous section of a mean value of 1087 ml reducing the hematocrit to 0.30. The following were studied before, immediately after and 24 hours after hemodilution: blood viscosity (at variable shearing rates), oncotic pressure, sedimentation rate, clotting factors, plasma electrolytes. These results showed that at the end of hemodilution, oncotic pressure was maintained and even increased despite the fall in blood protein levels, with also a decrease in blood viscosity, a tendency to dynamic hypocoagulability (thrombocytopenia, fall in fibrinogen and increase in cephalin kaolin time and Quinck time) without any increase in lytic activity. 24 hours later, these parameters tended to return to normal. Discussion on the basis of a study carried out in vitro, seeks to demonstrate which of these changes were related to the dextran molecule and which were related to the hemodilution.", "contents": "[Changes in physicochemical parameters and coagulation factors in hemodilution with dextran of molecular weight 60,000]. In 18 subjects undergoing aorto-bifemoral by-pass, pre-operative isovalaemic hemodilution was carried out (using a dextran of molecular weight 60,000) at the same time as venous section of a mean value of 1087 ml reducing the hematocrit to 0.30. The following were studied before, immediately after and 24 hours after hemodilution: blood viscosity (at variable shearing rates), oncotic pressure, sedimentation rate, clotting factors, plasma electrolytes. These results showed that at the end of hemodilution, oncotic pressure was maintained and even increased despite the fall in blood protein levels, with also a decrease in blood viscosity, a tendency to dynamic hypocoagulability (thrombocytopenia, fall in fibrinogen and increase in cephalin kaolin time and Quinck time) without any increase in lytic activity. 24 hours later, these parameters tended to return to normal. Discussion on the basis of a study carried out in vitro, seeks to demonstrate which of these changes were related to the dextran molecule and which were related to the hemodilution.", "PMID": 95471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1674", "title": "[Prevention of thromboembolism by normovolemic hemodilution].", "content": "In general surgery, routine thromboprophylaxis is strongly recommended in order to reduce the risk of thrombo-embolic complications. If pre-operative hemodilution is used in order to avoid the risks of transfusions of homologous blood, dextran must be used as the diluent. Patients undergoing total hip replacement represent a very high risk group where infusion of dextran is superior to low doses of heparin, but pre-operative hemodilution using dextran is more effective than infusions of dextran. It may thus be concluded that pre-operative hemodilution with dextran would give similar improved results in general surgery. As with all thromboprophylactic agents, side-effects may occur. However, with dextran 60, anaphylactoid reactions have note been described up to the present time in patients undergoing hemodilution before operation.", "contents": "[Prevention of thromboembolism by normovolemic hemodilution]. In general surgery, routine thromboprophylaxis is strongly recommended in order to reduce the risk of thrombo-embolic complications. If pre-operative hemodilution is used in order to avoid the risks of transfusions of homologous blood, dextran must be used as the diluent. Patients undergoing total hip replacement represent a very high risk group where infusion of dextran is superior to low doses of heparin, but pre-operative hemodilution using dextran is more effective than infusions of dextran. It may thus be concluded that pre-operative hemodilution with dextran would give similar improved results in general surgery. As with all thromboprophylactic agents, side-effects may occur. However, with dextran 60, anaphylactoid reactions have note been described up to the present time in patients undergoing hemodilution before operation.", "PMID": 95472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1675", "title": "[Immunological problems in oncology (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors, after a view of the problems of immunology, regarding the most recent discoveries, deal with the conclusions about the immunological reactions in research and clinical oncology. Many specific antibodies, formed as a result of the tumor, have been discovered in the field of research. It is impossible to say the same about human tumors and the probable hypothesis are numerous. The results until now obtained, even if they don't give a definite response, show that the immune defense of the organism has extreme importance for the beginning and the development of tumors, therefore further research could be a contribution to the cure of cancer.", "contents": "[Immunological problems in oncology (author's transl)]. The Authors, after a view of the problems of immunology, regarding the most recent discoveries, deal with the conclusions about the immunological reactions in research and clinical oncology. Many specific antibodies, formed as a result of the tumor, have been discovered in the field of research. It is impossible to say the same about human tumors and the probable hypothesis are numerous. The results until now obtained, even if they don't give a definite response, show that the immune defense of the organism has extreme importance for the beginning and the development of tumors, therefore further research could be a contribution to the cure of cancer.", "PMID": 95475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1676", "title": "Lymphokine production in primary mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). III. Alloantigen signals cell-cell interactions involved in migration inhibition factor and immune interferon release.", "content": "The alloantigen differences stimulation migration inhibition factor (MIF) and immune interferon (i-IF) release in primary one-way murine mixed lymphocyte cultures are reported. Differences at H-2 and Mls coded alloantigens induce both MIF and i-IF release, while the differences at multiple minor histocompatibility antigens induce MIF release only. Both MIF and i-IF release are T-lymphocytes dependent events. However, while T-lymphocytes are sufficient for MIF release, the presence of macrophages is required for i-IF release.", "contents": "Lymphokine production in primary mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). III. Alloantigen signals cell-cell interactions involved in migration inhibition factor and immune interferon release. The alloantigen differences stimulation migration inhibition factor (MIF) and immune interferon (i-IF) release in primary one-way murine mixed lymphocyte cultures are reported. Differences at H-2 and Mls coded alloantigens induce both MIF and i-IF release, while the differences at multiple minor histocompatibility antigens induce MIF release only. Both MIF and i-IF release are T-lymphocytes dependent events. However, while T-lymphocytes are sufficient for MIF release, the presence of macrophages is required for i-IF release.", "PMID": 95480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1677", "title": "In vivo and in vitro reactions to antigens of Haemophilus influenzae in bronchial obstruction.", "content": "The frequency of precipitating antibody to heat-labile (H(1--2) and heat-stable (HCW and HCF) antigens of Haemophilus influenzae was determined in patients with asthma, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis and compared with that in a control group. This showed that the immune response of asthmatic patients to heat-stable antigens was different from that to the heat-labile antigens. Exposure to antigens of H. influenzae is common in all the disease groups. Skin test reactions having the time course and macroscopic appearance of Type I (immediate) and Type III (late) were obtained after prick and intracutaneous skin testing with HCW antigen in varying concentrations in a group of patients with asthma, chronic bronchitis or cystic fibrosis and in a control group. It is suggested that IgE and short-term sensitizing IgG antibodies may be responsible for the immediate reactions while activation of the alternative pathway of complement by endotoxin contained in HCW could be responsible for the late reactions. HCW antigens were shown to release histamine from non-sensitized human leucocytes; HCW and HCF antigens were shown to release histamine from non-sensitized human lung. None of the antigens tested had an effect on beta-receptors in tracheal preparations. It is proposed that these reactions may contribute to the pathogenicity of H. influenzae in the lower respiratory tract.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro reactions to antigens of Haemophilus influenzae in bronchial obstruction. The frequency of precipitating antibody to heat-labile (H(1--2) and heat-stable (HCW and HCF) antigens of Haemophilus influenzae was determined in patients with asthma, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis and compared with that in a control group. This showed that the immune response of asthmatic patients to heat-stable antigens was different from that to the heat-labile antigens. Exposure to antigens of H. influenzae is common in all the disease groups. Skin test reactions having the time course and macroscopic appearance of Type I (immediate) and Type III (late) were obtained after prick and intracutaneous skin testing with HCW antigen in varying concentrations in a group of patients with asthma, chronic bronchitis or cystic fibrosis and in a control group. It is suggested that IgE and short-term sensitizing IgG antibodies may be responsible for the immediate reactions while activation of the alternative pathway of complement by endotoxin contained in HCW could be responsible for the late reactions. HCW antigens were shown to release histamine from non-sensitized human leucocytes; HCW and HCF antigens were shown to release histamine from non-sensitized human lung. None of the antigens tested had an effect on beta-receptors in tracheal preparations. It is proposed that these reactions may contribute to the pathogenicity of H. influenzae in the lower respiratory tract.", "PMID": 95481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1678", "title": "[Nucleic acids in the liver of rat treated with \"E. coli\" O 127 lipopolysaccharide (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors have studied the variations of nucleic acids, proteins and histological aspect in the liver of rats, treated with 1 mg of E. coli ) 127 lipopolysaccharide and killed at 24th, 48th, 72th, 96th hour after the inoculation. The endotoxin determines an increase of nucleic acids and a reduction of hepatic proteic contents. The histological observation shows throw-back phenomenons of the hepatocyte with hyperplasy and hypertrophy of Kupffer cells at 24th hour, while at following intervals the phenomenous of hepatic rigeneration emphasize.", "contents": "[Nucleic acids in the liver of rat treated with \"E. coli\" O 127 lipopolysaccharide (author's transl)]. The Authors have studied the variations of nucleic acids, proteins and histological aspect in the liver of rats, treated with 1 mg of E. coli ) 127 lipopolysaccharide and killed at 24th, 48th, 72th, 96th hour after the inoculation. The endotoxin determines an increase of nucleic acids and a reduction of hepatic proteic contents. The histological observation shows throw-back phenomenons of the hepatocyte with hyperplasy and hypertrophy of Kupffer cells at 24th hour, while at following intervals the phenomenous of hepatic rigeneration emphasize.", "PMID": 95476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1679", "title": "[Clinical studies of the antiarrhythmic efficacy of disopyramide phosphate (Norpace) (author's transl)].", "content": "The antiarrhythmic action of Norpace was investigated in three clinical studies. 1. A single blind placebo controlled study in 10 centers confirmed the antiarrhythmic action of Norpace in 120 patients with ventricular or supraventricular cardiac arrhythmias. It was shown by means of continuous ECG recordings that Norpace produced a statistically significant reduction in the frequency of both ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles. Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia was prevented in 70% of the patients. 2. In a double blind comparative study of Norpace and quinidine sulphate a similar antiarrhythmic action against ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles was shown in both patient groups. In contrast, the tolerance of Norpace was markedly superior to quinidne sulphate. 3. An acute study of the action of Norpace was also conducted. Therapeutic plasma levels were attained within 2 1/2 hours following an initial single dose and within 60 to 120 minutes when this dose was doubled. Orally administered disopyramide phosphate has therefore proved effective in both the short and longer term treatment of various types of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Its antiarrhythmic properties are very similar to those of quinidine sulphate. The dosage of disopyramide phosphate should be sufficiently high and must be individualized. The dosage generally lies between 400 and 800 mg daily and should be given in 4 divided doses at intervals of 6 hours. To achieve rapid therapeutic effects an initial dose of 2 x 150 mg is recommended. This method of administration will produce effective therapeutic plasma levels within 1 to 2 hours. Due to possible negative inotropic effects it is necessary to digitalize patients with congestive heart failure and caution should be exercised in poorly compensated patients. Observed side effects were mainly of the anticholinergic type.", "contents": "[Clinical studies of the antiarrhythmic efficacy of disopyramide phosphate (Norpace) (author's transl)]. The antiarrhythmic action of Norpace was investigated in three clinical studies. 1. A single blind placebo controlled study in 10 centers confirmed the antiarrhythmic action of Norpace in 120 patients with ventricular or supraventricular cardiac arrhythmias. It was shown by means of continuous ECG recordings that Norpace produced a statistically significant reduction in the frequency of both ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles. Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia was prevented in 70% of the patients. 2. In a double blind comparative study of Norpace and quinidine sulphate a similar antiarrhythmic action against ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles was shown in both patient groups. In contrast, the tolerance of Norpace was markedly superior to quinidne sulphate. 3. An acute study of the action of Norpace was also conducted. Therapeutic plasma levels were attained within 2 1/2 hours following an initial single dose and within 60 to 120 minutes when this dose was doubled. Orally administered disopyramide phosphate has therefore proved effective in both the short and longer term treatment of various types of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Its antiarrhythmic properties are very similar to those of quinidine sulphate. The dosage of disopyramide phosphate should be sufficiently high and must be individualized. The dosage generally lies between 400 and 800 mg daily and should be given in 4 divided doses at intervals of 6 hours. To achieve rapid therapeutic effects an initial dose of 2 x 150 mg is recommended. This method of administration will produce effective therapeutic plasma levels within 1 to 2 hours. Due to possible negative inotropic effects it is necessary to digitalize patients with congestive heart failure and caution should be exercised in poorly compensated patients. Observed side effects were mainly of the anticholinergic type.", "PMID": 95482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1680", "title": "Prevention of neural tube malformation by genetic counselling, and prenatal diagnostic surveillance.", "content": "The aetiology and genetics of the spectrum of dysraphic neural tube malformations from anencephaly through encephalocele, myelocele and meningocele to complicated spina bifida occulta, is outlined. The risk of recurrence, the methods and problems of genetic counselling are discussed. All women known to be at risk for neural tube malformation should be counselled carefully and offered prenatal diagnostic surveillance for any future pregnancy. There is no longer any need for a couple able to accept termination, to go through with a pregnancy in fear of recurrence.", "contents": "Prevention of neural tube malformation by genetic counselling, and prenatal diagnostic surveillance. The aetiology and genetics of the spectrum of dysraphic neural tube malformations from anencephaly through encephalocele, myelocele and meningocele to complicated spina bifida occulta, is outlined. The risk of recurrence, the methods and problems of genetic counselling are discussed. All women known to be at risk for neural tube malformation should be counselled carefully and offered prenatal diagnostic surveillance for any future pregnancy. There is no longer any need for a couple able to accept termination, to go through with a pregnancy in fear of recurrence.", "PMID": 95483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1681", "title": "[Effects of DDT and aldrin on swine cell line IB-RS-2].", "content": "Swine cells IB-RS-2 were exposed to 0,1-100 microgram/ml medium of DDT and aldrin for 48 hours. The data obtained showed that both compounds decreased cell growth. This effect depends on the concentration and on the time of cell exposition to the insecticides. These compounds also decreased the levels of cellular protein, RNA and DNA. The degrees of changes with aldrin were less than with DDT.", "contents": "[Effects of DDT and aldrin on swine cell line IB-RS-2]. Swine cells IB-RS-2 were exposed to 0,1-100 microgram/ml medium of DDT and aldrin for 48 hours. The data obtained showed that both compounds decreased cell growth. This effect depends on the concentration and on the time of cell exposition to the insecticides. These compounds also decreased the levels of cellular protein, RNA and DNA. The degrees of changes with aldrin were less than with DDT.", "PMID": 95479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1682", "title": "[Significance and limits of alpha-fetoprotein levels in the prenatal diagnosis of malformations of the central nervous system].", "content": "Amniotic fluid or/and serum alpha-foeto protein (AFP) determination is used as a test-system for screening of neural tube defects. The physiologic basis of this screening are described taking into account the evolution of AFP concentration in foetal and maternal blood, and in amniotic fluid. As for all the biologic screening systems, the acquired experience reveals a lack of sensibility and specificity. First the authors analyse the analytic and biologic problems which have an effect upon sensibility; then, they consider the mechanisms which explain the specificity lack showing itself in some foetal malformations. Practically, interpretation of AFP results requires necessarily familial story and echography results. Taking into consideration the different problems concerning AFP, a programme to utilize the test-system is presented for prenatal diagnosis of malformations of central nervous system.", "contents": "[Significance and limits of alpha-fetoprotein levels in the prenatal diagnosis of malformations of the central nervous system]. Amniotic fluid or/and serum alpha-foeto protein (AFP) determination is used as a test-system for screening of neural tube defects. The physiologic basis of this screening are described taking into account the evolution of AFP concentration in foetal and maternal blood, and in amniotic fluid. As for all the biologic screening systems, the acquired experience reveals a lack of sensibility and specificity. First the authors analyse the analytic and biologic problems which have an effect upon sensibility; then, they consider the mechanisms which explain the specificity lack showing itself in some foetal malformations. Practically, interpretation of AFP results requires necessarily familial story and echography results. Taking into consideration the different problems concerning AFP, a programme to utilize the test-system is presented for prenatal diagnosis of malformations of central nervous system.", "PMID": 95484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1683", "title": "[The present work concern the diagnostic significance and utility of enzymology in clinical practice (author's transl)].", "content": "To a short treatment concerning the main concepts of this discipline, follows the description on the enzymatic patterns typical of the most frequent diseases of various organs and apparatus, and a review of the literature about the main features of the enzymes of the greatest use and interest for internal medicine.", "contents": "[The present work concern the diagnostic significance and utility of enzymology in clinical practice (author's transl)]. To a short treatment concerning the main concepts of this discipline, follows the description on the enzymatic patterns typical of the most frequent diseases of various organs and apparatus, and a review of the literature about the main features of the enzymes of the greatest use and interest for internal medicine.", "PMID": 95487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1684", "title": "[Chemotherapy of non-microcellular disseminated bronchial cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty-one patients suffering from non-microcellular bronchial cancer with metastasis were divided at random into two groups: 33 patients received BACFON polychemotherapy, 18 patients did not receive chemotherapy. There was no global significant difference between the two groups (total mean survival time : 22 weeks with good therapy and 18 without), but a significant difference could be observed if there was an early response (M.S.T. : 38 weeks) compared to no response (M.S.T. : 15 weeks). Similar results were obtained when radiotherapy was associated (M.S.T. : 34 weeks) compared to chemotherapy without radiotherapy (M.S.T. : 22 weeks).", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of non-microcellular disseminated bronchial cancer (author's transl)]. Fifty-one patients suffering from non-microcellular bronchial cancer with metastasis were divided at random into two groups: 33 patients received BACFON polychemotherapy, 18 patients did not receive chemotherapy. There was no global significant difference between the two groups (total mean survival time : 22 weeks with good therapy and 18 without), but a significant difference could be observed if there was an early response (M.S.T. : 38 weeks) compared to no response (M.S.T. : 15 weeks). Similar results were obtained when radiotherapy was associated (M.S.T. : 34 weeks) compared to chemotherapy without radiotherapy (M.S.T. : 22 weeks).", "PMID": 95488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1685", "title": "On the occurrence and prognosis of aphasia in patients with cerebral infarction.", "content": "Of 338 consecutive patients with cerebral infarction, aphasia in the acute phase was found in 96. Of these, 18 had totally recovered from aphasic speech disturbances when leaving the hospital. The patients were examined 2-8, in average 6 years after the onset of the illness. 39% of them had died, 27% still suffered from aphasic speech disturbances, while 32% were recovered from aphasia. In addition, disturbances in writing, reading, and/or calculation were observed in more than the half of the survivors. Of patients over 65 years of age 56% were dead compared with 32% of younger patients. Aphasia was observed relatively more in geriatric patients, and the recovery of them was poorer.", "contents": "On the occurrence and prognosis of aphasia in patients with cerebral infarction. Of 338 consecutive patients with cerebral infarction, aphasia in the acute phase was found in 96. Of these, 18 had totally recovered from aphasic speech disturbances when leaving the hospital. The patients were examined 2-8, in average 6 years after the onset of the illness. 39% of them had died, 27% still suffered from aphasic speech disturbances, while 32% were recovered from aphasia. In addition, disturbances in writing, reading, and/or calculation were observed in more than the half of the survivors. Of patients over 65 years of age 56% were dead compared with 32% of younger patients. Aphasia was observed relatively more in geriatric patients, and the recovery of them was poorer.", "PMID": 95489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1686", "title": "[Intramedullary topography of the motor neurons of the brachial plexus of the rat. Preliminary study].", "content": "The exact localisation of the motor pools of anterior horn providing the different nerves of the brachial plexus remains unclear. The data obtained have been furnished by different methods: Nissl methods furnish cytoarchitectonic data -- Golgi methods furnish dendro-architectonic data. The topographical data were obtained by the chromatolytic modifications of the moto-neurons after a peripheral nerve injury. The recently used method of the retrograde transport of HRP permits to get information about the exact localisation and the dendritic extent of the neurons of a motor pool related to a particular nerve. We have studied the localisation of the nerves of the brachial plexus in the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord. We have determined the exact extent of the different motor pools in relation to each nerve. It seems that two different regions may be recognized in the anterior horn: a ventro lateral one in relation with the girdle muscles and a dorso lateral region related with the more distal muscles of the anterior limb.", "contents": "[Intramedullary topography of the motor neurons of the brachial plexus of the rat. Preliminary study]. The exact localisation of the motor pools of anterior horn providing the different nerves of the brachial plexus remains unclear. The data obtained have been furnished by different methods: Nissl methods furnish cytoarchitectonic data -- Golgi methods furnish dendro-architectonic data. The topographical data were obtained by the chromatolytic modifications of the moto-neurons after a peripheral nerve injury. The recently used method of the retrograde transport of HRP permits to get information about the exact localisation and the dendritic extent of the neurons of a motor pool related to a particular nerve. We have studied the localisation of the nerves of the brachial plexus in the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord. We have determined the exact extent of the different motor pools in relation to each nerve. It seems that two different regions may be recognized in the anterior horn: a ventro lateral one in relation with the girdle muscles and a dorso lateral region related with the more distal muscles of the anterior limb.", "PMID": 95502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1687", "title": "[Myelin].", "content": "The lipid and protein composition and the metabolic turnover of myelin in the C.N.S., are briefly reported. For a better understanding, it seemed useful to introduce some historical data on the discovery of myelin and to give a morphological description at structural and ultrastructural level.", "contents": "[Myelin]. The lipid and protein composition and the metabolic turnover of myelin in the C.N.S., are briefly reported. For a better understanding, it seemed useful to introduce some historical data on the discovery of myelin and to give a morphological description at structural and ultrastructural level.", "PMID": 95501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1688", "title": "Efflux of magnesium and potassium ions from liver mitochondria induced by inorganic phosphate and by diamide.", "content": "Addition to rat liver mitochondria of 2 mM inorganic phosphate or 0.15 mM diamide, a thiol-oxidizing agent, induced an efflux of endogenous Mg2+ linear with time and dependent on coupled respiration. No net Ca2+ release occurred under these conditions, while a concomitant release of K+ was observed. Mg2+ efflux mediated either by Pi or low concentration of diamide was completely prevented by EGTA, Ruthenium red, and NEM. These reagents also inhibited the increased rate of state 4 respiration induced both by Pi and diamide. At higher concentrations (0.4 mM), diamide induced an efflux of Mg2+ which was associated also with a release of endogenous Ca2+. Under these conditions EGTA completely prevented Mg2+ and K+ effluxes, while they were only partially inhibited by Ruthenium red and NEM. It is assumed that Mg2+ efflux, occurring at low diamide concentrations or in the presence of phosphate, is dependent on a cyclic in-and-out movement of Ca2+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in which the passive efflux is compensated by a continuous energy linked reuptake. This explains the dependence of Mg2+ efflux on coupled respiration, as well as the increased rate of state 4 respiration. The dependence of Mg2+ efflux on phosphate transport is explained by the phosphate requirement for Ca2+ movement.", "contents": "Efflux of magnesium and potassium ions from liver mitochondria induced by inorganic phosphate and by diamide. Addition to rat liver mitochondria of 2 mM inorganic phosphate or 0.15 mM diamide, a thiol-oxidizing agent, induced an efflux of endogenous Mg2+ linear with time and dependent on coupled respiration. No net Ca2+ release occurred under these conditions, while a concomitant release of K+ was observed. Mg2+ efflux mediated either by Pi or low concentration of diamide was completely prevented by EGTA, Ruthenium red, and NEM. These reagents also inhibited the increased rate of state 4 respiration induced both by Pi and diamide. At higher concentrations (0.4 mM), diamide induced an efflux of Mg2+ which was associated also with a release of endogenous Ca2+. Under these conditions EGTA completely prevented Mg2+ and K+ effluxes, while they were only partially inhibited by Ruthenium red and NEM. It is assumed that Mg2+ efflux, occurring at low diamide concentrations or in the presence of phosphate, is dependent on a cyclic in-and-out movement of Ca2+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in which the passive efflux is compensated by a continuous energy linked reuptake. This explains the dependence of Mg2+ efflux on coupled respiration, as well as the increased rate of state 4 respiration. The dependence of Mg2+ efflux on phosphate transport is explained by the phosphate requirement for Ca2+ movement.", "PMID": 95507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1689", "title": "The messianic idea and messianic delusion.", "content": "The messianic delusional syndrome repeats an historical prototype that manifests itself in each patient with individual changes. The syndrome expresses a serious impairment of identity and reflects a social, cultural and religious reality through generations. The regularities of its clinical features comprise a delusional system, centered on the patient's conviction that he has been chosen by God for a special and intransferable mission. The patient has special powers for carrying out this mission. He is a savior and announces resurrection. His delusions have a clear symbolic character. For the patient's social group, the messianic idea is an attempt at annulling the effect of oppression or persecution that have become unbearable for the individual. They represent a flight from the human sphere and an attempt to be God. The patient's behavior is in consonance with this purpose; it expresses itself, on the one hand, through preaching repentance and compassion and, on the other hand, the patient gives up his earthly links and replaces them by parental relations with God. In the above-mentioned context, the author analyzes the different elements of the religious conception in the Christian, Moslem and Jewish religions, and the way each of them expresses itself in the general symptomatology.", "contents": "The messianic idea and messianic delusion. The messianic delusional syndrome repeats an historical prototype that manifests itself in each patient with individual changes. The syndrome expresses a serious impairment of identity and reflects a social, cultural and religious reality through generations. The regularities of its clinical features comprise a delusional system, centered on the patient's conviction that he has been chosen by God for a special and intransferable mission. The patient has special powers for carrying out this mission. He is a savior and announces resurrection. His delusions have a clear symbolic character. For the patient's social group, the messianic idea is an attempt at annulling the effect of oppression or persecution that have become unbearable for the individual. They represent a flight from the human sphere and an attempt to be God. The patient's behavior is in consonance with this purpose; it expresses itself, on the one hand, through preaching repentance and compassion and, on the other hand, the patient gives up his earthly links and replaces them by parental relations with God. In the above-mentioned context, the author analyzes the different elements of the religious conception in the Christian, Moslem and Jewish religions, and the way each of them expresses itself in the general symptomatology.", "PMID": 95508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1690", "title": "Reappraisal of prick test to tree and weed antigens.", "content": "Although 3+ or 4+ prick test reactions to olive tree or Russian thistle are valid, the RAST values to these antigens are significantly lower than those in patients with similar reactions to grass antigens, suggesting that nonimmunologic factors are partially responsible for the skin test reactions to the tree and weed antigens.", "contents": "Reappraisal of prick test to tree and weed antigens. Although 3+ or 4+ prick test reactions to olive tree or Russian thistle are valid, the RAST values to these antigens are significantly lower than those in patients with similar reactions to grass antigens, suggesting that nonimmunologic factors are partially responsible for the skin test reactions to the tree and weed antigens.", "PMID": 95512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1691", "title": "Is dementia primarily a subcortical disease? Appraisal of recent biochemical observations.", "content": "Recent studies have shown some morphological, structural, metabolic, and biochemical alterations in cortical and subcortical areas of brain of patients with Dementia. In this work we have studied Choline Acetyltransferase activity in cortical and subcortical areas and we present some data that shown a involvement of subcortical structures in Demented brain.", "contents": "Is dementia primarily a subcortical disease? Appraisal of recent biochemical observations. Recent studies have shown some morphological, structural, metabolic, and biochemical alterations in cortical and subcortical areas of brain of patients with Dementia. In this work we have studied Choline Acetyltransferase activity in cortical and subcortical areas and we present some data that shown a involvement of subcortical structures in Demented brain.", "PMID": 95510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1692", "title": "Minor metabolism a xanthene dye by African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse).", "content": "In a continuation of our previous report (Adekunle, 1978), we have carried out a comparative study on the metabolism of eosin (2, 4, 5, 7-tetrabromofluorescein), a xanthene, in 2 mammalian species, the Albino rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse). The latter shows a minor metabolism of this dye compared with the former. The findings are discussed in relation to the disposition of Erythrosine BS (tetraiodofluorescein) reported by other workers.", "contents": "Minor metabolism a xanthene dye by African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse). In a continuation of our previous report (Adekunle, 1978), we have carried out a comparative study on the metabolism of eosin (2, 4, 5, 7-tetrabromofluorescein), a xanthene, in 2 mammalian species, the Albino rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse). The latter shows a minor metabolism of this dye compared with the former. The findings are discussed in relation to the disposition of Erythrosine BS (tetraiodofluorescein) reported by other workers.", "PMID": 95515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1693", "title": "Characterization of stem cells and progenitors of hemopoiesis by cell sorting.", "content": "Cell sorting has been used as a method for characterizing hemopoietic stem cells and progenitors. Fluorescent antibody-surface labels and changes in fluorescence polarization induced by in vitro stimulation with potential hemopoietic regulators were used. As detected by significant enrichment of CFU-S (pluripotent stem cells) in fluorescence-activated cell sorting, some CFU-S bear 'unique antigens' recognized by rabbit anti-human brain sera, human anti-human sperm sera, and 129 anti-F9 serum, but not A . TH anti-A . TL (Ia) ascites. Significant changes in fluorescence polarization induced by in vitro stimulation of mouse bone marrow with potential hemopoietic regulators were also observed; further, progenitors of human T-lymphocyte colonies were observed to exhibit a significantly decreased mean polarization value after short-term stimulation with PHA-LCM (phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocyte conditioned medium).", "contents": "Characterization of stem cells and progenitors of hemopoiesis by cell sorting. Cell sorting has been used as a method for characterizing hemopoietic stem cells and progenitors. Fluorescent antibody-surface labels and changes in fluorescence polarization induced by in vitro stimulation with potential hemopoietic regulators were used. As detected by significant enrichment of CFU-S (pluripotent stem cells) in fluorescence-activated cell sorting, some CFU-S bear 'unique antigens' recognized by rabbit anti-human brain sera, human anti-human sperm sera, and 129 anti-F9 serum, but not A . TH anti-A . TL (Ia) ascites. Significant changes in fluorescence polarization induced by in vitro stimulation of mouse bone marrow with potential hemopoietic regulators were also observed; further, progenitors of human T-lymphocyte colonies were observed to exhibit a significantly decreased mean polarization value after short-term stimulation with PHA-LCM (phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocyte conditioned medium).", "PMID": 95516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1694", "title": "Fetal hemoglobin: in vivo stimulation by D-thyroxine in adult marmosets.", "content": "Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin gene expressions was studied in new-world monkeys (marmosets). After a series of intraperitoneal injections of D-thyroxine, fetal hemoglobin production was increased in three experimental animals. Control animals were unaffected by the injection of the solvent. Because the percentage of cells containing fetal hemoglobin exceeded the total percentage of fetal hemoglobin, it was concluded that thyroid hormone influenced the synthesis of fetal hemoglobin rather than the development of a population of fetal cells.", "contents": "Fetal hemoglobin: in vivo stimulation by D-thyroxine in adult marmosets. Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin gene expressions was studied in new-world monkeys (marmosets). After a series of intraperitoneal injections of D-thyroxine, fetal hemoglobin production was increased in three experimental animals. Control animals were unaffected by the injection of the solvent. Because the percentage of cells containing fetal hemoglobin exceeded the total percentage of fetal hemoglobin, it was concluded that thyroid hormone influenced the synthesis of fetal hemoglobin rather than the development of a population of fetal cells.", "PMID": 95517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1695", "title": "[Alpha fetoprotein titers in HBsAg positive hospital personnel].", "content": "A survey was carried on the sera secured from the Ankara University Hospital for HBsAG. Out of 23 HBsAg positive sera, four sera was demonstrated containing high levels of Alpha-feto-protein, by haemagglutination test (Mochida). The cases were being followed up and within one year, second testing also proved high levels. One of them suffered from hepatitis two years ago and working at gynecology clinic as nurse.", "contents": "[Alpha fetoprotein titers in HBsAg positive hospital personnel]. A survey was carried on the sera secured from the Ankara University Hospital for HBsAG. Out of 23 HBsAg positive sera, four sera was demonstrated containing high levels of Alpha-feto-protein, by haemagglutination test (Mochida). The cases were being followed up and within one year, second testing also proved high levels. One of them suffered from hepatitis two years ago and working at gynecology clinic as nurse.", "PMID": 95521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1696", "title": "Developmental evaluation in congenital esotropia.", "content": "Eleven patients with congenital esotropia were tested with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) before surgery and at two and six months after surgery. Eight patients completed all three tests and no obvious changes were found between the first and last test. Of the eight patients, two were considered developmentally normal by the BSID; three had significantly delayed mental and motor scores; one showed significant mental delay; and one had motor delay. Medial rectus muscle recessions were done bilaterally on all patients. Four required a second operation. Orthophoria was obtained in six patients.", "contents": "Developmental evaluation in congenital esotropia. Eleven patients with congenital esotropia were tested with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) before surgery and at two and six months after surgery. Eight patients completed all three tests and no obvious changes were found between the first and last test. Of the eight patients, two were considered developmentally normal by the BSID; three had significantly delayed mental and motor scores; one showed significant mental delay; and one had motor delay. Medial rectus muscle recessions were done bilaterally on all patients. Four required a second operation. Orthophoria was obtained in six patients.", "PMID": 95522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1697", "title": "Nucleic acids quantitation in polyacrylamide disc gels with a modified double beam spectrophotometer.", "content": "Quantitation of RNA and protein bands separated in polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis is time consuming and not reliable when performed after staining processes. The best theoretical approach is the use of absorption spectra of the samples. The present paper reports the construction of an efficient and inexpensive adapter to perform direct scanning of 100 mm gels in a Unicam SP-800 double beam spectrophotometer. Conditions for gel casting and electrophoresis were established for RNA. A linear response between 0.25 micrograms and 15 micrograms per individual peak was found with a quantitative limit of detection of 0.25 micrograms. Spectral analysis of each band can be performed allowing identification of samples as nucleotides and detection of contaminants.", "contents": "Nucleic acids quantitation in polyacrylamide disc gels with a modified double beam spectrophotometer. Quantitation of RNA and protein bands separated in polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis is time consuming and not reliable when performed after staining processes. The best theoretical approach is the use of absorption spectra of the samples. The present paper reports the construction of an efficient and inexpensive adapter to perform direct scanning of 100 mm gels in a Unicam SP-800 double beam spectrophotometer. Conditions for gel casting and electrophoresis were established for RNA. A linear response between 0.25 micrograms and 15 micrograms per individual peak was found with a quantitative limit of detection of 0.25 micrograms. Spectral analysis of each band can be performed allowing identification of samples as nucleotides and detection of contaminants.", "PMID": 95523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1698", "title": "IgG in human cornea stained by various techniques.", "content": "Four eyes were divided into portions which were prepared by various techniques for immunofluorescence microscopy. One portion was frozen and processed by cryostat cutting, a second was fixed in alcohol-acetic acid and embedded in paraffin, and a third was soaked in saline for 2 days to elute IgG and was then processed by the alcohol-acetic acid technique. All tissues received stain for IgG by either the direct (one-layer) or indirect (two-layer) technique. In all instances IgG was demonstrated in the same areas of the cornea. We conclude that the presence of IgG in human cornea is not dependent on the method used for fixation or processing of the tissue.", "contents": "IgG in human cornea stained by various techniques. Four eyes were divided into portions which were prepared by various techniques for immunofluorescence microscopy. One portion was frozen and processed by cryostat cutting, a second was fixed in alcohol-acetic acid and embedded in paraffin, and a third was soaked in saline for 2 days to elute IgG and was then processed by the alcohol-acetic acid technique. All tissues received stain for IgG by either the direct (one-layer) or indirect (two-layer) technique. In all instances IgG was demonstrated in the same areas of the cornea. We conclude that the presence of IgG in human cornea is not dependent on the method used for fixation or processing of the tissue.", "PMID": 95524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1699", "title": "[Diagnosis experiences in 188 patients with primary liver cancer].", "content": "In Austria primary carcinoma of the liver (plc) is no rare malignancy. From 1973 and 1979, in our department, 188 patients with plc had been registered. By separate evaluation of the results of alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP)-determination and 67-gallium-liverscintigraphy, a diagnostic accuracy of 81.6%, resp. 78. % could be demonstrated. By combination of both methods, a correct diagnosis of plc was obtained in 95%. Based on the promising results of lobectomies performed in patients with plc, therapeutic nihilism is not longer justifiable.", "contents": "[Diagnosis experiences in 188 patients with primary liver cancer]. In Austria primary carcinoma of the liver (plc) is no rare malignancy. From 1973 and 1979, in our department, 188 patients with plc had been registered. By separate evaluation of the results of alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP)-determination and 67-gallium-liverscintigraphy, a diagnostic accuracy of 81.6%, resp. 78. % could be demonstrated. By combination of both methods, a correct diagnosis of plc was obtained in 95%. Based on the promising results of lobectomies performed in patients with plc, therapeutic nihilism is not longer justifiable.", "PMID": 95540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1700", "title": "[Initial experiences with a new treatment protocol in otorhinolaryngologic cancers].", "content": "A new combined modality treatment in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, is presented. It consists of surgery, or radiotherapy, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with MTX and CF rescue, cis-DDP, Bleomycin, Cyclophosphamide, given sequentially. Toxic effects were not very severe and did not cause an interruption of therapy.", "contents": "[Initial experiences with a new treatment protocol in otorhinolaryngologic cancers]. A new combined modality treatment in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, is presented. It consists of surgery, or radiotherapy, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with MTX and CF rescue, cis-DDP, Bleomycin, Cyclophosphamide, given sequentially. Toxic effects were not very severe and did not cause an interruption of therapy.", "PMID": 95541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1701", "title": "[Hematologic diseases and opsonic alpha 2-macroglobulin. A correlative study].", "content": "We have investigated the opsonic alpha 2 Macroglobulin in Patients with various haematological diseases by means of turbidimetry. Patients with a poor prognosis tended to have lower levels. Therapeutic implications are discussed.", "contents": "[Hematologic diseases and opsonic alpha 2-macroglobulin. A correlative study]. We have investigated the opsonic alpha 2 Macroglobulin in Patients with various haematological diseases by means of turbidimetry. Patients with a poor prognosis tended to have lower levels. Therapeutic implications are discussed.", "PMID": 95542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1702", "title": "[Clinical significance of the radioimmunological determination of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4].", "content": "Recently new radioimmunoassay methods have been established to measure plasma concentrations of beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4), platelet release products which are set free when platelets aggregate. Plasma concentrations of beta-TG and PF4 were investigated in disorders with increased thromboembolic risk. Extremely high concentrations of these platelet proteins were found in patients with venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, polycythemia vera, and chronic renal failure. Moderately increased beta-TG and PF4 levels were observed in patients with peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, multiple myeloma, and diabetes mellitus. These data indicate, that plasma concentrations of beta-TG and PF4 are useful parameters for the evaluation of the \"in vivo\" platelet activity. By using these new methods for clinical applications special blood sampling conditions have been taken into account; moreover one has to consider that the plasma levels of the platelet \"release products\" are dependent from renal function.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of the radioimmunological determination of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4]. Recently new radioimmunoassay methods have been established to measure plasma concentrations of beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4), platelet release products which are set free when platelets aggregate. Plasma concentrations of beta-TG and PF4 were investigated in disorders with increased thromboembolic risk. Extremely high concentrations of these platelet proteins were found in patients with venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, polycythemia vera, and chronic renal failure. Moderately increased beta-TG and PF4 levels were observed in patients with peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, multiple myeloma, and diabetes mellitus. These data indicate, that plasma concentrations of beta-TG and PF4 are useful parameters for the evaluation of the \"in vivo\" platelet activity. By using these new methods for clinical applications special blood sampling conditions have been taken into account; moreover one has to consider that the plasma levels of the platelet \"release products\" are dependent from renal function.", "PMID": 95543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1703", "title": "Separation of the microvillous (maternal) from the basal (fetal) plasma membrane of human term placenta: methods and physiological significance of marker enzyme distribution.", "content": "Plasma membranes from normal, full-term human placental trophoblast have been isolated by a new procedure. The method depends upon isopycnic zonal centrifugation using linear sucrose/Ficoll density gradients. Enrichment of plasma membrane marker enzymes with respect to trophoblast homogenate is found in two distinct peaks (designated B and D) of the fractionated effluent recovered from the rotor. Fraction B is enriched with membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase, but not with (Na+, K+)-ATPase of F(-)-stimulated adenylate cyclase. It is suggested that this material is derived from the maternal-facing microvillous plasma membrane. Fraction D, enriched with (Na+, K+)-ATPase, F(-)-stimulated adenylate cyclase and, to a smaller extent, with 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase is, by exclusion, proposed to be derived from the fetal-facing basal plasma membrane. Both plasma membrane fractions are shown to be free of appreciable contamination, using specific markers for endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, nuclei and lysosomes. The separation of the two membrane fractions is shown to depend both upon these membranes forming closed vesicles during homogenization and upon the buoyant densities of such vesicles differing in such a way that microvillous plasma membranes band at a lower density than basal plasma membranes. No separation of the membranes is achieved in gradients in which the vesicles are collapsed.", "contents": "Separation of the microvillous (maternal) from the basal (fetal) plasma membrane of human term placenta: methods and physiological significance of marker enzyme distribution. Plasma membranes from normal, full-term human placental trophoblast have been isolated by a new procedure. The method depends upon isopycnic zonal centrifugation using linear sucrose/Ficoll density gradients. Enrichment of plasma membrane marker enzymes with respect to trophoblast homogenate is found in two distinct peaks (designated B and D) of the fractionated effluent recovered from the rotor. Fraction B is enriched with membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase, but not with (Na+, K+)-ATPase of F(-)-stimulated adenylate cyclase. It is suggested that this material is derived from the maternal-facing microvillous plasma membrane. Fraction D, enriched with (Na+, K+)-ATPase, F(-)-stimulated adenylate cyclase and, to a smaller extent, with 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase is, by exclusion, proposed to be derived from the fetal-facing basal plasma membrane. Both plasma membrane fractions are shown to be free of appreciable contamination, using specific markers for endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, nuclei and lysosomes. The separation of the two membrane fractions is shown to depend both upon these membranes forming closed vesicles during homogenization and upon the buoyant densities of such vesicles differing in such a way that microvillous plasma membranes band at a lower density than basal plasma membranes. No separation of the membranes is achieved in gradients in which the vesicles are collapsed.", "PMID": 95548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1704", "title": "Protection of primate lung from stored-blood perfusion by peptidase inhibition and target membrane stabilization.", "content": "Microaggregate filtration and separation of the cellular components of stored autologous blood have not changed the functional and morphological damage in primate lungs from stored-blood perfusion. Pharmacologic prevention of these \"shock lung\" changes was attempted with trasylol and with methylprednisolone pretreatment. In an in situ primate lung perfusion model, fresh and stored blood was perfused in untreated baboons and in groups of seven animals each pretreated with Trasylol or methylprednisolone. Pulmonary damage from stored-blood perfusion was evident by pulmonary edema, increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, decreases in effective compliance and arteriovenous pO2 gradient as well as by morphological criteria. Some protection was afforded by methylprednisolone and, to a lesser extent, trasylol pretreatment against this damage in primate lung form and function induced by stored-blood perfusion.", "contents": "Protection of primate lung from stored-blood perfusion by peptidase inhibition and target membrane stabilization. Microaggregate filtration and separation of the cellular components of stored autologous blood have not changed the functional and morphological damage in primate lungs from stored-blood perfusion. Pharmacologic prevention of these \"shock lung\" changes was attempted with trasylol and with methylprednisolone pretreatment. In an in situ primate lung perfusion model, fresh and stored blood was perfused in untreated baboons and in groups of seven animals each pretreated with Trasylol or methylprednisolone. Pulmonary damage from stored-blood perfusion was evident by pulmonary edema, increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, decreases in effective compliance and arteriovenous pO2 gradient as well as by morphological criteria. Some protection was afforded by methylprednisolone and, to a lesser extent, trasylol pretreatment against this damage in primate lung form and function induced by stored-blood perfusion.", "PMID": 95551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1705", "title": "Maltotetraose as a substrate for enzyme-coupled assay of amylase activity in serum and urine.", "content": "The use of maltotetraose ss a new substrate for the enzyme-coupled determination of amylase activity in biological fluids was developed by Beckman Microbics. We evaluated a manual and a centrifugal analyzer version of the method in comparison with two commonly used manual starch-dye amylase techniques: Roche Amylochrome and Pharmacia Phadebas. Both maltotetraose amylase procedures proved to be rapid and precise, and results correlated satisfactorily with the starch-dye methods for serum and urine samples.", "contents": "Maltotetraose as a substrate for enzyme-coupled assay of amylase activity in serum and urine. The use of maltotetraose ss a new substrate for the enzyme-coupled determination of amylase activity in biological fluids was developed by Beckman Microbics. We evaluated a manual and a centrifugal analyzer version of the method in comparison with two commonly used manual starch-dye amylase techniques: Roche Amylochrome and Pharmacia Phadebas. Both maltotetraose amylase procedures proved to be rapid and precise, and results correlated satisfactorily with the starch-dye methods for serum and urine samples.", "PMID": 95558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1706", "title": "On the potential variation in the gramicidin channel.", "content": "A simple model for the gramicidin ion pore is analyzed in which the potential energy of the ion in the pore can be resolved into three parts: a series of equal potential barriers, the contribution from the applied potential, and a parabolic variation leading to either a potential maximum or a potential minimum at the center of the membrane. For low ion concentrations, the particular case corresponding to a potential minima 2kT below the surface potential predicts experimentally observed behavior.", "contents": "On the potential variation in the gramicidin channel. A simple model for the gramicidin ion pore is analyzed in which the potential energy of the ion in the pore can be resolved into three parts: a series of equal potential barriers, the contribution from the applied potential, and a parabolic variation leading to either a potential maximum or a potential minimum at the center of the membrane. For low ion concentrations, the particular case corresponding to a potential minima 2kT below the surface potential predicts experimentally observed behavior.", "PMID": 95565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1707", "title": "Na+ interacting with gramicidin D. A nuclear magnetic resonance study.", "content": "23Na nuclei in a milk-white emulsion composed to nonionic surfactant and higher alcohol in saline were characterized by single values of T1 and T2 and a single Larmor frequency. In the presence of small amounts of gramicidin D (Dubos), the relaxations of 23Na were greatly accelerated, and the transverse relaxation was a sum of two decaying exponentials. But only a single T1 was observed; it was roughly equal to the slow T2. The slow T2 accounted for about 40% of the total resonance intensity. The relaxation rates increased linearly with the increase of the gramicidin concentration. The absorption signal consisted of a narrow and a broad line, both centered at the same frequency. The present results suggest that nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a useful tool for studying the nature of ion-permeable channels of biological membranes, even when the channel has no ionizable groups.", "contents": "Na+ interacting with gramicidin D. A nuclear magnetic resonance study. 23Na nuclei in a milk-white emulsion composed to nonionic surfactant and higher alcohol in saline were characterized by single values of T1 and T2 and a single Larmor frequency. In the presence of small amounts of gramicidin D (Dubos), the relaxations of 23Na were greatly accelerated, and the transverse relaxation was a sum of two decaying exponentials. But only a single T1 was observed; it was roughly equal to the slow T2. The slow T2 accounted for about 40% of the total resonance intensity. The relaxation rates increased linearly with the increase of the gramicidin concentration. The absorption signal consisted of a narrow and a broad line, both centered at the same frequency. The present results suggest that nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a useful tool for studying the nature of ion-permeable channels of biological membranes, even when the channel has no ionizable groups.", "PMID": 95566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1708", "title": "An effect of ultraviolet light on RNA and protein synthesis in nondividing human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "Nondividing human diploid fibroblasts maintained in medium containing 0.5% calf serum do not survive when exposed to low doses of UV (254 nm). The extent of killing is dose and strain dependent. DNA excision repair-proficient cells are more resistant than excision repair-deficient cells. Results of measurements of the effect of UV on RNA and protein synthesis in repair-proficient and -deficient (XP12BE) cells are reported. UV causes an immediate and equal depression of the RNA synthesis rate in both kinds of cells. A recovery to control rates was observed only at low (5 J/m2) doses in repair-deficient cells and at higher doses (20 J/m2) in repair-proficient cells. No recovery was observed at doses that cause substantial reductions in survival (greater than 5 J/m2 for XP12BE; greater than 40 J/m2 for repair-proficient populations). No initial effect on rate of protein synthesis was detected at doses less than 20 J/m2. However, in XP12BE populations, a decreased rate first evident at 15-30 h post-UV and before any cell degeneration and loss was observed for doses as low at 7 J/m2. This delayed effect was not observed in repair-proficient populations. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the lethal action of UV in nondividing cells is one on DNA that leads to an inhibition of required protein synthesis by preventing RNA transcription.", "contents": "An effect of ultraviolet light on RNA and protein synthesis in nondividing human diploid fibroblasts. Nondividing human diploid fibroblasts maintained in medium containing 0.5% calf serum do not survive when exposed to low doses of UV (254 nm). The extent of killing is dose and strain dependent. DNA excision repair-proficient cells are more resistant than excision repair-deficient cells. Results of measurements of the effect of UV on RNA and protein synthesis in repair-proficient and -deficient (XP12BE) cells are reported. UV causes an immediate and equal depression of the RNA synthesis rate in both kinds of cells. A recovery to control rates was observed only at low (5 J/m2) doses in repair-deficient cells and at higher doses (20 J/m2) in repair-proficient cells. No recovery was observed at doses that cause substantial reductions in survival (greater than 5 J/m2 for XP12BE; greater than 40 J/m2 for repair-proficient populations). No initial effect on rate of protein synthesis was detected at doses less than 20 J/m2. However, in XP12BE populations, a decreased rate first evident at 15-30 h post-UV and before any cell degeneration and loss was observed for doses as low at 7 J/m2. This delayed effect was not observed in repair-proficient populations. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the lethal action of UV in nondividing cells is one on DNA that leads to an inhibition of required protein synthesis by preventing RNA transcription.", "PMID": 95567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1709", "title": "Light-scattering studies of the monomer-dimer states of gramicidin A.", "content": "Measurements of the intensity and autocorrelation function of ligh quasielastically scattered by gramicidin A indicate that the molecules exist as dimers in methanol and dioxane and monomers in dimethyl sulfoxide when solute concentrations range from 18 to 50 mg/ml. This gives further evidence that gramicidin A can dimerize in low-polarity media such as the hydrocarbon part of the membrane bilayers.", "contents": "Light-scattering studies of the monomer-dimer states of gramicidin A. Measurements of the intensity and autocorrelation function of ligh quasielastically scattered by gramicidin A indicate that the molecules exist as dimers in methanol and dioxane and monomers in dimethyl sulfoxide when solute concentrations range from 18 to 50 mg/ml. This gives further evidence that gramicidin A can dimerize in low-polarity media such as the hydrocarbon part of the membrane bilayers.", "PMID": 95568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1710", "title": "A reinterpretation of the infrared linear dichroism of oriented nucleic acid films and a calculation of some effective partial changes on the ribose phosphate backbone.", "content": "In this paper we show, based on symmetry considerations, that structural information cannot be obtained from the linear infrared dichroism of the dioxy vibrations of the phosphate group of nucleic acids. Consequently, the discrepancies between the results of x-ray structure measurements and linear dichroism measurements are not meaningful. The linear dichroism measurements are instead important for a calculation of transition dipole moments that involve both the vibrations of all the atoms of the nucleotide and their charges. Independent information on either the atomic displacements contributing to a given vibration or the atomic charges permits a refinement of the unknown quantities. Based on the molecular dynamics calculations of Prohofsky et al., atomic charges of DNA are calculated to reproduce the observed linear dichroism results. Some of the resulting charges are unexpected and may reflect the inadequacy of the molecular dynamic calculation.", "contents": "A reinterpretation of the infrared linear dichroism of oriented nucleic acid films and a calculation of some effective partial changes on the ribose phosphate backbone. In this paper we show, based on symmetry considerations, that structural information cannot be obtained from the linear infrared dichroism of the dioxy vibrations of the phosphate group of nucleic acids. Consequently, the discrepancies between the results of x-ray structure measurements and linear dichroism measurements are not meaningful. The linear dichroism measurements are instead important for a calculation of transition dipole moments that involve both the vibrations of all the atoms of the nucleotide and their charges. Independent information on either the atomic displacements contributing to a given vibration or the atomic charges permits a refinement of the unknown quantities. Based on the molecular dynamics calculations of Prohofsky et al., atomic charges of DNA are calculated to reproduce the observed linear dichroism results. Some of the resulting charges are unexpected and may reflect the inadequacy of the molecular dynamic calculation.", "PMID": 95569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1711", "title": "Augmentation of the in vitro humoral immune response by pharmacologic agents. I: An explanation for the differential enhancement of humoral immunity via agents that elevate cAMP.", "content": "Agents that elevate intracellular concentrations of cAMP in cultured spleen cells can augment the in vitro 19s humoral immune response to SRBC. DBcAMP and 8BrcAMP were more effective than MIX, CT, PGE1, or ISO in producing the enhanced PFC response, when they were present only during an early stage of immune induction. The thesis is presented that the differential ability of these agents to augment humoral immunity results from their relative ability to maintain elevated concentrations of intracellular cAMP. Studies on the cellular mechanism by which cAMP elevation produces immune enhancement reveal that DBcAMP effects are on a T-cell-deficient population of murine spleen cells (predominantly B cells and macrophages). In addition, we showed that DBcAMP cannot replace the need for helper T cells in the induction of the PFC response to SRBC. Taken collectively, these results suggest that cAMP may be an important immunoregulatory signal, and that a variety of pharmacologic agents that modulate the induction of the humoral immune response may operate via this as a final common biochemical pathway.", "contents": "Augmentation of the in vitro humoral immune response by pharmacologic agents. I: An explanation for the differential enhancement of humoral immunity via agents that elevate cAMP. Agents that elevate intracellular concentrations of cAMP in cultured spleen cells can augment the in vitro 19s humoral immune response to SRBC. DBcAMP and 8BrcAMP were more effective than MIX, CT, PGE1, or ISO in producing the enhanced PFC response, when they were present only during an early stage of immune induction. The thesis is presented that the differential ability of these agents to augment humoral immunity results from their relative ability to maintain elevated concentrations of intracellular cAMP. Studies on the cellular mechanism by which cAMP elevation produces immune enhancement reveal that DBcAMP effects are on a T-cell-deficient population of murine spleen cells (predominantly B cells and macrophages). In addition, we showed that DBcAMP cannot replace the need for helper T cells in the induction of the PFC response to SRBC. Taken collectively, these results suggest that cAMP may be an important immunoregulatory signal, and that a variety of pharmacologic agents that modulate the induction of the humoral immune response may operate via this as a final common biochemical pathway.", "PMID": 95570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1712", "title": "Effect of solvent on the histamine-releasing, enzyme-releasing, and mitogenic properties of the calcium ionophore A23187.", "content": "The potency of the calcium ionophore A23187 in inducing three activities of human leukocytes (histamine secretion from basophils, enzyme secretion from PMNs, and proliferation of lymphocytes) was markedly dependent on the solvent (DMSO versus ethanol versus aqueous buffer) used for its initial sonication. While 0.1 micrograms/ml of DMSO- and ethanol-solubilized A23187 induced maximal histamine release from basophils and histaminase release from PMNs, concentrations of aqueous buffer-sonicated ionophore of greater than or equal to 1 microgram/ml were required for an equivalent response. Ionophore sonicated in organic solvents caused a maximum release of 40% of PMN beta-glucuronidase, at an optimal concentration tenfold higher than that required for maximal histaminase release; ionophore sonicated in aqueous buffers, even at high concentrations, effected a release of less than 5% of cellular beta-glucuronidase. A23187 also induced lymphocyte proliferation over a narrow concentration range; 0.05 micrograms/l of DMSO-sonicated ionophore induced optimal proliferation and concentrations greater than or equal to 0.2 micrograms/ml were toxic. Twofold higher concentrations of ethanol-sonicated ionophore and fourfold higher concentrations of aqueous-sonicated ionophore were necessary for maximal proliferation, and the magnitude of the maximal response with aqueous-sonicated A23187 was only one-half that of DMSO-solubilized agent. Ionophore-induced release of histamine from basophils and enzymes from PMNs was not cytotoxic, since ionophore induced neither LDH nor histamine release from heat-treated (47 degrees C) cells. These results explain several previous, discordant reports on the presence or absence of an effect of A23187 on cellular secretory events, on differing dose-response relationships, and on cytotoxic versus noncytotoxic mechanisms of action.", "contents": "Effect of solvent on the histamine-releasing, enzyme-releasing, and mitogenic properties of the calcium ionophore A23187. The potency of the calcium ionophore A23187 in inducing three activities of human leukocytes (histamine secretion from basophils, enzyme secretion from PMNs, and proliferation of lymphocytes) was markedly dependent on the solvent (DMSO versus ethanol versus aqueous buffer) used for its initial sonication. While 0.1 micrograms/ml of DMSO- and ethanol-solubilized A23187 induced maximal histamine release from basophils and histaminase release from PMNs, concentrations of aqueous buffer-sonicated ionophore of greater than or equal to 1 microgram/ml were required for an equivalent response. Ionophore sonicated in organic solvents caused a maximum release of 40% of PMN beta-glucuronidase, at an optimal concentration tenfold higher than that required for maximal histaminase release; ionophore sonicated in aqueous buffers, even at high concentrations, effected a release of less than 5% of cellular beta-glucuronidase. A23187 also induced lymphocyte proliferation over a narrow concentration range; 0.05 micrograms/l of DMSO-sonicated ionophore induced optimal proliferation and concentrations greater than or equal to 0.2 micrograms/ml were toxic. Twofold higher concentrations of ethanol-sonicated ionophore and fourfold higher concentrations of aqueous-sonicated ionophore were necessary for maximal proliferation, and the magnitude of the maximal response with aqueous-sonicated A23187 was only one-half that of DMSO-solubilized agent. Ionophore-induced release of histamine from basophils and enzymes from PMNs was not cytotoxic, since ionophore induced neither LDH nor histamine release from heat-treated (47 degrees C) cells. These results explain several previous, discordant reports on the presence or absence of an effect of A23187 on cellular secretory events, on differing dose-response relationships, and on cytotoxic versus noncytotoxic mechanisms of action.", "PMID": 95571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1713", "title": "Spin labeling studies of the interactions of P815 mouse mastocytoma cells with antiserum to histocompatibility antigens, H-2d.", "content": "The effect of antiserum to histocompatibility antigens on the membrane organization of murine neoplastic mast cells (P815) has been studied by spin labeling. Incubation of in vivo passaged cells, labeled with a nitroxide derivative of methyl stearate, with antiserum to membrane carried histocompatibility antigens, H-2d, resulted in an apparent decrease in membrane fluidity that was accompanied by histamine release. This electron spin resonance (esr) detectable change was found to be temperature, time, and dose dependent. Treatment of the cells with cytochalasin B, a drug disrupting microfilament structure, inhibited the effects induced by H-2d antiserum. In contrast, vinblastine, which disrupts microtubules, did not modulate the effect of this antiserum. Other data presented here suggest that some of the large spectral change observed on treatment of the cells with anti-H-2d serum may result from hydrolysis of the spin label fatty acid ester via activation of a membrane-associated esterase. The relationship of these results to other immunologically induced membrane phenomena is discussed.", "contents": "Spin labeling studies of the interactions of P815 mouse mastocytoma cells with antiserum to histocompatibility antigens, H-2d. The effect of antiserum to histocompatibility antigens on the membrane organization of murine neoplastic mast cells (P815) has been studied by spin labeling. Incubation of in vivo passaged cells, labeled with a nitroxide derivative of methyl stearate, with antiserum to membrane carried histocompatibility antigens, H-2d, resulted in an apparent decrease in membrane fluidity that was accompanied by histamine release. This electron spin resonance (esr) detectable change was found to be temperature, time, and dose dependent. Treatment of the cells with cytochalasin B, a drug disrupting microfilament structure, inhibited the effects induced by H-2d antiserum. In contrast, vinblastine, which disrupts microtubules, did not modulate the effect of this antiserum. Other data presented here suggest that some of the large spectral change observed on treatment of the cells with anti-H-2d serum may result from hydrolysis of the spin label fatty acid ester via activation of a membrane-associated esterase. The relationship of these results to other immunologically induced membrane phenomena is discussed.", "PMID": 95572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1714", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein-associated alterations of New Zealand mouse immunopathology.", "content": "The influence(s) of chronic injections of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), derived from murine amniotic fluid, on the natural history of immunopathology and autoantibody production in New Zealand mice was studied and compared to analagous treatment with albumin, transferrin, or phosphate-buffered saline. Treatment of young New Zealand Black (NZB) mice with AFP, at sera levels of 60-210 micrograms/ml, significantly reduces the titer of IgG1, IgG2, and IgA antierythrocyte antibodies. Similarly, such treated mice have relatively normal levels of splenic Thy-1.2-bearing cells and sera immunoglobulins, at older ages, compared to control groups. In contrast, AFP has no apparent effect on the appearance of either naturally occurring thymocytotoxic antibodies (NTa) or lymphoma. Moreover, the positive features of AFP on disease were only noted for mice treated early in life; AFP had no effect when injected into older animals. Similar, but not as dramatic, changes were observed in NZB x NZW F1 hybrids. It is concluded that in pharmacologic doses, mouse aminotic fluid enriched with AFP may alter the appearance of thymic-dependent autoantibodies.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein-associated alterations of New Zealand mouse immunopathology. The influence(s) of chronic injections of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), derived from murine amniotic fluid, on the natural history of immunopathology and autoantibody production in New Zealand mice was studied and compared to analagous treatment with albumin, transferrin, or phosphate-buffered saline. Treatment of young New Zealand Black (NZB) mice with AFP, at sera levels of 60-210 micrograms/ml, significantly reduces the titer of IgG1, IgG2, and IgA antierythrocyte antibodies. Similarly, such treated mice have relatively normal levels of splenic Thy-1.2-bearing cells and sera immunoglobulins, at older ages, compared to control groups. In contrast, AFP has no apparent effect on the appearance of either naturally occurring thymocytotoxic antibodies (NTa) or lymphoma. Moreover, the positive features of AFP on disease were only noted for mice treated early in life; AFP had no effect when injected into older animals. Similar, but not as dramatic, changes were observed in NZB x NZW F1 hybrids. It is concluded that in pharmacologic doses, mouse aminotic fluid enriched with AFP may alter the appearance of thymic-dependent autoantibodies.", "PMID": 95573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1715", "title": "Atrial bigeminy with block associated with bradycardia and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation -- an important variant of the tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome.", "content": "Serial 2-channel 24 h dynamic ECGs in 7 patients who were referred with the \"tachy-brady\" syndrome for consideration for permanent cardiac pacing revealed: 1. atrial premature beats (APBs) which were conducted to the ventricles normally or aberrantly; 2. intermittent atrial bigeminy with block towards the ventricles (this rhythm mimicked sinus bradycardia with ventricular rates of 38-45 beats/min and the ectopic P waves were visible on only one of the ECG channels); 3. paroxysms of atrial fibrillation initiated by closely coupled APBs. These findings suggested that both the ventricular bradycardia and the atrial fibrillation were caused by frequent APBs and that pacing therapy was unnecessary. Disopyramide was given to 5 patients resulting in suppression of the arrhythmia and relief of symptoms. In one patient there was spontaneous resolution and one patient refused treatment. This variant of the \"tachy-brady\" syndrome can be successfully treated by suppression of abnormal atrial impulse formation without recourse to pacemaker implantation.", "contents": "Atrial bigeminy with block associated with bradycardia and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation -- an important variant of the tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome. Serial 2-channel 24 h dynamic ECGs in 7 patients who were referred with the \"tachy-brady\" syndrome for consideration for permanent cardiac pacing revealed: 1. atrial premature beats (APBs) which were conducted to the ventricles normally or aberrantly; 2. intermittent atrial bigeminy with block towards the ventricles (this rhythm mimicked sinus bradycardia with ventricular rates of 38-45 beats/min and the ectopic P waves were visible on only one of the ECG channels); 3. paroxysms of atrial fibrillation initiated by closely coupled APBs. These findings suggested that both the ventricular bradycardia and the atrial fibrillation were caused by frequent APBs and that pacing therapy was unnecessary. Disopyramide was given to 5 patients resulting in suppression of the arrhythmia and relief of symptoms. In one patient there was spontaneous resolution and one patient refused treatment. This variant of the \"tachy-brady\" syndrome can be successfully treated by suppression of abnormal atrial impulse formation without recourse to pacemaker implantation.", "PMID": 95576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1716", "title": "The epidemiology of inguinal hernia. A survey in western Jerusalem.", "content": "The epidemiology of inguinal hernia was investigated in a community survey in a neighbourhood of western Jerusalem in 1969-71. The current prevalence rate, excluding operated hernias, was 18 per 100 men aged 25 and over, and the lifetime prevalence, including operated hernias, was 24 per 100. Prevalence rose markedly with age; the lifetime prevalence rate reached 40 per 100 men at the ages of 65-74 and 47 per 100 at 75 and over. The prevalence of hernia was significantly higher in the presence of varicose veins, in men who reported symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy, and, among lean men only, in the presence of haemorrhoids. These associations may reflect the role of increased abdominal pressure. The prevalence of hernia was low in the presence of overweight or adiposity, suggesting that obesity is a protective factor. No significant age-independent associations were found with chronic cough, constipation, physical activity at work, or a number of other variables. Two-thirds of the hernias had not been operated upon. The prevalence of unrepaired hernias rose with age; 13% of all men aged 65-74 and 23% of those aged 75 and over had unoperated groin swellings. One in every five operated hernias showed evidence of recurrence. No significant age-independent associations were found between evidence of occurrence and other characteristics. A comparison of interview responses and examination findings showed that interview data on the presence of hernias were of low validity, mainly because of under-reporting.", "contents": "The epidemiology of inguinal hernia. A survey in western Jerusalem. The epidemiology of inguinal hernia was investigated in a community survey in a neighbourhood of western Jerusalem in 1969-71. The current prevalence rate, excluding operated hernias, was 18 per 100 men aged 25 and over, and the lifetime prevalence, including operated hernias, was 24 per 100. Prevalence rose markedly with age; the lifetime prevalence rate reached 40 per 100 men at the ages of 65-74 and 47 per 100 at 75 and over. The prevalence of hernia was significantly higher in the presence of varicose veins, in men who reported symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy, and, among lean men only, in the presence of haemorrhoids. These associations may reflect the role of increased abdominal pressure. The prevalence of hernia was low in the presence of overweight or adiposity, suggesting that obesity is a protective factor. No significant age-independent associations were found with chronic cough, constipation, physical activity at work, or a number of other variables. Two-thirds of the hernias had not been operated upon. The prevalence of unrepaired hernias rose with age; 13% of all men aged 65-74 and 23% of those aged 75 and over had unoperated groin swellings. One in every five operated hernias showed evidence of recurrence. No significant age-independent associations were found between evidence of occurrence and other characteristics. A comparison of interview responses and examination findings showed that interview data on the presence of hernias were of low validity, mainly because of under-reporting.", "PMID": 95577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1717", "title": "Erythrocytes of the human neonate.", "content": "This review has focused on the fetal erythrocyte. Fetal erythropoiesis, the production of a red cell with a shortened life-span, and the unique characteristics of this cell with respect to membrane structure and function, energy metabolism, and hemoglobin synthesis have been described. The hematologic manifestations of a variety of red cell abnormalities of structure, metabolism, and hemoglobin synthesis have been presented, as well as a discussion of the anemia of prematurity and selected nutritional disturbances that may distort this normal physiologic adaptation. We hope this review has served to further the reader's appreciation of this complicated and fascinating cell. Much more needs to be learned about the fetal erythrocyte. It is to be hoped that a fuller understanding of the fetal erythrocyte will provide insights into fetal development in general.", "contents": "Erythrocytes of the human neonate. This review has focused on the fetal erythrocyte. Fetal erythropoiesis, the production of a red cell with a shortened life-span, and the unique characteristics of this cell with respect to membrane structure and function, energy metabolism, and hemoglobin synthesis have been described. The hematologic manifestations of a variety of red cell abnormalities of structure, metabolism, and hemoglobin synthesis have been presented, as well as a discussion of the anemia of prematurity and selected nutritional disturbances that may distort this normal physiologic adaptation. We hope this review has served to further the reader's appreciation of this complicated and fascinating cell. Much more needs to be learned about the fetal erythrocyte. It is to be hoped that a fuller understanding of the fetal erythrocyte will provide insights into fetal development in general.", "PMID": 95579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1718", "title": "Evidence that piracetam has an anxiolytic action.", "content": "In the social interaction test of anxiety Piracetam (100 mg/kg) had an anxiolytic profile very similar to that seen after 5 days of administration of chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg). Piracetam (50-300 mg/kg) produced no signs of sedation and it was therefore suggested that it might be a non-sedative anxiolytic drug. Piracetam (100 mg/kg) produced significantly higher cortical concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and lower concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, indicating a reduced 5-HT turnover. There were no drug-induced changes in noradrenaline or dopamine in any brain region, either with or without pretreatment with alpha-methylparatyrosine. The cortical concentrations of 7 amino acids were measured and were unchanged by treatment with Piracetam.", "contents": "Evidence that piracetam has an anxiolytic action. In the social interaction test of anxiety Piracetam (100 mg/kg) had an anxiolytic profile very similar to that seen after 5 days of administration of chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg). Piracetam (50-300 mg/kg) produced no signs of sedation and it was therefore suggested that it might be a non-sedative anxiolytic drug. Piracetam (100 mg/kg) produced significantly higher cortical concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and lower concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, indicating a reduced 5-HT turnover. There were no drug-induced changes in noradrenaline or dopamine in any brain region, either with or without pretreatment with alpha-methylparatyrosine. The cortical concentrations of 7 amino acids were measured and were unchanged by treatment with Piracetam.", "PMID": 95599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1719", "title": "Quantitative aspects of the Naphthol Yellow S staining for proteins studied in a model system of polyacrylamide films and in isolated rat liver cells and nuclei.", "content": "After staining with Naphthol Yellow S (NYS) at optimal conditions of pH (2.8), the protein content of rat liver cells isolated by means of a collagenase perfusion technique was found to be cytophotometrically immeasurable, because of too high local dye absorbances. In order to lower the absorption values, techniques to flatten the cells, off-peak measurements and NYS staining at non-optimal pH levels were applied. With polyacrylamide model films incorporated with albumin, the reliability of off-peak measurements and the quantitative aspects of the modified protein staining procedures have been investigated. It was found that NYS is a quantitative protein stain not only at pH 2.8, but also at pH 2.0, 3.5 and 4.0 respectively. Off-peak measurements can also produce quantitative results. In cases of a combined Feulgen-NYS staining, the Feulgen-DNA values were not significantly influenced by any of the NYS staining procedures.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of the Naphthol Yellow S staining for proteins studied in a model system of polyacrylamide films and in isolated rat liver cells and nuclei. After staining with Naphthol Yellow S (NYS) at optimal conditions of pH (2.8), the protein content of rat liver cells isolated by means of a collagenase perfusion technique was found to be cytophotometrically immeasurable, because of too high local dye absorbances. In order to lower the absorption values, techniques to flatten the cells, off-peak measurements and NYS staining at non-optimal pH levels were applied. With polyacrylamide model films incorporated with albumin, the reliability of off-peak measurements and the quantitative aspects of the modified protein staining procedures have been investigated. It was found that NYS is a quantitative protein stain not only at pH 2.8, but also at pH 2.0, 3.5 and 4.0 respectively. Off-peak measurements can also produce quantitative results. In cases of a combined Feulgen-NYS staining, the Feulgen-DNA values were not significantly influenced by any of the NYS staining procedures.", "PMID": 95604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1720", "title": "The first attack of acute pancreatitis: a clinical study.", "content": "Acute pancreatitis of biliary tract origin and that of alcoholic origin may be difficult to separate on clinical grounds alone. Such separation is important since operation prevents recurrent attacks in gallstone pancreatitis. We examined the records of 78 patients in the first attack of pancreatitis from gallstones or alcohol. The gallstone group were usually women, older, and had a shorter period of abdominal pain. Pancreatic complications occurred more frequently in the alcoholic group and led to two deaths. Amylase values were diagnostically helpful in that a level greater than 1000 units in patients of the proper age and sex, and a level greater than 2000 units by itself indicated gallstone pancreatitis.", "contents": "The first attack of acute pancreatitis: a clinical study. Acute pancreatitis of biliary tract origin and that of alcoholic origin may be difficult to separate on clinical grounds alone. Such separation is important since operation prevents recurrent attacks in gallstone pancreatitis. We examined the records of 78 patients in the first attack of pancreatitis from gallstones or alcohol. The gallstone group were usually women, older, and had a shorter period of abdominal pain. Pancreatic complications occurred more frequently in the alcoholic group and led to two deaths. Amylase values were diagnostically helpful in that a level greater than 1000 units in patients of the proper age and sex, and a level greater than 2000 units by itself indicated gallstone pancreatitis.", "PMID": 95608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1721", "title": "Amylase-creatinine clearance ratios and serum amylase isoenzymes in moderate renal insufficiency.", "content": "Both the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio (normal 1.55%) and proportion of pancreatic isoamylase in serum (normal 41.0%) increase in acute pancreatitis, and are therefore useful measurements to support that diagnosis. Whether renal insufficiency interferes with the accuracy and specificity of these tests has been debated. Our study indicates that even moderate renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance 30.5 ml/minute) raises the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio (3.23%) close enough to values characteristic of acute pancreatitis (4.41%) to cause potential diagnostic confusion. The fraction of pancreatic isoamylase in serum is also increased (69.9%), but not to the levels of acute pancreatitis (91.0%). We therefore caution against the use of the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in patients with moderate renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Amylase-creatinine clearance ratios and serum amylase isoenzymes in moderate renal insufficiency. Both the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio (normal 1.55%) and proportion of pancreatic isoamylase in serum (normal 41.0%) increase in acute pancreatitis, and are therefore useful measurements to support that diagnosis. Whether renal insufficiency interferes with the accuracy and specificity of these tests has been debated. Our study indicates that even moderate renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance 30.5 ml/minute) raises the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio (3.23%) close enough to values characteristic of acute pancreatitis (4.41%) to cause potential diagnostic confusion. The fraction of pancreatic isoamylase in serum is also increased (69.9%), but not to the levels of acute pancreatitis (91.0%). We therefore caution against the use of the amylase-creatinine clearance ratio for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in patients with moderate renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 95609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1722", "title": "Effect on rats and mice of a diet with low tryptophan content (maize flour).", "content": "Female Wistar rats when crowded together become aggressive if fed a diet with low tryptophan (Trp) content (maize, flour, Mf). When isolated during 30 days and fed Mf they show a decrease of weight, of total plasma Trp, and of Trp and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in brain stem, but 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) of the same cerebral area does not change. These results partially agree with other authors observations. Mice isolated during 47 days and fed with Mf do not show any significant weight variation, the hypermotility of isolated mice on normal diet persists, but 5-HT and 5-HIAA significantly decreases in total brain, an effect that has been observed by another author. The effect on 5-HIAA does not depend on the diet, either balanced or with low Trp content.", "contents": "Effect on rats and mice of a diet with low tryptophan content (maize flour). Female Wistar rats when crowded together become aggressive if fed a diet with low tryptophan (Trp) content (maize, flour, Mf). When isolated during 30 days and fed Mf they show a decrease of weight, of total plasma Trp, and of Trp and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in brain stem, but 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) of the same cerebral area does not change. These results partially agree with other authors observations. Mice isolated during 47 days and fed with Mf do not show any significant weight variation, the hypermotility of isolated mice on normal diet persists, but 5-HT and 5-HIAA significantly decreases in total brain, an effect that has been observed by another author. The effect on 5-HIAA does not depend on the diet, either balanced or with low Trp content.", "PMID": 95611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1723", "title": "Fetal erythropoiesis in stress hematopoiesis.", "content": "Fetal erythropoiesis occurs during chronic bone marrow failure, or during recovery from marrow suppression. Fetal erythrocytes have HB F, with more G gamma than A gamma chains, \"i\" antigen, large MCV, characteristic enzyme levels, low carbonic anhydrase, low HB A2, and short life span. Many of these fetal characteristics are present in the red cells of patients with temporary or chronic hematopoietic stress. In those in whom normal hematopoiesis ensues, the fetal erythrocytes disappear. The fetal phase of recovery may be with homologous stem cells after bone marrow engraftment, or with autologous cells. Chronic fetal erythropoiesis is seen in patients with constitutional aplastic anemia, such as Fanconi's anemia or Diamond-Blackfan anemia. In one patient with the latter disorder, fetal erythropoiesis accompanied chronic anemia, and actually decreased slightly during the acute phase of clinical improvement. Culture of late erythroid precursor cells (CFU-Es) from a patient with transient erythroblastopenia of childhood led to in vitro development of colonies with HB F, an event not seen in normal marrow cultures. Thus fetal erythropoiesis occurs during hematopoietic stress, whether chronic or transient, if there is some marrow activity, and may be due to expansion of fetal clones.", "contents": "Fetal erythropoiesis in stress hematopoiesis. Fetal erythropoiesis occurs during chronic bone marrow failure, or during recovery from marrow suppression. Fetal erythrocytes have HB F, with more G gamma than A gamma chains, \"i\" antigen, large MCV, characteristic enzyme levels, low carbonic anhydrase, low HB A2, and short life span. Many of these fetal characteristics are present in the red cells of patients with temporary or chronic hematopoietic stress. In those in whom normal hematopoiesis ensues, the fetal erythrocytes disappear. The fetal phase of recovery may be with homologous stem cells after bone marrow engraftment, or with autologous cells. Chronic fetal erythropoiesis is seen in patients with constitutional aplastic anemia, such as Fanconi's anemia or Diamond-Blackfan anemia. In one patient with the latter disorder, fetal erythropoiesis accompanied chronic anemia, and actually decreased slightly during the acute phase of clinical improvement. Culture of late erythroid precursor cells (CFU-Es) from a patient with transient erythroblastopenia of childhood led to in vitro development of colonies with HB F, an event not seen in normal marrow cultures. Thus fetal erythropoiesis occurs during hematopoietic stress, whether chronic or transient, if there is some marrow activity, and may be due to expansion of fetal clones.", "PMID": 95616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1724", "title": "Experience in staging testis tumors with bleomycin 57cobalt and present role of 67gallium scan.", "content": "A technique was developed using bleomycin and 57cobalt to study nodal metastases in testis tumors. Comparative studies were made on 15 cases with 67gallium, lymphangiography, supraclavicular node biopsy, liver and spleen scans, chest x-ray, excretory urogram, bone survey and pathological study of surgical specimens when possible. The results with the bleomycin-57cobalt complex and 67gallium were discouraging. The bleomycin-57cobalt study was discontinued. Pathological staging is still the most accurate of all modalities available for staging testicular malignancies.", "contents": "Experience in staging testis tumors with bleomycin 57cobalt and present role of 67gallium scan. A technique was developed using bleomycin and 57cobalt to study nodal metastases in testis tumors. Comparative studies were made on 15 cases with 67gallium, lymphangiography, supraclavicular node biopsy, liver and spleen scans, chest x-ray, excretory urogram, bone survey and pathological study of surgical specimens when possible. The results with the bleomycin-57cobalt complex and 67gallium were discouraging. The bleomycin-57cobalt study was discontinued. Pathological staging is still the most accurate of all modalities available for staging testicular malignancies.", "PMID": 95618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1725", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava.", "content": "The thirty-second case of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava and the twelfth resectable patient in the series is presented. A review of the literature demonstrates a marked female preponderance (5 to 1). The most common presenting symptom is right abdominal pain and a palpable mass. The different surgical problems generated by the involved segment of the cava are discussed. Noteworthy is the high incidence of Budd-Chiari syndrome owing to hepatic vein obstruction with involvement of the upper third of the cava in the postmortem cases. An argument is developed for debulking the tumor for palliation when it is not completely removable.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava. The thirty-second case of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava and the twelfth resectable patient in the series is presented. A review of the literature demonstrates a marked female preponderance (5 to 1). The most common presenting symptom is right abdominal pain and a palpable mass. The different surgical problems generated by the involved segment of the cava are discussed. Noteworthy is the high incidence of Budd-Chiari syndrome owing to hepatic vein obstruction with involvement of the upper third of the cava in the postmortem cases. An argument is developed for debulking the tumor for palliation when it is not completely removable.", "PMID": 95619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1726", "title": "Intractable bladder hemorrhage: therapeutic angiographic embolization of the hypogastric arteries.", "content": "Malignant intractable bladder hemorrhage in an elderly, high risk patient was controlled effectively with bilateral hypogastric artery occlusion by angiographic placement of oxycel autologous clot emboli. Therapeutic alternatives for intractable bladder hemorrhage are reviewed briefly with particular emphasis on angiographic arterial occlusion. Appropriate anatomic and physiologic aspects of this therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Intractable bladder hemorrhage: therapeutic angiographic embolization of the hypogastric arteries. Malignant intractable bladder hemorrhage in an elderly, high risk patient was controlled effectively with bilateral hypogastric artery occlusion by angiographic placement of oxycel autologous clot emboli. Therapeutic alternatives for intractable bladder hemorrhage are reviewed briefly with particular emphasis on angiographic arterial occlusion. Appropriate anatomic and physiologic aspects of this therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 95620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1727", "title": "Infants in a public school system: the indicators of early health and educational need.", "content": "The Brookline Early Education Project (BEEP) is a demonstration model in which a public school system in collaboration with a pediatric center has extended teaching and diagnostic services to the earliest days of life. In most cases, enrollment and data collection began three months before the children were born. A comprehensive diagnostic component including health, neurologic, sensory, developmental, and psychological assessments was performed periodically. The present study, the first of several reports, is an analysis of positive indicators of health and developmental need during the first six months of life. At the time of initial surveillance, age 2 weeks, a high yield of physical and demographic findings, along with perinatal stresses, was observed. It was noted that demographic, neurologic, physical, and perinatal stress factors appeared as independent variables. At the three- and six-month checkpoints, there were more overlapping findings between the categories of physical assessment, developmental examination, and neurologic evaluation. Over the six-month period, there was a tendency toward instability of findings: The group of youngsters thought to have special needs at the age of 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months differed in composition from each other. Likewise, there was significant flux in membership between the three- and six-month groups with needs. The study may have public policy implications, insofar as early education services should not be constructed to admit only \"high-risk newborns\" since this would exclude many children whose needs would become manifest later and would take in a number of children falsely identified as in need but with the resiliency to overcome this. The BEEP program has relevance for pediatric practice in demonstrating a component of health care with greater diagnostic and therapeutic responsibility for educational competence in young children.", "contents": "Infants in a public school system: the indicators of early health and educational need. The Brookline Early Education Project (BEEP) is a demonstration model in which a public school system in collaboration with a pediatric center has extended teaching and diagnostic services to the earliest days of life. In most cases, enrollment and data collection began three months before the children were born. A comprehensive diagnostic component including health, neurologic, sensory, developmental, and psychological assessments was performed periodically. The present study, the first of several reports, is an analysis of positive indicators of health and developmental need during the first six months of life. At the time of initial surveillance, age 2 weeks, a high yield of physical and demographic findings, along with perinatal stresses, was observed. It was noted that demographic, neurologic, physical, and perinatal stress factors appeared as independent variables. At the three- and six-month checkpoints, there were more overlapping findings between the categories of physical assessment, developmental examination, and neurologic evaluation. Over the six-month period, there was a tendency toward instability of findings: The group of youngsters thought to have special needs at the age of 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months differed in composition from each other. Likewise, there was significant flux in membership between the three- and six-month groups with needs. The study may have public policy implications, insofar as early education services should not be constructed to admit only \"high-risk newborns\" since this would exclude many children whose needs would become manifest later and would take in a number of children falsely identified as in need but with the resiliency to overcome this. The BEEP program has relevance for pediatric practice in demonstrating a component of health care with greater diagnostic and therapeutic responsibility for educational competence in young children.", "PMID": 95621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1728", "title": "Large molecular weight TSH-beta: the sole immunoactive form of TSH-beta in certain human sera.", "content": "The beta subunit of TSH (TSH-beta) usually cannot be detected (less than 0.2 ng/ml) in the serum of normal individuals, whereas patients with primary hypothyroidism exhibit elevated TSH-beta levels (0.2-9.3 ng/ml), which increase further after the administration of TRH. Two patients were found to have large TSH-beta as the only form of serum TSH-beta immunoactivity. Patient A was a euthyroid woman with a goiter; TSH and alpha subunit levels were normal (1 microU/ml and 0.6 ng/ml, respectively); TSH-beta was elevated (8-24 ng/ml). Patient B was a woman with borderline hypothyroidism, an elevated serum TSH level (19 microunits/ml), a normal serum alpha level (2.4 ng/ml), and an elevated serum TSH-beta level (1.8-3.6 ng/ml). Dilutions of both patients' sera demonstrated nonparallelism of their serum TSH-beta to standard TSH-beta. The elevated serum TSH-beta levels did not increase after TRH, although TSH and alpha subunit increased appropriately. After the administration of dexamethasone or T4 to patient B, serum TSH-beta did not decrease, although TSH and alpha decreased. Gel chromatography and rechromatography of the patients' sera on a Sephadex G-100 column showed elution of all TSH-beta immunoactivity in or near the void volume (Vo; greater than 150,000 mol wt), whereas sera of hypothyroid patients demonstrated less than 7% of TSH-beta immunoactivity in the Vo. By chromatography on a Sephadex G-200 column, the TSH-beta immunoactivity had a 160,000 mol wt in patient A and 200,000 mol wt in patient B. Incubation of labeled or unlabeled TSH-beta with serum or gamma-globulin fractions from both patients resulted in no significant increase in the binding of TSH-beta to serum components, as determined by both gel chromatography and precipitation with antihuman gamma-globulin. Large TSH-beta was stable after incubation with 6 M guanidine. Ribonuclease failed to affect the large TSH-beta. Inter-chain disulfide bonding was not demonstrated in large TSH-beta after treatment with three different reducing agents (mercaptoethanol, sodium sulfite, and dithioerythritol). Treatment with trypsin did not convert the large TSH-beta immunoactivity to standard TSH-beta. These experiments demonstrated that the large TSH-beta immunoactivity was not caused by binding of TSH-beta to an immunoglobulin or other serum protein or by aggregation of TSH-beta molecules. The significance of these apparently covalently bonded large forms of TSH-beta immunoactivity is not yet known; the presence of small amounts of a large molecular weight form in the serum of hypothyroid patients and normal pituitary extracts raises the possibility that they may be components of normal TSH biosynthesis or represent posttranslational modifications.", "contents": "Large molecular weight TSH-beta: the sole immunoactive form of TSH-beta in certain human sera. The beta subunit of TSH (TSH-beta) usually cannot be detected (less than 0.2 ng/ml) in the serum of normal individuals, whereas patients with primary hypothyroidism exhibit elevated TSH-beta levels (0.2-9.3 ng/ml), which increase further after the administration of TRH. Two patients were found to have large TSH-beta as the only form of serum TSH-beta immunoactivity. Patient A was a euthyroid woman with a goiter; TSH and alpha subunit levels were normal (1 microU/ml and 0.6 ng/ml, respectively); TSH-beta was elevated (8-24 ng/ml). Patient B was a woman with borderline hypothyroidism, an elevated serum TSH level (19 microunits/ml), a normal serum alpha level (2.4 ng/ml), and an elevated serum TSH-beta level (1.8-3.6 ng/ml). Dilutions of both patients' sera demonstrated nonparallelism of their serum TSH-beta to standard TSH-beta. The elevated serum TSH-beta levels did not increase after TRH, although TSH and alpha subunit increased appropriately. After the administration of dexamethasone or T4 to patient B, serum TSH-beta did not decrease, although TSH and alpha decreased. Gel chromatography and rechromatography of the patients' sera on a Sephadex G-100 column showed elution of all TSH-beta immunoactivity in or near the void volume (Vo; greater than 150,000 mol wt), whereas sera of hypothyroid patients demonstrated less than 7% of TSH-beta immunoactivity in the Vo. By chromatography on a Sephadex G-200 column, the TSH-beta immunoactivity had a 160,000 mol wt in patient A and 200,000 mol wt in patient B. Incubation of labeled or unlabeled TSH-beta with serum or gamma-globulin fractions from both patients resulted in no significant increase in the binding of TSH-beta to serum components, as determined by both gel chromatography and precipitation with antihuman gamma-globulin. Large TSH-beta was stable after incubation with 6 M guanidine. Ribonuclease failed to affect the large TSH-beta. Inter-chain disulfide bonding was not demonstrated in large TSH-beta after treatment with three different reducing agents (mercaptoethanol, sodium sulfite, and dithioerythritol). Treatment with trypsin did not convert the large TSH-beta immunoactivity to standard TSH-beta. These experiments demonstrated that the large TSH-beta immunoactivity was not caused by binding of TSH-beta to an immunoglobulin or other serum protein or by aggregation of TSH-beta molecules. The significance of these apparently covalently bonded large forms of TSH-beta immunoactivity is not yet known; the presence of small amounts of a large molecular weight form in the serum of hypothyroid patients and normal pituitary extracts raises the possibility that they may be components of normal TSH biosynthesis or represent posttranslational modifications.", "PMID": 95622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1729", "title": "Oral progestational activity of spironolactone.", "content": "Spironolactone has progestational activity in the rabbit and rhesus monkey. It produced glandular development in the endometrium of the estrogen-primed immature female rabbit over the dosage range of 50 to 200 mg/kg and, at 400 mg/monkey, it delayed estrogen-withdrawal bleeding in ovariectomized monkeys and it inhibited menstruation in regularly cycling monkeys. These data are consistent with the menstrual irregularity and amenorrhea seen in women during treatment with spironolactone.", "contents": "Oral progestational activity of spironolactone. Spironolactone has progestational activity in the rabbit and rhesus monkey. It produced glandular development in the endometrium of the estrogen-primed immature female rabbit over the dosage range of 50 to 200 mg/kg and, at 400 mg/monkey, it delayed estrogen-withdrawal bleeding in ovariectomized monkeys and it inhibited menstruation in regularly cycling monkeys. These data are consistent with the menstrual irregularity and amenorrhea seen in women during treatment with spironolactone.", "PMID": 95623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1730", "title": "Highly sensitive radioimmunoassay for chorionic gonadotropin in human urine.", "content": "The value of RIAs that measure hCG levels in human urine has been limited principally because of cross-reactivity with human LH. Recently, antisera generated to antigenic determinants on the intact hCG beta subunit and its carboxyl-terminal peptide have been shown to exhibit substantially reduced human LH cross-reactivity. To take maximal advantage of these antisera and to minimize interference by nonspecific substances in urine, a procedure for extracting and concentrating hCG from 24-h urine samples was developed. The procedure involves preparation of a standard kaolin-acetone urine concentrate and adsorption of the hCG in the concentrate to Concanavalin A covalently linked to agarose for purification and subsequent RIA. In urine samples obtained from patients with gestational trophoblastic disease, there was a direct correlation between hCG levels measured by RIA and those estimated by mouse uterine weight bioassay. In individual subjects, hCG levels were determined in serum and urine obtained the same day. When hCG was clearly detectable in the serum at levels greater than 1 ng/ml, the quantity of hCG measured in the urine concentrate exceeded 500 ng/24 h. The concentrates prepared from the urine of normal persons contained an hCG-like glycoprotein substance with antigenic determinants similar to those of the carboxyl-terminal peptide of hCG beta. As the range of hCG immunoreactivity measured in the urine concentrates of normal subjects was 6-52 ng/24 h, specific and sensitive detection of urinary hCG could be accomplished in patients whose sera contained hCG undetectable by conventional RIA. Partial purification and concentration of urinary hCG by this procedure with subsequent RIA provides a sensitive and reliable method for detecting hCG in urine.", "contents": "Highly sensitive radioimmunoassay for chorionic gonadotropin in human urine. The value of RIAs that measure hCG levels in human urine has been limited principally because of cross-reactivity with human LH. Recently, antisera generated to antigenic determinants on the intact hCG beta subunit and its carboxyl-terminal peptide have been shown to exhibit substantially reduced human LH cross-reactivity. To take maximal advantage of these antisera and to minimize interference by nonspecific substances in urine, a procedure for extracting and concentrating hCG from 24-h urine samples was developed. The procedure involves preparation of a standard kaolin-acetone urine concentrate and adsorption of the hCG in the concentrate to Concanavalin A covalently linked to agarose for purification and subsequent RIA. In urine samples obtained from patients with gestational trophoblastic disease, there was a direct correlation between hCG levels measured by RIA and those estimated by mouse uterine weight bioassay. In individual subjects, hCG levels were determined in serum and urine obtained the same day. When hCG was clearly detectable in the serum at levels greater than 1 ng/ml, the quantity of hCG measured in the urine concentrate exceeded 500 ng/24 h. The concentrates prepared from the urine of normal persons contained an hCG-like glycoprotein substance with antigenic determinants similar to those of the carboxyl-terminal peptide of hCG beta. As the range of hCG immunoreactivity measured in the urine concentrates of normal subjects was 6-52 ng/24 h, specific and sensitive detection of urinary hCG could be accomplished in patients whose sera contained hCG undetectable by conventional RIA. Partial purification and concentration of urinary hCG by this procedure with subsequent RIA provides a sensitive and reliable method for detecting hCG in urine.", "PMID": 95624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1731", "title": "Characteristics of an antiluteinizing hormone isoantibody produced during gonadotropin induction of ovulation.", "content": "Production of an antihuman LH antibody was suspected in a woman with isolated LH deficiency who received human pituitary gonadotropin (hPG) to induce ovulation and who developed secondary drug failure associated with very high \"serum LH' values. Binding of [125I]LH to various dilutions of the patient's serum was demonstrated by precipitation with polyethylene glycol or sheep antihuman immunoglobulin G (anti-IgG) but not by precipitation with sheep antihuman immunoglobulin M (anti-IgM). Unlabeled LH competitively displaced [125I]LH from a 1:200 final dilution of the patient's serum, and indicated a single class of binding sites with a binding affinity of 1.5 X 1011 M-1 and a binding capacity of 84 ng LH/ml serum. The isoantibody was reactive against antigenic determinants in hPG, LH, and hCG but not against human FSH. Further examination showed binding to the beta, but not the alpha, subunit of two LH preparations and to beta hCG. It is concluded that repeated administration of hPG to this patient with isolated LH deficiency evoked IgG isoantibody formation against the beta subunit of LH.", "contents": "Characteristics of an antiluteinizing hormone isoantibody produced during gonadotropin induction of ovulation. Production of an antihuman LH antibody was suspected in a woman with isolated LH deficiency who received human pituitary gonadotropin (hPG) to induce ovulation and who developed secondary drug failure associated with very high \"serum LH' values. Binding of [125I]LH to various dilutions of the patient's serum was demonstrated by precipitation with polyethylene glycol or sheep antihuman immunoglobulin G (anti-IgG) but not by precipitation with sheep antihuman immunoglobulin M (anti-IgM). Unlabeled LH competitively displaced [125I]LH from a 1:200 final dilution of the patient's serum, and indicated a single class of binding sites with a binding affinity of 1.5 X 1011 M-1 and a binding capacity of 84 ng LH/ml serum. The isoantibody was reactive against antigenic determinants in hPG, LH, and hCG but not against human FSH. Further examination showed binding to the beta, but not the alpha, subunit of two LH preparations and to beta hCG. It is concluded that repeated administration of hPG to this patient with isolated LH deficiency evoked IgG isoantibody formation against the beta subunit of LH.", "PMID": 95625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1732", "title": "Thyroid-stimulating activity of chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone.", "content": "While recent evidence indicates that the hCG molecule has intrinsic thyroid-stimulating activity (TSA), it is not clear whether a thyrotropic molecule other than hCG accounts for some of the TSA apparent in the crude or highly purified hCG. To determine if a thyrotropic factor is excluded from crude urinary hCG during purification of hCG, the ratio of interstitial cell-stimulating activity (ICSA) to TSA was determined in the starting material used for hCG preparation as well as in the highly purified hCG preparation. The ratio of the two biological activities did not change significantly during purification, suggesting that no factor present in crude hCG other than hCG itself accounts for the TSA. The highly purified hCG preparation was gel-filtered on Sephadex G-100 and the main protein peak was divided into three fractions. The ratio of TSA to ICSA was the same in each fraction, further indicating that these activities are intrinsic to the same molecule. If hCG has intrinsic thyrotropic activity, as these data indicate, then thyrotropic activity would be expected to be a secondary biological activity of LH, since there are strong structural and functional similarities between LH and hCG. In order to assess the LH molecule for intrinsic TSA, an LH preparation with minimal TSH contamination was prepared by recombining subunits exhibiting minimal TSH immunoreactivity. The LH molecule formed from the recombination of highly purified hCG alpha and ovine LH beta subunits exhibited TSA in the bioassay that was 25 times greater than that expected based on the immunoreactive TSH contamination. There was no evidence to support the existance of a thyrotropic factor other than hCG in either crude or highly purified hCG preparations. Our finding that a hybrid LH molecule structurally similar to hCG with potent ICSA also exhibits intrinsic TSA further extends and supports the hypothesis that TSA is an intrinsic property of the hCG molecule.", "contents": "Thyroid-stimulating activity of chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone. While recent evidence indicates that the hCG molecule has intrinsic thyroid-stimulating activity (TSA), it is not clear whether a thyrotropic molecule other than hCG accounts for some of the TSA apparent in the crude or highly purified hCG. To determine if a thyrotropic factor is excluded from crude urinary hCG during purification of hCG, the ratio of interstitial cell-stimulating activity (ICSA) to TSA was determined in the starting material used for hCG preparation as well as in the highly purified hCG preparation. The ratio of the two biological activities did not change significantly during purification, suggesting that no factor present in crude hCG other than hCG itself accounts for the TSA. The highly purified hCG preparation was gel-filtered on Sephadex G-100 and the main protein peak was divided into three fractions. The ratio of TSA to ICSA was the same in each fraction, further indicating that these activities are intrinsic to the same molecule. If hCG has intrinsic thyrotropic activity, as these data indicate, then thyrotropic activity would be expected to be a secondary biological activity of LH, since there are strong structural and functional similarities between LH and hCG. In order to assess the LH molecule for intrinsic TSA, an LH preparation with minimal TSH contamination was prepared by recombining subunits exhibiting minimal TSH immunoreactivity. The LH molecule formed from the recombination of highly purified hCG alpha and ovine LH beta subunits exhibited TSA in the bioassay that was 25 times greater than that expected based on the immunoreactive TSH contamination. There was no evidence to support the existance of a thyrotropic factor other than hCG in either crude or highly purified hCG preparations. Our finding that a hybrid LH molecule structurally similar to hCG with potent ICSA also exhibits intrinsic TSA further extends and supports the hypothesis that TSA is an intrinsic property of the hCG molecule.", "PMID": 95626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1733", "title": "Adsorption of thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) of Graves' disease by homologous and heterologous thyroid tissue.", "content": "Immunoglobulin G purified from the serum of patients with Graves' disease, stimulated the thyroid of man, calf, and guinea pig (cAMP accumulation as the end-point) in vitro, and the thyroid of the mouse in vivo (LATS bioassay). The stimulatory effect on the thyroids of all four species was removed by adsorption of the immunoglobulin G to human thyroid membranes and was diminished to a proportionately similar degree by adsorption with bovine thyroid membranes. All activity, as assessed by stimulation of the human thyroid in vitro. was recovered from both human and bovine membranes by elution with 2 M NaSCN solution. The data support the concept that the thyroid-stimulating antibody of Graves' disease is homologous to a human thyroid antigen and, in some instances, cross-reacts with a similar antigen in the thyroid of a distant species and so stimulates the heterologous gland.", "contents": "Adsorption of thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) of Graves' disease by homologous and heterologous thyroid tissue. Immunoglobulin G purified from the serum of patients with Graves' disease, stimulated the thyroid of man, calf, and guinea pig (cAMP accumulation as the end-point) in vitro, and the thyroid of the mouse in vivo (LATS bioassay). The stimulatory effect on the thyroids of all four species was removed by adsorption of the immunoglobulin G to human thyroid membranes and was diminished to a proportionately similar degree by adsorption with bovine thyroid membranes. All activity, as assessed by stimulation of the human thyroid in vitro. was recovered from both human and bovine membranes by elution with 2 M NaSCN solution. The data support the concept that the thyroid-stimulating antibody of Graves' disease is homologous to a human thyroid antigen and, in some instances, cross-reacts with a similar antigen in the thyroid of a distant species and so stimulates the heterologous gland.", "PMID": 95627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1734", "title": "Subnormal tissue 3 alpha-androstanediol and androsterone in prostatic hyperplasia.", "content": "We investigated the role of 3 alpha-androstanediol (3 alpha-diol) in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and the apparent equilibrium of enzymes which metabolize it in normal and hyperplastic prostatic tissue of humans. We determined the endogenous concentrations of 3 alpha-diol, androsterone, its 3 alpha-17-keto metabolite or precursor, and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), its 3-keto,17 beta-hydroxy product of precursor, by RIA after extraction and paper chromatography of the androgens from normal and hyperplastic prostate glands. The mean concentrations of 3 alpha-diol and androsterone were about one-third of normal in BPH. The mean ratio of the concentration of DHT to 3 alpha-diol was significantly higher (P less than 0.005) than normal in BPH, whereas no statistical difference was observed for the mean ratio of the tissue levels of 3 alpha-diol to androsterone in the two groups. Our data do not support the postulate that 3 alpha-diol is causally related to the development of BPH. However, they indicate that the apparent equilibrium of the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase favors the formation of the 3-keto-oxidized product, DHT, which may have relevance to the occurrence of the renewed growth of the prostate of aging men.", "contents": "Subnormal tissue 3 alpha-androstanediol and androsterone in prostatic hyperplasia. We investigated the role of 3 alpha-androstanediol (3 alpha-diol) in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and the apparent equilibrium of enzymes which metabolize it in normal and hyperplastic prostatic tissue of humans. We determined the endogenous concentrations of 3 alpha-diol, androsterone, its 3 alpha-17-keto metabolite or precursor, and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), its 3-keto,17 beta-hydroxy product of precursor, by RIA after extraction and paper chromatography of the androgens from normal and hyperplastic prostate glands. The mean concentrations of 3 alpha-diol and androsterone were about one-third of normal in BPH. The mean ratio of the concentration of DHT to 3 alpha-diol was significantly higher (P less than 0.005) than normal in BPH, whereas no statistical difference was observed for the mean ratio of the tissue levels of 3 alpha-diol to androsterone in the two groups. Our data do not support the postulate that 3 alpha-diol is causally related to the development of BPH. However, they indicate that the apparent equilibrium of the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase favors the formation of the 3-keto-oxidized product, DHT, which may have relevance to the occurrence of the renewed growth of the prostate of aging men.", "PMID": 95628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1735", "title": "Correlation among prostate stroma, plasma estrogen levels, and urinary estrogen excretion in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "Plasma testosterone, plasma estradiol, and the total estrogen excretion in the urine were obtained from patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and correlated to the histological pattern of the resected or enucleated prostates. There was a highly significant increase of prostate stroma in association with higher individual estradiol concentrations and urinary estrogen excretion, while no apparent correlation could be found with testosterone.", "contents": "Correlation among prostate stroma, plasma estrogen levels, and urinary estrogen excretion in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Plasma testosterone, plasma estradiol, and the total estrogen excretion in the urine were obtained from patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and correlated to the histological pattern of the resected or enucleated prostates. There was a highly significant increase of prostate stroma in association with higher individual estradiol concentrations and urinary estrogen excretion, while no apparent correlation could be found with testosterone.", "PMID": 95629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1736", "title": "Human tumour-associated and tumour-specific antigens: some concepts in relation to clinical oncology.", "content": "The concept of tumour-specific antigens is constantly undergoing reappraisal with the development of more sensitive methods for their detection. This has resulted in the finding that the many 'new' antigens produced by human tumours or materials immunologically closely related to them are also present in non-neoplastic tissues, albeit in small amounts. However, other antigens still appear to exist almost entirely in or on tumour cells so that the antigens of human tumours may be subdivided into either tumour-associated macromolecules or tumour-specific antigens. The elucidation of the chemical nature of the tumour-specific antigens may result in important advances in cancer diagnosis and therapy. As many are organ specific, it should be possible to evolve test systems which will enable tumours to be diagnosed and located before they become apparent clinically. On the other hand the tumour-associated macromolecules, of which the oncofetal antigens are the principal examples, are found in elevated amounts in some non-neoplastic disorders. It is now clear that serial estimation of the levels of these macromolecules is of considerably more diagnostic value than single random measurements. Current work is establishing their value in the detection of recurrent and metastatic tumours before they become apparent by other methods, which is probably their most important role, and also their value as aids to monitor therapeutic efficacy. The future use of both types of antigen may unfold a new era in cancer detection and therapy but many basic chemical and immunological studies are needed before their clinical use can be fully defined.", "contents": "Human tumour-associated and tumour-specific antigens: some concepts in relation to clinical oncology. The concept of tumour-specific antigens is constantly undergoing reappraisal with the development of more sensitive methods for their detection. This has resulted in the finding that the many 'new' antigens produced by human tumours or materials immunologically closely related to them are also present in non-neoplastic tissues, albeit in small amounts. However, other antigens still appear to exist almost entirely in or on tumour cells so that the antigens of human tumours may be subdivided into either tumour-associated macromolecules or tumour-specific antigens. The elucidation of the chemical nature of the tumour-specific antigens may result in important advances in cancer diagnosis and therapy. As many are organ specific, it should be possible to evolve test systems which will enable tumours to be diagnosed and located before they become apparent clinically. On the other hand the tumour-associated macromolecules, of which the oncofetal antigens are the principal examples, are found in elevated amounts in some non-neoplastic disorders. It is now clear that serial estimation of the levels of these macromolecules is of considerably more diagnostic value than single random measurements. Current work is establishing their value in the detection of recurrent and metastatic tumours before they become apparent by other methods, which is probably their most important role, and also their value as aids to monitor therapeutic efficacy. The future use of both types of antigen may unfold a new era in cancer detection and therapy but many basic chemical and immunological studies are needed before their clinical use can be fully defined.", "PMID": 95631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1737", "title": "[Nucleoproteins in endometrial hyperplasia of the uterine body].", "content": "Sixty women aged 25-72 years were examined. Endometrium of the uterine body was the direct exploratory material. The whole of the material was divided into 5 groups. Endometrium of the uterine body of women with normal menstrual cycle was considered as a control group. The investigated material was estimated histologically and histochemically. Beginning with the most benign hyperplasis of the hyperplasia glanduralis endometrium type up to malignant neoplasms, a distinct increase in accumulation of both nucleic and cytoplasmatic nucleoproteins as compared to the control group was found.", "contents": "[Nucleoproteins in endometrial hyperplasia of the uterine body]. Sixty women aged 25-72 years were examined. Endometrium of the uterine body was the direct exploratory material. The whole of the material was divided into 5 groups. Endometrium of the uterine body of women with normal menstrual cycle was considered as a control group. The investigated material was estimated histologically and histochemically. Beginning with the most benign hyperplasis of the hyperplasia glanduralis endometrium type up to malignant neoplasms, a distinct increase in accumulation of both nucleic and cytoplasmatic nucleoproteins as compared to the control group was found.", "PMID": 95632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1738", "title": "[Determination of the ribonuclease activity of the duodenal contents of children as a test in the differential diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency].", "content": "Ribonuclease activity was determined in the duodenal contents of healthy children, in children with cystic fibrosis and with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Assays were made at 7.0, in 0.05 M buffer without and with 0.35 M NaCl. The ratio of activity in 0.35 M NaCl to that in buffer alone was found to be 2.4 +/- 1.3 for children with cystic fibrosis as compared with 12 +/- 5 for the control group and children with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.", "contents": "[Determination of the ribonuclease activity of the duodenal contents of children as a test in the differential diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency]. Ribonuclease activity was determined in the duodenal contents of healthy children, in children with cystic fibrosis and with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Assays were made at 7.0, in 0.05 M buffer without and with 0.35 M NaCl. The ratio of activity in 0.35 M NaCl to that in buffer alone was found to be 2.4 +/- 1.3 for children with cystic fibrosis as compared with 12 +/- 5 for the control group and children with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.", "PMID": 95633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1739", "title": "Characterization of atrial fibrillation in man: studies following open heart surgery.", "content": "The nature of localized atrial activation during atrial fibrillation was characterized in 34 patients following open heart surgery. Bipolar atrial electrograms (AEG) recorded in each patient with atrial fibrillation exhibited a myriad of sizes, shapes, polarities, amplitudes, and beat-to-beat intervals. On the basis of the AEG morphology and the nature of its baseline, we have classified the recordings into four Types. Type I was characterized by discrete AEG complexes separated by an isoelectric baseline free of perturbation, Type II by discrete AEG complexes but with perturbations of the baseline between complexes, Type III by AEGs which failed to demonstrate either discrete complexes or isoelectric intervals, and Type IV in which AEGs of Type III alternated with periods characteristic of Type I and/or Type II. In 22 patients, the AEGs were recorded a second time, and in 11 of these patients the type of atrial fibrillation changed between the first and second recording period. An atrial flutter-fibrillation pattern in the ECG was associated with a relatively ordered atrial activation pattern and a relatively slow atrial rate. Human atrial fibrillation is not an electrophysiologically homogeneous process when compared among different patients or ad seriatim in the same patient.", "contents": "Characterization of atrial fibrillation in man: studies following open heart surgery. The nature of localized atrial activation during atrial fibrillation was characterized in 34 patients following open heart surgery. Bipolar atrial electrograms (AEG) recorded in each patient with atrial fibrillation exhibited a myriad of sizes, shapes, polarities, amplitudes, and beat-to-beat intervals. On the basis of the AEG morphology and the nature of its baseline, we have classified the recordings into four Types. Type I was characterized by discrete AEG complexes separated by an isoelectric baseline free of perturbation, Type II by discrete AEG complexes but with perturbations of the baseline between complexes, Type III by AEGs which failed to demonstrate either discrete complexes or isoelectric intervals, and Type IV in which AEGs of Type III alternated with periods characteristic of Type I and/or Type II. In 22 patients, the AEGs were recorded a second time, and in 11 of these patients the type of atrial fibrillation changed between the first and second recording period. An atrial flutter-fibrillation pattern in the ECG was associated with a relatively ordered atrial activation pattern and a relatively slow atrial rate. Human atrial fibrillation is not an electrophysiologically homogeneous process when compared among different patients or ad seriatim in the same patient.", "PMID": 95635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1740", "title": "Permanent cardiac pacing in infants and children.", "content": "This clinical review details our 15 year experience with permanent cardiac pacemakers in 81 infants and children. Pacing was found inappropriate in one infant. The other 80 patients were paced because of congenital heart block [24], post-operative block [50], or sick sinus syndrome [6]. Maintenance of long-term pacing requires all too frequent re-operation for battery depletion [37%], lead related problems [32%] or wound dehiscence [31%]. Problems related to pacemaker size and the presence of a high myocardial threshold are particularly important in the pediatric patient. In spite of these problems, children requiring cardiac pacemakers can be extremely well, their prognosis depending almost entirely on the presence of underlying heart disease.", "contents": "Permanent cardiac pacing in infants and children. This clinical review details our 15 year experience with permanent cardiac pacemakers in 81 infants and children. Pacing was found inappropriate in one infant. The other 80 patients were paced because of congenital heart block [24], post-operative block [50], or sick sinus syndrome [6]. Maintenance of long-term pacing requires all too frequent re-operation for battery depletion [37%], lead related problems [32%] or wound dehiscence [31%]. Problems related to pacemaker size and the presence of a high myocardial threshold are particularly important in the pediatric patient. In spite of these problems, children requiring cardiac pacemakers can be extremely well, their prognosis depending almost entirely on the presence of underlying heart disease.", "PMID": 95636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1741", "title": "Preliminary experience with the pH-triggered pacemaker.", "content": "A cardiac pacemaker capable of responding to blood acidosis by change in its stimulation rate allows adjustment to a patient's metabolic needs. The blood pH is sensed by an iridium oxide electrode in the right atrium. During exercise, the venous pH decreases and the paced ventricular rate increases. If acidosis persists, the paced rate gradually returns to baseline and reaches it after about 70 minutes. A pH-triggered pacemaker has been implanted in a 72-year-old male. The pacemaker remained responsive one year after implant, increasing rate during exercise, cold pressor stress, ischemia of the arms and emotional stress.", "contents": "Preliminary experience with the pH-triggered pacemaker. A cardiac pacemaker capable of responding to blood acidosis by change in its stimulation rate allows adjustment to a patient's metabolic needs. The blood pH is sensed by an iridium oxide electrode in the right atrium. During exercise, the venous pH decreases and the paced ventricular rate increases. If acidosis persists, the paced rate gradually returns to baseline and reaches it after about 70 minutes. A pH-triggered pacemaker has been implanted in a 72-year-old male. The pacemaker remained responsive one year after implant, increasing rate during exercise, cold pressor stress, ischemia of the arms and emotional stress.", "PMID": 95637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1742", "title": "Permanent pacing in the elderly.", "content": "A total of 89 patients, age 80 years or older at the time of initial permanent pacemaker implantation, were followed for 10 to 128 months [mean 32.7]. There were 54 males and 35 females. The mean age was 84.8 years. There were 51 patients age 80-84, 25 age 85-89, and 13 age 90-94. The actuarial 5-year survival was 45%. Complications occurred in 23 patients [40 episodes]. To date, 41 patients have already required at least one pulse generator replacement and 2 patients have already required 5 replacements. All but 3 patients were symptomatic prior to pacing and 56 were asymptomatic at last follow-up. Permanent pacing in the elderly is therapeutically rewarding and not associated with excess morbidity.", "contents": "Permanent pacing in the elderly. A total of 89 patients, age 80 years or older at the time of initial permanent pacemaker implantation, were followed for 10 to 128 months [mean 32.7]. There were 54 males and 35 females. The mean age was 84.8 years. There were 51 patients age 80-84, 25 age 85-89, and 13 age 90-94. The actuarial 5-year survival was 45%. Complications occurred in 23 patients [40 episodes]. To date, 41 patients have already required at least one pulse generator replacement and 2 patients have already required 5 replacements. All but 3 patients were symptomatic prior to pacing and 56 were asymptomatic at last follow-up. Permanent pacing in the elderly is therapeutically rewarding and not associated with excess morbidity.", "PMID": 95638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1743", "title": "Risks of delayed potentials in pacemaker patients prone to ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Late potentials occurring after completion of the QRS complex have been observed in patients prone to ventricular tachycardia. They were recorded either during epicardial studies or in the catheterization laboratory. This paper describes such abnormal myocardial activity and discusses their potential effects on cardiac pacemakers.", "contents": "Risks of delayed potentials in pacemaker patients prone to ventricular tachycardia. Late potentials occurring after completion of the QRS complex have been observed in patients prone to ventricular tachycardia. They were recorded either during epicardial studies or in the catheterization laboratory. This paper describes such abnormal myocardial activity and discusses their potential effects on cardiac pacemakers.", "PMID": 95639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1744", "title": "Symptomatic improvement in a patient with sick sinus syndrome after the onset of stable atrial flutter.", "content": "A patient with sick sinus syndrome (SSS) presented with episodic lightheadedness and weakness. The electrocardiographic features were marked supraventricular bradyarrhythmias and paroxysmal atrial flutter. The symptoms lasted for four years and disappeared with the onset of stable atrial flutter which has persisted for the past seven years. Over the 11-year period of observation, there has been progressive involvement of the His-Purkinje system manifested by the development of left anterior fascicular block, right bundle-branch block, and prolongation of the HV conduction time. The patient has refused pacemaker implantation. In the absence of angina and in the presence of a normal heart size, the etiology of his SSS is postulated to be idiopathic fibrosis of his conduction system.", "contents": "Symptomatic improvement in a patient with sick sinus syndrome after the onset of stable atrial flutter. A patient with sick sinus syndrome (SSS) presented with episodic lightheadedness and weakness. The electrocardiographic features were marked supraventricular bradyarrhythmias and paroxysmal atrial flutter. The symptoms lasted for four years and disappeared with the onset of stable atrial flutter which has persisted for the past seven years. Over the 11-year period of observation, there has been progressive involvement of the His-Purkinje system manifested by the development of left anterior fascicular block, right bundle-branch block, and prolongation of the HV conduction time. The patient has refused pacemaker implantation. In the absence of angina and in the presence of a normal heart size, the etiology of his SSS is postulated to be idiopathic fibrosis of his conduction system.", "PMID": 95640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1745", "title": "Additional evidence for re-entry within the bundle branches in man.", "content": "A repetitive, non-paced ventricular beat (V3) often occurs during ventricular extrastimulus testing at short coupling intervals when critical retrograde His-Purkinje conduction delay is achieved. Though re-entry within the bundle branches has been proposed as the mechanism for V3, it has been difficult to exclude local re-entry. In the present case, we consistently recorded a right bundle branch potential as well as a bundle of His potential before each V3. The anterograde activation sequence of these potentials provides evidence against local re-entry and supports re-entry involving the bundle branches as the mechanism for V3.", "contents": "Additional evidence for re-entry within the bundle branches in man. A repetitive, non-paced ventricular beat (V3) often occurs during ventricular extrastimulus testing at short coupling intervals when critical retrograde His-Purkinje conduction delay is achieved. Though re-entry within the bundle branches has been proposed as the mechanism for V3, it has been difficult to exclude local re-entry. In the present case, we consistently recorded a right bundle branch potential as well as a bundle of His potential before each V3. The anterograde activation sequence of these potentials provides evidence against local re-entry and supports re-entry involving the bundle branches as the mechanism for V3.", "PMID": 95641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1746", "title": "Termination of symptoms in the sick sinus syndrome by atrial fibrillation.", "content": "A female patient with symptomatic sick sinus syndrome (SSS) had a permanent pacemaker implanted. She later developed chronic atrial fibrillation with an adequate ventricular rate. When the pulse generator failed she was found to be clinically asymptomatic. This patient had never adjusted emotionally to her pacemaker and, since she was asymptomatic and in a stable rhythm, the failed pacemaker was not replaced. Possibly, thought should be given to the discontinuance of pacing for the SSS when, in the presence of adequate A-V conduction, stable atrial fibrillation develops.", "contents": "Termination of symptoms in the sick sinus syndrome by atrial fibrillation. A female patient with symptomatic sick sinus syndrome (SSS) had a permanent pacemaker implanted. She later developed chronic atrial fibrillation with an adequate ventricular rate. When the pulse generator failed she was found to be clinically asymptomatic. This patient had never adjusted emotionally to her pacemaker and, since she was asymptomatic and in a stable rhythm, the failed pacemaker was not replaced. Possibly, thought should be given to the discontinuance of pacing for the SSS when, in the presence of adequate A-V conduction, stable atrial fibrillation develops.", "PMID": 95644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1747", "title": "Reprogramming of implanted pacemaker following external defibrillation.", "content": "This report describes reprogramming of a pulse generator consequent to cardiac defibrillation. Analysis of the explanted pulse generator revealed normal function. We tested the electrical properties of several defibrillators and our studies suggest that erratic electrostatic discharges at the time of paddle application before defibrillation may create a signal sequence capable of reprogramming the particular pulse generator by activating either the reed switch or internal electronics.", "contents": "Reprogramming of implanted pacemaker following external defibrillation. This report describes reprogramming of a pulse generator consequent to cardiac defibrillation. Analysis of the explanted pulse generator revealed normal function. We tested the electrical properties of several defibrillators and our studies suggest that erratic electrostatic discharges at the time of paddle application before defibrillation may create a signal sequence capable of reprogramming the particular pulse generator by activating either the reed switch or internal electronics.", "PMID": 95645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1748", "title": "Apparent malfunction of demand pacemakers due to spurious potentials generated by contact between two endocardial electrodes.", "content": "Malfunction of both temporary and permanent demand transvenous pacemakers was caused by contact between the two endocardial electrodes. Contact between these electrodes created spurious potentials which resulted in irregular inhibition of both demand units. The potentials were demonstrated by recording from the temporary wire. There was no interference with either pacemaker in the fixed rate mode and malfunction ceased when the temporary wire was removed.", "contents": "Apparent malfunction of demand pacemakers due to spurious potentials generated by contact between two endocardial electrodes. Malfunction of both temporary and permanent demand transvenous pacemakers was caused by contact between the two endocardial electrodes. Contact between these electrodes created spurious potentials which resulted in irregular inhibition of both demand units. The potentials were demonstrated by recording from the temporary wire. There was no interference with either pacemaker in the fixed rate mode and malfunction ceased when the temporary wire was removed.", "PMID": 95648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1749", "title": "Investigation of the response to some haptenic determinants in penicillin allergy by skin and in vitro allergy tests.", "content": "The role of three penicillin metabolites in human allergic reaction to penicillin has been assessed using sensitive in vitro tests in addition to skin testing. Conjugates of the benzylpenicilloyl (BPO), benzylpenicillenate (BPE) and penicillamine (PA) groups with human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine gamma globulin (BGG) have been made. In the passive haemagglutination test antibodies specific for all three determinants were found but there was no difference between allergic and non-allergic groups. However, the ratio IgG/IgM, specific for each determinant, was higher in normals than in allergics. In skin tests, histamine release from leucocytes and the lymphocyte transformation test, the BPO group was confirmed as the major determinant, but in some individuals the BPE or PA groups are more important.", "contents": "Investigation of the response to some haptenic determinants in penicillin allergy by skin and in vitro allergy tests. The role of three penicillin metabolites in human allergic reaction to penicillin has been assessed using sensitive in vitro tests in addition to skin testing. Conjugates of the benzylpenicilloyl (BPO), benzylpenicillenate (BPE) and penicillamine (PA) groups with human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine gamma globulin (BGG) have been made. In the passive haemagglutination test antibodies specific for all three determinants were found but there was no difference between allergic and non-allergic groups. However, the ratio IgG/IgM, specific for each determinant, was higher in normals than in allergics. In skin tests, histamine release from leucocytes and the lymphocyte transformation test, the BPO group was confirmed as the major determinant, but in some individuals the BPE or PA groups are more important.", "PMID": 95653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1750", "title": "Late onset asthma due to inhalation of Aspergillus niger.", "content": "Clinical observations and immunological evidence are presented to support a diagnosis of late onset asthma due to exposure to Aspergillus niger in a 70-year-old man. Asthma occurred on only three occasions, each time approximately 6 hr after exposure to an area containing Aspergillus niger. His sputum culture contained the same organism. Immunological correlates using the Aspergillus niger extract included positive immediate and late skin tests, histamine release from leukocytes, and serum precipitins.", "contents": "Late onset asthma due to inhalation of Aspergillus niger. Clinical observations and immunological evidence are presented to support a diagnosis of late onset asthma due to exposure to Aspergillus niger in a 70-year-old man. Asthma occurred on only three occasions, each time approximately 6 hr after exposure to an area containing Aspergillus niger. His sputum culture contained the same organism. Immunological correlates using the Aspergillus niger extract included positive immediate and late skin tests, histamine release from leukocytes, and serum precipitins.", "PMID": 95654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1751", "title": "Increased survival of experimental skin flaps in rats following treatment with antiadrenergic drugs.", "content": "The effect upon the survival of skin flaps of several drugs which affect the adrenergic system was studied in rats. In control animals 41% of the skin flaps had survived seven days after the operation. Reserpine (1 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) three days and one day before the flap operation increased the surviving flap area by 75% (p less than 0.001) as compared to control rats injected with saline. I.p. injection of guanethidine (5 mg/kg) or bretylium (10 mg/kg) every 12 hours, starting 24 hours before surgery and continued for 5 consecutive days, also increased the surviving flap area (19 and 33% respectively p less than 0.001). The surviving flap area was unchanged when desipramine (5 mg/kg) was injected in the same way and was decreased by 15% (p less than 0.05) following i.p. injection of the MAO inhibitor pheniprazine (5 mg/kg). Treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (75 mg/kg), i.p. 30 min before surgery or 6-hydroxydopamine (50 mg/kg) i.v. 24 hours prior to surgery also increased the flap survival (56 and 49% increase in surviving flap area, respectively, p less than 0.001). The results demonstrated that the survival of skin flaps increased when the function of the adrenergic nervous system was inhibited. Enhanced sympathetic nervous activity slightly reduced or did not affect skin flap survival.", "contents": "Increased survival of experimental skin flaps in rats following treatment with antiadrenergic drugs. The effect upon the survival of skin flaps of several drugs which affect the adrenergic system was studied in rats. In control animals 41% of the skin flaps had survived seven days after the operation. Reserpine (1 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) three days and one day before the flap operation increased the surviving flap area by 75% (p less than 0.001) as compared to control rats injected with saline. I.p. injection of guanethidine (5 mg/kg) or bretylium (10 mg/kg) every 12 hours, starting 24 hours before surgery and continued for 5 consecutive days, also increased the surviving flap area (19 and 33% respectively p less than 0.001). The surviving flap area was unchanged when desipramine (5 mg/kg) was injected in the same way and was decreased by 15% (p less than 0.05) following i.p. injection of the MAO inhibitor pheniprazine (5 mg/kg). Treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (75 mg/kg), i.p. 30 min before surgery or 6-hydroxydopamine (50 mg/kg) i.v. 24 hours prior to surgery also increased the flap survival (56 and 49% increase in surviving flap area, respectively, p less than 0.001). The results demonstrated that the survival of skin flaps increased when the function of the adrenergic nervous system was inhibited. Enhanced sympathetic nervous activity slightly reduced or did not affect skin flap survival.", "PMID": 95655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1752", "title": "[Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis. Hexadecanoic acid storage disease (Refsum's disease). Definition, treatment and pathogenesis. A short review].", "content": "Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis is a clinical-genetic-biochemical entity. It is therefore not a syndrome, but a nosological entity, a morbus sui generis and it is caused by a single autosomal gene. The importance of phytanic acid accumulation in this disease was first demonstrated by Klenk and Kahlke. To the author's knowledge no case with all the typical symptoms and signs of heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis and without any atypical clinical features, has yet been reported without a concomitant disturbance of phytanic acid metabolism. The dietary treatment--(a low phytol, low phytanic acid diet)--was first proposed by Eldjarn, when the preliminary experimental results indicated that the phytanic acid was of exogenous origin. Whatever the biochemical mechanism is between accumulation of phytanic acid and clinical manifestations in heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis, it appears that the observations made on patients following successful dietary treatment are convincing and leave little doubt that most, if not all, the manifestations in this disease are caused in some way by the accumulation of phytanic acid.", "contents": "[Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis. Hexadecanoic acid storage disease (Refsum's disease). Definition, treatment and pathogenesis. A short review]. Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis is a clinical-genetic-biochemical entity. It is therefore not a syndrome, but a nosological entity, a morbus sui generis and it is caused by a single autosomal gene. The importance of phytanic acid accumulation in this disease was first demonstrated by Klenk and Kahlke. To the author's knowledge no case with all the typical symptoms and signs of heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis and without any atypical clinical features, has yet been reported without a concomitant disturbance of phytanic acid metabolism. The dietary treatment--(a low phytol, low phytanic acid diet)--was first proposed by Eldjarn, when the preliminary experimental results indicated that the phytanic acid was of exogenous origin. Whatever the biochemical mechanism is between accumulation of phytanic acid and clinical manifestations in heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis, it appears that the observations made on patients following successful dietary treatment are convincing and leave little doubt that most, if not all, the manifestations in this disease are caused in some way by the accumulation of phytanic acid.", "PMID": 95656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1753", "title": "[Indications for relief and palliative operations].", "content": "Torkildsen and Spitz-Holter drainages and/or osteoclastic trepanation were performed on 29 patients suffering from a severe increase in intracranial pressure and/or a severely worsened general condition as a relieving intervention in order to permit a tumor operation later. The relieving measure enabled a tumor operation in 28 patients. The same procedure was used as a palliative step for another group of 73 patients suffering from inoperable tumorous processes. Evaluation in these cases showed that the release of pressure via the liquor system brought a prolongation of life while at the same time alleviating painful symptoms, in 50 per cent of the patients. Osteoclastic trepanation, on the other hand, appeared to be unsuitable as a palliative measure. The text is accompanied by tables.", "contents": "[Indications for relief and palliative operations]. Torkildsen and Spitz-Holter drainages and/or osteoclastic trepanation were performed on 29 patients suffering from a severe increase in intracranial pressure and/or a severely worsened general condition as a relieving intervention in order to permit a tumor operation later. The relieving measure enabled a tumor operation in 28 patients. The same procedure was used as a palliative step for another group of 73 patients suffering from inoperable tumorous processes. Evaluation in these cases showed that the release of pressure via the liquor system brought a prolongation of life while at the same time alleviating painful symptoms, in 50 per cent of the patients. Osteoclastic trepanation, on the other hand, appeared to be unsuitable as a palliative measure. The text is accompanied by tables.", "PMID": 95657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1754", "title": "Phenethyl alcohol inhibition of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acylation in Escherichia coli.", "content": "In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to determine how phenethyl alcohol (PEA) inhibits phospholipid synthesis in Escherichia coli. This drug drastically reduced the rate of incorporation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate into the phospholipids of an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate auxotroph. PEA also reduced the rate of fatty acid incorporation into the phospholipids of a fatty acid auxotroph. The kinetics of PEA inhibition of the rate of incorporation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate were almost identical to those of PEA inhibition of the rate of fatty acid incorporation into phospholipids. The in vivo experiments suggested that the rate-limiting step(s) in phospholipid biosynthesis inhibited by PEA is at the level of the acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate or beyond this step. PEA inhibited the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase with either palmitoyl coenzyme A or palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein as the acyl donor. This drug, however, had no effect on the cytidine 5'-diphosphate-diglyceride:glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatidyl transferase, cytidine 5'-diphosphate-diglyceride:L-serine phosphatidyl transferase, and acyl coenzyme A:lysophatidic acid acyltransferase. The in vitro findings suggested that PEA inhibits phospholipid synthesis primarily at the level of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase.", "contents": "Phenethyl alcohol inhibition of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acylation in Escherichia coli. In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to determine how phenethyl alcohol (PEA) inhibits phospholipid synthesis in Escherichia coli. This drug drastically reduced the rate of incorporation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate into the phospholipids of an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate auxotroph. PEA also reduced the rate of fatty acid incorporation into the phospholipids of a fatty acid auxotroph. The kinetics of PEA inhibition of the rate of incorporation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate were almost identical to those of PEA inhibition of the rate of fatty acid incorporation into phospholipids. The in vivo experiments suggested that the rate-limiting step(s) in phospholipid biosynthesis inhibited by PEA is at the level of the acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate or beyond this step. PEA inhibited the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase with either palmitoyl coenzyme A or palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein as the acyl donor. This drug, however, had no effect on the cytidine 5'-diphosphate-diglyceride:glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatidyl transferase, cytidine 5'-diphosphate-diglyceride:L-serine phosphatidyl transferase, and acyl coenzyme A:lysophatidic acid acyltransferase. The in vitro findings suggested that PEA inhibits phospholipid synthesis primarily at the level of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase.", "PMID": 95658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1755", "title": "Lipophilic O-antigens in Rhodospirillum tenue.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharides of eight wild-type strains of the phototrophic bacterium Rhodospirillum tenue have been analyzed. All of the lipopolysaccharides are highly lipophilic. The compositions of preparations obtained by the phenol-water or by the phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether procedure are very similar. The polysaccharide moiety, obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharide, consists mainly of aldoheptoses: L-glycero-D-mannoheptose is present in all strains, whereas D-glycero-D-mannoheptose is an additional constituent in some strains. Galactosaminuronic acid and two unknown ninhydrin-positive components were detected in the lipopolysaccharides of six strains. Spermidine and putrescine are present in large amounts in a salt-like linkage in the lipopolysaccharides from three strains. 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctonate forms the linkage between the polysaccharide moiety and lipid A. The lipid A fraction contains all the glucosamine and all the D-arabinose present in the lipopolysaccharide. D-Arabinose is an invariable constituent of the lipid A from the Rhodopseudomonas tenue lipopolysaccharides investigated. The principal fatty acids are beta-hydroxycapric, myristic, and palmitic acids. The isolated R. tenue lipopolysaccharides (O-antigens) react with rabbit antisera prepared against homologous cells. The titers in passive hemagglutination are low, similar to those found with enterobacterial R-lipopolysaccharides. R. tenue O-antigens containing only L-glycero-D-mannoheptose and those containing both the L- and D-epimers of glycero-D-mannoheptose could not be differentiated by serological means.", "contents": "Lipophilic O-antigens in Rhodospirillum tenue. Lipopolysaccharides of eight wild-type strains of the phototrophic bacterium Rhodospirillum tenue have been analyzed. All of the lipopolysaccharides are highly lipophilic. The compositions of preparations obtained by the phenol-water or by the phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether procedure are very similar. The polysaccharide moiety, obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharide, consists mainly of aldoheptoses: L-glycero-D-mannoheptose is present in all strains, whereas D-glycero-D-mannoheptose is an additional constituent in some strains. Galactosaminuronic acid and two unknown ninhydrin-positive components were detected in the lipopolysaccharides of six strains. Spermidine and putrescine are present in large amounts in a salt-like linkage in the lipopolysaccharides from three strains. 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctonate forms the linkage between the polysaccharide moiety and lipid A. The lipid A fraction contains all the glucosamine and all the D-arabinose present in the lipopolysaccharide. D-Arabinose is an invariable constituent of the lipid A from the Rhodopseudomonas tenue lipopolysaccharides investigated. The principal fatty acids are beta-hydroxycapric, myristic, and palmitic acids. The isolated R. tenue lipopolysaccharides (O-antigens) react with rabbit antisera prepared against homologous cells. The titers in passive hemagglutination are low, similar to those found with enterobacterial R-lipopolysaccharides. R. tenue O-antigens containing only L-glycero-D-mannoheptose and those containing both the L- and D-epimers of glycero-D-mannoheptose could not be differentiated by serological means.", "PMID": 95659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1756", "title": "Stringent regulation of the synthesis of a transfer ribonucleic acid biosynthetic enzyme: transfer ribonucleic acid(m5U)methyltransferase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "This paper describes the regulation of a transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) biosynthetic enzyme, the tRNA(m5U)methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.35). This enzyme catalyzes the formation of 5-methyluridine (m5U, ribothymidine) in all tRNA chains of Escherichia coli. Partial deprivation of charged tRNAVal can be imposed by shifting strains carrying a temperature-sensitive valyl-tRNA ligase from a permissive to a semipermissive temperature. By using two such strains differing only in the allelic state of the relA gene, it was possible to show the tRNA(m5U)methyltransferase to be stringently regulated. Upon partial deprivation of charged tRNAVal, the differential rate of tRNA(m5U)methyltransferase synthesis was found to decrease in a strain with stringent RNA control (relA+), whereas it increased in the strain carrying the relA allele. This increase of accumulation of tRNA(m5U)methyltransferase activity required protein synthesis. Thus, when tRNA is partially uncharged in the cell, the relA gene product influences the expression of tRNA(m5U)methyltransferase gene.", "contents": "Stringent regulation of the synthesis of a transfer ribonucleic acid biosynthetic enzyme: transfer ribonucleic acid(m5U)methyltransferase from Escherichia coli. This paper describes the regulation of a transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) biosynthetic enzyme, the tRNA(m5U)methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.35). This enzyme catalyzes the formation of 5-methyluridine (m5U, ribothymidine) in all tRNA chains of Escherichia coli. Partial deprivation of charged tRNAVal can be imposed by shifting strains carrying a temperature-sensitive valyl-tRNA ligase from a permissive to a semipermissive temperature. By using two such strains differing only in the allelic state of the relA gene, it was possible to show the tRNA(m5U)methyltransferase to be stringently regulated. Upon partial deprivation of charged tRNAVal, the differential rate of tRNA(m5U)methyltransferase synthesis was found to decrease in a strain with stringent RNA control (relA+), whereas it increased in the strain carrying the relA allele. This increase of accumulation of tRNA(m5U)methyltransferase activity required protein synthesis. Thus, when tRNA is partially uncharged in the cell, the relA gene product influences the expression of tRNA(m5U)methyltransferase gene.", "PMID": 95660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1757", "title": "Study of ansamycin inhibition of a ribonucleic acid-directed deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase by an immobilized template assay.", "content": "A series of structurally related ansamycins have been analyzed, in a new immobilized template assay, to determine the mechanism by which they inhibit a ribonucleic acid-directed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase from Moloney murine leukemia virus. By this assay, we can better correlate specific structures of these drugs with inhibitory mechanisms. Using an immobilized template, we were also able to observe drug effects on the stability of complexes formed between the polymerase, a template (polyadenylic acid-agarose), and a primer, as well as to monitor the synthesis of DNA in the presence of drug. For each drug, we determined the complex (intermediate in DNA synthesis) which was primarily affected and whether the effect was due to a destabilization process. Although the activity and specificity of the unsubstituted ansamycins (streptovaricins and rifamycin SV) were modulated by conformation of the molecule and electron density of the aromatic ring, the principal mode of inhibition is, apparently, drug binding to a polymerase-template complex; the drug binds in a manner which prevents subsequent formation of a polymerase-template-primer complex. However, some derivatives of rifamycin SV, when substituted at carbon-3 with bulky or hydrophobic side chains, displayed markedly different modes of action. For example, demethyl dimethyl rifampin prevented the formation of polymerase-template complexes, whereas rifazacyclo 16 acted by promoting the dissociation of polymerase-template-primer complexes.", "contents": "Study of ansamycin inhibition of a ribonucleic acid-directed deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase by an immobilized template assay. A series of structurally related ansamycins have been analyzed, in a new immobilized template assay, to determine the mechanism by which they inhibit a ribonucleic acid-directed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase from Moloney murine leukemia virus. By this assay, we can better correlate specific structures of these drugs with inhibitory mechanisms. Using an immobilized template, we were also able to observe drug effects on the stability of complexes formed between the polymerase, a template (polyadenylic acid-agarose), and a primer, as well as to monitor the synthesis of DNA in the presence of drug. For each drug, we determined the complex (intermediate in DNA synthesis) which was primarily affected and whether the effect was due to a destabilization process. Although the activity and specificity of the unsubstituted ansamycins (streptovaricins and rifamycin SV) were modulated by conformation of the molecule and electron density of the aromatic ring, the principal mode of inhibition is, apparently, drug binding to a polymerase-template complex; the drug binds in a manner which prevents subsequent formation of a polymerase-template-primer complex. However, some derivatives of rifamycin SV, when substituted at carbon-3 with bulky or hydrophobic side chains, displayed markedly different modes of action. For example, demethyl dimethyl rifampin prevented the formation of polymerase-template complexes, whereas rifazacyclo 16 acted by promoting the dissociation of polymerase-template-primer complexes.", "PMID": 95661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1758", "title": "Serologic studies in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a review.", "content": "Careful study of inflammatory and immunologic parameters in JRA and other connective tissue diseases of childhood has contributed to our current understanding of these diseases. Examination of serum for acute phase reactants, and antibodies to immunoglobulin antigens and nuclear antigens, combined with radiologic evaluation of symptomatic joints and, when indicated, examination of joint fluid or synovial membrane, may confirm the diagnosis of JRA. Changes in inflammatory indicators can be used as an index of adequacy of treatment. An ANA positivity in the child with pauciarticular arthritis should always prompt frequent slit-lamp examinations for asymptomatic iridocyclitis. The role played by auto-antibodies in the pathogenesis of JRA is unknown, as is the possible effect of proteins like CRP on the regulation of the inflammatory process in these children.", "contents": "Serologic studies in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Careful study of inflammatory and immunologic parameters in JRA and other connective tissue diseases of childhood has contributed to our current understanding of these diseases. Examination of serum for acute phase reactants, and antibodies to immunoglobulin antigens and nuclear antigens, combined with radiologic evaluation of symptomatic joints and, when indicated, examination of joint fluid or synovial membrane, may confirm the diagnosis of JRA. Changes in inflammatory indicators can be used as an index of adequacy of treatment. An ANA positivity in the child with pauciarticular arthritis should always prompt frequent slit-lamp examinations for asymptomatic iridocyclitis. The role played by auto-antibodies in the pathogenesis of JRA is unknown, as is the possible effect of proteins like CRP on the regulation of the inflammatory process in these children.", "PMID": 95662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1759", "title": "Ineffectiveness of bleomycin in verrucous carcinoma of the vulva.", "content": "A case of verrucous carcinoma of the vulva is reported and the literature concerning verrucous carcinoma of the vulva is reviewed. The difficulties about the therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Ineffectiveness of bleomycin in verrucous carcinoma of the vulva. A case of verrucous carcinoma of the vulva is reported and the literature concerning verrucous carcinoma of the vulva is reviewed. The difficulties about the therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 95665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1760", "title": "Changes in peripheral hormone levels after therapeutic abortion.", "content": "Plasma levels of progesterone, 17 alpha-OH progesterone, hPL and beta-subunit hCG were measured in a group of women for 24 h after therapeutic abortion. Progesterone, hCG and hPL levels fell more rapidly than 17 alpha-OH progesterone levels. This might suggest that the main site of synthesis of 17 alpha-OH progesterone is probably in the corpus luteum of pregnancy or that the prolonged half-life of hCG maintains the corpus luteum to secrete longer. Human placental lactogen fell dramatically within 4 h but the hCG level was maintained. This difference probably reflects only the differences in half-lives of these hormones.", "contents": "Changes in peripheral hormone levels after therapeutic abortion. Plasma levels of progesterone, 17 alpha-OH progesterone, hPL and beta-subunit hCG were measured in a group of women for 24 h after therapeutic abortion. Progesterone, hCG and hPL levels fell more rapidly than 17 alpha-OH progesterone levels. This might suggest that the main site of synthesis of 17 alpha-OH progesterone is probably in the corpus luteum of pregnancy or that the prolonged half-life of hCG maintains the corpus luteum to secrete longer. Human placental lactogen fell dramatically within 4 h but the hCG level was maintained. This difference probably reflects only the differences in half-lives of these hormones.", "PMID": 95666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1761", "title": "Formation of HCG in the human fetoplacental unit.", "content": "HCG and beta-HCG were determined in umbilical arterial and venous blood immediately after spontaneous term delivery. HCG and beta-HCG are present in higher concentrations in arterial than in venous umbilical cord blood. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that HCG and beta-HCG are produced in the fetal compartment of the human fetoplacental unit, with a larger contribution of the female fetus as compared with the male.", "contents": "Formation of HCG in the human fetoplacental unit. HCG and beta-HCG were determined in umbilical arterial and venous blood immediately after spontaneous term delivery. HCG and beta-HCG are present in higher concentrations in arterial than in venous umbilical cord blood. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that HCG and beta-HCG are produced in the fetal compartment of the human fetoplacental unit, with a larger contribution of the female fetus as compared with the male.", "PMID": 95667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1762", "title": "Effect of interferon on growth and division cycle of Friend erythroleukemic murine cells in vitro.", "content": "The administration of appropriate doses of interferon to cultures of Friend leukemia cells causes a pronounced inhibition of cell growth. Several lines of evidence indicate that this effect is due to interferon itself, rather than to unknown contaminants of interferon preparations. Autoradiograph analysis of growth parameters of Friend leukemia cells during treatment with interferon demonstrates that the rate of entry into the S phase, the percent decline of unlabeled mitoses, and the mitotic indexes are significantly lower in interferon-treated cell cultures than in control untreated cultures when tritiated thymidine was added 12 h after the administration of interferon. These data indicate that fractions of interferon-treated cell population are delayed in both G1 and in G2 phases of the cell cycle. This was confirmed by exact measurements of the length of the various phases of the cycle. The interferon-induced inhibition of growth of Friend leukemia cells is reversible after removal of the compound. Autoradiograph data obtained from control cultures and from cultures previously treated with interferon that had been washed free of interferon and reseeded in interferon-free medium, demonstrate that during the first 12 h after removal of interferon, a large majority of the cells previously treated with interferon had a deranged flow into the S phase, a high number of unlabeled mitoses, and a low mitotic index. These data provide further evidence for the above-mentioned prolongations of G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle. All growth parameters tested reverted to normal values within 12 h after washing out interferon.", "contents": "Effect of interferon on growth and division cycle of Friend erythroleukemic murine cells in vitro. The administration of appropriate doses of interferon to cultures of Friend leukemia cells causes a pronounced inhibition of cell growth. Several lines of evidence indicate that this effect is due to interferon itself, rather than to unknown contaminants of interferon preparations. Autoradiograph analysis of growth parameters of Friend leukemia cells during treatment with interferon demonstrates that the rate of entry into the S phase, the percent decline of unlabeled mitoses, and the mitotic indexes are significantly lower in interferon-treated cell cultures than in control untreated cultures when tritiated thymidine was added 12 h after the administration of interferon. These data indicate that fractions of interferon-treated cell population are delayed in both G1 and in G2 phases of the cell cycle. This was confirmed by exact measurements of the length of the various phases of the cycle. The interferon-induced inhibition of growth of Friend leukemia cells is reversible after removal of the compound. Autoradiograph data obtained from control cultures and from cultures previously treated with interferon that had been washed free of interferon and reseeded in interferon-free medium, demonstrate that during the first 12 h after removal of interferon, a large majority of the cells previously treated with interferon had a deranged flow into the S phase, a high number of unlabeled mitoses, and a low mitotic index. These data provide further evidence for the above-mentioned prolongations of G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle. All growth parameters tested reverted to normal values within 12 h after washing out interferon.", "PMID": 95668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1763", "title": "Diffusion rates of cell surface antigens of mouse-human heterokaryons. II. Effect of membrane potential on lateral diffusion.", "content": "The rate of appearance, in a population of mouse-human heterokaryons, of cells with intermixed mouse and human surface antigens may be used to estimate the rate of lateral diffusion of the antigens in a single cell. Most heterokaryons appear to restrict diffusion of their surface antigens. These restrictions are altered by exposing either heterokaryons or their parent cells to conditions that change cell surface membrane potential. Media containing unphysiological concentrations of potassium ion, drugs, affecting the Na+,K+ ATPase, or a channel-forming antibiotic, gramicidin, all affect lateral mobility of cell surface antigens in a manner consistent with a common effect on membrane potential.", "contents": "Diffusion rates of cell surface antigens of mouse-human heterokaryons. II. Effect of membrane potential on lateral diffusion. The rate of appearance, in a population of mouse-human heterokaryons, of cells with intermixed mouse and human surface antigens may be used to estimate the rate of lateral diffusion of the antigens in a single cell. Most heterokaryons appear to restrict diffusion of their surface antigens. These restrictions are altered by exposing either heterokaryons or their parent cells to conditions that change cell surface membrane potential. Media containing unphysiological concentrations of potassium ion, drugs, affecting the Na+,K+ ATPase, or a channel-forming antibiotic, gramicidin, all affect lateral mobility of cell surface antigens in a manner consistent with a common effect on membrane potential.", "PMID": 95669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1764", "title": "Immunological induction of T lymphocytes: role of antigen and the lymphocyte costimulator.", "content": "In vitro T cell activation requires both antigen presentation and a second stimulus provided by the lymphocyte costimulator. Neither alone is sufficient to induce specific T cell activation. The S+ phenotype of stimulating cells is dependent on the metabolic activity of these cells. This finding is consistent with the notion that production and/or release of the costimulator is a function of metabolically active cells. The costimulator acts at an early stage of the interaction between lymphocyte and antigen, and the costimulator, or a separate maintenance factor, is required throughout the culture period for the expression of full cytotoxic activity. The lymphocyte costimulator is not strain specific but is phylogenetically specific. The activation of cytotoxic T cells by S+ cells is also phylogenetically specific, and this specificity of cellular activation can be accounted for by the species specificity of the lymphocyte costimulator.", "contents": "Immunological induction of T lymphocytes: role of antigen and the lymphocyte costimulator. In vitro T cell activation requires both antigen presentation and a second stimulus provided by the lymphocyte costimulator. Neither alone is sufficient to induce specific T cell activation. The S+ phenotype of stimulating cells is dependent on the metabolic activity of these cells. This finding is consistent with the notion that production and/or release of the costimulator is a function of metabolically active cells. The costimulator acts at an early stage of the interaction between lymphocyte and antigen, and the costimulator, or a separate maintenance factor, is required throughout the culture period for the expression of full cytotoxic activity. The lymphocyte costimulator is not strain specific but is phylogenetically specific. The activation of cytotoxic T cells by S+ cells is also phylogenetically specific, and this specificity of cellular activation can be accounted for by the species specificity of the lymphocyte costimulator.", "PMID": 95670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1765", "title": "An analysis of arcurate staining with B&L SOFLENS. Part II.", "content": "A study of 72 eyes fit with hydrophilic lenses reveals that 46 per cent manifested arcuate staining. Arcuate staining is epithelial, superficial and located in an area between four and eight o'clock on the cornea. The authors relate several factors of soft lens fitting to the occurrence of arcuate staining.", "contents": "An analysis of arcurate staining with B&L SOFLENS. Part II. A study of 72 eyes fit with hydrophilic lenses reveals that 46 per cent manifested arcuate staining. Arcuate staining is epithelial, superficial and located in an area between four and eight o'clock on the cornea. The authors relate several factors of soft lens fitting to the occurrence of arcuate staining.", "PMID": 95674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1766", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of transcription sites and of RNA distribution during the cell cycle of synchronized CHO cells.", "content": "The ultrastructural localization of [3H]uridine-labelled RNA synthesized in the course of the cell cycle of synchronized CHO cells is studied using high resolution autoradiography combined with a differential staining for nucleoproteins. It is shown that sites of RNA transcription can already be visualized on the periphery of chromosomes of apparently late metaphase-early anaphase cells with no visible association with the reforming nuclear membrane. In interphase cells they are associated with the border of intranucleolar chromatin or condensed nucleoplasmic chromatin, wherever this localization is made possible by the degree of chromatin dispersion. In cells labeled for 1 or 3 h, the rate of RNA synthesis is higher in S and G2 than in G1. When cells fixed immediately after a [3H]uridine pulse are compared with those post-incubated for 13 h in isotope-free medium, there is a clear difference in intensity of labelling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. However, the localization pattern of radioactive RNA in the nucleus is similar for all incubation periods as well as for all phases of interphase. The groups of interchromatin granules are generally labeled weakly with radioactivity associated rather with the periphery of their clusters, or remain unlabelled. These results are discussed in the context of other recent findings concerning the distribution of RNA and RNP-structures in the nucleus.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of transcription sites and of RNA distribution during the cell cycle of synchronized CHO cells. The ultrastructural localization of [3H]uridine-labelled RNA synthesized in the course of the cell cycle of synchronized CHO cells is studied using high resolution autoradiography combined with a differential staining for nucleoproteins. It is shown that sites of RNA transcription can already be visualized on the periphery of chromosomes of apparently late metaphase-early anaphase cells with no visible association with the reforming nuclear membrane. In interphase cells they are associated with the border of intranucleolar chromatin or condensed nucleoplasmic chromatin, wherever this localization is made possible by the degree of chromatin dispersion. In cells labeled for 1 or 3 h, the rate of RNA synthesis is higher in S and G2 than in G1. When cells fixed immediately after a [3H]uridine pulse are compared with those post-incubated for 13 h in isotope-free medium, there is a clear difference in intensity of labelling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. However, the localization pattern of radioactive RNA in the nucleus is similar for all incubation periods as well as for all phases of interphase. The groups of interchromatin granules are generally labeled weakly with radioactivity associated rather with the periphery of their clusters, or remain unlabelled. These results are discussed in the context of other recent findings concerning the distribution of RNA and RNP-structures in the nucleus.", "PMID": 95675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1767", "title": "[Chemotherapy of malignant lymphomas].", "content": "The indications for chemical treatment (with or without radiation) and modalities tailored to Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin forms (and their histological types), and to the different stages of malignant lymphoma are described. Reference is also made to the results that may be expected.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of malignant lymphomas]. The indications for chemical treatment (with or without radiation) and modalities tailored to Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin forms (and their histological types), and to the different stages of malignant lymphoma are described. Reference is also made to the results that may be expected.", "PMID": 95671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1768", "title": "Expression of the regulation of cAMP metabolism in somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Normal rat liver cells (BRL-1) that respond to isoproterenol (beta+2), prostaglandin E1 (PGE+1) and adenosine (Ado+) with a rise in adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) content have been hybridized with rat hepatoma cells (H35) which do not respond to any of these agonists (beta-2, PGE-1 and Ado-). Both the initial hybrid line (BF5) and a subclone (BF5-1-1) expressed a beta+2, PGE+1, Ado- phenotype. However, full expression of the responsive phenotype in the BF5 line was apparent only if phosphodiesterase activity was blocked, for example, by methylisobutylxanthine (MIX). Direct measurements showed the rate of degradation of cAMP to be 7 times greater in intact BF5 cells than in the BRL-1 parent. In contrast to BF5 cells, the BF5-1-1 cells did not express maximal responsiveness to any of the agonists even in the presence of MIX. The differential accumulation of intracellular cAMP observed with BRL-1, BF5 and BF5-1-1 cells in response to isoproterenol was shown not to be as a result of differential rates of excretion of cAMP. Furthermore, no differences in the apparent affinities of the beta 2-catecholamine receptors for isoproterenol were observed. It is suggested that the increased degradative capacity of BF5 cells accounts for the difference in cAMP accumulation in these cells compared with the BRL-1 parent. The reduced responsiveness of BF5-1-1 cells, however, does not appear to be solely due to increased phosphodiesterase activity. It appears that the beta 2- phenotype may not always be dominant in hybrid crosses of this type as has been reported previously.", "contents": "Expression of the regulation of cAMP metabolism in somatic cell hybrids. Normal rat liver cells (BRL-1) that respond to isoproterenol (beta+2), prostaglandin E1 (PGE+1) and adenosine (Ado+) with a rise in adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) content have been hybridized with rat hepatoma cells (H35) which do not respond to any of these agonists (beta-2, PGE-1 and Ado-). Both the initial hybrid line (BF5) and a subclone (BF5-1-1) expressed a beta+2, PGE+1, Ado- phenotype. However, full expression of the responsive phenotype in the BF5 line was apparent only if phosphodiesterase activity was blocked, for example, by methylisobutylxanthine (MIX). Direct measurements showed the rate of degradation of cAMP to be 7 times greater in intact BF5 cells than in the BRL-1 parent. In contrast to BF5 cells, the BF5-1-1 cells did not express maximal responsiveness to any of the agonists even in the presence of MIX. The differential accumulation of intracellular cAMP observed with BRL-1, BF5 and BF5-1-1 cells in response to isoproterenol was shown not to be as a result of differential rates of excretion of cAMP. Furthermore, no differences in the apparent affinities of the beta 2-catecholamine receptors for isoproterenol were observed. It is suggested that the increased degradative capacity of BF5 cells accounts for the difference in cAMP accumulation in these cells compared with the BRL-1 parent. The reduced responsiveness of BF5-1-1 cells, however, does not appear to be solely due to increased phosphodiesterase activity. It appears that the beta 2- phenotype may not always be dominant in hybrid crosses of this type as has been reported previously.", "PMID": 95676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1769", "title": "Asymmetric decondensation of the L cell heterochromatin by Hoechst 33258.", "content": "A benzimidazole derivative, Hoechst 33258 can induce decondensation of constitutive heterochromatin in the mouse derived L cell chromosomes when the compound is given in sufficiently high concentration (40 micrograms/ml) to the L cell culture. Hoechst 33258 at low concentration (1 micrograms/ml, 16 h) cannot produce this effect on L cell chromosomes. Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) incorporation for one cell cycle simultaneous with the Hoechst 33258 treatment at low concentration could decondense heterochromatin segments in metaphase chromosomes. The heterochromatin decondensation, however, was asymmetric; it was observed only on one chromatid and the other of a chromosome remained in condensed state. The observation of asymmetric decondensation of heterochromatin by Hoechst 33258 after BUdR incorporation for one cell cycle, the association of A-T rich satellite DNA to mouse heterochromatin, and available data on the specific binding of Hoechst 33258 to A-T base pairs of DNA and on the higher affinity of the compound to BUdR substituted DNA than to ordinary DNA implied that the binding of Hoechst 33258 molecules to A-T rich satellite DNA is the cause of heterochromatin decondensation.", "contents": "Asymmetric decondensation of the L cell heterochromatin by Hoechst 33258. A benzimidazole derivative, Hoechst 33258 can induce decondensation of constitutive heterochromatin in the mouse derived L cell chromosomes when the compound is given in sufficiently high concentration (40 micrograms/ml) to the L cell culture. Hoechst 33258 at low concentration (1 micrograms/ml, 16 h) cannot produce this effect on L cell chromosomes. Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) incorporation for one cell cycle simultaneous with the Hoechst 33258 treatment at low concentration could decondense heterochromatin segments in metaphase chromosomes. The heterochromatin decondensation, however, was asymmetric; it was observed only on one chromatid and the other of a chromosome remained in condensed state. The observation of asymmetric decondensation of heterochromatin by Hoechst 33258 after BUdR incorporation for one cell cycle, the association of A-T rich satellite DNA to mouse heterochromatin, and available data on the specific binding of Hoechst 33258 to A-T base pairs of DNA and on the higher affinity of the compound to BUdR substituted DNA than to ordinary DNA implied that the binding of Hoechst 33258 molecules to A-T rich satellite DNA is the cause of heterochromatin decondensation.", "PMID": 95677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1770", "title": "Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in erythrocytes of ten mammalian species: concentration, synthesis and degradation.", "content": "1. The concentration of PRPP and the activity of PRPP synthetase have been measured in hemolysates from man and nine other mammalian species. PRPP synthetase activity was very low in dog hemolysate. 2. High concentrations of PRPP appeared to be associated with low levels of HGPRT activity, suggesting that HGPRT is the major pathway for utilization of PRPP in mammalian erythrocytes. 3. An alternative catabolic route for PRPP was observed in mammalian hemolysates, which seemed to be associated with acid phosphatase activity. The activity of acid phosphatase in mammalian hemolysates was measured.", "contents": "Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in erythrocytes of ten mammalian species: concentration, synthesis and degradation. 1. The concentration of PRPP and the activity of PRPP synthetase have been measured in hemolysates from man and nine other mammalian species. PRPP synthetase activity was very low in dog hemolysate. 2. High concentrations of PRPP appeared to be associated with low levels of HGPRT activity, suggesting that HGPRT is the major pathway for utilization of PRPP in mammalian erythrocytes. 3. An alternative catabolic route for PRPP was observed in mammalian hemolysates, which seemed to be associated with acid phosphatase activity. The activity of acid phosphatase in mammalian hemolysates was measured.", "PMID": 95678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1771", "title": "Immunochemical comparison of human and goat haptoglobin and alpha 2-macroglobulin.", "content": "1. A non-haptoglobin alpha 2-globulin was observed in the plasma of goats (Capra hircus) after inflammatory stresses. 2. This stress reaction protein exhibited an electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight similar to goat haptoglobin. 3. Complete immunological cross-reactivity was demonstrated between the goat protein and human alpha 2-macroglobulin. 4. The functional and evolutionary significance of these observations are discussed.", "contents": "Immunochemical comparison of human and goat haptoglobin and alpha 2-macroglobulin. 1. A non-haptoglobin alpha 2-globulin was observed in the plasma of goats (Capra hircus) after inflammatory stresses. 2. This stress reaction protein exhibited an electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight similar to goat haptoglobin. 3. Complete immunological cross-reactivity was demonstrated between the goat protein and human alpha 2-macroglobulin. 4. The functional and evolutionary significance of these observations are discussed.", "PMID": 95679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1772", "title": "Immunochemical comparisons among myelin basic proteins.", "content": "1. The relationships among myelin encephalitogenic or basic proteins were immunochemically examined. 2. Rabbit antisera to myelin basic proteins isolated from chicken, rabbit, bovine, guinea-pig, and human brain specimens were prepared. By quantitative microcomplement fixation these rabbit antisera were used to measure cross-reactions among the myelin basic proteins of the turtle, chicken, rat, rabbit, cow, pig, sheep, dog, guinea-pig, monkey and human. 3. A spectrum of cross-reactivities was detected even though some cross-reactivity persisted across major phylogenetic barriers. Varying, but sometimes marked, differences existed in reactivities of the small and large basic proteins of the rat. Reciprocity of cross-reactivities among basic proteins was inconstant. 4. This study demonstrates the range of immunochemical cross-reactivities among myelin basic proteins and the sensitivity of quantitative microcomplement fixation in assessing such antigenic or conformational differences.", "contents": "Immunochemical comparisons among myelin basic proteins. 1. The relationships among myelin encephalitogenic or basic proteins were immunochemically examined. 2. Rabbit antisera to myelin basic proteins isolated from chicken, rabbit, bovine, guinea-pig, and human brain specimens were prepared. By quantitative microcomplement fixation these rabbit antisera were used to measure cross-reactions among the myelin basic proteins of the turtle, chicken, rat, rabbit, cow, pig, sheep, dog, guinea-pig, monkey and human. 3. A spectrum of cross-reactivities was detected even though some cross-reactivity persisted across major phylogenetic barriers. Varying, but sometimes marked, differences existed in reactivities of the small and large basic proteins of the rat. Reciprocity of cross-reactivities among basic proteins was inconstant. 4. This study demonstrates the range of immunochemical cross-reactivities among myelin basic proteins and the sensitivity of quantitative microcomplement fixation in assessing such antigenic or conformational differences.", "PMID": 95680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1773", "title": "Comparative studies on immunochemical properties of female-specific serum protein and egg yolk proteins in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "1. Female-specific serum protein (FS) and egg yolk proteins of mature female rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were studied comparatively with reference to their immunological and some physicochemical properties. 2. FS was considered to be composed of two egg proteins, E1 and E2, which were isolated from the egg yolk by gel filtration. 3. The molecular weights of FS, E1 and E2 were estimated by gel filtration to be approx 600,000, 300,000 and 35,000, respectively. 4. The analysis with sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis indicated that E1 consisted of two subunits with molecular weights of 90,000 and 15,000, and E2 was estimated to be a dimer of a molecule of 15,000. 5. Male and immature female trout were injected with estradiol-17 beta, and the production of proteins with the same antigenicity with FS was demonstrated.", "contents": "Comparative studies on immunochemical properties of female-specific serum protein and egg yolk proteins in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). 1. Female-specific serum protein (FS) and egg yolk proteins of mature female rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were studied comparatively with reference to their immunological and some physicochemical properties. 2. FS was considered to be composed of two egg proteins, E1 and E2, which were isolated from the egg yolk by gel filtration. 3. The molecular weights of FS, E1 and E2 were estimated by gel filtration to be approx 600,000, 300,000 and 35,000, respectively. 4. The analysis with sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis indicated that E1 consisted of two subunits with molecular weights of 90,000 and 15,000, and E2 was estimated to be a dimer of a molecule of 15,000. 5. Male and immature female trout were injected with estradiol-17 beta, and the production of proteins with the same antigenicity with FS was demonstrated.", "PMID": 95681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1774", "title": "A study of rabbit plasma progressive antithrombinic activity during acute phase inflammatory reaction and in experimental nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "1. The development of the progressive antithrombinic activity in rabbit plasma as a function of the level of the two alpha-macroglobulins in two experimental pathologies: acute phase inflammatory reaction and nephrotic syndrome, were studied. 2. In the first case, the antithrombinic activity is a result of the increased biosynthesis of plasmatic antithrombins: antithrombin III, alpha 1 antitrypsin and alpha macroglobulins. 3. In the nephrotic syndrome, this activity follows the increase in the alpha M levels, the other antithrombins having been massively eliminated from the circulation in the urine.", "contents": "A study of rabbit plasma progressive antithrombinic activity during acute phase inflammatory reaction and in experimental nephrotic syndrome. 1. The development of the progressive antithrombinic activity in rabbit plasma as a function of the level of the two alpha-macroglobulins in two experimental pathologies: acute phase inflammatory reaction and nephrotic syndrome, were studied. 2. In the first case, the antithrombinic activity is a result of the increased biosynthesis of plasmatic antithrombins: antithrombin III, alpha 1 antitrypsin and alpha macroglobulins. 3. In the nephrotic syndrome, this activity follows the increase in the alpha M levels, the other antithrombins having been massively eliminated from the circulation in the urine.", "PMID": 95682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1775", "title": "Amylase activity, glycoprotein and electrolyte concentration in rat's submaxillary salivary gland during heat acclimation.", "content": "1. Amylase activity, glycoproteins, Na and K concentrations were measured in submaxillary salivary gland of the rat during heat acclimation (34 degrees C). 2. Acclimation resulted in a decrease in glycoprotein concentration and amylase activity, whereas Na and K concentrations and the Na/K ratio increased. 3. It is suggested that heat acclimation results in an increase in glandular activity leading to increased water secretion and depletion of the glycoprotein store. The decrease in amylase activity is probably due to liver atrophy which occurs during prolonged heat exposure.", "contents": "Amylase activity, glycoprotein and electrolyte concentration in rat's submaxillary salivary gland during heat acclimation. 1. Amylase activity, glycoproteins, Na and K concentrations were measured in submaxillary salivary gland of the rat during heat acclimation (34 degrees C). 2. Acclimation resulted in a decrease in glycoprotein concentration and amylase activity, whereas Na and K concentrations and the Na/K ratio increased. 3. It is suggested that heat acclimation results in an increase in glandular activity leading to increased water secretion and depletion of the glycoprotein store. The decrease in amylase activity is probably due to liver atrophy which occurs during prolonged heat exposure.", "PMID": 95684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1776", "title": "Cytoplasmic RNA from hen reticulocytes, mouse sarcoma 180 ascites cells, rat liver and barley embryos. Their preparation and purification by a standard procedure and characterization by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "1. This paper describes a standard procedure for the preparation and purification of RNA from the post-mitochondrial supernatants of a number of eukaryotes. 2. Cytoplasmic RNA was fractionated by NaCl precipitation. The 28S (26S), 18S and 5.8S rRNA, and 9S RNA, in the NaCl insoluble fraction were separated by a two-step sucrose gradient fractionation procedure. Poly(A)-containing mRNA in hen 9S RNA was purified by affinity chromatography. The 5S rRNA and tRNA in the NaCl-soluble fraction were fractionated by gel filtration. 3. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the above RNA species were remarkably stable and homogeneous. Differences were found in the 26-28S rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and 9S RNA of different eukaryotes, but other cytoplasmic RNA species were identical.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic RNA from hen reticulocytes, mouse sarcoma 180 ascites cells, rat liver and barley embryos. Their preparation and purification by a standard procedure and characterization by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 1. This paper describes a standard procedure for the preparation and purification of RNA from the post-mitochondrial supernatants of a number of eukaryotes. 2. Cytoplasmic RNA was fractionated by NaCl precipitation. The 28S (26S), 18S and 5.8S rRNA, and 9S RNA, in the NaCl insoluble fraction were separated by a two-step sucrose gradient fractionation procedure. Poly(A)-containing mRNA in hen 9S RNA was purified by affinity chromatography. The 5S rRNA and tRNA in the NaCl-soluble fraction were fractionated by gel filtration. 3. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the above RNA species were remarkably stable and homogeneous. Differences were found in the 26-28S rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and 9S RNA of different eukaryotes, but other cytoplasmic RNA species were identical.", "PMID": 95685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1777", "title": "Inhibition of rat and bovine trypsins and chymotrypsins by soybean, bovine basic pancreatic, and bovine colostrum trypsin inhibitors.", "content": "1. Bovine (Bos taurus) trypsin and trypsin activity in rat (Rattus norvegicus) pancreatic extract were inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor and by bovine basic pancreatic and colostrum inhibitors. 2. Bovine alpha-chymotrypsin was inhibited by soybean and bovine basic pancreatic inhibitors but only weakly by colostrum inhibitor. 3. Chymotrypsin activity in rat pancreatic extract was due to at least three different components against all of which the inhibitors were largely ineffective. 4. It is concluded that bovine colostrum inhibitor has a more limited inhibition spectrum than the phylogenetically related basic pancreatic inhibitor which, in turn, is less active against rat than against bovine enzymes.", "contents": "Inhibition of rat and bovine trypsins and chymotrypsins by soybean, bovine basic pancreatic, and bovine colostrum trypsin inhibitors. 1. Bovine (Bos taurus) trypsin and trypsin activity in rat (Rattus norvegicus) pancreatic extract were inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor and by bovine basic pancreatic and colostrum inhibitors. 2. Bovine alpha-chymotrypsin was inhibited by soybean and bovine basic pancreatic inhibitors but only weakly by colostrum inhibitor. 3. Chymotrypsin activity in rat pancreatic extract was due to at least three different components against all of which the inhibitors were largely ineffective. 4. It is concluded that bovine colostrum inhibitor has a more limited inhibition spectrum than the phylogenetically related basic pancreatic inhibitor which, in turn, is less active against rat than against bovine enzymes.", "PMID": 95686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1778", "title": "Dose response kinetics of serum vitellogenin, liver DNA, RNA, protein and lipid after induction by estradiol-17 beta in male flounders (Platichthys flesus L.).", "content": "1. Male flounders receiving 100 micrograms estradiol each second day were fully induced to vitellogenin synthesis within 11 days, while fishes given 5 micrograms doses continued to accumulate vitellogenin in the serum at a progressive rate through 17 days. 2. Liver DNA per unit fish remained constant, while RNA per unit fish in flounders given 100 and 5 micrograms doses attained values 80 and 25% respectively, above the values found in control animals. 3. Liver RNA per unit DNA increased at maximal rate within 6 days in fishes receiving 100 micrograms doses. RNA synthesis continued at a progressive rate through 17 days in fishes given 5 micrograms doses of estradiol. 4. Liver protein per unit DNA elevated at a plateau 60% above control within 6 days with 100 micrograms doses. Doses of 5 micrograms had only little effect on liver protein. 5. Estradiol had a lipogenic effect on the liver. Cellular lipid rose 120 and 60% above control after treatment with 100 and 5 micrograms respectively. 6. Liver dry weight per unit DNA increased 60 and 55% above control with 100 and 5 micrograms doses respectively. Cellular hypertrophy in fishes receiving the smaller dose was primarily associated with an increase in lipid concentration, while protein and lipid contributed almost equally to cellular growth in fishes receiving the high dose.", "contents": "Dose response kinetics of serum vitellogenin, liver DNA, RNA, protein and lipid after induction by estradiol-17 beta in male flounders (Platichthys flesus L.). 1. Male flounders receiving 100 micrograms estradiol each second day were fully induced to vitellogenin synthesis within 11 days, while fishes given 5 micrograms doses continued to accumulate vitellogenin in the serum at a progressive rate through 17 days. 2. Liver DNA per unit fish remained constant, while RNA per unit fish in flounders given 100 and 5 micrograms doses attained values 80 and 25% respectively, above the values found in control animals. 3. Liver RNA per unit DNA increased at maximal rate within 6 days in fishes receiving 100 micrograms doses. RNA synthesis continued at a progressive rate through 17 days in fishes given 5 micrograms doses of estradiol. 4. Liver protein per unit DNA elevated at a plateau 60% above control within 6 days with 100 micrograms doses. Doses of 5 micrograms had only little effect on liver protein. 5. Estradiol had a lipogenic effect on the liver. Cellular lipid rose 120 and 60% above control after treatment with 100 and 5 micrograms respectively. 6. Liver dry weight per unit DNA increased 60 and 55% above control with 100 and 5 micrograms doses respectively. Cellular hypertrophy in fishes receiving the smaller dose was primarily associated with an increase in lipid concentration, while protein and lipid contributed almost equally to cellular growth in fishes receiving the high dose.", "PMID": 95687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1779", "title": "Photoperiodically induced variation in testicular RNA, DNA and protein content in hamsters and ground squirrels.", "content": "1. The total testicular content of RNA, DNA and protein was found to decrease sharply in hamsters with shortened photoperiod and in ground squirrels during the spring breeding season. 2. RNA and DNA per g testes were found to increase in both animals, while protein per g testes remained fairly stable. 3. Cell-free protein synthesis by testicular PMS during testicular regression remained constant when expressed per mg of testicular RNA, but decreased 75% when expressed per testes. 4. These findings suggest that decreases in testicular protein synthesis are due to a decrease in RNA content and not to alteration of the translational activity of the RNA.", "contents": "Photoperiodically induced variation in testicular RNA, DNA and protein content in hamsters and ground squirrels. 1. The total testicular content of RNA, DNA and protein was found to decrease sharply in hamsters with shortened photoperiod and in ground squirrels during the spring breeding season. 2. RNA and DNA per g testes were found to increase in both animals, while protein per g testes remained fairly stable. 3. Cell-free protein synthesis by testicular PMS during testicular regression remained constant when expressed per mg of testicular RNA, but decreased 75% when expressed per testes. 4. These findings suggest that decreases in testicular protein synthesis are due to a decrease in RNA content and not to alteration of the translational activity of the RNA.", "PMID": 95688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1780", "title": "Amylase levels in the tissues and body fluids of the domestic cat (Felis catus).", "content": "1. The amylase activities of serum, liver, pancreas, submaxillary and parotid glands, saliva, duodenum, colon, lung, heart, spleen, kidney and skeletal muscle of the domestic cat, were determined. 2. As in most mammals, the highest amylase content was found in the pancreas. Levels in saliva and salivary glands were very low. 3. Amylase activities of the serum, liver and pancreas have an optimum pH 7.0-7.5. 4. Amylases of serum, liver and pancreas were inactivated by removal of chloride and these activities mainly restored by addition of chloride.", "contents": "Amylase levels in the tissues and body fluids of the domestic cat (Felis catus). 1. The amylase activities of serum, liver, pancreas, submaxillary and parotid glands, saliva, duodenum, colon, lung, heart, spleen, kidney and skeletal muscle of the domestic cat, were determined. 2. As in most mammals, the highest amylase content was found in the pancreas. Levels in saliva and salivary glands were very low. 3. Amylase activities of the serum, liver and pancreas have an optimum pH 7.0-7.5. 4. Amylases of serum, liver and pancreas were inactivated by removal of chloride and these activities mainly restored by addition of chloride.", "PMID": 95689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1781", "title": "AMP deaminase in the gill of trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Modalities of an activation by cellular proteolytic enzymes.", "content": "1. The AMP deaminase activity present in a crude extract of trout gill increased with time. 2. Soybean trypsin inhibitor and alpha2-macroglobulin inhibited the AMP deaminase activation. NEM was also inhibitory at 10-3 M. 3. The activation process is followed by a decrease of activity which is inhibited by EGTA and enhanced by Mg2+. These two compounds were without effect on the activation process itself. 4. Trypsin induces a sharp activation of AMP deaminase in a fresh gill extract but is without effect on a fully activated extract. 5. Overall, the results suggest that neutral proteinases are implicated in AMP deaminase activation.", "contents": "AMP deaminase in the gill of trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Modalities of an activation by cellular proteolytic enzymes. 1. The AMP deaminase activity present in a crude extract of trout gill increased with time. 2. Soybean trypsin inhibitor and alpha2-macroglobulin inhibited the AMP deaminase activation. NEM was also inhibitory at 10-3 M. 3. The activation process is followed by a decrease of activity which is inhibited by EGTA and enhanced by Mg2+. These two compounds were without effect on the activation process itself. 4. Trypsin induces a sharp activation of AMP deaminase in a fresh gill extract but is without effect on a fully activated extract. 5. Overall, the results suggest that neutral proteinases are implicated in AMP deaminase activation.", "PMID": 95690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1782", "title": "Influence of molt cycle and beta-ecdysone on protein synthesis in the chelicerate arthropod, Limulus polyphemus.", "content": "1. The effect of molt cycle stage and beta-ecdysone on protein synthesis in the horsehoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, was examined. 2. A pronounced decline in protein specific radioactivity after incubation with 14C-leucine was noted in muscle, midgut gland and operculum from postmolt to intermolt to premolt and in gut and gill tissue from intermolt to premolt. 3. beta-Ecdysone injections produced an early stimulation of protein synthesis in the midgut gland followed by strong inhibition within 48 hr. 4. Results are compared with those obtained in mandibulate arthropods.", "contents": "Influence of molt cycle and beta-ecdysone on protein synthesis in the chelicerate arthropod, Limulus polyphemus. 1. The effect of molt cycle stage and beta-ecdysone on protein synthesis in the horsehoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, was examined. 2. A pronounced decline in protein specific radioactivity after incubation with 14C-leucine was noted in muscle, midgut gland and operculum from postmolt to intermolt to premolt and in gut and gill tissue from intermolt to premolt. 3. beta-Ecdysone injections produced an early stimulation of protein synthesis in the midgut gland followed by strong inhibition within 48 hr. 4. Results are compared with those obtained in mandibulate arthropods.", "PMID": 95691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1783", "title": "Selected enzyme activities in Mya arenaria hemolymph.", "content": "1. The activities of lysozyme, acid and alkaline phosphatases, beta-glucuronidase, amylase, lipase, glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase, and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase in the whole hemolymph and 4000 g pellets and supernatants of Mya arenaria were determined. 2. All of these enzymes, except for amylase, occurred in whole hemolymph as well as in the 4000 g pellet and supernatant. 3. Based on earlier observations, these enzymes are believed to be of cellular origin within hemolymph cells. 4. In the case of amylase, it only occurred in the whole hemolymph and/or serum and is believed to have originated from the crystalline style.", "contents": "Selected enzyme activities in Mya arenaria hemolymph. 1. The activities of lysozyme, acid and alkaline phosphatases, beta-glucuronidase, amylase, lipase, glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase, and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase in the whole hemolymph and 4000 g pellets and supernatants of Mya arenaria were determined. 2. All of these enzymes, except for amylase, occurred in whole hemolymph as well as in the 4000 g pellet and supernatant. 3. Based on earlier observations, these enzymes are believed to be of cellular origin within hemolymph cells. 4. In the case of amylase, it only occurred in the whole hemolymph and/or serum and is believed to have originated from the crystalline style.", "PMID": 95692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1784", "title": "Nematode chromosomal proteins--I. Isolation of chromatin and preliminary characterization of the chromosomal proteins of Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "1. A procedure is described which gives clean chromatin preparations from the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. It involves homogenization using glass beads, collection of the precipitate from a low speed centrifugation, removal of cell membranes with Triton X-100, several washes with 0.14 M NaCl, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, a cycle of extraction and reprecipitation using dilute Tris buffer and 0.14 M NaCl respectively, and final extraction of the purified deoxyribonucleoprotein in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8). 2. Acidic urea gel electrophoresis of the histones from C. elegans yielded 4 main groups which were preliminary identified as H1, H2a (+ H3?), H2b, H4 and moved on the gels in that order of increasing mobility. the coincidence of histone H3 with H2a was putative, but its presence was firmly suggested by the generation of a dimeric form in oxidizing conditions. 3. By SDS-Tris-glycine gel electrophoresis of the non-histone chromosomal proteins of C. elegans, about 18 proteins were distinguished with molecular weights ranging from 15,000 to 100,000 daltons.", "contents": "Nematode chromosomal proteins--I. Isolation of chromatin and preliminary characterization of the chromosomal proteins of Caenorhabditis elegans. 1. A procedure is described which gives clean chromatin preparations from the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. It involves homogenization using glass beads, collection of the precipitate from a low speed centrifugation, removal of cell membranes with Triton X-100, several washes with 0.14 M NaCl, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, a cycle of extraction and reprecipitation using dilute Tris buffer and 0.14 M NaCl respectively, and final extraction of the purified deoxyribonucleoprotein in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8). 2. Acidic urea gel electrophoresis of the histones from C. elegans yielded 4 main groups which were preliminary identified as H1, H2a (+ H3?), H2b, H4 and moved on the gels in that order of increasing mobility. the coincidence of histone H3 with H2a was putative, but its presence was firmly suggested by the generation of a dimeric form in oxidizing conditions. 3. By SDS-Tris-glycine gel electrophoresis of the non-histone chromosomal proteins of C. elegans, about 18 proteins were distinguished with molecular weights ranging from 15,000 to 100,000 daltons.", "PMID": 95693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1785", "title": "Clinical use of high dose methotrexate within the Queensland Radium Institute.", "content": "The Royal Brisbane Hospitals Group is the second largest user of methotrexate in Australia. The Queensland Radium Institute and the Royal Children's Hospital are both members of the Royal Brisbane Hospitals Group and they are responsible for high dose methotrexate treatment of adults and children within the Group. Children requiring such treatment are seen by staff from both centres. Therefore, the report which follows describes the usage in both adults and children.", "contents": "Clinical use of high dose methotrexate within the Queensland Radium Institute. The Royal Brisbane Hospitals Group is the second largest user of methotrexate in Australia. The Queensland Radium Institute and the Royal Children's Hospital are both members of the Royal Brisbane Hospitals Group and they are responsible for high dose methotrexate treatment of adults and children within the Group. Children requiring such treatment are seen by staff from both centres. Therefore, the report which follows describes the usage in both adults and children.", "PMID": 95695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1786", "title": "Comparative response of male rats to parathion and lindane: histopathological and biochemical studies.", "content": "Exposure of male rats to parathion (2.6 mg/kg), lindane (17.6 mg/kg), or their combination through oral intubation daily for a period of 90 days produced histological and biochemical alterations in the liver and testis. The focal necrosis of the liver, although observed in all the treatments, was very prominent in the animals exposed to lindane alone. The kidney and epididymis, however, did not show any significant histological lesions. The activity of acetylcholine esterase in blood and brain decreased markedly, whereas that of succinic dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, and the alkaline and acid phosphate in liver and testis showed significant alterations for all three treatments.", "contents": "Comparative response of male rats to parathion and lindane: histopathological and biochemical studies. Exposure of male rats to parathion (2.6 mg/kg), lindane (17.6 mg/kg), or their combination through oral intubation daily for a period of 90 days produced histological and biochemical alterations in the liver and testis. The focal necrosis of the liver, although observed in all the treatments, was very prominent in the animals exposed to lindane alone. The kidney and epididymis, however, did not show any significant histological lesions. The activity of acetylcholine esterase in blood and brain decreased markedly, whereas that of succinic dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, and the alkaline and acid phosphate in liver and testis showed significant alterations for all three treatments.", "PMID": 95696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1787", "title": "Inhibition of fast axoplasmic transport by acrylamide.", "content": "The effect of acrylamide on fast axoplasmic transport in the cat sciatic nerve was studied in vivo and in vitro by the technique of isotope injection. [14C]leucine was injected into the lumbar dorsal root ganglia. In cats fed daily doses of acrylamide over 1 to 4 weeks, the rate of transport was 286 mm/day compared with 424 mm/day in controls. In vitro incubation of the sciatic nerve with acrylamide (2 x 10(-2) M and 2 x 10(-4) M) demonstrated no such inhibition. Study of the results and review of the literature suggest that acrylamide acted subacutely on metabolism of amino acid and protein in the nerve axon, probably in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Inhibition of fast axoplasmic transport by acrylamide. The effect of acrylamide on fast axoplasmic transport in the cat sciatic nerve was studied in vivo and in vitro by the technique of isotope injection. [14C]leucine was injected into the lumbar dorsal root ganglia. In cats fed daily doses of acrylamide over 1 to 4 weeks, the rate of transport was 286 mm/day compared with 424 mm/day in controls. In vitro incubation of the sciatic nerve with acrylamide (2 x 10(-2) M and 2 x 10(-4) M) demonstrated no such inhibition. Study of the results and review of the literature suggest that acrylamide acted subacutely on metabolism of amino acid and protein in the nerve axon, probably in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 95697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1788", "title": "Cadmium, a metallic inhibitor of antibody-mediated immunity in mice.", "content": "Chronic administration of cadmium chloride to B10-A-2R mice was discovered to severely depress the numbers and to delay the onset of appearance of splenic IgG and IgM plaque-forming cells (PFC) following injection of sheep erythrocytes. A recovery period of at least 1 month following cessation of administration of CdCl2 resulted in no increase in IgM PFC and only a minimal increase in IgG PFC. An apparent cadmium-induced splenomegaly was also noted in the intoxicated mice. Application of immune adherence and rosetting techniques as well as immunofluorescence to study the cellular morphology of these spleens indicated that the cell type most responsible for the increased spleen size had Fc and complement receptors as well as surface or cytoplasmic immunoglobulins. Populations of polymorphs and macrophages were not found to significantly contribute to the hyperplasia observed.", "contents": "Cadmium, a metallic inhibitor of antibody-mediated immunity in mice. Chronic administration of cadmium chloride to B10-A-2R mice was discovered to severely depress the numbers and to delay the onset of appearance of splenic IgG and IgM plaque-forming cells (PFC) following injection of sheep erythrocytes. A recovery period of at least 1 month following cessation of administration of CdCl2 resulted in no increase in IgM PFC and only a minimal increase in IgG PFC. An apparent cadmium-induced splenomegaly was also noted in the intoxicated mice. Application of immune adherence and rosetting techniques as well as immunofluorescence to study the cellular morphology of these spleens indicated that the cell type most responsible for the increased spleen size had Fc and complement receptors as well as surface or cytoplasmic immunoglobulins. Populations of polymorphs and macrophages were not found to significantly contribute to the hyperplasia observed.", "PMID": 95698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1789", "title": "Effect of neurotensin, substance P and morphine sulfate on the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone in the rat.", "content": "Neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP) and morphine sulfate (MS) elevate plasma prolactin and growth hormone levels in both normal or estrogen-progesterone pretreated male rats. By contrast, steroid priming is required for TRF to exhibit PRL-releasing activity. Naloxone, an opiate receptor blocker, reverses the stimulatory effect of MS only. Diphenhydramine, a histamine antagonist, inhibits the response to NT, SP and MS without affecting the response to TRF. These results suggest the involvement of a histaminic step in the action of NT, SP and MS. TRF, NT and SP do not appear to stimulate PRL and GH through activation of an opiate receptor.", "contents": "Effect of neurotensin, substance P and morphine sulfate on the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone in the rat. Neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP) and morphine sulfate (MS) elevate plasma prolactin and growth hormone levels in both normal or estrogen-progesterone pretreated male rats. By contrast, steroid priming is required for TRF to exhibit PRL-releasing activity. Naloxone, an opiate receptor blocker, reverses the stimulatory effect of MS only. Diphenhydramine, a histamine antagonist, inhibits the response to NT, SP and MS without affecting the response to TRF. These results suggest the involvement of a histaminic step in the action of NT, SP and MS. TRF, NT and SP do not appear to stimulate PRL and GH through activation of an opiate receptor.", "PMID": 95701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1790", "title": "Further evidence for inhibition of episodic luteinizing hormone release in ovariectomized rats by stimulation of dopamine receptors.", "content": "Stimulation of dopamine receptors by apomorphine inhibits episodic LH release in ovariectomized rats. The present study was designed to examine further the role of dopamine in this process. Unrestrained, unanesthetized rats with indwelling right atrial cannulae were bled continuously (30 or 50 microliters of whole blood/5 min for 3-6 h) and whole blood samples analyzed for LH by radioimmunoassay. Animals were treated with various compounds reported to stimulate or block dopamine receptors. ET 495, a long acting dopamine receptor stimulating agent, caused a marked inhibition of episodic LH release (2 1/2-4 h). Control injections of distilled water had no effect. d-Butaclamol, a blocker of dopamine receptors, did not itself alter episodic LH release but prevented the inhibitory effects seen following apomorphine or ET 495. I-butaclamol, a biologically inactive form of butaclamol, had no effect. Measurement of plasma corticosterone levels in these same animals indicated increased values following apomorphine or ET 495 alone (when LH release was inhibited), as well as after apomorphine or ET 495 administration to d-butaclamol-pretreated rats (when LH levels did not change). These data support our previous hypothesis that in ovariectomized adult rats, activation of dopamine receptors is capable of inhibiting episodic LH release, but that dopamine may not play an inhibitory role under normal physiological conditions in the modulation of LH secretion. In addition, the inhibitory action of apomorphine and ET 495 does not appear to be exerted via a stress-induced release of adrenal corticosterone.", "contents": "Further evidence for inhibition of episodic luteinizing hormone release in ovariectomized rats by stimulation of dopamine receptors. Stimulation of dopamine receptors by apomorphine inhibits episodic LH release in ovariectomized rats. The present study was designed to examine further the role of dopamine in this process. Unrestrained, unanesthetized rats with indwelling right atrial cannulae were bled continuously (30 or 50 microliters of whole blood/5 min for 3-6 h) and whole blood samples analyzed for LH by radioimmunoassay. Animals were treated with various compounds reported to stimulate or block dopamine receptors. ET 495, a long acting dopamine receptor stimulating agent, caused a marked inhibition of episodic LH release (2 1/2-4 h). Control injections of distilled water had no effect. d-Butaclamol, a blocker of dopamine receptors, did not itself alter episodic LH release but prevented the inhibitory effects seen following apomorphine or ET 495. I-butaclamol, a biologically inactive form of butaclamol, had no effect. Measurement of plasma corticosterone levels in these same animals indicated increased values following apomorphine or ET 495 alone (when LH release was inhibited), as well as after apomorphine or ET 495 administration to d-butaclamol-pretreated rats (when LH levels did not change). These data support our previous hypothesis that in ovariectomized adult rats, activation of dopamine receptors is capable of inhibiting episodic LH release, but that dopamine may not play an inhibitory role under normal physiological conditions in the modulation of LH secretion. In addition, the inhibitory action of apomorphine and ET 495 does not appear to be exerted via a stress-induced release of adrenal corticosterone.", "PMID": 95702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1791", "title": "A new substance resembling luteinizing hormone in the blood of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Sera from a number of rhesus monkeys showed low or undetectable levels of LH according to radioimmunoassays which employ radioiodinated rhesus LH and antisera against rhesus LH or hCG. These same sera, when assayed by a system utilizing radioiodinated ovine LH and a unique anti-ovine LH serum which cross-reacts with LH from a variety of species, appeared to contain large and variable quantities of LH. The chromatographic behavior on Sephadex G-100 of the LH-like material in these sera was indistinguishable from that of authentic rhesus LH. Chromatographic fractions containing this LH-like material, as well as the sera from which they were derived, generated dose-response curves in the ovine:anti-ovine radioimmunoassay with steeper slopes than those produced by rhesus LH. These same chromatographic fractions had negligible activity in an alpha subunit radioimmunoassay which detects not only free rhesus alpha subunit but also the alpha component of undissociated rhesus glycoprotein hormones including LH. Treatment of these fractions with 4M guanidine-HCl produced a substance of smaller molecular size which, like rhLH beta, was active in the ovine:anti-ovine assay. A substance closely resembling the serum LH-like material but having a somewhat greater molecular size is also present in the rhesus adenohypophysis, but its relationship to the serum substance remains uncertain.", "contents": "A new substance resembling luteinizing hormone in the blood of rhesus monkeys. Sera from a number of rhesus monkeys showed low or undetectable levels of LH according to radioimmunoassays which employ radioiodinated rhesus LH and antisera against rhesus LH or hCG. These same sera, when assayed by a system utilizing radioiodinated ovine LH and a unique anti-ovine LH serum which cross-reacts with LH from a variety of species, appeared to contain large and variable quantities of LH. The chromatographic behavior on Sephadex G-100 of the LH-like material in these sera was indistinguishable from that of authentic rhesus LH. Chromatographic fractions containing this LH-like material, as well as the sera from which they were derived, generated dose-response curves in the ovine:anti-ovine radioimmunoassay with steeper slopes than those produced by rhesus LH. These same chromatographic fractions had negligible activity in an alpha subunit radioimmunoassay which detects not only free rhesus alpha subunit but also the alpha component of undissociated rhesus glycoprotein hormones including LH. Treatment of these fractions with 4M guanidine-HCl produced a substance of smaller molecular size which, like rhLH beta, was active in the ovine:anti-ovine assay. A substance closely resembling the serum LH-like material but having a somewhat greater molecular size is also present in the rhesus adenohypophysis, but its relationship to the serum substance remains uncertain.", "PMID": 95703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1792", "title": "The value of the amylase/creatinine clearance ratio in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Acute pancreatitis usually confronts the clinician with a difficult diagnostic task. For years, the primary laboratory diagnostic tests were the serum and urine amylase and the serum lipase determinations. Recent studies have introduced the concept of the amylase/creatinine clearance ratio as a means of increasing the specificity of the laboratory diagnosis. This paper reviews the laboratory evaluation of acute pancreatitis with emphasis on the rationale, derivation, and specificity of the amylase/creatinine clearance ratio.", "contents": "The value of the amylase/creatinine clearance ratio in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis usually confronts the clinician with a difficult diagnostic task. For years, the primary laboratory diagnostic tests were the serum and urine amylase and the serum lipase determinations. Recent studies have introduced the concept of the amylase/creatinine clearance ratio as a means of increasing the specificity of the laboratory diagnosis. This paper reviews the laboratory evaluation of acute pancreatitis with emphasis on the rationale, derivation, and specificity of the amylase/creatinine clearance ratio.", "PMID": 95704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1793", "title": "A peculiar rhythmic EEG activity from ventrobasal thalamus during paradoxical sleep in man.", "content": "A peculiar 3/sec rhythmic EEG activity (named Vc rhythm) was consistently found at the ventrobasal thalamus (nucleus ventrocaudalis) during paradoxical sleep of patients with implanted electrodes used as an electrophysiological procedure for identification of the thalamic targets for the surgical treatment of tremor and rigidity. The Vc rhythm was formed by high voltage, sharp biphasic positive negative potentials which were absent during wakefulness, rare and isolated during slow wave sleep, increased in number and organized in trains during paradoxical sleep and blocked during arousal. Significant changes in number of Vc waves were found when patients shifted through these wakefulness-sleep states. Integrated EMG multiple unit activity also showed significant changes during these wakefulness-sleep shifts, which were parallel although inverse to those showed by Vc waves. A significant negative correlation (r = -0.7126) between number of Vc waves and EMG units was found. In contrast, Vc waves showed no correlation with other electrophysiological indicators of thalamic excitability (multiple unit activity and early evoked potentials) and sleep (scalp EEG frequency and ocular movements).", "contents": "A peculiar rhythmic EEG activity from ventrobasal thalamus during paradoxical sleep in man. A peculiar 3/sec rhythmic EEG activity (named Vc rhythm) was consistently found at the ventrobasal thalamus (nucleus ventrocaudalis) during paradoxical sleep of patients with implanted electrodes used as an electrophysiological procedure for identification of the thalamic targets for the surgical treatment of tremor and rigidity. The Vc rhythm was formed by high voltage, sharp biphasic positive negative potentials which were absent during wakefulness, rare and isolated during slow wave sleep, increased in number and organized in trains during paradoxical sleep and blocked during arousal. Significant changes in number of Vc waves were found when patients shifted through these wakefulness-sleep states. Integrated EMG multiple unit activity also showed significant changes during these wakefulness-sleep shifts, which were parallel although inverse to those showed by Vc waves. A significant negative correlation (r = -0.7126) between number of Vc waves and EMG units was found. In contrast, Vc waves showed no correlation with other electrophysiological indicators of thalamic excitability (multiple unit activity and early evoked potentials) and sleep (scalp EEG frequency and ocular movements).", "PMID": 95705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1794", "title": "Minute eye movement during sleep.", "content": "The minute eye movements of 4 sleeping subjects were studied with a piezo-electric strain-gauge transducer. The frequency and amplitude of ocular microtremor activity diminished during sleep. Activity increased after auditory stimulation and with the appearance of a K complex in the EEG. The ocular microtremor activity also increased with the onset of rapid eye movement (REM). Low amplitude 'micronystagmoid' movements were observed at intervals throughout sleep. In contrast to the changes observed during sleep, ocular microtremor activity did not diminish during hypnosis. The transducer was far more sensitive than the conventional EOG recording system.", "contents": "Minute eye movement during sleep. The minute eye movements of 4 sleeping subjects were studied with a piezo-electric strain-gauge transducer. The frequency and amplitude of ocular microtremor activity diminished during sleep. Activity increased after auditory stimulation and with the appearance of a K complex in the EEG. The ocular microtremor activity also increased with the onset of rapid eye movement (REM). Low amplitude 'micronystagmoid' movements were observed at intervals throughout sleep. In contrast to the changes observed during sleep, ocular microtremor activity did not diminish during hypnosis. The transducer was far more sensitive than the conventional EOG recording system.", "PMID": 95706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1795", "title": "Comparison of the magnetoencephalogram and electroencephalogram.", "content": "The spatial response of the magnetoencephalogram (MEG) to sources in the brain's cortex is compared with that of the electroencephalogram (EEG). This is done using computer modeling of the head which is approximated by 4 concentric spherical regions that represent the brain and surrounding bone and tissue. Lead fields are calculated at points on the cortex for unipolar, bipolar and quadrupolar MEG and EEG measurements. Since lead fields are patterns of the sensitivity of these measurements to a source at various locations and orientations, they provide a convenient means for comparison. It is found that a unipolar MEG has a very different lead field than a unipolar EEG. Hence, this type of MEG detects sources at different locations and orientations than this EEG. Although bipolar MEG and EEG lead fields are found to have similar patterns, the MEG lead field is narrower than that of the EEG and hence 'sees' a smaller area on the cortex than the EEG. This is because the potentials measured by the EEG are 'smeared' by the low-conductivity skull; the magnetic fields measured by the MEG are not smeared. Quadrupolar MEG and EEG lead fields are found to be about the same. The responses of bipolar MEGs and EEGs to distributed sources, which are composed of aligned and randomly oriented dipoles, are compared. It is found that for both types of sources, the MEG 'sees' an area on the cortex which is approximately 0.3 times that for the EEG. Hence, the MEG appears to be useful for detecting a more restricted group of sources than the EEG.", "contents": "Comparison of the magnetoencephalogram and electroencephalogram. The spatial response of the magnetoencephalogram (MEG) to sources in the brain's cortex is compared with that of the electroencephalogram (EEG). This is done using computer modeling of the head which is approximated by 4 concentric spherical regions that represent the brain and surrounding bone and tissue. Lead fields are calculated at points on the cortex for unipolar, bipolar and quadrupolar MEG and EEG measurements. Since lead fields are patterns of the sensitivity of these measurements to a source at various locations and orientations, they provide a convenient means for comparison. It is found that a unipolar MEG has a very different lead field than a unipolar EEG. Hence, this type of MEG detects sources at different locations and orientations than this EEG. Although bipolar MEG and EEG lead fields are found to have similar patterns, the MEG lead field is narrower than that of the EEG and hence 'sees' a smaller area on the cortex than the EEG. This is because the potentials measured by the EEG are 'smeared' by the low-conductivity skull; the magnetic fields measured by the MEG are not smeared. Quadrupolar MEG and EEG lead fields are found to be about the same. The responses of bipolar MEGs and EEGs to distributed sources, which are composed of aligned and randomly oriented dipoles, are compared. It is found that for both types of sources, the MEG 'sees' an area on the cortex which is approximately 0.3 times that for the EEG. Hence, the MEG appears to be useful for detecting a more restricted group of sources than the EEG.", "PMID": 95707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1796", "title": "A critical epileptic area in the cat's cortex and its relation to the cortical columns.", "content": "The critical size of active penicillin foci in cat's parietal cortex was determined in two different ways: (a) by gradually enlarging the area of drug application from 0.78 mm2 to 3.14 mm2; (b) by reducing the area of the active penicillin focus, using subpial incisions. Results indicate that a critical area of 0.7 mm2 is necessary. The possibility that in the parietal cortex a single functional column may be the basic generator unit for inter-ictal spikes is discussed. It is concluded that: (a) the size of the critical area is related to the cross-sectional area of a single functional column. This column is not yet determined by parallel anatomical findings; (b) inactivation of a given epileptic focus in the cat's cortex may be achieved by cutting layer III of the focus.", "contents": "A critical epileptic area in the cat's cortex and its relation to the cortical columns. The critical size of active penicillin foci in cat's parietal cortex was determined in two different ways: (a) by gradually enlarging the area of drug application from 0.78 mm2 to 3.14 mm2; (b) by reducing the area of the active penicillin focus, using subpial incisions. Results indicate that a critical area of 0.7 mm2 is necessary. The possibility that in the parietal cortex a single functional column may be the basic generator unit for inter-ictal spikes is discussed. It is concluded that: (a) the size of the critical area is related to the cross-sectional area of a single functional column. This column is not yet determined by parallel anatomical findings; (b) inactivation of a given epileptic focus in the cat's cortex may be achieved by cutting layer III of the focus.", "PMID": 95708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1797", "title": "Local cerebral metabolism during enflurane anesthesia: identification of epileptogenic foci.", "content": "Electrocorticographic (ECoG) and depth recordings have previously demonstrated the epileptogenic nature of surgical concentrations of the volatile anesthetic enflurane. We contrasted ECoG activity with local cerebral glucose uptake [( 14C]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography) in 23 brain structures in order to identify the epileptogenic foci. Autoradiograms were obtained from sectioned rat brain following a 30 min period of steady-state anesthesia at 1, 1.5, or 2 MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) enflurane. Pseudo-epileptiform ECoGs were obtained at 1 MAC where bursts of slow waves and sharp waves were evoked by peripheral sensory stimulation. At 1.5 MAC, the ECoG displayed frank, spontaneous epileptiform activity with large amplitude spike-wave complexes; repetitive auditory stimulation occasionally precipitated grand-mal seizures. At 2 MAC, spike complexes were less frequent and could not be repetitively driven. At 1 MAC enflurane, regional cerebral metabolism was generally depressed approximately 14% from the awake controls. However, metabolism in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and other subcortical structures in the limbic brain was increased. At 1.5 MAC this dichotomy in local cerebral metabolic rate was maximal; we observed increased metabolism in the hippocampus, habenula, habenulo-interpeduncular tract and interpeduncular nucleus and pineal. Metabolism in all other structures was significantly depressed (P less than 0.05) compared to awake values. At 2 MAC, metabolism was decreased in all structures. We conclude that the low seizure threshold hippocampus and related structures associated with the limbic system and its pathways are the epileptogenic foci for seizures induced with enflurane in the rat. At 1.5 MAC, epileptiform activity spreads throughout the visceral brain when seizure threshold is at a minimum.", "contents": "Local cerebral metabolism during enflurane anesthesia: identification of epileptogenic foci. Electrocorticographic (ECoG) and depth recordings have previously demonstrated the epileptogenic nature of surgical concentrations of the volatile anesthetic enflurane. We contrasted ECoG activity with local cerebral glucose uptake [( 14C]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography) in 23 brain structures in order to identify the epileptogenic foci. Autoradiograms were obtained from sectioned rat brain following a 30 min period of steady-state anesthesia at 1, 1.5, or 2 MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) enflurane. Pseudo-epileptiform ECoGs were obtained at 1 MAC where bursts of slow waves and sharp waves were evoked by peripheral sensory stimulation. At 1.5 MAC, the ECoG displayed frank, spontaneous epileptiform activity with large amplitude spike-wave complexes; repetitive auditory stimulation occasionally precipitated grand-mal seizures. At 2 MAC, spike complexes were less frequent and could not be repetitively driven. At 1 MAC enflurane, regional cerebral metabolism was generally depressed approximately 14% from the awake controls. However, metabolism in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and other subcortical structures in the limbic brain was increased. At 1.5 MAC this dichotomy in local cerebral metabolic rate was maximal; we observed increased metabolism in the hippocampus, habenula, habenulo-interpeduncular tract and interpeduncular nucleus and pineal. Metabolism in all other structures was significantly depressed (P less than 0.05) compared to awake values. At 2 MAC, metabolism was decreased in all structures. We conclude that the low seizure threshold hippocampus and related structures associated with the limbic system and its pathways are the epileptogenic foci for seizures induced with enflurane in the rat. At 1.5 MAC, epileptiform activity spreads throughout the visceral brain when seizure threshold is at a minimum.", "PMID": 95709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1798", "title": "Television epilepsy--the role of pattern.", "content": "Patients with photosensitive epilepsy were asked to view normally functioning 625-line televisions while the EEG was monitored. In the first of two studies paroxysmal EEG activity was reliably induced by television at a viewing distance related to a patient's sensitivity to intermittent photic stimulation (IPS); patients who were sensitive to diffuse IPS at 50 Hz were sensitive to the television at greater viewing distances than those who were not. No such relationship was obtained with patterned IPS. On the other hand, patterned IPS was generally more epileptogenic than diffuse IPS with the same luminance. In the second study, where the angular subtense of the television screen and the subtense of its lines were manipulated independently, the convulsive response was found to be a function of both factors, the relative contribution of each depending on the viewing distance at which the patient was sensitive. For patients sensitive at normal viewing distances, where 50 Hz diffuse flicker appeared to be responsible for the induction of paroxysmal activity, the probability with which paroxysmal activity was induced was closely related to the subtense of the screen. For patients sensitive only at closer viewing distances the probability was influenced not by the subtense of the screen but by the subtense of its lines, suggesting that the paroxysmal activity was induced by the 25 Hz pattern alternation produced by the scan. A television with a small screen was considerably less epileptogenic than one with a large screen for all patients, presumably due to the reduced contribution of both diffuse flicker and pattern alternation.", "contents": "Television epilepsy--the role of pattern. Patients with photosensitive epilepsy were asked to view normally functioning 625-line televisions while the EEG was monitored. In the first of two studies paroxysmal EEG activity was reliably induced by television at a viewing distance related to a patient's sensitivity to intermittent photic stimulation (IPS); patients who were sensitive to diffuse IPS at 50 Hz were sensitive to the television at greater viewing distances than those who were not. No such relationship was obtained with patterned IPS. On the other hand, patterned IPS was generally more epileptogenic than diffuse IPS with the same luminance. In the second study, where the angular subtense of the television screen and the subtense of its lines were manipulated independently, the convulsive response was found to be a function of both factors, the relative contribution of each depending on the viewing distance at which the patient was sensitive. For patients sensitive at normal viewing distances, where 50 Hz diffuse flicker appeared to be responsible for the induction of paroxysmal activity, the probability with which paroxysmal activity was induced was closely related to the subtense of the screen. For patients sensitive only at closer viewing distances the probability was influenced not by the subtense of the screen but by the subtense of its lines, suggesting that the paroxysmal activity was induced by the 25 Hz pattern alternation produced by the scan. A television with a small screen was considerably less epileptogenic than one with a large screen for all patients, presumably due to the reduced contribution of both diffuse flicker and pattern alternation.", "PMID": 95710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1799", "title": "Spike separation in multiunit records: a multivariate analysis of spike descriptive parameters.", "content": "Variables describing unit discharges from multiunit extracellular records were treated, using multivariate statistical analysis for further automatic spike separation. A spike was described by 8 parameters (3 amplitude values, 3 time values and 2 slopes). These 8 parameters were summarized by 2 new independent factors, the principal components (PC). Examination of the 2 PCs from each spike allowed the observer to determine PC families corresponding to spike populations. From these the spikes were automatically classified. PC analysis showed groups of redundant parameters. Elimination of redundancy decreased the computing time without lowering the separation efficiency of the method. Three parameters turned out to be sufficient for spike discrimination: the maximum and the minimum amplitudes and the time between these. This agrees well with the physical basis of current propagation in the conducting medium, from the firing neurone to the recording electrode.", "contents": "Spike separation in multiunit records: a multivariate analysis of spike descriptive parameters. Variables describing unit discharges from multiunit extracellular records were treated, using multivariate statistical analysis for further automatic spike separation. A spike was described by 8 parameters (3 amplitude values, 3 time values and 2 slopes). These 8 parameters were summarized by 2 new independent factors, the principal components (PC). Examination of the 2 PCs from each spike allowed the observer to determine PC families corresponding to spike populations. From these the spikes were automatically classified. PC analysis showed groups of redundant parameters. Elimination of redundancy decreased the computing time without lowering the separation efficiency of the method. Three parameters turned out to be sufficient for spike discrimination: the maximum and the minimum amplitudes and the time between these. This agrees well with the physical basis of current propagation in the conducting medium, from the firing neurone to the recording electrode.", "PMID": 95711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1800", "title": "Modifications of the pattern-evoked potential (PEP) in relation to the stimulated part of the visual field (clues for the most probable origin of each component).", "content": "A spatio-temporal analysis of the successive and simultaneous components of the pattern-evoked potential recorded on the scalp, and of their modifications according to which part of the visual field is stimulated, was carried out with 20 'normal' subjects, in order to shed some light on their most probable sites of origin. The stimulus consisted in the onset of a 20 degree checkerboard presented in runs of 75 stimuli each. Its duration was 750 msec and its frequency of occurrence was random (about 1 every 1500 msec). Twelve different visual field situations were recorded: whole field, half fields and quadrants and stimuli limited to the fovea, to the macula and to extramacular areas. Data were collected from 9 active electrodes (in line, forming a cross montage), and various reference electrodes (ear lobes, Fz, non-cephalic). Eye movements were simultaneously recorded. The electrophysiological data were digitized on line and processed by computer in the form of averaged spatio-temporal maps. In addition to the classical posterior components which peak on the midline (N 60, N 140, and P 200) or less than 4 cm away on both sides (P 90), a late negative wave (LN 210) was differentiated which peaked lower than the inion and more than 8 cm away from the midline on both hemispheres. The large inter-individual variability of the spatio-temporal organization of these components under the same conditions, as well as its very good intra-individual reproducibility, were emphasized. Interpreted on the basis of a simple dipole sheet model of the visual cortex, the changes observed for each component in the 12 experimental situations led to the following suggestions: only the first component N 60 could reflect the activity of the part of area 17 emerging on the convexity, whereas P 90 (Jeffreys' CI) is more likely to originate in area 19 and the midline components N 140 and P 200 in area 18. The topography and reactivity of LN 210 could fit with the hypothesis that it reflects activity of the infero-temporal cortex.", "contents": "Modifications of the pattern-evoked potential (PEP) in relation to the stimulated part of the visual field (clues for the most probable origin of each component). A spatio-temporal analysis of the successive and simultaneous components of the pattern-evoked potential recorded on the scalp, and of their modifications according to which part of the visual field is stimulated, was carried out with 20 'normal' subjects, in order to shed some light on their most probable sites of origin. The stimulus consisted in the onset of a 20 degree checkerboard presented in runs of 75 stimuli each. Its duration was 750 msec and its frequency of occurrence was random (about 1 every 1500 msec). Twelve different visual field situations were recorded: whole field, half fields and quadrants and stimuli limited to the fovea, to the macula and to extramacular areas. Data were collected from 9 active electrodes (in line, forming a cross montage), and various reference electrodes (ear lobes, Fz, non-cephalic). Eye movements were simultaneously recorded. The electrophysiological data were digitized on line and processed by computer in the form of averaged spatio-temporal maps. In addition to the classical posterior components which peak on the midline (N 60, N 140, and P 200) or less than 4 cm away on both sides (P 90), a late negative wave (LN 210) was differentiated which peaked lower than the inion and more than 8 cm away from the midline on both hemispheres. The large inter-individual variability of the spatio-temporal organization of these components under the same conditions, as well as its very good intra-individual reproducibility, were emphasized. Interpreted on the basis of a simple dipole sheet model of the visual cortex, the changes observed for each component in the 12 experimental situations led to the following suggestions: only the first component N 60 could reflect the activity of the part of area 17 emerging on the convexity, whereas P 90 (Jeffreys' CI) is more likely to originate in area 19 and the midline components N 140 and P 200 in area 18. The topography and reactivity of LN 210 could fit with the hypothesis that it reflects activity of the infero-temporal cortex.", "PMID": 95712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1801", "title": "The effect of procaine hydrochloride and diazepam, separately or in combination, on cortico-generalized kindled seizures.", "content": "The effects of cortically kindled seizure responses of procaine hydrochloride, diazepam and combinations of these two drugs were tested in this study. The cortex was stimulated until seizure responses developed past the focal stage (accompanied primarily by brief tonic convulsions) to the cortico-generalized stage (accompanied, typically, by an early brief tonus followed by a longer clonic seizure that is characteristic of subcortically triggered seizures). Diazepam was found to block the generalized component of the cortico-generalized electrographic and motor seizure leaving the tonus only slightly suppressed. Procaine blocked the tonus leaving the clonic seizure and discharge that is characteristic of the generalized response relatively intact. Combinations of half doses of the two drugs completely blocked all electrographic and motor seizure responses in about half the animals. The remaining animals had a very brief discharge with no convulsive responses.", "contents": "The effect of procaine hydrochloride and diazepam, separately or in combination, on cortico-generalized kindled seizures. The effects of cortically kindled seizure responses of procaine hydrochloride, diazepam and combinations of these two drugs were tested in this study. The cortex was stimulated until seizure responses developed past the focal stage (accompanied primarily by brief tonic convulsions) to the cortico-generalized stage (accompanied, typically, by an early brief tonus followed by a longer clonic seizure that is characteristic of subcortically triggered seizures). Diazepam was found to block the generalized component of the cortico-generalized electrographic and motor seizure leaving the tonus only slightly suppressed. Procaine blocked the tonus leaving the clonic seizure and discharge that is characteristic of the generalized response relatively intact. Combinations of half doses of the two drugs completely blocked all electrographic and motor seizure responses in about half the animals. The remaining animals had a very brief discharge with no convulsive responses.", "PMID": 95713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1802", "title": "Contingent negative variation and accuracy of time estimation: a study on cats.", "content": "Slow cortical potential shifts, similar to the contingent negative variation (CNV) discovered in man, were analysed in cats submitted to a schedule of temporal conditioning. Two situations were compared, according to information delivered during a 7 sec delay: in the first (A), a fixed visual signal appeared on an oscilloscope screen; in the second (B), the signal moved across with time. In both cases, the cat had to press a lever 5-7 sec after signal onset. The CNV recorded during the delay had different amplitudes according to the cortical site involved. It could be dissociated into two components, which showed similar evolutions as a function of experimental conditions. The characteristics of the CNV as a whole varied with temporal parameters. CNV amplitude and time course were related to the accuracy of the cat's responses; prolonged training in unchanged experimental conditions led to a decline in negativity, which seemed to reflect automation of time estimation processes. These data suggest that CNV may be an index of a phase of information processing aimed at constituting internal time bases congruent with a particular situation.", "contents": "Contingent negative variation and accuracy of time estimation: a study on cats. Slow cortical potential shifts, similar to the contingent negative variation (CNV) discovered in man, were analysed in cats submitted to a schedule of temporal conditioning. Two situations were compared, according to information delivered during a 7 sec delay: in the first (A), a fixed visual signal appeared on an oscilloscope screen; in the second (B), the signal moved across with time. In both cases, the cat had to press a lever 5-7 sec after signal onset. The CNV recorded during the delay had different amplitudes according to the cortical site involved. It could be dissociated into two components, which showed similar evolutions as a function of experimental conditions. The characteristics of the CNV as a whole varied with temporal parameters. CNV amplitude and time course were related to the accuracy of the cat's responses; prolonged training in unchanged experimental conditions led to a decline in negativity, which seemed to reflect automation of time estimation processes. These data suggest that CNV may be an index of a phase of information processing aimed at constituting internal time bases congruent with a particular situation.", "PMID": 95714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1803", "title": "Cerebral potentials preceding unilateral and simultaneous bilateral finger movements.", "content": "Cerebral potentials preceding voluntary bilateral simultaneous finger movements were investigated in 19 right-handed young adult subjects, and were compared with unilateral right-sided finger m n the same experiment. With bilateral movements, the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) was not symmetrical or larger over the dominant hemisphere, but surprisingly, it was larger over the minor hemisphere. The BP averaged -3.66 microV (S.D. 1.96) over the left precentral region and -4.82 microV (S.D. 3.73) over the right precentral region in this condition. The difference was significant at 2P less than 0.01. This difference was pronounced in precentral leads but very small and almost missing in parietal leads. The pre-motion positivity (PMP) was well developed and even larger with bilateral than with unilateral (right-sides) movements. At the vertex it averaged +1.33 microV (S.D.4.16) with bilateral movements and only +0.15 microV (S.D. 1.42) with right-sided unilateral movements (2P less than 0.05). With bilateral movements the PMP could be observed in any record, but with unilateral movements it was missing at the left precentral lead, in accordance with previous publications (Deecke et al. 1969, 1976). The motor potential (MP), measured in a bipolar record from left and right precentral leads, was larger with unilateral (-1.25 microV, S.D. 1.33) than with bilateral movements (-0.36 microV, S.D. 0.92). Onset time differences of the BP preceding unilateral and bilateral movements were very small. However, there was a tendency towards earlier onset with unilateral than with bilateral movements (1031 msec, S.D. 358, as compared with 951 msec, S.D. 305). The averaged EMG revealed differences in movement onset. Muscular contraction tended to be earlier in the right than in the left m. flexor indicis in our right-handed subjects, on the average by 16 msec (S.D. 15). With unilateral right-sided movements, the left m. flexor indicis was not silent but showed an abortive mirror activity in the EMG, without visible movement. This activity occurred on the average 50 msec (S.D. 39) later on the non-moving side.", "contents": "Cerebral potentials preceding unilateral and simultaneous bilateral finger movements. Cerebral potentials preceding voluntary bilateral simultaneous finger movements were investigated in 19 right-handed young adult subjects, and were compared with unilateral right-sided finger m n the same experiment. With bilateral movements, the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) was not symmetrical or larger over the dominant hemisphere, but surprisingly, it was larger over the minor hemisphere. The BP averaged -3.66 microV (S.D. 1.96) over the left precentral region and -4.82 microV (S.D. 3.73) over the right precentral region in this condition. The difference was significant at 2P less than 0.01. This difference was pronounced in precentral leads but very small and almost missing in parietal leads. The pre-motion positivity (PMP) was well developed and even larger with bilateral than with unilateral (right-sides) movements. At the vertex it averaged +1.33 microV (S.D.4.16) with bilateral movements and only +0.15 microV (S.D. 1.42) with right-sided unilateral movements (2P less than 0.05). With bilateral movements the PMP could be observed in any record, but with unilateral movements it was missing at the left precentral lead, in accordance with previous publications (Deecke et al. 1969, 1976). The motor potential (MP), measured in a bipolar record from left and right precentral leads, was larger with unilateral (-1.25 microV, S.D. 1.33) than with bilateral movements (-0.36 microV, S.D. 0.92). Onset time differences of the BP preceding unilateral and bilateral movements were very small. However, there was a tendency towards earlier onset with unilateral than with bilateral movements (1031 msec, S.D. 358, as compared with 951 msec, S.D. 305). The averaged EMG revealed differences in movement onset. Muscular contraction tended to be earlier in the right than in the left m. flexor indicis in our right-handed subjects, on the average by 16 msec (S.D. 15). With unilateral right-sided movements, the left m. flexor indicis was not silent but showed an abortive mirror activity in the EMG, without visible movement. This activity occurred on the average 50 msec (S.D. 39) later on the non-moving side.", "PMID": 95715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1804", "title": "Possibilities of simultaneous analysis of phasic pupillary light reflex and visual evoked potentials.", "content": "A report of first results of a simultaneous analysis of the phasic pupillary light reflex and visual evoked potentials (VEP). It is shown that combination of pupillography with VEP analysis can be of some use in the diagnosis of conductive defects of the optic nerve (e.g. optic neuritis). Furthermore, the simultaneous analysis allows distinction between subclinical disturbances of the afferent and efferent arcs of the pupillary light reflex. Assuming a lesion of the afferent arc secondary to damage to the optic nerve, an increase of both the pupillomotor and the VEP latencies is seen. With lesions of the efferent arc (e.g. in the case of a third nerve palsy) only the pupillomotor latency is altered. Potentialities and disadvantages of the method are discussed.", "contents": "Possibilities of simultaneous analysis of phasic pupillary light reflex and visual evoked potentials. A report of first results of a simultaneous analysis of the phasic pupillary light reflex and visual evoked potentials (VEP). It is shown that combination of pupillography with VEP analysis can be of some use in the diagnosis of conductive defects of the optic nerve (e.g. optic neuritis). Furthermore, the simultaneous analysis allows distinction between subclinical disturbances of the afferent and efferent arcs of the pupillary light reflex. Assuming a lesion of the afferent arc secondary to damage to the optic nerve, an increase of both the pupillomotor and the VEP latencies is seen. With lesions of the efferent arc (e.g. in the case of a third nerve palsy) only the pupillomotor latency is altered. Potentialities and disadvantages of the method are discussed.", "PMID": 95716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1805", "title": "The measurement of receptive field properties of neurones in the visual cortex of the conscious, mobile cat.", "content": "We have assessed the accuracy, reliability and ease of use of a technique for determining the receptive field properties of cells in the visual cortex of the conscious, unrestrained cat. Our tests have provided the following results: (1) Minimal behavioural training is necessary; it is often possible to train an animal in only two sessions. (2) A surprising degree of optical stability can be achieved. Measurements of receptive field properties are consequently reliable and repeatable. (3) We are not certain of the exact limits of accuracy which can be achieved, but we usually determine orientation specificity +/- 5 degrees, and measure receptive field positions +/- 1.5 degrees.", "contents": "The measurement of receptive field properties of neurones in the visual cortex of the conscious, mobile cat. We have assessed the accuracy, reliability and ease of use of a technique for determining the receptive field properties of cells in the visual cortex of the conscious, unrestrained cat. Our tests have provided the following results: (1) Minimal behavioural training is necessary; it is often possible to train an animal in only two sessions. (2) A surprising degree of optical stability can be achieved. Measurements of receptive field properties are consequently reliable and repeatable. (3) We are not certain of the exact limits of accuracy which can be achieved, but we usually determine orientation specificity +/- 5 degrees, and measure receptive field positions +/- 1.5 degrees.", "PMID": 95717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1806", "title": "An electronic device for generating drifting grating patterns alternating with diffuse illumination of equal mean luminosity.", "content": "An electronic device for generating contrast patterns on a display unit is described. The apparatus permits the generation of spatially periodic bright and dark stripes of 5 different spatial frequencies, any desired orientation, and drifting velocities from 0 to 16 c/sec. The pattern is shown either over the whole screen or inside a window which can be shifted to any desired position in the surrounding of equal mean luminosity. The graftings can be alternated with diffuse illumination of equal mean luminosity at repetition frequencies between 0.5 and 16 Hz, with independent control of the duration of the contrast pattern.", "contents": "An electronic device for generating drifting grating patterns alternating with diffuse illumination of equal mean luminosity. An electronic device for generating contrast patterns on a display unit is described. The apparatus permits the generation of spatially periodic bright and dark stripes of 5 different spatial frequencies, any desired orientation, and drifting velocities from 0 to 16 c/sec. The pattern is shown either over the whole screen or inside a window which can be shifted to any desired position in the surrounding of equal mean luminosity. The graftings can be alternated with diffuse illumination of equal mean luminosity at repetition frequencies between 0.5 and 16 Hz, with independent control of the duration of the contrast pattern.", "PMID": 95718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1807", "title": "Fine structural classification and comparative distribution of endocrine cells in normal human large intestine.", "content": "Rectosigmoid- or colonoscopy biopsies were performed at different levels of the large intestine of 16 adult subjects free from major intestinal disease. Tissue specimens were subsequently examined by electron microscopy. Four different endocrine cell types could be distinguished on the basis of the shape and ultrastructural appearance of secretory granules, of their silver affinity, and of their morphometry. Type I cells (enterochromaffin cells, 60.5%) were argentaffin and presented granules with widely different morphologies, which could correspond to several subtypes. The three other cell types were nonargentaffin. Type II (21.3%) contained granules with a diameter distribution peak of 200 to 300 nm. Type III cells, rare (3.2%), were characterized by small and infrequent granules with a diameter distribution peak of 150 to 200 nm. Type IV cells (7.4%) were characterized by large and round granules with a diameter distribution peak of 300 to 400 nm and resembled the \"L cell\" of the small intestine. The most endocrine cell-rich portion of the colon was the rectum (179 of 618 cells examined). Type I cells represented approximately 73% of the endocrine cell population from the cecum to the descending colon and decreased to 42% in the rectum. Both the absolute number and the percentage of type II cells increased from the cecum (8%) to the rectum (31%). Type IV cells also increased in the rectum both in absolute number and percentage (14%). The absolute number of type III cells was too small to enable significant differences to be observed.", "contents": "Fine structural classification and comparative distribution of endocrine cells in normal human large intestine. Rectosigmoid- or colonoscopy biopsies were performed at different levels of the large intestine of 16 adult subjects free from major intestinal disease. Tissue specimens were subsequently examined by electron microscopy. Four different endocrine cell types could be distinguished on the basis of the shape and ultrastructural appearance of secretory granules, of their silver affinity, and of their morphometry. Type I cells (enterochromaffin cells, 60.5%) were argentaffin and presented granules with widely different morphologies, which could correspond to several subtypes. The three other cell types were nonargentaffin. Type II (21.3%) contained granules with a diameter distribution peak of 200 to 300 nm. Type III cells, rare (3.2%), were characterized by small and infrequent granules with a diameter distribution peak of 150 to 200 nm. Type IV cells (7.4%) were characterized by large and round granules with a diameter distribution peak of 300 to 400 nm and resembled the \"L cell\" of the small intestine. The most endocrine cell-rich portion of the colon was the rectum (179 of 618 cells examined). Type I cells represented approximately 73% of the endocrine cell population from the cecum to the descending colon and decreased to 42% in the rectum. Both the absolute number and the percentage of type II cells increased from the cecum (8%) to the rectum (31%). Type IV cells also increased in the rectum both in absolute number and percentage (14%). The absolute number of type III cells was too small to enable significant differences to be observed.", "PMID": 95721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1808", "title": "Minoxidil in resistant hypertension.", "content": "Minoxidil in combination with propranolol and diuretics controlled the blood-pressure in a group of hypertensive patients who were resistant to treatment with large doses of standard drugs. The main problem was fluid retention but subjective side-effects were fewer than in a comparable group on other drugs.", "contents": "Minoxidil in resistant hypertension. Minoxidil in combination with propranolol and diuretics controlled the blood-pressure in a group of hypertensive patients who were resistant to treatment with large doses of standard drugs. The main problem was fluid retention but subjective side-effects were fewer than in a comparable group on other drugs.", "PMID": 95728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1809", "title": "Neuronal distribution in caudate nucleus and reticular-caudate pathways.", "content": "Methods of quantitative stereology are employed to determine the cell body diameters and the disposition of the neurons of caudate nucleus (CN) of the cat. Large neurons are more frequent in the infero-external region in a well defined zone 16 to 18 mm ahead of the interaural plane. Silver impregnations and electron microscopy after lesions in the ponto-mesencephalic reticular formation demonstrate its direct projections on the nucleus centralis medialis thalami and on the CN. Ascending fibers run along the ventral and lateral surfaces of the thalamus, some of them penetrate to the lamina medullaris medialis making contact in intralaminar nuclei and in the nucleus centralis medialis, others continue through the internal capsule to end in the infero-external region of the CN. The reticular formation of one side projects to both CN.", "contents": "Neuronal distribution in caudate nucleus and reticular-caudate pathways. Methods of quantitative stereology are employed to determine the cell body diameters and the disposition of the neurons of caudate nucleus (CN) of the cat. Large neurons are more frequent in the infero-external region in a well defined zone 16 to 18 mm ahead of the interaural plane. Silver impregnations and electron microscopy after lesions in the ponto-mesencephalic reticular formation demonstrate its direct projections on the nucleus centralis medialis thalami and on the CN. Ascending fibers run along the ventral and lateral surfaces of the thalamus, some of them penetrate to the lamina medullaris medialis making contact in intralaminar nuclei and in the nucleus centralis medialis, others continue through the internal capsule to end in the infero-external region of the CN. The reticular formation of one side projects to both CN.", "PMID": 95725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1810", "title": "Treatment of cryptorchidism by intranasal synthetic luteinising-hormone releasing hormone. Results of a collaborative double-blind study.", "content": "The effect of intranasal luteinising-hormone releasing hormone (L.H.R.H.) in 84 boys with unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism was evaluated in a double-blind controlled trial. Boys with retractile testes were not studied. L.H.R.H. caused no side-effects; plasma antibodies to L.H.R.H. were never demonstrated. Four weeks' therapy with intranasal L.H.R.H. administered in six doses daily (1.2 mg/day) led to complete descent in 38% of a total of 61 testes, an improved position in 28%, and no response in 19%; 15% of testes were never palpated. After placebo the position of 25% of testes was improved; there was no response in 75% of a total of 51 testes. The success-rate seemed to be independent of age, but was related to the initial testicular position, with complete descent in only 11% of testes not previously palpated compared with 48% of testes found in the inguinal region.", "contents": "Treatment of cryptorchidism by intranasal synthetic luteinising-hormone releasing hormone. Results of a collaborative double-blind study. The effect of intranasal luteinising-hormone releasing hormone (L.H.R.H.) in 84 boys with unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism was evaluated in a double-blind controlled trial. Boys with retractile testes were not studied. L.H.R.H. caused no side-effects; plasma antibodies to L.H.R.H. were never demonstrated. Four weeks' therapy with intranasal L.H.R.H. administered in six doses daily (1.2 mg/day) led to complete descent in 38% of a total of 61 testes, an improved position in 28%, and no response in 19%; 15% of testes were never palpated. After placebo the position of 25% of testes was improved; there was no response in 75% of a total of 51 testes. The success-rate seemed to be independent of age, but was related to the initial testicular position, with complete descent in only 11% of testes not previously palpated compared with 48% of testes found in the inguinal region.", "PMID": 95729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1811", "title": "Simple method for staining unmyelinated axons in rat olfactory bulb.", "content": "A simple staining method for visualizing unmyelinated axons in the rat olfactory bulb is described. A typical histological analysis of the glomerular layer showing the unmyelinated receptor axons in the olfactory bulb of the rat is presented.", "contents": "Simple method for staining unmyelinated axons in rat olfactory bulb. A simple staining method for visualizing unmyelinated axons in the rat olfactory bulb is described. A typical histological analysis of the glomerular layer showing the unmyelinated receptor axons in the olfactory bulb of the rat is presented.", "PMID": 95726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1812", "title": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase levels and membrane phenotypes in diagnosis of acute leukaemia.", "content": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (T.D.T.) has been measured in the cells of 112 leukaemia patients whose cells were characterised by membrane markers as well as by standard haematological and cytochemical criteria. The concentration of enzyme ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 units/10(8) cells in the bone-marrows of 20 patients with normal marrow or benign marrow hyperplasia. The enzyme level was raised in 30 of 31 patients with untreated acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (A.L.L.) whose cells reacted positively with an anti-A.L.L. serum (range 0.9-197, mean 59, units/10(8) cells) and in all 9 patients with thymic A.L.L. (Thy-A.L.L.) (range 1.5-95, mean 36, units/10(8) cells). All but 1 of 17 patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia gave negative results (range 0-1.5, mean 0.60, units/10(8) cells), and T.D.T. was also normal in all 7 bone-marrow samples from patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (C.G.L.) in the chronic phase. The T.D.T. assay gave a clear distinction between 11 patients with C.G.L. in lymphoid transformation, anti-A.L.L.-serum positive (range 15-226, mean 83, units/10(8) cells), and 12 patients with C.G.L. in myeloblastic transformation, anti-A.L.L.-serum negative (range 0-1.9, mean 0.7, units/10(8) cells). Among 17 patients with otherwise unclassifiable acute leukaemia, 10 gave raised values (range 1.6-113 units/10(8) cells) and 7 gave normal values. It is concluded that the assay of T.D.T. in the peripheral blood or bone-marrow of patients with acute leukaemia is of value in differentiating lymphoid (including non-T non-B and Thy-A.L.L.) from myeloid leukaemia.", "contents": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase levels and membrane phenotypes in diagnosis of acute leukaemia. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (T.D.T.) has been measured in the cells of 112 leukaemia patients whose cells were characterised by membrane markers as well as by standard haematological and cytochemical criteria. The concentration of enzyme ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 units/10(8) cells in the bone-marrows of 20 patients with normal marrow or benign marrow hyperplasia. The enzyme level was raised in 30 of 31 patients with untreated acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (A.L.L.) whose cells reacted positively with an anti-A.L.L. serum (range 0.9-197, mean 59, units/10(8) cells) and in all 9 patients with thymic A.L.L. (Thy-A.L.L.) (range 1.5-95, mean 36, units/10(8) cells). All but 1 of 17 patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia gave negative results (range 0-1.5, mean 0.60, units/10(8) cells), and T.D.T. was also normal in all 7 bone-marrow samples from patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (C.G.L.) in the chronic phase. The T.D.T. assay gave a clear distinction between 11 patients with C.G.L. in lymphoid transformation, anti-A.L.L.-serum positive (range 15-226, mean 83, units/10(8) cells), and 12 patients with C.G.L. in myeloblastic transformation, anti-A.L.L.-serum negative (range 0-1.9, mean 0.7, units/10(8) cells). Among 17 patients with otherwise unclassifiable acute leukaemia, 10 gave raised values (range 1.6-113 units/10(8) cells) and 7 gave normal values. It is concluded that the assay of T.D.T. in the peripheral blood or bone-marrow of patients with acute leukaemia is of value in differentiating lymphoid (including non-T non-B and Thy-A.L.L.) from myeloid leukaemia.", "PMID": 95730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1813", "title": "A common familial component in lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "First-degree relatives of lung-cancer patients and of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had significantly higher age-sex-race-smoking-adjusted rates of impaired forced expiration than first-degree relatives of patients with non-pulmonary disease or community-derived comparison series (neighbourhood controls and teachers). Subclassification of the data and multiple adjustment for smoking, race, sex, and other confounding factors emphasised the consistency of the pattern. These findings strongly suggest that lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease share a common familial component other than smoking. The clinical manifestation may depend on the presence of one or more other cofactors as yet undefined.", "contents": "A common familial component in lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. First-degree relatives of lung-cancer patients and of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had significantly higher age-sex-race-smoking-adjusted rates of impaired forced expiration than first-degree relatives of patients with non-pulmonary disease or community-derived comparison series (neighbourhood controls and teachers). Subclassification of the data and multiple adjustment for smoking, race, sex, and other confounding factors emphasised the consistency of the pattern. These findings strongly suggest that lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease share a common familial component other than smoking. The clinical manifestation may depend on the presence of one or more other cofactors as yet undefined.", "PMID": 95731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1814", "title": "Mediators of immediate-type hypersensitivity in sputum from patients with chronic bronchitis and asthma.", "content": "Mediators of immediate-type hypersensitivity were studied in the sputum of patients with chronic bronchitis. The same mediators were also measured in early-onset, skin-test-positive asthmatics, in late-onset, skin-test-negative asthmatics, and in patients with bronchial carcinoma, bronchiectasis, and pneumonia. Sputum eosinophilia was a feature of bronchitics and asthmatics, whereas raised blood eosinophil levels were found only in the early-onset, skin-test-positive asthmatics. Histamine and IgE were present in considerable amounts in the sputum of bronchitics and early-onset, skin-test-positive asthmatics. Smaller amounts were found in the other groups. The sputum in all the groups contained material giving an \"S.R.S (slow-reacting substance) like\" induced contraction of the guinea pig ileum. \"Classical\" S.R.S.-A., determined by arylsulphatase IIB susceptibility, was present only in bronchitics and both types of asthmatics. Since the bronchitics were, in general, skin-test negative and had normal concentrations of circulating IgE and eosinophils, it is suggested that the findings in the sputum indicate an element of local immediate-type (type I) hypersensitivity in bronchitis although its significance for pathogenesis is not known.", "contents": "Mediators of immediate-type hypersensitivity in sputum from patients with chronic bronchitis and asthma. Mediators of immediate-type hypersensitivity were studied in the sputum of patients with chronic bronchitis. The same mediators were also measured in early-onset, skin-test-positive asthmatics, in late-onset, skin-test-negative asthmatics, and in patients with bronchial carcinoma, bronchiectasis, and pneumonia. Sputum eosinophilia was a feature of bronchitics and asthmatics, whereas raised blood eosinophil levels were found only in the early-onset, skin-test-positive asthmatics. Histamine and IgE were present in considerable amounts in the sputum of bronchitics and early-onset, skin-test-positive asthmatics. Smaller amounts were found in the other groups. The sputum in all the groups contained material giving an \"S.R.S (slow-reacting substance) like\" induced contraction of the guinea pig ileum. \"Classical\" S.R.S.-A., determined by arylsulphatase IIB susceptibility, was present only in bronchitics and both types of asthmatics. Since the bronchitics were, in general, skin-test negative and had normal concentrations of circulating IgE and eosinophils, it is suggested that the findings in the sputum indicate an element of local immediate-type (type I) hypersensitivity in bronchitis although its significance for pathogenesis is not known.", "PMID": 95732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1815", "title": "Evidence for transmission of lymphocyte responses to tuberculin by breast-feeding.", "content": "The possibility that cell-mediated immunity could be acquired by breast-feeding was evaluated in a prospective study of 26 tuberculin positive and 9 negative puerperal mothers and their infants. 13 infants of the positive and all the infants of negative mothers were breast-fed. Tuberculin-reactive T cells were found in colostrum and early milk of most positive but in none of the negative nursing mothers. A significant number (8/13) of infants born to positive mothers had tuberculin-reactive peripheral blood T cells after 4 weeks of breast-feeding compared with bottle-fed infants (1/13) of positive mothers or breast-fed infants (0/9) of negative mothers. Examination of cord blood for tuberculin-reactive T cells provided no significant evidence of transplacental transmission of responsiveness to tuberculin. The results suggest that breast-fed infants may passively acquire T cell responsiveness to a specific antigen by ingestion of breast milk.", "contents": "Evidence for transmission of lymphocyte responses to tuberculin by breast-feeding. The possibility that cell-mediated immunity could be acquired by breast-feeding was evaluated in a prospective study of 26 tuberculin positive and 9 negative puerperal mothers and their infants. 13 infants of the positive and all the infants of negative mothers were breast-fed. Tuberculin-reactive T cells were found in colostrum and early milk of most positive but in none of the negative nursing mothers. A significant number (8/13) of infants born to positive mothers had tuberculin-reactive peripheral blood T cells after 4 weeks of breast-feeding compared with bottle-fed infants (1/13) of positive mothers or breast-fed infants (0/9) of negative mothers. Examination of cord blood for tuberculin-reactive T cells provided no significant evidence of transplacental transmission of responsiveness to tuberculin. The results suggest that breast-fed infants may passively acquire T cell responsiveness to a specific antigen by ingestion of breast milk.", "PMID": 95733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1816", "title": "Impaired sphincter control in the dyspnoeic.", "content": "6 case-histories illustrate how altered control of micturition is an occasional accompaniment of dyspnoea in patients aged over 50. Recognition of this problem can be a step towards understanding the great disability of some dyspnoeic patients.", "contents": "Impaired sphincter control in the dyspnoeic. 6 case-histories illustrate how altered control of micturition is an occasional accompaniment of dyspnoea in patients aged over 50. Recognition of this problem can be a step towards understanding the great disability of some dyspnoeic patients.", "PMID": 95734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1817", "title": "Stilboestrol (diethylstilbestrol) and the risk of ovarian cancer.", "content": "A follow-up survey of 908 women who had received 'Premarin' (conjugated equine oestrogen) for menopausal symptoms revealed 8 cases of ovarian cancer. This risk was 2 to 3 times greater than expected. The risk increased with the strength of premarin tablet usually taken, but not with the duration of use or total dose ingested. The excess risk of ovarian cancer in this group occurred primarily among 21 women who had also used stilboestrol (diethylstilbestrol). The results of this small trial are consistent with the increasing incidence of ovarian cancer in post-menopausal women in the U.S.A., and with the occurrence of stilboestrol-induced ovarian neoplasms in dogs.", "contents": "Stilboestrol (diethylstilbestrol) and the risk of ovarian cancer. A follow-up survey of 908 women who had received 'Premarin' (conjugated equine oestrogen) for menopausal symptoms revealed 8 cases of ovarian cancer. This risk was 2 to 3 times greater than expected. The risk increased with the strength of premarin tablet usually taken, but not with the duration of use or total dose ingested. The excess risk of ovarian cancer in this group occurred primarily among 21 women who had also used stilboestrol (diethylstilbestrol). The results of this small trial are consistent with the increasing incidence of ovarian cancer in post-menopausal women in the U.S.A., and with the occurrence of stilboestrol-induced ovarian neoplasms in dogs.", "PMID": 95735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1818", "title": "Incidence of pressure-sores in the Greater Glasgow Health Board area.", "content": "A survey was made by questionnaire of the prevalence and severity of pressure-sores on a given date among all hospital inpatients and all patients visited by a district nurse within the Greater Glasgow Health Board area. 8.8% of patients had a pressure-sore. Those aged 70 and over accounted for 70% of the patients with sores. Chairfast patients consistently had a higher pressure-sore frequency than bedfast patients of a similar degree of helplessness.", "contents": "Incidence of pressure-sores in the Greater Glasgow Health Board area. A survey was made by questionnaire of the prevalence and severity of pressure-sores on a given date among all hospital inpatients and all patients visited by a district nurse within the Greater Glasgow Health Board area. 8.8% of patients had a pressure-sore. Those aged 70 and over accounted for 70% of the patients with sores. Chairfast patients consistently had a higher pressure-sore frequency than bedfast patients of a similar degree of helplessness.", "PMID": 95742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1819", "title": "The treatment of angle neovascularization with panretinal photocoagulation.", "content": "Thirty-two eyes in 28 patients with anterior chamber angle neovascularization were prospectively treated with panretinal photocoagulation. Of 17 eyes that had less than 270 degrees angle closure, with an intraocular pressure of less than 40 mm Hg prior to treatment, 16 showed complete disappearance of the angle neovascularization and stabilization of the peripheral anterior synechiae after treatment. None of the 15 patients who had angle closure of 270 degrees or greater, or an intraocular pressure of above 40 mm Hg, showed any significant improvement after treatment. These results suggest that panretinal photocoagulation offers a highly effective means of dealing with early and moderately advanced cases of angle neovascularization.", "contents": "The treatment of angle neovascularization with panretinal photocoagulation. Thirty-two eyes in 28 patients with anterior chamber angle neovascularization were prospectively treated with panretinal photocoagulation. Of 17 eyes that had less than 270 degrees angle closure, with an intraocular pressure of less than 40 mm Hg prior to treatment, 16 showed complete disappearance of the angle neovascularization and stabilization of the peripheral anterior synechiae after treatment. None of the 15 patients who had angle closure of 270 degrees or greater, or an intraocular pressure of above 40 mm Hg, showed any significant improvement after treatment. These results suggest that panretinal photocoagulation offers a highly effective means of dealing with early and moderately advanced cases of angle neovascularization.", "PMID": 95786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1820", "title": "Immune response gene control of determinant selection. I. Intramolecular mapping of the immunogenic sites on insulin recognized by guinea pig T and B cells.", "content": "T-cell DNA synthesis and T-helper cell function in response to isolated insulin chains and naturally occurring insulin variants was assessed in insulin immune guinea pigs. Two distinct antigenic determinants, recognized by T cells, were defined. One localized in the B chain and the other one constituted by amino acids A8, A9, and A10 of the insulin A-chain loop. Recognition of the B-chain determinant is under the control of Ir genes linked to the strain 13 major histocompatibility complex. This was shown by studying the response to isolated insulin B chain in F1(2 x 13) guinea pigs, as well as serologically defined backcrosses and outbred animals. Insulin recognition through the A-chain loop determinant is specific for strain 2 guinea pigs. These animals recognize this region of the molecule even when displaying different amino acid sequences. The strain differences observed in those antigenic sites eliciting T-cell recognition was not found at an antibody level. No differences could be detected in the ability of the different insulin variants to inhibit the binding of 125I-labeled pork insulin to strain 2 guinea pig anti-pork insulin or to strain 13 guinea pig anti-pork insulin.", "contents": "Immune response gene control of determinant selection. I. Intramolecular mapping of the immunogenic sites on insulin recognized by guinea pig T and B cells. T-cell DNA synthesis and T-helper cell function in response to isolated insulin chains and naturally occurring insulin variants was assessed in insulin immune guinea pigs. Two distinct antigenic determinants, recognized by T cells, were defined. One localized in the B chain and the other one constituted by amino acids A8, A9, and A10 of the insulin A-chain loop. Recognition of the B-chain determinant is under the control of Ir genes linked to the strain 13 major histocompatibility complex. This was shown by studying the response to isolated insulin B chain in F1(2 x 13) guinea pigs, as well as serologically defined backcrosses and outbred animals. Insulin recognition through the A-chain loop determinant is specific for strain 2 guinea pigs. These animals recognize this region of the molecule even when displaying different amino acid sequences. The strain differences observed in those antigenic sites eliciting T-cell recognition was not found at an antibody level. No differences could be detected in the ability of the different insulin variants to inhibit the binding of 125I-labeled pork insulin to strain 2 guinea pig anti-pork insulin or to strain 13 guinea pig anti-pork insulin.", "PMID": 95787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1821", "title": "B-cell tolerance. II. Trinitrophenyl human gamma globulin-induced tolerance in adult and neonatal murine B cells responsive to thymus-dependent and independent forms of the same hapten.", "content": "Neonatal splenic B cells which are responsive to thymus-dependent antigens (TD) are exquisitely susceptible to induction of tolerance (1,2). This state of tolerance is not mediated by suppressor T cells and is not a result of suboptimal macrophage function (1 and footnote one). In adult mice, induction of B-cell tolerance is not achieved with doses of antigen 1,000-fold higher (1) than those required to produce the same degree of unresponsiveness in neonates. In contrast to these results, studies with T-independent (TI) antigens indicate that neonatal and adult splenic B cells are equally susceptible to tolerance induction (3,4). However, such studies have not ascertained whether the neonate is more resistant to tolerance induction or the adult is hypersusceptible, i.e., does the induction of tolerance in cells responsive to TI antigens resemble that of adult or neonatal cells responsive to TD antigens? The answer is pertinent to determining the relative maturity of the B cells which can be tolerized or respond to TI or TD antigens. We report here the direct comparison of tolerogen sensitivity of adult and neonatal TD and TI responses by inducing tolerance in vitro with trinitophenyl human gamma globulin (TNP(17)HgG) and assaying unresponsiveness with TD and TI forms of the TNP determinant.", "contents": "B-cell tolerance. II. Trinitrophenyl human gamma globulin-induced tolerance in adult and neonatal murine B cells responsive to thymus-dependent and independent forms of the same hapten. Neonatal splenic B cells which are responsive to thymus-dependent antigens (TD) are exquisitely susceptible to induction of tolerance (1,2). This state of tolerance is not mediated by suppressor T cells and is not a result of suboptimal macrophage function (1 and footnote one). In adult mice, induction of B-cell tolerance is not achieved with doses of antigen 1,000-fold higher (1) than those required to produce the same degree of unresponsiveness in neonates. In contrast to these results, studies with T-independent (TI) antigens indicate that neonatal and adult splenic B cells are equally susceptible to tolerance induction (3,4). However, such studies have not ascertained whether the neonate is more resistant to tolerance induction or the adult is hypersusceptible, i.e., does the induction of tolerance in cells responsive to TI antigens resemble that of adult or neonatal cells responsive to TD antigens? The answer is pertinent to determining the relative maturity of the B cells which can be tolerized or respond to TI or TD antigens. We report here the direct comparison of tolerogen sensitivity of adult and neonatal TD and TI responses by inducing tolerance in vitro with trinitophenyl human gamma globulin (TNP(17)HgG) and assaying unresponsiveness with TD and TI forms of the TNP determinant.", "PMID": 95788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1822", "title": "The simultaneous observations of immunofluorescence and cellular morphology in viral infections: a new procedure.", "content": "A simple method for comparative observations of immunofluorescence and cellular morphology has been developed in the investigation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and oncogenesis. When cells were stained for immunofluorescence of EBV-determined nuclear antigen, early antigens, or the viral capsid antigen, followed by treatment with hematoxylin, viral marker expression and cellular morphology could be simultaneously observed in individual cells by simply changing ultraviolet illumination to visible light. In our double-staining method, hematoxylin was not counteractive to specific immunofluorescence, and pretreatment of cells with antibodies did not affect hematoxylin staining. This method may possibly be more widely applied in virology and other fields.", "contents": "The simultaneous observations of immunofluorescence and cellular morphology in viral infections: a new procedure. A simple method for comparative observations of immunofluorescence and cellular morphology has been developed in the investigation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and oncogenesis. When cells were stained for immunofluorescence of EBV-determined nuclear antigen, early antigens, or the viral capsid antigen, followed by treatment with hematoxylin, viral marker expression and cellular morphology could be simultaneously observed in individual cells by simply changing ultraviolet illumination to visible light. In our double-staining method, hematoxylin was not counteractive to specific immunofluorescence, and pretreatment of cells with antibodies did not affect hematoxylin staining. This method may possibly be more widely applied in virology and other fields.", "PMID": 95789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1823", "title": "Characterization of an amber suppressor in Pneumococcus.", "content": "Partial revertant has been isolated, with resistance to aminopterin intermediate between wild type and mutant. This phenotype is the result of a mutation at a gene unlinked to the amiA locus. This suppressor mutation (su+) has no phenotypic characteristics by itself except a slow growth. 9 amiA mutants (belonging to 6 sites) are affected by su+ out of the 30 investigated mutants (i.e. 22 sites). The efficiency of suppression is site dependent. Two sites out of 14 mutants belonging to the thymidylate synthetase gene are suppressible. Thymidylate synthetase activity is partially restored by su+. Optochin mutants can also be suppressed. Thus su+ is not gene specific but site specific. Moreover when the str-41 allele conferring resistance to streptomycin is introduced by transformation, the suppression effect is restricted. All these properties are characteristic of an informational suppressor. The t-RNA extracted from the suppressor strain su+ but not the wild type restored the synthesis of coat protein coded by RNA from an amber mutant of bacteriophage f2. Attempts to detect ochre suppression activity gave negative results. It is suggested that the su+ gene is amber specific. Thus su+ can provide insight into the nature of suppressible mutations which should be point mutations. Both low efficiency and high efficiency mutants are affected by su+; this is additional evidence that both categories contain point mutations.", "contents": "Characterization of an amber suppressor in Pneumococcus. Partial revertant has been isolated, with resistance to aminopterin intermediate between wild type and mutant. This phenotype is the result of a mutation at a gene unlinked to the amiA locus. This suppressor mutation (su+) has no phenotypic characteristics by itself except a slow growth. 9 amiA mutants (belonging to 6 sites) are affected by su+ out of the 30 investigated mutants (i.e. 22 sites). The efficiency of suppression is site dependent. Two sites out of 14 mutants belonging to the thymidylate synthetase gene are suppressible. Thymidylate synthetase activity is partially restored by su+. Optochin mutants can also be suppressed. Thus su+ is not gene specific but site specific. Moreover when the str-41 allele conferring resistance to streptomycin is introduced by transformation, the suppression effect is restricted. All these properties are characteristic of an informational suppressor. The t-RNA extracted from the suppressor strain su+ but not the wild type restored the synthesis of coat protein coded by RNA from an amber mutant of bacteriophage f2. Attempts to detect ochre suppression activity gave negative results. It is suggested that the su+ gene is amber specific. Thus su+ can provide insight into the nature of suppressible mutations which should be point mutations. Both low efficiency and high efficiency mutants are affected by su+; this is additional evidence that both categories contain point mutations.", "PMID": 95790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1824", "title": "Repetitive DNA in Escherichia coli: multiple sequences complementary to small stable RNAs.", "content": "Radioactively labeled 4.5S, 6S, and 10S RNAs from Escherichia coli were hybridized to EcoRI fragments from the E. coli genome. Each of these molecules bound to more than one DNA fragment. Cot curve analysis of the kinetics of the annealing of these RNAs to denatured E. coli DNA suggests that the DNA corresponding to each of these molecules is reiterated in the genome. These experiments also suggest that these reiterated sequences are non adjacent.", "contents": "Repetitive DNA in Escherichia coli: multiple sequences complementary to small stable RNAs. Radioactively labeled 4.5S, 6S, and 10S RNAs from Escherichia coli were hybridized to EcoRI fragments from the E. coli genome. Each of these molecules bound to more than one DNA fragment. Cot curve analysis of the kinetics of the annealing of these RNAs to denatured E. coli DNA suggests that the DNA corresponding to each of these molecules is reiterated in the genome. These experiments also suggest that these reiterated sequences are non adjacent.", "PMID": 95791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1825", "title": "The influence of natural and induced changes in chromatin on the Feulgen hydrolysis.", "content": "Numerous deviations from the smooth and continuous hydrolysis patterns of the Feulgen reaction have been described, but no correlation to the composition of the chromatine of different cells has been made. Several models of the hydrolysis have been presented, but none are so constructed as to take into account the arrangement of the different molecules that constitute the chromatin. The present paper discusses the different reactions behind the hydrolysis curve. A model embodying the main features of the chromation structure is presented. It allows for the calculation of extraction rates. The calculated extraction rate curves are compared with the results from different hydrolysis experiments. The predicted and experimentally found results agree closely under a variety of conditions. This suggests that the model describes the main principles of the Feulgen hydrolysis.", "contents": "The influence of natural and induced changes in chromatin on the Feulgen hydrolysis. Numerous deviations from the smooth and continuous hydrolysis patterns of the Feulgen reaction have been described, but no correlation to the composition of the chromatine of different cells has been made. Several models of the hydrolysis have been presented, but none are so constructed as to take into account the arrangement of the different molecules that constitute the chromatin. The present paper discusses the different reactions behind the hydrolysis curve. A model embodying the main features of the chromation structure is presented. It allows for the calculation of extraction rates. The calculated extraction rate curves are compared with the results from different hydrolysis experiments. The predicted and experimentally found results agree closely under a variety of conditions. This suggests that the model describes the main principles of the Feulgen hydrolysis.", "PMID": 95792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1826", "title": "Microspectrophotometric detection of heparin in young and adult rat mast cells, human mast cells and human basophilic granulocytes stained metachromatically with toluidine blue O.", "content": "A qualitative microspectrophotometric detection method for heparin in situ has been developed, using data obtained previously with a model system of polyacrylamide films containing pure glycosaminoglycans (Tas & Roozemond 1973, and Tas 1975). This technique, based on the unique metachromatic properties of heparin with Toluidine Blue O in glycerol, has been worked out with rat peritoneal and mesenteric mast cells. After equilibration of the stained, air-dried cells in glycerol (for some days), the specific peak of the heparin-Toluidine blue O complex (as found in the model experiments at about 515 nm) could be recorded. It was found that the method can be used to detect unequivocally the presence of heparin in cells, even if they also contain up to 75 mole percent of other, lower sulphated-glycosaminoglycan. Otherwise the method might yield some information about the degree of sulphation of the heparin concerned. With this technique the presence of heparin has been proved in young and adult rat mast cells and for the first time now directly in normal human mast cells and normal human basophilic granulocytes.", "contents": "Microspectrophotometric detection of heparin in young and adult rat mast cells, human mast cells and human basophilic granulocytes stained metachromatically with toluidine blue O. A qualitative microspectrophotometric detection method for heparin in situ has been developed, using data obtained previously with a model system of polyacrylamide films containing pure glycosaminoglycans (Tas & Roozemond 1973, and Tas 1975). This technique, based on the unique metachromatic properties of heparin with Toluidine Blue O in glycerol, has been worked out with rat peritoneal and mesenteric mast cells. After equilibration of the stained, air-dried cells in glycerol (for some days), the specific peak of the heparin-Toluidine blue O complex (as found in the model experiments at about 515 nm) could be recorded. It was found that the method can be used to detect unequivocally the presence of heparin in cells, even if they also contain up to 75 mole percent of other, lower sulphated-glycosaminoglycan. Otherwise the method might yield some information about the degree of sulphation of the heparin concerned. With this technique the presence of heparin has been proved in young and adult rat mast cells and for the first time now directly in normal human mast cells and normal human basophilic granulocytes.", "PMID": 95796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1827", "title": "Dependence of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine metabolism on its treatment schedule.", "content": "The content of cytochromes P-450 and b5 in rat liver microsomes, as well as the extent of labeling of nucleic acids and proteins of the liver and kidneys and of mucosa from different intestinal segments, was studied in rats injected daily or once a week subcutaneously with similar total doses of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine (SDMH) and in untreated rats. Daily SDMH administrations led to a decrease in cytochrome P-450 activity. Pretreatment of rats with unlabelled SDMH resulted in decreased labeling of DNA, RNA, proteins, and acid-soluble fractions after [3H]SDMH injection. A more pronounced effect was found after the daily treatment.", "contents": "Dependence of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine metabolism on its treatment schedule. The content of cytochromes P-450 and b5 in rat liver microsomes, as well as the extent of labeling of nucleic acids and proteins of the liver and kidneys and of mucosa from different intestinal segments, was studied in rats injected daily or once a week subcutaneously with similar total doses of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine (SDMH) and in untreated rats. Daily SDMH administrations led to a decrease in cytochrome P-450 activity. Pretreatment of rats with unlabelled SDMH resulted in decreased labeling of DNA, RNA, proteins, and acid-soluble fractions after [3H]SDMH injection. A more pronounced effect was found after the daily treatment.", "PMID": 95798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1828", "title": "Establishment of specific antibody producing human lines by antigen preselection and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformation.", "content": "Specific antibody producing human cell lines were established by preselecting antigen binding B-lymphocytes and subsequently transforming (\"immortalizing\") them with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). NNP-binding B-cells were isolated from the blood of three donors with high anti-NNP titers. EBV-transformation led to polyclonal cell lines that had 15-18% NNP receptor positive cells. A similar fraction of the cells produced NNP-specific plaques in the Cunningham-Szenberg assay. Unconcentrated culture media agglutinated NNP-coupled erythrocytes in up to an 1/2,048 dilution and inactivated NNP-coupled T4 bacteriophage in up to an 1/10,000 dilution. EBV-transformed but not similarly NNP-preselected lines of the same donors were completely negative in the rosette, plaque and antibody secretion tests. Supernatants of the antibody producing lines gave no reaction with the non-coupled erythrocytes or with a number of other hapten coupled controls. Anti-NNP antibodies secreted by all three preselected lines were of the IgM kappa type, which was in contrast to the sera of the donors that contained both IgM and IgG antibodies, with both light chain types. Cloning of one NNP-antibody producing line yielded 9 antibody producers out of 30. The positive clones formed NNP rosettes and plaques with 31-86% of the cells and produced anti-NNP of class IgM, Kappa. The cell culture contained 5-16 micrograms IgM/ml cell culture.", "contents": "Establishment of specific antibody producing human lines by antigen preselection and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformation. Specific antibody producing human cell lines were established by preselecting antigen binding B-lymphocytes and subsequently transforming (\"immortalizing\") them with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). NNP-binding B-cells were isolated from the blood of three donors with high anti-NNP titers. EBV-transformation led to polyclonal cell lines that had 15-18% NNP receptor positive cells. A similar fraction of the cells produced NNP-specific plaques in the Cunningham-Szenberg assay. Unconcentrated culture media agglutinated NNP-coupled erythrocytes in up to an 1/2,048 dilution and inactivated NNP-coupled T4 bacteriophage in up to an 1/10,000 dilution. EBV-transformed but not similarly NNP-preselected lines of the same donors were completely negative in the rosette, plaque and antibody secretion tests. Supernatants of the antibody producing lines gave no reaction with the non-coupled erythrocytes or with a number of other hapten coupled controls. Anti-NNP antibodies secreted by all three preselected lines were of the IgM kappa type, which was in contrast to the sera of the donors that contained both IgM and IgG antibodies, with both light chain types. Cloning of one NNP-antibody producing line yielded 9 antibody producers out of 30. The positive clones formed NNP rosettes and plaques with 31-86% of the cells and produced anti-NNP of class IgM, Kappa. The cell culture contained 5-16 micrograms IgM/ml cell culture.", "PMID": 95800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1829", "title": "Evaluation of the C1q solid-phase binding assay for immune complexes. A clinical and laboratory study.", "content": "The solid-phase C1q binding assay for circulating immune complexes has been evaluated. The assay provides a rapid, sensitive (detecting as little as 1 microgram of aggregated IgG) and reproducible procedure for the detection of immune complexes in biological fluids. Using artificially prepared immune complexes, the assay detects complexes at four-times antigen-excess. Gel filtration over Sepharose 6B showed that these complexes were distributed over a range of molecular weights from greater than 4 x 10(6) to 300,000 daltons. Using radiolabelled anti-BSA, antigen (BSA) could be detected in these complexes. Screening of gel-filtered SLE showed that the assay detects complexes of both high and low molecular weight, but does not detect all complexes in the SLE sera. Clinical studies showed that immune complexes are frequently found in the sera of patients with SLE and measurement of the concentrations of complexes provides a more sensitive index of disease activity than either serum C3 or C4 concentrations or DNA binding capacity. In patients with RA concentrations of immune complexes were generally higher in synovial fluid than serum, although a patient with systemic rheumatoid disease with hypocomplementaemia had an extremely high level of circulating immune complexes. The assay only infrequently detects circulating immune complexes in glomerulonephritis and in renal transplant recipients. It is concluded that the assay provides a useful clinical tool, but detects only a limited species of immune complexes. It can be used in the detection of antigens in complexes.", "contents": "Evaluation of the C1q solid-phase binding assay for immune complexes. A clinical and laboratory study. The solid-phase C1q binding assay for circulating immune complexes has been evaluated. The assay provides a rapid, sensitive (detecting as little as 1 microgram of aggregated IgG) and reproducible procedure for the detection of immune complexes in biological fluids. Using artificially prepared immune complexes, the assay detects complexes at four-times antigen-excess. Gel filtration over Sepharose 6B showed that these complexes were distributed over a range of molecular weights from greater than 4 x 10(6) to 300,000 daltons. Using radiolabelled anti-BSA, antigen (BSA) could be detected in these complexes. Screening of gel-filtered SLE showed that the assay detects complexes of both high and low molecular weight, but does not detect all complexes in the SLE sera. Clinical studies showed that immune complexes are frequently found in the sera of patients with SLE and measurement of the concentrations of complexes provides a more sensitive index of disease activity than either serum C3 or C4 concentrations or DNA binding capacity. In patients with RA concentrations of immune complexes were generally higher in synovial fluid than serum, although a patient with systemic rheumatoid disease with hypocomplementaemia had an extremely high level of circulating immune complexes. The assay only infrequently detects circulating immune complexes in glomerulonephritis and in renal transplant recipients. It is concluded that the assay provides a useful clinical tool, but detects only a limited species of immune complexes. It can be used in the detection of antigens in complexes.", "PMID": 95801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1830", "title": "The value of islet cell antibody in predicting secondary failure of oral hypoglycaemic agent therapy in Diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The sera of 160 diabetics who were well controlled by oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) for at least three months after diagnosis were tested for pancreatic islet cell antibodies (ICAb) either at diagnosis or within two years after diagnosis. 129 were non-obese at diagnosis and of these ICAb was detected in the sera in 20 (16%). 31 were obese at diagnosis and of these ICAb was detected in the sera in three (10%). All of the 160 diabetics were insulin independent at the time of testing the serum for ICAb. The presence of ICAb was associated with a high probability of becoming insulin dependent, calculated from actuarial statistics. 86% of ICAb positive patients initially controlled on OHA may be expected to be insulin dependent at five years from diagnosis as compared to 18% of ICAb negative patients. Obesity at diagnosis did not significantly affect the probability of becoming insulin dependent. ICAb positive diabetes controlled by OHA can be regarded as a less severe form of insulin-dependent (Type I) diabetes.", "contents": "The value of islet cell antibody in predicting secondary failure of oral hypoglycaemic agent therapy in Diabetes mellitus. The sera of 160 diabetics who were well controlled by oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) for at least three months after diagnosis were tested for pancreatic islet cell antibodies (ICAb) either at diagnosis or within two years after diagnosis. 129 were non-obese at diagnosis and of these ICAb was detected in the sera in 20 (16%). 31 were obese at diagnosis and of these ICAb was detected in the sera in three (10%). All of the 160 diabetics were insulin independent at the time of testing the serum for ICAb. The presence of ICAb was associated with a high probability of becoming insulin dependent, calculated from actuarial statistics. 86% of ICAb positive patients initially controlled on OHA may be expected to be insulin dependent at five years from diagnosis as compared to 18% of ICAb negative patients. Obesity at diagnosis did not significantly affect the probability of becoming insulin dependent. ICAb positive diabetes controlled by OHA can be regarded as a less severe form of insulin-dependent (Type I) diabetes.", "PMID": 95802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1831", "title": "Occurrence of M-proteins in the CSF of a child with prolonged meningococcal meningitis.", "content": "CSF of a 4-month-old boy with prolonged, meningococcal meningitis revealed oligoclonal immunoglobulin G about 10 weeks after hospital admission. These proteins persisted for at least 4 months. In contrast to this child, a further 10 infants and young children with bacterial meningitis, whose CSF was examined between 4 weeks and 6 3/4 months subsequent to onset of the disease, showed no such abnormality. Since the presented boy was the only patient treated with a corticosteroid, his altered immune reaction could be related to the immunosuppressive effect of this drug.", "contents": "Occurrence of M-proteins in the CSF of a child with prolonged meningococcal meningitis. CSF of a 4-month-old boy with prolonged, meningococcal meningitis revealed oligoclonal immunoglobulin G about 10 weeks after hospital admission. These proteins persisted for at least 4 months. In contrast to this child, a further 10 infants and young children with bacterial meningitis, whose CSF was examined between 4 weeks and 6 3/4 months subsequent to onset of the disease, showed no such abnormality. Since the presented boy was the only patient treated with a corticosteroid, his altered immune reaction could be related to the immunosuppressive effect of this drug.", "PMID": 95803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1832", "title": "Determination of the human lymphokine leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) by a sensitive radioenzymatic assay. Inhibitory effect of cGMP on the esterolytic activity of highly purified LIF.", "content": "Indirect experiments using irreversible enzyme inhibitors have shown that the human lymphokine leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) is a serine esterase and protease exhibiting specific affinity towards arginine esters and amides. A sensitive assay for direct measurement of esterase activity using p-tosyl-L-arginine (3H) methyl ester (3H-TAME) as substrate is described. Esterolytic activities are demonstrated in crude supernatants of human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A (LIF-rich) and, more pronounced, in supernatants of unstimulated cells (control). To follow the effects of purification procedures, the serine esterases of LIF-rich and control preparations were specifically labeled with the irreversible, active site directed agent (1,3-3H)di-isopropylphosphorofluoridate. Most of these enzymes, visualized by Sephadex chromatography, were removed by a gentle three-step procedure, allowing at least 50% of the initial LIF activity to be recovered. The resulting LIF-rich preparation, purified to contain serine esterases at a concentration corresponding to less than 1 ng per ml original supernatant, still showed estrolytic activity towards 3H-TAME. The optimal conditions for the radioenzymatic assay of purified LIF and the inhibitory effect of 10(-4) M cGMP, which on the basis of indirect experiments has been implicated as a specific regulator of LIF activity, are described.", "contents": "Determination of the human lymphokine leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) by a sensitive radioenzymatic assay. Inhibitory effect of cGMP on the esterolytic activity of highly purified LIF. Indirect experiments using irreversible enzyme inhibitors have shown that the human lymphokine leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) is a serine esterase and protease exhibiting specific affinity towards arginine esters and amides. A sensitive assay for direct measurement of esterase activity using p-tosyl-L-arginine (3H) methyl ester (3H-TAME) as substrate is described. Esterolytic activities are demonstrated in crude supernatants of human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A (LIF-rich) and, more pronounced, in supernatants of unstimulated cells (control). To follow the effects of purification procedures, the serine esterases of LIF-rich and control preparations were specifically labeled with the irreversible, active site directed agent (1,3-3H)di-isopropylphosphorofluoridate. Most of these enzymes, visualized by Sephadex chromatography, were removed by a gentle three-step procedure, allowing at least 50% of the initial LIF activity to be recovered. The resulting LIF-rich preparation, purified to contain serine esterases at a concentration corresponding to less than 1 ng per ml original supernatant, still showed estrolytic activity towards 3H-TAME. The optimal conditions for the radioenzymatic assay of purified LIF and the inhibitory effect of 10(-4) M cGMP, which on the basis of indirect experiments has been implicated as a specific regulator of LIF activity, are described.", "PMID": 95804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1833", "title": "Immunological features in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) of T cell origin.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia of T cell origin were studied. The thymus derived nature of these lymphocytes was confirmed by surface markers, mitogen cultures, mixed lymphocyte reaction, cytotoxicity studies, and cytochemical stains. This case is notable for several clinical and laboratory findings. Among these, the benign clinical course, the reduced rate of serum immunoglobulins, the elevated number of active E rosettes, the increased PHA-induced response to low mitogen doses, the absence of PHA mediated cellular cytotoxicity, and the thy-like positivity to ANAE should be pointed out. Emphasis should be placed, however, on the loss of stimulatory ability in MLR. This last feature supports the hypothesis that these cells proliferate as a clone.", "contents": "Immunological features in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) of T cell origin. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia of T cell origin were studied. The thymus derived nature of these lymphocytes was confirmed by surface markers, mitogen cultures, mixed lymphocyte reaction, cytotoxicity studies, and cytochemical stains. This case is notable for several clinical and laboratory findings. Among these, the benign clinical course, the reduced rate of serum immunoglobulins, the elevated number of active E rosettes, the increased PHA-induced response to low mitogen doses, the absence of PHA mediated cellular cytotoxicity, and the thy-like positivity to ANAE should be pointed out. Emphasis should be placed, however, on the loss of stimulatory ability in MLR. This last feature supports the hypothesis that these cells proliferate as a clone.", "PMID": 95805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1834", "title": "Binding of mouse peritoneal macrophages to tumour cells by a \"lectin-like\" macrophage receptor.", "content": "A binding interaction is described between mouse peritoneal macrophages, tumour cells and proliferating mouse embryo fibroblasts. The interaction appears to be between a \"lectin-like\" receptor in the macrophage plasma membrane and carbohydrates in the plasma membrane of the target cells.", "contents": "Binding of mouse peritoneal macrophages to tumour cells by a \"lectin-like\" macrophage receptor. A binding interaction is described between mouse peritoneal macrophages, tumour cells and proliferating mouse embryo fibroblasts. The interaction appears to be between a \"lectin-like\" receptor in the macrophage plasma membrane and carbohydrates in the plasma membrane of the target cells.", "PMID": 95806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1835", "title": "Augmented resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in mice at an early stage of aging.", "content": "Protective mechanisms against Listeria monocytogenes were studied in young (3-month-old) and old (15-month-old) mice of C3H/He strain. Cumulative mortality rates of old mice were lower than those of young mice after intravenous inoculation of the same doses of bacteria. The numbers of bacteria in the liver and spleen on days 1 and 3 were larger in young than old mice. Bacterial growth at this stage of infection is suppressed by accumulation of non-immune macrophages. On day 7, however, the numbers of bacteria in the liver were smaller in young than old mice. Bacterial elimination at this stage depends upon immune macrophages. These results suggest that the enhanced resistance to lethal effects of bacteria in old mice may be ascribed to activation of non-immune macrophages in the presence of depressed capacities to raise cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Augmented resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in mice at an early stage of aging. Protective mechanisms against Listeria monocytogenes were studied in young (3-month-old) and old (15-month-old) mice of C3H/He strain. Cumulative mortality rates of old mice were lower than those of young mice after intravenous inoculation of the same doses of bacteria. The numbers of bacteria in the liver and spleen on days 1 and 3 were larger in young than old mice. Bacterial growth at this stage of infection is suppressed by accumulation of non-immune macrophages. On day 7, however, the numbers of bacteria in the liver were smaller in young than old mice. Bacterial elimination at this stage depends upon immune macrophages. These results suggest that the enhanced resistance to lethal effects of bacteria in old mice may be ascribed to activation of non-immune macrophages in the presence of depressed capacities to raise cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 95807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1836", "title": "Comparison of the cytotoxic activities of different human lymphoid tissues.", "content": "Normal human lymphoid cells from peripheral blood, spleen, tonsils and thymus were examined for their ability to mediate three different cytotoxic effector cell functions: antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC); lectin-induced cellular cytotoxicity (LICC) and natural killer activity (NK), against 51Cr labelled erythroid and tumor target cells. We found a hierarchy of cytotoxic activities in the different lymphoid tissues. Peripheral blood and spleen cells were able to mediate LICC, ADCC and NK activities. Tonsil cells showed a natural segregation of the different cytotoxic functions: NK and ADCC activity against tumor target cells were absent, whereas LICC activity was fully present. With respect to ADCC activity against erythroid targets, tonsil cells showed low, but significant, cytotoxicity. Thymus cells had no detectable ADCC, NK and LICC activities. Correlation in the different lymphoid tissues between cytotoxic activities and cell surface marker studies revealed: (a) that the presence of E-SRBC rosette forming cells was not always associated with the detection of LICC activity, as is the case with the thymus; (b) that, in the absence of detectable Eox-7S rosette forming cells (thymus and tonsils), NK and ADCC activities against tumor cells were always absent, but LICC was observed (tonsils), indicating that the presence of this Fc(7S) receptor bearing cells is strongly associated with the expression of NK and ADCC but not with LICC.", "contents": "Comparison of the cytotoxic activities of different human lymphoid tissues. Normal human lymphoid cells from peripheral blood, spleen, tonsils and thymus were examined for their ability to mediate three different cytotoxic effector cell functions: antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC); lectin-induced cellular cytotoxicity (LICC) and natural killer activity (NK), against 51Cr labelled erythroid and tumor target cells. We found a hierarchy of cytotoxic activities in the different lymphoid tissues. Peripheral blood and spleen cells were able to mediate LICC, ADCC and NK activities. Tonsil cells showed a natural segregation of the different cytotoxic functions: NK and ADCC activity against tumor target cells were absent, whereas LICC activity was fully present. With respect to ADCC activity against erythroid targets, tonsil cells showed low, but significant, cytotoxicity. Thymus cells had no detectable ADCC, NK and LICC activities. Correlation in the different lymphoid tissues between cytotoxic activities and cell surface marker studies revealed: (a) that the presence of E-SRBC rosette forming cells was not always associated with the detection of LICC activity, as is the case with the thymus; (b) that, in the absence of detectable Eox-7S rosette forming cells (thymus and tonsils), NK and ADCC activities against tumor cells were always absent, but LICC was observed (tonsils), indicating that the presence of this Fc(7S) receptor bearing cells is strongly associated with the expression of NK and ADCC but not with LICC.", "PMID": 95808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1837", "title": "Isolation of T-cells, B-cells and macrophages by a two-stage adherence procedure.", "content": "This communication describes a method to obtain enriched populations of T-cells, B-cells and macrophages. Spleen cells were initially fractionated on nylon wool columns. The nylon wool adherent fraction was removed by mechanical agitation and further separated on the basis of adherence to a coated-plastic surface in the presence of autologous serum. The tissue flask adherent population was removed with the aid of a rubber policeman. The nylon wool non-adherent and the tissue flask non-adherent and adherent fractions were characterized for the presence of cell surface markers, size, and functional activity and were identified as T-cells, B-cells and macrophages, respectively. The two-stage adherence procedure is simple to perform and does not require sophisticated equipment or expensive reagents.", "contents": "Isolation of T-cells, B-cells and macrophages by a two-stage adherence procedure. This communication describes a method to obtain enriched populations of T-cells, B-cells and macrophages. Spleen cells were initially fractionated on nylon wool columns. The nylon wool adherent fraction was removed by mechanical agitation and further separated on the basis of adherence to a coated-plastic surface in the presence of autologous serum. The tissue flask adherent population was removed with the aid of a rubber policeman. The nylon wool non-adherent and the tissue flask non-adherent and adherent fractions were characterized for the presence of cell surface markers, size, and functional activity and were identified as T-cells, B-cells and macrophages, respectively. The two-stage adherence procedure is simple to perform and does not require sophisticated equipment or expensive reagents.", "PMID": 95809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1838", "title": "The lymphocyte stimulation test: a sensitive technique for the detection of circulating platelet antibodies.", "content": "Platelet autoantibodies are unable to react in standard immunological reactions and this makes it difficult to detect their presence in the serum. The present work shows that peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors are stimulated in vitro by autologous platelets sensitized with sera from patients with different types of chronic thrombocytopenia. Comparison of the lymphocyte stimulation test with the platelet factor 3 (PF3) availability assay and the serotonin (5HT) release test demonstrated that the former method was the more sensitive one. Some sera from patients with SLE and thrombocytopenia also induced both a slight lymphocyte stimulation in the absence of platelets and a complement-dependent release of serotonin, probably due to the presence of immune complexes.", "contents": "The lymphocyte stimulation test: a sensitive technique for the detection of circulating platelet antibodies. Platelet autoantibodies are unable to react in standard immunological reactions and this makes it difficult to detect their presence in the serum. The present work shows that peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors are stimulated in vitro by autologous platelets sensitized with sera from patients with different types of chronic thrombocytopenia. Comparison of the lymphocyte stimulation test with the platelet factor 3 (PF3) availability assay and the serotonin (5HT) release test demonstrated that the former method was the more sensitive one. Some sera from patients with SLE and thrombocytopenia also induced both a slight lymphocyte stimulation in the absence of platelets and a complement-dependent release of serotonin, probably due to the presence of immune complexes.", "PMID": 95810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1839", "title": "Glomerulonephritis in procainamide induced lupus erythematosus: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A 61-year-old man developed clinical lupus syndrome with positive antinuclear antibody, positive lupus erythematosus (LE) cell preparation, and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis following 26 months of procainamide therapy. He was treated sequentially with prednisone and azathioprine (2 weeks), decreasing doses of prednisone alone (21 months), and no immunosuppressive drugs (10 months). Coincidental with this treatment, the immunopathology of the glomerulonephritis improved dramatically, dramatically, renal function returned almost to normal, and both antinuclear antibody and LE cell preparation became negative. The course of this patient's renal disease contrasts sharply with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis of idiopathic systemic lupus, and suggests that this rare complication of procainamide therapy may have a favorable course.", "contents": "Glomerulonephritis in procainamide induced lupus erythematosus: report of a case and review of the literature. A 61-year-old man developed clinical lupus syndrome with positive antinuclear antibody, positive lupus erythematosus (LE) cell preparation, and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis following 26 months of procainamide therapy. He was treated sequentially with prednisone and azathioprine (2 weeks), decreasing doses of prednisone alone (21 months), and no immunosuppressive drugs (10 months). Coincidental with this treatment, the immunopathology of the glomerulonephritis improved dramatically, dramatically, renal function returned almost to normal, and both antinuclear antibody and LE cell preparation became negative. The course of this patient's renal disease contrasts sharply with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis of idiopathic systemic lupus, and suggests that this rare complication of procainamide therapy may have a favorable course.", "PMID": 95811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1840", "title": "Deficiency of the ninth component of complement in man.", "content": "The studies of serum from a case with C9 (the ninth component of complement) deficiency are described. A 29-year-old woman in good health was found to have low serum complement levels (CH50). C9 of her serum was undetectable by the hemolytic assay and by the immunochemical analysis but all other components were normal. It was demonstrated that low CH50 of her serum was due to the hemolysis of the sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) by the complement components from C1 to C8.", "contents": "Deficiency of the ninth component of complement in man. The studies of serum from a case with C9 (the ninth component of complement) deficiency are described. A 29-year-old woman in good health was found to have low serum complement levels (CH50). C9 of her serum was undetectable by the hemolytic assay and by the immunochemical analysis but all other components were normal. It was demonstrated that low CH50 of her serum was due to the hemolysis of the sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) by the complement components from C1 to C8.", "PMID": 95812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1841", "title": "Evidence for glomerular modulation of complement activation.", "content": "Using indirect immunofluorescence, three regulatory proteins of the complement system, C1-inhibitor (C1-INH), C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and beta 1H globulin have been detected in the glomeruli of patients with glomerulonephritis associated with complement activation. C1-INH and beta 1H were found frequently but C3bINA was rarely detected (only 14 biopsies). beta 1H globulin and C3b inactivator which modulate C3b activity were never found in the absence of C3, but C1-INH was sometimes found in the absence of C1s. The patterns for staining for C1s and C1-INH, C3 and beta 1H were almost identical suggesting that the regulatory proteins are binding to the proteins they regulate, as has been demonstrated in vitro. Thus, in tissues undergoing complement-mediated tissue damage, the extent of complement activation is controlled by the normal regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "Evidence for glomerular modulation of complement activation. Using indirect immunofluorescence, three regulatory proteins of the complement system, C1-inhibitor (C1-INH), C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and beta 1H globulin have been detected in the glomeruli of patients with glomerulonephritis associated with complement activation. C1-INH and beta 1H were found frequently but C3bINA was rarely detected (only 14 biopsies). beta 1H globulin and C3b inactivator which modulate C3b activity were never found in the absence of C3, but C1-INH was sometimes found in the absence of C1s. The patterns for staining for C1s and C1-INH, C3 and beta 1H were almost identical suggesting that the regulatory proteins are binding to the proteins they regulate, as has been demonstrated in vitro. Thus, in tissues undergoing complement-mediated tissue damage, the extent of complement activation is controlled by the normal regulatory mechanisms.", "PMID": 95813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1842", "title": "[The preservation of the causative agent of intestinal yersiniosis in Xenopsylla cheopis fleas].", "content": "Experimentally infected fleas of X. cheopis are capable of preserving two strains of Y. enterocolitica. One of the strains was found to belong to the 3rd, the other to the 9th serotype. The both strains actively multiplied and accumulated in great amount (up to several millions of microbial cells) in ectoparasites which were maintained at 6 to 8 degrees C. At a temperature of 18 to 21 degrees C some part of fleas gradually became free from the agent that was favoured by their periodical feeding or constant maintenance on the host. In insects infected with the strain of the 3rd serotype the decrease of the infected individuals carried out quicker and was accompanied by the reduction in the number of microbes. The strain of the 9th serotype preserved more steadily and was found in many individuals in amount exceeding the initial level.", "contents": "[The preservation of the causative agent of intestinal yersiniosis in Xenopsylla cheopis fleas]. Experimentally infected fleas of X. cheopis are capable of preserving two strains of Y. enterocolitica. One of the strains was found to belong to the 3rd, the other to the 9th serotype. The both strains actively multiplied and accumulated in great amount (up to several millions of microbial cells) in ectoparasites which were maintained at 6 to 8 degrees C. At a temperature of 18 to 21 degrees C some part of fleas gradually became free from the agent that was favoured by their periodical feeding or constant maintenance on the host. In insects infected with the strain of the 3rd serotype the decrease of the infected individuals carried out quicker and was accompanied by the reduction in the number of microbes. The strain of the 9th serotype preserved more steadily and was found in many individuals in amount exceeding the initial level.", "PMID": 95814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1843", "title": "[The proventriculus of the Xenopsylla cheopis flea studied by scanning electron microscopy].", "content": "The proventriculus of the flea X. cheopis was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. The external surface of the proventriculus is a rigid structure with an alveolate surface (\"wasp nest\") formed by muscular cords. The internal surface of the proventriculus is represented by numerous acanthae which fall close together. They have a shape of bent dens with longitudinal sharply angular edges and concave spaces between them. Some edges are crenate.", "contents": "[The proventriculus of the Xenopsylla cheopis flea studied by scanning electron microscopy]. The proventriculus of the flea X. cheopis was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. The external surface of the proventriculus is a rigid structure with an alveolate surface (\"wasp nest\") formed by muscular cords. The internal surface of the proventriculus is represented by numerous acanthae which fall close together. They have a shape of bent dens with longitudinal sharply angular edges and concave spaces between them. Some edges are crenate.", "PMID": 95815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1844", "title": "[The lice of the gerbils of Tajikistan].", "content": "2606 gerbils of four species from Tajikistan were examined. On them there were found over 14 thousand sucking lice of 10 species, four of which are typical to gerbils. Hoplopleura merionidis Ferris is a Mongolian-Turkestan species, which in Central Asia parasitizes Meriones meridianus Pallas and M. unguiculatus Milne-Edw. and in Middle Asia--M. meridianus and M. erythrourus Gray, seldom M. tamariscinus Pallas. Polyplax chinensis Ferris, a parasite of M. meridianus, is a Mongolian-Turkestan species the distribution of which, apparently, corresponds to that of the host. P. paradoxa Johnson, a parasite of M. erythrourus, is an Afro-Asiatic species. P. opimi Sosnina, a parasite of Rhombomys opimus Lichtenstein, is apparently an Asiatic species, the distribution of which is closely associated with the host's distribution area.", "contents": "[The lice of the gerbils of Tajikistan]. 2606 gerbils of four species from Tajikistan were examined. On them there were found over 14 thousand sucking lice of 10 species, four of which are typical to gerbils. Hoplopleura merionidis Ferris is a Mongolian-Turkestan species, which in Central Asia parasitizes Meriones meridianus Pallas and M. unguiculatus Milne-Edw. and in Middle Asia--M. meridianus and M. erythrourus Gray, seldom M. tamariscinus Pallas. Polyplax chinensis Ferris, a parasite of M. meridianus, is a Mongolian-Turkestan species the distribution of which, apparently, corresponds to that of the host. P. paradoxa Johnson, a parasite of M. erythrourus, is an Afro-Asiatic species. P. opimi Sosnina, a parasite of Rhombomys opimus Lichtenstein, is apparently an Asiatic species, the distribution of which is closely associated with the host's distribution area.", "PMID": 95816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1845", "title": "[The relationship between the population count of black fly larvae and pupae (Simuliidae) in bodies of water and the number of attacking females].", "content": "Species of black flies, which develop in abundance in water bodies of Lower Priamurje and are potentially capable of bloodsucking, have not been registered near the blood donors. Only a few number of species developing in water attack for bloodsucking that apparently depends on unfavourable conditions of the larval development. A part of emerging females do not possess sufficient nourishing resources for completion of their gonotrophic cycle and need an additional bloodsucking. Of 35 registered species (27 of them possess morphological devices for bloodsucking) only 11 species attack. 4 species (Byssodon maculata ussuriana, Gnus malyshevi albipes, G. pavlovskii, Prosimulium ex gr. hirtipes) are mass bloodsuckers.", "contents": "[The relationship between the population count of black fly larvae and pupae (Simuliidae) in bodies of water and the number of attacking females]. Species of black flies, which develop in abundance in water bodies of Lower Priamurje and are potentially capable of bloodsucking, have not been registered near the blood donors. Only a few number of species developing in water attack for bloodsucking that apparently depends on unfavourable conditions of the larval development. A part of emerging females do not possess sufficient nourishing resources for completion of their gonotrophic cycle and need an additional bloodsucking. Of 35 registered species (27 of them possess morphological devices for bloodsucking) only 11 species attack. 4 species (Byssodon maculata ussuriana, Gnus malyshevi albipes, G. pavlovskii, Prosimulium ex gr. hirtipes) are mass bloodsuckers.", "PMID": 95818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1846", "title": "[The induction and disappearance of complement-fixing antibodies in the blood serum of experimental animals under the antigenic action of Trichomonas vaginalis, T. hominis and T. tenax].", "content": "For studying the dynamics of induction and disappearing of complement-fixing antibodies (CFA) specific to Trichomonas vaginalis, T. hominis and T. tenax we have immunized rabbits intravenously with live individuals of the protozoa as well as intravenously, intramuscularly and subcutaneously with individuals killed at 56 degrees C. Each method of immunization was carried out by 5 inoculations with intervals of 10 days. For carrying out quantitative complement fixation we have taken blood from the ear vein of all immunized rabbits immediately before the immunization and also after it, each 10th day during one year. The dynamics of rising and lowering of titres depended on the species of trichomonads and on the method of immunization. The antigens of T. vaginalis and T. hominis induced CFA in much higher titres as antigens of T. tenax. Titres of CFA specific for all three species of above-mentioned trichomonads rose most rapidly and to the highest level when the immunization of rabbits was carried out intravenously with live individuals of protozoa. Normalization of the titres of CFA has taken place during one year at least.", "contents": "[The induction and disappearance of complement-fixing antibodies in the blood serum of experimental animals under the antigenic action of Trichomonas vaginalis, T. hominis and T. tenax]. For studying the dynamics of induction and disappearing of complement-fixing antibodies (CFA) specific to Trichomonas vaginalis, T. hominis and T. tenax we have immunized rabbits intravenously with live individuals of the protozoa as well as intravenously, intramuscularly and subcutaneously with individuals killed at 56 degrees C. Each method of immunization was carried out by 5 inoculations with intervals of 10 days. For carrying out quantitative complement fixation we have taken blood from the ear vein of all immunized rabbits immediately before the immunization and also after it, each 10th day during one year. The dynamics of rising and lowering of titres depended on the species of trichomonads and on the method of immunization. The antigens of T. vaginalis and T. hominis induced CFA in much higher titres as antigens of T. tenax. Titres of CFA specific for all three species of above-mentioned trichomonads rose most rapidly and to the highest level when the immunization of rabbits was carried out intravenously with live individuals of protozoa. Normalization of the titres of CFA has taken place during one year at least.", "PMID": 95819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1847", "title": "[An experimental infection of Hyalomma asiaticum and Ornithodoros papillipes ticks with a single and combined infection with Coxiella burnetii and Dermacentroxenus sibericus].", "content": "Experimental infection of H. asiaticum and O. papillipes with Coxiella burnetii and R. (D.) sibericus in different succession and individual study of these arthropods by means of the fluorescent antibodies method, ordinary microscopy and titration on laboratory animals have revealed an ambiguous outcome of the development of combined rickettsial infection in these ticks. The first agent obtained by the vector either prevents utterly the reproduction of the heterologous agent or inhibits its activity. At the concurrent infection of the ticks with two species of rickettsiae the reproduction of the both agents takes place but against a background of intersuppression of their reproduction. The development of the combined rickettsial infection in ticks is an example of \"irregular competition\" of species as one of the types of competitive relationships.", "contents": "[An experimental infection of Hyalomma asiaticum and Ornithodoros papillipes ticks with a single and combined infection with Coxiella burnetii and Dermacentroxenus sibericus]. Experimental infection of H. asiaticum and O. papillipes with Coxiella burnetii and R. (D.) sibericus in different succession and individual study of these arthropods by means of the fluorescent antibodies method, ordinary microscopy and titration on laboratory animals have revealed an ambiguous outcome of the development of combined rickettsial infection in these ticks. The first agent obtained by the vector either prevents utterly the reproduction of the heterologous agent or inhibits its activity. At the concurrent infection of the ticks with two species of rickettsiae the reproduction of the both agents takes place but against a background of intersuppression of their reproduction. The development of the combined rickettsial infection in ticks is an example of \"irregular competition\" of species as one of the types of competitive relationships.", "PMID": 95820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1848", "title": "[The assimilation by Eimeria tenella coccidia of DNA and RNA precursors from the host cell].", "content": "The assimilation of purine and pyrimidine bases, their nucleosides and orotic acid from the host cell by coccidian E. tenella was studied by means of radioactive precursors of DNA and RNA. It has been established that within their development and reproduction the parasites use selectively different precursors of DNA and RNA from the host cell. Coccidians use intensively the purine base 14C-adenine, assimilate negligibly the pyrimidine base 14C-uracil and nucleoside 14C-uridine and do not use at all 14C-thymidine and 14C-thymine. The coccidians were found to assimilate most intensively 14C-orotic acid, the lower precursor of pyrimidine bases.", "contents": "[The assimilation by Eimeria tenella coccidia of DNA and RNA precursors from the host cell]. The assimilation of purine and pyrimidine bases, their nucleosides and orotic acid from the host cell by coccidian E. tenella was studied by means of radioactive precursors of DNA and RNA. It has been established that within their development and reproduction the parasites use selectively different precursors of DNA and RNA from the host cell. Coccidians use intensively the purine base 14C-adenine, assimilate negligibly the pyrimidine base 14C-uracil and nucleoside 14C-uridine and do not use at all 14C-thymidine and 14C-thymine. The coccidians were found to assimilate most intensively 14C-orotic acid, the lower precursor of pyrimidine bases.", "PMID": 95821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1849", "title": "[The mechanism of action of S-methylmethionine].", "content": "S-methyl methionine was found to increase activity of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, selectively methylating the released homocysteine. This decreased the inhibitory effect of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and stimulated methylation processes.", "contents": "[The mechanism of action of S-methylmethionine]. S-methyl methionine was found to increase activity of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, selectively methylating the released homocysteine. This decreased the inhibitory effect of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and stimulated methylation processes.", "PMID": 95822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1850", "title": "[A chromatographic method of simultaneous semi-quantitative analysis of eight mycotoxins in grain].", "content": "The paper describes a modification of the method of Stoloff et al. allowing a simultaneous measurement of eight mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, patulin) in the grain extract on standard plates Silufol. The method proved 4-5 times more sensitive than the use of silica gel G and Adrosbosil I. An additional purification of the extract with lead acetate and celit can be recommended. The yield of mycotoxins varied within 76-127%. The paper discusses peculiar features of chromatographic procedures due to Silufol.", "contents": "[A chromatographic method of simultaneous semi-quantitative analysis of eight mycotoxins in grain]. The paper describes a modification of the method of Stoloff et al. allowing a simultaneous measurement of eight mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, patulin) in the grain extract on standard plates Silufol. The method proved 4-5 times more sensitive than the use of silica gel G and Adrosbosil I. An additional purification of the extract with lead acetate and celit can be recommended. The yield of mycotoxins varied within 76-127%. The paper discusses peculiar features of chromatographic procedures due to Silufol.", "PMID": 95823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1851", "title": "[Vitamin E activity of some alpha-tocopherol derivatives and their effect on the ubiquinone level in rat liver in vitro].", "content": "An addition of alpha-tocopherol (I) and its synthetic derivatives (alpha-tocopheryl quinone (II), its short-chained analog (III), alpha-tocopherol lactone (IV), and short-chained alpha-tocopheryl acetate (V)) to the homogenized liver of vitamin E deficient rats resulted in a significant increase of ubiquinone after 2 hour incubation. Activity of the above derivatives (II-V) was not associated directly with their transformation into I or with a noticeable increase of the I content. There is a certain correlation between the chemical structure and the level of vitamin E activity of alpha-tocopherol derivatives that led to an increase in the ubiquinone content and prevented the decrease of tissue respiration and termination of pregnancy in rats.", "contents": "[Vitamin E activity of some alpha-tocopherol derivatives and their effect on the ubiquinone level in rat liver in vitro]. An addition of alpha-tocopherol (I) and its synthetic derivatives (alpha-tocopheryl quinone (II), its short-chained analog (III), alpha-tocopherol lactone (IV), and short-chained alpha-tocopheryl acetate (V)) to the homogenized liver of vitamin E deficient rats resulted in a significant increase of ubiquinone after 2 hour incubation. Activity of the above derivatives (II-V) was not associated directly with their transformation into I or with a noticeable increase of the I content. There is a certain correlation between the chemical structure and the level of vitamin E activity of alpha-tocopherol derivatives that led to an increase in the ubiquinone content and prevented the decrease of tissue respiration and termination of pregnancy in rats.", "PMID": 95824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1852", "title": "[Effect of sources of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus on the synthesis of proteases from Bacillus subtilis cultures].", "content": "The paper gives data on the influence of different sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus on the accumulation of biomass and synthesis of neutral protease by Bacillus subtilis str. 103. The highest proteolytic activity was obtained on the medium containing maltose or hydrolyzed starch as a carbon source, monopotassium phosphate as a phosphorus source, and ammonium sulphate as a nitrogen source. The enzyme activity increased upon an addition of albumin, peptone or casein. A study of the amino acid effect showed that methionine, isoleucine and valine stimulated the protease synthesis to the greatest extent.", "contents": "[Effect of sources of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus on the synthesis of proteases from Bacillus subtilis cultures]. The paper gives data on the influence of different sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus on the accumulation of biomass and synthesis of neutral protease by Bacillus subtilis str. 103. The highest proteolytic activity was obtained on the medium containing maltose or hydrolyzed starch as a carbon source, monopotassium phosphate as a phosphorus source, and ammonium sulphate as a nitrogen source. The enzyme activity increased upon an addition of albumin, peptone or casein. A study of the amino acid effect showed that methionine, isoleucine and valine stimulated the protease synthesis to the greatest extent.", "PMID": 95825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1853", "title": "[Synthesis and study of biospecific sorbents for isolating and purifying L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli].", "content": "Amino acid and oligoamide derivatives of D-asparagine and L-asparaginic acid (L-asparaginase inhibitors) have been synthesized. An increase in the hydrophobic capacity of the modified inhibitor increases the inhibition constant. Once the modified inhibitor binds with Sepharose 6B, the length of the spacer (a chain of atoms attaching the inhibitor to the polymer matrix) determines affinity of the sorbent for L-asparaginase. On these sorbents affinity shifts from pH optimum of the enzyme activity to pH 4-5. The enzyme of E. coli L-asparaginase has been purified.", "contents": "[Synthesis and study of biospecific sorbents for isolating and purifying L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli]. Amino acid and oligoamide derivatives of D-asparagine and L-asparaginic acid (L-asparaginase inhibitors) have been synthesized. An increase in the hydrophobic capacity of the modified inhibitor increases the inhibition constant. Once the modified inhibitor binds with Sepharose 6B, the length of the spacer (a chain of atoms attaching the inhibitor to the polymer matrix) determines affinity of the sorbent for L-asparaginase. On these sorbents affinity shifts from pH optimum of the enzyme activity to pH 4-5. The enzyme of E. coli L-asparaginase has been purified.", "PMID": 95826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1854", "title": "[Preparation and properties of trypsin modified by polysaccharides].", "content": "Trypsin modified by dextran preactivated with 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine or ethyl chloroformate has been prepared. Properties of the resulting conjugates with respect to hydrolysis of synthetic substrates--methyl ester benzoyl L-arginine and n-nitrophenyl ester of n'-guanidine benzoic acid as well as high molecular weight substrates--casein and fibrin--have been studied. Stability of conjugates during autolysis and irreversible heat denaturation has been investigated.", "contents": "[Preparation and properties of trypsin modified by polysaccharides]. Trypsin modified by dextran preactivated with 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine or ethyl chloroformate has been prepared. Properties of the resulting conjugates with respect to hydrolysis of synthetic substrates--methyl ester benzoyl L-arginine and n-nitrophenyl ester of n'-guanidine benzoic acid as well as high molecular weight substrates--casein and fibrin--have been studied. Stability of conjugates during autolysis and irreversible heat denaturation has been investigated.", "PMID": 95827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1855", "title": "[Immobilization of Bacillus subtilis proteases on a styrol copolymer with maleic anhydride with covalent and coordination bonds].", "content": "Insoluble enzymes have been obtained through an interaction of the complex preparation of proteases, protosubtilin G15x, with the sterol and maleic anhydride copolymer in aprotic dipolar solvents and as a result of formation of mixed enzyme-polymer complexes of protosubtilin G15x and the sterol and malic acid copolymer in aqueous solution in the presence of metal ions. The effect of metal ions on the yield and activity of the resultant immobilized preparation has been studied.", "contents": "[Immobilization of Bacillus subtilis proteases on a styrol copolymer with maleic anhydride with covalent and coordination bonds]. Insoluble enzymes have been obtained through an interaction of the complex preparation of proteases, protosubtilin G15x, with the sterol and maleic anhydride copolymer in aprotic dipolar solvents and as a result of formation of mixed enzyme-polymer complexes of protosubtilin G15x and the sterol and malic acid copolymer in aqueous solution in the presence of metal ions. The effect of metal ions on the yield and activity of the resultant immobilized preparation has been studied.", "PMID": 95830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1856", "title": "[Biosynthesis of penicillin upon periodic culturing of Penicillium chrysogenum with an exponentially increasing glucose supply].", "content": "Penicillium chrysogenum was cultivated under controlled conditions and at constant specific growth rates regulated by glucose supply. The rate of penicillin synthesis (units/mg dry weight.hr) and pattern of time changes of the synthesizing capacity of the culture depended on the specific growth rate (hr-1). The arrest of penicillin synthesis was induced by the inherent changes of the culture rather than by external factors, e.g. use of substrates, changed limitation, accumulation of inhibitory metabolites, etc.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of penicillin upon periodic culturing of Penicillium chrysogenum with an exponentially increasing glucose supply]. Penicillium chrysogenum was cultivated under controlled conditions and at constant specific growth rates regulated by glucose supply. The rate of penicillin synthesis (units/mg dry weight.hr) and pattern of time changes of the synthesizing capacity of the culture depended on the specific growth rate (hr-1). The arrest of penicillin synthesis was induced by the inherent changes of the culture rather than by external factors, e.g. use of substrates, changed limitation, accumulation of inhibitory metabolites, etc.", "PMID": 95828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1857", "title": "[Pigments produced by Bacillus subtilis var. niger 16k].", "content": "Pigments produced by Bacillus subtilis var. niger 16k on tyrosine agar and histidine containing synthetic medium were isolated and identified. On the basis of a number of tests the pigments were classified as melanins.", "contents": "[Pigments produced by Bacillus subtilis var. niger 16k]. Pigments produced by Bacillus subtilis var. niger 16k on tyrosine agar and histidine containing synthetic medium were isolated and identified. On the basis of a number of tests the pigments were classified as melanins.", "PMID": 95833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1858", "title": "[Conditions for isolation of cholesterol oxidase from Actinomyces lavendulae mycelia].", "content": "The isolation conditions, composition and certain properties of cholesterol oxidase from the mycelium Actinomyces lavendulae were studied. Selective extraction of the enzyme occurred upon the mycelium extraction by the Tween-80 containing buffer. The specific activity of cholesterol oxidase thus obtained exceeded seven-fold that of the enzyme isolated via other methods. The optimal concentration of the detergent upon extraction was 0.15%. By disc-electrophoresis it was demonstrated that the preparation isolated from disrupted cells contained, in addition to cholesterol oxidase, 16 other protein components that had no enzymatic activity whereas the Tween-80 extracted preparation included no more than 7 fractions. The study of the relationship between activity of the resultant cholesterol oxidase and the substrate concentration and pH demonstrated that optimal conditions for the enzyme action were at pH 7.0-7.5 and cholesterol oxidase concentration of 0.0316 mM.", "contents": "[Conditions for isolation of cholesterol oxidase from Actinomyces lavendulae mycelia]. The isolation conditions, composition and certain properties of cholesterol oxidase from the mycelium Actinomyces lavendulae were studied. Selective extraction of the enzyme occurred upon the mycelium extraction by the Tween-80 containing buffer. The specific activity of cholesterol oxidase thus obtained exceeded seven-fold that of the enzyme isolated via other methods. The optimal concentration of the detergent upon extraction was 0.15%. By disc-electrophoresis it was demonstrated that the preparation isolated from disrupted cells contained, in addition to cholesterol oxidase, 16 other protein components that had no enzymatic activity whereas the Tween-80 extracted preparation included no more than 7 fractions. The study of the relationship between activity of the resultant cholesterol oxidase and the substrate concentration and pH demonstrated that optimal conditions for the enzyme action were at pH 7.0-7.5 and cholesterol oxidase concentration of 0.0316 mM.", "PMID": 95829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1859", "title": "[The effect of catecholamines on the Ca2(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the skeletal muscles in chicken ontogeny].", "content": "It has been shown that the activity of Ca(2+)-ATPase increases during development. Epinephrine in vivo increases the activity of Ca(2+)-ATPase in chick skeletal muscles. The effect of hormone is lacking at embryonic stages of development and appears only before hatching. In the presence of exogenous protein kinase, cAMP also increases the activity of the enzyme, this effect being observed also in embryonic muscles. Lack of effect of epinephrine on Ca(2+)-ATPase in embryonic muscles is associated with non-reactivity of their adenylate cyclase to catecholamines. Ca(2+)-ATPase itself already at embryonic period is ready to react to cAMP. It is concluded that Ca(2+)-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum is one of the sites of action of catecholamines on calcium metabolism in muscle cell and that this action is realized via the system adenylate cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase.", "contents": "[The effect of catecholamines on the Ca2(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the skeletal muscles in chicken ontogeny]. It has been shown that the activity of Ca(2+)-ATPase increases during development. Epinephrine in vivo increases the activity of Ca(2+)-ATPase in chick skeletal muscles. The effect of hormone is lacking at embryonic stages of development and appears only before hatching. In the presence of exogenous protein kinase, cAMP also increases the activity of the enzyme, this effect being observed also in embryonic muscles. Lack of effect of epinephrine on Ca(2+)-ATPase in embryonic muscles is associated with non-reactivity of their adenylate cyclase to catecholamines. Ca(2+)-ATPase itself already at embryonic period is ready to react to cAMP. It is concluded that Ca(2+)-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum is one of the sites of action of catecholamines on calcium metabolism in muscle cell and that this action is realized via the system adenylate cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase.", "PMID": 95834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1860", "title": "[A comparative study of the fatty acid composition of the sphingomyelins in the whole brain and its parts in vertebrates].", "content": "The fatty acid composition of sphingomyelin (Spm) was studied in the total brain, the forebrain and the brain stem in frogs (Rana temporaria and Rana ridibunda), the tortoise (Emys orbicularis), the hen and the cat. A typical fatty acid pattern of Spm was revealed irrespectively of the brain part examined. Regular differences in fatty acid composition of Spm between various brain parts were found irrespectively of the level of development of the nervous system. It may be concluded that corresponding changes in the fatty acid composition of Spm in the forebrain as well as in the brain stem are taking place in the course of evolution of the central nervous system.", "contents": "[A comparative study of the fatty acid composition of the sphingomyelins in the whole brain and its parts in vertebrates]. The fatty acid composition of sphingomyelin (Spm) was studied in the total brain, the forebrain and the brain stem in frogs (Rana temporaria and Rana ridibunda), the tortoise (Emys orbicularis), the hen and the cat. A typical fatty acid pattern of Spm was revealed irrespectively of the brain part examined. Regular differences in fatty acid composition of Spm between various brain parts were found irrespectively of the level of development of the nervous system. It may be concluded that corresponding changes in the fatty acid composition of Spm in the forebrain as well as in the brain stem are taking place in the course of evolution of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 95835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1861", "title": "[Preparation and study of properties of immobilized phosphodiesterases from blunt-nosed viper venom].", "content": "From gurza poison phosphodiesterase covalently bound with DEAE-cellulose via triazine dye was isolated. Immobilized phosphodiesterase retained 100% activity of the initial enzyme. The effect of pH, temperature. Mg++ concentration on the immobilized enzyme activity was studied. Preparations of the immobilized enzyme did not lose their activity upon hydrolysis of oligodeoxy- and ribonucleotides during a month and remained suitable for prolonged hydrolysis of preparative quantities of oligonucleotides.", "contents": "[Preparation and study of properties of immobilized phosphodiesterases from blunt-nosed viper venom]. From gurza poison phosphodiesterase covalently bound with DEAE-cellulose via triazine dye was isolated. Immobilized phosphodiesterase retained 100% activity of the initial enzyme. The effect of pH, temperature. Mg++ concentration on the immobilized enzyme activity was studied. Preparations of the immobilized enzyme did not lose their activity upon hydrolysis of oligodeoxy- and ribonucleotides during a month and remained suitable for prolonged hydrolysis of preparative quantities of oligonucleotides.", "PMID": 95831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1862", "title": "[Gas chromatographic analysis of volatile nitrogen bases in boiled beef; possible N-nitrosamine precursors].", "content": "The composition of nitrogen-containing organic bases in the volatile substances of boiled beef has been studied. For the first time 30 compounds have been identified, including primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic amines, pyrazines, pyridine, piperidine and their alkyl substituted derivatives. The content of trimethyl-, diethyl-, diisopropyl-amines, and piperidine, possible precursors of N-nitrosamines, has been quantitated.", "contents": "[Gas chromatographic analysis of volatile nitrogen bases in boiled beef; possible N-nitrosamine precursors]. The composition of nitrogen-containing organic bases in the volatile substances of boiled beef has been studied. For the first time 30 compounds have been identified, including primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic amines, pyrazines, pyridine, piperidine and their alkyl substituted derivatives. The content of trimethyl-, diethyl-, diisopropyl-amines, and piperidine, possible precursors of N-nitrosamines, has been quantitated.", "PMID": 95832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1863", "title": "[The fatty acid composition of the gangliosides in different parts of the vertebrate brain].", "content": "Comparative studies on gangliosides from the brain of higher (mammals, birds) and lower (amphibians, cartilaginous and teleost fishes) vertebrates indicate that for each of the parts of the brain the same regularities in changes of fatty acid composition are typical as for the total brain in a series of vertebrates. All brain structures of the mammalian brain exhibit higher saturation of ganglioside fatty acids, higher content of stearic acid (C18:0) and lower relative content of long chain (C22-C24) fatty acids, especially that of C24:1, as compared to the corresponding brain structures of lower vertebrates. Fatty acid composition in birds is more close to mammalian one with respect to some of the features, while with respect to the other ones it occupies an intermediate position between lower vertebrates and mammals. In the series more phylogenetically ancient--more recent brain parts (medulla oblongata--midbrain--forebrain), the content of content of stearic acid and the degree of saturation ganglioside fatty acids increase, whereas the relative content of acids with a long chain (C22-C24) in them decreases (with the exception of amphibians). In all the brain structures of higher elasmobranch fishes, fatty acid composition of gangliosides exhibits more progressive features of chemical organization as compared to that in homologous structures of lower elasmobranch fishes.", "contents": "[The fatty acid composition of the gangliosides in different parts of the vertebrate brain]. Comparative studies on gangliosides from the brain of higher (mammals, birds) and lower (amphibians, cartilaginous and teleost fishes) vertebrates indicate that for each of the parts of the brain the same regularities in changes of fatty acid composition are typical as for the total brain in a series of vertebrates. All brain structures of the mammalian brain exhibit higher saturation of ganglioside fatty acids, higher content of stearic acid (C18:0) and lower relative content of long chain (C22-C24) fatty acids, especially that of C24:1, as compared to the corresponding brain structures of lower vertebrates. Fatty acid composition in birds is more close to mammalian one with respect to some of the features, while with respect to the other ones it occupies an intermediate position between lower vertebrates and mammals. In the series more phylogenetically ancient--more recent brain parts (medulla oblongata--midbrain--forebrain), the content of content of stearic acid and the degree of saturation ganglioside fatty acids increase, whereas the relative content of acids with a long chain (C22-C24) in them decreases (with the exception of amphibians). In all the brain structures of higher elasmobranch fishes, fatty acid composition of gangliosides exhibits more progressive features of chemical organization as compared to that in homologous structures of lower elasmobranch fishes.", "PMID": 95837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1864", "title": "[External brain acetylcholinesterase in the ontogeny of precocial and altricial rodents].", "content": "The share of external acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been determined in different brain structures of maturely and immaturely born rodents. It was found that in maturely born animals (guinea pigs) the share of external AChE in all the studied brain structures is the same in newborn and adult individuals. In immaturely born animals (albino rats) the share of external AChE to the moment of birth is significantly higher as that in adult organisms. During the development of the brain, the share of the external enzyme decreases, the decrease being more evident in the forebrain. It is suggested that this decrease is associated with fixation of the enzyme to the membrane, which is indicated in particular by the experiments with detergents.", "contents": "[External brain acetylcholinesterase in the ontogeny of precocial and altricial rodents]. The share of external acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been determined in different brain structures of maturely and immaturely born rodents. It was found that in maturely born animals (guinea pigs) the share of external AChE in all the studied brain structures is the same in newborn and adult individuals. In immaturely born animals (albino rats) the share of external AChE to the moment of birth is significantly higher as that in adult organisms. During the development of the brain, the share of the external enzyme decreases, the decrease being more evident in the forebrain. It is suggested that this decrease is associated with fixation of the enzyme to the membrane, which is indicated in particular by the experiments with detergents.", "PMID": 95839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1865", "title": "[A comparative study of the stereoselectivity of cholinoreceptors].", "content": "Muscarine-sensitive cholinoreceptors (M-ChR) of higher vertebrates exhibit high stereoselectivity which is also revealed with respect to enantiomers of a very potent muscarinomimetic methyldilvasen (F-2268), the stereospecific index (SSI) being about 100. M-ChRs in the neuronal membrane of the gastropod mollusc Planorbarius corneus and in the hearts of the bivalve molluscs Mercenaria stimpsoni and Anadara broughtoni are highly sensitive to methyldilvasen (10(-9)-10(-10) M), but their sensitivity to its enantiomers is identical. In heart atria of the tortoise Testudo horsfieldi, frog Rana temporaria, and fishes Siluris glanis, Cyprinus carpio, as well as in ventricles of tadpoles, high SSI was revealed. These data are consistent with a hypothesis that during evolution of vertebrates no significant changes took place in the active center of M-ChR. Possibly, the lack of stereoselectivity in the investigated molluscan M-ChRs, together with their other peculiarities (they are not blocked by atropine), indicate \"immaturity\" of these receptors.", "contents": "[A comparative study of the stereoselectivity of cholinoreceptors]. Muscarine-sensitive cholinoreceptors (M-ChR) of higher vertebrates exhibit high stereoselectivity which is also revealed with respect to enantiomers of a very potent muscarinomimetic methyldilvasen (F-2268), the stereospecific index (SSI) being about 100. M-ChRs in the neuronal membrane of the gastropod mollusc Planorbarius corneus and in the hearts of the bivalve molluscs Mercenaria stimpsoni and Anadara broughtoni are highly sensitive to methyldilvasen (10(-9)-10(-10) M), but their sensitivity to its enantiomers is identical. In heart atria of the tortoise Testudo horsfieldi, frog Rana temporaria, and fishes Siluris glanis, Cyprinus carpio, as well as in ventricles of tadpoles, high SSI was revealed. These data are consistent with a hypothesis that during evolution of vertebrates no significant changes took place in the active center of M-ChR. Possibly, the lack of stereoselectivity in the investigated molluscan M-ChRs, together with their other peculiarities (they are not blocked by atropine), indicate \"immaturity\" of these receptors.", "PMID": 95838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1866", "title": "[The effect of intermittent hypoxia on leukocyte function in puppies in the first month of life].", "content": "In experiments on puppies of the first month of postnatal life, subjected to intermittent oxygen deficiency (2 hours of simulated altitude of 8.000 m daily within 12 days), studies have been made on the number of leucocytes in 1 mm3 of the peripheral blood, leucocyte formula, phagocytic and motor activities of mature neutrophils, their glycogen content, vacuolization degree and osmotic fragility. Age changes were found in the reaction of leucocytic system to intermittent hypoxia. In contrast to adult dogs, puppies react already to 3 and 6 exposures to hypoxia by the decrease of absolute content of phagocytes, phagocytic and motor activities of neutrophils. These changes are presumably due to immaturity of functional mechanisms of regulation of the blood system at the given stage of postnatal ontogenesis.", "contents": "[The effect of intermittent hypoxia on leukocyte function in puppies in the first month of life]. In experiments on puppies of the first month of postnatal life, subjected to intermittent oxygen deficiency (2 hours of simulated altitude of 8.000 m daily within 12 days), studies have been made on the number of leucocytes in 1 mm3 of the peripheral blood, leucocyte formula, phagocytic and motor activities of mature neutrophils, their glycogen content, vacuolization degree and osmotic fragility. Age changes were found in the reaction of leucocytic system to intermittent hypoxia. In contrast to adult dogs, puppies react already to 3 and 6 exposures to hypoxia by the decrease of absolute content of phagocytes, phagocytic and motor activities of neutrophils. These changes are presumably due to immaturity of functional mechanisms of regulation of the blood system at the given stage of postnatal ontogenesis.", "PMID": 95841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1867", "title": "[The structural catalytic characteristics of brain acetylcholinesterase in rabbit postnatal ontogeny].", "content": "Studies have been made on structural and catalytic peculiarities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the large hemispheres of newborn, 1-month and adult rabbits. During postnatal life, no changes were found in the structure of active surface of the enzyme, although differences were revealed in macromolecular organization and sensitivity of the enzyme to allosteric ligands. It is suggested that structural organization of AChE in postnatal ontogenesis becomes more complex which provides for more precise regulation of its activity.", "contents": "[The structural catalytic characteristics of brain acetylcholinesterase in rabbit postnatal ontogeny]. Studies have been made on structural and catalytic peculiarities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the large hemispheres of newborn, 1-month and adult rabbits. During postnatal life, no changes were found in the structure of active surface of the enzyme, although differences were revealed in macromolecular organization and sensitivity of the enzyme to allosteric ligands. It is suggested that structural organization of AChE in postnatal ontogenesis becomes more complex which provides for more precise regulation of its activity.", "PMID": 95840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1868", "title": "[An electrophysiological analysis of brain maturation in chicken embryogenesis].", "content": "Studies have been made on the development of the spontaneous bioelectrical activity in the brain of 13-21-day chick embryos and on the reactions of the brain to sonic and photic stimulation (single and rhythmic). It was shown that the onset of the evoked responses to afferent stimulation coincides with predominance of a periodic process in the bioelectrical activity (17-18th days of embryogenesis). The presence of ordered rhythmicity in the bioelectrical activity of the brain which coincides with a possibility of its transformation and synchronization with afferent stimuli is suggested to be an important index of the development of the brain.", "contents": "[An electrophysiological analysis of brain maturation in chicken embryogenesis]. Studies have been made on the development of the spontaneous bioelectrical activity in the brain of 13-21-day chick embryos and on the reactions of the brain to sonic and photic stimulation (single and rhythmic). It was shown that the onset of the evoked responses to afferent stimulation coincides with predominance of a periodic process in the bioelectrical activity (17-18th days of embryogenesis). The presence of ordered rhythmicity in the bioelectrical activity of the brain which coincides with a possibility of its transformation and synchronization with afferent stimuli is suggested to be an important index of the development of the brain.", "PMID": 95842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1869", "title": "[The correlation of the bioelectrical activity of the archistriatum and the neck muscles of chickens in ontogeny].", "content": "Experiments have been carried out on 14-, 18-day chick embryos and 1-day chicks. Studies were made on amplitude-frequency, temporal, integral parameters of EEG in archistriatum and EMG in neck muscles, as well as on their crosscorrelation. It was shown that archistriatum EEG may be recorded from the 14th day of incubation. From the 14th to the 18th day, rapid changes in the frequency were observed, from the 18th day--in the amplitude. EMG had a pattern of bursts of the bioelectrical activity which consists of both high and low amplitude action potentials. Between the 14th and the 18th day of incubation, more significant changes were observed in the duration of these bursts, after the 18th day--in the interval between the latter. Reliable correlation between the integral parameters of EEG in archistriatum and EMG in neck muscle was found in 18-day chick embryos and 1-day chicks. Bilateral coagulation of archistriatum resulted in significant increase in total bioelectrical activity of the muscle.", "contents": "[The correlation of the bioelectrical activity of the archistriatum and the neck muscles of chickens in ontogeny]. Experiments have been carried out on 14-, 18-day chick embryos and 1-day chicks. Studies were made on amplitude-frequency, temporal, integral parameters of EEG in archistriatum and EMG in neck muscles, as well as on their crosscorrelation. It was shown that archistriatum EEG may be recorded from the 14th day of incubation. From the 14th to the 18th day, rapid changes in the frequency were observed, from the 18th day--in the amplitude. EMG had a pattern of bursts of the bioelectrical activity which consists of both high and low amplitude action potentials. Between the 14th and the 18th day of incubation, more significant changes were observed in the duration of these bursts, after the 18th day--in the interval between the latter. Reliable correlation between the integral parameters of EEG in archistriatum and EMG in neck muscle was found in 18-day chick embryos and 1-day chicks. Bilateral coagulation of archistriatum resulted in significant increase in total bioelectrical activity of the muscle.", "PMID": 95844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1870", "title": "[The \"staircase\" phenomenon in the myocardial activity of fishes and amphibians].", "content": "Studies have been made on chrono- and inotropic effects in the heart of the frog Rana temporaria and fishes Silurus glanis and Cyprinus carpio during stationary and transitional stimulation. In contrast to data in the literature, no interspecific differences were found in changes of the amplitude of cardiac contractions induced by changes in rhythmic stimulation.", "contents": "[The \"staircase\" phenomenon in the myocardial activity of fishes and amphibians]. Studies have been made on chrono- and inotropic effects in the heart of the frog Rana temporaria and fishes Silurus glanis and Cyprinus carpio during stationary and transitional stimulation. In contrast to data in the literature, no interspecific differences were found in changes of the amplitude of cardiac contractions induced by changes in rhythmic stimulation.", "PMID": 95845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1871", "title": "[The origin of extrachromosomal inheritance factors (plasmids) in bacteria].", "content": "Present status of the problem of origin of extra-chromosomal inheritance elements is reviewed in the light of literary data and some results obtained by the author. The role of plasmids in the ecology of bacteria, in their adaptive variability and evolution is discussed. Extra-chromosomal inheritance is regarded as a particular case of biological inheritance.", "contents": "[The origin of extrachromosomal inheritance factors (plasmids) in bacteria]. Present status of the problem of origin of extra-chromosomal inheritance elements is reviewed in the light of literary data and some results obtained by the author. The role of plasmids in the ecology of bacteria, in their adaptive variability and evolution is discussed. Extra-chromosomal inheritance is regarded as a particular case of biological inheritance.", "PMID": 95847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1872", "title": "[The presence of antioxidative defense enzymes in the ascarid Ascaris lumbricoides].", "content": "Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione have been discovered in muscles of the ringworm A. lumbricoides. Superoxide dismutase activity was also revealed in eggs and larvae. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrofocusing, it was shown that this enzyme exists in ringworm muscles in multiple molecular forms. Oxygen poisoning of the ringworm and aerobic incubation of muscle homogenates in the presence of Fe+2 do not result in accumulation of malonyldialdehyde. Biochemical defence mechanisms are discussed against oxygen poisoning of the organisms which live under the conditions of reduced and changing pO2.", "contents": "[The presence of antioxidative defense enzymes in the ascarid Ascaris lumbricoides]. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione have been discovered in muscles of the ringworm A. lumbricoides. Superoxide dismutase activity was also revealed in eggs and larvae. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrofocusing, it was shown that this enzyme exists in ringworm muscles in multiple molecular forms. Oxygen poisoning of the ringworm and aerobic incubation of muscle homogenates in the presence of Fe+2 do not result in accumulation of malonyldialdehyde. Biochemical defence mechanisms are discussed against oxygen poisoning of the organisms which live under the conditions of reduced and changing pO2.", "PMID": 95848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1873", "title": "[The histone hydrolase of the liver and kidneys in rats in postnatal ontogeny].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that total homogenates and subcellular fractions of the liver and kidneys of rats exhibit proteolytic activity which specifically digests histone at pH 8.5. The activity of histone hydrolase undergoes age changes in all the subcellular fractions of the liver and kidneys, except the nuclear fraction. Various histone fractions possess different sensitivity to the effect of histone hydrolase. The described enzyme from the liver and kidneys of rats is similar to the histone protease of other vertebrates, although in some respects its properties are somewhat different.", "contents": "[The histone hydrolase of the liver and kidneys in rats in postnatal ontogeny]. It has been demonstrated that total homogenates and subcellular fractions of the liver and kidneys of rats exhibit proteolytic activity which specifically digests histone at pH 8.5. The activity of histone hydrolase undergoes age changes in all the subcellular fractions of the liver and kidneys, except the nuclear fraction. Various histone fractions possess different sensitivity to the effect of histone hydrolase. The described enzyme from the liver and kidneys of rats is similar to the histone protease of other vertebrates, although in some respects its properties are somewhat different.", "PMID": 95849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1874", "title": "[The isolation and purification of insulins from the pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and the walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma].", "content": "Crystalline insulins have been obtained from the insular tissue of the teleosts O. gorbuscha and Th. chalcogramma which is located separately from the exocrine tissue. Some tests to the homogeneity and purity of the preparations obtained were made. Biological activity of insulin as revealed by seizure tests in mice is equal to 20.1 +/- 1.19 IU/mg in O. gorbuscha and 16.9 +/- 1.99 IU/mg in Th. chalcogramma, amounting correspondingly to 83 and 70% of the activity of mammalian standard insulin. The yield of preparations calculated per wet weight of the insular tissue is equal to 2 mg/g in O. gorbuscha and 0.7 mg/g in Th. chalcogramma. It is significantly higher than the yield of mammalian insulins calculated per the weight of the pancreas. This finding may be of some interest with respect to the use of fish as a source of hormonal preparations.", "contents": "[The isolation and purification of insulins from the pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and the walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma]. Crystalline insulins have been obtained from the insular tissue of the teleosts O. gorbuscha and Th. chalcogramma which is located separately from the exocrine tissue. Some tests to the homogeneity and purity of the preparations obtained were made. Biological activity of insulin as revealed by seizure tests in mice is equal to 20.1 +/- 1.19 IU/mg in O. gorbuscha and 16.9 +/- 1.99 IU/mg in Th. chalcogramma, amounting correspondingly to 83 and 70% of the activity of mammalian standard insulin. The yield of preparations calculated per wet weight of the insular tissue is equal to 2 mg/g in O. gorbuscha and 0.7 mg/g in Th. chalcogramma. It is significantly higher than the yield of mammalian insulins calculated per the weight of the pancreas. This finding may be of some interest with respect to the use of fish as a source of hormonal preparations.", "PMID": 95850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1875", "title": "[An analysis of the characteristics of the anabolic effect of insulin in rats at early periods of aging].", "content": "Studies have been made of the effects of insulin on changes in the intensity of growth of the body, skeletal muscles and some other organs, on the content of protein and glycogen in muscles, as well as on the content of glycogen in the liver in rats up to 14 days of life, when the activity of skeletal muscles exhibits mainly tonic pattern, and in rats up to 30 days when this activity is transformed into a phasic pattern. Chronic administration of insulin up to 14 days of life does not affect the growth rate and the content of protein and glycogen in muscles, but increases glycogen content of the liver. Chronic injections of insulin up to 30 days increase the growth of the body and skeletal muscles, protein and glycogen contents of muscles. Glycogen content of the liver at this period is not increased.", "contents": "[An analysis of the characteristics of the anabolic effect of insulin in rats at early periods of aging]. Studies have been made of the effects of insulin on changes in the intensity of growth of the body, skeletal muscles and some other organs, on the content of protein and glycogen in muscles, as well as on the content of glycogen in the liver in rats up to 14 days of life, when the activity of skeletal muscles exhibits mainly tonic pattern, and in rats up to 30 days when this activity is transformed into a phasic pattern. Chronic administration of insulin up to 14 days of life does not affect the growth rate and the content of protein and glycogen in muscles, but increases glycogen content of the liver. Chronic injections of insulin up to 30 days increase the growth of the body and skeletal muscles, protein and glycogen contents of muscles. Glycogen content of the liver at this period is not increased.", "PMID": 95851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1876", "title": "[The reactivity of the hypophyseal-adrenal system in the suslik Citellus erythrogenus major awaking from hibernation].", "content": "It has been shown that corticosteroid content of the blood in hibernating ground squirrels is the lowest. In spring, before the arousal, some increase in corticosteroid content is observed, although the latter remains lower than that in non-hibernating animals. During the arousal, corticosteroid content of the blood in the ground squirrels increased slowly and gradually. It is suggested that warming is not a stress factor for the arousing ground squirrels. The hypothalamo-hypophyseal-suprarenal system of hibernating ground squirrels is also insensitive to the additional stimulation of the adrenergic mechanisms by novodrin. However, functional activity of the system hypophysis-suprarenal cortex in the arousing ground squirrels is rather high: inhibition of warming by propranolol, serotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophan results in significant stimulation of this system.", "contents": "[The reactivity of the hypophyseal-adrenal system in the suslik Citellus erythrogenus major awaking from hibernation]. It has been shown that corticosteroid content of the blood in hibernating ground squirrels is the lowest. In spring, before the arousal, some increase in corticosteroid content is observed, although the latter remains lower than that in non-hibernating animals. During the arousal, corticosteroid content of the blood in the ground squirrels increased slowly and gradually. It is suggested that warming is not a stress factor for the arousing ground squirrels. The hypothalamo-hypophyseal-suprarenal system of hibernating ground squirrels is also insensitive to the additional stimulation of the adrenergic mechanisms by novodrin. However, functional activity of the system hypophysis-suprarenal cortex in the arousing ground squirrels is rather high: inhibition of warming by propranolol, serotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophan results in significant stimulation of this system.", "PMID": 95852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1877", "title": "[The participation of the gastrointestinal tract of desert rodents in osmoregulation].", "content": "Studies have been made on the levels of Na, K and water in the content of rectum and blind gut of the albino rat Rattus norvegicus and gerbils Rhombomys opimus, Meriones tamariscinus and M. meridianus under conventional water and salt supply and during prolonged water deprivation of animals. It was shown that under conventional conditions, the content of water, Na and K in the chymus of the blind gut is higher in gerbils than in rats. After 7-day dehydration in rats, the body weight decreased by 26.4 +/- 0.8%, the level of water in gut composition remained unchanged, whereas Na and K concentrations increased. In gerbils, 25 days after water deprivation, the loss of the body weight was equal approximately to 20%, Na concentration in rectal content decreased or remained unchanged, whereas K and water decreased. Possible role of gastro-intestinal tract in osmoregulation of desert rodents is discussed.", "contents": "[The participation of the gastrointestinal tract of desert rodents in osmoregulation]. Studies have been made on the levels of Na, K and water in the content of rectum and blind gut of the albino rat Rattus norvegicus and gerbils Rhombomys opimus, Meriones tamariscinus and M. meridianus under conventional water and salt supply and during prolonged water deprivation of animals. It was shown that under conventional conditions, the content of water, Na and K in the chymus of the blind gut is higher in gerbils than in rats. After 7-day dehydration in rats, the body weight decreased by 26.4 +/- 0.8%, the level of water in gut composition remained unchanged, whereas Na and K concentrations increased. In gerbils, 25 days after water deprivation, the loss of the body weight was equal approximately to 20%, Na concentration in rectal content decreased or remained unchanged, whereas K and water decreased. Possible role of gastro-intestinal tract in osmoregulation of desert rodents is discussed.", "PMID": 95853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1878", "title": "[The ipsi- and contralateral retinofugal projections in the frog Rana temporaria].", "content": "Using peroxidase method, additional evidence has been obtained on the existence of contralateral retinofugal projections from Bellonci nucleus, thalamic geniculate body, basal optic tract nucleus, posterior thalamic and pretectal nuclei, and midbrain tectum. Ipsilateral retinofugal fibres were followed up to the rostral thalamus (Bellonci nucleus and thalamic geniculate body), midbrain tectum and basal optic tract nucleus.", "contents": "[The ipsi- and contralateral retinofugal projections in the frog Rana temporaria]. Using peroxidase method, additional evidence has been obtained on the existence of contralateral retinofugal projections from Bellonci nucleus, thalamic geniculate body, basal optic tract nucleus, posterior thalamic and pretectal nuclei, and midbrain tectum. Ipsilateral retinofugal fibres were followed up to the rostral thalamus (Bellonci nucleus and thalamic geniculate body), midbrain tectum and basal optic tract nucleus.", "PMID": 95854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1879", "title": "[The neuronal reactions of the nucleus isthmi area in the frog rana temporaria to visual stimuli].", "content": "Studies have been made on the neuronal reactions in the isthmic nucleus area of the frog to visual moving stimuli and to changes in total illumination. Visually activated neurons of this area are characterized by large receptive fields (located only in the visual field of contralateral eye), intensive reactions to diffuse illumination, high sensitivity to moving contrast targets (especially large ones) and evident adaptation. Approximately 23% of the neurons exhibited directional sensitivity, mainly to targets moving in temporo-nasal direction. The area of blindness (scotoma) was revealed in the antero-superior part of the receptive fields after partial visual deafferentation of the tectum produced by coagulation of the medial marginal optic tract. Preservation of specific channels of visual information in the retino-tecto-isthmic pathway is discussed.", "contents": "[The neuronal reactions of the nucleus isthmi area in the frog rana temporaria to visual stimuli]. Studies have been made on the neuronal reactions in the isthmic nucleus area of the frog to visual moving stimuli and to changes in total illumination. Visually activated neurons of this area are characterized by large receptive fields (located only in the visual field of contralateral eye), intensive reactions to diffuse illumination, high sensitivity to moving contrast targets (especially large ones) and evident adaptation. Approximately 23% of the neurons exhibited directional sensitivity, mainly to targets moving in temporo-nasal direction. The area of blindness (scotoma) was revealed in the antero-superior part of the receptive fields after partial visual deafferentation of the tectum produced by coagulation of the medial marginal optic tract. Preservation of specific channels of visual information in the retino-tecto-isthmic pathway is discussed.", "PMID": 95855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1880", "title": "[The characteristics of the potential of the dorsal surface of the spinal cord in week-old rat pups].", "content": "In 7-day albino rats, the negative component of the potential of the dorsal surface of the spinal cord during stimulation of the nervous trunk exhibits long latent period, low amplitude and significant duration. Slow positive potential has a low amplitude, whereas its duration is approximately the same as that in adult rats. The presence of a slow positive wave in 7-day rats indicates a possibility of presynaptic inhibition already at the beginning of postnatal life of these animals.", "contents": "[The characteristics of the potential of the dorsal surface of the spinal cord in week-old rat pups]. In 7-day albino rats, the negative component of the potential of the dorsal surface of the spinal cord during stimulation of the nervous trunk exhibits long latent period, low amplitude and significant duration. Slow positive potential has a low amplitude, whereas its duration is approximately the same as that in adult rats. The presence of a slow positive wave in 7-day rats indicates a possibility of presynaptic inhibition already at the beginning of postnatal life of these animals.", "PMID": 95858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1881", "title": "[The role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating the primary form of sleep in the frog Rana temporaria].", "content": "During the formation of photogenic catalepsy in the grass frog Rana temporaria, studies have been made on successive change of the main functional conditions, which are observed in these animals in natural cycle wakefulness-sleep. It was found that rhythmic illumination readily prolongs two forms of a sleep-like rest. One of them is accompanied by an increase in skeletal muscle tonus, whereas the second--by a decrease in the latter. Original data are presented which reveal the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in regulation of the intensity of various forms of rest in cold-blooded animals. It in suggested that each of the forms of a sleep-like rest is developed under definite relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic tonus.", "contents": "[The role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating the primary form of sleep in the frog Rana temporaria]. During the formation of photogenic catalepsy in the grass frog Rana temporaria, studies have been made on successive change of the main functional conditions, which are observed in these animals in natural cycle wakefulness-sleep. It was found that rhythmic illumination readily prolongs two forms of a sleep-like rest. One of them is accompanied by an increase in skeletal muscle tonus, whereas the second--by a decrease in the latter. Original data are presented which reveal the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in regulation of the intensity of various forms of rest in cold-blooded animals. It in suggested that each of the forms of a sleep-like rest is developed under definite relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic tonus.", "PMID": 95856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1882", "title": "[The adrenergic innervation of the thoracic lymphatic duct in dogs in postnatal ontogeny].", "content": "Using histochemical fluorescence technique, studies have been made on the adrenergic innervation of the wall of the thoracal lymphatic duct in postnatal development of puppies. Adrenergic fibers were found in the adventitial layer of the duct. During postnatal development of the animals, adrenergic innervation of this duct becomes more perfect, reaching the level of adult animals to the age of 2-3 months.", "contents": "[The adrenergic innervation of the thoracic lymphatic duct in dogs in postnatal ontogeny]. Using histochemical fluorescence technique, studies have been made on the adrenergic innervation of the wall of the thoracal lymphatic duct in postnatal development of puppies. Adrenergic fibers were found in the adventitial layer of the duct. During postnatal development of the animals, adrenergic innervation of this duct becomes more perfect, reaching the level of adult animals to the age of 2-3 months.", "PMID": 95857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1883", "title": "The economic value of breast-feeding. Food and Agriculture Organization of the the United Nations.", "content": "A request from the Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 1973 led to a research project funded by the Government of Norway to examine the declining use of mother's milk in developing countries. Two consultants were appointed to compile information on the subject, to develop a theoretical model to illustrate the economic value of breastfeeding, and to study the situation in two developing countries, Ghana and the Ivory Coast. Lack of data was a problem in both countries, but estimates could be made, and some of the conclusions reached are the following. Breastfeeding is still the norm in both countries, yet if it were to increase in the Ivory Coast so that every infant were breastfed for two years the savings in national goods cost could amount to US$ 16 to 28 million annually. If it declined to the level of Paris in 1955 (chosen for comparison) the annual national cost would be between US$ 33 and 55 million. At the individual level, by breastfeeding rather than artificially feeding an infant for two years the average family in either country would save between US$ 600 and 730 in the cost of goods and time, plus any savings that might result from the avoidance of disease or malnutrition caused by artificial feeding. In Ghana, changes in the infant-feeding pattern due to rural-to-urban migration would cause only a 20-percent increase in formula imports, while import increases would be more than five times as great as this if the present severe restrictions were relaxed so that formula replaced only one percent of the potential national breast-milk production. A change to artificial feeding could possibly result in considerable population growth because of loss of the contraceptive effect (through lactation amenorrhoea) of breastfeeding. In-depth studies of the economics of breastfeeding present great difficulties and would probably not justify their high cost. The report suggests that studies be carried out to establish national infant-feeding patterns, to monitor how these change and determine the factors responsible for change, and to design appropriate intervention. The report recommends that governments assign the highest possible priority to the promotion of breast-feeding based on its already proven contribution to the health and well being of the child.", "contents": "The economic value of breast-feeding. Food and Agriculture Organization of the the United Nations. A request from the Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 1973 led to a research project funded by the Government of Norway to examine the declining use of mother's milk in developing countries. Two consultants were appointed to compile information on the subject, to develop a theoretical model to illustrate the economic value of breastfeeding, and to study the situation in two developing countries, Ghana and the Ivory Coast. Lack of data was a problem in both countries, but estimates could be made, and some of the conclusions reached are the following. Breastfeeding is still the norm in both countries, yet if it were to increase in the Ivory Coast so that every infant were breastfed for two years the savings in national goods cost could amount to US$ 16 to 28 million annually. If it declined to the level of Paris in 1955 (chosen for comparison) the annual national cost would be between US$ 33 and 55 million. At the individual level, by breastfeeding rather than artificially feeding an infant for two years the average family in either country would save between US$ 600 and 730 in the cost of goods and time, plus any savings that might result from the avoidance of disease or malnutrition caused by artificial feeding. In Ghana, changes in the infant-feeding pattern due to rural-to-urban migration would cause only a 20-percent increase in formula imports, while import increases would be more than five times as great as this if the present severe restrictions were relaxed so that formula replaced only one percent of the potential national breast-milk production. A change to artificial feeding could possibly result in considerable population growth because of loss of the contraceptive effect (through lactation amenorrhoea) of breastfeeding. In-depth studies of the economics of breastfeeding present great difficulties and would probably not justify their high cost. The report suggests that studies be carried out to establish national infant-feeding patterns, to monitor how these change and determine the factors responsible for change, and to design appropriate intervention. The report recommends that governments assign the highest possible priority to the promotion of breast-feeding based on its already proven contribution to the health and well being of the child.", "PMID": 95882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1884", "title": "Specificities of rabbit anti-human insulin receptor antibodies.", "content": "Human insulin receptors obtained from normal human placentae were highly purified by affinity chromatography and used to immunize rabbits. The immunological response was evaluated in order to reveal the presence of antibodies blocking the binding of insulin to monocytes of normal subjects. Since no blocking activity was found IgG from rabbits were coupled to agarose in order to evaluate the presence of antibodies directed to determinant(s) other than the insulin binding site. One rabbit was found to produce antibodies binding the insulin receptor on a site different from the insulin binding site.", "contents": "Specificities of rabbit anti-human insulin receptor antibodies. Human insulin receptors obtained from normal human placentae were highly purified by affinity chromatography and used to immunize rabbits. The immunological response was evaluated in order to reveal the presence of antibodies blocking the binding of insulin to monocytes of normal subjects. Since no blocking activity was found IgG from rabbits were coupled to agarose in order to evaluate the presence of antibodies directed to determinant(s) other than the insulin binding site. One rabbit was found to produce antibodies binding the insulin receptor on a site different from the insulin binding site.", "PMID": 95885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1885", "title": "Inhibition of leucyl-tRNA synthetase in Escherichia coli by the cytostatic 5,8-dioxo-6-amino-7-chloroquinoline.", "content": "At concentrations of 1-1.6 mug/ml, 5,8-dioxo-6-amino-7-chloroquinoline causes auxotrophy for leucine in Escherichia coli MRE 600. With increasing concentrations of this quinone additional amino acids are required for growth. The amount of leucine in the pool of free amino acids is not decreased after treatment of E. coli with the quinone. Transfer RNALeu, however, is charged with leucine less than 10% in quinone-treated cells of E. coli, whereas in control cells the degree of aminoacylation is about 85%. From these data we conclude that the quinone causes auxotrophy for leucine by interacting with the charging process of tRNALeu. Quinone was found to inhibit leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity in purified extracts of E. coli with E. coli tRNA as substrate.", "contents": "Inhibition of leucyl-tRNA synthetase in Escherichia coli by the cytostatic 5,8-dioxo-6-amino-7-chloroquinoline. At concentrations of 1-1.6 mug/ml, 5,8-dioxo-6-amino-7-chloroquinoline causes auxotrophy for leucine in Escherichia coli MRE 600. With increasing concentrations of this quinone additional amino acids are required for growth. The amount of leucine in the pool of free amino acids is not decreased after treatment of E. coli with the quinone. Transfer RNALeu, however, is charged with leucine less than 10% in quinone-treated cells of E. coli, whereas in control cells the degree of aminoacylation is about 85%. From these data we conclude that the quinone causes auxotrophy for leucine by interacting with the charging process of tRNALeu. Quinone was found to inhibit leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity in purified extracts of E. coli with E. coli tRNA as substrate.", "PMID": 95889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1886", "title": "[Liver steatogenic power of high doses of rifampicin in rats].", "content": "The possible induction of fatty liver by Rifampicin has been investigated by oral administration of two different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg/24 h) of this antibiotic for a period of 8 days to male and female Rats. The results obtained are more constant and more coherent in male than in female. It is the 400 mg/kg/24 h dose which is more effective, leading to an increase of lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol in the liver and a decrease of serum triglycerides. A dose-effect relationship may exist. These preliminary data lead us to believe that Rifampicin may inhibit the synthesis of the protein moiety of lipoproteins, such as alpha-Amanitin, which is also a RNA-polymerase inhibitor.", "contents": "[Liver steatogenic power of high doses of rifampicin in rats]. The possible induction of fatty liver by Rifampicin has been investigated by oral administration of two different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg/24 h) of this antibiotic for a period of 8 days to male and female Rats. The results obtained are more constant and more coherent in male than in female. It is the 400 mg/kg/24 h dose which is more effective, leading to an increase of lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol in the liver and a decrease of serum triglycerides. A dose-effect relationship may exist. These preliminary data lead us to believe that Rifampicin may inhibit the synthesis of the protein moiety of lipoproteins, such as alpha-Amanitin, which is also a RNA-polymerase inhibitor.", "PMID": 95890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1887", "title": "[The oxygen affinity of hemoglobin in the reindeer Rangifer tarandus before and after labor].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen in the reindeer Rangifer tarandus decreases with ageing. The value of P50 for hemoglobin of 2-3 month foetuses is equal to 22.0 +/- 0.8 mm Hg, newborn animals--to 24.5 +/- 0.5 and adult ones--to 28.0 +/- 0.5 mm Hg. After dialysis, these values are equal correspondingly to 12.2 +/- 0.5, 19.3 +/- 0.4 and 23.6 +/- 0.6 mm Hg. Therefore foetal hemoglobin exhibits significantly higher oxygen affinity as compared to the adult type.", "contents": "[The oxygen affinity of hemoglobin in the reindeer Rangifer tarandus before and after labor]. It has been demonstrated that the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen in the reindeer Rangifer tarandus decreases with ageing. The value of P50 for hemoglobin of 2-3 month foetuses is equal to 22.0 +/- 0.8 mm Hg, newborn animals--to 24.5 +/- 0.5 and adult ones--to 28.0 +/- 0.5 mm Hg. After dialysis, these values are equal correspondingly to 12.2 +/- 0.5, 19.3 +/- 0.4 and 23.6 +/- 0.6 mm Hg. Therefore foetal hemoglobin exhibits significantly higher oxygen affinity as compared to the adult type.", "PMID": 95887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1888", "title": "[The mechanism of adenine nucleotide biosynthesis from adenine in Corynebacterium species].", "content": "The mechanism of ATP biosynthesis from adenine was studied on the cell-free extract of Corynebacterium species that produces ATP from exogenous adenine, using labeled substrates. As a source of the ribosyl component of the ATP molecule, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) and ribose-5-phosphate (P5P) were tested. The experiments with PRPP showed adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (EC 2.4.2.7) activity in the extract responsible for the AMP formation from PRPP and adenine. The minimal reaction mixture based on R5P was found to include only magnesium ions, in addition to R5P, adenine, and the extract. This mixture provided the synthesis of not only C14-AMP but also C14-ADP and C14-ATP from C14-adenine. Phosphorylation of C14-AMP to yield C14-ATP was related to the presence of R5P in the mixture. The synthesis of C14-ATP from C14-adenine also took place when R5W was substituted for glucose in the minima mixture.", "contents": "[The mechanism of adenine nucleotide biosynthesis from adenine in Corynebacterium species]. The mechanism of ATP biosynthesis from adenine was studied on the cell-free extract of Corynebacterium species that produces ATP from exogenous adenine, using labeled substrates. As a source of the ribosyl component of the ATP molecule, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) and ribose-5-phosphate (P5P) were tested. The experiments with PRPP showed adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (EC 2.4.2.7) activity in the extract responsible for the AMP formation from PRPP and adenine. The minimal reaction mixture based on R5P was found to include only magnesium ions, in addition to R5P, adenine, and the extract. This mixture provided the synthesis of not only C14-AMP but also C14-ADP and C14-ATP from C14-adenine. Phosphorylation of C14-AMP to yield C14-ATP was related to the presence of R5P in the mixture. The synthesis of C14-ATP from C14-adenine also took place when R5W was substituted for glucose in the minima mixture.", "PMID": 95886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1889", "title": "[Precipitating immunoenzyme revealed tests on cellulose acetate. Use of ELIEDA (enzyme-linked-immuno-electro-diffusion assay) and ELIDEPA (enzyme-linked-immuno-double-electrophoresis-assay) in parasitology].", "content": "Precipitating tests carried out on cellulose acetate membrane were revealed by treating the immune complexes with enzyme linked anti-immunoglobulin antibodies. We insist on the importance of ELIEDA (enzyme-linked-immuno-electro-diffusion-assay) and ELIDEPA (enzyme-linked-immuno-double-electro-phoresis-assay) for the study of antibody classes involved in the immune response.", "contents": "[Precipitating immunoenzyme revealed tests on cellulose acetate. Use of ELIEDA (enzyme-linked-immuno-electro-diffusion assay) and ELIDEPA (enzyme-linked-immuno-double-electrophoresis-assay) in parasitology]. Precipitating tests carried out on cellulose acetate membrane were revealed by treating the immune complexes with enzyme linked anti-immunoglobulin antibodies. We insist on the importance of ELIEDA (enzyme-linked-immuno-electro-diffusion-assay) and ELIDEPA (enzyme-linked-immuno-double-electro-phoresis-assay) for the study of antibody classes involved in the immune response.", "PMID": 95891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1890", "title": "[Immunocytochemical location of the centrosphere of human cancer cells using natural rabbit antibodies].", "content": "Sera of 40 normal nonimmunized rabbits were eprouved by immunoperoxidase on cultural human cells. Four sera contain centrosphere-reactive antibodies and for the strongest serum the centrospheres were still stained with the 1/600 dilution. This last serum visualized the centrospheres within the height human cell lines eprouved, whatever the phase of the mitotic cycle. The staining was not inhibited after serum absorption by tubulin.", "contents": "[Immunocytochemical location of the centrosphere of human cancer cells using natural rabbit antibodies]. Sera of 40 normal nonimmunized rabbits were eprouved by immunoperoxidase on cultural human cells. Four sera contain centrosphere-reactive antibodies and for the strongest serum the centrospheres were still stained with the 1/600 dilution. This last serum visualized the centrospheres within the height human cell lines eprouved, whatever the phase of the mitotic cycle. The staining was not inhibited after serum absorption by tubulin.", "PMID": 95892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1891", "title": "[Luteolytic action of LHRH in women].", "content": "Several subcutaneous administrations of 250 microgram of LHRH (4 or 5 adminstrations at 4-hourly intervals per day) between the 2nd and 7th day post-ovulation in 4 normal women led to early luteolysis as demonstrated by a fall in serum progesterone concentration and early onset (2 to 3 days earlier) of menstruation.", "contents": "[Luteolytic action of LHRH in women]. Several subcutaneous administrations of 250 microgram of LHRH (4 or 5 adminstrations at 4-hourly intervals per day) between the 2nd and 7th day post-ovulation in 4 normal women led to early luteolysis as demonstrated by a fall in serum progesterone concentration and early onset (2 to 3 days earlier) of menstruation.", "PMID": 95893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1892", "title": "[Levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in guinea pig sex canals during embryonic life].", "content": "At the undifferentiated stage, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels were comparable in sexual ducts of both sexes. An hormonal sexual dimorphism appeared at the time of differentiation: while testosterone rapidly decreased in the female ducts, it considerably increased in those of the male. Testosterone rather than DHT seems to be responsible for the wolffian duct stabilization in the male foetus.", "contents": "[Levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in guinea pig sex canals during embryonic life]. At the undifferentiated stage, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels were comparable in sexual ducts of both sexes. An hormonal sexual dimorphism appeared at the time of differentiation: while testosterone rapidly decreased in the female ducts, it considerably increased in those of the male. Testosterone rather than DHT seems to be responsible for the wolffian duct stabilization in the male foetus.", "PMID": 95894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1893", "title": "[Primary asymmetry in the distribution of primordial germ cells during colonization of gonadal buds in chick embryo].", "content": "Analysis of the numerical data obtained from a population of 529 chick embryos, selected according to their stage of development, shows that the primary distribution of PGC is asymmetric with a bias towards the left side. The kinetics of the colonisation process are in conformity with the law of logistic growth: the number of PGC settling in the germinal epithelia tends to an upper limit not exceeding the number of PGC identifiable in the anterior germinal crescent. Taking the embryo population as a whole, the degree of primary asymmetry at the end of colonisation is such that 56% of the total number PGC fixed in the gonadial primordia are found in the left epithelia.", "contents": "[Primary asymmetry in the distribution of primordial germ cells during colonization of gonadal buds in chick embryo]. Analysis of the numerical data obtained from a population of 529 chick embryos, selected according to their stage of development, shows that the primary distribution of PGC is asymmetric with a bias towards the left side. The kinetics of the colonisation process are in conformity with the law of logistic growth: the number of PGC settling in the germinal epithelia tends to an upper limit not exceeding the number of PGC identifiable in the anterior germinal crescent. Taking the embryo population as a whole, the degree of primary asymmetry at the end of colonisation is such that 56% of the total number PGC fixed in the gonadial primordia are found in the left epithelia.", "PMID": 95895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1894", "title": "[Morphology of ribosomal RNA in chicken fibroblasts].", "content": "It is shown with the electron microscope that the 28 S RNA component of the ribosomal RNA extracted from Chicken fibroblasts contains secondary structures which are not present in the 18S component.", "contents": "[Morphology of ribosomal RNA in chicken fibroblasts]. It is shown with the electron microscope that the 28 S RNA component of the ribosomal RNA extracted from Chicken fibroblasts contains secondary structures which are not present in the 18S component.", "PMID": 95896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1895", "title": "[Preservation of hematopoietic stem cells by slow freezing and elimination of the heat of fusion].", "content": "Previous experiments, in dogs with fresh bone marrow or bone marrow frozen with a modified freezing system have demonstrated a 100% recovery of frozen stem cells, stored for periods up to 5 months. Five patients, three with drug resistant acute leukemia  and two with metastic carcinomas, have been treated with a high dose combination chemotherapy regimen (TACC) followed by reinfusion of marrow cryopreserved with the same modified freezing system. Following the reinfusion of marrow, autologous engraftment was demonstrated on bone marrow aspiration between days 5 and 10.", "contents": "[Preservation of hematopoietic stem cells by slow freezing and elimination of the heat of fusion]. Previous experiments, in dogs with fresh bone marrow or bone marrow frozen with a modified freezing system have demonstrated a 100% recovery of frozen stem cells, stored for periods up to 5 months. Five patients, three with drug resistant acute leukemia  and two with metastic carcinomas, have been treated with a high dose combination chemotherapy regimen (TACC) followed by reinfusion of marrow cryopreserved with the same modified freezing system. Following the reinfusion of marrow, autologous engraftment was demonstrated on bone marrow aspiration between days 5 and 10.", "PMID": 95897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1896", "title": "[Demonstration of erythroblastic differentiation after 14 days in blood in vitro during Vaquez's disease without addition of erythropoietin].", "content": "Leucocytes of normal individuals and patients with polycythemia vera were isolated from the peripheral blood by Ficoll-Hipaque density gradient centrifugation and cultured in vitro suing the bovine plasma clot culture technique with a minor modification: the addition of fresh normal serum. After 14 days in the presence of sheep erythropo\u00efetin (3U/ml) erythropo\u00efetic bursts containing between 3 and 10 subcolonies were observed in normal and polycythemia vera cultures. Blood leucocytes of patients with polycythemia vera rise to these erythropo\u00efetic bursts without addition of erythropo\u00efetin to the culture. This behavior was never observed in the blood of normal individuals. These results indicate that in polycythemia vera commited erythro\u00efd stem cells of high proliferative capacity closely resembling the murine erythro\u00efd burst forming unit have an abnormal sensitivity to erythropo\u00efetin as well as the immediate precursors of the proerythroblasts. The culture of these cells from the peripheral blood offers some practical advantages.", "contents": "[Demonstration of erythroblastic differentiation after 14 days in blood in vitro during Vaquez's disease without addition of erythropoietin]. Leucocytes of normal individuals and patients with polycythemia vera were isolated from the peripheral blood by Ficoll-Hipaque density gradient centrifugation and cultured in vitro suing the bovine plasma clot culture technique with a minor modification: the addition of fresh normal serum. After 14 days in the presence of sheep erythropo\u00efetin (3U/ml) erythropo\u00efetic bursts containing between 3 and 10 subcolonies were observed in normal and polycythemia vera cultures. Blood leucocytes of patients with polycythemia vera rise to these erythropo\u00efetic bursts without addition of erythropo\u00efetin to the culture. This behavior was never observed in the blood of normal individuals. These results indicate that in polycythemia vera commited erythro\u00efd stem cells of high proliferative capacity closely resembling the murine erythro\u00efd burst forming unit have an abnormal sensitivity to erythropo\u00efetin as well as the immediate precursors of the proerythroblasts. The culture of these cells from the peripheral blood offers some practical advantages.", "PMID": 95898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1897", "title": "[The role of cysteine in the detoxification of an herbicide].", "content": "The methyl 2-chloro-3 (4-chlorophenyl) propionate is quickly hydrolysed through coleoptiles of wheat (coleoptile test). Then, depending on the concentration of the compounds, one observes mainly a further degradation (at 0,01 mM) of the acid or conjugation (at 0,1 mM) of it with cystein in vivo. This second type of physiological neutralisation appears to be more efficient than the catabolism which give derivatives of benzoic acid.", "contents": "[The role of cysteine in the detoxification of an herbicide]. The methyl 2-chloro-3 (4-chlorophenyl) propionate is quickly hydrolysed through coleoptiles of wheat (coleoptile test). Then, depending on the concentration of the compounds, one observes mainly a further degradation (at 0,01 mM) of the acid or conjugation (at 0,1 mM) of it with cystein in vivo. This second type of physiological neutralisation appears to be more efficient than the catabolism which give derivatives of benzoic acid.", "PMID": 95899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1898", "title": "[Inhibition by the enterotoxin of Vibrio cholerase of meiosis reinitiation of the Xenopus laevis oocyte induced in vitro by progesterone].", "content": "Progesterone reinitiates in vitro meiosis in Xenopus laevis oocytes. This action of the hormone can be abolished by the exotoxin of vibrio cholerae. The concentration of toxin which inhibits 50% of the progesterone (10 muM) action in about 2.5 pM. Binding experiments using 125I labelled toxin demonstrated the existence of high affinity binding sites (KD approximately 0.2 nM) located probably on the surface of the oocytes.", "contents": "[Inhibition by the enterotoxin of Vibrio cholerase of meiosis reinitiation of the Xenopus laevis oocyte induced in vitro by progesterone]. Progesterone reinitiates in vitro meiosis in Xenopus laevis oocytes. This action of the hormone can be abolished by the exotoxin of vibrio cholerae. The concentration of toxin which inhibits 50% of the progesterone (10 muM) action in about 2.5 pM. Binding experiments using 125I labelled toxin demonstrated the existence of high affinity binding sites (KD approximately 0.2 nM) located probably on the surface of the oocytes.", "PMID": 95900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1899", "title": "[Oxygen consumption of hibernating worker ants Dolichoderus quadripunctatus as a function of temperature and level of population].", "content": "The oxygen consumption of \"hibernating\" ants shows a grouping effect translated by a significant decrease in the level of oxygen consumption as a function of grouping effect. The general relation between oxygen consumption and the living body mass is the same, if the living material belongs to a single animal, or a social community of ants.", "contents": "[Oxygen consumption of hibernating worker ants Dolichoderus quadripunctatus as a function of temperature and level of population]. The oxygen consumption of \"hibernating\" ants shows a grouping effect translated by a significant decrease in the level of oxygen consumption as a function of grouping effect. The general relation between oxygen consumption and the living body mass is the same, if the living material belongs to a single animal, or a social community of ants.", "PMID": 95901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1900", "title": "[Aminergic innervation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system in Gambusia sp. (Teleost, Poecilidae) studied by two fluorescence techniques].", "content": "Using fluorescence techniques (Falck-Hillarp, de La Torre and Surgeon) 2 paired groups of perikarya were observed in the hypothalamus of Gambusia, one in the nucleus recessus lateralis (NRL) and the other in the nucleus recessus posterioris (NRP). No fluorescent neuron could be detected in the nucleus recessus preopticus (NRPO) nor in the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT). Fluorescent aminergic fibers demonstrated in the rostral neurohypophysis and in the neurointermediate lobe might originate from the NRL. These two techniques are complementary, but the last one, more rapidly performed, appears promising.", "contents": "[Aminergic innervation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system in Gambusia sp. (Teleost, Poecilidae) studied by two fluorescence techniques]. Using fluorescence techniques (Falck-Hillarp, de La Torre and Surgeon) 2 paired groups of perikarya were observed in the hypothalamus of Gambusia, one in the nucleus recessus lateralis (NRL) and the other in the nucleus recessus posterioris (NRP). No fluorescent neuron could be detected in the nucleus recessus preopticus (NRPO) nor in the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT). Fluorescent aminergic fibers demonstrated in the rostral neurohypophysis and in the neurointermediate lobe might originate from the NRL. These two techniques are complementary, but the last one, more rapidly performed, appears promising.", "PMID": 95902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1901", "title": "[Modification of rat polymorphonuclear chemotaxis during an acute inflammatory reaction].", "content": "The appearance of a serum factor which inhibited the chemotaxis of polymorphonuclears was demonstrated during various acute inflammatory reactions. The activity of this factor was studied in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "[Modification of rat polymorphonuclear chemotaxis during an acute inflammatory reaction]. The appearance of a serum factor which inhibited the chemotaxis of polymorphonuclears was demonstrated during various acute inflammatory reactions. The activity of this factor was studied in vivo and in vitro.", "PMID": 95904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1902", "title": "[Host-parasite relation between Carcinus mediterraneus and Sacculina carcini; immunochemical analysis and demonstration of antisacculin precipitin].", "content": "The hemolymph from both healthy and parasitised Carcinus mediterraneus are immunochemically analysed. The study confirms the presence in the blood of the infested Crab of a supplementary fraction which was already observed by electrophorsis. Moreover, some infested Crabs develop an anti sacculin precipitin reaction, not visible on healthy animals. The relations between these proteic fractions are discussed.", "contents": "[Host-parasite relation between Carcinus mediterraneus and Sacculina carcini; immunochemical analysis and demonstration of antisacculin precipitin]. The hemolymph from both healthy and parasitised Carcinus mediterraneus are immunochemically analysed. The study confirms the presence in the blood of the infested Crab of a supplementary fraction which was already observed by electrophorsis. Moreover, some infested Crabs develop an anti sacculin precipitin reaction, not visible on healthy animals. The relations between these proteic fractions are discussed.", "PMID": 95905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1903", "title": "Aortic pulse wave velocity, elasticity, and composition in a nonhuman  primate model of atherosclerosis.", "content": "Aortic pulse wave velocity was determined in Macaca fascicularis monkeys fed either atherogenic or control diets for 36 months. The foot-to-foot velocity and apparent phase velocities of the second through seventh Fourier harmonics at a given diastolic pressure in the atherosclerotic monkeys were 1.5 to 2.0 times the values for the control animals. More than 80% of the aortic intimal surface of the atherosclerotic monkeys was covered with fibrous or fatty plaque, which approximately doubled wall thickness and wall thickness to radius ratio. Angiochemical evaluations showed no difference in collagen or elastin concentration (as a fraction of lipid and mineral-free dried aorta), but the atherosclerotic aortas were 1.5 to 2.0 times that of control in collagen and elastin content (defined as the absolute quantity beneath a square centimeter of intimal surface). Total cholesterol and calcium concentrations in the atherosclerotic aortas were more than 10 times the values for the control aortas. The static circumferential distensibility of the excised atherosclerotic aortas was significantly less than control, but there was no difference in incremental (Young's) modulus of elasticity. The in vitro pressure-strain elastic modulus of the atherosclerotic aortas was more than twice that of control, which was predicted from the enhanced wave velocity. The significantly increased stiffness of the atherosclerotic arteries appeared to be due mainly to the increased wall thickness caused by the atherosclerotic plaques rather than to material changes described by Young's modulus. Extensive medial damage, however, also was present and could have had a major influence on stiffness. Atherosclerosis therefore can result in increased aortic stiffening, detectable by pulse wave velocity, even if there is no change in the overall Young's modulus of elasticity.", "contents": "Aortic pulse wave velocity, elasticity, and composition in a nonhuman  primate model of atherosclerosis. Aortic pulse wave velocity was determined in Macaca fascicularis monkeys fed either atherogenic or control diets for 36 months. The foot-to-foot velocity and apparent phase velocities of the second through seventh Fourier harmonics at a given diastolic pressure in the atherosclerotic monkeys were 1.5 to 2.0 times the values for the control animals. More than 80% of the aortic intimal surface of the atherosclerotic monkeys was covered with fibrous or fatty plaque, which approximately doubled wall thickness and wall thickness to radius ratio. Angiochemical evaluations showed no difference in collagen or elastin concentration (as a fraction of lipid and mineral-free dried aorta), but the atherosclerotic aortas were 1.5 to 2.0 times that of control in collagen and elastin content (defined as the absolute quantity beneath a square centimeter of intimal surface). Total cholesterol and calcium concentrations in the atherosclerotic aortas were more than 10 times the values for the control aortas. The static circumferential distensibility of the excised atherosclerotic aortas was significantly less than control, but there was no difference in incremental (Young's) modulus of elasticity. The in vitro pressure-strain elastic modulus of the atherosclerotic aortas was more than twice that of control, which was predicted from the enhanced wave velocity. The significantly increased stiffness of the atherosclerotic arteries appeared to be due mainly to the increased wall thickness caused by the atherosclerotic plaques rather than to material changes described by Young's modulus. Extensive medial damage, however, also was present and could have had a major influence on stiffness. Atherosclerosis therefore can result in increased aortic stiffening, detectable by pulse wave velocity, even if there is no change in the overall Young's modulus of elasticity.", "PMID": 95906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1904", "title": "Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography for the screening of disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism.", "content": "A method is presented for the two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic screening of purines, pyrimidines and their nucleosides in the urine. Prior to chromatography, isolation of these substances from the urine is performed by anion-exchange column chromatography. Purines and pyramidines are quantitatively eluted with formic acid 0.01 M and 4 M respectively. The results of recovery and stability experiments are given. Normal excretory patterns are presented. Also results in patients with various diseases are shown: ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, adenosine deaminase deficiency, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, xanthine oxidase deficiency and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. Finally the pattern of a patient on treatment with allopurinol is given.", "contents": "Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography for the screening of disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. A method is presented for the two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic screening of purines, pyrimidines and their nucleosides in the urine. Prior to chromatography, isolation of these substances from the urine is performed by anion-exchange column chromatography. Purines and pyramidines are quantitatively eluted with formic acid 0.01 M and 4 M respectively. The results of recovery and stability experiments are given. Normal excretory patterns are presented. Also results in patients with various diseases are shown: ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, adenosine deaminase deficiency, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, xanthine oxidase deficiency and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. Finally the pattern of a patient on treatment with allopurinol is given.", "PMID": 95907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1905", "title": "Interpretation of laboratory tests of thyroid function in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "Because the incidence of thyroid disorder is much greater than expected in chronic active hepatitis we have evaluated routine in vivo and in vitro tests of thyroid function in forty one clinically euthryoid patients with chronic active hepatitis and in five patients with chronic active hepatitis and concomitant or previous clinical thyroid disease. Serum thyroxine, thyroid hormone binding, triiodothyronine, thyrotrophin releasing hormone tests and thyroidal uptake of radio-iodine all gave misleading information in some clinically euthyroid patients with chronic active hepatitis. However, the free thyroxine index calculated from the serum thyroxine and thyroid hormone binding level gave results that accorded with the clinical impression in all but two of the euthyroid patients whose results were borderline and subsequently normal and in all but one of those with past or current thyroid disorder. This suggests that anomalies of protein binding accounted for abnormal results in thyroxine and thyroid hormone binding levels.", "contents": "Interpretation of laboratory tests of thyroid function in chronic active hepatitis. Because the incidence of thyroid disorder is much greater than expected in chronic active hepatitis we have evaluated routine in vivo and in vitro tests of thyroid function in forty one clinically euthryoid patients with chronic active hepatitis and in five patients with chronic active hepatitis and concomitant or previous clinical thyroid disease. Serum thyroxine, thyroid hormone binding, triiodothyronine, thyrotrophin releasing hormone tests and thyroidal uptake of radio-iodine all gave misleading information in some clinically euthyroid patients with chronic active hepatitis. However, the free thyroxine index calculated from the serum thyroxine and thyroid hormone binding level gave results that accorded with the clinical impression in all but two of the euthyroid patients whose results were borderline and subsequently normal and in all but one of those with past or current thyroid disorder. This suggests that anomalies of protein binding accounted for abnormal results in thyroxine and thyroid hormone binding levels.", "PMID": 95908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1906", "title": "Effects of beta-mercaptoethanol and chelating agents on the stability and activation of creatine kinase in serum.", "content": "We investigated the effects of sulfhydryl compounds on the stability of creatine kinase (CK) in unfrozen human serum and found that both beta-mercaptoethanol and N-acetylcysteine led to accelerated loss of the endogenous serum enzyme activity. This is in contrast to the results of others who have either studied the stability of exogenous enzyme added to human serum or studied endogenous enzyme in frozen serum. The addition of cation chelators to serum markedly improved the stability of the endogenous CK activity. The enhanced stability was independent of chelation of calcium, iron, manganese, copper, or zinc. In addition, cation chelators caused a 16% increase in the CK activity of fresh samples. This latter effect was independent of the activation of CK by BME and could be accounted for by chelation of calcium ions during the assay. The data suggest that addition of cation chelators prior to storage may be useful in enhancing the stability of CK in serum whereas sulfhydryl compounds should be added prior to assay rather than prior to storage.", "contents": "Effects of beta-mercaptoethanol and chelating agents on the stability and activation of creatine kinase in serum. We investigated the effects of sulfhydryl compounds on the stability of creatine kinase (CK) in unfrozen human serum and found that both beta-mercaptoethanol and N-acetylcysteine led to accelerated loss of the endogenous serum enzyme activity. This is in contrast to the results of others who have either studied the stability of exogenous enzyme added to human serum or studied endogenous enzyme in frozen serum. The addition of cation chelators to serum markedly improved the stability of the endogenous CK activity. The enhanced stability was independent of chelation of calcium, iron, manganese, copper, or zinc. In addition, cation chelators caused a 16% increase in the CK activity of fresh samples. This latter effect was independent of the activation of CK by BME and could be accounted for by chelation of calcium ions during the assay. The data suggest that addition of cation chelators prior to storage may be useful in enhancing the stability of CK in serum whereas sulfhydryl compounds should be added prior to assay rather than prior to storage.", "PMID": 95909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1907", "title": "Two variant hexosaminidase beta-chain alleles segregating in a South African family.", "content": "A family is described in which alleles for two different hexosaminidase beta-chain variants are segregating. When they co-exist in the same individual Sandhoff disease results. In the heterozygous state one of the variant alleles results in the production of an unstable Hex B and a Hex A with an altered Km for the substrate 4-MU-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside. The other allele when heterozygous with a normal allele does not produce unstable isozymes with altered kinetics. Like many rare recessive diseases the affected children in this family would appear to have been compound heterozygotes and not true homozygotes.", "contents": "Two variant hexosaminidase beta-chain alleles segregating in a South African family. A family is described in which alleles for two different hexosaminidase beta-chain variants are segregating. When they co-exist in the same individual Sandhoff disease results. In the heterozygous state one of the variant alleles results in the production of an unstable Hex B and a Hex A with an altered Km for the substrate 4-MU-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside. The other allele when heterozygous with a normal allele does not produce unstable isozymes with altered kinetics. Like many rare recessive diseases the affected children in this family would appear to have been compound heterozygotes and not true homozygotes.", "PMID": 95910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1908", "title": "Isolation of fibrin(ogen) degradation products from normal plasma by affinity chromatographic study.", "content": "An attempt was made to develop a method to isolate directly the fibrinogenfibrin (FDP and/or fdp) degradation products from plasma by means of small chromatographic columns of activated Sepharose 4-B coupled with antifibrinogen serum. The study of the material adsorbed was performed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (PAGE-SDS). Four electrophoretic bands with antigenic capacity against antifibrinogen serum were observed. The study of their molecular weights, of their polypeptide composition after reduction, and of their immunological response against antisera anti-D and anti-E allowed their identification as fibrinogen, D-dimer fragment, and fragment E, respectively. The possibility of using this technique for the differential diagnosis between a primary fibrinogenolysis and a secondary fibrinolysis in a thrombotic process is suggested, as well as its use in the control of thrombolytic therapy.", "contents": "Isolation of fibrin(ogen) degradation products from normal plasma by affinity chromatographic study. An attempt was made to develop a method to isolate directly the fibrinogenfibrin (FDP and/or fdp) degradation products from plasma by means of small chromatographic columns of activated Sepharose 4-B coupled with antifibrinogen serum. The study of the material adsorbed was performed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (PAGE-SDS). Four electrophoretic bands with antigenic capacity against antifibrinogen serum were observed. The study of their molecular weights, of their polypeptide composition after reduction, and of their immunological response against antisera anti-D and anti-E allowed their identification as fibrinogen, D-dimer fragment, and fragment E, respectively. The possibility of using this technique for the differential diagnosis between a primary fibrinogenolysis and a secondary fibrinolysis in a thrombotic process is suggested, as well as its use in the control of thrombolytic therapy.", "PMID": 95911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1909", "title": "Isolation and properties of a succinylated subunit of human thyroglobulin.", "content": "A subunit of succinylated (40:1 molar ratio, succinic anhydride:lysine residues) human thyroglobulin (Tg) was prepared by gel filtration on 6% and 4% agarose. This subunit (S-8) had a sdegrees20, w of 7.6S, Ddegrees20, w of 2.96 x 10(7) and an equilibrium molecular weight of 165,000 after correction for bound succinic anhydride (SA). The S-8 component was suggested to be a quarter unit of intact Tg. The S-8 and intact Tg had nearly identical amino acid compositions with differences only in glutamic acid, glycine and proline. The iodine content of both components was similar. The succinylated S-8 subunit, as well as material which sedimented with a value of 2S or less, retained some but not all heteroantigenic and autoantigenic sites in immunodiffusion and inhibition of passive hemagglutination.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of a succinylated subunit of human thyroglobulin. A subunit of succinylated (40:1 molar ratio, succinic anhydride:lysine residues) human thyroglobulin (Tg) was prepared by gel filtration on 6% and 4% agarose. This subunit (S-8) had a sdegrees20, w of 7.6S, Ddegrees20, w of 2.96 x 10(7) and an equilibrium molecular weight of 165,000 after correction for bound succinic anhydride (SA). The S-8 component was suggested to be a quarter unit of intact Tg. The S-8 and intact Tg had nearly identical amino acid compositions with differences only in glutamic acid, glycine and proline. The iodine content of both components was similar. The succinylated S-8 subunit, as well as material which sedimented with a value of 2S or less, retained some but not all heteroantigenic and autoantigenic sites in immunodiffusion and inhibition of passive hemagglutination.", "PMID": 95912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1910", "title": "A new pattern of non-organ- and non-species-specific anti-organelle antibody detected by immunofluorescence: the mitochondrial antibody number 5.", "content": "About 0.1% of the sera in human pathology produce a peculiar, cytoplasmic, non-organ- and non-species-specific fluorescence. This may easily be differentiated from the already described anti-organelle antibodies and, more particularly, from the mitochondrial antibodies of primary biliary cirrhosis. Should rat tissues be used in the immunofluorescence test, fluorescence predominates over the first two portions of the renal proximal tubules (P1 and P2) and the mucous neck cells of the stomach. This pattern may be atrributed to mitochondria, and in particular to their inner membranes by fluorescent staining of the ellipsoid region of the rods and cones of the eyes, and by absorption with purified organelles. To distinguish this antibody from the already described mitochondrial antibodies, this one will be called mitochondrial antibody number 5 (M5). The seven carriers of this antibody suffer from systemic lupus erythematosus or autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. In these cases no diseases of the liver were observed, contrary to other classical mitochondrial antibodies.", "contents": "A new pattern of non-organ- and non-species-specific anti-organelle antibody detected by immunofluorescence: the mitochondrial antibody number 5. About 0.1% of the sera in human pathology produce a peculiar, cytoplasmic, non-organ- and non-species-specific fluorescence. This may easily be differentiated from the already described anti-organelle antibodies and, more particularly, from the mitochondrial antibodies of primary biliary cirrhosis. Should rat tissues be used in the immunofluorescence test, fluorescence predominates over the first two portions of the renal proximal tubules (P1 and P2) and the mucous neck cells of the stomach. This pattern may be atrributed to mitochondria, and in particular to their inner membranes by fluorescent staining of the ellipsoid region of the rods and cones of the eyes, and by absorption with purified organelles. To distinguish this antibody from the already described mitochondrial antibodies, this one will be called mitochondrial antibody number 5 (M5). The seven carriers of this antibody suffer from systemic lupus erythematosus or autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. In these cases no diseases of the liver were observed, contrary to other classical mitochondrial antibodies.", "PMID": 95913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1911", "title": "Protection of mice against haemoprotozoan Babesia microti with Brucella abortus strain 19.", "content": "When Brucella abortus strain 19 is given intraperitoneally to mice it protects them against subsequent infection with large doses of Babesia microti. The protection obtained was more effective when B. abortus was given intraperitoneally than when it was injected subcutaneously. This non-specific protection seems to be best explained by the stimulation of macrophages so as to release a mediator which limits the intracellular replication of the parasites.", "contents": "Protection of mice against haemoprotozoan Babesia microti with Brucella abortus strain 19. When Brucella abortus strain 19 is given intraperitoneally to mice it protects them against subsequent infection with large doses of Babesia microti. The protection obtained was more effective when B. abortus was given intraperitoneally than when it was injected subcutaneously. This non-specific protection seems to be best explained by the stimulation of macrophages so as to release a mediator which limits the intracellular replication of the parasites.", "PMID": 95914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1912", "title": "Functional morphology of forelimb joints in the woolly monkey Lagothrix lagothricha.", "content": "This gross anatomical study of embalmed forelimb joints of the South American woolly monkey Lagothrix lagothricha focuses on the problem of determining in osteoligamentous preparations how the disposition of the capsular apparatus and the geometry of the articular surfaces govern the amount and types of movement permitted at a joint, and then correlates these findings with the use of the forelimb in the positional capabilities of captive wooly monkeys observed by this author. Data collection was by dissection, quantitative range of motion studies on osteoligamentous preparations, and by qualitative manipulations of these preparations and of disarticulated bones. Supplemental evidence was obtained from radiographs and from an estimate of angular values of articular surfaces. Presented for the shoulder, elbow, radioulnar, and hand joint complexes are the functional anatomy of the capsular apparatus and articular surfaces, the quantitative range of motion data, and proposed mechanisms of movement that combine the functional morphology with the observed use of the forelimb in activities by the animal. The structurofunctional framework of MacConaill is the basis for the joint analysis. The evidence suggests that the functional anatomy of these joints correlates well with the possible positional capabilities of Lagothrix. The morphology of the capsular apparatus and joint surfaces reflect both the arboreal quadrupedalism and forelimb suspension of the woolly monkey. The positions of maximum congruency and close-pack approximate the forelimb's weight-bearing stance during palmigrade arboreal quadrupedalism. During forelimb suspension, the taut and twisted capsular apparatus of close-packed joints maintains the integrity of forelimb links in tension. This is the first known report of the internal band of the collateral ligament of the proximal interphalangeal joints of the second through fifth digits being incorporated into the terminal tendon of the extensor assembly. This author believes this is a mechanism not only for maintaining the integrity of these joints during forelimb suspensory activities when the body is supported by the middle phalanges, but also for helping to coordinate the flexion-extension actions of the phalanges for smooth grasping and release maneuvers in an arboreal environment. When sufficient comparative data have been collected, such correlations of the functional morphology of joints with positional behavior may be used to postulate positional capabilities of fossil primates.", "contents": "Functional morphology of forelimb joints in the woolly monkey Lagothrix lagothricha. This gross anatomical study of embalmed forelimb joints of the South American woolly monkey Lagothrix lagothricha focuses on the problem of determining in osteoligamentous preparations how the disposition of the capsular apparatus and the geometry of the articular surfaces govern the amount and types of movement permitted at a joint, and then correlates these findings with the use of the forelimb in the positional capabilities of captive wooly monkeys observed by this author. Data collection was by dissection, quantitative range of motion studies on osteoligamentous preparations, and by qualitative manipulations of these preparations and of disarticulated bones. Supplemental evidence was obtained from radiographs and from an estimate of angular values of articular surfaces. Presented for the shoulder, elbow, radioulnar, and hand joint complexes are the functional anatomy of the capsular apparatus and articular surfaces, the quantitative range of motion data, and proposed mechanisms of movement that combine the functional morphology with the observed use of the forelimb in activities by the animal. The structurofunctional framework of MacConaill is the basis for the joint analysis. The evidence suggests that the functional anatomy of these joints correlates well with the possible positional capabilities of Lagothrix. The morphology of the capsular apparatus and joint surfaces reflect both the arboreal quadrupedalism and forelimb suspension of the woolly monkey. The positions of maximum congruency and close-pack approximate the forelimb's weight-bearing stance during palmigrade arboreal quadrupedalism. During forelimb suspension, the taut and twisted capsular apparatus of close-packed joints maintains the integrity of forelimb links in tension. This is the first known report of the internal band of the collateral ligament of the proximal interphalangeal joints of the second through fifth digits being incorporated into the terminal tendon of the extensor assembly. This author believes this is a mechanism not only for maintaining the integrity of these joints during forelimb suspensory activities when the body is supported by the middle phalanges, but also for helping to coordinate the flexion-extension actions of the phalanges for smooth grasping and release maneuvers in an arboreal environment. When sufficient comparative data have been collected, such correlations of the functional morphology of joints with positional behavior may be used to postulate positional capabilities of fossil primates.", "PMID": 95920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1913", "title": "Neurocutaneous syndromes.", "content": "The neurocutaneous syndromes are a diverse group of diseases characterized by widespread abnormalities in structures of ectodermal origin, including the skin, eye, and central and peripheral nervous systems. These syndromes are particularly interesting to the clinician because they often present with cutaneous signs at birth or very early in life. These skin markers may be clues to widespread abnormality that may later develop in the nervous system and other areas of the body, making early diagnosis from careful assessment of cutaneous signs a particularly challenging task. Six of the most common of these syndromes are reviewed.", "contents": "Neurocutaneous syndromes. The neurocutaneous syndromes are a diverse group of diseases characterized by widespread abnormalities in structures of ectodermal origin, including the skin, eye, and central and peripheral nervous systems. These syndromes are particularly interesting to the clinician because they often present with cutaneous signs at birth or very early in life. These skin markers may be clues to widespread abnormality that may later develop in the nervous system and other areas of the body, making early diagnosis from careful assessment of cutaneous signs a particularly challenging task. Six of the most common of these syndromes are reviewed.", "PMID": 95921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1914", "title": "Mezlocillin: a new acyl ureidopenicillin. Antimicrobial activity and combination effects with four aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "Mezlocillin (Baypen), carbenicillin and mezlocillin combined with gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin and amikacin, respectively, were tested in vitro against 325 fresh clinical isolates of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria using the tube dilution procedure. The new acyl ureidopenicillin has a greater antimicrobial activity than carbenicillin against nearly all species tested. The comparison of the effectiveness of the mezlocillin-aminoglycoside combinations demonstrates the superiority of mezlocillin-sisomicin against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Serratia and Proteus spp., whereas mezlocillin-tobramycin is most active against gentamicin-sensitive Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and mezlocillin-amikacin against Enterobacter and gentamicin-resistant P. aeruginosa. The combination effects achieved in the majority of strains were addition or synergism. The resistance rate and the bactericidal efficacy of mezlocillin were clearly improved when mezlocillin was combined with aminoglycoside antibiotics. Mezlocillin-amikacin showed the lowest resistance rate (10.2%) followed by mezlocillin-sisomicin (12.3%), mezlocillin-gentamicin (15.1%) and mezlocillin-tobramycin (18.5%). In most species, mezlocillin-sisomicin has proved to be the combination with the best bactericidal potency.", "contents": "Mezlocillin: a new acyl ureidopenicillin. Antimicrobial activity and combination effects with four aminoglycoside antibiotics. Mezlocillin (Baypen), carbenicillin and mezlocillin combined with gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin and amikacin, respectively, were tested in vitro against 325 fresh clinical isolates of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria using the tube dilution procedure. The new acyl ureidopenicillin has a greater antimicrobial activity than carbenicillin against nearly all species tested. The comparison of the effectiveness of the mezlocillin-aminoglycoside combinations demonstrates the superiority of mezlocillin-sisomicin against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Serratia and Proteus spp., whereas mezlocillin-tobramycin is most active against gentamicin-sensitive Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and mezlocillin-amikacin against Enterobacter and gentamicin-resistant P. aeruginosa. The combination effects achieved in the majority of strains were addition or synergism. The resistance rate and the bactericidal efficacy of mezlocillin were clearly improved when mezlocillin was combined with aminoglycoside antibiotics. Mezlocillin-amikacin showed the lowest resistance rate (10.2%) followed by mezlocillin-sisomicin (12.3%), mezlocillin-gentamicin (15.1%) and mezlocillin-tobramycin (18.5%). In most species, mezlocillin-sisomicin has proved to be the combination with the best bactericidal potency.", "PMID": 95925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1915", "title": "3h-actinomycin-D binding to mitotic chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The binding of 3H-AMD to the metaphase chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster has been analyzed after two different periods of exposure to photographic emulsion. The entirely heterochromatic Y chromosome was markedly less labelled than euchromatin and other heterochromatic regions. Moreover, the few grains present on the Y chromosome were clustered in two regions, one localized in the middle Ys and the other in the proximal third of YL. This labelling pattern is not affected by removing histones with a 2-hour treatment with 2N HCl. It is suggested that the specific underlabelling of the Y chromosome reflects a peculiar AT richness.", "contents": "3h-actinomycin-D binding to mitotic chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. The binding of 3H-AMD to the metaphase chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster has been analyzed after two different periods of exposure to photographic emulsion. The entirely heterochromatic Y chromosome was markedly less labelled than euchromatin and other heterochromatic regions. Moreover, the few grains present on the Y chromosome were clustered in two regions, one localized in the middle Ys and the other in the proximal third of YL. This labelling pattern is not affected by removing histones with a 2-hour treatment with 2N HCl. It is suggested that the specific underlabelling of the Y chromosome reflects a peculiar AT richness.", "PMID": 95939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1916", "title": "Glycogen storage disease: new approaches to therapy.", "content": "Detailed studies of the effect of 32 days of intravenous alimentation on the metabolic, hormonal and clinical status of a 4-year-old boy with Type I glycogenosis revealed that the biochemical abnormalities and growth failure in this disorder are a consequence of glucose lack after brief periods of fasting which results from the inborn enzyme deficiency. Long-term (1.5-5.7 years) observations of the therapeutic effects of portacaval shunt without and with continuous overnight intragastic glucose by gastrostomy in two brothers, and of continuous overnight intragastric glucose alone in five other patients with this disorder, on metabolic status and physical growth and development suggest that adequate glucose can be provided by the intragastric route without hepatic portal circulatory by-pass. The introduction of this therapy in the first year of life should prevent the serious risk to life and long-term failure in growth and development previously observed in patients with Types I and III glycogenosis.", "contents": "Glycogen storage disease: new approaches to therapy. Detailed studies of the effect of 32 days of intravenous alimentation on the metabolic, hormonal and clinical status of a 4-year-old boy with Type I glycogenosis revealed that the biochemical abnormalities and growth failure in this disorder are a consequence of glucose lack after brief periods of fasting which results from the inborn enzyme deficiency. Long-term (1.5-5.7 years) observations of the therapeutic effects of portacaval shunt without and with continuous overnight intragastic glucose by gastrostomy in two brothers, and of continuous overnight intragastric glucose alone in five other patients with this disorder, on metabolic status and physical growth and development suggest that adequate glucose can be provided by the intragastric route without hepatic portal circulatory by-pass. The introduction of this therapy in the first year of life should prevent the serious risk to life and long-term failure in growth and development previously observed in patients with Types I and III glycogenosis.", "PMID": 95940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1917", "title": "Gas sterilization of fiber endoscopes.", "content": "Excitants of disease can be transmitted by endoscopes from one patient to another. Owing to their complicated construction and the heat-sensitive material fiber glass endoscopes are difficult to disinfect or sterilize. Of the known procedures of sterilization only gas sterilization with ethylene oxide can be used. Clinical examinations and laboratory experiments demonstrate the reliable efficacy of this procedure of sterilization of fiber glass endoscopes. On account of known risks the indications for gas sterilization are compiled.", "contents": "Gas sterilization of fiber endoscopes. Excitants of disease can be transmitted by endoscopes from one patient to another. Owing to their complicated construction and the heat-sensitive material fiber glass endoscopes are difficult to disinfect or sterilize. Of the known procedures of sterilization only gas sterilization with ethylene oxide can be used. Clinical examinations and laboratory experiments demonstrate the reliable efficacy of this procedure of sterilization of fiber glass endoscopes. On account of known risks the indications for gas sterilization are compiled.", "PMID": 95946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1918", "title": "Characterisation of the binding of virginiamycin S to Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "Virginiamycin S is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in vivo. In this paper we show by equilibrium dialysis that it binds specifically to the 50-S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes, with one binding site per subunit. This binding is not altered by the presence of chloramphenicol, tetracycline or puromycin but is competed for by erythromycin. Using the splitting-reconstitution method, it could be demonstrated that protein L16 is absolutely required for the binding of virginiamycin S to the 50-S subunit.", "contents": "Characterisation of the binding of virginiamycin S to Escherichia coli ribosomes. Virginiamycin S is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in vivo. In this paper we show by equilibrium dialysis that it binds specifically to the 50-S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes, with one binding site per subunit. This binding is not altered by the presence of chloramphenicol, tetracycline or puromycin but is competed for by erythromycin. Using the splitting-reconstitution method, it could be demonstrated that protein L16 is absolutely required for the binding of virginiamycin S to the 50-S subunit.", "PMID": 95947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1919", "title": "Effect of cycloheximide on maturation of replicative intermediates into high-molecular-weight DNA in Tetrahymena.", "content": "Replicative intermediates of discrete size (approximately 41 S) are observed in the eukaryotic organism Tetrahymena pyriformis, when the organism is grown under defined physiological conditions. The intermediates (believed to represent replicons) are synthesized and accumulated over longer periods of time (less than 90 min), if the cells are treated with low concentrations of cycloheximide. Under these conditions the rate of total DNA synthesis is only slightly inhibited (less than 15%), while maturation of intermediate DNA into high-molecular-weight DNA is completely blocked (greater than 98%). Cycloheximide appears to inhibit the maturation process more specifically than other protein synthesis inhibitors. Studies of the accumulated intermediates on alkaline buoyant density gradients demonstrate that initiation of new putative replicons occurs during treatment with cycloheximide.", "contents": "Effect of cycloheximide on maturation of replicative intermediates into high-molecular-weight DNA in Tetrahymena. Replicative intermediates of discrete size (approximately 41 S) are observed in the eukaryotic organism Tetrahymena pyriformis, when the organism is grown under defined physiological conditions. The intermediates (believed to represent replicons) are synthesized and accumulated over longer periods of time (less than 90 min), if the cells are treated with low concentrations of cycloheximide. Under these conditions the rate of total DNA synthesis is only slightly inhibited (less than 15%), while maturation of intermediate DNA into high-molecular-weight DNA is completely blocked (greater than 98%). Cycloheximide appears to inhibit the maturation process more specifically than other protein synthesis inhibitors. Studies of the accumulated intermediates on alkaline buoyant density gradients demonstrate that initiation of new putative replicons occurs during treatment with cycloheximide.", "PMID": 95948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1920", "title": "Sinal myoclonus.", "content": "A 5-year-old boy is reported with spinal myoclonus caused by cervical astrocytoma due to neurofibromatosis. The essential clinical and electromyographical signs of spinal myoclonus are the following: (1) Continuous rhythmical appearance in muscles innervated by the affected segments of the spinal cord. (2) Synchronous myoclonus in muscles innervated by the same spinal segments of one body side, asynchronous myoclonus in muscles of different segments as well as in contralateral muscles of the same segments. (3) Usually stable frequency, which may increase to a manifold under the influence of different stimuli. (4) Accentuation of the myoclonus under mental distress, disappearance during deeper sleep. The pathophysiological basis of spinal myoclonus might be a disinhibition in the area of the spinal formatio reticularis. Supraspinal stimuli can influence the myoclonus.", "contents": "Sinal myoclonus. A 5-year-old boy is reported with spinal myoclonus caused by cervical astrocytoma due to neurofibromatosis. The essential clinical and electromyographical signs of spinal myoclonus are the following: (1) Continuous rhythmical appearance in muscles innervated by the affected segments of the spinal cord. (2) Synchronous myoclonus in muscles innervated by the same spinal segments of one body side, asynchronous myoclonus in muscles of different segments as well as in contralateral muscles of the same segments. (3) Usually stable frequency, which may increase to a manifold under the influence of different stimuli. (4) Accentuation of the myoclonus under mental distress, disappearance during deeper sleep. The pathophysiological basis of spinal myoclonus might be a disinhibition in the area of the spinal formatio reticularis. Supraspinal stimuli can influence the myoclonus.", "PMID": 95951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1921", "title": "The association between vesical carcinoma and diverticulum of the bladder.", "content": "The incidence of vesical diverticula was determined in patients with tumours of the bladder and radiological signs of bladder-outflow obstruction and in an age-matched control group with outflow obstruction alone. No significant difference was found. This result does not support the contention that diverticula predispose to tumour formation and, therefore, prophylactic diverticulectomy is not recommended.", "contents": "The association between vesical carcinoma and diverticulum of the bladder. The incidence of vesical diverticula was determined in patients with tumours of the bladder and radiological signs of bladder-outflow obstruction and in an age-matched control group with outflow obstruction alone. No significant difference was found. This result does not support the contention that diverticula predispose to tumour formation and, therefore, prophylactic diverticulectomy is not recommended.", "PMID": 95952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1922", "title": "Rapid disappearance from serum of intravenously injected rat myeloma IgA and its secretion into bile.", "content": "Intravenously injected monoclonal rat IgA is first removed from rat serum at a very fast rate (93% in 4 h), then at a much slower rate (t/2 = 24 h). The rapid initial disappearance is thought to be due in part to secretion into rat bile. This was demonstrated by rat liver perfusions with semisynthetic medium containing diluted (1:200) IgA myeloma serum. During perfusion, the cannulated bile displayed increasingly high levels of this IgA, with a bile to medium ratio of 38 after 1 h of perfusion; at the same time, there was a 40% drop of the rat monoclonal IgA concentration in the medium, which was not observed for rat IgG2a and albumin. All of the monoclonal biliary IgA was bound to secretory component. The rat liver is thus able to actively secrete a monoclonal IgA from the circulation into bile against a strong concentration gradient.", "contents": "Rapid disappearance from serum of intravenously injected rat myeloma IgA and its secretion into bile. Intravenously injected monoclonal rat IgA is first removed from rat serum at a very fast rate (93% in 4 h), then at a much slower rate (t/2 = 24 h). The rapid initial disappearance is thought to be due in part to secretion into rat bile. This was demonstrated by rat liver perfusions with semisynthetic medium containing diluted (1:200) IgA myeloma serum. During perfusion, the cannulated bile displayed increasingly high levels of this IgA, with a bile to medium ratio of 38 after 1 h of perfusion; at the same time, there was a 40% drop of the rat monoclonal IgA concentration in the medium, which was not observed for rat IgG2a and albumin. All of the monoclonal biliary IgA was bound to secretory component. The rat liver is thus able to actively secrete a monoclonal IgA from the circulation into bile against a strong concentration gradient.", "PMID": 95955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1923", "title": "Immunoglobulin production by lymphocyte hybridomas.", "content": "We have investigated immunoglobulin production by cloned hybrid cells. gamma2b heavy chains, but not gamma1 or gamma21, exist in two forms, differing in molecular weight, galactose labeling and charge. Hybrid molecules containing gamma2b and gamma1 heavy chains were secreted by hybridoma cells synthesizing Ig molecules of both subclasses. However, cells synthesizing both IgM and IgG chains did not secrete mu-gamma hybrid molecules. We have surveyed many new hybridomas derived from different mouse strains: 10% of those secreting IgM produce a mu chain which is about 5000 daltons larger than normal mu. Two IgM-secreting lines were studied in detail and were found to bear mu but not delta in their membrane. Intra- and extracellular mu differ in molecular size; pentameric IgM-containing molecules of both sizes were observed in the membrane fraction.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin production by lymphocyte hybridomas. We have investigated immunoglobulin production by cloned hybrid cells. gamma2b heavy chains, but not gamma1 or gamma21, exist in two forms, differing in molecular weight, galactose labeling and charge. Hybrid molecules containing gamma2b and gamma1 heavy chains were secreted by hybridoma cells synthesizing Ig molecules of both subclasses. However, cells synthesizing both IgM and IgG chains did not secrete mu-gamma hybrid molecules. We have surveyed many new hybridomas derived from different mouse strains: 10% of those secreting IgM produce a mu chain which is about 5000 daltons larger than normal mu. Two IgM-secreting lines were studied in detail and were found to bear mu but not delta in their membrane. Intra- and extracellular mu differ in molecular size; pentameric IgM-containing molecules of both sizes were observed in the membrane fraction.", "PMID": 95956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1924", "title": "Murine heavy chain disease.", "content": "Using cultured mouse myeloma cells, it has been possible to derive cells which are now synthesizing products similar to human heavy chain disease proteins. An initial mutant was isolated which snythesized a heavy chain with an internal deletion and a normal light chain. In a subsequent step, a variant was identified in which the synthesis of the heavy chain with the deletion persisted in the absence of light chain synthesis. These experiments also demonstrate that in the MPC-11-derived cultured cell line, the continued synthesis of heavy chain does not require the synthesis of light chain.", "contents": "Murine heavy chain disease. Using cultured mouse myeloma cells, it has been possible to derive cells which are now synthesizing products similar to human heavy chain disease proteins. An initial mutant was isolated which snythesized a heavy chain with an internal deletion and a normal light chain. In a subsequent step, a variant was identified in which the synthesis of the heavy chain with the deletion persisted in the absence of light chain synthesis. These experiments also demonstrate that in the MPC-11-derived cultured cell line, the continued synthesis of heavy chain does not require the synthesis of light chain.", "PMID": 95958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1925", "title": "Response to constant angular accelerations of neurons in the monkey superior vestibular nucleus.", "content": "The response to constant angular acceleration of type I neurons in the superior vestibular nucleus was studied in pentobarbital-anesthetized, cerebellectomized squirrel monkeys. Some so-called intact animals had six active semicircular canals. In other animals, the three canals on one side were rendered non-responsive by plugging, and data were obtained from the plugged and unplugged sides. There is no significant difference between the mean resting activities of units from the plugged and unplugged sides and from intact animals. Two observations appear to reflect a synergy of inputs from parallel canals. First, units on the unplugged side have roughly linear excitatory input-output relationships. Some plugged-side units exhibit an excitatory saturation. The nonlinear excitatory input-output relation of units from intact animals may result from addition of ipsilateral linear and contralateral nonlinear inputs. Second, the mean sensitivity to angular acceleration of units on the plugged and unplugged sides is significantly smaller than that of units from intact animals. Units responsive to stimulation in either of two canal planes showed response summation with simultaneous activation of the two inputs. Type III and type IV responses can result from such summation.", "contents": "Response to constant angular accelerations of neurons in the monkey superior vestibular nucleus. The response to constant angular acceleration of type I neurons in the superior vestibular nucleus was studied in pentobarbital-anesthetized, cerebellectomized squirrel monkeys. Some so-called intact animals had six active semicircular canals. In other animals, the three canals on one side were rendered non-responsive by plugging, and data were obtained from the plugged and unplugged sides. There is no significant difference between the mean resting activities of units from the plugged and unplugged sides and from intact animals. Two observations appear to reflect a synergy of inputs from parallel canals. First, units on the unplugged side have roughly linear excitatory input-output relationships. Some plugged-side units exhibit an excitatory saturation. The nonlinear excitatory input-output relation of units from intact animals may result from addition of ipsilateral linear and contralateral nonlinear inputs. Second, the mean sensitivity to angular acceleration of units on the plugged and unplugged sides is significantly smaller than that of units from intact animals. Units responsive to stimulation in either of two canal planes showed response summation with simultaneous activation of the two inputs. Type III and type IV responses can result from such summation.", "PMID": 95959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1926", "title": "Further evidence of impaired tactile learning after removals of the second somatic sensory projection cortex (SII) in the monkey.", "content": "Four rhesus monkeys with bilateral removals of SII and five unoperated monkeys were trained on tests of tactile equivalence, weight discrimination and generalization, tactile discrimination learning (including concurrent learning and serial reversal) and inter-manual transfer of tactile learning. Lesioned animals were impaired on almost all tactile learning tasks and on inter-manual transfer but not on the test of tactile equivalence nor on the propioceptive tasks. The results are considered in the context of previous studies of somatosensory and parietal cortex.", "contents": "Further evidence of impaired tactile learning after removals of the second somatic sensory projection cortex (SII) in the monkey. Four rhesus monkeys with bilateral removals of SII and five unoperated monkeys were trained on tests of tactile equivalence, weight discrimination and generalization, tactile discrimination learning (including concurrent learning and serial reversal) and inter-manual transfer of tactile learning. Lesioned animals were impaired on almost all tactile learning tasks and on inter-manual transfer but not on the test of tactile equivalence nor on the propioceptive tasks. The results are considered in the context of previous studies of somatosensory and parietal cortex.", "PMID": 95960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1927", "title": "Further studies on hepatic acidic glycosaminoglycans in the Hurler syndrome.", "content": "Acid GAG were isolated from hepatic tissue from 3 patients with Hurler syndrome and 3 normal controls. Gross elevations in the uronic acid and hexosamine contents were found in Hurler livers compared with the normal ones. The total GAG concentration was significantly increased (about 25fold) in Hurler patients.", "contents": "Further studies on hepatic acidic glycosaminoglycans in the Hurler syndrome. Acid GAG were isolated from hepatic tissue from 3 patients with Hurler syndrome and 3 normal controls. Gross elevations in the uronic acid and hexosamine contents were found in Hurler livers compared with the normal ones. The total GAG concentration was significantly increased (about 25fold) in Hurler patients.", "PMID": 95964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1928", "title": "Bacterial utilization of cyclo(glycl-L-prolyl).", "content": "3 strains of soil bacteria (2 Achromobacter, 1 Flavobacterium) were isolated by growth on cyclo(Gly-L-Pro) as carbon/nitrogen source. Good growth required yeast extract supplements. Utilization of cyclo(Gly-L-Pro) was inducible. Many efforts failed to obtain active cell-free preparations. Injected radioactive cyclo(Gly-L-Pro) was excreted intact by the albino rat; in contrast, injected radioactive H-Gly-L-Pro-OH was extensively metabolized.", "contents": "Bacterial utilization of cyclo(glycl-L-prolyl). 3 strains of soil bacteria (2 Achromobacter, 1 Flavobacterium) were isolated by growth on cyclo(Gly-L-Pro) as carbon/nitrogen source. Good growth required yeast extract supplements. Utilization of cyclo(Gly-L-Pro) was inducible. Many efforts failed to obtain active cell-free preparations. Injected radioactive cyclo(Gly-L-Pro) was excreted intact by the albino rat; in contrast, injected radioactive H-Gly-L-Pro-OH was extensively metabolized.", "PMID": 95965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1929", "title": "Quantitation of nitroglycerin in human blood after administration by sustained release.", "content": "Nitroglycerin was traced in the blood of 20 patients up to 4 h after oral administration of a sustained release preparation (Nitro-Mack Retard). The determination needs an extremely sensitive method using GLC-columns with 3% SE-30 (Packard) equipped with an electron capture detector.", "contents": "Quantitation of nitroglycerin in human blood after administration by sustained release. Nitroglycerin was traced in the blood of 20 patients up to 4 h after oral administration of a sustained release preparation (Nitro-Mack Retard). The determination needs an extremely sensitive method using GLC-columns with 3% SE-30 (Packard) equipped with an electron capture detector.", "PMID": 95967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1930", "title": "Extracellular fluid distribution in salt-hypertensive monkeys.", "content": "In salt-hypertensive monkeys, a decrease in plasma volume was found, inversely related to blood pressure level and not accompanied by a corresponding change in interstitial fluid volume.", "contents": "Extracellular fluid distribution in salt-hypertensive monkeys. In salt-hypertensive monkeys, a decrease in plasma volume was found, inversely related to blood pressure level and not accompanied by a corresponding change in interstitial fluid volume.", "PMID": 95968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1931", "title": "[Preparations of human dopamine beta hydroxylase subunits and antibodies against these subunits (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study deals with the dissociation of human dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) in subunits with a mol. wt of 79,500, and the preparation of specific antibodies in rabbits. No cross-reactivity was observed between human DBH and antibodies against human DBH subunits.", "contents": "[Preparations of human dopamine beta hydroxylase subunits and antibodies against these subunits (author's transl)]. The present study deals with the dissociation of human dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) in subunits with a mol. wt of 79,500, and the preparation of specific antibodies in rabbits. No cross-reactivity was observed between human DBH and antibodies against human DBH subunits.", "PMID": 95969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1932", "title": "Representation of moving stimuli by somatosensory neurons.", "content": "The findings obtained in neurophysiological and psychophysical investigations using tactile stimuli that move at constant velocity across the skin are reviewed. For certain neurons in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex (S-I) of macaque monkeys, direction of stimulus motion is a \"trigger feature\"\" i.e., moving tactile stimuli evoke vigorous discharge activity in these neurons only if the stimuli are moved in a particular direction across the receptive field. This directional selectivity is maximal when stimulus velocity is between 5 and 50 cm/sec, and falls off rapidly at lower or higher velocities. The capacity for human subjects to correctly identify the direction of stimulus motion on the skin exhibits a similar dependence on stimulus velocity. The similar effects of velocity on neural and psychophysical measures of directional sensitivity support the idea that direction of stimulus motion on the skin can only be recognized if the moving stimulus optimally activates the group of S-I neurons for which that directions of simulus motion is the trigger feature.", "contents": "Representation of moving stimuli by somatosensory neurons. The findings obtained in neurophysiological and psychophysical investigations using tactile stimuli that move at constant velocity across the skin are reviewed. For certain neurons in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex (S-I) of macaque monkeys, direction of stimulus motion is a \"trigger feature\"\" i.e., moving tactile stimuli evoke vigorous discharge activity in these neurons only if the stimuli are moved in a particular direction across the receptive field. This directional selectivity is maximal when stimulus velocity is between 5 and 50 cm/sec, and falls off rapidly at lower or higher velocities. The capacity for human subjects to correctly identify the direction of stimulus motion on the skin exhibits a similar dependence on stimulus velocity. The similar effects of velocity on neural and psychophysical measures of directional sensitivity support the idea that direction of stimulus motion on the skin can only be recognized if the moving stimulus optimally activates the group of S-I neurons for which that directions of simulus motion is the trigger feature.", "PMID": 95974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1933", "title": "[Effect of graded hypoxia and sodium oxybutyrate on the EEG of monkeys].", "content": "The effect on the EEG of a gaseous hypoxic mixture with 10 per cent of oxygen per se and with superimposed action of sodium oxybutyrate in a dose of 50 mg/kg was investigated in tests on macacas rhesus. Following introduction of sodium oxybutyrate an elimination of deviations from the initial EEG findings was registered.", "contents": "[Effect of graded hypoxia and sodium oxybutyrate on the EEG of monkeys]. The effect on the EEG of a gaseous hypoxic mixture with 10 per cent of oxygen per se and with superimposed action of sodium oxybutyrate in a dose of 50 mg/kg was investigated in tests on macacas rhesus. Following introduction of sodium oxybutyrate an elimination of deviations from the initial EEG findings was registered.", "PMID": 95970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1934", "title": "Neural representation of cutaneous aftersensations by spinothalamic tract neurons.", "content": "Temporal summation of second pain and long-lasting tactile-evoked aftersensations are examples of sensory phenomenons that cannot be explained on the basis of responses of primary afferents. Two distinct classes of monkey spinothalamic tract neurons have responses to controlled natural stimuli that parallel and thus could account for the above phenomenons. One class, termed wide-dynamic-range, receives excitatory effects from sensitive mechanoreceptive afferents and from various nociceptive afferents including Adelta and C mechanothermal nociceptive afferents. Another class, termed nociceptive-specific, receives excitatory effects exclusively from primary nociceptive afferents. Both classes respond with an early and late response to a single noxious heat pulse (peak temperature = 51 C). The late response, unlike C nociceptive afferents but like second pain, summates in magnitude with each successive heat pulse. Gentle moving tactile stimuli evoke long-lasting (20-56 sec) after-discharges only in wide dynamic range neurons, and are similar in duration to the tactile after-sensation evoked by similar stimuli. Both the after-discharges and after-sensations can be abruptly terminated by rubbing the affected region. Temporal summation of second pain and cutaneous after-sensations are at least partly subserved by spinal cord mechanisms within the dorsal horn and are manifested in the output of spinothalamic tract neurons.", "contents": "Neural representation of cutaneous aftersensations by spinothalamic tract neurons. Temporal summation of second pain and long-lasting tactile-evoked aftersensations are examples of sensory phenomenons that cannot be explained on the basis of responses of primary afferents. Two distinct classes of monkey spinothalamic tract neurons have responses to controlled natural stimuli that parallel and thus could account for the above phenomenons. One class, termed wide-dynamic-range, receives excitatory effects from sensitive mechanoreceptive afferents and from various nociceptive afferents including Adelta and C mechanothermal nociceptive afferents. Another class, termed nociceptive-specific, receives excitatory effects exclusively from primary nociceptive afferents. Both classes respond with an early and late response to a single noxious heat pulse (peak temperature = 51 C). The late response, unlike C nociceptive afferents but like second pain, summates in magnitude with each successive heat pulse. Gentle moving tactile stimuli evoke long-lasting (20-56 sec) after-discharges only in wide dynamic range neurons, and are similar in duration to the tactile after-sensation evoked by similar stimuli. Both the after-discharges and after-sensations can be abruptly terminated by rubbing the affected region. Temporal summation of second pain and cutaneous after-sensations are at least partly subserved by spinal cord mechanisms within the dorsal horn and are manifested in the output of spinothalamic tract neurons.", "PMID": 95975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1935", "title": "Mechanisms of neural integration in the parietal lobe for visual attention.", "content": "The impulse discharges of neurons in the inferior parietal association cortex (area 7) were studied in the alert, behaving rhesus monkey, trained to fixate and follow visual targets. Four classes of cells related to visual or visuomotor function were found. Cells of one of these are sensitive to visual stimuli and have large, contralateral receptive fields with maximal sensitivity in the far temporal quadrants. Cells of the other three classes are related to visuomotor functions: visual fixation, tracking, and saccades. They are neither sensory nor motor in the usual sense for they are activated only by interested fixation of gaze or tracking, or before visually evoked saccadic eye movements. They are not activated during the spontaneous saccades and fixations that the monkey makes while casually exploring his environment. It is hypothesized that the light-sensitive neurons provide the visual input to the visuomotor cells that, in turn, produce a command signal for the direction of visual attention and for shifting the focus of attention from one target to another.", "contents": "Mechanisms of neural integration in the parietal lobe for visual attention. The impulse discharges of neurons in the inferior parietal association cortex (area 7) were studied in the alert, behaving rhesus monkey, trained to fixate and follow visual targets. Four classes of cells related to visual or visuomotor function were found. Cells of one of these are sensitive to visual stimuli and have large, contralateral receptive fields with maximal sensitivity in the far temporal quadrants. Cells of the other three classes are related to visuomotor functions: visual fixation, tracking, and saccades. They are neither sensory nor motor in the usual sense for they are activated only by interested fixation of gaze or tracking, or before visually evoked saccadic eye movements. They are not activated during the spontaneous saccades and fixations that the monkey makes while casually exploring his environment. It is hypothesized that the light-sensitive neurons provide the visual input to the visuomotor cells that, in turn, produce a command signal for the direction of visual attention and for shifting the focus of attention from one target to another.", "PMID": 95976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1936", "title": "Sensory and behavioral properties of neurons in posterior parietal cortex of the awake, trained monkey.", "content": "Neurons in posterior parietal cortex of the awake, trained monkey respond to passive visual and/or somatosensory stimuli. In general, the receptive fields of these cells are large and nonspecific. When these neurons are studied during visually guided hand movements and eye movements, most of their activity can be accounted for by passive sensory stimulation. However, for some visual cells, the response to a stimulus is enhanced when it is to be the target for a saccadic eye movement. This enhancement is selective for eye movements into the visual receptive field since it does not occur with eye movements to other parts of the visual field. Cells that discharge in association with a visual fixation task have foveal receptive fields and respond to the spots of light used as fixation targets. Cells discharging selectively in association with different directions of tracking eye movements have directionally selective responses to moving visual stimuli. Every cell in our sample discharging in association with movement could be driven by passive sensory stimuli. We conclude that the activity of neurons in posterior parietal cortex is dependent on and indicative of external stimuli but not predictive of movement.", "contents": "Sensory and behavioral properties of neurons in posterior parietal cortex of the awake, trained monkey. Neurons in posterior parietal cortex of the awake, trained monkey respond to passive visual and/or somatosensory stimuli. In general, the receptive fields of these cells are large and nonspecific. When these neurons are studied during visually guided hand movements and eye movements, most of their activity can be accounted for by passive sensory stimulation. However, for some visual cells, the response to a stimulus is enhanced when it is to be the target for a saccadic eye movement. This enhancement is selective for eye movements into the visual receptive field since it does not occur with eye movements to other parts of the visual field. Cells that discharge in association with a visual fixation task have foveal receptive fields and respond to the spots of light used as fixation targets. Cells discharging selectively in association with different directions of tracking eye movements have directionally selective responses to moving visual stimuli. Every cell in our sample discharging in association with movement could be driven by passive sensory stimuli. We conclude that the activity of neurons in posterior parietal cortex is dependent on and indicative of external stimuli but not predictive of movement.", "PMID": 95977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1937", "title": "Fertility in the rhesus monkey following long-term inhibition of ovarian function with danazol.", "content": "Danazol was previously reported to be an oral contraceptive in the rhesus monkey at doses of 200 and 400 mg/monkey/day for 90 days. The drug is now shown to be an effective long-term inhibitor of ovarian function in the monkey. In the final 3 months of a 27-month period of treatment at a dose of 400 mg/monkey/day, the drug continued to be an effective oral contraceptive. During the 27-month treatment period, three of seven monkeys were amenorrheic and the remaining had only 16 of the 109 expected menstrual cycles. Following the discontinuation of medication, all seven monkeys conceived within 2 to 6 weeks. One monkey aborted early in pregnancy and the remaining six delivered normal, healthy infants at term. Therefore, following the discontinuation of long-term treatment with danazol in the monkey, there was rapid and complete return of normal ovarian function.", "contents": "Fertility in the rhesus monkey following long-term inhibition of ovarian function with danazol. Danazol was previously reported to be an oral contraceptive in the rhesus monkey at doses of 200 and 400 mg/monkey/day for 90 days. The drug is now shown to be an effective long-term inhibitor of ovarian function in the monkey. In the final 3 months of a 27-month period of treatment at a dose of 400 mg/monkey/day, the drug continued to be an effective oral contraceptive. During the 27-month treatment period, three of seven monkeys were amenorrheic and the remaining had only 16 of the 109 expected menstrual cycles. Following the discontinuation of medication, all seven monkeys conceived within 2 to 6 weeks. One monkey aborted early in pregnancy and the remaining six delivered normal, healthy infants at term. Therefore, following the discontinuation of long-term treatment with danazol in the monkey, there was rapid and complete return of normal ovarian function.", "PMID": 95978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1938", "title": "Studies of long-range density effects on the proliferation of 3T3 and RLCW cells in recirculated medium.", "content": "Swiss mouse 3T3 cells and rat liver-derived RLCW cells were grown in monolayers and perfused with culture medium. A flow-rate dependent increase in the growth rate was observed both by 3H-thymidine uptake and by a rise in cell numbers. The characteristics of the response were dependent on the recirculating volume and on whether serum was present in the culture medium. In RLC cultures perfused with serum-supplemented medium the growth promoting effect decreased with increasing density of the cells. In the absence of serum, recirculation of NCTC medium had no effect on RLCs but increased growth was observed in recirculated MEM. In 3T3 cultures, a linear response was observed over a limited density range in the presence of 10% serum-supplemented medium indicating that substances present in the serum substantially modify the behaviour of the monolayer to perfusion. In serum-free medium the effect of perfusion on 3T3 cultures was confined to a small density range and was consistent with the more rapid removal of a diffusible inhibitor from the pericellular environment by recirculating the medium. Treatment of the perfusing medium with immobilised proteinases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, protease) did not alter the response except in the presence of putrescine.", "contents": "Studies of long-range density effects on the proliferation of 3T3 and RLCW cells in recirculated medium. Swiss mouse 3T3 cells and rat liver-derived RLCW cells were grown in monolayers and perfused with culture medium. A flow-rate dependent increase in the growth rate was observed both by 3H-thymidine uptake and by a rise in cell numbers. The characteristics of the response were dependent on the recirculating volume and on whether serum was present in the culture medium. In RLC cultures perfused with serum-supplemented medium the growth promoting effect decreased with increasing density of the cells. In the absence of serum, recirculation of NCTC medium had no effect on RLCs but increased growth was observed in recirculated MEM. In 3T3 cultures, a linear response was observed over a limited density range in the presence of 10% serum-supplemented medium indicating that substances present in the serum substantially modify the behaviour of the monolayer to perfusion. In serum-free medium the effect of perfusion on 3T3 cultures was confined to a small density range and was consistent with the more rapid removal of a diffusible inhibitor from the pericellular environment by recirculating the medium. Treatment of the perfusing medium with immobilised proteinases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, protease) did not alter the response except in the presence of putrescine.", "PMID": 95985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1939", "title": "[Pseudomonas bacteriophage phiKZ--possible model for studying the genetic control of morphogenesis].", "content": "A description of structure and some bilogical properties of a new virulent Pseudomonas phage, phiKZ, is given in the paper. Phage phiKZ has unique characteristics of particle (a large size of the head and the presence in the head of a structure which is visible on electron micrographs as crosswise striated substance). A cause of high-titer phage phiKZ formation on plates has been investigated. Characteristics of single step growth experiments, sensitivity of free phage particles to heating, SDS-treatment, UV-light, cycles of freezing-thawing, osmotic shocking are determined. No exclusion is found of homologous phage at early stages of infection bacteria with phiKZ. Mutants of phiKZ with changed plaque morphology are isolated; the possibility of a recombination between the mutants is demonstrated. It is supposed that phage phiKZ may be used as excellent model for the study of genetic control of morphogenesis and packing of DNA in the phage head.", "contents": "[Pseudomonas bacteriophage phiKZ--possible model for studying the genetic control of morphogenesis]. A description of structure and some bilogical properties of a new virulent Pseudomonas phage, phiKZ, is given in the paper. Phage phiKZ has unique characteristics of particle (a large size of the head and the presence in the head of a structure which is visible on electron micrographs as crosswise striated substance). A cause of high-titer phage phiKZ formation on plates has been investigated. Characteristics of single step growth experiments, sensitivity of free phage particles to heating, SDS-treatment, UV-light, cycles of freezing-thawing, osmotic shocking are determined. No exclusion is found of homologous phage at early stages of infection bacteria with phiKZ. Mutants of phiKZ with changed plaque morphology are isolated; the possibility of a recombination between the mutants is demonstrated. It is supposed that phage phiKZ may be used as excellent model for the study of genetic control of morphogenesis and packing of DNA in the phage head.", "PMID": 95987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1940", "title": "Cloned seventeen-nucleotide-long synthetic lactose operator is biologically active.", "content": "A 17-nucleotide-long synthetic DNA molecule constituting the minimal recognition sequence of the lactose operator has been cloned in E. coli using the vehicle pBR313 and a synthetic HindIII adaptor. The clones containing the lac-pBR313 hybrid DNA constitutively produced beta-galactosidase. The level of beta-galactosidase was high and comparable to that obtained in cells carrying a 21-nucleotide-long synthetic lac operator on pMB9 plasmid or cells carrying a natural lac operator on pOP203-1 plasmid.", "contents": "Cloned seventeen-nucleotide-long synthetic lactose operator is biologically active. A 17-nucleotide-long synthetic DNA molecule constituting the minimal recognition sequence of the lactose operator has been cloned in E. coli using the vehicle pBR313 and a synthetic HindIII adaptor. The clones containing the lac-pBR313 hybrid DNA constitutively produced beta-galactosidase. The level of beta-galactosidase was high and comparable to that obtained in cells carrying a 21-nucleotide-long synthetic lac operator on pMB9 plasmid or cells carrying a natural lac operator on pOP203-1 plasmid.", "PMID": 95988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1941", "title": "Characterization of small plasmids from Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Small molecular weight plasmids from Staphylococcus aureus were characterized with respect to size, restriction enzyme cleavage pattern and transforming capacity. The plasmids pS194 and pC194 which encode streptomycin and chloramphenicol resistance respectively contained 3.0 and 2.0 megadaltons of DNA as determined by zonal rate centrifugation and electron-microscopy. Both plasmids transformed S. aureus wigh high efficiency. Plasmid pC194 contained only one cleavage site for endonuclease HindIII and pS194 contained single cleavage sites for HindIII and EcoRI. A natural recombinant between these two plasmids, pSC194, shared the high transforming capacity of the parental plasmids and contained one EcoRI site and two HindIII sites. pSC194 DNA also transformed B. subtilis with high efficiency. The recombinant plasmid pSC194 may be used as an EcoRI vector for construction and propagation of hybrid DNA in S. aureus as shown in the following paper (L\u00f6fdahl et al., 1978).", "contents": "Characterization of small plasmids from Staphylococcus aureus. Small molecular weight plasmids from Staphylococcus aureus were characterized with respect to size, restriction enzyme cleavage pattern and transforming capacity. The plasmids pS194 and pC194 which encode streptomycin and chloramphenicol resistance respectively contained 3.0 and 2.0 megadaltons of DNA as determined by zonal rate centrifugation and electron-microscopy. Both plasmids transformed S. aureus wigh high efficiency. Plasmid pC194 contained only one cleavage site for endonuclease HindIII and pS194 contained single cleavage sites for HindIII and EcoRI. A natural recombinant between these two plasmids, pSC194, shared the high transforming capacity of the parental plasmids and contained one EcoRI site and two HindIII sites. pSC194 DNA also transformed B. subtilis with high efficiency. The recombinant plasmid pSC194 may be used as an EcoRI vector for construction and propagation of hybrid DNA in S. aureus as shown in the following paper (L\u00f6fdahl et al., 1978).", "PMID": 95989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1942", "title": "Inhibition of PGI2 (prostacyclin) synthesis in the arterial wall enhances the formation of white platelet thrombi in vivo.", "content": "Prostaglandins play an important role in platelet-vessel wall interactions. Cyclic endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2 are transformed to PGI2 (prostacyclin) within the arterial wall. The inhibition of PGI2 synthetase results in a marked enhancement of white platelet thrombus formations. This finding suggests that the synthesis of PGI2 from PGG2 and PGH2 accounts for the nonthrombogenicity of the endothelium.", "contents": "Inhibition of PGI2 (prostacyclin) synthesis in the arterial wall enhances the formation of white platelet thrombi in vivo. Prostaglandins play an important role in platelet-vessel wall interactions. Cyclic endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2 are transformed to PGI2 (prostacyclin) within the arterial wall. The inhibition of PGI2 synthetase results in a marked enhancement of white platelet thrombus formations. This finding suggests that the synthesis of PGI2 from PGG2 and PGH2 accounts for the nonthrombogenicity of the endothelium.", "PMID": 95991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1943", "title": "Banding patterns of the chromosomes of Nycticebus coucang (Boddaert, 1785).", "content": "Q, G and C banding studies of the chromosomes of Nycticebus coucang permitted the identification of all pairs in the complement. The X was a long submetacentric, the Y a rather long metacentric. All members of the complement were non-acrocentrics. The differences between the 2n = 52 and the 2n = 50 karyotypes described in this species may be due to a centric translocation mechanism.", "contents": "Banding patterns of the chromosomes of Nycticebus coucang (Boddaert, 1785). Q, G and C banding studies of the chromosomes of Nycticebus coucang permitted the identification of all pairs in the complement. The X was a long submetacentric, the Y a rather long metacentric. All members of the complement were non-acrocentrics. The differences between the 2n = 52 and the 2n = 50 karyotypes described in this species may be due to a centric translocation mechanism.", "PMID": 95993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1944", "title": "Development of behavior in Lemur macaco in the first nineteen weeks.", "content": "Eight young Lemur macaco were observed in a zoo during the first 19 weeks of life. Data were obtained on general motor development, development of independence from the mother, contributions of mothers and young to thhe maintenance of proximity, nursing, grooming, relations between twins, play, feeding, sexual dichromatism, and communication. The results are compared with similar data from other prosimians and from anthropoid primates, and some suggestions made about the evolutionary and adaptive significance of certain aspects of L. macaco development.", "contents": "Development of behavior in Lemur macaco in the first nineteen weeks. Eight young Lemur macaco were observed in a zoo during the first 19 weeks of life. Data were obtained on general motor development, development of independence from the mother, contributions of mothers and young to thhe maintenance of proximity, nursing, grooming, relations between twins, play, feeding, sexual dichromatism, and communication. The results are compared with similar data from other prosimians and from anthropoid primates, and some suggestions made about the evolutionary and adaptive significance of certain aspects of L. macaco development.", "PMID": 95994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1945", "title": "Postreproductive survival and behavior in a free-ranging female mangabey.", "content": "The survival and behavior of a postreproductive free-ranging female Cercocebus albigena is documented; her patterns of grooming, aggression, and other social and spatial relationships with members of her group are described and compared with those of other, cycling, females. The phenomenon of female postreproductive survival in free-ranging nonhuman primates is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Postreproductive survival and behavior in a free-ranging female mangabey. The survival and behavior of a postreproductive free-ranging female Cercocebus albigena is documented; her patterns of grooming, aggression, and other social and spatial relationships with members of her group are described and compared with those of other, cycling, females. The phenomenon of female postreproductive survival in free-ranging nonhuman primates is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 95995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1946", "title": "Middle ear morphology of Lemur variegatus. Some implications for primate paleontology.", "content": "The middle ear morphology of Lemur variegatus, a strepsirhine primate, is described. Although no promontory branch of the internal carotid artery appears, there is a well-developed \"promontory canal\" containing a nerve trunk. This structure, which is previously undescribed in strepsirhines, is made up of the tympanic nerve and the internal carotid nerve. The implications of this discovery for paleontology, systematics, and future research are discussed.", "contents": "Middle ear morphology of Lemur variegatus. Some implications for primate paleontology. The middle ear morphology of Lemur variegatus, a strepsirhine primate, is described. Although no promontory branch of the internal carotid artery appears, there is a well-developed \"promontory canal\" containing a nerve trunk. This structure, which is previously undescribed in strepsirhines, is made up of the tympanic nerve and the internal carotid nerve. The implications of this discovery for paleontology, systematics, and future research are discussed.", "PMID": 95996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1947", "title": "Genetic variation of aldehyde dehydrogenase in primates.", "content": "Genetic variation of aldehyde dehydrogenase has been demonstrated in catarrhine primates. The results are in accordance with the formal genetic interpretation: three alleles, AldDH1, AldDH2, AldDH3, at the gene locus AldDH. Obviously, the allele AldDH1 has undergone fixation in Homo and Hylobates, the allele AldDH2 in Macaca and Papio, and the allele AldDH3 in Cercopithecus.", "contents": "Genetic variation of aldehyde dehydrogenase in primates. Genetic variation of aldehyde dehydrogenase has been demonstrated in catarrhine primates. The results are in accordance with the formal genetic interpretation: three alleles, AldDH1, AldDH2, AldDH3, at the gene locus AldDH. Obviously, the allele AldDH1 has undergone fixation in Homo and Hylobates, the allele AldDH2 in Macaca and Papio, and the allele AldDH3 in Cercopithecus.", "PMID": 95997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1948", "title": "[Transplantation of isolated islands of Langerhans for the treatment of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The historical development of research on islets transplantation is briefly reviewed followed by a description of a technique using Ficoll gradient separation to obtain islets of Langerhans from the rat pancreas. It was possible to increase the number of islets obtained with this procedure by modifying it in several ways. The islets were then transplanted in an isologue manner into rats with streptocotocin-induced diabetes. The effect of transplantation on glucose metabolism in these rats was evaluated both by determination of the general symptoms typical for diabetes as well as by the performance of such functional tests as IVGTT, GAC and tolbutamide test. The islets could be transplanted into various locations, but it was found that positive results were obtained only if the liver was the site of application and if than 2100 islets were used. Three hours after transplantation normalization of blood sugar levels and serum insulin could be observed; these levels remained stable over 18 months. It was possible to transplant in the same animal several times. This had an effect on the metabolism which was equivalent to the sum of the separate transplants. By means of both light and electron microscope examination the morphological changes which the transplanted islets underwent at the site of transplantation were observed.", "contents": "[Transplantation of isolated islands of Langerhans for the treatment of diabetes mellitus]. The historical development of research on islets transplantation is briefly reviewed followed by a description of a technique using Ficoll gradient separation to obtain islets of Langerhans from the rat pancreas. It was possible to increase the number of islets obtained with this procedure by modifying it in several ways. The islets were then transplanted in an isologue manner into rats with streptocotocin-induced diabetes. The effect of transplantation on glucose metabolism in these rats was evaluated both by determination of the general symptoms typical for diabetes as well as by the performance of such functional tests as IVGTT, GAC and tolbutamide test. The islets could be transplanted into various locations, but it was found that positive results were obtained only if the liver was the site of application and if than 2100 islets were used. Three hours after transplantation normalization of blood sugar levels and serum insulin could be observed; these levels remained stable over 18 months. It was possible to transplant in the same animal several times. This had an effect on the metabolism which was equivalent to the sum of the separate transplants. By means of both light and electron microscope examination the morphological changes which the transplanted islets underwent at the site of transplantation were observed.", "PMID": 96000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1949", "title": "[Early diagnosis of neoplasms in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg].", "content": "In the Federal Republic of Germany an official cancer screening program was started on July 1, 1971. The following sites are included: for males rectum and prostate, for females breast, cervix uteri, corpus uteri, ovaries, rectum. Since January 1, 1975, in addition skin, male genitalia, bladder and kidneys are screened. The official reports only deal with suspects and not with confirmed cases. The cancer registry of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg is particularly  involved in evaluating the results of the screening program. Of all confirmed cancers of the cervix uteri more than 50 per cent are detected by screening. Non-invasive forms represent a little more than 50 per cent of the total. Approximately one case in six of cancer of the breast or cancer of the prostate is diagnosed by screening procedures. In all other sites the percentage is 5 or less. The participation in the program varies by age and sex. Half of the women in the age group from 30 to 44 participate in the program but only about 3 per cent in the group over 75. In males, the program is aimed at the higher age groups. The total expenditure of the social health insurance in 1976 was 63 billion DM, for all screening measures 403 million DM, that is 0.6 per cent of the total amount. The contribution of the program in relation to the total cancer incidence is discussed.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of neoplasms in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg]. In the Federal Republic of Germany an official cancer screening program was started on July 1, 1971. The following sites are included: for males rectum and prostate, for females breast, cervix uteri, corpus uteri, ovaries, rectum. Since January 1, 1975, in addition skin, male genitalia, bladder and kidneys are screened. The official reports only deal with suspects and not with confirmed cases. The cancer registry of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg is particularly  involved in evaluating the results of the screening program. Of all confirmed cancers of the cervix uteri more than 50 per cent are detected by screening. Non-invasive forms represent a little more than 50 per cent of the total. Approximately one case in six of cancer of the breast or cancer of the prostate is diagnosed by screening procedures. In all other sites the percentage is 5 or less. The participation in the program varies by age and sex. Half of the women in the age group from 30 to 44 participate in the program but only about 3 per cent in the group over 75. In males, the program is aimed at the higher age groups. The total expenditure of the social health insurance in 1976 was 63 billion DM, for all screening measures 403 million DM, that is 0.6 per cent of the total amount. The contribution of the program in relation to the total cancer incidence is discussed.", "PMID": 96001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1950", "title": "[Early diagnosis of hereditary metabolic diseases in the newborn by means of microbiological Guthrie tests].", "content": "The screening method of so-called bacterial inhibition and growth assay (Guthrie-test) is described and the number of newborn babies tested over the whole of West Germany from 1969--1974 is stated. 626 cases of PKU were detected early and tested after these dates. Only a few german laboratories are able to detect other inborn errors of metabolism such as MSUD (maple syrup urine disease), homocystinuria, histidinemia and galactosemia. The ratio of illnesses therefore can only be estimated and not stated with statistical evidence.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of hereditary metabolic diseases in the newborn by means of microbiological Guthrie tests]. The screening method of so-called bacterial inhibition and growth assay (Guthrie-test) is described and the number of newborn babies tested over the whole of West Germany from 1969--1974 is stated. 626 cases of PKU were detected early and tested after these dates. Only a few german laboratories are able to detect other inborn errors of metabolism such as MSUD (maple syrup urine disease), homocystinuria, histidinemia and galactosemia. The ratio of illnesses therefore can only be estimated and not stated with statistical evidence.", "PMID": 96002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1951", "title": "Observations on the use of an autoanalyser and a manual technique for the detection of the red cell antigens C, D, E, c, K and S in bloodstains.", "content": "The results of the detection of the Rh antigens (D, C, E, c) and the S and K antigens by an elution technique comparing the AutoAnalyser and a manual method for the detection of eluted antibody are presented. Investigation of a series of anti-D sera demonstrates that while it is not too difficult to select antisera for the detection of the D antigen in fresh stains (i.e. up to 4 weeks old) some of these sera will not be satisfactory for typing older stains. The AutoAnalyser system used is low ionic strength/polybrene which has a capacity for detecting 0.002 microgram/ml of anti-D, but in spite of this degree of sensitivity the manual technique for the detection of eluted antibody compared very favourably and tended, where older stains were being tested, to give more conclusive results than the AutoAnalyser. The superiority of the manual technique was most pronounced when detecting the S and K antigens.", "contents": "Observations on the use of an autoanalyser and a manual technique for the detection of the red cell antigens C, D, E, c, K and S in bloodstains. The results of the detection of the Rh antigens (D, C, E, c) and the S and K antigens by an elution technique comparing the AutoAnalyser and a manual method for the detection of eluted antibody are presented. Investigation of a series of anti-D sera demonstrates that while it is not too difficult to select antisera for the detection of the D antigen in fresh stains (i.e. up to 4 weeks old) some of these sera will not be satisfactory for typing older stains. The AutoAnalyser system used is low ionic strength/polybrene which has a capacity for detecting 0.002 microgram/ml of anti-D, but in spite of this degree of sensitivity the manual technique for the detection of eluted antibody compared very favourably and tended, where older stains were being tested, to give more conclusive results than the AutoAnalyser. The superiority of the manual technique was most pronounced when detecting the S and K antigens.", "PMID": 95999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1952", "title": "Steroids and sexual behavior in castrated male rheusus monkeys.", "content": "Sexual behavior of long-term castrated rhesus males was not increased by administration of the hydroxylated metabolite of testosterone (T), 17 beta, 19-dihydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one diacetate (19-OH-DHTA) at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day. Simultaneous administration of 19-OH-DHTA and estradiol benzoate (EB) also failed to increase the level of sexual performance, but daily injection (1 mg/kg/day) of testosterone propionate (TP) was very effective in effective in activating sexual behavior.", "contents": "Steroids and sexual behavior in castrated male rheusus monkeys. Sexual behavior of long-term castrated rhesus males was not increased by administration of the hydroxylated metabolite of testosterone (T), 17 beta, 19-dihydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one diacetate (19-OH-DHTA) at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day. Simultaneous administration of 19-OH-DHTA and estradiol benzoate (EB) also failed to increase the level of sexual performance, but daily injection (1 mg/kg/day) of testosterone propionate (TP) was very effective in effective in activating sexual behavior.", "PMID": 96004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1953", "title": "Teamwork eases long-term care admissions.", "content": "The teamwork approach to admitting new residents used at St. Joseph Home of Chicago, Inc., is based on the philosophy that proper admission of new residents can help lessen the apprehensions as elderly people open the \"forbidding\" door to a long-term care facility. The team approach begins before an applicant is accepted and continues through the new resident's initial period of adjusting to a new home.", "contents": "Teamwork eases long-term care admissions. The teamwork approach to admitting new residents used at St. Joseph Home of Chicago, Inc., is based on the philosophy that proper admission of new residents can help lessen the apprehensions as elderly people open the \"forbidding\" door to a long-term care facility. The team approach begins before an applicant is accepted and continues through the new resident's initial period of adjusting to a new home.", "PMID": 96005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1954", "title": "[Gram-positive bacteria as adjuvants (author's transl)].", "content": "Gram-positive bacteria or their constituents influence the immune response in various ways. For instance: Listeria monocytogenes cellwall fraction acts as B-cell mitogen, in this way enhancing a humoral immune response. Corynebacterium parvum acts as a macrophage stimulant evoking maximum macrophage activation. BCG, among other things, leads to an enhancement of a T-cell response to unrelated antigens. The hypothetical therapeutic consequences are discussed.", "contents": "[Gram-positive bacteria as adjuvants (author's transl)]. Gram-positive bacteria or their constituents influence the immune response in various ways. For instance: Listeria monocytogenes cellwall fraction acts as B-cell mitogen, in this way enhancing a humoral immune response. Corynebacterium parvum acts as a macrophage stimulant evoking maximum macrophage activation. BCG, among other things, leads to an enhancement of a T-cell response to unrelated antigens. The hypothetical therapeutic consequences are discussed.", "PMID": 96006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1955", "title": "Selective platelet immune retention.", "content": "Inbred rats were immunized with Freund's Adjuvant containing proteins of Mycogacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium butyrium, or dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Native arterial blood was then passed over glass beads coated with those antigens. The platelet retention on the glass beads was measured. Rats immunized with Complete Freund's Adjuvant developed accelerated platelet retention on beads coated with protein derivatives of tuberculosis (PPD) after just 18 seconds of blood flow. Rats immunized twice maintained selective retention longer than those immunized once. The test animals developed no cutaneous hypersensitivity nor precipitin lines on Ouchterlong gels against PPD. Rats sensitized to DNCB had accelerated platelet retention on DNCB-coated beads. Results were temperature and complement dependent, and antigen-specific. Heparin caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the accelerated retention. PPD potentiated the ADP-induced aggregation of plateletrich plasma (PRP) from immunized rats. These experiments suggest that platelets react selectively to antigens in the intravascular spaces in immune reactions.", "contents": "Selective platelet immune retention. Inbred rats were immunized with Freund's Adjuvant containing proteins of Mycogacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium butyrium, or dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Native arterial blood was then passed over glass beads coated with those antigens. The platelet retention on the glass beads was measured. Rats immunized with Complete Freund's Adjuvant developed accelerated platelet retention on beads coated with protein derivatives of tuberculosis (PPD) after just 18 seconds of blood flow. Rats immunized twice maintained selective retention longer than those immunized once. The test animals developed no cutaneous hypersensitivity nor precipitin lines on Ouchterlong gels against PPD. Rats sensitized to DNCB had accelerated platelet retention on DNCB-coated beads. Results were temperature and complement dependent, and antigen-specific. Heparin caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the accelerated retention. PPD potentiated the ADP-induced aggregation of plateletrich plasma (PRP) from immunized rats. These experiments suggest that platelets react selectively to antigens in the intravascular spaces in immune reactions.", "PMID": 96007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1956", "title": "Further studies on the H-2 linked dependence of the adjuvant action of Brucella abortus.", "content": "The B 19S strain of Brucella abortus is found to act as an adjuvant to the anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) reaction in some congenic strains of mice but not in others. If the recipient is H-2b, there is no adjuvant effect (B 19S); neither is there (thymus-dependent anti-B 19S reaction as measured by thymocyte activation and change of electrophoretic mobility. In contrast, there is a thymus-independent anti-B 19S reaction (production of haemagglutinins) as good in the H-2b mice as in the others. Experiments with T cell deprived mice show that the adjuvant action of B 19S is thymus-dependent. As the anti-SRBC reaction without adjuvant is also thymus-dependent, it is difficult to distinguish anti-SRBC and anti-B 19S reactions from the adjuvant action of B 19S on the anti-SRBC reaction. Several explanations are possible, all involving H-2 (Ir?) controlled thymus dependent mechanisms.", "contents": "Further studies on the H-2 linked dependence of the adjuvant action of Brucella abortus. The B 19S strain of Brucella abortus is found to act as an adjuvant to the anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) reaction in some congenic strains of mice but not in others. If the recipient is H-2b, there is no adjuvant effect (B 19S); neither is there (thymus-dependent anti-B 19S reaction as measured by thymocyte activation and change of electrophoretic mobility. In contrast, there is a thymus-independent anti-B 19S reaction (production of haemagglutinins) as good in the H-2b mice as in the others. Experiments with T cell deprived mice show that the adjuvant action of B 19S is thymus-dependent. As the anti-SRBC reaction without adjuvant is also thymus-dependent, it is difficult to distinguish anti-SRBC and anti-B 19S reactions from the adjuvant action of B 19S on the anti-SRBC reaction. Several explanations are possible, all involving H-2 (Ir?) controlled thymus dependent mechanisms.", "PMID": 96008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1957", "title": "A comparison of the N-terminal amino acid sequences of early and late pools of anti-DNP and anti-DNP-p-aminobenzoylglutamate antibody light chains.", "content": "The N-terminal amino acid sequences of early and late pools of anti-DNP and anti-DNP-p-aminobenzoylglutamate (DNP-ABG) antibody light chains were quantitatively determined and compared. The amino acid composition at each locus of the N-terminal 20 amino acid residues of each light chain preparation was determined using automatic sequencing techniques coupled with high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The sequence data obtained for the light chains corresponding to antibodies isolated early in the immune response (3-4 weeks) were essentially the same as those for light chains from antibodies isolated late in the response (12-14 weeks). In addition, it was observed that the sequence data obtained for the anti-DNP antibody light chain preparation were almost identical to those found for two anti-DNP-ABG antibody light \"hain preparations. The sequence data obtained in the present study were compared with those obtained for normal rabbit light chains and with the composite sequence data published for other rabbit anti-hapten light chains.", "contents": "A comparison of the N-terminal amino acid sequences of early and late pools of anti-DNP and anti-DNP-p-aminobenzoylglutamate antibody light chains. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of early and late pools of anti-DNP and anti-DNP-p-aminobenzoylglutamate (DNP-ABG) antibody light chains were quantitatively determined and compared. The amino acid composition at each locus of the N-terminal 20 amino acid residues of each light chain preparation was determined using automatic sequencing techniques coupled with high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The sequence data obtained for the light chains corresponding to antibodies isolated early in the immune response (3-4 weeks) were essentially the same as those for light chains from antibodies isolated late in the response (12-14 weeks). In addition, it was observed that the sequence data obtained for the anti-DNP antibody light chain preparation were almost identical to those found for two anti-DNP-ABG antibody light \"hain preparations. The sequence data obtained in the present study were compared with those obtained for normal rabbit light chains and with the composite sequence data published for other rabbit anti-hapten light chains.", "PMID": 96009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1958", "title": "Further studies of immunoglobulin synthesis by guinea pig leukaemic lymphocytes.", "content": "The L2C leukaemia is a B-lymphocytic neoplasm of strain 2 guinea-pigs, maintained by passaging in vivo. It synthesizes mu and lambda immunoglobulin chains. These combines to form monomeric (7S) IgM molecules which are inserted into the plasma membranes. From here they are shed as monomeric IgM and as a species of higher molecular weight which has not been further defined. The synthesis of lambda chain is in excess of that required for the IgM molecule, the surplus being exported directly from the cell without any intervening phase in the plasma membrane. Quantitative estimates of synthetic rates and pool sizes for these immunoglobulin species are presented.", "contents": "Further studies of immunoglobulin synthesis by guinea pig leukaemic lymphocytes. The L2C leukaemia is a B-lymphocytic neoplasm of strain 2 guinea-pigs, maintained by passaging in vivo. It synthesizes mu and lambda immunoglobulin chains. These combines to form monomeric (7S) IgM molecules which are inserted into the plasma membranes. From here they are shed as monomeric IgM and as a species of higher molecular weight which has not been further defined. The synthesis of lambda chain is in excess of that required for the IgM molecule, the surplus being exported directly from the cell without any intervening phase in the plasma membrane. Quantitative estimates of synthetic rates and pool sizes for these immunoglobulin species are presented.", "PMID": 96010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1959", "title": "Increased phagocytic activity of splenectomized mice challenged with Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "Adult splenectomized mice exhibit increased resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Phagocytosis, by reticulo-endothelial cells, of test particles (51Cr-labelled sheep erythrocytes) is the same in splenectomized and control mice. However, 24 h exposure to Listeria, which fails to influence phagocytic activity of normal mice, greatly enhances the blood clearance and liver uptake of the test particles in splenectomized mice. The presence of a cell population and/or product in the spleen which modulates macrophage activation upon the exposure to appropriate stimuli is postulated.", "contents": "Increased phagocytic activity of splenectomized mice challenged with Listeria monocytogenes. Adult splenectomized mice exhibit increased resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Phagocytosis, by reticulo-endothelial cells, of test particles (51Cr-labelled sheep erythrocytes) is the same in splenectomized and control mice. However, 24 h exposure to Listeria, which fails to influence phagocytic activity of normal mice, greatly enhances the blood clearance and liver uptake of the test particles in splenectomized mice. The presence of a cell population and/or product in the spleen which modulates macrophage activation upon the exposure to appropriate stimuli is postulated.", "PMID": 96011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1960", "title": "Pregnancy-associated plasma proteins in pregnant and pseudopregnant rats.", "content": "As in the human, the rat pregnancy-associated plasma proteins consisted of four distinct entities as revealed by immunological methods. All showed gradual increases during gestation and rapid disappearance postpartum. They could be physicochemically, although not immunologically, tentatively related to the human pregnancy proteins. None of them was detectable in the serum of rats at various stages of pseudopregnancy, nor in nonpregnant rats.", "contents": "Pregnancy-associated plasma proteins in pregnant and pseudopregnant rats. As in the human, the rat pregnancy-associated plasma proteins consisted of four distinct entities as revealed by immunological methods. All showed gradual increases during gestation and rapid disappearance postpartum. They could be physicochemically, although not immunologically, tentatively related to the human pregnancy proteins. None of them was detectable in the serum of rats at various stages of pseudopregnancy, nor in nonpregnant rats.", "PMID": 96029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1961", "title": "Optimal conditions for Fc receptor-ligand interaction.", "content": "The temperature and time dependence for Fc receptor-ligand interaction have been investigated in a murine lymphoblastoid cell line. The binding of antibody-coated erythrocytes or radioiodinated heat-aggregated IgG was evaluated at varying time points during incubation at 4, 21 or 37 degrees C. Maximum rosette formation was observed by 10 min incubation at 21 degrees C if cell suspensions were first centrifuged at 200 g for 2 min. Longer incubation periods were required in the absence of centrifugation. The kinetics of aggregate IgG binding were similar to rosette formation without centrifugation. The results demonstrate that receptor-ligand interaction in this system is both temperature and time-dependent.", "contents": "Optimal conditions for Fc receptor-ligand interaction. The temperature and time dependence for Fc receptor-ligand interaction have been investigated in a murine lymphoblastoid cell line. The binding of antibody-coated erythrocytes or radioiodinated heat-aggregated IgG was evaluated at varying time points during incubation at 4, 21 or 37 degrees C. Maximum rosette formation was observed by 10 min incubation at 21 degrees C if cell suspensions were first centrifuged at 200 g for 2 min. Longer incubation periods were required in the absence of centrifugation. The kinetics of aggregate IgG binding were similar to rosette formation without centrifugation. The results demonstrate that receptor-ligand interaction in this system is both temperature and time-dependent.", "PMID": 96030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1962", "title": "Characterization and purification of pregnancy-associated plasma protein B (PAPP-B).", "content": "PAPP-B is a pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein of large molecular weight, about 1,000,000 as determined by Sepharose 4B and 6B gel filtration. Its isoelectric point is between pH 4.6 and 5.0. It has been purified at least 800-fold from term pregnancy serum by a sequence of steps involving salting out at 30% saturation with ammonium sulfate (1,2M), DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sepharose 4B gel filtration and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Monospecific antiserum to PAPP-B has been prepared, and used to differentiate it from several other newly reported tumor or pregnancy proteins. PAPP-B was found to increase slowly during the second trimester of pregnancy and more steeply during the third, reaching a plateau in late gestation. During the postpartum period, PAPP-B disappeared quite rapidly, with an apparent half-life of less than 1 day.", "contents": "Characterization and purification of pregnancy-associated plasma protein B (PAPP-B). PAPP-B is a pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein of large molecular weight, about 1,000,000 as determined by Sepharose 4B and 6B gel filtration. Its isoelectric point is between pH 4.6 and 5.0. It has been purified at least 800-fold from term pregnancy serum by a sequence of steps involving salting out at 30% saturation with ammonium sulfate (1,2M), DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sepharose 4B gel filtration and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Monospecific antiserum to PAPP-B has been prepared, and used to differentiate it from several other newly reported tumor or pregnancy proteins. PAPP-B was found to increase slowly during the second trimester of pregnancy and more steeply during the third, reaching a plateau in late gestation. During the postpartum period, PAPP-B disappeared quite rapidly, with an apparent half-life of less than 1 day.", "PMID": 96031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1963", "title": "Transformation of marmoset lymphocytes in vitro with Herpesvirus ateles.", "content": "Circulating lymphocytes from three species of marmoset monkeys were transformed in vitro with Herpesvirus ateles (HVA) either by co-cultivation with lethally X-irradiated HVA-producing lymphoblastoid cells or by infection with cell-free virus: 42 transformed lymphocyte cultures were obtained from 72 transformation attempts. Attempts to transform squirrel monkey lymphocytes were unsuccessful in 29 attempts. Association of HVA with each transformed culture was demonstrated by staining of antigen-positive cells in indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) tests and recovery of HVA after co-cultivation of the transformed cells with permissive monolayer cells. Cells of most transformed cultures possessed T lymphocyte properties: i.e. formation of E rosettes, reactivity with a specific anti-marmoset T lymphocyte serum and lack of surface Ig.", "contents": "Transformation of marmoset lymphocytes in vitro with Herpesvirus ateles. Circulating lymphocytes from three species of marmoset monkeys were transformed in vitro with Herpesvirus ateles (HVA) either by co-cultivation with lethally X-irradiated HVA-producing lymphoblastoid cells or by infection with cell-free virus: 42 transformed lymphocyte cultures were obtained from 72 transformation attempts. Attempts to transform squirrel monkey lymphocytes were unsuccessful in 29 attempts. Association of HVA with each transformed culture was demonstrated by staining of antigen-positive cells in indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) tests and recovery of HVA after co-cultivation of the transformed cells with permissive monolayer cells. Cells of most transformed cultures possessed T lymphocyte properties: i.e. formation of E rosettes, reactivity with a specific anti-marmoset T lymphocyte serum and lack of surface Ig.", "PMID": 96033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1964", "title": "Acrodermatitis enteropathica.", "content": "Acrodermatisis enteropathical has had a remarkable hist orical course beginning only 35 years ago, first passing through a period of empiric management with the 8-hydroxyquinoline drugs and culminating with the discovery of a biochemical effect in zinc absorption. This accomplishment has not only resulted in the cure of a serious and often fatal disease, but has opened the way to an understanding of the vital role played by the trace element zinc in many previously unrecognized areas of human physiology.", "contents": "Acrodermatitis enteropathica. Acrodermatisis enteropathical has had a remarkable hist orical course beginning only 35 years ago, first passing through a period of empiric management with the 8-hydroxyquinoline drugs and culminating with the discovery of a biochemical effect in zinc absorption. This accomplishment has not only resulted in the cure of a serious and often fatal disease, but has opened the way to an understanding of the vital role played by the trace element zinc in many previously unrecognized areas of human physiology.", "PMID": 96035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1965", "title": "Nerve fiber layer astrocytes of the primate retina: morphology, distribution, and density.", "content": "The nerve fiber layer of several species of primate has been studied with Golgi silver impregnations and Nissl stains. The morphology, distribution, and density of fibrous astrocytes of the nerve fiber layer are described. Two classes of astrocytes are distinguished: elongated cells whose processes parallel the nerve fiber bundles and cover a rectangular area more than two time longer than wide without vascular contact and stellate cells whose processes conspicuously cross the nerve fiber bundles to cover a slightly oval area and make unspecialized vascular contacts. The density of glial nuclei in the nerve fiber layer is roughly proportional to the thickness of the layer all across the retina, so that higher densities are seen in specialized regions such as the arcuate nerve fiber bundles and near the optic disc.", "contents": "Nerve fiber layer astrocytes of the primate retina: morphology, distribution, and density. The nerve fiber layer of several species of primate has been studied with Golgi silver impregnations and Nissl stains. The morphology, distribution, and density of fibrous astrocytes of the nerve fiber layer are described. Two classes of astrocytes are distinguished: elongated cells whose processes parallel the nerve fiber bundles and cover a rectangular area more than two time longer than wide without vascular contact and stellate cells whose processes conspicuously cross the nerve fiber bundles to cover a slightly oval area and make unspecialized vascular contacts. The density of glial nuclei in the nerve fiber layer is roughly proportional to the thickness of the layer all across the retina, so that higher densities are seen in specialized regions such as the arcuate nerve fiber bundles and near the optic disc.", "PMID": 96038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1966", "title": "Demonstration of tyrosinase in the adult bovine uveal tract and retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "Modern techniques offer an opportunity for a more complete evaluation of melanin production in the uvea and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). By measuring the release of tritium from tritiated tyrosine in homogenized samples of adult bovine RPE as well as iris and choroid, tyrosinase activity could be demonstrated in both the uveal tract and the RPE. Phenylthiourea, a specific tyrosinase inhibitor, markedly decreased tyrosinase activity, whereas 3-iodo-tyrosine, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, had no effect. These techniques indicate tyrosinase activity in the uveal tract and the RPE of adult cattle. This is the first biochemical demonstration of tyrosinase in adult RPE.", "contents": "Demonstration of tyrosinase in the adult bovine uveal tract and retinal pigment epithelium. Modern techniques offer an opportunity for a more complete evaluation of melanin production in the uvea and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). By measuring the release of tritium from tritiated tyrosine in homogenized samples of adult bovine RPE as well as iris and choroid, tyrosinase activity could be demonstrated in both the uveal tract and the RPE. Phenylthiourea, a specific tyrosinase inhibitor, markedly decreased tyrosinase activity, whereas 3-iodo-tyrosine, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, had no effect. These techniques indicate tyrosinase activity in the uveal tract and the RPE of adult cattle. This is the first biochemical demonstration of tyrosinase in adult RPE.", "PMID": 96039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1967", "title": "The effect of blood on ocular fundus reflectance and determination of some optical properties of retinal blood vessels.", "content": "Light reflected from 50 micrometer diameter spots on the fundi of two adult rhesus monkeys was measured as a function of wavelength in 10 nm jumps from 400 to 900 nm. The areas measured were a retinal artery and vein, areas of the disk, macula, and retina devoid of visible blood vessels, and the foveola. The eyes of the two monkeys were then exsanguinated, the blood vessels were filled with normal saline, and reflectances of the same spots on the fundi were again measured. The pairs of reflectance curves were compared and demonstrated that blood is not the major determinant of the characteristic shapes of the retinal tissue spectral reflectance curves. From the pre-exsanguination and postexsanguination data, the isolated retinal artery and vein wall reflectances were determined to be 0.020 and 0.009, respectively, their transmittances 0.837 and 0,977, and the fractions of light absorbed by them 0.143 and 0.014, respectively, in the visible spectral region below 500 nm.", "contents": "The effect of blood on ocular fundus reflectance and determination of some optical properties of retinal blood vessels. Light reflected from 50 micrometer diameter spots on the fundi of two adult rhesus monkeys was measured as a function of wavelength in 10 nm jumps from 400 to 900 nm. The areas measured were a retinal artery and vein, areas of the disk, macula, and retina devoid of visible blood vessels, and the foveola. The eyes of the two monkeys were then exsanguinated, the blood vessels were filled with normal saline, and reflectances of the same spots on the fundi were again measured. The pairs of reflectance curves were compared and demonstrated that blood is not the major determinant of the characteristic shapes of the retinal tissue spectral reflectance curves. From the pre-exsanguination and postexsanguination data, the isolated retinal artery and vein wall reflectances were determined to be 0.020 and 0.009, respectively, their transmittances 0.837 and 0,977, and the fractions of light absorbed by them 0.143 and 0.014, respectively, in the visible spectral region below 500 nm.", "PMID": 96040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1968", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of calcium around the membrane of the surface connected system in the human platelet.", "content": "The localization of calcium in the membrane system of human platelets was determined by ultrahistochemical methods equipped with an electron probe x-ray microanalyzer. After potassium oxalate-glutaraldehyde treatment large amounts of electron opaque precipitates were observed around the membrane of the surface connected system. Electron probe x-ray microanalysis clearly defined that the precipitates were composed of calcium oxalate. The localization of calcium on the membrane of the surface connected system was also confirmed even after treatment of the platelets with potassium antimonate-OsO4. These results support a model which depicts the surface connected membrane system taking part in the store and the transport of calcium.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of calcium around the membrane of the surface connected system in the human platelet. The localization of calcium in the membrane system of human platelets was determined by ultrahistochemical methods equipped with an electron probe x-ray microanalyzer. After potassium oxalate-glutaraldehyde treatment large amounts of electron opaque precipitates were observed around the membrane of the surface connected system. Electron probe x-ray microanalysis clearly defined that the precipitates were composed of calcium oxalate. The localization of calcium on the membrane of the surface connected system was also confirmed even after treatment of the platelets with potassium antimonate-OsO4. These results support a model which depicts the surface connected membrane system taking part in the store and the transport of calcium.", "PMID": 96043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1969", "title": "Localization of 99mTc-labeled immune splenocytes at tumor site and detection by gamma camera imaging.", "content": "Better diagnostic techniques are needed to delineate the size and location of malignant primary tumors and metastatic deposits. We are developing an in vivo tumor visualization technique utilizing 99mTc-labeled immune lymphoid cells. We have investigated the in vivo organ and tissue distribution and tumor localization of 99m sodium pertechnetate, 99mTc, reduced by SnCl2 - 2H2O and 99mTc-labeled viable immune and nonimmune lymphocytes 32 hrs after injection into tumor-bearing mice. The distribution and tumor localization of the 99mTc-labeled compounds and splenocytes within tumor-bearing mice after 32 hrs was determined by imaging with a gamma camera and was quantitated by counting the various dissected organs and tissues in a gamma counter. The gamma camera images and postmortem dissection and counting showed localization of radioactivity at several sites, including the tumor in mice injected with radiolabeled immune splenocytes whereas studies utilizing other 99mTc-labeled substances or nonimmune cells showed little or no localization of radioactivity in the tumor when compared to normal leg tissue.", "contents": "Localization of 99mTc-labeled immune splenocytes at tumor site and detection by gamma camera imaging. Better diagnostic techniques are needed to delineate the size and location of malignant primary tumors and metastatic deposits. We are developing an in vivo tumor visualization technique utilizing 99mTc-labeled immune lymphoid cells. We have investigated the in vivo organ and tissue distribution and tumor localization of 99m sodium pertechnetate, 99mTc, reduced by SnCl2 - 2H2O and 99mTc-labeled viable immune and nonimmune lymphocytes 32 hrs after injection into tumor-bearing mice. The distribution and tumor localization of the 99mTc-labeled compounds and splenocytes within tumor-bearing mice after 32 hrs was determined by imaging with a gamma camera and was quantitated by counting the various dissected organs and tissues in a gamma counter. The gamma camera images and postmortem dissection and counting showed localization of radioactivity at several sites, including the tumor in mice injected with radiolabeled immune splenocytes whereas studies utilizing other 99mTc-labeled substances or nonimmune cells showed little or no localization of radioactivity in the tumor when compared to normal leg tissue.", "PMID": 96041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1970", "title": "Comparison of the effect of vasopressin infusions on the mesenteric arteries of different species.", "content": "Superior mesenteric arteriography was performed following infusions of vasopressin, epinephrine and saline into the superior mesenteric arteries of dogs, pigs, rabbits and monkeys and compared with the well-known effects in human beings. Species-specific effects were noted and compared with the known differences in various vascular beds in human beings. In non-primate animals, vasopressin appeared to act at a more distal site than in primates, but with a similar decrease in superior mesenteric arterial flow. The results in primates were similar to those in human beings.", "contents": "Comparison of the effect of vasopressin infusions on the mesenteric arteries of different species. Superior mesenteric arteriography was performed following infusions of vasopressin, epinephrine and saline into the superior mesenteric arteries of dogs, pigs, rabbits and monkeys and compared with the well-known effects in human beings. Species-specific effects were noted and compared with the known differences in various vascular beds in human beings. In non-primate animals, vasopressin appeared to act at a more distal site than in primates, but with a similar decrease in superior mesenteric arterial flow. The results in primates were similar to those in human beings.", "PMID": 96042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1971", "title": "Identification of antibiotics of iturin group in various strains of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Thirty eight strains of B. subtilis were tested for the presence of antifungal antibiotics of the iturin group. The characterization of these antibiotics was made on the basis of: antifungal activity against P. chrysogenum, isolation and purification of the active substance, quantitative analysis of alpha-aminoacids and identification of the liposoluble dipeptide obtained by partial hydrolysis. The only antibiotics of the iturin group found were: iturin A, mycosubtilin and bacillomycin L.", "contents": "Identification of antibiotics of iturin group in various strains of Bacillus subtilis. Thirty eight strains of B. subtilis were tested for the presence of antifungal antibiotics of the iturin group. The characterization of these antibiotics was made on the basis of: antifungal activity against P. chrysogenum, isolation and purification of the active substance, quantitative analysis of alpha-aminoacids and identification of the liposoluble dipeptide obtained by partial hydrolysis. The only antibiotics of the iturin group found were: iturin A, mycosubtilin and bacillomycin L.", "PMID": 96084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1972", "title": "Disc agar diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility tests with beta-lactamase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The emergence of beta-lactamase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has led to a reexamination of the role of the disc agar diffusion method in susceptibility testing of gonococci. Our data show that the disc agar diffusion test can be used to screen for beta-lactamase production by these organisms. The disc tests were done on GC Agar Base supplemented with 1% IsoVitaleX. An inoculum of 10(8) colony forming units/ml and either a 10-unit-penicillin or a 10-microgram-ampicillin disc were used. A zone diameter of less than or equal to 19 mm was indicative of beta-lactamase production. These results were compared with results of chemical tests for beta-lactamase and with minimal inhibitory concentrations. Recommondations were also made for a disc test with tetracycline and spectinomycin, but these methods must remain tentative because of the lack of resistant strains.", "contents": "Disc agar diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility tests with beta-lactamase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The emergence of beta-lactamase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has led to a reexamination of the role of the disc agar diffusion method in susceptibility testing of gonococci. Our data show that the disc agar diffusion test can be used to screen for beta-lactamase production by these organisms. The disc tests were done on GC Agar Base supplemented with 1% IsoVitaleX. An inoculum of 10(8) colony forming units/ml and either a 10-unit-penicillin or a 10-microgram-ampicillin disc were used. A zone diameter of less than or equal to 19 mm was indicative of beta-lactamase production. These results were compared with results of chemical tests for beta-lactamase and with minimal inhibitory concentrations. Recommondations were also made for a disc test with tetracycline and spectinomycin, but these methods must remain tentative because of the lack of resistant strains.", "PMID": 96085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1973", "title": "Viability and endogenous substrates used during starvation survival of Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "Cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum were grown photoorganotrophically and chemoorganotrophically and then starved for organic carbon and combined nitrogen under four conditions: anaerobically in the light and dark and aerobically in the light and dark. Illumination prolonged viability and suppressed the net degradation of cell material of phototrophically grown cells, but had no effect on chemotrophically grown cells that did not contain bacteriochlorophyll. The half-life survival times of carbohydrate-rich phototrophically grown cells during starvation anaerobically or aerobically in the light were 17 and 14.5 days, respectively. The values for starvation aerobically and anaerobically in the dark were 3 and 0.5 days, respectively. Chemotrophically grown cells had half-life survival times of 3 and 4 days during starvation aerobically in the light and dark, respectively, and 0.8 day during starvation anaerobically in the light or dark. Of all cell constituents examined, carbohydrate was most extensively degraded during starvation, although the rate of degradation was slowest for phototrophically grown cells starved anaerobically in the light. Phototrophically grown cells containing poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate as carbon reserve were less able to survive starvation anaerobically in the light than were carbohydrate-rich cells starved under comparable conditions. Light intensity had a significant effect on viability of phototrophically grown cells starving anaerobically. At light intensities of 320 to 650 lx, the half-life survival times were 17 to 24 days. At 2,950 to 10,500 lx, the survival times decreased to 1.5 to 5.5 days. The kinetics of cell death correlated well with the rate of loss of cell mass of starving cells. However, the cause of death could not be attributed to degradation of any specific cell component.", "contents": "Viability and endogenous substrates used during starvation survival of Rhodospirillum rubrum. Cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum were grown photoorganotrophically and chemoorganotrophically and then starved for organic carbon and combined nitrogen under four conditions: anaerobically in the light and dark and aerobically in the light and dark. Illumination prolonged viability and suppressed the net degradation of cell material of phototrophically grown cells, but had no effect on chemotrophically grown cells that did not contain bacteriochlorophyll. The half-life survival times of carbohydrate-rich phototrophically grown cells during starvation anaerobically or aerobically in the light were 17 and 14.5 days, respectively. The values for starvation aerobically and anaerobically in the dark were 3 and 0.5 days, respectively. Chemotrophically grown cells had half-life survival times of 3 and 4 days during starvation aerobically in the light and dark, respectively, and 0.8 day during starvation anaerobically in the light or dark. Of all cell constituents examined, carbohydrate was most extensively degraded during starvation, although the rate of degradation was slowest for phototrophically grown cells starved anaerobically in the light. Phototrophically grown cells containing poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate as carbon reserve were less able to survive starvation anaerobically in the light than were carbohydrate-rich cells starved under comparable conditions. Light intensity had a significant effect on viability of phototrophically grown cells starving anaerobically. At light intensities of 320 to 650 lx, the half-life survival times were 17 to 24 days. At 2,950 to 10,500 lx, the survival times decreased to 1.5 to 5.5 days. The kinetics of cell death correlated well with the rate of loss of cell mass of starving cells. However, the cause of death could not be attributed to degradation of any specific cell component.", "PMID": 96087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1974", "title": "Biosynthesis of exopolysaccharide by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "In batch cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the maximum rate of exopolysaccharide synthesis occurred during exponential growth. In nitrogen-limited continuous culture, the specific rate of exopolysaccharide synthesis increased from 0.27 g g of cell-1 h-1 at a dilution rate (D) of 0.05 h-1 to 0.44 g g of cells h-1 at D=0.1 H-1. The yield of exopolysaccharide on the basis of glucose used was in the range of 56 to 64%. Exopolysaccharide was also synthesized in carbon-limited cultures at 0.19 g g of cell-1 h-1 at D=0.05 h-1 in a 33% yield. Nonmucoid variants appeared after seven generations in continuous culture and rapidly increased in proportion to the total number of organisms present.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of exopolysaccharide by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In batch cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the maximum rate of exopolysaccharide synthesis occurred during exponential growth. In nitrogen-limited continuous culture, the specific rate of exopolysaccharide synthesis increased from 0.27 g g of cell-1 h-1 at a dilution rate (D) of 0.05 h-1 to 0.44 g g of cells h-1 at D=0.1 H-1. The yield of exopolysaccharide on the basis of glucose used was in the range of 56 to 64%. Exopolysaccharide was also synthesized in carbon-limited cultures at 0.19 g g of cell-1 h-1 at D=0.05 h-1 in a 33% yield. Nonmucoid variants appeared after seven generations in continuous culture and rapidly increased in proportion to the total number of organisms present.", "PMID": 96088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1975", "title": "Early-blocked asporogenous mutants of Bacillus subtilis are lysogenized at reduced frequency by temperate bacteriophages.", "content": "The establishment of lysogeny in early-blocked asporogenous (Spo-) mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168, which were also defective in the production of antibiotics (Abs-), by temperate phage phi105 or SPO2 was studied. It was found that the frequency of lysogenization of Spo-Abs-mutants was 10 to 20% that of the wild-type bacteria. There was no difference in the efficiency of plating and the burst size of phi105 between wild-type and mutant strains. Phi105 lysogens of mutant strains were as stable as those of the wild type. Several rifampin-resistant mutants defective in the production of antibiotics were isolated. They were also defective in spore formation and lysogenized by phi105 at reduced frequency.", "contents": "Early-blocked asporogenous mutants of Bacillus subtilis are lysogenized at reduced frequency by temperate bacteriophages. The establishment of lysogeny in early-blocked asporogenous (Spo-) mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168, which were also defective in the production of antibiotics (Abs-), by temperate phage phi105 or SPO2 was studied. It was found that the frequency of lysogenization of Spo-Abs-mutants was 10 to 20% that of the wild-type bacteria. There was no difference in the efficiency of plating and the burst size of phi105 between wild-type and mutant strains. Phi105 lysogens of mutant strains were as stable as those of the wild type. Several rifampin-resistant mutants defective in the production of antibiotics were isolated. They were also defective in spore formation and lysogenized by phi105 at reduced frequency.", "PMID": 96089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1976", "title": "Biosynthesis of riboflavin in Bacillus subtilis: function and genetic control of the riboflavin synthase complex.", "content": "Two riboflavin synthase activities (heavy and light) have been observed in earlier studies with Bacillus subtilis. The heavy enzyme is a complex of one molecule of light enzyme (consisting of three alpha subunits) and approximately 60 beta subunits (A. Bacher, R. Bauer, U. Eggers, H. Harders, and H. Schnepple, p. 729--732, in T. P. Singer (ed.), Flavins and Flavoproteins, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1976). The formation of alpha and beta subunits is coordinately controlled. Mutants apparently deficient in beta subunits were isolated as riboflavin requires after mutagenesis of B. subtilis with ICR 191. The mutants could grow with diacetyl instead of riboflavin. Growth with diacetyl was associated with the accumulation of substantial amounts of the riboflavin precursor, 6,7-dimethyl-8-(D-ribityl)lumazine. It follows that the mutants are deficient in an enzyme activity required for the formation of the lumazine from the pyrimidine precursor. We conclude that heavy riboflavin synthase is a bifunctional enzyme. The riboflavin synthase activity is mediated by the alpha subunits, whereas the beta subunits are necessary for an earlier biosynthetic step.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of riboflavin in Bacillus subtilis: function and genetic control of the riboflavin synthase complex. Two riboflavin synthase activities (heavy and light) have been observed in earlier studies with Bacillus subtilis. The heavy enzyme is a complex of one molecule of light enzyme (consisting of three alpha subunits) and approximately 60 beta subunits (A. Bacher, R. Bauer, U. Eggers, H. Harders, and H. Schnepple, p. 729--732, in T. P. Singer (ed.), Flavins and Flavoproteins, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1976). The formation of alpha and beta subunits is coordinately controlled. Mutants apparently deficient in beta subunits were isolated as riboflavin requires after mutagenesis of B. subtilis with ICR 191. The mutants could grow with diacetyl instead of riboflavin. Growth with diacetyl was associated with the accumulation of substantial amounts of the riboflavin precursor, 6,7-dimethyl-8-(D-ribityl)lumazine. It follows that the mutants are deficient in an enzyme activity required for the formation of the lumazine from the pyrimidine precursor. We conclude that heavy riboflavin synthase is a bifunctional enzyme. The riboflavin synthase activity is mediated by the alpha subunits, whereas the beta subunits are necessary for an earlier biosynthetic step.", "PMID": 96090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1977", "title": "Recombination between compatible plasmids containing homologous segments requires the Bacillus subtilis recE gene product.", "content": "Plasmid pSL103 was previously constructed by cloning a Trp fragment (approximately 2.3 X 10(6) daltons) from restriction endonuclease EcoRI-digested chromosome DNA of Bacillus pumilus using the neomycin-resistance plasmid pUB110 (approximately 2.8 X 10(6) daltons) as vector and B. subtilis as transformation recipient. In the present study the EcoRI Trp fragment from pSL103 was transferred in vitro to EcoRI fragments of the Bacillus plasmid pPL576 to determine the ability of the plasmid fragments to replicate in B. subtilis. Endonuclease EcoRI digestion of pPL576 (approximately 28 X 10(6) daltons) generated three fragments having molecular weights of about 13 X 13(6) (the A fragment), 9.5 X 10(6) (B fragment, and 6.5 X 10(6) (C fragment). Trp derivatives of pPL576 fragments capable of autonomous replication in B. subtilis contained the B fragment (e.g., pSL107) or both the B and C fragments (e.g., pSL108). Accordingly, the B fragment of pPL576 contains information essential for autonomous replication. pSL107 and pSL108 are compatible with pUB110. Constructed derivatives of the compatible plasmids pPL576 and pUB110, harboring genetically distinguishable EcoRI-generated Trp fragments cloned from the DNA of a B. pumilus strain, exhibited relatively high frequency recombination for a trpC marker when the plasmid pairs were present in a recombination-proficient strain of B. subtilis. No recombination was detected when the host carried the chromosome mutation recE4. Therefore, the recE4 mutation suppresses recombination between compatible plasmids that contain homologous segments.", "contents": "Recombination between compatible plasmids containing homologous segments requires the Bacillus subtilis recE gene product. Plasmid pSL103 was previously constructed by cloning a Trp fragment (approximately 2.3 X 10(6) daltons) from restriction endonuclease EcoRI-digested chromosome DNA of Bacillus pumilus using the neomycin-resistance plasmid pUB110 (approximately 2.8 X 10(6) daltons) as vector and B. subtilis as transformation recipient. In the present study the EcoRI Trp fragment from pSL103 was transferred in vitro to EcoRI fragments of the Bacillus plasmid pPL576 to determine the ability of the plasmid fragments to replicate in B. subtilis. Endonuclease EcoRI digestion of pPL576 (approximately 28 X 10(6) daltons) generated three fragments having molecular weights of about 13 X 13(6) (the A fragment), 9.5 X 10(6) (B fragment, and 6.5 X 10(6) (C fragment). Trp derivatives of pPL576 fragments capable of autonomous replication in B. subtilis contained the B fragment (e.g., pSL107) or both the B and C fragments (e.g., pSL108). Accordingly, the B fragment of pPL576 contains information essential for autonomous replication. pSL107 and pSL108 are compatible with pUB110. Constructed derivatives of the compatible plasmids pPL576 and pUB110, harboring genetically distinguishable EcoRI-generated Trp fragments cloned from the DNA of a B. pumilus strain, exhibited relatively high frequency recombination for a trpC marker when the plasmid pairs were present in a recombination-proficient strain of B. subtilis. No recombination was detected when the host carried the chromosome mutation recE4. Therefore, the recE4 mutation suppresses recombination between compatible plasmids that contain homologous segments.", "PMID": 96091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1978", "title": "Molybdenum independence of nitrogenase component synthesis in the non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Plectonema.", "content": "The cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum (IU 594-UTEX 594) fixes N2 only in the absence of combined N and of O2. We induced nitrogenase by transfer to anaerobic N-free medium and studied the effect of Mo starvation on nitrogenase activity and synthesis. Activity was first detected within 3 h after transfer by the acetylene reduction assay in controls, increasing for at least 25 h. Cells grown on nitrate and Mo and then transferred to N-free, Mo-free medium produced 8% of the control nitrogenase activity. Addition of W to the Mo-free medium reduced the activity to 0.5%. Under both Mo starvation conditions, nitrogenase protein components were synthesized. Component II of the cyanobacterial enzyme was detected by in vitro complementation with Mo-containing component I from Klebsiella pneumoniae or Azotobacter vinelandii but not Clostridium pasteurianum. Component I activity was restored by addition of Mo to cultures in which new enzyme synthesis was blocked by chloramphenicol. Acidified extracts of Plectonema induced in Mo-containing medium contained the Fe-Mo cofactor required to activate extracts of the Azotobacter mutant UW45 in vitro, but they did not activate extracts of Mo-starved Plectonema. Analysis of 35SO4(2-)-labeled proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that Mo is required for the conversion of a high-molecular-weight precursor to component I in Plectonema.", "contents": "Molybdenum independence of nitrogenase component synthesis in the non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Plectonema. The cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum (IU 594-UTEX 594) fixes N2 only in the absence of combined N and of O2. We induced nitrogenase by transfer to anaerobic N-free medium and studied the effect of Mo starvation on nitrogenase activity and synthesis. Activity was first detected within 3 h after transfer by the acetylene reduction assay in controls, increasing for at least 25 h. Cells grown on nitrate and Mo and then transferred to N-free, Mo-free medium produced 8% of the control nitrogenase activity. Addition of W to the Mo-free medium reduced the activity to 0.5%. Under both Mo starvation conditions, nitrogenase protein components were synthesized. Component II of the cyanobacterial enzyme was detected by in vitro complementation with Mo-containing component I from Klebsiella pneumoniae or Azotobacter vinelandii but not Clostridium pasteurianum. Component I activity was restored by addition of Mo to cultures in which new enzyme synthesis was blocked by chloramphenicol. Acidified extracts of Plectonema induced in Mo-containing medium contained the Fe-Mo cofactor required to activate extracts of the Azotobacter mutant UW45 in vitro, but they did not activate extracts of Mo-starved Plectonema. Analysis of 35SO4(2-)-labeled proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that Mo is required for the conversion of a high-molecular-weight precursor to component I in Plectonema.", "PMID": 96092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1979", "title": "Intracytoplasmic membrane, phospholipid, and sterol content of Methylobacterium organophilum cells grown under different conditions.", "content": "Intracytoplasmic membranes were present in Methylobacterium organophilum when cells were grown with methane, but not methanol or glucose, as the sole carbon and energy source. Cells grown with methane as the carbon and energy source and low levels of dissolved oxygen had the greatest amount of intracytoplasmic membrane. Cells grown with increased levels of dissolved oxygen had less intracytoplasmic membrane. The amount of total lipid correlated with the amount of membrane material observed in thin sections. The individual phospholipids varied in amount, but the same four were present in M. organophilum grown with different substrates and oxygen levels. Phosphatidyl choline was present as a major component of the phospholipids. Sterols were present, and they differed from those in the type I methylotroph Methylococcus capsulatus. The relative amounts of different sterols and squalene changed with the substrate provided for growth. The greatest amounts of sterols were found in methane-grown cells grown at low levels of dissolved oxygen. None of the unusual or usual membrane components assayed was uniquely present in the intracytoplasmic membranes.", "contents": "Intracytoplasmic membrane, phospholipid, and sterol content of Methylobacterium organophilum cells grown under different conditions. Intracytoplasmic membranes were present in Methylobacterium organophilum when cells were grown with methane, but not methanol or glucose, as the sole carbon and energy source. Cells grown with methane as the carbon and energy source and low levels of dissolved oxygen had the greatest amount of intracytoplasmic membrane. Cells grown with increased levels of dissolved oxygen had less intracytoplasmic membrane. The amount of total lipid correlated with the amount of membrane material observed in thin sections. The individual phospholipids varied in amount, but the same four were present in M. organophilum grown with different substrates and oxygen levels. Phosphatidyl choline was present as a major component of the phospholipids. Sterols were present, and they differed from those in the type I methylotroph Methylococcus capsulatus. The relative amounts of different sterols and squalene changed with the substrate provided for growth. The greatest amounts of sterols were found in methane-grown cells grown at low levels of dissolved oxygen. None of the unusual or usual membrane components assayed was uniquely present in the intracytoplasmic membranes.", "PMID": 96093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1980", "title": "Pattern of phenazine pigment production by a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "An atypical strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa capable of synthesizing three phenazine pigments was isolated. Cultural conditions, under which the strain forms either chlororaphin, oxychlororaphin, or pyocyanine, are described. This broad spectrum of pigment production, as well as some other characteristics, sets this strain apart from previously described chlororaphin producers.", "contents": "Pattern of phenazine pigment production by a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An atypical strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa capable of synthesizing three phenazine pigments was isolated. Cultural conditions, under which the strain forms either chlororaphin, oxychlororaphin, or pyocyanine, are described. This broad spectrum of pigment production, as well as some other characteristics, sets this strain apart from previously described chlororaphin producers.", "PMID": 96094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1981", "title": "Relationship between cellular autolytic activity, peptidoglycan synthesis, septation, and the cell cycle in synchronized populations of Streptococcus faecium.", "content": "Synchronized, slowly growing (TD = 70 to 80 min) cultures were used to study several wall-associated parameters during the cell cycle: rate of peptidoglycan synthesis, septation, and cellular autolytic activity. The rate of peptidoglycan synthesis per cell declined during most of the period of chromosome replication (C), but increased during the latter part of C and into the period between chromosome termination and cell division (D). An increase in cellular septation was correlated with the increased rate of peptidoglycan synthesis. Cellular autolytic capacity increased during the early portion of C, reached a maximum late in C or early in D, and declined during D. Inhibition of DNA synthesis during C prevented the decline in autolytic capacity at the end of the cell cycle, caused a slight reduction in the rate of peptidoglycan synthesis, delayed but did not prevent septation, and prevented the impending cell division by inhibiting cell separation. Inhibition of DNA synthesis during D did not prevent the increase in autolytic capacity during the next C phase, but, once again, prevented the decline at the end of the subsequent cycle. Thus, increased autolytic capacity at the beginning of the cell cycle did not seem to be related to chromosome initiation, whereas decreased autolytic capacity at the end of the cell cycle seemed to be related to chromosome termination. The data presented are consistent with the role of autolytic enzyme activity in the previously proposed model for cell division of S. faecium (G.D. Shockman et al., Ann. N.Y Acad. Sci. 235:161-197, 1974).", "contents": "Relationship between cellular autolytic activity, peptidoglycan synthesis, septation, and the cell cycle in synchronized populations of Streptococcus faecium. Synchronized, slowly growing (TD = 70 to 80 min) cultures were used to study several wall-associated parameters during the cell cycle: rate of peptidoglycan synthesis, septation, and cellular autolytic activity. The rate of peptidoglycan synthesis per cell declined during most of the period of chromosome replication (C), but increased during the latter part of C and into the period between chromosome termination and cell division (D). An increase in cellular septation was correlated with the increased rate of peptidoglycan synthesis. Cellular autolytic capacity increased during the early portion of C, reached a maximum late in C or early in D, and declined during D. Inhibition of DNA synthesis during C prevented the decline in autolytic capacity at the end of the cell cycle, caused a slight reduction in the rate of peptidoglycan synthesis, delayed but did not prevent septation, and prevented the impending cell division by inhibiting cell separation. Inhibition of DNA synthesis during D did not prevent the increase in autolytic capacity during the next C phase, but, once again, prevented the decline at the end of the subsequent cycle. Thus, increased autolytic capacity at the beginning of the cell cycle did not seem to be related to chromosome initiation, whereas decreased autolytic capacity at the end of the cell cycle seemed to be related to chromosome termination. The data presented are consistent with the role of autolytic enzyme activity in the previously proposed model for cell division of S. faecium (G.D. Shockman et al., Ann. N.Y Acad. Sci. 235:161-197, 1974).", "PMID": 96095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1982", "title": "Hybridization analysis of restriction endonuclease DNA fragments of Bacillus cereus transcribed during spore outgrowth.", "content": "Transcribing Bacillus cereus DNA was visualized by means of autoradiography of electrophoretically separated EcoRI restriction endonuclease DNA fragments hybridizing 32P-labeled RNA. Hybridization of RNA of dormant spores, vegetative cells, and outgrowing spores indicates the following. (i) A large fraction of the nonribosomal RNA in dormant spores is transcribed at a limited number of regions on the bacterial chromosome. (ii) After induction of spore germination, transcription activity is not limited to a single short region on the chromosome, but rather is distributed along the chromosome. The DNA/RNA hybridization technique has been used to identify restriction endonuclease DNA fragments homologous to RNA species that are present in dormant spores but absent from vegetative cells, RNA species that are synthesized immediately after germination induction and are present at a relatively low concentration in vegetative cells, and RNA species that are transcribed at a late stage of outgrowth but are absent or present at low concentration at an early stage of outgrowth.", "contents": "Hybridization analysis of restriction endonuclease DNA fragments of Bacillus cereus transcribed during spore outgrowth. Transcribing Bacillus cereus DNA was visualized by means of autoradiography of electrophoretically separated EcoRI restriction endonuclease DNA fragments hybridizing 32P-labeled RNA. Hybridization of RNA of dormant spores, vegetative cells, and outgrowing spores indicates the following. (i) A large fraction of the nonribosomal RNA in dormant spores is transcribed at a limited number of regions on the bacterial chromosome. (ii) After induction of spore germination, transcription activity is not limited to a single short region on the chromosome, but rather is distributed along the chromosome. The DNA/RNA hybridization technique has been used to identify restriction endonuclease DNA fragments homologous to RNA species that are present in dormant spores but absent from vegetative cells, RNA species that are synthesized immediately after germination induction and are present at a relatively low concentration in vegetative cells, and RNA species that are transcribed at a late stage of outgrowth but are absent or present at low concentration at an early stage of outgrowth.", "PMID": 96096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1983", "title": "Properties of Bacillus cereus temperature-sensitive mutants altered in spore coat formation.", "content": "Three conditional Bacillus cereus mutants altered in the assembly or formation of spore coat layers were analyzed. They all grew as well as the wild type in an enriched or minimal medium but produced lysozyme and octanol-sensitive spores at the nonpermissive temperature (35 to 38 degrees C). The spores also germinated slowly when produced at 35 degrees C. Temperature-shift experiments indicated that the defective protein or regulatory signal is expressed at the time of formation of the outer spore coat layers. Revertants regained all wild-type spore properties at frequencies consistent with initial point mutations. Spore coat defects were evident in thin sections and freeze-etch micrographs of mutant spores produced at 35 degrees C. In addition, one mutant contained an extra surface deposit, perhaps unprocessed spore coat precursor protein. A prevalent band of about 65,000 daltons (the same size as the presumptive precursor) was present in spore coat extracts of this mutant and may be incorrectly processed to mature spore coat polypeptides. Another class of mutants was defective in the late uptake of half-cystine residues into spore coats. Such a defect could lead to improper formation of the outer spore coat layers.", "contents": "Properties of Bacillus cereus temperature-sensitive mutants altered in spore coat formation. Three conditional Bacillus cereus mutants altered in the assembly or formation of spore coat layers were analyzed. They all grew as well as the wild type in an enriched or minimal medium but produced lysozyme and octanol-sensitive spores at the nonpermissive temperature (35 to 38 degrees C). The spores also germinated slowly when produced at 35 degrees C. Temperature-shift experiments indicated that the defective protein or regulatory signal is expressed at the time of formation of the outer spore coat layers. Revertants regained all wild-type spore properties at frequencies consistent with initial point mutations. Spore coat defects were evident in thin sections and freeze-etch micrographs of mutant spores produced at 35 degrees C. In addition, one mutant contained an extra surface deposit, perhaps unprocessed spore coat precursor protein. A prevalent band of about 65,000 daltons (the same size as the presumptive precursor) was present in spore coat extracts of this mutant and may be incorrectly processed to mature spore coat polypeptides. Another class of mutants was defective in the late uptake of half-cystine residues into spore coats. Such a defect could lead to improper formation of the outer spore coat layers.", "PMID": 96097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1984", "title": "N-Terminal amino acid sequence of pilin isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the pili protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa K pili is presented. The sequence is compared with those reported by others for pilin obtained from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Moraxella nonlique-faciens. All three sequences are highly homologous, contain only two hydrophilic residues in the first 22 positions, and contain an unusual amino acid, N-monomethylphenylalanine, at the amino terminus.", "contents": "N-Terminal amino acid sequence of pilin isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the pili protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa K pili is presented. The sequence is compared with those reported by others for pilin obtained from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Moraxella nonlique-faciens. All three sequences are highly homologous, contain only two hydrophilic residues in the first 22 positions, and contain an unusual amino acid, N-monomethylphenylalanine, at the amino terminus.", "PMID": 96098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1985", "title": "Approximation of the cell cycle in synchronized populations of Streptococcus faecium.", "content": "Slowly growing populations (TD = 70 to 80 min) of Streptococcus faecium (S. faecalis ATCC 9790) were synchronized by selection after sucrose gradient fractionation. The cell cycle was approximated by correlating the patterns of DNA accumulation and cell division. More specifically, the beginning of cell cycle was equated with the beginning of a rapid linear increase in DNA accumulation. The DNA content of the culture approximately doubled during the period of accumulation, which lasted about 51 min. The period of rapid DNA accumulation, was followed by a period of reduced accumulation that lasted about 24 min. During synchronized growth, cell numbers increased rapidly in coordination with the period of rapid DNA accumulation and exhibited a plateau during the period of reduced DNA accumulation. In contrast, RNA and protein appeared to accumulate exponentially throughout the cell cycle at the same rate as culture mass.", "contents": "Approximation of the cell cycle in synchronized populations of Streptococcus faecium. Slowly growing populations (TD = 70 to 80 min) of Streptococcus faecium (S. faecalis ATCC 9790) were synchronized by selection after sucrose gradient fractionation. The cell cycle was approximated by correlating the patterns of DNA accumulation and cell division. More specifically, the beginning of cell cycle was equated with the beginning of a rapid linear increase in DNA accumulation. The DNA content of the culture approximately doubled during the period of accumulation, which lasted about 51 min. The period of rapid DNA accumulation, was followed by a period of reduced accumulation that lasted about 24 min. During synchronized growth, cell numbers increased rapidly in coordination with the period of rapid DNA accumulation and exhibited a plateau during the period of reduced DNA accumulation. In contrast, RNA and protein appeared to accumulate exponentially throughout the cell cycle at the same rate as culture mass.", "PMID": 96099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1986", "title": "Polyamines of Anacystis nidulans and metabolism of exogenous spermidine and spermine.", "content": "Several biochemical parameters, including that of polyamine content, accompanying the growth of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans were studied. At all stages of growth under autotrophic conditions, the organisms were found to be rich in spermidine and lacking in spermine, as is typical of procaryotic organisms. The cells were quite low in putrescine, and no unusual polyamine was observed to be present as a major component. Conjugated polyamines were not detected in the cultures. At maximal culture density, the levels of spermidine, DNA, RNA, protein, and chlorophyll were also maximal. Shortly after the inception of the stationary phase, the spermidine content of the cells was the first parameter observed to decrease in cultures which were shortly to become yellow. Spermidine lost from the cells was not recovered in the medium in a free or conjugated form. This indication of degradation of spermidine was studied by the addition of polyamines to growing cultures. Exogenous spermidine and spermine were found to be metabolized rapidly by the organisms, of which diaminopropane was one product. Putrescine was found to be markedly toxic, whereas spermidine, some other triamines, and spermine were much less toxic.", "contents": "Polyamines of Anacystis nidulans and metabolism of exogenous spermidine and spermine. Several biochemical parameters, including that of polyamine content, accompanying the growth of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans were studied. At all stages of growth under autotrophic conditions, the organisms were found to be rich in spermidine and lacking in spermine, as is typical of procaryotic organisms. The cells were quite low in putrescine, and no unusual polyamine was observed to be present as a major component. Conjugated polyamines were not detected in the cultures. At maximal culture density, the levels of spermidine, DNA, RNA, protein, and chlorophyll were also maximal. Shortly after the inception of the stationary phase, the spermidine content of the cells was the first parameter observed to decrease in cultures which were shortly to become yellow. Spermidine lost from the cells was not recovered in the medium in a free or conjugated form. This indication of degradation of spermidine was studied by the addition of polyamines to growing cultures. Exogenous spermidine and spermine were found to be metabolized rapidly by the organisms, of which diaminopropane was one product. Putrescine was found to be markedly toxic, whereas spermidine, some other triamines, and spermine were much less toxic.", "PMID": 96100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1987", "title": "Phospholipid composition of methane-utilizing bacteria.", "content": "The phospholipids of Methylococcus capsulatus, Methylosinus trichosporium, La Paz, and OBT were examined in relation to their qualitative and quantitative composition. M. capsulatus exhibited a phospholipid composition consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and phosphatidyl-choline. The esterified fatty acids were predominantly C16:0 and C16:1. M. trichosporium, La Paz, and OBT exhibited an essentially identical phospholipid composition consisting of phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-dimethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylglycerol. Only trace amounts (less than 1%) of cardiolipin were found in these organisms. The major esterified fatty acid in these organisms was C18:1 (87 to 90%). The monounsaturated fatty acids from all four organisms consisted of both cis and trans isomers, each of which contained delta8, delta9, delta10, and delta11 double-bond positional isomers.", "contents": "Phospholipid composition of methane-utilizing bacteria. The phospholipids of Methylococcus capsulatus, Methylosinus trichosporium, La Paz, and OBT were examined in relation to their qualitative and quantitative composition. M. capsulatus exhibited a phospholipid composition consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and phosphatidyl-choline. The esterified fatty acids were predominantly C16:0 and C16:1. M. trichosporium, La Paz, and OBT exhibited an essentially identical phospholipid composition consisting of phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-dimethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylglycerol. Only trace amounts (less than 1%) of cardiolipin were found in these organisms. The major esterified fatty acid in these organisms was C18:1 (87 to 90%). The monounsaturated fatty acids from all four organisms consisted of both cis and trans isomers, each of which contained delta8, delta9, delta10, and delta11 double-bond positional isomers.", "PMID": 96101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1988", "title": "Effects of low temperature on in vivo and in vitro protein synthesis in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens.", "content": "The effects of temperature on protein synthesis by Escherichia coli, a mesophile, and Pseudomonas fluorescens, a psychotroph, were investigated by using whole-cell and cell extract preparations. After shifts to 5 degrees C, protein was synthesized at a slowly decreasing rate for 1 h by both organisms, after which P. fluorescens synthesized protein at a new rate corresponding to its 5 degrees growth rate, in contrast to E. coli which did not synthesize protein at a measurable rate. In vitro protein-synthesizing systems using MS-2 RNA, endogenous mRNA, and purified polysomes were utilized to investigate initiation of translation at 5 degrees C. In these systems, P. fluorescens cell extracts synthesized protein at linear rates for up to 2 h at 5 degrees C, whereas E. coli cell extracts synthesized protein for only 25 min at 5 degrees C. The rates of polypeptide elongation, as tested by the incorporation of phenylalanine into polyphenylalanine by cell extract protein-synthesizing systems from both organisms, were identical over the range of 25 to 0 degrees C. The polysome profiles of E. coli whole cells shifted from 37 to 5 degrees C showed accumulation of 70S ribosomal particles and ribosomal subunits at the expense of polysomes. Similar experiements done with P. fluorescens resulted in polysome reformation at 5 degrees C. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the 70S ribosomal particles, which accumulated in E. coli at 5 degrees C, were capable of synthesizing protein in vitro in the absence of added mRNA. These in vivo and in vitro results suggest that incubation of E. coli at subminimal temperatures results in a block in initiation of translation causing polysomal runoff and the accumulation of 70S particles, some of which are 70S monosomes.", "contents": "Effects of low temperature on in vivo and in vitro protein synthesis in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The effects of temperature on protein synthesis by Escherichia coli, a mesophile, and Pseudomonas fluorescens, a psychotroph, were investigated by using whole-cell and cell extract preparations. After shifts to 5 degrees C, protein was synthesized at a slowly decreasing rate for 1 h by both organisms, after which P. fluorescens synthesized protein at a new rate corresponding to its 5 degrees growth rate, in contrast to E. coli which did not synthesize protein at a measurable rate. In vitro protein-synthesizing systems using MS-2 RNA, endogenous mRNA, and purified polysomes were utilized to investigate initiation of translation at 5 degrees C. In these systems, P. fluorescens cell extracts synthesized protein at linear rates for up to 2 h at 5 degrees C, whereas E. coli cell extracts synthesized protein for only 25 min at 5 degrees C. The rates of polypeptide elongation, as tested by the incorporation of phenylalanine into polyphenylalanine by cell extract protein-synthesizing systems from both organisms, were identical over the range of 25 to 0 degrees C. The polysome profiles of E. coli whole cells shifted from 37 to 5 degrees C showed accumulation of 70S ribosomal particles and ribosomal subunits at the expense of polysomes. Similar experiements done with P. fluorescens resulted in polysome reformation at 5 degrees C. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the 70S ribosomal particles, which accumulated in E. coli at 5 degrees C, were capable of synthesizing protein in vitro in the absence of added mRNA. These in vivo and in vitro results suggest that incubation of E. coli at subminimal temperatures results in a block in initiation of translation causing polysomal runoff and the accumulation of 70S particles, some of which are 70S monosomes.", "PMID": 96102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1989", "title": "Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants deficient in the establishment of lysogeny.", "content": "Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with impaired ability to establish a lysogenic relationship with temperate bacteriophage (Les-) have been isolated. These les mutations map to two areas of the P. aeruginosa chromosomal map as determined by conjugational and transductional analyses. Two phenotypic classes of Les- mutants were identified. One class of mutations has pleiotropic effects on DNA metabolism. These mutants are unable to recombine genetic material acquired as a result of either conjugation or transduction (Rec-). In addition, the ability of these Les- Rec- mutants to repair UV-induced damage to bacteriophage is reduced (host-cell reactivation deficient, Hcr-). Mutants of the second class are Les-, Rec+, and Hcr+.", "contents": "Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants deficient in the establishment of lysogeny. Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with impaired ability to establish a lysogenic relationship with temperate bacteriophage (Les-) have been isolated. These les mutations map to two areas of the P. aeruginosa chromosomal map as determined by conjugational and transductional analyses. Two phenotypic classes of Les- mutants were identified. One class of mutations has pleiotropic effects on DNA metabolism. These mutants are unable to recombine genetic material acquired as a result of either conjugation or transduction (Rec-). In addition, the ability of these Les- Rec- mutants to repair UV-induced damage to bacteriophage is reduced (host-cell reactivation deficient, Hcr-). Mutants of the second class are Les-, Rec+, and Hcr+.", "PMID": 96103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1990", "title": "Energy metabolism of Rickettsia typhi: pools of adenine nucleotides and energy charge in the presence and absence of glutamate.", "content": "The obligate intracellular bacterium Rickettsia typhi was examined for its ability to generate and maintain an adenylate energy charge in an extracellular environment. Freshly purified organisms were incubated, at 34 degrees C and pH 7.4, with or without glutamate and various other metabolites, and the levels of ATP, ADP, and AMP were determined. Of the metabolites tested, glutamate and glutamine were the most effective for the generation of ATP. In the presence of glutamate, there was a rapid increase in the level of ATP, followed by a moderate decrease during 150 min of incubation. The energy charge increased from a level of 0.2 to 0.5 to about 0.7 to 0.75, and then slowly declined to about 0.45 to 0.6. In the absence of glutamate, after an occasional initial surge in ATP level as the temperature was changed from 4 to 34 degrees C, there was a sharp decline in both ATP and energy charge (to 0.1 and sometimes to 0.01). The rickettsiae maintained their ability to regenerate their energy charge upon the addition of glutamate for about 30 min, but this ability declined with further incubation. In contrast to Escherichia coli, the decline in ATP in R. typhi was accompanied by a sharp increase in the level of AMP and the total adenylate pool. No adenine or adenosine was recovered from rickettsiae incubated with labeled AMP, ADP, or ATP. From these experiments and the demonstration reported elsewhere that rickettsiae transport the adenine nucleotides, it can be concluded that the adenylate energy charge in R. typhi is governed by the salvage of the adenine nucleotides rather than their unphosphorylated precursors. Thus, R. typhi undergoes greater shifts in energy charge than other bacteria, a phenomenon which may account for their instability in an extracellular environment. Under optimal conditions the adenylate energy charge of R. typhi approaches levels that border on those generally regarded as adequate for growth.", "contents": "Energy metabolism of Rickettsia typhi: pools of adenine nucleotides and energy charge in the presence and absence of glutamate. The obligate intracellular bacterium Rickettsia typhi was examined for its ability to generate and maintain an adenylate energy charge in an extracellular environment. Freshly purified organisms were incubated, at 34 degrees C and pH 7.4, with or without glutamate and various other metabolites, and the levels of ATP, ADP, and AMP were determined. Of the metabolites tested, glutamate and glutamine were the most effective for the generation of ATP. In the presence of glutamate, there was a rapid increase in the level of ATP, followed by a moderate decrease during 150 min of incubation. The energy charge increased from a level of 0.2 to 0.5 to about 0.7 to 0.75, and then slowly declined to about 0.45 to 0.6. In the absence of glutamate, after an occasional initial surge in ATP level as the temperature was changed from 4 to 34 degrees C, there was a sharp decline in both ATP and energy charge (to 0.1 and sometimes to 0.01). The rickettsiae maintained their ability to regenerate their energy charge upon the addition of glutamate for about 30 min, but this ability declined with further incubation. In contrast to Escherichia coli, the decline in ATP in R. typhi was accompanied by a sharp increase in the level of AMP and the total adenylate pool. No adenine or adenosine was recovered from rickettsiae incubated with labeled AMP, ADP, or ATP. From these experiments and the demonstration reported elsewhere that rickettsiae transport the adenine nucleotides, it can be concluded that the adenylate energy charge in R. typhi is governed by the salvage of the adenine nucleotides rather than their unphosphorylated precursors. Thus, R. typhi undergoes greater shifts in energy charge than other bacteria, a phenomenon which may account for their instability in an extracellular environment. Under optimal conditions the adenylate energy charge of R. typhi approaches levels that border on those generally regarded as adequate for growth.", "PMID": 96104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1991", "title": "Bacillus subtilis 168 genetic transformation mediated by outgrowing spores: necessity for cell contact.", "content": "Transforming activity released in sequential genetic order during the first synchronous cycle of DNA replication during outgrowth of spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 was investigated. A transformation assay was used consisting of outgrowing spores as DNA donors and multiply marked competent cells as recipients. DNA synthesis inhibitors known to stop DNA release were used during and subsequent to DNA transfer to recipient cells. The released DNA sedimented with the outgrowing cells after low-speed centrifugation, and it was discovered that markers released both early and late were resistant to up to 500 microgram of deoxyribonuclease per ml under conditions in which the transforming capacity of purified DNA was eliminated by 5 microgram of the nuclease per ml. Inaccessibility to deoxyribonuclease was increased and maintained during the transformation event while detergents and proteolytic attack did not expose the released chromosome to nuclease action. The results indicate that tight physical contact between outgrowing spores and competent cells is required for transformation in this system.", "contents": "Bacillus subtilis 168 genetic transformation mediated by outgrowing spores: necessity for cell contact. Transforming activity released in sequential genetic order during the first synchronous cycle of DNA replication during outgrowth of spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 was investigated. A transformation assay was used consisting of outgrowing spores as DNA donors and multiply marked competent cells as recipients. DNA synthesis inhibitors known to stop DNA release were used during and subsequent to DNA transfer to recipient cells. The released DNA sedimented with the outgrowing cells after low-speed centrifugation, and it was discovered that markers released both early and late were resistant to up to 500 microgram of deoxyribonuclease per ml under conditions in which the transforming capacity of purified DNA was eliminated by 5 microgram of the nuclease per ml. Inaccessibility to deoxyribonuclease was increased and maintained during the transformation event while detergents and proteolytic attack did not expose the released chromosome to nuclease action. The results indicate that tight physical contact between outgrowing spores and competent cells is required for transformation in this system.", "PMID": 96105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1992", "title": "Biochemical studies of rat liver Golgi apparatus. I. Isolation and preliminary characterization.", "content": "A method is described for the isolation of morphologically well-preserved Golgi apparatus from rat liver. The method is essentially the same as that of Morr\u00e9 et al. (Morr\u00e9, D.J., Hamilton, R.L., Mollenhauser, H.H., Mahley, R.W., Cunningham, W.P., Cheetham, R.D., & Lequire, V.S. (1970) J. Cell Biol. 44, 484-491) except that mild cell disruption is achieved by means of a stainless-steel sieve. The average recoveries of protein and galactosyltransferase in the isolated fraction are about 6 mg from 10 g of perfused liver and about 35% from the homogenate, respectively. The preparation is virtually free from succinate-cytochrome c reductase, glucose-6-phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and 5'-nucleotidase. The Golgi fraction as well as its vesicular fragments is homogeneous upon isopycnic centrifugation in both sucrose and dextran density gradients. Their buoyant densities in sucrose are significantly higher than those in dextran, indicating that both forms of the organelle are closed systems which are impermeable to macromolecules. The galactosyltransferase activity of a freshly prepared Golgi fraction, measured with ovalbumin as galactosyl acceptor, is activated 26-fold by the addition of Triton X-100, whereas those of homogenized, sonicated, and aged preparations are only activated 2- to 4-fold.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of rat liver Golgi apparatus. I. Isolation and preliminary characterization. A method is described for the isolation of morphologically well-preserved Golgi apparatus from rat liver. The method is essentially the same as that of Morr\u00e9 et al. (Morr\u00e9, D.J., Hamilton, R.L., Mollenhauser, H.H., Mahley, R.W., Cunningham, W.P., Cheetham, R.D., & Lequire, V.S. (1970) J. Cell Biol. 44, 484-491) except that mild cell disruption is achieved by means of a stainless-steel sieve. The average recoveries of protein and galactosyltransferase in the isolated fraction are about 6 mg from 10 g of perfused liver and about 35% from the homogenate, respectively. The preparation is virtually free from succinate-cytochrome c reductase, glucose-6-phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and 5'-nucleotidase. The Golgi fraction as well as its vesicular fragments is homogeneous upon isopycnic centrifugation in both sucrose and dextran density gradients. Their buoyant densities in sucrose are significantly higher than those in dextran, indicating that both forms of the organelle are closed systems which are impermeable to macromolecules. The galactosyltransferase activity of a freshly prepared Golgi fraction, measured with ovalbumin as galactosyl acceptor, is activated 26-fold by the addition of Triton X-100, whereas those of homogenized, sonicated, and aged preparations are only activated 2- to 4-fold.", "PMID": 96108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1993", "title": "Biochemical studies on rat liver Golgi apparatus. III. Subfractionation of fragmented Golgi apparatus by counter-current distribution.", "content": "Vesicular fragments of Golgi apparatus, smooth- and rough-surfaced microsomes from rat liver are differently partitioned in aqueous polymer two-phase systems consisting of dextran, polyethylene glycol, and sodium phosphate buffer. At a given polymer concentration, the amount of material partitioned in the top phase increases in the following order: rough microsomes less than smooth microsomes less than Golgi fragments. Counter-current distribution of Golgi fragments in the system consisting of 6.8% (w/w) dextran T500 and 6.8% polyethylene glycol 4,000 results in the separation of the fragments into three fractions; i.e. Fractions I, II, and III. NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities are detected almost exclusively in Fraction I, whereas the activities of galactosyltransferase, acid phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, and thiamine pyrophosphatase are maximal in Fraction III and minimal in Fraction I. The distribution of these enzymes suggests that Fraction I is similar to, though not identical with, microsomes, Fraction III resembles plasma membrane and lysosomes, and Fraction II is between the two. It is concluded that NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductases are localized in a restricted region of the Golgi structure and that intra-Golgi differentiation seems to proceed in a discontinuous manner.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on rat liver Golgi apparatus. III. Subfractionation of fragmented Golgi apparatus by counter-current distribution. Vesicular fragments of Golgi apparatus, smooth- and rough-surfaced microsomes from rat liver are differently partitioned in aqueous polymer two-phase systems consisting of dextran, polyethylene glycol, and sodium phosphate buffer. At a given polymer concentration, the amount of material partitioned in the top phase increases in the following order: rough microsomes less than smooth microsomes less than Golgi fragments. Counter-current distribution of Golgi fragments in the system consisting of 6.8% (w/w) dextran T500 and 6.8% polyethylene glycol 4,000 results in the separation of the fragments into three fractions; i.e. Fractions I, II, and III. NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities are detected almost exclusively in Fraction I, whereas the activities of galactosyltransferase, acid phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, and thiamine pyrophosphatase are maximal in Fraction III and minimal in Fraction I. The distribution of these enzymes suggests that Fraction I is similar to, though not identical with, microsomes, Fraction III resembles plasma membrane and lysosomes, and Fraction II is between the two. It is concluded that NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductases are localized in a restricted region of the Golgi structure and that intra-Golgi differentiation seems to proceed in a discontinuous manner.", "PMID": 96109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1994", "title": "Studies on regulatory functions of malic enzymes. V. Comparative studies of malic enzymes in bacteria.", "content": "Screening of four malic enzymes--NAD-linked enzyme [EC 1.1.1.38], NAD, NADP-linked enzyme [EC 1.1.1.39], NADP-linked enzyme [EC 1.1.1.40], and D-malic enzyme--was carried out with cell-free extracts of the following 16 strains of bacteria by the aid of Sepharose 6B column chromatography: 9 strains of enteric bacteria, 3 strains of Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes faecalis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and Clostridium tetanomorphum. All the strains tested contained at least one malic enzyme. The NADP-linked enzyme activity was found in all the strains except C. tetanomorphum, the NAD-linked enzyme activity in 12 strains--8 strains of enteric bacteria, 2 strains of Pseudomonas, Ag. tumefaciens, and C. tetanomorphum--and D-malic enzyme activity in 4 strains--A, aerogenes (IFO 3319 and 12059), Ps. fluorescens, and R. rubrum. The NADP-linked and NAD-linked enzyme activities of two strains of Pseudomonas were not separated by the chromatography. The available evidence suggested that the NAD, NADP-linked enzyme was not present in these 16 strains. The comparative studies of molecular, enzymatic, and serological properties of the malic enzymes in these 16 strains revealed a close similarity of the same types of malic enzymes among enteric bacteria.", "contents": "Studies on regulatory functions of malic enzymes. V. Comparative studies of malic enzymes in bacteria. Screening of four malic enzymes--NAD-linked enzyme [EC 1.1.1.38], NAD, NADP-linked enzyme [EC 1.1.1.39], NADP-linked enzyme [EC 1.1.1.40], and D-malic enzyme--was carried out with cell-free extracts of the following 16 strains of bacteria by the aid of Sepharose 6B column chromatography: 9 strains of enteric bacteria, 3 strains of Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes faecalis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and Clostridium tetanomorphum. All the strains tested contained at least one malic enzyme. The NADP-linked enzyme activity was found in all the strains except C. tetanomorphum, the NAD-linked enzyme activity in 12 strains--8 strains of enteric bacteria, 2 strains of Pseudomonas, Ag. tumefaciens, and C. tetanomorphum--and D-malic enzyme activity in 4 strains--A, aerogenes (IFO 3319 and 12059), Ps. fluorescens, and R. rubrum. The NADP-linked and NAD-linked enzyme activities of two strains of Pseudomonas were not separated by the chromatography. The available evidence suggested that the NAD, NADP-linked enzyme was not present in these 16 strains. The comparative studies of molecular, enzymatic, and serological properties of the malic enzymes in these 16 strains revealed a close similarity of the same types of malic enzymes among enteric bacteria.", "PMID": 96110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1995", "title": "Tryptophan residues of saccharifying alpha-amylase from Bacillus subtilis. A kinetic discrimination of states of tryptophan residues using N-bromosuccinimide.", "content": "Four tryptophan residues of saccharifying alpha-amylase from B. subtilis out of eleven in total are reactive towards N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), suggesting that they are on the surface of the enzyme. This is consistent with the results of solvent perturbation difference spectrophotometry with ethylene glycol. One of four tryptophan residues was clearly distinguished from the other three in reactivity with NBS by the stopped-flow method. This most reactive tryptophan residue was not protected from modification by substrates of analogs, indicating that the tryptophan is not located in the substrate binding site. One of the other three tryptophan residues, probably the second most reactive one, is considered to be related in some way to the glycosyl transfer in the reaction of the enzyme with maltose as a substrate.", "contents": "Tryptophan residues of saccharifying alpha-amylase from Bacillus subtilis. A kinetic discrimination of states of tryptophan residues using N-bromosuccinimide. Four tryptophan residues of saccharifying alpha-amylase from B. subtilis out of eleven in total are reactive towards N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), suggesting that they are on the surface of the enzyme. This is consistent with the results of solvent perturbation difference spectrophotometry with ethylene glycol. One of four tryptophan residues was clearly distinguished from the other three in reactivity with NBS by the stopped-flow method. This most reactive tryptophan residue was not protected from modification by substrates of analogs, indicating that the tryptophan is not located in the substrate binding site. One of the other three tryptophan residues, probably the second most reactive one, is considered to be related in some way to the glycosyl transfer in the reaction of the enzyme with maltose as a substrate.", "PMID": 96111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1996", "title": "Characterization and genetic mapping of modA. A mutation in the post-translational modification of the glycosidases of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "We have isolated a mutant of Dictyostelium discoideum, M31, which produces a reduced number of alpha-mannosidase-1 molecules per cell during the developmental program of the organism. We find that several of the glycosidases, a group of lysosomal proteins produced by D. discoideum, are altered in strain M31 and that this strain produces a reduced level of at least three of these activities. These enzymes do not share a common protein subunit but are known to share a common antigenic determinant which is, in part, carbohydrate in nature. In the wild type parent of M31, alpha-mannosidase-1 is modified by the addition of mannose and glucosamine (probably as N-acetylglucosamine) in the molar ratio of 5:2. alpha-Mannosidase-1 was also found to contain phosphoserine/phosphothreonine residues. alpha-Mannosidase-1 and other glycosidases are electrophoretically less negative when isolated from strain M31 than when isolated from wild type cells. The mutation present in M31, modA, appears to affect posttranslational modification, modA is a recessive mutation which we map onto linkage group I.", "contents": "Characterization and genetic mapping of modA. A mutation in the post-translational modification of the glycosidases of Dictyostelium discoideum. We have isolated a mutant of Dictyostelium discoideum, M31, which produces a reduced number of alpha-mannosidase-1 molecules per cell during the developmental program of the organism. We find that several of the glycosidases, a group of lysosomal proteins produced by D. discoideum, are altered in strain M31 and that this strain produces a reduced level of at least three of these activities. These enzymes do not share a common protein subunit but are known to share a common antigenic determinant which is, in part, carbohydrate in nature. In the wild type parent of M31, alpha-mannosidase-1 is modified by the addition of mannose and glucosamine (probably as N-acetylglucosamine) in the molar ratio of 5:2. alpha-Mannosidase-1 was also found to contain phosphoserine/phosphothreonine residues. alpha-Mannosidase-1 and other glycosidases are electrophoretically less negative when isolated from strain M31 than when isolated from wild type cells. The mutation present in M31, modA, appears to affect posttranslational modification, modA is a recessive mutation which we map onto linkage group I.", "PMID": 96112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1997", "title": "Effects of a post-translational modification mutation on different developmentally regulated glycosidases in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "We have studied the effect of a post-translational modification mutation upon four developmentally regulated glycosidases of Dictyostelium discoideum. The presence of the modA mutation affects the intracellular level of these multimeric enzymes differently. The level of alpha-glucosidase is unaffected in the modA mutant. The mutant cell contains only a very small fraction of the wild type beta-glucosidase-1 activity. The alteration in modification renders beta-glucosidase-1 holoenzyme thermolabile and susceptible to degradation in vivo. alpha-Mannosidase-1 and N-acetylglucosaminidase are found at approximately 1/3 of the wild type level in the modA mutant. Degradation of holoenzyme does not appear to be responsible for the low level of these activities. We propose that alpha-mannosidase-1 and N-acetylglucosaminidase subunits are being degraded prior to subunit assembly. We conclude the modification bestows different properties upon the various glycosidases.", "contents": "Effects of a post-translational modification mutation on different developmentally regulated glycosidases in Dictyostelium discoideum. We have studied the effect of a post-translational modification mutation upon four developmentally regulated glycosidases of Dictyostelium discoideum. The presence of the modA mutation affects the intracellular level of these multimeric enzymes differently. The level of alpha-glucosidase is unaffected in the modA mutant. The mutant cell contains only a very small fraction of the wild type beta-glucosidase-1 activity. The alteration in modification renders beta-glucosidase-1 holoenzyme thermolabile and susceptible to degradation in vivo. alpha-Mannosidase-1 and N-acetylglucosaminidase are found at approximately 1/3 of the wild type level in the modA mutant. Degradation of holoenzyme does not appear to be responsible for the low level of these activities. We propose that alpha-mannosidase-1 and N-acetylglucosaminidase subunits are being degraded prior to subunit assembly. We conclude the modification bestows different properties upon the various glycosidases.", "PMID": 96113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1998", "title": "Biochemical and immunological characterization of human opsonic alpha2SB glycoprotein: its identity with cold-insoluble globulin.", "content": "The relationship between human cold-insoluble globulin (CIg, plasma fibronectin) and the human serum opsonic alpha2SB glycoprotein was investigated using immunochemical and biochemical techniques. The two proteins appeared to have identical molecular weights by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 3.3% gels; have identical migration in the native state on 2.7 to 27% gradient polyacrylamide gels; and have a similar amino acid composition within the accuracy of analysis. Human serum demonstrates antigenic identity when diffused against monospecific antisera to both proteins confirming the presence of common antigenic sites on both molecules. Purified human serum opsonic alpha2SB glycoprotein and purified CIg also demonstrate antigenic identity when diffused against monospecific antiserum to either of the isolated proteins. Antiserum to both proteins also inhibits in vitro hepatic Kupffer cell phagocytic uptake of test particles. These results suggest the idenity of these two proteins and reveal a major physiological function for human plasma CIg. Thus, CIg may be important in the regulation of hepatic reticuloendothelial phagocytic activity and nonspecific systemic host defense. This process of systemic host defense has been shown to be depressed in patients following trauma, major surgery, burn injury, and during neoplastic disease, and, in part, mediated by a deficiency or depletion of the alpha2SB glycoprotein.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological characterization of human opsonic alpha2SB glycoprotein: its identity with cold-insoluble globulin. The relationship between human cold-insoluble globulin (CIg, plasma fibronectin) and the human serum opsonic alpha2SB glycoprotein was investigated using immunochemical and biochemical techniques. The two proteins appeared to have identical molecular weights by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 3.3% gels; have identical migration in the native state on 2.7 to 27% gradient polyacrylamide gels; and have a similar amino acid composition within the accuracy of analysis. Human serum demonstrates antigenic identity when diffused against monospecific antisera to both proteins confirming the presence of common antigenic sites on both molecules. Purified human serum opsonic alpha2SB glycoprotein and purified CIg also demonstrate antigenic identity when diffused against monospecific antiserum to either of the isolated proteins. Antiserum to both proteins also inhibits in vitro hepatic Kupffer cell phagocytic uptake of test particles. These results suggest the idenity of these two proteins and reveal a major physiological function for human plasma CIg. Thus, CIg may be important in the regulation of hepatic reticuloendothelial phagocytic activity and nonspecific systemic host defense. This process of systemic host defense has been shown to be depressed in patients following trauma, major surgery, burn injury, and during neoplastic disease, and, in part, mediated by a deficiency or depletion of the alpha2SB glycoprotein.", "PMID": 96117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_1999", "title": "Liver microsomal cytochromes P-450 and azoreductase activity.", "content": "Hepatic microsomal azoreductase activity with amaranth (3-hydroxy-4[(4-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl)azo]-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid trisodium salt) as a substrate is proportional to the levels of microsomal cytochrome P-450 from control or phenobarbital-pretreated rats and mice or cytochrome P-448 from 3-methylchol-anthrene-pretreated animals. In the \"inducible\" C57B/6J strain of mice, 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital pretreatment cause an increase in cytochrome P-448 and P-450 levels, respectively, which is directly proportional to the increase of azoreductase activity. However, in the \"noninducible\" DBA/2J strain of mice, only phenobarbital treatment causes the increase both in cytochrome P-450 levels and azoreductase activity, while 3-methylcholanthrene has no effect. These experiments suggest that the P-450 type cytochromes are responsible for azoreductase activity in liver microsomes.", "contents": "Liver microsomal cytochromes P-450 and azoreductase activity. Hepatic microsomal azoreductase activity with amaranth (3-hydroxy-4[(4-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl)azo]-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid trisodium salt) as a substrate is proportional to the levels of microsomal cytochrome P-450 from control or phenobarbital-pretreated rats and mice or cytochrome P-448 from 3-methylchol-anthrene-pretreated animals. In the \"inducible\" C57B/6J strain of mice, 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital pretreatment cause an increase in cytochrome P-448 and P-450 levels, respectively, which is directly proportional to the increase of azoreductase activity. However, in the \"noninducible\" DBA/2J strain of mice, only phenobarbital treatment causes the increase both in cytochrome P-450 levels and azoreductase activity, while 3-methylcholanthrene has no effect. These experiments suggest that the P-450 type cytochromes are responsible for azoreductase activity in liver microsomes.", "PMID": 96118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2000", "title": "Proximal focal femoral deficiency.", "content": "The term proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD) is applied to a spectrum of conditions characterized by partial absence and shortening of the proximal femora and thought to result from an early disturbance of growing mesenchyme. The mildest cases, Classes A and B, exhibit a relatively normal acetabulum and capital femoral epiphysis, despite the dysplastic shaft. There may be a subtrochanteric varus deformity or a pseudoarthrosis accompanying the shortening of the femoral shaft. At the opposite end of the spectrum, the most severely deformed cases, Classes C and D, have involvement of the acetabulum, and the entire proximal femur. In cases of advanced dysgenesis, the findings include: a stunted severely shortened femur with a club-shaped or pointed proximal end, an iliac projection just above the anatomic site of the acetabulum, a spherical obturator foramen, and squaring of the iliac crest. Twenty-one patients (2 bilateral) with proximal focal femoral deficiency are presented (23 femurs). Differentiation of proximal focal femoral deficiency from other congenital and acquired deformities of the hip joint is essential for selecting the proper treatment.", "contents": "Proximal focal femoral deficiency. The term proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD) is applied to a spectrum of conditions characterized by partial absence and shortening of the proximal femora and thought to result from an early disturbance of growing mesenchyme. The mildest cases, Classes A and B, exhibit a relatively normal acetabulum and capital femoral epiphysis, despite the dysplastic shaft. There may be a subtrochanteric varus deformity or a pseudoarthrosis accompanying the shortening of the femoral shaft. At the opposite end of the spectrum, the most severely deformed cases, Classes C and D, have involvement of the acetabulum, and the entire proximal femur. In cases of advanced dysgenesis, the findings include: a stunted severely shortened femur with a club-shaped or pointed proximal end, an iliac projection just above the anatomic site of the acetabulum, a spherical obturator foramen, and squaring of the iliac crest. Twenty-one patients (2 bilateral) with proximal focal femoral deficiency are presented (23 femurs). Differentiation of proximal focal femoral deficiency from other congenital and acquired deformities of the hip joint is essential for selecting the proper treatment.", "PMID": 96119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2001", "title": "Primary intracranial mixed choriocarcinoma and malignant teratoma.", "content": "Primary intracranila choriocarcinoma, either alone or with malignant teratoma, is a rare tumor. The 22 reported cases of primary intracranila mixed choriocarcinoma and malignant teratoma are reviewed, and a further case is added. This 4 1/2-year-old girl presented with multiple cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism and markedly elevated blood and urine human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) titres. After subtotal removal of the suprasellar tumor, supervoltage radiation was given with a remarkably rapid and complete response. She died 14 months after diagnosis with no evidence of local recurrence nor of distant metastases.", "contents": "Primary intracranial mixed choriocarcinoma and malignant teratoma. Primary intracranila choriocarcinoma, either alone or with malignant teratoma, is a rare tumor. The 22 reported cases of primary intracranila mixed choriocarcinoma and malignant teratoma are reviewed, and a further case is added. This 4 1/2-year-old girl presented with multiple cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism and markedly elevated blood and urine human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) titres. After subtotal removal of the suprasellar tumor, supervoltage radiation was given with a remarkably rapid and complete response. She died 14 months after diagnosis with no evidence of local recurrence nor of distant metastases.", "PMID": 96120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2002", "title": "Erythrocyte entry by malarial parasites. A moving junction between erythrocyte and parasite.", "content": "Invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites of the monkey malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, was investigated by electron microscopy. The apical end of the merozoite makes initial contact with the erythrocyte, creating a small depression in the erythrocyte membrane. The area of the erythrocyte membrane to which the merozoite is attached becomes thickened and forms a junction with the plasma membrane of the merozoite. As the merozoite enters the invagination in the erythrocyte surface, the junction, which is in the form of a circumferential zone of attachment between the erythrocyte and merozoite, moves along the confronted membranes to maintain its position at the orifice of the invagination. When entry is completed, the orifice closes behind the parasite in the fashion of an iris diaphragm, and the junction becomes a part of the parasitophorous vacuole. The movement of the junction during invasion is an important component of the mechanism by which the merozoite enters the erythrocyte. The extracellular merozoite is covered with a prominent surface coat. During invasion, this coat appears to be absent from the portion of the merozoite within the erythrocyte invagination, but the density of the surface coat outside the invagination (beyond the junction) is unaltered.", "contents": "Erythrocyte entry by malarial parasites. A moving junction between erythrocyte and parasite. Invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites of the monkey malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, was investigated by electron microscopy. The apical end of the merozoite makes initial contact with the erythrocyte, creating a small depression in the erythrocyte membrane. The area of the erythrocyte membrane to which the merozoite is attached becomes thickened and forms a junction with the plasma membrane of the merozoite. As the merozoite enters the invagination in the erythrocyte surface, the junction, which is in the form of a circumferential zone of attachment between the erythrocyte and merozoite, moves along the confronted membranes to maintain its position at the orifice of the invagination. When entry is completed, the orifice closes behind the parasite in the fashion of an iris diaphragm, and the junction becomes a part of the parasitophorous vacuole. The movement of the junction during invasion is an important component of the mechanism by which the merozoite enters the erythrocyte. The extracellular merozoite is covered with a prominent surface coat. During invasion, this coat appears to be absent from the portion of the merozoite within the erythrocyte invagination, but the density of the surface coat outside the invagination (beyond the junction) is unaltered.", "PMID": 96121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2003", "title": "Characterization of bacterial L-(-)-tyrosine decarboxylase by isoelectric focusing and gel chromatography.", "content": "The purification of L-(-)-tyrosine apodecarboxylase (TAD) (E.C. 4.1.1.25), obtained from extracts of cells of Streptococcus faecalis, has been investigated by means of preparative isoelectric focusing, molecular sieve chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Isoelectric focusing demonstrated two separate fractions possessing enzyme activity that had pI values of 4.5 and ca. 3.2. In the chromatographic methods, however, the activity was obtained in a single peak. It was found that hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose was particularly suitable for purification purposes. The enzyme is very firmly bound to octyl-Sepharose CL-4B but retains most of its activity even in the bound state.", "contents": "Characterization of bacterial L-(-)-tyrosine decarboxylase by isoelectric focusing and gel chromatography. The purification of L-(-)-tyrosine apodecarboxylase (TAD) (E.C. 4.1.1.25), obtained from extracts of cells of Streptococcus faecalis, has been investigated by means of preparative isoelectric focusing, molecular sieve chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Isoelectric focusing demonstrated two separate fractions possessing enzyme activity that had pI values of 4.5 and ca. 3.2. In the chromatographic methods, however, the activity was obtained in a single peak. It was found that hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose was particularly suitable for purification purposes. The enzyme is very firmly bound to octyl-Sepharose CL-4B but retains most of its activity even in the bound state.", "PMID": 96122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2004", "title": "Serogroup identification of Neisseria  meningitidis: comparison of an antiserum agar method with bacterial slide agglutination.", "content": "A serum agar method for serogrouping Neisseria meningitidis is described and compared with conventional bacterial slide agglutination. There was 93% agreement for 300 strains examined individually by each method. Among strains from serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W135, there was 100% correlation, whereas strains from serogroup 29E (Z') had only 67% correlation. The serum agar method was rapid, as well as easy to perform and interpret. The potential benefits of this method for epidemiological studies and reference laboratories processing large numbers of meningococcal isolates are emphasized.", "contents": "Serogroup identification of Neisseria  meningitidis: comparison of an antiserum agar method with bacterial slide agglutination. A serum agar method for serogrouping Neisseria meningitidis is described and compared with conventional bacterial slide agglutination. There was 93% agreement for 300 strains examined individually by each method. Among strains from serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W135, there was 100% correlation, whereas strains from serogroup 29E (Z') had only 67% correlation. The serum agar method was rapid, as well as easy to perform and interpret. The potential benefits of this method for epidemiological studies and reference laboratories processing large numbers of meningococcal isolates are emphasized.", "PMID": 96123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2005", "title": "Identification of some basic extractable compounds produced by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis in a defined medium.", "content": "Electron capture gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have been used to identify some of the basic extractable heptafluorobutyric anhydride reactive compounds found in a defined medium after 20 h of growth by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. Acetoin, 2,3-butanediol, pyrroline, and 1,3-diaminopropane were identified by both gas chromatography and mass spectrometry; 2-hydroxy-pyrrolidine and 3-aminomethyl-pyrrolidine were tentatively identified by mass spectrometry. A possible origin of the amines is through enzymatic oxidation of polyamines.", "contents": "Identification of some basic extractable compounds produced by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis in a defined medium. Electron capture gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have been used to identify some of the basic extractable heptafluorobutyric anhydride reactive compounds found in a defined medium after 20 h of growth by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. Acetoin, 2,3-butanediol, pyrroline, and 1,3-diaminopropane were identified by both gas chromatography and mass spectrometry; 2-hydroxy-pyrrolidine and 3-aminomethyl-pyrrolidine were tentatively identified by mass spectrometry. A possible origin of the amines is through enzymatic oxidation of polyamines.", "PMID": 96124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2006", "title": "Comparison of a radiometric procedure with conventional methods for identification of Neisseria.", "content": "A radiometric procedure was compared with the conventional cystine tryptic agar (CTA) sugar fermentation method for identification of Neisseria species. Four different ATCC cultures of Neisseria were identified by both procedures with identical results. The only difference noted was that the radiometric procedure required 3 h for completion, whereas the conventional CTA sugar method required overnight incubation. The radiometric procedure was also compared with the fluorescent antibody (FA) and CTA methods for identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The organisms examined were gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococci isolated from 49 clinical specimens sent to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis. Results obtained by both CTA and FA procedures were comparable. However, the radioisotope method appeared to be superior to the other two methods in that only one isolate identified as positive by both the CTA and FA methods was not identified radiometrically, whereas four isolates positive by the radiometric method were not identified by the other two procedures. Thus, a total of seven more positive identifications were made radiometrically than by either of the two other methods. All positive identifications were confirmed by a reference laboratory. These results indicate that the radiometric procedure is more rapid and reliable as compared with both the CTA and direct FA methods and, thus, may serve as a valuable addition to the methodology available for diagnostic microbiology.", "contents": "Comparison of a radiometric procedure with conventional methods for identification of Neisseria. A radiometric procedure was compared with the conventional cystine tryptic agar (CTA) sugar fermentation method for identification of Neisseria species. Four different ATCC cultures of Neisseria were identified by both procedures with identical results. The only difference noted was that the radiometric procedure required 3 h for completion, whereas the conventional CTA sugar method required overnight incubation. The radiometric procedure was also compared with the fluorescent antibody (FA) and CTA methods for identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The organisms examined were gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococci isolated from 49 clinical specimens sent to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis. Results obtained by both CTA and FA procedures were comparable. However, the radioisotope method appeared to be superior to the other two methods in that only one isolate identified as positive by both the CTA and FA methods was not identified radiometrically, whereas four isolates positive by the radiometric method were not identified by the other two procedures. Thus, a total of seven more positive identifications were made radiometrically than by either of the two other methods. All positive identifications were confirmed by a reference laboratory. These results indicate that the radiometric procedure is more rapid and reliable as compared with both the CTA and direct FA methods and, thus, may serve as a valuable addition to the methodology available for diagnostic microbiology.", "PMID": 96125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2007", "title": "Value of acid metabolic products in identification of certain corynebacteria.", "content": "Acid metabolic products of 23 strains of human and animal pathogenic corynebacteria, representing eight different species, were determined by gas chromatography. The results showed that the species examined were metabolically heterogeneous and could be presumptively identified based on the acid products produced. Corynebacterium equi did not produce any acids; C. renale produced lactate; and C. pyogenes produced major amounts of lactate, variable amounts of acetate, and minor amounts of succinate and pyruvate. C. kutscheri produced propionate and lactate as major products and pyruvate and oxalacetate as minor products. C. diphtheriae and C. pseudotuberculosis produced major amounts of propionate, acetate, and formate. In addition, C. pseudotuberculosis produced major amounts of pyruvate and minor amounts of succinate, lactate, and oxalacetate, whereas C. diphtheriae strains produced minor but variable amounts of lactate, succinate, fumarate, pyruvate, and oxalacetate. C. bovis produced aicd products similar to those of C. pyogenes but was readily distinguishable from the latter by the lack of hemolysis on blood agar, colony morphology, catalase reaction, and biochemicals. C. suis characteristically produced major amounts of ethanol, acetate, and formate and minor amounts of lactate and succinate but no propionate.", "contents": "Value of acid metabolic products in identification of certain corynebacteria. Acid metabolic products of 23 strains of human and animal pathogenic corynebacteria, representing eight different species, were determined by gas chromatography. The results showed that the species examined were metabolically heterogeneous and could be presumptively identified based on the acid products produced. Corynebacterium equi did not produce any acids; C. renale produced lactate; and C. pyogenes produced major amounts of lactate, variable amounts of acetate, and minor amounts of succinate and pyruvate. C. kutscheri produced propionate and lactate as major products and pyruvate and oxalacetate as minor products. C. diphtheriae and C. pseudotuberculosis produced major amounts of propionate, acetate, and formate. In addition, C. pseudotuberculosis produced major amounts of pyruvate and minor amounts of succinate, lactate, and oxalacetate, whereas C. diphtheriae strains produced minor but variable amounts of lactate, succinate, fumarate, pyruvate, and oxalacetate. C. bovis produced aicd products similar to those of C. pyogenes but was readily distinguishable from the latter by the lack of hemolysis on blood agar, colony morphology, catalase reaction, and biochemicals. C. suis characteristically produced major amounts of ethanol, acetate, and formate and minor amounts of lactate and succinate but no propionate.", "PMID": 96126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2008", "title": "Modification of methods used in bacteriophage typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates.", "content": "A procedure in which soft agar overlays were used in bacteriophage-typing Mycobacterium tuberculosis is presented. This safer method uses commercially available media, whereas media presently used must be prepared in the laboratory. Single plaque isolations of the phage BG-1 specifying phage type A and B of M. tuberculosis were readily made by using the modified procedures. This purification and the use of prototype strain Myc 1415 as the indicator host strain have significantly enhanced the ability to discriminate among strains of phage types A and B.", "contents": "Modification of methods used in bacteriophage typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. A procedure in which soft agar overlays were used in bacteriophage-typing Mycobacterium tuberculosis is presented. This safer method uses commercially available media, whereas media presently used must be prepared in the laboratory. Single plaque isolations of the phage BG-1 specifying phage type A and B of M. tuberculosis were readily made by using the modified procedures. This purification and the use of prototype strain Myc 1415 as the indicator host strain have significantly enhanced the ability to discriminate among strains of phage types A and B.", "PMID": 96127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2009", "title": "Identification and grouping of Neisseria meningitidis directly on agar plates by coagglutination with specific antibody-coated protein A-containing staphylococci.", "content": "It has been shown that Neisseria meningitidis can be grouped by coagglutination directly upon growth on sheep blood or chocolate agar plates. All positive reactions were group specific, and only a single colony was required for a positive reaction. There was variation seen in the effectiveness of commercial antisera in preparing sensitive reagents. Certain throat and sputum isolates of group Z organisms failed to react by coagglutination, although they would react directly with antiserum in whole-cell agglutination. This problem remains unresolved but may not be greatly significant in laboratory use of this method since group Z is rarely associated with disease.", "contents": "Identification and grouping of Neisseria meningitidis directly on agar plates by coagglutination with specific antibody-coated protein A-containing staphylococci. It has been shown that Neisseria meningitidis can be grouped by coagglutination directly upon growth on sheep blood or chocolate agar plates. All positive reactions were group specific, and only a single colony was required for a positive reaction. There was variation seen in the effectiveness of commercial antisera in preparing sensitive reagents. Certain throat and sputum isolates of group Z organisms failed to react by coagglutination, although they would react directly with antiserum in whole-cell agglutination. This problem remains unresolved but may not be greatly significant in laboratory use of this method since group Z is rarely associated with disease.", "PMID": 96128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2010", "title": "Rapid determination of Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxigenicity by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "A method for detecting toxin production in Corynebacterium diphtheriae cultures by counterimmunoelectrophoresis is described. Precipitin lines were observed in toxigenic strains in 30 min.", "contents": "Rapid determination of Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxigenicity by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. A method for detecting toxin production in Corynebacterium diphtheriae cultures by counterimmunoelectrophoresis is described. Precipitin lines were observed in toxigenic strains in 30 min.", "PMID": 96129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2011", "title": "Method for determining bioburden of surgical gloves.", "content": "A washing procedure that removed maximum numbers of contaminating microorganisms from whole surgical gloves was developed. Washing, coupled with membrane filtration, proved to be a simple and effective method for bioburden determinations on whole gloves.", "contents": "Method for determining bioburden of surgical gloves. A washing procedure that removed maximum numbers of contaminating microorganisms from whole surgical gloves was developed. Washing, coupled with membrane filtration, proved to be a simple and effective method for bioburden determinations on whole gloves.", "PMID": 96130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2012", "title": "Partial purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Studies of lymphocyte function.", "content": "Immune function in two brothers with a deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Both patients had a history of recurrent infections and profound lymphopenia. Studies of cell-mediated immunity revealed an absence of delayed cutaneous reactivity to a number of antigens, including dinitrochlorobenzene, and significantly reduced lymphocyte proliferative responses to nonspecific mitogens, specific antigen, and allogeneic cells. E-rosetting cells were present but reduced in number (20.0% and 31.5%). Serum immunoglobulin levels, percentages of circulating immunoglobulin-and C3-receptor-bearing B cells, as well as the ability to produce antibody in response to specific antigen in vivo were normal. Moreover, studies of the in vitro induction of specific IgM antibody delineated the presence of T-helper and T-regulator cells. The normal induction of bone marrow precursor T-cell maturation by human thymic epithelium-conditioned medium or thymosin suggested that the initial stages of T-cell generation were intact in these patients. Attempts to reconstitute the in vitro proliferative response with a variety of reagents, including purine nucleoside phosphorylase itself, were unsuccessful. Selective impairment of certain aspects of T-cell function in these patients and a less severe clinical picture than previously described may be explained by the presence of a partial deficiency of nucleoside phosphorylase activity and incomplete block of purine catabolism.", "contents": "Partial purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Studies of lymphocyte function. Immune function in two brothers with a deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Both patients had a history of recurrent infections and profound lymphopenia. Studies of cell-mediated immunity revealed an absence of delayed cutaneous reactivity to a number of antigens, including dinitrochlorobenzene, and significantly reduced lymphocyte proliferative responses to nonspecific mitogens, specific antigen, and allogeneic cells. E-rosetting cells were present but reduced in number (20.0% and 31.5%). Serum immunoglobulin levels, percentages of circulating immunoglobulin-and C3-receptor-bearing B cells, as well as the ability to produce antibody in response to specific antigen in vivo were normal. Moreover, studies of the in vitro induction of specific IgM antibody delineated the presence of T-helper and T-regulator cells. The normal induction of bone marrow precursor T-cell maturation by human thymic epithelium-conditioned medium or thymosin suggested that the initial stages of T-cell generation were intact in these patients. Attempts to reconstitute the in vitro proliferative response with a variety of reagents, including purine nucleoside phosphorylase itself, were unsuccessful. Selective impairment of certain aspects of T-cell function in these patients and a less severe clinical picture than previously described may be explained by the presence of a partial deficiency of nucleoside phosphorylase activity and incomplete block of purine catabolism.", "PMID": 96131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2013", "title": "Immunogenicity of polysaccharides from type III, group B Streptococcus.", "content": "The immunogenicity and safety of two polysaccharides isolated from type III, group B Streptococcus, were tested in adults selected for existing low concentrations of natural antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of this organism. Both vaccine preparations (trichloroacetic acid and EDTA) were found to lack pyrogenicity and toxicity for experimental animals. A single 50-microgram subcutaneous injection of either polysaccharide in human subjects elicited significant increase in antibody concentration in immunized compared with control individuals receiving phosphate-buffered saline. Antibody responses were maximal by 2 wk and remained at 21 wk after immunization. Vaccine-induced antibody was primarily of the IgG class. Of the two vaccines, the larger molecular size polysaccharide was significantly more immunogenic. Although no systemic reactions were recorded, mild transient local reactions occurred in 45% of vaccinees.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of polysaccharides from type III, group B Streptococcus. The immunogenicity and safety of two polysaccharides isolated from type III, group B Streptococcus, were tested in adults selected for existing low concentrations of natural antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of this organism. Both vaccine preparations (trichloroacetic acid and EDTA) were found to lack pyrogenicity and toxicity for experimental animals. A single 50-microgram subcutaneous injection of either polysaccharide in human subjects elicited significant increase in antibody concentration in immunized compared with control individuals receiving phosphate-buffered saline. Antibody responses were maximal by 2 wk and remained at 21 wk after immunization. Vaccine-induced antibody was primarily of the IgG class. Of the two vaccines, the larger molecular size polysaccharide was significantly more immunogenic. Although no systemic reactions were recorded, mild transient local reactions occurred in 45% of vaccinees.", "PMID": 96132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2014", "title": "Glucocorticoids administered in vivo inhibit human suppressor T lymphocyte function and diminish B lymphocyte responsiveness in in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis.", "content": "The effects of corticosteroid given in vivo on human lymphocyte subpopulation function were investigated using an in vitro system of pokeweek mitogen-stimulated immunoglobulin production. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from normal volunteers before and 4 h after the intravenous administration of methylprednisolone. Unfractioned peripheral blood lymphocytes showed a consistent decrease (mean congruent with 50%) in immunoglobulin and total protein synthesis after steroid administration. Utilizing separated thymus-derived (T) and bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocyte fractions, the pathophysiology of this alteration in immunoglobulin production was elucidated. B lymphocytes obtained after steroid treatment showed a markedly diminished immunoglobulin response (20% of normal) to normal T lymphocytes and to normal T cells that had been irradiated to remove suppressor T lymphocyte function. All major classes of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, and IgA) were affected. T lymphocytes procured after steroid administration were capable of providing normal amounts of T cell help for B cells in immunoglobulin production. However, suppressor T lymphocyte activity, observed with normal T lymphocytes at high T to B cell ratios, was absent from the post-steroid T lymphocytes. This loss of suppressor T lymphocyte function was not due to the presence of excess help as irradiated pre- and poststeroid T cells provided equal amounts of helper activity. On recombining the poststeroid treatment B cells, which are hyporesponsive in immunoglobulin synthesis, with the posttreatment T lymphocytes, which lack suppressor activity, diminished amounts of immunoglobulin were produced which correlate well with the effects observed with unseparated cells. Thus, corticosteroids have differential effects on the lymphocyte populations involved in immunoglobulin biosynthesis. B cell responsiveness is diminished, suppressor T lymphocyte activity is removed, and helper T lymphocyte function is unaffected.", "contents": "Glucocorticoids administered in vivo inhibit human suppressor T lymphocyte function and diminish B lymphocyte responsiveness in in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis. The effects of corticosteroid given in vivo on human lymphocyte subpopulation function were investigated using an in vitro system of pokeweek mitogen-stimulated immunoglobulin production. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from normal volunteers before and 4 h after the intravenous administration of methylprednisolone. Unfractioned peripheral blood lymphocytes showed a consistent decrease (mean congruent with 50%) in immunoglobulin and total protein synthesis after steroid administration. Utilizing separated thymus-derived (T) and bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocyte fractions, the pathophysiology of this alteration in immunoglobulin production was elucidated. B lymphocytes obtained after steroid treatment showed a markedly diminished immunoglobulin response (20% of normal) to normal T lymphocytes and to normal T cells that had been irradiated to remove suppressor T lymphocyte function. All major classes of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, and IgA) were affected. T lymphocytes procured after steroid administration were capable of providing normal amounts of T cell help for B cells in immunoglobulin production. However, suppressor T lymphocyte activity, observed with normal T lymphocytes at high T to B cell ratios, was absent from the post-steroid T lymphocytes. This loss of suppressor T lymphocyte function was not due to the presence of excess help as irradiated pre- and poststeroid T cells provided equal amounts of helper activity. On recombining the poststeroid treatment B cells, which are hyporesponsive in immunoglobulin synthesis, with the posttreatment T lymphocytes, which lack suppressor activity, diminished amounts of immunoglobulin were produced which correlate well with the effects observed with unseparated cells. Thus, corticosteroids have differential effects on the lymphocyte populations involved in immunoglobulin biosynthesis. B cell responsiveness is diminished, suppressor T lymphocyte activity is removed, and helper T lymphocyte function is unaffected.", "PMID": 96133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2015", "title": "Attachment role of gonococcal pili. Optimum conditions and quantitation of adherence of isolated pili to human cells in vitro.", "content": "Gonoccocal pili facilitate attachment of virulent Neisseria gonorrhoeae to human cells. To characterize this attachment function, purified gonococcal pili isolated from four strains possessing antigenically distinct pili were radiolabeled with 125I and used to measure the attachment of pili to various human cells in vitro. Human buccal and cervical-vaginal mucosal epithealial cells, fallopian tube mucosa, and sperm bound pili in greater numbers per micrometer2 of surface area (1--10) than fetal tonsil fibroblasts, HeLa M cells, erythrocytes, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes. This cell specificity of attachment suggests a greater density of membrane pili binding sites on cells similar or identical to cells from natural sites of infection. The pili binding sites were quantitated as 1 X 10(4) per cervical-vaginal squamous cell. Pili of all antigenic types attached equally to a given cell type, implying that the attachment moiety of each pilus was similar. Attachement of gonoccocal pili to human cells occurred quickly with saturation of presumed receptor sites within 20--60 min. Attachment was temperature dependent (37 degrees greater than 20 degrees greater than 4 degrees C), and pH dependent (3.5 less than 4.5 less than 5.5 less than 7.5). Attachment was inhibited by antibody to pili (homologous pili Ab greater than heterologous Ab). The extent of possible protection against gonococcal infection due to inhibition of pili-mediated attachment might prove limited as a result of the considerable antigenic heterogeneity among pili and the observation that blockage of pili attachment is maximal only with antibody to pili of the infecting strain.", "contents": "Attachment role of gonococcal pili. Optimum conditions and quantitation of adherence of isolated pili to human cells in vitro. Gonoccocal pili facilitate attachment of virulent Neisseria gonorrhoeae to human cells. To characterize this attachment function, purified gonococcal pili isolated from four strains possessing antigenically distinct pili were radiolabeled with 125I and used to measure the attachment of pili to various human cells in vitro. Human buccal and cervical-vaginal mucosal epithealial cells, fallopian tube mucosa, and sperm bound pili in greater numbers per micrometer2 of surface area (1--10) than fetal tonsil fibroblasts, HeLa M cells, erythrocytes, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes. This cell specificity of attachment suggests a greater density of membrane pili binding sites on cells similar or identical to cells from natural sites of infection. The pili binding sites were quantitated as 1 X 10(4) per cervical-vaginal squamous cell. Pili of all antigenic types attached equally to a given cell type, implying that the attachment moiety of each pilus was similar. Attachement of gonoccocal pili to human cells occurred quickly with saturation of presumed receptor sites within 20--60 min. Attachment was temperature dependent (37 degrees greater than 20 degrees greater than 4 degrees C), and pH dependent (3.5 less than 4.5 less than 5.5 less than 7.5). Attachment was inhibited by antibody to pili (homologous pili Ab greater than heterologous Ab). The extent of possible protection against gonococcal infection due to inhibition of pili-mediated attachment might prove limited as a result of the considerable antigenic heterogeneity among pili and the observation that blockage of pili attachment is maximal only with antibody to pili of the infecting strain.", "PMID": 96134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2016", "title": "Parathyroid hormone responses to catecholamines and to changes of extracellular calcium in cows.", "content": "Modifications of the plasma level of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) in cattle were induced by changes of the plasma concentrations of epinephrine, isoproterenol, or calcium. During abrupt hypocalcemia, PTH, obtained by infusions with ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethylether) N, N'-tetraacetate (EGTA), increased during the first 4-8 min. After a transient decline, the hormone levels rose again and remained elevated. Infusions of calcium suppressed the hypocalcemia-induced augmentation of PTH levels within a few minutes. Prolonged epinephrine (and isoproterenol) infusions also rapidly increased PTH levels, however, in this case, they returned to basal concentrations after 50-60 min. Additional epinephrine infusions could not further raise PTH values. Moreover, three short-lasting infusions of epinephrine (7 min each), given at 30-min intervals, increased PTH levels to the same extent, whereas additional infusions were much less effective. The PTH response to epinephrine was completely restored, when the interval after a prolonged epinephrine infusion had been prolonged to > 100 min. During moderate hypocalcemia, occurring at the end of EGTA infusions and lasting for 90 min, the PTH response to a short-lasting epinephrine infusion (7 min) was more pronounced than in normocalcemic animals. During severe hypocalcemia, in which superimposed short-lasting infusions of EGTA (7 min) led to an additional abrupt fall of plasma calcium concentrations but not to a corresponding additional rise of the PTH levels, epinephrine rapidly and further increased PTH concentrations. On the other hand, at the end of prolonged infusions of epinephrine, when additional infusions of epinephrine were ineffective in raising PTH levels, EGTA-induced hypocalcemia consistently increased PTH concentrations. The EGTA-induced augmentation of PTH levels was enhanced by epinephrine and isoproterenol but not by propranolol. The present findings indicate, that variations of the extracellular calcium concentrations and beta-adrenergic agonists modify PTH levels by two different and independent mechanisms. On the other hand, it appears that the magnitude of change of the PTH levels to either stimulus is partially modulated by exposure to the other.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone responses to catecholamines and to changes of extracellular calcium in cows. Modifications of the plasma level of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) in cattle were induced by changes of the plasma concentrations of epinephrine, isoproterenol, or calcium. During abrupt hypocalcemia, PTH, obtained by infusions with ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethylether) N, N'-tetraacetate (EGTA), increased during the first 4-8 min. After a transient decline, the hormone levels rose again and remained elevated. Infusions of calcium suppressed the hypocalcemia-induced augmentation of PTH levels within a few minutes. Prolonged epinephrine (and isoproterenol) infusions also rapidly increased PTH levels, however, in this case, they returned to basal concentrations after 50-60 min. Additional epinephrine infusions could not further raise PTH values. Moreover, three short-lasting infusions of epinephrine (7 min each), given at 30-min intervals, increased PTH levels to the same extent, whereas additional infusions were much less effective. The PTH response to epinephrine was completely restored, when the interval after a prolonged epinephrine infusion had been prolonged to > 100 min. During moderate hypocalcemia, occurring at the end of EGTA infusions and lasting for 90 min, the PTH response to a short-lasting epinephrine infusion (7 min) was more pronounced than in normocalcemic animals. During severe hypocalcemia, in which superimposed short-lasting infusions of EGTA (7 min) led to an additional abrupt fall of plasma calcium concentrations but not to a corresponding additional rise of the PTH levels, epinephrine rapidly and further increased PTH concentrations. On the other hand, at the end of prolonged infusions of epinephrine, when additional infusions of epinephrine were ineffective in raising PTH levels, EGTA-induced hypocalcemia consistently increased PTH concentrations. The EGTA-induced augmentation of PTH levels was enhanced by epinephrine and isoproterenol but not by propranolol. The present findings indicate, that variations of the extracellular calcium concentrations and beta-adrenergic agonists modify PTH levels by two different and independent mechanisms. On the other hand, it appears that the magnitude of change of the PTH levels to either stimulus is partially modulated by exposure to the other.", "PMID": 96135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2017", "title": "Difference between type I autoimmune inhibitors of fibrin stabilization in two patients with severe hemorrhagic disorder.", "content": "Inhibitors of fibrin stabilization of apparently autoimmune origin, found in two severely bleeding unrelated patients (W. G. and G. A.), were compared with regard to their biological target specificities, potencies and immunological characteristics. Both interfered only with the activation of fibrin stabilizing factor (coagulation Factor XIII) and, while totally preventing the conversion of this zymogen to the functional transamidating enzyme, fibrinoligase (Factor XIII(a)), they showed very little inhibition toward the enzyme itself. Thus, according to the classification of Lorand concerning biological specificities, both can be characterized as Type I inhibitors of fibrin stabilization. Potencies of the two inhibitors were quite similar when measured in conjunction with the plasma zymogen, but they differed remarkably in tests with platelet Factor 13. The inhibitor of patient W. G. prevented the activation of the zymogen from platelets, but that of G. A. had no effect on the platelet factor. It may therefore be concluded that the inhibitor of W. G. is directed exclusively against the a subunit which is a common constituent of plasma as well as platelet factors. The inhibitor of G. A., however, must be targeted against determinants uniquely characteristic for the ab ensemble of the plasma zymogen including the b subunit. On the basis of this difference in target specificity, the inhibitor of W. G. is designated as Type I-1 and that of G. A. as Type I-2. The inhibitors of both patients were isolated as immunoglobulins, and neutralization tests revealed that the antibody of W. G. comprised mainly heavy chains of the IgG1 and light chains of the kappa class. The antibody of G. A. proved to be considerably more heterogeneous and contained IgG1 and IgG3 heavy chains as well as kappa- and lambda-light chains. The finding that the antibody of W. G. inhibited conversion of platelet Factor 13 and also its thrombinmodified form, but had no effect on the thrombin and Ca(2+)-activated factor, is an indication that antigenic determinants existing both on the native zymogen and on its hydrolytically modified form become buried in the Ca(2+)-dependent step of activation. This is clear evidence for the occurrence of a significant conformational change in the protein structure attendant to the process of unmasking of its enzymic activity.", "contents": "Difference between type I autoimmune inhibitors of fibrin stabilization in two patients with severe hemorrhagic disorder. Inhibitors of fibrin stabilization of apparently autoimmune origin, found in two severely bleeding unrelated patients (W. G. and G. A.), were compared with regard to their biological target specificities, potencies and immunological characteristics. Both interfered only with the activation of fibrin stabilizing factor (coagulation Factor XIII) and, while totally preventing the conversion of this zymogen to the functional transamidating enzyme, fibrinoligase (Factor XIII(a)), they showed very little inhibition toward the enzyme itself. Thus, according to the classification of Lorand concerning biological specificities, both can be characterized as Type I inhibitors of fibrin stabilization. Potencies of the two inhibitors were quite similar when measured in conjunction with the plasma zymogen, but they differed remarkably in tests with platelet Factor 13. The inhibitor of patient W. G. prevented the activation of the zymogen from platelets, but that of G. A. had no effect on the platelet factor. It may therefore be concluded that the inhibitor of W. G. is directed exclusively against the a subunit which is a common constituent of plasma as well as platelet factors. The inhibitor of G. A., however, must be targeted against determinants uniquely characteristic for the ab ensemble of the plasma zymogen including the b subunit. On the basis of this difference in target specificity, the inhibitor of W. G. is designated as Type I-1 and that of G. A. as Type I-2. The inhibitors of both patients were isolated as immunoglobulins, and neutralization tests revealed that the antibody of W. G. comprised mainly heavy chains of the IgG1 and light chains of the kappa class. The antibody of G. A. proved to be considerably more heterogeneous and contained IgG1 and IgG3 heavy chains as well as kappa- and lambda-light chains. The finding that the antibody of W. G. inhibited conversion of platelet Factor 13 and also its thrombinmodified form, but had no effect on the thrombin and Ca(2+)-activated factor, is an indication that antigenic determinants existing both on the native zymogen and on its hydrolytically modified form become buried in the Ca(2+)-dependent step of activation. This is clear evidence for the occurrence of a significant conformational change in the protein structure attendant to the process of unmasking of its enzymic activity.", "PMID": 96136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2018", "title": "Quantitative influence of antibody and complement coating of red cells on monocyte-mediated cell lysis.", "content": "Monocyte-mediated lysis in vitro of human red cells coated with measured amounts of immunoglobulin G (IgG) or complement were studied. 1,000-1,500 molecules of IgG anti-D are necessary to effect measurable lysis, and lysis increases linearly with increasing levels of antibody sensitization. 100 microgram/ml of IgG1 abolished lysis even at maximal levels of anti-D sensitization (15,000 molecules/cell). Two isoimmune IgG anti-A or anti-B antisera were 5 to 10-fold less efficient in promoting phagocytosis or lysis per molecule of IgG bound; however, because of the greater antigen density of A or B, more than 100,000 molecules IgG/cell could be bound, producing equivalent lysis to anti-D-coated cells. Although inhibition by IgG1 was similar at equivalent levels of sensitization with anti-A, anti-B, or anti-D at high levels of coating with anti-A or anti-B (not attainable with anti-D), lysis was not inhibited by IgG1. Cells coated with human complement components alone were not lysed by monocytes; however, complement coating augmented IgG-mediated lysis and reduced the quantity of anti-D necessary to produce lysis to less than 1,000 molecules/cell. After thorough degradation of C3b by serum to C3d, complement augmentation persisted.", "contents": "Quantitative influence of antibody and complement coating of red cells on monocyte-mediated cell lysis. Monocyte-mediated lysis in vitro of human red cells coated with measured amounts of immunoglobulin G (IgG) or complement were studied. 1,000-1,500 molecules of IgG anti-D are necessary to effect measurable lysis, and lysis increases linearly with increasing levels of antibody sensitization. 100 microgram/ml of IgG1 abolished lysis even at maximal levels of anti-D sensitization (15,000 molecules/cell). Two isoimmune IgG anti-A or anti-B antisera were 5 to 10-fold less efficient in promoting phagocytosis or lysis per molecule of IgG bound; however, because of the greater antigen density of A or B, more than 100,000 molecules IgG/cell could be bound, producing equivalent lysis to anti-D-coated cells. Although inhibition by IgG1 was similar at equivalent levels of sensitization with anti-A, anti-B, or anti-D at high levels of coating with anti-A or anti-B (not attainable with anti-D), lysis was not inhibited by IgG1. Cells coated with human complement components alone were not lysed by monocytes; however, complement coating augmented IgG-mediated lysis and reduced the quantity of anti-D necessary to produce lysis to less than 1,000 molecules/cell. After thorough degradation of C3b by serum to C3d, complement augmentation persisted.", "PMID": 96137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2019", "title": "Deoxyguanosine triphosphate as a possible toxic metabolite in the immunodeficiency associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency.", "content": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is associated with a severe defect in thymus-derived (T)-lymphocyte function combined with normal bone marrow-derived (B)-lymphocyte function. To investigate the role of this enzyme deficiency in the resulting immune dysfunction, we measured the levels of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in erythrocytes from two unrelated PNP-deficient, T-lymphocyte-deficient patients. Both PNP-deficient patients have abnormally high levels of deoxyguanosine triphosphate (deoxy-GTP) in their erythrocytes (5 and 8 nmol/ml packed erythrocytes). In contrast, normal controls and adenosine deaminase-deficient, immunodeficient patients do not have detectable amounts of deoxyGTP (<0.5 nmol/ml packed erythrocytes). We propose that deoxyguanosine, a substrate of PNP, is the potentially lymphotoxic metabolite in PNP deficiency. The mechanism of toxicity involves phosphorylation of deoxyguanosine to deoxyGTP, which acts as a potent inhibitor of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase.", "contents": "Deoxyguanosine triphosphate as a possible toxic metabolite in the immunodeficiency associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is associated with a severe defect in thymus-derived (T)-lymphocyte function combined with normal bone marrow-derived (B)-lymphocyte function. To investigate the role of this enzyme deficiency in the resulting immune dysfunction, we measured the levels of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in erythrocytes from two unrelated PNP-deficient, T-lymphocyte-deficient patients. Both PNP-deficient patients have abnormally high levels of deoxyguanosine triphosphate (deoxy-GTP) in their erythrocytes (5 and 8 nmol/ml packed erythrocytes). In contrast, normal controls and adenosine deaminase-deficient, immunodeficient patients do not have detectable amounts of deoxyGTP (<0.5 nmol/ml packed erythrocytes). We propose that deoxyguanosine, a substrate of PNP, is the potentially lymphotoxic metabolite in PNP deficiency. The mechanism of toxicity involves phosphorylation of deoxyguanosine to deoxyGTP, which acts as a potent inhibitor of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase.", "PMID": 96138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2020", "title": "The kallikrein-kinin system in Bartter's syndrome and its response to prostaglandin synthetase inhibition.", "content": "The kallikrein-kinin system was characterized in seven patients with Bartter's syndrome on constant metabolic regimens before, during, and after treatment with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Patients with Bartter's syndrome had high values for plasma bradykinin, plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary kallikrein, urinary immunoreactive prostaglandin E excretion, and urinary aldosterone; urinary kinins were subnormal and plasma prekallikrein was normal. Treatment with indomethacin or ibuprofen which decreased urinary immunoreactive prostaglandin E excretion by 67%, decreased mean PRA (patients recumbent) from 17.3+/-5.3 (S.E.M.) ng/ml per h to 3.3+/-1.1 ng/ml per h, mean plasma bradykinin (patients recumbent) from 15.4+/-4.4 ng/ml to 3.9+/-0.9 ng/ml, mean urinary kallikrein excretion from 24.8+/-3.2 tosyl-arginine-methyl ester units (TU)/day to 12.4+/-2.0 TU/day, but increased mean urinary kinin excretion from 3.8+/-1.3 mug/day to 8.5+/-2.5 mug/day. Plasma prekallikrein remained unchanged at 1.4 TU/ml. Thus, with prostaglandin synthetase inhibition, values for urinary kallikrein and kinin and plasma bradykinin returned to normal pari passu with changes in PRA, in aldosterone, and in prostaglandin E. The results suggest that, in Bartter's syndrome, prostaglandins mediate the low urinary kinins and the high plasma bradykinin, and that urinary kallikrein, which is aldosterone dependent, does not control kinin excretion. The high plasma bradykinin may be a cause of the pressor hyporesponsiveness to angiotensin II which characterizes the syndrome.", "contents": "The kallikrein-kinin system in Bartter's syndrome and its response to prostaglandin synthetase inhibition. The kallikrein-kinin system was characterized in seven patients with Bartter's syndrome on constant metabolic regimens before, during, and after treatment with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Patients with Bartter's syndrome had high values for plasma bradykinin, plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary kallikrein, urinary immunoreactive prostaglandin E excretion, and urinary aldosterone; urinary kinins were subnormal and plasma prekallikrein was normal. Treatment with indomethacin or ibuprofen which decreased urinary immunoreactive prostaglandin E excretion by 67%, decreased mean PRA (patients recumbent) from 17.3+/-5.3 (S.E.M.) ng/ml per h to 3.3+/-1.1 ng/ml per h, mean plasma bradykinin (patients recumbent) from 15.4+/-4.4 ng/ml to 3.9+/-0.9 ng/ml, mean urinary kallikrein excretion from 24.8+/-3.2 tosyl-arginine-methyl ester units (TU)/day to 12.4+/-2.0 TU/day, but increased mean urinary kinin excretion from 3.8+/-1.3 mug/day to 8.5+/-2.5 mug/day. Plasma prekallikrein remained unchanged at 1.4 TU/ml. Thus, with prostaglandin synthetase inhibition, values for urinary kallikrein and kinin and plasma bradykinin returned to normal pari passu with changes in PRA, in aldosterone, and in prostaglandin E. The results suggest that, in Bartter's syndrome, prostaglandins mediate the low urinary kinins and the high plasma bradykinin, and that urinary kallikrein, which is aldosterone dependent, does not control kinin excretion. The high plasma bradykinin may be a cause of the pressor hyporesponsiveness to angiotensin II which characterizes the syndrome.", "PMID": 96139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2021", "title": "Lower levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-degrading activity in human cord and in maternal sera than in the serum of euthyroid, nonpregnant adults.", "content": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-degrading activity was investigated in human cord, maternal, and euthyroid adult sera by measuring (a) the rate of disappearance of TRH and (b) the rate of formation of degradation products. The rate of TRH degradation in cord and maternal sera was 25-33% of that in euthyroid adult serum. Concomitantly, in cord and maternal sera, the rate of formation of proline, a major TRH degradation product in serum, was one-quarter to one-third that in euthyroid adult sera. The differences were highly significant (P less than 0.001). The decreased levels of TRH-degrading activity in cord and maternal sera cannot be explained by (a) the presence of a dialyzable inhibitor, (b) the absence of an activator of TRH degradation, or (c) a reversal of the degradation process. There was no difference in the types of radioactive degradation products formed by cord, maternal, and euthyroid adult sera. The low level of TRH-degrading activity and its possible relationship to high thyrotropin-stimulating hormone levels in cord serum suggest that TRH-degrading activity may be a factor to consider in investigations of the perinatal pituitary-thyroid axis, but further studies are needed to determine the role of serum degradation of TRH in regulating physiological levels of TRH.", "contents": "Lower levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-degrading activity in human cord and in maternal sera than in the serum of euthyroid, nonpregnant adults. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-degrading activity was investigated in human cord, maternal, and euthyroid adult sera by measuring (a) the rate of disappearance of TRH and (b) the rate of formation of degradation products. The rate of TRH degradation in cord and maternal sera was 25-33% of that in euthyroid adult serum. Concomitantly, in cord and maternal sera, the rate of formation of proline, a major TRH degradation product in serum, was one-quarter to one-third that in euthyroid adult sera. The differences were highly significant (P less than 0.001). The decreased levels of TRH-degrading activity in cord and maternal sera cannot be explained by (a) the presence of a dialyzable inhibitor, (b) the absence of an activator of TRH degradation, or (c) a reversal of the degradation process. There was no difference in the types of radioactive degradation products formed by cord, maternal, and euthyroid adult sera. The low level of TRH-degrading activity and its possible relationship to high thyrotropin-stimulating hormone levels in cord serum suggest that TRH-degrading activity may be a factor to consider in investigations of the perinatal pituitary-thyroid axis, but further studies are needed to determine the role of serum degradation of TRH in regulating physiological levels of TRH.", "PMID": 96140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2022", "title": "Increased glycosphingolipid excretion associated with proteinuria.", "content": "The urine of patients with proteinuria of various etiologies was examined to determine if proteinuria alone was associated with significant glycosphingolipiduria. In all cases of proteinuria examined, the level of glycosphingolipids in the urine was found to be markedly elevated. There was no evidence of a glycosphingolipid storage disorder in any case. It was concluded that significant glycosphingolipiduria may occur in proteinuria as well as in the glycosphingolipid storage disorders.", "contents": "Increased glycosphingolipid excretion associated with proteinuria. The urine of patients with proteinuria of various etiologies was examined to determine if proteinuria alone was associated with significant glycosphingolipiduria. In all cases of proteinuria examined, the level of glycosphingolipids in the urine was found to be markedly elevated. There was no evidence of a glycosphingolipid storage disorder in any case. It was concluded that significant glycosphingolipiduria may occur in proteinuria as well as in the glycosphingolipid storage disorders.", "PMID": 96141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2023", "title": "Hepatic conversion of bilirubin monoglucuronide to diglucuronide in uridine diphosphate-glucuronyl transferase-deficient man and rat by bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase.", "content": "The microsomal enzyme uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucuronate glucuronyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.17) catalyzes formation of bilirubin mono-glucuronide from bilirubin and UDPglucuronic acid. Bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.95), an enzyme concentrated in plasma membrane-enriched fractions of rat liver, converts bilirubin monoglucuronide to bilirubin diglucuronide. Bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase activity was studied in homogenates of liver biopsy specimens obtained from patients with the Crigler-Najjar syndrome (Type I) and in subcellular liver fractions of rats homozygous for UDP glucuronate glucuronyltransferase deficiency (Gunn strain). In patients with the Crigler-Najjar syndrome (Type I) and in Gunn rats, hepatic UDPglucuronate glucuronyltransferase activity was not measurable; however, bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase activity was similar to that in normal controls. The subcellular distribution of bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase activity in Gunn rat liver was similar to the distribution observed in normal Wistar rat liver.When bilirubin monoglucuronide was infused intravenously into Gunn rats, 29+/-5% of the conjugated bilirubin excreted in bile was bilirubin diglucuronide. After transplantation of normal Wistar rat kidney, which contained UDPglucuronate glucuronyltransferase activity, in Gunn rats, the serum bilirubin concentration decreased by 80% in 4 days. The major route of bilirubin removal was biliary excretion of conjugated bilirubin, approximately 70% of which was bilirubin diglucuronide. Although patients with the Crigler-Najjar syndrome (Type I) and Gunn rats lack UDP glucuronate glucuronyltransferase, their livers enzymatically convert bilirubin monoglucuronide to diglucuronide in vitro. Conversion in bilirubin monoglucuronide to diglucuronide was demonstrated in Gunn rats in vivo.", "contents": "Hepatic conversion of bilirubin monoglucuronide to diglucuronide in uridine diphosphate-glucuronyl transferase-deficient man and rat by bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase. The microsomal enzyme uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucuronate glucuronyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.17) catalyzes formation of bilirubin mono-glucuronide from bilirubin and UDPglucuronic acid. Bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.95), an enzyme concentrated in plasma membrane-enriched fractions of rat liver, converts bilirubin monoglucuronide to bilirubin diglucuronide. Bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase activity was studied in homogenates of liver biopsy specimens obtained from patients with the Crigler-Najjar syndrome (Type I) and in subcellular liver fractions of rats homozygous for UDP glucuronate glucuronyltransferase deficiency (Gunn strain). In patients with the Crigler-Najjar syndrome (Type I) and in Gunn rats, hepatic UDPglucuronate glucuronyltransferase activity was not measurable; however, bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase activity was similar to that in normal controls. The subcellular distribution of bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase activity in Gunn rat liver was similar to the distribution observed in normal Wistar rat liver.When bilirubin monoglucuronide was infused intravenously into Gunn rats, 29+/-5% of the conjugated bilirubin excreted in bile was bilirubin diglucuronide. After transplantation of normal Wistar rat kidney, which contained UDPglucuronate glucuronyltransferase activity, in Gunn rats, the serum bilirubin concentration decreased by 80% in 4 days. The major route of bilirubin removal was biliary excretion of conjugated bilirubin, approximately 70% of which was bilirubin diglucuronide. Although patients with the Crigler-Najjar syndrome (Type I) and Gunn rats lack UDP glucuronate glucuronyltransferase, their livers enzymatically convert bilirubin monoglucuronide to diglucuronide in vitro. Conversion in bilirubin monoglucuronide to diglucuronide was demonstrated in Gunn rats in vivo.", "PMID": 96142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2024", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to Pityrosporum orbiculare in tinea versicolor.", "content": "Pityrosporum orbiculare, the presumed etiologic agent of tinea versicolor, was cultured in vitro and antigenic extracts prepared from the cultured organisms. Studies with lymphocytes from human cord blood and peripheral blood of guinea pigs demonstrated that such extracts were not mitogenic. Further studies in guinea pigs indicated that the animals could be sensitized by the injection of P. orbiculare extract in Freund's complete adjuvant and that this extract could elicit lymphocyte transformation and delayed skin test responses in sensitized animals. A group of 12 tinea versicolor patients and 15 normal subjects were studied in vitro for cell-mediated immunity to P. orbiculare extract. The majority of the subjects tested in both groups demonstrated positive lymphocyte transformation responses to this extract, as well as to standard mitogens and common microbial antigens. However, lymphocytes from tinea versicolor patients produced significantly less leukocyte migration inhibitory factor activity when stimulated by Candida albicans and P. orbiculare extracts than did lymphocytes from normal subjects. This was also true if only subjects with positive lymphocyte transformation responses to these antigens were considered. Leukocyte migration inhibitory factor responses to streptokinase/streptodornase were not significantly different between the two groups. Therefore, it appears that although both normal subjects and tinea versicolor patients demonstrate prior sensitization to antigens of P. orbiculare, the effector function of lymphocytes from most tinea versicolor patients appears to be impaired in that they produce subnormal amounts of the mediator leukocyte migration inhibitory factor when stimulated with antigenic extracts of this organism.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to Pityrosporum orbiculare in tinea versicolor. Pityrosporum orbiculare, the presumed etiologic agent of tinea versicolor, was cultured in vitro and antigenic extracts prepared from the cultured organisms. Studies with lymphocytes from human cord blood and peripheral blood of guinea pigs demonstrated that such extracts were not mitogenic. Further studies in guinea pigs indicated that the animals could be sensitized by the injection of P. orbiculare extract in Freund's complete adjuvant and that this extract could elicit lymphocyte transformation and delayed skin test responses in sensitized animals. A group of 12 tinea versicolor patients and 15 normal subjects were studied in vitro for cell-mediated immunity to P. orbiculare extract. The majority of the subjects tested in both groups demonstrated positive lymphocyte transformation responses to this extract, as well as to standard mitogens and common microbial antigens. However, lymphocytes from tinea versicolor patients produced significantly less leukocyte migration inhibitory factor activity when stimulated by Candida albicans and P. orbiculare extracts than did lymphocytes from normal subjects. This was also true if only subjects with positive lymphocyte transformation responses to these antigens were considered. Leukocyte migration inhibitory factor responses to streptokinase/streptodornase were not significantly different between the two groups. Therefore, it appears that although both normal subjects and tinea versicolor patients demonstrate prior sensitization to antigens of P. orbiculare, the effector function of lymphocytes from most tinea versicolor patients appears to be impaired in that they produce subnormal amounts of the mediator leukocyte migration inhibitory factor when stimulated with antigenic extracts of this organism.", "PMID": 96143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2025", "title": "Verification of human fetal breathing with phased array ultrasound imaging.", "content": "Continuous observation of fetal movement patterns is a novel and useful capability of new high-speed ultrasound imaging systems. Confirmatory documentation of human fetal breathing as a component of these movement patterns has been achieved using a phased-array real time ultrasound sector scanning system. This system permits direct visualization of fetal breathing movements. Permanent recordings can be made on videotape. Recordings can also be made as a time-motion echocardiograms during continuous observation of the full sector. Fetal breathing movements were seen in five patients. The earliest period of gestation at which fetal breathing was seen was 20 weeks.", "contents": "Verification of human fetal breathing with phased array ultrasound imaging. Continuous observation of fetal movement patterns is a novel and useful capability of new high-speed ultrasound imaging systems. Confirmatory documentation of human fetal breathing as a component of these movement patterns has been achieved using a phased-array real time ultrasound sector scanning system. This system permits direct visualization of fetal breathing movements. Permanent recordings can be made on videotape. Recordings can also be made as a time-motion echocardiograms during continuous observation of the full sector. Fetal breathing movements were seen in five patients. The earliest period of gestation at which fetal breathing was seen was 20 weeks.", "PMID": 96144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2026", "title": "B scan detection of pelvic masses: accuracy compared to the barium enema, intravenous pyelogram.", "content": "One hundred fifty nine pelvic ultrasonic examinations were performed; 54 were verified. The relative diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound, intravenous pyelograms, and barium enemas in detecting pelvic masses is discussed. Ultrasound is highly accurate except in ascites. While barium enema and intravenous pyelogram are both inaccurate. Ultrasound should be the initial examination for the evaluation of patients with a possible pelvic mass.", "contents": "B scan detection of pelvic masses: accuracy compared to the barium enema, intravenous pyelogram. One hundred fifty nine pelvic ultrasonic examinations were performed; 54 were verified. The relative diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound, intravenous pyelograms, and barium enemas in detecting pelvic masses is discussed. Ultrasound is highly accurate except in ascites. While barium enema and intravenous pyelogram are both inaccurate. Ultrasound should be the initial examination for the evaluation of patients with a possible pelvic mass.", "PMID": 96145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2027", "title": "The use of ultrasound to diagnose a pseudomass effect secondary to abdominal ascites.", "content": "Two cases of abdominal ascites in which a mass lesion was simulated on the roentgenogram are reported. Sonography permits ready differentiation of an encapsulated from a nonencapsulated fluid collection.", "contents": "The use of ultrasound to diagnose a pseudomass effect secondary to abdominal ascites. Two cases of abdominal ascites in which a mass lesion was simulated on the roentgenogram are reported. Sonography permits ready differentiation of an encapsulated from a nonencapsulated fluid collection.", "PMID": 96146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2028", "title": "Echocardiographic features in a case of intrapericardial teratoma.", "content": "An infant presented with symptoms of congestive heart failure. Ultrasound examination revealed a dense layer of echoes at the root of the aorta, a large anterior pericardial effusion, and coarse fluttering of the right ventricular wall. The clinical diagnosis of intrapericardial teratoma was confirmed by cineangiography and surgical resection. The pathological examination was consistent with benign teratoma. A postoperative ultrasound examination revealed absence of pericardial effusion and tumor echoes. This appears to be the first echocardiographic report of a pericardial tumor in an infant.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features in a case of intrapericardial teratoma. An infant presented with symptoms of congestive heart failure. Ultrasound examination revealed a dense layer of echoes at the root of the aorta, a large anterior pericardial effusion, and coarse fluttering of the right ventricular wall. The clinical diagnosis of intrapericardial teratoma was confirmed by cineangiography and surgical resection. The pathological examination was consistent with benign teratoma. A postoperative ultrasound examination revealed absence of pericardial effusion and tumor echoes. This appears to be the first echocardiographic report of a pericardial tumor in an infant.", "PMID": 96147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2029", "title": "Echography of splenic infarct in a case of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A 29 year old female with systemic lupus erythematosus had a splenic infarct. The echogram showed a 4 x 4 x 5 cm cluster of echoes. After splenectomy the preoperative echograms were matched to the gross pathological findings and a post mortem water bath scan. In this single patient, the echosplenograms were of considerable aid in confirming the accuracy of the diagnosis of splenic infarct.", "contents": "Echography of splenic infarct in a case of systemic lupus erythematosus. A 29 year old female with systemic lupus erythematosus had a splenic infarct. The echogram showed a 4 x 4 x 5 cm cluster of echoes. After splenectomy the preoperative echograms were matched to the gross pathological findings and a post mortem water bath scan. In this single patient, the echosplenograms were of considerable aid in confirming the accuracy of the diagnosis of splenic infarct.", "PMID": 96149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2030", "title": "Case report: benign liver tumor with central necrosis.", "content": "A 38 year old previously well woman had sudden onset of upper abdominal pain and fever. Ultrasound examination revealed a necrotizing lesion in the liver. Arteriography revealed findings consistent with an adenoma or focal nodular hyperplasia. A right lobectomy and wedge resection of a similar lesion in the left lobe were done. Microscopy of both lesions indicated focal nodular hyperplasia. Adenoma is said to be related to the contraceptive oral hormone; focal nodular hyperplasia not. But it is possible that both may have an increased incidence of bleeding in the users of the oral contraceptive hormones.", "contents": "Case report: benign liver tumor with central necrosis. A 38 year old previously well woman had sudden onset of upper abdominal pain and fever. Ultrasound examination revealed a necrotizing lesion in the liver. Arteriography revealed findings consistent with an adenoma or focal nodular hyperplasia. A right lobectomy and wedge resection of a similar lesion in the left lobe were done. Microscopy of both lesions indicated focal nodular hyperplasia. Adenoma is said to be related to the contraceptive oral hormone; focal nodular hyperplasia not. But it is possible that both may have an increased incidence of bleeding in the users of the oral contraceptive hormones.", "PMID": 96152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2031", "title": "Anatomic variation of portal venous anatomy in the porta hepatis: ultrasonographic evaluation.", "content": "The appearance of the portal vein as it crosses anterior to the inferior vena cava and enters the liver at the porta hepatis was evaluated on 100 longitudinal and 100 transverse ultrasonograms. Three major variations were noted on the parasagittal scans, while four major variations were evident on the transverse images. These variations were primarily related to the size of the left portal vein and the angle at which the left portal vein coursed away from the main portal vein. The appearance and course of the proximal right portal vein was extremely constant and may therefore be used as a landmark to detect pathologic processes in the porta hepatis. Detection of altered anatomy in this region may be especially helpful in correctly differentiating dilated intrahepatic bile ducts from normal portal veins.", "contents": "Anatomic variation of portal venous anatomy in the porta hepatis: ultrasonographic evaluation. The appearance of the portal vein as it crosses anterior to the inferior vena cava and enters the liver at the porta hepatis was evaluated on 100 longitudinal and 100 transverse ultrasonograms. Three major variations were noted on the parasagittal scans, while four major variations were evident on the transverse images. These variations were primarily related to the size of the left portal vein and the angle at which the left portal vein coursed away from the main portal vein. The appearance and course of the proximal right portal vein was extremely constant and may therefore be used as a landmark to detect pathologic processes in the porta hepatis. Detection of altered anatomy in this region may be especially helpful in correctly differentiating dilated intrahepatic bile ducts from normal portal veins.", "PMID": 96154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2032", "title": "Ultrasonographic identification of dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and their differentiation from portal venous structures.", "content": "The appearance of dilated intrahepatic bile ducts was evaluated on ultrasonograms of 50 patients with proven extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Five characteristic changes allowed differentiation between biliary and portal venous systems. These changes included: 1) alteration in the anatomic pattern adjacent to the main right portal venous segment and the main portal vein bifurcation. 2) Irregular walls of dilated bile ducts. 3) Stellate confluence of dilated bile ducts. 4) Acoustic enhancement by dilated bile ducts. 5) Peripheral location of dilated bile ducts. Many patients exhibited more than one of these findings. Parasagittal scans of the main right portal vein were the most sensitive for detection of intrahepatic ductal dilatation. Recognition of the characteristic changes and knowledge of the portal venous anatomy makes it possible to diagnose extrahepatic biliary obstruction with a high degree of confidence.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic identification of dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and their differentiation from portal venous structures. The appearance of dilated intrahepatic bile ducts was evaluated on ultrasonograms of 50 patients with proven extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Five characteristic changes allowed differentiation between biliary and portal venous systems. These changes included: 1) alteration in the anatomic pattern adjacent to the main right portal venous segment and the main portal vein bifurcation. 2) Irregular walls of dilated bile ducts. 3) Stellate confluence of dilated bile ducts. 4) Acoustic enhancement by dilated bile ducts. 5) Peripheral location of dilated bile ducts. Many patients exhibited more than one of these findings. Parasagittal scans of the main right portal vein were the most sensitive for detection of intrahepatic ductal dilatation. Recognition of the characteristic changes and knowledge of the portal venous anatomy makes it possible to diagnose extrahepatic biliary obstruction with a high degree of confidence.", "PMID": 96155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2033", "title": "Effects of activated carbon, phenobarbital, and vitamins A, D, and E on polybrominated biphenyl excretion in cows.", "content": "Twelve cows environmentally contaminated with polybrominated biphenyl residues were in a balanced two-period changeover experiment. The treatments were activated carbon and sodium phenobarbital; sodium phenobarbital and injections of vitamins A, D, and E; activated carbon, phenobarbital, and vitamins A, D, and E; and control. A standard roughage and concentrate diet was fed. Average initial concentrations of polybrominated biphenyls in the milk fat ranged from 92 to 236 ppm. The experimental treatments did not affect significantly excretion of polybrominated biphenyls in milk and feces or the apparent half-life of residues in milk fat averaged 60 days but ranged from 36 to 301 days. The longer half-life in early lactation than in later lactation indicated an effect of change of body weight on half-life. Milk was the major route of excretion, averaging 6.5 times that of fecal excretion. Polybrominated biphenyl in milk fat, body fat, blood, and feces followed parallel concentrations troughout the study.", "contents": "Effects of activated carbon, phenobarbital, and vitamins A, D, and E on polybrominated biphenyl excretion in cows. Twelve cows environmentally contaminated with polybrominated biphenyl residues were in a balanced two-period changeover experiment. The treatments were activated carbon and sodium phenobarbital; sodium phenobarbital and injections of vitamins A, D, and E; activated carbon, phenobarbital, and vitamins A, D, and E; and control. A standard roughage and concentrate diet was fed. Average initial concentrations of polybrominated biphenyls in the milk fat ranged from 92 to 236 ppm. The experimental treatments did not affect significantly excretion of polybrominated biphenyls in milk and feces or the apparent half-life of residues in milk fat averaged 60 days but ranged from 36 to 301 days. The longer half-life in early lactation than in later lactation indicated an effect of change of body weight on half-life. Milk was the major route of excretion, averaging 6.5 times that of fecal excretion. Polybrominated biphenyl in milk fat, body fat, blood, and feces followed parallel concentrations troughout the study.", "PMID": 96160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2034", "title": "Cell binding and growth inhibition by hexachlorophene of decanoate and their reversibility.", "content": "More than 80% of the hexachlorophene added to a Bacillus subtilis culture binds to the cells. Complete growth inhibition requires 6 x 10(5) molecules bound per cell. In contrast, more than 99% decanoate remains in solution and 3.8 x 10(7) molecules bound per cell are needed to inhibit growth. Centrifugation and resuspension of cells in growth medium removes only decanoate, whereas the addition of 1% bovine serum albumin to the growth medium removes both inhibitors from their binding sites on the cells. The addition of untreated cells to a hexachlorophene-treated culture enables the hexachlorophene molecules to redistribute among all the cells with the result that the inhibited cells can resume growth.", "contents": "Cell binding and growth inhibition by hexachlorophene of decanoate and their reversibility. More than 80% of the hexachlorophene added to a Bacillus subtilis culture binds to the cells. Complete growth inhibition requires 6 x 10(5) molecules bound per cell. In contrast, more than 99% decanoate remains in solution and 3.8 x 10(7) molecules bound per cell are needed to inhibit growth. Centrifugation and resuspension of cells in growth medium removes only decanoate, whereas the addition of 1% bovine serum albumin to the growth medium removes both inhibitors from their binding sites on the cells. The addition of untreated cells to a hexachlorophene-treated culture enables the hexachlorophene molecules to redistribute among all the cells with the result that the inhibited cells can resume growth.", "PMID": 96167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2035", "title": "Use of immunocytochemical techniques for the localization of human placental lactogen.", "content": "The recent claim by Gau and Chard (Br J Obstet Gynaecol 83:876, 1976) that, on theoretical grounds, it may be impossible to demonstrate the presence of human placental lactogen in placental tissue using the immunoperoxidase technique, has been reinvestigated. Placental tissue fragments fixed in Carnoy's fluid retained their morphologic identity compared with tissue fixed in formalin. Using these nonformalin fixed tissues, human placental lactogen was successfully localized within the cytoplasm of the syncytial layer of the placental villus. It is concluded that placental villi at term do in fact contain sufficient human placental lactogen to be demonstrated using the immunoperoxidase technique in contrast to the observation of Gau and Chard.", "contents": "Use of immunocytochemical techniques for the localization of human placental lactogen. The recent claim by Gau and Chard (Br J Obstet Gynaecol 83:876, 1976) that, on theoretical grounds, it may be impossible to demonstrate the presence of human placental lactogen in placental tissue using the immunoperoxidase technique, has been reinvestigated. Placental tissue fragments fixed in Carnoy's fluid retained their morphologic identity compared with tissue fixed in formalin. Using these nonformalin fixed tissues, human placental lactogen was successfully localized within the cytoplasm of the syncytial layer of the placental villus. It is concluded that placental villi at term do in fact contain sufficient human placental lactogen to be demonstrated using the immunoperoxidase technique in contrast to the observation of Gau and Chard.", "PMID": 96175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2036", "title": "A new method for the study of glutaraldehyde-induced crosslinking properties in proteins with special reference to the reaction with amino groups.", "content": "A new method for the study of glutaraldehyde reactions with proteins is presented. Glutaraldehyde-reacted protein is in a first step isolated and then in a second step reacted with aminohexyl groups bound to Sepharose particles. This reaction is linear at low protein concentrations and proceeds rapidly when proteins are reacted with 100-fold and 1000-fold molar excess of glutaraldehyde. This method enables the study of glutaraldehyde-induced crosslinking properties of the modified proteins as an isolated property with high reliability.", "contents": "A new method for the study of glutaraldehyde-induced crosslinking properties in proteins with special reference to the reaction with amino groups. A new method for the study of glutaraldehyde reactions with proteins is presented. Glutaraldehyde-reacted protein is in a first step isolated and then in a second step reacted with aminohexyl groups bound to Sepharose particles. This reaction is linear at low protein concentrations and proceeds rapidly when proteins are reacted with 100-fold and 1000-fold molar excess of glutaraldehyde. This method enables the study of glutaraldehyde-induced crosslinking properties of the modified proteins as an isolated property with high reliability.", "PMID": 96177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2037", "title": "Genetic control of immunologic unresponsiveness to adjuvant-free solutions of beta-D-galactosidase. I. Inheritance of the Ir-Z1 and ir-Z2 loci in mice.", "content": "Two genetic loci, Ir-Z1 and ir-Z2, controlling the immune response to adjuvant-free bacterial beta-D-galactosidase (Z) are present in inbred mouse strains SJL/J and CE/J, respectively. Each locus segregates as a single, autosomal gene: Ir-Z1 as dominant and ir-Z2 as recessive. The response is characterized by production of activating and precipitating IgG. Maximal levels of circulating IgG occur between 16 and 20 days after immunization with a single, 50-microgram dose of enzyme. Failure of proteins other than Z to elicit an immune response indicates that the Ir-Z control is specific for determinant(s) of this enzyme. The immunogenicity of beta-D-galactosidase preparations cannot be attributed to either the catalytic activity of the enzyme or adjuvant contamination. Non-responder mice acquire immunologic memory without detectable increase in circulating specific IgG under the same conditions that elicit antibody production in responder strains.", "contents": "Genetic control of immunologic unresponsiveness to adjuvant-free solutions of beta-D-galactosidase. I. Inheritance of the Ir-Z1 and ir-Z2 loci in mice. Two genetic loci, Ir-Z1 and ir-Z2, controlling the immune response to adjuvant-free bacterial beta-D-galactosidase (Z) are present in inbred mouse strains SJL/J and CE/J, respectively. Each locus segregates as a single, autosomal gene: Ir-Z1 as dominant and ir-Z2 as recessive. The response is characterized by production of activating and precipitating IgG. Maximal levels of circulating IgG occur between 16 and 20 days after immunization with a single, 50-microgram dose of enzyme. Failure of proteins other than Z to elicit an immune response indicates that the Ir-Z control is specific for determinant(s) of this enzyme. The immunogenicity of beta-D-galactosidase preparations cannot be attributed to either the catalytic activity of the enzyme or adjuvant contamination. Non-responder mice acquire immunologic memory without detectable increase in circulating specific IgG under the same conditions that elicit antibody production in responder strains.", "PMID": 96178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2038", "title": "Immunoglobulin secretion by human splenic lymphocytes in vitro: the effects of antibodies to IgM and IgD.", "content": "The effects of F(ab')2 fragments of affinity-purified rabbit anti-human mu chain antibody (RaHmu) and rabbit anti-human delta chain antibody (RaHdelta) on spontaneous and mitogen-stimulated immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion by normal human spleen cells were studied. IgM and IgG secretion by human spleen cells cultured in vitro was measured by incubating the cells with 3H-amino acids precipitating the secreted labeled Ig with anti-Ig, and analyzing the precipitates by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both RaHmu and RaHdelta suppressed spontaneous and LPS-induced IgM and IgG secretion as well as PWM-stimulated IgG secretion. In different experiments, RaHmu and RaHdelta either suppressed or augmented PWM-induced IgM secretion. The anti-Ig induced augmentation of PWM-triggered IgM secretion was most apparent when spleen cells were cultured at lower cell densities or when lower concentrations of anti-Ig were employed. These date indicate that perturbation of B cell surface immunoglobulin receptors with specific anti-Ig antibody can alter markedly the ability of these cells to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin secretion by human splenic lymphocytes in vitro: the effects of antibodies to IgM and IgD. The effects of F(ab')2 fragments of affinity-purified rabbit anti-human mu chain antibody (RaHmu) and rabbit anti-human delta chain antibody (RaHdelta) on spontaneous and mitogen-stimulated immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion by normal human spleen cells were studied. IgM and IgG secretion by human spleen cells cultured in vitro was measured by incubating the cells with 3H-amino acids precipitating the secreted labeled Ig with anti-Ig, and analyzing the precipitates by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both RaHmu and RaHdelta suppressed spontaneous and LPS-induced IgM and IgG secretion as well as PWM-stimulated IgG secretion. In different experiments, RaHmu and RaHdelta either suppressed or augmented PWM-induced IgM secretion. The anti-Ig induced augmentation of PWM-triggered IgM secretion was most apparent when spleen cells were cultured at lower cell densities or when lower concentrations of anti-Ig were employed. These date indicate that perturbation of B cell surface immunoglobulin receptors with specific anti-Ig antibody can alter markedly the ability of these cells to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells.", "PMID": 96179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2039", "title": "Pre-B cells: bone marrow persistence in anti-mu-suppressed mice, conversion to B lymphocytes, and recovery after destruction by cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Chronic treatment of mice from birth with anti-mu antibodies aborts development of B lymphocytes and plasma cells. In these studies we show that bone marrow from anti-mu-treated mice contains a population of cells with cytoplasmic IgM, but which lack detectable cell-surface IgM. These cells are analogous to pre-B cells, defined in ontogenetic studies as the immediate precursors of B lymphocytes. Pre-B cells from bone marrow of anti-mu treated mice retain their functional integrity, as evidenced by their ability to give rise to sIgM+, LPS-responsive lymphocytes in culture. We also show that cyclophosphamide treatment destroys pre-B cells and that recovery of pre-B cells in bone marrow precedes the regeneration of sIgM+ B lymphocytes. Generation of B lymphocytes in adult mice apparently occurs exclusively in the bone marrow because induction of extramedullary hemopoiesis in spleen was not accompanied by the appearance of pre-B cells in that organ.", "contents": "Pre-B cells: bone marrow persistence in anti-mu-suppressed mice, conversion to B lymphocytes, and recovery after destruction by cyclophosphamide. Chronic treatment of mice from birth with anti-mu antibodies aborts development of B lymphocytes and plasma cells. In these studies we show that bone marrow from anti-mu-treated mice contains a population of cells with cytoplasmic IgM, but which lack detectable cell-surface IgM. These cells are analogous to pre-B cells, defined in ontogenetic studies as the immediate precursors of B lymphocytes. Pre-B cells from bone marrow of anti-mu treated mice retain their functional integrity, as evidenced by their ability to give rise to sIgM+, LPS-responsive lymphocytes in culture. We also show that cyclophosphamide treatment destroys pre-B cells and that recovery of pre-B cells in bone marrow precedes the regeneration of sIgM+ B lymphocytes. Generation of B lymphocytes in adult mice apparently occurs exclusively in the bone marrow because induction of extramedullary hemopoiesis in spleen was not accompanied by the appearance of pre-B cells in that organ.", "PMID": 96180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2040", "title": "Linkage between a gene for a serum protein and the gene for the Ig kappa light chain in rabbits.", "content": "A rabbit serum protein (Prt) that migrates ahead of transferrin in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion. The gene for this protein is linked to the gene for the Ig kappa light chain and the degree of linkage is calculated as 23.5 +/- 4.7 centimorgans.", "contents": "Linkage between a gene for a serum protein and the gene for the Ig kappa light chain in rabbits. A rabbit serum protein (Prt) that migrates ahead of transferrin in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion. The gene for this protein is linked to the gene for the Ig kappa light chain and the degree of linkage is calculated as 23.5 +/- 4.7 centimorgans.", "PMID": 96181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2041", "title": "Alloantigen-induced T helper activity. I. Minimal genetic differences necessary to induce a positive allogeneic effect.", "content": "Addition of histoincompatible lymphocytes can influence the course of ongoing immune responses. Such allogeneic effects may either augment or diminish immune responses. We describe here the minimal genetic differences necessary to generate positive allogeneic effects (allohelp) in a humoral immune response. The antibody response to sheep erythrocytes of T cell-depleted mouse spleen cells was reconstituted by addition of syngeneic or allogeneic nylon wool column-passaged spleen T cells. T cells were pretreated with mitomycin C before culture to prevent development of allo-suppression and cytotoxic lymphocytes. Positive allogeneic effects were operationally defined as superior helper effects (to generate greater antibody forming cell responses) with T cells allogeneic rather than syngeneic to the responding B cells. Thus, addition of allogeneic T cells resulted in many more antibody forming cells than did equal numbers of syngeneic T cells, and fewer allogeneic than syngeneic T cells were necessary to generate comparable responses. With congenic, recombinant, and mutant mouse lines, genetic differences in the H-2 complex and those associated with Mls were each sufficient to provide positive allogeneic effects. With intra-H-2 recombinants, differences at either I or D were sufficient. A disparity at H-2K alone, as provided by the H-2 mutant B6.C-H-2ba against the parental line C57BL/6By, also induced helper effects. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Alloantigen-induced T helper activity. I. Minimal genetic differences necessary to induce a positive allogeneic effect. Addition of histoincompatible lymphocytes can influence the course of ongoing immune responses. Such allogeneic effects may either augment or diminish immune responses. We describe here the minimal genetic differences necessary to generate positive allogeneic effects (allohelp) in a humoral immune response. The antibody response to sheep erythrocytes of T cell-depleted mouse spleen cells was reconstituted by addition of syngeneic or allogeneic nylon wool column-passaged spleen T cells. T cells were pretreated with mitomycin C before culture to prevent development of allo-suppression and cytotoxic lymphocytes. Positive allogeneic effects were operationally defined as superior helper effects (to generate greater antibody forming cell responses) with T cells allogeneic rather than syngeneic to the responding B cells. Thus, addition of allogeneic T cells resulted in many more antibody forming cells than did equal numbers of syngeneic T cells, and fewer allogeneic than syngeneic T cells were necessary to generate comparable responses. With congenic, recombinant, and mutant mouse lines, genetic differences in the H-2 complex and those associated with Mls were each sufficient to provide positive allogeneic effects. With intra-H-2 recombinants, differences at either I or D were sufficient. A disparity at H-2K alone, as provided by the H-2 mutant B6.C-H-2ba against the parental line C57BL/6By, also induced helper effects. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 96182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2042", "title": "Magnetically responsive polyacrylamide agarose beads for the preparation of immunoabsorbents.", "content": "Glutaraldehyde-activated magnetically responsive polyacrylamide agarose beads have been employed to bind bovine serum albumin and human, sheep and rabbit IgG. These were tested for their effectiveness as immunoabsorbents and were found to allow isolation of pure antibodies in high yields. The use of magnetically responsive beads as the solid support in immunoabsorption procedures renders isolation of antibodies easy and rapid.", "contents": "Magnetically responsive polyacrylamide agarose beads for the preparation of immunoabsorbents. Glutaraldehyde-activated magnetically responsive polyacrylamide agarose beads have been employed to bind bovine serum albumin and human, sheep and rabbit IgG. These were tested for their effectiveness as immunoabsorbents and were found to allow isolation of pure antibodies in high yields. The use of magnetically responsive beads as the solid support in immunoabsorption procedures renders isolation of antibodies easy and rapid.", "PMID": 96184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2043", "title": "[3H]serotonin release: an improved method to measure mast cell degranulation.", "content": "A method based on the release of tritium-labelled serotonin by activated mast cells in rodents is described. Mast cells incorporate labelled serotonin selectively and release the label after activation by non-specific stimulators (compound 48/80, polymyxin B sulphate, ATP, bovine chymotrypsin and L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine) or anaphylactic antibody and the corresponding antigen. These two types of activation were investigated in comparison with the toluidine blue microscopic rat mast cell degranulation test, and a methodological study of the release of [3H]serotonin is described. The measurement of labelled serotonin release provides a simple and quick assay of mast cell degranulation compared to the time required for the classical rat mast cell degranulation technique and achieves a greater sensitivity.", "contents": "[3H]serotonin release: an improved method to measure mast cell degranulation. A method based on the release of tritium-labelled serotonin by activated mast cells in rodents is described. Mast cells incorporate labelled serotonin selectively and release the label after activation by non-specific stimulators (compound 48/80, polymyxin B sulphate, ATP, bovine chymotrypsin and L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine) or anaphylactic antibody and the corresponding antigen. These two types of activation were investigated in comparison with the toluidine blue microscopic rat mast cell degranulation test, and a methodological study of the release of [3H]serotonin is described. The measurement of labelled serotonin release provides a simple and quick assay of mast cell degranulation compared to the time required for the classical rat mast cell degranulation technique and achieves a greater sensitivity.", "PMID": 96185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2044", "title": "Identifying immunoglobulin isotypes, allotypes and idiotypes by a hemolytic assay in gel.", "content": "We developed a hemolytic radial immunodiffusion assay for identifying immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes, allotypes and idiotypes by using gels containing erythrocytes coated with anti-Ig antibody or erythrocytes coated with Staphylococcal protein A. These indicator cells lysed specifically when treated sequentially with Ig antigen, the appropriate anti-Ig antiserum (developer) and complement. To identify these Ig subpopulations, we used monospecific indicator cells, e.g. erythrocytes coated with antibody specific for an Ig isotype, and developers with broader specificities ('multispecific'), e.g. antiserum to Fab. Alternatively, we used 'multispecific' indicator cells, e.g. erythrocytes coated with antibody to Fab and monospecific developers, e.g. antiserum to Ig idiotype. To identify Ig subpopulations specifically, either the indicator cells or the developer need to be monospecific. When both the indicator cells and the developer were monospecific, e.g. to allotype and to isotype, the specificity was determined by both reagents and ultimately restricted by the reagent with the narrower specificity, that is, reacting with the smallest Ig subpopulation. This sensitive hemolytic assay may be used to quantitate subpopulations of Ig molecules and may be modified into a reverse plaque forming cell assay to count lymphocytes secreting a given Ig class, type, allotype and idiotype.", "contents": "Identifying immunoglobulin isotypes, allotypes and idiotypes by a hemolytic assay in gel. We developed a hemolytic radial immunodiffusion assay for identifying immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes, allotypes and idiotypes by using gels containing erythrocytes coated with anti-Ig antibody or erythrocytes coated with Staphylococcal protein A. These indicator cells lysed specifically when treated sequentially with Ig antigen, the appropriate anti-Ig antiserum (developer) and complement. To identify these Ig subpopulations, we used monospecific indicator cells, e.g. erythrocytes coated with antibody specific for an Ig isotype, and developers with broader specificities ('multispecific'), e.g. antiserum to Fab. Alternatively, we used 'multispecific' indicator cells, e.g. erythrocytes coated with antibody to Fab and monospecific developers, e.g. antiserum to Ig idiotype. To identify Ig subpopulations specifically, either the indicator cells or the developer need to be monospecific. When both the indicator cells and the developer were monospecific, e.g. to allotype and to isotype, the specificity was determined by both reagents and ultimately restricted by the reagent with the narrower specificity, that is, reacting with the smallest Ig subpopulation. This sensitive hemolytic assay may be used to quantitate subpopulations of Ig molecules and may be modified into a reverse plaque forming cell assay to count lymphocytes secreting a given Ig class, type, allotype and idiotype.", "PMID": 96186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2045", "title": "Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia during immunosuppression.", "content": "A guinea pig model of immunosuppression was utilized to study the effects of immunosuppressive chemotherapy on lung response to challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Study groups included normal guinea pigs, as well as guinea pigs that received a one-week course of cortisone acetate (CA, 100 mg/kg per day) plus 15 mg of cyclophosphamide (CTX)/kg per day (CA + LoCTX group) or 30 mg of cyclophosphamide/kg per day (CA + HiCTX group). Separate groups received CA or HiCTX alone. Intratracheal instillation of P. aeruginosa resulted in bilateral hemorrhagic pneumonia in both normal and immunosuppressed animals. Survival was 100% for normal animals and for those given CA alone, 67% in the CA + LoCTX and the HiCTX groups, and 0 in the CA + HiCTX group. Increased mortality correlated with a diminished polymorphonuclear leukocyte inflammatory response in infected lung tissues and also with the addition of CA to CTX. Clearance of viable P. aeruginosa from lung tissue was significantly reduced in animals receiving the combination CA + HiCTX. Thus, decreased lung inflammation and the addition of CA appeared to be important determinants for fatal pseudomonas pneumonia.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia during immunosuppression. A guinea pig model of immunosuppression was utilized to study the effects of immunosuppressive chemotherapy on lung response to challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Study groups included normal guinea pigs, as well as guinea pigs that received a one-week course of cortisone acetate (CA, 100 mg/kg per day) plus 15 mg of cyclophosphamide (CTX)/kg per day (CA + LoCTX group) or 30 mg of cyclophosphamide/kg per day (CA + HiCTX group). Separate groups received CA or HiCTX alone. Intratracheal instillation of P. aeruginosa resulted in bilateral hemorrhagic pneumonia in both normal and immunosuppressed animals. Survival was 100% for normal animals and for those given CA alone, 67% in the CA + LoCTX and the HiCTX groups, and 0 in the CA + HiCTX group. Increased mortality correlated with a diminished polymorphonuclear leukocyte inflammatory response in infected lung tissues and also with the addition of CA to CTX. Clearance of viable P. aeruginosa from lung tissue was significantly reduced in animals receiving the combination CA + HiCTX. Thus, decreased lung inflammation and the addition of CA appeared to be important determinants for fatal pseudomonas pneumonia.", "PMID": 96188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2046", "title": "Amino terminal sequence of amyloid P-component isolated from serum.", "content": "Amyloid AP (protein SAP) has been isolated from human serum by affinity chromatography using specific antiserum and shown to have the same immunologic and ultrastructural characteristics as the pentagonal protein isolated from amyloid tissue (AP). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS reveals a single subunit of 25,000 daltons for both SAP and AP preparations. N-terminal amino acid sequence of this alpha globulin to 13 residues reveals complete homology with the tissue-extracted protein, suggesting that AP is incorporated into, or adsorbed onto, amyloid fibrils without biochemical alteration.", "contents": "Amino terminal sequence of amyloid P-component isolated from serum. Amyloid AP (protein SAP) has been isolated from human serum by affinity chromatography using specific antiserum and shown to have the same immunologic and ultrastructural characteristics as the pentagonal protein isolated from amyloid tissue (AP). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS reveals a single subunit of 25,000 daltons for both SAP and AP preparations. N-terminal amino acid sequence of this alpha globulin to 13 residues reveals complete homology with the tissue-extracted protein, suggesting that AP is incorporated into, or adsorbed onto, amyloid fibrils without biochemical alteration.", "PMID": 96197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2047", "title": "The picomole determination of free and total cholesterol in cells in culture.", "content": "An enzymatic, fluorometric method for the determination of free and total cholesterol in cells in culture is presented. The method is simple, requiring one reagent that includes all of the enzymes and a second reagent that increases the pH, which enhances the fluorescence of the product. The method is based on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters to free cholesterol, the oxidation of cholesterol with the liberation of hydrogen peroxide, and the reaction of this peroxide with a fluorogen to form a fluoresencet product in the presence of a peroxidase. It is rapid, in that free cholesterol can be read in 5 minutes and total cholesterol after 20 minutes. The precision of the method is greater than that obtained from gas-liquid chromatography.", "contents": "The picomole determination of free and total cholesterol in cells in culture. An enzymatic, fluorometric method for the determination of free and total cholesterol in cells in culture is presented. The method is simple, requiring one reagent that includes all of the enzymes and a second reagent that increases the pH, which enhances the fluorescence of the product. The method is based on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters to free cholesterol, the oxidation of cholesterol with the liberation of hydrogen peroxide, and the reaction of this peroxide with a fluorogen to form a fluoresencet product in the presence of a peroxidase. It is rapid, in that free cholesterol can be read in 5 minutes and total cholesterol after 20 minutes. The precision of the method is greater than that obtained from gas-liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 96199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2048", "title": "Isolated T wave alternans elicited by hypocalcemia in dogs.", "content": "Isolated T wave alternans (TWA) could be consistently induced in 13 dogs by infusion of an acid dextrose solution (ACD) and in nine with a 2% EDTA disodium solution. To study the factors concerned in evoking TWA, serial determinations of total and ionized serum calcium (ICa), Mg, K, pH, pCO2 and pO2 were performed. Arterial or LV pressures and LV dp/dt as well as a standard electrocardiographic lead were monitored. TWA appeared after the QT interval was significantly prolonged and was associated with a fall in LV pressure and with mechanical alternans. QT alternans could also be detected in 50% of the cases. ICa levels were significantly reduced at the moment of appearance of the TWA. Data obtained support the conclusion that TWA was the result of a reduction in the level of the ICa, probably interfering with the calcium transport mechanisms of the myocardial cell, although the possibility that the alternans may be due to other effects of the two agents employed unrelated to calcium lowering cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Isolated T wave alternans elicited by hypocalcemia in dogs. Isolated T wave alternans (TWA) could be consistently induced in 13 dogs by infusion of an acid dextrose solution (ACD) and in nine with a 2% EDTA disodium solution. To study the factors concerned in evoking TWA, serial determinations of total and ionized serum calcium (ICa), Mg, K, pH, pCO2 and pO2 were performed. Arterial or LV pressures and LV dp/dt as well as a standard electrocardiographic lead were monitored. TWA appeared after the QT interval was significantly prolonged and was associated with a fall in LV pressure and with mechanical alternans. QT alternans could also be detected in 50% of the cases. ICa levels were significantly reduced at the moment of appearance of the TWA. Data obtained support the conclusion that TWA was the result of a reduction in the level of the ICa, probably interfering with the calcium transport mechanisms of the myocardial cell, although the possibility that the alternans may be due to other effects of the two agents employed unrelated to calcium lowering cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 96200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2049", "title": "Sulphation factor (somatomedin activity) in experimental protein malnutrition in the rat.", "content": "In a rat model of protein malnutrition in which the failure of growth is a major feature, a low level of bioassayable sulphation factor activity was present in the serum, associated with normal levels of growth hormone and low insulin in the plasma. The administration of pharmacological doses of human or bovine growth hormone did not increase the amount of sulphation factor activity in the serum or the width of the tibial epiphyses in the protein-malnourished animals. The basal and serum-stimulated incorporation of 35SO2-4 into the costal cartilages of malnourished animals did not differ from that of controls, which suggests that the responsiveness of the end-organs was normal.", "contents": "Sulphation factor (somatomedin activity) in experimental protein malnutrition in the rat. In a rat model of protein malnutrition in which the failure of growth is a major feature, a low level of bioassayable sulphation factor activity was present in the serum, associated with normal levels of growth hormone and low insulin in the plasma. The administration of pharmacological doses of human or bovine growth hormone did not increase the amount of sulphation factor activity in the serum or the width of the tibial epiphyses in the protein-malnourished animals. The basal and serum-stimulated incorporation of 35SO2-4 into the costal cartilages of malnourished animals did not differ from that of controls, which suggests that the responsiveness of the end-organs was normal.", "PMID": 96201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2050", "title": "Pyroglutamyl-N3im-methyl-histidyl-prolineamide (methyl-thyrotrophin releasing hormone) in the rat hypothalamus.", "content": "Pyroglutamyl-N3im-methyl-histidyl-prolineamide (methyl-thyrotrophin releasing hormone, methyl-TRH) is a potent synthetic analogue of TRH. N3im-Methyl-histidine is present in mammalian brain and it has been suggested that methyl-TRH is a physiological releasing hormone normally present in the hypothalamus. A non-gradient cation-exchange chromatography system that uses SP-Sephadex C-25 and completely resolves methyl-TRH and TRH has been developed. Because methyl-TRH cross-reacts in the immunoassay for TRH, this assay was used to measure TRH and methyl-TRH in the chromatographic fractions. By this means it has been demonstrated that the amount of methyl-TRH present in the rat is less than 0.025 ng/hypothalamus.", "contents": "Pyroglutamyl-N3im-methyl-histidyl-prolineamide (methyl-thyrotrophin releasing hormone) in the rat hypothalamus. Pyroglutamyl-N3im-methyl-histidyl-prolineamide (methyl-thyrotrophin releasing hormone, methyl-TRH) is a potent synthetic analogue of TRH. N3im-Methyl-histidine is present in mammalian brain and it has been suggested that methyl-TRH is a physiological releasing hormone normally present in the hypothalamus. A non-gradient cation-exchange chromatography system that uses SP-Sephadex C-25 and completely resolves methyl-TRH and TRH has been developed. Because methyl-TRH cross-reacts in the immunoassay for TRH, this assay was used to measure TRH and methyl-TRH in the chromatographic fractions. By this means it has been demonstrated that the amount of methyl-TRH present in the rat is less than 0.025 ng/hypothalamus.", "PMID": 96203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2051", "title": "The efficiency and cost effectiveness of diagnostic tests for infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "The problem of diagnosis and appropriate treatment of patients presenting with pharyngitis is a common occurrence in family practice. The study of these patients includes laboratory tests to differentiate between infectious mononucleosis and other bacterial and viral infections. This study reviews the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis in two large ambulatory populations, where different approaches were used. In one approach, all laboratory tests were concurrent, while in the other, serology was performed only after satisfaction of hematologic criteria for infectious mononucleosis. In the latter case, sequential use of laboratory tests resulted in a significant improvement in cost effectiveness. In both approaches, no appreciable gain was obtained from heterophil titers. Since the heterophil titer in confirmed cases of infectious mononucleosis does not correlate with prognosis or severity of the disease, this procedure can be replaced by the Monospot/\"monoscreen\" test alone.", "contents": "The efficiency and cost effectiveness of diagnostic tests for infectious mononucleosis. The problem of diagnosis and appropriate treatment of patients presenting with pharyngitis is a common occurrence in family practice. The study of these patients includes laboratory tests to differentiate between infectious mononucleosis and other bacterial and viral infections. This study reviews the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis in two large ambulatory populations, where different approaches were used. In one approach, all laboratory tests were concurrent, while in the other, serology was performed only after satisfaction of hematologic criteria for infectious mononucleosis. In the latter case, sequential use of laboratory tests resulted in a significant improvement in cost effectiveness. In both approaches, no appreciable gain was obtained from heterophil titers. Since the heterophil titer in confirmed cases of infectious mononucleosis does not correlate with prognosis or severity of the disease, this procedure can be replaced by the Monospot/\"monoscreen\" test alone.", "PMID": 96205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2052", "title": "Effect of trypsin inhibitors and concanavalin A on the fertilization of Bufo arenarum coelomic oocytes.", "content": "The effect of trypsin inhibitors (obtained from soybean, lima bean and ovomucoid) and Concanavalin A on fertilization in Bufo arenarum was tested. In order to study the effect of these substances at the level of the vitelline envelope of the oocytes, a new bioassay was designed. This bioassay employs coelomic oocytes to which some oviducal factors necessary for their fertility was added. Trypsin inhibitors block both the lytic effect of the acrosomal proteases on the vitelline envelope and fertilization. This indicates that the blockade of fertilization is a consequence of the inhibition of the lytic effect of the acrosomal proteases. Concanavalin A is effective as well in blocking the lytic effect of acrosomal proteases and fertilization. These effects are reversed by some sugar antagonists of the lectin, thus indicating that the effect of Concanavalin A is through its saccharide-binding capacity. These results suggested the involvement of glucosidic residues of the vitelline envelope in amphibian fertilization (the saccharide residues might be involved in the attack of the vitelline envelope by the acrosomal proteases). The possible mechanism of action of these substances is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of trypsin inhibitors and concanavalin A on the fertilization of Bufo arenarum coelomic oocytes. The effect of trypsin inhibitors (obtained from soybean, lima bean and ovomucoid) and Concanavalin A on fertilization in Bufo arenarum was tested. In order to study the effect of these substances at the level of the vitelline envelope of the oocytes, a new bioassay was designed. This bioassay employs coelomic oocytes to which some oviducal factors necessary for their fertility was added. Trypsin inhibitors block both the lytic effect of the acrosomal proteases on the vitelline envelope and fertilization. This indicates that the blockade of fertilization is a consequence of the inhibition of the lytic effect of the acrosomal proteases. Concanavalin A is effective as well in blocking the lytic effect of acrosomal proteases and fertilization. These effects are reversed by some sugar antagonists of the lectin, thus indicating that the effect of Concanavalin A is through its saccharide-binding capacity. These results suggested the involvement of glucosidic residues of the vitelline envelope in amphibian fertilization (the saccharide residues might be involved in the attack of the vitelline envelope by the acrosomal proteases). The possible mechanism of action of these substances is discussed.", "PMID": 96206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2053", "title": "Gradients of proliferation of ciliary basal bodies and the determination of the position of the oral primordium in Tetrahymena.", "content": "The pattern of proliferation of new basal bodies in ciliary rows (somatic proliferation) in Tetrahymena was observed. Starved and refed cells were used, because proliferation in these cells is more pronounced than that under other circumstances. The formation of new basal bodies is locally determined by the position of \"old\" pre-existing basal body (short range determination). However, the probability of proliferation associated with any given \"old\" basal body differs very much. This probability is determined by the spatial coordinates of the particular region of the cell (long range determination); however some randomness in this process was also observed. Two different gradients of proliferation were found. The first gradient is circumferential with a maximum number of new basal bodies added in ciliary rows n, 1, 2 and 3 and the minimum number added in ciliary rows 7, 8 and 9. The second is an antero-posterior gradient with the highest number of new basal bodies added in the midbody region. Moreover, at least in some cases, new oral primordia first appear, as a random proliferation of new basal bodies adjacent to a few old cilia of ciliary row No. 1, resembling somatic proliferation. Then 2,3 or even more clumps of basal bodies appear, each having one old cilium posteriorly. These clumps, however, are not linear groups within the ciliary row but instead they form small fields of basal bodies. These findings suggest, that the same two-gradient system for new basal body addition operates during somatic proliferation and also determines the position of the new oral primordium as the site of the highest gradient value at the intersection of two gradients.", "contents": "Gradients of proliferation of ciliary basal bodies and the determination of the position of the oral primordium in Tetrahymena. The pattern of proliferation of new basal bodies in ciliary rows (somatic proliferation) in Tetrahymena was observed. Starved and refed cells were used, because proliferation in these cells is more pronounced than that under other circumstances. The formation of new basal bodies is locally determined by the position of \"old\" pre-existing basal body (short range determination). However, the probability of proliferation associated with any given \"old\" basal body differs very much. This probability is determined by the spatial coordinates of the particular region of the cell (long range determination); however some randomness in this process was also observed. Two different gradients of proliferation were found. The first gradient is circumferential with a maximum number of new basal bodies added in ciliary rows n, 1, 2 and 3 and the minimum number added in ciliary rows 7, 8 and 9. The second is an antero-posterior gradient with the highest number of new basal bodies added in the midbody region. Moreover, at least in some cases, new oral primordia first appear, as a random proliferation of new basal bodies adjacent to a few old cilia of ciliary row No. 1, resembling somatic proliferation. Then 2,3 or even more clumps of basal bodies appear, each having one old cilium posteriorly. These clumps, however, are not linear groups within the ciliary row but instead they form small fields of basal bodies. These findings suggest, that the same two-gradient system for new basal body addition operates during somatic proliferation and also determines the position of the new oral primordium as the site of the highest gradient value at the intersection of two gradients.", "PMID": 96207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2054", "title": "Properties of chloride-stimulated 45Ca flux in skinned muscle fibers.", "content": "Isometric force and 45Ca loss from fiber to bath were measured simultaneously in skinned fibers from frog muscle at 19 degrees C. In unstimulated fibers, 45Ca efflux from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was very slow, with little or no dependence on EGTA (0.1-5 mM) or Mg++ (20 micrometer-1.3 mM). Stimulation by high [Cl] at 0.11 mM Mg++ caused rapid force transients (duration approximately 10 s) and 45Ca release. This response was followed for 55 s, with 5 mM EGTA added to chelate myofilament space (MFS) Ca either (a) after relaxation, (b) near the peak of the force spike, or (c) before or with the stimulus. When EGTA was present during Cl application, stimulation of 45Ca release was undetectable. Analysis of the time-course of tracer loss during the three protocols showed that when EGTA was absent, 16% of the fiber tracer was released from the SR within approximately 3 s, and 70% of the tracer still in the MFS near the peak of the force spike was subsequently reaccumulated. The results suggest that (a) the Cl response is highly Ca-dependent; (b) stimulation increases 45Ca efflux from the SR at least 100-200-fold; and (c) the rate of reaccumulation is much slower than the influx predicted from published data on resting fibers, raising the possibility that depolarization inhibits active Ca transport by the SR.", "contents": "Properties of chloride-stimulated 45Ca flux in skinned muscle fibers. Isometric force and 45Ca loss from fiber to bath were measured simultaneously in skinned fibers from frog muscle at 19 degrees C. In unstimulated fibers, 45Ca efflux from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was very slow, with little or no dependence on EGTA (0.1-5 mM) or Mg++ (20 micrometer-1.3 mM). Stimulation by high [Cl] at 0.11 mM Mg++ caused rapid force transients (duration approximately 10 s) and 45Ca release. This response was followed for 55 s, with 5 mM EGTA added to chelate myofilament space (MFS) Ca either (a) after relaxation, (b) near the peak of the force spike, or (c) before or with the stimulus. When EGTA was present during Cl application, stimulation of 45Ca release was undetectable. Analysis of the time-course of tracer loss during the three protocols showed that when EGTA was absent, 16% of the fiber tracer was released from the SR within approximately 3 s, and 70% of the tracer still in the MFS near the peak of the force spike was subsequently reaccumulated. The results suggest that (a) the Cl response is highly Ca-dependent; (b) stimulation increases 45Ca efflux from the SR at least 100-200-fold; and (c) the rate of reaccumulation is much slower than the influx predicted from published data on resting fibers, raising the possibility that depolarization inhibits active Ca transport by the SR.", "PMID": 96211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2055", "title": "Evidence that the transmission of one source of scrapie agent to hamsters involves separation of agent strains from a mixture.", "content": "A previous paper (Kimberlin & Walker, 1977) described an experimental model of scrapie in hamsters in which the incubation period decreased progressively over the first 4 passages before becoming stable at the 5th and subsequent passes. Studies have been made of some of the agent strains present in brains taken from the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th hamster passes. The results indicate the presence of at least two strains of agent at the 3rd passage level. One of these (431K) is highly pathogenic for mice and the other (263K) has an extremely low pathogenicity for mice. However only one of these strains (263K) is present in hamster brain after the 6th serial passage. It is suggested that the 'adaptation' of scrapie to hamsters may involve the selection, from a mixture, of a single strain which is highly pathogenic for hamsters. The possibility of modification of the properties of agent strains on passage discussed.", "contents": "Evidence that the transmission of one source of scrapie agent to hamsters involves separation of agent strains from a mixture. A previous paper (Kimberlin & Walker, 1977) described an experimental model of scrapie in hamsters in which the incubation period decreased progressively over the first 4 passages before becoming stable at the 5th and subsequent passes. Studies have been made of some of the agent strains present in brains taken from the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th hamster passes. The results indicate the presence of at least two strains of agent at the 3rd passage level. One of these (431K) is highly pathogenic for mice and the other (263K) has an extremely low pathogenicity for mice. However only one of these strains (263K) is present in hamster brain after the 6th serial passage. It is suggested that the 'adaptation' of scrapie to hamsters may involve the selection, from a mixture, of a single strain which is highly pathogenic for hamsters. The possibility of modification of the properties of agent strains on passage discussed.", "PMID": 96212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2056", "title": "Therapeutic trials in muscular dystrophy. 1. Gold in murine dystrophy.", "content": "A trial of sodium aurothiomalate as an antiproteinase drug in the treatment of murine muscular dystrophy is reported. A blind controlled comparison of high (25 microgram/10 g body weight) and low dose gold (5 microgram/10 g body weight) with saline-injected control animals was made, all injections being given three times weekly. The body weights and functional ability of the mice were assessed at weekly intervals. No significant difference between the groups was observed. A trial of very high dose chrysotherapy (500 microgram of gold/10 g body weight) also showed no therapeutic benefit.", "contents": "Therapeutic trials in muscular dystrophy. 1. Gold in murine dystrophy. A trial of sodium aurothiomalate as an antiproteinase drug in the treatment of murine muscular dystrophy is reported. A blind controlled comparison of high (25 microgram/10 g body weight) and low dose gold (5 microgram/10 g body weight) with saline-injected control animals was made, all injections being given three times weekly. The body weights and functional ability of the mice were assessed at weekly intervals. No significant difference between the groups was observed. A trial of very high dose chrysotherapy (500 microgram of gold/10 g body weight) also showed no therapeutic benefit.", "PMID": 96218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2057", "title": "Neurofibrosarcoma of the radial nerve in von Recklinghausen's disease with metastatic angiosarcoma.", "content": "A case of von Recklinghausen's disease with multiple neurofibromatosis is described in which death was caused by intracerebral haemorrhage due to metastatic angiosarcoma. The primary site was a peripheral nerve tumour which, on microscopic examination, showed both angiosarcoma and neurofibrosarcoma with transitional zones between the two. This is interpreted as another example of divergent differentiation in malignant nerve sheath tumours, and the case is compared with the two similar examples found in the literature.", "contents": "Neurofibrosarcoma of the radial nerve in von Recklinghausen's disease with metastatic angiosarcoma. A case of von Recklinghausen's disease with multiple neurofibromatosis is described in which death was caused by intracerebral haemorrhage due to metastatic angiosarcoma. The primary site was a peripheral nerve tumour which, on microscopic examination, showed both angiosarcoma and neurofibrosarcoma with transitional zones between the two. This is interpreted as another example of divergent differentiation in malignant nerve sheath tumours, and the case is compared with the two similar examples found in the literature.", "PMID": 96219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2058", "title": "An ultrastructural study of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord in vitamin B12-deficient rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Prolonged deprivation of vitamin B12 in rhesus monkeys produced changes in the central nervous system that were indistinguishable topographically and histologically from those of human subacute combined degeneration. Ultrastructural studies of early lesions of the spinal cord disclosed a degeneration of myelin characterized by separation of myelin lamellae and formation of intramyelinic vacuoles, leading eventually to complete destruction of myelin sheaths. At a later stage, there was degeneration and loss of axons, and marked gliosis. The theories of pathogenesis of subacute combined degeneration are reviewed in the light of these observations.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord in vitamin B12-deficient rhesus monkeys. Prolonged deprivation of vitamin B12 in rhesus monkeys produced changes in the central nervous system that were indistinguishable topographically and histologically from those of human subacute combined degeneration. Ultrastructural studies of early lesions of the spinal cord disclosed a degeneration of myelin characterized by separation of myelin lamellae and formation of intramyelinic vacuoles, leading eventually to complete destruction of myelin sheaths. At a later stage, there was degeneration and loss of axons, and marked gliosis. The theories of pathogenesis of subacute combined degeneration are reviewed in the light of these observations.", "PMID": 96220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2059", "title": "Effect of load disturbances during centrally initiated movements.", "content": "1. We have investigated the relative contributions of mechanical and reflex mechanisms in generating the forces produced by the neck muscles when loads were unexpectedly applied during centrally programmed head movements in monkeys. These movements, subserved by muscles well endowed with muscle spindles, are part of the coordinated eye-head response to the appearance of a stimulus in the animal's visual field. Our preparation was a chronically vestibulectomized monkey trained to make a visual discrimination. 2. Two procedures were used to evaluate the torque generated by the neck musculature when an unexpected load disturbance was applied: first, by surgically interrupting the afferent loop subserving the reflex action (section of cervical dorsal roots) and second, by building a mathematical model of the head-neck system and carrying out a process of simulation. 3. Our results indicated that the compensatory torque of reflex origin stimulated by the application of an opposing force was less than 10--30% of that required for perfect compensation, and the larger fraction of the observed compensation was due to the mechanical properties (inertial, viscous, and elastic) of the neck musculature. The combined action of reflex and mechanical processes never completely compensated for the disturbance.", "contents": "Effect of load disturbances during centrally initiated movements. 1. We have investigated the relative contributions of mechanical and reflex mechanisms in generating the forces produced by the neck muscles when loads were unexpectedly applied during centrally programmed head movements in monkeys. These movements, subserved by muscles well endowed with muscle spindles, are part of the coordinated eye-head response to the appearance of a stimulus in the animal's visual field. Our preparation was a chronically vestibulectomized monkey trained to make a visual discrimination. 2. Two procedures were used to evaluate the torque generated by the neck musculature when an unexpected load disturbance was applied: first, by surgically interrupting the afferent loop subserving the reflex action (section of cervical dorsal roots) and second, by building a mathematical model of the head-neck system and carrying out a process of simulation. 3. Our results indicated that the compensatory torque of reflex origin stimulated by the application of an opposing force was less than 10--30% of that required for perfect compensation, and the larger fraction of the observed compensation was due to the mechanical properties (inertial, viscous, and elastic) of the neck musculature. The combined action of reflex and mechanical processes never completely compensated for the disturbance.", "PMID": 96221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2060", "title": "Color vision mechanisms in monkey striate cortex: dual-opponent cells with concentric receptive fields.", "content": "1. I have recorded with tungsten microelectrodes from single cells in the monkey's visual cortex and have specifically studied those neurons which were sensitive to the color of the stimulus. In the primate striate cortex there are four classes of color-coded cells. The cells described in this paper have concentric receptive fields with  one red-green opponent-color system in the field center and the opposite organization in the surround. These dual-opponent cells were nost sensitive to the simultaneous presentation of two different colors, one covering the field center and the other illuminating the surround. They are probable involved in the perception of simultaneous color-contrast phenomena. 2. Spectral sensitivity curves revealed that both the field centers and the surrounds received opposite types of inputs from red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones. None of the cells tested had inputs from rods. 3. Area-sensitivity curves showed that peripheral suppression was present for both phases of the center opponent-color system. The boundary between the center and the surround was the same for both sets of opponent systems. Some cells had \"silent\" surrounds, which did not respond to annular stimuli. 4. Multiple-unit recordings from a concentric cell and one of its presumed afferents yielded information regarding its possible synaptic inputs. In some cases the cells appeared to receive contacts from red/green opponent-color geniculated fibers with circular receptive fields that lacked an antagonistic surround (similar to Wiesel and Hubel's (37) type II class). In other instances the afferents had on-center, off surround receptive fields or the reverse, but received inputs from only one cone type, either red or green (similar to Wiesel and Hubel's type III class). 5. Concentric cells were always driven by only one eye. 6. The laminar distribution of these cells was limited almost entirely to layer IV and its subdivisions. 7. The cumulative evidence presented in this paper indicates that the concentric cells probably received direct geniculate inputs and, therefore, they are the first cortical stage in the integration of color-contrast information.", "contents": "Color vision mechanisms in monkey striate cortex: dual-opponent cells with concentric receptive fields. 1. I have recorded with tungsten microelectrodes from single cells in the monkey's visual cortex and have specifically studied those neurons which were sensitive to the color of the stimulus. In the primate striate cortex there are four classes of color-coded cells. The cells described in this paper have concentric receptive fields with  one red-green opponent-color system in the field center and the opposite organization in the surround. These dual-opponent cells were nost sensitive to the simultaneous presentation of two different colors, one covering the field center and the other illuminating the surround. They are probable involved in the perception of simultaneous color-contrast phenomena. 2. Spectral sensitivity curves revealed that both the field centers and the surrounds received opposite types of inputs from red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones. None of the cells tested had inputs from rods. 3. Area-sensitivity curves showed that peripheral suppression was present for both phases of the center opponent-color system. The boundary between the center and the surround was the same for both sets of opponent systems. Some cells had \"silent\" surrounds, which did not respond to annular stimuli. 4. Multiple-unit recordings from a concentric cell and one of its presumed afferents yielded information regarding its possible synaptic inputs. In some cases the cells appeared to receive contacts from red/green opponent-color geniculated fibers with circular receptive fields that lacked an antagonistic surround (similar to Wiesel and Hubel's (37) type II class). In other instances the afferents had on-center, off surround receptive fields or the reverse, but received inputs from only one cone type, either red or green (similar to Wiesel and Hubel's type III class). 5. Concentric cells were always driven by only one eye. 6. The laminar distribution of these cells was limited almost entirely to layer IV and its subdivisions. 7. The cumulative evidence presented in this paper indicates that the concentric cells probably received direct geniculate inputs and, therefore, they are the first cortical stage in the integration of color-contrast information.", "PMID": 96222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2061", "title": "Correlation of neural discharge with pattern and force of muscular activity, joint position, and direction of intended next movement in motor cortex and cerebellum.", "content": "1. Monkeys were trained to grasp a rod movable in a horizontal arc (Fig. 1), and to hold the rod by angulation of the wrist in each of three positions (A,B, C). A maintained load was placed on the rod alternately to oppose flexion and extension. At a light signal, the monkey had to move to the next position in a prescribed sequence (ABCBABCBA, ETC.). The task was designed to dissociate, while holding in position, the following variables: 1) pattern of muscular activity in the forearm required to hold the wrist in position, determined by the direction of the load (flexor or extensor muscles); 2) position of the rod, and thus angulation of the wrist joint (A, B, and C); and 3) set for the direction of the intended next movement (flexor or extensor). These variables are subsequently referred to as MPAT, JPOS, and DSET, respectively. 2. After training, recordings were made of the EMG activity of muscles used in the task and of the discharge of single neurons in the motor cortex of the cerebrum and the interposed and dentate nuclei of the cerebellum. 3. While holding the wrist in position, EMG and interpositus behaved uniformly, with higher discharge frequency under load in one direction and lower discharge frequency under load in the opposite direction. This relation was relatively independent of the position held and of the direction of the intended next movement. Thus, interpositus and EMG both seemed best related to the MPAT variable, as opposed to JPOS and DSET variables. By contrast, neurons in motor cortex and in dentate fell into three categories: one category discharged in relation to the pattern of muscular activity (MPAT), a second to the position of the wrist (JPOS), and a third to the direction of the intended next movement (DSET). While MPAT neurons formed a distinct dissociated group, neurons that were best related to JPOS were often related to DSET, and vice versa. 4. A few of the MPAT neurons in interpositus and motor cortex were further studied by varying the magnitude (as well as the direction) of the loads. Both interpositus and motor cortex MPAT neurons changed firing frequency in relation to the magnitude of load, and though few neurons were thus studied, the relation seemed clearer for interpositus than for motor cortex. 5. Anatomically, the three types of neurons thus classified by firing pattern during the hold periods were intermixed in the arm area of motor cortex. In dentate and interpositus, those neurons thus related to the performance were localized to a narrow strip across the posterior part of both nuclei. Neurons apparently related to eye and drinking movements were located more posteriorly still, suggesting somatotopic representation.", "contents": "Correlation of neural discharge with pattern and force of muscular activity, joint position, and direction of intended next movement in motor cortex and cerebellum. 1. Monkeys were trained to grasp a rod movable in a horizontal arc (Fig. 1), and to hold the rod by angulation of the wrist in each of three positions (A,B, C). A maintained load was placed on the rod alternately to oppose flexion and extension. At a light signal, the monkey had to move to the next position in a prescribed sequence (ABCBABCBA, ETC.). The task was designed to dissociate, while holding in position, the following variables: 1) pattern of muscular activity in the forearm required to hold the wrist in position, determined by the direction of the load (flexor or extensor muscles); 2) position of the rod, and thus angulation of the wrist joint (A, B, and C); and 3) set for the direction of the intended next movement (flexor or extensor). These variables are subsequently referred to as MPAT, JPOS, and DSET, respectively. 2. After training, recordings were made of the EMG activity of muscles used in the task and of the discharge of single neurons in the motor cortex of the cerebrum and the interposed and dentate nuclei of the cerebellum. 3. While holding the wrist in position, EMG and interpositus behaved uniformly, with higher discharge frequency under load in one direction and lower discharge frequency under load in the opposite direction. This relation was relatively independent of the position held and of the direction of the intended next movement. Thus, interpositus and EMG both seemed best related to the MPAT variable, as opposed to JPOS and DSET variables. By contrast, neurons in motor cortex and in dentate fell into three categories: one category discharged in relation to the pattern of muscular activity (MPAT), a second to the position of the wrist (JPOS), and a third to the direction of the intended next movement (DSET). While MPAT neurons formed a distinct dissociated group, neurons that were best related to JPOS were often related to DSET, and vice versa. 4. A few of the MPAT neurons in interpositus and motor cortex were further studied by varying the magnitude (as well as the direction) of the loads. Both interpositus and motor cortex MPAT neurons changed firing frequency in relation to the magnitude of load, and though few neurons were thus studied, the relation seemed clearer for interpositus than for motor cortex. 5. Anatomically, the three types of neurons thus classified by firing pattern during the hold periods were intermixed in the arm area of motor cortex. In dentate and interpositus, those neurons thus related to the performance were localized to a narrow strip across the posterior part of both nuclei. Neurons apparently related to eye and drinking movements were located more posteriorly still, suggesting somatotopic representation.", "PMID": 96223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2062", "title": "Auditory nerve fiber response to wide-band noise and tone combinations.", "content": "1. Responses of single auditory nerve fibers to combinations of noise and tone were obtained. The results were found to depend on the relative effectiveness of each stimulus when presented alone. 2. When the response rate to one stimulus presented alone was considerably greater than the response rate to the other stimulus presented alone, the more effective stimulus dominated the responses when the two stimuli were combined. The more effective stimulus captured the response of the neuron. Thus, intense noise was found to mask responses to weaker tones, and intense tones were found to mask responses to weaker noise. This masking of the weaker stimulus is thought to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the most prominent response component. 3. When the two stimuli had similar effectiveness, complex interactions occurred. When the tone was near best (characteristic) frequency, partial summation effects occured. The tone partially suppressed the responses to the noise if other frequencies were used. Tones above best frequency caused particularly powerful suppression. 4. The bandwidth of the noise was varied somewhat. While bandwidth affected the effectiveness of the noise, it did not affect the types of interactions observed. 5. For a neuron which was essentially silent in the absence of acoustic stimuli, adding a weak level of noise lowered the threshold of responsiveness to the tone.", "contents": "Auditory nerve fiber response to wide-band noise and tone combinations. 1. Responses of single auditory nerve fibers to combinations of noise and tone were obtained. The results were found to depend on the relative effectiveness of each stimulus when presented alone. 2. When the response rate to one stimulus presented alone was considerably greater than the response rate to the other stimulus presented alone, the more effective stimulus dominated the responses when the two stimuli were combined. The more effective stimulus captured the response of the neuron. Thus, intense noise was found to mask responses to weaker tones, and intense tones were found to mask responses to weaker noise. This masking of the weaker stimulus is thought to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the most prominent response component. 3. When the two stimuli had similar effectiveness, complex interactions occurred. When the tone was near best (characteristic) frequency, partial summation effects occured. The tone partially suppressed the responses to the noise if other frequencies were used. Tones above best frequency caused particularly powerful suppression. 4. The bandwidth of the noise was varied somewhat. While bandwidth affected the effectiveness of the noise, it did not affect the types of interactions observed. 5. For a neuron which was essentially silent in the absence of acoustic stimuli, adding a weak level of noise lowered the threshold of responsiveness to the tone.", "PMID": 96224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2063", "title": "Role of primate flocculus during rapid behavioral modification of vestibuloocular reflex. I. Purkinje cell activity during visually guided horizontal smooth-pursuit eye movements and passive head rotation.", "content": "1. Extracellular recordings were obtained from 124 Purkinje cells (P-cells) in the flocculus of alert monkeys. P-cell simple spike-firing rate was analyzed quantitatively during various combinations of smooth-pursuit eye movement and passive head rotation. 2. During sinusoidal smooth eye movements, 80% of the P-cells displayed increased firing rate during ipsilateral and 20% during contralateral eye movement. Over the frequency range 0.3--1.4 Hz, firing-rate modulation was proportional to and in phase with maximum eye velocity. During the steady state of triangle-wave tracking, firing rate increased monotonically as a function of eye velocity. Since firing rate was uncorrelated with retinal-error velocity, one component of P-cell firing rate was related to eye velocity. 3. During the transient phase of triangle-wave tracking, when an instantaneous change in the direction of target movement caused a large retinal-error velocity, 40% of the P-cells were related only to eye velocity. Sixty percent of the P-cells displayed an overshoot or undershoot in firing rate, indicating a relationship to either retinal-error velocity or eye acceleration as well as to eye velocity. 4. During the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR), evoked by head rotation in the dark, P-cell firing rate was only weakly modulated. In contrast, when the monkey suppressed the VOR by fixating a target that rotated with him, P-cell rate was deeply modulated. Since the modulation was proportional to and in phase with maximum head velocity, another component of P-cell firing rate was related to head velocity. 5. Of 36 P-cells tested, 35 displayed firing-rate modulation during both suppression of the VOR and smooth-pursuit eye movement. P-cells that reached peak firing rate during ipsilateral head rotation also reached peak firing rate during ipsilateral smooth eye rotation. Average population sensitivitites to head velocity and eye velocity were equal. In three conditions in which eye and head velocity were elicited simultaneously, P-cell firing rate could be predicted by the linear, vector addition of the separate eye and head velocity components of firing rate. Therefore, the relatively weak modulation of P-cell firing rate during the VOR in the dark can be accounted for by the cancellation of equal but opposite head and eye velocity components. 6. The connections of flocculus P-cells to interneurons in the brain stem VOR pathways have been established in other mammals. In the context of those connections, P-cell firing patterns were appropriate to facilitate the eye movements the monkey was required to make. We conclude that the flocculus is important for sustaining any smooth eye movements that are different from those evoked by head rotation in the dark. The eye velocity component may represent an efference copy signal that sustains ongoing eye velocity during smooth pursuit.", "contents": "Role of primate flocculus during rapid behavioral modification of vestibuloocular reflex. I. Purkinje cell activity during visually guided horizontal smooth-pursuit eye movements and passive head rotation. 1. Extracellular recordings were obtained from 124 Purkinje cells (P-cells) in the flocculus of alert monkeys. P-cell simple spike-firing rate was analyzed quantitatively during various combinations of smooth-pursuit eye movement and passive head rotation. 2. During sinusoidal smooth eye movements, 80% of the P-cells displayed increased firing rate during ipsilateral and 20% during contralateral eye movement. Over the frequency range 0.3--1.4 Hz, firing-rate modulation was proportional to and in phase with maximum eye velocity. During the steady state of triangle-wave tracking, firing rate increased monotonically as a function of eye velocity. Since firing rate was uncorrelated with retinal-error velocity, one component of P-cell firing rate was related to eye velocity. 3. During the transient phase of triangle-wave tracking, when an instantaneous change in the direction of target movement caused a large retinal-error velocity, 40% of the P-cells were related only to eye velocity. Sixty percent of the P-cells displayed an overshoot or undershoot in firing rate, indicating a relationship to either retinal-error velocity or eye acceleration as well as to eye velocity. 4. During the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR), evoked by head rotation in the dark, P-cell firing rate was only weakly modulated. In contrast, when the monkey suppressed the VOR by fixating a target that rotated with him, P-cell rate was deeply modulated. Since the modulation was proportional to and in phase with maximum head velocity, another component of P-cell firing rate was related to head velocity. 5. Of 36 P-cells tested, 35 displayed firing-rate modulation during both suppression of the VOR and smooth-pursuit eye movement. P-cells that reached peak firing rate during ipsilateral head rotation also reached peak firing rate during ipsilateral smooth eye rotation. Average population sensitivitites to head velocity and eye velocity were equal. In three conditions in which eye and head velocity were elicited simultaneously, P-cell firing rate could be predicted by the linear, vector addition of the separate eye and head velocity components of firing rate. Therefore, the relatively weak modulation of P-cell firing rate during the VOR in the dark can be accounted for by the cancellation of equal but opposite head and eye velocity components. 6. The connections of flocculus P-cells to interneurons in the brain stem VOR pathways have been established in other mammals. In the context of those connections, P-cell firing patterns were appropriate to facilitate the eye movements the monkey was required to make. We conclude that the flocculus is important for sustaining any smooth eye movements that are different from those evoked by head rotation in the dark. The eye velocity component may represent an efference copy signal that sustains ongoing eye velocity during smooth pursuit.", "PMID": 96225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2064", "title": "Role of primate flocculus during rapid behavioral modification of vestibuloocular reflex. II. Mossy fiber firing patterns during horizontal head rotation and eye movement.", "content": "1. Extracellular recordings were obtained from 113 mossu fibers (MFs) in the flocculus of alert monkeys trained to perform a visual tracking task during sinusoidal, horizontal head rotation. The analysis of MF discharge patterns was designed to allow quantitative comparison of the discharge properties of flocculus MFs with brain stem cell populations from which the MFs might originate and with flocculus Purkinje cells (P-cells). Based on their firing patterns, MFs were divided into two classes. Vestibular MFs discharged in relation to head velocity and, in some cases, also in relation to eye movement. Eye movement MFs discharged only in relation to one or more components of eye movement. 2. Vestibular MFs were subdivided into three classes. Vestibular-only MFs (n = 15) displayed a modulation in firing rate during head rotation but exhibited no relationship to spontaneous eye movements. Vestibular-plus-saccade MFs (n = 14) displayed a modulation in firing rate during head rotation that quantitatively resembled the modulation in vestibular-only MFs. In addition, a pause in firing rate interrupted the vestibular modulation during saccades in one or more directions. Vestibular-plus-position MFs (n = 4) exhibited steady firing rates that were linearly related to horizontal eye position in the absence of vestibular stimulation. Sinusoidal head rotation evoked a modulation ofiring rate above and below the firing rate set by the eye position. 3. during sinusoidal head rotation, vestibular MF firing rate led head velocity by an average of 24 degrees. The amplitude of MF firing-rate modulation increased as a function of the frequency of head rotation and, hence, maximum head velocity. Since these characteristics are similar to those displayed by P-cells during suppression of the VOR, vestibular MFs probably transmit the head velocity component of P-cell firing rate to the flocculus. Based on evidence from other mammals and a quantitative comparison of population discharge characteristics, it is likely that vestibular MFs originate from the vestibular nerve and from cells in the medial vestibular nucleus. 4. Based on their discharge patterns, eye movement MFs were also subdivided into three classes. Burst MFs (n = 14) emitted a high-frequency burst of spikes prior to and during saccades in one or more direction, but were silent during steady fixation. Burst-tonic MFs (n = 53) emitted a burst of spikes prior to saccades in a preferred (\"on\") direction, ceased firing during saccades in the opposite (\"off\") direction, and exhibited steady firing rates that increased as steady gaze shifted in the on direction. Tonic MFs (n = 13) displayed steady firing rates that increased as the position of steady gaze shifted in the on direction, and either paused or exhibited step changes in firing rate during saccades. 5. During steady fixation, 64% of tonic and burst-tonic MFs were recruited into maintained firing within +/- 10 degrees of the primary direction of gaze...", "contents": "Role of primate flocculus during rapid behavioral modification of vestibuloocular reflex. II. Mossy fiber firing patterns during horizontal head rotation and eye movement. 1. Extracellular recordings were obtained from 113 mossu fibers (MFs) in the flocculus of alert monkeys trained to perform a visual tracking task during sinusoidal, horizontal head rotation. The analysis of MF discharge patterns was designed to allow quantitative comparison of the discharge properties of flocculus MFs with brain stem cell populations from which the MFs might originate and with flocculus Purkinje cells (P-cells). Based on their firing patterns, MFs were divided into two classes. Vestibular MFs discharged in relation to head velocity and, in some cases, also in relation to eye movement. Eye movement MFs discharged only in relation to one or more components of eye movement. 2. Vestibular MFs were subdivided into three classes. Vestibular-only MFs (n = 15) displayed a modulation in firing rate during head rotation but exhibited no relationship to spontaneous eye movements. Vestibular-plus-saccade MFs (n = 14) displayed a modulation in firing rate during head rotation that quantitatively resembled the modulation in vestibular-only MFs. In addition, a pause in firing rate interrupted the vestibular modulation during saccades in one or more directions. Vestibular-plus-position MFs (n = 4) exhibited steady firing rates that were linearly related to horizontal eye position in the absence of vestibular stimulation. Sinusoidal head rotation evoked a modulation ofiring rate above and below the firing rate set by the eye position. 3. during sinusoidal head rotation, vestibular MF firing rate led head velocity by an average of 24 degrees. The amplitude of MF firing-rate modulation increased as a function of the frequency of head rotation and, hence, maximum head velocity. Since these characteristics are similar to those displayed by P-cells during suppression of the VOR, vestibular MFs probably transmit the head velocity component of P-cell firing rate to the flocculus. Based on evidence from other mammals and a quantitative comparison of population discharge characteristics, it is likely that vestibular MFs originate from the vestibular nerve and from cells in the medial vestibular nucleus. 4. Based on their discharge patterns, eye movement MFs were also subdivided into three classes. Burst MFs (n = 14) emitted a high-frequency burst of spikes prior to and during saccades in one or more direction, but were silent during steady fixation. Burst-tonic MFs (n = 53) emitted a burst of spikes prior to saccades in a preferred (\"on\") direction, ceased firing during saccades in the opposite (\"off\") direction, and exhibited steady firing rates that increased as steady gaze shifted in the on direction. Tonic MFs (n = 13) displayed steady firing rates that increased as the position of steady gaze shifted in the on direction, and either paused or exhibited step changes in firing rate during saccades. 5. During steady fixation, 64% of tonic and burst-tonic MFs were recruited into maintained firing within +/- 10 degrees of the primary direction of gaze...", "PMID": 96226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2065", "title": "Functional specificity of lateral geniculate nucleus laminae of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "1. This study investigated the functional specificity of the lateral geniculate mucleus (LGN) of the rhesus monkey using microelectrode-recording techniques. 2. The parvocellular laminae of the LGN receive input predominantly from medium-conduction-velocity optic tract fibers, while the magnocellular laminae receive fast-conducting axons from the retina. 3. Cells projecting from the parvocellular layers to area 17 have medium-conduction velocities, while those from the magnocellular layers are fast conducting. 4. The majority of cells in the parvocellular layers have a concentric color-opponent receptive-field organization. The receptive fields of magnocellular layers cells are also concentrically organized, but their center-surround organization is independent of wavelength. 5. Responses in the parvocellular layers are more sustained than in the magnocellular layers. 6. Cells in the dorsal pair of parvocellular layers are predominantly on-center. In the ventral pair of parvocellular layers, most cells are off-center. 7. Blue-selective cells are found predominantly in the ventral pair of parvocellular layers. All of these found gave on-responses to blue stimuli.", "contents": "Functional specificity of lateral geniculate nucleus laminae of the rhesus monkey. 1. This study investigated the functional specificity of the lateral geniculate mucleus (LGN) of the rhesus monkey using microelectrode-recording techniques. 2. The parvocellular laminae of the LGN receive input predominantly from medium-conduction-velocity optic tract fibers, while the magnocellular laminae receive fast-conducting axons from the retina. 3. Cells projecting from the parvocellular layers to area 17 have medium-conduction velocities, while those from the magnocellular layers are fast conducting. 4. The majority of cells in the parvocellular layers have a concentric color-opponent receptive-field organization. The receptive fields of magnocellular layers cells are also concentrically organized, but their center-surround organization is independent of wavelength. 5. Responses in the parvocellular layers are more sustained than in the magnocellular layers. 6. Cells in the dorsal pair of parvocellular layers are predominantly on-center. In the ventral pair of parvocellular layers, most cells are off-center. 7. Blue-selective cells are found predominantly in the ventral pair of parvocellular layers. All of these found gave on-responses to blue stimuli.", "PMID": 96227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2066", "title": "Direct administration of methotrexate into the central nervous system of primates. Part 1: Distribution and degradation of methotrexate in nervous and systemic tissue after intraventricular injection.", "content": "Levels of methotrexate (MTX) measured by both 3H radioactivity and dihydrofolate reductase assays were determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, urine, and both neural and non-neural tissues at varying times after a single intraventricular injection into Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Clearance of the MTX from CSF was rapid after injection. A relatively constant level of 3HMTX was reached in plasma 2 1/2 hours after injection, and about 30% of the 3HMTX dose was excreted in the urine within 4 hours after injection. Maximum levels in CNS tissues were obtained by 4 hours after injection, and average concentrations of 10(-6) M MTX (moles/kg wet weight) were maintained in CSF for up to 12 hours and in brain for up to 24 hours after injection. Conversion of MTX to non-MTX products was detected in CSF between 4 and 12 hours, and in brain tissue between 12 and 24 hours after injection, and the amount of these products increased with time. Regional distribution studies in the cerebrum showed a U-shaped distribution curve for 3HMTX up to 12 hours after injection, which closely followed the 14C inulin distribution. Thus, the levels in deep cerebral tissue were less than the average level for brain, and this suggests that treatment of CNS tumors by intraventricular injection may have variable results, partly due to complex tissue distribution patterns.", "contents": "Direct administration of methotrexate into the central nervous system of primates. Part 1: Distribution and degradation of methotrexate in nervous and systemic tissue after intraventricular injection. Levels of methotrexate (MTX) measured by both 3H radioactivity and dihydrofolate reductase assays were determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, urine, and both neural and non-neural tissues at varying times after a single intraventricular injection into Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Clearance of the MTX from CSF was rapid after injection. A relatively constant level of 3HMTX was reached in plasma 2 1/2 hours after injection, and about 30% of the 3HMTX dose was excreted in the urine within 4 hours after injection. Maximum levels in CNS tissues were obtained by 4 hours after injection, and average concentrations of 10(-6) M MTX (moles/kg wet weight) were maintained in CSF for up to 12 hours and in brain for up to 24 hours after injection. Conversion of MTX to non-MTX products was detected in CSF between 4 and 12 hours, and in brain tissue between 12 and 24 hours after injection, and the amount of these products increased with time. Regional distribution studies in the cerebrum showed a U-shaped distribution curve for 3HMTX up to 12 hours after injection, which closely followed the 14C inulin distribution. Thus, the levels in deep cerebral tissue were less than the average level for brain, and this suggests that treatment of CNS tumors by intraventricular injection may have variable results, partly due to complex tissue distribution patterns.", "PMID": 96228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2067", "title": "Direct administration of methotrexate into the central nervous system of primates. Part 2: Distribution of 3H methotrexate after intrathecal lumbar injection.", "content": "The kinetics of distribution of 3H methotrexate (3HMTX) in the central nervous system, plasma, and urine after intraventricular, lumbar percutaneous puncture, and spinal catheter injections were compared. Levels of 3HMTX in whole brain after lumbar percutaneous injection were 40 times less than after intraventricular injection. Injection of 3HMTX via a spinal catheter increased the level of 3HMTX in whole brain but this was still tenfold less than after direct intraventricular instillation. Also, it was found that a disproportionately high amount of 3HMTX was in the brain-stem-cerebellum region which would further reduce the concentration of methotrexate in the cerebral hemispheres. Both intraventricular and lumbar spinal catheter administration of 3HMTX produced 3HMTX levels greater than 10(-6)M (moles/kg wet weight) in spinal cord tissue as measured by 3H specific activity between 2 to 8 hours after injection. Administration by lumbar percutaneous puncture, however, rarely resulted in this suggested therapeutic level of 10(-6)M. Initial 3HMTX levels in plasma after lumbar percutaneous instillation was 24 times greater than after intraventricular or lumbar spinal catheter injections. This indicated significant and unavoidable extradural leakage after lumbar percutaneous puncture, which may account for the substantially lower levels of 3HMTX in the brain and spinal cord tissue. It is concluded that intraventricular instillation of methotrexate is the best route of administering the drug to achieve therapeutic levels of methotrexate in both whole brain and throughout the spinal cord.", "contents": "Direct administration of methotrexate into the central nervous system of primates. Part 2: Distribution of 3H methotrexate after intrathecal lumbar injection. The kinetics of distribution of 3H methotrexate (3HMTX) in the central nervous system, plasma, and urine after intraventricular, lumbar percutaneous puncture, and spinal catheter injections were compared. Levels of 3HMTX in whole brain after lumbar percutaneous injection were 40 times less than after intraventricular injection. Injection of 3HMTX via a spinal catheter increased the level of 3HMTX in whole brain but this was still tenfold less than after direct intraventricular instillation. Also, it was found that a disproportionately high amount of 3HMTX was in the brain-stem-cerebellum region which would further reduce the concentration of methotrexate in the cerebral hemispheres. Both intraventricular and lumbar spinal catheter administration of 3HMTX produced 3HMTX levels greater than 10(-6)M (moles/kg wet weight) in spinal cord tissue as measured by 3H specific activity between 2 to 8 hours after injection. Administration by lumbar percutaneous puncture, however, rarely resulted in this suggested therapeutic level of 10(-6)M. Initial 3HMTX levels in plasma after lumbar percutaneous instillation was 24 times greater than after intraventricular or lumbar spinal catheter injections. This indicated significant and unavoidable extradural leakage after lumbar percutaneous puncture, which may account for the substantially lower levels of 3HMTX in the brain and spinal cord tissue. It is concluded that intraventricular instillation of methotrexate is the best route of administering the drug to achieve therapeutic levels of methotrexate in both whole brain and throughout the spinal cord.", "PMID": 96229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2068", "title": "Lumbosacral intradural periradicular ossification. Case report.", "content": "Intrathecal ossification causing progressive myelopathy or radiculopathy does not occur frequently. The majority of the reported lesions have been in the thoracic spine and seldom in the sacral canal. This report presents the occurrence of disabling low backache and sciatica from intradural periradicular ossification in the lumbosacral region in a previously healthy man.", "contents": "Lumbosacral intradural periradicular ossification. Case report. Intrathecal ossification causing progressive myelopathy or radiculopathy does not occur frequently. The majority of the reported lesions have been in the thoracic spine and seldom in the sacral canal. This report presents the occurrence of disabling low backache and sciatica from intradural periradicular ossification in the lumbosacral region in a previously healthy man.", "PMID": 96230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2069", "title": "Cerebral arterial responses to induced hypertension following subarachnoid hemorrhage in the monkey.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), angiographic cerebral arterial caliber, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure were measured in rhesus monkeys to determine the effect of experimentally induced subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on cerebral arterial responses to graded increases in blood pressure. These measurements were also performed in a control group of monkeys subjected to a mock SAH by injection of artificial CSF into the cerebral space. Before subarachnoid injection of blood or artificial CSF, graded increases in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) to a level 40% to 50% above baseline values had no effect on rCBF. The major cerebral arteries constricted and CSF pressure remained unchanged. Similar responses were observed after injections of artificial CSF. When MABP was increased in animals that had been subjected to subarachnoid injection of blood, rCBF increased and was associated with dilatation of the major cerebral arteries and moderate increases in CSF pressure. These results demonstrate that cerebral arterial responses to increases in blood pressure may be abnormal in the presence of subarachnoid blood. The manner in which abnormal cerebral arterial reactivity, changes in blood pressure, and vasospasm combine to determine the level of cerebral perfusion following SAH is postulated.", "contents": "Cerebral arterial responses to induced hypertension following subarachnoid hemorrhage in the monkey. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), angiographic cerebral arterial caliber, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure were measured in rhesus monkeys to determine the effect of experimentally induced subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on cerebral arterial responses to graded increases in blood pressure. These measurements were also performed in a control group of monkeys subjected to a mock SAH by injection of artificial CSF into the cerebral space. Before subarachnoid injection of blood or artificial CSF, graded increases in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) to a level 40% to 50% above baseline values had no effect on rCBF. The major cerebral arteries constricted and CSF pressure remained unchanged. Similar responses were observed after injections of artificial CSF. When MABP was increased in animals that had been subjected to subarachnoid injection of blood, rCBF increased and was associated with dilatation of the major cerebral arteries and moderate increases in CSF pressure. These results demonstrate that cerebral arterial responses to increases in blood pressure may be abnormal in the presence of subarachnoid blood. The manner in which abnormal cerebral arterial reactivity, changes in blood pressure, and vasospasm combine to determine the level of cerebral perfusion following SAH is postulated.", "PMID": 96231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2070", "title": "L-alanyl-L-tyrosine as a tyrosine source during intravenous nutrition of the rat.", "content": "Tyrosine is considered an essential amino acid for some premature infants, but its limited solubility prevents addition to intravenous solutions in adequate amounts. Tyrosine peptides with solubilities greater than tyrosine were synthesized to evaluate potential for intravenous use. Intraperitoneal injection of L-alanyl-L-[U-14C]tyrosine (0.5 mmoles/kg) into adult rats resulted in a rapid labeling of tissue pools and production of 14C-CO2. When the peptide was infused as part of an intravenous nutrition solution (0.5 mmoles/kg/24 hours) into adult rats, plasma and tissue tyrosine pools were rapidly labeled. The radioactivity distribution after 24 hours of infusion was: 41% CO2, 13.4% muscle, 7.7% urine, 7.1% liver, 5.5% intestine, 1.4% kidney, with the remainder in other carcass organs. No unhydrolyzed peptide was found in tissue homogenates. Between 9% and 17% of the radioactivity present in tissue was free tyrosine, with the remainder in tissue protein. Tyrosine accounted for more than 96% of this protein bound radioactivity. The data indicate good utilization of alanyl-tyrosine as a tyrosine source when administered intravenously.", "contents": "L-alanyl-L-tyrosine as a tyrosine source during intravenous nutrition of the rat. Tyrosine is considered an essential amino acid for some premature infants, but its limited solubility prevents addition to intravenous solutions in adequate amounts. Tyrosine peptides with solubilities greater than tyrosine were synthesized to evaluate potential for intravenous use. Intraperitoneal injection of L-alanyl-L-[U-14C]tyrosine (0.5 mmoles/kg) into adult rats resulted in a rapid labeling of tissue pools and production of 14C-CO2. When the peptide was infused as part of an intravenous nutrition solution (0.5 mmoles/kg/24 hours) into adult rats, plasma and tissue tyrosine pools were rapidly labeled. The radioactivity distribution after 24 hours of infusion was: 41% CO2, 13.4% muscle, 7.7% urine, 7.1% liver, 5.5% intestine, 1.4% kidney, with the remainder in other carcass organs. No unhydrolyzed peptide was found in tissue homogenates. Between 9% and 17% of the radioactivity present in tissue was free tyrosine, with the remainder in tissue protein. Tyrosine accounted for more than 96% of this protein bound radioactivity. The data indicate good utilization of alanyl-tyrosine as a tyrosine source when administered intravenously.", "PMID": 96233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2071", "title": "Polyanomalodontia.", "content": "Reported is a case of multiple anomalies in dental morphology. The morphological anomalies comprised macrodontia, multituberculism, invaginations, and single conical molar roots. The gross morphological, radiological, histological and ultrastructural findings are presented and compared to similar forms of multiple anomalies in dental morphology.", "contents": "Polyanomalodontia. Reported is a case of multiple anomalies in dental morphology. The morphological anomalies comprised macrodontia, multituberculism, invaginations, and single conical molar roots. The gross morphological, radiological, histological and ultrastructural findings are presented and compared to similar forms of multiple anomalies in dental morphology.", "PMID": 96234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2072", "title": "Ultrastructural study of tumor cell differentiation in osteosarcoma of jaw bones.", "content": "Tw osteosarcomas of jaw bones have been studied by electron microscopy. The objectives were to examine the specific cell types in relation to functions and ultrastructural features, and to examine matrices produced by tumor cells. The osteosarcoma cells were subdivided into four cell types: anaplastic, chondroblastic, osteoblastic, and osteocytic--giant cells were not considered in the present investigation. Compared to normal bone cells, no specific sign of malignancy was found. However, tumor cells seem to lose functional abilities, i.e. a modification of matrix. Consequently, tumor matrix has altered organic and inorganic components with impairment of collagen maturation and matrix mineralization. The alteration in both processes may be related to a diminished production of proteoglycans. The cytogenic hypothesis of a tumor stem cell may be supported by the identification of anaplastic osteosarcoma cells resembling immature reticulum cells. One may speculate on transformation of this cell type as a genetically predetermined osteoprogenitor cell of malignant potential.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of tumor cell differentiation in osteosarcoma of jaw bones. Tw osteosarcomas of jaw bones have been studied by electron microscopy. The objectives were to examine the specific cell types in relation to functions and ultrastructural features, and to examine matrices produced by tumor cells. The osteosarcoma cells were subdivided into four cell types: anaplastic, chondroblastic, osteoblastic, and osteocytic--giant cells were not considered in the present investigation. Compared to normal bone cells, no specific sign of malignancy was found. However, tumor cells seem to lose functional abilities, i.e. a modification of matrix. Consequently, tumor matrix has altered organic and inorganic components with impairment of collagen maturation and matrix mineralization. The alteration in both processes may be related to a diminished production of proteoglycans. The cytogenic hypothesis of a tumor stem cell may be supported by the identification of anaplastic osteosarcoma cells resembling immature reticulum cells. One may speculate on transformation of this cell type as a genetically predetermined osteoprogenitor cell of malignant potential.", "PMID": 96236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2073", "title": "Vitamin A deficiency and new bone growth: histologic changes.", "content": "Using a standardized guinea pig model system, the histologic appearance of newly formed bone from vitamin A deficient, vitamin A adequate and retinoic acid treated animals was compared. Microscopic examination of the histologic sections of bone collected from vitamin A deficient guinea pigs indicated the presence of highly cellular and loosely woven bone spicules. This model system is an osteoblastic model, since osteoclasts are essentially absent in tissue formed in 14-day implants. Thus, new bone formation in the vitamin A deficient guinea pig reveals morphologic changes which are principally mediated through the osteoblastic process.", "contents": "Vitamin A deficiency and new bone growth: histologic changes. Using a standardized guinea pig model system, the histologic appearance of newly formed bone from vitamin A deficient, vitamin A adequate and retinoic acid treated animals was compared. Microscopic examination of the histologic sections of bone collected from vitamin A deficient guinea pigs indicated the presence of highly cellular and loosely woven bone spicules. This model system is an osteoblastic model, since osteoclasts are essentially absent in tissue formed in 14-day implants. Thus, new bone formation in the vitamin A deficient guinea pig reveals morphologic changes which are principally mediated through the osteoblastic process.", "PMID": 96237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2074", "title": "Neurofibromatosis and childhood leukemia.", "content": "Twelve new cases of childhood leukemia and neurofibromatosis were ascertained and evaluated in conjunction with 17 previously well-documented cases. The ratio of ALL:nonlymphocytic leukemia was 9:20, markedly different from the 4:1 ratio in children without NF. Rarer subtypes predominated: 8 CML and 8 AMML. The peculiar distribution of leukemia by cell type and the number of cases observed in the United States indicate that the risk of childhood leukemia in NF is increased. Two possible variants were noted: NF with \"transient leukemia,\" and multiple skin xanthomas with nonlymphocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Neurofibromatosis and childhood leukemia. Twelve new cases of childhood leukemia and neurofibromatosis were ascertained and evaluated in conjunction with 17 previously well-documented cases. The ratio of ALL:nonlymphocytic leukemia was 9:20, markedly different from the 4:1 ratio in children without NF. Rarer subtypes predominated: 8 CML and 8 AMML. The peculiar distribution of leukemia by cell type and the number of cases observed in the United States indicate that the risk of childhood leukemia in NF is increased. Two possible variants were noted: NF with \"transient leukemia,\" and multiple skin xanthomas with nonlymphocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 96239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2075", "title": "Thyroid function in healthy premature infants.", "content": "Thyroid function was studied in healthy premature and term infants between 12 hours and 3 months of age. T4 and FT4I followed parallel courses in both groups; during the first 45 days, however, the values were significantly lower in premature infants under 34 weeks' EGA than in term infants (P less than 0.001). The post-delivery peak in TSH concentration (mean +/- SD) was 71.8 +/- 19.2 microunits/ml in the premature infants. In five premature infants, injection of TRH elicited a TSH increment of 29.4 +/- 20.7 microunits/ml at 30 minutes. T3 concentration was not significantly different in premature and term infants.", "contents": "Thyroid function in healthy premature infants. Thyroid function was studied in healthy premature and term infants between 12 hours and 3 months of age. T4 and FT4I followed parallel courses in both groups; during the first 45 days, however, the values were significantly lower in premature infants under 34 weeks' EGA than in term infants (P less than 0.001). The post-delivery peak in TSH concentration (mean +/- SD) was 71.8 +/- 19.2 microunits/ml in the premature infants. In five premature infants, injection of TRH elicited a TSH increment of 29.4 +/- 20.7 microunits/ml at 30 minutes. T3 concentration was not significantly different in premature and term infants.", "PMID": 96241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2076", "title": "Lipid metabolism in the neonate. III. The ketogenic effect of Intralipid infusion in the neonate.", "content": "The ketogenic potential of Intralipid was studied in two groups of infants: 12 were SGA and 15 AGA; all were clinically stable and less than 48 hours of age. During four-hour Intralipid tolerance tests, the SGA infants achieved significantly higher plasma TG and FFA levels. Both groups of infants significantly increased the concentration of ketone bodies; however, there was no difference in the levels achieved. In view of the slower clearance rate of TG and the higher levels of FFA in SGA infants, it is speculated that in addition to a possible defective lipoprotein lipase system and a decrease in number and size of the adipose cells, beta-oxidation of FFA to ketones may be occurring at a slower rate. The generation of high levels of ketones during Intralipid infusion period in both groups of infants indicates that SGA infants can handle ketone bodies as readily as AGA infants.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in the neonate. III. The ketogenic effect of Intralipid infusion in the neonate. The ketogenic potential of Intralipid was studied in two groups of infants: 12 were SGA and 15 AGA; all were clinically stable and less than 48 hours of age. During four-hour Intralipid tolerance tests, the SGA infants achieved significantly higher plasma TG and FFA levels. Both groups of infants significantly increased the concentration of ketone bodies; however, there was no difference in the levels achieved. In view of the slower clearance rate of TG and the higher levels of FFA in SGA infants, it is speculated that in addition to a possible defective lipoprotein lipase system and a decrease in number and size of the adipose cells, beta-oxidation of FFA to ketones may be occurring at a slower rate. The generation of high levels of ketones during Intralipid infusion period in both groups of infants indicates that SGA infants can handle ketone bodies as readily as AGA infants.", "PMID": 96242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2077", "title": "Tissue tropism of different Trypanosoma cruzi strains.", "content": "A systematic study of the distribution of intracellular parasites in the organs and tissues was performed in groups of mice inoculated with 4 different Trypanosoma cruzi strains. An extremely high parasitism of spleen, liver, and bone marrow was observed in mice inoculated with Y and Berenice strains; with CL strain, however, parasites were almost absent in those organs. Bloodstream forms apparently present differences which facilitate or prevent their uptake by macrophages from the mononuclear phagocytic system. Parasitism of the smooth muscle from hollow organs was significantly higher with ABC and Berenice strains than with Y and CL. The importance of the distribution of intracellular stages in the pathogenesis of the disease is discussed.", "contents": "Tissue tropism of different Trypanosoma cruzi strains. A systematic study of the distribution of intracellular parasites in the organs and tissues was performed in groups of mice inoculated with 4 different Trypanosoma cruzi strains. An extremely high parasitism of spleen, liver, and bone marrow was observed in mice inoculated with Y and Berenice strains; with CL strain, however, parasites were almost absent in those organs. Bloodstream forms apparently present differences which facilitate or prevent their uptake by macrophages from the mononuclear phagocytic system. Parasitism of the smooth muscle from hollow organs was significantly higher with ABC and Berenice strains than with Y and CL. The importance of the distribution of intracellular stages in the pathogenesis of the disease is discussed.", "PMID": 96243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2078", "title": "Studies on the Burma (Thau.) strain of Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus trivirgatus monkeys.", "content": "The Burma (Thau.) strain of Plasmodium falciparum was established in 3 Aotus trivirgatus monkeys by the inoculation of parasitized blood from man. Subsequently, passage from monkey to monkey was obtained through subinoculation of blood parasites to 15 Aotus monkeys. Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes were fed on these infections on 207 occasions; in 105 of these trials, mosquitoes became infected. A total of 335 (9.9%) of the 3,378 individual mosquitoes dissected were infected. Passage of the infection by the bites of infected A. freeborni was attempted on 7 occasions; 4 of these transmission attempts were successful with prepatent periods ranging from 19 to 69 days.", "contents": "Studies on the Burma (Thau.) strain of Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus trivirgatus monkeys. The Burma (Thau.) strain of Plasmodium falciparum was established in 3 Aotus trivirgatus monkeys by the inoculation of parasitized blood from man. Subsequently, passage from monkey to monkey was obtained through subinoculation of blood parasites to 15 Aotus monkeys. Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes were fed on these infections on 207 occasions; in 105 of these trials, mosquitoes became infected. A total of 335 (9.9%) of the 3,378 individual mosquitoes dissected were infected. Passage of the infection by the bites of infected A. freeborni was attempted on 7 occasions; 4 of these transmission attempts were successful with prepatent periods ranging from 19 to 69 days.", "PMID": 96244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2079", "title": "Methods for storage of antimicrobial effectiveness test inoculum suspensions below freezing.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine the suitability of storage below freezing of some antimicrobial effectiveness test inoculum organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Several solutions used for protecting microorganisms subjected to storage below freezing were compared. Comparison of 10% dextrose with other solutions (distilled water; 0.07 M phosphate buffer, H 7.0, with 15% glycerol; and 0.07 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, with 7.5% dimethyl sufoxide) demonstrated that inoculum suspensions were most stable when prepared with 10% dextrose. After storage for 6 months at-50 degrees in a freezer, inoculum suspensions prepared with 10% dextrose retained viability and demonstrated suitability for use in antimicrobial effectiveness tests of dosage forms containg preservatives.", "contents": "Methods for storage of antimicrobial effectiveness test inoculum suspensions below freezing. Studies were conducted to determine the suitability of storage below freezing of some antimicrobial effectiveness test inoculum organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Several solutions used for protecting microorganisms subjected to storage below freezing were compared. Comparison of 10% dextrose with other solutions (distilled water; 0.07 M phosphate buffer, H 7.0, with 15% glycerol; and 0.07 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, with 7.5% dimethyl sufoxide) demonstrated that inoculum suspensions were most stable when prepared with 10% dextrose. After storage for 6 months at-50 degrees in a freezer, inoculum suspensions prepared with 10% dextrose retained viability and demonstrated suitability for use in antimicrobial effectiveness tests of dosage forms containg preservatives.", "PMID": 96247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2080", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of iodoxamic acid in rhesus monkey: biliary excretion, plasma protein binding, and enterophepatic circulation.", "content": "The previously reported steady-state method allowed estimation of the capacity-limited pharmacokinetics of the cholangiographic agent, iodipamide. To circumvent the long time period required to establish each steady-state level, a dynamic method was applied to the study of the rate processes involved in the hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of a new cholangiographic agent, iodoxamic acid, in rhesus monkeys. The dynamic method has the advantage that the pharmacokinetic parameters involved in capacity-limited hepatic uptake or biliary excretion can be obtained from a single infusion experiment. The V max was 1.03 +/- 0.25 mumoles/kg/min (mean +/- SD); Km varied from animal to animal and ranged from 1.5 to 16.4 micrometer. Protein binding was estimated using equilibrium dialysis. The Freundlich isotherm yielded a linear plot when the natural logarithm of unbound iodoxamic acid concentration in plasma was plotted against the natural logarithm of its blood concentration. The plasma protein binding data also could be fitted to the Langmuir isotherm, presuming two independent classes of binding.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of iodoxamic acid in rhesus monkey: biliary excretion, plasma protein binding, and enterophepatic circulation. The previously reported steady-state method allowed estimation of the capacity-limited pharmacokinetics of the cholangiographic agent, iodipamide. To circumvent the long time period required to establish each steady-state level, a dynamic method was applied to the study of the rate processes involved in the hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of a new cholangiographic agent, iodoxamic acid, in rhesus monkeys. The dynamic method has the advantage that the pharmacokinetic parameters involved in capacity-limited hepatic uptake or biliary excretion can be obtained from a single infusion experiment. The V max was 1.03 +/- 0.25 mumoles/kg/min (mean +/- SD); Km varied from animal to animal and ranged from 1.5 to 16.4 micrometer. Protein binding was estimated using equilibrium dialysis. The Freundlich isotherm yielded a linear plot when the natural logarithm of unbound iodoxamic acid concentration in plasma was plotted against the natural logarithm of its blood concentration. The plasma protein binding data also could be fitted to the Langmuir isotherm, presuming two independent classes of binding.", "PMID": 96248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2081", "title": "The placental transfer and materno-fetal disposition of methadone in monkeys.", "content": "A method is described for the quantitation of levo-methadone[3H] in biological samples which involves sample extraction and thin-layer chromatographic separation. Four pregnant Macaca mulata monkeys, two in early gestation and two in late gestation, were given single i.m. injections of levo-methadone[3H]. Twenty-nine fetal and maternal tissues and fluids were assayed to provide quantities of unchanged methadone and methadone plus metabolites. Little placental transfer of methadone or its metabolites occurred during early gestation, but equivalent concentrations of unchanged methadone were found in maternal and fetal tissues during late gestation (maternal brain, 172 ng/g; fetal brain, 123 ng/g). With few exceptions, tissues or fluids from the late gestation mothers showed higher levels of unchanged methadone than those from early gestation mothers at both 1 hour (P less than .001) and 6 hours (P less than .010) after administration. The late gestation mother had a 40.2% greater concentration of unchanged methadone at 6 hours and a 50.1% greater concentration at 1 hour than the early gestation mothers. These data suggest a slowing of metabolism during advanced pregnancy. At 6 hours after administration the eyes of both early and late gestation mothers and late gestation fetuses showed the highest concentrations of unchanged methadone of any maternal or fetal tissue. This localization of methadone appears to be associated with pigmented epithelium.", "contents": "The placental transfer and materno-fetal disposition of methadone in monkeys. A method is described for the quantitation of levo-methadone[3H] in biological samples which involves sample extraction and thin-layer chromatographic separation. Four pregnant Macaca mulata monkeys, two in early gestation and two in late gestation, were given single i.m. injections of levo-methadone[3H]. Twenty-nine fetal and maternal tissues and fluids were assayed to provide quantities of unchanged methadone and methadone plus metabolites. Little placental transfer of methadone or its metabolites occurred during early gestation, but equivalent concentrations of unchanged methadone were found in maternal and fetal tissues during late gestation (maternal brain, 172 ng/g; fetal brain, 123 ng/g). With few exceptions, tissues or fluids from the late gestation mothers showed higher levels of unchanged methadone than those from early gestation mothers at both 1 hour (P less than .001) and 6 hours (P less than .010) after administration. The late gestation mother had a 40.2% greater concentration of unchanged methadone at 6 hours and a 50.1% greater concentration at 1 hour than the early gestation mothers. These data suggest a slowing of metabolism during advanced pregnancy. At 6 hours after administration the eyes of both early and late gestation mothers and late gestation fetuses showed the highest concentrations of unchanged methadone of any maternal or fetal tissue. This localization of methadone appears to be associated with pigmented epithelium.", "PMID": 96249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2082", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of systemic and central administration of alpha-methyldopa.", "content": "Systemic and regional hemodynamic changes were measured in five restained conscious rhesus monkeys before and after a 2-hour intravenous infusion of 50 mg/kg of alpha-methyldopa and, in another group of five monkeys, 5 to 10 mg injected into a lateral cerebral ventricle. Both routes of administration evoked similar degrees of hypotension, bradycardia and decreased cardiac output, although  the cerebral intraventricular (i.c.v.) injections had more immediate and long-lasting effects. Both groups had a similar pattern of changes in the redistribution of cardiac output and blood flow that lasted at least 4 hours. Blood flow was maintained in the hepatic and renal arteries and decreased in skeletal muscle, heart, brain and skin. In contrast, i.c.v. injections of alpha-methyldopamine and alpha-methylnorepinephrine given at the same site evoked dose-related pressor responses that lasted up to 4 hours. The data suggest that alpha-methyldopa has important central action that inhibits sympathetic outflow, but that its hypotensive effect is either mediated only by endogenously formed metabolites or that its mechanism of action is not directly related to these metabolites at sites around the lateral and third cerebral ventricles in the monkey.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of systemic and central administration of alpha-methyldopa. Systemic and regional hemodynamic changes were measured in five restained conscious rhesus monkeys before and after a 2-hour intravenous infusion of 50 mg/kg of alpha-methyldopa and, in another group of five monkeys, 5 to 10 mg injected into a lateral cerebral ventricle. Both routes of administration evoked similar degrees of hypotension, bradycardia and decreased cardiac output, although  the cerebral intraventricular (i.c.v.) injections had more immediate and long-lasting effects. Both groups had a similar pattern of changes in the redistribution of cardiac output and blood flow that lasted at least 4 hours. Blood flow was maintained in the hepatic and renal arteries and decreased in skeletal muscle, heart, brain and skin. In contrast, i.c.v. injections of alpha-methyldopamine and alpha-methylnorepinephrine given at the same site evoked dose-related pressor responses that lasted up to 4 hours. The data suggest that alpha-methyldopa has important central action that inhibits sympathetic outflow, but that its hypotensive effect is either mediated only by endogenously formed metabolites or that its mechanism of action is not directly related to these metabolites at sites around the lateral and third cerebral ventricles in the monkey.", "PMID": 96250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2083", "title": "Paradoxical effects of cobaltous chloride and salts of other divalent metals on tissue levels of reduced glutathione and microsomal mixed-function oxidase components.", "content": "Treatment of animals with cobaltous chloride caused decreases in hepatic, pulmonary and renal cytochrome P-450, and alterations in levels of other components of microsomal mixed-function oxidases, which can alter the rate of biotransformation of certain drug substrates. The treatment also caused a striking, dose-dependent elevation in tissue levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), within 2 to 8 hours. The effect of cobalt on GSH occurred in all tested animal species and strains. Actinomycin-D partially prevented the cobalt-stimulated rise in hepatic GSH. Salts of several other divalent metals also produced sharply elevated levels of hepatic GSH, occurring concomitantly with decreased microsomal content of cytochrome P-450. These results suggest that pretreatment of animals with cobaltous chloride, or other divalent metal salts, could alter the disposition of certain toxic, alkylating drug metabolites not only by decreasing the rate of formation of the reactive metabolites, but also by increasing the amount of GSH available for the formation of their less reactive, less toxic, GSH conjugates.", "contents": "Paradoxical effects of cobaltous chloride and salts of other divalent metals on tissue levels of reduced glutathione and microsomal mixed-function oxidase components. Treatment of animals with cobaltous chloride caused decreases in hepatic, pulmonary and renal cytochrome P-450, and alterations in levels of other components of microsomal mixed-function oxidases, which can alter the rate of biotransformation of certain drug substrates. The treatment also caused a striking, dose-dependent elevation in tissue levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), within 2 to 8 hours. The effect of cobalt on GSH occurred in all tested animal species and strains. Actinomycin-D partially prevented the cobalt-stimulated rise in hepatic GSH. Salts of several other divalent metals also produced sharply elevated levels of hepatic GSH, occurring concomitantly with decreased microsomal content of cytochrome P-450. These results suggest that pretreatment of animals with cobaltous chloride, or other divalent metal salts, could alter the disposition of certain toxic, alkylating drug metabolites not only by decreasing the rate of formation of the reactive metabolites, but also by increasing the amount of GSH available for the formation of their less reactive, less toxic, GSH conjugates.", "PMID": 96251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2084", "title": "Transformation in Tetrahymena pyriformis: description of an inducible phenotype.", "content": "Transformation of Tetrahymena pyriformis to a rapid-swimming (presumably dispersal) form can be induced by washing cells and suspending them in distilled H2O, Dryl's solution or 10 mM Tris. Transformation is possible with high efficiency in mass cultures of axenically grown cells within approximately 5 h at 30 C. The radically different phenotype produced during transformation is characterized by a more elongate body form, increased numbers of somatic basal bodies and cilia, a long caudal cilium and oral membranelles positioned beneath the cell surface. DNA quantities characteristic of G1, S, and G2 cells are found in these transformed ciliates, suggesting that achievement of a particular stage in the DNA-division cycle is not a prerequisite for transformation. Preliminary observations on cells belonging to syngens 2-12 indicate that they also have a capacity to form a caudal cilium, but that the amicronucleate strain GL-C does not. Possible relevance of the transformed phenotype for taxonomy of Tetrahymena is discussed.", "contents": "Transformation in Tetrahymena pyriformis: description of an inducible phenotype. Transformation of Tetrahymena pyriformis to a rapid-swimming (presumably dispersal) form can be induced by washing cells and suspending them in distilled H2O, Dryl's solution or 10 mM Tris. Transformation is possible with high efficiency in mass cultures of axenically grown cells within approximately 5 h at 30 C. The radically different phenotype produced during transformation is characterized by a more elongate body form, increased numbers of somatic basal bodies and cilia, a long caudal cilium and oral membranelles positioned beneath the cell surface. DNA quantities characteristic of G1, S, and G2 cells are found in these transformed ciliates, suggesting that achievement of a particular stage in the DNA-division cycle is not a prerequisite for transformation. Preliminary observations on cells belonging to syngens 2-12 indicate that they also have a capacity to form a caudal cilium, but that the amicronucleate strain GL-C does not. Possible relevance of the transformed phenotype for taxonomy of Tetrahymena is discussed.", "PMID": 96253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2085", "title": "Mitomycin antibiotics. Synthesis of 7-methoxy-1-(N-pyrrolidino)mitosene and its methiodide.", "content": "7-Methoxy-1-(N-pyrrolidino)mitosene and its methiodide were synthesized. The latter compound was a potential bifunctional alkylating agent because of its two good leaving groups appropriately situated with respect to the indoloquinone chromophore. However, it was inactive in bacteriophage induction and P388 murine leukemia assays. Both compounds showed antibacterial activity in culture, and the former compound was very weakly active in inducing lysogenic bacteriophage.", "contents": "Mitomycin antibiotics. Synthesis of 7-methoxy-1-(N-pyrrolidino)mitosene and its methiodide. 7-Methoxy-1-(N-pyrrolidino)mitosene and its methiodide were synthesized. The latter compound was a potential bifunctional alkylating agent because of its two good leaving groups appropriately situated with respect to the indoloquinone chromophore. However, it was inactive in bacteriophage induction and P388 murine leukemia assays. Both compounds showed antibacterial activity in culture, and the former compound was very weakly active in inducing lysogenic bacteriophage.", "PMID": 96254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2086", "title": "Experimental studies of the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: evidence for the in-vivo production of a lethal toxin.", "content": "Evidence is presented that a lethal toxin is produced by P. aeruginosa growing in the burned skin of experimental mice. After injection of approximately 100 P. aeruginosa cells into the burned skin there was a rapid proliferation of organisms at the site of inoculation. When the organisms in the burned skin tissue reached a critical concentration, there was generalised toxaemia with subsequent mortality; the process was not reversible at this stage, even by reducing substantially the numbers of infecting organisms. However, when the reduction was accompanied by administration of rabbit serum prepared against filter-sterilised extracts of infected burned tissues, approximately 40% of the animals survived for at least 96 h. The data suggests that the antiserum afforded protection by inactivating a toxin produced by the organisms growing in the infected burned tissues rather than by further reducing the numbers of infecting organisms.", "contents": "Experimental studies of the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: evidence for the in-vivo production of a lethal toxin. Evidence is presented that a lethal toxin is produced by P. aeruginosa growing in the burned skin of experimental mice. After injection of approximately 100 P. aeruginosa cells into the burned skin there was a rapid proliferation of organisms at the site of inoculation. When the organisms in the burned skin tissue reached a critical concentration, there was generalised toxaemia with subsequent mortality; the process was not reversible at this stage, even by reducing substantially the numbers of infecting organisms. However, when the reduction was accompanied by administration of rabbit serum prepared against filter-sterilised extracts of infected burned tissues, approximately 40% of the animals survived for at least 96 h. The data suggests that the antiserum afforded protection by inactivating a toxin produced by the organisms growing in the infected burned tissues rather than by further reducing the numbers of infecting organisms.", "PMID": 96255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2087", "title": "Experimental infections with protease-deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice.", "content": "The virulence of a protease-producing strain of Psuedomonas aeruginosa was compared with that of mutants that had lost the ability to produce proteases and other extracellular enzymes. Lethal infections were produced by inoculating mice intraperitoneally with bacteria in mucin, or by inoculating mice intraperitoneally or intravenously with bacteria 4 days after treatment with cyclophosphamide, 200 mg per kg body weight. No significant difference in virulence between the wild-type parent strain and some of its protease-deficient mutants was found. Histopatholoical examination of different organs in the cyclophosphamide-treated and infected mice showed striking fatty infiltration and focal necrosis of liver, multiple necrotic foci in the spleen and haemorrhagic cystitis with necorsis. The cystitis was produced by cyclophosphamide alone but was aggravated by the infection. In conclusion, no correlation between the production of protease in broth culture and the ability to produce lethal septicaemia in mice was found, and extracellular proteases probably didnot contribute to the virulence of P. aeruginosa. However, the histopathological changes in the liver suggested a role for exotoxin A insystemic infections.", "contents": "Experimental infections with protease-deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice. The virulence of a protease-producing strain of Psuedomonas aeruginosa was compared with that of mutants that had lost the ability to produce proteases and other extracellular enzymes. Lethal infections were produced by inoculating mice intraperitoneally with bacteria in mucin, or by inoculating mice intraperitoneally or intravenously with bacteria 4 days after treatment with cyclophosphamide, 200 mg per kg body weight. No significant difference in virulence between the wild-type parent strain and some of its protease-deficient mutants was found. Histopatholoical examination of different organs in the cyclophosphamide-treated and infected mice showed striking fatty infiltration and focal necrosis of liver, multiple necrotic foci in the spleen and haemorrhagic cystitis with necorsis. The cystitis was produced by cyclophosphamide alone but was aggravated by the infection. In conclusion, no correlation between the production of protease in broth culture and the ability to produce lethal septicaemia in mice was found, and extracellular proteases probably didnot contribute to the virulence of P. aeruginosa. However, the histopathological changes in the liver suggested a role for exotoxin A insystemic infections.", "PMID": 96256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2088", "title": "Comparison of several culture media used for studies on mycobacteriophages.", "content": "The value of RVA, N-1, 7H10, 7H11 and Sauton's media for studies on mycobacteriophage infeciton and lysis of mycobacteria was assessed. Experiments were made with mycobacteriophages BGI, BKI, CRI-3, G37, and LG, all of which lyse Mycobacterium smegmatis strain 607B, and with mycobacteriophage DS6A which lyses Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv. The methods involved \"direct lysis\", the measurement of \"routine test dilutions\" and counts of plaque-forming units. It was found that N-1, 7H10 and 7H11 media gave better overall results than RVA medium for M. smegmatis strain 607B and its phages, and that RVA medium was generally the most useful for M. tuberculositems employed.", "contents": "Comparison of several culture media used for studies on mycobacteriophages. The value of RVA, N-1, 7H10, 7H11 and Sauton's media for studies on mycobacteriophage infeciton and lysis of mycobacteria was assessed. Experiments were made with mycobacteriophages BGI, BKI, CRI-3, G37, and LG, all of which lyse Mycobacterium smegmatis strain 607B, and with mycobacteriophage DS6A which lyses Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv. The methods involved \"direct lysis\", the measurement of \"routine test dilutions\" and counts of plaque-forming units. It was found that N-1, 7H10 and 7H11 media gave better overall results than RVA medium for M. smegmatis strain 607B and its phages, and that RVA medium was generally the most useful for M. tuberculositems employed.", "PMID": 96257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2089", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity associated with established lymphoblastoid cell lines and fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes of human and nonhuman primate origin.", "content": "Established lymphoblastoid cell lines and normal peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined for their ability to induce fibrinolysis, a property associated with oncogenic transformation, using a 3H-fibrin plate technique. Fibrinolytic activity showed serum preferences with dog serum being most active. Most cell lines (14/18) induced greater than 40% release, while normal lymphocytes were generally less active. Only one cell line tested released plasminogen activator into the medium. No correlation was shown between fibrinolytic activity and growth in soft agar. Normal rhesus lymphocytes showed fibrinolytic activity in B cell-enriched populations with no evidence of interaction between B cells and T cells.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity associated with established lymphoblastoid cell lines and fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes of human and nonhuman primate origin. Established lymphoblastoid cell lines and normal peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined for their ability to induce fibrinolysis, a property associated with oncogenic transformation, using a 3H-fibrin plate technique. Fibrinolytic activity showed serum preferences with dog serum being most active. Most cell lines (14/18) induced greater than 40% release, while normal lymphocytes were generally less active. Only one cell line tested released plasminogen activator into the medium. No correlation was shown between fibrinolytic activity and growth in soft agar. Normal rhesus lymphocytes showed fibrinolytic activity in B cell-enriched populations with no evidence of interaction between B cells and T cells.", "PMID": 96258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2090", "title": "Photic and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure susceptibility in Macaca mulatta.", "content": "Ninety-five out of 100 male Macaca mulatta of varying ages from a restricted habitat in N. India showed no abnormal seizure susceptibility or EEG response to photic stimulation and no electro-clinical features of epilepsy after pentylenetetrazol, 40 mg/kg sc.c. Autopsy studies on the remaining five monkeys with increased seizure proneness revealed depressed skull fractures with cortical trauma in four and a neoplasm in one. Presumably, these factors were responsible for the lowered seizure susceptibility to photic stimulation and pentylenetetrazol activation.", "contents": "Photic and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure susceptibility in Macaca mulatta. Ninety-five out of 100 male Macaca mulatta of varying ages from a restricted habitat in N. India showed no abnormal seizure susceptibility or EEG response to photic stimulation and no electro-clinical features of epilepsy after pentylenetetrazol, 40 mg/kg sc.c. Autopsy studies on the remaining five monkeys with increased seizure proneness revealed depressed skull fractures with cortical trauma in four and a neoplasm in one. Presumably, these factors were responsible for the lowered seizure susceptibility to photic stimulation and pentylenetetrazol activation.", "PMID": 96259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2091", "title": "Genital Ureaplasmas in nonhuman primates.", "content": "Ureaplasmas were isolated from the genital tracts of four of 22 (18.4%) male chimpanzees and eight of 23 (34.8%) female chimpanzees. Twenty-nine female rhesus monkeys, 38 female baboons, one gibbon, and black ape and one Java monkey were shown to be free of genital Ureaplasmas. The rate of reproductive failure among the chimpanzees was high and it is suggested that Ureaplasma may be responsible in part. The chimpanzee may serve as a useful model for human Ureaplasma genital infections.", "contents": "Genital Ureaplasmas in nonhuman primates. Ureaplasmas were isolated from the genital tracts of four of 22 (18.4%) male chimpanzees and eight of 23 (34.8%) female chimpanzees. Twenty-nine female rhesus monkeys, 38 female baboons, one gibbon, and black ape and one Java monkey were shown to be free of genital Ureaplasmas. The rate of reproductive failure among the chimpanzees was high and it is suggested that Ureaplasma may be responsible in part. The chimpanzee may serve as a useful model for human Ureaplasma genital infections.", "PMID": 96260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2092", "title": "Plasma amine oxidase activity in 136 normal rhesus monkeys: relationships between enzyme activity and age, sex and genetic factors.", "content": "Normative data on plasma amine oxidase activity were obtained for four primate species, M. mulatta, M. arctoides, C. aethiops and H. sapiens. Significant between-species differences in activity were observed. In a large sample of M. mulatta, no significant relationship between age and plasma amine oxidase activity was observed, but adult males had significantly higher enzyme activities than adult females.", "contents": "Plasma amine oxidase activity in 136 normal rhesus monkeys: relationships between enzyme activity and age, sex and genetic factors. Normative data on plasma amine oxidase activity were obtained for four primate species, M. mulatta, M. arctoides, C. aethiops and H. sapiens. Significant between-species differences in activity were observed. In a large sample of M. mulatta, no significant relationship between age and plasma amine oxidase activity was observed, but adult males had significantly higher enzyme activities than adult females.", "PMID": 96261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2093", "title": "Comparative metabolism of the amphetamine drugs of dependence in man and monkeys.", "content": "The use of animal models to study drug dependence and tolerance requires that the species used metabolizes the drugs like man, a condition frequently not fulfilled by non-primate species. The metabolic fate of several amphetamine drugs, namely amphetamine, norephedrine, chlorphentermine and phenmetrazine, in the rhesus monkey and the tamarin and two non-primate species has been investigated and compared to that found for man. The findings show that the two primate species metabolize these drugs in a manner similar to that in man.", "contents": "Comparative metabolism of the amphetamine drugs of dependence in man and monkeys. The use of animal models to study drug dependence and tolerance requires that the species used metabolizes the drugs like man, a condition frequently not fulfilled by non-primate species. The metabolic fate of several amphetamine drugs, namely amphetamine, norephedrine, chlorphentermine and phenmetrazine, in the rhesus monkey and the tamarin and two non-primate species has been investigated and compared to that found for man. The findings show that the two primate species metabolize these drugs in a manner similar to that in man.", "PMID": 96262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2094", "title": "Closed needle liver biopsy for assessment of monooxygenase activity in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Closed needle liver biopsy routinely provides 60-100 mg tissue from rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). No mortality or morbidity was observed in over 400 needle biopsies during a two-year period in which some monkeys were biopsied over 30 times. Biopsy tissue was used as enzyme source in low-volume in vitro systems for measurement of hepatic monooxygenase activity.", "contents": "Closed needle liver biopsy for assessment of monooxygenase activity in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Closed needle liver biopsy routinely provides 60-100 mg tissue from rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). No mortality or morbidity was observed in over 400 needle biopsies during a two-year period in which some monkeys were biopsied over 30 times. Biopsy tissue was used as enzyme source in low-volume in vitro systems for measurement of hepatic monooxygenase activity.", "PMID": 96263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2095", "title": "The pyramidal system of the cat and of the monkey: neurophysiologic aspects of phylogenetic advancement.", "content": "The pyramidal motor system underwent dramatic phylogenetic developments. Ethologically, this has found expression in higher capacities for accurate movements. An hypothesis and supporting data are offered that this depends on the advancement in the higher species of a system based on the attainment of higher accuracy by an increase in the number of channels, an increased range of conduction velocity values, an increase in surround effects of the PTN and the evolvement of a stochastically based mechanism the accuracy of operation of which depends at least on the above-mentioned factors.", "contents": "The pyramidal system of the cat and of the monkey: neurophysiologic aspects of phylogenetic advancement. The pyramidal motor system underwent dramatic phylogenetic developments. Ethologically, this has found expression in higher capacities for accurate movements. An hypothesis and supporting data are offered that this depends on the advancement in the higher species of a system based on the attainment of higher accuracy by an increase in the number of channels, an increased range of conduction velocity values, an increase in surround effects of the PTN and the evolvement of a stochastically based mechanism the accuracy of operation of which depends at least on the above-mentioned factors.", "PMID": 96264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2096", "title": "Dysgerminoma in a rhesus monkey: morphologic and biological features.", "content": "A female Macaca mulatta was observed for 31 months after the initial surgical removal of an ovarian tumor. Solitary metastatic lesions were surgically removed 26 and 28 months after excision of the primary tumor. The animal was killed after 31 months because of additional metastatic lesions. Histological evaluation by light microscopy was not conclusive in determining the origin of neoplasm. Transmission electron microscopy, lymphocyte marker studies, and hormone assays were utilized to confirm the diagnosis of dysgerminoma.", "contents": "Dysgerminoma in a rhesus monkey: morphologic and biological features. A female Macaca mulatta was observed for 31 months after the initial surgical removal of an ovarian tumor. Solitary metastatic lesions were surgically removed 26 and 28 months after excision of the primary tumor. The animal was killed after 31 months because of additional metastatic lesions. Histological evaluation by light microscopy was not conclusive in determining the origin of neoplasm. Transmission electron microscopy, lymphocyte marker studies, and hormone assays were utilized to confirm the diagnosis of dysgerminoma.", "PMID": 96265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2097", "title": "Pregnancy diagnosis in squirrel monkeys: hemagglutination test, radioimmunoassay, and bioassay of chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "The Nonhuman Primate Pregnancy Test may be useful for diagnosis of pregnancy in squirrel monkeys between 40 and 60 days in pregnancy. However, single determinations have an inherent 10% risk of false negative responses caused by low chorionic gonadotropin levels; thus, initial negative test responses should be followed within one week by an independent confirmatory test. Preliminary results with this hemagglutination inhibition test compare favorably with bioassay and may be useful, in conjunction with conventional uterine palpation, for diagnosis of pregnancy in squirrel monkeys.", "contents": "Pregnancy diagnosis in squirrel monkeys: hemagglutination test, radioimmunoassay, and bioassay of chorionic gonadotropin. The Nonhuman Primate Pregnancy Test may be useful for diagnosis of pregnancy in squirrel monkeys between 40 and 60 days in pregnancy. However, single determinations have an inherent 10% risk of false negative responses caused by low chorionic gonadotropin levels; thus, initial negative test responses should be followed within one week by an independent confirmatory test. Preliminary results with this hemagglutination inhibition test compare favorably with bioassay and may be useful, in conjunction with conventional uterine palpation, for diagnosis of pregnancy in squirrel monkeys.", "PMID": 96266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2098", "title": "Red cell and serum enzymes of Guinea baboon (Papio papio).", "content": "Variants of some erythrocyte and serum enzymes have been studied among several blood samples of Guinea baboon (Papio papio). Variation occurred in two red cell enzymes, G6PD and NADH diaphorase, and in serum esterase. All studied animals had a complete uniformity in other enzyme systems (acP, 6PGD, CA, AK, and cholinesterase at E1 locus). Data obtained in the present work have been discussed and compared with those reported among other baboon species.", "contents": "Red cell and serum enzymes of Guinea baboon (Papio papio). Variants of some erythrocyte and serum enzymes have been studied among several blood samples of Guinea baboon (Papio papio). Variation occurred in two red cell enzymes, G6PD and NADH diaphorase, and in serum esterase. All studied animals had a complete uniformity in other enzyme systems (acP, 6PGD, CA, AK, and cholinesterase at E1 locus). Data obtained in the present work have been discussed and compared with those reported among other baboon species.", "PMID": 96267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2099", "title": "Biological and artificial ion exchangers: electrical measurements with glass microelectrodes.", "content": "Biological (stratum corneum) and artificial (cation-exchange resin beads, Bio-Rad AG 50W-X2) ion exchangers were impaled by glass microelectrodes filled with KCl solution. The electrical potential difference recorded in these structures in reference to the external bathing medium was shown to be dependent on the KCl concentration of both the external and the microelectrode filling solutions. The potentials were interpreted on the grounds of the fixed charge theory of membrane potentials as a consequence of two phase boundary potentials (Donnan potentials), one at the matrix-external solution interface and the other at the matrix-microelectrode solution interface. The contribution of a diffusion component for the recorded potential was considered.", "contents": "Biological and artificial ion exchangers: electrical measurements with glass microelectrodes. Biological (stratum corneum) and artificial (cation-exchange resin beads, Bio-Rad AG 50W-X2) ion exchangers were impaled by glass microelectrodes filled with KCl solution. The electrical potential difference recorded in these structures in reference to the external bathing medium was shown to be dependent on the KCl concentration of both the external and the microelectrode filling solutions. The potentials were interpreted on the grounds of the fixed charge theory of membrane potentials as a consequence of two phase boundary potentials (Donnan potentials), one at the matrix-external solution interface and the other at the matrix-microelectrode solution interface. The contribution of a diffusion component for the recorded potential was considered.", "PMID": 96268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2100", "title": "Cellular changes in the toad urinary bladder in response to metabolic acidosis.", "content": "The urinary bladder of Bufo marinus excretes H+ and NH+4, and the H+ excretion is increased when the animal is placed in metabolic acidosis. The mitochondria-rich (MR) cells mediate the H+ excretion by the bladder. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a change in MR cells of the bladder during metabolic acidosis. Bladders from normal toads and from toads that had been placed in metabolic acidosis were used. The bladders were mounted between plastic chambers and H+ excretion measured. The bladder was then fixed and prepared for scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron micrograph studies. SEM's at low magnification were used to count the various cell types and the TEM's were used to confirm the different cell types. Fields were randomly selected and a total of 2500 cells counted in each group. The bladders from toads in metabolic acidosis had a consistently higher ratio of MR cells to granular cell than did the normal bladders. These results indicate that during metabolic acidosis there is an increased number of MR cells in the bladder, and this increased the bladder's capacity to excrete H+.", "contents": "Cellular changes in the toad urinary bladder in response to metabolic acidosis. The urinary bladder of Bufo marinus excretes H+ and NH+4, and the H+ excretion is increased when the animal is placed in metabolic acidosis. The mitochondria-rich (MR) cells mediate the H+ excretion by the bladder. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a change in MR cells of the bladder during metabolic acidosis. Bladders from normal toads and from toads that had been placed in metabolic acidosis were used. The bladders were mounted between plastic chambers and H+ excretion measured. The bladder was then fixed and prepared for scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron micrograph studies. SEM's at low magnification were used to count the various cell types and the TEM's were used to confirm the different cell types. Fields were randomly selected and a total of 2500 cells counted in each group. The bladders from toads in metabolic acidosis had a consistently higher ratio of MR cells to granular cell than did the normal bladders. These results indicate that during metabolic acidosis there is an increased number of MR cells in the bladder, and this increased the bladder's capacity to excrete H+.", "PMID": 96269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2101", "title": "Evidence for involvement of microtubules in the action of vasopressin in toad urinary bladder. II. Colchicine binding properties of toad bladder epithelial cell tubulin.", "content": "Colchicine, podophyllotoxin and vinblastine have been found to inhibit the action of vasopressin on water movement in the toad urinary bladder. Tubulin is the major colchicine binding component of toad bladder epithelial cells, accounting for approximately 3.3% of the total cell protein. More than 99% of the tubulin is found in the soluble fraction after sonication, the remainder is in the particulate fraction. Similar to the characteristics of the binding of colchicine to tubulins from other sources, the binding of colchicine to toad bladder tubulin is temperature- and time-dependent, is inhibited competitively by podophyllotoxin (Ki= 5.5 x 10(-7)m), and has a binding constant of 1 X 10(6) liters/mole at 37 degrees. Binding activity decays according to first-order kinetics and is stabilized by vinblastine. The characteristics of the interactions of colchicine and podophyllotoxin with epithelial cell tubulin in vitro closely parallel the ability of these drugs to inhibit the response to vasopressin in vivo. These results, coupled with those of functional and morphological studies, support the view that the ability of these drugs to affect vasopressin-induced water movement across toad bladder epithelial cells is related to the depolymerization of cytoplasmic microtubules.", "contents": "Evidence for involvement of microtubules in the action of vasopressin in toad urinary bladder. II. Colchicine binding properties of toad bladder epithelial cell tubulin. Colchicine, podophyllotoxin and vinblastine have been found to inhibit the action of vasopressin on water movement in the toad urinary bladder. Tubulin is the major colchicine binding component of toad bladder epithelial cells, accounting for approximately 3.3% of the total cell protein. More than 99% of the tubulin is found in the soluble fraction after sonication, the remainder is in the particulate fraction. Similar to the characteristics of the binding of colchicine to tubulins from other sources, the binding of colchicine to toad bladder tubulin is temperature- and time-dependent, is inhibited competitively by podophyllotoxin (Ki= 5.5 x 10(-7)m), and has a binding constant of 1 X 10(6) liters/mole at 37 degrees. Binding activity decays according to first-order kinetics and is stabilized by vinblastine. The characteristics of the interactions of colchicine and podophyllotoxin with epithelial cell tubulin in vitro closely parallel the ability of these drugs to inhibit the response to vasopressin in vivo. These results, coupled with those of functional and morphological studies, support the view that the ability of these drugs to affect vasopressin-induced water movement across toad bladder epithelial cells is related to the depolymerization of cytoplasmic microtubules.", "PMID": 96270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2102", "title": "An evaluation of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the ankle in 200 patients.", "content": "The longterm results of surgical and conservative treatment in two almost identical groups of patients with fractures of the ankle have been analyzed. The results were better after conservative treatment; delayed operation and repeated manipulations were found to be the main reason for the poorer postoperative results, especially in elderly osteoporotic patients. The damage consequent to repeated manipulations, the difficulties resulting from delaying operation, and the advantages of early open reduction are discussed. It may be that under certain conditions of unavoidable delay, a mild residual displacement should be accepted rather than repeated manipulation and delayed open reduction. It is concluded that, when indicated, operations should be performed as early as possible after injury, probably giving the best end results as evidenced by the preliminary findings of a prospective study currently under way.", "contents": "An evaluation of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the ankle in 200 patients. The longterm results of surgical and conservative treatment in two almost identical groups of patients with fractures of the ankle have been analyzed. The results were better after conservative treatment; delayed operation and repeated manipulations were found to be the main reason for the poorer postoperative results, especially in elderly osteoporotic patients. The damage consequent to repeated manipulations, the difficulties resulting from delaying operation, and the advantages of early open reduction are discussed. It may be that under certain conditions of unavoidable delay, a mild residual displacement should be accepted rather than repeated manipulation and delayed open reduction. It is concluded that, when indicated, operations should be performed as early as possible after injury, probably giving the best end results as evidenced by the preliminary findings of a prospective study currently under way.", "PMID": 96272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2103", "title": "Progesterone and glucocorticoid in relation to the growth and differentiation of mammary epithelium.", "content": "In pursuit of a model system in which to determine whether exposure to progesterone is necessary for mammary epithlial cells to develop their differentiative potential, hormone-dependent growth of the mammary epithelial rudiment in adult male mice has been reexplored. The formation of ductal cells can be effected by administration of estradiol in the absence of endogenous progesterone and glucocorticoid, using adrenalectomized-castrated animals. The resulting epithlium contains three times more lactose synthetase activity, per epithelial cell, than that in midpregnant mice. The blood spermidine level in these doubly operated animals was similar to the concentration of spermidine required to substitute effectively for glucocorticoid during mammary differentiation in vitro, It is suggested that spermidine can partially supplant glucocorticoid in vivo in milk protein synthesis. It is also concluded that, unlike other secondary sex tissues, mammary cells do not require exposure to progesterone during their ontogeny in order to realize their differentiative potential. The positive role of this steroid in mammary development is apparently limited to its effect on the formation of alveolar structures.", "contents": "Progesterone and glucocorticoid in relation to the growth and differentiation of mammary epithelium. In pursuit of a model system in which to determine whether exposure to progesterone is necessary for mammary epithlial cells to develop their differentiative potential, hormone-dependent growth of the mammary epithelial rudiment in adult male mice has been reexplored. The formation of ductal cells can be effected by administration of estradiol in the absence of endogenous progesterone and glucocorticoid, using adrenalectomized-castrated animals. The resulting epithlium contains three times more lactose synthetase activity, per epithelial cell, than that in midpregnant mice. The blood spermidine level in these doubly operated animals was similar to the concentration of spermidine required to substitute effectively for glucocorticoid during mammary differentiation in vitro, It is suggested that spermidine can partially supplant glucocorticoid in vivo in milk protein synthesis. It is also concluded that, unlike other secondary sex tissues, mammary cells do not require exposure to progesterone during their ontogeny in order to realize their differentiative potential. The positive role of this steroid in mammary development is apparently limited to its effect on the formation of alveolar structures.", "PMID": 96271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2104", "title": "Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by carbohydrate disc reactions on a modified fermentation medium.", "content": "The identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by the use of a carbohydrate disc reaction on a modified fermentation medium is described. 70 out of the 71 strains tested produced detectable acid in 18--24 hours from the dextrose disc and no acid from Maltose, sucrose or lactose discs. One strain required 48 hours for good growth and acid production from dextrose disc only. The carbohydrate disc method was compared with a standard fermentation method using sugars incorporated in serum-free medium, 64 out of 71 strains of gonococci tested were identified after 18--24 hours incubation. All the strains gave clear-cut confirmatory results after 48 hours incubation. The importance of serum-free fermentation media in the identification of gonococci in tropical areas where meningococcal infections are also prevalent is discussed.", "contents": "Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by carbohydrate disc reactions on a modified fermentation medium. The identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by the use of a carbohydrate disc reaction on a modified fermentation medium is described. 70 out of the 71 strains tested produced detectable acid in 18--24 hours from the dextrose disc and no acid from Maltose, sucrose or lactose discs. One strain required 48 hours for good growth and acid production from dextrose disc only. The carbohydrate disc method was compared with a standard fermentation method using sugars incorporated in serum-free medium, 64 out of 71 strains of gonococci tested were identified after 18--24 hours incubation. All the strains gave clear-cut confirmatory results after 48 hours incubation. The importance of serum-free fermentation media in the identification of gonococci in tropical areas where meningococcal infections are also prevalent is discussed.", "PMID": 96274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2105", "title": "Pseudomonas colonization in cystic fibrosis. A study of 160 patients.", "content": "We investigated the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in the respiratory tracts of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients to relate the effect of this colonization to progression of bronchial airway pathologic conditions and to the patients' clinical progress, and to identify predisposing factors to persistence of P aeruginosa colonization and bronchial tree damage. Half of 160 CF patients studied had persistent P aeruginosa respiratory tract colonization; the other half had none. Pseudomonas aeruginosa seems to have an exclusive propensity for the respiratory tract and may appear at any age. Treatment with antibiotics, including aminoglycosides, failed to eradicate P aeruginosa. The continuous use of antibiotics seemed to contribute to the persistence of P aeruginosa and the appearance of mucoid strains of P aeruginosa.", "contents": "Pseudomonas colonization in cystic fibrosis. A study of 160 patients. We investigated the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in the respiratory tracts of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients to relate the effect of this colonization to progression of bronchial airway pathologic conditions and to the patients' clinical progress, and to identify predisposing factors to persistence of P aeruginosa colonization and bronchial tree damage. Half of 160 CF patients studied had persistent P aeruginosa respiratory tract colonization; the other half had none. Pseudomonas aeruginosa seems to have an exclusive propensity for the respiratory tract and may appear at any age. Treatment with antibiotics, including aminoglycosides, failed to eradicate P aeruginosa. The continuous use of antibiotics seemed to contribute to the persistence of P aeruginosa and the appearance of mucoid strains of P aeruginosa.", "PMID": 96277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2106", "title": "Intrathecal gentamicin for refractory gram-positive meningitis.", "content": "The mortality for meningitis due to Staphylococcus aureus or Listeria monocytogenes remains high, ranging from 32% to 77%. We treated a patient with staphylococcal meningitis refractory to methicillin sodium and oxacillin sodium, and a patient with Listeria meningitis refractory to penicillin G potassium and ampicillin sodium; both patients were cured when intrathecal gentamicin sulfate was added to the regimen. The combination of intrathecal gentamicin and a penicillin may be beneficial in refractory staphylococcal or Listeria meningitis.", "contents": "Intrathecal gentamicin for refractory gram-positive meningitis. The mortality for meningitis due to Staphylococcus aureus or Listeria monocytogenes remains high, ranging from 32% to 77%. We treated a patient with staphylococcal meningitis refractory to methicillin sodium and oxacillin sodium, and a patient with Listeria meningitis refractory to penicillin G potassium and ampicillin sodium; both patients were cured when intrathecal gentamicin sulfate was added to the regimen. The combination of intrathecal gentamicin and a penicillin may be beneficial in refractory staphylococcal or Listeria meningitis.", "PMID": 96281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2107", "title": "Massive theophylline overdose. Rapid elimination by charcoal hemoperfusion.", "content": "Shock, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, and respiratory and cardiac arrests developed in a patient who ingested 8.5 g of theophylline. Her condition improved and her serum theophylline concentration decreased from 170 to 20 mg/ml during six hours of charcoal hemoperfusion. Theophylline was removed from the serum by the uncoated charcoal column, as shown by an extraction efficiency approaching 100%. The maximum charcoal clearance of theophylline was 163 ml/kg/hr. The average endogenous theophylline clearance in adults is 50 ml/kg/hr and that achieved with hemodialysis is only 24.3 ml/kg/hr. Uncoated charcoal efficiently removes theophylline from the serum; charcoal hemoperfusion should be considered in severe theophylline toxic reactions.", "contents": "Massive theophylline overdose. Rapid elimination by charcoal hemoperfusion. Shock, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, and respiratory and cardiac arrests developed in a patient who ingested 8.5 g of theophylline. Her condition improved and her serum theophylline concentration decreased from 170 to 20 mg/ml during six hours of charcoal hemoperfusion. Theophylline was removed from the serum by the uncoated charcoal column, as shown by an extraction efficiency approaching 100%. The maximum charcoal clearance of theophylline was 163 ml/kg/hr. The average endogenous theophylline clearance in adults is 50 ml/kg/hr and that achieved with hemodialysis is only 24.3 ml/kg/hr. Uncoated charcoal efficiently removes theophylline from the serum; charcoal hemoperfusion should be considered in severe theophylline toxic reactions.", "PMID": 96282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2108", "title": "Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in healthy subjects and patients with liver disease.", "content": "The frequency of Hepatitis Bs antigen and antibody was determined in healthy subjects and patients with acute and chronic liver disease. The frequency of HBs Ag in healthy subjects was 2.9% and HBs Ab 35%. The high prevalence of antibody in normal individuals suggests a constant non-parenteral sub-clinical exposure to hepatitis virus. Thirty-three per cent patients with acute viral hepatitis, 20% with cirrhosis and 10% with hepatocellular carcinoma were HBs Ag positive, while HBs Ab was detected in 22% cases of acute viral hepatitis and 37% with other liver disorders. This pattern of prevalence of HBs Ab suggests that hepatitis B virus may be an important etiological agent in acute and chronic liver disease in Pakistan.", "contents": "Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in healthy subjects and patients with liver disease. The frequency of Hepatitis Bs antigen and antibody was determined in healthy subjects and patients with acute and chronic liver disease. The frequency of HBs Ag in healthy subjects was 2.9% and HBs Ab 35%. The high prevalence of antibody in normal individuals suggests a constant non-parenteral sub-clinical exposure to hepatitis virus. Thirty-three per cent patients with acute viral hepatitis, 20% with cirrhosis and 10% with hepatocellular carcinoma were HBs Ag positive, while HBs Ab was detected in 22% cases of acute viral hepatitis and 37% with other liver disorders. This pattern of prevalence of HBs Ab suggests that hepatitis B virus may be an important etiological agent in acute and chronic liver disease in Pakistan.", "PMID": 96284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2109", "title": "Tetanus neonatorum treated by a single high dose of A.T.S. subcutaneously around umbilicus.", "content": "Thirteen cases of neonatal tetanus were treated conservatively between 1976 and 1977. A single dose of A.T.S. was infiltrated subcutaneously around the umbilicus and sedation and antibiotics were given as required along with special nursing care. In a previous study (Rathore 1976) large amounts of A.T.S. were given in divided doses by both intravenous and intramuscular routes, the mortality rate was 74 per cent, while in the present series the mortality was reduced to 30.7 per cent.", "contents": "Tetanus neonatorum treated by a single high dose of A.T.S. subcutaneously around umbilicus. Thirteen cases of neonatal tetanus were treated conservatively between 1976 and 1977. A single dose of A.T.S. was infiltrated subcutaneously around the umbilicus and sedation and antibiotics were given as required along with special nursing care. In a previous study (Rathore 1976) large amounts of A.T.S. were given in divided doses by both intravenous and intramuscular routes, the mortality rate was 74 per cent, while in the present series the mortality was reduced to 30.7 per cent.", "PMID": 96285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2110", "title": "Antitoxin treatment of tetanus.", "content": "A random study of 300 cases suffering from tetanus was conducted at the Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar. Three groups each of hundred patients were formed depending on the dose of A.T.S. administered. No particular difference was noted in the mortality of groups receiving 100,000 units and 20,000 units. A dose of 20,000 units is thus sufficient for most of the tetanus cases. 1000,000 units A.T.S. may be given to postpartum and abortion cases where the infection is more generalised and severe.", "contents": "Antitoxin treatment of tetanus. A random study of 300 cases suffering from tetanus was conducted at the Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar. Three groups each of hundred patients were formed depending on the dose of A.T.S. administered. No particular difference was noted in the mortality of groups receiving 100,000 units and 20,000 units. A dose of 20,000 units is thus sufficient for most of the tetanus cases. 1000,000 units A.T.S. may be given to postpartum and abortion cases where the infection is more generalised and severe.", "PMID": 96286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2111", "title": "Sub-specificities of hepatitis Bs antigen.", "content": "A preliminary survey of HBsAg subtypes shows that ayw is the most common subtype in Pakistan. adw. was detected in one blood donor and ayr in a Baluchi female with acute viral hepatitis.", "contents": "Sub-specificities of hepatitis Bs antigen. A preliminary survey of HBsAg subtypes shows that ayw is the most common subtype in Pakistan. adw. was detected in one blood donor and ayr in a Baluchi female with acute viral hepatitis.", "PMID": 96287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2112", "title": "[Oxygen transport by solutions for blood replacement in comparison with other infusion solutions (author's transl)].", "content": "To investigate the oxygen transport capacity of solutions for blood replacement the oxygen solubility coefficients (ml/ml atm) at 37 degrees C of 12 solutions for volume replacement were determined and compared with those of 12 solutions for parenteral nutrition, 4 electrolyte solutions and 5 solutions for osmotherapy. All solutions for volume replacement have lower values for oxygen solubility than human plasma which shows a very constant oxygen solubility value even under extreme conditions. For clinical use of volume replacement solutions it is recommended that the oxygen solubility of the substitute be considered when any of the following conditions presents: a) large amounts are infused (hemodilution), b) isobar of hyperbar oxygen therapy is employed (hyperoxia), c) the body temperature is lowered (hypothermia). This is valid especially in the case of any impairment of the microcirculation.", "contents": "[Oxygen transport by solutions for blood replacement in comparison with other infusion solutions (author's transl)]. To investigate the oxygen transport capacity of solutions for blood replacement the oxygen solubility coefficients (ml/ml atm) at 37 degrees C of 12 solutions for volume replacement were determined and compared with those of 12 solutions for parenteral nutrition, 4 electrolyte solutions and 5 solutions for osmotherapy. All solutions for volume replacement have lower values for oxygen solubility than human plasma which shows a very constant oxygen solubility value even under extreme conditions. For clinical use of volume replacement solutions it is recommended that the oxygen solubility of the substitute be considered when any of the following conditions presents: a) large amounts are infused (hemodilution), b) isobar of hyperbar oxygen therapy is employed (hyperoxia), c) the body temperature is lowered (hypothermia). This is valid especially in the case of any impairment of the microcirculation.", "PMID": 96298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2113", "title": "Dietary restrictions early and late: effects on the nephropathy of the NZB X NZW mouse.", "content": "NZB X NZW F1 mice initiated on calorie restriction at weaning or at 4 to 5 months of age or initiated on moderate protein restriction at weaning, were afforded significant protection from the development of immune nephritis. Whereas animals on normal calorie intake demonstrated deposition of immune reactants in glomerular basement membrane-oriented pattern, those on either protein or calorie restriction exhibited mesangial confinement of immunoglobulins and complement. Associated with these divergent patterns of immune deposition, mice on normal calorie intake evidence extensive cellular proliferation and glomerular sclerosis while dietary restricted mice demonstrated virtually no hyalinization and only mild cellular proliferation. Autoantibody formation of calorie-restricted animals was significantly decreased compared to mice fed a normal diet. Thus, moderate dietary restriction may serve as either a prophylactic or effective therapeutic approach to ongoing autoimmune disease.", "contents": "Dietary restrictions early and late: effects on the nephropathy of the NZB X NZW mouse. NZB X NZW F1 mice initiated on calorie restriction at weaning or at 4 to 5 months of age or initiated on moderate protein restriction at weaning, were afforded significant protection from the development of immune nephritis. Whereas animals on normal calorie intake demonstrated deposition of immune reactants in glomerular basement membrane-oriented pattern, those on either protein or calorie restriction exhibited mesangial confinement of immunoglobulins and complement. Associated with these divergent patterns of immune deposition, mice on normal calorie intake evidence extensive cellular proliferation and glomerular sclerosis while dietary restricted mice demonstrated virtually no hyalinization and only mild cellular proliferation. Autoantibody formation of calorie-restricted animals was significantly decreased compared to mice fed a normal diet. Thus, moderate dietary restriction may serve as either a prophylactic or effective therapeutic approach to ongoing autoimmune disease.", "PMID": 96299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2114", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of histaminase (diamine oxidase) in decidual cells of human placenta.", "content": "An immunohistochemical technique has been developed for the localization of histaminase (diamine oxidase) in human placenta. The procedure utilizes antibody to highly purified human placental enzyme prepared in rabbits. Histaminase is shown to be present in the cytoplasm of the decidual cells of the maternal placenta; the staining is specific and can be removed by preabsorption of the antisera with purified antigen. The present demonstration of histaminase in the maternal portion of placenta confirms previous biochemical data suggesting that the enzyme is not a fetal product in this tissue. This study also provides further evidence that the presence of histaminase in some human tumors and in normal tissues like kidney and intestine is the result of the expression of a mature and not a fetal genome.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of histaminase (diamine oxidase) in decidual cells of human placenta. An immunohistochemical technique has been developed for the localization of histaminase (diamine oxidase) in human placenta. The procedure utilizes antibody to highly purified human placental enzyme prepared in rabbits. Histaminase is shown to be present in the cytoplasm of the decidual cells of the maternal placenta; the staining is specific and can be removed by preabsorption of the antisera with purified antigen. The present demonstration of histaminase in the maternal portion of placenta confirms previous biochemical data suggesting that the enzyme is not a fetal product in this tissue. This study also provides further evidence that the presence of histaminase in some human tumors and in normal tissues like kidney and intestine is the result of the expression of a mature and not a fetal genome.", "PMID": 96300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2115", "title": "Acquired auditory verbal agnosia and seizures in childhood.", "content": "The syndome of acquired aphasia with associated seizures in children has been known since the first report in 1957. Since then, 42 cases have been reported. This paper presents a review of these cases and discusses clinical features of three additional children in whom the specific syndrome of auditory verbal agnosia was identified. Presenting features, medical and neurological findings, and results of detailed psychometric and speech and language evaluations are discussed. The syndrome should be suspected in any child who develops loss of previously acquired language, preceded, accompanied, or followed by seizures. Joint diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic planning by neurologists, speech-language pathologists, and teachers are recommended.", "contents": "Acquired auditory verbal agnosia and seizures in childhood. The syndome of acquired aphasia with associated seizures in children has been known since the first report in 1957. Since then, 42 cases have been reported. This paper presents a review of these cases and discusses clinical features of three additional children in whom the specific syndrome of auditory verbal agnosia was identified. Presenting features, medical and neurological findings, and results of detailed psychometric and speech and language evaluations are discussed. The syndrome should be suspected in any child who develops loss of previously acquired language, preceded, accompanied, or followed by seizures. Joint diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic planning by neurologists, speech-language pathologists, and teachers are recommended.", "PMID": 96302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2116", "title": "Cerebral hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Review and commentary.", "content": "Through the application of low-temperature technology, the critical limits of circulatory arrest to the mammalian brain--the most complex of all body organ systems--can be significantly extended. This presentation reviews three recently developed methods of cooling the brain. The first demonstrates the unique preservation of cerebral tissue as an isolated organ near 0 degrees C with donor perfusion reanimation. The second emphasizes the ability of the intact animal to literally cool its own brain when a simple extracorporeal shunt is utilized. The third outlines a technique of direct hypothermic infusion of the ventricular pathways to achieve deep temperature reductions in brain tissue. Their clinical applications and implications are discussed.", "contents": "Cerebral hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Review and commentary. Through the application of low-temperature technology, the critical limits of circulatory arrest to the mammalian brain--the most complex of all body organ systems--can be significantly extended. This presentation reviews three recently developed methods of cooling the brain. The first demonstrates the unique preservation of cerebral tissue as an isolated organ near 0 degrees C with donor perfusion reanimation. The second emphasizes the ability of the intact animal to literally cool its own brain when a simple extracorporeal shunt is utilized. The third outlines a technique of direct hypothermic infusion of the ventricular pathways to achieve deep temperature reductions in brain tissue. Their clinical applications and implications are discussed.", "PMID": 96308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2117", "title": "Modification of visual functions of the parietal lobe at early age in the monkey.", "content": "In addition to the visual pathway ending in the visual cortex, visual information is also processed in the associative areas of the cortex. We have studied the posterior parietal association area (Brodmann's area 7), and in our sample about 40% of the neurons were influenced by visual stimulation or ocular movements. The visually activated neurons in this region in normal adult monkeys have large, binocular receptive fields and they respond well to all moving visual stimuli near the animal. They do not differentiate between different patterns of visual stimuli but respond well to objects of interest, such as food, drinks, new objects, etc. Many visual neurons also respond to somatic stimulation. Preliminary experiments on two young monkeys suggest that the visual input into area 7 is strongly modified by early visual deprivation. In one monkey monocular deprivation lead to total absence of any influence from the deprived eye to area 7. No deprivation effect was observed in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and the effect in area 7 was stronger than in the visual cortex (area 17). One monkey raised with bilateral eye closure was behaviourally blind after the opening of the eyes and remained so for the observation period of one month. In area 7 of this monkey the proportion of recording sites responsive to visual stimulation was sharply reduced. In kittens binocular deprivation is known to effect the function of the visual cortex much less than monocular deprivation. It seems possible that at early age inputs representing different sensory systems compete for influence in the associative cortical areas in the same way as there is competition between inputs from the two eyes to the visual cortex.", "contents": "Modification of visual functions of the parietal lobe at early age in the monkey. In addition to the visual pathway ending in the visual cortex, visual information is also processed in the associative areas of the cortex. We have studied the posterior parietal association area (Brodmann's area 7), and in our sample about 40% of the neurons were influenced by visual stimulation or ocular movements. The visually activated neurons in this region in normal adult monkeys have large, binocular receptive fields and they respond well to all moving visual stimuli near the animal. They do not differentiate between different patterns of visual stimuli but respond well to objects of interest, such as food, drinks, new objects, etc. Many visual neurons also respond to somatic stimulation. Preliminary experiments on two young monkeys suggest that the visual input into area 7 is strongly modified by early visual deprivation. In one monkey monocular deprivation lead to total absence of any influence from the deprived eye to area 7. No deprivation effect was observed in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and the effect in area 7 was stronger than in the visual cortex (area 17). One monkey raised with bilateral eye closure was behaviourally blind after the opening of the eyes and remained so for the observation period of one month. In area 7 of this monkey the proportion of recording sites responsive to visual stimulation was sharply reduced. In kittens binocular deprivation is known to effect the function of the visual cortex much less than monocular deprivation. It seems possible that at early age inputs representing different sensory systems compete for influence in the associative cortical areas in the same way as there is competition between inputs from the two eyes to the visual cortex.", "PMID": 96309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2118", "title": "The significance of antidromic potentiation and induced activity in the retina.", "content": "It is argued that \"The significance of antidromic potentiation and induced activity in the retina\" (the title of this article) concerns two identical effects and that both are the outward sign of the existence of a specific organization in the retina. For this reason they can serve as a valuable criterion for identifying activity in this organization. This activity is assumed to be in the nature of a self-excitation by positive feedback in the amacrine circuits of certain Y-cells. Relevant literature has been reviewed. These Y-cells, whose spectral response curve is of the dominator type, play a prominent role in stimulation by intermittent light and in the perception of luminosity. Several properties of intermittent stimulation are mentioned and held to motivate a renewal of the attention of visual experimenters to 'flicker' and its after-effects.", "contents": "The significance of antidromic potentiation and induced activity in the retina. It is argued that \"The significance of antidromic potentiation and induced activity in the retina\" (the title of this article) concerns two identical effects and that both are the outward sign of the existence of a specific organization in the retina. For this reason they can serve as a valuable criterion for identifying activity in this organization. This activity is assumed to be in the nature of a self-excitation by positive feedback in the amacrine circuits of certain Y-cells. Relevant literature has been reviewed. These Y-cells, whose spectral response curve is of the dominator type, play a prominent role in stimulation by intermittent light and in the perception of luminosity. Several properties of intermittent stimulation are mentioned and held to motivate a renewal of the attention of visual experimenters to 'flicker' and its after-effects.", "PMID": 96310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2119", "title": "[The immediate reconstruction of a large lip-chin defect with two muscular pedicled and innervated island flaps (author's transl)].", "content": "Different methods of defect closure in the lipchin region through lateral advancement-flaps have been described by Bernard, Fries, Hertig, Meyer and others. Is there not enough material available, can neck-, breast-or forehead flaps cover the defect, although they do not fulfill the demands for a satisfactory restoration of specific function. In the following work is the possibility of covering of a three layered facial defect with a combined skin muscle flap taken into consideration in view of the disadvantages of a simple or doubled skin flap. By this operation method the procedure consists of preparing various sized cervical island flaps which are connected with on the mastoid pedicled M. sternocleidomastoideus. We are describing a case of extensive tumorresection in the lip-chin area with neurofibromatosis Recklinghausen, whereby we have closed a large defect with two separately laid on muscle-pedicled, innervated island flaps from the fossa supraclavicularis. These bilateral compound flaps fulfill the demands of an immediate restoration of contour and prominence in this area. Apart from this they allow satisfactory voluntary activity, unpleasant dribbling of saliva is prevented.", "contents": "[The immediate reconstruction of a large lip-chin defect with two muscular pedicled and innervated island flaps (author's transl)]. Different methods of defect closure in the lipchin region through lateral advancement-flaps have been described by Bernard, Fries, Hertig, Meyer and others. Is there not enough material available, can neck-, breast-or forehead flaps cover the defect, although they do not fulfill the demands for a satisfactory restoration of specific function. In the following work is the possibility of covering of a three layered facial defect with a combined skin muscle flap taken into consideration in view of the disadvantages of a simple or doubled skin flap. By this operation method the procedure consists of preparing various sized cervical island flaps which are connected with on the mastoid pedicled M. sternocleidomastoideus. We are describing a case of extensive tumorresection in the lip-chin area with neurofibromatosis Recklinghausen, whereby we have closed a large defect with two separately laid on muscle-pedicled, innervated island flaps from the fossa supraclavicularis. These bilateral compound flaps fulfill the demands of an immediate restoration of contour and prominence in this area. Apart from this they allow satisfactory voluntary activity, unpleasant dribbling of saliva is prevented.", "PMID": 96311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2120", "title": "Comparative in-vitro activity of ticarcillin and carbenicillin against 100 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The in-vitro activity of ticarcillin was found to be greater than that of carbenicillin against 97 out of 100 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which were recently isolated from clinical specimens at the Royal Perth Hospital complex. These results indicate that ticarcillin should be considered for use in place of carbenicillin for treating infections caused by P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Comparative in-vitro activity of ticarcillin and carbenicillin against 100 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The in-vitro activity of ticarcillin was found to be greater than that of carbenicillin against 97 out of 100 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which were recently isolated from clinical specimens at the Royal Perth Hospital complex. These results indicate that ticarcillin should be considered for use in place of carbenicillin for treating infections caused by P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 96319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2121", "title": "[Radioimmuno-assay of TSH before and after TRH in 350 patients with previous resection of euthyroid goiter (author's transl)].", "content": "Radioimmuno-Assay (RIA) of Thyroid-Stimulating-Hormone (TSH) was performed before and after i.v.-injection of Thyrotropin-Releasing-Hormone (TRH) in 350 patients subsequent to previous resection of euthyroid goiter to find out the optimal treatment schedule for preventing recurrent goiter. In patients without recurrent goiter the dosis of thyroid hormone was considered to be sufficient, if the difference in TSH-levels before and after TRH (delta-TSH) was equivalent to or less than 10 microunits/ml. In patients with recurrent goiter the optimal suppressive dosis of thyroid hormone was accepted for a delta-TSH less than or equal to 2,5 microunits/ml. 126 out of 135 patients, who were set on an immediate and continuous postoperative treatment were free of goiter, 58 presented a delta-TSH less than or equal to 10 microunits/ml (average interval of treatment = 2,5 years), 68 patients had elevated delta-TSH (average interval of treatment 2,1 years) as a sign of insufficient treatment. In 9 patients recurrent goiter was detected in spite of \"adequate\" treatment. 41 out of 57 patients, set on delayed and partly continuous, partly discontinuous treatment had recurrent goiter (in average after 10 years). delta-TSH was not indicative. 158 patients without any treatment had borderline or slightly increased delta-TSH (in average after 10 years). 122 of these 158 patients had recurrent goiter, 36 were free of goiter. The results favor the necessity of treatment with thyroid hormones starting immediately after operation and with continuous treatment. The combined use of TSH-RIA and TRH-test reliably informs about the individual thyroid hormone dosis necessary for prevention or treatment of recurrent goiters.", "contents": "[Radioimmuno-assay of TSH before and after TRH in 350 patients with previous resection of euthyroid goiter (author's transl)]. Radioimmuno-Assay (RIA) of Thyroid-Stimulating-Hormone (TSH) was performed before and after i.v.-injection of Thyrotropin-Releasing-Hormone (TRH) in 350 patients subsequent to previous resection of euthyroid goiter to find out the optimal treatment schedule for preventing recurrent goiter. In patients without recurrent goiter the dosis of thyroid hormone was considered to be sufficient, if the difference in TSH-levels before and after TRH (delta-TSH) was equivalent to or less than 10 microunits/ml. In patients with recurrent goiter the optimal suppressive dosis of thyroid hormone was accepted for a delta-TSH less than or equal to 2,5 microunits/ml. 126 out of 135 patients, who were set on an immediate and continuous postoperative treatment were free of goiter, 58 presented a delta-TSH less than or equal to 10 microunits/ml (average interval of treatment = 2,5 years), 68 patients had elevated delta-TSH (average interval of treatment 2,1 years) as a sign of insufficient treatment. In 9 patients recurrent goiter was detected in spite of \"adequate\" treatment. 41 out of 57 patients, set on delayed and partly continuous, partly discontinuous treatment had recurrent goiter (in average after 10 years). delta-TSH was not indicative. 158 patients without any treatment had borderline or slightly increased delta-TSH (in average after 10 years). 122 of these 158 patients had recurrent goiter, 36 were free of goiter. The results favor the necessity of treatment with thyroid hormones starting immediately after operation and with continuous treatment. The combined use of TSH-RIA and TRH-test reliably informs about the individual thyroid hormone dosis necessary for prevention or treatment of recurrent goiters.", "PMID": 96322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2122", "title": "[Exolipases of some Pseudomonas species].", "content": "The production of exolipase was studied in various Pseudomonas species, most of which did not possess the lipolytic activity in the conditions of the experiment, whereas in some strains this activity was rather high. The highest activity was displayed by the Pseudomonas fluorescens 533 strain and its mutant obtained upon UV irradiation. Lipase biosynthesis depended on the composition of a growth medium, the highest lipolytic activity being found on media with a high content of complex organic substances. No correlation was established between the growth and the lipolytic activity. A lipase preparation was isolated from the Ps. fluorescens 533-5b mutant, partly purified by precipitation with ammonium sulphate and dialysis, and its response to the action of inhibitors and heavy metal ions was studied. The enzyme activity was inhibited by these ions, and stimulated by Mg2+ ions. EDTA was found to be the strongest among all the inhibitors tested.", "contents": "[Exolipases of some Pseudomonas species]. The production of exolipase was studied in various Pseudomonas species, most of which did not possess the lipolytic activity in the conditions of the experiment, whereas in some strains this activity was rather high. The highest activity was displayed by the Pseudomonas fluorescens 533 strain and its mutant obtained upon UV irradiation. Lipase biosynthesis depended on the composition of a growth medium, the highest lipolytic activity being found on media with a high content of complex organic substances. No correlation was established between the growth and the lipolytic activity. A lipase preparation was isolated from the Ps. fluorescens 533-5b mutant, partly purified by precipitation with ammonium sulphate and dialysis, and its response to the action of inhibitors and heavy metal ions was studied. The enzyme activity was inhibited by these ions, and stimulated by Mg2+ ions. EDTA was found to be the strongest among all the inhibitors tested.", "PMID": 96317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2123", "title": "Fluorometric determinations of the relative immunoglobulin content of plasma cells of patients with monoclonal gammopathy.", "content": "The relative cytoplasmic immunoglobulin content of fixed plasma cells taken from the bone marrow of five patients with myeloma and five patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy was determined with a microscope fluorometer. In eight of the ten piasma cell populations studied, the distribution of the fluorescence intensities was close to normal. In three of these eight populations a significant difference in the variances of the heavy and light chain fluorescence intensities was found. Variances of heavy and light chain fluorescence intensities were smaller in patients with an immunoglobulin A-type gammopathy than in those with an immunoglobulin G-type gammopathy. No difference was found if normalized relative frequency distribution patterns of heavy or light chain fluorescence intensities of patients with myeloma were compared with those of patients with benign monoclonal gammopathies.", "contents": "Fluorometric determinations of the relative immunoglobulin content of plasma cells of patients with monoclonal gammopathy. The relative cytoplasmic immunoglobulin content of fixed plasma cells taken from the bone marrow of five patients with myeloma and five patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy was determined with a microscope fluorometer. In eight of the ten piasma cell populations studied, the distribution of the fluorescence intensities was close to normal. In three of these eight populations a significant difference in the variances of the heavy and light chain fluorescence intensities was found. Variances of heavy and light chain fluorescence intensities were smaller in patients with an immunoglobulin A-type gammopathy than in those with an immunoglobulin G-type gammopathy. No difference was found if normalized relative frequency distribution patterns of heavy or light chain fluorescence intensities of patients with myeloma were compared with those of patients with benign monoclonal gammopathies.", "PMID": 96324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2124", "title": "Continuous cultivation in a chemostat of the phototrophic procaryote, Anacystis nidulans, under nitrogen-limiting conditions.", "content": "Anacystis nidulans was grown photoautotrophically in a chemostat in the presence of light, air and CO2 as the sole carbon source. Either the amount of the nitrogen source in the medium or light intensity were used as growth-limiting parameters. 1. Cells of high glycogen content obtained by pre-incubation under nitrogen starvation conditions maintained their glycogen content during continuous cultivation. Both growth rate and the amount of cell-mass and of glycogen depended on the nitrate content of the medium and the light intensity. The values for the growth rate, the maximal rates of glycogen synthesis and of cell mass formation were 0.1 h-1, 6 mg/l.h and 17 mg/l.h, respectively. 2. Cells without glycogen which had been transferred from an exponentially growing batch culture to chemostat conditions showed increasing rates of growth and of cell mass formation when the light intensity was increased. A determination of specific values resulted in 0.15 h-1 for growth rate and 23 mg/1.h for cell mass formation. 3. The chemostat apparatus is described in detail.", "contents": "Continuous cultivation in a chemostat of the phototrophic procaryote, Anacystis nidulans, under nitrogen-limiting conditions. Anacystis nidulans was grown photoautotrophically in a chemostat in the presence of light, air and CO2 as the sole carbon source. Either the amount of the nitrogen source in the medium or light intensity were used as growth-limiting parameters. 1. Cells of high glycogen content obtained by pre-incubation under nitrogen starvation conditions maintained their glycogen content during continuous cultivation. Both growth rate and the amount of cell-mass and of glycogen depended on the nitrate content of the medium and the light intensity. The values for the growth rate, the maximal rates of glycogen synthesis and of cell mass formation were 0.1 h-1, 6 mg/l.h and 17 mg/l.h, respectively. 2. Cells without glycogen which had been transferred from an exponentially growing batch culture to chemostat conditions showed increasing rates of growth and of cell mass formation when the light intensity was increased. A determination of specific values resulted in 0.15 h-1 for growth rate and 23 mg/1.h for cell mass formation. 3. The chemostat apparatus is described in detail.", "PMID": 96328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2125", "title": "[Anesthesiological problems in maxillo-facial surgical interventions and reconstructive plastic surgery].", "content": "11 years of anaesthesiological experience in maxillofacial and reconstructive plastic surgery (1-4-1966/1-4-1977) are reviewed. The problems connected with these operations are examined. On the basis of localizations, types of operation and surgical requirements, the problems of greatest importance in these branches of surgery may be indicated in the following 5 parameters: 1. Control of the respiratory ways with naso-tracheal intubation under direct view or blind (more than a thousand cases), oro-tracheal intubation: their indications and contraindications as alternatives to pre- intra- and postoperative tracheotomy. 2. Local control of bleeding. 3. Arousal and prevention of possible postnarcotic complications. 4. Prevention and treatment of postoperative oedema. 5. Nutrition of the patient undergoing surgery. In the interests of history, the superseded problem of whether to use local anaesthesia and general anaesthesia in maxillofacial surgery is mentioned and the various problems are discussed exhaustively. Personal anaesthesiological conduct is then specified in relation to the parameters examined and results reported. The importance in certain endo- and extraoral operations of prolonged intubation in the immediate postoperative period (10-15-30 hours) with respect to the indication for postoperative tracheostomy is highlighted. Apart from certain special pathological situations, tracheostomy is rather exceptional and is no longer employed on a routine basis as it was 2-3 years ago.", "contents": "[Anesthesiological problems in maxillo-facial surgical interventions and reconstructive plastic surgery]. 11 years of anaesthesiological experience in maxillofacial and reconstructive plastic surgery (1-4-1966/1-4-1977) are reviewed. The problems connected with these operations are examined. On the basis of localizations, types of operation and surgical requirements, the problems of greatest importance in these branches of surgery may be indicated in the following 5 parameters: 1. Control of the respiratory ways with naso-tracheal intubation under direct view or blind (more than a thousand cases), oro-tracheal intubation: their indications and contraindications as alternatives to pre- intra- and postoperative tracheotomy. 2. Local control of bleeding. 3. Arousal and prevention of possible postnarcotic complications. 4. Prevention and treatment of postoperative oedema. 5. Nutrition of the patient undergoing surgery. In the interests of history, the superseded problem of whether to use local anaesthesia and general anaesthesia in maxillofacial surgery is mentioned and the various problems are discussed exhaustively. Personal anaesthesiological conduct is then specified in relation to the parameters examined and results reported. The importance in certain endo- and extraoral operations of prolonged intubation in the immediate postoperative period (10-15-30 hours) with respect to the indication for postoperative tracheostomy is highlighted. Apart from certain special pathological situations, tracheostomy is rather exceptional and is no longer employed on a routine basis as it was 2-3 years ago.", "PMID": 96327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2126", "title": "[EEG-results in early-treated children with phenylketonuria 4 through 10 years under treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "EEG-results in 21 children with Phenylketonuria (PKU), put on a diet at least since their 3rd month of life, now aged 4 through 10 years, with normal psychomotor development, lacking abnormal neurological signs, are compared with the results in 796 healthy children of the same age. Visual evaluation and frequency analysis of the background activity of the EEGs reveal no differences between children with PKU and controls. Generally, there is no close correlation between mean plasma levels of phenylalanine (phe-means) during treatment, and the composition of the EEG when combined age groups are compared. But a trend can be demonstrated: In the small group of 8 years old children phe-means up to 6 mg-% can be associated with a faster (alpha), and phe-means above 6 mg-% with a slower (theta) background activity. The frequency of metabolic derailment (single phe-values above 10 mg-%) does not correlate with the EEG. Focal and generalized hypersynchronous activity (HSA) is observed significantly more often even in early treated, normally developing children with PKU. In children aged 4--8 years, HSA is associated with a high proportion of slow waves compared with those who do not display HSA. In children 9 and 10 years old, however, no such differences can be seen. It is hypothesised that even early treated children with PKU, in their first years show a retardation in the development of their background activity but catch up by 9--10 years. It still remains uncertain whether further age-appropiate development of the EEG can be observed after liberating or discontinuing the dietary regimen at this age.", "contents": "[EEG-results in early-treated children with phenylketonuria 4 through 10 years under treatment (author's transl)]. EEG-results in 21 children with Phenylketonuria (PKU), put on a diet at least since their 3rd month of life, now aged 4 through 10 years, with normal psychomotor development, lacking abnormal neurological signs, are compared with the results in 796 healthy children of the same age. Visual evaluation and frequency analysis of the background activity of the EEGs reveal no differences between children with PKU and controls. Generally, there is no close correlation between mean plasma levels of phenylalanine (phe-means) during treatment, and the composition of the EEG when combined age groups are compared. But a trend can be demonstrated: In the small group of 8 years old children phe-means up to 6 mg-% can be associated with a faster (alpha), and phe-means above 6 mg-% with a slower (theta) background activity. The frequency of metabolic derailment (single phe-values above 10 mg-%) does not correlate with the EEG. Focal and generalized hypersynchronous activity (HSA) is observed significantly more often even in early treated, normally developing children with PKU. In children aged 4--8 years, HSA is associated with a high proportion of slow waves compared with those who do not display HSA. In children 9 and 10 years old, however, no such differences can be seen. It is hypothesised that even early treated children with PKU, in their first years show a retardation in the development of their background activity but catch up by 9--10 years. It still remains uncertain whether further age-appropiate development of the EEG can be observed after liberating or discontinuing the dietary regimen at this age.", "PMID": 96332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2127", "title": "[Success at school of children with early recognized phenylketonuria. Catamnesis of 50 children whose dietary treatment was started within their first or second month of life (author's transl)].", "content": "The success at school of 50 children is evaluated whose phenylkenuria was detected within the first 8 weeks of life and treated since. Recent reports on normal psychological development can now be augmented by this criteria established outside the hospital. For the evaluation the following items were taken into account: age at start of schooling; postponed admission to school; repetition of a class; move to secondary schools, and social background. The success at school is further confirmation of a normal mental development in these children, and a normal school leaving certificate or later an ordinary occupation are to expected.", "contents": "[Success at school of children with early recognized phenylketonuria. Catamnesis of 50 children whose dietary treatment was started within their first or second month of life (author's transl)]. The success at school of 50 children is evaluated whose phenylkenuria was detected within the first 8 weeks of life and treated since. Recent reports on normal psychological development can now be augmented by this criteria established outside the hospital. For the evaluation the following items were taken into account: age at start of schooling; postponed admission to school; repetition of a class; move to secondary schools, and social background. The success at school is further confirmation of a normal mental development in these children, and a normal school leaving certificate or later an ordinary occupation are to expected.", "PMID": 96333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2128", "title": "[Participation of rat immunoglobulin light chains of the kappa and lambda type in formation of antibodies to the polysaccharide of group A streptococcus].", "content": "The role of light kappa and lambda chains and also allelic variants of kappa chains of rat immunoglobins in the formation of antibodies to beta-N-acetyl-glucosamine polysaccharides of streptococcus group A of inbred rat strains MSU, WAG, August and hybrids of the first generation (MUS X WAG)F1 and (MSU X August)F1 was studied. From individual sera of immune rats fractions of specific antibodies to beta-N-acetyl-glucosamine were isolated. These antibodies differ in their affinity to antigenes. The retio of molecules with kappa and lambda light chain types was determined for the fraction of specific antibodies. The ratio of molecules kappa and lambda depends on the affinity of antibodies to beta-N-acetyl-glucosamine and on the genotype of the animals studied. Data obtained allow to conclude that differences in the functional activity of lambda chains between strains WAG and August, on one hand, and strain MSU, on the other, do exist. Functional differences releaved between these rat strains were confirmed by analyzing corresponding antibody fractions to beta-N-acetylglucosamine in F1 hybrids. Differences between allelic variants of kappa chains in the formation of antibodies to beta-N-acetylglucosamine of polysaccharides were not found.", "contents": "[Participation of rat immunoglobulin light chains of the kappa and lambda type in formation of antibodies to the polysaccharide of group A streptococcus]. The role of light kappa and lambda chains and also allelic variants of kappa chains of rat immunoglobins in the formation of antibodies to beta-N-acetyl-glucosamine polysaccharides of streptococcus group A of inbred rat strains MSU, WAG, August and hybrids of the first generation (MUS X WAG)F1 and (MSU X August)F1 was studied. From individual sera of immune rats fractions of specific antibodies to beta-N-acetyl-glucosamine were isolated. These antibodies differ in their affinity to antigenes. The retio of molecules with kappa and lambda light chain types was determined for the fraction of specific antibodies. The ratio of molecules kappa and lambda depends on the affinity of antibodies to beta-N-acetyl-glucosamine and on the genotype of the animals studied. Data obtained allow to conclude that differences in the functional activity of lambda chains between strains WAG and August, on one hand, and strain MSU, on the other, do exist. Functional differences releaved between these rat strains were confirmed by analyzing corresponding antibody fractions to beta-N-acetylglucosamine in F1 hybrids. Differences between allelic variants of kappa chains in the formation of antibodies to beta-N-acetylglucosamine of polysaccharides were not found.", "PMID": 96329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2129", "title": "[Synthesis of virus-specific products following introduction of tobacco mosaic virus RNA pereparations and the native virus into acetabularia].", "content": "The possibility to synthesize the viral-specific products after microinjection of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) preparations and the TMV RNA into the single-celled seaweed Acetabularia was studied. The accumulation of the newly synthesized protein and double-stranded RNA 24 hours after injection of TMV RNA and native virus preparations was demonstrated by immunological and immunofluorescent methods. The virus titer sharply dropped 3--4 hours after introduction into Acetabularia and in 48 hours it reached a maximum level. The presented data showed the possibility of TMW RNA replication and translation involving formation of viral-specific proteins and the production of a virus of full value in the Acetabularia cell.", "contents": "[Synthesis of virus-specific products following introduction of tobacco mosaic virus RNA pereparations and the native virus into acetabularia]. The possibility to synthesize the viral-specific products after microinjection of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) preparations and the TMV RNA into the single-celled seaweed Acetabularia was studied. The accumulation of the newly synthesized protein and double-stranded RNA 24 hours after injection of TMV RNA and native virus preparations was demonstrated by immunological and immunofluorescent methods. The virus titer sharply dropped 3--4 hours after introduction into Acetabularia and in 48 hours it reached a maximum level. The presented data showed the possibility of TMW RNA replication and translation involving formation of viral-specific proteins and the production of a virus of full value in the Acetabularia cell.", "PMID": 96330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2130", "title": "[Conformational isomers of rat liver 5S ribosomal RNA].", "content": "The rat liver 5S RNA when denaturated by urea or EDTA, or even without any special treatment, undergoes conformational changes leading to the formation of three electrophoretically distinct isomeres of the molecules with relative mobilities 0.39, 0.44 and 0.47. The band with the slowest mobility corresponds apparently to the native 5S RNA since it is specific for both freshy isolated and renaturated 5S RNA. Moreover, it was found that denaturation of the immobilized 5 S RNA decreases significantly its ability to form a complex with the rat liver 60S ribosomal subunit proteins L6, L7, L8, L18 and L35.", "contents": "[Conformational isomers of rat liver 5S ribosomal RNA]. The rat liver 5S RNA when denaturated by urea or EDTA, or even without any special treatment, undergoes conformational changes leading to the formation of three electrophoretically distinct isomeres of the molecules with relative mobilities 0.39, 0.44 and 0.47. The band with the slowest mobility corresponds apparently to the native 5S RNA since it is specific for both freshy isolated and renaturated 5S RNA. Moreover, it was found that denaturation of the immobilized 5 S RNA decreases significantly its ability to form a complex with the rat liver 60S ribosomal subunit proteins L6, L7, L8, L18 and L35.", "PMID": 96331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2131", "title": "Mutagenic effects of petrol in Drosophila melanogaster I. Effects of benzene and 1,2-dichloroethane.", "content": "Commercial petrol and two of its components, benzene and 1,2-dichloroethane, were tested for mutagenicity in Drosophila melanogaster. The chemicals were given to larvae through their food supply. A genetically unstable sexlinked test system caused by a transposable genetic element was used. Mutagenicity was measured by the frequency of somatic mutations for eye pigmentation. Commercial petrol and 1,2-dichloroethane showed mutagenic activity. With the system used, benzene did not show any mutagenic activity. The high frequency of mutations induced by 1,2-dichloroethane indicate the existence in Drosophila of a metabolic activating system.", "contents": "Mutagenic effects of petrol in Drosophila melanogaster I. Effects of benzene and 1,2-dichloroethane. Commercial petrol and two of its components, benzene and 1,2-dichloroethane, were tested for mutagenicity in Drosophila melanogaster. The chemicals were given to larvae through their food supply. A genetically unstable sexlinked test system caused by a transposable genetic element was used. Mutagenicity was measured by the frequency of somatic mutations for eye pigmentation. Commercial petrol and 1,2-dichloroethane showed mutagenic activity. With the system used, benzene did not show any mutagenic activity. The high frequency of mutations induced by 1,2-dichloroethane indicate the existence in Drosophila of a metabolic activating system.", "PMID": 96337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2132", "title": "The influence of electrostatic and magnetic fields on mutation in Drosophila melanogaster spermatozoa.", "content": "Canton-S Drosophila melanogaster males were exposed to electrostatic and magnetic fields for 24 h to determine the influence of low energy fields on the production of sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in the mature, motile sperm. To detect sex-linked recessive lethal production in mature sperm the standard Muller-5 test was done. Exposure of the males to the magnetic field or the electrostatic field did not significantly affect the mutation frequency in mature sperm.", "contents": "The influence of electrostatic and magnetic fields on mutation in Drosophila melanogaster spermatozoa. Canton-S Drosophila melanogaster males were exposed to electrostatic and magnetic fields for 24 h to determine the influence of low energy fields on the production of sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in the mature, motile sperm. To detect sex-linked recessive lethal production in mature sperm the standard Muller-5 test was done. Exposure of the males to the magnetic field or the electrostatic field did not significantly affect the mutation frequency in mature sperm.", "PMID": 96338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2133", "title": "Prevention of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: a cost-benefit analysis.", "content": "The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a thiamine-deficiency disorder occurring primarily among alcoholics. To determine the economic feasibility of preventing this disease by fortification of alcoholic beverages with thiamine, we compared the cost of fortification with the cost of institutionalizing alcoholics with the disorder. The estimated annual incidence of institutionalization is eight per million adult population. The cost of long-term institutionalization, discounted to present value, is $70 million per year. The cost of adequately fortifying alcoholic beverages is estimated to range from $3 million per year if allithiamines are used, to as much as $17 million per year if thiamine hydrochloride proves necessary. Thus, the cost-benefit ratio may range from 1:23 to 1:4. It is economically advantageous to prevent the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome by fortification of alcoholic beverages with thiamine. The stability, safety and marketability of thiamine and the allithiamines in alcoholic beverages should be studied further.", "contents": "Prevention of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: a cost-benefit analysis. The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a thiamine-deficiency disorder occurring primarily among alcoholics. To determine the economic feasibility of preventing this disease by fortification of alcoholic beverages with thiamine, we compared the cost of fortification with the cost of institutionalizing alcoholics with the disorder. The estimated annual incidence of institutionalization is eight per million adult population. The cost of long-term institutionalization, discounted to present value, is $70 million per year. The cost of adequately fortifying alcoholic beverages is estimated to range from $3 million per year if allithiamines are used, to as much as $17 million per year if thiamine hydrochloride proves necessary. Thus, the cost-benefit ratio may range from 1:23 to 1:4. It is economically advantageous to prevent the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome by fortification of alcoholic beverages with thiamine. The stability, safety and marketability of thiamine and the allithiamines in alcoholic beverages should be studied further.", "PMID": 96343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2134", "title": "[Duodenal diverticulosis].", "content": "The problem of duodenal diverticuli is discussed. The best therapy is reviewed and a personal series compared with those of other workers. In most cases, the medical approach appears preferable, surgery being reserved exclusively for variously complicated cases.", "contents": "[Duodenal diverticulosis]. The problem of duodenal diverticuli is discussed. The best therapy is reviewed and a personal series compared with those of other workers. In most cases, the medical approach appears preferable, surgery being reserved exclusively for variously complicated cases.", "PMID": 96383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2135", "title": "Obstetric factors in cerebral palsy.", "content": "A study was carried out on the patient population of two cerebral palsy facilities serving Northeast New York State to evaluate obstetric factors which might be associated with the development of cerebral palsy. A combination of available medical records and a maternal questionnaire was used for analysis. Of 605 contracted, 158 mothers (26%) provided valid and detailed data, and the study was confined to these 158 patients. A positive association was found with increased reproductive loss, prematurity, and vaginal breech delivery. The need to develop and adopt a comprehensive uniform record system for the pregnant patient and her child is underscored. The limitations of a single factor retrospective study are acknowledged.", "contents": "Obstetric factors in cerebral palsy. A study was carried out on the patient population of two cerebral palsy facilities serving Northeast New York State to evaluate obstetric factors which might be associated with the development of cerebral palsy. A combination of available medical records and a maternal questionnaire was used for analysis. Of 605 contracted, 158 mothers (26%) provided valid and detailed data, and the study was confined to these 158 patients. A positive association was found with increased reproductive loss, prematurity, and vaginal breech delivery. The need to develop and adopt a comprehensive uniform record system for the pregnant patient and her child is underscored. The limitations of a single factor retrospective study are acknowledged.", "PMID": 96391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2136", "title": "Hurler/Scheie phenotype. Report of an inbred sibship with tapeto-retinal degeneration and electron-microscopie examination of the conjuctiva.", "content": "An inbred sibship with corneal opacities and deficient alpha-L-iduronidase activity showed signs of a Hurler/Scheie phenotype. The children were of normal intelligence. In one of the children, electron microscopy of the conjunctiva showed membrane-bound intracellular vacuoles and the electroretinogram was extinguished. The consanguinity of the parents is taken to indicate the presence of homozygosity of a mutant gene different from both the Hurler and Scheie mutants, thus rejecting the concept of a genetic compound in our patients.", "contents": "Hurler/Scheie phenotype. Report of an inbred sibship with tapeto-retinal degeneration and electron-microscopie examination of the conjuctiva. An inbred sibship with corneal opacities and deficient alpha-L-iduronidase activity showed signs of a Hurler/Scheie phenotype. The children were of normal intelligence. In one of the children, electron microscopy of the conjunctiva showed membrane-bound intracellular vacuoles and the electroretinogram was extinguished. The consanguinity of the parents is taken to indicate the presence of homozygosity of a mutant gene different from both the Hurler and Scheie mutants, thus rejecting the concept of a genetic compound in our patients.", "PMID": 96404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2137", "title": "The treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis.", "content": "Restoration of good visual acuity following bacterial endophthalmitis is dependent on prompt diagnosis, immediate treatment, proper selection of antibiotics, high-dose parenteral and periocular antibiotic therapy, and systemic and periocular corticosteroids. Antibiotic selection should be based on the statistical incidence of pathogens rather than on the result of a Gram stain from the aqueous or vitreous humor. Recent experimental studies in the primate eye suggest that there is little to choose between the subconjunctival and retrobulbar routes of antibiotic administration. The role of intravitreal injection of antibiotic, although promising, requires further definition.", "contents": "The treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis. Restoration of good visual acuity following bacterial endophthalmitis is dependent on prompt diagnosis, immediate treatment, proper selection of antibiotics, high-dose parenteral and periocular antibiotic therapy, and systemic and periocular corticosteroids. Antibiotic selection should be based on the statistical incidence of pathogens rather than on the result of a Gram stain from the aqueous or vitreous humor. Recent experimental studies in the primate eye suggest that there is little to choose between the subconjunctival and retrobulbar routes of antibiotic administration. The role of intravitreal injection of antibiotic, although promising, requires further definition.", "PMID": 96405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2138", "title": "Iron therapy and refeeding in experimentally malnourished rats.", "content": "1. Rats suffering from protein-energy malnutrition were found to have low serum iron, low PCV, and low hemoglobin concentrations. 2. Oral iron supplement during the refeeding of these animals caused various types of infection, the severity of which was related to the dose given. 3. A close association between high serum iron, low serum transferrin, and high incidence of bacterial infection was found. 4. A high protein diet without any oral iron supplement was found to raise the PCV and hemoglobin concentration to the same levels as a high protein diet containing 65 mg iron/kg body wt/day, although this dose of iron was sufficient to produce infection in the malnourished rats during refeeding. Speculation Iron supplementation during the treatment of children with protein-energy malnutrition may predispose to bacterial infection, the severity of which depends on the dose of iron given.", "contents": "Iron therapy and refeeding in experimentally malnourished rats. 1. Rats suffering from protein-energy malnutrition were found to have low serum iron, low PCV, and low hemoglobin concentrations. 2. Oral iron supplement during the refeeding of these animals caused various types of infection, the severity of which was related to the dose given. 3. A close association between high serum iron, low serum transferrin, and high incidence of bacterial infection was found. 4. A high protein diet without any oral iron supplement was found to raise the PCV and hemoglobin concentration to the same levels as a high protein diet containing 65 mg iron/kg body wt/day, although this dose of iron was sufficient to produce infection in the malnourished rats during refeeding. Speculation Iron supplementation during the treatment of children with protein-energy malnutrition may predispose to bacterial infection, the severity of which depends on the dose of iron given.", "PMID": 96412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2139", "title": "Prolonged apnea in infant monkeys resulting from stimulation of superior laryngeal nerve.", "content": "We measured characteristics of apnea resulting from electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in 28 anesthetized infant monkeys ranging from a gestational age of 141 days to 49 days postterm and in four adult monkeys. Progressive reduction in ventilation accompanied weak suprathreshold SLN stimulation. Poststimulus apnea followed stronger stimulation. Apnea duration was directly proportional to stimulus duration, provided that stimulus intensity was at least 1.5 X threshold. Poststimulus apnea periods were briefer in older infants and did not occur in adults. Pao2 measurements in four animals showed that lower values were associated with the longer poststimulus apnea episodes. Upper airway resistance measurements obtained from a subglottal cannula revealed that glottal closure was transiently associated with the onset of SLN stimulation, but the degree of closure diminished during the course of stimulation and was not present during the subsequent period of apnea. The parameters of SLN stimulation determine specific changes in cardiovascular functions independently of their respiratory effects. The results suggest that a brief afferent input from the SLN may have prolonged effects on respiratory regulation in infants. These persisting effects may be an important consideration in sudden infant death syndrome mechanisms.", "contents": "Prolonged apnea in infant monkeys resulting from stimulation of superior laryngeal nerve. We measured characteristics of apnea resulting from electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in 28 anesthetized infant monkeys ranging from a gestational age of 141 days to 49 days postterm and in four adult monkeys. Progressive reduction in ventilation accompanied weak suprathreshold SLN stimulation. Poststimulus apnea followed stronger stimulation. Apnea duration was directly proportional to stimulus duration, provided that stimulus intensity was at least 1.5 X threshold. Poststimulus apnea periods were briefer in older infants and did not occur in adults. Pao2 measurements in four animals showed that lower values were associated with the longer poststimulus apnea episodes. Upper airway resistance measurements obtained from a subglottal cannula revealed that glottal closure was transiently associated with the onset of SLN stimulation, but the degree of closure diminished during the course of stimulation and was not present during the subsequent period of apnea. The parameters of SLN stimulation determine specific changes in cardiovascular functions independently of their respiratory effects. The results suggest that a brief afferent input from the SLN may have prolonged effects on respiratory regulation in infants. These persisting effects may be an important consideration in sudden infant death syndrome mechanisms.", "PMID": 96414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2140", "title": "Hyperthyroidism in juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Three cases of hyperthyroidism occurring in juvenile patients with diabetes mellitus are presented. The presence of hyperthyroidism should be suspected in patients with diabetes mellitus when goiters develop and when there is unexplained weight loss, tachycardia, tremors, unexplained increases in insulin requirement, or instability of the diabetes with a tendency toward development of ketosis and/or ketoacidosis.", "contents": "Hyperthyroidism in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Three cases of hyperthyroidism occurring in juvenile patients with diabetes mellitus are presented. The presence of hyperthyroidism should be suspected in patients with diabetes mellitus when goiters develop and when there is unexplained weight loss, tachycardia, tremors, unexplained increases in insulin requirement, or instability of the diabetes with a tendency toward development of ketosis and/or ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 96415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2141", "title": "Growth, health, and development after neonatal gut surgery: a long-term follow-up.", "content": "Growth and development data on 19 children who survived gut surgery in the immediate newborn period are presented. The follow-up period ranges from seven months to seven years six months, with a mean of three years eight months. Neonates who undergo gut resection are at a higher risk for delay in height and weight gain compared to those who have gut surgery without resection. Six of the 12 children who had gut resection showed delay in height gain and seven showed delay in weight gain. Of the seven children who had gut surgery but no resection, only one showed delay in height and weight gain after the age of 1 year. An individual approach and careful serial follow-ups are recommended for all children undergoing gut resection in the newborn period. Of the eight children who had psychometric testing in the gut-resected group, only two are normal. Three of the four older children in this group show signs of perceptuomotor defects, suggesting the need for subtesting such children at about 6 years of age so that remedial help, if necessary, may be provided when formal schooling begins.", "contents": "Growth, health, and development after neonatal gut surgery: a long-term follow-up. Growth and development data on 19 children who survived gut surgery in the immediate newborn period are presented. The follow-up period ranges from seven months to seven years six months, with a mean of three years eight months. Neonates who undergo gut resection are at a higher risk for delay in height and weight gain compared to those who have gut surgery without resection. Six of the 12 children who had gut resection showed delay in height gain and seven showed delay in weight gain. Of the seven children who had gut surgery but no resection, only one showed delay in height and weight gain after the age of 1 year. An individual approach and careful serial follow-ups are recommended for all children undergoing gut resection in the newborn period. Of the eight children who had psychometric testing in the gut-resected group, only two are normal. Three of the four older children in this group show signs of perceptuomotor defects, suggesting the need for subtesting such children at about 6 years of age so that remedial help, if necessary, may be provided when formal schooling begins.", "PMID": 96416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2142", "title": "Suppression of visual observing by rhesus monkeys produced by conditioned aversive visual stimuli.", "content": "Nine rhesus monkeys were tested in a visual observing situation to determine the influence of conditioned aversive visual stimulation. A set of meaningless visual stimuli was selected on the basis of cumulative frequency and cumulative duration of observing during a pretest phase of the experiment. Three subsets of stimuli (low, medium, high) were formed indicating level of observing during pretesting. A portion of the \"medium\" category of slides then served as conditioned stimuli in a classical conditioning procedure by being paired with electric shock. Following conditioning the entire set of stimuli was again presented in a visual observing situation. The results showed a significant decrease in both frequency and duration of observing of the slides with conditioned aversive qualities, relative to non-shock control slides. These findings support an aversion-produced suppression of observing relatively unconfounded by methodological, procedural, and other differences existing among previous reports on the role of fear or anxiety in this context.", "contents": "Suppression of visual observing by rhesus monkeys produced by conditioned aversive visual stimuli. Nine rhesus monkeys were tested in a visual observing situation to determine the influence of conditioned aversive visual stimulation. A set of meaningless visual stimuli was selected on the basis of cumulative frequency and cumulative duration of observing during a pretest phase of the experiment. Three subsets of stimuli (low, medium, high) were formed indicating level of observing during pretesting. A portion of the \"medium\" category of slides then served as conditioned stimuli in a classical conditioning procedure by being paired with electric shock. Following conditioning the entire set of stimuli was again presented in a visual observing situation. The results showed a significant decrease in both frequency and duration of observing of the slides with conditioned aversive qualities, relative to non-shock control slides. These findings support an aversion-produced suppression of observing relatively unconfounded by methodological, procedural, and other differences existing among previous reports on the role of fear or anxiety in this context.", "PMID": 96417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2143", "title": "[Blood prolactin in insulin-dependent diabetics. Basal study and effect of stimulation].", "content": "Blood prolactin levels were measured under basal conditions and following the intravenous injection of TRH at time 0, 30, 60 and 120 minutes in 22 men and 21 women insulin-dependent diabetics, aged less than 50 years and not taking any drug influencing prolactin secretion. Prolactin levels were significantly higher (alpha = 0.05) at the 120th minute in male diabetics and under basal conditions and at the 60th minute in female controls. There was no correlation with retinopathy, age and control of diabetes. At the 30th minute, prolactin levels were higher when diabetes was of more recent onset. These results confirm the absence of any participation of prolactin in the development of retinopathy, although variations in prolactin may be seen in association with the presence of diabetes.", "contents": "[Blood prolactin in insulin-dependent diabetics. Basal study and effect of stimulation]. Blood prolactin levels were measured under basal conditions and following the intravenous injection of TRH at time 0, 30, 60 and 120 minutes in 22 men and 21 women insulin-dependent diabetics, aged less than 50 years and not taking any drug influencing prolactin secretion. Prolactin levels were significantly higher (alpha = 0.05) at the 120th minute in male diabetics and under basal conditions and at the 60th minute in female controls. There was no correlation with retinopathy, age and control of diabetes. At the 30th minute, prolactin levels were higher when diabetes was of more recent onset. These results confirm the absence of any participation of prolactin in the development of retinopathy, although variations in prolactin may be seen in association with the presence of diabetes.", "PMID": 96421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2144", "title": "[The treatment of congestive heart failure by using vasodilators. I. Physiological basis. Different vasodilators (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of vasodilators represents a new approach in the treatment of heart failure. These drugs have the property of causing vasodilatation of either arterial or venous predominance or balanced between these two vascular beds. Arterio-dilators (phentolamine, hydralazine) increase stroke volume and cardiac output by decreasing ventricular afterload. Veno-dilators (nitroglycerine) have little effect on cardiac output but decrease ventricular filling pressure, thereby relieving pulmonary venous hypertension. Mixed vasodilators (Sodium nitroprussideate, trimetaphan) combine these two groups of properties in various degrees. The majority of these drugs can only be administered intravenously, with careful haemodynamic surveillance.", "contents": "[The treatment of congestive heart failure by using vasodilators. I. Physiological basis. Different vasodilators (author's transl)]. The use of vasodilators represents a new approach in the treatment of heart failure. These drugs have the property of causing vasodilatation of either arterial or venous predominance or balanced between these two vascular beds. Arterio-dilators (phentolamine, hydralazine) increase stroke volume and cardiac output by decreasing ventricular afterload. Veno-dilators (nitroglycerine) have little effect on cardiac output but decrease ventricular filling pressure, thereby relieving pulmonary venous hypertension. Mixed vasodilators (Sodium nitroprussideate, trimetaphan) combine these two groups of properties in various degrees. The majority of these drugs can only be administered intravenously, with careful haemodynamic surveillance.", "PMID": 96422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2145", "title": "[The treatment of Crohn's disease in the child. 12 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapeutic aspects of Crohn's disease in pediatrics are discussed. New renutrition techniques are pointed out: total parenteral nutrition in 4 cases, and constant rate enteral nutrition in 6 cases (with elemental diet). In association with anti-anflammatory and anti-bacterial drugs results seemed very remarkable: in all cases, dramatic clinical recovery, and even radiologic improvement. In two cases surgery appeared to be defered after more than one year of evolution.", "contents": "[The treatment of Crohn's disease in the child. 12 cases (author's transl)]. Therapeutic aspects of Crohn's disease in pediatrics are discussed. New renutrition techniques are pointed out: total parenteral nutrition in 4 cases, and constant rate enteral nutrition in 6 cases (with elemental diet). In association with anti-anflammatory and anti-bacterial drugs results seemed very remarkable: in all cases, dramatic clinical recovery, and even radiologic improvement. In two cases surgery appeared to be defered after more than one year of evolution.", "PMID": 96428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2146", "title": "The localization of tRNA4Glu genes from Drosophila melanogaster by \"in situ\" hybridization.", "content": "Transfer RNAGlu4 was isolated from Drosophila melanogaster by affinity chromatography. The tRNA was iodinated \"in vitro\" with Na[25I] and hybridized \"in situ\" to salivary gland chromosomes from Drosophila. Subsequent autoradiography allowed the localization of the genes for tRNAGlu4 to the right arm of the second chromosome and to the left arm of the third chromosome in the regions 52 F, 56 EF and 62 A.", "contents": "The localization of tRNA4Glu genes from Drosophila melanogaster by \"in situ\" hybridization. Transfer RNAGlu4 was isolated from Drosophila melanogaster by affinity chromatography. The tRNA was iodinated \"in vitro\" with Na[25I] and hybridized \"in situ\" to salivary gland chromosomes from Drosophila. Subsequent autoradiography allowed the localization of the genes for tRNAGlu4 to the right arm of the second chromosome and to the left arm of the third chromosome in the regions 52 F, 56 EF and 62 A.", "PMID": 96430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2147", "title": "Pre-proparathyroid hormone; amino acid sequence, chemical synthesis, and some biological studies of the precursor region.", "content": "The precursor of bovine proparathyroid hormone was synthesized by translation of parathyroid mRNA in a wheat-germ cell-free system. The amino acid sequence of the NH2-terminal extension (the pre sequence) was determined by repetitive Edman degradation of the polypeptide labeled with radioactive amino acids (radiosequencing). The pre sequence of pre-proparathyroid hormone is (formula: see text) which is followed by the sequence of proparathyroid hormone. It is significant that 20 of the 25 amino acids in the sequence are hydrophobic. This high hydrophobicity is consistent with the proposed role of the pre sequence as a membrane-penetrating peptide. The precursor-specific sequence of 31 amino acids was snythesized chemically by the solid-phase technique. This synthetic peptide was shown to bind to the microsomal fraction of homogenates prepared from extracts of parathyroid glands, a finding consistent with the proposed role of the precursor peptide in the attachment of the nascent chain--mRNA--ribosome complex to the endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Pre-proparathyroid hormone; amino acid sequence, chemical synthesis, and some biological studies of the precursor region. The precursor of bovine proparathyroid hormone was synthesized by translation of parathyroid mRNA in a wheat-germ cell-free system. The amino acid sequence of the NH2-terminal extension (the pre sequence) was determined by repetitive Edman degradation of the polypeptide labeled with radioactive amino acids (radiosequencing). The pre sequence of pre-proparathyroid hormone is (formula: see text) which is followed by the sequence of proparathyroid hormone. It is significant that 20 of the 25 amino acids in the sequence are hydrophobic. This high hydrophobicity is consistent with the proposed role of the pre sequence as a membrane-penetrating peptide. The precursor-specific sequence of 31 amino acids was snythesized chemically by the solid-phase technique. This synthetic peptide was shown to bind to the microsomal fraction of homogenates prepared from extracts of parathyroid glands, a finding consistent with the proposed role of the precursor peptide in the attachment of the nascent chain--mRNA--ribosome complex to the endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 96437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2148", "title": "[Diagnosis of malignant neoplasms by studying the changes in the concentration of fetal hemoglobin, hemoglobin A2 and carbonic anhydrases B and C. An application of discriminating function].", "content": "This publication proposes the utilization of an analytical discriminatory method in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasia. The multiple variable technique of analysis is suggested employing the quantification of the HbF, HbA2, AcB and AcC. This has already been demonstrated in a previous study which suffered from quantifiable variations important in neoplastic disease. The confidence of the procedure has been proven when applied to 198 known cases, having classified them adequately 94 per cent of the time.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of malignant neoplasms by studying the changes in the concentration of fetal hemoglobin, hemoglobin A2 and carbonic anhydrases B and C. An application of discriminating function]. This publication proposes the utilization of an analytical discriminatory method in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasia. The multiple variable technique of analysis is suggested employing the quantification of the HbF, HbA2, AcB and AcC. This has already been demonstrated in a previous study which suffered from quantifiable variations important in neoplastic disease. The confidence of the procedure has been proven when applied to 198 known cases, having classified them adequately 94 per cent of the time.", "PMID": 96435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2149", "title": "Synthesis of cold-insoluble globulin by cultured calf endothelial cells.", "content": "Radiolabeled amino acids were incorporated into nondialyzable protein by cultures of endothelial cells derived from calf aorta. Antibody prepared against purified bovine plasma cold-insoluble globulin (CIG) formed a strong precipitin line upon immunodiffusion against 3H-labeled proteins from endothelial cell culture media. This precipitin line formed a line of identity with the precipitin line formed by anti-CIG and purified CIG. Double-antibody immunoprecipitation of 3H-labeled protein showed that 36.3% of the radioactivity was specifically precipitated by the anti-CIG antibody. Gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitate indicated that it contained a single protein species whose molecular weight was consistent with that of CIG isolated from plasma. When cultured cells were examined by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, the endothelial cells stained specifically with anti-CIG antibody. These data indicate that cultured endothelial cells derived from calf aorta synthesize and secrete a protein antigenically similar to CIG.", "contents": "Synthesis of cold-insoluble globulin by cultured calf endothelial cells. Radiolabeled amino acids were incorporated into nondialyzable protein by cultures of endothelial cells derived from calf aorta. Antibody prepared against purified bovine plasma cold-insoluble globulin (CIG) formed a strong precipitin line upon immunodiffusion against 3H-labeled proteins from endothelial cell culture media. This precipitin line formed a line of identity with the precipitin line formed by anti-CIG and purified CIG. Double-antibody immunoprecipitation of 3H-labeled protein showed that 36.3% of the radioactivity was specifically precipitated by the anti-CIG antibody. Gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitate indicated that it contained a single protein species whose molecular weight was consistent with that of CIG isolated from plasma. When cultured cells were examined by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, the endothelial cells stained specifically with anti-CIG antibody. These data indicate that cultured endothelial cells derived from calf aorta synthesize and secrete a protein antigenically similar to CIG.", "PMID": 96438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2150", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a highly repetitious inverted terminal repeat sequence from Oxytricha macronuclear DNA.", "content": "The low-complexity \"gene-sized\" linear DNA duplexes of the Oxytricha macronucleus sport short inverted terminal repeats; thus, each single strand is capable of forming a circle held together by a duplex \"neck\" [Wesley, R. D. (1975) Porc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 678--682]. We have isolated necks from total, circularized, single-stranded macronuclear DNA by treatment with nuclease S1. Necks represent at least 2.2% of the total DNA, are homogeneous in size (23 base pairs), melt at 55 degrees in 0.18 M Na+, and reassociate extremely rapidly at 22 degrees (Cot1/2 = 1.1 X 10(-5) mol-liter-1.sec) to form hybrid necks of the same thermal stability. From these and other results, we conclude that all necks on all the many thousands of different single-stranded circles are the same. The neck sequence is therefore highly repetitious--found in multiple copies (as inverted terminal repeats at flush duplex ends and probably also internally) on each natural \"gene-sized\" macronuclear DNA molecule--implying the possible participation of this sequence both in the general vegetative metabolism of macronuclear DNA and in the pre-vegetative process whereby macronuclear DNA is excised from the total Oxytricha genome.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a highly repetitious inverted terminal repeat sequence from Oxytricha macronuclear DNA. The low-complexity \"gene-sized\" linear DNA duplexes of the Oxytricha macronucleus sport short inverted terminal repeats; thus, each single strand is capable of forming a circle held together by a duplex \"neck\" [Wesley, R. D. (1975) Porc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 678--682]. We have isolated necks from total, circularized, single-stranded macronuclear DNA by treatment with nuclease S1. Necks represent at least 2.2% of the total DNA, are homogeneous in size (23 base pairs), melt at 55 degrees in 0.18 M Na+, and reassociate extremely rapidly at 22 degrees (Cot1/2 = 1.1 X 10(-5) mol-liter-1.sec) to form hybrid necks of the same thermal stability. From these and other results, we conclude that all necks on all the many thousands of different single-stranded circles are the same. The neck sequence is therefore highly repetitious--found in multiple copies (as inverted terminal repeats at flush duplex ends and probably also internally) on each natural \"gene-sized\" macronuclear DNA molecule--implying the possible participation of this sequence both in the general vegetative metabolism of macronuclear DNA and in the pre-vegetative process whereby macronuclear DNA is excised from the total Oxytricha genome.", "PMID": 96439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2151", "title": "Pseudomonas cytochrome c551 at 2.0 A resolution: enlargement of the cytochrome c family.", "content": "The structure of respiratory cytochrome c551 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with 82 amino acids, has been solved by x-ray analysis and refined to a crystallographic R factor of 16.2%. It has the same basic folding pattern and hydrophobic heme environment as cytochromes c, c2, and c550, except for a large deletion at the bottom of the heme crevice. This same \"cytochrome fold\" appears to be present in photosynthetic cytochromes c of green and purple sulfur bacteria, and algal cytochromes f, suggesting a common evolutionary origin for electron transport chains in photosynthesis and respiration.", "contents": "Pseudomonas cytochrome c551 at 2.0 A resolution: enlargement of the cytochrome c family. The structure of respiratory cytochrome c551 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with 82 amino acids, has been solved by x-ray analysis and refined to a crystallographic R factor of 16.2%. It has the same basic folding pattern and hydrophobic heme environment as cytochromes c, c2, and c550, except for a large deletion at the bottom of the heme crevice. This same \"cytochrome fold\" appears to be present in photosynthetic cytochromes c of green and purple sulfur bacteria, and algal cytochromes f, suggesting a common evolutionary origin for electron transport chains in photosynthesis and respiration.", "PMID": 96440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2152", "title": "Immunological screening method to detect specific translation products.", "content": "We describe a very sensitive method to detect as antigens the presence of specific proteins within phage plaques or bacterial colonies. We coat plastic sheets with antibody molecules, expose the sheet to lysed bacteria so that a released antigen can bind, and then label the immobilized antigen with radioiodinated antibodies. Thus, the antigen is sandwiched between the antibodies attached to the plastic sheet and those carrying the radioactive label. Autoradiography then shows the positions of antigen-containing colonies or phage plaques. A few molecules of antigen released from each bacterial cell generatean adequate signal.", "contents": "Immunological screening method to detect specific translation products. We describe a very sensitive method to detect as antigens the presence of specific proteins within phage plaques or bacterial colonies. We coat plastic sheets with antibody molecules, expose the sheet to lysed bacteria so that a released antigen can bind, and then label the immobilized antigen with radioiodinated antibodies. Thus, the antigen is sandwiched between the antibodies attached to the plastic sheet and those carrying the radioactive label. Autoradiography then shows the positions of antigen-containing colonies or phage plaques. A few molecules of antigen released from each bacterial cell generatean adequate signal.", "PMID": 96441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2153", "title": "Chromosomal locations of mouse immunoglobulin genes.", "content": "The chromosomal locations of the structural genes coding for the constant portions of mouse heavy (H) and light chain immunoglobulins were studied by molecular hybridization techniques. Complementary DNA probes containing the constant-region sequences of kappa and lambdaI light chain and alpha, gamma2b, and mu heavy chain mRNAs were annealed to a large excess of DNA from a series of eight mouse-human hybrid cell lines that are deficient for various mouse chromosomes. The lines were scored as positive when a high proportion of a probe annealed and negative when an insignificant proportion annealed. Some lines were clearly negative for H and lambda and clearly positive for kappa. Others were positive or intermediate for lambda, positive for kappa and negative for H. Still others, including a line that was selected for the absence of the mouse X chromosome, were positive for all immunoglobulin species. These results demonstrate that the Clambda, Ckappa, and CH genes are located on different autosomes in the mouse. In contrast, the three heavy-chain families exhibited consistently uniform hybridization results, suggesting that the genes for Calpha, Cgamma, and Cmu are located on the same chromosome. A comparison of karyotypic data with hybridization data has limited the possible locations of the Ig genes to only a few chromosomes.", "contents": "Chromosomal locations of mouse immunoglobulin genes. The chromosomal locations of the structural genes coding for the constant portions of mouse heavy (H) and light chain immunoglobulins were studied by molecular hybridization techniques. Complementary DNA probes containing the constant-region sequences of kappa and lambdaI light chain and alpha, gamma2b, and mu heavy chain mRNAs were annealed to a large excess of DNA from a series of eight mouse-human hybrid cell lines that are deficient for various mouse chromosomes. The lines were scored as positive when a high proportion of a probe annealed and negative when an insignificant proportion annealed. Some lines were clearly negative for H and lambda and clearly positive for kappa. Others were positive or intermediate for lambda, positive for kappa and negative for H. Still others, including a line that was selected for the absence of the mouse X chromosome, were positive for all immunoglobulin species. These results demonstrate that the Clambda, Ckappa, and CH genes are located on different autosomes in the mouse. In contrast, the three heavy-chain families exhibited consistently uniform hybridization results, suggesting that the genes for Calpha, Cgamma, and Cmu are located on the same chromosome. A comparison of karyotypic data with hybridization data has limited the possible locations of the Ig genes to only a few chromosomes.", "PMID": 96442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2154", "title": "Direct demonstration of immunoglobulin kappa chain RNA in thymus T cells by in situ hybridization.", "content": "Mouse thymuses with more than 99% T cells have been reported to contain immunoglobulin kappa mRNA-like molecules (kappa RNA) in relatively large quantities. The present study was undertaken to rule out the possibility that the kappa RNA was mainly a product of a few contaminating B cells of the thymus and to determine whether all T-cell subpopulations contained kappa RNA. By in situ hybridization with DNA complementary to kappa mRNA (kappa cDNA) the following observations were made: 98.5% of thymus cell preparations hybridized with kappa cDNA; the 1.5% unlabeled cells were generally larger and paler staining than the majority of thymus cells. Only 0.015% of thymus cells were intensely labeled and appeared to be plasma cells. Also, 87% of spleen cells hybridized with kappa cDNA; most of these showed similar labeling intensity to the majority of thymus cells. The number of unlabeled cells corresponded to the percentage of hemopoietic cells and macrophages in the spleen. Spleen cells in the range of 0.37-0.85% were intensely labeled and appeared to be plasma cells. The following controls supported the conclusion that the results with thymus and spleen were due to specific hybridization: most of the kappa mRNA-deficient tissue culture cells of the plasmocytoid tumor ABPL-4 did not hybridize with kappa cDNA. The kappa mRNA-producing cells from myeloma PC 3741 hybridized in situ with kappa cDNA. Furthermore, all cells from this tumor and all spleen cells hybridized uniformly with a cDNA probe complementary to most of the total cellular poly(A)-containing RNA species of these cells. These results indicate that T cells of all types in the thymus as well as in the periphery contain substantial quantities of kappa RNA.", "contents": "Direct demonstration of immunoglobulin kappa chain RNA in thymus T cells by in situ hybridization. Mouse thymuses with more than 99% T cells have been reported to contain immunoglobulin kappa mRNA-like molecules (kappa RNA) in relatively large quantities. The present study was undertaken to rule out the possibility that the kappa RNA was mainly a product of a few contaminating B cells of the thymus and to determine whether all T-cell subpopulations contained kappa RNA. By in situ hybridization with DNA complementary to kappa mRNA (kappa cDNA) the following observations were made: 98.5% of thymus cell preparations hybridized with kappa cDNA; the 1.5% unlabeled cells were generally larger and paler staining than the majority of thymus cells. Only 0.015% of thymus cells were intensely labeled and appeared to be plasma cells. Also, 87% of spleen cells hybridized with kappa cDNA; most of these showed similar labeling intensity to the majority of thymus cells. The number of unlabeled cells corresponded to the percentage of hemopoietic cells and macrophages in the spleen. Spleen cells in the range of 0.37-0.85% were intensely labeled and appeared to be plasma cells. The following controls supported the conclusion that the results with thymus and spleen were due to specific hybridization: most of the kappa mRNA-deficient tissue culture cells of the plasmocytoid tumor ABPL-4 did not hybridize with kappa cDNA. The kappa mRNA-producing cells from myeloma PC 3741 hybridized in situ with kappa cDNA. Furthermore, all cells from this tumor and all spleen cells hybridized uniformly with a cDNA probe complementary to most of the total cellular poly(A)-containing RNA species of these cells. These results indicate that T cells of all types in the thymus as well as in the periphery contain substantial quantities of kappa RNA.", "PMID": 96443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2155", "title": "Stimulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis in baboons by hemolysis and hypoxia.", "content": "Fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) levels in the peripheral blood of baboons (Papio cynocephalus) increased from an average value of 0.78% to 18.1% during the recovery phase from phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia. A similar increase was observed in animals exposed to hypobaric hypoxia. Large individual variations in the maximal Hb F levels were observed which could not be correlated with the ages of the animals. Reinduction of hemolysis in two fully recovered animals resulted in Hb F levels that were of similar magnitude as in the preceding episode, suggesting the possibility of genetically determined individual variations in the rate of Hb F synthesis under the same conditions of erythropoietic stimulation. Reticulocytes from the animals subjected to hemolysis of hypobaric hypoxia synthesized similar absolute quantities of Hb F in vitro. The results of the present studies indicate that the physiological switch from the synthesis of Hb F to that of Hb A during ontogeny can be reversed in adult nonhuman primates by conditions of erythropoietic stress known to be associated with high erythropoietin levels. These findings open the possibility that Hb F synthesis in adult humans may be therapeutically modulated in individuals who might benefit from increased levels of Hb F, such as patients with sickle cell anemia.", "contents": "Stimulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis in baboons by hemolysis and hypoxia. Fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) levels in the peripheral blood of baboons (Papio cynocephalus) increased from an average value of 0.78% to 18.1% during the recovery phase from phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia. A similar increase was observed in animals exposed to hypobaric hypoxia. Large individual variations in the maximal Hb F levels were observed which could not be correlated with the ages of the animals. Reinduction of hemolysis in two fully recovered animals resulted in Hb F levels that were of similar magnitude as in the preceding episode, suggesting the possibility of genetically determined individual variations in the rate of Hb F synthesis under the same conditions of erythropoietic stimulation. Reticulocytes from the animals subjected to hemolysis of hypobaric hypoxia synthesized similar absolute quantities of Hb F in vitro. The results of the present studies indicate that the physiological switch from the synthesis of Hb F to that of Hb A during ontogeny can be reversed in adult nonhuman primates by conditions of erythropoietic stress known to be associated with high erythropoietin levels. These findings open the possibility that Hb F synthesis in adult humans may be therapeutically modulated in individuals who might benefit from increased levels of Hb F, such as patients with sickle cell anemia.", "PMID": 96444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2156", "title": "Large T1 oligonucleotides of Moloney leukemia virus missing in an env gene recombinant, HIX, are present on an intracellular 21S Moloney viral RNA species.", "content": "HIX, a recombinant derived from Moloney leukemia virus, has an envelope glycoprotein different from that of the Moloney virus. HIX and Moloney viruses share the majority of the large T1 oligonucleotides derived from their genomes but each possesses a set of distinctive oligonucleotides that lie clustered in corresponding regions in the 3' halves of their oligonucleotide maps. These regions presumably contain envelope glycoprotein coding sequences. The type C viral envelope glycoprotein is believed to be translated from a 21S RNA. Thus, at least part of the region of the Moloney virus genome that is altered relative to HIX was expected to be present on such a species. To test this prediction, we purified an intracellular 21S Moloney viral RNA species and analyzed its large T1 oligonucleotides by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This RNA contains one T1 oligonucleotide that is probably derived from the 5' end of the Moloney virus genome, the Moloney virus T1 oligonucleotides that are missing in HIX, and those that lie to their 3' side on the Moloney virus T1 oligonucleotide map.", "contents": "Large T1 oligonucleotides of Moloney leukemia virus missing in an env gene recombinant, HIX, are present on an intracellular 21S Moloney viral RNA species. HIX, a recombinant derived from Moloney leukemia virus, has an envelope glycoprotein different from that of the Moloney virus. HIX and Moloney viruses share the majority of the large T1 oligonucleotides derived from their genomes but each possesses a set of distinctive oligonucleotides that lie clustered in corresponding regions in the 3' halves of their oligonucleotide maps. These regions presumably contain envelope glycoprotein coding sequences. The type C viral envelope glycoprotein is believed to be translated from a 21S RNA. Thus, at least part of the region of the Moloney virus genome that is altered relative to HIX was expected to be present on such a species. To test this prediction, we purified an intracellular 21S Moloney viral RNA species and analyzed its large T1 oligonucleotides by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This RNA contains one T1 oligonucleotide that is probably derived from the 5' end of the Moloney virus genome, the Moloney virus T1 oligonucleotides that are missing in HIX, and those that lie to their 3' side on the Moloney virus T1 oligonucleotide map.", "PMID": 96445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2157", "title": "Clusters of intramembranous particles on cultured myotubes at sites that are highly sensitive to acetylcholine.", "content": "Electrophysiological and autoradiographic studies have shown that the distribution of acetylcholine (AcCho) receptors on uninnervated cultured chicken muscle cells is not uniform. Regions of high receptor density (hot spots 10--40 times more sensitive than surrounding areas are localized as discrete patches or clusters about 10 micrometer in diameter o myotube muscle membranes. Hot spots were also found on fusion-arrested mononucleated myoblasts. We have developed a method for freeze-fracturing monolayer cultures that allows the unambiguous reidentification of membrane patches previously assayed for ACCho sensitivity. The freeze-fractured membranes at physiologically defined hot spots contain aggregates of many (10--20) small clusters of large (10--19 nm in diameter) intramembranous particles. Clusters are found on both fracture faces, but the particle density is much greater on the protoplasmic (P) face than on the extracellular (E) face (about 2000/micrometer2 vs. 700/micrometer2). Some of the particles appear to be composed of five or six \"subunits\" arranged cylindrically around a central dark dot. Because the aggregates are present at sites of high AcCho sensitivity, it is likely that the intramembranous particles are in some way related to the AcCho receptor molecule.", "contents": "Clusters of intramembranous particles on cultured myotubes at sites that are highly sensitive to acetylcholine. Electrophysiological and autoradiographic studies have shown that the distribution of acetylcholine (AcCho) receptors on uninnervated cultured chicken muscle cells is not uniform. Regions of high receptor density (hot spots 10--40 times more sensitive than surrounding areas are localized as discrete patches or clusters about 10 micrometer in diameter o myotube muscle membranes. Hot spots were also found on fusion-arrested mononucleated myoblasts. We have developed a method for freeze-fracturing monolayer cultures that allows the unambiguous reidentification of membrane patches previously assayed for ACCho sensitivity. The freeze-fractured membranes at physiologically defined hot spots contain aggregates of many (10--20) small clusters of large (10--19 nm in diameter) intramembranous particles. Clusters are found on both fracture faces, but the particle density is much greater on the protoplasmic (P) face than on the extracellular (E) face (about 2000/micrometer2 vs. 700/micrometer2). Some of the particles appear to be composed of five or six \"subunits\" arranged cylindrically around a central dark dot. Because the aggregates are present at sites of high AcCho sensitivity, it is likely that the intramembranous particles are in some way related to the AcCho receptor molecule.", "PMID": 96446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2158", "title": "Toward a mechanism of myoblast fusion.", "content": "Myoblasts derived from chick pectoral muscle explants and grown in vitro in low calcium medium are harvested with EDTA. These cells, when agitated in suspension, show a calcium mediated, reversible aggregation which is relevant to myoblast function. With time, progressively harsher methods are required to disrupt the aggregates until, finally, dispersion resistant aggregates and multinucleate cells appear. From these kinetic data we conclude that myoblast fusion results from a sequence of stages including recognition, adhesion, membrane union, and further morphologic changes. Various agents and manipulations, known to inhibit myotube formation, affect these stages differently. Our observations are compatible with protein mediated recognition and adhesion-stages, and with a role for the cytoskeleton, Ca2+, and fluid membrane lipids at a stage at, or just prior to, membrane union. One model consistent with our observations is an adhesive step, possibly via a gap junction-like structure, followed by directed movement of protein, which results in closely apposed or exposed regions of lipid bilayer, which then fuse.", "contents": "Toward a mechanism of myoblast fusion. Myoblasts derived from chick pectoral muscle explants and grown in vitro in low calcium medium are harvested with EDTA. These cells, when agitated in suspension, show a calcium mediated, reversible aggregation which is relevant to myoblast function. With time, progressively harsher methods are required to disrupt the aggregates until, finally, dispersion resistant aggregates and multinucleate cells appear. From these kinetic data we conclude that myoblast fusion results from a sequence of stages including recognition, adhesion, membrane union, and further morphologic changes. Various agents and manipulations, known to inhibit myotube formation, affect these stages differently. Our observations are compatible with protein mediated recognition and adhesion-stages, and with a role for the cytoskeleton, Ca2+, and fluid membrane lipids at a stage at, or just prior to, membrane union. One model consistent with our observations is an adhesive step, possibly via a gap junction-like structure, followed by directed movement of protein, which results in closely apposed or exposed regions of lipid bilayer, which then fuse.", "PMID": 96453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2159", "title": "Effects of perphenazine enanthate injections on prolactin levels in plasma from schizophrenic women and men.", "content": "Levels of prolactin (PRL) in plasma were determined in schizophrenic women and men after i.m. injections of 50-150 mg perphenazine enanthate (PE). In both sexes PRL levels increased dose-dependently. In men the effect was significant for 2 and in women for 9 days. Biperiden treatment did not influence the effect of PE on the PRL levels. The data support the view that clinically used doses of PE induce a small but significant blockade of central dopamine receptors.", "contents": "Effects of perphenazine enanthate injections on prolactin levels in plasma from schizophrenic women and men. Levels of prolactin (PRL) in plasma were determined in schizophrenic women and men after i.m. injections of 50-150 mg perphenazine enanthate (PE). In both sexes PRL levels increased dose-dependently. In men the effect was significant for 2 and in women for 9 days. Biperiden treatment did not influence the effect of PE on the PRL levels. The data support the view that clinically used doses of PE induce a small but significant blockade of central dopamine receptors.", "PMID": 96459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2160", "title": "Involvement of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) in the anticonvulsant action of methaqualone.", "content": "The effects of methaqualone on isonicotinic acid hydrazide, 6-mercapto propionic acid, picrotoxin, and strychnine-induced convulsion were studied in mice and the results compared with diazepam. Methaqualone, like diazepam, was found to be a selective antagonist of isoniazid-induced convulsion and a much less effective inhibitor of strychnine convulsion. Methaqualone elicits muscle-relaxant, sedative, and anticonvulsant effects at different dose levels. At low, nonsedative doses the drug produces anticonvulsant effects, and at higher doses, muscle-relaxant and sedative effects. It appears that the mechanism(s) of action of methaqualone in on GABA deficiency or receptor blockade, rather than on glycine receptors.", "contents": "Involvement of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) in the anticonvulsant action of methaqualone. The effects of methaqualone on isonicotinic acid hydrazide, 6-mercapto propionic acid, picrotoxin, and strychnine-induced convulsion were studied in mice and the results compared with diazepam. Methaqualone, like diazepam, was found to be a selective antagonist of isoniazid-induced convulsion and a much less effective inhibitor of strychnine convulsion. Methaqualone elicits muscle-relaxant, sedative, and anticonvulsant effects at different dose levels. At low, nonsedative doses the drug produces anticonvulsant effects, and at higher doses, muscle-relaxant and sedative effects. It appears that the mechanism(s) of action of methaqualone in on GABA deficiency or receptor blockade, rather than on glycine receptors.", "PMID": 96460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2161", "title": "Antidepressant activity and pharmacological interactions of ciclazindol.", "content": "Ciclazindol, a new tetracyclic compound, appears to be a potentially important antidepressant of the same order as amitriptyline, but with significantly fewer subjective side effects. Although as a group the patients treated with ciclazindol lost weight, clinical improvement was observed to be significantly correlated with the weight gain in both groups. The peripheral adrenergic interactions were studied. In the dosage used (100 mg/day) ciclazindol was observed to be a peripheral Na-reuptake blocker with no significant effect on the postsynaptic alpha-receptors. Plasma concentrations of the drug were estimated and their relationship to the therapeutic outcome, side effects, and adrenergic interaction were studied. No significant change in resting BP or ECG was observed following 4--6 weeks' treatment with ciclazindol.", "contents": "Antidepressant activity and pharmacological interactions of ciclazindol. Ciclazindol, a new tetracyclic compound, appears to be a potentially important antidepressant of the same order as amitriptyline, but with significantly fewer subjective side effects. Although as a group the patients treated with ciclazindol lost weight, clinical improvement was observed to be significantly correlated with the weight gain in both groups. The peripheral adrenergic interactions were studied. In the dosage used (100 mg/day) ciclazindol was observed to be a peripheral Na-reuptake blocker with no significant effect on the postsynaptic alpha-receptors. Plasma concentrations of the drug were estimated and their relationship to the therapeutic outcome, side effects, and adrenergic interaction were studied. No significant change in resting BP or ECG was observed following 4--6 weeks' treatment with ciclazindol.", "PMID": 96461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2162", "title": "The effects of methylphenidate on repeated acquisition of serial discrimination reversals.", "content": "Rats were trained to bar-press for sucrose solution in the presence of one of two stimulus conditions. On each daily training session, the stimulus during which bar-pressing was reinforced was reversed. The subjects were trained in this Serial Discrimination Reversal procedure until successive acquisitions of the discrimination had stabilized. Drug treatments consisting of saline or 0.25, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 or 8.0 mg/kg of methylphenidate were then administered 20 min prior to the daily training sessions. Acquisition of the discrimination was enhanced by low doses of methylphenidate (1,2, and 4 mg/kg) and attentuated by higher doses (6 and 8 mg/kg).", "contents": "The effects of methylphenidate on repeated acquisition of serial discrimination reversals. Rats were trained to bar-press for sucrose solution in the presence of one of two stimulus conditions. On each daily training session, the stimulus during which bar-pressing was reinforced was reversed. The subjects were trained in this Serial Discrimination Reversal procedure until successive acquisitions of the discrimination had stabilized. Drug treatments consisting of saline or 0.25, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 or 8.0 mg/kg of methylphenidate were then administered 20 min prior to the daily training sessions. Acquisition of the discrimination was enhanced by low doses of methylphenidate (1,2, and 4 mg/kg) and attentuated by higher doses (6 and 8 mg/kg).", "PMID": 96462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2163", "title": "Comparative effects of cocaine and pseudococaine on EEG activities, cardiorespiratory functions, and self-administration behavior in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The effects of cocaine and pseudococaine on the EEGs, heart and respiratory rates, and self-administration behavior were studied in rhesus monkeys. An intravenous injection of cocaine (2.5 and 4.0 mg/kg) in the monkey produced low-voltage fast waves (LVFWs) in the EEGs and behavioral hyperexcitation accompanied by marked increases in the heart and respiratory rates with mydriasis and excessive salivation. In contrast, pseudococaine produced high-voltage slow waves (HVSWs) in the EEGs and behavioral depression accompanied by the same symptoms of the autonomic functions as those produced by cocaine. Both isomers were self-administered by the monkeys. During cocaine self-administration sessions, the animals showed hyperexcitation in their overall behavior, while with pseudococaine they showed almost normal behavioral responses. These results suggest that cocaine produced excitatory effects and pseudococaine inhibitory effects on the EEGs and behavior. Both isomers stimulate the heart and respiratory rates, and were self-administered by the monkeys.", "contents": "Comparative effects of cocaine and pseudococaine on EEG activities, cardiorespiratory functions, and self-administration behavior in the rhesus monkey. The effects of cocaine and pseudococaine on the EEGs, heart and respiratory rates, and self-administration behavior were studied in rhesus monkeys. An intravenous injection of cocaine (2.5 and 4.0 mg/kg) in the monkey produced low-voltage fast waves (LVFWs) in the EEGs and behavioral hyperexcitation accompanied by marked increases in the heart and respiratory rates with mydriasis and excessive salivation. In contrast, pseudococaine produced high-voltage slow waves (HVSWs) in the EEGs and behavioral depression accompanied by the same symptoms of the autonomic functions as those produced by cocaine. Both isomers were self-administered by the monkeys. During cocaine self-administration sessions, the animals showed hyperexcitation in their overall behavior, while with pseudococaine they showed almost normal behavioral responses. These results suggest that cocaine produced excitatory effects and pseudococaine inhibitory effects on the EEGs and behavior. Both isomers stimulate the heart and respiratory rates, and were self-administered by the monkeys.", "PMID": 96463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2164", "title": "Narcotic cuing and analgesic activity of narcotic analgesics: associative and dissociative characteristics.", "content": "By using a discrete-trial, two-lever, food-reinforced discrimination learning paradigm, rats were trained to discriminate the narcotic analgesic fentanyl (0.05 mg/kg) from saline. Stimulus generalization experiments with lower fentanyl doses (0.0025 to 0.02 mg/kg) were carried out to generate individual threshold doses. The latter were compared with the sensitivity of the same rats to the analgesic effect of fentanyl, and it was found that there is no correlation between these two sets of data. In a time-effect experiment, the duration of fentanyl's cuing effect was compared with that of its analgesic effect, and it was found that the time-effect characteristics of the narcotic cue are similar to those of analgesia. Again, however, there was no correlation between the duration of both effects within the same group of animals. The results further deliniate the associative and dissociative characteristics of the narcotic cue and narcotic analgesia.", "contents": "Narcotic cuing and analgesic activity of narcotic analgesics: associative and dissociative characteristics. By using a discrete-trial, two-lever, food-reinforced discrimination learning paradigm, rats were trained to discriminate the narcotic analgesic fentanyl (0.05 mg/kg) from saline. Stimulus generalization experiments with lower fentanyl doses (0.0025 to 0.02 mg/kg) were carried out to generate individual threshold doses. The latter were compared with the sensitivity of the same rats to the analgesic effect of fentanyl, and it was found that there is no correlation between these two sets of data. In a time-effect experiment, the duration of fentanyl's cuing effect was compared with that of its analgesic effect, and it was found that the time-effect characteristics of the narcotic cue are similar to those of analgesia. Again, however, there was no correlation between the duration of both effects within the same group of animals. The results further deliniate the associative and dissociative characteristics of the narcotic cue and narcotic analgesia.", "PMID": 96464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2165", "title": "The caloric and intoxicating properties of fluid intake as components of stress-induced ethanol consumption in rats.", "content": "Rats housed continuously in a test environment for 25 days were offered water, 5% v/v ethanol, 10% v/v ethanol, and propylene glycol at 7.5% w/v. The propylene glycol concentration represented a caloric midpoint between the 5 and 10% ethanol. After 10 baseline sessions, during which preference for the four solutions was shown to be statistically equal, shock schedules were introduced. The consumption of ethanol at both concentrations showed significant peaks for the interval immediately following 12 min of shock each hour. Intake peaks were not observed for the water or propylene glycol. Baseline blood alcohol levels were negligible, but blood levels under shock averaged 143 mg/dl and ranged from 45.0 mg/dl to 295.0 mg/dl. After the shock sessions were terminated, baseline drinking indicated no significant change in preference relative to pre-shock baselines. but there was an elevation in preference for 5% ethanol relative to the other fluids. The preference for propylene glycol or water did not change.", "contents": "The caloric and intoxicating properties of fluid intake as components of stress-induced ethanol consumption in rats. Rats housed continuously in a test environment for 25 days were offered water, 5% v/v ethanol, 10% v/v ethanol, and propylene glycol at 7.5% w/v. The propylene glycol concentration represented a caloric midpoint between the 5 and 10% ethanol. After 10 baseline sessions, during which preference for the four solutions was shown to be statistically equal, shock schedules were introduced. The consumption of ethanol at both concentrations showed significant peaks for the interval immediately following 12 min of shock each hour. Intake peaks were not observed for the water or propylene glycol. Baseline blood alcohol levels were negligible, but blood levels under shock averaged 143 mg/dl and ranged from 45.0 mg/dl to 295.0 mg/dl. After the shock sessions were terminated, baseline drinking indicated no significant change in preference relative to pre-shock baselines. but there was an elevation in preference for 5% ethanol relative to the other fluids. The preference for propylene glycol or water did not change.", "PMID": 96465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2166", "title": "Deprenyl administration in man: a selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor without the 'cheese effect'.", "content": "After pretreatment with the selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, (-)-deprenyl, in doses sufficient for complete inhibition of the platelet enzyme, 4 normal and 6 parkinsoniam volunteers (2 receiving levodopa and 2 levodopa plus carbidopa) suffered no adverse pressor reaction ('cheese effect') after challenge with oral tyramine in amounts considerably greater than those likely to be encountered in a normal diet. Nor did the levodopa-deprenyl combination itself result in a pressor response. Normal human intestinal mucosa was shown predominantly to contain the deprenyl-insensitive A form of the enzyme, which presumably degraded administered tyramine in the deprenyl-treated volunteers; even those receiving the drug for prolonged periods manifested no 'cheese effect', suggesting that the A form remained uninhibited. Intestinal monoamine oxidase A was able to oxidise dopamine, whereas in human platelet or striatum the amine is a monoamine oxidase B substrate. Like tyramine, oral phenylethylamine challenge with amounts greater than those known to be present in a normal diet similarly gave rise to no adverse reaction in (-)-deprenyl-treated subjects; the reasons for this remain to be determined.", "contents": "Deprenyl administration in man: a selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor without the 'cheese effect'. After pretreatment with the selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, (-)-deprenyl, in doses sufficient for complete inhibition of the platelet enzyme, 4 normal and 6 parkinsoniam volunteers (2 receiving levodopa and 2 levodopa plus carbidopa) suffered no adverse pressor reaction ('cheese effect') after challenge with oral tyramine in amounts considerably greater than those likely to be encountered in a normal diet. Nor did the levodopa-deprenyl combination itself result in a pressor response. Normal human intestinal mucosa was shown predominantly to contain the deprenyl-insensitive A form of the enzyme, which presumably degraded administered tyramine in the deprenyl-treated volunteers; even those receiving the drug for prolonged periods manifested no 'cheese effect', suggesting that the A form remained uninhibited. Intestinal monoamine oxidase A was able to oxidise dopamine, whereas in human platelet or striatum the amine is a monoamine oxidase B substrate. Like tyramine, oral phenylethylamine challenge with amounts greater than those known to be present in a normal diet similarly gave rise to no adverse reaction in (-)-deprenyl-treated subjects; the reasons for this remain to be determined.", "PMID": 96466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2167", "title": "Inhibition of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase and brain-stimulated reward.", "content": "The centrally active inhibitors of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT; E.C. 2.1.1.28), the terminal enzyme for epinephrine biosynthesis in the brain, produced dose-related decreases in rats of responding for rewarding brain stimulation in adult male rats. Decreases occurred at dosages that did not produce measurable neurologic impairment. This suggests a possible role for central epinephrine-containing neurons in the maintenance of reward-mediated behaviors.", "contents": "Inhibition of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase and brain-stimulated reward. The centrally active inhibitors of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT; E.C. 2.1.1.28), the terminal enzyme for epinephrine biosynthesis in the brain, produced dose-related decreases in rats of responding for rewarding brain stimulation in adult male rats. Decreases occurred at dosages that did not produce measurable neurologic impairment. This suggests a possible role for central epinephrine-containing neurons in the maintenance of reward-mediated behaviors.", "PMID": 96467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2168", "title": "Lysergic acid diethylamide antagonizes shaking induced in rats by five chemically different compounds.", "content": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), sodium valproate, AF-3-5 (1-[2-hydroxyphenyl]-4-[3-nitrophenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-2-one), RX336-M (7,8-dihydro-5',6'-dimethylcyclohex-5'-eno-1',2',8',14 codeinone), and Sgd 8473 (alpha-[4-chlorobenzylideneamino)-oxy]-isobutyric acid) each induced repetitive shaking of the body of rats after intraperitoneal injection. This action of the five diverse chemicals appears to be subserved by a common pharmacological component, because pretreatment with d-lysergic acid diethylamide (0.03--1.0 mg kg-1, s.c.) attenuated the shaking behavior in a dose-related manner, and cross tolerance was found between RX336-M and TRH, sodium valproate, and AG-3-5.", "contents": "Lysergic acid diethylamide antagonizes shaking induced in rats by five chemically different compounds. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), sodium valproate, AF-3-5 (1-[2-hydroxyphenyl]-4-[3-nitrophenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-2-one), RX336-M (7,8-dihydro-5',6'-dimethylcyclohex-5'-eno-1',2',8',14 codeinone), and Sgd 8473 (alpha-[4-chlorobenzylideneamino)-oxy]-isobutyric acid) each induced repetitive shaking of the body of rats after intraperitoneal injection. This action of the five diverse chemicals appears to be subserved by a common pharmacological component, because pretreatment with d-lysergic acid diethylamide (0.03--1.0 mg kg-1, s.c.) attenuated the shaking behavior in a dose-related manner, and cross tolerance was found between RX336-M and TRH, sodium valproate, and AG-3-5.", "PMID": 96468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2169", "title": "Effects of ethanol on pregnant rats and their offspring.", "content": "Pregnant rats were intubated with either 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg of ethanol daily throughout gestation. Pair-fed vehicle-treated, and nontreated rats fed ad libitum, served as control groups for ethanol-treated animals. Ethanol treatment reduced food and water consumption and attenuated the gain in body weight of pregnant animals relative to nontreated animals fed ad libitum. Litter size, litter weight, and the mean weight per pup were reduced in both the ethanol-treated and pair-fed control groups. There was no evidence of gross malformations in any of the off-spring. Since the reduction in litter size and litter weights did not differ significantly between ethanol-treated and pair-fed controls, the effects of treatment with ethanol appeared to be related to a reduction in maternal intake of calories rather than to the direct effect of ethanol on the developing fetus. There were no significant differences between any of the groups of offspring on one-way shock avoidance learning, water maze escape learning, spontaneous alternation, or brightness discrimination learning in tests beginning at 75 days of age. Thus, at the doses of alcohol used in this study, there was no evidence of behavioral teratogenesis comparable to that reported for higher doses in animals or in man characterized by the fetal alcohol syndrome.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol on pregnant rats and their offspring. Pregnant rats were intubated with either 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg of ethanol daily throughout gestation. Pair-fed vehicle-treated, and nontreated rats fed ad libitum, served as control groups for ethanol-treated animals. Ethanol treatment reduced food and water consumption and attenuated the gain in body weight of pregnant animals relative to nontreated animals fed ad libitum. Litter size, litter weight, and the mean weight per pup were reduced in both the ethanol-treated and pair-fed control groups. There was no evidence of gross malformations in any of the off-spring. Since the reduction in litter size and litter weights did not differ significantly between ethanol-treated and pair-fed controls, the effects of treatment with ethanol appeared to be related to a reduction in maternal intake of calories rather than to the direct effect of ethanol on the developing fetus. There were no significant differences between any of the groups of offspring on one-way shock avoidance learning, water maze escape learning, spontaneous alternation, or brightness discrimination learning in tests beginning at 75 days of age. Thus, at the doses of alcohol used in this study, there was no evidence of behavioral teratogenesis comparable to that reported for higher doses in animals or in man characterized by the fetal alcohol syndrome.", "PMID": 96469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2170", "title": "Blockade of photically induced epilepsy by 'dopamine agonist' ergot alkaloids.", "content": "The effect of the intravenous administration of ergot alkaloids on epileptic responses to intermittent photic stimulation )IPS) has been studied in adolescent baboons, Papio papio, from Senegal. Ergocornine, 1--2 mg/kg, produced marked autonomic and behavioural effects, slowed the EEG, and abolished myoclonic responses to IPS for 30--90 min. Ergometrine, 1 mg/kg, activated the EEG and blocked the induction of myoclonic responses for 1--3 h. Bromocriptine, 0.5--4 mg/kg, did not consistently prevent myoclonic responses to IPS. After pretreatment with a subconvulsant dose of allylglycine (180--200 mg/kg), lysergic acid diethylamide, 0.1 mg/kg, retained the capacity to block myoclonic responses to IPS, and ergocornine 1 mg/kg reduced such responses. The convulsant effect of allylglycine was enhanced, however, so that prolonged seizure sequences began 19--96 min after ergocornine administration. The protective action of ergot alkaloids against epileptic responses induced by sensory stimulation is interpreted in terms of effects at several sites, including dopaminergic and serotoninergic synapses.", "contents": "Blockade of photically induced epilepsy by 'dopamine agonist' ergot alkaloids. The effect of the intravenous administration of ergot alkaloids on epileptic responses to intermittent photic stimulation )IPS) has been studied in adolescent baboons, Papio papio, from Senegal. Ergocornine, 1--2 mg/kg, produced marked autonomic and behavioural effects, slowed the EEG, and abolished myoclonic responses to IPS for 30--90 min. Ergometrine, 1 mg/kg, activated the EEG and blocked the induction of myoclonic responses for 1--3 h. Bromocriptine, 0.5--4 mg/kg, did not consistently prevent myoclonic responses to IPS. After pretreatment with a subconvulsant dose of allylglycine (180--200 mg/kg), lysergic acid diethylamide, 0.1 mg/kg, retained the capacity to block myoclonic responses to IPS, and ergocornine 1 mg/kg reduced such responses. The convulsant effect of allylglycine was enhanced, however, so that prolonged seizure sequences began 19--96 min after ergocornine administration. The protective action of ergot alkaloids against epileptic responses induced by sensory stimulation is interpreted in terms of effects at several sites, including dopaminergic and serotoninergic synapses.", "PMID": 96470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2171", "title": "A twin study on three enzymes (DBH, COMT, MAO) of catecholamine metabolism. Correlations with MMPI.", "content": "Ina a sample of 48 healthy adult male twin pairs (24 MZ, 24 DZ) the activities of DBH (serum),  COMT (red blood cells), and MAO (platelets) were determined. The twins had undergone a detailed psychodiagnostic test procedure before. Interindividual variability of enzyme activities is almost exclusively genetically determined. No correlation between enzyme activities within one subject is found. Correlations between enzyme activities and MMPI test scores were calculated. As in a comparable investigation by Murphy et al. (1977), negative correlations between MAO activity and MMPI scores prevailed.", "contents": "A twin study on three enzymes (DBH, COMT, MAO) of catecholamine metabolism. Correlations with MMPI. Ina a sample of 48 healthy adult male twin pairs (24 MZ, 24 DZ) the activities of DBH (serum),  COMT (red blood cells), and MAO (platelets) were determined. The twins had undergone a detailed psychodiagnostic test procedure before. Interindividual variability of enzyme activities is almost exclusively genetically determined. No correlation between enzyme activities within one subject is found. Correlations between enzyme activities and MMPI test scores were calculated. As in a comparable investigation by Murphy et al. (1977), negative correlations between MAO activity and MMPI scores prevailed.", "PMID": 96471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2172", "title": "Dopamine metabolites in human brain.", "content": "The relationship of human brain levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) to cerebrospinal fluid levels of this domapine (DA) metabolite was studied. The effect of postmortem delay was evaluated in the rat. DOPAC was resistant to postmortem changes in brain kept in situ. The level of DOPAC (free and conjugated) determined in DA-rich areas of six human brains amounted to only a fraction of the homovanillic acid (HVA) found in the same regions. The DOPAC/HVA ratio in human brain was similar to that found in CSF. We conclude that HVA is the major DA metabolite in human brain and that DA metabolite levels in CSF reflect DA metabolite levels in brain.", "contents": "Dopamine metabolites in human brain. The relationship of human brain levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) to cerebrospinal fluid levels of this domapine (DA) metabolite was studied. The effect of postmortem delay was evaluated in the rat. DOPAC was resistant to postmortem changes in brain kept in situ. The level of DOPAC (free and conjugated) determined in DA-rich areas of six human brains amounted to only a fraction of the homovanillic acid (HVA) found in the same regions. The DOPAC/HVA ratio in human brain was similar to that found in CSF. We conclude that HVA is the major DA metabolite in human brain and that DA metabolite levels in CSF reflect DA metabolite levels in brain.", "PMID": 96472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2173", "title": "Haloperidol and lithium blocking of the mood response to intravenous methylphenidate.", "content": "The euthymic manic-d-pressive patients with therapeutic plasma lithium levels were each given two i.f. infusions of 30 mg of methylphenidate. The infusions were separated by at least 3 days. Before one infusion each patient was given 5 mg of haloperidol i.v. and before the other infusion each was given an identical volume of saline. A psychiatric observer was blind to the nature of the pretreatment and the order of pretreatment was randomized. Saline pretreated patients showed marked activation and euphoriant responses despite therapeutic lithium levels. Haloperidol pretreatment reduced this response in three patients and eliminated the euphoriant and activating response in the remaining seven patients. These results agree with the existence of a dopaminergic step in the induction of methylphenidate-induced activation and euphoria.", "contents": "Haloperidol and lithium blocking of the mood response to intravenous methylphenidate. The euthymic manic-d-pressive patients with therapeutic plasma lithium levels were each given two i.f. infusions of 30 mg of methylphenidate. The infusions were separated by at least 3 days. Before one infusion each patient was given 5 mg of haloperidol i.v. and before the other infusion each was given an identical volume of saline. A psychiatric observer was blind to the nature of the pretreatment and the order of pretreatment was randomized. Saline pretreated patients showed marked activation and euphoriant responses despite therapeutic lithium levels. Haloperidol pretreatment reduced this response in three patients and eliminated the euphoriant and activating response in the remaining seven patients. These results agree with the existence of a dopaminergic step in the induction of methylphenidate-induced activation and euphoria.", "PMID": 96473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2174", "title": "Brain and liver aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and voluntary ethanol consumption by rats: relations to strain, sex, and age.", "content": "Voluntary ethanol consumption and brain and liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity were measured in male and female rats of the Tryon Maze-Bright (S1), Tryon Maze-Dull (S3), and Wistar strains. The levels of brain ALDH measured in the different groups, corresponded well to the levels of ethanol consumption, while differences in liver ALDH corresponded well to only the strain differences in ethanol intake. Within individual groups, levels of ethanol consumption correlated better with levels of brain and liver aldehyde-oxidizing capacity. Age affected both voluntary ethanol intake and liver ALDH levels, but there were no systematic relations between the two effects. Age did not significantly affect the cerebral-aldehyde oxidizing capacity. It is argued that inherent variation in brain ALDH activity may be a principal biochemical counterpart of the differences in ethanol intake amoung different strains and sexes of laboratory rats.", "contents": "Brain and liver aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and voluntary ethanol consumption by rats: relations to strain, sex, and age. Voluntary ethanol consumption and brain and liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity were measured in male and female rats of the Tryon Maze-Bright (S1), Tryon Maze-Dull (S3), and Wistar strains. The levels of brain ALDH measured in the different groups, corresponded well to the levels of ethanol consumption, while differences in liver ALDH corresponded well to only the strain differences in ethanol intake. Within individual groups, levels of ethanol consumption correlated better with levels of brain and liver aldehyde-oxidizing capacity. Age affected both voluntary ethanol intake and liver ALDH levels, but there were no systematic relations between the two effects. Age did not significantly affect the cerebral-aldehyde oxidizing capacity. It is argued that inherent variation in brain ALDH activity may be a principal biochemical counterpart of the differences in ethanol intake amoung different strains and sexes of laboratory rats.", "PMID": 96475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2175", "title": "Radiotherapy in marginal resectable and non-resectable rectum cancer.", "content": "66 patients with inoperable rectum cancer were treated with megavoltage irradiation. These patients were studied in order to see if high dose radiotherapy could cure inoperable patients. No patients were cured. The palliative effect was important, because in most patients a colostomy was avoided. 21 patients with marginal resectable rectum cancer received preoperative irradiation. The effect of combined therapy in this highly selected group of patients gives an indication for a 50% 5-year cure rate.", "contents": "Radiotherapy in marginal resectable and non-resectable rectum cancer. 66 patients with inoperable rectum cancer were treated with megavoltage irradiation. These patients were studied in order to see if high dose radiotherapy could cure inoperable patients. No patients were cured. The palliative effect was important, because in most patients a colostomy was avoided. 21 patients with marginal resectable rectum cancer received preoperative irradiation. The effect of combined therapy in this highly selected group of patients gives an indication for a 50% 5-year cure rate.", "PMID": 96483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2176", "title": "Improving performance by multiple interpretations of chest radiographs: effectiveness and cost.", "content": "The accuracy and cost of four methods of duplicate reading were evaluated. Eight radiologists interpreted 100 random chest radiographs. Using a third independent interpretation to resolve disagreements between pairs of readers (\"Pseudoarbitration\") was the most effective method overall, reducing errors 37%, increasing correct interpretations 18%, and adding 19% to the cost of an error-free interpretation. Resolving disagreements in facor of positive diagnoses was the best method for reducing omissions, but it almost doubled false-positive diagnoses. The choice between single and multiple interpretations must be evaluated in each clinical setting and should consider expected improvements in accuracy, implications for patient care, and additional costs.", "contents": "Improving performance by multiple interpretations of chest radiographs: effectiveness and cost. The accuracy and cost of four methods of duplicate reading were evaluated. Eight radiologists interpreted 100 random chest radiographs. Using a third independent interpretation to resolve disagreements between pairs of readers (\"Pseudoarbitration\") was the most effective method overall, reducing errors 37%, increasing correct interpretations 18%, and adding 19% to the cost of an error-free interpretation. Resolving disagreements in facor of positive diagnoses was the best method for reducing omissions, but it almost doubled false-positive diagnoses. The choice between single and multiple interpretations must be evaluated in each clinical setting and should consider expected improvements in accuracy, implications for patient care, and additional costs.", "PMID": 96485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2177", "title": "Computed tomography in a private practice office.", "content": "Since 1975, the author examined over 6,000 outpatient and hospital inpatients with computed tomography in a private practice CT office. The patients were referred by 368 physicians and 26 hospitals. A CT center in a private radiology office available for immediate utilization by several hospitals and many physicians is an effective method of controlling costs and containing unnecessary capital equipment expenditures, and contributes to the preservation of the private practice of radiology and medicine.", "contents": "Computed tomography in a private practice office. Since 1975, the author examined over 6,000 outpatient and hospital inpatients with computed tomography in a private practice CT office. The patients were referred by 368 physicians and 26 hospitals. A CT center in a private radiology office available for immediate utilization by several hospitals and many physicians is an effective method of controlling costs and containing unnecessary capital equipment expenditures, and contributes to the preservation of the private practice of radiology and medicine.", "PMID": 96486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2178", "title": "Variations in depth-dose data between open and wedge fields for 4-MV X-rays.", "content": "Central-axis depth-dose data for 4-MV x rays, including tissue-maximum ratios, were measured for wedge fields. Comparison with corresponding open-field data revealed differences in magnitude which increased with depth, field size, and wedge thickness. However, phantom scatter correction factors for the wedge fields differed less than 1% from corresponding open-field factors. The differences in central-axis per cent depth doses between the two types of fields indicate beam hardening by the wedge filter. This study also implies that the derivation of tissue-maximum ratios from central-axis per cent depth is as valid for wedge as for open fields.", "contents": "Variations in depth-dose data between open and wedge fields for 4-MV X-rays. Central-axis depth-dose data for 4-MV x rays, including tissue-maximum ratios, were measured for wedge fields. Comparison with corresponding open-field data revealed differences in magnitude which increased with depth, field size, and wedge thickness. However, phantom scatter correction factors for the wedge fields differed less than 1% from corresponding open-field factors. The differences in central-axis per cent depth doses between the two types of fields indicate beam hardening by the wedge filter. This study also implies that the derivation of tissue-maximum ratios from central-axis per cent depth is as valid for wedge as for open fields.", "PMID": 96487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2179", "title": "Improved technique for obtaining teletherapy portal radiographs with high-energy photons.", "content": "H & D curves were obtained for various film/screen combinations exposed to 60Co, 4-MV, and 45-MV photons. Data indicate that contrast is enhanced more by light-emitting screens than by lead screens or direct exposure. Flexible film cassettes are more comfortable for the patient, and extra-large film can be used for larger patients.", "contents": "Improved technique for obtaining teletherapy portal radiographs with high-energy photons. H & D curves were obtained for various film/screen combinations exposed to 60Co, 4-MV, and 45-MV photons. Data indicate that contrast is enhanced more by light-emitting screens than by lead screens or direct exposure. Flexible film cassettes are more comfortable for the patient, and extra-large film can be used for larger patients.", "PMID": 96488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2180", "title": "Primary treatment of carcinoma of the lower rectum and anal canal by a combination of external irradiation and interstitial implant.", "content": "Ten patients with carcinoma of the anorectum were treated with a combination of external irradiation and after-loading interstitial 192Ir implant, which seems to be effective in controlling relatively small cancers of the anorectum and providing effective palliation of extensive lesions. Five of the 10 patients remain free of tumor after a minimum follow-up of 15 months. Four of the 10 were treated with one interstitial implant and 4,000--5,000 rads of external irradiation and 6 were treated with the same amount of irradiation and two implants. When two implants were used, complications were minimal.", "contents": "Primary treatment of carcinoma of the lower rectum and anal canal by a combination of external irradiation and interstitial implant. Ten patients with carcinoma of the anorectum were treated with a combination of external irradiation and after-loading interstitial 192Ir implant, which seems to be effective in controlling relatively small cancers of the anorectum and providing effective palliation of extensive lesions. Five of the 10 patients remain free of tumor after a minimum follow-up of 15 months. Four of the 10 were treated with one interstitial implant and 4,000--5,000 rads of external irradiation and 6 were treated with the same amount of irradiation and two implants. When two implants were used, complications were minimal.", "PMID": 96489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2181", "title": "A comparison of the effects of 50 MeVd leads to be neutron and cobalt-60 irradiation of the kidneys of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Twenty rhesus monkeys had one kidney irradiated (after undergoing unilateral nephrectomies) with one of four doses: 960 or 1080 rads of 50 MeVd leads to Be neutrons, or 2350 or 2700 rads of 60Co. Whereas animals treated with the lower dose of neutrons or 60Co are alive with relatively normal renal function, those treated with the higher dose of neutrons died of radiation nephritis. Animals treated with the higher dose of 60Co developed radiation nephritis but survived. The physiological and histopathological changes of radiation nephritis secondary to neutron irradiation are not qualitatively different from those reported for radiation nephritis secondary to photon irradiation.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of 50 MeVd leads to be neutron and cobalt-60 irradiation of the kidneys of rhesus monkeys. Twenty rhesus monkeys had one kidney irradiated (after undergoing unilateral nephrectomies) with one of four doses: 960 or 1080 rads of 50 MeVd leads to Be neutrons, or 2350 or 2700 rads of 60Co. Whereas animals treated with the lower dose of neutrons or 60Co are alive with relatively normal renal function, those treated with the higher dose of neutrons died of radiation nephritis. Animals treated with the higher dose of 60Co developed radiation nephritis but survived. The physiological and histopathological changes of radiation nephritis secondary to neutron irradiation are not qualitatively different from those reported for radiation nephritis secondary to photon irradiation.", "PMID": 96490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2182", "title": "Risk factors in complications of aqueous myelography.", "content": "The adverse reactions from aqueous myelography in 88 primates were reviewed to determine what factors increase the risk of complications. Seventy-four iocarmate (Dimeray) myelograms were obtained on 41 animals, and 90 metrizamide (Amipaque) myelograms were obtained on 47 animals. The risk of seizures and death from iocarmate myelography was higher than from metrizamide myelography. In animals that had previous myelograms or showed evidence of arachnoiditis, the risk of complications from aqueous myelography was higher. Additional precautions may be indicated if aqueous myelography is performed in patients with arachnoiditis.", "contents": "Risk factors in complications of aqueous myelography. The adverse reactions from aqueous myelography in 88 primates were reviewed to determine what factors increase the risk of complications. Seventy-four iocarmate (Dimeray) myelograms were obtained on 41 animals, and 90 metrizamide (Amipaque) myelograms were obtained on 47 animals. The risk of seizures and death from iocarmate myelography was higher than from metrizamide myelography. In animals that had previous myelograms or showed evidence of arachnoiditis, the risk of complications from aqueous myelography was higher. Additional precautions may be indicated if aqueous myelography is performed in patients with arachnoiditis.", "PMID": 96491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2183", "title": "Dosimetry for tangential chest wall irradiation.", "content": "The skin-sparing effect of megavoltage photons is lost to a varying extent when tangential beams are used to irradiate the chest wall. The skin dose for this technique, with and without a bolus, was investigated for 4- and 6-MV photons using film, thermoluminescent dosimeters, and an ionization chamber. Metal/tissue interface effects were observed when a flexible brass fabric material was used as a bolus.", "contents": "Dosimetry for tangential chest wall irradiation. The skin-sparing effect of megavoltage photons is lost to a varying extent when tangential beams are used to irradiate the chest wall. The skin dose for this technique, with and without a bolus, was investigated for 4- and 6-MV photons using film, thermoluminescent dosimeters, and an ionization chamber. Metal/tissue interface effects were observed when a flexible brass fabric material was used as a bolus.", "PMID": 96492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2184", "title": "Total-body irradiation with 25-MV photons in advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Preliminary results and complications.", "content": "Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated with total-body irradiation (TBI). One group was treated after chemotherapy failed, while the other group received TBI initially. TBI was ineffective against CLL after chemotherapy failed. All patients with lymphocytic lymphoma who initially responded to chemotherapy but later relapsed were helped by TBI, as were 88% of patients with previously untreated lymphocytic lymphomas.", "contents": "Total-body irradiation with 25-MV photons in advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Preliminary results and complications. Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated with total-body irradiation (TBI). One group was treated after chemotherapy failed, while the other group received TBI initially. TBI was ineffective against CLL after chemotherapy failed. All patients with lymphocytic lymphoma who initially responded to chemotherapy but later relapsed were helped by TBI, as were 88% of patients with previously untreated lymphocytic lymphomas.", "PMID": 96493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2185", "title": "Decreased smooth muscle side effects with 16, 16-dimethyl-trans-delta2-PGE1 methyl ester in Japanese monkey (Macaca Fuscata Fuscata).", "content": "The smooth muscle stimulating activity of a new PGE1 analog, 16, 16-dimethyl- trans delta2 -PGE1 methyl ester (ONO-802) was evaluated by simultaneously recording the EMG of the uterus and intestines, along with urinary bladder pressure, and blood pressure in pregnant and non-pregnant Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata). Single intravenous injections of ONO-802 in increasing dosages (0.2-5 microgram/kg) were found to be 50-100 times or more effective in inducing uterine contraction than PGF2alpha and PGE1. A mild, transient gastrointestinal muscle stimulating activity was observed, but change in urinary bladder pressure and blood pressure was not evident. ONO-802 induced uterine contractions in the pregnant animals were 10 times greater than in the non-pregnant animals. These results suggest that ONO-802 may be a suitable clinical prostaglandin for use in therapeutic abortion.", "contents": "Decreased smooth muscle side effects with 16, 16-dimethyl-trans-delta2-PGE1 methyl ester in Japanese monkey (Macaca Fuscata Fuscata). The smooth muscle stimulating activity of a new PGE1 analog, 16, 16-dimethyl- trans delta2 -PGE1 methyl ester (ONO-802) was evaluated by simultaneously recording the EMG of the uterus and intestines, along with urinary bladder pressure, and blood pressure in pregnant and non-pregnant Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata). Single intravenous injections of ONO-802 in increasing dosages (0.2-5 microgram/kg) were found to be 50-100 times or more effective in inducing uterine contraction than PGF2alpha and PGE1. A mild, transient gastrointestinal muscle stimulating activity was observed, but change in urinary bladder pressure and blood pressure was not evident. ONO-802 induced uterine contractions in the pregnant animals were 10 times greater than in the non-pregnant animals. These results suggest that ONO-802 may be a suitable clinical prostaglandin for use in therapeutic abortion.", "PMID": 96494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2186", "title": "Dithiothreitol inactivation of frog epidermis tyrosinase.", "content": "Frog epidermis tyrosinase inactivation by dithiothreitol (DTT), both in the proenzyme and active forms, have been studied. Upon increasing DTT:enzyme-up to 1o(6):1 ratios and depending on the incubation period, two inactivation steps both in proenzyme and enzyme were observed. Enzyme lost its activity faster than proenzyme. Oxygen favoured inactivation. After dialysis of the DTT:protein (10(6):1) incubation medium, 20% of the original enzyme activity was recovered. However it decreased to 15% if the enzyme had been incubated with substrate. Conformational changes due to loss of activity were not shown on the fluorescence spectra.", "contents": "Dithiothreitol inactivation of frog epidermis tyrosinase. Frog epidermis tyrosinase inactivation by dithiothreitol (DTT), both in the proenzyme and active forms, have been studied. Upon increasing DTT:enzyme-up to 1o(6):1 ratios and depending on the incubation period, two inactivation steps both in proenzyme and enzyme were observed. Enzyme lost its activity faster than proenzyme. Oxygen favoured inactivation. After dialysis of the DTT:protein (10(6):1) incubation medium, 20% of the original enzyme activity was recovered. However it decreased to 15% if the enzyme had been incubated with substrate. Conformational changes due to loss of activity were not shown on the fluorescence spectra.", "PMID": 96501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2187", "title": "Absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of 14C ethylenethiourea by the rhesus monkey and rat.", "content": "Two female rhesus monkeys and four Sprague-Dawley rats were give 14C ethylenethiourea by gastric intubation and the rate of excretion was evaluated for 48 hours. The animals were subsequently sacrificed and the tissue distribution of 14C determined. The major route of 14C excretion was by way of the urine with 47 and 64% of the total radioactivity in the monkey urine and an average of 82% in the rat urine. The feces accounted for less than 1.5% of the radioactivity in both animal species. Tissue distribution accounted for 21 and 28% of the administered 14C in the monkey, while less than 1% was located in the rat tissues. The skin and musculature contained the largest amount of radioactivity in both species.", "contents": "Absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of 14C ethylenethiourea by the rhesus monkey and rat. Two female rhesus monkeys and four Sprague-Dawley rats were give 14C ethylenethiourea by gastric intubation and the rate of excretion was evaluated for 48 hours. The animals were subsequently sacrificed and the tissue distribution of 14C determined. The major route of 14C excretion was by way of the urine with 47 and 64% of the total radioactivity in the monkey urine and an average of 82% in the rat urine. The feces accounted for less than 1.5% of the radioactivity in both animal species. Tissue distribution accounted for 21 and 28% of the administered 14C in the monkey, while less than 1% was located in the rat tissues. The skin and musculature contained the largest amount of radioactivity in both species.", "PMID": 96502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2188", "title": "Some response characteristics of CO2 electrodes.", "content": "Radiometer carbon dioxide electrodes and probably other electrodes of similar design do not give the same readings, except under certain very limited conditions, when used to measure carbon dioxide concentrations in solution and the gas phase with which the liquid is in equilibrium. Blood samples of high P(CO2), when introduced into the sample chamber of an electrode at low P(CO2), lose CO2 to the electrode resulting in a reduction of sample P(CO2) and hence, because the sample size is very small, a recorded value much below the real P(CO2) of the sample is obtained. The reverse occurs if the P(CO2) of the sample is below that of the electrode. To avoid these problems the electrode should be held at the same P(CO2) as the sample, or sample replacement should be used to establish the real P(CO2). The differences in response of the electrode to gases and liquids should also be taken into account.", "contents": "Some response characteristics of CO2 electrodes. Radiometer carbon dioxide electrodes and probably other electrodes of similar design do not give the same readings, except under certain very limited conditions, when used to measure carbon dioxide concentrations in solution and the gas phase with which the liquid is in equilibrium. Blood samples of high P(CO2), when introduced into the sample chamber of an electrode at low P(CO2), lose CO2 to the electrode resulting in a reduction of sample P(CO2) and hence, because the sample size is very small, a recorded value much below the real P(CO2) of the sample is obtained. The reverse occurs if the P(CO2) of the sample is below that of the electrode. To avoid these problems the electrode should be held at the same P(CO2) as the sample, or sample replacement should be used to establish the real P(CO2). The differences in response of the electrode to gases and liquids should also be taken into account.", "PMID": 96504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2189", "title": "[Lafora disease (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of 21 personal observations as well as those (82) from the litterature, it is concluded that the progressive myoclonic epilepsy with Lafora bodies (P.M.E.) constitutes a disease on its own. The clinical features are those described in the litterature observations and completed by some characteristics; the high frequency of visual symptoms (47 p. 100 personal cases); the relatively less bad evolution of epilepsy, perhaps in relation with use of modern drugs; the relatively moderate intensity of myoclonus which becomes complete only at the end of the evolution. From E.E.G. point of view, we can distinguish three periods: an initial one at the very onset of disease, who will show the same features as observated in primary generalized epilepsy, i.e. a well preserved background activity with superimposed generalized fast spikes and waves facilitated by the I.L.S. Then follows a period of evolutive E.E.G. (1-2 years after the onset of the disease) characterized by progressive slowing of the posterior background, enlargement of posterior slow activity and appearance of diffuse theta and delta activity. Simultaneously spikes and waves are taking less typical and bisynchronous aspect. Finally after 3 to 5 years from the onset there is a diffusely slow E.E.G. with superimposed fast multiple spikes. The E.E.G. findings in litterature usually refer only to this last period (stationary or terminal period). Occipital independent multiple spikes are frequently observed and could correlate with the visual symptoms observated in the Lafora disease. Some elements of differential diagnosis are given with respect to primary generalized epilepsy at the onset of the disease and later on with respect to dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica and to the progressive myoclonic epilepsy without Lafora bodies.", "contents": "[Lafora disease (author's transl)]. On the basis of 21 personal observations as well as those (82) from the litterature, it is concluded that the progressive myoclonic epilepsy with Lafora bodies (P.M.E.) constitutes a disease on its own. The clinical features are those described in the litterature observations and completed by some characteristics; the high frequency of visual symptoms (47 p. 100 personal cases); the relatively less bad evolution of epilepsy, perhaps in relation with use of modern drugs; the relatively moderate intensity of myoclonus which becomes complete only at the end of the evolution. From E.E.G. point of view, we can distinguish three periods: an initial one at the very onset of disease, who will show the same features as observated in primary generalized epilepsy, i.e. a well preserved background activity with superimposed generalized fast spikes and waves facilitated by the I.L.S. Then follows a period of evolutive E.E.G. (1-2 years after the onset of the disease) characterized by progressive slowing of the posterior background, enlargement of posterior slow activity and appearance of diffuse theta and delta activity. Simultaneously spikes and waves are taking less typical and bisynchronous aspect. Finally after 3 to 5 years from the onset there is a diffusely slow E.E.G. with superimposed fast multiple spikes. The E.E.G. findings in litterature usually refer only to this last period (stationary or terminal period). Occipital independent multiple spikes are frequently observed and could correlate with the visual symptoms observated in the Lafora disease. Some elements of differential diagnosis are given with respect to primary generalized epilepsy at the onset of the disease and later on with respect to dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica and to the progressive myoclonic epilepsy without Lafora bodies.", "PMID": 96498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2190", "title": "[Clinical and electrophysiological aspects of the gangliosidoses (author's transl)].", "content": "The gangliosidoses belong to the family of diseases known as the lipidoses and are due to an excess of ganglioside I (GM1) or II (GM2). The illness described by Landing belongs to Group I, whilst Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff's disease are type 2. This study was particularly concerned with the electro-clinical aspects of group 2, and 4 stages have been differentiated: --the first occurs between 4-10 months: the child is apathetic, hypotonic and has occasional audiogenic seizures; fundoscopy revealing the classical cherry red spot on the macula. The diagnosis can be confirmed by biopsy. The EEG is irregular but abnormalities are minor. --the second stage (10 months-2 years) the child spastic and amaurotic, often unresponsive is suffering from frequent seizures. The EEG is of high voltage, with slow and sharp waves. Auditory stimulation does not produce EEG changes. --in the third and 4th stages (after 2 years) the child is in a vegetative state with a progressive reduction in EEG voltage and sharp waves until death aged 3 or 4. Although there is a good correlation between clinical signs and EEG this is of no diagnostic value.", "contents": "[Clinical and electrophysiological aspects of the gangliosidoses (author's transl)]. The gangliosidoses belong to the family of diseases known as the lipidoses and are due to an excess of ganglioside I (GM1) or II (GM2). The illness described by Landing belongs to Group I, whilst Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff's disease are type 2. This study was particularly concerned with the electro-clinical aspects of group 2, and 4 stages have been differentiated: --the first occurs between 4-10 months: the child is apathetic, hypotonic and has occasional audiogenic seizures; fundoscopy revealing the classical cherry red spot on the macula. The diagnosis can be confirmed by biopsy. The EEG is irregular but abnormalities are minor. --the second stage (10 months-2 years) the child spastic and amaurotic, often unresponsive is suffering from frequent seizures. The EEG is of high voltage, with slow and sharp waves. Auditory stimulation does not produce EEG changes. --in the third and 4th stages (after 2 years) the child is in a vegetative state with a progressive reduction in EEG voltage and sharp waves until death aged 3 or 4. Although there is a good correlation between clinical signs and EEG this is of no diagnostic value.", "PMID": 96499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2191", "title": "Studies on the determination of plasma prolactin.", "content": "A double antibody solid-phase (DASP) and a plyethylene glycol (PEG) radioimmunoassay method for plasma prolactin determination were developed and evaluated as to their reliability. The iodination of prolactin was carried out using a lactoperoxidase sorbent with iodination conditions being optimized by studying the effect of reaction buffer pH in the range 5.0--7.0 at two ionic strengths. With the DASP-technique, intra-assay coefficient of variation was 6% (n = 30) and the inter-assay coefficient of variation 12% (n = 12), and with the PEG-technique, intra-assay coefficient of variation was 10% (n = 10). The sensitivity, with the DASP system, was 0.098 ng/tube and the detection limit for plasma, 0.8 microgram/l. The use of the PEG-technique was abandoned because of poor precision and nonparallelism of plasma dilution curves with the standard curve. The whole mean basal plasma value was 34.0 +/- 19.5 microgram/l (mean +/- 2SD, n = 35). The response after administration of 200 mg sulphiride was an increase of between 119--220% of basal values and after administration of 100 mg of chlorpromazine, an increase of 85--140%. After administration of TRH (thyrotropine releasing hormone) an increase of between 60 and 330% was obtained, the mean increments after 20 min in outpatients being 87.0 microgram/l and in hospitalized subjects, 51.2 microgram/l.", "contents": "Studies on the determination of plasma prolactin. A double antibody solid-phase (DASP) and a plyethylene glycol (PEG) radioimmunoassay method for plasma prolactin determination were developed and evaluated as to their reliability. The iodination of prolactin was carried out using a lactoperoxidase sorbent with iodination conditions being optimized by studying the effect of reaction buffer pH in the range 5.0--7.0 at two ionic strengths. With the DASP-technique, intra-assay coefficient of variation was 6% (n = 30) and the inter-assay coefficient of variation 12% (n = 12), and with the PEG-technique, intra-assay coefficient of variation was 10% (n = 10). The sensitivity, with the DASP system, was 0.098 ng/tube and the detection limit for plasma, 0.8 microgram/l. The use of the PEG-technique was abandoned because of poor precision and nonparallelism of plasma dilution curves with the standard curve. The whole mean basal plasma value was 34.0 +/- 19.5 microgram/l (mean +/- 2SD, n = 35). The response after administration of 200 mg sulphiride was an increase of between 119--220% of basal values and after administration of 100 mg of chlorpromazine, an increase of 85--140%. After administration of TRH (thyrotropine releasing hormone) an increase of between 60 and 330% was obtained, the mean increments after 20 min in outpatients being 87.0 microgram/l and in hospitalized subjects, 51.2 microgram/l.", "PMID": 96520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2192", "title": "Purification and immunochemical quantitation of human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "Human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor has been purified from pancreatic juice obtained on connection with surgery in the pancreas. The purification was accomplished by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-50 giving 49% yield. Five forms of the inhibitor were demonstrated by combined chromatographic and electrophoretic methods. On gel filtration the inhibitor was shown to have the same molecular weight as the Kunitz inhibitor, i.e. about 6500. Inhibitor purified by affinity chromatography on trypsin-Affi-Gel 10 was used for stimulating antiserum production in rabbits. The antiserum was used for immunochemical quantitation of the inhibitor by means of Mancini's single radial immunodiffusion method alone or in combination with a more sensitive double antibody technique followed by autoradiography. It was possible to measure concentrations of inhibitor as low as 1.5 mg/l and 0.2 mg/l using these methods.", "contents": "Purification and immunochemical quantitation of human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor. Human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor has been purified from pancreatic juice obtained on connection with surgery in the pancreas. The purification was accomplished by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-50 giving 49% yield. Five forms of the inhibitor were demonstrated by combined chromatographic and electrophoretic methods. On gel filtration the inhibitor was shown to have the same molecular weight as the Kunitz inhibitor, i.e. about 6500. Inhibitor purified by affinity chromatography on trypsin-Affi-Gel 10 was used for stimulating antiserum production in rabbits. The antiserum was used for immunochemical quantitation of the inhibitor by means of Mancini's single radial immunodiffusion method alone or in combination with a more sensitive double antibody technique followed by autoradiography. It was possible to measure concentrations of inhibitor as low as 1.5 mg/l and 0.2 mg/l using these methods.", "PMID": 96521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2193", "title": "Surface immunoglobulin of human lymphocytes.", "content": "Using ferritin as surface marker, the localization of the surface immunoglobulin (Ig) was studied on peripheral lymphocytes from normal human individuals and patients with macroglobulinaemia Waldenstr\u00f6m by scanning immunoelectron microscopy. Normal IgG-, IgM-lymphocytes and pathological IgM-lymphocytes were then compared with regard to their topographical differences. In all cells examined, IgG- and IgM-conjugated ferritin particles were detected all over the cell surface, but the distribution of the former on the normal IgG-lymphocytes was slightly more diffuse than that of the latter on the normal and pathological IgM-lymphocytes. Furthermore, in the pathological IgM-lymphocytes, the clustered IgM-conjugated ferritin particles were found in great number on the microvilli. Normal IgG-lymphocytes were almost always characterized by short rod-like microvilli standing densely and vertically on the cell surface. Some of normal IgM-lymphocytes had a similar appearance to those of normal IgG-lymphocytes (type A) but others (type B) had tilted rod-like microvilli or wide plate-like processes on their surface. As for IgM-lymphocytes of macroglobulinaemia, most lymphocytes had tilted rodlike mirovilli and wide plate-like processes similar to type B, whereas a minor population of the pathological lymphocytes carried long, thin rod-like microvilli standing vertically on the surface.", "contents": "Surface immunoglobulin of human lymphocytes. Using ferritin as surface marker, the localization of the surface immunoglobulin (Ig) was studied on peripheral lymphocytes from normal human individuals and patients with macroglobulinaemia Waldenstr\u00f6m by scanning immunoelectron microscopy. Normal IgG-, IgM-lymphocytes and pathological IgM-lymphocytes were then compared with regard to their topographical differences. In all cells examined, IgG- and IgM-conjugated ferritin particles were detected all over the cell surface, but the distribution of the former on the normal IgG-lymphocytes was slightly more diffuse than that of the latter on the normal and pathological IgM-lymphocytes. Furthermore, in the pathological IgM-lymphocytes, the clustered IgM-conjugated ferritin particles were found in great number on the microvilli. Normal IgG-lymphocytes were almost always characterized by short rod-like microvilli standing densely and vertically on the cell surface. Some of normal IgM-lymphocytes had a similar appearance to those of normal IgG-lymphocytes (type A) but others (type B) had tilted rod-like microvilli or wide plate-like processes on their surface. As for IgM-lymphocytes of macroglobulinaemia, most lymphocytes had tilted rodlike mirovilli and wide plate-like processes similar to type B, whereas a minor population of the pathological lymphocytes carried long, thin rod-like microvilli standing vertically on the surface.", "PMID": 96522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2194", "title": "Immunochemical assays for an early diagnosis of endemic nephropathy.", "content": "Comparative studies aiming at the detection of certain tubular protein elements by means of Ouchterlony's immunodiffusion, in parallel with lysozyme and guanase assays, were carried out in the unconcentrated urines of 746 subjects, of whom 655 apparently healthy inhabitants (mostly children) from a region with endemic nephropathy (EN) and from Bucharest, as well as 91 adults with EN or various other diseases with renal involvement. The presence of light chains, of lysozymuria exceeding 2 microgram/ml, of beta2 microglobulin and of guanase in the urines of children and adults from the endemic area was significantly more frequent than in the control groups. These immunochemical changes are hence considered as valuable criteria for the detection of EN prior to the uremic stage. They should be looked for, first and foremost, in the young relatives of patients with this disease. In the stage of nitrogen retention the diagnostic value of these tests is reduced, since the same changes can also be found in the urines of patients suffering from other diseases with renal involvement, which show nitrogen retention as well.", "contents": "Immunochemical assays for an early diagnosis of endemic nephropathy. Comparative studies aiming at the detection of certain tubular protein elements by means of Ouchterlony's immunodiffusion, in parallel with lysozyme and guanase assays, were carried out in the unconcentrated urines of 746 subjects, of whom 655 apparently healthy inhabitants (mostly children) from a region with endemic nephropathy (EN) and from Bucharest, as well as 91 adults with EN or various other diseases with renal involvement. The presence of light chains, of lysozymuria exceeding 2 microgram/ml, of beta2 microglobulin and of guanase in the urines of children and adults from the endemic area was significantly more frequent than in the control groups. These immunochemical changes are hence considered as valuable criteria for the detection of EN prior to the uremic stage. They should be looked for, first and foremost, in the young relatives of patients with this disease. In the stage of nitrogen retention the diagnostic value of these tests is reduced, since the same changes can also be found in the urines of patients suffering from other diseases with renal involvement, which show nitrogen retention as well.", "PMID": 96519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2195", "title": "Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle: blockade by high extracellular concentrations of calcium buffers.", "content": "High concentrations (80 to 90 millimolar) of the calcium buffers EGTA and citrate (less than 10(-7) molar free calcium ion) reversibly block excitation-contraction coupling in intact frog skeletal fibers, but do not block caffeine-induced contractures. Solutions containing the same free calcium concentration but lower concentrations of calcium buffer (1 millimolar) do not block excitation-contraction coupling. These results suggest that excitation-contraction coupling requires the presence of calcium in a \"protected\" extracellular compartment, probably the transverse tubular network, and that calcium is actively transported into this compartment from the muscle cell cytoplasm.", "contents": "Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle: blockade by high extracellular concentrations of calcium buffers. High concentrations (80 to 90 millimolar) of the calcium buffers EGTA and citrate (less than 10(-7) molar free calcium ion) reversibly block excitation-contraction coupling in intact frog skeletal fibers, but do not block caffeine-induced contractures. Solutions containing the same free calcium concentration but lower concentrations of calcium buffer (1 millimolar) do not block excitation-contraction coupling. These results suggest that excitation-contraction coupling requires the presence of calcium in a \"protected\" extracellular compartment, probably the transverse tubular network, and that calcium is actively transported into this compartment from the muscle cell cytoplasm.", "PMID": 96524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2196", "title": "Malignant neoplasms of genetic origin in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Malignant neoplasms that develop in 12 recessive-lethal, larval mutants of Drosophila melanogaster are discussed. These mutations affect the adult optic neuroblasts and ganglion-mother cells in the larval brain, the imaginal discs, and the hematopoietic organs. The malignant neoplasms exhibit fast, autonomous growth, loss of the capacity for differentiation, increased mobility and invasiveness, lethality in situ and after transplantation, and histological, fine structural, and karyotypic abnormalities. Intermediate neoplasms are also found. These combine both benign and malignant qualities. They grow in a noninvasive, compact fashion, typical of benign tumors, yet they also exhibit malignant qualities such as fast, autonomous, and lethal growth, loss of differentiation capacity, changes in cellular morphology, and lethal growth after transplantation into wild-type hosts. Thus Drosophila and vertebrate neoplasms show striking similarities.", "contents": "Malignant neoplasms of genetic origin in Drosophila melanogaster. Malignant neoplasms that develop in 12 recessive-lethal, larval mutants of Drosophila melanogaster are discussed. These mutations affect the adult optic neuroblasts and ganglion-mother cells in the larval brain, the imaginal discs, and the hematopoietic organs. The malignant neoplasms exhibit fast, autonomous growth, loss of the capacity for differentiation, increased mobility and invasiveness, lethality in situ and after transplantation, and histological, fine structural, and karyotypic abnormalities. Intermediate neoplasms are also found. These combine both benign and malignant qualities. They grow in a noninvasive, compact fashion, typical of benign tumors, yet they also exhibit malignant qualities such as fast, autonomous, and lethal growth, loss of differentiation capacity, changes in cellular morphology, and lethal growth after transplantation into wild-type hosts. Thus Drosophila and vertebrate neoplasms show striking similarities.", "PMID": 96525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2197", "title": "Thermorestoration of mutagenic radiation damage in bacterial spores.", "content": "The frequency of mutations in Bacillus subtilis spores irradiated anoxically with ionizing radiation decreased as a result of subsequent anoxic heating to the same extent as the increase in spore survival. This result indicates that DNA damage is the origin of the \"thermorestoration\" phenomenon.", "contents": "Thermorestoration of mutagenic radiation damage in bacterial spores. The frequency of mutations in Bacillus subtilis spores irradiated anoxically with ionizing radiation decreased as a result of subsequent anoxic heating to the same extent as the increase in spore survival. This result indicates that DNA damage is the origin of the \"thermorestoration\" phenomenon.", "PMID": 96526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2198", "title": "Chronic focal epileptiform discharges induced by injection of iron into rat and cat cortex.", "content": "A single injection of 5 or 10 microliters of ferrous or ferric chloride into rat or cat sensorimotor cortex resulted in chronic recurrent focal paroxysmal electroencephalographic discharges as well as behavioral convulsions and electrical seizures. Recurrent focal epileptiform discharge caused by cortical injection of iron salts suggests that the development of human posttraumatic epilepsy may depend, in part, on the neurochemical alterations induced by the principal metallic ions found in whole blood.", "contents": "Chronic focal epileptiform discharges induced by injection of iron into rat and cat cortex. A single injection of 5 or 10 microliters of ferrous or ferric chloride into rat or cat sensorimotor cortex resulted in chronic recurrent focal paroxysmal electroencephalographic discharges as well as behavioral convulsions and electrical seizures. Recurrent focal epileptiform discharge caused by cortical injection of iron salts suggests that the development of human posttraumatic epilepsy may depend, in part, on the neurochemical alterations induced by the principal metallic ions found in whole blood.", "PMID": 96527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2199", "title": "Light-stimulated morphogenesis in the fruiting myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca.", "content": "When the fruiting myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca, a gliding prokaryote, is starved on an agar surface, the cells form multicellular aggregates resulting from morphogenetic movements. In the presence of incandescent light, each aggregate develops into a structurally complex fruiting body, possessing a stalk and several sporangia. In contrast, this pattern of development is not seen when cultures are incubated in the dark. The cells form irregular interconnecting aggregates, which rarely develop into fruits. However, aggregates formed in the light will develop into fruits even if placed in the dark, suggesting that the light produced a relatively stable alteration in the phenotype of the cells.", "contents": "Light-stimulated morphogenesis in the fruiting myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca. When the fruiting myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca, a gliding prokaryote, is starved on an agar surface, the cells form multicellular aggregates resulting from morphogenetic movements. In the presence of incandescent light, each aggregate develops into a structurally complex fruiting body, possessing a stalk and several sporangia. In contrast, this pattern of development is not seen when cultures are incubated in the dark. The cells form irregular interconnecting aggregates, which rarely develop into fruits. However, aggregates formed in the light will develop into fruits even if placed in the dark, suggesting that the light produced a relatively stable alteration in the phenotype of the cells.", "PMID": 96528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2200", "title": "Abnormal auditory evoked potentials in early infancy malnutrition.", "content": "Computer-averaged auditory evoked potentials were found to be abnormal in infants hospitalized because of severe malnutrition (marasmus). They improved as the infants' somatic growth improved during the course of treatment, but were still deviant at the time of discharge from the hospital and at subsequent outpatient follow-up. Abnormalities in evoked potentials may reflect a long-lasting effect of malnutrition on brain function.", "contents": "Abnormal auditory evoked potentials in early infancy malnutrition. Computer-averaged auditory evoked potentials were found to be abnormal in infants hospitalized because of severe malnutrition (marasmus). They improved as the infants' somatic growth improved during the course of treatment, but were still deviant at the time of discharge from the hospital and at subsequent outpatient follow-up. Abnormalities in evoked potentials may reflect a long-lasting effect of malnutrition on brain function.", "PMID": 96529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2201", "title": "Suid evolution and correlation of African hominid localities: an alternative taxonomy.", "content": "New phylogenies were recently proposed by White and Harris, who recognized 7 genera and 16 species of fossil and extant suids from sub-Saharan Africa. This scheme is regarded here as oversimplified and an alternative is suggested, in which 9 genera and 21 species are recognized. The taxonomic and phylogenetic differences do not have any significant effect on the stratigraphic interpretations offered by White and Harris.", "contents": "Suid evolution and correlation of African hominid localities: an alternative taxonomy. New phylogenies were recently proposed by White and Harris, who recognized 7 genera and 16 species of fossil and extant suids from sub-Saharan Africa. This scheme is regarded here as oversimplified and an alternative is suggested, in which 9 genera and 21 species are recognized. The taxonomic and phylogenetic differences do not have any significant effect on the stratigraphic interpretations offered by White and Harris.", "PMID": 96530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2202", "title": "Choice behavior in rhesus monkeys: cocaine versus food.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were allowed to choose between intravenous injections of cocaine and food reinforcement for lever pressing. A choice trial was available every 15 minutes continuously for 8 days. The animals chose cocaine almost exclusively, which resulted in high cocaine intake, decreased food intake, weight loss, and marked behavioral toxicity. The study provides evidence of the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine.", "contents": "Choice behavior in rhesus monkeys: cocaine versus food. Rhesus monkeys were allowed to choose between intravenous injections of cocaine and food reinforcement for lever pressing. A choice trial was available every 15 minutes continuously for 8 days. The animals chose cocaine almost exclusively, which resulted in high cocaine intake, decreased food intake, weight loss, and marked behavioral toxicity. The study provides evidence of the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine.", "PMID": 96531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2203", "title": "Vasectomy increases the severity of diet-induced atherosclerosis in Macaca fascicularis.", "content": "Diet-induced atherosclerosis developed more extensively in vasectomized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) than in sham-vasectomized control monkeys fed the same diet. The effect was most pronounced in the abdominal aortas, carotid arteries, distal segments of the coronary arteries, and intracranial cerebral arteries. Antibodies to sperm developed in all vasectomized monkeys, and complement and immunoglobulins were associated with atherosclerotic plaques in some of the vasectomized animals. The immunological response to sperm antigens that often accompanies vasectomy may exacerbate atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Vasectomy increases the severity of diet-induced atherosclerosis in Macaca fascicularis. Diet-induced atherosclerosis developed more extensively in vasectomized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) than in sham-vasectomized control monkeys fed the same diet. The effect was most pronounced in the abdominal aortas, carotid arteries, distal segments of the coronary arteries, and intracranial cerebral arteries. Antibodies to sperm developed in all vasectomized monkeys, and complement and immunoglobulins were associated with atherosclerotic plaques in some of the vasectomized animals. The immunological response to sperm antigens that often accompanies vasectomy may exacerbate atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 96532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2204", "title": "Admission screening for hepatitis B surface antigen in a university hospital.", "content": "Upon admission to the hospital, 7,984 patients were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by radioimmunoassay. Seventy-one patients had sera positive for HBsAg. Twenty-four (34%) were possible asymptomatic carriers in whom liver function was not further evaluated and occult liver disease could not be excluded: 16 (23%) had either a previous history or admitting diagnosis of hepatic dysfunction; eight(11%) had occult liver disease, revealed after HBsAg antigenemia was discovered; and 25 (34%) were unsuspected asymptomatic carriers whose liver function was normal. We concluded that screening for HBsAg was an effective preventive tool in identifying HBsAg-positive patients. Screening solely for the detection of occult liver disease is not an effective method because of the high cost. Perhaps because of the unsolicited nature of this data collection, screening for HBsAg was not clinically effective for the majority of patients, as evidenced by the high incidence of inadequate clinical evaluations and lack of serologic follow-up. Proposals to alleviate ineffectiveness are discussed.", "contents": "Admission screening for hepatitis B surface antigen in a university hospital. Upon admission to the hospital, 7,984 patients were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by radioimmunoassay. Seventy-one patients had sera positive for HBsAg. Twenty-four (34%) were possible asymptomatic carriers in whom liver function was not further evaluated and occult liver disease could not be excluded: 16 (23%) had either a previous history or admitting diagnosis of hepatic dysfunction; eight(11%) had occult liver disease, revealed after HBsAg antigenemia was discovered; and 25 (34%) were unsuspected asymptomatic carriers whose liver function was normal. We concluded that screening for HBsAg was an effective preventive tool in identifying HBsAg-positive patients. Screening solely for the detection of occult liver disease is not an effective method because of the high cost. Perhaps because of the unsolicited nature of this data collection, screening for HBsAg was not clinically effective for the majority of patients, as evidenced by the high incidence of inadequate clinical evaluations and lack of serologic follow-up. Proposals to alleviate ineffectiveness are discussed.", "PMID": 96534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2205", "title": "Multivalvular vegetations in a patient with enterococcal endocarditis diagnosed by echocardiography.", "content": "A patient with enterococcal endocarditis of 11 months' duration is presented, and the role of surgery and echocardiography is reviewed. Echocardiography revealed vegetations of the aortic and mitral valves. After appropriate antibiotic therapy the patient had successful aortic and mitral valve replacement with porcine heterografts. Enterococcal endocarditis is increasing in frequency and is likely to infect young women of childbearing age, elderly men who have had genitourinary tract manipulation, and abusers of intravenous drugs. Aortic and mitral valves are most frequently affected, cardiac failure is common, and often no evidence of underlying heart disease can be found. The use of echocardiography in this patient provided accurate diagnosis of valvular vegetations and assessment of the hemodynamic severity of the lesion, thus preventing the need for cardiac catheterization and its potential risk of septic embolization.", "contents": "Multivalvular vegetations in a patient with enterococcal endocarditis diagnosed by echocardiography. A patient with enterococcal endocarditis of 11 months' duration is presented, and the role of surgery and echocardiography is reviewed. Echocardiography revealed vegetations of the aortic and mitral valves. After appropriate antibiotic therapy the patient had successful aortic and mitral valve replacement with porcine heterografts. Enterococcal endocarditis is increasing in frequency and is likely to infect young women of childbearing age, elderly men who have had genitourinary tract manipulation, and abusers of intravenous drugs. Aortic and mitral valves are most frequently affected, cardiac failure is common, and often no evidence of underlying heart disease can be found. The use of echocardiography in this patient provided accurate diagnosis of valvular vegetations and assessment of the hemodynamic severity of the lesion, thus preventing the need for cardiac catheterization and its potential risk of septic embolization.", "PMID": 96535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2206", "title": "Chronic peritoneal dialysis in a patient with primary amyloidosis, renal failure, and factor X deficiency.", "content": "Chronic peritoneal dialysis was used in a patient with renal failure due to primary amyloidosis. Paraprotein was demonstrated in serum and urine, and was removed in peritoneal dialysate. The patient objectively improved as long as he was receiving peritoneal dialysis. When dietary indiscretion necessitated hemodialysis for fluid removal, he died shortly thereafter of subdural hematomas, possibly aggravated by factor X deficiency. Reasons for selecting chronic peritoneal dialysis as the treatment of choice in patients with renal failure associated with overproduction of paraprotein are discussed.", "contents": "Chronic peritoneal dialysis in a patient with primary amyloidosis, renal failure, and factor X deficiency. Chronic peritoneal dialysis was used in a patient with renal failure due to primary amyloidosis. Paraprotein was demonstrated in serum and urine, and was removed in peritoneal dialysate. The patient objectively improved as long as he was receiving peritoneal dialysis. When dietary indiscretion necessitated hemodialysis for fluid removal, he died shortly thereafter of subdural hematomas, possibly aggravated by factor X deficiency. Reasons for selecting chronic peritoneal dialysis as the treatment of choice in patients with renal failure associated with overproduction of paraprotein are discussed.", "PMID": 96536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2207", "title": "The occurrence of Candida in hospital patients and normal subjects.", "content": "The distribution of different Candida species and different serogroups of C. albicans have been analysed. C. albicans is by far the most predominant species isolated from all clinical specimens. Group A of C. albicans was isolated 10 times more frequently than group B strains from patients who had respiratory infection and 4.4 times more frequently from those who had other clinical conditions. However, both serogroups were isolated at comparable frequencies from the genitals. In the instances where repeated isolation were made, colonization by one serogroup often occurs to the exclusion of the other serogroup and species. Thus, it was frequently observed that individual patients often gave repeated isolation of one serogroup of C. albicans only. These findings are of obvious diagnostic relevance and may facilitate the evaluation of possible clinical significance of laboratory studies.", "contents": "The occurrence of Candida in hospital patients and normal subjects. The distribution of different Candida species and different serogroups of C. albicans have been analysed. C. albicans is by far the most predominant species isolated from all clinical specimens. Group A of C. albicans was isolated 10 times more frequently than group B strains from patients who had respiratory infection and 4.4 times more frequently from those who had other clinical conditions. However, both serogroups were isolated at comparable frequencies from the genitals. In the instances where repeated isolation were made, colonization by one serogroup often occurs to the exclusion of the other serogroup and species. Thus, it was frequently observed that individual patients often gave repeated isolation of one serogroup of C. albicans only. These findings are of obvious diagnostic relevance and may facilitate the evaluation of possible clinical significance of laboratory studies.", "PMID": 96537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2208", "title": "Enostosis of the spine.", "content": "Five patients with single sclerotic vertebral body lesions had serial radiographs demonstrating no change in size of the radiodensities. Radionuclide bone imaging, obtained in 4 of these patients, showed no increased radioisotopic uptake in the areas in question. The absence of growth of the lesions on follow-up radiographs and the presence of negative bone scans support the diagnosis of enostoses of the spine. It is important for the radiologist to realize that benign sclerosis of a single vertebral body may simulate skeletal metastasis.", "contents": "Enostosis of the spine. Five patients with single sclerotic vertebral body lesions had serial radiographs demonstrating no change in size of the radiodensities. Radionuclide bone imaging, obtained in 4 of these patients, showed no increased radioisotopic uptake in the areas in question. The absence of growth of the lesions on follow-up radiographs and the presence of negative bone scans support the diagnosis of enostoses of the spine. It is important for the radiologist to realize that benign sclerosis of a single vertebral body may simulate skeletal metastasis.", "PMID": 96538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2209", "title": "Cell fusion between temperature-sensitive mutants of a Drosophila melanogaster cell line.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants were isolated in a cell line of Drosophila melanogaster, GM1, by ethyl methanesulfate treatment. Two of them, ts15 and ts58, formed colonies at 23 degrees C but not at 30 degrees when inoculated at densities of/or less than 10(5) cells per 60 X 15-mm dish. By using these ts mutants, cell fusion was attempted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. Several colonies per dish developed at 30 degrees C when different ts mutants were mixed, treated with PEG, and inoculated at a density of 10(4) cells per dish. Cells in some of the colonies thus developed were propagated and their temperature-sensitive character and karyotypes were studied. The results indicated that cell fusion could be induced with PEG and that the cells which formed colonies at 30 degrees C after PEG treatment were the hybrids in which the temperature-sensitive lesions in the mutants were complemented.", "contents": "Cell fusion between temperature-sensitive mutants of a Drosophila melanogaster cell line. Temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants were isolated in a cell line of Drosophila melanogaster, GM1, by ethyl methanesulfate treatment. Two of them, ts15 and ts58, formed colonies at 23 degrees C but not at 30 degrees when inoculated at densities of/or less than 10(5) cells per 60 X 15-mm dish. By using these ts mutants, cell fusion was attempted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. Several colonies per dish developed at 30 degrees C when different ts mutants were mixed, treated with PEG, and inoculated at a density of 10(4) cells per dish. Cells in some of the colonies thus developed were propagated and their temperature-sensitive character and karyotypes were studied. The results indicated that cell fusion could be induced with PEG and that the cells which formed colonies at 30 degrees C after PEG treatment were the hybrids in which the temperature-sensitive lesions in the mutants were complemented.", "PMID": 96540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2210", "title": "The interneural incision for biliary tract operations.", "content": "The interneural incision has clearly been demonstrated to be efficient, being executed rapidly and providing excellent exposure to the right upper abdominal quadrant. The postoperative period is marked by less subjective complaints; decreased narcotic requirements, and increased ease of walking, coughing and deep breathing. The result is improved pulmonary toilet and a negligible incidence of pulmonary complications. At long term observation, there is a scar which is cosmetically preferable, without neuroma or hernia formation and with no complaints of numbness or paresthesias in the area of the incision. For all these reasons, we have concluded that the interneural incision is superior, in the appropriate anatomic situation, than is either a vertical or subcostal incision for biliary tract operations.", "contents": "The interneural incision for biliary tract operations. The interneural incision has clearly been demonstrated to be efficient, being executed rapidly and providing excellent exposure to the right upper abdominal quadrant. The postoperative period is marked by less subjective complaints; decreased narcotic requirements, and increased ease of walking, coughing and deep breathing. The result is improved pulmonary toilet and a negligible incidence of pulmonary complications. At long term observation, there is a scar which is cosmetically preferable, without neuroma or hernia formation and with no complaints of numbness or paresthesias in the area of the incision. For all these reasons, we have concluded that the interneural incision is superior, in the appropriate anatomic situation, than is either a vertical or subcostal incision for biliary tract operations.", "PMID": 96541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2211", "title": "An aggressive multimodality approach to locally advanced carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "In a series of patients who were not candidates for mastectomy because of locally advanced disease or distant metastases, or both, excellent local control was obtained by radiation therapy and systemic therapy in the form of oophorectomy-adrenalectomy and chemotherapy. Local control was obtained in 12 of 15 patients with metastatic disease by systemic therapy without radiation. The median disease-free survival time for patients with advanced Stage III carcinoma of the breast was significantly prolonged from 9.5 to 15 months by oophorectomy-adrenalectomy with chemotherapy, although there was no definable difference in the over-all survival period for the two groups.", "contents": "An aggressive multimodality approach to locally advanced carcinoma of the breast. In a series of patients who were not candidates for mastectomy because of locally advanced disease or distant metastases, or both, excellent local control was obtained by radiation therapy and systemic therapy in the form of oophorectomy-adrenalectomy and chemotherapy. Local control was obtained in 12 of 15 patients with metastatic disease by systemic therapy without radiation. The median disease-free survival time for patients with advanced Stage III carcinoma of the breast was significantly prolonged from 9.5 to 15 months by oophorectomy-adrenalectomy with chemotherapy, although there was no definable difference in the over-all survival period for the two groups.", "PMID": 96542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2212", "title": "[Oesophageal diverticulum in a pony (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of oesophageal diverticulum in a pony is reported. The diagnosis was established by clinical and X-ray examination (following administration of a contrast agent) and verified by post-mortem studies. The cause and pathogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "[Oesophageal diverticulum in a pony (author's transl)]. A case of oesophageal diverticulum in a pony is reported. The diagnosis was established by clinical and X-ray examination (following administration of a contrast agent) and verified by post-mortem studies. The cause and pathogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 96547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2213", "title": "Sialogluciduria in lysosomal diseases: quantitative and qualitative analysis of urinary low molecular sialoglucides from patients with mucopolysaccharidosis and with mucolipidosis.", "content": "Low molecular sialoglucides were isolated from the urines of normal human male and two patients with lysosomal disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type II and a new type of mucolipidosis) by charcoal adsorption method. Urinary sialoglucides were fractionated into two fractions (SG-1 and SG-2) by Sephadex G-25 gel filtration and considerable increase in excretion of SG-1 was observed in the patients with lysosomal diseases: two- to three-fold increase in mucopolysaccharidosis type II and seven- to eight-fold increase in mucolipidosis. SG-1 was further fractionated into 18 to 19 fractions by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Comparison of the amounts and the chemical compositions of these fractions suggested that the increase in SG-1 was dependent upon the increase in excretion of low molecular sialoglucides rich in mannose and N-acetylglucosamine.", "contents": "Sialogluciduria in lysosomal diseases: quantitative and qualitative analysis of urinary low molecular sialoglucides from patients with mucopolysaccharidosis and with mucolipidosis. Low molecular sialoglucides were isolated from the urines of normal human male and two patients with lysosomal disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type II and a new type of mucolipidosis) by charcoal adsorption method. Urinary sialoglucides were fractionated into two fractions (SG-1 and SG-2) by Sephadex G-25 gel filtration and considerable increase in excretion of SG-1 was observed in the patients with lysosomal diseases: two- to three-fold increase in mucopolysaccharidosis type II and seven- to eight-fold increase in mucolipidosis. SG-1 was further fractionated into 18 to 19 fractions by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Comparison of the amounts and the chemical compositions of these fractions suggested that the increase in SG-1 was dependent upon the increase in excretion of low molecular sialoglucides rich in mannose and N-acetylglucosamine.", "PMID": 96548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2214", "title": "Chelation in metal intoxication. VI. Influence of PAS and CDTA on the excretion of manganese in rabbits given MnO2.", "content": "The success of p-aminosalicyclic acid (PAS) and 1,2-cyclohexylene dinitrilotetraacetic acid (CDTA) in the mobilization of manganese from some vital organs and their subcellular fractions of manganese-intoxicated rats, led to the two compounds beng further investigated individually and in combination for their efficacy in influencing excretion of manganese in rabbits given MnO2. These chelating agents led to a higher excretion of manganese through faeces than urine. Whereas CDTA was able to enhance the excretion of manganese significantly through both routes, PAS could do so through faeces only. However, the combination did not improve upon the effect of the individual compounds.", "contents": "Chelation in metal intoxication. VI. Influence of PAS and CDTA on the excretion of manganese in rabbits given MnO2. The success of p-aminosalicyclic acid (PAS) and 1,2-cyclohexylene dinitrilotetraacetic acid (CDTA) in the mobilization of manganese from some vital organs and their subcellular fractions of manganese-intoxicated rats, led to the two compounds beng further investigated individually and in combination for their efficacy in influencing excretion of manganese in rabbits given MnO2. These chelating agents led to a higher excretion of manganese through faeces than urine. Whereas CDTA was able to enhance the excretion of manganese significantly through both routes, PAS could do so through faeces only. However, the combination did not improve upon the effect of the individual compounds.", "PMID": 96549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2215", "title": "[Dose distribution of photons and neutrons outside of the irradiation field of a 8-mev linear accelerator (author's transl)].", "content": "During the irradiation with a continuous radiation of 8 MeV by the linear accelerator LINAC SL 75/10, the dose distribution of photons and neutrons was measured outside of the irradiation field. The dose distribution of photons was mostly determined by thermoluminescence dose meters. There was a significant maximum of leak radiation on the back of the emitter head which showed a dose rate amounting to 7,5% of the dose rate of the central ray. Whereas the leak radiation on the patients' table was less than 0,1% of the dose of the central ray, the dose of scattered radiation emitted by the patient still amounts to 2% of the central ray dose in a distance of 15 cm from the field edge. The isodoses measured in the room demonstrate above all the importance of the lock for a sufficient radioprotection.--The dose rate of the neutrons formed in the shielding material by photonuclear reactions were measured mostly with uranium fission-track dosimeters. The highest equivalent dose rate was found on the back of the emitter head; it is about 17 rem/h. The maximum value of the equivalent dose rate of neutrons on the patient's table amounts to 1,4 rem/h and is almost independent of the size of the diaphragm. The isodoses in the room depend largely on the shape of the irradiation room; they confirm the existence of a sufficient radioprotection.", "contents": "[Dose distribution of photons and neutrons outside of the irradiation field of a 8-mev linear accelerator (author's transl)]. During the irradiation with a continuous radiation of 8 MeV by the linear accelerator LINAC SL 75/10, the dose distribution of photons and neutrons was measured outside of the irradiation field. The dose distribution of photons was mostly determined by thermoluminescence dose meters. There was a significant maximum of leak radiation on the back of the emitter head which showed a dose rate amounting to 7,5% of the dose rate of the central ray. Whereas the leak radiation on the patients' table was less than 0,1% of the dose of the central ray, the dose of scattered radiation emitted by the patient still amounts to 2% of the central ray dose in a distance of 15 cm from the field edge. The isodoses measured in the room demonstrate above all the importance of the lock for a sufficient radioprotection.--The dose rate of the neutrons formed in the shielding material by photonuclear reactions were measured mostly with uranium fission-track dosimeters. The highest equivalent dose rate was found on the back of the emitter head; it is about 17 rem/h. The maximum value of the equivalent dose rate of neutrons on the patient's table amounts to 1,4 rem/h and is almost independent of the size of the diaphragm. The isodoses in the room depend largely on the shape of the irradiation room; they confirm the existence of a sufficient radioprotection.", "PMID": 96550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2216", "title": "[A simple formula for determination of the mean electron energy in a body irradiated by fast electrons (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple formula for calculation of the mean electron energy from primary energy and depth of irradiation is derived. The formula has been verified for substances with low atomic numbers (Z less than or equal to 6) and by experiments using primary electron energies from 5 to 15 MeV and irradiation depths up to 80% of the practical range, which corresponds to mean electron energies from 2.2 to 15 MeV. For this purpose, the relative mass stopping-power ratios water/air which have been obtained using the formula together with valid standard tables (ICRU, DIN) and literature were compared with those found by absolute dosimetry by means of a graphite double extrapolation chamber (primary standard). An optimal accordance with the standard values for non-restricted mass collision stopping-power, as indicated by Berger and Seltzer, was the result (better than +0.6 to -0.05%). The verification of a formula known from literature (Harder) revealed similar results (+0.4 to -0.8%).", "contents": "[A simple formula for determination of the mean electron energy in a body irradiated by fast electrons (author's transl)]. A simple formula for calculation of the mean electron energy from primary energy and depth of irradiation is derived. The formula has been verified for substances with low atomic numbers (Z less than or equal to 6) and by experiments using primary electron energies from 5 to 15 MeV and irradiation depths up to 80% of the practical range, which corresponds to mean electron energies from 2.2 to 15 MeV. For this purpose, the relative mass stopping-power ratios water/air which have been obtained using the formula together with valid standard tables (ICRU, DIN) and literature were compared with those found by absolute dosimetry by means of a graphite double extrapolation chamber (primary standard). An optimal accordance with the standard values for non-restricted mass collision stopping-power, as indicated by Berger and Seltzer, was the result (better than +0.6 to -0.05%). The verification of a formula known from literature (Harder) revealed similar results (+0.4 to -0.8%).", "PMID": 96551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2217", "title": "Radiation effects of iodine-125 and iodine-131 on the overactive rat thyroid.", "content": "The effects of graded doses of iodine-125 and iodine-131 on rat thyroid glands under prolonged stimulation with oral thyrotropin-releasing hormone were assessed by histological and autoradiographic studies. No evidence for a difference in effect between iodine-125 and iodine-131 was found. The reason for this is suggested.", "contents": "Radiation effects of iodine-125 and iodine-131 on the overactive rat thyroid. The effects of graded doses of iodine-125 and iodine-131 on rat thyroid glands under prolonged stimulation with oral thyrotropin-releasing hormone were assessed by histological and autoradiographic studies. No evidence for a difference in effect between iodine-125 and iodine-131 was found. The reason for this is suggested.", "PMID": 96552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2218", "title": "Autoagglutination dispersal utilizing sulphydryl compounds.", "content": "Autoagglutination caused by powerful IgM cold autoagglutinins can be dispersed by sulphydryl compounds to provide an unagglutinated red blood cell suspension suitable for immunohematologic testing. For this 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol is added to twice washed red blood cells. Following agitation for 10 minutes at 37 C an unagglutinated red blood cell suspension is obtained without adverse effect to red blood cell antigens and without removal of in vivo bound IgG or complement. Dithiothreital may be substituted for 2-mercaptoethanol if the incubation time is increased to 15 minutes.", "contents": "Autoagglutination dispersal utilizing sulphydryl compounds. Autoagglutination caused by powerful IgM cold autoagglutinins can be dispersed by sulphydryl compounds to provide an unagglutinated red blood cell suspension suitable for immunohematologic testing. For this 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol is added to twice washed red blood cells. Following agitation for 10 minutes at 37 C an unagglutinated red blood cell suspension is obtained without adverse effect to red blood cell antigens and without removal of in vivo bound IgG or complement. Dithiothreital may be substituted for 2-mercaptoethanol if the incubation time is increased to 15 minutes.", "PMID": 96554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2219", "title": "Hemolysis induced by cefazolin and cephalothin in a patient with penicillin sensitivity.", "content": "A patient with penicillin sensitivity, who had never received a cephalosporin antibiotic previously, developed anemia and spherocytosis following the administration of cefazolin. Hemolysis abated when the drug was discontinued on the fourth day, and recurred on day six when cephalothin therapy was begun. IgG and complement components were present on the patient's erythrocytes, and IgG antibodies in her serum reacted with normal red blood cells which had been coated with benzylpenicillin, cefazolin or cephalothin. Antibodies to cephalothin-coated red blood cells were removed partially by incubating her serum with either benzylpenicillin or cefazolin. Complement-fixing IgG antibodies which reacted with red blood cells coated by cefazolin, cephalothin, and benzylpenicillin were considered to be responsible for hemolysis during the administration of cefazolin and, subsequently, cephalothin. The patient recovered completely following discontinuation of antibiotics, transfusion of red blood cells, and treatment with glucocorticoids. It is concluded that hemolysis may occur during therapy with cefazolin, as well as cephalothin, and may develop rapidly in a patient with penicillin sensitivity.", "contents": "Hemolysis induced by cefazolin and cephalothin in a patient with penicillin sensitivity. A patient with penicillin sensitivity, who had never received a cephalosporin antibiotic previously, developed anemia and spherocytosis following the administration of cefazolin. Hemolysis abated when the drug was discontinued on the fourth day, and recurred on day six when cephalothin therapy was begun. IgG and complement components were present on the patient's erythrocytes, and IgG antibodies in her serum reacted with normal red blood cells which had been coated with benzylpenicillin, cefazolin or cephalothin. Antibodies to cephalothin-coated red blood cells were removed partially by incubating her serum with either benzylpenicillin or cefazolin. Complement-fixing IgG antibodies which reacted with red blood cells coated by cefazolin, cephalothin, and benzylpenicillin were considered to be responsible for hemolysis during the administration of cefazolin and, subsequently, cephalothin. The patient recovered completely following discontinuation of antibiotics, transfusion of red blood cells, and treatment with glucocorticoids. It is concluded that hemolysis may occur during therapy with cefazolin, as well as cephalothin, and may develop rapidly in a patient with penicillin sensitivity.", "PMID": 96555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2220", "title": "Seminal vesicles as organs of sperm storage.", "content": "This study was done to determine whether or not the seminal vesicles store spermatozoa. Half of the nonhuman primates' vesicles had sperm at autopsy as did one of the men dying a traumatic death. Seminal vesicle sperm storage may be the reason for continued spermatozoa in the ejaculates of men after vasectomy.", "contents": "Seminal vesicles as organs of sperm storage. This study was done to determine whether or not the seminal vesicles store spermatozoa. Half of the nonhuman primates' vesicles had sperm at autopsy as did one of the men dying a traumatic death. Seminal vesicle sperm storage may be the reason for continued spermatozoa in the ejaculates of men after vasectomy.", "PMID": 96560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2221", "title": "[Studies of DNP protein dissociation in the presence of norepinephrine].", "content": "Calf thymus DNP dissociation was studied by sepharose 2B gel-chromatography as well as by oxyapatite ion-exchange chromatography. The degree of dissociation was estimated by protein content in the chromatography peaks. Intact DNP and DNP incubated with norepinephrine were filtered simultaneously through two identical columns. In the presence of norepinephrine a partial deproteinization was observed. This effect  has some specificity, namely, it was considerably lower in the presence of tyrosine, and was absent when the norepinephrine structure was changed. On the basis of the available data on the norepinephrine ability to form chelatic complexes with polyvalent metals and comparing the deproteinizing effect of norepinephrine and EDTA it was assumed that the norepinephrine dissociating effect was due to its binding with cations incorporated into the DNP complex structure.", "contents": "[Studies of DNP protein dissociation in the presence of norepinephrine]. Calf thymus DNP dissociation was studied by sepharose 2B gel-chromatography as well as by oxyapatite ion-exchange chromatography. The degree of dissociation was estimated by protein content in the chromatography peaks. Intact DNP and DNP incubated with norepinephrine were filtered simultaneously through two identical columns. In the presence of norepinephrine a partial deproteinization was observed. This effect  has some specificity, namely, it was considerably lower in the presence of tyrosine, and was absent when the norepinephrine structure was changed. On the basis of the available data on the norepinephrine ability to form chelatic complexes with polyvalent metals and comparing the deproteinizing effect of norepinephrine and EDTA it was assumed that the norepinephrine dissociating effect was due to its binding with cations incorporated into the DNP complex structure.", "PMID": 96558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2222", "title": "[Induction of components of the natural precipitation system (GANS) and another antibody after alloimmunization with serum or egg yolk in fowl].", "content": "Detailed analysis was performed in 17 selected serums obtained through alloimmunization of 64 receptors (cocks and hens, WP X RIR hybrids) of type 0 in the GANS system. The serum or egg yolk from hens of type A or B in the GANS system, used for immunization, was applied in five intramuscular injections with or without using Freund's complete adjuvant. It was found out that substance A GANS was present in 16 serums of the total number of those which were examined, so that in the receptors the application of serum or yolk changed the type of the GANS system from original 0 into type A, irrespective of the type of donor. Further, seven serums were found to contain another antibody, reacting in precipitation with the serum fraction which is only present in laying hens and probably has not the character of an allotype.", "contents": "[Induction of components of the natural precipitation system (GANS) and another antibody after alloimmunization with serum or egg yolk in fowl]. Detailed analysis was performed in 17 selected serums obtained through alloimmunization of 64 receptors (cocks and hens, WP X RIR hybrids) of type 0 in the GANS system. The serum or egg yolk from hens of type A or B in the GANS system, used for immunization, was applied in five intramuscular injections with or without using Freund's complete adjuvant. It was found out that substance A GANS was present in 16 serums of the total number of those which were examined, so that in the receptors the application of serum or yolk changed the type of the GANS system from original 0 into type A, irrespective of the type of donor. Further, seven serums were found to contain another antibody, reacting in precipitation with the serum fraction which is only present in laying hens and probably has not the character of an allotype.", "PMID": 96563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2223", "title": "[Induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes in chickens effected by various persistent foreign materials].", "content": "Changes in the levels of microsomal proteins, in the activity of microsomal aniline hydroxylase, and in the effectivity of Thiopental were studied in chickens given the Czechoslovak-produced type of polychlorinated biphenyls - Delor 103. The increased activity of aniline hydroxylase and the decrease of Thiopental sleeping time in chickens exposed to the action of Delor 103 indicate that this preparation is able to induce liver microsomal enzymes in doses as low as 5 mg per kg of feed. The induction of liver microsomal enzymes appears to be an important factor, able to exercise a direct influence on the biotransformation of various biologically important substances in the organism of chickens.", "contents": "[Induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes in chickens effected by various persistent foreign materials]. Changes in the levels of microsomal proteins, in the activity of microsomal aniline hydroxylase, and in the effectivity of Thiopental were studied in chickens given the Czechoslovak-produced type of polychlorinated biphenyls - Delor 103. The increased activity of aniline hydroxylase and the decrease of Thiopental sleeping time in chickens exposed to the action of Delor 103 indicate that this preparation is able to induce liver microsomal enzymes in doses as low as 5 mg per kg of feed. The induction of liver microsomal enzymes appears to be an important factor, able to exercise a direct influence on the biotransformation of various biologically important substances in the organism of chickens.", "PMID": 96564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2224", "title": "[The effect of proteins from tannery wastes on body proteins in birds].", "content": "The effect of 7.0% and 3.5% proportion of lime protein, produced according to the patent CSP 133.077, in the diet was studied under laboratory conditions, as exerted on the growth rate of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and on the level of serum proteins and keratins in the feathers of these birds. The second generation of quail fed this diet showed an improvement of growth at the final stage and significant internal changes in the protein spectrum of the blood serum. Electrophoresis on paper and on polyacrylamide gel revealed a relative drop of albumins and gamma globulins, and a rise of alpha and beta globulins in the blood serum. Keratins showed no changes in feathers.", "contents": "[The effect of proteins from tannery wastes on body proteins in birds]. The effect of 7.0% and 3.5% proportion of lime protein, produced according to the patent CSP 133.077, in the diet was studied under laboratory conditions, as exerted on the growth rate of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and on the level of serum proteins and keratins in the feathers of these birds. The second generation of quail fed this diet showed an improvement of growth at the final stage and significant internal changes in the protein spectrum of the blood serum. Electrophoresis on paper and on polyacrylamide gel revealed a relative drop of albumins and gamma globulins, and a rise of alpha and beta globulins in the blood serum. Keratins showed no changes in feathers.", "PMID": 96565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2225", "title": "[Occurence of an outbreak of horse dermatophytosis caused by the fungus Trichophyton equinum].", "content": "There is a description of equine dermatophytosis enzootic, caused by the microscopic fungus Trichophyton equinum. The disease affected 32 horses, mostly young, all in the same herd (74.4%). The diseased horses were successfully treated with the preparation Fenoform forte, applied superficially at the concentration of 0.5% of the active substance. The authors made an attempt to determine the criteria for clinical differentiation of fully developed trichophytosis and microsporosis of horses. Trichophytosis (T. equinum) is characterized as typical numerous small and round patches, covered by small, bran-like, asbestos-coloured scales. Microsporosis (M. equinum) is adequately characterized by irregularly limited patches, often overlapping (15 X 20 cm), by pronounced desquammation, and accumulation of large, lime-white scales, firmly adhering to the base. It is recommended for an exact testing of the etiology of the infection to examine the lesions microscopically and by cultivation.", "contents": "[Occurence of an outbreak of horse dermatophytosis caused by the fungus Trichophyton equinum]. There is a description of equine dermatophytosis enzootic, caused by the microscopic fungus Trichophyton equinum. The disease affected 32 horses, mostly young, all in the same herd (74.4%). The diseased horses were successfully treated with the preparation Fenoform forte, applied superficially at the concentration of 0.5% of the active substance. The authors made an attempt to determine the criteria for clinical differentiation of fully developed trichophytosis and microsporosis of horses. Trichophytosis (T. equinum) is characterized as typical numerous small and round patches, covered by small, bran-like, asbestos-coloured scales. Microsporosis (M. equinum) is adequately characterized by irregularly limited patches, often overlapping (15 X 20 cm), by pronounced desquammation, and accumulation of large, lime-white scales, firmly adhering to the base. It is recommended for an exact testing of the etiology of the infection to examine the lesions microscopically and by cultivation.", "PMID": 96566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2226", "title": "[Diagnosis of Bacillus larvae --the causative agent of American foulbrood].", "content": "The authoress studied the growth of Bacillus larvae on different nutrient media and its ability of decomposing hydrogen peroxide and reducing nitrates. There are also instructions for rapid cultivation and biochemical diagnosis of Bacillus larvae. It can be performed in any microbiological laboratory, the culture medium can be prepared from available commercially produced preparations, and B. larvae can be detected in suspected material even out of the season, if the method of selective cultivation and repeated pasteurizing is used. Catalase test is proposed to be added to the examination; the result of this test was negative in all 96 strains studied. Photographic documentation of different developmental stages of B. larvae can serve as an aid in microbiological examination.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of Bacillus larvae --the causative agent of American foulbrood]. The authoress studied the growth of Bacillus larvae on different nutrient media and its ability of decomposing hydrogen peroxide and reducing nitrates. There are also instructions for rapid cultivation and biochemical diagnosis of Bacillus larvae. It can be performed in any microbiological laboratory, the culture medium can be prepared from available commercially produced preparations, and B. larvae can be detected in suspected material even out of the season, if the method of selective cultivation and repeated pasteurizing is used. Catalase test is proposed to be added to the examination; the result of this test was negative in all 96 strains studied. Photographic documentation of different developmental stages of B. larvae can serve as an aid in microbiological examination.", "PMID": 96567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2227", "title": "[Observation on the antigenic affinity of Leptospira and Brucella in the serological examination of cattle].", "content": "36,9% bovine serums which showed a non-specific reaction in examination for brucellosis had titre greater than or equal to 1:400 leptospirosis agglutinins. 15.1% of the serums showed a positive reaction (greater than 1:800), mostly those against L. sejroe and L. grippotyphosa. The cross reactions, found in individual cases within up to 39 days since the first reaction to brucellosis in cattle may signalize early Leptospira infections.", "contents": "[Observation on the antigenic affinity of Leptospira and Brucella in the serological examination of cattle]. 36,9% bovine serums which showed a non-specific reaction in examination for brucellosis had titre greater than or equal to 1:400 leptospirosis agglutinins. 15.1% of the serums showed a positive reaction (greater than 1:800), mostly those against L. sejroe and L. grippotyphosa. The cross reactions, found in individual cases within up to 39 days since the first reaction to brucellosis in cattle may signalize early Leptospira infections.", "PMID": 96568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2228", "title": "[Developmental stages of Taenia krabbei Moniez, 1879 (Cysticercus tarandi) in deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) in Czechoslovakia].", "content": "The breast and shoulder-blade muscles of a roe (Caprelous capreolus L.), shot in a hunting district in western Bohemia, were found to contain cysticerci with morphological characters and size corresponding to those of Cysticercus tarandi, which is a developmental stage of the tapeworm Taenia krabbei Moniez, 1879. The surface as well as deeper layers of muscle contained one to two cysticerci per 100 cm2 of area. The authors describe the larvocysts and histological changes in the site where the micro-organisms were found. The cysticerci are discussed as to the species to which they belong.", "contents": "[Developmental stages of Taenia krabbei Moniez, 1879 (Cysticercus tarandi) in deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) in Czechoslovakia]. The breast and shoulder-blade muscles of a roe (Caprelous capreolus L.), shot in a hunting district in western Bohemia, were found to contain cysticerci with morphological characters and size corresponding to those of Cysticercus tarandi, which is a developmental stage of the tapeworm Taenia krabbei Moniez, 1879. The surface as well as deeper layers of muscle contained one to two cysticerci per 100 cm2 of area. The authors describe the larvocysts and histological changes in the site where the micro-organisms were found. The cysticerci are discussed as to the species to which they belong.", "PMID": 96571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2229", "title": "[Effect of the diet containing rendering fats on the milk yield and vitamin E content in the milk of dairy cows].", "content": "In three groups of first-calvers with 15 animals each, with an identical basal diet, we followed for six months the effect of the DOB mixture additive without fat, the DOB mixture with 5% of rendering-plant fat obtained mechanically and DOB with 5% of rendering-plant fat after perchlorethylene extraction (0.90% perchlorethylene residuum). This additive of rendering-plant fats in concentrate mixtures as a substitute for grain in our experiment increased milk efficiency and the production of milk fat parallelled by a saving of concentrated feeds. An addition of rendering-plant fats which were often of low quality resulted in a decrease in vitamin E content in the blood serum and milk.", "contents": "[Effect of the diet containing rendering fats on the milk yield and vitamin E content in the milk of dairy cows]. In three groups of first-calvers with 15 animals each, with an identical basal diet, we followed for six months the effect of the DOB mixture additive without fat, the DOB mixture with 5% of rendering-plant fat obtained mechanically and DOB with 5% of rendering-plant fat after perchlorethylene extraction (0.90% perchlorethylene residuum). This additive of rendering-plant fats in concentrate mixtures as a substitute for grain in our experiment increased milk efficiency and the production of milk fat parallelled by a saving of concentrated feeds. An addition of rendering-plant fats which were often of low quality resulted in a decrease in vitamin E content in the blood serum and milk.", "PMID": 96572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2230", "title": "[Diagnosis of vibriosis in bulls at breeding stations through lavages of the artificial vagina].", "content": "The objective of the study was to test the suitability of lavages of artificial vaginas which are used for collecting ejaculate for diagnosing the Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus germs. According to the results of the investigation this method may be considered equal to the method of lavages of the prepuce. However, it is important to point out the advantages: it eliminates the danger of an accident, it enables quality lavage in the laboratory. To caputure the Campylobacter fetus the filtration through diaphragm filters is used together with the culture medium Fluid Thioglycollate medium (Difco) with an additive of agar, 10% ram blood and antibiotics (bacitracin, novobiocin). The catch rate in the prepuce lavages is 26.9%, in lavages of the artificial vagina 26.1%. The insignificant difference between the errors of the methods, i.e. the number of negative findings by employing one method and positive results with the other method, is 24.4% in lavages of the artificial vagina and 22.0% in lavages of the prepuce.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of vibriosis in bulls at breeding stations through lavages of the artificial vagina]. The objective of the study was to test the suitability of lavages of artificial vaginas which are used for collecting ejaculate for diagnosing the Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus germs. According to the results of the investigation this method may be considered equal to the method of lavages of the prepuce. However, it is important to point out the advantages: it eliminates the danger of an accident, it enables quality lavage in the laboratory. To caputure the Campylobacter fetus the filtration through diaphragm filters is used together with the culture medium Fluid Thioglycollate medium (Difco) with an additive of agar, 10% ram blood and antibiotics (bacitracin, novobiocin). The catch rate in the prepuce lavages is 26.9%, in lavages of the artificial vagina 26.1%. The insignificant difference between the errors of the methods, i.e. the number of negative findings by employing one method and positive results with the other method, is 24.4% in lavages of the artificial vagina and 22.0% in lavages of the prepuce.", "PMID": 96573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2231", "title": "[Comparison of the effectivity of 2 quantitative ovoscopic technics].", "content": "A comparison of efficiency of a quantitative proof of the eggs of gastrointestinal nematodes in the faeces of sheep by methods after Breza and Svarc (1968) and Wetzel (1951) modified for the recalculation of eggs by McMaster's chamber showed a 95 to 99% capture rate of eggs within the limits of reliability. The efficiency of both methods depends on the infection intensity, ovulation activity of the nematodes in the particular season of the year and, last but not least, on the age of the host. More accurate results are obtained in experimental in infections by a known dose of larvae than in natural infections influenced by ecological factors. From the number of eggs it is possible to estimate the intensity of infection in relation to the season of the year, the age of the animal and grazing conditions.", "contents": "[Comparison of the effectivity of 2 quantitative ovoscopic technics]. A comparison of efficiency of a quantitative proof of the eggs of gastrointestinal nematodes in the faeces of sheep by methods after Breza and Svarc (1968) and Wetzel (1951) modified for the recalculation of eggs by McMaster's chamber showed a 95 to 99% capture rate of eggs within the limits of reliability. The efficiency of both methods depends on the infection intensity, ovulation activity of the nematodes in the particular season of the year and, last but not least, on the age of the host. More accurate results are obtained in experimental in infections by a known dose of larvae than in natural infections influenced by ecological factors. From the number of eggs it is possible to estimate the intensity of infection in relation to the season of the year, the age of the animal and grazing conditions.", "PMID": 96574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2232", "title": "[Effectiveness of antigens from various developmental stages of Ascaris suum in the deomonstration of the migratory phase of experimental ascariasis in pigs].", "content": "Tests of the efficiency of antigens prepared from different developmental stages of Ascaris suum in indirect haemagglutination test in the course of proving the migration phase of experimental ascariasis in pigs show that the antigens prepared by ultrasound from the invasive larval stage of A. suum in comparison with antigens of sexually mature stages have higher serological activity. By using this antigen it is possible to prove specific antibodies in experimentally invaded pigs from 6 to 120 days after invasion as opposed to the other tested antigens (the detectability of antibodies from the 7th-8th day to the 64th day after invasion).", "contents": "[Effectiveness of antigens from various developmental stages of Ascaris suum in the deomonstration of the migratory phase of experimental ascariasis in pigs]. Tests of the efficiency of antigens prepared from different developmental stages of Ascaris suum in indirect haemagglutination test in the course of proving the migration phase of experimental ascariasis in pigs show that the antigens prepared by ultrasound from the invasive larval stage of A. suum in comparison with antigens of sexually mature stages have higher serological activity. By using this antigen it is possible to prove specific antibodies in experimentally invaded pigs from 6 to 120 days after invasion as opposed to the other tested antigens (the detectability of antibodies from the 7th-8th day to the 64th day after invasion).", "PMID": 96575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2233", "title": "[Study of the spiral and spindle-shaped formations in cultures of Bacillus larvae (White 1906) causing foulbrood in bees].", "content": "The authors have been studying the bacterial diseases of the brood for a fairly long time. American and European foul brood has been studied with the highest attention. Cultures of Bacillus larvae (White, 1906) were examined both in freshly isolated strains and in collection strains of this micro-organism. In cases of foul brood, the pathological material was found to contain not only the typical rods of B. larvae but also immobile spiral forms which are usually referred to in literature as fragments or developmental forms of B. larvae. These spiral forms were found to constitute spindle-shaped formations in the culture of B. larvae; the multiplication of these spindles depends on the presence of the rods of B. larvae and their development and reproduction can be observed on wet gelatine agar in a Petri dish turned upside down under a normal microscope (10 X 10 magnification). In the combined liquid medium, used in the experiments, these formations disintegrate into immobile spirals; if re-cultivated on a solid medium they re-assume their spindle shape with transverse meridian arrangement (in different amounts). Staining for proving the presence of nucleic acids does not eliminate the possibility of these formations being separate micro-organisms which cannot be stained by current staining methods but can be represented by the contrast method according to Burri, or by silvering according to Klein. The authors succeeded to separate these micro-organisms, but without the rods of B. larvae the colonies of these formations are feeble.", "contents": "[Study of the spiral and spindle-shaped formations in cultures of Bacillus larvae (White 1906) causing foulbrood in bees]. The authors have been studying the bacterial diseases of the brood for a fairly long time. American and European foul brood has been studied with the highest attention. Cultures of Bacillus larvae (White, 1906) were examined both in freshly isolated strains and in collection strains of this micro-organism. In cases of foul brood, the pathological material was found to contain not only the typical rods of B. larvae but also immobile spiral forms which are usually referred to in literature as fragments or developmental forms of B. larvae. These spiral forms were found to constitute spindle-shaped formations in the culture of B. larvae; the multiplication of these spindles depends on the presence of the rods of B. larvae and their development and reproduction can be observed on wet gelatine agar in a Petri dish turned upside down under a normal microscope (10 X 10 magnification). In the combined liquid medium, used in the experiments, these formations disintegrate into immobile spirals; if re-cultivated on a solid medium they re-assume their spindle shape with transverse meridian arrangement (in different amounts). Staining for proving the presence of nucleic acids does not eliminate the possibility of these formations being separate micro-organisms which cannot be stained by current staining methods but can be represented by the contrast method according to Burri, or by silvering according to Klein. The authors succeeded to separate these micro-organisms, but without the rods of B. larvae the colonies of these formations are feeble.", "PMID": 96576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2234", "title": "[The technic of arterial blood-specimen collection in cattle].", "content": "A simple method of collecting arterial blood in cattle by puncture of the arteria iliaca externa per rectum is described. Individual collections do not induce any local reaction nor do they impair the overall condition and milk yield of the animals.", "contents": "[The technic of arterial blood-specimen collection in cattle]. A simple method of collecting arterial blood in cattle by puncture of the arteria iliaca externa per rectum is described. Individual collections do not induce any local reaction nor do they impair the overall condition and milk yield of the animals.", "PMID": 96577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2235", "title": "A sarcocystis-like protozoon in a sheep with lymphadenopathy and myocarditis.", "content": "A generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes was found in an emaciated adult ewe. Additional autopsy findings included tiny grey-white necrotic foci in the heart muscle, aspiration pneumonia and diffuse pleuritis. Light microscopy showed a generalized lymphadenopathy with perilymphadenitis, depletion of lymphocytes and histiocytosis of the lymph node. In histiocytes and vascular endothelial cells of lymph nodes, septal capillary endothelium of lungs and capillary endothelium of myocardium, early stages of a protozoan parasite were found. In the myocardium, there were many foci of necrosis, some of which contained young cysts in the periphery. These cysts were morphogically similar tho those of Sarcocystis. Electron microscopy of the early protozoan stages yielded evidence of schizogony and formation of merozoites.", "contents": "A sarcocystis-like protozoon in a sheep with lymphadenopathy and myocarditis. A generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes was found in an emaciated adult ewe. Additional autopsy findings included tiny grey-white necrotic foci in the heart muscle, aspiration pneumonia and diffuse pleuritis. Light microscopy showed a generalized lymphadenopathy with perilymphadenitis, depletion of lymphocytes and histiocytosis of the lymph node. In histiocytes and vascular endothelial cells of lymph nodes, septal capillary endothelium of lungs and capillary endothelium of myocardium, early stages of a protozoan parasite were found. In the myocardium, there were many foci of necrosis, some of which contained young cysts in the periphery. These cysts were morphogically similar tho those of Sarcocystis. Electron microscopy of the early protozoan stages yielded evidence of schizogony and formation of merozoites.", "PMID": 96578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2236", "title": "Detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium johnei by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was applied in the detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium johnei in 110 sheep, 11 goat and 31 cattle sera and compared to immunodiffusion (ID) test. One per cent Noble agar, 7 ml per slide of 5 cm x 10 cm; barbitone-tris buffer, mu = 0.03, pH 8.6; a constant current of 5 mA per slide and M johnei protoplasmic antigen at 4 mg per ml were found to impart high sensitivity to CIE and give rapid results. CIE detected 97 sheep, 11 goat and 31 cattle positive sera, a total of 139, as compared to 44, 11, 28 and 83 respectively, detected by ID. Strongly positive sera could be demonstrated within 30 minutes by CIE and the test was run for only 90 minutes while earliest reactions were not observed before 18 hours and some reactions took 144 hours to develop in ID test.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium johnei by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was applied in the detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium johnei in 110 sheep, 11 goat and 31 cattle sera and compared to immunodiffusion (ID) test. One per cent Noble agar, 7 ml per slide of 5 cm x 10 cm; barbitone-tris buffer, mu = 0.03, pH 8.6; a constant current of 5 mA per slide and M johnei protoplasmic antigen at 4 mg per ml were found to impart high sensitivity to CIE and give rapid results. CIE detected 97 sheep, 11 goat and 31 cattle positive sera, a total of 139, as compared to 44, 11, 28 and 83 respectively, detected by ID. Strongly positive sera could be demonstrated within 30 minutes by CIE and the test was run for only 90 minutes while earliest reactions were not observed before 18 hours and some reactions took 144 hours to develop in ID test.", "PMID": 96579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2237", "title": "The organization, composition and matrix of hepatocyte nuclei exposed to alpha-amanitin.", "content": "Alterations in the structure and molecular composition of avian hepatocyte nuclei were compared following administration in vivo of lethal and sub-lethal doses of alpha-amanitin. This toxin interferes with extranucleolar transcription by direct inhibition of RNA polymerase II activity. the resultant effects include: extensive condensation of chromatin, displacement of nucleoplasmic contents and fragmentation of nucleoli. Changes in nuclear morphology were quantitated by stereometry and related to variations in RNA and residual, non-histone proteins (NHP). Gross alterations in nuclear structure and depletion of RNA and NHP levels were of similar magnitude with both doses of amanitin. The effects were fully reversible, however, with a minimal dose but terminal with a lethal dose. DNA and histone protein levels remained unchanged at all stages. These results imply that the process of transciption may itself keep and/or maintain chromatin in a dispersed state, and that in the absence of transcription chromatin naturally condenses. Modification of nuclear proteins may be necessary only to maintain chromatin compacted permanently or for extended periods of time. A model of nuclear organization is proposed to incorporate these considerations and to identify the probable location of the nuclear matrix in situ.", "contents": "The organization, composition and matrix of hepatocyte nuclei exposed to alpha-amanitin. Alterations in the structure and molecular composition of avian hepatocyte nuclei were compared following administration in vivo of lethal and sub-lethal doses of alpha-amanitin. This toxin interferes with extranucleolar transcription by direct inhibition of RNA polymerase II activity. the resultant effects include: extensive condensation of chromatin, displacement of nucleoplasmic contents and fragmentation of nucleoli. Changes in nuclear morphology were quantitated by stereometry and related to variations in RNA and residual, non-histone proteins (NHP). Gross alterations in nuclear structure and depletion of RNA and NHP levels were of similar magnitude with both doses of amanitin. The effects were fully reversible, however, with a minimal dose but terminal with a lethal dose. DNA and histone protein levels remained unchanged at all stages. These results imply that the process of transciption may itself keep and/or maintain chromatin in a dispersed state, and that in the absence of transcription chromatin naturally condenses. Modification of nuclear proteins may be necessary only to maintain chromatin compacted permanently or for extended periods of time. A model of nuclear organization is proposed to incorporate these considerations and to identify the probable location of the nuclear matrix in situ.", "PMID": 96580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2238", "title": "Regenerative proliferation of mouse epidermal cells following application of a carcinogenic skin irritant (MCA). Micro-flow fluorometric DNA measurements and 3H-TdR incorporation studies of isolated basal cells.", "content": "0.025 ml of a 1% solution of the complete skin carcinogen 20-methylcholanthrene (MCA) dissolved in benzene was applied to the back skin of hairless mice. At different time intervals up to 3 days after the carcinogen application groups of animals were injected i.p. with 30 muCi 3H-TdR 30 min before they were killed. Single cell suspensions of epidermal basal cells were prepared by a combined enzymatic and mechanical separation method, and the DNA frequency distribution pattern from each cell suspension was measured by means of micro-flow fluorometry. Smears for autoradiography were made from each cell suspension and the labeling index and mean grain count assessed. After a short initial delay, MCA induced an increase in the labeling index similar to that observed after non-specific cell injury and cell loss. Thereafter, the cells were considerably delayed in their progression through the S phase, with a low exit from S resulting in a transient emptying of the G2 compartment, without indications of any significant delay of the passage through G2 phase. The cells that had been injured by the MCA application in or just before S phase proceeded into the G2 phase and mitosis more than 24 h after the initiation of DNA synthesis. The cell kinetic reaction of epidermis to a single application of MCA is thus very different from that caused by a nonspecific cell damage, e.g. application of the vesicant agent cantharidin or removal of surface cells by cellophane tape stripping.", "contents": "Regenerative proliferation of mouse epidermal cells following application of a carcinogenic skin irritant (MCA). Micro-flow fluorometric DNA measurements and 3H-TdR incorporation studies of isolated basal cells. 0.025 ml of a 1% solution of the complete skin carcinogen 20-methylcholanthrene (MCA) dissolved in benzene was applied to the back skin of hairless mice. At different time intervals up to 3 days after the carcinogen application groups of animals were injected i.p. with 30 muCi 3H-TdR 30 min before they were killed. Single cell suspensions of epidermal basal cells were prepared by a combined enzymatic and mechanical separation method, and the DNA frequency distribution pattern from each cell suspension was measured by means of micro-flow fluorometry. Smears for autoradiography were made from each cell suspension and the labeling index and mean grain count assessed. After a short initial delay, MCA induced an increase in the labeling index similar to that observed after non-specific cell injury and cell loss. Thereafter, the cells were considerably delayed in their progression through the S phase, with a low exit from S resulting in a transient emptying of the G2 compartment, without indications of any significant delay of the passage through G2 phase. The cells that had been injured by the MCA application in or just before S phase proceeded into the G2 phase and mitosis more than 24 h after the initiation of DNA synthesis. The cell kinetic reaction of epidermis to a single application of MCA is thus very different from that caused by a nonspecific cell damage, e.g. application of the vesicant agent cantharidin or removal of surface cells by cellophane tape stripping.", "PMID": 96581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2239", "title": "Acute eosinophilic leukemia. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Observations on a 32 year old male are described. Hematological examination demonstrated leukocytosis with circulating blastosis and dystrophic hypereosinophilia of the blood and bone marrow, with cells at various stages of maturation. Cytotoxic chemotherapy led to complete remission for 5 months followed by a terminal relapse. No features in favor of an \"eosinophilic collagenosis\" were revealed at autopsy. Repetitive ultrastructural studies performed during evolution of the illness demonstrated considerable anomalies of the eosinophil line. The present observation thus shows the clinical, evolutional, cytological and autopsy criteria of an acute eosinophilic leukemia.", "contents": "Acute eosinophilic leukemia. An ultrastructural study. Observations on a 32 year old male are described. Hematological examination demonstrated leukocytosis with circulating blastosis and dystrophic hypereosinophilia of the blood and bone marrow, with cells at various stages of maturation. Cytotoxic chemotherapy led to complete remission for 5 months followed by a terminal relapse. No features in favor of an \"eosinophilic collagenosis\" were revealed at autopsy. Repetitive ultrastructural studies performed during evolution of the illness demonstrated considerable anomalies of the eosinophil line. The present observation thus shows the clinical, evolutional, cytological and autopsy criteria of an acute eosinophilic leukemia.", "PMID": 96582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2240", "title": "The regeneration of the cells of the macula densa after subtotal nephrectomy in the rat.", "content": "An autoradiographic study of the proliferative response of the cells of the Macula Densa days or months after the removal of 5/6 of the rat's kidney has shown that these cells are capable of division. The index of labelling of these cells is considerably lower than that of the other cells of the distal tubules. This applies of the kidney of normal controls and to the remnant after partial nephrectomy, shortly after operation as well as several months later. The cells of the Macula Densa therefore seem to represent a more stable population in the nephron. They therefore differ from the other cells of the distal tubules not only in appearance and function, but also in the pattern of cell proliferation.", "contents": "The regeneration of the cells of the macula densa after subtotal nephrectomy in the rat. An autoradiographic study of the proliferative response of the cells of the Macula Densa days or months after the removal of 5/6 of the rat's kidney has shown that these cells are capable of division. The index of labelling of these cells is considerably lower than that of the other cells of the distal tubules. This applies of the kidney of normal controls and to the remnant after partial nephrectomy, shortly after operation as well as several months later. The cells of the Macula Densa therefore seem to represent a more stable population in the nephron. They therefore differ from the other cells of the distal tubules not only in appearance and function, but also in the pattern of cell proliferation.", "PMID": 96583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2241", "title": "Elastic fibers in the tunica propria of the seminiferous tubules. Light and electron microscopic investigations.", "content": "Histological examination of numerous biopsies from mature testes, repeatedly showed irregularities of the elastin staining in the tunica propria of the seminiferous tubules. Even when abundant elastic fibers were visible by light microscopy, no elastic fibers were demonstrable in the electron microscope in ultrathin sections of testicular tubules embedded in Epon and contrasted with phosphotungstic acid (PTA). In 43 biopsies from 22 men aged 17-39 years (19 investigations of sterility and three patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) we therefore checked for the occurrence of elastic fibers in the wall of the seminiferous tubules. Matrix loci of elastic fibers could indeed by demonstrated by electron microscopy using PTA and potassium permanganate (KMnO4), but only after embedding in araldite. Under these conditions, light and electron microscopic findings agreed with each other. The appearances of moderate and severe testicular tubular atrophy differed slightly from one another with regard to the amount of elastin. In the \"Sertoli cells only syndrome\", elastic fibers were demonstrable only outside the hyalinized inner layer. In the Klinefelter syndrome, only \"uncertain\" elastin loci were present, but greatly increased microfibrils were to be seen using the electron microscope. No elastic elements and only very sparse microfibrils were present in the tunica propria of the tubules of young men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.", "contents": "Elastic fibers in the tunica propria of the seminiferous tubules. Light and electron microscopic investigations. Histological examination of numerous biopsies from mature testes, repeatedly showed irregularities of the elastin staining in the tunica propria of the seminiferous tubules. Even when abundant elastic fibers were visible by light microscopy, no elastic fibers were demonstrable in the electron microscope in ultrathin sections of testicular tubules embedded in Epon and contrasted with phosphotungstic acid (PTA). In 43 biopsies from 22 men aged 17-39 years (19 investigations of sterility and three patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) we therefore checked for the occurrence of elastic fibers in the wall of the seminiferous tubules. Matrix loci of elastic fibers could indeed by demonstrated by electron microscopy using PTA and potassium permanganate (KMnO4), but only after embedding in araldite. Under these conditions, light and electron microscopic findings agreed with each other. The appearances of moderate and severe testicular tubular atrophy differed slightly from one another with regard to the amount of elastin. In the \"Sertoli cells only syndrome\", elastic fibers were demonstrable only outside the hyalinized inner layer. In the Klinefelter syndrome, only \"uncertain\" elastin loci were present, but greatly increased microfibrils were to be seen using the electron microscope. No elastic elements and only very sparse microfibrils were present in the tunica propria of the tubules of young men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.", "PMID": 96584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2242", "title": "[Changes in biogenic amines and connective tissue in the process of chemical carcinogenesis].", "content": "On two models of chemically induced tumors (cancer of the mammary gland and subcutaneous sarcoma) in rats the author has demonstrated the kinetics of biogenic amines transformations in the organism and their association with the developed structural-functional disorders in the connective tissue elements. It was found that the activity of connective tissue cells determined by the presence in them of such enzymes as nonspecific esterase, lipase and monoaminoxidase is directly dependent on the status of the intestinal enterochromaffin apparatus and the adrenal medulla and also on the presence of serotonin in connective tissue cells. The appearance of di-and polyamines in the pretumor period and their increase in the tumor period in conncective tissue noncellular structures indicate the enhancement of degeneration of these structures, while the presence of these substances in connective tissue cells evidences the suppression of their specific functions. It is believed that the source of production of di-and polyamines in the organism under tumor development is protein formations of noncellular structures of the connective tissue subjected to deorganization and destruction.", "contents": "[Changes in biogenic amines and connective tissue in the process of chemical carcinogenesis]. On two models of chemically induced tumors (cancer of the mammary gland and subcutaneous sarcoma) in rats the author has demonstrated the kinetics of biogenic amines transformations in the organism and their association with the developed structural-functional disorders in the connective tissue elements. It was found that the activity of connective tissue cells determined by the presence in them of such enzymes as nonspecific esterase, lipase and monoaminoxidase is directly dependent on the status of the intestinal enterochromaffin apparatus and the adrenal medulla and also on the presence of serotonin in connective tissue cells. The appearance of di-and polyamines in the pretumor period and their increase in the tumor period in conncective tissue noncellular structures indicate the enhancement of degeneration of these structures, while the presence of these substances in connective tissue cells evidences the suppression of their specific functions. It is believed that the source of production of di-and polyamines in the organism under tumor development is protein formations of noncellular structures of the connective tissue subjected to deorganization and destruction.", "PMID": 96597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2243", "title": "Studies on blood from the original Rhnull proposita and relatives.", "content": "A relative of the original Rh proposita, of group R1R2, shows weak expression of his Rh antigens, and is thought to be an Rhnull heterozygote. His wife and 3 of their 4 children show normal Rh antigen expression, but one daughter showed weak Rh antigen expression, as determined by quantitative haemagglutination. The observations support the proposition that the father is heterozygous for an unlinked modifier of Rh antigen expression. Stomatocytosis, observed in the Rhnull proposita and other Rhnull individuals, was also observed, but to a lesser degree, in the blood of an other individual thought to be an Rhnull heterozygote. This observation also supports the earlier conclusion that the Rhnull phenotype of the proposita is due to homozygosity for inactive alleles at a locus which controls the biosynthesis of precursor for Rh and LW antigens. Osmotic fragility tests showed that the Rhnull cells were more fragile than cells with normal Rh antigen expression, and cells from Rhnull heterozygotes had intermediate fragility. This is consistent with the proposition that Rh antigens are normal structural components of the red cell membrane, and the Rhnull heterozygotes show a deficiency of the Rh antigenic structures.", "contents": "Studies on blood from the original Rhnull proposita and relatives. A relative of the original Rh proposita, of group R1R2, shows weak expression of his Rh antigens, and is thought to be an Rhnull heterozygote. His wife and 3 of their 4 children show normal Rh antigen expression, but one daughter showed weak Rh antigen expression, as determined by quantitative haemagglutination. The observations support the proposition that the father is heterozygous for an unlinked modifier of Rh antigen expression. Stomatocytosis, observed in the Rhnull proposita and other Rhnull individuals, was also observed, but to a lesser degree, in the blood of an other individual thought to be an Rhnull heterozygote. This observation also supports the earlier conclusion that the Rhnull phenotype of the proposita is due to homozygosity for inactive alleles at a locus which controls the biosynthesis of precursor for Rh and LW antigens. Osmotic fragility tests showed that the Rhnull cells were more fragile than cells with normal Rh antigen expression, and cells from Rhnull heterozygotes had intermediate fragility. This is consistent with the proposition that Rh antigens are normal structural components of the red cell membrane, and the Rhnull heterozygotes show a deficiency of the Rh antigenic structures.", "PMID": 96599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2244", "title": "[Microsomal oxygenase enzyme system during chronic administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene].", "content": "Alteration in content of enzymatic components was studied in microsomal oxygenases system of rats administered with 2-acetyl aminofluorene. Content of cytochrome R-450 was decreased beginning from the fourth week of the experiment. Activity of NADP cytochrome c reductase was higher in animals, treated with the drug as compared with controls. Inductors of the I and II type were capable to induce the enzymatic system up to the end of the experiment - within 16 weeks as far as liver tumors developed.", "contents": "[Microsomal oxygenase enzyme system during chronic administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene]. Alteration in content of enzymatic components was studied in microsomal oxygenases system of rats administered with 2-acetyl aminofluorene. Content of cytochrome R-450 was decreased beginning from the fourth week of the experiment. Activity of NADP cytochrome c reductase was higher in animals, treated with the drug as compared with controls. Inductors of the I and II type were capable to induce the enzymatic system up to the end of the experiment - within 16 weeks as far as liver tumors developed.", "PMID": 96595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2245", "title": "Antenatal blood group serology in Sudanese women.", "content": "2,140 pregnant Sudanese women attending the antenatal clinic in Omdurman Maternity Hospital during the period November 1975 to December 1976 had ABO and Rh typing performed. Their sera were also screened by a modified papain enzyme technique for the presence of atypical antibodies. The rate of Rhesus immunization, the frequency distribution of blood groups, the atypical antibodies encountered, and the advantages of the method used for screening the sera in a developing country are discussed.", "contents": "Antenatal blood group serology in Sudanese women. 2,140 pregnant Sudanese women attending the antenatal clinic in Omdurman Maternity Hospital during the period November 1975 to December 1976 had ABO and Rh typing performed. Their sera were also screened by a modified papain enzyme technique for the presence of atypical antibodies. The rate of Rhesus immunization, the frequency distribution of blood groups, the atypical antibodies encountered, and the advantages of the method used for screening the sera in a developing country are discussed.", "PMID": 96600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2246", "title": "[Isolation of cationic proteins from rabbit thrombocytes and study of their bacteriostatic activity].", "content": "Cation-containing proteins, which possessed the bacteriostatic activity against Grampositive microorganism Bacillus subtilis SHGW, were isolated from rabbit thrombocytes by means of selective extraction. These substances were of heterogenous nature (as shown by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis), including two groups of proteins with molecular weight about 8=10-10(3) and 20=30-10(3) daltons. The bacteriostatic activity of each group of these proteins was studied after gel filtration of the total preparation on Sephadex G=75. The group of proteins with molecular weight 8=10-10(3) daltons was responsible for bacteriostatic activity of the total cation-containing protein from thrombocytes.", "contents": "[Isolation of cationic proteins from rabbit thrombocytes and study of their bacteriostatic activity]. Cation-containing proteins, which possessed the bacteriostatic activity against Grampositive microorganism Bacillus subtilis SHGW, were isolated from rabbit thrombocytes by means of selective extraction. These substances were of heterogenous nature (as shown by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis), including two groups of proteins with molecular weight about 8=10-10(3) and 20=30-10(3) daltons. The bacteriostatic activity of each group of these proteins was studied after gel filtration of the total preparation on Sephadex G=75. The group of proteins with molecular weight 8=10-10(3) daltons was responsible for bacteriostatic activity of the total cation-containing protein from thrombocytes.", "PMID": 96596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2247", "title": "[Nitrogen-containing fractions of Soviet hydrolysates for parenteral feeding].", "content": "The content of free amino acids, non-precipitable and precipitable trichloro-acetic acid peptides in Soviet-made hydrolysates for parenteral alimentation was determined. As shown, it is aminopeptide and aminosol that contain the greatest amounts of amino acids, fibrinosol and caseine hydrolysate carrying their least quantities, with aminocrovine and hydrolysine occupying an intermediate place in this respect. The quality of hydrolysates was assessed according to their biological value and to do so chemical numbers of essential amino acids were calculated and limiting factors determined. Fibrinosol and aminosol and to a somewhat lesser degree--casein hydrolysate were found to be best balanced as concerns their amino acids composition. Aminopeptide, hydrolysine and especially aminocrovine were manifestly inadequate by their biological value, since they contain limiting amino acids (isoleucine, cystine and methionine).", "contents": "[Nitrogen-containing fractions of Soviet hydrolysates for parenteral feeding]. The content of free amino acids, non-precipitable and precipitable trichloro-acetic acid peptides in Soviet-made hydrolysates for parenteral alimentation was determined. As shown, it is aminopeptide and aminosol that contain the greatest amounts of amino acids, fibrinosol and caseine hydrolysate carrying their least quantities, with aminocrovine and hydrolysine occupying an intermediate place in this respect. The quality of hydrolysates was assessed according to their biological value and to do so chemical numbers of essential amino acids were calculated and limiting factors determined. Fibrinosol and aminosol and to a somewhat lesser degree--casein hydrolysate were found to be best balanced as concerns their amino acids composition. Aminopeptide, hydrolysine and especially aminocrovine were manifestly inadequate by their biological value, since they contain limiting amino acids (isoleucine, cystine and methionine).", "PMID": 96598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2248", "title": "Anti-D immunoglobulin preparations: the stability of anti-D concentrations and the error of the assay of anti-D.", "content": "An analysis of the assay of 28 preparations of anti-D immunoglobulin using a radioisotope method carried out at 6-montly intervals for 2--4.5 years showed an average fall in anti-D concentration of 10.6% each year, with 99% confidence limits of 6.8--14.7%. The fall in anti-D concentration after storage at 37 degrees C for 1 month was less than 8%, the minimum change that could be detected. No significant change in physical characteristics of the immunoglobulin were detected. The error of a single estimate of anti-D by the radioisotope method (125I-labelled anti-IgG) used here was calculated to be such that the true value probably (p = 0.95) lay between 66 and 150% of the estimated value.", "contents": "Anti-D immunoglobulin preparations: the stability of anti-D concentrations and the error of the assay of anti-D. An analysis of the assay of 28 preparations of anti-D immunoglobulin using a radioisotope method carried out at 6-montly intervals for 2--4.5 years showed an average fall in anti-D concentration of 10.6% each year, with 99% confidence limits of 6.8--14.7%. The fall in anti-D concentration after storage at 37 degrees C for 1 month was less than 8%, the minimum change that could be detected. No significant change in physical characteristics of the immunoglobulin were detected. The error of a single estimate of anti-D by the radioisotope method (125I-labelled anti-IgG) used here was calculated to be such that the true value probably (p = 0.95) lay between 66 and 150% of the estimated value.", "PMID": 96601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2249", "title": "Delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions due to anti-C.", "content": "In 5 patients of phenotype ccDEe or ccDEE, the transfusion of 2--14 U of C-positive blood was folloued 5--9 days later by haemoglobinuria lasting 2--4 days. Anti-C was the only antibody present in all 5 cases but was always of low titre; with CC cells the maximum titre recorded with the indirect antiglobulin test was 8 and with the agglutination of enzyme-treated cells, 128. The discordance between the weakness of the antibody in vivo and the amount of haemoglobin released intravascularly is surprising but may be related to the type of IgG molecule of which anti-C is composed.", "contents": "Delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions due to anti-C. In 5 patients of phenotype ccDEe or ccDEE, the transfusion of 2--14 U of C-positive blood was folloued 5--9 days later by haemoglobinuria lasting 2--4 days. Anti-C was the only antibody present in all 5 cases but was always of low titre; with CC cells the maximum titre recorded with the indirect antiglobulin test was 8 and with the agglutination of enzyme-treated cells, 128. The discordance between the weakness of the antibody in vivo and the amount of haemoglobin released intravascularly is surprising but may be related to the type of IgG molecule of which anti-C is composed.", "PMID": 96602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2250", "title": "[Properties of the tick-borne encephalitis virus persisting for a long time in a chronically infected cell culture].", "content": "The biological properties of tick-borne encephalitis virus (Sof K) produced by chronically infected HEp-2-Sof cells at late stages of the cultivation were studied. The Sof K virus was infective for mice of different ages upon intracerebral and subcutaneous inoculation, had high immunogenicity and was completely neutralized by antiserum to the parental strain. The Sof K virus had the small-plaque phenotype and replicated with similar intensity in pig embryo cell cultures (SPEC) at 36 degrees, 42 degrees and 31 degrees C.", "contents": "[Properties of the tick-borne encephalitis virus persisting for a long time in a chronically infected cell culture]. The biological properties of tick-borne encephalitis virus (Sof K) produced by chronically infected HEp-2-Sof cells at late stages of the cultivation were studied. The Sof K virus was infective for mice of different ages upon intracerebral and subcutaneous inoculation, had high immunogenicity and was completely neutralized by antiserum to the parental strain. The Sof K virus had the small-plaque phenotype and replicated with similar intensity in pig embryo cell cultures (SPEC) at 36 degrees, 42 degrees and 31 degrees C.", "PMID": 96605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2251", "title": "The metabolism of S-carboxymethylcysteine in rodents, marmosets and humans.", "content": "1. The metabolism of S-carboxymethylcysteine (Mucodyne) has been studied in the rat, rabbit, guinea-pig, marmoset and human. All species studied, except the rabbit, excrete large amounts of the parent compound. 2. Rabbits and humans give S-carboxymethylcysteine sulphoxide, rats form N-acetyl-S-carboxymethylcysteine while marmosets excrete methylmercapturic acid as other major metabolites. Traces of methylmercapturic acid sulphoxide, methylcysteine, methylcysteine sulphoxide and 3-(S-carboxymethylthio)lactic acid were also found.", "contents": "The metabolism of S-carboxymethylcysteine in rodents, marmosets and humans. 1. The metabolism of S-carboxymethylcysteine (Mucodyne) has been studied in the rat, rabbit, guinea-pig, marmoset and human. All species studied, except the rabbit, excrete large amounts of the parent compound. 2. Rabbits and humans give S-carboxymethylcysteine sulphoxide, rats form N-acetyl-S-carboxymethylcysteine while marmosets excrete methylmercapturic acid as other major metabolites. Traces of methylmercapturic acid sulphoxide, methylcysteine, methylcysteine sulphoxide and 3-(S-carboxymethylthio)lactic acid were also found.", "PMID": 96615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2252", "title": "Disposition and metabolism of atenolol in animals.", "content": "1. The disposition of [14C]atenolol (1-[4-carbamoylmethyl[U-14C]phenoxy]-3-isopropylaminopropan-2-ol, Tenormin) has been studied in five species. 2. In the dog, absorption of oral doses of atenolol was virtually complete, and elimination occurred largely via the kidney. In all other species absorption even from aq. soln. was incomplete. 3. Biliary excretion in the rat and dog was minimal. 4. In all species, the major 14C component of 0-24 h urine was atenolol. The pattern of metabolites was similar, showing quantitative rather than qualitative differences. 5. The one significant minor metabolite detected in microsomal preparations and in urine arises by hydroxylation at the methylene carbon of the carbamoylmethyl group. This metabolite has only one tenth of the activity of the parent compound as a beta-adrenergic blocking agent in the rat. 6. The pharmacological activity of the drug appears to be due to the parent compound alone.", "contents": "Disposition and metabolism of atenolol in animals. 1. The disposition of [14C]atenolol (1-[4-carbamoylmethyl[U-14C]phenoxy]-3-isopropylaminopropan-2-ol, Tenormin) has been studied in five species. 2. In the dog, absorption of oral doses of atenolol was virtually complete, and elimination occurred largely via the kidney. In all other species absorption even from aq. soln. was incomplete. 3. Biliary excretion in the rat and dog was minimal. 4. In all species, the major 14C component of 0-24 h urine was atenolol. The pattern of metabolites was similar, showing quantitative rather than qualitative differences. 5. The one significant minor metabolite detected in microsomal preparations and in urine arises by hydroxylation at the methylene carbon of the carbamoylmethyl group. This metabolite has only one tenth of the activity of the parent compound as a beta-adrenergic blocking agent in the rat. 6. The pharmacological activity of the drug appears to be due to the parent compound alone.", "PMID": 96616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2253", "title": "The physiological disposition of the anti-tussive agent, 1,2,3,4a,9b-hexahydro-8,9b-dimethyl-4-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propionamido]dibenzofuran-3-one dihydrochloride Azipranone, in man, rat, dog and baboon.", "content": "1. The absorption, tissue distrigution, elimination and biotransformation of the anti-tussive agent Azipranone labelled with 14C have been investigated after oral dosing to rat, dog, baboon and man and parenteral administration to rat and baboon. 2. Levels of radioactivity in plasma were maximal within 20 min of dosing in the rat and after 1-2 h in the remaining species. The concn. declined thereafter with a half-life estimated at 1, 3-4 and 18-24 h for rat, dog, and baboon and man respectively. 3. Three human volunteers excreted 53, 62 and 70% of the radioactivity in the urine in 96 h while the remaining species excreted 50-70% of the dose in the faeces in the same period. 4. Radioactivity was rapidly and extensively eliminated in the bile of both rat and baboon after administration of [14C]Azipranone. 5. The 24 h urine samples from all species contained ten major and a similar number of minor radioactive components. 6. In hepatic microsomal preparations, biotransformations of Azipranone are catalysed by enzymes requiring both NADPH2 and cytochrome-P450.", "contents": "The physiological disposition of the anti-tussive agent, 1,2,3,4a,9b-hexahydro-8,9b-dimethyl-4-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propionamido]dibenzofuran-3-one dihydrochloride Azipranone, in man, rat, dog and baboon. 1. The absorption, tissue distrigution, elimination and biotransformation of the anti-tussive agent Azipranone labelled with 14C have been investigated after oral dosing to rat, dog, baboon and man and parenteral administration to rat and baboon. 2. Levels of radioactivity in plasma were maximal within 20 min of dosing in the rat and after 1-2 h in the remaining species. The concn. declined thereafter with a half-life estimated at 1, 3-4 and 18-24 h for rat, dog, and baboon and man respectively. 3. Three human volunteers excreted 53, 62 and 70% of the radioactivity in the urine in 96 h while the remaining species excreted 50-70% of the dose in the faeces in the same period. 4. Radioactivity was rapidly and extensively eliminated in the bile of both rat and baboon after administration of [14C]Azipranone. 5. The 24 h urine samples from all species contained ten major and a similar number of minor radioactive components. 6. In hepatic microsomal preparations, biotransformations of Azipranone are catalysed by enzymes requiring both NADPH2 and cytochrome-P450.", "PMID": 96617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2254", "title": "Isolation of a sulphate reductase-less mutant of the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum.", "content": "The wild type Nostoc muscorum (UW strain) has yielded various physiological mutants altered in utilization of sulphate, following mutagenic treatments with N-methyl, N'-nitro N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG). One of the mutant strains designated as Sat-20 failed to grow in a medium containing sulphate (MgSO4.7 H2O). However, the mutant strain could grow when supplemented with thiosulphate (Na2S2O3.5 H2O), while methionine could fulfil the sulphur requirement only partially. On comparative reasons, the wild type as well as the mutant showed preference for thiosulphate over other sulphur sources employed.", "contents": "Isolation of a sulphate reductase-less mutant of the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum. The wild type Nostoc muscorum (UW strain) has yielded various physiological mutants altered in utilization of sulphate, following mutagenic treatments with N-methyl, N'-nitro N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG). One of the mutant strains designated as Sat-20 failed to grow in a medium containing sulphate (MgSO4.7 H2O). However, the mutant strain could grow when supplemented with thiosulphate (Na2S2O3.5 H2O), while methionine could fulfil the sulphur requirement only partially. On comparative reasons, the wild type as well as the mutant showed preference for thiosulphate over other sulphur sources employed.", "PMID": 96618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2255", "title": "Evaluation of yield and maintenance coefficients, expressed in carbon units, for Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. aeruginosa.", "content": "The maximum cell yield (YMc - g biomass carbon per gram substrate carbon) and the rate of maintenance metabolism (mc - g substrate carbon/g biomass carbon per hour) have been determined for substrate limited continuous cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. aeruginosa. The metabolism of the organic substrates was monitored by measuring the COD-removal1) rates at different dilution rates. The advantages of expressing yield and maintenance coefficients in carbon units is discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of yield and maintenance coefficients, expressed in carbon units, for Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. aeruginosa. The maximum cell yield (YMc - g biomass carbon per gram substrate carbon) and the rate of maintenance metabolism (mc - g substrate carbon/g biomass carbon per hour) have been determined for substrate limited continuous cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. aeruginosa. The metabolism of the organic substrates was monitored by measuring the COD-removal1) rates at different dilution rates. The advantages of expressing yield and maintenance coefficients in carbon units is discussed.", "PMID": 96619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2256", "title": "Experimental protein malnutrition as a causative factor in the histological and histochemical disruption of the ependymal cells of the third ventricla and cervical central canal of squirrel monkeys.", "content": "The histologic disturbances of the cuboidal and columnar ependymal cells of the neonates under the extrinsic influence of maternal protein deprivation during most of the gestation period have been demonstrated in the central canal of the cervical spinal cord and III ventricle of the squirrel monkey brain. The control animals whose mothers were maintained on high protein diets showed an unbroken ependymal layer with an intact glial fiber layer and the subependymal cell plate. Taking birth-weight as an indication of the degree of malnutrition, maximum disruption of the ependymal layer was observed in those animals born around 80 g birth-weight. In the latter, most of the ependymal cells lost their characteristic arrangement and columnar shapes. The ependymal cells of the manourished animals show a marked reduction of oxidative enzyme content and relatively active glycogen metabolism as compared to the healthy controls. The significance of these changes has been discussed in the light of parallels in the embryological development and, to some extent, functions between the orinary neurons, ependymal cells of the choroid plexus, other ependymal cells and the glial cells. In this context, the changes observed in the present studies under the effect of protein malnutrition must be taken as part of overall changes experienced by various kinds of cells comprising the nervous system.", "contents": "Experimental protein malnutrition as a causative factor in the histological and histochemical disruption of the ependymal cells of the third ventricla and cervical central canal of squirrel monkeys. The histologic disturbances of the cuboidal and columnar ependymal cells of the neonates under the extrinsic influence of maternal protein deprivation during most of the gestation period have been demonstrated in the central canal of the cervical spinal cord and III ventricle of the squirrel monkey brain. The control animals whose mothers were maintained on high protein diets showed an unbroken ependymal layer with an intact glial fiber layer and the subependymal cell plate. Taking birth-weight as an indication of the degree of malnutrition, maximum disruption of the ependymal layer was observed in those animals born around 80 g birth-weight. In the latter, most of the ependymal cells lost their characteristic arrangement and columnar shapes. The ependymal cells of the manourished animals show a marked reduction of oxidative enzyme content and relatively active glycogen metabolism as compared to the healthy controls. The significance of these changes has been discussed in the light of parallels in the embryological development and, to some extent, functions between the orinary neurons, ependymal cells of the choroid plexus, other ependymal cells and the glial cells. In this context, the changes observed in the present studies under the effect of protein malnutrition must be taken as part of overall changes experienced by various kinds of cells comprising the nervous system.", "PMID": 96626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2257", "title": "Serologic studies of the maize stalk rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae.", "content": "With the help of serological techniques, namely microprecipitin, agglutination, and gel diffusion, sixteen isolates of maize stalk rot pathogen were proved to be identical. Serological techniques have thus been utilized as an additional tool for identifying the pathogen Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zea. It was also established that the pathogen does not perpetuate in the seed, either externally of internally. It could, however, be found through serological tests that infected ears carried the pathogen and transmitted it as a contaminant to the healthy seeds.", "contents": "Serologic studies of the maize stalk rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae. With the help of serological techniques, namely microprecipitin, agglutination, and gel diffusion, sixteen isolates of maize stalk rot pathogen were proved to be identical. Serological techniques have thus been utilized as an additional tool for identifying the pathogen Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zea. It was also established that the pathogen does not perpetuate in the seed, either externally of internally. It could, however, be found through serological tests that infected ears carried the pathogen and transmitted it as a contaminant to the healthy seeds.", "PMID": 96628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2258", "title": "[Resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes in normal and thymusless mice treated with ampicillin (author's transl)].", "content": "NMRI mice were infected intravenously with a sublethal dose of Listeria monocytogenes and divided into four groups. One group served as the control and the other three were treated with ampicillin beginning 4, 8 or 24 hours after infection. The animals were injected in the morning and in the evening each time with 4 mg ampicillin subcutaneously until a total dose of 48 mg was reached. As demonstrated by counting of the bacteria in the spleen, Listeria could multiply in the ampicillin treated mice in comparison to the control group at best delayed but the infection continued to persist for some days at a level of 10(3)-10(4) Listeriae per spleen independent from the starting point of the treatment. Eight days after the first infection all animals received a challenge dose of 10(4) Listeriae. Compared with the control animals the ampicillin treated mice had a clearly reduced immunity, even in the group in which ampicillin application had been started 24 hours after the primary infection. If the challenge infection was given at first after an intervall of six weeks between primary and secondary infection, only a reduced immunity was found. Furthermore, whereas spleen cells of mice 7 days after infection were able to transfer immunity to untreated recipients, spleen cells of ampicillin treated mice were unable to do so. Finally, an attempt was made to cure chronic listeric infection in thymusless nude mice by the application of high doses of ampicillin. The observation of a continuous infection in these animals showed that the T-cells played a primary importance in the elimination of the bacteria.", "contents": "[Resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes in normal and thymusless mice treated with ampicillin (author's transl)]. NMRI mice were infected intravenously with a sublethal dose of Listeria monocytogenes and divided into four groups. One group served as the control and the other three were treated with ampicillin beginning 4, 8 or 24 hours after infection. The animals were injected in the morning and in the evening each time with 4 mg ampicillin subcutaneously until a total dose of 48 mg was reached. As demonstrated by counting of the bacteria in the spleen, Listeria could multiply in the ampicillin treated mice in comparison to the control group at best delayed but the infection continued to persist for some days at a level of 10(3)-10(4) Listeriae per spleen independent from the starting point of the treatment. Eight days after the first infection all animals received a challenge dose of 10(4) Listeriae. Compared with the control animals the ampicillin treated mice had a clearly reduced immunity, even in the group in which ampicillin application had been started 24 hours after the primary infection. If the challenge infection was given at first after an intervall of six weeks between primary and secondary infection, only a reduced immunity was found. Furthermore, whereas spleen cells of mice 7 days after infection were able to transfer immunity to untreated recipients, spleen cells of ampicillin treated mice were unable to do so. Finally, an attempt was made to cure chronic listeric infection in thymusless nude mice by the application of high doses of ampicillin. The observation of a continuous infection in these animals showed that the T-cells played a primary importance in the elimination of the bacteria.", "PMID": 96629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2259", "title": "[Bactericidal antibody micro-assay for detection of antibodies against meningococci (author's transl)].", "content": "The best way to detect protective antibodies against meningococci in human serum seems to prove its bactericidal activity. For this a bactericidal antibody assay was described by WHO. For this test, however, a high amount of baby rabbit-serum is required. Therefore a modification was introduced by reducing the test volumes, performing the test in microtiterplates and using TTC (triphenyl tetracolium chloride), as a growth indicator that changes from colourless to purple red in the presence of growing meningococci. The end point of serum titration is the last well containing colourless medium.", "contents": "[Bactericidal antibody micro-assay for detection of antibodies against meningococci (author's transl)]. The best way to detect protective antibodies against meningococci in human serum seems to prove its bactericidal activity. For this a bactericidal antibody assay was described by WHO. For this test, however, a high amount of baby rabbit-serum is required. Therefore a modification was introduced by reducing the test volumes, performing the test in microtiterplates and using TTC (triphenyl tetracolium chloride), as a growth indicator that changes from colourless to purple red in the presence of growing meningococci. The end point of serum titration is the last well containing colourless medium.", "PMID": 96630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2260", "title": "[Study of the antigenic relationship between animal and human immunoglobulins using antisera to human immunoglobulins].", "content": "Cross-reactivity of monospecific antisera to human immunoglobulins with animal sera of 10 species was studied by immunoelectrophoresis and radial immunodiffusion. Antisera to IgG were shown to reveal IgG of all the species studied, antisera to IgM and especially to IgA cross reacted less extensively. The greatest number of cross reactions were given by the antisera obtained as a result of hyperimmunization. Hyperimmune monospecific antisera to human IgG, IgA, and IgM can be used for the identification of animal immunoglobulins during their isolation from the sera and for their quantitation by radial immunodiffusion.", "contents": "[Study of the antigenic relationship between animal and human immunoglobulins using antisera to human immunoglobulins]. Cross-reactivity of monospecific antisera to human immunoglobulins with animal sera of 10 species was studied by immunoelectrophoresis and radial immunodiffusion. Antisera to IgG were shown to reveal IgG of all the species studied, antisera to IgM and especially to IgA cross reacted less extensively. The greatest number of cross reactions were given by the antisera obtained as a result of hyperimmunization. Hyperimmune monospecific antisera to human IgG, IgA, and IgM can be used for the identification of animal immunoglobulins during their isolation from the sera and for their quantitation by radial immunodiffusion.", "PMID": 96633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2261", "title": "[Hyaluronidase in meningococcus].", "content": "A total of 204 meningococcus strains were tested for the presence of hyaluronidase, and 45.5% of the strains were found to contain it. Strains penetrating into the cerebrospinal fluid were the ones which largely produced the enzyme (in 83% of the cases). The enzyme was revealed only in 25.5% of the strains habituating on the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Hyaluronidase was mostly found in the meningococcus strains referred to the serological group A; strains of other serological groups and ungrouped strains produced the enzyme in 23.7% of the case only. There was no correlation between the capacity to form hyaluronidase and the virulence determinable in intraperitoneal infection of mice.", "contents": "[Hyaluronidase in meningococcus]. A total of 204 meningococcus strains were tested for the presence of hyaluronidase, and 45.5% of the strains were found to contain it. Strains penetrating into the cerebrospinal fluid were the ones which largely produced the enzyme (in 83% of the cases). The enzyme was revealed only in 25.5% of the strains habituating on the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Hyaluronidase was mostly found in the meningococcus strains referred to the serological group A; strains of other serological groups and ungrouped strains produced the enzyme in 23.7% of the case only. There was no correlation between the capacity to form hyaluronidase and the virulence determinable in intraperitoneal infection of mice.", "PMID": 96634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2262", "title": "[Nonspecific brain structures and specialization in the central nervous system].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that corticofugal influences may exert selective control of single sensory signals which converge on the neurons of the striatum and other non-specific structures of the brain. This finding suggests that complex sensory image may be formed not by assembling separate elementary signals, but rather by a selective control of these signals into a total sensory inflow within the network brain structures. This conclusion is confirmed by comparative anatomical data. In the phylogenesis of vertebrates, brain structures differentiate presumably into both the specific ones which perform the analysis of only the given kind of information, and those (conventionally described as non-specific) which are specialized on sensory integration and exhibit functional polymodality.", "contents": "[Nonspecific brain structures and specialization in the central nervous system]. It has been demonstrated that corticofugal influences may exert selective control of single sensory signals which converge on the neurons of the striatum and other non-specific structures of the brain. This finding suggests that complex sensory image may be formed not by assembling separate elementary signals, but rather by a selective control of these signals into a total sensory inflow within the network brain structures. This conclusion is confirmed by comparative anatomical data. In the phylogenesis of vertebrates, brain structures differentiate presumably into both the specific ones which perform the analysis of only the given kind of information, and those (conventionally described as non-specific) which are specialized on sensory integration and exhibit functional polymodality.", "PMID": 96631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2263", "title": "[Immunologic study of the cellular components of bacillus pyocyaneus. III. Immunochemical analysis, toxicity and protective properties of water-soluble antigenic complexes].", "content": "Aqueous extracts of two Ps. aeruginosa strains killed with acetone were subjected to fractionation by preparative ultracentrifugation and gel-chromatography. Toxic activity of the extract was found to be connected with the high-molecular, possibly glycoprotein components reacting with the corresponding antiserum in the immunoprecipitation test, and protecting 30--40% of rats against the generalized infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This protective activity is apparently connected with the protein components (molecular weight--20000--60000 dalton), nontoxic for mice, not reacting with the corresponding antiserum in the immunoprecipitation test, and protecting 60 to 80% of rats against Ps. aeruginosa infecsion. Thus, as a result of preparative ultracentrifugation and gel-chromatography it was postible to divide the toxic and the nontoxic protective components of Ps. aeruginosa.", "contents": "[Immunologic study of the cellular components of bacillus pyocyaneus. III. Immunochemical analysis, toxicity and protective properties of water-soluble antigenic complexes]. Aqueous extracts of two Ps. aeruginosa strains killed with acetone were subjected to fractionation by preparative ultracentrifugation and gel-chromatography. Toxic activity of the extract was found to be connected with the high-molecular, possibly glycoprotein components reacting with the corresponding antiserum in the immunoprecipitation test, and protecting 30--40% of rats against the generalized infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This protective activity is apparently connected with the protein components (molecular weight--20000--60000 dalton), nontoxic for mice, not reacting with the corresponding antiserum in the immunoprecipitation test, and protecting 60 to 80% of rats against Ps. aeruginosa infecsion. Thus, as a result of preparative ultracentrifugation and gel-chromatography it was postible to divide the toxic and the nontoxic protective components of Ps. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 96637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2264", "title": "[Specific antibodies bound to secretory IgA in the sera of patients with intestinal infections].", "content": "Specific IgA and sIgA antibodies were studied in the sera of patients suffering from various intestinal diseases (dysentery, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, chronic typhoid carrier state) and in the sera of healthy persons immunized by parenteral route with typhoid alcohol vaccine. The nature of antibodies was identified in Coombs' test, using monospecific antisera to alpha-chain and to the secretory component. IgA and sIgA antibodies were revealed most frequently in the sera of dysentery patients and of chronic typhoid carriers. No sIgA antibodies were found in the sera of subcutaneously immunized persons. The presence of specific sIgA antibodies in the serum reflects the participation of local immune mechanisms in the formation of systemic immunity in the intestinal infections.", "contents": "[Specific antibodies bound to secretory IgA in the sera of patients with intestinal infections]. Specific IgA and sIgA antibodies were studied in the sera of patients suffering from various intestinal diseases (dysentery, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, chronic typhoid carrier state) and in the sera of healthy persons immunized by parenteral route with typhoid alcohol vaccine. The nature of antibodies was identified in Coombs' test, using monospecific antisera to alpha-chain and to the secretory component. IgA and sIgA antibodies were revealed most frequently in the sera of dysentery patients and of chronic typhoid carriers. No sIgA antibodies were found in the sera of subcutaneously immunized persons. The presence of specific sIgA antibodies in the serum reflects the participation of local immune mechanisms in the formation of systemic immunity in the intestinal infections.", "PMID": 96639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2265", "title": "The effect of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide on the activity of enzyme \"markers\" of mitochondrial substructures of the rat liver.", "content": "Chloramphenicol and cycloheximide exert in vivo inhibitory effects on the synthesis of mitochondrial enzymes. Choloramphenicol action results in a significant decrease of the activity of enzymes being the \"markers\" of all submitochondrial structures including that of the outer membrane. This suggests that chloramphenicol affects biosynthesis of of \"assembly protein\" on mitochondrial ribosomes and thus affects incorporation of proteins, wherever they are synthesized, into the structure of the mitochondrion as a functional entity. The effect of cycloheximide depends markedly on the concentration of the inhibitor and on the time of its administration. The differences in sensitivity of examined enzymes to the drug are probably related to their differential turnover.", "contents": "The effect of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide on the activity of enzyme \"markers\" of mitochondrial substructures of the rat liver. Chloramphenicol and cycloheximide exert in vivo inhibitory effects on the synthesis of mitochondrial enzymes. Choloramphenicol action results in a significant decrease of the activity of enzymes being the \"markers\" of all submitochondrial structures including that of the outer membrane. This suggests that chloramphenicol affects biosynthesis of of \"assembly protein\" on mitochondrial ribosomes and thus affects incorporation of proteins, wherever they are synthesized, into the structure of the mitochondrion as a functional entity. The effect of cycloheximide depends markedly on the concentration of the inhibitor and on the time of its administration. The differences in sensitivity of examined enzymes to the drug are probably related to their differential turnover.", "PMID": 96641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2266", "title": "[Absorption and metabolism of glycerin in the neonatal period. I. Speed of turnover of glycerin during continuous intravenous infusions in newborn infants of various gestational ages and in older infants].", "content": "Glycerol was infused intravenously over 2 hours in preterm and term appropriate-for-date and in term small-for-date infants at the age of 12 to 72 hours and 10 to 14 days and in infants at the age of 3 to 8 months. The dosage was 0.25.kg-1.h-1 and 0.5.kg-1.h-1, respectively. Less than 6 per cent of the glycerol injused were recovered in the urine irrespective of the dosage. The total clearance was 9.1 to 14.6 ml.kg-1. min-1 during the first weeks of life with 0.25 g.kg-1.h-1 glycerol irrespective of gestational age and intra-uterine growth retardation; and it rose to 31.8 ml.kg-1.min-1 in older infants. With 0.5.kg-1.h-1 glycerol the total clearance values were lower in all groups. The glucose blood level and the blood lactate concentration as well as the parameters of the acid-base-balance were not significantly influenced by glycerol.", "contents": "[Absorption and metabolism of glycerin in the neonatal period. I. Speed of turnover of glycerin during continuous intravenous infusions in newborn infants of various gestational ages and in older infants]. Glycerol was infused intravenously over 2 hours in preterm and term appropriate-for-date and in term small-for-date infants at the age of 12 to 72 hours and 10 to 14 days and in infants at the age of 3 to 8 months. The dosage was 0.25.kg-1.h-1 and 0.5.kg-1.h-1, respectively. Less than 6 per cent of the glycerol injused were recovered in the urine irrespective of the dosage. The total clearance was 9.1 to 14.6 ml.kg-1. min-1 during the first weeks of life with 0.25 g.kg-1.h-1 glycerol irrespective of gestational age and intra-uterine growth retardation; and it rose to 31.8 ml.kg-1.min-1 in older infants. With 0.5.kg-1.h-1 glycerol the total clearance values were lower in all groups. The glucose blood level and the blood lactate concentration as well as the parameters of the acid-base-balance were not significantly influenced by glycerol.", "PMID": 96642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2267", "title": "Pituitary-adrenal response to stimulation of the limbic system and lateral hypothalamus in the rhesus monkey (Macacca mulatta).", "content": "Various sites within the limbic system, frontal lobe and lateral hypothalamus of the rhesus monkey brain were electrically stimulated using chronically implanted electrodes. Increases in plasma cortisol was observed after stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area, basolateral amygdala, pyriform cortex, hippocampus, certain sites in the cingulate gyrus and orbital part of the frontal lobe. Inactive sites included the caudate nucleus, putamen and white matter in the frontal lobe.", "contents": "Pituitary-adrenal response to stimulation of the limbic system and lateral hypothalamus in the rhesus monkey (Macacca mulatta). Various sites within the limbic system, frontal lobe and lateral hypothalamus of the rhesus monkey brain were electrically stimulated using chronically implanted electrodes. Increases in plasma cortisol was observed after stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area, basolateral amygdala, pyriform cortex, hippocampus, certain sites in the cingulate gyrus and orbital part of the frontal lobe. Inactive sites included the caudate nucleus, putamen and white matter in the frontal lobe.", "PMID": 96644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2268", "title": "Prolactin and TSH responses to TRH, chlorpromazine and L-dopa in children with human growth hormone deficiency.", "content": "Prolactin (PRL) and TSH responses to TRH, chlorpromazine (CPZ) and L-DOPA were studied in 23 children (15 male and 8 female) with human growth hormone (HGH) deficiency. Eight patients (group I) showed normal PRL response to TRH and CPZ but TSH response to TRH was delayed in 4 of this group. Twelve patients (group II) had normal (4 patients) or higher (8 patients) baseline PRL level and showed lower PRL response to CPZ than that to TRH. TSH response to TRH was normal in 3, blunted in 1, and delayed in 8 patients. Three patients (group III) had no PRL response to either TRH or CPZ. TSH response to TRH was normal in 1 but blunted in 2 patients. Of 8 patients with a higher baseline PRL level (group II and III), L-DOPA suppressed PRL secretion to less than 50% of the initial value in 7 patients, but not in 1 patient, in whom the diagnosis of hypothalamic tumour was established on brain surgery following these examinations. These results suggest that hypothalamic disorders are involved in more than half of 23 children with HGH deficiency.", "contents": "Prolactin and TSH responses to TRH, chlorpromazine and L-dopa in children with human growth hormone deficiency. Prolactin (PRL) and TSH responses to TRH, chlorpromazine (CPZ) and L-DOPA were studied in 23 children (15 male and 8 female) with human growth hormone (HGH) deficiency. Eight patients (group I) showed normal PRL response to TRH and CPZ but TSH response to TRH was delayed in 4 of this group. Twelve patients (group II) had normal (4 patients) or higher (8 patients) baseline PRL level and showed lower PRL response to CPZ than that to TRH. TSH response to TRH was normal in 3, blunted in 1, and delayed in 8 patients. Three patients (group III) had no PRL response to either TRH or CPZ. TSH response to TRH was normal in 1 but blunted in 2 patients. Of 8 patients with a higher baseline PRL level (group II and III), L-DOPA suppressed PRL secretion to less than 50% of the initial value in 7 patients, but not in 1 patient, in whom the diagnosis of hypothalamic tumour was established on brain surgery following these examinations. These results suggest that hypothalamic disorders are involved in more than half of 23 children with HGH deficiency.", "PMID": 96645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2269", "title": "Electron-microscopic studies on primate neurons: microtubule-pigment associations.", "content": "The relationship between microtubules and the lipoprotein pigment found in senile Cynomolgus brain and senile human brain biopsy material was investigated. Numerous microtubules were present in all parts of the cytoplasm and within the pigment areas, running parallel or obliquely to the pigment bodies and being associated with its lateral aspects. Microtubules also occurred in the periphery of neurons or appearing to enter the perineuronal oligodendrocytes. These observations indicate a possible role of microtubules in the transport of pigment bodies. The oligodendrocyte from human brain biopsy material has definitely taken the role of a phagocyte in ingesting pigment bodies. Its numerous microtubules may offer a fasting moving system for disposing off pigment residures to the capillary endothelium.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic studies on primate neurons: microtubule-pigment associations. The relationship between microtubules and the lipoprotein pigment found in senile Cynomolgus brain and senile human brain biopsy material was investigated. Numerous microtubules were present in all parts of the cytoplasm and within the pigment areas, running parallel or obliquely to the pigment bodies and being associated with its lateral aspects. Microtubules also occurred in the periphery of neurons or appearing to enter the perineuronal oligodendrocytes. These observations indicate a possible role of microtubules in the transport of pigment bodies. The oligodendrocyte from human brain biopsy material has definitely taken the role of a phagocyte in ingesting pigment bodies. Its numerous microtubules may offer a fasting moving system for disposing off pigment residures to the capillary endothelium.", "PMID": 96651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2270", "title": "Cerebral asymmetry in Old World monkeys.", "content": "A photogrammetric computer analysis of 88 endocasts, representing 8 genera of Old World monkeys, reveals cortical asymmetry in lengths of the Sylvian fissure, superior temporal sulcus, lateral edge of the orbit and distance separating rectus and arcuate sulci. Hypothetical expansion of left prefrontal and parietal integration cortices explains these asymmetries.", "contents": "Cerebral asymmetry in Old World monkeys. A photogrammetric computer analysis of 88 endocasts, representing 8 genera of Old World monkeys, reveals cortical asymmetry in lengths of the Sylvian fissure, superior temporal sulcus, lateral edge of the orbit and distance separating rectus and arcuate sulci. Hypothetical expansion of left prefrontal and parietal integration cortices explains these asymmetries.", "PMID": 96652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2271", "title": "Diagnostic value of determinations of lysosomal hydrolases in CSF of patients with neurological diseases.", "content": "The activities of four lysosomal acid hydrolases, beta-galactosidase, alpha-mannosidase at pH 4.5 and 5.5, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and acid phosphatase, have been measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from 179 patients with different neurological diseases and from 20 healthy controls. In patients with tumours, decreased activity of beta-galactosidase was found in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid, and in patients with multiple sclerosis and collagen diseases, decreased activities of beta-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase were found in cerebrospinal fluid. The variations of enzyme activities were great between the individual patients even with these groups and analysis of lysosomal enzymes seems to have a very poor clinical value.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of determinations of lysosomal hydrolases in CSF of patients with neurological diseases. The activities of four lysosomal acid hydrolases, beta-galactosidase, alpha-mannosidase at pH 4.5 and 5.5, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and acid phosphatase, have been measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from 179 patients with different neurological diseases and from 20 healthy controls. In patients with tumours, decreased activity of beta-galactosidase was found in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid, and in patients with multiple sclerosis and collagen diseases, decreased activities of beta-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase were found in cerebrospinal fluid. The variations of enzyme activities were great between the individual patients even with these groups and analysis of lysosomal enzymes seems to have a very poor clinical value.", "PMID": 96653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2272", "title": "[Light chains of warm autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Long-term observation].", "content": "In 18 patients with autoimmunohaemolytic anaemia presence of light chains of IgG autoantibodies was south for by the method of direct antiglobulin reaction. In 11 patients variability was observed in the detection of light chains. The authors discuss the possible causes of this observation: variable participation of different cell lines in the production of autoantibodies and changes in the conformation of immunoglobulin molecule in the erythrocyte.", "contents": "[Light chains of warm autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Long-term observation]. In 18 patients with autoimmunohaemolytic anaemia presence of light chains of IgG autoantibodies was south for by the method of direct antiglobulin reaction. In 11 patients variability was observed in the detection of light chains. The authors discuss the possible causes of this observation: variable participation of different cell lines in the production of autoantibodies and changes in the conformation of immunoglobulin molecule in the erythrocyte.", "PMID": 96650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2273", "title": "[Monoclonal origin of autoantibodies of the warm type in hemolytic autoimmune anemia].", "content": "In 59 patients with warm-type autoimmunohaemolytic anaemia classes and types of immunoglobulins, presence of complement, serological specificity of autoantibodies, and in 14 selected cases also IgG subclasses were determined. It was found that warm autoantibodies differed from anti-Rh alloantibodies. In 27 patients only one type of L chain was found but, in the light of complex investigations, the authors reached the conclusion that this result cannot be sufficient for accepting autoantibodies as monoclonal immunoglobulins, since in some of them 2 or 3 IgG subclasses and more than one serologic specificity were demonstrated. These observations indicate the need for more precise investigation methods for explaining the problem of monoclonal origin of warm autoantibodies.", "contents": "[Monoclonal origin of autoantibodies of the warm type in hemolytic autoimmune anemia]. In 59 patients with warm-type autoimmunohaemolytic anaemia classes and types of immunoglobulins, presence of complement, serological specificity of autoantibodies, and in 14 selected cases also IgG subclasses were determined. It was found that warm autoantibodies differed from anti-Rh alloantibodies. In 27 patients only one type of L chain was found but, in the light of complex investigations, the authors reached the conclusion that this result cannot be sufficient for accepting autoantibodies as monoclonal immunoglobulins, since in some of them 2 or 3 IgG subclasses and more than one serologic specificity were demonstrated. These observations indicate the need for more precise investigation methods for explaining the problem of monoclonal origin of warm autoantibodies.", "PMID": 96649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2274", "title": "Actin filaments in trabecular endothelial cells in eyes of the vervet monkey. (Cercopithecus aethiops).", "content": "An electron microscopic study was performed on the trabecular meshwork of two monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops). Specimens from one animal revealed numerous cytoplasmic filaments of 45-65 A thickness in endothelial cells both on the trabeculae in the wall of Schlemm's canal after conventional glutaraldehyde and osmium fixation. Using a histochemical technique it was shown in specimens from the other animal that these filaments consist of actin material. This evidence of intracellular actin filaments in the trabecular endothelium indicates that these cells have contractile properties, and the possible significance of this finding for the regulation of outflow facility of aqueous humour is suggested.", "contents": "Actin filaments in trabecular endothelial cells in eyes of the vervet monkey. (Cercopithecus aethiops). An electron microscopic study was performed on the trabecular meshwork of two monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops). Specimens from one animal revealed numerous cytoplasmic filaments of 45-65 A thickness in endothelial cells both on the trabeculae in the wall of Schlemm's canal after conventional glutaraldehyde and osmium fixation. Using a histochemical technique it was shown in specimens from the other animal that these filaments consist of actin material. This evidence of intracellular actin filaments in the trabecular endothelium indicates that these cells have contractile properties, and the possible significance of this finding for the regulation of outflow facility of aqueous humour is suggested.", "PMID": 96655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2275", "title": "The double flash ERG during adaptation to the dark.", "content": "Electroretinogram (ERG) of albino rabbits and rheusus monkeys were recorded in a dark room applying the double flash stimuli after a sufficient adaptation to light. The stimulus intervals of the flashes were varied. The per cent amplitudes of the ERGs for the first flashes (B1) and those of the second flashes (B2) were plotted against time, as was (B1-B2)/B1 (=K). 1. B1 was independent of the stimulus interval in both species, and increased with lapse of time to reach a plateau. 2. B2 was quite dependent on the stimulus interval, and the ERG dark adaptation curves of the two species were quite different. 3. The time course of (B1-B2)/B1 was specific for the two species. In the rabbit, Ks were almonst equal for three stimulus intervals during states of adaptation to complete darkness, and in the monkey, Ks were different for the three intervals under all conditions.", "contents": "The double flash ERG during adaptation to the dark. Electroretinogram (ERG) of albino rabbits and rheusus monkeys were recorded in a dark room applying the double flash stimuli after a sufficient adaptation to light. The stimulus intervals of the flashes were varied. The per cent amplitudes of the ERGs for the first flashes (B1) and those of the second flashes (B2) were plotted against time, as was (B1-B2)/B1 (=K). 1. B1 was independent of the stimulus interval in both species, and increased with lapse of time to reach a plateau. 2. B2 was quite dependent on the stimulus interval, and the ERG dark adaptation curves of the two species were quite different. 3. The time course of (B1-B2)/B1 was specific for the two species. In the rabbit, Ks were almonst equal for three stimulus intervals during states of adaptation to complete darkness, and in the monkey, Ks were different for the three intervals under all conditions.", "PMID": 96656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2276", "title": "Serum non-esterified fatty acid in undernourished children during recovery.", "content": "Seventy-one children from five to sixty months of age with protein-energy malnutrition were classified into compensated and incompensated groups. Serum non-esterified fatty acid concentration was determined in every child at admission and in a control group of thirty-one well-nourished children. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the three groups. Twenty of the undernourished patients were subjected to follow-up study at weekly intervals. Ten out of the twenty recovered immediately, showing signficantly decreasing serum non-esterified fatty acid concentrations in the weekly intervals. The other ten did not present any definite pattern of behaviour.", "contents": "Serum non-esterified fatty acid in undernourished children during recovery. Seventy-one children from five to sixty months of age with protein-energy malnutrition were classified into compensated and incompensated groups. Serum non-esterified fatty acid concentration was determined in every child at admission and in a control group of thirty-one well-nourished children. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the three groups. Twenty of the undernourished patients were subjected to follow-up study at weekly intervals. Ten out of the twenty recovered immediately, showing signficantly decreasing serum non-esterified fatty acid concentrations in the weekly intervals. The other ten did not present any definite pattern of behaviour.", "PMID": 96658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2277", "title": "The effect of nalidixic acid, rifampicin and chloramphenicol on the synthesis of phospholipase C in Bacillus cereus.", "content": "The effect of nalidixic acid, rifampicin and chloramphenicol on the synthesis of phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3) has been studied in washed Bacillus cereus cells resuspended in nutrient broth. In the absence of inhibitors, the synthesis showed a biphasic pattern. No synthesis of release of enzyme was found in the presence of chloramphenicol. When rifampicin was added, phospholipase C synthesis continued for 10-15 min. Nalidixic acid, at concentrations which inhibited DNA synthesis completely, permitted the synthesis of phospholipase C at the same rate and for a similar length of time as rifampicin.", "contents": "The effect of nalidixic acid, rifampicin and chloramphenicol on the synthesis of phospholipase C in Bacillus cereus. The effect of nalidixic acid, rifampicin and chloramphenicol on the synthesis of phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3) has been studied in washed Bacillus cereus cells resuspended in nutrient broth. In the absence of inhibitors, the synthesis showed a biphasic pattern. No synthesis of release of enzyme was found in the presence of chloramphenicol. When rifampicin was added, phospholipase C synthesis continued for 10-15 min. Nalidixic acid, at concentrations which inhibited DNA synthesis completely, permitted the synthesis of phospholipase C at the same rate and for a similar length of time as rifampicin.", "PMID": 96661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2278", "title": "Optokinetic afternystagmus and postrotatory nystagmus in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "Regardless of whether the direction of optokinetic stimulus matches or conflicts with that of vestibular stimulus, if the squirrel monkey subject has a good target pursuing ability, the enhancement or inhibition of post-stimulatory nystagmus occurs. The nature of the stimuli to provoke optokinetic afternystagmus and post-rotatory nystagmus are not the same, but the similarity of response characteristics and cross-interaction strongly suggest the existence of a common neural linkage between the stimulus receptor and reactor.", "contents": "Optokinetic afternystagmus and postrotatory nystagmus in squirrel monkeys. Regardless of whether the direction of optokinetic stimulus matches or conflicts with that of vestibular stimulus, if the squirrel monkey subject has a good target pursuing ability, the enhancement or inhibition of post-stimulatory nystagmus occurs. The nature of the stimuli to provoke optokinetic afternystagmus and post-rotatory nystagmus are not the same, but the similarity of response characteristics and cross-interaction strongly suggest the existence of a common neural linkage between the stimulus receptor and reactor.", "PMID": 96657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2279", "title": "Diagnosis of the sphingolipidoses with labelled natural substrates.", "content": "The genetic heterogeneity of sphingolipidoses is underlined and the desirability of using natural labelled substrates for the diagnoses of each new index case strongly emphasized. Recent studies of our Scandinavian Krabbe families (more than 50) have repeatedly shown that there is no method developed which can be used for the detection of carriers of the mutant gene in leukocytes or lymphocytes. Also described are enzymic studies in two forms of Gaucher disease which further demonstrate the importance of natural substrates for the diagnoses of the disease in leukocytes and cultivated amniotic fluid cells.", "contents": "Diagnosis of the sphingolipidoses with labelled natural substrates. The genetic heterogeneity of sphingolipidoses is underlined and the desirability of using natural labelled substrates for the diagnoses of each new index case strongly emphasized. Recent studies of our Scandinavian Krabbe families (more than 50) have repeatedly shown that there is no method developed which can be used for the detection of carriers of the mutant gene in leukocytes or lymphocytes. Also described are enzymic studies in two forms of Gaucher disease which further demonstrate the importance of natural substrates for the diagnoses of the disease in leukocytes and cultivated amniotic fluid cells.", "PMID": 96667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2280", "title": "Calcium-dependent regulation of brain adenylate cyclase.", "content": "The adenylate cyclase activity of a particulate preparation of rat cerebral cortex is comprised of two contributing components, only one of which requires a CDR for activity. The CDR-dependent component was inhibited by high ratios of Mg2+ to Ca2+, responded in a biphasic manner (activation then inhibition) to increasing free Ca2+ concentrations, was inhibited by 0.1 to 0.4 mM chlorpromazine, and was activated by 1 to 100 micrometer cocaine. This enzyme form, which represented approximately 80% of tge basal activity of a cortex homogenate, was stable during pretreatment of homogenates at 45 degrees C but was completely deactivated by the removal of CDR during the preparation of the particulate fraction. Adenylate cyclase activity that did not depend on CDR was unaffected by the removal of CDR during the preparation of the particulate fraction, had elevated activity at high ratios of Mg2+ to Ca2+, was inhibited by Ca2+, was unaffected by 0.1 to 0.4 mM chlorpromazine and was slightly inhibited by 1 to 100 micrometer cocaine, and was not stable during pretreatment of homogenates at 45 degrees. The CDR-dependent component of adenylate cyclase activity was activated by 5 mM NaF to varying degrees depending on the concentration of CDR present in the assay. NaF decreased the concentration of CDR required to produce half-maximal velocity obtained at optimal concentrations of CDR. Activation by NaF required the presence of Ca2+ and was immediately and completely reversed by EGTA. In contrast, the component that did not respond to CDR was activated four- to fivefold by NaF. This activation was not influenced by Ca2+ or CDR and was not reversed by EGTA. The observed effects of effects of divalent cations on the CDR-dependent enzyme are discussed in relation to the cation-binding properties of CDR. The relationship of the CDR-dependent form of adenylate cyclase to other forms of this enzyme remains to be determined.", "contents": "Calcium-dependent regulation of brain adenylate cyclase. The adenylate cyclase activity of a particulate preparation of rat cerebral cortex is comprised of two contributing components, only one of which requires a CDR for activity. The CDR-dependent component was inhibited by high ratios of Mg2+ to Ca2+, responded in a biphasic manner (activation then inhibition) to increasing free Ca2+ concentrations, was inhibited by 0.1 to 0.4 mM chlorpromazine, and was activated by 1 to 100 micrometer cocaine. This enzyme form, which represented approximately 80% of tge basal activity of a cortex homogenate, was stable during pretreatment of homogenates at 45 degrees C but was completely deactivated by the removal of CDR during the preparation of the particulate fraction. Adenylate cyclase activity that did not depend on CDR was unaffected by the removal of CDR during the preparation of the particulate fraction, had elevated activity at high ratios of Mg2+ to Ca2+, was inhibited by Ca2+, was unaffected by 0.1 to 0.4 mM chlorpromazine and was slightly inhibited by 1 to 100 micrometer cocaine, and was not stable during pretreatment of homogenates at 45 degrees. The CDR-dependent component of adenylate cyclase activity was activated by 5 mM NaF to varying degrees depending on the concentration of CDR present in the assay. NaF decreased the concentration of CDR required to produce half-maximal velocity obtained at optimal concentrations of CDR. Activation by NaF required the presence of Ca2+ and was immediately and completely reversed by EGTA. In contrast, the component that did not respond to CDR was activated four- to fivefold by NaF. This activation was not influenced by Ca2+ or CDR and was not reversed by EGTA. The observed effects of effects of divalent cations on the CDR-dependent enzyme are discussed in relation to the cation-binding properties of CDR. The relationship of the CDR-dependent form of adenylate cyclase to other forms of this enzyme remains to be determined.", "PMID": 96669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2281", "title": "Glomerular changes in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "Deposits with IgA as the main component frequently are found in the glomeruli of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. These deposits usually are latent. In some cases, however, they may be associated with proliferative changes and clinical manifestations of glomerular involvement.", "contents": "Glomerular changes in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Deposits with IgA as the main component frequently are found in the glomeruli of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. These deposits usually are latent. In some cases, however, they may be associated with proliferative changes and clinical manifestations of glomerular involvement.", "PMID": 96677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2282", "title": "[Congenital glaucoma in Hurler's syndrome and in Lowe's syndrome. Clinical and electron microscopy findings].", "content": "2 cases of congenital glaucoma combined with a general metabolic disease are described. 1 patient displayed the symptoms of a mucopolysaccharidosis (Hurler's syndrome), the other patient showed the characteristics of Lowe's oculo-cerebrorenal syndrome. In both patients a surgical trabeculectomy was performed. The excised tissues were analysed by electron microscopy. Distinct vacuolar or fibrillar deposits were observed in both cases in the trabecular region and in Schlemm's canal. Possibly, these alterations could have contributed to the raised intraocular pressure in both patients.", "contents": "[Congenital glaucoma in Hurler's syndrome and in Lowe's syndrome. Clinical and electron microscopy findings]. 2 cases of congenital glaucoma combined with a general metabolic disease are described. 1 patient displayed the symptoms of a mucopolysaccharidosis (Hurler's syndrome), the other patient showed the characteristics of Lowe's oculo-cerebrorenal syndrome. In both patients a surgical trabeculectomy was performed. The excised tissues were analysed by electron microscopy. Distinct vacuolar or fibrillar deposits were observed in both cases in the trabecular region and in Schlemm's canal. Possibly, these alterations could have contributed to the raised intraocular pressure in both patients.", "PMID": 96681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2283", "title": "Structural changes in glutaraldehyde-treated porcine heterografts used as substitute cardiac valves. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic observations in 12 patients.", "content": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies were made of (1) 12 glutaraldehyde-treated porcine valvular heterografts that had been implanted in patients for 2 days to 76 months; (2) 3 unimplanted commercially processed porcine aortic valves; and (3) 1 unprocessed porcine aortic valve. Comparison of unprocessed porcine valves and unimplanted commercially processed valves showed loss of endothelium and acid mucopolysaccharides during preimplantation processing. Short-term (less than 2 months) changes after implantation consisted of insudation of plasma proteins, penetration of erythrocytes into surface crevices, formation of a thin surface layer of fibrin, and deposition of macrophages, giant cells and a few platelets. Longer-term (more than 2 months) changes were proportional to the time interval after implantation and consisted of progressive disruption of collagen, erosion of the valve surfaces, formation of aggregates of platelets and accumulation of lipid. The surfaces of the leaflets did not become covered with endothelium or with a fibrous sheath. Calcific deposits were found in one valve and bacterial organisms in another. Thus, progressive breakdown of collagen appears to be a critical factor in determining the long-term durability of glutaraldehyde-treated porcine valvular heterografts.", "contents": "Structural changes in glutaraldehyde-treated porcine heterografts used as substitute cardiac valves. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic observations in 12 patients. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies were made of (1) 12 glutaraldehyde-treated porcine valvular heterografts that had been implanted in patients for 2 days to 76 months; (2) 3 unimplanted commercially processed porcine aortic valves; and (3) 1 unprocessed porcine aortic valve. Comparison of unprocessed porcine valves and unimplanted commercially processed valves showed loss of endothelium and acid mucopolysaccharides during preimplantation processing. Short-term (less than 2 months) changes after implantation consisted of insudation of plasma proteins, penetration of erythrocytes into surface crevices, formation of a thin surface layer of fibrin, and deposition of macrophages, giant cells and a few platelets. Longer-term (more than 2 months) changes were proportional to the time interval after implantation and consisted of progressive disruption of collagen, erosion of the valve surfaces, formation of aggregates of platelets and accumulation of lipid. The surfaces of the leaflets did not become covered with endothelium or with a fibrous sheath. Calcific deposits were found in one valve and bacterial organisms in another. Thus, progressive breakdown of collagen appears to be a critical factor in determining the long-term durability of glutaraldehyde-treated porcine valvular heterografts.", "PMID": 96684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2284", "title": "Structural alterations of the porcine heterograft after various durations of implantation.", "content": "Morphologic changes in six glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine heterografts recovered from five patients were studied with light and scanning electron microscopy. Light microscopy showed minimal changes in the valves recovered after 2 months of implantation. Fibrin deposits, red blood cell trapping, disruption of the valve matrix and interstitial edema were noted in heterografts 2 months and 2 years after implantation. In valves examined with scanning electron microscopy, 6 hours after implantation the surface changes varied from normal to patchy disruptions. Two months after inplantation, subendothelial fibers were conspicuous and the geometry of endothelial cells was changed. In valves examined after 6 months in place, many nuclei were burst and fibrin strands were seen over the surfaces. Bacterial infection was observed in two cases. The endothelial cells in the valve implanted for 2 years were completely obscured and some areas were densely covered with fibrillar material where blood cells were trapped in the mesh.", "contents": "Structural alterations of the porcine heterograft after various durations of implantation. Morphologic changes in six glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine heterografts recovered from five patients were studied with light and scanning electron microscopy. Light microscopy showed minimal changes in the valves recovered after 2 months of implantation. Fibrin deposits, red blood cell trapping, disruption of the valve matrix and interstitial edema were noted in heterografts 2 months and 2 years after implantation. In valves examined with scanning electron microscopy, 6 hours after implantation the surface changes varied from normal to patchy disruptions. Two months after inplantation, subendothelial fibers were conspicuous and the geometry of endothelial cells was changed. In valves examined after 6 months in place, many nuclei were burst and fibrin strands were seen over the surfaces. Bacterial infection was observed in two cases. The endothelial cells in the valve implanted for 2 years were completely obscured and some areas were densely covered with fibrillar material where blood cells were trapped in the mesh.", "PMID": 96685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2285", "title": "Hemodynamic findings during treatment of protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Several hemodynamic parameters were sequentially determined at rest in 19 African children recovering from marasmic kwashiorkor. Before treatment, the red cell volume averaged 160 ml, the circulation time: 6.6 sec, the cardiac output: 1.00 liter/min, the stroke volume: 9.7 ml/beat, the systemic vascular resistances: 79 units and the arteriovenous differences in blood oxygen content 5.1 volume %. On the 20th realimentation day, red cell volume averaged 169 ml, the circulation time: 5.8 sec, the cardiac output: 1.38 liter/min, the stroke volume: 11.4 ml/beat, systemic vascular resistances: 62 units and arteriovenous difference: 4.2 volume %. On the 60th realimentation day, red cell volume averaged 208 ml, circulation time: 5.6 sec, cardiac output: 1.53 liter/min, stroke volume: 11.8 ml/beat, systemic vascular resistances: 56 units and arteriovenous differences: 4.1 volume%; both red cell volume and stroke volume were still significantly lower than in the control group. The children recovering from marasmic kwashiorkor showed a rapid transition from a hypocirculatory state into a near normal circulatory state with delayed increase in both red cell volume and stroke volume.", "contents": "Hemodynamic findings during treatment of protein-calorie malnutrition. Several hemodynamic parameters were sequentially determined at rest in 19 African children recovering from marasmic kwashiorkor. Before treatment, the red cell volume averaged 160 ml, the circulation time: 6.6 sec, the cardiac output: 1.00 liter/min, the stroke volume: 9.7 ml/beat, the systemic vascular resistances: 79 units and the arteriovenous differences in blood oxygen content 5.1 volume %. On the 20th realimentation day, red cell volume averaged 169 ml, the circulation time: 5.8 sec, the cardiac output: 1.38 liter/min, the stroke volume: 11.4 ml/beat, systemic vascular resistances: 62 units and arteriovenous difference: 4.2 volume %. On the 60th realimentation day, red cell volume averaged 208 ml, circulation time: 5.6 sec, cardiac output: 1.53 liter/min, stroke volume: 11.8 ml/beat, systemic vascular resistances: 56 units and arteriovenous differences: 4.1 volume%; both red cell volume and stroke volume were still significantly lower than in the control group. The children recovering from marasmic kwashiorkor showed a rapid transition from a hypocirculatory state into a near normal circulatory state with delayed increase in both red cell volume and stroke volume.", "PMID": 96686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2286", "title": "Sodium iron NaFeEDTA as an iron fortification compound in Central America. Absorption studies.", "content": "Studies were performed in seven children and 98 adults to compare the proportion of iron absorbed when administered as ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3), NaFeEDTA, hemoglobin (Hb), and ferrous ascorbate. Studies in children (mostly iron deficient) showed that when the compounds were given with a milk-rice-sugar formula totalling 5 mg Fe, iron from hemoglobin was absorbed best, followed by NaFeEDTA and by Fe2(SO4)3 (mean percent absorption +/-SD = 34.5 +/- 1.5, 8.6 +/- 1.9 and 3.3 +/- 1.5, respectively). Studies in normal or iron deficient adults also demonstrated a better absorption of iron from NaFeEDTA than from Fe2(SO4)3 whether these compounds were given in an aqueous solution (5 mg Fe) or with a standard meal consisting of beans, tortillas, bread, and coffee providing also a total of 5 mg Fe. Hb iron under the same conditions was absorbed in the same proportion to the reference iron ascorbate, always being higher than iron absorbed from the other compounds. Fe2(SO4)3 and NaFeEDTA mixed in the same meal were absorbed in the same proportion as when NaFeEDTA alone was added to the meal and 2 to 3 times better than when Fe2(SO4)3 alone was added to the meal. Addition of desferrioxamine depressed iron absorption from Fe2(SO4)3 and NaFeEDTA, the latter being less affected. Addition of ascorbic acid increased absorption from both. When the compounds were added to the meal to provide 50 mg of iron, percent absorption was depressed in relation to the smaller iron dose in the case of Fe2(SO4)3 and Hb but remained unaltered in the case of NaFeEDTA. Addition of 45 mg Fe as Fe2(SO4)3 or NaFeEDTA to 0.4 mg Fe from the Hb in the meal did not change Hb iron absorption. Addition of 45 mg Fe as Hb or NaFeEDTA to 0.4 mg Fe from Fe2(SO4)3 in the meal enhanced iron absorption from the latter in the same proportions. Addition of 45 mg Fe as Fe2(SO4)3 and Hb to 0.4 mg Fe as NaFeEDTA in the meal respectively depressed and enhanced iron absorption from NaFeEDTA. These studies indicate that NaFeEDTA, Fe2(SO4)3 and nonheme food iron from a common pool different from the heme pool but which is changed in its characteristics by the presence of NaFeEDTA, resulting in a better absorption of iron.", "contents": "Sodium iron NaFeEDTA as an iron fortification compound in Central America. Absorption studies. Studies were performed in seven children and 98 adults to compare the proportion of iron absorbed when administered as ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3), NaFeEDTA, hemoglobin (Hb), and ferrous ascorbate. Studies in children (mostly iron deficient) showed that when the compounds were given with a milk-rice-sugar formula totalling 5 mg Fe, iron from hemoglobin was absorbed best, followed by NaFeEDTA and by Fe2(SO4)3 (mean percent absorption +/-SD = 34.5 +/- 1.5, 8.6 +/- 1.9 and 3.3 +/- 1.5, respectively). Studies in normal or iron deficient adults also demonstrated a better absorption of iron from NaFeEDTA than from Fe2(SO4)3 whether these compounds were given in an aqueous solution (5 mg Fe) or with a standard meal consisting of beans, tortillas, bread, and coffee providing also a total of 5 mg Fe. Hb iron under the same conditions was absorbed in the same proportion to the reference iron ascorbate, always being higher than iron absorbed from the other compounds. Fe2(SO4)3 and NaFeEDTA mixed in the same meal were absorbed in the same proportion as when NaFeEDTA alone was added to the meal and 2 to 3 times better than when Fe2(SO4)3 alone was added to the meal. Addition of desferrioxamine depressed iron absorption from Fe2(SO4)3 and NaFeEDTA, the latter being less affected. Addition of ascorbic acid increased absorption from both. When the compounds were added to the meal to provide 50 mg of iron, percent absorption was depressed in relation to the smaller iron dose in the case of Fe2(SO4)3 and Hb but remained unaltered in the case of NaFeEDTA. Addition of 45 mg Fe as Fe2(SO4)3 or NaFeEDTA to 0.4 mg Fe from the Hb in the meal did not change Hb iron absorption. Addition of 45 mg Fe as Hb or NaFeEDTA to 0.4 mg Fe from Fe2(SO4)3 in the meal enhanced iron absorption from the latter in the same proportions. Addition of 45 mg Fe as Fe2(SO4)3 and Hb to 0.4 mg Fe as NaFeEDTA in the meal respectively depressed and enhanced iron absorption from NaFeEDTA. These studies indicate that NaFeEDTA, Fe2(SO4)3 and nonheme food iron from a common pool different from the heme pool but which is changed in its characteristics by the presence of NaFeEDTA, resulting in a better absorption of iron.", "PMID": 96688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2287", "title": "Urinary chromium excretion, diurnal changes, and relationship to creatinine excretion in healthy and sick individuals of different ages.", "content": "Since urine is the main excretory pathway for chromium, this study was conducted to compare in normal individuals the daily urinary chromium excretion with a 4 hr sample, to investigate diurnal fluctuations of urinary chromium and age-dependent relationship between urinary chromium and creatinine excretion. The results can be summarized as 1) there was no significant difference between the observed 24 hr chromium excretion and 24 hr excretion calculated from the one 4 hr samples, 2) a diurnal variation was observed when urinary excretion was expressed as chromium per minute, but no time-related variation could be established when chromium/creatinine (Cr/Cre) ratios in samples from three different periods of the same day were compared, although a significant positive correlation existed between urinary chromium and creatinine concentration, 3) the Cr/Cre ratio was found to be age-dependent, 4) in malnourished children the Cr/Cre ratio was very high and significantly different from that of normal infants, 5) This ratio for the eight diabetics was found to be significantly higher when compared with normal adults. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that morning 4 hr urinary chromium reflects the daily chromium excretion and that the Cr/Cre ratio of single urine samples obtained during this period is a reliable criterion in the evaluation of chromium nutrition of individuals in different conditions, provided that the influence of age is taken into consideration.", "contents": "Urinary chromium excretion, diurnal changes, and relationship to creatinine excretion in healthy and sick individuals of different ages. Since urine is the main excretory pathway for chromium, this study was conducted to compare in normal individuals the daily urinary chromium excretion with a 4 hr sample, to investigate diurnal fluctuations of urinary chromium and age-dependent relationship between urinary chromium and creatinine excretion. The results can be summarized as 1) there was no significant difference between the observed 24 hr chromium excretion and 24 hr excretion calculated from the one 4 hr samples, 2) a diurnal variation was observed when urinary excretion was expressed as chromium per minute, but no time-related variation could be established when chromium/creatinine (Cr/Cre) ratios in samples from three different periods of the same day were compared, although a significant positive correlation existed between urinary chromium and creatinine concentration, 3) the Cr/Cre ratio was found to be age-dependent, 4) in malnourished children the Cr/Cre ratio was very high and significantly different from that of normal infants, 5) This ratio for the eight diabetics was found to be significantly higher when compared with normal adults. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that morning 4 hr urinary chromium reflects the daily chromium excretion and that the Cr/Cre ratio of single urine samples obtained during this period is a reliable criterion in the evaluation of chromium nutrition of individuals in different conditions, provided that the influence of age is taken into consideration.", "PMID": 96689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2288", "title": "Hair zinc levels in healthy and malnourished children.", "content": "In this study the hair zinc levels of 115 healthy subjects, 50 girls and 65 boys, between the age groups 0 to 15 years were determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The hair zinc levels obtained generally agree with those reported in the literature. The hair zinc levels of the subjects were studied as a function of age, sex and color of hair. It was found that the levels of hair zinc increased as a function of age, whereas no statistically significant differences with respect to sex and color of hair were observed. In a protein-calorie malnourished group of 11 girls and six boys between the ages 0 to 3 years, it was found that the hair zinc levels were significantly higher than a group of healthy subjects of the same age range. In a protein-calorie malnourished group of seven subjects no correlation was found between hair zinc and serum levels.", "contents": "Hair zinc levels in healthy and malnourished children. In this study the hair zinc levels of 115 healthy subjects, 50 girls and 65 boys, between the age groups 0 to 15 years were determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The hair zinc levels obtained generally agree with those reported in the literature. The hair zinc levels of the subjects were studied as a function of age, sex and color of hair. It was found that the levels of hair zinc increased as a function of age, whereas no statistically significant differences with respect to sex and color of hair were observed. In a protein-calorie malnourished group of 11 girls and six boys between the ages 0 to 3 years, it was found that the hair zinc levels were significantly higher than a group of healthy subjects of the same age range. In a protein-calorie malnourished group of seven subjects no correlation was found between hair zinc and serum levels.", "PMID": 96690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2289", "title": "Laboratory diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever by immunofluorescent demonstration of Rickettsia in Cutaneous lesions.", "content": "Direct immunofluorescent staining for Rickettsia rickettsii was performed on cryostat sections of skin biopsies from 27 patients suspected of having Rocky Mountain spotted fever. In nine of the 17 patients whose final diagnosis was Rocky Mountain spotted fever, coccobacillary forms of R. rickettsii were identified in endothelium and vascular walls within the dermis. Facotrs recognized as contributing to false-negative results were prior treatment with tetracycline or chloramphenicol for 24--48 hours or longer and failure to obtain a section through the focus of vasculitis. No false-positive result was obtained in the ten patients whose final diagnoses were not Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The laboratory test offers an immediate, positive laboratory diagnosis for this treatable, life-threatening disease.", "contents": "Laboratory diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever by immunofluorescent demonstration of Rickettsia in Cutaneous lesions. Direct immunofluorescent staining for Rickettsia rickettsii was performed on cryostat sections of skin biopsies from 27 patients suspected of having Rocky Mountain spotted fever. In nine of the 17 patients whose final diagnosis was Rocky Mountain spotted fever, coccobacillary forms of R. rickettsii were identified in endothelium and vascular walls within the dermis. Facotrs recognized as contributing to false-negative results were prior treatment with tetracycline or chloramphenicol for 24--48 hours or longer and failure to obtain a section through the focus of vasculitis. No false-positive result was obtained in the ten patients whose final diagnoses were not Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The laboratory test offers an immediate, positive laboratory diagnosis for this treatable, life-threatening disease.", "PMID": 96691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2290", "title": "Lipoprotein immunogenetics and atherosclerosis.", "content": "The discovery of the first human lipoprotein polymorphism by Allison and Blumberg [Lancet i:634-637, 1961] and the availability of alloimmune sera stimulated us to begin immunogenetic studies on swine in search of lipoprotein diversity and its relationship to biological functions. We found considerable lipoprotein polymorphism, complexity, and heterogeneity in this species. These results and the correlation between immunogenetically defined lipoprotein type and arterial lipidosis in swine, fed a high fat diet, are discussed. Immunogenetic studies of lipoproteins, initiated more recently in rhesus monkeys, will be reviewed also. Preliminary data show similarities between these two species with regard to polymorphism, complexity, phenotypic expression of lipoprotein genes and, most importantly, their serological relationship to human lipoproteins. We also note immunogenetic studies on lipoproteins done by other investigators, or in other species. Brief remarks on implications of the lipoproteins in atherosclerosis, their general classification, immunological properties, and immunological methods used in their study precede the immunogenetic presentation.", "contents": "Lipoprotein immunogenetics and atherosclerosis. The discovery of the first human lipoprotein polymorphism by Allison and Blumberg [Lancet i:634-637, 1961] and the availability of alloimmune sera stimulated us to begin immunogenetic studies on swine in search of lipoprotein diversity and its relationship to biological functions. We found considerable lipoprotein polymorphism, complexity, and heterogeneity in this species. These results and the correlation between immunogenetically defined lipoprotein type and arterial lipidosis in swine, fed a high fat diet, are discussed. Immunogenetic studies of lipoproteins, initiated more recently in rhesus monkeys, will be reviewed also. Preliminary data show similarities between these two species with regard to polymorphism, complexity, phenotypic expression of lipoprotein genes and, most importantly, their serological relationship to human lipoproteins. We also note immunogenetic studies on lipoproteins done by other investigators, or in other species. Brief remarks on implications of the lipoproteins in atherosclerosis, their general classification, immunological properties, and immunological methods used in their study precede the immunogenetic presentation.", "PMID": 96696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2291", "title": "Modification of vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II in pregnant women by intravenously infused 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone.", "content": "In gravid women who are destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), normal pregnancy-associated refractoriness to the pressor effects of administered angiotensin II (A-II) is lost several weeks before the onset of hypertension. From a study of the determinants of A-II pressor responsiveness in normal gravid women, it appears likely that the loss of resistance to A-II is principally unrelated to plasma renin activity or to plasma A-II levels. However, it recently has been shown that the vascular refractoriness to A-II in normal women can be reduced significantly by the administration of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, indomethacin or aspirin. In seven women who had developed PIH and who had lost their refractoriness to A-II, the infusion of 5alpha-pregnan-3,20-dione (5alpha-DHP) was associated with restoration of refractoriness to the pressor effects of A-II. Moreover, in five normotensive gravid women beyond 28 weeks' gestation in whom the refractoriness to A-II was reduced by the administration of indomethacin, the intravenous infusion of 5alpha-DPH was associated with restoration of refractoriness to the pressor effects of A-II. These observations are consistent with the view that a progesterone metabolite(s) may be important in the maintenance of normal blood pressure during human pregnancy.", "contents": "Modification of vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II in pregnant women by intravenously infused 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone. In gravid women who are destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), normal pregnancy-associated refractoriness to the pressor effects of administered angiotensin II (A-II) is lost several weeks before the onset of hypertension. From a study of the determinants of A-II pressor responsiveness in normal gravid women, it appears likely that the loss of resistance to A-II is principally unrelated to plasma renin activity or to plasma A-II levels. However, it recently has been shown that the vascular refractoriness to A-II in normal women can be reduced significantly by the administration of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, indomethacin or aspirin. In seven women who had developed PIH and who had lost their refractoriness to A-II, the infusion of 5alpha-pregnan-3,20-dione (5alpha-DHP) was associated with restoration of refractoriness to the pressor effects of A-II. Moreover, in five normotensive gravid women beyond 28 weeks' gestation in whom the refractoriness to A-II was reduced by the administration of indomethacin, the intravenous infusion of 5alpha-DPH was associated with restoration of refractoriness to the pressor effects of A-II. These observations are consistent with the view that a progesterone metabolite(s) may be important in the maintenance of normal blood pressure during human pregnancy.", "PMID": 96697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2292", "title": "Florisbad and human population succession in Southern Africa.", "content": "The human cranium recovered at Florisbad in 1932 is compared with other Sub-Saharan African hominid remains from Broken Hill, the Omo and Klasies River Mouth. The Florisbad frontal is very broad, but despite this breadth and differences in zygomatic form, there is a definite resemblance to archaic Homo sapiens from Broken Hill. There is also some similarity to both Omo I and Omo II, while fragmentary remains from Klasies River are more lightly built and hence more modern in appearance. These impressions are strengthened by measurement and statistical analysis, which demonstrates that Florisbad and Broken Hill are distant from recent African populations. Even if Florisbad is less archaic than the earlier (Middle Pleistocene?) hominid, it is not noticeably Bushman-like. New dates suggestive of early Upper Pleistocene antiquity also place Florisbad securely in a lineage containing Broken Hill, and there is no evidence to support special ties with any one group of living Africans.", "contents": "Florisbad and human population succession in Southern Africa. The human cranium recovered at Florisbad in 1932 is compared with other Sub-Saharan African hominid remains from Broken Hill, the Omo and Klasies River Mouth. The Florisbad frontal is very broad, but despite this breadth and differences in zygomatic form, there is a definite resemblance to archaic Homo sapiens from Broken Hill. There is also some similarity to both Omo I and Omo II, while fragmentary remains from Klasies River are more lightly built and hence more modern in appearance. These impressions are strengthened by measurement and statistical analysis, which demonstrates that Florisbad and Broken Hill are distant from recent African populations. Even if Florisbad is less archaic than the earlier (Middle Pleistocene?) hominid, it is not noticeably Bushman-like. New dates suggestive of early Upper Pleistocene antiquity also place Florisbad securely in a lineage containing Broken Hill, and there is no evidence to support special ties with any one group of living Africans.", "PMID": 96698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2293", "title": "Factors associated with acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to gentamicin.", "content": "Concern over the increased occurrence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to gentamicin colonizing and/or causing disease in patients prompted our review of the years 1974 and 1975 for all P aeruginosa isolates, both gentamicin-resistant and gentamicin-sensitive. In this period, 39 patients had gentamicin-resistant P aeruginosa recovered from clinical specimens while 683 patients had gentamicin-sensitive strains. Compared to both matched and/or randomly selected controls with gentamicin-sensitive infections, patients with gentamicin-resistant infections had a higher incidence of (1) prior antibiotic therapy (p less than 0.01), (2) prior therapy with gentamicin (p less than 0.005), and (3) exposure to multiple antibiotics.", "contents": "Factors associated with acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to gentamicin. Concern over the increased occurrence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to gentamicin colonizing and/or causing disease in patients prompted our review of the years 1974 and 1975 for all P aeruginosa isolates, both gentamicin-resistant and gentamicin-sensitive. In this period, 39 patients had gentamicin-resistant P aeruginosa recovered from clinical specimens while 683 patients had gentamicin-sensitive strains. Compared to both matched and/or randomly selected controls with gentamicin-sensitive infections, patients with gentamicin-resistant infections had a higher incidence of (1) prior antibiotic therapy (p less than 0.01), (2) prior therapy with gentamicin (p less than 0.005), and (3) exposure to multiple antibiotics.", "PMID": 96695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2294", "title": "Evolutionary significance of the mandibular foramen area in Neandertals.", "content": "An unusual morphology of the mandibular foramen area is described, and its incidence determined for several fossil and modern hominid skeletal samples. This morphology, designated the horizontal-oval type mandibular foramen, is found in 46.2% of the 26 Neandertal foramina examined and in 23.1% of a European Upper Paleolithic sample of 13 foramina. In a total of 747 foramina from five modern skeletal samples, the highest incidence is 3.72%. Possible explanations for the presence of the H-0 trait and its unusually high incidence in Neandertals are examined. It is concluded that this feature is probably a genetic trait which either (1) might be selected for in Neandertals as a part of a massive masticatory apparatus, or (2) represents a discrete cranial trait without functional significance that simply reflects the high incidence of certain genes in Neandertal gene pools.", "contents": "Evolutionary significance of the mandibular foramen area in Neandertals. An unusual morphology of the mandibular foramen area is described, and its incidence determined for several fossil and modern hominid skeletal samples. This morphology, designated the horizontal-oval type mandibular foramen, is found in 46.2% of the 26 Neandertal foramina examined and in 23.1% of a European Upper Paleolithic sample of 13 foramina. In a total of 747 foramina from five modern skeletal samples, the highest incidence is 3.72%. Possible explanations for the presence of the H-0 trait and its unusually high incidence in Neandertals are examined. It is concluded that this feature is probably a genetic trait which either (1) might be selected for in Neandertals as a part of a massive masticatory apparatus, or (2) represents a discrete cranial trait without functional significance that simply reflects the high incidence of certain genes in Neandertal gene pools.", "PMID": 96699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2295", "title": "Animal-human correlates of narcotic dependence: a brief review.", "content": "Knowledge of opiate action in laboratory animals can be of great value in developing a rational clinical approach to the treatment of narcotic dependence. Physiological alterations experimentally produced by narcotics have been confirmed in human subjects, and classical laboratory effects of conditioning and operant behavior also have clinical counterparts. Realization of animal-human correlates of narcotic dependence allows a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of existing therapeutic modalities.", "contents": "Animal-human correlates of narcotic dependence: a brief review. Knowledge of opiate action in laboratory animals can be of great value in developing a rational clinical approach to the treatment of narcotic dependence. Physiological alterations experimentally produced by narcotics have been confirmed in human subjects, and classical laboratory effects of conditioning and operant behavior also have clinical counterparts. Realization of animal-human correlates of narcotic dependence allows a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of existing therapeutic modalities.", "PMID": 96703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2296", "title": "Incremental intravenous nitroglycerin for control of afterload during anesthesia in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization.", "content": "In 25 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting hemodynamic measurements (including values obtained with Swan-Ganz catheterization in 21 of the patients) were made before and after administering a bolus injection of 64 or 96 mcg of nitroglycerin to relieve intraoperative hypertension. This pharmacological agent reduced afterload and preload without raising heart rate. The effect was apparent within 1-3 min and lasted 5-10 min. Untoward hypotension was not encountered in any instance. This intervention appears to be a safe approach to the treatment of intraoperative hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Incremental intravenous nitroglycerin for control of afterload during anesthesia in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. In 25 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting hemodynamic measurements (including values obtained with Swan-Ganz catheterization in 21 of the patients) were made before and after administering a bolus injection of 64 or 96 mcg of nitroglycerin to relieve intraoperative hypertension. This pharmacological agent reduced afterload and preload without raising heart rate. The effect was apparent within 1-3 min and lasted 5-10 min. Untoward hypotension was not encountered in any instance. This intervention appears to be a safe approach to the treatment of intraoperative hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 96704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2297", "title": "Nitroglycerin as a hypotensive drug during general anesthesia.", "content": "Circulatory variables and arterial partial pressure for oxygen (PaO2) were compared in 91 anesthetized patients who received infusions of either nitroglycerin (TNG) or nitroprusside (SNP) to induce hypotension for the purpose of decreasing intraoperative blood loss. At comparable systolic arterial blood pressures, the mean and diastolic arterial blood pressures were significantly higher with TNG. Electrocardiographic changes suggestive of ischemia occurred in 18 patients who received SNP, whereas none were detected in patients given TNG. Both drugs significantly decreased PaO2 and rate-pressure product, an indirect index of myocardial oxygen consumption. No untoward response to TNG occurred. No clinical evidence of myocardial infarction, renal damage, or cerebral vascular complication was encountered in the postoperative period in any patient. Thus, TNG is an effective hypotensive drug that may prove superior to currently available agents.", "contents": "Nitroglycerin as a hypotensive drug during general anesthesia. Circulatory variables and arterial partial pressure for oxygen (PaO2) were compared in 91 anesthetized patients who received infusions of either nitroglycerin (TNG) or nitroprusside (SNP) to induce hypotension for the purpose of decreasing intraoperative blood loss. At comparable systolic arterial blood pressures, the mean and diastolic arterial blood pressures were significantly higher with TNG. Electrocardiographic changes suggestive of ischemia occurred in 18 patients who received SNP, whereas none were detected in patients given TNG. Both drugs significantly decreased PaO2 and rate-pressure product, an indirect index of myocardial oxygen consumption. No untoward response to TNG occurred. No clinical evidence of myocardial infarction, renal damage, or cerebral vascular complication was encountered in the postoperative period in any patient. Thus, TNG is an effective hypotensive drug that may prove superior to currently available agents.", "PMID": 96706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2298", "title": "Contrasting effects of living in heterosexual pairs and mixed groups on the structure of social attraction in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri).", "content": "The structure of social attraction was assessed in pair- and group-living squirrel monkeys (Saimiri) using paired-comparison and single-stimulus preference tests. Effects of the social environment were most prominent in females. Females housed with a single male showed sharply increased attraction to like-sex strangers and less pronounced increase in attraction to opposite-sex strangers, as compared to group-living females. Differences between pair- and group-living males were in the same direction found with females, but less extreme. Most group-living monkeys strongly preferred familiar animals to strangers regardless of sex, and like-sex to opposite-sex familiars. Change in the structure of social attractions in response to variations in the composition of the social environment appears to be an important factor in the maintenance of the species-typical grouping pattern in the squirrel monkey.", "contents": "Contrasting effects of living in heterosexual pairs and mixed groups on the structure of social attraction in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri). The structure of social attraction was assessed in pair- and group-living squirrel monkeys (Saimiri) using paired-comparison and single-stimulus preference tests. Effects of the social environment were most prominent in females. Females housed with a single male showed sharply increased attraction to like-sex strangers and less pronounced increase in attraction to opposite-sex strangers, as compared to group-living females. Differences between pair- and group-living males were in the same direction found with females, but less extreme. Most group-living monkeys strongly preferred familiar animals to strangers regardless of sex, and like-sex to opposite-sex familiars. Change in the structure of social attractions in response to variations in the composition of the social environment appears to be an important factor in the maintenance of the species-typical grouping pattern in the squirrel monkey.", "PMID": 96707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2299", "title": "[Vascular lesions of Fabry's disease. Optical, histochemical and ultrastructural studies].", "content": "On the basis of a new case of Fabry's disease and the various cases published in the literature, the authors analyse the vascular lesions of this angiodysplasia related to an error in lipid metabolism. They emphasise the involvement of lymph vessels (in particular those of the small bowel), and the ultrastructural characteristics and the mode of formation of deposits within the endothelial cells of the vascular walls.", "contents": "[Vascular lesions of Fabry's disease. Optical, histochemical and ultrastructural studies]. On the basis of a new case of Fabry's disease and the various cases published in the literature, the authors analyse the vascular lesions of this angiodysplasia related to an error in lipid metabolism. They emphasise the involvement of lymph vessels (in particular those of the small bowel), and the ultrastructural characteristics and the mode of formation of deposits within the endothelial cells of the vascular walls.", "PMID": 96708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2300", "title": "Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation by subclass for bovine antibodies.", "content": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated for use in the quantitative measurement of bovine immunoglobulin IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies. A method for standardization was devised in which IgG1 or IgG2 was directly adsorbed to polystyrene tubes and the actual degree of binding was calculated by using different input amounts of 125I-labeled IgG1 or IgG2. Values for quantity of IgG1 antibodies to human serum albumin were only slightly higher when measured by the ELISA than when measured by quantitative precipitation although the value measured by the ELISA for IgG2 antibodies was twice that determined by quantitative precipitation. This discrepancy could result from conjugate cross reactivity, differences in affinity between antibodies of the 2 subclasses, or the occurrence of IgG2 nonprecipitating antibodies. The danger of overlooking subclass anti-globulin cross reactivity because of the failure to detect it by immunoprecipitation, also is illustrated. In addition, only enzyme-antibody conjugates prepared with specifically purified antibodies were effective, and reproducibility of individual data points required that 4 replicate determinations be performed. Advantages, pitfalls, and limitations of the ELISA are discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation by subclass for bovine antibodies. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated for use in the quantitative measurement of bovine immunoglobulin IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies. A method for standardization was devised in which IgG1 or IgG2 was directly adsorbed to polystyrene tubes and the actual degree of binding was calculated by using different input amounts of 125I-labeled IgG1 or IgG2. Values for quantity of IgG1 antibodies to human serum albumin were only slightly higher when measured by the ELISA than when measured by quantitative precipitation although the value measured by the ELISA for IgG2 antibodies was twice that determined by quantitative precipitation. This discrepancy could result from conjugate cross reactivity, differences in affinity between antibodies of the 2 subclasses, or the occurrence of IgG2 nonprecipitating antibodies. The danger of overlooking subclass anti-globulin cross reactivity because of the failure to detect it by immunoprecipitation, also is illustrated. In addition, only enzyme-antibody conjugates prepared with specifically purified antibodies were effective, and reproducibility of individual data points required that 4 replicate determinations be performed. Advantages, pitfalls, and limitations of the ELISA are discussed.", "PMID": 96709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2301", "title": "Antigenic relationships of various mycobacterial species with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.", "content": "Antigen cross reactivity of various mycobacterial sonicates with Mycobacterium tuberculosis was studied by fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis using 2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis reference antisera. A considerable degree of cross reactivity was noted with both antisera, and each anti-serum revealed different information about the antigenic complexities between mycobacteria.", "contents": "Antigenic relationships of various mycobacterial species with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antigen cross reactivity of various mycobacterial sonicates with Mycobacterium tuberculosis was studied by fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis using 2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis reference antisera. A considerable degree of cross reactivity was noted with both antisera, and each anti-serum revealed different information about the antigenic complexities between mycobacteria.", "PMID": 96711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2302", "title": "Management of colon ischemia following colon interposition for esophageal substitution.", "content": "During the past four years three patients have been seen with ischemia of the colon segment following colon interposition. Colon interposition was done for esophageal cancer in two patients and for esophageal stricture following ingestion of lye. Colon ischemia was manifested as early as two weeks in one patient and as late as eight weeks in the others. Colon ischemia presented a frank gangrene with cervical fistula or as dysphagia due to stricture formation. Dysphagia in two patients prompted mechanical dilatation of the colon segment which led to perforation in both cases. All three patients had empyemas. The management of these patients includes proper diagnosis, drainage of abscesses and antibiotic treatment, hyperalimentation and visceral arteriography to delineate the residual colon for reinterposition. Two of the three patients in the series are long-term survivors and are well.", "contents": "Management of colon ischemia following colon interposition for esophageal substitution. During the past four years three patients have been seen with ischemia of the colon segment following colon interposition. Colon interposition was done for esophageal cancer in two patients and for esophageal stricture following ingestion of lye. Colon ischemia was manifested as early as two weeks in one patient and as late as eight weeks in the others. Colon ischemia presented a frank gangrene with cervical fistula or as dysphagia due to stricture formation. Dysphagia in two patients prompted mechanical dilatation of the colon segment which led to perforation in both cases. All three patients had empyemas. The management of these patients includes proper diagnosis, drainage of abscesses and antibiotic treatment, hyperalimentation and visceral arteriography to delineate the residual colon for reinterposition. Two of the three patients in the series are long-term survivors and are well.", "PMID": 96713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2303", "title": "[Protracted diarrhea. Etiopathogenia and management (author's transl)].", "content": "For the purpose of twelve cases on protracted diarrhea, the etiopathogenia from this illness is reviewed and the tolerance and inconvenients of treatment with intravenous feeding is assessed, being the authors addicted of employing antibiotics, cholestyramine, diets free of disaccharides and fundamental diets; in such a manner that parenteral nutrition for its inconvenients and complications should only be used in case of failing the rest of therapeutic methods.", "contents": "[Protracted diarrhea. Etiopathogenia and management (author's transl)]. For the purpose of twelve cases on protracted diarrhea, the etiopathogenia from this illness is reviewed and the tolerance and inconvenients of treatment with intravenous feeding is assessed, being the authors addicted of employing antibiotics, cholestyramine, diets free of disaccharides and fundamental diets; in such a manner that parenteral nutrition for its inconvenients and complications should only be used in case of failing the rest of therapeutic methods.", "PMID": 96715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2304", "title": "[Treatment of lennox syndrome with medium chain triglycerides (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve cases of Lennox syndrome were treated with a ketogenic diet with medium chain triglycerides during an average period of five months. All the cases were resistant to drug treatment. In five cases seizures disappeared, in five the frequency decreased and two remained without changes. The alertness improved in seven cases. Electroencephalographic records did not show any important improvement. The diet was generally well tolerated and it only had to be discontinued in one case.", "contents": "[Treatment of lennox syndrome with medium chain triglycerides (author's transl)]. Twelve cases of Lennox syndrome were treated with a ketogenic diet with medium chain triglycerides during an average period of five months. All the cases were resistant to drug treatment. In five cases seizures disappeared, in five the frequency decreased and two remained without changes. The alertness improved in seven cases. Electroencephalographic records did not show any important improvement. The diet was generally well tolerated and it only had to be discontinued in one case.", "PMID": 96716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2305", "title": "[Epilepsy with centro-temporal E.E.G. foci (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors have studied 79 children with epilepsy with centro-temporal E.E.G. foci, taking into consideration the clinical seizure type, age at first seizure, relation and sleeping-waking cycle, personal and family history and electroencephalographic findings. Its' physiopathology is questioned suggesting the denomination of benign partial epilepsy of children.", "contents": "[Epilepsy with centro-temporal E.E.G. foci (author's transl)]. Authors have studied 79 children with epilepsy with centro-temporal E.E.G. foci, taking into consideration the clinical seizure type, age at first seizure, relation and sleeping-waking cycle, personal and family history and electroencephalographic findings. Its' physiopathology is questioned suggesting the denomination of benign partial epilepsy of children.", "PMID": 96717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2306", "title": "[Malnutrition in congenital deficiency of enterokynase (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Congenital deficiency of Enterokynase is presented. The main clinical findings are: Chronic diarrhea, malnutrition and edema. Diagnosis was made by determination of tripsine activity in duodenal juice before and later to confront it to Enterokynase. The patient was treated with pancreatic supplements and protein hidrolysate with favourable results.", "contents": "[Malnutrition in congenital deficiency of enterokynase (author's transl)]. A case of Congenital deficiency of Enterokynase is presented. The main clinical findings are: Chronic diarrhea, malnutrition and edema. Diagnosis was made by determination of tripsine activity in duodenal juice before and later to confront it to Enterokynase. The patient was treated with pancreatic supplements and protein hidrolysate with favourable results.", "PMID": 96718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2307", "title": "Isolation, purification and characterization of a pyocin.", "content": "Seventeen strains of P. aeruginosa were tested for pyocin production using the broth method. Mitomycin C was used for the induction of pyocin in TSB shaked cultures incubated at 32 degrees. The highest pyocin activity was produced by strain 14. TSB shaked cultures in fluting flasks were found to be superior to Erlenmeyer flasks for pyocin production. Pyocin 14 was purified by chemical and chromatographic methods. It was found to be protein in nature and free from carbohydrates. It is stable between pH 5 and 9 and is partially inactivated when kept for one month at 4 degrees. Freezing and thawing, lyophilization and heating at 65 degrees for 5 min completely destroyed its activity. The addition of 4 mg/ml bovine albumin or 2 mg/ml gelatin caused about 60% increase in activity. However, treatment with 10 mM EDTA caused a 98% drop in its activity.", "contents": "Isolation, purification and characterization of a pyocin. Seventeen strains of P. aeruginosa were tested for pyocin production using the broth method. Mitomycin C was used for the induction of pyocin in TSB shaked cultures incubated at 32 degrees. The highest pyocin activity was produced by strain 14. TSB shaked cultures in fluting flasks were found to be superior to Erlenmeyer flasks for pyocin production. Pyocin 14 was purified by chemical and chromatographic methods. It was found to be protein in nature and free from carbohydrates. It is stable between pH 5 and 9 and is partially inactivated when kept for one month at 4 degrees. Freezing and thawing, lyophilization and heating at 65 degrees for 5 min completely destroyed its activity. The addition of 4 mg/ml bovine albumin or 2 mg/ml gelatin caused about 60% increase in activity. However, treatment with 10 mM EDTA caused a 98% drop in its activity.", "PMID": 96719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2308", "title": "Tonic retinal influences in primates.", "content": "A type of unit discharge, termed \"luxotonic,\" has been found in the striate cortex of unanesthetized squirrel monkeys and macaques.6, 21 The firing frequency of these units shows relatively little adaptation, continues indefinitely (hours), and reflects the level of diffuse illumination of the eye. The more numerous \"photergic\" units discharge more rapidly in the light, whereas \"scotergic\" units fire fastest in the dark (or at luminance levels below threshold for cones). Luxotonic activity is abolished by anesthesia and has not been described for striate cortex of other species. Primates also display a profound alteration in the EEG of striate cortex following elimination of all retinal input.32 Since this change is far more drastic than that produced by blindness in other species, it is natural to inquire whether it is related to the loss of the normally prominent luxotonic activity. When the blind monkey sleeps, the bizarre EEG is replaced by patterns wholly normal in appearance,32 indicating that some nonvisual system has extensive access to striate cortex in this state.", "contents": "Tonic retinal influences in primates. A type of unit discharge, termed \"luxotonic,\" has been found in the striate cortex of unanesthetized squirrel monkeys and macaques.6, 21 The firing frequency of these units shows relatively little adaptation, continues indefinitely (hours), and reflects the level of diffuse illumination of the eye. The more numerous \"photergic\" units discharge more rapidly in the light, whereas \"scotergic\" units fire fastest in the dark (or at luminance levels below threshold for cones). Luxotonic activity is abolished by anesthesia and has not been described for striate cortex of other species. Primates also display a profound alteration in the EEG of striate cortex following elimination of all retinal input.32 Since this change is far more drastic than that produced by blindness in other species, it is natural to inquire whether it is related to the loss of the normally prominent luxotonic activity. When the blind monkey sleeps, the bizarre EEG is replaced by patterns wholly normal in appearance,32 indicating that some nonvisual system has extensive access to striate cortex in this state.", "PMID": 96720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2309", "title": "Clinical variation in 2 related children with neuronopathic Gaucher disease.", "content": "The clinical features in 2 second cousins with neuronopathic Gaucher disease include slowly progressive ataxia, spasticity, myoclonus, and seizures with relative preservation of intellectual function. Organomegaly was noted only in Patient 1. Both patients had diffuse slowing with paroxysmal features in electroencephalograms and a deficiency of beta-glucosidase activity in leukocytes and skin fibroblast cultures. The parents of Patient 1 and the related father of Patient 2 had levels of beta-glucosidase activity consistent with the carrier state for Gaucher disease. The value of beta-glucosidase activity in the mother of Patient 2 suggests a different mutation, the result being a defective enzyme component not detectable by measuring total activity.", "contents": "Clinical variation in 2 related children with neuronopathic Gaucher disease. The clinical features in 2 second cousins with neuronopathic Gaucher disease include slowly progressive ataxia, spasticity, myoclonus, and seizures with relative preservation of intellectual function. Organomegaly was noted only in Patient 1. Both patients had diffuse slowing with paroxysmal features in electroencephalograms and a deficiency of beta-glucosidase activity in leukocytes and skin fibroblast cultures. The parents of Patient 1 and the related father of Patient 2 had levels of beta-glucosidase activity consistent with the carrier state for Gaucher disease. The value of beta-glucosidase activity in the mother of Patient 2 suggests a different mutation, the result being a defective enzyme component not detectable by measuring total activity.", "PMID": 96723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2310", "title": "Activity of azlocillin and mezlocillin against gram-negative organisms: comparison with other penicillins.", "content": "The activities of azlocillin and mezlocillin were compared with those of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and pirbenicillin against a wide range of gram-negative organisms. The two new drugs were considerably more active than carbenicillin against Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli. Carbenicillin was twice as active against Proteus mirabilis as mezlocillin and four times as active as azlocillin. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, azlocillin was eight times as active as carbenicillin. Azlocillin and mezlocillin were twice as active as carbenicillin against Bacteroides fragilis, and these drugs showed a high degree of activity against Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Activity of azlocillin and mezlocillin against gram-negative organisms: comparison with other penicillins. The activities of azlocillin and mezlocillin were compared with those of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and pirbenicillin against a wide range of gram-negative organisms. The two new drugs were considerably more active than carbenicillin against Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli. Carbenicillin was twice as active against Proteus mirabilis as mezlocillin and four times as active as azlocillin. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, azlocillin was eight times as active as carbenicillin. Azlocillin and mezlocillin were twice as active as carbenicillin against Bacteroides fragilis, and these drugs showed a high degree of activity against Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 96726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2311", "title": "Differential binding of penicillin by membrane fractions from penicillin-susceptible and -resistant gonococci.", "content": "An inverse relationship between binding of [(14)C]penicillin to cells of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the minimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin was recently reported by us. Herein we report a similar relationship in binding by cytoplasmic membranes derived from 10 strains of gonococci. Membranes were extracted after Braun homogenization and differential centrifugation of the resulting extracts. Membranes derived from penicillin-susceptible cells bound 140 to 200 nmol of [(14)C]penicillin per g of enzyme, whereas relatively nonsusceptible strains bound 18 to 59 nmol. Binding by cell walls was only a small fraction of the total binding and probably represents contamination of the walls by membrane. Pretreatment of cell membranes with either unlabeled penicillin or cephalothin prior to [(14)C]penicillin exposure markedly decreased (14)C binding. Slab gel electrophoresis of membranes revealed 13 protein bands, 8 of which were labeled.", "contents": "Differential binding of penicillin by membrane fractions from penicillin-susceptible and -resistant gonococci. An inverse relationship between binding of [(14)C]penicillin to cells of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the minimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin was recently reported by us. Herein we report a similar relationship in binding by cytoplasmic membranes derived from 10 strains of gonococci. Membranes were extracted after Braun homogenization and differential centrifugation of the resulting extracts. Membranes derived from penicillin-susceptible cells bound 140 to 200 nmol of [(14)C]penicillin per g of enzyme, whereas relatively nonsusceptible strains bound 18 to 59 nmol. Binding by cell walls was only a small fraction of the total binding and probably represents contamination of the walls by membrane. Pretreatment of cell membranes with either unlabeled penicillin or cephalothin prior to [(14)C]penicillin exposure markedly decreased (14)C binding. Slab gel electrophoresis of membranes revealed 13 protein bands, 8 of which were labeled.", "PMID": 96727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2312", "title": "Contribution of a TEM-1-like beta-lactamase to penicillin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Two beta-lactamase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were studied. The substrate profile, molecular weight, and isoelectric point of their beta-lactamases were similar to those of the TEM-1 enzyme produced by many gram-negative bacilli. The gonococcal beta-lactamase was cell bound during exponential growth and was most likely located in the periplasm. Penicillin hydrolysis was efficient in intact cells, suggesting that the cell-bound beta-lactamase was freely accessible to benzylpenicillin. Both beta-lactamase-producing strains of N. gonorrhoeae contained an additional multicopy plasmid with a mass of 3.3 megadaltons (Mdal). A spontaneous penicillin-susceptible revertant lacked both beta-lactamase activity and the 3.3-Mdal plasmid, providing evidence for plasmid-mediated penicillin resistance. During a shift from GC medium to rich MOPS medium, growth of the penicillin-susceptible revertant in contrast to that of the plasmid-carrying strain was markedly impaired, suggesting a physiological effect due to the presence of the 3.3-Mdal plasmid.", "contents": "Contribution of a TEM-1-like beta-lactamase to penicillin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Two beta-lactamase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were studied. The substrate profile, molecular weight, and isoelectric point of their beta-lactamases were similar to those of the TEM-1 enzyme produced by many gram-negative bacilli. The gonococcal beta-lactamase was cell bound during exponential growth and was most likely located in the periplasm. Penicillin hydrolysis was efficient in intact cells, suggesting that the cell-bound beta-lactamase was freely accessible to benzylpenicillin. Both beta-lactamase-producing strains of N. gonorrhoeae contained an additional multicopy plasmid with a mass of 3.3 megadaltons (Mdal). A spontaneous penicillin-susceptible revertant lacked both beta-lactamase activity and the 3.3-Mdal plasmid, providing evidence for plasmid-mediated penicillin resistance. During a shift from GC medium to rich MOPS medium, growth of the penicillin-susceptible revertant in contrast to that of the plasmid-carrying strain was markedly impaired, suggesting a physiological effect due to the presence of the 3.3-Mdal plasmid.", "PMID": 96728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2313", "title": "Plasmid-determined resistance to hexachlorophene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Plasmid-containing strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were screened for resistance to disinfectants. Two plasmids, pMG1 and pMG2, were found to determine hexachlorophene resistance.", "contents": "Plasmid-determined resistance to hexachlorophene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Plasmid-containing strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were screened for resistance to disinfectants. Two plasmids, pMG1 and pMG2, were found to determine hexachlorophene resistance.", "PMID": 96729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2314", "title": "Plasmid-determined resistance to boron and chromium compounds in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Plasmids determining resistance to arsenic, mercury, silver, and tellurium compounds in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested for resistance to 40 other metal compounds. Resistance to trivalent boron and hexavalent chromium compounds was a property of certain P. aeruginosa plasmids.", "contents": "Plasmid-determined resistance to boron and chromium compounds in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Plasmids determining resistance to arsenic, mercury, silver, and tellurium compounds in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested for resistance to 40 other metal compounds. Resistance to trivalent boron and hexavalent chromium compounds was a property of certain P. aeruginosa plasmids.", "PMID": 96730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2315", "title": "Beta-lactamases: determination of their isoelectric points.", "content": "Important discrepancies in isoelectric points (pI) of beta-lactamases were observed depending on the experimental procedure used for their determination: isoelectric focusing (IEF) in sucrose density gradients or analytical IEF in thin-layer polyacrylamide gels (PA). The variations, negligable in the case of TEM-like beta-lactamases, appeared to be important in the case of cephalosporinases and are related to an artifact which appears in PA-IEF. This has been clearly shown with beta-lactamase preparations from the following bacterial strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 8203 (pI = 8.7), P. aeruginosa NCTC 10701 (pI = 9.4), and Proteus morganii NCTC 235 (pI = 8.3). The data previously obtained by PA-IEF were much lower.", "contents": "Beta-lactamases: determination of their isoelectric points. Important discrepancies in isoelectric points (pI) of beta-lactamases were observed depending on the experimental procedure used for their determination: isoelectric focusing (IEF) in sucrose density gradients or analytical IEF in thin-layer polyacrylamide gels (PA). The variations, negligable in the case of TEM-like beta-lactamases, appeared to be important in the case of cephalosporinases and are related to an artifact which appears in PA-IEF. This has been clearly shown with beta-lactamase preparations from the following bacterial strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 8203 (pI = 8.7), P. aeruginosa NCTC 10701 (pI = 9.4), and Proteus morganii NCTC 235 (pI = 8.3). The data previously obtained by PA-IEF were much lower.", "PMID": 96731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2316", "title": "Plasmid-mediated mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotics and to chloramphenicol in group D streptococci.", "content": "Genes conferring resistance to aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotics in three group D streptococcal strains, Streptococcus faecalis JH1 and JH6 and S. faecium JH7, and to chloramphenicol in JH6 are carried by plasmids that can transfer to other S. faecalis cells. The aminoglycoside resistance is mediated by constitutively synthesized phosphotransferase enzymes that have substrate profiles very similar to those of aminoglycoside phosphotransferases found in gram-negative bacteria. Phosphorylation probably occurs at the aminoglycoside 3'-hydroxyl group. Plasmid-borne streptomycin resistance is due to production of the enzyme streptomycin adenylyltransferase, which, as in staphylococci and in contrast to that detected in gram-negative bacteria, is less effective against spectinomycin as substrate. Resistance to chloramphenicol is by enzymatic acetylation. The chloramphenicol acetyltransferase is inducible and bears a close resemblance to the type D chloramphenicol acetyltransferase variant from staphylococci.", "contents": "Plasmid-mediated mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotics and to chloramphenicol in group D streptococci. Genes conferring resistance to aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotics in three group D streptococcal strains, Streptococcus faecalis JH1 and JH6 and S. faecium JH7, and to chloramphenicol in JH6 are carried by plasmids that can transfer to other S. faecalis cells. The aminoglycoside resistance is mediated by constitutively synthesized phosphotransferase enzymes that have substrate profiles very similar to those of aminoglycoside phosphotransferases found in gram-negative bacteria. Phosphorylation probably occurs at the aminoglycoside 3'-hydroxyl group. Plasmid-borne streptomycin resistance is due to production of the enzyme streptomycin adenylyltransferase, which, as in staphylococci and in contrast to that detected in gram-negative bacteria, is less effective against spectinomycin as substrate. Resistance to chloramphenicol is by enzymatic acetylation. The chloramphenicol acetyltransferase is inducible and bears a close resemblance to the type D chloramphenicol acetyltransferase variant from staphylococci.", "PMID": 96732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2317", "title": "Tryptophan uptake by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv: effect of rifampin and ethambutol.", "content": "Uptake of radioactive tryptophan by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv grown in vitro and in vivo was investigated. K(m) values indicated low affinity, and sodium azide inhibited uptake. Rifampin at the minimal inhibitory concentration had no effect, whereas ethambutol inhibited uptake only in the bacilli grown under in vitro conditions. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Tryptophan uptake by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv: effect of rifampin and ethambutol. Uptake of radioactive tryptophan by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv grown in vitro and in vivo was investigated. K(m) values indicated low affinity, and sodium azide inhibited uptake. Rifampin at the minimal inhibitory concentration had no effect, whereas ethambutol inhibited uptake only in the bacilli grown under in vitro conditions. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 96733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2318", "title": "SK&F 75073, new parenteral broad-spectrum cephalosporin with high and prolonged serum levels.", "content": "SK&F 75073, a new parenteral cephalosporin, was found to have broad in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity including isolates usually resistant to cephalothin and cefazolin. This activity included indole-positive Proteus and Enterobacter species and some Serratia isolates. Proteus mirabilis strains were particularly susceptible, as were Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria species. The activity of SK&F 75073 against gram-positive bacteria was poorer than that of the control cephalosporins. This cephalosporin is highly bound to serum proteins, and a loss in in vitro activity was observed in the presence of serum. Parenteral administration of SK&F 75073 to experimental animals (mice, dogs, squirrel monkeys) resulted in high and prolonged serum levels when compared with cefazolin and other injectable cephalosporins. This favorable serum profile was reflected in the excellent protection observed in mice infected with pathogenic bacteria.", "contents": "SK&F 75073, new parenteral broad-spectrum cephalosporin with high and prolonged serum levels. SK&F 75073, a new parenteral cephalosporin, was found to have broad in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity including isolates usually resistant to cephalothin and cefazolin. This activity included indole-positive Proteus and Enterobacter species and some Serratia isolates. Proteus mirabilis strains were particularly susceptible, as were Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria species. The activity of SK&F 75073 against gram-positive bacteria was poorer than that of the control cephalosporins. This cephalosporin is highly bound to serum proteins, and a loss in in vitro activity was observed in the presence of serum. Parenteral administration of SK&F 75073 to experimental animals (mice, dogs, squirrel monkeys) resulted in high and prolonged serum levels when compared with cefazolin and other injectable cephalosporins. This favorable serum profile was reflected in the excellent protection observed in mice infected with pathogenic bacteria.", "PMID": 96734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2319", "title": "Relationship between gentamicin susceptiblity criteria and therapeutic serum levels for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mouse infection model.", "content": "In this study estimations of in vivo and in vitro gentamicin susceptibility for a series of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were compared. The series included an extremely susceptible strain, typically susceptible strains by current susceptibility criteria, and strains with enzymatic and permeability-mediated resistance. In vivo testing was done by using a mice protection test involving six 1-h doses of gentamicin and an inoculum of 50 50% lethal doses of P. aeruginosa. Both normal mice and cyclophosphamide-treated mice were used. It was found that peak serum levels and serum levels of gentamicin obtained just prior to the sixth dose (fifth dose trough levels) required for protection were much higher than minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) or minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) obtained in high-cation medium. However, first dose trough levels were similar to MICs or MBCs. Only an extremely susceptible strain, 280, could be treated at antibiotic dosages and serum levels which are considered likely to be safe in humans. A distinct inoculum effect was found in the mice tests, with a 10-fold increase in inoculum producing a 4-fold increase in the amount of gentamicin required, but no inoculum effect was found for MICs. These results suggest that current susceptibility criteria in use for gentamicin and P. aeruginosa overestimate gentamicin susceptibility, particularly when low-cation growth medium is used for susceptibility testing and when treating disseminated infection.", "contents": "Relationship between gentamicin susceptiblity criteria and therapeutic serum levels for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mouse infection model. In this study estimations of in vivo and in vitro gentamicin susceptibility for a series of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were compared. The series included an extremely susceptible strain, typically susceptible strains by current susceptibility criteria, and strains with enzymatic and permeability-mediated resistance. In vivo testing was done by using a mice protection test involving six 1-h doses of gentamicin and an inoculum of 50 50% lethal doses of P. aeruginosa. Both normal mice and cyclophosphamide-treated mice were used. It was found that peak serum levels and serum levels of gentamicin obtained just prior to the sixth dose (fifth dose trough levels) required for protection were much higher than minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) or minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) obtained in high-cation medium. However, first dose trough levels were similar to MICs or MBCs. Only an extremely susceptible strain, 280, could be treated at antibiotic dosages and serum levels which are considered likely to be safe in humans. A distinct inoculum effect was found in the mice tests, with a 10-fold increase in inoculum producing a 4-fold increase in the amount of gentamicin required, but no inoculum effect was found for MICs. These results suggest that current susceptibility criteria in use for gentamicin and P. aeruginosa overestimate gentamicin susceptibility, particularly when low-cation growth medium is used for susceptibility testing and when treating disseminated infection.", "PMID": 96735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2320", "title": "Unpredictable response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to synergistic antibiotic combinations in vitro.", "content": "The combined activity of ticarcillin and each of three aminoglycosides, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin, was studied with 45 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All strains individually were susceptible to each of these agents. Comparison of the results revealed highly variable interaction, both from strain to strain and from one aminoglycoside to another against the same strain. Against 11 strains, none of three antibiotic pairs tested was synergistic by conventional criteria; against the remaining 34, three, any two, or any one pair among those tested was synergistic. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of individual drugs gave no indication of the degree of synergism to be expected. We conclude that generalizations about the behavior of this organism vis-\u00e0-vis penicillin-aminoglycoside combinations in vitro are subject to many exceptions. Furthermore, no test using a particular antibiotic combination is reliable as a screen for other combinations. If this experience is duplicated in vivo, combination testing may be as important for the choice of combination therapy as individual susceptibility testing is for the choice of individual antibiotics.", "contents": "Unpredictable response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to synergistic antibiotic combinations in vitro. The combined activity of ticarcillin and each of three aminoglycosides, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin, was studied with 45 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All strains individually were susceptible to each of these agents. Comparison of the results revealed highly variable interaction, both from strain to strain and from one aminoglycoside to another against the same strain. Against 11 strains, none of three antibiotic pairs tested was synergistic by conventional criteria; against the remaining 34, three, any two, or any one pair among those tested was synergistic. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of individual drugs gave no indication of the degree of synergism to be expected. We conclude that generalizations about the behavior of this organism vis-\u00e0-vis penicillin-aminoglycoside combinations in vitro are subject to many exceptions. Furthermore, no test using a particular antibiotic combination is reliable as a screen for other combinations. If this experience is duplicated in vivo, combination testing may be as important for the choice of combination therapy as individual susceptibility testing is for the choice of individual antibiotics.", "PMID": 96736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2321", "title": "Antibiotic susceptibility of clinical isolates of Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "A broth microdilution method was used to measure the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the antibiotics most often recommended for treatment of listeriosis. The MICs of ampicillin, penicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline for 175 strains of Listeria monocytogenes were below the approximate MIC breakpoint for susceptible strains as recommended by the National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards. Inhibition diameters for 125 strains were measured by the standardized disk method (National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards) and compared with the appropriate MIC values. By both methods, strains were susceptible to the above four antibiotics, except for three strains, which were intermediate in susceptibility to penicillin by the disk method. Since the minimal bactericidal concentrations for ampicillin and penicillin significantly exceeded the MICs for these antibiotics, 45 strains were evaluated with ampicillin (5 mug/ml) and gentamicin (1 mug/ml) to compare the synergistic bactericidal effect of the two used in combination and singly. An increased kill of 100-fold was observed with the antibiotics combined in 19 strains after 4 to 6 h and in 40 strains after 24 h. A comparison of results with microdilution in Trypticase soy broth and agar dilution in Mueller-Hinton agar revealed that MICs for gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin were strongly influenced by the media used. The MICs were consistently lower in Mueller-Hinton agar.", "contents": "Antibiotic susceptibility of clinical isolates of Listeria monocytogenes. A broth microdilution method was used to measure the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the antibiotics most often recommended for treatment of listeriosis. The MICs of ampicillin, penicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline for 175 strains of Listeria monocytogenes were below the approximate MIC breakpoint for susceptible strains as recommended by the National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards. Inhibition diameters for 125 strains were measured by the standardized disk method (National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards) and compared with the appropriate MIC values. By both methods, strains were susceptible to the above four antibiotics, except for three strains, which were intermediate in susceptibility to penicillin by the disk method. Since the minimal bactericidal concentrations for ampicillin and penicillin significantly exceeded the MICs for these antibiotics, 45 strains were evaluated with ampicillin (5 mug/ml) and gentamicin (1 mug/ml) to compare the synergistic bactericidal effect of the two used in combination and singly. An increased kill of 100-fold was observed with the antibiotics combined in 19 strains after 4 to 6 h and in 40 strains after 24 h. A comparison of results with microdilution in Trypticase soy broth and agar dilution in Mueller-Hinton agar revealed that MICs for gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin were strongly influenced by the media used. The MICs were consistently lower in Mueller-Hinton agar.", "PMID": 96737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2322", "title": "Characterization of a small plasmid determining resistance to erythromycin, lincomycin, and vernamycin Balpha in a strain of Streptococcus sanguis isolated from dental plaque.", "content": "A plasmid determining resistance to erythromycin (inducible), lincomycin, and vernamycin B(alpha) was isolated from a strain of Streptococcus sanguis isolated from dental plaque of a patient who had been on erythromycin therapy for an extended period of time. The plasmid, designated pAM77, had a molecular weight of 4.5 x 10(6) and was present to the extent of one to two copies per bacterial chromosome. The plasmid could transform S. sanguis strain Challis.", "contents": "Characterization of a small plasmid determining resistance to erythromycin, lincomycin, and vernamycin Balpha in a strain of Streptococcus sanguis isolated from dental plaque. A plasmid determining resistance to erythromycin (inducible), lincomycin, and vernamycin B(alpha) was isolated from a strain of Streptococcus sanguis isolated from dental plaque of a patient who had been on erythromycin therapy for an extended period of time. The plasmid, designated pAM77, had a molecular weight of 4.5 x 10(6) and was present to the extent of one to two copies per bacterial chromosome. The plasmid could transform S. sanguis strain Challis.", "PMID": 96738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2323", "title": "Controlled trial of disodium cromoglycate in prevention of relapse of steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome of childhood.", "content": "A controlled trial of disodium cromoglycate treatment of steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome failed to show a therapeutic effect on the tendency to relapse after withdrawal of corticosteroids.", "contents": "Controlled trial of disodium cromoglycate in prevention of relapse of steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome of childhood. A controlled trial of disodium cromoglycate treatment of steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome failed to show a therapeutic effect on the tendency to relapse after withdrawal of corticosteroids.", "PMID": 96741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2324", "title": "Amoebiasis in northern Nigeria. An evaluation of the gel diffusion test.", "content": "Sera from 778 patients presenting a hospitals in Zaria and Kaduna, northern Nigeria, were tested for amoebic precipitins by the gel diffusion test; 106 (14%) were positive. Positive tests were obtained in 16 of 18 patients with an amoebic liver abscess, in 17 of 31 patients with amoebic dysentery and in three of 100 apparently healthy controls. Positive tests, and clinical cases of amoebiasis, were seen more frequently in the wet season than in the dry season.", "contents": "Amoebiasis in northern Nigeria. An evaluation of the gel diffusion test. Sera from 778 patients presenting a hospitals in Zaria and Kaduna, northern Nigeria, were tested for amoebic precipitins by the gel diffusion test; 106 (14%) were positive. Positive tests were obtained in 16 of 18 patients with an amoebic liver abscess, in 17 of 31 patients with amoebic dysentery and in three of 100 apparently healthy controls. Positive tests, and clinical cases of amoebiasis, were seen more frequently in the wet season than in the dry season.", "PMID": 96742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2325", "title": "Portal hypertension and chronic salmonellosis in situs invertus.", "content": "The unique combination of a late complication of Schistosoma mansoni infection in situs invertus is reported. The improvement in both the haematological and biochemical indices of the patient after splenectomy is discussed. An association between chronic salmonellosis and schistosomiasis is demonstrated; the experience of the author and other workers with this syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Portal hypertension and chronic salmonellosis in situs invertus. The unique combination of a late complication of Schistosoma mansoni infection in situs invertus is reported. The improvement in both the haematological and biochemical indices of the patient after splenectomy is discussed. An association between chronic salmonellosis and schistosomiasis is demonstrated; the experience of the author and other workers with this syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 96743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2326", "title": "Follow-up study of epileptic patients following forel-H-tomy.", "content": "Stereotactic Forel-H-Tomy has been performed in 20 cases of epilepsy refractory to medication of which 15 have been followed from 2 to 7 years. The outcome of operation in 7 cases is judged as 'markedly effective' or 'effective'. In 3 cases the operation was ineffective. Effectiveness was greater in bilateral operation. Improvement of EEG was indicated by disappearance or marked reduction of spikes (or sharp waves) or spike and wave complex. Grand mal seizures alone or cases of minor seizure alone have responded more favorably than other clinical types. Six cases demonstrated improvement of personality and emotions.", "contents": "Follow-up study of epileptic patients following forel-H-tomy. Stereotactic Forel-H-Tomy has been performed in 20 cases of epilepsy refractory to medication of which 15 have been followed from 2 to 7 years. The outcome of operation in 7 cases is judged as 'markedly effective' or 'effective'. In 3 cases the operation was ineffective. Effectiveness was greater in bilateral operation. Improvement of EEG was indicated by disappearance or marked reduction of spikes (or sharp waves) or spike and wave complex. Grand mal seizures alone or cases of minor seizure alone have responded more favorably than other clinical types. Six cases demonstrated improvement of personality and emotions.", "PMID": 96739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2327", "title": "Functional ablation by spreading depression: possible use in human stereotactic neurosurgery.", "content": "Spreading depression (SD) of EEG activity was elicited by microinjection (5 microliter) of 5% potassium chloride into the caudate nucleus (n = 7) or hippocampus (n = 3) during stereotactic brain surgery in patients with focal epilepsy. An electrode-cannula assembly for eliciting and recording the slow potential waves of SD is described. The parameters of SD in human brain are similar to those in lower mammals. Functional ablation by SD can be used as a diagnostic tool in neurosurgery.", "contents": "Functional ablation by spreading depression: possible use in human stereotactic neurosurgery. Spreading depression (SD) of EEG activity was elicited by microinjection (5 microliter) of 5% potassium chloride into the caudate nucleus (n = 7) or hippocampus (n = 3) during stereotactic brain surgery in patients with focal epilepsy. An electrode-cannula assembly for eliciting and recording the slow potential waves of SD is described. The parameters of SD in human brain are similar to those in lower mammals. Functional ablation by SD can be used as a diagnostic tool in neurosurgery.", "PMID": 96740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2328", "title": "Metabolism of sulpiride in man and rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The metabolism of 14C-carbonyl-sulpiride (form A) and of 14C-3, 4 pyrrolidine-sulpiride (form B) was studied in the rhesus monkey and man. In the monkey, the metabolites in both the urine and the bile were the same with form A and form B: 60-80% sulpiride, 10-30% 5-oxopyrrolidine sulpiride and 3-8% an unidentified metabolite (ME-X). In four human volunteers given a single oral dose of either 108 mg form A or 100 mg form B, more than 95% of the 14C recovered in the urine and feces was unchanged sulpiride. Sulpiride levels in plasma reached maximum in 3 hr and ranged from 232 to 403 ng/ml. The plasma t1/2 was 8.3 hr. Pharmacokinetic analyses indicated little or no biliary excretion of sulpiride in man.", "contents": "Metabolism of sulpiride in man and rhesus monkeys. The metabolism of 14C-carbonyl-sulpiride (form A) and of 14C-3, 4 pyrrolidine-sulpiride (form B) was studied in the rhesus monkey and man. In the monkey, the metabolites in both the urine and the bile were the same with form A and form B: 60-80% sulpiride, 10-30% 5-oxopyrrolidine sulpiride and 3-8% an unidentified metabolite (ME-X). In four human volunteers given a single oral dose of either 108 mg form A or 100 mg form B, more than 95% of the 14C recovered in the urine and feces was unchanged sulpiride. Sulpiride levels in plasma reached maximum in 3 hr and ranged from 232 to 403 ng/ml. The plasma t1/2 was 8.3 hr. Pharmacokinetic analyses indicated little or no biliary excretion of sulpiride in man.", "PMID": 96745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2329", "title": "Gamma heavy chain disease seen initially as gastric neoplasm.", "content": "A patient with abdominal pain, weight loss, and a gastric mass was found to have a pleomorphic infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Analysis of serum proteins revealed gamma heavy chains, which were detected in the urine as well. This case is unusual because of the extralymphatic involvement and the possibly unique character of the heavy chain, an insertion in added polypeptides.", "contents": "Gamma heavy chain disease seen initially as gastric neoplasm. A patient with abdominal pain, weight loss, and a gastric mass was found to have a pleomorphic infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Analysis of serum proteins revealed gamma heavy chains, which were detected in the urine as well. This case is unusual because of the extralymphatic involvement and the possibly unique character of the heavy chain, an insertion in added polypeptides.", "PMID": 96746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2330", "title": "Cryoglobulinemia and amyloidosis associated with intestinal lymphoma.", "content": "A case of lymphocytic lymphoma of the small intestine was associated with cryoglobulinemia and amyloidosis. The neoplastic lymphoid cell demonstrated surface IgG membrane markers by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. The cryoglobulins were characterized as monoclonal IgG3 proteins with lambda light chains. Amyloidosis of the small intestine and regional lymph nodes was found in association with lymphatic infiltration of these organs, suggesting the production of amyloid in situ.", "contents": "Cryoglobulinemia and amyloidosis associated with intestinal lymphoma. A case of lymphocytic lymphoma of the small intestine was associated with cryoglobulinemia and amyloidosis. The neoplastic lymphoid cell demonstrated surface IgG membrane markers by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. The cryoglobulins were characterized as monoclonal IgG3 proteins with lambda light chains. Amyloidosis of the small intestine and regional lymph nodes was found in association with lymphatic infiltration of these organs, suggesting the production of amyloid in situ.", "PMID": 96747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2331", "title": "Composition and potential use of some tropical fruits.", "content": "The nutritional role fruits could play in poor-quality diets, as sources of vitamin A and ascorbic acid, is described. Likewise, summarized information is presented on the use of some unknown tropical fruits relatively abundant in Central America as components of high-protein foods, providing nutrients such as provitamin A and ascorbic acid, as well as a variety of flavors. In these studies the fruit pulp as a pur\u00e9e was added either fresh or drum-dried, to a corn-soybean blend. In all cases there occurred a decrease in protein quality, which was more marked for some fruits than for others, probably due to the dehydration process used. The chemical composition of other tropical fruits, not consumed by people but which could be used as animal feed, is also presented. This type of fruits includes the Chalum (Inga, spp.) and some Cucurbitaceae. Others contain seeds with a high oil and protein content. Among the latter, J\u00edcara (Crescentia alata) offers very good industrial possibilities.", "contents": "Composition and potential use of some tropical fruits. The nutritional role fruits could play in poor-quality diets, as sources of vitamin A and ascorbic acid, is described. Likewise, summarized information is presented on the use of some unknown tropical fruits relatively abundant in Central America as components of high-protein foods, providing nutrients such as provitamin A and ascorbic acid, as well as a variety of flavors. In these studies the fruit pulp as a pur\u00e9e was added either fresh or drum-dried, to a corn-soybean blend. In all cases there occurred a decrease in protein quality, which was more marked for some fruits than for others, probably due to the dehydration process used. The chemical composition of other tropical fruits, not consumed by people but which could be used as animal feed, is also presented. This type of fruits includes the Chalum (Inga, spp.) and some Cucurbitaceae. Others contain seeds with a high oil and protein content. Among the latter, J\u00edcara (Crescentia alata) offers very good industrial possibilities.", "PMID": 96749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2332", "title": "An epidemiological study of pre-school child malnutrition in Santo Domingo.", "content": "This report describes the differences in social and demographic characteristics of 82 mothers with a severely malnourished child under the age of five years and those of 82 mothers with a healthy child matched by age, sex, and neighborhood of residence. The mothers of the healthy children had a mean parity of 4.7 live births. There was no significant difference in the proportion of women in the two groups currently using contraception, but more women of the control group had undergone one or more spontaneous or induced abortions. More children of the control group had been immunized against one one or more communicable diseases than the children of the case group. The proportion of children of school age attending school was greater on the part of the children in the control group than the children of the case group although the difference was not significant (p = 0.06). Despite the authors' efforts to assure that the women of the control group were selected from the same socioeconomic class as the women of the case group, there was some evidence that the women of the control group enjoyed somewhat higher family incomes.", "contents": "An epidemiological study of pre-school child malnutrition in Santo Domingo. This report describes the differences in social and demographic characteristics of 82 mothers with a severely malnourished child under the age of five years and those of 82 mothers with a healthy child matched by age, sex, and neighborhood of residence. The mothers of the healthy children had a mean parity of 4.7 live births. There was no significant difference in the proportion of women in the two groups currently using contraception, but more women of the control group had undergone one or more spontaneous or induced abortions. More children of the control group had been immunized against one one or more communicable diseases than the children of the case group. The proportion of children of school age attending school was greater on the part of the children in the control group than the children of the case group although the difference was not significant (p = 0.06). Despite the authors' efforts to assure that the women of the control group were selected from the same socioeconomic class as the women of the case group, there was some evidence that the women of the control group enjoyed somewhat higher family incomes.", "PMID": 96751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2333", "title": "[Descriptive study of Fortesan: a new food product for preschool children].", "content": "Pre-school Children acceptability of a high nutritive value and low cost new food product (Fortes\u00e1n) was studied. This mixture is formed by W.S.B. powdered milk and cacao. The purpose was to establish its a acceptability by the children and their mothers, in the Santiago population. A similar study had been already performed in 1972 in another marginal urban area and in rural areas. Inicial and final heights and weights were measured, and a socio-economical and acceptability survey was performed in all cases. The same experimental group was used as a control of it self. The study lasted 4 months, from April-May 1973 until August-September 1973. The sample was formed by children from 1 to 6 years old, coming from different socioeconomical levels. Results showed a good acceptability of the product both by the mothers and their children. It also showed a good influence in the height and weight that the children reached.", "contents": "[Descriptive study of Fortesan: a new food product for preschool children]. Pre-school Children acceptability of a high nutritive value and low cost new food product (Fortes\u00e1n) was studied. This mixture is formed by W.S.B. powdered milk and cacao. The purpose was to establish its a acceptability by the children and their mothers, in the Santiago population. A similar study had been already performed in 1972 in another marginal urban area and in rural areas. Inicial and final heights and weights were measured, and a socio-economical and acceptability survey was performed in all cases. The same experimental group was used as a control of it self. The study lasted 4 months, from April-May 1973 until August-September 1973. The sample was formed by children from 1 to 6 years old, coming from different socioeconomical levels. Results showed a good acceptability of the product both by the mothers and their children. It also showed a good influence in the height and weight that the children reached.", "PMID": 96752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2334", "title": "[Nitrogen balance in adults and experimental study in rats fed with rice, beans and manioc flour supplemented with proteins].", "content": "Rice, beans and manioc flour are foods eaten daily in Northeast Brazil. Manioc flour is a source of energy, having a low protein content. There has been a great interest to supplement manioc flour with proteins. The present study was planned to show the nutritive value of a basic diet including rice, beans, manioc flour and other local foods, supplemented with different sources of proteins. The experiment was carried out in humans and rats. The supplements used were casein (Ca), isolated soy protein (PS) and a dry residue of a soymilk preparation (RSLS). Through nitrogen balance studies in adults it was shown that the diets with casein or isolated soy protein had a good absorption and retention of nitrogen. The addition of the soymilk residue resulted in a poor acceptance of the experimental diet; negative nitrogen retention was observed in the three persons who accepted the food and completed the balances studies. The same diets offered to humans, with the same protein supplements, were fed to rats. The nutritive value measured in the animals were similar, in all diets with all supplements, including the one with the dry residue of soymilk. The present results call the attention to the problems of transfering animal results to humans. It was also discussed the possibility of adding casein or isolated soy protein as an eventual protein supplement to manioc flour for human feeding.", "contents": "[Nitrogen balance in adults and experimental study in rats fed with rice, beans and manioc flour supplemented with proteins]. Rice, beans and manioc flour are foods eaten daily in Northeast Brazil. Manioc flour is a source of energy, having a low protein content. There has been a great interest to supplement manioc flour with proteins. The present study was planned to show the nutritive value of a basic diet including rice, beans, manioc flour and other local foods, supplemented with different sources of proteins. The experiment was carried out in humans and rats. The supplements used were casein (Ca), isolated soy protein (PS) and a dry residue of a soymilk preparation (RSLS). Through nitrogen balance studies in adults it was shown that the diets with casein or isolated soy protein had a good absorption and retention of nitrogen. The addition of the soymilk residue resulted in a poor acceptance of the experimental diet; negative nitrogen retention was observed in the three persons who accepted the food and completed the balances studies. The same diets offered to humans, with the same protein supplements, were fed to rats. The nutritive value measured in the animals were similar, in all diets with all supplements, including the one with the dry residue of soymilk. The present results call the attention to the problems of transfering animal results to humans. It was also discussed the possibility of adding casein or isolated soy protein as an eventual protein supplement to manioc flour for human feeding.", "PMID": 96753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2335", "title": "[Cardiac amyloidosis: clinical, x-ray, electric, hemodynamic, developmental and pathological aspects. Apropos of 85 cases collected from French cardiology departments].", "content": "85 cases of cardiac amyloidosis have been collected from the university cardiac departments of France. Four distinct clinical pictures have emerged: 1. Primary cardiac amyloidosis (36 cases) which combines: congestive cardiac failure, ECG signs (extreme axis deviation, low voltage, signs of myocardial necrosis), arrhythmias (67%), and a rapidly fatal outcome (23.2 m +/- 8.5); 2. Cardiac amyloidosis associated with a marked neuromuscular amyloidosis (8 cases), in patients of Portuguese extraction (4 out of 8), with a positive family history (6 out of 8), characterised by arrhythmias (5 out of 8), and with a better prognosis (1 death out of 8); 3. Cardiac amyloidosis associated with a dysglobulinaemia (14 cases) with a clinical picture which is almost identical with that of primary cardiac amuloidosis; 4. Senile cardiac amyloidosis, whose frequency increases with age, may sometimes be discovered at routine post mortem examination, and is characterised by atrial fibrillation (13 out of 27) and its association with anaemia, signs of inflammation, and coronary atheroma.", "contents": "[Cardiac amyloidosis: clinical, x-ray, electric, hemodynamic, developmental and pathological aspects. Apropos of 85 cases collected from French cardiology departments]. 85 cases of cardiac amyloidosis have been collected from the university cardiac departments of France. Four distinct clinical pictures have emerged: 1. Primary cardiac amyloidosis (36 cases) which combines: congestive cardiac failure, ECG signs (extreme axis deviation, low voltage, signs of myocardial necrosis), arrhythmias (67%), and a rapidly fatal outcome (23.2 m +/- 8.5); 2. Cardiac amyloidosis associated with a marked neuromuscular amyloidosis (8 cases), in patients of Portuguese extraction (4 out of 8), with a positive family history (6 out of 8), characterised by arrhythmias (5 out of 8), and with a better prognosis (1 death out of 8); 3. Cardiac amyloidosis associated with a dysglobulinaemia (14 cases) with a clinical picture which is almost identical with that of primary cardiac amuloidosis; 4. Senile cardiac amyloidosis, whose frequency increases with age, may sometimes be discovered at routine post mortem examination, and is characterised by atrial fibrillation (13 out of 27) and its association with anaemia, signs of inflammation, and coronary atheroma.", "PMID": 96754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2336", "title": "[The cardiomyopathy of idiopathic hemochromatosis].", "content": "A retrospective study of the case histories of 216 patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis has highlighted the frequency of cardiac involvement in this condition (53%). Two forms can be distinguished: a latent one (65%), in which the changes are predominantly electrocardiographic, and a clinical form (35%) with the features of congestive cardiomyopathy, notable for the rapidity of onset after right heart failure, the degree of cardiomegaly, the constant finding of abnormalities of ventricular repolarisation, the relative frequency of latent disorders of supra-His atrio-ventricular conduction, and the finding of elongation of the isovolumic contraction time on the phonomechanocardiogram. A haemodynamic profile is the same as for non-obstructive hypotonic cardiomyopathies, and is usually associated with a slow rise in left ventricular pressure. The cardiomyopathy, which is the most frequent cause of death, determines the prognosis in this condition. It may be found in association with diabetes and gonad failure. The finding of cardiomyopathy indicates basic treatment by veresection, which may be the only means of establishing a favourable outcome.", "contents": "[The cardiomyopathy of idiopathic hemochromatosis]. A retrospective study of the case histories of 216 patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis has highlighted the frequency of cardiac involvement in this condition (53%). Two forms can be distinguished: a latent one (65%), in which the changes are predominantly electrocardiographic, and a clinical form (35%) with the features of congestive cardiomyopathy, notable for the rapidity of onset after right heart failure, the degree of cardiomegaly, the constant finding of abnormalities of ventricular repolarisation, the relative frequency of latent disorders of supra-His atrio-ventricular conduction, and the finding of elongation of the isovolumic contraction time on the phonomechanocardiogram. A haemodynamic profile is the same as for non-obstructive hypotonic cardiomyopathies, and is usually associated with a slow rise in left ventricular pressure. The cardiomyopathy, which is the most frequent cause of death, determines the prognosis in this condition. It may be found in association with diabetes and gonad failure. The finding of cardiomyopathy indicates basic treatment by veresection, which may be the only means of establishing a favourable outcome.", "PMID": 96755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2337", "title": "[The myocardiopathies of systemic lupus erythematosus].", "content": "Myocardial involvement in lupus erythematosis takes the form of an interstitial myocarditis with cellular infiltration and fibrinoid necrosis. The most lesions are perivascular, and involve the arterioles. The myocardial fibres are involved secondarily to the vascular lesions, or by grossly, damaging sclerosis. The clinical features are variable:--no clinical features, but haemodynamic evidence of abnormal ventricular function, and perhaps sudden death;--arrhythmias and disorders of atrio-ventricular conduction;--cardiac failure, which may be due to a genuine cardiomyopathy (a part may be played by hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, renal failure, constrictive pericarditis or haemodynamically major valve disorders);--abnormalities of the coronary trunk in a certain number of cases. If anti-nuclear antibodies are present in a cardiomyopathy, the presence of DLE or of a drug-induced lupus syndrome must be suspected. There remain some awkward cases which defy classification, and which systematic use of echocardiography and pericardial and myocardial biopsy may be able to define more accurately.", "contents": "[The myocardiopathies of systemic lupus erythematosus]. Myocardial involvement in lupus erythematosis takes the form of an interstitial myocarditis with cellular infiltration and fibrinoid necrosis. The most lesions are perivascular, and involve the arterioles. The myocardial fibres are involved secondarily to the vascular lesions, or by grossly, damaging sclerosis. The clinical features are variable:--no clinical features, but haemodynamic evidence of abnormal ventricular function, and perhaps sudden death;--arrhythmias and disorders of atrio-ventricular conduction;--cardiac failure, which may be due to a genuine cardiomyopathy (a part may be played by hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, renal failure, constrictive pericarditis or haemodynamically major valve disorders);--abnormalities of the coronary trunk in a certain number of cases. If anti-nuclear antibodies are present in a cardiomyopathy, the presence of DLE or of a drug-induced lupus syndrome must be suspected. There remain some awkward cases which defy classification, and which systematic use of echocardiography and pericardial and myocardial biopsy may be able to define more accurately.", "PMID": 96756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2338", "title": "[The sclerodermic myocardiopathies].", "content": "Sclerodermic cardiomyopathy is the commonest cardiac lesion in this collagen disorder. The picture is a common-place one of left ventricular failure with moderate cardiomegaly (unless there is an associated chronic pericardial effusion). There are no characteristic features on the ECG. The prognosis is particularly poor, with death within one or two years. Clinical presentation of the cardiomyopathy may be preceded by isolated ECG changes occuring over one or two years. The myocardial disorder, which is often associated with latent pericardial and endocardial lesions, is peculiar to scleroderma out of all the collagen disorders, but presents no difficulty in differential diagnosis because of the other features of the disease of which it is a part.", "contents": "[The sclerodermic myocardiopathies]. Sclerodermic cardiomyopathy is the commonest cardiac lesion in this collagen disorder. The picture is a common-place one of left ventricular failure with moderate cardiomegaly (unless there is an associated chronic pericardial effusion). There are no characteristic features on the ECG. The prognosis is particularly poor, with death within one or two years. Clinical presentation of the cardiomyopathy may be preceded by isolated ECG changes occuring over one or two years. The myocardial disorder, which is often associated with latent pericardial and endocardial lesions, is peculiar to scleroderma out of all the collagen disorders, but presents no difficulty in differential diagnosis because of the other features of the disease of which it is a part.", "PMID": 96757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2339", "title": "[The myocardiopathies of hereditary neuro-muscular diseases].", "content": "This joint work has studied the cardiomyopathies occurring in hereditary neuro-muscular disorders (270 cases). The Duchenne type of disorder (74 cases) was responsible for asystole (4 cases), for cardiomegaly, and especially for abnormalities of the ECG (59 cases)--Q waves and large R waves in V1 and V6. The cardiomyopathy was of the hypokinetic type, with histological evidence of degeneration of the myocardial fibres. Dystrophia myotonica of Steinart (23 cases) caused conductive disorders (17 cases) which were either atrioventricular or intra-ventricular or both. Studies of the His pathway confirmed that these abnormalities were more diffuse in 5 cases. The main histological feature was interstitial fibrosis. There was a high risk of sudden death; ECG follow-up should be close. Friedreich's disease (20 cases) in its complete form led to later development of obstructive cardiomyopathy, with a systolic ejection murmur, cardiomegaly, and abnormalities of the ECG--left ventricular hypertrophy in the vertical axis, right ventricular and septal hypertrophy, repolarisation disorders similar to those found in coronary artery disease. Histology showed hypertrophy with degeneration of the myocardial fibres and interstitial fibrosis. This complete form was rare (7 cases out of 20); on the other hand, ECG abnormalites were very common (16 cases out of 20). The authors have tried to study the relationships between primary cardiomyopathies (50 cases) and peripheral neuromuscular disorders. 17 of the 39 peripheral muscle biopsies were abnormal, but a well-defined muscular dystrophy could not be found in them.", "contents": "[The myocardiopathies of hereditary neuro-muscular diseases]. This joint work has studied the cardiomyopathies occurring in hereditary neuro-muscular disorders (270 cases). The Duchenne type of disorder (74 cases) was responsible for asystole (4 cases), for cardiomegaly, and especially for abnormalities of the ECG (59 cases)--Q waves and large R waves in V1 and V6. The cardiomyopathy was of the hypokinetic type, with histological evidence of degeneration of the myocardial fibres. Dystrophia myotonica of Steinart (23 cases) caused conductive disorders (17 cases) which were either atrioventricular or intra-ventricular or both. Studies of the His pathway confirmed that these abnormalities were more diffuse in 5 cases. The main histological feature was interstitial fibrosis. There was a high risk of sudden death; ECG follow-up should be close. Friedreich's disease (20 cases) in its complete form led to later development of obstructive cardiomyopathy, with a systolic ejection murmur, cardiomegaly, and abnormalities of the ECG--left ventricular hypertrophy in the vertical axis, right ventricular and septal hypertrophy, repolarisation disorders similar to those found in coronary artery disease. Histology showed hypertrophy with degeneration of the myocardial fibres and interstitial fibrosis. This complete form was rare (7 cases out of 20); on the other hand, ECG abnormalites were very common (16 cases out of 20). The authors have tried to study the relationships between primary cardiomyopathies (50 cases) and peripheral neuromuscular disorders. 17 of the 39 peripheral muscle biopsies were abnormal, but a well-defined muscular dystrophy could not be found in them.", "PMID": 96758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2340", "title": "[Myocardiopathy of pregnancy in white women].", "content": "Over the course of 17 years, 7 women have had heart disease either during the last three months of pregnancy or during the first three months post-partum, which appear to be associated with their pregnancy. Enquiries made throughout the country and relating to the last decade have yielded 11 additional cases so far unpublished. The clinical features of these cases do not differ from those of other non-obstructive cardiomyopathies occurring other than in pregnancy. The prognosis depends essentially on the factor of cardiac volume during the first few months of the disorder: if significant cardiomegaly persists, death will follow in one case out of two. There exists the problem of the criteria for making a diagnosis of myocardial disease of pregnancy. It should be emphasised that only 4 of the 18 cases were different from the usual cases of myocardial disease, in that they progressed to recovery which is unusual in this condition. One case was particularly illustrative of this, as clinical cure was followed by a relapse at subsequent pregnancy. Because the pregnancy itself seems to be the cause in such a tiny number of cases, a new hypothesis seems right; this is that pregnancy does no more than aggravate an associated or already existent myocardial disorder.", "contents": "[Myocardiopathy of pregnancy in white women]. Over the course of 17 years, 7 women have had heart disease either during the last three months of pregnancy or during the first three months post-partum, which appear to be associated with their pregnancy. Enquiries made throughout the country and relating to the last decade have yielded 11 additional cases so far unpublished. The clinical features of these cases do not differ from those of other non-obstructive cardiomyopathies occurring other than in pregnancy. The prognosis depends essentially on the factor of cardiac volume during the first few months of the disorder: if significant cardiomegaly persists, death will follow in one case out of two. There exists the problem of the criteria for making a diagnosis of myocardial disease of pregnancy. It should be emphasised that only 4 of the 18 cases were different from the usual cases of myocardial disease, in that they progressed to recovery which is unusual in this condition. One case was particularly illustrative of this, as clinical cure was followed by a relapse at subsequent pregnancy. Because the pregnancy itself seems to be the cause in such a tiny number of cases, a new hypothesis seems right; this is that pregnancy does no more than aggravate an associated or already existent myocardial disorder.", "PMID": 96759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2341", "title": "[Apparently primary acute heart failure in infants. Long-term outcome].", "content": "Cases of acute cardiac failure which are apparently primary, and occurring in babies or young children have one characteristics clinical picture. There are three etiological agents, which cannot be differentiated clinically: myocarditis, fibroelastosis, and primary non-obstructive cardiomyopathies. When the critical early period, which still carries a high mortality, has been passed, the outlook is relatively favourable. 61 babies or infants of less than 30 months with acute primary cardiac failure were followed up for a period of between 5 and 20 years. 33 of them were considered cured; 22 have minor sequelae (most frequently) left ventricular hypertrophy on X-ray or ECG); 3 have persistent cardiac failure despite treatment; 3 have died after a period of more than 5 years. There is no clinical, X-ray or ECG finding which can predict the longterm outlook in this condition. It is virtually impossible to differentiate between myocarditis and firboelastosis; it seems likely in the majority of cases that we are dealing with different modes of development in the same condition.", "contents": "[Apparently primary acute heart failure in infants. Long-term outcome]. Cases of acute cardiac failure which are apparently primary, and occurring in babies or young children have one characteristics clinical picture. There are three etiological agents, which cannot be differentiated clinically: myocarditis, fibroelastosis, and primary non-obstructive cardiomyopathies. When the critical early period, which still carries a high mortality, has been passed, the outlook is relatively favourable. 61 babies or infants of less than 30 months with acute primary cardiac failure were followed up for a period of between 5 and 20 years. 33 of them were considered cured; 22 have minor sequelae (most frequently) left ventricular hypertrophy on X-ray or ECG); 3 have persistent cardiac failure despite treatment; 3 have died after a period of more than 5 years. There is no clinical, X-ray or ECG finding which can predict the longterm outlook in this condition. It is virtually impossible to differentiate between myocarditis and firboelastosis; it seems likely in the majority of cases that we are dealing with different modes of development in the same condition.", "PMID": 96760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2342", "title": "[Prospective etiologic survey on apparently primary nonobstructive myocardiopathies in adults. 57 cases, excluding ischemic cardiopathies].", "content": "A prospective study into the aetiology of presumed primary non-obstructive cardiomyopathy was carried out in 57 patients who had no lesions of the trunk of the coronary artery; one case of haemochromatosis and one of amyloidosis were found. Excluding these two cases of cardiomyopathy which were in fact secondary, most of the others were associated with manifestations or with complications of myocardial diseases (two pulmonary emboli and one case of jaundice) or pathology associated with it. Investigation into possible infection, biochemical abnormalities and dietary indiscretion (alcohol, colza oil), were unfruitful. Electromyographic changes of the \"myositic\" type were very common. The bicycle ergometry test was often interrupted through fatiguing of the peripheral muscles. These findings suggest that the muscular abnormalities may not be limited to the heart. The cost of an enquiry of this type has been investigated.", "contents": "[Prospective etiologic survey on apparently primary nonobstructive myocardiopathies in adults. 57 cases, excluding ischemic cardiopathies]. A prospective study into the aetiology of presumed primary non-obstructive cardiomyopathy was carried out in 57 patients who had no lesions of the trunk of the coronary artery; one case of haemochromatosis and one of amyloidosis were found. Excluding these two cases of cardiomyopathy which were in fact secondary, most of the others were associated with manifestations or with complications of myocardial diseases (two pulmonary emboli and one case of jaundice) or pathology associated with it. Investigation into possible infection, biochemical abnormalities and dietary indiscretion (alcohol, colza oil), were unfruitful. Electromyographic changes of the \"myositic\" type were very common. The bicycle ergometry test was often interrupted through fatiguing of the peripheral muscles. These findings suggest that the muscular abnormalities may not be limited to the heart. The cost of an enquiry of this type has been investigated.", "PMID": 96761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2343", "title": "[Cardiac complications of thoracic radiotherapy].", "content": "The cardiac complications of radiotherapy have been reviewed in the light of 46 case histories collected from 16 treatment centres in France. They are usually found after radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease and carcinoma of the breast. Although histologically there may be diffuse fibrosis involving the endocardium, myocardium and pericardium, it is pericarditis which is the usual clinical feature. It often occurs late, and takes many forms. The dry constrictive fibrous type of pericarditis is the most severe because of the amount of myocardial fibrosis usually associated with it. It is rare for there to be clinical features of myocardial fibrosis, and if present they are variable: isolated disorders of repolarisation or of conduction, or true cardiomyopathies. Lesions of the coronary arteries are exceptionally rare after radiotherapy, and involve fibrosis of the intima or atherosclerosis.", "contents": "[Cardiac complications of thoracic radiotherapy]. The cardiac complications of radiotherapy have been reviewed in the light of 46 case histories collected from 16 treatment centres in France. They are usually found after radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease and carcinoma of the breast. Although histologically there may be diffuse fibrosis involving the endocardium, myocardium and pericardium, it is pericarditis which is the usual clinical feature. It often occurs late, and takes many forms. The dry constrictive fibrous type of pericarditis is the most severe because of the amount of myocardial fibrosis usually associated with it. It is rare for there to be clinical features of myocardial fibrosis, and if present they are variable: isolated disorders of repolarisation or of conduction, or true cardiomyopathies. Lesions of the coronary arteries are exceptionally rare after radiotherapy, and involve fibrosis of the intima or atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 96762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2344", "title": "[The heart and drug poisoning, excluding cardiologic treatments].", "content": "When considered strictly from the viewpoint of actions on the myocardium, the number of drugs falling into this category is limited, but the resulting conditions may be serious. The prototype for cardiac toxicity is the group of antimitotic drugs (adriamycin or daunomycin). If these drugs are used; frequent and careful follow-up is necessary, the dosage at which the drug becomes cumulative must be known; and patients with a pre-existing cardiac condition must be exluded from treatment. Above all, it is essential not to wait until asystole occurs, but to try to prevent such occurrences by monitoring the patient electrocardiographically. A part from these drugs, recent articles in the literature suggest that similar care should be taken when prescribing emetine and lithium salts. There is insufficient information about other drugs which may have a certain degree of cardiotoxicity. For this reason, it is most important to gather information on accidents and reaction during treatment.", "contents": "[The heart and drug poisoning, excluding cardiologic treatments]. When considered strictly from the viewpoint of actions on the myocardium, the number of drugs falling into this category is limited, but the resulting conditions may be serious. The prototype for cardiac toxicity is the group of antimitotic drugs (adriamycin or daunomycin). If these drugs are used; frequent and careful follow-up is necessary, the dosage at which the drug becomes cumulative must be known; and patients with a pre-existing cardiac condition must be exluded from treatment. Above all, it is essential not to wait until asystole occurs, but to try to prevent such occurrences by monitoring the patient electrocardiographically. A part from these drugs, recent articles in the literature suggest that similar care should be taken when prescribing emetine and lithium salts. There is insufficient information about other drugs which may have a certain degree of cardiotoxicity. For this reason, it is most important to gather information on accidents and reaction during treatment.", "PMID": 96765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2345", "title": "[Secondary coronary fistulas].", "content": "These fistulae are very rare: 8 to 11 p. 100 of all coronary fistulae. Three types are recognised: right coronaro-ventricular, left coronaro-ventricular, and coronao-pulmonary. The two first types are found most frequently in association with a sigmoid atresia on the orifice, and with ventricular hypoplasia in the presence of a functional atrio-ventricular valve. The fistula then serves as a means of ventricular ejection. Of the secondary fistulae, the right coronaro-ventricular type is the most common (73 p. 100). The authors have found 30 cases in the published literature, and add 2 of their own. They have also reviewed the clinical features and the findings on coronary arteriography and post mortem studies on such fistulae. They discuss their etiology, pathogenesis, and physiopathology. Surgical correction involves repairing the fistula in one stage. Fistulae of the left coronaro-ventricular type are exceptions to this rule (9 p. 100), as they are always associated with a rapidly fatal hypoplasia of the left side of the heart. Coronaro-pulmonary fistulae (18 p. 100) are usually found in association with extreme forms of Fallot's tetralogy, and a relatively simple surgical correction can form part of the total correction of the tetralogy.", "contents": "[Secondary coronary fistulas]. These fistulae are very rare: 8 to 11 p. 100 of all coronary fistulae. Three types are recognised: right coronaro-ventricular, left coronaro-ventricular, and coronao-pulmonary. The two first types are found most frequently in association with a sigmoid atresia on the orifice, and with ventricular hypoplasia in the presence of a functional atrio-ventricular valve. The fistula then serves as a means of ventricular ejection. Of the secondary fistulae, the right coronaro-ventricular type is the most common (73 p. 100). The authors have found 30 cases in the published literature, and add 2 of their own. They have also reviewed the clinical features and the findings on coronary arteriography and post mortem studies on such fistulae. They discuss their etiology, pathogenesis, and physiopathology. Surgical correction involves repairing the fistula in one stage. Fistulae of the left coronaro-ventricular type are exceptions to this rule (9 p. 100), as they are always associated with a rapidly fatal hypoplasia of the left side of the heart. Coronaro-pulmonary fistulae (18 p. 100) are usually found in association with extreme forms of Fallot's tetralogy, and a relatively simple surgical correction can form part of the total correction of the tetralogy.", "PMID": 96769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2346", "title": "[The exercise test in congenital aortic stenosis].", "content": "Exercise tests can be carried out without risk in a child or young adult with asymptomatic congenital aortic stenosis. In such a case, the ECG at rest gives only a very poor indication of the severity of the stenosis, which often becomes worse with age. The only sinister findings is that of repolarisation defects, which are almost always absent at rest. Exercise, by causing an imbalance between myocardial oxygen consumption and oxygen transport, will cause \"ischaemic\" signs to appear on the ECG. At the same time, the absence of compensation of pressure is a very important sign of poor tolerance; the test can usefully be concluded by using a floating catheter to measure the pulmonary capillary pressure. The correlation between a positive test and the stenotic pressure gradient, measured on catheterisation at rest, is good; but \"negative\" tests may be found in certain cases with a tight stenosis, especially if maximal rate could not be reached. In cases of stenoses which were initially mild or moderate, this test is very useful as a follow-up procedure, as such stenoses may become worse with age and require surgical correction. It is also useful for assessing the results of surgery, and of rehabilitation.", "contents": "[The exercise test in congenital aortic stenosis]. Exercise tests can be carried out without risk in a child or young adult with asymptomatic congenital aortic stenosis. In such a case, the ECG at rest gives only a very poor indication of the severity of the stenosis, which often becomes worse with age. The only sinister findings is that of repolarisation defects, which are almost always absent at rest. Exercise, by causing an imbalance between myocardial oxygen consumption and oxygen transport, will cause \"ischaemic\" signs to appear on the ECG. At the same time, the absence of compensation of pressure is a very important sign of poor tolerance; the test can usefully be concluded by using a floating catheter to measure the pulmonary capillary pressure. The correlation between a positive test and the stenotic pressure gradient, measured on catheterisation at rest, is good; but \"negative\" tests may be found in certain cases with a tight stenosis, especially if maximal rate could not be reached. In cases of stenoses which were initially mild or moderate, this test is very useful as a follow-up procedure, as such stenoses may become worse with age and require surgical correction. It is also useful for assessing the results of surgery, and of rehabilitation.", "PMID": 96771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2347", "title": "[Surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot with an iatrogenic obstruction on 1 branch of the pulmonary artery].", "content": "The au;hors report 12 cases of Fallot' tetralogy with stenosis or obstruction of one of the two branches of the pulmonary artery following palliative anterior anastomosis. The complications of correction by open heart surgery include the frequent incidence of pulmonary hypertension, which was responsible for 4 deaths. No satisfactory explanation could be found for these poor results. It is desirable to avoid the creation of asymetry in pulmonary blood supply in Fallot's tetralogy and, if such should be found, suggestions are made for its correction by open heart surgery in order to improve the prognosis.", "contents": "[Surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot with an iatrogenic obstruction on 1 branch of the pulmonary artery]. The au;hors report 12 cases of Fallot' tetralogy with stenosis or obstruction of one of the two branches of the pulmonary artery following palliative anterior anastomosis. The complications of correction by open heart surgery include the frequent incidence of pulmonary hypertension, which was responsible for 4 deaths. No satisfactory explanation could be found for these poor results. It is desirable to avoid the creation of asymetry in pulmonary blood supply in Fallot's tetralogy and, if such should be found, suggestions are made for its correction by open heart surgery in order to improve the prognosis.", "PMID": 96773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2348", "title": "[Long-term results of 156 Mustard operations for simple transposition of the great vessels].", "content": "156 children with simple transposition of the great vessels have been operated on by Mustard's technique between 1-6-1967 and 31-12-1976, with an immediate overall mortality rate of 8%. In the longterm, the 9% of late deaths and more especially the complications are regrettable; complications were either of severe arrhythmia (almost 30%) leading to 2 late deaths and 7 pacemaker implantations, or venous obstruction relating to problems with the patch (25%). Despite the improved techniques and consequent reduction in surgical mortality and late complications, longterm prognosis is still unsure because of the unknown fate of the intra-atrial partition, and that of the \"passive\" rhythms which are so commonly found after this type of surgery.", "contents": "[Long-term results of 156 Mustard operations for simple transposition of the great vessels]. 156 children with simple transposition of the great vessels have been operated on by Mustard's technique between 1-6-1967 and 31-12-1976, with an immediate overall mortality rate of 8%. In the longterm, the 9% of late deaths and more especially the complications are regrettable; complications were either of severe arrhythmia (almost 30%) leading to 2 late deaths and 7 pacemaker implantations, or venous obstruction relating to problems with the patch (25%). Despite the improved techniques and consequent reduction in surgical mortality and late complications, longterm prognosis is still unsure because of the unknown fate of the intra-atrial partition, and that of the \"passive\" rhythms which are so commonly found after this type of surgery.", "PMID": 96774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2349", "title": "[Echocardiography in Ebstein's anomaly. Apropos of 12 cases].", "content": "The authors report 12 cases of Ebstein's disease, and have studied the echocardiographic findings in these cases. The results have been compared with those of a control series of 12 patients with an atrial septal defect and a large shunt effect. There are only two conditions which are important in the diagnosis of Ebstein's disease: the finding of the tricuspid valve beyond the midclavicular line, and a delay in the closure of the tricuspid valve greater than or equal to 0.06 seconds when compared with the mitral valve. Using these two criteria, the diagnosis could be made by echocardiography in 10 cases out of 12.", "contents": "[Echocardiography in Ebstein's anomaly. Apropos of 12 cases]. The authors report 12 cases of Ebstein's disease, and have studied the echocardiographic findings in these cases. The results have been compared with those of a control series of 12 patients with an atrial septal defect and a large shunt effect. There are only two conditions which are important in the diagnosis of Ebstein's disease: the finding of the tricuspid valve beyond the midclavicular line, and a delay in the closure of the tricuspid valve greater than or equal to 0.06 seconds when compared with the mitral valve. Using these two criteria, the diagnosis could be made by echocardiography in 10 cases out of 12.", "PMID": 96775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2350", "title": "[Results of the surgical treatment of congenital mitral insufficiency].", "content": "The authors report 21 cases of congenital mitral incompetence undergoing surgery between 1972 and 1977. There were 3 operative deaths and 2 late deaths. Of the survivors, 10 had a good result and 5 a fair result. The factors influencing the results have been associated lesions (aortic stenosis and ventricular septal defects are more serious than atrial septal defects and abnormalities of origin of the left coronary artery), the type of repair (which is better if it seeks to correct the frequently complex valvular abnormality at all levels), and especially the degree of dilatation of the left ventricle. By contrast, age had no influence either on the operative risk or on the quality of the results.", "contents": "[Results of the surgical treatment of congenital mitral insufficiency]. The authors report 21 cases of congenital mitral incompetence undergoing surgery between 1972 and 1977. There were 3 operative deaths and 2 late deaths. Of the survivors, 10 had a good result and 5 a fair result. The factors influencing the results have been associated lesions (aortic stenosis and ventricular septal defects are more serious than atrial septal defects and abnormalities of origin of the left coronary artery), the type of repair (which is better if it seeks to correct the frequently complex valvular abnormality at all levels), and especially the degree of dilatation of the left ventricle. By contrast, age had no influence either on the operative risk or on the quality of the results.", "PMID": 96776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2351", "title": "[The \"small aortic ring.\" Hope for a surgical solution].", "content": "The \"small aortic ring\" was until recently an unresolved problem for surgeons operating on the aortic valves. It used to contraindicate valve replacement in the child, and sometimes led to the insertion of too small a valve in the adult. Some hope of a solution has appeared in the form of three new techniques: enlargement of the aortic ring over the mitral valve, aorto-ventriculoplasty, and apico-aortic shunt. Two adults have had the ring enlarged above the mitral valve with good results in both cases. Five children have had an aorto-ventriculoplasty with good results in two cases, post-operative atrio-ventricular block in one, and two deaths, one early and the other late. These deaths appear to be more closely related to the severity of the initial lesion and to the degree of decompensation of the myocardium than to the operation itself. There are advantages and problems with this technique. An attempt has been made to systematise indications for treatment as a function of the lesions and the state of the patient.", "contents": "[The \"small aortic ring.\" Hope for a surgical solution]. The \"small aortic ring\" was until recently an unresolved problem for surgeons operating on the aortic valves. It used to contraindicate valve replacement in the child, and sometimes led to the insertion of too small a valve in the adult. Some hope of a solution has appeared in the form of three new techniques: enlargement of the aortic ring over the mitral valve, aorto-ventriculoplasty, and apico-aortic shunt. Two adults have had the ring enlarged above the mitral valve with good results in both cases. Five children have had an aorto-ventriculoplasty with good results in two cases, post-operative atrio-ventricular block in one, and two deaths, one early and the other late. These deaths appear to be more closely related to the severity of the initial lesion and to the degree of decompensation of the myocardium than to the operation itself. There are advantages and problems with this technique. An attempt has been made to systematise indications for treatment as a function of the lesions and the state of the patient.", "PMID": 96777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2352", "title": "[Aberrant left pulmonary artery. Apropos of 5 operated cases].", "content": "The authors report 5 cases of aberrant left pulmonary artery undergoing surgery with 3 successful results and 2 failures; 4 of the 5 operations were carried out through a sternal split with either extra-corporeal circulation or circulatory arrest and profound hypothermia. The authors have reviewed the cases reported in the literature which amount to 78, 51 of which have been operated on surgically, the condition having been corrected in only 34 of them. They have studied particularly the incidence of associated tracheo-bronchial lesions which are themselves the reason for the seriousness of the condition, as well as the longterm results and the possible incidence of thrombosis in the anastomosis. By contrast with the views of Sade, the authors are optimistic about the results which have been obtained in the survivors.", "contents": "[Aberrant left pulmonary artery. Apropos of 5 operated cases]. The authors report 5 cases of aberrant left pulmonary artery undergoing surgery with 3 successful results and 2 failures; 4 of the 5 operations were carried out through a sternal split with either extra-corporeal circulation or circulatory arrest and profound hypothermia. The authors have reviewed the cases reported in the literature which amount to 78, 51 of which have been operated on surgically, the condition having been corrected in only 34 of them. They have studied particularly the incidence of associated tracheo-bronchial lesions which are themselves the reason for the seriousness of the condition, as well as the longterm results and the possible incidence of thrombosis in the anastomosis. By contrast with the views of Sade, the authors are optimistic about the results which have been obtained in the survivors.", "PMID": 96778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2353", "title": "Heterocomplexes of human interferon and immunoglobulins: formation and properties.", "content": "To form heterocomplexes, human diploid fibroblast interferon was reacted with an excess of human immunoglobulin in the presence of an optimal concentration of glutaraldehyde. There was virtually no loss of interferon activity due to this treatment and the resulting heterocomplexes possessed the biological properties of both native interferon and immunoglobulin molecules. The apparent molecular weights determined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate were 20,000 for native interferon and 0.5 to 1 X 10(6) for the heterocomplex. Native interferon injected into mice intramuscularly had a serum half life of about 5 hours. However, serum interferon was not detected in mice receiving a similar dose of the heterocomplex.", "contents": "Heterocomplexes of human interferon and immunoglobulins: formation and properties. To form heterocomplexes, human diploid fibroblast interferon was reacted with an excess of human immunoglobulin in the presence of an optimal concentration of glutaraldehyde. There was virtually no loss of interferon activity due to this treatment and the resulting heterocomplexes possessed the biological properties of both native interferon and immunoglobulin molecules. The apparent molecular weights determined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate were 20,000 for native interferon and 0.5 to 1 X 10(6) for the heterocomplex. Native interferon injected into mice intramuscularly had a serum half life of about 5 hours. However, serum interferon was not detected in mice receiving a similar dose of the heterocomplex.", "PMID": 96781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2354", "title": "Efficacy of penicillin G, cefazolin, and gentamicin in M-K medium at 4 degrees C.", "content": "Corneal-scleral shells are routinely stored in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium at 4 degrees C. Antibiotics are added to the medium to suppress bacterial growth. We examined the antibacterial activity of penicillin G potassium, 100 microgram/ml, cefazolin sodium, 100 microgram/ml, and gentamicin sulfate, 20 microgram/ml against test organisms in M-K medium at 4 degrees, 23 degrees, and 37 degrees C for periods up to 18 hours. Within the limits of the experimental conditions, none of the antibiotics used could be relied on to sterilize an inoculum of sensitive bacteria in M-K medium at 4 degrees C, the recommended storage temperature.", "contents": "Efficacy of penicillin G, cefazolin, and gentamicin in M-K medium at 4 degrees C. Corneal-scleral shells are routinely stored in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium at 4 degrees C. Antibiotics are added to the medium to suppress bacterial growth. We examined the antibacterial activity of penicillin G potassium, 100 microgram/ml, cefazolin sodium, 100 microgram/ml, and gentamicin sulfate, 20 microgram/ml against test organisms in M-K medium at 4 degrees, 23 degrees, and 37 degrees C for periods up to 18 hours. Within the limits of the experimental conditions, none of the antibiotics used could be relied on to sterilize an inoculum of sensitive bacteria in M-K medium at 4 degrees C, the recommended storage temperature.", "PMID": 96782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2355", "title": "Laboratory studies on the transmission of yellow fever virus by Aedes (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Dipt., Culicidae).", "content": "Aedes (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse), a mosquito which occupies a similar ecological niche to Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L), the urban vector of yellow fever virus, was screened as a possible vector of this disease. The results indicate that almost certainly Ae. notoscriptus is refractory to the virus and could not act as a vector if yellow fever were introduced to Australia.", "contents": "Laboratory studies on the transmission of yellow fever virus by Aedes (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Dipt., Culicidae). Aedes (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse), a mosquito which occupies a similar ecological niche to Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L), the urban vector of yellow fever virus, was screened as a possible vector of this disease. The results indicate that almost certainly Ae. notoscriptus is refractory to the virus and could not act as a vector if yellow fever were introduced to Australia.", "PMID": 96783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2356", "title": "Chemotherapy for malignant melanoma: a brief review and personal experience.", "content": "Chemotherapy for melanoma can be divided into four types: (i) intralesional chemotherapy; (ii) systemic chemotherapy to prevent the development of anticipated metastases; (iii) therapy for established disease; and (iv) combined with immunotherapy. Apart from a few general rules, it is difficult to predict the response to treatment. The smaller the bulk of tumour, the more likely is regression under treatment. Metastases in the skin, and to a lesser extent those in lymph nodes and lung, respond better than those in the liver and brain. Any response in established disease is likely to be temporary, although the patient tends to develop fatal disease at sites different from those involved when he or she was first treated. The best agent at present is imidazole carboxamide (D.T.I.C.), and its effect is not enhanced by combining it with other drugs. Combined prophylactic chemotherapy and immunotherapy is still under investigation, but the results are encouraging.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for malignant melanoma: a brief review and personal experience. Chemotherapy for melanoma can be divided into four types: (i) intralesional chemotherapy; (ii) systemic chemotherapy to prevent the development of anticipated metastases; (iii) therapy for established disease; and (iv) combined with immunotherapy. Apart from a few general rules, it is difficult to predict the response to treatment. The smaller the bulk of tumour, the more likely is regression under treatment. Metastases in the skin, and to a lesser extent those in lymph nodes and lung, respond better than those in the liver and brain. Any response in established disease is likely to be temporary, although the patient tends to develop fatal disease at sites different from those involved when he or she was first treated. The best agent at present is imidazole carboxamide (D.T.I.C.), and its effect is not enhanced by combining it with other drugs. Combined prophylactic chemotherapy and immunotherapy is still under investigation, but the results are encouraging.", "PMID": 96784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2357", "title": "Limb salvage using preoperative intraarterial adriamycin and radiation therapy for extremity soft tissue sarcomas.", "content": "Surgical therapy has been the accepted method for management of most soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities, although it has been associated frequently with local treatment failure. Even when local control was achieved, over 50% of the patients with soft tissue sarcomas eventually developed and succumbed to distant metastases of their disease. Therefore, single modality therapy for soft tissue sarcomas by operation alone results in an unacceptably high incidence of treatment failure. Fortunately, new adjuvant treatment techniques have been developed that seem to have activity against these neoplasms. It is the purpose of this article to discuss our experience with a number of these techniques.", "contents": "Limb salvage using preoperative intraarterial adriamycin and radiation therapy for extremity soft tissue sarcomas. Surgical therapy has been the accepted method for management of most soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities, although it has been associated frequently with local treatment failure. Even when local control was achieved, over 50% of the patients with soft tissue sarcomas eventually developed and succumbed to distant metastases of their disease. Therefore, single modality therapy for soft tissue sarcomas by operation alone results in an unacceptably high incidence of treatment failure. Fortunately, new adjuvant treatment techniques have been developed that seem to have activity against these neoplasms. It is the purpose of this article to discuss our experience with a number of these techniques.", "PMID": 96785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2358", "title": "The tourniquet.", "content": "The morbidity of the tourniquet is not well documented. The \"post-tourniquet syndrome\" is the most common side effect, but is usually unrecognized. The causation of nerve palsy, although this sequela is uncommon, has been documented. Other problems associated with tourniquet use are discussed.", "contents": "The tourniquet. The morbidity of the tourniquet is not well documented. The \"post-tourniquet syndrome\" is the most common side effect, but is usually unrecognized. The causation of nerve palsy, although this sequela is uncommon, has been documented. Other problems associated with tourniquet use are discussed.", "PMID": 96786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2359", "title": "Comparison of bacterial cardiotoxins: thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus, streptolysin O and hemolysin from Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "Some properties of the bacterial cardiotoxins, thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus (vibriolysin), and streptolysin O and hemolysin from Listeria monocytogenes (listeriolysin), were compared. These toxins had rapid lethal effects on mice when injected intravenously. The electrocardiographic changes of rats after intravenous injections of these toxins were very similar, showing bradycardia and inhibition of atrio-ventricular conduction. These toxins also caused cessation of the spontaneous beating and degeneration of cultured foetal mouse heart cells. When equal hemolytic units of these three toxins were administered, vibriolysin had the most potent effects on mice and cultured mouse heart cells. Differences in the kinetics of the hemolysis by each toxin and in the effects of cholesterol of their hemolytic actions suggest that the mode of action of vibriolysin is different from those of streptolysin O and listeriolysin.", "contents": "Comparison of bacterial cardiotoxins: thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus, streptolysin O and hemolysin from Listeria monocytogenes. Some properties of the bacterial cardiotoxins, thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus (vibriolysin), and streptolysin O and hemolysin from Listeria monocytogenes (listeriolysin), were compared. These toxins had rapid lethal effects on mice when injected intravenously. The electrocardiographic changes of rats after intravenous injections of these toxins were very similar, showing bradycardia and inhibition of atrio-ventricular conduction. These toxins also caused cessation of the spontaneous beating and degeneration of cultured foetal mouse heart cells. When equal hemolytic units of these three toxins were administered, vibriolysin had the most potent effects on mice and cultured mouse heart cells. Differences in the kinetics of the hemolysis by each toxin and in the effects of cholesterol of their hemolytic actions suggest that the mode of action of vibriolysin is different from those of streptolysin O and listeriolysin.", "PMID": 96814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2360", "title": "Separation of oestrone UDP-glucuronyltransferase and p-nitrophenol UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities.", "content": "Rabbit liver UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity was resolved into two separate fractions on DEAE-cellulose, one containing most of the transferase activity toward oestrone and the other most of the activity toward p-nitrophenol. These two activities were completely separated by rechromatography of each fraction on a second DEAE-cellulose column.", "contents": "Separation of oestrone UDP-glucuronyltransferase and p-nitrophenol UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities. Rabbit liver UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity was resolved into two separate fractions on DEAE-cellulose, one containing most of the transferase activity toward oestrone and the other most of the activity toward p-nitrophenol. These two activities were completely separated by rechromatography of each fraction on a second DEAE-cellulose column.", "PMID": 96815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2361", "title": "Phospholipid content and activity of pure uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase from rat liver.", "content": "Rat liver phospholipids were radioactively labeled in vivo before purification of UDP-glucuronyltransferase to homogeneity. The pure enzyme contained very little phospholipid (approx. 0.7 mol of phospholipid/mol of protein). The solubilization detergent Lubrol 12A9 appeared to act as a phospholipid substitute, capable of supporting UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity. Phospholipase C did not inhibit the pure enzyme activity and pure UDP-glucuronyltransferase was stimulated by 40--100% by the addition of phospholipid dispersions.", "contents": "Phospholipid content and activity of pure uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase from rat liver. Rat liver phospholipids were radioactively labeled in vivo before purification of UDP-glucuronyltransferase to homogeneity. The pure enzyme contained very little phospholipid (approx. 0.7 mol of phospholipid/mol of protein). The solubilization detergent Lubrol 12A9 appeared to act as a phospholipid substitute, capable of supporting UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity. Phospholipase C did not inhibit the pure enzyme activity and pure UDP-glucuronyltransferase was stimulated by 40--100% by the addition of phospholipid dispersions.", "PMID": 96816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2362", "title": "Chrysotherapy in psoriatic arthritis. Efficacy and toxicity compared to rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Chrysotherapy was given to 14 patients with refractory psoriatic polyarthritis and to a comparable group of 42 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The psoriatic patients had a higher rate of remission on gold and less severe toxicity than the rheumatoid arthritis patients. Psoriatic skin lesions were not affected by chrysotherapy.", "contents": "Chrysotherapy in psoriatic arthritis. Efficacy and toxicity compared to rheumatoid arthritis. Chrysotherapy was given to 14 patients with refractory psoriatic polyarthritis and to a comparable group of 42 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The psoriatic patients had a higher rate of remission on gold and less severe toxicity than the rheumatoid arthritis patients. Psoriatic skin lesions were not affected by chrysotherapy.", "PMID": 96841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2363", "title": "Genetics of complement deficiencies associated with lupus-like syndromes.", "content": "There appears to be an association between deficiencies of a number of complement components, particularly of the second component (C2), and rheumatic diseases, especially lupus. The meaning of this association is not clear, but the linkage of deficiency of C2 with HLA, especially HLA-A10, B18, Dw2, as well as with BfS, suggests a possible linkage to immune response genes.", "contents": "Genetics of complement deficiencies associated with lupus-like syndromes. There appears to be an association between deficiencies of a number of complement components, particularly of the second component (C2), and rheumatic diseases, especially lupus. The meaning of this association is not clear, but the linkage of deficiency of C2 with HLA, especially HLA-A10, B18, Dw2, as well as with BfS, suggests a possible linkage to immune response genes.", "PMID": 96843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2364", "title": "Diet-induced atherosclerosis and experimental hypertension in stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). Effects of antihypertensive drugs and a non-atherogenic diet in the evolution of lesions.", "content": "This study was carried out to determine the evolution of atherosclerotic lesions during a therapeutic period during which regression might be appreciated. We produced aortic and coronary atherosclerosis in 27 young adult stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) by feeding a diet supplemented with 2% cholesterol and 25% fat. Hypertension was produced by bilateral or unilateral narrowing of the renal artery. After six months of this regimen, four monkeys were killed (group 1) and 23 monkeys were divided into three groups: group 2 received unsupplemented diet; group 3 received the same diet as group 2 and drug treatment for hypertension; group 4 was continued on the atherogenic diet and received antihypertensive drug treatment. The results indicate that deleting the atherogenic diet leads to a decrease in the lipid content of the lesions and a transformation of the lipid laden atherosclerotic plaques into lipid-poor, fibro-collagenous lesions, with a decrease in the amount of coronary luminal narrowing. Partial control of systolic hypertension by antihypertensive drugs did not accelerate the involution of the atherosclerotic lesions over the relatively short period of this study. No statistically significant correlation by regression analysis was observed between the level of blood pressure elevation, the plasma renin activity, or the degree of the drug response, and the severity and extent of the atherosclerotic lesions. Furthermore, severe arterial hypertension without an atherogenic diet (group 5) produced arteriosclerosis of the aorta, and intensified branch cushions in the coronary arteries, without inducing lipid deposition in either vascular bed.", "contents": "Diet-induced atherosclerosis and experimental hypertension in stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). Effects of antihypertensive drugs and a non-atherogenic diet in the evolution of lesions. This study was carried out to determine the evolution of atherosclerotic lesions during a therapeutic period during which regression might be appreciated. We produced aortic and coronary atherosclerosis in 27 young adult stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) by feeding a diet supplemented with 2% cholesterol and 25% fat. Hypertension was produced by bilateral or unilateral narrowing of the renal artery. After six months of this regimen, four monkeys were killed (group 1) and 23 monkeys were divided into three groups: group 2 received unsupplemented diet; group 3 received the same diet as group 2 and drug treatment for hypertension; group 4 was continued on the atherogenic diet and received antihypertensive drug treatment. The results indicate that deleting the atherogenic diet leads to a decrease in the lipid content of the lesions and a transformation of the lipid laden atherosclerotic plaques into lipid-poor, fibro-collagenous lesions, with a decrease in the amount of coronary luminal narrowing. Partial control of systolic hypertension by antihypertensive drugs did not accelerate the involution of the atherosclerotic lesions over the relatively short period of this study. No statistically significant correlation by regression analysis was observed between the level of blood pressure elevation, the plasma renin activity, or the degree of the drug response, and the severity and extent of the atherosclerotic lesions. Furthermore, severe arterial hypertension without an atherogenic diet (group 5) produced arteriosclerosis of the aorta, and intensified branch cushions in the coronary arteries, without inducing lipid deposition in either vascular bed.", "PMID": 96844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2365", "title": "Prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis and effect in pigeon aorta. Possible role in atherogenesis.", "content": "This study for the first time examines the biosynthesis and effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in aorta during genetic atherosclerosis. Biosynthesis of PGE2 from [1-14C]arachidonic acid was investigated in the aorta of spontaneously atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau pigeons and was compared with that of the atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer breed. Most of the PGE2 synthetase activity was located in the microsomes. The synthesis was linear up to an hour and was optimal at pH 7.4. The formation of PGE2 in the aorta in the White Carneau pigeons was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than that in age-matched Show Racer pigeons. In vitro PGE2 strongly inhibited the cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity (51.6% inhibition at 4 X 10(-7) M concentration) in the supernatant fraction of the aorta. On the basis of (1) the increased formation of PGE2 in the aorta of atherosclerosis-susceptible pigeons and (2) its effect on specific enzymes that control cholesteryl ester concentration in aorta, it is hypothesized that PGE2 synthesized at a higher rate in damaged aorta has a significant role in cholesteryl ester accumulation during atherogenesis.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis and effect in pigeon aorta. Possible role in atherogenesis. This study for the first time examines the biosynthesis and effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in aorta during genetic atherosclerosis. Biosynthesis of PGE2 from [1-14C]arachidonic acid was investigated in the aorta of spontaneously atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau pigeons and was compared with that of the atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer breed. Most of the PGE2 synthetase activity was located in the microsomes. The synthesis was linear up to an hour and was optimal at pH 7.4. The formation of PGE2 in the aorta in the White Carneau pigeons was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than that in age-matched Show Racer pigeons. In vitro PGE2 strongly inhibited the cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity (51.6% inhibition at 4 X 10(-7) M concentration) in the supernatant fraction of the aorta. On the basis of (1) the increased formation of PGE2 in the aorta of atherosclerosis-susceptible pigeons and (2) its effect on specific enzymes that control cholesteryl ester concentration in aorta, it is hypothesized that PGE2 synthesized at a higher rate in damaged aorta has a significant role in cholesteryl ester accumulation during atherogenesis.", "PMID": 96845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2366", "title": "Behaviour of solute and particle markers in the stomach of sheep given a concentrate diet.", "content": "1. Fistulated sheep given a concentrate diet were used to study the behaviour of solute ([51Cr]EDTA) and particle ([103Ru]phenanthroline) markers in the stomach under conditions of continuous feeding. 2. An injection of a mixed dose of [51Cr]EDTA and [103Ru]phenanthroline was given into the rumen and the time course of marker concentrations in the rumen and the abomasum was recorded. The curves were analysed on the assumption that the stomach of the sheep could be represented as two mixing compartments (reticulo-rumen and abomasum) and a time delay (omasum). This model provided a very good description of the data. 3. [103Ru]phenanthroline associated with small particles was retained in the rumen much longer than [Cr]EDTA. Although exchange of [103Ru]phenanthroline occurred between large and small particle fractions, the results suggested that small particles may have been retained somewhat longer in the rumen than solutes. However, it was clear from the results that the mean retention times for particulate matter in the rumen could not be simply obtained using adsorbable markers. 4. Cyclical fluctuations in the concentration of [51Cr]EDTA in the rumen indicated that there were daily variations in net water flux in the rumen. 5. The presence of protozoa was associated with much shorter retention times of both solutes and particles in the rumen. Protozoa were also associated with reduced rumen volumes.", "contents": "Behaviour of solute and particle markers in the stomach of sheep given a concentrate diet. 1. Fistulated sheep given a concentrate diet were used to study the behaviour of solute ([51Cr]EDTA) and particle ([103Ru]phenanthroline) markers in the stomach under conditions of continuous feeding. 2. An injection of a mixed dose of [51Cr]EDTA and [103Ru]phenanthroline was given into the rumen and the time course of marker concentrations in the rumen and the abomasum was recorded. The curves were analysed on the assumption that the stomach of the sheep could be represented as two mixing compartments (reticulo-rumen and abomasum) and a time delay (omasum). This model provided a very good description of the data. 3. [103Ru]phenanthroline associated with small particles was retained in the rumen much longer than [Cr]EDTA. Although exchange of [103Ru]phenanthroline occurred between large and small particle fractions, the results suggested that small particles may have been retained somewhat longer in the rumen than solutes. However, it was clear from the results that the mean retention times for particulate matter in the rumen could not be simply obtained using adsorbable markers. 4. Cyclical fluctuations in the concentration of [51Cr]EDTA in the rumen indicated that there were daily variations in net water flux in the rumen. 5. The presence of protozoa was associated with much shorter retention times of both solutes and particles in the rumen. Protozoa were also associated with reduced rumen volumes.", "PMID": 96850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2367", "title": "2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid as an indicator of Tetrahymena pyriformis W growth in protein-quality evaluation assay.", "content": "1. The concentration of 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP) in 96 h cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis W was studied in order to apply it as an indicator in the assay of the relative nutritive value (RNV; protozoa population with test protein:protozoa population with whole-egg powder) of protein. Foodstuffs and food mixtures of different protein contents and qualities were used as test samples. 2. RNV values based on AEP determination (RNVAEP) were compared with corresponding values calculated from protozoa counts (RNVpc), as well as with biological value (BV) and net protein utilization (NPU) of the same proteins assayed on rats. 3. Both for foodstuffs and food mixtures highly significant correlations were found between RNVAEP and RNVpc, RNVAEP and both BV and NPU, and RNVpc and both BV and NPU. 4. AEP content in the protozoal suspension was preferred to cell count as a measure of growth response, since it took into account large differences in cell dimensions that were observed between cultures grown with different test proteins.", "contents": "2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid as an indicator of Tetrahymena pyriformis W growth in protein-quality evaluation assay. 1. The concentration of 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP) in 96 h cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis W was studied in order to apply it as an indicator in the assay of the relative nutritive value (RNV; protozoa population with test protein:protozoa population with whole-egg powder) of protein. Foodstuffs and food mixtures of different protein contents and qualities were used as test samples. 2. RNV values based on AEP determination (RNVAEP) were compared with corresponding values calculated from protozoa counts (RNVpc), as well as with biological value (BV) and net protein utilization (NPU) of the same proteins assayed on rats. 3. Both for foodstuffs and food mixtures highly significant correlations were found between RNVAEP and RNVpc, RNVAEP and both BV and NPU, and RNVpc and both BV and NPU. 4. AEP content in the protozoal suspension was preferred to cell count as a measure of growth response, since it took into account large differences in cell dimensions that were observed between cultures grown with different test proteins.", "PMID": 96851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2368", "title": "Sugar binding properties of various metal ion induced conformations in concanavalin A.", "content": "Concanavalin A is known to undergo a first-order conformational transition when metals are added to the demetallized protein at pH 5.6 (Brown, R.D., III, et al. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 3883--3896). The rate constants for this process, which wer have measured using a polarographic technique, are identical when zinc, cobalt, or manganese occupies S1 and calcium occupies S2. The reducible sugar, p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, binds only to the locked conformational structure which is formed upon the addition of metals. The affinity of the protein for sugars is dependent upon occupancy of S1 and S2 and quite sensitive to the identity of the metal in S2. The metals may be removed from the locked protein structure and the protein temporarily retains its ability to bind with sugars but with a considerably lower affinity. The locked form of concanavalin A is unstable at a pH near 2 and unfolds to the unlocked structure with a half-life of 25 min resulting in simultaneous loss of metal and sugar binding.", "contents": "Sugar binding properties of various metal ion induced conformations in concanavalin A. Concanavalin A is known to undergo a first-order conformational transition when metals are added to the demetallized protein at pH 5.6 (Brown, R.D., III, et al. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 3883--3896). The rate constants for this process, which wer have measured using a polarographic technique, are identical when zinc, cobalt, or manganese occupies S1 and calcium occupies S2. The reducible sugar, p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, binds only to the locked conformational structure which is formed upon the addition of metals. The affinity of the protein for sugars is dependent upon occupancy of S1 and S2 and quite sensitive to the identity of the metal in S2. The metals may be removed from the locked protein structure and the protein temporarily retains its ability to bind with sugars but with a considerably lower affinity. The locked form of concanavalin A is unstable at a pH near 2 and unfolds to the unlocked structure with a half-life of 25 min resulting in simultaneous loss of metal and sugar binding.", "PMID": 96852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2369", "title": "Differential effects of prostaglandin synthetase stimulators on inhibition of cyclooxygenase.", "content": "The different effects of prostaglandin synthetase stimulators on inhibition of the cyclooxygenase by structurally distinct classes of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents suggest that the enzyme is altered by interaction with these stimulators. Reversible stimulation of prostaglandin synthetase activity by phenols and some other compounds and the relative influence of these stimulators on inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase were determined quantitatively. Two distinct classes of inhibitors were established. The fenamates were relatively weak inhibitors alone but were much more potent in the presence of phenolic compounds. In contrast, ibuprofen, indomethacin, and flurbiprofen were more potent than the fenamates and were reduced in effectiveness by the stimulators, as expected on the basis of two opposing actions. The relative potency of the cyclooxygenase stimulators (phenol greater than norepinephrine greater than tryptophan greater than benzoquinone greater than anisole) paralleled their synergistic action on the fenamates and their antagonist action on the nonfenamates. This correlation suggests that an enzyme alteration which leads to cyclooxygenase stimulation may also result in increased sensitivity to fenamates and decreased sensitivity to the other inhibitors, possibly by altering their capacity to bind.", "contents": "Differential effects of prostaglandin synthetase stimulators on inhibition of cyclooxygenase. The different effects of prostaglandin synthetase stimulators on inhibition of the cyclooxygenase by structurally distinct classes of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents suggest that the enzyme is altered by interaction with these stimulators. Reversible stimulation of prostaglandin synthetase activity by phenols and some other compounds and the relative influence of these stimulators on inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase were determined quantitatively. Two distinct classes of inhibitors were established. The fenamates were relatively weak inhibitors alone but were much more potent in the presence of phenolic compounds. In contrast, ibuprofen, indomethacin, and flurbiprofen were more potent than the fenamates and were reduced in effectiveness by the stimulators, as expected on the basis of two opposing actions. The relative potency of the cyclooxygenase stimulators (phenol greater than norepinephrine greater than tryptophan greater than benzoquinone greater than anisole) paralleled their synergistic action on the fenamates and their antagonist action on the nonfenamates. This correlation suggests that an enzyme alteration which leads to cyclooxygenase stimulation may also result in increased sensitivity to fenamates and decreased sensitivity to the other inhibitors, possibly by altering their capacity to bind.", "PMID": 96853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2370", "title": "Bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence of purple bacteria at low redox potentials. The relationship between reaction center triplet yield and the emission yield.", "content": "This work describes fluorescence yield measurements in suspensions of strains of Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides in which the iron . quinone complex (X) was chemically reduced (state [PIX-]; P is the reaction center bacteriochlorophyll dimer, I is the long wavelength bacteriopheophytin), and compares these with the fluorescence observed when all the traps are open (state [PIX]) and with the fluorescence observed when all the traps are closed (state [P+IX]). At 77 K the amplitude and the shape of the fluorescence emission spectrum in [PIX-] are identical to those observed in [PIX]. This is a strong indication that all the extra fluorescence observed at room temperature in [PIX-] is, in fact, caused by an efficient back reaction [P+I-X-] leads to [P*IX-]. Using an equation similar to the original Vredenberg-Duysens relationship (Vredenburg, W.J. and Duysens, L.N.M. (1963) Nature 197, 355-357) but now assuming that a single reaction center has a probability pt of trapping an excitation and (1--pt) of re-emitting it to the surroundings, we are able to calculate pt as a function of the temperature by measuring the fluorescence in [PIX], [PIX-] and [P+IX] as a function of the temperature. The calculated pt values agree reasonably well with triplet yields measured in isolated reaction centers. Finally, we have measured the reaction center triplet yield (PTR) in intact systems and we have shown that the sum of the triplet yield and the remaining loss processes (PL) in the antenna bacteriochlorophyll including the bacteriochlorophyll dimer (such as fluorescence, internal conversion or direct triplet formation) is approximately constant; if we assume that at 77 K the only process which occurs in the reaction center is the formation of a reaction center triplet, than PTR + PL=1. The energy barrier between [P*IX-] and [P+I-X-] was estimated to be 0.11--0.15 eV for a set of preparations.", "contents": "Bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence of purple bacteria at low redox potentials. The relationship between reaction center triplet yield and the emission yield. This work describes fluorescence yield measurements in suspensions of strains of Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides in which the iron . quinone complex (X) was chemically reduced (state [PIX-]; P is the reaction center bacteriochlorophyll dimer, I is the long wavelength bacteriopheophytin), and compares these with the fluorescence observed when all the traps are open (state [PIX]) and with the fluorescence observed when all the traps are closed (state [P+IX]). At 77 K the amplitude and the shape of the fluorescence emission spectrum in [PIX-] are identical to those observed in [PIX]. This is a strong indication that all the extra fluorescence observed at room temperature in [PIX-] is, in fact, caused by an efficient back reaction [P+I-X-] leads to [P*IX-]. Using an equation similar to the original Vredenberg-Duysens relationship (Vredenburg, W.J. and Duysens, L.N.M. (1963) Nature 197, 355-357) but now assuming that a single reaction center has a probability pt of trapping an excitation and (1--pt) of re-emitting it to the surroundings, we are able to calculate pt as a function of the temperature by measuring the fluorescence in [PIX], [PIX-] and [P+IX] as a function of the temperature. The calculated pt values agree reasonably well with triplet yields measured in isolated reaction centers. Finally, we have measured the reaction center triplet yield (PTR) in intact systems and we have shown that the sum of the triplet yield and the remaining loss processes (PL) in the antenna bacteriochlorophyll including the bacteriochlorophyll dimer (such as fluorescence, internal conversion or direct triplet formation) is approximately constant; if we assume that at 77 K the only process which occurs in the reaction center is the formation of a reaction center triplet, than PTR + PL=1. The energy barrier between [P*IX-] and [P+I-X-] was estimated to be 0.11--0.15 eV for a set of preparations.", "PMID": 96854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2371", "title": "Analyses of absorption and fluorescence spectra of water-soluble chlorophyll proteins, pigment system II particles and chlorophyll a in diethylether solution by the curve-fitting method.", "content": "Absorption and fluorescence spectra in the red region of water-soluble chlorophyll proteins, Lepidium CP661, CP663 and Brassica CP673, pigment System II particles of spinach chloroplasts and chlorophyll a in diethylether solution at 25 degrees C were analyzed by the curve-fitting method (French, C.S., Brown, J.S. and Lawrence, M.C. (1972) Plant Physiol 49, 421--429). It was found that each of the chlorophyll forms of the chlorophyll proteins and the pigment System II particles had a corresponding fluorescence band with the Stokes shift ranging from 0.6 to 4.0 nm. The  absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a in diethylether solution was analyzed to one major band with a peak at 660.5 nm and some minor bands, while the fluorescence spectrum was analyzed to one major band with a peak at 664.9 nm and some minor bands. A mirror image was clearly demonstrated between the resolved spectra of absorption and fluorescence. The absorption spectrum of Lepidium CP661 was composed of a chlorophyll b form with a peak at 652.8 nm and two chlorophyll a forms with peaks at 662.6 and 671.9 nm. The fluorescence spectrum was analyzed to five component bands. Three of them with peaks at 654.8, 664.6 and 674.6 nm were attributed to emissions of the three chlorophyll forms with the Stokes shift of 2.0--2.7 nm. The absorption spectrum of Brassica CP673 had a chlorophyll b form with a peak at 653.7 nm and four chlorophyll a forms with peaks at 662.7, 671.3, 676.9 and 684.2 nm. The fluorescence spectrum was resolved into seven component bands. Four of them with peaks at 666.7, 673.1, 677.5 and 686.2 nm corresponded to the four chlorophyll a forms with the Stokes shift of 0.6--4.0 nm. The absorption spectrum of the pigment System II particles had a chlorophyll b form with a peak at 652.4 nm and three chlorophyll a forms with peaks at 662.9, 672.1 and 681.6 nm. The fluorescence spectrum was analyzed to four major component bands with peaks at 674.1, 682.8, 692.0 and 706.7 nm and some minor bands. The former two bands corresponded to the chlorophyll a forms with peaks at 672.1 and 681.6 nm with the Stokes shift of 2.0 and 1.2 nm, respectively. Absorption spectra at 25 degrees C and at --196 degrees C of the water-soluble chlorophyll proteins were compared by the curve-fitting methods. The component bands at --196 degrees C were blue-shifted by 0.8--4.1 nm and narrower in half widths as compared to those at 25 degrees C.", "contents": "Analyses of absorption and fluorescence spectra of water-soluble chlorophyll proteins, pigment system II particles and chlorophyll a in diethylether solution by the curve-fitting method. Absorption and fluorescence spectra in the red region of water-soluble chlorophyll proteins, Lepidium CP661, CP663 and Brassica CP673, pigment System II particles of spinach chloroplasts and chlorophyll a in diethylether solution at 25 degrees C were analyzed by the curve-fitting method (French, C.S., Brown, J.S. and Lawrence, M.C. (1972) Plant Physiol 49, 421--429). It was found that each of the chlorophyll forms of the chlorophyll proteins and the pigment System II particles had a corresponding fluorescence band with the Stokes shift ranging from 0.6 to 4.0 nm. The  absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a in diethylether solution was analyzed to one major band with a peak at 660.5 nm and some minor bands, while the fluorescence spectrum was analyzed to one major band with a peak at 664.9 nm and some minor bands. A mirror image was clearly demonstrated between the resolved spectra of absorption and fluorescence. The absorption spectrum of Lepidium CP661 was composed of a chlorophyll b form with a peak at 652.8 nm and two chlorophyll a forms with peaks at 662.6 and 671.9 nm. The fluorescence spectrum was analyzed to five component bands. Three of them with peaks at 654.8, 664.6 and 674.6 nm were attributed to emissions of the three chlorophyll forms with the Stokes shift of 2.0--2.7 nm. The absorption spectrum of Brassica CP673 had a chlorophyll b form with a peak at 653.7 nm and four chlorophyll a forms with peaks at 662.7, 671.3, 676.9 and 684.2 nm. The fluorescence spectrum was resolved into seven component bands. Four of them with peaks at 666.7, 673.1, 677.5 and 686.2 nm corresponded to the four chlorophyll a forms with the Stokes shift of 0.6--4.0 nm. The absorption spectrum of the pigment System II particles had a chlorophyll b form with a peak at 652.4 nm and three chlorophyll a forms with peaks at 662.9, 672.1 and 681.6 nm. The fluorescence spectrum was analyzed to four major component bands with peaks at 674.1, 682.8, 692.0 and 706.7 nm and some minor bands. The former two bands corresponded to the chlorophyll a forms with peaks at 672.1 and 681.6 nm with the Stokes shift of 2.0 and 1.2 nm, respectively. Absorption spectra at 25 degrees C and at --196 degrees C of the water-soluble chlorophyll proteins were compared by the curve-fitting methods. The component bands at --196 degrees C were blue-shifted by 0.8--4.1 nm and narrower in half widths as compared to those at 25 degrees C.", "PMID": 96855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2372", "title": "Flash-induced changes in the in vivo bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence yield at low temperatures and low redox potentials in carotenoid-containing strains of photosynthetic bacteria.", "content": "The changes in the in vivo bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence induced by a Xenon flash at low temperatures (77--200 K) with the \"primary\" acceptor X chemically prereduced have been examined in whole cells of several species of photosynthetic bacteria which contain carotenoids absorbing in the visible part of the absorption spectrum. Two groups of species with different behaviour could be distinguished. In both cases a flash-induced rise of the fluorescence yield was observed with X prereduced at 77 k; as the temperature was increased the ratio of the maximum fluorescence (FM) and the basal fluorescence (F0) decreased and the kinetics of the decay of the high fluorescent state, as observed during the tail of the flash, apparently accelerated. Of the species examined the flash-induced changes in fluorescence-yield kinetics appeared to occur at higher temperatures in the members of one group (Chromatium vinosum, Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa and Rhodopseudomonas palustris) than in the members of the other (Rhodopseudomonas palustris) than in the members of the other (Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum). These effects are interpreted in terms of the light-induced generation of triplet states within the reaction centre. It is suggested that the species-dependent differences may reflect differences in the molecular organisation of the reaction centre. It was found that in all species the reaction centre carotenoid triplet does not act as a fluorescence quencher under these conditions.", "contents": "Flash-induced changes in the in vivo bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence yield at low temperatures and low redox potentials in carotenoid-containing strains of photosynthetic bacteria. The changes in the in vivo bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence induced by a Xenon flash at low temperatures (77--200 K) with the \"primary\" acceptor X chemically prereduced have been examined in whole cells of several species of photosynthetic bacteria which contain carotenoids absorbing in the visible part of the absorption spectrum. Two groups of species with different behaviour could be distinguished. In both cases a flash-induced rise of the fluorescence yield was observed with X prereduced at 77 k; as the temperature was increased the ratio of the maximum fluorescence (FM) and the basal fluorescence (F0) decreased and the kinetics of the decay of the high fluorescent state, as observed during the tail of the flash, apparently accelerated. Of the species examined the flash-induced changes in fluorescence-yield kinetics appeared to occur at higher temperatures in the members of one group (Chromatium vinosum, Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa and Rhodopseudomonas palustris) than in the members of the other (Rhodopseudomonas palustris) than in the members of the other (Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum). These effects are interpreted in terms of the light-induced generation of triplet states within the reaction centre. It is suggested that the species-dependent differences may reflect differences in the molecular organisation of the reaction centre. It was found that in all species the reaction centre carotenoid triplet does not act as a fluorescence quencher under these conditions.", "PMID": 96856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2373", "title": "Phycobiliprotein synthesis in protoplasts of the unicellular cyanophyte, Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "Stable and metabolically active protoplasts were prepared from the unicellular cyanophyte, Anacystis nidulans, by enzymatic digestion of the cell wall with 0.1% lysozyme. The yield of protoplasts from intact algal cells was approx. 50%. Incorporation of L-[U-14C]leucine into cold trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material from protoplasts preparations was linear for 1.5 h and continued for an additional 2.5 h. Incorporation of radiolabeled leucine into hot trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material from protoplast preparations demonstrated protein synthesis in protoplasts in vitro. Phycocyanin is the principal phycobiliprotein and allophycocyanin is a minor phycobiliprotein in A. nidulans cells. The light-absorbing chromophore of both of these phycobiliproteins is the linear tetrapyrrole (bile pigment), phycocyanobilin. Radiolabeled phycocyanin and allophycocyanin were isolated from protoplast preparations which had been incubated with L-[U-14]leucine or delta-amino[4-14C] levulinic acid (a precursor of phycocyanobilin). The radio-labeled phycobiliproteins were purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography on brushite columns. The specific radioactivity of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin in brushite column eluates (protoplasts incubated with radiolabeled leucine) was 106 000 and 82 000 dpm/mg, respectively. The specific radioactivity of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin in brushite column eluates (protoplasts incubated with radiolabeled delta-aminolevulinic acid) was 33 000 and 38 000 dpm/mg, respectively. Phycobiliproteins from protoplasts incubated with radiolabeled leucine were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 25% of the incorporated radioactivity in protoplast lysates and approx. 60% of the incorporated radioactivity in protoplast lysates and approx. 60% of the incorporated ratioactivity in phycocyanin and allophycocyanin (in brushite column eluates) comigrated with the subunits of these phycobiliproteins on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Chromic acid degradation of phycobiliproteins from protoplast preparations incubated with delta-amino[4-14C] levulinic acid yielded radiolabeled imides which were derived from the phycocyanobilin chromophore. Imides from radiolabeled phycobiliproteins isolated from protoplast preparations incubated with L-[U-14C]leucine did not contain radioactivity. These results show that both the apoprotein and tetrapyrrolic moieties of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin were synthesized in A. nidulans protoplasts in vitro.", "contents": "Phycobiliprotein synthesis in protoplasts of the unicellular cyanophyte, Anacystis nidulans. Stable and metabolically active protoplasts were prepared from the unicellular cyanophyte, Anacystis nidulans, by enzymatic digestion of the cell wall with 0.1% lysozyme. The yield of protoplasts from intact algal cells was approx. 50%. Incorporation of L-[U-14C]leucine into cold trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material from protoplasts preparations was linear for 1.5 h and continued for an additional 2.5 h. Incorporation of radiolabeled leucine into hot trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material from protoplast preparations demonstrated protein synthesis in protoplasts in vitro. Phycocyanin is the principal phycobiliprotein and allophycocyanin is a minor phycobiliprotein in A. nidulans cells. The light-absorbing chromophore of both of these phycobiliproteins is the linear tetrapyrrole (bile pigment), phycocyanobilin. Radiolabeled phycocyanin and allophycocyanin were isolated from protoplast preparations which had been incubated with L-[U-14]leucine or delta-amino[4-14C] levulinic acid (a precursor of phycocyanobilin). The radio-labeled phycobiliproteins were purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography on brushite columns. The specific radioactivity of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin in brushite column eluates (protoplasts incubated with radiolabeled leucine) was 106 000 and 82 000 dpm/mg, respectively. The specific radioactivity of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin in brushite column eluates (protoplasts incubated with radiolabeled delta-aminolevulinic acid) was 33 000 and 38 000 dpm/mg, respectively. Phycobiliproteins from protoplasts incubated with radiolabeled leucine were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 25% of the incorporated radioactivity in protoplast lysates and approx. 60% of the incorporated radioactivity in protoplast lysates and approx. 60% of the incorporated ratioactivity in phycocyanin and allophycocyanin (in brushite column eluates) comigrated with the subunits of these phycobiliproteins on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Chromic acid degradation of phycobiliproteins from protoplast preparations incubated with delta-amino[4-14C] levulinic acid yielded radiolabeled imides which were derived from the phycocyanobilin chromophore. Imides from radiolabeled phycobiliproteins isolated from protoplast preparations incubated with L-[U-14C]leucine did not contain radioactivity. These results show that both the apoprotein and tetrapyrrolic moieties of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin were synthesized in A. nidulans protoplasts in vitro.", "PMID": 96857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2374", "title": "Studies on the negative circular dichroic bands around 297 nm of ribosomes from bacterial cells.", "content": "The small negative CD bands around 297 nm of isolated 30-S and 50-S ribosomal subunits were precisely measured for three bacteria, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli Q 13. The intensities of the negative CD bands of 30-S subunits were always much greater than those of 50-S subunits irrespective of the bacterial strains, which may be related to the difference in comformations of rRNAs and proteins in the complexes between these subribosomal particles. The dissociation of 70-S ribosomes into two subunits by lowering Mg2+ concentration caused evident enhancement of intensity of the 297 nm CD band, which was completely reversed by the association of the two subunits into 70-S particles. The melting profiles of CD spectra 3 B. stearothermophilus and E. coli were compared and both subunits of the former were found to be more heat stable than those of the latter. It was found that 5 M urea and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) treatment caused considerable reduction of the negative CD intensity around 297 nm of 30-S subunits but no significant change of 50-S subunits, while no significant change was observed for the CD spectra of isolated 16-S and 23-S rRNAs by the same treatment. Effects of EDTA treatment and then addition of Mg2+  on the CD spectra and fluorescence emission spectra of the subunits were also observed and the contribution by the interaction between rRNA s and proteins in ribosomes to the small negative band around 297 nm was discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the negative circular dichroic bands around 297 nm of ribosomes from bacterial cells. The small negative CD bands around 297 nm of isolated 30-S and 50-S ribosomal subunits were precisely measured for three bacteria, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli Q 13. The intensities of the negative CD bands of 30-S subunits were always much greater than those of 50-S subunits irrespective of the bacterial strains, which may be related to the difference in comformations of rRNAs and proteins in the complexes between these subribosomal particles. The dissociation of 70-S ribosomes into two subunits by lowering Mg2+ concentration caused evident enhancement of intensity of the 297 nm CD band, which was completely reversed by the association of the two subunits into 70-S particles. The melting profiles of CD spectra 3 B. stearothermophilus and E. coli were compared and both subunits of the former were found to be more heat stable than those of the latter. It was found that 5 M urea and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) treatment caused considerable reduction of the negative CD intensity around 297 nm of 30-S subunits but no significant change of 50-S subunits, while no significant change was observed for the CD spectra of isolated 16-S and 23-S rRNAs by the same treatment. Effects of EDTA treatment and then addition of Mg2+  on the CD spectra and fluorescence emission spectra of the subunits were also observed and the contribution by the interaction between rRNA s and proteins in ribosomes to the small negative band around 297 nm was discussed.", "PMID": 96858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2375", "title": "The purification, properties and characterization of three forms of alpha-L-fucosidase from monkey brain.", "content": "alpha-L-Fucosidase (alpha-L-fucoside fucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.51) has been purified to apparent homogeneity (about 22 000-fold over the crude homogenate) from monkey brain. Values of kinetic constants for the purified enzyme were as follows: pH optimum, 5.0; Km, 0.22 mM; V, 913 mumol/mg per h. alpha-L-Fucose was a competitive inhibitor (Ki, 0.275 mM) of the enzyme. Evidence for the involvement of sulphydryl group(s) and carboxyl group containing amino acid(s) in the catalytic process is presented. The purified enzyme was a tetramer of molecular weight of 285 000 of identical subunits of 73 500 held together by non-covalent forces. Gel filtration studies revealed the presence of three molecular forms of the activity in the purified preparation which appeared to be the tetramer, dimer and monomer. The existence of three types of activities was also aupported by a triphasic heat inactivation profile of the enzyme at 50 or 55 degrees C and the distinctly different pH activity profiles of the differentially heat-inactivated enzymes. Immunodiffusion studies using antibody developed against purified monkey brain alpha-L-fucosidase showed that the monkey brain enzyme had only partial immunological identity with the enzymes from the non-neural tissues of monkey as well as the human and rat liver and the rat brain. However, the monkey brain and liver enzymes appeared to be similar to the human brain and liver enzymes, respectively.", "contents": "The purification, properties and characterization of three forms of alpha-L-fucosidase from monkey brain. alpha-L-Fucosidase (alpha-L-fucoside fucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.51) has been purified to apparent homogeneity (about 22 000-fold over the crude homogenate) from monkey brain. Values of kinetic constants for the purified enzyme were as follows: pH optimum, 5.0; Km, 0.22 mM; V, 913 mumol/mg per h. alpha-L-Fucose was a competitive inhibitor (Ki, 0.275 mM) of the enzyme. Evidence for the involvement of sulphydryl group(s) and carboxyl group containing amino acid(s) in the catalytic process is presented. The purified enzyme was a tetramer of molecular weight of 285 000 of identical subunits of 73 500 held together by non-covalent forces. Gel filtration studies revealed the presence of three molecular forms of the activity in the purified preparation which appeared to be the tetramer, dimer and monomer. The existence of three types of activities was also aupported by a triphasic heat inactivation profile of the enzyme at 50 or 55 degrees C and the distinctly different pH activity profiles of the differentially heat-inactivated enzymes. Immunodiffusion studies using antibody developed against purified monkey brain alpha-L-fucosidase showed that the monkey brain enzyme had only partial immunological identity with the enzymes from the non-neural tissues of monkey as well as the human and rat liver and the rat brain. However, the monkey brain and liver enzymes appeared to be similar to the human brain and liver enzymes, respectively.", "PMID": 96860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2376", "title": "Steady-state kinetics of the anaerobic reaction of soybean lipoxygenase-1 with linoleic acid and 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid.", "content": "The steady-state kinetics of the anaerobic reaction of soybean lipoxygenase-1 with linoleic acid and 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid were studied. Initial rates of the formation of oxodienoic acids**, absorbing at 285 nm, were measured at pH 10. About 50% of the consumed 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid was converted into oxodienoic acids regardless of the initial ratio of the two substrates. A linear inhibition by both linoleic acid and 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid was observed in the concentration range studied, which is on the upper side limited by the concentrations at which micelle- or acid-soap formation starts. A kinetic scheme is proposed based on one active site in lipoxygenase-1 which alternately binds the two substrates. Values for the kinetic constants were calculated by fitting simultaneously the complete set of data to the appropriate rate equation.", "contents": "Steady-state kinetics of the anaerobic reaction of soybean lipoxygenase-1 with linoleic acid and 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid. The steady-state kinetics of the anaerobic reaction of soybean lipoxygenase-1 with linoleic acid and 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid were studied. Initial rates of the formation of oxodienoic acids**, absorbing at 285 nm, were measured at pH 10. About 50% of the consumed 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid was converted into oxodienoic acids regardless of the initial ratio of the two substrates. A linear inhibition by both linoleic acid and 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid was observed in the concentration range studied, which is on the upper side limited by the concentrations at which micelle- or acid-soap formation starts. A kinetic scheme is proposed based on one active site in lipoxygenase-1 which alternately binds the two substrates. Values for the kinetic constants were calculated by fitting simultaneously the complete set of data to the appropriate rate equation.", "PMID": 96861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2377", "title": "Solubilization and partial purification of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase of rabbit kidney medulla.", "content": "The microsomes of rabbit kidney medulla converted arachidonic acid into prostaglandin E2 in the presence of hemoglobin, tryptophan and glutathione as activators. When themicrosomal suspension was treated with 1% Tween 20, a solubilized enzyme was obtained which catalyzed the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins G2 and H2. The solubilized enzyme was adsorbed to and then eluted from an omega-aminooctyl Sepharose 4B column, resulting in about 10-fold purification over the microsomes. The partially purified enzyme produced predominantly prostaglandin G2 in the presence of hemoglobin, while prostaglandin H2 was produced in the presence of both hemoglobin and tryptophan. The stimulation of prostaglandin endoperoxide formation was also observed with other heme and aromatic compounds. Prostaglandin H2 synthesis was inhibited by a variety of compounds including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thiol compounds and prostaglandin analogues with a thiol group(s).", "contents": "Solubilization and partial purification of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase of rabbit kidney medulla. The microsomes of rabbit kidney medulla converted arachidonic acid into prostaglandin E2 in the presence of hemoglobin, tryptophan and glutathione as activators. When themicrosomal suspension was treated with 1% Tween 20, a solubilized enzyme was obtained which catalyzed the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins G2 and H2. The solubilized enzyme was adsorbed to and then eluted from an omega-aminooctyl Sepharose 4B column, resulting in about 10-fold purification over the microsomes. The partially purified enzyme produced predominantly prostaglandin G2 in the presence of hemoglobin, while prostaglandin H2 was produced in the presence of both hemoglobin and tryptophan. The stimulation of prostaglandin endoperoxide formation was also observed with other heme and aromatic compounds. Prostaglandin H2 synthesis was inhibited by a variety of compounds including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thiol compounds and prostaglandin analogues with a thiol group(s).", "PMID": 96862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2378", "title": "Circadian rhythm of cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase and cortisol in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).", "content": "Cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase in African green monkey liver had an apparent Km of 1.65-10(-4) M cholesterol and a pH optimum of 7.4. The amplitudes of the circadian maxima of enzyme activity and serum cortisol levels were significantly greater in vervets than in grivets. Fluctuations in enzyme activity and cortisol levels during the circadian cycle were positively correlated (r = 0.89). Enzyme activities and hormone levels were 2.7-fold lower over a 24-h period in the grivet than in the vervet. Cholesterol feeding reduced the enzyme activity by 40% and serum cortisol was reduced to 38% of control levels at the diurnal peak. Serum glucocorticoids may be important physiological regulators of cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase in non-human primates. The concentration of cortisol and its time of release appear to be factors in the hyperresponsive trait of grivets. Genetic differences between vervet and grivet races may account for differences in the amplitude and timing of the circadian rhythm of cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase activity possibly influenced by cortisol.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase and cortisol in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). Cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase in African green monkey liver had an apparent Km of 1.65-10(-4) M cholesterol and a pH optimum of 7.4. The amplitudes of the circadian maxima of enzyme activity and serum cortisol levels were significantly greater in vervets than in grivets. Fluctuations in enzyme activity and cortisol levels during the circadian cycle were positively correlated (r = 0.89). Enzyme activities and hormone levels were 2.7-fold lower over a 24-h period in the grivet than in the vervet. Cholesterol feeding reduced the enzyme activity by 40% and serum cortisol was reduced to 38% of control levels at the diurnal peak. Serum glucocorticoids may be important physiological regulators of cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase in non-human primates. The concentration of cortisol and its time of release appear to be factors in the hyperresponsive trait of grivets. Genetic differences between vervet and grivet races may account for differences in the amplitude and timing of the circadian rhythm of cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase activity possibly influenced by cortisol.", "PMID": 96863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2379", "title": "Flurbiprofen: highly potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "Flurbiprofen, 2-(2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl)propionic acid, inhibited the formation of prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid by bovine seminal vesicular microsomes. It was found that flurbiprofen was an approx. 12.5-fold better inhibitor than indomethacin by comparison of their I50 values. It was suggested that the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by flurbiprofen might be due to the inhibition of the endoperoxygenase which catalyzed conversion of arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxide. Other carboxylic acid compounds such as aspirin, ibuprofen and indomethacin showed the same type of inhibition as flurbiprofen. In contrast, phenylbutazone which was a pyrozolone derivative inhibited the formation of prostaglandin E2, but not affected the endoperoxygenase reaction. The kinetic studies for inhibition of prostaglandin E2 synthetase indicated that flurbiprofen competitively inhibited prostaglandin E2 synthesis, just like indomethacin. The Ki values were estimated to be 0.128 micron for flurbiprofen and 3.18 micron for indomethacin.", "contents": "Flurbiprofen: highly potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. Flurbiprofen, 2-(2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl)propionic acid, inhibited the formation of prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid by bovine seminal vesicular microsomes. It was found that flurbiprofen was an approx. 12.5-fold better inhibitor than indomethacin by comparison of their I50 values. It was suggested that the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by flurbiprofen might be due to the inhibition of the endoperoxygenase which catalyzed conversion of arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxide. Other carboxylic acid compounds such as aspirin, ibuprofen and indomethacin showed the same type of inhibition as flurbiprofen. In contrast, phenylbutazone which was a pyrozolone derivative inhibited the formation of prostaglandin E2, but not affected the endoperoxygenase reaction. The kinetic studies for inhibition of prostaglandin E2 synthetase indicated that flurbiprofen competitively inhibited prostaglandin E2 synthesis, just like indomethacin. The Ki values were estimated to be 0.128 micron for flurbiprofen and 3.18 micron for indomethacin.", "PMID": 96864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2380", "title": "Phospholipid metabolism of monkey smooth muscle cells grown in hyperlipemic serum.", "content": "The phospholipid content and synthesis of monkey smooth muscle cells grown in tissue culture with normal or hyperlipemic monkey serum were examined. The pattern of incorporation of radioactively labeled inorganic phosphate into the phospholipids of these cells was measured using a 4 h pulse of 32P. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol were the predominant phospholipids labeled. Although phosphatidylcholine constituted 45% of the cellular phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol had the highest specific activity. Exposure of the smooth muscle cells to hyperlipemic monkey serum did not alter the phospholipid content, composition or synthesis of these cells. The total phospholipid content of the smooth muscle cells was independent of the concentration of lipid in the media. The distribution of 32P into the phospholipids of monkey alveolar macrophages, L-cell mouse fibroblasts, and segments of the intima-media from monkey aortas is reported.", "contents": "Phospholipid metabolism of monkey smooth muscle cells grown in hyperlipemic serum. The phospholipid content and synthesis of monkey smooth muscle cells grown in tissue culture with normal or hyperlipemic monkey serum were examined. The pattern of incorporation of radioactively labeled inorganic phosphate into the phospholipids of these cells was measured using a 4 h pulse of 32P. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol were the predominant phospholipids labeled. Although phosphatidylcholine constituted 45% of the cellular phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol had the highest specific activity. Exposure of the smooth muscle cells to hyperlipemic monkey serum did not alter the phospholipid content, composition or synthesis of these cells. The total phospholipid content of the smooth muscle cells was independent of the concentration of lipid in the media. The distribution of 32P into the phospholipids of monkey alveolar macrophages, L-cell mouse fibroblasts, and segments of the intima-media from monkey aortas is reported.", "PMID": 96865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2381", "title": "The oxidation of methionine and its effect of the properties of cardiotoxin VII1 from Naja melanoleuca venom.", "content": "Methionine residues 24 and 26 of cardiotoxin VII1 from Naja melanoleuca were oxidised to sulphoxides using N-chlorosuccinimide at pH 8.5. The number of equivalents of oxidant required for complete oxidation suggested that the methionine side-chains existed in a relatively \"exposed\" conformational state in cardiotoxin. The oxidised cardiotoxin was devoid of lethality. It was also non-haemolytic, both on its own and in the presence of phospholipase A2. However, it was still able to precipitate with anti-cardiotoxin antibody. CD studies indicated that the polypeptide backbone conformation was intact in the oxidised cardiotoxin but some perturbation of tyrosine residues was evident. The possibility of a direct or indirect involvement of the methionine residues in the biological activity of the cardiotoxin is discussed.", "contents": "The oxidation of methionine and its effect of the properties of cardiotoxin VII1 from Naja melanoleuca venom. Methionine residues 24 and 26 of cardiotoxin VII1 from Naja melanoleuca were oxidised to sulphoxides using N-chlorosuccinimide at pH 8.5. The number of equivalents of oxidant required for complete oxidation suggested that the methionine side-chains existed in a relatively \"exposed\" conformational state in cardiotoxin. The oxidised cardiotoxin was devoid of lethality. It was also non-haemolytic, both on its own and in the presence of phospholipase A2. However, it was still able to precipitate with anti-cardiotoxin antibody. CD studies indicated that the polypeptide backbone conformation was intact in the oxidised cardiotoxin but some perturbation of tyrosine residues was evident. The possibility of a direct or indirect involvement of the methionine residues in the biological activity of the cardiotoxin is discussed.", "PMID": 96866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2382", "title": "Bovine thyroxine-binding globulin. Purification and comparison of molecular weight and amino acid composition with human thyroxine-binding globulin.", "content": "Bovine and human thyroxine-binding globulin were purified from serum by a three-step purification procedure which comprised affinity chromatography consecutively on thyroxine- and Concanavalin A--Sepharose and finally preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of the two proteins were similar (54 000) as well as their carbohydrate contents while some differences in amino acid composition were found. Rabbit antiserum against bovine thyroxine-binding globulin reacted with human thyroxine-binding globulin with no sign of spur formation.", "contents": "Bovine thyroxine-binding globulin. Purification and comparison of molecular weight and amino acid composition with human thyroxine-binding globulin. Bovine and human thyroxine-binding globulin were purified from serum by a three-step purification procedure which comprised affinity chromatography consecutively on thyroxine- and Concanavalin A--Sepharose and finally preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of the two proteins were similar (54 000) as well as their carbohydrate contents while some differences in amino acid composition were found. Rabbit antiserum against bovine thyroxine-binding globulin reacted with human thyroxine-binding globulin with no sign of spur formation.", "PMID": 96867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2383", "title": "Vitamin A and thyroxine carrier proteins in chicken plasma: steady-state control of the plasma level of free retinol-binding protein and free thyroxine.", "content": "1. The binding parameters of prealbumin-2 with retinol-binding protein and thyroxine (T4) revealed the existence of distinct and multiple sites for both retinol-binding protein and T4. 2. From the analysis of binding parameters of retinol-binding protein with prealbumin-2 it is clear that under steady-state conditions about 99% of the holo-retinol-binding protein remains bound to prealbumin-2. 3. Equilibrium dialysis studies on binding properties of thyroid hormones with prealbumin-2 revealed that it has a single high affinity site and three low affinity sites. 4. The occurrence of three carrier proteins for thyroid hormones, thyroxine-binding globulin, prealbumin-2 and albumin has been demonstrated. However, the chicken thyroxine-binding globulin differs from human thyroxine-binding globulin by being relatively less acidic and occurring at a two-fold lower concentration. But the thyroid hormone binding parameters are comparable. 5. Highly sensitive methods were developed for determination of T4 binding capacities of the various proteins and plasma level of total T4 by fractionation of carrier proteins and further quantitatively employing in electrophoresis and equilibrium dialysis. 6. The thyroxine-binding proteins were found to be of two types, one (viz., thyroxine-binding globulin) of great affinity but of low binding capacity, which mainly acts as reservoir of T4, and another (viz., prealbumin-2) of low affinity but of high binding capacity, which can participate predominantly in the control of the free T4 pool.", "contents": "Vitamin A and thyroxine carrier proteins in chicken plasma: steady-state control of the plasma level of free retinol-binding protein and free thyroxine. 1. The binding parameters of prealbumin-2 with retinol-binding protein and thyroxine (T4) revealed the existence of distinct and multiple sites for both retinol-binding protein and T4. 2. From the analysis of binding parameters of retinol-binding protein with prealbumin-2 it is clear that under steady-state conditions about 99% of the holo-retinol-binding protein remains bound to prealbumin-2. 3. Equilibrium dialysis studies on binding properties of thyroid hormones with prealbumin-2 revealed that it has a single high affinity site and three low affinity sites. 4. The occurrence of three carrier proteins for thyroid hormones, thyroxine-binding globulin, prealbumin-2 and albumin has been demonstrated. However, the chicken thyroxine-binding globulin differs from human thyroxine-binding globulin by being relatively less acidic and occurring at a two-fold lower concentration. But the thyroid hormone binding parameters are comparable. 5. Highly sensitive methods were developed for determination of T4 binding capacities of the various proteins and plasma level of total T4 by fractionation of carrier proteins and further quantitatively employing in electrophoresis and equilibrium dialysis. 6. The thyroxine-binding proteins were found to be of two types, one (viz., thyroxine-binding globulin) of great affinity but of low binding capacity, which mainly acts as reservoir of T4, and another (viz., prealbumin-2) of low affinity but of high binding capacity, which can participate predominantly in the control of the free T4 pool.", "PMID": 96868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2384", "title": "Tissue distribution of EDTA encapsulated within liposomes containing glycolipids or brain phospholipids.", "content": "Multilameller liposomes were prepared with various asialoglycolipids, gangliosides, sialic acid, or brain phospholipids in the liposome membrane and with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) encapsulated in the aqueous compartments. The liposomes containing glycolipids or sialic acid were prepared from a mixture of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and one of the following test substances: galactocerebroside, glucocerebroside, galactocerebroside sulfate, mixed gangliosides, monosialoganglioside GM1, monosialoganglioside GM2, monosialoganglioside GM3, disialoganglioside GD1a, or sialic acid. The liposomes containing brain phospholipids were mixtures of either sphingomyelin and cholesterol or a brain total phospholipid extract and cholesterol. Distributions of 14C-labeled EDTA were determined in mouse tissues from 15 min to 6 h or 12 h after a single injection of liposome preparation. Liver uptake up encapsulated EDTA was lowest from all liposome preparations containing sialic acid or sialogangliosides, regardless of the amount of sialic acid moiety present or the identity of the particular ganglioside; highest uptake of encapsulated EDTA by liver was from liposomes containing galactocerebroside or brain phospholipids. Lungs and brain took up the largest amounts of EDTA from liposomes containing sphingomyelin and lesser amounts from liposomes containing GD1a. Use of mouse brain phospholipid extract to prepare liposomes did not increase uptake of encapsulated EDTA by the brain. EDTA in liposomes containing monosialogangliosides, brain phospholipids, galactocerebroside, or sialic acid was taken up well by spleen and marrow. Highest thymus uptake of encapsulated EDTA was from liposomes containing GD1a. These results demonstrate that inclusion of sialogangliosides in liposome membranes decreases uptake of liposomes by liver, thus making direction of encapsulated drugs to other organs more feasible. Liposomes containing glycolipids also have potential uses as probes of cell surface receptors.", "contents": "Tissue distribution of EDTA encapsulated within liposomes containing glycolipids or brain phospholipids. Multilameller liposomes were prepared with various asialoglycolipids, gangliosides, sialic acid, or brain phospholipids in the liposome membrane and with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) encapsulated in the aqueous compartments. The liposomes containing glycolipids or sialic acid were prepared from a mixture of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and one of the following test substances: galactocerebroside, glucocerebroside, galactocerebroside sulfate, mixed gangliosides, monosialoganglioside GM1, monosialoganglioside GM2, monosialoganglioside GM3, disialoganglioside GD1a, or sialic acid. The liposomes containing brain phospholipids were mixtures of either sphingomyelin and cholesterol or a brain total phospholipid extract and cholesterol. Distributions of 14C-labeled EDTA were determined in mouse tissues from 15 min to 6 h or 12 h after a single injection of liposome preparation. Liver uptake up encapsulated EDTA was lowest from all liposome preparations containing sialic acid or sialogangliosides, regardless of the amount of sialic acid moiety present or the identity of the particular ganglioside; highest uptake of encapsulated EDTA by liver was from liposomes containing galactocerebroside or brain phospholipids. Lungs and brain took up the largest amounts of EDTA from liposomes containing sphingomyelin and lesser amounts from liposomes containing GD1a. Use of mouse brain phospholipid extract to prepare liposomes did not increase uptake of encapsulated EDTA by the brain. EDTA in liposomes containing monosialogangliosides, brain phospholipids, galactocerebroside, or sialic acid was taken up well by spleen and marrow. Highest thymus uptake of encapsulated EDTA was from liposomes containing GD1a. These results demonstrate that inclusion of sialogangliosides in liposome membranes decreases uptake of liposomes by liver, thus making direction of encapsulated drugs to other organs more feasible. Liposomes containing glycolipids also have potential uses as probes of cell surface receptors.", "PMID": 96869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2385", "title": "Association of diamine oxidase and ornithine decarboxylase with maturing cells in rapidly proliferating epithelium.", "content": "Diamine oxidase and ornithine decarboxylase activities are shown to have a parallel distribution across rat small intestine mucosa; levels of both enzyme activities are sharply higher in mature cells in the villus tip region than in proliferating cells in the crypt areas. Histidine decarboxylase levels were not measurable in the same cell preparations and aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase activity was distributed in an opposite pattern to diamine oxidase and ornithine decarboxylase. The results suggest that intestinal diamine oxidase could be involved with polyamine metabolism. The new findings for ornithine decarboxylase suggest an in vivo role for polyamines in non-proliferative cells; rat small intestinal mucosa may be an excellent model for investigating the function of polyamines in regenerating cells.", "contents": "Association of diamine oxidase and ornithine decarboxylase with maturing cells in rapidly proliferating epithelium. Diamine oxidase and ornithine decarboxylase activities are shown to have a parallel distribution across rat small intestine mucosa; levels of both enzyme activities are sharply higher in mature cells in the villus tip region than in proliferating cells in the crypt areas. Histidine decarboxylase levels were not measurable in the same cell preparations and aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase activity was distributed in an opposite pattern to diamine oxidase and ornithine decarboxylase. The results suggest that intestinal diamine oxidase could be involved with polyamine metabolism. The new findings for ornithine decarboxylase suggest an in vivo role for polyamines in non-proliferative cells; rat small intestinal mucosa may be an excellent model for investigating the function of polyamines in regenerating cells.", "PMID": 96870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2386", "title": "Polysaccharides of crithidia fasciculata. Identification and partial characterization of a cell surface constituent.", "content": "A carbohydrate-containing fraction was extracted from the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata by a phenol-water procedure. Ion-exchange chromatography separated this fraction into three components: a polysaccharide which was not retained on the column; RNA which eluted upon addition of salt; and, another polysaccharide which eluted upon addition of detergent. The unretained fraction was shown to be composed solely of D-mannose. The mannan, which was heterodisperse on Sephadex G-100, had an average molecular weight of approx. 14 000 as based on analysis of reducing groups. The detergent-eluted material yielded arabinose and galactose upon acid hydrolysis. The arabinogalactan was excluded from Sephadex G-100 and Sephacryl S-200 molecular sieve columns, suggesting a molecular weight greater than or equal to 200 000. Cell fractionation studies showed the bulk of extractable polysaccharide was associated with a particulate fraction. Further determination of the cellular localization of the polysaccharide was accomplished by employing a specific antiserum prepared from rabbits immunized with the polysaccharide extract. The cell surface localization of the arabinogalactan was demonstrated by cell agglutination studies as well as immunocytochemical techniques using fluorescein and ferritin conjugated antibodies.", "contents": "Polysaccharides of crithidia fasciculata. Identification and partial characterization of a cell surface constituent. A carbohydrate-containing fraction was extracted from the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata by a phenol-water procedure. Ion-exchange chromatography separated this fraction into three components: a polysaccharide which was not retained on the column; RNA which eluted upon addition of salt; and, another polysaccharide which eluted upon addition of detergent. The unretained fraction was shown to be composed solely of D-mannose. The mannan, which was heterodisperse on Sephadex G-100, had an average molecular weight of approx. 14 000 as based on analysis of reducing groups. The detergent-eluted material yielded arabinose and galactose upon acid hydrolysis. The arabinogalactan was excluded from Sephadex G-100 and Sephacryl S-200 molecular sieve columns, suggesting a molecular weight greater than or equal to 200 000. Cell fractionation studies showed the bulk of extractable polysaccharide was associated with a particulate fraction. Further determination of the cellular localization of the polysaccharide was accomplished by employing a specific antiserum prepared from rabbits immunized with the polysaccharide extract. The cell surface localization of the arabinogalactan was demonstrated by cell agglutination studies as well as immunocytochemical techniques using fluorescein and ferritin conjugated antibodies.", "PMID": 96871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2387", "title": "Prevention of the cortical reaction in fertilized sea urchin eggs by injection of calcium-chelating ligands.", "content": "Eggs from the sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus, were injected with either EGTA or EDTA, and were subsequently fertilized. EGTA prevented cortical vesicle discharge and formation of the fertilization membrane. EDTA had either no effect, or sometimes retarded the elevation of the fertilization membrane, or reduced the percentage of eggs with elevated membranes. Theoretical considerations lead to estimates of the probable effects of EGTA and EDTA on the internally released calcium which triggers the cortical reaction. Whether or not cytoplasmic calcium buffers are considered, it is concluded: (1) that normally several times the threshold calcium concentration for the cortical reaction is released into a subsurface space; (2) that if a rapidly-equilibrating high-affinity buffer is present, it is locally saturated by the calcium released internally; (3) the injected EDTA reduces the subsurface free calcium concentration normally reached to approximately threshold for the cortical reaction, while injected EGTA reduces the calcium concentration to below this threshold; and (4) a rise in the internal ionic calcium concentration is a necessary step in the activation of the cortical reaction at fertilization.", "contents": "Prevention of the cortical reaction in fertilized sea urchin eggs by injection of calcium-chelating ligands. Eggs from the sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus, were injected with either EGTA or EDTA, and were subsequently fertilized. EGTA prevented cortical vesicle discharge and formation of the fertilization membrane. EDTA had either no effect, or sometimes retarded the elevation of the fertilization membrane, or reduced the percentage of eggs with elevated membranes. Theoretical considerations lead to estimates of the probable effects of EGTA and EDTA on the internally released calcium which triggers the cortical reaction. Whether or not cytoplasmic calcium buffers are considered, it is concluded: (1) that normally several times the threshold calcium concentration for the cortical reaction is released into a subsurface space; (2) that if a rapidly-equilibrating high-affinity buffer is present, it is locally saturated by the calcium released internally; (3) the injected EDTA reduces the subsurface free calcium concentration normally reached to approximately threshold for the cortical reaction, while injected EGTA reduces the calcium concentration to below this threshold; and (4) a rise in the internal ionic calcium concentration is a necessary step in the activation of the cortical reaction at fertilization.", "PMID": 96872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2388", "title": "Nitrogen fixation and hydrogen metabolism in photosynthetic bacteria.", "content": "The photosynthetic bacteria are found in a wide range of specialized aquatic environments. These bacteria represent important members of the microbial community since they are capable of carrying out two of the most important processes on earth, namely, photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, at the expense of solar energy. Since the discovery that these bacteria could fix atmospheric nitrogen, there has been an intensification of studies relating to both the biochemistry and physiology of this process. The practical importance of this field is emphasized by a consideration of the tremendous energy input required for the production of artificial nitrogenous fertilizer. The present communication aims to briefly review the current state of knowledge relating to certain aspects of nitrogen fixation by the photosynthetic bacteria. The topics that will be discussed include a general survey of the nitrogenase system in the various photosynthetic bacteria, the regulation of both nitrogenase biosynthesis and activity, recent advances in the genetics of the nitrogen fixing system, and the hydrogen cycle in these bacteria. In addition, a brief discussion of some of some of the possible practical applications provided by the photosynthetic bacteria will be presented.", "contents": "Nitrogen fixation and hydrogen metabolism in photosynthetic bacteria. The photosynthetic bacteria are found in a wide range of specialized aquatic environments. These bacteria represent important members of the microbial community since they are capable of carrying out two of the most important processes on earth, namely, photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, at the expense of solar energy. Since the discovery that these bacteria could fix atmospheric nitrogen, there has been an intensification of studies relating to both the biochemistry and physiology of this process. The practical importance of this field is emphasized by a consideration of the tremendous energy input required for the production of artificial nitrogenous fertilizer. The present communication aims to briefly review the current state of knowledge relating to certain aspects of nitrogen fixation by the photosynthetic bacteria. The topics that will be discussed include a general survey of the nitrogenase system in the various photosynthetic bacteria, the regulation of both nitrogenase biosynthesis and activity, recent advances in the genetics of the nitrogen fixing system, and the hydrogen cycle in these bacteria. In addition, a brief discussion of some of some of the possible practical applications provided by the photosynthetic bacteria will be presented.", "PMID": 96875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2389", "title": "Hydrogen metabolism in blue-green algae.", "content": "This manuscript reviews the literature on hydrogen metabolism in blue-green algae and reports some new data from this laboratory. H2-formation by intact cells is found to be catalyzed exclusively by nitrogenase. Its rate appears to be variable from strain to strain used byt is--in our hands--very small. Therefore, blue-green algae are presumably of limited value in projects of solar energy conversion to form molecular hydrogen. These organisms are also able to consume the gas in a reaction catalysed by hydrogenase. Hydrogen is mainly consumed in an oxygen dependent reaction, as in aerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria. It can also serve as an electron donor for nitrogen fixation under certain physiological conditions. In experiments with a cell-free preparation, hydrogenase is found to be membrane-bound. The enzyme is characterized with respect to its specifity towards electron donors and acceptors.", "contents": "Hydrogen metabolism in blue-green algae. This manuscript reviews the literature on hydrogen metabolism in blue-green algae and reports some new data from this laboratory. H2-formation by intact cells is found to be catalyzed exclusively by nitrogenase. Its rate appears to be variable from strain to strain used byt is--in our hands--very small. Therefore, blue-green algae are presumably of limited value in projects of solar energy conversion to form molecular hydrogen. These organisms are also able to consume the gas in a reaction catalysed by hydrogenase. Hydrogen is mainly consumed in an oxygen dependent reaction, as in aerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria. It can also serve as an electron donor for nitrogen fixation under certain physiological conditions. In experiments with a cell-free preparation, hydrogenase is found to be membrane-bound. The enzyme is characterized with respect to its specifity towards electron donors and acceptors.", "PMID": 96876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2390", "title": "[Isolation and properties of human immunoglobulin-peroxidase complex].", "content": "The complexes of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) with peroxidase produced by a two-step synthesis using glutaraldehyde retain high enzymatic and immunochemical activities. The effectiveness of the complex formation depends on the concentration of glutaraldehyde used for enzyme modification. Optimal molar ratios of the constituent components during the synthesis of the complex and localization of the enzyme on the IgG molecule are discussed. Preliminary heating of IgG or the overall complex at 50 degrees C results in an increase of the complex stability (20-fold) under storage.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of human immunoglobulin-peroxidase complex]. The complexes of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) with peroxidase produced by a two-step synthesis using glutaraldehyde retain high enzymatic and immunochemical activities. The effectiveness of the complex formation depends on the concentration of glutaraldehyde used for enzyme modification. Optimal molar ratios of the constituent components during the synthesis of the complex and localization of the enzyme on the IgG molecule are discussed. Preliminary heating of IgG or the overall complex at 50 degrees C results in an increase of the complex stability (20-fold) under storage.", "PMID": 96877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2391", "title": "Relationship between anorectic and reinforcing properties of appetite suppressant drugs: implications for assessment of abuse liability.", "content": "A quantitative ratio measure was developed which permitted comparisons between the reinforcing and anorectic potency of eight phenylethylamine anorectics and cocaine in laboratory baboons. The ordering of these compounds based upon this ratio bears a reasonable correspondence to clinical drug evaluations. The measure may provide information for preclinical evaluation of relative abuse potential of anorectic drugs.", "contents": "Relationship between anorectic and reinforcing properties of appetite suppressant drugs: implications for assessment of abuse liability. A quantitative ratio measure was developed which permitted comparisons between the reinforcing and anorectic potency of eight phenylethylamine anorectics and cocaine in laboratory baboons. The ordering of these compounds based upon this ratio bears a reasonable correspondence to clinical drug evaluations. The measure may provide information for preclinical evaluation of relative abuse potential of anorectic drugs.", "PMID": 96878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2392", "title": "[Several features of the antioxidant action of chemical carcinogens].", "content": "Comparative studies of antioxidative effects of phenole inhibitors (vitamine E) amino-and sulfur-containing radioprotectors, and chemical cancerogens on oxidation of unsatured fatty acid were carried out. Some polycyclic hydrocarbons and azo-compounds produce a prolonged and stable decrease of peroxide accumulation rate in oxidized oleic acid. Due to this property in the in vivo systems chemical cancerogenes can induce prolonged stable changes in the parameters of vitally important redox processes.", "contents": "[Several features of the antioxidant action of chemical carcinogens]. Comparative studies of antioxidative effects of phenole inhibitors (vitamine E) amino-and sulfur-containing radioprotectors, and chemical cancerogens on oxidation of unsatured fatty acid were carried out. Some polycyclic hydrocarbons and azo-compounds produce a prolonged and stable decrease of peroxide accumulation rate in oxidized oleic acid. Due to this property in the in vivo systems chemical cancerogenes can induce prolonged stable changes in the parameters of vitally important redox processes.", "PMID": 96873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2393", "title": "[Kinetics, mechanism and thermodynamics of cyanophage A-1 adsorption onto algal host cells].", "content": "It is found that adsorption kinetics of cyanophage A-1 on algae Anabaena variabilis cells is more complex than the reaction kinetics of the first order. An analysis of virus adsorption curves on cells and some other characteristics of this process have shown that virus A-1 is absorved on the algae-host cells according to adsorption concurrent model. Some thermodynamic characteristics of the process studied are calculated. Their values point to enzymatic character of the reaction of virus fastening to the algae.", "contents": "[Kinetics, mechanism and thermodynamics of cyanophage A-1 adsorption onto algal host cells]. It is found that adsorption kinetics of cyanophage A-1 on algae Anabaena variabilis cells is more complex than the reaction kinetics of the first order. An analysis of virus adsorption curves on cells and some other characteristics of this process have shown that virus A-1 is absorved on the algae-host cells according to adsorption concurrent model. Some thermodynamic characteristics of the process studied are calculated. Their values point to enzymatic character of the reaction of virus fastening to the algae.", "PMID": 96874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2394", "title": "Logistic problems of artificial nutrition.", "content": "The future of artificial nutrition, both enteral and parenteral, depends upon further simplification of the methods for preparation of nutritive mixtures, as well as, maintaining the motivation and special training of nursing teams with regard to problems of asepsis. The range of clinical and biological will research only widen if technical and practical matters are handled with surgical rigour.", "contents": "Logistic problems of artificial nutrition. The future of artificial nutrition, both enteral and parenteral, depends upon further simplification of the methods for preparation of nutritive mixtures, as well as, maintaining the motivation and special training of nursing teams with regard to problems of asepsis. The range of clinical and biological will research only widen if technical and practical matters are handled with surgical rigour.", "PMID": 96884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2395", "title": "[Nature of changes in the level of steroid hormones and their precursors in peripheral blood of Papio monkeys under stress].", "content": "The radioimmunological method was applied to determination of changes in the peripheral blood plasma level of 12 steroids in male Papio hamadryas under immobilization and surgical stress. Androgen content decreased, and the concentration of steroid hormone precursors and hydrocortisone blood plasma content rose in response to stress. These changes were in contraphase with the circadian steroid rhythms. The most objective and sensitive criteria of the stress situation evaluation were decrease of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone level, increase of pregnenolone concentration, as well as of 17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in the blood plasma.", "contents": "[Nature of changes in the level of steroid hormones and their precursors in peripheral blood of Papio monkeys under stress]. The radioimmunological method was applied to determination of changes in the peripheral blood plasma level of 12 steroids in male Papio hamadryas under immobilization and surgical stress. Androgen content decreased, and the concentration of steroid hormone precursors and hydrocortisone blood plasma content rose in response to stress. These changes were in contraphase with the circadian steroid rhythms. The most objective and sensitive criteria of the stress situation evaluation were decrease of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone level, increase of pregnenolone concentration, as well as of 17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in the blood plasma.", "PMID": 96885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2396", "title": "[Contractile reaction of the myocardium of patients with heart diseases to chemical scarification of cell membranes].", "content": "Strips of the myocardium from the auricula atria of patients suffering from mitral stenosis (MS) and septal defects of the heart (SDH) removed during the operation were treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (DETA)--3mM--to increase the cell membrane permeability (scarification). The mechanical response of the contractile proteins to the change in the Ca2+ was recorded in the ethylene-hexaaminetetraacetic acid (EHTA)--3mM--against the background of increased membrane permeability to the Ca-EHTA complex permitting to regulate Ca2+ concentration in myofibrillae from 10(-9) to 10(-4)M. As shown, with the same threshold concentrations (5.10(-8)M) and saturation concentrations (10(-4)M) of Ca2+ the strips from the patients with MS developed the maximal tension per cross section unit of the strip half as great as the preparations from patients with SDH, this indicating a possible affection of the contractile proteins in the hearts of patients with MS. The ratio between the tension amplitudes under conditions of a complete calcium activation of the contractile proteins and a single isometric contraction for the preparations obtained from the patients with MS was 8 to 10, and with SDH--from 4 to 5. It is supposed that this was the result of more pronounced changes in the apparatus of electromechanical conjugation of the myocardium of patients suffering from MS.", "contents": "[Contractile reaction of the myocardium of patients with heart diseases to chemical scarification of cell membranes]. Strips of the myocardium from the auricula atria of patients suffering from mitral stenosis (MS) and septal defects of the heart (SDH) removed during the operation were treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (DETA)--3mM--to increase the cell membrane permeability (scarification). The mechanical response of the contractile proteins to the change in the Ca2+ was recorded in the ethylene-hexaaminetetraacetic acid (EHTA)--3mM--against the background of increased membrane permeability to the Ca-EHTA complex permitting to regulate Ca2+ concentration in myofibrillae from 10(-9) to 10(-4)M. As shown, with the same threshold concentrations (5.10(-8)M) and saturation concentrations (10(-4)M) of Ca2+ the strips from the patients with MS developed the maximal tension per cross section unit of the strip half as great as the preparations from patients with SDH, this indicating a possible affection of the contractile proteins in the hearts of patients with MS. The ratio between the tension amplitudes under conditions of a complete calcium activation of the contractile proteins and a single isometric contraction for the preparations obtained from the patients with MS was 8 to 10, and with SDH--from 4 to 5. It is supposed that this was the result of more pronounced changes in the apparatus of electromechanical conjugation of the myocardium of patients suffering from MS.", "PMID": 96886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2397", "title": "[Effect of combined administration of hydrocortisone and EDTA on the number of the antibody-producing cells in the spleen of mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes].", "content": "Experiments on mouse hybrids (CBA X C57BL)F1I indicated that injection of hydrocortisone in a dose of 1 mg/mouse 24 hours after the immunization with sheep red blood cells against the background of multiple EDTA injection resulted in a relative reduction of the plaque-forming cells in the spleen--more than 6-fold in comparison with control, and more than 3-fold in comparison with the effect of hydrocortisone or EDTA alone. This may possibly be the consequence of a more intensive hydrocortisone incorporation under conditions of prolonged hypocalciemic action of EDTA complexon.", "contents": "[Effect of combined administration of hydrocortisone and EDTA on the number of the antibody-producing cells in the spleen of mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes]. Experiments on mouse hybrids (CBA X C57BL)F1I indicated that injection of hydrocortisone in a dose of 1 mg/mouse 24 hours after the immunization with sheep red blood cells against the background of multiple EDTA injection resulted in a relative reduction of the plaque-forming cells in the spleen--more than 6-fold in comparison with control, and more than 3-fold in comparison with the effect of hydrocortisone or EDTA alone. This may possibly be the consequence of a more intensive hydrocortisone incorporation under conditions of prolonged hypocalciemic action of EDTA complexon.", "PMID": 96887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2398", "title": "A new experimental model of systemic connective tissue disease in immunized rabbit.", "content": "In rabbit, the immumizations with whole Mycobacterium Tuberculosis injected intradermally and its crude cytoplasmic W.S.E. injected intraarticulary induce not only a self-perpetuating synovitis in the stimulated knee but also chronic systemic lesions of connective tissue (non-stimulated knee, both shoulders, aortic artery adventitial valvular endocardium, liver, kidneys and lungs). W.S.E. stimulates precipitating antibody synthesis, skin reaction and lymphoblastic transformation of lymphocytes in vitro. Furthermore, rabbits develop tuberculin skin test and lymphocytic response to P.P.D. The intensity of inflammation in stimulated knee is in direct ratio to intensities of humoral and cellular immunological responses. On the contrary, the incidence of systemic lesions is in inverse ratio to immune responses and intensity of inflammation in stimulated knee.", "contents": "A new experimental model of systemic connective tissue disease in immunized rabbit. In rabbit, the immumizations with whole Mycobacterium Tuberculosis injected intradermally and its crude cytoplasmic W.S.E. injected intraarticulary induce not only a self-perpetuating synovitis in the stimulated knee but also chronic systemic lesions of connective tissue (non-stimulated knee, both shoulders, aortic artery adventitial valvular endocardium, liver, kidneys and lungs). W.S.E. stimulates precipitating antibody synthesis, skin reaction and lymphoblastic transformation of lymphocytes in vitro. Furthermore, rabbits develop tuberculin skin test and lymphocytic response to P.P.D. The intensity of inflammation in stimulated knee is in direct ratio to intensities of humoral and cellular immunological responses. On the contrary, the incidence of systemic lesions is in inverse ratio to immune responses and intensity of inflammation in stimulated knee.", "PMID": 96883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2399", "title": "[Physico-chemical properties of microbial antigens and the immuno-allergic tests].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs sensitized by the delayed and immediate types of allergy. Different antigens obtained from the strain of Brucella abortus BA-19 were used for sensitization and the resolving action. Comparison of the resolving properties of the corpuscular, soluble (ultrasound treated) antigens and purified protein fractions, polysaccharide and RNA was carried out in the skin reactions of the immediate and delayed type, passive skin anaphylaxis, acute anaphylactic shock, and the Schults-Dale test. Immediate reactions to the purified protein fraction were weaker than those to the whole soluble antigen, by which the animals were sensitized. Polysaccharide and the RNA-fractions proved to be inactive in the allergic reactions.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical properties of microbial antigens and the immuno-allergic tests]. Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs sensitized by the delayed and immediate types of allergy. Different antigens obtained from the strain of Brucella abortus BA-19 were used for sensitization and the resolving action. Comparison of the resolving properties of the corpuscular, soluble (ultrasound treated) antigens and purified protein fractions, polysaccharide and RNA was carried out in the skin reactions of the immediate and delayed type, passive skin anaphylaxis, acute anaphylactic shock, and the Schults-Dale test. Immediate reactions to the purified protein fraction were weaker than those to the whole soluble antigen, by which the animals were sensitized. Polysaccharide and the RNA-fractions proved to be inactive in the allergic reactions.", "PMID": 96888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2400", "title": "[Various aspects of transplacental blastomogenesis in rabbits].", "content": "Transplacental blastomogenic action of different carcinogenic agents (ethylnitrosourea--ENU), methylnitrosourea--MNU, dimethylbenzanthracene--DMBA, and benz(a)pyrene--BP) was studied in rabbits. As revealed, ENU had the greatest blastomogenic activity and an expressed neurotropic action. Relative tropism to different tissues characteristic of some carcinogenic agents during their action on adult organism was not always expressed in transplacental blastomogenesis, Study of the influence of different modifying factors (organospecific immunization, chronic irritation of the peripheral nerve, injection of the MNU) on the realization of transplacental blastomogenesis showed that their postnatal use stimulated mostly the appearance of the peripheral nerve timours in the offspring rabbits (MNU inhibited the development of tumours).", "contents": "[Various aspects of transplacental blastomogenesis in rabbits]. Transplacental blastomogenic action of different carcinogenic agents (ethylnitrosourea--ENU), methylnitrosourea--MNU, dimethylbenzanthracene--DMBA, and benz(a)pyrene--BP) was studied in rabbits. As revealed, ENU had the greatest blastomogenic activity and an expressed neurotropic action. Relative tropism to different tissues characteristic of some carcinogenic agents during their action on adult organism was not always expressed in transplacental blastomogenesis, Study of the influence of different modifying factors (organospecific immunization, chronic irritation of the peripheral nerve, injection of the MNU) on the realization of transplacental blastomogenesis showed that their postnatal use stimulated mostly the appearance of the peripheral nerve timours in the offspring rabbits (MNU inhibited the development of tumours).", "PMID": 96889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2401", "title": "[Nonspecificity of antiviral protein action].", "content": "The authors studied the antiviral activity of the informative RNA of antiviral protein (M-RNA AVP) isolated from the cells following superinduction of interferon in them for the purpose of ascertaining the action specificity of the product of their translation--AVP. Following the administration of M-RAN AVP a marked (from 1 to 5 lg PFU/mil) reduction of the infectious titres was observed in the homologous and heterologous cells. RNA preparations from control (noninduced) cells possessed a weak (0.4--0.1 lg PFU/mil) antiviral activity.", "contents": "[Nonspecificity of antiviral protein action]. The authors studied the antiviral activity of the informative RNA of antiviral protein (M-RNA AVP) isolated from the cells following superinduction of interferon in them for the purpose of ascertaining the action specificity of the product of their translation--AVP. Following the administration of M-RAN AVP a marked (from 1 to 5 lg PFU/mil) reduction of the infectious titres was observed in the homologous and heterologous cells. RNA preparations from control (noninduced) cells possessed a weak (0.4--0.1 lg PFU/mil) antiviral activity.", "PMID": 96890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2402", "title": "An investigation of a proposed linkage between the Rhesus and Gm systems.", "content": "An investigation of 1088 unrelated British people to look for an association between alleles of the Rhesus blood group system and those of the Gm system gave the result expected for totally independent loci.", "contents": "An investigation of a proposed linkage between the Rhesus and Gm systems. An investigation of 1088 unrelated British people to look for an association between alleles of the Rhesus blood group system and those of the Gm system gave the result expected for totally independent loci.", "PMID": 96892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2403", "title": "American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) in the Caribbean.", "content": "Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis) is endemic in nearly all Central and South American countries facing the Caribbean basin. Since 1960, reports from the islands of Aruba, Cura\u00e7ao, Jamaica, and Trinidad have confirmed the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi, blood-sucking triatomine bugs, and wild animals infected with the parasite. It was also established that T. cruzi, triatomine bugs, infected wild animal reservoirs, and people with a positive serologic test for T. cruzi antibodies are to be found in Belize, the last country in Central America once thought to be free of Chagas' disease.", "contents": "American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) in the Caribbean. Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis) is endemic in nearly all Central and South American countries facing the Caribbean basin. Since 1960, reports from the islands of Aruba, Cura\u00e7ao, Jamaica, and Trinidad have confirmed the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi, blood-sucking triatomine bugs, and wild animals infected with the parasite. It was also established that T. cruzi, triatomine bugs, infected wild animal reservoirs, and people with a positive serologic test for T. cruzi antibodies are to be found in Belize, the last country in Central America once thought to be free of Chagas' disease.", "PMID": 96895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2404", "title": "Pituitary responsiveness to LHRH and TRH in adolescent girls.", "content": "Puberty is characterized by a progressive maturation of the hypothalamus-pituitary gonadal axis which, in girls results in menarche. The first menstrual cycles are usually irregular and anovulatory, and the subtle positive and negative regulation of sex steroids on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis has probably not reached adult maturity. An investigation has been carried out in 99 normal adolescent girls, divided into 3 groups: 1-2, 3-4 and 5 years after menarche, by measuring basal hormonal values as well as the responses to LHRH and TRH during the follicular and luteal phases. Basal FSH and LH values reached adult levels after the second year of menarche, while FSH and LH responses to 50microgram LHRH showed a regular and progressive increase from 1 to 5 years post-menarche, resulting, in the 5-year group and in spite of the half dose received, in definitely higher FSH and LH responses than those observed in the adult women after 100 microgram LHRH. This enhanced pituitary responsiveness to LHRH is due to still progressively increasing estradiol and progesterone secretions, the latter hormone remaining still lower than in the adults. Basal prolactin levels were significantly higher than those found in adult women with a slightly increased prolactin response to TRH and an exaggerated one of TSH, with normal T3 and T4 levels. These data show that from the onset of menarche to the complex and subtle adult menstrual cycle regulation, there is a continuing maturation of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis of the gonads which lasts approximately 5 years. It is characterized by increasing E2 secretion, low progesterone secretion and slightly increased prolactin levels, with a frequently impaired luteal phase. The enhanced pituitary sensitivity to releasing hormones is due to the positive feedback mechanism of E2 which is not yet associated with adequate progesterone secretion for a negative feedback, as in adult women. Thus, adolescence is still a maturation period, the onset of ovulation being the final step in this development.", "contents": "Pituitary responsiveness to LHRH and TRH in adolescent girls. Puberty is characterized by a progressive maturation of the hypothalamus-pituitary gonadal axis which, in girls results in menarche. The first menstrual cycles are usually irregular and anovulatory, and the subtle positive and negative regulation of sex steroids on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis has probably not reached adult maturity. An investigation has been carried out in 99 normal adolescent girls, divided into 3 groups: 1-2, 3-4 and 5 years after menarche, by measuring basal hormonal values as well as the responses to LHRH and TRH during the follicular and luteal phases. Basal FSH and LH values reached adult levels after the second year of menarche, while FSH and LH responses to 50microgram LHRH showed a regular and progressive increase from 1 to 5 years post-menarche, resulting, in the 5-year group and in spite of the half dose received, in definitely higher FSH and LH responses than those observed in the adult women after 100 microgram LHRH. This enhanced pituitary responsiveness to LHRH is due to still progressively increasing estradiol and progesterone secretions, the latter hormone remaining still lower than in the adults. Basal prolactin levels were significantly higher than those found in adult women with a slightly increased prolactin response to TRH and an exaggerated one of TSH, with normal T3 and T4 levels. These data show that from the onset of menarche to the complex and subtle adult menstrual cycle regulation, there is a continuing maturation of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis of the gonads which lasts approximately 5 years. It is characterized by increasing E2 secretion, low progesterone secretion and slightly increased prolactin levels, with a frequently impaired luteal phase. The enhanced pituitary sensitivity to releasing hormones is due to the positive feedback mechanism of E2 which is not yet associated with adequate progesterone secretion for a negative feedback, as in adult women. Thus, adolescence is still a maturation period, the onset of ovulation being the final step in this development.", "PMID": 96896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2405", "title": "[Radioimmunological aspects of neuropeptides].", "content": "Immunological aspects of neurosecretory peptides are relevant to antibody generation, labelling of peptides for radioimmunoassays and in particular the metabolism of neuropeptides. Antibodies were generally produced by adsorption or polymerization (using different approaches and various coupling agents) of peptides with intrinsic antigenic molecules preceding their administration to recepient animals (rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and sheep) with adjuvants. Antibodies were also obtained by injecting peptides alone with or without adjuvants. However, independent of the recipient species, the highest specific or nonspecific antibody titers were obtained by the former method. Up to now, only 3H-peptides or 125I-peptides or derivatives were used as tracers in RIAs. Highest sensitivities were generally obtained when using 125I-peptides. However, 125I-peptides may be adsorbed (\"false titers\") to some antiserum with sufficient specificity in terms of displacement by structural analogues of the peptide but with a loss of sensitivity. Finally, large molecular forms, cross-reacting with the antibodies prepared with different methods and peptidasic activities must be taken into account. These topics are presented with data on LHRH, TRH and substance P derived from our experiments and from those of other investigators.", "contents": "[Radioimmunological aspects of neuropeptides]. Immunological aspects of neurosecretory peptides are relevant to antibody generation, labelling of peptides for radioimmunoassays and in particular the metabolism of neuropeptides. Antibodies were generally produced by adsorption or polymerization (using different approaches and various coupling agents) of peptides with intrinsic antigenic molecules preceding their administration to recepient animals (rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and sheep) with adjuvants. Antibodies were also obtained by injecting peptides alone with or without adjuvants. However, independent of the recipient species, the highest specific or nonspecific antibody titers were obtained by the former method. Up to now, only 3H-peptides or 125I-peptides or derivatives were used as tracers in RIAs. Highest sensitivities were generally obtained when using 125I-peptides. However, 125I-peptides may be adsorbed (\"false titers\") to some antiserum with sufficient specificity in terms of displacement by structural analogues of the peptide but with a loss of sensitivity. Finally, large molecular forms, cross-reacting with the antibodies prepared with different methods and peptidasic activities must be taken into account. These topics are presented with data on LHRH, TRH and substance P derived from our experiments and from those of other investigators.", "PMID": 96897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2406", "title": "Stimulation of acetylcholine output from brain slices caused by the ionophores BrX-537A and A23187.", "content": "1 The effect of two ionophores, BrX-537A (Bromolasolacid) and A 23187, on acetylcholine (ACh) output from brain slices was studied. 2 The slices were prepared from rat cerebral cortex, incubated in Krebs solution containing physostigmine and ACh output determined by bioassay. 3 Both ionophores enhanced ACh output. BrX-537A exerted its maximal effect, a six fold increase, at a concentration of 1.8 micron, while A 23187 caused a three fold increase at a concentration of 58 micron. 4 When the slices were incubated in a Ca-free medium, the effect of A 23187 on ACh output was only reduced, BrX-537A was abolished while that of BrX-537A was also active when disodium edetate (EDTA) was added to the the Ca-free medium. 5 The activity of BrX-537A was not affected by the presence of tetrodotoxin in the incubation medium. 6 The stimulation of ACh output elicited by KCl (25 mM) was increased further by hyoscine, but not by BrX-537A. Hyoscine however had no effect when ACh output was stimulated by BrX-537A. 7 The effect of BrX-537A on ACh output was potentiated by the addition of Mg2+ (9.3 mM) to the incubation medium and was reduced in a Mg-free medium. 8 It is concluded that A 23187 stimulates ACh output by transporting extracellular Ca2+ into cholinergic nerve endings. The effect of BrX-537A does not depend only on Ca2+ but also on other mechanisms.", "contents": "Stimulation of acetylcholine output from brain slices caused by the ionophores BrX-537A and A23187. 1 The effect of two ionophores, BrX-537A (Bromolasolacid) and A 23187, on acetylcholine (ACh) output from brain slices was studied. 2 The slices were prepared from rat cerebral cortex, incubated in Krebs solution containing physostigmine and ACh output determined by bioassay. 3 Both ionophores enhanced ACh output. BrX-537A exerted its maximal effect, a six fold increase, at a concentration of 1.8 micron, while A 23187 caused a three fold increase at a concentration of 58 micron. 4 When the slices were incubated in a Ca-free medium, the effect of A 23187 on ACh output was only reduced, BrX-537A was abolished while that of BrX-537A was also active when disodium edetate (EDTA) was added to the the Ca-free medium. 5 The activity of BrX-537A was not affected by the presence of tetrodotoxin in the incubation medium. 6 The stimulation of ACh output elicited by KCl (25 mM) was increased further by hyoscine, but not by BrX-537A. Hyoscine however had no effect when ACh output was stimulated by BrX-537A. 7 The effect of BrX-537A on ACh output was potentiated by the addition of Mg2+ (9.3 mM) to the incubation medium and was reduced in a Mg-free medium. 8 It is concluded that A 23187 stimulates ACh output by transporting extracellular Ca2+ into cholinergic nerve endings. The effect of BrX-537A does not depend only on Ca2+ but also on other mechanisms.", "PMID": 96898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2407", "title": "Diminished cellular immunity due to impaired nutrition in oesophageal carcinoma.", "content": "The nutritional status of 15 Negro patients suffering from unresectable carcinoma of the midthoracic oesophagus was evaluated before and after palliative pulsion intubation. All were shown to be in negative nitrogen balance and to have a compromised non-specific cellular immune response. Correction of protein-calorie malnutrition and the achievement of positive nitrogen balance were associated with an increase in absolute lymphocyte and T lymphocyte numbers and a significant increase in lymphocyte response to PHA. The improvement in immunological reactivity occurred without any attempt at therapeutic reduction in tumour bulk.", "contents": "Diminished cellular immunity due to impaired nutrition in oesophageal carcinoma. The nutritional status of 15 Negro patients suffering from unresectable carcinoma of the midthoracic oesophagus was evaluated before and after palliative pulsion intubation. All were shown to be in negative nitrogen balance and to have a compromised non-specific cellular immune response. Correction of protein-calorie malnutrition and the achievement of positive nitrogen balance were associated with an increase in absolute lymphocyte and T lymphocyte numbers and a significant increase in lymphocyte response to PHA. The improvement in immunological reactivity occurred without any attempt at therapeutic reduction in tumour bulk.", "PMID": 96903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2408", "title": "Vitamins in intravenous feeding: a study of water-soluble vitamins and folate in critically ill patients receiving intravenous nutrition.", "content": "Red cell B vitamins, folate and white cell vitamin C were measured in a group of critically ill surgical patients before and following a course of intravenous nutrition. Patients received a widely used vitamin supplementation regimen in the form of one ampoule of water-soluble vitamins daily and recommended doses of intramuscular folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin K weekly. This regimen was adequate to maintain tissue levels of the water-soluble vitamins and folate. Patients with initially low values had normal values at the end of the treatment period.", "contents": "Vitamins in intravenous feeding: a study of water-soluble vitamins and folate in critically ill patients receiving intravenous nutrition. Red cell B vitamins, folate and white cell vitamin C were measured in a group of critically ill surgical patients before and following a course of intravenous nutrition. Patients received a widely used vitamin supplementation regimen in the form of one ampoule of water-soluble vitamins daily and recommended doses of intramuscular folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin K weekly. This regimen was adequate to maintain tissue levels of the water-soluble vitamins and folate. Patients with initially low values had normal values at the end of the treatment period.", "PMID": 96904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2409", "title": "Muscle chemistry of critically ill surgical patients and the effects of a course of intravenous nutrition.", "content": "The water, electrolyte and nitrogen contents of muscle were measured in 15 critically ill surgical patients before and after a course (approximately 2 weeks) of intravenous nutrition and in 8 normal individuals. The muscle from the surgical patients contained a significantly increased ratio of water to fat-free dry weight (P less than 0.01) due to an increase in the proportion of extracellular to intracellular water, and this was not corrected by intravenous nutrition. These changes could be due to an accumulation of extracellular fluid alone or to a loss of cell cytoplasm or a loss of whole muscle fibres. Intracellular chemistry was normal in the ill surgical patients and was not changed by intravenous nutrition.", "contents": "Muscle chemistry of critically ill surgical patients and the effects of a course of intravenous nutrition. The water, electrolyte and nitrogen contents of muscle were measured in 15 critically ill surgical patients before and after a course (approximately 2 weeks) of intravenous nutrition and in 8 normal individuals. The muscle from the surgical patients contained a significantly increased ratio of water to fat-free dry weight (P less than 0.01) due to an increase in the proportion of extracellular to intracellular water, and this was not corrected by intravenous nutrition. These changes could be due to an accumulation of extracellular fluid alone or to a loss of cell cytoplasm or a loss of whole muscle fibres. Intracellular chemistry was normal in the ill surgical patients and was not changed by intravenous nutrition.", "PMID": 96905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2410", "title": "Effect of gastrointestinal hormone infusions of lower oesophageal competence of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The lower oesophageal high pressure zone (HPZ) was studied in 5 non-refluxing and 3 refluxing Rhesus monkeys. The changes in HPZ and reflux status in response to infusion of various doses of secretin, cholecystokinin and glucagon were measured in all animals, and, in the 5 non-refluxing monkeys, after oesophagogastrectomy with replacement of the lower oesophagus by a stomach tube. All three hormones consistently produced a transient decrease in the HPZ pressure. The only change in response following oesophagagastrectomy and gastric tube replacement was a significant delay in the response to each hormone. Neither hormone infusion nor operation altered gastro-oesophageal reflux status. It appears that lower oesophageal competence in primates is more dependent on the presence of narrow, muscular, intra-abdominal tube than on a specialized segment of the lower oesophagus.", "contents": "Effect of gastrointestinal hormone infusions of lower oesophageal competence of rhesus monkeys. The lower oesophageal high pressure zone (HPZ) was studied in 5 non-refluxing and 3 refluxing Rhesus monkeys. The changes in HPZ and reflux status in response to infusion of various doses of secretin, cholecystokinin and glucagon were measured in all animals, and, in the 5 non-refluxing monkeys, after oesophagogastrectomy with replacement of the lower oesophagus by a stomach tube. All three hormones consistently produced a transient decrease in the HPZ pressure. The only change in response following oesophagagastrectomy and gastric tube replacement was a significant delay in the response to each hormone. Neither hormone infusion nor operation altered gastro-oesophageal reflux status. It appears that lower oesophageal competence in primates is more dependent on the presence of narrow, muscular, intra-abdominal tube than on a specialized segment of the lower oesophagus.", "PMID": 96906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2411", "title": "Medical care in a tropical national reference and teaching hospital: outline study of cost-effectivenees.", "content": "During a 28-day prospective audit the cost-effectiveness of treatment in three types of medical wards in a large tropical teaching hospital was assessed. Patients with chronic diseases such as rheumatic heart disease were more expensive to treat than those with acute, curable illnesses such as malaria. It was concluded that the cost of providing treatment could not be reduced without affecting standards of medical care. The expense of running such a hospital might also be justified by its importnat function as a teaching hospital.", "contents": "Medical care in a tropical national reference and teaching hospital: outline study of cost-effectivenees. During a 28-day prospective audit the cost-effectiveness of treatment in three types of medical wards in a large tropical teaching hospital was assessed. Patients with chronic diseases such as rheumatic heart disease were more expensive to treat than those with acute, curable illnesses such as malaria. It was concluded that the cost of providing treatment could not be reduced without affecting standards of medical care. The expense of running such a hospital might also be justified by its importnat function as a teaching hospital.", "PMID": 96907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2412", "title": "Prevention of Rh haemolytic disease.", "content": "Between 1970 and 1976 in the Yorkshire region the incidence of Rh antibodies in Rh-negative pregnant women fell by 70%. This decrease occurred in both old (long-standing) and new (first-affected) cases, which emphasised that the reduction in numbers was as much due to fewer pregnancies among Rh-negative mothers as to administration of anti-D immunoglobulin. Nevertheless, the incidence has begun to level out. The continued incidence of first-affected cases is caused by three main factors: failure of administration of anti-D immunoglobulin after normal deliveries and abortions; a steady incidence of antibodies in primigravidae; and cases in which administration of anti-D immunoglobulin had failed to protect. Administering anti-D antenatally might reduce the incidence of new cases among primigravidae who are sensitised before anti-D is normally given. Even without routine antenatal administration of anti-D, the incidence of severely affected Rh babies in the Yorkshire region could be reduced to one or two isolated cases a year in a population of three to four million by administering anti-D after all Rh-negative deliveries and after every abortion.", "contents": "Prevention of Rh haemolytic disease. Between 1970 and 1976 in the Yorkshire region the incidence of Rh antibodies in Rh-negative pregnant women fell by 70%. This decrease occurred in both old (long-standing) and new (first-affected) cases, which emphasised that the reduction in numbers was as much due to fewer pregnancies among Rh-negative mothers as to administration of anti-D immunoglobulin. Nevertheless, the incidence has begun to level out. The continued incidence of first-affected cases is caused by three main factors: failure of administration of anti-D immunoglobulin after normal deliveries and abortions; a steady incidence of antibodies in primigravidae; and cases in which administration of anti-D immunoglobulin had failed to protect. Administering anti-D antenatally might reduce the incidence of new cases among primigravidae who are sensitised before anti-D is normally given. Even without routine antenatal administration of anti-D, the incidence of severely affected Rh babies in the Yorkshire region could be reduced to one or two isolated cases a year in a population of three to four million by administering anti-D after all Rh-negative deliveries and after every abortion.", "PMID": 96908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2413", "title": "Pressure enhancement of the depressant effect of halothane on cilial beat.", "content": "In order to test the applicability of the critical volume hypothesis of anaesthetic action to the side effects of anaesthesia, we have studied the pressure-anaesthetic interactions on cilial beat. The swimming speed of Tetrahymena pyriformis was determined at one and 137 atmospheres with 0 to 4 per cent halothane. The pressure and anaesthetic effects were synergistic with the halothane dose-response curve being shifted to the left and increased in slope at the high pressure, although high pressure alone had no significant effect. These results are contrary to the predictions of the critical volume hypothesis and appear to demarcate the narcotic effect of anaesthetics from the type of molecular interaction which is concerned in the effect on cilial beat.", "contents": "Pressure enhancement of the depressant effect of halothane on cilial beat. In order to test the applicability of the critical volume hypothesis of anaesthetic action to the side effects of anaesthesia, we have studied the pressure-anaesthetic interactions on cilial beat. The swimming speed of Tetrahymena pyriformis was determined at one and 137 atmospheres with 0 to 4 per cent halothane. The pressure and anaesthetic effects were synergistic with the halothane dose-response curve being shifted to the left and increased in slope at the high pressure, although high pressure alone had no significant effect. These results are contrary to the predictions of the critical volume hypothesis and appear to demarcate the narcotic effect of anaesthetics from the type of molecular interaction which is concerned in the effect on cilial beat.", "PMID": 96918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2414", "title": "Amino acid sequence alignment of bacterial and mammalian pancreatic serine proteases based on topological equivalences.", "content": "The three-dimensional structures of the bacterial serine proteases SGPA, SGPB, and alpha-lytic protease have been compared with those of the pancreatic enzymes alpha-chymotrypsin and elastase. This comparison shows that approximately 60% (55-64%) of the alpha-carbon atom positions of the bacterial serine proteases are topologically equivalent to the alpha-carbon atom positions of the pancreatic enzymes. The corresponding value for a comparison of the bacterial enzymes among themselves is approximately 84%. The results of these topological comparisons have been used to deduce an experimentally sound sequence alignment for these several enzymes. This alignment shows that there is extensive tertiary structural homology among the bacteria and pancreatic enzymes without significant primary sequence identity (less than 21%). The acquisition of a zymogen function by the pancreatic enzymes is accompanied by two major changes to the bacterial enzymes' architecture: an insertion of 9 residues to increase the length of the N-terminal loop, and one of 12 residues to a loop near the activation salt bridge. In addition, in these two enzyme families, the methionine loop (residues 164-182) adopts very different comformations which are associated with their altered substrate specificities.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence alignment of bacterial and mammalian pancreatic serine proteases based on topological equivalences. The three-dimensional structures of the bacterial serine proteases SGPA, SGPB, and alpha-lytic protease have been compared with those of the pancreatic enzymes alpha-chymotrypsin and elastase. This comparison shows that approximately 60% (55-64%) of the alpha-carbon atom positions of the bacterial serine proteases are topologically equivalent to the alpha-carbon atom positions of the pancreatic enzymes. The corresponding value for a comparison of the bacterial enzymes among themselves is approximately 84%. The results of these topological comparisons have been used to deduce an experimentally sound sequence alignment for these several enzymes. This alignment shows that there is extensive tertiary structural homology among the bacteria and pancreatic enzymes without significant primary sequence identity (less than 21%). The acquisition of a zymogen function by the pancreatic enzymes is accompanied by two major changes to the bacterial enzymes' architecture: an insertion of 9 residues to increase the length of the N-terminal loop, and one of 12 residues to a loop near the activation salt bridge. In addition, in these two enzyme families, the methionine loop (residues 164-182) adopts very different comformations which are associated with their altered substrate specificities.", "PMID": 96920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2415", "title": "Role of pyridoxine in the metabolism of putrescine in the rat.", "content": "1. The ability of rats to metabolize radioactive putrescine to 14CO2 in vivo has been studied. 2. Animals made deficient in pyridoxine exhibit a significantly lower rate of catabolism of the diamine. 3. There dose not appear to be an important interaction between the effects of the deficiency and those stemming from treatment of the animals with the diamine oxidase inhibitor aminoguanidine. 4. These results favour the concept of a role of pyridoxal cofactor in the metabolism of diamines, presumably at the diamine oxidase stage.", "contents": "Role of pyridoxine in the metabolism of putrescine in the rat. 1. The ability of rats to metabolize radioactive putrescine to 14CO2 in vivo has been studied. 2. Animals made deficient in pyridoxine exhibit a significantly lower rate of catabolism of the diamine. 3. There dose not appear to be an important interaction between the effects of the deficiency and those stemming from treatment of the animals with the diamine oxidase inhibitor aminoguanidine. 4. These results favour the concept of a role of pyridoxal cofactor in the metabolism of diamines, presumably at the diamine oxidase stage.", "PMID": 96921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2416", "title": "The purification and properties of valine tRNAs of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The valine transfer ribonucleic acids of Drosophila melanogaster have been purified by column chromatography on BD-cellulose, Sepharose 6B, and RPC-5. Three major species were analyzed for base composition and coding properties. Valyl-tRNAVal3a binds strongly to ribosomes in the presence of GUA and to a lesser extent with GUU and GUG. Valyl-tRNAVal3b binds strongly in the presence of GUG and very poorly if at all with the other three triplets whereas valvyl-tRNAVal4, which contains inosine, binds strongly in the presence of GUU, GUC, and GUA and weakly with GUG.", "contents": "The purification and properties of valine tRNAs of Drosophila melanogaster. The valine transfer ribonucleic acids of Drosophila melanogaster have been purified by column chromatography on BD-cellulose, Sepharose 6B, and RPC-5. Three major species were analyzed for base composition and coding properties. Valyl-tRNAVal3a binds strongly to ribosomes in the presence of GUA and to a lesser extent with GUU and GUG. Valyl-tRNAVal3b binds strongly in the presence of GUG and very poorly if at all with the other three triplets whereas valvyl-tRNAVal4, which contains inosine, binds strongly in the presence of GUU, GUC, and GUA and weakly with GUG.", "PMID": 96923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2417", "title": "The primary structure of staphylococcal protease.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of staphylococcal protease has been determined by analysis of tryptic peptides obtained from cyanogen bromide fragments. Selected peptides obtained from digests with staphylococcal protease, thermolysin, and chymotrypsin provided the information necessary to align the tryptic peptides and the cyanogen bromide fragments. The protease is a single polypeptide chain of some 250 amino acids and is devoid of sulfhydryl groups. The COOH-terminal tryptic peptide of of the protease molecule contains some 43 residues, most of which are aspartic acids, asparagines, and prolines. The amino acid sequence of this peptide was not determined. The primary structure near the active serine residue indicates that staphylococcal protease is related to the pancreatic serine proteases. However, it has little or no additional sequence homologies with these enzymes except for the regions near histidine-50 and aspartic acid - 91. These regions have striking similarities with the corresponding regions of protease B and the trypsin-like enzyme of Streptomyces griseus.", "contents": "The primary structure of staphylococcal protease. The amino acid sequence of staphylococcal protease has been determined by analysis of tryptic peptides obtained from cyanogen bromide fragments. Selected peptides obtained from digests with staphylococcal protease, thermolysin, and chymotrypsin provided the information necessary to align the tryptic peptides and the cyanogen bromide fragments. The protease is a single polypeptide chain of some 250 amino acids and is devoid of sulfhydryl groups. The COOH-terminal tryptic peptide of of the protease molecule contains some 43 residues, most of which are aspartic acids, asparagines, and prolines. The amino acid sequence of this peptide was not determined. The primary structure near the active serine residue indicates that staphylococcal protease is related to the pancreatic serine proteases. However, it has little or no additional sequence homologies with these enzymes except for the regions near histidine-50 and aspartic acid - 91. These regions have striking similarities with the corresponding regions of protease B and the trypsin-like enzyme of Streptomyces griseus.", "PMID": 96922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2418", "title": "Experimental polychlorinated biphenyl toxicosis in germfree pigs.", "content": "The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls were studied in eight germfree pigs. Beginning at fourteen days of age, two pigs each  were fed daily 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of polychlorinated biphenyls as Aroclor 1254. Three germfree pigs were negative controls. Clinically the treated pigs had inappetance, a hemorrhagic diarrhea, erythema of the nose and the anus, retarded growth, distended abdomen and at the higher dose levels, incoordination and coma followed by death. Deaths occurred in 11 to 35 days after exposure. At necropsy, the piglets exhibited grossly enlarged mottled liver, erosions of the gastric mucosa, hemorrhages through the mesentery and the intestinal wall, a fibrinous pericarditis, a hypoplastic thymus and congested swollen thyroid glands. The histopathological lesions included hepatic centrolobular necrosis, interstitial myocarditis, endocarditis, myopathy of the muscles, gastric erosions and colitis. All of the organs examined for polychlorinated biphenyls had elevated residue levels which were particularly high in the fat, liver, psoas muscle, brain and kidney and were higher than has been reported in conventional pigs fed approximately equal concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls. The severity of clinical signs, pathological changes and tissue concentrations were directly related to the dose administered and were more pronounced in the germfree pigs than has been described in conventional pigs.", "contents": "Experimental polychlorinated biphenyl toxicosis in germfree pigs. The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls were studied in eight germfree pigs. Beginning at fourteen days of age, two pigs each  were fed daily 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of polychlorinated biphenyls as Aroclor 1254. Three germfree pigs were negative controls. Clinically the treated pigs had inappetance, a hemorrhagic diarrhea, erythema of the nose and the anus, retarded growth, distended abdomen and at the higher dose levels, incoordination and coma followed by death. Deaths occurred in 11 to 35 days after exposure. At necropsy, the piglets exhibited grossly enlarged mottled liver, erosions of the gastric mucosa, hemorrhages through the mesentery and the intestinal wall, a fibrinous pericarditis, a hypoplastic thymus and congested swollen thyroid glands. The histopathological lesions included hepatic centrolobular necrosis, interstitial myocarditis, endocarditis, myopathy of the muscles, gastric erosions and colitis. All of the organs examined for polychlorinated biphenyls had elevated residue levels which were particularly high in the fat, liver, psoas muscle, brain and kidney and were higher than has been reported in conventional pigs fed approximately equal concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls. The severity of clinical signs, pathological changes and tissue concentrations were directly related to the dose administered and were more pronounced in the germfree pigs than has been described in conventional pigs.", "PMID": 96924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2419", "title": "San Miguel sea lion virus fed to mink and pigs.", "content": "Mink became infected with San Miguel sea lion virus when fed ground meat from seal carcasses showing vesicular-like lesions in the skin. The mink also contracted the infection when they were fed San Miguel sea lion virus infected pig meat or cell culture propagated virus. San Miguel sea lion virus infection in mink was inapparent but the virus was isolated from blood and rectal swabs. Pigs treated similarly with the same virus preparations given to mink developed a severe vesicular disease syndrome similar to that produced by vesicular exanthema of swine. In a separate trial, pigs fed a large sample of commercial ground seal meat did not develop disease signs or antibodies. Further work is needed to assess the hazard of introducing San Miguel sea lion virus into swine on the same premises when potentially San Miguel sea lion virus infective seal meat is fed to mink.", "contents": "San Miguel sea lion virus fed to mink and pigs. Mink became infected with San Miguel sea lion virus when fed ground meat from seal carcasses showing vesicular-like lesions in the skin. The mink also contracted the infection when they were fed San Miguel sea lion virus infected pig meat or cell culture propagated virus. San Miguel sea lion virus infection in mink was inapparent but the virus was isolated from blood and rectal swabs. Pigs treated similarly with the same virus preparations given to mink developed a severe vesicular disease syndrome similar to that produced by vesicular exanthema of swine. In a separate trial, pigs fed a large sample of commercial ground seal meat did not develop disease signs or antibodies. Further work is needed to assess the hazard of introducing San Miguel sea lion virus into swine on the same premises when potentially San Miguel sea lion virus infective seal meat is fed to mink.", "PMID": 96925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2420", "title": "Spinal reflexes as a basis for tremor in the premammillary cat.", "content": "A maintained tremor observed in premammillary cats has been studied by varying the load attached to the soleus muscle, by electrical recording, and stimulation. The frequency and amplitude of the tremor varies widely with changes in elastic or inertial loading (springs or flywheels). These variations agree well with predictions based on the idea that the tremor is maintained by relfexes reinforcing a tendency for oscillation in a mass-spring system (which includes the elasticity of the muscle). Spinal stretch reflexes are probably responsible since a relatively fixed delay of 8.5 +/- 2.9 ms is observed between the peaks of recorded afferent and electromyographic activity. Stimulation of the lateral gastrocnemius--soleus nerve completely resets the tremor, again suggesting a reflex origin.", "contents": "Spinal reflexes as a basis for tremor in the premammillary cat. A maintained tremor observed in premammillary cats has been studied by varying the load attached to the soleus muscle, by electrical recording, and stimulation. The frequency and amplitude of the tremor varies widely with changes in elastic or inertial loading (springs or flywheels). These variations agree well with predictions based on the idea that the tremor is maintained by relfexes reinforcing a tendency for oscillation in a mass-spring system (which includes the elasticity of the muscle). Spinal stretch reflexes are probably responsible since a relatively fixed delay of 8.5 +/- 2.9 ms is observed between the peaks of recorded afferent and electromyographic activity. Stimulation of the lateral gastrocnemius--soleus nerve completely resets the tremor, again suggesting a reflex origin.", "PMID": 96926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2421", "title": "Biological nitrogen fixation in the terrestrial environment of a high Arctic ecosystem (Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, N.W.T.).", "content": "Arranged in descending order of nitrogen-fixing (acetylene-reducing) potential the sites examined were mesic meadow and peat polygon troughs (equal rank), transition zone between mesic meadow and gravel ridge, gravel ridge, polar dessert, and peat polygon tops. The dominant nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, as in other Arctic areas, were blue-green bacteria, especially those epiphytic on Arctic mosses. The epiphytic association exhibited an optimum temperature for fixation of 20 degrees C. Other bacteria potentially able to fix nitrogen were present in the soils examined but their activity was severely restricted by low soil temperatures and lack of readily utilizable energy sources. These bacteria included members of the genera Klebsiella (the most numerous), Bacillus, Clostridium, and Beijerinckia (scarce). Also present at many of the sites was an unidentified yellow-pigmented fixer which was not Mycobacterium flavum. All fixers were psychotrophic rather than psychrophilic, having an optimum temperature greater than 20 degrees C but capable of slow growth at 5 degrees C or lower. The rate of acetylene reduction by the epiphytic system increased with the number of successive exposures to acetylene, a phenomenon of some significance in any calculations designed to measure the amount of nitrogen fixed in certain ecosystems.", "contents": "Biological nitrogen fixation in the terrestrial environment of a high Arctic ecosystem (Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, N.W.T.). Arranged in descending order of nitrogen-fixing (acetylene-reducing) potential the sites examined were mesic meadow and peat polygon troughs (equal rank), transition zone between mesic meadow and gravel ridge, gravel ridge, polar dessert, and peat polygon tops. The dominant nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, as in other Arctic areas, were blue-green bacteria, especially those epiphytic on Arctic mosses. The epiphytic association exhibited an optimum temperature for fixation of 20 degrees C. Other bacteria potentially able to fix nitrogen were present in the soils examined but their activity was severely restricted by low soil temperatures and lack of readily utilizable energy sources. These bacteria included members of the genera Klebsiella (the most numerous), Bacillus, Clostridium, and Beijerinckia (scarce). Also present at many of the sites was an unidentified yellow-pigmented fixer which was not Mycobacterium flavum. All fixers were psychotrophic rather than psychrophilic, having an optimum temperature greater than 20 degrees C but capable of slow growth at 5 degrees C or lower. The rate of acetylene reduction by the epiphytic system increased with the number of successive exposures to acetylene, a phenomenon of some significance in any calculations designed to measure the amount of nitrogen fixed in certain ecosystems.", "PMID": 96927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2422", "title": "Antigenic variation and increase in pathogenicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a result of growth on glucose or N-hexadecane as sole carbon source.", "content": "When Pseudomonas aeruginosa is grown on glucose as opposed to n-hexadecane as the sole carbon source, the antigenicity, virulence, and protein composition of the outer membrane are altered. The hydrocarbon-grown cells demonstrate a 3-log increase in virulence over the glucose-grown cells (in mice). There also appears to be an additional protein present in the outer membrane of the n-hexadecane-grown cells. This protein may contribute to the observed antigenic differences between the two cell types.", "contents": "Antigenic variation and increase in pathogenicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a result of growth on glucose or N-hexadecane as sole carbon source. When Pseudomonas aeruginosa is grown on glucose as opposed to n-hexadecane as the sole carbon source, the antigenicity, virulence, and protein composition of the outer membrane are altered. The hydrocarbon-grown cells demonstrate a 3-log increase in virulence over the glucose-grown cells (in mice). There also appears to be an additional protein present in the outer membrane of the n-hexadecane-grown cells. This protein may contribute to the observed antigenic differences between the two cell types.", "PMID": 96928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2423", "title": "Studies on transfer RNA from mycobacteria.", "content": "Active preparations of tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been isolated from exponentially growing cells of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Though the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases of older cells retain their activity, the tRNAs seem to undergo modification and show poorer activity. The mycobacterial enzyme preparations catalyse homologous and heterologous aminoacylation between tRNA from the two species (M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis H37Rv) or from Escherichia coli, with equal efficiency; tRNA samples from eukaryotic cells (yeast and rat liver) do not serve as substrates for the mycobacterial synthetases. The analytical separation of the different amino acid specific tRNAs from M. smegmatis resembles the pattern found in other bacteria. Purification of valine- (three species) and methionine-specific tRNA (two species) to 70-80% purity has been accomplished by using column-chromatographic techniques. Of the two species of tRNAMet, one can be formylated in the presence of formyl tetrahydrofolate and the transformylase from mycobacteria.", "contents": "Studies on transfer RNA from mycobacteria. Active preparations of tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been isolated from exponentially growing cells of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Though the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases of older cells retain their activity, the tRNAs seem to undergo modification and show poorer activity. The mycobacterial enzyme preparations catalyse homologous and heterologous aminoacylation between tRNA from the two species (M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis H37Rv) or from Escherichia coli, with equal efficiency; tRNA samples from eukaryotic cells (yeast and rat liver) do not serve as substrates for the mycobacterial synthetases. The analytical separation of the different amino acid specific tRNAs from M. smegmatis resembles the pattern found in other bacteria. Purification of valine- (three species) and methionine-specific tRNA (two species) to 70-80% purity has been accomplished by using column-chromatographic techniques. Of the two species of tRNAMet, one can be formylated in the presence of formyl tetrahydrofolate and the transformylase from mycobacteria.", "PMID": 96929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2424", "title": "Test for differentiation of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis from other mycobacteria.", "content": "A test is described for selective inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis isolates in fluid medium. The method employs rho-nitro-alpha-acetyl-amino-beta-hydroxy-propiophenone (NAP) as an inhibitory agent for differentiation of mammalian tuberculosis strains from other Mycobacteria.", "contents": "Test for differentiation of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis from other mycobacteria. A test is described for selective inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis isolates in fluid medium. The method employs rho-nitro-alpha-acetyl-amino-beta-hydroxy-propiophenone (NAP) as an inhibitory agent for differentiation of mammalian tuberculosis strains from other Mycobacteria.", "PMID": 96930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2425", "title": "Timing of the electroretinogram response and dark adaptation.", "content": "The time response of the Electroretinogram (ERG) is an essential part of the examination. Peak time of response increases with dark adaptation and decreases with the intensity of stimulation. When working with constant amplitude during dark adaptation sensitivity increases but the intensity of stimulation decreases. It is essential to clarify the relationship of these two factors for valid interpretation of results. The present work suggests that the state of adaptation or retinal sensitivity affects amplitude, while peak time of the response is modified by the absolute value of the stimulating source whatever the state of adaptation. This observation has been done on rod responses and is valid as long as pigments remain unbleached and able to respond.", "contents": "Timing of the electroretinogram response and dark adaptation. The time response of the Electroretinogram (ERG) is an essential part of the examination. Peak time of response increases with dark adaptation and decreases with the intensity of stimulation. When working with constant amplitude during dark adaptation sensitivity increases but the intensity of stimulation decreases. It is essential to clarify the relationship of these two factors for valid interpretation of results. The present work suggests that the state of adaptation or retinal sensitivity affects amplitude, while peak time of the response is modified by the absolute value of the stimulating source whatever the state of adaptation. This observation has been done on rod responses and is valid as long as pigments remain unbleached and able to respond.", "PMID": 96931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2426", "title": "Inflammatory, tumor initiating and promoting activities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diterpene esters in mouse skin as compared with their prostaglandin releasing potency in vitro.", "content": "Release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in cultured peritoneal macrophages of NMRI mice by skin irritant tumor initiators and promoters was investigated. Initiators of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon type, e.g., DMBA, caused slight irritation on the mouse ear but even relatively high doses did not stimulate PGE2-release to any measurable extent within 4 h after administration in vitro. Apparently there is no correlation between irritation and initiating activity in mouse skin and PGE2-release in macrophages. On the other hand, promoters of the diterpene ester type, e.g., TPA, were strong irritants on the mouse ear. Even low doses of these compounds stimulated PGE2-release from macrophages dramatically within 1 h after administration in vitro. Moreover, a good correlation was established between irritant and promoting activity in mouse skin and PGE2-release in macrophages of a series of tigliane, ingenane and daphnane type diterpene derivatives. These results suggest that also in mouse skin PGE2-release may occur following exposure of the target cells to promoters of the diterpene ester type resembling one of the most early molecular events of promotion. This event could initiate both skin irritation and cell proliferation.", "contents": "Inflammatory, tumor initiating and promoting activities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diterpene esters in mouse skin as compared with their prostaglandin releasing potency in vitro. Release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in cultured peritoneal macrophages of NMRI mice by skin irritant tumor initiators and promoters was investigated. Initiators of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon type, e.g., DMBA, caused slight irritation on the mouse ear but even relatively high doses did not stimulate PGE2-release to any measurable extent within 4 h after administration in vitro. Apparently there is no correlation between irritation and initiating activity in mouse skin and PGE2-release in macrophages. On the other hand, promoters of the diterpene ester type, e.g., TPA, were strong irritants on the mouse ear. Even low doses of these compounds stimulated PGE2-release from macrophages dramatically within 1 h after administration in vitro. Moreover, a good correlation was established between irritant and promoting activity in mouse skin and PGE2-release in macrophages of a series of tigliane, ingenane and daphnane type diterpene derivatives. These results suggest that also in mouse skin PGE2-release may occur following exposure of the target cells to promoters of the diterpene ester type resembling one of the most early molecular events of promotion. This event could initiate both skin irritation and cell proliferation.", "PMID": 96935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2427", "title": "[Cochliatoxum periachtum Gassovsky, 1919, entodinimorphic Ciliate of the horse digestive tract].", "content": "The topography of Cochliatoxum periachtum is studied. The cuticle is very thick. The digestive, nuclear and excretory systems are located in the ectoplasm, they are not surrounded by the mesoplasm. The endoplasm is very large, it contains vegetable inclusions. By the features of its topography, this species is similar to some species belonging to the Family Ophryoscolescidae and, especially, to Eudiplodinium giganteum.", "contents": "[Cochliatoxum periachtum Gassovsky, 1919, entodinimorphic Ciliate of the horse digestive tract]. The topography of Cochliatoxum periachtum is studied. The cuticle is very thick. The digestive, nuclear and excretory systems are located in the ectoplasm, they are not surrounded by the mesoplasm. The endoplasm is very large, it contains vegetable inclusions. By the features of its topography, this species is similar to some species belonging to the Family Ophryoscolescidae and, especially, to Eudiplodinium giganteum.", "PMID": 96938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2428", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the endoplasm of ophryoscolescides].", "content": "The digestive system of the Ophryoscolescides includes different parts : the adoral ciliary zone, the cytostome, the oesophagus, the endoplasm, the rectum and the anus. The endoplasm appears as a digestive sack surrounded by the mesoplasm. This fibrillary envelop separates it from the ectoplasm. It's in the endoplasm that the mechanism of the digestion develops. The endoplasm contains many different structures. It includes macrovesicles of three types, bacteria, plant-particles, microvesicles of two types, ergastoplasm, polysaccharides, the Golgi apparatus and fibrils. The macrovesicles of the first and the second type are not to be found simultaneously in the same endoplasm. The macrovesicles of the third type, very few in number, are different of the previous ones by their double membrane and their denser granulations. Large-sized vesicles contain bacteria at different stadia of digestion. At the end of the digestion, the bacteria are completely or partially degraded. The plant-particles ingested by the Ciliate are to be found in the endoplasm, surrounded by a vesicle. A first type of microvesicles are found in the oesophagus and in the rectum. They are distinguished by a deep black coloration of variable shape. Another type of microvesicles is also present in the endoplasm. They are small bright vesicles that can bud from large-sized vesicles. In the endoplasm the ergastoplasmic lamellae and rings are easily recognizable thanks to the ribosomes, that edge their external membrane. The ribosomes are also situated along the mesoplasm, around polysaccharidic grains and in small groups between the other endoplasmic elements. The polysaccharidic grains are netting-needle shaped bodies. Noirot-Timothee confers them a reserve function. The Golgi apparatus includes eight to eleven saccules. The extremities of those saccules present swellings or golgian ampullae. The endoplasm is also strewn with fibrillary structures that, cross-section are arranged in groups of four or five tubules. This type of endoplasm is found in Ophryoscolescides taken from a ruminant that has been fasting for several hours. In some individuals the endoplasm can have a totally different aspect. It is filled with vesicles of quite different sizes and shapes. The localization test of the acid phosphatase reveals, in this type of endoplasm, lead deposits. These vesicles are probably autophagic vesicles.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the endoplasm of ophryoscolescides]. The digestive system of the Ophryoscolescides includes different parts : the adoral ciliary zone, the cytostome, the oesophagus, the endoplasm, the rectum and the anus. The endoplasm appears as a digestive sack surrounded by the mesoplasm. This fibrillary envelop separates it from the ectoplasm. It's in the endoplasm that the mechanism of the digestion develops. The endoplasm contains many different structures. It includes macrovesicles of three types, bacteria, plant-particles, microvesicles of two types, ergastoplasm, polysaccharides, the Golgi apparatus and fibrils. The macrovesicles of the first and the second type are not to be found simultaneously in the same endoplasm. The macrovesicles of the third type, very few in number, are different of the previous ones by their double membrane and their denser granulations. Large-sized vesicles contain bacteria at different stadia of digestion. At the end of the digestion, the bacteria are completely or partially degraded. The plant-particles ingested by the Ciliate are to be found in the endoplasm, surrounded by a vesicle. A first type of microvesicles are found in the oesophagus and in the rectum. They are distinguished by a deep black coloration of variable shape. Another type of microvesicles is also present in the endoplasm. They are small bright vesicles that can bud from large-sized vesicles. In the endoplasm the ergastoplasmic lamellae and rings are easily recognizable thanks to the ribosomes, that edge their external membrane. The ribosomes are also situated along the mesoplasm, around polysaccharidic grains and in small groups between the other endoplasmic elements. The polysaccharidic grains are netting-needle shaped bodies. Noirot-Timothee confers them a reserve function. The Golgi apparatus includes eight to eleven saccules. The extremities of those saccules present swellings or golgian ampullae. The endoplasm is also strewn with fibrillary structures that, cross-section are arranged in groups of four or five tubules. This type of endoplasm is found in Ophryoscolescides taken from a ruminant that has been fasting for several hours. In some individuals the endoplasm can have a totally different aspect. It is filled with vesicles of quite different sizes and shapes. The localization test of the acid phosphatase reveals, in this type of endoplasm, lead deposits. These vesicles are probably autophagic vesicles.", "PMID": 96939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2429", "title": "Qualitative alterations in plasma esterases in BALB/c mice following the administration of diethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Selected non-specific plasma esterases in female BALB/c mice, separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were qualitatively altered following treatment of the mice with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). These alterations include a decreased preference for naphthyl butyrate as a substrate relative to naphthyl acetate; decreased sensitivity to enhancement by divalent cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2; and an increased sensitivity to inhibition by eserine. All esterase species affected were also quantitatively altered and some were testosterone-dependent.", "contents": "Qualitative alterations in plasma esterases in BALB/c mice following the administration of diethylnitrosamine. Selected non-specific plasma esterases in female BALB/c mice, separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were qualitatively altered following treatment of the mice with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). These alterations include a decreased preference for naphthyl butyrate as a substrate relative to naphthyl acetate; decreased sensitivity to enhancement by divalent cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2; and an increased sensitivity to inhibition by eserine. All esterase species affected were also quantitatively altered and some were testosterone-dependent.", "PMID": 96943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2430", "title": "The rabbit pulmonary monooxygenase system: characteristics and activities of two forms of pulmonary cytochrome P-450.", "content": "Two forms of rabbit pulmonary cytochrome P-450 have been characterized spectrally and their activities in reconstituted monooxygenase systems investigated. The presence of both microsomal phospholipids and sodium cholate was required to obtain optimum activity. Only one of the cytochromes (I) was active in the N-demethylation of benzphetamine and the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin. However, cytochrome II was 20% more active than cytochrome I in the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene. The profile of the metabolites formed from benzo[a]pyrene indicated that metabolism at the 9 and 10 positions was insignificant in the case of cytochrome I but represented about 40% of the metabolites produced by cytochrome II. The two forms of the cytochrome are present in pulmonary microsomes in approximately equal amounts.", "contents": "The rabbit pulmonary monooxygenase system: characteristics and activities of two forms of pulmonary cytochrome P-450. Two forms of rabbit pulmonary cytochrome P-450 have been characterized spectrally and their activities in reconstituted monooxygenase systems investigated. The presence of both microsomal phospholipids and sodium cholate was required to obtain optimum activity. Only one of the cytochromes (I) was active in the N-demethylation of benzphetamine and the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin. However, cytochrome II was 20% more active than cytochrome I in the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene. The profile of the metabolites formed from benzo[a]pyrene indicated that metabolism at the 9 and 10 positions was insignificant in the case of cytochrome I but represented about 40% of the metabolites produced by cytochrome II. The two forms of the cytochrome are present in pulmonary microsomes in approximately equal amounts.", "PMID": 96944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2431", "title": "Lipids of the Streptomycettes. Structural investigation and biological interrelation a review.", "content": "During a systematic investigation of lipids of Streptomycetes a series of compounds of biochemical and microbiological interest have been isolated and characterized. These include several menaquinones, glycosyl diglycerides (glucuronosyl and isoladobinosym diglycerides), two ornithino lipids and a diol phospholipid. Some of these lipids were not known previously as constituents of streptomycete cells although they have been encountered elsewhere; others have proved to be novel lipids. The results of structural studies of these lipids are reviewed and some of their possible biological functions are discussed.", "contents": "Lipids of the Streptomycettes. Structural investigation and biological interrelation a review. During a systematic investigation of lipids of Streptomycetes a series of compounds of biochemical and microbiological interest have been isolated and characterized. These include several menaquinones, glycosyl diglycerides (glucuronosyl and isoladobinosym diglycerides), two ornithino lipids and a diol phospholipid. Some of these lipids were not known previously as constituents of streptomycete cells although they have been encountered elsewhere; others have proved to be novel lipids. The results of structural studies of these lipids are reviewed and some of their possible biological functions are discussed.", "PMID": 96946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2432", "title": "Single-radial-complement-fixation: a new immunodiffusion technique. Assay of the antibody response to the type-specific antigens of influenza virus in post-infection human sera.", "content": "A new immunodiffusion technique in agarose gel for the quantification of complement-fixing antibodies is described. The test involves the incorporation of antigen and complement in a primary agarose gel. Heat-inactivated serum samples are allowed to diffuse radially from wells overnight at 4 degrees C. A secondary gel, containing antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes, is layered on top of the first gel and the system is incubated for 45 min at 37 degrees C. Where complement is fixed, i.e., around wells with positive serum samples, zones of unlysed cells appear. There is a straight line relationship between zone areas so produced and log(2) serum titres obtained with the conventional complement fixation test. The method appears to be applicable to a variety of antigens. It has been found suitable for bacterial and viral antigens. The test can also be reversed, thus allowing the quantification of diffusible antigens in a gel containing immune serum and complement. This paper describes in detail the use of this method as a diagnostic tool for the assay of complement-fixing antibodies to the type-specific antigens of influenza virus in paired human sera.", "contents": "Single-radial-complement-fixation: a new immunodiffusion technique. Assay of the antibody response to the type-specific antigens of influenza virus in post-infection human sera. A new immunodiffusion technique in agarose gel for the quantification of complement-fixing antibodies is described. The test involves the incorporation of antigen and complement in a primary agarose gel. Heat-inactivated serum samples are allowed to diffuse radially from wells overnight at 4 degrees C. A secondary gel, containing antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes, is layered on top of the first gel and the system is incubated for 45 min at 37 degrees C. Where complement is fixed, i.e., around wells with positive serum samples, zones of unlysed cells appear. There is a straight line relationship between zone areas so produced and log(2) serum titres obtained with the conventional complement fixation test. The method appears to be applicable to a variety of antigens. It has been found suitable for bacterial and viral antigens. The test can also be reversed, thus allowing the quantification of diffusible antigens in a gel containing immune serum and complement. This paper describes in detail the use of this method as a diagnostic tool for the assay of complement-fixing antibodies to the type-specific antigens of influenza virus in paired human sera.", "PMID": 96950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2433", "title": "International standard for anti-Brucella abortus serum: comparison of the complement-fixing activity of the first and second international standards and the EEC standard.", "content": "Although the three standards have similar agglutinating activities, it was found that the first International Standard had about half the complement-fixing activity of the second International Standard and the EEC standard. The complement-fixing activities of the latter two standards were similar. On the basis of these results, showing that the agglutination and complement-fixation tests measure different biological activities in anti-Brucella abortus sera, the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in 1976 assigned separate unitages of agglutinating and complement-fixing activity to the second International Standard for Anti-Brucella abortus Serum.", "contents": "International standard for anti-Brucella abortus serum: comparison of the complement-fixing activity of the first and second international standards and the EEC standard. Although the three standards have similar agglutinating activities, it was found that the first International Standard had about half the complement-fixing activity of the second International Standard and the EEC standard. The complement-fixing activities of the latter two standards were similar. On the basis of these results, showing that the agglutination and complement-fixation tests measure different biological activities in anti-Brucella abortus sera, the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in 1976 assigned separate unitages of agglutinating and complement-fixing activity to the second International Standard for Anti-Brucella abortus Serum.", "PMID": 96951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2434", "title": "Health service coverage and its evaluation.", "content": "Health service coverage is considered as a concept expressing the extent of interaction between the service and the people for whom it is intended, this interaction not being limited to a particular aspect of service provision but ranging over the whole process from resource allocation to achievement of the desired objective. For the measurement of coverage, several key stages are first identified, each of them involving the realization of an important condition for providing the service; a coverage measure is then defined for each stage, namely the ratio between the number of people for whom the condition is met and the target population, so that a set of these measures represents the interaction between the service and the target population. This definition of coverage allows for variations, which are called \"specific coverage\", by limiting the target population to specific subgroups differentiated by certain conditions related to service provision or by demographic or socioeconomic factors.The evaluation of coverage on the basis of these concepts enables management to identify bottlenecks in the operation of the service, to analyse the constraining factors responsible for such bottlenecks, and to select effective measures for service development.", "contents": "Health service coverage and its evaluation. Health service coverage is considered as a concept expressing the extent of interaction between the service and the people for whom it is intended, this interaction not being limited to a particular aspect of service provision but ranging over the whole process from resource allocation to achievement of the desired objective. For the measurement of coverage, several key stages are first identified, each of them involving the realization of an important condition for providing the service; a coverage measure is then defined for each stage, namely the ratio between the number of people for whom the condition is met and the target population, so that a set of these measures represents the interaction between the service and the target population. This definition of coverage allows for variations, which are called \"specific coverage\", by limiting the target population to specific subgroups differentiated by certain conditions related to service provision or by demographic or socioeconomic factors.The evaluation of coverage on the basis of these concepts enables management to identify bottlenecks in the operation of the service, to analyse the constraining factors responsible for such bottlenecks, and to select effective measures for service development.", "PMID": 96953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2435", "title": "[Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in vivo in bone marrow cells of AKR mice].", "content": "Induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in bone-marrow cells of AKR Mice receiving in vivo four drugs well-known for their mutagenesis activity has been tested. A decreasing activity in SCE was shown by the drugs tested in the order cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, methylmethane sulfonate and diethylnitrosamine. This technique presents an encouraging method for testing the effect of chemical agents in vivo.", "contents": "[Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in vivo in bone marrow cells of AKR mice]. Induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in bone-marrow cells of AKR Mice receiving in vivo four drugs well-known for their mutagenesis activity has been tested. A decreasing activity in SCE was shown by the drugs tested in the order cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, methylmethane sulfonate and diethylnitrosamine. This technique presents an encouraging method for testing the effect of chemical agents in vivo.", "PMID": 96954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2436", "title": "[Capture and fixation of tritiated serotonin by chick embryo notochord].", "content": "The 3 day old Chick notochord capacity to fix tritiated serotonin is maximal in its axis and in cephalic region. Our observations permitting us to find, the intracellular serotonin binding sites, contribute to an explanation of the capture mechanism and suggest a special direct role of the notochord on the monoaminergic neuron cytodifferentiation.", "contents": "[Capture and fixation of tritiated serotonin by chick embryo notochord]. The 3 day old Chick notochord capacity to fix tritiated serotonin is maximal in its axis and in cephalic region. Our observations permitting us to find, the intracellular serotonin binding sites, contribute to an explanation of the capture mechanism and suggest a special direct role of the notochord on the monoaminergic neuron cytodifferentiation.", "PMID": 96955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2437", "title": "[Effect of valinomycin on mitotic activity and ciliary movement during embryonic development].", "content": "The K+ ionophore valinomycin very quickly arrests cleavage in sea urchin and mouse eggs at concentrations ranging between 10 and 3 micron. Development of Axolotl and Xenopus eggs is not arrested before the blastula or gastrula stage. The motility of sea urchin sperm, blastulae and gastrulae is suppressed, within a few minutes, by 1-9 micron valinomycin.", "contents": "[Effect of valinomycin on mitotic activity and ciliary movement during embryonic development]. The K+ ionophore valinomycin very quickly arrests cleavage in sea urchin and mouse eggs at concentrations ranging between 10 and 3 micron. Development of Axolotl and Xenopus eggs is not arrested before the blastula or gastrula stage. The motility of sea urchin sperm, blastulae and gastrulae is suppressed, within a few minutes, by 1-9 micron valinomycin.", "PMID": 96956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2438", "title": "[Observation of Schistosoma mansoni by scanning electron microscopy].", "content": "The integumental surface of adult Schistosoma mansoni was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 220 to 10,000 magnifications. SEM shows certain basic features such as spines in the oral sucker and the acetabulum which may facilitate rasping and attachment of the parasite to stay in the bloodstream of the definitive host. It seems likely that SEM visualization will be a means for differentiation some species of the genus Schistosoma.", "contents": "[Observation of Schistosoma mansoni by scanning electron microscopy]. The integumental surface of adult Schistosoma mansoni was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 220 to 10,000 magnifications. SEM shows certain basic features such as spines in the oral sucker and the acetabulum which may facilitate rasping and attachment of the parasite to stay in the bloodstream of the definitive host. It seems likely that SEM visualization will be a means for differentiation some species of the genus Schistosoma.", "PMID": 96957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2439", "title": "[Chemical reactivity and biological properties of a series of aminochlorambucil derivatives].", "content": "The substitution of aminochlorambucil by a methyl group increased the chemical reactivity in IV b (n = 1) and IV b (n = 2) but their cytotoxicity remained low. The immunosuppressive effect (adjuvant arthritis in Rats and tuberculin related skin reaction) was observed with IV b (n = 2). Aminochlorambucil was effective on adjuvant arthritis only and IV b (n = 1) had no activity. Aminochlorambucil, IV b (n = 1) and IV b (n = 2) were devoid of any non-specific anti-inflammatory activity.", "contents": "[Chemical reactivity and biological properties of a series of aminochlorambucil derivatives]. The substitution of aminochlorambucil by a methyl group increased the chemical reactivity in IV b (n = 1) and IV b (n = 2) but their cytotoxicity remained low. The immunosuppressive effect (adjuvant arthritis in Rats and tuberculin related skin reaction) was observed with IV b (n = 2). Aminochlorambucil was effective on adjuvant arthritis only and IV b (n = 1) had no activity. Aminochlorambucil, IV b (n = 1) and IV b (n = 2) were devoid of any non-specific anti-inflammatory activity.", "PMID": 96958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2440", "title": "[Variation in delayed hypersensitivity to methylated bovine serum albumin as as function of the dose and time of administration of cyclophosphamide].", "content": "The injection of Cy before immunization provokes an intensification of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to methylated bovine serum albumin (M-BSA) and a diminution of about 90% of the cell number in various lymphoid tissues. The relationship between these observations, the time of administration, the dose of injected Cy and the intensity of DTH reactions, allows us to formulate hypotheses concerning the physiological modulation of DTH.", "contents": "[Variation in delayed hypersensitivity to methylated bovine serum albumin as as function of the dose and time of administration of cyclophosphamide]. The injection of Cy before immunization provokes an intensification of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to methylated bovine serum albumin (M-BSA) and a diminution of about 90% of the cell number in various lymphoid tissues. The relationship between these observations, the time of administration, the dose of injected Cy and the intensity of DTH reactions, allows us to formulate hypotheses concerning the physiological modulation of DTH.", "PMID": 96959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2441", "title": "[Permissivity of the rat (Rattus rattus) of Guadeloupe with regard to Schistosoma mansoni and evidence for migration of adult schistosomes to the lungs].", "content": "In contrast to the laboratory Rat, the Rat (Rattus rattus) of Guadeloupe is a favorable host for the life cycle of S. mansoni: the parasite population is maintained at a high level (between 8 and 16% in this host until the 16th week and reproduces normally). The evolution of the parasitose is marked, shortly after the 8th week, by a transfer of schistosomes from the liver to the lungs.", "contents": "[Permissivity of the rat (Rattus rattus) of Guadeloupe with regard to Schistosoma mansoni and evidence for migration of adult schistosomes to the lungs]. In contrast to the laboratory Rat, the Rat (Rattus rattus) of Guadeloupe is a favorable host for the life cycle of S. mansoni: the parasite population is maintained at a high level (between 8 and 16% in this host until the 16th week and reproduces normally). The evolution of the parasitose is marked, shortly after the 8th week, by a transfer of schistosomes from the liver to the lungs.", "PMID": 96960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2442", "title": "[Comparative study of cysteine peptides of monomers and polymers of IgA].", "content": "The cysteinyl peptides of monomeric and polymeric IgA were studied by comparative autoradiography. Autoradiographies of polymeric IgA (containing or lacking J chain) showed an extra cysteinyl peptide which was never found in the monomeric forms. A similar peptide was obtained when reduced IgA was cleaved by BrCN. The possible identity of this fragment is discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative study of cysteine peptides of monomers and polymers of IgA]. The cysteinyl peptides of monomeric and polymeric IgA were studied by comparative autoradiography. Autoradiographies of polymeric IgA (containing or lacking J chain) showed an extra cysteinyl peptide which was never found in the monomeric forms. A similar peptide was obtained when reduced IgA was cleaved by BrCN. The possible identity of this fragment is discussed.", "PMID": 96961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2443", "title": "[Preliminary results on the abiotic synthesis of metalloporphyrins].", "content": "The possibility of obtaining metalloporphyrins in abiotic conditions was investigated. The direct formation of zinc-porphyrins in the reaction product obtained by exposing a mixture of methane, ammonia and water vapor to electrical discharges is reported.", "contents": "[Preliminary results on the abiotic synthesis of metalloporphyrins]. The possibility of obtaining metalloporphyrins in abiotic conditions was investigated. The direct formation of zinc-porphyrins in the reaction product obtained by exposing a mixture of methane, ammonia and water vapor to electrical discharges is reported.", "PMID": 96962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2444", "title": "[Adaptation of lipase and phospholipase A activities in pancreas and pancreatic juice in rats with diets rich in triglycerides and phospholipids].", "content": "Lipid rich diets containing about 20% of triglycerides or phospholipids given to Rats during 2 months were observed to increase lipase and phospholipase A2 activities in pancrease and pancreatic juice. The phospholipase and lipase activities are higher, respectively, on the phospholipid and triglyceride diet. Lower effects are observed after a 7-day administration of diet containing 40% of total lipid.", "contents": "[Adaptation of lipase and phospholipase A activities in pancreas and pancreatic juice in rats with diets rich in triglycerides and phospholipids]. Lipid rich diets containing about 20% of triglycerides or phospholipids given to Rats during 2 months were observed to increase lipase and phospholipase A2 activities in pancrease and pancreatic juice. The phospholipase and lipase activities are higher, respectively, on the phospholipid and triglyceride diet. Lower effects are observed after a 7-day administration of diet containing 40% of total lipid.", "PMID": 96963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2445", "title": "[Effect on macrophages of acute stress induced in mice by local irradiation].", "content": "In examining the role of radiation in inducing immunosuppression in tumor-bearing Mice it has been shown that the experimental acute stress inadvertently generated by the procedure is profoundly immunosuppressive. It would appear that monocytes under the influence of glucocortico\u00efds are sequestered in the spleen. This monocyte immobilisation leads to rapid suppression of local inflammatory reactions including delayed hypersensitivity. The increased number of marcrophages in the spleen is co-incident with non-specific non T cell splenocyte anti-tumour activity. Stress induced suppression of inflammation is prevented by previous adrenalectomy and restored by hydrocortisone.", "contents": "[Effect on macrophages of acute stress induced in mice by local irradiation]. In examining the role of radiation in inducing immunosuppression in tumor-bearing Mice it has been shown that the experimental acute stress inadvertently generated by the procedure is profoundly immunosuppressive. It would appear that monocytes under the influence of glucocortico\u00efds are sequestered in the spleen. This monocyte immobilisation leads to rapid suppression of local inflammatory reactions including delayed hypersensitivity. The increased number of marcrophages in the spleen is co-incident with non-specific non T cell splenocyte anti-tumour activity. Stress induced suppression of inflammation is prevented by previous adrenalectomy and restored by hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 96964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2446", "title": "[Determination of plasma catecholamines in conscious normotensive and hypertensive (sodium and desoxycorticosterone) rats].", "content": "Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline were measured in conscious Rats on 50 microliter samples by a radiometric technique. In normotensive Rats a moderate haemorrhage increased catecholamine levels. In Rats rendered hypertensive by salt loading and by desoxycorticosterone treatment noradrenaline levels were increased.", "contents": "[Determination of plasma catecholamines in conscious normotensive and hypertensive (sodium and desoxycorticosterone) rats]. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline were measured in conscious Rats on 50 microliter samples by a radiometric technique. In normotensive Rats a moderate haemorrhage increased catecholamine levels. In Rats rendered hypertensive by salt loading and by desoxycorticosterone treatment noradrenaline levels were increased.", "PMID": 96965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2447", "title": "[Variation in the specific activity of intestinal DNA in Alytes obstetricians larvae (Amphibia, Anura) treated with thyroxine].", "content": "Treatment by thyroxine modified the specific activity of intestianl DNA in premetamorphic Alytes tadpoles. The activity decreased up to the 3rd day, and showed afterwards a peak which culminates on the 9th day. These results have been discussed in comparison with previous radioautographic observations.", "contents": "[Variation in the specific activity of intestinal DNA in Alytes obstetricians larvae (Amphibia, Anura) treated with thyroxine]. Treatment by thyroxine modified the specific activity of intestianl DNA in premetamorphic Alytes tadpoles. The activity decreased up to the 3rd day, and showed afterwards a peak which culminates on the 9th day. These results have been discussed in comparison with previous radioautographic observations.", "PMID": 96966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2448", "title": "[Stimulation of pituitary LH and FSH secretion after immunoneutralization of endogenous substance P in the cycling rat].", "content": "In the cycling female Rat, administration of substance P antisera performed at noon on the proestrous day provokes a significant increase in LH and FSH serum level, right before or after the preovulatory surges, but had no effect on its occurrence or magnitude. These results suggest that substance P has a normal physiological inhibitory role in gonadotropin regulation.", "contents": "[Stimulation of pituitary LH and FSH secretion after immunoneutralization of endogenous substance P in the cycling rat]. In the cycling female Rat, administration of substance P antisera performed at noon on the proestrous day provokes a significant increase in LH and FSH serum level, right before or after the preovulatory surges, but had no effect on its occurrence or magnitude. These results suggest that substance P has a normal physiological inhibitory role in gonadotropin regulation.", "PMID": 96967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2449", "title": "[Influence of a hot environmental temperature on the evolution of experimental paludism of the mouse with Plasmodium berghei berghei].", "content": "Swiss Mice infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei and maintained in permanence in a hot environmental temperature undergo a chronic infection whereas controls maintained at the laboratory temperature develop always an acute and lethal infection. The hot environmental temperature does not seem to have any action on the pathogenicity of the parasites. Host defences are stimulated.", "contents": "[Influence of a hot environmental temperature on the evolution of experimental paludism of the mouse with Plasmodium berghei berghei]. Swiss Mice infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei and maintained in permanence in a hot environmental temperature undergo a chronic infection whereas controls maintained at the laboratory temperature develop always an acute and lethal infection. The hot environmental temperature does not seem to have any action on the pathogenicity of the parasites. Host defences are stimulated.", "PMID": 96968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2450", "title": "[Microfilarial observation of Dipetalonemia viteae using scanning electron microscopy].", "content": "The integumental surface on the microfilaria of Dipetalonema viteae was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 1,200 to 20,000 magnification. This first study only concerns microfilaria in the circulating blood of the Hamster.", "contents": "[Microfilarial observation of Dipetalonemia viteae using scanning electron microscopy]. The integumental surface on the microfilaria of Dipetalonema viteae was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 1,200 to 20,000 magnification. This first study only concerns microfilaria in the circulating blood of the Hamster.", "PMID": 96969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2451", "title": "[Immunofluorescent demonstration of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in pancreas and digestive tube of bony and cartilaginous fish].", "content": "When antisera specific against bovine PP (BPP) were used, immunoreactive parenchymal cells were observed in the endocrine pancreas and in the gastro-intestinal tract of the teleost bony fish Cottus scorpius, as well as in the pancreas of the elasmobranchian cartilaginous fish Squalus acanthias. Of the two principal islets of Cottus, PP-cells were located selectively to that in the pyloric region.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescent demonstration of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in pancreas and digestive tube of bony and cartilaginous fish]. When antisera specific against bovine PP (BPP) were used, immunoreactive parenchymal cells were observed in the endocrine pancreas and in the gastro-intestinal tract of the teleost bony fish Cottus scorpius, as well as in the pancreas of the elasmobranchian cartilaginous fish Squalus acanthias. Of the two principal islets of Cottus, PP-cells were located selectively to that in the pyloric region.", "PMID": 96970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2452", "title": "[Pattern and nomenclature of serum proteins of the amphibian urodele Ambystoma dumerilii Duges].", "content": "By means of many electrophoresis techniques, the serum of Ambystoma dumerilii was studied. The pattern in cellulose acetate is different from A. mexicanum proteinogram. Direct two-dimensional analysis in acetate/polyacrylamid gel with progressively increasing concentration from 4-30%, gives us the opportunity to observe 41 proteic components. By immunological results, the fastest proteic fraction is equivalent to a globuline with alpha-mobility more than an albumin. A nomenclature for this blood serum is proposed.", "contents": "[Pattern and nomenclature of serum proteins of the amphibian urodele Ambystoma dumerilii Duges]. By means of many electrophoresis techniques, the serum of Ambystoma dumerilii was studied. The pattern in cellulose acetate is different from A. mexicanum proteinogram. Direct two-dimensional analysis in acetate/polyacrylamid gel with progressively increasing concentration from 4-30%, gives us the opportunity to observe 41 proteic components. By immunological results, the fastest proteic fraction is equivalent to a globuline with alpha-mobility more than an albumin. A nomenclature for this blood serum is proposed.", "PMID": 96971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2453", "title": "[Antimicrobial activities of two strains of Streptomyces albus isolated from African soils].", "content": "The antibiotic activity of these two strains of S. albus is facilitated by culture on slices of Potatoes. Streptomyces extracts show an antibiotic activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and an antifongic activity aginst nearly all Aspergillus. These antimicrobial effects bring hope of a utilization against some mycotoxin pollution, or mold attacks.", "contents": "[Antimicrobial activities of two strains of Streptomyces albus isolated from African soils]. The antibiotic activity of these two strains of S. albus is facilitated by culture on slices of Potatoes. Streptomyces extracts show an antibiotic activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and an antifongic activity aginst nearly all Aspergillus. These antimicrobial effects bring hope of a utilization against some mycotoxin pollution, or mold attacks.", "PMID": 96972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2454", "title": "[Growth and longevity of Wistar rats receiving a diet whose protein content is rapidly lowered in relation to aging].", "content": "Growth and longevity of the Rats were the same when: (i) the diet was rich in casein (21%), from weaning to death: (ii) the casein content of this diet (without B12) was progressively lowered from weaning to 200 days of age, and thereafter was 7%. When the casein level had been too rapidly lowered, inducing retardation of growth after 75 days, maximal growth was lowered and life span was increased.", "contents": "[Growth and longevity of Wistar rats receiving a diet whose protein content is rapidly lowered in relation to aging]. Growth and longevity of the Rats were the same when: (i) the diet was rich in casein (21%), from weaning to death: (ii) the casein content of this diet (without B12) was progressively lowered from weaning to 200 days of age, and thereafter was 7%. When the casein level had been too rapidly lowered, inducing retardation of growth after 75 days, maximal growth was lowered and life span was increased.", "PMID": 96973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2455", "title": "[DNA polymerases in human platelets].", "content": "Human platelets have two DNA polymerases. In the mitochondrial-free cytoplasm we have found a DNA polymerase gamma and another DNA polymerase very closely related to the polymerase alpha from animal cells. In the mitochondria only the gamma activity is present.", "contents": "[DNA polymerases in human platelets]. Human platelets have two DNA polymerases. In the mitochondrial-free cytoplasm we have found a DNA polymerase gamma and another DNA polymerase very closely related to the polymerase alpha from animal cells. In the mitochondria only the gamma activity is present.", "PMID": 96974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2456", "title": "[Comparison between serum LH and FSH levels in male and female rats during the perinatal period].", "content": "In the newborn female Rat, no transient LH and FSH serum surges were observed between 0 and 2 hrs., as compared with the newborn male. In the newborn female, a progressive increase in serum gonadotropins was observed between 2 and 6 hrs. These results indicate that, at birth, the pituitary-gonadal axis reacts in a different way in male and female Rats.", "contents": "[Comparison between serum LH and FSH levels in male and female rats during the perinatal period]. In the newborn female Rat, no transient LH and FSH serum surges were observed between 0 and 2 hrs., as compared with the newborn male. In the newborn female, a progressive increase in serum gonadotropins was observed between 2 and 6 hrs. These results indicate that, at birth, the pituitary-gonadal axis reacts in a different way in male and female Rats.", "PMID": 96975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2457", "title": "[Renewal of noradrenaline in different zones of the central nervous system of inbred mice strains and their recombinants].", "content": "A good correlation exists between the learning capacity and norepinephrine metabolism in the neocortex of C57 and Balb inbred Mice strains, as well as their F1 hybrids and seven recombinant inbred strains derived from their cross. The animals with a better learning performance are characterised by low levels of norepinephrine, as well as a slow metabolic rate of this neurotransmitter in the cortex. Such a correlation has not been found to exist in the other cerebral regions studied.", "contents": "[Renewal of noradrenaline in different zones of the central nervous system of inbred mice strains and their recombinants]. A good correlation exists between the learning capacity and norepinephrine metabolism in the neocortex of C57 and Balb inbred Mice strains, as well as their F1 hybrids and seven recombinant inbred strains derived from their cross. The animals with a better learning performance are characterised by low levels of norepinephrine, as well as a slow metabolic rate of this neurotransmitter in the cortex. Such a correlation has not been found to exist in the other cerebral regions studied.", "PMID": 96976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2458", "title": "[Arguments in favor of the extramitochondrial origin of the acetyl radical of acetylcholine synthetized in rat striatum synaptosomes].", "content": "Synaptosomes prepared from Rat striatum were loaded with (2-14C) pyruvate at 0 degree C, in the course of a 1 hr. preincubation. When temperature was raised to 37 degrees C, the intra-synaptosomal (2-14C) pyruvate gave rise to 14CO2 but not to (14C) ACh. These results exclude a mitochondrial origin of the acetyl moiety of ACh.", "contents": "[Arguments in favor of the extramitochondrial origin of the acetyl radical of acetylcholine synthetized in rat striatum synaptosomes]. Synaptosomes prepared from Rat striatum were loaded with (2-14C) pyruvate at 0 degree C, in the course of a 1 hr. preincubation. When temperature was raised to 37 degrees C, the intra-synaptosomal (2-14C) pyruvate gave rise to 14CO2 but not to (14C) ACh. These results exclude a mitochondrial origin of the acetyl moiety of ACh.", "PMID": 96977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2459", "title": "[Biological properties of 4-amino-5 alkyl-sulfone substituted orthoanisamides].", "content": "The 4-amino 5-alkyl-sulfone substituted orthoanisamides can be distinguished from their non-aminated homologues (sultopride) or sulfamoyl homologues (sulpride) mainly by the intensity of their anti-emetic effects with regard to apomorphine and their mode of action, either on hippocampic rhythms or on locomotor rhythms in the Cat.", "contents": "[Biological properties of 4-amino-5 alkyl-sulfone substituted orthoanisamides]. The 4-amino 5-alkyl-sulfone substituted orthoanisamides can be distinguished from their non-aminated homologues (sultopride) or sulfamoyl homologues (sulpride) mainly by the intensity of their anti-emetic effects with regard to apomorphine and their mode of action, either on hippocampic rhythms or on locomotor rhythms in the Cat.", "PMID": 96978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2460", "title": "[Toxicity of Bacillus thuringienses var. israelensis for larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi].", "content": "The comparative study of the larvicidal action of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis on A. aegypti and A. stephensi shows the greater sensitivity of A. aegypti, with 100% of mortality in 30 to 40 min. at high doses. But, for both species of Mosquito, the toxicity of these bacteria is very high, as shown by the mortality regression curves and by the LC50. This toxicity is associated with the crystals and can be extracted from them by dilute alkali solution, like the general case of the other serotypes of B. thuringiensis. In contrast with these serotypes, B. thuringiensis var. israelensis is not pathogenic to the tested larvae of Lepidoptera.", "contents": "[Toxicity of Bacillus thuringienses var. israelensis for larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi]. The comparative study of the larvicidal action of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis on A. aegypti and A. stephensi shows the greater sensitivity of A. aegypti, with 100% of mortality in 30 to 40 min. at high doses. But, for both species of Mosquito, the toxicity of these bacteria is very high, as shown by the mortality regression curves and by the LC50. This toxicity is associated with the crystals and can be extracted from them by dilute alkali solution, like the general case of the other serotypes of B. thuringiensis. In contrast with these serotypes, B. thuringiensis var. israelensis is not pathogenic to the tested larvae of Lepidoptera.", "PMID": 96979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2461", "title": "[Potato leafroll virus: purification, serologic detection and quantitative analysis in plants].", "content": "The Potato Leafroll Virus has been purified from Potato. An antiserum obtained allows the use of the Enzyme Linked-Immunosorbent Assay, a direct means to detect the PLRV in the plant and to assess its real concentration.", "contents": "[Potato leafroll virus: purification, serologic detection and quantitative analysis in plants]. The Potato Leafroll Virus has been purified from Potato. An antiserum obtained allows the use of the Enzyme Linked-Immunosorbent Assay, a direct means to detect the PLRV in the plant and to assess its real concentration.", "PMID": 96980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2462", "title": "[In vivo continuous electrochemical determination of dopamine release in rat neostriatum].", "content": "Polarographic micro-electrodes (carbon fiber, o. d. 8 micron) implanted in the Rat caudate nucleus, allowed a practically continuous in vivo monitoring (one measurement every 5 sec.) of the extra-cellular concentration of dopamine released by striatal dopaminergic terminals. Administration of amphetamine produced a reproducible increase of the oxidation current. This effect was suppressed after the selective degeneration of the striatal dopaminergic terminals following the injection of 6-OHDA into the substantia nigra or after inhibition of the synthesis of the amine by alpha methyl-p-tyrosin. After 5 hrs. this drug produced a 70% decrease of the oxidation current.", "contents": "[In vivo continuous electrochemical determination of dopamine release in rat neostriatum]. Polarographic micro-electrodes (carbon fiber, o. d. 8 micron) implanted in the Rat caudate nucleus, allowed a practically continuous in vivo monitoring (one measurement every 5 sec.) of the extra-cellular concentration of dopamine released by striatal dopaminergic terminals. Administration of amphetamine produced a reproducible increase of the oxidation current. This effect was suppressed after the selective degeneration of the striatal dopaminergic terminals following the injection of 6-OHDA into the substantia nigra or after inhibition of the synthesis of the amine by alpha methyl-p-tyrosin. After 5 hrs. this drug produced a 70% decrease of the oxidation current.", "PMID": 96981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2463", "title": "[Effect of inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis on primary differentiation of mouse egg].", "content": "Alpha-Methylornithine, an inhibitor of the synthesis of putrescine does not affect the cleavage of Mouse eggs, cultured in vitro from the 2-cell stage, before blastocyst formation, whereas methylglyoxal-Bis (guanylhydrazone), an inhibitor of the syntheses of spermidine and spermine induces the embryos to become quiescent at about the 8-cell stage; resumption of their development, after transfer to fresh medium, is followed by a delay in cavitation. These results may be related to the biological clock theory for primary differentiation.", "contents": "[Effect of inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis on primary differentiation of mouse egg]. Alpha-Methylornithine, an inhibitor of the synthesis of putrescine does not affect the cleavage of Mouse eggs, cultured in vitro from the 2-cell stage, before blastocyst formation, whereas methylglyoxal-Bis (guanylhydrazone), an inhibitor of the syntheses of spermidine and spermine induces the embryos to become quiescent at about the 8-cell stage; resumption of their development, after transfer to fresh medium, is followed by a delay in cavitation. These results may be related to the biological clock theory for primary differentiation.", "PMID": 96982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2464", "title": "[Endocrinological effects of substituted orthoveratramides].", "content": "The substituted orthoveratramides, derived from the orthopramides by the addition of a second methoxy radical at position 3 in the benzene ring, possess strong endocrinological effects. In particular the N[(allyl-1 pyrrolidinyl-2) methyl] dimethoxy-2-3 sulfamoyl-5 benzamide blocks oestrus in the Rat at doses considerably lower than sultopride and inhibits so-called \"castration cell\" formation in the pituitary.", "contents": "[Endocrinological effects of substituted orthoveratramides]. The substituted orthoveratramides, derived from the orthopramides by the addition of a second methoxy radical at position 3 in the benzene ring, possess strong endocrinological effects. In particular the N[(allyl-1 pyrrolidinyl-2) methyl] dimethoxy-2-3 sulfamoyl-5 benzamide blocks oestrus in the Rat at doses considerably lower than sultopride and inhibits so-called \"castration cell\" formation in the pituitary.", "PMID": 96983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2465", "title": "[Host-virus relationship during experimental spring viremia in carp].", "content": "One-summer-old virus-free carps produce both circulating interferon and neutralizing antibodies when stored at +20 degrees C and injected intraperitonealy with 10(5), 10(6), 10(7) p. f. u. of Spring Viremia of Carp virus per fish: Kinetics and intensity of interferon production are maximum for the highest virus imput (Fig.) and neutralizing antibodies are present in most of the fish 2 1/2 months post infection (Table).", "contents": "[Host-virus relationship during experimental spring viremia in carp]. One-summer-old virus-free carps produce both circulating interferon and neutralizing antibodies when stored at +20 degrees C and injected intraperitonealy with 10(5), 10(6), 10(7) p. f. u. of Spring Viremia of Carp virus per fish: Kinetics and intensity of interferon production are maximum for the highest virus imput (Fig.) and neutralizing antibodies are present in most of the fish 2 1/2 months post infection (Table).", "PMID": 96984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2466", "title": "[Formation of cutaneous nerve trunks in the chick. Ultrastructural and quantitative analysis].", "content": "In chick skin structuration of nervous trunks takes place at 14-15 days of incubation, at the time of formation of the adult pattern of cutaneous innervation. At this same stage, myelogenesis begins, but develops mainly after hatching:  only 4% of axons are myelinated at hatching, 40% in 6-week old Chickens and 60% in adults. This \"critical\" stage (14-15 days of incubation) apparently corresponds to the stabilization of cutaneous nerve supply.", "contents": "[Formation of cutaneous nerve trunks in the chick. Ultrastructural and quantitative analysis]. In chick skin structuration of nervous trunks takes place at 14-15 days of incubation, at the time of formation of the adult pattern of cutaneous innervation. At this same stage, myelogenesis begins, but develops mainly after hatching:  only 4% of axons are myelinated at hatching, 40% in 6-week old Chickens and 60% in adults. This \"critical\" stage (14-15 days of incubation) apparently corresponds to the stabilization of cutaneous nerve supply.", "PMID": 96985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2467", "title": "[Microbial metabolic activity and transmembrane transport phenomena by potentiometric analysis of lipoic acid oxidation-reduction, in a minimal culture medium].", "content": "A method of measuring and studying metabolic bacterial activity is proposed, by following the kinetic evolution of the ratio of the oxidized and reduced forms of an electron transporter as a consequence of decreasing oxidizing power--due to oxygen consumption in the culture,--and increasing. Reduction power of bacterial activity. Namely, with minimum composition using salts and glucose the oxido-reduction of lipoic acid is well indicated by a gold electrode without any major bio-or electrochemical interference. A kinetic diffusion reaction theory takes into account the passive or active transmembrane transport of lipoic acid in good agreement with the experimentally observed shapes of the electrical signal. The various types of antibiotic activities are well reflected by the modifications of the signal.", "contents": "[Microbial metabolic activity and transmembrane transport phenomena by potentiometric analysis of lipoic acid oxidation-reduction, in a minimal culture medium]. A method of measuring and studying metabolic bacterial activity is proposed, by following the kinetic evolution of the ratio of the oxidized and reduced forms of an electron transporter as a consequence of decreasing oxidizing power--due to oxygen consumption in the culture,--and increasing. Reduction power of bacterial activity. Namely, with minimum composition using salts and glucose the oxido-reduction of lipoic acid is well indicated by a gold electrode without any major bio-or electrochemical interference. A kinetic diffusion reaction theory takes into account the passive or active transmembrane transport of lipoic acid in good agreement with the experimentally observed shapes of the electrical signal. The various types of antibiotic activities are well reflected by the modifications of the signal.", "PMID": 96986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2468", "title": "[Differentiation antigens in keratinocytes II: cytoplasmic specificity expressed in the basal cell of the external root sheath of hairs but not in the basal cells of epidermis].", "content": "By means of indirect immunofluorescence with sera obtained from patients after bone marrow transplantation it has been demonstrated that antibodies were reacting with the cytoplasm of basal cells ((C.B.C.) in the external root sheath of hairs (E.R.S.). Some sera were found to react with C.B.C. of the E.R.S. but not with the C.B.C of the epidermis. The change in the antigenic properties of the basal cells was found to be situated at the orifice of the sebaceous gland duct.", "contents": "[Differentiation antigens in keratinocytes II: cytoplasmic specificity expressed in the basal cell of the external root sheath of hairs but not in the basal cells of epidermis]. By means of indirect immunofluorescence with sera obtained from patients after bone marrow transplantation it has been demonstrated that antibodies were reacting with the cytoplasm of basal cells ((C.B.C.) in the external root sheath of hairs (E.R.S.). Some sera were found to react with C.B.C. of the E.R.S. but not with the C.B.C of the epidermis. The change in the antigenic properties of the basal cells was found to be situated at the orifice of the sebaceous gland duct.", "PMID": 96987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2469", "title": "[Functional study of the rat olfactory bulb by a 14C-2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic technic].", "content": "The autoradiographic method has been used in the Rat to map active regions in the olfactory bulb after a pulse of 14C-2-deoxyglucose with electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract. The highest optical densities were found at the external plexiform, mitral, internal plexiform and granular layers; the lowest was found in the glomerular layer.", "contents": "[Functional study of the rat olfactory bulb by a 14C-2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic technic]. The autoradiographic method has been used in the Rat to map active regions in the olfactory bulb after a pulse of 14C-2-deoxyglucose with electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract. The highest optical densities were found at the external plexiform, mitral, internal plexiform and granular layers; the lowest was found in the glomerular layer.", "PMID": 96988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2470", "title": "[Selectivity to spatial frequencies in the pigeon's optic tectum cells].", "content": "Extracellular cell recordings in the pigeon optic tectum show a selectivity of response to different sine-wave gratings presented in motion. The optimal frequencies are found to be between 0.4 and 0.9 cycle/degree and are independent of direction, orientation and velocity.", "contents": "[Selectivity to spatial frequencies in the pigeon's optic tectum cells]. Extracellular cell recordings in the pigeon optic tectum show a selectivity of response to different sine-wave gratings presented in motion. The optimal frequencies are found to be between 0.4 and 0.9 cycle/degree and are independent of direction, orientation and velocity.", "PMID": 96989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2471", "title": "[Does color discrimination in pigeons vary as a function of retinal localizagion?].", "content": "Color discrimination in the red portion of the visual spectrum was studied for different retinal locations under \"behavioural\" fixation. In spite of the different distribution of coloured oil-droplets, the discrimination function remains the same.", "contents": "[Does color discrimination in pigeons vary as a function of retinal localizagion?]. Color discrimination in the red portion of the visual spectrum was studied for different retinal locations under \"behavioural\" fixation. In spite of the different distribution of coloured oil-droplets, the discrimination function remains the same.", "PMID": 96990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2472", "title": "[Localization of biogenic amines in the central nervous system of Crepidula fornicata (Phil.), Mollusca, Gastropoda, Prosobrancha].", "content": "Two categories of neurones at least can be demonstrated in Crepidula fornicata, some containing catecholamines (DA) others indolamines (5 HT). These cells, which are well localized, are often close to azanophilous neurosecretory cells but nevertheless distinct from the latter.", "contents": "[Localization of biogenic amines in the central nervous system of Crepidula fornicata (Phil.), Mollusca, Gastropoda, Prosobrancha]. Two categories of neurones at least can be demonstrated in Crepidula fornicata, some containing catecholamines (DA) others indolamines (5 HT). These cells, which are well localized, are often close to azanophilous neurosecretory cells but nevertheless distinct from the latter.", "PMID": 96991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2473", "title": "[Changes in Plasmodium berghei berghei in mice maintained at high temperatures].", "content": "The study of the evolution of Plasmodium berghei berghei is made in mice kept in a high temperature (35 degrees C) throughout the experiment. Some of these mouse parasites (less than 30%) show a gigantic atypical morphology. In the parasite growing in animals kept at 35 degrees C, the amount of DNA is higher than DNA rate of the parasites growing in control mice (20-22 degrees C). There is no evidence of any relation between the increase of DNA amount and the morphological modification of these parasites.", "contents": "[Changes in Plasmodium berghei berghei in mice maintained at high temperatures]. The study of the evolution of Plasmodium berghei berghei is made in mice kept in a high temperature (35 degrees C) throughout the experiment. Some of these mouse parasites (less than 30%) show a gigantic atypical morphology. In the parasite growing in animals kept at 35 degrees C, the amount of DNA is higher than DNA rate of the parasites growing in control mice (20-22 degrees C). There is no evidence of any relation between the increase of DNA amount and the morphological modification of these parasites.", "PMID": 96992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2474", "title": "[Contribution of divalent cations to the maintenance of membrane potentials in the oocytes of Pleurodeles waltlii Michah (Amphibia, Urodela)].", "content": "When the external concentration of Ca and Mg is changed, the oocyte membrane potential, in the Urodela Amphibian: Pleurodeles waltlii, is not significantly modified. The addition of chelator agents, EGTA and EDTA in Ca, Mg free Steinberg solution promotes a membrane depolarisation and the rise of membrane conductance. It is concluded that divalent ions Ca++ and Mg++ are needed to maintain a potential difference between internal and external medium of the oocyte.", "contents": "[Contribution of divalent cations to the maintenance of membrane potentials in the oocytes of Pleurodeles waltlii Michah (Amphibia, Urodela)]. When the external concentration of Ca and Mg is changed, the oocyte membrane potential, in the Urodela Amphibian: Pleurodeles waltlii, is not significantly modified. The addition of chelator agents, EGTA and EDTA in Ca, Mg free Steinberg solution promotes a membrane depolarisation and the rise of membrane conductance. It is concluded that divalent ions Ca++ and Mg++ are needed to maintain a potential difference between internal and external medium of the oocyte.", "PMID": 96993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2475", "title": "[Binding of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (rT3) to human serum proteins].", "content": "The rT3-binding and human serum proteins was directly studied with tracer doses of radioactive rT3. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed 125I-rT3 added to human serum was distributed among two proteins: albumin (carrying 57% of tracer rT3) and TBPA )22%). No binding was observed to TBG, protein binding T4.", "contents": "[Binding of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (rT3) to human serum proteins]. The rT3-binding and human serum proteins was directly studied with tracer doses of radioactive rT3. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed 125I-rT3 added to human serum was distributed among two proteins: albumin (carrying 57% of tracer rT3) and TBPA )22%). No binding was observed to TBG, protein binding T4.", "PMID": 96994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2476", "title": "[Lymphocyte subpopulations in adjuvant arthritis of rats. Effects of corticoids and gamma irradiation].", "content": "Experimental model of human chronic inflammatory arthritis, adjuvant arthritis may be induced only in several strains of inbred Rats: it is well developed in LEW and practically absent in WAG. After adjuvant injection, the PHA-stimulable lymphocytes subpopulation quite disappears from the blood, if polyarthritis is well developed. These cells are probably capted in the tissues implicated in immunological conflict. On the contrary, the ConA-stimulable subpopulation is enhanced in both strains after adjuvant injection, earlier and more intense in WAG than in LEW and that phenomenon is probably linked to a stimulation of suppressor T lymphocytes. Treatment with prednisone or gamma rays inhibits partially and delays the appearance of arthritis in LEW, acting essentially on ConA-stimulable subpopulation.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte subpopulations in adjuvant arthritis of rats. Effects of corticoids and gamma irradiation]. Experimental model of human chronic inflammatory arthritis, adjuvant arthritis may be induced only in several strains of inbred Rats: it is well developed in LEW and practically absent in WAG. After adjuvant injection, the PHA-stimulable lymphocytes subpopulation quite disappears from the blood, if polyarthritis is well developed. These cells are probably capted in the tissues implicated in immunological conflict. On the contrary, the ConA-stimulable subpopulation is enhanced in both strains after adjuvant injection, earlier and more intense in WAG than in LEW and that phenomenon is probably linked to a stimulation of suppressor T lymphocytes. Treatment with prednisone or gamma rays inhibits partially and delays the appearance of arthritis in LEW, acting essentially on ConA-stimulable subpopulation.", "PMID": 96995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2477", "title": "[Localization of motoneurones of retractor bulbi muscles by retrograde transport of exogenous peroxidase in cats].", "content": "Retrograde transport of exogene horseradish peroxidase has been used to localize the retractor bulbi muscle motoneurones. These motoneurones are located ventro-laterally in the tegmental reticular field; they are grouped in a rostro-caudal column above the superior olive. They correspond to the accessory nucleus of the VIe nerve described by old anatomists.", "contents": "[Localization of motoneurones of retractor bulbi muscles by retrograde transport of exogenous peroxidase in cats]. Retrograde transport of exogene horseradish peroxidase has been used to localize the retractor bulbi muscle motoneurones. These motoneurones are located ventro-laterally in the tegmental reticular field; they are grouped in a rostro-caudal column above the superior olive. They correspond to the accessory nucleus of the VIe nerve described by old anatomists.", "PMID": 96996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2478", "title": "[Numerical variation of ciliated papillae in the miracidia of different strains of Schistosoma mansoni, the organism producing intestinal bilharzia].", "content": "In the mirac\u00ecdia of 13 strains of Schistosoma mansoni, silver impregnation points out variations in the number of ciliated papillae situated between tiers 2 and 3 of epidermal cells, correlative with the size of the miracidia. These variations are related to the intermediate and definitive hosts. The number of ciliated papillae gives objective information on the degree of adaptation between the parasite and its successive hosts.", "contents": "[Numerical variation of ciliated papillae in the miracidia of different strains of Schistosoma mansoni, the organism producing intestinal bilharzia]. In the mirac\u00ecdia of 13 strains of Schistosoma mansoni, silver impregnation points out variations in the number of ciliated papillae situated between tiers 2 and 3 of epidermal cells, correlative with the size of the miracidia. These variations are related to the intermediate and definitive hosts. The number of ciliated papillae gives objective information on the degree of adaptation between the parasite and its successive hosts.", "PMID": 96997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2479", "title": "[Modifications in the type distribution of muscle fibers induced by repeated local freezings the rat sciatic nerve].", "content": "In the Rat, after a localized freezing of the sciatic nerve inducing a complete denervation of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, the reinnervation took place within 16-18 days under our experimental conditions. After only one freezing, a limited and stable \"type-grouping\" of muscle fibres is observed from 30 to 360 days. After 2 to 5 freezing repeated every three weeks, the muscular changes observed one month after the last freezing are much more pronounced than when only one freezing is performed. These changes consist of a progressive increase in the number of type I and type II C fibres. This transformation is not stable: 3 months after the 3rd freezing, the muscle pattern does not differ from that which is noted after a single freezing.", "contents": "[Modifications in the type distribution of muscle fibers induced by repeated local freezings the rat sciatic nerve]. In the Rat, after a localized freezing of the sciatic nerve inducing a complete denervation of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, the reinnervation took place within 16-18 days under our experimental conditions. After only one freezing, a limited and stable \"type-grouping\" of muscle fibres is observed from 30 to 360 days. After 2 to 5 freezing repeated every three weeks, the muscular changes observed one month after the last freezing are much more pronounced than when only one freezing is performed. These changes consist of a progressive increase in the number of type I and type II C fibres. This transformation is not stable: 3 months after the 3rd freezing, the muscle pattern does not differ from that which is noted after a single freezing.", "PMID": 96998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2480", "title": "[Intracellular distribution of two lysosomal enzymes in newborn rat liver].", "content": "The distribution of two lysosomal markers (beta-acetylglucosaminidase and acid phosphatase) between liver fractions was studied in the newborn Rat. The results indicate that after birth the hydrolase-bearing particles increased in size and had a lower density than the primary lysosomes. These modifications may be related to the autophagic-vacuole formation known to occur during this period.", "contents": "[Intracellular distribution of two lysosomal enzymes in newborn rat liver]. The distribution of two lysosomal markers (beta-acetylglucosaminidase and acid phosphatase) between liver fractions was studied in the newborn Rat. The results indicate that after birth the hydrolase-bearing particles increased in size and had a lower density than the primary lysosomes. These modifications may be related to the autophagic-vacuole formation known to occur during this period.", "PMID": 96999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2481", "title": "[Role played in man by myelinated fibers of different diameters for the evocation of a nociceptive flex reflex and the accompanying pain sensation].", "content": "Using simultaneous recordings we have made in Man a comparative study of: the sural nerve afferent volley, the nociceptive flexor reflex of a muscle of the lower limb and the associated painful sensation. Two types of stimulations were used, a single short duration electric stimulus, and a train of electric shocks (100/sec). With a single stimulus, the nociceptive flexor reflex and the painful sensation develop only when A delta fibers are recruited. On the other hand, when the stimulations are given by trains the nociceptive flexor reflex and the painful sensation can develop with a stimulus sub-liminar to the threshold of A delta fibers, when A alpha fibers are recruited. When the stimulus activate both A alpha and A delta fibers, the flexion reflex and the pain disappear when a selective blockade of the A delta group is exerted by means of Lidocain.", "contents": "[Role played in man by myelinated fibers of different diameters for the evocation of a nociceptive flex reflex and the accompanying pain sensation]. Using simultaneous recordings we have made in Man a comparative study of: the sural nerve afferent volley, the nociceptive flexor reflex of a muscle of the lower limb and the associated painful sensation. Two types of stimulations were used, a single short duration electric stimulus, and a train of electric shocks (100/sec). With a single stimulus, the nociceptive flexor reflex and the painful sensation develop only when A delta fibers are recruited. On the other hand, when the stimulations are given by trains the nociceptive flexor reflex and the painful sensation can develop with a stimulus sub-liminar to the threshold of A delta fibers, when A alpha fibers are recruited. When the stimulus activate both A alpha and A delta fibers, the flexion reflex and the pain disappear when a selective blockade of the A delta group is exerted by means of Lidocain.", "PMID": 97000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2482", "title": "[Effect of bromocriptine on the \"prolactin-like cell\" of Nectophrynoides occidentalis (Amphibia, viviparous Anura): optical and electronic microscopical studies].", "content": "Bromocriptin has an effect on prolactin-like cells of Nectophryno\u00efdes occidentalis. 16 days after delivery, these cells are fully active in normal animals. Retention of secretory granules and myelinic formations have been observed in the prolactin-like cells of females treated by CB 154.", "contents": "[Effect of bromocriptine on the \"prolactin-like cell\" of Nectophrynoides occidentalis (Amphibia, viviparous Anura): optical and electronic microscopical studies]. Bromocriptin has an effect on prolactin-like cells of Nectophryno\u00efdes occidentalis. 16 days after delivery, these cells are fully active in normal animals. Retention of secretory granules and myelinic formations have been observed in the prolactin-like cells of females treated by CB 154.", "PMID": 97001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2483", "title": "[Immunocytology of alpha-endorphin positive hypothalamic fibers of Carassius auratus L. and Cyprinus carpio L].", "content": "An immunocytological study of the basal hypothalamus of Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio with an alpha-endorphin antiserum shows the different nerve processes belonging probably to the immunoreactive cells of the lateral part of the N.L.T. According to their pathways, two main fibre tracts have been distinguished: many fluorescent fibres converge towards the pituitary gland into which they enter, other fibres run caudally through the tuber towards the nucleus tuberis inferior (Baumgarten and Braak) where they could not be followed further.", "contents": "[Immunocytology of alpha-endorphin positive hypothalamic fibers of Carassius auratus L. and Cyprinus carpio L]. An immunocytological study of the basal hypothalamus of Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio with an alpha-endorphin antiserum shows the different nerve processes belonging probably to the immunoreactive cells of the lateral part of the N.L.T. According to their pathways, two main fibre tracts have been distinguished: many fluorescent fibres converge towards the pituitary gland into which they enter, other fibres run caudally through the tuber towards the nucleus tuberis inferior (Baumgarten and Braak) where they could not be followed further.", "PMID": 97002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2484", "title": "[Isolation of bacteria that use that use nitric oxide as a respiratory electron acceptor under anaerobiosis].", "content": "Ten bacteria of the genus Bacillus were isolated from pasteurized soils, in anaerobiosis and at 32 degrees C, on peptone broth containing 0.5% KNO2. They are Gram variable rods producing oval spores. They are oxidase positive and have catalase. They grow, in anaerobiosis, on NO-3, NO-2, N2O, and NO as respiratory electron acceptors. These compounds are reduced to N2.", "contents": "[Isolation of bacteria that use that use nitric oxide as a respiratory electron acceptor under anaerobiosis]. Ten bacteria of the genus Bacillus were isolated from pasteurized soils, in anaerobiosis and at 32 degrees C, on peptone broth containing 0.5% KNO2. They are Gram variable rods producing oval spores. They are oxidase positive and have catalase. They grow, in anaerobiosis, on NO-3, NO-2, N2O, and NO as respiratory electron acceptors. These compounds are reduced to N2.", "PMID": 97003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2485", "title": "[Permanent cell culture of a pancreatic carcinoma induced by immunological effect. Comparison of the evolution of secretory specificity and oncogenic power in two homologous strains: in vitro (147-8) and in vivo (7-4)].", "content": "A permanent epithelial cell strain, named 147-8, was established in vitro from a pancreatic carcinoma immunologically induced in a mouse. The cells remain isolated and grow actively in suspension: after more than 3 years of life, the doubling time is 14 hrs. Some cells synthetized insulin during the first two months. Later on, the cells contain low but significant levels of amylase and lipase, even during the second year, thus showing some pancreatic specificity. The oncogenic property of this strain is high during the first two years, and later decreases while their multiplication rate remains high. The evolution of 147-8 strain is compared to that of its in vivo homologous strain 7-4.", "contents": "[Permanent cell culture of a pancreatic carcinoma induced by immunological effect. Comparison of the evolution of secretory specificity and oncogenic power in two homologous strains: in vitro (147-8) and in vivo (7-4)]. A permanent epithelial cell strain, named 147-8, was established in vitro from a pancreatic carcinoma immunologically induced in a mouse. The cells remain isolated and grow actively in suspension: after more than 3 years of life, the doubling time is 14 hrs. Some cells synthetized insulin during the first two months. Later on, the cells contain low but significant levels of amylase and lipase, even during the second year, thus showing some pancreatic specificity. The oncogenic property of this strain is high during the first two years, and later decreases while their multiplication rate remains high. The evolution of 147-8 strain is compared to that of its in vivo homologous strain 7-4.", "PMID": 97004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2486", "title": "[A method for measuring apatite crystals in human dentine by high resolution transmission electron microscopy].", "content": "High resolution electron microscopy now makes it possible to use an original method for measuring biological apatite crystals. The crystals of intertubular sound dentine have an average width of 296 A (standard deviation: 37) and an average thickness of 32 A (standard deviation: 5). During the course of so-called arrested caries, crystals get twice as thick compared to those sound dentine, whereas their width remains unchanged.", "contents": "[A method for measuring apatite crystals in human dentine by high resolution transmission electron microscopy]. High resolution electron microscopy now makes it possible to use an original method for measuring biological apatite crystals. The crystals of intertubular sound dentine have an average width of 296 A (standard deviation: 37) and an average thickness of 32 A (standard deviation: 5). During the course of so-called arrested caries, crystals get twice as thick compared to those sound dentine, whereas their width remains unchanged.", "PMID": 97005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2487", "title": "[Anatomical relationships of the ionocytes (chloride cells) with the branchial venous compartment: definition of two types of epithelium in fish gills].", "content": "The fish gill, a gas exchanger and osmoregulatory structure, is separated from the external milieu by two well defined types of epithelium. One, the primary lamellar epithelium, faces the venous compartment of the primary lamellae. It contains chloride cells whose extracellular spaces drain into the venous system. The other, the secondary lamellar epithelium, faces the arterio-arterial capillaries of the secondary lamellae and is made-up of an other cell type. This arrangement is seen in all classes of fishes, except Dipnoans, its functional significance is that the activity of the chloride cells directly affects the venous compartment.", "contents": "[Anatomical relationships of the ionocytes (chloride cells) with the branchial venous compartment: definition of two types of epithelium in fish gills]. The fish gill, a gas exchanger and osmoregulatory structure, is separated from the external milieu by two well defined types of epithelium. One, the primary lamellar epithelium, faces the venous compartment of the primary lamellae. It contains chloride cells whose extracellular spaces drain into the venous system. The other, the secondary lamellar epithelium, faces the arterio-arterial capillaries of the secondary lamellae and is made-up of an other cell type. This arrangement is seen in all classes of fishes, except Dipnoans, its functional significance is that the activity of the chloride cells directly affects the venous compartment.", "PMID": 97006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2488", "title": "[Formation of the neuromuscular junction in cultures of rat embryonic cells].", "content": "The morphological evidence of the primary nerve muscle contacts are described. They consist of areas of cholinesterase activity (detected histochemically) localized on the myotube membranes and of mutiple clusters of ACh receptors whose 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites are revealed by radio-autography. After the stage of the primary nerve muscle contacts, some of which seem transient, characteristic neuromuscular junctions appear. These neuromuscular junctions which possess subneural infoldings are similar to the end-plates of the Rat in vivo.", "contents": "[Formation of the neuromuscular junction in cultures of rat embryonic cells]. The morphological evidence of the primary nerve muscle contacts are described. They consist of areas of cholinesterase activity (detected histochemically) localized on the myotube membranes and of mutiple clusters of ACh receptors whose 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites are revealed by radio-autography. After the stage of the primary nerve muscle contacts, some of which seem transient, characteristic neuromuscular junctions appear. These neuromuscular junctions which possess subneural infoldings are similar to the end-plates of the Rat in vivo.", "PMID": 97007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2489", "title": "[The role of maternal parathyroids and vitamin D3 metabolites in fetal growth and the deposition of glycogen reserves in the maternal and fetal liver in rats].", "content": "Thyro-parathyroidectomy of pregnant Rats at 12.5 days of gestation decreased maternal liver glycogen on 21.5 days of gestation and fetal weight as well as fetal liver glycogen stores. The graft of one parathyroid gland or the injection of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in these thyro-parathyroidectomized mothers increased their liver glycogen stores at 21.5 days of gestation. These treatments also markedly increased both fetal weight and fetal liver glycogen stores. It was concluded that maternal 1,25-dihydorxycholecalciferol, which is synthesized under the control of parathyroid hormone secretion, controls fetal growth and liver glycogen stores. The mechanism of these effects (direct or indirect) requires further investigations.", "contents": "[The role of maternal parathyroids and vitamin D3 metabolites in fetal growth and the deposition of glycogen reserves in the maternal and fetal liver in rats]. Thyro-parathyroidectomy of pregnant Rats at 12.5 days of gestation decreased maternal liver glycogen on 21.5 days of gestation and fetal weight as well as fetal liver glycogen stores. The graft of one parathyroid gland or the injection of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in these thyro-parathyroidectomized mothers increased their liver glycogen stores at 21.5 days of gestation. These treatments also markedly increased both fetal weight and fetal liver glycogen stores. It was concluded that maternal 1,25-dihydorxycholecalciferol, which is synthesized under the control of parathyroid hormone secretion, controls fetal growth and liver glycogen stores. The mechanism of these effects (direct or indirect) requires further investigations.", "PMID": 97008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2490", "title": "[Metabolism of testosterone in organ culture of the Mullerian crest in the new Pleurodeles waltl Michah].", "content": "Radioactive testosterone is very quickly collected by the mullerian ducts, and then metabolized in androstanolone and androstanediols. According to these investigations, the mullerian duct shows an usual feature of the effectors of androgens. The possible r\u00f4le of the different metabolites is discussed.", "contents": "[Metabolism of testosterone in organ culture of the Mullerian crest in the new Pleurodeles waltl Michah]. Radioactive testosterone is very quickly collected by the mullerian ducts, and then metabolized in androstanolone and androstanediols. According to these investigations, the mullerian duct shows an usual feature of the effectors of androgens. The possible r\u00f4le of the different metabolites is discussed.", "PMID": 97009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2491", "title": "[Interaction of epidermal growth factor with human fibroblasts in culture: an autoradiographic study at the ultrastructural level].", "content": "The potent mitogen epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds to specific receptors on human fibroblasts. In the present study we have used a quantitative EM autoradiographic approach to visualize the events involved in the binding process. When 125I-EGF is incubated at 4 degrees C for 120 min, labeled EGF primarily localizes to the plasma membrane of the fibroblast but when incubated at 37 degrees C for 120 min., over  2/3 of the labeled material is internalized by the cell. The internalized radioacitivity is primarily localized to lysomes. These studies demonstrate a temperature-dependent internalization of EGF following initial binding to specific plasma membrane receptors.", "contents": "[Interaction of epidermal growth factor with human fibroblasts in culture: an autoradiographic study at the ultrastructural level]. The potent mitogen epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds to specific receptors on human fibroblasts. In the present study we have used a quantitative EM autoradiographic approach to visualize the events involved in the binding process. When 125I-EGF is incubated at 4 degrees C for 120 min, labeled EGF primarily localizes to the plasma membrane of the fibroblast but when incubated at 37 degrees C for 120 min., over  2/3 of the labeled material is internalized by the cell. The internalized radioacitivity is primarily localized to lysomes. These studies demonstrate a temperature-dependent internalization of EGF following initial binding to specific plasma membrane receptors.", "PMID": 97010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2492", "title": "[Inversion of the female sexual phenotype at high temperature in the urodelian amphibian, Pleurodeles waltii Michah].", "content": "Breeding of Pleurodeles waltii larvae with female gentotype was carried out in 29,5-30 degrees C tap water within 4 months after hatching. 11 out of 15, 1 year old animals, exhibited all the characteristics of male sexual maturity. Mating one of the neo-males  (ZW) thus obtained, with a standard female (ZW) results in a sex-ratio of the offspring consistent with theoretical expectation.", "contents": "[Inversion of the female sexual phenotype at high temperature in the urodelian amphibian, Pleurodeles waltii Michah]. Breeding of Pleurodeles waltii larvae with female gentotype was carried out in 29,5-30 degrees C tap water within 4 months after hatching. 11 out of 15, 1 year old animals, exhibited all the characteristics of male sexual maturity. Mating one of the neo-males  (ZW) thus obtained, with a standard female (ZW) results in a sex-ratio of the offspring consistent with theoretical expectation.", "PMID": 97011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2493", "title": "[Seasonal variations in the blood testosterone and thyroxine levels in the hedgehob (Erinaceus europaceus L)].", "content": "In adult male European Hedgehogs, which were studied outdoors, the plasma levels of both testosterone and thyroxine exhibited a marked annual cycle with a minimum in autumn and a maximum during spring and summer. The winter resumption of the testicular activity started already during the phase of hibernation and was concomitant with an increase of the plasma thyroxine level. The plasma titers of the two hormones dropped down together in August. The correlation between both hormones was less close from May through July.", "contents": "[Seasonal variations in the blood testosterone and thyroxine levels in the hedgehob (Erinaceus europaceus L)]. In adult male European Hedgehogs, which were studied outdoors, the plasma levels of both testosterone and thyroxine exhibited a marked annual cycle with a minimum in autumn and a maximum during spring and summer. The winter resumption of the testicular activity started already during the phase of hibernation and was concomitant with an increase of the plasma thyroxine level. The plasma titers of the two hormones dropped down together in August. The correlation between both hormones was less close from May through July.", "PMID": 97012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2494", "title": "[Importance of immunological mechanism in the curing of experimental trypanosomiasis by physical stimulation].", "content": "The cure of Trypanosoma equiperdum infected Mice obtained after treatment with an association of electromagnetic waves and a magnetic field is probably linked with the immune state of the host. A severe depression of the immune system suppresses the ability of the animals to eliminate the parasites after physical stimulation.", "contents": "[Importance of immunological mechanism in the curing of experimental trypanosomiasis by physical stimulation]. The cure of Trypanosoma equiperdum infected Mice obtained after treatment with an association of electromagnetic waves and a magnetic field is probably linked with the immune state of the host. A severe depression of the immune system suppresses the ability of the animals to eliminate the parasites after physical stimulation.", "PMID": 97013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2495", "title": "[Cutaneous respiration in a Selachian (Scyliorhinus caniculus L.)].", "content": "Cutaneous oxygen consumption (Mo2) and cutaneous oxygen uptake from the external medium were investigated in an elasmobranch Scyliorhinus caniculus L. In spite of an important Mo2 (2.75 +/- 0.28 nmol.mn-1 cm-2 ; n=6) a positive net flux of oxygen through the skin takes place (2.98 +/- 0.33 nmol. mn-1 .cm-2). The skin of the dogfish in an exchanger for oxygen supplying 10% of oxygen requirements of other organs of the body in these experimental conditions (t = 13 degrees C).", "contents": "[Cutaneous respiration in a Selachian (Scyliorhinus caniculus L.)]. Cutaneous oxygen consumption (Mo2) and cutaneous oxygen uptake from the external medium were investigated in an elasmobranch Scyliorhinus caniculus L. In spite of an important Mo2 (2.75 +/- 0.28 nmol.mn-1 cm-2 ; n=6) a positive net flux of oxygen through the skin takes place (2.98 +/- 0.33 nmol. mn-1 .cm-2). The skin of the dogfish in an exchanger for oxygen supplying 10% of oxygen requirements of other organs of the body in these experimental conditions (t = 13 degrees C).", "PMID": 97014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2496", "title": "[Modifications of ovarian follicle reactivity to LH in rats treated with FSH at the beginning of the estrous cycle].", "content": "LH perfusion was performed on proestrus under pentobarbital anaesthesia in 4-days cyclic female Rats treated or not treated with FSH at the onset of estrous cycle. The number of follicles capable of undergoing luteinization was shown to be dependent upon the amount of LH available.", "contents": "[Modifications of ovarian follicle reactivity to LH in rats treated with FSH at the beginning of the estrous cycle]. LH perfusion was performed on proestrus under pentobarbital anaesthesia in 4-days cyclic female Rats treated or not treated with FSH at the onset of estrous cycle. The number of follicles capable of undergoing luteinization was shown to be dependent upon the amount of LH available.", "PMID": 97015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2497", "title": "[Demonstration of testosterone secretion by testicular tissue of hypophysectomized boar as affected by HCG in organ culture].", "content": "Boar Leydig cells undergo a strong atrophy from 1 to 3 months after hypophysectomy but can be reactivated by the gonadotropin HCG in organ culture conditions. This reactivation which appeared at histological and ultrastructural level was evidenced by the capacity of testicular tissue to synthesize testosterone as judged by radioimmunoassay. Both synthesis in the tissue and release into the medium increased according the incubation time with HCG; the adjonction of 17 alpha-OH-pregneolone to culture medium led to increase the intra and extra-tissular concentration of testosterone.", "contents": "[Demonstration of testosterone secretion by testicular tissue of hypophysectomized boar as affected by HCG in organ culture]. Boar Leydig cells undergo a strong atrophy from 1 to 3 months after hypophysectomy but can be reactivated by the gonadotropin HCG in organ culture conditions. This reactivation which appeared at histological and ultrastructural level was evidenced by the capacity of testicular tissue to synthesize testosterone as judged by radioimmunoassay. Both synthesis in the tissue and release into the medium increased according the incubation time with HCG; the adjonction of 17 alpha-OH-pregneolone to culture medium led to increase the intra and extra-tissular concentration of testosterone.", "PMID": 97016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2498", "title": "[Statistical study of the primary asymmetry in primordial germ cells distribution in the chick embryo].", "content": "Statistical analysis of quantitative data obtained from a population of 493 chick embryos shows that the degree of primary asymmetry of PGC distribution in favour of the left side of the embryo is highly significant. Our previously published kinetic interpretation of the same data is confirmed and the origin of the primary asymmetry is discussed.", "contents": "[Statistical study of the primary asymmetry in primordial germ cells distribution in the chick embryo]. Statistical analysis of quantitative data obtained from a population of 493 chick embryos shows that the degree of primary asymmetry of PGC distribution in favour of the left side of the embryo is highly significant. Our previously published kinetic interpretation of the same data is confirmed and the origin of the primary asymmetry is discussed.", "PMID": 97018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2499", "title": "[Kinetic study of membrane 5'-nucleotidase activity in cultured diploid cells].", "content": "5'-nucleotidase activity of cultured diplo\u00efd cells was measured using intact suspended cells. This depended on the substrate amount, but did not vary with Mg ++ concentration-Kinetic data were determined using Con. A,a specific inhibitor.", "contents": "[Kinetic study of membrane 5'-nucleotidase activity in cultured diploid cells]. 5'-nucleotidase activity of cultured diplo\u00efd cells was measured using intact suspended cells. This depended on the substrate amount, but did not vary with Mg ++ concentration-Kinetic data were determined using Con. A,a specific inhibitor.", "PMID": 97019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2500", "title": "[Cytological study of the action of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on mosquito larvae].", "content": "A comparison is made between the cytopathological effects of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis on Aedes aegypti larvae and the cytopathological effects of the other varieties of B. thuringiensis on Lepidoptera larvae. The same primary action is observed, with the loss of integrity of the gut epithelium, the cells of which appear swollen, distorted and finally burst.", "contents": "[Cytological study of the action of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on mosquito larvae]. A comparison is made between the cytopathological effects of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis on Aedes aegypti larvae and the cytopathological effects of the other varieties of B. thuringiensis on Lepidoptera larvae. The same primary action is observed, with the loss of integrity of the gut epithelium, the cells of which appear swollen, distorted and finally burst.", "PMID": 97020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2501", "title": "[Protective action on mice of acellular extracts from Salmonella typhimurium].", "content": "Acellular fractions obtained by saline extraction at 60 or at 100 degree C of Salmonella typhimurium protect mice against an experimental infection with the homologous strain. After purification, these fractions which are complex, might be used for the development of a vaccine.", "contents": "[Protective action on mice of acellular extracts from Salmonella typhimurium]. Acellular fractions obtained by saline extraction at 60 or at 100 degree C of Salmonella typhimurium protect mice against an experimental infection with the homologous strain. After purification, these fractions which are complex, might be used for the development of a vaccine.", "PMID": 97021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2502", "title": "[Application of immunoelectron microscopy to the detection of viruses in a water medium].", "content": "Adenoviruses were immersed in demineralyzed and deionized water for 5 days. The water was subsequently analyzed by Immuno-Electron-Microscopy for detection of viral particles. An attempt of quantation was also made on control, untreated particles. Viruses dispersed in water can be detected by the technique employed but quantitation is limited by the heterogeneous dispersion of the particles on the grids.", "contents": "[Application of immunoelectron microscopy to the detection of viruses in a water medium]. Adenoviruses were immersed in demineralyzed and deionized water for 5 days. The water was subsequently analyzed by Immuno-Electron-Microscopy for detection of viral particles. An attempt of quantation was also made on control, untreated particles. Viruses dispersed in water can be detected by the technique employed but quantitation is limited by the heterogeneous dispersion of the particles on the grids.", "PMID": 97022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2503", "title": "[Lipid thesaurismosis rheumatism. Joint manifestation during glucocerebrosidase deficiency (Gaucher's disease). Ultrastructural study of the synovial membrane].", "content": "Articular inflammatory involvement may be the first sign of gluocecerebrosidase deficiency (Gaucher's disease). Electron microscope study shows specific synovial storage lesions which explain arthritic manifestations. Furthermore presence  of mitochondrial microcrystals, (apatite?), suggest microcrystal pathogenesis of Gaucher's arthritis.", "contents": "[Lipid thesaurismosis rheumatism. Joint manifestation during glucocerebrosidase deficiency (Gaucher's disease). Ultrastructural study of the synovial membrane]. Articular inflammatory involvement may be the first sign of gluocecerebrosidase deficiency (Gaucher's disease). Electron microscope study shows specific synovial storage lesions which explain arthritic manifestations. Furthermore presence  of mitochondrial microcrystals, (apatite?), suggest microcrystal pathogenesis of Gaucher's arthritis.", "PMID": 97023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2504", "title": "[Mental capacity and human consanguinity].", "content": "Mental abilities and inbreeding. The comparison between 1,302 adults born from consanguineous marriages underlines a heavy depression of mental abilities. The load of inbreeding equals the load of environment, both adding their influences, without interaction. Homozygosity acts probably more particularly on the brain.", "contents": "[Mental capacity and human consanguinity]. Mental abilities and inbreeding. The comparison between 1,302 adults born from consanguineous marriages underlines a heavy depression of mental abilities. The load of inbreeding equals the load of environment, both adding their influences, without interaction. Homozygosity acts probably more particularly on the brain.", "PMID": 97024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2505", "title": "[Evolution of intrabacterial glucides during differentiation of two types of feces in the colon of the domestic rabbit].", "content": "In the Rabbit, during excretion of hard feces, a correlation exists between the stock of bacterial carbohydrates at the caecal level and the intensity of the bacterial lysis observed in the proximal colon.", "contents": "[Evolution of intrabacterial glucides during differentiation of two types of feces in the colon of the domestic rabbit]. In the Rabbit, during excretion of hard feces, a correlation exists between the stock of bacterial carbohydrates at the caecal level and the intensity of the bacterial lysis observed in the proximal colon.", "PMID": 97025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2506", "title": "[Permeability of the isolated human amniotic membrane to divalent cations].", "content": "Membrane potential and resistance recordings, in vitro, show that Mg++ does not pass through the amnion from the inside of the amniotic compartment to the outside of the amniotic membrane. Mg++ may become fixed on the surface or in the midst of the amniotic membrane. However, Mg++ diffuses in the opposite direction. Ca++, Ba++, Sr++ diffuse in both directions across the amniotic membrane.", "contents": "[Permeability of the isolated human amniotic membrane to divalent cations]. Membrane potential and resistance recordings, in vitro, show that Mg++ does not pass through the amnion from the inside of the amniotic compartment to the outside of the amniotic membrane. Mg++ may become fixed on the surface or in the midst of the amniotic membrane. However, Mg++ diffuses in the opposite direction. Ca++, Ba++, Sr++ diffuse in both directions across the amniotic membrane.", "PMID": 97026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2507", "title": "[Stimulation of calcitonin secretion in the fasting newborn rat by ingestion of triglycerides].", "content": "The stomach gavage of fat (triglycerides) in the fasting newborn Rat induced a marked increase in the plasma concentration of immunoreactive calcitonin after 30 and 60 mn. Calcium chloride given by the same route at the dose of 20 mg calcium per kg body weight had a poor effect on calcitonin secretion. This stimulation was probably mediated through some gastro-intestinal hormone that has to be uncovered.", "contents": "[Stimulation of calcitonin secretion in the fasting newborn rat by ingestion of triglycerides]. The stomach gavage of fat (triglycerides) in the fasting newborn Rat induced a marked increase in the plasma concentration of immunoreactive calcitonin after 30 and 60 mn. Calcium chloride given by the same route at the dose of 20 mg calcium per kg body weight had a poor effect on calcitonin secretion. This stimulation was probably mediated through some gastro-intestinal hormone that has to be uncovered.", "PMID": 97027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2508", "title": "[Histoautoradiographic study of two target organs (epididymis and femoral glands) after injection of 3H testosterone in a non-mammalian vertebrae, the viviparous lizard].", "content": "After 3H testosterone injection into castrated males of the Lizard Lacerta vivipara, the radioactive compound is detected by radioautography of epididymis, femoral glands, gut and liver. Between 1 hr. 30 min. to 12 hrs. of retention the 3H material concentrates progressively into nuclei of the glandular cells of epididymis and femoral organs although no particular concentration occurs in gut and liver cells. This submammalian model is consistent with those previously described for mammals.", "contents": "[Histoautoradiographic study of two target organs (epididymis and femoral glands) after injection of 3H testosterone in a non-mammalian vertebrae, the viviparous lizard]. After 3H testosterone injection into castrated males of the Lizard Lacerta vivipara, the radioactive compound is detected by radioautography of epididymis, femoral glands, gut and liver. Between 1 hr. 30 min. to 12 hrs. of retention the 3H material concentrates progressively into nuclei of the glandular cells of epididymis and femoral organs although no particular concentration occurs in gut and liver cells. This submammalian model is consistent with those previously described for mammals.", "PMID": 97028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2509", "title": "[Presence in the sub-esophageal ganglinnof the caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff) of cells containing anti-alpha-endorphins as revealed by immunofluorescence].", "content": "Immunohistological investigations have been performed with Vertebrate neuropeptide antiserums in the subaesophageal ganglion of larval Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera). Positive immunoreaction was observed in two groups of cells only with an alpha-endorphin-antiserum. These cells are azocarmine ground positive earth and paraldehyde-fuchsin ground negative earth or Gomori ground negative earth. In the brain, immunohistological staining was completely negative.", "contents": "[Presence in the sub-esophageal ganglinnof the caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff) of cells containing anti-alpha-endorphins as revealed by immunofluorescence]. Immunohistological investigations have been performed with Vertebrate neuropeptide antiserums in the subaesophageal ganglion of larval Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera). Positive immunoreaction was observed in two groups of cells only with an alpha-endorphin-antiserum. These cells are azocarmine ground positive earth and paraldehyde-fuchsin ground negative earth or Gomori ground negative earth. In the brain, immunohistological staining was completely negative.", "PMID": 97029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2510", "title": "[Phenotypic expression of colon polymorphic antigens (WZ) in human colon adenocarcinomas].", "content": "Human colon adenocarcinomas from 52 patients were investigated for the presence of the colon polymorphic antigens WZ. The patients were typed for their WZ phenotype, using the immunofluorescence method on non tumoral colon mucosa sections: 27 patients were found W+ Z+, 18 W- Z+, and 7 W- Z-. The tumors were tested for the presence of the WZ phenotypes, using the immunofluorescence method and a radio-immunoassay. The WZ phenotypes were not expressed in the non secreting tumors, whatever the patient's phenotype. They were expressed in the secreting tumors and had the same phenotype as found in the corresponding normal mucosa. The WZ phenotypes were present in human developed into \"nude\"  Mice inoculated either with differentiated colon carcinomas, or with a human colon carcinoma cell line (HT-29).", "contents": "[Phenotypic expression of colon polymorphic antigens (WZ) in human colon adenocarcinomas]. Human colon adenocarcinomas from 52 patients were investigated for the presence of the colon polymorphic antigens WZ. The patients were typed for their WZ phenotype, using the immunofluorescence method on non tumoral colon mucosa sections: 27 patients were found W+ Z+, 18 W- Z+, and 7 W- Z-. The tumors were tested for the presence of the WZ phenotypes, using the immunofluorescence method and a radio-immunoassay. The WZ phenotypes were not expressed in the non secreting tumors, whatever the patient's phenotype. They were expressed in the secreting tumors and had the same phenotype as found in the corresponding normal mucosa. The WZ phenotypes were present in human developed into \"nude\"  Mice inoculated either with differentiated colon carcinomas, or with a human colon carcinoma cell line (HT-29).", "PMID": 97030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2511", "title": "Ionized calcium and magnesium in the baboon: hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.", "content": "Ionized calcium (Ca2+) and ionized magnesium (Mg2+) are important intracellular \"second messengers\" and control excitation-contraction coupling excitation-secretion coupling, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial acid-base balance. This study examines the effect of hemorrhagic shock on serum Ca2+ and Mg2+. Eight baboons were subjected to severe hemorrhagic shock and then resuscitated. Ca2+ was measured by the Orion SS-20 flowthrough calcium electrode and Mg2+ was calculated by the method of Killen. Other measurements included: total calcium, bound calcium, total magnesium, bound magnesium, albumin, globulin, total protein, phosphate, pH, and hematocrit. This study shows that there are significant disturbances of Ca2+ and Mg2+ during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. These disturbances may in part explain cellular dysfunctions during shock, including decreased myocardial contractility, inappropriate secretion of endocrine cells, decrease in oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial acidosis.", "contents": "Ionized calcium and magnesium in the baboon: hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Ionized calcium (Ca2+) and ionized magnesium (Mg2+) are important intracellular \"second messengers\" and control excitation-contraction coupling excitation-secretion coupling, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial acid-base balance. This study examines the effect of hemorrhagic shock on serum Ca2+ and Mg2+. Eight baboons were subjected to severe hemorrhagic shock and then resuscitated. Ca2+ was measured by the Orion SS-20 flowthrough calcium electrode and Mg2+ was calculated by the method of Killen. Other measurements included: total calcium, bound calcium, total magnesium, bound magnesium, albumin, globulin, total protein, phosphate, pH, and hematocrit. This study shows that there are significant disturbances of Ca2+ and Mg2+ during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. These disturbances may in part explain cellular dysfunctions during shock, including decreased myocardial contractility, inappropriate secretion of endocrine cells, decrease in oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial acidosis.", "PMID": 97031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2512", "title": "Baroreceptor reflexes in human hypertension.", "content": "We studied the control of arterial pressure by the carotid sinus baroreceptors in 35 hypertensive humans, using a variable pressure neck chamber to alter carotid sinus transmural pressure in a graded fashion. The results were compared with those obtained from 11 normotensives. As in normotensives, reduction in carotid transmural pressure caused a linearly related pressor response and vice versa. However, whereas in normotensives the pressure response was greater than the depressor, the reverse was the case in hypertensives. Furthermore, the pressor response decreased and the depressor response increased progressively with an increase in severity of the hypertension. Thus while in normotensives the carotid baroreflex is more effective in protecting against hypotension, in hypertensives the antihypertensive function of the reflex is favored. Similar differences between hypertensives and normotensives were found with respect to the carotid baroreceptor control of heart rate. In eight hypertensives, reflex changes in heart rate also were studied by injection of phenylephrine and trinitroglycerine to vary not only carotid baroreceptor activity, but also activity of extracarotid baroreceptors. The results were compared with results of similar studies on eight normotensives. These comparisons suggest that, whereas the carotid baroreceptor reflex remains active in hypertension, reflexes stemming from extracarotid baroreceptor areas are much diminished.", "contents": "Baroreceptor reflexes in human hypertension. We studied the control of arterial pressure by the carotid sinus baroreceptors in 35 hypertensive humans, using a variable pressure neck chamber to alter carotid sinus transmural pressure in a graded fashion. The results were compared with those obtained from 11 normotensives. As in normotensives, reduction in carotid transmural pressure caused a linearly related pressor response and vice versa. However, whereas in normotensives the pressure response was greater than the depressor, the reverse was the case in hypertensives. Furthermore, the pressor response decreased and the depressor response increased progressively with an increase in severity of the hypertension. Thus while in normotensives the carotid baroreflex is more effective in protecting against hypotension, in hypertensives the antihypertensive function of the reflex is favored. Similar differences between hypertensives and normotensives were found with respect to the carotid baroreceptor control of heart rate. In eight hypertensives, reflex changes in heart rate also were studied by injection of phenylephrine and trinitroglycerine to vary not only carotid baroreceptor activity, but also activity of extracarotid baroreceptors. The results were compared with results of similar studies on eight normotensives. These comparisons suggest that, whereas the carotid baroreceptor reflex remains active in hypertension, reflexes stemming from extracarotid baroreceptor areas are much diminished.", "PMID": 97032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2513", "title": "Comparison between ketotifen and DSCG in bronchial challenge.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over study showed that orally taken ketotifen and inhaled DSCG have a comparable protective effect on allergen-induced bronchoconstriction. Both drugs significantly inhibit the immediate bronchial reaction after a 3 day treatment with either 1 mg ketotifen or 20 mg DSCG four times daily. Late reactions, which occurred in three out of the ten patients, were inhibited in two of the three patients by ketotifen as by DSCG.", "contents": "Comparison between ketotifen and DSCG in bronchial challenge. A double-blind cross-over study showed that orally taken ketotifen and inhaled DSCG have a comparable protective effect on allergen-induced bronchoconstriction. Both drugs significantly inhibit the immediate bronchial reaction after a 3 day treatment with either 1 mg ketotifen or 20 mg DSCG four times daily. Late reactions, which occurred in three out of the ten patients, were inhibited in two of the three patients by ketotifen as by DSCG.", "PMID": 97033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2514", "title": "A low T3 syndrome in diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "The pituitary-thyroid axis was investigated in nineteen euthyroid patients with severe diabetic ketoacidosis. A 'low T3 syndrome' was found, with the following characteristics: lowered serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), increased reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), slightly low thyroxine (T4), normal thyrotrophin (TSH), slightly increased triiodothyronine uptake (RT3U) values, and a blunted TSH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). These disturbances in thyroid-function tests required several days good control of the diabetes to be corrected, at least partially. The data suggest the presence of an abnormal extrathyroidal T4 metabolism as well as a pituitary defect. Caution is recommended in the interpretation of thyroid-function tests during and several days after the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "contents": "A low T3 syndrome in diabetic ketoacidosis. The pituitary-thyroid axis was investigated in nineteen euthyroid patients with severe diabetic ketoacidosis. A 'low T3 syndrome' was found, with the following characteristics: lowered serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), increased reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), slightly low thyroxine (T4), normal thyrotrophin (TSH), slightly increased triiodothyronine uptake (RT3U) values, and a blunted TSH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). These disturbances in thyroid-function tests required several days good control of the diabetes to be corrected, at least partially. The data suggest the presence of an abnormal extrathyroidal T4 metabolism as well as a pituitary defect. Caution is recommended in the interpretation of thyroid-function tests during and several days after the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 97034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2515", "title": "The immunogloblin nature of nephritic factor (NeF).", "content": "NeF was shown to be antigenically and structurally similar to IgG by the following experiments: (1) NeF activity in serum was absorbed by and, under acid conditions, could be eluted from (a) anti-myeloma IgG antibody coupled to Sepharose and (b) protein A-Sepharose. (2) Purified NeF could bind to anit-myeloma IgG-Sepharose and could be eluted with acid, and this binding was blocked by myeloma IgG. (3) An antibody to beta2, microglobulin, showing strong cross-reactivity with normal IgG, bound NeF activity before, but not after, absorption of the antiserum with IgG. (4) Sepharose-coupled antibodies to NeF could bind activity which was recovered in the acid eluate. This binding capacity was lost after absorption of the antibody with normal and myeloma IgG. (5) Structural similarity was demonstrated by pepsin and papain digestion, which resulted in NeF activity eluting with F(ab')2 and Fab fragments from protein A-Sepharose and Sephadex G-150. (6) Autoradiography of PAGE-SDS of 125I-labelled NeF eluted from EA43bBb cells showed that NeF had a larger H chain than normal IgG, suggesting that NeF might be an abnormal IgG molecule.", "contents": "The immunogloblin nature of nephritic factor (NeF). NeF was shown to be antigenically and structurally similar to IgG by the following experiments: (1) NeF activity in serum was absorbed by and, under acid conditions, could be eluted from (a) anti-myeloma IgG antibody coupled to Sepharose and (b) protein A-Sepharose. (2) Purified NeF could bind to anit-myeloma IgG-Sepharose and could be eluted with acid, and this binding was blocked by myeloma IgG. (3) An antibody to beta2, microglobulin, showing strong cross-reactivity with normal IgG, bound NeF activity before, but not after, absorption of the antiserum with IgG. (4) Sepharose-coupled antibodies to NeF could bind activity which was recovered in the acid eluate. This binding capacity was lost after absorption of the antibody with normal and myeloma IgG. (5) Structural similarity was demonstrated by pepsin and papain digestion, which resulted in NeF activity eluting with F(ab')2 and Fab fragments from protein A-Sepharose and Sephadex G-150. (6) Autoradiography of PAGE-SDS of 125I-labelled NeF eluted from EA43bBb cells showed that NeF had a larger H chain than normal IgG, suggesting that NeF might be an abnormal IgG molecule.", "PMID": 97036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2516", "title": "Impaired skeletal muscle vasomotor response to infused noradrenaline in baboons with obstructive jaundice.", "content": "1. We have measured muscle blood flow by a 133Xe clearance technique, and its response to noradrenaline in baboons before and 2 weeks after ligation of the bile ducts when they were jaundiced. 2. In the normal baboons, the response to noradrenaline was a dose-dependent decrease in muscle blood flow. 3. Bile-duct ligation caused no significant alteration in skeletal muscle blood flow but the response to noradrenaline in the jaundiced baboons was significantly attenuated. This effect was not observed in four sham-operated baboons.", "contents": "Impaired skeletal muscle vasomotor response to infused noradrenaline in baboons with obstructive jaundice. 1. We have measured muscle blood flow by a 133Xe clearance technique, and its response to noradrenaline in baboons before and 2 weeks after ligation of the bile ducts when they were jaundiced. 2. In the normal baboons, the response to noradrenaline was a dose-dependent decrease in muscle blood flow. 3. Bile-duct ligation caused no significant alteration in skeletal muscle blood flow but the response to noradrenaline in the jaundiced baboons was significantly attenuated. This effect was not observed in four sham-operated baboons.", "PMID": 97041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2517", "title": "Chromosomal evolution in Malagasy lemurs. III. Chromosome banding studies in the genus Hapalemur and the species Lemur catta.", "content": "The karyotypes of five Malagasy lemurs are described and compared after the successive use of various banding methods. Phylogenic relationships appear to exist between the respective ancestors of Lemur catta, Hapalemur simus, H. griseus occidentalis, H. griseus ssp, and H. griseus griseus. Their karyotypes can be derived from that of L. fulvus fulvus by chromosomal rearrangements affecting mainly chromosomes 1 and X. Intense staining of juxtacentromeric heterochromatin was detected among the different subspecies of H. griseus.", "contents": "Chromosomal evolution in Malagasy lemurs. III. Chromosome banding studies in the genus Hapalemur and the species Lemur catta. The karyotypes of five Malagasy lemurs are described and compared after the successive use of various banding methods. Phylogenic relationships appear to exist between the respective ancestors of Lemur catta, Hapalemur simus, H. griseus occidentalis, H. griseus ssp, and H. griseus griseus. Their karyotypes can be derived from that of L. fulvus fulvus by chromosomal rearrangements affecting mainly chromosomes 1 and X. Intense staining of juxtacentromeric heterochromatin was detected among the different subspecies of H. griseus.", "PMID": 97055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2518", "title": "Synergy studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to gentamicin and/or carbenicillin.", "content": "The predictability of synergy with strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa highly resistant to gentamicin in combination with carbenicillin has been controversial. 30 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa resistant to gentamicin and/or carbenicillin were tested by checker-board technique. 14 were found to be highly resistant to gentamicin (minimal inhibitory concentration MIC greater than or equal to 128 microgram/ml) and/or carbenicillin (MIC greater than or equal to 512 microgram/ml). Of these 14, 4 isolates showed synergy. 10 of 16 isolates with moderate resistance demonstrated synergy. It is concluded that the level of resistance to gentamicin with P. aeruginosa cannot be used in predicting whether synergy will occur.", "contents": "Synergy studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to gentamicin and/or carbenicillin. The predictability of synergy with strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa highly resistant to gentamicin in combination with carbenicillin has been controversial. 30 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa resistant to gentamicin and/or carbenicillin were tested by checker-board technique. 14 were found to be highly resistant to gentamicin (minimal inhibitory concentration MIC greater than or equal to 128 microgram/ml) and/or carbenicillin (MIC greater than or equal to 512 microgram/ml). Of these 14, 4 isolates showed synergy. 10 of 16 isolates with moderate resistance demonstrated synergy. It is concluded that the level of resistance to gentamicin with P. aeruginosa cannot be used in predicting whether synergy will occur.", "PMID": 97057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2519", "title": "Effect of a tetracycline antibiotic on the experimental pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "The pathogenicity of three stains of Cryptococcus neoformans was experimentally tested by intradermal inoculations into albino rabbits and intraperitoneally into mice. A relationship was found between the number of inoculated cells and the diameter of dermal lesion; moreover, a typical kinetics of lesion evolution and healing has been shown. Treatment of rabbits with deoxytetracycline did not dramatically influence the behavior of dermal lesions. However, in experiments dealing with strain Vi selected for its enhanced dermotropism, the antibiotic did significantly provoke a diminition of the inflammatory area. In mice, the antibiotic caused a marked increase in mortality (as evaluated by both LD50 values and rate of mortality). Neither in rabbits nor in mice, however, were we able to detect a significant effect of the drug on the dissemination of C. neoformans cells in internal organs. There is no simple explanation for the reported observations but it is possible that local factors in the derma or an aspecific antiinflammatory action of deoxytetracycline are responsible for the unusual response of dermal experimental infection to antibiotic treatment.", "contents": "Effect of a tetracycline antibiotic on the experimental pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans. The pathogenicity of three stains of Cryptococcus neoformans was experimentally tested by intradermal inoculations into albino rabbits and intraperitoneally into mice. A relationship was found between the number of inoculated cells and the diameter of dermal lesion; moreover, a typical kinetics of lesion evolution and healing has been shown. Treatment of rabbits with deoxytetracycline did not dramatically influence the behavior of dermal lesions. However, in experiments dealing with strain Vi selected for its enhanced dermotropism, the antibiotic did significantly provoke a diminition of the inflammatory area. In mice, the antibiotic caused a marked increase in mortality (as evaluated by both LD50 values and rate of mortality). Neither in rabbits nor in mice, however, were we able to detect a significant effect of the drug on the dissemination of C. neoformans cells in internal organs. There is no simple explanation for the reported observations but it is possible that local factors in the derma or an aspecific antiinflammatory action of deoxytetracycline are responsible for the unusual response of dermal experimental infection to antibiotic treatment.", "PMID": 97058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2520", "title": "Folate status during long-term therapy with trimethoprim and sulphadiazine.", "content": "It was studied whether treatment with sulphadiazine and trimethoprim for 8 weeks affected the folate status. The therapy did not inhibit the absorption as assessed by the 3H--folic acid absorption (TRIFA) test. Plasma folic acid clearance showed that folate deficiency had not developed. Bone marrow studies revealed that the antifolic action of the drugs did not manifest itself at the cellular level. The Lactobacillus casei method should not be employed in the determinations of the serum folate concentration during the treatment because therapeutic plasma concentrations of the two drugs inhibit the growth of the test bacteria.", "contents": "Folate status during long-term therapy with trimethoprim and sulphadiazine. It was studied whether treatment with sulphadiazine and trimethoprim for 8 weeks affected the folate status. The therapy did not inhibit the absorption as assessed by the 3H--folic acid absorption (TRIFA) test. Plasma folic acid clearance showed that folate deficiency had not developed. Bone marrow studies revealed that the antifolic action of the drugs did not manifest itself at the cellular level. The Lactobacillus casei method should not be employed in the determinations of the serum folate concentration during the treatment because therapeutic plasma concentrations of the two drugs inhibit the growth of the test bacteria.", "PMID": 97059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2521", "title": "Local cerebral energy metabolism: its relationships to local functional activity and blood flow.", "content": "The results of studies with the [14C] deoxyglucose technique unequivocally establish that local functional activity in cerebral tissues is, as in other tissues, closely coupled to the local rate of energy metabolism. Stimulation of local functional activity increases the local rate of glucose utilization; reduced functional activity depresses it. Local cerebral blood flow is normally distributed among the cerebral structures in almost exact proportion to their rates of glucose utilization and it changes together with local glucose consumption in response to altered local functional activity. These results demonstrate that the level of functional activity in the structural and functional components of the central nervous system regulates the local rate of energy metabolism, and local blood flow is adjusted to the local metabolic demand.", "contents": "Local cerebral energy metabolism: its relationships to local functional activity and blood flow. The results of studies with the [14C] deoxyglucose technique unequivocally establish that local functional activity in cerebral tissues is, as in other tissues, closely coupled to the local rate of energy metabolism. Stimulation of local functional activity increases the local rate of glucose utilization; reduced functional activity depresses it. Local cerebral blood flow is normally distributed among the cerebral structures in almost exact proportion to their rates of glucose utilization and it changes together with local glucose consumption in response to altered local functional activity. These results demonstrate that the level of functional activity in the structural and functional components of the central nervous system regulates the local rate of energy metabolism, and local blood flow is adjusted to the local metabolic demand.", "PMID": 97062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2522", "title": "Central neuroendocrine regulation of brain water permeability.", "content": "The brain vasculature, especially capillaries, may function in a very dynamic fashion under neuroendocrine control to regulate the internal environment of the brain. This is exemplified by new observations on the regulation of brain water permeability using the tracer H215O in vivo in adult rhesus monkeys. These studies reveal that brain water permeability, and hence brain water content and volume, are, at least in part, under the influence of the central noradrenergic system and centrally released vasopressin.", "contents": "Central neuroendocrine regulation of brain water permeability. The brain vasculature, especially capillaries, may function in a very dynamic fashion under neuroendocrine control to regulate the internal environment of the brain. This is exemplified by new observations on the regulation of brain water permeability using the tracer H215O in vivo in adult rhesus monkeys. These studies reveal that brain water permeability, and hence brain water content and volume, are, at least in part, under the influence of the central noradrenergic system and centrally released vasopressin.", "PMID": 97063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2523", "title": "Osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier.", "content": "The blood-brain barrier at cerebral blood vessels is due to a continuous lining of endothelial cells, which are connected by tight junctions that restrict intercellular diffusion. The endothelium excludes most water-soluble solutes and proteins but supports facilitated stereospecific transport of monosaccharides and large neutral and basic amino acids. The barrier in different species can be made permeable by infusing a hypertonic solution of urea or arabinose into the internal carotid artery. Endothelial cells presumably shrink and tight junctions between them widen to proteins and normally restricted solutes. Thus, intravascular protein tracers such as Evans' blue-albumin, 125I-labelled albumin, horseradish peroxidase (ED 1.11.1.7) and alpha-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24) are allowed into the brain, and uptake of [3H] norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is increased more than twofold above a normal rate of accumulation by brain. Osmotic barrier opening to amines has been used to demonstrate their effect on cerebral blood flow from within the brain parenchyma. Osmotic barrier opening is reversible, may be graded with respect to molecular size and is not followed by evidence of brain damage or of brain oedema (when measured two days after hypertonic infusion). Transient cerebral changes probably accompany osmotic opening, however, as glucose uptake and cerebral metabolism of glucose are increased after hypertonic infusion.", "contents": "Osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier at cerebral blood vessels is due to a continuous lining of endothelial cells, which are connected by tight junctions that restrict intercellular diffusion. The endothelium excludes most water-soluble solutes and proteins but supports facilitated stereospecific transport of monosaccharides and large neutral and basic amino acids. The barrier in different species can be made permeable by infusing a hypertonic solution of urea or arabinose into the internal carotid artery. Endothelial cells presumably shrink and tight junctions between them widen to proteins and normally restricted solutes. Thus, intravascular protein tracers such as Evans' blue-albumin, 125I-labelled albumin, horseradish peroxidase (ED 1.11.1.7) and alpha-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24) are allowed into the brain, and uptake of [3H] norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is increased more than twofold above a normal rate of accumulation by brain. Osmotic barrier opening to amines has been used to demonstrate their effect on cerebral blood flow from within the brain parenchyma. Osmotic barrier opening is reversible, may be graded with respect to molecular size and is not followed by evidence of brain damage or of brain oedema (when measured two days after hypertonic infusion). Transient cerebral changes probably accompany osmotic opening, however, as glucose uptake and cerebral metabolism of glucose are increased after hypertonic infusion.", "PMID": 97064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2524", "title": "Influence of the cerebrovascular sympathetic innervation on regional flow, autoregulation, and blood-brain barrier function.", "content": "Experiments have been done on rats, rabbits and baboons to elucidate the role of the cranial sympathetic nerves originating in the superior cervical ganglia in the regulation of local cerebral blood flow, including its autoregulation, and in blood-brain barrier functions. Flow was measured by the [14C] ethanol technique, thermoclearance, and xenon-133 clearance. Blood-brain barrier functions were studied by the extravasation of an Evan's blue-albumin complex and by calculation of brain uptake index for two compounds (noradrenaline and inulin). Electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves reduces regional flow to a degree that is related to the amount of local perivascular innervation. The breakthrough of autoregulation during induced systemic hypertension is prevented by bilateral stimulation of the superior cervical ganglia. Acute sympathectomy markedly enhances the vascular penetration both at normotension (tested by brain uptake index for noradrenaline and inulin) and rapidly induced hypertension (evidenced by extravasation of Evans' blue). This extravasation of Evans' blud during acute hypertension can be counteracted by sympathetic nerve stimulation. The results give further support for the view that the cranial sympathetic nerves afford an efficient control of the cerebrovascular bed.", "contents": "Influence of the cerebrovascular sympathetic innervation on regional flow, autoregulation, and blood-brain barrier function. Experiments have been done on rats, rabbits and baboons to elucidate the role of the cranial sympathetic nerves originating in the superior cervical ganglia in the regulation of local cerebral blood flow, including its autoregulation, and in blood-brain barrier functions. Flow was measured by the [14C] ethanol technique, thermoclearance, and xenon-133 clearance. Blood-brain barrier functions were studied by the extravasation of an Evan's blue-albumin complex and by calculation of brain uptake index for two compounds (noradrenaline and inulin). Electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves reduces regional flow to a degree that is related to the amount of local perivascular innervation. The breakthrough of autoregulation during induced systemic hypertension is prevented by bilateral stimulation of the superior cervical ganglia. Acute sympathectomy markedly enhances the vascular penetration both at normotension (tested by brain uptake index for noradrenaline and inulin) and rapidly induced hypertension (evidenced by extravasation of Evans' blue). This extravasation of Evans' blud during acute hypertension can be counteracted by sympathetic nerve stimulation. The results give further support for the view that the cranial sympathetic nerves afford an efficient control of the cerebrovascular bed.", "PMID": 97065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2525", "title": "[Diagnostic value of microzone electrophoresis of non-concentrated cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of microzone electrophoresis and immunochemical examination of proteins in nonconcentrated CSF were compared. Blood-CSF barrier impairment, disturbances in CSF flow and immune reactions were detectable by the microzone electrophoresis technique. Blood-CSF barrier impairment and immune reactions were detected by immunochemical determination of albumin and IgG on LC partigen plates, the assay range of the plate being sufficient only for these proteins. There was no significant difference in the frequency with which abnormal protein values were found by either method.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of microzone electrophoresis of non-concentrated cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)]. Results of microzone electrophoresis and immunochemical examination of proteins in nonconcentrated CSF were compared. Blood-CSF barrier impairment, disturbances in CSF flow and immune reactions were detectable by the microzone electrophoresis technique. Blood-CSF barrier impairment and immune reactions were detected by immunochemical determination of albumin and IgG on LC partigen plates, the assay range of the plate being sufficient only for these proteins. There was no significant difference in the frequency with which abnormal protein values were found by either method.", "PMID": 97068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2526", "title": "[Ultradian rhythm in EMG and EEG of a child with cerebral palsy (author's transl)].", "content": "EMG as well as EEG of a two years old girl with cerebral palsy was recorded continuously during four days and nights. Mathematical analysis (autocorrelations and spectra of variance) revealed an ultradian periodicity (1.5--2.5 hours) of all recorded functions. Especially, a 1.5-hour period was seen in records of EMG (m. triceps surae) during days. These findings are discussed with respect to Kleitman's basic rest activity cycle. The ultradian rhythm of motor activity in children with cerebral palsy should be taken into account, especially with respect to timing and programs of physical therapy.", "contents": "[Ultradian rhythm in EMG and EEG of a child with cerebral palsy (author's transl)]. EMG as well as EEG of a two years old girl with cerebral palsy was recorded continuously during four days and nights. Mathematical analysis (autocorrelations and spectra of variance) revealed an ultradian periodicity (1.5--2.5 hours) of all recorded functions. Especially, a 1.5-hour period was seen in records of EMG (m. triceps surae) during days. These findings are discussed with respect to Kleitman's basic rest activity cycle. The ultradian rhythm of motor activity in children with cerebral palsy should be taken into account, especially with respect to timing and programs of physical therapy.", "PMID": 97070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2527", "title": "[Centralized system for EEG-diagnosis and EEG-monitoring in a neurologic intensive care unit (author's transl)].", "content": "A centralized EEG system installed in a neurologic intensive care unit is described. It is the first step to a computerized EEG monitoring which on the basis of conventional EEG recordings already permits a \"brain monitoring\" to some extent. It consists of a system for total EEG diagnosis which is connected with a central EEG laboratory via long-distance transmission lines, and of a system for EEG-monitoring which is part of the general beside monitor system. The possibilities of this system are demonstrated in monitoring of patients with epileptic seizures.", "contents": "[Centralized system for EEG-diagnosis and EEG-monitoring in a neurologic intensive care unit (author's transl)]. A centralized EEG system installed in a neurologic intensive care unit is described. It is the first step to a computerized EEG monitoring which on the basis of conventional EEG recordings already permits a \"brain monitoring\" to some extent. It consists of a system for total EEG diagnosis which is connected with a central EEG laboratory via long-distance transmission lines, and of a system for EEG-monitoring which is part of the general beside monitor system. The possibilities of this system are demonstrated in monitoring of patients with epileptic seizures.", "PMID": 97071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2528", "title": "[Transitory burst-suppression pattern in endogenous-exogenous encephalopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "A status epilepticus was observed in a 22 year old female patient during endotoxinshock. The status epilepticus was treated with a high dosage of diazepame. The EEG showed a burst suppression pattern, in our case mixed by anoxia and diazepame. The burst-suppression pattern and the clinical suspicion of delayed degradation of diazepame caused by toxic hepatic failure suggested the therapy of forced diuresis. This therapy was followed by decreasing suppression periods, indicating the dominante influence of the hypnotic drug. This result shows the diagnostic as well as the therapeutic value of forced diuresis in this case.", "contents": "[Transitory burst-suppression pattern in endogenous-exogenous encephalopathy (author's transl)]. A status epilepticus was observed in a 22 year old female patient during endotoxinshock. The status epilepticus was treated with a high dosage of diazepame. The EEG showed a burst suppression pattern, in our case mixed by anoxia and diazepame. The burst-suppression pattern and the clinical suspicion of delayed degradation of diazepame caused by toxic hepatic failure suggested the therapy of forced diuresis. This therapy was followed by decreasing suppression periods, indicating the dominante influence of the hypnotic drug. This result shows the diagnostic as well as the therapeutic value of forced diuresis in this case.", "PMID": 97072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2529", "title": "[Number of spike-components contributing to the motor unit potential (author's transl)].", "content": "40 motor unit potentials recorded with concentric needle electrodes (Fig. 1) from the extensor digitorum communis muscle were analysed in order to find out the number of contributing muscle fibre action potentials. A \"fractionation\" of the motor unit potential was achieved by maintained voluntary activity under ischemic condition leading to a consecutive transmission block in the motor endplates within the active motor unit. Thus one after the other muscle fibre action potential failed to occur leading to a stepwise reduction of the motor unit potential which finally was abolished (Fig. 2 and 3). With technique it was shown that 65% of the area of the investigated motor unit potentials were composed of two to twelve (mean 5) muscle fibre action potentials (Fig 4). No correlation between the number of spike-components and duration or amplitude of the motor unit potential was found (Fig. 5). The non-analysed area of the motor unit potential probably represented activity of more distant muscle fibres of the motor unit.", "contents": "[Number of spike-components contributing to the motor unit potential (author's transl)]. 40 motor unit potentials recorded with concentric needle electrodes (Fig. 1) from the extensor digitorum communis muscle were analysed in order to find out the number of contributing muscle fibre action potentials. A \"fractionation\" of the motor unit potential was achieved by maintained voluntary activity under ischemic condition leading to a consecutive transmission block in the motor endplates within the active motor unit. Thus one after the other muscle fibre action potential failed to occur leading to a stepwise reduction of the motor unit potential which finally was abolished (Fig. 2 and 3). With technique it was shown that 65% of the area of the investigated motor unit potentials were composed of two to twelve (mean 5) muscle fibre action potentials (Fig 4). No correlation between the number of spike-components and duration or amplitude of the motor unit potential was found (Fig. 5). The non-analysed area of the motor unit potential probably represented activity of more distant muscle fibres of the motor unit.", "PMID": 97073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2530", "title": "[The significance of rhythmic mid-temporal discharges (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 50,000 EEG's those of 38 subjects contained rhythmic mid-temporal discharges (RMTD), corresponding to an incidence of 0,1%. The morphological features of RMTD are: 1. frequency: 5.5-6.5/sec 2. shape: monophasic and regular with occasionally interposed 12/sec. activity. 3. localisation: mid temporal, often spread to anterior, seldom posterior region. 4. occurence: bilateral, simultaneous, or alternating sides. They are closely linked to the drowsy state, occuring at the transition from A2 to B2 stage (IA2) and arising from a fairly desynchronized EEG. RMTD are commonly seen within REM periods, which are markedly fragmented with interspersed periods of drowsy patterns lasting 20-90 sec, during which the RMTD are seen. Occasionally they are strictly related to slow eye movements and periodic respiration. The RMTD are an individual feature, appearing in different persons with variing penetrance. Their occurence is favoured or inhibited to a certain degree by external circumstances. Slow and fast wave sleep in subjects with RMTD are disturbed. Both of them, especially the fast wave sleep are reduced in favour of markedly increased stages of drowsiness with RMTD, which sometimes last several minutes. In spite of such abnormal organisation of sleep the subjects feel recovered in the morning and sleep disturbances are not reported. RMTD could therefore be considered as \"bioelectrical sleep disorder\". We did not find any correlation between RMTD and clinical findings, in particular not with psychomotor or any other form of epilepsy.", "contents": "[The significance of rhythmic mid-temporal discharges (author's transl)]. Out of 50,000 EEG's those of 38 subjects contained rhythmic mid-temporal discharges (RMTD), corresponding to an incidence of 0,1%. The morphological features of RMTD are: 1. frequency: 5.5-6.5/sec 2. shape: monophasic and regular with occasionally interposed 12/sec. activity. 3. localisation: mid temporal, often spread to anterior, seldom posterior region. 4. occurence: bilateral, simultaneous, or alternating sides. They are closely linked to the drowsy state, occuring at the transition from A2 to B2 stage (IA2) and arising from a fairly desynchronized EEG. RMTD are commonly seen within REM periods, which are markedly fragmented with interspersed periods of drowsy patterns lasting 20-90 sec, during which the RMTD are seen. Occasionally they are strictly related to slow eye movements and periodic respiration. The RMTD are an individual feature, appearing in different persons with variing penetrance. Their occurence is favoured or inhibited to a certain degree by external circumstances. Slow and fast wave sleep in subjects with RMTD are disturbed. Both of them, especially the fast wave sleep are reduced in favour of markedly increased stages of drowsiness with RMTD, which sometimes last several minutes. In spite of such abnormal organisation of sleep the subjects feel recovered in the morning and sleep disturbances are not reported. RMTD could therefore be considered as \"bioelectrical sleep disorder\". We did not find any correlation between RMTD and clinical findings, in particular not with psychomotor or any other form of epilepsy.", "PMID": 97075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2531", "title": "[Centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic petit mal. Clinical and electroencephalographic long-term follow-up study in 52 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In this report 52 patients meeting the criteria of centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic petit mal (10) at the beginning of petit mal are included. The results of clinical and encephalographic follow-up examinations are as follows: 1) The type reported here apparently has a petit mal course with peculiar characteristics, it therefore must be separated from Lennox syndrome: centrencephalic myoclonicastatic petit mal, pyknolepsia, bilateral myoclonus (impulsive petit mal). It should file under generalized primary petit mal epilepsy. 2) It is primarily defined by its EEG marker: \"centrencephalic\" EEG pattern (irregular and/or regular spike-wave groups, photosensibility and abnormal theta- and/or delta-rhythm). Rarely (33%) minor cerebral organic lesions as additional pathogenetic factors are uncovered by clinical and electroencephalographic examinations. 3) The clinical picture is characterized, aside from myoclonic and/or astatic seizures, by frequent absences (80%), rare tonic seizures (6%), petit mal status (25%) and mostly generalized grand mal seizures (62%). 4) There are changes of the course of the disease to Lennox syndrome (N = 6) in in children suffering from marked cerebral organic lesions at the onset of petit mal and in development of severe epilepsy. 5) Least favorite markers with respect to prognosis are concomitant grand mal seizures (p = 0,05), petit mal status (p = 0.008), additional 2/sec spike wave-pattern (spike wave Variant) in the EEG (p = 0.002) and previous seizures with focal signs. Favourite outcome of epilepsy are frequently connected to missing cerebral organic lesions (p = 0.05).", "contents": "[Centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic petit mal. Clinical and electroencephalographic long-term follow-up study in 52 patients (author's transl)]. In this report 52 patients meeting the criteria of centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic petit mal (10) at the beginning of petit mal are included. The results of clinical and encephalographic follow-up examinations are as follows: 1) The type reported here apparently has a petit mal course with peculiar characteristics, it therefore must be separated from Lennox syndrome: centrencephalic myoclonicastatic petit mal, pyknolepsia, bilateral myoclonus (impulsive petit mal). It should file under generalized primary petit mal epilepsy. 2) It is primarily defined by its EEG marker: \"centrencephalic\" EEG pattern (irregular and/or regular spike-wave groups, photosensibility and abnormal theta- and/or delta-rhythm). Rarely (33%) minor cerebral organic lesions as additional pathogenetic factors are uncovered by clinical and electroencephalographic examinations. 3) The clinical picture is characterized, aside from myoclonic and/or astatic seizures, by frequent absences (80%), rare tonic seizures (6%), petit mal status (25%) and mostly generalized grand mal seizures (62%). 4) There are changes of the course of the disease to Lennox syndrome (N = 6) in in children suffering from marked cerebral organic lesions at the onset of petit mal and in development of severe epilepsy. 5) Least favorite markers with respect to prognosis are concomitant grand mal seizures (p = 0,05), petit mal status (p = 0.008), additional 2/sec spike wave-pattern (spike wave Variant) in the EEG (p = 0.002) and previous seizures with focal signs. Favourite outcome of epilepsy are frequently connected to missing cerebral organic lesions (p = 0.05).", "PMID": 97076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2532", "title": "[Bio-rhythmic as time-structure of postnatal development: observation in behaviour and polygraphic studies in a normal newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "The spontaneous sleep-waking behaviour of a male infant, normal with respect to pregnancy, delivery and Apgar score, was observed continuously from birth till the first four months of life. Additionally sleep stages were scored by means of polygraphic method during several weeks. The infant was allowed to sleep and awake according to his own schedule and was fed if his behaviour could be judged as a feeding demand. Using statistical analysis it could be deomonstrated, that the spontaneous sleep-waking behaviour was mainly driven by three endogenous rhythms: The Basic rest aktivity cycle with periods of about 50 minutes, a circafour-hour rhythm already established at term and a circadian periodicity which developed during the first three months of life. So far our results support earlier studies of Kleitman and Engelmann, Parmelee, Hellbr\u00fcgge etc. The present study, however, gives further evidence, that these rhythms do not run independently, but constitute a system of interacting oscillators. During postnatal development these connected rhythms cause characteristic periodicities of the spontaneous sleep-waking pattern. Since the newborn experiences his world within a basic framework of sleep and waking epochs, the system of interacting, endogenous rhythms may be considered as a structure timing the information process in the developing brain.", "contents": "[Bio-rhythmic as time-structure of postnatal development: observation in behaviour and polygraphic studies in a normal newborn (author's transl)]. The spontaneous sleep-waking behaviour of a male infant, normal with respect to pregnancy, delivery and Apgar score, was observed continuously from birth till the first four months of life. Additionally sleep stages were scored by means of polygraphic method during several weeks. The infant was allowed to sleep and awake according to his own schedule and was fed if his behaviour could be judged as a feeding demand. Using statistical analysis it could be deomonstrated, that the spontaneous sleep-waking behaviour was mainly driven by three endogenous rhythms: The Basic rest aktivity cycle with periods of about 50 minutes, a circafour-hour rhythm already established at term and a circadian periodicity which developed during the first three months of life. So far our results support earlier studies of Kleitman and Engelmann, Parmelee, Hellbr\u00fcgge etc. The present study, however, gives further evidence, that these rhythms do not run independently, but constitute a system of interacting oscillators. During postnatal development these connected rhythms cause characteristic periodicities of the spontaneous sleep-waking pattern. Since the newborn experiences his world within a basic framework of sleep and waking epochs, the system of interacting, endogenous rhythms may be considered as a structure timing the information process in the developing brain.", "PMID": 97077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2533", "title": "Insulin secretion, carbohydrate tolerance, fat metabolism and body weight in maturity onset diabetics requiring various methods of therapy.", "content": "Maturity onset diabetes (MOD) is characterized by the fact that the response of insulin secretion to glucose loading is either completely missing or is reduced if compared with that of persons whose metabolism is intact. But insulin secretion can be provoked by other specific stimuli. However, the quantitative IRI response can provide no information as to which of the MO diabetics must be treated by dietetic measures only and which of them are liable to treatment with sulfonylurea. It was, therefore, investigated whether in 109 patients suffering from recently developed overt MOD a differentiation from a therapeutical point of view can be attained by joint evaluation of stimulated IRI secretion, of glucose tolerance, of the dynamics of free fatty acids, of the fasting values of triglycerides and cholesterol and of the body weight. The findings suggest that no better differentiation for the two methods of treatment of MOD stated above is possible by simultaneous evaluation of the parameters of fat metabolism, glucose level and IRI secretion than by IRI secretion and carbohydrate tolerance alone.", "contents": "Insulin secretion, carbohydrate tolerance, fat metabolism and body weight in maturity onset diabetics requiring various methods of therapy. Maturity onset diabetes (MOD) is characterized by the fact that the response of insulin secretion to glucose loading is either completely missing or is reduced if compared with that of persons whose metabolism is intact. But insulin secretion can be provoked by other specific stimuli. However, the quantitative IRI response can provide no information as to which of the MO diabetics must be treated by dietetic measures only and which of them are liable to treatment with sulfonylurea. It was, therefore, investigated whether in 109 patients suffering from recently developed overt MOD a differentiation from a therapeutical point of view can be attained by joint evaluation of stimulated IRI secretion, of glucose tolerance, of the dynamics of free fatty acids, of the fasting values of triglycerides and cholesterol and of the body weight. The findings suggest that no better differentiation for the two methods of treatment of MOD stated above is possible by simultaneous evaluation of the parameters of fat metabolism, glucose level and IRI secretion than by IRI secretion and carbohydrate tolerance alone.", "PMID": 97078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2534", "title": "Physical mapping of the ribosomal DNA region of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA.", "content": "1. The relative positions of endo R . EcoRI and endo R . Bg/II cleavage sites are mapped within the linked DNA fragments Bam-E-E-D of the Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA. 2. The DNA segment Bam-E-E-D contains three contiguous repeated segments of approximately 5600 base pairs. 3. Each repeated segment can code for an rRNA gene (16-S and 23-S).", "contents": "Physical mapping of the ribosomal DNA region of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA. 1. The relative positions of endo R . EcoRI and endo R . Bg/II cleavage sites are mapped within the linked DNA fragments Bam-E-E-D of the Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA. 2. The DNA segment Bam-E-E-D contains three contiguous repeated segments of approximately 5600 base pairs. 3. Each repeated segment can code for an rRNA gene (16-S and 23-S).", "PMID": 97079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2535", "title": "Purification and characterization of the penicillin-binding protein that is the lethal target of penicillin in Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus licheniformis. Protein exchange and complex stability.", "content": "The penicillin-binding protein that is thought to be the lethal target of penicillin in Bacillus megaterium (protein 1) has been purified to greater than 95% homogeneity. The membrane-bound penicillin-binding proteins were solubilized with a non-ionic detergent and partially separated from each other by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. Protein 1 was subsequently purified by covalent affinity chromatography on ampicillin-affinose. Bacillus licheniformis contains an equivalent penicillin-binding protein (protein 1) that can be more readily purified to virtual homogeneity in a one-step procedure. It was separated from the other penicillin-binding proteins by utilizing the observation that in this organism, this particular protein is the only one whose covalent complex with benzylpenicillin subsequently breaks down. Membranes were treated with saturating concentrations of benzylpenicillin followed by the removal of free penicillin and further incubation to allow the complex between benzylpenicillin and protein 1 to break down. The penicillin-binding proteins were then solubilized and applied to a column of ampicillin-affinose to which only protein 1 was bound as the other penicillin-binding proteins still had benzylpenicillin bound to them. Pure protein 1 was eluted from the affinity resin with hydroxylamine. The interaction of benzylpenicillin with purified protein 1 has been studied by separating unbound antibiotic from the benzylpenicillin . protein complex by paper electrophoresis. Benzylpenicillin reacts with the protein rapidly to form a covalent complex and the fully saturated complex has a molar ratio of bound [14C] benzylpenicillin: protein of 0.7:1. The complex breaks down, obeying first-order kinetics, with a half-life of 16 min at 35 degrees C, a value identical to that obtained with the membrane-bound protein. The concentration of benzylpenicillin that results in the formation of 50% of the maximum amount of benzylpenicillin . protein complex is that at which the molar amount of benzylpenicillin present is equal to 50% of the molar amount of penicillin-binding protein, rather than being a measure of any of the kinetic parameters of the binding reaction. This observation may be significant in the interpretation of previous results where the amounts of penicillins needed to kill cells or to inhibit penicillin-sensitive reactions have been expressed as concentrations. The possible importance of the breakdown of beta-lactam . protein complexes in the clinical use of these antibiotics is discussed.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the penicillin-binding protein that is the lethal target of penicillin in Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus licheniformis. Protein exchange and complex stability. The penicillin-binding protein that is thought to be the lethal target of penicillin in Bacillus megaterium (protein 1) has been purified to greater than 95% homogeneity. The membrane-bound penicillin-binding proteins were solubilized with a non-ionic detergent and partially separated from each other by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. Protein 1 was subsequently purified by covalent affinity chromatography on ampicillin-affinose. Bacillus licheniformis contains an equivalent penicillin-binding protein (protein 1) that can be more readily purified to virtual homogeneity in a one-step procedure. It was separated from the other penicillin-binding proteins by utilizing the observation that in this organism, this particular protein is the only one whose covalent complex with benzylpenicillin subsequently breaks down. Membranes were treated with saturating concentrations of benzylpenicillin followed by the removal of free penicillin and further incubation to allow the complex between benzylpenicillin and protein 1 to break down. The penicillin-binding proteins were then solubilized and applied to a column of ampicillin-affinose to which only protein 1 was bound as the other penicillin-binding proteins still had benzylpenicillin bound to them. Pure protein 1 was eluted from the affinity resin with hydroxylamine. The interaction of benzylpenicillin with purified protein 1 has been studied by separating unbound antibiotic from the benzylpenicillin . protein complex by paper electrophoresis. Benzylpenicillin reacts with the protein rapidly to form a covalent complex and the fully saturated complex has a molar ratio of bound [14C] benzylpenicillin: protein of 0.7:1. The complex breaks down, obeying first-order kinetics, with a half-life of 16 min at 35 degrees C, a value identical to that obtained with the membrane-bound protein. The concentration of benzylpenicillin that results in the formation of 50% of the maximum amount of benzylpenicillin . protein complex is that at which the molar amount of benzylpenicillin present is equal to 50% of the molar amount of penicillin-binding protein, rather than being a measure of any of the kinetic parameters of the binding reaction. This observation may be significant in the interpretation of previous results where the amounts of penicillins needed to kill cells or to inhibit penicillin-sensitive reactions have been expressed as concentrations. The possible importance of the breakdown of beta-lactam . protein complexes in the clinical use of these antibiotics is discussed.", "PMID": 97081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2536", "title": "Solubilization and isolation of the membrane-bound DD-carboxypeptidase of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC9790. Properties of the purified enzyme.", "content": "Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 possesses six membrane-bound, penicillin-binding proteins. That numbered 6 (Mr 43000) is the most abundant one and is the DD-carboxypeptidase studied previously. The enzyme has been solubilized and purified to the stage where one single protein band can be detected by gel electrophoresis. The purification procedure does not alter the properties that the enzyme exhibits when it is membrane-bound. The DD-carboxypeptidase itself may be a killing target for penicillin in S. faecalis.", "contents": "Solubilization and isolation of the membrane-bound DD-carboxypeptidase of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC9790. Properties of the purified enzyme. Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 possesses six membrane-bound, penicillin-binding proteins. That numbered 6 (Mr 43000) is the most abundant one and is the DD-carboxypeptidase studied previously. The enzyme has been solubilized and purified to the stage where one single protein band can be detected by gel electrophoresis. The purification procedure does not alter the properties that the enzyme exhibits when it is membrane-bound. The DD-carboxypeptidase itself may be a killing target for penicillin in S. faecalis.", "PMID": 97082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2537", "title": "Insulin secretion in growth hormone-deficient children and the effect of the sulfonylurea drug glibenclamide on linear growth.", "content": "The effect of glucose on insulin release and the influence of glibenclamide on linear growth were determined in five growth hormone (STH) deficient children who were treated with human growth hormone. It was found that the administration of 5 I.U. of human growth hormone twice a week improved the defective insulin secretion while prolongation of the week improved the defective insulin secretion while prolongation of the interval between growth hormone injections to 7 days had no effect on beta-cell function. The addition of treatment with 5 mg/day glibenclamide to the regular human growth hormone injections resulted in an increased growth rate in four children while one patient developed hypoglycemic symptoms. The results show that STH-deficient children may benefit from combined treatment with human growth hormone plus glibenclamide.", "contents": "Insulin secretion in growth hormone-deficient children and the effect of the sulfonylurea drug glibenclamide on linear growth. The effect of glucose on insulin release and the influence of glibenclamide on linear growth were determined in five growth hormone (STH) deficient children who were treated with human growth hormone. It was found that the administration of 5 I.U. of human growth hormone twice a week improved the defective insulin secretion while prolongation of the week improved the defective insulin secretion while prolongation of the interval between growth hormone injections to 7 days had no effect on beta-cell function. The addition of treatment with 5 mg/day glibenclamide to the regular human growth hormone injections resulted in an increased growth rate in four children while one patient developed hypoglycemic symptoms. The results show that STH-deficient children may benefit from combined treatment with human growth hormone plus glibenclamide.", "PMID": 97083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2538", "title": "Thyroid function in children with growth hormone deficiency, either idiopathic or caused by diseases of the central nervous system.", "content": "Thyroid function was assessed in thirty two patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) by clinical examination and by measurement of T4-levels, free T4-indices, basal TSH values and TSH responses to TRH (100 mu/m2). Sixteen patients (50%) were hypothyroid. In thirteen patients, the endocrine disorders were considered to be of hypothalamic origin. Ten of them showed prolonged responses to TRH and in the other three the responses were exaggerated. In three patients hypothyroidism was due to a primary pituitary disorder. Sixteen patients were euthyroid although three of them showed impaired TSH responses. In the cases with idiopathic hypopituitarism (n = 20) there a high incidence of abnormal births in the children with additional hypothalamic hypothyroidism, but not in the euthyroid patients. It is concluded that in patients with previous breech or vacuum extraction delivery, growth hormone deficiency when combined with hypothalamic hypothyroidism may be due to birth trauma.", "contents": "Thyroid function in children with growth hormone deficiency, either idiopathic or caused by diseases of the central nervous system. Thyroid function was assessed in thirty two patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) by clinical examination and by measurement of T4-levels, free T4-indices, basal TSH values and TSH responses to TRH (100 mu/m2). Sixteen patients (50%) were hypothyroid. In thirteen patients, the endocrine disorders were considered to be of hypothalamic origin. Ten of them showed prolonged responses to TRH and in the other three the responses were exaggerated. In three patients hypothyroidism was due to a primary pituitary disorder. Sixteen patients were euthyroid although three of them showed impaired TSH responses. In the cases with idiopathic hypopituitarism (n = 20) there a high incidence of abnormal births in the children with additional hypothalamic hypothyroidism, but not in the euthyroid patients. It is concluded that in patients with previous breech or vacuum extraction delivery, growth hormone deficiency when combined with hypothalamic hypothyroidism may be due to birth trauma.", "PMID": 97084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2539", "title": "Force generation among cells in the relaxing heart.", "content": "When an isolated bundle of mammalian heart cells has been soaked for several hours in a solution containing 3 mM EGTA, a calcium chelator, 2 important changes in the tissue occur: (1) the surface membrane becomes very permeable to small ions and molecules so that the contractile proteins can be directly activated by Ca ions added to the bathing solution; and (2) all intercalated discs open. In this preparation direct Ca activation can produce the transmission of even greater forces among the cells than can be achieved by electrical stimulation of the intact bundle in the presence of catecholamines, high Ca and low Na. Some structure other than the intercalated discs must be transmitting the force. A careful examination of the ultrastructure of the mammalian myocardium has revealed a highly organized network of microfilaments which run between the basement membranes of adjacent cells and from the basement membranes to the collagen fibers. This hitherto undescribed network has all the structural appearances of a major force-bearing structure, and it is probably the primary pathway for force transmission during systole as well as the restoration to the diastolic configuration during relaxation.", "contents": "Force generation among cells in the relaxing heart. When an isolated bundle of mammalian heart cells has been soaked for several hours in a solution containing 3 mM EGTA, a calcium chelator, 2 important changes in the tissue occur: (1) the surface membrane becomes very permeable to small ions and molecules so that the contractile proteins can be directly activated by Ca ions added to the bathing solution; and (2) all intercalated discs open. In this preparation direct Ca activation can produce the transmission of even greater forces among the cells than can be achieved by electrical stimulation of the intact bundle in the presence of catecholamines, high Ca and low Na. Some structure other than the intercalated discs must be transmitting the force. A careful examination of the ultrastructure of the mammalian myocardium has revealed a highly organized network of microfilaments which run between the basement membranes of adjacent cells and from the basement membranes to the collagen fibers. This hitherto undescribed network has all the structural appearances of a major force-bearing structure, and it is probably the primary pathway for force transmission during systole as well as the restoration to the diastolic configuration during relaxation.", "PMID": 97085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2540", "title": "Antibody against rabbit immunoglobulin VH and L chain allotype determinants in heterologous anti-Ig antisera.", "content": "Heterologous anti-rabbit IgG antisera have been examined by radioimmunoassay for the occurrence of anti-VH antibody. Most of the sera contained antibody specific for VH allotype determinants (Aal). The antisera contained as much or more anti-al antibody as estimated in conventional alloantisera. It has further been shown that the anti-L chain antibody in all these sera was specific for L chain allotype determinants. Antibody against H chain-dependent L chain conformational determinants or cross-reacting determinants in CHlgamma and CHlalpha could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Antibody against rabbit immunoglobulin VH and L chain allotype determinants in heterologous anti-Ig antisera. Heterologous anti-rabbit IgG antisera have been examined by radioimmunoassay for the occurrence of anti-VH antibody. Most of the sera contained antibody specific for VH allotype determinants (Aal). The antisera contained as much or more anti-al antibody as estimated in conventional alloantisera. It has further been shown that the anti-L chain antibody in all these sera was specific for L chain allotype determinants. Antibody against H chain-dependent L chain conformational determinants or cross-reacting determinants in CHlgamma and CHlalpha could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 97086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2541", "title": "Monoclonal IgM cryoglobulinemia associated with gamma-3 heavy chain disease: immunochemical and biochemical studies.", "content": "A patient (Mia) with a monoclonal IgM(kappa) cryoglobulin (cryo IgM) developed additional heavy chain disease proteins of the gamma3 subclass 8 years later. Biochemical studies of the cryo IgM indicated that the heavy chain was VHI, but the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the light chain did not permit a definite assignment of its Vkappa subgroup. Two major fragments of the gamma3 chain were distinguishable by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel. The smaller component (designated Mia F) had a molecular weight of approximately 30 000 and the larger component (designated Mia S) 35 000. Both fragments had G3m(21) and G3m(27) allotypic determinants. These data and the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the gamma chain fragments suggested that Mia S consists of the major part of the gamma3 hinge region plus the CH2 and CH3 domains of the gamma3 chain, whereas Mia F may be derived from the former as a result of postsynthetic cleavage. The partial amino acid sequence of the Mia S fragment is homologous to the hinge region amino acid sequence of human gamma3 chains reported in the literature, with only one amino acid difference out of the 11 residues compared. This difference may represent an allotypic difference within the gamma3 subclass. Alternatively, the production of Mia S may have resulted from the accidental derepression of a \"silent\" constant region gene not expressed in normal individuals.", "contents": "Monoclonal IgM cryoglobulinemia associated with gamma-3 heavy chain disease: immunochemical and biochemical studies. A patient (Mia) with a monoclonal IgM(kappa) cryoglobulin (cryo IgM) developed additional heavy chain disease proteins of the gamma3 subclass 8 years later. Biochemical studies of the cryo IgM indicated that the heavy chain was VHI, but the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the light chain did not permit a definite assignment of its Vkappa subgroup. Two major fragments of the gamma3 chain were distinguishable by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel. The smaller component (designated Mia F) had a molecular weight of approximately 30 000 and the larger component (designated Mia S) 35 000. Both fragments had G3m(21) and G3m(27) allotypic determinants. These data and the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the gamma chain fragments suggested that Mia S consists of the major part of the gamma3 hinge region plus the CH2 and CH3 domains of the gamma3 chain, whereas Mia F may be derived from the former as a result of postsynthetic cleavage. The partial amino acid sequence of the Mia S fragment is homologous to the hinge region amino acid sequence of human gamma3 chains reported in the literature, with only one amino acid difference out of the 11 residues compared. This difference may represent an allotypic difference within the gamma3 subclass. Alternatively, the production of Mia S may have resulted from the accidental derepression of a \"silent\" constant region gene not expressed in normal individuals.", "PMID": 97087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2542", "title": "Variable region correlates of group b allotypes: amino acid sequence studies of b9 L chains from homogeneous antibodies.", "content": "The amino acid sequence was determined for residues for residues 1 to 88 and residues 110 to 147 for a rabbit light chain (4153-I) with allotype b9 from a homogeneous anti-streptococcal antibody. The amino acid sequence of the L chain from a second antibody (4153-II) was also determined for residues 1 to 49 and 62 to 77. In spite of the large differences in constant region sequence between b4 and b9 L chains, the variable regions of these antibodies are quite similar to those reported for b4 L chains. Both chains bear a b9-specific substitution (glutamic acid) at position 16. The 4153-I chain also has substitutions at positions 70 and 81 that may be exclusive to variable regions of the L chains with the b9 allotype. These allotype-associated VL structural differences offer support to the notion that structural genes for the CL region are either linked to distinct VL gene complexes or that certain V regions are expressed only in concert with certain CL regions.", "contents": "Variable region correlates of group b allotypes: amino acid sequence studies of b9 L chains from homogeneous antibodies. The amino acid sequence was determined for residues for residues 1 to 88 and residues 110 to 147 for a rabbit light chain (4153-I) with allotype b9 from a homogeneous anti-streptococcal antibody. The amino acid sequence of the L chain from a second antibody (4153-II) was also determined for residues 1 to 49 and 62 to 77. In spite of the large differences in constant region sequence between b4 and b9 L chains, the variable regions of these antibodies are quite similar to those reported for b4 L chains. Both chains bear a b9-specific substitution (glutamic acid) at position 16. The 4153-I chain also has substitutions at positions 70 and 81 that may be exclusive to variable regions of the L chains with the b9 allotype. These allotype-associated VL structural differences offer support to the notion that structural genes for the CL region are either linked to distinct VL gene complexes or that certain V regions are expressed only in concert with certain CL regions.", "PMID": 97088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2543", "title": "[Quarantine and health control of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of two hundreds and seventy squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) of both sexes were imported from South America through an animal dealer of the U. S. A. in eight lots from May, 1973 to July, 1974. They were investigated for the presence of the parasites for a maximum of fifteen months including nine weeks of quarantine period from the time of import. The mortality rate before or immediately after arrival at our laboratory reached 56.7% in the first two lots. This, however, could be reduced later to 4.8% by improving some conditions of transportation. Bacteriological surveys revealed no shigella or salmonella infections during the quarantine period. No tuberculin positive reactors were also detected. Filarial infestations seemed to be common in this species; about 45.5% had adult worms in the peritoneal cavity and about 65% harbored microfilaria in the peripheral blood. Acanthocephla was also found in a high rate in the lower alimentary tracts. It has been suggested that the worms disappear in fifteen months by keeping animals in the intermediate host-free circumstances. The sarcocyst was found in the femoral muscle of 7 (18.9%) of 37 animals examined histologically.", "contents": "[Quarantine and health control of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) (author's transl)]. A total of two hundreds and seventy squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) of both sexes were imported from South America through an animal dealer of the U. S. A. in eight lots from May, 1973 to July, 1974. They were investigated for the presence of the parasites for a maximum of fifteen months including nine weeks of quarantine period from the time of import. The mortality rate before or immediately after arrival at our laboratory reached 56.7% in the first two lots. This, however, could be reduced later to 4.8% by improving some conditions of transportation. Bacteriological surveys revealed no shigella or salmonella infections during the quarantine period. No tuberculin positive reactors were also detected. Filarial infestations seemed to be common in this species; about 45.5% had adult worms in the peritoneal cavity and about 65% harbored microfilaria in the peripheral blood. Acanthocephla was also found in a high rate in the lower alimentary tracts. It has been suggested that the worms disappear in fifteen months by keeping animals in the intermediate host-free circumstances. The sarcocyst was found in the femoral muscle of 7 (18.9%) of 37 animals examined histologically.", "PMID": 97090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2544", "title": "Coagulation changes following vasectomy: a study in primates.", "content": "Thirty vasectomized rhesus monkeys were tested for changes in coagulation factors that might reflect an increased incidence of thrombosis. The results of tests on these monkeys were compared with results of tests on 18 control rhesus monkeys; there were no significant differences between control and vasectomized animals for any of the parameters tested. One vasectomized animal had increased levels of fibrin monomer in his plasma on repeated samples, but no evidence of thrombosis on postmortem examination.", "contents": "Coagulation changes following vasectomy: a study in primates. Thirty vasectomized rhesus monkeys were tested for changes in coagulation factors that might reflect an increased incidence of thrombosis. The results of tests on these monkeys were compared with results of tests on 18 control rhesus monkeys; there were no significant differences between control and vasectomized animals for any of the parameters tested. One vasectomized animal had increased levels of fibrin monomer in his plasma on repeated samples, but no evidence of thrombosis on postmortem examination.", "PMID": 97098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2545", "title": "[The effects of testosterone and estradiol on the activity of lysosomal enzymes in rat liver and kidneys].", "content": "In in vitro tests with lysosomes isolated from the liver and kidneys of castrated rats of both sexes the action of testosterone and beta-estradiol in concentrations of 3.76.10(-4)M on the activity of beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase and acid phosphatase was investigated. Testosterone is shown to reduce the total and free activity of the membrane-bound enzymes and to increase the release from the matrix lysosomes. Estradiol proved less active than is testosteron. The renal lysosomes in vitro are more sensitive to the action of sex hormones than are hepatic lysosomes. In the interaction of testosterone and estradiol with lysosomal membranes a sex specificity was revealed.", "contents": "[The effects of testosterone and estradiol on the activity of lysosomal enzymes in rat liver and kidneys]. In in vitro tests with lysosomes isolated from the liver and kidneys of castrated rats of both sexes the action of testosterone and beta-estradiol in concentrations of 3.76.10(-4)M on the activity of beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase and acid phosphatase was investigated. Testosterone is shown to reduce the total and free activity of the membrane-bound enzymes and to increase the release from the matrix lysosomes. Estradiol proved less active than is testosteron. The renal lysosomes in vitro are more sensitive to the action of sex hormones than are hepatic lysosomes. In the interaction of testosterone and estradiol with lysosomal membranes a sex specificity was revealed.", "PMID": 97095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2546", "title": "Inhibition of ovulation in marmoset monkeys by indomethacin.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin on human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin-induced ovulation was studied in marmoset monkeys. Indomethacin was effective in preventing follicular rupture and ovum extrusion when administered simultaneously with gonadotropin. The production of progesterone and luteinization of the granulosa cells were not affected by indomethacin treatment. Histologic examination of corpora lutea from indomethacin-treated animals revealed the presence of entrapped oocytes surrounded by luteal cells. These results suggest that prostaglandin synthesis is required for ovulation in this species, but not for luteinization and progesterone production.", "contents": "Inhibition of ovulation in marmoset monkeys by indomethacin. The effect of indomethacin on human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin-induced ovulation was studied in marmoset monkeys. Indomethacin was effective in preventing follicular rupture and ovum extrusion when administered simultaneously with gonadotropin. The production of progesterone and luteinization of the granulosa cells were not affected by indomethacin treatment. Histologic examination of corpora lutea from indomethacin-treated animals revealed the presence of entrapped oocytes surrounded by luteal cells. These results suggest that prostaglandin synthesis is required for ovulation in this species, but not for luteinization and progesterone production.", "PMID": 97099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2547", "title": "Clinical and experimental aspects of the anti-mammary carinogenic activity of estriol.", "content": "Intermittent implantation of 600--1,300 microgram estriol subcutaneously beginning 48 h before oral administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene or procarbazine prevents development of 80--90% of carcinomas of the breast occurring during the natural life span of the intact female Sprague-Dawley rat. Some estriol precursors were less inhibitory of breast cancer development among 23 other estrogens and androgens, progestins and glucocorticoids tested. More frequent or lower estriol doses than 100--200 microgram/kg/24 h every 2 months were less inhibitory of breast carcinogenesis. No other types of neoplasms were reduced in incidence by estriol implants, which also reduced uterine weights by 20--25%. Intermittent substitution of estriol for estrone or estradiol in the nuclear receptor complexes of target cells probably accounts for these observations, which resemble the effect of castration in reducing breast cancer incidence. Human studies indicate excellent tolerance for oral estriol doses of 10--200 microgram/kg/24 h, which may correct subnormal estriol/estrone + estradiol urinary quotients associated with elevated risk of breast carcinogenesis in epidemiologic investigations.", "contents": "Clinical and experimental aspects of the anti-mammary carinogenic activity of estriol. Intermittent implantation of 600--1,300 microgram estriol subcutaneously beginning 48 h before oral administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene or procarbazine prevents development of 80--90% of carcinomas of the breast occurring during the natural life span of the intact female Sprague-Dawley rat. Some estriol precursors were less inhibitory of breast cancer development among 23 other estrogens and androgens, progestins and glucocorticoids tested. More frequent or lower estriol doses than 100--200 microgram/kg/24 h every 2 months were less inhibitory of breast carcinogenesis. No other types of neoplasms were reduced in incidence by estriol implants, which also reduced uterine weights by 20--25%. Intermittent substitution of estriol for estrone or estradiol in the nuclear receptor complexes of target cells probably accounts for these observations, which resemble the effect of castration in reducing breast cancer incidence. Human studies indicate excellent tolerance for oral estriol doses of 10--200 microgram/kg/24 h, which may correct subnormal estriol/estrone + estradiol urinary quotients associated with elevated risk of breast carcinogenesis in epidemiologic investigations.", "PMID": 97100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2548", "title": "[Studies on the activities of glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase in the human endometrium (author's transl)].", "content": "Glycogen content, glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase were studied in the endometrial tissues of 28 women with normal menstrual cycles and in the decidual tissues of 24 women with normal early pregnancies. The endometrial glycogen synthetase enzyme increased gradually from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase and reached maximal activity during the sixteenth to twenty-third days of the cycle, a time coincident with maximal glycogen content, while the glycogen phosphorylase reached its maximal activity on and after the twenty-fourth day of the cycle. In addition, glycogen phosphorylase activity in the decidual tissue during the early period of gestation (4--10 weeks) was lower than that in the endometrial tissue during the late secretory phase of the cycle, and in particular, the active form (-AMP) was significantly (p less than 0.005) low, with the result that the glycogen content in the decidua was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than that in the endometrium. On the other hand, in 20 normal pregnant women during the 6--10th weeks of gestation, the glycogen contents in the decidua and in the placental villi were 599 +/- 44 mg/100 g wet weight (mean +/- standard error of the mean) and 731 +/- 55 mg/100 g, respectively, but the difference between them was statistically not significant. The levels of glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase enzyme in the decidua were significantly (p less than 0.005) higher than those in the placental villi.", "contents": "[Studies on the activities of glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase in the human endometrium (author's transl)]. Glycogen content, glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase were studied in the endometrial tissues of 28 women with normal menstrual cycles and in the decidual tissues of 24 women with normal early pregnancies. The endometrial glycogen synthetase enzyme increased gradually from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase and reached maximal activity during the sixteenth to twenty-third days of the cycle, a time coincident with maximal glycogen content, while the glycogen phosphorylase reached its maximal activity on and after the twenty-fourth day of the cycle. In addition, glycogen phosphorylase activity in the decidual tissue during the early period of gestation (4--10 weeks) was lower than that in the endometrial tissue during the late secretory phase of the cycle, and in particular, the active form (-AMP) was significantly (p less than 0.005) low, with the result that the glycogen content in the decidua was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than that in the endometrium. On the other hand, in 20 normal pregnant women during the 6--10th weeks of gestation, the glycogen contents in the decidua and in the placental villi were 599 +/- 44 mg/100 g wet weight (mean +/- standard error of the mean) and 731 +/- 55 mg/100 g, respectively, but the difference between them was statistically not significant. The levels of glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase enzyme in the decidua were significantly (p less than 0.005) higher than those in the placental villi.", "PMID": 97101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2549", "title": "[Demonstration of immunoreactive GIF-like substance in villi and decidua by radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescence (author's transl)].", "content": "Since Arimura et al (1975) reported the radioimmunoassay for somatostatin (GIF), the concentration of GIF in various organ and brain regions were determined by radio-immunoassay. Dubois et al (1975) reported that immunohistochemically somatostatin was located in the discrete cells of the pancreas as well as the hypothalamus, and from this result, they presented the concept of local hormone instead of systemic hormone which was up to that time accepted in endocrinology. In this study, we developed the high specific anti-GIF serum using rabbits, and with the micro immunodiffusion method, we demonstrated that the precipitin band formed a circular fusion between the GIF and anti-GIF serum. This pattern of reaction was also seen in decidual immunodiffusion. In addition, we developed the radioimmunoassay for GIF using this anti-serum and measured immunoreactive GIF-like substances in villi and decidua of early pregnancy. The concentration of GIF-like substances with 2 N acetic acid extracted of villi and decidua were 0 to 30 pg/0.1 g dry weight. At the same time, we demonstrated the presence of GIF-like substance-containing cells in the villi and decidua by indirect immunofluorescent method. The intensity of immunofluorescence was in cytotrophoblast rather than syncytiotrophoblast, and decidual stromal cell also reacted to the immunofluorescence.", "contents": "[Demonstration of immunoreactive GIF-like substance in villi and decidua by radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescence (author's transl)]. Since Arimura et al (1975) reported the radioimmunoassay for somatostatin (GIF), the concentration of GIF in various organ and brain regions were determined by radio-immunoassay. Dubois et al (1975) reported that immunohistochemically somatostatin was located in the discrete cells of the pancreas as well as the hypothalamus, and from this result, they presented the concept of local hormone instead of systemic hormone which was up to that time accepted in endocrinology. In this study, we developed the high specific anti-GIF serum using rabbits, and with the micro immunodiffusion method, we demonstrated that the precipitin band formed a circular fusion between the GIF and anti-GIF serum. This pattern of reaction was also seen in decidual immunodiffusion. In addition, we developed the radioimmunoassay for GIF using this anti-serum and measured immunoreactive GIF-like substances in villi and decidua of early pregnancy. The concentration of GIF-like substances with 2 N acetic acid extracted of villi and decidua were 0 to 30 pg/0.1 g dry weight. At the same time, we demonstrated the presence of GIF-like substance-containing cells in the villi and decidua by indirect immunofluorescent method. The intensity of immunofluorescence was in cytotrophoblast rather than syncytiotrophoblast, and decidual stromal cell also reacted to the immunofluorescence.", "PMID": 97102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2550", "title": "Growth hormone response to arginine infusion in malnourished children.", "content": "Pituitary response to stimulation was assessed by intravenous arginine infusion in 17 malnourished children and 7 controls. Following stimulation, serum growth hormone levels increased from 6.6 +/- 1.2 to 14.9 +/- 2.9 ng/ml in the marasmic group and similarly from 7.3 +/- 1.8 to 11.9 +/- 2.7 ng/ml in the controls. By contrast, in kwashiorkor the mean growth concentration was high and remained unchanged (19.6 +/- 3.9 ng/ml before and 17.2 +/- 2.1 ng/ml after stimulation). No difference was observed between groups for serum insulin concentration. These results do not lend support to the suggestion that there might be atrophy or pituitary hypofunction in infantile malnutrition.", "contents": "Growth hormone response to arginine infusion in malnourished children. Pituitary response to stimulation was assessed by intravenous arginine infusion in 17 malnourished children and 7 controls. Following stimulation, serum growth hormone levels increased from 6.6 +/- 1.2 to 14.9 +/- 2.9 ng/ml in the marasmic group and similarly from 7.3 +/- 1.8 to 11.9 +/- 2.7 ng/ml in the controls. By contrast, in kwashiorkor the mean growth concentration was high and remained unchanged (19.6 +/- 3.9 ng/ml before and 17.2 +/- 2.1 ng/ml after stimulation). No difference was observed between groups for serum insulin concentration. These results do not lend support to the suggestion that there might be atrophy or pituitary hypofunction in infantile malnutrition.", "PMID": 97104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2551", "title": "Competitive social strategies in groups of deprived and experienced rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Behavior during competition for water was observed in 2 social groups of young rhesus monkeys (3 females, 3 males in each). Monkeys in one group were socially deprived and those in the other were socially experienced (raised with mother and agemates). Social status, based on dyadic recording of displacements at the water bottle, was predictive of a number of measures related to water consumption and social orientation in both groups, but this measure was less reliable and predictive for the experienced group than for the deprived groups, but this measure was less reliable and predictive for the experienced group than for the deprived group. A major reason for the comparatively low predictive value and reliability of status among experienced monkeys was their ability to influence the behavior of higher status members through responses directed to a 3rd party and other elaborate social strategies, many of which depended on responding to status relations between 2nd and 3rd parties. The fact that such strategies were only observed in the experienced group is a clear indication that the development of higher orders of social cognition is dependent on early social experience.", "contents": "Competitive social strategies in groups of deprived and experienced rhesus monkeys. Behavior during competition for water was observed in 2 social groups of young rhesus monkeys (3 females, 3 males in each). Monkeys in one group were socially deprived and those in the other were socially experienced (raised with mother and agemates). Social status, based on dyadic recording of displacements at the water bottle, was predictive of a number of measures related to water consumption and social orientation in both groups, but this measure was less reliable and predictive for the experienced group than for the deprived groups, but this measure was less reliable and predictive for the experienced group than for the deprived group. A major reason for the comparatively low predictive value and reliability of status among experienced monkeys was their ability to influence the behavior of higher status members through responses directed to a 3rd party and other elaborate social strategies, many of which depended on responding to status relations between 2nd and 3rd parties. The fact that such strategies were only observed in the experienced group is a clear indication that the development of higher orders of social cognition is dependent on early social experience.", "PMID": 97110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2552", "title": "The neurological manifestations of chronic inhalation of leaded gasoline.", "content": "Abnormal neurological signs were found in 46 of 50 children and adolescents chronically sniffing leaded gasoline. These abnormalities resolved within eight weeks in all but one case. Exaggerated deep reflexes, postural tremor and evidence of cerebellar dysfunction occurred in a highly significnat number of patients. Forty-nine had blood lead levels greater than or equal to 40ug/dl. The mean blood lead levels were significantly higher in those with (a) abnormally brisk deep reflexes and (b) with evidence of cerebellar dysfunction, than in those without these findings. Five optional treatment regimes were employed and a classification was used, based on clinical findings, initial blood lead levels and the response to the calcium disodium edatate mobilization test. 39 patients received chelation therapy. These data suggest that neurological manifestations occur frequently in those abusing leaded gasoline and that chelation therapy has an important place in their management.", "contents": "The neurological manifestations of chronic inhalation of leaded gasoline. Abnormal neurological signs were found in 46 of 50 children and adolescents chronically sniffing leaded gasoline. These abnormalities resolved within eight weeks in all but one case. Exaggerated deep reflexes, postural tremor and evidence of cerebellar dysfunction occurred in a highly significnat number of patients. Forty-nine had blood lead levels greater than or equal to 40ug/dl. The mean blood lead levels were significantly higher in those with (a) abnormally brisk deep reflexes and (b) with evidence of cerebellar dysfunction, than in those without these findings. Five optional treatment regimes were employed and a classification was used, based on clinical findings, initial blood lead levels and the response to the calcium disodium edatate mobilization test. 39 patients received chelation therapy. These data suggest that neurological manifestations occur frequently in those abusing leaded gasoline and that chelation therapy has an important place in their management.", "PMID": 97111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2553", "title": "Changes of the cell cycle during carcinogenesis of hamster cheek pouch epithelium by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.", "content": "Changes of the cell cycle during carcinogenesis of hamster cheek pouch epithelium were studied and it was demonstrated that in hyperplastic and neoplastic stages, the cell cycle time decreased to approximately 2/3 and 1/3 of the normal control, respectively. A nominal growth fraction was found to exceed unity in carcinogen-treated epithelium, whether hyperplastic or neoplastic. This result seems to indicate that a considerable number of cells in which DNA synthesis is stimulated by the carcinogen fail to enter mitosis. A possible implication of repair synthesis is also discussed.", "contents": "Changes of the cell cycle during carcinogenesis of hamster cheek pouch epithelium by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Changes of the cell cycle during carcinogenesis of hamster cheek pouch epithelium were studied and it was demonstrated that in hyperplastic and neoplastic stages, the cell cycle time decreased to approximately 2/3 and 1/3 of the normal control, respectively. A nominal growth fraction was found to exceed unity in carcinogen-treated epithelium, whether hyperplastic or neoplastic. This result seems to indicate that a considerable number of cells in which DNA synthesis is stimulated by the carcinogen fail to enter mitosis. A possible implication of repair synthesis is also discussed.", "PMID": 97114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2554", "title": "Susceptibility of human cultured cells to Mason-Pfizer monkey virus.", "content": "Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV), originally isolated from mammary carcinoma of a rhesus monkey, is infectious to various human cells in tissue culture. Human epithelioid cells (HeLa and HEp-2), fibroblastic cells (embryonic cells as well as virus-transformed embryonic RSb cells), and glial cells (KC) have all been infected with M-PMV. Electron microscope studies have shown that all infected cells produce progeny virus. The titer of infectious M-PMV in cultures of HeLa and HEp-2 cells assayed by KC syncytium formation was 10(1) syncytium-forming unit (SFU) per 0.2 ml. The titers for whole human embryonic cells (HEC), human embryonic lung cells (HEL), and embryonic skin Detroit-551 cells were 10(4) SFU/0.2 ml for each, and 10(3) SFU/0.2 ml for RSb and KC cells.", "contents": "Susceptibility of human cultured cells to Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV), originally isolated from mammary carcinoma of a rhesus monkey, is infectious to various human cells in tissue culture. Human epithelioid cells (HeLa and HEp-2), fibroblastic cells (embryonic cells as well as virus-transformed embryonic RSb cells), and glial cells (KC) have all been infected with M-PMV. Electron microscope studies have shown that all infected cells produce progeny virus. The titer of infectious M-PMV in cultures of HeLa and HEp-2 cells assayed by KC syncytium formation was 10(1) syncytium-forming unit (SFU) per 0.2 ml. The titers for whole human embryonic cells (HEC), human embryonic lung cells (HEL), and embryonic skin Detroit-551 cells were 10(4) SFU/0.2 ml for each, and 10(3) SFU/0.2 ml for RSb and KC cells.", "PMID": 97115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2555", "title": "Gallstone duodenum: unusual complication of an obstructing intraluminal duodenal diverticulum.", "content": "An unusual case of gallstones within the duodenum, secondary to obstruction by an intraluminal diverticulum, is reported. The gallbladder appeared normal an oral cholecystogram, excluding internal biliary fistula as the source of duodenal gallstones.", "contents": "Gallstone duodenum: unusual complication of an obstructing intraluminal duodenal diverticulum. An unusual case of gallstones within the duodenum, secondary to obstruction by an intraluminal diverticulum, is reported. The gallbladder appeared normal an oral cholecystogram, excluding internal biliary fistula as the source of duodenal gallstones.", "PMID": 97116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2556", "title": "Angiographic demonstration of non-occlusive hepatic infarction with scintigraphic and microscopic correlation.", "content": "The angiographic appearances of histologically proven hepatic infarction without vascular occlusion has not, to our knowledge, been previously described. A case of non-occlusive hepatic infarction in a diabetic patient is presented and correlated with scintigraphic and microscopic findings. It would appear to be the first recorded case of hepatic infarction associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. A follow-up angiogram showed resolution. The literature is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Angiographic demonstration of non-occlusive hepatic infarction with scintigraphic and microscopic correlation. The angiographic appearances of histologically proven hepatic infarction without vascular occlusion has not, to our knowledge, been previously described. A case of non-occlusive hepatic infarction in a diabetic patient is presented and correlated with scintigraphic and microscopic findings. It would appear to be the first recorded case of hepatic infarction associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. A follow-up angiogram showed resolution. The literature is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 97117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2557", "title": "Bacillus cereus-induced malabsorption in young mice.", "content": "Following a single, oral dose of Bacillus cereus (2 X 10(8) bacteria) in vitro intestinal absorption of D-glucose, D-galactose, L-arginine, L-histidine, L-ornithine and L-proline in young mice (aged 2--3 1/2 months) decreased. Malabsorption of D-glucose was dose- and time-dependent. Impaired absorption of D-glucose occurred throughtout the length of the small intestine, particularly distally. Following hydrolysis of D-maltose at the brush border, D-glucose absorption in infected mice and that of the untreated controls was similar. Using D-glucose, fluid transfer in the infected intestine and that of the controls was alike. Although slightly lower, fluid transfer in the infected intestine using the other solutes was not significantly different compared with the controls. Glucose-dependent and glucose-independent intestinal fluid transfer in infected animals was like that of the controls. Using old infected mice (aged 8--9 months) intestinal absorption of D-glucose and L-histidine was unchanged compared with young mice. The fresh small intestinal weight in infected mice and the controls was alike. Changes in the histology of the small intestine in young infected mice were small and inconsistent.", "contents": "Bacillus cereus-induced malabsorption in young mice. Following a single, oral dose of Bacillus cereus (2 X 10(8) bacteria) in vitro intestinal absorption of D-glucose, D-galactose, L-arginine, L-histidine, L-ornithine and L-proline in young mice (aged 2--3 1/2 months) decreased. Malabsorption of D-glucose was dose- and time-dependent. Impaired absorption of D-glucose occurred throughtout the length of the small intestine, particularly distally. Following hydrolysis of D-maltose at the brush border, D-glucose absorption in infected mice and that of the untreated controls was similar. Using D-glucose, fluid transfer in the infected intestine and that of the controls was alike. Although slightly lower, fluid transfer in the infected intestine using the other solutes was not significantly different compared with the controls. Glucose-dependent and glucose-independent intestinal fluid transfer in infected animals was like that of the controls. Using old infected mice (aged 8--9 months) intestinal absorption of D-glucose and L-histidine was unchanged compared with young mice. The fresh small intestinal weight in infected mice and the controls was alike. Changes in the histology of the small intestine in young infected mice were small and inconsistent.", "PMID": 97113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2558", "title": "Costs of gastrointestinal examinations: a comparative study.", "content": "The costs of performing four major gastrointestinal examinations were studied and compared: single-contrast and double-contrast upper gastrointestinal series, and single-contrast and double contrast barium enema. A  total of 1,725 examination records were reviewed for the number of films expended, room occupancy time, and physician involvement time, and the costs of the studies determined. The data indicated a large and significantly increased time and expense required for the double-contrast barium enema over the single-contrast barium enema. A relatively small increment was found in the cost performing the double-contrast upper gastrointestinal series over the single-contrast study.", "contents": "Costs of gastrointestinal examinations: a comparative study. The costs of performing four major gastrointestinal examinations were studied and compared: single-contrast and double-contrast upper gastrointestinal series, and single-contrast and double contrast barium enema. A  total of 1,725 examination records were reviewed for the number of films expended, room occupancy time, and physician involvement time, and the costs of the studies determined. The data indicated a large and significantly increased time and expense required for the double-contrast barium enema over the single-contrast barium enema. A relatively small increment was found in the cost performing the double-contrast upper gastrointestinal series over the single-contrast study.", "PMID": 97118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2559", "title": "Clinical and histopathological evolution of active chronic hepatitis.", "content": "The clinical and histopathological evolution of 7 children with severe chronic active hepatitis and 8 with moderate chronic active hepatitis were studied. The majority (11-15) of the children had a clear past history of acute viral hepatitis. The cases of chronic active hepatitis with a moderate activity had a favorable evolution, but not the cases of severe chronic active hepatitis. Four of them developed into liver cirrhosis, in two the morphological alteration did not improve, and only one case showed a chronic presistent hepatitis.", "contents": "Clinical and histopathological evolution of active chronic hepatitis. The clinical and histopathological evolution of 7 children with severe chronic active hepatitis and 8 with moderate chronic active hepatitis were studied. The majority (11-15) of the children had a clear past history of acute viral hepatitis. The cases of chronic active hepatitis with a moderate activity had a favorable evolution, but not the cases of severe chronic active hepatitis. Four of them developed into liver cirrhosis, in two the morphological alteration did not improve, and only one case showed a chronic presistent hepatitis.", "PMID": 97121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2560", "title": "[Action of an anti-viral on the Australia antigen in patients with hepatitis A virus and in healthy carriers].", "content": "Patients with positive serum HBAg reactions were treated with Viramid (1-beta-D-ribofuranozyl-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-carboxamide) a new anti-viral drug. Of the patients involved in this study, 5 had chronic hepatitis or prolonged hepatitis and 12 were healthy HBAg carriers. Results obtained suggest that the drug had some action on serum HBAg titres with a decrease or negativation of HBAg serum titres in peripheric blood, the evaluation of which was immediately seen by employing the counterimmune electrophoresis technique.", "contents": "[Action of an anti-viral on the Australia antigen in patients with hepatitis A virus and in healthy carriers]. Patients with positive serum HBAg reactions were treated with Viramid (1-beta-D-ribofuranozyl-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-carboxamide) a new anti-viral drug. Of the patients involved in this study, 5 had chronic hepatitis or prolonged hepatitis and 12 were healthy HBAg carriers. Results obtained suggest that the drug had some action on serum HBAg titres with a decrease or negativation of HBAg serum titres in peripheric blood, the evaluation of which was immediately seen by employing the counterimmune electrophoresis technique.", "PMID": 97122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2561", "title": "[Liver abscess. Diagnosis by the method of opacification].", "content": "A 15 min infusion of a 75% iodized solution at 2 cc/k-w produces opacification of the more vascularized organs; hypovascular, necrotic or cystic regions are thus of a different radiological density. In order to show the usefulness of this method in diagnosing a hepatic abscess quickly and topographically, it was applied in 13 cases which had been diagnosed as invading amoebiasis. Hepatography proved to be the most valuable. Positive findings are observed 5 to 7 min after infusion has been completed. The greater density at the edge of the abscess enables its diameter to be measured and the liquid content to be calculated fairly accurately.", "contents": "[Liver abscess. Diagnosis by the method of opacification]. A 15 min infusion of a 75% iodized solution at 2 cc/k-w produces opacification of the more vascularized organs; hypovascular, necrotic or cystic regions are thus of a different radiological density. In order to show the usefulness of this method in diagnosing a hepatic abscess quickly and topographically, it was applied in 13 cases which had been diagnosed as invading amoebiasis. Hepatography proved to be the most valuable. Positive findings are observed 5 to 7 min after infusion has been completed. The greater density at the edge of the abscess enables its diameter to be measured and the liquid content to be calculated fairly accurately.", "PMID": 97123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2562", "title": "Hemostasis in schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "Hemostasis was studied in 18 patients with the hepato-intestinal form of Schistosomiasis mansoni and in 23 with the hepato-splenic form. Both groups are compared referring to alterations found. The relations between plasmatic coagulation factors and hepatocytic function tests are studied. In 6 patients the explorations were repeated after administration of hycanthone. In the patients with the hepato-splenic form, the presence of chronic consumptive coagulophathy was found. The coagulopathy disappeared either by treatment with heparine or by splenectomy. This observation points out the importance of splenomegaly in the development of chronic consumptive coagulopathy, and may be an important factor in indicating splenectomy in a patient with portal hypertension due to Schistosomiasis mansoni.", "contents": "Hemostasis in schistosomiasis mansoni. Hemostasis was studied in 18 patients with the hepato-intestinal form of Schistosomiasis mansoni and in 23 with the hepato-splenic form. Both groups are compared referring to alterations found. The relations between plasmatic coagulation factors and hepatocytic function tests are studied. In 6 patients the explorations were repeated after administration of hycanthone. In the patients with the hepato-splenic form, the presence of chronic consumptive coagulophathy was found. The coagulopathy disappeared either by treatment with heparine or by splenectomy. This observation points out the importance of splenomegaly in the development of chronic consumptive coagulopathy, and may be an important factor in indicating splenectomy in a patient with portal hypertension due to Schistosomiasis mansoni.", "PMID": 97124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2563", "title": "Chronic treatment with azathioprine and cyclophosphamide in rats: structural and functional effects on small intestine and liver.", "content": "A report is presented of the effects upon the liver and enteric mucosa of rats treated chronically with azathioprine (AZA) and cyclophosphamide (CY) in equiactive doses three times greater. The groups treated either with equiactive doses of AZA and CY or with doses three times greater of AZA and CY presented limited and moderate morphological alteration in the liver and in the mucosa of the small intestine, while all rats treated with high dose of CY died in the first phase of the experiment.", "contents": "Chronic treatment with azathioprine and cyclophosphamide in rats: structural and functional effects on small intestine and liver. A report is presented of the effects upon the liver and enteric mucosa of rats treated chronically with azathioprine (AZA) and cyclophosphamide (CY) in equiactive doses three times greater. The groups treated either with equiactive doses of AZA and CY or with doses three times greater of AZA and CY presented limited and moderate morphological alteration in the liver and in the mucosa of the small intestine, while all rats treated with high dose of CY died in the first phase of the experiment.", "PMID": 97125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2564", "title": "[Incidence of hepatitis surface antigen among all the blood donors of the blood banks of the Venezuelan Institute of Social Security in the federal district].", "content": "The presence of H Bs-Ag was studied by means of counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the sera of 879 voluntary donors who gave blood between May and September 1974 at the federal District's blood banks of the Venezuelan Institute of Social Security. Eight hundred twenty-eight were male and fifty one female. Five sera samples were positive HBs-Ag which represents an incidence of 0.56%. A bibliographic review of the subject is made. The necessity of making mandatory the determination of HBs-Ag in all blood prior to transfusion is emphasized.", "contents": "[Incidence of hepatitis surface antigen among all the blood donors of the blood banks of the Venezuelan Institute of Social Security in the federal district]. The presence of H Bs-Ag was studied by means of counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the sera of 879 voluntary donors who gave blood between May and September 1974 at the federal District's blood banks of the Venezuelan Institute of Social Security. Eight hundred twenty-eight were male and fifty one female. Five sera samples were positive HBs-Ag which represents an incidence of 0.56%. A bibliographic review of the subject is made. The necessity of making mandatory the determination of HBs-Ag in all blood prior to transfusion is emphasized.", "PMID": 97126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2565", "title": "The intra-hepatic bile ducts in hepatic steatosis and in congested livers.", "content": "The authors study 25 steatotic or congested livers by means of post-mortem cholangiographies and vinyl moulds of the bile ducts. They show that the bile ducts of these organs present alterations, characterized by stretching, rectification, and lengthening of the intra-hepatic bile ducts, as a consequence of the diffuse hepatomegaly that occurs in the disease. They relate the average number of straight ducts in the intra-hepatic bile tract to the extension of the extension of the disease, obtaining a positive relation. A statistical evaluation of the results was made, allowing objective conclusions.", "contents": "The intra-hepatic bile ducts in hepatic steatosis and in congested livers. The authors study 25 steatotic or congested livers by means of post-mortem cholangiographies and vinyl moulds of the bile ducts. They show that the bile ducts of these organs present alterations, characterized by stretching, rectification, and lengthening of the intra-hepatic bile ducts, as a consequence of the diffuse hepatomegaly that occurs in the disease. They relate the average number of straight ducts in the intra-hepatic bile tract to the extension of the extension of the disease, obtaining a positive relation. A statistical evaluation of the results was made, allowing objective conclusions.", "PMID": 97127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2566", "title": "Post-mortem aeroportography.", "content": "The authors suggest a new methodology for the study of the intrahepatic portal system, using atmospheric air as a contrast medium. They used 48 livers of normal and pathological corpses, obtaining post-mortem cholangiographies and vinyl molds. Comparing the images obtained with literature data and with the vinyl molds, the authors conclude that the method is accurate, presenting furthermore many advantages with regard to contrasts generally used, such as low cost, easy performance, possibility repeating the radiographs as many times as necessary, and the possibility of simultaneous obtaining contrasts of other intra-hepatic systems by use of other radio-opaque contrast media in another system, as for example the biliary or the arterial system.", "contents": "Post-mortem aeroportography. The authors suggest a new methodology for the study of the intrahepatic portal system, using atmospheric air as a contrast medium. They used 48 livers of normal and pathological corpses, obtaining post-mortem cholangiographies and vinyl molds. Comparing the images obtained with literature data and with the vinyl molds, the authors conclude that the method is accurate, presenting furthermore many advantages with regard to contrasts generally used, such as low cost, easy performance, possibility repeating the radiographs as many times as necessary, and the possibility of simultaneous obtaining contrasts of other intra-hepatic systems by use of other radio-opaque contrast media in another system, as for example the biliary or the arterial system.", "PMID": 97128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2567", "title": "[Treatment of acute pancreatitis by glucagon. Experimental studies in dogs].", "content": "The authors made a comparative study of the use of glucagon (4 mg/day IV) in 30 dogs with acute pancreatitis. They found that the mortality and amylasemia were significantly lower in the glucagon-treated group than in the control groups (saline and glucose solution 5%). In the glucagon group, the areas of necrosis were smaller (1.5 cm) and rarely found; microscopically, the areas of necrosis and the inflammatory reaction were much smaller than in the other groups. These findings lead to the conclusion that the beneficial action of glucagon is due to another mechanism other than its hyperglycemic effect and that the administration of hypertonic solutions of glucose does not have a beneficial effect in acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute pancreatitis by glucagon. Experimental studies in dogs]. The authors made a comparative study of the use of glucagon (4 mg/day IV) in 30 dogs with acute pancreatitis. They found that the mortality and amylasemia were significantly lower in the glucagon-treated group than in the control groups (saline and glucose solution 5%). In the glucagon group, the areas of necrosis were smaller (1.5 cm) and rarely found; microscopically, the areas of necrosis and the inflammatory reaction were much smaller than in the other groups. These findings lead to the conclusion that the beneficial action of glucagon is due to another mechanism other than its hyperglycemic effect and that the administration of hypertonic solutions of glucose does not have a beneficial effect in acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 97132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2568", "title": "[Pancreatic fistula].", "content": "The authors present the result of an investigation on the use of cement and bentonite in the treatment of pancreatic fistulas that coexisted with permeable duct and which has been closed by the local application of said elements.", "contents": "[Pancreatic fistula]. The authors present the result of an investigation on the use of cement and bentonite in the treatment of pancreatic fistulas that coexisted with permeable duct and which has been closed by the local application of said elements.", "PMID": 97130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2569", "title": "[Comparative radiographic study of the stomach using technics of double contrast].", "content": "One hundred patients with gastroduodenal symptoms were studied: 50 at a general hospital and 50 at a private hospital. The first group was studied with the Japonese method recommended by Heizaburo Ishikawa and used in Venezuela with some modifications by Zaidman. The second group was studied with the technique developed by Valencia-Parparc\u00e9n. In addition, in both groups 4.5 mg of an anticholinergic drug (Hsp-2986 Merck-Darmstad-Germany) was applied intravenously to obtain gastroduodenal hypotony. The results from both groups showed that double contrast X-rays are better than the standard and are important factors in the judgment of the radiological diagnosis of gastroduodenal diseases. The methods do not exclude, but rather complement, each other, and are important contributions when a radiography in series with dosified compression through fluoroscopy cannot be carried out under optimum conditions.", "contents": "[Comparative radiographic study of the stomach using technics of double contrast]. One hundred patients with gastroduodenal symptoms were studied: 50 at a general hospital and 50 at a private hospital. The first group was studied with the Japonese method recommended by Heizaburo Ishikawa and used in Venezuela with some modifications by Zaidman. The second group was studied with the technique developed by Valencia-Parparc\u00e9n. In addition, in both groups 4.5 mg of an anticholinergic drug (Hsp-2986 Merck-Darmstad-Germany) was applied intravenously to obtain gastroduodenal hypotony. The results from both groups showed that double contrast X-rays are better than the standard and are important factors in the judgment of the radiological diagnosis of gastroduodenal diseases. The methods do not exclude, but rather complement, each other, and are important contributions when a radiography in series with dosified compression through fluoroscopy cannot be carried out under optimum conditions.", "PMID": 97134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2570", "title": "[Toluidine blue and gastric cancer].", "content": "The authors used Toluidine Blue to stain gastric lesions in nine patients. Six cases were found with adenocarcinoma that stained an intense blue that was limited to the extension of the malignancy itself. The other three cases did not stain and their histological diagnosis had been benign chronic gastric ulcers. One patient did color faintly due to atypical cells in the ulcer crater. The authors concluded that it is a procedure easy to apply, simple, harmless, and inexpensive, that gives results and permit the differentiation of malignant lesions from benign ones. They therefore recommend the method to gastroenterologists, endoscopists, and surgeons to guide and direct the taking of biopsies, specially in small cases, incipient or multiple stomach lesions.", "contents": "[Toluidine blue and gastric cancer]. The authors used Toluidine Blue to stain gastric lesions in nine patients. Six cases were found with adenocarcinoma that stained an intense blue that was limited to the extension of the malignancy itself. The other three cases did not stain and their histological diagnosis had been benign chronic gastric ulcers. One patient did color faintly due to atypical cells in the ulcer crater. The authors concluded that it is a procedure easy to apply, simple, harmless, and inexpensive, that gives results and permit the differentiation of malignant lesions from benign ones. They therefore recommend the method to gastroenterologists, endoscopists, and surgeons to guide and direct the taking of biopsies, specially in small cases, incipient or multiple stomach lesions.", "PMID": 97135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2571", "title": "[Internal hemorrhoidectomy by ligation].", "content": "The present work consists in the treatment of 60 patient suffering from internal hemorrhoids in the first, second and third degree, with and without complications. We utilized a new semi-surgical methods that is based on the ligation of these with satisfactory results in 85% of the cases and an improvement in 9.33%.", "contents": "[Internal hemorrhoidectomy by ligation]. The present work consists in the treatment of 60 patient suffering from internal hemorrhoids in the first, second and third degree, with and without complications. We utilized a new semi-surgical methods that is based on the ligation of these with satisfactory results in 85% of the cases and an improvement in 9.33%.", "PMID": 97137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2572", "title": "[Cancer of the gastric stump in gastrectomies for benign diseases].", "content": "The authors present 8 cases of cancer in the gastric stump of patients operated for benign pathologies. They reviewed 800 clinical histories of gastric cancers with microscopic confirmation. Incidence is of 1%. They analyzed age, sex, interval of time elapsed since the first operation, diagnosis, treatment and mortality of these patients. They emphasize that diagnosis is difficult and confusing but must be considered in patients with gastrectomies for benign causes done long ago and that present new symptoms or aggravation of the preexisting ones. For this reason these patients must be carefully worked up and studied. The mortality is very high. Treatment is surgical and radical.", "contents": "[Cancer of the gastric stump in gastrectomies for benign diseases]. The authors present 8 cases of cancer in the gastric stump of patients operated for benign pathologies. They reviewed 800 clinical histories of gastric cancers with microscopic confirmation. Incidence is of 1%. They analyzed age, sex, interval of time elapsed since the first operation, diagnosis, treatment and mortality of these patients. They emphasize that diagnosis is difficult and confusing but must be considered in patients with gastrectomies for benign causes done long ago and that present new symptoms or aggravation of the preexisting ones. For this reason these patients must be carefully worked up and studied. The mortality is very high. Treatment is surgical and radical.", "PMID": 97136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2573", "title": "[Superselective vagotomy of parietal cells. Evaluation and results in duodenal ulcer].", "content": "The authors present a study carried out jointly by the Gastroenterology Service and Surgical Service No. 2 of the General Hospital of the Venezuela Institute of Social Security \"Dr. Ildemaro Salas\". The results and objectives of the operation are analyzed insisting on its lower morbility and mortality, as well as on the lower incidence of diarrhea, dumping and other gastrointestinales discomforts. The first operation was performed on 17 november 1971 and up to the present 74 patients have been operated, 65 for duodenal ulcers, 7 for esophageal hernia of the hiatus, 1 case of hemorrhagic gastritis, and 1 case of prepyloric ulcer. Some details are given of the operations, the indications for it are pointed out, specially gastric hyperacidity, symptomatic ulcer, and absence of duodenal stenosis. There were 7 post-operative complications and 2 cases of mortality. As to the results there are presented 92% successful interventions and 8% failures.", "contents": "[Superselective vagotomy of parietal cells. Evaluation and results in duodenal ulcer]. The authors present a study carried out jointly by the Gastroenterology Service and Surgical Service No. 2 of the General Hospital of the Venezuela Institute of Social Security \"Dr. Ildemaro Salas\". The results and objectives of the operation are analyzed insisting on its lower morbility and mortality, as well as on the lower incidence of diarrhea, dumping and other gastrointestinales discomforts. The first operation was performed on 17 november 1971 and up to the present 74 patients have been operated, 65 for duodenal ulcers, 7 for esophageal hernia of the hiatus, 1 case of hemorrhagic gastritis, and 1 case of prepyloric ulcer. Some details are given of the operations, the indications for it are pointed out, specially gastric hyperacidity, symptomatic ulcer, and absence of duodenal stenosis. There were 7 post-operative complications and 2 cases of mortality. As to the results there are presented 92% successful interventions and 8% failures.", "PMID": 97138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2574", "title": "[Intraluminal diverticulum of the duodenum. Report of a case and review of published cases].", "content": "The intraluminal diverticulum of the duodenum is very rare; it is an anatomical sac like formation, located in the interior of the duodenum and communicating with it through an orifice situated a the upper pole of the diverticulum where the wall is covered by mucosa on both faces. It has interesting etiopathogenic problems. We present an observation after reviewing the corresponding literature. It was a 32-year old woman suffering from moderate epigastric pains, pyrosis, chronic constipation, markedly nervous. The epigastric pain was unrelated to food or physical efforts. The physical examination showed slight epigastric pain. The gastroduodenal radiological examination showed in the second part of the duodenum a particular image, pear-shaped, homogeneous, impregnated in barium; this image was surrounded by a radiotransparent halo which changed with the patient's position. It has been seen that the diverticulum changes in size and position in agreement with the peristaltism, without ever obstructing the passage through the duodenum. A review is made of the literature and history of intraluminal diverticulum.", "contents": "[Intraluminal diverticulum of the duodenum. Report of a case and review of published cases]. The intraluminal diverticulum of the duodenum is very rare; it is an anatomical sac like formation, located in the interior of the duodenum and communicating with it through an orifice situated a the upper pole of the diverticulum where the wall is covered by mucosa on both faces. It has interesting etiopathogenic problems. We present an observation after reviewing the corresponding literature. It was a 32-year old woman suffering from moderate epigastric pains, pyrosis, chronic constipation, markedly nervous. The epigastric pain was unrelated to food or physical efforts. The physical examination showed slight epigastric pain. The gastroduodenal radiological examination showed in the second part of the duodenum a particular image, pear-shaped, homogeneous, impregnated in barium; this image was surrounded by a radiotransparent halo which changed with the patient's position. It has been seen that the diverticulum changes in size and position in agreement with the peristaltism, without ever obstructing the passage through the duodenum. A review is made of the literature and history of intraluminal diverticulum.", "PMID": 97140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2575", "title": "[Arterio-mesenteric occlusion of the duodenum in Chagas' disease].", "content": "The authors present eight cases of arterio-mesenteric duodenal ileus diagnosed in the Servi\u00e7o de Cirurgia de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (S\u00e3o Paula--Brasil) among 2.573 surgical interventions of digestive tract performed in 15 years. Seven (87.5%) cases presented positive complement fixation test for Chagas' disease and signs of Chagas' cardiopathy and/or enteropathy. Comparing similar casuist studies published in Brazil, the authors suggest that American Trypanosomiasis must be considered as a contributive factor in the genesis of arterio-mesenteric duodenal ileus in Latin America.", "contents": "[Arterio-mesenteric occlusion of the duodenum in Chagas' disease]. The authors present eight cases of arterio-mesenteric duodenal ileus diagnosed in the Servi\u00e7o de Cirurgia de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (S\u00e3o Paula--Brasil) among 2.573 surgical interventions of digestive tract performed in 15 years. Seven (87.5%) cases presented positive complement fixation test for Chagas' disease and signs of Chagas' cardiopathy and/or enteropathy. Comparing similar casuist studies published in Brazil, the authors suggest that American Trypanosomiasis must be considered as a contributive factor in the genesis of arterio-mesenteric duodenal ileus in Latin America.", "PMID": 97143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2576", "title": "[Study of the length of a stay of partial gastroduodenectomized patients].", "content": "The length of stay for 482 partial gastrectomy patients in the Servico de Cirurgia de Ribeirao Preto in the period from 1960 to 1974 is compared with that of four other neighbor hospitals for the year 1973. There was reduction in the length of stay during these years and it was more obvious when compared the other four hospitals. The authors claim that early discharge and home management should always be recommended and suggest an analysis of factors interfering with length of stay.", "contents": "[Study of the length of a stay of partial gastroduodenectomized patients]. The length of stay for 482 partial gastrectomy patients in the Servico de Cirurgia de Ribeirao Preto in the period from 1960 to 1974 is compared with that of four other neighbor hospitals for the year 1973. There was reduction in the length of stay during these years and it was more obvious when compared the other four hospitals. The authors claim that early discharge and home management should always be recommended and suggest an analysis of factors interfering with length of stay.", "PMID": 97141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2577", "title": "[Comparative study of cicatrization with suture technics in 1 or 2 layers in small intestine anastomosis in adverse conditions. Experimental work in dogs].", "content": "Some experimental procedures have shown in intestinal anastomosis advantages in the use of suture on only one plane as compared to the classical suture on two planes. However, these experiments, performed in healthy dogs, raised doubts about its safety when used under adverse clinical conditions. The objective of this work is, therefore, to compare in dogs submitted to immunosupressive drugs (azotioprine and corticoid) the two techniques of suture in the presence of peritonitis and intestinal ischemia. The comparative study of the healing in the sutures performed under such conditions shows the advantages in the use of suture on only one plane. In the dogs examined on the fourth and fifteenth day after surgery, the superiority of the suture on one plane compared to that on two planes is evident, both in the macroscopic and microscopic aspects. The suture in one plane shows a better coadaptation of the borders, without increasing the thickness of the wall at the level of the anastomosis, less exudative inflammatory reaction, quicker and greater fibroblastic proliferation, less inflammatory reaction to the suture material, and less vascular alteration at the healing level.", "contents": "[Comparative study of cicatrization with suture technics in 1 or 2 layers in small intestine anastomosis in adverse conditions. Experimental work in dogs]. Some experimental procedures have shown in intestinal anastomosis advantages in the use of suture on only one plane as compared to the classical suture on two planes. However, these experiments, performed in healthy dogs, raised doubts about its safety when used under adverse clinical conditions. The objective of this work is, therefore, to compare in dogs submitted to immunosupressive drugs (azotioprine and corticoid) the two techniques of suture in the presence of peritonitis and intestinal ischemia. The comparative study of the healing in the sutures performed under such conditions shows the advantages in the use of suture on only one plane. In the dogs examined on the fourth and fifteenth day after surgery, the superiority of the suture on one plane compared to that on two planes is evident, both in the macroscopic and microscopic aspects. The suture in one plane shows a better coadaptation of the borders, without increasing the thickness of the wall at the level of the anastomosis, less exudative inflammatory reaction, quicker and greater fibroblastic proliferation, less inflammatory reaction to the suture material, and less vascular alteration at the healing level.", "PMID": 97147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2578", "title": "[Treatment of injuries of the duodenum and pancreas].", "content": "The authors study 84 patients that had damages of the duodenum and or pancreas and underwent different types of surgery. In 39 patients who had damage only in the duodenum; there were 2 (4.0%) duodenal fistulas, and 3 (6.0%) intraperitoneal abscess. In 38 patients who had injuries only in the pancreas; there were 6 (13.1%) acute pancreatities, pancreatic fistulas and 1  (2.2%) pancreatic pseudocyst. In 7 cases, injuries were found to both pancreas and duodenum. The author reports 1 case of duodenal fistula (14.3%) 1 case of acute pancreatitis (14.3%) and 3 cases of pancreatic fistula (43.0%). Only 7 patients died (8.3%), and of these 2 died for reasons not directly related to the operatory technic used. A simple suture can be performed in those cases where a complete section of the duodenum is unnecessary and there is no injury to the duodenal papilla. A burying suture of the stomas associated with a side-to-side duodenojejunal anastomosis should be preferred in the complete section of the duodenum localized beyond the ampulla of Vater. In all superficial wounds of small extension a suture of the pancreas should be performed. Distal pancreatectomy of body or tail should be made in the wounds with a possible lesion to the Wirsung duct and when there is an extensive glandular lesion. The associate wounds of duodenum and pancreas should be treated as if they were isolated lesions.", "contents": "[Treatment of injuries of the duodenum and pancreas]. The authors study 84 patients that had damages of the duodenum and or pancreas and underwent different types of surgery. In 39 patients who had damage only in the duodenum; there were 2 (4.0%) duodenal fistulas, and 3 (6.0%) intraperitoneal abscess. In 38 patients who had injuries only in the pancreas; there were 6 (13.1%) acute pancreatities, pancreatic fistulas and 1  (2.2%) pancreatic pseudocyst. In 7 cases, injuries were found to both pancreas and duodenum. The author reports 1 case of duodenal fistula (14.3%) 1 case of acute pancreatitis (14.3%) and 3 cases of pancreatic fistula (43.0%). Only 7 patients died (8.3%), and of these 2 died for reasons not directly related to the operatory technic used. A simple suture can be performed in those cases where a complete section of the duodenum is unnecessary and there is no injury to the duodenal papilla. A burying suture of the stomas associated with a side-to-side duodenojejunal anastomosis should be preferred in the complete section of the duodenum localized beyond the ampulla of Vater. In all superficial wounds of small extension a suture of the pancreas should be performed. Distal pancreatectomy of body or tail should be made in the wounds with a possible lesion to the Wirsung duct and when there is an extensive glandular lesion. The associate wounds of duodenum and pancreas should be treated as if they were isolated lesions.", "PMID": 97144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2579", "title": "Duhamel procedure for sigmoid cancer.", "content": "A description is given of the advantages of the Duhamel technique over that carried out by colorectal anastomosis at the level of the pelvis. The anastomosis is performed at the level of the perineum. Ten patients with cancer of the colon were operated and it was determined that there was no tumoral relapse of the residual ampulla. There were no complications and this technique can be used as a substitute for Hartmann's.", "contents": "Duhamel procedure for sigmoid cancer. A description is given of the advantages of the Duhamel technique over that carried out by colorectal anastomosis at the level of the pelvis. The anastomosis is performed at the level of the perineum. Ten patients with cancer of the colon were operated and it was determined that there was no tumoral relapse of the residual ampulla. There were no complications and this technique can be used as a substitute for Hartmann's.", "PMID": 97148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2580", "title": "[Stenosis and intestinal ulcer due to chronic ingestion of a combination of a thiazidic diuretic with potassium].", "content": "Reports from recent years shown evidence of the existence of a type of primary ulceration of the small bowel associated with stenosis, relatively frequent and possibly iatrogenic. The primary characteristics of the studied cases were that it was present in patients over 50 years old, a good number of them had cardiorenal diseases or were hypertensives, and ingestion of a thiazide diuretic supplemented with potassium. Clinical and experimental investigations suggest that potassium, with or without a diuretic, could cause ulceration and stenosis of the small bowel. Presented in this report the case of a 62-year-old patient with cardiovascular disease and chronic ingestion of a thiazide diuretic with potassium chloride (Diclotride-K (R) who developed an intestinal obstruction that merited surgical intervention which showed a circumscribed stenosis of jejunum accompanied by ulceration.", "contents": "[Stenosis and intestinal ulcer due to chronic ingestion of a combination of a thiazidic diuretic with potassium]. Reports from recent years shown evidence of the existence of a type of primary ulceration of the small bowel associated with stenosis, relatively frequent and possibly iatrogenic. The primary characteristics of the studied cases were that it was present in patients over 50 years old, a good number of them had cardiorenal diseases or were hypertensives, and ingestion of a thiazide diuretic supplemented with potassium. Clinical and experimental investigations suggest that potassium, with or without a diuretic, could cause ulceration and stenosis of the small bowel. Presented in this report the case of a 62-year-old patient with cardiovascular disease and chronic ingestion of a thiazide diuretic with potassium chloride (Diclotride-K (R) who developed an intestinal obstruction that merited surgical intervention which showed a circumscribed stenosis of jejunum accompanied by ulceration.", "PMID": 97150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2581", "title": "[Changes of serum proteins in schistosomiasis mansoni].", "content": "The total and fractional proteins were determined in 174 out-patients from a rural area that had schistosomiasis mansoni and had not received specific treatment, and in 51 subjects also from another rural area and therfore having similar epidemiological characteristics but not in the endemic area of bilharziasis. In schistosomiasis patients there was a notable change in the fractional proteins, the hypoalbuminemia and hypergammaglobulinemia being significant irrespective of the clinical forms of the disease. The intermediate fraction between the beta and gamma globulins, described by some authors, was not found, possibly due to the fact that the serums analyzed were from out-patients with the less serious clinical forms. In the group from the non-endemic area of bilharziasis hypoalbuminemia was the most significant alteration found.", "contents": "[Changes of serum proteins in schistosomiasis mansoni]. The total and fractional proteins were determined in 174 out-patients from a rural area that had schistosomiasis mansoni and had not received specific treatment, and in 51 subjects also from another rural area and therfore having similar epidemiological characteristics but not in the endemic area of bilharziasis. In schistosomiasis patients there was a notable change in the fractional proteins, the hypoalbuminemia and hypergammaglobulinemia being significant irrespective of the clinical forms of the disease. The intermediate fraction between the beta and gamma globulins, described by some authors, was not found, possibly due to the fact that the serums analyzed were from out-patients with the less serious clinical forms. In the group from the non-endemic area of bilharziasis hypoalbuminemia was the most significant alteration found.", "PMID": 97155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2582", "title": "[Etiopathogenical and clinical aspects of chronic pancreatitis in San Pablo (Brazil): observations of 80 cases].", "content": "The etiopathogeny and clinical aspects of chronic pancreatitis were studied in 80 patients. From the etiological point of view it was observed that 75 out of the 80 patients (93,75%) had had previous intense alcohol ingestion (mean 239.95 +/- 158.34 g of pure ethanol/day) during an average period of 12.5 years. A study of their diet showed that these patients ate significantly more protein than the controls (p less than 0.001). In 2 of the remaining 5 patients, the familiar form of the disease was characterized; in 1 there was a previous history of biliar disease and no etiological factor could be detected. The pathogenic implications of the excessive consumption of alochol associated with a high protein diet, as well as the main clinical characteristics presented by these patients are discussed.", "contents": "[Etiopathogenical and clinical aspects of chronic pancreatitis in San Pablo (Brazil): observations of 80 cases]. The etiopathogeny and clinical aspects of chronic pancreatitis were studied in 80 patients. From the etiological point of view it was observed that 75 out of the 80 patients (93,75%) had had previous intense alcohol ingestion (mean 239.95 +/- 158.34 g of pure ethanol/day) during an average period of 12.5 years. A study of their diet showed that these patients ate significantly more protein than the controls (p less than 0.001). In 2 of the remaining 5 patients, the familiar form of the disease was characterized; in 1 there was a previous history of biliar disease and no etiological factor could be detected. The pathogenic implications of the excessive consumption of alochol associated with a high protein diet, as well as the main clinical characteristics presented by these patients are discussed.", "PMID": 97157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2583", "title": "[Intramural hematoma of the digestive tract in relation to anticoagulant therapy].", "content": "Three cases of submucosas hematomas of the gastrointestinal tract are presented in association with anticoagulant therapy. The clinical and radiological criteria for their diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Intramural hematoma of the digestive tract in relation to anticoagulant therapy]. Three cases of submucosas hematomas of the gastrointestinal tract are presented in association with anticoagulant therapy. The clinical and radiological criteria for their diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 97160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2584", "title": "[Gastrinemia and basal gastric acid secretion].", "content": "A group of 43 subjects was studied: 22 normal, 6 with gastric ulcers, and 15 with duodenal ulcers. A correlation was made between gastrinemia and basal gastric acid secretion. The findings suggest that the basal gastric secretion does not play an important role in either the basal gastrinemia in normal subjects or in those with gastric ulcers. The correlation was significant and negative between basal gastric secretion and basal gastrinemia in those with duodenal ulcers, which might express differences in the self-regulation of gastrinemia related to antral pH.", "contents": "[Gastrinemia and basal gastric acid secretion]. A group of 43 subjects was studied: 22 normal, 6 with gastric ulcers, and 15 with duodenal ulcers. A correlation was made between gastrinemia and basal gastric acid secretion. The findings suggest that the basal gastric secretion does not play an important role in either the basal gastrinemia in normal subjects or in those with gastric ulcers. The correlation was significant and negative between basal gastric secretion and basal gastrinemia in those with duodenal ulcers, which might express differences in the self-regulation of gastrinemia related to antral pH.", "PMID": 97159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2585", "title": "[Strongyloidiasic hyperinfestation].", "content": "A study was made of twelve cases of fatal Strongylodiasis with Hyperinfestation which presented a severe picture of the small intestine and colon, some with localization in the lungs, bronchus, and other organs. Preliminary results are given of a prospective study related to the bacterial flora and its role in the pictures of larvarial aggression, which could lead to greater knowledge about the biology of the parasite, and therefore to interesting findings of a therapeutic nature.", "contents": "[Strongyloidiasic hyperinfestation]. A study was made of twelve cases of fatal Strongylodiasis with Hyperinfestation which presented a severe picture of the small intestine and colon, some with localization in the lungs, bronchus, and other organs. Preliminary results are given of a prospective study related to the bacterial flora and its role in the pictures of larvarial aggression, which could lead to greater knowledge about the biology of the parasite, and therefore to interesting findings of a therapeutic nature.", "PMID": 97163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2586", "title": "[Role of the gastroenterologist in the fate of the functional gastrointestinal patient. Comparative evaluation in 2 series of patients in the outpatient clinic of the Social Security Gastroenterology department of Barquisimeto].", "content": "A comparative evaluation is made of patients with functional digestive diseases in an out-patient clinic of the Social Security of Barquisimeto. In the first group of patients a routine approach was followed while in the second group a brief biographic history is added adapting it to the circumstances of work that exist within this type of clinic. From the information obtained of the destiny of the patients of each group, it is evident that the total approach to the patient is of importance as the only mean possible for an adequate approximation to the patient and the proper management of the case. The problem is presented of the gastroenterologist, overwhelmed by the great technical progress, confronted by the destiny of the functional digestive patient in socialized medicine.", "contents": "[Role of the gastroenterologist in the fate of the functional gastrointestinal patient. Comparative evaluation in 2 series of patients in the outpatient clinic of the Social Security Gastroenterology department of Barquisimeto]. A comparative evaluation is made of patients with functional digestive diseases in an out-patient clinic of the Social Security of Barquisimeto. In the first group of patients a routine approach was followed while in the second group a brief biographic history is added adapting it to the circumstances of work that exist within this type of clinic. From the information obtained of the destiny of the patients of each group, it is evident that the total approach to the patient is of importance as the only mean possible for an adequate approximation to the patient and the proper management of the case. The problem is presented of the gastroenterologist, overwhelmed by the great technical progress, confronted by the destiny of the functional digestive patient in socialized medicine.", "PMID": 97161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2587", "title": "[Portal hypertension by hepatic cirrhosis. Selective decompression by distal renal spleno anastomosis. Report of a case].", "content": "An analysis is made of the new techniques used in the surgical treatment of portal hypertensi\u00f3n, specially the selective descompression of the gastroesophageal varices. A case is presented of surgery performed in the Surgical Service IV of the Hospital Universitario de Caracas using the technique described by Warren.", "contents": "[Portal hypertension by hepatic cirrhosis. Selective decompression by distal renal spleno anastomosis. Report of a case]. An analysis is made of the new techniques used in the surgical treatment of portal hypertensi\u00f3n, specially the selective descompression of the gastroesophageal varices. A case is presented of surgery performed in the Surgical Service IV of the Hospital Universitario de Caracas using the technique described by Warren.", "PMID": 97164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2588", "title": "Genetic analysis of two allelic temperature-sensitive mutants of Drosophila melanogaster both of which are zygotic and maternal-effect lethals.", "content": "After fertilization, the development of a zygote depends upon both gene products synthesized by its maternal parent and gene products synthesized by the zygote itself. To analyze genetically the relative contributions of these two sources of gene products, several laboratories have been isolating two classes of mutants of Drosophila melanogaster: maternal-effect lethals and zygotic lethals. This report concerns the analysis of two temperature-sensitive mutants, OX736hs and PC025hs, which were isolated as alleles of a small-disc mutant, l(3)1902. These alleles are not only zygotic lethals, but also maternal-effect lethals. They have temperature-sensitive periods during larval life and during oogenesis. Mutant larvae exposed continuously to restrictive temperature have small discs. One-or two-day exposures to the restrictive temperature administered during the third larval instar lead to a homeotic transformation of the midlegs and hindlegs to the pattern characteristic of the forelegs. Mutant females exposed to the restrictive temperature during oogenesis produce eggs that can develop until gastrulation, but do not hatch.--The existence of these mutants, and one that was recently described by another group, implies that there may be a class of genes, heretofore unrecognized, whose products are synthesized during oogenesis, are essential for embryogenesis and are also synthesized during larval stages within imaginal disc cells.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of two allelic temperature-sensitive mutants of Drosophila melanogaster both of which are zygotic and maternal-effect lethals. After fertilization, the development of a zygote depends upon both gene products synthesized by its maternal parent and gene products synthesized by the zygote itself. To analyze genetically the relative contributions of these two sources of gene products, several laboratories have been isolating two classes of mutants of Drosophila melanogaster: maternal-effect lethals and zygotic lethals. This report concerns the analysis of two temperature-sensitive mutants, OX736hs and PC025hs, which were isolated as alleles of a small-disc mutant, l(3)1902. These alleles are not only zygotic lethals, but also maternal-effect lethals. They have temperature-sensitive periods during larval life and during oogenesis. Mutant larvae exposed continuously to restrictive temperature have small discs. One-or two-day exposures to the restrictive temperature administered during the third larval instar lead to a homeotic transformation of the midlegs and hindlegs to the pattern characteristic of the forelegs. Mutant females exposed to the restrictive temperature during oogenesis produce eggs that can develop until gastrulation, but do not hatch.--The existence of these mutants, and one that was recently described by another group, implies that there may be a class of genes, heretofore unrecognized, whose products are synthesized during oogenesis, are essential for embryogenesis and are also synthesized during larval stages within imaginal disc cells.", "PMID": 97167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2589", "title": "[New derivative of nitromidazole-tinidazole, for the treatment of giardiasis].", "content": "The author treated 100 patients infected by Giardia lamblia with a new antiprotozoal agent: Tinidazole. The patients were divided in two groups: Group I, composed of 50 patients were divided with a dosage of 300 mgm per day for seven consecutive days. The author obtained a cure rate of 96% (48 cases), and minimal side-effects were observed in 10% of the cases: nausea and headache, Group II also composed of 50 patients which were treated with a single dose of 2,0 gm. The parasitological cure obtained was around 90% (45 patients) and the tolerance to the drug was very good. To evaluate the cure, the methods of Faust et al. and Hoffman, Pons & Janer, such as spontaneous sedimentation in water, were used, 7, 14 and 21 d\u00edas after treatment. The author concluded that the new antiprotozoal agent is an excellent drug against Giardia lamblia infections.", "contents": "[New derivative of nitromidazole-tinidazole, for the treatment of giardiasis]. The author treated 100 patients infected by Giardia lamblia with a new antiprotozoal agent: Tinidazole. The patients were divided in two groups: Group I, composed of 50 patients were divided with a dosage of 300 mgm per day for seven consecutive days. The author obtained a cure rate of 96% (48 cases), and minimal side-effects were observed in 10% of the cases: nausea and headache, Group II also composed of 50 patients which were treated with a single dose of 2,0 gm. The parasitological cure obtained was around 90% (45 patients) and the tolerance to the drug was very good. To evaluate the cure, the methods of Faust et al. and Hoffman, Pons & Janer, such as spontaneous sedimentation in water, were used, 7, 14 and 21 d\u00edas after treatment. The author concluded that the new antiprotozoal agent is an excellent drug against Giardia lamblia infections.", "PMID": 97162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2590", "title": "Genetic and biochemical basis of enzyme activity variation in natural populations. I. Alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Recent studies by various authors suggest that variation in gene regulation may be common in nature, and might be of great evolutionary consequence; but the ascertainment of variation in gene regulation has proven to be a difficult problem. In this study, we explore this problem by measuring alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in Drosophila melanogaster strains homozygous for various combinations of given second and third chromosomes sampled from a natural population. The structural locus (Adh) coding for ADH is on the second chromosome. The results show that: (1) there are genes, other than Adh, that affect the levels of ADH activity; (2) at least some of these \"regulatory\" genes are located on the third chromosome, and thus are not adjacent to the Adh locus; (3) variation exists in natural populations for such regulatory genes; (4) the effect of these regulatory genes varies as they interact with different second chromosomes; (5) third chromosomes with high-activity genes are either partially or completely dominant over chromosomes with low-activity genes; (6) the effects of the regulatory genes are pervasive throughout development; and (7) the third chromosome genes regulate the levels of ADH activity by affecting the number of ADH molecules in the flies. The results are consistent with the view that the evolution of regulatory genes may play an important role in adaptation.", "contents": "Genetic and biochemical basis of enzyme activity variation in natural populations. I. Alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster. Recent studies by various authors suggest that variation in gene regulation may be common in nature, and might be of great evolutionary consequence; but the ascertainment of variation in gene regulation has proven to be a difficult problem. In this study, we explore this problem by measuring alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in Drosophila melanogaster strains homozygous for various combinations of given second and third chromosomes sampled from a natural population. The structural locus (Adh) coding for ADH is on the second chromosome. The results show that: (1) there are genes, other than Adh, that affect the levels of ADH activity; (2) at least some of these \"regulatory\" genes are located on the third chromosome, and thus are not adjacent to the Adh locus; (3) variation exists in natural populations for such regulatory genes; (4) the effect of these regulatory genes varies as they interact with different second chromosomes; (5) third chromosomes with high-activity genes are either partially or completely dominant over chromosomes with low-activity genes; (6) the effects of the regulatory genes are pervasive throughout development; and (7) the third chromosome genes regulate the levels of ADH activity by affecting the number of ADH molecules in the flies. The results are consistent with the view that the evolution of regulatory genes may play an important role in adaptation.", "PMID": 97168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2591", "title": "Experimental evolution of a new enzymatic function. II. Evolution of multiple functions for ebg enzyme in E. coli.", "content": "The evolution of ebgo enzyme of Escherichia coli, an enzyme which is unable to hydrolyze lactose, lactulose, lactobionate, or galactose-arabinoside effectively, has been directed in successive steps so that the evolved enzyme is able to hydrolyze these galactosides effectively. I show that in order for a strain of E. coli with a lacZ deletion to evolve the ability to use lactobionate as a carbon source, a series of mutations must occur in the ebg genes, and that these mutations must be selected in a particular order. The ordered series of mutations constitutes an obligatory evolutionary pathway for the acquisition of a new function for ebgo enzyme. A comparison of newly evolved strains with parental strains shows that when ebg enzyme acquires a new function, its old functions often suffer; but that in several cases old functions are either unaffected or are improved. I conclude that divergence of functions catalyzed by an enzyme need not require gene duplication.", "contents": "Experimental evolution of a new enzymatic function. II. Evolution of multiple functions for ebg enzyme in E. coli. The evolution of ebgo enzyme of Escherichia coli, an enzyme which is unable to hydrolyze lactose, lactulose, lactobionate, or galactose-arabinoside effectively, has been directed in successive steps so that the evolved enzyme is able to hydrolyze these galactosides effectively. I show that in order for a strain of E. coli with a lacZ deletion to evolve the ability to use lactobionate as a carbon source, a series of mutations must occur in the ebg genes, and that these mutations must be selected in a particular order. The ordered series of mutations constitutes an obligatory evolutionary pathway for the acquisition of a new function for ebgo enzyme. A comparison of newly evolved strains with parental strains shows that when ebg enzyme acquires a new function, its old functions often suffer; but that in several cases old functions are either unaffected or are improved. I conclude that divergence of functions catalyzed by an enzyme need not require gene duplication.", "PMID": 97169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2592", "title": "[Gastric candidiasis. Report of a case].", "content": "One patient was seen with Candida albicans infection in a gastric ulcer. Gastric biopsy was of value in the diagnosis. The patient responded well to Nistatin therapy.", "contents": "[Gastric candidiasis. Report of a case]. One patient was seen with Candida albicans infection in a gastric ulcer. Gastric biopsy was of value in the diagnosis. The patient responded well to Nistatin therapy.", "PMID": 97165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2593", "title": "[Effect of EcoRI restrictase on the transforming DNA of different bacilli].", "content": "The transforming activity of DNA from Bacillus subtilis 168, Bac. subtilis W23, Bac. subtilis NRS and Bac. aterrimus after the EcoRI restrictase treatment was studied. The auxotrophic strains of Bac. subtilis 168 were used as recipients in bacterial transformation. The transforming activity for different markers decreased up to 0.001--6 per cent from the initial level for different Bacilli DNAs. In some cases the sensitivity of the same marker from different Bacilli differed in more than 50 times. Bac. subtilis and Bac. aterrimus have demonstrated the maximal differences. Such differences can be used for the identification of close related Bacilli.", "contents": "[Effect of EcoRI restrictase on the transforming DNA of different bacilli]. The transforming activity of DNA from Bacillus subtilis 168, Bac. subtilis W23, Bac. subtilis NRS and Bac. aterrimus after the EcoRI restrictase treatment was studied. The auxotrophic strains of Bac. subtilis 168 were used as recipients in bacterial transformation. The transforming activity for different markers decreased up to 0.001--6 per cent from the initial level for different Bacilli DNAs. In some cases the sensitivity of the same marker from different Bacilli differed in more than 50 times. Bac. subtilis and Bac. aterrimus have demonstrated the maximal differences. Such differences can be used for the identification of close related Bacilli.", "PMID": 97170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2594", "title": "[One of the classes of revertants of a rec H Bacillus subtilis mutant].", "content": "A class of revertants of Bacillus subtilis mutant rec H, which completely restored the ability to transformation but without restoring the activity of ATP-dependent deoxyribonuclease, is isolated and studied. Reversions are located in the same chromosome region as the original mutation. The detection of such revertants points out the existence of more than one recombination pathway for Bac. subtilis transformation.", "contents": "[One of the classes of revertants of a rec H Bacillus subtilis mutant]. A class of revertants of Bacillus subtilis mutant rec H, which completely restored the ability to transformation but without restoring the activity of ATP-dependent deoxyribonuclease, is isolated and studied. Reversions are located in the same chromosome region as the original mutation. The detection of such revertants points out the existence of more than one recombination pathway for Bac. subtilis transformation.", "PMID": 97171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2595", "title": "[Nature of the mutations that determine the ability of Bacillus subtilis A-50 to sporulate at high glucose concentrations in the medium].", "content": "The ability of Bacillus subtilis A-50 to sporulate in the medium containing high glucose concentrations is caused by at least two mutation types: pts mutations and cat (or tgl) mutations, both of them affecting differently the level of alkaline proteinase synthesis. The decrease of the level of enzyme activity in the case of pts mutation (gluR3 mutant) occurs at the expense of glucose transport disturbance. The mutation cat (tgl) (mutant gluR5) causes the increase in enzyme synthesis at the expense of catabolic resistance to glucose of genes controlling alkaline proteinase synthesis and the spore formation in Bac. subtilis A-50. cat5(gluR5) and pts3(gluR3) mutations are located on the chromosome of Bac. subtilis in the region metD and argC respectively. The over-synthesis of alkaline proteinase characteristic of Bac. subtilis A-50 is controlled by the polygenic system, as the level of alkaline proteinase synthesis in argA+ transformants makes up 25% of the level of activity of the original strain. The productivity of Bac. subtilis A-50 can be enhanced by introducing an additional cat mutation.", "contents": "[Nature of the mutations that determine the ability of Bacillus subtilis A-50 to sporulate at high glucose concentrations in the medium]. The ability of Bacillus subtilis A-50 to sporulate in the medium containing high glucose concentrations is caused by at least two mutation types: pts mutations and cat (or tgl) mutations, both of them affecting differently the level of alkaline proteinase synthesis. The decrease of the level of enzyme activity in the case of pts mutation (gluR3 mutant) occurs at the expense of glucose transport disturbance. The mutation cat (tgl) (mutant gluR5) causes the increase in enzyme synthesis at the expense of catabolic resistance to glucose of genes controlling alkaline proteinase synthesis and the spore formation in Bac. subtilis A-50. cat5(gluR5) and pts3(gluR3) mutations are located on the chromosome of Bac. subtilis in the region metD and argC respectively. The over-synthesis of alkaline proteinase characteristic of Bac. subtilis A-50 is controlled by the polygenic system, as the level of alkaline proteinase synthesis in argA+ transformants makes up 25% of the level of activity of the original strain. The productivity of Bac. subtilis A-50 can be enhanced by introducing an additional cat mutation.", "PMID": 97172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2596", "title": "[Effect of repeated administration of glucocorticoid on the glycogen level of mouse muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "Glycogen content and glycogen synthetase activity in mouse skeletal muscle (M. gastrocnemius) after single or repeated administrations of glucocorticoid were investigated and compared with those in liver, in a series of experiments to elucidate the biochemical mechanism of steroid myopathy. Results obtained were as follows. After a single administration of triamcinolone acetonide (TA, 5 mg/kg i.p.), glycogen content in muscle increased maximally at about 12 hr and returned to control level at about 24 hr. The I form activity of glycogen synthetase in muscle was increased only 6 hr after a single administration, while the total activity of the enzyme was not significantly changed. Similar results were obtained with the liver. After repeated administrations of TA for one week, the glycogen accumulation in the muscle was lowered markedly as compared with that after a single administration. No increase in synthetase I activity was observed, or rather, the enzyme activity was decreased as compared with that from control. Similar results were obtained with the liver. After single or repeated administrations, blood glucose level decreased slightly, glucose level of muscle was not affected and G-6-P level of muscle increased markedly. These results suggest that the lower accumulation of glycogen in the muscle after repeated administrations of glucocorticoid may be primarily due to an abnormality in the glycogen synthetase system.", "contents": "[Effect of repeated administration of glucocorticoid on the glycogen level of mouse muscle (author's transl)]. Glycogen content and glycogen synthetase activity in mouse skeletal muscle (M. gastrocnemius) after single or repeated administrations of glucocorticoid were investigated and compared with those in liver, in a series of experiments to elucidate the biochemical mechanism of steroid myopathy. Results obtained were as follows. After a single administration of triamcinolone acetonide (TA, 5 mg/kg i.p.), glycogen content in muscle increased maximally at about 12 hr and returned to control level at about 24 hr. The I form activity of glycogen synthetase in muscle was increased only 6 hr after a single administration, while the total activity of the enzyme was not significantly changed. Similar results were obtained with the liver. After repeated administrations of TA for one week, the glycogen accumulation in the muscle was lowered markedly as compared with that after a single administration. No increase in synthetase I activity was observed, or rather, the enzyme activity was decreased as compared with that from control. Similar results were obtained with the liver. After single or repeated administrations, blood glucose level decreased slightly, glucose level of muscle was not affected and G-6-P level of muscle increased markedly. These results suggest that the lower accumulation of glycogen in the muscle after repeated administrations of glucocorticoid may be primarily due to an abnormality in the glycogen synthetase system.", "PMID": 97185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2597", "title": "Non-transformable mutants of Bacillus subtilis defective in the penetration of DNA into the cell.", "content": "Four non-transformable mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 defective in the penetration of DNA into the recipient cell were isolated. All mutants were fully non-transformable with mutation in genes influencing irreversible binding of the donor DNA by the recipient cell.", "contents": "Non-transformable mutants of Bacillus subtilis defective in the penetration of DNA into the cell. Four non-transformable mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 defective in the penetration of DNA into the recipient cell were isolated. All mutants were fully non-transformable with mutation in genes influencing irreversible binding of the donor DNA by the recipient cell.", "PMID": 97186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2598", "title": "Lactase activity of microorganisms.", "content": "Sixty-two strains of yeasts, molds and bacteria were screened for lactase (beta-D-galactosidase) activity. Strains exhibiting the enzyme activity were evaluated for cell yield as well as enzyme units available per litre of the medium, per g cell dry weight and per mg protein of their cell-free extracts. The molds exhibited lowest enzyme activity but highest cell yields, bacteria produced lowest cell yield and maximum enzyme activity. Cultures exhibiting very high activity among yeasts were Saccharomyces fragilis (strain 3217) and among bacteria Streptococcus cremoris (strain H), Lactobacillus bulgaricus (strain RTS and 1373) and Leuconostoc citrovorum (strain 8081).", "contents": "Lactase activity of microorganisms. Sixty-two strains of yeasts, molds and bacteria were screened for lactase (beta-D-galactosidase) activity. Strains exhibiting the enzyme activity were evaluated for cell yield as well as enzyme units available per litre of the medium, per g cell dry weight and per mg protein of their cell-free extracts. The molds exhibited lowest enzyme activity but highest cell yields, bacteria produced lowest cell yield and maximum enzyme activity. Cultures exhibiting very high activity among yeasts were Saccharomyces fragilis (strain 3217) and among bacteria Streptococcus cremoris (strain H), Lactobacillus bulgaricus (strain RTS and 1373) and Leuconostoc citrovorum (strain 8081).", "PMID": 97187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2599", "title": "Specific endonucleases in Streptomyces aureofaciens.", "content": "Two strains of Streptomyces aureofaciens were found to contain restriction endodeoxynucleases; S. aureofaciens IKA 18/4 contains Sau I which splits lambda DNA into three fragments, S. aureofaciens IKA 22201 Sau Ii which splits lambda DNA into more than 15 fragments.", "contents": "Specific endonucleases in Streptomyces aureofaciens. Two strains of Streptomyces aureofaciens were found to contain restriction endodeoxynucleases; S. aureofaciens IKA 18/4 contains Sau I which splits lambda DNA into three fragments, S. aureofaciens IKA 22201 Sau Ii which splits lambda DNA into more than 15 fragments.", "PMID": 97188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2600", "title": "Food sharing among captive Leontopithecus rosalia.", "content": "Captive L. rosalia were observed to exchange food routinely in family groups, a process varying from donation to theft. Donation involved the use of 'invitational' signals which operated most efficiently in parent-infant sharing and in donating live prey. Food moved, by sharing and theft, toward: (a) males prior to the female's first conception; (b) females during late pregnancy; (c) carriers of infants; (d) weanlings; (e) juveniles when infants died; (f) third animals in trios, regardless of their age and relatedness to the pair. Successful reproduction, a complex behavior involving all group members in cooperative infant care and provisioning, is probably enhanced by captive L. rosalia's food-sharing habits.", "contents": "Food sharing among captive Leontopithecus rosalia. Captive L. rosalia were observed to exchange food routinely in family groups, a process varying from donation to theft. Donation involved the use of 'invitational' signals which operated most efficiently in parent-infant sharing and in donating live prey. Food moved, by sharing and theft, toward: (a) males prior to the female's first conception; (b) females during late pregnancy; (c) carriers of infants; (d) weanlings; (e) juveniles when infants died; (f) third animals in trios, regardless of their age and relatedness to the pair. Successful reproduction, a complex behavior involving all group members in cooperative infant care and provisioning, is probably enhanced by captive L. rosalia's food-sharing habits.", "PMID": 97189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2601", "title": "Diurnal behavior of Lemur mongoz at Ampijoroa, Madagascar.", "content": "Lemur mongoz was observed for 28 h between February and July in Ampijoroa, northwestern Madagascar. The animals were diurnal, with peaks of activity in mid-morning and late afternoon. This finding contrasts with other reports that L. mongoz at the same site and somewhat later in the year are nocturnal. Group size was three or four. L. mongoz associated with L. fulvus during group progression and feeding and when giving alarm responses to man. Vocal signals consist of a range of intergrading grunts and shrieks; olfactory signals of apparent scent marking with the anogenital region, forehead, and palms of the hands; visual signals of mainly unritualized body movements and postures. All of these signals are quite similar to signals of L. fulvus.", "contents": "Diurnal behavior of Lemur mongoz at Ampijoroa, Madagascar. Lemur mongoz was observed for 28 h between February and July in Ampijoroa, northwestern Madagascar. The animals were diurnal, with peaks of activity in mid-morning and late afternoon. This finding contrasts with other reports that L. mongoz at the same site and somewhat later in the year are nocturnal. Group size was three or four. L. mongoz associated with L. fulvus during group progression and feeding and when giving alarm responses to man. Vocal signals consist of a range of intergrading grunts and shrieks; olfactory signals of apparent scent marking with the anogenital region, forehead, and palms of the hands; visual signals of mainly unritualized body movements and postures. All of these signals are quite similar to signals of L. fulvus.", "PMID": 97190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2602", "title": "Cytogenetics and taxonomy of some South Bolivian monkeys.", "content": "Illustrations are given by the authors of chromosome banding patterns of three species of monkeys: douroucouli, black-capped capuchin and squirrel monkey. The precise locality of the animals in southern Bolivia is known. This enables a taxonomic discussion on the value of some names of these animals.", "contents": "Cytogenetics and taxonomy of some South Bolivian monkeys. Illustrations are given by the authors of chromosome banding patterns of three species of monkeys: douroucouli, black-capped capuchin and squirrel monkey. The precise locality of the animals in southern Bolivia is known. This enables a taxonomic discussion on the value of some names of these animals.", "PMID": 97192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2603", "title": "The social behavior of a marmoset (Saguinus fuscicollis) group III. Spatial analysis of social structure.", "content": "The social behavior, and particularly the spacing patterns, of a marmoset (Saguinus fuscicollis) group in a semi-naturalistic enclosure were observed for 14 months. Data analysis revealed various changes as the group grew in size from four to eventually six members. Weekly mean distances between the adult pair supported a spatial measure for estrus for the female. Group dispersion, mean squared distance between all possible pairs, seemed to vary with the age composition of the group. Factor analysis of location correlation matrices by 4-week blocks resulted in age-related subgroupings. Each of the adult pair formed an independent subgroup except for behavioral estrus and early infant care periods when they formed one subgroup. The offspring, initially attached to the adults, gradually moved into juvenile/subadult subgroups. Increasing spatial independence was shown as an animal approached adulthood at 24 months of age.", "contents": "The social behavior of a marmoset (Saguinus fuscicollis) group III. Spatial analysis of social structure. The social behavior, and particularly the spacing patterns, of a marmoset (Saguinus fuscicollis) group in a semi-naturalistic enclosure were observed for 14 months. Data analysis revealed various changes as the group grew in size from four to eventually six members. Weekly mean distances between the adult pair supported a spatial measure for estrus for the female. Group dispersion, mean squared distance between all possible pairs, seemed to vary with the age composition of the group. Factor analysis of location correlation matrices by 4-week blocks resulted in age-related subgroupings. Each of the adult pair formed an independent subgroup except for behavioral estrus and early infant care periods when they formed one subgroup. The offspring, initially attached to the adults, gradually moved into juvenile/subadult subgroups. Increasing spatial independence was shown as an animal approached adulthood at 24 months of age.", "PMID": 97193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2604", "title": "[Neurofibroma and neurofibrosarcoma in Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis].", "content": "The neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen is a systemic disease, which can cause various different changes in the body. The case report of a female patient shows all the typical signs of neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen. These signs are caf\u00e9-au-lait spots, congenital tibia pseudarthrosis, abdominal plexiform neurofibromatosis and peripherical neurofibromas with sarcomatous degeneration.", "contents": "[Neurofibroma and neurofibrosarcoma in Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis]. The neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen is a systemic disease, which can cause various different changes in the body. The case report of a female patient shows all the typical signs of neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen. These signs are caf\u00e9-au-lait spots, congenital tibia pseudarthrosis, abdominal plexiform neurofibromatosis and peripherical neurofibromas with sarcomatous degeneration.", "PMID": 97194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2605", "title": "Pituitary responsiveness to thyrotropin releasing hormone in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The pituitary responses to the intravenous administration of 200 mg of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone were investigated in 14 poorly controlled insulin dependent diabetic males and in nine matched controls. The mean TSH and prolactin responses in the two groups were similar although both tended to be lower in the diabetics. There was a small FSH rise in 11 of the 23 subjects.", "contents": "Pituitary responsiveness to thyrotropin releasing hormone in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The pituitary responses to the intravenous administration of 200 mg of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone were investigated in 14 poorly controlled insulin dependent diabetic males and in nine matched controls. The mean TSH and prolactin responses in the two groups were similar although both tended to be lower in the diabetics. There was a small FSH rise in 11 of the 23 subjects.", "PMID": 97197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2606", "title": "The use of intramuscularly administered methyl-TRH to evaluate the pituitary-thyroid axis.", "content": "The present study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of intramuscular administration of methyl-TRH, a potent analogue of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, for assessing pituitary reserve of TSH and prolactin and for distinguishing euthyroid, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid individuals. Serum samples were taken for 24 hours after intramuscular injection of methyl-TRH, 200 microgram, in 19 euthyroid subjects, 9 hypothyroid men and 9 hyperthyroid men. The mean serum prolactin and TSH concentrations were significantly elevated over baseline levels at 30 min in the euthyroid individuals and remained elevated for 3 to 4 hours. The serum TSH, T3 and T4 responses after intramuscular methyl-TRH in euthyroid subjects were clearly distinguishable from those of hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients. Significant elevation of the serum T3 and T4 concentrations at 24 hours after intramuscular injection of methyl-TRH shows the sustained effect of this TRH analogue in euthyroid subjects.", "contents": "The use of intramuscularly administered methyl-TRH to evaluate the pituitary-thyroid axis. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of intramuscular administration of methyl-TRH, a potent analogue of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, for assessing pituitary reserve of TSH and prolactin and for distinguishing euthyroid, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid individuals. Serum samples were taken for 24 hours after intramuscular injection of methyl-TRH, 200 microgram, in 19 euthyroid subjects, 9 hypothyroid men and 9 hyperthyroid men. The mean serum prolactin and TSH concentrations were significantly elevated over baseline levels at 30 min in the euthyroid individuals and remained elevated for 3 to 4 hours. The serum TSH, T3 and T4 responses after intramuscular methyl-TRH in euthyroid subjects were clearly distinguishable from those of hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients. Significant elevation of the serum T3 and T4 concentrations at 24 hours after intramuscular injection of methyl-TRH shows the sustained effect of this TRH analogue in euthyroid subjects.", "PMID": 97198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2607", "title": "[Vitamin B 6 biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis].", "content": "1) A vitamin-B6-producing mutant, BA 1, was selected by treatment of Bacillus subtilis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Using gradient plates supplemented with the vitamin B6 antagonist isonicotinohydrazide, three mutants of BA 1 were isolated, which excrete 2-5 mg of vitamin B6/l of growth medium. 2) Mutation of the three vitamin-B6-producing strains BA 1, BA 11 and L 71 led to the isolation of 49 vitamin-B6 deficient mutants. All mutants are able to grow with pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and even with 4'-deoxypyridoxine. Glycolaldehyde or nicotinic acid do not support growth of the mutants. Some of these vitamin-B6-deficient mutants can also grow in the absence of vitamin B6, providing isoleucine is present. Others show a growth stimulation, when isoleucine is added to a medium containing a vitamin B6 compound. Isoleucine can be replaced by 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate. Cross-feeding experiments indicated a division of the mutants into two groups. Using chromatographic methods, substances which support growth of the mutants were purified, but have not yet been identified. Following the addition of 4'-deoxypyridoxine, 4'-deoxypyridoxine 5'-phosphate was isolated from the growth medium of a vitamin B6-deficient mutant. 3) Threonine dehydratase, transaminase B and transaminase C from wild-type Bacillus subtilis were compared with the enzymes from vitamin-B6-producing strains and with the enzymes from vitamin-B6-deficient mutants. Both the vitamin-B6-producing and the vitamin B6-deficient mutants show higher specific activities than wild type. In the mutant strains no multivalent repression of the threonine dehydratase and transminase B by isoleucine, leucine and valine could be demonstrated. Leucine dehydrogenase, the first enzyme of the isoleucine catabolic pathway, is constitutively produced in the vitamin-B6-producing and in the vitamin-B6-deficient mutants. In the vitamin-B6-deficient mutants, there is a correlation between growth yield in the presence of isoleucine and the specific activity of leucine dehydrogenase. In the crude extract of Bacillus subtilis no pyridoxamine-phosphate oxidase activity could be demonstrated, whereas pyridoxal kinase was readily detectable.", "contents": "[Vitamin B 6 biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis]. 1) A vitamin-B6-producing mutant, BA 1, was selected by treatment of Bacillus subtilis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Using gradient plates supplemented with the vitamin B6 antagonist isonicotinohydrazide, three mutants of BA 1 were isolated, which excrete 2-5 mg of vitamin B6/l of growth medium. 2) Mutation of the three vitamin-B6-producing strains BA 1, BA 11 and L 71 led to the isolation of 49 vitamin-B6 deficient mutants. All mutants are able to grow with pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and even with 4'-deoxypyridoxine. Glycolaldehyde or nicotinic acid do not support growth of the mutants. Some of these vitamin-B6-deficient mutants can also grow in the absence of vitamin B6, providing isoleucine is present. Others show a growth stimulation, when isoleucine is added to a medium containing a vitamin B6 compound. Isoleucine can be replaced by 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate. Cross-feeding experiments indicated a division of the mutants into two groups. Using chromatographic methods, substances which support growth of the mutants were purified, but have not yet been identified. Following the addition of 4'-deoxypyridoxine, 4'-deoxypyridoxine 5'-phosphate was isolated from the growth medium of a vitamin B6-deficient mutant. 3) Threonine dehydratase, transaminase B and transaminase C from wild-type Bacillus subtilis were compared with the enzymes from vitamin-B6-producing strains and with the enzymes from vitamin-B6-deficient mutants. Both the vitamin-B6-producing and the vitamin B6-deficient mutants show higher specific activities than wild type. In the mutant strains no multivalent repression of the threonine dehydratase and transminase B by isoleucine, leucine and valine could be demonstrated. Leucine dehydrogenase, the first enzyme of the isoleucine catabolic pathway, is constitutively produced in the vitamin-B6-producing and in the vitamin-B6-deficient mutants. In the vitamin-B6-deficient mutants, there is a correlation between growth yield in the presence of isoleucine and the specific activity of leucine dehydrogenase. In the crude extract of Bacillus subtilis no pyridoxamine-phosphate oxidase activity could be demonstrated, whereas pyridoxal kinase was readily detectable.", "PMID": 97199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2608", "title": "Human plasma kallikrein: purification, enzyme characterization and quantitative determination in plasma.", "content": "Human plasma kallikrein was isolated from a plasma fraction related to Cohn fraction IV4 by affinity- and Sephadex G-150 chromotography yielding a material with 17.3 TAME-U/A280 unit. The preparation was characterized by immunological and enzymatic methods. Complex formation with alpha2-macroglobulin, C1-inactivator and aprotinin was demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis. The bradykinin release from high-molecular weight kininogen and its inhibition by antibodies to kallikrein, AT III and AT III-heparin complex were measured using a biological test system (rat uterus). Time dependent inactivation of kallikrein by AT III, and AT III-heparin complex was shown by means of a synthetic kallikrein substrate: Bz-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNan. The same substrate was used to measure the activation of prekallikrein in plasma by kaolin and F XII a. Antibodies raised against kallikrein were shown to inhibit the reaction specifically. A quantitative determination of plasma prekallikrein by electroimmunodiffusion according to Laurell was developed: the plasma concentration in normal individuals was found to be 1.8 - 2.2 TAME-U/ml related to kallikrein activity; this corresponds approximately to 9 - 11 mg antigen/100 ml plasma.", "contents": "Human plasma kallikrein: purification, enzyme characterization and quantitative determination in plasma. Human plasma kallikrein was isolated from a plasma fraction related to Cohn fraction IV4 by affinity- and Sephadex G-150 chromotography yielding a material with 17.3 TAME-U/A280 unit. The preparation was characterized by immunological and enzymatic methods. Complex formation with alpha2-macroglobulin, C1-inactivator and aprotinin was demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis. The bradykinin release from high-molecular weight kininogen and its inhibition by antibodies to kallikrein, AT III and AT III-heparin complex were measured using a biological test system (rat uterus). Time dependent inactivation of kallikrein by AT III, and AT III-heparin complex was shown by means of a synthetic kallikrein substrate: Bz-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNan. The same substrate was used to measure the activation of prekallikrein in plasma by kaolin and F XII a. Antibodies raised against kallikrein were shown to inhibit the reaction specifically. A quantitative determination of plasma prekallikrein by electroimmunodiffusion according to Laurell was developed: the plasma concentration in normal individuals was found to be 1.8 - 2.2 TAME-U/ml related to kallikrein activity; this corresponds approximately to 9 - 11 mg antigen/100 ml plasma.", "PMID": 97200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2609", "title": "The modification of the lone tryptophan residue in human serum albumin by 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide. Characterization of the modified protein and the binding of L-tryptophan and benzodiazepines to the tryptophan-modified albumin.", "content": "The possible function of the lone tryptophan residue of human serum albumin in the stereospecific binding site for indole and benzodiazepine compounds was investigated by chemical modification. This residue can be selectively modified with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide. The modification alters the conformation of the albumin only slightly, as revealed by circular dichroism, fluorescence, and ultraviolet absorption measurements. A decrease in the association constants of L-tryptophan and diazepam of about 30 - 50% and a decrease in the extrinsic Cotton effects of four benzodiazepine derivatives of about 10 - 15% were found as specific effects of the tryptophan modification. The tryptophan modification itself did not change the number of binding sites of diazepam and L-tryptophan. It is suggested that the lone tryptophan residue of human serum albumin is not directly involved in the specific binding site for indole and benzodiazepine compounds. However, the modification alters the properties of the binding site either by an incomplete refolding of the albumin after urea treatment, or a more selective allosteric effect of the modified tryptophan residue.", "contents": "The modification of the lone tryptophan residue in human serum albumin by 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide. Characterization of the modified protein and the binding of L-tryptophan and benzodiazepines to the tryptophan-modified albumin. The possible function of the lone tryptophan residue of human serum albumin in the stereospecific binding site for indole and benzodiazepine compounds was investigated by chemical modification. This residue can be selectively modified with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide. The modification alters the conformation of the albumin only slightly, as revealed by circular dichroism, fluorescence, and ultraviolet absorption measurements. A decrease in the association constants of L-tryptophan and diazepam of about 30 - 50% and a decrease in the extrinsic Cotton effects of four benzodiazepine derivatives of about 10 - 15% were found as specific effects of the tryptophan modification. The tryptophan modification itself did not change the number of binding sites of diazepam and L-tryptophan. It is suggested that the lone tryptophan residue of human serum albumin is not directly involved in the specific binding site for indole and benzodiazepine compounds. However, the modification alters the properties of the binding site either by an incomplete refolding of the albumin after urea treatment, or a more selective allosteric effect of the modified tryptophan residue.", "PMID": 97201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2610", "title": "Day hospitalization as a cost-effective alternative to inpatient care: a pilot study.", "content": "Two private day hospitals and an insurance company offering group health coverage to federal employees undertook a pilot study to determine if providing insurance coverage for day hospitalization on the same basis as for inpatient treatment was a feasible means of controlling the cost of psychiatric care. The study included 31 patients who otherwise would have been hospitalized; most had histories of severe psychiatric disorders and extensive treatment. Using the measure that the day hospital patients would have been in inpatient treatment for the same number of days, the authors estimate that the use of day treatment saved the insurer more than $255,000. They recommend that day hospitalization be reimbursed on the same basis as inpatient care if a day hospital can meet stringent criteria ensuring that it provides active, appropriate treatment, and they present a list of such criteria.", "contents": "Day hospitalization as a cost-effective alternative to inpatient care: a pilot study. Two private day hospitals and an insurance company offering group health coverage to federal employees undertook a pilot study to determine if providing insurance coverage for day hospitalization on the same basis as for inpatient treatment was a feasible means of controlling the cost of psychiatric care. The study included 31 patients who otherwise would have been hospitalized; most had histories of severe psychiatric disorders and extensive treatment. Using the measure that the day hospital patients would have been in inpatient treatment for the same number of days, the authors estimate that the use of day treatment saved the insurer more than $255,000. They recommend that day hospitalization be reimbursed on the same basis as inpatient care if a day hospital can meet stringent criteria ensuring that it provides active, appropriate treatment, and they present a list of such criteria.", "PMID": 97202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2611", "title": "Clinical affiliations needed to augment educational experience.", "content": "Too little attention has been paid to the need for a solid clinical component in the health professional's education program. So that this important component is added to the didactic component, hospitals should work with educational institutions as coequal partners to arrive at workable affiliation agreements.", "contents": "Clinical affiliations needed to augment educational experience. Too little attention has been paid to the need for a solid clinical component in the health professional's education program. So that this important component is added to the didactic component, hospitals should work with educational institutions as coequal partners to arrive at workable affiliation agreements.", "PMID": 97203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2612", "title": "Deciphering the price tag on government regulations.", "content": "Studies show that about one and a half to two percent of total hospial costs is spent on complying with regulations. But, some observers say the costs are even higher.", "contents": "Deciphering the price tag on government regulations. Studies show that about one and a half to two percent of total hospial costs is spent on complying with regulations. But, some observers say the costs are even higher.", "PMID": 97205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2613", "title": "[Serum levels and urinary excretion of zinc, magnesium, calcium and phosphates during postoperative parenteral feeding].", "content": "In 45 patients serum levels and urinary excretion of zinc, magnesium, calcium and phosphate were examined during postoperative parenteral nutrition. The patients received the same parenteral nutrition and were divided in groups according to different types of operations. Serum levels of calcium and magnesium were found to be normal in all groups  at highly varying degrees of urinary excretion. Zinc and phosphate serum levels, as well as urinary excretion, show a markedly different behavior.", "contents": "[Serum levels and urinary excretion of zinc, magnesium, calcium and phosphates during postoperative parenteral feeding]. In 45 patients serum levels and urinary excretion of zinc, magnesium, calcium and phosphate were examined during postoperative parenteral nutrition. The patients received the same parenteral nutrition and were divided in groups according to different types of operations. Serum levels of calcium and magnesium were found to be normal in all groups  at highly varying degrees of urinary excretion. Zinc and phosphate serum levels, as well as urinary excretion, show a markedly different behavior.", "PMID": 97217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2614", "title": "[Parenteral feeding after ureterosigmoidostomy: nitron balance, free plasma amino acids and state of proteins].", "content": "The postoperative protein metabolism of 11 patients who had required either a colon conduit or ureterosigmoidostomy urinary diversion was examined. From the 3rd to 10th postoperative day day, each patient received a standard parenteral alimentation (100 g amino acids and 2000 kcal/24 h). Nitrogen balance, plasma level of the free amino acids, and the C3c-, C4-complement and transferrin fraction in plasma were determined regularly. The results showed that this substitution therapy succeeded in avoiding serious alterations in the parameters measured.", "contents": "[Parenteral feeding after ureterosigmoidostomy: nitron balance, free plasma amino acids and state of proteins]. The postoperative protein metabolism of 11 patients who had required either a colon conduit or ureterosigmoidostomy urinary diversion was examined. From the 3rd to 10th postoperative day day, each patient received a standard parenteral alimentation (100 g amino acids and 2000 kcal/24 h). Nitrogen balance, plasma level of the free amino acids, and the C3c-, C4-complement and transferrin fraction in plasma were determined regularly. The results showed that this substitution therapy succeeded in avoiding serious alterations in the parameters measured.", "PMID": 97218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2615", "title": "[General aspects concerning the intravenous feeding of cancer patients].", "content": "In order to obtain or maintain a good nutritional status in cancer patients, it is often necessary to perform intravenous nutrition. In summary, several studies have indicated that intravenous nutrition may be beneficial in association with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy in patients with cancer. More controlled studies, however, are required. There is no indication at the present time of any adverse effects of this method of treatment in relation to tumor growth. The general nutritional improvement in patients on intravenous nutrition increases the immunocompetence, resistance to radiation and cytostatic as well as the mood and quality of life of the cancer patients. In very broad terms this new intravenous nutrition therapy means that a cancer patient should not be left without specific cancer therapy because of starvation and its serious or even fatal complications.", "contents": "[General aspects concerning the intravenous feeding of cancer patients]. In order to obtain or maintain a good nutritional status in cancer patients, it is often necessary to perform intravenous nutrition. In summary, several studies have indicated that intravenous nutrition may be beneficial in association with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy in patients with cancer. More controlled studies, however, are required. There is no indication at the present time of any adverse effects of this method of treatment in relation to tumor growth. The general nutritional improvement in patients on intravenous nutrition increases the immunocompetence, resistance to radiation and cytostatic as well as the mood and quality of life of the cancer patients. In very broad terms this new intravenous nutrition therapy means that a cancer patient should not be left without specific cancer therapy because of starvation and its serious or even fatal complications.", "PMID": 97220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2616", "title": "Immunogenic capacity of ribosomes of Salmonella typhi interfered with a flagellin-like material contaminant.", "content": "The double-immunodiffusion technique and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis were used to demonstrate the presence of flagellin-like material strongly attached to ribosomes of Salmonella typhi Ty 2. This flagellin-like material contaminating the ribosome preparation interferes with the induction of antiribosome serum promoting the formation of antisera reacting either only with flagellin or in some cases with flagellin and ribosomes, but giving a very weak reaction with the latter. The interference is also observed when purified ribosomes from a nonflagellated mutant of S. typhi (S. typhi O-901) mixed with purified S. typhi Ty 2 flagellin are utilized as antigens. The antiribosome sera obtained with ribosomes from S. typhi O-901 have a considerably higher titer than those that are interfered with. These sera were able to react with ribosomes obtained from several related species and did not react with flagella-derived flagellin of S. typhi Ty 2.", "contents": "Immunogenic capacity of ribosomes of Salmonella typhi interfered with a flagellin-like material contaminant. The double-immunodiffusion technique and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis were used to demonstrate the presence of flagellin-like material strongly attached to ribosomes of Salmonella typhi Ty 2. This flagellin-like material contaminating the ribosome preparation interferes with the induction of antiribosome serum promoting the formation of antisera reacting either only with flagellin or in some cases with flagellin and ribosomes, but giving a very weak reaction with the latter. The interference is also observed when purified ribosomes from a nonflagellated mutant of S. typhi (S. typhi O-901) mixed with purified S. typhi Ty 2 flagellin are utilized as antigens. The antiribosome sera obtained with ribosomes from S. typhi O-901 have a considerably higher titer than those that are interfered with. These sera were able to react with ribosomes obtained from several related species and did not react with flagella-derived flagellin of S. typhi Ty 2.", "PMID": 97221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2617", "title": "Isolation of the L-phase variant from toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae C7(beta).", "content": "The L-phase variant was isolated from lysogenic strain C7(beta) of Corynebacterium diphtheriae by the penicillin disk tecnnique on an agar medium containing 3.7% brain heart infusion, 3% NaCl, 1.25% Grycine, 1% Noble agar, and 10% horse serum. The L-phase formed a \"fried egg\" colony; it was resistant to antibiotics that inhibit biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls but was susceptible to antibiotics that act on the protein-synthesizing system. After several transfers of the L-phase initially isolated, the L-phase of strain C7(beta) became stable, forming a typical L-phase colony on the agar even without penicillin. The L-phase variant retained lysogenicity and toxigenicity. The toxin production by this L-phase variant was, like that by the bacterial phase, inhibited by excess iron.", "contents": "Isolation of the L-phase variant from toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae C7(beta). The L-phase variant was isolated from lysogenic strain C7(beta) of Corynebacterium diphtheriae by the penicillin disk tecnnique on an agar medium containing 3.7% brain heart infusion, 3% NaCl, 1.25% Grycine, 1% Noble agar, and 10% horse serum. The L-phase formed a \"fried egg\" colony; it was resistant to antibiotics that inhibit biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls but was susceptible to antibiotics that act on the protein-synthesizing system. After several transfers of the L-phase initially isolated, the L-phase of strain C7(beta) became stable, forming a typical L-phase colony on the agar even without penicillin. The L-phase variant retained lysogenicity and toxigenicity. The toxin production by this L-phase variant was, like that by the bacterial phase, inhibited by excess iron.", "PMID": 97222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2618", "title": "Effect of immunosuppression on Rickettsia rickettsii infection in guinea pigs.", "content": "The role of the immune response in the pathogenesis of Rickettsia rickettsii infection in guinea pigs was investigated by immunosuppression, using antilymphocyte serum. Twenty guinea pigs were inoculated with R. rickettsii, Sheila Smith strain, on day 0. Fifteen animals received antilymphocyte serum on days --1, 0, 2, 4, and 6. Five animals received normal rabbit serum on the same schedule. At necropsy, specimens were collected for histological examination, rickettsial immunofluorescence, rickettsial titration, and antirickettsial antibody titration. All normal rabbit serum recipients and 12 of 15 antilymphocyte serum recipients developed typical disease. Comparison of animals in terminal stages of disease revealed the same clinical course and gross lesions, but differing rickettsial burden and cellular response. Immunosuppressed animals had higher titers of splenic rickettsiae and greater numbers of immunofluorescent rickettsiae. Thus, although antibody was undetectable in both groups, there appeared to be an inhibition of antirickettsial immunity. Microscopic vasculitis was similar quantitatively, but differed qualitatively, with immunocompetent animals having the typical monouclear/lymphocytic inflammation and immunosuppressed animals having neutrophilic predominance. This study demonstrates that immunopathological mechanisms are not necessary for the pathogenesis of experimental Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The rickettsiae themselves seem capable of causing cellular and tissue damage.", "contents": "Effect of immunosuppression on Rickettsia rickettsii infection in guinea pigs. The role of the immune response in the pathogenesis of Rickettsia rickettsii infection in guinea pigs was investigated by immunosuppression, using antilymphocyte serum. Twenty guinea pigs were inoculated with R. rickettsii, Sheila Smith strain, on day 0. Fifteen animals received antilymphocyte serum on days --1, 0, 2, 4, and 6. Five animals received normal rabbit serum on the same schedule. At necropsy, specimens were collected for histological examination, rickettsial immunofluorescence, rickettsial titration, and antirickettsial antibody titration. All normal rabbit serum recipients and 12 of 15 antilymphocyte serum recipients developed typical disease. Comparison of animals in terminal stages of disease revealed the same clinical course and gross lesions, but differing rickettsial burden and cellular response. Immunosuppressed animals had higher titers of splenic rickettsiae and greater numbers of immunofluorescent rickettsiae. Thus, although antibody was undetectable in both groups, there appeared to be an inhibition of antirickettsial immunity. Microscopic vasculitis was similar quantitatively, but differed qualitatively, with immunocompetent animals having the typical monouclear/lymphocytic inflammation and immunosuppressed animals having neutrophilic predominance. This study demonstrates that immunopathological mechanisms are not necessary for the pathogenesis of experimental Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The rickettsiae themselves seem capable of causing cellular and tissue damage.", "PMID": 97223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2619", "title": "Experimental infection of the genital tract of female grivet monkeys by Mycoplasma hominis.", "content": "Mycoplasma hominis, a common inhabitant of the mucosae of the genitourinary tract of human and nonhuman primates, was inoculated directly into the uterine tubes of five laparotomized grivet monkeys. A self-limiting acute salpingitis and parametritis developed within a few days in all animals. Although there were no clinical signs of overt disease, the gross pathology was characterized by pronounced oedematous swelling and hyperaemia of the tubes and parametria. Microscopically, cellular infiltrations of lymphocytes and some polymorphonuclear leukocytes were found in the acute phase in the subserosa and muscularis of the tubes and in the parametria. Granulation tissue and fat necrosis appeared at a later stage in the parametria. The infection was associated with a marked antibody response and a moderate rise of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and leukocyte counts. The capability of M. hominis to produce salpingitis and parametritis in a nonhuman primate would seem to add rather significantly to the available evidence suggesting an etiological role of this organism in inflammatory diseases of the internal female genitals of humans.", "contents": "Experimental infection of the genital tract of female grivet monkeys by Mycoplasma hominis. Mycoplasma hominis, a common inhabitant of the mucosae of the genitourinary tract of human and nonhuman primates, was inoculated directly into the uterine tubes of five laparotomized grivet monkeys. A self-limiting acute salpingitis and parametritis developed within a few days in all animals. Although there were no clinical signs of overt disease, the gross pathology was characterized by pronounced oedematous swelling and hyperaemia of the tubes and parametria. Microscopically, cellular infiltrations of lymphocytes and some polymorphonuclear leukocytes were found in the acute phase in the subserosa and muscularis of the tubes and in the parametria. Granulation tissue and fat necrosis appeared at a later stage in the parametria. The infection was associated with a marked antibody response and a moderate rise of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and leukocyte counts. The capability of M. hominis to produce salpingitis and parametritis in a nonhuman primate would seem to add rather significantly to the available evidence suggesting an etiological role of this organism in inflammatory diseases of the internal female genitals of humans.", "PMID": 97224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2620", "title": "Impaired host resistance to endotoxin and malaria in polychlorinated biphenyl- and hexachlorobenzene-treated mice.", "content": "The in vivo effect of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on murine endotoxin sensitivity and resistance to malaria (Plasmodium berghei NYU-2) infection was studied. The dietary administration of 167 ppm (167 microgram/g) of PCB 1242 or HCB for 3 weeks resulted in an enhanced sensitivity to gram-negative endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa), which was further increased in animals maintained on the diets for 6 weeks. By 6 weeks, a 5.2- or 32-fold increase in endotoxin sensitivity was seen in mice fed PCB or HCB, respectively. A 20% decrease in mean survival time of mice fed PCB 1242 for 3 or 6 weeks and inoculated with malaria was demonstrated. Infected mice that received HCB for 3 or 6 weeks manifested a reduction in mean survival time of 24 or 31%, respectively. Histopathological examination revealed a normal thymus, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and lungs. Centrilobular and pericentral hepatocyte hypertrophy, common to organochlorine exposure, was observed. Electron capture gas chromatographic analysis for PCB 1242 or HCB in the tissues examined histologically revealed a significant deposit of the xenobiotics. HCB concentration was approximately 16 to 25 times greater than that of PCB. The data indicate that environmental chemicals impair host resistance and that the alteration may be related to the presence of the chemicals in the lymphoreticular organs.", "contents": "Impaired host resistance to endotoxin and malaria in polychlorinated biphenyl- and hexachlorobenzene-treated mice. The in vivo effect of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on murine endotoxin sensitivity and resistance to malaria (Plasmodium berghei NYU-2) infection was studied. The dietary administration of 167 ppm (167 microgram/g) of PCB 1242 or HCB for 3 weeks resulted in an enhanced sensitivity to gram-negative endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa), which was further increased in animals maintained on the diets for 6 weeks. By 6 weeks, a 5.2- or 32-fold increase in endotoxin sensitivity was seen in mice fed PCB or HCB, respectively. A 20% decrease in mean survival time of mice fed PCB 1242 for 3 or 6 weeks and inoculated with malaria was demonstrated. Infected mice that received HCB for 3 or 6 weeks manifested a reduction in mean survival time of 24 or 31%, respectively. Histopathological examination revealed a normal thymus, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and lungs. Centrilobular and pericentral hepatocyte hypertrophy, common to organochlorine exposure, was observed. Electron capture gas chromatographic analysis for PCB 1242 or HCB in the tissues examined histologically revealed a significant deposit of the xenobiotics. HCB concentration was approximately 16 to 25 times greater than that of PCB. The data indicate that environmental chemicals impair host resistance and that the alteration may be related to the presence of the chemicals in the lymphoreticular organs.", "PMID": 97225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2621", "title": "Listeria monocytogenes cell walls induce decreased resistance to infection.", "content": "A significant decrease in murine resistance to Listeria monocytogenes was induced by using crude Listeria cell wall fraction (LCWF) and purified Listeria cell walls (PF). When equal amounts of these materials were injected, PF was more effective than LCWF in decreasing resistance. The PF effect was dose dependent when measured either as a decrease in 50% lethal dose of the Listeria challenge or as a decrease in survival time of the infected mice. PF apparently does not act directly on the Listeria since it (i) did not cause a change in in vitro growth of Listeria and (ii) did not increase the virulence of Listeria passaged in vivo or in vitro. The greatest decrease in resistance was observed when both PF and the Listeria challenge were injected intraperitoneally, which may suggest a localized effect. A decrease in resistance was seen when PF was given as early as 3 days before challenge. There was little or no decrease in resistance when PF was given 2 days after the Listeria challenge. Mice previously immunized with live Listeria were immune to Listeria challenge. However, after PF injection the immune mice showed a decreased resistance which was of the same order of magnitude as that seen in unimmunized mice. The effect of PF seems to be at least partially nonspecific, since a decrease in resistance to Salmonella typhimurium could also be demonstrated in PF-treated mice. Phagocytosis of Listeria both in vivo and in vitro did not appear to be inhibited by PF, although the ability of PF-treated mice to kill Listeria in the peritoneal cavity was inhibited.", "contents": "Listeria monocytogenes cell walls induce decreased resistance to infection. A significant decrease in murine resistance to Listeria monocytogenes was induced by using crude Listeria cell wall fraction (LCWF) and purified Listeria cell walls (PF). When equal amounts of these materials were injected, PF was more effective than LCWF in decreasing resistance. The PF effect was dose dependent when measured either as a decrease in 50% lethal dose of the Listeria challenge or as a decrease in survival time of the infected mice. PF apparently does not act directly on the Listeria since it (i) did not cause a change in in vitro growth of Listeria and (ii) did not increase the virulence of Listeria passaged in vivo or in vitro. The greatest decrease in resistance was observed when both PF and the Listeria challenge were injected intraperitoneally, which may suggest a localized effect. A decrease in resistance was seen when PF was given as early as 3 days before challenge. There was little or no decrease in resistance when PF was given 2 days after the Listeria challenge. Mice previously immunized with live Listeria were immune to Listeria challenge. However, after PF injection the immune mice showed a decreased resistance which was of the same order of magnitude as that seen in unimmunized mice. The effect of PF seems to be at least partially nonspecific, since a decrease in resistance to Salmonella typhimurium could also be demonstrated in PF-treated mice. Phagocytosis of Listeria both in vivo and in vitro did not appear to be inhibited by PF, although the ability of PF-treated mice to kill Listeria in the peritoneal cavity was inhibited.", "PMID": 97226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2622", "title": "Effect of growth environment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa killing by rabbit polymorphonuclear leudocytes and cationic proteins.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in a chemostat under carbon- and magnesium-limited conditions showed varying resistance to killing by rabbit peritoneal exudate polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Slow-growing (D = 0.05 h-1), magnesium-limited cells were significantly more resistant to the lethal effects of the phagocytes than were fast-growing magnesium-limited cells and carbon-limited cells (D = 0.05 h-1 and D = 0.5 h-1, respectively). The resistance of magnesium-limited cells to killing by cationic proteins isolated from the leukocytes was shown to be growth-rate dependent, the slowest-growing (D = 0.05 h-1) cells being the most resistant. Carbon-limited cells were sensitive to killing by the cationic proteins at all growth rates tested. Antisera raised in rabbits to all types of cells and commercial anti-Pseudomonas serum rapidly agglutinated magnesium-limited cells but failed to agglutinate carbon-limited cells. There was some indication that slow-growing (D = 0.05 h-1), magnesium-limited cells agglutinated most readily with both types of antisera. No difference was detected in the mouse toxicity of heat-killed cells grown under the various conditions.", "contents": "Effect of growth environment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa killing by rabbit polymorphonuclear leudocytes and cationic proteins. Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in a chemostat under carbon- and magnesium-limited conditions showed varying resistance to killing by rabbit peritoneal exudate polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Slow-growing (D = 0.05 h-1), magnesium-limited cells were significantly more resistant to the lethal effects of the phagocytes than were fast-growing magnesium-limited cells and carbon-limited cells (D = 0.05 h-1 and D = 0.5 h-1, respectively). The resistance of magnesium-limited cells to killing by cationic proteins isolated from the leukocytes was shown to be growth-rate dependent, the slowest-growing (D = 0.05 h-1) cells being the most resistant. Carbon-limited cells were sensitive to killing by the cationic proteins at all growth rates tested. Antisera raised in rabbits to all types of cells and commercial anti-Pseudomonas serum rapidly agglutinated magnesium-limited cells but failed to agglutinate carbon-limited cells. There was some indication that slow-growing (D = 0.05 h-1), magnesium-limited cells agglutinated most readily with both types of antisera. No difference was detected in the mouse toxicity of heat-killed cells grown under the various conditions.", "PMID": 97227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2623", "title": "Suppression of cellular responses in mice during Trypanosoma cruzi infections.", "content": "Immunosuppression has been reported to occur in several protozoan parasitic infections. The significance of this suppression on host resistance or on parasite avoidance of immune destruction has not, however, been determined. In the present study two strains of mice that differ with respect to resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi were examined during the course of infection for differences in expression of suppression of blastogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin and an antigen preparation of these parasites. It was found that in vitro blastogenic responses were suppressed in both strains of mice: on day 12 for C57BL/6 mice (resistant strain) and on day 17 for C3H(He) mice (susceptible strain). Neither C3H(He) nor C57BL/6 lymph node cells (LNC) responded to a crude sonically treated antigen of these parasites, although C57BL/6 LNC were inhibited by this antigen later in infection. There was no abrogation of suppression of LNC responses late in infection, when decreases in spleen weight or total spleen cell numbers occurred, in the resistant C57BL/6 mice. LNC from normal uninfected mice were found to be completely suppressed in responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin when cultured at a 2:1 ratio with LNC from C57BL/6 mice with 18-day infections. Attempts to characterize the cell type responsible for this suppression showed it to be a non-thy 1.2-bearing, nylon wool-adherent cell.", "contents": "Suppression of cellular responses in mice during Trypanosoma cruzi infections. Immunosuppression has been reported to occur in several protozoan parasitic infections. The significance of this suppression on host resistance or on parasite avoidance of immune destruction has not, however, been determined. In the present study two strains of mice that differ with respect to resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi were examined during the course of infection for differences in expression of suppression of blastogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin and an antigen preparation of these parasites. It was found that in vitro blastogenic responses were suppressed in both strains of mice: on day 12 for C57BL/6 mice (resistant strain) and on day 17 for C3H(He) mice (susceptible strain). Neither C3H(He) nor C57BL/6 lymph node cells (LNC) responded to a crude sonically treated antigen of these parasites, although C57BL/6 LNC were inhibited by this antigen later in infection. There was no abrogation of suppression of LNC responses late in infection, when decreases in spleen weight or total spleen cell numbers occurred, in the resistant C57BL/6 mice. LNC from normal uninfected mice were found to be completely suppressed in responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin when cultured at a 2:1 ratio with LNC from C57BL/6 mice with 18-day infections. Attempts to characterize the cell type responsible for this suppression showed it to be a non-thy 1.2-bearing, nylon wool-adherent cell.", "PMID": 97228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2624", "title": "Cigarette smoke and phagocyte function: effect of chronic exposure in vivo and acute exposure in vitro.", "content": "Phagocytic function was studied in mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke, and the effects of in vitro exposure to cigarette smoke on macrophage activity were also assessed. Cultures of radiolabeled Pseudomonas aeruginosa were employed to investigate phagocyte activity in vivo and in vitro. Mice were exposed on weekdays to fresh cigarette smoke for periods up to 37 weeks and the bactericidal and clearance activity of their lungs was measured. Both pulmonary clearance and bactericidal activity was impaired. The clearance of intravenously injected bacteria from the blood of smoke-exposed mice occurred at the same rate as in control mice, but the accumulation of radiolabel by the liver was decreased. In addition, the rate of elimination of radiolabel from the liver was less than the controls. Macrophages exposed to cigarette smoke in vitro initially had a depressed phagocytic rate, but if phagocytosis over a prolonged period was measured it was eventually enhanced over the rate of control macrophages. The vapor phase of cigarette smoke could also transiently inhibit and then enhance the phagocytic activity.", "contents": "Cigarette smoke and phagocyte function: effect of chronic exposure in vivo and acute exposure in vitro. Phagocytic function was studied in mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke, and the effects of in vitro exposure to cigarette smoke on macrophage activity were also assessed. Cultures of radiolabeled Pseudomonas aeruginosa were employed to investigate phagocyte activity in vivo and in vitro. Mice were exposed on weekdays to fresh cigarette smoke for periods up to 37 weeks and the bactericidal and clearance activity of their lungs was measured. Both pulmonary clearance and bactericidal activity was impaired. The clearance of intravenously injected bacteria from the blood of smoke-exposed mice occurred at the same rate as in control mice, but the accumulation of radiolabel by the liver was decreased. In addition, the rate of elimination of radiolabel from the liver was less than the controls. Macrophages exposed to cigarette smoke in vitro initially had a depressed phagocytic rate, but if phagocytosis over a prolonged period was measured it was eventually enhanced over the rate of control macrophages. The vapor phase of cigarette smoke could also transiently inhibit and then enhance the phagocytic activity.", "PMID": 97229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2625", "title": "Induction of capping in blood-stage trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi by human anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies.", "content": "The effect of human-specific antibody on surface membrane antigens of trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi was studied in vitro by using immunofluorescence methods. Immune sera induced aggregation of surface antigens in trypomastigotes to form polar cell caps.", "contents": "Induction of capping in blood-stage trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi by human anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies. The effect of human-specific antibody on surface membrane antigens of trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi was studied in vitro by using immunofluorescence methods. Immune sera induced aggregation of surface antigens in trypomastigotes to form polar cell caps.", "PMID": 97230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2626", "title": "Role of iron in disseminated gonococcal infections.", "content": "Strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from disseminated gonococcal infections have enhanced ability to acquire iron in an experimental host when compared with urogenital gonococcal isolates from patients with uncomplicated infections.", "contents": "Role of iron in disseminated gonococcal infections. Strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from disseminated gonococcal infections have enhanced ability to acquire iron in an experimental host when compared with urogenital gonococcal isolates from patients with uncomplicated infections.", "PMID": 97231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2627", "title": "Relationship of method of administration to respiratory virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae for mice and squirrel monkeys.", "content": "Klebsiella pneumoniae given by aerosol was significantly less virulent in mice and monkeys than when given by intranasal (mice) or intratracheal (monkeys) instillation.", "contents": "Relationship of method of administration to respiratory virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae for mice and squirrel monkeys. Klebsiella pneumoniae given by aerosol was significantly less virulent in mice and monkeys than when given by intranasal (mice) or intratracheal (monkeys) instillation.", "PMID": 97232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2628", "title": "Detection of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever agent, Rickettsia rickettsii, in dead ticks, Dermacentor andersoni.", "content": "Rickettsia rickettsii remained viable and retained chromophilic properties for not more than 24 h after Dermacentor andersoni were killed by freezing. Antigenic reactivity was detected for at least 71 days by direct immunofluorescence. However, rickettsiae in ticks suffocated with mineral oil remained pathogenic for at least 14 days. Accordingly, ticks removed from a host by mineral oil or dying from desiccation in transit are still suitable for rickettsial examination.", "contents": "Detection of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever agent, Rickettsia rickettsii, in dead ticks, Dermacentor andersoni. Rickettsia rickettsii remained viable and retained chromophilic properties for not more than 24 h after Dermacentor andersoni were killed by freezing. Antigenic reactivity was detected for at least 71 days by direct immunofluorescence. However, rickettsiae in ticks suffocated with mineral oil remained pathogenic for at least 14 days. Accordingly, ticks removed from a host by mineral oil or dying from desiccation in transit are still suitable for rickettsial examination.", "PMID": 97233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2629", "title": "Adjuvant activity of synthetic 6-O-\"mycoloyl\"-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and related compounds.", "content": "Adjuvant and antitumor activities of synthetic 6-O-\"mycoloyl\"-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine were examined. All the synthetic 6-O-corynomycoloyl-, 6-O-mocardomycoloyl-, and 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine were active as adjuvants for cell-mediated immune responses. However, 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine was less active as an adjuvant on circulating antibody formation. It was shown that pyrogenic activity of N-acetylmuramyldipeptide was reduced by 6-O-acylation with mycolic acid, but not with nocardomycolic or corynomycolic acid. Tumor-suppression activity was observed by the synthetic 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine by using transplantable tumor in syngenic mice.", "contents": "Adjuvant activity of synthetic 6-O-\"mycoloyl\"-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and related compounds. Adjuvant and antitumor activities of synthetic 6-O-\"mycoloyl\"-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine were examined. All the synthetic 6-O-corynomycoloyl-, 6-O-mocardomycoloyl-, and 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine were active as adjuvants for cell-mediated immune responses. However, 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine was less active as an adjuvant on circulating antibody formation. It was shown that pyrogenic activity of N-acetylmuramyldipeptide was reduced by 6-O-acylation with mycolic acid, but not with nocardomycolic or corynomycolic acid. Tumor-suppression activity was observed by the synthetic 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine by using transplantable tumor in syngenic mice.", "PMID": 97234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2630", "title": "Quantitative measurement of phagocytosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "The simultaneous labeling of gonococci with [6-3H]uracil and of mouse peritoneal macrophages with L-[U-14C]leucine permits a quantitative assessment of the association of gonococci with macrophages under various experimental conditions. Colony-type T1 (piliated) gonococci associated more than T4 (nonpiliated) organisms at 4 degrees C, but at 37 degrees C the association of T4 gonococci with macrophages exceeded that for the T1 organisms. The association of T1 gonococci with macrophages could be enhanced as much as 70-fold by homologous rabbit antisera prepared against whole, formaldehyde-treated organisms. This immune enhancement represented primarily increased phagocytosis rather than surface attachment, as shown by its inhibition at 4 degrees C or with 2-deoxyglucose. The data further suggested that this enhanced phagocytosis was mediated via the Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G.", "contents": "Quantitative measurement of phagocytosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by mouse peritoneal macrophages. The simultaneous labeling of gonococci with [6-3H]uracil and of mouse peritoneal macrophages with L-[U-14C]leucine permits a quantitative assessment of the association of gonococci with macrophages under various experimental conditions. Colony-type T1 (piliated) gonococci associated more than T4 (nonpiliated) organisms at 4 degrees C, but at 37 degrees C the association of T4 gonococci with macrophages exceeded that for the T1 organisms. The association of T1 gonococci with macrophages could be enhanced as much as 70-fold by homologous rabbit antisera prepared against whole, formaldehyde-treated organisms. This immune enhancement represented primarily increased phagocytosis rather than surface attachment, as shown by its inhibition at 4 degrees C or with 2-deoxyglucose. The data further suggested that this enhanced phagocytosis was mediated via the Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G.", "PMID": 97235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2631", "title": "Lysozyme: primary bactericidin in human plasma serum active against Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The in vitro bactericidal reaction of human plasma serum against Bacillus subtilis was investigated. Human lysozyme was purified to homogeneity, and antiserum was prepared against the enzyme. The anti-lysozyme immunoglobulin G was used as a specific inhibitor in bactericidal and bacteriolytic reactions. It was found that at low serum concentrations lysozyme was the primary bactericide active against B. subtilis. At appreciably higher serum concentrations, a lysozyme-independent bactericidal activity was also demonstrated.", "contents": "Lysozyme: primary bactericidin in human plasma serum active against Bacillus subtilis. The in vitro bactericidal reaction of human plasma serum against Bacillus subtilis was investigated. Human lysozyme was purified to homogeneity, and antiserum was prepared against the enzyme. The anti-lysozyme immunoglobulin G was used as a specific inhibitor in bactericidal and bacteriolytic reactions. It was found that at low serum concentrations lysozyme was the primary bactericide active against B. subtilis. At appreciably higher serum concentrations, a lysozyme-independent bactericidal activity was also demonstrated.", "PMID": 97236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2632", "title": "Demonstration of K88ac and K88ab antigens of Escherichia coli by means of immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion.", "content": "Five strains of Escherichia coli were tested for the presence of the K88ac or K88ab antigens by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion. The K88ac antigen of 0A2 and Sojka Abbotstown gave an anodic line in the immunoelectrophoresis test and a line in immunodiffusion with homologous K88ac antisera. The K88ab antigens of 0G7, 0E68, and Moon 263 also gave anodic lines in immunoelectrophoresis, and were detectable by immunodiffusions. The 0 groups of these strains were also demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion with homologous 0 antisera. Lack of complete inactivation at 100 degrees C of both the K88ac and K88ab antigens was noted in this study.", "contents": "Demonstration of K88ac and K88ab antigens of Escherichia coli by means of immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion. Five strains of Escherichia coli were tested for the presence of the K88ac or K88ab antigens by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion. The K88ac antigen of 0A2 and Sojka Abbotstown gave an anodic line in the immunoelectrophoresis test and a line in immunodiffusion with homologous K88ac antisera. The K88ab antigens of 0G7, 0E68, and Moon 263 also gave anodic lines in immunoelectrophoresis, and were detectable by immunodiffusions. The 0 groups of these strains were also demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion with homologous 0 antisera. Lack of complete inactivation at 100 degrees C of both the K88ac and K88ab antigens was noted in this study.", "PMID": 97237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2633", "title": "Immunoglobulin biosynthesis in vitro after stimulation of pig blood lymphocytes with mitogen.", "content": "The biosynthesis of immunoglobulin (Ig) by pig blood lymphocytes after mitogen stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-Ig serum has been assessed by incorporation of 3H--leucine into secreted Ig. Lymphocytes prepared from defibrinated and heparinised blood responded to LPS with mitosis, but Ig biosynthesis (predominantly IgM) only occurred with heparinised blood lymphocytes. Anti-Ig treatment produced pronounced mitosis in both preparations but no significant Ig biosynthesis in either. Mitosis was induced by anti-IgM (mu- and L chains), anti-mu and anti-IgG (gamma- and L chains) but only weakly by anti-gamma in both types of preparation. Lymphocytes from heparinised blood gave preparations with higher percentages of surface-Ig-bearing cells by direct immunofluorescence (defibrinated 14.0%, heparinised 25.2%).", "contents": "Immunoglobulin biosynthesis in vitro after stimulation of pig blood lymphocytes with mitogen. The biosynthesis of immunoglobulin (Ig) by pig blood lymphocytes after mitogen stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-Ig serum has been assessed by incorporation of 3H--leucine into secreted Ig. Lymphocytes prepared from defibrinated and heparinised blood responded to LPS with mitosis, but Ig biosynthesis (predominantly IgM) only occurred with heparinised blood lymphocytes. Anti-Ig treatment produced pronounced mitosis in both preparations but no significant Ig biosynthesis in either. Mitosis was induced by anti-IgM (mu- and L chains), anti-mu and anti-IgG (gamma- and L chains) but only weakly by anti-gamma in both types of preparation. Lymphocytes from heparinised blood gave preparations with higher percentages of surface-Ig-bearing cells by direct immunofluorescence (defibrinated 14.0%, heparinised 25.2%).", "PMID": 97238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2634", "title": "Argon laser trabeculotomies in primates: evaluation by histological and perfusion studies.", "content": "The continuous argon laser beam has been applied to the trabeculum at the anterior chamber angle of one eye of nine primates. The treatment was evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy and constant rate infusion studies at different intervals following the laser treatment. This histological studies revealed coagulative necrosis, with trabeculotomies extending into Schlemm's canal in the immediate postoperative period. However, complete closure of the laser-induced trabeculotomies by healing was observed within 1 to 3 weeks following the treatment. Outflow facility data as measured by the perfusion studies revealed somewhat increased values of the treated eye during the early 2 weeks after laser treatment. On longer follow-up, no significant outflow differences were measured between the treated and untreated eyes.", "contents": "Argon laser trabeculotomies in primates: evaluation by histological and perfusion studies. The continuous argon laser beam has been applied to the trabeculum at the anterior chamber angle of one eye of nine primates. The treatment was evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy and constant rate infusion studies at different intervals following the laser treatment. This histological studies revealed coagulative necrosis, with trabeculotomies extending into Schlemm's canal in the immediate postoperative period. However, complete closure of the laser-induced trabeculotomies by healing was observed within 1 to 3 weeks following the treatment. Outflow facility data as measured by the perfusion studies revealed somewhat increased values of the treated eye during the early 2 weeks after laser treatment. On longer follow-up, no significant outflow differences were measured between the treated and untreated eyes.", "PMID": 97242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2635", "title": "Discontinuous counter-immunoelectrophoresis in the study of viruses.", "content": "A method for the use of the discontinuous counter-immunoelectropnoresis (DCIE) technique in the study of viruses of the major taxonomic groups is reported. The method was successfully employed in detection of antigen of viruses in the bunyavirus, bunyavirus-like, flavivirus, orbivirus, and rhabdovirus groups, and/or of antibody to these agents. Although less sensitive than the complement fixation test, the DCIE test was found to be rapid and in some cases more specific in differentiating related viruses or detecting antigenic similarity between strains of the same virus.", "contents": "Discontinuous counter-immunoelectrophoresis in the study of viruses. A method for the use of the discontinuous counter-immunoelectropnoresis (DCIE) technique in the study of viruses of the major taxonomic groups is reported. The method was successfully employed in detection of antigen of viruses in the bunyavirus, bunyavirus-like, flavivirus, orbivirus, and rhabdovirus groups, and/or of antibody to these agents. Although less sensitive than the complement fixation test, the DCIE test was found to be rapid and in some cases more specific in differentiating related viruses or detecting antigenic similarity between strains of the same virus.", "PMID": 97243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2636", "title": "Is the solitary dark neuron a manifestation of postmortem trauma to the brain inadequately fixed by perfusion?", "content": "Dark neurons, classified as solitary because of their sparse occurrence, were discerned in the transitional zones between gray and white matter in various species of laboratory animals fixed by perfusion. These neurons, histologically indistinguishable from dark neurons in immersion fixed material, tended to develop when the saline perfusion was delayed or slow, the amount of the Bouin fixative was excessive, or the autopsy was performed shortly after the perfusion. Under these conditions, the white matter manifested a softer consistency and a paler color than the gray matter. These observations suggest that, as the consequence of regional differences in intensity and speed of fixation, distortion during extraction of the brain may activate a stress force in the transitional zones where incompletely fixed neurons become affected and acquire an abnormal affinity for aniline dyes and silver.", "contents": "Is the solitary dark neuron a manifestation of postmortem trauma to the brain inadequately fixed by perfusion? Dark neurons, classified as solitary because of their sparse occurrence, were discerned in the transitional zones between gray and white matter in various species of laboratory animals fixed by perfusion. These neurons, histologically indistinguishable from dark neurons in immersion fixed material, tended to develop when the saline perfusion was delayed or slow, the amount of the Bouin fixative was excessive, or the autopsy was performed shortly after the perfusion. Under these conditions, the white matter manifested a softer consistency and a paler color than the gray matter. These observations suggest that, as the consequence of regional differences in intensity and speed of fixation, distortion during extraction of the brain may activate a stress force in the transitional zones where incompletely fixed neurons become affected and acquire an abnormal affinity for aniline dyes and silver.", "PMID": 97249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2637", "title": "Catalysis of CO2 reactions by lung carbonic anhydrase.", "content": "Steady-state carbon dioxide excretion was studied in isolated bloodless lung preparations perfused with bicarbonate solutions. Addition of acetazolamide produced a prompt, significant decrease in the volume of excreted CO2 under all conditions studied. Excreted CO2 was derived from two sources: CO2 dissolved in the perfusate and CO2 produced by dehydration of bicarbonate in the pulmonary capillary. The relative quantity of these two sources was determined by measurement of the simultaneous excretion of acetylene. Determination of the rate of CO2 production permitted the calculation of capillary blood volume, mean capillary transit time, and the degree of catalysis of CO2 reactions by carbonic anhydrase present in the lung. Contamination of perfusate with blood carbonic anhydrase was ruled out by measuring hemoglobin concentration and carbonic anhydrase activity in pulmonary venous drainage. Comparison of steady-state CO2 production during control conditions and carbonic anhydrase inhibition indicated that bicarbonate in plasma has access to sufficient lung carbonic anhydrase to catalyze the CO2 hydration-dehydration reaction by a factor of five.", "contents": "Catalysis of CO2 reactions by lung carbonic anhydrase. Steady-state carbon dioxide excretion was studied in isolated bloodless lung preparations perfused with bicarbonate solutions. Addition of acetazolamide produced a prompt, significant decrease in the volume of excreted CO2 under all conditions studied. Excreted CO2 was derived from two sources: CO2 dissolved in the perfusate and CO2 produced by dehydration of bicarbonate in the pulmonary capillary. The relative quantity of these two sources was determined by measurement of the simultaneous excretion of acetylene. Determination of the rate of CO2 production permitted the calculation of capillary blood volume, mean capillary transit time, and the degree of catalysis of CO2 reactions by carbonic anhydrase present in the lung. Contamination of perfusate with blood carbonic anhydrase was ruled out by measuring hemoglobin concentration and carbonic anhydrase activity in pulmonary venous drainage. Comparison of steady-state CO2 production during control conditions and carbonic anhydrase inhibition indicated that bicarbonate in plasma has access to sufficient lung carbonic anhydrase to catalyze the CO2 hydration-dehydration reaction by a factor of five.", "PMID": 97250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2638", "title": "Nonrebreathing valve for spontaneously breathing or mechanically ventilated animals.", "content": "The design of a small dead space, nonbreathing valve suitable for use in small laboratory animals is presented. The design overcomes previous problems of condensation occurring at valve leaflets, and allows ongoing collection of expired gases should the animal require mechanical ventilation. The valve apparatus performs reliably when in operation for several hours at a time with a variety of small animals.", "contents": "Nonrebreathing valve for spontaneously breathing or mechanically ventilated animals. The design of a small dead space, nonbreathing valve suitable for use in small laboratory animals is presented. The design overcomes previous problems of condensation occurring at valve leaflets, and allows ongoing collection of expired gases should the animal require mechanical ventilation. The valve apparatus performs reliably when in operation for several hours at a time with a variety of small animals.", "PMID": 97251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2639", "title": "Motorized minitrack for exercising large animals.", "content": "A simply constructed device for exercise training large animals, e.g., swine, is described. Basically the device is a small, circular, enclosed track constructed of plywood and metal fence material. A centrally located, vertical shaft powered by a DC motor rotates at a variable speed. Attached to each of four horizontal metal beams extending from the shaft are four suspended partitions which hang freely above the enclosed track surface. As the shaft rotates, the four partitions move in unison, thus forcing animals in each compartment to move at the same pace. The advantages of this device are its cost, low maintenance, and the flexibility to train eight animals by one person. Preliminary results of a study on training pigs are discussed.", "contents": "Motorized minitrack for exercising large animals. A simply constructed device for exercise training large animals, e.g., swine, is described. Basically the device is a small, circular, enclosed track constructed of plywood and metal fence material. A centrally located, vertical shaft powered by a DC motor rotates at a variable speed. Attached to each of four horizontal metal beams extending from the shaft are four suspended partitions which hang freely above the enclosed track surface. As the shaft rotates, the four partitions move in unison, thus forcing animals in each compartment to move at the same pace. The advantages of this device are its cost, low maintenance, and the flexibility to train eight animals by one person. Preliminary results of a study on training pigs are discussed.", "PMID": 97252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2640", "title": "The Behavior Observation Instrument: a method of direct observation for program evaluation.", "content": "The background and development of a multicategory direct observation system, the Behavior Observation Instrument (BOI), is described. This time-sampling procedure for recording the behavior of persons is demonstrated in several treatment settings and the results applied to issues of program evaluation. Elements that have prevented direct observation from being widely adopted, such as costs, manpower, and training requirements, are systematically analyzed. A basic psychometric analysis of the instrument is used to determine optimum frequency and duration of observation intervals as well as observer agreement. The results imply that direct observation methods, once assumed by some to belong to the special province of the single-subject design, can be used to assess the effects of programs on groups of psychiatric clients in an efficient and economic manner.", "contents": "The Behavior Observation Instrument: a method of direct observation for program evaluation. The background and development of a multicategory direct observation system, the Behavior Observation Instrument (BOI), is described. This time-sampling procedure for recording the behavior of persons is demonstrated in several treatment settings and the results applied to issues of program evaluation. Elements that have prevented direct observation from being widely adopted, such as costs, manpower, and training requirements, are systematically analyzed. A basic psychometric analysis of the instrument is used to determine optimum frequency and duration of observation intervals as well as observer agreement. The results imply that direct observation methods, once assumed by some to belong to the special province of the single-subject design, can be used to assess the effects of programs on groups of psychiatric clients in an efficient and economic manner.", "PMID": 97258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2641", "title": "Post-transcriptional modifications of the anticodon loop region: alterations in isoaccepting species of tRNA's during development in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Structural similarities of tRNA's were compared using three sets of isoaccepting species that had previously been shown to undergo significant changes in chromatographic elution properties as a function of developmental stage in Bacillus subtilis. Comparisons of the structures of the tRNA's were based on the composition of their modified nucleosides, comparisons of oligonucleotide elution profiles from RPC-5 columns, and two-dimensional electrophoretic fingerprint analysis of oligonucleotides. The tRNA's studied were tRNA(Lys) (1) and tRNA(Lys) (3); tRNA(Tyr) (1) and tRNA(Tyr) (2); and tRNA(Trp) (1) and tRNA(Trp) (2). The results suggest that the difference among these pairs of isoaccepting species is a difference in the degree of post-transcriptional modifications of the anticodon loop region. The nucleosides involved were N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine (i(6)A), 2-methylthio-N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine (ms(2)i(6)A), and an unknown nucleoside K, which occurred in a position analogous to N-[9-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)purin-6-ylcarbamoyl]threonine. The amounts of i(6)A and ms(2)i(6)A, determined using total tRNA from exponential-or stationary-phase cells, suggest that the thiomethylation of i(6)A is a pleiotropic phenomenon affecting several tRNA species. As opposed to the situation in Escherichia coli tRNA, where ms(2)i(6)A constitutes about 90% of the total hydrophobic nucleosides at all growth stages, B. subtilis tRNA's have i(6)A as the predominant hydrophobic nucleoside in exponential growth and ms(2)i(6)A as the predominant nucleoside in stationary phase. Thus, the enzyme system which forms i(6)A and the enzyme system which thiomethylates i(6)A are not coordinated during growth in B. subtilis as they are in E. coli. It is suggested that these changes in anticodon loop modifications in B. subtilis may be related to changes in the translational apparatus which occur during sporulation.", "contents": "Post-transcriptional modifications of the anticodon loop region: alterations in isoaccepting species of tRNA's during development in Bacillus subtilis. Structural similarities of tRNA's were compared using three sets of isoaccepting species that had previously been shown to undergo significant changes in chromatographic elution properties as a function of developmental stage in Bacillus subtilis. Comparisons of the structures of the tRNA's were based on the composition of their modified nucleosides, comparisons of oligonucleotide elution profiles from RPC-5 columns, and two-dimensional electrophoretic fingerprint analysis of oligonucleotides. The tRNA's studied were tRNA(Lys) (1) and tRNA(Lys) (3); tRNA(Tyr) (1) and tRNA(Tyr) (2); and tRNA(Trp) (1) and tRNA(Trp) (2). The results suggest that the difference among these pairs of isoaccepting species is a difference in the degree of post-transcriptional modifications of the anticodon loop region. The nucleosides involved were N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine (i(6)A), 2-methylthio-N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine (ms(2)i(6)A), and an unknown nucleoside K, which occurred in a position analogous to N-[9-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)purin-6-ylcarbamoyl]threonine. The amounts of i(6)A and ms(2)i(6)A, determined using total tRNA from exponential-or stationary-phase cells, suggest that the thiomethylation of i(6)A is a pleiotropic phenomenon affecting several tRNA species. As opposed to the situation in Escherichia coli tRNA, where ms(2)i(6)A constitutes about 90% of the total hydrophobic nucleosides at all growth stages, B. subtilis tRNA's have i(6)A as the predominant hydrophobic nucleoside in exponential growth and ms(2)i(6)A as the predominant nucleoside in stationary phase. Thus, the enzyme system which forms i(6)A and the enzyme system which thiomethylates i(6)A are not coordinated during growth in B. subtilis as they are in E. coli. It is suggested that these changes in anticodon loop modifications in B. subtilis may be related to changes in the translational apparatus which occur during sporulation.", "PMID": 97263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2642", "title": "Study of calcium dipicolinate release during bacterial spore germination by using a new, sensitive assay for dipicolinate.", "content": "The release of calcium and dipicolinic acid from spores of Bacillus megaterium KM during L-alanine-induced triggering of germination has been studied using a new, simple, and rapid assay for dipicolinic acid capable of detecting a concentration of 0.5 micron. The release of both calcium and dipicolinate started within seconds of exposure of the spores to L-alanine, thus preceding other measurable changes associated with germination. From the earliest times, the two substances were released in equimolar quantities, although later in germination calcium predominated.", "contents": "Study of calcium dipicolinate release during bacterial spore germination by using a new, sensitive assay for dipicolinate. The release of calcium and dipicolinic acid from spores of Bacillus megaterium KM during L-alanine-induced triggering of germination has been studied using a new, simple, and rapid assay for dipicolinic acid capable of detecting a concentration of 0.5 micron. The release of both calcium and dipicolinate started within seconds of exposure of the spores to L-alanine, thus preceding other measurable changes associated with germination. From the earliest times, the two substances were released in equimolar quantities, although later in germination calcium predominated.", "PMID": 97264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2643", "title": "Cellular lysis of Streptococcus faecalis induced with triton X-100.", "content": "Lysis of exponential-phase cultures of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 was induced by exposure to both anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and nonionic (Triton X-100) surfactants. Lysis in response to sodium dodecyl sulfate was effective only over a limited range of concentrations, whereas Triton X-100-induced lysis occurred over a broad range of surfactant concentrations. The data presented indicate that the bacteriolytic response of growing cells to Triton X-100: (i) was related to the ratio of surfactant to cells and not the surfactant concentration per se; (ii) required the expression of the cellular autolytic enzyme system; and (iii) was most likely due to an effect of the surfactant on components of the autolytic system that are associated with the cytoplasmic membrane. The possibility that Triton X-100 may induce cellular lysis by releasing a lipid inhibitor of the cellular autolytic enzyme is discussed.", "contents": "Cellular lysis of Streptococcus faecalis induced with triton X-100. Lysis of exponential-phase cultures of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 was induced by exposure to both anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and nonionic (Triton X-100) surfactants. Lysis in response to sodium dodecyl sulfate was effective only over a limited range of concentrations, whereas Triton X-100-induced lysis occurred over a broad range of surfactant concentrations. The data presented indicate that the bacteriolytic response of growing cells to Triton X-100: (i) was related to the ratio of surfactant to cells and not the surfactant concentration per se; (ii) required the expression of the cellular autolytic enzyme system; and (iii) was most likely due to an effect of the surfactant on components of the autolytic system that are associated with the cytoplasmic membrane. The possibility that Triton X-100 may induce cellular lysis by releasing a lipid inhibitor of the cellular autolytic enzyme is discussed.", "PMID": 97265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2644", "title": "Two bacteriophages which utilize a new Escherichia coli major outer membrane protein as part of their receptor.", "content": "Escherichia coli strain JF694 contains a new major outer membrane protein which we have called protein E (J. Foulds, and T. Chai, J. Bacteriol. 133:1478-1483). Two new bacteriophages, TC45 and TC23, were isolated that require the presence of protein E in the outer membrane of host cells for growth. Both of these bacteriophages have a morphology similar to T-even bacteriophages but are distinct in properties such as plaque morphology, buoyant density, and burst size. Although strain JF694, containing protein E, adsorbs bacteriophage TC45 efficiently, cells killed with heat or chloroform are unable to inactivate this bacteriophage. Purified protein E either in the presence or absence of additional probable cofactors such as lipopolysaccharide was also unable to inactivate bacteriophage TC45. Both bacteriophages probably use protein E as at least part of their receptor but require, in addition, other outer membrane components or a specific orientation or organization of this protein in the outer membrane.", "contents": "Two bacteriophages which utilize a new Escherichia coli major outer membrane protein as part of their receptor. Escherichia coli strain JF694 contains a new major outer membrane protein which we have called protein E (J. Foulds, and T. Chai, J. Bacteriol. 133:1478-1483). Two new bacteriophages, TC45 and TC23, were isolated that require the presence of protein E in the outer membrane of host cells for growth. Both of these bacteriophages have a morphology similar to T-even bacteriophages but are distinct in properties such as plaque morphology, buoyant density, and burst size. Although strain JF694, containing protein E, adsorbs bacteriophage TC45 efficiently, cells killed with heat or chloroform are unable to inactivate this bacteriophage. Purified protein E either in the presence or absence of additional probable cofactors such as lipopolysaccharide was also unable to inactivate bacteriophage TC45. Both bacteriophages probably use protein E as at least part of their receptor but require, in addition, other outer membrane components or a specific orientation or organization of this protein in the outer membrane.", "PMID": 97266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2645", "title": "F'-plasmid transfer from Escherichia coli to Pseudomonas fluorescens.", "content": "Various F' plasmids of Escherichia coli K-12 could be transferred into mutants of the soil strain 6.2, classified herein as a Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype IV. This strain was previously found to receive Flac plasmid (N. Datta and R.W. Hedges, J. Gen Microbiol. 70:453-460, 1972). ilv, leu, met, arg, and his auxotrophs were complemented by plasmids carrying isofunctional genes; trp mutants were not complemented or were very poorly complemented. The frequency of transfer was 10(-5). Subsequent transfer into other P. fluorescens recipients was of the same order of magnitude. Some transconjugants were unable to act as donors, and these did not lose the received information if subcultured on nonselective media. Use of F' plasmids helped to discriminate metabolic blocks in P. fluorescens. In particular, metA, metB, and argH mutants were so distinguished. In addition, F131 plasmid carrying the his operon and a supD mutation could partially relieve the auxotrophy of thr, ilv, and metA13 mutants, suggesting functional expression of E. coli tRNA in P. fluorescens. In P. fluorescens metA Rifr mutants carrying the F110 plasmid, which carried the E. coli metA gene and the E. coli rifs allele, sensitivity to rifampin was found to be dominant at least temporarily over resistance. This suggests interaction of E. coli and P. fluorescens subunits of RNA polymerase. his mutations were also complemented by composite P plasmids containing the his-nif region of Klebsiella pneumoniae (plasmids FN68 and RP41). nif expression could be detected by acetylene reduction in some his+ transconjugants. The frequency of transfer of these P plasmids was 5 X 10(-4).", "contents": "F'-plasmid transfer from Escherichia coli to Pseudomonas fluorescens. Various F' plasmids of Escherichia coli K-12 could be transferred into mutants of the soil strain 6.2, classified herein as a Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype IV. This strain was previously found to receive Flac plasmid (N. Datta and R.W. Hedges, J. Gen Microbiol. 70:453-460, 1972). ilv, leu, met, arg, and his auxotrophs were complemented by plasmids carrying isofunctional genes; trp mutants were not complemented or were very poorly complemented. The frequency of transfer was 10(-5). Subsequent transfer into other P. fluorescens recipients was of the same order of magnitude. Some transconjugants were unable to act as donors, and these did not lose the received information if subcultured on nonselective media. Use of F' plasmids helped to discriminate metabolic blocks in P. fluorescens. In particular, metA, metB, and argH mutants were so distinguished. In addition, F131 plasmid carrying the his operon and a supD mutation could partially relieve the auxotrophy of thr, ilv, and metA13 mutants, suggesting functional expression of E. coli tRNA in P. fluorescens. In P. fluorescens metA Rifr mutants carrying the F110 plasmid, which carried the E. coli metA gene and the E. coli rifs allele, sensitivity to rifampin was found to be dominant at least temporarily over resistance. This suggests interaction of E. coli and P. fluorescens subunits of RNA polymerase. his mutations were also complemented by composite P plasmids containing the his-nif region of Klebsiella pneumoniae (plasmids FN68 and RP41). nif expression could be detected by acetylene reduction in some his+ transconjugants. The frequency of transfer of these P plasmids was 5 X 10(-4).", "PMID": 97267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2646", "title": "Ultrastructural study of Salmonella typhimurium treated with membrane-active agents: specific reaction dansylchloride with cell envelope components.", "content": "Amino groups of cell envelope proteins, lipids, and lipopolysaccharides cannot be labeled in intact cells of Salmonella typhimurium G 30 by using 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonylchloride incorporated in lecithin-cholesterol vesicles. However, application of membrane-interacting agents like tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris)-hydrochloride, ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na salt) (EDTA), divalent cations, and sublethal doses of the cationic antibacterial agents polymyxin B and chlorhexidine induced specific fluorescent labeling of envelope proteins and lipids but not of cytoplasmic compounds, with the exception of a soluble protein with a molecular weight of 46,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Treatment with Tris-hydrochloride buffer produced labeling of the heat-modifiable protein B/B(+) and of proteins with molecular weights of 26,000, 22,000, and below 17,000. A combination of Tris-hydrochloride and EDTA induced additional dansylation of the major protein A and of proteins of molecular weights 80,000, 60,000, and 44,000. Polymyxin B and chlorhexidine caused similar labeling patterns. In every case, except with divalent cation treatment, protein B/B(+) was the most prominently labeled species. Phosphatidylethanolamine was dansylated up to 30%. Lipopolysaccharide was not reactive under any condition or treatment. In addition, the peptidoglycan-bound lipoprotein did not react with dansylchloride in either intact or Tris-hydrochloride-treated cells. The results are discussed with regard to a possible localization of labeled and unlabeled compounds of the cell envelope on the basis of a model placing cell envelope amino groups into ion-ion interactions with anionic components of other envelope compounds like phosphate and carboxyl groups.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of Salmonella typhimurium treated with membrane-active agents: specific reaction dansylchloride with cell envelope components. Amino groups of cell envelope proteins, lipids, and lipopolysaccharides cannot be labeled in intact cells of Salmonella typhimurium G 30 by using 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonylchloride incorporated in lecithin-cholesterol vesicles. However, application of membrane-interacting agents like tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris)-hydrochloride, ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na salt) (EDTA), divalent cations, and sublethal doses of the cationic antibacterial agents polymyxin B and chlorhexidine induced specific fluorescent labeling of envelope proteins and lipids but not of cytoplasmic compounds, with the exception of a soluble protein with a molecular weight of 46,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Treatment with Tris-hydrochloride buffer produced labeling of the heat-modifiable protein B/B(+) and of proteins with molecular weights of 26,000, 22,000, and below 17,000. A combination of Tris-hydrochloride and EDTA induced additional dansylation of the major protein A and of proteins of molecular weights 80,000, 60,000, and 44,000. Polymyxin B and chlorhexidine caused similar labeling patterns. In every case, except with divalent cation treatment, protein B/B(+) was the most prominently labeled species. Phosphatidylethanolamine was dansylated up to 30%. Lipopolysaccharide was not reactive under any condition or treatment. In addition, the peptidoglycan-bound lipoprotein did not react with dansylchloride in either intact or Tris-hydrochloride-treated cells. The results are discussed with regard to a possible localization of labeled and unlabeled compounds of the cell envelope on the basis of a model placing cell envelope amino groups into ion-ion interactions with anionic components of other envelope compounds like phosphate and carboxyl groups.", "PMID": 97268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2647", "title": "Isolation of large bacterial plasmids and characterization of the P2 incompatibility group plasmids pMG1 and pMG5.", "content": "Large plasmids from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were routinely and consistently isolated using a procedure which does not require ultracentrifugation but includes steps designed to separate large-plasmid DNA from the bacterial folded chromosome. It also selectively removes fragments of broken chromosome. A variety of large plasmids was readily visualized with agarose gel electorphoresis, including five between 70 and 85 megadaltons (Mdal) in size, six between 90 and 143 Mdal, one that was larger than 200 Mdal, and one that was larger than 300 Mdal. This isolation procedure allowed initial estimation of the molecular sizes of the two IncP2 plasmids, pMG1 and pMG5, which were 312 and 280 Mdal, respectively. A standard curve for size determination by gel electrophoresis including plasmids between 23 and 143 Mdal in size did not extrapolate linearly for plasmids of the 300-Mdal size range. Unique response of different plasmids to the isolation procedure included sensitivity of IncP1 plasmids to high pH and the co-isolation of a 20-Mdal \"cryptic\" plasmid in conjunction.", "contents": "Isolation of large bacterial plasmids and characterization of the P2 incompatibility group plasmids pMG1 and pMG5. Large plasmids from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were routinely and consistently isolated using a procedure which does not require ultracentrifugation but includes steps designed to separate large-plasmid DNA from the bacterial folded chromosome. It also selectively removes fragments of broken chromosome. A variety of large plasmids was readily visualized with agarose gel electorphoresis, including five between 70 and 85 megadaltons (Mdal) in size, six between 90 and 143 Mdal, one that was larger than 200 Mdal, and one that was larger than 300 Mdal. This isolation procedure allowed initial estimation of the molecular sizes of the two IncP2 plasmids, pMG1 and pMG5, which were 312 and 280 Mdal, respectively. A standard curve for size determination by gel electrophoresis including plasmids between 23 and 143 Mdal in size did not extrapolate linearly for plasmids of the 300-Mdal size range. Unique response of different plasmids to the isolation procedure included sensitivity of IncP1 plasmids to high pH and the co-isolation of a 20-Mdal \"cryptic\" plasmid in conjunction.", "PMID": 97269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2648", "title": "Identification of a new sequence-specific endonuclease, NgoII, from Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "A class II restriction endonuclease which recognizes the same nucleotide sequence as EndoR.HaeIII has been found in four of seven isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae tested.", "contents": "Identification of a new sequence-specific endonuclease, NgoII, from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A class II restriction endonuclease which recognizes the same nucleotide sequence as EndoR.HaeIII has been found in four of seven isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae tested.", "PMID": 97270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2649", "title": "TOL is a broad-host-range plasmid.", "content": "We readily isolated insertions of the carbenicillin resistance element Tn401 into the TOL plasmid in Pseudomonas putida. Hybrid TOL::Tn401 plasmids stably express the Cbr phenotype in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Whereas the replicative and conjugative functions are expressed in both hosts, the ability to grow on m-toluate is only expressed in the Pseudomonas species.", "contents": "TOL is a broad-host-range plasmid. We readily isolated insertions of the carbenicillin resistance element Tn401 into the TOL plasmid in Pseudomonas putida. Hybrid TOL::Tn401 plasmids stably express the Cbr phenotype in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Whereas the replicative and conjugative functions are expressed in both hosts, the ability to grow on m-toluate is only expressed in the Pseudomonas species.", "PMID": 97271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2650", "title": "Immunochemical comparison between an oxacillin-hydrolyzing penicillinase of Aeromonas hydrophila and those mediated by R plasmids.", "content": "Antiserum against an oxacillin-hydrolyzing penicillinase of Aeromonas hydrophila did not show immunochemical cross-reaction with four oxacillin-hydrolyzing penicillinases mediated by R plasmids.", "contents": "Immunochemical comparison between an oxacillin-hydrolyzing penicillinase of Aeromonas hydrophila and those mediated by R plasmids. Antiserum against an oxacillin-hydrolyzing penicillinase of Aeromonas hydrophila did not show immunochemical cross-reaction with four oxacillin-hydrolyzing penicillinases mediated by R plasmids.", "PMID": 97272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2651", "title": "Prevention of autolysis in suspensions of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by mercuric ions.", "content": "Mercuric ions were the only metal ions which prevented autolysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, as measured both by stabilization of optical density and by prevention of release of [3H]diaminopimelic acid.", "contents": "Prevention of autolysis in suspensions of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by mercuric ions. Mercuric ions were the only metal ions which prevented autolysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, as measured both by stabilization of optical density and by prevention of release of [3H]diaminopimelic acid.", "PMID": 97273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2652", "title": "Biosynthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria).", "content": "When levulinic acid, a competitive inhibitor of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, was added to growing cultures of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), delta-aminolevulinic acid was excreted into the medium and cell growth was inhibited.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). When levulinic acid, a competitive inhibitor of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, was added to growing cultures of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), delta-aminolevulinic acid was excreted into the medium and cell growth was inhibited.", "PMID": 97274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2653", "title": "Physiological role of oxygenated cytochrome o: observations on whole-cell suspensions of Vitreoscilla.", "content": "The form of cytochrome o that predominates in Vitreoscilla cells having various levels of respiratory activity was studied by using untreated, frozen-thawed, and starved cells, which had respiratory rates decreasing in the order given. Direct spectral observation revealed that the oxygenated form of cytochrome o predominated during the aerobic steady-state oxidation of endogenous substrate or exogenous glutamate in untreated and frozen-thawed cells and was replaced by the reduced form when the cell suspensions became anaerobic. The respiratory rates, estimated inversely from the time of duration of the steady state, were correlated to the rates of oxygen consumption for the various cells. Oxidized cytochrome o predominated in aerobic starved cells. These results indicate the involvement of three forms of cytochrome o--oxidized, reduced, and oxygenated--in the catalytic and cyclic change of this cytochrome. The oxygenated form also appeared after the addition of hydrogen peroxide to the cells, but only the oxidized form appeared when ethyl hydrogen peroxide was added. The appearance of the oxygenated form with the addition of hydrogen peroxide was probably due to the reaction of the reduced cytochrome with the oxygen that had evolved by the action of catalase present in the cells.", "contents": "Physiological role of oxygenated cytochrome o: observations on whole-cell suspensions of Vitreoscilla. The form of cytochrome o that predominates in Vitreoscilla cells having various levels of respiratory activity was studied by using untreated, frozen-thawed, and starved cells, which had respiratory rates decreasing in the order given. Direct spectral observation revealed that the oxygenated form of cytochrome o predominated during the aerobic steady-state oxidation of endogenous substrate or exogenous glutamate in untreated and frozen-thawed cells and was replaced by the reduced form when the cell suspensions became anaerobic. The respiratory rates, estimated inversely from the time of duration of the steady state, were correlated to the rates of oxygen consumption for the various cells. Oxidized cytochrome o predominated in aerobic starved cells. These results indicate the involvement of three forms of cytochrome o--oxidized, reduced, and oxygenated--in the catalytic and cyclic change of this cytochrome. The oxygenated form also appeared after the addition of hydrogen peroxide to the cells, but only the oxidized form appeared when ethyl hydrogen peroxide was added. The appearance of the oxygenated form with the addition of hydrogen peroxide was probably due to the reaction of the reduced cytochrome with the oxygen that had evolved by the action of catalase present in the cells.", "PMID": 97275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2654", "title": "Polyethylene glycol-induced fusion of heat-inactivated and living protoplasts of Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "Protoplasts of Bacillus megaterium, incubated at 50 degrees C for 120 min, lost the ability to revert to bacillary form. Such heat-inactivated protoplasts, however, produced recombinants when fused by polyethylene glycol treatment with normal protoplasts. Although this differential inactivation effect is not yet fully reproducible, reciprocal inactivations of the parental protoplasts in genetic crosses have clearly shown that for protoplast fusion (i) either of the parents may serve as the viable recipient for markers coming from the heated parental protoplasts, and (ii) either of the parents may be rendered nonviable and yet, when fused with a viable partner, contribute to formation of a recombinant. Heat inactivation seems to provide a way to counterselect when few markers are available and one of the parents is prototrophic.", "contents": "Polyethylene glycol-induced fusion of heat-inactivated and living protoplasts of Bacillus megaterium. Protoplasts of Bacillus megaterium, incubated at 50 degrees C for 120 min, lost the ability to revert to bacillary form. Such heat-inactivated protoplasts, however, produced recombinants when fused by polyethylene glycol treatment with normal protoplasts. Although this differential inactivation effect is not yet fully reproducible, reciprocal inactivations of the parental protoplasts in genetic crosses have clearly shown that for protoplast fusion (i) either of the parents may serve as the viable recipient for markers coming from the heated parental protoplasts, and (ii) either of the parents may be rendered nonviable and yet, when fused with a viable partner, contribute to formation of a recombinant. Heat inactivation seems to provide a way to counterselect when few markers are available and one of the parents is prototrophic.", "PMID": 97276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2655", "title": "Repression of biotin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli during growth on biotin vitamers.", "content": "A strain of Escherichia coli in which the lacZ gene was fused to the bioA promoter was constructed. Colonies of this strain formed Lac(+) colonies on low-biotin agar (1.6 to 4.1 nM) and Lac(-) colonies on high-biotin agar (41 nM). This lac-bio fusion strain was used to study the question of whether cells growing on the biotin vitamers d-biotin-d-sulfoxide (BDS) and dethiobiotin (DTB) generate enough biotin to give maximal repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis. Repression by high concentrations (400 nM) of BDS was almost maximal (about 96%), whereas DTB repression reached a saturation level of about 80% with increasing DTB concentrations. The levels of repression obtained with both vitamers were sufficient to cause the colonies to appear Lac(-). When the lac-bio fusion was transduced into lines carrying mutations (bis) that prevent reduction of BDS to biotin, the transductants were not repressed by added BDS. Repression by BDS is unlikely to result from accumulation of extracellular biotin-related substances because (i) washed bis(+) cells were not detectably derepressed when transferred into medium containing BDS and (ii) washed bis cells were not detectably repressed when transferred into medium in which bis(+) cells had grown. Lactose agar plates containing high concentrations of DTB or BDS comprise an efficient selective medium for bioB or bis mutants and were used to isolate spontaneous mutations of these genes. This method should be adaptable to the selection of mutations in any biosynthetic pathway subject to end-product repression.", "contents": "Repression of biotin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli during growth on biotin vitamers. A strain of Escherichia coli in which the lacZ gene was fused to the bioA promoter was constructed. Colonies of this strain formed Lac(+) colonies on low-biotin agar (1.6 to 4.1 nM) and Lac(-) colonies on high-biotin agar (41 nM). This lac-bio fusion strain was used to study the question of whether cells growing on the biotin vitamers d-biotin-d-sulfoxide (BDS) and dethiobiotin (DTB) generate enough biotin to give maximal repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis. Repression by high concentrations (400 nM) of BDS was almost maximal (about 96%), whereas DTB repression reached a saturation level of about 80% with increasing DTB concentrations. The levels of repression obtained with both vitamers were sufficient to cause the colonies to appear Lac(-). When the lac-bio fusion was transduced into lines carrying mutations (bis) that prevent reduction of BDS to biotin, the transductants were not repressed by added BDS. Repression by BDS is unlikely to result from accumulation of extracellular biotin-related substances because (i) washed bis(+) cells were not detectably derepressed when transferred into medium containing BDS and (ii) washed bis cells were not detectably repressed when transferred into medium in which bis(+) cells had grown. Lactose agar plates containing high concentrations of DTB or BDS comprise an efficient selective medium for bioB or bis mutants and were used to isolate spontaneous mutations of these genes. This method should be adaptable to the selection of mutations in any biosynthetic pathway subject to end-product repression.", "PMID": 97277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2656", "title": "Evidence that spo0A mutations are recessive in spo0A-/spo0A+ merodiploid strains of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The spo0A locus contains two types of closely linked mutations that block sporulation at stage 0: spo0A mutations (the most pleiotropic of the stage 0 markers) and spo0C mutations. It was previously thought that spo0A mutations were dominant in merodiploids of Bacillus subtilis, whereas spo0C mutations were recessive. We have shown that spo0A mutations were recessive when spo0A-/spo0A+ merodiploids were made in the genetic backgrounds of strains that were resistant to antibiotic produced by the wild-type strain. Reinvestigation of cultures of spo0A-/spo0A+ merodiploids constructed in the antibiotic-sensitive spo0A strain showed that they contained the spo0A allele at a low frequency, and they produced very few haploid Spo- segregants. These facts indicated that the cultures contained mostly homogenotic (spo0A+/spo0A+) cells. The reason for the poor survival of the spo0A-/spo0A+ merodiploids in the genetic background of the antibiotic-sensitive strain was not clear, but several possible explanations were given. It may have been related to the diploid state of other genes in the same merodiploid cells. The previous indication that spo0A mutations were dominant seems to have been based on the properties of a rare class of Spo- segregants that were probably selected in the presence of antibiotic.", "contents": "Evidence that spo0A mutations are recessive in spo0A-/spo0A+ merodiploid strains of Bacillus subtilis. The spo0A locus contains two types of closely linked mutations that block sporulation at stage 0: spo0A mutations (the most pleiotropic of the stage 0 markers) and spo0C mutations. It was previously thought that spo0A mutations were dominant in merodiploids of Bacillus subtilis, whereas spo0C mutations were recessive. We have shown that spo0A mutations were recessive when spo0A-/spo0A+ merodiploids were made in the genetic backgrounds of strains that were resistant to antibiotic produced by the wild-type strain. Reinvestigation of cultures of spo0A-/spo0A+ merodiploids constructed in the antibiotic-sensitive spo0A strain showed that they contained the spo0A allele at a low frequency, and they produced very few haploid Spo- segregants. These facts indicated that the cultures contained mostly homogenotic (spo0A+/spo0A+) cells. The reason for the poor survival of the spo0A-/spo0A+ merodiploids in the genetic background of the antibiotic-sensitive strain was not clear, but several possible explanations were given. It may have been related to the diploid state of other genes in the same merodiploid cells. The previous indication that spo0A mutations were dominant seems to have been based on the properties of a rare class of Spo- segregants that were probably selected in the presence of antibiotic.", "PMID": 97278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2657", "title": "Mutarotation of hydrolysis products by different types of exo-cellulases from Trichoderma viride.", "content": "Mutarotation of products from p-nitrophenyl beta-D-cellobioside and cellopentaitol by two different types of exo-cellulases from Trichoderma viride was investigated. It was found that an exo-cellulase of glucosidase type produced from the former substrate D-glucose which was mutarotated in a downward direction, while another exo-cellulase of Avicelase type produced from the latter substrate cellobiose which was mutarotated in an upward direction.", "contents": "Mutarotation of hydrolysis products by different types of exo-cellulases from Trichoderma viride. Mutarotation of products from p-nitrophenyl beta-D-cellobioside and cellopentaitol by two different types of exo-cellulases from Trichoderma viride was investigated. It was found that an exo-cellulase of glucosidase type produced from the former substrate D-glucose which was mutarotated in a downward direction, while another exo-cellulase of Avicelase type produced from the latter substrate cellobiose which was mutarotated in an upward direction.", "PMID": 97279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2658", "title": "Isolation of a membrane protein from R rubrum chromatophores and its abnormal behavior in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis due to a high binding capacity for SDS.", "content": "A membrane protein insoluble in water was isolated by gel chromatography in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) from chromatophores of a photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodospirillum rubrum. This is one of the major membrane proteins of the chromatophore. The protein was found to bind about four grams of SDS per gram, a value which is more than twice the amount generally observed with protein polypeptides derived from water-soluble globular proteins. The electrophoretic behavior of the complex between the membrane protein and SDS is abnormal due to this high capacity for binding SDS. Estimation of the molecular weight of this protein by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was thus impossible. Such an anomaly in SDS binding is unlikely to be restricted to the particular membrane protein described in this paper. The possibility of such a deviation from standard behavior in the interaction with SDS should be taken into consideration in studies of other membrane proteins, since SDS is often used both in analytical and preparative procedures.", "contents": "Isolation of a membrane protein from R rubrum chromatophores and its abnormal behavior in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis due to a high binding capacity for SDS. A membrane protein insoluble in water was isolated by gel chromatography in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) from chromatophores of a photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodospirillum rubrum. This is one of the major membrane proteins of the chromatophore. The protein was found to bind about four grams of SDS per gram, a value which is more than twice the amount generally observed with protein polypeptides derived from water-soluble globular proteins. The electrophoretic behavior of the complex between the membrane protein and SDS is abnormal due to this high capacity for binding SDS. Estimation of the molecular weight of this protein by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was thus impossible. Such an anomaly in SDS binding is unlikely to be restricted to the particular membrane protein described in this paper. The possibility of such a deviation from standard behavior in the interaction with SDS should be taken into consideration in studies of other membrane proteins, since SDS is often used both in analytical and preparative procedures.", "PMID": 97280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2659", "title": "Dichroism of bacteriochlorophyll in chromatophores of photosynthetic bacteria.", "content": "The dichroism was measured in films of air-dried and, consequently, flattened chromatophores of Chromatium vinosum, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum. The values (deltaA/A) of dichroism in C. vinosum were found to be -1.05 at 590 nm and 0.75 in the near infrared region. The values of dichroism in R. sphaeroides were -0.70 at 590 nm and 0.80 at 870 nm. The values of dichroism in R. rubrum were -1.45 at 590 nm and 0.97 at 870 nm.", "contents": "Dichroism of bacteriochlorophyll in chromatophores of photosynthetic bacteria. The dichroism was measured in films of air-dried and, consequently, flattened chromatophores of Chromatium vinosum, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum. The values (deltaA/A) of dichroism in C. vinosum were found to be -1.05 at 590 nm and 0.75 in the near infrared region. The values of dichroism in R. sphaeroides were -0.70 at 590 nm and 0.80 at 870 nm. The values of dichroism in R. rubrum were -1.45 at 590 nm and 0.97 at 870 nm.", "PMID": 97281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2660", "title": "Immunological purification of sea urchin egg tropomyosin.", "content": "The antiserum against lantern muscle tropomyosin of the sea urchin was prepared, and the presence of tropomyosin in the sea urchin egg was shown by immunodiffusion test between the antiserum and the egg tropomyosin fraction which was prepared according to the purification method for muscle tropomyosin. The sea urchin egg tropomyosin was isolated from the immuno-precipitate formed between the antiserum and the egg tropomyosin fraction. The subunit molecular weight of the egg tropomyosin was calculated to be 29,000.", "contents": "Immunological purification of sea urchin egg tropomyosin. The antiserum against lantern muscle tropomyosin of the sea urchin was prepared, and the presence of tropomyosin in the sea urchin egg was shown by immunodiffusion test between the antiserum and the egg tropomyosin fraction which was prepared according to the purification method for muscle tropomyosin. The sea urchin egg tropomyosin was isolated from the immuno-precipitate formed between the antiserum and the egg tropomyosin fraction. The subunit molecular weight of the egg tropomyosin was calculated to be 29,000.", "PMID": 97282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2661", "title": "Independence of proline chemotaxis and transport in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Values of KI for nine proline analogs as inhibitors of proline chemotaxis and of proline transport were determined. Two of them inhibited transport at substantially lower concentrations than chemotaxis; two at substantially higher concentrations. Moreover, mutants, believed to be in the component that binds proline, were isolated that showed a shift of KM for transport to higher concentrations, one as much as 40-fold. However, chemotaxis was virtually unaffected. Therefore, unlike galactose chemotaxis and transport in Escherichia coli, which share the galactose-binding protein, proline chemotaxis and transport in Bacillus subtilis are independent.", "contents": "Independence of proline chemotaxis and transport in Bacillus subtilis. Values of KI for nine proline analogs as inhibitors of proline chemotaxis and of proline transport were determined. Two of them inhibited transport at substantially lower concentrations than chemotaxis; two at substantially higher concentrations. Moreover, mutants, believed to be in the component that binds proline, were isolated that showed a shift of KM for transport to higher concentrations, one as much as 40-fold. However, chemotaxis was virtually unaffected. Therefore, unlike galactose chemotaxis and transport in Escherichia coli, which share the galactose-binding protein, proline chemotaxis and transport in Bacillus subtilis are independent.", "PMID": 97283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2662", "title": "Purification and characterization of NADPH-dependent flavin reductase. An enzyme required for the activation of chorismate synthase in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "NADPH-dependent flavin reductase (required for the activation of chorismate synthase) was purified to homogeneity from cell-free extracts of Bacillus subtilis. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 13,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, is specific for NADPH, and requires a divalent metal ion and either FMN or FAD for maximal rates of NADPH oxidation. The enzyme is able to reduce 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) in the presence of NADPH and a divalent metal ion. Both catalytic activities were completely inhibited by EDTA. The Km for FMN is 1.25 X 10(-5) M and for NADPH 7.8 X 10(-5) M with oxygen as the final electron acceptor, and 3.85 X 10(-4) M with DCIP as the final electron acceptor. The enzyme was also isolated in association with chorismate synthase and dehydroquinate synthase. The enzyme associated with the complex has the same catalytic properties as the dissociated enzyme except that it requires both a divalent metal ion and FMN for DCIP reduction. Maximal enzyme activity was observed when the enzyme was preincubated with FMN and the divalent metal ion. The enzyme complex is easily dissociable and the dissociation of the enzyme complex resulted in the failure of NADPH-dependent flavin reductase to adsorb to phosphocellulose.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of NADPH-dependent flavin reductase. An enzyme required for the activation of chorismate synthase in Bacillus subtilis. NADPH-dependent flavin reductase (required for the activation of chorismate synthase) was purified to homogeneity from cell-free extracts of Bacillus subtilis. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 13,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, is specific for NADPH, and requires a divalent metal ion and either FMN or FAD for maximal rates of NADPH oxidation. The enzyme is able to reduce 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) in the presence of NADPH and a divalent metal ion. Both catalytic activities were completely inhibited by EDTA. The Km for FMN is 1.25 X 10(-5) M and for NADPH 7.8 X 10(-5) M with oxygen as the final electron acceptor, and 3.85 X 10(-4) M with DCIP as the final electron acceptor. The enzyme was also isolated in association with chorismate synthase and dehydroquinate synthase. The enzyme associated with the complex has the same catalytic properties as the dissociated enzyme except that it requires both a divalent metal ion and FMN for DCIP reduction. Maximal enzyme activity was observed when the enzyme was preincubated with FMN and the divalent metal ion. The enzyme complex is easily dissociable and the dissociation of the enzyme complex resulted in the failure of NADPH-dependent flavin reductase to adsorb to phosphocellulose.", "PMID": 97284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2663", "title": "Purification and properties of chorismate synthase from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Chorismatic synthase was purified to apparent homogeneity from Bacillus subtilis. The enzyme required NADPH-dependent flavin reductase, Mg2+, NADPH, and flavin (FMN or FAD) for activity. The molecular weight of chorismate synthase was 24,000 as determined by sodium dedecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was also isolated in a complex form associated with NADPH-dependent flavin reductase and another enzyme of the aromatic amino acid pathway, dehydroquinate synthase. On SDS-gel electrophoresis, this form was resolved into three bands with molecular weights of 13,000, 17,000, and 24,000. The enzyme complex was easily dissociated and the dissociation resulted in a change in the chromatographic properties of NADPH-dependent flavin reductase which was no longer retained on phosphocellulose whereas chorismate synthase was still adsorbed. Chorismate synthase activity was linear with time and protein concentration, whereas partially purified preparations showed a significant lag period before the reaction took place. Moreover, crude or partially purified enzyme preparations were completely inactivated by dilution and the activity could be recovered by addition of flavin reductase. A possible role of NADPH-dependent flavin reductase in the activation and regulation of chorismate synthase activity is discussed.", "contents": "Purification and properties of chorismate synthase from Bacillus subtilis. Chorismatic synthase was purified to apparent homogeneity from Bacillus subtilis. The enzyme required NADPH-dependent flavin reductase, Mg2+, NADPH, and flavin (FMN or FAD) for activity. The molecular weight of chorismate synthase was 24,000 as determined by sodium dedecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was also isolated in a complex form associated with NADPH-dependent flavin reductase and another enzyme of the aromatic amino acid pathway, dehydroquinate synthase. On SDS-gel electrophoresis, this form was resolved into three bands with molecular weights of 13,000, 17,000, and 24,000. The enzyme complex was easily dissociated and the dissociation resulted in a change in the chromatographic properties of NADPH-dependent flavin reductase which was no longer retained on phosphocellulose whereas chorismate synthase was still adsorbed. Chorismate synthase activity was linear with time and protein concentration, whereas partially purified preparations showed a significant lag period before the reaction took place. Moreover, crude or partially purified enzyme preparations were completely inactivated by dilution and the activity could be recovered by addition of flavin reductase. A possible role of NADPH-dependent flavin reductase in the activation and regulation of chorismate synthase activity is discussed.", "PMID": 97285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2664", "title": "Dehydroquinate synthase in Bacillus subtilis. An enzyme associated with chorismate synthase and flavin reductase.", "content": "Dehydroquinate synthase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP) to 5-dehydroquinate, has been purified from Bacillus subtilis in association with chorismate synthase and NADPH-dependent flavin reductase. The enzyme was only active when associated with chorismate synthase, whereas the flavin reductase could be separated from the complex with retention of dehydroquinate synthase activity. The enzyme requires NAD and either Co2+ or Mn2+ for maximal activity. The activity was completely inhibited by EDTA. The Km of the enzyme for DAHP, NAD, and Co2+ were estimated to be 1.3 X 10(-4), 5.5 X 10(-5), and 5.5 X 10(-5) M, respectively. Enzyme activity was completely inhibited by NADH and the inhibition was not reversed by the addition of NAD, NADPH and NADP were not inhibitory. The enzyme was unstable to heat and lost all activity at 55 degrees C. A protein fraction which did not adsorb to phosphocellulose was found to inhibit the enzyme.", "contents": "Dehydroquinate synthase in Bacillus subtilis. An enzyme associated with chorismate synthase and flavin reductase. Dehydroquinate synthase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP) to 5-dehydroquinate, has been purified from Bacillus subtilis in association with chorismate synthase and NADPH-dependent flavin reductase. The enzyme was only active when associated with chorismate synthase, whereas the flavin reductase could be separated from the complex with retention of dehydroquinate synthase activity. The enzyme requires NAD and either Co2+ or Mn2+ for maximal activity. The activity was completely inhibited by EDTA. The Km of the enzyme for DAHP, NAD, and Co2+ were estimated to be 1.3 X 10(-4), 5.5 X 10(-5), and 5.5 X 10(-5) M, respectively. Enzyme activity was completely inhibited by NADH and the inhibition was not reversed by the addition of NAD, NADPH and NADP were not inhibitory. The enzyme was unstable to heat and lost all activity at 55 degrees C. A protein fraction which did not adsorb to phosphocellulose was found to inhibit the enzyme.", "PMID": 97286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2665", "title": "Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from bovine vesicular gland microsomes. Inactivation and activation by heme and other metalloporphyrins.", "content": "Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase purified to apparent homogeneity from bovine vesicular gland microsomes contained iron far below the equimolar amount and essentially no heme. However, the enzyme required various metalloporphyrins including hematin or several hemoproteins such as hemoglobin. Preincubation of the enzyme with hematin or hemoglobin resulted in the loss of enzyme activity. The enzyme inactivation was protected by tryptophan or various other aromatic compounds. Furthermore, the simultaneous presence of tryptophan brought about activation of enzyme; namely, the enzyme preincubated with heme and tryptophan showed an almost full activity with a heme concentration in the reaction mixture far below the saturating level. Such inactivation and activation of the enzyme were also observed with manganese protoporphyrin. An identical heme requirement, heme-induced inactivation, and activation of the enzyme were observed in three types of reactions catalyzed by the enzyme: 1) bis-dioxygenation of 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid to produce prostaglandin G1, 2) 15-hydroperoxide cleavage of prostaglandin G1 to produce prostaglandin H1, and 3) guaiacol peroxidation. When heme was replaced by manganese protoporphyrin, the enzyme catalyzed only the bis-dioxygenation producing prostaglandin G1 and the activities of the latter two reactions were not detectable.", "contents": "Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from bovine vesicular gland microsomes. Inactivation and activation by heme and other metalloporphyrins. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase purified to apparent homogeneity from bovine vesicular gland microsomes contained iron far below the equimolar amount and essentially no heme. However, the enzyme required various metalloporphyrins including hematin or several hemoproteins such as hemoglobin. Preincubation of the enzyme with hematin or hemoglobin resulted in the loss of enzyme activity. The enzyme inactivation was protected by tryptophan or various other aromatic compounds. Furthermore, the simultaneous presence of tryptophan brought about activation of enzyme; namely, the enzyme preincubated with heme and tryptophan showed an almost full activity with a heme concentration in the reaction mixture far below the saturating level. Such inactivation and activation of the enzyme were also observed with manganese protoporphyrin. An identical heme requirement, heme-induced inactivation, and activation of the enzyme were observed in three types of reactions catalyzed by the enzyme: 1) bis-dioxygenation of 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid to produce prostaglandin G1, 2) 15-hydroperoxide cleavage of prostaglandin G1 to produce prostaglandin H1, and 3) guaiacol peroxidation. When heme was replaced by manganese protoporphyrin, the enzyme catalyzed only the bis-dioxygenation producing prostaglandin G1 and the activities of the latter two reactions were not detectable.", "PMID": 97287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2666", "title": "Regulation of the rate of beta-galactosidase synthese by the Bgs and Bgt loci in the mouse.", "content": "We have developed an assay for the in vivo rate of beta-galactosidase synthesis in mouse tissues to assess the mechanism by which the Bgs and Bgt loci regulate activity levels of this enzyme. Genetically determined differences in liver and kidney beta-galactosidase content reflect equivalent differences in specific rates of enzyme synthesis. We conclude that Bgs and Bgt regulate beta-galactosidase activity by controlling the rate of synthesis of the beta-galactosidase molecule.", "contents": "Regulation of the rate of beta-galactosidase synthese by the Bgs and Bgt loci in the mouse. We have developed an assay for the in vivo rate of beta-galactosidase synthesis in mouse tissues to assess the mechanism by which the Bgs and Bgt loci regulate activity levels of this enzyme. Genetically determined differences in liver and kidney beta-galactosidase content reflect equivalent differences in specific rates of enzyme synthesis. We conclude that Bgs and Bgt regulate beta-galactosidase activity by controlling the rate of synthesis of the beta-galactosidase molecule.", "PMID": 97289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2667", "title": "Methionine 500, the site of covalent attachment of an active site-directed reagent of beta-galactosidase.", "content": "The site of attachment to beta-galactosidase of the active site-directed inhibitor, beta-D-galactopyranosylmethyl p-nitrophenyl triazene, was determined. When the enzyme is completely inactivated, 1 mol of the galactopyranosylmethyl group is bound per mol of monomer with retention of the tetrameric structure. After reaction with the [14C]methyl reagent, labeled peptides were isolated and analyzed. The radioactive label was found to be covalently bound to methionine residue 500.", "contents": "Methionine 500, the site of covalent attachment of an active site-directed reagent of beta-galactosidase. The site of attachment to beta-galactosidase of the active site-directed inhibitor, beta-D-galactopyranosylmethyl p-nitrophenyl triazene, was determined. When the enzyme is completely inactivated, 1 mol of the galactopyranosylmethyl group is bound per mol of monomer with retention of the tetrameric structure. After reaction with the [14C]methyl reagent, labeled peptides were isolated and analyzed. The radioactive label was found to be covalently bound to methionine residue 500.", "PMID": 97290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2668", "title": "Metabolism of thromboxane B2 in the monkey.", "content": "[3H8]Thromboxane B2 was biosynthesized and infused into an unanesthetized monkey. Several urinary metabolites were isolated and their structures elucidated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition to the major urinary metabolite, dinor-thromboxane B2, a series of metabolites resulting from dehydrogenetion of the alcohol group at C-11 were identified: 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2, 11-dehydro-15-keto-13,14-dihydro-2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2, and 11-dehydro-15-keto-13,14-dihydro-19-carboxyl-2,3,4,5-tetranor-thromboxane B2. 6-(1,3-dihydroxypropyl)-7-hydroxy-10-oxo-3-pentadecaenoic acid was also identified. Three mono-O-ethylated metabolites were formed from thromboxane B2, which in this study was infused in an ethanolic solution. A small quantity of thromboxane B2 was excreted unchanged into the urine.", "contents": "Metabolism of thromboxane B2 in the monkey. [3H8]Thromboxane B2 was biosynthesized and infused into an unanesthetized monkey. Several urinary metabolites were isolated and their structures elucidated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition to the major urinary metabolite, dinor-thromboxane B2, a series of metabolites resulting from dehydrogenetion of the alcohol group at C-11 were identified: 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2, 11-dehydro-15-keto-13,14-dihydro-2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2, and 11-dehydro-15-keto-13,14-dihydro-19-carboxyl-2,3,4,5-tetranor-thromboxane B2. 6-(1,3-dihydroxypropyl)-7-hydroxy-10-oxo-3-pentadecaenoic acid was also identified. Three mono-O-ethylated metabolites were formed from thromboxane B2, which in this study was infused in an ethanolic solution. A small quantity of thromboxane B2 was excreted unchanged into the urine.", "PMID": 97291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2669", "title": "Characterization of the purified components of a new homologous series of alpha-mycolic acids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra.", "content": "Homologous series of alpha-mycolic acids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra were separated according to size as their p-bromophenacyl ester by bonded C18 reverse-phase, high performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry of the prominent components separated by high performance liquid chromatography gave relatively simple spectra and showed a series of components differing by 28 atomic mass units. A total of different structures were identified. The structures were established as follow: (formula see text) where a = 17, 18, 19; b = 10; c = 15, 17, 19, 21; and d = 21, 23. The C76 and C78 acids contained some C24 alpha-branch acid (d - 21), whereas the C80 and C82 acids contained some a = 19 acids. Several new homologous series were revealed.", "contents": "Characterization of the purified components of a new homologous series of alpha-mycolic acids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Homologous series of alpha-mycolic acids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra were separated according to size as their p-bromophenacyl ester by bonded C18 reverse-phase, high performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry of the prominent components separated by high performance liquid chromatography gave relatively simple spectra and showed a series of components differing by 28 atomic mass units. A total of different structures were identified. The structures were established as follow: (formula see text) where a = 17, 18, 19; b = 10; c = 15, 17, 19, 21; and d = 21, 23. The C76 and C78 acids contained some C24 alpha-branch acid (d - 21), whereas the C80 and C82 acids contained some a = 19 acids. Several new homologous series were revealed.", "PMID": 97292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2670", "title": "Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. V. Isolation and sequences of chymotryptic peptides.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of 72 chymotryptic peptides isolated from 14C-, 3H-labeled carboxymethyl-beta-galactosidase has been determined. A variety of techniques were used in the isolation procedures including separation by solubility, size, and ion exchange and paper chromatography. These peptides contain approximatley 500 amino acids, range in size from 2 to 26 residues, and give overlaps with tryptic peptides of 16 to 55 residues. Peptides from this digest and those reported earlier from tryptic digests account together for the sequence of about 600 of the 1021 residues in the subunit.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. V. Isolation and sequences of chymotryptic peptides. The amino acid sequence of 72 chymotryptic peptides isolated from 14C-, 3H-labeled carboxymethyl-beta-galactosidase has been determined. A variety of techniques were used in the isolation procedures including separation by solubility, size, and ion exchange and paper chromatography. These peptides contain approximatley 500 amino acids, range in size from 2 to 26 residues, and give overlaps with tryptic peptides of 16 to 55 residues. Peptides from this digest and those reported earlier from tryptic digests account together for the sequence of about 600 of the 1021 residues in the subunit.", "PMID": 97293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2671", "title": "Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. VII. Isolation of the 24 cyanogen bromide peptides.", "content": "All of the 24 cyanogen bromide peptides of beta-galactosidase have been isolated in pure form. Of these 8 ranged in size from 2 to 5 residues and were purified by paper electrophoresis. The 16 large peptides, from 23 to 119 residues, were chromatographed at pH 5.0 on a carboxymethyl-cellulose column in 0.02 M ammonium acetate buffer containing 8 M urea. A number of peptides were obtained in pure from following Sephadex G-50 or G-75 gel filtration. Others were separated on sulfopropyl-Sephadex or diethyl-(2-hydroxylpropylaminoethyl)-Sephadex. There large peptides were obtained in over 50% yield and several others were obtained in more than 25% yield.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. VII. Isolation of the 24 cyanogen bromide peptides. All of the 24 cyanogen bromide peptides of beta-galactosidase have been isolated in pure form. Of these 8 ranged in size from 2 to 5 residues and were purified by paper electrophoresis. The 16 large peptides, from 23 to 119 residues, were chromatographed at pH 5.0 on a carboxymethyl-cellulose column in 0.02 M ammonium acetate buffer containing 8 M urea. A number of peptides were obtained in pure from following Sephadex G-50 or G-75 gel filtration. Others were separated on sulfopropyl-Sephadex or diethyl-(2-hydroxylpropylaminoethyl)-Sephadex. There large peptides were obtained in over 50% yield and several others were obtained in more than 25% yield.", "PMID": 97294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2672", "title": "Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. VIII. Sequence of the NH2-terminal segment, CNBr peptides 1 to 9, residues 1 to 377.", "content": "The amino acids in 9 cyanogen bromide peptides have been placed in sequence starting from the NH2 terminus. The peptides account for residues 1 to 377 of the whole protein and include the largest (CNBr7, 119 residues) and the smallest (CNBr1, 2 residues) of the cyanogen bromide peptides. This region contains only 3 of the 20 lysine residues in the polypeptide chain. A high proportion of charged groups are present (28 of 66 arginine, 28 of 60 glutamic acid, and 24 of 65 aspartic acid residues).", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. VIII. Sequence of the NH2-terminal segment, CNBr peptides 1 to 9, residues 1 to 377. The amino acids in 9 cyanogen bromide peptides have been placed in sequence starting from the NH2 terminus. The peptides account for residues 1 to 377 of the whole protein and include the largest (CNBr7, 119 residues) and the smallest (CNBr1, 2 residues) of the cyanogen bromide peptides. This region contains only 3 of the 20 lysine residues in the polypeptide chain. A high proportion of charged groups are present (28 of 66 arginine, 28 of 60 glutamic acid, and 24 of 65 aspartic acid residues).", "PMID": 97295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2673", "title": "Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. IX. Sequence of the central segment, CNBr peptides 10 to 17, residues 378 to 653.", "content": "The amino acid sequence in the 8 cyanogen bromide peptides comprising the central segment of beta-galactosidase is presented. This portion of the molecule, about 27% of the protein, contains over 40% of the lysine and tyrosine residues and has a slight excess of basic amino acids.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. IX. Sequence of the central segment, CNBr peptides 10 to 17, residues 378 to 653. The amino acid sequence in the 8 cyanogen bromide peptides comprising the central segment of beta-galactosidase is presented. This portion of the molecule, about 27% of the protein, contains over 40% of the lysine and tyrosine residues and has a slight excess of basic amino acids.", "PMID": 97296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2674", "title": "Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. X. Sequence of the COOH-terminal segment, CNBr peptides 18 to 24, residues 654 to 1021.", "content": "The sequence of the COOH-terminal third (omega) of beta-galactosidase is presented. The size of the 7 cyanogen bromide peptides of this segment is larger on the average, about 52 amino acid residues as compared to an average size of 42 for cyanogen bromide peptides in the whole molecule. Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and valine are low in this segment whereas alanine and lysine are high. This region has a slight excess of basic groups.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. X. Sequence of the COOH-terminal segment, CNBr peptides 18 to 24, residues 654 to 1021. The sequence of the COOH-terminal third (omega) of beta-galactosidase is presented. The size of the 7 cyanogen bromide peptides of this segment is larger on the average, about 52 amino acid residues as compared to an average size of 42 for cyanogen bromide peptides in the whole molecule. Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and valine are low in this segment whereas alanine and lysine are high. This region has a slight excess of basic groups.", "PMID": 97297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2675", "title": "Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. XI. Peptide ordering procedures and the complete sequence.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase has been determined. The monomer contains 1,021 amino acid residues in a single polypeptide chain and has a molecular weight of 116,349. All 80 tryptic peptides as well as all 24 CNBr peptides have been isolated in pure form. Evidence is presented for the ordering of the CNBr peptides. The sequence determination was aided by analysis of cyanogen bromide peptides obtained from a polypeptide fragment produced by a lacZ termination mutant strain.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. XI. Peptide ordering procedures and the complete sequence. The amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase has been determined. The monomer contains 1,021 amino acid residues in a single polypeptide chain and has a molecular weight of 116,349. All 80 tryptic peptides as well as all 24 CNBr peptides have been isolated in pure form. Evidence is presented for the ordering of the CNBr peptides. The sequence determination was aided by analysis of cyanogen bromide peptides obtained from a polypeptide fragment produced by a lacZ termination mutant strain.", "PMID": 97298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2676", "title": "Immunochemical studies of the inactivation of aspartate transcarbamylase by stationary phase Bacillus subtilis cells. Evidence for selective, energy-dependent degradation.", "content": "The aspartate transcarbamylase of Bacillus subtilis is stable in exponentially growing cells, but undergoes rapid, energy-dependent inactivation when growth is inhibited by nutrient depletion or addition of antibiotics or other inhibitors of metabolism. This inactivation has been analyzed by a variety of immunochemical techniques, including direct and indirect immunoprecipitation of extracts of cells labeled with 3H-amino-acids, microcomplement fixation, and neutralization of enzymatic activity. The ability of the antibody preparation to react with various denatured, chemically modified, and proteolytically degraded forms of aspartate transcarbamylase was demonstrated. All of the techniques showed that cross-reactive protein disappeared from the cells at the same rate as enzymatic activity, and that little or no immunoprecipitable material of lower than native molecular weight was detectable during inactivation. The disappearance of material cross-reactive with aspartate transcarbamylase occurred prior to the increase in protein degradation that normally occurs in stationary B. subtilis cells and proceeded at a rate at least 20 times greater than general protein degradation. The rate of disappearance was unaffected in mutant strains deficient in intracellular protease activity or in cells treated with inhibitors of protein turnover. Aspartate transcarbamylase was shown to be stable in growing cells. We conclude that the inactivation of aspartate transcarbamylase in vivo involves, or is rapidly followed by, selective, energy-dependent degradation of the protein by a system that appears to involve a previously undescribed protease of B. subtilis.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies of the inactivation of aspartate transcarbamylase by stationary phase Bacillus subtilis cells. Evidence for selective, energy-dependent degradation. The aspartate transcarbamylase of Bacillus subtilis is stable in exponentially growing cells, but undergoes rapid, energy-dependent inactivation when growth is inhibited by nutrient depletion or addition of antibiotics or other inhibitors of metabolism. This inactivation has been analyzed by a variety of immunochemical techniques, including direct and indirect immunoprecipitation of extracts of cells labeled with 3H-amino-acids, microcomplement fixation, and neutralization of enzymatic activity. The ability of the antibody preparation to react with various denatured, chemically modified, and proteolytically degraded forms of aspartate transcarbamylase was demonstrated. All of the techniques showed that cross-reactive protein disappeared from the cells at the same rate as enzymatic activity, and that little or no immunoprecipitable material of lower than native molecular weight was detectable during inactivation. The disappearance of material cross-reactive with aspartate transcarbamylase occurred prior to the increase in protein degradation that normally occurs in stationary B. subtilis cells and proceeded at a rate at least 20 times greater than general protein degradation. The rate of disappearance was unaffected in mutant strains deficient in intracellular protease activity or in cells treated with inhibitors of protein turnover. Aspartate transcarbamylase was shown to be stable in growing cells. We conclude that the inactivation of aspartate transcarbamylase in vivo involves, or is rapidly followed by, selective, energy-dependent degradation of the protein by a system that appears to involve a previously undescribed protease of B. subtilis.", "PMID": 97299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2677", "title": "Characterization of an endoribonuclease, RNase N, from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The properties of the enzyme ribonuclease N were investigated. By comparing the distribution in the cell of RNase N with the bonafide intracellular beta-galactosidase, and the periplasmic alkaline phosphatase enzymes, we showed that RNase N is an intracellular enzyme. Since previous studies suggested that it is an endoribonuclease, it was compared to RNase III, the only other known intracellular endoribonuclease in Escherichia coli. Using homopolymers and co-polymers we found that, while RNase III could digest double-stranded RNA only, RNase N digested single-stranded and double-stranded RNA with similar efficiency. Furthermore, all RNAs used, natural as well as synthetic, were substrates for the enzyme. Using 5 S rRNA as a substrate it was confirmed that the enzyme is an endonuclease. The final products of the reaction of this enzyme are 5'-mononucleotides. The molecular weight of the enzyme is about 120,000 and it seems to contain two subunits which are similar in size. These properties thus differentiate this enzyme from all other known ribonucleases in E. coli.", "contents": "Characterization of an endoribonuclease, RNase N, from Escherichia coli. The properties of the enzyme ribonuclease N were investigated. By comparing the distribution in the cell of RNase N with the bonafide intracellular beta-galactosidase, and the periplasmic alkaline phosphatase enzymes, we showed that RNase N is an intracellular enzyme. Since previous studies suggested that it is an endoribonuclease, it was compared to RNase III, the only other known intracellular endoribonuclease in Escherichia coli. Using homopolymers and co-polymers we found that, while RNase III could digest double-stranded RNA only, RNase N digested single-stranded and double-stranded RNA with similar efficiency. Furthermore, all RNAs used, natural as well as synthetic, were substrates for the enzyme. Using 5 S rRNA as a substrate it was confirmed that the enzyme is an endonuclease. The final products of the reaction of this enzyme are 5'-mononucleotides. The molecular weight of the enzyme is about 120,000 and it seems to contain two subunits which are similar in size. These properties thus differentiate this enzyme from all other known ribonucleases in E. coli.", "PMID": 97300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2678", "title": "Mycolic acids. A reinvestigation.", "content": "Mycolic acids derived from the cell walls of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Mycobacterium bovis Bovinus I, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv have been fractionated as their p-bromophenacyl esters by a two-step high performance liquid chromatographic procedure: 1) adsorption chromatography on 10-micrometer particle size silica gel, and 2) reverse phase partition chromatography on a 10-micrometer particle size support containing a C18 bonded phase. This procedure has resulted in the isolation of approximately 24 mycolic acids from each bacterium (very likely homologs of various mycolate types) instead of the two to four that have previously been described. The implication of these results on the previously determined structures of these fatty acids is discussed.", "contents": "Mycolic acids. A reinvestigation. Mycolic acids derived from the cell walls of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Mycobacterium bovis Bovinus I, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv have been fractionated as their p-bromophenacyl esters by a two-step high performance liquid chromatographic procedure: 1) adsorption chromatography on 10-micrometer particle size silica gel, and 2) reverse phase partition chromatography on a 10-micrometer particle size support containing a C18 bonded phase. This procedure has resulted in the isolation of approximately 24 mycolic acids from each bacterium (very likely homologs of various mycolate types) instead of the two to four that have previously been described. The implication of these results on the previously determined structures of these fatty acids is discussed.", "PMID": 97301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2679", "title": "Regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "Ribosomal RNA is synthesized at constant rate during most of the cell cycle in heat-shock synchronized populations of Tetrahymena pyriformis. Early in each macronuclear S-period the rate of synthesis increases abruptly, concomitant with replication of the genes coding for ribosomal RNA. The increase is prevented by inhibitors of DNA replication, added prior to the S-period. Similarly, in cultures synchronized by starvation/refeeding, inhibition of DNA replication, at the time when the rDNA is replicated, will prevent the normal increase in rate of RNA synthesis which follows refeeding. We conclude that inhibition of rDNA replication interferes with the synthesis of rRNA, and we suggest that with respect to rRNA synthesis a gene dosis effect is operating in fast-growing Tetrahymena cells.", "contents": "Regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Ribosomal RNA is synthesized at constant rate during most of the cell cycle in heat-shock synchronized populations of Tetrahymena pyriformis. Early in each macronuclear S-period the rate of synthesis increases abruptly, concomitant with replication of the genes coding for ribosomal RNA. The increase is prevented by inhibitors of DNA replication, added prior to the S-period. Similarly, in cultures synchronized by starvation/refeeding, inhibition of DNA replication, at the time when the rDNA is replicated, will prevent the normal increase in rate of RNA synthesis which follows refeeding. We conclude that inhibition of rDNA replication interferes with the synthesis of rRNA, and we suggest that with respect to rRNA synthesis a gene dosis effect is operating in fast-growing Tetrahymena cells.", "PMID": 97302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2680", "title": "The ultrastructure of cell division in Euglena gracilis.", "content": "The ultrastructure of mitosis in Euglena gracilis was investigated. At preprophase the nucleus migrates anteriorly and associates with the basal bodies. Flagella and basal bodies replicate at preprophase. Cells retain motility throughout division. The reservoir and the prophase nucleus elongate perpendicular to the incipient cleavage furrow. One basal body pair surrounded by a ribosome-free zone is found at each of the nuclear poles. The spindle forms within the intact nuclear envelope- Polar fenestrae are absent. At metaphase, the endosome is elongated from pole to pole, and chromosomes are loosely arranged in the equatorial region. Distinct, trilayered kinetochores are present. Spindle elongates as chromosomes migrate to the poles forming a dumb-bell shaped nucleus by telophase. Daughter nuclei are formed by constriction of the nuclear envelope. Cytokinesis is accomplished by furrowing. Cell division in Euglena is compared with that of certain other algae.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of cell division in Euglena gracilis. The ultrastructure of mitosis in Euglena gracilis was investigated. At preprophase the nucleus migrates anteriorly and associates with the basal bodies. Flagella and basal bodies replicate at preprophase. Cells retain motility throughout division. The reservoir and the prophase nucleus elongate perpendicular to the incipient cleavage furrow. One basal body pair surrounded by a ribosome-free zone is found at each of the nuclear poles. The spindle forms within the intact nuclear envelope- Polar fenestrae are absent. At metaphase, the endosome is elongated from pole to pole, and chromosomes are loosely arranged in the equatorial region. Distinct, trilayered kinetochores are present. Spindle elongates as chromosomes migrate to the poles forming a dumb-bell shaped nucleus by telophase. Daughter nuclei are formed by constriction of the nuclear envelope. Cytokinesis is accomplished by furrowing. Cell division in Euglena is compared with that of certain other algae.", "PMID": 97303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2681", "title": "Whole-blood lymphocyte stimulation assay for measurement of cell-mediated immune responses in bovine brucellosis.", "content": "A study was conducted to develop an in vitro whole-blood lymphocyte stimulation assay for measurement of cell-mediated immune response in bovine brucellosis. A soluble antigen (BASA) prepared from killed cells of Brucella abortus 1119-3 was used. Cattle infected with B. abortus field strains, B. abortus 19 calfhood- and adult-vaccinated cattle, and nonexposed cattle were tested. Blood was diluted 10-fold in RPMI-1640 medium (without added serum) and cultured with BASA (at a concentration of 2.2 microgram per culture) at varying times of incubation. Results were assayed for [3H]thymidine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid. A 6-day period was found to be optimal for incubating blood cultures to achieve maximum specific lymphocyte stimulation. Serological tests and bacteriological isolation attempts were conducted simultaneously with lymphocyte stimulation tests, and there was a significant correlation between cell-mediated immune response and bacteriological findings. There was a significant correlation between cell-mediated immune response and the level of serum antibodies on a group basis, but there was little correlation between the two systems on individual infected animals. Among vaccinated animals there was little or no correlation between cell-mediated immune and humoral responses. The whole-blood assay was found to be simple, fast, sensitive, and reproducible.", "contents": "Whole-blood lymphocyte stimulation assay for measurement of cell-mediated immune responses in bovine brucellosis. A study was conducted to develop an in vitro whole-blood lymphocyte stimulation assay for measurement of cell-mediated immune response in bovine brucellosis. A soluble antigen (BASA) prepared from killed cells of Brucella abortus 1119-3 was used. Cattle infected with B. abortus field strains, B. abortus 19 calfhood- and adult-vaccinated cattle, and nonexposed cattle were tested. Blood was diluted 10-fold in RPMI-1640 medium (without added serum) and cultured with BASA (at a concentration of 2.2 microgram per culture) at varying times of incubation. Results were assayed for [3H]thymidine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid. A 6-day period was found to be optimal for incubating blood cultures to achieve maximum specific lymphocyte stimulation. Serological tests and bacteriological isolation attempts were conducted simultaneously with lymphocyte stimulation tests, and there was a significant correlation between cell-mediated immune response and bacteriological findings. There was a significant correlation between cell-mediated immune response and the level of serum antibodies on a group basis, but there was little correlation between the two systems on individual infected animals. Among vaccinated animals there was little or no correlation between cell-mediated immune and humoral responses. The whole-blood assay was found to be simple, fast, sensitive, and reproducible.", "PMID": 97304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2682", "title": "Modified method for serological identification of group B streptococci.", "content": "Extracts from 10- and 40-ml cultures compared favorably for serological identification of group B streptococci. Typing by gel diffusion proved reliable and efficient. These modifications save time, media, and antisera.", "contents": "Modified method for serological identification of group B streptococci. Extracts from 10- and 40-ml cultures compared favorably for serological identification of group B streptococci. Typing by gel diffusion proved reliable and efficient. These modifications save time, media, and antisera.", "PMID": 97305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2683", "title": "Nitrate reductase activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis in the presence of electron donors.", "content": "The activities of the nitrate reductase enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, and of BCG were assayed with and without addition of electron donors. M. tuberculosis always reduced nitrate; M. bovis did so only in the presence of electron donors, and BCG did not show enzymatic activity.", "contents": "Nitrate reductase activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis in the presence of electron donors. The activities of the nitrate reductase enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, and of BCG were assayed with and without addition of electron donors. M. tuberculosis always reduced nitrate; M. bovis did so only in the presence of electron donors, and BCG did not show enzymatic activity.", "PMID": 97306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2684", "title": "Prophylactic treatment of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "content": "Prophylactic treatment of Rocky Mountain spotted fever with a single dose of oxytetracycline was investigated in guinea pigs. Disease was prevented when treatment was administered shortly before expected onset. Relapses occurred when treatment preceded expected onset by 48 h or more.", "contents": "Prophylactic treatment of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Prophylactic treatment of Rocky Mountain spotted fever with a single dose of oxytetracycline was investigated in guinea pigs. Disease was prevented when treatment was administered shortly before expected onset. Relapses occurred when treatment preceded expected onset by 48 h or more.", "PMID": 97307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2685", "title": "Comparison of continuous and discontinuous counterimmunoelectrophoresis with immunodiffusion in identification of candida antibody using HS antigen.", "content": "We have compared continuous counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CCIE) and discontinuous counterimmunoelectrophoresis (DCIE) with immunodiffusion (ID) in the identification of Candida albicans antibody using HS antigen. Eighteen sera with a titer of 1/1 to 1/32 1/32 by CCIE were titered by CCIE and ID. Fewer were positive by CCIE and ID (13 of 18 and 9 of 18, respectively). Furthermore, the titers were lower when measured by these two methods in comparison to DCIE (4 of 18 and 3 of 18 sera had titers greather than or equal to 1/8 in comparison with 7 of 18 greater than or equal to 1/8 by DCIE). Finally, DCIE was found to be much faster than CCIE and ID. After 20 min of electrophoresis, 17 of 21 sera were positive by DCIE, whereas none were positive by CCIE. Even after 90 min, only 10 of 21 were positive by CCIE, whereas 4 of 21 were positive by ID. The increased sensitivity and speed of DCIE over CCIE and ID suggest that DCIE is preferable to these other methods in the measurement of candida antibody using HS antigen.", "contents": "Comparison of continuous and discontinuous counterimmunoelectrophoresis with immunodiffusion in identification of candida antibody using HS antigen. We have compared continuous counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CCIE) and discontinuous counterimmunoelectrophoresis (DCIE) with immunodiffusion (ID) in the identification of Candida albicans antibody using HS antigen. Eighteen sera with a titer of 1/1 to 1/32 1/32 by CCIE were titered by CCIE and ID. Fewer were positive by CCIE and ID (13 of 18 and 9 of 18, respectively). Furthermore, the titers were lower when measured by these two methods in comparison to DCIE (4 of 18 and 3 of 18 sera had titers greather than or equal to 1/8 in comparison with 7 of 18 greater than or equal to 1/8 by DCIE). Finally, DCIE was found to be much faster than CCIE and ID. After 20 min of electrophoresis, 17 of 21 sera were positive by DCIE, whereas none were positive by CCIE. Even after 90 min, only 10 of 21 were positive by CCIE, whereas 4 of 21 were positive by ID. The increased sensitivity and speed of DCIE over CCIE and ID suggest that DCIE is preferable to these other methods in the measurement of candida antibody using HS antigen.", "PMID": 97308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2686", "title": "Comparison of kinetic and end-point diffusion methods for quantitating human serum immunoglobulins.", "content": "Proficiency testing results were used to compare the kinetic and end-point versions of the single radial immunodiffusion method for quantitating human serum immunoglobulins. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that the results were not normally distributed but that the log normal distribution gives the best fit of any of the well-known frequency distributions. Consequently, statistical analysis of immunoglobulin results must be log transformed before parametric statistical tests can be appropriately applied. In general, there were no significant differences in level, precision, or interlaboratory comparability for these two methods. However, levels were different for participants using Hyland reagents, and better interlaboratory comparability was achieved by the end-point assay for immunoglobulin M. There were no significant differences in reported levels when compared by manufacturer within the same method.", "contents": "Comparison of kinetic and end-point diffusion methods for quantitating human serum immunoglobulins. Proficiency testing results were used to compare the kinetic and end-point versions of the single radial immunodiffusion method for quantitating human serum immunoglobulins. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that the results were not normally distributed but that the log normal distribution gives the best fit of any of the well-known frequency distributions. Consequently, statistical analysis of immunoglobulin results must be log transformed before parametric statistical tests can be appropriately applied. In general, there were no significant differences in level, precision, or interlaboratory comparability for these two methods. However, levels were different for participants using Hyland reagents, and better interlaboratory comparability was achieved by the end-point assay for immunoglobulin M. There were no significant differences in reported levels when compared by manufacturer within the same method.", "PMID": 97309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2687", "title": "Improved version of the exoantigen test for identification of Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum cultures.", "content": "A rapid and simple method for extracting specific cell-free antigens of Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum from agar slant cultures was developed. The extracts were analyzed in immunodiffusion tests for the presence of C. immitis or H. capsulatum specific antigens. These extracts were compared with culture filtrates of brain heart infusion broth subcultures in tests with 32 isolates of C. immitis and H. capsulatum and 13 other fungi which might be morphologically confused with them. The studies showed that the slant extracts were as useful as the culture filtrates and allowed more rapid identification of C. immitis and H. capsulatum. In every case, when an identification was made by conventional morphological methods, the immunological test yielded correlating results. The immunological tests were positive for two isolates that were converted to their yeast forms only after 4 months of study by conventional tests. The new procedure permits the identification of C. immitis and H. capsulatum 2 days after receipt of a pure mycelial-form culture.  The test is recommended for the presumptive identification of C. immitis and H. capsulatum cultures.", "contents": "Improved version of the exoantigen test for identification of Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum cultures. A rapid and simple method for extracting specific cell-free antigens of Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum from agar slant cultures was developed. The extracts were analyzed in immunodiffusion tests for the presence of C. immitis or H. capsulatum specific antigens. These extracts were compared with culture filtrates of brain heart infusion broth subcultures in tests with 32 isolates of C. immitis and H. capsulatum and 13 other fungi which might be morphologically confused with them. The studies showed that the slant extracts were as useful as the culture filtrates and allowed more rapid identification of C. immitis and H. capsulatum. In every case, when an identification was made by conventional morphological methods, the immunological test yielded correlating results. The immunological tests were positive for two isolates that were converted to their yeast forms only after 4 months of study by conventional tests. The new procedure permits the identification of C. immitis and H. capsulatum 2 days after receipt of a pure mycelial-form culture.  The test is recommended for the presumptive identification of C. immitis and H. capsulatum cultures.", "PMID": 97310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2688", "title": "Discrepancy between results of the Streptozyme test and those of the antideoxyribonulcease B and antihyaluronidase tests.", "content": "Comparison of the serum titers obtained with the Streptozyme, the antistreptolysin O, the antideoxyribonuclease B, and the antistreptohyaluronidase tests suggested that the Streptozyme test had failed to detect antibodies against streptococcal deoxyribonuclease B and hyaluronidase. Moreover, sera that were negative in the Streptozyme test could be shown by immunodiffusion to possess significant numbers of precipitins against extracellular factors produced by group A streptococci. Follow-up studies on patients with diagnosed streptococcal infections revealed elevated antideoxyribonuclease and streptohyaluronidase titers and increased numbers of precipitation lines without simultaneous increased titers by the Streptozyme test. There is thus a need for stricter control of possible batch-to-batch variations and more careful standardization of the antigen content of the Streptozyme test.", "contents": "Discrepancy between results of the Streptozyme test and those of the antideoxyribonulcease B and antihyaluronidase tests. Comparison of the serum titers obtained with the Streptozyme, the antistreptolysin O, the antideoxyribonuclease B, and the antistreptohyaluronidase tests suggested that the Streptozyme test had failed to detect antibodies against streptococcal deoxyribonuclease B and hyaluronidase. Moreover, sera that were negative in the Streptozyme test could be shown by immunodiffusion to possess significant numbers of precipitins against extracellular factors produced by group A streptococci. Follow-up studies on patients with diagnosed streptococcal infections revealed elevated antideoxyribonuclease and streptohyaluronidase titers and increased numbers of precipitation lines without simultaneous increased titers by the Streptozyme test. There is thus a need for stricter control of possible batch-to-batch variations and more careful standardization of the antigen content of the Streptozyme test.", "PMID": 97311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2689", "title": "Aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes in clinical isolates of Streptococcus faecalis. An explanation for resistance to antibiotic synergism.", "content": "Clinical isolates of enterococci (Streptococcus faecalis) with high-level resistance to both streptomycin and kanamycin (minimal inhibitory concentration >2,000 mug/ml), and resistant to synergism with penicillin and streptomycin or kanamycin were examined for aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes. All of the 10 strains studied had streptomycin adenylyltransferase and neomycin phosphotransferase activities; the latter enzyme phosphorylated amikacin as well as its normal substrates, such as kanamycin. Substrate profiles of the neomycin phosphotransferase activity suggested that phosphorylation occurred at the 3'-hydroxyl position, i.e., aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase. A transconjugant strain, which acquired high-level aminoglycoside resistance and resistance to antibiotic synergism after mating with a resistant clinical isolate, also acquired both enzyme activities. Quantitative phosphorylation of amikacin in vitro by a sonicate of the transconjugant strain inactivated the antibiotic, as measured by bioassay, and the phosphorylated drug failed to produce synergism when combined with penicillin against a strain sensitive to penicillin-amikacin synergism.No differences were found in the sensitivity of ribosomes from a sensitive and resistant strain when examined in vitro using polyuridylic acid directed [(14)C]-phenylalanine incorporation in the presence of streptomycin, kanamycin, or amikacin. Therefore, we conclude that aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes are responsible for the aminoglycoside resistance, and resistance to antibiotic synergism observed in these strains.", "contents": "Aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes in clinical isolates of Streptococcus faecalis. An explanation for resistance to antibiotic synergism. Clinical isolates of enterococci (Streptococcus faecalis) with high-level resistance to both streptomycin and kanamycin (minimal inhibitory concentration >2,000 mug/ml), and resistant to synergism with penicillin and streptomycin or kanamycin were examined for aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes. All of the 10 strains studied had streptomycin adenylyltransferase and neomycin phosphotransferase activities; the latter enzyme phosphorylated amikacin as well as its normal substrates, such as kanamycin. Substrate profiles of the neomycin phosphotransferase activity suggested that phosphorylation occurred at the 3'-hydroxyl position, i.e., aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase. A transconjugant strain, which acquired high-level aminoglycoside resistance and resistance to antibiotic synergism after mating with a resistant clinical isolate, also acquired both enzyme activities. Quantitative phosphorylation of amikacin in vitro by a sonicate of the transconjugant strain inactivated the antibiotic, as measured by bioassay, and the phosphorylated drug failed to produce synergism when combined with penicillin against a strain sensitive to penicillin-amikacin synergism.No differences were found in the sensitivity of ribosomes from a sensitive and resistant strain when examined in vitro using polyuridylic acid directed [(14)C]-phenylalanine incorporation in the presence of streptomycin, kanamycin, or amikacin. Therefore, we conclude that aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes are responsible for the aminoglycoside resistance, and resistance to antibiotic synergism observed in these strains.", "PMID": 97312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2690", "title": "Ultrasound findings of renal angiomyolipoma.", "content": "Angiomyolipoma (AML) IS A BENIGN RENAL NEOPLASM. Preoperative diagnosis is important because of the different surgical approaches to benign and malignant tumors. Angiographic findings of AML and renal carcinoma may be similar and differentiation difficult. B-mode ultraslund examination of AML demonstrates a different image pattern which may be helpfou in differentiation.", "contents": "Ultrasound findings of renal angiomyolipoma. Angiomyolipoma (AML) IS A BENIGN RENAL NEOPLASM. Preoperative diagnosis is important because of the different surgical approaches to benign and malignant tumors. Angiographic findings of AML and renal carcinoma may be similar and differentiation difficult. B-mode ultraslund examination of AML demonstrates a different image pattern which may be helpfou in differentiation.", "PMID": 97315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2691", "title": "Ultrasound scanning for monitoring childhood hydronephrosis.", "content": "Ultrasound scanning of the kidneys in four children with radiologically proven hydronephrosis was undertaken with a new modification: scanning before and after copious intake of fluid. The anteroposterior diameter of the renal pelvis was used as an index of the hydronephrosis. Alterations in the dilatation were followed over a long period. Good agreement with simultaneous IVP was found. Improvement in the degree of hydronephrosis was apparent by reduction and disappearance of the dilatation of the pelvis during fasting as assessed by ultrasonic scanning, although pronounced dilatation was still observed after copious intake of fluid and at IVP. The results indicate that ultrasound scanning is a valuable supplement in the urological evaluation in children and that it can reduce significantly the number of radiological investigations required.", "contents": "Ultrasound scanning for monitoring childhood hydronephrosis. Ultrasound scanning of the kidneys in four children with radiologically proven hydronephrosis was undertaken with a new modification: scanning before and after copious intake of fluid. The anteroposterior diameter of the renal pelvis was used as an index of the hydronephrosis. Alterations in the dilatation were followed over a long period. Good agreement with simultaneous IVP was found. Improvement in the degree of hydronephrosis was apparent by reduction and disappearance of the dilatation of the pelvis during fasting as assessed by ultrasonic scanning, although pronounced dilatation was still observed after copious intake of fluid and at IVP. The results indicate that ultrasound scanning is a valuable supplement in the urological evaluation in children and that it can reduce significantly the number of radiological investigations required.", "PMID": 97316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2692", "title": "Determination of renal volume by ultrasound scanning.", "content": "In patients with renal hypertension, determination of renal volume may be valuable for evaluating possible compensatory hypertrophy for correlating renal size to renal function, and for evaluating the transplanted kidney in relation to rejection and its response to therapy. We performed parallel transverse ultrasonic scans through each kidney and computed volume based on the cross-sectional areas outlined on the scans. In 16 autopsy studies a highly significant correlation between calculated and true values were obtained, rs = 0.847, p less than 0.001. The 5th and 95th percentiles of the median divergence were -21 and 27 ml respectively. In 30 healthy subjects, double determinations showed 5th and 95th percentiles of the median interobserver variation of -7 and 3 ml respectively. There was no demonstrable difference between volumes of right and left kidneys, and no difference in relation to sex. Total renal volume was most accurate when correlated with the body weight, rs = 0.698, p less than 0.001. Normal values of total renal volume per kilogram of body weight were 4.3 to 8.0 ml/kg. In normal subjects, the smallest kidney's volume should not be less than 37% of the total renal volume.", "contents": "Determination of renal volume by ultrasound scanning. In patients with renal hypertension, determination of renal volume may be valuable for evaluating possible compensatory hypertrophy for correlating renal size to renal function, and for evaluating the transplanted kidney in relation to rejection and its response to therapy. We performed parallel transverse ultrasonic scans through each kidney and computed volume based on the cross-sectional areas outlined on the scans. In 16 autopsy studies a highly significant correlation between calculated and true values were obtained, rs = 0.847, p less than 0.001. The 5th and 95th percentiles of the median divergence were -21 and 27 ml respectively. In 30 healthy subjects, double determinations showed 5th and 95th percentiles of the median interobserver variation of -7 and 3 ml respectively. There was no demonstrable difference between volumes of right and left kidneys, and no difference in relation to sex. Total renal volume was most accurate when correlated with the body weight, rs = 0.698, p less than 0.001. Normal values of total renal volume per kilogram of body weight were 4.3 to 8.0 ml/kg. In normal subjects, the smallest kidney's volume should not be less than 37% of the total renal volume.", "PMID": 97317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2693", "title": "Confusing appearance of a dilated jejunal loop.", "content": "A case report is presented concerning a patient with a dilated loop of bowel that was misinterpreted on ultrasound examination. Attention is called to this entity as part of the differential diagnosis of an intra-abdominal fluid collection demonstrated by ultrasound.", "contents": "Confusing appearance of a dilated jejunal loop. A case report is presented concerning a patient with a dilated loop of bowel that was misinterpreted on ultrasound examination. Attention is called to this entity as part of the differential diagnosis of an intra-abdominal fluid collection demonstrated by ultrasound.", "PMID": 97318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2694", "title": "Ultrasonic demonstration of inferior vena caval involvement with right adrenal gland masses.", "content": "Ultrasonographic findings in 13 right adrenal gland neoplasms were reviewed. Primary malignancy was the etiology in four patients and metastatic malignancy in nine. Anterior displacement and/or indentation of the posterior aspect of the inferior vena cava was present in nine patients. This sign, although nonspecific, helpful in the localization and diagnosis of right adrenal lesions.", "contents": "Ultrasonic demonstration of inferior vena caval involvement with right adrenal gland masses. Ultrasonographic findings in 13 right adrenal gland neoplasms were reviewed. Primary malignancy was the etiology in four patients and metastatic malignancy in nine. Anterior displacement and/or indentation of the posterior aspect of the inferior vena cava was present in nine patients. This sign, although nonspecific, helpful in the localization and diagnosis of right adrenal lesions.", "PMID": 97319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2695", "title": "Gallbladder wall thickening: a new sign of gallbladder disease visualized by gray scale cholecystosonography.", "content": "The use of gray scale equipment in a prospective study of radiologically non-visualizing gallbladders, permitted detection of a new echographic aspect of gallbladder disease. Along with even, discrete bile thickening and the presence of sand-sized calculi, thickening of the gallbladder wall incholecystitis is another ultrasonographic sign of gallbladder disease that can be visualized successfully by gray scale ultrasound.", "contents": "Gallbladder wall thickening: a new sign of gallbladder disease visualized by gray scale cholecystosonography. The use of gray scale equipment in a prospective study of radiologically non-visualizing gallbladders, permitted detection of a new echographic aspect of gallbladder disease. Along with even, discrete bile thickening and the presence of sand-sized calculi, thickening of the gallbladder wall incholecystitis is another ultrasonographic sign of gallbladder disease that can be visualized successfully by gray scale ultrasound.", "PMID": 97322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2696", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of placental tumor by ultrasound.", "content": "A case of placental chorioangioma is reported. To our knowledge, this is the first case diagnosed prenatally by ultrasonography, The complications of chorioangiomas include hydramnios, antepartum hemorrhage and premature labor, fetal demise, low birth weight and toxemia.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of placental tumor by ultrasound. A case of placental chorioangioma is reported. To our knowledge, this is the first case diagnosed prenatally by ultrasonography, The complications of chorioangiomas include hydramnios, antepartum hemorrhage and premature labor, fetal demise, low birth weight and toxemia.", "PMID": 97323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2697", "title": "Cholelithiasis and acoustic shadowing.", "content": "The importance of the acoustic shadow in the ultrasound diagnosis of cholelithiasis has been stressed in recent reports. In vitro studies of gallstones indicate that the presence and magnitude of the acoustic shadow depend on a number of factors and suggest that a group of small stones may be demonstrable even though no acoustic shadow can be seen.", "contents": "Cholelithiasis and acoustic shadowing. The importance of the acoustic shadow in the ultrasound diagnosis of cholelithiasis has been stressed in recent reports. In vitro studies of gallstones indicate that the presence and magnitude of the acoustic shadow depend on a number of factors and suggest that a group of small stones may be demonstrable even though no acoustic shadow can be seen.", "PMID": 97324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2698", "title": "Persistant corpus luteum cyst of pregnancy: sonographic evaluation of cause of third trimester bleeding.", "content": "Corpus luteum cysts are frequently observed in pregnant patients evaluated with diagnostic ultrasound. They are usually regarded as incidental findings because of their limited size and usual pattern of regression by ten weeks. The presence and persistence of larger corpus luteum cysts or other extrauterine masses may complicate pregnancy. A case of a large persistent corpus luteum cyst associated with third trimester bleeding is presented.", "contents": "Persistant corpus luteum cyst of pregnancy: sonographic evaluation of cause of third trimester bleeding. Corpus luteum cysts are frequently observed in pregnant patients evaluated with diagnostic ultrasound. They are usually regarded as incidental findings because of their limited size and usual pattern of regression by ten weeks. The presence and persistence of larger corpus luteum cysts or other extrauterine masses may complicate pregnancy. A case of a large persistent corpus luteum cyst associated with third trimester bleeding is presented.", "PMID": 97327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2699", "title": "Carcinoma of the pancreas occuring in a child: a case report with description of gray scale ultrasound findings.", "content": "This is a report of the gray scale ultrasound findings of pancreatic carcinoma occurring in a child. Although this tumor is rare, the preoperative diagnosis can be made if the physician is aware of this possibility. 99 mTc sulfur colloid radionuclide scan, liver spleen scan, gallium scan, and ultrasound examinations are helpful in distinguishing the site of origin of upper abdominal masses.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the pancreas occuring in a child: a case report with description of gray scale ultrasound findings. This is a report of the gray scale ultrasound findings of pancreatic carcinoma occurring in a child. Although this tumor is rare, the preoperative diagnosis can be made if the physician is aware of this possibility. 99 mTc sulfur colloid radionuclide scan, liver spleen scan, gallium scan, and ultrasound examinations are helpful in distinguishing the site of origin of upper abdominal masses.", "PMID": 97328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2700", "title": "Use of pyruvate fermentation compared with tetrazolium reduction in the differentiation of group D streptococci.", "content": "The reduction of 2, 3, 5 triphenyltetrazolium chloride in the original medium of Barnes (Journal of General Microbiology, 14, 57, 1956), and in a modified medium, was compared with the ability to ferment pyruvate as a means of separating Streptococcus faecalis from all other group D streptococci. The tetrazolium reduction test gave an occasional negative reaction with Str. faecalis strains. In addition, a number of strains gave a weakly positive reaction in the test, as did some strains of Str. faecium and Str. bovis. With some batches of tetrazolium, these weak reactions with Str. faecalis were so frequent that interpretation of the results was difficult. On the other hand, all Str. faecalis strains, and no other group D streptococci, gave a positive pyruvate-fermentation reaction in 48 hours.", "contents": "Use of pyruvate fermentation compared with tetrazolium reduction in the differentiation of group D streptococci. The reduction of 2, 3, 5 triphenyltetrazolium chloride in the original medium of Barnes (Journal of General Microbiology, 14, 57, 1956), and in a modified medium, was compared with the ability to ferment pyruvate as a means of separating Streptococcus faecalis from all other group D streptococci. The tetrazolium reduction test gave an occasional negative reaction with Str. faecalis strains. In addition, a number of strains gave a weakly positive reaction in the test, as did some strains of Str. faecium and Str. bovis. With some batches of tetrazolium, these weak reactions with Str. faecalis were so frequent that interpretation of the results was difficult. On the other hand, all Str. faecalis strains, and no other group D streptococci, gave a positive pyruvate-fermentation reaction in 48 hours.", "PMID": 97331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2701", "title": "Effect of experimentally induced marginal periodontitis and periodontal scaling on the dental pulp.", "content": "Experimental breakdown of the periodontal attachment apparatus was produced in six young adult monkeys to study the effect on the tissue of the dental pulp by (1) periodontitis, (2) scaling and plaque accumulation on exposed root dentin. Periodontal tissue breakdown was induced by the placement of ligatures around the neck of 92 permanent teeth. Subsequent plaque formation caused marked loss of periodontal tissue support, which after a period of 5--7 months amounted to 30--40% of the root length. One group of teeth received no further treatment. Other teeth were subjected to scaling and root planing. Following treatment, plaque was allowed to accumulate for 2, 10, and 30 days on the freshly planed root dentin surfaces. Histologic examination revealed that in comparison to teeth with normal periodontal conditions, 57% of the teeth exposed to periodontitis exhibited pathologic pulp tissue alterations. Secondary dentin formation and/or inflammatory cell infiltrates were observed within localized areas of the pulp subjacent to root surfaces exposed to periodontal tissue destruction. The changes within the pulp were of \"mild\" nature and only one tooth displayed signs of total pulp necrosis. Lateral canals communicating with both the pulp cavity and the exposed root surface were never detected. Teeth subjected to scaling and subsequent plaque accumulation in comparison with teeth with periodontitis alone exhibited no obvious aggravation or increased incidence of pathologic pulp reactions. The findings show that in the monkey (1) periodontal destruction limited to the cervical half of the root and (2) plaque accumulation on exposed root dentin does not cause severe alteration in the pulp of the roots involved.", "contents": "Effect of experimentally induced marginal periodontitis and periodontal scaling on the dental pulp. Experimental breakdown of the periodontal attachment apparatus was produced in six young adult monkeys to study the effect on the tissue of the dental pulp by (1) periodontitis, (2) scaling and plaque accumulation on exposed root dentin. Periodontal tissue breakdown was induced by the placement of ligatures around the neck of 92 permanent teeth. Subsequent plaque formation caused marked loss of periodontal tissue support, which after a period of 5--7 months amounted to 30--40% of the root length. One group of teeth received no further treatment. Other teeth were subjected to scaling and root planing. Following treatment, plaque was allowed to accumulate for 2, 10, and 30 days on the freshly planed root dentin surfaces. Histologic examination revealed that in comparison to teeth with normal periodontal conditions, 57% of the teeth exposed to periodontitis exhibited pathologic pulp tissue alterations. Secondary dentin formation and/or inflammatory cell infiltrates were observed within localized areas of the pulp subjacent to root surfaces exposed to periodontal tissue destruction. The changes within the pulp were of \"mild\" nature and only one tooth displayed signs of total pulp necrosis. Lateral canals communicating with both the pulp cavity and the exposed root surface were never detected. Teeth subjected to scaling and subsequent plaque accumulation in comparison with teeth with periodontitis alone exhibited no obvious aggravation or increased incidence of pathologic pulp reactions. The findings show that in the monkey (1) periodontal destruction limited to the cervical half of the root and (2) plaque accumulation on exposed root dentin does not cause severe alteration in the pulp of the roots involved.", "PMID": 97332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2702", "title": "Computed tomography of the brain in patients with headache or temporal lobe epilepsy: findings and cost-effectiveness.", "content": "Computed tomographic (CT) examinations of the brain were reviewed in 85 patients with a chief complaint of headache and in 22 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy in an attempt to assess the yield and cost-effectiveness in these two clinical settings. Lower bounds for the costs of case finding were calculated using probabilistic estimates. In patients with headache and no objective neurologic findings, no abnormal CT examinations were found. On the other hand, 34% of patients with headache and associated objective neurologic findings had abnormal CT studies. No abnormal CT examinations occurred in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. The calculated lower bounds for the costs of case finding for these groups were $4,363, $500, and $1,846 per patient, respectively.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the brain in patients with headache or temporal lobe epilepsy: findings and cost-effectiveness. Computed tomographic (CT) examinations of the brain were reviewed in 85 patients with a chief complaint of headache and in 22 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy in an attempt to assess the yield and cost-effectiveness in these two clinical settings. Lower bounds for the costs of case finding were calculated using probabilistic estimates. In patients with headache and no objective neurologic findings, no abnormal CT examinations were found. On the other hand, 34% of patients with headache and associated objective neurologic findings had abnormal CT studies. No abnormal CT examinations occurred in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. The calculated lower bounds for the costs of case finding for these groups were $4,363, $500, and $1,846 per patient, respectively.", "PMID": 97333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2703", "title": "Ophthalmologic applications of computed tomography in nonhuman primates.", "content": "The orbital contents of 28 baboons are defined by computed tomography (CT), which provides a simple, reliable, reproducible, and accurate technique for the experimental investigation of the orbit of the nonhuman primate. This method is applied to the diagnosis of exophthalmos. The suprasellar and other basal subarachnoid cisterns are precisely delineated using intrathecal enhancement prior to CT imaging (metrizamide CT cisternography).", "contents": "Ophthalmologic applications of computed tomography in nonhuman primates. The orbital contents of 28 baboons are defined by computed tomography (CT), which provides a simple, reliable, reproducible, and accurate technique for the experimental investigation of the orbit of the nonhuman primate. This method is applied to the diagnosis of exophthalmos. The suprasellar and other basal subarachnoid cisterns are precisely delineated using intrathecal enhancement prior to CT imaging (metrizamide CT cisternography).", "PMID": 97334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2704", "title": "Preliminary evaluation of the histotoxicity and radiopacity of lead-containing elastic impression materials.", "content": "Severe reactions can be caused when elastic impression materials are trapped beneath soft tissues. To develop a rank order of severity of responses, a series of these materials was injected beneath the oral mucosa of a baboon. Alginate and polysulfide rubbers containing lead peroxide produced severe reactions; hydrocolloid, polysulfide without lead, silicone, and polyether produced more mild reactions. The more toxic materials proved to be more radiopaque than the others. Tests for foreign body toxicity should be made a part of future specifications for these materials, and the use of toxic ingredients should be reduced as much as possible. These materials should be made opaque to X rays and of a different color than those of soft or hard tissues.", "contents": "Preliminary evaluation of the histotoxicity and radiopacity of lead-containing elastic impression materials. Severe reactions can be caused when elastic impression materials are trapped beneath soft tissues. To develop a rank order of severity of responses, a series of these materials was injected beneath the oral mucosa of a baboon. Alginate and polysulfide rubbers containing lead peroxide produced severe reactions; hydrocolloid, polysulfide without lead, silicone, and polyether produced more mild reactions. The more toxic materials proved to be more radiopaque than the others. Tests for foreign body toxicity should be made a part of future specifications for these materials, and the use of toxic ingredients should be reduced as much as possible. These materials should be made opaque to X rays and of a different color than those of soft or hard tissues.", "PMID": 97336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2705", "title": "Characterization of the reaction sequence involved in phospholipid labeling and deacylation and prostaglandin synthesis and actions.", "content": "The synthesis and release of prostaglandins (PG) primarily involve a series of enzymatic transformations of the fatty acid arachidonic acid. The source of this free fatty acid is thought to be the cleavage by phospholipase A2 of the acyl bond on the 2-position of phospholipids. The liberated arachidonic acid is primarily converted by cyclo-oxygenase (PG-synthetase) into the PG-endoperoxides (PGG2 and PGH2). These compounds represent a critical branch point in PG metabolism since they serve as substrates for the enzymatic synthesis of PGE2, PGD2, thromboxane A2, PGI2 (prostacyclin), as well as some likely products yet to be identified. The ultimate fate of arachidonate in a given tissue is determined by the repertoire of enzymes present. The prostaglandins have a very broad sprectum of identified biological activities and the newly discovered arachidonate metabolites (endoperoxides, thromboxane A2 and PGI2) are labile and extremely potent.", "contents": "Characterization of the reaction sequence involved in phospholipid labeling and deacylation and prostaglandin synthesis and actions. The synthesis and release of prostaglandins (PG) primarily involve a series of enzymatic transformations of the fatty acid arachidonic acid. The source of this free fatty acid is thought to be the cleavage by phospholipase A2 of the acyl bond on the 2-position of phospholipids. The liberated arachidonic acid is primarily converted by cyclo-oxygenase (PG-synthetase) into the PG-endoperoxides (PGG2 and PGH2). These compounds represent a critical branch point in PG metabolism since they serve as substrates for the enzymatic synthesis of PGE2, PGD2, thromboxane A2, PGI2 (prostacyclin), as well as some likely products yet to be identified. The ultimate fate of arachidonate in a given tissue is determined by the repertoire of enzymes present. The prostaglandins have a very broad sprectum of identified biological activities and the newly discovered arachidonate metabolites (endoperoxides, thromboxane A2 and PGI2) are labile and extremely potent.", "PMID": 97337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2706", "title": "Marrying regulatory and competitive approaches to health care cost containment.", "content": "The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the problems which arise from simultaneously developing regulatory and competitive approaches to health care cost containment can be solved, if recognized, and that those problems deserve more systematic investigation than they have so far received. It is suggested that public regulation which accommodates the special characteristics of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) allows for effective competition. Although there are formidable difficulties in formulating the appropriate regulatory strategies, there are some encouraging signs, such as the renewed commitment of the Carter Administration and Congress to the development of HMOs and the active interest of the Federal Trade Commission in health care, that future policy may minimize conflict between regulation and competition.", "contents": "Marrying regulatory and competitive approaches to health care cost containment. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the problems which arise from simultaneously developing regulatory and competitive approaches to health care cost containment can be solved, if recognized, and that those problems deserve more systematic investigation than they have so far received. It is suggested that public regulation which accommodates the special characteristics of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) allows for effective competition. Although there are formidable difficulties in formulating the appropriate regulatory strategies, there are some encouraging signs, such as the renewed commitment of the Carter Administration and Congress to the development of HMOs and the active interest of the Federal Trade Commission in health care, that future policy may minimize conflict between regulation and competition.", "PMID": 97339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2707", "title": "Isolation and analysis of H-2 and Ia alloantigens from wild mouse strains.", "content": "Immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE analysis were used to examine H-2 and Ia antigens from mouse strains with wild-derived MHC haplotypes. Antisera raised against the wild-derived strains contained anti-H-2 and anti-Ia antibodies which precipitated antigen molecules readily distinguishable by a single assay procedure. The antibodies to wild strains were cross-reactive with standard laboratory haplotypes. Evidence supporting the similar genetic organization of wild and standard haplotypes was found, including isolation of separate H-2K and H-2D molecules from a wild-derived strain, and isolation of two separate Ia molecules from a wild-derived strain.", "contents": "Isolation and analysis of H-2 and Ia alloantigens from wild mouse strains. Immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE analysis were used to examine H-2 and Ia antigens from mouse strains with wild-derived MHC haplotypes. Antisera raised against the wild-derived strains contained anti-H-2 and anti-Ia antibodies which precipitated antigen molecules readily distinguishable by a single assay procedure. The antibodies to wild strains were cross-reactive with standard laboratory haplotypes. Evidence supporting the similar genetic organization of wild and standard haplotypes was found, including isolation of separate H-2K and H-2D molecules from a wild-derived strain, and isolation of two separate Ia molecules from a wild-derived strain.", "PMID": 97344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2708", "title": "Light chain diversity of murine anti-streptococcal antibodies: IgCH-linked effects on L chain expression.", "content": "L chains derived from anti-group A streptococcal carbohydrate antibodies raised in A/J, BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, CB-20, BAB-14, and CAL-20 mice were examined by isoelectric focusing. Multiple strain-associated differences in the degree and frequency of expression of particular L chain spectrotypes were observed. Analysis of L chain-focusing patterns in allotype-congenic mice revealed that IgCH-linked genes can have profound effects on the L chain phenotypes expressed by strains with identical L chain genotypes. Lastly, the overall spectrotypic diversity of L chains from anti-GAC antibodies appears to be less extensive than the diversity of the antibodies from which these L chains derive, documented by similar techniques. These results are interpreted in light of the significance of combinatorial diversity in generating antibody heterogeneity.", "contents": "Light chain diversity of murine anti-streptococcal antibodies: IgCH-linked effects on L chain expression. L chains derived from anti-group A streptococcal carbohydrate antibodies raised in A/J, BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, CB-20, BAB-14, and CAL-20 mice were examined by isoelectric focusing. Multiple strain-associated differences in the degree and frequency of expression of particular L chain spectrotypes were observed. Analysis of L chain-focusing patterns in allotype-congenic mice revealed that IgCH-linked genes can have profound effects on the L chain phenotypes expressed by strains with identical L chain genotypes. Lastly, the overall spectrotypic diversity of L chains from anti-GAC antibodies appears to be less extensive than the diversity of the antibodies from which these L chains derive, documented by similar techniques. These results are interpreted in light of the significance of combinatorial diversity in generating antibody heterogeneity.", "PMID": 97345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2709", "title": "Elimination of inter-species reactive anti-IgG antibodies by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Inter-species reactive anti-IgG antibodies are disturbing in blocking and interference experiments with the sensitive mixed hemadsorption (MH) technique. By affinity chromatography this disturbance could be efficiently eliminated. Anti-IgG sera were passed through columns containing heterologous IgG. The absorption technique is rapid and simple. After one absorption the inter-species reactivity in anti-IgG sera had been decreased thousand-fold, while any loss of species-specific reactivity could not be detected. Such absorbed anti-IgG sera reacted only with homologous antibodies. The effect is exemplified with e.g. blocking of human HLA antibodies by anti-beta2-microglobulin from rabbits.", "contents": "Elimination of inter-species reactive anti-IgG antibodies by affinity chromatography. Inter-species reactive anti-IgG antibodies are disturbing in blocking and interference experiments with the sensitive mixed hemadsorption (MH) technique. By affinity chromatography this disturbance could be efficiently eliminated. Anti-IgG sera were passed through columns containing heterologous IgG. The absorption technique is rapid and simple. After one absorption the inter-species reactivity in anti-IgG sera had been decreased thousand-fold, while any loss of species-specific reactivity could not be detected. Such absorbed anti-IgG sera reacted only with homologous antibodies. The effect is exemplified with e.g. blocking of human HLA antibodies by anti-beta2-microglobulin from rabbits.", "PMID": 97348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2710", "title": "Preparation of antibody fragments: conditions for proteolysis compared by SDS slab-gel electrophoresis and quantitation of antibody yield.", "content": "Monovalent antibody fragments are now recognized to have major advantages over intact immunoglobulin G in immunohistochemistry, but the methods commonly used for their preparation do not necessarily give a maximal yield of active antibody fragments and take little account of species differences. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) slab-gel electrophoresis demonstrated large differences in the susceptibility to digestion of antibodies of different species and was found to be valuable in the selection of optimal digestion conditions. Promising results were obtained with sheep antibodies by use of low concentrations of trypsin, and an immunoadsorbent technique showed a high yield of antibody fragments.", "contents": "Preparation of antibody fragments: conditions for proteolysis compared by SDS slab-gel electrophoresis and quantitation of antibody yield. Monovalent antibody fragments are now recognized to have major advantages over intact immunoglobulin G in immunohistochemistry, but the methods commonly used for their preparation do not necessarily give a maximal yield of active antibody fragments and take little account of species differences. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) slab-gel electrophoresis demonstrated large differences in the susceptibility to digestion of antibodies of different species and was found to be valuable in the selection of optimal digestion conditions. Promising results were obtained with sheep antibodies by use of low concentrations of trypsin, and an immunoadsorbent technique showed a high yield of antibody fragments.", "PMID": 97349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2711", "title": "Separation and characterization of anti-benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) antibodies. II. Immunological properties of different IgG fractions.", "content": "Affinity chromatography and subsequent ion-exchange chromatography of pooled anti-benzylpenicilloyl (anti-BPO) hyperimmune sera separated 5 different anti-BPO IgG fractions as described in the preceding paper. These fractions were tested for activities in passive hemagglutination (PHA), passive immune hemolysis (PIH), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and influence on IgM-induced hemolysis. It was found that anti-BPO IgG fractions with low avidity (dissociation constant K = 4.4--6.7 X 10(-8) moles/l) were poorly active in PHA and ADCC and had no blocking activity in IgM hemolysis. Among the highly avid antibodies (K = 0.7--3.4 X 10(-8) mole/l) no correlations were found between avidity and activities in the immunological tests. The results presented demonstrate that ion-exchange chromatography allows the separation of blocking and lytic antibodies as shown by their influence on IgM-induced complement-dependent lysis of lightly hapten-coated sheep erythrocytes.", "contents": "Separation and characterization of anti-benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) antibodies. II. Immunological properties of different IgG fractions. Affinity chromatography and subsequent ion-exchange chromatography of pooled anti-benzylpenicilloyl (anti-BPO) hyperimmune sera separated 5 different anti-BPO IgG fractions as described in the preceding paper. These fractions were tested for activities in passive hemagglutination (PHA), passive immune hemolysis (PIH), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and influence on IgM-induced hemolysis. It was found that anti-BPO IgG fractions with low avidity (dissociation constant K = 4.4--6.7 X 10(-8) moles/l) were poorly active in PHA and ADCC and had no blocking activity in IgM hemolysis. Among the highly avid antibodies (K = 0.7--3.4 X 10(-8) mole/l) no correlations were found between avidity and activities in the immunological tests. The results presented demonstrate that ion-exchange chromatography allows the separation of blocking and lytic antibodies as shown by their influence on IgM-induced complement-dependent lysis of lightly hapten-coated sheep erythrocytes.", "PMID": 97350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2712", "title": "A simple routine method for detecting hidden rheumatoid factors.", "content": "A new and simple routine method is described for detecting hidden rheumatoid factors in human serum. EDTA glycine and NaCl were used to liberate hidden rheumatoid factors and to inactivate complement before rheumatoid-factor activity was determined in a glycine--NaCl solution. Forty-nine out of 97 sera from individuals with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis gave positive reactions by this method. Rheumatoid sera with low titres by standard tests gave higher titres with the new method. The new method detects both IgM and IgG rheumatoid factors and is simple and suitable for use in routine medical laboratories. Used in parallel with the classical tests, it facilitates detection of hidden rheumatoid factors.", "contents": "A simple routine method for detecting hidden rheumatoid factors. A new and simple routine method is described for detecting hidden rheumatoid factors in human serum. EDTA glycine and NaCl were used to liberate hidden rheumatoid factors and to inactivate complement before rheumatoid-factor activity was determined in a glycine--NaCl solution. Forty-nine out of 97 sera from individuals with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis gave positive reactions by this method. Rheumatoid sera with low titres by standard tests gave higher titres with the new method. The new method detects both IgM and IgG rheumatoid factors and is simple and suitable for use in routine medical laboratories. Used in parallel with the classical tests, it facilitates detection of hidden rheumatoid factors.", "PMID": 97351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2713", "title": "Contribution of omega-oxidation to fatty acid oxidation by liver of rat and monkey.", "content": "Contributions of omega-oxidation to overall fatty acid oxidation in slices from livers of ketotic alloxan diabetic rats and of fasted monkeys are estimated. Estimates are made from a comparison of the distribution of 14C in glucose formed by the slices from omega-14C-labeled compared to 2-14C-labeled fatty acids of even numbers of carbon atoms and from [1-14C]acetate compared to [2-14C]acetate. These estimates are based on the fact that 1) the dicarboxylic acid formed via omega-oxidation of a omega-14C-labeled fatty acid will yield [1-14C]acetate and [1-14C]succinate on subsequent beta-oxidation, if beta-oxidation is assumed to proceed to completion; 2) only [2-14C]acetate will be formed if the fatty acid is metabolized solely via beta-oxidation; and 3) 14C from [1-14C]acetate and [1-14C]succinate is incorporated into carbons 3 and 4 of glucose and 14C from [2-14C]acetate is incorporated into all six carbons of glucose. From the distributions found, the contribution of omega-oxidation to the initial oxidation of palmitate by liver slices is estimated to between 8% and 11%, and the oxidation of laurate between 17% and 21%. Distributions of 14C in glucose formed from 14C-labeled palmitate infused into fasted and diabetic rats do not permit quantitative estimation of the contribution of omega-oxidation to fatty acid oxidation in vivo. However, the distributions found also indicate that, of the fatty acid metabolized by the whole animal in the environment of glucose formation, at most, only a minor portion is initially oxidized via omega-oxidation. As such, omega-oxidation cannot contribute more than a small extent to the formation of glucose.", "contents": "Contribution of omega-oxidation to fatty acid oxidation by liver of rat and monkey. Contributions of omega-oxidation to overall fatty acid oxidation in slices from livers of ketotic alloxan diabetic rats and of fasted monkeys are estimated. Estimates are made from a comparison of the distribution of 14C in glucose formed by the slices from omega-14C-labeled compared to 2-14C-labeled fatty acids of even numbers of carbon atoms and from [1-14C]acetate compared to [2-14C]acetate. These estimates are based on the fact that 1) the dicarboxylic acid formed via omega-oxidation of a omega-14C-labeled fatty acid will yield [1-14C]acetate and [1-14C]succinate on subsequent beta-oxidation, if beta-oxidation is assumed to proceed to completion; 2) only [2-14C]acetate will be formed if the fatty acid is metabolized solely via beta-oxidation; and 3) 14C from [1-14C]acetate and [1-14C]succinate is incorporated into carbons 3 and 4 of glucose and 14C from [2-14C]acetate is incorporated into all six carbons of glucose. From the distributions found, the contribution of omega-oxidation to the initial oxidation of palmitate by liver slices is estimated to between 8% and 11%, and the oxidation of laurate between 17% and 21%. Distributions of 14C in glucose formed from 14C-labeled palmitate infused into fasted and diabetic rats do not permit quantitative estimation of the contribution of omega-oxidation to fatty acid oxidation in vivo. However, the distributions found also indicate that, of the fatty acid metabolized by the whole animal in the environment of glucose formation, at most, only a minor portion is initially oxidized via omega-oxidation. As such, omega-oxidation cannot contribute more than a small extent to the formation of glucose.", "PMID": 97354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2714", "title": "Isolation and characterization of flightless mutants in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Since animal behaviour is executed through neuronal circuits including sensory receptors and muscle, genes vital for their development and differentiation must be found among mutants having behavioural anomaly. After mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS), we screened for X-linked flightless mutants of Drosophila melanogaster by using column-type flight tester. Approximately 10(4) individuals were screened and 21 mutant genes were isolated. Chromosomal mapping and complementation experiments revealed that they belong to 15 cistrons randomly located on X chromosome, three cistrons having more than two alleles. Two of the isolated mutants (fltO2 and fltH, which are recessive both behaviourally and morphologically) were analysed with the mosaic fate mapping technique, and both were found to have their primary foci in mesodermal region of blastoderm, suggesting that the genes exert their primary effect in indirect flight muscle. Electronmicroscopic studies on the muscles from four alleles of the fltO2 cistron revealed an abnormality in myofibrillar arrangement. A possible deficit within Z-band components is discussed in relation to wings-up B mutants. The indirect flight muscle of flltH was also examined, and it was found that sarcomere length and diameter of myofibrils were abnormal. It was postulated that a possible factor which controls size of myofibrils is defective in this mutant. These examples indicate the advantage of combining ultrastructural examination with genetic mosaic mapping technique.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of flightless mutants in Drosophila melanogaster. Since animal behaviour is executed through neuronal circuits including sensory receptors and muscle, genes vital for their development and differentiation must be found among mutants having behavioural anomaly. After mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS), we screened for X-linked flightless mutants of Drosophila melanogaster by using column-type flight tester. Approximately 10(4) individuals were screened and 21 mutant genes were isolated. Chromosomal mapping and complementation experiments revealed that they belong to 15 cistrons randomly located on X chromosome, three cistrons having more than two alleles. Two of the isolated mutants (fltO2 and fltH, which are recessive both behaviourally and morphologically) were analysed with the mosaic fate mapping technique, and both were found to have their primary foci in mesodermal region of blastoderm, suggesting that the genes exert their primary effect in indirect flight muscle. Electronmicroscopic studies on the muscles from four alleles of the fltO2 cistron revealed an abnormality in myofibrillar arrangement. A possible deficit within Z-band components is discussed in relation to wings-up B mutants. The indirect flight muscle of flltH was also examined, and it was found that sarcomere length and diameter of myofibrils were abnormal. It was postulated that a possible factor which controls size of myofibrils is defective in this mutant. These examples indicate the advantage of combining ultrastructural examination with genetic mosaic mapping technique.", "PMID": 97355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2715", "title": "Cell culture of individual Drosophila embryos. I. Development of wild-type cultures.", "content": "A new procedure is described for the preparation of in vitro cell cultures from individual early gastrulae of Drosophila melanogaster. In these cultures several identifiable cell types differentiate within 24 h (nerve, muscle, fat-body, haemocyte and chitin-secreting); their initial appearance and continuing development over a period of weeks is described. It is proposed that this technique may be used to analyse abnormalities of cellular development in embryonic lethal mutants. Culture in vitro of cells from lethal embryos is seen to have two broad roles: (1) to test the developmental capacity of individual cell types in a situation where they are relatively free from possible deleterious interactions with other cell types and are liberated from the system of the dying embryo, and (2) through the preparation of mixed cultures from normal and mutant embryos, to determine the influence of the presence of wild-type cells on observed abnormalities of a particular cell type.", "contents": "Cell culture of individual Drosophila embryos. I. Development of wild-type cultures. A new procedure is described for the preparation of in vitro cell cultures from individual early gastrulae of Drosophila melanogaster. In these cultures several identifiable cell types differentiate within 24 h (nerve, muscle, fat-body, haemocyte and chitin-secreting); their initial appearance and continuing development over a period of weeks is described. It is proposed that this technique may be used to analyse abnormalities of cellular development in embryonic lethal mutants. Culture in vitro of cells from lethal embryos is seen to have two broad roles: (1) to test the developmental capacity of individual cell types in a situation where they are relatively free from possible deleterious interactions with other cell types and are liberated from the system of the dying embryo, and (2) through the preparation of mixed cultures from normal and mutant embryos, to determine the influence of the presence of wild-type cells on observed abnormalities of a particular cell type.", "PMID": 97356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2716", "title": "Cell culture of individual Drosophila embryos. II. Culture of X-linked embryonic lethals.", "content": "Results are reported from the culturing in vitro of cells from individual early gastrulae of the following four groups of X-linked embryonic lethal mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. (1) Notch lethals, Five Notch mutants were studied which have been reported to give similar abnormalities in whole embryos: the nervous system displays a three-fold hypertrophy as part of a shift in the pattern of differentiation within ectodermal derivatives, and mesodermal derivatives do not differentiate. An hypertrophy of nerve was found in cell cultures prepared from embryos of all five mutants. In addition, four of the five alleles consistently gave abnormalities of muscle differentiation: when compared to controls, Notch cultures had a reduced frequency of myotubes, and displayed unusual clusters of myocytes which had either failed to fuse or had fused incompletely. Results from mixed cultures prepared from two embryos were consistent with the autonomous expression of nerve and muscle abnormalities by Notch-8 cells in the presence of wild-type cells. It is argued that the Notch locus has a direct role in the differentiation of both nerve and muscle. (2) white deficiencies. Cells carrying either of two deficiencies gave a clear-cut pattern of abnormalities: initial cellular differentiations were normal, but nerve, muscle and fat-body cells progressively deteriorated during the culture period. Mixed cultures showed that wild-type cells could not 'rescue' mutant muscle and fat-body cells; however, the status of the autonomy of mutant nerve abnormalities in these cultures was unclear. Both white deficiencies remove cytological band 3C1, and this permits a comparison of results with those from cultures of cells from Notch-8 embryos (also deficient for 3C1). Abnormalities displayed in cultures of the two types of mutant show no overlap. Therefore no consistent cellular abnormality can be attributed to absence of band 3C1. (3) lethal(1)myospheroid. In contrast to earlier observations on in vitro cell cultures (Donady & Seecof, 1972) muscle was seen to differentiate, though its morphology was extremely abnormal. Observations indicated that all cell types within the cultures had poor properties of adhesion to a glass substrate. It is argued that the observed abnormalities are not consistent with a mutant lesion which is restricted to the basement membrane (contra Wright, 1960), and that all cell types carry a basic defect which may reside in the cell membrane. (4) shibirets alleles. Cultures of two temperature-sensitive lethal shibire alleles (shits1), shits3) were normal at the permissive temperature of 22 degrees C. At the restrictive temperature (29 degrees C) early cell differentiation was normal but subsequent development was blocked. This blockage could be partially reversed by shifting cultures to the permissive temperature after as much as 10 days exposure to the high temperature. It is suggested that shits cells are mutant in a process which is basic to several cell types.", "contents": "Cell culture of individual Drosophila embryos. II. Culture of X-linked embryonic lethals. Results are reported from the culturing in vitro of cells from individual early gastrulae of the following four groups of X-linked embryonic lethal mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. (1) Notch lethals, Five Notch mutants were studied which have been reported to give similar abnormalities in whole embryos: the nervous system displays a three-fold hypertrophy as part of a shift in the pattern of differentiation within ectodermal derivatives, and mesodermal derivatives do not differentiate. An hypertrophy of nerve was found in cell cultures prepared from embryos of all five mutants. In addition, four of the five alleles consistently gave abnormalities of muscle differentiation: when compared to controls, Notch cultures had a reduced frequency of myotubes, and displayed unusual clusters of myocytes which had either failed to fuse or had fused incompletely. Results from mixed cultures prepared from two embryos were consistent with the autonomous expression of nerve and muscle abnormalities by Notch-8 cells in the presence of wild-type cells. It is argued that the Notch locus has a direct role in the differentiation of both nerve and muscle. (2) white deficiencies. Cells carrying either of two deficiencies gave a clear-cut pattern of abnormalities: initial cellular differentiations were normal, but nerve, muscle and fat-body cells progressively deteriorated during the culture period. Mixed cultures showed that wild-type cells could not 'rescue' mutant muscle and fat-body cells; however, the status of the autonomy of mutant nerve abnormalities in these cultures was unclear. Both white deficiencies remove cytological band 3C1, and this permits a comparison of results with those from cultures of cells from Notch-8 embryos (also deficient for 3C1). Abnormalities displayed in cultures of the two types of mutant show no overlap. Therefore no consistent cellular abnormality can be attributed to absence of band 3C1. (3) lethal(1)myospheroid. In contrast to earlier observations on in vitro cell cultures (Donady & Seecof, 1972) muscle was seen to differentiate, though its morphology was extremely abnormal. Observations indicated that all cell types within the cultures had poor properties of adhesion to a glass substrate. It is argued that the observed abnormalities are not consistent with a mutant lesion which is restricted to the basement membrane (contra Wright, 1960), and that all cell types carry a basic defect which may reside in the cell membrane. (4) shibirets alleles. Cultures of two temperature-sensitive lethal shibire alleles (shits1), shits3) were normal at the permissive temperature of 22 degrees C. At the restrictive temperature (29 degrees C) early cell differentiation was normal but subsequent development was blocked. This blockage could be partially reversed by shifting cultures to the permissive temperature after as much as 10 days exposure to the high temperature. It is suggested that shits cells are mutant in a process which is basic to several cell types.", "PMID": 97357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2717", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic observations of the development of the somites and their innervation in anuran larvae.", "content": "The development of the paraxial mesoderm in tadpoles of Xenopus, Bufo and Rana was observed with a scanning electron microscope. In addition to examination of the differentiation of the surface and the interior of the somites, some attention was also paid to the transformation of the material of the neural crests and to the innervation of the developing myotome.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic observations of the development of the somites and their innervation in anuran larvae. The development of the paraxial mesoderm in tadpoles of Xenopus, Bufo and Rana was observed with a scanning electron microscope. In addition to examination of the differentiation of the surface and the interior of the somites, some attention was also paid to the transformation of the material of the neural crests and to the innervation of the developing myotome.", "PMID": 97358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2718", "title": "Control of immunoglobulin secretion in the murine plasmacytoma line MOPC 315.", "content": "Cells of the 315LV-1 (derived from NP1) variant line of MOPC 315 contain approximately 1% the normal intracellular level of the heavy (alpha) chain of IgA and no detectable light (lambda2) chain. The synthesis rate of alpha-chain in the variant, however, is similar to that in cells of the parent line. Moreover the relative amount of translatable alpha-chain mRNA that can be extracted from 315LV-1 cells is about the same as for parental cells. No light-chain synthesis can be detected either in vivo or in vitro in a wheat germ cell-free system. The 315LV-1 heavy chain synthesized in vivo or in vitro has slightly greater electrophoretic mobility than normal H chain and turns over rapidly intracellularly. The variant fails to secrete any of its heavy chain, despite the fact that its H chain mRNA is bound to membranes, as one would expect for a secretory protein message. Fusion of 315LV-1 cells with cells of a kappa-producing MPC 11 variant line leads to stabilization of the intracellular H chain and also to full recovery of secretion of the H chain as an H2L2 molecule.", "contents": "Control of immunoglobulin secretion in the murine plasmacytoma line MOPC 315. Cells of the 315LV-1 (derived from NP1) variant line of MOPC 315 contain approximately 1% the normal intracellular level of the heavy (alpha) chain of IgA and no detectable light (lambda2) chain. The synthesis rate of alpha-chain in the variant, however, is similar to that in cells of the parent line. Moreover the relative amount of translatable alpha-chain mRNA that can be extracted from 315LV-1 cells is about the same as for parental cells. No light-chain synthesis can be detected either in vivo or in vitro in a wheat germ cell-free system. The 315LV-1 heavy chain synthesized in vivo or in vitro has slightly greater electrophoretic mobility than normal H chain and turns over rapidly intracellularly. The variant fails to secrete any of its heavy chain, despite the fact that its H chain mRNA is bound to membranes, as one would expect for a secretory protein message. Fusion of 315LV-1 cells with cells of a kappa-producing MPC 11 variant line leads to stabilization of the intracellular H chain and also to full recovery of secretion of the H chain as an H2L2 molecule.", "PMID": 97359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2719", "title": "Acquisition of murine major histocompatibility complex gene products by schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula recovered from the lungs of inbred mice were shown to possess serologically detectable alloantigens on their tegumental surfaces. Using appropriate antisera and infected congenic and recombinant mice as worm donors, gene products of the K and I subregions of the major histocompatibility complex were demonstrated among these alloantigens acquired by the parasites. In contrast, other cell surface alloantigens, such as Thy 1, Ly 1, and H-Y and the serum proteins albumin, C3 and Ig, could not be detected on the surface of lung schistosomula by means of comparable techniques. In another series of experiments, schistosomula recovered from the lungs of mice and reinjected into allogeneic recipients were shown to exchange their alloantigens during an 87-h period of examination. Similarly, lung schistosomula cocultured with allogeneic lymphocytes were shown to acquire major histocompatibility complex (MHC) coded antigens from the cells. It is possible that as acquired host molecules, MHC gene products may disguise the surface of schistosome parasites thereby rendering them insusceptible to immune attack.", "contents": "Acquisition of murine major histocompatibility complex gene products by schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula recovered from the lungs of inbred mice were shown to possess serologically detectable alloantigens on their tegumental surfaces. Using appropriate antisera and infected congenic and recombinant mice as worm donors, gene products of the K and I subregions of the major histocompatibility complex were demonstrated among these alloantigens acquired by the parasites. In contrast, other cell surface alloantigens, such as Thy 1, Ly 1, and H-Y and the serum proteins albumin, C3 and Ig, could not be detected on the surface of lung schistosomula by means of comparable techniques. In another series of experiments, schistosomula recovered from the lungs of mice and reinjected into allogeneic recipients were shown to exchange their alloantigens during an 87-h period of examination. Similarly, lung schistosomula cocultured with allogeneic lymphocytes were shown to acquire major histocompatibility complex (MHC) coded antigens from the cells. It is possible that as acquired host molecules, MHC gene products may disguise the surface of schistosome parasites thereby rendering them insusceptible to immune attack.", "PMID": 97360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2720", "title": "[Elaboration of a method for the quantitative determination of proetins by laser nephelometry in the clinical routine laboratory (author's transl)].", "content": "The reaction conditions for the quantitative determination of IgC, IgA and IgM in the laser nephelometer were investigated. An easy working scheme was devised. The method was compared with radial immunodiffusion, and it was statistically evaluated.", "contents": "[Elaboration of a method for the quantitative determination of proetins by laser nephelometry in the clinical routine laboratory (author's transl)]. The reaction conditions for the quantitative determination of IgC, IgA and IgM in the laser nephelometer were investigated. An easy working scheme was devised. The method was compared with radial immunodiffusion, and it was statistically evaluated.", "PMID": 97361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2721", "title": "Characterization of the effects of Mg2+ on Ca2+- and Sr2+-activated tension generation of skinned rat cardiac fibers.", "content": "Submaximum and maximum forces of the cardiac muscle contractile apparatus, activated by Ca2+ or Sr2+, were determined as a function of Mg2+ concentration. Apical left ventricular tissue from Sprague-Dawley rats was broken by homogenization into small bundles of fibers with disrupted sarcolemmas (skinned). Tension generation was activated by and graded according to the concentration of Ca2+ or Sr2+ in solutions bathing the skinned fibers and measured with a photodiode force transducer. Steady-state tensions for various levels of activation at each of four concentrations of Mg2+ (5 x 10(-5), 1 x 10(-3), 5 x 10(-3), and 10 x 10(-3) M) in the bathing solutions were analyzed. Other bathing solution constituents and parameters mimicked significant normal intracellular conditions while providing adequate buffering of [H+], [Ca2+], and [MgATP2-] (magnesium adenosine triphosphate). To assess changes in sensitivity of the mechanical system to activation by Ca2+ (or Sr2+), each submaximum tension was expressed as a percentage of the given fiber bundle's maximum force generated at saturating [Ca2+] (or [Sr2+]) at the same [Mg2+]. When plotted as saturation curves these data demonstrate that increasing [Mg2+] depresses Ca2+ sensitivity of the force-generating mechanism. The Ca2+ and Sr2+ sensitivity of the cardiac force-generating apparatus is similar at every [Mg2+], indicating that the magnitude of Mg2+ effect is similar for both types of activation. However, absolute maximum tensions at saturating activating cation concentration increased as [Mg2+] increased; the effect of Mg2+ on maximum force was proportionately the same for Ca2+ and Sr2+ activation. But because saturating [Ca2+] always resulted in a lower maximum force than saturating [Sr2+], this site of Ca2+-Mg2+ interaction appears distinct from the one influencing Ca2+ sensitivity.", "contents": "Characterization of the effects of Mg2+ on Ca2+- and Sr2+-activated tension generation of skinned rat cardiac fibers. Submaximum and maximum forces of the cardiac muscle contractile apparatus, activated by Ca2+ or Sr2+, were determined as a function of Mg2+ concentration. Apical left ventricular tissue from Sprague-Dawley rats was broken by homogenization into small bundles of fibers with disrupted sarcolemmas (skinned). Tension generation was activated by and graded according to the concentration of Ca2+ or Sr2+ in solutions bathing the skinned fibers and measured with a photodiode force transducer. Steady-state tensions for various levels of activation at each of four concentrations of Mg2+ (5 x 10(-5), 1 x 10(-3), 5 x 10(-3), and 10 x 10(-3) M) in the bathing solutions were analyzed. Other bathing solution constituents and parameters mimicked significant normal intracellular conditions while providing adequate buffering of [H+], [Ca2+], and [MgATP2-] (magnesium adenosine triphosphate). To assess changes in sensitivity of the mechanical system to activation by Ca2+ (or Sr2+), each submaximum tension was expressed as a percentage of the given fiber bundle's maximum force generated at saturating [Ca2+] (or [Sr2+]) at the same [Mg2+]. When plotted as saturation curves these data demonstrate that increasing [Mg2+] depresses Ca2+ sensitivity of the force-generating mechanism. The Ca2+ and Sr2+ sensitivity of the cardiac force-generating apparatus is similar at every [Mg2+], indicating that the magnitude of Mg2+ effect is similar for both types of activation. However, absolute maximum tensions at saturating activating cation concentration increased as [Mg2+] increased; the effect of Mg2+ on maximum force was proportionately the same for Ca2+ and Sr2+ activation. But because saturating [Ca2+] always resulted in a lower maximum force than saturating [Sr2+], this site of Ca2+-Mg2+ interaction appears distinct from the one influencing Ca2+ sensitivity.", "PMID": 97362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2722", "title": "Multiple ophthalmic anomalies and digital hypoplasia.", "content": "Multiple congenital eye and hand anomalies occurred in a young female born to normal but consanguineous parents. Both eyes were microphthalmic with severe corneal, iris lens pathology. Ultrasonography revealed multiple echos from the vitreous. The ocular findings are suggestive of retinal dysplasia. A skeletal dysplasia, presenting as distal phalangeal hypoplasia, was found in both hands. There was no history of intrauterine exposure to drugs. This appears to be a unique association of congenital malformations, without other systemic involvement. Diagnostic and genetic implications are discussed.", "contents": "Multiple ophthalmic anomalies and digital hypoplasia. Multiple congenital eye and hand anomalies occurred in a young female born to normal but consanguineous parents. Both eyes were microphthalmic with severe corneal, iris lens pathology. Ultrasonography revealed multiple echos from the vitreous. The ocular findings are suggestive of retinal dysplasia. A skeletal dysplasia, presenting as distal phalangeal hypoplasia, was found in both hands. There was no history of intrauterine exposure to drugs. This appears to be a unique association of congenital malformations, without other systemic involvement. Diagnostic and genetic implications are discussed.", "PMID": 97363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2723", "title": "Experimental infection of chimpanzees with the Norwalk agent of epidemic viral gastroenteritis.", "content": "A fecal filtrate of human origin containing the Norwalk agent of epidemic viral gastroenteritis was administered by stomach tube to chimpanzees in an attempt to induce diarrheal disease. Significant postchallenge serum antibody rises against Norwalk viral antigens were demonstrated in all animals using the techniques of immune electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay. In addition, viral antigens were detected in feces from five of nine animals using radioimmunoassay. Clinical illness characterized by diarrhea and/or vomiting did not occur. Infection was transmitted subsequently by feeding four additional chimpanzees a fecal filtrate prepared from one of the previously infected animals. Development of an antibody response in four animals and detection of viral antigen in two animals that received this passage filtrate indicated that viral replication had occurred in the absence of clinical illness. The availability of the chimpanzee as an experimental animal host susceptible to infection with the Norwalk agent should facilitate the study of epidemic viral gastroenteritis.", "contents": "Experimental infection of chimpanzees with the Norwalk agent of epidemic viral gastroenteritis. A fecal filtrate of human origin containing the Norwalk agent of epidemic viral gastroenteritis was administered by stomach tube to chimpanzees in an attempt to induce diarrheal disease. Significant postchallenge serum antibody rises against Norwalk viral antigens were demonstrated in all animals using the techniques of immune electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay. In addition, viral antigens were detected in feces from five of nine animals using radioimmunoassay. Clinical illness characterized by diarrhea and/or vomiting did not occur. Infection was transmitted subsequently by feeding four additional chimpanzees a fecal filtrate prepared from one of the previously infected animals. Development of an antibody response in four animals and detection of viral antigen in two animals that received this passage filtrate indicated that viral replication had occurred in the absence of clinical illness. The availability of the chimpanzee as an experimental animal host susceptible to infection with the Norwalk agent should facilitate the study of epidemic viral gastroenteritis.", "PMID": 97364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2724", "title": "Solid-phase microtiter radioimmunoassay for detection of the Norwalk strain of acute nonbacterial, epidemic gastroenteritis virus and its antibodies.", "content": "The development of microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassays for the detection of Norwalk antigen and its antibody is described. The tests are simple to perform and are sensitive and specific. The test for antigen can be used on crude stool filtrates and suspensions. Both tests are at least as sensitive as immune electron microscopy and more sensitive than immune adherence assay.", "contents": "Solid-phase microtiter radioimmunoassay for detection of the Norwalk strain of acute nonbacterial, epidemic gastroenteritis virus and its antibodies. The development of microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassays for the detection of Norwalk antigen and its antibody is described. The tests are simple to perform and are sensitive and specific. The test for antigen can be used on crude stool filtrates and suspensions. Both tests are at least as sensitive as immune electron microscopy and more sensitive than immune adherence assay.", "PMID": 97365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2725", "title": "Menkes' disease: neurophysiological aspects.", "content": "The evolution of neurophysiological features including the electroencephalogram (EEG), electroretinogram (ERG), and visual evoked potentials (VEP) is reported in eight cases of Menkes' \"kinky hair\" disease. All EEGs were severely abnormal, with some characteristic features seen from 3-5 months of age, after the onset of clinical symptomatology. From the age of 5 months, the EEGs resembled hypsarrhythmic patterns. The ERG was not affected in any patient, but the VEP was either of low amplitude or completely absent in all but one of the six patients tested. All eight patients received copper injections without substantial effect on either the clinical course of the disease or the EEG features.", "contents": "Menkes' disease: neurophysiological aspects. The evolution of neurophysiological features including the electroencephalogram (EEG), electroretinogram (ERG), and visual evoked potentials (VEP) is reported in eight cases of Menkes' \"kinky hair\" disease. All EEGs were severely abnormal, with some characteristic features seen from 3-5 months of age, after the onset of clinical symptomatology. From the age of 5 months, the EEGs resembled hypsarrhythmic patterns. The ERG was not affected in any patient, but the VEP was either of low amplitude or completely absent in all but one of the six patients tested. All eight patients received copper injections without substantial effect on either the clinical course of the disease or the EEG features.", "PMID": 97372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2726", "title": "Lymphocyte responsiveness to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis: Relationship to status of pulmonary disease in sibling pairs.", "content": "Lymphocyte proliferative responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated in six sibling pairs with cystic fibrosis. In each pair, one sibling had advanced clinical disease, whereas the other sibling was in good clinical condition. Three in this latter group had no clinically apparent Pseudomonas bronchitis. In all cases, the average responses to Pseudomonas isolated from each sibling pair were lower in the sibling with advanced clinical disease. This difference was not observed in the responses to Staphylococcus. Normal plasma or plasma from patients with CF in good clinical condition does not restore the responses in patients with advanced clinical disease. However, plasma from patients with low or no responses to Pseudomonas inhibits the responses of responding siblings. A progressive specific lymphocyte unresponsiveness to Pseudomonas may play an important role in the increasing destructiveness of chronic pulmonary Pseudomonas infection in cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Lymphocyte responsiveness to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis: Relationship to status of pulmonary disease in sibling pairs. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated in six sibling pairs with cystic fibrosis. In each pair, one sibling had advanced clinical disease, whereas the other sibling was in good clinical condition. Three in this latter group had no clinically apparent Pseudomonas bronchitis. In all cases, the average responses to Pseudomonas isolated from each sibling pair were lower in the sibling with advanced clinical disease. This difference was not observed in the responses to Staphylococcus. Normal plasma or plasma from patients with CF in good clinical condition does not restore the responses in patients with advanced clinical disease. However, plasma from patients with low or no responses to Pseudomonas inhibits the responses of responding siblings. A progressive specific lymphocyte unresponsiveness to Pseudomonas may play an important role in the increasing destructiveness of chronic pulmonary Pseudomonas infection in cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 97373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2727", "title": "The strength of the reflex response to sinusoidal stretch of monkey jaw closing muscles during voluntary contraction.", "content": "1. Rhesus monkeys were trained to exert steady biting forces of 3--60 N for 1--2 sec. This behaviour was well maintained while sinusoidal or step opening and closing movements were imposed on the jaw. 2. The amplitude of the force modulation during sinusoidal stretching was divided by the amplitude of movement to obtain the magnitude of stiffness. This estimate was made at frequencies from 2 to 50 Hz at amplitudes of 100 and 500 micrometer (half the peak-to-peak movement at the incisors). 3. Peak magnitudes of stiffness were seen with frequencies of 8--15 Hz when the amplitude of movement was small; there was a great deal of variation between individual animals. This variation was most striking with mean forces of 25--35 N. The stiffness was greatest in animals that showed considerable spontaneous tremor, and the highest levels of stiffness were often recorded with frequencies near which tremor amplitude was large. A marked phase lag in the force response was often seen during small amplitude stretching at 8--30 Hz. 4. Estimates of stiffness for larger amplitude (500 micrometer) stretching showed less variation; the magnitude of stiffness showed maximum values below 10 Hz and a minimum at 15--30 Hz. Force always showed a phase lead on position although this lead became small in the frequency range where with smaller movement there had been phase lags. The magnitude of stiffness increased with increasing mean force. 5. Bilateral electrolytic lesions were made in the brain stems of three animals; they reduced by over 95% the expected number of cells in the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve on either side. These lesions interrupted the afferent pathway for the stretch reflex and so abolished excitatory electromyogram (e.m.g.) responses to step stretches of the jaw closing muscles. 6. Such reflex responses as persisted after the lesions were small and inhibitory. E.m.g. silences followed both step stretch and release; the response to release was a 'load compensation' that could not be attributed to spindle afferents. 7. After the lesions the responses to movements of 100 micrometer showed neither negative values for the phase nor marked peaks in the stiffness magnitude at low frequencies; these features therefore take origin in the action of the stretch reflex. The stiffness that was measured after the lesions may be attributed to the non-reflex components resisting stretch, particularly to the properties of the contracting muscles. Thus, the phase of the force response was markedly advanced at all frequencies and the stiffness seen for 100 micrometer was similar to that for 500 micrometer. Stiffness increased with increasing mean force, as before surgery. 8. Vector subtraction of the stiffness seen at each frequency after interrupting the stretch reflex from that seen before doing so gave a quantitative estimate of the strength of the stretch reflex. The reflex activity calculated in this way showed attenuation and progressive phase lag as the frequency increased above 10 Hz...", "contents": "The strength of the reflex response to sinusoidal stretch of monkey jaw closing muscles during voluntary contraction. 1. Rhesus monkeys were trained to exert steady biting forces of 3--60 N for 1--2 sec. This behaviour was well maintained while sinusoidal or step opening and closing movements were imposed on the jaw. 2. The amplitude of the force modulation during sinusoidal stretching was divided by the amplitude of movement to obtain the magnitude of stiffness. This estimate was made at frequencies from 2 to 50 Hz at amplitudes of 100 and 500 micrometer (half the peak-to-peak movement at the incisors). 3. Peak magnitudes of stiffness were seen with frequencies of 8--15 Hz when the amplitude of movement was small; there was a great deal of variation between individual animals. This variation was most striking with mean forces of 25--35 N. The stiffness was greatest in animals that showed considerable spontaneous tremor, and the highest levels of stiffness were often recorded with frequencies near which tremor amplitude was large. A marked phase lag in the force response was often seen during small amplitude stretching at 8--30 Hz. 4. Estimates of stiffness for larger amplitude (500 micrometer) stretching showed less variation; the magnitude of stiffness showed maximum values below 10 Hz and a minimum at 15--30 Hz. Force always showed a phase lead on position although this lead became small in the frequency range where with smaller movement there had been phase lags. The magnitude of stiffness increased with increasing mean force. 5. Bilateral electrolytic lesions were made in the brain stems of three animals; they reduced by over 95% the expected number of cells in the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve on either side. These lesions interrupted the afferent pathway for the stretch reflex and so abolished excitatory electromyogram (e.m.g.) responses to step stretches of the jaw closing muscles. 6. Such reflex responses as persisted after the lesions were small and inhibitory. E.m.g. silences followed both step stretch and release; the response to release was a 'load compensation' that could not be attributed to spindle afferents. 7. After the lesions the responses to movements of 100 micrometer showed neither negative values for the phase nor marked peaks in the stiffness magnitude at low frequencies; these features therefore take origin in the action of the stretch reflex. The stiffness that was measured after the lesions may be attributed to the non-reflex components resisting stretch, particularly to the properties of the contracting muscles. Thus, the phase of the force response was markedly advanced at all frequencies and the stiffness seen for 100 micrometer was similar to that for 500 micrometer. Stiffness increased with increasing mean force, as before surgery. 8. Vector subtraction of the stiffness seen at each frequency after interrupting the stretch reflex from that seen before doing so gave a quantitative estimate of the strength of the stretch reflex. The reflex activity calculated in this way showed attenuation and progressive phase lag as the frequency increased above 10 Hz...", "PMID": 97378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2728", "title": "Synthesis and evaluation of bis-dipeptide and bis-tripeptide analogues of actinomycin D.", "content": "Six-bis-dipeptide analogues of actinomycin D, all containing two threonyl-D-valine side chains, were prepared. Also two bis-tripeptide analogues containing an additional proline or oxoproline residue were synthesized. None of the compounds bound to DNA in a manner similar to actinomycin D. This lack of strong intercalative binding emphasizes the importance of the pentapeptidolactone side chains in the binding of actinomycin D to DNA and also highlights the deficiences inherent in using only small nucleotide sequences in investigating drug-DNA binding. None of the analogues tested showed any antitumor activity, although actinocylbis(threonyl-D-valine methyl ester) did show 10% of the antibacterial activity of actinomycin D vs. Bacillus subtilis.", "contents": "Synthesis and evaluation of bis-dipeptide and bis-tripeptide analogues of actinomycin D. Six-bis-dipeptide analogues of actinomycin D, all containing two threonyl-D-valine side chains, were prepared. Also two bis-tripeptide analogues containing an additional proline or oxoproline residue were synthesized. None of the compounds bound to DNA in a manner similar to actinomycin D. This lack of strong intercalative binding emphasizes the importance of the pentapeptidolactone side chains in the binding of actinomycin D to DNA and also highlights the deficiences inherent in using only small nucleotide sequences in investigating drug-DNA binding. None of the analogues tested showed any antitumor activity, although actinocylbis(threonyl-D-valine methyl ester) did show 10% of the antibacterial activity of actinomycin D vs. Bacillus subtilis.", "PMID": 97381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2729", "title": "Folate antagonists. 12. Antimalarial and antibacterial effects of 2,4-diamino-6-[(aralkyl and alicyclid)thio-, sulfinyl-, and sulfonyl]quinazolines.", "content": "A series of 2,4-diamino-6-[(aralkyl and alicyclic)thio-, sulfinyl-, and sulfonyl]quinazolines was prepared via condensation of 5-chloro-2-nitrobenzonitrile or 5,6-dichloro-2-nitrobenzonitrile with the appropriate aralkyl or alicyclic thiopseudourea, reduction of the resulting 2-nitro-5-[(aralkyl or alicyclic)thio]benzonitrile with stannous chloride to the amine, and cyclization with chloroformamidine hydrochloride. Oxidation was effected with hydrogen peroxide or the bromine complex of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. These analogues when examined for suppressive activity against drug-sensitive lines of Plasmodium berghei in mice were not as active as 2,4-diamino-6-[3,4-dichlorobenzyl)amino]quinazoline (Ia).", "contents": "Folate antagonists. 12. Antimalarial and antibacterial effects of 2,4-diamino-6-[(aralkyl and alicyclid)thio-, sulfinyl-, and sulfonyl]quinazolines. A series of 2,4-diamino-6-[(aralkyl and alicyclic)thio-, sulfinyl-, and sulfonyl]quinazolines was prepared via condensation of 5-chloro-2-nitrobenzonitrile or 5,6-dichloro-2-nitrobenzonitrile with the appropriate aralkyl or alicyclic thiopseudourea, reduction of the resulting 2-nitro-5-[(aralkyl or alicyclic)thio]benzonitrile with stannous chloride to the amine, and cyclization with chloroformamidine hydrochloride. Oxidation was effected with hydrogen peroxide or the bromine complex of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. These analogues when examined for suppressive activity against drug-sensitive lines of Plasmodium berghei in mice were not as active as 2,4-diamino-6-[3,4-dichlorobenzyl)amino]quinazoline (Ia).", "PMID": 97382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2730", "title": "trans-2,3b,4,5,7,8b,9,10-Octahydronaphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c']dipyrazole, a new orally active antiallergic compound.", "content": "The synthesis and antiallergic activity of a new heterocyclid steroidal molecule are described. Compound 1 was shown to inhibit the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and its activity in this system was compared to that of disodium cromoglycate. It is orally active at a dose of 35 mg/kg (ED50) and its activity persists for up to 6 h for larger doses.", "contents": "trans-2,3b,4,5,7,8b,9,10-Octahydronaphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c']dipyrazole, a new orally active antiallergic compound. The synthesis and antiallergic activity of a new heterocyclid steroidal molecule are described. Compound 1 was shown to inhibit the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and its activity in this system was compared to that of disodium cromoglycate. It is orally active at a dose of 35 mg/kg (ED50) and its activity persists for up to 6 h for larger doses.", "PMID": 97384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2731", "title": "Acute myelogenous leukaemia in Hurler's syndrome.", "content": "The occurrence of the Hurler syndrome and acute myelogenous leukaemia in a 2 1/2-year-old girl is described. This represents the first published report of the concurrence of these two diseases.", "contents": "Acute myelogenous leukaemia in Hurler's syndrome. The occurrence of the Hurler syndrome and acute myelogenous leukaemia in a 2 1/2-year-old girl is described. This represents the first published report of the concurrence of these two diseases.", "PMID": 97385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2732", "title": "Effects of 3'deoxyadenosine and actinomycin D on RNA synthesis in toad bladder: analysis of response to aldosterone.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that aldosterone increases transepithelial active Na+ transport after a latent period of about 60 min and incorporation of 3H-uridine into polyadenylated RNA (poly(A)(+)RNA) (putatively poly(A)(+)mRNA) as early as 30 min after aldosterone addition. To assess the physiological importance of this pathway, the effects of 3'deoxyadenosine and actinomycin D were compared in studies on the urinary bladder of the toad Bufo marinus. 3'deoxyadenosine (30 microgram/ml) only partially, though significantly, inhibited the aldosterone-dependent increase in Na+ transport measured as short-circuit current (scc). The incorporation of 3H-uridine into poly(A) (+)RNA was inhibited by 70 to 80%. In contrast, Actinomycin D (2 microgram/ml) totally inhibited the aldosterone-dependent increase in scc, and the incorporation of 3H-uridine into poly(A)(+)RNA by 68 to 75%. 3'deoxyadenosine or actinomycin D alone had no significant effects on baseline scc, while inhibiting poly(A)(+)RNA to the same extent. The differential effects of deoxyadenosine and actinomycin on aldosterone-dpendent Na+ transport may be related to their different sites of action on RNA synthesis: both drugs inhibited, to a similar extent, cytoplasmic poly(A)(+)mRNA: however, 3'deoxyadenosine, in contrast to Actinomycin D, failed to inhibit poly(A)(-)RNA, sedimenting between 4S and 18S (putatively poly(A)(-)mRNA). We conclude that the mineralocorticoid action of aldosterone during the first three hours depends on the synthesis of both poly(A)(+)mRNA and poly(A)(-)mRNA.", "contents": "Effects of 3'deoxyadenosine and actinomycin D on RNA synthesis in toad bladder: analysis of response to aldosterone. Previous studies have shown that aldosterone increases transepithelial active Na+ transport after a latent period of about 60 min and incorporation of 3H-uridine into polyadenylated RNA (poly(A)(+)RNA) (putatively poly(A)(+)mRNA) as early as 30 min after aldosterone addition. To assess the physiological importance of this pathway, the effects of 3'deoxyadenosine and actinomycin D were compared in studies on the urinary bladder of the toad Bufo marinus. 3'deoxyadenosine (30 microgram/ml) only partially, though significantly, inhibited the aldosterone-dependent increase in Na+ transport measured as short-circuit current (scc). The incorporation of 3H-uridine into poly(A) (+)RNA was inhibited by 70 to 80%. In contrast, Actinomycin D (2 microgram/ml) totally inhibited the aldosterone-dependent increase in scc, and the incorporation of 3H-uridine into poly(A)(+)RNA by 68 to 75%. 3'deoxyadenosine or actinomycin D alone had no significant effects on baseline scc, while inhibiting poly(A)(+)RNA to the same extent. The differential effects of deoxyadenosine and actinomycin on aldosterone-dpendent Na+ transport may be related to their different sites of action on RNA synthesis: both drugs inhibited, to a similar extent, cytoplasmic poly(A)(+)mRNA: however, 3'deoxyadenosine, in contrast to Actinomycin D, failed to inhibit poly(A)(-)RNA, sedimenting between 4S and 18S (putatively poly(A)(-)mRNA). We conclude that the mineralocorticoid action of aldosterone during the first three hours depends on the synthesis of both poly(A)(+)mRNA and poly(A)(-)mRNA.", "PMID": 97386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2733", "title": "Ionic and metabolic requirements for the hydroosmotic response to antidiuretic hormone in toad urinary bladder.", "content": "A study has been conducted to determine the ionic and metabolic requirements for full expression of the hydroosmotic response to antidiuretic hormone in the toad urinary bladder. By appropriate manipulation of incubation conditions it can be shown that there is a pool of serosal sodium necessary for a full hormone response. This serosal sodium pool is not related to the transepithelial sodium transport pool A full hydroosmotic response also requires serosal potassium; however, no specific anion requirement was demonstrated. Additionally, anaerobic or aerobic metabolism support a full hydroosmotic response equally well.", "contents": "Ionic and metabolic requirements for the hydroosmotic response to antidiuretic hormone in toad urinary bladder. A study has been conducted to determine the ionic and metabolic requirements for full expression of the hydroosmotic response to antidiuretic hormone in the toad urinary bladder. By appropriate manipulation of incubation conditions it can be shown that there is a pool of serosal sodium necessary for a full hormone response. This serosal sodium pool is not related to the transepithelial sodium transport pool A full hydroosmotic response also requires serosal potassium; however, no specific anion requirement was demonstrated. Additionally, anaerobic or aerobic metabolism support a full hydroosmotic response equally well.", "PMID": 97387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2734", "title": "Isotope-release cytotoxicity assay with the use of indium-111: advantage over chromium-51 in long-term assays.", "content": "The adaptation of indium-111-oxine (also known as 8-hydroxyquinoline) (111In Ox) chelate for long-term (18-48 hr) isotope-release assays of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and its advantages over the use of 51 Cr are described. Labeling of DBA/2 P815 mastocytoma cells with 111InOx resulted in the incorporation of as many as a million counts per minute in 10(5) cells with no reduction in cell viability. 111InOx labeled both mouse and human tumor cells. 111InOx, like 51Cr, primarily labeled cytoplasmic constituents; up to 80% of the label existed in a releasable form. 111InOx was quantitatively released from labeled P815 in response to specifically sensitized C57BL/6 lymphocytes. The high labelling efficiency of 111InOx offered a significant advantage over 51Cr in 18- to 48-hour assays for CMC by reducing the counting error and thus making the assay more precise. Because of its higher labeling efficiency, 111InOx can be used in microcytotoxicity assays. 111InOx has the added advantage of a lower spontaneous release in culture than 51Cr. This feature of 111InOx also makes the calculation of specific isotope release more accurate than that achieved with 51Cr in long-term cytotoxic assays.", "contents": "Isotope-release cytotoxicity assay with the use of indium-111: advantage over chromium-51 in long-term assays. The adaptation of indium-111-oxine (also known as 8-hydroxyquinoline) (111In Ox) chelate for long-term (18-48 hr) isotope-release assays of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and its advantages over the use of 51 Cr are described. Labeling of DBA/2 P815 mastocytoma cells with 111InOx resulted in the incorporation of as many as a million counts per minute in 10(5) cells with no reduction in cell viability. 111InOx labeled both mouse and human tumor cells. 111InOx, like 51Cr, primarily labeled cytoplasmic constituents; up to 80% of the label existed in a releasable form. 111InOx was quantitatively released from labeled P815 in response to specifically sensitized C57BL/6 lymphocytes. The high labelling efficiency of 111InOx offered a significant advantage over 51Cr in 18- to 48-hour assays for CMC by reducing the counting error and thus making the assay more precise. Because of its higher labeling efficiency, 111InOx can be used in microcytotoxicity assays. 111InOx has the added advantage of a lower spontaneous release in culture than 51Cr. This feature of 111InOx also makes the calculation of specific isotope release more accurate than that achieved with 51Cr in long-term cytotoxic assays.", "PMID": 97392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2735", "title": "Blood microaggregates and ultrafilters.", "content": "The report presents three studies of post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency (PTPI). In the first no significant pulmonary hemodynamic or ventilatory changes in severely shocked baboons resuscitated with shed fresh blood or stored blood were observed over 48 or 84 hours. Second, a post-mortem study of patients receving more than 5 units of blood within 24 hours of death showed sme microemboli in the lungs in about two thirds. Patients with multiple microthrombi had received an average of 20.6 units of blood; patients with some or no microemboli 15.5 and 6.3, respectively. Third in a review of the respiratory complications of 153 multiple-trauma patients, it was shown that the formerly severe problems with PTPI were now well managed clinically, that persistent respiratory failure was now occurring much later after injury, and occurred almost exclusively in patients with sepsis. Relation of the above data to previous reports in the literature led to the conclusion that the clinical significance of microaggregates in stored blood, if any, is low, and that ultrafiltration to remove microemboli only makes sense if it does not impede the rate of blood infusion and does not increase cost.", "contents": "Blood microaggregates and ultrafilters. The report presents three studies of post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency (PTPI). In the first no significant pulmonary hemodynamic or ventilatory changes in severely shocked baboons resuscitated with shed fresh blood or stored blood were observed over 48 or 84 hours. Second, a post-mortem study of patients receving more than 5 units of blood within 24 hours of death showed sme microemboli in the lungs in about two thirds. Patients with multiple microthrombi had received an average of 20.6 units of blood; patients with some or no microemboli 15.5 and 6.3, respectively. Third in a review of the respiratory complications of 153 multiple-trauma patients, it was shown that the formerly severe problems with PTPI were now well managed clinically, that persistent respiratory failure was now occurring much later after injury, and occurred almost exclusively in patients with sepsis. Relation of the above data to previous reports in the literature led to the conclusion that the clinical significance of microaggregates in stored blood, if any, is low, and that ultrafiltration to remove microemboli only makes sense if it does not impede the rate of blood infusion and does not increase cost.", "PMID": 97393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2736", "title": "Effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-4 sodium solution on the surface of renal calculi and the uroepithelium.", "content": "Tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid is one of the most effective agents that dissolve renal calculi, especially calculi containing calcium. To study the dissolving process of calculi in solutions, with or without trypsin, serial thin sections of renal calculi composed of calcium oxalate and/or phosphate were prepared and observed by polarizing microscopy. The effects of the solution on the surface of human renal calculi and rat uroepithelium also were studied by scanning electron microscopy. A remarkable difference in solubility was noted between the crystalline and the amorphous components in struvite calculi. Under the polarizing microscope the dissolving effect of 5 per cent tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution on struvite after 30 minutes of incubation was equivalent to the use of saline for 24 hours. The effect of trypsin was not apparent. However, under the scanning electron microscope trypsin accelerated the dissolving effect of the tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution in struvite and calcium oxalate calculi. The contradictory findings of the ineffectiveness of trypsin on the thin sections as opposed to the pronounced changes seen on the surface of the calculi could be attributed to the difference in the exposed area. The results suggest that trypsin does not seem to dissolve calculi but mainly facilitates the solution to permeate the calculi. The cellular arrangement of the uroepithelium was preserved in tetrasodium solution and in 0.04 per cent trypsin tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution.", "contents": "Effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-4 sodium solution on the surface of renal calculi and the uroepithelium. Tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid is one of the most effective agents that dissolve renal calculi, especially calculi containing calcium. To study the dissolving process of calculi in solutions, with or without trypsin, serial thin sections of renal calculi composed of calcium oxalate and/or phosphate were prepared and observed by polarizing microscopy. The effects of the solution on the surface of human renal calculi and rat uroepithelium also were studied by scanning electron microscopy. A remarkable difference in solubility was noted between the crystalline and the amorphous components in struvite calculi. Under the polarizing microscope the dissolving effect of 5 per cent tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution on struvite after 30 minutes of incubation was equivalent to the use of saline for 24 hours. The effect of trypsin was not apparent. However, under the scanning electron microscope trypsin accelerated the dissolving effect of the tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution in struvite and calcium oxalate calculi. The contradictory findings of the ineffectiveness of trypsin on the thin sections as opposed to the pronounced changes seen on the surface of the calculi could be attributed to the difference in the exposed area. The results suggest that trypsin does not seem to dissolve calculi but mainly facilitates the solution to permeate the calculi. The cellular arrangement of the uroepithelium was preserved in tetrasodium solution and in 0.04 per cent trypsin tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution.", "PMID": 97399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2737", "title": "Eye findings in the diagnosis of Fabry's disease. Patients with renal failure.", "content": "Two patients underwent renal transplantation for what was thought to be glomerulonephritis and chronic pyelonephritis. The diagnosis of Fabry's disease was made as an incidental finding during an ophthalmologic consultation for evaluation of blurred vision. These two cases illustrate the usefulness of an eye examination in the correct diagnosis in patients with the multisystem complaints of Fabry's disease. The correct diagnosis was extremely important in understanding the other manifestations of this disease in the affected patient and in the genetic counseling of the family.", "contents": "Eye findings in the diagnosis of Fabry's disease. Patients with renal failure. Two patients underwent renal transplantation for what was thought to be glomerulonephritis and chronic pyelonephritis. The diagnosis of Fabry's disease was made as an incidental finding during an ophthalmologic consultation for evaluation of blurred vision. These two cases illustrate the usefulness of an eye examination in the correct diagnosis in patients with the multisystem complaints of Fabry's disease. The correct diagnosis was extremely important in understanding the other manifestations of this disease in the affected patient and in the genetic counseling of the family.", "PMID": 97403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2738", "title": "The results of culture of gallbladder, bile and gall-stones.", "content": "Bacterial cultures and sensitivity were done on gall-bladder, bile stones and gall-bladder wall in 35 patients and positive cultures were obtained in nine (25.7%). The most effective antibiotics were Gentamycin and Ampiclox. The incidence of post-operative complications appears to be significantly higher in patients with a positive culture.", "contents": "The results of culture of gallbladder, bile and gall-stones. Bacterial cultures and sensitivity were done on gall-bladder, bile stones and gall-bladder wall in 35 patients and positive cultures were obtained in nine (25.7%). The most effective antibiotics were Gentamycin and Ampiclox. The incidence of post-operative complications appears to be significantly higher in patients with a positive culture.", "PMID": 97406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2739", "title": "Histalog gastric analysis.", "content": "A histalog gastric analysis was done in 20 patients with gastroduodenal disorders and 12 subjects with non-ulcer dyspepsia who were used as controls. Due to overlap of secretory responses its use as a diagnostic tool is limited. About 46% patients with duodenal ulcer exceeded the upper limit of acid secretion of control subjects. Values for stimulated secretion in controls and the patients with gastric ulcer were the same. Endoscopy if possible is the investigation of choice for the diagnosis of gastroduodenal disorders and the secretory studies should be limited to patients under-going surgery for peptic ulceration.", "contents": "Histalog gastric analysis. A histalog gastric analysis was done in 20 patients with gastroduodenal disorders and 12 subjects with non-ulcer dyspepsia who were used as controls. Due to overlap of secretory responses its use as a diagnostic tool is limited. About 46% patients with duodenal ulcer exceeded the upper limit of acid secretion of control subjects. Values for stimulated secretion in controls and the patients with gastric ulcer were the same. Endoscopy if possible is the investigation of choice for the diagnosis of gastroduodenal disorders and the secretory studies should be limited to patients under-going surgery for peptic ulceration.", "PMID": 97408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2740", "title": "The results of basal and post pentagastrin gastric secretory studies in apparently healthy subjects, a preliminary communication.", "content": "Pentagastrin stimulated gastric secretory studies were carried out in 26 apparently healthy subjects. Each specimen of gastric juice was analysed for volume, pH, total acidity and major electrolytes. The data was analysed and compared with other published reports.", "contents": "The results of basal and post pentagastrin gastric secretory studies in apparently healthy subjects, a preliminary communication. Pentagastrin stimulated gastric secretory studies were carried out in 26 apparently healthy subjects. Each specimen of gastric juice was analysed for volume, pH, total acidity and major electrolytes. The data was analysed and compared with other published reports.", "PMID": 97409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2741", "title": "Carcinoma of gall bladder.", "content": "A study of 118 newly diagnosed patients with gallbladder disease during a two year period showed that the frequency of gallbladder cancer was 8.4% and cholelithiasis played a significant role in its etiology. No remarkable differences were observed in the clinical and biochemical findings between the benign and malignant disease of gallbladder.", "contents": "Carcinoma of gall bladder. A study of 118 newly diagnosed patients with gallbladder disease during a two year period showed that the frequency of gallbladder cancer was 8.4% and cholelithiasis played a significant role in its etiology. No remarkable differences were observed in the clinical and biochemical findings between the benign and malignant disease of gallbladder.", "PMID": 97413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2742", "title": "Mycetoma caused by Nocardia asteroides.", "content": "During the last 5 years six cases of mycetoma have been referred to the Razi Hospital, Thehran. Nocardia Asteroides was found to be the causative agent in one case only. Five of the patients were males, all being rice farmers, and one was a female. All of them belonged to Northern Iran which has a mediterranean climate. Treatment of the condition still remains unsatisfactory and ineffective and amputation may have to be performed as a last resort.", "contents": "Mycetoma caused by Nocardia asteroides. During the last 5 years six cases of mycetoma have been referred to the Razi Hospital, Thehran. Nocardia Asteroides was found to be the causative agent in one case only. Five of the patients were males, all being rice farmers, and one was a female. All of them belonged to Northern Iran which has a mediterranean climate. Treatment of the condition still remains unsatisfactory and ineffective and amputation may have to be performed as a last resort.", "PMID": 97414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2743", "title": "Therapeutic effect of immunization with OEP, protease toxoid and elastase toxoid on corneal ulcers in mice due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.", "content": "The effectiveness of immunizing mice with protease toxoid (PT) or elastase toxoid (ET) on the corneal ulcerization due to either protease or elastase were investigated. Consequently, mice immunized with either PT or ET were protected from corneal ulcers experimentally induced by the homologous enzyme, either protease or elastase. Similarly, two kinds of rabbit immune sera, anti-PT and anti-ET, were found to prevent corneal ulcers by the homologous enzyme. Then, the therapeutic effects of vaccination with a single or mixed vaccine consisting of one, two or three components, i.e., PT, ET and/or the common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were examined on corneal ulcers in mice produced by live cultures of the bacteria. For the same purpose, administration of a single or combined rabbit immune sera against PT, ET and OEP was conducted. As a result, vaccination with the three-component-mixed vaccine or administration with rabbit immune sera combined with anti-PT and anti-ET sera in addition to anti-OEP serum, were found to be the most effective in preventing corneal ulceration as well as in treating corneal ulcers in mice.", "contents": "Therapeutic effect of immunization with OEP, protease toxoid and elastase toxoid on corneal ulcers in mice due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. The effectiveness of immunizing mice with protease toxoid (PT) or elastase toxoid (ET) on the corneal ulcerization due to either protease or elastase were investigated. Consequently, mice immunized with either PT or ET were protected from corneal ulcers experimentally induced by the homologous enzyme, either protease or elastase. Similarly, two kinds of rabbit immune sera, anti-PT and anti-ET, were found to prevent corneal ulcers by the homologous enzyme. Then, the therapeutic effects of vaccination with a single or mixed vaccine consisting of one, two or three components, i.e., PT, ET and/or the common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were examined on corneal ulcers in mice produced by live cultures of the bacteria. For the same purpose, administration of a single or combined rabbit immune sera against PT, ET and OEP was conducted. As a result, vaccination with the three-component-mixed vaccine or administration with rabbit immune sera combined with anti-PT and anti-ET sera in addition to anti-OEP serum, were found to be the most effective in preventing corneal ulceration as well as in treating corneal ulcers in mice.", "PMID": 97424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2744", "title": "Modern treatment of bronchial asthma.", "content": "Various biochemical mediators and autonomic events lead to symptom-causing pathological changes in asthma attacks, that is, mucosal edema, mucous gland hypersecretion, and bronchial smooth muscle contraction. The discovery of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, and the observation that cyclic AMP is the intracellular effector in cells stimulated by various hormones, led to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of medications of asthma. Emergence evaluation, in addition to history, physical findings, and physiological status, should include prior asthma history, physical findings, and physiological status, should include prior asthma history. Initial emergency therapy in patients with a history suggesting responsiveness to simple measures includes subcutaneous epinephrine, 0.2 to 0.5 mg, or terbutaline sulfate, 0.25 mg. Also, the patient may benefit from inhalation of an aerosolized bronchodilator. Patients who do not respond to initial treatment in three to four hours or who deteriorate, should be hospitalized. Hospitalized asthma patients should be constantly observed and monitored. The emergency treatment should be continued vigorously. Corticosteroid therapy should be started upon admission. The response rate to therapy in the hospitalized asthmatic is highly variable. Outpatient management involves patient education in the nature of asthma and in the fact that multiple drugs and frequent changes in therapy may be required to bring the symptoms under control.", "contents": "Modern treatment of bronchial asthma. Various biochemical mediators and autonomic events lead to symptom-causing pathological changes in asthma attacks, that is, mucosal edema, mucous gland hypersecretion, and bronchial smooth muscle contraction. The discovery of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, and the observation that cyclic AMP is the intracellular effector in cells stimulated by various hormones, led to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of medications of asthma. Emergence evaluation, in addition to history, physical findings, and physiological status, should include prior asthma history, physical findings, and physiological status, should include prior asthma history. Initial emergency therapy in patients with a history suggesting responsiveness to simple measures includes subcutaneous epinephrine, 0.2 to 0.5 mg, or terbutaline sulfate, 0.25 mg. Also, the patient may benefit from inhalation of an aerosolized bronchodilator. Patients who do not respond to initial treatment in three to four hours or who deteriorate, should be hospitalized. Hospitalized asthma patients should be constantly observed and monitored. The emergency treatment should be continued vigorously. Corticosteroid therapy should be started upon admission. The response rate to therapy in the hospitalized asthmatic is highly variable. Outpatient management involves patient education in the nature of asthma and in the fact that multiple drugs and frequent changes in therapy may be required to bring the symptoms under control.", "PMID": 97463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2745", "title": "[Clinical biochemical aspects of the prophylaxis and therapy of senile cataract with zinc aspartate (author's transl)].", "content": "In the aetiology and pathogenesis of senile cataract a disturbed glucose utilisation is found. This reflects a loss of activity of some key enzymes for glycolysis in the lens. These enzymes (ALD, G6PDH, HK, LDH, MDH and phosphofructokinase) are zinc metal enzymes. The decrease in activity of these enzymes can be compensated by the administration of specific cations. With zinc one can improve the impaired glucose metabolism occurring in old age. For the prophylaxis and therapy of senile cataract the prolonged administration of zinc aspartate is indicated. In the presence of magnesium deficiency magnesium salts should also be given. Cation eliminating exogenous or endogenous factors must be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Clinical biochemical aspects of the prophylaxis and therapy of senile cataract with zinc aspartate (author's transl)]. In the aetiology and pathogenesis of senile cataract a disturbed glucose utilisation is found. This reflects a loss of activity of some key enzymes for glycolysis in the lens. These enzymes (ALD, G6PDH, HK, LDH, MDH and phosphofructokinase) are zinc metal enzymes. The decrease in activity of these enzymes can be compensated by the administration of specific cations. With zinc one can improve the impaired glucose metabolism occurring in old age. For the prophylaxis and therapy of senile cataract the prolonged administration of zinc aspartate is indicated. In the presence of magnesium deficiency magnesium salts should also be given. Cation eliminating exogenous or endogenous factors must be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 97466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2746", "title": "[Partial parenteral feeding in infants with special reference to the amino acid levels (author's transl)].", "content": "12 infants aged between 6 weeks and several months were partially fed for a period of three days parenterally with a 6% amino acid solution adapted to breast milk as well as with an electrolyte solution with 10% glucose. The amino acid levels in the plasma were determined daily in the blood of fasting blood after an infusion period of 20 hours and after an interval of four hours. All the amino acids examined during the period of the study, revealed good homeostasis.", "contents": "[Partial parenteral feeding in infants with special reference to the amino acid levels (author's transl)]. 12 infants aged between 6 weeks and several months were partially fed for a period of three days parenterally with a 6% amino acid solution adapted to breast milk as well as with an electrolyte solution with 10% glucose. The amino acid levels in the plasma were determined daily in the blood of fasting blood after an infusion period of 20 hours and after an interval of four hours. All the amino acids examined during the period of the study, revealed good homeostasis.", "PMID": 97467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2747", "title": "[The influence of disodium cromoglycate (DNCG) on the phagocytotic activity of neutrophile granulocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "Disodium cromoglycate (Intal) inhibits in vitro the phagocytotic activity of neutrophile granulocytes. In thirteen pairs of blinding analysed experiments it could be shown that the DNCG incubatet blood samples had a phagocytotic index below that of the control. The statistical significance of these findings was assessed by a variance analysis.", "contents": "[The influence of disodium cromoglycate (DNCG) on the phagocytotic activity of neutrophile granulocytes (author's transl)]. Disodium cromoglycate (Intal) inhibits in vitro the phagocytotic activity of neutrophile granulocytes. In thirteen pairs of blinding analysed experiments it could be shown that the DNCG incubatet blood samples had a phagocytotic index below that of the control. The statistical significance of these findings was assessed by a variance analysis.", "PMID": 97468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2748", "title": "[Increased demethylation of aminopyrine under long-term treatment with anticonvulsive drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Demethylation of aminopyrine was measured in 25 healthy controls and 19 epileptics on long-term treatment with anticonvulsants by the 14C-aminopyrine breath test. Compared to controls epileptics exhibited increased cumulative 14CO2-exhalation rates (88.7% at 30 min, 62.6% at 2 h and 24.8% at 8h) following ingestion of 2 mu Ci 14C-aminopyrine. The results suggest that long-term treatment with antiepileptic drugs results in increased demethylating function of the liver which can be easily detected by a simple breath analysis technique like decreased demethylation in chronic liver disease.", "contents": "[Increased demethylation of aminopyrine under long-term treatment with anticonvulsive drugs (author's transl)]. Demethylation of aminopyrine was measured in 25 healthy controls and 19 epileptics on long-term treatment with anticonvulsants by the 14C-aminopyrine breath test. Compared to controls epileptics exhibited increased cumulative 14CO2-exhalation rates (88.7% at 30 min, 62.6% at 2 h and 24.8% at 8h) following ingestion of 2 mu Ci 14C-aminopyrine. The results suggest that long-term treatment with antiepileptic drugs results in increased demethylating function of the liver which can be easily detected by a simple breath analysis technique like decreased demethylation in chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 97469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2749", "title": "Circadian oscillations of body temperature in the marmoset, Callithrix jacchus.", "content": "The rectal temperature of 8 marmosets was taken regularly throughout a 76 hour period. A pronounced circadian rhythm was detected: body temperature reached a maximum during the light phase and a minimum during the dark phase.", "contents": "Circadian oscillations of body temperature in the marmoset, Callithrix jacchus. The rectal temperature of 8 marmosets was taken regularly throughout a 76 hour period. A pronounced circadian rhythm was detected: body temperature reached a maximum during the light phase and a minimum during the dark phase.", "PMID": 97470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2750", "title": "Effects of pelleting and sterilization of diet on 2 strains of rabbit coccidia.", "content": "Both autoclaving and irradiation at levels currently used for other laboratory animal diets appear to be satisfactory for the elimination of 2 of the most robust and pathogenic species of rabbit coccidia. Pelleting by the usual methods, even at 68 degrees C, was found to be unsatisfactory in eliminating all oocysts from heavily infected diet.", "contents": "Effects of pelleting and sterilization of diet on 2 strains of rabbit coccidia. Both autoclaving and irradiation at levels currently used for other laboratory animal diets appear to be satisfactory for the elimination of 2 of the most robust and pathogenic species of rabbit coccidia. Pelleting by the usual methods, even at 68 degrees C, was found to be unsatisfactory in eliminating all oocysts from heavily infected diet.", "PMID": 97471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2751", "title": "Medical economics survey-methods study: cost-effectiveness of alternative survey strategies.", "content": "The Medical Economics Survey-Methods Study was conducted under contract for the National Center for Health Statistics during 1975-76. The objective was to determine the cost-effectiveness of a variety of strategies under consideration for application in a national survey in 1977. Detailed data on health care utilization and expenditures were collected periodically from a panel of 691 Maryland households over a seven-month period. Issues tested through a random experimental design included the relative effectiveness of monthly versus bimonthly interviews and in-person versus telephone contact. Completeness and accuracy of information were determined through an extensive record check involving all providers and third party payers identified in the household check involving all providers and third party payers identified in the household survey. The results indicate that there are substantial deficiencies in the household reporting and that the household data for all types of medical services would benefit from the availability of record data in order to improve theri accuracy. The frequency of contact (monthly versus bimonthly) had little effect on the accuracy of reporting. Given the higher rate of attrition observed for the monthly procedures and their considerably greater cost, the bimonthly interval appears to offer advantages. In-person contact resulted in significantly better reporting compared with telephone contact in the Baltimore area, but no difference was found in more rural Washington County. Thus, the 10 per cent cost increase for in-person contact may well be justified by the improved accuracy of the data obtained for certain types of populations.", "contents": "Medical economics survey-methods study: cost-effectiveness of alternative survey strategies. The Medical Economics Survey-Methods Study was conducted under contract for the National Center for Health Statistics during 1975-76. The objective was to determine the cost-effectiveness of a variety of strategies under consideration for application in a national survey in 1977. Detailed data on health care utilization and expenditures were collected periodically from a panel of 691 Maryland households over a seven-month period. Issues tested through a random experimental design included the relative effectiveness of monthly versus bimonthly interviews and in-person versus telephone contact. Completeness and accuracy of information were determined through an extensive record check involving all providers and third party payers identified in the household check involving all providers and third party payers identified in the household survey. The results indicate that there are substantial deficiencies in the household reporting and that the household data for all types of medical services would benefit from the availability of record data in order to improve theri accuracy. The frequency of contact (monthly versus bimonthly) had little effect on the accuracy of reporting. Given the higher rate of attrition observed for the monthly procedures and their considerably greater cost, the bimonthly interval appears to offer advantages. In-person contact resulted in significantly better reporting compared with telephone contact in the Baltimore area, but no difference was found in more rural Washington County. Thus, the 10 per cent cost increase for in-person contact may well be justified by the improved accuracy of the data obtained for certain types of populations.", "PMID": 97474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2752", "title": "A computerized scheme for the preparation of parenteral nutrition regimes.", "content": "An operational computerized system to aid clinicians in the design of total parenteral nutrition regimes is reported. Two computer programs are described. The 'Requirements' program uses patient data and the results of blood and fluid excretion analyses to calculate the nutritional requirements for a period of 24 hours. Accepted formulae are used in these calculations. The 'Bottle Selection' program fits an intravenous bottle regime to the patient requirements from a standard set of commercially available intravenous feeding solutions. The system has been well accepted by the clinical staff who are free to accept, modify or reject a regime. Financial savings have been noted by the pharmacy who can plan for a faster turnover of a smaller range of solutions. The programs have been used routinely on a programmable calculator and have been written in CORAL for a Ferranti Argus 700E computer.", "contents": "A computerized scheme for the preparation of parenteral nutrition regimes. An operational computerized system to aid clinicians in the design of total parenteral nutrition regimes is reported. Two computer programs are described. The 'Requirements' program uses patient data and the results of blood and fluid excretion analyses to calculate the nutritional requirements for a period of 24 hours. Accepted formulae are used in these calculations. The 'Bottle Selection' program fits an intravenous bottle regime to the patient requirements from a standard set of commercially available intravenous feeding solutions. The system has been well accepted by the clinical staff who are free to accept, modify or reject a regime. Financial savings have been noted by the pharmacy who can plan for a faster turnover of a smaller range of solutions. The programs have been used routinely on a programmable calculator and have been written in CORAL for a Ferranti Argus 700E computer.", "PMID": 97475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2753", "title": "Air caloric stimulation with tympanic membrane perforation.", "content": "Warm air caloric stimulation in an ear with tympanic membrane perforation or mastoidectomy cavity often causes contralateral nystagmus. Secondary nystagmus is common. Our evidence with squirrel monkeys and patients indicates that the primary \"inversion\" results from endolymph cooling due to evaporative cooling due to evaporative cooling of the mucus lining the middle ear cavity, by the dry air stimulus. Disconjugate horizontal nystagmus was found in a patient with large eardrum perforation, after cold air caloric stimulation. The effect probably resulted from stimulation of the anterior or posterior vertical semicircular canal. Inverted or disconjugate caloric nystagmus after air stimulation is much more frequently due to tympanic membrane perforation, or moisture in the external ear, than to central nervous system disease.", "contents": "Air caloric stimulation with tympanic membrane perforation. Warm air caloric stimulation in an ear with tympanic membrane perforation or mastoidectomy cavity often causes contralateral nystagmus. Secondary nystagmus is common. Our evidence with squirrel monkeys and patients indicates that the primary \"inversion\" results from endolymph cooling due to evaporative cooling due to evaporative cooling of the mucus lining the middle ear cavity, by the dry air stimulus. Disconjugate horizontal nystagmus was found in a patient with large eardrum perforation, after cold air caloric stimulation. The effect probably resulted from stimulation of the anterior or posterior vertical semicircular canal. Inverted or disconjugate caloric nystagmus after air stimulation is much more frequently due to tympanic membrane perforation, or moisture in the external ear, than to central nervous system disease.", "PMID": 97478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2754", "title": "[Juxtapapillary diverticula of the duodenum and bilio-pancreatic symptoms (author's transl)].", "content": "Juxtapapillary diverticula of the duodenum are more frequent than has been assumed up to now. Among 2100 patients undergoing duodenoscopy 135 duodenal diverticula have been found. These diverticula may cause symptoms of diverculitis as well as of bilio-pancreatic disease. Such diverticula ought to be treated by surgery. In our department diverticula are turned inward, or a papillo-diverticulotomy is done depending upon the localization of the diverticula.", "contents": "[Juxtapapillary diverticula of the duodenum and bilio-pancreatic symptoms (author's transl)]. Juxtapapillary diverticula of the duodenum are more frequent than has been assumed up to now. Among 2100 patients undergoing duodenoscopy 135 duodenal diverticula have been found. These diverticula may cause symptoms of diverculitis as well as of bilio-pancreatic disease. Such diverticula ought to be treated by surgery. In our department diverticula are turned inward, or a papillo-diverticulotomy is done depending upon the localization of the diverticula.", "PMID": 97479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2755", "title": "Cerebral prostaglandin synthesis during the dietary and pathological stresses of essential fatty acid deficiency and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "Rats of the Lewis strain were fed diets adequate or deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA). At 70-80 days of age experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced using adjuvants containing either Mycobacterium butyricum or Mycobacterium tuberculois H37Ra. When the former Mycobacterium was used, the incidence of EAE was greater in the EFA-deficient than in EFA-adequate controls; but when the rats challenged with M. tuberculosis, the incidence of the disease was the same in both dietary groups. Brain slices from EFA-deficient rats had a marginally depressed synthesis of prostaglandin F (PGF) compared to that of controls. Immunochallenge with adjuvant alone or adjuvant plus antigen tended to depress further PGF synthesis by brain slices from EFA-deficient rats and significantly depressed synthesis by slices from rats receiving adequate EFA. Whether or not rats were paralyzed had no effect on PGF synthesis when the diet was adequate in EFA, but a significant difference was seen in the EFA-deficient group. The results indicate a possible role for PGF synthesis in the degree of susceptibility of the rats to EAE under different dietary regimens.", "contents": "Cerebral prostaglandin synthesis during the dietary and pathological stresses of essential fatty acid deficiency and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Rats of the Lewis strain were fed diets adequate or deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA). At 70-80 days of age experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced using adjuvants containing either Mycobacterium butyricum or Mycobacterium tuberculois H37Ra. When the former Mycobacterium was used, the incidence of EAE was greater in the EFA-deficient than in EFA-adequate controls; but when the rats challenged with M. tuberculosis, the incidence of the disease was the same in both dietary groups. Brain slices from EFA-deficient rats had a marginally depressed synthesis of prostaglandin F (PGF) compared to that of controls. Immunochallenge with adjuvant alone or adjuvant plus antigen tended to depress further PGF synthesis by brain slices from EFA-deficient rats and significantly depressed synthesis by slices from rats receiving adequate EFA. Whether or not rats were paralyzed had no effect on PGF synthesis when the diet was adequate in EFA, but a significant difference was seen in the EFA-deficient group. The results indicate a possible role for PGF synthesis in the degree of susceptibility of the rats to EAE under different dietary regimens.", "PMID": 97486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2756", "title": "Effects of acute endotoxemia and glucose administration on circulating leukocyte populations in normal and diabetic subjects.", "content": "Effects of intravenous endotoxin and glucose administration on circulating leukocyte populations were compared in seven normal subjects and seven patients with juvenile-onset diabetes by means of automated cytochemical differential counting to quantitate each cell type. Both groups had comparable control cell counts that were unaffected by glucose tolerance testing but altered significantly by endotoxin. Different patterns of response to endotoxin were observed for different circulating cell types. The response of diabetics was parallel to that of normals but showed lower neutrophil and monocyte rebound, longer lasting depression of lymphocytes and eosinophils, and greater rebound of basophils on the day following endotoxin exposure. Characterization of distinctive normal response patterns of circulating leukocyte populations to endotoxin and comparison with responses in diabetes revealed abnormalities under conditions of stress that may impair the diabetic's ability to cope with acute infection.", "contents": "Effects of acute endotoxemia and glucose administration on circulating leukocyte populations in normal and diabetic subjects. Effects of intravenous endotoxin and glucose administration on circulating leukocyte populations were compared in seven normal subjects and seven patients with juvenile-onset diabetes by means of automated cytochemical differential counting to quantitate each cell type. Both groups had comparable control cell counts that were unaffected by glucose tolerance testing but altered significantly by endotoxin. Different patterns of response to endotoxin were observed for different circulating cell types. The response of diabetics was parallel to that of normals but showed lower neutrophil and monocyte rebound, longer lasting depression of lymphocytes and eosinophils, and greater rebound of basophils on the day following endotoxin exposure. Characterization of distinctive normal response patterns of circulating leukocyte populations to endotoxin and comparison with responses in diabetes revealed abnormalities under conditions of stress that may impair the diabetic's ability to cope with acute infection.", "PMID": 97490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2757", "title": "The blue-green algae in nuclear power plant cooling water.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the effects of passage through the cooling system of the Zion Nuclear Plant, Illinois, U.S.A., on the blue-green algae present in lake water. The blue-green algae were isolated by means of membrane filtration, enumerated and identified to genera. As a result of cooling system passage there was a definite reduction in the numbers of blue-green algae. This reduction appeared to be due to mechanical, as well as elevated temperature, damage. A few genera showed only a slight change in number.", "contents": "The blue-green algae in nuclear power plant cooling water. A study was undertaken to determine the effects of passage through the cooling system of the Zion Nuclear Plant, Illinois, U.S.A., on the blue-green algae present in lake water. The blue-green algae were isolated by means of membrane filtration, enumerated and identified to genera. As a result of cooling system passage there was a definite reduction in the numbers of blue-green algae. This reduction appeared to be due to mechanical, as well as elevated temperature, damage. A few genera showed only a slight change in number.", "PMID": 97496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2758", "title": "Divalent cation mobility throughout exponential growth and sporulation of Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "Each of the five elements considered was taken up by Bacillus megaterium during exponential growth. Initial Mg and Mn uptake was rapid and ended by mid-log. For Ca, Fe, and Zn, uptake continued throughout exponential growth. Elements were released from the cells immediately following initial uptake. For Mn, egression continued to t2, with release of 36% of total accumulated. Secondary uptake followed immediately and continued through stage V. Magnesium egression continued to t1 with release of 33% accumulated. Secondary uptake began by t5 (stage IV) and continued slowly through sporulation. Calcium egression ceased by t4 with release of 25% total accumulated. Secondary uptake began by t6 (stage V) and continued until depleted. Zinc egression stopped by t5 with release of 34% accumulated with some secondary uptake by stage V. Iron egression terminated at t4 with release of 59% of total accumulated. This was followed by secondary uptake after t12 (stage VI).", "contents": "Divalent cation mobility throughout exponential growth and sporulation of Bacillus megaterium. Each of the five elements considered was taken up by Bacillus megaterium during exponential growth. Initial Mg and Mn uptake was rapid and ended by mid-log. For Ca, Fe, and Zn, uptake continued throughout exponential growth. Elements were released from the cells immediately following initial uptake. For Mn, egression continued to t2, with release of 36% of total accumulated. Secondary uptake followed immediately and continued through stage V. Magnesium egression continued to t1 with release of 33% accumulated. Secondary uptake began by t5 (stage IV) and continued slowly through sporulation. Calcium egression ceased by t4 with release of 25% total accumulated. Secondary uptake began by t6 (stage V) and continued until depleted. Zinc egression stopped by t5 with release of 34% accumulated with some secondary uptake by stage V. Iron egression terminated at t4 with release of 59% of total accumulated. This was followed by secondary uptake after t12 (stage VI).", "PMID": 97497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2759", "title": "A separation of staphylococci and micrococci based on serological reactivity with antiserum specific for polyglycerophosphate.", "content": "A serological reaction with the antiserum against heterophile polyglycerophosphate (PGP) was evaluated for genus level differentiation among strains of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus-Sarcina spp.. Hot saline extracts from whole cells of Staphylococcus spp. strongly reacted with the PGP antiserum, whereas those of Micrococcus-Sarcina spp. did not. Likewise, phenol-water extracts from whole cells of Micrococcus-Sarcina spp. were not reactive with the PGP antiserum, although the extracts of staphylococcal cells again gave a strong reaction with the antiserum. This study indicates that extracts from Micrococcus-Sarcina spp. have no antigen reactive with the PGP antiserum and can thus be differentiated from extracts of Staphylococcus spp. which react strongly with the PGP antiserum.", "contents": "A separation of staphylococci and micrococci based on serological reactivity with antiserum specific for polyglycerophosphate. A serological reaction with the antiserum against heterophile polyglycerophosphate (PGP) was evaluated for genus level differentiation among strains of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus-Sarcina spp.. Hot saline extracts from whole cells of Staphylococcus spp. strongly reacted with the PGP antiserum, whereas those of Micrococcus-Sarcina spp. did not. Likewise, phenol-water extracts from whole cells of Micrococcus-Sarcina spp. were not reactive with the PGP antiserum, although the extracts of staphylococcal cells again gave a strong reaction with the antiserum. This study indicates that extracts from Micrococcus-Sarcina spp. have no antigen reactive with the PGP antiserum and can thus be differentiated from extracts of Staphylococcus spp. which react strongly with the PGP antiserum.", "PMID": 97498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2760", "title": "Inhibition by ammonium ion of germination of unactivated spores of Bacillus cereus T induced by l-alanine and inosine.", "content": "Studies were carried out on the inhibitory effect of NH4+ on germination of spores of Bacillus cereus T induced by L-alanine and inosine. Kinetic analysis showed that NH4+ inhibited the germination competitively. Its inhibitory effect was greater when the unactivated spores had been preincubated with L-alanine. NH4+ did not inhibit the response of unactivated spores to L-alanine during preincubation. These results suggest that L-alanine sensitizes the spores to the inhibitory effect of NH4+.", "contents": "Inhibition by ammonium ion of germination of unactivated spores of Bacillus cereus T induced by l-alanine and inosine. Studies were carried out on the inhibitory effect of NH4+ on germination of spores of Bacillus cereus T induced by L-alanine and inosine. Kinetic analysis showed that NH4+ inhibited the germination competitively. Its inhibitory effect was greater when the unactivated spores had been preincubated with L-alanine. NH4+ did not inhibit the response of unactivated spores to L-alanine during preincubation. These results suggest that L-alanine sensitizes the spores to the inhibitory effect of NH4+.", "PMID": 97499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2761", "title": "[Lytic enzymes produced by Actinomyces levoris].", "content": "The composition of the enzyme complex produced by Actinomyces levoris which exhibits lytic action on the cell walls of Streptococcus lactis was studied by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25, ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The complex was found to contain at least seven enzymes having different isoelectric points and substrate specificity. The enzymes were divided into three groups. (1) The enzyme with pI 10.2 seems to be a specific glucosidase; it possesses a high activity of the cell wall lysis and lacks a proteolytic activity. (2) The enzymes with pI 9.2 and 9.0 are, apparently, specific lytic proteases; they display both lytic and proteolytic activities. (3) The enzymes with pI 10.0, 9.5, 5.7 and 4.2 are, presumably, non-specific lytic proteases; they have a low lytic activity and a high proteolytic activity.", "contents": "[Lytic enzymes produced by Actinomyces levoris]. The composition of the enzyme complex produced by Actinomyces levoris which exhibits lytic action on the cell walls of Streptococcus lactis was studied by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25, ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The complex was found to contain at least seven enzymes having different isoelectric points and substrate specificity. The enzymes were divided into three groups. (1) The enzyme with pI 10.2 seems to be a specific glucosidase; it possesses a high activity of the cell wall lysis and lacks a proteolytic activity. (2) The enzymes with pI 9.2 and 9.0 are, apparently, specific lytic proteases; they display both lytic and proteolytic activities. (3) The enzymes with pI 10.0, 9.5, 5.7 and 4.2 are, presumably, non-specific lytic proteases; they have a low lytic activity and a high proteolytic activity.", "PMID": 97500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2762", "title": "[Acylase activity of mycophilic fungi].", "content": "The acylase activity was studied with 65 cultures of mycophilic fungi belonging to 56 species and 33 genera. Among these: 9 species displayed the acylase activity toward ampicillin; 8 species, toward phenoxymethylpenicillin; 6 species, toward benzylpenicillin; and 21 species manifested the complex activity. Many of the active species belonged to the bionecrotrophic group of mycophilic fungi, the number of necrotrophic fungi was less, while that of biotrophs and saprotrophs was even lower.", "contents": "[Acylase activity of mycophilic fungi]. The acylase activity was studied with 65 cultures of mycophilic fungi belonging to 56 species and 33 genera. Among these: 9 species displayed the acylase activity toward ampicillin; 8 species, toward phenoxymethylpenicillin; 6 species, toward benzylpenicillin; and 21 species manifested the complex activity. Many of the active species belonged to the bionecrotrophic group of mycophilic fungi, the number of necrotrophic fungi was less, while that of biotrophs and saprotrophs was even lower.", "PMID": 97501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2763", "title": "[Intracellular oxygen and the radiosensitization of cells of the blue-green alaga, Anacystis nidulans].", "content": "The photosynthetic system of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans was inactivated by 30% at a dose of 100 krad of gamma irradiation in N2. If the cells were irradiated in N2+2% CO2 in the light, their radiation sensitivity was increased with an oxygen enhancement ratio of 2.0. Neither light nor CO2 taken separately affected radiosensitization of the cells which increased almost to the same extent as under aerobic conditions in the presence of both light and CO2. The intracellular oxygen of the photosynthetic origin caused apparently the same radiosensitization as oxygen derived from the extracellular sources.", "contents": "[Intracellular oxygen and the radiosensitization of cells of the blue-green alaga, Anacystis nidulans]. The photosynthetic system of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans was inactivated by 30% at a dose of 100 krad of gamma irradiation in N2. If the cells were irradiated in N2+2% CO2 in the light, their radiation sensitivity was increased with an oxygen enhancement ratio of 2.0. Neither light nor CO2 taken separately affected radiosensitization of the cells which increased almost to the same extent as under aerobic conditions in the presence of both light and CO2. The intracellular oxygen of the photosynthetic origin caused apparently the same radiosensitization as oxygen derived from the extracellular sources.", "PMID": 97503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2764", "title": "[Multiplication of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus in the cytoplasm of the bacterial host].", "content": "The bacterial parasite Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus was studied in the process of its interaction with the host bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. As has been shown by time-lapse microcinematography, along with the normal growth of B. bacteriovorus in the periplasmatic space of the host bacterium, occasionally (4--5%) the parasite is located in the cytoplasm where the complete stage of its intracellular growth takes place with the release of progeny.", "contents": "[Multiplication of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus in the cytoplasm of the bacterial host]. The bacterial parasite Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus was studied in the process of its interaction with the host bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. As has been shown by time-lapse microcinematography, along with the normal growth of B. bacteriovorus in the periplasmatic space of the host bacterium, occasionally (4--5%) the parasite is located in the cytoplasm where the complete stage of its intracellular growth takes place with the release of progeny.", "PMID": 97504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2765", "title": "Delta factor can displace sigma factor from Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase holoenzyme and regulate its initiation activity.", "content": "A protein with a molecular weight of 21,000 daltons is found associated with a fraction of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase core. This protein (delta) does not react with antibody made against sigma factor and has a peptide map which is significantly different from sigma factor. At ratios of 2:1 to 4:1 (delta:holoenzyme) the delta displaces sigma factor completely from the core and associates in a 1:1 ratio with core to form delta-core. Under the same incubation conditions sigma factor at a ratio of 10:1 (sigma factor:delta-core) does not displace delta from the delta-core. The delta-core has much less activity as compared to holoenzyme on various DNA templates. However, sigma factor does stimulate the activity of delta-core enzyme under conditions of RNA synthesis. These observations and the results of others suggest that delta-core enzyme binds initially to specific DNA sites followed by delta release from the core-DNA complex and that the sigma factor binds to the core-DNA complex to initiate RNA synthesis. Thus both delta and sigma factors are required in a sequential fashion for specific transcription to occur in B subtilis.", "contents": "Delta factor can displace sigma factor from Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase holoenzyme and regulate its initiation activity. A protein with a molecular weight of 21,000 daltons is found associated with a fraction of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase core. This protein (delta) does not react with antibody made against sigma factor and has a peptide map which is significantly different from sigma factor. At ratios of 2:1 to 4:1 (delta:holoenzyme) the delta displaces sigma factor completely from the core and associates in a 1:1 ratio with core to form delta-core. Under the same incubation conditions sigma factor at a ratio of 10:1 (sigma factor:delta-core) does not displace delta from the delta-core. The delta-core has much less activity as compared to holoenzyme on various DNA templates. However, sigma factor does stimulate the activity of delta-core enzyme under conditions of RNA synthesis. These observations and the results of others suggest that delta-core enzyme binds initially to specific DNA sites followed by delta release from the core-DNA complex and that the sigma factor binds to the core-DNA complex to initiate RNA synthesis. Thus both delta and sigma factors are required in a sequential fashion for specific transcription to occur in B subtilis.", "PMID": 97510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2766", "title": "Calculations for beam-flattening filters for high-energy x-ray machines.", "content": "A flattening filter is an important component in a medical accelerator to modify the photonbeam properties. To simplify the calculations of the flattening-filter profile, we have developed a computer program which sums primary and scatter and then makes iterations in the primary component to produce a desired total-dose profile. The program can account, to first order, for radial spectral changes by using an effective primary attenuation coefficient which varies with radius. Calculations made to model the Clinac-4 dose profiles using the measured variation of half-value layer with radius show good agreement with the measured data. It is shown that the variation of quality within the beam impairs the flatness that can be achieved over a range of depths. Since perfect flatness cannot be achieved for small and large fields with one flattening filter, one may choose a primary profile which is a compromise over a range of field sizes and depths. A compromise profile for a 4-MV beam is discussed.", "contents": "Calculations for beam-flattening filters for high-energy x-ray machines. A flattening filter is an important component in a medical accelerator to modify the photonbeam properties. To simplify the calculations of the flattening-filter profile, we have developed a computer program which sums primary and scatter and then makes iterations in the primary component to produce a desired total-dose profile. The program can account, to first order, for radial spectral changes by using an effective primary attenuation coefficient which varies with radius. Calculations made to model the Clinac-4 dose profiles using the measured variation of half-value layer with radius show good agreement with the measured data. It is shown that the variation of quality within the beam impairs the flatness that can be achieved over a range of depths. Since perfect flatness cannot be achieved for small and large fields with one flattening filter, one may choose a primary profile which is a compromise over a range of field sizes and depths. A compromise profile for a 4-MV beam is discussed.", "PMID": 97507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2767", "title": "The role of X-linked lethal and viable male-sterile mutations in male gametogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster: genetic analysis.", "content": "The possibility that viable male-sterile mutations occur in vital genes and the role played by lethal mutations and viable male-steriles in male gametogenesis were studied. Five sterile loci were identified among the 30 most proximal vital loci of the X-chromosome and two of them were shown to be allelic with lethal mutations. Fertility test on gynanders for nonautonomous lethal mutations proved that vital genes operate autonomously in male gonads, independently of their effect on somatic tissues. Fertility tests of ts lethals, shifted to the nonpermissive temperature after the TSP, showed that 40% of vital genes function in male gonads. It is further shown that about the same proportion of vital genes is operating in female gonads and that the two groups overlap by about 70%. The role of viable and lethal male gametogenesis is discussed in detail.", "contents": "The role of X-linked lethal and viable male-sterile mutations in male gametogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster: genetic analysis. The possibility that viable male-sterile mutations occur in vital genes and the role played by lethal mutations and viable male-steriles in male gametogenesis were studied. Five sterile loci were identified among the 30 most proximal vital loci of the X-chromosome and two of them were shown to be allelic with lethal mutations. Fertility test on gynanders for nonautonomous lethal mutations proved that vital genes operate autonomously in male gonads, independently of their effect on somatic tissues. Fertility tests of ts lethals, shifted to the nonpermissive temperature after the TSP, showed that 40% of vital genes function in male gonads. It is further shown that about the same proportion of vital genes is operating in female gonads and that the two groups overlap by about 70%. The role of viable and lethal male gametogenesis is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 97511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2768", "title": "The effect of inversions on mitotic recombination in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The effect of inversions on mitotic recombination outside the inversion was studied in inversion-heterozygotes. Seven euchromatic inversions of the X-chromosome, with breakpoints within the interval between two cell markers, were chosen. The size of the inverted region and the distance from the proximal breakpoint to the proximal cell marker varied. Mitotic recombination was X-ray induced in larvae and clones scored in the tergites of emerged adults. The frequency of recombinants between both cell markers and the frequency of recombinants proximal to the proximal cell marker was used to estimate the effect of interference in pairing caused by the inversions. Such an effect only occurs in small chromosome intervals. This indicates that homologous sequences are tightly paired in the interphase nuclei of somatic cells. This conclusion is derived from data based on X-ray induced mitotic recombination. The possibility of extending this conclusion to non-irradiated cells is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of inversions on mitotic recombination in Drosophila melanogaster. The effect of inversions on mitotic recombination outside the inversion was studied in inversion-heterozygotes. Seven euchromatic inversions of the X-chromosome, with breakpoints within the interval between two cell markers, were chosen. The size of the inverted region and the distance from the proximal breakpoint to the proximal cell marker varied. Mitotic recombination was X-ray induced in larvae and clones scored in the tergites of emerged adults. The frequency of recombinants between both cell markers and the frequency of recombinants proximal to the proximal cell marker was used to estimate the effect of interference in pairing caused by the inversions. Such an effect only occurs in small chromosome intervals. This indicates that homologous sequences are tightly paired in the interphase nuclei of somatic cells. This conclusion is derived from data based on X-ray induced mitotic recombination. The possibility of extending this conclusion to non-irradiated cells is discussed.", "PMID": 97512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2769", "title": "New regulatory mutations affecting the expression of the threonine operon in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The promoter of the threonine operon was joined to the structural genes of the lac operon in Escherichia coli K 12. The synthesis of beta-galactosidase was thus repressed by threonine plus isoleucine in the fusion strains. To isolate mutations which affect the expression of the threonine operon, alterations in the level of expression of the lacZ gene were selected. A new type of regulatory mutation was discovered.", "contents": "New regulatory mutations affecting the expression of the threonine operon in Escherichia coli K-12. The promoter of the threonine operon was joined to the structural genes of the lac operon in Escherichia coli K 12. The synthesis of beta-galactosidase was thus repressed by threonine plus isoleucine in the fusion strains. To isolate mutations which affect the expression of the threonine operon, alterations in the level of expression of the lacZ gene were selected. A new type of regulatory mutation was discovered.", "PMID": 97515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2770", "title": "Sarcoplasmic calcium-binding proteins in protochordate and cyclostome muscle: characterization of a new protein from amphioxus.", "content": "A sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein (SCP) has been purified from the muscle of the protochordate Amphioxus and shown to be more similar to invertebrate SCP's than to their counterpart found in vertebrates, i.e. parvalbumins. The Amphioxus protein has a pI of 4.9, is rich in tyrosine and tryptophan, has a molecular weight of 22,000 and binds strongly 2Ca2+ with a pK of 7.88. Magnesium competes with calcium for only one of the two metal-binding sites and induces positive cooperativity in Ca2+ binding. In cyclostome muscle (lamprey and hagfish), no protein with high affinity for Ca2+ or Mg2+ could be found, irrespective of molecular weight. Instead, a protein with moderate affinity for Ca2+ (less than or equal to 10(5) M(-1)) was detected: it has a molecular weight of 60,000 and might be quite ubiquitous, as the presence of a similar protein has been reported both in red and white muscle of vertebrates such as chicken and rabbit.", "contents": "Sarcoplasmic calcium-binding proteins in protochordate and cyclostome muscle: characterization of a new protein from amphioxus. A sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein (SCP) has been purified from the muscle of the protochordate Amphioxus and shown to be more similar to invertebrate SCP's than to their counterpart found in vertebrates, i.e. parvalbumins. The Amphioxus protein has a pI of 4.9, is rich in tyrosine and tryptophan, has a molecular weight of 22,000 and binds strongly 2Ca2+ with a pK of 7.88. Magnesium competes with calcium for only one of the two metal-binding sites and induces positive cooperativity in Ca2+ binding. In cyclostome muscle (lamprey and hagfish), no protein with high affinity for Ca2+ or Mg2+ could be found, irrespective of molecular weight. Instead, a protein with moderate affinity for Ca2+ (less than or equal to 10(5) M(-1)) was detected: it has a molecular weight of 60,000 and might be quite ubiquitous, as the presence of a similar protein has been reported both in red and white muscle of vertebrates such as chicken and rabbit.", "PMID": 97516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2771", "title": "[Long term disodium-Cromoglycate treatment in children with bronchiale asthma who responded unsatisfactorily to hyposensitation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors treated 53 asthmatic children for 1/2 to 2 years with Disodium-cromoglycate (Intal). The patients were selected of 412 children suffering of bronchial asthma. The patients were living at home and controled by the outpatient consultation of the hospital. The criteria of selection were: 1. Failure of hyposensitization-treatment, or symptomatic therapy. 2. Polysensibilisation. 3. Anaphylactic shock. 4. Lack of positive skin tests to allergen extracts (\"endogenous asthma\"). 40 patients got also specific hyposensitization during or before the Intal treatment. The Intal treatment ameliorated definitively the clinical course of illness in 45 patients: only 8 children continued to have serious attacks. The FEV 1.0 and the peak flow rates did not change during the therapy which shows an unaltered tonus of bronchial smooth muscles. Vital capacity rose a significantly and the residual volume decreased during the treatment. Exogenously asthmatic children showed the best response to Intal if it was combined with specific hyposensitisation.", "contents": "[Long term disodium-Cromoglycate treatment in children with bronchiale asthma who responded unsatisfactorily to hyposensitation (author's transl)]. The authors treated 53 asthmatic children for 1/2 to 2 years with Disodium-cromoglycate (Intal). The patients were selected of 412 children suffering of bronchial asthma. The patients were living at home and controled by the outpatient consultation of the hospital. The criteria of selection were: 1. Failure of hyposensitization-treatment, or symptomatic therapy. 2. Polysensibilisation. 3. Anaphylactic shock. 4. Lack of positive skin tests to allergen extracts (\"endogenous asthma\"). 40 patients got also specific hyposensitization during or before the Intal treatment. The Intal treatment ameliorated definitively the clinical course of illness in 45 patients: only 8 children continued to have serious attacks. The FEV 1.0 and the peak flow rates did not change during the therapy which shows an unaltered tonus of bronchial smooth muscles. Vital capacity rose a significantly and the residual volume decreased during the treatment. Exogenously asthmatic children showed the best response to Intal if it was combined with specific hyposensitisation.", "PMID": 97517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2772", "title": "Interindividual variation in the responses of cultured human lymphocytes to exposure from DNA damaging chemical agents: interindividual variation to carcinogen exposure.", "content": "Human population variability to standardized doses of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (NA-AAF) and 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA) was determined in cultured lymphocytes by measuring (a) differential stimulation of unscheduled DNA synthesis after 1 h induction of DNA damage by 10 micrometer NA-AAF, (b) the level of NA-AAF induced chromosome aberrations remaining after 8 h of DNA-repair synthesis, and (c) the level of [3H]DMBA bound to DNA after 18 h incubation of resting lymphocytes in 5 micrometer DMBA. All 3 parameters indicated individual variation to carcinogen exposure and were correlated to the population differences in age, sex, blood pressure and mortality rates. Males always had a greater potential to accumulate DNA-damage than did females regardless of the sampled population. DNA-damage potentials increased with increasing age, blood pressure or mortality rates. There was always proportionally greater DNA-damage potentials in the males than in females. The in vitro response of mature granulocytes to a 10 micrometer NA-AAF dose, as estimated by [3H] thymidine incorporation from unscheduled DNA synthesis, was much lower than lymphocyte response. Nevertheless, individual variations in granulocyte NA-AAF induced unscheduled DNA synthesis paralleled the inter-individual fluctuations observed in the lymphocyte responses to NA-AAF.", "contents": "Interindividual variation in the responses of cultured human lymphocytes to exposure from DNA damaging chemical agents: interindividual variation to carcinogen exposure. Human population variability to standardized doses of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (NA-AAF) and 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA) was determined in cultured lymphocytes by measuring (a) differential stimulation of unscheduled DNA synthesis after 1 h induction of DNA damage by 10 micrometer NA-AAF, (b) the level of NA-AAF induced chromosome aberrations remaining after 8 h of DNA-repair synthesis, and (c) the level of [3H]DMBA bound to DNA after 18 h incubation of resting lymphocytes in 5 micrometer DMBA. All 3 parameters indicated individual variation to carcinogen exposure and were correlated to the population differences in age, sex, blood pressure and mortality rates. Males always had a greater potential to accumulate DNA-damage than did females regardless of the sampled population. DNA-damage potentials increased with increasing age, blood pressure or mortality rates. There was always proportionally greater DNA-damage potentials in the males than in females. The in vitro response of mature granulocytes to a 10 micrometer NA-AAF dose, as estimated by [3H] thymidine incorporation from unscheduled DNA synthesis, was much lower than lymphocyte response. Nevertheless, individual variations in granulocyte NA-AAF induced unscheduled DNA synthesis paralleled the inter-individual fluctuations observed in the lymphocyte responses to NA-AAF.", "PMID": 97522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2773", "title": "The use of a mutationally unstable X-chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster for mutagenicity testing.", "content": "Somatic eye-colour mutations in an unstable genetic system, caused by a transposable element in the white locus of the X-chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster, is suggested as an assay system for mutagenicity testing. The system is evaluated by comparison with a corresponding system in a stable X-chromosome. Its sensitivity is confirmed with X-ray and EMS treatment, and it is found to be confined to the specific segment of the X-chromosome where the transposable element is localized.", "contents": "The use of a mutationally unstable X-chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster for mutagenicity testing. Somatic eye-colour mutations in an unstable genetic system, caused by a transposable element in the white locus of the X-chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster, is suggested as an assay system for mutagenicity testing. The system is evaluated by comparison with a corresponding system in a stable X-chromosome. Its sensitivity is confirmed with X-ray and EMS treatment, and it is found to be confined to the specific segment of the X-chromosome where the transposable element is localized.", "PMID": 97525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2774", "title": "The inhibitory effect of cysteine on the mutagenic activities of several carcinogens.", "content": "The Salmonella/microsome mutagenesis assay was used to determine the effect of cysteine (alpha-amino-beta-mercaptopropionic acid) on the mutagenic actions of several carcinogens: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, methyl methanesulfonate, 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide, aflatoxin B1 and the nitrosation products of methylurea and methylguanidine. Cysteine, at non-toxic concentrations, significantly decreased the frequency of reversion to histidine prototrophy when it was added to treatment mixtures. The extent of the inhibition of mutagenic action by cysteine depended on the carcinogen studied as well as the doses of cysteine and carcinogen employed. Cysteine (2.5--10 mM) completely inhibited the mutagenic actions of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and methylguanidine nitrosation products while only partially preventing the mutagenic effects of the other carcinogens assayed. Inhibition of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone-induced mutagenesis occurred only with higher cysteine concentrations (20--200 mM).", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of cysteine on the mutagenic activities of several carcinogens. The Salmonella/microsome mutagenesis assay was used to determine the effect of cysteine (alpha-amino-beta-mercaptopropionic acid) on the mutagenic actions of several carcinogens: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, methyl methanesulfonate, 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide, aflatoxin B1 and the nitrosation products of methylurea and methylguanidine. Cysteine, at non-toxic concentrations, significantly decreased the frequency of reversion to histidine prototrophy when it was added to treatment mixtures. The extent of the inhibition of mutagenic action by cysteine depended on the carcinogen studied as well as the doses of cysteine and carcinogen employed. Cysteine (2.5--10 mM) completely inhibited the mutagenic actions of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and methylguanidine nitrosation products while only partially preventing the mutagenic effects of the other carcinogens assayed. Inhibition of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone-induced mutagenesis occurred only with higher cysteine concentrations (20--200 mM).", "PMID": 97526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2775", "title": "Mutagenic effects of vinyl chloride on Drosophila melanogaster with and without pretreatment with sodium phenobarbiturate.", "content": "Treatment of Drosophila males with 1--20% vinyl chloride in air gave an increased frequency of complete and mosaic recessive lethals. Pretreatment with phenobarbiturate for 24 h caused an increase in the mutagenic effect of vinyl chloride. This indicates that the mixed-function oxygenase system can be induced in Drosophila in the same way as in mammals.", "contents": "Mutagenic effects of vinyl chloride on Drosophila melanogaster with and without pretreatment with sodium phenobarbiturate. Treatment of Drosophila males with 1--20% vinyl chloride in air gave an increased frequency of complete and mosaic recessive lethals. Pretreatment with phenobarbiturate for 24 h caused an increase in the mutagenic effect of vinyl chloride. This indicates that the mixed-function oxygenase system can be induced in Drosophila in the same way as in mammals.", "PMID": 97527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2776", "title": "Psychosocial and biomedical aspects of deaths associated with heroin and other narcotics.", "content": "Our findings point to sizable intercity differences in the United States among certain psychosocial and biomedical aspects of deaths associated with narcotics. Secondly, narcotic-involved deaths are not purely accidental, but many are motivated by suicidal goals and a smaller percentage by homicidal intentions. And finally, in addition to the errors that have been surmised to occur in estimates of psychoactive drug deaths from heroin and other narcotics owing to inadequate reporting or other shortcomings in data collection, there are biomedical errors due to variations in the quality control of toxicological laboratories.", "contents": "Psychosocial and biomedical aspects of deaths associated with heroin and other narcotics. Our findings point to sizable intercity differences in the United States among certain psychosocial and biomedical aspects of deaths associated with narcotics. Secondly, narcotic-involved deaths are not purely accidental, but many are motivated by suicidal goals and a smaller percentage by homicidal intentions. And finally, in addition to the errors that have been surmised to occur in estimates of psychoactive drug deaths from heroin and other narcotics owing to inadequate reporting or other shortcomings in data collection, there are biomedical errors due to variations in the quality control of toxicological laboratories.", "PMID": 97545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2777", "title": "Mutator genes--pacemakers of evolution.", "content": "Initially a genetic oddity, male recombination in Drosophilaelanogaster is now being viewed as a means of detecting mutator activity and chromosome breakage in hybridising populations and is causing us to reconsider the source and rate at which genetic variability may be generated in nature.", "contents": "Mutator genes--pacemakers of evolution. Initially a genetic oddity, male recombination in Drosophilaelanogaster is now being viewed as a means of detecting mutator activity and chromosome breakage in hybridising populations and is causing us to reconsider the source and rate at which genetic variability may be generated in nature.", "PMID": 97562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2778", "title": "Functional specialisation in the visual cortex of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Anatomical and functional studies of the visual cortex of the rhesus monkey have shown that it is made up of a multiplicity of distinct areas. These seem to be functionally specialised to analyse different features of the visual environment.", "contents": "Functional specialisation in the visual cortex of the rhesus monkey. Anatomical and functional studies of the visual cortex of the rhesus monkey have shown that it is made up of a multiplicity of distinct areas. These seem to be functionally specialised to analyse different features of the visual environment.", "PMID": 97565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2779", "title": "Distribution and tissue specificity of 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase.", "content": "A rapid and specific method for assaying 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase was developed. The method was based on the selectivity of ion exchange resin and the speed of vacuum filtration. With this new method, the aminotransferase activity in various tissues has been determined as follows: brain, 10.2; spinal cord, 11.8; liver, 5.7; kidney, 4.6; heart, 0.5; lung, 0.4 nmol glutamate formed/min/mg. No activity could be detected in muscle preparations. When the aminotransferases were tested with the antibody against the purified 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase from brain, no difference could be detected among brain, spinal cord, and kidney preparations as judged from the results of immunodiffusion, inhibition of enzyme activity by antibody, and microcomplement fixation. It is concluded that 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferases from various tissues of the mouse are probably identical or closely related.", "contents": "Distribution and tissue specificity of 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. A rapid and specific method for assaying 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase was developed. The method was based on the selectivity of ion exchange resin and the speed of vacuum filtration. With this new method, the aminotransferase activity in various tissues has been determined as follows: brain, 10.2; spinal cord, 11.8; liver, 5.7; kidney, 4.6; heart, 0.5; lung, 0.4 nmol glutamate formed/min/mg. No activity could be detected in muscle preparations. When the aminotransferases were tested with the antibody against the purified 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase from brain, no difference could be detected among brain, spinal cord, and kidney preparations as judged from the results of immunodiffusion, inhibition of enzyme activity by antibody, and microcomplement fixation. It is concluded that 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferases from various tissues of the mouse are probably identical or closely related.", "PMID": 97570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2780", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of cations in the rat pars distalis under various experimental conditions.", "content": "Modifications of the pyroantimonate technique were used to localize intracellular sites of bound cations in the pars distalis of normal and hypothyroid rats and in rats with increased levels of plasma calcium. In the normal animal, cations were localized within most intracellular organelles and sometimes on the membranes involved in exocytosis. The amount of bound cations within pituitary intracellular organelles was considerably augmented in rats injected intravenously with calcium chloride. However, in the thyroidectomy cells of hypothyroid rats, the amount of cation precipitate appeared to be selectively increased in the dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The calcium chelator, EGTA, and X-ray microprobe analysis revealed the presence of calcium in cation deposits.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of cations in the rat pars distalis under various experimental conditions. Modifications of the pyroantimonate technique were used to localize intracellular sites of bound cations in the pars distalis of normal and hypothyroid rats and in rats with increased levels of plasma calcium. In the normal animal, cations were localized within most intracellular organelles and sometimes on the membranes involved in exocytosis. The amount of bound cations within pituitary intracellular organelles was considerably augmented in rats injected intravenously with calcium chloride. However, in the thyroidectomy cells of hypothyroid rats, the amount of cation precipitate appeared to be selectively increased in the dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The calcium chelator, EGTA, and X-ray microprobe analysis revealed the presence of calcium in cation deposits.", "PMID": 97571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2781", "title": "Genetic markers in cycloid psychosis.", "content": "Frequencies of HLA antigens, blood groups, serum groups and red cell enzyme types in patients with cycloid psychosis were compared with those in patients with bipolar psychosis and in normal controls. Patients with cycloid psychosis showed (1) an increased frequency of the Rh-negative type compared to controls, (2) an increased frequency of the K(+) phenotype compared to both bipolar patients and controls, and (3) an increased frequency of the serum group Gc2--1.", "contents": "Genetic markers in cycloid psychosis. Frequencies of HLA antigens, blood groups, serum groups and red cell enzyme types in patients with cycloid psychosis were compared with those in patients with bipolar psychosis and in normal controls. Patients with cycloid psychosis showed (1) an increased frequency of the Rh-negative type compared to controls, (2) an increased frequency of the K(+) phenotype compared to both bipolar patients and controls, and (3) an increased frequency of the serum group Gc2--1.", "PMID": 97572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2782", "title": "Extracranial vertebral aneurysm with neurofibromatosis.", "content": "With neurofibromatosis neuromas of the cranial and cervical nerves are common findings and meningiomas and ependymonas appear more often than in the average population. Vascular manifestations of the disease are also commonly known in the renal and gastrointestinal vessels but rarely in the large cerebral arteries. The case of a 50 year old man with neurofibromatosis and a vertebral aneurysm is reported. The plain X-ray of the cervical spine and the Pantopaque myelogram were compatible with a cervical neuroma and the patient was operated but a large aneurysm of the vertebral artery was found. The operation was discontinued and vertebral angiography was performed revealing a large saccular aneurysm which war excised. This aneurysm is most probably a manifestation of vascular disease with neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "Extracranial vertebral aneurysm with neurofibromatosis. With neurofibromatosis neuromas of the cranial and cervical nerves are common findings and meningiomas and ependymonas appear more often than in the average population. Vascular manifestations of the disease are also commonly known in the renal and gastrointestinal vessels but rarely in the large cerebral arteries. The case of a 50 year old man with neurofibromatosis and a vertebral aneurysm is reported. The plain X-ray of the cervical spine and the Pantopaque myelogram were compatible with a cervical neuroma and the patient was operated but a large aneurysm of the vertebral artery was found. The operation was discontinued and vertebral angiography was performed revealing a large saccular aneurysm which war excised. This aneurysm is most probably a manifestation of vascular disease with neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 97573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2783", "title": "Gamma hydroxybutyrate in the monkey. I. Electroencephalographic, behavioral, and pharmacokinetic studies.", "content": "Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) was administered to adult and prepubescent rhesus monkeys intravenously in varying dosages while an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from scalp electrodes and the body core temperature was monitored. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples were assayed for gamma hydroxybutyrate. GHB produced a trancelike stupor in all the monkeys, associated with marked EEG changes and hypothermia. There was a striking age specificity in that prepubescent rhesus monkeys responded to a lower threshold dosage, had a higher incidence of myoclonic jerking, and showed characteristic EEG changes not seen in the adult animals. The EEG-behavioral changes paralleled the hypothermia. There was good correlation between the serum levels of GHB and the EEG-behavioral effects. These studies suggest that the GHB-treated monkey may have utility as a petit mal seizure model.", "contents": "Gamma hydroxybutyrate in the monkey. I. Electroencephalographic, behavioral, and pharmacokinetic studies. Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) was administered to adult and prepubescent rhesus monkeys intravenously in varying dosages while an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from scalp electrodes and the body core temperature was monitored. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples were assayed for gamma hydroxybutyrate. GHB produced a trancelike stupor in all the monkeys, associated with marked EEG changes and hypothermia. There was a striking age specificity in that prepubescent rhesus monkeys responded to a lower threshold dosage, had a higher incidence of myoclonic jerking, and showed characteristic EEG changes not seen in the adult animals. The EEG-behavioral changes paralleled the hypothermia. There was good correlation between the serum levels of GHB and the EEG-behavioral effects. These studies suggest that the GHB-treated monkey may have utility as a petit mal seizure model.", "PMID": 97574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2784", "title": "Gamma hydroxybutyrate in the monkey. II. Effect of chronic oral anticonvulsant drugs.", "content": "Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) was administered intravenously to monkeys that had been pretreated orally for 2 weeks with various anticonvulsant drugs or with L-DOPA at different dosage levels. Continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring was performed during and after GHB administration. Bloood was assayed for GHB and for the anticonvulsant drug the animal was receiving. The EEG and behavioral changes produced by GHB were improved by ethosuximide and phenobarbital, made worse by phenytoin, and unchanged by L-DOPA.", "contents": "Gamma hydroxybutyrate in the monkey. II. Effect of chronic oral anticonvulsant drugs. Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) was administered intravenously to monkeys that had been pretreated orally for 2 weeks with various anticonvulsant drugs or with L-DOPA at different dosage levels. Continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring was performed during and after GHB administration. Bloood was assayed for GHB and for the anticonvulsant drug the animal was receiving. The EEG and behavioral changes produced by GHB were improved by ethosuximide and phenobarbital, made worse by phenytoin, and unchanged by L-DOPA.", "PMID": 97575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2785", "title": "Why do HMOs seem to provide more health maintenance services?", "content": "Greater use of preventive services by enrollees of HMOs than of other health plans is often assumed to reflect differences in philosophy about \"health maintenance.\" But organizational forms are less important than extent of insurance coverage in influencing use of preventive services. Policy options for improved health status will have to challenge ideologies of prevention and financing.", "contents": "Why do HMOs seem to provide more health maintenance services? Greater use of preventive services by enrollees of HMOs than of other health plans is often assumed to reflect differences in philosophy about \"health maintenance.\" But organizational forms are less important than extent of insurance coverage in influencing use of preventive services. Policy options for improved health status will have to challenge ideologies of prevention and financing.", "PMID": 97576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2786", "title": "Effects of reserpine on the incidence of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene-induced tumors in pinealectomised and thymectomised rats.", "content": "After reserpine treatment the incidence of dimethyl-benzathrance-induced tumors was found to be significantly higher in pinealectomised rats than in intact or thymectomised ones. A very high rate of DMBA-leukemia was observed in immune deficient pinealectomised rats after reserpine administration. It is therefore suggested that the neuro-endocrine disturbances, due to removal of the pineal gland in the new-born animals, are latent and become evident after reserpine administration, as reflected in an increased tumor incidence.", "contents": "Effects of reserpine on the incidence of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene-induced tumors in pinealectomised and thymectomised rats. After reserpine treatment the incidence of dimethyl-benzathrance-induced tumors was found to be significantly higher in pinealectomised rats than in intact or thymectomised ones. A very high rate of DMBA-leukemia was observed in immune deficient pinealectomised rats after reserpine administration. It is therefore suggested that the neuro-endocrine disturbances, due to removal of the pineal gland in the new-born animals, are latent and become evident after reserpine administration, as reflected in an increased tumor incidence.", "PMID": 97606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2787", "title": "The visual deprivation syndrome.", "content": "The variety of experimental manipulations shown to induce amblyopia in young cats and monkeys is described. A brief monocular eye closure of only one week or an artificial strabismus of only two weeks produces profound long-lasting changes in the electrophysiology and anatomy of the visual system. A poor quality of visual experience, an image imbalance between the two eyes, or any spatial or temporal incompatibility can produce these symptoms of amblyopia.", "contents": "The visual deprivation syndrome. The variety of experimental manipulations shown to induce amblyopia in young cats and monkeys is described. A brief monocular eye closure of only one week or an artificial strabismus of only two weeks produces profound long-lasting changes in the electrophysiology and anatomy of the visual system. A poor quality of visual experience, an image imbalance between the two eyes, or any spatial or temporal incompatibility can produce these symptoms of amblyopia.", "PMID": 97607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2788", "title": "Application of basic research data to clinical amblyopia.", "content": "The rhesus monkey has evolved as a useful model for the study of amblyopia caused by neonatal lid closure and experimental strabismus and anisometropia. In view of the behavioral and anatomic similarities of the visual system in humans and rhesus monkeys, there is reason to believe that the neurophysiologic and anatomic anomalies identified in animals as part of the \"visual deprivation syndrome\" occur in humans as well. Animal research has led to better understanding of the basic mechanisms responsible for the development of amblyopia and the manner in which form vision deprivation and abnormal binocular interaction contribute to the various forms of unilateral and bilateral amblyopia. The period of susceptibility to abnormal visual stimulation in humans needs to be better defined, and the clinician must take precautions to avoid uncontrolled occlusion or prolonged unilateral cycloplegia in infants. Even though the factors leading to amblyopia in patients with unilateral or bilateral congenital cataracts are now better understood, the visual results are still disappointing. It is possible that the residual aniseikonia after contact lens correction may be amblyopiogenic in these patients.", "contents": "Application of basic research data to clinical amblyopia. The rhesus monkey has evolved as a useful model for the study of amblyopia caused by neonatal lid closure and experimental strabismus and anisometropia. In view of the behavioral and anatomic similarities of the visual system in humans and rhesus monkeys, there is reason to believe that the neurophysiologic and anatomic anomalies identified in animals as part of the \"visual deprivation syndrome\" occur in humans as well. Animal research has led to better understanding of the basic mechanisms responsible for the development of amblyopia and the manner in which form vision deprivation and abnormal binocular interaction contribute to the various forms of unilateral and bilateral amblyopia. The period of susceptibility to abnormal visual stimulation in humans needs to be better defined, and the clinician must take precautions to avoid uncontrolled occlusion or prolonged unilateral cycloplegia in infants. Even though the factors leading to amblyopia in patients with unilateral or bilateral congenital cataracts are now better understood, the visual results are still disappointing. It is possible that the residual aniseikonia after contact lens correction may be amblyopiogenic in these patients.", "PMID": 97608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2789", "title": "Comparison of vertical and horizontal optokinetic nystagmus in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "Horizontal and vertical optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) of squirrel monkeys were compared with those of rabbits, cats and humans that were previously described. Squirrel monkeys showed similar findings to cats, in which vertical optokinetic nystagmus (VOKN) is not as well elicited as horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (HOKN) and down-pursuit OKN is poorer than up-pursuit OKN. As to the reasons that bring about different responses of OKN and OKAN (and vestibular nystagmus) in different planes, we speculated two possibilities: compensatory activation of horizontal eye movement for narrowed visual field accompanied by frontally positioned eyes, and the gravity that restricts and modifies posture and locomotion. Directional difference of VOKN may be caused by a physiological mechanism that makes visual fixation not susceptible to downward movement of the ground surface during forward locomotion.", "contents": "Comparison of vertical and horizontal optokinetic nystagmus in the squirrel monkey. Horizontal and vertical optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) of squirrel monkeys were compared with those of rabbits, cats and humans that were previously described. Squirrel monkeys showed similar findings to cats, in which vertical optokinetic nystagmus (VOKN) is not as well elicited as horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (HOKN) and down-pursuit OKN is poorer than up-pursuit OKN. As to the reasons that bring about different responses of OKN and OKAN (and vestibular nystagmus) in different planes, we speculated two possibilities: compensatory activation of horizontal eye movement for narrowed visual field accompanied by frontally positioned eyes, and the gravity that restricts and modifies posture and locomotion. Directional difference of VOKN may be caused by a physiological mechanism that makes visual fixation not susceptible to downward movement of the ground surface during forward locomotion.", "PMID": 97609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2790", "title": "[HLA and erythrocyte genetic markers in a family with hereditary angioneurotic edema (author's transl)].", "content": "The study deals with a family of 22 members spreading over four generations; 14 members suffer from hereditary angio-neurotic edema; all of them have been typed for 30 antigens of the A and B loci in the HLA System and for ABO and Rhesus erythrocyte markers. There is no connection between the disease and any of the markers considered. As for the HLA system, there should be at least 7 chromosomic recombinants to account for the relationship with one of the haplotypes involved.", "contents": "[HLA and erythrocyte genetic markers in a family with hereditary angioneurotic edema (author's transl)]. The study deals with a family of 22 members spreading over four generations; 14 members suffer from hereditary angio-neurotic edema; all of them have been typed for 30 antigens of the A and B loci in the HLA System and for ABO and Rhesus erythrocyte markers. There is no connection between the disease and any of the markers considered. As for the HLA system, there should be at least 7 chromosomic recombinants to account for the relationship with one of the haplotypes involved.", "PMID": 97612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2791", "title": "[Sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics. Evaluation of a rapid automatic method (author's transl)].", "content": "A rapid automated sensitivity testing system is evaluated in this report. The results have been compared with the standard disk diffusion method (ICS). Three hundred strains recently isolated from clinical cases : Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococci D, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have been tested. The general agreement between the two techniques was 89 p. cent.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics. Evaluation of a rapid automatic method (author's transl)]. A rapid automated sensitivity testing system is evaluated in this report. The results have been compared with the standard disk diffusion method (ICS). Three hundred strains recently isolated from clinical cases : Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococci D, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have been tested. The general agreement between the two techniques was 89 p. cent.", "PMID": 97613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2792", "title": "[Morphobiological characteristics of infusoria of the genus Chilodonella (Ciliata: Chlamydodontidae)].", "content": "8 species of fishes from fishfarms of central and north--western regions of the USSR were examined. Chilodonella cyprini Moroff, 1902 and Ch. hexastichus Kiernik, 1909 were found. The reproductive process of infusoria was investigated. The data on the susceptibility of hosts of different species and age are given. The variability of Chilodonella depending on localisation and water temperature is shown.", "contents": "[Morphobiological characteristics of infusoria of the genus Chilodonella (Ciliata: Chlamydodontidae)]. 8 species of fishes from fishfarms of central and north--western regions of the USSR were examined. Chilodonella cyprini Moroff, 1902 and Ch. hexastichus Kiernik, 1909 were found. The reproductive process of infusoria was investigated. The data on the susceptibility of hosts of different species and age are given. The variability of Chilodonella depending on localisation and water temperature is shown.", "PMID": 97611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2793", "title": "Hyperalimentation catheter passing into the spinal canal causing temporary paraplegia.", "content": "A patient with a hyperalimentation catheter in the spinal canal is presented. This resulted in an extradural fluid mass and partial paraplegia that eventually cleared.", "contents": "Hyperalimentation catheter passing into the spinal canal causing temporary paraplegia. A patient with a hyperalimentation catheter in the spinal canal is presented. This resulted in an extradural fluid mass and partial paraplegia that eventually cleared.", "PMID": 97617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2794", "title": "Vesicoureteral reflux in the primate: III. Effect of urinary tract infection on maturation of the ureterovesical junction.", "content": "Recurrent bladder infections in the monkey appeared to cause a delay in maturation of the ureterovesical junction. This was not significant since it did not ultimately prevent maturation. Bacteriuria was prolonged when reflux was present.", "contents": "Vesicoureteral reflux in the primate: III. Effect of urinary tract infection on maturation of the ureterovesical junction. Recurrent bladder infections in the monkey appeared to cause a delay in maturation of the ureterovesical junction. This was not significant since it did not ultimately prevent maturation. Bacteriuria was prolonged when reflux was present.", "PMID": 97618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2795", "title": "Organochlorine insecticide residues in bovine milk and manufactured milk products in Illinois, 1971-76.", "content": "Monitoring activities were initiated in 1971 to survey the occurence and levels of organochlorine insecticide residues in bovine milk and manufactured milk products in Illinois. Dieldrin residues were the most prevalent, and were found in 96 percent of the samples. Dieldrin also accounted for the highest average residue concentration (0.09 ppm). Only 0.3% of the samples contained illegal insecticide residues. Levels of DDT and lindane were generally declining, but those for dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide tended to remain constant.", "contents": "Organochlorine insecticide residues in bovine milk and manufactured milk products in Illinois, 1971-76. Monitoring activities were initiated in 1971 to survey the occurence and levels of organochlorine insecticide residues in bovine milk and manufactured milk products in Illinois. Dieldrin residues were the most prevalent, and were found in 96 percent of the samples. Dieldrin also accounted for the highest average residue concentration (0.09 ppm). Only 0.3% of the samples contained illegal insecticide residues. Levels of DDT and lindane were generally declining, but those for dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide tended to remain constant.", "PMID": 97620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2796", "title": "p,p'-DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls, and endrin in oldsquaws in North America, 1969-73.", "content": "Organochlorinated compounds were monitored in oldsquaws (Clangula hyemalis) and their food from Lake Michigan between October and May, 1969-72; in adult oldsquaws, eggs, young, and food from northwest Hudson Bay in 1971; and in oldquaws from five wintering areas other than Lake Michigan in 1971-73. Analyses were conducted on 300 carcasses, 14 wings, 29 gullet samples, and 11 clutches. Average residues in carcasses from Lake Michigan ranged from 4 to 107 ppm PCBs, 2 to 42 ppm DDE, and less than 0.1 to 0.7 ppm endrin. Differences in DDE levels occurred between several sex and age classes during December on Lake Michigan; these differences were not apparent in the spring. Increases in DDE and PCB residues for oldsquaws occurred on Lake Michigan between December and May. DDE residues in the wing and carcass were significantly correlated. Residues were relatively low in oldsquaw foods from Lake Michigan; concentration factors between the food and the ducks varied between 1X and 22X, depending on the date and compound. Organochlorinated residues were lower in Arctic than in Lake Michigan food samples. DDE in paired male and female oldsquaws was highly correlated, as was DDE in females and clutches. Eggshell thickness had declined 4.5% compared with eggs collected before 1947. Residues were higher in oldsquaws wintering on the Great Lakes and lowest in oldsquaws from coastal areas.", "contents": "p,p'-DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls, and endrin in oldsquaws in North America, 1969-73. Organochlorinated compounds were monitored in oldsquaws (Clangula hyemalis) and their food from Lake Michigan between October and May, 1969-72; in adult oldsquaws, eggs, young, and food from northwest Hudson Bay in 1971; and in oldquaws from five wintering areas other than Lake Michigan in 1971-73. Analyses were conducted on 300 carcasses, 14 wings, 29 gullet samples, and 11 clutches. Average residues in carcasses from Lake Michigan ranged from 4 to 107 ppm PCBs, 2 to 42 ppm DDE, and less than 0.1 to 0.7 ppm endrin. Differences in DDE levels occurred between several sex and age classes during December on Lake Michigan; these differences were not apparent in the spring. Increases in DDE and PCB residues for oldsquaws occurred on Lake Michigan between December and May. DDE residues in the wing and carcass were significantly correlated. Residues were relatively low in oldsquaw foods from Lake Michigan; concentration factors between the food and the ducks varied between 1X and 22X, depending on the date and compound. Organochlorinated residues were lower in Arctic than in Lake Michigan food samples. DDE in paired male and female oldsquaws was highly correlated, as was DDE in females and clutches. Eggshell thickness had declined 4.5% compared with eggs collected before 1947. Residues were higher in oldsquaws wintering on the Great Lakes and lowest in oldsquaws from coastal areas.", "PMID": 97621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2797", "title": "Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, and DDT metabolites in Pennsylvania streams, community water supplies, and reservoirs, 1974--76.", "content": "Pennsylvania streams, community water supplies, and open water reservoirs were analyzed for PCB mixtures, DDT, and DDT metabolites. Streams were sampled in 1974 and again in 1975. Only 4 of 19 stream locations were contaminated. Maximum concentrations in community supplies of Aroclor 1242 (2 locations), Aroclor 1254 (3 locations), and sigmaDDT (2 locations) were 350, 260, and 620 ng/kg, respectively. Of the 110 community water supplies sampled in 1975 and 1976, only 7 contained residues. Maximum concentrations in community supplies of Aroclor 1242 (4 locations) and sigmaDDT (2 locations) were 460 ng/kg and 75 ng/kg, respectively. The seventh contained 0.7 ng/kg of dieldrin. None of the three open water reservoirs contained detectable residues of the compounds of interest. Essentially no correlation was found between PCB and DDT analogs in streams and those in fish from streams which had been samples at similar locations in a related study in 1976.", "contents": "Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, and DDT metabolites in Pennsylvania streams, community water supplies, and reservoirs, 1974--76. Pennsylvania streams, community water supplies, and open water reservoirs were analyzed for PCB mixtures, DDT, and DDT metabolites. Streams were sampled in 1974 and again in 1975. Only 4 of 19 stream locations were contaminated. Maximum concentrations in community supplies of Aroclor 1242 (2 locations), Aroclor 1254 (3 locations), and sigmaDDT (2 locations) were 350, 260, and 620 ng/kg, respectively. Of the 110 community water supplies sampled in 1975 and 1976, only 7 contained residues. Maximum concentrations in community supplies of Aroclor 1242 (4 locations) and sigmaDDT (2 locations) were 460 ng/kg and 75 ng/kg, respectively. The seventh contained 0.7 ng/kg of dieldrin. None of the three open water reservoirs contained detectable residues of the compounds of interest. Essentially no correlation was found between PCB and DDT analogs in streams and those in fish from streams which had been samples at similar locations in a related study in 1976.", "PMID": 97622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2798", "title": "[Anorexia: a redoubtable complication of the surgical treatment for obesity after jejuno ileal by-pass (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of severe anorexia are reported. It results in a strong protein malabsorption with hepatic steatosis and in a syndrome of mental depression which needed the re-establishment of the intestinal-continuity. Although a mild post-operative anorexia is regular and contributes to the weight loss, massive anorexia must be considered as a new and redoubtable unpredictible complication of the surgical treatment for obesity, which may hinder the intestinal adaptation and increase the protein malabsorption.", "contents": "[Anorexia: a redoubtable complication of the surgical treatment for obesity after jejuno ileal by-pass (author's transl)]. Three cases of severe anorexia are reported. It results in a strong protein malabsorption with hepatic steatosis and in a syndrome of mental depression which needed the re-establishment of the intestinal-continuity. Although a mild post-operative anorexia is regular and contributes to the weight loss, massive anorexia must be considered as a new and redoubtable unpredictible complication of the surgical treatment for obesity, which may hinder the intestinal adaptation and increase the protein malabsorption.", "PMID": 97623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2799", "title": "[Acute renal failure in the course of occupational lead intoxication. Chelation therapy responsability (author's transl)].", "content": "In a patient with occupational plumbism and a normal kidney function, EDTA therapy (1 g/24 h) resulted in a massive lead excretion (15 000 microgram/24 h) together with acute renal failure. A direct nephrotoxic effect of EDTA was excluded: after renal function returned to normal, EDTA could be subsequently readministered at progressively increasing doses (250 mg to 1 g/24 h) without any renal dysfunction. These findings strongly suggest a close relationship between the burden of lead mobilized by EDTA and the acute renal failure. This case can be classified as acute lead nephropathy of which only a few instances have been reported in the literature. The interest of monitoring lead excretion during chelation therapy is particularly emphasized.", "contents": "[Acute renal failure in the course of occupational lead intoxication. Chelation therapy responsability (author's transl)]. In a patient with occupational plumbism and a normal kidney function, EDTA therapy (1 g/24 h) resulted in a massive lead excretion (15 000 microgram/24 h) together with acute renal failure. A direct nephrotoxic effect of EDTA was excluded: after renal function returned to normal, EDTA could be subsequently readministered at progressively increasing doses (250 mg to 1 g/24 h) without any renal dysfunction. These findings strongly suggest a close relationship between the burden of lead mobilized by EDTA and the acute renal failure. This case can be classified as acute lead nephropathy of which only a few instances have been reported in the literature. The interest of monitoring lead excretion during chelation therapy is particularly emphasized.", "PMID": 97624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2800", "title": "[Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolality with low dose insulin infusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen patients were treated with low-dose (5 u/hour) insulin infusion, including 10 cases of ketoacidosis, 3 cases of hyperglycemia without acidosis in severely affected diabetics, and 2 cases with hyperosmolality. The treatment was successful in all cases. Insulin was infused at a constant rate, during 12 hours as a mean value. Blood glucose fell regularly and no hypoglycemia occured. Serum potassium varied within narrow limits, and no accident related to hypokalemia was observed. The correction of ketoacidosis was delayed, as compared to that of hyperglycemia. The two elderly patients with hyperosmolality recovered quickly and completely. The method of low-dose insulin infusion seems thus effective and easily applicable, at least in an intensive care unit. Our experience prompted us to increase (10 u/h) rather than to decrease the insulin infusion rate, with the aim to obtain a faster correction of ketoacidosis.", "contents": "[Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolality with low dose insulin infusion (author's transl)]. Fifteen patients were treated with low-dose (5 u/hour) insulin infusion, including 10 cases of ketoacidosis, 3 cases of hyperglycemia without acidosis in severely affected diabetics, and 2 cases with hyperosmolality. The treatment was successful in all cases. Insulin was infused at a constant rate, during 12 hours as a mean value. Blood glucose fell regularly and no hypoglycemia occured. Serum potassium varied within narrow limits, and no accident related to hypokalemia was observed. The correction of ketoacidosis was delayed, as compared to that of hyperglycemia. The two elderly patients with hyperosmolality recovered quickly and completely. The method of low-dose insulin infusion seems thus effective and easily applicable, at least in an intensive care unit. Our experience prompted us to increase (10 u/h) rather than to decrease the insulin infusion rate, with the aim to obtain a faster correction of ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 97626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2801", "title": "[Evaluation of diagnostic methods. Application to the diagnosis of benign or malignant colonic tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The evaluation of diagnostic methods has become a necessity in clinical practice in order to select those techniques with the best possible cost-effectiveness ratio. Using simple informational indices such as sensitivity or specificity, it is possible to analyse the literature devoted to diagnostic methods in a given disease. This method is here applied to the problem of the detection of colonic tumours, benign or malignant, and gives an estimation of the informational value of occult blood examinations, rectosigmoidoscopy, simple barium enema, double contrast barium enema and colonoscopy.", "contents": "[Evaluation of diagnostic methods. Application to the diagnosis of benign or malignant colonic tumours (author's transl)]. The evaluation of diagnostic methods has become a necessity in clinical practice in order to select those techniques with the best possible cost-effectiveness ratio. Using simple informational indices such as sensitivity or specificity, it is possible to analyse the literature devoted to diagnostic methods in a given disease. This method is here applied to the problem of the detection of colonic tumours, benign or malignant, and gives an estimation of the informational value of occult blood examinations, rectosigmoidoscopy, simple barium enema, double contrast barium enema and colonoscopy.", "PMID": 97628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2802", "title": "[Diagnosis of hyperprolactinaemias: respective value of response to THR and to bromocriptine (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy tests of stimulation with hypothalamic thyreotrophic hormone liberation factor, and 35 bromocriptine inhibition tests were carried out on a routine basis in patients with latent or frank hyperprolactinaemia. Pathological hyperprolactinaemia does not have a single clinical pattern: frank, it takes the form either of an exteriorised pituitary adenoma (14 cases), or of an amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome with or without micro-adenoma (12 cases); latent, it takes the form either of isolated amenorrhoea (17 cases) or of dysovulatory sterility (16 cases). Amongst the dynamic tests available, it is worthwhile to make a choice, and in the case of frank hyperprolactinaemia, the authors propose use of the bromocriptine inhibition test in the first instance. The TRH test is reserved for verification of the results of neurosurgery. As far as latent hyperprolactinaemia is concerned, it may be identify only by the TRH test, with the resultant possibility of specific treatment.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of hyperprolactinaemias: respective value of response to THR and to bromocriptine (author's transl)]. Seventy tests of stimulation with hypothalamic thyreotrophic hormone liberation factor, and 35 bromocriptine inhibition tests were carried out on a routine basis in patients with latent or frank hyperprolactinaemia. Pathological hyperprolactinaemia does not have a single clinical pattern: frank, it takes the form either of an exteriorised pituitary adenoma (14 cases), or of an amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome with or without micro-adenoma (12 cases); latent, it takes the form either of isolated amenorrhoea (17 cases) or of dysovulatory sterility (16 cases). Amongst the dynamic tests available, it is worthwhile to make a choice, and in the case of frank hyperprolactinaemia, the authors propose use of the bromocriptine inhibition test in the first instance. The TRH test is reserved for verification of the results of neurosurgery. As far as latent hyperprolactinaemia is concerned, it may be identify only by the TRH test, with the resultant possibility of specific treatment.", "PMID": 97629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2803", "title": "[Von Recklinghausen's disease: functional pulmonary changes. 2 case reports].", "content": "We report two cases of patients with Von Recklinghausen disease. They exhibited typical cutaneous and diffuse intrapulmonary lesions accompanied by effort dyspnea. Multiple radiological abnormalities were noticed and the pictures showed nodular and interstitial lesions as well as emphysematous areas. Pulmonary function tests revealed more or less marked hypoxemia without hypercapnia, and decreased maximal expiratory flows due, at least in part, to a loss of elastic recoil.", "contents": "[Von Recklinghausen's disease: functional pulmonary changes. 2 case reports]. We report two cases of patients with Von Recklinghausen disease. They exhibited typical cutaneous and diffuse intrapulmonary lesions accompanied by effort dyspnea. Multiple radiological abnormalities were noticed and the pictures showed nodular and interstitial lesions as well as emphysematous areas. Pulmonary function tests revealed more or less marked hypoxemia without hypercapnia, and decreased maximal expiratory flows due, at least in part, to a loss of elastic recoil.", "PMID": 97631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2804", "title": "Characterization of a mouse DNA clone containing an immunoglobulin variable region gene.", "content": "A 4.8 kilobase mouse embryo DNA fragment was inserted into a phage lambda genome and was subsequently characterized by electron microscopy, restriction enzyme mapping and partial DNA sequencing. This fragment contains a 400 base sequence which is homologous to that of an immunoglobulin light lambda chain mRNA which spans 3.3 to 3.7 kilobases from one end of the fragment. Restriction enzyme mapping as well as partial nucleotide sequencing of the 3' terminal of the homology region confirm the previous conclusion [Tonegawa, Brack, Hozumi and Schuller, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74, 3518-3522 (1977)] that the cloned DNA fragment contains a Vlambda gene sequence which is separate from any Clambda sequence.", "contents": "Characterization of a mouse DNA clone containing an immunoglobulin variable region gene. A 4.8 kilobase mouse embryo DNA fragment was inserted into a phage lambda genome and was subsequently characterized by electron microscopy, restriction enzyme mapping and partial DNA sequencing. This fragment contains a 400 base sequence which is homologous to that of an immunoglobulin light lambda chain mRNA which spans 3.3 to 3.7 kilobases from one end of the fragment. Restriction enzyme mapping as well as partial nucleotide sequencing of the 3' terminal of the homology region confirm the previous conclusion [Tonegawa, Brack, Hozumi and Schuller, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74, 3518-3522 (1977)] that the cloned DNA fragment contains a Vlambda gene sequence which is separate from any Clambda sequence.", "PMID": 97634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2805", "title": "The properties of gene Dm 225, a representative of dispersed repetitive genes in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The properties of Dm 225 DNA, a fragment of D.melanogaster genome 2.9 kb in length excised by EcoRI endonuclease and cloned in the lambda gt phage or pMB9 plasmid, are described. The DNA hybridizes to a significant portion (0.8%) of total polysomal poly(A)(+)RNA (mRNA). The size of the hybridizing mRNA is about 2.3 kb (19S); it is present in the fraction of heavy polysomes. Dm 225 DNA fragments obtained with the aid of Hae III endonuclease have been mapped. mRNA hybridizes with all the fragments. In one of the end fragments, the 3'-end of mRNA has been localized and thus the direction of transcription determined. About 250 copies of the gene Dm 225 are present in the haploid genome of D.melanogaster, and all of them have the same size upon restriction with EcoRI endonuclease. On the other hand, the sequences of the genome adjacent to Dm 225 DNA are different and may vary from one cell line to another as evidenced by experiments in which the D.melanogaster DNA was restricted by Hind III endonuclease. In combination with in situ hybridization data /1,2/ the results obtained in this paper demonstrate that the structural gene present in Dm 225 DNA is a representative of a multiple gene family dispersed throughout the whole genome of D.melanogaster.Images", "contents": "The properties of gene Dm 225, a representative of dispersed repetitive genes in Drosophila melanogaster. The properties of Dm 225 DNA, a fragment of D.melanogaster genome 2.9 kb in length excised by EcoRI endonuclease and cloned in the lambda gt phage or pMB9 plasmid, are described. The DNA hybridizes to a significant portion (0.8%) of total polysomal poly(A)(+)RNA (mRNA). The size of the hybridizing mRNA is about 2.3 kb (19S); it is present in the fraction of heavy polysomes. Dm 225 DNA fragments obtained with the aid of Hae III endonuclease have been mapped. mRNA hybridizes with all the fragments. In one of the end fragments, the 3'-end of mRNA has been localized and thus the direction of transcription determined. About 250 copies of the gene Dm 225 are present in the haploid genome of D.melanogaster, and all of them have the same size upon restriction with EcoRI endonuclease. On the other hand, the sequences of the genome adjacent to Dm 225 DNA are different and may vary from one cell line to another as evidenced by experiments in which the D.melanogaster DNA was restricted by Hind III endonuclease. In combination with in situ hybridization data /1,2/ the results obtained in this paper demonstrate that the structural gene present in Dm 225 DNA is a representative of a multiple gene family dispersed throughout the whole genome of D.melanogaster.Images", "PMID": 97635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2806", "title": "The cleavage site of the restriction endonuclease Ava II.", "content": "We have determined that the type II restriction enzyme Ava II, isolated from Anabaena variabilis, recognizes and cuts the sequence (formula: see article). The eight Ava II sites of pBR322 have been mapped, as well as a unique site for Ava I.", "contents": "The cleavage site of the restriction endonuclease Ava II. We have determined that the type II restriction enzyme Ava II, isolated from Anabaena variabilis, recognizes and cuts the sequence (formula: see article). The eight Ava II sites of pBR322 have been mapped, as well as a unique site for Ava I.", "PMID": 97636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2807", "title": "Mechanism of suppression in Drosophila. VII. Correlation between disappearance of an isoacceptor of tyrosine tRNA and activation of the vermilion locus.", "content": "The possibility that tyrosine tRNA modifies the catalytic activity of tryptophan oxygenase that is produced by the vermilion mutant (v) in Drosophila melanogaster is reconsidered. Dietary conditions can modify the ratio of the two major isoacceptors of tyrosine tRNA: one condition allows 85--90% to exist as the second isoacceptor, and another condition allows less than 5% to exist in this form. The function lacking in the vermilion mutant is partially restored when the second isoacceptor of tRNATyr is reduced to low levels (less than 40%), but the function is greatly reduced when this isoacceptor is present as 50% or more of the total. These data support the hypothesis that tRNATyr may be associated with and regulate tryptophan oxygenase. The corresponding isoacceptor of tRNATyr found in a suppressor mutant, su(s)2, should not have any effect on the function of the vermilion gene, and, indeed, it did not. The tRNAs for tyrosine, aspartic acid, and histidine all have one isoacceptor that contains nucleoside Q and all undergo parallel changes in flies raised on the various diets. It appears that these dietary changes affect the ability to synthesize or modify Q or to remove or insert it into tRNA.", "contents": "Mechanism of suppression in Drosophila. VII. Correlation between disappearance of an isoacceptor of tyrosine tRNA and activation of the vermilion locus. The possibility that tyrosine tRNA modifies the catalytic activity of tryptophan oxygenase that is produced by the vermilion mutant (v) in Drosophila melanogaster is reconsidered. Dietary conditions can modify the ratio of the two major isoacceptors of tyrosine tRNA: one condition allows 85--90% to exist as the second isoacceptor, and another condition allows less than 5% to exist in this form. The function lacking in the vermilion mutant is partially restored when the second isoacceptor of tRNATyr is reduced to low levels (less than 40%), but the function is greatly reduced when this isoacceptor is present as 50% or more of the total. These data support the hypothesis that tRNATyr may be associated with and regulate tryptophan oxygenase. The corresponding isoacceptor of tRNATyr found in a suppressor mutant, su(s)2, should not have any effect on the function of the vermilion gene, and, indeed, it did not. The tRNAs for tyrosine, aspartic acid, and histidine all have one isoacceptor that contains nucleoside Q and all undergo parallel changes in flies raised on the various diets. It appears that these dietary changes affect the ability to synthesize or modify Q or to remove or insert it into tRNA.", "PMID": 97637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2808", "title": "Replication of poly dA and poly rA by a drosophila DNA polymerase.", "content": "The activity of a 7.3S-8.3S Drosophila DNA polymerase was characterized in detail using poly dA.p(dT)[unk] and poly rA.p(dT)[unk]. With poly dA.p(dT)[unk], Mg(2+) ion was the preferred divalent cation, and enzyme activity was inhibited by K(+) ion and by spermidine. With poly rA.p(dT)[unk], Mn(2+) ion was the preferred divalent cation and enzyme activity was stimulated by K(+) ion and by spermidine. The dependence of enzyme activity on the concentration of primer-template and on the ratio of primer to template was the same in both reactions. The two enzyme activities were identically inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. Poly dA was replicated extensively and poly rA was replicated partially. The activation energy for poly dA replication was twice that for poly rA replication. Enzyme activity with poly dA.p(dT)[unk] was more stable to thermal inactivation than was enzyme activity with poly rA.p(dT)[unk]. These studies suggest that the same enzyme responds to both the deoxy- and the ribohomopolymer template but that the mechanisms of replication may be different.", "contents": "Replication of poly dA and poly rA by a drosophila DNA polymerase. The activity of a 7.3S-8.3S Drosophila DNA polymerase was characterized in detail using poly dA.p(dT)[unk] and poly rA.p(dT)[unk]. With poly dA.p(dT)[unk], Mg(2+) ion was the preferred divalent cation, and enzyme activity was inhibited by K(+) ion and by spermidine. With poly rA.p(dT)[unk], Mn(2+) ion was the preferred divalent cation and enzyme activity was stimulated by K(+) ion and by spermidine. The dependence of enzyme activity on the concentration of primer-template and on the ratio of primer to template was the same in both reactions. The two enzyme activities were identically inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. Poly dA was replicated extensively and poly rA was replicated partially. The activation energy for poly dA replication was twice that for poly rA replication. Enzyme activity with poly dA.p(dT)[unk] was more stable to thermal inactivation than was enzyme activity with poly rA.p(dT)[unk]. These studies suggest that the same enzyme responds to both the deoxy- and the ribohomopolymer template but that the mechanisms of replication may be different.", "PMID": 97638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2809", "title": "Meeting exceptional nutritional needs. 1. Total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "The provision of adequate nutrition to hospitalized patients with exceptional caloric requirements has been a problem until the recent advent of intravenous hyperalimentation. With total parenteral nutrition (TPN), the nutritional needs of any patient can be met by infusion. TPN solution is hypertonic, and administration requires central venous cannulation. The subclavian vein is usually chosen as route of access to the superior vena cava. Strict aseptic technique must be used in inserting the catheter and making up and administering the solution. TPN is not without risk. Infection is always a possibility, as are metabolic alterations, such as electrolyte imbalance, fluid overload, osmotic dehydration, and essential fatty acid deficiency.", "contents": "Meeting exceptional nutritional needs. 1. Total parenteral nutrition. The provision of adequate nutrition to hospitalized patients with exceptional caloric requirements has been a problem until the recent advent of intravenous hyperalimentation. With total parenteral nutrition (TPN), the nutritional needs of any patient can be met by infusion. TPN solution is hypertonic, and administration requires central venous cannulation. The subclavian vein is usually chosen as route of access to the superior vena cava. Strict aseptic technique must be used in inserting the catheter and making up and administering the solution. TPN is not without risk. Infection is always a possibility, as are metabolic alterations, such as electrolyte imbalance, fluid overload, osmotic dehydration, and essential fatty acid deficiency.", "PMID": 97643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2810", "title": "Oral methionine loading as a cause of acute serum folate deficiency: its relevance to parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Oral methionine supplements (8.0 g daily for 4 days) were given to five normal volunteers who continued to eat their usual diet. This treatment resulted in a significant fall in serum folate concentration. Three days after the end of treatment concentrations had not completely returned to control values. The fall in concentration was prevented by giving oral folic acid supplements. It is suggested that folic acid supplements should be given to patients who are receiving intravenous infusions of amino acid mixtures.", "contents": "Oral methionine loading as a cause of acute serum folate deficiency: its relevance to parenteral nutrition. Oral methionine supplements (8.0 g daily for 4 days) were given to five normal volunteers who continued to eat their usual diet. This treatment resulted in a significant fall in serum folate concentration. Three days after the end of treatment concentrations had not completely returned to control values. The fall in concentration was prevented by giving oral folic acid supplements. It is suggested that folic acid supplements should be given to patients who are receiving intravenous infusions of amino acid mixtures.", "PMID": 97644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2811", "title": "Streptoccocus faecalis endocarditis: an emerging problem?", "content": "The clinical features of 16 patients with Streptococcus faecalis endocarditis are reviewed and the currently favoured antimicrobial regimens for such infections are detailed.", "contents": "Streptoccocus faecalis endocarditis: an emerging problem? The clinical features of 16 patients with Streptococcus faecalis endocarditis are reviewed and the currently favoured antimicrobial regimens for such infections are detailed.", "PMID": 97645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2812", "title": "The problems of massive small bowel resection and difficulties encountered in management.", "content": "Massive small bowel resection is imperative in the management of several pathological conditions and is accompanied by high operative mortality. In those that survive, serious nutritional disturbances are inevitable. Intestinal adaptation is said to occur but cannot be relied upon. Long-term parenteral nutrition is problematical and often unsuccessful. Many surgical procedures have been adopted in an effort to improve prognosis and have been found wanting. Controlled experimental studies in the use of reversed segments and a limited number of reported clinical cases using the method after massive resection suggest that this technique may improve the function of the residual intestine to such an extent that other supportive measures are unnecessary.", "contents": "The problems of massive small bowel resection and difficulties encountered in management. Massive small bowel resection is imperative in the management of several pathological conditions and is accompanied by high operative mortality. In those that survive, serious nutritional disturbances are inevitable. Intestinal adaptation is said to occur but cannot be relied upon. Long-term parenteral nutrition is problematical and often unsuccessful. Many surgical procedures have been adopted in an effort to improve prognosis and have been found wanting. Controlled experimental studies in the use of reversed segments and a limited number of reported clinical cases using the method after massive resection suggest that this technique may improve the function of the residual intestine to such an extent that other supportive measures are unnecessary.", "PMID": 97646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2813", "title": "Maternal vitamin E alters passively acquired immunity of chicks.", "content": "Passively transferred antibody levels were significantly increased in plasma of two- and seven-day-old chicks when the dams were fed 150 and 450 p.p.m. vitamin E prior to immunization with Brucella abortus. However, if the hens were fed 90, 300 and 900 p.p.m. vitamin E before immunization, the chicks evidenced no increase in antibody titers relative to controls. This nonlinear antibody response by the reticulo-endothelial system to vitamin E confirms in Gallus domesticus similar results reported for other species.", "contents": "Maternal vitamin E alters passively acquired immunity of chicks. Passively transferred antibody levels were significantly increased in plasma of two- and seven-day-old chicks when the dams were fed 150 and 450 p.p.m. vitamin E prior to immunization with Brucella abortus. However, if the hens were fed 90, 300 and 900 p.p.m. vitamin E before immunization, the chicks evidenced no increase in antibody titers relative to controls. This nonlinear antibody response by the reticulo-endothelial system to vitamin E confirms in Gallus domesticus similar results reported for other species.", "PMID": 97647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2814", "title": "Response of broiler chickens to low level intake of polychorinated biphenyl isomers.", "content": "Commercial-type broiler starter and finisher feeds containing 0, .1, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, or 20.0 ppm of polychlorinated biphenyl isomers (PCBs) as Aroclor 1254 (Monsanto) were fed to male broiler chicks (Arbor Acres 70 X Cobb) from hatching to 8 weeks of age. Feed intake and body weights were recorded on a weekly basis. The birds were killed at 8 weeks of age and samples of leg and breast muscle and adipose tissue were removed from each bird for PCBs analysis by gas chromatography (Pesticide Anal. Manual, FDA, '74). Linear log-log dose response curves with confidence limits were fitted to all data. There was a progressive, significant reduction in growth in response to increasing levels of PCBs fed. PCBs toxicity symptoms were seen at 10 and 20 ppm levels. All tissues showed significant, progressive accumulations of PCBs in response to increased dose.", "contents": "Response of broiler chickens to low level intake of polychorinated biphenyl isomers. Commercial-type broiler starter and finisher feeds containing 0, .1, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, or 20.0 ppm of polychlorinated biphenyl isomers (PCBs) as Aroclor 1254 (Monsanto) were fed to male broiler chicks (Arbor Acres 70 X Cobb) from hatching to 8 weeks of age. Feed intake and body weights were recorded on a weekly basis. The birds were killed at 8 weeks of age and samples of leg and breast muscle and adipose tissue were removed from each bird for PCBs analysis by gas chromatography (Pesticide Anal. Manual, FDA, '74). Linear log-log dose response curves with confidence limits were fitted to all data. There was a progressive, significant reduction in growth in response to increasing levels of PCBs fed. PCBs toxicity symptoms were seen at 10 and 20 ppm levels. All tissues showed significant, progressive accumulations of PCBs in response to increased dose.", "PMID": 97648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2815", "title": "[Substrate specificity of lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens].", "content": "Substrate specificity of lipase isolated from the culture liquid filtrate of Pseudomonas fluorescens BKM-B-1151 was investigated with respect to vegetable oils and animal fats (olive, sunflower, cotton, mustard and soybean oils; beef and hog fats and their glycerides and fatty acid esters). The preparation showed a high specificity to the quantitative composition of the reaction mixture (substrate: enzyme ratio), chemical structure of the substrate, and the emulgator type (gelatine, gum arabic and Triton X-100). The lipase preparation hydrolyzed oils and water-insoluble fatty acid esters. The latter indicated an involvement of lipase.", "contents": "[Substrate specificity of lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens]. Substrate specificity of lipase isolated from the culture liquid filtrate of Pseudomonas fluorescens BKM-B-1151 was investigated with respect to vegetable oils and animal fats (olive, sunflower, cotton, mustard and soybean oils; beef and hog fats and their glycerides and fatty acid esters). The preparation showed a high specificity to the quantitative composition of the reaction mixture (substrate: enzyme ratio), chemical structure of the substrate, and the emulgator type (gelatine, gum arabic and Triton X-100). The lipase preparation hydrolyzed oils and water-insoluble fatty acid esters. The latter indicated an involvement of lipase.", "PMID": 97652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2816", "title": "[Gonadotropin from the bovine pineal body. Evidence of its similarity with the luteinizing hormone of the pituitary gland].", "content": "Gonadotropin affiliated by biological and immunochemical properties to the luteinizing hormone of the hypophysis was revealed in the purified extracts from the bovine pineal glands. Biological properties of gonadotropin from the pineal glands were assessed by the reactions specific of the luteinizing hormone. Immunochemical properties of gonadotropin were studied by means of gel-precipitation in agar gel, immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunochemical analysis. It was found that the specific content of gonadotropin in the epiphysis was 80 times lower than the specific content of the luteinizing hormone in the hypophysis, but exceeded the LH concentration in the blood serum 555 times and in the cerebrospinal fluid 6.8 times. Immunoreactive LH was absent in the extracts of the brain cortex, the liver and the ovaries. A theoretical interpretation of a possible physiological role of the LH-like gonadotropin in the endocrine regulation of the reproductive function of the organism is given in this work.", "contents": "[Gonadotropin from the bovine pineal body. Evidence of its similarity with the luteinizing hormone of the pituitary gland]. Gonadotropin affiliated by biological and immunochemical properties to the luteinizing hormone of the hypophysis was revealed in the purified extracts from the bovine pineal glands. Biological properties of gonadotropin from the pineal glands were assessed by the reactions specific of the luteinizing hormone. Immunochemical properties of gonadotropin were studied by means of gel-precipitation in agar gel, immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunochemical analysis. It was found that the specific content of gonadotropin in the epiphysis was 80 times lower than the specific content of the luteinizing hormone in the hypophysis, but exceeded the LH concentration in the blood serum 555 times and in the cerebrospinal fluid 6.8 times. Immunoreactive LH was absent in the extracts of the brain cortex, the liver and the ovaries. A theoretical interpretation of a possible physiological role of the LH-like gonadotropin in the endocrine regulation of the reproductive function of the organism is given in this work.", "PMID": 97653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2817", "title": "[Isolation of the islands of Langerhans and their transplantation under experimental conditions].", "content": "Isolated islets of Langerhans were obtained from sexually immature rats by means of collagenase. Interperitoneal isotransplantation of the islets to rats with alloxan diabetes caused an improvement of their condition, normoglycemia, and elevation of the immunoreactive insulin level, and prolonged survival of these rats, in the presence of coarse morphological changes in the endocrine part of the pancreas of the recipient (in 2--4 weeks). It is suggested that the insular cells of the islets of Langerhans isolated from the immature rats were viable.", "contents": "[Isolation of the islands of Langerhans and their transplantation under experimental conditions]. Isolated islets of Langerhans were obtained from sexually immature rats by means of collagenase. Interperitoneal isotransplantation of the islets to rats with alloxan diabetes caused an improvement of their condition, normoglycemia, and elevation of the immunoreactive insulin level, and prolonged survival of these rats, in the presence of coarse morphological changes in the endocrine part of the pancreas of the recipient (in 2--4 weeks). It is suggested that the insular cells of the islets of Langerhans isolated from the immature rats were viable.", "PMID": 97654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2818", "title": "[Enzymatic profile of the exudate leukocytes in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The activity of enzymes regulating the processes providing functional activity of leukocytes was studied in the exudate leukocytes of healthy rabbits and animals with alloxan diabetes. Rabbits with diabetes displayed a reduction of hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and adenylate kinase activity. The activity of UDPH-pyrophosphorylase, UDPH-glycogentranspherase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glutathion reductase showed no significant changes in the exudate leukocytes in diabetes. A reduction of hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase limiting glycolysis and the pentose-phosphate cycle, respectively, providing energy for leukocytes and important in protein metabolism of these cells, is of great significance in the reduction of functional activity of leukocytes in the inflammatory focus in diabetes.", "contents": "[Enzymatic profile of the exudate leukocytes in diabetes mellitus]. The activity of enzymes regulating the processes providing functional activity of leukocytes was studied in the exudate leukocytes of healthy rabbits and animals with alloxan diabetes. Rabbits with diabetes displayed a reduction of hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and adenylate kinase activity. The activity of UDPH-pyrophosphorylase, UDPH-glycogentranspherase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glutathion reductase showed no significant changes in the exudate leukocytes in diabetes. A reduction of hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase limiting glycolysis and the pentose-phosphate cycle, respectively, providing energy for leukocytes and important in protein metabolism of these cells, is of great significance in the reduction of functional activity of leukocytes in the inflammatory focus in diabetes.", "PMID": 97655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2819", "title": "Organization of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes and allelic deletion model.", "content": "We have assessed the number of times the gene sequence encoding constant regions of mouse immunoglobulin heavy chains gamma1, gamma2a, and gamma3 are represented in the mouse genome by hybridization kinetic analysis. All three genes are present at one copy each per haploid genome in normal tissues and myelomas producing IgM or IgG3. IgG1-producing myelomas, however, contain 1 copy each of the gamma1 and gamma2a genes and 0.5 copy of the gamma3 gene per haploid genome. IgG2b-producing myelomas contain 1 copy of the gamma2a gene and 0.5 copy each of the gamma1 and gamma3 genes per haploid genome. IgG2a-producing myelomas contain 1 copy of the gamma2a gene and 0.5 copy each of the gamma1 and gamma3 genes per haploid genome. In myelomas producing IgA, all three gamma genes are represented 0.5 times per haploid genome. In order to account for the results we propose an allelic deletion model: (i) The specific deletion of heavy chain constant region genes accompanies the recombination of a variable region gene to a constant region gene. (ii) The portion of the chromosome that resides between two joining sequences is excised out of the chromosome. (iii) The recombination occurs on one of the alleles. Based on this model we also propose that heavy chain genes are arranged on one chromosome in the following order; variable region genes, unknown spacer sequence, mu, gamma3, gamma1, gamma2b, gamma2a, and alpha.", "contents": "Organization of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes and allelic deletion model. We have assessed the number of times the gene sequence encoding constant regions of mouse immunoglobulin heavy chains gamma1, gamma2a, and gamma3 are represented in the mouse genome by hybridization kinetic analysis. All three genes are present at one copy each per haploid genome in normal tissues and myelomas producing IgM or IgG3. IgG1-producing myelomas, however, contain 1 copy each of the gamma1 and gamma2a genes and 0.5 copy of the gamma3 gene per haploid genome. IgG2b-producing myelomas contain 1 copy of the gamma2a gene and 0.5 copy each of the gamma1 and gamma3 genes per haploid genome. IgG2a-producing myelomas contain 1 copy of the gamma2a gene and 0.5 copy each of the gamma1 and gamma3 genes per haploid genome. In myelomas producing IgA, all three gamma genes are represented 0.5 times per haploid genome. In order to account for the results we propose an allelic deletion model: (i) The specific deletion of heavy chain constant region genes accompanies the recombination of a variable region gene to a constant region gene. (ii) The portion of the chromosome that resides between two joining sequences is excised out of the chromosome. (iii) The recombination occurs on one of the alleles. Based on this model we also propose that heavy chain genes are arranged on one chromosome in the following order; variable region genes, unknown spacer sequence, mu, gamma3, gamma1, gamma2b, gamma2a, and alpha.", "PMID": 97665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2820", "title": "Uracil incorporation into nascent DNA of thymine-requiring mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168.", "content": "A thymine-requiring mutant of Bacillus subtilis strain 168 accumulates short DNA chains after brief pulses with [(3)H]thymidine. Reversion of the thy mutation to thy(+) abolishes the accumulation of short DNA chains, suggesting that the accumulation is related to the thy mutation. The reason for this accumulation has been further investigated by analysis of a mutant with a defective uracil-DNA glycosidase activity (urg). The accumulation of short DNA chains in thy(-) cells is abolished by the deficiency of uracil-DNA glycosidase activity. In thy(+) cells, the deficiency of the glycosidase activity does not change the sedimentation profile of pulse-labeled DNA. DNA isolated from thy(-)urg(-) cells is fragmented by successive treatment with purified uracil-DNA glycosidase and alkali, indicating that uracil residues are present in this DNA. DNA isolated from thy(+)urg(-) cells is not fragmented by the same treatment. Significant radioactivity is detected in the dUMP region, when [(3)H]uridine-labeled DNA from thy(-)urg(-) cells is hydrolyzed and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. Only a trace amount of radioactivity, which is not influenced by the deficiency of uracil-DNA glycosidase activity, is found in the dUMP region in DNA hydrolysates from thy(+) cells. These results suggest that, in thy(-) cells, uracil is incorporated into DNA and the accumulation of short DNA chains results from the excision-repair of this uracil whereas in thy(+) cells, uracil is seldom, if ever, incorporated into DNA.", "contents": "Uracil incorporation into nascent DNA of thymine-requiring mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168. A thymine-requiring mutant of Bacillus subtilis strain 168 accumulates short DNA chains after brief pulses with [(3)H]thymidine. Reversion of the thy mutation to thy(+) abolishes the accumulation of short DNA chains, suggesting that the accumulation is related to the thy mutation. The reason for this accumulation has been further investigated by analysis of a mutant with a defective uracil-DNA glycosidase activity (urg). The accumulation of short DNA chains in thy(-) cells is abolished by the deficiency of uracil-DNA glycosidase activity. In thy(+) cells, the deficiency of the glycosidase activity does not change the sedimentation profile of pulse-labeled DNA. DNA isolated from thy(-)urg(-) cells is fragmented by successive treatment with purified uracil-DNA glycosidase and alkali, indicating that uracil residues are present in this DNA. DNA isolated from thy(+)urg(-) cells is not fragmented by the same treatment. Significant radioactivity is detected in the dUMP region, when [(3)H]uridine-labeled DNA from thy(-)urg(-) cells is hydrolyzed and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. Only a trace amount of radioactivity, which is not influenced by the deficiency of uracil-DNA glycosidase activity, is found in the dUMP region in DNA hydrolysates from thy(+) cells. These results suggest that, in thy(-) cells, uracil is incorporated into DNA and the accumulation of short DNA chains results from the excision-repair of this uracil whereas in thy(+) cells, uracil is seldom, if ever, incorporated into DNA.", "PMID": 97666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2821", "title": "Nitrogen electron nuclear double resonance and proton triple resonance experiments on the bacteriochlorophyll cation in solution.", "content": "Electron nuclear double resonance signals of the pyrrole nitrogens of bacteriochlorophyll alpha cation in a solution of CH2Cl2/CH3OH (6:1) have been observed. The nitrogens are inequivalent: the hyperfine coupling constants were determined to be 2.36 and 3.18 MHz (0.84 and 1.14 G, respectively). Triple electron nuclear double resonance experiments have yielded the signs and values of nine proton hyperfine coupling constants. The assignment based on these data agrees well with previous work (Borg, D.C., Forman, A. & Fajer, J. (1976) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 98, 6889-6893); in addition, two methine protons have been identified. Spin densities calculated from the hyperfine couplings are compared to reported molecular orbital calculations.", "contents": "Nitrogen electron nuclear double resonance and proton triple resonance experiments on the bacteriochlorophyll cation in solution. Electron nuclear double resonance signals of the pyrrole nitrogens of bacteriochlorophyll alpha cation in a solution of CH2Cl2/CH3OH (6:1) have been observed. The nitrogens are inequivalent: the hyperfine coupling constants were determined to be 2.36 and 3.18 MHz (0.84 and 1.14 G, respectively). Triple electron nuclear double resonance experiments have yielded the signs and values of nine proton hyperfine coupling constants. The assignment based on these data agrees well with previous work (Borg, D.C., Forman, A. & Fajer, J. (1976) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 98, 6889-6893); in addition, two methine protons have been identified. Spin densities calculated from the hyperfine couplings are compared to reported molecular orbital calculations.", "PMID": 97667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2822", "title": "Inhibition of dual Ir gene-controlled T-lymphocyte proliferative response to poly (Glu56Lys35Phe9)n with anti-Ia antisera directed against products of either I-A or I-C subregion.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that both the antibody and T-lymphocyte proliferative immune responses to poly(Glu53Lys36Phe11)n (GLphi) are under the control of two major histocompatibility-linked immune response (Ir) genes. One gene, termed Ir-GL phi-alpha, has been mapped to the I-C or I-E subregion of the major histocompatibility complex, while the other, termed Ir-GL phi-beta, has been mapped to the I-A subregion. In this paper we examine the effect of anti-I-region-associated (Ia) antisera on the T-lyphocyte proliferative response to GL phi. Antibodies directed against Ia antigens coded for by genes in either the I-A or I-C subregion were found to inhibit the proliferative response to GLphi. These results suggest that a function mediated by two Ir gene products can be blocked by anit-Ia antisera directed against either one, and thus, that both products are expressed on the cell surface.", "contents": "Inhibition of dual Ir gene-controlled T-lymphocyte proliferative response to poly (Glu56Lys35Phe9)n with anti-Ia antisera directed against products of either I-A or I-C subregion. Previous studies have demonstrated that both the antibody and T-lymphocyte proliferative immune responses to poly(Glu53Lys36Phe11)n (GLphi) are under the control of two major histocompatibility-linked immune response (Ir) genes. One gene, termed Ir-GL phi-alpha, has been mapped to the I-C or I-E subregion of the major histocompatibility complex, while the other, termed Ir-GL phi-beta, has been mapped to the I-A subregion. In this paper we examine the effect of anti-I-region-associated (Ia) antisera on the T-lyphocyte proliferative response to GL phi. Antibodies directed against Ia antigens coded for by genes in either the I-A or I-C subregion were found to inhibit the proliferative response to GLphi. These results suggest that a function mediated by two Ir gene products can be blocked by anit-Ia antisera directed against either one, and thus, that both products are expressed on the cell surface.", "PMID": 97668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2823", "title": "Rescue of immunoglobulin secretion from human neoplastic lymphoid cells by somatic cell hybridization.", "content": "B leukemia cells from four different patients were hybridized with a mouse myeloma cell line with polyethylene glycol as a fusing agent. The original leukemia cells all expressed immunoglobulin on their surface, but failed to secrete it. Over 200 different human-mouse somatic cell hybrids were obtained; 57% of them secreted human immunoglobulin in large amounts. Human immunoglobulin secretion can be a stable property of these hybrid cells over months of continuous culture. In each case the human immunoglobulin secreted was restricted to the light chain type expressed by the parental B leukemia cell. In addition, these hybrid cells secreted the original mouse myeloma protein and a variety of mixed human-mouse immunoglobulin molecules.", "contents": "Rescue of immunoglobulin secretion from human neoplastic lymphoid cells by somatic cell hybridization. B leukemia cells from four different patients were hybridized with a mouse myeloma cell line with polyethylene glycol as a fusing agent. The original leukemia cells all expressed immunoglobulin on their surface, but failed to secrete it. Over 200 different human-mouse somatic cell hybrids were obtained; 57% of them secreted human immunoglobulin in large amounts. Human immunoglobulin secretion can be a stable property of these hybrid cells over months of continuous culture. In each case the human immunoglobulin secreted was restricted to the light chain type expressed by the parental B leukemia cell. In addition, these hybrid cells secreted the original mouse myeloma protein and a variety of mixed human-mouse immunoglobulin molecules.", "PMID": 97669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2824", "title": "Variable region genes for the immunoglobulin framework are assembled from small segments of DNA--a hypothesis.", "content": "Sequences of each of the four framework segments FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4 of the variable regions (V-regions) of light and heavy chains of immunoglobulins were grouped into sets with identical sequences. Sets contained from 1 to 18 members. When each V-region was traced from one FR to the next, it was seen that members of the same set in FR1 could be associated with different sets in FR2, FR3, and FR4. This suggests that the framework for the light and heavy chain V-regions is assembled during embryonic development from sets of minigenes for each FR segment. FR4 from three sets of human V(k)I chains also contained members of V(k)II, V(k)III, and V(k)IV subgroups; one FR2 set contained eight rabbit V(k), one human V(k)IV, and four mouse V(k) and an FR4 set contained two human V(H)III and one mouse V(H)III, indicating substantial evolutionary preservation of these sequences and suggesting that the sets of minigenes are highly conserved in the germ line. The clone of Tonegawa et al. [Tonegawa, S., Maxam, A. M., Tizard, R., Bernard, O. & Gilbert, W. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1485-1489] could be a hybrid FR1 and FR3 coming from minigenes of MOPC 315 (a V(lambda)II) whereas FR2 would come from MOPC 104E (a V(lambda)I). That FR4 is not joined to the rest of the V-region in 12-day-old mouse embryo DNA is also in accord with this hypothesis. Mouse sperm DNA should be examined to establish whether the hypothesized minigenes are separated by intervening sequences and whether the complementarity-determining (hypervariable) regions or segments of the V-region are separated from the framework in genomic DNA. Sperm DNA from rabbits or other species could be used to search for minigene segments whose sequences are identical in several species.", "contents": "Variable region genes for the immunoglobulin framework are assembled from small segments of DNA--a hypothesis. Sequences of each of the four framework segments FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4 of the variable regions (V-regions) of light and heavy chains of immunoglobulins were grouped into sets with identical sequences. Sets contained from 1 to 18 members. When each V-region was traced from one FR to the next, it was seen that members of the same set in FR1 could be associated with different sets in FR2, FR3, and FR4. This suggests that the framework for the light and heavy chain V-regions is assembled during embryonic development from sets of minigenes for each FR segment. FR4 from three sets of human V(k)I chains also contained members of V(k)II, V(k)III, and V(k)IV subgroups; one FR2 set contained eight rabbit V(k), one human V(k)IV, and four mouse V(k) and an FR4 set contained two human V(H)III and one mouse V(H)III, indicating substantial evolutionary preservation of these sequences and suggesting that the sets of minigenes are highly conserved in the germ line. The clone of Tonegawa et al. [Tonegawa, S., Maxam, A. M., Tizard, R., Bernard, O. & Gilbert, W. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1485-1489] could be a hybrid FR1 and FR3 coming from minigenes of MOPC 315 (a V(lambda)II) whereas FR2 would come from MOPC 104E (a V(lambda)I). That FR4 is not joined to the rest of the V-region in 12-day-old mouse embryo DNA is also in accord with this hypothesis. Mouse sperm DNA should be examined to establish whether the hypothesized minigenes are separated by intervening sequences and whether the complementarity-determining (hypervariable) regions or segments of the V-region are separated from the framework in genomic DNA. Sperm DNA from rabbits or other species could be used to search for minigene segments whose sequences are identical in several species.", "PMID": 97670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2825", "title": "Helical Bacillus subtilis macrofibers: morphogenesis of a bacterial multicellular macroorganism.", "content": "Helical bacterial macroorganisms have been produced by the selection of appropriate Bacillus subtilis mutants and the establishment of specific growth conditions. Threadlike fibers ranging in length to approximately 1 cm are produced in fluid culture by the parallel association of many division-suppressed filaments in helical arrangement. A more open ball-like structure of complicated woven architecture may also be produced. Macrostructure morphology is regulated by genetic, physiological, and nutritional factors. The pitch angle of surface filaments in helical macrofibers varies as a function of macrofiber diameter, indicating a flexible response of individual cell surfaces to the forces responsible for helical morphology. Three classes of mutants have been obtained that are concerned with helix directionality: (i) mutants that form only left-handed helix macrofibers, (ii) mutants that form only right-handed helix macrofibers, and (iii) conditional mutants able to form either left- or right-handed helix macrofibers depending upon nutritional environment. Aggregate structures containing both left- and right-handed macrofibers have been obtained by coculturing appropriate mutants. In addition to providing information on the organization of the bacterial cell surface, this new system offers unique and unusual opportunities to study cell-cell interactions, primitive morphogenesis, and the properties of a multicellular bacterial form.", "contents": "Helical Bacillus subtilis macrofibers: morphogenesis of a bacterial multicellular macroorganism. Helical bacterial macroorganisms have been produced by the selection of appropriate Bacillus subtilis mutants and the establishment of specific growth conditions. Threadlike fibers ranging in length to approximately 1 cm are produced in fluid culture by the parallel association of many division-suppressed filaments in helical arrangement. A more open ball-like structure of complicated woven architecture may also be produced. Macrostructure morphology is regulated by genetic, physiological, and nutritional factors. The pitch angle of surface filaments in helical macrofibers varies as a function of macrofiber diameter, indicating a flexible response of individual cell surfaces to the forces responsible for helical morphology. Three classes of mutants have been obtained that are concerned with helix directionality: (i) mutants that form only left-handed helix macrofibers, (ii) mutants that form only right-handed helix macrofibers, and (iii) conditional mutants able to form either left- or right-handed helix macrofibers depending upon nutritional environment. Aggregate structures containing both left- and right-handed macrofibers have been obtained by coculturing appropriate mutants. In addition to providing information on the organization of the bacterial cell surface, this new system offers unique and unusual opportunities to study cell-cell interactions, primitive morphogenesis, and the properties of a multicellular bacterial form.", "PMID": 97671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2826", "title": "Electric shock titration: effects of meperidine, anileridine and alphaprodine.", "content": "The effects of meperidine, anileridine and a alphaprodine were studied in the squirrel monkey whose behavior was maintained under a 2.0-sec schedule of shock increment. Low doses of all three drugs had no effect, whereas higher doses decreased responding at the zero shock intensity. Slightly higher doses of meperidine and anileridine increased responding at the zero shock intensity and produced convulsions.", "contents": "Electric shock titration: effects of meperidine, anileridine and alphaprodine. The effects of meperidine, anileridine and a alphaprodine were studied in the squirrel monkey whose behavior was maintained under a 2.0-sec schedule of shock increment. Low doses of all three drugs had no effect, whereas higher doses decreased responding at the zero shock intensity. Slightly higher doses of meperidine and anileridine increased responding at the zero shock intensity and produced convulsions.", "PMID": 97674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2827", "title": "Alcohol self-administration in monkeys (Macaca radiata): the effects of prior alcohol exposure.", "content": "Responding by 4 monkeys was maintained under a fixed ratio 10 (FR 10) schedule for either food, intravenous sucrose or alcohol. The 20 hr sessions were divided so that food was available during hours 1, 6, 11, 16 and alcohol or sucrose during hours 2-5, 7-10, 12-15, and 17-20. All animals failed to maintain responding for isocaloric sucrose but continued to respond for food during those sessions. Responding under alcohol conditions was positively accelerated in 2 animals that were not previously exposed to alcohol, whereas prior exposure to alcohol produced maximal response rates during the first alcohol test session. The effects of alcohol in all monkeys were to suppress responding maintained by food and this suppression could not be produced with programmed infusions of isocaloric sucrose.", "contents": "Alcohol self-administration in monkeys (Macaca radiata): the effects of prior alcohol exposure. Responding by 4 monkeys was maintained under a fixed ratio 10 (FR 10) schedule for either food, intravenous sucrose or alcohol. The 20 hr sessions were divided so that food was available during hours 1, 6, 11, 16 and alcohol or sucrose during hours 2-5, 7-10, 12-15, and 17-20. All animals failed to maintain responding for isocaloric sucrose but continued to respond for food during those sessions. Responding under alcohol conditions was positively accelerated in 2 animals that were not previously exposed to alcohol, whereas prior exposure to alcohol produced maximal response rates during the first alcohol test session. The effects of alcohol in all monkeys were to suppress responding maintained by food and this suppression could not be produced with programmed infusions of isocaloric sucrose.", "PMID": 97675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2828", "title": "Electric shock delivery system for rhesus monkeys: its effect on escape responding.", "content": "The present experiment evaluated a simple chronic electric shock delivery system for rhesus monkeys restrained by a harness and arm arrangement used in experiments involving intravenous drug delivery. Electric shock was delivered via two small electrodes surgically implanted in the lumbar muscle. During experimental sessions, responding on a fixed-ratio 10 schedule terminated the delivery of a train of 100 electric shock pulses and produced a 3 min timeout. A maximum of 19 trials were possible during each daily session. Overall rate of responding increased as electric shock intensity was increased from 0 to 4 mA and the characteristics of responding were similar to previous studies using other systems and species. The results demonstrate that electric shock delivered by the present system is a negative reinforcer. In addition, the system is easy to implant, causes little tissue damage, relatively long-lasting and can be used in experimental situations which involve responding maintained by intravenous drug delivery in rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "Electric shock delivery system for rhesus monkeys: its effect on escape responding. The present experiment evaluated a simple chronic electric shock delivery system for rhesus monkeys restrained by a harness and arm arrangement used in experiments involving intravenous drug delivery. Electric shock was delivered via two small electrodes surgically implanted in the lumbar muscle. During experimental sessions, responding on a fixed-ratio 10 schedule terminated the delivery of a train of 100 electric shock pulses and produced a 3 min timeout. A maximum of 19 trials were possible during each daily session. Overall rate of responding increased as electric shock intensity was increased from 0 to 4 mA and the characteristics of responding were similar to previous studies using other systems and species. The results demonstrate that electric shock delivered by the present system is a negative reinforcer. In addition, the system is easy to implant, causes little tissue damage, relatively long-lasting and can be used in experimental situations which involve responding maintained by intravenous drug delivery in rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 97676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2829", "title": "Cocaine as a discriminative stimulus for responding maintained by food in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "Squirrel monkeys were trained in a choice procedure to discriminate a dose of 100 micrograms/kg cocaine from saline. Following an injection of cocaine, responding on the right lever was reinforced with food, whereas following an injection of saline, responding on the left lever was reinforced with food. A high degree of stimulus control (100% correct) was established within 20 experimental sessions. The dose-response function of cocaine on lever choice was then determined. When intermediate doses (10, 25 and 50 micrograms/kg) were administered prior to test sessions, a dose-dependent generalization decrement was seen. One monkey was found to discriminate as low as 25 microgram/kg cocaine from saline.", "contents": "Cocaine as a discriminative stimulus for responding maintained by food in squirrel monkeys. Squirrel monkeys were trained in a choice procedure to discriminate a dose of 100 micrograms/kg cocaine from saline. Following an injection of cocaine, responding on the right lever was reinforced with food, whereas following an injection of saline, responding on the left lever was reinforced with food. A high degree of stimulus control (100% correct) was established within 20 experimental sessions. The dose-response function of cocaine on lever choice was then determined. When intermediate doses (10, 25 and 50 micrograms/kg) were administered prior to test sessions, a dose-dependent generalization decrement was seen. One monkey was found to discriminate as low as 25 microgram/kg cocaine from saline.", "PMID": 97677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2830", "title": "Calibration and evaluation of a system of total body in vivo activation analysis using 14 MeV neutrons.", "content": "A system has been established for determining the total body contents of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine and nitrogen by neutron activation analysis using sealed-tube neutron generators and a shadow-shield whole-body counter. The system was calibrated using three anthropomorphic phantoms of different sizes, filled with various mixtures of the activatable elements in amounts similar to those in man. The reproducibility determined from replicate measurements, was on average +/- 2.9% (SD). The average uncertainty in absolute measurements was estimated to be +/- 4.2% (68% confidence interval).", "contents": "Calibration and evaluation of a system of total body in vivo activation analysis using 14 MeV neutrons. A system has been established for determining the total body contents of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine and nitrogen by neutron activation analysis using sealed-tube neutron generators and a shadow-shield whole-body counter. The system was calibrated using three anthropomorphic phantoms of different sizes, filled with various mixtures of the activatable elements in amounts similar to those in man. The reproducibility determined from replicate measurements, was on average +/- 2.9% (SD). The average uncertainty in absolute measurements was estimated to be +/- 4.2% (68% confidence interval).", "PMID": 97681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2831", "title": "Effect of agar percentage, agar thickness, and medium constituents on antibiotics assay by disc diffusion method.", "content": "The factors affecting the sensitivity of nafcillin, vancomycin, oleandomycin, chloramphenicol, methacycline and novobiocin assay, using the paper disc diffusion method, were studied. Agar concentration and pour volume were found to influence the assay sensitivity of antibiotics. The type of assay medium was effective e.g. brain heart infusion agar was the best medium for nafcillin and methacycline; synthetic amino acid medium for oleandomycin; Muller Hinton agar for vancomycin and chloramphenicol; and G & R medium for novobiovicin. All additives, including inorganic ions, sugar, organic acids, complexing agents, surface active agents and blood, decreased the activities of the studied antibiotics. Higher activities of vancomycin, methacycline were observed at pH = 5, of nafcillin, chloramphenicol, and novobiocin at pH = 6, and of oleandomycin at pH = 7.", "contents": "Effect of agar percentage, agar thickness, and medium constituents on antibiotics assay by disc diffusion method. The factors affecting the sensitivity of nafcillin, vancomycin, oleandomycin, chloramphenicol, methacycline and novobiocin assay, using the paper disc diffusion method, were studied. Agar concentration and pour volume were found to influence the assay sensitivity of antibiotics. The type of assay medium was effective e.g. brain heart infusion agar was the best medium for nafcillin and methacycline; synthetic amino acid medium for oleandomycin; Muller Hinton agar for vancomycin and chloramphenicol; and G & R medium for novobiovicin. All additives, including inorganic ions, sugar, organic acids, complexing agents, surface active agents and blood, decreased the activities of the studied antibiotics. Higher activities of vancomycin, methacycline were observed at pH = 5, of nafcillin, chloramphenicol, and novobiocin at pH = 6, and of oleandomycin at pH = 7.", "PMID": 97678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2832", "title": "Relationship between the blood concentration of the drug and its cumulative effect: a pharmacokinetic analysis of the nephrotoxic action of gentamicin and streptomycin.", "content": "The general principle of dependence of cumulative effects on drug concentration in the blood is proposed. The registered response is regarded as a result of the dual effect of drug blood level and duration of action. The corresponding experimental design consists in maintaining the serum concentration values at several definite levels and determining the response values for each of them. The constant serum level of the drug could be achieved by means of continuous infusion calculated according to the pharmacokinetic model. This principle was proved in the acute experiments on cats which established a relationship between the nephrotoxic effect of gentamicin and streptomycin on the one hand and their concentration in the serum and duration of action on the other.", "contents": "Relationship between the blood concentration of the drug and its cumulative effect: a pharmacokinetic analysis of the nephrotoxic action of gentamicin and streptomycin. The general principle of dependence of cumulative effects on drug concentration in the blood is proposed. The registered response is regarded as a result of the dual effect of drug blood level and duration of action. The corresponding experimental design consists in maintaining the serum concentration values at several definite levels and determining the response values for each of them. The constant serum level of the drug could be achieved by means of continuous infusion calculated according to the pharmacokinetic model. This principle was proved in the acute experiments on cats which established a relationship between the nephrotoxic effect of gentamicin and streptomycin on the one hand and their concentration in the serum and duration of action on the other.", "PMID": 97679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2833", "title": "Urinary excretion of vanyl-mandelic acid correlated with ischemic heart disease.", "content": "The concentration of vanyl-mandelic acid is analysed in the urine collected within 24 hours from normal subjects, from those with painful ischemic cardiopathy, infarction and post-infarction sequelae. Statistically significant results have been obtained only in infarction patients. The study of the concentration of vanyl-mandelic acid by age decades points to the increase of average values throughout life.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of vanyl-mandelic acid correlated with ischemic heart disease. The concentration of vanyl-mandelic acid is analysed in the urine collected within 24 hours from normal subjects, from those with painful ischemic cardiopathy, infarction and post-infarction sequelae. Statistically significant results have been obtained only in infarction patients. The study of the concentration of vanyl-mandelic acid by age decades points to the increase of average values throughout life.", "PMID": 97685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2834", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of amphepramone.", "content": "The i.v. administration of amphepramone in dogs induced a dose-related depressor reaction. This effect was due to a peripheral myotropic vasodilatation. When the drug was administered intracerebroventricularly it elicited a marked pressor response, due, to the release of catecholamines with its subsequent action on alpha-adrenergic receptors. Small doses of amphepramone administered in dogs, rats and rabbits, induced a sinus tachycardia. Larger doses brought about a sinus bradycardia, bradyarrhythmias, extrasystoles, ventricular bradycardia and ventricular fibrillation or asystolia. The respiratory movements as well as the EEG tracings were depressed by larger doses of amphepramone.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of amphepramone. The i.v. administration of amphepramone in dogs induced a dose-related depressor reaction. This effect was due to a peripheral myotropic vasodilatation. When the drug was administered intracerebroventricularly it elicited a marked pressor response, due, to the release of catecholamines with its subsequent action on alpha-adrenergic receptors. Small doses of amphepramone administered in dogs, rats and rabbits, induced a sinus tachycardia. Larger doses brought about a sinus bradycardia, bradyarrhythmias, extrasystoles, ventricular bradycardia and ventricular fibrillation or asystolia. The respiratory movements as well as the EEG tracings were depressed by larger doses of amphepramone.", "PMID": 97686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2835", "title": "Blood and urinary catecholamine variations under the action of a high voltage electric field.", "content": "White Wistar male rats, weighing 150 +/- 20 g, adapted to the laboratory ambience during 12 days, were exposed to an electric field of 100 kV/m for 360 minutes in acute (once) or chronic experiment (12 days running). Urinary (nanogram h-1) and blood catecholamines (microgram/100 ml) showed a significant increase as compared to the controls, adapted to the ambience but not exposed to an electric field. The most accentuated increase was that of adrenaline in the acute experiment. In the chronic experiment the adrenaline response gradually failled.", "contents": "Blood and urinary catecholamine variations under the action of a high voltage electric field. White Wistar male rats, weighing 150 +/- 20 g, adapted to the laboratory ambience during 12 days, were exposed to an electric field of 100 kV/m for 360 minutes in acute (once) or chronic experiment (12 days running). Urinary (nanogram h-1) and blood catecholamines (microgram/100 ml) showed a significant increase as compared to the controls, adapted to the ambience but not exposed to an electric field. The most accentuated increase was that of adrenaline in the acute experiment. In the chronic experiment the adrenaline response gradually failled.", "PMID": 97688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2836", "title": "The effect of a high-voltage electric fiedl on neurosecretion and on certain diencephalic protein fractions in the rat.", "content": "Exposure of Wistar male rats to an electric field of 100 lV/m for 120 minutes produced intense mobilization of the neurosecretory material in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and significant changes in some protein fractions of the hypothalamus, pineal body and neurohypophysis. The significance and possible mechanisms of these effects are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of a high-voltage electric fiedl on neurosecretion and on certain diencephalic protein fractions in the rat. Exposure of Wistar male rats to an electric field of 100 lV/m for 120 minutes produced intense mobilization of the neurosecretory material in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and significant changes in some protein fractions of the hypothalamus, pineal body and neurohypophysis. The significance and possible mechanisms of these effects are discussed.", "PMID": 97689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2837", "title": "The effect of prolonged dextran administration in guinea pigs.", "content": "Dextran 70 6% in 0.9% NaCl solution, injected intraperitoneally in guinea pigs, 10 ml/kg b.w./day, during a period of 27 days brought the lowering of the plasma proteins level, whie the total colloid osmostic pressure (due to Dectran and proteins) remained close to that of the control group. The concentration of typhus 0 antibodies and the number of precipitation lines assayed during immunodiffusion in gel were lower than in thd control group. The diminishing of the red blood cells number and of the amount of hemoglobin corresponds to the decreasing proportion of the erythroblastic series (in the bone marrow). Histological changes in the liver and in the kidney are minimal and could be explained by the effort made by these depurating organs to eliminate Dextran from the body.", "contents": "The effect of prolonged dextran administration in guinea pigs. Dextran 70 6% in 0.9% NaCl solution, injected intraperitoneally in guinea pigs, 10 ml/kg b.w./day, during a period of 27 days brought the lowering of the plasma proteins level, whie the total colloid osmostic pressure (due to Dectran and proteins) remained close to that of the control group. The concentration of typhus 0 antibodies and the number of precipitation lines assayed during immunodiffusion in gel were lower than in thd control group. The diminishing of the red blood cells number and of the amount of hemoglobin corresponds to the decreasing proportion of the erythroblastic series (in the bone marrow). Histological changes in the liver and in the kidney are minimal and could be explained by the effort made by these depurating organs to eliminate Dextran from the body.", "PMID": 97691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2838", "title": "The influence of partial resection of the small intestine on the pituitary gland.", "content": "Starting from the observations of other investigators according to whom massive resection of a portion of the small intestine brings about compensatory changes in the remaining intestine, the existence of a feed-back mechanism between the small intestine and the pituitary gland is postulated. The weight and histologic aspect of the pituitary gland were studied after resection of 50 cm jejunum in the white rat. The results showed increase in the weight of the pituitary and histologic signs of hyperactivity in the anterior lobe.", "contents": "The influence of partial resection of the small intestine on the pituitary gland. Starting from the observations of other investigators according to whom massive resection of a portion of the small intestine brings about compensatory changes in the remaining intestine, the existence of a feed-back mechanism between the small intestine and the pituitary gland is postulated. The weight and histologic aspect of the pituitary gland were studied after resection of 50 cm jejunum in the white rat. The results showed increase in the weight of the pituitary and histologic signs of hyperactivity in the anterior lobe.", "PMID": 97692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2839", "title": "A comparison of some pharmacological actions of morphine and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the mouse.", "content": "The effects of morphine and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)on the tail-flick reflex, body temperature, and catecholamine synthesis were examined in the mouse in order to compare their effects in a single species and strain under uniform conditions. Naloxone antagonism of THC and cross-tolerance between morphine and THC were also studied. Both morphine and THC produced antinociception, hypothermia, and increased catecholamine synthesis at 30 min after s.c. injection. Morphine produced greater increases in dopamine synthesis and was a more potent antinociceptive agent, while THC produced greater increases in norepinephrine synthesis and was a more potent hypothermic agent. Naloxone pretreatment (1 mg/kg) partially antagonized the hypothermia and increase in catecholamine synthesis produced by THC. There was also cross-tolerance between morphine and THC, but it was asymmetric in that THC-tolerant animals were cross-tolerant to only the hypothermic action of morphine and morphine-tolerant animals cross-tolerant to only the antinociceptive action of THC.", "contents": "A comparison of some pharmacological actions of morphine and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the mouse. The effects of morphine and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)on the tail-flick reflex, body temperature, and catecholamine synthesis were examined in the mouse in order to compare their effects in a single species and strain under uniform conditions. Naloxone antagonism of THC and cross-tolerance between morphine and THC were also studied. Both morphine and THC produced antinociception, hypothermia, and increased catecholamine synthesis at 30 min after s.c. injection. Morphine produced greater increases in dopamine synthesis and was a more potent antinociceptive agent, while THC produced greater increases in norepinephrine synthesis and was a more potent hypothermic agent. Naloxone pretreatment (1 mg/kg) partially antagonized the hypothermia and increase in catecholamine synthesis produced by THC. There was also cross-tolerance between morphine and THC, but it was asymmetric in that THC-tolerant animals were cross-tolerant to only the hypothermic action of morphine and morphine-tolerant animals cross-tolerant to only the antinociceptive action of THC.", "PMID": 97703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2840", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine on the set point of the thermoregulatory system in rats.", "content": "Exposing a rat's tail to an ambient temperature lower than that sensed by the rest of the body causes an increase in body temperature. Pretreatment with d-amphetamine causes an even greater increase in body temperature. Morover, while control rats perceive any ambient temperature below 20 degrees C as 'cold', amphetamine-treated animals only perceive ambient temperatures below 20 degrees C as 'cold'. This effect of d-amphetamine was found not only when the body temperature of the rats was 20 degrees C, but also when the body was kept at ambient temperatures of 15 degrees--4 degrees C. Because this effect of d-amphetamine, i.e., shifting of the reference point among treated rats, was found in two other situations (behavioral thermoregulation and in studying the anorexic effects of d-amphetamine among rats kept at different ambient temperatures), the best explanation is that in addition to the effects of the drug upon some thermal sensory roles, it also causes a change in the value of the set point of the thermoregulatory system, and drug-treated rats perceive ambient temperatures of 10 degrees C as 'normal'.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine on the set point of the thermoregulatory system in rats. Exposing a rat's tail to an ambient temperature lower than that sensed by the rest of the body causes an increase in body temperature. Pretreatment with d-amphetamine causes an even greater increase in body temperature. Morover, while control rats perceive any ambient temperature below 20 degrees C as 'cold', amphetamine-treated animals only perceive ambient temperatures below 20 degrees C as 'cold'. This effect of d-amphetamine was found not only when the body temperature of the rats was 20 degrees C, but also when the body was kept at ambient temperatures of 15 degrees--4 degrees C. Because this effect of d-amphetamine, i.e., shifting of the reference point among treated rats, was found in two other situations (behavioral thermoregulation and in studying the anorexic effects of d-amphetamine among rats kept at different ambient temperatures), the best explanation is that in addition to the effects of the drug upon some thermal sensory roles, it also causes a change in the value of the set point of the thermoregulatory system, and drug-treated rats perceive ambient temperatures of 10 degrees C as 'normal'.", "PMID": 97704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2841", "title": "Situational factors contributing to the placebos effect.", "content": "The influence of four variables (status of communicator of drug effects, attitude of dentist, attitude of dental technician, and message of drug effects) on the obtainment of placebo effects in an oral surgery clinic was investigated. Dependent variables were (1) rating of pain experienced from mandibular-block injection, (2) pre-post placebo state anxiety, and (3) pre-postplacebo fear of injection. Enthusiastic messages of drug effects produced statistically and clinically significant reductions in postplacebo fear of injection and state anxiety and markedly lower ratings of pain experienced during injection of local anesthetic. Although there was a strong tendency for positive placebo effects to occur when the dental staff was perceived as friendly and supportive, only the attitude factors obtained statistical significance. The status of the communicator accounted for very small portions of the variance.", "contents": "Situational factors contributing to the placebos effect. The influence of four variables (status of communicator of drug effects, attitude of dentist, attitude of dental technician, and message of drug effects) on the obtainment of placebo effects in an oral surgery clinic was investigated. Dependent variables were (1) rating of pain experienced from mandibular-block injection, (2) pre-post placebo state anxiety, and (3) pre-postplacebo fear of injection. Enthusiastic messages of drug effects produced statistically and clinically significant reductions in postplacebo fear of injection and state anxiety and markedly lower ratings of pain experienced during injection of local anesthetic. Although there was a strong tendency for positive placebo effects to occur when the dental staff was perceived as friendly and supportive, only the attitude factors obtained statistical significance. The status of the communicator accounted for very small portions of the variance.", "PMID": 97705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2842", "title": "Effects of learned safety and tolerance on alcohol consumption by the rat.", "content": "Evidence is presented that learned safety increases the rat's willingness to drink ethanol: induction of tolerance to ethanol following learned safety training produces a further increase. Rats with chronically implanted intragastric fistulae consumed substantially more (30%) alcohol when aversive post-ingestional effects were minimized by draining stomach contents during drinking than did rats allowed to retain stomach contents. Half the rats from each group were then made tolerant by prolonged forced alcohol intubation. Later testing showed an increase in alcohol consumption by rats receiving learned safety training or rendered tolerant, with the two factors being additive.", "contents": "Effects of learned safety and tolerance on alcohol consumption by the rat. Evidence is presented that learned safety increases the rat's willingness to drink ethanol: induction of tolerance to ethanol following learned safety training produces a further increase. Rats with chronically implanted intragastric fistulae consumed substantially more (30%) alcohol when aversive post-ingestional effects were minimized by draining stomach contents during drinking than did rats allowed to retain stomach contents. Half the rats from each group were then made tolerant by prolonged forced alcohol intubation. Later testing showed an increase in alcohol consumption by rats receiving learned safety training or rendered tolerant, with the two factors being additive.", "PMID": 97706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2843", "title": "The effect of morphine on fear extinction in rats.", "content": "Rats were trained on an appetitive discretetrial discriminated-punishment task in which they learned to suppress responding when an intense flashing light predicting punishment was present and to respond rapidly on trials when the flashing light was absent. Once animals were performing discriminatively, 0.75, 3.0, or 6.0 mg/kg of morphine (base) was administered and a fear extinction session consisting of 60 nonshocked presentations of the flashing light was given. Two saline control groups, one that received fear extinction and one that did not, were also included in the experiment. On the day following fear extinction, all rats were tested in the undrugged state on the discriminated punishment problem, but without shock. The rats receiving 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg of morphine before the fear extinction session were suppressed by the flashing light more than the saline extinction group or the 0.75 mg/kg morphine treatment group. Moreover, the two higher dose morphine groups were suppressed as readily as the saline group that received no fear extinction. These results are attributed to the antiemotionality effects of morphine.", "contents": "The effect of morphine on fear extinction in rats. Rats were trained on an appetitive discretetrial discriminated-punishment task in which they learned to suppress responding when an intense flashing light predicting punishment was present and to respond rapidly on trials when the flashing light was absent. Once animals were performing discriminatively, 0.75, 3.0, or 6.0 mg/kg of morphine (base) was administered and a fear extinction session consisting of 60 nonshocked presentations of the flashing light was given. Two saline control groups, one that received fear extinction and one that did not, were also included in the experiment. On the day following fear extinction, all rats were tested in the undrugged state on the discriminated punishment problem, but without shock. The rats receiving 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg of morphine before the fear extinction session were suppressed by the flashing light more than the saline extinction group or the 0.75 mg/kg morphine treatment group. Moreover, the two higher dose morphine groups were suppressed as readily as the saline group that received no fear extinction. These results are attributed to the antiemotionality effects of morphine.", "PMID": 97707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2844", "title": "Behavioral supersensitivity to apomorphine following chronic narcotic treatment in the guinea pig.", "content": "Male albino guinea pigs were treated for 3 weeks with methadone, morphine, haloperidol, or saline. One week and 5 weeks following termination of treatment they were challenged with the directly acting dopaminergic agonist apomorphine. At the week 1 test the haloperidol and saline groups did not differ, but behavioral supersensitivity was apparent in significantly elevated mean stereotypy scores of the methadone and morphine groups relative to the saline group. The source of differences in mean scores was a higher peak score rather than increased duration of action. At the week 5 test the scores of the methadone group were even higher, the morphine group's scores were equivalent to the saline group's, and the haloperidol group's scores were significant depressed. This study indicates that a 3-week treatment period with methadone or morphine is sufficient to induce dopaminergic supersensitivity and suggests that there may be different time courses for the retention or expression of supersensitivity following these narcotics.", "contents": "Behavioral supersensitivity to apomorphine following chronic narcotic treatment in the guinea pig. Male albino guinea pigs were treated for 3 weeks with methadone, morphine, haloperidol, or saline. One week and 5 weeks following termination of treatment they were challenged with the directly acting dopaminergic agonist apomorphine. At the week 1 test the haloperidol and saline groups did not differ, but behavioral supersensitivity was apparent in significantly elevated mean stereotypy scores of the methadone and morphine groups relative to the saline group. The source of differences in mean scores was a higher peak score rather than increased duration of action. At the week 5 test the scores of the methadone group were even higher, the morphine group's scores were equivalent to the saline group's, and the haloperidol group's scores were significant depressed. This study indicates that a 3-week treatment period with methadone or morphine is sufficient to induce dopaminergic supersensitivity and suggests that there may be different time courses for the retention or expression of supersensitivity following these narcotics.", "PMID": 97708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2845", "title": "Sensitivity to apomorphine in the guinea pig as a function of age and body weight.", "content": "Male albino guinea pigs aged 4--10 weeks were challenged with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg apomorphine. Mean stereotypy scores rose signfiicantly as a function of age. Stereotypy scores were better correlated with age than with body weight, suggesting that CNS maturation, rather than weight-related factors, were responsible. Although age and body weight were correlated, there was enough variability to make bvody weight an unreliable indicator of age.", "contents": "Sensitivity to apomorphine in the guinea pig as a function of age and body weight. Male albino guinea pigs aged 4--10 weeks were challenged with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg apomorphine. Mean stereotypy scores rose signfiicantly as a function of age. Stereotypy scores were better correlated with age than with body weight, suggesting that CNS maturation, rather than weight-related factors, were responsible. Although age and body weight were correlated, there was enough variability to make bvody weight an unreliable indicator of age.", "PMID": 97709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2846", "title": "Changes in morphine self-administration after tel-diencephalic lesions in rats.", "content": "Rats were trained to bar-press for intravenous infusions of morphine sulfate during 1-h daily test sessions. Rates of morphine self-administration were enhanced by lesions of the frontal cortex and hippocampus and transiently reduced by lesions of the medial forebrain bundle and medial thalamus. Dose-response studies indicated that sensitivity to morphine's rewarding property was decreased by frontal cortical and hippocampal lesions. Lesions of the posterior cortex, the tuberculum olfactorium, and the nucleus accumbens had no effect on self-administration behavior. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings with caudate and brainstem lesions. A neuroanatomical substrate for morphine reinforcement is suggested.", "contents": "Changes in morphine self-administration after tel-diencephalic lesions in rats. Rats were trained to bar-press for intravenous infusions of morphine sulfate during 1-h daily test sessions. Rates of morphine self-administration were enhanced by lesions of the frontal cortex and hippocampus and transiently reduced by lesions of the medial forebrain bundle and medial thalamus. Dose-response studies indicated that sensitivity to morphine's rewarding property was decreased by frontal cortical and hippocampal lesions. Lesions of the posterior cortex, the tuberculum olfactorium, and the nucleus accumbens had no effect on self-administration behavior. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings with caudate and brainstem lesions. A neuroanatomical substrate for morphine reinforcement is suggested.", "PMID": 97710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2847", "title": "Acute and chronic effects of lithium chloride on physiological and psychological measures in normals.", "content": "In the acute experiment six healthy volunteers were given orally two doses of lithium chloride, 16 and 32 mmol, and placebo sodium chloride 32 mmol in a double-blind standardized procedure, with a 1-week interval between treatments. Compared to sodium, lithium produced a decrease in subjective well-being, decrease of skin conductance fluctuations, and increase in plasma calcium concentrations. Dose-related effects were maximal at the first hour after ingestion, decreasing or disappearing at 3--5 h. Most effects did not correlate with plasma or erythrocyte lithium concentrations, but drug effects and feelings of nausea were highly correlated. Accordingly, most acute effects seemed due to peripheral drug effects. In the chronic experiment six healthy volunteers were given orally 16 mmol of lithium chloride or sodium chloride (placebo) twice a day for 1 week in a double-blind standardized procedure with a 2-week interval between treatment weeks. Compared to placebo, lithium produced feelings of subjective impairment, an increase in EEG slow waves and of auditory evoked response variability, a deficit in long-term memory, and an increase in plasma magnesium concentrations. Most lithium effects did not correlate with plasma or erythrocyte lithium concentrations.", "contents": "Acute and chronic effects of lithium chloride on physiological and psychological measures in normals. In the acute experiment six healthy volunteers were given orally two doses of lithium chloride, 16 and 32 mmol, and placebo sodium chloride 32 mmol in a double-blind standardized procedure, with a 1-week interval between treatments. Compared to sodium, lithium produced a decrease in subjective well-being, decrease of skin conductance fluctuations, and increase in plasma calcium concentrations. Dose-related effects were maximal at the first hour after ingestion, decreasing or disappearing at 3--5 h. Most effects did not correlate with plasma or erythrocyte lithium concentrations, but drug effects and feelings of nausea were highly correlated. Accordingly, most acute effects seemed due to peripheral drug effects. In the chronic experiment six healthy volunteers were given orally 16 mmol of lithium chloride or sodium chloride (placebo) twice a day for 1 week in a double-blind standardized procedure with a 2-week interval between treatment weeks. Compared to placebo, lithium produced feelings of subjective impairment, an increase in EEG slow waves and of auditory evoked response variability, a deficit in long-term memory, and an increase in plasma magnesium concentrations. Most lithium effects did not correlate with plasma or erythrocyte lithium concentrations.", "PMID": 97711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2848", "title": "Neuropharmacological and behavioral evaluation of prostaglandin E2 and 11-thiol-11-desoxy prostaglandin E2 in the mouse and rat.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 11-thiol-11-desoxy Prostaglandin E2 (SHPGE2) were evaluated in a variety of behavioral and neuropharmacological procedures that are sensitive to neuroleptics. Clozapine (C), thioridazine (T), haloperidol (H), and fluphenazine (F) were also tested for comparison. All agents except T suppressed avoidance responses in trained rats at one or more doses without concurrently disrupting escape behavior. T, H, and F dose-responsively antagonized lesioned rat rotational behavior at nontoxic doses. T, H, and F induced catalepsy at doses considerably higher than those effective on rotational behavior. SHPGE2, PGE2, and C did not cause catalepsy and did not show statistically significant dose-response antagonism of rotational behavior at less than toxic doses. All agents tested blocked d-amphetamine-induced lethality and caused motor incoordination dose-responsively. SHPGE2, PGE2, C, and T caused statistically significant blockade of physostigmine-induced lethality. H and F were ineffective against physostigmine lethality. It was concluded that SHPGE2 and PGE2 demonstrated, qualitatively, a spectrum of neuroleptic like properties remarkably similar to C.", "contents": "Neuropharmacological and behavioral evaluation of prostaglandin E2 and 11-thiol-11-desoxy prostaglandin E2 in the mouse and rat. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 11-thiol-11-desoxy Prostaglandin E2 (SHPGE2) were evaluated in a variety of behavioral and neuropharmacological procedures that are sensitive to neuroleptics. Clozapine (C), thioridazine (T), haloperidol (H), and fluphenazine (F) were also tested for comparison. All agents except T suppressed avoidance responses in trained rats at one or more doses without concurrently disrupting escape behavior. T, H, and F dose-responsively antagonized lesioned rat rotational behavior at nontoxic doses. T, H, and F induced catalepsy at doses considerably higher than those effective on rotational behavior. SHPGE2, PGE2, and C did not cause catalepsy and did not show statistically significant dose-response antagonism of rotational behavior at less than toxic doses. All agents tested blocked d-amphetamine-induced lethality and caused motor incoordination dose-responsively. SHPGE2, PGE2, C, and T caused statistically significant blockade of physostigmine-induced lethality. H and F were ineffective against physostigmine lethality. It was concluded that SHPGE2 and PGE2 demonstrated, qualitatively, a spectrum of neuroleptic like properties remarkably similar to C.", "PMID": 97712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2849", "title": "Analgesic effect of etorphine in rats with selective depletions of brain monoamines.", "content": "The analgesic effect of etorphine was compared with that of morphine in rats with electrolytic lesions of the nucleus medianus raphe or injected intraventricularly with 6-hydroxydopamine. The effect of both compounds was markedly reduced in animals with raphe lesions, but not significantly modified in those receiving 6-hydroxydopamine. Etorphine and morphine significantly increased the forebrain levels of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid when administered subcutaneously at doses of 5mg/kg and 2 microgram/kg, respectively. Neither drug significantly affected the forebrain levels of monoamines. It is concluded that, as for morphine the integrity of the serotoninergic system in the brain is important for the full analgesic effect of etorphine.", "contents": "Analgesic effect of etorphine in rats with selective depletions of brain monoamines. The analgesic effect of etorphine was compared with that of morphine in rats with electrolytic lesions of the nucleus medianus raphe or injected intraventricularly with 6-hydroxydopamine. The effect of both compounds was markedly reduced in animals with raphe lesions, but not significantly modified in those receiving 6-hydroxydopamine. Etorphine and morphine significantly increased the forebrain levels of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid when administered subcutaneously at doses of 5mg/kg and 2 microgram/kg, respectively. Neither drug significantly affected the forebrain levels of monoamines. It is concluded that, as for morphine the integrity of the serotoninergic system in the brain is important for the full analgesic effect of etorphine.", "PMID": 97714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2850", "title": "Effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan, oxotermorine, and tetrahydroaminoacridine on apomorphine-induced stereotypy.", "content": "The stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine in rats was inhibited by oxotremorine and tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA). 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) did not change stereotypy scores. These data show influence of cholinergic mechanisms on such behavior. Possible clinical applications are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan, oxotermorine, and tetrahydroaminoacridine on apomorphine-induced stereotypy. The stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine in rats was inhibited by oxotremorine and tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA). 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) did not change stereotypy scores. These data show influence of cholinergic mechanisms on such behavior. Possible clinical applications are discussed.", "PMID": 97715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2851", "title": "Experimental analysis of the 'happy hour\": effects of purchase price on alcohol consumption.", "content": "An experimental analogue of a discount drink policy known as the \"happy hour\" was used to study the effects of purchase price on drinking behavior. Male volunteers with a prior history of either casual (N=20) or heavy (N=14) drinking were given free access to beverage alcohol during a 20-day period. Approximately half the subjects could purchase alcohol under a single-price condition (50 cents/drink), while a matched group was given a price reduction daily (25 cents/drink) during a three-hour period in the afternoon. The results demonstrated that the afternoon price reduction significantly increased alcohol consumption in both casual and heavy drinkers. Reinstatement of the standard purchase price effectively suppressed drinking in both groups. The findings are discussed in terms of the theoretical and research implications of environmental influences on drinking.", "contents": "Experimental analysis of the 'happy hour\": effects of purchase price on alcohol consumption. An experimental analogue of a discount drink policy known as the \"happy hour\" was used to study the effects of purchase price on drinking behavior. Male volunteers with a prior history of either casual (N=20) or heavy (N=14) drinking were given free access to beverage alcohol during a 20-day period. Approximately half the subjects could purchase alcohol under a single-price condition (50 cents/drink), while a matched group was given a price reduction daily (25 cents/drink) during a three-hour period in the afternoon. The results demonstrated that the afternoon price reduction significantly increased alcohol consumption in both casual and heavy drinkers. Reinstatement of the standard purchase price effectively suppressed drinking in both groups. The findings are discussed in terms of the theoretical and research implications of environmental influences on drinking.", "PMID": 97717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2852", "title": "Methylphenidate and serum prolactin in man.", "content": "Methylphenidate induces psychostimulation and increases cardiovascular parameters, and its psychostimulant effects have been proposed to occur via  a dopaminergic mechanism. The effect of methylphenidate on serum prolactin was utilized as a method of evaluating methylphenidate's central dopamimergic effects.  Methylphenidate was not found to exhibit a consistent effect on serum prolactin. Thus, its effect on serum prolactin does not parallel its behavioral activating properties, suggesting that such activation may not involve dopamine. Possibly, norepinephrine or other noncatecholaminergic neurotransmitters are involved in methylphenidate-induced behavioral activation.", "contents": "Methylphenidate and serum prolactin in man. Methylphenidate induces psychostimulation and increases cardiovascular parameters, and its psychostimulant effects have been proposed to occur via  a dopaminergic mechanism. The effect of methylphenidate on serum prolactin was utilized as a method of evaluating methylphenidate's central dopamimergic effects.  Methylphenidate was not found to exhibit a consistent effect on serum prolactin. Thus, its effect on serum prolactin does not parallel its behavioral activating properties, suggesting that such activation may not involve dopamine. Possibly, norepinephrine or other noncatecholaminergic neurotransmitters are involved in methylphenidate-induced behavioral activation.", "PMID": 97718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2853", "title": "Chronopharmacological study of neuroleptics. II. Circadian susceptibility rhythm to chlorpromazine.", "content": "In order to study differences in the effect of the neuroleptics due to time of administration, rats were administered chlorpromazine (CPZ) in a variety of combinations of dose and time and the sedation period was measured. There was daily fluctuation in the sedative effect and the pattern of fluctuation differed according to dosage. A similar study under the condition of reversed light and dark gave a reversed curve of the daily fluctuation, showing that the rhythm of light and dark controls  the fluctuation externally. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of these phenomena, CPZ was administered at two different times, between which there was a significant difference in the sedation period, and time-course changes in plasma and brain concentration of the drug and its metabolites were measured. No difference was found. These results are interpreted as indicating that the phenomena could arise at the level of amine-receptor activity in the brain. In addidtion, daily fluctuation due to time of administration was noted in lethality.", "contents": "Chronopharmacological study of neuroleptics. II. Circadian susceptibility rhythm to chlorpromazine. In order to study differences in the effect of the neuroleptics due to time of administration, rats were administered chlorpromazine (CPZ) in a variety of combinations of dose and time and the sedation period was measured. There was daily fluctuation in the sedative effect and the pattern of fluctuation differed according to dosage. A similar study under the condition of reversed light and dark gave a reversed curve of the daily fluctuation, showing that the rhythm of light and dark controls  the fluctuation externally. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of these phenomena, CPZ was administered at two different times, between which there was a significant difference in the sedation period, and time-course changes in plasma and brain concentration of the drug and its metabolites were measured. No difference was found. These results are interpreted as indicating that the phenomena could arise at the level of amine-receptor activity in the brain. In addidtion, daily fluctuation due to time of administration was noted in lethality.", "PMID": 97719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2854", "title": "A reappraisal of the interaction between tricyclic antidepressants and reserpine-like drugs.", "content": "The administration of trycyclic antidepressants followed by reserpine-like drugs elicits a pattern of stereotyped locomotor activity. Using desmethylimipramine (DMI) followed by tetrabenazine (TBZ), activity could be reliably elicited only in young rats, and only by using very high doses of TBZ. The latency of onset of activity was up to 5 h. Animals rendered active by DMI-TBZ failed to perform a well-established operant task. The activity syndrome was apparently unaffected by pre- or posttreatment with the dopamine antagonists spiroperidol or primozide, but partial antagonism was obtained with the noradrenaline antagonists phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine. The findings are discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of the effect and its relevance to the clinical action of tricyclic antidepressants.", "contents": "A reappraisal of the interaction between tricyclic antidepressants and reserpine-like drugs. The administration of trycyclic antidepressants followed by reserpine-like drugs elicits a pattern of stereotyped locomotor activity. Using desmethylimipramine (DMI) followed by tetrabenazine (TBZ), activity could be reliably elicited only in young rats, and only by using very high doses of TBZ. The latency of onset of activity was up to 5 h. Animals rendered active by DMI-TBZ failed to perform a well-established operant task. The activity syndrome was apparently unaffected by pre- or posttreatment with the dopamine antagonists spiroperidol or primozide, but partial antagonism was obtained with the noradrenaline antagonists phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine. The findings are discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of the effect and its relevance to the clinical action of tricyclic antidepressants.", "PMID": 97720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2855", "title": "Response-dependent effects of morphine on reinforcing lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation.", "content": "The effects of morphine (10mg/kg) on intracranial self-stimulation were studied in three separate test situations, each requiring rats to perform different types of responses. Self-stimulation was depressed in a test of rate of bar-pressing, to a lesser extent in a test of rate of wall-pressing in which a wider range of movements were reinforced, but not in a shuttle-box, with brain stimulation continuously available on one side of box. This resonse dependency suggests that the depressive effect of morphine on bar-pressing for lateral hypothalamic stimulation reflects a performance deficit rather than an effect on the reinforcing value of the stimulation.", "contents": "Response-dependent effects of morphine on reinforcing lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation. The effects of morphine (10mg/kg) on intracranial self-stimulation were studied in three separate test situations, each requiring rats to perform different types of responses. Self-stimulation was depressed in a test of rate of bar-pressing, to a lesser extent in a test of rate of wall-pressing in which a wider range of movements were reinforced, but not in a shuttle-box, with brain stimulation continuously available on one side of box. This resonse dependency suggests that the depressive effect of morphine on bar-pressing for lateral hypothalamic stimulation reflects a performance deficit rather than an effect on the reinforcing value of the stimulation.", "PMID": 97721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2856", "title": "Avoidance  conditioning and Hebb-Williams maze performance in rats treated prenatally with alcohol.", "content": "Throughout gestation pregnant Wistar rats consumed a nutritious liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories. Control mothers were fed lab chow. Subsequently, the offspring of the ethanol-fed mothers were found to be impaired on two-way avoidance conditioning when compared to control offspring, but did not differ from controls in their performance on the Hebb-Williams maze. Fostering and cross-fostering procedures indicated that the effect was due to prenatal influences arising from the drug treatment.", "contents": "Avoidance  conditioning and Hebb-Williams maze performance in rats treated prenatally with alcohol. Throughout gestation pregnant Wistar rats consumed a nutritious liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories. Control mothers were fed lab chow. Subsequently, the offspring of the ethanol-fed mothers were found to be impaired on two-way avoidance conditioning when compared to control offspring, but did not differ from controls in their performance on the Hebb-Williams maze. Fostering and cross-fostering procedures indicated that the effect was due to prenatal influences arising from the drug treatment.", "PMID": 97722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2857", "title": "Stereotyped behavior and hyperthermia in dogs: correlation with the levels of amphetamine and p-hydroxyamphetamine in plasma and CSF.", "content": "A gas-chromatographic method for simultaneously measuring p-hydroxyamphetamine (pOA) against amphetamine (A) in plasma and CSF is presented. The time course of body temperature (Tb), stereotyped behavior (St), and A and pOA levels in plasma and CSF were studied after administration of 0.6 and 1.5 mg/kg p.o. of A to dogs. Stereotyped behavior reached maximal value 2.5 h after A, as did levels of A in CSF. The A levels in CSF decreased steadily in the following hours and simultaneously with the levels of A in plasma. St remained elevated and began to decrease after 6.5 h. The relationship between St and amounts of A was not linear but exponential. This suggest that both A and its metabolite contributed to this effect. In fact, a linear relationship was found between St and the amounts of pOA in CSF. Body temperature had a time course similar to A plasma levels, reaching peak value after 1.5 h and declining thereafter simultaneously with A. A linear relationship was found between Tb and the amounts of A in plasma. Thus Tb seems to be a peripheral A effect related to the presence of the drug in plasma.", "contents": "Stereotyped behavior and hyperthermia in dogs: correlation with the levels of amphetamine and p-hydroxyamphetamine in plasma and CSF. A gas-chromatographic method for simultaneously measuring p-hydroxyamphetamine (pOA) against amphetamine (A) in plasma and CSF is presented. The time course of body temperature (Tb), stereotyped behavior (St), and A and pOA levels in plasma and CSF were studied after administration of 0.6 and 1.5 mg/kg p.o. of A to dogs. Stereotyped behavior reached maximal value 2.5 h after A, as did levels of A in CSF. The A levels in CSF decreased steadily in the following hours and simultaneously with the levels of A in plasma. St remained elevated and began to decrease after 6.5 h. The relationship between St and amounts of A was not linear but exponential. This suggest that both A and its metabolite contributed to this effect. In fact, a linear relationship was found between St and the amounts of pOA in CSF. Body temperature had a time course similar to A plasma levels, reaching peak value after 1.5 h and declining thereafter simultaneously with A. A linear relationship was found between Tb and the amounts of A in plasma. Thus Tb seems to be a peripheral A effect related to the presence of the drug in plasma.", "PMID": 97724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2858", "title": "Marked individual variability in heart rate \"normalization\" by ethanol.", "content": "In order to test Kissin's (1974) concept of \"normalization\" by ethanol (deviant prealcohol parameter values becoming less deviant after alcohol) in nonalcoholics, data on unselected mice and nonalcoholic humans were analyzed. These data were on heart rates (HR) of 1055 HS mice and 24 young adults, measured before and after receiving a dose of ethanol (mice: 1.4g/kg, i.p.;humans: 1.3g/kg, oral). Both mice and humans, on the average, show marked \"normalization\" inintially low HR usually increasing after alcohol, and initially high HR usually decreasing. The correlation between (1) deviation in  HR from the prealcohol mean and (2) change in HR after alcohol was -0.803 for mice and -0.538 for humans. There is very great individual variability, however, in the degree of this normalizing response, some individuals normalizing strongly and others not at all. Although first described in alcoholics, strong normalization by alcohol of several psychophysiological parameters is now known to occur in mice and seems likely to occur in some nonalcoholic humans. The possible relevance of these results to predisposition to alcoholism remains to be shown.", "contents": "Marked individual variability in heart rate \"normalization\" by ethanol. In order to test Kissin's (1974) concept of \"normalization\" by ethanol (deviant prealcohol parameter values becoming less deviant after alcohol) in nonalcoholics, data on unselected mice and nonalcoholic humans were analyzed. These data were on heart rates (HR) of 1055 HS mice and 24 young adults, measured before and after receiving a dose of ethanol (mice: 1.4g/kg, i.p.;humans: 1.3g/kg, oral). Both mice and humans, on the average, show marked \"normalization\" inintially low HR usually increasing after alcohol, and initially high HR usually decreasing. The correlation between (1) deviation in  HR from the prealcohol mean and (2) change in HR after alcohol was -0.803 for mice and -0.538 for humans. There is very great individual variability, however, in the degree of this normalizing response, some individuals normalizing strongly and others not at all. Although first described in alcoholics, strong normalization by alcohol of several psychophysiological parameters is now known to occur in mice and seems likely to occur in some nonalcoholic humans. The possible relevance of these results to predisposition to alcoholism remains to be shown.", "PMID": 97725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2859", "title": "Antipunishment effects of diazepam: interaction with shock and food deprivation levels in pigs.", "content": "The effects of 1mg/kg diazepam on punished behaviour of pigs were investigated under various degrees, of food deprivation and/or shock level. Responses emitted during the punishment signal were affected more by the shock level than by the degree of food deprivation while nonpunished response rates were modified by neither factor. Diazepam treatment increased the number of responses emitted during the punishment signal but interacted with the shock intensity: drug effects were attenuated when the shock intensity was severe, in spite of an equivalent control baseline. Diazepam also increased the overall rate of nonpunished responding. The drug treatment had no reliable effect on flinch and escape thresholds measured in separate experiments. The effects of diazepam on punished responding do not appear to be related to eventual changes in food motivation or sensitivity to electric shock.", "contents": "Antipunishment effects of diazepam: interaction with shock and food deprivation levels in pigs. The effects of 1mg/kg diazepam on punished behaviour of pigs were investigated under various degrees, of food deprivation and/or shock level. Responses emitted during the punishment signal were affected more by the shock level than by the degree of food deprivation while nonpunished response rates were modified by neither factor. Diazepam treatment increased the number of responses emitted during the punishment signal but interacted with the shock intensity: drug effects were attenuated when the shock intensity was severe, in spite of an equivalent control baseline. Diazepam also increased the overall rate of nonpunished responding. The drug treatment had no reliable effect on flinch and escape thresholds measured in separate experiments. The effects of diazepam on punished responding do not appear to be related to eventual changes in food motivation or sensitivity to electric shock.", "PMID": 97726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2860", "title": "The three dose components of negative pion beam and their role in pion radiotherapy.", "content": "A new method has been developed for analyzing therapeutic negative pion beams into three LET (linear energy transfer) dose components inherent in such a beam. The technique utilizes thin silicon detectors to obtain pulse height spectra produced by the various particles in the beam traversing the detectors. It is shown that a low LET group is correlated with the incoming pions, muons and electrons; a medium LET group corresponds to protons, deuterons, tritons, and high energy alpha particles; and a high LET group is due to low energy alpha particles, 3He and recoil particles. Several beams used clinically have been studied.", "contents": "The three dose components of negative pion beam and their role in pion radiotherapy. A new method has been developed for analyzing therapeutic negative pion beams into three LET (linear energy transfer) dose components inherent in such a beam. The technique utilizes thin silicon detectors to obtain pulse height spectra produced by the various particles in the beam traversing the detectors. It is shown that a low LET group is correlated with the incoming pions, muons and electrons; a medium LET group corresponds to protons, deuterons, tritons, and high energy alpha particles; and a high LET group is due to low energy alpha particles, 3He and recoil particles. Several beams used clinically have been studied.", "PMID": 97731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2861", "title": "Radionuclide emission computed tomography of the body of laboratory animals.", "content": "Selective studies in the monkey and baboon demonstrate the normal physiologic distribution of 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals using single-photon emission computed tomography. The cases demonstrated the ability of the Cleon Transverse Section Brain Imager TM to do emission computed tomography of various organs. This experience shows what can be expected when equipment for emission computed tomography of the body becomes available for patient studies.", "contents": "Radionuclide emission computed tomography of the body of laboratory animals. Selective studies in the monkey and baboon demonstrate the normal physiologic distribution of 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals using single-photon emission computed tomography. The cases demonstrated the ability of the Cleon Transverse Section Brain Imager TM to do emission computed tomography of various organs. This experience shows what can be expected when equipment for emission computed tomography of the body becomes available for patient studies.", "PMID": 97732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2862", "title": "Biosynthesis of 6-keto PGF1alpha by microsomal acetone-pentane powder preparations from hog aorta, ram seminal vesicles, and bovine corpora lutea: properties of same.", "content": "Acetone-pentane powders of microsomal rich acetone precipitated fractions, have been prepared from hog aortas, ram seminal vesicles, and bovine corpora lutea. These preparations are all active in converting C14 labelled PGH2 to prostacyclin. The reaction was followed by quantitation of the spontaneous hydrolytic product, 6-keto PGF1alpha. The heat stability, pH optima, reactions with inhibitors, and other properties of these types are discussed. The comparative behavior of the respective enzyme preparations shows that while qualitatively they behave in a similar manner, quantitatively, there are significant differences between them, particularly with respect to heat treatment, and response to inhibitors.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of 6-keto PGF1alpha by microsomal acetone-pentane powder preparations from hog aorta, ram seminal vesicles, and bovine corpora lutea: properties of same. Acetone-pentane powders of microsomal rich acetone precipitated fractions, have been prepared from hog aortas, ram seminal vesicles, and bovine corpora lutea. These preparations are all active in converting C14 labelled PGH2 to prostacyclin. The reaction was followed by quantitation of the spontaneous hydrolytic product, 6-keto PGF1alpha. The heat stability, pH optima, reactions with inhibitors, and other properties of these types are discussed. The comparative behavior of the respective enzyme preparations shows that while qualitatively they behave in a similar manner, quantitatively, there are significant differences between them, particularly with respect to heat treatment, and response to inhibitors.", "PMID": 97733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2863", "title": "The serological reactions of Mycoplasma isolated from pneumonic sheep lungs in the Sudan.", "content": "Seven mycoplasma isolated from pneumonic sheep lungs were found to belong to two serologically unrelated groups. Isolates in one group reacted strongly with antisera to M arginini in the metabolic inhibition and growth inhibition tests. All isolates except one failed to react with antisera to M mycoides var capri or M mycoides var mycoides. The results of the present work support the previously reported division of the isolates into two groups on the basis of their biological properties.", "contents": "The serological reactions of Mycoplasma isolated from pneumonic sheep lungs in the Sudan. Seven mycoplasma isolated from pneumonic sheep lungs were found to belong to two serologically unrelated groups. Isolates in one group reacted strongly with antisera to M arginini in the metabolic inhibition and growth inhibition tests. All isolates except one failed to react with antisera to M mycoides var capri or M mycoides var mycoides. The results of the present work support the previously reported division of the isolates into two groups on the basis of their biological properties.", "PMID": 97739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2864", "title": "A comparison of three serological tests in the diagnosis of caprine brucellosis.", "content": "The serum agglutination test (SAT), the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and the milk ring test (MRT) were used in the diagnosis of caprine brucellosis. There was a close correlation between the SAT and RBPT when both tests were negative but the RBPT failed to detect 79.82 per cent of sera in excess of 50 iu. Also, owing to the relatively poor milking potential of the Nigerian goat and the false positive results with the MRT, it is concluded that the SAT offers a better serological diagnostic tool for caprine brucellosis in this locality.", "contents": "A comparison of three serological tests in the diagnosis of caprine brucellosis. The serum agglutination test (SAT), the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and the milk ring test (MRT) were used in the diagnosis of caprine brucellosis. There was a close correlation between the SAT and RBPT when both tests were negative but the RBPT failed to detect 79.82 per cent of sera in excess of 50 iu. Also, owing to the relatively poor milking potential of the Nigerian goat and the false positive results with the MRT, it is concluded that the SAT offers a better serological diagnostic tool for caprine brucellosis in this locality.", "PMID": 97740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2865", "title": "Effect of thiol derivatives on mixed mucus and blood clots in vitro.", "content": "The disintegrating effect of three reducing thiol derivatives: [sodium mercaptoethane sulphonate (Mesna), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and dithio-1,4-threitol (DTT)] was investigated in vitro upon blood clots formed in the absence or in the presence of tracheobronchial secretions and compared with the effect of iso-osmotic saline solution. The amounts of haemoglobin released from the clots after 30 min incubation and the initial rates of haemoglobin release were compared for the different products at different concentrations. All three reducing agents showed some ability to disintegrate mixed clots to an extent depending on their concentration. After 30 min incubation, statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference in favour of Mesna at the three concentrations used, i.e. 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mmol/1. The initial rate of haemoglobin release in presence of Mesna was at all concentrations significantly higher than that of NAC or DTT. The effects on normal blood clots were much less pronounced. The effectiveness of Mesna in splitting up mixed blood and mucus clots in the management of patients who had inhaled blood is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of thiol derivatives on mixed mucus and blood clots in vitro. The disintegrating effect of three reducing thiol derivatives: [sodium mercaptoethane sulphonate (Mesna), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and dithio-1,4-threitol (DTT)] was investigated in vitro upon blood clots formed in the absence or in the presence of tracheobronchial secretions and compared with the effect of iso-osmotic saline solution. The amounts of haemoglobin released from the clots after 30 min incubation and the initial rates of haemoglobin release were compared for the different products at different concentrations. All three reducing agents showed some ability to disintegrate mixed clots to an extent depending on their concentration. After 30 min incubation, statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference in favour of Mesna at the three concentrations used, i.e. 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mmol/1. The initial rate of haemoglobin release in presence of Mesna was at all concentrations significantly higher than that of NAC or DTT. The effects on normal blood clots were much less pronounced. The effectiveness of Mesna in splitting up mixed blood and mucus clots in the management of patients who had inhaled blood is discussed.", "PMID": 97741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2866", "title": "Changes in essential fatty acids in plasma  lipid fractions of polytraumatized patients with different parenteral nutrition.", "content": "We investigated changes in the fatty acid pattern of plasma lipids during the phase of total parenteral nutrition in two groups of polytraumatized patients. For parenteral nutrition we gave L-amino acid solutions in a dose of 0.24 g N day-1kg-1 body weight. In addition, we administered in the first group glucose and fructose, and in the second group glucose, fructose and fat emulsions in a total dose of 30 kcal day-1kg-1 body weight. In the latter group, the proportion of the fat emulsions was 30-40% of the calories administered. The most striking findings were the decrease of the essential fatty acids with regard to the phospholipid fraction from about 60% to 30% in the early post-traumatic phase. In the first group of patients we observed a further reduction of the essential fatty acids in the period of observation. This could be avoided by administering fat emulsions of the same type as we gave in the second group of patients. The functions of essential fatty acids in membranes and in the intermediary metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "Changes in essential fatty acids in plasma  lipid fractions of polytraumatized patients with different parenteral nutrition. We investigated changes in the fatty acid pattern of plasma lipids during the phase of total parenteral nutrition in two groups of polytraumatized patients. For parenteral nutrition we gave L-amino acid solutions in a dose of 0.24 g N day-1kg-1 body weight. In addition, we administered in the first group glucose and fructose, and in the second group glucose, fructose and fat emulsions in a total dose of 30 kcal day-1kg-1 body weight. In the latter group, the proportion of the fat emulsions was 30-40% of the calories administered. The most striking findings were the decrease of the essential fatty acids with regard to the phospholipid fraction from about 60% to 30% in the early post-traumatic phase. In the first group of patients we observed a further reduction of the essential fatty acids in the period of observation. This could be avoided by administering fat emulsions of the same type as we gave in the second group of patients. The functions of essential fatty acids in membranes and in the intermediary metabolism are discussed.", "PMID": 97742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2867", "title": "[Quantitative measurement of red cell antigens with Groupamatic].", "content": "Groupamatic 360 can be adapted to the quantitative measurement of erythrocyte agglutination reactions. Here the authors give the necessary conditions to obtain the best sensitivity and the best reproductibility. They have considered globular suspensions, incubation of the erythrocyte antiserums mixtures, centrifugation, agitation, photometric measurement. As concerns the quantitative technique, we used the average peripheral measurement obtained in the twleve cuvettes of the same selected disc sector. The calibration is fixed to 50 mV for a non agglutinated red cell suspension and to 950 mV for albumin in a saline solution. In these conditions, the best discrimination is obtained for agglutination with measures between 400 and 800 mV. The maximum sensitivity is reached with reactions corresponding to 600 mV, that is to say in our selected conditions with 50% of free red cells. The choice of the zone between 500 and 600 mV enables to detect variations from 1.5 to 2% in an antibody solution concentration. This zone is particularly favorable for quantitative work. Although a part of these operations in this preliminary work were manually effected, the automatic centrifugation, agitation, photometric measurement and results print out make possible a large number of measurements with very satisfactory reproductibility conditions. Besides, these experiments pointed out some factors of improvement which will be helpful for the new 360 G Groupmatic equipments.", "contents": "[Quantitative measurement of red cell antigens with Groupamatic]. Groupamatic 360 can be adapted to the quantitative measurement of erythrocyte agglutination reactions. Here the authors give the necessary conditions to obtain the best sensitivity and the best reproductibility. They have considered globular suspensions, incubation of the erythrocyte antiserums mixtures, centrifugation, agitation, photometric measurement. As concerns the quantitative technique, we used the average peripheral measurement obtained in the twleve cuvettes of the same selected disc sector. The calibration is fixed to 50 mV for a non agglutinated red cell suspension and to 950 mV for albumin in a saline solution. In these conditions, the best discrimination is obtained for agglutination with measures between 400 and 800 mV. The maximum sensitivity is reached with reactions corresponding to 600 mV, that is to say in our selected conditions with 50% of free red cells. The choice of the zone between 500 and 600 mV enables to detect variations from 1.5 to 2% in an antibody solution concentration. This zone is particularly favorable for quantitative work. Although a part of these operations in this preliminary work were manually effected, the automatic centrifugation, agitation, photometric measurement and results print out make possible a large number of measurements with very satisfactory reproductibility conditions. Besides, these experiments pointed out some factors of improvement which will be helpful for the new 360 G Groupmatic equipments.", "PMID": 97753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2868", "title": "Benign meningococcemia in childhood. A report of five cases with clinical and diagnostic remarks.", "content": "Five children aged 1/2--10 years with benign meningococcemia are reported. The clinical picture was quite uniform: good general condition, spikes of fever, skin eruptions as maculopapules--sometimes haemorrhagic, appearing in association with febrile periods, and arthralgia (big joints). The diagnosis involves either isolation of meningococci (MC) from blood, demonstration of MC with immunofluorescence in skin eruptions, or a significant elevation of MC antibody titre in connection with typical clinical signs and symptoms. Important differential diagnoses are Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome, disseminated gonococcal infection, septicemia of other origins, subacute bacterial endocarditis, viral infections, hypersensitivity reactions and subsepsis allergica. By co-agglutination technique, the causative agent of meningococcemia in 4 of the 5 children was shown to be MC group B. These have some features in common with gonococci, whereby an incorrect diagnosis might be suggested as demonstrated in one of our patients. The question is raised whether MC group B is the main causative agent in benign meningococcemia.", "contents": "Benign meningococcemia in childhood. A report of five cases with clinical and diagnostic remarks. Five children aged 1/2--10 years with benign meningococcemia are reported. The clinical picture was quite uniform: good general condition, spikes of fever, skin eruptions as maculopapules--sometimes haemorrhagic, appearing in association with febrile periods, and arthralgia (big joints). The diagnosis involves either isolation of meningococci (MC) from blood, demonstration of MC with immunofluorescence in skin eruptions, or a significant elevation of MC antibody titre in connection with typical clinical signs and symptoms. Important differential diagnoses are Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome, disseminated gonococcal infection, septicemia of other origins, subacute bacterial endocarditis, viral infections, hypersensitivity reactions and subsepsis allergica. By co-agglutination technique, the causative agent of meningococcemia in 4 of the 5 children was shown to be MC group B. These have some features in common with gonococci, whereby an incorrect diagnosis might be suggested as demonstrated in one of our patients. The question is raised whether MC group B is the main causative agent in benign meningococcemia.", "PMID": 97774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2869", "title": "Evaluation of spiramycin as a therapeutic agent for elimination of nasopharyngeal pathogens. Possible use of spiramycin for middle ear infections and for gonococcal and meningococcal nasopharyngeal carriage.", "content": "Varying doses of spiramycin were administered orally to healthy volunteers, and concentrations in serum and saliva were determined. The absorption of the drug was not significantly influenced by concomitant food intake. Saliva peak concentrations were 1.3--4.8 times higher than peak concentrations in serum. The elimination half life was 2--3 h in serum, and 4--8 h in saliva. Accumulation of the drug was seen in saliva but not in serum. The possible effect of spiramycin in eliminating bacteria from the nasopharynx was evaluated in vitro by comparing the spiramycin saliva concentrations with the MICs of bacteria known to establish themselves in the nasopharynx. At a concentration of 1.2 microgram/ml, spiramycin inhibited all investigated strains of group A streptococci, pneumococci and Branhamella catarrhalis, and at 2.4 microgram/ml all investigated gonococci. Concentrations of 19 and 38 microgram/ml, respectively, were required to inhibit all meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae. Following administration of 1.5 g spiramycin as a single daily dose for 3 days, the mean concentration in saliva reached or surpassed the MIC values of streptococci, pneumococci and Branhamella for 45 h, and of gonococci for 25 h. The possible use of spiramycin for prevention of relapses in acute otitis media and in treatment of serous otitis media is discussed, as well as the possible use of the drug in gonococcal and meningococcal nasopharyngeal carriage.", "contents": "Evaluation of spiramycin as a therapeutic agent for elimination of nasopharyngeal pathogens. Possible use of spiramycin for middle ear infections and for gonococcal and meningococcal nasopharyngeal carriage. Varying doses of spiramycin were administered orally to healthy volunteers, and concentrations in serum and saliva were determined. The absorption of the drug was not significantly influenced by concomitant food intake. Saliva peak concentrations were 1.3--4.8 times higher than peak concentrations in serum. The elimination half life was 2--3 h in serum, and 4--8 h in saliva. Accumulation of the drug was seen in saliva but not in serum. The possible effect of spiramycin in eliminating bacteria from the nasopharynx was evaluated in vitro by comparing the spiramycin saliva concentrations with the MICs of bacteria known to establish themselves in the nasopharynx. At a concentration of 1.2 microgram/ml, spiramycin inhibited all investigated strains of group A streptococci, pneumococci and Branhamella catarrhalis, and at 2.4 microgram/ml all investigated gonococci. Concentrations of 19 and 38 microgram/ml, respectively, were required to inhibit all meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae. Following administration of 1.5 g spiramycin as a single daily dose for 3 days, the mean concentration in saliva reached or surpassed the MIC values of streptococci, pneumococci and Branhamella for 45 h, and of gonococci for 25 h. The possible use of spiramycin for prevention of relapses in acute otitis media and in treatment of serous otitis media is discussed, as well as the possible use of the drug in gonococcal and meningococcal nasopharyngeal carriage.", "PMID": 97775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2870", "title": "Isolation care of infection-prone burn patients.", "content": "An experimental and clinical study of spread of colonisation between burn patients, and their susceptibility to infection, was performed. Burn patients' polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMN) functioned poorly, particularly during the second week after injury which coincided with maximum growth of bacteria in the burn wound. Patients with large burns often dispersed S. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa but also beta-hemolytic Streptococcus to the air of their rooms. Airborne transfer of these bacteria was practically eliminated by nursing in single isolation rooms with plenum ventilation. In such rooms, cross-contamination was carried mainly via clothes. Patients with small burns sometimes were important sources of such contamination although they dispersed little bacteria to the air. A thorough change of barrier dress after close contact nursing delayed the first exogenous S. aureus colonisation until after the time of greatest impairment in PMN functions. A further reduction in cross-contamination would be possible with barrier garments impermeable to fluids and bacteria on points of contact, as shown in experiments with plastic apron as protective dress. Measurements of penetration through fabrics of particles suspended in air, commercially used, did not correlate to the performance of garments made from the fabrics in experimental nursing and clinical use. Bacteria were shown to penetrate fabrics through rubbing, particularly when wet where the microcolonies present on the cloth were separated into smaller units. An instrument was designed which measured such penetration, and was used to select fabrics for barrier garments. Tightly fitting barrier garments increased the disperal of bacteria from clothes worn underneath them. The wearing of barrier garments should therefore be restricted to close contact nursing. An open-roofed plastic patient isolator was designed and built. It did not appreciably reduce cross-contamination and gave psychological and practical problems. It seemed not to be a realistic alternative to better protective garments in isolation rooms.", "contents": "Isolation care of infection-prone burn patients. An experimental and clinical study of spread of colonisation between burn patients, and their susceptibility to infection, was performed. Burn patients' polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMN) functioned poorly, particularly during the second week after injury which coincided with maximum growth of bacteria in the burn wound. Patients with large burns often dispersed S. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa but also beta-hemolytic Streptococcus to the air of their rooms. Airborne transfer of these bacteria was practically eliminated by nursing in single isolation rooms with plenum ventilation. In such rooms, cross-contamination was carried mainly via clothes. Patients with small burns sometimes were important sources of such contamination although they dispersed little bacteria to the air. A thorough change of barrier dress after close contact nursing delayed the first exogenous S. aureus colonisation until after the time of greatest impairment in PMN functions. A further reduction in cross-contamination would be possible with barrier garments impermeable to fluids and bacteria on points of contact, as shown in experiments with plastic apron as protective dress. Measurements of penetration through fabrics of particles suspended in air, commercially used, did not correlate to the performance of garments made from the fabrics in experimental nursing and clinical use. Bacteria were shown to penetrate fabrics through rubbing, particularly when wet where the microcolonies present on the cloth were separated into smaller units. An instrument was designed which measured such penetration, and was used to select fabrics for barrier garments. Tightly fitting barrier garments increased the disperal of bacteria from clothes worn underneath them. The wearing of barrier garments should therefore be restricted to close contact nursing. An open-roofed plastic patient isolator was designed and built. It did not appreciably reduce cross-contamination and gave psychological and practical problems. It seemed not to be a realistic alternative to better protective garments in isolation rooms.", "PMID": 97776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2871", "title": "Alcoholic liver disease, new aspects of an old problem.", "content": "In the therapy of alcoholic liver disease, two recent trends deserve consideration, one is the role of immunologic mechanisms and the other is the effect of nutrition. In various double blind studies no improved survival of corticosteroid treated patients with alcoholic hepatitis has been found. Intravenous hyperalimentation with amino acid solution combined with peroral feeding seemed, however, to have a beneficial effect in alcoholic hepatitis.", "contents": "Alcoholic liver disease, new aspects of an old problem. In the therapy of alcoholic liver disease, two recent trends deserve consideration, one is the role of immunologic mechanisms and the other is the effect of nutrition. In various double blind studies no improved survival of corticosteroid treated patients with alcoholic hepatitis has been found. Intravenous hyperalimentation with amino acid solution combined with peroral feeding seemed, however, to have a beneficial effect in alcoholic hepatitis.", "PMID": 97777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2872", "title": "[Therapy of Cronh's disease in the acute stage, using ornidazole (Tiberal). Preliminary results].", "content": "9 patients with acute exacerbations of Crohn's disease were treated over 2.5 months or longer with ornidazole (nitroimidazole). While 3 patients showed no response at all to 5 cycles of ornidazole treatment, 6 patients improved markedly within 2-3 months. In all but 1 patient, the improvement lasted during long-term therapy (average 9 months). Therapy was discontinued in 5 of these patients after 2.5-14 months; 2 patients had severe recurrences within 2-10 weeks, while 3 patients remained well during the follow-up (average 4.7 months). Ornidazole appears to be a promising alternative to steroid therapy in acute exacerbations of Crohn's disease and to deserve further evaluation by a double-blind study.", "contents": "[Therapy of Cronh's disease in the acute stage, using ornidazole (Tiberal). Preliminary results]. 9 patients with acute exacerbations of Crohn's disease were treated over 2.5 months or longer with ornidazole (nitroimidazole). While 3 patients showed no response at all to 5 cycles of ornidazole treatment, 6 patients improved markedly within 2-3 months. In all but 1 patient, the improvement lasted during long-term therapy (average 9 months). Therapy was discontinued in 5 of these patients after 2.5-14 months; 2 patients had severe recurrences within 2-10 weeks, while 3 patients remained well during the follow-up (average 4.7 months). Ornidazole appears to be a promising alternative to steroid therapy in acute exacerbations of Crohn's disease and to deserve further evaluation by a double-blind study.", "PMID": 97778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2873", "title": "Loperamide, a new antidiarrheal agent in the treatment of chronic diarrhea.", "content": "Loperamide is an effective and safe antidiarrheal agent which served as a very useful adjunct in the treatment in 79% of 47 patients with chronic diarrhea. One of the major advantages of loperamide to the patient with chronic diarrhea is its convenience. Usually, a single dose in the morning effectively controlled diarrhea during the day. Patients with nocturnal or early morning diarrhea obtained good control with a second bedtime dose of the drug.", "contents": "Loperamide, a new antidiarrheal agent in the treatment of chronic diarrhea. Loperamide is an effective and safe antidiarrheal agent which served as a very useful adjunct in the treatment in 79% of 47 patients with chronic diarrhea. One of the major advantages of loperamide to the patient with chronic diarrhea is its convenience. Usually, a single dose in the morning effectively controlled diarrhea during the day. Patients with nocturnal or early morning diarrhea obtained good control with a second bedtime dose of the drug.", "PMID": 97779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2874", "title": "Polychlorinated biphenyls may alter marine trophic pathways by reducing phytoplankton size and production.", "content": "Polychlorinated biphenyls at concentrations of 1 to 10 micrograms per liter reduced phytoplankton biomass and size in natural estuarine phytoplankton communities grown within dialysis bags in situ in an estuarine marsh. In polychlorinated biphenyls-contaminated waters, these changes could increase the number of trophic levels and divert the flow of biomass from harvestable fish to jellyfish and other gelatinous predators.", "contents": "Polychlorinated biphenyls may alter marine trophic pathways by reducing phytoplankton size and production. Polychlorinated biphenyls at concentrations of 1 to 10 micrograms per liter reduced phytoplankton biomass and size in natural estuarine phytoplankton communities grown within dialysis bags in situ in an estuarine marsh. In polychlorinated biphenyls-contaminated waters, these changes could increase the number of trophic levels and divert the flow of biomass from harvestable fish to jellyfish and other gelatinous predators.", "PMID": 97784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2875", "title": "Localization of primate calls by old world monkeys.", "content": "Monkeys (Macaca) were trained by operant conditioning techniques to report the minimum detectable change in location of a sound in space, and were tested with a series of recorded coo or clear call vocalizations. Acuity of localization varied from approximately 4 degrees to 15 degrees and was a function of the magnitude of the change in pitch (frequency modulation) of the different clear calls.", "contents": "Localization of primate calls by old world monkeys. Monkeys (Macaca) were trained by operant conditioning techniques to report the minimum detectable change in location of a sound in space, and were tested with a series of recorded coo or clear call vocalizations. Acuity of localization varied from approximately 4 degrees to 15 degrees and was a function of the magnitude of the change in pitch (frequency modulation) of the different clear calls.", "PMID": 97785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2876", "title": "Gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli in hospital patients. Part I. Preliminary epidemiological assessment.", "content": "Gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (GRNB) have been isolated from specimens received from 23 hospitals in and around Johannesburg. Most isolates are fermentative in nature. A pilot survey among inpatients at the Johannesburg Hospital revealed an intestinal carriage prevalence of 14,3%. A prospective study of intestinal acquisition showed that GRNB are acquired in hospital, and that colonization is associated with prior antibacterial therapy. Analysis of clinical specimens received from the Johannesburg Hospital from 1 July to 30 September 1976 has indicated that intensive care and urology units are worst affected. An assessment of the overall prevalence of GRNB in October 1976 revealed that 16,1% of all Gram-negative bacilli were resistant to gentamicin. Major contributing factors are the widespread use of systemic aminoglycoside antibiotics, and a high rate of cross-contamination. Measures aimed at minimizing these factors have been introduced by the Johannesburg Hospital administration.", "contents": "Gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli in hospital patients. Part I. Preliminary epidemiological assessment. Gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (GRNB) have been isolated from specimens received from 23 hospitals in and around Johannesburg. Most isolates are fermentative in nature. A pilot survey among inpatients at the Johannesburg Hospital revealed an intestinal carriage prevalence of 14,3%. A prospective study of intestinal acquisition showed that GRNB are acquired in hospital, and that colonization is associated with prior antibacterial therapy. Analysis of clinical specimens received from the Johannesburg Hospital from 1 July to 30 September 1976 has indicated that intensive care and urology units are worst affected. An assessment of the overall prevalence of GRNB in October 1976 revealed that 16,1% of all Gram-negative bacilli were resistant to gentamicin. Major contributing factors are the widespread use of systemic aminoglycoside antibiotics, and a high rate of cross-contamination. Measures aimed at minimizing these factors have been introduced by the Johannesburg Hospital administration.", "PMID": 97791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2877", "title": "Bacillus cereus endocarditis. A case report.", "content": "Bacillus cereus may cause infective problems in compromised patients. No previous record of infective endocarditis due to this organism could be found. A 51-year-old White woman with B. cereus endocarditis after prosthetic mitral valve replacement is described. The problems of interpreting the significance of B. cereus bacteraemia, delayed diagnosis, and the inherent resistance of the organism are discussed.", "contents": "Bacillus cereus endocarditis. A case report. Bacillus cereus may cause infective problems in compromised patients. No previous record of infective endocarditis due to this organism could be found. A 51-year-old White woman with B. cereus endocarditis after prosthetic mitral valve replacement is described. The problems of interpreting the significance of B. cereus bacteraemia, delayed diagnosis, and the inherent resistance of the organism are discussed.", "PMID": 97794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2878", "title": "Immunohistochemical characterization of Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "Cytoplasmic immunoglobulins and muramidase (lysozyme) were demonstrated in formalin-fixed tissues by an immunoperoxidase procedure in 3 cases of Burkitt's lymphoma. The Burkitt cells were strongly positive with the full panel of monospecific antisera against human immunoglobulin components (kappa and lambda light chains, gamma, alpha and micron heavy chains). The 'starry-sky' macrophages were weakly positive with antimuramidase antiserum and strongly positive with the antisera against immunoglobulins, thus demonstrating their phagocytic and histiocytic nature. The reasons for the polyclonal increase in immunoglobulins are discussed.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical characterization of Burkitt's lymphoma. Cytoplasmic immunoglobulins and muramidase (lysozyme) were demonstrated in formalin-fixed tissues by an immunoperoxidase procedure in 3 cases of Burkitt's lymphoma. The Burkitt cells were strongly positive with the full panel of monospecific antisera against human immunoglobulin components (kappa and lambda light chains, gamma, alpha and micron heavy chains). The 'starry-sky' macrophages were weakly positive with antimuramidase antiserum and strongly positive with the antisera against immunoglobulins, thus demonstrating their phagocytic and histiocytic nature. The reasons for the polyclonal increase in immunoglobulins are discussed.", "PMID": 97795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2879", "title": "[Results of the postoperative treatment of breast cancer by bienergetic electron pendulous therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The data of 456 patients with breast cancer are reported and the results of the postoperative treatment by bienergetic electron pendulous therapy are discussed. Besides the favourable survival rate, the little side effects and the relatively low rate of recurrences are stressed.", "contents": "[Results of the postoperative treatment of breast cancer by bienergetic electron pendulous therapy (author's transl)]. The data of 456 patients with breast cancer are reported and the results of the postoperative treatment by bienergetic electron pendulous therapy are discussed. Besides the favourable survival rate, the little side effects and the relatively low rate of recurrences are stressed.", "PMID": 97804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2880", "title": "[Changes of the depth dose curve in case of 42 MeV photon irradiation through a plexiglass plate of 3 cm (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors give curves for the photon radiation of a 42 MeV betatron valid for different field sizes with a distance focus-surface of 120 cm. These curves allow to calculate the dose of the central ray for an irradiation in the compression chamber \"Oxyfulm\".", "contents": "[Changes of the depth dose curve in case of 42 MeV photon irradiation through a plexiglass plate of 3 cm (author's transl)]. The authors give curves for the photon radiation of a 42 MeV betatron valid for different field sizes with a distance focus-surface of 120 cm. These curves allow to calculate the dose of the central ray for an irradiation in the compression chamber \"Oxyfulm\".", "PMID": 97805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2881", "title": "[The problem of malignant degeneration in case of multiple neurofibromatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Within less than one year, our hospital received three cases of malignant manifestation in case of multiple neurofibromatosis. If the histological findings and the neurogenic origin of the malignant tumor are evaluated very critically, the malignant suppression of the differentiation of one or more neurofibromas in case of multiple neurofibromatosis must be considered as occuring very rarely. If in case of a neurofibromatosis a malignant manifestation is found, it has to be examined very carefully by tissue specimens of numerous spots (Loehr and Willebrand), furthermore the neurogenic origin must be ensured (Zuelch). There are three clinical possibilities: 1. Sarcomatous degeneration of a neurofibroma with demonstrable neurogenic origin. 2. Histological appearence of a malignant suppression of the differntiation of a neurofibroma with benign clinical course. 3. Independent sarcoma as second disease without original connection to an existing multiple neurofibromatosis.--A critical evaluation of our cases showed that there was only one case of malignant tumor with neurogenic origin, namely a neurofibrosarcoma originating from a multiple neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "[The problem of malignant degeneration in case of multiple neurofibromatosis (author's transl)]. Within less than one year, our hospital received three cases of malignant manifestation in case of multiple neurofibromatosis. If the histological findings and the neurogenic origin of the malignant tumor are evaluated very critically, the malignant suppression of the differentiation of one or more neurofibromas in case of multiple neurofibromatosis must be considered as occuring very rarely. If in case of a neurofibromatosis a malignant manifestation is found, it has to be examined very carefully by tissue specimens of numerous spots (Loehr and Willebrand), furthermore the neurogenic origin must be ensured (Zuelch). There are three clinical possibilities: 1. Sarcomatous degeneration of a neurofibroma with demonstrable neurogenic origin. 2. Histological appearence of a malignant suppression of the differntiation of a neurofibroma with benign clinical course. 3. Independent sarcoma as second disease without original connection to an existing multiple neurofibromatosis.--A critical evaluation of our cases showed that there was only one case of malignant tumor with neurogenic origin, namely a neurofibrosarcoma originating from a multiple neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 97806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2882", "title": "Androgen metabolism in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "A mixture of 3H-testosteron (T) and 14C-4-androstene-3, 17-dione (A) was injected intravenously into 2 (I and II) rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). A third monkey (III) was injected with 3H-T only. Urine and bile samples were collected at intervals for 6 hours following the injection. The excretion, conjugation and aglycone metabolites of the steroids injected were studied using these samples. Of the injected dose, animal I (male) excreted 32% 3H and 23% 14C in the bile and 30% 3H and 21% 14C in the urine in 6 hours. Animal II (female), however, had a comparatively higher biliary excretion (66% 3H, 40% 14 C), but a urinary excretion (18% 3H, 13% 14C) comparable to that of animals I and III. The averages in the bile of the 3 animals were: unconjugated compounds 3%, glucosiduronates 78%, sulfates 9%, sulfoglucosiduronates 5% and disulfates 3%; and in urine, 5% unconjugated, 92% glucosiduronates and 3% sulfates. The aglycones obtained following hydrolysis were separated gy chromatography on Lipidex 5000, further purified by thin layer and paper chromatography and identified by co-crystallization. The major matabolites from 3H-T were androsterone and 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, whereas that from 14C-A was androsterone. Other metabolites identified were: etiocholanolone (3beta-hydroxy-5-beta-androstan-17-one); T, epitestosterone (epi-T), (17alpha-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one); epiandrosterone (3-beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one) and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol. The results indicate that while androgen metabolism in the rhesus monkey is similar to that of the baboon and human in conjugate and metabolite formation, the rate of excretion was significantly different, resembline more closely that of the baboon than the human.", "contents": "Androgen metabolism in the rhesus monkey. A mixture of 3H-testosteron (T) and 14C-4-androstene-3, 17-dione (A) was injected intravenously into 2 (I and II) rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). A third monkey (III) was injected with 3H-T only. Urine and bile samples were collected at intervals for 6 hours following the injection. The excretion, conjugation and aglycone metabolites of the steroids injected were studied using these samples. Of the injected dose, animal I (male) excreted 32% 3H and 23% 14C in the bile and 30% 3H and 21% 14C in the urine in 6 hours. Animal II (female), however, had a comparatively higher biliary excretion (66% 3H, 40% 14 C), but a urinary excretion (18% 3H, 13% 14C) comparable to that of animals I and III. The averages in the bile of the 3 animals were: unconjugated compounds 3%, glucosiduronates 78%, sulfates 9%, sulfoglucosiduronates 5% and disulfates 3%; and in urine, 5% unconjugated, 92% glucosiduronates and 3% sulfates. The aglycones obtained following hydrolysis were separated gy chromatography on Lipidex 5000, further purified by thin layer and paper chromatography and identified by co-crystallization. The major matabolites from 3H-T were androsterone and 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, whereas that from 14C-A was androsterone. Other metabolites identified were: etiocholanolone (3beta-hydroxy-5-beta-androstan-17-one); T, epitestosterone (epi-T), (17alpha-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one); epiandrosterone (3-beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one) and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol. The results indicate that while androgen metabolism in the rhesus monkey is similar to that of the baboon and human in conjugate and metabolite formation, the rate of excretion was significantly different, resembline more closely that of the baboon than the human.", "PMID": 97807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2883", "title": "Post partum patterns of circulating FSH, LH, prolactin, estradiol, and progesterone in nonsuckling cynomolgus monkeys.", "content": "Circulating levels of FSH, LH, prolactin (Prl), estradiol (E), and progesterone (P) were determined by RIA in four intact and four monkeys luteectomized (CLX) at parturition in order to a) characterize the patterns of these hormones during the puerperium, and b) examine a possible inhibitory role of the \"rejuvenated\" corpus luteum (CL) on the resumption of follicle growth post partum. In both groups during the first four weeks, FSH and LH were at tonic levels typical of ovulatory cycles. Recurrent puerperal \"surges\" of FSH, but not LH, unaccompanied by increments in serum E, were observed in both intact and CLX monkeys. No consistent pattern of serum Prl  was apparent. CLX was followed by a prompt fall in serum P levels, which were elevated above typical follicular phase levels into the second week post partum in intact monkeys. Menstrual cycles resumed 2-4 months after delivery. Hormonal patterns during the first menstrual cycle post partum were indistinguishable from those observed in pregravidic ovulatory cycles. The findings indicate that in nonsuckling cynomolgus monkeys a) although it secretes progesterone, the puerperal CL does not inhibit the resumption of the ovarian cycle post partum, b) the puerperal ovary is not absolutely refractory to gonadotropins, since initial trials with Pergonal + hCG stimulated ovarian function, and c) ovarian activity during the puerperium may be limited by factors other than the tonic supply of gonadotropins.", "contents": "Post partum patterns of circulating FSH, LH, prolactin, estradiol, and progesterone in nonsuckling cynomolgus monkeys. Circulating levels of FSH, LH, prolactin (Prl), estradiol (E), and progesterone (P) were determined by RIA in four intact and four monkeys luteectomized (CLX) at parturition in order to a) characterize the patterns of these hormones during the puerperium, and b) examine a possible inhibitory role of the \"rejuvenated\" corpus luteum (CL) on the resumption of follicle growth post partum. In both groups during the first four weeks, FSH and LH were at tonic levels typical of ovulatory cycles. Recurrent puerperal \"surges\" of FSH, but not LH, unaccompanied by increments in serum E, were observed in both intact and CLX monkeys. No consistent pattern of serum Prl  was apparent. CLX was followed by a prompt fall in serum P levels, which were elevated above typical follicular phase levels into the second week post partum in intact monkeys. Menstrual cycles resumed 2-4 months after delivery. Hormonal patterns during the first menstrual cycle post partum were indistinguishable from those observed in pregravidic ovulatory cycles. The findings indicate that in nonsuckling cynomolgus monkeys a) although it secretes progesterone, the puerperal CL does not inhibit the resumption of the ovarian cycle post partum, b) the puerperal ovary is not absolutely refractory to gonadotropins, since initial trials with Pergonal + hCG stimulated ovarian function, and c) ovarian activity during the puerperium may be limited by factors other than the tonic supply of gonadotropins.", "PMID": 97808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2884", "title": "Comparative responses of the carotid and vertebral arterial systems of rhesus monkeys to betahistine.", "content": "A newly developed photoelectric method was used in 5 rhesus monkeys to measure the mean transit time of blood through the carotid and vertebral arteries, together with measurement of the blood flow through the tissues of the fronto-parietal area supplied by the carotid artery and of the cerebellar tonsil supplied by the vertebral artery. Following intravenous administration of betahistine mesylate, a histamine analog, the mean transit times of blood through the 2 arteries were equally shortened by 10%, despite a 20% decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure (P less than 0.05). The cerebral tissue and cerebellar tissue blood flow was increased by betahistine, from 70.4 to 81.4 ml/100g/min and from 73.2 to 84.0 ml/100g/min, respectively. Since histamine has been reported to produce a decrease in cardiac output, the increase in cerebral blood flow confirmed that betahistine is a selective cerebral vasodilating agent. However, by comparing the hemodynamic data for the two cerebral arterial systems, it can be concluded that the responses of the carotid and vertebral arterial systems to the vasodilating action of betahistine were essentially the same in extent.", "contents": "Comparative responses of the carotid and vertebral arterial systems of rhesus monkeys to betahistine. A newly developed photoelectric method was used in 5 rhesus monkeys to measure the mean transit time of blood through the carotid and vertebral arteries, together with measurement of the blood flow through the tissues of the fronto-parietal area supplied by the carotid artery and of the cerebellar tonsil supplied by the vertebral artery. Following intravenous administration of betahistine mesylate, a histamine analog, the mean transit times of blood through the 2 arteries were equally shortened by 10%, despite a 20% decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure (P less than 0.05). The cerebral tissue and cerebellar tissue blood flow was increased by betahistine, from 70.4 to 81.4 ml/100g/min and from 73.2 to 84.0 ml/100g/min, respectively. Since histamine has been reported to produce a decrease in cardiac output, the increase in cerebral blood flow confirmed that betahistine is a selective cerebral vasodilating agent. However, by comparing the hemodynamic data for the two cerebral arterial systems, it can be concluded that the responses of the carotid and vertebral arterial systems to the vasodilating action of betahistine were essentially the same in extent.", "PMID": 97809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2885", "title": "Experimental regional cerebral ischemia in the middle cerebral artery territory in primates. Part 3: effects on brain water and electrolytes in the late phase of acute MCA stroke.", "content": "Experimental regional cerebral ischemia was produced in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory in primates (M. mulatta) by macrosphere embolization. Determinations of percentage tissue dry weight and tissue sodium and potassium concentrations were obtained in samples from the ischemic and non-ischemic hemispheres at various time from 12 to 48 hours after the onset of cerebral ischemia. Samples from the cortex normally supplied by the occluded MCA showed maximal accumulation of edema fluid with fluxes in sodium and potassium in reciprocal directions at 12 hours and similar edematous changes in putamen at 24 hours after embolization By 48 hours after MCA occlusion and despite the presence of infarction, partial reversal was observed in the redistribution of water and electrolytes in these gray matter structures. In contrast to cerebral cortex and putamen, the adjacent subcortical white matter showed progressive increases in water content from 12 to 48 hours and definite increases in tissue sodium with decreases in potassium were not observed until 48 hours after MCA occlusion. This late severe white matter edema associated with cerebral infarction appears to be a major factor responsible for the hemispheric swelling observed at this state.", "contents": "Experimental regional cerebral ischemia in the middle cerebral artery territory in primates. Part 3: effects on brain water and electrolytes in the late phase of acute MCA stroke. Experimental regional cerebral ischemia was produced in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory in primates (M. mulatta) by macrosphere embolization. Determinations of percentage tissue dry weight and tissue sodium and potassium concentrations were obtained in samples from the ischemic and non-ischemic hemispheres at various time from 12 to 48 hours after the onset of cerebral ischemia. Samples from the cortex normally supplied by the occluded MCA showed maximal accumulation of edema fluid with fluxes in sodium and potassium in reciprocal directions at 12 hours and similar edematous changes in putamen at 24 hours after embolization By 48 hours after MCA occlusion and despite the presence of infarction, partial reversal was observed in the redistribution of water and electrolytes in these gray matter structures. In contrast to cerebral cortex and putamen, the adjacent subcortical white matter showed progressive increases in water content from 12 to 48 hours and definite increases in tissue sodium with decreases in potassium were not observed until 48 hours after MCA occlusion. This late severe white matter edema associated with cerebral infarction appears to be a major factor responsible for the hemispheric swelling observed at this state.", "PMID": 97810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2886", "title": "Detection of antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus arc 5 antigens by double diffusion test.", "content": "This report deals with an evaluation of a double diffusion (DD5) test which employs a control antiserum against Echinococcus granulosus arc 5 antigens to recognize arc 5-positive sera by a reaction of identity. The DD5 test was more sensitive than the immuno-electrophoresis (IEP5) test based on the same positivity criterion and was equally specific for the immunodiagnosis of human hydatidosis. Its greater simplicity suggest its application as a substitute for the IEP5 test in diagnosis, particularly areas. The application of both DD5 and latex agglutination tests is recommended for hydatid immunodiagnosis on the basis of the present findings.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus arc 5 antigens by double diffusion test. This report deals with an evaluation of a double diffusion (DD5) test which employs a control antiserum against Echinococcus granulosus arc 5 antigens to recognize arc 5-positive sera by a reaction of identity. The DD5 test was more sensitive than the immuno-electrophoresis (IEP5) test based on the same positivity criterion and was equally specific for the immunodiagnosis of human hydatidosis. Its greater simplicity suggest its application as a substitute for the IEP5 test in diagnosis, particularly areas. The application of both DD5 and latex agglutination tests is recommended for hydatid immunodiagnosis on the basis of the present findings.", "PMID": 97814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2887", "title": "Response of Erythrocebus patas monkeys to experimental infection with the orbivirus Orungo virus.", "content": "The response of Erythrocebus patas monkeys experimentally inoculated by the intravenous and subcutaneous routes with Orungo virus (family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus) was studied with reference to development of clinical signs, circulation of virus and antibody response. None of the animals showed clinical disease nor did they circulate virus. However, all the animals developed complement fixing (CF), neutralizing (N) and agar gel (AG) precipitating antibodies between day seven and day 14 post infection (p.i.). The CF antibodies appeared earlier and lasted for a longer period than did the N antibodies. The presence of transient 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) sensitive CF antibodies was demonstrated in sera collected between day seven and day 14 p.i. The significance of these findings in the interpretation of serological surveys in man for Orungo virus antibody is discussed.", "contents": "Response of Erythrocebus patas monkeys to experimental infection with the orbivirus Orungo virus. The response of Erythrocebus patas monkeys experimentally inoculated by the intravenous and subcutaneous routes with Orungo virus (family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus) was studied with reference to development of clinical signs, circulation of virus and antibody response. None of the animals showed clinical disease nor did they circulate virus. However, all the animals developed complement fixing (CF), neutralizing (N) and agar gel (AG) precipitating antibodies between day seven and day 14 post infection (p.i.). The CF antibodies appeared earlier and lasted for a longer period than did the N antibodies. The presence of transient 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) sensitive CF antibodies was demonstrated in sera collected between day seven and day 14 p.i. The significance of these findings in the interpretation of serological surveys in man for Orungo virus antibody is discussed.", "PMID": 97815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2888", "title": "Water supply and nutritional status in rural northern Nigeria.", "content": "A high incidence of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) was found in a community survey of preschool children in rural northern Nigeria among whom gastro-enteritis is common. Wasting (less than 80% Weight/Height) was more common (37.9%) among those with scanty, unprotected water supplies than in those with copious protected water (10.2%) whereas the incidence of stunting (less than 90% Height/Age)) was similar. Severe coliform contaminatin of all water sources was demonstrable. Even higher numbers of coliforms in foods sampled suggests that other factors related to water supply may be more important than water purity in the genesis of the PEM/gastro-enteritis complex.", "contents": "Water supply and nutritional status in rural northern Nigeria. A high incidence of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) was found in a community survey of preschool children in rural northern Nigeria among whom gastro-enteritis is common. Wasting (less than 80% Weight/Height) was more common (37.9%) among those with scanty, unprotected water supplies than in those with copious protected water (10.2%) whereas the incidence of stunting (less than 90% Height/Age)) was similar. Severe coliform contaminatin of all water sources was demonstrable. Even higher numbers of coliforms in foods sampled suggests that other factors related to water supply may be more important than water purity in the genesis of the PEM/gastro-enteritis complex.", "PMID": 97816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2889", "title": "Post-mortem diagnosis of chronic Chagas's disease comparative evaluation of three serological tests on pericardial fluid.", "content": "In an attempt to improve the post-mortem diagnosis of Chagas's disease the authors performed haemagglutination tests (HAT), fluorescent Trypanosoma cruzi antibody tests (FAT), and complement fixation tests (CFT) on the pericardial fluid obtained at autopsy of 50 individuals with Chagas's heart disease, and 93 patients in whom this disease was not thought to be present. The results demonstrate that all three tests are efficient for the post-mortem diagnosis of Chagas's disease but suggest that their combined use would detect more cases than would one isolated reaction only.", "contents": "Post-mortem diagnosis of chronic Chagas's disease comparative evaluation of three serological tests on pericardial fluid. In an attempt to improve the post-mortem diagnosis of Chagas's disease the authors performed haemagglutination tests (HAT), fluorescent Trypanosoma cruzi antibody tests (FAT), and complement fixation tests (CFT) on the pericardial fluid obtained at autopsy of 50 individuals with Chagas's heart disease, and 93 patients in whom this disease was not thought to be present. The results demonstrate that all three tests are efficient for the post-mortem diagnosis of Chagas's disease but suggest that their combined use would detect more cases than would one isolated reaction only.", "PMID": 97817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2890", "title": "Congenital Chagas's disease in an urban population: investigation of infected twins.", "content": "In the Nordeste de Amaralina suburb of Salvador Bahia, Brazil, 47 of 285 pregnant women surveyed had complement fixing antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi. At delivery T. cruzi was detected in one of 17 placentas from the sero-positive women. The offspring of this case were premature twins and T. cruzi was detected in the peripheral blood of each before death. At autopsy the gastro-intestinal tract and urinary bladder of both were severely affected. Immunofluorescence tests on cord sera, including the single case with T. cruzi in the placenta, were negative for IgM antibodies to T. cruzi. The mother of the infected twins and three of her living children, who were born and have resided in the city, were also infected with T. cruzi. Although the children had visited an area endemic for Chagas's disease for short periods, the mode of transmission in this family may have been transplacental. The value of the immunofluorescence test in the diagnosis of congenital Chagas's disease is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital Chagas's disease in an urban population: investigation of infected twins. In the Nordeste de Amaralina suburb of Salvador Bahia, Brazil, 47 of 285 pregnant women surveyed had complement fixing antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi. At delivery T. cruzi was detected in one of 17 placentas from the sero-positive women. The offspring of this case were premature twins and T. cruzi was detected in the peripheral blood of each before death. At autopsy the gastro-intestinal tract and urinary bladder of both were severely affected. Immunofluorescence tests on cord sera, including the single case with T. cruzi in the placenta, were negative for IgM antibodies to T. cruzi. The mother of the infected twins and three of her living children, who were born and have resided in the city, were also infected with T. cruzi. Although the children had visited an area endemic for Chagas's disease for short periods, the mode of transmission in this family may have been transplacental. The value of the immunofluorescence test in the diagnosis of congenital Chagas's disease is discussed.", "PMID": 97818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2891", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni in the Kenyan baboon (Papio anubis): the development and predictability of resistance to homologous challenge.", "content": "Groups of baboons were exposed to primary infections of either 500 or 2,000 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae per baboon (c.p.b.). Five from each infection level and five uninfected baboons were challenged with 2,500 c.p.b. at one of four intervals of time after primary infection and killed ten weeks later, together with unchallenged appropriate primary infection controls. Primary faecal egg excretion was related to the cercarial dose, showing some systematic fluctuations during the 78 weeks of the experiment. Challenge infections increased faecal egg excretion in certain cases only. Faecal and tissue egg production were usually suppressed in the challenge worms. In contrast to less heavily infected, challenge-control baboons bearing primary infections, the challenged baboons had minimal gross pathology and there were no deaths due to acute schistosomiasis from the challenge infection. Over-all resistance to reinfection was low and unrelated to the age or intensity of the primary infections. However, seven baboons yielded less than 50% of the expected challenge worms. An in vitro assay, measuring anti-schistosomula antibody and peripheral leucocyte cytotoxic activity, successfully identified the in vivo immune status at thetime of challenge of 14/18 baboons tested. The in vivo significance of the immunological mechanism upon which the test is based is discussed in relation to possible future baboon and human studies.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni in the Kenyan baboon (Papio anubis): the development and predictability of resistance to homologous challenge. Groups of baboons were exposed to primary infections of either 500 or 2,000 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae per baboon (c.p.b.). Five from each infection level and five uninfected baboons were challenged with 2,500 c.p.b. at one of four intervals of time after primary infection and killed ten weeks later, together with unchallenged appropriate primary infection controls. Primary faecal egg excretion was related to the cercarial dose, showing some systematic fluctuations during the 78 weeks of the experiment. Challenge infections increased faecal egg excretion in certain cases only. Faecal and tissue egg production were usually suppressed in the challenge worms. In contrast to less heavily infected, challenge-control baboons bearing primary infections, the challenged baboons had minimal gross pathology and there were no deaths due to acute schistosomiasis from the challenge infection. Over-all resistance to reinfection was low and unrelated to the age or intensity of the primary infections. However, seven baboons yielded less than 50% of the expected challenge worms. An in vitro assay, measuring anti-schistosomula antibody and peripheral leucocyte cytotoxic activity, successfully identified the in vivo immune status at thetime of challenge of 14/18 baboons tested. The in vivo significance of the immunological mechanism upon which the test is based is discussed in relation to possible future baboon and human studies.", "PMID": 97819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2892", "title": "Breath hydrogen concentrations after oral lactose and lactulose in tropical malabsorption and adult hypolactasia.", "content": "Thirty-six hospital in-patients in London had breath-hydrogen concentrations measured after 50 g lactose were given orally; in 23 or them serial blood glucose concentrations were also estimated. Eight had tropical malabsorption (TM), 14 were Europeans with no detectable disease (normal group) and 14 who also had no detectable disease, were from ethnic groups known to have a very high incidence of genetically determined adult hypolactasia (hl). In 21 of them breath-hydrogen concentrations were also measured after 33.5 g of lactulose were given orally. There was a good inverse correlation between breath-hydrogen production and blood-glucose rise after lactose. Correlations between the first appearance of hydrogen (T) and the area under the hydrogen curve between 0 and 120 min (A) were inversely significant both for lactose and lactulose. Mean T was earlier and mean A greater for lactose compared with lactulose. Correlation between individual values for A after lactase and after lactulose was significant. Indirect measurements of lactase are of no value in either detecting or assessing the severity of TM; that is largely due to the very high incidence of HL in individuals exposed to that disease.", "contents": "Breath hydrogen concentrations after oral lactose and lactulose in tropical malabsorption and adult hypolactasia. Thirty-six hospital in-patients in London had breath-hydrogen concentrations measured after 50 g lactose were given orally; in 23 or them serial blood glucose concentrations were also estimated. Eight had tropical malabsorption (TM), 14 were Europeans with no detectable disease (normal group) and 14 who also had no detectable disease, were from ethnic groups known to have a very high incidence of genetically determined adult hypolactasia (hl). In 21 of them breath-hydrogen concentrations were also measured after 33.5 g of lactulose were given orally. There was a good inverse correlation between breath-hydrogen production and blood-glucose rise after lactose. Correlations between the first appearance of hydrogen (T) and the area under the hydrogen curve between 0 and 120 min (A) were inversely significant both for lactose and lactulose. Mean T was earlier and mean A greater for lactose compared with lactulose. Correlation between individual values for A after lactase and after lactulose was significant. Indirect measurements of lactase are of no value in either detecting or assessing the severity of TM; that is largely due to the very high incidence of HL in individuals exposed to that disease.", "PMID": 97820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2893", "title": "Antibodies to Sarcocystis in Malaysians.", "content": "Sera from 243 donors belonging to the four main ethnic groups in West Malaysia (Orang Asli, Malays, Chinese and Indians) were tested, using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique for the prevalence of antibodies to Sarcocystis. Almost 20% reacted positively at dilutions of 1:64 or higher and eight among the Orang Asli and Malays gave the highest titres of 1:256. Prevalence was highest in the Orang Asli and lowest in Chinese. 22 sera also reacted positively to Toxoplasma, whether due to polyparasitism or cross-reaction is, as yet, unknown.", "contents": "Antibodies to Sarcocystis in Malaysians. Sera from 243 donors belonging to the four main ethnic groups in West Malaysia (Orang Asli, Malays, Chinese and Indians) were tested, using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique for the prevalence of antibodies to Sarcocystis. Almost 20% reacted positively at dilutions of 1:64 or higher and eight among the Orang Asli and Malays gave the highest titres of 1:256. Prevalence was highest in the Orang Asli and lowest in Chinese. 22 sera also reacted positively to Toxoplasma, whether due to polyparasitism or cross-reaction is, as yet, unknown.", "PMID": 97821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2894", "title": "Evaluation of endomyocardial biopsy in the diagnosis of cardiac rejection. A study using bioptome samples of formalin-fixed tissue.", "content": "The reliability of endomyocardial bioptome samples in detecting cardiac rejection was assessed in 26 formalin-fixed previously transplanted hearts. Thirteen human donor hearts (mean postoperative survival 128 days) and 13 baboon donor hearts (mean survival 16.5 days) were studied. Twenty samples were taken under direct vision from the endomyocardium of each heart with an Olympus bioptome catheter. A total of 397 tissue samples was examined \"blindly\" histologically (177 human and 220 baboon). The bioptome samples were assigned a histological rejection score and then compared with the score accorded multiple tissue sections from the same heart. Sample scores agreed with tissue section scores as follows: humans 86% (samples showed more severe alterations in 5% and less severe in 9%) and baboons 57% (samples more severe in 40% and less severe in 3%). Only 2 false-negative samples were encountered among 285 tissue samples from hearts showing rejection. Changes of rejection were equally distributed between the left and right ventricles. Endomyocardial sampling proved an accurate means of detecting the presence of rejection. In the baboon hearts the endomyocardium tended to show more severe changes than the rest of the myocardium.", "contents": "Evaluation of endomyocardial biopsy in the diagnosis of cardiac rejection. A study using bioptome samples of formalin-fixed tissue. The reliability of endomyocardial bioptome samples in detecting cardiac rejection was assessed in 26 formalin-fixed previously transplanted hearts. Thirteen human donor hearts (mean postoperative survival 128 days) and 13 baboon donor hearts (mean survival 16.5 days) were studied. Twenty samples were taken under direct vision from the endomyocardium of each heart with an Olympus bioptome catheter. A total of 397 tissue samples was examined \"blindly\" histologically (177 human and 220 baboon). The bioptome samples were assigned a histological rejection score and then compared with the score accorded multiple tissue sections from the same heart. Sample scores agreed with tissue section scores as follows: humans 86% (samples showed more severe alterations in 5% and less severe in 9%) and baboons 57% (samples more severe in 40% and less severe in 3%). Only 2 false-negative samples were encountered among 285 tissue samples from hearts showing rejection. Changes of rejection were equally distributed between the left and right ventricles. Endomyocardial sampling proved an accurate means of detecting the presence of rejection. In the baboon hearts the endomyocardium tended to show more severe changes than the rest of the myocardium.", "PMID": 97824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2895", "title": "Radiotherapy of seminoma of the testis. Report on 129 patients.", "content": "From 1958 to 1974, 129 patients with pure seminoma of the testis were admitted to the Institute of Radiology, University of Florence. Sixty-two were in Stage I, 36 in Stage II A, 23 in Stage II B, 3 in Stage III, and 5 in Stage IV, Para-aortic and ipsilateral iliac nodes were treated in all cases with doses ranging from 3000 to 4200 rads. In the treatment of the supradiaphragmatic area, uniform criteria were not adopted. Out of 124 cases in Stage I, II A and B, and III, 17 suffered a replase; aall relapsed cases died except for one. Site and cause of the failures were analyzed. Prophylactic irradiation of the mediastinum and supraclavicular area appears to lower the probability of recurrence in Stage II. Doses over 3500 rads may be necessary to destroy large metastases. The presence of nonseminomatous areas in the seminoma showing inadequate regression after radiotherapy must be suspected; an exploratory laparotomy should be indicated in such a case.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of seminoma of the testis. Report on 129 patients. From 1958 to 1974, 129 patients with pure seminoma of the testis were admitted to the Institute of Radiology, University of Florence. Sixty-two were in Stage I, 36 in Stage II A, 23 in Stage II B, 3 in Stage III, and 5 in Stage IV, Para-aortic and ipsilateral iliac nodes were treated in all cases with doses ranging from 3000 to 4200 rads. In the treatment of the supradiaphragmatic area, uniform criteria were not adopted. Out of 124 cases in Stage I, II A and B, and III, 17 suffered a replase; aall relapsed cases died except for one. Site and cause of the failures were analyzed. Prophylactic irradiation of the mediastinum and supraclavicular area appears to lower the probability of recurrence in Stage II. Doses over 3500 rads may be necessary to destroy large metastases. The presence of nonseminomatous areas in the seminoma showing inadequate regression after radiotherapy must be suspected; an exploratory laparotomy should be indicated in such a case.", "PMID": 97827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2896", "title": "Interactions of helium, oxygen, and nitrous oxide affecting bacterial growth.", "content": "Helium at pressures of 20 to 70 atm in the presence of air found to stimulate growth of Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, mainly by increasing the rate of exponential growth. However, at these same pressures, helium potentiated the growth-inhibitory actions of oxygen and nitrous oxide (N2O). Oxygen was found to act essentially as an anesthetic gas in inhibiting growth of S. faecalis; its potency was approximately the same as that of N2O, and it acted additively in combination with N2O to inhibit the streptococcus. Oxygen proved to be more potent than N2O in inhibiting the growth of E. coli and S. aureus, and each gas potentiated the action of the other. Oxygen sensitivity was correlated with N2O sensitivity. Overall, our findings indicate that bacterial growth inhibition by anesthetic gases does not accurately reflect narcotic action.", "contents": "Interactions of helium, oxygen, and nitrous oxide affecting bacterial growth. Helium at pressures of 20 to 70 atm in the presence of air found to stimulate growth of Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, mainly by increasing the rate of exponential growth. However, at these same pressures, helium potentiated the growth-inhibitory actions of oxygen and nitrous oxide (N2O). Oxygen was found to act essentially as an anesthetic gas in inhibiting growth of S. faecalis; its potency was approximately the same as that of N2O, and it acted additively in combination with N2O to inhibit the streptococcus. Oxygen proved to be more potent than N2O in inhibiting the growth of E. coli and S. aureus, and each gas potentiated the action of the other. Oxygen sensitivity was correlated with N2O sensitivity. Overall, our findings indicate that bacterial growth inhibition by anesthetic gases does not accurately reflect narcotic action.", "PMID": 97828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2897", "title": "Congenital bladder diverticula in adult twins.", "content": "We present two cases of apparent congenital bladder diverticula in adult twins associated with progressive hearing loss.", "contents": "Congenital bladder diverticula in adult twins. We present two cases of apparent congenital bladder diverticula in adult twins associated with progressive hearing loss.", "PMID": 97831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2898", "title": "[Mechanical jaundice in extrahepatic portal hypertension].", "content": "The authors consider the tactics of the treatment of mechanical jaundice in 9 patients suffering from an extrahepatic form of portal hypertension. The analysis of the results of the treatment proved that in case of pronounced bilirubinemia with colangitis manifestations and hepatic insufficiency it is indicated to use external controlled drainage of the thoracic lymphatic duct and transhepatic external drainage of the intrahepatic duct. The applied tactics allows to avoid carrying out emergent surgical interventions on extrahepatic bile passages, which is extremely dangerous, and to perform such operations when necessary only, under more favourable conditions after an adequate preparation of patients.", "contents": "[Mechanical jaundice in extrahepatic portal hypertension]. The authors consider the tactics of the treatment of mechanical jaundice in 9 patients suffering from an extrahepatic form of portal hypertension. The analysis of the results of the treatment proved that in case of pronounced bilirubinemia with colangitis manifestations and hepatic insufficiency it is indicated to use external controlled drainage of the thoracic lymphatic duct and transhepatic external drainage of the intrahepatic duct. The applied tactics allows to avoid carrying out emergent surgical interventions on extrahepatic bile passages, which is extremely dangerous, and to perform such operations when necessary only, under more favourable conditions after an adequate preparation of patients.", "PMID": 97833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2899", "title": "[Choledochotomy in emergency surgery on the extrahepatic biliary tracts].", "content": "Choledochotomy in urgent operations for acute cholecystitis has been carried out upon 255 patients. Indications for the dissection of the common bile duct in acute cholecystitis are considered. Methods of completion of choledochotomy are discussed. According to the authors' data in the most of the patients the external drainage of the common bile duct was done. Immediate and late results of this operation happened to be worse than those following choledochal blind suture or biliodigestive anastomosis (choledochoduodenostomy). On this basis it is recommended to restrict the use of the external drainage.", "contents": "[Choledochotomy in emergency surgery on the extrahepatic biliary tracts]. Choledochotomy in urgent operations for acute cholecystitis has been carried out upon 255 patients. Indications for the dissection of the common bile duct in acute cholecystitis are considered. Methods of completion of choledochotomy are discussed. According to the authors' data in the most of the patients the external drainage of the common bile duct was done. Immediate and late results of this operation happened to be worse than those following choledochal blind suture or biliodigestive anastomosis (choledochoduodenostomy). On this basis it is recommended to restrict the use of the external drainage.", "PMID": 97834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2900", "title": "[Helminthiases in newly established large-capacity breeding stations for cattle].", "content": "Invasions of gastrointestinal nematodes proved to be the most frequent helminthiases in new-established large-capacity herds of cattle according to the results of parasitary examinations of cattle in one locality in the Tachov district. The nematodes, especially Oesophagostomum spp., Haemonchus contortus, Cooperia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., occurred in animals of all age categories. The Ostertagia spp., Chabertia ovina, Nematodirus spp., Bunostomum phlebotomum and Trishuris spp. participated in the invasions to a smaller extent. The first eggs can already be found in three months old calves. Strongyloidosis can be diagnosed in the first month of age in calves [5%], the incidence rate increasing up to the age of five months, then it begins to decrease. Taenasis was found out in six months old calves [4.4% and11.6%]. Reclamations of pastures reduced the incidence of fasciolosis to the minimum rate; its invasions were heavy before establishing the large-capacity herds of cattle. Dictyocaulosis was not found in the large-capacity herds of cattle at all, due to the same reasons. Not only were nematode eggs proved, but also larvae to develop to the stages capable of invasion [Chabertia ovina, Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum spp., Strongyloides papillosus] in dry excrements on railings of pens,  on slatted floors and walls of the calf-sheds that were investigated.", "contents": "[Helminthiases in newly established large-capacity breeding stations for cattle]. Invasions of gastrointestinal nematodes proved to be the most frequent helminthiases in new-established large-capacity herds of cattle according to the results of parasitary examinations of cattle in one locality in the Tachov district. The nematodes, especially Oesophagostomum spp., Haemonchus contortus, Cooperia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., occurred in animals of all age categories. The Ostertagia spp., Chabertia ovina, Nematodirus spp., Bunostomum phlebotomum and Trishuris spp. participated in the invasions to a smaller extent. The first eggs can already be found in three months old calves. Strongyloidosis can be diagnosed in the first month of age in calves [5%], the incidence rate increasing up to the age of five months, then it begins to decrease. Taenasis was found out in six months old calves [4.4% and11.6%]. Reclamations of pastures reduced the incidence of fasciolosis to the minimum rate; its invasions were heavy before establishing the large-capacity herds of cattle. Dictyocaulosis was not found in the large-capacity herds of cattle at all, due to the same reasons. Not only were nematode eggs proved, but also larvae to develop to the stages capable of invasion [Chabertia ovina, Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum spp., Strongyloides papillosus] in dry excrements on railings of pens,  on slatted floors and walls of the calf-sheds that were investigated.", "PMID": 97836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2901", "title": "[Passage of endogenous urea into a jejunum of sheep].", "content": "The quantitative passage of urea-N and ammonia N into an isolated jejunum of the merino sheep was studied within one hour before, and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours after feeding. The total amount of ammonia-N  that passes to the isolated jejunum [to both proximal and distal part] within an hour is small [0.28-0.35 mg h-1],  without any significant differences in passage prior to and after feeding. However, urea-N secretion is high, especially secretion to the fore part of the jejunum [ 3.35-3.62 mg h-1]. The passage of urea-N to the rear part of the jejunum is about 1/3 lower than passage to the fore part. Urea solution of higher concentration than in peripheral blood was incubated in the isolated jejunum to study an adverse phenomenon: absorption of urea from intestinal lumen to the blood. The levels of urea in peripheralblood and in incubate reached a balance state within one hour after administration. The data obtained testify to the permeability of the wall of the gut for urea in both directions.", "contents": "[Passage of endogenous urea into a jejunum of sheep]. The quantitative passage of urea-N and ammonia N into an isolated jejunum of the merino sheep was studied within one hour before, and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours after feeding. The total amount of ammonia-N  that passes to the isolated jejunum [to both proximal and distal part] within an hour is small [0.28-0.35 mg h-1],  without any significant differences in passage prior to and after feeding. However, urea-N secretion is high, especially secretion to the fore part of the jejunum [ 3.35-3.62 mg h-1]. The passage of urea-N to the rear part of the jejunum is about 1/3 lower than passage to the fore part. Urea solution of higher concentration than in peripheral blood was incubated in the isolated jejunum to study an adverse phenomenon: absorption of urea from intestinal lumen to the blood. The levels of urea in peripheralblood and in incubate reached a balance state within one hour after administration. The data obtained testify to the permeability of the wall of the gut for urea in both directions.", "PMID": 97837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2902", "title": "[Absorption of amino acids from the perfused ovine rumen].", "content": "The experiments with extracoroporeal perfusion of sheep rumen were performed [Leng et al., 1977]. Bovine plasma, diluted in a 1:1ratio with an isotonic solution of sodium chloride, was used for four perfusions, and autologous blood was used for two perfusions in the course of 150 minutes. After 60 minutes perfusion 20 g enzymatic casein hydrolyzate were applied to the rumen. The levels of free amino acids in the perfusate were recorded after 60 minutes' perfusion [the first phase of perfusion] and at the end of the experiment [the second phase]. The levels of lysine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid increased after perfusions with bovine plasma during the first phase, the levels of glutamic acid, phenylalanine, and in one case of alanine, increased after perfusions with autologus blood. Simultaneously the level of valine decreased after perfusions with bovine plasma, and after perfusions with blood the levels of arginine and valine, and/or lysine, dropped. During the second phase of perfusion, the levels of all the observed amino acids except methionine [bovine plasma], and/or orginine and methionine [blood] rose in the perfusate. The experiments showed that the level of amino acids in the rumen content presented a decisive factor affecting amino acid absorption from the rumen into the blood. Transformation of the amino acids during their  passage through the remen wall may be assumed, and glutamic acid is one of the chief products of this process.", "contents": "[Absorption of amino acids from the perfused ovine rumen]. The experiments with extracoroporeal perfusion of sheep rumen were performed [Leng et al., 1977]. Bovine plasma, diluted in a 1:1ratio with an isotonic solution of sodium chloride, was used for four perfusions, and autologous blood was used for two perfusions in the course of 150 minutes. After 60 minutes perfusion 20 g enzymatic casein hydrolyzate were applied to the rumen. The levels of free amino acids in the perfusate were recorded after 60 minutes' perfusion [the first phase of perfusion] and at the end of the experiment [the second phase]. The levels of lysine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid increased after perfusions with bovine plasma during the first phase, the levels of glutamic acid, phenylalanine, and in one case of alanine, increased after perfusions with autologus blood. Simultaneously the level of valine decreased after perfusions with bovine plasma, and after perfusions with blood the levels of arginine and valine, and/or lysine, dropped. During the second phase of perfusion, the levels of all the observed amino acids except methionine [bovine plasma], and/or orginine and methionine [blood] rose in the perfusate. The experiments showed that the level of amino acids in the rumen content presented a decisive factor affecting amino acid absorption from the rumen into the blood. Transformation of the amino acids during their  passage through the remen wall may be assumed, and glutamic acid is one of the chief products of this process.", "PMID": 97838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2903", "title": "[Utilization of the halothane test in the detection of the malignant hypertension syndrome [MHS] in pigs].", "content": "By the halothane test we determined the development of the syndrome of malignant hyperthermia in pigs of the Belgian Landrace breed with body weight of 20 kg. We found that from 27 animals that were subjected to the test 12 positively reacted to Narcotan - Spofa anaesthesis. Pigs with the syndrome of malignant hyperthermia had considerably higher rectal temperature after anaesthesis, lower PH of venose blood, higher concentration of lactic acid and glucosis in the blood plasma. Halothane-negative animals did not produce and conspicuous changes of these indices. Most differences were statisticaly highly significant.", "contents": "[Utilization of the halothane test in the detection of the malignant hypertension syndrome [MHS] in pigs]. By the halothane test we determined the development of the syndrome of malignant hyperthermia in pigs of the Belgian Landrace breed with body weight of 20 kg. We found that from 27 animals that were subjected to the test 12 positively reacted to Narcotan - Spofa anaesthesis. Pigs with the syndrome of malignant hyperthermia had considerably higher rectal temperature after anaesthesis, lower PH of venose blood, higher concentration of lactic acid and glucosis in the blood plasma. Halothane-negative animals did not produce and conspicuous changes of these indices. Most differences were statisticaly highly significant.", "PMID": 97839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2904", "title": "[Comparison of the sensitivity of the passive, indirect hemagglutination reaction and the latex fixation test in the demonstration of the migratory phase of experimental ascariasis (Ascaris suum) in swine].", "content": "The authoresses verified diagnostic sensitivity of two serological tests -passive indirect hemagglutination [IHA] reaction modified by the authoresses and latex-fixation test [LFT] when proving the post-invasion migratory phase of ascariasis [Ascaris suum] in experimentally infected swine. The IHA reaction was found to be more sensitive than the LFT in most cases [62.2%] by two to three values of the geometric series. The invasion can be detected by the IHA reaction from 7th to 120th day and by the LFT from 7th to 49th day after invasion.", "contents": "[Comparison of the sensitivity of the passive, indirect hemagglutination reaction and the latex fixation test in the demonstration of the migratory phase of experimental ascariasis (Ascaris suum) in swine]. The authoresses verified diagnostic sensitivity of two serological tests -passive indirect hemagglutination [IHA] reaction modified by the authoresses and latex-fixation test [LFT] when proving the post-invasion migratory phase of ascariasis [Ascaris suum] in experimentally infected swine. The IHA reaction was found to be more sensitive than the LFT in most cases [62.2%] by two to three values of the geometric series. The invasion can be detected by the IHA reaction from 7th to 120th day and by the LFT from 7th to 49th day after invasion.", "PMID": 97840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2905", "title": "[Microbiological examination of fresh and stored procusts of cold cuisine].", "content": "In four out of five investigated kinds of products it was proved that most fresh samples met the microbiological requirements of Czechoslovak State Standard CSN 58 3601 and it is even feasible to consider a stricter approach to the evaluation of the total number of microbes [CPM] to 10(5) per g and in the number of coliform microbes to 10(3) per g. On contrary the amount of yeast in most fresh samples [62%-100%] exceeded the permitted limit and reached the value of about 10(4) per g. The comparison of the results of the investigation of fresh and stored samples indicates that from the eight groups or kinds of microorganisms under study the highest rate of reproduction was in yeast. In the other microorganisms the increase was not so great nor did it occur. No pathogenous microorganisms of salmonella were determined by the orientation method, and staphylococci was proved by direct cultivation in just one kind of product.", "contents": "[Microbiological examination of fresh and stored procusts of cold cuisine]. In four out of five investigated kinds of products it was proved that most fresh samples met the microbiological requirements of Czechoslovak State Standard CSN 58 3601 and it is even feasible to consider a stricter approach to the evaluation of the total number of microbes [CPM] to 10(5) per g and in the number of coliform microbes to 10(3) per g. On contrary the amount of yeast in most fresh samples [62%-100%] exceeded the permitted limit and reached the value of about 10(4) per g. The comparison of the results of the investigation of fresh and stored samples indicates that from the eight groups or kinds of microorganisms under study the highest rate of reproduction was in yeast. In the other microorganisms the increase was not so great nor did it occur. No pathogenous microorganisms of salmonella were determined by the orientation method, and staphylococci was proved by direct cultivation in just one kind of product.", "PMID": 97841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2906", "title": "[Distribution of the rabies virus in the central nervous system of naturally infected foxes].", "content": "Quantitative distribution of rabies virus and the character of immunofluorescence in various parts of the central nervous system [CNS] and salivary glands were investigated in 21 naturally infected foxes. A mean death period was recorded in mice infected with the virus obtained from various parts of the CNS and salivary glands of the investigated foxes. The highest average titer of the virus was found out in the salivary glands - 4.46 log MLD50 per 0.03 ml i. c. The average titer was 2.30 log in the cornu ammonis, 1.99 log in the lobus olifactorius, 1.80 log in the spinal cord of the sacro-lumbar region, 1.73 log in the cortex, 1.71 log in the medulla oblongata, and 1.64 log in the cerebellum. The highest intensity of specific fluorscence was recorded in the thalamus, lobus piriformis, and cornu ammonis. In these regions, numerous round fluorescent inclusion bodies similar to Babes-Negri bodies occurred. Babes-Negri bodies in the cornu ammonis of foxes were proved in 81% of cases. Mice infected with the virus obtained from the salivary glands showed the shortest mean death period - 12.2 days and from the  cornu ammonis it was 14.6 days. In virus infection from the other parts of the CNS the mean death period ranged from 16.0 to 17.4 days.", "contents": "[Distribution of the rabies virus in the central nervous system of naturally infected foxes]. Quantitative distribution of rabies virus and the character of immunofluorescence in various parts of the central nervous system [CNS] and salivary glands were investigated in 21 naturally infected foxes. A mean death period was recorded in mice infected with the virus obtained from various parts of the CNS and salivary glands of the investigated foxes. The highest average titer of the virus was found out in the salivary glands - 4.46 log MLD50 per 0.03 ml i. c. The average titer was 2.30 log in the cornu ammonis, 1.99 log in the lobus olifactorius, 1.80 log in the spinal cord of the sacro-lumbar region, 1.73 log in the cortex, 1.71 log in the medulla oblongata, and 1.64 log in the cerebellum. The highest intensity of specific fluorscence was recorded in the thalamus, lobus piriformis, and cornu ammonis. In these regions, numerous round fluorescent inclusion bodies similar to Babes-Negri bodies occurred. Babes-Negri bodies in the cornu ammonis of foxes were proved in 81% of cases. Mice infected with the virus obtained from the salivary glands showed the shortest mean death period - 12.2 days and from the  cornu ammonis it was 14.6 days. In virus infection from the other parts of the CNS the mean death period ranged from 16.0 to 17.4 days.", "PMID": 97842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2907", "title": "[Dermatomycosis of the nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) caused by the dermatophyte trichophyton mentagrophytes].", "content": "The authors described a dermal lesion in seven antelopes of the species Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas 1776), kept in a zoo-park. Mycological examination revealed the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Robin) Blanchard 1896 as the causative agent of the lesion. The clinical picture of the dermatophytosis was manifested by a non-inflammatory desquamation of the epidermis with focal hair shedding. The lesions, mostly localized on the heads of the animals affected, were successfully treated with local antimycotics and by oral administration of griseofulvin. The authors present a list of the species of Artiodactyla in which Trichophyton mentagrophytes has been found until the present time. They draw attention to the fact that in wild animals the dermatophyte mostly causes symptomless disease.", "contents": "[Dermatomycosis of the nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) caused by the dermatophyte trichophyton mentagrophytes]. The authors described a dermal lesion in seven antelopes of the species Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas 1776), kept in a zoo-park. Mycological examination revealed the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Robin) Blanchard 1896 as the causative agent of the lesion. The clinical picture of the dermatophytosis was manifested by a non-inflammatory desquamation of the epidermis with focal hair shedding. The lesions, mostly localized on the heads of the animals affected, were successfully treated with local antimycotics and by oral administration of griseofulvin. The authors present a list of the species of Artiodactyla in which Trichophyton mentagrophytes has been found until the present time. They draw attention to the fact that in wild animals the dermatophyte mostly causes symptomless disease.", "PMID": 97843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2908", "title": "[The levels of various mineral substances in the blood plasma of bovine fetuses and their mothers in the third trimester of pregnancy].", "content": "The levels of total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chlorides in the blood plasma, and the osmolality of the plasma, were determined in bovine foetuses (n = 20) and the dams (n = 20) in the third trimester of gravidity. The cows of the Bohemian Spotted breed were 2.5 to 7 years old. The foetuses were taken from the uterus by the Caesarean section with local anaesthesia. The foetuses were of both sexes (nfemale = 12, n male = 8). Only the level of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus in the blood plasma was much higher in the foetuses than in the dams and this difference was highly significant. The levels of other minerals showed no statistically significant differences in the two categories of animals tested. The osmolality of the blood plasma of the foetuses was almost the same as in the cows. The higher calcaemia and phosphoraemia of the foetuses ensues from the function of osteotrophic minerals in the process of quick growth and ossification in the third trimester of intrauterine life. The closeness of the levels of sodium, potassium and chlorides as well as the very similar osmolality of the blood plasma in the foetuses and the dams prove the \"stability\" of the dynamic balance of these parameters between the foetus and the dam in the internal environment of the womb.", "contents": "[The levels of various mineral substances in the blood plasma of bovine fetuses and their mothers in the third trimester of pregnancy]. The levels of total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chlorides in the blood plasma, and the osmolality of the plasma, were determined in bovine foetuses (n = 20) and the dams (n = 20) in the third trimester of gravidity. The cows of the Bohemian Spotted breed were 2.5 to 7 years old. The foetuses were taken from the uterus by the Caesarean section with local anaesthesia. The foetuses were of both sexes (nfemale = 12, n male = 8). Only the level of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus in the blood plasma was much higher in the foetuses than in the dams and this difference was highly significant. The levels of other minerals showed no statistically significant differences in the two categories of animals tested. The osmolality of the blood plasma of the foetuses was almost the same as in the cows. The higher calcaemia and phosphoraemia of the foetuses ensues from the function of osteotrophic minerals in the process of quick growth and ossification in the third trimester of intrauterine life. The closeness of the levels of sodium, potassium and chlorides as well as the very similar osmolality of the blood plasma in the foetuses and the dams prove the \"stability\" of the dynamic balance of these parameters between the foetus and the dam in the internal environment of the womb.", "PMID": 97844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2909", "title": "[Occurrence of coccidiosis in calves at one to six months of age, which are housed in a large capacity barn].", "content": "One- to six-month-old calves, housed in the large-capacity calf house of the Nov\u00e1 Bystrice state farm in the district of Jindrich\u016fv Hradec were studied for the occurrence of coccidia in the period from January 1974 to April 1975. The coccidia found in these animals included nine species of the genus Eimeria: E. zuernii, E. bovis, E. ellipsoidalis, E. subspherica, E. auburnensis. The species E. alabamensis, E. cylindrica, E. wyomingensis and E. bukidnonensis occurred just sporadically. Further, the findings included oocysts of Isopora spp. The oocysts of the coccidia E. wyomingensis and Isopora spp. were found for the first time in Czechoslovakia. The overall extensity of invasion (EI) and intensity of invasion (II) grow with age as follows: (chart: see text) The results suggest that even modern large-capacity calf houses are not free from invasion by coccidia; the calves in the house under study were invaded by ten species. Transition to vegetable feeding is accompanied by a marked rise of the EI of all the species of coccidia found in the animals.", "contents": "[Occurrence of coccidiosis in calves at one to six months of age, which are housed in a large capacity barn]. One- to six-month-old calves, housed in the large-capacity calf house of the Nov\u00e1 Bystrice state farm in the district of Jindrich\u016fv Hradec were studied for the occurrence of coccidia in the period from January 1974 to April 1975. The coccidia found in these animals included nine species of the genus Eimeria: E. zuernii, E. bovis, E. ellipsoidalis, E. subspherica, E. auburnensis. The species E. alabamensis, E. cylindrica, E. wyomingensis and E. bukidnonensis occurred just sporadically. Further, the findings included oocysts of Isopora spp. The oocysts of the coccidia E. wyomingensis and Isopora spp. were found for the first time in Czechoslovakia. The overall extensity of invasion (EI) and intensity of invasion (II) grow with age as follows: (chart: see text) The results suggest that even modern large-capacity calf houses are not free from invasion by coccidia; the calves in the house under study were invaded by ten species. Transition to vegetable feeding is accompanied by a marked rise of the EI of all the species of coccidia found in the animals.", "PMID": 97847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2910", "title": "[Isolation of ochratoxin A in fodder barley].", "content": "The authors describe the finding and identification of ochratoxin A in fodder barley of Czechoslovak produce. The fungus Penicillium verrucosum var. verrucosum, which is an ample producer of ochratoxin A, was isolated from a sample of barley. The isolated fungus was cultivated on several substrates at different temperatures and the production of ochratoxin A was studied during cultivation. The authors believe that the ochratoxicoses of farm animals may also occur in Czechoslovakia and that it would be useful to study this mycotoxin in selected feeds.", "contents": "[Isolation of ochratoxin A in fodder barley]. The authors describe the finding and identification of ochratoxin A in fodder barley of Czechoslovak produce. The fungus Penicillium verrucosum var. verrucosum, which is an ample producer of ochratoxin A, was isolated from a sample of barley. The isolated fungus was cultivated on several substrates at different temperatures and the production of ochratoxin A was studied during cultivation. The authors believe that the ochratoxicoses of farm animals may also occur in Czechoslovakia and that it would be useful to study this mycotoxin in selected feeds.", "PMID": 97848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2911", "title": "[Occurrence of aflatoxins in pig feed].", "content": "Sixty-seven pig feed samples were examined for the presence of aflatoxins by the method after Velasco, with simultaneous qualitative determination by the thin-layer chromatographic method. All samples were collected at about the same time (June 1977) from central stores, feed preparing plants, storage containers and feeding lines on farms. On the whole, the feeds formed a representative sample of the conditions of pig feed storage and treatment. The presence of aflatoxins was proved in 18 samples (26.8%). One sample (1.4%) showed just traces of aflatoxin, six samples (8.4%) contained 0.014 to 0.45 mg aflatoxins, eight samples (11.2%) contained 0.10 to 0.30 mg aflatoxins, and three samples (4.2%) had 2.7 to 3.5 mg aflatoxins per 1 kg of feed. The samples with the highest aflatoxin concentrations came from metallic storage containers for complete feed mixtures in front of the pigsties.", "contents": "[Occurrence of aflatoxins in pig feed]. Sixty-seven pig feed samples were examined for the presence of aflatoxins by the method after Velasco, with simultaneous qualitative determination by the thin-layer chromatographic method. All samples were collected at about the same time (June 1977) from central stores, feed preparing plants, storage containers and feeding lines on farms. On the whole, the feeds formed a representative sample of the conditions of pig feed storage and treatment. The presence of aflatoxins was proved in 18 samples (26.8%). One sample (1.4%) showed just traces of aflatoxin, six samples (8.4%) contained 0.014 to 0.45 mg aflatoxins, eight samples (11.2%) contained 0.10 to 0.30 mg aflatoxins, and three samples (4.2%) had 2.7 to 3.5 mg aflatoxins per 1 kg of feed. The samples with the highest aflatoxin concentrations came from metallic storage containers for complete feed mixtures in front of the pigsties.", "PMID": 97849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2912", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in beta-cells of pancreatic islets in alpha-amanitin-poisoned mice.", "content": "In mice poisoned by alpha-amanitin nuclear changes typical of this toxin were observed in beta-cells of pancreatic islets. The lesions became progressively more severe and at 48 h after toxin injection some cells were necrotic. The damage to these cells could have implications in the changes in glycogen metabolism which occur after alpha-aminitin poisoning.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in beta-cells of pancreatic islets in alpha-amanitin-poisoned mice. In mice poisoned by alpha-amanitin nuclear changes typical of this toxin were observed in beta-cells of pancreatic islets. The lesions became progressively more severe and at 48 h after toxin injection some cells were necrotic. The damage to these cells could have implications in the changes in glycogen metabolism which occur after alpha-aminitin poisoning.", "PMID": 97854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2913", "title": "Alterations of intercellular junctions in acinic cell carcinoma of the canine pancreas.", "content": "Intercellular junctions in spontaneous canine pancreatic acinic cell adenocarcinomas were compared to those in control canine pancreas. The neoplastic cells displayed proliferation and fragmentation of tight junctions and reduction in size and number of gap junctions. Marked decrease in desmosomal density was observed only in the poorly differentiated carcinoma. In the well differentiated carcinomas a few of the desmosomes were characteristic of those found in squamous cells. No quantatitive or qualitative differences in cell junctions were noted between primary and metastatic tumor.", "contents": "Alterations of intercellular junctions in acinic cell carcinoma of the canine pancreas. Intercellular junctions in spontaneous canine pancreatic acinic cell adenocarcinomas were compared to those in control canine pancreas. The neoplastic cells displayed proliferation and fragmentation of tight junctions and reduction in size and number of gap junctions. Marked decrease in desmosomal density was observed only in the poorly differentiated carcinoma. In the well differentiated carcinomas a few of the desmosomes were characteristic of those found in squamous cells. No quantatitive or qualitative differences in cell junctions were noted between primary and metastatic tumor.", "PMID": 97855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2914", "title": "Long term effects of myochrysine in articular cartilage.", "content": "Intra-articularly administered sodium aurothiomalate (Myochrysine) produced aurosomes containing characteristic electron dense contents (indicating the presence of gold), in the chondrocytes of rabbit articular cartilage. At first the aurosomes were bounded by a membrane but later the electron dense contents were seen lying free in the cytoplasmic matrix. Such deposits were detectable up to 14 months after injection of Myochrysine but none were found at later time intervals (18 months and 2 years). There was a reduction in the population of superficial chondrocytes (Zone I) while those in deeper zones (Zones II and III) showed an increased content of intracytoplasmic filaments. It is thought that these are regressive or degenerative changes produced by gold.", "contents": "Long term effects of myochrysine in articular cartilage. Intra-articularly administered sodium aurothiomalate (Myochrysine) produced aurosomes containing characteristic electron dense contents (indicating the presence of gold), in the chondrocytes of rabbit articular cartilage. At first the aurosomes were bounded by a membrane but later the electron dense contents were seen lying free in the cytoplasmic matrix. Such deposits were detectable up to 14 months after injection of Myochrysine but none were found at later time intervals (18 months and 2 years). There was a reduction in the population of superficial chondrocytes (Zone I) while those in deeper zones (Zones II and III) showed an increased content of intracytoplasmic filaments. It is thought that these are regressive or degenerative changes produced by gold.", "PMID": 97856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2915", "title": "Electron microscopic morphometric analysis of human T and B peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Using the system of morphometric analysis described in this paper, human peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes, labeled with specific surface markers, can be compared on different analytical levels. They show differences in their surface and the eccentricity of cells, in the relative surfaces occupied by peripheral and central condensed chromatin, in the average surface of the central chromatin clumps and in the number of perichromatin granules per nuclear surface. The morphometric analysis reveals the importance of examining the nuclear and the surface parameters in the characterization of lymphocytes, confirming that a detailed analysis of the nuclear characteristics can contribute to the identification of T and B lymphocytes by transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "Electron microscopic morphometric analysis of human T and B peripheral blood lymphocytes. Using the system of morphometric analysis described in this paper, human peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes, labeled with specific surface markers, can be compared on different analytical levels. They show differences in their surface and the eccentricity of cells, in the relative surfaces occupied by peripheral and central condensed chromatin, in the average surface of the central chromatin clumps and in the number of perichromatin granules per nuclear surface. The morphometric analysis reveals the importance of examining the nuclear and the surface parameters in the characterization of lymphocytes, confirming that a detailed analysis of the nuclear characteristics can contribute to the identification of T and B lymphocytes by transmission electron microscopy.", "PMID": 97857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2916", "title": "Intermediate-sized filaments in leukemia cells.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies on human acute leukemias have shown that leukemic populations contain spherical and polarized cells in various proportions. As recorded by time-lapse cinematography, the two cell configurations represent different functional states: resting cells are completely spherical, locomotive cells are polarized with a conspicuous extension posteriorly. In 9 out of 12 cases of acute myeloid leukemia the two cell configurations were found to coincide with a different pattern of intermediate-sized filaments (ISF). Most spherical myeloblasts possessed large bundles of ISF (a minority had small bundles), whereas polarized myeloblasts showed small groups or single filaments. A similar correlation between cell shape and arrangement of ISF was observed in a transplantable undifferentiated rat leukemia. Two concepts can be distinguished with regard to the role of fibrillar structures in leukemic myeloblasts: thick bundles of ISF either represent a pathological state or have a functional significance. A tentative interpretation of our own results provides some arguments in favor of a disaggregation-reaggregation cycle of thick ISF bundles, whereas a pathological (\"end stage\") nature of these structures appears less likely.", "contents": "Intermediate-sized filaments in leukemia cells. Electron microscopic studies on human acute leukemias have shown that leukemic populations contain spherical and polarized cells in various proportions. As recorded by time-lapse cinematography, the two cell configurations represent different functional states: resting cells are completely spherical, locomotive cells are polarized with a conspicuous extension posteriorly. In 9 out of 12 cases of acute myeloid leukemia the two cell configurations were found to coincide with a different pattern of intermediate-sized filaments (ISF). Most spherical myeloblasts possessed large bundles of ISF (a minority had small bundles), whereas polarized myeloblasts showed small groups or single filaments. A similar correlation between cell shape and arrangement of ISF was observed in a transplantable undifferentiated rat leukemia. Two concepts can be distinguished with regard to the role of fibrillar structures in leukemic myeloblasts: thick bundles of ISF either represent a pathological state or have a functional significance. A tentative interpretation of our own results provides some arguments in favor of a disaggregation-reaggregation cycle of thick ISF bundles, whereas a pathological (\"end stage\") nature of these structures appears less likely.", "PMID": 97858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2917", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of cloned astrocytic lines derived from ethylnitrosourea-induced rat gliomas.", "content": "Six cloned astrocytoma cell lines derived from four ethylnitrosourea-induced F-344 rat gliomas were viewed by scanning electron microscopy in vitro, and two were examined in vivo after transplantation to the intracerebral site. All clones consisted of stellate cells that were reasonably homogeneous within individual glioma lines. Cell membrane features common to all tumor lines included microvilli, blebs, ruffles, and miniridges, mainly confined to perikarya, and filopodia emanating chiefly from cell processes. One cell line demonstrated a profuse, and another cell line a moderate, degree of microvillous development and cell surface roughening, which in one tumor correlated with rapid in vitro cell doubling time. Both cell lines maintained these topographical appearances when transplanted into brain. These results extend the SEM observations of astrocytomas, particularly in cloned ethylnitrosourea-induced tumors in rats. The confirm that distinct variations in cell membrane topography do occur among tumors of this type, probably irrespective of their origin in humans or rats, and irrespective of their mode of genesis as spontaneous, chemically-induced, or virally-induced tumors.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of cloned astrocytic lines derived from ethylnitrosourea-induced rat gliomas. Six cloned astrocytoma cell lines derived from four ethylnitrosourea-induced F-344 rat gliomas were viewed by scanning electron microscopy in vitro, and two were examined in vivo after transplantation to the intracerebral site. All clones consisted of stellate cells that were reasonably homogeneous within individual glioma lines. Cell membrane features common to all tumor lines included microvilli, blebs, ruffles, and miniridges, mainly confined to perikarya, and filopodia emanating chiefly from cell processes. One cell line demonstrated a profuse, and another cell line a moderate, degree of microvillous development and cell surface roughening, which in one tumor correlated with rapid in vitro cell doubling time. Both cell lines maintained these topographical appearances when transplanted into brain. These results extend the SEM observations of astrocytomas, particularly in cloned ethylnitrosourea-induced tumors in rats. The confirm that distinct variations in cell membrane topography do occur among tumors of this type, probably irrespective of their origin in humans or rats, and irrespective of their mode of genesis as spontaneous, chemically-induced, or virally-induced tumors.", "PMID": 97859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2918", "title": "Epidermal cell kinetics in the nude mouse.", "content": "The epidermal cell kinetics in nude mice is investigated by determining the mitotic rate and the mitotic count, the H3Tdr labelling index, and the proportion of basal cells in the different cell cycle phases by flow cytometry. The mitotic duration was calculated. The parameter values of the epidermal cell kinetics of the nude mouse are largely similar to those of the hairless mouse.", "contents": "Epidermal cell kinetics in the nude mouse. The epidermal cell kinetics in nude mice is investigated by determining the mitotic rate and the mitotic count, the H3Tdr labelling index, and the proportion of basal cells in the different cell cycle phases by flow cytometry. The mitotic duration was calculated. The parameter values of the epidermal cell kinetics of the nude mouse are largely similar to those of the hairless mouse.", "PMID": 97860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2919", "title": "Pitfalls in the sensitivity of HBsAg detection.", "content": "A number of 1800 serum samples from apparently healthy subjects were tested by immunodiffusion (ID) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) with a view to confirming the presence of HBsAg; results were uncertain in 21% of the cases. The enzyme immunoassay (ELISA kits) used to elucidate these uncertain reactions showed half of them to be negative. About 3% of the remaining sera, HBsAg-positive by ELISA, were positive by ID, but constantly negative by repeated CIE tests. Some possible explanations are suggested and the implications of such pitfalls in the interpretation of sero-epidemiological analyses are discussed.", "contents": "Pitfalls in the sensitivity of HBsAg detection. A number of 1800 serum samples from apparently healthy subjects were tested by immunodiffusion (ID) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) with a view to confirming the presence of HBsAg; results were uncertain in 21% of the cases. The enzyme immunoassay (ELISA kits) used to elucidate these uncertain reactions showed half of them to be negative. About 3% of the remaining sera, HBsAg-positive by ELISA, were positive by ID, but constantly negative by repeated CIE tests. Some possible explanations are suggested and the implications of such pitfalls in the interpretation of sero-epidemiological analyses are discussed.", "PMID": 97861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2920", "title": "Further data on the Pta antigen.", "content": "The second Pt(a+) family is described. Pta is shown to segregate independently from several genetic markers.", "contents": "Further data on the Pta antigen. The second Pt(a+) family is described. Pta is shown to segregate independently from several genetic markers.", "PMID": 97864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2921", "title": "[Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis by continuous venous infusion of small insulin doses].", "content": "The authors treated 60 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis by continuous venous drop insulin infusion with 8 U every hour during the first six hours and after the sixth hour--20 U every three hours. Rehydration was performed with physiological serum in case of glycemia over 200 mg% and with 5% glucose serum in glycemia under 200 mg%. The patients were led out of ketoacidosis in approximately 9 hours and 36 minutes, the blood sugar diminution being slow and gradual, without hypoglycemic incidence. The average total insulin dose used was 72 U. The authors recommend that method for the practice with a view to its simplicity, safety and high effectiveness.", "contents": "[Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis by continuous venous infusion of small insulin doses]. The authors treated 60 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis by continuous venous drop insulin infusion with 8 U every hour during the first six hours and after the sixth hour--20 U every three hours. Rehydration was performed with physiological serum in case of glycemia over 200 mg% and with 5% glucose serum in glycemia under 200 mg%. The patients were led out of ketoacidosis in approximately 9 hours and 36 minutes, the blood sugar diminution being slow and gradual, without hypoglycemic incidence. The average total insulin dose used was 72 U. The authors recommend that method for the practice with a view to its simplicity, safety and high effectiveness.", "PMID": 97866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2922", "title": "Type-specific and non-type-specific reactions of purified M protein preparations.", "content": "M proteins of type 1 and type 12 Streptococcus pyogenes were extracted by means of phage-associated lysin and purified by ion-exchange chromatography on CM and DEAE cellulose. Molecular weight distributions were studied by gel chromatography on Biogel A 0.5 m in a 6 molar urea solution and by SDS electrophresis. Serological activities were studied by the complement-fixation reaction and immunodiffusion and were compared with the estimated molecular weights. Type-specific and non-specific activity was found to be located on the same polypeptide chain of a size of 2 X 10(4) daltons (type 1) and 1.5 X 10(4) daltons (type 12). These serologically active chains are in preparations purified by chromatographic methods accompanied by polypeptides of different sizes which are held together by noncovalent bonds thus forming molecules above 4 X 10(4) daltons.", "contents": "Type-specific and non-type-specific reactions of purified M protein preparations. M proteins of type 1 and type 12 Streptococcus pyogenes were extracted by means of phage-associated lysin and purified by ion-exchange chromatography on CM and DEAE cellulose. Molecular weight distributions were studied by gel chromatography on Biogel A 0.5 m in a 6 molar urea solution and by SDS electrophresis. Serological activities were studied by the complement-fixation reaction and immunodiffusion and were compared with the estimated molecular weights. Type-specific and non-specific activity was found to be located on the same polypeptide chain of a size of 2 X 10(4) daltons (type 1) and 1.5 X 10(4) daltons (type 12). These serologically active chains are in preparations purified by chromatographic methods accompanied by polypeptides of different sizes which are held together by noncovalent bonds thus forming molecules above 4 X 10(4) daltons.", "PMID": 97870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2923", "title": "The pattern of sporulation in Anabaena circinalis and comments on the role of heterocysts in sporulation in blue-green algae.", "content": "Cells between two intercalary heterocysts differentiate at random into spores in A. circinalis. One or more cells, which fail to transform into spores, are present between the two adjacent spores, and these cells disorganize later. A critical C:N ratio regulates sporulation and heterocyst formation. During sporulation the reductive ability of the heterocyst gradually diminishes. It is concluded on the basis of this and other evidence that sporulation is regulated by interactions between heterocysts and vegative cells which are manifested in diverse patterns in different species of blue-green algae.", "contents": "The pattern of sporulation in Anabaena circinalis and comments on the role of heterocysts in sporulation in blue-green algae. Cells between two intercalary heterocysts differentiate at random into spores in A. circinalis. One or more cells, which fail to transform into spores, are present between the two adjacent spores, and these cells disorganize later. A critical C:N ratio regulates sporulation and heterocyst formation. During sporulation the reductive ability of the heterocyst gradually diminishes. It is concluded on the basis of this and other evidence that sporulation is regulated by interactions between heterocysts and vegative cells which are manifested in diverse patterns in different species of blue-green algae.", "PMID": 97869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2924", "title": "Genetics of the idiotype of strain AKR antibodies to group A streptococcal carbohydrate; further evidence for a low degree of homology in the VH chromosomal region.", "content": "A new VH gene is described which governs the expression of idiotypes associated with the antibody response of strain AKR mice to Group A streptococcal carbohydrate (A-CHO). This VH gene, termed ACHd, is identified using guinea pig antisera to a pool of strain AKR antibodies to A-CHO. The genetic polymorphism  is revealed by quantitative differences in idiotype expression between different inbred strains. In recombinant inbred strains linkage to the Ig-1d allotype allele of strain AKR is demonstrated. In a putative recombinant strain it appears that ACHd maps at a locus different from that of A5A+, another VH gene controlling idiotypes of anti-A-CHO antibodies. This represents a further example of pseudoallelism between related VH genes and lack of homology in the VH chromosomal region. Expression of the ACHd gene was independent of the Ly-2, 3 locus which is associated with kappa chain variants.", "contents": "Genetics of the idiotype of strain AKR antibodies to group A streptococcal carbohydrate; further evidence for a low degree of homology in the VH chromosomal region. A new VH gene is described which governs the expression of idiotypes associated with the antibody response of strain AKR mice to Group A streptococcal carbohydrate (A-CHO). This VH gene, termed ACHd, is identified using guinea pig antisera to a pool of strain AKR antibodies to A-CHO. The genetic polymorphism  is revealed by quantitative differences in idiotype expression between different inbred strains. In recombinant inbred strains linkage to the Ig-1d allotype allele of strain AKR is demonstrated. In a putative recombinant strain it appears that ACHd maps at a locus different from that of A5A+, another VH gene controlling idiotypes of anti-A-CHO antibodies. This represents a further example of pseudoallelism between related VH genes and lack of homology in the VH chromosomal region. Expression of the ACHd gene was independent of the Ly-2, 3 locus which is associated with kappa chain variants.", "PMID": 97871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2925", "title": "[Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in food. The situation in the Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)].", "content": "In a coordinated research program of the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT), a screening study was carried out with representative samples. In spite of rather large ranges of PCB concentrations, the most important food-stuffs show clearly defined clusters with mean values of approx. 0.005 microgram/g in low fat food components of plant origin such as cereals or potatoes, approx. 0.05 microgram/g in vegetable fats, approx. 0.3 microgram/g in fat from milk, butter and cheese, approx. 0.15 microgram/g in animal fat, approx. 0.03 in chicken eggs and approx. 10 microgram/g in fish fat. Considering the mean diet in the FRG, a daily PCB intake of about 29 microgram from animal fat and of 6 microgram from the other food-stuffs results. The total intake of about 35 microgram per day and capita is almost the same as the figure conditionally suggested by the WHO as the acceptable daily HCB (hexachlorobenzene) intake.", "contents": "[Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in food. The situation in the Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)]. In a coordinated research program of the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT), a screening study was carried out with representative samples. In spite of rather large ranges of PCB concentrations, the most important food-stuffs show clearly defined clusters with mean values of approx. 0.005 microgram/g in low fat food components of plant origin such as cereals or potatoes, approx. 0.05 microgram/g in vegetable fats, approx. 0.3 microgram/g in fat from milk, butter and cheese, approx. 0.15 microgram/g in animal fat, approx. 0.03 in chicken eggs and approx. 10 microgram/g in fish fat. Considering the mean diet in the FRG, a daily PCB intake of about 29 microgram from animal fat and of 6 microgram from the other food-stuffs results. The total intake of about 35 microgram per day and capita is almost the same as the figure conditionally suggested by the WHO as the acceptable daily HCB (hexachlorobenzene) intake.", "PMID": 97878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2926", "title": "Uptake of [14C]-aflatoxin B1 by liver and kidney slices of different animal species.", "content": "Uptake of aflatoxin [14C]-B1 by the liver and kidney slices of different animal species clearly indicates that the transport of the toxin to different organs of the respective species is not the major cause for the reported variation in the species susceptibility to aflatoxin.", "contents": "Uptake of [14C]-aflatoxin B1 by liver and kidney slices of different animal species. Uptake of aflatoxin [14C]-B1 by the liver and kidney slices of different animal species clearly indicates that the transport of the toxin to different organs of the respective species is not the major cause for the reported variation in the species susceptibility to aflatoxin.", "PMID": 97879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2927", "title": "[Total protein and immunoglobulin levels in the body fluids of healthy and Rh-incompatible pregnant women].", "content": "The content of total protein and immunoglobulins in blood serum, saliva and breast-milk of healthy pregnant women and of pregnant women with anti-D-antibodies has been determined by the biuret-method and radial immunodiffusion. The values of immunoglobulins in every body fluid are typical and they respond to pregnancy. The investigations vindicate theory of local antibody synthesis. The differences of immunoglobulins from healthy pregnant women and from patients with antibodies were discussed.", "contents": "[Total protein and immunoglobulin levels in the body fluids of healthy and Rh-incompatible pregnant women]. The content of total protein and immunoglobulins in blood serum, saliva and breast-milk of healthy pregnant women and of pregnant women with anti-D-antibodies has been determined by the biuret-method and radial immunodiffusion. The values of immunoglobulins in every body fluid are typical and they respond to pregnancy. The investigations vindicate theory of local antibody synthesis. The differences of immunoglobulins from healthy pregnant women and from patients with antibodies were discussed.", "PMID": 97880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2928", "title": "[Effect of mammillary body ablation on extinctive inhibition in cats].", "content": "Chronic extinction of chain closed conditioned reflex in intact rabbits took five to six days. The order of extinction of the reflex links was as follows: the nearer to reinforcement the link of the chain, the sooner it was inhibited. In the course of extinction different \"compensatory\" movements appeared with a high frequency. Unlike the conditioned movements they were not fully extinguished: in the rest periods (lying for 4 to 10 min.), running and sniffing took place 4 to 8 times in the session. After the ablation of the mammilary bodies, extinctive inhibition was developing slower (9 to 13 days) than in the norm. The order of extinction became reverse: the nearer the link of the chain to reinforcement, the greater the difficulty of inhibition. The appearance of \"compensatory\" movements sharply differed from the norm. The general behaviour of the operated rabbits was peculiar in that during extinction of conditioned movements the short periods of rest (1 to 3 min.) alternated with running, sitting, scratching, washing, etc.", "contents": "[Effect of mammillary body ablation on extinctive inhibition in cats]. Chronic extinction of chain closed conditioned reflex in intact rabbits took five to six days. The order of extinction of the reflex links was as follows: the nearer to reinforcement the link of the chain, the sooner it was inhibited. In the course of extinction different \"compensatory\" movements appeared with a high frequency. Unlike the conditioned movements they were not fully extinguished: in the rest periods (lying for 4 to 10 min.), running and sniffing took place 4 to 8 times in the session. After the ablation of the mammilary bodies, extinctive inhibition was developing slower (9 to 13 days) than in the norm. The order of extinction became reverse: the nearer the link of the chain to reinforcement, the greater the difficulty of inhibition. The appearance of \"compensatory\" movements sharply differed from the norm. The general behaviour of the operated rabbits was peculiar in that during extinction of conditioned movements the short periods of rest (1 to 3 min.) alternated with running, sitting, scratching, washing, etc.", "PMID": 97876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2929", "title": "[The effect of various antibiotics on the formation of typhus antibodies following immunization with typhus vaccine].", "content": "It was shown that administration in the course of one week, before or after a single use of killed or chemical typhoid vaccine of dibiomycin, biomycin, or biomycin in combination with erythromycin in comparatively high doses produced no negative effect of the production of typhus antibodies and the intensity of antitoxic immunity in albino mice. The same antibiotics failed to influence the antibody formation in guinea pigs if they produced no toxic effect on the animals; but in case of development of toxic phenomena connected with the administration of the mentioned antibiotics a strong depression of antibody production was observed in guinea pigs.", "contents": "[The effect of various antibiotics on the formation of typhus antibodies following immunization with typhus vaccine]. It was shown that administration in the course of one week, before or after a single use of killed or chemical typhoid vaccine of dibiomycin, biomycin, or biomycin in combination with erythromycin in comparatively high doses produced no negative effect of the production of typhus antibodies and the intensity of antitoxic immunity in albino mice. The same antibiotics failed to influence the antibody formation in guinea pigs if they produced no toxic effect on the animals; but in case of development of toxic phenomena connected with the administration of the mentioned antibiotics a strong depression of antibody production was observed in guinea pigs.", "PMID": 97881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2930", "title": "[Immunological study of cellular components of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. IV. Fractionation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mucus by diafiltration and biological properties of isolated fractions].", "content": "In fractionation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mucus (strains No. 8 and 1463) by means of diafiltration on the system of membranes Diaflo XM-300, XM-100A, PM-30, and PM-10 there was obtained a successive series of fractions differing by the molecular weight and chemical composition. According to the results of gel chromatography fractions with the mol wt of 100000 dalton and over apparently represented protein-polysaccharide components of mucus in the form of complexes; fractions with the mol wt of 30000 dalton and lower contained a considerable amount of free protein along with the protein-polysaccharide complex. The fractions obtained differed by biological properties: fractions with the mol wt of 100000 dalton and over were toxic for mice and possessed weak antigenic properties in the precipitation in agar test and immunoelectrophoresis; fractions with the mol wt lower than 30000 dalton expressed in the mentioned test distinct antigenic properties and proved to be practically nontoxic for mice. Thus the use of diafiltration method permitted to separate the antigenic, weakly toxic component of Ps. aeruginosa mucus from the toxic factor with weak antigenic properties.", "contents": "[Immunological study of cellular components of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. IV. Fractionation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mucus by diafiltration and biological properties of isolated fractions]. In fractionation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mucus (strains No. 8 and 1463) by means of diafiltration on the system of membranes Diaflo XM-300, XM-100A, PM-30, and PM-10 there was obtained a successive series of fractions differing by the molecular weight and chemical composition. According to the results of gel chromatography fractions with the mol wt of 100000 dalton and over apparently represented protein-polysaccharide components of mucus in the form of complexes; fractions with the mol wt of 30000 dalton and lower contained a considerable amount of free protein along with the protein-polysaccharide complex. The fractions obtained differed by biological properties: fractions with the mol wt of 100000 dalton and over were toxic for mice and possessed weak antigenic properties in the precipitation in agar test and immunoelectrophoresis; fractions with the mol wt lower than 30000 dalton expressed in the mentioned test distinct antigenic properties and proved to be practically nontoxic for mice. Thus the use of diafiltration method permitted to separate the antigenic, weakly toxic component of Ps. aeruginosa mucus from the toxic factor with weak antigenic properties.", "PMID": 97882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2931", "title": "[Study of molecular heterogeneity and chemical nature of polymeric components of the Meningococcus cell wall].", "content": "The high-molecular fraction of substances of the cell wall of meningococci, groups A and B, isolated in free volume in gel filtration through sepharose 4B and containing both group and intergroup antigens proved to be consisting of 2 subfractions in gel-filtration through Bio-Gel A-150m. Molecular weight of the first was within the range of 100--150 million dalton, and of the second--of 3 to 100 million dalton. In dissociation in sodium deoxycholate the high molecular fraction complex compound of the cell wall of meningococcus strain, group A, isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient suffering from meningitis broke down into 5 fragments differing in chemical nature and mol wt. There were revealed protein and protein-lipopolysaccharide components with a relatively high mol wt. polypeptide components and low molecular residues of the initial lipopolysaccharide.", "contents": "[Study of molecular heterogeneity and chemical nature of polymeric components of the Meningococcus cell wall]. The high-molecular fraction of substances of the cell wall of meningococci, groups A and B, isolated in free volume in gel filtration through sepharose 4B and containing both group and intergroup antigens proved to be consisting of 2 subfractions in gel-filtration through Bio-Gel A-150m. Molecular weight of the first was within the range of 100--150 million dalton, and of the second--of 3 to 100 million dalton. In dissociation in sodium deoxycholate the high molecular fraction complex compound of the cell wall of meningococcus strain, group A, isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient suffering from meningitis broke down into 5 fragments differing in chemical nature and mol wt. There were revealed protein and protein-lipopolysaccharide components with a relatively high mol wt. polypeptide components and low molecular residues of the initial lipopolysaccharide.", "PMID": 97883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2932", "title": "[An index of blood neutrophil injury in man and animals immunized with live anthrax vaccine].", "content": "The authors present the results of study of the blood neutrophil injury in guinea pigs, rabbits, monkeys, and also humans inoculated subcutaneously with live anthrax vaccine. Along with intradermal test with anthraxin, the mentioned test is suggested to assess the immunological status of persons immunized with anthrax vaccine.", "contents": "[An index of blood neutrophil injury in man and animals immunized with live anthrax vaccine]. The authors present the results of study of the blood neutrophil injury in guinea pigs, rabbits, monkeys, and also humans inoculated subcutaneously with live anthrax vaccine. Along with intradermal test with anthraxin, the mentioned test is suggested to assess the immunological status of persons immunized with anthrax vaccine.", "PMID": 97884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2933", "title": "[Prospects for the use of blood substitutes made in the USSR with the expired date of validity].", "content": "As revealed, blood substitutes--aminopeptide, caseine hydrolysate, and hydrolysine with the expired date of validity could be used as the basis of nutrient media for the cultivation of bacteria. Bacterial growth proved to be the optimum in addition to the blood substitutes of a 0.25--0.5% of yeast extract.", "contents": "[Prospects for the use of blood substitutes made in the USSR with the expired date of validity]. As revealed, blood substitutes--aminopeptide, caseine hydrolysate, and hydrolysine with the expired date of validity could be used as the basis of nutrient media for the cultivation of bacteria. Bacterial growth proved to be the optimum in addition to the blood substitutes of a 0.25--0.5% of yeast extract.", "PMID": 97885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2934", "title": "The biology of ethics or the ethics of biology? The biologist's quest for meaning.", "content": "The biologist's involvement in value issues concerning the metholology of biological sciences, in establishing the biological basis of ethics and in creating a value system based on biological knowledge is examined. It is proposed that the roots of this involvement are in the conflict of the knowledge-ethic with the established system of values and in the need for metaphysical explanation.", "contents": "The biology of ethics or the ethics of biology? The biologist's quest for meaning. The biologist's involvement in value issues concerning the metholology of biological sciences, in establishing the biological basis of ethics and in creating a value system based on biological knowledge is examined. It is proposed that the roots of this involvement are in the conflict of the knowledge-ethic with the established system of values and in the need for metaphysical explanation.", "PMID": 97886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2935", "title": "A human studying the sensing of chemicals by bacteria.", "content": "A new frame of reference, which in its fundamental structuring differs radically from the structuring of the familiar western Indo-European viewpoints (logical, mathematical, scientific, philosophical, etc.), already exists. Recently, by the strategem of systematically disallowing a previously unnoticed untenable assumption encoded in the traditional Western symbolic logics, set theories, etc., in particular and in the Western 'World-View' in general, this frame of reference has generated its own, entirely non-traditional, formalized language. The Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic has accepted for publication a first paper presenting this non-standard formalized language (Hilgartner, 1975). As one of its accomplishments, this new frame of reference delivers a general theory of living. This theory purports to span the entire domain of what we call living systems, human or non-human. The author did not originally devise this new frame of reference to account for the observable 'doings' of one-celled organisms. Consequently, any effort to illustrate the generalizations of this already-existing abstract theory in terms of humanly observable bacterial behavior has the effect of experimentally testing these generalizations. In the second portion of this paper, the author shows that the new viewpoint neatly accounts, with no 'loose ends,' for the published observations concerning the sensing of chemicals by bacteria; and also proposes two new experiments. Meanwhile, there exists a special dilemma which arises whenever its adepts attempt to discuss this non-standard frame of reference with persons versed in the standard Western one. By delineating the structuring of this dilemma, in the context of a human studying the sensing of chemicals by bacteria, the author demonstrates that the untenable assumption mentioned above does underlie the traditional Western viewpoints; and this demonstration suffices to show the traditional Western 'World-View' as fundamentally flawed.", "contents": "A human studying the sensing of chemicals by bacteria. A new frame of reference, which in its fundamental structuring differs radically from the structuring of the familiar western Indo-European viewpoints (logical, mathematical, scientific, philosophical, etc.), already exists. Recently, by the strategem of systematically disallowing a previously unnoticed untenable assumption encoded in the traditional Western symbolic logics, set theories, etc., in particular and in the Western 'World-View' in general, this frame of reference has generated its own, entirely non-traditional, formalized language. The Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic has accepted for publication a first paper presenting this non-standard formalized language (Hilgartner, 1975). As one of its accomplishments, this new frame of reference delivers a general theory of living. This theory purports to span the entire domain of what we call living systems, human or non-human. The author did not originally devise this new frame of reference to account for the observable 'doings' of one-celled organisms. Consequently, any effort to illustrate the generalizations of this already-existing abstract theory in terms of humanly observable bacterial behavior has the effect of experimentally testing these generalizations. In the second portion of this paper, the author shows that the new viewpoint neatly accounts, with no 'loose ends,' for the published observations concerning the sensing of chemicals by bacteria; and also proposes two new experiments. Meanwhile, there exists a special dilemma which arises whenever its adepts attempt to discuss this non-standard frame of reference with persons versed in the standard Western one. By delineating the structuring of this dilemma, in the context of a human studying the sensing of chemicals by bacteria, the author demonstrates that the untenable assumption mentioned above does underlie the traditional Western viewpoints; and this demonstration suffices to show the traditional Western 'World-View' as fundamentally flawed.", "PMID": 97887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2936", "title": "The epidemic in a closed population with all susceptibles equally vulnerable; some results for large susceptible populations and small initial infections.", "content": "Kendall's (1956) approach to the 'general' epidemic is generalized by dropping the assumptions of constant infectivity and random recovery or death of ill individuals. A great deal of attention is paid to the biological background and the heuristics of the model formulation. Some new results are: (1) the derivation of Kermack's and McKendrick's integral equation from what seems to be the most general set of assumptions in section 2.2, (2) the use of Kermack's and McKendrick's final value equation to arrive at a finite time version of the threshold theorem for the general case, comparable to the for the case of only one Markovian state of illness in section 2.5, (3) the analysis of the behaviour of the solutions of the integral equation when the starting infection approaches zero in section 2.7, (4) the derivation of the probability structure of a general branching process, after conditioning on extinction in section 3.6, (5) the statement of the generalized versions of Kendall's ideas in the form of precise limit conjectures in section 4, (6) the derivation of a closed expression for the limit epidemic resulting from (3) in appendix 4.", "contents": "The epidemic in a closed population with all susceptibles equally vulnerable; some results for large susceptible populations and small initial infections. Kendall's (1956) approach to the 'general' epidemic is generalized by dropping the assumptions of constant infectivity and random recovery or death of ill individuals. A great deal of attention is paid to the biological background and the heuristics of the model formulation. Some new results are: (1) the derivation of Kermack's and McKendrick's integral equation from what seems to be the most general set of assumptions in section 2.2, (2) the use of Kermack's and McKendrick's final value equation to arrive at a finite time version of the threshold theorem for the general case, comparable to the for the case of only one Markovian state of illness in section 2.5, (3) the analysis of the behaviour of the solutions of the integral equation when the starting infection approaches zero in section 2.7, (4) the derivation of the probability structure of a general branching process, after conditioning on extinction in section 3.6, (5) the statement of the generalized versions of Kendall's ideas in the form of precise limit conjectures in section 4, (6) the derivation of a closed expression for the limit epidemic resulting from (3) in appendix 4.", "PMID": 97888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2937", "title": "Double test of spontaneous rosettes with sheep and mouse erythrocytes. Statistical studies and usefulness in malignant evolutive and nonevolutive lymphoproliferative diseases.", "content": "We have demonstrated the log normality of the distribution of sheep rosette-forming cells and mouse rosette-forming cells' values obtained with lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of 135 healthy human beings and 57 patients suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukemia and well differentiated lymphocytic lymphosarcoma with bone marrow infiltration either in evolution or in remission. In evolutive cases, the absolute numbers of mouse rosette-forming cells rose as well as the lymphocytosis, whereas the absolute numbers of sheep rosette-forming cells were normal or even increased in spite of an impressive drop of their percentage. In nonevolutive cases, the absolute numbers of sheep rosette-forming cells and mouse rosette-forming cells were lowered to half of the normal values as a consequence of the lymphopenia induced by chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Double test of spontaneous rosettes with sheep and mouse erythrocytes. Statistical studies and usefulness in malignant evolutive and nonevolutive lymphoproliferative diseases. We have demonstrated the log normality of the distribution of sheep rosette-forming cells and mouse rosette-forming cells' values obtained with lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of 135 healthy human beings and 57 patients suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukemia and well differentiated lymphocytic lymphosarcoma with bone marrow infiltration either in evolution or in remission. In evolutive cases, the absolute numbers of mouse rosette-forming cells rose as well as the lymphocytosis, whereas the absolute numbers of sheep rosette-forming cells were normal or even increased in spite of an impressive drop of their percentage. In nonevolutive cases, the absolute numbers of sheep rosette-forming cells and mouse rosette-forming cells were lowered to half of the normal values as a consequence of the lymphopenia induced by chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 97890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2938", "title": "Heterozygous beta-thalassaemia with normal haemoglobin pattern. Haematologic, haemoglobin and biosynthesis study of 4 families.", "content": "Thalassaemia with normal levels of Hb A2 and Hb F and with an alpha/beta ratio higher than 1 is described in 4 families. 3 of these families show direct or indirect signs of the presence of the delta-thalassaemia gene along with the beta-thalassaemia gene. The fourth family leaves the question as to whether there is a single mutation of the deltabeta tract or a beta + delta-thalassaemia in coupling unanswered. The necessity of knowing of the existence of this thalassaemia which conceals the presence of a beta-thalassaemia gene, is stressed, above all in view of the danger that mating between a carrier of this thalassaemia and a carrier of classical beta-thalassaemia could result in the birth of children with Cooley's disease.", "contents": "Heterozygous beta-thalassaemia with normal haemoglobin pattern. Haematologic, haemoglobin and biosynthesis study of 4 families. Thalassaemia with normal levels of Hb A2 and Hb F and with an alpha/beta ratio higher than 1 is described in 4 families. 3 of these families show direct or indirect signs of the presence of the delta-thalassaemia gene along with the beta-thalassaemia gene. The fourth family leaves the question as to whether there is a single mutation of the deltabeta tract or a beta + delta-thalassaemia in coupling unanswered. The necessity of knowing of the existence of this thalassaemia which conceals the presence of a beta-thalassaemia gene, is stressed, above all in view of the danger that mating between a carrier of this thalassaemia and a carrier of classical beta-thalassaemia could result in the birth of children with Cooley's disease.", "PMID": 97891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2939", "title": "Interaction of Hb A2 Indonesia trait with beta-thalassaemia trait and with Hb E trait.", "content": "The haematological findings resulting from the interaction of Hb A2 Indonesia trait with beta-thalassaemia trait and HbA2 Ind trait with Hb E trait are discussed. A person doubly heterozygous for Hb A2 Ind and beta-thalassaemia had mild haematological abnormalities essentially similar to those found in persons with beta-thalassaemia trait alone. A carrier for both Hb A2 Ind trait and Hb E trait had essentially normal haematological findings.", "contents": "Interaction of Hb A2 Indonesia trait with beta-thalassaemia trait and with Hb E trait. The haematological findings resulting from the interaction of Hb A2 Indonesia trait with beta-thalassaemia trait and HbA2 Ind trait with Hb E trait are discussed. A person doubly heterozygous for Hb A2 Ind and beta-thalassaemia had mild haematological abnormalities essentially similar to those found in persons with beta-thalassaemia trait alone. A carrier for both Hb A2 Ind trait and Hb E trait had essentially normal haematological findings.", "PMID": 97892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2940", "title": "Congenital methemoglobin-reductase (cytochrome b5 reductase) deficiency associated with mental retardation in a Spanish girl.", "content": "Methemoglobinemia and mental retardation associated with NADH-diaphorase deficiency was found in a 2-year-old girl of Spanish origin. She showed no NADH-diaphorase activity in either erythrocytes or leukocytes, but electrophoretic studies of the hemolysate showed traces of an enzyme with normal mobility. Cytochrome b5 reductase activity was also found to be absent in the leukocytes of the propostius. Intermediate NADH-diaphorase activity was found in erythrocytes and leukocytes in her parents and her sister in accordance with the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance of this enzymopathy. The relationship between a generalized cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency and the progressive neurological involvement in our patient is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Congenital methemoglobin-reductase (cytochrome b5 reductase) deficiency associated with mental retardation in a Spanish girl. Methemoglobinemia and mental retardation associated with NADH-diaphorase deficiency was found in a 2-year-old girl of Spanish origin. She showed no NADH-diaphorase activity in either erythrocytes or leukocytes, but electrophoretic studies of the hemolysate showed traces of an enzyme with normal mobility. Cytochrome b5 reductase activity was also found to be absent in the leukocytes of the propostius. Intermediate NADH-diaphorase activity was found in erythrocytes and leukocytes in her parents and her sister in accordance with the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance of this enzymopathy. The relationship between a generalized cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency and the progressive neurological involvement in our patient is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 97893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2941", "title": "Specimen fixation in urinary cytology.", "content": "Several solutions were evaluated with regard to the preservation and preparation of urine for cytologic evaluation, using a Millipore filtration method. An adequate quantitative yield and good cellular morphology were obtained with formaldehyde-based mixtures as well as with several commercially available solutions. A pure transport medium inhibiting bacterial growth and enzymatic activity preserved cell samples equally well.", "contents": "Specimen fixation in urinary cytology. Several solutions were evaluated with regard to the preservation and preparation of urine for cytologic evaluation, using a Millipore filtration method. An adequate quantitative yield and good cellular morphology were obtained with formaldehyde-based mixtures as well as with several commercially available solutions. A pure transport medium inhibiting bacterial growth and enzymatic activity preserved cell samples equally well.", "PMID": 97889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2942", "title": "A 13-years remission in chronic myelocytic leukemia after a single course of busulfan.", "content": "A patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia in whom a clinical and hematological remission occurred after a single course of busulfan is described. The remission lasted for a period of 13 years and during that lapse of time, she gave birth to a healthy child. Afterwards, acute myeloblastic leukemia was diagnosed. Following treatment with rubidomycin and arabinoside C another remission was achieved, lasting already for 18 months.", "contents": "A 13-years remission in chronic myelocytic leukemia after a single course of busulfan. A patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia in whom a clinical and hematological remission occurred after a single course of busulfan is described. The remission lasted for a period of 13 years and during that lapse of time, she gave birth to a healthy child. Afterwards, acute myeloblastic leukemia was diagnosed. Following treatment with rubidomycin and arabinoside C another remission was achieved, lasting already for 18 months.", "PMID": 97894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2943", "title": "Interaction between iron deficiency and alpha-thalassaemia: the in vitro effect of haemin on alpha-chain synthesis.", "content": "Two conditions are liable to lower the alpha:beta globin biosynthesis ratio in reticulocytes: iron deficiency and alpha-thalassaemia. The present paper studies the effect of haemin on reticulocytes from 12 patients who have alpha-thalassaemia and/or are iron deficient. The alpha:beta globin biosynthesis ratio was improved in all these cases. 4 showed initially an alpha:beta synthesis ratio usually associated with alpha-thalassaemia type-1; on the addition of haemin the ratio rose to that associated with alpha-thalassaemia type-2. In the other 8 patients the ratio was initially typical for alpha-thalassaemia type-2, and on addition of haemin the ratio became normal. It is suggested that in iron deficient patients a diagnosis of alpha-thalassaemia type-1 or type-2 cannot be made unless haemin has been added to the test system. If this is not done iron deficiency alone can cause the alpha:beta globin synthesis ratio to resemble that associated with alpha-thalassaemia type-2, and iron deficiency in combination with alpha-thalassaemia type-2 can cause the ratio to resemble that typical for alpha-thalassaemia type-1. Reticulocytes from 8 alpha-thalassaemic patients without iron deficiency did not show a marked haemin effect (less than 5%), and in 1 patient with iron overload, the ratio actually fell by about 10%.", "contents": "Interaction between iron deficiency and alpha-thalassaemia: the in vitro effect of haemin on alpha-chain synthesis. Two conditions are liable to lower the alpha:beta globin biosynthesis ratio in reticulocytes: iron deficiency and alpha-thalassaemia. The present paper studies the effect of haemin on reticulocytes from 12 patients who have alpha-thalassaemia and/or are iron deficient. The alpha:beta globin biosynthesis ratio was improved in all these cases. 4 showed initially an alpha:beta synthesis ratio usually associated with alpha-thalassaemia type-1; on the addition of haemin the ratio rose to that associated with alpha-thalassaemia type-2. In the other 8 patients the ratio was initially typical for alpha-thalassaemia type-2, and on addition of haemin the ratio became normal. It is suggested that in iron deficient patients a diagnosis of alpha-thalassaemia type-1 or type-2 cannot be made unless haemin has been added to the test system. If this is not done iron deficiency alone can cause the alpha:beta globin synthesis ratio to resemble that associated with alpha-thalassaemia type-2, and iron deficiency in combination with alpha-thalassaemia type-2 can cause the ratio to resemble that typical for alpha-thalassaemia type-1. Reticulocytes from 8 alpha-thalassaemic patients without iron deficiency did not show a marked haemin effect (less than 5%), and in 1 patient with iron overload, the ratio actually fell by about 10%.", "PMID": 97895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2944", "title": "Clinical contribution to the knowledge of hemopoietic dysplasias: long-term follow-up of 13 patients with refractory anemia.", "content": "Refractory anemia (RA) is an hematologic disorder at risk of developing into a malignancy (hemopoietic dysplasia). Information on hemopoietic dysplasias is useful for sharpening the appropriate diagnostic criteria and for the search of an appropriate therapy. Moreover, hemopoietic dysplasias provide an interesting opportunity, in humans, for studying a developing leukemia, or a disease situated at the boundary of leukemia. This paper reports on the evolution of RA in 13 patients followed up more than 2 years, through clinical observation, blood and marrow examination, and karyotype analysis. 4 of these 13 patients developed acute or subacute myeloid leukemia. An additional patient died because of severe thrombocytopenia. In these 5 patients, dyserythropoiesis was accompanied by thrombocytopenia, marrow myeloblastosis, and nonrandom chromosome abnormalities.", "contents": "Clinical contribution to the knowledge of hemopoietic dysplasias: long-term follow-up of 13 patients with refractory anemia. Refractory anemia (RA) is an hematologic disorder at risk of developing into a malignancy (hemopoietic dysplasia). Information on hemopoietic dysplasias is useful for sharpening the appropriate diagnostic criteria and for the search of an appropriate therapy. Moreover, hemopoietic dysplasias provide an interesting opportunity, in humans, for studying a developing leukemia, or a disease situated at the boundary of leukemia. This paper reports on the evolution of RA in 13 patients followed up more than 2 years, through clinical observation, blood and marrow examination, and karyotype analysis. 4 of these 13 patients developed acute or subacute myeloid leukemia. An additional patient died because of severe thrombocytopenia. In these 5 patients, dyserythropoiesis was accompanied by thrombocytopenia, marrow myeloblastosis, and nonrandom chromosome abnormalities.", "PMID": 97896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2945", "title": "Preliminary evidence for the common origin of a lympho-myeloid complex in man.", "content": "In 2 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, the Philadelphia chromosome was demonstrated in peripheral blood lymphocytes. This finding points to the common origin of lymphocytes and other blood cells in man.", "contents": "Preliminary evidence for the common origin of a lympho-myeloid complex in man. In 2 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, the Philadelphia chromosome was demonstrated in peripheral blood lymphocytes. This finding points to the common origin of lymphocytes and other blood cells in man.", "PMID": 97897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2946", "title": "Significance of mouse red cell rosette-forming lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Increased mouse red cell (M) rosetting lymphocytes were demonstrated in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia. The range was wide, and patients showed considerable variation not only in the number of M cells but also in T and B rosetting lymphocytes. Treatment reduced M rosette lymphocytes proportionately as the total white count fell, and differential removal occurred only when the patients became leucopaenic. If we assume the M rosetting cells are the abnormal 'leukaemic' cells, treatment does not preferentially remove these. The M rosetting capacity appeared to be related to the presence of an immunoglobulin factor previously demonstrated on the cells and in the serum of patients with CLL which enhances in vitro viability of the leukaemic cells.", "contents": "Significance of mouse red cell rosette-forming lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Increased mouse red cell (M) rosetting lymphocytes were demonstrated in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia. The range was wide, and patients showed considerable variation not only in the number of M cells but also in T and B rosetting lymphocytes. Treatment reduced M rosette lymphocytes proportionately as the total white count fell, and differential removal occurred only when the patients became leucopaenic. If we assume the M rosetting cells are the abnormal 'leukaemic' cells, treatment does not preferentially remove these. The M rosetting capacity appeared to be related to the presence of an immunoglobulin factor previously demonstrated on the cells and in the serum of patients with CLL which enhances in vitro viability of the leukaemic cells.", "PMID": 97898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2947", "title": "Megakaryocyte polyploidization in May-Hegglin anomaly.", "content": "Polyploidization of megakaryocytes was studied in bone marrow aspirates from 3 patients with May-Hegglin anomaly by combined application of cytophotometric determination of the DNA content and autoradiography with 3H-TdR labeling in vitro. A marked elevation of the influx of progenitor cells into the megakaryocytic cell system as well as a decreased maturation capacity from type II to type III megakaryocytes was observed possibly contributing to the pathological platelet sequestration. The polyploidization activity as assessed by 3H-TdR labeling and nuclear DNA content was normal.", "contents": "Megakaryocyte polyploidization in May-Hegglin anomaly. Polyploidization of megakaryocytes was studied in bone marrow aspirates from 3 patients with May-Hegglin anomaly by combined application of cytophotometric determination of the DNA content and autoradiography with 3H-TdR labeling in vitro. A marked elevation of the influx of progenitor cells into the megakaryocytic cell system as well as a decreased maturation capacity from type II to type III megakaryocytes was observed possibly contributing to the pathological platelet sequestration. The polyploidization activity as assessed by 3H-TdR labeling and nuclear DNA content was normal.", "PMID": 97899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2948", "title": "Platelet aggregation in diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "Platelet aggregation in diabetic retinopathy was investigated in a group of 25 patients. An enhanced activity induced by epinephrine and arachidonic acid was found in this group as compared with the controls, whereas in adenosine diphosphate (ADP) platelet aggregation no differences were observed. Spontaneous aggregation was found in 8% of the diabetic retinopathy cases.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation in diabetic retinopathy. Platelet aggregation in diabetic retinopathy was investigated in a group of 25 patients. An enhanced activity induced by epinephrine and arachidonic acid was found in this group as compared with the controls, whereas in adenosine diphosphate (ADP) platelet aggregation no differences were observed. Spontaneous aggregation was found in 8% of the diabetic retinopathy cases.", "PMID": 97900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2949", "title": "Phosphorylated spectrins are likely constituents of major Ca2+ affinity sites.", "content": "Fixation with Ca2+ -glutaraldehyde of ghosts results in opaque membrane associated deposits similar to Ca2+ binding sites of native human erythrocytes. Following brief incubation in an ATP medium the number and size of major Ca2+ affinity sites is considerably enhanced. In addition to major Ca2+ affinity sites multiple minor sites are lining either aspect of the ghost membrane. Ghosts fixed with EDTA-glutaraldehyde are devoid of major Ca2+ affinity sites and they exhibit extreme low overall opacity. Ghosts previously partially despectrinated by incubation in 0.5 mM EDTA have lost major Ca2+ affinity sites, although minor binding sites appear unimpaired. The findings provide evidence of the demonstration of phosphorylated spectrins in major Ca2+ affinity sites.", "contents": "Phosphorylated spectrins are likely constituents of major Ca2+ affinity sites. Fixation with Ca2+ -glutaraldehyde of ghosts results in opaque membrane associated deposits similar to Ca2+ binding sites of native human erythrocytes. Following brief incubation in an ATP medium the number and size of major Ca2+ affinity sites is considerably enhanced. In addition to major Ca2+ affinity sites multiple minor sites are lining either aspect of the ghost membrane. Ghosts fixed with EDTA-glutaraldehyde are devoid of major Ca2+ affinity sites and they exhibit extreme low overall opacity. Ghosts previously partially despectrinated by incubation in 0.5 mM EDTA have lost major Ca2+ affinity sites, although minor binding sites appear unimpaired. The findings provide evidence of the demonstration of phosphorylated spectrins in major Ca2+ affinity sites.", "PMID": 97903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2950", "title": "The histochemistry of mucosubstances in ferret salivary glands.", "content": "The mucosubstances of the major salivary glands of the ferret were analysed using different histochemical reactions. Almost all the parotid acinar cells had sialic acid-containing mucus. There were a very few cells, the granules of which gave reactions for sulphated mucins. Submandibular gland mucus was sulphated in the major parts of the gland. There were occasional cells which gave reactions to carboxylated mucin. The sublingual and the molar glands had tubules which had 2 types of mucous cells. The central cells contained sulphated mucins and the peripheral ones had carboxylated mucins. The mucus in the tubules of the zygomatic gland was predominantly sulphated. In the sublingual, molar as well as in the zygomatic, there were granulated cells scattered among the tubules. Some of these granules were found to contain carboxylated and the others neutral mucins. No sexual dimorphism was observed in any of the glands among the 4 male and 4 female ferrets used in this study.", "contents": "The histochemistry of mucosubstances in ferret salivary glands. The mucosubstances of the major salivary glands of the ferret were analysed using different histochemical reactions. Almost all the parotid acinar cells had sialic acid-containing mucus. There were a very few cells, the granules of which gave reactions for sulphated mucins. Submandibular gland mucus was sulphated in the major parts of the gland. There were occasional cells which gave reactions to carboxylated mucin. The sublingual and the molar glands had tubules which had 2 types of mucous cells. The central cells contained sulphated mucins and the peripheral ones had carboxylated mucins. The mucus in the tubules of the zygomatic gland was predominantly sulphated. In the sublingual, molar as well as in the zygomatic, there were granulated cells scattered among the tubules. Some of these granules were found to contain carboxylated and the others neutral mucins. No sexual dimorphism was observed in any of the glands among the 4 male and 4 female ferrets used in this study.", "PMID": 97904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2951", "title": "[Histochemistry of the ball cell in larval epidermis of Xenopus laevis Daudin].", "content": "Presented investigations of chemical composition and metabolism of ball cell in larval epidermis of Xenopus point to a regressive shape of cell corresponding to former light and electron microscopical findings. The lower requirements of energy of this cell are covered by glycolysis and possibly by pentose phosphate cycle. Our hypothesis of pressure-elastic ball of cell as structural element of larval epidermis could been further supported.", "contents": "[Histochemistry of the ball cell in larval epidermis of Xenopus laevis Daudin]. Presented investigations of chemical composition and metabolism of ball cell in larval epidermis of Xenopus point to a regressive shape of cell corresponding to former light and electron microscopical findings. The lower requirements of energy of this cell are covered by glycolysis and possibly by pentose phosphate cycle. Our hypothesis of pressure-elastic ball of cell as structural element of larval epidermis could been further supported.", "PMID": 97905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2952", "title": "[The interrelationships of hydrophobic cell models (author's transl)].", "content": "Hydrophobic constants between several solvents used as simulation models for structure and function of biomembranes with the character of a passive diffusion are compared. It was found that, although the constants depend on the electronic environment, the constants depend statistically on one another.", "contents": "[The interrelationships of hydrophobic cell models (author's transl)]. Hydrophobic constants between several solvents used as simulation models for structure and function of biomembranes with the character of a passive diffusion are compared. It was found that, although the constants depend on the electronic environment, the constants depend statistically on one another.", "PMID": 97906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2953", "title": "[The evidence of POZ on the xenogenic transplantation of skin (author's transl)].", "content": "Phenoloxidase containing cells (POZ) identified with histochemical techniques in the subcutaneous connective tissue showed a marked increase in their number in response to heteroplastic skin transplantation in the rat. The number of these cells reached a peak of the 6th day of transplantation. From this time on their number gradually decreased on the 14th as well. POZ never invaded the graft, they remained confined to the host's tissue. A similar proliferation of POZ was never observed in the vicinity of skin autografts. The possible role in immune reactions of these cells is discussed.", "contents": "[The evidence of POZ on the xenogenic transplantation of skin (author's transl)]. Phenoloxidase containing cells (POZ) identified with histochemical techniques in the subcutaneous connective tissue showed a marked increase in their number in response to heteroplastic skin transplantation in the rat. The number of these cells reached a peak of the 6th day of transplantation. From this time on their number gradually decreased on the 14th as well. POZ never invaded the graft, they remained confined to the host's tissue. A similar proliferation of POZ was never observed in the vicinity of skin autografts. The possible role in immune reactions of these cells is discussed.", "PMID": 97909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2954", "title": "[The qualification of different ditetrazolium salts as indicators in the oxido-reductase histochemistry (author's transl)].", "content": "15 ditetrazolium salts were examined to prove their qualities for histochemical techniques. The succinate dehydrogenase, the lactate dehydrogenase and the diaphorase I in hearts, muscles, livers, kidneys and brains of rats were demonstrated for it. The results show that NBT is the best allround tetrazolium salt for the histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenases. For the study of special questions it is suitable to use other tetrazolium salts, too.", "contents": "[The qualification of different ditetrazolium salts as indicators in the oxido-reductase histochemistry (author's transl)]. 15 ditetrazolium salts were examined to prove their qualities for histochemical techniques. The succinate dehydrogenase, the lactate dehydrogenase and the diaphorase I in hearts, muscles, livers, kidneys and brains of rats were demonstrated for it. The results show that NBT is the best allround tetrazolium salt for the histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenases. For the study of special questions it is suitable to use other tetrazolium salts, too.", "PMID": 97910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2955", "title": "[Experimental investigations on the regeneration of aortic endothelial cells. Automatic and visual evaluation of autoradiograms (author's transl)].", "content": "Autoradiographic studies on plane preparations using 3H-thymidine and pulse cytophotometric investigations on scrape preparations of aortic endothelium from 34 rabbits have brought the following results: By means of multiple 3H-thymidine-injections the number of labelled endothelial cells is higher in young growing animals than in older rabbits; pulse cytophotometrically we did not find any indication of polyploidization processes; from that we conclude a decrease of the growth fraction with advancing age. In comparison to visual counting the automatic image analysis is a highly effective method for the evaluation of autoradiograms. After multiple 3H-thymidine applications the mean blacking intensity of the labelled cell nuclei is lower in 2 months old animals than in 12 months old rabbits; that may mean an increase in the S-phase duration of the proliferating endothelial cells of the older animals. In the area with branching sites there are more 3H-thymidine-labelled endothelial cells than in the neighbouring vascular segments. The significance of these findings for the preferential incidence of arteriosclerosis in this area is discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations on the regeneration of aortic endothelial cells. Automatic and visual evaluation of autoradiograms (author's transl)]. Autoradiographic studies on plane preparations using 3H-thymidine and pulse cytophotometric investigations on scrape preparations of aortic endothelium from 34 rabbits have brought the following results: By means of multiple 3H-thymidine-injections the number of labelled endothelial cells is higher in young growing animals than in older rabbits; pulse cytophotometrically we did not find any indication of polyploidization processes; from that we conclude a decrease of the growth fraction with advancing age. In comparison to visual counting the automatic image analysis is a highly effective method for the evaluation of autoradiograms. After multiple 3H-thymidine applications the mean blacking intensity of the labelled cell nuclei is lower in 2 months old animals than in 12 months old rabbits; that may mean an increase in the S-phase duration of the proliferating endothelial cells of the older animals. In the area with branching sites there are more 3H-thymidine-labelled endothelial cells than in the neighbouring vascular segments. The significance of these findings for the preferential incidence of arteriosclerosis in this area is discussed.", "PMID": 97911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2956", "title": "[Enzyme-histochemical behaviour of the tanycyte ependyma in the III. ventricle of the rat with thiamin deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of experimental thiamine deficiency in rats on enzyme-histochemical parameters was carried out in the diencephalon. The degree of thiamine deficiency was measured by the activity coefficient of transketolase in the red blood cells. The alpha-ETK of thiamine deficient animals was 1,45 +/- 0,36, of equal-fed animals 1,04 +/- 0.04 and of control animals 1,08 +/- 0,04. We got the following results: Lactatdehydrogenase, acid phosphatases and thiamine pyrophosphatase did not indicate any difference in enzyme activity between the groups of control, equal-fed and thiamine deficient rats. However, the enzyme activity of nonspecific lysosome-bound esterases in the tanycyte ependyma and in the investigated nuclear regions (nucleus supraopticus, ncl. paraventricularis, ncl. ventromedialis) of the thiamine deficient animals was significantly decreased in comparison to control and equal-fed animals. The possibility of a restriction of the hypophyseal-adrenal-cortex-system is discussed, since the results are similar to those obtained with bilaterally adrenalectomized rats.", "contents": "[Enzyme-histochemical behaviour of the tanycyte ependyma in the III. ventricle of the rat with thiamin deficiency (author's transl)]. The influence of experimental thiamine deficiency in rats on enzyme-histochemical parameters was carried out in the diencephalon. The degree of thiamine deficiency was measured by the activity coefficient of transketolase in the red blood cells. The alpha-ETK of thiamine deficient animals was 1,45 +/- 0,36, of equal-fed animals 1,04 +/- 0.04 and of control animals 1,08 +/- 0,04. We got the following results: Lactatdehydrogenase, acid phosphatases and thiamine pyrophosphatase did not indicate any difference in enzyme activity between the groups of control, equal-fed and thiamine deficient rats. However, the enzyme activity of nonspecific lysosome-bound esterases in the tanycyte ependyma and in the investigated nuclear regions (nucleus supraopticus, ncl. paraventricularis, ncl. ventromedialis) of the thiamine deficient animals was significantly decreased in comparison to control and equal-fed animals. The possibility of a restriction of the hypophyseal-adrenal-cortex-system is discussed, since the results are similar to those obtained with bilaterally adrenalectomized rats.", "PMID": 97912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2957", "title": "[Immune electrophoretic investigations about the interaction of different dyes with the beta-2-glycoprotein I (author's transl)].", "content": "A changed electrophoretical mobility of beta-2-glycoprotein I in presence of 24 dyes could be established by means of immuno-electrophoresis. It is seen as an expression of interaction of this protein with different small molecules.", "contents": "[Immune electrophoretic investigations about the interaction of different dyes with the beta-2-glycoprotein I (author's transl)]. A changed electrophoretical mobility of beta-2-glycoprotein I in presence of 24 dyes could be established by means of immuno-electrophoresis. It is seen as an expression of interaction of this protein with different small molecules.", "PMID": 97913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2958", "title": "[Enzyme histochemical and immunopathological findings in intrathoracic lymph node sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative investigations on the value of modern morphological methods (enzyme-histochemistry, immunopathology) are carried out in 40 patients with intrathoracic lymph node sarcoidosis. These studies show that by means of enzyme-histochemical and immunopathological methods additional knowledge is got in comparison with routine histology, concerning especially the floridity of the disease, humoral immunity and collagen synthesis. This information is an important factor for both the clinical assessment of the process and an effective therapy.", "contents": "[Enzyme histochemical and immunopathological findings in intrathoracic lymph node sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. Comparative investigations on the value of modern morphological methods (enzyme-histochemistry, immunopathology) are carried out in 40 patients with intrathoracic lymph node sarcoidosis. These studies show that by means of enzyme-histochemical and immunopathological methods additional knowledge is got in comparison with routine histology, concerning especially the floridity of the disease, humoral immunity and collagen synthesis. This information is an important factor for both the clinical assessment of the process and an effective therapy.", "PMID": 97914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2959", "title": "Determination of k/l immunoglobulin light chain ratios in CSF from patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases.", "content": "Using antisera against Bence-Jones protein, the concentration of light chains type k and l can be determined in CSF. The calculation of the ratio of type k to type I light chains in CSF represents a sensitive measure for the evaluation of immunological processes involving the CNS. Our results demonstrate that an increase k/l ratio is encountered in 48% of CSF specimen from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but also in 50% from patients with other inflammatory diseases involving the CNS, in contrast to only 18% from other neurological diseases. In none of the MS or inflammatory cases is the altered k/l ratio the only indicator of a CNS inflammation, most commonly it is accompanied by an overproportional CSF-IgG elevation (increased QG ratio), an increased cell count or both. For these reasons determination of CSF k/l ratios is helpful in the differentiation of MS and other neurological diseases, but not for the differentiation of other inflammatory CNS diseases from MS.", "contents": "Determination of k/l immunoglobulin light chain ratios in CSF from patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Using antisera against Bence-Jones protein, the concentration of light chains type k and l can be determined in CSF. The calculation of the ratio of type k to type I light chains in CSF represents a sensitive measure for the evaluation of immunological processes involving the CNS. Our results demonstrate that an increase k/l ratio is encountered in 48% of CSF specimen from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but also in 50% from patients with other inflammatory diseases involving the CNS, in contrast to only 18% from other neurological diseases. In none of the MS or inflammatory cases is the altered k/l ratio the only indicator of a CNS inflammation, most commonly it is accompanied by an overproportional CSF-IgG elevation (increased QG ratio), an increased cell count or both. For these reasons determination of CSF k/l ratios is helpful in the differentiation of MS and other neurological diseases, but not for the differentiation of other inflammatory CNS diseases from MS.", "PMID": 97915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2960", "title": "Neuronal ischemic injury: light microscopy, ultrastructure and biochemistry.", "content": "A uniform, predictable pattern of cellular abnormalities is seen after complete, irreversible ischemic injury to the central nervous system. This is in contrast to the heterogeneous, multifocal picture which characterizes incomplete ischemia. The range of abnormalities in neuronal soma after an arterial occlusion changes considerably as a function of time and site. There is no single pattern of neuronal alteration that can be ascribed exclusively to ischemia. Red neurons are a relatively late (about 18 h) indicator of ischemia and are seen only in areas where blood supply is marginal. In addition to depletion of high-energy-phosphate reserves, brain ischemia results in characteristic alterations of amino acid concentrations in the ischemic tissue. Glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate either decrease or remain constant while alanine increases. Proportional decreases in the former three amino acids may be explained by simple dilution due to edema. Increases in alanine relative to glutamate and aspartate may be utilized as a biochemical index of perfusion to various brain regions.", "contents": "Neuronal ischemic injury: light microscopy, ultrastructure and biochemistry. A uniform, predictable pattern of cellular abnormalities is seen after complete, irreversible ischemic injury to the central nervous system. This is in contrast to the heterogeneous, multifocal picture which characterizes incomplete ischemia. The range of abnormalities in neuronal soma after an arterial occlusion changes considerably as a function of time and site. There is no single pattern of neuronal alteration that can be ascribed exclusively to ischemia. Red neurons are a relatively late (about 18 h) indicator of ischemia and are seen only in areas where blood supply is marginal. In addition to depletion of high-energy-phosphate reserves, brain ischemia results in characteristic alterations of amino acid concentrations in the ischemic tissue. Glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate either decrease or remain constant while alanine increases. Proportional decreases in the former three amino acids may be explained by simple dilution due to edema. Increases in alanine relative to glutamate and aspartate may be utilized as a biochemical index of perfusion to various brain regions.", "PMID": 97917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2961", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase in developing teeth and bone of man and macaque monkey.", "content": "The activity of nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1) in developing teeth and bone of human fetuses and young macaque monkeys has been studied by means of histochemistry. The incubations for alkaline phosphatase were performed at pH 8.2 using naphthol-AS-MX-phosphate as substrate and Fast Blue RR salt or Fast Red Violet LB salt as couplers. By means of pretreatment with heat (56 degrees C), or addition of sodium metavanadate, ortho- or pyrophosphate, two alkaline phosphatases were demonstrated in the developing teeth. Prior to hard tissue formation all alkaline phosphatase activity was inhibited by the addition of vanadate, phosphate, or by pretreatment with heat. Pretreatment with heat or addition of vanadate or phosphate also inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity in the odontoblasts and in the pulpal connective tissue, whereas the activity in the subodontoblastic cell layer, stratum intermedium, outer enamel epithelium, and the the outer cells of the reduced enamel epithelium were much less affected. A week resistant activity was also noted in odontoblasts and pulpal connective tissue.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase in developing teeth and bone of man and macaque monkey. The activity of nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1) in developing teeth and bone of human fetuses and young macaque monkeys has been studied by means of histochemistry. The incubations for alkaline phosphatase were performed at pH 8.2 using naphthol-AS-MX-phosphate as substrate and Fast Blue RR salt or Fast Red Violet LB salt as couplers. By means of pretreatment with heat (56 degrees C), or addition of sodium metavanadate, ortho- or pyrophosphate, two alkaline phosphatases were demonstrated in the developing teeth. Prior to hard tissue formation all alkaline phosphatase activity was inhibited by the addition of vanadate, phosphate, or by pretreatment with heat. Pretreatment with heat or addition of vanadate or phosphate also inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity in the odontoblasts and in the pulpal connective tissue, whereas the activity in the subodontoblastic cell layer, stratum intermedium, outer enamel epithelium, and the the outer cells of the reduced enamel epithelium were much less affected. A week resistant activity was also noted in odontoblasts and pulpal connective tissue.", "PMID": 97918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2962", "title": "Ankle fractures treated by fixation of the medial malleolus alone. Late results in 29 patients.", "content": "A review of 29 patients with unstable ankle fractures treated by fixation of the medial malleolus alone is presented. At follow-up the result in 16 patients was classified as unsatisfactory or a failure and all of these patients showed radiological signs of posttraumatic arthrosis deformans. The importance of the position of the lateral malleolus in order to prevent joint incongruity and subsequent arthrosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Ankle fractures treated by fixation of the medial malleolus alone. Late results in 29 patients. A review of 29 patients with unstable ankle fractures treated by fixation of the medial malleolus alone is presented. At follow-up the result in 16 patients was classified as unsatisfactory or a failure and all of these patients showed radiological signs of posttraumatic arthrosis deformans. The importance of the position of the lateral malleolus in order to prevent joint incongruity and subsequent arthrosis is emphasized.", "PMID": 97919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2963", "title": "Effects of pure chlorobiphenyls (2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) on the reproductive capacity in female mice.", "content": "The effects of two pure chlorobiphenyls (2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) on the reproductive capacity in female mice have been studied. The results obtained show that females given 0.5 mg 2,5',5-trichlorobiphenyl (TCB)/day or 0.5 mg 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB)/day for six consecutive days, starting on the first day of pregnancy, have significantly lower frequencies of implanted ova than the control females, whereas the frequency of implanted ova does not differ either between females given 0.05 mg/day of TCB or HCB and the control females, or between females given TCT 0.05 mg/day or 0.5 mg/day and those given the corresponding dose of HCB. Females given 0.5 mg/day of TCB or HCB, respectively, also have significantly higher contents in the livers of cytochrome P-450, on Day four of pregnancy, than the control females. The results also show that, under the experimental conditions used, neither the frequency of pregnancies nor the number of implanted ova per pregnant female differ significantly between the different groups.", "contents": "Effects of pure chlorobiphenyls (2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) on the reproductive capacity in female mice. The effects of two pure chlorobiphenyls (2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) on the reproductive capacity in female mice have been studied. The results obtained show that females given 0.5 mg 2,5',5-trichlorobiphenyl (TCB)/day or 0.5 mg 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB)/day for six consecutive days, starting on the first day of pregnancy, have significantly lower frequencies of implanted ova than the control females, whereas the frequency of implanted ova does not differ either between females given 0.05 mg/day of TCB or HCB and the control females, or between females given TCT 0.05 mg/day or 0.5 mg/day and those given the corresponding dose of HCB. Females given 0.5 mg/day of TCB or HCB, respectively, also have significantly higher contents in the livers of cytochrome P-450, on Day four of pregnancy, than the control females. The results also show that, under the experimental conditions used, neither the frequency of pregnancies nor the number of implanted ova per pregnant female differ significantly between the different groups.", "PMID": 97920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2964", "title": "Histochemical, ultrastructural, and functional evidence for a neurogenic control of CSF production from the choroid plexus.", "content": "Histochemical studies have shown that the rabbit choroid plexus receives a well-developed adrenergic and cholinergic nerve supply. The adrenergic innervation, which originates almost entirely from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, begins to develop around birth and is fully established 3 weeks later. Electron microscopy has shown that the nerve terminals innervate both the plexus arterioles and its secretory epithelium. The sympathetic fibers have been shown to influence the plexus epithelium, as reflected by their effect on its carbonic anhydrase activity. They appear to have an inhibitory effect on the bulk CSF production, as revealed by electrical nerve stimulation and denervation experiments. The control seems to be exerted primarily on the plexus epithelium, although some of the effect may also be associated with alterations in choroid plexus blood flow.", "contents": "Histochemical, ultrastructural, and functional evidence for a neurogenic control of CSF production from the choroid plexus. Histochemical studies have shown that the rabbit choroid plexus receives a well-developed adrenergic and cholinergic nerve supply. The adrenergic innervation, which originates almost entirely from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, begins to develop around birth and is fully established 3 weeks later. Electron microscopy has shown that the nerve terminals innervate both the plexus arterioles and its secretory epithelium. The sympathetic fibers have been shown to influence the plexus epithelium, as reflected by their effect on its carbonic anhydrase activity. They appear to have an inhibitory effect on the bulk CSF production, as revealed by electrical nerve stimulation and denervation experiments. The control seems to be exerted primarily on the plexus epithelium, although some of the effect may also be associated with alterations in choroid plexus blood flow.", "PMID": 97921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2965", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of intestinal glycosidases.", "content": "The presence of antigenic determinants of the following enzymes was detected in enterocytes by the indirect immunofluorescence method: 1. lactase in human biopsy material, 2. sucrase-isomaltase during ontogenesis in the rat. 1. Lactase: The antigenic relationship between rat and human lactase, demonstrated with the isolated enzymes, was utilized for the histochemical localization of human lactase. The indirect immunofluorescence method, using guinea pig antiserum to rat lactase, demonstrated the presence of human lactase in the enterocyte brush border. The usefulness of this method for clinical practice resides in the possibility of detecting enzymatically inactive protein immunologically related to lactase in cases of lactase deficiency, thereby facilitating more detailed classification of these diseases. 2. Sucrase-isomaltase: Guinea pig antiserum to rat sucrase-isomaltase (SI) was prepared. It was used to demonstrate antigenic determinants of the enzyme in the enterocyte brush border of the rat during ontogenesis. Structural SI protein is already present in 3-day-old rats, whereas enzyme activity can first be demonstrated histochemically from the 11th day of life and biochemically, in vitro, not until about the 18th day. We consider that this technique can be used for studying the biogenesis of membrane-bound enzymes.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of intestinal glycosidases. The presence of antigenic determinants of the following enzymes was detected in enterocytes by the indirect immunofluorescence method: 1. lactase in human biopsy material, 2. sucrase-isomaltase during ontogenesis in the rat. 1. Lactase: The antigenic relationship between rat and human lactase, demonstrated with the isolated enzymes, was utilized for the histochemical localization of human lactase. The indirect immunofluorescence method, using guinea pig antiserum to rat lactase, demonstrated the presence of human lactase in the enterocyte brush border. The usefulness of this method for clinical practice resides in the possibility of detecting enzymatically inactive protein immunologically related to lactase in cases of lactase deficiency, thereby facilitating more detailed classification of these diseases. 2. Sucrase-isomaltase: Guinea pig antiserum to rat sucrase-isomaltase (SI) was prepared. It was used to demonstrate antigenic determinants of the enzyme in the enterocyte brush border of the rat during ontogenesis. Structural SI protein is already present in 3-day-old rats, whereas enzyme activity can first be demonstrated histochemically from the 11th day of life and biochemically, in vitro, not until about the 18th day. We consider that this technique can be used for studying the biogenesis of membrane-bound enzymes.", "PMID": 97928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2966", "title": "Intestinal gradient of enterokinase activity in different species of animals.", "content": "The proximodistal gradient of enterokinase activity was studied in mucosal homogenates of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum (or megacaecum) and sigmoid flexure of various mammals. The study was carried out in groups of 5 monkeys, guinea pigs, dogs and rats and also in gnotobiological rats--conventional (n = 5), germ-free (n = 10) and monocontaminated (n = 5) with Escherichia coli 0 86. Enterokinase activity was likewise determined in duodenal mucosal homogenates prepared from material resected at operation from adult humans (n = 5) and from a group of monkeys (n = 5), with and without the addition of Triton X-100. Enzymatic activity was determined by a modification of Nordstr\u00f6m and Dahlqvist's method, using pH-stat titration. In all the animals, enterokinase values were unequivocally the highest in the duodenal mucosa; in the other intestinal segments it displayed a marked aboral decrease, so that we found about 30% of duodenal activity in the jejunum, trace amounts in the ileum and zero values in the caecum and the sigmoid flexure. In the individual animals, the enterokinase activity values fell in the sequence monkey greater than guinea-pig greater than dog greater than rat. Enterokinase activity in the human duodenum was practically the same as in the rat duodenal mucosa. No reciprocal differences were found in gnotobiological rats. Either whole homogenate or the supernatant of triton-treated homogenate can be used for the demonstration of enterokinase in laboratory practice. The only part which can be employed for diagnostic purposes in duodenal mucosa.", "contents": "Intestinal gradient of enterokinase activity in different species of animals. The proximodistal gradient of enterokinase activity was studied in mucosal homogenates of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum (or megacaecum) and sigmoid flexure of various mammals. The study was carried out in groups of 5 monkeys, guinea pigs, dogs and rats and also in gnotobiological rats--conventional (n = 5), germ-free (n = 10) and monocontaminated (n = 5) with Escherichia coli 0 86. Enterokinase activity was likewise determined in duodenal mucosal homogenates prepared from material resected at operation from adult humans (n = 5) and from a group of monkeys (n = 5), with and without the addition of Triton X-100. Enzymatic activity was determined by a modification of Nordstr\u00f6m and Dahlqvist's method, using pH-stat titration. In all the animals, enterokinase values were unequivocally the highest in the duodenal mucosa; in the other intestinal segments it displayed a marked aboral decrease, so that we found about 30% of duodenal activity in the jejunum, trace amounts in the ileum and zero values in the caecum and the sigmoid flexure. In the individual animals, the enterokinase activity values fell in the sequence monkey greater than guinea-pig greater than dog greater than rat. Enterokinase activity in the human duodenum was practically the same as in the rat duodenal mucosa. No reciprocal differences were found in gnotobiological rats. Either whole homogenate or the supernatant of triton-treated homogenate can be used for the demonstration of enterokinase in laboratory practice. The only part which can be employed for diagnostic purposes in duodenal mucosa.", "PMID": 97929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2967", "title": "Biochemistry and immunochemistry of membrane-bound enzymes.", "content": "Membrane-bound enzymes have certain specific differences compared with soluble enzymes. Membrane-binding often enables greater catalytic activity of associated enzymatic reactions, their regulation by low molecular weight substances (substrates and allosteric effectors, hormones) and compartmentation, etc. On the other hand, the binding of enzymes to membranes causes considerable difficulties as regards their isolation and the determination of their homogeneity and substrate specificity. Membrane enzymes provide a unique opportunity for studying the biogenesis of membranes and their physiological properties, however. These problems are discussed in relation to two types of membranes--the inner mitochondrial membrane and the membrane of the brush border of the small intestine. An example of the utilization of immunochemical methods is given in the results of a study of biosynthesis of the cytochrome oxidase complex in yeast cells. In the case of the brush border of the mammalian small intestine, the fact that certain enzymes, which are also of clinical significance from the aspect of congenital genetic defects, can be isolated only as complexes, constitutes a very real problem. This applies particularly to the sucrase-isomaltase complex and the lactase-beta-glucosidase complex. Solving questions of substrate specificity is of significance for the choice of a suitable analytical or histochemical method. The common regulation of these complexes gives an insight into the problems of membrane biogenesis, however. Immunochemical methods can be employed as sensitive criteria to support biochemical and morphological studies. Collaboration between the biochemist and histochemist proved especially valuable when determining the substrate specificity of enzymes (glycosidases) in relation to histochemical substrates, when applying histochemical methods for detecting enzymatic activity in immunoprecipitates and acrylamide gels and in immunohistochemical studies of the localization and developmental differentiation of the enzymes of the brush border of the small intestine.", "contents": "Biochemistry and immunochemistry of membrane-bound enzymes. Membrane-bound enzymes have certain specific differences compared with soluble enzymes. Membrane-binding often enables greater catalytic activity of associated enzymatic reactions, their regulation by low molecular weight substances (substrates and allosteric effectors, hormones) and compartmentation, etc. On the other hand, the binding of enzymes to membranes causes considerable difficulties as regards their isolation and the determination of their homogeneity and substrate specificity. Membrane enzymes provide a unique opportunity for studying the biogenesis of membranes and their physiological properties, however. These problems are discussed in relation to two types of membranes--the inner mitochondrial membrane and the membrane of the brush border of the small intestine. An example of the utilization of immunochemical methods is given in the results of a study of biosynthesis of the cytochrome oxidase complex in yeast cells. In the case of the brush border of the mammalian small intestine, the fact that certain enzymes, which are also of clinical significance from the aspect of congenital genetic defects, can be isolated only as complexes, constitutes a very real problem. This applies particularly to the sucrase-isomaltase complex and the lactase-beta-glucosidase complex. Solving questions of substrate specificity is of significance for the choice of a suitable analytical or histochemical method. The common regulation of these complexes gives an insight into the problems of membrane biogenesis, however. Immunochemical methods can be employed as sensitive criteria to support biochemical and morphological studies. Collaboration between the biochemist and histochemist proved especially valuable when determining the substrate specificity of enzymes (glycosidases) in relation to histochemical substrates, when applying histochemical methods for detecting enzymatic activity in immunoprecipitates and acrylamide gels and in immunohistochemical studies of the localization and developmental differentiation of the enzymes of the brush border of the small intestine.", "PMID": 97930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2968", "title": "Melanogenuria as consequence of elevated tyrosinase activity in melanoma.", "content": "The authors point out that melanogenuria, i.e. the excretion of specific phenolic and, particulary, indole metabolites in melanoma, is undoubtedly due to elevated tyrosinase activity in this disease. Other enzymes, in particular glucuronyltransferase, catechol-O-methyltransferase and possibly hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase, also evidently participate in the further biochemical conversion of the resultant metabolites, however.", "contents": "Melanogenuria as consequence of elevated tyrosinase activity in melanoma. The authors point out that melanogenuria, i.e. the excretion of specific phenolic and, particulary, indole metabolites in melanoma, is undoubtedly due to elevated tyrosinase activity in this disease. Other enzymes, in particular glucuronyltransferase, catechol-O-methyltransferase and possibly hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase, also evidently participate in the further biochemical conversion of the resultant metabolites, however.", "PMID": 97931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2969", "title": "Changes in the activity of certain lysosomal enzymes in the blood serum of rats subjected to whole body x-ray irradiation.", "content": "In summing up, we find that only serum acid phosphatase activity rose immediately, and beta-galactosidase activity 6 hours, after whole body irradiation, in each case after an exposure dose of 800 R. At the other intervals, the three enzyme activities studied either remained unchanged or were statistically significantly lowered. The most pronounced decrease was found in serum beta-galactosidase and serum beta-glucuronidase activity on the 3rd, 5th and 7th day after exposure.", "contents": "Changes in the activity of certain lysosomal enzymes in the blood serum of rats subjected to whole body x-ray irradiation. In summing up, we find that only serum acid phosphatase activity rose immediately, and beta-galactosidase activity 6 hours, after whole body irradiation, in each case after an exposure dose of 800 R. At the other intervals, the three enzyme activities studied either remained unchanged or were statistically significantly lowered. The most pronounced decrease was found in serum beta-galactosidase and serum beta-glucuronidase activity on the 3rd, 5th and 7th day after exposure.", "PMID": 97932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2970", "title": "Isolation of multiple forms of dihydrofolate reductase from mouse liver.", "content": "Dihydrofolate reductase isolated from the liver of normal adult mice was focused on a LKB analytic column. Separation was carried out in a sucrose gradient and a pH gradient was formed within limits of pH 7-10 by means of 1% ampholin. 48 hours' separation yielded two enzyme fractions focusing at pH 8.1 and pH 8.7 respectively, 80% of the total activity being found in the latter fraction. If the original enzyme was preincubated with NADPH, a further activity zone, at pH 7.5, was formed after isoelectric focusing and the other two peaks were depressed. The form of the enzyme focusing at pH 8.7 had higher specific activity than the form focusing at pH 8.1. Neither of these forms of the enzyme was as pure as the enzyme prepared by affinity chromatography. This was also confirmed by double radial immunodiffusion. Degree of Methotrexate inhibition and potassium chloride activation of the two fractions isolated by isoelectric focusing was the same.", "contents": "Isolation of multiple forms of dihydrofolate reductase from mouse liver. Dihydrofolate reductase isolated from the liver of normal adult mice was focused on a LKB analytic column. Separation was carried out in a sucrose gradient and a pH gradient was formed within limits of pH 7-10 by means of 1% ampholin. 48 hours' separation yielded two enzyme fractions focusing at pH 8.1 and pH 8.7 respectively, 80% of the total activity being found in the latter fraction. If the original enzyme was preincubated with NADPH, a further activity zone, at pH 7.5, was formed after isoelectric focusing and the other two peaks were depressed. The form of the enzyme focusing at pH 8.7 had higher specific activity than the form focusing at pH 8.1. Neither of these forms of the enzyme was as pure as the enzyme prepared by affinity chromatography. This was also confirmed by double radial immunodiffusion. Degree of Methotrexate inhibition and potassium chloride activation of the two fractions isolated by isoelectric focusing was the same.", "PMID": 97936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2971", "title": "Demonstration of \"hetero-beta-galactosidase\" \"in situ\".", "content": "A method for the histochemical demonstration of \"hetero-beta-galactosidase\" was elaborated. The enzyme is demonstrated in cryostat sections by the semipermeable membrane technique. Pairs of membranes--one pre-washed in saline--are used. The most sensitive method is post-coupling demonstration with 6-Br-2-naphthyl-beta-D-glucoside. The incubation time must be short, to avoid diffusion. The method allows cellular localization. The method with alpha-naphthyl-beta-D-glucoside and hexazonium-p-rosaniline is less sensitive, but localization is better. Indigogenic methods are the least sensitive. The enzyme is localized in the supranuclear zone of differentiated enterocytes of the human, monkey and rabbit small intestine, with maximum activity in the jejunum. The activity of the enzyme is low in patients with coeliac sprue, in the active phase of the disease. In isolated lactase deficiency it is normal. In the kidney, the enzyme is localized chiefly in the cytoplasm of the proximal tubule cells.", "contents": "Demonstration of \"hetero-beta-galactosidase\" \"in situ\". A method for the histochemical demonstration of \"hetero-beta-galactosidase\" was elaborated. The enzyme is demonstrated in cryostat sections by the semipermeable membrane technique. Pairs of membranes--one pre-washed in saline--are used. The most sensitive method is post-coupling demonstration with 6-Br-2-naphthyl-beta-D-glucoside. The incubation time must be short, to avoid diffusion. The method allows cellular localization. The method with alpha-naphthyl-beta-D-glucoside and hexazonium-p-rosaniline is less sensitive, but localization is better. Indigogenic methods are the least sensitive. The enzyme is localized in the supranuclear zone of differentiated enterocytes of the human, monkey and rabbit small intestine, with maximum activity in the jejunum. The activity of the enzyme is low in patients with coeliac sprue, in the active phase of the disease. In isolated lactase deficiency it is normal. In the kidney, the enzyme is localized chiefly in the cytoplasm of the proximal tubule cells.", "PMID": 97937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2972", "title": "Changes in antithrombin III levels in pregnancy, labour and in women on the contraceptive pill.", "content": "Antithrombin III activity as determined by the modified Mancini technique is reported for the first time in different groups of Nigerian women as well as in a group of male blood donors. The mean level of activity (78.69%) observed in women during their second and third trimesters was lower than the mean value in the same group of women at parturition (93.18%) and significantly lower than a control group of non-pregnant women who were also not on the contraceptive pill (109.67; P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between the mean activity of the female control group and that of women on the contraceptive pill and that of a group of male blood donors of the same age range.", "contents": "Changes in antithrombin III levels in pregnancy, labour and in women on the contraceptive pill. Antithrombin III activity as determined by the modified Mancini technique is reported for the first time in different groups of Nigerian women as well as in a group of male blood donors. The mean level of activity (78.69%) observed in women during their second and third trimesters was lower than the mean value in the same group of women at parturition (93.18%) and significantly lower than a control group of non-pregnant women who were also not on the contraceptive pill (109.67; P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between the mean activity of the female control group and that of women on the contraceptive pill and that of a group of male blood donors of the same age range.", "PMID": 97938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2973", "title": "Tomography of petrous bone in deafness associated with Paget's disease.", "content": "Two cases of Paget's disease presenting with deafness are described. Tomography of the petrous bones showed, in both cases, an upward tilt of the long axes of the bones including their auditory canals, generalized sclerosis of the petrous pyramids and enlargement of the ossicles. In one case, there was narrowing of the internal auditory canal. Review of the literature revealed three radiological phases in Paget's disease of the temporal bone:--(i) early changes consisting mainly of demineralisation; (ii) an intermediate phase consisting of diminishing visibility of the semicircular canals and cochlea; and (iii) a late phase consisting of complete blotting out of the structures of the optic capsule and replacement of the ossicles by Pagetic bone. Our two cases fall within the last phase.", "contents": "Tomography of petrous bone in deafness associated with Paget's disease. Two cases of Paget's disease presenting with deafness are described. Tomography of the petrous bones showed, in both cases, an upward tilt of the long axes of the bones including their auditory canals, generalized sclerosis of the petrous pyramids and enlargement of the ossicles. In one case, there was narrowing of the internal auditory canal. Review of the literature revealed three radiological phases in Paget's disease of the temporal bone:--(i) early changes consisting mainly of demineralisation; (ii) an intermediate phase consisting of diminishing visibility of the semicircular canals and cochlea; and (iii) a late phase consisting of complete blotting out of the structures of the optic capsule and replacement of the ossicles by Pagetic bone. Our two cases fall within the last phase.", "PMID": 97939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2974", "title": "Sero-epidemiological study of Lymphogranuloma venereum in Western Nigeria.", "content": "A sero epidemiological study involving 5009 individuals resident in the two largest cities (Ibadan and Benin) in the Western Region of Nigeria has been carried out, using the LGVCFT to determine the presence of LGV antibodies. These individuals come from various population groups and social classes (i.e. blood donors, antenatal clinic patients, general out-patients, venereal diseases clinic patients and prostitutes). Among the 3638 subjects tested in Ibadan, the seroreactivity rates ranged from 5.3% to 11.5%, while of the 1371 in Benin, the seroreactivity ranged from 7.3% to 18.3%. The seroreactivity rates confirm previous suspicion that there is a considerable reservoir of infection among the female population both in normal women and in prostitutes. While the value of LGVCFT as an epidemiological tool in the estimation of latent or active infection in a community has been substantiated, a puzzling variation in the endemicity of the LGV agent, even within the same region, has been observed. It is suggested that routine testing of blood donors and antenatal women with LGVCFT such as done with serological tests for syphilis should be carried out in tropical countries where LGV is endemic.", "contents": "Sero-epidemiological study of Lymphogranuloma venereum in Western Nigeria. A sero epidemiological study involving 5009 individuals resident in the two largest cities (Ibadan and Benin) in the Western Region of Nigeria has been carried out, using the LGVCFT to determine the presence of LGV antibodies. These individuals come from various population groups and social classes (i.e. blood donors, antenatal clinic patients, general out-patients, venereal diseases clinic patients and prostitutes). Among the 3638 subjects tested in Ibadan, the seroreactivity rates ranged from 5.3% to 11.5%, while of the 1371 in Benin, the seroreactivity ranged from 7.3% to 18.3%. The seroreactivity rates confirm previous suspicion that there is a considerable reservoir of infection among the female population both in normal women and in prostitutes. While the value of LGVCFT as an epidemiological tool in the estimation of latent or active infection in a community has been substantiated, a puzzling variation in the endemicity of the LGV agent, even within the same region, has been observed. It is suggested that routine testing of blood donors and antenatal women with LGVCFT such as done with serological tests for syphilis should be carried out in tropical countries where LGV is endemic.", "PMID": 97940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2975", "title": "Epidemiology and treatment of dog bites in Ibadan: a 12-year retrospective study of cases seen at the University College Hospital Ibadan (1962-1973).", "content": "A retrospective epidemiological study was made of dog bite accidents seen at the Casualty department of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, between 1 January 1962 and 31 December 1973. A variety of host, agent and environmental factors were analysed. The incidence per 1000 attendances was 11.5 with a male/female ratio of 57:43. Majority of the bites occurred in the dry season and 75.4% of the victims were less than 20 years of age. 83.5% of the bites were inflicted on the extremities and 59.1% were moderately severe or severe. 50% of the bites were unprovoked and 80.3% of the biting dogs belonged to known owners. 86.9% of the victims reported for treatment within 24 hours of the accident but only 6.6% attended for follow up beyond four weeks. 73.5% of the victims received active immunization with rabies vaccine but only 50.2% of these completed the prescribed course. The findings in this study provides a factual basis for making recommendations to prevent, control and treat dog bites.", "contents": "Epidemiology and treatment of dog bites in Ibadan: a 12-year retrospective study of cases seen at the University College Hospital Ibadan (1962-1973). A retrospective epidemiological study was made of dog bite accidents seen at the Casualty department of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, between 1 January 1962 and 31 December 1973. A variety of host, agent and environmental factors were analysed. The incidence per 1000 attendances was 11.5 with a male/female ratio of 57:43. Majority of the bites occurred in the dry season and 75.4% of the victims were less than 20 years of age. 83.5% of the bites were inflicted on the extremities and 59.1% were moderately severe or severe. 50% of the bites were unprovoked and 80.3% of the biting dogs belonged to known owners. 86.9% of the victims reported for treatment within 24 hours of the accident but only 6.6% attended for follow up beyond four weeks. 73.5% of the victims received active immunization with rabies vaccine but only 50.2% of these completed the prescribed course. The findings in this study provides a factual basis for making recommendations to prevent, control and treat dog bites.", "PMID": 97941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2976", "title": "Assessment of nutritional status.", "content": "This review is a critical evaluation of the various methods of assessing the nutritional state of a community. Greater emphasis has been placed on the more recently developed and highly sensitive immunochemical and immunobiological methods because biochemical and immunological changes occur long before any anthropometric abnormality can be detected. Of the serum proteins the transferrin level would appear to be the most sensitive (and most practical) index of nutritional state. The immunochemical estimation of this protein is therefore recommended in the assessment of nutritional status. When adequate precautions are taken in the handling of specimens complement (C3) levels may also yield valuable information. Of the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) would appear to be the most sensitive as an index of nutritional state. For the rapid monitoring of nutritional programmes it is important that facilitates for these procedures be made as rapidly and widely available as possible.", "contents": "Assessment of nutritional status. This review is a critical evaluation of the various methods of assessing the nutritional state of a community. Greater emphasis has been placed on the more recently developed and highly sensitive immunochemical and immunobiological methods because biochemical and immunological changes occur long before any anthropometric abnormality can be detected. Of the serum proteins the transferrin level would appear to be the most sensitive (and most practical) index of nutritional state. The immunochemical estimation of this protein is therefore recommended in the assessment of nutritional status. When adequate precautions are taken in the handling of specimens complement (C3) levels may also yield valuable information. Of the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) would appear to be the most sensitive as an index of nutritional state. For the rapid monitoring of nutritional programmes it is important that facilitates for these procedures be made as rapidly and widely available as possible.", "PMID": 97942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2977", "title": "Staphylococcal endocarditis: clinical observations on 113 patients.", "content": "A 10-year analysis of 113 cases of staphylococcal endocarditis seen in two Washington, D.C., hospitals is presented. 96% of the cases occurred in parenteral drug addicts, but 4% complicated septicemia from known foci of infection. Coagulase positive staphylococcus was responsible for 97% of the infection, and the rest were caused by coagulase negative staphyloccus. Except in four patients with previously known cardiac murmurs, infection occurred on normal valves in these patients. Infection was isolated to the tricuspid valve in 71%, to the mitral valve in 6% and to the aortic valve in 3.5% of our cases; and more than one cardiac valve was affected in the remaining patients. All patients were treated with antibiotics based on bacterial sensitivity testing. The mortality from isolated tricuspid endocarditis was 5%, from isolated mitral endocarditis 33%, and from isolated aortic valve endocarditis 100%. The overall mortality was 18%. The better prognosis documented for acute tricuspid endocarditis is related to the much less severe haemodynamic consequences of acute tricuspid regurgitation, and the probably milder consequences of septic pulmonary embolism compared with coronary or cerebral embolism.", "contents": "Staphylococcal endocarditis: clinical observations on 113 patients. A 10-year analysis of 113 cases of staphylococcal endocarditis seen in two Washington, D.C., hospitals is presented. 96% of the cases occurred in parenteral drug addicts, but 4% complicated septicemia from known foci of infection. Coagulase positive staphylococcus was responsible for 97% of the infection, and the rest were caused by coagulase negative staphyloccus. Except in four patients with previously known cardiac murmurs, infection occurred on normal valves in these patients. Infection was isolated to the tricuspid valve in 71%, to the mitral valve in 6% and to the aortic valve in 3.5% of our cases; and more than one cardiac valve was affected in the remaining patients. All patients were treated with antibiotics based on bacterial sensitivity testing. The mortality from isolated tricuspid endocarditis was 5%, from isolated mitral endocarditis 33%, and from isolated aortic valve endocarditis 100%. The overall mortality was 18%. The better prognosis documented for acute tricuspid endocarditis is related to the much less severe haemodynamic consequences of acute tricuspid regurgitation, and the probably milder consequences of septic pulmonary embolism compared with coronary or cerebral embolism.", "PMID": 97945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2978", "title": "Pattern of heart disease in adults of the Nigerian Savanna: a prospective clinical study.", "content": "The pattern of heart disease in 404 patients seen prospectively from the guinea savanna region of Africa is presented. Over 90% presented with cardiac failure. Hypertension, Peripartal Cardiac Failure (PPCF), Congestive Cardiomyopathy and Rheumatic Heart Disease are major problems. The highest incidence of PPCF in the world probably occurs in this area but the prognosis is good. The reasons for this and the possible interrelationship of hypertension with cardiomyopathy and PPCF are discussed. In contrast to the tropical rainforests, no case of endomyocardial fibrosis was seen. During the period of study, vascular thrombosis is uncommon and coronary heart disease is non-existent in Zaria.", "contents": "Pattern of heart disease in adults of the Nigerian Savanna: a prospective clinical study. The pattern of heart disease in 404 patients seen prospectively from the guinea savanna region of Africa is presented. Over 90% presented with cardiac failure. Hypertension, Peripartal Cardiac Failure (PPCF), Congestive Cardiomyopathy and Rheumatic Heart Disease are major problems. The highest incidence of PPCF in the world probably occurs in this area but the prognosis is good. The reasons for this and the possible interrelationship of hypertension with cardiomyopathy and PPCF are discussed. In contrast to the tropical rainforests, no case of endomyocardial fibrosis was seen. During the period of study, vascular thrombosis is uncommon and coronary heart disease is non-existent in Zaria.", "PMID": 97946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2979", "title": "Alternating left anterior hemiblock without associated tachycardia.", "content": "This case report describes a 64-year-old woman with a cardiomyopathy and associated fascicular conduction disturbances partly related to digitalis therapy. Electrocardiograms showed incomplete left bundle branch block with left anterior hemiblock the latter, consistently changing in pattern and rhythm as in bidirectional tachycardia but at a relatively normal heart rate. The relationship of severe myocardial disease to the apparent likelihood of pre-existing depression of fascicular conduction in cases of bidirectional tachycardia precipitated by digitalis, is exemplified.", "contents": "Alternating left anterior hemiblock without associated tachycardia. This case report describes a 64-year-old woman with a cardiomyopathy and associated fascicular conduction disturbances partly related to digitalis therapy. Electrocardiograms showed incomplete left bundle branch block with left anterior hemiblock the latter, consistently changing in pattern and rhythm as in bidirectional tachycardia but at a relatively normal heart rate. The relationship of severe myocardial disease to the apparent likelihood of pre-existing depression of fascicular conduction in cases of bidirectional tachycardia precipitated by digitalis, is exemplified.", "PMID": 97948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2980", "title": "Malignant melanoma in Nigeria-pathological studies.", "content": "Pathological features of twenty-one cases of malignant melanoma studied in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu during the period January, 1974 to December, 1975 are presented. Malignant melanoma accounted for 2.4% of all tumours and 4.5% of all malignant tumours, greatest age incidence being in the fifth to seventh decades. The male to female sex ratio was 2:1. 73.2% of cases were of the nodular variety. 81% melanomas occurred on the sole of feet validating the hypothesis that the pigmented skin in Africans is resistant to malignant melanoma. Melanoma in Nigerians would appear essentially to be arising from epidermal melanocytes and not from preexisting naevus cells. Hence we do not feel prophylactic removal of plantar moles as suggested by Onuigbo (1975) is desirable. Histologically, there was no clear association between the cell types and the kind of melanoma or invasion of the tumour. The difference in behaviour and natural history of malignant melanoma would appear to have a bearing on the local tissue and also general immune mechanisms of the host.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma in Nigeria-pathological studies. Pathological features of twenty-one cases of malignant melanoma studied in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu during the period January, 1974 to December, 1975 are presented. Malignant melanoma accounted for 2.4% of all tumours and 4.5% of all malignant tumours, greatest age incidence being in the fifth to seventh decades. The male to female sex ratio was 2:1. 73.2% of cases were of the nodular variety. 81% melanomas occurred on the sole of feet validating the hypothesis that the pigmented skin in Africans is resistant to malignant melanoma. Melanoma in Nigerians would appear essentially to be arising from epidermal melanocytes and not from preexisting naevus cells. Hence we do not feel prophylactic removal of plantar moles as suggested by Onuigbo (1975) is desirable. Histologically, there was no clear association between the cell types and the kind of melanoma or invasion of the tumour. The difference in behaviour and natural history of malignant melanoma would appear to have a bearing on the local tissue and also general immune mechanisms of the host.", "PMID": 97949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2981", "title": "Case report. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).", "content": "A case report of SSPE (Subacute Sclerosing pan encephalitis) is presented to demonstrate some of the characteristic clinical, pathological, electroencephalographic, and laboratory features of the disease.", "contents": "Case report. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). A case report of SSPE (Subacute Sclerosing pan encephalitis) is presented to demonstrate some of the characteristic clinical, pathological, electroencephalographic, and laboratory features of the disease.", "PMID": 97950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2982", "title": "Some helminthozoonotic infections in Zambia.", "content": "Parasitic infections constitute an important group of zoonoses. Stool examination of inpatients, medical examinees and out-patients in a sub-tropical environment established that Inermicapsifer madagascariensis and Schistosoma mattheei are occasionally anthropozoonotic in Zambia. Strongyloides f\u00fclleborni, a species normally parasitic in primates is not uncommon in man; whether it is anthropozoonotic or a parasite well adapted to man in this part of Africa needs further investigation. The finding of unidentified spiruroid ova was considered to be due to a spurious infection. The need for the differentiation of such organisms from those commonly infecting man is emphasized especially since the literature on such a subject is so sparse in the country and on the continent.", "contents": "Some helminthozoonotic infections in Zambia. Parasitic infections constitute an important group of zoonoses. Stool examination of inpatients, medical examinees and out-patients in a sub-tropical environment established that Inermicapsifer madagascariensis and Schistosoma mattheei are occasionally anthropozoonotic in Zambia. Strongyloides f\u00fclleborni, a species normally parasitic in primates is not uncommon in man; whether it is anthropozoonotic or a parasite well adapted to man in this part of Africa needs further investigation. The finding of unidentified spiruroid ova was considered to be due to a spurious infection. The need for the differentiation of such organisms from those commonly infecting man is emphasized especially since the literature on such a subject is so sparse in the country and on the continent.", "PMID": 97951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2983", "title": "Analysis of 1089 cases of head injury.", "content": "1089 patients treated for head injuries at the Unversity of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, are analysed. Seventy-two percent of them were males. The age group 20-30 years was most vulnerable, accounting for 32% of the total. Road traffic accidents were responsible for a staggering 80% of the total. Most of the children in this group were pedestrians hit by vehicles on the roads. About 42% of the head injuries were complicated, but the incidence of intracranial haematoma was only 1.3%. The mortality rate was 9% and most of the deaths (83%) occurred few hours after the accident. Road traffic accident was responsible for 97% of the deaths. Bronchopneumonea and brain oedema was the cause of death in 70.6% of the inpatient deaths from head injury.", "contents": "Analysis of 1089 cases of head injury. 1089 patients treated for head injuries at the Unversity of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, are analysed. Seventy-two percent of them were males. The age group 20-30 years was most vulnerable, accounting for 32% of the total. Road traffic accidents were responsible for a staggering 80% of the total. Most of the children in this group were pedestrians hit by vehicles on the roads. About 42% of the head injuries were complicated, but the incidence of intracranial haematoma was only 1.3%. The mortality rate was 9% and most of the deaths (83%) occurred few hours after the accident. Road traffic accident was responsible for 97% of the deaths. Bronchopneumonea and brain oedema was the cause of death in 70.6% of the inpatient deaths from head injury.", "PMID": 97952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2984", "title": "Road traffic accidents: the doctor's point of view.", "content": "One-hundred and thirty-five road traffic accident admissions (38.8% of all accidents analysed) were studied with respect to their age, sex, and distribution of injuries. It was found that the adolescent and young adult males were mostly affected. The bed utilization rate in the wards where these accident victims were admitted was found to be lower than for other wards. Ways by which the services in hospitals--both specialist and general--can be organized for a more economic and efficient care of road traffic accident casualties are discussed.", "contents": "Road traffic accidents: the doctor's point of view. One-hundred and thirty-five road traffic accident admissions (38.8% of all accidents analysed) were studied with respect to their age, sex, and distribution of injuries. It was found that the adolescent and young adult males were mostly affected. The bed utilization rate in the wards where these accident victims were admitted was found to be lower than for other wards. Ways by which the services in hospitals--both specialist and general--can be organized for a more economic and efficient care of road traffic accident casualties are discussed.", "PMID": 97953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2985", "title": "Infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease).", "content": "A case of infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease) is presented with its usual clinical and radiological manifestations. The accompanying anaemia and thrombocytopenia as seen in our case is discussed. The possibility of autoantibodies secondary to an immunological defect is put forward to explain the cause of the anaemia and thrombocytopenia. This may be a new feature of the disease or a modification of the current concept.", "contents": "Infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease). A case of infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease) is presented with its usual clinical and radiological manifestations. The accompanying anaemia and thrombocytopenia as seen in our case is discussed. The possibility of autoantibodies secondary to an immunological defect is put forward to explain the cause of the anaemia and thrombocytopenia. This may be a new feature of the disease or a modification of the current concept.", "PMID": 97954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2986", "title": "Variations in the soluble alpha-crystallin proteins from human cataractous lenses.", "content": "Human cataractous lenses from subjects aged 20-91 years were extracted in tris/glycine buffer and fractionated on Sephadex G-75 column. Four fractions, F1, F2, F3 and F4 identified as alpha-, beta1-, beta2- and gamma-crystallin were obtained. Gel electrophoresis of alpha-crystallin in polyacrylamide containing 6M urea revealed changes in polypeptide composition, colouration; variation in band pattern and mean mobility. The relative mobilities of the protein bands were used to calculate coefficient of similarity within the same age group and among different age groups.", "contents": "Variations in the soluble alpha-crystallin proteins from human cataractous lenses. Human cataractous lenses from subjects aged 20-91 years were extracted in tris/glycine buffer and fractionated on Sephadex G-75 column. Four fractions, F1, F2, F3 and F4 identified as alpha-, beta1-, beta2- and gamma-crystallin were obtained. Gel electrophoresis of alpha-crystallin in polyacrylamide containing 6M urea revealed changes in polypeptide composition, colouration; variation in band pattern and mean mobility. The relative mobilities of the protein bands were used to calculate coefficient of similarity within the same age group and among different age groups.", "PMID": 97955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2987", "title": "Histopathological studies of carcinoma of cervix uteri in Ibadan.", "content": "Carcinoma of the cervix is by far the commonest gynecologic malignancy in Ibadan. In a histopathologic study of the disease, 93.9% of all the cases were found to be of the squamous cell carcinoma variety while 6.1% were of the adenocarcinoma group. It was found that most patients with the well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma were above the age of 45 years in contrast to the undifferentiated carcinoma. Even though the difference was not statistically significant, it was speculated that cervical cancer manifesting itself before the age of 45 years may be more aggressive than that occurring in older women. Similarly, it was shown that increasing age, more frequent marriages and parity may augment the possibilities, at least in the negro population, of a woman developing adenocarcinoma of the cervix.", "contents": "Histopathological studies of carcinoma of cervix uteri in Ibadan. Carcinoma of the cervix is by far the commonest gynecologic malignancy in Ibadan. In a histopathologic study of the disease, 93.9% of all the cases were found to be of the squamous cell carcinoma variety while 6.1% were of the adenocarcinoma group. It was found that most patients with the well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma were above the age of 45 years in contrast to the undifferentiated carcinoma. Even though the difference was not statistically significant, it was speculated that cervical cancer manifesting itself before the age of 45 years may be more aggressive than that occurring in older women. Similarly, it was shown that increasing age, more frequent marriages and parity may augment the possibilities, at least in the negro population, of a woman developing adenocarcinoma of the cervix.", "PMID": 97956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2988", "title": "Diagnosis of extracerebral fluid collections by computed tomography.", "content": "The computed tomography scans of 90 patients with extracerebral fluid collections were reviewed. Epidural hematomas, acute, subacute, and chronic subdural hematomas, convexity subarachnoid hemorrhages, subdural hygromas, and one epidural empyema were seen. The CT findings were analyzed and correlated with the time elapsed since injury (when known) and the results of radionuclide scans (when available). The overall accuracy of CT in detecting extracerebral fluid was 90% with no acute hemorrhages missed. In subacute and chronic subdural collections, six CT scans were false negative in whole or in part. Three false positive interpretations were made and are discussed.", "contents": "Diagnosis of extracerebral fluid collections by computed tomography. The computed tomography scans of 90 patients with extracerebral fluid collections were reviewed. Epidural hematomas, acute, subacute, and chronic subdural hematomas, convexity subarachnoid hemorrhages, subdural hygromas, and one epidural empyema were seen. The CT findings were analyzed and correlated with the time elapsed since injury (when known) and the results of radionuclide scans (when available). The overall accuracy of CT in detecting extracerebral fluid was 90% with no acute hemorrhages missed. In subacute and chronic subdural collections, six CT scans were false negative in whole or in part. Three false positive interpretations were made and are discussed.", "PMID": 97959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2989", "title": "Computed tomography in ocular neoplastic disease.", "content": "The computed tomographic findings of four patients with neoplastic disease of the global rim are discussed. All four patients demonstrated eccentric thickening of the scleraluveal rim with extension into the globe. Possible ways of differentiating these lesions from other orbital conditions are discussed. Window widths below 100 EMI units are best to visualize neoplasms of the global rim. For evaluation of the orbits, multiple window widths with varying window levels should be used.", "contents": "Computed tomography in ocular neoplastic disease. The computed tomographic findings of four patients with neoplastic disease of the global rim are discussed. All four patients demonstrated eccentric thickening of the scleraluveal rim with extension into the globe. Possible ways of differentiating these lesions from other orbital conditions are discussed. Window widths below 100 EMI units are best to visualize neoplasms of the global rim. For evaluation of the orbits, multiple window widths with varying window levels should be used.", "PMID": 97960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2990", "title": "External anatomic landmarks of the abdomen related to vertebral segments: applications in cross-sectional imaging.", "content": "Palpable external anatomic landmarks including the xyphoid tip, ends of the eleventh ribs, umbilicus, iliac crests, anterior superior iliac spines, and symphysis pubis were studied in relation to vertebral segments posterior to these landmarks. Results of CT and ultrasound studies, localized according to external abdominal landmarks, can thus be correlated with other radiologic studies in which abnormalities are localized by vertebral level.", "contents": "External anatomic landmarks of the abdomen related to vertebral segments: applications in cross-sectional imaging. Palpable external anatomic landmarks including the xyphoid tip, ends of the eleventh ribs, umbilicus, iliac crests, anterior superior iliac spines, and symphysis pubis were studied in relation to vertebral segments posterior to these landmarks. Results of CT and ultrasound studies, localized according to external abdominal landmarks, can thus be correlated with other radiologic studies in which abnormalities are localized by vertebral level.", "PMID": 97961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2991", "title": "Buckling of the innominate artery simulating a right apical lung mass.", "content": "A tortuous retroflexed innominate artery can simulate a right apical mass. Four cases are presented to illustrate the four fairly distinct appearances which can result. When the innominate artery buckles posteriorly and laterally, it occasionally impresses deeply into the lung and becomes almost completely surrounded by air. The artery will then look like a pulmonary mass on frontal radiographs. The lower margin of the mass is always more crisply defined than the upper margin, and the appearance on the lateral film is fairly characteristic. Aortography is recommended when the radiographic picture is equivocal. In a survey of 200 randomly selected patients over 50 years old, only one had an innominate artery that presented as an apparent pulmonary mass.", "contents": "Buckling of the innominate artery simulating a right apical lung mass. A tortuous retroflexed innominate artery can simulate a right apical mass. Four cases are presented to illustrate the four fairly distinct appearances which can result. When the innominate artery buckles posteriorly and laterally, it occasionally impresses deeply into the lung and becomes almost completely surrounded by air. The artery will then look like a pulmonary mass on frontal radiographs. The lower margin of the mass is always more crisply defined than the upper margin, and the appearance on the lateral film is fairly characteristic. Aortography is recommended when the radiographic picture is equivocal. In a survey of 200 randomly selected patients over 50 years old, only one had an innominate artery that presented as an apparent pulmonary mass.", "PMID": 97962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2992", "title": "External iliac artery fibrodysplasia.", "content": "Clinical and arteriographic features of 12 patients with external iliac artery fibrodysplasia are reviewed. These lesions usually occur in patients having arterial fibrodysplasia elsewhere, attesting to the fact that they represent a generalized arteriopathy. Occasionally they occur in association with severe atherosclerosis. External iliac artery fibrodysplasia exhibits the classic corrugated \"string-of-beads\" angiographic appearance in the majority of patients. The pattern of aneurysmal dilatation of the external iliac arteries in one patient and the aorta and common iliac and internal iliac arteries in another with diffuse arterial fibrodysplasia has not been previously reported. Three patients had symptoms directly referable to external iliac artery fibrodysplasia. The lesions may be symptomatic when the arterial lumen is sufficiently compromised to reduce blood flow or when superimposed thrombosis and/or embolization occurs.", "contents": "External iliac artery fibrodysplasia. Clinical and arteriographic features of 12 patients with external iliac artery fibrodysplasia are reviewed. These lesions usually occur in patients having arterial fibrodysplasia elsewhere, attesting to the fact that they represent a generalized arteriopathy. Occasionally they occur in association with severe atherosclerosis. External iliac artery fibrodysplasia exhibits the classic corrugated \"string-of-beads\" angiographic appearance in the majority of patients. The pattern of aneurysmal dilatation of the external iliac arteries in one patient and the aorta and common iliac and internal iliac arteries in another with diffuse arterial fibrodysplasia has not been previously reported. Three patients had symptoms directly referable to external iliac artery fibrodysplasia. The lesions may be symptomatic when the arterial lumen is sufficiently compromised to reduce blood flow or when superimposed thrombosis and/or embolization occurs.", "PMID": 97963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2993", "title": "Comparison of arachnoiditis produced by meglumine iocarmate and metrizamide myelography in an animal model.", "content": "Myelography in monkeys was performed with either meglumine iocarmate or metrizamide. The severity of resultant arachnoiditis in each animal 12 weeks later was evaluated by repeat myelography and by histologic study of the arachnoid. Three of the four animals examined with meglumine iocarmate had severe arachnoiditis; none of the four animals examined with metrizamide had as severe changes. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P less than .05).", "contents": "Comparison of arachnoiditis produced by meglumine iocarmate and metrizamide myelography in an animal model. Myelography in monkeys was performed with either meglumine iocarmate or metrizamide. The severity of resultant arachnoiditis in each animal 12 weeks later was evaluated by repeat myelography and by histologic study of the arachnoid. Three of the four animals examined with meglumine iocarmate had severe arachnoiditis; none of the four animals examined with metrizamide had as severe changes. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P less than .05).", "PMID": 97964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2994", "title": "Proximal tibiofibular joint: anatomic-pathologic-radiographic correlation.", "content": "An anatomic-pathologic-radiographic study of the proximal tibiofibular joint was undertaken. This synovial articulation between the proximal tibia and fibula may communicate with the knee joint in 10% of adults. Radiography of the normal proximal tibiofibular articulation outlines a consistent relationship between the proximal portions of the tibia and fibula. Disruption of this normal relationship is indicative of anterolateral or posteromedial subluxation or dislocation. Articular disorders of this joint include reheumatoid arthritis and septic arthritis. In the latter, initial alterations of the knee joint may subsequently extend to involve the proximal tibiofibular joint, illustrating the potential communication between these two articulations.", "contents": "Proximal tibiofibular joint: anatomic-pathologic-radiographic correlation. An anatomic-pathologic-radiographic study of the proximal tibiofibular joint was undertaken. This synovial articulation between the proximal tibia and fibula may communicate with the knee joint in 10% of adults. Radiography of the normal proximal tibiofibular articulation outlines a consistent relationship between the proximal portions of the tibia and fibula. Disruption of this normal relationship is indicative of anterolateral or posteromedial subluxation or dislocation. Articular disorders of this joint include reheumatoid arthritis and septic arthritis. In the latter, initial alterations of the knee joint may subsequently extend to involve the proximal tibiofibular joint, illustrating the potential communication between these two articulations.", "PMID": 97965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2995", "title": "Gastrointestinal angiographic findings in systemic amyloidosis.", "content": "Amyloidosis is a multisystem disease process of unknown cause in which characteristically staining protein-polysaccharide material is deposited in body tissues. Although gastrointestinal involvement is usually asymptomatic, amyloid infiltration of mesenteric and submucosal vessel walls may be associated with acute or recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with the diagnosis of amyloidosis. Angiography in such cases may demonstrate arterial and venous changes as a result of these vascular wall deposits. Two patients with proven amyloidosis and gastrointestinal hemorrhage are presented, and their angiographic findings are discussed with the pathologic correlations.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal angiographic findings in systemic amyloidosis. Amyloidosis is a multisystem disease process of unknown cause in which characteristically staining protein-polysaccharide material is deposited in body tissues. Although gastrointestinal involvement is usually asymptomatic, amyloid infiltration of mesenteric and submucosal vessel walls may be associated with acute or recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with the diagnosis of amyloidosis. Angiography in such cases may demonstrate arterial and venous changes as a result of these vascular wall deposits. Two patients with proven amyloidosis and gastrointestinal hemorrhage are presented, and their angiographic findings are discussed with the pathologic correlations.", "PMID": 97966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2996", "title": "Atypical appearances of benign hyperplastic gastric polyps.", "content": "The vast majority of epithelial polyps of the stomach can be divided into two groups: (1) hyperplastic or regenerative polyps, and (2) adenomas. Of the two, hyperplastic polyps are much more common; they are nonneoplastic lesions which are typically asymptomatic, small, smooth-surfaced, and often multiple. Malignant transformation virtually never occurs in this group of polyps. Adenomas are true neoplasms; they are relatively large, have an irregular surface, and show a distinct tendency to undergo malignant transformation. In this paper the radiologic appearances of hyperplastic gastric polyps, with special reference to atypical findings, are discussed and illustrated. It is shown that simple hyperplastic polyps may present any or all of the radiologic criteria suggestive of gastric adenomas or even frank malignancy. Thus, while radiology plays a vital role in the initial detection and followup of gastric polyps, optimum clinical management of the patient is best based on knowledge of the histologic structure of the lesion obtained by endoscopy and biopsy.", "contents": "Atypical appearances of benign hyperplastic gastric polyps. The vast majority of epithelial polyps of the stomach can be divided into two groups: (1) hyperplastic or regenerative polyps, and (2) adenomas. Of the two, hyperplastic polyps are much more common; they are nonneoplastic lesions which are typically asymptomatic, small, smooth-surfaced, and often multiple. Malignant transformation virtually never occurs in this group of polyps. Adenomas are true neoplasms; they are relatively large, have an irregular surface, and show a distinct tendency to undergo malignant transformation. In this paper the radiologic appearances of hyperplastic gastric polyps, with special reference to atypical findings, are discussed and illustrated. It is shown that simple hyperplastic polyps may present any or all of the radiologic criteria suggestive of gastric adenomas or even frank malignancy. Thus, while radiology plays a vital role in the initial detection and followup of gastric polyps, optimum clinical management of the patient is best based on knowledge of the histologic structure of the lesion obtained by endoscopy and biopsy.", "PMID": 97967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2997", "title": "Observations on the medical efficacy of computed tomography of the chest and abdomen.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 687 computed tomographic (CT) examinations of the chest and abdomen performed over a 1 year period, 16% of the examinations produced information not otherwise available which altered patient diagnosis, prognosis, or therapy. Sixteen thoracotomies and 18 laparotomies were avoided as a result of information available only from CT examinations. CT was of particular value in the evaluation of mediastinal masses, in the assessment of suspected or proven lung cancer, and in the evaluation of pleural and extrapleural masses. It was of notable clinical value in evaluating patients with intraabdominal abscesses, pancreatic disease, staging of malignancies for radiation therapy and surgery, and excluding the presence of suspected masses.", "contents": "Observations on the medical efficacy of computed tomography of the chest and abdomen. In a retrospective study of 687 computed tomographic (CT) examinations of the chest and abdomen performed over a 1 year period, 16% of the examinations produced information not otherwise available which altered patient diagnosis, prognosis, or therapy. Sixteen thoracotomies and 18 laparotomies were avoided as a result of information available only from CT examinations. CT was of particular value in the evaluation of mediastinal masses, in the assessment of suspected or proven lung cancer, and in the evaluation of pleural and extrapleural masses. It was of notable clinical value in evaluating patients with intraabdominal abscesses, pancreatic disease, staging of malignancies for radiation therapy and surgery, and excluding the presence of suspected masses.", "PMID": 97968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2998", "title": "Ectopic pregnancy: criteria and accuracy of ultrasonic diagnosis.", "content": "Of 26 ectopic pregnancies, a correct positive ultrasonic diagnosis was made in 77%, while a false negative diagnosis was made in 23%. Most commonly, the ectopic pregnancy appeared as a complex adnexal mass immediately adjacent to an enlarged \"empty\" uterus. Ultrasonic identification of an extrauterine gestational sac, allowing a definitive diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, was uncommon.", "contents": "Ectopic pregnancy: criteria and accuracy of ultrasonic diagnosis. Of 26 ectopic pregnancies, a correct positive ultrasonic diagnosis was made in 77%, while a false negative diagnosis was made in 23%. Most commonly, the ectopic pregnancy appeared as a complex adnexal mass immediately adjacent to an enlarged \"empty\" uterus. Ultrasonic identification of an extrauterine gestational sac, allowing a definitive diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, was uncommon.", "PMID": 97969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_2999", "title": "American College of Radiology Diagnostic Efficacy Studies.", "content": "Questions about costs and benefits of radiologic diagnostic methods have lead to the formation of a standing American College of Radiology Committee on Efficacy. In the past several years this committee has defined a hierarchy of efficacies associated with radiographic procedures and developed methods for assigning a numerical value to diagnostic efficacy. A national study of common x-ray examinations in the emergency setting has been conducted. These studies suggest that diagnostic thinking of clinicians was influenced by the results of the x-ray procedures they requested in more than 92% of cases. Medicolegal consideration were a prime concern of the clinician only 6% of the time overall when selecting the most frequent radiologic procedures conducted in hospitals. Considerable uncertainty about clinical diagnoses was typically present at the time radiologic examinations were requested; three-fourths of the time the most important diagnosis under consideration was judged to be less likely after x-ray examination than before. About one-eighth of the time the radiographic information focused attention on a new \"most important\" diagnosis. The committee plans further studies to include other imaging modalities and practive settings.", "contents": "American College of Radiology Diagnostic Efficacy Studies. Questions about costs and benefits of radiologic diagnostic methods have lead to the formation of a standing American College of Radiology Committee on Efficacy. In the past several years this committee has defined a hierarchy of efficacies associated with radiographic procedures and developed methods for assigning a numerical value to diagnostic efficacy. A national study of common x-ray examinations in the emergency setting has been conducted. These studies suggest that diagnostic thinking of clinicians was influenced by the results of the x-ray procedures they requested in more than 92% of cases. Medicolegal consideration were a prime concern of the clinician only 6% of the time overall when selecting the most frequent radiologic procedures conducted in hospitals. Considerable uncertainty about clinical diagnoses was typically present at the time radiologic examinations were requested; three-fourths of the time the most important diagnosis under consideration was judged to be less likely after x-ray examination than before. About one-eighth of the time the radiographic information focused attention on a new \"most important\" diagnosis. The committee plans further studies to include other imaging modalities and practive settings.", "PMID": 97976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3000", "title": "Computed body tomography in children: evaluation of 45 patients.", "content": "Computed tomographic (CT) body scans from a series of 45 infants and children were reviewed for the indications leading to the examinations, for technical quality of the images, and for diagnostic value of CT scanning. Useful diagnostic information was obtained in 30 of the 39 cases with technically satisfactory images. Individual case reports of CT examinations including findings from other imaging studies demonstrate how CT can interface with other methods to yield additional diagnostic information. Methods of patient preparation and suggested indications for CT body scan examinations of children are presented.", "contents": "Computed body tomography in children: evaluation of 45 patients. Computed tomographic (CT) body scans from a series of 45 infants and children were reviewed for the indications leading to the examinations, for technical quality of the images, and for diagnostic value of CT scanning. Useful diagnostic information was obtained in 30 of the 39 cases with technically satisfactory images. Individual case reports of CT examinations including findings from other imaging studies demonstrate how CT can interface with other methods to yield additional diagnostic information. Methods of patient preparation and suggested indications for CT body scan examinations of children are presented.", "PMID": 97979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3001", "title": "Cranial computed tomography in diagnosis and management of acute head trauma.", "content": "Review of the computed tomographic findings in 286 patients with acute craniocerebral trauma revealed several types of lesions: hemorrhagic contusion, intracerebral and extracerebral hematomas, general and focal cerebral swelling, and shearing injury of the cerebral white matter. Hemorrhagic contusions are the most frequent lesion and may result in focal neurologic deficits. General cerebral swelling occurs frequently in children and necessitates prompt medical management for complete recovery. Mortality rates for intracerebral, subdural, and epidural hematomas were lower for this series than for series that preceded computed tomography. Because of the availability of computed tomography, there was an 84% reduction in arteriography, 58% reduction in surgical intervention, and a 24% reduction in skull radiography.", "contents": "Cranial computed tomography in diagnosis and management of acute head trauma. Review of the computed tomographic findings in 286 patients with acute craniocerebral trauma revealed several types of lesions: hemorrhagic contusion, intracerebral and extracerebral hematomas, general and focal cerebral swelling, and shearing injury of the cerebral white matter. Hemorrhagic contusions are the most frequent lesion and may result in focal neurologic deficits. General cerebral swelling occurs frequently in children and necessitates prompt medical management for complete recovery. Mortality rates for intracerebral, subdural, and epidural hematomas were lower for this series than for series that preceded computed tomography. Because of the availability of computed tomography, there was an 84% reduction in arteriography, 58% reduction in surgical intervention, and a 24% reduction in skull radiography.", "PMID": 97980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3002", "title": "Computed tomography in patients with cerebrovascular disease: impact of a new technology on patient care.", "content": "The medical care of 157 patients with suspected cerebrovascular disease was analyzed to assess the impact of the new technology, computed tomography (CT) of the brain, on the care of these patients. A cohort of patients admitted before installation of CT was compared to two cohorts admitted after installation of CT. Length of hospital stay, speed of diagnostic workup, treatment, and discharge plans were not significantly different. Discharge diagnoses were more specific after installation of CT. Lumbar punctures and radionuclide brain scans were used less frequently, but utilization of other diagnostic studies was unchanged. Aggregate charges for diagnostic procedures actually increased in both after-CT groups. In this study, addition of CT to the neurodiagnostic armamentarium resulted in little demonstrable improvement in the care of these patients with cerebrovascular disease but did increase the cost of evaluation. This is unlike the situation for patients with brain tumors, where CT was shown to improve care while not increasing cost. These results may help guide the use of CT by physicians caring for patients with cerebrovascular disease and suggest that health planners not use all patients with cerebrovascular disease in estimating need for CT.", "contents": "Computed tomography in patients with cerebrovascular disease: impact of a new technology on patient care. The medical care of 157 patients with suspected cerebrovascular disease was analyzed to assess the impact of the new technology, computed tomography (CT) of the brain, on the care of these patients. A cohort of patients admitted before installation of CT was compared to two cohorts admitted after installation of CT. Length of hospital stay, speed of diagnostic workup, treatment, and discharge plans were not significantly different. Discharge diagnoses were more specific after installation of CT. Lumbar punctures and radionuclide brain scans were used less frequently, but utilization of other diagnostic studies was unchanged. Aggregate charges for diagnostic procedures actually increased in both after-CT groups. In this study, addition of CT to the neurodiagnostic armamentarium resulted in little demonstrable improvement in the care of these patients with cerebrovascular disease but did increase the cost of evaluation. This is unlike the situation for patients with brain tumors, where CT was shown to improve care while not increasing cost. These results may help guide the use of CT by physicians caring for patients with cerebrovascular disease and suggest that health planners not use all patients with cerebrovascular disease in estimating need for CT.", "PMID": 97981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3003", "title": "Impact of computed tomography on the care of patients with suspected hydrocephalus.", "content": "To assess the impact of computed tomography (CT) on patient care, a cohort of patients with suspected hydrocephalus admitted before installation of CT was compared to a similar cohort admitted after installation of CT. The after CT cohort used significantly fewer pneumoencephalograms and radionuclide brain scans. The average cost of neurodiagnostic evaluation was 22% less after CT. However, speed of workup, therapy, institution of therapy, discharge plans, and discharge diagnoses were not different for the two cohorts. We conclude that CT has made the diagnostic evaluation of patients who otherwise would have required pneumoencephalography for suspected hydrocephalus less expensive and less hazardous.", "contents": "Impact of computed tomography on the care of patients with suspected hydrocephalus. To assess the impact of computed tomography (CT) on patient care, a cohort of patients with suspected hydrocephalus admitted before installation of CT was compared to a similar cohort admitted after installation of CT. The after CT cohort used significantly fewer pneumoencephalograms and radionuclide brain scans. The average cost of neurodiagnostic evaluation was 22% less after CT. However, speed of workup, therapy, institution of therapy, discharge plans, and discharge diagnoses were not different for the two cohorts. We conclude that CT has made the diagnostic evaluation of patients who otherwise would have required pneumoencephalography for suspected hydrocephalus less expensive and less hazardous.", "PMID": 97982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3004", "title": "Efficacy of computed tomography of the head in changing patient care and health costs: a retrospective study.", "content": "Detailed analysis of all neurologic and neurosurgical admissions at Johns Hopkins Hospital for 6 months prior to the second 6 months after installation of a CT head scanner was undertaken in an attempt to identify the effect CT had on health care decisions, costs, and morbidity. Data showed decreased cost of more than $2,000 per patient and shorter length of stay by 7 days in patients with extracerebral collections, and more than $2,500 and 8 days reduction in patients with tumors after CT was in use. A group matched by computer for age, diagnosis, and physician showed decreased costs of more than $2,000 and shortened stay by more than 3 days per hospitalization. Increased costs were shown in patients with cerebrovascular disease after CT. Change in method of workup with fewer invasive studies for all patients (P less than .001) and significant increases in cost of diagnostic workup were demonstrated (P less than .001). There was no change in morbidity and mortality between the two groups. These data suggest that CT of the head may reduce cost and length of hospitalization in certain patient groups and frequently alters patient workup.", "contents": "Efficacy of computed tomography of the head in changing patient care and health costs: a retrospective study. Detailed analysis of all neurologic and neurosurgical admissions at Johns Hopkins Hospital for 6 months prior to the second 6 months after installation of a CT head scanner was undertaken in an attempt to identify the effect CT had on health care decisions, costs, and morbidity. Data showed decreased cost of more than $2,000 per patient and shorter length of stay by 7 days in patients with extracerebral collections, and more than $2,500 and 8 days reduction in patients with tumors after CT was in use. A group matched by computer for age, diagnosis, and physician showed decreased costs of more than $2,000 and shortened stay by more than 3 days per hospitalization. Increased costs were shown in patients with cerebrovascular disease after CT. Change in method of workup with fewer invasive studies for all patients (P less than .001) and significant increases in cost of diagnostic workup were demonstrated (P less than .001). There was no change in morbidity and mortality between the two groups. These data suggest that CT of the head may reduce cost and length of hospitalization in certain patient groups and frequently alters patient workup.", "PMID": 97983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3005", "title": "Clinical efficacy of computed body tomography.", "content": "A method for assessing the effect of computed body tomography on diagnostic understanding and therapeutic decision making is described and the results in the first 184 patients are presented. The patients' referring physicians provided the primary data used for the evaluation. CT improved diagnostic understanding in 41% of patients, reassured the physician about previously planned therapy in 43%, contributed to a change in therapy in 17%, and improved precision of previously planned treatment in an additional 10%. CT contributed to a decision not to perform surgery in 21% of patients in whom an operation had been provisionally planned While CT can play an important role in patient management, its measured value depends on the clinical problems investigated and the level of efficacy on which it is judged.", "contents": "Clinical efficacy of computed body tomography. A method for assessing the effect of computed body tomography on diagnostic understanding and therapeutic decision making is described and the results in the first 184 patients are presented. The patients' referring physicians provided the primary data used for the evaluation. CT improved diagnostic understanding in 41% of patients, reassured the physician about previously planned therapy in 43%, contributed to a change in therapy in 17%, and improved precision of previously planned treatment in an additional 10%. CT contributed to a decision not to perform surgery in 21% of patients in whom an operation had been provisionally planned While CT can play an important role in patient management, its measured value depends on the clinical problems investigated and the level of efficacy on which it is judged.", "PMID": 97984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3006", "title": "Comparison of computed and conventional whole lung tomography in detecting pulmonary nodules: a prospective radiologic-pathologic study.", "content": "Whole lung computed tomography (CT) was performed on 25 patients with clinical diagnoses including osteogenic sarcoma. Ewing's sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and melanoma in whom conventional tomography had revealed from one to four parenchymal nodules in one lung deemed resectable for either staging or treatment purposes. Thoracotomy was performed within 3 weeks after conventional and computed whole lung tomography. All palpable nodules were resected, measured at the time of surgery, mapped by anatomic segment, and submitted for individual histologic evaluation. CT defined more nodules than conventional tomography in 48% of cases. The additional nodules were usually pleural or subpleural and 3--6 mn in diameter. CT identified 78% of all resected nodules greater than 3 mm in diameter, compared to 59% using conventional tomography. CT was also of value in detecting bilateral nodules earlier than conventional tomography and in documenting small nodule growth on successive examination. However, 60% of the additional nodules defined by CT and resected proved to be benign granulomas and pleural-based nodes at thoracotomy.", "contents": "Comparison of computed and conventional whole lung tomography in detecting pulmonary nodules: a prospective radiologic-pathologic study. Whole lung computed tomography (CT) was performed on 25 patients with clinical diagnoses including osteogenic sarcoma. Ewing's sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and melanoma in whom conventional tomography had revealed from one to four parenchymal nodules in one lung deemed resectable for either staging or treatment purposes. Thoracotomy was performed within 3 weeks after conventional and computed whole lung tomography. All palpable nodules were resected, measured at the time of surgery, mapped by anatomic segment, and submitted for individual histologic evaluation. CT defined more nodules than conventional tomography in 48% of cases. The additional nodules were usually pleural or subpleural and 3--6 mn in diameter. CT identified 78% of all resected nodules greater than 3 mm in diameter, compared to 59% using conventional tomography. CT was also of value in detecting bilateral nodules earlier than conventional tomography and in documenting small nodule growth on successive examination. However, 60% of the additional nodules defined by CT and resected proved to be benign granulomas and pleural-based nodes at thoracotomy.", "PMID": 97985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3007", "title": "Computed tomography of musculoskeletal disorders.", "content": "The utility of computed tomography (CT) in evaluation of musculoskeletal disorders was assessed in 55 selected patients. CT provided unique information leading to a correct diagnosis in 45% of cases. In 78% the extent of a lesion was more clearly defined than on conventional imaging procedures, and in the same percentage the CT findings were used to plan optimal therapy. CT was most useful in demonstrating absence of a suspected mass lesion and in defining the full extent of a lesion involving the soft tissues.", "contents": "Computed tomography of musculoskeletal disorders. The utility of computed tomography (CT) in evaluation of musculoskeletal disorders was assessed in 55 selected patients. CT provided unique information leading to a correct diagnosis in 45% of cases. In 78% the extent of a lesion was more clearly defined than on conventional imaging procedures, and in the same percentage the CT findings were used to plan optimal therapy. CT was most useful in demonstrating absence of a suspected mass lesion and in defining the full extent of a lesion involving the soft tissues.", "PMID": 97986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3008", "title": "Value of computed tomography in radiotherapy of lung cancer.", "content": "The effectiveness of CT scanning in radiotherapeutic treatment planning was evaluated in 32 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. CT of the chest in pretreatment evaluation of these patients supplemented conventional clinical and radiographic patients supplemented conventional clinical and radiographic studies, resulting in (1) more clear delineation of tumor extent in 24 patients (75%); (2) change in assessment of the size of lesions in 14 patients (43%); (3) change of disease stage in 13 (40%); (4) demonstration of inadequacy of treatment plan in nine (28%); and (5) changes in the volume of normal tissue irradiated in 14 (40%). CT scan data was judged essential for treatment planning in 17 patients studied (53%). Unsuspected areas of tumor involvement were seen in 21 patients (65%). Use of the CT scan as a patient contour for radiotherapy treatment planning of lung cancer and alternative techniques are discussed.", "contents": "Value of computed tomography in radiotherapy of lung cancer. The effectiveness of CT scanning in radiotherapeutic treatment planning was evaluated in 32 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. CT of the chest in pretreatment evaluation of these patients supplemented conventional clinical and radiographic patients supplemented conventional clinical and radiographic studies, resulting in (1) more clear delineation of tumor extent in 24 patients (75%); (2) change in assessment of the size of lesions in 14 patients (43%); (3) change of disease stage in 13 (40%); (4) demonstration of inadequacy of treatment plan in nine (28%); and (5) changes in the volume of normal tissue irradiated in 14 (40%). CT scan data was judged essential for treatment planning in 17 patients studied (53%). Unsuspected areas of tumor involvement were seen in 21 patients (65%). Use of the CT scan as a patient contour for radiotherapy treatment planning of lung cancer and alternative techniques are discussed.", "PMID": 97987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3009", "title": "Contribution of computed tomography to the treatment of lymphomas.", "content": "The effectiveness of computed body tomography (CT) in the workup, treatment planning, and follow-up of 38 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 59 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was analyzed. CT scanning can frequently define lymphoma in the retroperitoneum, and occasionally in mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. These data are useful for staging, for radiotherapy treatment planning, and in monitoring response to radiotherapy or chemotherapy. CT was found to be particularly useful in patients with large mediastinal masses. Analysis of patterns of intrathoracic spread allowed modification of treatment techniques in 60% of patients with spread along the chest wall, in order to reduce the volume of normal tissue irradiated, while obtaining adequate dose distributions within the tumor volume. It is anticipated that chest CT scanning in lymphoma patients will lead to improved tumor control and reduction of radiation complications.", "contents": "Contribution of computed tomography to the treatment of lymphomas. The effectiveness of computed body tomography (CT) in the workup, treatment planning, and follow-up of 38 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 59 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was analyzed. CT scanning can frequently define lymphoma in the retroperitoneum, and occasionally in mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. These data are useful for staging, for radiotherapy treatment planning, and in monitoring response to radiotherapy or chemotherapy. CT was found to be particularly useful in patients with large mediastinal masses. Analysis of patterns of intrathoracic spread allowed modification of treatment techniques in 60% of patients with spread along the chest wall, in order to reduce the volume of normal tissue irradiated, while obtaining adequate dose distributions within the tumor volume. It is anticipated that chest CT scanning in lymphoma patients will lead to improved tumor control and reduction of radiation complications.", "PMID": 97988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3010", "title": "Efficacy of CT-assisted two dimensional treatment planning: analysis of 45 patients.", "content": "A method is presented for quantitatively assessing the impact of CT assistance in treatment planning for radiation therapy. A three-phased analysis of treatment plans for 45 patients was undertaken. Nonuniformity and local efficiency of dose delivered were compared without and with the utilization of CT information. Good agreement between the objective assessment of treatment plans and independent subjective optimization of the plans by a radiotherapist support the validity of this technique. On the basis of nonuniformity of dose, 31 of the 45 cases were planned more poorly in the absence of CT information. The addition of CT information permitted optimization by the physician in 25 of the 45 patients. Twenty-three of these showed improved local efficiency (92%). This study indicates that measurable improvements in treatment plans are available by taking advantage of CT information. These were greatest in the brain, lung, and retroperitoneum in this small group of patients.", "contents": "Efficacy of CT-assisted two dimensional treatment planning: analysis of 45 patients. A method is presented for quantitatively assessing the impact of CT assistance in treatment planning for radiation therapy. A three-phased analysis of treatment plans for 45 patients was undertaken. Nonuniformity and local efficiency of dose delivered were compared without and with the utilization of CT information. Good agreement between the objective assessment of treatment plans and independent subjective optimization of the plans by a radiotherapist support the validity of this technique. On the basis of nonuniformity of dose, 31 of the 45 cases were planned more poorly in the absence of CT information. The addition of CT information permitted optimization by the physician in 25 of the 45 patients. Twenty-three of these showed improved local efficiency (92%). This study indicates that measurable improvements in treatment plans are available by taking advantage of CT information. These were greatest in the brain, lung, and retroperitoneum in this small group of patients.", "PMID": 97989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3011", "title": "Computed tomography: cost and efficacy implications.", "content": "Because CT is unique, it has been accepted by physicians with unrestrained enthusiasm. However, the capital investment and cost of maintenance are high, and there has been no orderly program of dispersion despite the profound interest of the regulatory agencies in cost containment. Although the diagnostic accuracy of CT in both the head and body is high, its information gain over other competing imaging methods, particularly those in the abdomen (ultrasound, nuclear medicine), has not been fully documented. In evaluating the cost effectiveness of CT, long-term outcome, while the most important criterion, requires carefully controlled studies over many years. Short-term value may be measured by assessing the degree to which CT furnishes new diagnostic information, its accuracy, its effect on the morbidity and mortality of diagnostic and theraupeutic procedures, its impact on treatment planning, and changes in cost and saving incident to its use. Prospective studies must relate the contribution of CT to that of competing methods and document the impact of additional diagnostic information.", "contents": "Computed tomography: cost and efficacy implications. Because CT is unique, it has been accepted by physicians with unrestrained enthusiasm. However, the capital investment and cost of maintenance are high, and there has been no orderly program of dispersion despite the profound interest of the regulatory agencies in cost containment. Although the diagnostic accuracy of CT in both the head and body is high, its information gain over other competing imaging methods, particularly those in the abdomen (ultrasound, nuclear medicine), has not been fully documented. In evaluating the cost effectiveness of CT, long-term outcome, while the most important criterion, requires carefully controlled studies over many years. Short-term value may be measured by assessing the degree to which CT furnishes new diagnostic information, its accuracy, its effect on the morbidity and mortality of diagnostic and theraupeutic procedures, its impact on treatment planning, and changes in cost and saving incident to its use. Prospective studies must relate the contribution of CT to that of competing methods and document the impact of additional diagnostic information.", "PMID": 97990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3012", "title": "Efficiency of utilization of a computed tomography scanner.", "content": "Efficient utilization of diagnostically effective but expensive computed tomography (CT) brain scanners requires understanding of time factors influencing patient throughput. In a study at UCLA Medical Center using an EMI Mark I brain scanner, the average number of patients studied was 16.3 per 15.5 hr workday, for an average of 52.7 min per patient. Of the patients, 51.5% were inpatients at UCLA, 45% received intravenous iodinated constrast infusion, and 33% had studies showing significant abnormalities. The x-ray tube was on 51.1% of the time the scanner facility was open, with scanning averaging 34.6 min per patient. The average number of images obtained was 10.4 per patient at 3.4 min per image. Patient handling, including contrast infusion, accounted for an additional 16.2 min per patient or 34.4% of the total time utilization. Anesthesia lengthened the procedure by 1 hr but was needed in only 4.5% of the cases. Flexible scheduling was essential, since 14% of the patients failed to keep their appointments or had their studies cancelled. These timing data suggest that the faster, more expensive CT scanners being introduced, while having diagnostic advantage for body scanning, will not significantly decrease cost per patient when used for brain scanning compared with the first generation machine studied.", "contents": "Efficiency of utilization of a computed tomography scanner. Efficient utilization of diagnostically effective but expensive computed tomography (CT) brain scanners requires understanding of time factors influencing patient throughput. In a study at UCLA Medical Center using an EMI Mark I brain scanner, the average number of patients studied was 16.3 per 15.5 hr workday, for an average of 52.7 min per patient. Of the patients, 51.5% were inpatients at UCLA, 45% received intravenous iodinated constrast infusion, and 33% had studies showing significant abnormalities. The x-ray tube was on 51.1% of the time the scanner facility was open, with scanning averaging 34.6 min per patient. The average number of images obtained was 10.4 per patient at 3.4 min per image. Patient handling, including contrast infusion, accounted for an additional 16.2 min per patient or 34.4% of the total time utilization. Anesthesia lengthened the procedure by 1 hr but was needed in only 4.5% of the cases. Flexible scheduling was essential, since 14% of the patients failed to keep their appointments or had their studies cancelled. These timing data suggest that the faster, more expensive CT scanners being introduced, while having diagnostic advantage for body scanning, will not significantly decrease cost per patient when used for brain scanning compared with the first generation machine studied.", "PMID": 97991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3013", "title": "Computed tomographic scanning in children: comparison of radiation dose and resolving power of commercial CT scanners.", "content": "Surface and internal radiation doses for abdominal computed tomography (CT) of children were determined using child-sized phantoms and seven models of CT body scanners. Resolving power of each scanner was determined simultaneously with the radiation dose determination. The average surface skin dose for a complete CT body examination ranged from 0.39 to 5.60 rad, varying with patient size and model of CT scanner employed. A high contrast (12%) resolving power phantom of water-filled holes in acrylic showed a range of 1.75--2.25 mm.", "contents": "Computed tomographic scanning in children: comparison of radiation dose and resolving power of commercial CT scanners. Surface and internal radiation doses for abdominal computed tomography (CT) of children were determined using child-sized phantoms and seven models of CT body scanners. Resolving power of each scanner was determined simultaneously with the radiation dose determination. The average surface skin dose for a complete CT body examination ranged from 0.39 to 5.60 rad, varying with patient size and model of CT scanner employed. A high contrast (12%) resolving power phantom of water-filled holes in acrylic showed a range of 1.75--2.25 mm.", "PMID": 97992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3014", "title": "Fluoroscopically guided thin needle aspiration biopsy of the abdomen and retroperitoneum.", "content": "The results of 49 transabdominal and translumbar thin needle percutaneous aspiration biopsies in patients suspected of having malignant disease are reported. A correct diagnosis was obtained in 40 cases. Placement of the Chiba needle was accomplished by fluoroscopically controlled biplane radiography during constrast examinations. No complications were encountered. The technique allows cytologic diagnosis of malignancy without high risk exploratory surgery, prolonged hospitalization, or delay of treatment. Use of fluoroscopic needle guidance and biplane radiography for confirmation of position using various contrast examinations as markers is felt to be superior to either CT or ultrasound. The technique is readily available in all radiology departments.", "contents": "Fluoroscopically guided thin needle aspiration biopsy of the abdomen and retroperitoneum. The results of 49 transabdominal and translumbar thin needle percutaneous aspiration biopsies in patients suspected of having malignant disease are reported. A correct diagnosis was obtained in 40 cases. Placement of the Chiba needle was accomplished by fluoroscopically controlled biplane radiography during constrast examinations. No complications were encountered. The technique allows cytologic diagnosis of malignancy without high risk exploratory surgery, prolonged hospitalization, or delay of treatment. Use of fluoroscopic needle guidance and biplane radiography for confirmation of position using various contrast examinations as markers is felt to be superior to either CT or ultrasound. The technique is readily available in all radiology departments.", "PMID": 97993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3015", "title": "Association of antral diaphragms and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "content": "In a 2 year period at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, seven human infants and a baby orangutan all presented with a previously unreported association of a prepyloric membrane and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. In the humans, the pyloric stenosis was the obstructive lesion, and in the orangutan, the web. We also report a 6-year-old patient with previous pyloromyotomy who presented because of prolonged retention of a marble in the stomach by an associated antral membrane.", "contents": "Association of antral diaphragms and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. In a 2 year period at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, seven human infants and a baby orangutan all presented with a previously unreported association of a prepyloric membrane and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. In the humans, the pyloric stenosis was the obstructive lesion, and in the orangutan, the web. We also report a 6-year-old patient with previous pyloromyotomy who presented because of prolonged retention of a marble in the stomach by an associated antral membrane.", "PMID": 97994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3016", "title": "Double contrast barium enema in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Double contrast barium enema examinations in 24 patients with Crohn's disease of the colon and 29 patients with ulcerative colitis were reviewed without knowledge of the clinical diagnosis. The radiologic diagnosis of Crohn's disease agreed with the clinical diagnosis in 98% of patients. In this condition the most common radiologic findings were discontinuous or asymmetric disease (88%) and discrete ulcers (67%) often on a normal mucosa. The latter are characteristic of early Crohn's disease and may enable the radiologist to be the first to suggest the diagnosis, particularly when both sigmoidoscopy and small bowel examination are normal. Of the patients with ulcerative colitis, a positive radiologic diagnosis was made in 83% on the basis of a granular mucosal pattern (79%) and continuous distal involvement (86%). The high accuracy of the double contrast technique, especially in Crohn's disease, and the relative specificity of the signs that it can demonstrate suggest that this is the preferred examination in the radiologic evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "Double contrast barium enema in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Double contrast barium enema examinations in 24 patients with Crohn's disease of the colon and 29 patients with ulcerative colitis were reviewed without knowledge of the clinical diagnosis. The radiologic diagnosis of Crohn's disease agreed with the clinical diagnosis in 98% of patients. In this condition the most common radiologic findings were discontinuous or asymmetric disease (88%) and discrete ulcers (67%) often on a normal mucosa. The latter are characteristic of early Crohn's disease and may enable the radiologist to be the first to suggest the diagnosis, particularly when both sigmoidoscopy and small bowel examination are normal. Of the patients with ulcerative colitis, a positive radiologic diagnosis was made in 83% on the basis of a granular mucosal pattern (79%) and continuous distal involvement (86%). The high accuracy of the double contrast technique, especially in Crohn's disease, and the relative specificity of the signs that it can demonstrate suggest that this is the preferred examination in the radiologic evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease.", "PMID": 97995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3017", "title": "Malignant fistulae of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Internal malignant fistulae of the gastrointestinal tract involving two or more loops of different segments of the bowel are rare. The colon is frequently one of the participating loops. Observations on four such cases indicate that the fistulous tract connecting the two bowel loops is usually linear, somewhat wide, and does not produce significant approximation of the bowel loops involved. These radiographic features help to differentiate such fistulae from the benign type.", "contents": "Malignant fistulae of the gastrointestinal tract. Internal malignant fistulae of the gastrointestinal tract involving two or more loops of different segments of the bowel are rare. The colon is frequently one of the participating loops. Observations on four such cases indicate that the fistulous tract connecting the two bowel loops is usually linear, somewhat wide, and does not produce significant approximation of the bowel loops involved. These radiographic features help to differentiate such fistulae from the benign type.", "PMID": 97996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3018", "title": "Air in gallbladder: a frequent finding in gallstone ileus.", "content": "A retrospective assessment of the presence of air in the biliary tract is presented, based on plain film findings in 16 proven cases of gallstone ileus. In addition to five cases that demonstrated air in the biliary radicles, four cases exhibited air exclusively in the gallbladder and duodenal bulb. A clearly identifiable radiographic appearance composed of two adjacent small air-fluid levels in the right upper quadrant is described. This radiographic feature represents the air- and fluid-filled duodenal cap adjacent to the visualized shrunken gallbladder. Recognition of this combination of findings helps in establishing a prompt preoperative diagnosis in cases of gallstone ileus.", "contents": "Air in gallbladder: a frequent finding in gallstone ileus. A retrospective assessment of the presence of air in the biliary tract is presented, based on plain film findings in 16 proven cases of gallstone ileus. In addition to five cases that demonstrated air in the biliary radicles, four cases exhibited air exclusively in the gallbladder and duodenal bulb. A clearly identifiable radiographic appearance composed of two adjacent small air-fluid levels in the right upper quadrant is described. This radiographic feature represents the air- and fluid-filled duodenal cap adjacent to the visualized shrunken gallbladder. Recognition of this combination of findings helps in establishing a prompt preoperative diagnosis in cases of gallstone ileus.", "PMID": 97997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3019", "title": "Gallstones: in vitro comparison of physical, radiographic, and ultrasonic characteristics.", "content": "An in vitro study of 30 gallstones was undertaken in which radiographic, ultrasonic, and physical characteristics were compared. Stones greater than 1 mm in diameter were consistently visualized in vitro using higher frequency transducers, lower intensities, and simple sector scanning techniques in different planes. All stones greater than 3 mm demonstrated consistent posterior acoustic shadowing, similarly facilitated by use of these techniques. The demonstration of posterior acoustic shadowing does not relate to the calcium content, shape, surface characteristics, or specific gravity of the stone.", "contents": "Gallstones: in vitro comparison of physical, radiographic, and ultrasonic characteristics. An in vitro study of 30 gallstones was undertaken in which radiographic, ultrasonic, and physical characteristics were compared. Stones greater than 1 mm in diameter were consistently visualized in vitro using higher frequency transducers, lower intensities, and simple sector scanning techniques in different planes. All stones greater than 3 mm demonstrated consistent posterior acoustic shadowing, similarly facilitated by use of these techniques. The demonstration of posterior acoustic shadowing does not relate to the calcium content, shape, surface characteristics, or specific gravity of the stone.", "PMID": 97998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3020", "title": "Surgical and pathologic correlation of cholecystosonography and cholecystography.", "content": "To define the accuracy of varying ultrasonic patterns in the diagnosis of gallstones, the records of 145 patients with ultrasound examination of the gallbladder prior to cholecystectomy were reviewed. Three abnormal scan categories were established: category 1--shadowing opacities that move with gravity within the gallbladder lumen; category 2--nonvisualization of the gallbladder lumen; and category 3--nonshadowing opacities within the gallbladder lumen. The accuracy of these criteria for gallstone diagnosis was found to be 100%, 96%, and 61%, respectively. Overall accuracy was 96% for gallbladder disease, with a 4% false negative rate. Oral cholecystography demonstrated an accuracy of 93% in this series. A preoperative ultrasound diagnosis of gallstones should probably be limited to category 1 and 2 appearances only.", "contents": "Surgical and pathologic correlation of cholecystosonography and cholecystography. To define the accuracy of varying ultrasonic patterns in the diagnosis of gallstones, the records of 145 patients with ultrasound examination of the gallbladder prior to cholecystectomy were reviewed. Three abnormal scan categories were established: category 1--shadowing opacities that move with gravity within the gallbladder lumen; category 2--nonvisualization of the gallbladder lumen; and category 3--nonshadowing opacities within the gallbladder lumen. The accuracy of these criteria for gallstone diagnosis was found to be 100%, 96%, and 61%, respectively. Overall accuracy was 96% for gallbladder disease, with a 4% false negative rate. Oral cholecystography demonstrated an accuracy of 93% in this series. A preoperative ultrasound diagnosis of gallstones should probably be limited to category 1 and 2 appearances only.", "PMID": 97999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3021", "title": "Prone view ultrasonography for pancreatic tail neoplasms.", "content": "Ultrasonography was performed in the prone and supine positions in six patients with neoplasms in the tail of the pancreas. The masses were either not apparent (three cases) or less well visualized on the supine scans. The value and indications of the prone position in the ultrasonic evaluation of masses in this portion of the pancreas are documented. Prone scanning is particularly useful when malignant ascites interferes with pancreatic visualization in the supine position.", "contents": "Prone view ultrasonography for pancreatic tail neoplasms. Ultrasonography was performed in the prone and supine positions in six patients with neoplasms in the tail of the pancreas. The masses were either not apparent (three cases) or less well visualized on the supine scans. The value and indications of the prone position in the ultrasonic evaluation of masses in this portion of the pancreas are documented. Prone scanning is particularly useful when malignant ascites interferes with pancreatic visualization in the supine position.", "PMID": 98000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3022", "title": "Ultrasonography of primary cysts of the liver.", "content": "Primary liver cysts may cause diagnostic uncertainty when evaluated by conventional means. Ten cases of simple or multiple cysts unassociated with polycystic renal disease were studied. Ultrasonography was demonstrated to be the most accurate technique for visualizing these lesions and establishing their cystic nature.", "contents": "Ultrasonography of primary cysts of the liver. Primary liver cysts may cause diagnostic uncertainty when evaluated by conventional means. Ten cases of simple or multiple cysts unassociated with polycystic renal disease were studied. Ultrasonography was demonstrated to be the most accurate technique for visualizing these lesions and establishing their cystic nature.", "PMID": 98001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3023", "title": "Ventilation-perfusion scans in neonatal regional pulmonary emphysema complicating ventilatory assistance.", "content": "Two cases of ventilator-related neonatal lobar overexpansion with similar radiographic appearance, but probably different pathogenesis, are presented. In one infant, persistent interstitial lobar emphysema was confirmed by markedly decreased perfusion shown on scintigraphy; this information was of great value in predicting the beneficial effect of lobectomy. In the other case, ventilation and perfusion scans indicated functional value of the emphysematous lobe and correctly suggested conservative management. Radioisotope lung scans may provide valuable information regarding lung function in regional pulmonary emphysema associated with assisted ventilation in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and thus determine patient management.", "contents": "Ventilation-perfusion scans in neonatal regional pulmonary emphysema complicating ventilatory assistance. Two cases of ventilator-related neonatal lobar overexpansion with similar radiographic appearance, but probably different pathogenesis, are presented. In one infant, persistent interstitial lobar emphysema was confirmed by markedly decreased perfusion shown on scintigraphy; this information was of great value in predicting the beneficial effect of lobectomy. In the other case, ventilation and perfusion scans indicated functional value of the emphysematous lobe and correctly suggested conservative management. Radioisotope lung scans may provide valuable information regarding lung function in regional pulmonary emphysema associated with assisted ventilation in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and thus determine patient management.", "PMID": 98002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3024", "title": "Detection accuracy in chest radiography.", "content": "The detection accuracy of the diagnostic radiologist is important in everyday medical decision making. However, little work has been done relating the detection accuracy of the radiologist to the quality of the image. This study, using a thorax and lung phantom, simulated tissue-equivalent 6.4 mm lesions, and a 183 cm source-to-image distance, shows that the detection accuracy is not dependent on the focal spot size (over a range of 0.3-2.0 mm). However, the false positive rate increases when using small focal spots. In addition, the detection accuracy decreases with increasing root-mean-square (RMS) noise (a measure of the amount of quantum mottle in the image), while the false positive rate and intraobserver disagreement increase with increasing RMS noise. It is also shown that the nonradiologist responds to changes in noise in exactly the same way as the radiologist.", "contents": "Detection accuracy in chest radiography. The detection accuracy of the diagnostic radiologist is important in everyday medical decision making. However, little work has been done relating the detection accuracy of the radiologist to the quality of the image. This study, using a thorax and lung phantom, simulated tissue-equivalent 6.4 mm lesions, and a 183 cm source-to-image distance, shows that the detection accuracy is not dependent on the focal spot size (over a range of 0.3-2.0 mm). However, the false positive rate increases when using small focal spots. In addition, the detection accuracy decreases with increasing root-mean-square (RMS) noise (a measure of the amount of quantum mottle in the image), while the false positive rate and intraobserver disagreement increase with increasing RMS noise. It is also shown that the nonradiologist responds to changes in noise in exactly the same way as the radiologist.", "PMID": 98003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3025", "title": "Bronchography in the recognition of congenital cystic bronchiectasis.", "content": "Congenital cystic bronchiectasis is an uncommon disease. Most of the reported cases have been in infants and young children. This paper presents four cases of older children and younger adults who had congenital cystic bronchiectasis. Distribution of the disease is lobar or may even involve an entire lung. Bronchography plays an important role in the diagnosis of congenital cystic bronchiectasis. The three important bronchographic signs of congenital cystic bronchiectasis are: (1) absence of contrast filling of the bronchial glands duct; (2) contrast filling of numerous cysts which communicate directly with the bronchial tree; and (3) nonvisualization of normal lung parenchyma within the area of involvement.", "contents": "Bronchography in the recognition of congenital cystic bronchiectasis. Congenital cystic bronchiectasis is an uncommon disease. Most of the reported cases have been in infants and young children. This paper presents four cases of older children and younger adults who had congenital cystic bronchiectasis. Distribution of the disease is lobar or may even involve an entire lung. Bronchography plays an important role in the diagnosis of congenital cystic bronchiectasis. The three important bronchographic signs of congenital cystic bronchiectasis are: (1) absence of contrast filling of the bronchial glands duct; (2) contrast filling of numerous cysts which communicate directly with the bronchial tree; and (3) nonvisualization of normal lung parenchyma within the area of involvement.", "PMID": 98004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3026", "title": "Laryngocele.", "content": "Laryngocele occurs more commonly than the literature indicates. Until recently, most were diagnosed clinically in the symptomatic patient. Although laryngocele is usually asymptomatic, greater numbers are being diagnosed because more patients suspected of head and neck cancer are undergoing sophisticated diagnostic radiographic procedures. Of 2,068 patients studied at M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute for suspected laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer, 87 (4.2%) had laryngoceles. Three types of laryngocele are recognized: internal, external, and combined. They may be congenital or acquired and occur at any age. The coexistence of carcinoma and laryngocele has been discussed often enough in the literature to suggest a direct relationship; however, this series yielded no substantive evidence to implicate laryngocele as a precursor of carcinoma. The radiographic procedures currently used which readily establish the presence of laryngoceles are lateral soft tissue radiography of the neck, anteroposterior tomography of the larynx, and contrast laryngography.", "contents": "Laryngocele. Laryngocele occurs more commonly than the literature indicates. Until recently, most were diagnosed clinically in the symptomatic patient. Although laryngocele is usually asymptomatic, greater numbers are being diagnosed because more patients suspected of head and neck cancer are undergoing sophisticated diagnostic radiographic procedures. Of 2,068 patients studied at M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute for suspected laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer, 87 (4.2%) had laryngoceles. Three types of laryngocele are recognized: internal, external, and combined. They may be congenital or acquired and occur at any age. The coexistence of carcinoma and laryngocele has been discussed often enough in the literature to suggest a direct relationship; however, this series yielded no substantive evidence to implicate laryngocele as a precursor of carcinoma. The radiographic procedures currently used which readily establish the presence of laryngoceles are lateral soft tissue radiography of the neck, anteroposterior tomography of the larynx, and contrast laryngography.", "PMID": 98005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3027", "title": "Benign pneumoperitoneum following median sternotomy incision.", "content": "Because of the close anatomic relationship of the pericardium, diaphragm, and peritoneal cavity, a benign pneumoperitoneum may occur following median sternotomy incision and cardiac surgery. The pneumoperitoneum results from inadvertent opening of the peritoneal cavity during the initial surgical incision or during the subsequent cardiac surgery. It is generally of no significance to the patient, although it must be distinguished from pneumoperitoneum occuring secondary to intraabdominal pathology or to retrograde dissection of extraalveolar air in patients on ventilatory support. Two illustrative cases are presented.", "contents": "Benign pneumoperitoneum following median sternotomy incision. Because of the close anatomic relationship of the pericardium, diaphragm, and peritoneal cavity, a benign pneumoperitoneum may occur following median sternotomy incision and cardiac surgery. The pneumoperitoneum results from inadvertent opening of the peritoneal cavity during the initial surgical incision or during the subsequent cardiac surgery. It is generally of no significance to the patient, although it must be distinguished from pneumoperitoneum occuring secondary to intraabdominal pathology or to retrograde dissection of extraalveolar air in patients on ventilatory support. Two illustrative cases are presented.", "PMID": 98006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3028", "title": "Radiographic spectrum of pleuropulmonary tularemia.", "content": "Pleuropulmonary disease was seen in 50 of 62 patients (81%) with proven tularemia. Radiographic findings included patchy subsegmental air space opacities (74%), hilar lymphadenopathy (32%), and pleural effusion (30%). Less common manifestations were air space opacification of an entire lobe or segment, cavitation, oval opacities, pericardial effusion, linear opacities and septal lines, apical and miliary disease resembling tuberculosis, a mediastinal mass, empyema with bronchopleural fistula, and residual cystic changes, calcification, and fibrosis. Pleuropulmonary tularemia may be easily misdiagnosed as other infectious diseases, neoplastic diseases, and occasionally cardiac or other pericardial disease. It should be considered whenever patients from endemic areas present a perplexing radiographic and clinical picture. Such patients should have the benefit of a serologic examination for tularemia, since this disease may be effectively controlled with appropriate antibiotics.", "contents": "Radiographic spectrum of pleuropulmonary tularemia. Pleuropulmonary disease was seen in 50 of 62 patients (81%) with proven tularemia. Radiographic findings included patchy subsegmental air space opacities (74%), hilar lymphadenopathy (32%), and pleural effusion (30%). Less common manifestations were air space opacification of an entire lobe or segment, cavitation, oval opacities, pericardial effusion, linear opacities and septal lines, apical and miliary disease resembling tuberculosis, a mediastinal mass, empyema with bronchopleural fistula, and residual cystic changes, calcification, and fibrosis. Pleuropulmonary tularemia may be easily misdiagnosed as other infectious diseases, neoplastic diseases, and occasionally cardiac or other pericardial disease. It should be considered whenever patients from endemic areas present a perplexing radiographic and clinical picture. Such patients should have the benefit of a serologic examination for tularemia, since this disease may be effectively controlled with appropriate antibiotics.", "PMID": 98007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3029", "title": "Selective involvement of the first carpometacarpal joint in scleroderma.", "content": "Selective involvement of the first carpometacarpal joint is described in four women with scleroderma. Radiographic abnormalities at this site included osseous erosion, radial subluxation of the metacarpal base, and (in two patients) intraarticular calcification. Perlarticular osseous erosions were noted at adjacent locations in three patients. The cause of this distinctive wrist finding in scleroderma is unknown, but its similarity to alterations in other connective tissue diseases suggests that muscular and tendon imbalance may be important in producing bone erosion and subluxation at this articulation.", "contents": "Selective involvement of the first carpometacarpal joint in scleroderma. Selective involvement of the first carpometacarpal joint is described in four women with scleroderma. Radiographic abnormalities at this site included osseous erosion, radial subluxation of the metacarpal base, and (in two patients) intraarticular calcification. Perlarticular osseous erosions were noted at adjacent locations in three patients. The cause of this distinctive wrist finding in scleroderma is unknown, but its similarity to alterations in other connective tissue diseases suggests that muscular and tendon imbalance may be important in producing bone erosion and subluxation at this articulation.", "PMID": 98008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3030", "title": "Pseudocysts of the humerus.", "content": "Two patients are described who had areas of rarefaction in the humeral heads that were biopsied and found to be normal bone. Almost all humeral heads have an area of localized rarefaction laterally, and when very pronounced this can be confused with a lytic lesion. These pseudocysts are so radiographically characteristic that they should not be biopsied.", "contents": "Pseudocysts of the humerus. Two patients are described who had areas of rarefaction in the humeral heads that were biopsied and found to be normal bone. Almost all humeral heads have an area of localized rarefaction laterally, and when very pronounced this can be confused with a lytic lesion. These pseudocysts are so radiographically characteristic that they should not be biopsied.", "PMID": 98009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3031", "title": "Proximal femoral focal deficiency.", "content": "Proximal femoral focal deficiency, a distinct clinical and radiographic entity that results in leg length discrepancy, has received little attention in the radiographic literature. Thirteen patients were studied and the degree of deficiency established using radiographic criteria. The full extent of hip instability often could not be ascertained on radiographs obtained during the first year of life. Hip arthrograms combined with cine radiography can establish the presence of an unossified femoral head and aid in evaluating the degree of hip instability. Unlike other causes of leg length discrepancy, such as congenital idiopathic coxa vara, proximal femoral focal deficiency is often associated with other congenital bony anomalies, most commonly ipsilateral absent or hypoplastic fibula.", "contents": "Proximal femoral focal deficiency. Proximal femoral focal deficiency, a distinct clinical and radiographic entity that results in leg length discrepancy, has received little attention in the radiographic literature. Thirteen patients were studied and the degree of deficiency established using radiographic criteria. The full extent of hip instability often could not be ascertained on radiographs obtained during the first year of life. Hip arthrograms combined with cine radiography can establish the presence of an unossified femoral head and aid in evaluating the degree of hip instability. Unlike other causes of leg length discrepancy, such as congenital idiopathic coxa vara, proximal femoral focal deficiency is often associated with other congenital bony anomalies, most commonly ipsilateral absent or hypoplastic fibula.", "PMID": 98010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3032", "title": "Routine oblique radiography of the pediatric lumbar spine: is it necessary?", "content": "A series of 86 pediatric lumbar spine abnormalities was evaluated to determine the diagnostic benefit of radiography in oblique projection as compared to frontal-lateral projections alone. In only four patients was an abnormality apparent on the oblique view which had not already been demonstrated by the frontal-lateral series; each of these represented an isolated spondylolysis. Because the diagnostic yield was low at a patient cost of more than double the gonadal radiation dose, it is recommended that oblique views be eliminated in the routine radiography of the pediatric lumbar spine.", "contents": "Routine oblique radiography of the pediatric lumbar spine: is it necessary? A series of 86 pediatric lumbar spine abnormalities was evaluated to determine the diagnostic benefit of radiography in oblique projection as compared to frontal-lateral projections alone. In only four patients was an abnormality apparent on the oblique view which had not already been demonstrated by the frontal-lateral series; each of these represented an isolated spondylolysis. Because the diagnostic yield was low at a patient cost of more than double the gonadal radiation dose, it is recommended that oblique views be eliminated in the routine radiography of the pediatric lumbar spine.", "PMID": 98011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3033", "title": "Remote effects of neuroblastoma.", "content": "Neuroblastoma, which is primarily an extracranial disease, has remote manifestations which can be confusing. Neurologic signs and symptoms such as opsoclonus (dancing eyes), ataxia, blindness, and cord paralysis may precede by several months the manifestations of the primary tumor in a distant site such as the abdomen. Descriptions of nine cases demonstrate the various modes of presentation and some of the unusual aspects of this disease. The recent advent of computed tomography requires a reevaluation of the neuroradiologic approach to the evaluation of neuroblastoma.", "contents": "Remote effects of neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma, which is primarily an extracranial disease, has remote manifestations which can be confusing. Neurologic signs and symptoms such as opsoclonus (dancing eyes), ataxia, blindness, and cord paralysis may precede by several months the manifestations of the primary tumor in a distant site such as the abdomen. Descriptions of nine cases demonstrate the various modes of presentation and some of the unusual aspects of this disease. The recent advent of computed tomography requires a reevaluation of the neuroradiologic approach to the evaluation of neuroblastoma.", "PMID": 98012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3034", "title": "Hysterographic double-outlined uterine cavity: a sign of unsuspected pregnancy.", "content": "A review of three hysterograms inadvertently performed during early pregnancy reaffirms the regular appearance of infiltration of aqueous opaque media into the substance of the decidua, producing the sign of the double-outlined uterine cavity. Although such endometrial opacification may also occur during the late secretory phase, its recognition should arouse suspicion of pregnancy. A coexisting intrauterine filling defect may then be more confidently diagnosed as an amniotic sac.", "contents": "Hysterographic double-outlined uterine cavity: a sign of unsuspected pregnancy. A review of three hysterograms inadvertently performed during early pregnancy reaffirms the regular appearance of infiltration of aqueous opaque media into the substance of the decidua, producing the sign of the double-outlined uterine cavity. Although such endometrial opacification may also occur during the late secretory phase, its recognition should arouse suspicion of pregnancy. A coexisting intrauterine filling defect may then be more confidently diagnosed as an amniotic sac.", "PMID": 98013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3035", "title": "Incudostapedial joint in health and disease.", "content": "The incudostapedial joint was studied in tomograms of 370 normal and 80 diseased middle ears. The Guillen view was found to be superior to the anteroposterior view in demonstrating this joint in normal middle ears (85% and 62% visualization, respectively). In the presence of disease, visualization was markedly reduced to 19%; this lack of visualization is a nonspecific finding since early cholesteatomas, chronic otitis media, and retraction pockets could not be differentiated radiologically. Nonvisualization of the incudostapedial joint in the Guillen view is a more objective indicator of middle ear disease than such terms as \"indistinct of hazy\" middle ear cavities.", "contents": "Incudostapedial joint in health and disease. The incudostapedial joint was studied in tomograms of 370 normal and 80 diseased middle ears. The Guillen view was found to be superior to the anteroposterior view in demonstrating this joint in normal middle ears (85% and 62% visualization, respectively). In the presence of disease, visualization was markedly reduced to 19%; this lack of visualization is a nonspecific finding since early cholesteatomas, chronic otitis media, and retraction pockets could not be differentiated radiologically. Nonvisualization of the incudostapedial joint in the Guillen view is a more objective indicator of middle ear disease than such terms as \"indistinct of hazy\" middle ear cavities.", "PMID": 98014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3036", "title": "Accuracy of computed tomography in detecting intraabdominal and pelvic adenopathy in lymphoma.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) is a highly accurate method of detecting intraabdominal and pelvic nodal involvement in patients with lymphoma. The correlation between CT and lymphangiographic findings in this series of 80 surgically proven and nonproven cases was high (84%). CT is superior to lymphangiography in demonstrating abnormality in such areas as the high retrocrural or the mesenteric nodes where contrast material from bipedal lymphangiography does not reach. An abnormal CT scan eliminates the need for lymphangiography, and normal CT scan at 2 cm intervals can exclude retroperitoneal adenopathy with high confidence. If details of internal nodal architecture are required, a lymphangiogram can also be performed. Lymphangiography is also indicated in patients where CT is equivocal either because of lack of fat or gross motion artefacts.", "contents": "Accuracy of computed tomography in detecting intraabdominal and pelvic adenopathy in lymphoma. Computed tomography (CT) is a highly accurate method of detecting intraabdominal and pelvic nodal involvement in patients with lymphoma. The correlation between CT and lymphangiographic findings in this series of 80 surgically proven and nonproven cases was high (84%). CT is superior to lymphangiography in demonstrating abnormality in such areas as the high retrocrural or the mesenteric nodes where contrast material from bipedal lymphangiography does not reach. An abnormal CT scan eliminates the need for lymphangiography, and normal CT scan at 2 cm intervals can exclude retroperitoneal adenopathy with high confidence. If details of internal nodal architecture are required, a lymphangiogram can also be performed. Lymphangiography is also indicated in patients where CT is equivocal either because of lack of fat or gross motion artefacts.", "PMID": 98015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3037", "title": "Mitral valve repair for significant mitral insufficiency.", "content": "There has been skepticism since the early days of open heart surgery that good long-term or even short-term results were possible with repair of pure mitral insufficiency. The authors report 145 patients in whom a markedly insufficient mitral valve was repaired 6 months to 17 years previously and another 55 patients in whom repair of the insufficient mitral valve was performed along with myocardial revascularization from 6 months to 7 years previously. Comparative data with other published work reveals superior results with repair than with replacement with Starr-Edwards and Hancock glutaraldehyde-treated porcine valves and with far less emboli. Conservatism is urged in operating upon patients with mitral insufficiency. Repair of the valve rather than replacement is stressed for those patients requiring surgery.", "contents": "Mitral valve repair for significant mitral insufficiency. There has been skepticism since the early days of open heart surgery that good long-term or even short-term results were possible with repair of pure mitral insufficiency. The authors report 145 patients in whom a markedly insufficient mitral valve was repaired 6 months to 17 years previously and another 55 patients in whom repair of the insufficient mitral valve was performed along with myocardial revascularization from 6 months to 7 years previously. Comparative data with other published work reveals superior results with repair than with replacement with Starr-Edwards and Hancock glutaraldehyde-treated porcine valves and with far less emboli. Conservatism is urged in operating upon patients with mitral insufficiency. Repair of the valve rather than replacement is stressed for those patients requiring surgery.", "PMID": 98030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3038", "title": "Origin and differentiation of the yolk sac and extraembryonic mesoderm in presomite human and rhesus monkey embryos.", "content": "Reexamination of presomite human and rhesus monkey embryos in the Carnegie Collection provides no evidence to corroborate the hypothesis that the trophoblast is the source of all extraembryonic tissues in these embryos. Instead, the present study indicates that the developmental pattern of the yolk sac and extraembryonic mesoderm is homologous to that in other eutharian mammals. The primary yolk sac of 10- to 11-day human blastocysts is partially filled with a meshwork of extraembryonic endoderm, whereas such a meshwork is absent in the rhesus monkey. It is suggested that this endodermal meshwork develops as the result of interstitial implantation in the human embryo. A small secondary yolk sac develops in 12- to 13-day human and macaque embryos as the result of pinching off of a portion of the larger primary yolk sac. Development of a secondary yolk sac in higher primates appears to be related causally to differential rates of expansion of the blastocyst and primary yolk sac within the simplex uterus. The caudal margin of the primitive streak develops precociously in 12- to 14-day human and macaque embryos, and this appears to be the source of all the extraembryonic mesoderm of the chorion, chorionic villi, and body stalk. It is suggested that the peripheral spread of extraembryonic mesoderm plays in inductive role in the development of chorionic villi, similar to other types of epithelial-mesenchymal inductive interactions. In contrast to previous hypotheses, the human and macaque trophoblasts appear to give rise only to additional trophoblast.", "contents": "Origin and differentiation of the yolk sac and extraembryonic mesoderm in presomite human and rhesus monkey embryos. Reexamination of presomite human and rhesus monkey embryos in the Carnegie Collection provides no evidence to corroborate the hypothesis that the trophoblast is the source of all extraembryonic tissues in these embryos. Instead, the present study indicates that the developmental pattern of the yolk sac and extraembryonic mesoderm is homologous to that in other eutharian mammals. The primary yolk sac of 10- to 11-day human blastocysts is partially filled with a meshwork of extraembryonic endoderm, whereas such a meshwork is absent in the rhesus monkey. It is suggested that this endodermal meshwork develops as the result of interstitial implantation in the human embryo. A small secondary yolk sac develops in 12- to 13-day human and macaque embryos as the result of pinching off of a portion of the larger primary yolk sac. Development of a secondary yolk sac in higher primates appears to be related causally to differential rates of expansion of the blastocyst and primary yolk sac within the simplex uterus. The caudal margin of the primitive streak develops precociously in 12- to 14-day human and macaque embryos, and this appears to be the source of all the extraembryonic mesoderm of the chorion, chorionic villi, and body stalk. It is suggested that the peripheral spread of extraembryonic mesoderm plays in inductive role in the development of chorionic villi, similar to other types of epithelial-mesenchymal inductive interactions. In contrast to previous hypotheses, the human and macaque trophoblasts appear to give rise only to additional trophoblast.", "PMID": 98035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3039", "title": "The ovoimplantation of Microcebus murinus Miller. (Primates, Lemoruoidea, Strepsirhini).", "content": "The process of nidation of Microcebus murinus may be subdivided into several stages (preadhesion, apposition, attachment and invasion), as is indicated for protracted phases of preimplantation. Not until the apposition stage does the inner cell mass orient itself orthomesometrially, while concurrently a nidation plaque develops in the abembryonal trophoblast that overlies and resorbs the coalescent glands. During the subsequent adhesion stage, the paraembryonal, bilaminar omphalochorion becomes attached to the uterine epithelium, with focal resorption of the latter. In addition, chorionic vesicles begin to develop. In the meantime, the embryonic disc has lost its trophoblastic cover as a preliminary to the formation of the pleuramnion. The formation of a nidation plaque, together with the subsequent central implantation of Microcebus, suggests a close relationship to Loris tardigradus, characterizing the mode of implantation of Strepsirhini. The nidation plaque and its invasive capacity, giving rise to a syndesmochorial placental nucleus, provide a placentological link to Galago demidovii.", "contents": "The ovoimplantation of Microcebus murinus Miller. (Primates, Lemoruoidea, Strepsirhini). The process of nidation of Microcebus murinus may be subdivided into several stages (preadhesion, apposition, attachment and invasion), as is indicated for protracted phases of preimplantation. Not until the apposition stage does the inner cell mass orient itself orthomesometrially, while concurrently a nidation plaque develops in the abembryonal trophoblast that overlies and resorbs the coalescent glands. During the subsequent adhesion stage, the paraembryonal, bilaminar omphalochorion becomes attached to the uterine epithelium, with focal resorption of the latter. In addition, chorionic vesicles begin to develop. In the meantime, the embryonic disc has lost its trophoblastic cover as a preliminary to the formation of the pleuramnion. The formation of a nidation plaque, together with the subsequent central implantation of Microcebus, suggests a close relationship to Loris tardigradus, characterizing the mode of implantation of Strepsirhini. The nidation plaque and its invasive capacity, giving rise to a syndesmochorial placental nucleus, provide a placentological link to Galago demidovii.", "PMID": 98036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3040", "title": "Studies on 3-methylhistidine metabolism in children with protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "Twenty-four hour urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine (3-MeHis) was determined in children suffering from severe and moderate degrees of protein-energy malnutrition before and after treatment. Excretion of 3-MeHis was decreased both in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition and during undernutrition and increased considerably after treatment. The results suggest that there is a quantitative as well as a qualitative change in 3-MeHis metabolism in protein-energy malnutrition. A sensitive index for studying muscle protein metabolism is not available so far. Studies reported herein seem to suggest that 3-MeHis may fulfill such a requirement.", "contents": "Studies on 3-methylhistidine metabolism in children with protein-energy malnutrition. Twenty-four hour urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine (3-MeHis) was determined in children suffering from severe and moderate degrees of protein-energy malnutrition before and after treatment. Excretion of 3-MeHis was decreased both in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition and during undernutrition and increased considerably after treatment. The results suggest that there is a quantitative as well as a qualitative change in 3-MeHis metabolism in protein-energy malnutrition. A sensitive index for studying muscle protein metabolism is not available so far. Studies reported herein seem to suggest that 3-MeHis may fulfill such a requirement.", "PMID": 98037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3041", "title": "Nutrition and fertility: some iconoclastic results.", "content": "In this paper, the evidence available is used to conclude that, as levels of nutrition increase from insufficient to excessive, fertility first increases and then decreases. This suggests that the relationship between fertility and nutrition has the shape of an inverted U. Next, the hypothesis is explicitly tested using countries as units of observation. In the statistical analysis, the possibility of spurious relationships is carefully controlled. The results strongly support the hypothesis that, for existing levels, additional intake of nutrients decreases the levels of fertility.", "contents": "Nutrition and fertility: some iconoclastic results. In this paper, the evidence available is used to conclude that, as levels of nutrition increase from insufficient to excessive, fertility first increases and then decreases. This suggests that the relationship between fertility and nutrition has the shape of an inverted U. Next, the hypothesis is explicitly tested using countries as units of observation. In the statistical analysis, the possibility of spurious relationships is carefully controlled. The results strongly support the hypothesis that, for existing levels, additional intake of nutrients decreases the levels of fertility.", "PMID": 98038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3042", "title": "Chymotrypsinlike activity of some intestinal bacteria.", "content": "Some tests of exocrine pancreatic function are based on the estimation of intestinal chymotryptic activity by using specific substrates such as N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-PABA (BT-P). In this study the action of a number of bacteria isolated from human or monkey intestines on BT-P was investigated. The monkeys studied had an intestinal flora closely resembling that of man. Except for Bacteroides, Proteus vulgaris No. 73, Proteus morgani No. 202, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa No. 76, significant splitting of BT-P did not take place when the common enteric microorganisms were tested. It was concluded that with the possible exception of bacterial overgrowth of the small bowel, microbial chymotryptic activity is not of importance.", "contents": "Chymotrypsinlike activity of some intestinal bacteria. Some tests of exocrine pancreatic function are based on the estimation of intestinal chymotryptic activity by using specific substrates such as N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-PABA (BT-P). In this study the action of a number of bacteria isolated from human or monkey intestines on BT-P was investigated. The monkeys studied had an intestinal flora closely resembling that of man. Except for Bacteroides, Proteus vulgaris No. 73, Proteus morgani No. 202, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa No. 76, significant splitting of BT-P did not take place when the common enteric microorganisms were tested. It was concluded that with the possible exception of bacterial overgrowth of the small bowel, microbial chymotryptic activity is not of importance.", "PMID": 98039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3043", "title": "In utero diagnosis of Gaucher disease.", "content": "Beta-Glucosidase activity measured by synthetic substrate at pH 4.6 was low in the cultured amniotic cells from two pregnant women at risk for juvenile and adult type Gaucher disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by showing a low activity of beta-glucosidase in the skin fibroblasts with a synthetic substrate or in the spleen with a natural substrate, and by ascertaining the presence of Gaucher cells in the fetal tissues. However, considerable activity of beta-glucosidase measured with synthetic substrate was found in the liver of both affected fetuses and in the spleen of one. It is advisable that the determination of beta-glucosidase to confirm prenatal diagnosis of Gaucher disease be done either in the cultured skin fibroblasts or in the spleen, and if in the spleen, with a natural substrate rather than a synthetic one.", "contents": "In utero diagnosis of Gaucher disease. Beta-Glucosidase activity measured by synthetic substrate at pH 4.6 was low in the cultured amniotic cells from two pregnant women at risk for juvenile and adult type Gaucher disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by showing a low activity of beta-glucosidase in the skin fibroblasts with a synthetic substrate or in the spleen with a natural substrate, and by ascertaining the presence of Gaucher cells in the fetal tissues. However, considerable activity of beta-glucosidase measured with synthetic substrate was found in the liver of both affected fetuses and in the spleen of one. It is advisable that the determination of beta-glucosidase to confirm prenatal diagnosis of Gaucher disease be done either in the cultured skin fibroblasts or in the spleen, and if in the spleen, with a natural substrate rather than a synthetic one.", "PMID": 98040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3044", "title": "Increased doses of phenytoin for infants.", "content": "A case report describing the problems of using conventional phenytoin dosages to achieve control of myoclonic seizures in a 6-month-old infant weighing less than 10 kg is presented. The physiologic explanations for the necessary phenytoin dosage adjustment in infants weighing less than 20 kg are discussed. It is suggested that more rapid metabolism, a larger volume of distribution and impaired gastrointestinal absorption may be responsible for the higher phenytoin dosages needed in such patients. Methods of determining appropriate dosage regimens, based on Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetic principles or on body surface area, are discussed. Monitoring of plasma phenytoin concentrations is necessary to provide therapeutic levels of phenytoin and to prevent toxicity.", "contents": "Increased doses of phenytoin for infants. A case report describing the problems of using conventional phenytoin dosages to achieve control of myoclonic seizures in a 6-month-old infant weighing less than 10 kg is presented. The physiologic explanations for the necessary phenytoin dosage adjustment in infants weighing less than 20 kg are discussed. It is suggested that more rapid metabolism, a larger volume of distribution and impaired gastrointestinal absorption may be responsible for the higher phenytoin dosages needed in such patients. Methods of determining appropriate dosage regimens, based on Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetic principles or on body surface area, are discussed. Monitoring of plasma phenytoin concentrations is necessary to provide therapeutic levels of phenytoin and to prevent toxicity.", "PMID": 98041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3045", "title": "Experimental and clinical data on the insertion of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle.", "content": "Radiographic and electron microscopic evidence showed that the upper eyelid skin crease is formed by the insertion of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle into the septa between the orbicularis muscle into the septa between the orbicularis muscle bundles and not into the skin itself. Experiments on monkeys showed that the insertions of the aponeurosis and of M\u00fcller's muscle both contribute to normal eyelid elevation. No histologic evidence was found for a disinsertion of M\u00fcller's muscle in 20 cases of blepharoptosis. This, with other evidence discussed, supports the functional importance of the human aponeurotic insertions in eyelid elevation.", "contents": "Experimental and clinical data on the insertion of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Radiographic and electron microscopic evidence showed that the upper eyelid skin crease is formed by the insertion of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle into the septa between the orbicularis muscle into the septa between the orbicularis muscle bundles and not into the skin itself. Experiments on monkeys showed that the insertions of the aponeurosis and of M\u00fcller's muscle both contribute to normal eyelid elevation. No histologic evidence was found for a disinsertion of M\u00fcller's muscle in 20 cases of blepharoptosis. This, with other evidence discussed, supports the functional importance of the human aponeurotic insertions in eyelid elevation.", "PMID": 98045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3046", "title": "The ultrastructure of the retina in adult metachromatic leukodystrophy.", "content": "A 46-year-old woman afflicted with biochemically proven metachromatic leukodystrophy had only mild optic atrophy shortly before her death. Repeated earlier ophthalmoscopic examinations had not revealed any retinal abnormalities. Light microscopy of the retina showed strong acid phosphatase activity in both enlarged ganglionic cells and pigment epithelial cells. Demyelination of both optic nerves was not noted. Ultrastructurally, membranous lysosomal residual bodies were confined to ganglionic cells. We found lipofuscin material in pigment epithelial cells, but also within metachromatic leukodystrophy-specific residual bodies of ganglionic cells. The presence of lipofuscin represents the \"wear-and-tear\" phenomenon, possibly enhanced by the metachromatic leukodystrophy.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the retina in adult metachromatic leukodystrophy. A 46-year-old woman afflicted with biochemically proven metachromatic leukodystrophy had only mild optic atrophy shortly before her death. Repeated earlier ophthalmoscopic examinations had not revealed any retinal abnormalities. Light microscopy of the retina showed strong acid phosphatase activity in both enlarged ganglionic cells and pigment epithelial cells. Demyelination of both optic nerves was not noted. Ultrastructurally, membranous lysosomal residual bodies were confined to ganglionic cells. We found lipofuscin material in pigment epithelial cells, but also within metachromatic leukodystrophy-specific residual bodies of ganglionic cells. The presence of lipofuscin represents the \"wear-and-tear\" phenomenon, possibly enhanced by the metachromatic leukodystrophy.", "PMID": 98046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3047", "title": "Glenn A. Fry Award Lecture--1977. The ocular effects of ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "The author reviews the previous known effects of UV radiation on the eye together with results obtained on human and animal eyes in his laboratory during the past 11 years. Damage to the cornea and lens is assessed, classified, and discussed. Methods of calculating safe UV exposures and establishing characteristics of protective devices are presented.", "contents": "Glenn A. Fry Award Lecture--1977. The ocular effects of ultraviolet radiation. The author reviews the previous known effects of UV radiation on the eye together with results obtained on human and animal eyes in his laboratory during the past 11 years. Damage to the cornea and lens is assessed, classified, and discussed. Methods of calculating safe UV exposures and establishing characteristics of protective devices are presented.", "PMID": 98047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3048", "title": "A sensory mechanism for amblyopia: electrophysiological studies.", "content": "Steady-state visual evoked potentials were elicited by the appearance/disappearance of sinusoidal gratings of varying spatial frequency for both eyes of amblyopic subjects at temporal frequences from 2--32 Hz. The amblyopic eyes showed reduced responses relative to those of the nonamblyopic eyes across a wide range of spatial frequencies, the difference between the 2 eyes being most marked for high spatial frequencies and low temporal frequencies. Both the nonamblyopic and the amblyopic eyes showed a linear relation between the evoked potential amplitude and the logarithm of the stimulus contrast; however, the slope of the line was flatter for the amblyopic eyes. Possible neural mechanisms for the amblyopic eyes' reduced responses to spatial contrast are considered.", "contents": "A sensory mechanism for amblyopia: electrophysiological studies. Steady-state visual evoked potentials were elicited by the appearance/disappearance of sinusoidal gratings of varying spatial frequency for both eyes of amblyopic subjects at temporal frequences from 2--32 Hz. The amblyopic eyes showed reduced responses relative to those of the nonamblyopic eyes across a wide range of spatial frequencies, the difference between the 2 eyes being most marked for high spatial frequencies and low temporal frequencies. Both the nonamblyopic and the amblyopic eyes showed a linear relation between the evoked potential amplitude and the logarithm of the stimulus contrast; however, the slope of the line was flatter for the amblyopic eyes. Possible neural mechanisms for the amblyopic eyes' reduced responses to spatial contrast are considered.", "PMID": 98048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3049", "title": "Psychotherapy of the child with true brain damage.", "content": "Psychotherapy of the child with true brain damage presents special problems and requires special approaches. Those who are cognitively primitive--at the sensorimotor or preoperational stage of development--require a crisis approach; those at the concrete or formal operational stage can be treated with a modified insight-oriented approach. Development of a therapeutic alliance, establishment of workable defense mechanisms, identification and clarification of unalterable cognitive defects and issues of termination unique to this special population are discussed.", "contents": "Psychotherapy of the child with true brain damage. Psychotherapy of the child with true brain damage presents special problems and requires special approaches. Those who are cognitively primitive--at the sensorimotor or preoperational stage of development--require a crisis approach; those at the concrete or formal operational stage can be treated with a modified insight-oriented approach. Development of a therapeutic alliance, establishment of workable defense mechanisms, identification and clarification of unalterable cognitive defects and issues of termination unique to this special population are discussed.", "PMID": 98049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3050", "title": "Dietary and dental variations in the genus Lemur, with comments concerning dietary-dental correlations among Malagasy primates.", "content": "Field studies of feeding in the lemur subspecies Lemur fulvus rufus and L. f. mayottensis have revealed that feeding patterns within a single species can be markedly different, both regionally and seasonally. Thus L. f. rufus is a dietary specialist (3 plant species accounting for 80-90% of feeding time), and is highly folivorous, especially during the dry season (90% of feeding time spent eating leaves during the dry season, and 53% during the wet season). On the other hand, L. f. mayottensis is more generalized dietarily (the parts of 12 plant species accounting for 90% of feeding time), and is primarily frugivorous (64% of feeding time spent eating fruit, with a monthly maximum during the wet season of 79%. In both these respects, L. f. mayottensis resembles L. catta are more closely thant it does L. f. rufus. When size differences are corrected for, Lemur fulvus rufus has significantly longer second lower molar shearing crests than does L. f. mayottensis. Other folivorous Malagasy strepsirhines also tend to have long shearing crests than frugivorous forms. Some data on cheirogaleines also suggest that the more insectivorous species have better developed molar crests than frugivorous species. Some apparent exceptions to this pattern are noted, especially for Lemur catta, which in certain functional respects dentally more closely resembles L. f. rufus than L. f. mayottensis. The problems of dietary classifications are discussed.", "contents": "Dietary and dental variations in the genus Lemur, with comments concerning dietary-dental correlations among Malagasy primates. Field studies of feeding in the lemur subspecies Lemur fulvus rufus and L. f. mayottensis have revealed that feeding patterns within a single species can be markedly different, both regionally and seasonally. Thus L. f. rufus is a dietary specialist (3 plant species accounting for 80-90% of feeding time), and is highly folivorous, especially during the dry season (90% of feeding time spent eating leaves during the dry season, and 53% during the wet season). On the other hand, L. f. mayottensis is more generalized dietarily (the parts of 12 plant species accounting for 90% of feeding time), and is primarily frugivorous (64% of feeding time spent eating fruit, with a monthly maximum during the wet season of 79%. In both these respects, L. f. mayottensis resembles L. catta are more closely thant it does L. f. rufus. When size differences are corrected for, Lemur fulvus rufus has significantly longer second lower molar shearing crests than does L. f. mayottensis. Other folivorous Malagasy strepsirhines also tend to have long shearing crests than frugivorous forms. Some data on cheirogaleines also suggest that the more insectivorous species have better developed molar crests than frugivorous species. Some apparent exceptions to this pattern are noted, especially for Lemur catta, which in certain functional respects dentally more closely resembles L. f. rufus than L. f. mayottensis. The problems of dietary classifications are discussed.", "PMID": 98050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3051", "title": "Spectrographic analysis of laryngeal air sac resonance in rhesus monkey.", "content": "Laryngeal air sacs are circular out-pocketings, located in the hyoid bone with their ostium in the midline of the anterior part of the larynx. From previous cadaver studies of the rhesus monkey it was deduced that the function of the air sac is to act as a resonating chamber. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis. Recordings were made of three rhesus monkeys before and after surgical removal of the air sac. Spectrographic analysis of the monkeys' vocalizations indicated that differences in formant frequency characteristics between pre-and post-surgical recordings were negligible. This finding suggests that the laryngeal air sac does not play an important role in the resonant properties of the monkeys' vocal tracts.", "contents": "Spectrographic analysis of laryngeal air sac resonance in rhesus monkey. Laryngeal air sacs are circular out-pocketings, located in the hyoid bone with their ostium in the midline of the anterior part of the larynx. From previous cadaver studies of the rhesus monkey it was deduced that the function of the air sac is to act as a resonating chamber. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis. Recordings were made of three rhesus monkeys before and after surgical removal of the air sac. Spectrographic analysis of the monkeys' vocalizations indicated that differences in formant frequency characteristics between pre-and post-surgical recordings were negligible. This finding suggests that the laryngeal air sac does not play an important role in the resonant properties of the monkeys' vocal tracts.", "PMID": 98051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3052", "title": "Relative femoral head size in early hominids.", "content": "Relative growth of the human femur head is studied by a logarithmic principal components method. Growth rates differ according to the population sampled and the other body dimensions being compared, and especially according to sex. The results do not support biomechanical assumptions of strongly positive allometry of the femur head, which have been used to argue that the australopithecine hip joint was not relatively small.", "contents": "Relative femoral head size in early hominids. Relative growth of the human femur head is studied by a logarithmic principal components method. Growth rates differ according to the population sampled and the other body dimensions being compared, and especially according to sex. The results do not support biomechanical assumptions of strongly positive allometry of the femur head, which have been used to argue that the australopithecine hip joint was not relatively small.", "PMID": 98052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3053", "title": "Fore- and hindlimb proportions in Plio-Pleistocene hominids.", "content": "Associated fore- and hindlimb parts of five individuals are known from the hominid Plio-Pleistocene fossil collections in Africa. Four of these have been classified as Australopithecus and show definite evidence that in comparison with humans, forelimbs were relatively large and hindlimbs were relatively small. The fourth individual, placed in the genus Homo, has human proportions. These findings do not necessarily imply locomotor differences: the forelimbs may have been relatively long in Australopithecus simply because they were as yet not completely reduced from their generalized hominoid ancestral state.", "contents": "Fore- and hindlimb proportions in Plio-Pleistocene hominids. Associated fore- and hindlimb parts of five individuals are known from the hominid Plio-Pleistocene fossil collections in Africa. Four of these have been classified as Australopithecus and show definite evidence that in comparison with humans, forelimbs were relatively large and hindlimbs were relatively small. The fourth individual, placed in the genus Homo, has human proportions. These findings do not necessarily imply locomotor differences: the forelimbs may have been relatively long in Australopithecus simply because they were as yet not completely reduced from their generalized hominoid ancestral state.", "PMID": 98053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3054", "title": "Homologies of the toothcomb.", "content": "A recently described juvenile specimen of Avahi was supposed to show that indriines have an unreplaced deciduous canine and that the indriine toothcomb was composed only of incisors. To the contrary, this specimen demonstrates quite dramatically a growth phenomenon earlier discussed: in indriines, the anteriormost of the four deciduous lower teeth posterior to the toothcomb migrates mesially toward the toothcomb (Schwartz, '74). In this particular Avahi, this tooth has even become associated with the toothcomb. The alignment of this tooth with the toothcomb is a strictly impermanent situation and cannot be taken into consideration when determining homologies of the teeth of the toothcomb. Morphologically and developmentally the lateral teeth of both indriine and lemur and loris toothcombs are similar to each other and distinct from the central set of teeth. Thus, if the lateral teeth of the lemur/loris toothcomb are canines, then the lateral teeth of the indriine toothcomb are canines as well.", "contents": "Homologies of the toothcomb. A recently described juvenile specimen of Avahi was supposed to show that indriines have an unreplaced deciduous canine and that the indriine toothcomb was composed only of incisors. To the contrary, this specimen demonstrates quite dramatically a growth phenomenon earlier discussed: in indriines, the anteriormost of the four deciduous lower teeth posterior to the toothcomb migrates mesially toward the toothcomb (Schwartz, '74). In this particular Avahi, this tooth has even become associated with the toothcomb. The alignment of this tooth with the toothcomb is a strictly impermanent situation and cannot be taken into consideration when determining homologies of the teeth of the toothcomb. Morphologically and developmentally the lateral teeth of both indriine and lemur and loris toothcombs are similar to each other and distinct from the central set of teeth. Thus, if the lateral teeth of the lemur/loris toothcomb are canines, then the lateral teeth of the indriine toothcomb are canines as well.", "PMID": 98054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3055", "title": "The functional significance of the squamosal suture in Australopithecus boisei.", "content": "A juvenile Australopithecus boisei specimen from the Omo basin, southern Ethiopia, is found to exhibit and extraordinarily large overlap of the temporal squama on the parietal, a phenomenon shared with at least two adult specimens of A. boisei. An attempt is made to interpret the overlap as a structural (bony/ligamentous) adaptation necessitated by the unique combination of certain components of the masticatory system of A. boisei. These are: (1) the massiveness and strength of the temporalis muscle, (2) its relatively anterior location, and (3) the lateral position of the masseter muscle due to the flaring of the zygomatic arches. The effect of the temporalis muscle is to create excessive pressure on the portion of the squamosal suture along the parietal, while the lateral placement of the masseter and the resultant increase of pressure on the temporal squama via the zygomatic arch tend to \"loosen\" the contact between the temporal and parietal bones.", "contents": "The functional significance of the squamosal suture in Australopithecus boisei. A juvenile Australopithecus boisei specimen from the Omo basin, southern Ethiopia, is found to exhibit and extraordinarily large overlap of the temporal squama on the parietal, a phenomenon shared with at least two adult specimens of A. boisei. An attempt is made to interpret the overlap as a structural (bony/ligamentous) adaptation necessitated by the unique combination of certain components of the masticatory system of A. boisei. These are: (1) the massiveness and strength of the temporalis muscle, (2) its relatively anterior location, and (3) the lateral position of the masseter muscle due to the flaring of the zygomatic arches. The effect of the temporalis muscle is to create excessive pressure on the portion of the squamosal suture along the parietal, while the lateral placement of the masseter and the resultant increase of pressure on the temporal squama via the zygomatic arch tend to \"loosen\" the contact between the temporal and parietal bones.", "PMID": 98055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3056", "title": "Early hominid enamel hypoplasia.", "content": "Enamel hypoplasia in the South African Plio-Pleistocene fossil hominid sample is examined. The Swartkrans hominids are shown to have a higher incidence of hypoplasia than the Sterkfontein hominids. Within the Swartkrans sample, individuals with hypoplasia of the first upper molar have lower-than-expected ages of death. Possible taphonomic explanations for these observations are discussed.", "contents": "Early hominid enamel hypoplasia. Enamel hypoplasia in the South African Plio-Pleistocene fossil hominid sample is examined. The Swartkrans hominids are shown to have a higher incidence of hypoplasia than the Sterkfontein hominids. Within the Swartkrans sample, individuals with hypoplasia of the first upper molar have lower-than-expected ages of death. Possible taphonomic explanations for these observations are discussed.", "PMID": 98056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3057", "title": "Implantation of cranial base metallic markers in nonhuman primates.", "content": "Cranial base metallic markers are useful in growth and developmental research on the nonhuman primate model. Metallic implants aid in superimposing serial cephalometric roentgenograms in the study of craniofacial changes. They also enable measurement of linear and angular changes in the cranial base. The design of a special implant gun is described in detail. A suggested technique for placement of tantalum markers in the cranial base of nonhuman primates is discussed.", "contents": "Implantation of cranial base metallic markers in nonhuman primates. Cranial base metallic markers are useful in growth and developmental research on the nonhuman primate model. Metallic implants aid in superimposing serial cephalometric roentgenograms in the study of craniofacial changes. They also enable measurement of linear and angular changes in the cranial base. The design of a special implant gun is described in detail. A suggested technique for placement of tantalum markers in the cranial base of nonhuman primates is discussed.", "PMID": 98057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3058", "title": "Scaling of organ weights in Macaca arctoides.", "content": "The allometric scaling of nine internal organs was examined for Macaca arctoides. Significant organ weight-body weight regressions were obtained for heart, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, thyroid, liver, and testes. The spleen and adrenal glands exhibited strong variability and were only loosely correlated to body weight. Using allometry as a criterion of subtraction, observed sex differences in mean organ weights were seen to be primarily the result of differences in average body weight. It is postulated that analysis of observed differences in organ weights between this species and Macaca mulatta would yield similar conclusions. Comparison of intraspecific slope values obtained in the present study with interspecific values reported in the literature reveals a pattern paralleling the brain-body weight relation. A discussion of the relationship between intra- and interspecific slopes is presented.", "contents": "Scaling of organ weights in Macaca arctoides. The allometric scaling of nine internal organs was examined for Macaca arctoides. Significant organ weight-body weight regressions were obtained for heart, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, thyroid, liver, and testes. The spleen and adrenal glands exhibited strong variability and were only loosely correlated to body weight. Using allometry as a criterion of subtraction, observed sex differences in mean organ weights were seen to be primarily the result of differences in average body weight. It is postulated that analysis of observed differences in organ weights between this species and Macaca mulatta would yield similar conclusions. Comparison of intraspecific slope values obtained in the present study with interspecific values reported in the literature reveals a pattern paralleling the brain-body weight relation. A discussion of the relationship between intra- and interspecific slopes is presented.", "PMID": 98058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3059", "title": "Histaminergic pharmacology of primate lower esophageal sphincter.", "content": "We have studied the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) response to exogenous histamine and to H1- and H2-blocking agents in the awake baboon. Increasing intravenous bolus doses of histamine produce an increase in LES pressure with a maximum response at a dose of 12 microgram/kg. H1-receptor blockade with chlorpheniramine over a wide dose range did not alter basal LES pressure but did abolish the response of the LES to exogenous histamine. H2-receptor blockade with cimetidine at doses markedly inhibiting gastric acid secretion (2 mg/kg.h) did not alter basal LES pressure or the response of the LES to exogenous histamine. In addition, cimetidine did not alter the response of the LES to pentagastrin and bethanechol. Although histamine and histamine receptors are important in gastric secretion, they appear to have no identifiable role in the maintenance of basal LES smooth muscle tone in the baboon. These results demonstrate the presence of a stimulatory H1 receptor on baboon LES smooth muscle, but provide no evidence for the presence of an H2-inhibitory receptor. As opposed to the parietal cell, the LES response to pentagastrin and bethanechol does not require a H2 receptor.", "contents": "Histaminergic pharmacology of primate lower esophageal sphincter. We have studied the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) response to exogenous histamine and to H1- and H2-blocking agents in the awake baboon. Increasing intravenous bolus doses of histamine produce an increase in LES pressure with a maximum response at a dose of 12 microgram/kg. H1-receptor blockade with chlorpheniramine over a wide dose range did not alter basal LES pressure but did abolish the response of the LES to exogenous histamine. H2-receptor blockade with cimetidine at doses markedly inhibiting gastric acid secretion (2 mg/kg.h) did not alter basal LES pressure or the response of the LES to exogenous histamine. In addition, cimetidine did not alter the response of the LES to pentagastrin and bethanechol. Although histamine and histamine receptors are important in gastric secretion, they appear to have no identifiable role in the maintenance of basal LES smooth muscle tone in the baboon. These results demonstrate the presence of a stimulatory H1 receptor on baboon LES smooth muscle, but provide no evidence for the presence of an H2-inhibitory receptor. As opposed to the parietal cell, the LES response to pentagastrin and bethanechol does not require a H2 receptor.", "PMID": 98059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3060", "title": "Calcium in the control of renin release.", "content": "The effect of Ca concentrations in the incubation medium and of estimated intracellular Ca concentrations on renin release was examined with use of pig renal cortical slices. In addition, the Ca requirement for the epinephrine stimulatory effect and for the ouabain inhibitory action on renin release was also tested. In mediums containing 5.9 mM K, variations in Ca concentration had no effect on renin release. In contrast, when the K concentration was 59 mM, a significant inhibition of renin release was attained with all concentrations of calcium. The inhibition of renin release in high K mediums by Ca was attributed to an increase in the intracellular Ca concentration. In addition, both the stimulatory effect of epinephrine and the inhibitory effect of ouabain on renin release required Ca in the medium. These results support the hypothesis that the control of renin secretion is mediated, in part, by changes in the intracellular concentration of Ca, most likely in the juxtaglomerular cells.", "contents": "Calcium in the control of renin release. The effect of Ca concentrations in the incubation medium and of estimated intracellular Ca concentrations on renin release was examined with use of pig renal cortical slices. In addition, the Ca requirement for the epinephrine stimulatory effect and for the ouabain inhibitory action on renin release was also tested. In mediums containing 5.9 mM K, variations in Ca concentration had no effect on renin release. In contrast, when the K concentration was 59 mM, a significant inhibition of renin release was attained with all concentrations of calcium. The inhibition of renin release in high K mediums by Ca was attributed to an increase in the intracellular Ca concentration. In addition, both the stimulatory effect of epinephrine and the inhibitory effect of ouabain on renin release required Ca in the medium. These results support the hypothesis that the control of renin secretion is mediated, in part, by changes in the intracellular concentration of Ca, most likely in the juxtaglomerular cells.", "PMID": 98060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3061", "title": "Photoelectric method for estimating hemodynamic changes in regional cerebral tissue.", "content": "A new photoelectric method for measuring hemodynamic changes in a thin layer of cerebral tissue in situ is described. The apparatus consists of a miniature lamp of 0.7 mm OD and a photodiode with a color filter having maximum light transmission at 548 nm. The lamp was chronically or acutely implanted into the brain tissue of animals as a light source, and the intensity of the light transmitted through the cerebral tissue was monitored with the photodiode from the brain surface. The intensity of the transmitted light was quantified for cerebral blood volume (CBV). The mean transit time of blood (t) was obtained from tissue hemodilution curves produced by saline injection into the carotid artery. The regional blood flow was calculated from the values of CBV and t according to the Stewart-Hamilton equation. The apparatus was shown to be stable, rapid in response, easy to operate, and to give reproducible results. Possible sources of error are discussed.", "contents": "Photoelectric method for estimating hemodynamic changes in regional cerebral tissue. A new photoelectric method for measuring hemodynamic changes in a thin layer of cerebral tissue in situ is described. The apparatus consists of a miniature lamp of 0.7 mm OD and a photodiode with a color filter having maximum light transmission at 548 nm. The lamp was chronically or acutely implanted into the brain tissue of animals as a light source, and the intensity of the light transmitted through the cerebral tissue was monitored with the photodiode from the brain surface. The intensity of the transmitted light was quantified for cerebral blood volume (CBV). The mean transit time of blood (t) was obtained from tissue hemodilution curves produced by saline injection into the carotid artery. The regional blood flow was calculated from the values of CBV and t according to the Stewart-Hamilton equation. The apparatus was shown to be stable, rapid in response, easy to operate, and to give reproducible results. Possible sources of error are discussed.", "PMID": 98061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3062", "title": "Accuracy of the regulation of caloric ingestion in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "In seven male monkeys, Macaca mulatta, the infusion of nutrients into the stomach just prior to or 20 h before a 4-h feeding period reduced the feeding by an amount comparable to the calories infused. Pure carbohydrates, fat, protein, and mixtures were employed as infusions and given in a random fashion over a caloric range of 75-300 kcal. In a second series of experiments, monkeys were partially fasted on 1 day and in this way deprived of 75, 150, 300, or 450 kcal. On successive days, they overate to compensate for this deprivation. The smaller deprivations (75 and 150 kcal) were corrected on the first recovery day. The 300-kcal deprivation required 2 days to be corrected while the 450-kcal deficit was only partially restored. These experiments demonstrate the capacities of the monkey to respond with precision to caloric supply and deprivation so as to maintain a constant caloric intake.", "contents": "Accuracy of the regulation of caloric ingestion in the rhesus monkey. In seven male monkeys, Macaca mulatta, the infusion of nutrients into the stomach just prior to or 20 h before a 4-h feeding period reduced the feeding by an amount comparable to the calories infused. Pure carbohydrates, fat, protein, and mixtures were employed as infusions and given in a random fashion over a caloric range of 75-300 kcal. In a second series of experiments, monkeys were partially fasted on 1 day and in this way deprived of 75, 150, 300, or 450 kcal. On successive days, they overate to compensate for this deprivation. The smaller deprivations (75 and 150 kcal) were corrected on the first recovery day. The 300-kcal deprivation required 2 days to be corrected while the 450-kcal deficit was only partially restored. These experiments demonstrate the capacities of the monkey to respond with precision to caloric supply and deprivation so as to maintain a constant caloric intake.", "PMID": 98062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3063", "title": "Immunoglobulin concentration in treated human acute Chagas disease. A follow-up study.", "content": "Immunoglobulin M, G, and A concentrations were studied by radial immunodiffusion technique in 16 individuals (two were 16 and 14 yr of age, respectively, while the remaining 14 uere 15 yr of age or less) with acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Serum samples were obtained from these patients beginning with the onset of symptoms and continuing until several months after treatment with nifurtimox was completed. Soon after infection the concentration of IgM was higher than the average found in healthy children. Some of the samples also had higher values than those found in children with other acute infections. At this time isolated increases in IgG and/or IgA concentrations were also found in T. cruzi-infected patients. Immunoglobulin concentrations had usually returned to normal when treatment with nifurtimox was completed, both in the patients with negative serology and in those who remained positive. However, some of the sera showed isolated higher IgM, IgG, and/or IgA values than those found in healthy controls.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin concentration in treated human acute Chagas disease. A follow-up study. Immunoglobulin M, G, and A concentrations were studied by radial immunodiffusion technique in 16 individuals (two were 16 and 14 yr of age, respectively, while the remaining 14 uere 15 yr of age or less) with acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Serum samples were obtained from these patients beginning with the onset of symptoms and continuing until several months after treatment with nifurtimox was completed. Soon after infection the concentration of IgM was higher than the average found in healthy children. Some of the samples also had higher values than those found in children with other acute infections. At this time isolated increases in IgG and/or IgA concentrations were also found in T. cruzi-infected patients. Immunoglobulin concentrations had usually returned to normal when treatment with nifurtimox was completed, both in the patients with negative serology and in those who remained positive. However, some of the sera showed isolated higher IgM, IgG, and/or IgA values than those found in healthy controls.", "PMID": 98063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3064", "title": "Purification of a specific antigen of Trypanosoma cruzi from culture forms.", "content": "A monospecific rabbit antiserum was prepared against a specific component of Tryanosoma cruzi epimastigote culture forms (designated antigen 5). Rabbits were immunized intradermally in 30-50 sites with the zone of agarose gel in which the component 5:anti-5 complex was visualized after two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. With this appropriate antiserum and the total epimastigote soluble extracts, the specific component of T. cruzi was purified by immunoadsorption. Purity and specificity controls of thefinal product were carried out by prolonged immunization of rabbits, and then by immunoelectrophoretic and two-dimensional electrophoretic analyses.", "contents": "Purification of a specific antigen of Trypanosoma cruzi from culture forms. A monospecific rabbit antiserum was prepared against a specific component of Tryanosoma cruzi epimastigote culture forms (designated antigen 5). Rabbits were immunized intradermally in 30-50 sites with the zone of agarose gel in which the component 5:anti-5 complex was visualized after two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. With this appropriate antiserum and the total epimastigote soluble extracts, the specific component of T. cruzi was purified by immunoadsorption. Purity and specificity controls of thefinal product were carried out by prolonged immunization of rabbits, and then by immunoelectrophoretic and two-dimensional electrophoretic analyses.", "PMID": 98064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3065", "title": "Evaluation of serodiagnostic tests for visceral larva migrans.", "content": "Four serologic techniques for the diagnosis of visceral larva migrans caused by Toxocara canis, namely indirect hemagglutination (IHA), bentonite flocculation (BF), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and double diffusion in agar (Ouchterlony), were evaluated using sera sent to the Center for Disease Control from patients with a presumptive diagnosis of visceral larva migrans (VLM). Patients having 5-6 of the clinical or laboratory criteria for VLM were designated as cases while those with 0-2 criteria served as controls. The sensitivity of the ELISA was 78.3% compared to 18.2%, 25.8% and 65.2% for the IHA, BF, and Ouchterlony, respectively; the sepcificity of all four tests was greater than 92%. The predivtive value of positive test was greater than 85% for all tests except the IHA, while the predictive value of a negative test was greater than 85% only for the ELISA. The results of a ELISA were reproducible in different laboratories. Based on these findings, the ELISA using a larval antigen appears to be the serodiagnostic method of choice for VLM.", "contents": "Evaluation of serodiagnostic tests for visceral larva migrans. Four serologic techniques for the diagnosis of visceral larva migrans caused by Toxocara canis, namely indirect hemagglutination (IHA), bentonite flocculation (BF), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and double diffusion in agar (Ouchterlony), were evaluated using sera sent to the Center for Disease Control from patients with a presumptive diagnosis of visceral larva migrans (VLM). Patients having 5-6 of the clinical or laboratory criteria for VLM were designated as cases while those with 0-2 criteria served as controls. The sensitivity of the ELISA was 78.3% compared to 18.2%, 25.8% and 65.2% for the IHA, BF, and Ouchterlony, respectively; the sepcificity of all four tests was greater than 92%. The predivtive value of positive test was greater than 85% for all tests except the IHA, while the predictive value of a negative test was greater than 85% only for the ELISA. The results of a ELISA were reproducible in different laboratories. Based on these findings, the ELISA using a larval antigen appears to be the serodiagnostic method of choice for VLM.", "PMID": 98065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3066", "title": "Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, Thogoto, dugbe, and Jos viruses isolated from ixodid ticks in Ethiopia.", "content": "From 1974 through 1976, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 5 isolated 25 strain of tick-borne virus in infant mice from 410 pools containing over 6,000 ticks, and one strain from a bird and one strain from a rodent collected in central and southern Ethiopia. Of these, 17 were identified as known viruses previously found in West Central and East Africa. There were 8 strains of Jos virus from Amblyomma ticks; 7 strains of Dugbe virus from a bird, a rodent and from ticks; 1 strains of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and 1 strain of Thogoto virus from ticks.", "contents": "Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, Thogoto, dugbe, and Jos viruses isolated from ixodid ticks in Ethiopia. From 1974 through 1976, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 5 isolated 25 strain of tick-borne virus in infant mice from 410 pools containing over 6,000 ticks, and one strain from a bird and one strain from a rodent collected in central and southern Ethiopia. Of these, 17 were identified as known viruses previously found in West Central and East Africa. There were 8 strains of Jos virus from Amblyomma ticks; 7 strains of Dugbe virus from a bird, a rodent and from ticks; 1 strains of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and 1 strain of Thogoto virus from ticks.", "PMID": 98066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3067", "title": "Indirect calorimetry as a guide to caloric replacement during total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Fifty patients were studied by indirect calorimetry to assess caloric needs. Seventeen patients received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in a fixed dose of 45 +/- 3 kcal/kg. Thirty-three patients were studied after acute injury. Indirect calorimetry and the basal energy expenditure equation (BEEE) were compared. In male patients receiving TPN, indirect calorimetry more closely approximated caloric needs than did the BEEE X 1.75. In female patients, the BEEE X 1.75, indirect calorimetry value, and calories infused were more equivalent, and positive nitrogen balance was consistently achieved. In thirty-three trauma patients, indirect calorimetry and the BEEE were compared. Indirect calorimetry consistently predicted higher caloric expenditure than did the BEEE X 1.75. In assessing caloric requirements in acutely catabolic patients, the BEEE X 1.75 appears to be inadequate. The BEEE does not take into account changes in temperature or degree of illness. Indirect calorimetry is easy to perform and gives more pointed information about the patient's caloric needs.", "contents": "Indirect calorimetry as a guide to caloric replacement during total parenteral nutrition. Fifty patients were studied by indirect calorimetry to assess caloric needs. Seventeen patients received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in a fixed dose of 45 +/- 3 kcal/kg. Thirty-three patients were studied after acute injury. Indirect calorimetry and the basal energy expenditure equation (BEEE) were compared. In male patients receiving TPN, indirect calorimetry more closely approximated caloric needs than did the BEEE X 1.75. In female patients, the BEEE X 1.75, indirect calorimetry value, and calories infused were more equivalent, and positive nitrogen balance was consistently achieved. In thirty-three trauma patients, indirect calorimetry and the BEEE were compared. Indirect calorimetry consistently predicted higher caloric expenditure than did the BEEE X 1.75. In assessing caloric requirements in acutely catabolic patients, the BEEE X 1.75 appears to be inadequate. The BEEE does not take into account changes in temperature or degree of illness. Indirect calorimetry is easy to perform and gives more pointed information about the patient's caloric needs.", "PMID": 98067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3068", "title": "Clinical utility of CAT body scans.", "content": "The results of 202 computerized axial tomography (CAT) body scans performed on hospitalized patients were analyzed for their accuracy and clinical utility. The sensitivity (80 per cent), specificity (70 per cent), and accuracy (77 per cent) were high but not superior to ultrasound examinations of the same area. The results of the CAT body scan affected patient management in 16 per cent of patients and affected the success of treatment in 1 per cent of patients. We conclude that for many abdominal conditions ultrasound scans are equally as accurate and substantially more cost-effective than CAT body scans, and that the clinical value of CAT body scans needs support from controlled clinical trials.", "contents": "Clinical utility of CAT body scans. The results of 202 computerized axial tomography (CAT) body scans performed on hospitalized patients were analyzed for their accuracy and clinical utility. The sensitivity (80 per cent), specificity (70 per cent), and accuracy (77 per cent) were high but not superior to ultrasound examinations of the same area. The results of the CAT body scan affected patient management in 16 per cent of patients and affected the success of treatment in 1 per cent of patients. We conclude that for many abdominal conditions ultrasound scans are equally as accurate and substantially more cost-effective than CAT body scans, and that the clinical value of CAT body scans needs support from controlled clinical trials.", "PMID": 98068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3069", "title": "Histopathologic and electron microscopic studies of cutaneous lesions in calves with experimentally induced East Coast fever (theileriosis).", "content": "Skin lesions of bovine East Coast fever were examined by light and electron microscopy at 120 hours after attachment of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks infected with Theileria parva. Lesions included epidermal ulcer, hemorrhage, edema, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration by mostly polymorphonuclear and mononuclear (lymphoid) cells. The trophozoite state of T parva was observed in a parasitophorous vacuole and feeding on neutrophil granules. Schizonts, some in budding process, and merozoites were extracellular and among many mononuclear phagocytes (lymphoid cells). Some merozoites were in mononuclear phagocytes and a granulocyte. Some of the cells had already transformed into lymphoblasts with pseudopodia.", "contents": "Histopathologic and electron microscopic studies of cutaneous lesions in calves with experimentally induced East Coast fever (theileriosis). Skin lesions of bovine East Coast fever were examined by light and electron microscopy at 120 hours after attachment of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks infected with Theileria parva. Lesions included epidermal ulcer, hemorrhage, edema, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration by mostly polymorphonuclear and mononuclear (lymphoid) cells. The trophozoite state of T parva was observed in a parasitophorous vacuole and feeding on neutrophil granules. Schizonts, some in budding process, and merozoites were extracellular and among many mononuclear phagocytes (lymphoid cells). Some merozoites were in mononuclear phagocytes and a granulocyte. Some of the cells had already transformed into lymphoblasts with pseudopodia.", "PMID": 98077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3070", "title": "Muscle function and structure of the esophagus of the baboon (Papio anubis).", "content": "A baboon (Papio anubis) was used as a model for the study of the physiology of the esophagus. This model closely resembles the human being phylogenetically and physiologically. Base-line lower esophageal sphincter pressure and peristaltic amplitude are similar to that of man. In addition, the anatomic transition from striated to smooth muscle is identical to that of the human esophagus. The sphincter-depressing effect of ketamine anesthesia was demonstrated.", "contents": "Muscle function and structure of the esophagus of the baboon (Papio anubis). A baboon (Papio anubis) was used as a model for the study of the physiology of the esophagus. This model closely resembles the human being phylogenetically and physiologically. Base-line lower esophageal sphincter pressure and peristaltic amplitude are similar to that of man. In addition, the anatomic transition from striated to smooth muscle is identical to that of the human esophagus. The sphincter-depressing effect of ketamine anesthesia was demonstrated.", "PMID": 98078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3071", "title": "Effect of staphylococcal enterotoxin B on cardiorenal functions and survival in X-irradiated rhesus macaques.", "content": "Pretreatment of rhesus macaques with nonlethal total-body x-irradiation (400 R) prolonged survival time from an average of 15 hours to 101 hours after intravenous (IV) inoculation of 50 microgram of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)/kg of body weight. Radiation exposure per se did not produce detectable cardiorenal changes; however, the longer survival after SEB challenge exposure in x-irradiated rhesus macaques was associated with improved cardiorenal functions if compared with that of nonirradiated macaques given the same dose of SEB. Total-body radiation exposure 4 days prior to IV SEB inoculation prevented typical SEB-induced decreases (where measured at 5 hours) in cardiac output, stroke volume, TcH2O, CPAH, Cosm, and urine flow, as well as increases in total peripheral and renal resistance. A theory concerning the significance of radiation-induced leukopenia on modification of SEB-induced cardiorenal functions is postulated.", "contents": "Effect of staphylococcal enterotoxin B on cardiorenal functions and survival in X-irradiated rhesus macaques. Pretreatment of rhesus macaques with nonlethal total-body x-irradiation (400 R) prolonged survival time from an average of 15 hours to 101 hours after intravenous (IV) inoculation of 50 microgram of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)/kg of body weight. Radiation exposure per se did not produce detectable cardiorenal changes; however, the longer survival after SEB challenge exposure in x-irradiated rhesus macaques was associated with improved cardiorenal functions if compared with that of nonirradiated macaques given the same dose of SEB. Total-body radiation exposure 4 days prior to IV SEB inoculation prevented typical SEB-induced decreases (where measured at 5 hours) in cardiac output, stroke volume, TcH2O, CPAH, Cosm, and urine flow, as well as increases in total peripheral and renal resistance. A theory concerning the significance of radiation-induced leukopenia on modification of SEB-induced cardiorenal functions is postulated.", "PMID": 98079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3072", "title": "Neonatal calf diarrhea caused by a virus that induces villous epithelial cell syncytia.", "content": "Intestinal lesions caused by a virus serologically unrelated to the calf diarrheal rotavirus or coronavirus were studied in gnotobiotic calves. The virion purified from feces from infected calves was a fringed particle with a diameter of about 100 nm. The incubation period from time of inoculation per orum to onset of diarrhea in calves was as short as 8 hours. The viral infection in bacteria-free calves or calves not contaminated with pathogenic bacteria caused severe illness for only 24 hours. When bacteria such as the K99 antigen Escherichia coli were present, the combined infection caused mortality. Lesions occurred only in the small intestinal villous epithelium. Calves euthanatized shortly before or after the onset of diarrhea had developed villous epithelial cell syncytia that contained numberous virions in the cytoplasm. Within 2 to 3 hours after onset of diarrhea, the infected cells were shed and the villi had denuded tips or had cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells.", "contents": "Neonatal calf diarrhea caused by a virus that induces villous epithelial cell syncytia. Intestinal lesions caused by a virus serologically unrelated to the calf diarrheal rotavirus or coronavirus were studied in gnotobiotic calves. The virion purified from feces from infected calves was a fringed particle with a diameter of about 100 nm. The incubation period from time of inoculation per orum to onset of diarrhea in calves was as short as 8 hours. The viral infection in bacteria-free calves or calves not contaminated with pathogenic bacteria caused severe illness for only 24 hours. When bacteria such as the K99 antigen Escherichia coli were present, the combined infection caused mortality. Lesions occurred only in the small intestinal villous epithelium. Calves euthanatized shortly before or after the onset of diarrhea had developed villous epithelial cell syncytia that contained numberous virions in the cytoplasm. Within 2 to 3 hours after onset of diarrhea, the infected cells were shed and the villi had denuded tips or had cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells.", "PMID": 98080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3073", "title": "Effect of low temperature on growth, viability, and synthesis of mycolic acids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Ra.", "content": "Cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Ra were grownto early logarithmic phase at 37 degrees C and were incubated at 16 degrees, 20 degrees, and 25 degrees C.  The decrease in this ability was more rapid at 20 degrees C than at 16 degrees C. Low-temperature incubation caused decreases in the ratios of mycolic acids and monounsaturated C16-19 fatty acids relative to the total of fatty acids synthesized. It also caused an increase in the ratio of saturated C24-26 fatty acids relative to the total of fatty acids synthesized. These ratios were based on the incorporation of radiolabel from 14C-acetate into fatty acids. These results showed that when M. tuberculosis H37Ra was incubated at low temperatures, it did not adapt by increasing the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids synthesized. The ability of the cells to synthesize mycolic acids was sharply decreased. These changes may lead to the loss of viability of M. tuberculosos H37Ra. Mycolic acid synthesis is similarly affected by exposure of cells to isoniazid, an antimycobacterial drug.", "contents": "Effect of low temperature on growth, viability, and synthesis of mycolic acids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Ra. Cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Ra were grownto early logarithmic phase at 37 degrees C and were incubated at 16 degrees, 20 degrees, and 25 degrees C.  The decrease in this ability was more rapid at 20 degrees C than at 16 degrees C. Low-temperature incubation caused decreases in the ratios of mycolic acids and monounsaturated C16-19 fatty acids relative to the total of fatty acids synthesized. It also caused an increase in the ratio of saturated C24-26 fatty acids relative to the total of fatty acids synthesized. These ratios were based on the incorporation of radiolabel from 14C-acetate into fatty acids. These results showed that when M. tuberculosis H37Ra was incubated at low temperatures, it did not adapt by increasing the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids synthesized. The ability of the cells to synthesize mycolic acids was sharply decreased. These changes may lead to the loss of viability of M. tuberculosos H37Ra. Mycolic acid synthesis is similarly affected by exposure of cells to isoniazid, an antimycobacterial drug.", "PMID": 98081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3074", "title": "An investigation of the mechanism of ethanol-induced bronchoconstriction.", "content": "A 28-year-old Asian-American woman complained of symptoms of acute bronchoconstriction after drinking alcohol beverages. We documented the presence of ethanol-induced bronchoconstriction in this patient by administering oral ethanol challenges under controlled conditions. Bronchoconstriction was not prevented by pretreatment with atropine sulfate or cromolyn, suggesting that neither cholinergic postganglionic pathways nor mediator release from mast cells was the cause of the acute airway narrowing. The rapid decrease in specific airway conductance after ethanol ingestion and the association with symptoms of vasomotor sensitivity suggest that ethanol may have acted in this patient by releasing one or more secondary mediators with vasoactive and bronchoactive properties.", "contents": "An investigation of the mechanism of ethanol-induced bronchoconstriction. A 28-year-old Asian-American woman complained of symptoms of acute bronchoconstriction after drinking alcohol beverages. We documented the presence of ethanol-induced bronchoconstriction in this patient by administering oral ethanol challenges under controlled conditions. Bronchoconstriction was not prevented by pretreatment with atropine sulfate or cromolyn, suggesting that neither cholinergic postganglionic pathways nor mediator release from mast cells was the cause of the acute airway narrowing. The rapid decrease in specific airway conductance after ethanol ingestion and the association with symptoms of vasomotor sensitivity suggest that ethanol may have acted in this patient by releasing one or more secondary mediators with vasoactive and bronchoactive properties.", "PMID": 98082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3075", "title": "Therapy with cromolyn sodium.", "content": "Cromolyn is a prototype of a new series of drugs, the pharmacologic activities of which may offer an entirely new approach in the treatment of asthma. Whereas bronchodilator drugs and steroids act primarily at tissue sites to counteract the effects of various toxic mediators released from tissue mast cells, cromolyn prevents the release of such mediators from mast cell membranes. The advent of cromolyn sodium therapy has been recognized as a significant advance by the pharmaceutical industry, which is rapidly developing a series of cromolyn-like drugs with similar properties. Many of these compounds are active orally, and some preliminary investigations suggest that they also could be clinically effective. Cromolyn has therapeutic value in immunologic and nonimmunologically induced bronchospasm, being particularly suited for conditions amenable to long-term prophylactic therapy. The risk-to-benefit ratio of cromolyn sodium therapy is excellent. Cromolyn sodium is an important adjunct in the treatment of asthma. By topical administration the drug has been effective in seasonal and perennial rhinoconjunctivitis and in selected cases of gastrointestinal allergy to foods.", "contents": "Therapy with cromolyn sodium. Cromolyn is a prototype of a new series of drugs, the pharmacologic activities of which may offer an entirely new approach in the treatment of asthma. Whereas bronchodilator drugs and steroids act primarily at tissue sites to counteract the effects of various toxic mediators released from tissue mast cells, cromolyn prevents the release of such mediators from mast cell membranes. The advent of cromolyn sodium therapy has been recognized as a significant advance by the pharmaceutical industry, which is rapidly developing a series of cromolyn-like drugs with similar properties. Many of these compounds are active orally, and some preliminary investigations suggest that they also could be clinically effective. Cromolyn has therapeutic value in immunologic and nonimmunologically induced bronchospasm, being particularly suited for conditions amenable to long-term prophylactic therapy. The risk-to-benefit ratio of cromolyn sodium therapy is excellent. Cromolyn sodium is an important adjunct in the treatment of asthma. By topical administration the drug has been effective in seasonal and perennial rhinoconjunctivitis and in selected cases of gastrointestinal allergy to foods.", "PMID": 98084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3076", "title": "Aspergillus flavus keratitis.", "content": "Corneal infection due to the species Aspergillus flavus is rare and often destructive. This report describes a case of Aspergillus flavus corneal ulcer that failed to respond to amphotericin B, pimaricin, and clotrimazole. The eye subsequently became phthisical. The rational approach to the management of fungal corneal infection is to culture or perform sensitivity tests on the isolated organism. Early surgical intervention should be done if the infection fails to respond to medical treatment, and if the disease process extends deep into the stromal tissue and anterior chamber. Fungal malignant glaucoma requires excisional keratoplasty, lens extraction, and anterior vitrectomy.", "contents": "Aspergillus flavus keratitis. Corneal infection due to the species Aspergillus flavus is rare and often destructive. This report describes a case of Aspergillus flavus corneal ulcer that failed to respond to amphotericin B, pimaricin, and clotrimazole. The eye subsequently became phthisical. The rational approach to the management of fungal corneal infection is to culture or perform sensitivity tests on the isolated organism. Early surgical intervention should be done if the infection fails to respond to medical treatment, and if the disease process extends deep into the stromal tissue and anterior chamber. Fungal malignant glaucoma requires excisional keratoplasty, lens extraction, and anterior vitrectomy.", "PMID": 98087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3077", "title": "Genetics in keratoconus: A, B, O blood groups.", "content": "A, B, O blood group frequencies and Rh factors were studied in 69 white keratoconus patients and compared with 1,465 healthy white individuals. We did not detect a significant excess of any particular blood group among keratoconus patients. It was concluded that blood groups were not associated with keratoconus.", "contents": "Genetics in keratoconus: A, B, O blood groups. A, B, O blood group frequencies and Rh factors were studied in 69 white keratoconus patients and compared with 1,465 healthy white individuals. We did not detect a significant excess of any particular blood group among keratoconus patients. It was concluded that blood groups were not associated with keratoconus.", "PMID": 98088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3078", "title": "Management of pterygia: should thiotepa be used?", "content": "Pterygium, a common source of morbidity throughout the world, may appear to be an innocuous, easily excised lesion, yet it plagues the ophthalmologist by its high rate of recurrence, ranging from 20% to 30% after simple excision. Beta irradiation has been used by ophthalmic surgeons for many years. Another method of stemming the high percentage of pterygium recurrence is through local application of thiotepa, a radiomimetic drug that inhibits rapidly proliferating cells. The following report is a review of the literature from 1960 to 1977 on the role of thiotepa in treatment of pterygium, with emphasis on the complications of thiotepa administration. The recurrence rate after topical postoperative use of thiotepa ranges from 0 to 8%, with disturbing variance in results, depending on each investigator's definition of \"recurrence\", the length of follow-up, the type of pterygium, and the number of patients. The main reported complication from thiotepa's use has been depigmentation of skin around several patients' eyes, sometimes precipitated by exposure to the sun's rays.", "contents": "Management of pterygia: should thiotepa be used? Pterygium, a common source of morbidity throughout the world, may appear to be an innocuous, easily excised lesion, yet it plagues the ophthalmologist by its high rate of recurrence, ranging from 20% to 30% after simple excision. Beta irradiation has been used by ophthalmic surgeons for many years. Another method of stemming the high percentage of pterygium recurrence is through local application of thiotepa, a radiomimetic drug that inhibits rapidly proliferating cells. The following report is a review of the literature from 1960 to 1977 on the role of thiotepa in treatment of pterygium, with emphasis on the complications of thiotepa administration. The recurrence rate after topical postoperative use of thiotepa ranges from 0 to 8%, with disturbing variance in results, depending on each investigator's definition of \"recurrence\", the length of follow-up, the type of pterygium, and the number of patients. The main reported complication from thiotepa's use has been depigmentation of skin around several patients' eyes, sometimes precipitated by exposure to the sun's rays.", "PMID": 98089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3079", "title": "Some ultrastructural aspects of the replication of a Yucaipa-like virus in Vero cells.", "content": "The replication in Vero cells of a Yucaipa-like virus isolated from a wild bird in West Africa (PLOC/Senegal/9/76) was studied with an electron microscope at days 6 and 8 post-inoculation. Viral nucleocapsids, 15 nm in diameter, were found in the cytoplasm, mainly beneath the cell membrane. Viral particles, 125 to 175 nm in diameter, were released from the cells by a budding process. No viral nucleocapsid could be observed within the nucleus of infected cells.", "contents": "Some ultrastructural aspects of the replication of a Yucaipa-like virus in Vero cells. The replication in Vero cells of a Yucaipa-like virus isolated from a wild bird in West Africa (PLOC/Senegal/9/76) was studied with an electron microscope at days 6 and 8 post-inoculation. Viral nucleocapsids, 15 nm in diameter, were found in the cytoplasm, mainly beneath the cell membrane. Viral particles, 125 to 175 nm in diameter, were released from the cells by a budding process. No viral nucleocapsid could be observed within the nucleus of infected cells.", "PMID": 98086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3080", "title": "Placental permeability in the sheep.", "content": "The transplacental flux of different radiolabelled substances was measured, according to Fick's principle, in chronically catheterised pregnant sheep (124 to 143 days of gestation). Knowing the uterine blood flow, it was possible to calculate the net flux and derive a permeability coefficient, K. With 14C erythritol, K soon reaches its ultimate value, thus suggesting there is only one rate-limiting step to transfer and no significant middle compartment in the sheep placenta. The comparison of feto-maternal fluxes of different metabolically inert, lipid insoluble molecules (urea, erythritol, mannitol and Cr-EDTA) demonstrates a very sharp decrease in permeability as molecular size increases. The membrane behaves like a tight epithelium, with pores of of an approximate radius of 0.45 nm which allow but a poor passive diffusion. On the contrary, permeability to 3 methylglucose and 2 deoxyglucose is much too high for passive diffusion. Transfer competition between D-glucose and 3 methylglucose affords other evidence for a stereospecific monosaccharide carrier. The relationship between the presumably \"active\" sodium flux out of the fetus and the electrical potential difference across the placenta is discussed. The fetus is usually negative to the mother but the potential difference changes from day to day, and in twin gestation, the respective fetomaternal potentials seem to be independent. Acid infusion to the fetus increases the potential difference. The maintenance of this electrical or chemical gradients is taken as a consequence of the low passive permeability of the placenta.", "contents": "Placental permeability in the sheep. The transplacental flux of different radiolabelled substances was measured, according to Fick's principle, in chronically catheterised pregnant sheep (124 to 143 days of gestation). Knowing the uterine blood flow, it was possible to calculate the net flux and derive a permeability coefficient, K. With 14C erythritol, K soon reaches its ultimate value, thus suggesting there is only one rate-limiting step to transfer and no significant middle compartment in the sheep placenta. The comparison of feto-maternal fluxes of different metabolically inert, lipid insoluble molecules (urea, erythritol, mannitol and Cr-EDTA) demonstrates a very sharp decrease in permeability as molecular size increases. The membrane behaves like a tight epithelium, with pores of of an approximate radius of 0.45 nm which allow but a poor passive diffusion. On the contrary, permeability to 3 methylglucose and 2 deoxyglucose is much too high for passive diffusion. Transfer competition between D-glucose and 3 methylglucose affords other evidence for a stereospecific monosaccharide carrier. The relationship between the presumably \"active\" sodium flux out of the fetus and the electrical potential difference across the placenta is discussed. The fetus is usually negative to the mother but the potential difference changes from day to day, and in twin gestation, the respective fetomaternal potentials seem to be independent. Acid infusion to the fetus increases the potential difference. The maintenance of this electrical or chemical gradients is taken as a consequence of the low passive permeability of the placenta.", "PMID": 98093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3081", "title": "Prostaglandins and regulation of the pulmonary circulation in the perinatal period.", "content": "Effects of indomethacin on pulmonary vasodilation caused by ventilation of the fetal lungs with air were evaluated in anesthetized, exteriorized fetal goats by means of an open-chest pump perfused lung preparation. When fetal lungs are ventilated with air, pulmonary vascular resistance decreases in two steps: 1) a rapid decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance during the first 30 seconds of ventilation, and 2) a slower decline which continues through the first 10-20 minutes of more of ventilation. Indomethacin has minimal effect upon the first component. The second component is absent following treatment with indomethacin. Effects observed with indomethacin were more pronounced in immature fetuses (less than 90% gestation), than in mature fetuses. Prostaglandin synthetase activity appears to have a role in the pulmonary vasodilation resulting from ventilation of the fetal lungs with air.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and regulation of the pulmonary circulation in the perinatal period. Effects of indomethacin on pulmonary vasodilation caused by ventilation of the fetal lungs with air were evaluated in anesthetized, exteriorized fetal goats by means of an open-chest pump perfused lung preparation. When fetal lungs are ventilated with air, pulmonary vascular resistance decreases in two steps: 1) a rapid decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance during the first 30 seconds of ventilation, and 2) a slower decline which continues through the first 10-20 minutes of more of ventilation. Indomethacin has minimal effect upon the first component. The second component is absent following treatment with indomethacin. Effects observed with indomethacin were more pronounced in immature fetuses (less than 90% gestation), than in mature fetuses. Prostaglandin synthetase activity appears to have a role in the pulmonary vasodilation resulting from ventilation of the fetal lungs with air.", "PMID": 98094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3082", "title": "Microsporidian infection in the cyst wall of Trematode metacercariae encysted in fish.", "content": "Microsporidian infection is reported in Liza ramada (Risso), Mugilidae, from Bardawil Lagoon, Mediterranean coast of Sinai, in the fibroblasts of the metacercarial capsule of Heterophyes heterophyes (Siebold). Infection of the metacercarial cyst resulted in an hypertrophy of the cyst wall and degeneration and eventual death of the encapsulated metacercaria.", "contents": "Microsporidian infection in the cyst wall of Trematode metacercariae encysted in fish. Microsporidian infection is reported in Liza ramada (Risso), Mugilidae, from Bardawil Lagoon, Mediterranean coast of Sinai, in the fibroblasts of the metacercarial capsule of Heterophyes heterophyes (Siebold). Infection of the metacercarial cyst resulted in an hypertrophy of the cyst wall and degeneration and eventual death of the encapsulated metacercaria.", "PMID": 98090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3083", "title": "Nonsensory neglect.", "content": "Five monkeys trained to perform with the extremity contralateral to a stimulus had unilateral neglect induced by frontal and reticular formation lesions. Postoperatively the performance of the animals was abnormal only on ipsilateral stimulation, which suggests that the mechanism underlying neglect in these subjects is not deafferentation of sensory inattention but a defect of intention.", "contents": "Nonsensory neglect. Five monkeys trained to perform with the extremity contralateral to a stimulus had unilateral neglect induced by frontal and reticular formation lesions. Postoperatively the performance of the animals was abnormal only on ipsilateral stimulation, which suggests that the mechanism underlying neglect in these subjects is not deafferentation of sensory inattention but a defect of intention.", "PMID": 98100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3084", "title": "Anti-actin antibodies of human and rabbit origin.", "content": "The production of actin antisera in rabbits was described and their reaction in various immunological tests were compared with the results obtained with human anti-actin sera (smooth muscle antibodies). Even if the sera may react with different antigenic determinants of actin as suggested by results in immunoprecipitation and blocking experiments, the rabbit and human sera can be used for studies of cells with equal or similar results. A prerequisite was that the rabbit anti-actin titres were high. The difficulty in obtaining strong anti-actin sera in rabbits was confirmed.", "contents": "Anti-actin antibodies of human and rabbit origin. The production of actin antisera in rabbits was described and their reaction in various immunological tests were compared with the results obtained with human anti-actin sera (smooth muscle antibodies). Even if the sera may react with different antigenic determinants of actin as suggested by results in immunoprecipitation and blocking experiments, the rabbit and human sera can be used for studies of cells with equal or similar results. A prerequisite was that the rabbit anti-actin titres were high. The difficulty in obtaining strong anti-actin sera in rabbits was confirmed.", "PMID": 98096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3085", "title": "Determination of immunoglobulin content of CSF based on light chain characteristics.", "content": "The immunoglobulin light chain (types kappa and lambda) content of normal cerebrospinal fluid is similar to that of normal serum. In inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system a shift in the k/l ratio in comparison to serum values, usually a relative increase of Igk, can be observed. This increase of the k/l ratio, though not specific for any disease, is most commonly found in multiple sclerosis. There is no correlation between the IgG content and the k/l ratio. The methods described here measure bound and free light chains simultaneously. The calculations show that free light chains are present in both normal and inflammatory CSF and that they appear to be of polyclonal origin. The detection of light chain abnormalities in CSF can be taken as an indicator of endogenous immunoglobulin production in the CNS and is of significance for the diagnosis of inflammatory CNS processes, especially when other signs of endogenous immunoglobulin production are absent.", "contents": "Determination of immunoglobulin content of CSF based on light chain characteristics. The immunoglobulin light chain (types kappa and lambda) content of normal cerebrospinal fluid is similar to that of normal serum. In inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system a shift in the k/l ratio in comparison to serum values, usually a relative increase of Igk, can be observed. This increase of the k/l ratio, though not specific for any disease, is most commonly found in multiple sclerosis. There is no correlation between the IgG content and the k/l ratio. The methods described here measure bound and free light chains simultaneously. The calculations show that free light chains are present in both normal and inflammatory CSF and that they appear to be of polyclonal origin. The detection of light chain abnormalities in CSF can be taken as an indicator of endogenous immunoglobulin production in the CNS and is of significance for the diagnosis of inflammatory CNS processes, especially when other signs of endogenous immunoglobulin production are absent.", "PMID": 98101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3086", "title": "Enhancing effect of passive immunization with mycobacterial antibodies on humoral and cellular immunity in BCG-infected mice.", "content": "The present paper is an attempt to get insight about the mechanisms involved in the enhancing phenomenon that occurs in bacterial infections. Mice infected with small doses of the BCG strain of M. bovis and treated with a M. tuberculosis H37Rv antiserum investigated at various intervals for their capacity to synthesize haemagglutinating antimyco-bacterial antibodies and to develop delayed hypersensitivity to PPD. As controls, BCG-infected mice were treated with the antiserum freed from its mycobacterial antibodies. It was found that the passive immunization of BCG-infected mice promotes the growth of bacilli in their spleen and induces a late formation of antimycobacterial antibodies which do not seem to be related to the development of delayed hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Enhancing effect of passive immunization with mycobacterial antibodies on humoral and cellular immunity in BCG-infected mice. The present paper is an attempt to get insight about the mechanisms involved in the enhancing phenomenon that occurs in bacterial infections. Mice infected with small doses of the BCG strain of M. bovis and treated with a M. tuberculosis H37Rv antiserum investigated at various intervals for their capacity to synthesize haemagglutinating antimyco-bacterial antibodies and to develop delayed hypersensitivity to PPD. As controls, BCG-infected mice were treated with the antiserum freed from its mycobacterial antibodies. It was found that the passive immunization of BCG-infected mice promotes the growth of bacilli in their spleen and induces a late formation of antimycobacterial antibodies which do not seem to be related to the development of delayed hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 98097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3087", "title": "[Increase in tetracycline activity by using surface-active substances].", "content": "The antimicrobial effect of cationic and anionic surface-active substances, i.e. catamine AB and sulphonol NP-3 respectively was studied in vitro with respect to gramnegative bacteria. In non-bactericidal concentrations catamine AB significantly increased the efficacy of tetracyclines, while the anionic compound had no such effect. The increase in the tetracycline activity was due to the antibiotic increased absorption (14C-oxytetracycline as an example) on the treatment of gramnegative bacteria with catamine AB and staphylococci with catamine AB and sulphonol NP-3, which was mainly associated with impairement of the cell membrane permeability by the surface-active substances.", "contents": "[Increase in tetracycline activity by using surface-active substances]. The antimicrobial effect of cationic and anionic surface-active substances, i.e. catamine AB and sulphonol NP-3 respectively was studied in vitro with respect to gramnegative bacteria. In non-bactericidal concentrations catamine AB significantly increased the efficacy of tetracyclines, while the anionic compound had no such effect. The increase in the tetracycline activity was due to the antibiotic increased absorption (14C-oxytetracycline as an example) on the treatment of gramnegative bacteria with catamine AB and staphylococci with catamine AB and sulphonol NP-3, which was mainly associated with impairement of the cell membrane permeability by the surface-active substances.", "PMID": 98103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3088", "title": "Immunochemical relationship between natural haemagglutinins and immune antibodies in the toad (Bufo paracnemis).", "content": "Natural and induced antibodies from serum of Bufo paracnemis were isolated by specific immunoadsorption (natural antibodies and specific induced antibodies, respectively). Natural agglutinins specific to rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) showed, by immunodiffusion (ID) and by immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) against rabbit anti-B, paracnemis serum, at least three precipitation lines. Similar patterns were obtained with the specific induced antibodies. Immunochemical identity between natural and induced antibodies was observed by ID test. These results were assessed by repeatedly absorbing rabbit anti-Bufo serum with natural antibodies: these natural antibodies totally exhausted the activity of rabbit immune serum against specific anti-bovine serumalbumine and vice-versa. These reactions were studied using a very sensitive radioimmunodiffusion test. The heterogeneity of natural haemagglutinins and their identity with induced antibodies are discussed in relation with these experimental data.", "contents": "Immunochemical relationship between natural haemagglutinins and immune antibodies in the toad (Bufo paracnemis). Natural and induced antibodies from serum of Bufo paracnemis were isolated by specific immunoadsorption (natural antibodies and specific induced antibodies, respectively). Natural agglutinins specific to rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) showed, by immunodiffusion (ID) and by immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) against rabbit anti-B, paracnemis serum, at least three precipitation lines. Similar patterns were obtained with the specific induced antibodies. Immunochemical identity between natural and induced antibodies was observed by ID test. These results were assessed by repeatedly absorbing rabbit anti-Bufo serum with natural antibodies: these natural antibodies totally exhausted the activity of rabbit immune serum against specific anti-bovine serumalbumine and vice-versa. These reactions were studied using a very sensitive radioimmunodiffusion test. The heterogeneity of natural haemagglutinins and their identity with induced antibodies are discussed in relation with these experimental data.", "PMID": 98099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3089", "title": "Antimalarial activities of various 4-quinolonemethanols with special attention to WR-142,490 (mefloquine).", "content": "Pilot appraisals of the activities of a selected group of 4-quinolinemethanols against acute Plasmodium falciparum infections in owl monkeys indicated that compounds of this class are equally active against infections with chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-susceptible strains and that this efficacy is not compromised by concomitant resistance to pyrimethamine, and in addition, identified three derivatives with outstanding activity (WR-226,253; WR-142,490; and WR-184,806). WR-142,490, the second 4-quinolinemethanol evaluated in the above model, was five times as active as chloroquine against infections with the chloroquine-susceptible, pyrimethamine-resistant strain and had a much larger therapeutic index. Expanded evaluations designed to support projected studies in human volunteers provided full confirmation of the pilot appraisals and in addition showed: (i) that the activity of WR-142,490 was a function of the total dose delivered, single doses being as effective as three or seven fractional doses administered over as many days; (ii) that intravenous administration of this agent was feasible and effective; and (iii) that the compound was at least as active against infections with P. vivax as against infections with P. falciparum. Companion studies in rhesus monkeys infected with P. cynomolgi showed that WR-142,490 lacked prophylactic or radical curative activity, but that it was as effective as chloroquine as a companion to primaquine in a combination curative drug regimen. The results of human volunteer and field trials agree well with comparable segments of these experimental evaluations.", "contents": "Antimalarial activities of various 4-quinolonemethanols with special attention to WR-142,490 (mefloquine). Pilot appraisals of the activities of a selected group of 4-quinolinemethanols against acute Plasmodium falciparum infections in owl monkeys indicated that compounds of this class are equally active against infections with chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-susceptible strains and that this efficacy is not compromised by concomitant resistance to pyrimethamine, and in addition, identified three derivatives with outstanding activity (WR-226,253; WR-142,490; and WR-184,806). WR-142,490, the second 4-quinolinemethanol evaluated in the above model, was five times as active as chloroquine against infections with the chloroquine-susceptible, pyrimethamine-resistant strain and had a much larger therapeutic index. Expanded evaluations designed to support projected studies in human volunteers provided full confirmation of the pilot appraisals and in addition showed: (i) that the activity of WR-142,490 was a function of the total dose delivered, single doses being as effective as three or seven fractional doses administered over as many days; (ii) that intravenous administration of this agent was feasible and effective; and (iii) that the compound was at least as active against infections with P. vivax as against infections with P. falciparum. Companion studies in rhesus monkeys infected with P. cynomolgi showed that WR-142,490 lacked prophylactic or radical curative activity, but that it was as effective as chloroquine as a companion to primaquine in a combination curative drug regimen. The results of human volunteer and field trials agree well with comparable segments of these experimental evaluations.", "PMID": 98104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3090", "title": "Activity of three 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives against in vitro dental plaque.", "content": "Three 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives, assessed using an in vitro preformed dental plaque model system, were differentially inhibitory for four plaque-forming microorganisms.", "contents": "Activity of three 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives against in vitro dental plaque. Three 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives, assessed using an in vitro preformed dental plaque model system, were differentially inhibitory for four plaque-forming microorganisms.", "PMID": 98105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3091", "title": "In vitro susceptibility studies with netilmicin: comparison of a 10-microgram netilmicin disk with a standardized 10-microgram gentamicin disk.", "content": "Netilmicin is a new, semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic active against some gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacteria. In this study we compared a 10-mug netilmicin disk with the standardized 10-mug gentamicin disk in terms of their abilities to predict probable clinical susceptibility to netilmicin. The agar dilution procedure of the International Collaborative Study of the World Health Organization and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration standardized disk test procedure were used. The gentamicin disk failed to predict the clinical susceptibility to netilmicin of 26 of 118 isolates previously shown by the agar dilution technique to to be netilmicin susceptible. The netilmicin disk correctly predicted probable susceptibility of all 26 isolates, including 20 shown by the agar dilution procedure to be resistant to gentamicin. These studies demonstrate the need for a separate netilmicin disk for use in agar diffusion disk susceptibility tests.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility studies with netilmicin: comparison of a 10-microgram netilmicin disk with a standardized 10-microgram gentamicin disk. Netilmicin is a new, semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic active against some gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacteria. In this study we compared a 10-mug netilmicin disk with the standardized 10-mug gentamicin disk in terms of their abilities to predict probable clinical susceptibility to netilmicin. The agar dilution procedure of the International Collaborative Study of the World Health Organization and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration standardized disk test procedure were used. The gentamicin disk failed to predict the clinical susceptibility to netilmicin of 26 of 118 isolates previously shown by the agar dilution technique to to be netilmicin susceptible. The netilmicin disk correctly predicted probable susceptibility of all 26 isolates, including 20 shown by the agar dilution procedure to be resistant to gentamicin. These studies demonstrate the need for a separate netilmicin disk for use in agar diffusion disk susceptibility tests.", "PMID": 98106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3092", "title": "Infection in acute leukemia patients receiving oral nonabsorable antibiotics.", "content": "During a 20-month period all acute nonlymphocytic patients (87 patient trials) receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy were placed on an oral nonabsorbable antibiotic regimen consisting of gentamicin, vancomycin, and nystatin in addition to an intensive program of infection prevention aimed at reducing exogenously acquired and body-surface potential pathogens. Although side effects of anorexia, diarrhea, and nausea were common, gentamicin-vancomycin-nystatin was ingested 80% of the study time. Microbial growth in gingival and rectal cultures was substantially reduced. The incidence of bacteremias and other serious infections was low. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other gram-negative bacilli, and Candida species caused few infections along the alimentary canal, whereas infections of the skin (especially Staphylococcus aureus) were not reduced compared with those occurring in former years. A total of the 104 acquired gram-negative bacilli were gentamicin resistant; 5 subsequently caused infection. Thus, despite certain definite drawbacks, the use of oral nonabsorbable antibiotics to suppress alimentary tract microbial flora in combination with other infection prevention techniques in granulocytopenic cancer patients has proven feasible and tolerable and has been associated with a low order of life-threatening infections.", "contents": "Infection in acute leukemia patients receiving oral nonabsorable antibiotics. During a 20-month period all acute nonlymphocytic patients (87 patient trials) receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy were placed on an oral nonabsorbable antibiotic regimen consisting of gentamicin, vancomycin, and nystatin in addition to an intensive program of infection prevention aimed at reducing exogenously acquired and body-surface potential pathogens. Although side effects of anorexia, diarrhea, and nausea were common, gentamicin-vancomycin-nystatin was ingested 80% of the study time. Microbial growth in gingival and rectal cultures was substantially reduced. The incidence of bacteremias and other serious infections was low. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other gram-negative bacilli, and Candida species caused few infections along the alimentary canal, whereas infections of the skin (especially Staphylococcus aureus) were not reduced compared with those occurring in former years. A total of the 104 acquired gram-negative bacilli were gentamicin resistant; 5 subsequently caused infection. Thus, despite certain definite drawbacks, the use of oral nonabsorbable antibiotics to suppress alimentary tract microbial flora in combination with other infection prevention techniques in granulocytopenic cancer patients has proven feasible and tolerable and has been associated with a low order of life-threatening infections.", "PMID": 98107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3093", "title": "Effect of triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride on the antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A chelating agent, triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride, interacted synergistically in vitro with both gentamicin and carbenicillin against a clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa designated Ps 15. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of carbenicillin and gentamicin for Ps 15 in a 50% serum-Trypticase soy broth were 250 and 72.9 mug/ml, respectively. However, addition of triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride to the 50% serum-Trypticase soy broth reduced the minimal inhibitory concentration of both antibiotics approximately 10-fold. A comparison of the growth of Ps 15 in 50% serum-Trypticase soy broth containing either of the antibiotics showed that a rapid decrease in the percentage of survivors only occurred when the chelating agent was present.", "contents": "Effect of triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride on the antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A chelating agent, triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride, interacted synergistically in vitro with both gentamicin and carbenicillin against a clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa designated Ps 15. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of carbenicillin and gentamicin for Ps 15 in a 50% serum-Trypticase soy broth were 250 and 72.9 mug/ml, respectively. However, addition of triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride to the 50% serum-Trypticase soy broth reduced the minimal inhibitory concentration of both antibiotics approximately 10-fold. A comparison of the growth of Ps 15 in 50% serum-Trypticase soy broth containing either of the antibiotics showed that a rapid decrease in the percentage of survivors only occurred when the chelating agent was present.", "PMID": 98108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3094", "title": "In vitro antibacterial activity of amikacin and ticarcillin, alone and in combination, against Pseudomonas aerurginosa.", "content": "In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility studies using amikacin and ticarcillin, alone and in combination, were performed on 20 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All strains were susceptible to amikacin, and ticarcillin was active against 16 of the 20 strains. Enhanced anti-pseudomonas activity could be demonstrated with the combination of amikacin and ticarcillin.", "contents": "In vitro antibacterial activity of amikacin and ticarcillin, alone and in combination, against Pseudomonas aerurginosa. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility studies using amikacin and ticarcillin, alone and in combination, were performed on 20 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All strains were susceptible to amikacin, and ticarcillin was active against 16 of the 20 strains. Enhanced anti-pseudomonas activity could be demonstrated with the combination of amikacin and ticarcillin.", "PMID": 98109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3095", "title": "Thermophilic methanogenesis in a hot-spring algal-bacterial mat (71 to 30 degrees C).", "content": "Algal-bacterial mats which grow in the effluent channels of alkaline hot springs provided an environment suitable for studying natural thermophilic methane producing bacteria. Methane was rapidly produced in cores taken from the meat and appeared to be an end product of decomposition of the algal-bacterial organic matter. Formaldehyde prevented production of methane. Initial methanogenic rate was lower and methanogenesis became exponential when samples were permitted to cool before laboratory incubation. Methanogenesis occurred and methanogenic bacteria were present over a range of 68 to 30 degrees C, with optimum methanogenesis near 45 degrees C. The temperature distribution of methanogenesis in the mat is discussed relative to published results on standing crop, primary production, and decomposition in the thermal gradient. The depth distribution of methanogenesis was similar to that of freshwater sediments, with a zone of intense methanogenesis near the mat surface. Methanogenesis in deeper mat layers was very low or undetectable despite large numbers of viable methanogenic bacteria and could not be stimulated by addition of anoxic source water, sulfide, or a macronutrient solution.", "contents": "Thermophilic methanogenesis in a hot-spring algal-bacterial mat (71 to 30 degrees C). Algal-bacterial mats which grow in the effluent channels of alkaline hot springs provided an environment suitable for studying natural thermophilic methane producing bacteria. Methane was rapidly produced in cores taken from the meat and appeared to be an end product of decomposition of the algal-bacterial organic matter. Formaldehyde prevented production of methane. Initial methanogenic rate was lower and methanogenesis became exponential when samples were permitted to cool before laboratory incubation. Methanogenesis occurred and methanogenic bacteria were present over a range of 68 to 30 degrees C, with optimum methanogenesis near 45 degrees C. The temperature distribution of methanogenesis in the mat is discussed relative to published results on standing crop, primary production, and decomposition in the thermal gradient. The depth distribution of methanogenesis was similar to that of freshwater sediments, with a zone of intense methanogenesis near the mat surface. Methanogenesis in deeper mat layers was very low or undetectable despite large numbers of viable methanogenic bacteria and could not be stimulated by addition of anoxic source water, sulfide, or a macronutrient solution.", "PMID": 98110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3096", "title": "Intermittent illumination increases biophotolytic hydrogen yield by Anabaena cylindrica.", "content": "Intermittent illumination increased H2 and C2H4 yields per unit of light from growing cells and from nitrogren-starved cells by 1.7- and 1.35-fold, respectively, as compared with continuous illumination.", "contents": "Intermittent illumination increases biophotolytic hydrogen yield by Anabaena cylindrica. Intermittent illumination increased H2 and C2H4 yields per unit of light from growing cells and from nitrogren-starved cells by 1.7- and 1.35-fold, respectively, as compared with continuous illumination.", "PMID": 98111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3097", "title": "Effect of salicylic acid on the percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone. In vivo studies in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "To document the effect of salicylic acid on hydrocortisone penetration in vivo in the rhesus monkey, hydrocortisone 14C, with and without salicylic acid, was applied in acetone and the solvent evaporated. The compounds also were applied in a formulation (60% ethanol, 5% propylene glycol, 5% glycerin, 30% water) in which salicylic acid enhances penetration in vitro. There was a difference in the kinetics of hydrocortisone absorption with the two formulations. In acetone, excretion of 14C peaked at 48 hours and then declined. With the other formulation, excretion peaked at 48 hours, maintained to 72 hours, and then declined. There was no statistical difference in the percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone with the addition of salicylic acid. These in vivo data are in contrast to the reported enhancing effect of salicylic acid obtained with in vitro studies.", "contents": "Effect of salicylic acid on the percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone. In vivo studies in the rhesus monkey. To document the effect of salicylic acid on hydrocortisone penetration in vivo in the rhesus monkey, hydrocortisone 14C, with and without salicylic acid, was applied in acetone and the solvent evaporated. The compounds also were applied in a formulation (60% ethanol, 5% propylene glycol, 5% glycerin, 30% water) in which salicylic acid enhances penetration in vitro. There was a difference in the kinetics of hydrocortisone absorption with the two formulations. In acetone, excretion of 14C peaked at 48 hours and then declined. With the other formulation, excretion peaked at 48 hours, maintained to 72 hours, and then declined. There was no statistical difference in the percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone with the addition of salicylic acid. These in vivo data are in contrast to the reported enhancing effect of salicylic acid obtained with in vitro studies.", "PMID": 98115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3098", "title": "[Post-natal growth of the child born with intra-uterine malnutrition].", "content": "Growth and morbidity were studied in a group of children at one and two years of age of which 10 were born with intrauterine malnutrition, 14 were prematures and nine had normal weight. All were evaluated , according to the Gesell test, at two years of age. Malnourished and premature children grew at greater rate than normals, reaching their size at one year of age. However, at the age of two, length of premature children was less than in normals. Gesell's test results were subnormal in 50 percent of the malnourished ones.", "contents": "[Post-natal growth of the child born with intra-uterine malnutrition]. Growth and morbidity were studied in a group of children at one and two years of age of which 10 were born with intrauterine malnutrition, 14 were prematures and nine had normal weight. All were evaluated , according to the Gesell test, at two years of age. Malnourished and premature children grew at greater rate than normals, reaching their size at one year of age. However, at the age of two, length of premature children was less than in normals. Gesell's test results were subnormal in 50 percent of the malnourished ones.", "PMID": 98119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3099", "title": "[Changes in leucocyte metabolism during growth in children born with malnutrition].", "content": "Changes of energy metabolism in leucocytes have been studied longitudinally as well as cross-sectionally in three groups of children born: 1.- at term, with normal weight; 2.- with intra-uterine malnutrition; 3.- prematurely. The longitudinal study showed that, at birth, the activity of adenylate kinase as well as concentrations of ATP, ADP AND AMP were significantly lower in the malnourished than in the normal child. At one year of age, the values of enzyme activity are approximately equal in both groups, while the concentrations, of ATP and ADP are higher in malnourished children. Finally, at two years of age all values found, with the exception of AMP concentration, were higher in malnourished than in normal children born at term. In the data of the cross-sectional study this accelerated biochemical maturation is also shown.", "contents": "[Changes in leucocyte metabolism during growth in children born with malnutrition]. Changes of energy metabolism in leucocytes have been studied longitudinally as well as cross-sectionally in three groups of children born: 1.- at term, with normal weight; 2.- with intra-uterine malnutrition; 3.- prematurely. The longitudinal study showed that, at birth, the activity of adenylate kinase as well as concentrations of ATP, ADP AND AMP were significantly lower in the malnourished than in the normal child. At one year of age, the values of enzyme activity are approximately equal in both groups, while the concentrations, of ATP and ADP are higher in malnourished children. Finally, at two years of age all values found, with the exception of AMP concentration, were higher in malnourished than in normal children born at term. In the data of the cross-sectional study this accelerated biochemical maturation is also shown.", "PMID": 98120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3100", "title": "[Food additives and their possible genetic toxicity; microbiological determination].", "content": "In the present work we intend to find an accurat methodology to establish in an easy way the mutagenic potential of drugs employed as food additives. For that purpose we first selected a microbiological system for performing this assay. The method assayed consisted of investigating the effect exerted on genetic recombination by the following chemical agents: Chloroacetic Acid, Iodoacetic Acid, Sorbic Acid, Potassium Metabisulfite, Sodium Nitrite, Auramine and Erythrossine. The activity of these agents was detected though their effect on the transformation of an auxotrophic strain of Bacillus subtilis. Comparative assays of reversion of characters have been made with strains of Salmonella typimurium already used by other authors. These assays have also been repeated with several auxotrophic strains of Bacillus subtilis and different genetic characters have been studied. Most results suggest that changes in the recombination process should have occured at different levels according with the drugs assayed. On the other hand, the results of reversion have not been significant enough. We think that more accuracy is afforded by both the recombination and the reversion assay developed to other for this kind of detection.", "contents": "[Food additives and their possible genetic toxicity; microbiological determination]. In the present work we intend to find an accurat methodology to establish in an easy way the mutagenic potential of drugs employed as food additives. For that purpose we first selected a microbiological system for performing this assay. The method assayed consisted of investigating the effect exerted on genetic recombination by the following chemical agents: Chloroacetic Acid, Iodoacetic Acid, Sorbic Acid, Potassium Metabisulfite, Sodium Nitrite, Auramine and Erythrossine. The activity of these agents was detected though their effect on the transformation of an auxotrophic strain of Bacillus subtilis. Comparative assays of reversion of characters have been made with strains of Salmonella typimurium already used by other authors. These assays have also been repeated with several auxotrophic strains of Bacillus subtilis and different genetic characters have been studied. Most results suggest that changes in the recombination process should have occured at different levels according with the drugs assayed. On the other hand, the results of reversion have not been significant enough. We think that more accuracy is afforded by both the recombination and the reversion assay developed to other for this kind of detection.", "PMID": 98122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3101", "title": "[Peptidoglycan type and cell wall polysaccharide composition of Cellulomonas cartalyticum and some coryneform organisms (author's transl)].", "content": "Cellulomonas cartalyticum was found to contain a peptidoglycan type different from that of the other species of Cellulomonas. The diamino acid is lysin instead of ornithine and the interpeptide bridge consists of D-Asp-D-Ser. The same peptidoglycan type occurs in Corynebacterium manihot, Brevibacterium liticum and Arthrobacter luteus. These non cellulolytic organisms are most likely not closely related with Cellulomonas cartalyticum, as indicated by the very different G +C content of their DNA, although they formed a narrow cluster including C. cartalyticum when numeric taxonomical methods were applied.", "contents": "[Peptidoglycan type and cell wall polysaccharide composition of Cellulomonas cartalyticum and some coryneform organisms (author's transl)]. Cellulomonas cartalyticum was found to contain a peptidoglycan type different from that of the other species of Cellulomonas. The diamino acid is lysin instead of ornithine and the interpeptide bridge consists of D-Asp-D-Ser. The same peptidoglycan type occurs in Corynebacterium manihot, Brevibacterium liticum and Arthrobacter luteus. These non cellulolytic organisms are most likely not closely related with Cellulomonas cartalyticum, as indicated by the very different G +C content of their DNA, although they formed a narrow cluster including C. cartalyticum when numeric taxonomical methods were applied.", "PMID": 98123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3102", "title": "Transient change in the ATP pool of Anabaena cylindrica associated with ammonia assimilation.", "content": "When N2-grown cells of Anabaena cylindrica were exposed to ammonia (50 micron to 5 mM) in the dark, the size of the ATP pool was reduced by 40% within 1 min, but restored after 5 or 6 min. The decrease in ATP was accompanied by increases in ADP and AMP, while the total adenylate content remained unaltered. The ammonia-induced change in the ATP pool was completely eliminated when algal cells were treated with L-methionine-DL-sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutamine synthesis. These results suggest that ammonia is rapidly assimilated through the pathway mediated by glutamine synthetase accompanied by reduction of the ATP pool.", "contents": "Transient change in the ATP pool of Anabaena cylindrica associated with ammonia assimilation. When N2-grown cells of Anabaena cylindrica were exposed to ammonia (50 micron to 5 mM) in the dark, the size of the ATP pool was reduced by 40% within 1 min, but restored after 5 or 6 min. The decrease in ATP was accompanied by increases in ADP and AMP, while the total adenylate content remained unaltered. The ammonia-induced change in the ATP pool was completely eliminated when algal cells were treated with L-methionine-DL-sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutamine synthesis. These results suggest that ammonia is rapidly assimilated through the pathway mediated by glutamine synthetase accompanied by reduction of the ATP pool.", "PMID": 98124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3103", "title": "The occurrence and identification of intracellular polyglucose storage granules in Methylococcus NCIB 11083 grown in chemostat culture on methane.", "content": "The accumulation of intracellular storage granules (0.03--0.5 micrometer) by Methylococcus NCIB 11083 when grown under conditions of ammonia limitation with methane as the sole source of carbon and energy was inversely proportional to the dilution rate. The isolated material was composed entirely of glucose residues and the infra-red spectrum exhibited characteristic absorption bands at 925 cm(-1), 845 cm(-1) and 745 +/- 4cm(-1), indicating the presence of alpha (1 leads to 4) glycosidic linkages. The polymer dissolved in hot water to give an opalescent solution that formed a violet iodine complex with an absorption maximum at 550nm, identical to that observed with reference amylopectin. The percentage of the polysaccharide released as maltose by the action of beta- and alpha-amylases was 55--64% and 80--90% respectively, values very similar to those obtained by the action of these enzymes on reference amylopectin and glycogen. Methylation analysis indicated that the average interior and exterior chain lengths of the polymer were 2.7 and 10.0 glucose units respectively and confirmed that the Methylococcus polyglucose is a branched polymer composed of units joined by 1 leads to 4 and 1 leads to 6 linkages. The number average molecular weight of the polymer is 2--4.5 x 10(5). The stored polymer was metabolised by the organism and its metabolism resulted in the synthesis of protein.", "contents": "The occurrence and identification of intracellular polyglucose storage granules in Methylococcus NCIB 11083 grown in chemostat culture on methane. The accumulation of intracellular storage granules (0.03--0.5 micrometer) by Methylococcus NCIB 11083 when grown under conditions of ammonia limitation with methane as the sole source of carbon and energy was inversely proportional to the dilution rate. The isolated material was composed entirely of glucose residues and the infra-red spectrum exhibited characteristic absorption bands at 925 cm(-1), 845 cm(-1) and 745 +/- 4cm(-1), indicating the presence of alpha (1 leads to 4) glycosidic linkages. The polymer dissolved in hot water to give an opalescent solution that formed a violet iodine complex with an absorption maximum at 550nm, identical to that observed with reference amylopectin. The percentage of the polysaccharide released as maltose by the action of beta- and alpha-amylases was 55--64% and 80--90% respectively, values very similar to those obtained by the action of these enzymes on reference amylopectin and glycogen. Methylation analysis indicated that the average interior and exterior chain lengths of the polymer were 2.7 and 10.0 glucose units respectively and confirmed that the Methylococcus polyglucose is a branched polymer composed of units joined by 1 leads to 4 and 1 leads to 6 linkages. The number average molecular weight of the polymer is 2--4.5 x 10(5). The stored polymer was metabolised by the organism and its metabolism resulted in the synthesis of protein.", "PMID": 98125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3104", "title": "[Enterocutaneous fistulas of the small intestine in children: therapeutic approach. Study of 22 cases].", "content": "25 cases of post-operative small intestinal fistulae in children are described. 24 benefited by intensive feeding either exclusively parenterally (20 cases) or orally by constant infusion of an elemental diet (4 cases). In 13 cases the fistulae closed spontaneously but the other 11 needed further operations after an average of 41 days feeding. 2 children died; 1 was operated on early and the other had chronic granulomatous disease. Thus it is important to avoid early surgical intervention and to ensure adequate drainage of fistulae. Intensive feeding either parenterally or orally has an important role in this condition.", "contents": "[Enterocutaneous fistulas of the small intestine in children: therapeutic approach. Study of 22 cases]. 25 cases of post-operative small intestinal fistulae in children are described. 24 benefited by intensive feeding either exclusively parenterally (20 cases) or orally by constant infusion of an elemental diet (4 cases). In 13 cases the fistulae closed spontaneously but the other 11 needed further operations after an average of 41 days feeding. 2 children died; 1 was operated on early and the other had chronic granulomatous disease. Thus it is important to avoid early surgical intervention and to ensure adequate drainage of fistulae. Intensive feeding either parenterally or orally has an important role in this condition.", "PMID": 98126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3105", "title": "Long-acting oral vs injectable antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenics: a one-year double-blind comparison in multiple episode schizophrenics.", "content": "Sixty patients meeting the criteria established for schizophrenia who attained a clinical plateau following hospital discharge were randomized to receive for one year either penfluridol, 20 to 160 mg orally once each week, or fluphenazine decanoate, 0.5 to 4 ml every two weeks. The relapse rate for both treatments was low and equal. The rate of recurrence of psychosis for patients receiving penfluridol was 7% and for those receiving fluphenazine decanoate 10%. A retrospective comparison of the penfluridol group was made to a similar group of patients assigned to placebo in an earlier study. Placebo-treated patients had a relapse rate of 68%. Penfluridol patients had statistically fewer psychotic relapses. Questions about the possible carcinogenicity of penfluridol in animals will have to be resolved before it can be widely used. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using an oral, long-acting antipsychotic agent. It would be a useful psychopharmacologic addition in the treatment of outpatient schizophrenics.", "contents": "Long-acting oral vs injectable antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenics: a one-year double-blind comparison in multiple episode schizophrenics. Sixty patients meeting the criteria established for schizophrenia who attained a clinical plateau following hospital discharge were randomized to receive for one year either penfluridol, 20 to 160 mg orally once each week, or fluphenazine decanoate, 0.5 to 4 ml every two weeks. The relapse rate for both treatments was low and equal. The rate of recurrence of psychosis for patients receiving penfluridol was 7% and for those receiving fluphenazine decanoate 10%. A retrospective comparison of the penfluridol group was made to a similar group of patients assigned to placebo in an earlier study. Placebo-treated patients had a relapse rate of 68%. Penfluridol patients had statistically fewer psychotic relapses. Questions about the possible carcinogenicity of penfluridol in animals will have to be resolved before it can be widely used. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using an oral, long-acting antipsychotic agent. It would be a useful psychopharmacologic addition in the treatment of outpatient schizophrenics.", "PMID": 98127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3106", "title": "Behavioral effects of protirelin in schizophrenia.", "content": "The effects of protirelin were compared with those of placebo in a multi-institutional, double-blind, controlled study of 143 chronic schizophrenic patients. Treatment with neuroleptics was continued during the study and 4 mg protirelin per day was orally administered for 14 days. Protirelin appeared to be significantly superior to placebo on the physicians' global ratings of efficacy. Increased motivation for work was isolated as a target effect but such symptoms as facial expression, emotional rapport, and psychomotor activity also appeared to be improved by addition of protirelin to the neuroleptics. Onset of the therapeutic effect of protirelin occurred within a week of medication in most of the patients who showed improvement. No adverse reactions were encountered.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of protirelin in schizophrenia. The effects of protirelin were compared with those of placebo in a multi-institutional, double-blind, controlled study of 143 chronic schizophrenic patients. Treatment with neuroleptics was continued during the study and 4 mg protirelin per day was orally administered for 14 days. Protirelin appeared to be significantly superior to placebo on the physicians' global ratings of efficacy. Increased motivation for work was isolated as a target effect but such symptoms as facial expression, emotional rapport, and psychomotor activity also appeared to be improved by addition of protirelin to the neuroleptics. Onset of the therapeutic effect of protirelin occurred within a week of medication in most of the patients who showed improvement. No adverse reactions were encountered.", "PMID": 98128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3107", "title": "Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test in manic-depressive illness.", "content": "The thyrotrophin (TSH) response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH 200 microgram intravenously was studied in 19 patients with unipolar depression, 12 with bipolar depression, 14 with mania, and 5 with mixed manic-depressive illness. The TSH responses were decreased in all of these affective disorders compared to those found in 10 patients with reactive depression, 5 with reactive paranoid psychosis, 14 with neurotic depression, and 60 controls. The decrease of the TSH response in manics could not be accounted for by the effects of neuroleptic drugs. The TSH response in the groups with reactive depression, reactive paranoid psychosis, and neurotic depression, respectively, did not differ significantly from that found in controls. With the exception of a decrease in serum T3 level and free T3 index in the manics, no significant differences in serum T3 level or in free T3 and T4 indexes were found between the groups. Changes found in serum T4 level were due to changes in the thyroxine-binding proteins.", "contents": "Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test in manic-depressive illness. The thyrotrophin (TSH) response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH 200 microgram intravenously was studied in 19 patients with unipolar depression, 12 with bipolar depression, 14 with mania, and 5 with mixed manic-depressive illness. The TSH responses were decreased in all of these affective disorders compared to those found in 10 patients with reactive depression, 5 with reactive paranoid psychosis, 14 with neurotic depression, and 60 controls. The decrease of the TSH response in manics could not be accounted for by the effects of neuroleptic drugs. The TSH response in the groups with reactive depression, reactive paranoid psychosis, and neurotic depression, respectively, did not differ significantly from that found in controls. With the exception of a decrease in serum T3 level and free T3 index in the manics, no significant differences in serum T3 level or in free T3 and T4 indexes were found between the groups. Changes found in serum T4 level were due to changes in the thyroxine-binding proteins.", "PMID": 98129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3108", "title": "[Preparoxysmal fits of laughter from misformation of the hypothalamus (author's transl)].", "content": "Fits of laughter have been described in a number of instances with a differentiation made between primary and secondary fits. Fits of laughter in the case of pubertas praecox resulting from a hyperplastic deformation at the base of the IIIrd ventricle have not been observed as yet. The case here described shows that fits of laughter of this type can be observed prior to commencement of the actual epileptic fit itself. A short description if given of how normal laughing and crying comes into being, referring to the relevant literature.", "contents": "[Preparoxysmal fits of laughter from misformation of the hypothalamus (author's transl)]. Fits of laughter have been described in a number of instances with a differentiation made between primary and secondary fits. Fits of laughter in the case of pubertas praecox resulting from a hyperplastic deformation at the base of the IIIrd ventricle have not been observed as yet. The case here described shows that fits of laughter of this type can be observed prior to commencement of the actual epileptic fit itself. A short description if given of how normal laughing and crying comes into being, referring to the relevant literature.", "PMID": 98130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3109", "title": "Induction of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and UDP glucuronosyl transferase by PCB in hepatic cell cultures.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to derive a hepatic cell line to be used in induction studies of drug metabolizing enzymes. Two pure cell lines were isolated from primary liver cell cultures, one with an epithelial-like appearance, the other with a fibroblast-like appearance. The specific activities of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and UDP glucuronosyl transferase (UDPGT) were greater in hepatocyte cultures than in primary cultures or in fibroblast cultures. PCB enhanced the activity of AHH and UDPGT in hepatocyte cultures. These results indicate that cultured hepatocytes can be used to study the effect of PCB on drug metabolizing enzymes.", "contents": "Induction of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and UDP glucuronosyl transferase by PCB in hepatic cell cultures. The purpose of the investigation was to derive a hepatic cell line to be used in induction studies of drug metabolizing enzymes. Two pure cell lines were isolated from primary liver cell cultures, one with an epithelial-like appearance, the other with a fibroblast-like appearance. The specific activities of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and UDP glucuronosyl transferase (UDPGT) were greater in hepatocyte cultures than in primary cultures or in fibroblast cultures. PCB enhanced the activity of AHH and UDPGT in hepatocyte cultures. These results indicate that cultured hepatocytes can be used to study the effect of PCB on drug metabolizing enzymes.", "PMID": 98133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3110", "title": "[Alteration of the construction and cellular composition of ileo-colonic lymph nodes of rhesus macaques after administration of salmonella vaccine].", "content": "In stained histological sections, percentage ratio of areas to different cellular elements in structural components of the ileocolonic lymph nodes was studied in mature Macaca rhesus, normal and after injection of salmonella vaccine. A rather considerable reaction in all structural components and cell composition of the lymph nodes was demonstrated as a response to immunization of the animals. These changes were demonstrated in decreased area occupied by the cortical substance and in increased area occupied by the medullar substance of the lymph node. In the cortical substance, together with decrease in the cortical plateau, total number of folliculi rises with formation of light centers in them. Calculation of cellular elements revealed that in the cortical substance cytopoietic function was inhibited; that was expressed in decreasing mitoses and blast forms in the cells. Most drastic alterations occur in myelin cords of the lymph nodes. Together with increasing area, a considerable reaction of acidophilic leucocytes, premature plasma cells and macrophages is observed. Their number increases notably.", "contents": "[Alteration of the construction and cellular composition of ileo-colonic lymph nodes of rhesus macaques after administration of salmonella vaccine]. In stained histological sections, percentage ratio of areas to different cellular elements in structural components of the ileocolonic lymph nodes was studied in mature Macaca rhesus, normal and after injection of salmonella vaccine. A rather considerable reaction in all structural components and cell composition of the lymph nodes was demonstrated as a response to immunization of the animals. These changes were demonstrated in decreased area occupied by the cortical substance and in increased area occupied by the medullar substance of the lymph node. In the cortical substance, together with decrease in the cortical plateau, total number of folliculi rises with formation of light centers in them. Calculation of cellular elements revealed that in the cortical substance cytopoietic function was inhibited; that was expressed in decreasing mitoses and blast forms in the cells. Most drastic alterations occur in myelin cords of the lymph nodes. Together with increasing area, a considerable reaction of acidophilic leucocytes, premature plasma cells and macrophages is observed. Their number increases notably.", "PMID": 98134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3111", "title": "[Cytoarchitectonics of ileocecal lymph nodes in newborn and sexually mature simians (pavian hamadrils)].", "content": "Cell composition of various components (cortical plateau, folliculi and cords) of ileocecal lymph nodes was studied in newborn, 1.5 and 2.5 months of age (2 animals) and in mature (3 animals) monkeys, Papio hamadryas. In histological sections obtained at the level of hilus of the lymph node cellular elements were counted by means of morphometric grid of Glagolev modifoed by S. B. Stefanov. The data obtained were statistically treated. Newborn and mature monkeys have their peculiar cytological profile in every structural component of the lymph node. The lymph nodes in the newborns contain much more reticular cells and young cellular forms (blast forms and large lymphocytes) than mature animals. In the newborns, the number of mitotically deviding cells in the cortical plateau and in folliculi is 6 times and in myelin cords 10 times as great as in mature monkeys. A much greater per cent of plasmatic cells in mature animals suggests their greater immunological activity. Age differences in cell composition of lymph nodes in young and mature monkeys seem to be connected with accumulation of cellular mass and growth of the node in young animals, as well as with general rearrangement of the organism as a whole (in particular with changes in nutrition, intensity of movement, hormonal background).", "contents": "[Cytoarchitectonics of ileocecal lymph nodes in newborn and sexually mature simians (pavian hamadrils)]. Cell composition of various components (cortical plateau, folliculi and cords) of ileocecal lymph nodes was studied in newborn, 1.5 and 2.5 months of age (2 animals) and in mature (3 animals) monkeys, Papio hamadryas. In histological sections obtained at the level of hilus of the lymph node cellular elements were counted by means of morphometric grid of Glagolev modifoed by S. B. Stefanov. The data obtained were statistically treated. Newborn and mature monkeys have their peculiar cytological profile in every structural component of the lymph node. The lymph nodes in the newborns contain much more reticular cells and young cellular forms (blast forms and large lymphocytes) than mature animals. In the newborns, the number of mitotically deviding cells in the cortical plateau and in folliculi is 6 times and in myelin cords 10 times as great as in mature monkeys. A much greater per cent of plasmatic cells in mature animals suggests their greater immunological activity. Age differences in cell composition of lymph nodes in young and mature monkeys seem to be connected with accumulation of cellular mass and growth of the node in young animals, as well as with general rearrangement of the organism as a whole (in particular with changes in nutrition, intensity of movement, hormonal background).", "PMID": 98135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3112", "title": "Ocular flora in the severely burned patient.", "content": "One hundred six eyes of 53 patients with severe thermal burns were studied with serial conjunctival cultures during a four-month period. A dramatic shift of the normal conjunctival flora from the preponderance of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Corynebacterium to S aureus and Gram-negative bacilli was observed. This commonly occurred on the fifth to sixth postburn day and represented colonization of the conjunctiva by bacteria recovered from other sites in the body. Despite the high incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (34%) of these eyes, deleterious effects were noted in only three eyes in two patients in whom infectious corneal ulcers developed before these patients died.", "contents": "Ocular flora in the severely burned patient. One hundred six eyes of 53 patients with severe thermal burns were studied with serial conjunctival cultures during a four-month period. A dramatic shift of the normal conjunctival flora from the preponderance of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Corynebacterium to S aureus and Gram-negative bacilli was observed. This commonly occurred on the fifth to sixth postburn day and represented colonization of the conjunctiva by bacteria recovered from other sites in the body. Despite the high incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (34%) of these eyes, deleterious effects were noted in only three eyes in two patients in whom infectious corneal ulcers developed before these patients died.", "PMID": 98138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3113", "title": "A spectrophotometric assay of ATP synthesized by sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The problems encountered with a coupled enzyme assay for ATP using glucose, hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are discussed and a modification where fructose and glucosephosphate isomerase were substituted for glucose is described. This modified assay was used successfully to measure the ATP synthesized by reversal of the sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase. ATP synthesized by adenylate kinase contaminating the sarcoplasmic reticulum was easily corrected for by a subtraction procedure.", "contents": "A spectrophotometric assay of ATP synthesized by sarcoplasmic reticulum. The problems encountered with a coupled enzyme assay for ATP using glucose, hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are discussed and a modification where fructose and glucosephosphate isomerase were substituted for glucose is described. This modified assay was used successfully to measure the ATP synthesized by reversal of the sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase. ATP synthesized by adenylate kinase contaminating the sarcoplasmic reticulum was easily corrected for by a subtraction procedure.", "PMID": 98139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3114", "title": "Cytotoxic T cell responses to a syngeneic tumour: conditions for primary activation in vitro.", "content": "Primary cytotoxic responses of DBA/2 lymph node cells to a syngeneic tumour (the mastocytoma P815) have been generated in vitro. The development of these responses is dependent on the addition of a soluble factor (CSCS) which is produced by concanavalin A-activated spleen cells. The response is mediated by T lymphocytes, can be detected at low effector to target cell ratios and is directed against P815 tumour-associated antigens.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T cell responses to a syngeneic tumour: conditions for primary activation in vitro. Primary cytotoxic responses of DBA/2 lymph node cells to a syngeneic tumour (the mastocytoma P815) have been generated in vitro. The development of these responses is dependent on the addition of a soluble factor (CSCS) which is produced by concanavalin A-activated spleen cells. The response is mediated by T lymphocytes, can be detected at low effector to target cell ratios and is directed against P815 tumour-associated antigens.", "PMID": 98140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3115", "title": "Effect of surgical stress on serum thyroid hormones in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "The effect of elective non-thyroidal surgery on serum total and free triiodothyronine (T3), reverse T3 and thyroxine (T4) has been studied in one patient with mild, untreated typical hyperthyroidism, one with mild T3 toxicosis and in four euthyroid patients. The high T3 level of typical hyperthyroidism became normal post-operatively, decreasing to 47% of the mean pre-operative level 24 hours after surgery, while total reverse T3 doubled. In euthyroid subjects T3 decreased to 57 +/- 6 (SEM)% of the pre-operative level 24 hours after surgery, associated with a doubling of reverse T3. The patient with T3 toxicosis, whose surgical  stress was less severe, showed a 17% decrease in T3 without change in reverse T3. Because the inverse post-operative changes in T3 and reverse T3 described in euthyroid subjects also occur in typical hyperthyroidism, measurement of serum T3 may be diagnostically unreliable after surgical stress.", "contents": "Effect of surgical stress on serum thyroid hormones in hyperthyroidism. The effect of elective non-thyroidal surgery on serum total and free triiodothyronine (T3), reverse T3 and thyroxine (T4) has been studied in one patient with mild, untreated typical hyperthyroidism, one with mild T3 toxicosis and in four euthyroid patients. The high T3 level of typical hyperthyroidism became normal post-operatively, decreasing to 47% of the mean pre-operative level 24 hours after surgery, while total reverse T3 doubled. In euthyroid subjects T3 decreased to 57 +/- 6 (SEM)% of the pre-operative level 24 hours after surgery, associated with a doubling of reverse T3. The patient with T3 toxicosis, whose surgical  stress was less severe, showed a 17% decrease in T3 without change in reverse T3. Because the inverse post-operative changes in T3 and reverse T3 described in euthyroid subjects also occur in typical hyperthyroidism, measurement of serum T3 may be diagnostically unreliable after surgical stress.", "PMID": 98141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3116", "title": "Experience with large volume plasmapheresis in malignant paraproteinaemia and immune disorders.", "content": "Clinical experience with large volume plasmapheresis in a wide range of malignant and immune disorders is described. An average of 4 litres of plasma was exchanged for various colloid and electrolyte solutions. Patient tolerance was good but close medical and nursing supervision in monitoring fluid balance and adverse reactions to replacement fluids is necessary. Plasmapheresis has been established to be of benefit in immunoproliferative diseases when complicated by hyperviscosity, and may also have a place in other cases with haemostatic or renal impairment. Autoantibodies, alloantibodies and immune complexes can be removed by plasmapheresis, but the effect is usually transient and the procedure should be combined with immunosuppressive therapy in most cases. The removal of blocking factors in disseminated malignant melanoma is an experimental procedure at present, but initial results have been encouraging.", "contents": "Experience with large volume plasmapheresis in malignant paraproteinaemia and immune disorders. Clinical experience with large volume plasmapheresis in a wide range of malignant and immune disorders is described. An average of 4 litres of plasma was exchanged for various colloid and electrolyte solutions. Patient tolerance was good but close medical and nursing supervision in monitoring fluid balance and adverse reactions to replacement fluids is necessary. Plasmapheresis has been established to be of benefit in immunoproliferative diseases when complicated by hyperviscosity, and may also have a place in other cases with haemostatic or renal impairment. Autoantibodies, alloantibodies and immune complexes can be removed by plasmapheresis, but the effect is usually transient and the procedure should be combined with immunosuppressive therapy in most cases. The removal of blocking factors in disseminated malignant melanoma is an experimental procedure at present, but initial results have been encouraging.", "PMID": 98142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3117", "title": "The neural basis of aggression and its treatment by psychosurgery.", "content": "The limbic system and its connections provide the neural basis for aggressive behaviour. Violent individuals may differ quantitively or qualitively from normal. Many of the latter suffer from epilepsy. In some the epileptiform discharges from the amygdala can only be recorded using depth electrodes. It can be taken that the control of abnormal degrees of violent behaviour is now possible. Should such operations be used? If so who should have them? What preacutions need to be taken that such operations are not abused? How can informed consent be obtained? The development of new surgical techniques make these questions pertinent if not urgent.", "contents": "The neural basis of aggression and its treatment by psychosurgery. The limbic system and its connections provide the neural basis for aggressive behaviour. Violent individuals may differ quantitively or qualitively from normal. Many of the latter suffer from epilepsy. In some the epileptiform discharges from the amygdala can only be recorded using depth electrodes. It can be taken that the control of abnormal degrees of violent behaviour is now possible. Should such operations be used? If so who should have them? What preacutions need to be taken that such operations are not abused? How can informed consent be obtained? The development of new surgical techniques make these questions pertinent if not urgent.", "PMID": 98159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3118", "title": "Cold-induced vasodilatation response at different water bath temperatures in monkeys.", "content": "The response of cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD) at different water bath temperatures was studied in 20 monkeys (3.5 kg) in a conscious state in a thermoneutral room. The animals were controlled by seating in a monkey chair, and the right hind limb up to 7.5 cm from the heel was immersed in a water bath for 60 min. Four series of experiments were conducted at water bath temperatures of 0 degrees, 4 degrees, 8 degrees, and 12 degrees C, respectively, at weekly intervals and the skin temperatures were measured from three sites in the foot. Marked CIVD response was noted from the dorsum and, to a lesser extent, from the sole of the foot, but no response was seen from the tip of the middle toe at 0 degrees, 4 degrees, and 8 degrees C water bath temperatures. The pattern of CIVD response at 4 degrees C was identical to that of 0 degrees C, but the response at 8 degrees C was poor and was absent at 12 degrees C. Three patterns of CIVD--such as hunting, proportional control, and slow, steady, and continuous rewarming--was observed. However, 15% of the animals did not exhibit any CIVD. The observations show that the CIVD response of monkeys is remarkably similar to that of man.", "contents": "Cold-induced vasodilatation response at different water bath temperatures in monkeys. The response of cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD) at different water bath temperatures was studied in 20 monkeys (3.5 kg) in a conscious state in a thermoneutral room. The animals were controlled by seating in a monkey chair, and the right hind limb up to 7.5 cm from the heel was immersed in a water bath for 60 min. Four series of experiments were conducted at water bath temperatures of 0 degrees, 4 degrees, 8 degrees, and 12 degrees C, respectively, at weekly intervals and the skin temperatures were measured from three sites in the foot. Marked CIVD response was noted from the dorsum and, to a lesser extent, from the sole of the foot, but no response was seen from the tip of the middle toe at 0 degrees, 4 degrees, and 8 degrees C water bath temperatures. The pattern of CIVD response at 4 degrees C was identical to that of 0 degrees C, but the response at 8 degrees C was poor and was absent at 12 degrees C. Three patterns of CIVD--such as hunting, proportional control, and slow, steady, and continuous rewarming--was observed. However, 15% of the animals did not exhibit any CIVD. The observations show that the CIVD response of monkeys is remarkably similar to that of man.", "PMID": 98160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3119", "title": "Effects of increased ambient CO2 on brain tissue oxygenation and performance in the hypoxic rhesus.", "content": "Alterations of cerebral gas tensions and performance in response to hypoxia, with or without 5% CO2 in the ambient inspirate, were studied in eight conscious rhesus monkeys. The animals were trained to perform a lever press (Sidman) avoidance task. Physiological and performance data were obtained during exposures to normal (21% O2) and hypoxic (12, 10, and 8% O2--all with N2 balance) breathing atmospheres, with or without the addition of 5% CO2. With hypoxia, cerebral PO2 and PCO2 declined steadily, but a significant performance decrement was noted only at the 8% O2 level. With the addition of 5% CO2 to the inspired atmospheres, cerebral PO2 was elevated relatively but still declined as hypoxia intensified. Cerebral PCO2 and the avoidance task performance were sustained at near baseline values with the 5% CO2 inspirate.", "contents": "Effects of increased ambient CO2 on brain tissue oxygenation and performance in the hypoxic rhesus. Alterations of cerebral gas tensions and performance in response to hypoxia, with or without 5% CO2 in the ambient inspirate, were studied in eight conscious rhesus monkeys. The animals were trained to perform a lever press (Sidman) avoidance task. Physiological and performance data were obtained during exposures to normal (21% O2) and hypoxic (12, 10, and 8% O2--all with N2 balance) breathing atmospheres, with or without the addition of 5% CO2. With hypoxia, cerebral PO2 and PCO2 declined steadily, but a significant performance decrement was noted only at the 8% O2 level. With the addition of 5% CO2 to the inspired atmospheres, cerebral PO2 was elevated relatively but still declined as hypoxia intensified. Cerebral PCO2 and the avoidance task performance were sustained at near baseline values with the 5% CO2 inspirate.", "PMID": 98161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3120", "title": "Effect of dehydration on erythropoiesis in mice: relevance to the \"anemia\" of space flight.", "content": "Mice deprived of water for 24 h showed an increase in hematocrit and loss of body weight comparable to that seen in men during space flight. The increase in hematocrit was entirely due to a decrease in plasma volume and was associated with suppression of erythropoiesis, but with no significant change in the serum titer of a presumptive humoral regulator of erythropoiesis, Erythroid Stimulating Activity (ESA). Mice deprived of water for 24 h may be a useful model for the study of the early hematological effects of space flight. The suppression of erythropoiesis due to a relative erythrocytosis appears to be independent of ESA.", "contents": "Effect of dehydration on erythropoiesis in mice: relevance to the \"anemia\" of space flight. Mice deprived of water for 24 h showed an increase in hematocrit and loss of body weight comparable to that seen in men during space flight. The increase in hematocrit was entirely due to a decrease in plasma volume and was associated with suppression of erythropoiesis, but with no significant change in the serum titer of a presumptive humoral regulator of erythropoiesis, Erythroid Stimulating Activity (ESA). Mice deprived of water for 24 h may be a useful model for the study of the early hematological effects of space flight. The suppression of erythropoiesis due to a relative erythrocytosis appears to be independent of ESA.", "PMID": 98162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3121", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys.", "content": "The infectivity of turkey hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) virus was studied in poults with no detectable maternal antibody and in turkeys bursectomized or injected with killed-virus preparations. Poults less than three weeks old were not infected by hemorrhagic enteritis virus, and survivors were susceptible to challenge at the age of eight weeks. Three- and four-week-old poults were susceptible to HE, and survivors resisted challenge. Bursectomy partially interfered with the immune response but did not alter the course of the disease, and survivors were resistant to challenge. Injections of spleen suspension containing 1% formalin produced antibody in only two of six turkeys. Three of the four poults without detectable antibody resisted challenge.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys. The infectivity of turkey hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) virus was studied in poults with no detectable maternal antibody and in turkeys bursectomized or injected with killed-virus preparations. Poults less than three weeks old were not infected by hemorrhagic enteritis virus, and survivors were susceptible to challenge at the age of eight weeks. Three- and four-week-old poults were susceptible to HE, and survivors resisted challenge. Bursectomy partially interfered with the immune response but did not alter the course of the disease, and survivors were resistant to challenge. Injections of spleen suspension containing 1% formalin produced antibody in only two of six turkeys. Three of the four poults without detectable antibody resisted challenge.", "PMID": 98158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3122", "title": "Variation in amount of enzyme protein in natural populations.", "content": "Among strains of Drosophila melanogaster each derived from a single fertilized female taken from natural populations, there is variation in both alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and the amount of ADH protein. The correlation between ADH activity and number of molecules over all strains examined is 0.87 or 0.96 in late third instar larvae depending on whether the substrate is 2-propanol or ethanol. With respect to the two common electrophoretic allozymic forms, F and S, segregating in these populations, the FF strains on the whole have higher ADH activities and numbers of ADH molecules than the SS strains. Over all strains examined, enzyme extracts from FF strains have a mean catalytic efficiency per enzyme molecule higher than that of enzyme extracts from SS strains when ethanol is the substrate, and much higher when 2-propanol is the substrate. One FF strain had an ADH activity/ADH protein ratio characteristic of SS strains.", "contents": "Variation in amount of enzyme protein in natural populations. Among strains of Drosophila melanogaster each derived from a single fertilized female taken from natural populations, there is variation in both alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and the amount of ADH protein. The correlation between ADH activity and number of molecules over all strains examined is 0.87 or 0.96 in late third instar larvae depending on whether the substrate is 2-propanol or ethanol. With respect to the two common electrophoretic allozymic forms, F and S, segregating in these populations, the FF strains on the whole have higher ADH activities and numbers of ADH molecules than the SS strains. Over all strains examined, enzyme extracts from FF strains have a mean catalytic efficiency per enzyme molecule higher than that of enzyme extracts from SS strains when ethanol is the substrate, and much higher when 2-propanol is the substrate. One FF strain had an ADH activity/ADH protein ratio characteristic of SS strains.", "PMID": 98165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3123", "title": "Alcohol metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster: uselessness of the most active aldehyde oxidase produced by the aldox locus.", "content": "Alcohol dehydrogenase is necessary for ethanol detoxification and metabolic utilization. It has been generally assumed that aldehyde oxidase (AO) produced by the Aldox locus (3-56.7) is necessary for a further transformation of acetaldehyde into acetate. We find that various mutant strains (ma-l or Aldoxn) which do not produce an active enzyme show about the same tolerance to alcohol as do wild strains. This physiological paradox is probably to be explained by the discovery of another locus (not localized) which produced a small amount of AO in all tested strains. The adaptive significance of the genetically polymorphic Aldox locus is probably to be looked for in physiological pathways other than ethanol metabolism.", "contents": "Alcohol metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster: uselessness of the most active aldehyde oxidase produced by the aldox locus. Alcohol dehydrogenase is necessary for ethanol detoxification and metabolic utilization. It has been generally assumed that aldehyde oxidase (AO) produced by the Aldox locus (3-56.7) is necessary for a further transformation of acetaldehyde into acetate. We find that various mutant strains (ma-l or Aldoxn) which do not produce an active enzyme show about the same tolerance to alcohol as do wild strains. This physiological paradox is probably to be explained by the discovery of another locus (not localized) which produced a small amount of AO in all tested strains. The adaptive significance of the genetically polymorphic Aldox locus is probably to be looked for in physiological pathways other than ethanol metabolism.", "PMID": 98166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3124", "title": "A simple approach for discovering common nonelectrophoretic enzyme variability: a heat denaturation study in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A simple procedure is described to detect genetic heterogeneity within electrophoretic classes at a locus in Drosophila, based on electrophoresis and heat denaturation studies. Temperature-resistant (tr) and temperature-sensitive (ts) isoelectrophoretic alleles at the phosphoglucomutase locus (Pgm) are present at polymorphic frequencies in natural and in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster.", "contents": "A simple approach for discovering common nonelectrophoretic enzyme variability: a heat denaturation study in Drosophila melanogaster. A simple procedure is described to detect genetic heterogeneity within electrophoretic classes at a locus in Drosophila, based on electrophoresis and heat denaturation studies. Temperature-resistant (tr) and temperature-sensitive (ts) isoelectrophoretic alleles at the phosphoglucomutase locus (Pgm) are present at polymorphic frequencies in natural and in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster.", "PMID": 98167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3125", "title": "Effect of alfalfa meal on shrinkage (regression) of atherosclerotic plaques during cholesterol feeding in monkeys.", "content": "A semipurified diet containing 1.2 mg of cholesterol/Cal was fed to cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). At the end of 6 months, a group of 18 animals was killed for evaluation of atherosclerosis in the aorta and the coronary arteries. The remaining monkeys were assigned to three groups of 18 animals each and fed, during the following 18 months, semipurified diets containing 0.34 mg of cholesterol/Cal with or without alfalfa meal, or a diet consisting entirely of Monkey Chow. a decrease in cholesterolemia and plasma phospholipid levels, normalization in the distribution of plasma lipoproteins, and reduction in the extent of aortic and coronary atherosclerosis were observed in monkeys fed the semipurified diet containing alfalfa, although the intake of cholesterol remained as high as in the usual American diet. These changes, also observed in monkeys fed a chow diet almost devoid of cholesterol, suggest that alfalfa counteracts the atherogenic effect of dietary cholesterol.", "contents": "Effect of alfalfa meal on shrinkage (regression) of atherosclerotic plaques during cholesterol feeding in monkeys. A semipurified diet containing 1.2 mg of cholesterol/Cal was fed to cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). At the end of 6 months, a group of 18 animals was killed for evaluation of atherosclerosis in the aorta and the coronary arteries. The remaining monkeys were assigned to three groups of 18 animals each and fed, during the following 18 months, semipurified diets containing 0.34 mg of cholesterol/Cal with or without alfalfa meal, or a diet consisting entirely of Monkey Chow. a decrease in cholesterolemia and plasma phospholipid levels, normalization in the distribution of plasma lipoproteins, and reduction in the extent of aortic and coronary atherosclerosis were observed in monkeys fed the semipurified diet containing alfalfa, although the intake of cholesterol remained as high as in the usual American diet. These changes, also observed in monkeys fed a chow diet almost devoid of cholesterol, suggest that alfalfa counteracts the atherogenic effect of dietary cholesterol.", "PMID": 98169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3126", "title": "Effects of some hypoxic cell radiosensitizers on the decay of potentially lethal oxygen-dependent damage in fully hydrated spores.", "content": "Using a stopped-flow mixing and pulsed irradiation apparatus, a study has been made of the decay, to a harmless form, of radiation-induced species that would otherwise be lethal to spores on contact with oxygen. Aqueous suspensions of Bacillus megaterium spores were irradiated with electrons for approximately 1 s; at various times after irradiation oxygen in solution was added. As the interval between anoxic irradiation and introduction of oxygen increased, the fraction of spores surviving increased. This change in survival reflects the decay of potentially lethal species. The presence of electron-affinic radiosensitizers during irradiation enhanced the decay rate of this damage, the greatest enhancement being seen with sensitizers of the highest electron affinity. In contrast, the nitroxyl-free radical sensitizer TAN fixed the radiation-induced damage so that no increase in survival, and hence no decay, was seen.", "contents": "Effects of some hypoxic cell radiosensitizers on the decay of potentially lethal oxygen-dependent damage in fully hydrated spores. Using a stopped-flow mixing and pulsed irradiation apparatus, a study has been made of the decay, to a harmless form, of radiation-induced species that would otherwise be lethal to spores on contact with oxygen. Aqueous suspensions of Bacillus megaterium spores were irradiated with electrons for approximately 1 s; at various times after irradiation oxygen in solution was added. As the interval between anoxic irradiation and introduction of oxygen increased, the fraction of spores surviving increased. This change in survival reflects the decay of potentially lethal species. The presence of electron-affinic radiosensitizers during irradiation enhanced the decay rate of this damage, the greatest enhancement being seen with sensitizers of the highest electron affinity. In contrast, the nitroxyl-free radical sensitizer TAN fixed the radiation-induced damage so that no increase in survival, and hence no decay, was seen.", "PMID": 98174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3127", "title": "[Fungal activity of various alkaloids isolated from Catharanthus roseus G. Don].", "content": "Evaluation is made of the fungal activity of ajmalicine, aparacine, catarantine, reserpine, tetrahydroalstonine, vincubine, vindoline and vindolinina--alkaloids isolated from C. roseus growing in Cuba--on new fungi strains and yeasts which include some of human clinical interest. The method employed was the diffusion in an agar mean with sections or cylinders containing solutions of the alkaloids at 2% and 3% concentrations. The best results are obtained with an aparicine base, while tetrahydroalstonine, vincubine and vindolinine solutions did not inhibit the growth in any of the germs tested.", "contents": "[Fungal activity of various alkaloids isolated from Catharanthus roseus G. Don]. Evaluation is made of the fungal activity of ajmalicine, aparacine, catarantine, reserpine, tetrahydroalstonine, vincubine, vindoline and vindolinina--alkaloids isolated from C. roseus growing in Cuba--on new fungi strains and yeasts which include some of human clinical interest. The method employed was the diffusion in an agar mean with sections or cylinders containing solutions of the alkaloids at 2% and 3% concentrations. The best results are obtained with an aparicine base, while tetrahydroalstonine, vincubine and vindolinine solutions did not inhibit the growth in any of the germs tested.", "PMID": 98170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3128", "title": "Hypoxic radiosensitizers: prospects for effective compounds with fewer toxic side-effects.", "content": "Several radiosensitizing chemicals, including a family of simple nitroimidazoles, were examined in E. coli and compared with misonidazole for toxic side-effects on endpoints such as mutagenesis, cell killing and inhibition of the synthesis of the inducible enzyme beta-galactosidase. While all the compounds were similar to misonidazole or better in radiosensitization, marked differences in the various side effects were found. There results show that for E. coli it is possible to find compounds that sensitize as well as misonidazole but which have decreased mutagenicity and fewer other side-effects. Of the compounds examined, KA121 (2,5-dinitroimidazole) is the most promising for future study because it combines good radiosensitization with low mutagenicity and toxicity.", "contents": "Hypoxic radiosensitizers: prospects for effective compounds with fewer toxic side-effects. Several radiosensitizing chemicals, including a family of simple nitroimidazoles, were examined in E. coli and compared with misonidazole for toxic side-effects on endpoints such as mutagenesis, cell killing and inhibition of the synthesis of the inducible enzyme beta-galactosidase. While all the compounds were similar to misonidazole or better in radiosensitization, marked differences in the various side effects were found. There results show that for E. coli it is possible to find compounds that sensitize as well as misonidazole but which have decreased mutagenicity and fewer other side-effects. Of the compounds examined, KA121 (2,5-dinitroimidazole) is the most promising for future study because it combines good radiosensitization with low mutagenicity and toxicity.", "PMID": 98175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3129", "title": "Quantitative histological changes during early experimental carcinogenesis in the hamster cheek pouch.", "content": "Sequential changes in the hamster cheek pouch epithelium following application of the carcinogen dimethyl benzanthracene have been assessed using stereological techniques. The most important progressive change found following cessation of carginogen painting appears to be an increase in the number and size of progenitor cells. Much of the marked increase in stratum corneum thickness seen in the early stages appeared to be related to a hyperplasiogenic rather than a neoplasiogenic action of the carcinogen.", "contents": "Quantitative histological changes during early experimental carcinogenesis in the hamster cheek pouch. Sequential changes in the hamster cheek pouch epithelium following application of the carcinogen dimethyl benzanthracene have been assessed using stereological techniques. The most important progressive change found following cessation of carginogen painting appears to be an increase in the number and size of progenitor cells. Much of the marked increase in stratum corneum thickness seen in the early stages appeared to be related to a hyperplasiogenic rather than a neoplasiogenic action of the carcinogen.", "PMID": 98176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3130", "title": "In vitro effects of pemphigus antibodies on skin.", "content": "Acantholysis occurring in rhesus monkey skin explants cultured on sera of 9 pemphigus patients was found to be largely dependent on the titre of intercellular antibody, and not on the participation of complement. Skin explants cultured on normal human sera and pemphigoid sera failed to give rise to intercullular staining or to develop lesions. Six of eight 'negative' pemphigus sera with intercellular antibody titres of less than 20 on skin (and titres ranging from 20 to 160 on monkey esophagus) reacted with the skin explants as revealed by direct immunofluorescence with an anti-IgG conjugate. The binding of antibodies from 3 of these 6 reactive sera resulted in some pathological changes in the explants. At least two of these 3 'negative' sera came from pemphigus patients with skin lesions.", "contents": "In vitro effects of pemphigus antibodies on skin. Acantholysis occurring in rhesus monkey skin explants cultured on sera of 9 pemphigus patients was found to be largely dependent on the titre of intercellular antibody, and not on the participation of complement. Skin explants cultured on normal human sera and pemphigoid sera failed to give rise to intercullular staining or to develop lesions. Six of eight 'negative' pemphigus sera with intercellular antibody titres of less than 20 on skin (and titres ranging from 20 to 160 on monkey esophagus) reacted with the skin explants as revealed by direct immunofluorescence with an anti-IgG conjugate. The binding of antibodies from 3 of these 6 reactive sera resulted in some pathological changes in the explants. At least two of these 3 'negative' sera came from pemphigus patients with skin lesions.", "PMID": 98177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3131", "title": "Preparation of coenzyme M analogues and their activity in the methyl coenzyme M reductase system of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum.", "content": "A number of 2-(methylthio)ethanesulfonate (methyl-coenzyme M) analogues were synthesized and investigated as substrates for methyl-coenzyme M reductase, an enzyme system found in extracts of Methanobacterterium thermoautotrophicum. Replacement of the methyl moiety by an ethyl group yielded an analogue which served as a precursor for ethane formation. Propyl-coenzyme M, however, was not converted to propane. Analogues which contained additional methylene carbons such as 3-(methylthio)propanesulfonate or 4-(methylthio)butanesulfonate or analogues modified at the sulfide or sulfonate position, N-methyltaurine and 2-(methylthio)ethanol, were inactive. These analogues, in addition to a number of commercially available compounds, also were tested for their ability to inhibit the reduction of methyl-coenzyme M to methane. Bromoethanesulfonate and chloroethanesulfonate proved to be potent inhibitors of the reductase, resulting in 50% inhibition at 7.9 X 10(6) M and 7.5 X 10(5) M. Analogues to coenzyme M which contained modifications to other regions were evaluated also and found to be weak inhibitors of methane biosynthesis.", "contents": "Preparation of coenzyme M analogues and their activity in the methyl coenzyme M reductase system of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. A number of 2-(methylthio)ethanesulfonate (methyl-coenzyme M) analogues were synthesized and investigated as substrates for methyl-coenzyme M reductase, an enzyme system found in extracts of Methanobacterterium thermoautotrophicum. Replacement of the methyl moiety by an ethyl group yielded an analogue which served as a precursor for ethane formation. Propyl-coenzyme M, however, was not converted to propane. Analogues which contained additional methylene carbons such as 3-(methylthio)propanesulfonate or 4-(methylthio)butanesulfonate or analogues modified at the sulfide or sulfonate position, N-methyltaurine and 2-(methylthio)ethanol, were inactive. These analogues, in addition to a number of commercially available compounds, also were tested for their ability to inhibit the reduction of methyl-coenzyme M to methane. Bromoethanesulfonate and chloroethanesulfonate proved to be potent inhibitors of the reductase, resulting in 50% inhibition at 7.9 X 10(6) M and 7.5 X 10(5) M. Analogues to coenzyme M which contained modifications to other regions were evaluated also and found to be weak inhibitors of methane biosynthesis.", "PMID": 98178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3132", "title": "Physicochemical and immunological homogeneity of spinin, the subunit-protein of bacterial spinae.", "content": "Bacterial spinae from marine bacterium D71 are multi-subunit structures of a single protein. This protein, called spinin, is homogeneous by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, amino acid composition, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a number of buffer systems, sedimentation velocity and diffusion boundary analysis. Sedimentation equilibrium gives Mr = 19,000, while phosphate polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis in presence of dodecyl sulfate gives Mr = 32,000. The lower Mr estimate for spinin is supported by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M guanidine . HCl, and covalent cross-linking with dimethyl suberimidate or glutaraldehyde. The higher Mr value probably arises from an anomalous spinin-dodecyl sulfate interaction. Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel gives pI = 3.45; however, the focusing pattern also contains three distinct bands that may arise from hydrolysis of the spinin protomer during anodic migration. This study presents the first extensive physicochemical characterization of spinin and provides the basis for investigating the subunit assembly of spinae.", "contents": "Physicochemical and immunological homogeneity of spinin, the subunit-protein of bacterial spinae. Bacterial spinae from marine bacterium D71 are multi-subunit structures of a single protein. This protein, called spinin, is homogeneous by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, amino acid composition, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a number of buffer systems, sedimentation velocity and diffusion boundary analysis. Sedimentation equilibrium gives Mr = 19,000, while phosphate polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis in presence of dodecyl sulfate gives Mr = 32,000. The lower Mr estimate for spinin is supported by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M guanidine . HCl, and covalent cross-linking with dimethyl suberimidate or glutaraldehyde. The higher Mr value probably arises from an anomalous spinin-dodecyl sulfate interaction. Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel gives pI = 3.45; however, the focusing pattern also contains three distinct bands that may arise from hydrolysis of the spinin protomer during anodic migration. This study presents the first extensive physicochemical characterization of spinin and provides the basis for investigating the subunit assembly of spinae.", "PMID": 98181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3133", "title": "Hyperbilirubinemia connected with parenteral administration of higher amounts of fluids in premature infants.", "content": "During a study on the influence of different amounts of fluid intake on water and electrolyte metabolism in the first 3 days of life, a high incidence of hyperbilirubinemia was observed in infants receiving a large water load (150 ml/kg/24 h) intravenously. The amount of meconium excreted during the 3-day period in newborns with total parenteral alimentation was significantly lower than in controls. Hyperbilirubinemia is considered to be due to the enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin present in the retained meconium. The role of slight hemolysis and insufficient stimulation of choleresis is discussed.", "contents": "Hyperbilirubinemia connected with parenteral administration of higher amounts of fluids in premature infants. During a study on the influence of different amounts of fluid intake on water and electrolyte metabolism in the first 3 days of life, a high incidence of hyperbilirubinemia was observed in infants receiving a large water load (150 ml/kg/24 h) intravenously. The amount of meconium excreted during the 3-day period in newborns with total parenteral alimentation was significantly lower than in controls. Hyperbilirubinemia is considered to be due to the enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin present in the retained meconium. The role of slight hemolysis and insufficient stimulation of choleresis is discussed.", "PMID": 98182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3134", "title": "Metabolism of lead-210 in juvenile and adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Experiments were conducted measuring the gastrointestinal absorption and elimination of a single dose of lead-210 acetate in infant and adult rhesus monkeys. Urinary and fecal excretion of absorbed lead was followed for 23 days. Infant monkeys eliminated less and absorbed more orally administered lead. Adult animals excreted more absorbed lead in feces, while urinary excretion between adults and infants was similar. Increased absorption of administered lead and reduced fecal excretion of absorbed lead resulted in significantly greater body burden of lead-210 in infant animals. Blood lead values were increased in the infant animals, and were inversely correlated with body burden and percent absorption of ingested lead.", "contents": "Metabolism of lead-210 in juvenile and adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Experiments were conducted measuring the gastrointestinal absorption and elimination of a single dose of lead-210 acetate in infant and adult rhesus monkeys. Urinary and fecal excretion of absorbed lead was followed for 23 days. Infant monkeys eliminated less and absorbed more orally administered lead. Adult animals excreted more absorbed lead in feces, while urinary excretion between adults and infants was similar. Increased absorption of administered lead and reduced fecal excretion of absorbed lead resulted in significantly greater body burden of lead-210 in infant animals. Blood lead values were increased in the infant animals, and were inversely correlated with body burden and percent absorption of ingested lead.", "PMID": 98188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3135", "title": "Token economy, pimozide and chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "Response to a token economy was assessed in male chronic schizophrenic in-patients who were given, in a double-blind cross-over trial, pimozide (up to 20 mg daily) or chlorpromazine )up to 1,000 mg daily), each for three months. After six months there was little change in the patients' mental state, but general ward behaviour and token-rewarded \"target\"  behaviours improved significantly. There were no statistically significant between-drug differences, but the trend was that general ward behaviour, but not token-rewarded behaviour, improved more on pimozide. The patients who showed initiative and cooperated best with staff were those whose token-rewarded behaviour was most satisfactory.", "contents": "Token economy, pimozide and chronic schizophrenia. Response to a token economy was assessed in male chronic schizophrenic in-patients who were given, in a double-blind cross-over trial, pimozide (up to 20 mg daily) or chlorpromazine )up to 1,000 mg daily), each for three months. After six months there was little change in the patients' mental state, but general ward behaviour and token-rewarded \"target\"  behaviours improved significantly. There were no statistically significant between-drug differences, but the trend was that general ward behaviour, but not token-rewarded behaviour, improved more on pimozide. The patients who showed initiative and cooperated best with staff were those whose token-rewarded behaviour was most satisfactory.", "PMID": 98196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3136", "title": "Long-term parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Nineteen patients (11 women and eight men) aged 20-68 received long-term parenteral nutrition, mostly at home, for six to 63 months (mean 19 months). Indications for LTPN were extensive, active Crohn's disease in three patients, intestinocutaneous fistulas in three, and short-bowel syndrome in the remaining 13 patients. Subclavian or intra-atrial (Broviac) catheters were most commonly used, for which the average life was four and seven months respectively. Complications of long-term parenteral nutrition included pneumothorax in four out of 48 subclavian vein punctures. Catheter-induced thrombosis of central veins was shown by phlebography 17 times in nine patients, and eight episodes of total occlusion occurred. Two of these patients had pulmonary infarction. Nineteen episodes of catheter sepsis occurred in 11 patients, but only one was fatal. Complications related to intestinal disease included intra-abdominal abscesses and intestinal fistulas, and disturbances of liver function. Five patients died, though in only two was death related to long-term parenteral nutrition. One of these patients died from catheter sepsis, the other had subdural haematoma possibly caused by anticoagulant treatment. Eight of the 14 surviving patients still needed parenteral nutrition. All received a disability pension, but six had an acceptable quality of life with almost normal social activities.Despite problems such as difficulties in maintaining standardised infusion programmes, it was concluded that long-term parenteral nutrition at home is practicable and consistent with an acceptable quality of life.", "contents": "Long-term parenteral nutrition. Nineteen patients (11 women and eight men) aged 20-68 received long-term parenteral nutrition, mostly at home, for six to 63 months (mean 19 months). Indications for LTPN were extensive, active Crohn's disease in three patients, intestinocutaneous fistulas in three, and short-bowel syndrome in the remaining 13 patients. Subclavian or intra-atrial (Broviac) catheters were most commonly used, for which the average life was four and seven months respectively. Complications of long-term parenteral nutrition included pneumothorax in four out of 48 subclavian vein punctures. Catheter-induced thrombosis of central veins was shown by phlebography 17 times in nine patients, and eight episodes of total occlusion occurred. Two of these patients had pulmonary infarction. Nineteen episodes of catheter sepsis occurred in 11 patients, but only one was fatal. Complications related to intestinal disease included intra-abdominal abscesses and intestinal fistulas, and disturbances of liver function. Five patients died, though in only two was death related to long-term parenteral nutrition. One of these patients died from catheter sepsis, the other had subdural haematoma possibly caused by anticoagulant treatment. Eight of the 14 surviving patients still needed parenteral nutrition. All received a disability pension, but six had an acceptable quality of life with almost normal social activities.Despite problems such as difficulties in maintaining standardised infusion programmes, it was concluded that long-term parenteral nutrition at home is practicable and consistent with an acceptable quality of life.", "PMID": 98199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3137", "title": "Genital inoculation of male Macaca fascicularis with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Ureaplasma urealyticum.", "content": "Inoculation of the urethra, conjunctiva, pharynx, and anal canal of six male crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) with urethral exudate from male patients with urethral gonorrhoea or with laboratory gonococcal strains was unsuccessful in establishing infection or producing increased polymorphonuclear leucocytes on Gram stain. Intraurethral inoculation with laboratory strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum resulted in transiently positive urethral cultures for U. urealyticum and was associated in some cases with increased numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes on Gram stain of urethral material. The findings suggest that the crab-eating macaque may be useful for studying the pathogenesis of urethral infection with U. urealyticum.", "contents": "Genital inoculation of male Macaca fascicularis with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Inoculation of the urethra, conjunctiva, pharynx, and anal canal of six male crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) with urethral exudate from male patients with urethral gonorrhoea or with laboratory gonococcal strains was unsuccessful in establishing infection or producing increased polymorphonuclear leucocytes on Gram stain. Intraurethral inoculation with laboratory strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum resulted in transiently positive urethral cultures for U. urealyticum and was associated in some cases with increased numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes on Gram stain of urethral material. The findings suggest that the crab-eating macaque may be useful for studying the pathogenesis of urethral infection with U. urealyticum.", "PMID": 98203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3138", "title": "Effects of various divalent cations on the survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in liquid media.", "content": "The effect of various concentrations of divalent cations on survival of gonococci in liquid medium was studied. The growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was inhibited by manganous chloride in concentrations above 1 X 10(-5)mol/l while the growth of control organisms such as Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli was not inhibited by the same salt even at 1 X 10(-2)mol/l. Copper sulphate, cobaltous nitrate, nickel chloride, and zinc sulphate also had deleterious effects on gonococci. Magnesium chloride at 1.5 X 10(-1)mol/l permitted the growth of gonococci. The toxicity of manganous chloride and copper sulphate in the liquid media was in some measure reduced by adding charcoal but not by adding starch. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the efficiency of primary isolation and transport media for gonococci.", "contents": "Effects of various divalent cations on the survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in liquid media. The effect of various concentrations of divalent cations on survival of gonococci in liquid medium was studied. The growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was inhibited by manganous chloride in concentrations above 1 X 10(-5)mol/l while the growth of control organisms such as Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli was not inhibited by the same salt even at 1 X 10(-2)mol/l. Copper sulphate, cobaltous nitrate, nickel chloride, and zinc sulphate also had deleterious effects on gonococci. Magnesium chloride at 1.5 X 10(-1)mol/l permitted the growth of gonococci. The toxicity of manganous chloride and copper sulphate in the liquid media was in some measure reduced by adding charcoal but not by adding starch. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the efficiency of primary isolation and transport media for gonococci.", "PMID": 98204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3139", "title": "A cell group associated with vertical eye movements in the rostral mesencephalic reticular formation of the monkey.", "content": "A cytologically distinct group of cells in the rostral mesencephalic reticular formation was strongly labelled by injections of anterograde tracer substances into the caudal paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) of the monkey. The cell group lies ventral to nucleus of Darkschewitsch (nD), rostral to the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (iC) and the tractus retroflexus (TR). It receives inputs from areas which control eye movements, PPRF and the vestibular nuclei, and sends efferents to the oculomotor nucleus. Physiological, anatomical and clinical evidence support the conclusion that this cell group is involved in the generation of vertical eye movements. In an attempt to be anatomically specific the name rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (rostral iMLF) has been used.", "contents": "A cell group associated with vertical eye movements in the rostral mesencephalic reticular formation of the monkey. A cytologically distinct group of cells in the rostral mesencephalic reticular formation was strongly labelled by injections of anterograde tracer substances into the caudal paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) of the monkey. The cell group lies ventral to nucleus of Darkschewitsch (nD), rostral to the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (iC) and the tractus retroflexus (TR). It receives inputs from areas which control eye movements, PPRF and the vestibular nuclei, and sends efferents to the oculomotor nucleus. Physiological, anatomical and clinical evidence support the conclusion that this cell group is involved in the generation of vertical eye movements. In an attempt to be anatomically specific the name rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (rostral iMLF) has been used.", "PMID": 98208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3140", "title": "TRH-like immunoreactivity in urine, serum and extrahypothalamic brain: non-identity with synthetic pyroglu-hist-pro-NH2 (TRH).", "content": "TRH-like immunoreactive substances obtained from several areas of rat brain and from human serum and urine were chromatographically separated by TLC and the resulting immunoreactive 'elution profiles' compared with that obtained for pyroglu-hist-pro-NH2 (TRH). For hypothalamus and septal-preoptic samples TRH was present, but represented less than 100% of the immunoreactive substances. For cortex, amygdala, brain stem, serum and urine, no TRH was detectable in the immunoreactive substances from those samples. The implications of these findings in relation to 'TRH' distribution studies and validation of small peptide RIAs are discussed.", "contents": "TRH-like immunoreactivity in urine, serum and extrahypothalamic brain: non-identity with synthetic pyroglu-hist-pro-NH2 (TRH). TRH-like immunoreactive substances obtained from several areas of rat brain and from human serum and urine were chromatographically separated by TLC and the resulting immunoreactive 'elution profiles' compared with that obtained for pyroglu-hist-pro-NH2 (TRH). For hypothalamus and septal-preoptic samples TRH was present, but represented less than 100% of the immunoreactive substances. For cortex, amygdala, brain stem, serum and urine, no TRH was detectable in the immunoreactive substances from those samples. The implications of these findings in relation to 'TRH' distribution studies and validation of small peptide RIAs are discussed.", "PMID": 98209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3141", "title": "Epileptic and normal neurons in monkey neocortex: a quantitative study of degree of operant control.", "content": "The object of this study was to quantify and compare the degree of control monkeys may assert over firing patterns of normal and epileptic neurons. Thirty-seven epileptic and 70 normal neurons were studied in detail. The operant task was for the monkey to generate specified consecutive interspike intervals (ISI). The monkeys demonstrated far greater accuracy in controlling consecutive ISIs of normal neurons and were only able to control the intervals between bursts from epileptic neurons. The data implies that high frequency bursts of action potentials from epileptic neurons are all-or-nothing events initiated by synaptic mechanisms. In addition, some data are from a monkey with epilepsia partialis continua; in comparison to less active foci, this focus was comprised of a higher percentage of 'pacemaker' epileptic neurons.", "contents": "Epileptic and normal neurons in monkey neocortex: a quantitative study of degree of operant control. The object of this study was to quantify and compare the degree of control monkeys may assert over firing patterns of normal and epileptic neurons. Thirty-seven epileptic and 70 normal neurons were studied in detail. The operant task was for the monkey to generate specified consecutive interspike intervals (ISI). The monkeys demonstrated far greater accuracy in controlling consecutive ISIs of normal neurons and were only able to control the intervals between bursts from epileptic neurons. The data implies that high frequency bursts of action potentials from epileptic neurons are all-or-nothing events initiated by synaptic mechanisms. In addition, some data are from a monkey with epilepsia partialis continua; in comparison to less active foci, this focus was comprised of a higher percentage of 'pacemaker' epileptic neurons.", "PMID": 98210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3142", "title": "Visuotopic organization of the cebus pulvinar: a double representation the contralateral hemifield.", "content": "The projection of the visual field in the pulvinar nucleus was studied in 17 Cebus monkeys using electrophysiological techniques. Visual space is represented in two regions of the pulvinar; (1) the ventrolateral group, Pvlg, comprising nuclei P delta, P delta, P gamma, P eta and P mu 1; and (2) P mu. In the first group, which corresponds to the pulvinar inferior and ventral part of the pulvinar lateralis, we observed a greater respresentation of the central part of the visual field. Approximately 58% of the volume of the ventrolateral group is concerned with the visual space within 10 degrees of the fovea. This portion of the visual field is represented at its lateral aspects, mainly close to the level of the caudal pole of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Projection of the vertical meridian runs along its lateral border while that of the horizontal one is found running from the dorsal third of the LGN's hilus to the medial border of the ventro-lateral group. The lower quadrant is represented at its dorsal portion while the upper quadrant is represented at the ventral one. In Pmu the representation is rotated 90 degrees clockwise around the rostrocaudal axis: the vertical meridian is found at the ventromedial border of this nucleus. Thus, the lower quadrant is represented at the later portion of Pmu and the upper at its medial portion. Both projections are restricted to the contralateral hemifield.", "contents": "Visuotopic organization of the cebus pulvinar: a double representation the contralateral hemifield. The projection of the visual field in the pulvinar nucleus was studied in 17 Cebus monkeys using electrophysiological techniques. Visual space is represented in two regions of the pulvinar; (1) the ventrolateral group, Pvlg, comprising nuclei P delta, P delta, P gamma, P eta and P mu 1; and (2) P mu. In the first group, which corresponds to the pulvinar inferior and ventral part of the pulvinar lateralis, we observed a greater respresentation of the central part of the visual field. Approximately 58% of the volume of the ventrolateral group is concerned with the visual space within 10 degrees of the fovea. This portion of the visual field is represented at its lateral aspects, mainly close to the level of the caudal pole of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Projection of the vertical meridian runs along its lateral border while that of the horizontal one is found running from the dorsal third of the LGN's hilus to the medial border of the ventro-lateral group. The lower quadrant is represented at its dorsal portion while the upper quadrant is represented at the ventral one. In Pmu the representation is rotated 90 degrees clockwise around the rostrocaudal axis: the vertical meridian is found at the ventromedial border of this nucleus. Thus, the lower quadrant is represented at the later portion of Pmu and the upper at its medial portion. Both projections are restricted to the contralateral hemifield.", "PMID": 98211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3143", "title": "Multiple sclerosis: oligoclonal IgG, kappa-lambda light chain distribution and measles antibodies in brain extracts.", "content": "The presence of measles antibodies in white and grey brain material and in 8 demyelination plaques from 6 patients affected with multiple sclerosis was investigated with the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and complement fixation (CF) techniques. White and grey matter of 5 controls were run in parallel. No measles antibodies could be detected, except for one plaque, where the answer could be considered as doubtful. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) content and the kappa/lambda light chain ratios of all the samples were evaluated. No unique monoclonal immunoglobulin population could be detected, but kappa or lambda predominant oligoclonal populations appeared in controls as well as in MS IgG.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis: oligoclonal IgG, kappa-lambda light chain distribution and measles antibodies in brain extracts. The presence of measles antibodies in white and grey brain material and in 8 demyelination plaques from 6 patients affected with multiple sclerosis was investigated with the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and complement fixation (CF) techniques. White and grey matter of 5 controls were run in parallel. No measles antibodies could be detected, except for one plaque, where the answer could be considered as doubtful. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) content and the kappa/lambda light chain ratios of all the samples were evaluated. No unique monoclonal immunoglobulin population could be detected, but kappa or lambda predominant oligoclonal populations appeared in controls as well as in MS IgG.", "PMID": 98212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3144", "title": "Information about movements in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with lesions of dorsal prefrontal cortex.", "content": "It is not known on what information prefrontal cortex acts. Since it has been suggested that it might operate on information about movements, rhesus monkeys were trained on a counting task testing memory for movements. They had to tap a key until a light went out and then repeat, either immediately or after a delay, the number of presses they had made. Monkeys with lesions of dorsal prefrontal cortex were impaired on this task, unlike monkeys with lesions of sulcus principalis alone. Cortex on the dorsal prefrontal convexity appears to act on information about movements.", "contents": "Information about movements in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with lesions of dorsal prefrontal cortex. It is not known on what information prefrontal cortex acts. Since it has been suggested that it might operate on information about movements, rhesus monkeys were trained on a counting task testing memory for movements. They had to tap a key until a light went out and then repeat, either immediately or after a delay, the number of presses they had made. Monkeys with lesions of dorsal prefrontal cortex were impaired on this task, unlike monkeys with lesions of sulcus principalis alone. Cortex on the dorsal prefrontal convexity appears to act on information about movements.", "PMID": 98214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3145", "title": "The coordination of eye and head movement during smooth pursuit.", "content": "Eye and head movements during tracking of a smoothly moving visual target were recorded in trained monkeys. The head movement clearly followed the target, although with considerable variability from cycle to cycle. The eye stayed relatively near the primary position and moved in an apparently irregular fashion; however, the sum of eye and head, or gaze, remained accurately on target despite the irregularity of the individual eye and head movements. When compared with tracking with head fixed, head free tracking was not measurably different in accuracy. Further experiments were performed which demonstrated a role for the vestibular system in coordinating eye and head during smooth pursuit. The results of these experiments can be best explained by postulating an internal smooth pursuit command driving both eye and head movements. In the case of the eye movement, this smooth pursuit command is combined with vestibular feedback from head movement before being forwarded to eye movement centers.", "contents": "The coordination of eye and head movement during smooth pursuit. Eye and head movements during tracking of a smoothly moving visual target were recorded in trained monkeys. The head movement clearly followed the target, although with considerable variability from cycle to cycle. The eye stayed relatively near the primary position and moved in an apparently irregular fashion; however, the sum of eye and head, or gaze, remained accurately on target despite the irregularity of the individual eye and head movements. When compared with tracking with head fixed, head free tracking was not measurably different in accuracy. Further experiments were performed which demonstrated a role for the vestibular system in coordinating eye and head during smooth pursuit. The results of these experiments can be best explained by postulating an internal smooth pursuit command driving both eye and head movements. In the case of the eye movement, this smooth pursuit command is combined with vestibular feedback from head movement before being forwarded to eye movement centers.", "PMID": 98220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3146", "title": "Microbial degradation of [C14C]polystyrene and 1,3-diphenylbutane.", "content": "Microbial degradation of [beta-14C]polystyrene and 1,3-diphenylbutane, a compound structurally representing the smallest repeating unit of styrene (dimer), was investigated in soil and liquid enrichment cultures. Degradation rates in soil, as determined by 14CO2 evolution from applied [14C]polystyrene, varied from 1.5 to 3.0% for a 4-month period. Although relatively low, these percentages were 15 to 30 times greater than values previously reported. Enrichment cultures, containing 1,3-diphenylbutane as the only carbon souce, were used to determine the mechanisms of microbial oxidation of the polymer chain ends. Metabolism of 1,3-diphenylbutane appeared to involve the attack by a monooxygenease to form 2-phenyl-4-hydroxyphenylbutane followed by a further oxidation and subsequent fission of the benzene ring to yield 4-phenylvaleric acid and an unidentified 5-carbon fragment via the classic meta-fission pathway. Phenylacetic acid was probably formed from 4-phenylvaleric acid by subsequent beta-oxidation of the side chain, methyl-oxidation and decarboxylation. An initial examination of the population of microorganisms in the diphenylbutane enrichment cultures indicated that these oxidative reactions are carried out by  common soil microorganism of the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, and Nocardia.", "contents": "Microbial degradation of [C14C]polystyrene and 1,3-diphenylbutane. Microbial degradation of [beta-14C]polystyrene and 1,3-diphenylbutane, a compound structurally representing the smallest repeating unit of styrene (dimer), was investigated in soil and liquid enrichment cultures. Degradation rates in soil, as determined by 14CO2 evolution from applied [14C]polystyrene, varied from 1.5 to 3.0% for a 4-month period. Although relatively low, these percentages were 15 to 30 times greater than values previously reported. Enrichment cultures, containing 1,3-diphenylbutane as the only carbon souce, were used to determine the mechanisms of microbial oxidation of the polymer chain ends. Metabolism of 1,3-diphenylbutane appeared to involve the attack by a monooxygenease to form 2-phenyl-4-hydroxyphenylbutane followed by a further oxidation and subsequent fission of the benzene ring to yield 4-phenylvaleric acid and an unidentified 5-carbon fragment via the classic meta-fission pathway. Phenylacetic acid was probably formed from 4-phenylvaleric acid by subsequent beta-oxidation of the side chain, methyl-oxidation and decarboxylation. An initial examination of the population of microorganisms in the diphenylbutane enrichment cultures indicated that these oxidative reactions are carried out by  common soil microorganism of the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, and Nocardia.", "PMID": 98222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3147", "title": "[Study of lysogeny in Bacillus thuringiensis and B. cereus].", "content": "Forty-eight strains of Bacillus thuringiensis and 12 strains of B. cereus were treated with ultraviolet light and mitomycin C. The former agent was the more effective inducer. Bacillus thuringiensis produces at least seven different phage particles with long, non-contractile tails. The frequencies of lysogeny and polylysogeny are 83 and 25% respectively. Morphologically defective phages occur in 25% of strains, whereas five of them produce low molecular-weight bacteriocins. One strain of B. cereus harbors \"killer-particles.\" There is no apparent correlation between the presence of phage-like particles, phage senstivity, and serotypes, biotypes, or the origin of B. thuringiensis strains.", "contents": "[Study of lysogeny in Bacillus thuringiensis and B. cereus]. Forty-eight strains of Bacillus thuringiensis and 12 strains of B. cereus were treated with ultraviolet light and mitomycin C. The former agent was the more effective inducer. Bacillus thuringiensis produces at least seven different phage particles with long, non-contractile tails. The frequencies of lysogeny and polylysogeny are 83 and 25% respectively. Morphologically defective phages occur in 25% of strains, whereas five of them produce low molecular-weight bacteriocins. One strain of B. cereus harbors \"killer-particles.\" There is no apparent correlation between the presence of phage-like particles, phage senstivity, and serotypes, biotypes, or the origin of B. thuringiensis strains.", "PMID": 98223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3148", "title": "Comparative virulence and immunodiffusion analysis of Petriellidium boydii (Shear) Malloch strains isolated from feedlot manure and a human mycetoma.", "content": "The virulence to mice of a Petriellidium boydii strain isolated from feedlot manure was compared with that of a strain from a human mycetoma. Washed spores suspended in 5% hog gastric mucin were injected intraperitoneally into non-inbred female albino Swiss mice. In 21 days, the mycetoma strain killed 95% of the test animals whereas injection of eight times as many feedlot strain spores resulted in only 28% mortality. A progressive, exclusively sinistral (leftsided) torticollis was the most obvious symptom of experimental petriellidiosis. Mycelia bearing annellospores were observed in PAS-stained sections of most internal organs, including the brains, of the test animals. Immunodiffusion analyses were  conducted on soluble antigen preparations with concentrated antisera produced in rabbits using live spore suspensions. The two strains contained common antigen but the proportions of two were significantly different.", "contents": "Comparative virulence and immunodiffusion analysis of Petriellidium boydii (Shear) Malloch strains isolated from feedlot manure and a human mycetoma. The virulence to mice of a Petriellidium boydii strain isolated from feedlot manure was compared with that of a strain from a human mycetoma. Washed spores suspended in 5% hog gastric mucin were injected intraperitoneally into non-inbred female albino Swiss mice. In 21 days, the mycetoma strain killed 95% of the test animals whereas injection of eight times as many feedlot strain spores resulted in only 28% mortality. A progressive, exclusively sinistral (leftsided) torticollis was the most obvious symptom of experimental petriellidiosis. Mycelia bearing annellospores were observed in PAS-stained sections of most internal organs, including the brains, of the test animals. Immunodiffusion analyses were  conducted on soluble antigen preparations with concentrated antisera produced in rabbits using live spore suspensions. The two strains contained common antigen but the proportions of two were significantly different.", "PMID": 98224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3149", "title": "Characteristics of PR5, a lipid-containing plasmid-dependent phage.", "content": "An extensive characterization of plasmid-dependent phage PR5 isolated from sewage has been carried out. The phage has a head diameter of 65--68 nm, is isometric with a double-layered capsid, and a minority possess tails. It adsorbs to many but not all types of bacteria possessing P, N, or W plasmids. The phage contains 20% lipid, 15.1% DNA, and 64.9% protein by weight and has a buoyant density of 1.265 g/ml in CsCl. The DNA is double-stranded with a G + C content of 49% and a molecular weight of 7.4 +/- 0.6 x 10 (6) as shown by electron microscopy. Phospholipid content is 66% of lipid and consists of cardiolipin (13%), phosphatidylethanolamine (43%), and phosphatidylglycerol (44%) and differ quantitatively from that of host bacteria. Anti-PR5 serum inactivates other similar phages, PR3 and PR4. Phage adsorption is impaired in deep rough mutants of Salmonella minnesota.", "contents": "Characteristics of PR5, a lipid-containing plasmid-dependent phage. An extensive characterization of plasmid-dependent phage PR5 isolated from sewage has been carried out. The phage has a head diameter of 65--68 nm, is isometric with a double-layered capsid, and a minority possess tails. It adsorbs to many but not all types of bacteria possessing P, N, or W plasmids. The phage contains 20% lipid, 15.1% DNA, and 64.9% protein by weight and has a buoyant density of 1.265 g/ml in CsCl. The DNA is double-stranded with a G + C content of 49% and a molecular weight of 7.4 +/- 0.6 x 10 (6) as shown by electron microscopy. Phospholipid content is 66% of lipid and consists of cardiolipin (13%), phosphatidylethanolamine (43%), and phosphatidylglycerol (44%) and differ quantitatively from that of host bacteria. Anti-PR5 serum inactivates other similar phages, PR3 and PR4. Phage adsorption is impaired in deep rough mutants of Salmonella minnesota.", "PMID": 98225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3150", "title": "Esophagitis due to adriamycin and radiation therapy for childhood malignancy.", "content": "Esophagitis occurred in seven patients receiving mediastinal radiation and chemotherapy including adriamycin for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteogenic sarcoma, and acute lymphocytic leukemia. Radiation doses were 500-2500 rad, below the reported esophageal tolerance dose. With subsequent adriamycin, recall esophagitis occurred in three of five patients at risk, two of whom developed strictures. Comparison to patients similarly treated without developing esophagitis revealed no specific risk factors, but suggested that the complication was less likely to occur if adriamycin therapy were completed more than two months before starting radiation. Adriamycin and radiation potentiate and recall each other's toxic effects on the esophagus. The interaction both increases the severity and lowers the radiation dose threshold for inflammation and stricture.", "contents": "Esophagitis due to adriamycin and radiation therapy for childhood malignancy. Esophagitis occurred in seven patients receiving mediastinal radiation and chemotherapy including adriamycin for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteogenic sarcoma, and acute lymphocytic leukemia. Radiation doses were 500-2500 rad, below the reported esophageal tolerance dose. With subsequent adriamycin, recall esophagitis occurred in three of five patients at risk, two of whom developed strictures. Comparison to patients similarly treated without developing esophagitis revealed no specific risk factors, but suggested that the complication was less likely to occur if adriamycin therapy were completed more than two months before starting radiation. Adriamycin and radiation potentiate and recall each other's toxic effects on the esophagus. The interaction both increases the severity and lowers the radiation dose threshold for inflammation and stricture.", "PMID": 98227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3151", "title": "Histochemical and ultrastructural study of lactic dehydrogenase in chemically induced lung cancer.", "content": "Light and electron microscopy studies of lactic dehydrogenase activity were carried out in embryonic, neonatal, and adult mouse lungs and in lungs undergoing chemically induced carcinogenesis. Embryonic mouse lungs were collected on the 6th, 12th, and 18th days of gestation; 1-day-old lungs were used for the neonatal model. These were compared with adult normal mouse lung and lungs of the animals treated with 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide at a monthly interval until cancer developed. Enzymatic activity was seen in the embryonic, precancerous, and malignant lung tissues and was found diffusely in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells.", "contents": "Histochemical and ultrastructural study of lactic dehydrogenase in chemically induced lung cancer. Light and electron microscopy studies of lactic dehydrogenase activity were carried out in embryonic, neonatal, and adult mouse lungs and in lungs undergoing chemically induced carcinogenesis. Embryonic mouse lungs were collected on the 6th, 12th, and 18th days of gestation; 1-day-old lungs were used for the neonatal model. These were compared with adult normal mouse lung and lungs of the animals treated with 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide at a monthly interval until cancer developed. Enzymatic activity was seen in the embryonic, precancerous, and malignant lung tissues and was found diffusely in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells.", "PMID": 98229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3152", "title": "A substrate for direct measurement of L-iduronic acid 2-sulfate sulfatase.", "content": "Commercially available sodium heparinate has been sequentially treated with methanolic 0.06M hydrogen chloride and nitrous acid. The nondegraded material was separated by gel filtration from the nonsulfated and monosulfated disaccharides produced. The latter ones, obtained in 10% yield, have been used as a substrate for the direct measurement of the enzyme L-iduronic acid 2-sulfate sulfatase present in human plasma and fibroblast homogenates. Studies of the kinetics and pH optimum of the enzyme, by use of plasma of a patient with mucolipidosis II, indicated an apparent Km of 2.5mM and a pH optimum of 4.6--4.8. The levels of activity in normal plasma and plasma of a patient with Hunter's disease were found to be 20.4 +/- 1.22 units (mumol sulfate/24 h/g protein) and 3.25 +/- 0.35 units, respectively. In homogenates of cultured skin fibroblasts, the levels were 137.6 +/- 10.7 units for normal controls and 6.4 +/- 5.1 for patients with Hunter's disease. The plasma two obligated heterozygotes gave intermediate levels of activity, whereas the plasma of two possible heterozygotes gave either intermediate levels or entirely normal levels of activity.", "contents": "A substrate for direct measurement of L-iduronic acid 2-sulfate sulfatase. Commercially available sodium heparinate has been sequentially treated with methanolic 0.06M hydrogen chloride and nitrous acid. The nondegraded material was separated by gel filtration from the nonsulfated and monosulfated disaccharides produced. The latter ones, obtained in 10% yield, have been used as a substrate for the direct measurement of the enzyme L-iduronic acid 2-sulfate sulfatase present in human plasma and fibroblast homogenates. Studies of the kinetics and pH optimum of the enzyme, by use of plasma of a patient with mucolipidosis II, indicated an apparent Km of 2.5mM and a pH optimum of 4.6--4.8. The levels of activity in normal plasma and plasma of a patient with Hunter's disease were found to be 20.4 +/- 1.22 units (mumol sulfate/24 h/g protein) and 3.25 +/- 0.35 units, respectively. In homogenates of cultured skin fibroblasts, the levels were 137.6 +/- 10.7 units for normal controls and 6.4 +/- 5.1 for patients with Hunter's disease. The plasma two obligated heterozygotes gave intermediate levels of activity, whereas the plasma of two possible heterozygotes gave either intermediate levels or entirely normal levels of activity.", "PMID": 98232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3153", "title": "Tumor localizing agents: the transport of meso-tetra(p-sulfophenyl) porphine by Vero and HEp-2 cells in vitro.", "content": "The mechanism of transport of the tumor localizing agent, meso-tetra(p-sulfophenyl)porphine (TPPS4), was investigated in Vero and HEp-2 cells in vitro. Vero cells proved to be basically impermeable to the porphyrin, but a slow transport was observed. The uptake was linear with time and appeared to be carrier mediated, as it was strongly inhibited by cyanide or low temperature and demonstrated saturation kinetics. Transport in HEp-2 cells was more rapid and non-linear, reaching a plateau after about 2 h. Analysis of this uptake over a 20-fold range of porphyrin concentration revealed it to be biphasic. A low affinity, high capacity component appeared to be unsaturable and was unaffected by low temperature or metabolic inhibitors. This system is probably one of a passive diffusion. The high affinity, low capacity phase is probably carrier mediated. The tumor cells appear to be \"leaky\" to the porphyrin, with respect to the Vero cells. This may explain part of the localizing ability of TPPS4.", "contents": "Tumor localizing agents: the transport of meso-tetra(p-sulfophenyl) porphine by Vero and HEp-2 cells in vitro. The mechanism of transport of the tumor localizing agent, meso-tetra(p-sulfophenyl)porphine (TPPS4), was investigated in Vero and HEp-2 cells in vitro. Vero cells proved to be basically impermeable to the porphyrin, but a slow transport was observed. The uptake was linear with time and appeared to be carrier mediated, as it was strongly inhibited by cyanide or low temperature and demonstrated saturation kinetics. Transport in HEp-2 cells was more rapid and non-linear, reaching a plateau after about 2 h. Analysis of this uptake over a 20-fold range of porphyrin concentration revealed it to be biphasic. A low affinity, high capacity component appeared to be unsaturable and was unaffected by low temperature or metabolic inhibitors. This system is probably one of a passive diffusion. The high affinity, low capacity phase is probably carrier mediated. The tumor cells appear to be \"leaky\" to the porphyrin, with respect to the Vero cells. This may explain part of the localizing ability of TPPS4.", "PMID": 98237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3154", "title": "Species variability in plasma S-sulfonate levels during and following sulfite administration.", "content": "It has been shown that S-sulfonate compounds (R-S-SO-3) are produced by the action of sulfite on reactive disulfide bonds [4,5]. Plasma S-sulfonate production was determined as a function of sulfite ingestion and intraperitoneal injection in rats, mice and rhesus monkeys. The tendency of these species and of the rabbit [8] to produce S-sulfonates in plasma was related to the availability of sulfite and of reactive disulfide bonds and to the stability of plasma protein S-sulfonates. The rhesus monkey and the rabbit accumulated plasma S-sulfonates much more readily than did the rat, while the mouse produced little, if any, under the same test conditions. Plasma protein S-sulfonate fractions in the rat and rhesus monkey were characterized by half-lives of approximately 4 and 8 days respectively. The sensitivity and precision of the analytical method for plasma protein S-sulfonate were improved by incorporation of 35S into the outer sulfur atom of the S-sulfonate moiety (R-S-35SO-3).", "contents": "Species variability in plasma S-sulfonate levels during and following sulfite administration. It has been shown that S-sulfonate compounds (R-S-SO-3) are produced by the action of sulfite on reactive disulfide bonds [4,5]. Plasma S-sulfonate production was determined as a function of sulfite ingestion and intraperitoneal injection in rats, mice and rhesus monkeys. The tendency of these species and of the rabbit [8] to produce S-sulfonates in plasma was related to the availability of sulfite and of reactive disulfide bonds and to the stability of plasma protein S-sulfonates. The rhesus monkey and the rabbit accumulated plasma S-sulfonates much more readily than did the rat, while the mouse produced little, if any, under the same test conditions. Plasma protein S-sulfonate fractions in the rat and rhesus monkey were characterized by half-lives of approximately 4 and 8 days respectively. The sensitivity and precision of the analytical method for plasma protein S-sulfonate were improved by incorporation of 35S into the outer sulfur atom of the S-sulfonate moiety (R-S-35SO-3).", "PMID": 98238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3155", "title": "Alterations in calcium levels of coronary sinus blood during coronary arteriography in the dog.", "content": "Intracoronary administration of contrast materials causes myocardial depression which is related to serveral physiochemical properties of the contrast solution. The role of variations in ambient calcium ions (Ca++) in mediating this effect was evaluated in 19 anesthetized dogs. Sodium meglumine diatrizoate caused decreases in left ventricular peak systolic pressure (LVPSP),-12.6 +/- 3.2%, and dp/dt at a left ventricular pressure (LVP) of 40 mm Hg, -14.3 +/- 4.1%. The total calcium (Cat) decreased from 10.2 +/- 0.2 to 6.5 +/- 0.2 mg%, while Ca++ decreased from 4.6 +/- 0.1 mg% to 2.3 +/- 0.7 mg%. In the presence of systemic hypocalcemia the myocardial depressant actions of this contrast materials were accentuated. Intracoronary administration of contrast material with added Ca++, calcium sodium meglumine metrizoate, caused no myocardial depression. Total calcium decreased only slightly (10.2 +/- 0.2 to 9.1 +/- 0.2 mg%), while Ca++ increased (4.8 +/- 0.1 to 5.1 +/- 0.2 mg%. During systemic hypocalcemia, the calcium metrizoate compound induced increases in LVPSP and dp/dt/LBP40. Thus, contrast materials caused myocardial depression which, at least in part, was related to reduction of ambient calcium through a dilutional and binding action. The addition of Ca++ to monomeric contrast materials reversed the myocardial depressant action and produced a transient rise in ambient Ca++.", "contents": "Alterations in calcium levels of coronary sinus blood during coronary arteriography in the dog. Intracoronary administration of contrast materials causes myocardial depression which is related to serveral physiochemical properties of the contrast solution. The role of variations in ambient calcium ions (Ca++) in mediating this effect was evaluated in 19 anesthetized dogs. Sodium meglumine diatrizoate caused decreases in left ventricular peak systolic pressure (LVPSP),-12.6 +/- 3.2%, and dp/dt at a left ventricular pressure (LVP) of 40 mm Hg, -14.3 +/- 4.1%. The total calcium (Cat) decreased from 10.2 +/- 0.2 to 6.5 +/- 0.2 mg%, while Ca++ decreased from 4.6 +/- 0.1 mg% to 2.3 +/- 0.7 mg%. In the presence of systemic hypocalcemia the myocardial depressant actions of this contrast materials were accentuated. Intracoronary administration of contrast material with added Ca++, calcium sodium meglumine metrizoate, caused no myocardial depression. Total calcium decreased only slightly (10.2 +/- 0.2 to 9.1 +/- 0.2 mg%), while Ca++ increased (4.8 +/- 0.1 to 5.1 +/- 0.2 mg%. During systemic hypocalcemia, the calcium metrizoate compound induced increases in LVPSP and dp/dt/LBP40. Thus, contrast materials caused myocardial depression which, at least in part, was related to reduction of ambient calcium through a dilutional and binding action. The addition of Ca++ to monomeric contrast materials reversed the myocardial depressant action and produced a transient rise in ambient Ca++.", "PMID": 98241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3156", "title": "Automated tests for the assessment of thyroid function.", "content": "Fully automated methods have been developed for the determination of thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels, antibodies to thyroglobulin and the assessment of thyroid hormone binding proteins in serum, using a continuous flow radioimmunoassay system. In addition the feasibility of a partially automated assay for thyrotrophin levels has been demonstrated. These employ Auto Analyzer modules and antibodies covalently linked to a magnetisable solid phase support. Separation of bound and free antigen is achieved by applying an external magnetic field. The system currently operates at a rate of 30 samples/h and requires only 10 minutes incubation since it is not necessary to reach equilibrium. The results are similar to those obtained by conventional manual techniques, however the precision is improved and operator error eliminated.", "contents": "Automated tests for the assessment of thyroid function. Fully automated methods have been developed for the determination of thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels, antibodies to thyroglobulin and the assessment of thyroid hormone binding proteins in serum, using a continuous flow radioimmunoassay system. In addition the feasibility of a partially automated assay for thyrotrophin levels has been demonstrated. These employ Auto Analyzer modules and antibodies covalently linked to a magnetisable solid phase support. Separation of bound and free antigen is achieved by applying an external magnetic field. The system currently operates at a rate of 30 samples/h and requires only 10 minutes incubation since it is not necessary to reach equilibrium. The results are similar to those obtained by conventional manual techniques, however the precision is improved and operator error eliminated.", "PMID": 98242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3157", "title": "Correlation of free thyroxine index and thyroxine: thyroxine-binding globulin ratio with the free thyroxine concentration as measured by the thyroxine and thyroxine-binding globulin radioimmunoassays.", "content": "The concentration of thyroxine-binding globulin in the serum can now be measured by a simple and specific radioimmunoassay. Triiodothyronine uptake and measurement of total thyroxine have been combined to yield a free thyroxine index which has been found to correlate with the clinical state of the patients. An estimate of the free thyroxine concentration, as measured by the thyroxine and thyroxine-binding globulin radioimmunoassays, provided a good correlation with the free thyroxine index and the thyroxine: thyroxine-binding globulin ratio. However, the thyroxine: thyroxine-binding globulin ratio is inaccurate when thyroxine-binding globulin concentrations are high or low.", "contents": "Correlation of free thyroxine index and thyroxine: thyroxine-binding globulin ratio with the free thyroxine concentration as measured by the thyroxine and thyroxine-binding globulin radioimmunoassays. The concentration of thyroxine-binding globulin in the serum can now be measured by a simple and specific radioimmunoassay. Triiodothyronine uptake and measurement of total thyroxine have been combined to yield a free thyroxine index which has been found to correlate with the clinical state of the patients. An estimate of the free thyroxine concentration, as measured by the thyroxine and thyroxine-binding globulin radioimmunoassays, provided a good correlation with the free thyroxine index and the thyroxine: thyroxine-binding globulin ratio. However, the thyroxine: thyroxine-binding globulin ratio is inaccurate when thyroxine-binding globulin concentrations are high or low.", "PMID": 98243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3158", "title": "A sensitive procedure for the diagnosis of N-acetyl-galactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase deficiency in classical Morquio's disease.", "content": "The trisaccharide 6-sulfo-N-acetylgalactosamine-glucuronic acid-6-sulfo-N-acetyl-[1-3H]galactosaminitol was used as a substrate for the determination of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase activity. The amount of liberated sulfate was measured indirectly by separating monosulfated reaction products from the substrate on Dowex 1 X 2 microcolumns in a simple two step procedure. Fibroblast homogenates from patients with various genotypes, except classical Morquio's disease, released 410 +/- 90 pmol sulfate/h/mg cell protein. The enzyme exhibited a pH optimum of pH 4.8 and a KM of about 1 X 10(-4) mol/1. It was strongly inhibited by phosphate, sulfate and chloride ions. In three cell lines from patients with classical Morquio's disease a residual activity between 1 and 2% of the mean normal activity was found. All cell lines tested released sulfate from 6-sulfo-N-acetylglucosamine-glucuronic acid-[1-3H]-anhydromannitol. Cell extracts from cultured amniotic fluid cells exhibited a N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase activity between 120 and 320 pmol/h/mg protein. An enzyme activity of 370 +/- 100 pmol sulfate/h/mg protein was found in peripheral leucocytes from healthy donors. The determination of N-acetyl-galactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase activity in one family with an affected patient indicated that the enzyme deficiency is also expressed in leucocytes.", "contents": "A sensitive procedure for the diagnosis of N-acetyl-galactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase deficiency in classical Morquio's disease. The trisaccharide 6-sulfo-N-acetylgalactosamine-glucuronic acid-6-sulfo-N-acetyl-[1-3H]galactosaminitol was used as a substrate for the determination of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase activity. The amount of liberated sulfate was measured indirectly by separating monosulfated reaction products from the substrate on Dowex 1 X 2 microcolumns in a simple two step procedure. Fibroblast homogenates from patients with various genotypes, except classical Morquio's disease, released 410 +/- 90 pmol sulfate/h/mg cell protein. The enzyme exhibited a pH optimum of pH 4.8 and a KM of about 1 X 10(-4) mol/1. It was strongly inhibited by phosphate, sulfate and chloride ions. In three cell lines from patients with classical Morquio's disease a residual activity between 1 and 2% of the mean normal activity was found. All cell lines tested released sulfate from 6-sulfo-N-acetylglucosamine-glucuronic acid-[1-3H]-anhydromannitol. Cell extracts from cultured amniotic fluid cells exhibited a N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase activity between 120 and 320 pmol/h/mg protein. An enzyme activity of 370 +/- 100 pmol sulfate/h/mg protein was found in peripheral leucocytes from healthy donors. The determination of N-acetyl-galactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase activity in one family with an affected patient indicated that the enzyme deficiency is also expressed in leucocytes.", "PMID": 98244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3159", "title": "Effect of a lipid load on blood and urinary carnitine in man.", "content": "Blood and urine carnitine contents have been determined in patients before and after a lipid load and in patients on haemodialysis. Oral and intravenous lipid administration significantly depressed blood carnitine content and after 500 ml intravenous Intralipid urinary carnitine excretion fell by 43%. Blood carnitine was reduced by 50% by haemodialysis and returned to the pre-dialysis value within 20 h in 5 out of 8 patients. It is concluded that the blood carnitine level is normally controlled over a narrow range. The fall in blood carnitine concentration and urine excretion which follows a lipid load indicate a limiting role for carnitine in lipid utilization in man, and suggest that carnitine supplements could be of value during parenteral nutrition with fats.", "contents": "Effect of a lipid load on blood and urinary carnitine in man. Blood and urine carnitine contents have been determined in patients before and after a lipid load and in patients on haemodialysis. Oral and intravenous lipid administration significantly depressed blood carnitine content and after 500 ml intravenous Intralipid urinary carnitine excretion fell by 43%. Blood carnitine was reduced by 50% by haemodialysis and returned to the pre-dialysis value within 20 h in 5 out of 8 patients. It is concluded that the blood carnitine level is normally controlled over a narrow range. The fall in blood carnitine concentration and urine excretion which follows a lipid load indicate a limiting role for carnitine in lipid utilization in man, and suggest that carnitine supplements could be of value during parenteral nutrition with fats.", "PMID": 98245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3160", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for 3,3'-diiodothyronine in human serum.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay for measurement of 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2') is presented. With the method described (ethanol extraction of native serum and lyophilisation of the extract) the application of 400 microliter serum equivalent in the assay is possible. Standards and sera are treated similarly. The detection limit is 0.625 ng/dl, comparison between direct assay and dried extract assay shows good correlation. Mean normal T2' serum concentration in man is 7.2 ng/dl (range 3 to 11 ng/dl), hypothyroid: below 3.0 ng/dl, hyperthyroid: 11-64 ng/dl (range). T2' level in cord-blood of newborns: 16.5 ng/dl. The urinary excretion of free T2' of normal man is 0.49 microgram/24 h (mean), a relatively high excretion rate in comparison to the low serum level.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for 3,3'-diiodothyronine in human serum. A specific radioimmunoassay for measurement of 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2') is presented. With the method described (ethanol extraction of native serum and lyophilisation of the extract) the application of 400 microliter serum equivalent in the assay is possible. Standards and sera are treated similarly. The detection limit is 0.625 ng/dl, comparison between direct assay and dried extract assay shows good correlation. Mean normal T2' serum concentration in man is 7.2 ng/dl (range 3 to 11 ng/dl), hypothyroid: below 3.0 ng/dl, hyperthyroid: 11-64 ng/dl (range). T2' level in cord-blood of newborns: 16.5 ng/dl. The urinary excretion of free T2' of normal man is 0.49 microgram/24 h (mean), a relatively high excretion rate in comparison to the low serum level.", "PMID": 98246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3161", "title": "Thyrotrophin, prolactin and growth hormone responses to TRH in barbiturate coma and in depression.", "content": "The effects of 200 microgram thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) i.v. on thyrotrophin (TSH), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) and triiodothyronine (T3) were studied in eight patients with barbiturate coma due to attempted suicide, in the same patients after recovery, in eight depressive patients and in eight normal controls. The patients with barbiturate coma presented normal basal TSH and PRL, elevated basal GH and normal PRL but blunted TSH responses to TRH; their GH concentrations varied widely without consistent relation to TRH administration. The same patients after recovery from coma presented normal TSH and PRL, slightly elevated basal GH, and normal PRL but blunted TSH responses to TRH; in four of these patients, a clear-cut rise in GH (i.e. more than 10 ng/ml) occurred after TRH administration. The depressive patients presented normal basal TSH and PRL, slightly elevated basal GH, and normal PRL but blunted TSH responses to TRH; in four of these patients, a moderated rise in GH (less than 10 ng/ml) occurred after TRH administration. The increment in T3 concentrations 120 min after TRH was found reduced in the comatose patients only. Basal cortisol was measured in all the subjects and found elevated in the comatose patients only. It is concluded that the abnormal TSH and GH responses to TRH observed in patients with barbiturate coma are more likely related to depressive illness than to an effect of barbiturates at the pituitary level. Barbiturates might affect thyroid secretion.", "contents": "Thyrotrophin, prolactin and growth hormone responses to TRH in barbiturate coma and in depression. The effects of 200 microgram thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) i.v. on thyrotrophin (TSH), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) and triiodothyronine (T3) were studied in eight patients with barbiturate coma due to attempted suicide, in the same patients after recovery, in eight depressive patients and in eight normal controls. The patients with barbiturate coma presented normal basal TSH and PRL, elevated basal GH and normal PRL but blunted TSH responses to TRH; their GH concentrations varied widely without consistent relation to TRH administration. The same patients after recovery from coma presented normal TSH and PRL, slightly elevated basal GH, and normal PRL but blunted TSH responses to TRH; in four of these patients, a clear-cut rise in GH (i.e. more than 10 ng/ml) occurred after TRH administration. The depressive patients presented normal basal TSH and PRL, slightly elevated basal GH, and normal PRL but blunted TSH responses to TRH; in four of these patients, a moderated rise in GH (less than 10 ng/ml) occurred after TRH administration. The increment in T3 concentrations 120 min after TRH was found reduced in the comatose patients only. Basal cortisol was measured in all the subjects and found elevated in the comatose patients only. It is concluded that the abnormal TSH and GH responses to TRH observed in patients with barbiturate coma are more likely related to depressive illness than to an effect of barbiturates at the pituitary level. Barbiturates might affect thyroid secretion.", "PMID": 98247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3162", "title": "Atypical expression of beta-galactosidase deficiency in a child with Hurler-like features but without neurological abnormalities.", "content": "A 28-month-old child was found to have several clinical features of lysosomal storage diseases, including: coarse facies, hepatosplenomegaly, lumbar kyphosis due to hypoplastic beaked L1 and L2 vertebral bodies, vacuolated lymphocytes in blood smears and rare foamy hystiocytes in bone marrow. However, no signs of neurological or ocular abnormalities were detected. A beta-galactosidase deficiency was demonstrated in leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts, with a residual activity toward 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-galactopyranoside ranging between 5 and 15% of the normal mean. Normal activities were found for several other lysosomal acid hydrolases. beta-Galactosidase activities in leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts from both parents were within the normal ranges. The patient seems to represent an atypical expression of acid beta-galactosidase deficiency, since his clinical picture does not exaclty correspond to that of either the two classical types of GM1-gangliosidosis or other atypical patients reported in the literature havining beta-galactosidase deficiency.", "contents": "Atypical expression of beta-galactosidase deficiency in a child with Hurler-like features but without neurological abnormalities. A 28-month-old child was found to have several clinical features of lysosomal storage diseases, including: coarse facies, hepatosplenomegaly, lumbar kyphosis due to hypoplastic beaked L1 and L2 vertebral bodies, vacuolated lymphocytes in blood smears and rare foamy hystiocytes in bone marrow. However, no signs of neurological or ocular abnormalities were detected. A beta-galactosidase deficiency was demonstrated in leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts, with a residual activity toward 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-galactopyranoside ranging between 5 and 15% of the normal mean. Normal activities were found for several other lysosomal acid hydrolases. beta-Galactosidase activities in leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts from both parents were within the normal ranges. The patient seems to represent an atypical expression of acid beta-galactosidase deficiency, since his clinical picture does not exaclty correspond to that of either the two classical types of GM1-gangliosidosis or other atypical patients reported in the literature havining beta-galactosidase deficiency.", "PMID": 98248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3163", "title": "Design and evaluation of leukaemia trials.", "content": "A satisfactory clinical trial in acute leukaemia has always required a substantial investment in terms of both time and resources. Today, the therapeutic success in the disease is increasing further the difficulty in carrying such trials through to completion. Unless careful thought is given to all aspects of these trials prior to their initiation, there is a very real risk that discoveries of further improvements in treatment through clinical trials may be greatly delayed.", "contents": "Design and evaluation of leukaemia trials. A satisfactory clinical trial in acute leukaemia has always required a substantial investment in terms of both time and resources. Today, the therapeutic success in the disease is increasing further the difficulty in carrying such trials through to completion. Unless careful thought is given to all aspects of these trials prior to their initiation, there is a very real risk that discoveries of further improvements in treatment through clinical trials may be greatly delayed.", "PMID": 98249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3164", "title": "The effect of ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (EHDP) on matrix induced ectopic bone formation.", "content": "The effect of diphosphonates (EHDP) was studied on induced ectopic osteoneogenesis. Decalcified allogeneic bone matrix was implanted into the lumbar muscles in rabbits for an ectopic osteoinductor. The ectopic new bone formation was studied under continuous EHDP administration and after discontinuation of EHDP. Although there was no inhibitory effect of EHDP on the osteoinduction, the calcification of the new bone and the resorption of the implanted matrix was retarded. The induced \"osteoid-like\" tissue had an atypical structure with a small number of cells and a deficiency in collagen fiber bundles. There were also large fields of new cartilage formation. Thus remodelling and mineralization were inhibited under the influence of continuous administration of EHDP. After discontinuation of EHDP administration a recovery phase was observed which seemed to lead to the formation of a normal ossicle.", "contents": "The effect of ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (EHDP) on matrix induced ectopic bone formation. The effect of diphosphonates (EHDP) was studied on induced ectopic osteoneogenesis. Decalcified allogeneic bone matrix was implanted into the lumbar muscles in rabbits for an ectopic osteoinductor. The ectopic new bone formation was studied under continuous EHDP administration and after discontinuation of EHDP. Although there was no inhibitory effect of EHDP on the osteoinduction, the calcification of the new bone and the resorption of the implanted matrix was retarded. The induced \"osteoid-like\" tissue had an atypical structure with a small number of cells and a deficiency in collagen fiber bundles. There were also large fields of new cartilage formation. Thus remodelling and mineralization were inhibited under the influence of continuous administration of EHDP. After discontinuation of EHDP administration a recovery phase was observed which seemed to lead to the formation of a normal ossicle.", "PMID": 98251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3165", "title": "67Ga-citrate scanning in gastrointestinal malignancies.", "content": "The value of 67 Ga-citrate scanning in cases of gastrointestinal malignancies is discussed. Seven cases are presented, including lymphomas of the stomach, small bowel, and rectum, and adenocarcinomas of the stomach and colon. In a review of the literature, there is general pessimism regarding the use of 67Ga scans in GI malignancies. Based on previous reports and our own experience, specific clinical situations are cited in which the scan is of considerable value for diagnosis and followup of GI malignancy.", "contents": "67Ga-citrate scanning in gastrointestinal malignancies. The value of 67 Ga-citrate scanning in cases of gastrointestinal malignancies is discussed. Seven cases are presented, including lymphomas of the stomach, small bowel, and rectum, and adenocarcinomas of the stomach and colon. In a review of the literature, there is general pessimism regarding the use of 67Ga scans in GI malignancies. Based on previous reports and our own experience, specific clinical situations are cited in which the scan is of considerable value for diagnosis and followup of GI malignancy.", "PMID": 98252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3166", "title": "Organization of immunoglobulin genes.", "content": "The nucleotide-sequence determination of a cloned, embryonic Vlambda gene directly demonstrated that V genes are separate from a corresponding C gene in embryonic cells. Analysis by restriction enzymes of total cellular DNA from various sources strongly suggested that the two separate immunoglobulin genes become continuous during differentiation of B lymphocytes. There seems to be a strict correlation between the joining event and activation of the joined genes. Cloning of more immunoglobulin genes from embryo and plasma cells will not only provide direct demonstration of such a gene-joining event but also help in the elucidation of a possible relationship of the event to gene activation mechanisms.", "contents": "Organization of immunoglobulin genes. The nucleotide-sequence determination of a cloned, embryonic Vlambda gene directly demonstrated that V genes are separate from a corresponding C gene in embryonic cells. Analysis by restriction enzymes of total cellular DNA from various sources strongly suggested that the two separate immunoglobulin genes become continuous during differentiation of B lymphocytes. There seems to be a strict correlation between the joining event and activation of the joined genes. Cloning of more immunoglobulin genes from embryo and plasma cells will not only provide direct demonstration of such a gene-joining event but also help in the elucidation of a possible relationship of the event to gene activation mechanisms.", "PMID": 98276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3167", "title": "The handedness of rhesus monkeys: II. Concurrent reaching.", "content": "Of 171 monkeys tested for handedness, 60 were found to make occasional bilateral concurrent reaches. These reaches accounted for only 1.3% of the total of 600 reaches observed for each animal. Younger animals were observed to make such reaches more frequently than older animals. Concurrent reaching was characterized by a lower degree of preference for the overall preferred hand than unilateral reaches made by the same animals at comparable periods of testing.", "contents": "The handedness of rhesus monkeys: II. Concurrent reaching. Of 171 monkeys tested for handedness, 60 were found to make occasional bilateral concurrent reaches. These reaches accounted for only 1.3% of the total of 600 reaches observed for each animal. Younger animals were observed to make such reaches more frequently than older animals. Concurrent reaching was characterized by a lower degree of preference for the overall preferred hand than unilateral reaches made by the same animals at comparable periods of testing.", "PMID": 98292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3168", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis on a prosthetic valve. Oral treatment with amoxicillin.", "content": "A patient with endocarditis due to Streptococcus faecalis on an aortic valvular prosthesis was successfully treated using large oral doses of amoxicillin concurrently with intramuscular administration of streptomycin. Oral therapy was employed because of a persistent reaction to intravenously administered antibiotics. Oral therapy for bacterial endocarditis occurring on an artificial valve may be attempted as a last resort when all other accepted therapeutic measures have failed.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis on a prosthetic valve. Oral treatment with amoxicillin. A patient with endocarditis due to Streptococcus faecalis on an aortic valvular prosthesis was successfully treated using large oral doses of amoxicillin concurrently with intramuscular administration of streptomycin. Oral therapy was employed because of a persistent reaction to intravenously administered antibiotics. Oral therapy for bacterial endocarditis occurring on an artificial valve may be attempted as a last resort when all other accepted therapeutic measures have failed.", "PMID": 98296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3169", "title": "Econazole: a review of its antifungal activity and therapeutic efficacy.", "content": "Econazole1 is a recently introduced imidazole antifungal agent which is very closely related structurally to another imidazole derivative, miconazole. For local application the nitrate salt of econazole is used, while in preliminary investigations of systemic use in a few patients econazole base has been administered orally or intravenously. In uncontrolled studies in large numbers of patients, econazole nitrate has been administered topically in the treatment of dermatomycoses due to a wide variety of fungi, and vaginally in the treatment of vaginal candidosis; but it has not been compared with any other antifungal drug in controlled therapeutic trials in mycoses of the skin and has only been compared with nystatin in a few patients with vaginal candidosis. Until adequate comparative studies are done the relative place of econazole in the treatment of dermatomycoses and vaginal condidosis, compared with traditional antifungal agents and with other imidazole derivatives such as miconazole or clotrimazole, cannot be clearly stated. Nevertheless, econazole nitrate is an effective antifungal drug. In dermatological studies about 90% of a large number of patients were cured, often after a relatively short treatment period (2 to 6 weeks, as occurs with other imidazole antifungal agents). The cure rate was only slightly lower (about 85%) in patients with severe mycoses of many years' duration than in those whose infections were of more recent onset. In vaginal candidosis a 3-day treatment regimen using a 150mg suppository once daily was only slightly less effective (85% mycological cure rate) than a 15-day regimen using a 50mg dose (suppository or cream) once daily (90% cure rate). A 3 to 5 day 'higher' dose regimen was slightly more effective than a standard 15-day regimen of nystatin vaginal inserts in a small group of patients with vaginal candidosis. The convenience of the higher-dose shorter term regimen would likely be an important advantage to most patients. Whether other agents useful in vaginal candidosis would be as effective as econazole were they to be used in this way, has not been determined. Topical or intravaginal econazole nitrate has usually been well tolerated, side effects being limited to local irritation in about 1 to 4% of patients in most studies.", "contents": "Econazole: a review of its antifungal activity and therapeutic efficacy. Econazole1 is a recently introduced imidazole antifungal agent which is very closely related structurally to another imidazole derivative, miconazole. For local application the nitrate salt of econazole is used, while in preliminary investigations of systemic use in a few patients econazole base has been administered orally or intravenously. In uncontrolled studies in large numbers of patients, econazole nitrate has been administered topically in the treatment of dermatomycoses due to a wide variety of fungi, and vaginally in the treatment of vaginal candidosis; but it has not been compared with any other antifungal drug in controlled therapeutic trials in mycoses of the skin and has only been compared with nystatin in a few patients with vaginal candidosis. Until adequate comparative studies are done the relative place of econazole in the treatment of dermatomycoses and vaginal condidosis, compared with traditional antifungal agents and with other imidazole derivatives such as miconazole or clotrimazole, cannot be clearly stated. Nevertheless, econazole nitrate is an effective antifungal drug. In dermatological studies about 90% of a large number of patients were cured, often after a relatively short treatment period (2 to 6 weeks, as occurs with other imidazole antifungal agents). The cure rate was only slightly lower (about 85%) in patients with severe mycoses of many years' duration than in those whose infections were of more recent onset. In vaginal candidosis a 3-day treatment regimen using a 150mg suppository once daily was only slightly less effective (85% mycological cure rate) than a 15-day regimen using a 50mg dose (suppository or cream) once daily (90% cure rate). A 3 to 5 day 'higher' dose regimen was slightly more effective than a standard 15-day regimen of nystatin vaginal inserts in a small group of patients with vaginal candidosis. The convenience of the higher-dose shorter term regimen would likely be an important advantage to most patients. Whether other agents useful in vaginal candidosis would be as effective as econazole were they to be used in this way, has not been determined. Topical or intravaginal econazole nitrate has usually been well tolerated, side effects being limited to local irritation in about 1 to 4% of patients in most studies.", "PMID": 98315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3170", "title": "Appearance of EEG changes reminiscent of a secondary generalized epilepsy in a rhesus monkey inoculated with a strain of kuru.", "content": "In a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) inoculated intracerebrally and intravenously with a strain (Enage strain rhesus L6 56) of kuru already passaged in rhesus monkeys, 1 monkey presented the typical EEG pattern of epileptogenic encephalopathy reminiscent of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. This observation provides no direct evidence for the viral origin of epilepsies of this type. It does, however, show that it is possible to induce an epileptogenic encephalopathy by an unconventional infectious agent.", "contents": "Appearance of EEG changes reminiscent of a secondary generalized epilepsy in a rhesus monkey inoculated with a strain of kuru. In a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) inoculated intracerebrally and intravenously with a strain (Enage strain rhesus L6 56) of kuru already passaged in rhesus monkeys, 1 monkey presented the typical EEG pattern of epileptogenic encephalopathy reminiscent of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. This observation provides no direct evidence for the viral origin of epilepsies of this type. It does, however, show that it is possible to induce an epileptogenic encephalopathy by an unconventional infectious agent.", "PMID": 98316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3171", "title": "Anticonvulsant action of a 1,5-benzodiazepine, clobazam, in reflex epilepsy.", "content": "Clobazam, an anxiolytic 1,5-benzodiazepine, has been evaluated as an anticonvulsant in 2 animal models. In mice showing sound induced seizures, clobazam, 1--4 mg/kg, i.p., blocked seizure responses for 1--2 hr. In Senegalese baboons Papio papio showing photically induced myoclonus or seizures, clobazam, 2--12 mg/kg, i.v., totally prevented such responses for up to 6 hr. In baboons pretreated with allylglycine, 170--185 mg/kg, a similar but briefer protection was induced by clobazam. Neurological toxicity was not prominent (transient, slight nystagmus after clobazam, 2--6 mg/kg; muscular hypotonia after clobazam, 12 mg/kg). The possibility that 1,5-benzodiazepines are superior to 1,4-benzodiazepines in the therapy of epilepsy requires clinical investigation.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant action of a 1,5-benzodiazepine, clobazam, in reflex epilepsy. Clobazam, an anxiolytic 1,5-benzodiazepine, has been evaluated as an anticonvulsant in 2 animal models. In mice showing sound induced seizures, clobazam, 1--4 mg/kg, i.p., blocked seizure responses for 1--2 hr. In Senegalese baboons Papio papio showing photically induced myoclonus or seizures, clobazam, 2--12 mg/kg, i.v., totally prevented such responses for up to 6 hr. In baboons pretreated with allylglycine, 170--185 mg/kg, a similar but briefer protection was induced by clobazam. Neurological toxicity was not prominent (transient, slight nystagmus after clobazam, 2--6 mg/kg; muscular hypotonia after clobazam, 12 mg/kg). The possibility that 1,5-benzodiazepines are superior to 1,4-benzodiazepines in the therapy of epilepsy requires clinical investigation.", "PMID": 98317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3172", "title": "Alterations in learning performance in the seizure-prone baboon: effects of elicited seizures and chronic treatment with diazepam and phenobarbital.", "content": "A comparison was made of the effects of chronically administered diazepam and phenobarbital with those of elicited seizures on repeated acquisition learning in 3 prepubertal Papio papio. The learning task required the baboons each day to perform different sequences of lever presses on a three-lever behavior panel. Middle dose levels of both diazepam and phenobarbital were found to improve learning performance relative to base-line control levels, as measured by total errors, efficiency, and time required to complete chains of various lengths to a fixed criterion. The doses were well within therapeutically relevant seizure control and clinical blood level ranges. Higher doses of both drugs generally abolished the performance gains achieved with the lower doses. Seizures elicited twice weekly for 2--3 weeks, or daily for 7 days, induced no overall decrement in performance. Cyclicity in subsequent performance was, however, induced by each individual seizure during the twice weekly seizure period, and learning performance was found to be significantly worse at 42 hr than at 18 hr after each seizure. Implications of these data for acquisition of learning in the epileptic are discussed.", "contents": "Alterations in learning performance in the seizure-prone baboon: effects of elicited seizures and chronic treatment with diazepam and phenobarbital. A comparison was made of the effects of chronically administered diazepam and phenobarbital with those of elicited seizures on repeated acquisition learning in 3 prepubertal Papio papio. The learning task required the baboons each day to perform different sequences of lever presses on a three-lever behavior panel. Middle dose levels of both diazepam and phenobarbital were found to improve learning performance relative to base-line control levels, as measured by total errors, efficiency, and time required to complete chains of various lengths to a fixed criterion. The doses were well within therapeutically relevant seizure control and clinical blood level ranges. Higher doses of both drugs generally abolished the performance gains achieved with the lower doses. Seizures elicited twice weekly for 2--3 weeks, or daily for 7 days, induced no overall decrement in performance. Cyclicity in subsequent performance was, however, induced by each individual seizure during the twice weekly seizure period, and learning performance was found to be significantly worse at 42 hr than at 18 hr after each seizure. Implications of these data for acquisition of learning in the epileptic are discussed.", "PMID": 98318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3173", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of three extracellular cellulases from Cellulomonas sp.", "content": "Three extracellular cellulases have been purified from cultures of Cellulomonas. One was found in solution in the cell-free supernatant and two others were found to be bound to the cellulose added as a carbon source. The free enzyme and one of the cellulose-bound enzymes bind to Sephadex. The two cellulose-bound enzymes are glycosylated. The three enzymes behave as endocellulases towards soluble carboxymethyl-cellulose and have little activity on cellulose powder.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of three extracellular cellulases from Cellulomonas sp. Three extracellular cellulases have been purified from cultures of Cellulomonas. One was found in solution in the cell-free supernatant and two others were found to be bound to the cellulose added as a carbon source. The free enzyme and one of the cellulose-bound enzymes bind to Sephadex. The two cellulose-bound enzymes are glycosylated. The three enzymes behave as endocellulases towards soluble carboxymethyl-cellulose and have little activity on cellulose powder.", "PMID": 98328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3174", "title": "Introduction of hidden breaks during rRNA maturation and ageing in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "The stability of Tetrahymena pyriformis cytoplasmic rRNAs and nuclear rRNA precursors has been studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under partly and completely denaturing conditions. Cytoplasmic 17-S rRNA (Mr = 0.66 X 10(6) consists of a continuous polynucleotide chain throughout its lifetime, whereas the bulk of 26-S rRNA (Mr = 1.2m X 10(6) dissociates upon denaturation. Two large fragments (F1, F2) of somewhat different molecular weights (Mr 0.63 X 10(6) and 0.58 X 10(6) and the small 5.8-S rRNA fragment (Mr about 50 000) are regularly observed. Some additional distinct minor fragments (F3-F6) are noted under certain preparative conditions, suggestive of artifactual origin. The following conclusions were made from the data obtained . (a) Newly synthesized 26-S rRNA molecules do not contain the 'central' hidden break (separating F1 and F2) until about 15 min after their appearance in the cytoplasm; however, they release during denaturation the 5.8-S and/or a short-lived 7-S fragment (Mr about 75 000) which might represent a direct precursor to the 5.8-S rRNA. (b) The immediate nuclear precursor to the 26-S rRNA (Mr 1.39 X 10(6) releases a small fragment of similar size (7 S). (c) The largest stable transcription product of the rDNA (pre-rRNA) does not contain any hidden break.", "contents": "Introduction of hidden breaks during rRNA maturation and ageing in Tetrahymena pyriformis. The stability of Tetrahymena pyriformis cytoplasmic rRNAs and nuclear rRNA precursors has been studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under partly and completely denaturing conditions. Cytoplasmic 17-S rRNA (Mr = 0.66 X 10(6) consists of a continuous polynucleotide chain throughout its lifetime, whereas the bulk of 26-S rRNA (Mr = 1.2m X 10(6) dissociates upon denaturation. Two large fragments (F1, F2) of somewhat different molecular weights (Mr 0.63 X 10(6) and 0.58 X 10(6) and the small 5.8-S rRNA fragment (Mr about 50 000) are regularly observed. Some additional distinct minor fragments (F3-F6) are noted under certain preparative conditions, suggestive of artifactual origin. The following conclusions were made from the data obtained . (a) Newly synthesized 26-S rRNA molecules do not contain the 'central' hidden break (separating F1 and F2) until about 15 min after their appearance in the cytoplasm; however, they release during denaturation the 5.8-S and/or a short-lived 7-S fragment (Mr about 75 000) which might represent a direct precursor to the 5.8-S rRNA. (b) The immediate nuclear precursor to the 26-S rRNA (Mr 1.39 X 10(6) releases a small fragment of similar size (7 S). (c) The largest stable transcription product of the rDNA (pre-rRNA) does not contain any hidden break.", "PMID": 98329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3175", "title": "Morphologic aspects of the neurofibrosarcoma (neurogenic sarcoma).", "content": "Two cases of malignant tumours of the nerve sheaths are reported. In the first patient, who had von Recklinghausen's disease, light- and electron-microscopic investigations showed an undifferentiated mesenchymal tumour of the radial nerve with the property of producing collagen fibres, an aspect characteristic of sarcoma of the fibroblastic type. In the second case a pleomorphic cell sarcoma of the cranial nerves of the left cerebellopontine angle was present. The morphologic aspects of these tumours show them to be primary mesenchymal tumours of the nerve (neurofibrosarcoma, neurogenic sarcoma) originating in the fibroblastic-like elements of the nerve sheaths. The clinical and nosologic framework of this type of malignant tumour of the nerve sheaths is discussed.", "contents": "Morphologic aspects of the neurofibrosarcoma (neurogenic sarcoma). Two cases of malignant tumours of the nerve sheaths are reported. In the first patient, who had von Recklinghausen's disease, light- and electron-microscopic investigations showed an undifferentiated mesenchymal tumour of the radial nerve with the property of producing collagen fibres, an aspect characteristic of sarcoma of the fibroblastic type. In the second case a pleomorphic cell sarcoma of the cranial nerves of the left cerebellopontine angle was present. The morphologic aspects of these tumours show them to be primary mesenchymal tumours of the nerve (neurofibrosarcoma, neurogenic sarcoma) originating in the fibroblastic-like elements of the nerve sheaths. The clinical and nosologic framework of this type of malignant tumour of the nerve sheaths is discussed.", "PMID": 98330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3176", "title": "Moderate nonketotic hyperglycemia--a cause of focal epilepsy. Report of two cases and review of literature.", "content": "Nonketotic hyperglycemia has a definite convulsive effect, which may manifest itself in generalized or focal seizures. This report deals specifically with focal convulsive phenomena. Two patients with nonketotic hyperglycemia focal seizures are described. Focal seizures are of motor Jackson, aphasic, adversive or of the 'epilepsia partialis continua' type. Different types of focal seizures may appear in one and the same patient. Focal epilepsy can be the first manifestation of a diabetic disorder. Focal epileptic seizures are linked with moderate nonketotic hyperglycemia with values of 360 mg% sugar and 310 osm. Higher values lead to generalized seizures and coma. The mechanisms are discussed and pertinent literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Moderate nonketotic hyperglycemia--a cause of focal epilepsy. Report of two cases and review of literature. Nonketotic hyperglycemia has a definite convulsive effect, which may manifest itself in generalized or focal seizures. This report deals specifically with focal convulsive phenomena. Two patients with nonketotic hyperglycemia focal seizures are described. Focal seizures are of motor Jackson, aphasic, adversive or of the 'epilepsia partialis continua' type. Different types of focal seizures may appear in one and the same patient. Focal epilepsy can be the first manifestation of a diabetic disorder. Focal epileptic seizures are linked with moderate nonketotic hyperglycemia with values of 360 mg% sugar and 310 osm. Higher values lead to generalized seizures and coma. The mechanisms are discussed and pertinent literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 98331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3177", "title": "Response variability of auditory cortex cells in the squirrel monkey to constant acoustic stimuli.", "content": "Sixty-three cells in the superior temporal gyrus of awake squirrel monkeys were tested with 8 species-specific vocalizations plus noise, clicks and tones. Identical series of stimuli were repeatedly presented over 1-5 hour intervals. The responses elicited by both vocalizations and artificial stimuli in primary and secondary cortical neurons often varied over time. In several cases the selectivity of a cell to specific vocalizations appeared to change, i.e., a vocalization which was effective in eliciting a response at one point in the experiment, later became ineffective. In the primary cortex 50% of the cells gave variable responses to one or more of the vocalizations. Twenty percent of the primary cortical cells appeared to change the selectivity of their responses to specific vocalizations. In the secondary cortex 62% of the cells varied in their responses to vocalizations; 42% showing apparent changes in selectivity.", "contents": "Response variability of auditory cortex cells in the squirrel monkey to constant acoustic stimuli. Sixty-three cells in the superior temporal gyrus of awake squirrel monkeys were tested with 8 species-specific vocalizations plus noise, clicks and tones. Identical series of stimuli were repeatedly presented over 1-5 hour intervals. The responses elicited by both vocalizations and artificial stimuli in primary and secondary cortical neurons often varied over time. In several cases the selectivity of a cell to specific vocalizations appeared to change, i.e., a vocalization which was effective in eliciting a response at one point in the experiment, later became ineffective. In the primary cortex 50% of the cells gave variable responses to one or more of the vocalizations. Twenty percent of the primary cortical cells appeared to change the selectivity of their responses to specific vocalizations. In the secondary cortex 62% of the cells varied in their responses to vocalizations; 42% showing apparent changes in selectivity.", "PMID": 98339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3178", "title": "Subcortical projections of the dorsomedial visual area (DM) of visual association cortex in the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus.", "content": "The efferent subcortical connections of the dorsomedial cortical visual area (DM) in the owl monkey were determined by tracing degenerating axons following lesions or by tracing axonal pathways following injection of radioactively labeled proline. Areas of termination included structures which are known to receive input from many other regions of cortex such as the claustrum, putamen, caudate nucleus, reticular nucleus of the thalamus and pontine nuclei. Other terminations were in subcortical structures which primarily receive input from visual area: these included the pregeniculate nucleus, the medial and central divisions of the inferior pulvinar nucleus, two loci in the superior pulvinar complex, the pretectum and the superior colliculus. Terminations were also seen in the lateral posterior nucleus, a part of the thalamus associated with the somatosensory system. These results further identify Area DM as an integral part of the visual system, suggest functional subdivisions of the pulvinar complex, and implicate the lateral posterior nucleus in the mediation of visual, as well as somatosensory, behavior.", "contents": "Subcortical projections of the dorsomedial visual area (DM) of visual association cortex in the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus. The efferent subcortical connections of the dorsomedial cortical visual area (DM) in the owl monkey were determined by tracing degenerating axons following lesions or by tracing axonal pathways following injection of radioactively labeled proline. Areas of termination included structures which are known to receive input from many other regions of cortex such as the claustrum, putamen, caudate nucleus, reticular nucleus of the thalamus and pontine nuclei. Other terminations were in subcortical structures which primarily receive input from visual area: these included the pregeniculate nucleus, the medial and central divisions of the inferior pulvinar nucleus, two loci in the superior pulvinar complex, the pretectum and the superior colliculus. Terminations were also seen in the lateral posterior nucleus, a part of the thalamus associated with the somatosensory system. These results further identify Area DM as an integral part of the visual system, suggest functional subdivisions of the pulvinar complex, and implicate the lateral posterior nucleus in the mediation of visual, as well as somatosensory, behavior.", "PMID": 98340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3179", "title": "Single unit responses in the inferior colliculus of the awake and performing rhesus monkey.", "content": "1. The activity of single units in the inferior colliculus of unanesthetized monkeys was recorded during performance in an auditory reaction time task. Stimulus intensity and frequency were varied. 2. Spontaneous rate of unit discharge varied from 0 to 78.2 discharges per second, with a mean of 14.7 discharges/sec. 3. Both broadly and narrowly tuned units were encountered in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. The temporal discharge pattern of most units varied with changes in stimulus frequency; onset bursts and/or sustained discharge suppression dominated the unit discharge at the edges of receptive fields. 4. Half of the units examined at several intensity levels displayed nonmonotonic relationships between evoked discharge rate and stimulus intensity, with most nonmonotonic units showing a distinct \"best intensity\". The temporal response pattern of almost all units varied with changes in stimulus intensity, with onset bursts and discharge suppression increasing in occurrence with increasing intensity. 5. Units recorded in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus displayed spontaneous rates which were similar to those of central nucleus units, and were affected by variation in stimulus intensity in the same fashion. However, the average initial latency of such units to intense stimuli was no longer than the latency of central nucleus units. 6. Variations in unit discharge with changes in stimulus frequency and intensity are consistent with an interaction of excitatory and inhibitory inputs with different initial latencies, dynamic ranges and receptive fields. In particular, our data suggest that inhibitory inputs have longer initial latencies and higher thresholds. Inhibition is stronger at the edges of a unit's receptive field, and dominates at high frequencies in units with low characteristic frequency. 7. Our data are not consistent with previous reports that single units in the unanesthetized animal display uniformly monotonic intensity functions and uniformly broad frequency responses.", "contents": "Single unit responses in the inferior colliculus of the awake and performing rhesus monkey. 1. The activity of single units in the inferior colliculus of unanesthetized monkeys was recorded during performance in an auditory reaction time task. Stimulus intensity and frequency were varied. 2. Spontaneous rate of unit discharge varied from 0 to 78.2 discharges per second, with a mean of 14.7 discharges/sec. 3. Both broadly and narrowly tuned units were encountered in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. The temporal discharge pattern of most units varied with changes in stimulus frequency; onset bursts and/or sustained discharge suppression dominated the unit discharge at the edges of receptive fields. 4. Half of the units examined at several intensity levels displayed nonmonotonic relationships between evoked discharge rate and stimulus intensity, with most nonmonotonic units showing a distinct \"best intensity\". The temporal response pattern of almost all units varied with changes in stimulus intensity, with onset bursts and discharge suppression increasing in occurrence with increasing intensity. 5. Units recorded in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus displayed spontaneous rates which were similar to those of central nucleus units, and were affected by variation in stimulus intensity in the same fashion. However, the average initial latency of such units to intense stimuli was no longer than the latency of central nucleus units. 6. Variations in unit discharge with changes in stimulus frequency and intensity are consistent with an interaction of excitatory and inhibitory inputs with different initial latencies, dynamic ranges and receptive fields. In particular, our data suggest that inhibitory inputs have longer initial latencies and higher thresholds. Inhibition is stronger at the edges of a unit's receptive field, and dominates at high frequencies in units with low characteristic frequency. 7. Our data are not consistent with previous reports that single units in the unanesthetized animal display uniformly monotonic intensity functions and uniformly broad frequency responses.", "PMID": 98341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3180", "title": "Behavioral and physiological studies of hearing in birds.", "content": "Studies of hearing thresholds and frequency- and intensity-difference limens for birds are reviewed. Where possible these are related to limitations placed on auditory function by stimulus processing at peripheral levels of the avian auditory system. The high frequency limit of bird hearing is about 10 kHz; this limit is shown to be imposed in part by middle ear function and in part by cochlear mechanisms. For frequencies greater than 1.0 kHz, frequency-difference limens (DLs) show a similar dependence on frequency in birds as in mammals. Correspondingly, cochlear filtering is shown to be as good in birds as in mammals. At frequency below 1.0 kHz, frequency DLs in birds are poorer than in mammals. These low frequency differences may not be attributable to peripheral processing. Intensity-difference limens are worse in birds than mammals; there seem to be no differences in peripheral processing between birds and mammals which can account for this behavioral difference. Finally, complexities in processing at higher levels of the avian auditory system which have been related to detection of species-specific vocalizations are shown to appear in the first brainstem auditory nuclei.", "contents": "Behavioral and physiological studies of hearing in birds. Studies of hearing thresholds and frequency- and intensity-difference limens for birds are reviewed. Where possible these are related to limitations placed on auditory function by stimulus processing at peripheral levels of the avian auditory system. The high frequency limit of bird hearing is about 10 kHz; this limit is shown to be imposed in part by middle ear function and in part by cochlear mechanisms. For frequencies greater than 1.0 kHz, frequency-difference limens (DLs) show a similar dependence on frequency in birds as in mammals. Correspondingly, cochlear filtering is shown to be as good in birds as in mammals. At frequency below 1.0 kHz, frequency DLs in birds are poorer than in mammals. These low frequency differences may not be attributable to peripheral processing. Intensity-difference limens are worse in birds than mammals; there seem to be no differences in peripheral processing between birds and mammals which can account for this behavioral difference. Finally, complexities in processing at higher levels of the avian auditory system which have been related to detection of species-specific vocalizations are shown to appear in the first brainstem auditory nuclei.", "PMID": 98352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3181", "title": "Response variability in the mammalian auditory cortex: an objection to feature detection?", "content": "Research strategy in the auditory system has tended to parallel that in the visual system, where neurons have been shown to respond selectively to specific stimulus parameters. Auditory neurons have been shown to be sensitive to changes in acoustic parameters, but only rarely have neurons been reported that respond exclusively to only one biologically significant sound. Even at higher levels of the auditory system very few cells have been found that could be described as \"vocalization detectors.\" In addition, variability in responses to artificial sounds have been reported for auditory cortical neurons similar to the response variability that has been reported in the visual system. Recent evidence indicates that the responses of auditory cortical neurons to species-specific vocalizations can also be labile, varying in both strength and selectivity. This is especially true of the secondary auditory cortex. This variability, coupled with the lack of extreme specificity in the secondary auditory cortex, suggests that secondary cortical neurons are not well suited for the role of \"vocalization detectors.\"", "contents": "Response variability in the mammalian auditory cortex: an objection to feature detection? Research strategy in the auditory system has tended to parallel that in the visual system, where neurons have been shown to respond selectively to specific stimulus parameters. Auditory neurons have been shown to be sensitive to changes in acoustic parameters, but only rarely have neurons been reported that respond exclusively to only one biologically significant sound. Even at higher levels of the auditory system very few cells have been found that could be described as \"vocalization detectors.\" In addition, variability in responses to artificial sounds have been reported for auditory cortical neurons similar to the response variability that has been reported in the visual system. Recent evidence indicates that the responses of auditory cortical neurons to species-specific vocalizations can also be labile, varying in both strength and selectivity. This is especially true of the secondary auditory cortex. This variability, coupled with the lack of extreme specificity in the secondary auditory cortex, suggests that secondary cortical neurons are not well suited for the role of \"vocalization detectors.\"", "PMID": 98353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3182", "title": "Comparison of the effects of contraceptive steroid formulations containing two doses of estrogen on pituitary function.", "content": "A pituitary stimulation test with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was undertaken to determine (1) whether pituitary responses to GnRH vary in individual women taking oral contraceptive steroids over time, (2) whether a less suppressive pituitary gonadotropin effect is produced by formulations containing less than 50 microgram of estrogen, and (3) to obtain more information concerning prolactin secretion in users of oral contraceptive steroids. The same subjects who had had a suppressed luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) response 6 to 9 months previously also had a suppressed response, indicating that this effect persists over time. Contraceptive formulations containing less than 50 microgram of estrogen have a lesser suppressive effect on LH release than do formulations containing 50 microgram of estrogen or more. The basal prolactin (PRL) response as well as the maximal PRL response to TRH were found to be significantly greater in subjects using oral contraceptives than in the control subjects. However, no difference in PRL response was found between the subjects using low or high doses of estrogen fomulations.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of contraceptive steroid formulations containing two doses of estrogen on pituitary function. A pituitary stimulation test with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was undertaken to determine (1) whether pituitary responses to GnRH vary in individual women taking oral contraceptive steroids over time, (2) whether a less suppressive pituitary gonadotropin effect is produced by formulations containing less than 50 microgram of estrogen, and (3) to obtain more information concerning prolactin secretion in users of oral contraceptive steroids. The same subjects who had had a suppressed luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) response 6 to 9 months previously also had a suppressed response, indicating that this effect persists over time. Contraceptive formulations containing less than 50 microgram of estrogen have a lesser suppressive effect on LH release than do formulations containing 50 microgram of estrogen or more. The basal prolactin (PRL) response as well as the maximal PRL response to TRH were found to be significantly greater in subjects using oral contraceptives than in the control subjects. However, no difference in PRL response was found between the subjects using low or high doses of estrogen fomulations.", "PMID": 98356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3183", "title": "Comparative studies of the ethynyl estrogens used in oral contraceptives. VI. Effects with and without progestational agents on carbohydrate metabolism in humans, baboons, and beagles.", "content": "Human subjects, baboons, and beagles were given cyclic regimens of ethynylestradiol or mestranol; after a number of such cycles, concurrent administration of norethindrone acetate, dl-norgestrel, or megestrol acetate was introduced for a similar number of cycles. Carbohydrate tolerance was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance testing in the human subjects and by intravenous glucose tolerance testing in the baboons and beagles. In the human subjects, neither mestranol nor ethynylestradiol at daily doses of 50 to 100 microgram/day produced any effect on fasting glucose levels or on glucose tolerance even after six cycles of treatment. The addition of the progestational compounds also had no effect on these two variables. In baboons, ethynylestradiol and mestranol were bioequivalent and produced a dose-related decrease in the glucose disposal rate. All three progestational agents counteracted this effect in a comparable manner. In beagles, on the other hand, estrogens produced an increase in the glucose disposal rate, and the addition of progestational agents produced an initial fall and a subsequent return to pretreatment levels.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the ethynyl estrogens used in oral contraceptives. VI. Effects with and without progestational agents on carbohydrate metabolism in humans, baboons, and beagles. Human subjects, baboons, and beagles were given cyclic regimens of ethynylestradiol or mestranol; after a number of such cycles, concurrent administration of norethindrone acetate, dl-norgestrel, or megestrol acetate was introduced for a similar number of cycles. Carbohydrate tolerance was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance testing in the human subjects and by intravenous glucose tolerance testing in the baboons and beagles. In the human subjects, neither mestranol nor ethynylestradiol at daily doses of 50 to 100 microgram/day produced any effect on fasting glucose levels or on glucose tolerance even after six cycles of treatment. The addition of the progestational compounds also had no effect on these two variables. In baboons, ethynylestradiol and mestranol were bioequivalent and produced a dose-related decrease in the glucose disposal rate. All three progestational agents counteracted this effect in a comparable manner. In beagles, on the other hand, estrogens produced an increase in the glucose disposal rate, and the addition of progestational agents produced an initial fall and a subsequent return to pretreatment levels.", "PMID": 98357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3184", "title": "Passive immunization with an antibody to the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone as a method of early abortion--a feasibility study in monkeys (Macaca radiata).", "content": "Antiserum to the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH-beta) raised in monkeys (Macaca radiata) has been tested by a variety of criteria both in vivo and in vitro to establish its ability to neutralize oLH, hLH, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Passive administration of this antiserum caused inhibition of ovulation and termination of pregnancy in recipient monkeys as indicated by premature vaginal bleeding and a significant reduction in serum progesterone and estrogen levels. The results suggest that antiserum raised in monkeys against oLH-beta can neutralize monkey LH as well as monkey CG.", "contents": "Passive immunization with an antibody to the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone as a method of early abortion--a feasibility study in monkeys (Macaca radiata). Antiserum to the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH-beta) raised in monkeys (Macaca radiata) has been tested by a variety of criteria both in vivo and in vitro to establish its ability to neutralize oLH, hLH, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Passive administration of this antiserum caused inhibition of ovulation and termination of pregnancy in recipient monkeys as indicated by premature vaginal bleeding and a significant reduction in serum progesterone and estrogen levels. The results suggest that antiserum raised in monkeys against oLH-beta can neutralize monkey LH as well as monkey CG.", "PMID": 98358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3185", "title": "Sensitivity of gonococcus strains isolated in Rotterdam to epicillin, ampicillin, penicillin and tetracycline.", "content": "Quantitative determinations of the sensitivity to epicillin, ampicillin, penicillin and tetracycline were carried out for 67 gonococcus strains isolated from 67 males with urogenital gonorrhoea, and 38 strains isolated from 38 females with urogenital/rectal gonorrhoea. The results of the sensitivity determinations for ampicillin, penicillin and tetracycline were compared with the findings of a previous investigation. It was found that the gonococcus strains isolated from males had become slightly less sensitive to penicillin between 1971-1972 and 1976. The penicillin and tetracycline had not changed during this period. It was also striking that the in vitro activity of epicillin for strains isolated both from males and females was significantly greater than that of ampicillin.", "contents": "Sensitivity of gonococcus strains isolated in Rotterdam to epicillin, ampicillin, penicillin and tetracycline. Quantitative determinations of the sensitivity to epicillin, ampicillin, penicillin and tetracycline were carried out for 67 gonococcus strains isolated from 67 males with urogenital gonorrhoea, and 38 strains isolated from 38 females with urogenital/rectal gonorrhoea. The results of the sensitivity determinations for ampicillin, penicillin and tetracycline were compared with the findings of a previous investigation. It was found that the gonococcus strains isolated from males had become slightly less sensitive to penicillin between 1971-1972 and 1976. The penicillin and tetracycline had not changed during this period. It was also striking that the in vitro activity of epicillin for strains isolated both from males and females was significantly greater than that of ampicillin.", "PMID": 98362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3186", "title": "Increased binding of concanavalin A at the cell surface following exposure to thyroliberin.", "content": "Thyroliberin (THR) binds specifically to SD1 rat prolactin cells and increases prolactin release. THR-induced modifications of surface membrane of intact SD1 cells were looked for, using concanavalin A (Con A) as a probe. At the electron microscope level the binding was restricted to the cell surface. Preexposure of the cells to TRH (27 nM) for 30 min at 37 degrees C increased the binding of Con A by 28--120%. Such an increase was not observed with low doses of TRH (13.5 and 2.7 nm) nor after only a 10-min exposure to 27 nM TRH. This effect is specific for TRH; it was not observed with other peptiDES. Simultaneous exposure to Con A and [3H] TRH did not alter [3H]TRH binding, but preexposure to Con A reduced the [3H]TRH binding by 10%, which may be due to steric hindrance. It is concluded that TRH induces an increased exposure of surface membrane glycoproteins in intact SD1 cells.", "contents": "Increased binding of concanavalin A at the cell surface following exposure to thyroliberin. Thyroliberin (THR) binds specifically to SD1 rat prolactin cells and increases prolactin release. THR-induced modifications of surface membrane of intact SD1 cells were looked for, using concanavalin A (Con A) as a probe. At the electron microscope level the binding was restricted to the cell surface. Preexposure of the cells to TRH (27 nM) for 30 min at 37 degrees C increased the binding of Con A by 28--120%. Such an increase was not observed with low doses of TRH (13.5 and 2.7 nm) nor after only a 10-min exposure to 27 nM TRH. This effect is specific for TRH; it was not observed with other peptiDES. Simultaneous exposure to Con A and [3H] TRH did not alter [3H]TRH binding, but preexposure to Con A reduced the [3H]TRH binding by 10%, which may be due to steric hindrance. It is concluded that TRH induces an increased exposure of surface membrane glycoproteins in intact SD1 cells.", "PMID": 98365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3187", "title": "Pre-immunization and post-exposure treatment with inactivated rabies vaccine of chick embryo cell culture origin (CEC).", "content": "Routine laboratory assay revealed that the potency of concentrated rabies vaccine of chick embryo cell culture (CEC) origin was in the same level compared with suckling mouse brain (SMB) vaccine. Over one hundred persons received two doses of CEC vaccine at an interval of one week and produced high level of neutralizing antibody against rabies virus. The monkeys experimentally infected with street rabies virus were satisfactorily protected by subcutaneous inoculation with CEC vaccine one hour after exposure. Eight persons bitten by dogs known to have rabies or suspected of it, survived after post-exposure treatment with CEC vaccine.", "contents": "Pre-immunization and post-exposure treatment with inactivated rabies vaccine of chick embryo cell culture origin (CEC). Routine laboratory assay revealed that the potency of concentrated rabies vaccine of chick embryo cell culture (CEC) origin was in the same level compared with suckling mouse brain (SMB) vaccine. Over one hundred persons received two doses of CEC vaccine at an interval of one week and produced high level of neutralizing antibody against rabies virus. The monkeys experimentally infected with street rabies virus were satisfactorily protected by subcutaneous inoculation with CEC vaccine one hour after exposure. Eight persons bitten by dogs known to have rabies or suspected of it, survived after post-exposure treatment with CEC vaccine.", "PMID": 98373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3188", "title": "[Titration of serum and antirabies immunoglobulins by the radial immunodiffusion method].", "content": "Titration on mice of sera and immunoglobulin rabies anibodies is expensive, tedious and long. We are proposing a cheap, easy and rapid method which could be useful during the preparation of immunoglobulin or for the final titration. The antigen is a purified inactivated vaccine cultured on human diploid cells and purified by dextran sulfate and ultracentrifugation; it is included in agar on a glass slide. The reference serum was given us by Dr Atanasiu from Pasteur Institute; its titre was compared with international reference on mice test and was given a titre of 65 IU per ml. Five specific rabies immunoglobulin and 3 sera were received from two producers for titration. For IDR test, immunoglobulin and reference serum dilutions are diposed in wells of the same agar slide and then incubated at ambiant room temperature during 48 hours. Migration of each Ig and serum dilution is measured after coloration reported on a graph and compared. Each of the samples was checked 4 times by radial immunodiffusion test and twice by seroneutralization test on mice. Statistical analysis of the results by Student's test demonstrates that both methods are comparable.", "contents": "[Titration of serum and antirabies immunoglobulins by the radial immunodiffusion method]. Titration on mice of sera and immunoglobulin rabies anibodies is expensive, tedious and long. We are proposing a cheap, easy and rapid method which could be useful during the preparation of immunoglobulin or for the final titration. The antigen is a purified inactivated vaccine cultured on human diploid cells and purified by dextran sulfate and ultracentrifugation; it is included in agar on a glass slide. The reference serum was given us by Dr Atanasiu from Pasteur Institute; its titre was compared with international reference on mice test and was given a titre of 65 IU per ml. Five specific rabies immunoglobulin and 3 sera were received from two producers for titration. For IDR test, immunoglobulin and reference serum dilutions are diposed in wells of the same agar slide and then incubated at ambiant room temperature during 48 hours. Migration of each Ig and serum dilution is measured after coloration reported on a graph and compared. Each of the samples was checked 4 times by radial immunodiffusion test and twice by seroneutralization test on mice. Statistical analysis of the results by Student's test demonstrates that both methods are comparable.", "PMID": 98374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3189", "title": "Production of an inactivated rabies vaccine in primary dog kidney cells.", "content": "In this paper the large-scale production of a purified inactivated rabies vaccine in primary dog kidney cells cultivated in microcarrier culture is described. The potency in the NIH-test and the antigenicity of this vaccine in other animal experiments were comparable with the antigenicity of vaccine prepared in human diploid cells. The antibody response was greatly enhanced by the addition of AIPO4 as adjuvant. The results of an initial clinical trial are presented.", "contents": "Production of an inactivated rabies vaccine in primary dog kidney cells. In this paper the large-scale production of a purified inactivated rabies vaccine in primary dog kidney cells cultivated in microcarrier culture is described. The potency in the NIH-test and the antigenicity of this vaccine in other animal experiments were comparable with the antigenicity of vaccine prepared in human diploid cells. The antibody response was greatly enhanced by the addition of AIPO4 as adjuvant. The results of an initial clinical trial are presented.", "PMID": 98375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3190", "title": "A pharmacologic profile of McN-3495 [N-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinylidene)-N'-phenyl-1-pyrrolidinecarboximidamide], a new, orally effective hypoglycemic agent.", "content": "McN-3495, a new compound unrelated strucuturally to the sulfonylureas or phenformin, has been found to produce a hypoglycemic effect in nondiabetic rats, dogs, mice, and monkeys. The minimum effective dose of McN-3495 that lowers fasting blood glucose and improves glucose tolerance was found to be about 2.5 to 5 mg-per kilogram, per os, except in fasted monkeys, in which a tenfold greater potency was observed. When McN-3495 was given repeatedly for three to five days, no tolerance to the hypoglycemic activity occurred and no changes in other biochemical parameters were observed. In addition to being three to four times more potent than tolbutamide, McN-3495 also differs from the sulfonylureas in lowering blood glucose concentrations of streptozotocin-diabetic rats and db/db mice, and, moreover, oral administration to normal fasted dogs did not produce the characteristic rise in insulin concentrations observed with tolbutamide. Furthermore, unlike the biguanides, McN-3495 can lower dog and rat fasting blood glucose concentrations and can improve glucose tolerance whether the glucose is administered orally or parenterally. However, McN-3495, as phenformin, fails to work in totally depancreatized dogs.", "contents": "A pharmacologic profile of McN-3495 [N-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinylidene)-N'-phenyl-1-pyrrolidinecarboximidamide], a new, orally effective hypoglycemic agent. McN-3495, a new compound unrelated strucuturally to the sulfonylureas or phenformin, has been found to produce a hypoglycemic effect in nondiabetic rats, dogs, mice, and monkeys. The minimum effective dose of McN-3495 that lowers fasting blood glucose and improves glucose tolerance was found to be about 2.5 to 5 mg-per kilogram, per os, except in fasted monkeys, in which a tenfold greater potency was observed. When McN-3495 was given repeatedly for three to five days, no tolerance to the hypoglycemic activity occurred and no changes in other biochemical parameters were observed. In addition to being three to four times more potent than tolbutamide, McN-3495 also differs from the sulfonylureas in lowering blood glucose concentrations of streptozotocin-diabetic rats and db/db mice, and, moreover, oral administration to normal fasted dogs did not produce the characteristic rise in insulin concentrations observed with tolbutamide. Furthermore, unlike the biguanides, McN-3495 can lower dog and rat fasting blood glucose concentrations and can improve glucose tolerance whether the glucose is administered orally or parenterally. However, McN-3495, as phenformin, fails to work in totally depancreatized dogs.", "PMID": 98377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3191", "title": "Distribution of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide reductase in the mucosa of canine digestive tract.", "content": "The distribution of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) reductase, assumed to be closely related to the carcinogenesis of 4-NQO, was investigated in the mucosa of canine digestive tract, and its results indicated following points. 1) The activity of 4-NQO reductase was highest in the esophagus, next in the stomach, and remarkably low in the small and large intestines. 2) There is no significant difference in the 4-NQO reductase activity between the upper, middle, and lower portion of the esophagus, but its activity was higher in the female than in the male in its upper and middle portions. 3) Among the esophageal tissue, its activity was high only in the mucous epithelium and very low in all other layers. 4) Most of the enzymic activity in the esophageal mucosa existed in the cytosol fraction and activity of the microsome fraction was remarkably low. Even if NADPH or NADH was used as the hydrogen donor, its activity was not different in the cytosol fraction, but the former was a better hydrogen donor in the microsome fraction. 5) In the gastric mucosa, the enzymic activity was equally high in various portions of the corpus ventriculi; the greater and lesser curvatures, anterior and posterior parietes, and fundus. It was remarkably low only in the pyloric antrum.", "contents": "Distribution of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide reductase in the mucosa of canine digestive tract. The distribution of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) reductase, assumed to be closely related to the carcinogenesis of 4-NQO, was investigated in the mucosa of canine digestive tract, and its results indicated following points. 1) The activity of 4-NQO reductase was highest in the esophagus, next in the stomach, and remarkably low in the small and large intestines. 2) There is no significant difference in the 4-NQO reductase activity between the upper, middle, and lower portion of the esophagus, but its activity was higher in the female than in the male in its upper and middle portions. 3) Among the esophageal tissue, its activity was high only in the mucous epithelium and very low in all other layers. 4) Most of the enzymic activity in the esophageal mucosa existed in the cytosol fraction and activity of the microsome fraction was remarkably low. Even if NADPH or NADH was used as the hydrogen donor, its activity was not different in the cytosol fraction, but the former was a better hydrogen donor in the microsome fraction. 5) In the gastric mucosa, the enzymic activity was equally high in various portions of the corpus ventriculi; the greater and lesser curvatures, anterior and posterior parietes, and fundus. It was remarkably low only in the pyloric antrum.", "PMID": 98382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3192", "title": "Histopathological and ultrastructural study on extramedullary hematopoietic foci in early stage of 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene hepatocarcinogenesis.", "content": "A quantitative analysis was performed on the extramedullary hematopoietic foci which appeared in the liver during the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis with 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene in rats. The frequency in the appearance of the foci reached a maximum at around 3 weeks of azo-dye feeding. Since the liver in this period has been known to show deviation of various characteristics toward fetal liver, an intimate correlation of the appearance of the foci and fetal character of the liver was suggested. Histologically the hematopoietic foci were always observed in the sinusoidal space of original hepatocytes adjacent to the oval cell proliferating area. Ultrastructurally the cells of the foci were identified as erythroblasts and were found in the space of Disse as seen in the hematopoiesis in fetal liver.", "contents": "Histopathological and ultrastructural study on extramedullary hematopoietic foci in early stage of 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene hepatocarcinogenesis. A quantitative analysis was performed on the extramedullary hematopoietic foci which appeared in the liver during the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis with 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene in rats. The frequency in the appearance of the foci reached a maximum at around 3 weeks of azo-dye feeding. Since the liver in this period has been known to show deviation of various characteristics toward fetal liver, an intimate correlation of the appearance of the foci and fetal character of the liver was suggested. Histologically the hematopoietic foci were always observed in the sinusoidal space of original hepatocytes adjacent to the oval cell proliferating area. Ultrastructurally the cells of the foci were identified as erythroblasts and were found in the space of Disse as seen in the hematopoiesis in fetal liver.", "PMID": 98383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3193", "title": "Ulcer occurring in Zenker's diverticulum.", "content": "The radiographic and pathologic findings of a Zenker's-type diverticulum containing multiple ulcers are described. This rare complication probably represented peptic ulceration of the diverticular mucosa resulting from reflux of the gastric content.", "contents": "Ulcer occurring in Zenker's diverticulum. The radiographic and pathologic findings of a Zenker's-type diverticulum containing multiple ulcers are described. This rare complication probably represented peptic ulceration of the diverticular mucosa resulting from reflux of the gastric content.", "PMID": 98386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3194", "title": "Esophagobronchial fistula secondary to ruptured traction diverticulum.", "content": "An unusual complication of benign esophagobronchial fistula, secondary to a ruptured esophageal traction diverticulum, is reported and illustrated. The patient presented with a history of chronic, recurrent bronchitis and intermittent episodes of paroxysmal attacks of coughing and strangling on the ingestion of fluids (Ono's sign). A review of the literature with emphasis on the occurrence, pathogenesis, radiographic features, and clinical implications of esophageal traction diverticula is presented.", "contents": "Esophagobronchial fistula secondary to ruptured traction diverticulum. An unusual complication of benign esophagobronchial fistula, secondary to a ruptured esophageal traction diverticulum, is reported and illustrated. The patient presented with a history of chronic, recurrent bronchitis and intermittent episodes of paroxysmal attacks of coughing and strangling on the ingestion of fluids (Ono's sign). A review of the literature with emphasis on the occurrence, pathogenesis, radiographic features, and clinical implications of esophageal traction diverticula is presented.", "PMID": 98387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3195", "title": "Gastric diverticula following subtotal gastrectomy.", "content": "Four cases of gastric diverticula following subtotal gastrectomy are described. This type of diverticula associated with partial gastrectomy are probably true, acquired, pulsion diverticula. In two of our patients the diverticula were associated with significant prolapse of gastric mucosa causing obstruction at the anastomosis.", "contents": "Gastric diverticula following subtotal gastrectomy. Four cases of gastric diverticula following subtotal gastrectomy are described. This type of diverticula associated with partial gastrectomy are probably true, acquired, pulsion diverticula. In two of our patients the diverticula were associated with significant prolapse of gastric mucosa causing obstruction at the anastomosis.", "PMID": 98388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3196", "title": "Immunoreactive secretin in gastrointestinal mucosa of several mammalian species.", "content": "Immunoreactive secretin in hydrochloric acid extracts is relatively constant in the duodenum and proximal jejunum of pig and dog (3 microgram per g), but peaks in the distal duodenum of guinea pig (1 microgram per g), no secretin being detectable in the ileum of these species. Secretin is relatively constant throughout the small intestine of the rat and rabbit (0.4 to 0.1 microgram per g). Sephadex gel filtration patterns of all species and throughout the gastrointestinal mucosa revealed primarily a single peak with elution characteristics identical with that of purified or synthetic porcine secretin. The \"big\" secretin prominent in Boots secretin may be an alteration product perhaps attributable to chemicals used to stabilize the preparation. The \"intermediate secretin\" described by others has not been detected. It is concluded that in a variety of mammalian species most of the immunoreactive secretin extractable from the intestinal tract lies distal to the proximal duodenum and is not distinguishable from duodenal secretin in terms of molecular size.", "contents": "Immunoreactive secretin in gastrointestinal mucosa of several mammalian species. Immunoreactive secretin in hydrochloric acid extracts is relatively constant in the duodenum and proximal jejunum of pig and dog (3 microgram per g), but peaks in the distal duodenum of guinea pig (1 microgram per g), no secretin being detectable in the ileum of these species. Secretin is relatively constant throughout the small intestine of the rat and rabbit (0.4 to 0.1 microgram per g). Sephadex gel filtration patterns of all species and throughout the gastrointestinal mucosa revealed primarily a single peak with elution characteristics identical with that of purified or synthetic porcine secretin. The \"big\" secretin prominent in Boots secretin may be an alteration product perhaps attributable to chemicals used to stabilize the preparation. The \"intermediate secretin\" described by others has not been detected. It is concluded that in a variety of mammalian species most of the immunoreactive secretin extractable from the intestinal tract lies distal to the proximal duodenum and is not distinguishable from duodenal secretin in terms of molecular size.", "PMID": 98389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3197", "title": "Vasodilation, fibrinolysis, and thrombolysis with intraarterial infusion of urokinase in the canine superior mesenteric artery.", "content": "Urokinase, the plasminogen activator from human urine, produces a dose-dependent increase in blood flow in the canine superior mesenteric artery when injected intraarterially at doses from 10(-1) to 10(3) units kg-1. This vasodilation persists despite blockade of beta-adrenergic and histamine H1 and H2 receptors as well as inhibition of plasminogen activation, suggesting that these mechanisms are not involved. Infusion of urokinase at 10(2) CTA (Committee on Thrombolytic Agents) units kg-1 min-1 does not produce a sustained vasodilation, but is effective in achieving complete lysis of thrombi within 100 min in the superior mesenteric arterial circulation. Increasing the dose slightly to 125 CTA units kg-1 min-1 results in unwanted clotting abnormalities without attaining a vasodilator level. Decreasing the dose to 75 CTA units kg-1 min-1 still results in complete thrombolysis. In contrast to the results in the femoral circulation, the dose required for fibrinolysis-thrombolysis does not overlap with that for vasodilation in the superior mesenteric artery. Nevertheless, these experiments provide some basis for the use of intraarterial urokinase infusion in the treatment of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia and, perhaps, thrombotic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery.", "contents": "Vasodilation, fibrinolysis, and thrombolysis with intraarterial infusion of urokinase in the canine superior mesenteric artery. Urokinase, the plasminogen activator from human urine, produces a dose-dependent increase in blood flow in the canine superior mesenteric artery when injected intraarterially at doses from 10(-1) to 10(3) units kg-1. This vasodilation persists despite blockade of beta-adrenergic and histamine H1 and H2 receptors as well as inhibition of plasminogen activation, suggesting that these mechanisms are not involved. Infusion of urokinase at 10(2) CTA (Committee on Thrombolytic Agents) units kg-1 min-1 does not produce a sustained vasodilation, but is effective in achieving complete lysis of thrombi within 100 min in the superior mesenteric arterial circulation. Increasing the dose slightly to 125 CTA units kg-1 min-1 results in unwanted clotting abnormalities without attaining a vasodilator level. Decreasing the dose to 75 CTA units kg-1 min-1 still results in complete thrombolysis. In contrast to the results in the femoral circulation, the dose required for fibrinolysis-thrombolysis does not overlap with that for vasodilation in the superior mesenteric artery. Nevertheless, these experiments provide some basis for the use of intraarterial urokinase infusion in the treatment of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia and, perhaps, thrombotic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery.", "PMID": 98390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3198", "title": "[Triphenylstilbene as a polymodifying agent].", "content": "The metalorganic product, triphenylstibine, added to the nutrition medium for Drosophila melanogaster larvae induces multiple modification effects, such as rough eye, wing incision, small bristles and others. Cytological analysis has shown that triphenylstibine induces new puffs and also causes the activation and depression of control puffs in giant chromosomes. A new effect of triphenylstibine is observed: it inhibits the evolution of puffs in giant chromosomes during metamorphosis. The average frequency of \"inhibited\" puffs is about 15%.", "contents": "[Triphenylstilbene as a polymodifying agent]. The metalorganic product, triphenylstibine, added to the nutrition medium for Drosophila melanogaster larvae induces multiple modification effects, such as rough eye, wing incision, small bristles and others. Cytological analysis has shown that triphenylstibine induces new puffs and also causes the activation and depression of control puffs in giant chromosomes. A new effect of triphenylstibine is observed: it inhibits the evolution of puffs in giant chromosomes during metamorphosis. The average frequency of \"inhibited\" puffs is about 15%.", "PMID": 98391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3199", "title": "Isolation of antitumor polysaccharide fractions from Yucca glauca Nutt. (Lilliaceae).", "content": "An aqueous alcoholic extract of fresh flowers of Yucca glauca Nutt. showed striking antitumor activity against B16 melanoma in mice. Systematic fractionation of the extract by means of solvent extraction and gel permeation chromatography led to separation of two galactose containing polysaccharide fractions with marked inhibitory activity against B16 melanoma in mice. The extraction, fractionation, purification and preliminary characterization of the active polysaccharide fractions are described. The materials showed no activity against L1210 or P388 leukemias in mice. The implications of the findings for searches for both natural and synthetic anticancer agents are discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of antitumor polysaccharide fractions from Yucca glauca Nutt. (Lilliaceae). An aqueous alcoholic extract of fresh flowers of Yucca glauca Nutt. showed striking antitumor activity against B16 melanoma in mice. Systematic fractionation of the extract by means of solvent extraction and gel permeation chromatography led to separation of two galactose containing polysaccharide fractions with marked inhibitory activity against B16 melanoma in mice. The extraction, fractionation, purification and preliminary characterization of the active polysaccharide fractions are described. The materials showed no activity against L1210 or P388 leukemias in mice. The implications of the findings for searches for both natural and synthetic anticancer agents are discussed.", "PMID": 98392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3200", "title": "New insights into the classification and mechanisms of hereditary, chronic, non-haemolytic hyperbilirubinaemias.", "content": "Gilbert's syndrome is typically associated with a deficiency in hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity (B-GTA). The overproduction of bilirubin that is often found in this condition could be a fortuitous coincidence that leads to the unmasking of the disease, which otherwise often remains latent. Some cases of chronic unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia could, however, be related to a defect in hepatic uptake, as reflected by alterations in BSP kinetics. Severe deficiencies of hepatic B-GTA exist in all types of Crigler-Najjar disease. An increased proportion of bilirubin monoglucuronide is always found in bile when a B-GTA deficiency is present. This observation strongly suggests a common biochemical defect in Gilbert's syndrome and in Crigler-Najjar disease, and thus renders the suggestion that the latter condition may be separated into two groups somewhat inappropriate. There is, however, no doubt that further knowledge of the conjugating enzyme, or enzymes, is required: such information may lead to the characterisation of several types of enzymic defects. Whereas little is new as far as the Dubin-Johnson syndrome is concerned, Rotor's syndrome can no longer be considered to be a variant of the former. The transport defect which is involved in most cases of Rotor's syndrome, if not in all, is an impairment of hepatic storage, thus distinguishing it from the impairment of excretion which is involved in the Dubin-Johnson syndrome. The distinct patterns of urinary coproporphyrin excretion, which were recently reported in Dubin-Johnson and Rotor's syndromes, offer additional evidence for a clear differentiation between these two entities.", "contents": "New insights into the classification and mechanisms of hereditary, chronic, non-haemolytic hyperbilirubinaemias. Gilbert's syndrome is typically associated with a deficiency in hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity (B-GTA). The overproduction of bilirubin that is often found in this condition could be a fortuitous coincidence that leads to the unmasking of the disease, which otherwise often remains latent. Some cases of chronic unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia could, however, be related to a defect in hepatic uptake, as reflected by alterations in BSP kinetics. Severe deficiencies of hepatic B-GTA exist in all types of Crigler-Najjar disease. An increased proportion of bilirubin monoglucuronide is always found in bile when a B-GTA deficiency is present. This observation strongly suggests a common biochemical defect in Gilbert's syndrome and in Crigler-Najjar disease, and thus renders the suggestion that the latter condition may be separated into two groups somewhat inappropriate. There is, however, no doubt that further knowledge of the conjugating enzyme, or enzymes, is required: such information may lead to the characterisation of several types of enzymic defects. Whereas little is new as far as the Dubin-Johnson syndrome is concerned, Rotor's syndrome can no longer be considered to be a variant of the former. The transport defect which is involved in most cases of Rotor's syndrome, if not in all, is an impairment of hepatic storage, thus distinguishing it from the impairment of excretion which is involved in the Dubin-Johnson syndrome. The distinct patterns of urinary coproporphyrin excretion, which were recently reported in Dubin-Johnson and Rotor's syndromes, offer additional evidence for a clear differentiation between these two entities.", "PMID": 98393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3201", "title": "Alpha heavy chain disease (report of 18 cases from Iraq).", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of 18 new patients with alpha heavy chain disease seen at two referral centres in Baghdad, Iraq, are described. The series included 14 males and four females ranging in age from 14 to 47 years. Almost all patients presented because of long-standing abdominal pain and diarrhoea. The tissue diagnosis and extent of the disease were established at laparotomy in most patients. Peroral jejunal biospy was used in a number of patients, mainly for follow-up. The serological abnormality was confirmed by immunoselection technique. Most of the patients had extensive thickening of the bowel wall and/or tumour masses of the small intestine and mesenteric nodes. Histopathological sections showed muscularis. Preliminary results of the treatment, including two long remissions, are reported. In general, our observations agree with those made by other authors, mostly from the Middle East and Africa. We believe that a high index of clinical suspicion, routine use of the immunoselection, and recognition of the early pathological changes may hopefully lead to the detection of more cases before the frank neoplastic phase of the disease.", "contents": "Alpha heavy chain disease (report of 18 cases from Iraq). The clinical and pathological features of 18 new patients with alpha heavy chain disease seen at two referral centres in Baghdad, Iraq, are described. The series included 14 males and four females ranging in age from 14 to 47 years. Almost all patients presented because of long-standing abdominal pain and diarrhoea. The tissue diagnosis and extent of the disease were established at laparotomy in most patients. Peroral jejunal biospy was used in a number of patients, mainly for follow-up. The serological abnormality was confirmed by immunoselection technique. Most of the patients had extensive thickening of the bowel wall and/or tumour masses of the small intestine and mesenteric nodes. Histopathological sections showed muscularis. Preliminary results of the treatment, including two long remissions, are reported. In general, our observations agree with those made by other authors, mostly from the Middle East and Africa. We believe that a high index of clinical suspicion, routine use of the immunoselection, and recognition of the early pathological changes may hopefully lead to the detection of more cases before the frank neoplastic phase of the disease.", "PMID": 98395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3202", "title": "Twenty-five years of progress in bilirubin metabolism (1952-77).", "content": "This review deals with the development of our understanding of the chemistry of bilirubin and its glucuronide derivatives during the years 1952-1977. It examines the relation between haem metabolism and bilirubin formation and our present knowledge of hepatic transport of bilirubin. The heterogeneity of familial hyperbilirubinaemia is discussed.", "contents": "Twenty-five years of progress in bilirubin metabolism (1952-77). This review deals with the development of our understanding of the chemistry of bilirubin and its glucuronide derivatives during the years 1952-1977. It examines the relation between haem metabolism and bilirubin formation and our present knowledge of hepatic transport of bilirubin. The heterogeneity of familial hyperbilirubinaemia is discussed.", "PMID": 98394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3203", "title": "Effect of alrestatin on arginine-induced secretion of glucagon and insulin in the rat.", "content": "Alrestatin, a lens aldose reductase inhibitor, decreased i.v. arginine-induced glucagon levels and augmented arginine-stimulated insulin release in the ether anesthetized rat. Alrestatin may then be useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, due to its actions on insulin and glucagon, and its capacity to delay the onset of sugar-induced cataracts in the rat.", "contents": "Effect of alrestatin on arginine-induced secretion of glucagon and insulin in the rat. Alrestatin, a lens aldose reductase inhibitor, decreased i.v. arginine-induced glucagon levels and augmented arginine-stimulated insulin release in the ether anesthetized rat. Alrestatin may then be useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, due to its actions on insulin and glucagon, and its capacity to delay the onset of sugar-induced cataracts in the rat.", "PMID": 98419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3204", "title": "Preliminary studies of plasma growth hormone releasing activity during medical therapy of acromegaly.", "content": "The in vitro growth hormone releasing activity of plasma obtained from six acromegalic subjects was measured before and during therapy. In five subjects, plasmas were obtained before and during successful medical therapy with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). The sixth subject was sampled before and after transphenoidal Sr90-induced hypopituitarism. All subjects had a decrement in fasting growth hormone levels with respective therapies (29-88%). The in vitro growth hormone released from Rhesus monkey anterior pituitaries was assessed after incubating one lateral half in control plasma (pre-therapy) and the contralateral pituitary half in plasma obtained during or after therapy. Studies with plasmas obtained from the five patients successfully treated with MPA showed a decreased in growth hormone releasing activity during therapy in all (18-57%). Plasma obtained after Sr90 pituitary ablation in the sixth subject had 35% more growth hormone releasing activity than obtained before therapy. These results suggest that active acromegalics who respond to MPA with significantly lowered growth hormone levels may actually achieve this response because of a decrease in growth hormone releasing factor measured peripherally. The opposite response in one acromegalic subject, following Sr90 pituitary ablation and hypopituitarism, suggests that growth hormone releasing factor secretion may increase when growth hormone levels are lowered by ablative therapy.", "contents": "Preliminary studies of plasma growth hormone releasing activity during medical therapy of acromegaly. The in vitro growth hormone releasing activity of plasma obtained from six acromegalic subjects was measured before and during therapy. In five subjects, plasmas were obtained before and during successful medical therapy with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). The sixth subject was sampled before and after transphenoidal Sr90-induced hypopituitarism. All subjects had a decrement in fasting growth hormone levels with respective therapies (29-88%). The in vitro growth hormone released from Rhesus monkey anterior pituitaries was assessed after incubating one lateral half in control plasma (pre-therapy) and the contralateral pituitary half in plasma obtained during or after therapy. Studies with plasmas obtained from the five patients successfully treated with MPA showed a decreased in growth hormone releasing activity during therapy in all (18-57%). Plasma obtained after Sr90 pituitary ablation in the sixth subject had 35% more growth hormone releasing activity than obtained before therapy. These results suggest that active acromegalics who respond to MPA with significantly lowered growth hormone levels may actually achieve this response because of a decrease in growth hormone releasing factor measured peripherally. The opposite response in one acromegalic subject, following Sr90 pituitary ablation and hypopituitarism, suggests that growth hormone releasing factor secretion may increase when growth hormone levels are lowered by ablative therapy.", "PMID": 98420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3205", "title": "Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) assay by radial immunodiffusion.", "content": "Thyroxine-binding globulin was measure by radial immuno-diffusion using ten microliters of serum. The mean value in a normal group was 1.95 +/- 0.38 mg/dl. The values obtained by this method were in good agreement with the thyroxine-binding capacity determined by paper electrophoresis (r = 0.956).", "contents": "Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) assay by radial immunodiffusion. Thyroxine-binding globulin was measure by radial immuno-diffusion using ten microliters of serum. The mean value in a normal group was 1.95 +/- 0.38 mg/dl. The values obtained by this method were in good agreement with the thyroxine-binding capacity determined by paper electrophoresis (r = 0.956).", "PMID": 98421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3206", "title": "Preparing tube feedings in-house.", "content": "Tube feeding is a therapeutic technique that is widely used in various medical specialties. This article describes the economic and microbiological considerations used by Goldwater Memorial Hospital, New York City, in its decision to prepare tube feedings in-house.", "contents": "Preparing tube feedings in-house. Tube feeding is a therapeutic technique that is widely used in various medical specialties. This article describes the economic and microbiological considerations used by Goldwater Memorial Hospital, New York City, in its decision to prepare tube feedings in-house.", "PMID": 98425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3207", "title": "[Clinical, parasitological and serological investigations in sarcosporidiosis (sarcocystis suihominis) of man (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight medical students ate for a test raw meat from a pig experimentally infected with sporocysts of Sarcocystis suihominis. The meat had been officially controlled before and was found free of Trichinella and qualified for consumption. 6 to 24 hours after the meal all persons suffered from acute clinical symptoms, above all diarrhoea and vomiting, coldness and sweating which decreased, however, within 12 to 24 hours. Clinical-chemical investigations made during this time suggested an acute infection combined with an exsiccosis; the specificity of the infection, however, could only be established by serological methods and by microscopical demonstration of sporocysts of the agent. The pathogenetic relations are discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical, parasitological and serological investigations in sarcosporidiosis (sarcocystis suihominis) of man (author's transl)]. Eight medical students ate for a test raw meat from a pig experimentally infected with sporocysts of Sarcocystis suihominis. The meat had been officially controlled before and was found free of Trichinella and qualified for consumption. 6 to 24 hours after the meal all persons suffered from acute clinical symptoms, above all diarrhoea and vomiting, coldness and sweating which decreased, however, within 12 to 24 hours. Clinical-chemical investigations made during this time suggested an acute infection combined with an exsiccosis; the specificity of the infection, however, could only be established by serological methods and by microscopical demonstration of sporocysts of the agent. The pathogenetic relations are discussed.", "PMID": 98426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3208", "title": "In vitro immune response of spleen cells from mice genetically selected for high or low antibody production.", "content": "The aim of this study was the identification of the cell type in which genes selected for high or low response to SRBC express their functions. Spleen cells from high (H) and low (L) responder mice were immunized with SRBC in the Mishell and Dutton system. An antibody response of different magnitude was found in cultures of H and L spleen cells, the difference being at least as great as that observed in vivo. This finding under experimental conditions allowing the exclusion of any influence of the animal milieu during the immune response, suggest macrophages, B, and T lymphocytes as possible target cells of gene action. In vitro cell separation and recombination experiments in which spleen cells were immunized with SRBC, TNP-LPS, or TNP-HRBC indicate that the genetic differences between H and L responders brought about by selective breeding are expressed in lymphocytes to greater extent than in macrophages. The role of histoincompatibility in the recombination experiments in unlikely but cannot be excluded. Among lymphocytes, B cells but not helper T cells were found more responsive in cultures of spleen cells from H than from L mice.", "contents": "In vitro immune response of spleen cells from mice genetically selected for high or low antibody production. The aim of this study was the identification of the cell type in which genes selected for high or low response to SRBC express their functions. Spleen cells from high (H) and low (L) responder mice were immunized with SRBC in the Mishell and Dutton system. An antibody response of different magnitude was found in cultures of H and L spleen cells, the difference being at least as great as that observed in vivo. This finding under experimental conditions allowing the exclusion of any influence of the animal milieu during the immune response, suggest macrophages, B, and T lymphocytes as possible target cells of gene action. In vitro cell separation and recombination experiments in which spleen cells were immunized with SRBC, TNP-LPS, or TNP-HRBC indicate that the genetic differences between H and L responders brought about by selective breeding are expressed in lymphocytes to greater extent than in macrophages. The role of histoincompatibility in the recombination experiments in unlikely but cannot be excluded. Among lymphocytes, B cells but not helper T cells were found more responsive in cultures of spleen cells from H than from L mice.", "PMID": 98427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3209", "title": "[Insulin concentration in polytraumatized patients during infusion of glucose, fructose and sorbitol].", "content": "Serum insulin concentration was measured during infusion of glucose, fructose or sorbitol for several days in polytraumatized patients. The patients are divided in two groups, one group with normal glucose tolerance and a second group, where an extreme disturbance of the glucose utilization was found. In patients with normal glucose tolerance the glucose substitutes had the same metabolic effects as in metabolically healthy volunteers. In patients with disturbed glucose tolerance the glucose substitutes (fructose as well as sorbitol) effected an increase in blood glucose concentration and in serum insulin concentration. It is concluded that the increase in blood glucose concentration causes the increase in serum insulin concentration. Obviously, in a certain group of polytraumatized patients a \"metabolic insulin resistence\" exists. Therefore, glucose utilization is decreased despite an increase in serum insulin. In most cases the metabolic disturbance in these patients is mastered, if glucose substitutes are used instead of glucose as energy source. However, in many cases glucose can be administered only if insulin is given additionally.", "contents": "[Insulin concentration in polytraumatized patients during infusion of glucose, fructose and sorbitol]. Serum insulin concentration was measured during infusion of glucose, fructose or sorbitol for several days in polytraumatized patients. The patients are divided in two groups, one group with normal glucose tolerance and a second group, where an extreme disturbance of the glucose utilization was found. In patients with normal glucose tolerance the glucose substitutes had the same metabolic effects as in metabolically healthy volunteers. In patients with disturbed glucose tolerance the glucose substitutes (fructose as well as sorbitol) effected an increase in blood glucose concentration and in serum insulin concentration. It is concluded that the increase in blood glucose concentration causes the increase in serum insulin concentration. Obviously, in a certain group of polytraumatized patients a \"metabolic insulin resistence\" exists. Therefore, glucose utilization is decreased despite an increase in serum insulin. In most cases the metabolic disturbance in these patients is mastered, if glucose substitutes are used instead of glucose as energy source. However, in many cases glucose can be administered only if insulin is given additionally.", "PMID": 98446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3210", "title": "[Metabolic behavior in pre, intra, and postoperative total parenteral feeding with a carbohydrate combination and amino acid solution].", "content": "Ten metabolically healthy patients who had undergone gastric resection were fed intravenously from the preoperative to the 5th postoperative day. No metabolic alternations were observed by using a low dosis of 0.12 mg/kg.h of glucose, fructose and xylitol in combination with amino acids. We were able to limit the so-called postaggressive syndrome by eliminating the fasting state. These results were proven by evaluating the most important metabolic parameters like triglycerides, free fatty acids, lactate and by measuring the carbohydrate-nitrogen balances.", "contents": "[Metabolic behavior in pre, intra, and postoperative total parenteral feeding with a carbohydrate combination and amino acid solution]. Ten metabolically healthy patients who had undergone gastric resection were fed intravenously from the preoperative to the 5th postoperative day. No metabolic alternations were observed by using a low dosis of 0.12 mg/kg.h of glucose, fructose and xylitol in combination with amino acids. We were able to limit the so-called postaggressive syndrome by eliminating the fasting state. These results were proven by evaluating the most important metabolic parameters like triglycerides, free fatty acids, lactate and by measuring the carbohydrate-nitrogen balances.", "PMID": 98447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3211", "title": "[Postoperative feeding of patients after maxillofacial surgery with Sokoham--a new parenteral nutritive solution].", "content": "20 patients--15 to 71 years old--, who underwent maxillofacial operations received Sokoham for 10 days via a nasogastric tube. In 0.8% of all applications vomiting occurred. Wound healing and time of hospitalisation were the same as in a control group. Mean frequency of defecation was 0.5/24 hours. Body weight, serum electrolytes, fat content of the blood, blood gases, pH, base deficit, serum transaminases, urea-nitrogen and creatinine in the serum did not change significantly.", "contents": "[Postoperative feeding of patients after maxillofacial surgery with Sokoham--a new parenteral nutritive solution]. 20 patients--15 to 71 years old--, who underwent maxillofacial operations received Sokoham for 10 days via a nasogastric tube. In 0.8% of all applications vomiting occurred. Wound healing and time of hospitalisation were the same as in a control group. Mean frequency of defecation was 0.5/24 hours. Body weight, serum electrolytes, fat content of the blood, blood gases, pH, base deficit, serum transaminases, urea-nitrogen and creatinine in the serum did not change significantly.", "PMID": 98448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3212", "title": "[The behavior of free serum amino acids and their urinary excretion after major abdominal surgery].", "content": "32 patients with major abdominal surgery received parenteral nutrition with 360 g carbohydrate mixture (levulose: glucose: xylitol = 2:1:1)/24 hours and 1000 ml of a 10% L-amino acid mixture (potato-egg-pattern)/24 hours. Daily nitrogen balances were balanced or slightly negative. Daily we determined serum amino acid concentration; essential amino acid levels were normal. Of non-essential amino acid levels glutamine acid and aspartic acid were elevated. Amino acid loss in urine was 0.2 to 3%, only tryptophan and histidine were excreted in 6.6 and 7.0%.", "contents": "[The behavior of free serum amino acids and their urinary excretion after major abdominal surgery]. 32 patients with major abdominal surgery received parenteral nutrition with 360 g carbohydrate mixture (levulose: glucose: xylitol = 2:1:1)/24 hours and 1000 ml of a 10% L-amino acid mixture (potato-egg-pattern)/24 hours. Daily nitrogen balances were balanced or slightly negative. Daily we determined serum amino acid concentration; essential amino acid levels were normal. Of non-essential amino acid levels glutamine acid and aspartic acid were elevated. Amino acid loss in urine was 0.2 to 3%, only tryptophan and histidine were excreted in 6.6 and 7.0%.", "PMID": 98449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3213", "title": "In vitro susceptibility of gentamicin and/or tobramycin resistant gram-negative bacilli to seven aminoglycosides.", "content": "The in vitro activity of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, amikacin, kanamycin and streptomycin was tested simultaneously by the agar dilution method against 584 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli that were resistant to gentamicin and/or tobramycin. About half of the gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas were susceptible to tobramycin but cross-resistance was virtually complete between gentamicin and tobramycin for Enterobacteriaceae. Sisomicin was much more active than gentamicin against Klebsiella, Escherichia and Citrobacter species. Only 18.9%, 27.4% and 27.9% of Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Serratia respectively were resistant to netilmicin. Amikacin was the most effective aminoglycoside with an overall resistance of 15.6%. Kanamycin was effective against 40% of Proteus and Providencia species. Surprisingly, more than half of Klebsiella and Enterobacter species and 85.3% of Serratia species were susceptible to streptomycin.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility of gentamicin and/or tobramycin resistant gram-negative bacilli to seven aminoglycosides. The in vitro activity of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, amikacin, kanamycin and streptomycin was tested simultaneously by the agar dilution method against 584 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli that were resistant to gentamicin and/or tobramycin. About half of the gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas were susceptible to tobramycin but cross-resistance was virtually complete between gentamicin and tobramycin for Enterobacteriaceae. Sisomicin was much more active than gentamicin against Klebsiella, Escherichia and Citrobacter species. Only 18.9%, 27.4% and 27.9% of Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Serratia respectively were resistant to netilmicin. Amikacin was the most effective aminoglycoside with an overall resistance of 15.6%. Kanamycin was effective against 40% of Proteus and Providencia species. Surprisingly, more than half of Klebsiella and Enterobacter species and 85.3% of Serratia species were susceptible to streptomycin.", "PMID": 98451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3214", "title": "Stimulatory effect of cigarette smoke on the metabolism and covalent binding of benzo(a)pyrene in the trachea of the rat.", "content": "The activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (substrate: benzo(a)pyrene) was increased in the tracheas of rats exposed to cigarette smoke for 1 h daily for either 1 or 10 days. However the degree of increase in activity was lower in the trachea than in the lung. After a single exposure, activity in the trachea was at its highest level 12 h following exposure (3.2-fold compared to the control), but had returned to the control level within 24 h. Also, the amounts of covalently bound metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene were increased (2-fold) in nucleic acid and protein fractions of the trachea, when the rats were killed 12 h after a single cirgarette smoke exposure. No significant changes in activity of epoxide hydratase (substrate: styrene oxide) could be detected in the trachea. After repeated exposures the activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (substrate: methylumbelliferone) was increased (1.7-fold) in the trachea.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of cigarette smoke on the metabolism and covalent binding of benzo(a)pyrene in the trachea of the rat. The activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (substrate: benzo(a)pyrene) was increased in the tracheas of rats exposed to cigarette smoke for 1 h daily for either 1 or 10 days. However the degree of increase in activity was lower in the trachea than in the lung. After a single exposure, activity in the trachea was at its highest level 12 h following exposure (3.2-fold compared to the control), but had returned to the control level within 24 h. Also, the amounts of covalently bound metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene were increased (2-fold) in nucleic acid and protein fractions of the trachea, when the rats were killed 12 h after a single cirgarette smoke exposure. No significant changes in activity of epoxide hydratase (substrate: styrene oxide) could be detected in the trachea. After repeated exposures the activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (substrate: methylumbelliferone) was increased (1.7-fold) in the trachea.", "PMID": 98453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3215", "title": "Experimental fractures of monkey mandibles.", "content": "Forty vervet monkey half mandibles, 20 with unerupted third molars and 20 with erupted third molars, were partially embedded in acrylic and loaded in an Instron tensiometer. Mandibles with unerupted third molars fractured at 15.8 +/- 2.5 kg while those having erupted third molars fractured at 26.4 +/- 4.2 kg. Mandibles having unerupted third molars were shown to be significantly weaker than the mandibles with erupted third molar (t = 8.45, P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Experimental fractures of monkey mandibles. Forty vervet monkey half mandibles, 20 with unerupted third molars and 20 with erupted third molars, were partially embedded in acrylic and loaded in an Instron tensiometer. Mandibles with unerupted third molars fractured at 15.8 +/- 2.5 kg while those having erupted third molars fractured at 26.4 +/- 4.2 kg. Mandibles having unerupted third molars were shown to be significantly weaker than the mandibles with erupted third molar (t = 8.45, P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 98455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3216", "title": "Periodontal and pulpal healing of monkey incisors preserved in tissue culture before replantation.", "content": "The effect of delayed replantation and tissue culture as a prevention against root resorption was examined in green Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Extracted incisors were kept in tissue culture medium (Eagle's medium) for 5--14 days before replantation. The extra-alveolar dry period before tissue culture ranged from to 0 to 60 min. Incisors not subjected to tissue culture served as controls. The animals were sacrificed 8 weeks after replantation. The following histologic parameters were registered for each tooth: surface resorption, inflammatory resorption, replacement resorption (ankylosis), downgrowth of pocket epithelium, and periapical inflammatory changes. The evaluation of the pulp included the extent, recorded in mm, of pulp survival. Histometric evaluation showed that teeth immediately placed in tissue culture medium for 5--14 days showed improved periodontal healing, exhibiting significantly less inflammatory resorption than control teeth immediately replanted. Also the extent of pulp survival was significantly increased in teeth replanted after tissue culture. Teeth bench-dried for 60 min and thereafter placed in tissue culture medium also showed a significant reduction in the amount of inflammatory resorption and increased amount of pulp survival compared with control teeth replanted after the 60-min dry extra-alveolar period. Replacement resorption (ankylosis) was found in all teeth in both groups.", "contents": "Periodontal and pulpal healing of monkey incisors preserved in tissue culture before replantation. The effect of delayed replantation and tissue culture as a prevention against root resorption was examined in green Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Extracted incisors were kept in tissue culture medium (Eagle's medium) for 5--14 days before replantation. The extra-alveolar dry period before tissue culture ranged from to 0 to 60 min. Incisors not subjected to tissue culture served as controls. The animals were sacrificed 8 weeks after replantation. The following histologic parameters were registered for each tooth: surface resorption, inflammatory resorption, replacement resorption (ankylosis), downgrowth of pocket epithelium, and periapical inflammatory changes. The evaluation of the pulp included the extent, recorded in mm, of pulp survival. Histometric evaluation showed that teeth immediately placed in tissue culture medium for 5--14 days showed improved periodontal healing, exhibiting significantly less inflammatory resorption than control teeth immediately replanted. Also the extent of pulp survival was significantly increased in teeth replanted after tissue culture. Teeth bench-dried for 60 min and thereafter placed in tissue culture medium also showed a significant reduction in the amount of inflammatory resorption and increased amount of pulp survival compared with control teeth replanted after the 60-min dry extra-alveolar period. Replacement resorption (ankylosis) was found in all teeth in both groups.", "PMID": 98456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3217", "title": "Angiolithiasis in the parotid gland.", "content": "Angiolithiasis in salivary glands is a very rare finding, and the knowledge of the morphology and histogenesis of these stone formations is therefore limited. Six small angioliths from the left parotid gland of a 19-year-old girl were examined histologically, microradiographically and diffractometrically. The angiolithiasis developed from a regressed hemangioma which had been observed since the patient was 3--4 years old. The angioliths, which were encapsulated, exhibited in some areas diffuse laminations with shells of alternatingly high and low mineral content. In other areas, however, the sturcture of the stones was rather homogeneous. The central part of all angioliths was highly mineralized. All the examined specimens exhibited a mineral pattern of pure apatite. Due to presence of erythrocytes as well as of fibroblasts in the matrix of the examined noduli, the diagnosis of angiolithiasis was established.", "contents": "Angiolithiasis in the parotid gland. Angiolithiasis in salivary glands is a very rare finding, and the knowledge of the morphology and histogenesis of these stone formations is therefore limited. Six small angioliths from the left parotid gland of a 19-year-old girl were examined histologically, microradiographically and diffractometrically. The angiolithiasis developed from a regressed hemangioma which had been observed since the patient was 3--4 years old. The angioliths, which were encapsulated, exhibited in some areas diffuse laminations with shells of alternatingly high and low mineral content. In other areas, however, the sturcture of the stones was rather homogeneous. The central part of all angioliths was highly mineralized. All the examined specimens exhibited a mineral pattern of pure apatite. Due to presence of erythrocytes as well as of fibroblasts in the matrix of the examined noduli, the diagnosis of angiolithiasis was established.", "PMID": 98457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3218", "title": "Acute leukemia. An atypical case presenting with gingival manifestations.", "content": "A case of acute myeloblastic leukemia is reported in which the mode of presentation was an atypical gingival lesion. A definite diagnosis was not made until the patient was in a final stage due to non-diagnostic histologic material. One must be suspicious of any gingival lesion, particulary if there is a sudden onset of bleeding or hyperplasia. Leukemia must be considered even if initial investigations are negative, as in the case presented.", "contents": "Acute leukemia. An atypical case presenting with gingival manifestations. A case of acute myeloblastic leukemia is reported in which the mode of presentation was an atypical gingival lesion. A definite diagnosis was not made until the patient was in a final stage due to non-diagnostic histologic material. One must be suspicious of any gingival lesion, particulary if there is a sudden onset of bleeding or hyperplasia. Leukemia must be considered even if initial investigations are negative, as in the case presented.", "PMID": 98458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3219", "title": "Syndrome of multiple mucosal neurofibromas, pheochromocytoma and medullary thryoid carcinoma. Report of a case.", "content": "The present article reports a case of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome, type IIb, including the following components: pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, hyperplastic corneal nerves and multiple mucosal oral and ocular neurofibromas. The patients, a 35-year-old male also exhibited a series of other pertinent findings, i.e. thickened eyelids, marfanoid habitus and widened mandibular canal and mental foramina. In the discussion the clinical and histopathologic characteristics of the present case are compared with similar findings in other previously published cases. The multiple oral mucosal neurofibromas are described clinically and histopathologically and are stated as a pathognomonic early sign of the syndrome.", "contents": "Syndrome of multiple mucosal neurofibromas, pheochromocytoma and medullary thryoid carcinoma. Report of a case. The present article reports a case of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome, type IIb, including the following components: pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, hyperplastic corneal nerves and multiple mucosal oral and ocular neurofibromas. The patients, a 35-year-old male also exhibited a series of other pertinent findings, i.e. thickened eyelids, marfanoid habitus and widened mandibular canal and mental foramina. In the discussion the clinical and histopathologic characteristics of the present case are compared with similar findings in other previously published cases. The multiple oral mucosal neurofibromas are described clinically and histopathologically and are stated as a pathognomonic early sign of the syndrome.", "PMID": 98459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3220", "title": "Vestibulo-lingual sulcoplasty with skin graft in the mandible.", "content": "A surgical technique for vestibulo-lingual sulcoplasty in the mandible is described. The lingual bone surface is entirely covered by a mucoperiosteal flap, when the muscles have been cut and the lingual sulcus deepened. A split-thickness skin graft taken from the inner surface of the upper arm is placed vestibularly in the region 38--48. An essential increase of the denture-wearing area is obtained and the dislocating effect of the muscles on the denture is eliminated.", "contents": "Vestibulo-lingual sulcoplasty with skin graft in the mandible. A surgical technique for vestibulo-lingual sulcoplasty in the mandible is described. The lingual bone surface is entirely covered by a mucoperiosteal flap, when the muscles have been cut and the lingual sulcus deepened. A split-thickness skin graft taken from the inner surface of the upper arm is placed vestibularly in the region 38--48. An essential increase of the denture-wearing area is obtained and the dislocating effect of the muscles on the denture is eliminated.", "PMID": 98460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3221", "title": "Nasopalatine duct cyst. An aggressive condition in adolescent Negroes from South Africa?", "content": "A retrospective study of the clinical and radiographic features of 51 nasopalatine duct cysts has been undertaken. Of these cysts 33 were in males (64.7%) and 18 in females (35.3%). The age range was 9--67 years (mean 32 years) with most cases being detected between the second and fourth decades. All of the subjects aged less than 20 years were South African Negroes and the lesions found in this group were invariably over 3.5 cm in diameter and rapidly growing. The average size for all of the cysts (after taking in 19% radiographic enlargment factor into account) was 3.5 cm in greatest diameter. The most common signs were: palatal swelling (88.2%), tooth displacement (78.4%) and sub-labial swelling (17.6%). Root resorption was found in only two of the 40 cysts which encroached upon lamina dura. No recurrences occurred following marsupialization or enucleation.", "contents": "Nasopalatine duct cyst. An aggressive condition in adolescent Negroes from South Africa? A retrospective study of the clinical and radiographic features of 51 nasopalatine duct cysts has been undertaken. Of these cysts 33 were in males (64.7%) and 18 in females (35.3%). The age range was 9--67 years (mean 32 years) with most cases being detected between the second and fourth decades. All of the subjects aged less than 20 years were South African Negroes and the lesions found in this group were invariably over 3.5 cm in diameter and rapidly growing. The average size for all of the cysts (after taking in 19% radiographic enlargment factor into account) was 3.5 cm in greatest diameter. The most common signs were: palatal swelling (88.2%), tooth displacement (78.4%) and sub-labial swelling (17.6%). Root resorption was found in only two of the 40 cysts which encroached upon lamina dura. No recurrences occurred following marsupialization or enucleation.", "PMID": 98461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3222", "title": "Lip lesions in Nigerian Igbos.", "content": "Lesions of the lip seen over a 7-year period at a central laboratory serving the Igbos of Nigeria are reviewed. In approximately 8,500 surgical specimens, there were 63 jaw tumors but only 16 lip lesions. Two of lip lesions alone were carcinomas. Both were (a) squamous celled, (b) associated with sunlight-induced degeneration of the dermal collagen, and (c) found in young adult albinos. Accordingly, albinism should be recognized as one of the etiologic factors in lip cancer. The appropriate preventive action is the wearing of wide-brim hats by albinos.", "contents": "Lip lesions in Nigerian Igbos. Lesions of the lip seen over a 7-year period at a central laboratory serving the Igbos of Nigeria are reviewed. In approximately 8,500 surgical specimens, there were 63 jaw tumors but only 16 lip lesions. Two of lip lesions alone were carcinomas. Both were (a) squamous celled, (b) associated with sunlight-induced degeneration of the dermal collagen, and (c) found in young adult albinos. Accordingly, albinism should be recognized as one of the etiologic factors in lip cancer. The appropriate preventive action is the wearing of wide-brim hats by albinos.", "PMID": 98462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3223", "title": "Histiocytosis X. An analysis of 50 cases.", "content": "Evidence is presented to support the author's view that Letter-Siwe disease, Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease and eosinophilic granuloma are but variants of a single disease entity--histiocytosis X. The clinical behaviour of the disease and its prognosis are related to the age ofonset of the disease. Details of 50 cases of histiocytosis X have been analyzed. The mean age of presentation was 15 years 4 months. The male:female ratio was 3:2, 54% of patients in this series had disease confined to the jaws and oral cavity, males being more likely than females to have disseminated disease.", "contents": "Histiocytosis X. An analysis of 50 cases. Evidence is presented to support the author's view that Letter-Siwe disease, Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease and eosinophilic granuloma are but variants of a single disease entity--histiocytosis X. The clinical behaviour of the disease and its prognosis are related to the age ofonset of the disease. Details of 50 cases of histiocytosis X have been analyzed. The mean age of presentation was 15 years 4 months. The male:female ratio was 3:2, 54% of patients in this series had disease confined to the jaws and oral cavity, males being more likely than females to have disseminated disease.", "PMID": 98463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3224", "title": "A clinical study of 32 patients with oral discoid lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Thirty-two patients (26 females, six males) with discoid lupus erythematosus of the oral mucosa have been studied. Patients with signs of dissemination were classified according to accepted criteria. Four patients had systemic lupus erythematosus as well as oral discoid lesions. Twenty-one patients had discoid skin lesions. Eleven patients had oral discoid lesions without involvement of the skin. The time of onset of the oral discoid lesions rnaged from 6 to 75 years with a mean of 41 years. The mean druation of the oral lesions was 4.2 years. Symptoms from the oral discoid lesions were present in 75% of the patients. The clinical appearance varied and some lesions were difficult to differentiate from oral leukoplakia or from the lesions seen in oral lichen planus. The oral discoid lesions were most often seen on the buccal mucosa, the gingiva, labial mucosa and vermilion border. The oral lesions were infected by yeasts in more than half of thepatients.", "contents": "A clinical study of 32 patients with oral discoid lupus erythematosus. Thirty-two patients (26 females, six males) with discoid lupus erythematosus of the oral mucosa have been studied. Patients with signs of dissemination were classified according to accepted criteria. Four patients had systemic lupus erythematosus as well as oral discoid lesions. Twenty-one patients had discoid skin lesions. Eleven patients had oral discoid lesions without involvement of the skin. The time of onset of the oral discoid lesions rnaged from 6 to 75 years with a mean of 41 years. The mean druation of the oral lesions was 4.2 years. Symptoms from the oral discoid lesions were present in 75% of the patients. The clinical appearance varied and some lesions were difficult to differentiate from oral leukoplakia or from the lesions seen in oral lichen planus. The oral discoid lesions were most often seen on the buccal mucosa, the gingiva, labial mucosa and vermilion border. The oral lesions were infected by yeasts in more than half of thepatients.", "PMID": 98464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3225", "title": "Case for ligation of the external carotid artery in composite operations for oral carcinoma.", "content": "The ligation of the external carotid artery has been performed routinely in 186 executive composite operations in patients suffering from carcinoma of the tongue, floor of the mouth, mandibular gingiva and buccal mucosa. The ligation is indicated because it controls the hemorrhage, ensures a clean operating field and prevents the facial edema and hematoma formation without having any unwanted effect on the healing of the wound.", "contents": "Case for ligation of the external carotid artery in composite operations for oral carcinoma. The ligation of the external carotid artery has been performed routinely in 186 executive composite operations in patients suffering from carcinoma of the tongue, floor of the mouth, mandibular gingiva and buccal mucosa. The ligation is indicated because it controls the hemorrhage, ensures a clean operating field and prevents the facial edema and hematoma formation without having any unwanted effect on the healing of the wound.", "PMID": 98465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3226", "title": "Biochemical effects on radioprotective agents on the liver microsomal hydroxylating system: in vitro studies.", "content": "The action of two radioprotectors--cysteamine and cystamine--on the liver microsomal multi-enzyme hydroxylating system, a key stem in drug and biological compounds metabolism, has been studied. Their effects have been systematically analysed at the level of individual enzyme activities and global functions. The two compounds are quite inactive on NADPH and NADH cytochrome c reductase activities, but slightly denature the cytochrome P450 into cytochrome P420. Furthermore, they do inhibit to some extent (30 per cent at 10(-2) M) the rate of codeine hydroxylation and totally suppress ((at 10(-2) M) the NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation which occurs during enzymatic functioning. These results are discussed in the light of the toxicity of radioprotectors.", "contents": "Biochemical effects on radioprotective agents on the liver microsomal hydroxylating system: in vitro studies. The action of two radioprotectors--cysteamine and cystamine--on the liver microsomal multi-enzyme hydroxylating system, a key stem in drug and biological compounds metabolism, has been studied. Their effects have been systematically analysed at the level of individual enzyme activities and global functions. The two compounds are quite inactive on NADPH and NADH cytochrome c reductase activities, but slightly denature the cytochrome P450 into cytochrome P420. Furthermore, they do inhibit to some extent (30 per cent at 10(-2) M) the rate of codeine hydroxylation and totally suppress ((at 10(-2) M) the NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation which occurs during enzymatic functioning. These results are discussed in the light of the toxicity of radioprotectors.", "PMID": 98466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3227", "title": "Morphological and physiological changes in the monkey visual system after short-term lid suture.", "content": "The effects of short-term unilateral form vision deprivation by suturing the lids in macaques were evaluated in terms of cortical neuronal electrophysiology and cell sizes in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The results show that cell shrinkage in the LGN is proportional to the duration of lid closure, with the parvocellular laminae being somewhat more sensitive than the magnocellular layers. Conversely, the electrophysiologically demonstrable shift of cortical dominance in favor of the nondeprived eye occurs after only 1 week of deprivation, with equal severity in short-term and long-term deprived monkeys, and precedes the appearance of histological abnormalities in the LGN. This increased cortical vs. geniculate sensitivity to visual deprivation is further demonstrated by the findings that (1) lid closure near the end of the second month of life does not affect the LGN cell size but causes the cortical electrophysiological deprivation effect and (2) the cortical eye dominance but not the size of the geniculate cells can be reversed in favor of the previously deprived eye by surgical closure of the formerly dominant eye.", "contents": "Morphological and physiological changes in the monkey visual system after short-term lid suture. The effects of short-term unilateral form vision deprivation by suturing the lids in macaques were evaluated in terms of cortical neuronal electrophysiology and cell sizes in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The results show that cell shrinkage in the LGN is proportional to the duration of lid closure, with the parvocellular laminae being somewhat more sensitive than the magnocellular layers. Conversely, the electrophysiologically demonstrable shift of cortical dominance in favor of the nondeprived eye occurs after only 1 week of deprivation, with equal severity in short-term and long-term deprived monkeys, and precedes the appearance of histological abnormalities in the LGN. This increased cortical vs. geniculate sensitivity to visual deprivation is further demonstrated by the findings that (1) lid closure near the end of the second month of life does not affect the LGN cell size but causes the cortical electrophysiological deprivation effect and (2) the cortical eye dominance but not the size of the geniculate cells can be reversed in favor of the previously deprived eye by surgical closure of the formerly dominant eye.", "PMID": 98471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3228", "title": "An identification scheme for gram-negative nonfermentative bacilli.", "content": "A series of six flow charts have been developed to identify the Gram-negative nonfermentative bacilli most commonly isolated from clinical specimens. Colonial morphology and oxidase reactivity determine the pathway to be followed on the flow chart which then indicates the specific test to be performed. Most isolates can be identified within 24 hours using 3 to 5 tests. Each pathway was selected on the basis of 94-100 per cent confidence limits otherwise an alternate pathway is shown. Results of 2,788 nonfermenters identified by this scheme are discussed.", "contents": "An identification scheme for gram-negative nonfermentative bacilli. A series of six flow charts have been developed to identify the Gram-negative nonfermentative bacilli most commonly isolated from clinical specimens. Colonial morphology and oxidase reactivity determine the pathway to be followed on the flow chart which then indicates the specific test to be performed. Most isolates can be identified within 24 hours using 3 to 5 tests. Each pathway was selected on the basis of 94-100 per cent confidence limits otherwise an alternate pathway is shown. Results of 2,788 nonfermenters identified by this scheme are discussed.", "PMID": 98478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3229", "title": "Tracheobronchial secretions collected from intact dogs. I. Protein and mucous glycoprotein composition.", "content": "Tracheobronchial secretions (TBS) were collected in situ from intact, anesthetized dogs, and the protein composition and distribution were studied. TBS were separated into supernatant and pellet phases by centrifugation. The supernatant phase comprised 85%, by weight, of the secretory mixture; yet it contained only 58% of the total protein. Peptides of apparent molecular weights ranging from 16,000 to 154,000 daltons were present in the supernatant phase. Electrophoretic and immunochemical comparisons with canine serum suggested that certain of the peptides were of plasma origin including albumin, IgG, IgA, and IgM. Albumin and IgG comprised approximately 70% of the supernatant phase protein. Three percent of the total TBS protein was contributed by the peptide portion of mucous glycoproteins (mucins), and 97% of the mucin protein separated into the pellet phase. When compared to mucus collected from a canine tracheal pouch, TBS was less concentrated in mucins, and differences were observed in electrophoretic profiles between the two samples.", "contents": "Tracheobronchial secretions collected from intact dogs. I. Protein and mucous glycoprotein composition. Tracheobronchial secretions (TBS) were collected in situ from intact, anesthetized dogs, and the protein composition and distribution were studied. TBS were separated into supernatant and pellet phases by centrifugation. The supernatant phase comprised 85%, by weight, of the secretory mixture; yet it contained only 58% of the total protein. Peptides of apparent molecular weights ranging from 16,000 to 154,000 daltons were present in the supernatant phase. Electrophoretic and immunochemical comparisons with canine serum suggested that certain of the peptides were of plasma origin including albumin, IgG, IgA, and IgM. Albumin and IgG comprised approximately 70% of the supernatant phase protein. Three percent of the total TBS protein was contributed by the peptide portion of mucous glycoproteins (mucins), and 97% of the mucin protein separated into the pellet phase. When compared to mucus collected from a canine tracheal pouch, TBS was less concentrated in mucins, and differences were observed in electrophoretic profiles between the two samples.", "PMID": 98512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3230", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance or fluorescence detection of carbaryl in potato and corn.", "content": "Carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) was extracted from corn and potato with acetone. The acetone extract was partitioned into methylene chloride-hexane and concentrated for cleanup on a 5% water-deactivated Florisil column. The fraction containing the carbamate was subjected to high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis on a 25 cm LiChrosorb Si60 (5 micron) column (2.2 mm id) by various means. First, the pesticide was analyzed directly with ultraviolet (UV) absorption detection at 254 nm and a mobile phase of trimethyl-pentane-isopropanol (96 + 4). After this, a fluorescent derivative was prepared, using dansyl chloride (5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride), and analyzed by HPLC, using trimethylpentane-dioxane (95 + 5) as the mobile phase, with both UV absorption (254 nm) and fluorescence (excitation 365 nm, emission greater than 400 nm) detection. The response/ng for the dansyl derivative with fluorescence detection was 1.3 times greater than that for UV detection and 8 times more sensitive than direct UV detection of the carbamate. About 10 ppb carbaryl could be detected after derivatization in the foods studied; for direct analysis, 30-50 ppb could be detected at a 2:1 signal:noise ratio. Recoveries at 0.1 ppm averaged 90% by direct analysis compared with 78% after derivatization.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance or fluorescence detection of carbaryl in potato and corn. Carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) was extracted from corn and potato with acetone. The acetone extract was partitioned into methylene chloride-hexane and concentrated for cleanup on a 5% water-deactivated Florisil column. The fraction containing the carbamate was subjected to high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis on a 25 cm LiChrosorb Si60 (5 micron) column (2.2 mm id) by various means. First, the pesticide was analyzed directly with ultraviolet (UV) absorption detection at 254 nm and a mobile phase of trimethyl-pentane-isopropanol (96 + 4). After this, a fluorescent derivative was prepared, using dansyl chloride (5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride), and analyzed by HPLC, using trimethylpentane-dioxane (95 + 5) as the mobile phase, with both UV absorption (254 nm) and fluorescence (excitation 365 nm, emission greater than 400 nm) detection. The response/ng for the dansyl derivative with fluorescence detection was 1.3 times greater than that for UV detection and 8 times more sensitive than direct UV detection of the carbamate. About 10 ppb carbaryl could be detected after derivatization in the foods studied; for direct analysis, 30-50 ppb could be detected at a 2:1 signal:noise ratio. Recoveries at 0.1 ppm averaged 90% by direct analysis compared with 78% after derivatization.", "PMID": 98513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3231", "title": "Evaluation of potential for aflatoxin occurrence on celery, cauliflower, lettuce, and taro root inoculated with Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus.", "content": "Culture samples of lettuce, cauliflower, celery, and taro root (Colocasia esculenta) were assayed for the presence of aflatoxin after inoculation with Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Cultures of A. flavus produced both aflatoxins B1 and G1 on taro root, but produced by B1 on lettuce, cauliflower, and celery. For taro root, the percentage of aflatoxin G1 produced was considerably greater than that of B1. While A. parasiticus did produce mycelia and spores on the lettuce and taro root samples, there were not detectable levels of any aflatoxin produced. All the samples studied were successfully extracted and analyzed qualitatively and quantatively for the presence of aflatoxin by using official AOAC thin layer chromatographic procedures. There is sufficient evidence that Aspergilli  can grow on some leafy produce and one strain produced aflatoxins.", "contents": "Evaluation of potential for aflatoxin occurrence on celery, cauliflower, lettuce, and taro root inoculated with Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Culture samples of lettuce, cauliflower, celery, and taro root (Colocasia esculenta) were assayed for the presence of aflatoxin after inoculation with Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Cultures of A. flavus produced both aflatoxins B1 and G1 on taro root, but produced by B1 on lettuce, cauliflower, and celery. For taro root, the percentage of aflatoxin G1 produced was considerably greater than that of B1. While A. parasiticus did produce mycelia and spores on the lettuce and taro root samples, there were not detectable levels of any aflatoxin produced. All the samples studied were successfully extracted and analyzed qualitatively and quantatively for the presence of aflatoxin by using official AOAC thin layer chromatographic procedures. There is sufficient evidence that Aspergilli  can grow on some leafy produce and one strain produced aflatoxins.", "PMID": 98514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3232", "title": "Aerobic growth thermograms of Streptococcus lactis obtained with a complex medium containing glucose.", "content": "With different culturing methods both simple and complex thermograms were obtained with Streptococcus lactis grown aerobically in a complex medium containing growth-limiting concentrations of glucose. The thermogram profiles have been interpreted in relation to growth rate, glucose degradation, and molar growth yields calculated for different time intervals during growth.", "contents": "Aerobic growth thermograms of Streptococcus lactis obtained with a complex medium containing glucose. With different culturing methods both simple and complex thermograms were obtained with Streptococcus lactis grown aerobically in a complex medium containing growth-limiting concentrations of glucose. The thermogram profiles have been interpreted in relation to growth rate, glucose degradation, and molar growth yields calculated for different time intervals during growth.", "PMID": 98515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3233", "title": "Positive regulation of amidase synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated that were acetamide-negative in growth phenotype at 41 degrees C and constitutive for amidase synthesis at 28 degrees C. Two mutants were derived from the magno-constitutive amidase mutant PAC111 (C11), and a third from a mutant that had enhanced inducibility by formamide, PAC153 (F6). The three temperature-sensitive mutants produced amidases with the same thermal stabilities as the wild-type enzyme. Cultures growing exponentially at 28 degrees C, synthesizing amidase constitutively, ceased amidase synthesis almost immediately on transfer to 41 degrees C. Cultures growing at 41 degrees C were transferred to 28 degrees C and had a lag of about 0.5 of a generation before amidase synthesis became detectable. Pulse-heating for 10 min at 45 degrees C of a culture growing exponentially at 28 degrees C resulted in a lag of about 0.5 of a generation before amidase synthesis recommenced after returning to 28 degrees C. Acetamide-negative mutants that were unable to synthesize amidase at any growth temperature were isolated from an inducible strain producing the mutant B amidase PAC398 (IB10). Two mutants were examined that gave revertants producing B amidase but with novel regulatory phenotypes. It is suggested that amidase synthesis is regulated by positive control exerted by gene amiR.", "contents": "Positive regulation of amidase synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated that were acetamide-negative in growth phenotype at 41 degrees C and constitutive for amidase synthesis at 28 degrees C. Two mutants were derived from the magno-constitutive amidase mutant PAC111 (C11), and a third from a mutant that had enhanced inducibility by formamide, PAC153 (F6). The three temperature-sensitive mutants produced amidases with the same thermal stabilities as the wild-type enzyme. Cultures growing exponentially at 28 degrees C, synthesizing amidase constitutively, ceased amidase synthesis almost immediately on transfer to 41 degrees C. Cultures growing at 41 degrees C were transferred to 28 degrees C and had a lag of about 0.5 of a generation before amidase synthesis became detectable. Pulse-heating for 10 min at 45 degrees C of a culture growing exponentially at 28 degrees C resulted in a lag of about 0.5 of a generation before amidase synthesis recommenced after returning to 28 degrees C. Acetamide-negative mutants that were unable to synthesize amidase at any growth temperature were isolated from an inducible strain producing the mutant B amidase PAC398 (IB10). Two mutants were examined that gave revertants producing B amidase but with novel regulatory phenotypes. It is suggested that amidase synthesis is regulated by positive control exerted by gene amiR.", "PMID": 98516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3234", "title": "Pleiotropic effect of a rifampin-resistant mutation in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Rifampin-resistant (Rifr) mutants were isolated spontaneously from Bacillus subtilis strain 168. A fraction of the mutants did not grow on a minimal medium. A high concentration of one of the L-amino acids (glutamic acid, glutamine, arginine, proline, aspartic acid, or asparagine) was required to restore their growth on the medium. Further analysis of one of the mutants (strain RF 161) suggested that the mutant is unable to use ammonia as a nitrogen source and requires amino acids instead. Activity of glutamate synthase was not detected in the crude extract of the mutant. The Rifr mutation was closely located to cysA and the drug resistance was cotransformed with the property of amino acid requirement at 100% frequency. All revertants to prototrophy tested showed the rifampin-sensitive (Rifs) property. The activity of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the mutant was resistant to rifampin. It is concluded that some alteration of RNA polymerase may cause absence of the activity of an enzyme involved in the nitrogen metabolism.", "contents": "Pleiotropic effect of a rifampin-resistant mutation in Bacillus subtilis. Rifampin-resistant (Rifr) mutants were isolated spontaneously from Bacillus subtilis strain 168. A fraction of the mutants did not grow on a minimal medium. A high concentration of one of the L-amino acids (glutamic acid, glutamine, arginine, proline, aspartic acid, or asparagine) was required to restore their growth on the medium. Further analysis of one of the mutants (strain RF 161) suggested that the mutant is unable to use ammonia as a nitrogen source and requires amino acids instead. Activity of glutamate synthase was not detected in the crude extract of the mutant. The Rifr mutation was closely located to cysA and the drug resistance was cotransformed with the property of amino acid requirement at 100% frequency. All revertants to prototrophy tested showed the rifampin-sensitive (Rifs) property. The activity of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the mutant was resistant to rifampin. It is concluded that some alteration of RNA polymerase may cause absence of the activity of an enzyme involved in the nitrogen metabolism.", "PMID": 98517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3235", "title": "Formylation of initiator tRNA methionine in procaryotic protein synthesis: in vivo polarity in lactose operon expression.", "content": "Eucaryotic and procaryotic organisms differ in two aspects of their translation machinery: polycistronic messengers are expressed as a sequence of individual proteins only in procaryotes, and the initiation of protein synthesis proceeds with an initiator tRNA which is found to be modified (formylated) in procaryotes and not in eucaryotes. In the present study, we show that formylation is required in vivo for the coordinate expression of the Escherichia coli lactose operon. Our experiments are consistent with a translation mechanism using dissociated ribosomes at the 5' end of the mRNA in a reaction that is only weakly dependent on formylation at this initiation step; the ribosomes then travel along the messenger and can reinitiate after the intracistronic barrier without dissociation. This latter initiation step is strongly dependent on the level of formylation: a low level of the formyl group, obtained by the antifolic agent trimethoprim, induces a strong polarity in the expression of the lactose operon. There exist mutant strains in which this polarity is much less apparent than in the wild type. We show here that such is the case of rpsL mutants. Ribosomes mutated in the S12 protein (rpsL) are found to be much more easily dissociated than the wild type. This might explain why the expression of the lactose operon on rpsL strains remains coordinated when the intracellular level of formylation is decreased.", "contents": "Formylation of initiator tRNA methionine in procaryotic protein synthesis: in vivo polarity in lactose operon expression. Eucaryotic and procaryotic organisms differ in two aspects of their translation machinery: polycistronic messengers are expressed as a sequence of individual proteins only in procaryotes, and the initiation of protein synthesis proceeds with an initiator tRNA which is found to be modified (formylated) in procaryotes and not in eucaryotes. In the present study, we show that formylation is required in vivo for the coordinate expression of the Escherichia coli lactose operon. Our experiments are consistent with a translation mechanism using dissociated ribosomes at the 5' end of the mRNA in a reaction that is only weakly dependent on formylation at this initiation step; the ribosomes then travel along the messenger and can reinitiate after the intracistronic barrier without dissociation. This latter initiation step is strongly dependent on the level of formylation: a low level of the formyl group, obtained by the antifolic agent trimethoprim, induces a strong polarity in the expression of the lactose operon. There exist mutant strains in which this polarity is much less apparent than in the wild type. We show here that such is the case of rpsL mutants. Ribosomes mutated in the S12 protein (rpsL) are found to be much more easily dissociated than the wild type. This might explain why the expression of the lactose operon on rpsL strains remains coordinated when the intracellular level of formylation is decreased.", "PMID": 98518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3236", "title": "Evidence that the regulation of diphtheria toxin production is directed at the level of transcription.", "content": "It has been known for several decades that iron inhibits the production of diphtheria toxin by Corynebacterium diphtheriae by preventing expression at maximal levels. We examined the inhibition kinetics of toxin production after the addition of either iron or rifampin to iron-limited cultures of C7 (betatox+). Iron-mediated inhibition of toxin production was found to be linear within the range of 16 nM to 16 micron. The inhibition kinetics following the addition of iron or rifampin was almost identical. [3H]RNA extracted from iron-limited toxigenic C. diphtheriae was found to hybridize to a greater extent to corynephage beta DNA than either [3H]RNA extracted from toxigenic C. diphtheriae before the onset of toxin production or [3H]RNA extracted from nonlysogenic, nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae.", "contents": "Evidence that the regulation of diphtheria toxin production is directed at the level of transcription. It has been known for several decades that iron inhibits the production of diphtheria toxin by Corynebacterium diphtheriae by preventing expression at maximal levels. We examined the inhibition kinetics of toxin production after the addition of either iron or rifampin to iron-limited cultures of C7 (betatox+). Iron-mediated inhibition of toxin production was found to be linear within the range of 16 nM to 16 micron. The inhibition kinetics following the addition of iron or rifampin was almost identical. [3H]RNA extracted from iron-limited toxigenic C. diphtheriae was found to hybridize to a greater extent to corynephage beta DNA than either [3H]RNA extracted from toxigenic C. diphtheriae before the onset of toxin production or [3H]RNA extracted from nonlysogenic, nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae.", "PMID": 98519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3237", "title": "Altered mRNA metabolism in ribonuclease III-deficient strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The metabolism of mRNA from the lactose (lac) operon of Escherichia coli has been studied in ribonuclease (RNase) III-deficient strains (rnc-105). The induction lag for beta-galactosidase from the first gene was twice as long, and enzyme synthesis was reduced 10-fold in one such mutant compared with its isogenic rnc+ sister; in the original mutant strain AB301-105, synthesis of beta-galactosidase was not even detectable, although transduction analysis revealed the presence of a normal lac operon. This defect does not reflect a loss of all lac operon activity galactoside acetyltransferase from the last gene was synthesized even in strain AB301-105 but at a rate several times lower than normal. Hybridization analyses suggested that both the frequency of transcription initiation and the time to transcribe the entire operon are normal in rnc-105 strains. The long induction lag was caused by a longer translation time. This defect led to translational polarity with reduced amounts of distal mRNA to give a population of smaller-sized lac mRNA molecules. All these pleiotropic effects seem to result from RNase III deficiency, since it was possible to select revertants to rnc+ that grew and expressed the lac operon at normal rates. However, the rnc-105 isogenic strains (but not AB301-105) also changed very easily to give a more normal rate of beta-galactosidase synthesis without regaining RNase III activity or a faster growth rate. The basis for this reversion is not known; it may represent a \"phenotypic suppression\" rather than result from a stable genetic change. Such suppressor effects could account for earlier reports of a noninvolvement of RNase III in mRNA metabolism in deliberately selected lac+ rnc-105 strains. The ribosomes from rnc-105 strains were as competent as ribosomes from rnc+ strains to form translation initiation complexes in vitro. However, per mass, beta-galactosidase mRNA from AB301-105 was at least three times less competent to form initiation complexes than was A19 beta-galactosidase mRNA. RNase III may be important in the normal cell to prepare lac mRNA for translation initiation. A defect at this step could account for all the observed changes in lac expression. A potential target within a secondary structure at the start of the lac mRNA is considered. Expression of many operons may be affected by RNase III activity; gal and trp operon expressions were also abnormal in RNase III- strains.", "contents": "Altered mRNA metabolism in ribonuclease III-deficient strains of Escherichia coli. The metabolism of mRNA from the lactose (lac) operon of Escherichia coli has been studied in ribonuclease (RNase) III-deficient strains (rnc-105). The induction lag for beta-galactosidase from the first gene was twice as long, and enzyme synthesis was reduced 10-fold in one such mutant compared with its isogenic rnc+ sister; in the original mutant strain AB301-105, synthesis of beta-galactosidase was not even detectable, although transduction analysis revealed the presence of a normal lac operon. This defect does not reflect a loss of all lac operon activity galactoside acetyltransferase from the last gene was synthesized even in strain AB301-105 but at a rate several times lower than normal. Hybridization analyses suggested that both the frequency of transcription initiation and the time to transcribe the entire operon are normal in rnc-105 strains. The long induction lag was caused by a longer translation time. This defect led to translational polarity with reduced amounts of distal mRNA to give a population of smaller-sized lac mRNA molecules. All these pleiotropic effects seem to result from RNase III deficiency, since it was possible to select revertants to rnc+ that grew and expressed the lac operon at normal rates. However, the rnc-105 isogenic strains (but not AB301-105) also changed very easily to give a more normal rate of beta-galactosidase synthesis without regaining RNase III activity or a faster growth rate. The basis for this reversion is not known; it may represent a \"phenotypic suppression\" rather than result from a stable genetic change. Such suppressor effects could account for earlier reports of a noninvolvement of RNase III in mRNA metabolism in deliberately selected lac+ rnc-105 strains. The ribosomes from rnc-105 strains were as competent as ribosomes from rnc+ strains to form translation initiation complexes in vitro. However, per mass, beta-galactosidase mRNA from AB301-105 was at least three times less competent to form initiation complexes than was A19 beta-galactosidase mRNA. RNase III may be important in the normal cell to prepare lac mRNA for translation initiation. A defect at this step could account for all the observed changes in lac expression. A potential target within a secondary structure at the start of the lac mRNA is considered. Expression of many operons may be affected by RNase III activity; gal and trp operon expressions were also abnormal in RNase III- strains.", "PMID": 98520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3238", "title": "Occurrence of squalene in methanol-grown bacteria.", "content": "The nonpolar lipids of methanol-grown bacteria which utilize one-carbon (C1) compounds via the RMP pathway (Pseudomonas C, Pseudomonas methylotropha, and Methylomonas methanolica) were found to contain squalene in concentrations between 0.1 to 1.16 mg/g of cell (dry weight). Squalene could not be detected in lipid extracts of methanol-grown bacteria which utilize C1 compounds via the serine pathway.", "contents": "Occurrence of squalene in methanol-grown bacteria. The nonpolar lipids of methanol-grown bacteria which utilize one-carbon (C1) compounds via the RMP pathway (Pseudomonas C, Pseudomonas methylotropha, and Methylomonas methanolica) were found to contain squalene in concentrations between 0.1 to 1.16 mg/g of cell (dry weight). Squalene could not be detected in lipid extracts of methanol-grown bacteria which utilize C1 compounds via the serine pathway.", "PMID": 98521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3239", "title": "Enzymatic excision of free hypoxanthine from polydeoxynucleotides and DNA containing deoxyinosine monophosphate residues.", "content": "A DNA glycosylase that releases free hypoxanthine by selective cleavage of dIMP residues in polydeoxynucleotides and DNA containing this nonconventional nucleotide is present in Escherichia coli cell extracts. The partly purified enzyme, termed hypoxanthine-DNA glycosylase, does not require divalent cations or phosphate for activity, and it acts more efficiently on double-stranded than on single-stranded substrates. The enzyme has properties different from either uracil-DNA glycosylase or 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase and is present at normal levels in E. coli mutants deficient in either of the latter two DNA glycosylases.", "contents": "Enzymatic excision of free hypoxanthine from polydeoxynucleotides and DNA containing deoxyinosine monophosphate residues. A DNA glycosylase that releases free hypoxanthine by selective cleavage of dIMP residues in polydeoxynucleotides and DNA containing this nonconventional nucleotide is present in Escherichia coli cell extracts. The partly purified enzyme, termed hypoxanthine-DNA glycosylase, does not require divalent cations or phosphate for activity, and it acts more efficiently on double-stranded than on single-stranded substrates. The enzyme has properties different from either uracil-DNA glycosylase or 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase and is present at normal levels in E. coli mutants deficient in either of the latter two DNA glycosylases.", "PMID": 98523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3240", "title": "Evolution of immunoglobulin subclasses. Primary structure of a murine myeloma gamma1 chain.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of the first six CNBr fragments (303 residues) of MOPC 21 heavy chain have been determined, using conventional techniques. This completes the determination of the covalent structure of MOPC 21 immunoglobulin (IgG1, K). MOPC 21 gamma1 chain is a unique sequence of 440 amino acid residues. The variable region is homologous with human VHIII sequences. A comparison of the constant region with homologous sequences shows that mouse gamma1 and gamma2 proteins differ much more than the gamma subclasses in man and in some other species and supports earlier suggestions that mouse gamma1 and the four human gamma subclasses have a common ancestor different from the mouse gamma2 ancestor. Unlike some other subclasses, but like those in the guinea pig, mouse gamma1 and gamma2 genes have diverged before speciation. An expansion-contraction mechanism is proposed for the evolution of gamma genes.", "contents": "Evolution of immunoglobulin subclasses. Primary structure of a murine myeloma gamma1 chain. The amino acid sequences of the first six CNBr fragments (303 residues) of MOPC 21 heavy chain have been determined, using conventional techniques. This completes the determination of the covalent structure of MOPC 21 immunoglobulin (IgG1, K). MOPC 21 gamma1 chain is a unique sequence of 440 amino acid residues. The variable region is homologous with human VHIII sequences. A comparison of the constant region with homologous sequences shows that mouse gamma1 and gamma2 proteins differ much more than the gamma subclasses in man and in some other species and supports earlier suggestions that mouse gamma1 and the four human gamma subclasses have a common ancestor different from the mouse gamma2 ancestor. Unlike some other subclasses, but like those in the guinea pig, mouse gamma1 and gamma2 genes have diverged before speciation. An expansion-contraction mechanism is proposed for the evolution of gamma genes.", "PMID": 98524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3241", "title": "Spontaneous somatic mutations. Structural studies on mutant immunoglobulins.", "content": "The precise alterations in the protein amino acid sequences of the immunoglobulin heavy chains of spontaneously arisen MOPC 21 mutant clones IF2 and IF1 have been determined. All the cyanogen bromide fra-ments of both heavy chains have been isolated and compared to the wild type CNBr fragments. For IF2, there is an internal deletion, from the wild type sequence, of 96 amino acids, from residues 121 to 215 inclusive. Moreover, in IF2, there are no disulfide bonds formed between heavy and light chains, presumably because of the deletion of the CH1 pseudosubunit. There are no other alterations in its covalent structure. For IF1, there is a deletion of the COOH-terminal 83 amino acids (residues 358 to 440, inclusive). Although IF1 heavy chain behaves on dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl-amide gels as if it were only 10 to 15 residues shorter than wild type, no other amino acid sequence differences from wild type are found. IF1 arose most likely by a nonsense mutation of a serine codon. For IF2, whose deletion is like that seen in some human heavy chain disease proteins, the most likely explanation is an error of recombination. The structure of IF2 suggests that the heavy chain variable region ends at a position homologous to residue 120 of the MOPC 21 heavy chain.", "contents": "Spontaneous somatic mutations. Structural studies on mutant immunoglobulins. The precise alterations in the protein amino acid sequences of the immunoglobulin heavy chains of spontaneously arisen MOPC 21 mutant clones IF2 and IF1 have been determined. All the cyanogen bromide fra-ments of both heavy chains have been isolated and compared to the wild type CNBr fragments. For IF2, there is an internal deletion, from the wild type sequence, of 96 amino acids, from residues 121 to 215 inclusive. Moreover, in IF2, there are no disulfide bonds formed between heavy and light chains, presumably because of the deletion of the CH1 pseudosubunit. There are no other alterations in its covalent structure. For IF1, there is a deletion of the COOH-terminal 83 amino acids (residues 358 to 440, inclusive). Although IF1 heavy chain behaves on dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl-amide gels as if it were only 10 to 15 residues shorter than wild type, no other amino acid sequence differences from wild type are found. IF1 arose most likely by a nonsense mutation of a serine codon. For IF2, whose deletion is like that seen in some human heavy chain disease proteins, the most likely explanation is an error of recombination. The structure of IF2 suggests that the heavy chain variable region ends at a position homologous to residue 120 of the MOPC 21 heavy chain.", "PMID": 98525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3242", "title": "Effect of cold exposure on rat erythrocyte membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase. Role of thyrotropin in the thyroid hormones interplay.", "content": "The influence of cold exposure at 4 degrees C for different periods of time (from 12 h to 42 days) on the allosteric inhibition by F- of the rat erythrocyte membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase from rat fed a corn oil diet was studied. The cold exposure decreased the values of the Hill coefficient n from 1.6 to 1.0. When the cold-exposed rat was transferred from the cold environment to 23 degrees C, the values of n reached the control values. The factors that play in the allosteric desensitization phenomenon were characterized as L-triiodothyronine, L-thyroxine, and thyrotropin. The relationship betwen changes in the values of n and physiological concentrations of thyroid hormones and thyrotropin in cold-exposed rat is shown. Thyrotropin showed a facilitatory action on the blocking action of thyroxine on the triiodothyronine effect. The intravenous injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) yields confirmatory results for this regulatory mechanism since the values of n for acetylcholinesterase shifted as predicted.", "contents": "Effect of cold exposure on rat erythrocyte membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase. Role of thyrotropin in the thyroid hormones interplay. The influence of cold exposure at 4 degrees C for different periods of time (from 12 h to 42 days) on the allosteric inhibition by F- of the rat erythrocyte membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase from rat fed a corn oil diet was studied. The cold exposure decreased the values of the Hill coefficient n from 1.6 to 1.0. When the cold-exposed rat was transferred from the cold environment to 23 degrees C, the values of n reached the control values. The factors that play in the allosteric desensitization phenomenon were characterized as L-triiodothyronine, L-thyroxine, and thyrotropin. The relationship betwen changes in the values of n and physiological concentrations of thyroid hormones and thyrotropin in cold-exposed rat is shown. Thyrotropin showed a facilitatory action on the blocking action of thyroxine on the triiodothyronine effect. The intravenous injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) yields confirmatory results for this regulatory mechanism since the values of n for acetylcholinesterase shifted as predicted.", "PMID": 98526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3243", "title": "Dihydrofolate reductase from amethopterin-resistant Lactobacillus casei. Sequences of the cyanogen bromide peptides and complete sequences of the enzyme.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of dihydrofolate reductase from an amethopterin-resistant strain of Lactobacillus casei has been determined by sequence analysis of peptides produced by cleavage with cyanogen bromide, trypsin, staphylococcal protease, and myxobacter protease. Comparison of this sequence with those of reductases from other bacterial sources shows that the enzymes are homologous. The Lactobacillus casei reductase sequences shows a 29% sequence identity with that of the Escherichia coli enzyme and a 34% identity with the sequence of the enzyme from Streptococcus faecium. The NH2-terminal 68 residues of the L. casei reductase show a 54% sequence identity with that of the enzyme from S. faecium.", "contents": "Dihydrofolate reductase from amethopterin-resistant Lactobacillus casei. Sequences of the cyanogen bromide peptides and complete sequences of the enzyme. The complete amino acid sequence of dihydrofolate reductase from an amethopterin-resistant strain of Lactobacillus casei has been determined by sequence analysis of peptides produced by cleavage with cyanogen bromide, trypsin, staphylococcal protease, and myxobacter protease. Comparison of this sequence with those of reductases from other bacterial sources shows that the enzymes are homologous. The Lactobacillus casei reductase sequences shows a 29% sequence identity with that of the Escherichia coli enzyme and a 34% identity with the sequence of the enzyme from Streptococcus faecium. The NH2-terminal 68 residues of the L. casei reductase show a 54% sequence identity with that of the enzyme from S. faecium.", "PMID": 98527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3244", "title": "Formation and function of N-acetyloglucosamine-linked phosphoryl- and pyrophosphorylundecaprenols in membranes from Bacillus cereus.", "content": "Membranes from Bacillus cereus AHU 1356 incorporated radioactivity from UDP-N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine into three alkaline-stable and acid-labile lipids which were extracted into chloroform:methanol (2:1) and separated from each other by thin layer chromatography on silica gel plates. The major labeled lipid (Lipid 1) and a minor one (Lipid 2) were identified as N-actetylglucosaminyl phosphorylundecaprenol from several analytical criteria involving mass spectral data and from reversal of their formation by UDP. These two lipids appear to differ in geometry of their polyprenol moieties. The third labeled lipid (Lipid 3) was identified as N-acetylglucosaminyl pyrophosphorylundecaprenol. Antibiotic 24010, a tunicamycin-like antibiotic, at 1 microgram/ml was found to inhibit almost completely the formation of Lipid 3, whereas it inhibited the formation of Lipid 1 much more weakly and rather enhanced the formation of Lipid 2. Radioactivity was also incorporated into a polymer from UDP-GlcNAc and from Lipid 3. UDP-N-acetylmannosamine, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, and UDP-glucose supported the incorporation. Antibiotic 24010 strongly inhibited the incorporation of radioactivity from UDP-GlcNAc into polymer, whereas it did not affect the incorporation from Lipid 3. Thus, it is concluded that N-acetylglucosaminyl pyrophosphorylundecaprenol serves as a precursor in the synthesis of a polymer presumed as the cell wall polysaccharide of this bacterial strain.", "contents": "Formation and function of N-acetyloglucosamine-linked phosphoryl- and pyrophosphorylundecaprenols in membranes from Bacillus cereus. Membranes from Bacillus cereus AHU 1356 incorporated radioactivity from UDP-N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine into three alkaline-stable and acid-labile lipids which were extracted into chloroform:methanol (2:1) and separated from each other by thin layer chromatography on silica gel plates. The major labeled lipid (Lipid 1) and a minor one (Lipid 2) were identified as N-actetylglucosaminyl phosphorylundecaprenol from several analytical criteria involving mass spectral data and from reversal of their formation by UDP. These two lipids appear to differ in geometry of their polyprenol moieties. The third labeled lipid (Lipid 3) was identified as N-acetylglucosaminyl pyrophosphorylundecaprenol. Antibiotic 24010, a tunicamycin-like antibiotic, at 1 microgram/ml was found to inhibit almost completely the formation of Lipid 3, whereas it inhibited the formation of Lipid 1 much more weakly and rather enhanced the formation of Lipid 2. Radioactivity was also incorporated into a polymer from UDP-GlcNAc and from Lipid 3. UDP-N-acetylmannosamine, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, and UDP-glucose supported the incorporation. Antibiotic 24010 strongly inhibited the incorporation of radioactivity from UDP-GlcNAc into polymer, whereas it did not affect the incorporation from Lipid 3. Thus, it is concluded that N-acetylglucosaminyl pyrophosphorylundecaprenol serves as a precursor in the synthesis of a polymer presumed as the cell wall polysaccharide of this bacterial strain.", "PMID": 98528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3245", "title": "L-asparaginase bound to collagen membranes: effect of glutaraldehyde  crosslinking on stabilization of catalytic activity.", "content": "Reconstituted bovine collagen has been used extensively in our laboratory as a carrier for immobilized E. coli L-asparaginase. The activity and catalytic stability of these collagen-asparaginase membranes can be altered substantially by conditions used in membrane crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. As the concentration of glutaraldehyde used in tanning is increased, the initial specific activity of collagen-asparaginase membranes decreased asymptotically to a limiting value. Similar results occurred when membranes were subjected to increasing time periods of tanning at a constant glutaraldehyde concentration. These observations point to a time-concentration relationship for glutaraldehyde tanning and its effect on the specific activity of collagen-asparaginase membranes. Specific activities of membranes tanned a glutaraldehyde concentrations of 5% or higher appear to be very stable over long periods of alternate storage and assay. This result, however, is not observed with membranes tanned at glutaraldehyde concentrations lower than 5% for short periods of time (approximately 30 sec to 1 min). It is not clear whether the instability of membranes tanned at lower concentrations of glutaraldehyde or shorter intervals of tanning is due to enzyme elution from the membrane or denaturation of the bound enzyme.", "contents": "L-asparaginase bound to collagen membranes: effect of glutaraldehyde  crosslinking on stabilization of catalytic activity. Reconstituted bovine collagen has been used extensively in our laboratory as a carrier for immobilized E. coli L-asparaginase. The activity and catalytic stability of these collagen-asparaginase membranes can be altered substantially by conditions used in membrane crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. As the concentration of glutaraldehyde used in tanning is increased, the initial specific activity of collagen-asparaginase membranes decreased asymptotically to a limiting value. Similar results occurred when membranes were subjected to increasing time periods of tanning at a constant glutaraldehyde concentration. These observations point to a time-concentration relationship for glutaraldehyde tanning and its effect on the specific activity of collagen-asparaginase membranes. Specific activities of membranes tanned a glutaraldehyde concentrations of 5% or higher appear to be very stable over long periods of alternate storage and assay. This result, however, is not observed with membranes tanned at glutaraldehyde concentrations lower than 5% for short periods of time (approximately 30 sec to 1 min). It is not clear whether the instability of membranes tanned at lower concentrations of glutaraldehyde or shorter intervals of tanning is due to enzyme elution from the membrane or denaturation of the bound enzyme.", "PMID": 98529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3246", "title": "Fat macroglobulemia caused by fractures or total hip replacement.", "content": "The numbers of fat macroglobules in peripheral venous blood were recorded for 136 prospectively studied patients with fractures of the pelvis, femur, or tibia. Groups of healthy volunteers and patients undergoing total hip replacement or abdominal surgery served as controls. The highest incidence of fat macroglobulemia occurred in patients with fractures of the femur who also had these clinical signs: petechiae, hypoxia, and depression of the central nervous system. The peak incidence occurred within the first eight hours after fracture. The over-all incidence of fat macroglobulemia in the other surgical patients was roughly equivalent to that in the fracture patients.", "contents": "Fat macroglobulemia caused by fractures or total hip replacement. The numbers of fat macroglobules in peripheral venous blood were recorded for 136 prospectively studied patients with fractures of the pelvis, femur, or tibia. Groups of healthy volunteers and patients undergoing total hip replacement or abdominal surgery served as controls. The highest incidence of fat macroglobulemia occurred in patients with fractures of the femur who also had these clinical signs: petechiae, hypoxia, and depression of the central nervous system. The peak incidence occurred within the first eight hours after fracture. The over-all incidence of fat macroglobulemia in the other surgical patients was roughly equivalent to that in the fracture patients.", "PMID": 98530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3247", "title": "Calcium-binding protein of the chick chorioallantoic membrane. I. Immunohistochemical localization.", "content": "The preparation of a specific antiserum (anti-CaBP) against the calcium-binding protein (CaBP) of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is described. The anti-CaBP appeared to be specific for the CaBP by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Application of the anti-CaBP in immunofluorescence histochemistry revealed that the CaBP is present in the CAM only at developmental ages corresponding with the expression of the calcium transport function of the membrane. Furthermore, the CaBP is localized to the ectoderm of the CAM, appears to be exposed to the entire external surface of the ectoderm, and can be shown to be associated with cells enzymatically dissociated from the CAM. These results are consistent with a functional role of the CaBP in the CAM calcium transport process.", "contents": "Calcium-binding protein of the chick chorioallantoic membrane. I. Immunohistochemical localization. The preparation of a specific antiserum (anti-CaBP) against the calcium-binding protein (CaBP) of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is described. The anti-CaBP appeared to be specific for the CaBP by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Application of the anti-CaBP in immunofluorescence histochemistry revealed that the CaBP is present in the CAM only at developmental ages corresponding with the expression of the calcium transport function of the membrane. Furthermore, the CaBP is localized to the ectoderm of the CAM, appears to be exposed to the entire external surface of the ectoderm, and can be shown to be associated with cells enzymatically dissociated from the CAM. These results are consistent with a functional role of the CaBP in the CAM calcium transport process.", "PMID": 98531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3248", "title": "Surface organization and composition of Euglena. II. Flagellar mastigonemes.", "content": "The surface of the Euglena flagellum is coated with about 30,000 fine filaments of two distinct types. The longer of these nontubular mastigonemes (about 3 micron) appear to be attached to the paraflagellar rod whereas the shorter nontubular mastigonemes (about 1.5 micron) are the centrifugally arranged portions of a larger complex, which consists of an attached unit parallel to and outside of the flagellar membrane. Units are arranged laternally in near registration and longitudinally overlap by one-half of a unit length. Rows of mastigoneme units are firmly attached to the axoneme microtubules or to the paraflagellar rod as evidenced by their persistence after removal of the flagellar membrane with neutral detergents. SDS-acrylamide gels of whole flagella revealed about 30 polypeptides, of which two gave strong positive staining with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) procedure. At least one of these two bands (glycoproteins) has been equated with the surface mastigonemes by parallel analysis of isolated and purified mastigonemes, particularly after phenol extraction. The faster moving glycoprotein has been selectively removed from whole flagella and from the mastigoneme fraction with low concentrations of neutral detergents at neutral or high pH. The larger glycoprotein was found to be polydisperse when electrophoresed through 1% agarose/SDS gels. Thin-layer chromatography of hydrolysates of whole flagella or of isolated mastigonemes has indicated that the major carbohydrate moiety is the pentose sugar, xylose, with possibly a small amount of glucose and an unknown minor component.", "contents": "Surface organization and composition of Euglena. II. Flagellar mastigonemes. The surface of the Euglena flagellum is coated with about 30,000 fine filaments of two distinct types. The longer of these nontubular mastigonemes (about 3 micron) appear to be attached to the paraflagellar rod whereas the shorter nontubular mastigonemes (about 1.5 micron) are the centrifugally arranged portions of a larger complex, which consists of an attached unit parallel to and outside of the flagellar membrane. Units are arranged laternally in near registration and longitudinally overlap by one-half of a unit length. Rows of mastigoneme units are firmly attached to the axoneme microtubules or to the paraflagellar rod as evidenced by their persistence after removal of the flagellar membrane with neutral detergents. SDS-acrylamide gels of whole flagella revealed about 30 polypeptides, of which two gave strong positive staining with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) procedure. At least one of these two bands (glycoproteins) has been equated with the surface mastigonemes by parallel analysis of isolated and purified mastigonemes, particularly after phenol extraction. The faster moving glycoprotein has been selectively removed from whole flagella and from the mastigoneme fraction with low concentrations of neutral detergents at neutral or high pH. The larger glycoprotein was found to be polydisperse when electrophoresed through 1% agarose/SDS gels. Thin-layer chromatography of hydrolysates of whole flagella or of isolated mastigonemes has indicated that the major carbohydrate moiety is the pentose sugar, xylose, with possibly a small amount of glucose and an unknown minor component.", "PMID": 98532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3249", "title": "[Surgery of bimalleolar fractures. Results of a series of 70 cases with a follow up of 3 to 8 years (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyse a series of 70 bimalleolar fractures treated surgically with a follow up of 3 to 8 years. The late functional and radiological result was favourable in 85.7% of cases. They were able to determine from this series a certain number of unfavourable factors on which surgery has a better influence than immobilisation: e.g. fractures with a large displacement, impaction of the roof of the mortar, open fractures. Complications were rare; in 50% they were the result of technical errors avoidable with experience. The indications are noted; the authors consider that certain fracture should be operated straight away, that others should not be operated on, and that finally, an intermediate group should first be treated by immobilisation.", "contents": "[Surgery of bimalleolar fractures. Results of a series of 70 cases with a follow up of 3 to 8 years (author's transl)]. The authors analyse a series of 70 bimalleolar fractures treated surgically with a follow up of 3 to 8 years. The late functional and radiological result was favourable in 85.7% of cases. They were able to determine from this series a certain number of unfavourable factors on which surgery has a better influence than immobilisation: e.g. fractures with a large displacement, impaction of the roof of the mortar, open fractures. Complications were rare; in 50% they were the result of technical errors avoidable with experience. The indications are noted; the authors consider that certain fracture should be operated straight away, that others should not be operated on, and that finally, an intermediate group should first be treated by immobilisation.", "PMID": 98533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3250", "title": "Identification of low chlorinated biphenyls in human milk by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry.", "content": "Trichlorobiphenyl and tetrachlorobiphenyls in human milk were analysed by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry and mass fragmentography using silicone OV-1 and Apiezon L grease as stationary phases. Low-chlorinated biphenyls had been considered to be excreted rapidly from the body, but in this work quantities of tri- and tetrachlorobiphenyls amounting to approximately 30% of the total of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) accumulated in the milk were identified. This result is important in relation to the quantification of PCBs and in studies of the mechanism of biological degradation.", "contents": "Identification of low chlorinated biphenyls in human milk by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Trichlorobiphenyl and tetrachlorobiphenyls in human milk were analysed by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry and mass fragmentography using silicone OV-1 and Apiezon L grease as stationary phases. Low-chlorinated biphenyls had been considered to be excreted rapidly from the body, but in this work quantities of tri- and tetrachlorobiphenyls amounting to approximately 30% of the total of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) accumulated in the milk were identified. This result is important in relation to the quantification of PCBs and in studies of the mechanism of biological degradation.", "PMID": 98535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3251", "title": "Phenylboronic acid as a ligand for biospecific chromatography of serine proteinases.", "content": "Via attachment of p-(omega-aminoethyl)phenylboronic acid to CH-Sepharose in the presence of water-soluble carbodiimide, a new sorbent for the biospecific chromatography of serine proteinases was obtained. The sorbent was shown to be suitable for the purification of subtilisn, alpha-chymotrypsin and trupsin. It is assumed that the serine hydroxyl group at the active site of the enzyme forms, with the boronic acid moiety of the ligand, a structure that imitates transition enzyme--substrage complex. The presence of glycerol selectively improves the binding of serine proteinases, presumably because of stabilization of the tetrahedral state of the boron atom. Direct isolation of subtilisin from a Bacillus subtilis cultural filtrate on phenylboronic acid-containing sorbent gives a virtually homogenous enzyme (42-fold purification) in a nearly-quantitative yield.", "contents": "Phenylboronic acid as a ligand for biospecific chromatography of serine proteinases. Via attachment of p-(omega-aminoethyl)phenylboronic acid to CH-Sepharose in the presence of water-soluble carbodiimide, a new sorbent for the biospecific chromatography of serine proteinases was obtained. The sorbent was shown to be suitable for the purification of subtilisn, alpha-chymotrypsin and trupsin. It is assumed that the serine hydroxyl group at the active site of the enzyme forms, with the boronic acid moiety of the ligand, a structure that imitates transition enzyme--substrage complex. The presence of glycerol selectively improves the binding of serine proteinases, presumably because of stabilization of the tetrahedral state of the boron atom. Direct isolation of subtilisin from a Bacillus subtilis cultural filtrate on phenylboronic acid-containing sorbent gives a virtually homogenous enzyme (42-fold purification) in a nearly-quantitative yield.", "PMID": 98536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3252", "title": "Rats defend different body weights depending on palatability and accessibility of their food.", "content": "Normal adult rats lived on powdered diets adulterated to contain as much as 1.6% quinine sulfate, on a palatable high-fat diet, or in Skinner boxes with 45-mg Noyes pellets available on fixed-ratio (FR) schedules as high as FR 156. They maintained lower body weights over periods of months in proportion to the percentage of quinine adulteration or the fixed ratio. Rats exposed to the high-fat diet overate as much and gained weight as rapidly as rats recovering from food deprivation, and became moderately obese. Rats having become lean or obese contingent on the palatability or accessibility of their diet defended body weight by eating more in the cold, less when force-fed by gavage, and more to restore weight after food deprivation. Yet on chow they restored and defended body weights typical of rats whose diet had been confined to commercially prepared chow. These results are interpreted to be inconsistent with motivational models that rigidly distinguish drive from incentive, that treat body weight changes as evidence for failure to regulate energy balance or body weight, or that rely exclusively on deprivation of food or reduction of body weight for definitions of need for calories. Instead, caloric homeostasis in rats may incorporate ecological constraints.", "contents": "Rats defend different body weights depending on palatability and accessibility of their food. Normal adult rats lived on powdered diets adulterated to contain as much as 1.6% quinine sulfate, on a palatable high-fat diet, or in Skinner boxes with 45-mg Noyes pellets available on fixed-ratio (FR) schedules as high as FR 156. They maintained lower body weights over periods of months in proportion to the percentage of quinine adulteration or the fixed ratio. Rats exposed to the high-fat diet overate as much and gained weight as rapidly as rats recovering from food deprivation, and became moderately obese. Rats having become lean or obese contingent on the palatability or accessibility of their diet defended body weight by eating more in the cold, less when force-fed by gavage, and more to restore weight after food deprivation. Yet on chow they restored and defended body weights typical of rats whose diet had been confined to commercially prepared chow. These results are interpreted to be inconsistent with motivational models that rigidly distinguish drive from incentive, that treat body weight changes as evidence for failure to regulate energy balance or body weight, or that rely exclusively on deprivation of food or reduction of body weight for definitions of need for calories. Instead, caloric homeostasis in rats may incorporate ecological constraints.", "PMID": 98538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3253", "title": "Immunization with dextransucrases, levansucrases, and glycosidic hydrolases from oral streptococci. II. Immunization with glucosyltransferases, fructosyltransferases, and glycosidic hydrolases from oral streptococci in monkeys.", "content": "The feasibility of immunizing monkeys with enzymes from oral streptococci in an attempt to reduce dental caries was investigated. Forty rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta, were used. Cariogenic streptococci, S mutans, were implanted into all the monkeys' mouths. There was no pathological effect resulting from immunization. Of the 40 animals, 30 retained the implanted flora throughout the experiment; the remaining 10 were reimplanted until the streptococci remained. In six months, gross carious lesions were evident with plaque. Inhibitiors present in the monkey sera after immunization inhibited glucosyltransferase, fructosyltransferase, and neuraminidase activities. It was presumed the inhibitors were antibodies. There was a reduction of 68.6% in the total carious lesions in the animals immunized intraorally with glucosyltransferase, 62.4% reduction in those injected with fructosyltransferase, and 57.4% reduction in total lesions in those immunized with glycosidic hydrolases after 19 months, as compared to the control group. There were no gross lesions apparent in the group immunized with glycosidic hydrolases. It appears that immunization with enzymes significantly reduces carries and is feasible in a primate model.", "contents": "Immunization with dextransucrases, levansucrases, and glycosidic hydrolases from oral streptococci. II. Immunization with glucosyltransferases, fructosyltransferases, and glycosidic hydrolases from oral streptococci in monkeys. The feasibility of immunizing monkeys with enzymes from oral streptococci in an attempt to reduce dental caries was investigated. Forty rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta, were used. Cariogenic streptococci, S mutans, were implanted into all the monkeys' mouths. There was no pathological effect resulting from immunization. Of the 40 animals, 30 retained the implanted flora throughout the experiment; the remaining 10 were reimplanted until the streptococci remained. In six months, gross carious lesions were evident with plaque. Inhibitiors present in the monkey sera after immunization inhibited glucosyltransferase, fructosyltransferase, and neuraminidase activities. It was presumed the inhibitors were antibodies. There was a reduction of 68.6% in the total carious lesions in the animals immunized intraorally with glucosyltransferase, 62.4% reduction in those injected with fructosyltransferase, and 57.4% reduction in total lesions in those immunized with glycosidic hydrolases after 19 months, as compared to the control group. There were no gross lesions apparent in the group immunized with glycosidic hydrolases. It appears that immunization with enzymes significantly reduces carries and is feasible in a primate model.", "PMID": 98540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3254", "title": "The bilateral response of the temporal muscle in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) to short-term detachment of the muscle and increased loading of the mandible.", "content": "The electromyographic background activity of the temporal muscle was observed after short-term detachment of the muscle and with increased loads on the mandible. Detachment of the muscle increased its mean spike discharge within the first 24 days but without significant changes in the spectral components. Loading the mandible decreased both the spike discharge and spectral components.", "contents": "The bilateral response of the temporal muscle in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) to short-term detachment of the muscle and increased loading of the mandible. The electromyographic background activity of the temporal muscle was observed after short-term detachment of the muscle and with increased loads on the mandible. Detachment of the muscle increased its mean spike discharge within the first 24 days but without significant changes in the spectral components. Loading the mandible decreased both the spike discharge and spectral components.", "PMID": 98541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3255", "title": "Selective habitation of bacteria on \"intermediate soft\" keratin surfaces of the rat tongue.", "content": "Scanning and light microscopy reveals a selective and restrictive pattern of indigenous bacterial colonization on the tongue of rats which is accounted for by the preferred attachment of bacteria to an \"intermediate soft\" keratin substrate. Total intravenous feeding of rats for 10 days did not alter this colonization pattern indicating that oral intake of food is not responsible for maintenance of this pattern.", "contents": "Selective habitation of bacteria on \"intermediate soft\" keratin surfaces of the rat tongue. Scanning and light microscopy reveals a selective and restrictive pattern of indigenous bacterial colonization on the tongue of rats which is accounted for by the preferred attachment of bacteria to an \"intermediate soft\" keratin substrate. Total intravenous feeding of rats for 10 days did not alter this colonization pattern indicating that oral intake of food is not responsible for maintenance of this pattern.", "PMID": 98542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3256", "title": "8-Hydroxyquinolines with the potential for long-term anticaries activity: design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation.", "content": "8-Hydroxyquinolyl benzoate and 8-hydroxyquinolyl para-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoate have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro as antimicrobial and antiplaque agents. Both compounds inhibited the growth of cultures of the following genera: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Actinomyces, Lactobacillus, Veillonella, and Candida. Minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 0.98 to 62 microgram/ml. Extracted human teeth pretreated with 1% solutions of either compound and rinsed with distilled water exhibited reduced in vitro plaque formation for 48 hours. These results indicate that the in vitro antiplaque activity of 8-hydroxyquinolines can be enhanced by attaching the appropriate side chain in the 8-position.", "contents": "8-Hydroxyquinolines with the potential for long-term anticaries activity: design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation. 8-Hydroxyquinolyl benzoate and 8-hydroxyquinolyl para-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoate have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro as antimicrobial and antiplaque agents. Both compounds inhibited the growth of cultures of the following genera: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Actinomyces, Lactobacillus, Veillonella, and Candida. Minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 0.98 to 62 microgram/ml. Extracted human teeth pretreated with 1% solutions of either compound and rinsed with distilled water exhibited reduced in vitro plaque formation for 48 hours. These results indicate that the in vitro antiplaque activity of 8-hydroxyquinolines can be enhanced by attaching the appropriate side chain in the 8-position.", "PMID": 98543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3257", "title": "Dental instrument sterilization by glass bead conduction of heat.", "content": "Long handle dental instruments were inoculated with oral organisms or with B subtilis and immersed in a glass bead sterilizer at 400 F (204 C). It required from 12 to 14 minutes to sterilize the instruments at that temperature.", "contents": "Dental instrument sterilization by glass bead conduction of heat. Long handle dental instruments were inoculated with oral organisms or with B subtilis and immersed in a glass bead sterilizer at 400 F (204 C). It required from 12 to 14 minutes to sterilize the instruments at that temperature.", "PMID": 98544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3258", "title": "Remodeling of cancellous bone in young monkeys.", "content": "Remodeling of the trabeculae in cancellous bone was studied in young monkeys that received multiple weekly injections of lead acetate as a marker. Resorption of old bone and deposition of new bone were demonstrated. The rate of deposition of new bone varied at different sites of the same trabeculae and also at different time intervals of the same site. The total formation time of new bone to fill the trabecular space was estimated.", "contents": "Remodeling of cancellous bone in young monkeys. Remodeling of the trabeculae in cancellous bone was studied in young monkeys that received multiple weekly injections of lead acetate as a marker. Resorption of old bone and deposition of new bone were demonstrated. The rate of deposition of new bone varied at different sites of the same trabeculae and also at different time intervals of the same site. The total formation time of new bone to fill the trabecular space was estimated.", "PMID": 98545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3259", "title": "The cranial base in fetal Macaca nemestrina: a quantitative analysis of size and shape.", "content": "The applicability of Fourier analysis to quantitate the midsagittal cranial base has been demonstrated utilizing fetal Macaca nemestrina. This methodology accurately measures the irregular form of the endocranial profile, minimizes the effects of size, and maximizes shape differences. This method provides a quantitative dimension to the descriptive analysis of shape change previously observed with a combined histologic and cephalometric analysis.", "contents": "The cranial base in fetal Macaca nemestrina: a quantitative analysis of size and shape. The applicability of Fourier analysis to quantitate the midsagittal cranial base has been demonstrated utilizing fetal Macaca nemestrina. This methodology accurately measures the irregular form of the endocranial profile, minimizes the effects of size, and maximizes shape differences. This method provides a quantitative dimension to the descriptive analysis of shape change previously observed with a combined histologic and cephalometric analysis.", "PMID": 98546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3260", "title": "Dentinoenamel junction area in primary teeth affected by Morquio's syndrome.", "content": "Separation of dentin from enamel in the dentinoenamel junction area was achieved in primary teeth affected by Morquio's syndrome. Enamel and dentin junctional surfaces were examined by means of scanning electron microscope. These two tissues were found to be separated by a layer of amorphous material. Recurrent treatment of the amorphous layer with NaOCl caused its gradual removal, exposing the rod tips on the enamel side and tubules on the dentin side. It is reasonable to suppose from this finding that the amorphous layer is rich in organic matrix. It is suggested that this amorphorus layer is analogous to the enamel-dentin membrane, that in this syndrome is only partially calcified.", "contents": "Dentinoenamel junction area in primary teeth affected by Morquio's syndrome. Separation of dentin from enamel in the dentinoenamel junction area was achieved in primary teeth affected by Morquio's syndrome. Enamel and dentin junctional surfaces were examined by means of scanning electron microscope. These two tissues were found to be separated by a layer of amorphous material. Recurrent treatment of the amorphous layer with NaOCl caused its gradual removal, exposing the rod tips on the enamel side and tubules on the dentin side. It is reasonable to suppose from this finding that the amorphous layer is rich in organic matrix. It is suggested that this amorphorus layer is analogous to the enamel-dentin membrane, that in this syndrome is only partially calcified.", "PMID": 98547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3261", "title": "Randomised controlled trial of early discharge for inguinal hernia and varicose veins.", "content": "A randomised controlled trial has been conducted into the effects of discharging patients from hospital either 48 hours or six to seven days after operations for inguinal hernia and varicose veins. There was no statistically significant difference in major postoperative complications between the two lengths of stay for either of the two conditions. Similarly there was no difference between the two groups of hernia patients in relation to eventual recurrences. There was no significant difference in length of convalescence between long-stay and short-stay patients in full-time occupations. The savings to the statutory services of discharging patients early were estimated at 25.72 pounds per patient. Patients appeared to approve of the type of care they experienced, regardless of length of stay. However, the families of short-stay patients were significantly less enthusiastic in their attitudes towards the policy of early discharge than the families of long-stay patients.", "contents": "Randomised controlled trial of early discharge for inguinal hernia and varicose veins. A randomised controlled trial has been conducted into the effects of discharging patients from hospital either 48 hours or six to seven days after operations for inguinal hernia and varicose veins. There was no statistically significant difference in major postoperative complications between the two lengths of stay for either of the two conditions. Similarly there was no difference between the two groups of hernia patients in relation to eventual recurrences. There was no significant difference in length of convalescence between long-stay and short-stay patients in full-time occupations. The savings to the statutory services of discharging patients early were estimated at 25.72 pounds per patient. Patients appeared to approve of the type of care they experienced, regardless of length of stay. However, the families of short-stay patients were significantly less enthusiastic in their attitudes towards the policy of early discharge than the families of long-stay patients.", "PMID": 98548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3262", "title": "Visual-field displacements in human beings evoked by accoustical transients.", "content": "Sixty-two of 133 subjects reported visual-field displacements when they were exposed to intense (125 dB SPL) repetitive audiofrequency transients. This phenomenon was investigated in three experiments. Frequency (100-5000 Hz) was varied in experiment I; repetition rate (0.5/s--6.0/s) was varied in experiment II; acoustical transient onset/offset time (0.2--25 ms) was examined in experiment III. The results of these three experiments indicated that the largest proportion of displacement reports and the largest perceived motion magnitudes followed stimulation in the 500- to 1000-Hz frequency range at repetition rates of about 1/s. Response differences as a function of onset/offset time were erratic. The pattern of results obtained in this study, in conjunction with the results of previous investigations of acoustical vestibular stimulation, suggests that the visual-field displacments resulted from stimulation of the receptors of the vestibular system. These experiments may account for discrepancies in reports of infrasound-evoked eye movements. Finally, it is suggested that intense sound exposure may damage the vestibular receptors with or without concomitant damage to the auditory portion of the membranous labyrinth.", "contents": "Visual-field displacements in human beings evoked by accoustical transients. Sixty-two of 133 subjects reported visual-field displacements when they were exposed to intense (125 dB SPL) repetitive audiofrequency transients. This phenomenon was investigated in three experiments. Frequency (100-5000 Hz) was varied in experiment I; repetition rate (0.5/s--6.0/s) was varied in experiment II; acoustical transient onset/offset time (0.2--25 ms) was examined in experiment III. The results of these three experiments indicated that the largest proportion of displacement reports and the largest perceived motion magnitudes followed stimulation in the 500- to 1000-Hz frequency range at repetition rates of about 1/s. Response differences as a function of onset/offset time were erratic. The pattern of results obtained in this study, in conjunction with the results of previous investigations of acoustical vestibular stimulation, suggests that the visual-field displacments resulted from stimulation of the receptors of the vestibular system. These experiments may account for discrepancies in reports of infrasound-evoked eye movements. Finally, it is suggested that intense sound exposure may damage the vestibular receptors with or without concomitant damage to the auditory portion of the membranous labyrinth.", "PMID": 98550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3263", "title": "Antigen-induced neutrophil chemotactic activity in man. Correlation with bronchospasm and inhibition by disodium cromoglycate.", "content": "We have previously reported increased neutrophil chemotactic activity in sera obtained after positive antigen inhalation responses in atopic subjects. This report describes the kinetics of appearance of this serum activity and the effects of antigen dose and disodium cromoglycate pretreatment on the response in 10 ragweed-sensitive subjects. Significantly increased chemotactic activity was present as early as 1 min, peaked at 10 min, and persisted through 24 hr after inhalation of antigen. The increased chemotactic activity correlated with the degree of bronchospasm induced by antigen inhalation and the amount of antigen administered. The increased chemotactic activity and bronchospasm were blocked by administration of disodium cromoglycate prior to antigen challenge. These findings are consistent with a postulated antigen-induced anaphylactic release of chemotactic activity. The correlation of this activity with the degree of bronchospasm and its appearance after administration of even small doses of antigen suggest that this activity may be important in antigen-mediated bronchospasm.", "contents": "Antigen-induced neutrophil chemotactic activity in man. Correlation with bronchospasm and inhibition by disodium cromoglycate. We have previously reported increased neutrophil chemotactic activity in sera obtained after positive antigen inhalation responses in atopic subjects. This report describes the kinetics of appearance of this serum activity and the effects of antigen dose and disodium cromoglycate pretreatment on the response in 10 ragweed-sensitive subjects. Significantly increased chemotactic activity was present as early as 1 min, peaked at 10 min, and persisted through 24 hr after inhalation of antigen. The increased chemotactic activity correlated with the degree of bronchospasm induced by antigen inhalation and the amount of antigen administered. The increased chemotactic activity and bronchospasm were blocked by administration of disodium cromoglycate prior to antigen challenge. These findings are consistent with a postulated antigen-induced anaphylactic release of chemotactic activity. The correlation of this activity with the degree of bronchospasm and its appearance after administration of even small doses of antigen suggest that this activity may be important in antigen-mediated bronchospasm.", "PMID": 98551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3264", "title": "Nutritional management of the adult patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Until the last few years, maintenance peritoneal dialysis (PD) often was associated with progressive wasting due to frequent episodes of peritonitis, loss of considerable amounts of protein into the dialysate, and poor nutritional intake. Recently, available techniques have made PD a feasible alternative for the long-term care of the patient with end-stage renal failure. The incidence of peritonitis has been markedly reduced, and protein loss is only 4 to 20 gm. per dialysis treatment. Preliminary studies have shown no differences in the nutritional status of patients undergoing PD or hemodialysis, although both groups have evidenced malnutrition. In the patient undergoing PD, daily intakes of 1.2 to 1.5 gm. protein and 35 kcal per kilogram body weight are recommended. During times of stress, parenteral administration of nutrients may be necessary. Dietary supplements may often be required chronically. Careful studies are needed to difine the nutritional needs of the patient undergoing PD.", "contents": "Nutritional management of the adult patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Until the last few years, maintenance peritoneal dialysis (PD) often was associated with progressive wasting due to frequent episodes of peritonitis, loss of considerable amounts of protein into the dialysate, and poor nutritional intake. Recently, available techniques have made PD a feasible alternative for the long-term care of the patient with end-stage renal failure. The incidence of peritonitis has been markedly reduced, and protein loss is only 4 to 20 gm. per dialysis treatment. Preliminary studies have shown no differences in the nutritional status of patients undergoing PD or hemodialysis, although both groups have evidenced malnutrition. In the patient undergoing PD, daily intakes of 1.2 to 1.5 gm. protein and 35 kcal per kilogram body weight are recommended. During times of stress, parenteral administration of nutrients may be necessary. Dietary supplements may often be required chronically. Careful studies are needed to difine the nutritional needs of the patient undergoing PD.", "PMID": 98552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3265", "title": "Peripheral nerve hamartoma with macrodactyly in the hand: Report of three cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Two patients with hamartomas of the median nerve and one with hamartoma of the ulnar nerve associated with macrodactyly are described. Nineteen similar cases of this association have been found in the literature. There is evidence that these two conditions are part of a localized regional growth disturbance. This type of macrodactyly should be differentiated from neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve hamartoma with macrodactyly in the hand: Report of three cases and review of the literature. Two patients with hamartomas of the median nerve and one with hamartoma of the ulnar nerve associated with macrodactyly are described. Nineteen similar cases of this association have been found in the literature. There is evidence that these two conditions are part of a localized regional growth disturbance. This type of macrodactyly should be differentiated from neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 98554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3266", "title": "An experimental study of the central gustatory pathways in the monkey, Macaca mulatta and Cercopithecus aethiops.", "content": "1. The cortex at the base of the central fissure, that is the fronto-parietal operculum, represents primary sensory receptive cortex for gustatory modalities. 2. This primary receptive cortex for taste is linked to the anterior Island of Reil by short inter- and intracortical association fibers. Thus the anterior island is a gustatory association area involved in the subjective recognition of gustatory modalities. 3. The nucleus ventralis posteromedialis pars parvocellularis of the dorsal thalamus is the thalamic receptive nucleus for gustatory impulses in the macaque. 4. Fibers which originate at rostral glossopharyngeal levels from the dorsal visceral gray terminate in the contralateral mucleus ventralis posteromedialis pars parvocellularis.", "contents": "An experimental study of the central gustatory pathways in the monkey, Macaca mulatta and Cercopithecus aethiops. 1. The cortex at the base of the central fissure, that is the fronto-parietal operculum, represents primary sensory receptive cortex for gustatory modalities. 2. This primary receptive cortex for taste is linked to the anterior Island of Reil by short inter- and intracortical association fibers. Thus the anterior island is a gustatory association area involved in the subjective recognition of gustatory modalities. 3. The nucleus ventralis posteromedialis pars parvocellularis of the dorsal thalamus is the thalamic receptive nucleus for gustatory impulses in the macaque. 4. Fibers which originate at rostral glossopharyngeal levels from the dorsal visceral gray terminate in the contralateral mucleus ventralis posteromedialis pars parvocellularis.", "PMID": 98582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3267", "title": "Bacteria induce lymphokine synthesis polyclonally in human B lymphocytes.", "content": "We have studied the ability of various bacteria to stimulate human lymphocytes to produce leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF). Mononuclear cells from adult and cord blood as well as purified T and B lymphocytes were stimulated with killed bacteria. The culture supernatants were tested for the presence of LIF by the agarose migration method. All nine bacterial strains tested activated unseparated mononuclear cells and B lymphocytes but not T cells to produce LIF. LIF was also present in cord blood cell cultures suggesting that the stimulation of lymphocytes was polyclonal rather than antigenic. Therefore, we propose that one of the physiologic functions of B lymphocyte lymphokines might be to form part of the nonspecific defense mechanisms against microbial invasion.", "contents": "Bacteria induce lymphokine synthesis polyclonally in human B lymphocytes. We have studied the ability of various bacteria to stimulate human lymphocytes to produce leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF). Mononuclear cells from adult and cord blood as well as purified T and B lymphocytes were stimulated with killed bacteria. The culture supernatants were tested for the presence of LIF by the agarose migration method. All nine bacterial strains tested activated unseparated mononuclear cells and B lymphocytes but not T cells to produce LIF. LIF was also present in cord blood cell cultures suggesting that the stimulation of lymphocytes was polyclonal rather than antigenic. Therefore, we propose that one of the physiologic functions of B lymphocyte lymphokines might be to form part of the nonspecific defense mechanisms against microbial invasion.", "PMID": 98583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3268", "title": "Allogeneic restriction of acquired antimicrobial resistance in the rat.", "content": "Allogeneic restriction of acquired antimicrobial resistance was demonstrated by infusing Listeria-immune thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) into syngeneic, semisyngeneic, or allogeneic recipients that had been infected i.v. with Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Syngeneic and semisyngeneic recipients enjoyed a high level of protection (3 to 5 log10 reduction in viable organisms within 64 hr, whereas allogeneic recipients were poorly protected (0.5 to 2.5 log10 reduction). Sharing one haplotype between TDL-donors and challenged recipients resulted in a 4- to 8-fold increase in the level of resistance transferred. Histoincompatibility reactions could be excluded as a cause of the observed allogeneic restriction. Therefore, it is likely that LM-immune TDL are unable to respond efficiently to the antigens of this organism in an allogeneic environment. But allogeneic immune TDL do confer a low level of protection that cannot be ascribed to B cell activity nor to GvH and/or HvG reactions. Evidence is provided that the modest protection afforded by allogeneic lymphocytes is conveyed by the same T cell subset that operates with much higher efficiency in genetically related rats.", "contents": "Allogeneic restriction of acquired antimicrobial resistance in the rat. Allogeneic restriction of acquired antimicrobial resistance was demonstrated by infusing Listeria-immune thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) into syngeneic, semisyngeneic, or allogeneic recipients that had been infected i.v. with Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Syngeneic and semisyngeneic recipients enjoyed a high level of protection (3 to 5 log10 reduction in viable organisms within 64 hr, whereas allogeneic recipients were poorly protected (0.5 to 2.5 log10 reduction). Sharing one haplotype between TDL-donors and challenged recipients resulted in a 4- to 8-fold increase in the level of resistance transferred. Histoincompatibility reactions could be excluded as a cause of the observed allogeneic restriction. Therefore, it is likely that LM-immune TDL are unable to respond efficiently to the antigens of this organism in an allogeneic environment. But allogeneic immune TDL do confer a low level of protection that cannot be ascribed to B cell activity nor to GvH and/or HvG reactions. Evidence is provided that the modest protection afforded by allogeneic lymphocytes is conveyed by the same T cell subset that operates with much higher efficiency in genetically related rats.", "PMID": 98584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3269", "title": "Antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity: an analysis of effector cell-target cell interactions.", "content": "Antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity (ADL) was studied with human peripheral blood lymphocytes as effector cells and P815 mouse mastocytoma cells, sensitized with rabbit IgG antibodies, as target cells. Enzyme-substrate-like kinetics were used to describe ADL inhibition induced by two types of inhibitors. Human IgG, both native and heat-aggregated, proved to be a competitive inhibitor of ADL at the target cell level. Human peripheral blood monocytes inhibited ADL in an apparently irreversible fashion, without appreciable evidence for competition. The data obtained provide strong support for the validity of an enzyme-substrate-like mechanism of ADL. Moreover, our results indicate that in order to measure the lytic capacity properly, cell populations, well defined as to their composition, should be used. In the second part of the study, it was investigated whether the two types of cells capable of lysing sensitized target cells, i.e., null cells and T cells, differed with respect to their affinity for the target cells. Application of enzyme-like kinetics revealed considerable differences in maximal killing rate between the two subsets of K cells. However, the parameter related to the affinity toward the target cells was found to be of the same magnitude for the two types of effector cells.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity: an analysis of effector cell-target cell interactions. Antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity (ADL) was studied with human peripheral blood lymphocytes as effector cells and P815 mouse mastocytoma cells, sensitized with rabbit IgG antibodies, as target cells. Enzyme-substrate-like kinetics were used to describe ADL inhibition induced by two types of inhibitors. Human IgG, both native and heat-aggregated, proved to be a competitive inhibitor of ADL at the target cell level. Human peripheral blood monocytes inhibited ADL in an apparently irreversible fashion, without appreciable evidence for competition. The data obtained provide strong support for the validity of an enzyme-substrate-like mechanism of ADL. Moreover, our results indicate that in order to measure the lytic capacity properly, cell populations, well defined as to their composition, should be used. In the second part of the study, it was investigated whether the two types of cells capable of lysing sensitized target cells, i.e., null cells and T cells, differed with respect to their affinity for the target cells. Application of enzyme-like kinetics revealed considerable differences in maximal killing rate between the two subsets of K cells. However, the parameter related to the affinity toward the target cells was found to be of the same magnitude for the two types of effector cells.", "PMID": 98585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3270", "title": "Evidence that bovine conglutinin reacts with an early product of C3b degradation, and an improved conglutination assay.", "content": "When EAC43b were treated with heated serum in EDTA, reactivity with bovine conglutinin appeared rapidly, even at 0 degrees C, and almost simultaneously with the loss of C3b rosetting capacity. At the time conglutinability first appeared, there was no detectable decrease in I-A or hemolytic C3 activity, and no detectable C3 antigen release from the cells. With prolonged exposure to heated serum in EDTA, I-A (immune adherence) and hemolytic C3 activity were lost. If this exposure was at 37 degrees C, C3 antigen became strongly detectable in the supernatant fluid, and eventually conglutinability was markedly reduced or lost, whereas C3d rosettes were unaffected. We suggest that bovine conglutinin reacts with some early product of C3b degradation, rather than with C3d, and propose that this intermediate be designated C3k. We have developed a semi-quantitative assay for bovine conglutinin, utilizing a Coulter Counter to register the decrease in total particles due to red cell aggregation. By using this method, we have detected conglutination with mouse complement (C) as well as with that from man and the guinea pig.", "contents": "Evidence that bovine conglutinin reacts with an early product of C3b degradation, and an improved conglutination assay. When EAC43b were treated with heated serum in EDTA, reactivity with bovine conglutinin appeared rapidly, even at 0 degrees C, and almost simultaneously with the loss of C3b rosetting capacity. At the time conglutinability first appeared, there was no detectable decrease in I-A or hemolytic C3 activity, and no detectable C3 antigen release from the cells. With prolonged exposure to heated serum in EDTA, I-A (immune adherence) and hemolytic C3 activity were lost. If this exposure was at 37 degrees C, C3 antigen became strongly detectable in the supernatant fluid, and eventually conglutinability was markedly reduced or lost, whereas C3d rosettes were unaffected. We suggest that bovine conglutinin reacts with some early product of C3b degradation, rather than with C3d, and propose that this intermediate be designated C3k. We have developed a semi-quantitative assay for bovine conglutinin, utilizing a Coulter Counter to register the decrease in total particles due to red cell aggregation. By using this method, we have detected conglutination with mouse complement (C) as well as with that from man and the guinea pig.", "PMID": 98586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3271", "title": "Characterization and genetic control of the immune response to synthetic polypeptide antigens of defined geometry.", "content": "Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to the synthetic helical hapten-carrier conjugate poly-Glu-Tyr-Lys(TNP)-(Glu-Tyr-Ala)5 were found to be linked to the major histocompatibility locus in mice and guinea pigs. The responder mouse strains (H-2d haplotype) showed a primary IgM response with an IgG component appearing after the secondary immunization. The antibody response was accompanied by a positive DTH reaction in responder strains. Nonresponder mice (H-2b or H-2k haplotypes) showed neither IgM nor IgG antibodies and the DTH reaction was negative. Administration of the antigen as a complex with an immunogenic carrier was not effective in inducing a response in nonresponder mice. In guinea pig studies, it was found that strain 2 animals were able to mount an antibody response against the TNP-hapten and a DTH response against the polypeptide backbone. Strain 13 animals gave no anti-TNP antibodies at the lower dose levels and DTH activity was entirely negative for all doses of immunizing antigen. Replacement of the TNP hapten by the arsanilazo dipeptide derivative, BOC-gly-ARA-tyrosine, converted the nonresponder strain 13 guinea pigs into complete responders showing antibody and DTH reactions to both the hapten and the polypeptide backbone.", "contents": "Characterization and genetic control of the immune response to synthetic polypeptide antigens of defined geometry. Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to the synthetic helical hapten-carrier conjugate poly-Glu-Tyr-Lys(TNP)-(Glu-Tyr-Ala)5 were found to be linked to the major histocompatibility locus in mice and guinea pigs. The responder mouse strains (H-2d haplotype) showed a primary IgM response with an IgG component appearing after the secondary immunization. The antibody response was accompanied by a positive DTH reaction in responder strains. Nonresponder mice (H-2b or H-2k haplotypes) showed neither IgM nor IgG antibodies and the DTH reaction was negative. Administration of the antigen as a complex with an immunogenic carrier was not effective in inducing a response in nonresponder mice. In guinea pig studies, it was found that strain 2 animals were able to mount an antibody response against the TNP-hapten and a DTH response against the polypeptide backbone. Strain 13 animals gave no anti-TNP antibodies at the lower dose levels and DTH activity was entirely negative for all doses of immunizing antigen. Replacement of the TNP hapten by the arsanilazo dipeptide derivative, BOC-gly-ARA-tyrosine, converted the nonresponder strain 13 guinea pigs into complete responders showing antibody and DTH reactions to both the hapten and the polypeptide backbone.", "PMID": 98587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3272", "title": "Osmometric studies of human immunoglobulin G.", "content": "Osmometric studies of solutions of IgG and its H and L chains were performed in various solvents. It has been found that in aqueous solutions and in guanidinium chloride solutions of low and moderate concentrations IgG molecules are associated which prevents molecular weight determination. On the other hand, in 6 M guanidinium chloride the molecular weight of IgG was determined to be 145,000. Addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate to aqueous solutions of IgG does not prevent association.", "contents": "Osmometric studies of human immunoglobulin G. Osmometric studies of solutions of IgG and its H and L chains were performed in various solvents. It has been found that in aqueous solutions and in guanidinium chloride solutions of low and moderate concentrations IgG molecules are associated which prevents molecular weight determination. On the other hand, in 6 M guanidinium chloride the molecular weight of IgG was determined to be 145,000. Addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate to aqueous solutions of IgG does not prevent association.", "PMID": 98588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3273", "title": "The use of iodinated antibody in immunodiffusion analysis to detect yeast nonsense termination fragments.", "content": "A sensitive procedure based  on the use of iodinated antibody allows the detection of antigenic material by double-diffusion analysis. An autoradiographed immunodiffusion pattern reveals distinct radio-labeled precipitation lines for an extract of yeast with wild type HIS4 protein and for extracts of mutants containing HIS4 nonsense fragments.", "contents": "The use of iodinated antibody in immunodiffusion analysis to detect yeast nonsense termination fragments. A sensitive procedure based  on the use of iodinated antibody allows the detection of antigenic material by double-diffusion analysis. An autoradiographed immunodiffusion pattern reveals distinct radio-labeled precipitation lines for an extract of yeast with wild type HIS4 protein and for extracts of mutants containing HIS4 nonsense fragments.", "PMID": 98590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3274", "title": "Listeria monocytogenes infection in neonates: Investigation of an epidemic.", "content": "From March 10 through October 29, 1975, Listeria monocytogenes infection occurred in seven neonates born at a 401-bed general hospital in Greenville, S.C. In the preceding 19 months, there had been only one case. Six of the seven isolates from the infected infants were of serotype JB. Risk of listeriosis in neonates was associated with being born to mothers of low socioeconomic status and being born to mothers who had had vaginitis during pregnancy. Nosocomial transmission of L. monocytogenes appeared unlikely, but the source of the infection is unknown. Of the media used in this study for isolation of L. monocytogenes from mixed cultures, McBride's agar and McBride's agar with nalidixic acid were most useful.", "contents": "Listeria monocytogenes infection in neonates: Investigation of an epidemic. From March 10 through October 29, 1975, Listeria monocytogenes infection occurred in seven neonates born at a 401-bed general hospital in Greenville, S.C. In the preceding 19 months, there had been only one case. Six of the seven isolates from the infected infants were of serotype JB. Risk of listeriosis in neonates was associated with being born to mothers of low socioeconomic status and being born to mothers who had had vaginitis during pregnancy. Nosocomial transmission of L. monocytogenes appeared unlikely, but the source of the infection is unknown. Of the media used in this study for isolation of L. monocytogenes from mixed cultures, McBride's agar and McBride's agar with nalidixic acid were most useful.", "PMID": 98594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3275", "title": "Alterations of body fluid compartments and distribution of tissue water and electrolytes in rhesus monkeys with rocky mountain spotted fever.", "content": "Chair-restrained rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were inoculated subcutaneously with 10(2)--10(3) plaque-forming units of virulent Rickettsia rickettsii. The latent period for fever and rickettsemia was three to four days; death occurred six to eight days after infection. Total circulatory electrolyte levels and fluid volumes, including plasma, red blood cell, true circulatory blood, and extracellular fluid, increased. The expansion of the extracellular and plasma volumes resembled findings reported during severe Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Total water content of the liver also increased. Intracellular concentrations of K+, as well as total Na+ and K+, decreased in the diaphragm. Both the lung and medulla oblongata showed increased levels of intracellular Na+ and water with simultaneously decreased levels of extracellular Na+ and water. Such an intracellular overhydration of the medulla oblongata could contribute to death as a result of depression of the cardiovascular and respiratory centers. On the basis of the findings in monkeys, the intravenous infusion of fluids and electrolytes during clinical therapy of severe rickettsial infections should be considered extremely dangerous.", "contents": "Alterations of body fluid compartments and distribution of tissue water and electrolytes in rhesus monkeys with rocky mountain spotted fever. Chair-restrained rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were inoculated subcutaneously with 10(2)--10(3) plaque-forming units of virulent Rickettsia rickettsii. The latent period for fever and rickettsemia was three to four days; death occurred six to eight days after infection. Total circulatory electrolyte levels and fluid volumes, including plasma, red blood cell, true circulatory blood, and extracellular fluid, increased. The expansion of the extracellular and plasma volumes resembled findings reported during severe Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Total water content of the liver also increased. Intracellular concentrations of K+, as well as total Na+ and K+, decreased in the diaphragm. Both the lung and medulla oblongata showed increased levels of intracellular Na+ and water with simultaneously decreased levels of extracellular Na+ and water. Such an intracellular overhydration of the medulla oblongata could contribute to death as a result of depression of the cardiovascular and respiratory centers. On the basis of the findings in monkeys, the intravenous infusion of fluids and electrolytes during clinical therapy of severe rickettsial infections should be considered extremely dangerous.", "PMID": 98595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3276", "title": "Antibodies to proteases and exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis: Demonstration by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Sera from 33 patients with cystic fibrosis and two pediatric patients being treated for chronic pulmonary infections not related to cystic fibrosis and six sera or serum pools from uninfected individuals were tested with a microtiter radioimmunoassay for reactivity against exotoxin A and two proteases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Exotoxin A was purified from a low-protease strain of P. aeruginosa and shown to have adenosine diphosphate-ribose transferase activity and mouse lethality. Proteases were purified from an isolate of P. aeruginosa from a patient with cystic fibrosis and had proteolytic activity against elastin and collagen in an assay employing dimethylated protein substrates. The antibody responses of the patients detected using 125I-labeled antibody to human immunoglobulin were correlated with clinical evaluations expressed as a composite score based on pulmonary findings, case histories, growth and nutrition, and chest X rays. Values in the radioimmunoassay for patients' sera were compared with those of a control serum pool and expressed as the ratio of counts per minute (cpm) in patient serum to the cpm in the control pool. Inverse correlations were found between these ratios for each of the pseudomonas exoproducts and clinical scores; highest ratios occurred in patients showing the lowest clinical scores. These results confirm that proteases and exotoxin A of P. aeruginosa are produced in cystic fibrosis pulmonary infections due to P. aeruginosa and suggest that they may serve as significant virulence factors in these chronic infectious states.", "contents": "Antibodies to proteases and exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis: Demonstration by radioimmunoassay. Sera from 33 patients with cystic fibrosis and two pediatric patients being treated for chronic pulmonary infections not related to cystic fibrosis and six sera or serum pools from uninfected individuals were tested with a microtiter radioimmunoassay for reactivity against exotoxin A and two proteases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Exotoxin A was purified from a low-protease strain of P. aeruginosa and shown to have adenosine diphosphate-ribose transferase activity and mouse lethality. Proteases were purified from an isolate of P. aeruginosa from a patient with cystic fibrosis and had proteolytic activity against elastin and collagen in an assay employing dimethylated protein substrates. The antibody responses of the patients detected using 125I-labeled antibody to human immunoglobulin were correlated with clinical evaluations expressed as a composite score based on pulmonary findings, case histories, growth and nutrition, and chest X rays. Values in the radioimmunoassay for patients' sera were compared with those of a control serum pool and expressed as the ratio of counts per minute (cpm) in patient serum to the cpm in the control pool. Inverse correlations were found between these ratios for each of the pseudomonas exoproducts and clinical scores; highest ratios occurred in patients showing the lowest clinical scores. These results confirm that proteases and exotoxin A of P. aeruginosa are produced in cystic fibrosis pulmonary infections due to P. aeruginosa and suggest that they may serve as significant virulence factors in these chronic infectious states.", "PMID": 98596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3277", "title": "Quantitative determination of the serum antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis subspecies fragilis in women with pelvic inflammatory disease.", "content": "The antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis subspecies fragilis in women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease was quantitated using a sensitive radioactive antigen-binding assay. Antibody detected by this technique correlated highly with antibody measured by quantitative precipitin analysis (r = 0.99). Paired acute- and convalescent-phase sera obtained from women from whom B. fragilis subspecies fragilis was isolated by culdocentesis showed significantly greater changes in antibody concentration than corresponding sera obtained from women with gonococcal or nongonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease when B. fragilis subspecies fragilis was not isolated from the cul-de-sac. These data indicate that the steady state of immunity to this capsular antigen is perturbed in patients with acute nongonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease from whom this organism can be cultured. This finding may indicate that B. fragilis can play a significant role in acute pelvic inflammatory disease and can be involved early in the infectious process.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of the serum antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis subspecies fragilis in women with pelvic inflammatory disease. The antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis subspecies fragilis in women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease was quantitated using a sensitive radioactive antigen-binding assay. Antibody detected by this technique correlated highly with antibody measured by quantitative precipitin analysis (r = 0.99). Paired acute- and convalescent-phase sera obtained from women from whom B. fragilis subspecies fragilis was isolated by culdocentesis showed significantly greater changes in antibody concentration than corresponding sera obtained from women with gonococcal or nongonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease when B. fragilis subspecies fragilis was not isolated from the cul-de-sac. These data indicate that the steady state of immunity to this capsular antigen is perturbed in patients with acute nongonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease from whom this organism can be cultured. This finding may indicate that B. fragilis can play a significant role in acute pelvic inflammatory disease and can be involved early in the infectious process.", "PMID": 98597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3278", "title": "Antibacterial functions of macrophages in experimental protein-calorie malnutrition. I. Description of the model, morphologic observations, and macrophage surface IgG receptors.", "content": "An experimental protein-calorie malnutrition was produced in weanling Sprague-Dawley rats. The model resembles human malnutrition with respect to weight loss, inanition, angular stomatitis, anemia, lymphopenia, hypoproteinemia with hypoalbuminemia, and marked thymic involution. In addition, systemic invasion by gram-negative rods was documented. However, no edema was produced, and animals did not survive for longer than six weeks on the protein-deficient diet. One percent glycogen was found to be a satisfactory nonprotein stimulus for induction of a peritoneal exudate consisting primarily of young macrophages. Electron microscopy showed that morphologic events of phagocytosis and degranulation proceeded normally in macrophages from protein-deficient animals. In addition, cell surface receptors for IgG were preserved under these experimental conditions. These data indicate that weanling rats may be employed as a small animal model for servere, fulminant protein-calorie malnutrition in humans.", "contents": "Antibacterial functions of macrophages in experimental protein-calorie malnutrition. I. Description of the model, morphologic observations, and macrophage surface IgG receptors. An experimental protein-calorie malnutrition was produced in weanling Sprague-Dawley rats. The model resembles human malnutrition with respect to weight loss, inanition, angular stomatitis, anemia, lymphopenia, hypoproteinemia with hypoalbuminemia, and marked thymic involution. In addition, systemic invasion by gram-negative rods was documented. However, no edema was produced, and animals did not survive for longer than six weeks on the protein-deficient diet. One percent glycogen was found to be a satisfactory nonprotein stimulus for induction of a peritoneal exudate consisting primarily of young macrophages. Electron microscopy showed that morphologic events of phagocytosis and degranulation proceeded normally in macrophages from protein-deficient animals. In addition, cell surface receptors for IgG were preserved under these experimental conditions. These data indicate that weanling rats may be employed as a small animal model for servere, fulminant protein-calorie malnutrition in humans.", "PMID": 98598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3279", "title": "Antibacterial functions of macrophages in experimental protein-calorie malnutrition. II. Cellular and humoral factors for chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and intracellular bactericidal activity.", "content": "Cellular and humoral aspects of the antibacterial activity of macrophages during experimental protein-calorie malnutrition were studied. There were no defects in chemotaxis or bactericidal activity of cells from protein-deficient animals, although phagocytosis-associated oxygen consumption and hexose monophosphate shunt activity were depressed. However, marked impairment of humoral chemotactic factors generated in the peritoneal cavity by glycogen injection and of heatlabile serum opsonins for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella enteritidis was found. The studies suggested that some macrophage antibacterial functions measured in vitro are not altered in experimental acute protein-calorie malnutrition, but that serum factors, presumably complement-derived, would limit their in vivo function. Thymic involution and lymphocyte depletion would further impair in vivo cellular immune reactions affected by macrophages. This model may therefore prove useful for the study of specific aspects of cellular immunity in malnourished hosts and of specific rehabilitation strategies.", "contents": "Antibacterial functions of macrophages in experimental protein-calorie malnutrition. II. Cellular and humoral factors for chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and intracellular bactericidal activity. Cellular and humoral aspects of the antibacterial activity of macrophages during experimental protein-calorie malnutrition were studied. There were no defects in chemotaxis or bactericidal activity of cells from protein-deficient animals, although phagocytosis-associated oxygen consumption and hexose monophosphate shunt activity were depressed. However, marked impairment of humoral chemotactic factors generated in the peritoneal cavity by glycogen injection and of heatlabile serum opsonins for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella enteritidis was found. The studies suggested that some macrophage antibacterial functions measured in vitro are not altered in experimental acute protein-calorie malnutrition, but that serum factors, presumably complement-derived, would limit their in vivo function. Thymic involution and lymphocyte depletion would further impair in vivo cellular immune reactions affected by macrophages. This model may therefore prove useful for the study of specific aspects of cellular immunity in malnourished hosts and of specific rehabilitation strategies.", "PMID": 98599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3280", "title": "Phenotypic and epidemiologic correlates of auxotype in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Previous studies from Seattle, Wash., suggested that strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae which require arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil (Arg-Hyx-Ura- auxotype) are unifomly highly susceptible to penicillin G, are relatively resistant to complement-dependent killing by heated, pooled human serum, and are associated with disseminated gonococcal infection. For further study of the epidemiology of these strains and for analysis of the susceptibility to penicillin, serum sensitivity, and the nutritional requirements of gonococcal isolates from other cities, a survey was made of urethral and cervical strains isolated in 1972--1974 from 50 randomly selected pateit-s with uncomplicated gonorrhea from each of nine cities. Arg-Hyx-Ura-strains represented greater than 50% of isolates from Seattle and Des Moines, Iowa, 22% of isolates from Denver, Colo., and Dayton, Ohio, and less than or equal to 12% of the isolates from Boston, Mass., Newark, N.J., Norfork, Va., Miami, Fla., and Oakland, Calif. Arg-Hyx-Ura- strains were recovered from 42% of white and 9% of black patients (P less than 0.001), and clincis with the highest incidences of these strains had the highest proportion of white patients among those with gonorrhea. Arg-Hyx-Ura- strains were all susceptible to less than or equal to 0.125 microgram of penicillin G/ml and were more resistant than strains with other auxotypes to killing by heat-inactivated human serum plus complement (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Phenotypic and epidemiologic correlates of auxotype in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Previous studies from Seattle, Wash., suggested that strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae which require arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil (Arg-Hyx-Ura- auxotype) are unifomly highly susceptible to penicillin G, are relatively resistant to complement-dependent killing by heated, pooled human serum, and are associated with disseminated gonococcal infection. For further study of the epidemiology of these strains and for analysis of the susceptibility to penicillin, serum sensitivity, and the nutritional requirements of gonococcal isolates from other cities, a survey was made of urethral and cervical strains isolated in 1972--1974 from 50 randomly selected pateit-s with uncomplicated gonorrhea from each of nine cities. Arg-Hyx-Ura-strains represented greater than 50% of isolates from Seattle and Des Moines, Iowa, 22% of isolates from Denver, Colo., and Dayton, Ohio, and less than or equal to 12% of the isolates from Boston, Mass., Newark, N.J., Norfork, Va., Miami, Fla., and Oakland, Calif. Arg-Hyx-Ura- strains were recovered from 42% of white and 9% of black patients (P less than 0.001), and clincis with the highest incidences of these strains had the highest proportion of white patients among those with gonorrhea. Arg-Hyx-Ura- strains were all susceptible to less than or equal to 0.125 microgram of penicillin G/ml and were more resistant than strains with other auxotypes to killing by heat-inactivated human serum plus complement (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 98600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3281", "title": "Host-parasite relationships in experimental airborne tuberculosis. VII. Fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in primary lung lesions and in primary lesion-free lung tissue infected as a result of bacillemia.", "content": "Evidence suggests that in humans tuberculous disease usually arises at apical or subapical sites in the lungs seeded as a consequence of an early bacillemic phase of the infection. This study examined the fate of bacilli transported via the bloodstream to metastatic sites in the lungs of guinea pigs after aerosol infection with approximately two viable virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The results revealed that, even after logarithmic-phase multiplication of bacilli in primary lesions had been terminated, bacilli seeded via the bloodstream to metastatic sites in the lung were able to multiply. These observations, made in an animal model that mimics the conditions under which tuberculosis develops in human subjects, challenge the relevance of systemic macrophage activation in experimental airborne tuberculosis in guinea pigs.", "contents": "Host-parasite relationships in experimental airborne tuberculosis. VII. Fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in primary lung lesions and in primary lesion-free lung tissue infected as a result of bacillemia. Evidence suggests that in humans tuberculous disease usually arises at apical or subapical sites in the lungs seeded as a consequence of an early bacillemic phase of the infection. This study examined the fate of bacilli transported via the bloodstream to metastatic sites in the lungs of guinea pigs after aerosol infection with approximately two viable virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The results revealed that, even after logarithmic-phase multiplication of bacilli in primary lesions had been terminated, bacilli seeded via the bloodstream to metastatic sites in the lung were able to multiply. These observations, made in an animal model that mimics the conditions under which tuberculosis develops in human subjects, challenge the relevance of systemic macrophage activation in experimental airborne tuberculosis in guinea pigs.", "PMID": 98601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3282", "title": "Serum bactericidal action and activation of the classic and alternate complement pathways by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "In order to more fully understand the host defense mechanisms against gonococcal infections, we decided to define the role of the classic and alternate complement pathways in gonococcal BA. Sera and infecting isolates were collected from several patients with genital and disseminated gonococcal infections. Sera from two never-infected subjects and a hypogammaglobulinemic patient were also collected. Sera from patients with genital gonorrhea and never-infected controls demonstrated marked BA for gonococci after 30 min incubation. Chelation of these sera with MgEGTA delayed the expression of BA. Consumption of C3, but not C4, was observed in chelated samples. BA could not be demonstrated in any of the sera from DGI patients or the patient with hypogammaglobulinemia. Aliquots of fresh and chelated hypogammaglobulinemic serum to which IgM or IgG antigonococcal antibodies were added showed marked BA by 30 and 60 min, respectively. Absorption of chelated serum with a serum-sensitive isolate eliminated the previously observed delayed BA. The findings suggest that gonococcal serum BA is primarily associated with activation of the classic complement pathway. Activation of the alternate pathway also occurs; however, its expression is delayed and appears to be antibody-dependent.", "contents": "Serum bactericidal action and activation of the classic and alternate complement pathways by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In order to more fully understand the host defense mechanisms against gonococcal infections, we decided to define the role of the classic and alternate complement pathways in gonococcal BA. Sera and infecting isolates were collected from several patients with genital and disseminated gonococcal infections. Sera from two never-infected subjects and a hypogammaglobulinemic patient were also collected. Sera from patients with genital gonorrhea and never-infected controls demonstrated marked BA for gonococci after 30 min incubation. Chelation of these sera with MgEGTA delayed the expression of BA. Consumption of C3, but not C4, was observed in chelated samples. BA could not be demonstrated in any of the sera from DGI patients or the patient with hypogammaglobulinemia. Aliquots of fresh and chelated hypogammaglobulinemic serum to which IgM or IgG antigonococcal antibodies were added showed marked BA by 30 and 60 min, respectively. Absorption of chelated serum with a serum-sensitive isolate eliminated the previously observed delayed BA. The findings suggest that gonococcal serum BA is primarily associated with activation of the classic complement pathway. Activation of the alternate pathway also occurs; however, its expression is delayed and appears to be antibody-dependent.", "PMID": 98602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3283", "title": "Model for disseminated intravascular coagulation: bacterial sepsis in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "DIC is a hemorrhagic syndrome frequently encountered as a complication in severe gram-negative bacterial sepsis. An animal model for sepsis-associated DIC was developed in order to permit study of the appearance and development of this syndrome in relation to the entire disease process. Rhesus monkeys (4 to 6 kg) were infected by intravenous injection of 10(9) Salmonella typhimurium organisms and studied for a period of 7 to 10 days following infection. Ten of 23 infected monkeys developed petechial rash characteristic of DIC, which appeared on days 1 to 2 infection and lasted 4 to 5 days. In the group of monkeys developing rash, activation of coagulation was suggested by an 80% decrease in platelet count and 20% to 30% increases in PT and APTT. Fibrinolytic system activation was indicated by the appearance of FDP. Kinin system activation was evidenced by decreases in both prekallikrein nad kininogen. Changes in laboratory tests suggestive of subclinical DIC were also noted in infected monkeys which did not develop a rash. Pathologic evidence of DIC was obtained through observation of numerous fibrin thrombi in the kidneys of the only monkey which died in the course of infection. Occurrence of DIC in association with this experimental infection in rhesus monkeys was established on the basis of clinical, laboratory, and pathologic criteria. Expression of the syndrome on days 1 to 2 following infection correlated with the period of increasing bacteremia.", "contents": "Model for disseminated intravascular coagulation: bacterial sepsis in rhesus monkeys. DIC is a hemorrhagic syndrome frequently encountered as a complication in severe gram-negative bacterial sepsis. An animal model for sepsis-associated DIC was developed in order to permit study of the appearance and development of this syndrome in relation to the entire disease process. Rhesus monkeys (4 to 6 kg) were infected by intravenous injection of 10(9) Salmonella typhimurium organisms and studied for a period of 7 to 10 days following infection. Ten of 23 infected monkeys developed petechial rash characteristic of DIC, which appeared on days 1 to 2 infection and lasted 4 to 5 days. In the group of monkeys developing rash, activation of coagulation was suggested by an 80% decrease in platelet count and 20% to 30% increases in PT and APTT. Fibrinolytic system activation was indicated by the appearance of FDP. Kinin system activation was evidenced by decreases in both prekallikrein nad kininogen. Changes in laboratory tests suggestive of subclinical DIC were also noted in infected monkeys which did not develop a rash. Pathologic evidence of DIC was obtained through observation of numerous fibrin thrombi in the kidneys of the only monkey which died in the course of infection. Occurrence of DIC in association with this experimental infection in rhesus monkeys was established on the basis of clinical, laboratory, and pathologic criteria. Expression of the syndrome on days 1 to 2 following infection correlated with the period of increasing bacteremia.", "PMID": 98603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3284", "title": "Aerosolized antigen dose-response studies in asthmatic monkeys.", "content": "This study used rhesus monkeys which had consistent respiratory responses to a standard (single dose) aerosolized concentration of A. Beginning at lower concentrations of A which did not produce an airway response, fourfold increases in concentrations of A were aerosolized until an airway response occurred. Compared with the single-dose SAC after the TAC, some consistently reactive animals did not respond to the SAC, the maximal concentration of A used for testing. Thus the TAC may result in an acute form of airway desensitization. Animals vary in the threshold concentrations of A required to produce an airway response. A repeat challenge with the threshold antigen concentration during the same experiment resulted in a second response generally greater than the initial response at the same concentration. When the SAC system was similarly evaluated by repeat challenges with the same A concentration, the second response was generally less than the first. Different methods for evaluation of pharmacologic inhibitors of IgE-mediated airway responses may be developed from this rhesus model of asthma.", "contents": "Aerosolized antigen dose-response studies in asthmatic monkeys. This study used rhesus monkeys which had consistent respiratory responses to a standard (single dose) aerosolized concentration of A. Beginning at lower concentrations of A which did not produce an airway response, fourfold increases in concentrations of A were aerosolized until an airway response occurred. Compared with the single-dose SAC after the TAC, some consistently reactive animals did not respond to the SAC, the maximal concentration of A used for testing. Thus the TAC may result in an acute form of airway desensitization. Animals vary in the threshold concentrations of A required to produce an airway response. A repeat challenge with the threshold antigen concentration during the same experiment resulted in a second response generally greater than the initial response at the same concentration. When the SAC system was similarly evaluated by repeat challenges with the same A concentration, the second response was generally less than the first. Different methods for evaluation of pharmacologic inhibitors of IgE-mediated airway responses may be developed from this rhesus model of asthma.", "PMID": 98604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3285", "title": "Purification and some properties of ovine placental lactogen.", "content": "A method has been described for the purification of ovine placental lactogen (oPL) involving the use of freshly obtained sheep foetal cotyledons. Tissue was extracted with 0.1 M-ammonium bicarbonate and the supernatant fraction, adjusted to pH 7, was brought to 60% saturation with ammonium sulphate. The resulting precipitate was then subjected to a sequence of chromatographic steps using columns of Sephadex G-100 and carboxymethylecellulose. During each stage of the purification, the lactogenic activity was monitored with a pregnant rabbit mammary gland radioreceptor assay. The yield of oPL corresponded to 8 mg/kg wet foetal tissue and the oPL possessed lactogenic activity equivalent to 1 mg ovine prolactin/mg protein and GH-like activity equivalent to 0.8 mg human GH/mg protein. The biological activity of oPL was confirmed using a rabbit intraductal mammary gland assay in vivo. After polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9, oPL was resolved into one major band (isoelectric point 8.2--8.4) and four minor components, which were thought to be deamidation products of oPL. Microimmunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion studies confirmed that the preparation of oPL was free from serum protein contaminants.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of ovine placental lactogen. A method has been described for the purification of ovine placental lactogen (oPL) involving the use of freshly obtained sheep foetal cotyledons. Tissue was extracted with 0.1 M-ammonium bicarbonate and the supernatant fraction, adjusted to pH 7, was brought to 60% saturation with ammonium sulphate. The resulting precipitate was then subjected to a sequence of chromatographic steps using columns of Sephadex G-100 and carboxymethylecellulose. During each stage of the purification, the lactogenic activity was monitored with a pregnant rabbit mammary gland radioreceptor assay. The yield of oPL corresponded to 8 mg/kg wet foetal tissue and the oPL possessed lactogenic activity equivalent to 1 mg ovine prolactin/mg protein and GH-like activity equivalent to 0.8 mg human GH/mg protein. The biological activity of oPL was confirmed using a rabbit intraductal mammary gland assay in vivo. After polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9, oPL was resolved into one major band (isoelectric point 8.2--8.4) and four minor components, which were thought to be deamidation products of oPL. Microimmunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion studies confirmed that the preparation of oPL was free from serum protein contaminants.", "PMID": 98606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3286", "title": "The control of responding by auditory stimuli: interactions between different dimensions of the stimuli.", "content": "Sounds have position in addition to other dimensions, such as intensity and frequency. Position rapidly gains control of spatially contiguous responses and this may interfere with control of responding by other acoustic dimensions. These experiments investigated interference of a tone-noise discrimination by the discrimination of acoustic position. Squirrel monkeys were studied when responding was differentially reinforced in the presence of both spectral content (tone-noise) and positional differences between the stimuli, and when responding was differentially reinforced only in the presence of spectral differences. Under the first condition, responding rapidly came under the control of the position of the noise in the two monkeys tested. The position of the tone controlled responding in one monkey; in the second monkey, responding came under the control of the spectral content of the tone. Under the second condition, responding was initially under the control of the noise in all three monkeys tested. This persisted for the duration of the condition for two of the monkeys; in one monkey, responding came under the control of the spectral content of the noise. Under the second condition, responding was also initially under the control of the position of the tone for all monkeys, but control by spectral content of the tone relatively rapidly developed in two of three monkeys.", "contents": "The control of responding by auditory stimuli: interactions between different dimensions of the stimuli. Sounds have position in addition to other dimensions, such as intensity and frequency. Position rapidly gains control of spatially contiguous responses and this may interfere with control of responding by other acoustic dimensions. These experiments investigated interference of a tone-noise discrimination by the discrimination of acoustic position. Squirrel monkeys were studied when responding was differentially reinforced in the presence of both spectral content (tone-noise) and positional differences between the stimuli, and when responding was differentially reinforced only in the presence of spectral differences. Under the first condition, responding rapidly came under the control of the position of the noise in the two monkeys tested. The position of the tone controlled responding in one monkey; in the second monkey, responding came under the control of the spectral content of the tone. Under the second condition, responding was initially under the control of the noise in all three monkeys tested. This persisted for the duration of the condition for two of the monkeys; in one monkey, responding came under the control of the spectral content of the noise. Under the second condition, responding was also initially under the control of the position of the tone for all monkeys, but control by spectral content of the tone relatively rapidly developed in two of three monkeys.", "PMID": 98609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3287", "title": "The role of H-2-linked genes in helper T-cell function. III. Expression of immune response genes for trinitrophenyl conjugates of poly-L(Tyr, Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala--poly-L-Lys in B cells and macrophages.", "content": "Using lymph node T cells from poly-L(Tyr,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala--poly-L-Lys[(TG)-A--L]-primed animals and B cells from animals primed with trinitrophenylated (TNP) protein or lipopolysaccharide, we have obtained anti-TNP-(TG)-A--L direct plaque-forming responses in vitro. Response to this antigen was shown to be controlled by the H-2 haplotype of the animal studied. The strain distribution of in vitro response was very similar to that previously reported by others for in vivo secondary IgG responses to (TG)-A--L. We investigated the cell types expressing the Ir gene(s) for (TG)-A--L in our cultures. F1, high responder x low responder mice were primed with (TG)-A--L. Their T cells were active in stimulating anti-TNP-(TG)-A--L responses of high responder but not low responder B cells and macrophages (MPHI), even though both preparations of B cells and Mphi were obtained from mice congenic at H-2 with one of the parents of the F1. For three low responder strains tested, of the H-2h2, H-2k, and H-2f haplotypes, the anti-TNP-(TG)-A--L response of low responder B cells and Mphis in the presence of high responder, F1 T cells could not be improved by the addition of high responder, antigen-bearing Mphis to the cultures. In one strain of the H-2a haplotype, it was shown that neither the B cells nor Mphis could be functional in anti-TNP-(TG)-A--L responses. Our results therefore suggested the Ir genes for anti-TNP-(TG)-A--L responses were expressed at least in B cells in all the low responder strains we studied, and, in mice of the H-2a haplotype, in Mphis too.", "contents": "The role of H-2-linked genes in helper T-cell function. III. Expression of immune response genes for trinitrophenyl conjugates of poly-L(Tyr, Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala--poly-L-Lys in B cells and macrophages. Using lymph node T cells from poly-L(Tyr,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala--poly-L-Lys[(TG)-A--L]-primed animals and B cells from animals primed with trinitrophenylated (TNP) protein or lipopolysaccharide, we have obtained anti-TNP-(TG)-A--L direct plaque-forming responses in vitro. Response to this antigen was shown to be controlled by the H-2 haplotype of the animal studied. The strain distribution of in vitro response was very similar to that previously reported by others for in vivo secondary IgG responses to (TG)-A--L. We investigated the cell types expressing the Ir gene(s) for (TG)-A--L in our cultures. F1, high responder x low responder mice were primed with (TG)-A--L. Their T cells were active in stimulating anti-TNP-(TG)-A--L responses of high responder but not low responder B cells and macrophages (MPHI), even though both preparations of B cells and Mphi were obtained from mice congenic at H-2 with one of the parents of the F1. For three low responder strains tested, of the H-2h2, H-2k, and H-2f haplotypes, the anti-TNP-(TG)-A--L response of low responder B cells and Mphis in the presence of high responder, F1 T cells could not be improved by the addition of high responder, antigen-bearing Mphis to the cultures. In one strain of the H-2a haplotype, it was shown that neither the B cells nor Mphis could be functional in anti-TNP-(TG)-A--L responses. Our results therefore suggested the Ir genes for anti-TNP-(TG)-A--L responses were expressed at least in B cells in all the low responder strains we studied, and, in mice of the H-2a haplotype, in Mphis too.", "PMID": 98610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3288", "title": "Cellular and genetic control of antibody responses in vitro. III. Immune response gene regulation of accessory cell function.", "content": "The possibility was investigated that Ir genes regulate the function of cells other than T or B cells in the primary IgM responses to the synthetic antigens trinitrophenylated poly-L-(Tyr,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala--poly-L-Lys [TNP-(T,G)-A--L]and trinitrophenylated poly-,-(His,Glu)-poly-D, L-Ala--poly-L-Lys [TNP-(H,G)-A--L]. The primary responses of (B10 x B10.A)F(1) spleen cells to both antigens were abrogated by Sephadex G-10 passage, and restored by the addition of spleen adherent cells. The cell type in the spleen adherent cell population active in reconstituting the responses to TNP-(T,G)-A--L and TNP-(H,G)-A--L was a non-T, non-B, radiation-resistant, glass-adherent spleen cell. The responses of Sephadex G-10-passed (responder x nonresponder)F(1) spleen cells to TNP-(T,G)-A--L or TNP-(H,G)-A--L were reconstituted by spleen adherent cells from only responder strains. Spleen adherent cells from F(1) mice reconstituted the responses to both antigens. Spleen adherent cells from each of the strains tested reconstituted the non- Ir gene-controlled response to a third antigen, TNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The inability of spleen adherent cells from nonresponder strains to reconstitute the responses to either TNP-(T,G)-A--L or TNP-(H,G)-A--L was not a result of active suppression induced by the presence of nonresponder adherent cells, since a mixture of responder and nonresponder spleen adherent cells reconstituted the responses to both antigens. The use of spleen adherent cells from recombinant strains demonstrated that the autosomal dominant genes controlling the ability of spleen adherent cells to function as accessory cells in the responses to TNP-(T,G)-A--L and TNP-(H,G)-A--L are located in the K or I-A regions of the responder H-2 complex, the same region(s) of H-2 as the Ir genes controlling overall in vitro and in vivo responsiveness to these antigens.", "contents": "Cellular and genetic control of antibody responses in vitro. III. Immune response gene regulation of accessory cell function. The possibility was investigated that Ir genes regulate the function of cells other than T or B cells in the primary IgM responses to the synthetic antigens trinitrophenylated poly-L-(Tyr,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala--poly-L-Lys [TNP-(T,G)-A--L]and trinitrophenylated poly-,-(His,Glu)-poly-D, L-Ala--poly-L-Lys [TNP-(H,G)-A--L]. The primary responses of (B10 x B10.A)F(1) spleen cells to both antigens were abrogated by Sephadex G-10 passage, and restored by the addition of spleen adherent cells. The cell type in the spleen adherent cell population active in reconstituting the responses to TNP-(T,G)-A--L and TNP-(H,G)-A--L was a non-T, non-B, radiation-resistant, glass-adherent spleen cell. The responses of Sephadex G-10-passed (responder x nonresponder)F(1) spleen cells to TNP-(T,G)-A--L or TNP-(H,G)-A--L were reconstituted by spleen adherent cells from only responder strains. Spleen adherent cells from F(1) mice reconstituted the responses to both antigens. Spleen adherent cells from each of the strains tested reconstituted the non- Ir gene-controlled response to a third antigen, TNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The inability of spleen adherent cells from nonresponder strains to reconstitute the responses to either TNP-(T,G)-A--L or TNP-(H,G)-A--L was not a result of active suppression induced by the presence of nonresponder adherent cells, since a mixture of responder and nonresponder spleen adherent cells reconstituted the responses to both antigens. The use of spleen adherent cells from recombinant strains demonstrated that the autosomal dominant genes controlling the ability of spleen adherent cells to function as accessory cells in the responses to TNP-(T,G)-A--L and TNP-(H,G)-A--L are located in the K or I-A regions of the responder H-2 complex, the same region(s) of H-2 as the Ir genes controlling overall in vitro and in vivo responsiveness to these antigens.", "PMID": 98611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3289", "title": "Pattern of shedding of two noncultivable viruses in stools of newborn babies.", "content": "Noncultivable viruses have been associated with diarrhea affecting newborn babies in obstetric hospital nurseries. Persisting infection in a special care nursery in Melbourne, Australia, permitted a study of the pattern of excretion of these viruses. Ten babies admitted to the nursery within 2 hr of birth were randomly selected for prospective study. Feces were collected daily for 14 days and were examined by electron microscopy. All ten babies excreted detectable amounts of duovirus (rotavirus, HRVL agent, IGV) for at least 1 day. Age at onset of excretion varied from 2 to 13 days. Eight of the ten babies developed diarrhea. Excretion of duovirus preceded the onset of diarrhea by 12--72 hr and persisted for at least 3 days. Seven of the ten babies also excreted detectable amounts of 28-nm virus-like particle for 3--8 days. The identity of this particle is unknown. Morphologically it resembles Norwalk agent and \"astrovirus.\" Excretion of this 28-nm particle coincided with symptoms of diarrhea in four babies, all of whom were also excreting duovirus. It is concluded that most newborn babies admitted to a nursery where duovirus infection is endemic will excrete this virus at least once during the first 2 weeks of life. Excretion of virus particles will either precede development of diarrhea or be asymptomatic. Selective isolation of babies with diarrhea is thus unlikely to control spread of duovirus infection within a hospital nursery.", "contents": "Pattern of shedding of two noncultivable viruses in stools of newborn babies. Noncultivable viruses have been associated with diarrhea affecting newborn babies in obstetric hospital nurseries. Persisting infection in a special care nursery in Melbourne, Australia, permitted a study of the pattern of excretion of these viruses. Ten babies admitted to the nursery within 2 hr of birth were randomly selected for prospective study. Feces were collected daily for 14 days and were examined by electron microscopy. All ten babies excreted detectable amounts of duovirus (rotavirus, HRVL agent, IGV) for at least 1 day. Age at onset of excretion varied from 2 to 13 days. Eight of the ten babies developed diarrhea. Excretion of duovirus preceded the onset of diarrhea by 12--72 hr and persisted for at least 3 days. Seven of the ten babies also excreted detectable amounts of 28-nm virus-like particle for 3--8 days. The identity of this particle is unknown. Morphologically it resembles Norwalk agent and \"astrovirus.\" Excretion of this 28-nm particle coincided with symptoms of diarrhea in four babies, all of whom were also excreting duovirus. It is concluded that most newborn babies admitted to a nursery where duovirus infection is endemic will excrete this virus at least once during the first 2 weeks of life. Excretion of virus particles will either precede development of diarrhea or be asymptomatic. Selective isolation of babies with diarrhea is thus unlikely to control spread of duovirus infection within a hospital nursery.", "PMID": 98612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3290", "title": "A method for surgical management of focal epilepsy, especially as it relates to children.", "content": "A method of surgical management for intractable epilepsy is described. The essential features are: 1) all surgical manipulation is carried out under general, rather than local, anesthesia; 2) the sensorimotor region is readily identified in the anesthetized patient by recording cortical sensory evoked responses; and 3) the epileptogenic focus is localized by extraoperative electrocorticography via indwelling epidural electrode arrays, localization deriving from recordings made during spontaneously occuring clinical seizures. Cases are presented to demonstrate that: 1) in some instances, recording of sensory evoked responses is the only means of sensorimotor localization in both the awake and anesthetized patient, and 2) spontaneous and electrically induced electroencephalographic seizure activity may provide false localization of the focus, the correct localization requiring recordings made during spontaneous clinical seizures. The outcome of surgery and the various epileptogenic lesions encountered are described. A good result has been achieved in 61% of patients followed 1 to 10 years. When the results obtained in children are analyzed alone, 70% have benefited from surgery.", "contents": "A method for surgical management of focal epilepsy, especially as it relates to children. A method of surgical management for intractable epilepsy is described. The essential features are: 1) all surgical manipulation is carried out under general, rather than local, anesthesia; 2) the sensorimotor region is readily identified in the anesthetized patient by recording cortical sensory evoked responses; and 3) the epileptogenic focus is localized by extraoperative electrocorticography via indwelling epidural electrode arrays, localization deriving from recordings made during spontaneously occuring clinical seizures. Cases are presented to demonstrate that: 1) in some instances, recording of sensory evoked responses is the only means of sensorimotor localization in both the awake and anesthetized patient, and 2) spontaneous and electrically induced electroencephalographic seizure activity may provide false localization of the focus, the correct localization requiring recordings made during spontaneous clinical seizures. The outcome of surgery and the various epileptogenic lesions encountered are described. A good result has been achieved in 61% of patients followed 1 to 10 years. When the results obtained in children are analyzed alone, 70% have benefited from surgery.", "PMID": 98616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3291", "title": "Measurement of folates in human plasma and erythrocytes by a radiometric microbiologic method.", "content": "A radiometric microbiologic assay for the determination of folic acid in human plasma and red blood cells is described. The assay is based upon the measurement of 14CO2 produced from the metabolism of [1-14C] gluconate by Lactobacillus casei. The 14CO2 evolved was shown to be proportional to the amount of added DL-N-5-methyltetrahydrofolage (DL-N-5-methyl FH4). A total of 26 normal plasma and 57 blood hemolysates were assayed in parallel by this radiometric and the standard (turbidimetric) microbiologic assay. The correlation coefficients for the two assays were r = 0.96 for plasma and r = 0.98 for red-cell folate. Lyophilization of L. casei was found to simplify this radiometric assay by eliminating routine maintenance and culture of this microorganism.", "contents": "Measurement of folates in human plasma and erythrocytes by a radiometric microbiologic method. A radiometric microbiologic assay for the determination of folic acid in human plasma and red blood cells is described. The assay is based upon the measurement of 14CO2 produced from the metabolism of [1-14C] gluconate by Lactobacillus casei. The 14CO2 evolved was shown to be proportional to the amount of added DL-N-5-methyltetrahydrofolage (DL-N-5-methyl FH4). A total of 26 normal plasma and 57 blood hemolysates were assayed in parallel by this radiometric and the standard (turbidimetric) microbiologic assay. The correlation coefficients for the two assays were r = 0.96 for plasma and r = 0.98 for red-cell folate. Lyophilization of L. casei was found to simplify this radiometric assay by eliminating routine maintenance and culture of this microorganism.", "PMID": 98617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3292", "title": "A new germanium-63/gallium-68 generator.", "content": "A germanium-gallium generator producing EDTA-free Ga-68 would permit the synthesis of a broad range of Ga-68 radiopharmaceuticals and thus facilitate the widespread application of positron tomography. We have investigated a solvent-extraction generator system producing the weak complex of Ga-68 with 8-hydroxyquinoline (Ga-68 oxine), free of EDTA. The conditions for optimum Ga-68 yield and minimum Ge-68 breakthrough involve extraction with chloroform from pH 5 buffer containing Ge4+ carrier, followed by evaporation to dryness. This produces Ga-68 yields of 70--80%, with Ge-68 breakthrough of less than 0.003%. The Ga-68 oxine is readily converted to other radiopharmaceuticals such as Ga-68 EDTA, Ga-68 EDTMP, or Ga-68 colloid, and is conveniently delivered dry. The extraction system is simple and amenable to automation, and the low loss rate and 280-day half-life of Ge-68 provide a generator with a long useful lifetime.", "contents": "A new germanium-63/gallium-68 generator. A germanium-gallium generator producing EDTA-free Ga-68 would permit the synthesis of a broad range of Ga-68 radiopharmaceuticals and thus facilitate the widespread application of positron tomography. We have investigated a solvent-extraction generator system producing the weak complex of Ga-68 with 8-hydroxyquinoline (Ga-68 oxine), free of EDTA. The conditions for optimum Ga-68 yield and minimum Ge-68 breakthrough involve extraction with chloroform from pH 5 buffer containing Ge4+ carrier, followed by evaporation to dryness. This produces Ga-68 yields of 70--80%, with Ge-68 breakthrough of less than 0.003%. The Ga-68 oxine is readily converted to other radiopharmaceuticals such as Ga-68 EDTA, Ga-68 EDTMP, or Ga-68 colloid, and is conveniently delivered dry. The extraction system is simple and amenable to automation, and the low loss rate and 280-day half-life of Ge-68 provide a generator with a long useful lifetime.", "PMID": 98618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3293", "title": "In vivo distribution of carbon-11 phenytoin and its major metabolite, and their use in scintigraphic imaging.", "content": "Curie quantities (0.3--1.5 Ci) of H11CN were used in the synthesis of C-11-tagged phenytoin (C-11.DPH) and 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (C-11.HPPH), using a modified B\u00fccherer-Bergs reaction. The H11CN was produced from a mixture of 95% nitrogen and 5% hydrogen by a 45-min bombardment with 10-MeV protons at 10 muA. Following i.v. infusions of C-11 DPH (13.7 mg/kg at a rate of 29 mg/min) into the left femoral vein of Rhesus monkeys, DPH shows persistent concentration in the brain and liver fields. Extravascular administration shows significant retention at the site of administration. Intravenous bolus injection of [11C]-HPPH into a Rhesus monkey, at a dose of 6.4 mg/kg, resulted in localization of this compound in the liver, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and intestinal fields. Loss of activity from the liver region, with appearance of this activity in the intestinal field, suggests that [11C]-HPPH is secreted into the intestine via the bile. Further investigation is needed to study the potential of [11C]-DPH as a brain-scanning agent and [11C]-HPPH as a possible cholescintigraphic agent.", "contents": "In vivo distribution of carbon-11 phenytoin and its major metabolite, and their use in scintigraphic imaging. Curie quantities (0.3--1.5 Ci) of H11CN were used in the synthesis of C-11-tagged phenytoin (C-11.DPH) and 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (C-11.HPPH), using a modified B\u00fccherer-Bergs reaction. The H11CN was produced from a mixture of 95% nitrogen and 5% hydrogen by a 45-min bombardment with 10-MeV protons at 10 muA. Following i.v. infusions of C-11 DPH (13.7 mg/kg at a rate of 29 mg/min) into the left femoral vein of Rhesus monkeys, DPH shows persistent concentration in the brain and liver fields. Extravascular administration shows significant retention at the site of administration. Intravenous bolus injection of [11C]-HPPH into a Rhesus monkey, at a dose of 6.4 mg/kg, resulted in localization of this compound in the liver, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and intestinal fields. Loss of activity from the liver region, with appearance of this activity in the intestinal field, suggests that [11C]-HPPH is secreted into the intestine via the bile. Further investigation is needed to study the potential of [11C]-DPH as a brain-scanning agent and [11C]-HPPH as a possible cholescintigraphic agent.", "PMID": 98619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3294", "title": "Facial growth after condylectomy and alloplastic condylar replacement.", "content": "Condylectomy or condylectomy with immediate alloplastic condylar replacement was performed in six young and six adult rhesus monkeys to investigate the role of the mandibular condyl in facial growth. The experimental findings support the hypothesis that the condyle does not have a primary influence on mandibular growth and that alterations in biomechanics are mainly responsible for the observed alterations in mandibular morphology after condylectomy.", "contents": "Facial growth after condylectomy and alloplastic condylar replacement. Condylectomy or condylectomy with immediate alloplastic condylar replacement was performed in six young and six adult rhesus monkeys to investigate the role of the mandibular condyl in facial growth. The experimental findings support the hypothesis that the condyle does not have a primary influence on mandibular growth and that alterations in biomechanics are mainly responsible for the observed alterations in mandibular morphology after condylectomy.", "PMID": 98620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3295", "title": "Experimental transmission of Sarcocystis from icterid birds to sparrows and canaries by sporocysts from the opossum.", "content": "Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and grackles (Cassidix mexicanus) infected with muscle cysts of Sarcocystis were fed to opposums (Didelphis virginiana) and fecal sporocysts from the latter were given to sparrows (Passer domesticus, Family Ploceidae), canaries (Serinus canarius, Family Fringillidae) and ducks (Anas platyrhynchos, Family Anatidae). Asexual parasites were found in the endothelium of sparrows and canaries but not in ducks. When birds were kept 10 weeks or more after infection, muscle cysts were found grossly and microscopically in the majority of sparrows, and in 1 canary, but not in ducks. Muscle zoites were found in digests of all sparrows and canaries but not in that of ducks. Metrocytes and forms dividing by endodyogeny also were found in the digest. Thus, avian Sarcocystis was transmitted experimentally from 2 genera of 1 family (Icteridae) to 2 different families of passerine intermediate hosts by sporocysts from the definitive host. This is the broadest intermediate host spectrum known for a species of Sarcocystis.", "contents": "Experimental transmission of Sarcocystis from icterid birds to sparrows and canaries by sporocysts from the opossum. Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and grackles (Cassidix mexicanus) infected with muscle cysts of Sarcocystis were fed to opposums (Didelphis virginiana) and fecal sporocysts from the latter were given to sparrows (Passer domesticus, Family Ploceidae), canaries (Serinus canarius, Family Fringillidae) and ducks (Anas platyrhynchos, Family Anatidae). Asexual parasites were found in the endothelium of sparrows and canaries but not in ducks. When birds were kept 10 weeks or more after infection, muscle cysts were found grossly and microscopically in the majority of sparrows, and in 1 canary, but not in ducks. Muscle zoites were found in digests of all sparrows and canaries but not in that of ducks. Metrocytes and forms dividing by endodyogeny also were found in the digest. Thus, avian Sarcocystis was transmitted experimentally from 2 genera of 1 family (Icteridae) to 2 different families of passerine intermediate hosts by sporocysts from the definitive host. This is the broadest intermediate host spectrum known for a species of Sarcocystis.", "PMID": 98622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3296", "title": "Stylostome formation by Leptotrombidium mites (Acari: Trombiculidae).", "content": "The modes of stylostome formation by larvae (chiggers) of Leptotrombidium intermedium, L. fletcheri, L. arenicola, and L. deliense in parasitized mouse skin were studied histologically in relation to their capacity to transmit Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Three types of stylostome formation were recognized among the different species: the epidermal stylostome formed by the larva of L. intermedium; the mesenchymal stylostome formed by the larva of L. fletcheri; and, the mixed stylostome formed by the larva of both L. arenicola and L. deliense. Dermal inflammations related to the three types of stylostomes were histologically defined. The possible importance of stylostome characteristics to the transmission of rickettsial organisms is discussed.", "contents": "Stylostome formation by Leptotrombidium mites (Acari: Trombiculidae). The modes of stylostome formation by larvae (chiggers) of Leptotrombidium intermedium, L. fletcheri, L. arenicola, and L. deliense in parasitized mouse skin were studied histologically in relation to their capacity to transmit Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Three types of stylostome formation were recognized among the different species: the epidermal stylostome formed by the larva of L. intermedium; the mesenchymal stylostome formed by the larva of L. fletcheri; and, the mixed stylostome formed by the larva of both L. arenicola and L. deliense. Dermal inflammations related to the three types of stylostomes were histologically defined. The possible importance of stylostome characteristics to the transmission of rickettsial organisms is discussed.", "PMID": 98623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3297", "title": "Fine structural studies of radiation-resistant human squamous cell carcinomas.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity are relatively common lesions, and often can be controlled by radiation therapy. Recently, a series of these tumors has been encountered which did not respond positively to irradiation, necessitating subsequent extensive surgery. This report describes some fine structural changes which were observed in squamous cell carcinomas following exposure to x-irradiation. In addition to the common, keratin-forming differentiated cell, others which were observed were secretory-like, undifferentiated and phagocytic cells. Undifferentiated tumor cells occasionally became incorporated, at least temporarily, as a component of the blood vessel wall, perhaps reflecting metastatic potentiality. It is proposed that irradiation may either increase potential avenues of tumor cell differentiation or inactivate inhibitors thereof.", "contents": "Fine structural studies of radiation-resistant human squamous cell carcinomas. Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity are relatively common lesions, and often can be controlled by radiation therapy. Recently, a series of these tumors has been encountered which did not respond positively to irradiation, necessitating subsequent extensive surgery. This report describes some fine structural changes which were observed in squamous cell carcinomas following exposure to x-irradiation. In addition to the common, keratin-forming differentiated cell, others which were observed were secretory-like, undifferentiated and phagocytic cells. Undifferentiated tumor cells occasionally became incorporated, at least temporarily, as a component of the blood vessel wall, perhaps reflecting metastatic potentiality. It is proposed that irradiation may either increase potential avenues of tumor cell differentiation or inactivate inhibitors thereof.", "PMID": 98629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3298", "title": "Histochemical study of labial salivary glands in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "Human labial salivary gland biopsies of patients presenting connective tissue diseases associated with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome were submitted to a polysaccharide histochemistry study. The normal acinar secretion is an association of neutral polysaccharides with a sulphosialomucin. In Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, there is a great reduction in the secretory activity of the acinar cells, but no qualitative change was observed. The pathogenesis of this decreased production and its importance regarding the clinical manifestations of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical study of labial salivary glands in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Human labial salivary gland biopsies of patients presenting connective tissue diseases associated with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome were submitted to a polysaccharide histochemistry study. The normal acinar secretion is an association of neutral polysaccharides with a sulphosialomucin. In Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, there is a great reduction in the secretory activity of the acinar cells, but no qualitative change was observed. The pathogenesis of this decreased production and its importance regarding the clinical manifestations of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 98631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3299", "title": "The effect of ultra-violet radiation and restricted diet on rat labial mucosa.", "content": "The combined effect of ultra-violet radiation and a restricted diet on oral mucosa was investigated using the labial mucosa of pigmented rats. Twenty-four rats were divided so that 12 experimental animals received 50% of the average daily diet of the remaining 12 normal controls. After 1 month, the epithelium of the restricted group had thinned to 2/3 of that of the controls. Nine rats from each group were then subjected to daily ultra-violet irradiation of the labial mucosa, three animals in each group remaining as unirradiated controls. After 1, 4 and 8 weeks irradiation, three experimental and one unirradiated control from each group were sacrificed. Microscopic examination showed that the thickness of the epithelium and the mitotic index increased in both normal and restricted animals at 4 weeks. The increase in thickness was maintained at 8 weeks, but the mitotic index declined in the deficient animals at this time. Evidence of epithelial dysplasia was seen in the normal animals at 4 weeks, and this increased at 8 weeks; such changes were rarely seen in the restricted animals. It thus appears that the extent of ultra-violet induced dysplasia may be related to the mitotic index, a lower mitotic index implying less dysplasia.", "contents": "The effect of ultra-violet radiation and restricted diet on rat labial mucosa. The combined effect of ultra-violet radiation and a restricted diet on oral mucosa was investigated using the labial mucosa of pigmented rats. Twenty-four rats were divided so that 12 experimental animals received 50% of the average daily diet of the remaining 12 normal controls. After 1 month, the epithelium of the restricted group had thinned to 2/3 of that of the controls. Nine rats from each group were then subjected to daily ultra-violet irradiation of the labial mucosa, three animals in each group remaining as unirradiated controls. After 1, 4 and 8 weeks irradiation, three experimental and one unirradiated control from each group were sacrificed. Microscopic examination showed that the thickness of the epithelium and the mitotic index increased in both normal and restricted animals at 4 weeks. The increase in thickness was maintained at 8 weeks, but the mitotic index declined in the deficient animals at this time. Evidence of epithelial dysplasia was seen in the normal animals at 4 weeks, and this increased at 8 weeks; such changes were rarely seen in the restricted animals. It thus appears that the extent of ultra-violet induced dysplasia may be related to the mitotic index, a lower mitotic index implying less dysplasia.", "PMID": 98632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3300", "title": "A study of the mineral phase of cementifying fibroma.", "content": "Physico-chemical study of a case of cementifying fibroma in the mandible of 78-year-old woman was carried out by X-ray diffraction analysis and thermogravimetric and differential-thermal analyses (TGA-DTA). The center of the tumor consisted of masses of acellular cementum-like tissues; while the periphery consisted of cementicle-like tissues. X-ray powder diffraction patterns showed that the mineral phase of these tissues was apatitic in nature. X-ray line broadening analysis revealed that the crystallinity of apatite of the cementum-like tissue was higher than that of apatite of cementicle-like tissue, and lower than that of bone apatite obtained from the same patient. Furthermore, TGA-DTA studies showed that the mineral (ash) value of cementum-like tissue was slightly higher than that of bone.", "contents": "A study of the mineral phase of cementifying fibroma. Physico-chemical study of a case of cementifying fibroma in the mandible of 78-year-old woman was carried out by X-ray diffraction analysis and thermogravimetric and differential-thermal analyses (TGA-DTA). The center of the tumor consisted of masses of acellular cementum-like tissues; while the periphery consisted of cementicle-like tissues. X-ray powder diffraction patterns showed that the mineral phase of these tissues was apatitic in nature. X-ray line broadening analysis revealed that the crystallinity of apatite of the cementum-like tissue was higher than that of apatite of cementicle-like tissue, and lower than that of bone apatite obtained from the same patient. Furthermore, TGA-DTA studies showed that the mineral (ash) value of cementum-like tissue was slightly higher than that of bone.", "PMID": 98633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3301", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic examination of root after apicoectomy.", "content": "The scanning electron microscope was used to examine resected areas of eight roots of human teeth extracted after long intervals following surgical procedures. Some resorption lacunae were observed in the areas with protuberances of newly formed cementum. In the lacunae, honeycomb-like structures were found. On the resected surface, residues of ligaments and periodontal fibers, and in one of the specimens dentinal tubules with odontoblastic processes protruding above the surface were present.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic examination of root after apicoectomy. The scanning electron microscope was used to examine resected areas of eight roots of human teeth extracted after long intervals following surgical procedures. Some resorption lacunae were observed in the areas with protuberances of newly formed cementum. In the lacunae, honeycomb-like structures were found. On the resected surface, residues of ligaments and periodontal fibers, and in one of the specimens dentinal tubules with odontoblastic processes protruding above the surface were present.", "PMID": 98634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3302", "title": "A microagglutination test for Yersinia enterocolitica infection: recognition of multiple serotypes in experiments with stained suspensions of serotype O5,27.", "content": "When suspensions of Yersinia enterocolitica were stained with triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) their antigenic specificity, as determined by tube and microtitre-plate agglutination tests, was altered. Thus, a TTC-stained suspension of serotype O5,27 detected antibodies to nine O serotypes of Y. enterocolitica in sera from experimentally infected animals but did not cross-react with antisera to organisms of five other unrelated genera including Brucella. The same suspension did, however, cross-react weakly with antisera to four serotypes of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The value of this antigen preparation in detecting antibodies to the wide range of Y. enterocolitica serotypes likely to cause infection in man should now be assessed.", "contents": "A microagglutination test for Yersinia enterocolitica infection: recognition of multiple serotypes in experiments with stained suspensions of serotype O5,27. When suspensions of Yersinia enterocolitica were stained with triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) their antigenic specificity, as determined by tube and microtitre-plate agglutination tests, was altered. Thus, a TTC-stained suspension of serotype O5,27 detected antibodies to nine O serotypes of Y. enterocolitica in sera from experimentally infected animals but did not cross-react with antisera to organisms of five other unrelated genera including Brucella. The same suspension did, however, cross-react weakly with antisera to four serotypes of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The value of this antigen preparation in detecting antibodies to the wide range of Y. enterocolitica serotypes likely to cause infection in man should now be assessed.", "PMID": 98635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3303", "title": "Signal to noise enhancement in a study of cell wall structure of Bacillus subtilis by interactive computation.", "content": "This paper describes a technique for obtaining values of the width and variation in optical density of sectioned bacterial cell walls by interactive computational methods. Background 'noise' prevents accurate determination of cell wall boundaries from the data in a single scan line but the noise may be suppressed by averaging several consecutive scan lines. although application of the technique is explained for sectioned bacterial cell walls, it is equally valid for similar situations where single line scans of electron micrographs are inadequate for precise determination of measurement.", "contents": "Signal to noise enhancement in a study of cell wall structure of Bacillus subtilis by interactive computation. This paper describes a technique for obtaining values of the width and variation in optical density of sectioned bacterial cell walls by interactive computational methods. Background 'noise' prevents accurate determination of cell wall boundaries from the data in a single scan line but the noise may be suppressed by averaging several consecutive scan lines. although application of the technique is explained for sectioned bacterial cell walls, it is equally valid for similar situations where single line scans of electron micrographs are inadequate for precise determination of measurement.", "PMID": 98638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3304", "title": "Hyperplastic foci in precancerous rat liver: light microscopic and electron microscopic study.", "content": "4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene was fed to Wistar-derived, male, albino rats after hepatic siderosis had been induced by including ferric citrate in the diet. Iron-free foci of hepatocytes developed and this characteristic enabled them to be recognized macroscopically in the brown parenchyma. Five such lesions, each 1 mm or less in diameter, were studied by light and electron microscopy. The cells in the foci were larger than those surrounding the foci and had a granular and moderately basophilic cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, the cells closely resembled normal hepatocytes. They possessed well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, numerous free ribosomes, peroxisomes, bile canaliculi, and cytoplasmic junctional complexes, but only small stores of glycogen were observed. Occasional ferritin-laden lysosomes persisted in some cells. These foci were regarded as hyperplastic. Possibly, they evolved into hyperplastic nodules either of the basophilic or vacuolated type. These foci should be clearly distinguished from hyperbasophilic foci that consisted of very poorly differentiated cells.", "contents": "Hyperplastic foci in precancerous rat liver: light microscopic and electron microscopic study. 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene was fed to Wistar-derived, male, albino rats after hepatic siderosis had been induced by including ferric citrate in the diet. Iron-free foci of hepatocytes developed and this characteristic enabled them to be recognized macroscopically in the brown parenchyma. Five such lesions, each 1 mm or less in diameter, were studied by light and electron microscopy. The cells in the foci were larger than those surrounding the foci and had a granular and moderately basophilic cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, the cells closely resembled normal hepatocytes. They possessed well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, numerous free ribosomes, peroxisomes, bile canaliculi, and cytoplasmic junctional complexes, but only small stores of glycogen were observed. Occasional ferritin-laden lysosomes persisted in some cells. These foci were regarded as hyperplastic. Possibly, they evolved into hyperplastic nodules either of the basophilic or vacuolated type. These foci should be clearly distinguished from hyperbasophilic foci that consisted of very poorly differentiated cells.", "PMID": 98641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3305", "title": "Latent residual tumor following external radiotherapy for prostate adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Fifty patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate were treated by external supervoltage radiotherapy. Needle biopsies were obtained at timed intervals after completion of therapy. Six of 17 patients with stages A and B disease and 15 of 33 patients with stage C disease had positive biopsies. In patients biopsied more than 18 months after therapy 15 of 29 (52 per cent) had residual tumors. Of 17 patients biopsied 36 months or more after therapy 10 (59 per cent) had residual tumor. These results suggest that patients with residual tumor 18 months after therapy will not have resolution of the tumor at a future date and represent treatment failure.", "contents": "Latent residual tumor following external radiotherapy for prostate adenocarcinoma. Fifty patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate were treated by external supervoltage radiotherapy. Needle biopsies were obtained at timed intervals after completion of therapy. Six of 17 patients with stages A and B disease and 15 of 33 patients with stage C disease had positive biopsies. In patients biopsied more than 18 months after therapy 15 of 29 (52 per cent) had residual tumors. Of 17 patients biopsied 36 months or more after therapy 10 (59 per cent) had residual tumor. These results suggest that patients with residual tumor 18 months after therapy will not have resolution of the tumor at a future date and represent treatment failure.", "PMID": 98643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3306", "title": "Perihepatitis associated with salpingitis in adolescents.", "content": "Perihepatitis, one manifestation of complicated gonorrhea, is infrequently diagnosed and reported. This study was undertaken to examine the incidence of gonococcal perihepatitis in adolescents as well as to study the effect, if any, of this condition on tests of liver function. Accordingly, the records of 137 adolescents with salpingitis were evaluated. Right upper quadrant tenderness or hepatic enlargement was noted in 27, while amino transferase level elevations were observed in 19 of the 59 in whom these tests were performed. All findings resolved promptly following initiation of intravenous penicillin therapy. The observation of hepatic dysfunction in 27% of these adolescents suggests that perihepatitis occurs more frequently than reported in adults and should be considered in the evaluation of the conditions of adolescents with salpingitis or upper abdominal tenderness.", "contents": "Perihepatitis associated with salpingitis in adolescents. Perihepatitis, one manifestation of complicated gonorrhea, is infrequently diagnosed and reported. This study was undertaken to examine the incidence of gonococcal perihepatitis in adolescents as well as to study the effect, if any, of this condition on tests of liver function. Accordingly, the records of 137 adolescents with salpingitis were evaluated. Right upper quadrant tenderness or hepatic enlargement was noted in 27, while amino transferase level elevations were observed in 19 of the 59 in whom these tests were performed. All findings resolved promptly following initiation of intravenous penicillin therapy. The observation of hepatic dysfunction in 27% of these adolescents suggests that perihepatitis occurs more frequently than reported in adults and should be considered in the evaluation of the conditions of adolescents with salpingitis or upper abdominal tenderness.", "PMID": 98646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3307", "title": "Gonorrhea detection in posthysterectomy patients.", "content": "A retrospective study of women examined at the Venereal Disease Clinic after hysterectomy was made to determine which culture site was most likely to show anogenital Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection when the cervix was absent. Seventeen of 104 such patients were culture positive for N gonorrhoeae. Rates of positivity for our culture sites were as follows: urethral, 17/17 (100%); vaginal, 7/17 (41%); and rectal, 2/17 (12%).", "contents": "Gonorrhea detection in posthysterectomy patients. A retrospective study of women examined at the Venereal Disease Clinic after hysterectomy was made to determine which culture site was most likely to show anogenital Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection when the cervix was absent. Seventeen of 104 such patients were culture positive for N gonorrhoeae. Rates of positivity for our culture sites were as follows: urethral, 17/17 (100%); vaginal, 7/17 (41%); and rectal, 2/17 (12%).", "PMID": 98647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3308", "title": "Geographic variation in physicians' fees. Payments to physicians under Medicare and Medicaid.", "content": "To study geographic differences in physician fees recognized by the Medicare and Medicaid programs, we analyzed physician reimbursement rates at the national, regional, state, and county levels. The results indicate that nationally, Medicaid specialist fees are 77% of Medicare specialist fees. Meidcare specialist fees in metropolitan areas are 23% higher than those in nonmetropolitan areas, but there are no differences under Medicaid. State Medicare specialist fees varied from 73% to 132% of the national Medicare average, while Medicaid specialist fees ranged from 49% to 179% of the national Medicaid average. State Medicaid fees for specialists ranged from 39% to 100% of Medicare specialist fees. These results indicate that under national health insurance, fees set at national or statewide levels could have notable effects on physician remuneration in some localities.", "contents": "Geographic variation in physicians' fees. Payments to physicians under Medicare and Medicaid. To study geographic differences in physician fees recognized by the Medicare and Medicaid programs, we analyzed physician reimbursement rates at the national, regional, state, and county levels. The results indicate that nationally, Medicaid specialist fees are 77% of Medicare specialist fees. Meidcare specialist fees in metropolitan areas are 23% higher than those in nonmetropolitan areas, but there are no differences under Medicaid. State Medicare specialist fees varied from 73% to 132% of the national Medicare average, while Medicaid specialist fees ranged from 49% to 179% of the national Medicaid average. State Medicaid fees for specialists ranged from 39% to 100% of Medicare specialist fees. These results indicate that under national health insurance, fees set at national or statewide levels could have notable effects on physician remuneration in some localities.", "PMID": 98648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3309", "title": "Effects of enteral and parenteral nutrition on appetite in monkeys.", "content": "Varied clinical observations of the presence of either hunger or anorexia during intragastric or intravenous alimentation have led to the current experiments. Nine rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were involved in studies of the long-term effects of enteral and parenteral nutrition on appetite as assessed by feeding behavior and gastric motility. The monkeys received either intragastric infusions of glucose or a complete liquid diet, or intravenous infusions of glucose or glucose/amino acid solutions. Oral intake was accurately adjusted to account for the calories administered by the intragastric route. Oral intake was also reduced in a calorically equivalent amount to account for the calories received during intravenous glucose. When glucose/amino acid solutions were administered parenterally, adjustments were less accurate, with resultant overeating and weight gain in some monkeys during parenteral nutrition, followed by prolonged suppression of appetite after cessation of the infusions. Further studies of the effects of varied compositions of parenteral nutrition, and varied methods of weaning from infusions, are indicated.", "contents": "Effects of enteral and parenteral nutrition on appetite in monkeys. Varied clinical observations of the presence of either hunger or anorexia during intragastric or intravenous alimentation have led to the current experiments. Nine rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were involved in studies of the long-term effects of enteral and parenteral nutrition on appetite as assessed by feeding behavior and gastric motility. The monkeys received either intragastric infusions of glucose or a complete liquid diet, or intravenous infusions of glucose or glucose/amino acid solutions. Oral intake was accurately adjusted to account for the calories administered by the intragastric route. Oral intake was also reduced in a calorically equivalent amount to account for the calories received during intravenous glucose. When glucose/amino acid solutions were administered parenterally, adjustments were less accurate, with resultant overeating and weight gain in some monkeys during parenteral nutrition, followed by prolonged suppression of appetite after cessation of the infusions. Further studies of the effects of varied compositions of parenteral nutrition, and varied methods of weaning from infusions, are indicated.", "PMID": 98652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3310", "title": "A technique for evaluating sepsis in TPN patients.", "content": "Sepsis continues to be one of the most feared complications of total parenteral nutrition. Many techniques have been advocated for dressing changes, solution preparation, and evaluation of patients with fever spikes. Our technique in evaluating such a patient with suspected sepsis is to remove the tubing and solution from the pumping mechanism and place the bottle below the patient, permitting approximately 10 cc of blood to flow into the tubing. The entire set-up of solution and tubing is then quickly replaced and the infusion resumed. The removed blood is transferred to a series of three standard blood culture bottles. The first bottle will be culturing blood; the second, a mixture of blood and infusate; the third, solution alone. When performed carefully, negative culture results appear to exclude TPN as a source of spesis. Positive results are obviously helpful, but must be interpreted with caution in that the blood, catheter, tubing, filter, or solution may be suspect.", "contents": "A technique for evaluating sepsis in TPN patients. Sepsis continues to be one of the most feared complications of total parenteral nutrition. Many techniques have been advocated for dressing changes, solution preparation, and evaluation of patients with fever spikes. Our technique in evaluating such a patient with suspected sepsis is to remove the tubing and solution from the pumping mechanism and place the bottle below the patient, permitting approximately 10 cc of blood to flow into the tubing. The entire set-up of solution and tubing is then quickly replaced and the infusion resumed. The removed blood is transferred to a series of three standard blood culture bottles. The first bottle will be culturing blood; the second, a mixture of blood and infusate; the third, solution alone. When performed carefully, negative culture results appear to exclude TPN as a source of spesis. Positive results are obviously helpful, but must be interpreted with caution in that the blood, catheter, tubing, filter, or solution may be suspect.", "PMID": 98653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3311", "title": "Calcium requirements during total parenteral nutrition in well-nourished individuals.", "content": "Eleven patients, receiving all nutrition intravenously, were given varying doses of calcium (0-20 mg/kg/day) to determine an optimal level for calcium administration during postoperative parenteral nutrition. During each study period, nitrogen, phosphorus, vitamin, and caloric intakes were constant. Negative calcium balance resulted when less than 2 mg Ca++/kg body weight was given daily. During excessive urinary calcium losses, serum calcium concentration remained in the normal range. Increasing calcium intake to approximately 5 mg/kg/day (500 mg/day) yielded an apparent retention of calcium, as did higher doses. Serum calcium did not rise at this time. Urinary calcium excretion was directly proportional to calcium intake. The preliminary data suggest that a minimum dose of 5 mgCa++/kg/day is necessary to attain equilibrium between intake and urinary output. This value is higher than recent suggestions for calcium replacement during intravenous feeding.", "contents": "Calcium requirements during total parenteral nutrition in well-nourished individuals. Eleven patients, receiving all nutrition intravenously, were given varying doses of calcium (0-20 mg/kg/day) to determine an optimal level for calcium administration during postoperative parenteral nutrition. During each study period, nitrogen, phosphorus, vitamin, and caloric intakes were constant. Negative calcium balance resulted when less than 2 mg Ca++/kg body weight was given daily. During excessive urinary calcium losses, serum calcium concentration remained in the normal range. Increasing calcium intake to approximately 5 mg/kg/day (500 mg/day) yielded an apparent retention of calcium, as did higher doses. Serum calcium did not rise at this time. Urinary calcium excretion was directly proportional to calcium intake. The preliminary data suggest that a minimum dose of 5 mgCa++/kg/day is necessary to attain equilibrium between intake and urinary output. This value is higher than recent suggestions for calcium replacement during intravenous feeding.", "PMID": 98654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3312", "title": "Recurring infection and \"shunt nephritis\" in home hyperalimentation.", "content": "A patient on home hyperalimentation after a series of infections, developed a \"shunt nephritis\" not unlike the nephritis reported in patients with hydrocephalus undergoing ventriculoatriostomy. Permanent eradication of infection and reversal of kidney damage required removal of indwelling catheter.", "contents": "Recurring infection and \"shunt nephritis\" in home hyperalimentation. A patient on home hyperalimentation after a series of infections, developed a \"shunt nephritis\" not unlike the nephritis reported in patients with hydrocephalus undergoing ventriculoatriostomy. Permanent eradication of infection and reversal of kidney damage required removal of indwelling catheter.", "PMID": 98655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3313", "title": "Transplantation of preserved pancreatic islets into the portal vein of rats.", "content": "Langerhans islets were isolated from the exocrine pancreata of Wistar rats by the improved collagenase-digestion method. The isolated islets were preserved in a tissue culture medium for seven days. Transplantation of these preserved islets into the portal vein of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats resulted in a significant reduction of hyperglycemia, polyuria and glucosuria, and a restoration of weight gain. It was found that these effects could be maintained for 16 weeks. In order to normalize the K-values and plasma insulin levels, at least 600 islets had to be transplanted into each diabetic rat.", "contents": "Transplantation of preserved pancreatic islets into the portal vein of rats. Langerhans islets were isolated from the exocrine pancreata of Wistar rats by the improved collagenase-digestion method. The isolated islets were preserved in a tissue culture medium for seven days. Transplantation of these preserved islets into the portal vein of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats resulted in a significant reduction of hyperglycemia, polyuria and glucosuria, and a restoration of weight gain. It was found that these effects could be maintained for 16 weeks. In order to normalize the K-values and plasma insulin levels, at least 600 islets had to be transplanted into each diabetic rat.", "PMID": 98659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3314", "title": "Postheparin-diamine oxidase (histaminase) in anaphylaxis.", "content": "The level of plasma postheparin-diamine oxidase was determined in two patients three days after an anaphylactic shock and was controlled four weeks, and also six months later. A decrease of the enzyme levels to about 10% of a control group was found and a slow enzyme increase to about 40% observed six months later. It seems probable that in anaphylaxis a depletion of the enzyme in liver and small intestine occurs as could be shown in animals after heparin load.", "contents": "Postheparin-diamine oxidase (histaminase) in anaphylaxis. The level of plasma postheparin-diamine oxidase was determined in two patients three days after an anaphylactic shock and was controlled four weeks, and also six months later. A decrease of the enzyme levels to about 10% of a control group was found and a slow enzyme increase to about 40% observed six months later. It seems probable that in anaphylaxis a depletion of the enzyme in liver and small intestine occurs as could be shown in animals after heparin load.", "PMID": 98663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3315", "title": "Technique for transcervical intrauterine inoculation of the mouse.", "content": "Suspensions of india ink or gonococci were inoculated into the murine uterus through the cervix with a simple plastic vaginal speculum and a 23 gauge blunted needle. The inoculated suspensions were distributed throughout both uterine horns, cervix, and vagina, but did not flow into the peritoneal cavity. This method avoided surgical stress as well as being simple, fast, and reproducible.", "contents": "Technique for transcervical intrauterine inoculation of the mouse. Suspensions of india ink or gonococci were inoculated into the murine uterus through the cervix with a simple plastic vaginal speculum and a 23 gauge blunted needle. The inoculated suspensions were distributed throughout both uterine horns, cervix, and vagina, but did not flow into the peritoneal cavity. This method avoided surgical stress as well as being simple, fast, and reproducible.", "PMID": 98665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3316", "title": "Observations on acute gastric dilatation in nonhuman primates.", "content": "In the years 1967-1977 we diagnosed 23 cases of acute gastric dilatation in monkeys. Fourteen of these animals were Macaca mulatta, five Macaca fascicularis, and one each of Macaca nemestrina, Aotus trivirgatus, Saimiri sciureus, and Colobus guereza. Fourteen of the animals were males, nine were females, and all were adults or subadults. Mortality was 78% (18 of 23 animals). Thirteen of the animals had received on anesthetic, immobilizing, or tranquilizing drug 1-2 days before developing acute gastric dilatation; seven monkeys were overfed, and two had been transferred from one area to another the day prior to developing the disease. Two animals were found dead in their cages with no apparent cause for the gastric dilatation. Five Macaca mulatta and three Macaca fascicularis recovered following treatment, but two Macaca mulatta subsequently succumbed to another episode of acute gastric dilatation. Treatment consisted of evacuation of the stomach, correction of blood volume deficits and acid-base disturbances by administration of appropriate fluids, and supportive therapy for shock.", "contents": "Observations on acute gastric dilatation in nonhuman primates. In the years 1967-1977 we diagnosed 23 cases of acute gastric dilatation in monkeys. Fourteen of these animals were Macaca mulatta, five Macaca fascicularis, and one each of Macaca nemestrina, Aotus trivirgatus, Saimiri sciureus, and Colobus guereza. Fourteen of the animals were males, nine were females, and all were adults or subadults. Mortality was 78% (18 of 23 animals). Thirteen of the animals had received on anesthetic, immobilizing, or tranquilizing drug 1-2 days before developing acute gastric dilatation; seven monkeys were overfed, and two had been transferred from one area to another the day prior to developing the disease. Two animals were found dead in their cages with no apparent cause for the gastric dilatation. Five Macaca mulatta and three Macaca fascicularis recovered following treatment, but two Macaca mulatta subsequently succumbed to another episode of acute gastric dilatation. Treatment consisted of evacuation of the stomach, correction of blood volume deficits and acid-base disturbances by administration of appropriate fluids, and supportive therapy for shock.", "PMID": 98666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3317", "title": "Experimental injury of the optic nerve with optic disc swelling.", "content": "An ultrastructural study utilizing horseradish peroxidase was performed to determine the mechanism and consequences of leakage of vascular protein following injury of the optic nerve. Unilateral optic nerve injuries were produced in four rhesus monkeys by making a cautery lesion on the retrobulbar portion of the optic nerve. Optic disc changes were followed with stereo fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. Three to 14 days after injury horseradish peroxidase was given intravenously and the tissue was prepared for electron microscopy, including serial sections of selected tissue blocks. Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography showed edema of the optic disc in two animals. There was leakage of horseradish peroxidase into the optic nerve head from the optic nerve lesion and the peripapillary choriocapillaris. Although the pathway of horseradish peroxidase leakage in the injured optic nerve was not entirely clear, serial sections indicated intraendothelial channels as one possible route. Alterations of the optic nerve head were confined to the axon segments anterior to the injury, and included aggregation of mitochondria, disruption of neurotubules, and swelling. These findings suggest that optic nerve injury produces damming of axoplasmic flow and that swelling of the optic nerve head is the result of axon enlargement.", "contents": "Experimental injury of the optic nerve with optic disc swelling. An ultrastructural study utilizing horseradish peroxidase was performed to determine the mechanism and consequences of leakage of vascular protein following injury of the optic nerve. Unilateral optic nerve injuries were produced in four rhesus monkeys by making a cautery lesion on the retrobulbar portion of the optic nerve. Optic disc changes were followed with stereo fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. Three to 14 days after injury horseradish peroxidase was given intravenously and the tissue was prepared for electron microscopy, including serial sections of selected tissue blocks. Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography showed edema of the optic disc in two animals. There was leakage of horseradish peroxidase into the optic nerve head from the optic nerve lesion and the peripapillary choriocapillaris. Although the pathway of horseradish peroxidase leakage in the injured optic nerve was not entirely clear, serial sections indicated intraendothelial channels as one possible route. Alterations of the optic nerve head were confined to the axon segments anterior to the injury, and included aggregation of mitochondria, disruption of neurotubules, and swelling. These findings suggest that optic nerve injury produces damming of axoplasmic flow and that swelling of the optic nerve head is the result of axon enlargement.", "PMID": 98667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3318", "title": "Fatigue-induced damage in glutaraldehyde-preserved heart valve tissue.", "content": "Glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine mitral leaflet tissue has been subjected to extended accelerated fatigue loading in Ringer's solution containing 0.15% glutaraldehyde. Five tissue test pieces were subjected to cyclic tensile stresses of 50 and 200 Gm. per square millimeter and to 300 million to 800 million accumulated fatigue cycles. Tissue disruption occurred in each of the fatigued test pieces. Tensile loading, apart from reducing the acuteness of the collagen waveform and thereby decreasing tissue compliance, does not contribute significantly to the disruption process nor its rate of occurrence. Compressive flexure occurring during the unloading half of the fatigue cycle, however, does induce damage in the tissue. Mechanisms involved in the disruptive processes have been identified by conducting simultaneous morphologic and stress/strain observations on both the fatigued and unfatigued tissues in their wet functional condition. This vulnerability of the preserved tissue to compressive flexure could well affect the long-term durability of the glutaraldehyde-preserved heterograft valve, and this possibility is discussed in relation to the clinical use of these valves.", "contents": "Fatigue-induced damage in glutaraldehyde-preserved heart valve tissue. Glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine mitral leaflet tissue has been subjected to extended accelerated fatigue loading in Ringer's solution containing 0.15% glutaraldehyde. Five tissue test pieces were subjected to cyclic tensile stresses of 50 and 200 Gm. per square millimeter and to 300 million to 800 million accumulated fatigue cycles. Tissue disruption occurred in each of the fatigued test pieces. Tensile loading, apart from reducing the acuteness of the collagen waveform and thereby decreasing tissue compliance, does not contribute significantly to the disruption process nor its rate of occurrence. Compressive flexure occurring during the unloading half of the fatigue cycle, however, does induce damage in the tissue. Mechanisms involved in the disruptive processes have been identified by conducting simultaneous morphologic and stress/strain observations on both the fatigued and unfatigued tissues in their wet functional condition. This vulnerability of the preserved tissue to compressive flexure could well affect the long-term durability of the glutaraldehyde-preserved heterograft valve, and this possibility is discussed in relation to the clinical use of these valves.", "PMID": 98672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3319", "title": "Motor disorder in pharyngoesophageal pouch.", "content": "Patients with a pharyngoesophageal pouch studied by esophageal manometry were shown to have premature relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter. Postrelaxation contraction of the sphincter was therefore already in progress while pharyngeal contraction was taking place. This motor disturbance creates a physiological obstruction at the upper esophageal sphincter so that high pressures are built up in the pharynx. These conditions are conductive to herniation of the pharyngeal mucosa through any weak area in the muscle wall of the pharynx.", "contents": "Motor disorder in pharyngoesophageal pouch. Patients with a pharyngoesophageal pouch studied by esophageal manometry were shown to have premature relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter. Postrelaxation contraction of the sphincter was therefore already in progress while pharyngeal contraction was taking place. This motor disturbance creates a physiological obstruction at the upper esophageal sphincter so that high pressures are built up in the pharynx. These conditions are conductive to herniation of the pharyngeal mucosa through any weak area in the muscle wall of the pharynx.", "PMID": 98673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3320", "title": "Insulin treatment in diabetes.", "content": "Efficacy of and indications for the use of purer forms of insulin have now been established, and arguments showing the relation of blood glucose control to the development and progression of complications have been strengthened.", "contents": "Insulin treatment in diabetes. Efficacy of and indications for the use of purer forms of insulin have now been established, and arguments showing the relation of blood glucose control to the development and progression of complications have been strengthened.", "PMID": 98674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3321", "title": "Oral hypoglycemic agent update.", "content": "The treatment of diabetes is still a problem more than a half-century after the discovery of insulin. Patients are now living significantly longer but until the development of oral hypoglycemic agents, the only direct treatment modalities were exercise, diet, and insulin. Before evaluating the effectiveness of treatment, a therapeutic goal must be determined. While there are no absolutely \"hard\" facts proving that \"good control\" is beneficial in preventing chronic complications of diabetes, increasing accumulation of \"soft\" data strongly suggests that normal blood glucose levels are most desirable, when possible, but not at the cost of severe or disabling hypoglycemic reactions. The development of the oral agents was a great public health advance in that many persons with early diabetes, but fearful of insulin injections, had less dread of \"the pills\" and sought treatment. The oral agents simplified care but this very simplification process often undermined the need for proper diet and good fundamental care. This often led to mediocre diabetes care. While useful, the oral agents have marked limitations and in some are effective only temporarily. The presently available oral agents are sulfonylureas and require a viable beta-cell system for success. This limits the number of diabetics responsive to such treatment. The general indications for tolbutamide, chlorpropamide, acetohexamide and tolazamide are in maturity-onset diabetics, generally beyond the age of 40 with diabetes of less than 10 years. They are contraindicated in juvenile-onset diabetics, in pregnant women, and usually in patients undergoing major surgery, and can become ineffective during periods of extreme stress or during severe infection. They can lower blood glucose levels if used in proper doses in properly selected patients. Contrary to several decades of documentation, it has become popular to suggest that the oral agents are not effective. They can be effective but for many reasons apparently were not in their use by the U.G.D.P. researchers. This might not be the fault of the oral agent used. If ineffective, they should be discontinued. Many, but not all, patients may respond to diet therapy, which is then the treatment of choice. Obviously insulin, though difficult to use for many persons and in itself able to induce several severe reactions if not used properly, is the only treatment (with diet) for the severe diabetic. There is a large spectrum of patients inbetween in whom the oral agents may be useful. The use of phenformin (phenethyl-biguanide) has been effectively curtailed because of many reported cases of lactic acidosis, and while it is doubtful that phenformin alone, in the absence of complicating factors, is the causative factor, it is capable of being an augmenting influence when other conditions, such as decreased kidney function, prevail...", "contents": "Oral hypoglycemic agent update. The treatment of diabetes is still a problem more than a half-century after the discovery of insulin. Patients are now living significantly longer but until the development of oral hypoglycemic agents, the only direct treatment modalities were exercise, diet, and insulin. Before evaluating the effectiveness of treatment, a therapeutic goal must be determined. While there are no absolutely \"hard\" facts proving that \"good control\" is beneficial in preventing chronic complications of diabetes, increasing accumulation of \"soft\" data strongly suggests that normal blood glucose levels are most desirable, when possible, but not at the cost of severe or disabling hypoglycemic reactions. The development of the oral agents was a great public health advance in that many persons with early diabetes, but fearful of insulin injections, had less dread of \"the pills\" and sought treatment. The oral agents simplified care but this very simplification process often undermined the need for proper diet and good fundamental care. This often led to mediocre diabetes care. While useful, the oral agents have marked limitations and in some are effective only temporarily. The presently available oral agents are sulfonylureas and require a viable beta-cell system for success. This limits the number of diabetics responsive to such treatment. The general indications for tolbutamide, chlorpropamide, acetohexamide and tolazamide are in maturity-onset diabetics, generally beyond the age of 40 with diabetes of less than 10 years. They are contraindicated in juvenile-onset diabetics, in pregnant women, and usually in patients undergoing major surgery, and can become ineffective during periods of extreme stress or during severe infection. They can lower blood glucose levels if used in proper doses in properly selected patients. Contrary to several decades of documentation, it has become popular to suggest that the oral agents are not effective. They can be effective but for many reasons apparently were not in their use by the U.G.D.P. researchers. This might not be the fault of the oral agent used. If ineffective, they should be discontinued. Many, but not all, patients may respond to diet therapy, which is then the treatment of choice. Obviously insulin, though difficult to use for many persons and in itself able to induce several severe reactions if not used properly, is the only treatment (with diet) for the severe diabetic. There is a large spectrum of patients inbetween in whom the oral agents may be useful. The use of phenformin (phenethyl-biguanide) has been effectively curtailed because of many reported cases of lactic acidosis, and while it is doubtful that phenformin alone, in the absence of complicating factors, is the causative factor, it is capable of being an augmenting influence when other conditions, such as decreased kidney function, prevail...", "PMID": 98675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3322", "title": "Proinsulin and C-peptide in diabetes.", "content": "The availability of C-peptide measurement continues to provide new and useful information about the state of beta cell secretory function and the natural history of diabetes. Measurement of proinsulin is of value in the diagnosis of insulin-secreting tumors.", "contents": "Proinsulin and C-peptide in diabetes. The availability of C-peptide measurement continues to provide new and useful information about the state of beta cell secretory function and the natural history of diabetes. Measurement of proinsulin is of value in the diagnosis of insulin-secreting tumors.", "PMID": 98676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3323", "title": "[Total parenteral nutrition as primary therapy in Crohn's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Total parenteral nutrition was given to 10 patients with acute regional enteritis for 3--12 weeks. The rationale of this therapy is elimination of potential food allergens and decrease of intestinal irritation. Complete remission of the disease could be achieved in 8 patients, thus surgical removal of the intestine involved could be avoided. One entero-cutaneous and two perinal fistulas healed spontaneously; two other perianal fistulas improved so much, that local surgical treatment  was sufficient. If well planned, total parenteral nutrition can be performed without disturbance of metabolism and septicemia caused by the catheter can be avoided. No final judgement about recurrence of regional enteritis after total parenteral nutrition is possible at present due to as yet limited experience.", "contents": "[Total parenteral nutrition as primary therapy in Crohn's disease (author's transl)]. Total parenteral nutrition was given to 10 patients with acute regional enteritis for 3--12 weeks. The rationale of this therapy is elimination of potential food allergens and decrease of intestinal irritation. Complete remission of the disease could be achieved in 8 patients, thus surgical removal of the intestine involved could be avoided. One entero-cutaneous and two perinal fistulas healed spontaneously; two other perianal fistulas improved so much, that local surgical treatment  was sufficient. If well planned, total parenteral nutrition can be performed without disturbance of metabolism and septicemia caused by the catheter can be avoided. No final judgement about recurrence of regional enteritis after total parenteral nutrition is possible at present due to as yet limited experience.", "PMID": 98679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3324", "title": "Effect of starvation on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function in the rat.", "content": "Total starvation in the rat for 2 days did not alter the hypothalamic content of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), but did decrease both pituitary TSH content and serum TSH concentration. Five days starvation resulted in a significant decrease in serum TSH and a slightly enhanced serum TSH response to exogenous TRH, suggesting that the pituitary retains its sensitivity to TRH. Fasting for 5 days resulted in a decreased 1 and 4th, but an increased 24th thyroid 131I uptake. Other starvation-induced abnormalities of intrathyroid 131I metabolism were a consistent increase in the percent of organified 131I present as MIT and DIT and a decreased percent 131I labeled T4 AND T3. These alterations in the intrathyroid metabolism of 131I in the starved rat probably reflect both a decrease in serum TSH concentration and a decrease in urinary and fecal loss of administered 131I. The serum total and free T4 and total and free T3 concentrations were decreased following 2 and 5 days of starvation.", "contents": "Effect of starvation on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function in the rat. Total starvation in the rat for 2 days did not alter the hypothalamic content of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), but did decrease both pituitary TSH content and serum TSH concentration. Five days starvation resulted in a significant decrease in serum TSH and a slightly enhanced serum TSH response to exogenous TRH, suggesting that the pituitary retains its sensitivity to TRH. Fasting for 5 days resulted in a decreased 1 and 4th, but an increased 24th thyroid 131I uptake. Other starvation-induced abnormalities of intrathyroid 131I metabolism were a consistent increase in the percent of organified 131I present as MIT and DIT and a decreased percent 131I labeled T4 AND T3. These alterations in the intrathyroid metabolism of 131I in the starved rat probably reflect both a decrease in serum TSH concentration and a decrease in urinary and fecal loss of administered 131I. The serum total and free T4 and total and free T3 concentrations were decreased following 2 and 5 days of starvation.", "PMID": 98684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3325", "title": "R plasmids among Gram-negative bacteria with multiple drug resistance isolated in a general hospital.", "content": "The incidence of conjugative R plasmids in multiple drug-resistant strains of gram-negative bacteria isolated in 1973 from patients in a 700-bed general hospital in Tokyo and some properties of the R plasmids isolated are described. Conjugative R plasmids were found in 52 of the 96 strains (54%), from which 74 R plasmids were demonstrated. It is remarkable that the isolation frequency of R plasmids mediating quadruple- or five-drug resistance was rather low, and the complete pattern of multiple resistance of the original isolates was only rarely transferred by conjugation. These results revealed the existing state of the distribution of R plasmids among hospital strains with multiple drug-resistance.", "contents": "R plasmids among Gram-negative bacteria with multiple drug resistance isolated in a general hospital. The incidence of conjugative R plasmids in multiple drug-resistant strains of gram-negative bacteria isolated in 1973 from patients in a 700-bed general hospital in Tokyo and some properties of the R plasmids isolated are described. Conjugative R plasmids were found in 52 of the 96 strains (54%), from which 74 R plasmids were demonstrated. It is remarkable that the isolation frequency of R plasmids mediating quadruple- or five-drug resistance was rather low, and the complete pattern of multiple resistance of the original isolates was only rarely transferred by conjugation. These results revealed the existing state of the distribution of R plasmids among hospital strains with multiple drug-resistance.", "PMID": 98687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3326", "title": "Theoretical approach to laser trabeculotomy.", "content": "Theoretical aspects of laser characteristics as well as the physics parameters involved in laser trabeculotomy in open-angle glaucoma are put forward. Outflow hydrodynamics and perforation mechanism as well as the required optical matching system are evaluated in detail.", "contents": "Theoretical approach to laser trabeculotomy. Theoretical aspects of laser characteristics as well as the physics parameters involved in laser trabeculotomy in open-angle glaucoma are put forward. Outflow hydrodynamics and perforation mechanism as well as the required optical matching system are evaluated in detail.", "PMID": 98694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3327", "title": "Fast and thermal neutron profiles for a 25-MV x-ray beam.", "content": "High-energy x-ray radiotherapy machines generate neutrons by photonuclear reactions in the target and the treatment head and expose the patient to a neutron flux. In order to evaluate the neutron exposure quantitatively, fast and thermal neutron profiles for 25-MV x-ray beams of the Sagittaire accelerator have been measured. An activation technique, using the reactions 31P(n, gamma)32P (thermal neutrons) and 31P(n, p)31Si (fast neutrons, E greater than 0.7 MeV), has been developed to measure fast- and thermal-neutron fluxes in an intense high-energy photon flux. The sensitivity of this activation detector to high-energy photons, which has plagued many previous neutron measurements, was carefully measured and found to be less than 4%. Neutron fluxes for various photon field sizes ranging from 5 X 5 cm to 30 X 30 cm have been measured. The fast-neutron profiles were observed to have rounded edges and the thermal fluxes were found to be relatively uniform. In the central part of the x-ray beam, the ratio of neutron dose equivalent to photon absorbed dose was found to be between 0.2% and 0.5%. Outside of the photon field, the ratio of neutron dose equivalent to the central-axis photon absorbed dose was 0.12%.", "contents": "Fast and thermal neutron profiles for a 25-MV x-ray beam. High-energy x-ray radiotherapy machines generate neutrons by photonuclear reactions in the target and the treatment head and expose the patient to a neutron flux. In order to evaluate the neutron exposure quantitatively, fast and thermal neutron profiles for 25-MV x-ray beams of the Sagittaire accelerator have been measured. An activation technique, using the reactions 31P(n, gamma)32P (thermal neutrons) and 31P(n, p)31Si (fast neutrons, E greater than 0.7 MeV), has been developed to measure fast- and thermal-neutron fluxes in an intense high-energy photon flux. The sensitivity of this activation detector to high-energy photons, which has plagued many previous neutron measurements, was carefully measured and found to be less than 4%. Neutron fluxes for various photon field sizes ranging from 5 X 5 cm to 30 X 30 cm have been measured. The fast-neutron profiles were observed to have rounded edges and the thermal fluxes were found to be relatively uniform. In the central part of the x-ray beam, the ratio of neutron dose equivalent to photon absorbed dose was found to be between 0.2% and 0.5%. Outside of the photon field, the ratio of neutron dose equivalent to the central-axis photon absorbed dose was 0.12%.", "PMID": 98695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3328", "title": "[Total parenteral nutrition].", "content": "A short historical introduction is followed by an account of the indications and counter-indications for total parenteral feedings, together with its administration modalities, bearing in mind the importance this technique currently enjoys in the stomatological and maxillo-faccial field. The metabolic situation of average patients subjected to this form of treatment is described, along with the hydric, caloric, plastic and electrolytic aspects of a given method, and the way in which the success or failure of an adopted technique can be ascertained.", "contents": "[Total parenteral nutrition]. A short historical introduction is followed by an account of the indications and counter-indications for total parenteral feedings, together with its administration modalities, bearing in mind the importance this technique currently enjoys in the stomatological and maxillo-faccial field. The metabolic situation of average patients subjected to this form of treatment is described, along with the hydric, caloric, plastic and electrolytic aspects of a given method, and the way in which the success or failure of an adopted technique can be ascertained.", "PMID": 98697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3329", "title": "Influence of deficiency of the histone gene-containing 38B-40 region on X-chromosome template activity and the white gene position effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The deficiency of the 38B-40 region containing histone genes in one of the 2nd chromosomes of D. melanogaster triploid intersexes increases the template activity of X-chromosomes both in vivo and in vitro without noticeably affecting autosome activity. This deficiency in the heterozygous state inhibits the variegated position effect of the white gene in the T(1;3)Wvco translocation in diploid females and males, but not affect their rate of development. The variegation suppressor Su(var)hg-1 not only suppress the gene position effect in diploid flies, but also increases the template activity of X-chromosomes in triploid intersexes. The results are discussed with respect to the dependence of gene activity on the structure of chromosomes (density of DNP packing).", "contents": "Influence of deficiency of the histone gene-containing 38B-40 region on X-chromosome template activity and the white gene position effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster. The deficiency of the 38B-40 region containing histone genes in one of the 2nd chromosomes of D. melanogaster triploid intersexes increases the template activity of X-chromosomes both in vivo and in vitro without noticeably affecting autosome activity. This deficiency in the heterozygous state inhibits the variegated position effect of the white gene in the T(1;3)Wvco translocation in diploid females and males, but not affect their rate of development. The variegation suppressor Su(var)hg-1 not only suppress the gene position effect in diploid flies, but also increases the template activity of X-chromosomes in triploid intersexes. The results are discussed with respect to the dependence of gene activity on the structure of chromosomes (density of DNP packing).", "PMID": 98701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3330", "title": "[Combined polychemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the oral cavity].", "content": "A brief survey of the relevant literature is followed by an account of the method and techniques employed in combined radiotherapy and polychemotherapy of 32 cases of cancer of the mouth. The results are described, together with the indications and limitations associated with the method. It is suggested that this form of treatment is sound, though it is pointed out that follow-up of the series has not been long.", "contents": "[Combined polychemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the oral cavity]. A brief survey of the relevant literature is followed by an account of the method and techniques employed in combined radiotherapy and polychemotherapy of 32 cases of cancer of the mouth. The results are described, together with the indications and limitations associated with the method. It is suggested that this form of treatment is sound, though it is pointed out that follow-up of the series has not been long.", "PMID": 98696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3331", "title": "[Value of the use of a cement containing a combination of triamcinolone and tetracycline in cavity preparations].", "content": "Odontomix (reg'd) cement was used at the bottom of cavities prepared in healthy dog canines in a attempt to prevent pulp and dentine alterations caused by the preparation and filling of cavities. 24 dogs were used along with 24 controls. I.v. tetracycline was afterwards given 10 times at weekly intervals. Examination of tetracycline labelling under the cavities showed that the cement caused pulp and dentine changes in confined areas, though it has not yet been possible to determine whether these are due to the corticosteroid, the antibiotic, or the excipient employed in the preparation.", "contents": "[Value of the use of a cement containing a combination of triamcinolone and tetracycline in cavity preparations]. Odontomix (reg'd) cement was used at the bottom of cavities prepared in healthy dog canines in a attempt to prevent pulp and dentine alterations caused by the preparation and filling of cavities. 24 dogs were used along with 24 controls. I.v. tetracycline was afterwards given 10 times at weekly intervals. Examination of tetracycline labelling under the cavities showed that the cement caused pulp and dentine changes in confined areas, though it has not yet been possible to determine whether these are due to the corticosteroid, the antibiotic, or the excipient employed in the preparation.", "PMID": 98698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3332", "title": "Molecular cloning of the gene region coding for the chloroplast rRNA of Euglena gracilis.", "content": "E. gracilis chloroplast DNA Bam fragments E and D, coding for rRNA were cloned separately using the plasmid pBR 322 as vector and E. coli as host. The newly constructed recombinant plasmids EgcKS 8 and EgcKS 11 (containing the Bam HI fragments E and D respectively) were analysed and characterized by gel electrophoresis, electronmicroscopy and analytical ultracentrifugation.", "contents": "Molecular cloning of the gene region coding for the chloroplast rRNA of Euglena gracilis. E. gracilis chloroplast DNA Bam fragments E and D, coding for rRNA were cloned separately using the plasmid pBR 322 as vector and E. coli as host. The newly constructed recombinant plasmids EgcKS 8 and EgcKS 11 (containing the Bam HI fragments E and D respectively) were analysed and characterized by gel electrophoresis, electronmicroscopy and analytical ultracentrifugation.", "PMID": 98702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3333", "title": "Transfection with replicating DNA from the temperate Bacillus bacteriophage phi 105 and with T4-ligase treated phi105 DNA: the importance in transfection of being longer than genome-length.", "content": "Replicating phage DNA extracted from Bacillus subtilis infected with phage phi 105 has a higher activity in transfection than mature DNA. By heteroduplex analysis it was shown that this DNA contains concatemeric molecules. Concatemers, constructed in vitro by treatment of mature DNA with T4-ligase also have an increased activity in transfection. DNA showing an increased activity in transfection does not have a requirement for more than one molecule per transfection event as is typically found for transfection with mature phi 105 DNA. An explanation is given for this difference suggesting that the structure of the ends of the transfecting molecules play an important role intransfection.", "contents": "Transfection with replicating DNA from the temperate Bacillus bacteriophage phi 105 and with T4-ligase treated phi105 DNA: the importance in transfection of being longer than genome-length. Replicating phage DNA extracted from Bacillus subtilis infected with phage phi 105 has a higher activity in transfection than mature DNA. By heteroduplex analysis it was shown that this DNA contains concatemeric molecules. Concatemers, constructed in vitro by treatment of mature DNA with T4-ligase also have an increased activity in transfection. DNA showing an increased activity in transfection does not have a requirement for more than one molecule per transfection event as is typically found for transfection with mature phi 105 DNA. An explanation is given for this difference suggesting that the structure of the ends of the transfecting molecules play an important role intransfection.", "PMID": 98703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3334", "title": "Evidence that F' lac replicates asynchronously during the cell cycle of Escherichia coli B/r.", "content": "The replication of F' lac was studied in exponentially growing cultures of E. coli B/r. The cells were pulse induced for the synthesis of beta-galactosidase and their DNA pulse labelled with 3H thymidine. The cells were then separated into age classes by centrifugation through a sucrose gradient in a zonal rotor. Plasmide replication was measured in each age fraction by three methods: the rate at which beta-galactosidase could be induced, the amount of label incorporated into CCC plasmid DNA which had been separated from chromosomal DNA on agarose gels, and the amount of label incorporated into plasmid DNA which had been separated from chromosomal DNA by ultracentrifugation through CsCl-EtBr gradients. All these methods gave the same result, that replication of F' lac occurs in cells of all ages and is not confined to a part of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Evidence that F' lac replicates asynchronously during the cell cycle of Escherichia coli B/r. The replication of F' lac was studied in exponentially growing cultures of E. coli B/r. The cells were pulse induced for the synthesis of beta-galactosidase and their DNA pulse labelled with 3H thymidine. The cells were then separated into age classes by centrifugation through a sucrose gradient in a zonal rotor. Plasmide replication was measured in each age fraction by three methods: the rate at which beta-galactosidase could be induced, the amount of label incorporated into CCC plasmid DNA which had been separated from chromosomal DNA on agarose gels, and the amount of label incorporated into plasmid DNA which had been separated from chromosomal DNA by ultracentrifugation through CsCl-EtBr gradients. All these methods gave the same result, that replication of F' lac occurs in cells of all ages and is not confined to a part of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 98704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3335", "title": "Periodically interspersed repetitive sequences may govern higher-order DNA coiling in chromatin and chromosomes.", "content": "The interspersed periodic arrangement of repetitive and unique sequences in eukaryotic DNAs is proposed as the underlying molecular basis for higher-order DNA coiling in chromatin and mitotic chromosomes. It is assumed that (i) two types of interspersed repetitive sequences are distributed strictly periodically throughout the genome, splitting the single copy DNA into short and long periods respectively in such a pattern that each long period is composed of a definite number of short periods and repeats, (ii) the short and long periods make the turn lengths of the solenoid and supersolenoid structures respectively determining their diameters; (iii) specific proteins interact with each type of repeats making cross ties between nearby repeats of each class helping to form, constrain, and stabilize the solenoid and the supersolenoid structures: (iv) the long period may be equated with the basic chromomere unit. The model predicts: (i) splitting of contiguous genes by inserted repetitive sequences; and (ii) two types of genomes differing in the hierarchy of DNA coiling.", "contents": "Periodically interspersed repetitive sequences may govern higher-order DNA coiling in chromatin and chromosomes. The interspersed periodic arrangement of repetitive and unique sequences in eukaryotic DNAs is proposed as the underlying molecular basis for higher-order DNA coiling in chromatin and mitotic chromosomes. It is assumed that (i) two types of interspersed repetitive sequences are distributed strictly periodically throughout the genome, splitting the single copy DNA into short and long periods respectively in such a pattern that each long period is composed of a definite number of short periods and repeats, (ii) the short and long periods make the turn lengths of the solenoid and supersolenoid structures respectively determining their diameters; (iii) specific proteins interact with each type of repeats making cross ties between nearby repeats of each class helping to form, constrain, and stabilize the solenoid and the supersolenoid structures: (iv) the long period may be equated with the basic chromomere unit. The model predicts: (i) splitting of contiguous genes by inserted repetitive sequences; and (ii) two types of genomes differing in the hierarchy of DNA coiling.", "PMID": 98707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3336", "title": "Increased serum thyroid hormone binding and decreased free hormone in chronic active liver disease.", "content": "To determine whether chronic inflammatory disease of the liver increases serum thyroid hormone binding, we measured tri-iodothyronine resin binding ratios in nine patient with primary biliary cirrhosis and in nine with chronic active hepatitis. In each group, the average binding ratio was about 50 per cent higher than in control subjects. Thyroxinebinding globulin, measured by immunoassay in three patients, was elevated. Although average total thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine were increased slightly, the corresponding free hormone concentrations were lower than controls, probably because of decreased thyroid function associated with the high incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis in nonalcoholic (autoimmune) liver disease. Thyroid autoantibodies were found in 13 patients. Impaired hepatic thyroxine-to -tri-iodothyronine conversion may have contributed to the low free tri-iodothyronine. Thyrotropin was elevated in four patients. Because of increased serum thyroid hormone binding in these patients total thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine concentration can be normal despite hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Increased serum thyroid hormone binding and decreased free hormone in chronic active liver disease. To determine whether chronic inflammatory disease of the liver increases serum thyroid hormone binding, we measured tri-iodothyronine resin binding ratios in nine patient with primary biliary cirrhosis and in nine with chronic active hepatitis. In each group, the average binding ratio was about 50 per cent higher than in control subjects. Thyroxinebinding globulin, measured by immunoassay in three patients, was elevated. Although average total thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine were increased slightly, the corresponding free hormone concentrations were lower than controls, probably because of decreased thyroid function associated with the high incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis in nonalcoholic (autoimmune) liver disease. Thyroid autoantibodies were found in 13 patients. Impaired hepatic thyroxine-to -tri-iodothyronine conversion may have contributed to the low free tri-iodothyronine. Thyrotropin was elevated in four patients. Because of increased serum thyroid hormone binding in these patients total thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine concentration can be normal despite hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 98709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3337", "title": "Can the psro's be cost effective? A study of the effect of the Commonwealth Health Agencies monitoring program on the length of stay of Medicaid patients in Massachusetts.", "content": "To analyze the effect of the Commonwealth Health Agencies Monitoring Program on the length of stay of a sample of Massachusetts Medicaid patients, we compared their experience with that of non-Medicaid patients. We found a consistently decreasing trend in the length of stay of Medicaid patients during the 2 1/2-year period studied. The average length of stay of Medicaid patients decreased by 11.9 per cent relative to the norm, whereas the non-Medicaid length of stay decreased by only 6.6 per  cent. We infer that the Program may be credited within the 5.3 per cent differential decrease. The consistency and reliability of the data suggest that similar results may be extrapolated to the hospitals not sampled. We conclude that Professional Standards Review Organizations, of which this program was a precursor, can be cost effective, given an expanded review mandate and the application of suibable evaluative processes.", "contents": "Can the psro's be cost effective? A study of the effect of the Commonwealth Health Agencies monitoring program on the length of stay of Medicaid patients in Massachusetts. To analyze the effect of the Commonwealth Health Agencies Monitoring Program on the length of stay of a sample of Massachusetts Medicaid patients, we compared their experience with that of non-Medicaid patients. We found a consistently decreasing trend in the length of stay of Medicaid patients during the 2 1/2-year period studied. The average length of stay of Medicaid patients decreased by 11.9 per cent relative to the norm, whereas the non-Medicaid length of stay decreased by only 6.6 per  cent. We infer that the Program may be credited within the 5.3 per cent differential decrease. The consistency and reliability of the data suggest that similar results may be extrapolated to the hospitals not sampled. We conclude that Professional Standards Review Organizations, of which this program was a precursor, can be cost effective, given an expanded review mandate and the application of suibable evaluative processes.", "PMID": 98710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3338", "title": "[Distribution of repeating nucleotide sequences in the macronucleus DNA of Tetrahymena infusoria].", "content": "The genome of Tetrahymena pyriformis macronucleus contain less than 10% of repetitive sequences. About half of them consist of long, more than 2000 base pairs, moderately repeated sequences. Short repetitive sequences (200--300 base pairs) represent 4--5% of the genome. We assume, that the short repetitive sequences are interspersed with single copy sequences of about 1000 base pairs. In this case less than 15% of the Tetrahymena DNA should consist of interspersed repetitive and single copy sequences.", "contents": "[Distribution of repeating nucleotide sequences in the macronucleus DNA of Tetrahymena infusoria]. The genome of Tetrahymena pyriformis macronucleus contain less than 10% of repetitive sequences. About half of them consist of long, more than 2000 base pairs, moderately repeated sequences. Short repetitive sequences (200--300 base pairs) represent 4--5% of the genome. We assume, that the short repetitive sequences are interspersed with single copy sequences of about 1000 base pairs. In this case less than 15% of the Tetrahymena DNA should consist of interspersed repetitive and single copy sequences.", "PMID": 98708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3339", "title": "Sensitivity of TSTA and species-specific cell membrane antigens of tumor cells to glutaraldehyde treatment.", "content": "In vivo immunogenicity and in vitro species-specific membrane antigens in tumor cells treated or untreated with glutaraldehyde (GA) were studied. Two different syngeneic Syrian hamster transplantable tumor cell lines (spontaneous liver cancer and SV40-induced sarcoma) not only lost immunogenicity after GA treatment but were responsible for enhancement of test-tumor growth in immunized animals. In vitro mixed hemadsorption test used for determination of species-specific membrane antigens in Syrian hamster, green monkey and interspecies hybrid cells revealed drastic alteration of antigens on the membrane of cells treated with GA.", "contents": "Sensitivity of TSTA and species-specific cell membrane antigens of tumor cells to glutaraldehyde treatment. In vivo immunogenicity and in vitro species-specific membrane antigens in tumor cells treated or untreated with glutaraldehyde (GA) were studied. Two different syngeneic Syrian hamster transplantable tumor cell lines (spontaneous liver cancer and SV40-induced sarcoma) not only lost immunogenicity after GA treatment but were responsible for enhancement of test-tumor growth in immunized animals. In vitro mixed hemadsorption test used for determination of species-specific membrane antigens in Syrian hamster, green monkey and interspecies hybrid cells revealed drastic alteration of antigens on the membrane of cells treated with GA.", "PMID": 98720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3340", "title": "Accelerated atherosclerosis in chronic-dialysis patients--another look.", "content": "Actuarial statistics of 53 dialysis patients treated between 1965 and 1976 are reviewed. It is suggested that dialysis did not accelerate atherosclerosis over the observed time period. It appears as though a fundamental change in the dialysis population has occurred and there are too few long-term dialysis patients available to establish whether dialysis does accelerate atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Accelerated atherosclerosis in chronic-dialysis patients--another look. Actuarial statistics of 53 dialysis patients treated between 1965 and 1976 are reviewed. It is suggested that dialysis did not accelerate atherosclerosis over the observed time period. It appears as though a fundamental change in the dialysis population has occurred and there are too few long-term dialysis patients available to establish whether dialysis does accelerate atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 98723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3341", "title": "Thyrotropin and prolactin secretory patterns during 24-hours infusion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in calves.", "content": "Plasma levels of thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin (Prl), growth hormone (GH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured in response to continuous 24-h infusion of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in normal and surgically thyroidectomized (THYX) calves in a series of 2 experiments. In the 1st experiment, the low dose of TRH (0.077 microgram/min) had no effect on any hormone levels measured. Plasma TSH concentration increased significantly (p less than 0.05) in response to TRH infusion (0.77 microgram/min) in both experiments, but plasma TSH levels plateaued and then declined in both cases despite continued TRH infusion and irrespective of the presence or absence of a thyroid gland. A similar pattern of secretion, though less markedly decreased over time, was observed for plasma Prl in both experiments. The higher dose (0.77 microgram/min) of TRH had no effect on plasma GH concentration in the 1st infusion, but did result in a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in overall mean concentration of GH in both normal and THYX calves in the 2nd experiment. Removal of the thyroid gland, thus removing the source of increasing T4 and T3 levels seen in normal calves infused with TRH, failed to alter the secretory patterns of TSH and Prl. These data suggest that feedback inhibition by increasing plasma thyroid hormone concentrations was not responsible for the failure of TSH and, to a lesser extent, Prl to maintain chronically elevated plasma levels in response to continuous 24-h TRH infusion. It is suggested that a depletion of pituitary TSH and Prl stores readily secretable in response to a constant dosage level of TRH may be responsible for the secretory patterns observed.", "contents": "Thyrotropin and prolactin secretory patterns during 24-hours infusion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in calves. Plasma levels of thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin (Prl), growth hormone (GH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured in response to continuous 24-h infusion of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in normal and surgically thyroidectomized (THYX) calves in a series of 2 experiments. In the 1st experiment, the low dose of TRH (0.077 microgram/min) had no effect on any hormone levels measured. Plasma TSH concentration increased significantly (p less than 0.05) in response to TRH infusion (0.77 microgram/min) in both experiments, but plasma TSH levels plateaued and then declined in both cases despite continued TRH infusion and irrespective of the presence or absence of a thyroid gland. A similar pattern of secretion, though less markedly decreased over time, was observed for plasma Prl in both experiments. The higher dose (0.77 microgram/min) of TRH had no effect on plasma GH concentration in the 1st infusion, but did result in a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in overall mean concentration of GH in both normal and THYX calves in the 2nd experiment. Removal of the thyroid gland, thus removing the source of increasing T4 and T3 levels seen in normal calves infused with TRH, failed to alter the secretory patterns of TSH and Prl. These data suggest that feedback inhibition by increasing plasma thyroid hormone concentrations was not responsible for the failure of TSH and, to a lesser extent, Prl to maintain chronically elevated plasma levels in response to continuous 24-h TRH infusion. It is suggested that a depletion of pituitary TSH and Prl stores readily secretable in response to a constant dosage level of TRH may be responsible for the secretory patterns observed.", "PMID": 98724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3342", "title": "The effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and somatostatin (GHRIH) on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in vitro and in vivo in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (Prl) secretion have been investigated in vitro and in vivo in domestic fowl. In both conscious and anaesthetized immature chickens the administration (i.v.) of TRH (2.5 and 25 microgram/kg) significantly increased the concentration of plasma GH. The simultaneous administration of somatostatin (GHRIH), 2.5 microgram/kg, to conscious birds significantly reduced the magnitude of the GH response to TRH treatment, but had no effect on the basal levels of plasma GH. The repeated injection of TRH (10 microgram/kg) every 20 min over a 100-min period failed to maintain the concentration of plasma GH at a high level. Prl secretion was not stimulated in any of these experiments, and in anaesthetized birds TRH (2.5 and 25 microgram/kg) treatment was followed by a depression in the level of plasma Prl. The effects of TRH and GHRIH on GH secretion by an in vitro dispersed pituitary cell suspension system were very similar to the in vivo studies. TRH stimulated Prl release in vitro, in contrast to the in vivo studies, and the response was dose related. GHRIH had no effect on the basal release of Prl in vitro but significantly inhibited the response to TRH treatment.", "contents": "The effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and somatostatin (GHRIH) on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in vitro and in vivo in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (Prl) secretion have been investigated in vitro and in vivo in domestic fowl. In both conscious and anaesthetized immature chickens the administration (i.v.) of TRH (2.5 and 25 microgram/kg) significantly increased the concentration of plasma GH. The simultaneous administration of somatostatin (GHRIH), 2.5 microgram/kg, to conscious birds significantly reduced the magnitude of the GH response to TRH treatment, but had no effect on the basal levels of plasma GH. The repeated injection of TRH (10 microgram/kg) every 20 min over a 100-min period failed to maintain the concentration of plasma GH at a high level. Prl secretion was not stimulated in any of these experiments, and in anaesthetized birds TRH (2.5 and 25 microgram/kg) treatment was followed by a depression in the level of plasma Prl. The effects of TRH and GHRIH on GH secretion by an in vitro dispersed pituitary cell suspension system were very similar to the in vivo studies. TRH stimulated Prl release in vitro, in contrast to the in vivo studies, and the response was dose related. GHRIH had no effect on the basal release of Prl in vitro but significantly inhibited the response to TRH treatment.", "PMID": 98725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3343", "title": "Benign post-traumatic encephalopathy in young people and its relation to migraine.", "content": "Thirteen children and adolescents between ages 4 and 19 years developed transient nonconvulsive neurological symptoms and signs within a few hours apparently trivial head injuries. Some became quite seriously ill, but all made rapid and complete recoveries. Some of these young people are known to have suffered from migraine before and/or after this episode, and in all but one of the others a family history of migraine was elicited. With these patients are compared five younger children who developed epileptic fits after equally slight trauma. A diagnosis of migraine should be considered in children who develop delayed impairment of consciousness after head trauma, with or without convulsive phenomena or focal neurological deficits, and in whom specialized investigations reveal no sign of a mass lesion or of intracranial hemorrhage.", "contents": "Benign post-traumatic encephalopathy in young people and its relation to migraine. Thirteen children and adolescents between ages 4 and 19 years developed transient nonconvulsive neurological symptoms and signs within a few hours apparently trivial head injuries. Some became quite seriously ill, but all made rapid and complete recoveries. Some of these young people are known to have suffered from migraine before and/or after this episode, and in all but one of the others a family history of migraine was elicited. With these patients are compared five younger children who developed epileptic fits after equally slight trauma. A diagnosis of migraine should be considered in children who develop delayed impairment of consciousness after head trauma, with or without convulsive phenomena or focal neurological deficits, and in whom specialized investigations reveal no sign of a mass lesion or of intracranial hemorrhage.", "PMID": 98726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3344", "title": "Chronic ventricular cerebrospinal fluid sampling, drug injections, and pressure monitoring using subcutaneous reservoirs in monkeys.", "content": "Animal models enabling reliable access to ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are crucial to the study of neuropharmacological and neurotoxicological effects of cytotoxic agents used to treat central nervous system neoplasms. This investigation concludes that 4th ventricular catheterization using subcutaneous CSF reservoirs in rhesus monkeys: (a) provides chronic access to sterile CSF without chronic immobilization, (b) enables mixing of injected drugs with lateral ventricular CSF, (c) permits sensitive monitoring of intraventricular pressure and (d) does not produce tissue damage during cannula implantation or breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "Chronic ventricular cerebrospinal fluid sampling, drug injections, and pressure monitoring using subcutaneous reservoirs in monkeys. Animal models enabling reliable access to ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are crucial to the study of neuropharmacological and neurotoxicological effects of cytotoxic agents used to treat central nervous system neoplasms. This investigation concludes that 4th ventricular catheterization using subcutaneous CSF reservoirs in rhesus monkeys: (a) provides chronic access to sterile CSF without chronic immobilization, (b) enables mixing of injected drugs with lateral ventricular CSF, (c) permits sensitive monitoring of intraventricular pressure and (d) does not produce tissue damage during cannula implantation or breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.", "PMID": 98727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3345", "title": "The effects of sodium nitroprusside and trimethaphan camsylate on cerebral blood flow in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Hemispheric cerebral blood flow was measured in the rhesus monkey before and after infusion of the hypotensive agents sodium nitroprusside and trimethaphan camsylate. The intracarotid injections of 133Xe was utilized, and flow was calculated by the \"flow initial\" technique. Cerebral blood flow did not change significantly with the administration of trimethaphan camsylate. However, with a small reduction in blood pressure (10.6%) during the administration of sodium nitroprusside, the cerebral blood flow fell significantly (15.4%).", "contents": "The effects of sodium nitroprusside and trimethaphan camsylate on cerebral blood flow in rhesus monkeys. Hemispheric cerebral blood flow was measured in the rhesus monkey before and after infusion of the hypotensive agents sodium nitroprusside and trimethaphan camsylate. The intracarotid injections of 133Xe was utilized, and flow was calculated by the \"flow initial\" technique. Cerebral blood flow did not change significantly with the administration of trimethaphan camsylate. However, with a small reduction in blood pressure (10.6%) during the administration of sodium nitroprusside, the cerebral blood flow fell significantly (15.4%).", "PMID": 98729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3346", "title": "Posttraumatic epilepsy and acute intermittent porphyria: effects of phenytoin, carbamazepine, and clonazepam.", "content": "A patient with uncontrolled posttraumatic epilepsy and acute intermittent prophyria was subjected to successive therapeutic trials with phenytoin, carbamazepine, and clonazepam, while eating an adequate diet. Both phenytoin and carbamazepine treatments caused significant increases in porphobilinogen excretion and appeared to induce acute porphyric attacks. In contrast, treatment with clonazepam under rigid dietary control for 10 days caused no increase in porphilbinogen excretion. During the subsequent 7 months of treatment with clonazepam, neither seizures nor porphyric attacks recurred. These findings suggest that clonazepam may be a safe and effective treatment for chronic or severe generalized seizure disorders in patients with acute intermittent porphyria.", "contents": "Posttraumatic epilepsy and acute intermittent porphyria: effects of phenytoin, carbamazepine, and clonazepam. A patient with uncontrolled posttraumatic epilepsy and acute intermittent prophyria was subjected to successive therapeutic trials with phenytoin, carbamazepine, and clonazepam, while eating an adequate diet. Both phenytoin and carbamazepine treatments caused significant increases in porphobilinogen excretion and appeared to induce acute porphyric attacks. In contrast, treatment with clonazepam under rigid dietary control for 10 days caused no increase in porphilbinogen excretion. During the subsequent 7 months of treatment with clonazepam, neither seizures nor porphyric attacks recurred. These findings suggest that clonazepam may be a safe and effective treatment for chronic or severe generalized seizure disorders in patients with acute intermittent porphyria.", "PMID": 98734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3347", "title": "Validation of a new technique for measurement of intracranial pressure with a scintillation counter.", "content": "Intracranial pressure sensors and subdural and subgaleal sensing tambours were used to measure the pressure difference between the intracranial and subgaleal spaces in two monkeys. The pressure differential was transmitted to fluid bathing a piston, to which an isotope source (145Pm) was attached. The radiation signal emanating through a fixed collimator was detected transcutaneously by a sodium iodide crystal contained within a photomultiplier tube connected to a scintillation counter. After in vitro testing of linearity, in vivo infusion studies were performed. Linearity between intracisternal pressure and radioactivity (r = 0.99; p less than 0.001) was established in the two experimental animals for an interval of 5 months and 1 year, respectively. Autopsy findings confirmed that the sensing tambours became encapsulated with a pseudomembrane that did not attenuate the pressure signal. The results of this investigation suggest that this method for measurement of intracranial pressure without transcutaneous connections may be suitable for long term monitoring of intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Validation of a new technique for measurement of intracranial pressure with a scintillation counter. Intracranial pressure sensors and subdural and subgaleal sensing tambours were used to measure the pressure difference between the intracranial and subgaleal spaces in two monkeys. The pressure differential was transmitted to fluid bathing a piston, to which an isotope source (145Pm) was attached. The radiation signal emanating through a fixed collimator was detected transcutaneously by a sodium iodide crystal contained within a photomultiplier tube connected to a scintillation counter. After in vitro testing of linearity, in vivo infusion studies were performed. Linearity between intracisternal pressure and radioactivity (r = 0.99; p less than 0.001) was established in the two experimental animals for an interval of 5 months and 1 year, respectively. Autopsy findings confirmed that the sensing tambours became encapsulated with a pseudomembrane that did not attenuate the pressure signal. The results of this investigation suggest that this method for measurement of intracranial pressure without transcutaneous connections may be suitable for long term monitoring of intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 98730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3348", "title": "Effect of intravenous sodium nitroprusside on cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure.", "content": "Local cerebral blood flow was measured with the hydrogen clearance technique during intravenous infusion of nitroprusside in monkeys. Concentrations of the drug required to reduce the mean arterial blood pressure by less than 40% resulted in no significant change or only a slight increase in regional cerebral blood flow. Larger doses, however, produced a loss of cerebral autoregulation, thereby inducing a drop in cerebral blood flow. Intracranial pressure rose proportionately to the nitroprusside dose during the infusion.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous sodium nitroprusside on cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure. Local cerebral blood flow was measured with the hydrogen clearance technique during intravenous infusion of nitroprusside in monkeys. Concentrations of the drug required to reduce the mean arterial blood pressure by less than 40% resulted in no significant change or only a slight increase in regional cerebral blood flow. Larger doses, however, produced a loss of cerebral autoregulation, thereby inducing a drop in cerebral blood flow. Intracranial pressure rose proportionately to the nitroprusside dose during the infusion.", "PMID": 98731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3349", "title": "Diaphragm pacing in central von Recklinghausen's disease: a case report.", "content": "A patient with central von Recklinghausen's disease with multiple lower cranial nerve tumors developed nocturnal central hypoventilation that was successfully treated with diaphragm pacing. An unusual postimplant complication requiring an increased amplitude of stimulation occurred and was later found to be due to a neurofibroma that had partially displaced the electrode cuff off the phrenic nerve.", "contents": "Diaphragm pacing in central von Recklinghausen's disease: a case report. A patient with central von Recklinghausen's disease with multiple lower cranial nerve tumors developed nocturnal central hypoventilation that was successfully treated with diaphragm pacing. An unusual postimplant complication requiring an increased amplitude of stimulation occurred and was later found to be due to a neurofibroma that had partially displaced the electrode cuff off the phrenic nerve.", "PMID": 98732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3350", "title": "Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern following intrauterine fetal transfusion.", "content": "Two patients with severe rhesus isoimmunization had sinusoidal fetal heart rate patterns following intrauterine fetal transfusion. A consistent temporal relationship between fetal transfusion and sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern was observed. Survival of a fetus who had a sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern after each of three transfusions suggests that this pattern may not be ominous when observed transiently after fetal transfusion.", "contents": "Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern following intrauterine fetal transfusion. Two patients with severe rhesus isoimmunization had sinusoidal fetal heart rate patterns following intrauterine fetal transfusion. A consistent temporal relationship between fetal transfusion and sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern was observed. Survival of a fetus who had a sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern after each of three transfusions suggests that this pattern may not be ominous when observed transiently after fetal transfusion.", "PMID": 98743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3351", "title": "Alcoholic ketoacidosis in pregnancy.", "content": "The presence of severe ketoacidosis in the absence of hyperglycemia and glucosuria is reported in a young pregnant chronic alcohol abuser. The clinical presentation included an arterial pH of 7.15, a base deficit of 23 mEq/liter, a bicarbonate of less than 10 m Eq/liter, larger serum and urinary ketone levels, and hyperpnea with Kussmual-type respiration. Corrective therapy consisted of rapid fluid, electrolyte, bicarbonate, and glucose replacement with insulin supplementation. The ability of the fetus to tolerate the maternal metabolic derangements of \"alcoholic ketoacidosis\" as well as the stress of uterine contractions is discussed and contrasted with diabetic ketoacidosis.", "contents": "Alcoholic ketoacidosis in pregnancy. The presence of severe ketoacidosis in the absence of hyperglycemia and glucosuria is reported in a young pregnant chronic alcohol abuser. The clinical presentation included an arterial pH of 7.15, a base deficit of 23 mEq/liter, a bicarbonate of less than 10 m Eq/liter, larger serum and urinary ketone levels, and hyperpnea with Kussmual-type respiration. Corrective therapy consisted of rapid fluid, electrolyte, bicarbonate, and glucose replacement with insulin supplementation. The ability of the fetus to tolerate the maternal metabolic derangements of \"alcoholic ketoacidosis\" as well as the stress of uterine contractions is discussed and contrasted with diabetic ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 98744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3352", "title": "The bacterial pathogenesis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease.", "content": "To study the bacterial pathogenesis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease, peritoneal fluid was obtained by culdocentesis in 133 of 344 women with this disease. In 104 of the specimens bacteria were identified both in the gram-stained smear and culture. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from the lower genital tract in over half of these women, and there were 3 patterns of bacterial recovery from peritoneal fluid: N gonorrhoeae alone (22%), N gonorrhoeae and other organisms (32%), and nongonococcal organisms alone (46%). In women without cervical gonorrhea only nongonococcal organisms were identified from peritoneal fluid. In both groups of women a similar number of nongonococcal organisms were isolated. The results of this study supported those reported prior to availability of antimicrobials and suggest that N gonorrhoeae initiates most cases of pelvic inflammatory disease. A significant number of these women have superinfection with nongonococcal organisms which may preclude recovery of gonococci.", "contents": "The bacterial pathogenesis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. To study the bacterial pathogenesis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease, peritoneal fluid was obtained by culdocentesis in 133 of 344 women with this disease. In 104 of the specimens bacteria were identified both in the gram-stained smear and culture. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from the lower genital tract in over half of these women, and there were 3 patterns of bacterial recovery from peritoneal fluid: N gonorrhoeae alone (22%), N gonorrhoeae and other organisms (32%), and nongonococcal organisms alone (46%). In women without cervical gonorrhea only nongonococcal organisms were identified from peritoneal fluid. In both groups of women a similar number of nongonococcal organisms were isolated. The results of this study supported those reported prior to availability of antimicrobials and suggest that N gonorrhoeae initiates most cases of pelvic inflammatory disease. A significant number of these women have superinfection with nongonococcal organisms which may preclude recovery of gonococci.", "PMID": 98745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3353", "title": "Detection of large fetal--maternal transfusions.", "content": "Two hundred consecutive Rh-negative women at risk of Rh sensitization were screened postpartum for large fetal--maternal transfusion by two acid elution techniques. The Nierhaus modification of the Betke-Kleihauer method and the Fetaldex test were compared. In 194 of 200 women, both procedures indicated the absence of significant fetal--maternal transfusion. In 6 women a large fetal--maternal hemorrhage was detected by the Betke-Kleihauer method and in 5 of these 6 by the Fetaldex test. The overall correlation between the two techniques was 99.5%. The Fetaldex test has advantages over the Betke-Kleihauer method and is well suited for routine use postpartum and for other situations where identification or quantitation of fetal cells is desirable.", "contents": "Detection of large fetal--maternal transfusions. Two hundred consecutive Rh-negative women at risk of Rh sensitization were screened postpartum for large fetal--maternal transfusion by two acid elution techniques. The Nierhaus modification of the Betke-Kleihauer method and the Fetaldex test were compared. In 194 of 200 women, both procedures indicated the absence of significant fetal--maternal transfusion. In 6 women a large fetal--maternal hemorrhage was detected by the Betke-Kleihauer method and in 5 of these 6 by the Fetaldex test. The overall correlation between the two techniques was 99.5%. The Fetaldex test has advantages over the Betke-Kleihauer method and is well suited for routine use postpartum and for other situations where identification or quantitation of fetal cells is desirable.", "PMID": 98746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3354", "title": "Response of the living organism to dead and fixed dead, enclosed isologous tissue.", "content": "Polyethylene tubes closed at both ends and with four perforations in the side walls were filled either with isologous muscle tissue or with formaldehyde-fixed or glutaraldehyde-fixed isologous tissue, and then implanted subcutaneously in rats. As controls, tubes with solutions of the fixatives were implanted. When cell reaction in the tissues surrounding the differently filled tubes was examined, the reaction to untreated necrotic tissue was found to be the least severe.", "contents": "Response of the living organism to dead and fixed dead, enclosed isologous tissue. Polyethylene tubes closed at both ends and with four perforations in the side walls were filled either with isologous muscle tissue or with formaldehyde-fixed or glutaraldehyde-fixed isologous tissue, and then implanted subcutaneously in rats. As controls, tubes with solutions of the fixatives were implanted. When cell reaction in the tissues surrounding the differently filled tubes was examined, the reaction to untreated necrotic tissue was found to be the least severe.", "PMID": 98747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3355", "title": "Reduced hepatic bilirubin uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase and uridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase activity in the human fetus.", "content": "Hepatic bilirubin uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase (UDPG-T) activity was 0.14 and 0.22 units in two fetuses aged 17 and 22 weeks, respectively, and less than 0.1 unit in 15 fetuses, aged 8--19 weeks compared to 0.68--1.99 units in 21 normal adults. Hepatic uridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase (UDPG-D) activity in 14 fetuses, aged 8--18 weeks, ranged from 6.2--15.0 units (mean = 11.3 +/- 0.7) compared to 28.8--49.2 units (mean = 39.6 +/- 2.5) in eight normal adults (P less than 0.001). There was no correlation between UDPG-D activity and gestational age. The hepatic UDPG-D activity was 16.5 units in a 33-day-old full term, female infant, 42.4 and 24.3 units in two 2-year-old infants, respectively, and 24.3 units in a 5.5-year-old child. In three human fetuses, the apparent Km UDPG was 0.54 x 10(-4) M. Thus, both hepatic bilirubin UDPG-T and UDPG-D activity are markedly reduced in the human fetus during the second trimester of gestation. Retarded development of hepatic UDPG-D may extend beyond the first month of life.", "contents": "Reduced hepatic bilirubin uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase and uridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase activity in the human fetus. Hepatic bilirubin uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase (UDPG-T) activity was 0.14 and 0.22 units in two fetuses aged 17 and 22 weeks, respectively, and less than 0.1 unit in 15 fetuses, aged 8--19 weeks compared to 0.68--1.99 units in 21 normal adults. Hepatic uridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase (UDPG-D) activity in 14 fetuses, aged 8--18 weeks, ranged from 6.2--15.0 units (mean = 11.3 +/- 0.7) compared to 28.8--49.2 units (mean = 39.6 +/- 2.5) in eight normal adults (P less than 0.001). There was no correlation between UDPG-D activity and gestational age. The hepatic UDPG-D activity was 16.5 units in a 33-day-old full term, female infant, 42.4 and 24.3 units in two 2-year-old infants, respectively, and 24.3 units in a 5.5-year-old child. In three human fetuses, the apparent Km UDPG was 0.54 x 10(-4) M. Thus, both hepatic bilirubin UDPG-T and UDPG-D activity are markedly reduced in the human fetus during the second trimester of gestation. Retarded development of hepatic UDPG-D may extend beyond the first month of life.", "PMID": 98749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3356", "title": "Microbiology of the vagina in children: normal and potentially pathogenic organisms.", "content": "Vaginal cultures from 100 healthy girls, 2 months to 15 years of age, were examined for the presence of normal and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Corynebacterium vaginale, yeast species, and genital mycoplasmas were isolated from vaginal cultures from 13.5 %, 28%, and 28% of the girls examined, respectively. Colonization with these organisms was not associated with signs or symptoms of vaginitis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from a 4-year-old with purulent vaginitis. Trichomonas vaginalis was recovered from two 13-year-olds, both of whom had an abnormal vaginal discharge. Vaginal antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis was found in two girls 4 and 13 years of age. In neither girl was the organism recovered from the vaginal culture. Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered from the vaginal culture of another 4-year-old who had no abnormal findings on examination. Cultures from 59 of the girls were examined for aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Diphtheroids and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most frequently isolated organisms. Lactobacilli were isolated most frequently from the older girls, whereas enteric organisms were isolated most frequently from the younger girls.", "contents": "Microbiology of the vagina in children: normal and potentially pathogenic organisms. Vaginal cultures from 100 healthy girls, 2 months to 15 years of age, were examined for the presence of normal and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Corynebacterium vaginale, yeast species, and genital mycoplasmas were isolated from vaginal cultures from 13.5 %, 28%, and 28% of the girls examined, respectively. Colonization with these organisms was not associated with signs or symptoms of vaginitis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from a 4-year-old with purulent vaginitis. Trichomonas vaginalis was recovered from two 13-year-olds, both of whom had an abnormal vaginal discharge. Vaginal antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis was found in two girls 4 and 13 years of age. In neither girl was the organism recovered from the vaginal culture. Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered from the vaginal culture of another 4-year-old who had no abnormal findings on examination. Cultures from 59 of the girls were examined for aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Diphtheroids and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most frequently isolated organisms. Lactobacilli were isolated most frequently from the older girls, whereas enteric organisms were isolated most frequently from the younger girls.", "PMID": 98750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3357", "title": "[Immuno-electro-diffusion on cellulose acetate membrane for serological testing in human malaria (author's transl)].", "content": "An immuno-electro-diffusion assay for human malaria, using cellulose acetate gel, is described. More than 3500 sera have been tested by this method, which proved very useful for epidemiology since 400 sera a day can be tested by one person, with simple equipment. Its sensitivity compared well to the IFA test, although the antibodies revealed are quite different. A constnat precipitin line appeared, against 56 degrees C labile antigens, in sera of subjects infected by P. falciparum, and up to 8 other precipitins per serum tested. The test may be useful in analyzing these multiple antibodies occurring in patients with malaria.", "contents": "[Immuno-electro-diffusion on cellulose acetate membrane for serological testing in human malaria (author's transl)]. An immuno-electro-diffusion assay for human malaria, using cellulose acetate gel, is described. More than 3500 sera have been tested by this method, which proved very useful for epidemiology since 400 sera a day can be tested by one person, with simple equipment. Its sensitivity compared well to the IFA test, although the antibodies revealed are quite different. A constnat precipitin line appeared, against 56 degrees C labile antigens, in sera of subjects infected by P. falciparum, and up to 8 other precipitins per serum tested. The test may be useful in analyzing these multiple antibodies occurring in patients with malaria.", "PMID": 98748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3358", "title": "Effect of dopamine on renal blood flow of baboon in endotoxin shock.", "content": "Renal vasodilation observed in canine endotoxemia did not occur during endotoxin shock in the baboon: in fact, renal artery blood flow was markedly reduced. Infusion of dopamine in the baboon restored the renal artery blood flow.", "contents": "Effect of dopamine on renal blood flow of baboon in endotoxin shock. Renal vasodilation observed in canine endotoxemia did not occur during endotoxin shock in the baboon: in fact, renal artery blood flow was markedly reduced. Infusion of dopamine in the baboon restored the renal artery blood flow.", "PMID": 98752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3359", "title": "Phosphate transport in the proximal convolution of the rat kidney II. Effect of extracellular Ca2+ and application of the Ca2+ ionophore A 23187 in chronic PTX animals.", "content": "Proximal inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport was evaluated using the standing droplet method with simultaneous microperfusion of the peritubular blood capillaries. In chronic parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats addition of 3 micron of the Ca2+ ionophore A 23187 to the luminal perfusate had  no effect on the Pi transport, although the isotonic fluid reabsorption was reduced by 20%. When the Ca2+ concentration in the perfusates was raised from 1.5mM to 3.0mM the the reabsorption did not change significantly. But when Ca2+ was omitted from the perfusates the Pi reabsorption dropped by 19%, and when 2mM EDTA were added to the perfusates Pi transport decreased by 35%. The influx of Pi from the interstitial space and from the cell into the phosphate-free luminal perfusate did not change, when the perfusates were Ca2+ -free, but it increased by 23% in the presence of 2mM EDTA. The data indicate that 1. a rise in intracellular Ca2+ above normal is not a factor which modifies \"basal\" Pi transport i.e. when Pi transport is independent of the action of parathyroid hormone. 2. A reduction of extracellular Ca2+ concentration from normal toward zero reduces Pi transport without changing the paracellular leak permeability for Pi. 3. With EDTA the the paracellular leak permeability for Pi is increased, thus causing an even greater reduction in net Pi transport than with Ca2+ -free solutions alone.", "contents": "Phosphate transport in the proximal convolution of the rat kidney II. Effect of extracellular Ca2+ and application of the Ca2+ ionophore A 23187 in chronic PTX animals. Proximal inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport was evaluated using the standing droplet method with simultaneous microperfusion of the peritubular blood capillaries. In chronic parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats addition of 3 micron of the Ca2+ ionophore A 23187 to the luminal perfusate had  no effect on the Pi transport, although the isotonic fluid reabsorption was reduced by 20%. When the Ca2+ concentration in the perfusates was raised from 1.5mM to 3.0mM the the reabsorption did not change significantly. But when Ca2+ was omitted from the perfusates the Pi reabsorption dropped by 19%, and when 2mM EDTA were added to the perfusates Pi transport decreased by 35%. The influx of Pi from the interstitial space and from the cell into the phosphate-free luminal perfusate did not change, when the perfusates were Ca2+ -free, but it increased by 23% in the presence of 2mM EDTA. The data indicate that 1. a rise in intracellular Ca2+ above normal is not a factor which modifies \"basal\" Pi transport i.e. when Pi transport is independent of the action of parathyroid hormone. 2. A reduction of extracellular Ca2+ concentration from normal toward zero reduces Pi transport without changing the paracellular leak permeability for Pi. 3. With EDTA the the paracellular leak permeability for Pi is increased, thus causing an even greater reduction in net Pi transport than with Ca2+ -free solutions alone.", "PMID": 98754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3360", "title": "Studies on the occurrence of Peptococcus indolicus and Corynebacterium pyogenes in abscesses in swine, and on the occurrence of Pc. indolicus in apparently normal skin and mucous membranes of piglets.", "content": "Pc. indolicus was isolated from 42.7% and Cb. pyogenes from 48.7% of 150 pus-samples from abscesses in pigs (slaughter-house material, Table I). In 41 specimens the two organisms were found together. Further, Pc. indolicus was demonstrated in 22.4% of 290 swabs from apparently normal skin and mucous membranes of piglets (autopsy material, Table II). By gel diffusion analysis the strains of Pc. indolicus were referred to the serotypes B, C, D, E, or F. The type distribution (Table III) possibly reflects a type-related variation in the invasive properties of Pc. indolicus.", "contents": "Studies on the occurrence of Peptococcus indolicus and Corynebacterium pyogenes in abscesses in swine, and on the occurrence of Pc. indolicus in apparently normal skin and mucous membranes of piglets. Pc. indolicus was isolated from 42.7% and Cb. pyogenes from 48.7% of 150 pus-samples from abscesses in pigs (slaughter-house material, Table I). In 41 specimens the two organisms were found together. Further, Pc. indolicus was demonstrated in 22.4% of 290 swabs from apparently normal skin and mucous membranes of piglets (autopsy material, Table II). By gel diffusion analysis the strains of Pc. indolicus were referred to the serotypes B, C, D, E, or F. The type distribution (Table III) possibly reflects a type-related variation in the invasive properties of Pc. indolicus.", "PMID": 98755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3361", "title": "[Nature of changes in glucagon secretion in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Radioimmunological method was applied to the study of glucagon content in patients with diabetes mellitus of different severity and duration of the disease. Glucagon level on fasting stomach in patients with diabetes at the state of compensation failed to differ from that in healthy persons. But in decomensated disease with the ketoacidosis phenomena there was a sharp elevation of glucagon content with restoration to the normal after the compensation was reached. In patients with diabetes mellitus complicated by diabetic retinopathy blood glucagon content failed to correlate with the incidence of retinopathy. However, there was a direct relationship between the incidence of retinopathy and the duration of the disease. In adipose diabetic patients glucagon content was elevated, but this rise was insignificant in comparison with healthy persons.", "contents": "[Nature of changes in glucagon secretion in diabetes mellitus]. Radioimmunological method was applied to the study of glucagon content in patients with diabetes mellitus of different severity and duration of the disease. Glucagon level on fasting stomach in patients with diabetes at the state of compensation failed to differ from that in healthy persons. But in decomensated disease with the ketoacidosis phenomena there was a sharp elevation of glucagon content with restoration to the normal after the compensation was reached. In patients with diabetes mellitus complicated by diabetic retinopathy blood glucagon content failed to correlate with the incidence of retinopathy. However, there was a direct relationship between the incidence of retinopathy and the duration of the disease. In adipose diabetic patients glucagon content was elevated, but this rise was insignificant in comparison with healthy persons.", "PMID": 98760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3362", "title": "Magnetic susceptibility studies of laccase and oxyhemocyanin.", "content": "The magnetic susceptibility of Rhus vernicifera laccase has been remeasured over the temperature range 5-260 K. In contrast to our previous results [Solomon, E.I., Dooley, D. M., Wang R.-H., Gray, H.B., Cerdonio, M., Mogno, F. & Romani, G. L. (1975) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 1029-1031] linear chi versus T-1 behavior was observed. The susceptibility of Limulus polyphemus oxyhemocyanin has also been measured in the range 5-260 K. Only weak paramagnetism, attributable to dissolved oxygen and a small amount of paramagnetic impurities, was observed. Analysis of the data establishes a lower limit of 550 cm-1 for J, consistent with our earlier work. The temperature dependence of the susceptibility of laccase is quantitatively accounted for by the presence of two paramagnetic copper ions (types 1 and 2) per enzyme molecule. Curie law behavior at low temperatures rules out significant interaction between the two coppper types, indicating that these redox centers are well separated (several angstroms) and are not connected by bridging ligands. Formulation of the type 3 site as binuclear Cu(II) requires J greater than or equal to 500 cm-1.", "contents": "Magnetic susceptibility studies of laccase and oxyhemocyanin. The magnetic susceptibility of Rhus vernicifera laccase has been remeasured over the temperature range 5-260 K. In contrast to our previous results [Solomon, E.I., Dooley, D. M., Wang R.-H., Gray, H.B., Cerdonio, M., Mogno, F. & Romani, G. L. (1975) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 1029-1031] linear chi versus T-1 behavior was observed. The susceptibility of Limulus polyphemus oxyhemocyanin has also been measured in the range 5-260 K. Only weak paramagnetism, attributable to dissolved oxygen and a small amount of paramagnetic impurities, was observed. Analysis of the data establishes a lower limit of 550 cm-1 for J, consistent with our earlier work. The temperature dependence of the susceptibility of laccase is quantitatively accounted for by the presence of two paramagnetic copper ions (types 1 and 2) per enzyme molecule. Curie law behavior at low temperatures rules out significant interaction between the two coppper types, indicating that these redox centers are well separated (several angstroms) and are not connected by bridging ligands. Formulation of the type 3 site as binuclear Cu(II) requires J greater than or equal to 500 cm-1.", "PMID": 98765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3363", "title": "Use of T4 RNA ligase to construct model substrates for a ribosomal RNA maturation endonuclease.", "content": "RNase M5 of Bacillus subtilis specifically cleaves a 179-nucleotide precursor 5S rRNA to yield mature 5S rRNA (116 nucleotides) and two fragments derived from the termini. Possible recognition elements for RNase M5 within the precursor structure include nucleotide sequences arranged with 2-fold rotational and translational symmetry about the substrate bonds. We have used bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase to construct, from synthetic oligonucleotides and mature or precursor 5S rRNA fragments, test substrates lacking these symmetry elements. The susceptibilities of the artificial substrates to RNase M5 demonstrate that the symmetrically arranged sequences are not used in the RNase M5 interaction with the precursor. Additionally, the synthetic protocols permitted the invention of an acid-soluble assay for RNase M5 and, potentially, other specific endoribonucleases.", "contents": "Use of T4 RNA ligase to construct model substrates for a ribosomal RNA maturation endonuclease. RNase M5 of Bacillus subtilis specifically cleaves a 179-nucleotide precursor 5S rRNA to yield mature 5S rRNA (116 nucleotides) and two fragments derived from the termini. Possible recognition elements for RNase M5 within the precursor structure include nucleotide sequences arranged with 2-fold rotational and translational symmetry about the substrate bonds. We have used bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase to construct, from synthetic oligonucleotides and mature or precursor 5S rRNA fragments, test substrates lacking these symmetry elements. The susceptibilities of the artificial substrates to RNase M5 demonstrate that the symmetrically arranged sequences are not used in the RNase M5 interaction with the precursor. Additionally, the synthetic protocols permitted the invention of an acid-soluble assay for RNase M5 and, potentially, other specific endoribonucleases.", "PMID": 98766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3364", "title": "Time of recombination in the Drosophila melanogaster oocyte: evidence from a temperature-sensitive recombination-deficient mutant.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive recombination-deficient mutant, rec-126, has been isolated that permits high frequencies of recombination at the permissive temperature (25 degrees) but greatly decreases recombination at the restrictive temperature (31 degrees). The sensitive period for response of female germ cells carrying this mutant to the restrictive temperature has been defined. Sensitivity begins very close to the time the oocyte enters premeiotic interphase and initiates DNA synthesis; it continues for the duration of premeiotic-S; and it terminates with the completion of S. This time span precisely coincides with the sensitive period for enhancement of recombination by heat in the normal genome and is further characterized by the presence of the synaptonemal complex. These results provide compelling evidence for identifying premeiotic-S as the time of meiotic recombination.", "contents": "Time of recombination in the Drosophila melanogaster oocyte: evidence from a temperature-sensitive recombination-deficient mutant. A temperature-sensitive recombination-deficient mutant, rec-126, has been isolated that permits high frequencies of recombination at the permissive temperature (25 degrees) but greatly decreases recombination at the restrictive temperature (31 degrees). The sensitive period for response of female germ cells carrying this mutant to the restrictive temperature has been defined. Sensitivity begins very close to the time the oocyte enters premeiotic interphase and initiates DNA synthesis; it continues for the duration of premeiotic-S; and it terminates with the completion of S. This time span precisely coincides with the sensitive period for enhancement of recombination by heat in the normal genome and is further characterized by the presence of the synaptonemal complex. These results provide compelling evidence for identifying premeiotic-S as the time of meiotic recombination.", "PMID": 98767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3365", "title": "Location of the genes for human heavy chain immunoglobulin to chromosome 6.", "content": "Immunoglobulin synthesis was examined in 31 man-mouse hybrid clones produced by fusing RAG mouse cells with human lymphoid cells. Cells were grown in serum-free medium containing [(14)C]leucine and a (14)C-labeled amino acid mixture. Spent medium was dialyzed, concentrated, and subjected to radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Eighteen clones were found to produce material that gave a radiolabeled precipitin line with anti-human IgG (gamma-chain specific). Production of material which was indistinguishable on radioimmunoelectrophoresis from human Ig gamma heavy chain, was dependent on the presence in hybrid clones of human chromosome 6. The material was found to have the ion-exchange elution characteristics of human IgG. When radiolabeled spent medium from human lymphoid lines and from chromosome 6-positive hybrid clones was exposed to protein A-Sepharose and bound material eluted with 8 M urea was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, three radiolabeled peaks occurred with molecular weights of approximately 55,000 (coinciding with that of Ig gamma heavy chain), 40,000 and 25,000 (coinciding with that of Ig light chains). No similar peaks were detected in experiments where spent medium from RAG cells was treated identically. These studies lead us to conclude that certain RAG-human lymphoid hybrid clones produce human IgG and that the structural genes for gamma heavy chains are located on human chromosome 6. These results also imply that the locus coding for human alpha,-antitrypsin (Pi) is located on chromosome 6.", "contents": "Location of the genes for human heavy chain immunoglobulin to chromosome 6. Immunoglobulin synthesis was examined in 31 man-mouse hybrid clones produced by fusing RAG mouse cells with human lymphoid cells. Cells were grown in serum-free medium containing [(14)C]leucine and a (14)C-labeled amino acid mixture. Spent medium was dialyzed, concentrated, and subjected to radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Eighteen clones were found to produce material that gave a radiolabeled precipitin line with anti-human IgG (gamma-chain specific). Production of material which was indistinguishable on radioimmunoelectrophoresis from human Ig gamma heavy chain, was dependent on the presence in hybrid clones of human chromosome 6. The material was found to have the ion-exchange elution characteristics of human IgG. When radiolabeled spent medium from human lymphoid lines and from chromosome 6-positive hybrid clones was exposed to protein A-Sepharose and bound material eluted with 8 M urea was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, three radiolabeled peaks occurred with molecular weights of approximately 55,000 (coinciding with that of Ig gamma heavy chain), 40,000 and 25,000 (coinciding with that of Ig light chains). No similar peaks were detected in experiments where spent medium from RAG cells was treated identically. These studies lead us to conclude that certain RAG-human lymphoid hybrid clones produce human IgG and that the structural genes for gamma heavy chains are located on human chromosome 6. These results also imply that the locus coding for human alpha,-antitrypsin (Pi) is located on chromosome 6.", "PMID": 98768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3366", "title": "Induced cell aggregation and mating in Streptococcus faecalis: evidence for a bacterial sex pheromone.", "content": "Recipient strains of Streptococcus faecalis produce a trypsin sensitive, heat resistant, nuclease resistant factor, designated clumping-inducing agent (CIA) which causes strains carrying certain conjugative plasmids to aggregate. RNA and protein synthesis but not DNA synthesis are required for aggregation to occur. Recipient filtrates that contain CIA activity also induce donors to mate at high frequencies. Introduction of a transferable plasmid into strains producing CIA dramatically reduces the amount of CIA activity produced by the strain but allows the strain to respond to exogenously added CIA. Our data suggest that CIA represents a bacterial sex hormone (pheromone).", "contents": "Induced cell aggregation and mating in Streptococcus faecalis: evidence for a bacterial sex pheromone. Recipient strains of Streptococcus faecalis produce a trypsin sensitive, heat resistant, nuclease resistant factor, designated clumping-inducing agent (CIA) which causes strains carrying certain conjugative plasmids to aggregate. RNA and protein synthesis but not DNA synthesis are required for aggregation to occur. Recipient filtrates that contain CIA activity also induce donors to mate at high frequencies. Introduction of a transferable plasmid into strains producing CIA dramatically reduces the amount of CIA activity produced by the strain but allows the strain to respond to exogenously added CIA. Our data suggest that CIA represents a bacterial sex hormone (pheromone).", "PMID": 98769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3367", "title": "Contraction of detergent-treated smooth muscle.", "content": "After exposure of segments of rabbit taenia coli to the nonionic detergent Triton X-100, tension could be induced by increasing the [Ca2+] in the micromolar range. In the presence of a saturating [Ca2+], this preparation developed nearly 100% of the control tetanus tension recorded from the intact muscle prior to the detergent treatment. In addition, tension could be induced by increasing the [Mg2+], in the virtual absence of Ca2+. Mg2+ seems to inhibit the Ca2+-induced tension in a predominantly competitive manner.", "contents": "Contraction of detergent-treated smooth muscle. After exposure of segments of rabbit taenia coli to the nonionic detergent Triton X-100, tension could be induced by increasing the [Ca2+] in the micromolar range. In the presence of a saturating [Ca2+], this preparation developed nearly 100% of the control tetanus tension recorded from the intact muscle prior to the detergent treatment. In addition, tension could be induced by increasing the [Mg2+], in the virtual absence of Ca2+. Mg2+ seems to inhibit the Ca2+-induced tension in a predominantly competitive manner.", "PMID": 98770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3368", "title": "High speed liquid chromatography, 14C-radioassay and spectrophotometry for measuring antipyrine plasma half-life in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "6 male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were treated with 14CH3-N-antipyrine (15 mg/kg, i.v.). Antipyrine plasma half-lives (APH) were determined using HSLC, radiometric, and spectrophotometric methods. APHs obtained by HSLC analysis of plasma extracts were lower than radiometric and spectrophotometric determinations. The three procedures were investigated to determine if coextraction of metabolites might be responsible for differences in APH. All three solvent systems extract significant quantities of antipyrine metabolites. N-desmethylantipyrine and 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine may interfere with spectrophotometric determination of antipyrine. While all three methods are capable of detecting changes in hepatic oxidative metabolism, HSLC permits direct measurement of antipyrine concentrations and APH.", "contents": "High speed liquid chromatography, 14C-radioassay and spectrophotometry for measuring antipyrine plasma half-life in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). 6 male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were treated with 14CH3-N-antipyrine (15 mg/kg, i.v.). Antipyrine plasma half-lives (APH) were determined using HSLC, radiometric, and spectrophotometric methods. APHs obtained by HSLC analysis of plasma extracts were lower than radiometric and spectrophotometric determinations. The three procedures were investigated to determine if coextraction of metabolites might be responsible for differences in APH. All three solvent systems extract significant quantities of antipyrine metabolites. N-desmethylantipyrine and 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine may interfere with spectrophotometric determination of antipyrine. While all three methods are capable of detecting changes in hepatic oxidative metabolism, HSLC permits direct measurement of antipyrine concentrations and APH.", "PMID": 98774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3369", "title": "Changes in locomotor activity and naloxone-induced jumping in mice produced by WIN 35, 197-2 (ethylketazocine) and morphine.", "content": "Acute i.p. administration of morphine or cocaine produced increase in locomotor activity in Swiss-Webster female mice that were maximal at 32-100 mg/kg for morphine and at 32 mg/kg for cocaine. WIN 35, 197-2 produced dose-dependent decreases in locomotor activity from 3.2-32 mg/kg. Chronic administration of WIN 35, 197-2 led to a 6-10 fold shift to the right in the locomotor activity decreasing effect of the drug, but WIN 35, 197-2-tolerant mice retained their sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of morphine and cocaine. Acute administration of WIN 35, 197-2 failed to sensitize mice to naloxone-induced jumping, although morphine did so. Chronic administration of WIN 35, 197-2 did lead to sensitization to naloxone, but WIN 35, 197-2 was much less efficacious in this regard than morphine. These behavioral effects of WIN 35, 197-2 may be helpful in the classification of modes of action of different narcotic agonists.", "contents": "Changes in locomotor activity and naloxone-induced jumping in mice produced by WIN 35, 197-2 (ethylketazocine) and morphine. Acute i.p. administration of morphine or cocaine produced increase in locomotor activity in Swiss-Webster female mice that were maximal at 32-100 mg/kg for morphine and at 32 mg/kg for cocaine. WIN 35, 197-2 produced dose-dependent decreases in locomotor activity from 3.2-32 mg/kg. Chronic administration of WIN 35, 197-2 led to a 6-10 fold shift to the right in the locomotor activity decreasing effect of the drug, but WIN 35, 197-2-tolerant mice retained their sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of morphine and cocaine. Acute administration of WIN 35, 197-2 failed to sensitize mice to naloxone-induced jumping, although morphine did so. Chronic administration of WIN 35, 197-2 did lead to sensitization to naloxone, but WIN 35, 197-2 was much less efficacious in this regard than morphine. These behavioral effects of WIN 35, 197-2 may be helpful in the classification of modes of action of different narcotic agonists.", "PMID": 98778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3370", "title": "The effect of chronic administration and withdrawal of amphetamine on cerebral dopamine receptor sensitivity.", "content": "Mice with a 6-hydroxydopamine induced unilateral nigro-striatal lesion received (+)-amphetamine sulphate (2.5-20 mg/kg) over a 3-month period by daily incorporation into the drinking water. Druing this period the circling response to apomorphine hydrochloride (0.01-0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) was increasingly suppressed in comparison to control animals, while spontaneous locomotor activity increased. Following drug withdrawal the circling response to apomorphine remained suppressed two months later. However, spontaneous locomotor activity was also reduced up to 1 month following drug removal. The dopamine content of the lesioned side of the forebrain was 25% of the intact side in control animals and was not further reduced by amphetamine administration. The dopamine content of the intact forebrain was reduced by 43% during amphetamine administration and remained 18% depressed 1 month following drug withdrawal. No changes in 5-hydroxytryptamine or noradrenaline concentrations were observed in either the intact or lesioned side. This data, while showing that chronic amphetamine treatment can induce persistent changes in dopamine receptor sensitivity, can be interpreted in terms of increased striatal receptor sensitivity or as a decreased response of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens.", "contents": "The effect of chronic administration and withdrawal of amphetamine on cerebral dopamine receptor sensitivity. Mice with a 6-hydroxydopamine induced unilateral nigro-striatal lesion received (+)-amphetamine sulphate (2.5-20 mg/kg) over a 3-month period by daily incorporation into the drinking water. Druing this period the circling response to apomorphine hydrochloride (0.01-0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) was increasingly suppressed in comparison to control animals, while spontaneous locomotor activity increased. Following drug withdrawal the circling response to apomorphine remained suppressed two months later. However, spontaneous locomotor activity was also reduced up to 1 month following drug removal. The dopamine content of the lesioned side of the forebrain was 25% of the intact side in control animals and was not further reduced by amphetamine administration. The dopamine content of the intact forebrain was reduced by 43% during amphetamine administration and remained 18% depressed 1 month following drug withdrawal. No changes in 5-hydroxytryptamine or noradrenaline concentrations were observed in either the intact or lesioned side. This data, while showing that chronic amphetamine treatment can induce persistent changes in dopamine receptor sensitivity, can be interpreted in terms of increased striatal receptor sensitivity or as a decreased response of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens.", "PMID": 98779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3371", "title": "Modification of the 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced head-twitch response by exogenous endocrine agents.", "content": "Estrogens both alone and in combination with progestagens, gonadotrophins, gonadotrophin-releasing factor, corticosteroids, and corticotrophin antagonise the head-twitch response produced by 5-hydroxytryptophan in mice. In contrast, a potentiation was seen following thyroid hormones, thyrotrophin, and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone. Pre-treatment with androgens had no significant effect. Possible mechanisms for these interactions are discussed.", "contents": "Modification of the 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced head-twitch response by exogenous endocrine agents. Estrogens both alone and in combination with progestagens, gonadotrophins, gonadotrophin-releasing factor, corticosteroids, and corticotrophin antagonise the head-twitch response produced by 5-hydroxytryptophan in mice. In contrast, a potentiation was seen following thyroid hormones, thyrotrophin, and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone. Pre-treatment with androgens had no significant effect. Possible mechanisms for these interactions are discussed.", "PMID": 98781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3372", "title": "Methodological problems in the measurement of drug-induced rotational behaviour: continuous recording reveals time-course differences undetected by previous techniques.", "content": "Rats were lesioned unilaterally in the medial forebrain bundle with either the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine or the indoleamine neurotoxin 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. Their rotational responses in automated rotameters to a challenge with the dopamine-receptor agonist apomorphine were compared using four different techniques in current use, and by assessment of complete rotation curves using both conventional statistical procedures and elementary computer-derived elements of curvature. The rotational responses of the two groups, characterized neurochemically by identical depletions of striatal dopamine but with a greater depletion of striatal 5-hydroxytryptamine in 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-lesioned animals, were indistinguishable using each of the four current techniques. Assessment of rotation curves by both methods revealed significant differences between the two groups, characterised by faster onset and offset of the rotational response in 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-lesioned animals. Some current techniques may implicitly exclude the detection of such time-course differences in rotational behaviour. Assessment of complete rotation curves may best allow valid comparisons between experimental groups.", "contents": "Methodological problems in the measurement of drug-induced rotational behaviour: continuous recording reveals time-course differences undetected by previous techniques. Rats were lesioned unilaterally in the medial forebrain bundle with either the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine or the indoleamine neurotoxin 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. Their rotational responses in automated rotameters to a challenge with the dopamine-receptor agonist apomorphine were compared using four different techniques in current use, and by assessment of complete rotation curves using both conventional statistical procedures and elementary computer-derived elements of curvature. The rotational responses of the two groups, characterized neurochemically by identical depletions of striatal dopamine but with a greater depletion of striatal 5-hydroxytryptamine in 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-lesioned animals, were indistinguishable using each of the four current techniques. Assessment of rotation curves by both methods revealed significant differences between the two groups, characterised by faster onset and offset of the rotational response in 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-lesioned animals. Some current techniques may implicitly exclude the detection of such time-course differences in rotational behaviour. Assessment of complete rotation curves may best allow valid comparisons between experimental groups.", "PMID": 98782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3373", "title": "Behavioural effects of methylphenidate in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated neonatal rats.", "content": "Neonatal rats treated at 7 days of age with 6-hydroxydopamine show normal levels of activity during maturation, but less hyperactivity than normals do when additionally treated with methylphenidate hydrochloride between 14 and 22 days of age. Comparison of these results with those of other workers suggests that several experimental variables must be controlled precisely if reproducible results analogous to the disturbed behaviour of children with minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) are to be obtained.", "contents": "Behavioural effects of methylphenidate in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated neonatal rats. Neonatal rats treated at 7 days of age with 6-hydroxydopamine show normal levels of activity during maturation, but less hyperactivity than normals do when additionally treated with methylphenidate hydrochloride between 14 and 22 days of age. Comparison of these results with those of other workers suggests that several experimental variables must be controlled precisely if reproducible results analogous to the disturbed behaviour of children with minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) are to be obtained.", "PMID": 98783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3374", "title": "Swimming capacity of mice after prolonged treatment with psychostimulants. I. Effects of caffeine on swimming performance and cold stress.", "content": "A comparative study of the effects of a single dose of caffeine (50 microgram/g s.c.) and of 6-weeks treatment with 150 microgram/g p.o. caffeine/day on swimming capacity and resistance to cold exposure was performed in mice. In contrast to acute treatment, chronic treatment with caffeine greatly reduced the swimming capacity and diminished the ability of the animals to withstand cold stress. It could be shown by indirect means that the detrimental effect of the prolonged treatment with caffeine was not due to an accumulation of toxic levels of caffeine. Motor coordination was unaffected. There was no deficiency of metabolic substrates, since glycogen, and fat stores, and blood glucose, and fatty acid levels were not lower than in control animals. It is proposed that caffeine may interfere with the animals' ability to mobilize and spend metabolic substrates for energy requirements of skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Swimming capacity of mice after prolonged treatment with psychostimulants. I. Effects of caffeine on swimming performance and cold stress. A comparative study of the effects of a single dose of caffeine (50 microgram/g s.c.) and of 6-weeks treatment with 150 microgram/g p.o. caffeine/day on swimming capacity and resistance to cold exposure was performed in mice. In contrast to acute treatment, chronic treatment with caffeine greatly reduced the swimming capacity and diminished the ability of the animals to withstand cold stress. It could be shown by indirect means that the detrimental effect of the prolonged treatment with caffeine was not due to an accumulation of toxic levels of caffeine. Motor coordination was unaffected. There was no deficiency of metabolic substrates, since glycogen, and fat stores, and blood glucose, and fatty acid levels were not lower than in control animals. It is proposed that caffeine may interfere with the animals' ability to mobilize and spend metabolic substrates for energy requirements of skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 98784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3375", "title": "Differential tolerance to pentobarbital in rats bred for differences in alcohol sensitivity.", "content": "Two lines of rats bred for differences in motor impairment following alcohol treatment were also found to be differentially affected by sodium pentobarbital in three experiments. The most affected (MA) animals, bred for sensitivity to alcohol, showed a decrement in stabilimeter activity at doses of 8 mg and 16 mg pentobarbital per kg body weight. The least affected (LA) animals, bred for insensivity to alcohol, were affected only by the higher dose, at which the resulting impairment was still less than that of the MA group. This finding was partially replicated in a second study designed to test the possibility of an activating effect of pentobarbital on LA animals at 8 mg/kg. In a final study, MA animals were more likely to lose their righting reflex than LA animals at a dose of 18 mg/kg, and 'slept' longer following this dose. These results indicate that the differential sensitivity shown by these animals is not specific to alcohol, but can be generalized to another depressant.", "contents": "Differential tolerance to pentobarbital in rats bred for differences in alcohol sensitivity. Two lines of rats bred for differences in motor impairment following alcohol treatment were also found to be differentially affected by sodium pentobarbital in three experiments. The most affected (MA) animals, bred for sensitivity to alcohol, showed a decrement in stabilimeter activity at doses of 8 mg and 16 mg pentobarbital per kg body weight. The least affected (LA) animals, bred for insensivity to alcohol, were affected only by the higher dose, at which the resulting impairment was still less than that of the MA group. This finding was partially replicated in a second study designed to test the possibility of an activating effect of pentobarbital on LA animals at 8 mg/kg. In a final study, MA animals were more likely to lose their righting reflex than LA animals at a dose of 18 mg/kg, and 'slept' longer following this dose. These results indicate that the differential sensitivity shown by these animals is not specific to alcohol, but can be generalized to another depressant.", "PMID": 98785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3376", "title": "Open-field and Lashley III maze behaviour of the offspring of amphetamine-treated rats.", "content": "Albino rats of our colony were administered 0.5 mg/kg of d,l-amphetamine sulphate or saline once daily throughout gestation beginning on day 1 of pregnancy. After delivery no other treatment was received by offspring. When adults, the pups of amphetamine-treated mothers had a higher motor activity in the open-field test measured as locomotion and rearing. In the Lashley III maze the treated group made more errors than controls in the first 4 days. After day 4 there seems to be habituation because no difference was observed in either the number of errors or the running time between the groups. These results are discussed in terms of brain catecholamines metabolism.", "contents": "Open-field and Lashley III maze behaviour of the offspring of amphetamine-treated rats. Albino rats of our colony were administered 0.5 mg/kg of d,l-amphetamine sulphate or saline once daily throughout gestation beginning on day 1 of pregnancy. After delivery no other treatment was received by offspring. When adults, the pups of amphetamine-treated mothers had a higher motor activity in the open-field test measured as locomotion and rearing. In the Lashley III maze the treated group made more errors than controls in the first 4 days. After day 4 there seems to be habituation because no difference was observed in either the number of errors or the running time between the groups. These results are discussed in terms of brain catecholamines metabolism.", "PMID": 98786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3377", "title": "The effect of housing and gender on morphine self-administration in rats.", "content": "To determine the effect of housing conditions on morphine self-administration, rats isolated in standard laboratory cages and rats living socially in a large open box (8.8 m2) were given morphine in solution (0.5 mg/ml) as their only source of fluid for 57 days. They were then exposed to a series of 3-day cycles previously shown by Nichols et al. (1956) to increase self-administration of morphine in caged rats. On morphine/water choice days late in the period of forced consumption, between the Nichols cycles, and during a subsequent period of abstinence, the isolated rats drank significantly more morphine solution than the social rats, and the females drank significantly more morphine solution than the males. During the four choice days in the Nichols Cycle Period the isolated rats increased their consumption, but the socially housed animals decreased theirs.", "contents": "The effect of housing and gender on morphine self-administration in rats. To determine the effect of housing conditions on morphine self-administration, rats isolated in standard laboratory cages and rats living socially in a large open box (8.8 m2) were given morphine in solution (0.5 mg/ml) as their only source of fluid for 57 days. They were then exposed to a series of 3-day cycles previously shown by Nichols et al. (1956) to increase self-administration of morphine in caged rats. On morphine/water choice days late in the period of forced consumption, between the Nichols cycles, and during a subsequent period of abstinence, the isolated rats drank significantly more morphine solution than the social rats, and the females drank significantly more morphine solution than the males. During the four choice days in the Nichols Cycle Period the isolated rats increased their consumption, but the socially housed animals decreased theirs.", "PMID": 98787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3378", "title": "Cannabis interferes with nest-building behavior in mice.", "content": "Nest-building, a behavioral model shown to be disrupted by hallucinogens, has never been used to answer questions concerning the psychotomimetic effects of delta9-THC. Several fractions of cannabis and tobacco pyrolysis products were tested consecutively in the same procedure. The following drugs were injected i.p. under a saline-drug-saline schedule: d-amphetamine (6 mg/kg), pentobarbital (25 mg/kg), delta9-THC (10 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg), the cannabis fractions designated Is (water soluble products), IIs (nonsoluble, nonvolatile products, IIIs (it comprises what is inhaled by a common hashish smoker), and analogous fractions of tobacco pyrolysis products designated IIIB (what is inhaled by a common tobacco smoker), IIB and IB. The effects of delta9-THC (10 mg/kg), IIs, and IIIs were quite similar as far as the disruption of the normal behavioral pattern is concerned. d-Amphetamine, delta9-THC (5 mg/kg), and IIB disrupted the normal behavioral pattern as well. The similarity of the effects of IIs and IIIs was unexpected in view of the different contents of cannabinoids in these fractions. Also unexpected was the similarity of the effects of delta9-THC (10 mg/kg) and IIIs (40 mg/kg containing 7% delta9-THC) as well as the activity of fraction IIIB.", "contents": "Cannabis interferes with nest-building behavior in mice. Nest-building, a behavioral model shown to be disrupted by hallucinogens, has never been used to answer questions concerning the psychotomimetic effects of delta9-THC. Several fractions of cannabis and tobacco pyrolysis products were tested consecutively in the same procedure. The following drugs were injected i.p. under a saline-drug-saline schedule: d-amphetamine (6 mg/kg), pentobarbital (25 mg/kg), delta9-THC (10 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg), the cannabis fractions designated Is (water soluble products), IIs (nonsoluble, nonvolatile products, IIIs (it comprises what is inhaled by a common hashish smoker), and analogous fractions of tobacco pyrolysis products designated IIIB (what is inhaled by a common tobacco smoker), IIB and IB. The effects of delta9-THC (10 mg/kg), IIs, and IIIs were quite similar as far as the disruption of the normal behavioral pattern is concerned. d-Amphetamine, delta9-THC (5 mg/kg), and IIB disrupted the normal behavioral pattern as well. The similarity of the effects of IIs and IIIs was unexpected in view of the different contents of cannabinoids in these fractions. Also unexpected was the similarity of the effects of delta9-THC (10 mg/kg) and IIIs (40 mg/kg containing 7% delta9-THC) as well as the activity of fraction IIIB.", "PMID": 98788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3379", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine on temporal and spatial discrimination in rats.", "content": "Rats were trained to lever-press for food reinforcers on a multiple schedule that had a fixed-interval (FI) and a differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) component. Illumination of a stimulus light above the right-hand lever indicated that responses on this lever would be reinforced according to a FI 60-s schedule while responses on the left-hand lever were without programmed consequences. However, when the light above the left-hand lever was illuminated only responses on this lever were reinforced according to a DRL 15-s schedule. When the behaviour of the subjects had been brought under schedule control so that characteristic patterns of FI and DRL responding were emitted and there were relatively few responses on the incorrect levers, the effects of several doses of d-amphetamine (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) were assessed. The drug increased preference for responding on the right-hand lever. Thus, as dosage increased performance tended towards a constant high rate of responding on the right-hand lever throughout a session, with a much lower response rate on the left-hand lever. This result emphasises that the behavioural effects of drugs depend not only on patterns of ongoing behaviour but also on the context in which this behaviour occurs.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine on temporal and spatial discrimination in rats. Rats were trained to lever-press for food reinforcers on a multiple schedule that had a fixed-interval (FI) and a differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) component. Illumination of a stimulus light above the right-hand lever indicated that responses on this lever would be reinforced according to a FI 60-s schedule while responses on the left-hand lever were without programmed consequences. However, when the light above the left-hand lever was illuminated only responses on this lever were reinforced according to a DRL 15-s schedule. When the behaviour of the subjects had been brought under schedule control so that characteristic patterns of FI and DRL responding were emitted and there were relatively few responses on the incorrect levers, the effects of several doses of d-amphetamine (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) were assessed. The drug increased preference for responding on the right-hand lever. Thus, as dosage increased performance tended towards a constant high rate of responding on the right-hand lever throughout a session, with a much lower response rate on the left-hand lever. This result emphasises that the behavioural effects of drugs depend not only on patterns of ongoing behaviour but also on the context in which this behaviour occurs.", "PMID": 98789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3380", "title": "Drug-modulated behavioural responses to environmental enrichment.", "content": "The home-cage activity of mice housed in either social or enriched sensory environments was continuously recorded for 23 days. During this period the mice were given daily injections of either strychnine, chlorpromazine, or saline. Both chlorpromazine and social rearing depressed home-cage activity. Strychnine also depressed activity, but only in the social group.", "contents": "Drug-modulated behavioural responses to environmental enrichment. The home-cage activity of mice housed in either social or enriched sensory environments was continuously recorded for 23 days. During this period the mice were given daily injections of either strychnine, chlorpromazine, or saline. Both chlorpromazine and social rearing depressed home-cage activity. Strychnine also depressed activity, but only in the social group.", "PMID": 98791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3381", "title": "Tardive dyskinesia: age and sex differences in hospitalized schizophrenics.", "content": "An examination of the severity of tardive dyskinesia in psychiatric inpatients using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) indicates differing trends with age for each sex. Females show a significant linear increase with age, while males display a significant curvilinear relationship. Reliable differences between males and females are found only for the 70-79 and greater than or equal to 80 year age groups. The differences between the sexes cannot be accounted for by differences in length of current hospitalization or by current level of neuroleptic medication. Possible reasons for the results are discussed.", "contents": "Tardive dyskinesia: age and sex differences in hospitalized schizophrenics. An examination of the severity of tardive dyskinesia in psychiatric inpatients using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) indicates differing trends with age for each sex. Females show a significant linear increase with age, while males display a significant curvilinear relationship. Reliable differences between males and females are found only for the 70-79 and greater than or equal to 80 year age groups. The differences between the sexes cannot be accounted for by differences in length of current hospitalization or by current level of neuroleptic medication. Possible reasons for the results are discussed.", "PMID": 98792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3382", "title": "Pupillary abnormalities in schizophrenic patients during long-term administration of psychotropic drugs: dissociation between light and near vision reactions.", "content": "Pupillographic studies were made of the reactions to light and near vision in 12 schizophrenic patients under long-term administration of psychotropic drugs. The results showed a significant reduction in the light reaction, while the near vision reaction was preserved. The pupillographic study revealed not only reduction in amplitude of the light reaction but also changes in dynamic aspects of the reaction, i.e., prolonged latency time, shortened constriction time, and half redilatation time after the light stimulus. The mechanisms underlying the dissociation between light reaction and near vision reaction induced by long-term administration of psychotropic drugs are obscure, but both the peripheral and central actions of these drugs may be involved.", "contents": "Pupillary abnormalities in schizophrenic patients during long-term administration of psychotropic drugs: dissociation between light and near vision reactions. Pupillographic studies were made of the reactions to light and near vision in 12 schizophrenic patients under long-term administration of psychotropic drugs. The results showed a significant reduction in the light reaction, while the near vision reaction was preserved. The pupillographic study revealed not only reduction in amplitude of the light reaction but also changes in dynamic aspects of the reaction, i.e., prolonged latency time, shortened constriction time, and half redilatation time after the light stimulus. The mechanisms underlying the dissociation between light reaction and near vision reaction induced by long-term administration of psychotropic drugs are obscure, but both the peripheral and central actions of these drugs may be involved.", "PMID": 98793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3383", "title": "Effects of morphine and chlorpromazine on the detection of shock.", "content": "A discrete-trial, two-choice, 'yes-no' procedure was used to determine the extent to which the perceptual effects of compounds such as morphine and chlorpromazine (CPZ) can be attributed to drug-induced changes in ability to detect shock stimuli (sensitivity). Both morphine (4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 mg/kg) and CPZ (0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced accuracy and increased the times (i.e., lowered the speeds) to initiate trials and to make choice responses. The effects of morphine appeared to be somewhat greater than those of CPZ, particularly at the lowest shock intensity (0.05 mA). When compared to appropriate saline control days, morphine, but not CPZ, significantly reduced accuracy of discrimination on trials when shocks were presented, whereas CPZ, but not morphine, reduced accuracy on no-shock trials. The effects of morphine, but not of CPZ, on accuracy (both overall and on shock trials) decreased as shock intensity increased. The effects of shock intensity were generally inversely related to the effects of morphine and directly related to the effects of CPZ.", "contents": "Effects of morphine and chlorpromazine on the detection of shock. A discrete-trial, two-choice, 'yes-no' procedure was used to determine the extent to which the perceptual effects of compounds such as morphine and chlorpromazine (CPZ) can be attributed to drug-induced changes in ability to detect shock stimuli (sensitivity). Both morphine (4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 mg/kg) and CPZ (0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced accuracy and increased the times (i.e., lowered the speeds) to initiate trials and to make choice responses. The effects of morphine appeared to be somewhat greater than those of CPZ, particularly at the lowest shock intensity (0.05 mA). When compared to appropriate saline control days, morphine, but not CPZ, significantly reduced accuracy of discrimination on trials when shocks were presented, whereas CPZ, but not morphine, reduced accuracy on no-shock trials. The effects of morphine, but not of CPZ, on accuracy (both overall and on shock trials) decreased as shock intensity increased. The effects of shock intensity were generally inversely related to the effects of morphine and directly related to the effects of CPZ.", "PMID": 98794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3384", "title": "Changes of sensitivity to the cuing properties of narcotic drugs as evidenced by generalization and cross-generalization experiments.", "content": "With a discrete-trial, food-reward, two-lever procedure, rats were trained to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline. Individual threshold doses for generalization of fentanyl and for cross-generalization of morphine were determined repeatedly during a 17-week posttraining period. Threshold doses of both drugs almost continuously shifted in both the up- and downward direction. Shifts of fentanyl threshold doses covaried with those of morphine threshold doses. These shifts can best be described by a sustained oscillation, the mean amplitude of which amounts to a factor 3.65 of the dose-range for fentanyl, and to a factor 1.85 for morphine. The upper and lower limits of oscillation were symmetrical with respect to baseline. The oscillation can be described by a function expressing that the more distant a point along the function is from the baseline, the more it is susceptible to (positive/negative) acceleration along the intensity (i.e., dose) axis.", "contents": "Changes of sensitivity to the cuing properties of narcotic drugs as evidenced by generalization and cross-generalization experiments. With a discrete-trial, food-reward, two-lever procedure, rats were trained to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline. Individual threshold doses for generalization of fentanyl and for cross-generalization of morphine were determined repeatedly during a 17-week posttraining period. Threshold doses of both drugs almost continuously shifted in both the up- and downward direction. Shifts of fentanyl threshold doses covaried with those of morphine threshold doses. These shifts can best be described by a sustained oscillation, the mean amplitude of which amounts to a factor 3.65 of the dose-range for fentanyl, and to a factor 1.85 for morphine. The upper and lower limits of oscillation were symmetrical with respect to baseline. The oscillation can be described by a function expressing that the more distant a point along the function is from the baseline, the more it is susceptible to (positive/negative) acceleration along the intensity (i.e., dose) axis.", "PMID": 98795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3385", "title": "Effects of chronic lead exposure on levels of acetylcholine and choline and on acetylcholine turnover rate in rat brain areas in vivo.", "content": "Rats were exposed to lead acetate from birth, and were killed at the age of 44--51 days for analysis of levels and turnover rates of acetylcholine (ACh). Steady-state levels of ACh were not altered in midbrain, cortex, hippocampus, or striatum of lead-exposed rats. Similarly, no changes in choline (Ch) concentrations were found in cortex, hippocampus, or striatum. In the midbrain, however, a 30% reduction in Ch levels was observed. Changes in specific activity of Ch and ACh were measured as a function of time in selected brain areas of rats infused with a radio-labeled precursor of Ch. Specific activities of ACh were not altered. Ch specific activities were, however, significantly elevated in all brain areas examined, as compared with age-matched control rats. The in vivo ACh turnover rate in cortex, hippocampus, and striatum was diminished by 35%, 54%, 51%, and 33%, respectively. These findings provide direct evidence for an inhibitory effect of lead exposure from birth on central cholinergic function in vivo. Since a significant reduction of body weight was found in those animals treated with lead acetate, the alteration of central cholinergic function may partially be attributed to malnutrition observed in the lead-exposed animals.", "contents": "Effects of chronic lead exposure on levels of acetylcholine and choline and on acetylcholine turnover rate in rat brain areas in vivo. Rats were exposed to lead acetate from birth, and were killed at the age of 44--51 days for analysis of levels and turnover rates of acetylcholine (ACh). Steady-state levels of ACh were not altered in midbrain, cortex, hippocampus, or striatum of lead-exposed rats. Similarly, no changes in choline (Ch) concentrations were found in cortex, hippocampus, or striatum. In the midbrain, however, a 30% reduction in Ch levels was observed. Changes in specific activity of Ch and ACh were measured as a function of time in selected brain areas of rats infused with a radio-labeled precursor of Ch. Specific activities of ACh were not altered. Ch specific activities were, however, significantly elevated in all brain areas examined, as compared with age-matched control rats. The in vivo ACh turnover rate in cortex, hippocampus, and striatum was diminished by 35%, 54%, 51%, and 33%, respectively. These findings provide direct evidence for an inhibitory effect of lead exposure from birth on central cholinergic function in vivo. Since a significant reduction of body weight was found in those animals treated with lead acetate, the alteration of central cholinergic function may partially be attributed to malnutrition observed in the lead-exposed animals.", "PMID": 98796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3386", "title": "Morphine as a discriminative cue in gerbils: drug generalization and antagonism.", "content": "Gerbils were trained in an electrified, T-shaped maze to discriminate between one of the three training doses of morphine (8, 16, or 32 mg/kg) and the nondrug condition. The rate of acquisition of the morphine discriminations was a function of dose, the high dose being the most rapidly discriminable condition. Dose generalization tests with morphine showed that the higher the training dose, the higher the ED50 value in producing 50% morphine-appropriate responding. Antagonism of the discriminable effects of morphine by naltrexone (dose range tested: 0.025-0.40 mg/kg) also was related to the training dose of morphine; i.e., the higher the training dose of morphine, the higher the corresponding ED50 value for blockade by naltrexone. A stereoisomeric requirement for morphine discrimination was evident since levorphanol, but not the analgesically inactive dextrophan, yielded morphine-appropriate responses when tested by substitution.", "contents": "Morphine as a discriminative cue in gerbils: drug generalization and antagonism. Gerbils were trained in an electrified, T-shaped maze to discriminate between one of the three training doses of morphine (8, 16, or 32 mg/kg) and the nondrug condition. The rate of acquisition of the morphine discriminations was a function of dose, the high dose being the most rapidly discriminable condition. Dose generalization tests with morphine showed that the higher the training dose, the higher the ED50 value in producing 50% morphine-appropriate responding. Antagonism of the discriminable effects of morphine by naltrexone (dose range tested: 0.025-0.40 mg/kg) also was related to the training dose of morphine; i.e., the higher the training dose of morphine, the higher the corresponding ED50 value for blockade by naltrexone. A stereoisomeric requirement for morphine discrimination was evident since levorphanol, but not the analgesically inactive dextrophan, yielded morphine-appropriate responses when tested by substitution.", "PMID": 98797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3387", "title": "Effects of Met-enkephalin on body temperature of normal and morphine-tolerant rats.", "content": "The endogenous opioid met-enkephalin intraventricularly adminstered to the rat at the dose of 100 microgram raised rectal temperature, whereas 400 microgram of the pentapeptide caused a diphasic effect, i.e., hypothermia followed by hyperthermia. Met-enkephalin was ineffective when administered i.p. The effects on temperature were substantially similar to those elicited, for both routes of administration, by morphine, which may either raise or lower rat temperature depending on the dose. More naloxone was required to antagonize thermic effects of met-enkephalin than morphine. Finally, there was a lack of effects on temperature for met-enkephalin centrally administered to morphine-tolerant animals, thus providing further evidence, in vivo, of cross tolerance between opiates and naturally occurring ligands of opiate receptors.", "contents": "Effects of Met-enkephalin on body temperature of normal and morphine-tolerant rats. The endogenous opioid met-enkephalin intraventricularly adminstered to the rat at the dose of 100 microgram raised rectal temperature, whereas 400 microgram of the pentapeptide caused a diphasic effect, i.e., hypothermia followed by hyperthermia. Met-enkephalin was ineffective when administered i.p. The effects on temperature were substantially similar to those elicited, for both routes of administration, by morphine, which may either raise or lower rat temperature depending on the dose. More naloxone was required to antagonize thermic effects of met-enkephalin than morphine. Finally, there was a lack of effects on temperature for met-enkephalin centrally administered to morphine-tolerant animals, thus providing further evidence, in vivo, of cross tolerance between opiates and naturally occurring ligands of opiate receptors.", "PMID": 98798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3388", "title": "Influence of catecholamines on dexamphetamine-induced changes in locomotor activity.", "content": "In the mouse, central noradrenaline receptor stimulation by clonidine, or intracerebroventricular injection of noradrenaline or alpha-methylnoradrenaline, caused marked enhancement of the locomotor stimulant effects of dexamphetamine in doses that were without effect when given alone. A minimally locomotor-stimulant dose of apomorphine reduced the effect of dexamphetamine. Pimozide and phenoxybenzamine each virtually abolished locomotor stimulation after dexamphetamine, while FLA63 caused significant reduction. Phenoxybenzamine also abolished the enhancement by clonidine. The intensity of the dexamphetamine effect was dose-related, while in the case of apomorphine the duration rather than the intensity was related to the dose administered. Clonidine potentiated apomorphine locomotor stimulation; following this drug combination, the nature of the movements more closely resembled those seen after dexamphetamine. The results suggest the involvement of both noradrenaline and dopamine in the dexamphetamine response.", "contents": "Influence of catecholamines on dexamphetamine-induced changes in locomotor activity. In the mouse, central noradrenaline receptor stimulation by clonidine, or intracerebroventricular injection of noradrenaline or alpha-methylnoradrenaline, caused marked enhancement of the locomotor stimulant effects of dexamphetamine in doses that were without effect when given alone. A minimally locomotor-stimulant dose of apomorphine reduced the effect of dexamphetamine. Pimozide and phenoxybenzamine each virtually abolished locomotor stimulation after dexamphetamine, while FLA63 caused significant reduction. Phenoxybenzamine also abolished the enhancement by clonidine. The intensity of the dexamphetamine effect was dose-related, while in the case of apomorphine the duration rather than the intensity was related to the dose administered. Clonidine potentiated apomorphine locomotor stimulation; following this drug combination, the nature of the movements more closely resembled those seen after dexamphetamine. The results suggest the involvement of both noradrenaline and dopamine in the dexamphetamine response.", "PMID": 98799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3389", "title": "Amphetamine- type reinforcement by dopaminergic agonists in the rat.", "content": "Intravenous self-administration of d-amphetamine (0.25 mg/kg/injection) decreased in a dose-related fashion after injections of the dopaminergic agonists apomorphine and piribedil. The dopaminergic agonists appear to suppress amphetamine intake in the same way as do 'free' amphetamine injections, by extending drug satiation in a given interresponse period. Clonidine, an alpha noradrenergic agonist, did not have similar effects. Apomorphine and piribedil did not increase 14C-amphetamine levels in rat brains, nor did they retard disappearance of 14C-amphetamine; thus their amphetamine-like effects are not due to alterations of amphetamine metabolism. Rats responding for amphetamine continued to respond for apomorphine or peribedil when the latter drugs were substituted for the former. Rats experienced in amphetamine self-administration readily initiated and maintained responding for apomorphine and piribedil. The dopaminergic blocker (+)-butaclamol disrupted responding for apomorphine and piribedil, although it produced no marked increase in responding for the dopaminergic agonists, as it does for amphetamine. These data add to the evidence that actions in the dopaminergic synapse account for amphetamine's reinforcing properties.", "contents": "Amphetamine- type reinforcement by dopaminergic agonists in the rat. Intravenous self-administration of d-amphetamine (0.25 mg/kg/injection) decreased in a dose-related fashion after injections of the dopaminergic agonists apomorphine and piribedil. The dopaminergic agonists appear to suppress amphetamine intake in the same way as do 'free' amphetamine injections, by extending drug satiation in a given interresponse period. Clonidine, an alpha noradrenergic agonist, did not have similar effects. Apomorphine and piribedil did not increase 14C-amphetamine levels in rat brains, nor did they retard disappearance of 14C-amphetamine; thus their amphetamine-like effects are not due to alterations of amphetamine metabolism. Rats responding for amphetamine continued to respond for apomorphine or peribedil when the latter drugs were substituted for the former. Rats experienced in amphetamine self-administration readily initiated and maintained responding for apomorphine and piribedil. The dopaminergic blocker (+)-butaclamol disrupted responding for apomorphine and piribedil, although it produced no marked increase in responding for the dopaminergic agonists, as it does for amphetamine. These data add to the evidence that actions in the dopaminergic synapse account for amphetamine's reinforcing properties.", "PMID": 98800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3390", "title": "Marijuana: effect on nonverbal free recall as a function of field dependence.", "content": "The effect of marijuana on the free recall of nonverbal memory was evaluated by presenting 22 male volunteers with line drawings of geometric figures for ten acquisition trials. Each subject served as his own drug control. The study was performed over two sessions with drug condition and list of stimulus materials counterbalanced. Recall varied with drug condition and scores obtained on the Embedded Figures Test. Marijuana reduced recall mainly in those subjects making two or more errors on the Embedded Figures Test, but had little effect on subjects making one or no errors. Intrusion errors were also elevated following marijuana intoxication, but this effect was unrelated to embedded-figures performance . These results are discussed with reference to degree of field dependence and cognitive style.", "contents": "Marijuana: effect on nonverbal free recall as a function of field dependence. The effect of marijuana on the free recall of nonverbal memory was evaluated by presenting 22 male volunteers with line drawings of geometric figures for ten acquisition trials. Each subject served as his own drug control. The study was performed over two sessions with drug condition and list of stimulus materials counterbalanced. Recall varied with drug condition and scores obtained on the Embedded Figures Test. Marijuana reduced recall mainly in those subjects making two or more errors on the Embedded Figures Test, but had little effect on subjects making one or no errors. Intrusion errors were also elevated following marijuana intoxication, but this effect was unrelated to embedded-figures performance . These results are discussed with reference to degree of field dependence and cognitive style.", "PMID": 98801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3391", "title": "Can cigarette size and nicotine content influence smoking and puffing rates?", "content": "The stimuli controlling the rate at which people smoke cigarettes have not been clearly defined. On the hypothesis that smoking is basically nicotine-seeking behavior, nicotine available to the subject was experimentally manipulated through controlling cigarette size and nicotine content. In Experiment I, subjects given their won cigarettes in whole, half, quarter, and eighth lengths, increased the number of cigarettes smoked and number of puffs to compensate for reductions in size. Satisfaction was directly related to cigarette length. In Experiment II, subjects given special cigarettes delivering 0.2 or 2.0 mg nicotine/cigarette smoked significantly more of the low than of the high nicotine cigarettes and took significantly more puffs. As in Experiment I, significantly more quarter length than full length cigarettes were smoked, but total number of puffs did not differ. These results support the hypothesis that nicotine controls smoking behavior.", "contents": "Can cigarette size and nicotine content influence smoking and puffing rates? The stimuli controlling the rate at which people smoke cigarettes have not been clearly defined. On the hypothesis that smoking is basically nicotine-seeking behavior, nicotine available to the subject was experimentally manipulated through controlling cigarette size and nicotine content. In Experiment I, subjects given their won cigarettes in whole, half, quarter, and eighth lengths, increased the number of cigarettes smoked and number of puffs to compensate for reductions in size. Satisfaction was directly related to cigarette length. In Experiment II, subjects given special cigarettes delivering 0.2 or 2.0 mg nicotine/cigarette smoked significantly more of the low than of the high nicotine cigarettes and took significantly more puffs. As in Experiment I, significantly more quarter length than full length cigarettes were smoked, but total number of puffs did not differ. These results support the hypothesis that nicotine controls smoking behavior.", "PMID": 98802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3392", "title": "The effects of d-amphetamine and scopolamine on drinking induced by a multiple schedule.", "content": "Three food-deprived rats obtained food pellets on a multiple fixed-interval fixed-time schedule. During fixed-interval components a 45 mg pellet was made available for a lever-press every minute (FI 1 min). When the fixed-time component was in operation the lever was retracted and a pellet was delivered every minute (FT 1 min) independent of behaviour. A water bottle was available to each subject and similar levels of schedule-induced drinking developed during the two schedule components. The effects of several doses (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) of d-amphetamine and scopolamine were assessed on lever-pressing and drinking maintained by this procedure. Both drugs increased rates of lever-pressing at lower doses and reduced levels of licking and water intake at all doses. The patterning of fixed-interval lever pressing was altered by both drugs increasing the proportion of responses emitted during early parts of the intervals. d-Amphetamine also increased the proportion of licks that occurred during early segments of the interfood intervals, while scopolamine had variable effects on patterns of licking. There were no consistent differences in the effects of the drugs on licking induced by the two schedules.", "contents": "The effects of d-amphetamine and scopolamine on drinking induced by a multiple schedule. Three food-deprived rats obtained food pellets on a multiple fixed-interval fixed-time schedule. During fixed-interval components a 45 mg pellet was made available for a lever-press every minute (FI 1 min). When the fixed-time component was in operation the lever was retracted and a pellet was delivered every minute (FT 1 min) independent of behaviour. A water bottle was available to each subject and similar levels of schedule-induced drinking developed during the two schedule components. The effects of several doses (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) of d-amphetamine and scopolamine were assessed on lever-pressing and drinking maintained by this procedure. Both drugs increased rates of lever-pressing at lower doses and reduced levels of licking and water intake at all doses. The patterning of fixed-interval lever pressing was altered by both drugs increasing the proportion of responses emitted during early parts of the intervals. d-Amphetamine also increased the proportion of licks that occurred during early segments of the interfood intervals, while scopolamine had variable effects on patterns of licking. There were no consistent differences in the effects of the drugs on licking induced by the two schedules.", "PMID": 98803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3393", "title": "Lithium effects on rat brain glucose metabolism in long-term lithium-treated rats studied in vivo.", "content": "The time course of lithium effects on several brain energy metabolites has been investigated in rats. The rats were injected once daily with lithium chloride and killed by freezing in liquid nitrogen 1--8 h after the last injection. The effect of lithium was most marked in the period in which the brain lithium concentration was increasing, whereas the effect was wearing off when the brain lithium concentration had stabilized, even though the lithium concentration was higher. These results led to the hypothesis that the effect of lithium on several parameters depends on the increase in lithium concentration following the administration of lithium, rather than on the absolute concentration of lithium.", "contents": "Lithium effects on rat brain glucose metabolism in long-term lithium-treated rats studied in vivo. The time course of lithium effects on several brain energy metabolites has been investigated in rats. The rats were injected once daily with lithium chloride and killed by freezing in liquid nitrogen 1--8 h after the last injection. The effect of lithium was most marked in the period in which the brain lithium concentration was increasing, whereas the effect was wearing off when the brain lithium concentration had stabilized, even though the lithium concentration was higher. These results led to the hypothesis that the effect of lithium on several parameters depends on the increase in lithium concentration following the administration of lithium, rather than on the absolute concentration of lithium.", "PMID": 98804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3394", "title": "An alternate approach to hospital cost control: the Rochester project.", "content": "The rapid escalation in health care costs has demonstrated a need to control costs in general and hospital costs in particular. In New York State, efforts at control have followed one of several paths, including reduction of Medicaid program expenditures, elimination of hospital beds, and prospective reimbursement of hospital costs. Although some success has been achieved in each of these areas, hospital costs containment has not been as successful as had been hoped. A new project called MAXICAP, being developed in the Rochester region, seeks to link payment with regional hospital planning. MAXICAP represents a voluntary attempt by hospitals, third party payers, planners, consumers, and governmental agencies to devise a prospective hospital payment system. Under this system community hospital plans in the Rochester region would be integrated and a cap imposed on both revenues and expenses for acute hospital care. The principal advantage of the MAXICAP is that it offers a mechanism for linking hospital planning with payment functions on a regional basis. The principal disadvantage is that the success of the MAXICAP depends upon the  voluntary cooperation of the vast majority of the acute care hospitals in the area--hospitals that may be scattered throughout a relatively large region.", "contents": "An alternate approach to hospital cost control: the Rochester project. The rapid escalation in health care costs has demonstrated a need to control costs in general and hospital costs in particular. In New York State, efforts at control have followed one of several paths, including reduction of Medicaid program expenditures, elimination of hospital beds, and prospective reimbursement of hospital costs. Although some success has been achieved in each of these areas, hospital costs containment has not been as successful as had been hoped. A new project called MAXICAP, being developed in the Rochester region, seeks to link payment with regional hospital planning. MAXICAP represents a voluntary attempt by hospitals, third party payers, planners, consumers, and governmental agencies to devise a prospective hospital payment system. Under this system community hospital plans in the Rochester region would be integrated and a cap imposed on both revenues and expenses for acute hospital care. The principal advantage of the MAXICAP is that it offers a mechanism for linking hospital planning with payment functions on a regional basis. The principal disadvantage is that the success of the MAXICAP depends upon the  voluntary cooperation of the vast majority of the acute care hospitals in the area--hospitals that may be scattered throughout a relatively large region.", "PMID": 98805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3395", "title": "[Production of alkaline protease from acid cheese whey].", "content": "The use of acid cheese whey as an essential substrate for the production of alkaline protease was studied by growing Bacillus subtilis NRRL 3411 on different conditions of aereation. The maximum enzymatic activity of 17 000 proteolytic units was obtained in the following conditions: 200 RPM, air flow of 1 v/v minutes (KLa 37 h-1), separate sterilization of the medium components and periodical additions of peptone.", "contents": "[Production of alkaline protease from acid cheese whey]. The use of acid cheese whey as an essential substrate for the production of alkaline protease was studied by growing Bacillus subtilis NRRL 3411 on different conditions of aereation. The maximum enzymatic activity of 17 000 proteolytic units was obtained in the following conditions: 200 RPM, air flow of 1 v/v minutes (KLa 37 h-1), separate sterilization of the medium components and periodical additions of peptone.", "PMID": 98809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3396", "title": "Differentiation of mycobacteria by \"in vivo\" and \"in vitro\" delayed hypersensitivity reactions.", "content": "Guinea pigs were sensitized with heat killed M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii, M. scrofulaceum, and M. avium-intracellulare. Purified Protein Derivatives (PPDs) prepared from each of these organisms were tested for delayed type hypersensitivity by lymphocyte transformation, macrophage migration, and mantoux type skin sensitivity tests. The homologous reactions were consistently more intense than heterologous reactions in all three procedures. The skin test procedure was more sensitive than either in vitro method. Positive  skin test reactions were elicited with 2 times and 50 times less antigen than, respectively, the lymphocyte transformation and the macrophage migration tests.", "contents": "Differentiation of mycobacteria by \"in vivo\" and \"in vitro\" delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Guinea pigs were sensitized with heat killed M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii, M. scrofulaceum, and M. avium-intracellulare. Purified Protein Derivatives (PPDs) prepared from each of these organisms were tested for delayed type hypersensitivity by lymphocyte transformation, macrophage migration, and mantoux type skin sensitivity tests. The homologous reactions were consistently more intense than heterologous reactions in all three procedures. The skin test procedure was more sensitive than either in vitro method. Positive  skin test reactions were elicited with 2 times and 50 times less antigen than, respectively, the lymphocyte transformation and the macrophage migration tests.", "PMID": 98814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3397", "title": "[Immunodiffusion serologic study of equine infectious anemia in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina].", "content": "Twenty seven per cent of 238 serum samples obtained from horses with clinical diagnosis were positive for the immunodifusion test, while 17% of the 452 sera obtained from asintomatic horses were positive. Twenty one per cent of the 870 sera studied were positive.", "contents": "[Immunodiffusion serologic study of equine infectious anemia in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina]. Twenty seven per cent of 238 serum samples obtained from horses with clinical diagnosis were positive for the immunodifusion test, while 17% of the 452 sera obtained from asintomatic horses were positive. Twenty one per cent of the 870 sera studied were positive.", "PMID": 98810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3398", "title": "New peroxides and their antimicrobial activity.", "content": "Antimicrobial activity of hydroperoxides and cyclic peroxides has been studied. 2,4-Dihydroperoxy-2,4-dimethylpentane (1) and 2,5-dihydroperoxy-2,5-dimethylhexane (2) were active against microorganism, but 1 showed a large specially against C. albicans, M. luteus and B. subtilis with a MIC value of 31.5 mcg/ml.", "contents": "New peroxides and their antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity of hydroperoxides and cyclic peroxides has been studied. 2,4-Dihydroperoxy-2,4-dimethylpentane (1) and 2,5-dihydroperoxy-2,5-dimethylhexane (2) were active against microorganism, but 1 showed a large specially against C. albicans, M. luteus and B. subtilis with a MIC value of 31.5 mcg/ml.", "PMID": 98815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3399", "title": "Clinical and histological study to assess changes in the nasal mucosa in patients with chronic perennial rhinitis comparing sodium cromoglycate and placebo.", "content": "A controlled trial comparing sodium cromoglycate 2% nasal solution against placebo has demonstrated that in patients with severe perennial rhinitis sodium cromoglycate is clinically effective and also that gross histological changes in the nasal mucosa are reversed following treatment for eight weeks with this therapy.", "contents": "Clinical and histological study to assess changes in the nasal mucosa in patients with chronic perennial rhinitis comparing sodium cromoglycate and placebo. A controlled trial comparing sodium cromoglycate 2% nasal solution against placebo has demonstrated that in patients with severe perennial rhinitis sodium cromoglycate is clinically effective and also that gross histological changes in the nasal mucosa are reversed following treatment for eight weeks with this therapy.", "PMID": 98822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3400", "title": "[The value of the immunodiffusion test in the diagnosis of animal histoplasmosis].", "content": "A serological study which involved the agar gel immunodiffusion test of 11316 animal serum samples (porcine, bovine, equine and ovine cattles) was made in the Havana province in an attempt to detect precipitation bands for Histoplasma capsulatum. 135 porcine serum samples and 4 bovine serum samples were positive.", "contents": "[The value of the immunodiffusion test in the diagnosis of animal histoplasmosis]. A serological study which involved the agar gel immunodiffusion test of 11316 animal serum samples (porcine, bovine, equine and ovine cattles) was made in the Havana province in an attempt to detect precipitation bands for Histoplasma capsulatum. 135 porcine serum samples and 4 bovine serum samples were positive.", "PMID": 98818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3401", "title": "Normal values for free light chains in serum different age groups.", "content": "The concentration of free light chains from the immunoglobulins was measured in twelve paired sera from mothers and newborns and from 149 sera from normal individuals in various age groups. Variations in concentration during life are correlated to the variations in the concentration of 'regular' immunoglobulins. A concentration of light chains in cord blood of 35% of mean normal adult level (MNA) together with a rapid passage of light chains across the placenta is interpreted as indicating catabolization of maternal light chains in the fetus. This is further supported by the finding of a lower concentration of light chains in maternal serum than in normal adult serum. The investigation shows that the concentration of light chains falls rapidly from 35 to 24% of MNA during the first few days of life. From the first week of life the concentration of light chains increases and low normal adult values are attained by one year of age. Except for difference in concentration, the elution pattern for light chains from Sephadex G-100 columns was similar for normal, adult and cord blood. The relationship between kappa and lambda chains--the K/L ratio--is 1.2 for normal and maternal serum and 1.0 for cord serum.", "contents": "Normal values for free light chains in serum different age groups. The concentration of free light chains from the immunoglobulins was measured in twelve paired sera from mothers and newborns and from 149 sera from normal individuals in various age groups. Variations in concentration during life are correlated to the variations in the concentration of 'regular' immunoglobulins. A concentration of light chains in cord blood of 35% of mean normal adult level (MNA) together with a rapid passage of light chains across the placenta is interpreted as indicating catabolization of maternal light chains in the fetus. This is further supported by the finding of a lower concentration of light chains in maternal serum than in normal adult serum. The investigation shows that the concentration of light chains falls rapidly from 35 to 24% of MNA during the first few days of life. From the first week of life the concentration of light chains increases and low normal adult values are attained by one year of age. Except for difference in concentration, the elution pattern for light chains from Sephadex G-100 columns was similar for normal, adult and cord blood. The relationship between kappa and lambda chains--the K/L ratio--is 1.2 for normal and maternal serum and 1.0 for cord serum.", "PMID": 98826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3402", "title": "Effect of storage conditions of serum lipoproteins on electrophoretic mobility in agarose gel and on lipid composition.", "content": "The effect of conditions of storage of sera and lipoprotein fractions on electrophoretic mobility in argarose gel and on lipid composition has been assessed. It was found that sera or lipoprotein fractions may be stored at 4 degrees C in the presence of ethylene diamine tetra-acetate for up to 5 days before electrophoresis or up to 8 days before estimation of cholesterol and triglycerides. Addition of mercurothiolate of p-chloromercuriphenyl sulphonate offerred no further advantage.", "contents": "Effect of storage conditions of serum lipoproteins on electrophoretic mobility in agarose gel and on lipid composition. The effect of conditions of storage of sera and lipoprotein fractions on electrophoretic mobility in argarose gel and on lipid composition has been assessed. It was found that sera or lipoprotein fractions may be stored at 4 degrees C in the presence of ethylene diamine tetra-acetate for up to 5 days before electrophoresis or up to 8 days before estimation of cholesterol and triglycerides. Addition of mercurothiolate of p-chloromercuriphenyl sulphonate offerred no further advantage.", "PMID": 98827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3403", "title": "[A case of GM-Gangliosidosis (atypical form of the AB variant)].", "content": "A case of GM-gangliosidosis, variant AB, with some atypical feautres is reported in a male child, who died at the age of 4 years and 3 months. When he was 2 and a half years old, he showed signs of progressive cerebral disease with increasing motor and mental impairment. The clinical signs suggested a form of neurolipidosis; however the data of the enzymatic activities of the peripheral blood leucocytes did not show any deficit related to these forms. More specifically the values of the exosaminides A and B were normal, although the component A was near the lowest limit of the range. The anatomical, histological, histochemical, ultrastructural and chemical studies showed that it was a form of GM-gangliosidosis with visceral involvement. In the crude lipid extracts of various organs there was not only GM-ganglioside, but also a compound not previously demonstrated in these forms of neurolipidosis. Chemically this compound may be considered a phosphoglyco-lipid-and protein complex. From the enzymatic data in the peripheral blood leucocytes, the case may be a variant AB of the Sandhoff and al. classification (1971). However some clinical signs make our case closer to the 3th type of the O'Brien and al, classification while some histopathological aspects are similar to Tay-Sachs disease (i.e. to the variant B of the Sandhoff et al. classification; i.e. to the 1th type of the O'Brien et al. classification). These data, and the presence of an 'unknown compound', not yet demonstrated in the known forms of GM-gangliosidosis, support the hypothesis that our case may be considered as an 'atypical' form of the variant AB of the gangliosidosis GM and that further studies are necessary to reach a final nosography of these entities.", "contents": "[A case of GM-Gangliosidosis (atypical form of the AB variant)]. A case of GM-gangliosidosis, variant AB, with some atypical feautres is reported in a male child, who died at the age of 4 years and 3 months. When he was 2 and a half years old, he showed signs of progressive cerebral disease with increasing motor and mental impairment. The clinical signs suggested a form of neurolipidosis; however the data of the enzymatic activities of the peripheral blood leucocytes did not show any deficit related to these forms. More specifically the values of the exosaminides A and B were normal, although the component A was near the lowest limit of the range. The anatomical, histological, histochemical, ultrastructural and chemical studies showed that it was a form of GM-gangliosidosis with visceral involvement. In the crude lipid extracts of various organs there was not only GM-ganglioside, but also a compound not previously demonstrated in these forms of neurolipidosis. Chemically this compound may be considered a phosphoglyco-lipid-and protein complex. From the enzymatic data in the peripheral blood leucocytes, the case may be a variant AB of the Sandhoff and al. classification (1971). However some clinical signs make our case closer to the 3th type of the O'Brien and al, classification while some histopathological aspects are similar to Tay-Sachs disease (i.e. to the variant B of the Sandhoff et al. classification; i.e. to the 1th type of the O'Brien et al. classification). These data, and the presence of an 'unknown compound', not yet demonstrated in the known forms of GM-gangliosidosis, support the hypothesis that our case may be considered as an 'atypical' form of the variant AB of the gangliosidosis GM and that further studies are necessary to reach a final nosography of these entities.", "PMID": 98824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3404", "title": "Synthesis of muscle glycogen during recovery after prolonged severe exercise in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.", "content": "Glycogen synthesis rate in skeletal muscle studied in six juvenile diabetic and six non-diabetic males ingesting a carbohydrate rich diet during 12 h of resting recovery after exhaustive bicycle exercise. The diabetic subjects took their regular insulin. Blood samples and muscle biopsies were obtained at rest prior to exercise, immediately after cessation of exercise and after 2,4,6.9 and 12 h of recovery. A marked decrease in muscle glycogn content was observed in response to exercise in both groups of subjects. Mean glycogen utilization rate was the same in the two groups. Glycogen synthesis rate during the first 4 h or recovery was 6.4 +/- 0.6 mmol glucosyl units/kg w.w./h in the diabetic subjects and 7.2 +/- 0.7 mmol glycosyl units/kg w.w./h in the non-diabetic subjects. During the next 8 h glycogen synthesis rate was approximately 1/3 of that being 2.0 +/- 0.3 and 2.4 +/- 0.5 mmol glucosyl units/kg w.w./h in the two groups respectively. Glycogen synthetase I-activity increased markedly in response to exercise in both groups of subjects. However, no differences were observed between the groups. No significant differences in muscle glucose 6-phosphate concentrations were observed between the two groups. Plasma glucose levels were significantly higher in the diabetic than in the non-diabetic subjects. It is concluded that glycogen synthesis during recovery following prolonged severe exercise can proceed at the same rate in diabetic subjects taking their regular insulin as in non-diabetic subjects.", "contents": "Synthesis of muscle glycogen during recovery after prolonged severe exercise in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Glycogen synthesis rate in skeletal muscle studied in six juvenile diabetic and six non-diabetic males ingesting a carbohydrate rich diet during 12 h of resting recovery after exhaustive bicycle exercise. The diabetic subjects took their regular insulin. Blood samples and muscle biopsies were obtained at rest prior to exercise, immediately after cessation of exercise and after 2,4,6.9 and 12 h of recovery. A marked decrease in muscle glycogn content was observed in response to exercise in both groups of subjects. Mean glycogen utilization rate was the same in the two groups. Glycogen synthesis rate during the first 4 h or recovery was 6.4 +/- 0.6 mmol glucosyl units/kg w.w./h in the diabetic subjects and 7.2 +/- 0.7 mmol glycosyl units/kg w.w./h in the non-diabetic subjects. During the next 8 h glycogen synthesis rate was approximately 1/3 of that being 2.0 +/- 0.3 and 2.4 +/- 0.5 mmol glucosyl units/kg w.w./h in the two groups respectively. Glycogen synthetase I-activity increased markedly in response to exercise in both groups of subjects. However, no differences were observed between the groups. No significant differences in muscle glucose 6-phosphate concentrations were observed between the two groups. Plasma glucose levels were significantly higher in the diabetic than in the non-diabetic subjects. It is concluded that glycogen synthesis during recovery following prolonged severe exercise can proceed at the same rate in diabetic subjects taking their regular insulin as in non-diabetic subjects.", "PMID": 98828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3405", "title": "[Benign intracranial hypertension and thrombosis of the venous sinuses during contraceptive treatment: anatomo-clinical and neuroradiological observations (author's transl)].", "content": "The side-effects of oral contraceptives on the nervous system have been studied in 2 patients. The first case, a young woman who, after several years, of cyclic consumption of 4 mg of norethylsterone acetate and 0.05 mg of ethynilestradiol, died from a transtentorial temporal hernia due to severe intracranial hypertension. Angiography, and later autopsy, showed thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses and also of the majority of the emissary veins with C.S.F. blockage. The second case, a patient who took 1 mg of norethyndrone and 0.05 mg of mestranol for 20 months, developed a focal symptomatology (Grand Mal, global aphasia without lowering of the level of conscionsness) which cleared up rapidly. The CAT performed during the clinical illness showed mild signs of intracranial hypertension while cerebral angiography normal. It seems possible that the hormonal treatment may disturb the mechanisms of C.S.F. production-reabsorbtion and the filtration dynamics of the blood-brain barrier and perhaps, cause alteration of hypothalamic-hypophysial function. This would explain a transitory symptomatology, such as benign intracranial hypertension. However, the thrombosis of the venous sinuses (sometimes, as in our first case, massive) may be due to the venous stasis, that accompanies intracranial hypertension and to the altered blood coagulation.", "contents": "[Benign intracranial hypertension and thrombosis of the venous sinuses during contraceptive treatment: anatomo-clinical and neuroradiological observations (author's transl)]. The side-effects of oral contraceptives on the nervous system have been studied in 2 patients. The first case, a young woman who, after several years, of cyclic consumption of 4 mg of norethylsterone acetate and 0.05 mg of ethynilestradiol, died from a transtentorial temporal hernia due to severe intracranial hypertension. Angiography, and later autopsy, showed thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses and also of the majority of the emissary veins with C.S.F. blockage. The second case, a patient who took 1 mg of norethyndrone and 0.05 mg of mestranol for 20 months, developed a focal symptomatology (Grand Mal, global aphasia without lowering of the level of conscionsness) which cleared up rapidly. The CAT performed during the clinical illness showed mild signs of intracranial hypertension while cerebral angiography normal. It seems possible that the hormonal treatment may disturb the mechanisms of C.S.F. production-reabsorbtion and the filtration dynamics of the blood-brain barrier and perhaps, cause alteration of hypothalamic-hypophysial function. This would explain a transitory symptomatology, such as benign intracranial hypertension. However, the thrombosis of the venous sinuses (sometimes, as in our first case, massive) may be due to the venous stasis, that accompanies intracranial hypertension and to the altered blood coagulation.", "PMID": 98825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3406", "title": "Studies on renal tubular protein reabsorption: partial and near complete inhibition by certain amino acids.", "content": "Urinary excretion of albumin, free light chains of immunoglobulins and beta-2-microglobulin was measured after injection of certain amino acids and derivatives. Substances with a positively charged group located terminally in the molecule (ornithine, lysine, arginine, and the almost not metabolized epsilon-amino-caproic acid, and Cyclocaprone) proved to inhibit instantaneously the tubular protein reabsorption. Lysine is the most effective molecule tested. We hypothesize that the initial event in the normal tubular protein reabsorption is a binding between a free positive amino- or guanidino-group in the protein molecule and a negative site on the tubular cell surface. In an attempt to achieve complete inhibition of tubular protein reabsorption, large doses of lysine were injected intravenously. The maximal protein clearance rose from the exceedingly low baseline excretion to values probably representing near complete inhibition of protein reabsorption. The minimal value of albumin concentration in the glomerular filtrate was calculated to 2.6 mg/l.", "contents": "Studies on renal tubular protein reabsorption: partial and near complete inhibition by certain amino acids. Urinary excretion of albumin, free light chains of immunoglobulins and beta-2-microglobulin was measured after injection of certain amino acids and derivatives. Substances with a positively charged group located terminally in the molecule (ornithine, lysine, arginine, and the almost not metabolized epsilon-amino-caproic acid, and Cyclocaprone) proved to inhibit instantaneously the tubular protein reabsorption. Lysine is the most effective molecule tested. We hypothesize that the initial event in the normal tubular protein reabsorption is a binding between a free positive amino- or guanidino-group in the protein molecule and a negative site on the tubular cell surface. In an attempt to achieve complete inhibition of tubular protein reabsorption, large doses of lysine were injected intravenously. The maximal protein clearance rose from the exceedingly low baseline excretion to values probably representing near complete inhibition of protein reabsorption. The minimal value of albumin concentration in the glomerular filtrate was calculated to 2.6 mg/l.", "PMID": 98829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3407", "title": "Proficiency survey of serum protein analyses in Scandinavia.", "content": "A lyophilized human pool serum was distributed to Scandinavian clinical chemical laboratories for routine quantitation of different serum proteins. The analytical repertoir of the laboratories, and the methods and reference materials used, were registered. For almost all proteins the results varied considerably between the laboratories (CV 8--29%). The reasons for this variation are discussed together with possible recommendations to improve the accuracy of protein measurements.", "contents": "Proficiency survey of serum protein analyses in Scandinavia. A lyophilized human pool serum was distributed to Scandinavian clinical chemical laboratories for routine quantitation of different serum proteins. The analytical repertoir of the laboratories, and the methods and reference materials used, were registered. For almost all proteins the results varied considerably between the laboratories (CV 8--29%). The reasons for this variation are discussed together with possible recommendations to improve the accuracy of protein measurements.", "PMID": 98830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3408", "title": "Free light chains in serum during short course immunosuppression after corneal transplantation.", "content": "The effect of low doses of prednisone on the serum concentration oflight chains, IgG, IgA and IgM in nineteen corneal transplanted patients was investigated. Prednisone in doses of 30 mg daily for 6 days had an instantaneous effect on the concentration of light chains resulting in a mean decrease of 16.5% in relationship to the pre-treatment values. Decrease in the prednisone dose to 15 mg daily was followed by normalization of the light chain concentration. The effect of prednisone on the IgG concentration was less pronounced and more delayed. A mean decrease for IgG of 9.0% of the pre-treatment values was found. Minimum IgG concentration was found 3 weeks later than the minimum for light chains. Differences in the metabolization rate of light chains and IgG is suggested as an explanation for this. The concentration of IgA and IgM was unchanged during treatment. Correlation between corneal rejection and changes in the level of light chains or IgG was not found.", "contents": "Free light chains in serum during short course immunosuppression after corneal transplantation. The effect of low doses of prednisone on the serum concentration oflight chains, IgG, IgA and IgM in nineteen corneal transplanted patients was investigated. Prednisone in doses of 30 mg daily for 6 days had an instantaneous effect on the concentration of light chains resulting in a mean decrease of 16.5% in relationship to the pre-treatment values. Decrease in the prednisone dose to 15 mg daily was followed by normalization of the light chain concentration. The effect of prednisone on the IgG concentration was less pronounced and more delayed. A mean decrease for IgG of 9.0% of the pre-treatment values was found. Minimum IgG concentration was found 3 weeks later than the minimum for light chains. Differences in the metabolization rate of light chains and IgG is suggested as an explanation for this. The concentration of IgA and IgM was unchanged during treatment. Correlation between corneal rejection and changes in the level of light chains or IgG was not found.", "PMID": 98831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3409", "title": "Studies on IgM polymerization: reassociation to non-covalently and covalently linked Fc5mu fragments.", "content": "Fc5mu fragments were purified from a trypsin digest of native IgM by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Fc5mu fragments in sodium dodecyl sulphate disclosed a major and a minor band with molecules of 320,000 and 285,000 daltons, respectively. The mu chain fragments showed a molecular weight of 34,500. After reduction of the Fc5mu fragments to free mu chain fragments and J chain removal of the reducing agent by dialysis for 24 h under nitrogen in the presence of Zn ions gave non-covalently linked Fc5mu fragments. This shows that the non-covalent interactions operating between the mu chains of non-covalently linked native IgM are present in the C-terminal part of the mu chains. Additional dialysis in the presence of Zn and Cu ions resulted in the formation of covalently linked Fc5mu fragments.", "contents": "Studies on IgM polymerization: reassociation to non-covalently and covalently linked Fc5mu fragments. Fc5mu fragments were purified from a trypsin digest of native IgM by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Fc5mu fragments in sodium dodecyl sulphate disclosed a major and a minor band with molecules of 320,000 and 285,000 daltons, respectively. The mu chain fragments showed a molecular weight of 34,500. After reduction of the Fc5mu fragments to free mu chain fragments and J chain removal of the reducing agent by dialysis for 24 h under nitrogen in the presence of Zn ions gave non-covalently linked Fc5mu fragments. This shows that the non-covalent interactions operating between the mu chains of non-covalently linked native IgM are present in the C-terminal part of the mu chains. Additional dialysis in the presence of Zn and Cu ions resulted in the formation of covalently linked Fc5mu fragments.", "PMID": 98832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3410", "title": "The activity of cephalosporins on beta-lactamase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of cephaloridine, cephalothin, cephalexin, cephradine, cefazolin, cefamandole, cefuroxime and cefoxitin was determined for six beta-lactamase-producing gonococci isolated in Great Britain and the USA. Cefuroxime was most active against small and large inocula, then cefoxitin, while cephaloridine was least active. Cefamandole was more active than cefazolin and cephalothin, but only on small inocula, and these three antibiotics, with the slightly inferior cephalexin and cephradine, all had moderate activity against large inocula. The inoculum effect (or lack of it) with cephaloridine, cefamandole, cefoxitin, and possibly cefazolin and cephalothin, may be explicable in terms of the level of their susceptibility to enzymic degradation, but this appears not to be true of the inoculum effect with cefuroxime, cephalexin and cephradine. The enzymes from the various strains had closely similar isoelectric points, apparently the same as that for TEM I from E. coli.", "contents": "The activity of cephalosporins on beta-lactamase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The antibacterial activity of cephaloridine, cephalothin, cephalexin, cephradine, cefazolin, cefamandole, cefuroxime and cefoxitin was determined for six beta-lactamase-producing gonococci isolated in Great Britain and the USA. Cefuroxime was most active against small and large inocula, then cefoxitin, while cephaloridine was least active. Cefamandole was more active than cefazolin and cephalothin, but only on small inocula, and these three antibiotics, with the slightly inferior cephalexin and cephradine, all had moderate activity against large inocula. The inoculum effect (or lack of it) with cephaloridine, cefamandole, cefoxitin, and possibly cefazolin and cephalothin, may be explicable in terms of the level of their susceptibility to enzymic degradation, but this appears not to be true of the inoculum effect with cefuroxime, cephalexin and cephradine. The enzymes from the various strains had closely similar isoelectric points, apparently the same as that for TEM I from E. coli.", "PMID": 98833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3411", "title": "Pharmacological properties of diclofenac sodium and its metabolites.", "content": "Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) is a non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent of a new chemical structure, which is animal experiments shows a high degree of anti inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity in various pharmacological models. It inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis in vitro and in vivo, and this inhibitory effect at least partly explains the mechanism of action of the preparation. In animal experiments diclofenac sodium is characterised by a broad therapeutic range. Also, its gastrointestinal tolerability is better than that of other highly effective non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents. Two of the metabolites produced during the biotransformation of diclofenac sodium in man are also biologically active. The activity of these two metabolites, however, is very much weaker than that of unchanged diclofenac sodium and is comparable to that of phenylbutazone.", "contents": "Pharmacological properties of diclofenac sodium and its metabolites. Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) is a non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent of a new chemical structure, which is animal experiments shows a high degree of anti inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity in various pharmacological models. It inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis in vitro and in vivo, and this inhibitory effect at least partly explains the mechanism of action of the preparation. In animal experiments diclofenac sodium is characterised by a broad therapeutic range. Also, its gastrointestinal tolerability is better than that of other highly effective non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents. Two of the metabolites produced during the biotransformation of diclofenac sodium in man are also biologically active. The activity of these two metabolites, however, is very much weaker than that of unchanged diclofenac sodium and is comparable to that of phenylbutazone.", "PMID": 98835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3412", "title": "Regulative interactions between cells from different imaginal disks of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The regulative behavior of cells from the imaginal wing disk of Drosophila melanogaster can be modified by interaction with cells from different disk types. Both thoracic and nonthoracic disks are able to interact, but there are major differences in the effectiveness of interaction. The finding lends experimental support to the idea that cells in different fields within the same organism use the same mechanism for specifying positional information. A similar conclusion has been reached by Wilcox and Smith based on studies of the mutation wingless.", "contents": "Regulative interactions between cells from different imaginal disks of Drosophila melanogaster. The regulative behavior of cells from the imaginal wing disk of Drosophila melanogaster can be modified by interaction with cells from different disk types. Both thoracic and nonthoracic disks are able to interact, but there are major differences in the effectiveness of interaction. The finding lends experimental support to the idea that cells in different fields within the same organism use the same mechanism for specifying positional information. A similar conclusion has been reached by Wilcox and Smith based on studies of the mutation wingless.", "PMID": 98843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3413", "title": "Primate infant's effects on mother's future reproduction.", "content": "Female savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus) had a longer postpartum amenorrhea and thereafter cycled longer before conceiving if their previous infant survived than if that infant died. Among mothers of surviving infants, differences in maternal care produced differences in age of weaning and age of independence but did not result in differences in interbirth intervals.", "contents": "Primate infant's effects on mother's future reproduction. Female savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus) had a longer postpartum amenorrhea and thereafter cycled longer before conceiving if their previous infant survived than if that infant died. Among mothers of surviving infants, differences in maternal care produced differences in age of weaning and age of independence but did not result in differences in interbirth intervals.", "PMID": 98844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3414", "title": "Thyrotoxicosis in a patient with secondary hypothyroidism.", "content": "We have described a patient with panhypopituitarism who developed thyrotoxicosis. There is a widespread belief that pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) is not a pathogenetic factor in most patients with thyrotoxicosis. Due to technical reasons, however, it has been difficult to entirely exclude the role(s) of TSH in the development of thyrotoxicosis. In this report hyperthyroidism appeared in a patient with TSH deficiency proved by the lack of response to TRH administration. This is the first known case in which TRH stimulation demonstrated total abscence of TSH before the onset of thyrotoxicosis. We cannot exclude the possibility that factors of adenohypophyseal origin play some role in the pathogenesis of thyrotoxicosis, but TSH per se does not play a role in the development of Graves' thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Thyrotoxicosis in a patient with secondary hypothyroidism. We have described a patient with panhypopituitarism who developed thyrotoxicosis. There is a widespread belief that pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) is not a pathogenetic factor in most patients with thyrotoxicosis. Due to technical reasons, however, it has been difficult to entirely exclude the role(s) of TSH in the development of thyrotoxicosis. In this report hyperthyroidism appeared in a patient with TSH deficiency proved by the lack of response to TRH administration. This is the first known case in which TRH stimulation demonstrated total abscence of TSH before the onset of thyrotoxicosis. We cannot exclude the possibility that factors of adenohypophyseal origin play some role in the pathogenesis of thyrotoxicosis, but TSH per se does not play a role in the development of Graves' thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 98848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3415", "title": "National health expenditures, fiscal year 1977.", "content": "The Nation spent $163 billion for health care in fiscal year 1977 or $737 per person, according to preliminary figures compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration. This figure was 12 percent higher than spending for such purposes in the previous 12 months and represented an 8.8-percent share of the GNP. Public spending, which financed 42 percent of all health care in 1977, increased 11 percent while private spending rose 13 percent. Spending for hospital care went up 14 percent to $68.4 billion, and the total spent for physicians' services ($32.2 billion) reflected a 13-percent rise. Third-party payments financed 70 percent of all personal health care in the country.", "contents": "National health expenditures, fiscal year 1977. The Nation spent $163 billion for health care in fiscal year 1977 or $737 per person, according to preliminary figures compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration. This figure was 12 percent higher than spending for such purposes in the previous 12 months and represented an 8.8-percent share of the GNP. Public spending, which financed 42 percent of all health care in 1977, increased 11 percent while private spending rose 13 percent. Spending for hospital care went up 14 percent to $68.4 billion, and the total spent for physicians' services ($32.2 billion) reflected a 13-percent rise. Third-party payments financed 70 percent of all personal health care in the country.", "PMID": 98849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3416", "title": "Biliary obstruction after gastrectomy for carcinoma of the stomach.", "content": "Extrahepatic biliary obstruction occurred in 34 patients after 1,300 gastrectomies performed for carcinoma of the stomach. Metastasis to the portal nodes caused mainly by distal gastric neoplasms is the most common cause of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. The syndrome of severe unrelenting bilirubinemia with abdominal aches and a palpable liver signifies extrahepatic biliary obstruction until proved otherwise and calls for early exploration. Palliative operation can prolong survival if properly performed. Selection of the proper procedure requires operative cholangiograms. Pancreatoduodenectomy is the most successful palliative procedure. Prevention of extrahepatic biliary obstruction requires a meticulous dissection of the portal pedicle during radical gastrectomy.", "contents": "Biliary obstruction after gastrectomy for carcinoma of the stomach. Extrahepatic biliary obstruction occurred in 34 patients after 1,300 gastrectomies performed for carcinoma of the stomach. Metastasis to the portal nodes caused mainly by distal gastric neoplasms is the most common cause of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. The syndrome of severe unrelenting bilirubinemia with abdominal aches and a palpable liver signifies extrahepatic biliary obstruction until proved otherwise and calls for early exploration. Palliative operation can prolong survival if properly performed. Selection of the proper procedure requires operative cholangiograms. Pancreatoduodenectomy is the most successful palliative procedure. Prevention of extrahepatic biliary obstruction requires a meticulous dissection of the portal pedicle during radical gastrectomy.", "PMID": 98852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3417", "title": "Cervical myelopathy and radiculopathy secondary to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.", "content": "Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, despite its rare occurrence in Caucasians, is one further cause of cervical myelopathy and radiculopathy that should be included in the differential diagnosis. A recent case is reported.", "contents": "Cervical myelopathy and radiculopathy secondary to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, despite its rare occurrence in Caucasians, is one further cause of cervical myelopathy and radiculopathy that should be included in the differential diagnosis. A recent case is reported.", "PMID": 98853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3418", "title": "Vascular dynamics of an experimental cerebral arteriovenous shunt in the primate.", "content": "An arteriovenous fistula which shunted arterial blood from the circle of Willis to the internal jugular vein was created in ten monkeys. Continued patency of the shunt was confirmed angiographically. Cerebral blood flow measurements were then obtained with the shunt both open and occluded. Flow was also determined in response to elevations of systemic arterial pressure and raised arterial carbon dioxide tensions (PaCO2), again with the shunt both patent and occluded. In addition, flow through the shunt alone was measured in response to elevations of systemic arterial pressure and PaCO2. The results suggest that flow through our arteriovenous shunt is minimally autoregulated to changes in systemic arterial pressure and is only slightly responsive to changes in PaCO2.", "contents": "Vascular dynamics of an experimental cerebral arteriovenous shunt in the primate. An arteriovenous fistula which shunted arterial blood from the circle of Willis to the internal jugular vein was created in ten monkeys. Continued patency of the shunt was confirmed angiographically. Cerebral blood flow measurements were then obtained with the shunt both open and occluded. Flow was also determined in response to elevations of systemic arterial pressure and raised arterial carbon dioxide tensions (PaCO2), again with the shunt both patent and occluded. In addition, flow through the shunt alone was measured in response to elevations of systemic arterial pressure and PaCO2. The results suggest that flow through our arteriovenous shunt is minimally autoregulated to changes in systemic arterial pressure and is only slightly responsive to changes in PaCO2.", "PMID": 98854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3419", "title": "Correlation of spinal cord blood flow and function in experimental compression.", "content": "Focal spinal cord blood flow was measured in the left dorsal column of monkeys' spinal cords at T6 during slow balloon compression of the same segment. The physiological integrity of the spinal cord was monitored by the recording of the summated spinal evoked response (SER). In all cases, the evoked response did not disappear until the blood flow in the compressed segment was zero. In four animals, a definite phase of hyperemia occurred during compression, at which time the amplitude of the evoked response was reduced. A post-ischemic hyperemia occurred in seven animals. The evoke response returned in all animals to a varying degree within one-hour post-deflation. The results suggest that mechanical forces of compression, rather than ischemia, are mainly responsible for the loss of neural conduction in such a model. If ischemia plays a role at all in the loss of function in such a model, it appears that focal ischemia secondary to compression in the spinal cord must be profound for loss of physiologic function to occur.", "contents": "Correlation of spinal cord blood flow and function in experimental compression. Focal spinal cord blood flow was measured in the left dorsal column of monkeys' spinal cords at T6 during slow balloon compression of the same segment. The physiological integrity of the spinal cord was monitored by the recording of the summated spinal evoked response (SER). In all cases, the evoked response did not disappear until the blood flow in the compressed segment was zero. In four animals, a definite phase of hyperemia occurred during compression, at which time the amplitude of the evoked response was reduced. A post-ischemic hyperemia occurred in seven animals. The evoke response returned in all animals to a varying degree within one-hour post-deflation. The results suggest that mechanical forces of compression, rather than ischemia, are mainly responsible for the loss of neural conduction in such a model. If ischemia plays a role at all in the loss of function in such a model, it appears that focal ischemia secondary to compression in the spinal cord must be profound for loss of physiologic function to occur.", "PMID": 98855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3420", "title": "Experimental spinal cord trauma, II: Blood flow, tissue oxygen, evoked potentials in both paretic and plegic monkeys.", "content": "Graded clinical motor deficits were produced in a series of Rhesus monkeys subjected to experimental spinal cord trauma from a variety of impact loads. An argon washout technique was used to measure spinal cord blood flow; tissue oxygen carbon dioxide, and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were also monitored. Each animal received a clinical grade and, after a week of study, the spinal cords were removed for histopathological grading. Blood flow in paraplegic animals was significantly decreased at two hours and seven days following injury (5 ml/min/100 gms tissue); paraparetic animals showed no significant difference from preinjury levels (14 ml/min/100 gms tissue). Animals which completely recovered demonstrated increased flow (27 ml/min/100 gms tissue). Composite tissue oxygen was generally depressed in paraplegic animals (28 mm Hg/kg) but showed no clear pattern in other groups. Only 8% of monkeys rendered paraplegic preserved a somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) at five minutes after injury. Paraparetic animals were more likely (40%) to show initial preservation of the SEP and in normal animals, the SEP always returned by three hours. Histopathological grading tended to parallel clinical grading in 92% of the cases. Although the extremes of possible postinjury deficits (complete paraplegia or recovery) can be predicted from a combination of these measurements, incomplete lesions (whether judged clinically or pathologically) present a more variable picture.", "contents": "Experimental spinal cord trauma, II: Blood flow, tissue oxygen, evoked potentials in both paretic and plegic monkeys. Graded clinical motor deficits were produced in a series of Rhesus monkeys subjected to experimental spinal cord trauma from a variety of impact loads. An argon washout technique was used to measure spinal cord blood flow; tissue oxygen carbon dioxide, and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were also monitored. Each animal received a clinical grade and, after a week of study, the spinal cords were removed for histopathological grading. Blood flow in paraplegic animals was significantly decreased at two hours and seven days following injury (5 ml/min/100 gms tissue); paraparetic animals showed no significant difference from preinjury levels (14 ml/min/100 gms tissue). Animals which completely recovered demonstrated increased flow (27 ml/min/100 gms tissue). Composite tissue oxygen was generally depressed in paraplegic animals (28 mm Hg/kg) but showed no clear pattern in other groups. Only 8% of monkeys rendered paraplegic preserved a somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) at five minutes after injury. Paraparetic animals were more likely (40%) to show initial preservation of the SEP and in normal animals, the SEP always returned by three hours. Histopathological grading tended to parallel clinical grading in 92% of the cases. Although the extremes of possible postinjury deficits (complete paraplegia or recovery) can be predicted from a combination of these measurements, incomplete lesions (whether judged clinically or pathologically) present a more variable picture.", "PMID": 98856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3421", "title": "Experimental spinal cord trauma, III: Therapeutic effect of immobilization and pharmacologic agents.", "content": "A wide variety of pharmacologic agents has been suggested to serve as therapeutic adjuncts in the management of acute spinal cord trauma. The present study was conducted to determine what effect, if any, these agents have when they are added to immobilization of the spinal column, the most widely used clinical measure. Rhesus monkeys were subjected to different levels of experimental spinal cord injury with and without subsequent immobilization by means of a figure of eight ligature. In the control group, five of six animals impacted at 500 gm-cm were paraplegic. In the immobilized animals, three of four animals impacted at 500 gm-cm recovered completely and the fourth was only mildly paraparetic. Paraplegia could not be uniformly produced in this group until 800 gm-cm forces were routinely employed. In the second phase of the study, only immobilized animals were used, with and without drug therapy. No change in the force-injury curve, above and beyond that from immobilization, can be demonstrated for monkeys given dextran, phenobarbital, methyldopa, phenoxybenzamine or vasopressors. The pathophysiologic concepts upon which such agents are advocated should be reassessed. Spinal immobilization can significantly improve the clinical outcome following experimental spinal cord injury, it may also serve to control some of the variability previously observed in pharmacologic experiments.", "contents": "Experimental spinal cord trauma, III: Therapeutic effect of immobilization and pharmacologic agents. A wide variety of pharmacologic agents has been suggested to serve as therapeutic adjuncts in the management of acute spinal cord trauma. The present study was conducted to determine what effect, if any, these agents have when they are added to immobilization of the spinal column, the most widely used clinical measure. Rhesus monkeys were subjected to different levels of experimental spinal cord injury with and without subsequent immobilization by means of a figure of eight ligature. In the control group, five of six animals impacted at 500 gm-cm were paraplegic. In the immobilized animals, three of four animals impacted at 500 gm-cm recovered completely and the fourth was only mildly paraparetic. Paraplegia could not be uniformly produced in this group until 800 gm-cm forces were routinely employed. In the second phase of the study, only immobilized animals were used, with and without drug therapy. No change in the force-injury curve, above and beyond that from immobilization, can be demonstrated for monkeys given dextran, phenobarbital, methyldopa, phenoxybenzamine or vasopressors. The pathophysiologic concepts upon which such agents are advocated should be reassessed. Spinal immobilization can significantly improve the clinical outcome following experimental spinal cord injury, it may also serve to control some of the variability previously observed in pharmacologic experiments.", "PMID": 98857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3422", "title": "Nitroglycerin infusion during infrarenal aortic cross-clamping in dogs: an experimental study.", "content": "The effects of an intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin on cardiac index and peripheral vascular resistance during infrarenal aortic cross-clamping were determined in normal animals and in animals subjected to low cardiac output state. Both groups of untreated animals demonstrated progressive fall in cardiac index with a rise in total peripheral resistance during infrarenal aortic cross-clamping. The infusion of nitroglycerin during the period of aortic cross-clamping prevented the increase in total peripheral resistance and therefore prevented the progressive fall in cardiac index that occurred in untreated animals. In the animals with depressed myocardial function, the infusion of nitroglycerin produced a 44% increase in cardiac index during aortic cross-clamping. The results of this study showed that the infusion of nitroglycerin during abdominal aortic cross-clamping can prevent adverse cardiovascular sequelae from occurring and should be used in patients undergoing abdominal aortic resection, especially those with impairment of left ventricular function.", "contents": "Nitroglycerin infusion during infrarenal aortic cross-clamping in dogs: an experimental study. The effects of an intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin on cardiac index and peripheral vascular resistance during infrarenal aortic cross-clamping were determined in normal animals and in animals subjected to low cardiac output state. Both groups of untreated animals demonstrated progressive fall in cardiac index with a rise in total peripheral resistance during infrarenal aortic cross-clamping. The infusion of nitroglycerin during the period of aortic cross-clamping prevented the increase in total peripheral resistance and therefore prevented the progressive fall in cardiac index that occurred in untreated animals. In the animals with depressed myocardial function, the infusion of nitroglycerin produced a 44% increase in cardiac index during aortic cross-clamping. The results of this study showed that the infusion of nitroglycerin during abdominal aortic cross-clamping can prevent adverse cardiovascular sequelae from occurring and should be used in patients undergoing abdominal aortic resection, especially those with impairment of left ventricular function.", "PMID": 98858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3423", "title": "Essential fatty acid deficiency in total parenteral nutrition: time course of development and suggestions for therapy.", "content": "Thirty-two patients receiving total intravenous nutrition were studied prospectively for biochemical and clinical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency. Individual constituents of the phospholipid fraction were examined consecutively and the triene:tetraene ratio was determined. All patients nourished parenterally for 4 weeks had triene:tetraene ratios of greater than 0.4. Levels of eicosatrienoic and linoleic acid were abnormal after 1 week, and arachidonic acid levels became abnormal after 2 weeks of fat-free parenteral nutrition. Skin lesions suggestive of essential fatty acid deficiency developed in two patients studied. Biochemical abnormalities responded rapidly to the intravenous administration of Intralipid.", "contents": "Essential fatty acid deficiency in total parenteral nutrition: time course of development and suggestions for therapy. Thirty-two patients receiving total intravenous nutrition were studied prospectively for biochemical and clinical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency. Individual constituents of the phospholipid fraction were examined consecutively and the triene:tetraene ratio was determined. All patients nourished parenterally for 4 weeks had triene:tetraene ratios of greater than 0.4. Levels of eicosatrienoic and linoleic acid were abnormal after 1 week, and arachidonic acid levels became abnormal after 2 weeks of fat-free parenteral nutrition. Skin lesions suggestive of essential fatty acid deficiency developed in two patients studied. Biochemical abnormalities responded rapidly to the intravenous administration of Intralipid.", "PMID": 98859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3424", "title": "Results of reoperation for hyperparathyroidism, with evaluation of preoperative localization studies.", "content": "During the past 3 years (June, 1974, to July, 1977), 51 patients underwent reoperation for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism at the Mayo Clinica. The overall success rate for cervical reoperation was 72% and for mediastinal reoperation, was 64%. Arteriography alone provided accurate preoperative localization of missing parathyroid tumors in 11 of 17 patients at a cost per patient benefited of approximately $1,700. Selective thyroid venous sampling with parathormone assay alone correctly lateralized hyperfunctioning glands in only four of nine patients at a cost per patient benefited of approximately $1,900. When used in combination, these studies provided correct localization or lateralization of parathyroid tumors in five of seven patients at a cost per patient benefited of approximately $2,000. Three patients experienced significant neurological complications as a result of thyrocervical arteriography. There were no complications due to venous sampling. In patients who has undergone a less than thorough initial explorations due to venous sampling. In patients who had undergone a less than thorough initial exploration of the neck, the success rate for reoperation was not enhanced by obtaining preoperative tumor localization studies. However, in those patients who had had a thorough and systematic exploration of the neck at their first operations, the success rate for reoperation was almost doubled when preoperative arteriography or venous sampling (or both) was employed.", "contents": "Results of reoperation for hyperparathyroidism, with evaluation of preoperative localization studies. During the past 3 years (June, 1974, to July, 1977), 51 patients underwent reoperation for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism at the Mayo Clinica. The overall success rate for cervical reoperation was 72% and for mediastinal reoperation, was 64%. Arteriography alone provided accurate preoperative localization of missing parathyroid tumors in 11 of 17 patients at a cost per patient benefited of approximately $1,700. Selective thyroid venous sampling with parathormone assay alone correctly lateralized hyperfunctioning glands in only four of nine patients at a cost per patient benefited of approximately $1,900. When used in combination, these studies provided correct localization or lateralization of parathyroid tumors in five of seven patients at a cost per patient benefited of approximately $2,000. Three patients experienced significant neurological complications as a result of thyrocervical arteriography. There were no complications due to venous sampling. In patients who has undergone a less than thorough initial explorations due to venous sampling. In patients who had undergone a less than thorough initial exploration of the neck, the success rate for reoperation was not enhanced by obtaining preoperative tumor localization studies. However, in those patients who had had a thorough and systematic exploration of the neck at their first operations, the success rate for reoperation was almost doubled when preoperative arteriography or venous sampling (or both) was employed.", "PMID": 98860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3425", "title": "[Technical realization of a systematized radiation therapy, founded on the TNM system, of tumors in the regions of the head and neck (author's transl)].", "content": "Modern radiation therapy of tumors within the regions of the head and neck regards not only the concept of the target volume but also the probability of affection to the lymphatic chains. Frequency of spread to lymph nodes depends on the size of the primary tumor, and thus the extent of radiotherapeutic practical measures can be  conformed to the TNM system. A radiation therapy planned in view of the TNM classification may be termed, therefore, as a systematized radiation therapy. From the standpoint of these considerations irradiation techniques using a telecobalt therapy unit and a betatron have been examined considering the application to individual toumor sites and tumor volumes in the regions of the head and neck. The techniques being most appropriate for tumors of the head and neck, with regard to the various sites or volumes, and taking into account the target volume as well as the lymphatic chains concerned are here presented.", "contents": "[Technical realization of a systematized radiation therapy, founded on the TNM system, of tumors in the regions of the head and neck (author's transl)]. Modern radiation therapy of tumors within the regions of the head and neck regards not only the concept of the target volume but also the probability of affection to the lymphatic chains. Frequency of spread to lymph nodes depends on the size of the primary tumor, and thus the extent of radiotherapeutic practical measures can be  conformed to the TNM system. A radiation therapy planned in view of the TNM classification may be termed, therefore, as a systematized radiation therapy. From the standpoint of these considerations irradiation techniques using a telecobalt therapy unit and a betatron have been examined considering the application to individual toumor sites and tumor volumes in the regions of the head and neck. The techniques being most appropriate for tumors of the head and neck, with regard to the various sites or volumes, and taking into account the target volume as well as the lymphatic chains concerned are here presented.", "PMID": 98865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3426", "title": "[Calculation of the dose distribution of high-energy electrons within and behind tissue inhomogeneities of any width. II. Influence of multiple scattering (author's transl)].", "content": "The algorithn proposed in 1976 to allow for the influences of tissue inhomogeneities in electron beam dose distributions has been improved. A factor adopted from Sternheimer corrects for differences in lateral displacement by multiple scattering within the inhomogeneity resp. the equivalent layer of the homogeneous medium. The algorithm has been tested by direct comparison with Monte Carlo computations for the example of cylindrical cavities in carbon at Eo=10 MeV and resulted in a very close approximation.", "contents": "[Calculation of the dose distribution of high-energy electrons within and behind tissue inhomogeneities of any width. II. Influence of multiple scattering (author's transl)]. The algorithn proposed in 1976 to allow for the influences of tissue inhomogeneities in electron beam dose distributions has been improved. A factor adopted from Sternheimer corrects for differences in lateral displacement by multiple scattering within the inhomogeneity resp. the equivalent layer of the homogeneous medium. The algorithm has been tested by direct comparison with Monte Carlo computations for the example of cylindrical cavities in carbon at Eo=10 MeV and resulted in a very close approximation.", "PMID": 98866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3427", "title": "The unique characteristics of covalently polymerized bovine serum albumin solutions when used as antibody detection media.", "content": "Bovine Serum Albumin solutions (BSA) have been chemically polymerized to give solutions (PBSA) with superior serological properties. The new PBSA reagents are shown to contain covalently bonded dimers, trimers, tetramers, and larger polymers, the presence of which is directly related to hemagglutination by IgG antibody. Data are presented which show that reagents containing increased amounts of higher molecular weight polymers enhance hemagglutination, as demonstrated by serum albumin titrations of various antisera. Additionally, isolated polymers are shown to enhance hemagglutination as a function of their molecular weight with the high molecular weight tetramers being more effective than the trimeric form, which in turn is more effective than the dimeric and monomeric forms. The protein concentration does not play any significant role in these events. The data establish that the polymeric content of bovine serum albumin reagents is a major factor in the potentiating properties of such solutions. Additionally, it is shown that these reagents act not only on the second stage of hemagglutination as a function of the bovine albumin present, but also on the first stage of hemagglutination as a function of the ionic strength of these reagents. The polymeric content and ionic strength of albumin solutions are the major criteria in determining the effectiveness of these potentiating reagents.", "contents": "The unique characteristics of covalently polymerized bovine serum albumin solutions when used as antibody detection media. Bovine Serum Albumin solutions (BSA) have been chemically polymerized to give solutions (PBSA) with superior serological properties. The new PBSA reagents are shown to contain covalently bonded dimers, trimers, tetramers, and larger polymers, the presence of which is directly related to hemagglutination by IgG antibody. Data are presented which show that reagents containing increased amounts of higher molecular weight polymers enhance hemagglutination, as demonstrated by serum albumin titrations of various antisera. Additionally, isolated polymers are shown to enhance hemagglutination as a function of their molecular weight with the high molecular weight tetramers being more effective than the trimeric form, which in turn is more effective than the dimeric and monomeric forms. The protein concentration does not play any significant role in these events. The data establish that the polymeric content of bovine serum albumin reagents is a major factor in the potentiating properties of such solutions. Additionally, it is shown that these reagents act not only on the second stage of hemagglutination as a function of the bovine albumin present, but also on the first stage of hemagglutination as a function of the ionic strength of these reagents. The polymeric content and ionic strength of albumin solutions are the major criteria in determining the effectiveness of these potentiating reagents.", "PMID": 98868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3428", "title": "Difficulty in LW typing as revealed by a family study.", "content": "A family is described in which two members of the second generation are of the phenotype LW3. In the course of the investigation the mother of the LW3 propositus was at first believed to be phenotypically LW3 as well. Eventually, it was shown that she is, in fact, phenotypically LW2 but that her R-1 (no D), LWlw, genotype had resulted in less LW being present on her red blood cells than is expected in LW2 persons. This reduced level of LW could not be detected with one example of anti-LW made by an LW3 individual.", "contents": "Difficulty in LW typing as revealed by a family study. A family is described in which two members of the second generation are of the phenotype LW3. In the course of the investigation the mother of the LW3 propositus was at first believed to be phenotypically LW3 as well. Eventually, it was shown that she is, in fact, phenotypically LW2 but that her R-1 (no D), LWlw, genotype had resulted in less LW being present on her red blood cells than is expected in LW2 persons. This reduced level of LW could not be detected with one example of anti-LW made by an LW3 individual.", "PMID": 98870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3429", "title": "[Dynamics of changes in the surface of normal cultivated rat cells after a single exposure to the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene].", "content": "Changes in the cell surface after a single treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) of newborn rat carcass in cell culture have been studied by means of the agglutination reaction with concanavalin A. DMBA was shown to cause alterations in the cell surface. At 0.5 mkg/ml of DMBA, the difference in agglutinability of treated and untreated cells persists for 30 days. At 0.1 mkg/ml of DMBA, the agglutinability of drug-treated and control cells was similar on the 4th day after removal of carcinogen. A prolonged culturing of control cells results in an increased agglutinability of cells with concanavalin A, and in 2.5 months it becomes indistinguishable from the agglutinability level of tumor cells with concanavalin A. In 5 months, drastic karyotypic changes are registered in control cultures.", "contents": "[Dynamics of changes in the surface of normal cultivated rat cells after a single exposure to the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene]. Changes in the cell surface after a single treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) of newborn rat carcass in cell culture have been studied by means of the agglutination reaction with concanavalin A. DMBA was shown to cause alterations in the cell surface. At 0.5 mkg/ml of DMBA, the difference in agglutinability of treated and untreated cells persists for 30 days. At 0.1 mkg/ml of DMBA, the agglutinability of drug-treated and control cells was similar on the 4th day after removal of carcinogen. A prolonged culturing of control cells results in an increased agglutinability of cells with concanavalin A, and in 2.5 months it becomes indistinguishable from the agglutinability level of tumor cells with concanavalin A. In 5 months, drastic karyotypic changes are registered in control cultures.", "PMID": 98876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3430", "title": "A survey about blood bank policies and procedures.", "content": "A questionnaire about blood bank policies and procedures was prepared and sent out to 170 hospitals across the nation, 50 per cent responded. There is wide variation in both technical and nontechnical policies and procedures. Serum is separated from the original tube within 8 hours by 68 per cent of the hospitals and in 32 per cent serum is never separated from the original tube. Auto-control is included by 66 per cent of hospitals in at least one phase of the antibody testing, 34 per cent do not include auto-control in any phase. Du testing of the recipient is done in 85 per cent of the hospitals and in 15 per cent Rho type is determined by the immediate spin reactions alone. Slide type is the only method used to determine ABO group of cells of the recipients in 10 per cent of the hospitals, 18 per cent use serum-cell suspension, 10 per cent use the applicator stick method and only 62 per cent use washed saline-cell suspension routinely. Compatiblity testing between a recipient and a donor vary from a one-tube major crossmatch to a three-tube major crossmatch and minor crossmatch.", "contents": "A survey about blood bank policies and procedures. A questionnaire about blood bank policies and procedures was prepared and sent out to 170 hospitals across the nation, 50 per cent responded. There is wide variation in both technical and nontechnical policies and procedures. Serum is separated from the original tube within 8 hours by 68 per cent of the hospitals and in 32 per cent serum is never separated from the original tube. Auto-control is included by 66 per cent of hospitals in at least one phase of the antibody testing, 34 per cent do not include auto-control in any phase. Du testing of the recipient is done in 85 per cent of the hospitals and in 15 per cent Rho type is determined by the immediate spin reactions alone. Slide type is the only method used to determine ABO group of cells of the recipients in 10 per cent of the hospitals, 18 per cent use serum-cell suspension, 10 per cent use the applicator stick method and only 62 per cent use washed saline-cell suspension routinely. Compatiblity testing between a recipient and a donor vary from a one-tube major crossmatch to a three-tube major crossmatch and minor crossmatch.", "PMID": 98869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3431", "title": "[Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the synapsis of polytene chromosome homologs and \"supplementary nucleolus formation\"].", "content": "On being added to the food of larvae of Drosophila melanogaster of various age, EDTA, within a broad scale of concentrations, does not change the frequency of asynapsis of polytene homologues. The \"many nucleoli\" phenomenon was observed both after EDTA treatment and without it. The frequency of this phenomenon is thought to depend on the conditions of slide preparation. Therefore many nucleoli may be probably fragments of general nucleoli.", "contents": "[Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the synapsis of polytene chromosome homologs and \"supplementary nucleolus formation\"]. On being added to the food of larvae of Drosophila melanogaster of various age, EDTA, within a broad scale of concentrations, does not change the frequency of asynapsis of polytene homologues. The \"many nucleoli\" phenomenon was observed both after EDTA treatment and without it. The frequency of this phenomenon is thought to depend on the conditions of slide preparation. Therefore many nucleoli may be probably fragments of general nucleoli.", "PMID": 98877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3432", "title": "[Heterologous transformation: search for an explantation of the high effectiveness of Bacillus subtilis transformation achieved by using Bacillus natto DNA].", "content": "A higher efficiency of B. subtilis cells transformation by B. natto DNA is true for every concentration of DNA and is not due to the helping effect known for streptococci, strain Challis. In competition experiments for DNA uptake unlabelled B. natto and B. subtilis DNAs when added to transforming H3-DNA reduced the radioactivity of the samples by a factor of three and two, respectively. A conclusion is drawn that a higher rate of B. natto DNA penetration to the B. subtilis cells results in a higher efficiency of their transformation.", "contents": "[Heterologous transformation: search for an explantation of the high effectiveness of Bacillus subtilis transformation achieved by using Bacillus natto DNA]. A higher efficiency of B. subtilis cells transformation by B. natto DNA is true for every concentration of DNA and is not due to the helping effect known for streptococci, strain Challis. In competition experiments for DNA uptake unlabelled B. natto and B. subtilis DNAs when added to transforming H3-DNA reduced the radioactivity of the samples by a factor of three and two, respectively. A conclusion is drawn that a higher rate of B. natto DNA penetration to the B. subtilis cells results in a higher efficiency of their transformation.", "PMID": 98872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3433", "title": "Differentiation of BCG from other variants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from clinical material.", "content": "BCG isolated from clinical material may be reliably differentiated from other variants within the species Mycobacterium tuberculosis by means of a few simple cultural and biochemical tests and by bacteriophage typing. Animal pathogenicity tests may therefore be avoided.", "contents": "Differentiation of BCG from other variants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from clinical material. BCG isolated from clinical material may be reliably differentiated from other variants within the species Mycobacterium tuberculosis by means of a few simple cultural and biochemical tests and by bacteriophage typing. Animal pathogenicity tests may therefore be avoided.", "PMID": 98878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3434", "title": "[Structural heterogeneity of prealbumin fraction rat brain].", "content": "Biochemical and immunochemical studies were carried out to prove the structural heterogeneous and supermolecular nature of the rat brain BTB-protein. Microheterogeneity of the BTB-protein--6 subfractions--was found by disc electrophoresis in 30% gel and isoelectric focusing (pH 3-5). Two of the proteins are RNA-proteids. The presence of neurophysin in BTB-protein is suggested. Heterogeneity of BTB-protein according to its antigenic specificity was found by methods of immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and immunodisc electrophoresis. Heterofunctional complexes are supposed to exist in the nervous tissue which possesses various structural qualities and functional activities within the complex.", "contents": "[Structural heterogeneity of prealbumin fraction rat brain]. Biochemical and immunochemical studies were carried out to prove the structural heterogeneous and supermolecular nature of the rat brain BTB-protein. Microheterogeneity of the BTB-protein--6 subfractions--was found by disc electrophoresis in 30% gel and isoelectric focusing (pH 3-5). Two of the proteins are RNA-proteids. The presence of neurophysin in BTB-protein is suggested. Heterogeneity of BTB-protein according to its antigenic specificity was found by methods of immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and immunodisc electrophoresis. Heterofunctional complexes are supposed to exist in the nervous tissue which possesses various structural qualities and functional activities within the complex.", "PMID": 98881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3435", "title": "[On mechanism of gelatin-silver halogenide complex decomposition under the effect of Streptomyces Griseus protease].", "content": "Ionized carboxylic groups of side chains of gelatin dicarboxylic amino acids form bonds with microcrystals of silver bromide. The cleavage of peptide bonds formed first of all by aspartic and glutaminic acids as well as by glycine when hydrolyzed with Str. griseus protease causes decomposition of the gelatin-silver bromide complex and sedimentation of the latter. The sedimentation contains 56-58% of silver.", "contents": "[On mechanism of gelatin-silver halogenide complex decomposition under the effect of Streptomyces Griseus protease]. Ionized carboxylic groups of side chains of gelatin dicarboxylic amino acids form bonds with microcrystals of silver bromide. The cleavage of peptide bonds formed first of all by aspartic and glutaminic acids as well as by glycine when hydrolyzed with Str. griseus protease causes decomposition of the gelatin-silver bromide complex and sedimentation of the latter. The sedimentation contains 56-58% of silver.", "PMID": 98882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3436", "title": "Bacillus of Calmette and Gu\u00e9rin and 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene carcinogenesis in mice.", "content": "The effects of single or repeated Bacillus of Calmette and Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) treatment on the onset of tumors induced by the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) injected at birth into Swiss mice were studied. Multiple doses of BCG, given at regular intervals significantly lowered the incidence of carcinogen-induced tumors. The DMBA-induced lung adenomas did not differ morphologically from the ones that appeared in mice simultaneously treated with both DMBA and BCG.", "contents": "Bacillus of Calmette and Gu\u00e9rin and 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene carcinogenesis in mice. The effects of single or repeated Bacillus of Calmette and Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) treatment on the onset of tumors induced by the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) injected at birth into Swiss mice were studied. Multiple doses of BCG, given at regular intervals significantly lowered the incidence of carcinogen-induced tumors. The DMBA-induced lung adenomas did not differ morphologically from the ones that appeared in mice simultaneously treated with both DMBA and BCG.", "PMID": 98879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3437", "title": "Parenteral hyperalimentation in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "Sixty-six patients with locally advanced or diffuse gastrointestinal cancer or suffering from major complications due to surgery or radiation therapy, were treated with continuous parenteral hyperalimentation at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan for a cumulative period of 2101 study-days. Patients were divided into 4 groups: Group 1, malnourished patients with advanced gastrointestinal malignancy; Group 2, patients with gastrointestinal fistulae due to simple surgical complications or to radiation injury of the bowel; Group 3, patients with major postoperative complications; Group 4, surgical patients with gastric or colo-rectal carcinoma treated preoperatively. Mean infusional regime for the various groups included 42-56 Cal/kg/day and 1.5 to 2.4 g amino acid/kg/day, and the duration of the treatment ranged from 7 to 144 days. The results obtained show that protein calorie depletion of cancer patients may depend on malnutrition and that it can be reversed by parenteral nutrition, in patients, that are candidates for surgical treatment or those who qualify for chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Parenteral nutrition has a fundamental role in patients with fistulae, even if much attention must be paid to the external care of the fistula and the wound. In addition, nutritional support by intravenous feeding has proven essential for a successful outcome of patients with major postoperative complications. Preoperative protein repletion and central venous nutrition in patients who require gastrintestinal surgery represent a modern advance in the field of cancer surgery.", "contents": "Parenteral hyperalimentation in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Sixty-six patients with locally advanced or diffuse gastrointestinal cancer or suffering from major complications due to surgery or radiation therapy, were treated with continuous parenteral hyperalimentation at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan for a cumulative period of 2101 study-days. Patients were divided into 4 groups: Group 1, malnourished patients with advanced gastrointestinal malignancy; Group 2, patients with gastrointestinal fistulae due to simple surgical complications or to radiation injury of the bowel; Group 3, patients with major postoperative complications; Group 4, surgical patients with gastric or colo-rectal carcinoma treated preoperatively. Mean infusional regime for the various groups included 42-56 Cal/kg/day and 1.5 to 2.4 g amino acid/kg/day, and the duration of the treatment ranged from 7 to 144 days. The results obtained show that protein calorie depletion of cancer patients may depend on malnutrition and that it can be reversed by parenteral nutrition, in patients, that are candidates for surgical treatment or those who qualify for chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Parenteral nutrition has a fundamental role in patients with fistulae, even if much attention must be paid to the external care of the fistula and the wound. In addition, nutritional support by intravenous feeding has proven essential for a successful outcome of patients with major postoperative complications. Preoperative protein repletion and central venous nutrition in patients who require gastrintestinal surgery represent a modern advance in the field of cancer surgery.", "PMID": 98880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3438", "title": "[Properties of immunoadsorbents prepared by antigen coupling to glutaraldehydeactivated polyacrylamide gel, BrCN-activated Sepharose and by copolymerization of antigens by glutaraldehyde].", "content": "Three types of immunoadsorbents were synthetized by antigen coupling to glutaraldehyde-activated polyacrylamide gel, BrCN-activated sepharose 4B and protein insolubilization using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Different concentrations of rabbit gamma globulin, bovine serum albumin, soybean trypsin inhibitor and bovine ribonuclease were used as antigens and some properties of such immunoadsorbents were studied. Using 125J labelled antigens it was shown that glutaraldehyde-activated polyacrylamide gel (Bio-Gel P-300) couples 81-94% of the antigen added in a concentration of 0.5-4.0 mg.ml-1 gel and BrCN-activated sepharose 4B bounds 62-88% of the labelled antigen in a concentration of 5.0-20.0 mg.ml-1 gel. These antigen derivatives as well as those obtained by glutaraldehyde protein insolubilization permitted 54-88% of antibodies added with the immune sera to be isolated. There was a significant antigen leakage from sepharose immunoadsorbents after several antisera treatments or after half a year storage but despite of this antigen desorption all types of the immunoadsorbents studied preserved their antibody isolation capacity. Immune sera immunoglobulins nonspecific binding by immunoadsorbents was less on sepharose than Bio-Gel antigen derivatives.", "contents": "[Properties of immunoadsorbents prepared by antigen coupling to glutaraldehydeactivated polyacrylamide gel, BrCN-activated Sepharose and by copolymerization of antigens by glutaraldehyde]. Three types of immunoadsorbents were synthetized by antigen coupling to glutaraldehyde-activated polyacrylamide gel, BrCN-activated sepharose 4B and protein insolubilization using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Different concentrations of rabbit gamma globulin, bovine serum albumin, soybean trypsin inhibitor and bovine ribonuclease were used as antigens and some properties of such immunoadsorbents were studied. Using 125J labelled antigens it was shown that glutaraldehyde-activated polyacrylamide gel (Bio-Gel P-300) couples 81-94% of the antigen added in a concentration of 0.5-4.0 mg.ml-1 gel and BrCN-activated sepharose 4B bounds 62-88% of the labelled antigen in a concentration of 5.0-20.0 mg.ml-1 gel. These antigen derivatives as well as those obtained by glutaraldehyde protein insolubilization permitted 54-88% of antibodies added with the immune sera to be isolated. There was a significant antigen leakage from sepharose immunoadsorbents after several antisera treatments or after half a year storage but despite of this antigen desorption all types of the immunoadsorbents studied preserved their antibody isolation capacity. Immune sera immunoglobulins nonspecific binding by immunoadsorbents was less on sepharose than Bio-Gel antigen derivatives.", "PMID": 98883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3439", "title": "An ontogenic study of the acute inflammatory response in the fetal rhesus monkey. II. The mediation of increased vascular permeability by histamine, compound 48/80 and bradykinin.", "content": "Vascular permeability as a function of age was evaluated quantitatively and morphologically in skin of fetal Rhesus monkeys given vasoactive mediators. The response was examined at 90, 120 or 150 days of gestation or at birth and compared to the response of yearling Rhesus monkeys. Skin sites were challenged with histamine, compound 48/80 or bradykinin. Evans' blue and horseradish peroxidase were used as markers of vascular integrity. Evans' blue was quantitated spectrophotometrically. Vascular permeability during fetal life was depressed. Fetal venules and capillaries had poorly formed basement membranes, an abundance of microfilaments within endothelial cells, occasional electron dense endothelial cells and infrequent deposits of extravascular peroxidase.", "contents": "An ontogenic study of the acute inflammatory response in the fetal rhesus monkey. II. The mediation of increased vascular permeability by histamine, compound 48/80 and bradykinin. Vascular permeability as a function of age was evaluated quantitatively and morphologically in skin of fetal Rhesus monkeys given vasoactive mediators. The response was examined at 90, 120 or 150 days of gestation or at birth and compared to the response of yearling Rhesus monkeys. Skin sites were challenged with histamine, compound 48/80 or bradykinin. Evans' blue and horseradish peroxidase were used as markers of vascular integrity. Evans' blue was quantitated spectrophotometrically. Vascular permeability during fetal life was depressed. Fetal venules and capillaries had poorly formed basement membranes, an abundance of microfilaments within endothelial cells, occasional electron dense endothelial cells and infrequent deposits of extravascular peroxidase.", "PMID": 98895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3440", "title": "Bovine cryptosporidiosis: a transmission and scanning electron microscopic study of some stages in the life cycle and of the host-parasite relationship.", "content": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the ileal mucosae from 12 calves infected with Cryptosporidium sp. showed cryptosporidia free in the lumen and attached to epithelium. The attached parasites were interpreted to be extracellular and adherent to the microvillous border of epithelial cells. Stages of the organism included crescentic-free merozoites, trophozoites, schizonts, gametes and oocysts. Attached parasites were detected chiefly at villous tips and all stages were present on a single villus. Attachment sites were characterized by absence or disintegration of microvilli, disorganization of the terminal web and development of a specialized attachment zone. There were increased numbers of lysosomes and irregularities in the nuclear membrane of parasitized epithelial cells. It was concluded that cryptosporidia exist in bovine intestine as extracellular parasites and cause epithelial changes that in turn probably cause or contribute to diarrheal disease.", "contents": "Bovine cryptosporidiosis: a transmission and scanning electron microscopic study of some stages in the life cycle and of the host-parasite relationship. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the ileal mucosae from 12 calves infected with Cryptosporidium sp. showed cryptosporidia free in the lumen and attached to epithelium. The attached parasites were interpreted to be extracellular and adherent to the microvillous border of epithelial cells. Stages of the organism included crescentic-free merozoites, trophozoites, schizonts, gametes and oocysts. Attached parasites were detected chiefly at villous tips and all stages were present on a single villus. Attachment sites were characterized by absence or disintegration of microvilli, disorganization of the terminal web and development of a specialized attachment zone. There were increased numbers of lysosomes and irregularities in the nuclear membrane of parasitized epithelial cells. It was concluded that cryptosporidia exist in bovine intestine as extracellular parasites and cause epithelial changes that in turn probably cause or contribute to diarrheal disease.", "PMID": 98896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3441", "title": "[Antitumor activity of the bacterial walls of Br. abortus 99].", "content": "A brief chronologic survey is made of investigations that reveal that the bacterial cell walls and their chemical components exhibit antitumoral activity. Discussed is the problem which are the constituents of the bacterial wal and what is the mechanism through which such effects are produced. The conclusion is drawn that some peptides participating in the structure of the bacterial wall after their release in body stimulate the macrophages and thus confer antitumoral activity to them.", "contents": "[Antitumor activity of the bacterial walls of Br. abortus 99]. A brief chronologic survey is made of investigations that reveal that the bacterial cell walls and their chemical components exhibit antitumoral activity. Discussed is the problem which are the constituents of the bacterial wal and what is the mechanism through which such effects are produced. The conclusion is drawn that some peptides participating in the structure of the bacterial wall after their release in body stimulate the macrophages and thus confer antitumoral activity to them.", "PMID": 98899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3442", "title": "Studies on the cellular toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). I. Effect of PCBs on microsomal enzymes and on synthesis and turnover of microsomal and cytoplasmic lipids of rat liver- a morphological and biochemical study.", "content": "The acute effects of the PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) mixture (Aroclor 1254) on microsomal enzymes and on synthesis and turnover of microsomal and cytoplasmic lipids of rat liver were investigated. Six daily i.p. injections of 25 and 50 mg PCB/kg body weight resulted in increased liver weight and liver to body weight ratios. When compared to controls PCB treatment resulted in a six-fold increase in amount of cytochrome P-450. Activities of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, ethylmorphine demethylase and inosine diphosphatase were increased whereas glucose-6-phosphatase values were decreased by PCB exposure. Analysis of liver homogenate and microsomal fraction revealed an increase in lipid in PCB-exposed animals. Phospholipids, cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly increased after PCB exposure; however, the greatest percentage increase was seen in the triglyceride pool. The finding of an increase in microsomal triglyceride to phospholipid ratios with exposure to PCB is suggestive of an increase in membrane-enclosed lipid (liposomes). Studies with labelled glycerol indicated that the PCB-induced fatty liver resulted from increased half life but not increased synthesis of liver lipid moieties. The rate of incorporation of leucine into microsomal membrane and albumin was somewhat enhanced in rats exposed to PCB indicative of increased protein synthesis. Morphological studies showed increased occurrence of lipid material, both in cytoplasmic droplets and within rough and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and flattened Golgi cisternae with no secretion granules containing lipoprotein particles characterized the liver from animals exposed for 6 days. The increase in lipid within membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum together with the flattened Golgi lacking typical secretory vesicles indicates a defect in transport of lipoproteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and may be the cause of the PCB-induced fatty liver.", "contents": "Studies on the cellular toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). I. Effect of PCBs on microsomal enzymes and on synthesis and turnover of microsomal and cytoplasmic lipids of rat liver- a morphological and biochemical study. The acute effects of the PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) mixture (Aroclor 1254) on microsomal enzymes and on synthesis and turnover of microsomal and cytoplasmic lipids of rat liver were investigated. Six daily i.p. injections of 25 and 50 mg PCB/kg body weight resulted in increased liver weight and liver to body weight ratios. When compared to controls PCB treatment resulted in a six-fold increase in amount of cytochrome P-450. Activities of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, ethylmorphine demethylase and inosine diphosphatase were increased whereas glucose-6-phosphatase values were decreased by PCB exposure. Analysis of liver homogenate and microsomal fraction revealed an increase in lipid in PCB-exposed animals. Phospholipids, cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly increased after PCB exposure; however, the greatest percentage increase was seen in the triglyceride pool. The finding of an increase in microsomal triglyceride to phospholipid ratios with exposure to PCB is suggestive of an increase in membrane-enclosed lipid (liposomes). Studies with labelled glycerol indicated that the PCB-induced fatty liver resulted from increased half life but not increased synthesis of liver lipid moieties. The rate of incorporation of leucine into microsomal membrane and albumin was somewhat enhanced in rats exposed to PCB indicative of increased protein synthesis. Morphological studies showed increased occurrence of lipid material, both in cytoplasmic droplets and within rough and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and flattened Golgi cisternae with no secretion granules containing lipoprotein particles characterized the liver from animals exposed for 6 days. The increase in lipid within membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum together with the flattened Golgi lacking typical secretory vesicles indicates a defect in transport of lipoproteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and may be the cause of the PCB-induced fatty liver.", "PMID": 98901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3443", "title": "Human hepatocytes and aging: a cytophotometrical analysis in 35 sudden-death cases.", "content": "Alterations in the nuclear and cellular size of human hepatocytes occurring with age, and particularly in senescence, were studied by microphotometry. The material studied was obtained in 35 cases of sudden death, involving 17 males and 18 females ranging in age from 16 to 100 years. Cells of the peripheral zones of hepatic lobules were analyzed. The following results were obtained: 1. The mean nuclear area of hepatocytes remained relatively constant in subjects under 60 years of age but showed an increase in those over 60, this increase being associated with a greater standard deviation. 2. Volumetric analysis showed that the modal value included between 61 and 100% (mean 86%) of the cell nuclei examined and did not increase with age. This cell population was presumed to consist of diploid cells, the size of which remained constant. 3. An increase in mean nuclear area was due to the appearance of cells with larger nuclei which probably were the result of polyploidization. 4. Hepatocyte size increased with age. Analysis of the nucleus-to-cell sizes showed that the increase in cell size with age was more significant than the increase in nuclear size. 5. Cellular enlargement was more closely correlated with decrease in gross liver weight than with nuclear enlargement.", "contents": "Human hepatocytes and aging: a cytophotometrical analysis in 35 sudden-death cases. Alterations in the nuclear and cellular size of human hepatocytes occurring with age, and particularly in senescence, were studied by microphotometry. The material studied was obtained in 35 cases of sudden death, involving 17 males and 18 females ranging in age from 16 to 100 years. Cells of the peripheral zones of hepatic lobules were analyzed. The following results were obtained: 1. The mean nuclear area of hepatocytes remained relatively constant in subjects under 60 years of age but showed an increase in those over 60, this increase being associated with a greater standard deviation. 2. Volumetric analysis showed that the modal value included between 61 and 100% (mean 86%) of the cell nuclei examined and did not increase with age. This cell population was presumed to consist of diploid cells, the size of which remained constant. 3. An increase in mean nuclear area was due to the appearance of cells with larger nuclei which probably were the result of polyploidization. 4. Hepatocyte size increased with age. Analysis of the nucleus-to-cell sizes showed that the increase in cell size with age was more significant than the increase in nuclear size. 5. Cellular enlargement was more closely correlated with decrease in gross liver weight than with nuclear enlargement.", "PMID": 98902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3444", "title": "A macrophage chemotactic factor sharing common antigenicity with immunoglobulin G from DNP-ascaris extract-induced skin lesion in guinea-pig.", "content": "A macrophage chemotactic factor (factor a) was extracted from DNP-ascaris extract-induced skin lesions (showing a maximal macrophage reaction) in guinea-pigs and then purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and chromatography using DEAE-Sephadex and CM-Sephadex. This material was a thermolabile protein (free of nucleic acid) with a molecular weight of about 150,000. It shared commom antigenicity with serum IgG, and its chemotactic acitivity was completely absorbed by anti-IgG and anti-light chain antibodies, but not by anti-BSA antibody. In contrast to leucoegresin, this material seemed active for macrophages but not for neutrophils. Less active factors b and c were thermostable and not absorbed by the antibodies described above. The ratio of chemotactic activity of factors a, b and c in the skin extracts was roughly 60:25:15.", "contents": "A macrophage chemotactic factor sharing common antigenicity with immunoglobulin G from DNP-ascaris extract-induced skin lesion in guinea-pig. A macrophage chemotactic factor (factor a) was extracted from DNP-ascaris extract-induced skin lesions (showing a maximal macrophage reaction) in guinea-pigs and then purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and chromatography using DEAE-Sephadex and CM-Sephadex. This material was a thermolabile protein (free of nucleic acid) with a molecular weight of about 150,000. It shared commom antigenicity with serum IgG, and its chemotactic acitivity was completely absorbed by anti-IgG and anti-light chain antibodies, but not by anti-BSA antibody. In contrast to leucoegresin, this material seemed active for macrophages but not for neutrophils. Less active factors b and c were thermostable and not absorbed by the antibodies described above. The ratio of chemotactic activity of factors a, b and c in the skin extracts was roughly 60:25:15.", "PMID": 98903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3445", "title": "Plasma membrane vesiculation: a cellular response to injury.", "content": "The shedding of plasma membrane vesicles has been shown to result from exposure of monolayer cell cultures to formaldehyde and other sulfhydryl blocking agents. Incubation of cells in concentrations of these agents as low as 5 to 10 mM for intervals as brief as fifteen minutes is effective (Scott, 1976). Plasma membrane vesiculation has been shown to be an energy-dependent process that requires Ca++ and physiological temperature. Following plasma membrane vesiculation, cell monolayers appear intact by phase microscopy and show only slight evidence of cell injury by electron microscopy. In view of these observations, the question has been raised whether plasma membrane vesiculation is compatible with continued cell growth and metabolism. The experiments described in this paper were designed to answer these questions. We pulse exposed 3T3 mouse embryo cells to concentrations of formaldehyde, between 2.5 and 250 mM, for intervals 15, 30 or 60 min. Cell momolayers were then washed in a variety of different media in an attempt to reverse the effect of formaldehyde on cells. Cell monolayers were thereafter assayed for the shedding of plasma membrane vesicles and for their ability to transport 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Cells were also replated in serum-containing medium and their ability to grow was assayed over a seven day interval. The results show an inverse relationship between the shedding of plasma membrane vesicles and the ability of the cells to transport nutrients and to grow. We interpret these data to suggest that the process of plasma membrane vesiculation results from a form of cell injury which blocks cellular metabolism and growth.", "contents": "Plasma membrane vesiculation: a cellular response to injury. The shedding of plasma membrane vesicles has been shown to result from exposure of monolayer cell cultures to formaldehyde and other sulfhydryl blocking agents. Incubation of cells in concentrations of these agents as low as 5 to 10 mM for intervals as brief as fifteen minutes is effective (Scott, 1976). Plasma membrane vesiculation has been shown to be an energy-dependent process that requires Ca++ and physiological temperature. Following plasma membrane vesiculation, cell monolayers appear intact by phase microscopy and show only slight evidence of cell injury by electron microscopy. In view of these observations, the question has been raised whether plasma membrane vesiculation is compatible with continued cell growth and metabolism. The experiments described in this paper were designed to answer these questions. We pulse exposed 3T3 mouse embryo cells to concentrations of formaldehyde, between 2.5 and 250 mM, for intervals 15, 30 or 60 min. Cell momolayers were then washed in a variety of different media in an attempt to reverse the effect of formaldehyde on cells. Cell monolayers were thereafter assayed for the shedding of plasma membrane vesicles and for their ability to transport 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Cells were also replated in serum-containing medium and their ability to grow was assayed over a seven day interval. The results show an inverse relationship between the shedding of plasma membrane vesicles and the ability of the cells to transport nutrients and to grow. We interpret these data to suggest that the process of plasma membrane vesiculation results from a form of cell injury which blocks cellular metabolism and growth.", "PMID": 98904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3446", "title": "Ultrastructure of human dermal blood vessels with special reference to the endothelial filaments.", "content": "The ultrastructure of endothelial cytoplasmic filaments of small blood vessels from the human dermis has been described. The material consisted of biopsies from normal abdominal and thoracic skin and also from the skin of patients with urticaria pigmentosa. Most vessels were surrounded by multiple layers of basal lamina and corresponded to the small venules of the subpapillary dermis. The wall of many vessels was composed by endothelial cells with clear cytoplasm which was rich in filaments and by endothelial cells with a dense cytoplasm which was poor in filaments. Some vessels had walls composed of clear endothelial cells only. The filaments varied in diameter between 80-120 A. Curling, recoiling and whorling of cytoplasmic filaments were obvious in endothelial cells of contracted vessels. Bulging of endothelial nuclei and nuclear indentations were seen in the skin lesion of urticaria pigmentosa. The possibility that the clear endothelial cells which are rich in filaments may be more actively involved in contraction than the dense cells, is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of human dermal blood vessels with special reference to the endothelial filaments. The ultrastructure of endothelial cytoplasmic filaments of small blood vessels from the human dermis has been described. The material consisted of biopsies from normal abdominal and thoracic skin and also from the skin of patients with urticaria pigmentosa. Most vessels were surrounded by multiple layers of basal lamina and corresponded to the small venules of the subpapillary dermis. The wall of many vessels was composed by endothelial cells with clear cytoplasm which was rich in filaments and by endothelial cells with a dense cytoplasm which was poor in filaments. Some vessels had walls composed of clear endothelial cells only. The filaments varied in diameter between 80-120 A. Curling, recoiling and whorling of cytoplasmic filaments were obvious in endothelial cells of contracted vessels. Bulging of endothelial nuclei and nuclear indentations were seen in the skin lesion of urticaria pigmentosa. The possibility that the clear endothelial cells which are rich in filaments may be more actively involved in contraction than the dense cells, is discussed.", "PMID": 98905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3447", "title": "The effects of trichothecene toxins on the Bursa of Fabricius in day-old chicks.", "content": "The effects of T-2 toxin, Fusarenon X (FX), and Nivalenol (NV) on the bursa of Fabricius in the day-old chick were examined. After injections of 5 mg/kg of the mycotoxins into the residual yolk sac, cellular injury was limited at first to the smaller epithelial cells with coarse microvilli, which were located in the central portion of the follicle-associated epithelium. Subsequently necrosis spread out to the periphery. Degeneration and necrosis followed in the lymphoid cells in the lymphoid follicles. The other epithelial components in the follicle were relatively resistant to the mycotoxins. Both FX and NV were less potent than T-2 toxin, although the effects on the bursa of Fabricius were essentially the same. These findings suggest that the follicle-associated epithelium is clearly distinguished from other epithelial components in the bursa of Fabricius in day-old chicks.", "contents": "The effects of trichothecene toxins on the Bursa of Fabricius in day-old chicks. The effects of T-2 toxin, Fusarenon X (FX), and Nivalenol (NV) on the bursa of Fabricius in the day-old chick were examined. After injections of 5 mg/kg of the mycotoxins into the residual yolk sac, cellular injury was limited at first to the smaller epithelial cells with coarse microvilli, which were located in the central portion of the follicle-associated epithelium. Subsequently necrosis spread out to the periphery. Degeneration and necrosis followed in the lymphoid cells in the lymphoid follicles. The other epithelial components in the follicle were relatively resistant to the mycotoxins. Both FX and NV were less potent than T-2 toxin, although the effects on the bursa of Fabricius were essentially the same. These findings suggest that the follicle-associated epithelium is clearly distinguished from other epithelial components in the bursa of Fabricius in day-old chicks.", "PMID": 98906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3448", "title": "Quantitation of particles in the freeze-fractured nuclear membrane after renal ischemia.", "content": "Changes in the number and sizes of membrane-associated particles have been quantitated in the protoplasmic (P) and exoplasmic (E) fracture faces of the outer membrane of nuclei isolated from the inner cortex following renal ischemia and reflow in the rat. No changes were observed in the inner nuclear membrane. After 20-min ischemia, the number of particles in both fracture faces decreased. With reflow, the total number of particles decreased after both 20- and 60-min ischemia. The partition coefficient (Kp = CPF/CEF) increased from 10 to 11 and 17 at 20- and 60-min ischemia then fell below control values to a Kp of 7 after 120 min. After reflow, Kp steadily decreased except after 20-min ischemia followed by 240-min reflow when Kp began to rise. The sizes of particles were predominantly 60 A in the P face of control outer membranes but became larger after ischemia. After 20- and 60-min ischemia with reflow, the size distribution became more normal. The shifts in particle numbers and sizes seem to indicate modifications within the membrane resulting from ischemia.", "contents": "Quantitation of particles in the freeze-fractured nuclear membrane after renal ischemia. Changes in the number and sizes of membrane-associated particles have been quantitated in the protoplasmic (P) and exoplasmic (E) fracture faces of the outer membrane of nuclei isolated from the inner cortex following renal ischemia and reflow in the rat. No changes were observed in the inner nuclear membrane. After 20-min ischemia, the number of particles in both fracture faces decreased. With reflow, the total number of particles decreased after both 20- and 60-min ischemia. The partition coefficient (Kp = CPF/CEF) increased from 10 to 11 and 17 at 20- and 60-min ischemia then fell below control values to a Kp of 7 after 120 min. After reflow, Kp steadily decreased except after 20-min ischemia followed by 240-min reflow when Kp began to rise. The sizes of particles were predominantly 60 A in the P face of control outer membranes but became larger after ischemia. After 20- and 60-min ischemia with reflow, the size distribution became more normal. The shifts in particle numbers and sizes seem to indicate modifications within the membrane resulting from ischemia.", "PMID": 98907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3449", "title": "Ultrastructural study on the extrusion of multivesicular bodies from cardiac cells.", "content": "Cardiac conducting fibers taken from 12 dogs were studied in the electron microscope. The majority of samples contained a moderate number of multivesicular bodies (MVB's) and an extremely high number occurred in one dog. Single MVB's were found in the perinuclear region and in the cytoplasm separating myofibrils. A high accumulation of MVB's occurred at the cell periphery within cytoplasmic stalks extending into the extracellular space, in the intercalated disc, and also outside of the cell. The latter appeared to be extruded from the cell in the following way: 1) peripheral cytoplasm formed stalk-like extensions which contained MVB's; 2) the stalks detached from the cell; 3) vacuolar and sarcolemmal membranes surrounding the MVB disintegrated; 4) vesicles released from MVB adhered to the cellular surface and the coat of their membrane blended with the coat of the sarcolemma. The above pattern seems to be the same in those parts of sarcolemma which face the interstitial tissue and in the intercalated disc.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study on the extrusion of multivesicular bodies from cardiac cells. Cardiac conducting fibers taken from 12 dogs were studied in the electron microscope. The majority of samples contained a moderate number of multivesicular bodies (MVB's) and an extremely high number occurred in one dog. Single MVB's were found in the perinuclear region and in the cytoplasm separating myofibrils. A high accumulation of MVB's occurred at the cell periphery within cytoplasmic stalks extending into the extracellular space, in the intercalated disc, and also outside of the cell. The latter appeared to be extruded from the cell in the following way: 1) peripheral cytoplasm formed stalk-like extensions which contained MVB's; 2) the stalks detached from the cell; 3) vacuolar and sarcolemmal membranes surrounding the MVB disintegrated; 4) vesicles released from MVB adhered to the cellular surface and the coat of their membrane blended with the coat of the sarcolemma. The above pattern seems to be the same in those parts of sarcolemma which face the interstitial tissue and in the intercalated disc.", "PMID": 98908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3450", "title": "Hairy cell leukemia: a clinical, immunological and ultrastructural study. New data for the origin of the hairy cell.", "content": "Seven patients presenting with the characteristic clinical and laboratory findings of HCL were investigated mainly in order to find the origin of the HC with histochemical, electron microscopic and immunologic techniques. The results we obtained are somewhat contradictory, as in the recent literature, if the HC's are to the considered as being exclusively of lymphocytic or monocytic origin. The data however indicate that HCL is not of one cell type but two. One of these cells has characteristics of a lymphocyte. The other one, an ill defined cell, has mixed characteristics of both the monocyte and lymphocyte series. This hairy cell may represent a new cell line.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukemia: a clinical, immunological and ultrastructural study. New data for the origin of the hairy cell. Seven patients presenting with the characteristic clinical and laboratory findings of HCL were investigated mainly in order to find the origin of the HC with histochemical, electron microscopic and immunologic techniques. The results we obtained are somewhat contradictory, as in the recent literature, if the HC's are to the considered as being exclusively of lymphocytic or monocytic origin. The data however indicate that HCL is not of one cell type but two. One of these cells has characteristics of a lymphocyte. The other one, an ill defined cell, has mixed characteristics of both the monocyte and lymphocyte series. This hairy cell may represent a new cell line.", "PMID": 98909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3451", "title": "Cell proliferation in dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic adenocarcinomata following cytotoxic drug treatment.", "content": "A stathmokinetic technique was used to study cell proliferation in dimethylhydrazine-induced adenocarcinomata of rat colon following treatment with cytotoxic drugs. The rate of cell division was significantly increased three days after treatment with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and seven days after treatment with 5-fluorouracil. Acceleration of tumour cell proliferation following 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine treatment was inhibited by treating animals with the antiseritoninergic drug Xylamidine Tosylate. Acceleration of tumour cell proliferation following 5-fluorouracil treatment was inhibited by treating animals either with the antiseritoninergic drug BW501 or with the histamine H2-receptor blocking drug Cimetidine.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic adenocarcinomata following cytotoxic drug treatment. A stathmokinetic technique was used to study cell proliferation in dimethylhydrazine-induced adenocarcinomata of rat colon following treatment with cytotoxic drugs. The rate of cell division was significantly increased three days after treatment with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and seven days after treatment with 5-fluorouracil. Acceleration of tumour cell proliferation following 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine treatment was inhibited by treating animals with the antiseritoninergic drug Xylamidine Tosylate. Acceleration of tumour cell proliferation following 5-fluorouracil treatment was inhibited by treating animals either with the antiseritoninergic drug BW501 or with the histamine H2-receptor blocking drug Cimetidine.", "PMID": 98910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3452", "title": "Abnormalities of the nuclear envelope in porcine muscle affected with congenital myofibrillar hypoplasia.", "content": "The nuclear ultrastructure of muscle fibres in congenital myofibrillar hypoplasia of piglets was studied in order to provide more information on the pathological changes present. In the initial stages of the disease, muscle fibres with a small reduction of myofibrils often had an increased number of nuclear pores. In the more advanced stages of the disease, the following nuclear abnormalities were observed in muscle fibres showing an extensive disintegration of myofibrils: 1) large dilations of the perinuclear cisternae, 2) small nuclear protrusions projecting into these dilations and 3) appositions of stray membranes of the disrupted endoplasmic reticulum to the nuclear envelope. The increase in the number of nuclear pores may be significant in the development of pathological changes in congenital myofibrillar hypoplasia which is thought to be a hereditary disease. The observed abnormalities of the nuclear envelope appear to be characteristic for muscle fibres undergoing degeneration.", "contents": "Abnormalities of the nuclear envelope in porcine muscle affected with congenital myofibrillar hypoplasia. The nuclear ultrastructure of muscle fibres in congenital myofibrillar hypoplasia of piglets was studied in order to provide more information on the pathological changes present. In the initial stages of the disease, muscle fibres with a small reduction of myofibrils often had an increased number of nuclear pores. In the more advanced stages of the disease, the following nuclear abnormalities were observed in muscle fibres showing an extensive disintegration of myofibrils: 1) large dilations of the perinuclear cisternae, 2) small nuclear protrusions projecting into these dilations and 3) appositions of stray membranes of the disrupted endoplasmic reticulum to the nuclear envelope. The increase in the number of nuclear pores may be significant in the development of pathological changes in congenital myofibrillar hypoplasia which is thought to be a hereditary disease. The observed abnormalities of the nuclear envelope appear to be characteristic for muscle fibres undergoing degeneration.", "PMID": 98911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3453", "title": "Epithelial cell population kinetics of isolated ileal loops (thirty-vella fistulae) after 40% small in testinal resection. Autoradiographic studies in the rat.", "content": "The influence of 40% small intestinal resection on epithelial cell population kinetics of isolated ileal loops (Thirty-Vella fistulae) was investigated by autoradiography with H3-thymidine in the rat. Sixty days after resection increases were found in the size of the proliferative (0.05 less than P less than 0.1) and villous (P less than 0.01) zones. In isolated ileal loops of animals not subjected to 40% small bowel resection proliferative and villous zones were reduced in size in comparison to those of ileum in continuity in a group subjected to jejunal transection and anastomosis (P less than 0.002). The findings support the hypothesis that villous size is increased after resection by the action of a systemic factor. However, they provide only limited evidence for the influence of a systemic factor on crypt cell proliferation.", "contents": "Epithelial cell population kinetics of isolated ileal loops (thirty-vella fistulae) after 40% small in testinal resection. Autoradiographic studies in the rat. The influence of 40% small intestinal resection on epithelial cell population kinetics of isolated ileal loops (Thirty-Vella fistulae) was investigated by autoradiography with H3-thymidine in the rat. Sixty days after resection increases were found in the size of the proliferative (0.05 less than P less than 0.1) and villous (P less than 0.01) zones. In isolated ileal loops of animals not subjected to 40% small bowel resection proliferative and villous zones were reduced in size in comparison to those of ileum in continuity in a group subjected to jejunal transection and anastomosis (P less than 0.002). The findings support the hypothesis that villous size is increased after resection by the action of a systemic factor. However, they provide only limited evidence for the influence of a systemic factor on crypt cell proliferation.", "PMID": 98912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3454", "title": "High resolution autoradiographic investigations on the mechanism of the adrenolytic effect of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene on the inner layers of the rat adrenal cortex.", "content": "The effects of chronic treatment with DMBA on the 3H-uridine incorporation into rat adrenocortical cells was investigated by high resolution autoradiography. It was found that DMBA significantly decreases the tracer incorporation into both nuclear and mitochondrial compartments of the zona reticularis cells. The hypothesis that the mechanism of the lytic effect of DMBA on the inner adrenocortical layers involves inhibition of nuclear and mitochondrial RNA synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "High resolution autoradiographic investigations on the mechanism of the adrenolytic effect of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene on the inner layers of the rat adrenal cortex. The effects of chronic treatment with DMBA on the 3H-uridine incorporation into rat adrenocortical cells was investigated by high resolution autoradiography. It was found that DMBA significantly decreases the tracer incorporation into both nuclear and mitochondrial compartments of the zona reticularis cells. The hypothesis that the mechanism of the lytic effect of DMBA on the inner adrenocortical layers involves inhibition of nuclear and mitochondrial RNA synthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 98913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3455", "title": "[Biogenic amines and the functional state of the liver in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and postdiphtheritic polyneuritis in dogs].", "content": "Severity of paralytic syndrome correlated with impairments in some functions of liver tissue (bile secretion, concentrating and detoxicating capacities) as well as with content of biogenic amines, lactic and pyruvic acids in liver and in blood, flowing in and out the liver tissue in dogs with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and with postdiphtheritic polyneuritis. The alterations observed were due to development of demyelinization in the nerves and to the effects of additional factors, caused by insufficiency in external respiration.", "contents": "[Biogenic amines and the functional state of the liver in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and postdiphtheritic polyneuritis in dogs]. Severity of paralytic syndrome correlated with impairments in some functions of liver tissue (bile secretion, concentrating and detoxicating capacities) as well as with content of biogenic amines, lactic and pyruvic acids in liver and in blood, flowing in and out the liver tissue in dogs with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and with postdiphtheritic polyneuritis. The alterations observed were due to development of demyelinization in the nerves and to the effects of additional factors, caused by insufficiency in external respiration.", "PMID": 98914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3456", "title": "Species differences in the biotransformation of 4-(2-methyl-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenyl)butanoic acid (RU 16029).", "content": "1. 4-(2-Methyl-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenyl)butanoic acid (RU 16029) is a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. In humans, its ketone group is rapidly reduced to an alcohol, whereas in rats, mice and dogs, its butanoic side-chain is rapidly oxidized to the corresponding acetic acid. 2. The extent of this oxidation was studied in eleven species. Cats, dogs, rabbits, hens and rodents readily oxidized the side-chain; humans, baboons and pigs showed only weak oxidizing capacity. 3. Species differences were also recorded in the secondary biotransformations. The acetic metabolite is excreted as an acylglucuronide in humans and rats, but as an amide-like conjugate in mice. 4. Comparison with biotransformations undergone by structurally related compounds confirms that the metabolism of a new compound in different species is unpredictable.", "contents": "Species differences in the biotransformation of 4-(2-methyl-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenyl)butanoic acid (RU 16029). 1. 4-(2-Methyl-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenyl)butanoic acid (RU 16029) is a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. In humans, its ketone group is rapidly reduced to an alcohol, whereas in rats, mice and dogs, its butanoic side-chain is rapidly oxidized to the corresponding acetic acid. 2. The extent of this oxidation was studied in eleven species. Cats, dogs, rabbits, hens and rodents readily oxidized the side-chain; humans, baboons and pigs showed only weak oxidizing capacity. 3. Species differences were also recorded in the secondary biotransformations. The acetic metabolite is excreted as an acylglucuronide in humans and rats, but as an amide-like conjugate in mice. 4. Comparison with biotransformations undergone by structurally related compounds confirms that the metabolism of a new compound in different species is unpredictable.", "PMID": 98921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3457", "title": "The influence of dose on the pattern of conjugation of phenol and 1-naphthol in non-human primates.", "content": "1. The pattern of conjugation of phenol and 1-naphthol was investigated in several primates; three Old World species (rhesus, cynomolgus, patas monkeys), two New World species (capuchin, tamarin), and two prosimians (bushbaby, tree shrew). 2. Following intra-muscular phenol or 1-naphthol (10 mg/kg), sulphation was the major conjugation in the Old World monkeys and prosimians, whereas glucuronidation predominated in the New World species. 3. In rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys, sulphation decreased as dose increased, but remained the major conjugation with both substrates at dose levels of 0.01 to 25 mg/kg. 4. In the capuchin, the conjugation pattern of phenol changed markedly as dose increased; at 0.01 and 1 mg/kg sulphation was the major conjugation, whereas at 10 and 25 mg/kg glucuronidation predominated. With 1-naphthol only small amounts of sulphate were excreted; glucuronic acid conjugation was the major metabolism at all four dose levels. 5. The importance of considering both substrate and dose when making inter-species comparisons, particularly with man, is discussed.", "contents": "The influence of dose on the pattern of conjugation of phenol and 1-naphthol in non-human primates. 1. The pattern of conjugation of phenol and 1-naphthol was investigated in several primates; three Old World species (rhesus, cynomolgus, patas monkeys), two New World species (capuchin, tamarin), and two prosimians (bushbaby, tree shrew). 2. Following intra-muscular phenol or 1-naphthol (10 mg/kg), sulphation was the major conjugation in the Old World monkeys and prosimians, whereas glucuronidation predominated in the New World species. 3. In rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys, sulphation decreased as dose increased, but remained the major conjugation with both substrates at dose levels of 0.01 to 25 mg/kg. 4. In the capuchin, the conjugation pattern of phenol changed markedly as dose increased; at 0.01 and 1 mg/kg sulphation was the major conjugation, whereas at 10 and 25 mg/kg glucuronidation predominated. With 1-naphthol only small amounts of sulphate were excreted; glucuronic acid conjugation was the major metabolism at all four dose levels. 5. The importance of considering both substrate and dose when making inter-species comparisons, particularly with man, is discussed.", "PMID": 98922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3458", "title": "[Effect of parenterally administered protein hydrolysates on the secretory function of the small intestine].", "content": "The effect of intravenous infusion of proteinic hydrolysates on the secretory function of the intestines was studied in dogs with an intestinal loop isolated starting from the initial portion of the jejunum. The preparation of proteinic hydrolysates, such as the caseine hydrolysate TSOLIPK, aminopeptide and hydrolysine L-103 with their drop-by-drop infusion into the posterior vena cava to dogs on an empty stomach were found to have in most cases an effect on the periodicity of the small intestine secretory activity. The infusion of proteinic hydrolyastes failed to exert any essential influence on the secretion of the dense proportion of the juice, whereas the secretion of the liquid component of the intestinal juice increased in all experiments involving introduction of all the proteinic hydrolysates. The concentration of the total protein in the liquid part of the intestinal juice with intravenous infusion of the preparations remained unchanged. At the same time, the amount of protein secreted together with the intestinal juice at the rate of single secretory action was in the instance of the caseine hydrolysate TSOLIPK and aminopeptide infusion proved 1 1/2--3 times as great as in the tests without infusion.", "contents": "[Effect of parenterally administered protein hydrolysates on the secretory function of the small intestine]. The effect of intravenous infusion of proteinic hydrolysates on the secretory function of the intestines was studied in dogs with an intestinal loop isolated starting from the initial portion of the jejunum. The preparation of proteinic hydrolysates, such as the caseine hydrolysate TSOLIPK, aminopeptide and hydrolysine L-103 with their drop-by-drop infusion into the posterior vena cava to dogs on an empty stomach were found to have in most cases an effect on the periodicity of the small intestine secretory activity. The infusion of proteinic hydrolyastes failed to exert any essential influence on the secretion of the dense proportion of the juice, whereas the secretion of the liquid component of the intestinal juice increased in all experiments involving introduction of all the proteinic hydrolysates. The concentration of the total protein in the liquid part of the intestinal juice with intravenous infusion of the preparations remained unchanged. At the same time, the amount of protein secreted together with the intestinal juice at the rate of single secretory action was in the instance of the caseine hydrolysate TSOLIPK and aminopeptide infusion proved 1 1/2--3 times as great as in the tests without infusion.", "PMID": 98918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3459", "title": "The role of magnesium in protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "The present study was aiming to explore further the variations in the levels of Mg in both serum and CSF of PEM children, hoping a better understanding revealed decreased values of both blood serum and CSF levels of Mg in PEM children which denote some abnormalities in brain metabolism. Such abnormalities add further support for assumption of the link between dietary insufficiency and subnormal mental performance in PEM.", "contents": "The role of magnesium in protein-energy malnutrition. The present study was aiming to explore further the variations in the levels of Mg in both serum and CSF of PEM children, hoping a better understanding revealed decreased values of both blood serum and CSF levels of Mg in PEM children which denote some abnormalities in brain metabolism. Such abnormalities add further support for assumption of the link between dietary insufficiency and subnormal mental performance in PEM.", "PMID": 98923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3460", "title": "[Exertion-electrocardiographic and hemodynamic studies with oral verapamil in chronic ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The effect of the Ca++ -antagonist Verapamil on the ECG, the haemodynamic parameters and the systolic time intervals was investigated in the long-term experiment on 12 patients with ascertained chronic ischaemic heart disease at reat and during exercise. The dosage was 3 x 80 mg/die during 4 weeks. The tolerance was not increased. The load-induced decrease of the ST-T-distance in the ECG was improved under load and in the recreation phase. The function of the myocardium, measured on the quotient LVET/ICT, improved under load with simultaneous decrease of the double product and the TTI, the pulmonary pressure, however, remained uninfluenced. Side-effects were not observed.", "contents": "[Exertion-electrocardiographic and hemodynamic studies with oral verapamil in chronic ischemic heart disease]. The effect of the Ca++ -antagonist Verapamil on the ECG, the haemodynamic parameters and the systolic time intervals was investigated in the long-term experiment on 12 patients with ascertained chronic ischaemic heart disease at reat and during exercise. The dosage was 3 x 80 mg/die during 4 weeks. The tolerance was not increased. The load-induced decrease of the ST-T-distance in the ECG was improved under load and in the recreation phase. The function of the myocardium, measured on the quotient LVET/ICT, improved under load with simultaneous decrease of the double product and the TTI, the pulmonary pressure, however, remained uninfluenced. Side-effects were not observed.", "PMID": 98925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3461", "title": "[Changes in several important metabolic parameters and insulin level during a 7-day total parenteral nutrition under pre- and postoperative conditions].", "content": "After the 24 hours preoperative infusion period 0.37% glucose, 0.05% fructose and 1.28% xylitol of the infused amount were excreted in the urine. Postoperatively fructose was the best metabolized energy donator before xylitol and glucose. As a sign of an undisturbed hepatic synthesis of lipoproteins the triglycerides rose up to the 5th postoperative day. During the parenteral nutrition and the additional surgical intervention the cholesterol fell from 192.3 to 128.5 mg/100 ml on the first postoperative day. The infusion solutions caused a rise of the insulin concentration from 23.2 to 46.3 U/l on the operation day. There is a positive nitrogen balance of 3.5 g/24 h on the operation day. The slight negative balance of - 1.15 g/24 h on the first postoperative day is reduced to - 0.61 g/24 h on the postoperative day. The changes of the enzymes LDH, GOT and AP were at normal range. The postoperative changes were due to the surgical intervention. Without a simultaneous change of enzymes, 5 patients had a rise of bilirubin up to 1.1 mg/100 ml. To avoid a too great loose of phosphate during a long-term parenteral nutrition period, it is important to put up a balance.", "contents": "[Changes in several important metabolic parameters and insulin level during a 7-day total parenteral nutrition under pre- and postoperative conditions]. After the 24 hours preoperative infusion period 0.37% glucose, 0.05% fructose and 1.28% xylitol of the infused amount were excreted in the urine. Postoperatively fructose was the best metabolized energy donator before xylitol and glucose. As a sign of an undisturbed hepatic synthesis of lipoproteins the triglycerides rose up to the 5th postoperative day. During the parenteral nutrition and the additional surgical intervention the cholesterol fell from 192.3 to 128.5 mg/100 ml on the first postoperative day. The infusion solutions caused a rise of the insulin concentration from 23.2 to 46.3 U/l on the operation day. There is a positive nitrogen balance of 3.5 g/24 h on the operation day. The slight negative balance of - 1.15 g/24 h on the first postoperative day is reduced to - 0.61 g/24 h on the postoperative day. The changes of the enzymes LDH, GOT and AP were at normal range. The postoperative changes were due to the surgical intervention. Without a simultaneous change of enzymes, 5 patients had a rise of bilirubin up to 1.1 mg/100 ml. To avoid a too great loose of phosphate during a long-term parenteral nutrition period, it is important to put up a balance.", "PMID": 98924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3462", "title": "[The question of age dependence of the so-called tension index and its behavior after administration of nitroglycerin].", "content": "On 90 persons with healthy heart and circulation aged from 18 to 52 years the age dependence of the so-called tension index after Rentsch was investigated and at the same time the change of the index after application of nitroglycerin was tested. The statistical evaluation with the help of the regression analysis resulted in a significant age dependence of the tension index, which is to be takent into consideration in further examinations. The behaviour of the index after application of nitroglycerin referred to the fact that the so-called nitroglycerin test is suitable for the proof of a latent heart insufficiency on account of  a relatively frequent antidromic reaction in younger and medium age above all for patients older than forty years.", "contents": "[The question of age dependence of the so-called tension index and its behavior after administration of nitroglycerin]. On 90 persons with healthy heart and circulation aged from 18 to 52 years the age dependence of the so-called tension index after Rentsch was investigated and at the same time the change of the index after application of nitroglycerin was tested. The statistical evaluation with the help of the regression analysis resulted in a significant age dependence of the tension index, which is to be takent into consideration in further examinations. The behaviour of the index after application of nitroglycerin referred to the fact that the so-called nitroglycerin test is suitable for the proof of a latent heart insufficiency on account of  a relatively frequent antidromic reaction in younger and medium age above all for patients older than forty years.", "PMID": 98926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3463", "title": "[Immunological relations between mother and child during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The relations between the maternal and foetal organisms during pregnancy are partly very complicated and remain inexplicable. Blastocyst, trophoblast, embryo and foetus have membrane antigens at a very early stage, and the immunocompetence of the foetus develops already during the second third of the pregnancy period. Many non-specific factors are involved in preventing the castingoff reaction of the foetal organism. The trophoblastic tissue is probably of central importance. The focal point of interest in trophoblast tissue research is probably the testing of the local action of HCG and HPL and perhaps also AFP, as well as the question whether cellular and nuclear fusions occur in the region of the syncytiotrophoblasts and the decidual base, or if leucocyte antibodies can block the HLA antigens or the trophoblastic surface.", "contents": "[Immunological relations between mother and child during pregnancy (author's transl)]. The relations between the maternal and foetal organisms during pregnancy are partly very complicated and remain inexplicable. Blastocyst, trophoblast, embryo and foetus have membrane antigens at a very early stage, and the immunocompetence of the foetus develops already during the second third of the pregnancy period. Many non-specific factors are involved in preventing the castingoff reaction of the foetal organism. The trophoblastic tissue is probably of central importance. The focal point of interest in trophoblast tissue research is probably the testing of the local action of HCG and HPL and perhaps also AFP, as well as the question whether cellular and nuclear fusions occur in the region of the syncytiotrophoblasts and the decidual base, or if leucocyte antibodies can block the HLA antigens or the trophoblastic surface.", "PMID": 98927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3464", "title": "[Long-term treatment of glomerulonephritis with indomethacin with special regard to quantity and selectivity of proteinuria].", "content": "In 53 patients (19 women, 34 men), of them 41 patients with an intracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis, 9 with membranous proliferative and 3 with a membranous glomerulonephritis under an indometacin therapy examinations concerning proteinuria were carried out, partly with determination of the index of selectivity and representation of the protein clearance. In patients with a moderate proteinuria of less than 3 g a day this treatment achieved a smaller antiproteinurie effect than in patients with a large proteinuria. When a large activity of the inflammatory process was present a therapeutic success was less frequently to be proved. An unequivocal correlation between the histological course of the disease and the change of the proteinuria could not be recognized. After cautious estimation of the findings the selectivity of the proteinuria may be regarded as a certain indicator for the application of indometacin. The protein clearance, however, proved less suitable for the judgment of the treatment performed.", "contents": "[Long-term treatment of glomerulonephritis with indomethacin with special regard to quantity and selectivity of proteinuria]. In 53 patients (19 women, 34 men), of them 41 patients with an intracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis, 9 with membranous proliferative and 3 with a membranous glomerulonephritis under an indometacin therapy examinations concerning proteinuria were carried out, partly with determination of the index of selectivity and representation of the protein clearance. In patients with a moderate proteinuria of less than 3 g a day this treatment achieved a smaller antiproteinurie effect than in patients with a large proteinuria. When a large activity of the inflammatory process was present a therapeutic success was less frequently to be proved. An unequivocal correlation between the histological course of the disease and the change of the proteinuria could not be recognized. After cautious estimation of the findings the selectivity of the proteinuria may be regarded as a certain indicator for the application of indometacin. The protein clearance, however, proved less suitable for the judgment of the treatment performed.", "PMID": 98929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3465", "title": "Production and chemical studies of protease from Bacillus subtilis (SH-6) Egyptian strain.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis (SH-6) Egyptian strain, isolated from hides, gave the highest protease activity. Luxurious growth and protease production were obtained by the use of a medium containing 8% of potato starch, 0,1 M of ammonium phosphate as carbon and nitrogen sources. Results indicate that borate buffer exerted a deleterious effect on the protease production. Comparing citrate and phosphate buffers, it was found that citrate gave lower protease activity than phosphate. There is a positive response to higher concentrations of phosphate ions. From the above-mentioned medium protease was precipitated and purified. The dried preparation of the enzyme was tested for its chemical composition. It revealed the absence of residual carbohydrate. Tests for phosphorus, sulfur, ferric, zinc, manganese, magnesium, and calcium ions were positive. Amino acids present were: L-leucine, cysteine, Dl-alanine, L-arginine, L-tyrosine, L-aspargine, L-proline, glycine, Dl-valine, L-histidine, L-glutamic, L-lysine, L-aspartic, Dl-tryptophan, L-cystine, Dl-serine and Dl-phenylalanine. Quantitative analysis of the preparation was 0.52% of ash and 14% of nitrogen.", "contents": "Production and chemical studies of protease from Bacillus subtilis (SH-6) Egyptian strain. Bacillus subtilis (SH-6) Egyptian strain, isolated from hides, gave the highest protease activity. Luxurious growth and protease production were obtained by the use of a medium containing 8% of potato starch, 0,1 M of ammonium phosphate as carbon and nitrogen sources. Results indicate that borate buffer exerted a deleterious effect on the protease production. Comparing citrate and phosphate buffers, it was found that citrate gave lower protease activity than phosphate. There is a positive response to higher concentrations of phosphate ions. From the above-mentioned medium protease was precipitated and purified. The dried preparation of the enzyme was tested for its chemical composition. It revealed the absence of residual carbohydrate. Tests for phosphorus, sulfur, ferric, zinc, manganese, magnesium, and calcium ions were positive. Amino acids present were: L-leucine, cysteine, Dl-alanine, L-arginine, L-tyrosine, L-aspargine, L-proline, glycine, Dl-valine, L-histidine, L-glutamic, L-lysine, L-aspartic, Dl-tryptophan, L-cystine, Dl-serine and Dl-phenylalanine. Quantitative analysis of the preparation was 0.52% of ash and 14% of nitrogen.", "PMID": 98932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3466", "title": "[Recrystallization and reaction of urates in gout tophus after fixation with glutaraldehyde].", "content": "Uric acid and urates usually dissolve in the instance of routine fixation of material with formol. Bioptic confirmation of diagnosis is therefore usually very difficult if a murexide reaction test cannot be carried out concurrently. After fixation in glutaraldehyde for electron optic aims the crystals remain present in microscopic paraffin preparations for a long period of time and undergo even recrystallization which largely facilitates the microscopic diagnosis. It is assumed that a compound of the urates and diglutaraldehyde develops. It has been shown electron-optically that the crystals deposit for the most part in connective tissue or in the basic mass of cartilage without close relation to the cell elements. Underlying tissue is afflicted by necrosis, adjacent tissues show abundant fibroblasts which have however no closer contact with the crystals.", "contents": "[Recrystallization and reaction of urates in gout tophus after fixation with glutaraldehyde]. Uric acid and urates usually dissolve in the instance of routine fixation of material with formol. Bioptic confirmation of diagnosis is therefore usually very difficult if a murexide reaction test cannot be carried out concurrently. After fixation in glutaraldehyde for electron optic aims the crystals remain present in microscopic paraffin preparations for a long period of time and undergo even recrystallization which largely facilitates the microscopic diagnosis. It is assumed that a compound of the urates and diglutaraldehyde develops. It has been shown electron-optically that the crystals deposit for the most part in connective tissue or in the basic mass of cartilage without close relation to the cell elements. Underlying tissue is afflicted by necrosis, adjacent tissues show abundant fibroblasts which have however no closer contact with the crystals.", "PMID": 98928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3467", "title": "[Some aspects relating to the aflatoxin generation during the self-heating of cereals].", "content": "In a stored batch of grain which was already affected by mould-formation tests were carried out with the known aflatoxin producer Aspergillus flavus. A significantly lower aflatoxin production ensued if the mould growth was not connected with self-heating of the stored product. However, in conformity with increasing mould formation the germinating power was adversely affected and the significant signs (fatty acid number, reductive and none-reductive sugars) were influenced in the grain, irrelevently whether or not this led to self-heating. It appears obvious that as the self-heating increases in the stored product, the optimal temperature range favourable for the Aspergillus flavus is rapidly exceeding and this caused restriction to the aflatoxin formation. This leads to the conclusion that the contamination on the outer layer by mycotoxines is more significant on the outer layers than the more or less strong mould formation in the interior (so-called-mouldly pockets) which ensued through the self-heating fenomena.", "contents": "[Some aspects relating to the aflatoxin generation during the self-heating of cereals]. In a stored batch of grain which was already affected by mould-formation tests were carried out with the known aflatoxin producer Aspergillus flavus. A significantly lower aflatoxin production ensued if the mould growth was not connected with self-heating of the stored product. However, in conformity with increasing mould formation the germinating power was adversely affected and the significant signs (fatty acid number, reductive and none-reductive sugars) were influenced in the grain, irrelevently whether or not this led to self-heating. It appears obvious that as the self-heating increases in the stored product, the optimal temperature range favourable for the Aspergillus flavus is rapidly exceeding and this caused restriction to the aflatoxin formation. This leads to the conclusion that the contamination on the outer layer by mycotoxines is more significant on the outer layers than the more or less strong mould formation in the interior (so-called-mouldly pockets) which ensued through the self-heating fenomena.", "PMID": 98933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3468", "title": "Study of thyrotropic reserve in diabetics of adult type.", "content": "The thyrotropic reserves in 13 diabetics without clinical evidence of vasculopathy have been studied and compared with 11 normal subjects. TSH basal levels were found to be lowered when compared with normal ones. When their pituitary gland had been stimulated with synthetic TRH, it was observed that they had a greater response. It is assumed that the diabetics may have some kind of hypothalamic disturbance that might be responsible for the low basal levels of TSH. This, in some way, would create greater sensibility of the thyrotrops. Some borderline hypothyroidism may exist in adult-onset diabetes.", "contents": "Study of thyrotropic reserve in diabetics of adult type. The thyrotropic reserves in 13 diabetics without clinical evidence of vasculopathy have been studied and compared with 11 normal subjects. TSH basal levels were found to be lowered when compared with normal ones. When their pituitary gland had been stimulated with synthetic TRH, it was observed that they had a greater response. It is assumed that the diabetics may have some kind of hypothalamic disturbance that might be responsible for the low basal levels of TSH. This, in some way, would create greater sensibility of the thyrotrops. Some borderline hypothyroidism may exist in adult-onset diabetes.", "PMID": 98942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3469", "title": "[The question of the validity of haptoglobin/G-streptococci relations in nonhuman sera].", "content": "The relationship between haptoglobin type and the agglutinability of some group G streptococci, which was observed in humans, could also be demonstrated in animal sera. In humans the haptoglobin type Hp 1-1 is correlated with a lacking or very low agglutinability. Sera of 10 rhesus monkeys showed Hp-type 1-1 and agglutinated the streptococci only to dilutions of the serum up to 1:4. The sera of 48 pigs contained an Hp 1-1 like type and a streptococcus agglutination titer of max. 1:10. Seven ahaptoglobinaemic sera gave the same values. Fifty examined sera of rabbits showed also an Hp 1-1 like pattern and did not agglutinate or in undiluted state only.", "contents": "[The question of the validity of haptoglobin/G-streptococci relations in nonhuman sera]. The relationship between haptoglobin type and the agglutinability of some group G streptococci, which was observed in humans, could also be demonstrated in animal sera. In humans the haptoglobin type Hp 1-1 is correlated with a lacking or very low agglutinability. Sera of 10 rhesus monkeys showed Hp-type 1-1 and agglutinated the streptococci only to dilutions of the serum up to 1:4. The sera of 48 pigs contained an Hp 1-1 like type and a streptococcus agglutination titer of max. 1:10. Seven ahaptoglobinaemic sera gave the same values. Fifty examined sera of rabbits showed also an Hp 1-1 like pattern and did not agglutinate or in undiluted state only.", "PMID": 98943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3470", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for porcine prolactin: plasma levels during lactation, suckling and weaning and after TRH administration.", "content": "A sensitive heterologous radioimmunoassay for porcine prolactin (pPRL) has been developed. Anti-ovine prolactin antibody was raised in rabbits which allowed a final dilution of 1:500 000. The separation of free and antibody bound [125I]pPRL is based on the double antibody solid phase system. The assay is specific for pPRL. There is no cross-reaction with pLH, pFSH and pTSH; little cross-reaction (1.35%) was found with pGH. The smallest detectable amount was 0.08 ng per tube. During lactation high plasma levels are found with great fluctuations. After weaning the plasma PRL levels fall to basal within a few hours. After thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) administration plasma concentrations increase within a few minutes.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for porcine prolactin: plasma levels during lactation, suckling and weaning and after TRH administration. A sensitive heterologous radioimmunoassay for porcine prolactin (pPRL) has been developed. Anti-ovine prolactin antibody was raised in rabbits which allowed a final dilution of 1:500 000. The separation of free and antibody bound [125I]pPRL is based on the double antibody solid phase system. The assay is specific for pPRL. There is no cross-reaction with pLH, pFSH and pTSH; little cross-reaction (1.35%) was found with pGH. The smallest detectable amount was 0.08 ng per tube. During lactation high plasma levels are found with great fluctuations. After weaning the plasma PRL levels fall to basal within a few hours. After thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) administration plasma concentrations increase within a few minutes.", "PMID": 98946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3471", "title": "Serum lipid pattern in beta-thalassaemia.", "content": "Serum lipids, phospholipid fractions and the composition of serum lipid fatty acids were studied in 20 children presenting beta-thalassaemia major, 20 heterozygous children and 20 normal controls. Total serum phospholipids, their fractions and cholesterol were significantly lower in patients with thalassaemia major. These changes were referred to hepatic damage and to severe anaemia, respectively. Some serum lipid polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly decreased in patients with thalassaemia major as compared to heterozygotes and normal controls. Since these alterations are a sign of lipid oxidation, the causes of this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "Serum lipid pattern in beta-thalassaemia. Serum lipids, phospholipid fractions and the composition of serum lipid fatty acids were studied in 20 children presenting beta-thalassaemia major, 20 heterozygous children and 20 normal controls. Total serum phospholipids, their fractions and cholesterol were significantly lower in patients with thalassaemia major. These changes were referred to hepatic damage and to severe anaemia, respectively. Some serum lipid polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly decreased in patients with thalassaemia major as compared to heterozygotes and normal controls. Since these alterations are a sign of lipid oxidation, the causes of this phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 98949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3472", "title": "'Classic' and 'acute' myelofibrosis. A retrospective study.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 38 patients with histologically proven myelofibrosis, 5 parameters (recorded on the first admission) were investigated as to their usefulness to predict the course of the disease. In 9 patients the development of 'acute' myelofibrosis could be predicted by the finding of pancytopenia, low reticulocyte counts (median 20,500/mul), extremely elevated SRE (median 125 mm) and normal serum levels of LDH and uric acid on the first admission. In 28 patients the development of classic fibrosis with  splenomegaly could be predicted by the finding of high reticulocyte counts (median 133,200/mul) and increased levels of serum LDH (median 547 U) and uric acid (median 8 mg/dl in males and 6.8 mg/dl in females) on the first admission, even when splenomegaly was initially absent. The relationship between classic and acute myelofibrosis and the significance of the mentioned parameters is discussed.", "contents": "'Classic' and 'acute' myelofibrosis. A retrospective study. In a retrospective study of 38 patients with histologically proven myelofibrosis, 5 parameters (recorded on the first admission) were investigated as to their usefulness to predict the course of the disease. In 9 patients the development of 'acute' myelofibrosis could be predicted by the finding of pancytopenia, low reticulocyte counts (median 20,500/mul), extremely elevated SRE (median 125 mm) and normal serum levels of LDH and uric acid on the first admission. In 28 patients the development of classic fibrosis with  splenomegaly could be predicted by the finding of high reticulocyte counts (median 133,200/mul) and increased levels of serum LDH (median 547 U) and uric acid (median 8 mg/dl in males and 6.8 mg/dl in females) on the first admission, even when splenomegaly was initially absent. The relationship between classic and acute myelofibrosis and the significance of the mentioned parameters is discussed.", "PMID": 98950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3473", "title": "Megakaryocytic leukaemia. A case of unusual outcome.", "content": "In a 33-year-old woman with thrombocytosis, megakaryocytic hyperplasia in bone marrow, presence of megakaryocytes in peripheral blood and megakaryocyte-containing infiltrations in the liver, excellent result of Busulphan treatment (1 year full remission after Busulphan withdrawal) is reported. The authors suggest the diagnosis of megakaryocytic leukaemia.", "contents": "Megakaryocytic leukaemia. A case of unusual outcome. In a 33-year-old woman with thrombocytosis, megakaryocytic hyperplasia in bone marrow, presence of megakaryocytes in peripheral blood and megakaryocyte-containing infiltrations in the liver, excellent result of Busulphan treatment (1 year full remission after Busulphan withdrawal) is reported. The authors suggest the diagnosis of megakaryocytic leukaemia.", "PMID": 98951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3474", "title": "Influence of food iron absorption on the plasma iron level in idiopathic hemochromatosis.", "content": "The relationship between food iron absorption, iron stores, and plasma iron level was studied. On a low iron diet subjects with idiopathic hemochromatosis (IH) during reaccumulation of iron after phlebotomies showed a fall in plasma iron. Fortification of the diet with 22--135 mg of iron/day for 3 days caused little or no change in the plasma iron in subjects with normal iron stores, whereas in subjects with iron deficiency a significant rise in plasma iron occurred with the addition of 45 mg of iron/day. In subjects with IH with normal iron stores, plasma iron increased with the addition of 22.5 mg/day. These studies indicate that iron absorption is an important determinant of the elevated plasma iron in IH and that the plasma iron tolerance test combined with the serum ferritin may be used to detect excessive absorption of iron.", "contents": "Influence of food iron absorption on the plasma iron level in idiopathic hemochromatosis. The relationship between food iron absorption, iron stores, and plasma iron level was studied. On a low iron diet subjects with idiopathic hemochromatosis (IH) during reaccumulation of iron after phlebotomies showed a fall in plasma iron. Fortification of the diet with 22--135 mg of iron/day for 3 days caused little or no change in the plasma iron in subjects with normal iron stores, whereas in subjects with iron deficiency a significant rise in plasma iron occurred with the addition of 45 mg of iron/day. In subjects with IH with normal iron stores, plasma iron increased with the addition of 22.5 mg/day. These studies indicate that iron absorption is an important determinant of the elevated plasma iron in IH and that the plasma iron tolerance test combined with the serum ferritin may be used to detect excessive absorption of iron.", "PMID": 98952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3475", "title": "Decreased iron and zinc absorption in Turkish children with iron deficiency and geophagia.", "content": "Oral iron and zinc tolerance tests were performed in 12 patients between 8 and 21 years of age, with iron deficiency anemia and geophagia. Decreased iron and zinc absorption were detected respectively in patients against the elevated absorption curves in control subjects. Iron and zinc malabsorption may be an additional feature of the syndrome characterized by geophagia, iron deficiency anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, hypogonadism and dwarfism observed in Turkey and Iran.", "contents": "Decreased iron and zinc absorption in Turkish children with iron deficiency and geophagia. Oral iron and zinc tolerance tests were performed in 12 patients between 8 and 21 years of age, with iron deficiency anemia and geophagia. Decreased iron and zinc absorption were detected respectively in patients against the elevated absorption curves in control subjects. Iron and zinc malabsorption may be an additional feature of the syndrome characterized by geophagia, iron deficiency anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, hypogonadism and dwarfism observed in Turkey and Iran.", "PMID": 98953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3476", "title": "Platelet counts in children with iron deficiency anemia.", "content": "Platelet count was evaluated in 30 children with iron deficiency anemia. It was found elevated when compared with 40 normal controls. No significant difference was found between the platelet counts in patients with hemoglobin levels higher or lower than 7 g/dl. Although no relation was observed between platelet count and transferrin saturation, it was correlated with serum iron values. After oral and/or parenteral iron therapy platelet count decreased insignificantly, while reticulocytes were found to be increased.", "contents": "Platelet counts in children with iron deficiency anemia. Platelet count was evaluated in 30 children with iron deficiency anemia. It was found elevated when compared with 40 normal controls. No significant difference was found between the platelet counts in patients with hemoglobin levels higher or lower than 7 g/dl. Although no relation was observed between platelet count and transferrin saturation, it was correlated with serum iron values. After oral and/or parenteral iron therapy platelet count decreased insignificantly, while reticulocytes were found to be increased.", "PMID": 98954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3477", "title": "Congenital hypoplastic anaemia refractory to corticosteroids but responding to cyclophosphamide and antilymphocytic globulin. Report of a case having responded with a transitory wave of dyserythropoiesis.", "content": "A 7-year-old male child with congenital hypoplastic anaemia (Diamond-Blackfan), having originally responded to corticosteroids, but having subsequently become refractory and erythroblastopenic since 4 years, was treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide (CY; 2.1 g) and antilymphocytic globulin (ALG; 8 g), both by the intravenous route. Erythroblastic repopulation of the bone marrow, albeit dyserythropoietic in character, reticulocytosis and erythrocytic increment took place, but only for a short period. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of recent progress in the understanding of the disease and of its treatment.", "contents": "Congenital hypoplastic anaemia refractory to corticosteroids but responding to cyclophosphamide and antilymphocytic globulin. Report of a case having responded with a transitory wave of dyserythropoiesis. A 7-year-old male child with congenital hypoplastic anaemia (Diamond-Blackfan), having originally responded to corticosteroids, but having subsequently become refractory and erythroblastopenic since 4 years, was treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide (CY; 2.1 g) and antilymphocytic globulin (ALG; 8 g), both by the intravenous route. Erythroblastic repopulation of the bone marrow, albeit dyserythropoietic in character, reticulocytosis and erythrocytic increment took place, but only for a short period. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of recent progress in the understanding of the disease and of its treatment.", "PMID": 98955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3478", "title": "Biological variation of immunoglobulin concentrations in normal human tears related to age and sex.", "content": "Single radial immunodiffusion method was used to measure the concentration of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD in tears of 220 healthy individuals aged from 2 to 86 years. Relation of the values to age and sex has been evaluated statistically by regression analysis method. Mean IgA level was 30.7 mg/100 ml. IgG could be detected in 200 samples and the level was less than 1 mg/100 ml. IgM was detected in only 7 samples and the value was less than 1 mg/100 ml. IgD could not be detected in any of the sample. The IgA level in males and that in females differs significantly, the females having a higher mean value. The IgA level appears to increase in both sexes with age. No relationship with age and sex could be established in other types of immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Biological variation of immunoglobulin concentrations in normal human tears related to age and sex. Single radial immunodiffusion method was used to measure the concentration of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD in tears of 220 healthy individuals aged from 2 to 86 years. Relation of the values to age and sex has been evaluated statistically by regression analysis method. Mean IgA level was 30.7 mg/100 ml. IgG could be detected in 200 samples and the level was less than 1 mg/100 ml. IgM was detected in only 7 samples and the value was less than 1 mg/100 ml. IgD could not be detected in any of the sample. The IgA level in males and that in females differs significantly, the females having a higher mean value. The IgA level appears to increase in both sexes with age. No relationship with age and sex could be established in other types of immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 98956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3479", "title": "Insulin antibodies in the serum of diabetic children treated from the diagnosis of the disease with highly purified insulins.", "content": "Fifty-one diabetic children, treated with highly purified, porcine insulins from the diagnosis of the disease were studied for the development of insulin antibodies during the first years of treatment. Sera were obtained before the start of treatment and at repeated intervals thereafter. Serum insulin antibodies were measured by three methods in three laboratories. Twenty-nine children were treated with R.I. (rare immunogenic) insulins at one department and 22 with MC (monocomponent) insulins at the other department. Before the start of treatment, serum insulin antibodies were almost invariably zero or below the limit of detection. During the first year a considerable number of cases, more than that reported for adults, formed detectable amounts of antibodies, and more so in the R.I. than in the MC series. The levels were however definitely lower than those observed with the same methods in diabetic children on conventional insulins. Analysis of variance showed no differences between the various age groups. No significant correlation was found between the highest titre of serum insulin antibodies on the one hand and insulin dose or glucosuria on the other hand. The results confirm the concept that children form antibodies to insulin more actively than adults.", "contents": "Insulin antibodies in the serum of diabetic children treated from the diagnosis of the disease with highly purified insulins. Fifty-one diabetic children, treated with highly purified, porcine insulins from the diagnosis of the disease were studied for the development of insulin antibodies during the first years of treatment. Sera were obtained before the start of treatment and at repeated intervals thereafter. Serum insulin antibodies were measured by three methods in three laboratories. Twenty-nine children were treated with R.I. (rare immunogenic) insulins at one department and 22 with MC (monocomponent) insulins at the other department. Before the start of treatment, serum insulin antibodies were almost invariably zero or below the limit of detection. During the first year a considerable number of cases, more than that reported for adults, formed detectable amounts of antibodies, and more so in the R.I. than in the MC series. The levels were however definitely lower than those observed with the same methods in diabetic children on conventional insulins. Analysis of variance showed no differences between the various age groups. No significant correlation was found between the highest titre of serum insulin antibodies on the one hand and insulin dose or glucosuria on the other hand. The results confirm the concept that children form antibodies to insulin more actively than adults.", "PMID": 98959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3480", "title": "The use of insulin in the treatment of juvenile onset diabetes. General principles.", "content": "Insulin is a major tool in the treatment of juvenile onset diabetes in spite of the impossibility of giving it in a physiological way. Dosage must be individualized with the help of mixing short- and longacting types of non-immunogenic insulin preparations. Procedures vary with the stage of the disease, whether at the onset of diabetes, during the remission period or thereafter. Rapid normalization of blood and urine sugar is recommended in the first stage, which may partly preserve beta cell function. After the first two years of diabetes practically all patients require insulin twice daily. To achieve satisfactory metabolic control in diabetic teenagers is difficult and requires an experienced team of paediatricians, nurses, dietitians, psychologists and teachers, as well as informed, motivated and cooperative patients.", "contents": "The use of insulin in the treatment of juvenile onset diabetes. General principles. Insulin is a major tool in the treatment of juvenile onset diabetes in spite of the impossibility of giving it in a physiological way. Dosage must be individualized with the help of mixing short- and longacting types of non-immunogenic insulin preparations. Procedures vary with the stage of the disease, whether at the onset of diabetes, during the remission period or thereafter. Rapid normalization of blood and urine sugar is recommended in the first stage, which may partly preserve beta cell function. After the first two years of diabetes practically all patients require insulin twice daily. To achieve satisfactory metabolic control in diabetic teenagers is difficult and requires an experienced team of paediatricians, nurses, dietitians, psychologists and teachers, as well as informed, motivated and cooperative patients.", "PMID": 98960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3481", "title": "Treatment of diabetic coma in children.", "content": "A short review is given on current aspects of the low-dose insulin therapy of diabetic ketoacidosis, and briefly on the other aspects of the treatment. Frequent intramuscular administration of low doses of regular insulin leads to plasma insulin concentrations, sufficient for maximal insulin biologic activity. The intravenous and subcutaneous routes of insulin administration are suitable as well in the low-dose insulin therapy. The author described results from a retrospective study comparing the efficacy of large and small insulin doses in the treatment of diabetic precoma and coma in children (1). The i.m. administration of insulin, 0.5 U/kg initially, followed by 0.25 U/kg at intervals of 1/2-3 hours led to as rapid disappearance of the signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis as with previously used larger insulin doses. The tendency to hypoglycemia and hypokalemia was milder with the smaller insulin dose. With such a modified low-dose insulin therapy it is essential to initiate i.v. glucose administration rather early. The responsiveness to insulin may vary from one child to another, and infections may increase the need for insulin. Therefore, careful individual monitoring of the treatment is important even when using the low-dose insulin therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of diabetic coma in children. A short review is given on current aspects of the low-dose insulin therapy of diabetic ketoacidosis, and briefly on the other aspects of the treatment. Frequent intramuscular administration of low doses of regular insulin leads to plasma insulin concentrations, sufficient for maximal insulin biologic activity. The intravenous and subcutaneous routes of insulin administration are suitable as well in the low-dose insulin therapy. The author described results from a retrospective study comparing the efficacy of large and small insulin doses in the treatment of diabetic precoma and coma in children (1). The i.m. administration of insulin, 0.5 U/kg initially, followed by 0.25 U/kg at intervals of 1/2-3 hours led to as rapid disappearance of the signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis as with previously used larger insulin doses. The tendency to hypoglycemia and hypokalemia was milder with the smaller insulin dose. With such a modified low-dose insulin therapy it is essential to initiate i.v. glucose administration rather early. The responsiveness to insulin may vary from one child to another, and infections may increase the need for insulin. Therefore, careful individual monitoring of the treatment is important even when using the low-dose insulin therapy.", "PMID": 98961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3482", "title": "Study on the ultrastructure and acetylcholinesterase activity in von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis.", "content": "The cutaneous nodules obtained from seven patients with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis were investigated by electron microscopy, and ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase activity was demonstrated in the nerve fibers of this tumor for the first time using Karnovsky's thiocholine method. The enzymatic activity was mainly found in unmyelinated fibers, exactly associated with their axonal membranes, the interspace between the apposing axonal and Schwann cell membrane, and some different mesaxons, which indicated their cholinergic nature. Almost all myelinated fibers and some unmyelinated fibers did not possess the activity. The relationship between axon and Schwann cell was quite similar to that of normal peripheral nervous system, but two striking alterations of the nerves existed: One is the dissociation of unmyelinated fibers, and the other is the degenerative changes of the axon and the myelin sheath. As the evidence of schwannian proliferation, onion bulb formations and collagen pockets were observed. Some signs of fibroblastic proliferation were also found. From the present study and the review of the literature, the probable histogenesis of this disease was discussed.", "contents": "Study on the ultrastructure and acetylcholinesterase activity in von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. The cutaneous nodules obtained from seven patients with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis were investigated by electron microscopy, and ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase activity was demonstrated in the nerve fibers of this tumor for the first time using Karnovsky's thiocholine method. The enzymatic activity was mainly found in unmyelinated fibers, exactly associated with their axonal membranes, the interspace between the apposing axonal and Schwann cell membrane, and some different mesaxons, which indicated their cholinergic nature. Almost all myelinated fibers and some unmyelinated fibers did not possess the activity. The relationship between axon and Schwann cell was quite similar to that of normal peripheral nervous system, but two striking alterations of the nerves existed: One is the dissociation of unmyelinated fibers, and the other is the degenerative changes of the axon and the myelin sheath. As the evidence of schwannian proliferation, onion bulb formations and collagen pockets were observed. Some signs of fibroblastic proliferation were also found. From the present study and the review of the literature, the probable histogenesis of this disease was discussed.", "PMID": 98962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3483", "title": "Dialyzable sialic acid of toad oviduct.", "content": "1. Small quantities of dialyzable sialic acid in toad oviduct were found. 2. About one-third of the dialyzable sialic acid reacts directly in the thiobarbituric acid procedure, a finding which suggests that the other two-thirds of the dialyzable sialic acid were probably derived from low molecular weight compounds containing sialic acid. 3. When a soluble fraction was chromatographed on Dowex 1-X4 column, three fractions (I, II and III) were isolated. Peak I was a material which shows identical to authentic NANA, colorimetrically as well as chromatographically. Several studies have indicated that both peaks, II and III, could be sialic acid-bound compounds of low molecular weight.", "contents": "Dialyzable sialic acid of toad oviduct. 1. Small quantities of dialyzable sialic acid in toad oviduct were found. 2. About one-third of the dialyzable sialic acid reacts directly in the thiobarbituric acid procedure, a finding which suggests that the other two-thirds of the dialyzable sialic acid were probably derived from low molecular weight compounds containing sialic acid. 3. When a soluble fraction was chromatographed on Dowex 1-X4 column, three fractions (I, II and III) were isolated. Peak I was a material which shows identical to authentic NANA, colorimetrically as well as chromatographically. Several studies have indicated that both peaks, II and III, could be sialic acid-bound compounds of low molecular weight.", "PMID": 98964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3484", "title": "The roles of endothelium, platelets, and smooth muscle cells in intimal healing.", "content": "The continual remodeling of the artery wall significantly narrows the lumen. It contributes to the development of atherosclerotic plaque through the incorporation of lipid into the arterial intima. The steps in the repair of arterial intima include platelet accumulation followed by leukocyte attachment to denuded areas, smooth muscle migration from the media, deposition of extracellular connective tissue components, and endothelial progression seem related to re-endothelialization, platelets, the pituitary, and unidentified factors.", "contents": "The roles of endothelium, platelets, and smooth muscle cells in intimal healing. The continual remodeling of the artery wall significantly narrows the lumen. It contributes to the development of atherosclerotic plaque through the incorporation of lipid into the arterial intima. The steps in the repair of arterial intima include platelet accumulation followed by leukocyte attachment to denuded areas, smooth muscle migration from the media, deposition of extracellular connective tissue components, and endothelial progression seem related to re-endothelialization, platelets, the pituitary, and unidentified factors.", "PMID": 98967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3485", "title": "Vessel injury, thrombosis, and platelet survival.", "content": "Vascular injury triggers platelet reactions of adhesion, aggregation, and release, and these reactions play important roles in hemostasis, thrombosis and thromboembolism, and atherogenesis. Measurement of platelet and fibrinogen turnover rates are indicators of the relative involvement of platelets and fibrin in the thrombotic process, and also provide an objective means of assessing antithrombotic therapy. Isotopic methods are preferred over chemical methods to measure platelet survival time; 51Cr is used most widely to label platelets. Problems of analysis and interpretation of platelet disappearance curves are reviewed briefly.", "contents": "Vessel injury, thrombosis, and platelet survival. Vascular injury triggers platelet reactions of adhesion, aggregation, and release, and these reactions play important roles in hemostasis, thrombosis and thromboembolism, and atherogenesis. Measurement of platelet and fibrinogen turnover rates are indicators of the relative involvement of platelets and fibrin in the thrombotic process, and also provide an objective means of assessing antithrombotic therapy. Isotopic methods are preferred over chemical methods to measure platelet survival time; 51Cr is used most widely to label platelets. Problems of analysis and interpretation of platelet disappearance curves are reviewed briefly.", "PMID": 98968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3486", "title": "Diamine oxidase activity in gastric and duodenal mucosa of man and other mammals with special reference to the pyloric junction.", "content": "In the gastric mucosa of human subjects and of various mammals methylation was accepted as the main pathway of histamine catabolism. However, augmentation of gastric acid secretion by aminoguanidine, the strong inhibitor of diamine oxidase, indicated an influence of diamine oxidase activity on this secretory process. Therefore a careful reinvestigation of the occurrence of diamine oxidase activity was started from the distal duodenum in the direction of the cardia. In all species studied, diamine oxidase activity decreased from distal duodenum towards the pylorus. In dogs, landrace pigs and in human subjects the diamine oxidase activity clearly exceeded the pyloric borderline gradually becoming zero in corpus or fundus. In rabbits, however, and especially in mini-pigs no diamine oxidase activity was found beyond the pylorus. Among individuals gastric diamine oxidase activity showed a variable prevalence and could not be found regularly in all the subjects. In one patient with prepyloric ulcer a strong influence of pathophysiological processes on gastric diamine oxidase activity could be suspected. Thus, in every alteration of the gastric mucosa under experimental or clinical conditions also an alteration of gastric diamine oxidase activity should be taken into account.", "contents": "Diamine oxidase activity in gastric and duodenal mucosa of man and other mammals with special reference to the pyloric junction. In the gastric mucosa of human subjects and of various mammals methylation was accepted as the main pathway of histamine catabolism. However, augmentation of gastric acid secretion by aminoguanidine, the strong inhibitor of diamine oxidase, indicated an influence of diamine oxidase activity on this secretory process. Therefore a careful reinvestigation of the occurrence of diamine oxidase activity was started from the distal duodenum in the direction of the cardia. In all species studied, diamine oxidase activity decreased from distal duodenum towards the pylorus. In dogs, landrace pigs and in human subjects the diamine oxidase activity clearly exceeded the pyloric borderline gradually becoming zero in corpus or fundus. In rabbits, however, and especially in mini-pigs no diamine oxidase activity was found beyond the pylorus. Among individuals gastric diamine oxidase activity showed a variable prevalence and could not be found regularly in all the subjects. In one patient with prepyloric ulcer a strong influence of pathophysiological processes on gastric diamine oxidase activity could be suspected. Thus, in every alteration of the gastric mucosa under experimental or clinical conditions also an alteration of gastric diamine oxidase activity should be taken into account.", "PMID": 98970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3487", "title": "Histamine and pancreatitis: increase of plasma histamine levels in dogs with Pfeffer preparation and influence of aminoguanidine on the survival time.", "content": "Histamine release could be shown in 50% of the dogs suffering from acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis in Pfeffer's preparation. The survival time of these dogs was shorter by about 50% than that of animals without alteration of the plasma histamine levels. The powerful diamine oxidase blocker aminoguanidine diminished the incidence of severe pancreatitis in the dogs without influencing survival time. As in animals treated by saline histamine release could be shown in 50% of the aminoguanidine-treated dogs in which higher plasma histamine levels were determined than in saline-treated animals. The survival time of the dogs with histamine release, however, was not different from that of animals with normal plasma histamine levels throughtout the experiment. The actions of aminoguanidine in Pfeffer's preparation seemed to be rather complex. Contrasting effects on the development of pancreatitis and on histamine inactivation may have influenced the survival time in different directions.", "contents": "Histamine and pancreatitis: increase of plasma histamine levels in dogs with Pfeffer preparation and influence of aminoguanidine on the survival time. Histamine release could be shown in 50% of the dogs suffering from acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis in Pfeffer's preparation. The survival time of these dogs was shorter by about 50% than that of animals without alteration of the plasma histamine levels. The powerful diamine oxidase blocker aminoguanidine diminished the incidence of severe pancreatitis in the dogs without influencing survival time. As in animals treated by saline histamine release could be shown in 50% of the aminoguanidine-treated dogs in which higher plasma histamine levels were determined than in saline-treated animals. The survival time of the dogs with histamine release, however, was not different from that of animals with normal plasma histamine levels throughtout the experiment. The actions of aminoguanidine in Pfeffer's preparation seemed to be rather complex. Contrasting effects on the development of pancreatitis and on histamine inactivation may have influenced the survival time in different directions.", "PMID": 98971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3488", "title": "Aspirin and prostaglandins: some recent developments.", "content": "The results of experiments designed to test the validity of the hypothesis that the anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic actions of aspirin are due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase activity are reviewed.", "contents": "Aspirin and prostaglandins: some recent developments. The results of experiments designed to test the validity of the hypothesis that the anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic actions of aspirin are due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase activity are reviewed.", "PMID": 98976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3489", "title": "Progress in radiology: historical review of the changing concepts of lower esophageal anatomy: 430 B.C.--1977.", "content": "Some of the classic studies on the anatomy of the lower esophagus are reviewed. In every case, the original sources have been consulted. The basis for a proposed anatomic description of the lower esophagus is established on the basis of the most modern research. The genesis of ideas on the anatomic nature of the cardia, phrenoesophageal membrane, esophageal pouches, esophageal sphincters, esophageal rings, gastroesophageal angle, flap valve, and cardiac notch is traced.", "contents": "Progress in radiology: historical review of the changing concepts of lower esophageal anatomy: 430 B.C.--1977. Some of the classic studies on the anatomy of the lower esophagus are reviewed. In every case, the original sources have been consulted. The basis for a proposed anatomic description of the lower esophagus is established on the basis of the most modern research. The genesis of ideas on the anatomic nature of the cardia, phrenoesophageal membrane, esophageal pouches, esophageal sphincters, esophageal rings, gastroesophageal angle, flap valve, and cardiac notch is traced.", "PMID": 98978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3490", "title": "Computed tomographic diagnosis of obstructive jaundice in the absence of intrahepatic ductal dilatation.", "content": "Six patients with obstructive jaundice had computed tomography (CT) scans showing a dilated extrahepatic biliary tree in the absence of intrahepatic ductal dilatation. Dilated extrahepatic bile ducts were most easily identified by means of intravenous injection of urographic contrast material, which permitted them to be seen as low density structures. Findings in these patients emphasize that (1) demonstration of dilated intrahepatic bile ducts is not a prerequisite for the CT diagnosis of obstructive jaundice and (2) careful CT evaluation of the extrahepatic biliary tree is necessary to identify patients with isolated dilatation of the common hepatic or common bile duct.", "contents": "Computed tomographic diagnosis of obstructive jaundice in the absence of intrahepatic ductal dilatation. Six patients with obstructive jaundice had computed tomography (CT) scans showing a dilated extrahepatic biliary tree in the absence of intrahepatic ductal dilatation. Dilated extrahepatic bile ducts were most easily identified by means of intravenous injection of urographic contrast material, which permitted them to be seen as low density structures. Findings in these patients emphasize that (1) demonstration of dilated intrahepatic bile ducts is not a prerequisite for the CT diagnosis of obstructive jaundice and (2) careful CT evaluation of the extrahepatic biliary tree is necessary to identify patients with isolated dilatation of the common hepatic or common bile duct.", "PMID": 98979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3491", "title": "Intrathoracic lymph node metastases from extrathoracic neoplasms.", "content": "The clinical records of 1,071 cases of extrathoracic malignant neoplasms seen over a 2 year period sere reviewed: 163 had abnormal chest films, and 25 of these showed evidence of mediastinal and/or hilar lymph node metastases. The primary malignancies which metastasized to intrathoracic lymph nodes included eight tumors of the head and neck, 12 genitourinary malignancies, three carcinomas of the breast, and two malignant melanomas. The chest films were analyzed to determine the distribution of lymph node groups involved. Unilateral lymph node enlargement occurred in eight. The most frequently detected lymph node group was the right paratracheal chain (60%), while the subcarinal and posterior mediastinal groups were rarely affected. Of the 25 cases, 10 had radiographic evidence of hematogenous or lymphangitic metastases in addition in the lungs. Metastatic disease from extrathoracic neoplasms should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of hilar and mediastinal adenopathy.", "contents": "Intrathoracic lymph node metastases from extrathoracic neoplasms. The clinical records of 1,071 cases of extrathoracic malignant neoplasms seen over a 2 year period sere reviewed: 163 had abnormal chest films, and 25 of these showed evidence of mediastinal and/or hilar lymph node metastases. The primary malignancies which metastasized to intrathoracic lymph nodes included eight tumors of the head and neck, 12 genitourinary malignancies, three carcinomas of the breast, and two malignant melanomas. The chest films were analyzed to determine the distribution of lymph node groups involved. Unilateral lymph node enlargement occurred in eight. The most frequently detected lymph node group was the right paratracheal chain (60%), while the subcarinal and posterior mediastinal groups were rarely affected. Of the 25 cases, 10 had radiographic evidence of hematogenous or lymphangitic metastases in addition in the lungs. Metastatic disease from extrathoracic neoplasms should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of hilar and mediastinal adenopathy.", "PMID": 98980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3492", "title": "A reevaluation of intrathoracic lymphadenopathy in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Chest radiographs of 62 patients with sarcoidosis and intrathoracic lymphadenopathy were evaluated retrospectively for anatomic distribution of lymph nodes. All but two cases had bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Approximately 75% of the patients had nodal enlargement in the right paratracheal or aortopulmonic window regions and about 20% in the subcarinal or anterior mediastinal areas. The most frequent combination of lymphadenopathy, found in 37% of cases, included the aortopulmonic window, bilateral hilar, and right paratracheal regions. Right paratracheal and bilateral hilar lymph node enlargement was seen in only three patients. Aortopulmonic window nodes were almost always found with hilar or hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Anterior mediastinal or subcarinal involvement was never found without some combination of right paratracheal, bilateral hillar, and aortopulmonic window lymphadenopathy. We therefore conclude that aortopulmonic window, anterior mediastinal, or subcarinal lymph node enlargement often accompany the characteristic lymphadenopathy of sarcoidosis.", "contents": "A reevaluation of intrathoracic lymphadenopathy in sarcoidosis. Chest radiographs of 62 patients with sarcoidosis and intrathoracic lymphadenopathy were evaluated retrospectively for anatomic distribution of lymph nodes. All but two cases had bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Approximately 75% of the patients had nodal enlargement in the right paratracheal or aortopulmonic window regions and about 20% in the subcarinal or anterior mediastinal areas. The most frequent combination of lymphadenopathy, found in 37% of cases, included the aortopulmonic window, bilateral hilar, and right paratracheal regions. Right paratracheal and bilateral hilar lymph node enlargement was seen in only three patients. Aortopulmonic window nodes were almost always found with hilar or hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Anterior mediastinal or subcarinal involvement was never found without some combination of right paratracheal, bilateral hillar, and aortopulmonic window lymphadenopathy. We therefore conclude that aortopulmonic window, anterior mediastinal, or subcarinal lymph node enlargement often accompany the characteristic lymphadenopathy of sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 98981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3493", "title": "Congenital partial eventration of the left diaphragm.", "content": "Two unusual cases of congenital partial eventration of the left diaphragm in young infants are described. In both cases the entity appeared as a space occupying lesion in the left anterior chest and was initially thought to represent pericardial cyst, mediastinal tumor, or cardiac enlargement. The left lobe of the liver occupied the eventration in both cases; one was proven at surgery, and the other was documented with a radionuclide liver scan. The radiographic features of eventration are discussed and the role of radionuclide liver scanning in infants with chest masses is emphasized.", "contents": "Congenital partial eventration of the left diaphragm. Two unusual cases of congenital partial eventration of the left diaphragm in young infants are described. In both cases the entity appeared as a space occupying lesion in the left anterior chest and was initially thought to represent pericardial cyst, mediastinal tumor, or cardiac enlargement. The left lobe of the liver occupied the eventration in both cases; one was proven at surgery, and the other was documented with a radionuclide liver scan. The radiographic features of eventration are discussed and the role of radionuclide liver scanning in infants with chest masses is emphasized.", "PMID": 98982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3494", "title": "Gastric emphysema in infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "content": "Gastric emphysema in unusual in infants and children. Air in the wall of the stomach can rarely occur in children with gastric outlet obstruction due to hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The clinical features and radiographic appearance of this association are described in three infants, and the value of the lateral radiograph is illustrated. The differential diagnostic considerations, importance of correct radiologic diagnosis and results of proper therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Gastric emphysema in infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Gastric emphysema in unusual in infants and children. Air in the wall of the stomach can rarely occur in children with gastric outlet obstruction due to hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The clinical features and radiographic appearance of this association are described in three infants, and the value of the lateral radiograph is illustrated. The differential diagnostic considerations, importance of correct radiologic diagnosis and results of proper therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 98983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3495", "title": "Systemic air embolism secondary to respiratory therapy in the neonate: six cases including one survivor.", "content": "Systemic air embolism has been described as a complication of respiratory therapy using positive pressure ventilation. This is usually a dire, if not fatal occurrence. The incidence of this severe complication will likely increase with the advent of more vigorous and aggressive respiratory therapy of the respiratory distress syndrome in neonates. It is important for both the clinician and the radiologist to be aware of this entity, its etiology, and its probable increasing frequency. This paper reports six cases of systemic air embolism, including one patient who revealed no clinical symptomatology, and in whom the diagnosis was made by radiographic findings only. This is the largest series yet reported and includes, to my knowledge, the first reported neonate to survive this complication.", "contents": "Systemic air embolism secondary to respiratory therapy in the neonate: six cases including one survivor. Systemic air embolism has been described as a complication of respiratory therapy using positive pressure ventilation. This is usually a dire, if not fatal occurrence. The incidence of this severe complication will likely increase with the advent of more vigorous and aggressive respiratory therapy of the respiratory distress syndrome in neonates. It is important for both the clinician and the radiologist to be aware of this entity, its etiology, and its probable increasing frequency. This paper reports six cases of systemic air embolism, including one patient who revealed no clinical symptomatology, and in whom the diagnosis was made by radiographic findings only. This is the largest series yet reported and includes, to my knowledge, the first reported neonate to survive this complication.", "PMID": 98984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3496", "title": "Angiographic demonstration of complications resulting from the Waterston procedure.", "content": "The ascending aorta--right pulmonary artery anastomosis, originally introduced by Waterston as a palliative shunt to increase pulmonary blood flow in certain cyanotic congenital heart diseases, has been found to be associated with late complications in a significant number of cases. These complications include preferential distribution of most or all shunt flow to the right lung, narrowing or obstruction of the right pulmonary artery at the anastomotic site, increasing stenosis or atresia of the right ventricular outflow tract, hypoplasia of the left pulmonary artery, and obstruction of the shunt itself. A properly planned angiocardiographic study is the principal method of detection of these complications.", "contents": "Angiographic demonstration of complications resulting from the Waterston procedure. The ascending aorta--right pulmonary artery anastomosis, originally introduced by Waterston as a palliative shunt to increase pulmonary blood flow in certain cyanotic congenital heart diseases, has been found to be associated with late complications in a significant number of cases. These complications include preferential distribution of most or all shunt flow to the right lung, narrowing or obstruction of the right pulmonary artery at the anastomotic site, increasing stenosis or atresia of the right ventricular outflow tract, hypoplasia of the left pulmonary artery, and obstruction of the shunt itself. A properly planned angiocardiographic study is the principal method of detection of these complications.", "PMID": 98985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3497", "title": "Recognition of splenic vein occlusion.", "content": "Radiologic findings and medical records of 27 patients with angiographic documentation of splenic vein occlusion were reviewed. The most common causes were pancreatic carcinoma, pancreatitis, and malignant lymphoma. Radiographic findings which suggest splenic vein occlusion are gastric varices without esophageal varices and collateral veins in the left upper abdomen during the vascular phase of rapid sequence pyelography. Additional features may be associated with the underlying disease, such as pancreatic calcification and upper abdominal mass lesions. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by high dose celiac or splenic angiography. Examination of the stomach with barium for the detection of gastric varices is more sensitive than has been previusly recognized; features which suggest them are described. Isolated gastric varices may be a clue to isolated splenic vein occlusion and its underlying causes.", "contents": "Recognition of splenic vein occlusion. Radiologic findings and medical records of 27 patients with angiographic documentation of splenic vein occlusion were reviewed. The most common causes were pancreatic carcinoma, pancreatitis, and malignant lymphoma. Radiographic findings which suggest splenic vein occlusion are gastric varices without esophageal varices and collateral veins in the left upper abdomen during the vascular phase of rapid sequence pyelography. Additional features may be associated with the underlying disease, such as pancreatic calcification and upper abdominal mass lesions. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by high dose celiac or splenic angiography. Examination of the stomach with barium for the detection of gastric varices is more sensitive than has been previusly recognized; features which suggest them are described. Isolated gastric varices may be a clue to isolated splenic vein occlusion and its underlying causes.", "PMID": 98986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3498", "title": "Improved safety of splenoportography by plugging of the needle tract.", "content": "Splenoportography, a useful preoperative diagnostic procedure in patients with portal hypertension, has been largely discontinued because of the risk of hemorrhage. We have used both Ivalon and Gelfoam in particle and plug form to plug the needle tract after splenoportography. Initial studies were conducted on six dogs. Plugging of the needle tract by injection of suspensions of small Gelfoam or Ivalon particles resulted in intravasation of these particles into the splenic vein. This was demonstrated by radioactive tagging of particles and the direct collection of splenic blood during the intrasplenic injection. Plugging of the splenic needle tract with compressed Gelfoam caused immediate, complete cessation of bleeding in fully heparinized animals. Because of these experimental results, five humans with decreased platelet counts and severe portal hypertension underwent successful splenoportography without significant hemorrhage. At surgery, successful plugging of the needle tract by Gelfoam was confirmed.", "contents": "Improved safety of splenoportography by plugging of the needle tract. Splenoportography, a useful preoperative diagnostic procedure in patients with portal hypertension, has been largely discontinued because of the risk of hemorrhage. We have used both Ivalon and Gelfoam in particle and plug form to plug the needle tract after splenoportography. Initial studies were conducted on six dogs. Plugging of the needle tract by injection of suspensions of small Gelfoam or Ivalon particles resulted in intravasation of these particles into the splenic vein. This was demonstrated by radioactive tagging of particles and the direct collection of splenic blood during the intrasplenic injection. Plugging of the splenic needle tract with compressed Gelfoam caused immediate, complete cessation of bleeding in fully heparinized animals. Because of these experimental results, five humans with decreased platelet counts and severe portal hypertension underwent successful splenoportography without significant hemorrhage. At surgery, successful plugging of the needle tract by Gelfoam was confirmed.", "PMID": 98987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3499", "title": "131I-labeled fibrinogen in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities.", "content": "Autologous 131I-labeled fibrinogen was administered to 17 patients during 19 episodes of suspected lower extremity deep vein thrombosis in an attempt to assess its diagnostic accuracy. Serial rectilinear scanning and probe counting of the lower extremities and pelvis were performed and compared with ascending contrast venography. The sensitivities of imaging and counting were 67% and 47%, respectively, and both had a specificity of 95%. The experience with evaluation of deep vein thrombosis of the pelvic and iliac veins was small but suggested that 131I fibrinogen will be of limited use in those vessels.", "contents": "131I-labeled fibrinogen in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. Autologous 131I-labeled fibrinogen was administered to 17 patients during 19 episodes of suspected lower extremity deep vein thrombosis in an attempt to assess its diagnostic accuracy. Serial rectilinear scanning and probe counting of the lower extremities and pelvis were performed and compared with ascending contrast venography. The sensitivities of imaging and counting were 67% and 47%, respectively, and both had a specificity of 95%. The experience with evaluation of deep vein thrombosis of the pelvic and iliac veins was small but suggested that 131I fibrinogen will be of limited use in those vessels.", "PMID": 98988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3500", "title": "Chronic vascular reactions to steel coil occlusion devices.", "content": "Original Gianturco steel coil vascular embolization devices and two modifications were compared for their occlusive effects and for the degree of adverse reaction in the surrounding vessel wall. Modifications consisted of silk or Ivalon replacing the wool strands of the original device. Single coils were placed into the left renal artery of nine mixed breed swine and restudied 3 months later. The bare coils did not occlude the vessels nor lead to significant foreign body reaction. Wool, silk, and Ivalon coils produced prompt and sustained renal artery occlusion. Upon histologic examination of the vessel wall, foreign body and chronic inflammatory reaction was found to be strongest against wool. This reaction was less with silk and markedly diminished with Ivalon. The results indicate that silk and Ivalon coils, while having the same occlusive effect, are preferable to wool coils if less local reaction is desired.", "contents": "Chronic vascular reactions to steel coil occlusion devices. Original Gianturco steel coil vascular embolization devices and two modifications were compared for their occlusive effects and for the degree of adverse reaction in the surrounding vessel wall. Modifications consisted of silk or Ivalon replacing the wool strands of the original device. Single coils were placed into the left renal artery of nine mixed breed swine and restudied 3 months later. The bare coils did not occlude the vessels nor lead to significant foreign body reaction. Wool, silk, and Ivalon coils produced prompt and sustained renal artery occlusion. Upon histologic examination of the vessel wall, foreign body and chronic inflammatory reaction was found to be strongest against wool. This reaction was less with silk and markedly diminished with Ivalon. The results indicate that silk and Ivalon coils, while having the same occlusive effect, are preferable to wool coils if less local reaction is desired.", "PMID": 98989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3501", "title": "Computed tomographic evaluation of the breast.", "content": "Experience with a dedicated breast CT scanner (General Electric CT/M) using a contrast medium enhancement technique indicates that CT is superior to mammography, thermography, or physical examination for diagnosing both benign and malignant mammary disease especially in dense, thick, or fibrocystic breasts. CT is capable of diagnosing totally unsuspected early miniature carcinomas. It can identify and differentiate potential precancerous lesions from benign fibrocystic disease, and is the diagnostic tool of choice for evaluating and following severe fibrocystic disease. CT evaluation also affords definitive diagnostic help in instances where the mammographic, thermographic, and/or physical examinations are inconclusive. It can influence immediate surgical intervention or mitigate against an unnecessary biopsy. The study not only demonstrates morphologic changes in the breast but also accurately depicts an altered iodine pool in mammary tissues.", "contents": "Computed tomographic evaluation of the breast. Experience with a dedicated breast CT scanner (General Electric CT/M) using a contrast medium enhancement technique indicates that CT is superior to mammography, thermography, or physical examination for diagnosing both benign and malignant mammary disease especially in dense, thick, or fibrocystic breasts. CT is capable of diagnosing totally unsuspected early miniature carcinomas. It can identify and differentiate potential precancerous lesions from benign fibrocystic disease, and is the diagnostic tool of choice for evaluating and following severe fibrocystic disease. CT evaluation also affords definitive diagnostic help in instances where the mammographic, thermographic, and/or physical examinations are inconclusive. It can influence immediate surgical intervention or mitigate against an unnecessary biopsy. The study not only demonstrates morphologic changes in the breast but also accurately depicts an altered iodine pool in mammary tissues.", "PMID": 98990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3502", "title": "Selective use of the oblique projection in mammography.", "content": "We reviewed the radiographs of patients undergoing negative breast biopsies on the basis of false positive mammograms. In a small number of these patients, the radiologic error was attributable to the summation effect of superimposed focal areas of normal or dysplastic breast tissue giving the false impression of a mass. This summation effect more frequently results in an equivocal radiologic impression, often with a recommendation for short interval repeat mammograms, rather than an actual biopsy. This false positive mammographic appearance can often be suspected on the basis of a discrepancy in the appearance of the suspicious area on the standard lateral and craniocaudad views. In a prospective study we identified women in whom suspicious mammograms were felt to possibly relate to this superimposition effect, and in this small selected group of patients an additional oblique projection was obtained. The oblique view frequently enabled the initially equivocal abnormality to be definitely assessed.", "contents": "Selective use of the oblique projection in mammography. We reviewed the radiographs of patients undergoing negative breast biopsies on the basis of false positive mammograms. In a small number of these patients, the radiologic error was attributable to the summation effect of superimposed focal areas of normal or dysplastic breast tissue giving the false impression of a mass. This summation effect more frequently results in an equivocal radiologic impression, often with a recommendation for short interval repeat mammograms, rather than an actual biopsy. This false positive mammographic appearance can often be suspected on the basis of a discrepancy in the appearance of the suspicious area on the standard lateral and craniocaudad views. In a prospective study we identified women in whom suspicious mammograms were felt to possibly relate to this superimposition effect, and in this small selected group of patients an additional oblique projection was obtained. The oblique view frequently enabled the initially equivocal abnormality to be definitely assessed.", "PMID": 98991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3503", "title": "Differential diagnosis of pelvic masses by gray scale sonography.", "content": "An approach to the sonographic differential diagnosis of pelvic masses based on their size, location, internal consistency, and definition of borders is presented. Diagnostic schemes were derived from correlating the sonographic features with histomorphology in 170 surgically proven pelvic masses. Besides separating pelvic masses into the conventional categories of cystic, complex, and solid, gray scale sonographic features of a pelvic mass can be used to subcategorize these masses into a more useful differential diagnoses. Although the features seen on a sonographic image were specific in only two types of pelvic masses (pattern specificity greater than 85%), the sonographic information can be effectively utilized for establishing differential diagnoses of pelvic masses. Among the various sonographic patterns observed, homogenously cystic adnexal masses were the least specific pattern, whereas a predominantly cystic, extrauterine mass with internal septation was highly specific for a pseudomucinous cystadenoma. Several pelvic masses such as dermoid cysts demonstrated more than one sonographic appearance and, therefore, had to be considered in more than one diagnostic category.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of pelvic masses by gray scale sonography. An approach to the sonographic differential diagnosis of pelvic masses based on their size, location, internal consistency, and definition of borders is presented. Diagnostic schemes were derived from correlating the sonographic features with histomorphology in 170 surgically proven pelvic masses. Besides separating pelvic masses into the conventional categories of cystic, complex, and solid, gray scale sonographic features of a pelvic mass can be used to subcategorize these masses into a more useful differential diagnoses. Although the features seen on a sonographic image were specific in only two types of pelvic masses (pattern specificity greater than 85%), the sonographic information can be effectively utilized for establishing differential diagnoses of pelvic masses. Among the various sonographic patterns observed, homogenously cystic adnexal masses were the least specific pattern, whereas a predominantly cystic, extrauterine mass with internal septation was highly specific for a pseudomucinous cystadenoma. Several pelvic masses such as dermoid cysts demonstrated more than one sonographic appearance and, therefore, had to be considered in more than one diagnostic category.", "PMID": 98992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3504", "title": "Incidence of growth lines in psychosocial dwarfs and idiopathic hypopituitarism.", "content": "The presence of growth lines in the distal radius was evaluated prior to treatment in 23 psychosocial dwarfs and 25 patients with idiopathic hypopituitarism. The lines were very common in the psychosocial dwarfs and rare in the pituitary dwarfs (P = .0005). This finding can be explained by the fluctuating adverse environment to which the psychosocial dwarf is exposed and the constant lack of growth in hypopituitary patients. Therefore, in the absence of systemic disease, when growth lines are present in a patient with short stature or failure to thrive, a thorough review of the patient's psychosocial environment should be made.", "contents": "Incidence of growth lines in psychosocial dwarfs and idiopathic hypopituitarism. The presence of growth lines in the distal radius was evaluated prior to treatment in 23 psychosocial dwarfs and 25 patients with idiopathic hypopituitarism. The lines were very common in the psychosocial dwarfs and rare in the pituitary dwarfs (P = .0005). This finding can be explained by the fluctuating adverse environment to which the psychosocial dwarf is exposed and the constant lack of growth in hypopituitary patients. Therefore, in the absence of systemic disease, when growth lines are present in a patient with short stature or failure to thrive, a thorough review of the patient's psychosocial environment should be made.", "PMID": 98993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3505", "title": "Osteogenic sarcoma after the age of 50: a radiographic evaluation.", "content": "Twenty-four cases of primary osteosarcoma in individuals over the age of 50 are described. This represents 6% of all osteosarcomas and 80% of osteosarcomas occurring over the age of 50 at this institution. Radiographically, features were similar to osteosarcoma in younger individuals. Females were more frequently affected than males (2.4:1). The radiographic features are discussed in detail, and the differential diagnosis outlined.", "contents": "Osteogenic sarcoma after the age of 50: a radiographic evaluation. Twenty-four cases of primary osteosarcoma in individuals over the age of 50 are described. This represents 6% of all osteosarcomas and 80% of osteosarcomas occurring over the age of 50 at this institution. Radiographically, features were similar to osteosarcoma in younger individuals. Females were more frequently affected than males (2.4:1). The radiographic features are discussed in detail, and the differential diagnosis outlined.", "PMID": 98994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3506", "title": "Multiple constrast injections in epidural venography.", "content": "Multiple contrast injections were necessary in 65% of the 140 epidural venograms performed at the Penobscot Bay Medical Center between January and December 1977. Several examples of the value of multiple injections are illustrated. Institutions interested in performing epidural venography or those performing the examination on a limited basis should be aware of the need for multiple injections, allowing time for reviewing the initial series of radiographs, for reloading the film changer and injector, and for repeating fluoroscopy and catheter manipulation.", "contents": "Multiple constrast injections in epidural venography. Multiple contrast injections were necessary in 65% of the 140 epidural venograms performed at the Penobscot Bay Medical Center between January and December 1977. Several examples of the value of multiple injections are illustrated. Institutions interested in performing epidural venography or those performing the examination on a limited basis should be aware of the need for multiple injections, allowing time for reviewing the initial series of radiographs, for reloading the film changer and injector, and for repeating fluoroscopy and catheter manipulation.", "PMID": 98995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3507", "title": "CT detection and course of intracranial hemorrhage in premature infants.", "content": "Twenty neonates with a suspected intracranial hemorrhage were studied by computed tomography (CT). The exact site and extent of the hemorrhage in all infants were clearly demonstrated on serial CT scans. In intraventricular hemorrhage, a dense subependymal halo lined the ventricular system and could be recognized for up to 2 weeks. Discrete hemorrhage adjacent to the ventricular system also appeared as discrete nodules rather than as a diffuse hemorrhage. Blood in the ventricular system could be recognized up to 2 weeks when there were blood-cerebrospinal fluid levels. Hydrocephalus was a common sequela and was readily detectable before a measurable change in head size.", "contents": "CT detection and course of intracranial hemorrhage in premature infants. Twenty neonates with a suspected intracranial hemorrhage were studied by computed tomography (CT). The exact site and extent of the hemorrhage in all infants were clearly demonstrated on serial CT scans. In intraventricular hemorrhage, a dense subependymal halo lined the ventricular system and could be recognized for up to 2 weeks. Discrete hemorrhage adjacent to the ventricular system also appeared as discrete nodules rather than as a diffuse hemorrhage. Blood in the ventricular system could be recognized up to 2 weeks when there were blood-cerebrospinal fluid levels. Hydrocephalus was a common sequela and was readily detectable before a measurable change in head size.", "PMID": 98996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3508", "title": "Mesonephric duct remnants (Gartner's duct).", "content": "In a review of 820 hysterosalpingograms, unilateral opacification of the mesonephric duct (Gartner's duct) was observed in five individuals. No associated anomalies of the genitourinary tract or definite evidence of pelvic inflammatory disease was found in any of these patients. The embryology of the genitourinary tract is discussed in some detail, and histologic studies of the uterine cervix are reviewed to explain the radiographic observations.", "contents": "Mesonephric duct remnants (Gartner's duct). In a review of 820 hysterosalpingograms, unilateral opacification of the mesonephric duct (Gartner's duct) was observed in five individuals. No associated anomalies of the genitourinary tract or definite evidence of pelvic inflammatory disease was found in any of these patients. The embryology of the genitourinary tract is discussed in some detail, and histologic studies of the uterine cervix are reviewed to explain the radiographic observations.", "PMID": 98997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3509", "title": "Microradiographic demonstration of pyelolymphatic backflow in the porcine kidney.", "content": "Pyelolymphatic backflow occurs when intrapelvic pressure rises acutely. Although peripelvic and hilar lymphatics have occasionally been demonstrated during intravenous urography and retrograde pyelography, the patterns of intrarenal microlymphatic filling have not previously been studied radiographically in multipapillary kidneys. Microradiography was performed after retrograde ureteral injections of barium sulfate suspension in recently excised pig kidneys. Contrast filled the ducts of Bellini and extended in a retrograde fashion as far as the distal convoluted tubules. Intrarenal cortical and corticomedullary microlymphatics, as well as veins, filled following forniceal rupture and interstitial extravasation. These anatomic studies suggest that the renal lymphatics may function as an alternate pathway of drainage of an acutely obstructed kidney.", "contents": "Microradiographic demonstration of pyelolymphatic backflow in the porcine kidney. Pyelolymphatic backflow occurs when intrapelvic pressure rises acutely. Although peripelvic and hilar lymphatics have occasionally been demonstrated during intravenous urography and retrograde pyelography, the patterns of intrarenal microlymphatic filling have not previously been studied radiographically in multipapillary kidneys. Microradiography was performed after retrograde ureteral injections of barium sulfate suspension in recently excised pig kidneys. Contrast filled the ducts of Bellini and extended in a retrograde fashion as far as the distal convoluted tubules. Intrarenal cortical and corticomedullary microlymphatics, as well as veins, filled following forniceal rupture and interstitial extravasation. These anatomic studies suggest that the renal lymphatics may function as an alternate pathway of drainage of an acutely obstructed kidney.", "PMID": 98998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3510", "title": "Diabetic emergencies.", "content": "Diabetic emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, hyperosmolar coma and lactic acidosis. By determining the blood pressure, observing for evidence of dehydration or sweating and making a rapid qualitative assessment of blood glucose and ketonemia, the physician can usually identify the condition promptly. When adequate facilities are available, continuous intravenous insulin infusion is preferred for treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. The nonketotic hyperosmolar state should be corrected gradually, not rapidly, in order to avoid cerebral edema.", "contents": "Diabetic emergencies. Diabetic emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, hyperosmolar coma and lactic acidosis. By determining the blood pressure, observing for evidence of dehydration or sweating and making a rapid qualitative assessment of blood glucose and ketonemia, the physician can usually identify the condition promptly. When adequate facilities are available, continuous intravenous insulin infusion is preferred for treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. The nonketotic hyperosmolar state should be corrected gradually, not rapidly, in order to avoid cerebral edema.", "PMID": 99018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3511", "title": "Echocardiography: pericardial tickening and constrictive pericarditis.", "content": "To evaluate the relation between mitral valve motion and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, the PR-AC interval, an index derived from the electrocardiogram and mitral echogram, and the left ventricular endodiastolic pressure were determined simultaneously in 22 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Intravenous infusion of dextran or administration of nitroglycerin was used to alter left ventricular end-diastolic pressure to determine if there was a predictive relation between this pressure and the PR-AC interval during acute hemodynamic manipulations. There was a weak negative correlation (r = -0.33, P less than 0.01) between this pressure and the PR-AC interval. At rest a PR-AC interval greater than 0.06 second correctly predicted a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of less than 20 mm Hg in 15 of 16 subjects. However, in four of six subjects with a PR-AC interval of 0.06 second or less, the end-diastolic pressure was less than 20 mm Hg. After interventions that varied left ventricular end-diastolic pressure by a factor of 2, the PR-AC interval changed slightly or not at all. These data suggest that the PR-AC interval is of limited value in predicting abnormal values or serial changes in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure.", "contents": "Echocardiography: pericardial tickening and constrictive pericarditis. To evaluate the relation between mitral valve motion and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, the PR-AC interval, an index derived from the electrocardiogram and mitral echogram, and the left ventricular endodiastolic pressure were determined simultaneously in 22 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Intravenous infusion of dextran or administration of nitroglycerin was used to alter left ventricular end-diastolic pressure to determine if there was a predictive relation between this pressure and the PR-AC interval during acute hemodynamic manipulations. There was a weak negative correlation (r = -0.33, P less than 0.01) between this pressure and the PR-AC interval. At rest a PR-AC interval greater than 0.06 second correctly predicted a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of less than 20 mm Hg in 15 of 16 subjects. However, in four of six subjects with a PR-AC interval of 0.06 second or less, the end-diastolic pressure was less than 20 mm Hg. After interventions that varied left ventricular end-diastolic pressure by a factor of 2, the PR-AC interval changed slightly or not at all. These data suggest that the PR-AC interval is of limited value in predicting abnormal values or serial changes in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure.", "PMID": 99019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3512", "title": "Unusual vasomotor coronary arterial responses after nitroglycerin.", "content": "Angiographic evidence of unusual vasomotor responses occurred in two patients after administration of sublingual nitroglycerin. In these patients, right coronary arterial segments that appeared angiographically normal before the administration of nitroglycerin showed narrowing after nitroglycerin. Adjacent segments in each of these vessels, as well as the other coronary arteries, dilated as expected. Both patients remained asymptomatic. Repeated administration of nitroglycerin did not alter the anglographic appearance of these vessels. No reason for the localized reduction of coronary arterial diameter was apparent. The possibility that nitroglycerin was associated with these unusual changes is an additional argument against the routine administration of nitrates before coronary arteriography.", "contents": "Unusual vasomotor coronary arterial responses after nitroglycerin. Angiographic evidence of unusual vasomotor responses occurred in two patients after administration of sublingual nitroglycerin. In these patients, right coronary arterial segments that appeared angiographically normal before the administration of nitroglycerin showed narrowing after nitroglycerin. Adjacent segments in each of these vessels, as well as the other coronary arteries, dilated as expected. Both patients remained asymptomatic. Repeated administration of nitroglycerin did not alter the anglographic appearance of these vessels. No reason for the localized reduction of coronary arterial diameter was apparent. The possibility that nitroglycerin was associated with these unusual changes is an additional argument against the routine administration of nitrates before coronary arteriography.", "PMID": 99020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3513", "title": "Urinary excretion of N gamma-methylihistidine (3-methylihistidine): a tool to study metabolic responses in relation to nutrient and hormonal status in health and disease of man.", "content": "Some of the histidine residues of actin and myosin are methylated after synthesis of these contractile muscle proteins. During breakdown of muscle protein in the course of protein turnover, the product of methylation, N gamma-methylhistidine, is released and quantitatively excreted in the urine both of rat and of man. Since most of the N gamma-methylhistidine in the body occurs in muscle, the rate of its excretion becomes a convenient measure of muscle protein breakdown. Output per kilogram of body weight is highest in the infant, especially when related to creatinine, and is reduced in the elderly as a result of loss of muscle mass with aging. A diet deficient in protein causes the young rat to have a reduced output of methylhistidine (reduced rate of muscle protein breakdown) which increases again during repletion on an adequate diet. Fasting obese human subjects also show a progressive fall in output of this metabolite. Thyroidectomy in rats reduces N gamma-methylhistidine excretion, which is only restored by giving large doses of thyroxine. On the other hand, studies on growing rats show that adrenalectomy and moderate doses of cortecosterone have no appreciable effect on the N gamma-methylhistidine output, which is only elevated by steriod administered in amounts large enough to raise plasma corticosteroid levels several-fold. These various observations show that N gamma-methylhistidine provides a useful tool in the study of muscle protein metabolic responses under a variety of nutritional and hormonal circumstances in the intact human.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of N gamma-methylihistidine (3-methylihistidine): a tool to study metabolic responses in relation to nutrient and hormonal status in health and disease of man. Some of the histidine residues of actin and myosin are methylated after synthesis of these contractile muscle proteins. During breakdown of muscle protein in the course of protein turnover, the product of methylation, N gamma-methylhistidine, is released and quantitatively excreted in the urine both of rat and of man. Since most of the N gamma-methylhistidine in the body occurs in muscle, the rate of its excretion becomes a convenient measure of muscle protein breakdown. Output per kilogram of body weight is highest in the infant, especially when related to creatinine, and is reduced in the elderly as a result of loss of muscle mass with aging. A diet deficient in protein causes the young rat to have a reduced output of methylhistidine (reduced rate of muscle protein breakdown) which increases again during repletion on an adequate diet. Fasting obese human subjects also show a progressive fall in output of this metabolite. Thyroidectomy in rats reduces N gamma-methylhistidine excretion, which is only restored by giving large doses of thyroxine. On the other hand, studies on growing rats show that adrenalectomy and moderate doses of cortecosterone have no appreciable effect on the N gamma-methylhistidine output, which is only elevated by steriod administered in amounts large enough to raise plasma corticosteroid levels several-fold. These various observations show that N gamma-methylhistidine provides a useful tool in the study of muscle protein metabolic responses under a variety of nutritional and hormonal circumstances in the intact human.", "PMID": 99021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3514", "title": "Hepatitis B vaccines. On the threshold.", "content": "Experimental hepatitis B vaccines have recently been developed and are undergoing preliminary evaluation. These vaccines are unique in that they are prepared from viral antigen purified from the plasmas of human chronic carriers because hepatitis B virus has not been cultivated in vitro. They appear to be safe and antigenic, but care must be exercised in their evaluation because of the potential risks inherent in all vaccines.", "contents": "Hepatitis B vaccines. On the threshold. Experimental hepatitis B vaccines have recently been developed and are undergoing preliminary evaluation. These vaccines are unique in that they are prepared from viral antigen purified from the plasmas of human chronic carriers because hepatitis B virus has not been cultivated in vitro. They appear to be safe and antigenic, but care must be exercised in their evaluation because of the potential risks inherent in all vaccines.", "PMID": 99023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3515", "title": "Bicarbonate therapy revisited. A study in therapeutic revisionism.", "content": "In summary, infusion of bicarbonate in the treatment of neonatal acidosis has limited value. Although it may be useful adjunct in the resuscitation of severely depressed and acidotic infants, its efficacy in the management of postasphyxia acidosis or RDS is not supported by any data. The clear risks and disadvantages of such infusions should warn against its current indiscriminate use.", "contents": "Bicarbonate therapy revisited. A study in therapeutic revisionism. In summary, infusion of bicarbonate in the treatment of neonatal acidosis has limited value. Although it may be useful adjunct in the resuscitation of severely depressed and acidotic infants, its efficacy in the management of postasphyxia acidosis or RDS is not supported by any data. The clear risks and disadvantages of such infusions should warn against its current indiscriminate use.", "PMID": 99025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3516", "title": "Jaundice and breast-feeding among Alaskan Eskimo newborns.", "content": "The course, incidence, and severity of neonatal jaundice was studied in 95 Alaskan Eskimo infants. Breast-fed infants had higher bilirubin concentrations than bottle-fed babies. Both groups experienced high bilirubin levels, similar to those previously reported in Navajo and Oriental infants but greater than those observed in whites and blacks. A marked capacity to inhibit hepatic glucuronyl transferase was observed in breast-milk specimens but only partly accounted for the bilirubin differences between breast-fed and bottle-fed Eskimo infants. These data suggest that in some racial groups predisposed to neonatal jaundice, feeding practices significantly alter the course and severity of hyperbilirubinemia.", "contents": "Jaundice and breast-feeding among Alaskan Eskimo newborns. The course, incidence, and severity of neonatal jaundice was studied in 95 Alaskan Eskimo infants. Breast-fed infants had higher bilirubin concentrations than bottle-fed babies. Both groups experienced high bilirubin levels, similar to those previously reported in Navajo and Oriental infants but greater than those observed in whites and blacks. A marked capacity to inhibit hepatic glucuronyl transferase was observed in breast-milk specimens but only partly accounted for the bilirubin differences between breast-fed and bottle-fed Eskimo infants. These data suggest that in some racial groups predisposed to neonatal jaundice, feeding practices significantly alter the course and severity of hyperbilirubinemia.", "PMID": 99026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3517", "title": "Antigenic relationships between the typhus and spotted fever groups of rickettsiae.", "content": "Paired sera from cases of epidemic typhus in Ethiopia and from probable cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in the United States were examined by microagglutination (MA) and microimmunofluorescence (micro-IF) tests for antibodies against Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia canada, Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia conorii and Ricksettsia akari. IgG and IgM antibodies against the various rickettsiae were titrated with specific fluorescein-conjugated anti-IgG and anti-IgM sera. Purified, particulate rickettsial antigens were employed in all tests. A majority of patients acutely ill with epidemic typhus produced both IgG and IgM antibodies against R. prowazekii, R. typhi and R. canada. Concurrently they produced IgG (but seldom IgM) antibodies against members of the spotted fever group. In contrast, patients ill with probably spotted fever, while producing IgG and IgM antibodies against R. rickettsii, R. conorii and R. akari, also produced both IgG and IgM antibodies with about equal frequency against members of the typhus group. It was concluded that a relatively broad antigenic relationship exists between rickettsiae of the typhus and spotted fever groups.", "contents": "Antigenic relationships between the typhus and spotted fever groups of rickettsiae. Paired sera from cases of epidemic typhus in Ethiopia and from probable cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in the United States were examined by microagglutination (MA) and microimmunofluorescence (micro-IF) tests for antibodies against Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia canada, Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia conorii and Ricksettsia akari. IgG and IgM antibodies against the various rickettsiae were titrated with specific fluorescein-conjugated anti-IgG and anti-IgM sera. Purified, particulate rickettsial antigens were employed in all tests. A majority of patients acutely ill with epidemic typhus produced both IgG and IgM antibodies against R. prowazekii, R. typhi and R. canada. Concurrently they produced IgG (but seldom IgM) antibodies against members of the spotted fever group. In contrast, patients ill with probably spotted fever, while producing IgG and IgM antibodies against R. rickettsii, R. conorii and R. akari, also produced both IgG and IgM antibodies with about equal frequency against members of the typhus group. It was concluded that a relatively broad antigenic relationship exists between rickettsiae of the typhus and spotted fever groups.", "PMID": 99029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3518", "title": "Afterload reduction and cardiac performance. Physiologic basis of systemic vasodilators as a new approach in treatment of congestive heart failure.", "content": "Digitalis and diuretics constitute conventional therapy of congestive heart failure, but systemic vasodilators offer an innovative approach in acute and chronic heart failure of decreasing increased left ventricular systolic wall tension (ventricular afterload) by reducing aortic impedance and/or by reducing cardiac venous return. Thus, vasodilators increase cardiac output (CO) by diminishing peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) and/or decrease increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (ventricular preload) by diminishing venous tone. Concomitantly, there is reduction of myocardial oxygen demand, thereby reliably reducing angina pectoris in coronary disease, and potentially limiting infarct size and ischemia provided systemic arterial pressure remains normal. The vasodilators produce disparate modifications of cardiac function depending upon their differing alterations of preload versus impedance: nitrates principally cause venodilation (decrease LVEDP); nitroprusside, phentolamine and prazosin produce balanced arterial and venous dilation (decrease LVEDP and increase CO) provided left ventricular filling pressure is maintained at the upper limit of normal; whereas hydralazine predominantly effects arteriolar dilation (increases CO). With depressed CO plus highly increased LVEDP and increased PVR, nitrates also induce some increase of CO by reducing PVR. Combined nitroprusside and dopamine synergistically enhance CO and decrease LVEDP. Mechanical counterpulsation aids nitroprusside in acute myocardial infarction. The 30-minute venodilator action of sublingual nitroglycerin is extended for 4 to 6 hours by cutaneous nitroglycerin ointment, by sublingual and oral isosorbide dintrate, and by oral pentaerythritol tetranitrate and sustained-release nitroglycerin capsules. Ambulatory oral vasodilator therapy is provided by long-acting nitrates (relieve pulmonary congestion); hydralazine (improves fatigue); prazosin alone, combined nitrate-hydralazine combined prazosin-hydralazine (improve both dyspnea and fatigue).", "contents": "Afterload reduction and cardiac performance. Physiologic basis of systemic vasodilators as a new approach in treatment of congestive heart failure. Digitalis and diuretics constitute conventional therapy of congestive heart failure, but systemic vasodilators offer an innovative approach in acute and chronic heart failure of decreasing increased left ventricular systolic wall tension (ventricular afterload) by reducing aortic impedance and/or by reducing cardiac venous return. Thus, vasodilators increase cardiac output (CO) by diminishing peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) and/or decrease increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (ventricular preload) by diminishing venous tone. Concomitantly, there is reduction of myocardial oxygen demand, thereby reliably reducing angina pectoris in coronary disease, and potentially limiting infarct size and ischemia provided systemic arterial pressure remains normal. The vasodilators produce disparate modifications of cardiac function depending upon their differing alterations of preload versus impedance: nitrates principally cause venodilation (decrease LVEDP); nitroprusside, phentolamine and prazosin produce balanced arterial and venous dilation (decrease LVEDP and increase CO) provided left ventricular filling pressure is maintained at the upper limit of normal; whereas hydralazine predominantly effects arteriolar dilation (increases CO). With depressed CO plus highly increased LVEDP and increased PVR, nitrates also induce some increase of CO by reducing PVR. Combined nitroprusside and dopamine synergistically enhance CO and decrease LVEDP. Mechanical counterpulsation aids nitroprusside in acute myocardial infarction. The 30-minute venodilator action of sublingual nitroglycerin is extended for 4 to 6 hours by cutaneous nitroglycerin ointment, by sublingual and oral isosorbide dintrate, and by oral pentaerythritol tetranitrate and sustained-release nitroglycerin capsules. Ambulatory oral vasodilator therapy is provided by long-acting nitrates (relieve pulmonary congestion); hydralazine (improves fatigue); prazosin alone, combined nitrate-hydralazine combined prazosin-hydralazine (improve both dyspnea and fatigue).", "PMID": 99030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3519", "title": "Long-term outpatient vasodilator therapy of congestive heart failure. Consideration of agents at rest and during exercise.", "content": "Increased left ventricular filling pressure and reduced cardiac output are two major hemodynamic deficits in pump failure. In patients with chronic heart failure, consequences of these hemodynamic deficits and diminished cardiac reserve are manifested initially during stress and eventually at rest. The purpose of therapeutic interventions include reduction of ventricular filling pressure increase in cardiac output and improvement in cardiac reserve. To achieve these goals, the hemodynamic effects of predominantly venodilators (nitrates), predominantly arteriolar dilators (hydralazine) and the combination of nitrates and hydralazine were evaluated in patients with chronic heart failure at rest: left ventricular filling pressure (mm Hg) control 28, nitrates 17, hydralazine 25, nitrates plus hydralazine 18; cardiac output (liters/min/m2) control 2.1, nitrates 2.1, hydralazine 3.2, nitrates plus hydralazine 3.3; mean blood pressure (mm Hg) control 87, nitrates 85, hydralazine 83, nitrates plus hydralazine 85. These data suggest improved left ventricular performance with a combination of nitrates and hydralazine. Exercise hemodynamics improved in some patients, suggesting that such vasodilator therapy may be beneficial in chronic heart failure.", "contents": "Long-term outpatient vasodilator therapy of congestive heart failure. Consideration of agents at rest and during exercise. Increased left ventricular filling pressure and reduced cardiac output are two major hemodynamic deficits in pump failure. In patients with chronic heart failure, consequences of these hemodynamic deficits and diminished cardiac reserve are manifested initially during stress and eventually at rest. The purpose of therapeutic interventions include reduction of ventricular filling pressure increase in cardiac output and improvement in cardiac reserve. To achieve these goals, the hemodynamic effects of predominantly venodilators (nitrates), predominantly arteriolar dilators (hydralazine) and the combination of nitrates and hydralazine were evaluated in patients with chronic heart failure at rest: left ventricular filling pressure (mm Hg) control 28, nitrates 17, hydralazine 25, nitrates plus hydralazine 18; cardiac output (liters/min/m2) control 2.1, nitrates 2.1, hydralazine 3.2, nitrates plus hydralazine 3.3; mean blood pressure (mm Hg) control 87, nitrates 85, hydralazine 83, nitrates plus hydralazine 85. These data suggest improved left ventricular performance with a combination of nitrates and hydralazine. Exercise hemodynamics improved in some patients, suggesting that such vasodilator therapy may be beneficial in chronic heart failure.", "PMID": 99031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3520", "title": "Nitroglycerin and nitrate esters.", "content": "The expanding applications of nitroglycerin and nitrate esters--in congestive heart failure, in the reduction of infarct size in myocardial infarction and in the long-term prophylaxis of angina--have enhanced the clinical importance of these drugs. This article reviews some of the significant recent investigations of the nitrates and makes specific recommendations regarding clinical use.", "contents": "Nitroglycerin and nitrate esters. The expanding applications of nitroglycerin and nitrate esters--in congestive heart failure, in the reduction of infarct size in myocardial infarction and in the long-term prophylaxis of angina--have enhanced the clinical importance of these drugs. This article reviews some of the significant recent investigations of the nitrates and makes specific recommendations regarding clinical use.", "PMID": 99032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3521", "title": "Platinum nephrotoxicity.", "content": "Platinum coordination complexes have recently been introduced in cancer chemotherapy with considerable success. However, significant nephrotoxicity has emerged as a factor that limits the therapeutic usefulness of these compounds. In this article we review the available knowledge on platinum nephrotoxicity and its prevention that has been derived from both toxicologic studies in animals and clinical trials in human subjects.", "contents": "Platinum nephrotoxicity. Platinum coordination complexes have recently been introduced in cancer chemotherapy with considerable success. However, significant nephrotoxicity has emerged as a factor that limits the therapeutic usefulness of these compounds. In this article we review the available knowledge on platinum nephrotoxicity and its prevention that has been derived from both toxicologic studies in animals and clinical trials in human subjects.", "PMID": 99034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3522", "title": "Multiple myeloma (light chain disease) with rheumatoid-like amyloid arthropathy and mu-heavy chain fragment in the serum.", "content": "A 52 year old man presented with multiple myeloma and widespread amyloidosis involving joints, bursae- carpal tunnels, lymph nodes and subcutaneous tissue. Osteolytic bone lesions and pathologic fracture of the neck of the left femur were found. Bone marrow was infiltrated with both plasmacytes and lymphocytes. The majority of plasma cells contained large cytoplasmic vacuoles. Free kappa II type light chains and mu-heavy chain fragment were detected in the serum, and kappa II type Bence Jones protein was found in the urine. The molecular weight of the mu-heavy chain fragment was found to be approximately 50,000 daltons. An immunofluorescence study, using the double labelling technic, showed that the majority of plasmacytes in bone marrow contained both mu and kappa antigenic determinants in the cytoplasm. A review of the 12 previously described patients with mu-heavy chain fragment in the serum showed a variable clinical picture, thus their natural history and therapeutic response are difficult to evaluate at the present time. It seems that mu-heavy chain fragment can be found in a variety of clinical conditions and that mu-heavy chain disease cannot yet be accepted as a separate clinical entity.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma (light chain disease) with rheumatoid-like amyloid arthropathy and mu-heavy chain fragment in the serum. A 52 year old man presented with multiple myeloma and widespread amyloidosis involving joints, bursae- carpal tunnels, lymph nodes and subcutaneous tissue. Osteolytic bone lesions and pathologic fracture of the neck of the left femur were found. Bone marrow was infiltrated with both plasmacytes and lymphocytes. The majority of plasma cells contained large cytoplasmic vacuoles. Free kappa II type light chains and mu-heavy chain fragment were detected in the serum, and kappa II type Bence Jones protein was found in the urine. The molecular weight of the mu-heavy chain fragment was found to be approximately 50,000 daltons. An immunofluorescence study, using the double labelling technic, showed that the majority of plasmacytes in bone marrow contained both mu and kappa antigenic determinants in the cytoplasm. A review of the 12 previously described patients with mu-heavy chain fragment in the serum showed a variable clinical picture, thus their natural history and therapeutic response are difficult to evaluate at the present time. It seems that mu-heavy chain fragment can be found in a variety of clinical conditions and that mu-heavy chain disease cannot yet be accepted as a separate clinical entity.", "PMID": 99035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3523", "title": "Fibrinogen turnover in pregnant rabbits during the first and last thirds of gestation.", "content": "Although thrombin-mediated fibrinogen derivatives have been observed in normal pregnancy, an increased turnover of fibrinogen has been suspected but has not yet been demonstrated. Fibrinogen turnover was studied in 14 pregnant and 10 nonpregnant female rabbits by use of purified rabbit 125I-labeled fibrinogen. In the last third of gestation the half life of fibrinogen was shortened by 45% and the fractional catabolic rate increased by 44% in comparison to the values for the first third of gestation obtained in the same rabbits. The distribution volume of the injected fibrinogen representing the plasma volume increased by a mean of 18% during gestation. Fibrinogen concentration did not change during gestation. From a comparison of the measured data from the first and last thirds of gestation, it can be calculated that the synthesis rate of fibrinogen increased by about 80%. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the number of young per litter and the acceleration of fibrinogen elimination, indicating that a local process of intravascular coagulation in the placenta is responsible for the accelerated turnover of fibrinogen during gestation.", "contents": "Fibrinogen turnover in pregnant rabbits during the first and last thirds of gestation. Although thrombin-mediated fibrinogen derivatives have been observed in normal pregnancy, an increased turnover of fibrinogen has been suspected but has not yet been demonstrated. Fibrinogen turnover was studied in 14 pregnant and 10 nonpregnant female rabbits by use of purified rabbit 125I-labeled fibrinogen. In the last third of gestation the half life of fibrinogen was shortened by 45% and the fractional catabolic rate increased by 44% in comparison to the values for the first third of gestation obtained in the same rabbits. The distribution volume of the injected fibrinogen representing the plasma volume increased by a mean of 18% during gestation. Fibrinogen concentration did not change during gestation. From a comparison of the measured data from the first and last thirds of gestation, it can be calculated that the synthesis rate of fibrinogen increased by about 80%. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the number of young per litter and the acceleration of fibrinogen elimination, indicating that a local process of intravascular coagulation in the placenta is responsible for the accelerated turnover of fibrinogen during gestation.", "PMID": 99036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3524", "title": "Fetal hyperinsulinism in rhesus isoimmunization.", "content": "Analyses of peritoneal ascitic fluid obtained prior to intrauterine transfusion show that some babies with severe rhesus isoimmunization develop raised insulin levels up to a month before delivery. The glucose content of fetal ascitic fluid is usually only about 10 mg. per 100 ml. less than the glucose content of maternal plasma and there is no evidence that this relation is influenced by the fetal or maternal insulin level. The electrolyte content of fetal ascitic fluid is very similar to that of maternal plasma, but fluid from babies with hyperinsulinism has an unusually high calcium content.", "contents": "Fetal hyperinsulinism in rhesus isoimmunization. Analyses of peritoneal ascitic fluid obtained prior to intrauterine transfusion show that some babies with severe rhesus isoimmunization develop raised insulin levels up to a month before delivery. The glucose content of fetal ascitic fluid is usually only about 10 mg. per 100 ml. less than the glucose content of maternal plasma and there is no evidence that this relation is influenced by the fetal or maternal insulin level. The electrolyte content of fetal ascitic fluid is very similar to that of maternal plasma, but fluid from babies with hyperinsulinism has an unusually high calcium content.", "PMID": 99037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3525", "title": "Maternal-fetal hemorrhage: its incidence and sensitizing effects.", "content": "Although anti-Rh-immune globulin is highly effective in preventing hemolytic diseases of the newborn, there are some failures. The causes for these failures often are unknown and it has been postulated that some of them are caused by the transfer of maternal Rh-positive red cells into the Rh-negative infant at the time of birth. A study of 107 Rh-negative newborn infants born of Rh-positive mothers has demonstrated that maternal-fetal hemorrhage is rare (approximately 2 per cent) and that Rh antibody produced during the first six months in Rh-negative babies is similarly rare. Routine administration of anti-Rh gamma globulin to Rh-negative neonates is not indicated.", "contents": "Maternal-fetal hemorrhage: its incidence and sensitizing effects. Although anti-Rh-immune globulin is highly effective in preventing hemolytic diseases of the newborn, there are some failures. The causes for these failures often are unknown and it has been postulated that some of them are caused by the transfer of maternal Rh-positive red cells into the Rh-negative infant at the time of birth. A study of 107 Rh-negative newborn infants born of Rh-positive mothers has demonstrated that maternal-fetal hemorrhage is rare (approximately 2 per cent) and that Rh antibody produced during the first six months in Rh-negative babies is similarly rare. Routine administration of anti-Rh gamma globulin to Rh-negative neonates is not indicated.", "PMID": 99038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3526", "title": "Determination of disaturated lecithin in rhesus monkey amniotic fluid as an index of fetal lung maturity.", "content": "Although increased concentrations of total lecithin in amniotic fluid allow prenatal assessment of fetal lung maturation, it has become clear that routine use of the L/S index may lead to a substantial number of inaccurate predictions. Since disaturated lecithin (DL) is a more specific marker of pulmonary surfactant than total lecithin, we developed a convenient method for measuring this phospholipid in amniotic fluid, and then evaluated its level in pregnant rhesus monkeys of 120 to 163 days of gestation. The method involves osmic acid destruction of unsaturated lipids, chromatographic isolation of disaturated lecithin, and quantitation by phosphorus assay. It can be performed in approximately 5 hours on 4 ml. of amniotic fluid and yield 67 +/- 3 per cent average recovery of added 14C-dipalmitolyl lecithin. The results of analyzing 36 rhesus amniotic fluid specimens showed the disaturated lecithin  and the disaturated lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (DL/S) increase sharply after 150 days of gestation, consistent with the pattern of lung maturation in this species. We conclude that disaturated lecithin can be readily quantitated in primate amniotic fluid and that its concentration, the DL/S ratio, and percentage of disaturated lecithin are potentially useful indices of fetal lung maturity for the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Determination of disaturated lecithin in rhesus monkey amniotic fluid as an index of fetal lung maturity. Although increased concentrations of total lecithin in amniotic fluid allow prenatal assessment of fetal lung maturation, it has become clear that routine use of the L/S index may lead to a substantial number of inaccurate predictions. Since disaturated lecithin (DL) is a more specific marker of pulmonary surfactant than total lecithin, we developed a convenient method for measuring this phospholipid in amniotic fluid, and then evaluated its level in pregnant rhesus monkeys of 120 to 163 days of gestation. The method involves osmic acid destruction of unsaturated lipids, chromatographic isolation of disaturated lecithin, and quantitation by phosphorus assay. It can be performed in approximately 5 hours on 4 ml. of amniotic fluid and yield 67 +/- 3 per cent average recovery of added 14C-dipalmitolyl lecithin. The results of analyzing 36 rhesus amniotic fluid specimens showed the disaturated lecithin  and the disaturated lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (DL/S) increase sharply after 150 days of gestation, consistent with the pattern of lung maturation in this species. We conclude that disaturated lecithin can be readily quantitated in primate amniotic fluid and that its concentration, the DL/S ratio, and percentage of disaturated lecithin are potentially useful indices of fetal lung maturity for the clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 99039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3527", "title": "Pars plana vitrectomy as a primary treatment for acute bacterial endophthalmitis.", "content": "We successfully treated six patients with culture-proven acute bacterial endophthalmitis by a combination of emergency pars plana vitrectomy and the instillation of intravitreal antibiotics. All six patients regained satisfactory vision.", "contents": "Pars plana vitrectomy as a primary treatment for acute bacterial endophthalmitis. We successfully treated six patients with culture-proven acute bacterial endophthalmitis by a combination of emergency pars plana vitrectomy and the instillation of intravitreal antibiotics. All six patients regained satisfactory vision.", "PMID": 99040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3528", "title": "The effect of complement depletion on bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hemodynamic and hematologic changes in the Rhesus monkey.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Salmonella minnesota R595 or from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 induces hypotension in rhesus monkeys with normal complement levels. This hypotension is accompanied by decreased total peripheral resistance. The depletion of C3 and terminal complement components by prior intraperitoneal administration of the anticomplementary protein cobra factor did not alter the hemodynamic changes which occur following the rapid injection of 5 mg/kg of R595 LPS, the infusion of 500 microgram/kg of R595 LPS, or the injection of 500 microgram/kg of 0111:B4 LPS. We conclude that the  LPS-induced hemodynamic changes in the subhuman primate are medicated by pathways which do not require the participation of C3. The kinetics and extent of the neutropenia and thrombocytopenia resulting from the injection of 0111:B4 or R595 LPS were not latered by prior depletion of greater than 95% of  the plasma C3.", "contents": "The effect of complement depletion on bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hemodynamic and hematologic changes in the Rhesus monkey. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Salmonella minnesota R595 or from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 induces hypotension in rhesus monkeys with normal complement levels. This hypotension is accompanied by decreased total peripheral resistance. The depletion of C3 and terminal complement components by prior intraperitoneal administration of the anticomplementary protein cobra factor did not alter the hemodynamic changes which occur following the rapid injection of 5 mg/kg of R595 LPS, the infusion of 500 microgram/kg of R595 LPS, or the injection of 500 microgram/kg of 0111:B4 LPS. We conclude that the  LPS-induced hemodynamic changes in the subhuman primate are medicated by pathways which do not require the participation of C3. The kinetics and extent of the neutropenia and thrombocytopenia resulting from the injection of 0111:B4 or R595 LPS were not latered by prior depletion of greater than 95% of  the plasma C3.", "PMID": 99042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3529", "title": "Calcitonin and histaminase in C-cell hyperplasia and medullary thyroid carcinoma. A light microscopic and immunohistochemical study.", "content": "The thyroid glands of 13 patients with gross medullary thyroid carcinoma (4 sporadic, 9 familial), 3 patients with clinically occult microscopic carcinoma, and 5 patients with C-cell hyperplasia have been studied using routine light microscopy and immunohistochemical techniques. The morphologic features of the spectrum of C-cell proliferative lesions are reviewed, and the distribution of calcitonin and histaminase in these lesions is compared. Calcitonin production is a property of normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic C cells, and the hormone is present in the majority of tumor cells in medullary carcinoma. In contrast, histaminase is shown to be present only in some cells in medullary carcinoma and not in normal or hyperplastic C cells. We believe that the presence of histaminase in a C-cell proliferative lesion is an atypical phenomenon and indicative of malignancy.", "contents": "Calcitonin and histaminase in C-cell hyperplasia and medullary thyroid carcinoma. A light microscopic and immunohistochemical study. The thyroid glands of 13 patients with gross medullary thyroid carcinoma (4 sporadic, 9 familial), 3 patients with clinically occult microscopic carcinoma, and 5 patients with C-cell hyperplasia have been studied using routine light microscopy and immunohistochemical techniques. The morphologic features of the spectrum of C-cell proliferative lesions are reviewed, and the distribution of calcitonin and histaminase in these lesions is compared. Calcitonin production is a property of normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic C cells, and the hormone is present in the majority of tumor cells in medullary carcinoma. In contrast, histaminase is shown to be present only in some cells in medullary carcinoma and not in normal or hyperplastic C cells. We believe that the presence of histaminase in a C-cell proliferative lesion is an atypical phenomenon and indicative of malignancy.", "PMID": 99045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3530", "title": "Hyaline membrane disease. Effect of surfactant prophylaxis on lung morphology in premature primates.", "content": "Neonatal lung morphology was evaluated in 12 rhesus monkeys delivered by caesarean section 1 month before term and cared for as human premature neonates. In 6 monkeys, 0.20 to 0.27 ml of natural rabbit surfactant (SA) was instilled intratracheally before the first breath; the other 6 served as controls. Histology and morphometry of the controls' lungs revealed changes typical of hyaline membrane disease (HMD) in human premature infants, whereas the SA-treated lungs showed improved alveolar expansion and only minor lesions typical of HMD. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the controls' lungs showed extensive necrosis and desquamation of bronchiolar epithelium, with formation of hyaline membranes; Type I alveolar epithelial cells showed lesions similar to those in bronchioles, but immature Type II cells appeared relatively well preserved. In the lungs of SA-treated animals, the epithelial lining of most airways and alveoli was intact. This first demonstration of the beneficial effect of exogenous SA on lung adaptation in premature primates indicates that prophylaxis with SA might prevent HMD in premature human infants.", "contents": "Hyaline membrane disease. Effect of surfactant prophylaxis on lung morphology in premature primates. Neonatal lung morphology was evaluated in 12 rhesus monkeys delivered by caesarean section 1 month before term and cared for as human premature neonates. In 6 monkeys, 0.20 to 0.27 ml of natural rabbit surfactant (SA) was instilled intratracheally before the first breath; the other 6 served as controls. Histology and morphometry of the controls' lungs revealed changes typical of hyaline membrane disease (HMD) in human premature infants, whereas the SA-treated lungs showed improved alveolar expansion and only minor lesions typical of HMD. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the controls' lungs showed extensive necrosis and desquamation of bronchiolar epithelium, with formation of hyaline membranes; Type I alveolar epithelial cells showed lesions similar to those in bronchioles, but immature Type II cells appeared relatively well preserved. In the lungs of SA-treated animals, the epithelial lining of most airways and alveoli was intact. This first demonstration of the beneficial effect of exogenous SA on lung adaptation in premature primates indicates that prophylaxis with SA might prevent HMD in premature human infants.", "PMID": 99046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3531", "title": "Antiserums for immunofluorescent enumeration of human T lymphocytes utilizing fluoresceinated staphylococcal protein A.", "content": "Five lots (100 ml or more) of heterologous antiserums specific for human T lymphocytes were prepared using human or Rhesus monkey thymocytes as immunogens. After appropriate adsorptions, these antiserums reacted by immunofluorescence with 68% of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and 98% of human thymocytes, with E-rosette--positive cells but not with EAC-rosette--positive cells or five human B-lymphoblastoid-cell lines. Blocking experiments showed that Rhesus monkey thymocytes share thymic antigenic determinant(s) with humans. E-rosette receptors modulated independently from T-cell heteroantigens. Non-E--rosetting neoplastic T cells were identified in several patients with lymphoproliferative malignancies. Applying both the E-rosette assay and the anti-T-cell serum provides a better method of defining the biologic properties of normal and neoplastic T lymphocytes. Standardization of immunofluorescent conjugates for human T- or B-cell enumeration is simplified if large lots of well-characterized antiserums are available.", "contents": "Antiserums for immunofluorescent enumeration of human T lymphocytes utilizing fluoresceinated staphylococcal protein A. Five lots (100 ml or more) of heterologous antiserums specific for human T lymphocytes were prepared using human or Rhesus monkey thymocytes as immunogens. After appropriate adsorptions, these antiserums reacted by immunofluorescence with 68% of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and 98% of human thymocytes, with E-rosette--positive cells but not with EAC-rosette--positive cells or five human B-lymphoblastoid-cell lines. Blocking experiments showed that Rhesus monkey thymocytes share thymic antigenic determinant(s) with humans. E-rosette receptors modulated independently from T-cell heteroantigens. Non-E--rosetting neoplastic T cells were identified in several patients with lymphoproliferative malignancies. Applying both the E-rosette assay and the anti-T-cell serum provides a better method of defining the biologic properties of normal and neoplastic T lymphocytes. Standardization of immunofluorescent conjugates for human T- or B-cell enumeration is simplified if large lots of well-characterized antiserums are available.", "PMID": 99047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3532", "title": "The fate of intraportally transplanted islets in diabetic rats. A morphologic and immunohistochemical study.", "content": "Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat can be reversed by the transplantation of isogenic islets of Langerhans from neonatal donors. We studied the morphology of intraportally transplanted islets with the aid of the immunoperoxidase staining technique to identify insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, and pancreatic polypeptide-containing cells at 24 hours, 48 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 39 weeks, and 65 weeks after transplant. Embolized pancreatic tissue, composed of approximately 80% acini and 20% islets, is initially distributed throughout the liver mainly to terminal branches of the portal system. Endothelialization and organization occur rapidly with the smaller fragments and within the first 4 weeks for larger thrombi. Exocrine pancreatic elements largely disappear as islet cells move into the hepatic lobules from the portal spaces. At 65 weeks after transplant, all islet cell types can be identified within large complex islet structures. The results of this study establish the survival and continued function of all known rat pancreatic islet cell types long after transplantation and support the theory that islet transplantation may represent the most physiologic replacement of hormonal deficiencies in the diabetic recipient.", "contents": "The fate of intraportally transplanted islets in diabetic rats. A morphologic and immunohistochemical study. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat can be reversed by the transplantation of isogenic islets of Langerhans from neonatal donors. We studied the morphology of intraportally transplanted islets with the aid of the immunoperoxidase staining technique to identify insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, and pancreatic polypeptide-containing cells at 24 hours, 48 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 39 weeks, and 65 weeks after transplant. Embolized pancreatic tissue, composed of approximately 80% acini and 20% islets, is initially distributed throughout the liver mainly to terminal branches of the portal system. Endothelialization and organization occur rapidly with the smaller fragments and within the first 4 weeks for larger thrombi. Exocrine pancreatic elements largely disappear as islet cells move into the hepatic lobules from the portal spaces. At 65 weeks after transplant, all islet cell types can be identified within large complex islet structures. The results of this study establish the survival and continued function of all known rat pancreatic islet cell types long after transplantation and support the theory that islet transplantation may represent the most physiologic replacement of hormonal deficiencies in the diabetic recipient.", "PMID": 99048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3533", "title": "Feeding and metabolic patterns in rats with truncular vagotomy or with transplanted beta-cells.", "content": "The night- and daytime basal plasma insulin levels and insulin responses to an intravenous glucose load, basal blood glucose levels and rates of glucose uptake, and, finally, the diurnal patterns of blood glucose levels were investigated in normal compared to vagotomized Wistar rats. The same comparisons were made between normal and diabetic Lewis rats recovered after fetal pancreas transplantation in the kidney capsule. In an attempt to clarify the relationship between the metabolic and feeding diurnal patterns, a detailed study of the meal pattern of vagotomized and transplanted rats was performed. It was shown that 1) a truncular vagotomy abolished both the metabolic and feeding diurnal cyclicity; 2) both the metabolic and feeding diurnal rhythms were maintained in case of a selective denervation beta-cells. The relationship between the metabolic and feeding diurnal rhythms and the role of the vagus nerve are discussed.", "contents": "Feeding and metabolic patterns in rats with truncular vagotomy or with transplanted beta-cells. The night- and daytime basal plasma insulin levels and insulin responses to an intravenous glucose load, basal blood glucose levels and rates of glucose uptake, and, finally, the diurnal patterns of blood glucose levels were investigated in normal compared to vagotomized Wistar rats. The same comparisons were made between normal and diabetic Lewis rats recovered after fetal pancreas transplantation in the kidney capsule. In an attempt to clarify the relationship between the metabolic and feeding diurnal patterns, a detailed study of the meal pattern of vagotomized and transplanted rats was performed. It was shown that 1) a truncular vagotomy abolished both the metabolic and feeding diurnal cyclicity; 2) both the metabolic and feeding diurnal rhythms were maintained in case of a selective denervation beta-cells. The relationship between the metabolic and feeding diurnal rhythms and the role of the vagus nerve are discussed.", "PMID": 99050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3534", "title": "Glucose inhibition of 45Ca efflux from pancreatic islets.", "content": "Pancreatic islets were microdissected from ob/ob mice, loaded for 2 h with 45Ca and perfused with calcium-deficient medium. Irrespective of the glucose and calcium concentrations in the loading medium, increased glucose in the perfusion medium resulted in reduced amounts of radioactivity in the perfusate. A glucose inhibition of 45Ca washout was also evident when the specific radioactivity of the islets approached that of the labeling medium, indicating that the effect was not simply due to isotopic dilution. The depression of 45Ca washout diminished after culture of the islets in a serum-free medium and it was absent in islets taken from mice homozygous for the gene diabetes. The glucose effect became less pronounced when 50 micron D-600, an inhibitor of the calcium inward transport, was added to the calcium-deficient perfusion medium and abolished in the presence of 20 mM Ca-EGTA. The inhibition of the 45Ca washout observed is not necessarily due to a direct glucose interaction with the outward calcium transport but may also result from stimulation of the uptake and intracellular trapping of the cation.", "contents": "Glucose inhibition of 45Ca efflux from pancreatic islets. Pancreatic islets were microdissected from ob/ob mice, loaded for 2 h with 45Ca and perfused with calcium-deficient medium. Irrespective of the glucose and calcium concentrations in the loading medium, increased glucose in the perfusion medium resulted in reduced amounts of radioactivity in the perfusate. A glucose inhibition of 45Ca washout was also evident when the specific radioactivity of the islets approached that of the labeling medium, indicating that the effect was not simply due to isotopic dilution. The depression of 45Ca washout diminished after culture of the islets in a serum-free medium and it was absent in islets taken from mice homozygous for the gene diabetes. The glucose effect became less pronounced when 50 micron D-600, an inhibitor of the calcium inward transport, was added to the calcium-deficient perfusion medium and abolished in the presence of 20 mM Ca-EGTA. The inhibition of the 45Ca washout observed is not necessarily due to a direct glucose interaction with the outward calcium transport but may also result from stimulation of the uptake and intracellular trapping of the cation.", "PMID": 99051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3535", "title": "Effect of ventricular end-diastolic volume on vectorcardiographic potentials of the pig.", "content": "The Brody hypothesis proposes that alterations in end-diastolic blood volume will produce changes in the magnitude of cardiac electrical potentials recorded at the body surface. To test this hypothesis, several procedures that affect end-diastolic volume were applied in 28 anesthetized domestic piglets. The pig dipole moment magnitude curve is typified by two peaks, designated M2 and M3, which responded to these procedures. Doubling heart rate by electrical pacing or hemorrhage of 20 ml/kg produced reduction in M2 by 30% and 29%, respectively. M3 rose by 27% and 29%, respectively, under these two conditions. Reduction of end-diastolic volume by partial occlusion of the vena cava produced similar effects. Maneuvers increasing end-diastolic volume produced directionally opposite effects. Temporary aortic coarctation of phenylephrine injection caused an increase in M2 with no change in M3, accompanied an acute elevation of arterial pressure. Thus, the pig electrocardiogram shows changes, attributable to adjustments in end-diastolic volume, consistent with the Brody hypothesis, suggesting potentials for this technique in monitoring changes in end-diastolic volume.", "contents": "Effect of ventricular end-diastolic volume on vectorcardiographic potentials of the pig. The Brody hypothesis proposes that alterations in end-diastolic blood volume will produce changes in the magnitude of cardiac electrical potentials recorded at the body surface. To test this hypothesis, several procedures that affect end-diastolic volume were applied in 28 anesthetized domestic piglets. The pig dipole moment magnitude curve is typified by two peaks, designated M2 and M3, which responded to these procedures. Doubling heart rate by electrical pacing or hemorrhage of 20 ml/kg produced reduction in M2 by 30% and 29%, respectively. M3 rose by 27% and 29%, respectively, under these two conditions. Reduction of end-diastolic volume by partial occlusion of the vena cava produced similar effects. Maneuvers increasing end-diastolic volume produced directionally opposite effects. Temporary aortic coarctation of phenylephrine injection caused an increase in M2 with no change in M3, accompanied an acute elevation of arterial pressure. Thus, the pig electrocardiogram shows changes, attributable to adjustments in end-diastolic volume, consistent with the Brody hypothesis, suggesting potentials for this technique in monitoring changes in end-diastolic volume.", "PMID": 99053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3536", "title": "Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). I. The courses of untreated infections.", "content": "This study, the first of three designed to determine the feasibility of using owl monkeys infected with human plasmodia in the search for new, more broadly active antimalarial drugs, dealt with the characteristics of untreated infections with eight strains of Plasmodium falciparum and two strains of P. vivax. Such infections, induced by standardized inocula of these strains in 1,733 monkeys, all Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra, were followed from day of inoculation to death of self-cure. The virulence of the various strains differed strikingly. Incidences of fatal reactions, ranging from 24.4--89.4% and 8.1--45.8%, respectively, in infections with strains of P. falciparum and P. vivax, were closely related to the rate at which parasitemia evolved, the height of parasitemia in the primary attack, and/or the time period over which a high parasite level was sustained. Antemortem symptom complexes and gross tissue and organ reactions in infections with P. falciparum varied with survival time, but within that boundary, were the same for infections with all eight strains of this plasmodium. Morbidity in both fatal and self-limited infections with both plasmodial species was related to height of parasitemia; however, at comparable parasite levels, symptoms exhibited in infections with P. vivax were more severe than in infections with P. falciparum. Overall, the characteristics of infections with these plasmodia in owl monkeys were remarkably similar to those of human infections. With respect to biological features, infections with P. falciparum and P. vivax in this simian host appear to have much to offer in the search for new antimalarial drugs.", "contents": "Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). I. The courses of untreated infections. This study, the first of three designed to determine the feasibility of using owl monkeys infected with human plasmodia in the search for new, more broadly active antimalarial drugs, dealt with the characteristics of untreated infections with eight strains of Plasmodium falciparum and two strains of P. vivax. Such infections, induced by standardized inocula of these strains in 1,733 monkeys, all Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra, were followed from day of inoculation to death of self-cure. The virulence of the various strains differed strikingly. Incidences of fatal reactions, ranging from 24.4--89.4% and 8.1--45.8%, respectively, in infections with strains of P. falciparum and P. vivax, were closely related to the rate at which parasitemia evolved, the height of parasitemia in the primary attack, and/or the time period over which a high parasite level was sustained. Antemortem symptom complexes and gross tissue and organ reactions in infections with P. falciparum varied with survival time, but within that boundary, were the same for infections with all eight strains of this plasmodium. Morbidity in both fatal and self-limited infections with both plasmodial species was related to height of parasitemia; however, at comparable parasite levels, symptoms exhibited in infections with P. vivax were more severe than in infections with P. falciparum. Overall, the characteristics of infections with these plasmodia in owl monkeys were remarkably similar to those of human infections. With respect to biological features, infections with P. falciparum and P. vivax in this simian host appear to have much to offer in the search for new antimalarial drugs.", "PMID": 99055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3537", "title": "Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). II. Responses to chloroquine, quinine, and pyrimethamine.", "content": "The studies described in this report were designed to determine the responses of established infections with eight strains of Plasmodium falciparum and two strains of P. vivax in owl monkeys to treatment with chloroquine, quinine, and pyrimethamine. Responses with these different strains ranged from cure via application of well-tolerated doses of two of the above drugs and refractoriness to treatment with maximally tolerated doses of the third, to complete resistance to maximally tolerated doses of all three compounds. The results of treatment exhibited in infected owl monkeys correlated well in two respects with those reported in humans infected with the same plasmodial species. First, calculated on a milligram per M2 basis, the doses of chloroquine, quinine, or pyrimethamine required for a CD90 response in owl monkeys infected with strains susceptible to these drugs were remarkably similar to the doses required and/or employed for cure of infections with so-called drug-susceptible strains in human patients. Secondly, with few exceptions, the responses to the above drugs in owl monkeys infected with the ten specially selected strains were essentially identical with those exhibited by human volunteers or patients infected with the same strains. Together, these findings and correlations provide strong support for use of owl monkeys infected with appropriate strains of P. falciparum and P. vivax in the search for more broadly effective antimalarial drugs.", "contents": "Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). II. Responses to chloroquine, quinine, and pyrimethamine. The studies described in this report were designed to determine the responses of established infections with eight strains of Plasmodium falciparum and two strains of P. vivax in owl monkeys to treatment with chloroquine, quinine, and pyrimethamine. Responses with these different strains ranged from cure via application of well-tolerated doses of two of the above drugs and refractoriness to treatment with maximally tolerated doses of the third, to complete resistance to maximally tolerated doses of all three compounds. The results of treatment exhibited in infected owl monkeys correlated well in two respects with those reported in humans infected with the same plasmodial species. First, calculated on a milligram per M2 basis, the doses of chloroquine, quinine, or pyrimethamine required for a CD90 response in owl monkeys infected with strains susceptible to these drugs were remarkably similar to the doses required and/or employed for cure of infections with so-called drug-susceptible strains in human patients. Secondly, with few exceptions, the responses to the above drugs in owl monkeys infected with the ten specially selected strains were essentially identical with those exhibited by human volunteers or patients infected with the same strains. Together, these findings and correlations provide strong support for use of owl monkeys infected with appropriate strains of P. falciparum and P. vivax in the search for more broadly effective antimalarial drugs.", "PMID": 99056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3538", "title": "Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). III. Methods employed in the search for new blood schizonticidal drugs.", "content": "This report describes, illustrates, and validates the major features of a procedure designed to provide primary assessments of the activities of potential antimalarial drugs against infections with chloroquine-resistant or pyrimethamine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in owl monkeys of Colombian origin. Studies with 14 specially selected compounds have shown that the test method has the capacity to identify and quantify diverse levels of therapeutic efficacy among agents that differ widely in chemical structure. Extended studies with two of the above compounds indicate that such assessments have an acceptable level of reproducibility. Experiments with two other agents, structurally different from those in the selected group, have shown that the impacts of pyrimethamine resistance (or chloroquine resistance) on the activity of a compound can be readily identified during routine application of the test procedure, as can emergence of parasites resistant to the test agent. The above body of information can usually be acquired in infections with two strains of P. falciparum, one chloroquine-resistant, the other pyrimethamine-resistant, with commitments of no more than 1.5 g of test compound and 12 owl monkeys. These modest requirements have made it possible to utilize human plasmodial infections in the owl monkey in the search for new blood schizonticidal drugs more broadly effective than those currently available.", "contents": "Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). III. Methods employed in the search for new blood schizonticidal drugs. This report describes, illustrates, and validates the major features of a procedure designed to provide primary assessments of the activities of potential antimalarial drugs against infections with chloroquine-resistant or pyrimethamine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in owl monkeys of Colombian origin. Studies with 14 specially selected compounds have shown that the test method has the capacity to identify and quantify diverse levels of therapeutic efficacy among agents that differ widely in chemical structure. Extended studies with two of the above compounds indicate that such assessments have an acceptable level of reproducibility. Experiments with two other agents, structurally different from those in the selected group, have shown that the impacts of pyrimethamine resistance (or chloroquine resistance) on the activity of a compound can be readily identified during routine application of the test procedure, as can emergence of parasites resistant to the test agent. The above body of information can usually be acquired in infections with two strains of P. falciparum, one chloroquine-resistant, the other pyrimethamine-resistant, with commitments of no more than 1.5 g of test compound and 12 owl monkeys. These modest requirements have made it possible to utilize human plasmodial infections in the owl monkey in the search for new blood schizonticidal drugs more broadly effective than those currently available.", "PMID": 99057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3539", "title": "Effect of falciparum malaria infection on the in vitro mitogen responses of spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes from owl monkeys.", "content": "The response of spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to mitogen stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (ConA), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was determined for owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) experimentally infected with the Vietnam-Oak Knoll (FVO) and the Uganda-Palo Alto (FUP) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. PBL from Panamanian Aotus monkeys with less than 25% FVO infection responded normally to mitogen stimulation; however, increased parasitemia of 25--50% resulted in a significant suppression of ConA responsiveness. Colombian Aotus monkeys infected with the PUF strain also developed a suppression to ConA stimulation but with a lower parasitemia (10--25%). When the parasitemia became greater than 50% in these animals, PHA, ConA, and PWM responses were significantly decreased in cultures of PBL. Spleen cells from all acutely infected Aotus monkeys were suppressed to PHA and ConA, but not PWM stimulation. Changes in mitogen responsiveness of experimentally infected Aotus monkeys are similar to those reported for humans with acute falciparum malaria.", "contents": "Effect of falciparum malaria infection on the in vitro mitogen responses of spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes from owl monkeys. The response of spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to mitogen stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (ConA), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was determined for owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) experimentally infected with the Vietnam-Oak Knoll (FVO) and the Uganda-Palo Alto (FUP) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. PBL from Panamanian Aotus monkeys with less than 25% FVO infection responded normally to mitogen stimulation; however, increased parasitemia of 25--50% resulted in a significant suppression of ConA responsiveness. Colombian Aotus monkeys infected with the PUF strain also developed a suppression to ConA stimulation but with a lower parasitemia (10--25%). When the parasitemia became greater than 50% in these animals, PHA, ConA, and PWM responses were significantly decreased in cultures of PBL. Spleen cells from all acutely infected Aotus monkeys were suppressed to PHA and ConA, but not PWM stimulation. Changes in mitogen responsiveness of experimentally infected Aotus monkeys are similar to those reported for humans with acute falciparum malaria.", "PMID": 99058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3540", "title": "Pathology of Bolivian Hemorrhagic fever in the African green monkey.", "content": "Gross and microscopic pathological findings are presented for an African green monkey model of fatal Bolivian hemorrhagic fever. Six animals were inoculated with 1,000 plaque-forming units of Machupo virus, the etiological agent of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever. Five of the monkeys died within 13 days with signs of fever, anorexia, shock, and hemorrhage. The sixth monkey survived until the 24th day and died with signs of central nervous system disease. Gross lesions in the five monkeys that die in the acute stage included hepatic necrosis, necrotic enteritis, bronchopneumonia, and hemorrhages in the subcutis, lungs, intestine, liver, and lymph nodes. Microscopically, necrosis was consistently seen in liver, intestine, skin, oral cavity, and adrenal cortex. Acute thrombosis was observed in four monkeys, in blood vessels of the intestine, lung and choroid of the brain. Gram-negative bacteria were seen in many tissues, suggesting terminal bacteremia. The sixth monkey was emaciated and had bronchopneumonia, but did not have the necrotic hepatic and enteric lesions observed in the other five monkeys. The significant microscopic lesions in this monkey included encephalomyelitis, ganglionitis, and bronchopneumonia.", "contents": "Pathology of Bolivian Hemorrhagic fever in the African green monkey. Gross and microscopic pathological findings are presented for an African green monkey model of fatal Bolivian hemorrhagic fever. Six animals were inoculated with 1,000 plaque-forming units of Machupo virus, the etiological agent of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever. Five of the monkeys died within 13 days with signs of fever, anorexia, shock, and hemorrhage. The sixth monkey survived until the 24th day and died with signs of central nervous system disease. Gross lesions in the five monkeys that die in the acute stage included hepatic necrosis, necrotic enteritis, bronchopneumonia, and hemorrhages in the subcutis, lungs, intestine, liver, and lymph nodes. Microscopically, necrosis was consistently seen in liver, intestine, skin, oral cavity, and adrenal cortex. Acute thrombosis was observed in four monkeys, in blood vessels of the intestine, lung and choroid of the brain. Gram-negative bacteria were seen in many tissues, suggesting terminal bacteremia. The sixth monkey was emaciated and had bronchopneumonia, but did not have the necrotic hepatic and enteric lesions observed in the other five monkeys. The significant microscopic lesions in this monkey included encephalomyelitis, ganglionitis, and bronchopneumonia.", "PMID": 99059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3541", "title": "Tissue reacting antibodies in a rhesus monkey with long-term Trypanosoma cruzi infection.", "content": "Immunoglobulins (Igs) reacting against endothelial and vascular structures and striated muscle cells as well as against cells from a peripheral nerve were detected by indirect immunofluorescent test (IIF) in a rhesus monkey infected for 29 yr with Trypanosoma cruzi. Anti-T. cruzi antibodies in this monkey showed a titer of 1:128 in the IIF test and the direct agglutination test. Tissue-reacting Igs were bound in vivo to the tissues, as was established by direct treatment of a biopsy of the deltoid muscle with Ig-labeled antisera. Electron microscopy of this tissue showed that Igs reacted with the plasma membrane of the muscle cells. Neither tissue-reacting Igs nor specific antibodies were detected in three uninfected adult monkeys.", "contents": "Tissue reacting antibodies in a rhesus monkey with long-term Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Immunoglobulins (Igs) reacting against endothelial and vascular structures and striated muscle cells as well as against cells from a peripheral nerve were detected by indirect immunofluorescent test (IIF) in a rhesus monkey infected for 29 yr with Trypanosoma cruzi. Anti-T. cruzi antibodies in this monkey showed a titer of 1:128 in the IIF test and the direct agglutination test. Tissue-reacting Igs were bound in vivo to the tissues, as was established by direct treatment of a biopsy of the deltoid muscle with Ig-labeled antisera. Electron microscopy of this tissue showed that Igs reacted with the plasma membrane of the muscle cells. Neither tissue-reacting Igs nor specific antibodies were detected in three uninfected adult monkeys.", "PMID": 99060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3542", "title": "Apparent absence of Sarcocystis and low prevalence of Trichinella in artificially digested diaphragm muscle removed during post-mortem examination at a Sacramento (California) medical center.", "content": "Diaphragm samples taken from 297 humans at autopsy over a 20-mo period were artificially digested and the digestate was examined for Sarcosystis and Trichinella. No infection with Sarcocystis was found while three infections with Trichinella were discovered.", "contents": "Apparent absence of Sarcocystis and low prevalence of Trichinella in artificially digested diaphragm muscle removed during post-mortem examination at a Sacramento (California) medical center. Diaphragm samples taken from 297 humans at autopsy over a 20-mo period were artificially digested and the digestate was examined for Sarcosystis and Trichinella. No infection with Sarcocystis was found while three infections with Trichinella were discovered.", "PMID": 99061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3543", "title": "Further evidence for hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in alcoholic men.", "content": "Reduced plasma levels of testosterone and a high frequency of azoospermia have frequently been reported in alcoholic men. Despite the high grade of gonadal failure present, plasma gonadotropins have ranged from normal to only moderately increased. This has been interpreted as suggesting that a central hypothalamic-pituitary defect also might exist in these men. Clomiphene stimulation studies have been consistent with the hypothesis of a central defect. The present work consists of studies utilizing luteinizing hormone-releasing factor and thyrotropin-releasing factor in an effort to examine the hypothesis of whether this central defect exists and, if so, whether at an anatomic, hypothalamic, or pituitary level.", "contents": "Further evidence for hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in alcoholic men. Reduced plasma levels of testosterone and a high frequency of azoospermia have frequently been reported in alcoholic men. Despite the high grade of gonadal failure present, plasma gonadotropins have ranged from normal to only moderately increased. This has been interpreted as suggesting that a central hypothalamic-pituitary defect also might exist in these men. Clomiphene stimulation studies have been consistent with the hypothesis of a central defect. The present work consists of studies utilizing luteinizing hormone-releasing factor and thyrotropin-releasing factor in an effort to examine the hypothesis of whether this central defect exists and, if so, whether at an anatomic, hypothalamic, or pituitary level.", "PMID": 99062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3544", "title": "Accelerated atrioventricular conduction in Fabry's disease: a case report.", "content": "Three unrelated men with Fabry's disease (angiokeratoma corporis diffusum universale) and accelerated atrioventricular conduction are described. AQn His bundle electrogram in one patient who reported episodes of tachycardia demonstrated a prolonged deflection preceding the ventricular complex. This deflection is thought to represent an abnormal His bundle potential, possible resulting from glycolipid deposition. In the second patient the PR interval decreased from 0.18 to 0.11 second during 10 years, and in the third patient it decreased from 0.12 to 0.10 seconds during 13 years. Accelerated atrioventricular conduction may develop in Fabry's disease.", "contents": "Accelerated atrioventricular conduction in Fabry's disease: a case report. Three unrelated men with Fabry's disease (angiokeratoma corporis diffusum universale) and accelerated atrioventricular conduction are described. AQn His bundle electrogram in one patient who reported episodes of tachycardia demonstrated a prolonged deflection preceding the ventricular complex. This deflection is thought to represent an abnormal His bundle potential, possible resulting from glycolipid deposition. In the second patient the PR interval decreased from 0.18 to 0.11 second during 10 years, and in the third patient it decreased from 0.12 to 0.10 seconds during 13 years. Accelerated atrioventricular conduction may develop in Fabry's disease.", "PMID": 99064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3545", "title": "Catheter infection factors affecting total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "During the five-year interval from January 1, 1971 to January 1, 1976 118 seriously ill adults received 2916 patient days of TPN therapy with an average infection rate of 7.6%. All patients received the benefit of a well-defined TPN catheter care protocol which emphasized regular (every 48 hours) catheter dressing changes. The lowest risk of infection, 2.7%, was seen in 73 patients who received an amino acid-glucose solution through a silicone elastomer catheter protected by an iodophor dressing. When catheter-related sepsis occurred, Staphlylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were the most common organisms cultured.", "contents": "Catheter infection factors affecting total parenteral nutrition. During the five-year interval from January 1, 1971 to January 1, 1976 118 seriously ill adults received 2916 patient days of TPN therapy with an average infection rate of 7.6%. All patients received the benefit of a well-defined TPN catheter care protocol which emphasized regular (every 48 hours) catheter dressing changes. The lowest risk of infection, 2.7%, was seen in 73 patients who received an amino acid-glucose solution through a silicone elastomer catheter protected by an iodophor dressing. When catheter-related sepsis occurred, Staphlylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were the most common organisms cultured.", "PMID": 99066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3546", "title": "Early appearance of abscess after biliary operation.", "content": "Three patients who had an air shadow and fluid levels within seven days after biliary surgery are discussed. In retrospect, this direct evidence of a postoperative abscess was overlooked because of its early appearance and other sources of fever that coexisted.", "contents": "Early appearance of abscess after biliary operation. Three patients who had an air shadow and fluid levels within seven days after biliary surgery are discussed. In retrospect, this direct evidence of a postoperative abscess was overlooked because of its early appearance and other sources of fever that coexisted.", "PMID": 99067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3547", "title": "Psychologic stress, vasodepressor (vasovagal) syncope, and sudden death.", "content": "Giving up in the face of emotional arousal and psychologic uncertainty are conditions conducive both to vasodepressor syncope and sudden death. Under such circumstances there may be simultaneous activation of two emergency biologic regulatory systems, flight-fight and conservation-withdrawal. In the healthy person this may result in vasodepressor syncope, benign arrhythmias, or both. In the presence of factors lowering the threshold for conduction disturbances, dangerous arrhythmias and sudden death rather than, or as well as, vasodepressor syncope may result. Although active myocardial damage by itself may provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for lethal arrhythmias, psychic uncertainty must be considered an additional risk factor. The implications of this concept for patient care and prevention of sudden death are a challenge for future research.", "contents": "Psychologic stress, vasodepressor (vasovagal) syncope, and sudden death. Giving up in the face of emotional arousal and psychologic uncertainty are conditions conducive both to vasodepressor syncope and sudden death. Under such circumstances there may be simultaneous activation of two emergency biologic regulatory systems, flight-fight and conservation-withdrawal. In the healthy person this may result in vasodepressor syncope, benign arrhythmias, or both. In the presence of factors lowering the threshold for conduction disturbances, dangerous arrhythmias and sudden death rather than, or as well as, vasodepressor syncope may result. Although active myocardial damage by itself may provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for lethal arrhythmias, psychic uncertainty must be considered an additional risk factor. The implications of this concept for patient care and prevention of sudden death are a challenge for future research.", "PMID": 99068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3548", "title": "Ectopic ossification after hip arthroplasty.", "content": "The incidence of radiographically visible ectopic ossification around the hip joint was redorded in 145 hip joints of 132 patients treated by endoprosthetic replacement. There were 56 total hip replacements with a McKee-Farrar and 39 with a Brunswik type of endoprosthesis; in a further 50 hips the femoral head was replaced with a Moore or Thompson prosthesis. An identical antero-lateral surgical approach was used in all, without detachment of the greater torchanter. The patients were re-examined 3, 6, and12 months after the operation. The extent of ectopic ossification was graded from 0 to III and correlated with pain and with the function and mobility of the operated hip. Ectopic ossification of varied extent was recorded in 37 % after total hip replacement and in 38 % after replacement of the femoral head. Of these ossifications 95 % were recognizable within 3 months; they did not increase in size, but often in density during the following months. One case of bony ankylosis was noted. Ectopic ossification of slight (grade I) to moderate (grade II) degree did not cause pain or affect the function of the operated hip, but reduced the mobility of the affected hip. The difference in mobility between grade I and grade II was significant (p less than 0.05), and between grade 0 and grade II highly significant (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Ectopic ossification after hip arthroplasty. The incidence of radiographically visible ectopic ossification around the hip joint was redorded in 145 hip joints of 132 patients treated by endoprosthetic replacement. There were 56 total hip replacements with a McKee-Farrar and 39 with a Brunswik type of endoprosthesis; in a further 50 hips the femoral head was replaced with a Moore or Thompson prosthesis. An identical antero-lateral surgical approach was used in all, without detachment of the greater torchanter. The patients were re-examined 3, 6, and12 months after the operation. The extent of ectopic ossification was graded from 0 to III and correlated with pain and with the function and mobility of the operated hip. Ectopic ossification of varied extent was recorded in 37 % after total hip replacement and in 38 % after replacement of the femoral head. Of these ossifications 95 % were recognizable within 3 months; they did not increase in size, but often in density during the following months. One case of bony ankylosis was noted. Ectopic ossification of slight (grade I) to moderate (grade II) degree did not cause pain or affect the function of the operated hip, but reduced the mobility of the affected hip. The difference in mobility between grade I and grade II was significant (p less than 0.05), and between grade 0 and grade II highly significant (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 99071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3549", "title": "Eighteen years experience in stapedectomy. The case for the small fenestra operation.", "content": "The postoperative findings in almost 800 stapedectomized ears were analyzed to evaluate the proposition that complication rates in stapedectomy were affected by the size of footplate fenestration. It was concluded that small fenestra stapedectomy (diameter 0.4 mm) provided similar hearing gains to those achieved with standard techniques, that articulation problems occurred to a similar extent as with wire loop prostheses, and that there was a significantly lower incidence of a) fistual and b) immediate and delayed severe sensorineural hearing loss than with any other technique. There was also significantly less deterioration in bone conduction thresholds at 4 kHz after three years postoperatively. The incidence of severe immediate sensorineural loss in large fenestra stapedectomy (half or more of footplate removed) was significantly influenced by factors such as age, preoperative bone conduction thresholds and oval window pathology. A retrospective analysis provided no information which might predict oval window pathology. Additional information gained from the analysis indicated that with all types of stapedectomy, bone conduction did not deteriorate significantly more rapidly in the operated as  compared to the unoperated ear, whereas in unoperated ears, deterioration in bone conduction was significantly greater in ears with mixed hearing losses than when the loss was purely sensorineural. It was concluded that small fenestra stapedectomy was currently the operation of choice because with it, the threat of cochlear dysfunction both immediately, and in the long term, was significantly less.", "contents": "Eighteen years experience in stapedectomy. The case for the small fenestra operation. The postoperative findings in almost 800 stapedectomized ears were analyzed to evaluate the proposition that complication rates in stapedectomy were affected by the size of footplate fenestration. It was concluded that small fenestra stapedectomy (diameter 0.4 mm) provided similar hearing gains to those achieved with standard techniques, that articulation problems occurred to a similar extent as with wire loop prostheses, and that there was a significantly lower incidence of a) fistual and b) immediate and delayed severe sensorineural hearing loss than with any other technique. There was also significantly less deterioration in bone conduction thresholds at 4 kHz after three years postoperatively. The incidence of severe immediate sensorineural loss in large fenestra stapedectomy (half or more of footplate removed) was significantly influenced by factors such as age, preoperative bone conduction thresholds and oval window pathology. A retrospective analysis provided no information which might predict oval window pathology. Additional information gained from the analysis indicated that with all types of stapedectomy, bone conduction did not deteriorate significantly more rapidly in the operated as  compared to the unoperated ear, whereas in unoperated ears, deterioration in bone conduction was significantly greater in ears with mixed hearing losses than when the loss was purely sensorineural. It was concluded that small fenestra stapedectomy was currently the operation of choice because with it, the threat of cochlear dysfunction both immediately, and in the long term, was significantly less.", "PMID": 99069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3550", "title": "Deviated nasal septum. Incidence and etiology.", "content": "Septal deformity is of two kinds, which may occur independently, or together: 1) anterior cartilage deformity of the quadrilateral septal cartilage, caused by direct trauma or pressure at any age; and 2) combined septal deformity involving all the septal components, caused by compression across the maxilla from pressures occurring during pregnancy or parturition. This is part of a facial deformity. The incidence of septal deformity was investigated in 2,380 Caucasian infants at birth, 2,112 adult skulls of five ethnic groups (European, Indian [Asian], Chinese, African and Australian Aborignal), 918 mammals (266 higher and lower apes, 457 other placental mammals and 185 marsupials). The method of nasal testing of infants by passage of special testing struts (6 by 2 mm) is described. Forty-two percent of septa of infants were straight, 27% deviated and 31% kinked. A similar pattern was found in adult skulls, namely 21% straight, 37% deviated and 42% kinked. Anterior cartilage deformity occurred in about 4% of births. The maxillary molding theory of transmitted pressures during pregnancy or partitution, causing septal deformity, is described. The findings show that varying degrees of septal deformity occur at a constant rate at birth and in the adult. These may vary slightly for each ethnic type. Birth molding pressures are a major cause of dental malocclusion. The shape and strength of the skull and the erect posture appear to be major factors, for septal deformity did not occur in the lower animals, but occurred in 37% of the higher apes and also in a skull of a hominid 1,750,000 years old. This concept enables easy recognition at birth, and the carrying out of a rational method of treatment by manipulation and rapid maxillary expansion.", "contents": "Deviated nasal septum. Incidence and etiology. Septal deformity is of two kinds, which may occur independently, or together: 1) anterior cartilage deformity of the quadrilateral septal cartilage, caused by direct trauma or pressure at any age; and 2) combined septal deformity involving all the septal components, caused by compression across the maxilla from pressures occurring during pregnancy or parturition. This is part of a facial deformity. The incidence of septal deformity was investigated in 2,380 Caucasian infants at birth, 2,112 adult skulls of five ethnic groups (European, Indian [Asian], Chinese, African and Australian Aborignal), 918 mammals (266 higher and lower apes, 457 other placental mammals and 185 marsupials). The method of nasal testing of infants by passage of special testing struts (6 by 2 mm) is described. Forty-two percent of septa of infants were straight, 27% deviated and 31% kinked. A similar pattern was found in adult skulls, namely 21% straight, 37% deviated and 42% kinked. Anterior cartilage deformity occurred in about 4% of births. The maxillary molding theory of transmitted pressures during pregnancy or partitution, causing septal deformity, is described. The findings show that varying degrees of septal deformity occur at a constant rate at birth and in the adult. These may vary slightly for each ethnic type. Birth molding pressures are a major cause of dental malocclusion. The shape and strength of the skull and the erect posture appear to be major factors, for septal deformity did not occur in the lower animals, but occurred in 37% of the higher apes and also in a skull of a hominid 1,750,000 years old. This concept enables easy recognition at birth, and the carrying out of a rational method of treatment by manipulation and rapid maxillary expansion.", "PMID": 99070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3551", "title": "[Hormonal control of thyroxine-binding globulin synthesis and metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), the major plasma transport protein for thyroid hormones in man, was shown to be altered under the influence of estrogen and in hypothyroidism. In order to study these alterations, we used an animal model. Synthesis of TBG was demonstrated in hepatocytes isolated from adult Rhesus monkeys, and in a monkey hepatocarcinoma continuous cell culture line (NCLP-6-E). When the hepatocytes were obtained from monkeys pretreated with beta-estradiol (E2), a specific 2.5-2.9 fold increase of TBG synthesis and secretion was shown; similar data were obtained with the tumor line. Furthermore, an increased TBG production was shown with these cells when T4 (from 10(-14) to 10(-11) M) was added to the culture medium. The in vitro results were correlated with in vivo data obtained by investigating the metabolism of TBG after iv injection of tracer doses of purified, radiolabelled TBG to normal, E2-treated and thyroidectomized monkeys. The main effect of estrogen administration was a marked increase of the production rate. During hypothyroidism, the catabolism and the production rate of TBG were decreased. In both conditions, there were significant changes in the distribution volume of TBG, the physiologic relevance of which remains to be investigated.", "contents": "[Hormonal control of thyroxine-binding globulin synthesis and metabolism (author's transl)]. Serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), the major plasma transport protein for thyroid hormones in man, was shown to be altered under the influence of estrogen and in hypothyroidism. In order to study these alterations, we used an animal model. Synthesis of TBG was demonstrated in hepatocytes isolated from adult Rhesus monkeys, and in a monkey hepatocarcinoma continuous cell culture line (NCLP-6-E). When the hepatocytes were obtained from monkeys pretreated with beta-estradiol (E2), a specific 2.5-2.9 fold increase of TBG synthesis and secretion was shown; similar data were obtained with the tumor line. Furthermore, an increased TBG production was shown with these cells when T4 (from 10(-14) to 10(-11) M) was added to the culture medium. The in vitro results were correlated with in vivo data obtained by investigating the metabolism of TBG after iv injection of tracer doses of purified, radiolabelled TBG to normal, E2-treated and thyroidectomized monkeys. The main effect of estrogen administration was a marked increase of the production rate. During hypothyroidism, the catabolism and the production rate of TBG were decreased. In both conditions, there were significant changes in the distribution volume of TBG, the physiologic relevance of which remains to be investigated.", "PMID": 99075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3552", "title": "[Thyroid function in protein-caloric malnutrition in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Iodine kinetics and thyroid function were investigated in 68 cases of protein-caloric malnutrition (senegales children). This nutritional state induces an acute and severe alteration of thyroid function, as indicated by the reduced iodine uptake and clearance, a 50% decrease of hormonal secretion rate, and the low levels of total and free T4. T3 concentration is also very low: this may be partly due to a defective conversion of T4 to T3. Despite this state of primary hypothyroidism, no hypersecretion of TSH is observed.", "contents": "[Thyroid function in protein-caloric malnutrition in infants (author's transl)]. Iodine kinetics and thyroid function were investigated in 68 cases of protein-caloric malnutrition (senegales children). This nutritional state induces an acute and severe alteration of thyroid function, as indicated by the reduced iodine uptake and clearance, a 50% decrease of hormonal secretion rate, and the low levels of total and free T4. T3 concentration is also very low: this may be partly due to a defective conversion of T4 to T3. Despite this state of primary hypothyroidism, no hypersecretion of TSH is observed.", "PMID": 99076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3553", "title": "[TSH-response to TRH in active coeliac disease in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "In 11 infants of 3-19 months of age with active gluten-induced enteropathy, an exaggerated and sustained response of plasma TSH to TRH was observed as compared to controls. In these same patients, there was a decrease in total and free T4 and T3 concentrations. All these values were statistically different from controls.", "contents": "[TSH-response to TRH in active coeliac disease in infants (author's transl)]. In 11 infants of 3-19 months of age with active gluten-induced enteropathy, an exaggerated and sustained response of plasma TSH to TRH was observed as compared to controls. In these same patients, there was a decrease in total and free T4 and T3 concentrations. All these values were statistically different from controls.", "PMID": 99077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3554", "title": "[TSH increase after subtotal thyroidectomy for nontoxic goiter (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighty-nine patients operated for nontoxic goiter have been followed up. An enhanced TSH response to TRH was observed in 74% of the cases of multinodular goiter, but only in 23% of uninodular goiter. The therapeutic implications of these data are discussed.", "contents": "[TSH increase after subtotal thyroidectomy for nontoxic goiter (author's transl)]. Eighty-nine patients operated for nontoxic goiter have been followed up. An enhanced TSH response to TRH was observed in 74% of the cases of multinodular goiter, but only in 23% of uninodular goiter. The therapeutic implications of these data are discussed.", "PMID": 99078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3555", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for serum myoglobin.", "content": "A column flow-through radioimmune assay for serum myoglobin has been developed. The assay uses antibodies to human or rhesus monkey myoglobin coupled to Sepharose by cyanogen bromide activation and myoglobin labeled by the Chloramine-T method. The labeled myoglobin is stable over two to three half-lives. Serum myoglobin levels were elevated when serum was taken up to 12 hours after myocardial infarction and generally elevated up to 24 hours. A continued or repeated elevation of serum myoglobin probably indicates continued myocardial damage or new attacks. In the cases of myocardial infarction, levels up to 1340 ng per ml were found.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for serum myoglobin. A column flow-through radioimmune assay for serum myoglobin has been developed. The assay uses antibodies to human or rhesus monkey myoglobin coupled to Sepharose by cyanogen bromide activation and myoglobin labeled by the Chloramine-T method. The labeled myoglobin is stable over two to three half-lives. Serum myoglobin levels were elevated when serum was taken up to 12 hours after myocardial infarction and generally elevated up to 24 hours. A continued or repeated elevation of serum myoglobin probably indicates continued myocardial damage or new attacks. In the cases of myocardial infarction, levels up to 1340 ng per ml were found.", "PMID": 99074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3556", "title": "[TRH test on 6 patients 47, XYZ (author's transl)].", "content": "A T.R.H. test has been made on 6 patients 47,XYY, living in a psychiatric hospital. The results show a thyroid disease with latent hypothyroidism whose origin seems to be hypothalamic, or pituitary or both.", "contents": "[TRH test on 6 patients 47, XYZ (author's transl)]. A T.R.H. test has been made on 6 patients 47,XYY, living in a psychiatric hospital. The results show a thyroid disease with latent hypothyroidism whose origin seems to be hypothalamic, or pituitary or both.", "PMID": 99079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3557", "title": "[Effect of different grades of agar-agar on the nature of the test microbe growth inhibition zones in controlling antibiotic activity by means of agar diffusion].", "content": "The effect of various agar grades on the size and margin character of the inhibition growth zones in assay of antibiotic activity by the agar diffusion method was studied. It was shown that not all the agar grades could be used in antibiotic activity assay. Depending on the agar type the size of the inhibition growth zones produced by the same antibiotic concentration significantly varied. The variations in the size of the inhibition growth zones depended on the agar ability to bind antibiotics and were mainly defined by the agar purity. The agars with low content of nitrogen admixtures bound the antibiotics to a low extent. The commerical grades of the agars of the South-Sea and Korsakov Plants, the experimental grade of the TINRO agar with additional purification, as well as the agars imported from Argentina and France proved to be most useful for determination of the antibiotic activity by the agar diffusion method.", "contents": "[Effect of different grades of agar-agar on the nature of the test microbe growth inhibition zones in controlling antibiotic activity by means of agar diffusion]. The effect of various agar grades on the size and margin character of the inhibition growth zones in assay of antibiotic activity by the agar diffusion method was studied. It was shown that not all the agar grades could be used in antibiotic activity assay. Depending on the agar type the size of the inhibition growth zones produced by the same antibiotic concentration significantly varied. The variations in the size of the inhibition growth zones depended on the agar ability to bind antibiotics and were mainly defined by the agar purity. The agars with low content of nitrogen admixtures bound the antibiotics to a low extent. The commerical grades of the agars of the South-Sea and Korsakov Plants, the experimental grade of the TINRO agar with additional purification, as well as the agars imported from Argentina and France proved to be most useful for determination of the antibiotic activity by the agar diffusion method.", "PMID": 99080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3558", "title": "[Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa melanin on antibiotic activity].", "content": "The properties of microbial melanines are very diverse. Melanine of P. aeruginosa is little studied. The pigment was isolated from a strain of P. aeruginosa possessing all characteristic properties of the species. Interaction of P. aeruginosa melanine with various antibiotics was determined by the method of serial dilutions in beaf-peptone broth, using Staph. aureus 209 as a test-microbe, which was added to the medium in an amount of 10(6) cells to each tube. It was found that P. aeruginosa melanine differed from DOPA-melanine in a concentration of 1 mg/ml and did not change the activity of penicillin, tetracycline, oleandomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin with respect to Staph. aureus.", "contents": "[Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa melanin on antibiotic activity]. The properties of microbial melanines are very diverse. Melanine of P. aeruginosa is little studied. The pigment was isolated from a strain of P. aeruginosa possessing all characteristic properties of the species. Interaction of P. aeruginosa melanine with various antibiotics was determined by the method of serial dilutions in beaf-peptone broth, using Staph. aureus 209 as a test-microbe, which was added to the medium in an amount of 10(6) cells to each tube. It was found that P. aeruginosa melanine differed from DOPA-melanine in a concentration of 1 mg/ml and did not change the activity of penicillin, tetracycline, oleandomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin with respect to Staph. aureus.", "PMID": 99081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3559", "title": "[Gonococcal sensitivity to penicillin in women with gonorrhea relapse and reinfection].", "content": "Penicillin sensitivity of gonococci isolated from patients with relapses and reinfection of gonorrhea was studied. The results of the study were compared with those of the sensitivity tests in primary patients. The gonococcal strains with decreased sensitivity to penicillin were isolated from 82 per cent of the gonorrhea relapses, 47.8 per cent of the patients with reinfection and 33.2 per cent of the primary patients. The average sensitivity of the gonococcal strains isolated from the patients with relapses was 0.404 U/ml, while that in the primary patients and the patients with reinfection was 0.136 U/ml. Strains sensitive to 0.6--1.2 U/ml predominated among gonococci with decreased sensitivity in the patients with relapses, while in the primary patients and the ones with reinfection the value amounted to 0.1--0.2 U/ml. The penicillin sensitivity of gonococci may be used as a parameter in differential diagnosis of relapses and reinfection of gonorrhea.", "contents": "[Gonococcal sensitivity to penicillin in women with gonorrhea relapse and reinfection]. Penicillin sensitivity of gonococci isolated from patients with relapses and reinfection of gonorrhea was studied. The results of the study were compared with those of the sensitivity tests in primary patients. The gonococcal strains with decreased sensitivity to penicillin were isolated from 82 per cent of the gonorrhea relapses, 47.8 per cent of the patients with reinfection and 33.2 per cent of the primary patients. The average sensitivity of the gonococcal strains isolated from the patients with relapses was 0.404 U/ml, while that in the primary patients and the patients with reinfection was 0.136 U/ml. Strains sensitive to 0.6--1.2 U/ml predominated among gonococci with decreased sensitivity in the patients with relapses, while in the primary patients and the ones with reinfection the value amounted to 0.1--0.2 U/ml. The penicillin sensitivity of gonococci may be used as a parameter in differential diagnosis of relapses and reinfection of gonorrhea.", "PMID": 99082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3560", "title": "Molecular studies and possible relatedness between R plasmids from groups B and D streptococci.", "content": "Resistance plasmids isolated from Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) and S. faecalis (group D) have been compared in regard to resistance markers, molecular weight, and DNA-DNA homology. Three of them (pIP501, pIP612, and pIP613) have been found to confer identical (or very similar) resistance patterns (erythromycin, lincomycin, and streptogramin B, respectively) and to have similar molecular weights (19.8 x 10(6), 22.7 x 10(6), and 17.6 x 10(6), respectively) and a high level of DNA-DNA homology in hybridization experiments (90 to 100%). These results are compatible with the view that these plasmids may derive from one common ancestor, and/or that they can be transferred between unrelated Streptococcus strains belonging to the same or different groups.", "contents": "Molecular studies and possible relatedness between R plasmids from groups B and D streptococci. Resistance plasmids isolated from Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) and S. faecalis (group D) have been compared in regard to resistance markers, molecular weight, and DNA-DNA homology. Three of them (pIP501, pIP612, and pIP613) have been found to confer identical (or very similar) resistance patterns (erythromycin, lincomycin, and streptogramin B, respectively) and to have similar molecular weights (19.8 x 10(6), 22.7 x 10(6), and 17.6 x 10(6), respectively) and a high level of DNA-DNA homology in hybridization experiments (90 to 100%). These results are compatible with the view that these plasmids may derive from one common ancestor, and/or that they can be transferred between unrelated Streptococcus strains belonging to the same or different groups.", "PMID": 99083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3561", "title": "Differences in susceptibilities of virulent strains and avirulent strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antimicrobial agents.", "content": "Virulent cells (T1 colony type) and avirulent cells (T4 colony type) of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were grown in a defined liquid medium in the presence of different antimicrobial agents. Bacteria of T1 colony type were found to be more resistant than bacteria of T4 colony type to the inhibitory effects of specific concentrations of ampicillin (0.50 mug/ml) and penicillin (0.01 mug/ml). Bacteria of T4 colony type, however, were found to be more resistant to the effects of chloramphenicol (0.40 mug/ml), erythromycin (0.10 mug/ml), spectinomycin (10.00 mug/ml), and tetracycline (0.30 mug/ml). The differences in susceptibilities of these bacteria to the antibiotics investigated were not due to differences in growth rate or to differences in permeability. The data suggest that virulent gonococci and avirulent gonococci have unique properties that affect their susceptibilities to certain antimicrobial agents.", "contents": "Differences in susceptibilities of virulent strains and avirulent strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antimicrobial agents. Virulent cells (T1 colony type) and avirulent cells (T4 colony type) of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were grown in a defined liquid medium in the presence of different antimicrobial agents. Bacteria of T1 colony type were found to be more resistant than bacteria of T4 colony type to the inhibitory effects of specific concentrations of ampicillin (0.50 mug/ml) and penicillin (0.01 mug/ml). Bacteria of T4 colony type, however, were found to be more resistant to the effects of chloramphenicol (0.40 mug/ml), erythromycin (0.10 mug/ml), spectinomycin (10.00 mug/ml), and tetracycline (0.30 mug/ml). The differences in susceptibilities of these bacteria to the antibiotics investigated were not due to differences in growth rate or to differences in permeability. The data suggest that virulent gonococci and avirulent gonococci have unique properties that affect their susceptibilities to certain antimicrobial agents.", "PMID": 99084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3562", "title": "Zinc deficiency and acrodermatitis after intravenous hyperalimentation.", "content": "During the fourth week of intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) a vesiculopustular and erythematous eruption developed in the perioral and perineal areas of a 60-year-old woman. During the next ten days, the eruption spread to involve the central portion of the face, periorbital areas, entire perineum, upper portion of the thighs, and feet. She became depressed and agitated. Numerous study results for Candida albicans were negative. Within 48 hours of therapy with 220 mg. of zinc sulfate twice daily, the eruption had resolved to a mild erythema. The pretreatment serum zinc level before treatment was markedly depressed at 36 microgram/dl.", "contents": "Zinc deficiency and acrodermatitis after intravenous hyperalimentation. During the fourth week of intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) a vesiculopustular and erythematous eruption developed in the perioral and perineal areas of a 60-year-old woman. During the next ten days, the eruption spread to involve the central portion of the face, periorbital areas, entire perineum, upper portion of the thighs, and feet. She became depressed and agitated. Numerous study results for Candida albicans were negative. Within 48 hours of therapy with 220 mg. of zinc sulfate twice daily, the eruption had resolved to a mild erythema. The pretreatment serum zinc level before treatment was markedly depressed at 36 microgram/dl.", "PMID": 99086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3563", "title": "Neurofibromatosis and interstitial lung disease.", "content": "The literature suggests that 10% to 20% of adult patients with neurofibromatosis have associated interstitial lung disease. Characteristics of such involvement, as present in the case reported herein, include bilateral lower lobe fibrosis and may include bullous and cystic changes in advanced cases. In addition to pulmonary fibrosis, neurofibromatosis may have other intrathoracic associations; including \"dumbbell\" neurofibromas, intercostal neurofibromas, and intrathoracic meningoceles.", "contents": "Neurofibromatosis and interstitial lung disease. The literature suggests that 10% to 20% of adult patients with neurofibromatosis have associated interstitial lung disease. Characteristics of such involvement, as present in the case reported herein, include bilateral lower lobe fibrosis and may include bullous and cystic changes in advanced cases. In addition to pulmonary fibrosis, neurofibromatosis may have other intrathoracic associations; including \"dumbbell\" neurofibromas, intercostal neurofibromas, and intrathoracic meningoceles.", "PMID": 99088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3564", "title": "Nebulised sodium cromoglycate in the preschool wheezy child.", "content": "A double-blind controlled study of 14 preschool children with recurrent wheezing episodes was performed to show the effectiveness of nebulised sodium cromoglycate in inhibiting exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in this age group. All 14 children showed markedly less exercise-induced bronchoconstruction after nebulised sodium cromoglycate, 13 of them to a degree indistinguishable from results obtained in normal healthy children in the same age group. Nebulised water afforded protection from exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in some children. This study gives further evidence that sodium cromoglycate is an effective therapeutic agent in children under the age of 5 years.", "contents": "Nebulised sodium cromoglycate in the preschool wheezy child. A double-blind controlled study of 14 preschool children with recurrent wheezing episodes was performed to show the effectiveness of nebulised sodium cromoglycate in inhibiting exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in this age group. All 14 children showed markedly less exercise-induced bronchoconstruction after nebulised sodium cromoglycate, 13 of them to a degree indistinguishable from results obtained in normal healthy children in the same age group. Nebulised water afforded protection from exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in some children. This study gives further evidence that sodium cromoglycate is an effective therapeutic agent in children under the age of 5 years.", "PMID": 99089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3565", "title": "I-cell disease.", "content": "A boy with fatal I-cell disease is reported. Defective ganglioside and glycoprotein metabolism is due to deficient neuraminidase activity.", "contents": "I-cell disease. A boy with fatal I-cell disease is reported. Defective ganglioside and glycoprotein metabolism is due to deficient neuraminidase activity.", "PMID": 99090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3566", "title": "Action of the \"nude\" gene on pigmentation of the coat in c57 black and c3 mice.", "content": "The authors have studied pigmentary changes of skin and hair due to the presence of the \"nude\" gene in pigmented species (C 57 Bl. 6J, C3H). Morphological (histology, electron microscopy) and biochemical (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of tyrosinase activities) studies showed that the pigmentary alterations of the \"nude\" mice were related to hair cycle and hair growth wave pattern. In fact, in the \"nude\"  mice the hair follicles evolves cyclically similarly to mice of normal coat. In depigmented skin, the hair follicles were in the resting phase and no soluble tyrosinase could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Action of the \"nude\" gene on pigmentation of the coat in c57 black and c3 mice. The authors have studied pigmentary changes of skin and hair due to the presence of the \"nude\" gene in pigmented species (C 57 Bl. 6J, C3H). Morphological (histology, electron microscopy) and biochemical (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of tyrosinase activities) studies showed that the pigmentary alterations of the \"nude\" mice were related to hair cycle and hair growth wave pattern. In fact, in the \"nude\"  mice the hair follicles evolves cyclically similarly to mice of normal coat. In depigmented skin, the hair follicles were in the resting phase and no soluble tyrosinase could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 99091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3567", "title": "Polymyositis in Chagas's disease.", "content": "Polymyositis marked the clinical onset of Chagas's disease in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. This is unusual, although clinically unimportant muscle involvement in trypanosomiasis has been described. The plasma cell infiltrate and vascular deposition of IgM and C3 suggest that the humoral immune system may play a role in the pathogenesis of chagasic polymyositis. It is not known whether the rheumatoid diseases predisposed to the polymyositis.", "contents": "Polymyositis in Chagas's disease. Polymyositis marked the clinical onset of Chagas's disease in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. This is unusual, although clinically unimportant muscle involvement in trypanosomiasis has been described. The plasma cell infiltrate and vascular deposition of IgM and C3 suggest that the humoral immune system may play a role in the pathogenesis of chagasic polymyositis. It is not known whether the rheumatoid diseases predisposed to the polymyositis.", "PMID": 99092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3568", "title": "Immunodiffusion studies on synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the reaction of fibrinogen with a streptococcal extract.", "content": "Synovial fluids (83.3%) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis gave a positive reaction when examined by immunodiffusion against a Lancefield extract of Group A Type 12 streptococci. None of the patients with osteoarthrosis reacted positively. An antiserum was prepared to the material in synovial fluid reacting with the streptococcal extract. This antiserum reacted positively with all synovial fluids tested including the osteoarthrosis patients. It also reacted with all plasma samples tested but only with a few (18.2%) of serum samples. Immunodiffusion and absorption experiments demonstrated that the material reacting with the streptococcal extract was fibrinogen. Of 12 other streptococci examined only one, a Group C organism, gave a similar positive reaction with synovial fluids.", "contents": "Immunodiffusion studies on synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the reaction of fibrinogen with a streptococcal extract. Synovial fluids (83.3%) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis gave a positive reaction when examined by immunodiffusion against a Lancefield extract of Group A Type 12 streptococci. None of the patients with osteoarthrosis reacted positively. An antiserum was prepared to the material in synovial fluid reacting with the streptococcal extract. This antiserum reacted positively with all synovial fluids tested including the osteoarthrosis patients. It also reacted with all plasma samples tested but only with a few (18.2%) of serum samples. Immunodiffusion and absorption experiments demonstrated that the material reacting with the streptococcal extract was fibrinogen. Of 12 other streptococci examined only one, a Group C organism, gave a similar positive reaction with synovial fluids.", "PMID": 99093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3569", "title": "Transplantation of the liver.", "content": "Liver transplantation has had a long gestation period in being accepted as standard therapy. The main reason for this is the formidable operation to which the patient is subjected and because of this, referral of cases tends to be too late. Increasing confidence in the operation should result in earlier surgery. The low incidence of uncontrollable rejection is an encouraging finding which should, in the future, make the results of grafting for nonmalignant parenchymatous liver disease better than those currently obtained with kidney grafts from cadaver donors. The surgery requires a large team of strongly motivated doctors, nurses and technicians, who must have continuing experience with technically successful orthotopic liver grafts in experimental animals.", "contents": "Transplantation of the liver. Liver transplantation has had a long gestation period in being accepted as standard therapy. The main reason for this is the formidable operation to which the patient is subjected and because of this, referral of cases tends to be too late. Increasing confidence in the operation should result in earlier surgery. The low incidence of uncontrollable rejection is an encouraging finding which should, in the future, make the results of grafting for nonmalignant parenchymatous liver disease better than those currently obtained with kidney grafts from cadaver donors. The surgery requires a large team of strongly motivated doctors, nurses and technicians, who must have continuing experience with technically successful orthotopic liver grafts in experimental animals.", "PMID": 99096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3570", "title": "[Cerebro-spinal fluid assay (author's transl)].", "content": "The Author describes an analytical comparative method between cerebrospinal fluid and serum which allows to calculate some protein indices in CSF and in CSF and blood that are very useful in the diagnosis of the nervous system diseases.", "contents": "[Cerebro-spinal fluid assay (author's transl)]. The Author describes an analytical comparative method between cerebrospinal fluid and serum which allows to calculate some protein indices in CSF and in CSF and blood that are very useful in the diagnosis of the nervous system diseases.", "PMID": 99094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3571", "title": "Home parenteral nutrition: results in 34 pediatric patients.", "content": "Although home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has been used successfully for adult patients, no extensive experience with children has been reported. During the past three years, we have managed 34 patients, ages 1 1/2 months to 20 1/2 years, on a HPN program for periods ranging from 23 to 786 days. Silastic Broviac catheters were inserted into the superior vena cava through the jugular or cephalic veins or into the inferior vena cava through the saphenous vein. The catheters were brought out onto the chest or lower abdominal wall through a subcutaneous tunnel. Solutions were infused over a 10--14-hour period each day, using a volumetric pump system. All patients improved their nutritional status. Twenty-three of 29 on the program for more than two months showed an increase in height. All patients evidenced a significant decrease in symptomatology. All resumed per group activities while on HPN and were able to continue their education or work. At present 24 patients including 15 with Crohn's disease no longer receive HPN. Administration of HPN through a Broviac catheter is a safe, successful technique for maintaining an optimal nutritional status in children with severe digestive disorders, and permits resumption of a more normal daily lifestyle. Following HPN, bowel adaptation and initiation of full oral alimentation become possible in many patients.", "contents": "Home parenteral nutrition: results in 34 pediatric patients. Although home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has been used successfully for adult patients, no extensive experience with children has been reported. During the past three years, we have managed 34 patients, ages 1 1/2 months to 20 1/2 years, on a HPN program for periods ranging from 23 to 786 days. Silastic Broviac catheters were inserted into the superior vena cava through the jugular or cephalic veins or into the inferior vena cava through the saphenous vein. The catheters were brought out onto the chest or lower abdominal wall through a subcutaneous tunnel. Solutions were infused over a 10--14-hour period each day, using a volumetric pump system. All patients improved their nutritional status. Twenty-three of 29 on the program for more than two months showed an increase in height. All patients evidenced a significant decrease in symptomatology. All resumed per group activities while on HPN and were able to continue their education or work. At present 24 patients including 15 with Crohn's disease no longer receive HPN. Administration of HPN through a Broviac catheter is a safe, successful technique for maintaining an optimal nutritional status in children with severe digestive disorders, and permits resumption of a more normal daily lifestyle. Following HPN, bowel adaptation and initiation of full oral alimentation become possible in many patients.", "PMID": 99097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3572", "title": "Amino acid derangements in patients with sepsis: treatment with branched chain amino acid rich infusions.", "content": "Sepsis is a major catabolic insult resulting in modifications in carbohydrate and fat energy metabolism, and leading to increased muscle breakdown and nitrogen loss. Insulin resistance, which develops in sepsis, decreases glucose utilization, but plasma insulin levels are sufficiently elevated to prevent lipolysis, resulting in a further energy deficit. The availability of fuels in sepsis is therefore limited, and the body resorts to muscle breakdown, gluconeogenesis, and amino acid oxidation for energy supply. Previous work has not defined, however, the exact alterations in amino acid metabolism. Therefore, the following studies were undertaken. Blood samples were drawn from fifteen patients in whom the diagnosis of sepsis was clinically established; the samples were analyzed for amino acid, beta-hydroxyphenylethanolamines, glucose, insulin and glucagon concentrations. The plasma amino acid pattern observed was characterized by an increase in total amino acid content, due mainly to high levels of the aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine) and the sulfur-containing amino acids (taurine, cystine and methionine). Alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and proline were also elevated, but to a lesser degree. The branched chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine) were within normal limits, as were glycine, serine, threonine, lysine, histidine and tryptophan. Those patients who did not survive sepsis had higher levels of aromatic and sulfur-containing amino acids as compared to those patients surviving sepsis. On the other hand, those patients surviving sepsis had higher levels of alanine and the branched chain amino acids. In a second group of five patients with overwhelming sepsis accompanied by a state of metabolic encephalopathy, a parenteral nutrition solution consisting of 23% dextrose, and an amino acid formulation enriched with branched chain amino acids was administered. In these five patients, normalization of the plasma amino acid pattern and reversal of encephalopathy was observed. The following sequence of events may be postulated: The septic patient develops insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues, primarily muscle, while the adipose tissue is much less affected. The insulin resistance and the inability to utilize fat leads to increased muscle proteolysis. Muscle breakdown results in release into the blood of enormous amounts of various amino acids; the muscle itself is able to oxidize the branched chain amino acids, supplying the muscles' own energy requirements and alanine for gluconeogenesis. The extensive muscle proteolysis coupled with relative hepatic insufficiency occurring early in sepsis results in the appearance in the plasma of high levels of most of the amino acids present in muscle, particularly the aromatic and the sulfur-containing amino acids. The outcome of patients with sepsis might be positively affected by combined therapy with glucose, insulin and branched chain amino acids.", "contents": "Amino acid derangements in patients with sepsis: treatment with branched chain amino acid rich infusions. Sepsis is a major catabolic insult resulting in modifications in carbohydrate and fat energy metabolism, and leading to increased muscle breakdown and nitrogen loss. Insulin resistance, which develops in sepsis, decreases glucose utilization, but plasma insulin levels are sufficiently elevated to prevent lipolysis, resulting in a further energy deficit. The availability of fuels in sepsis is therefore limited, and the body resorts to muscle breakdown, gluconeogenesis, and amino acid oxidation for energy supply. Previous work has not defined, however, the exact alterations in amino acid metabolism. Therefore, the following studies were undertaken. Blood samples were drawn from fifteen patients in whom the diagnosis of sepsis was clinically established; the samples were analyzed for amino acid, beta-hydroxyphenylethanolamines, glucose, insulin and glucagon concentrations. The plasma amino acid pattern observed was characterized by an increase in total amino acid content, due mainly to high levels of the aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine) and the sulfur-containing amino acids (taurine, cystine and methionine). Alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and proline were also elevated, but to a lesser degree. The branched chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine) were within normal limits, as were glycine, serine, threonine, lysine, histidine and tryptophan. Those patients who did not survive sepsis had higher levels of aromatic and sulfur-containing amino acids as compared to those patients surviving sepsis. On the other hand, those patients surviving sepsis had higher levels of alanine and the branched chain amino acids. In a second group of five patients with overwhelming sepsis accompanied by a state of metabolic encephalopathy, a parenteral nutrition solution consisting of 23% dextrose, and an amino acid formulation enriched with branched chain amino acids was administered. In these five patients, normalization of the plasma amino acid pattern and reversal of encephalopathy was observed. The following sequence of events may be postulated: The septic patient develops insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues, primarily muscle, while the adipose tissue is much less affected. The insulin resistance and the inability to utilize fat leads to increased muscle proteolysis. Muscle breakdown results in release into the blood of enormous amounts of various amino acids; the muscle itself is able to oxidize the branched chain amino acids, supplying the muscles' own energy requirements and alanine for gluconeogenesis. The extensive muscle proteolysis coupled with relative hepatic insufficiency occurring early in sepsis results in the appearance in the plasma of high levels of most of the amino acids present in muscle, particularly the aromatic and the sulfur-containing amino acids. The outcome of patients with sepsis might be positively affected by combined therapy with glucose, insulin and branched chain amino acids.", "PMID": 99098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3573", "title": "Pharmacological profile of N-(2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL)-N-(1-methyl-2pyrrolidinylidene)urea, xilobam, a new centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant.", "content": "The pharmacological profile of a new centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, xilobam, is described and compared to that of existing skeletal muscle relaxants. The potencyof xilobam, administered intravenously, is approximately ten times that of methocarbamol in the linguomandibular assay in the cat. When evaluated in the strychnin assay in the mouse, the potency of xilobam is approximately seven times that of chlorzoxazone and eleven tomes that of methocarbamol and five times that of metaxalone. In contrast to methocarbamol, xilobam exhibits little or no sedative activity and appears devoid of antianxiety properties. When administered to non-anesthetized dogs, xilobam and other centrally acting muscle relaxants, such as chlorzoxazone and methocarbamol, increased arterial pressure and heart rate. Mydraiasis, vocalization and muscle rigidity were concomitantly observed. These effects appear to be centrally induced. It is concluded that xilobam appears to be a potent centrally acting muscle relaxant which should not be sedating or anxiolytic in man.", "contents": "Pharmacological profile of N-(2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL)-N-(1-methyl-2pyrrolidinylidene)urea, xilobam, a new centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant. The pharmacological profile of a new centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, xilobam, is described and compared to that of existing skeletal muscle relaxants. The potencyof xilobam, administered intravenously, is approximately ten times that of methocarbamol in the linguomandibular assay in the cat. When evaluated in the strychnin assay in the mouse, the potency of xilobam is approximately seven times that of chlorzoxazone and eleven tomes that of methocarbamol and five times that of metaxalone. In contrast to methocarbamol, xilobam exhibits little or no sedative activity and appears devoid of antianxiety properties. When administered to non-anesthetized dogs, xilobam and other centrally acting muscle relaxants, such as chlorzoxazone and methocarbamol, increased arterial pressure and heart rate. Mydraiasis, vocalization and muscle rigidity were concomitantly observed. These effects appear to be centrally induced. It is concluded that xilobam appears to be a potent centrally acting muscle relaxant which should not be sedating or anxiolytic in man.", "PMID": 99099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3574", "title": "[Further study of the in vitro antibiotic resistance of strains of Psedumonas aeruginosa isolated in hospital and extra-hospital environments. Differences in resistance between the 2 groups].", "content": "The sensibility of Ps. aeruginosa strains to several antibiotics has been tested in vitro. The strains have been divided into two groups: a group of 162 cases from the Hospital and a group of 42 cases from the outside. Then the percentage of resistance to each antibiotic of the cases in both groups has been calculated, and so has the significance of the differences between the percentages, whenever a difference has been found out. The strains from the Hospital have proved to be significantly more resistant to neomycin, nalidixid acid, chloramphenicol, demetilclortetracyclin, rifampicin, whereas the strains from the outside have shown greater resistance to colimicin and gentamicin. All the other differences between percentages haven't proved to be significant.", "contents": "[Further study of the in vitro antibiotic resistance of strains of Psedumonas aeruginosa isolated in hospital and extra-hospital environments. Differences in resistance between the 2 groups]. The sensibility of Ps. aeruginosa strains to several antibiotics has been tested in vitro. The strains have been divided into two groups: a group of 162 cases from the Hospital and a group of 42 cases from the outside. Then the percentage of resistance to each antibiotic of the cases in both groups has been calculated, and so has the significance of the differences between the percentages, whenever a difference has been found out. The strains from the Hospital have proved to be significantly more resistant to neomycin, nalidixid acid, chloramphenicol, demetilclortetracyclin, rifampicin, whereas the strains from the outside have shown greater resistance to colimicin and gentamicin. All the other differences between percentages haven't proved to be significant.", "PMID": 99095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3575", "title": "[Contrast echocardiology in two dimensions and in real time. 1. Ultrasonic techniques].", "content": "An aqueous solution (5% glucose) injected rapidly into a peripheral vein modifies the acoustic homogeneity of the blood not only at the periphery, but also within the cavities of the heart. This ultrasonic contrast technique has taken a new lease of life thanks of two-dimensional echocardiology in real time, which allows the blood to be visualised as it moves. A description is given of the current two-dimensional real time transducers, and the dynamically focal multiscan which has been developed in our laboratories. An analysis is made of the chosen ultrasonic contrast medium (glucose water), of the site and mode of injection, of the recording technique and of the various echocardiological views. Finally, a discussion highlights the limitations of single crystal echocardiography, and the advantages of the two-dimensional technique in real time.", "contents": "[Contrast echocardiology in two dimensions and in real time. 1. Ultrasonic techniques]. An aqueous solution (5% glucose) injected rapidly into a peripheral vein modifies the acoustic homogeneity of the blood not only at the periphery, but also within the cavities of the heart. This ultrasonic contrast technique has taken a new lease of life thanks of two-dimensional echocardiology in real time, which allows the blood to be visualised as it moves. A description is given of the current two-dimensional real time transducers, and the dynamically focal multiscan which has been developed in our laboratories. An analysis is made of the chosen ultrasonic contrast medium (glucose water), of the site and mode of injection, of the recording technique and of the various echocardiological views. Finally, a discussion highlights the limitations of single crystal echocardiography, and the advantages of the two-dimensional technique in real time.", "PMID": 99103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3576", "title": "[Contrast echocardiography in two dimensions and in real time. 2. Clinical applications].", "content": "The anatomical and functional abnormalities which are the basis of septal defects and valvular incompetence can be visualised directly by two-dimensional contrast echocardiology. Although right-left shunts at atrial or ventricular level can easily be discovered and visualised after injection peripherally, the same is not true of left-right ventricular shunts; these are not detectable. As for left-right shunts (as demonstrated by oxymetry) at the atrial level, these are in a separate category; the passage of ultrasonic contrast medium from right to left is inconstant. This technique also allows the study of abnormal blood flow: tricuspid incompetence, turbulence caused by prosthetic valves, etc.", "contents": "[Contrast echocardiography in two dimensions and in real time. 2. Clinical applications]. The anatomical and functional abnormalities which are the basis of septal defects and valvular incompetence can be visualised directly by two-dimensional contrast echocardiology. Although right-left shunts at atrial or ventricular level can easily be discovered and visualised after injection peripherally, the same is not true of left-right ventricular shunts; these are not detectable. As for left-right shunts (as demonstrated by oxymetry) at the atrial level, these are in a separate category; the passage of ultrasonic contrast medium from right to left is inconstant. This technique also allows the study of abnormal blood flow: tricuspid incompetence, turbulence caused by prosthetic valves, etc.", "PMID": 99104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3577", "title": "[Continous electrocardiography recording in coronary insufficiency. Diagnostic value].", "content": "The accuracy of continuous 24 hour recordings (Holter's method) in the diagnosis of coronary insufficiency has been studied in 115 patients, by comparison with coronary arteriography. The technique was highly specific, but only fairly sensitive under the conditions of the study, because of the relative inactivity of the patients or the absence symptoms during the recording. It has allowed us to detect certain painfree or relatively painless forms of myocardial ischaemia which may be severe, and to have a clearer understanding of the effect of treatment. Comparison with the exercise electrocardiogram has shown inconsistencies due to the limitations of the two techniques. Holter's method is a particularly simple way of detecting coronary insufficiency, and is most useful when exercise tests are impossible or contraindicated.", "contents": "[Continous electrocardiography recording in coronary insufficiency. Diagnostic value]. The accuracy of continuous 24 hour recordings (Holter's method) in the diagnosis of coronary insufficiency has been studied in 115 patients, by comparison with coronary arteriography. The technique was highly specific, but only fairly sensitive under the conditions of the study, because of the relative inactivity of the patients or the absence symptoms during the recording. It has allowed us to detect certain painfree or relatively painless forms of myocardial ischaemia which may be severe, and to have a clearer understanding of the effect of treatment. Comparison with the exercise electrocardiogram has shown inconsistencies due to the limitations of the two techniques. Holter's method is a particularly simple way of detecting coronary insufficiency, and is most useful when exercise tests are impossible or contraindicated.", "PMID": 99106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3578", "title": "[Correction of cardiac malformations after corrected transposition of the great vessels. A series of 18 cases operated on by an open heart technique].", "content": "Recent progress in the surgical treatment of malformations after transposition has been dealt with has been made in three directions: 1. By knowledge of the position of the conducting pathways in relation to ventricular septal defects, so that total atrioventricular block, the first complication of this type of surgery, may be avoided; 2. By appreciation of the proximity of the conductive pathways to the elements contributing to pulmonary stenosis, which may contra-indicate direct removal of such stenosis. In such a case, a valved tube must be placed between the sub-pulmonary ventricle and the pulmonary artery; 3. By appreciating the frequency, the difficulty in diagnosis and the grave consequences of failing to recognise lesions of the atrioventricular valves, with the result that their systematic investigation should form part of the operative technique.", "contents": "[Correction of cardiac malformations after corrected transposition of the great vessels. A series of 18 cases operated on by an open heart technique]. Recent progress in the surgical treatment of malformations after transposition has been dealt with has been made in three directions: 1. By knowledge of the position of the conducting pathways in relation to ventricular septal defects, so that total atrioventricular block, the first complication of this type of surgery, may be avoided; 2. By appreciation of the proximity of the conductive pathways to the elements contributing to pulmonary stenosis, which may contra-indicate direct removal of such stenosis. In such a case, a valved tube must be placed between the sub-pulmonary ventricle and the pulmonary artery; 3. By appreciating the frequency, the difficulty in diagnosis and the grave consequences of failing to recognise lesions of the atrioventricular valves, with the result that their systematic investigation should form part of the operative technique.", "PMID": 99107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3579", "title": "[Congenital defects of the aortic system].", "content": "The authors give a basic embriological classification of congenital arterial defects. Congenital abnormalities of the arterial system (arising in an embryo of 12 to 30 mm) affect the primary segments, and comprise excessive involution of the antibrachial trunk, of the popliteal artery, of the tibio-peroneal trunk and peroneal artery, abnormal or persistence of the interosseus artery, of the artery of sciatic nerve, and of the peroneal artery, a high axillary origin of the radial or antecubital artery, renal polar arteries arising directly from the aorta, and agenesis of the palmar or plantar arches. In the second generation arteries, they comprise agenesis or hypogenesis of the radial, antecubital or tibial arteries, and gross hypogenesis of the trunk of the renal artery with an immature kidney. Arrested or mal-development in the foetus can give rise to coarctation and stenosis of the thoracic aorta and large vessels, to segmental agenesis with huge collaterals, to imperforate osita, especially in the mesenteric arteries, to sudden variations in diameter of the renal arteries, and to parietal dyplasia and aneurysms in vessels in the residual undifferentiated mesenchymatous tissue, and diffuse dilatation or stenosis. The authors give their experience for a cardiological clinic, adding arterial hypertension and arterioparenchymatous dysplasia of the kidneys, Raynaud's, Takayasbu's and Burger's disease, and intermittent claudication of the lower limbs; they indicate the areas which they are currently studying.", "contents": "[Congenital defects of the aortic system]. The authors give a basic embriological classification of congenital arterial defects. Congenital abnormalities of the arterial system (arising in an embryo of 12 to 30 mm) affect the primary segments, and comprise excessive involution of the antibrachial trunk, of the popliteal artery, of the tibio-peroneal trunk and peroneal artery, abnormal or persistence of the interosseus artery, of the artery of sciatic nerve, and of the peroneal artery, a high axillary origin of the radial or antecubital artery, renal polar arteries arising directly from the aorta, and agenesis of the palmar or plantar arches. In the second generation arteries, they comprise agenesis or hypogenesis of the radial, antecubital or tibial arteries, and gross hypogenesis of the trunk of the renal artery with an immature kidney. Arrested or mal-development in the foetus can give rise to coarctation and stenosis of the thoracic aorta and large vessels, to segmental agenesis with huge collaterals, to imperforate osita, especially in the mesenteric arteries, to sudden variations in diameter of the renal arteries, and to parietal dyplasia and aneurysms in vessels in the residual undifferentiated mesenchymatous tissue, and diffuse dilatation or stenosis. The authors give their experience for a cardiological clinic, adding arterial hypertension and arterioparenchymatous dysplasia of the kidneys, Raynaud's, Takayasbu's and Burger's disease, and intermittent claudication of the lower limbs; they indicate the areas which they are currently studying.", "PMID": 99108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3580", "title": "[Cardiac findings in bilharziasis without pulmonary arterial hypertension].", "content": "1. A systematic search was made for cardiac abnormalities (clinical, radiological and ECG) and haemodynamic disorders (catheterisation of the right side of the heart and pulmonary artery) in 37 cases of confirmed biharziasis. It was generally found that:--14 patients (37.8%) had no symptoms;--8 patients (21.6%) had pulmonary hypertension (PH) with the corresponding cardiac signs (these will be reported separately);--15 patients (40.5%) had cardiac signs with no PH; these are studied in this paper. 2. Iatrogenic myocarditis was noted on the ECG. It was found in 3 of the 37 cases (8.1%). This points to the importance of careful monitoring of treatment. There was also ECG evidence of anaemyic myocardial changes in 5 cases of the 37 (13.5%). In 3 of these 5 cases this was found to be due to bleeding. Hypertensive myocardial disease was found in 1 case (2.7%), a patient with renal disease. Myocardial signs were also found in 3 cases because of coexistant disease. 3. Three cases (8.1%) remain in whom there were ECG changes, but without PH and without any other definable cause. These could have been due to bilharzia myocarditis; the authors review the experimental and clinical evidence for such a possibility. The real incidence of this condition remains to be determined. 4. Although there was no such case in this series, the authors suggest that bilharziasis might cause endomyocardial fibrosis (EMCF). 5. The authors put forward the hypothesis that the pulmonary arteritis is a tissue immunological reaction, and also that the myocarditis (and possibly the EMCF) is a manifestation of circulating antibodies.", "contents": "[Cardiac findings in bilharziasis without pulmonary arterial hypertension]. 1. A systematic search was made for cardiac abnormalities (clinical, radiological and ECG) and haemodynamic disorders (catheterisation of the right side of the heart and pulmonary artery) in 37 cases of confirmed biharziasis. It was generally found that:--14 patients (37.8%) had no symptoms;--8 patients (21.6%) had pulmonary hypertension (PH) with the corresponding cardiac signs (these will be reported separately);--15 patients (40.5%) had cardiac signs with no PH; these are studied in this paper. 2. Iatrogenic myocarditis was noted on the ECG. It was found in 3 of the 37 cases (8.1%). This points to the importance of careful monitoring of treatment. There was also ECG evidence of anaemyic myocardial changes in 5 cases of the 37 (13.5%). In 3 of these 5 cases this was found to be due to bleeding. Hypertensive myocardial disease was found in 1 case (2.7%), a patient with renal disease. Myocardial signs were also found in 3 cases because of coexistant disease. 3. Three cases (8.1%) remain in whom there were ECG changes, but without PH and without any other definable cause. These could have been due to bilharzia myocarditis; the authors review the experimental and clinical evidence for such a possibility. The real incidence of this condition remains to be determined. 4. Although there was no such case in this series, the authors suggest that bilharziasis might cause endomyocardial fibrosis (EMCF). 5. The authors put forward the hypothesis that the pulmonary arteritis is a tissue immunological reaction, and also that the myocarditis (and possibly the EMCF) is a manifestation of circulating antibodies.", "PMID": 99109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3581", "title": "[An unusual type of mid-ventricular obstruction. A discussion of the findings].", "content": "The authors report a case of left-sided mid-ventricular obstruction which was completely different from the usual type of obstructive cardiomyopathy, and had asymetrical hypertrophy of the septum demonstrable both by angiocardiography and macroscopically. Complete clinical and haemodynamic recovery followed left ventricular myectomy with replacement of the mitral valve (one year's follow-up).", "contents": "[An unusual type of mid-ventricular obstruction. A discussion of the findings]. The authors report a case of left-sided mid-ventricular obstruction which was completely different from the usual type of obstructive cardiomyopathy, and had asymetrical hypertrophy of the septum demonstrable both by angiocardiography and macroscopically. Complete clinical and haemodynamic recovery followed left ventricular myectomy with replacement of the mitral valve (one year's follow-up).", "PMID": 99110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3582", "title": "[Recurrent supraventricular tachycardia. The efficacy of a radio frequency system inserted into the coronary sinus].", "content": "The case is reported of a man of 66 with attacks of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) which failed to respond to the standard medical treatment and which, because of their frequency, led to mental disturbances. The electrophysiological features of SVT are discussed, and the possibilities of recording potentials from the SA node. A definitive pacemaker was placed in the coronary sinus, and linked to a simple stimulator working at radio frequency (and activated by the patient himself); this led to an almost immediate reduction in the attacks of SVT.", "contents": "[Recurrent supraventricular tachycardia. The efficacy of a radio frequency system inserted into the coronary sinus]. The case is reported of a man of 66 with attacks of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) which failed to respond to the standard medical treatment and which, because of their frequency, led to mental disturbances. The electrophysiological features of SVT are discussed, and the possibilities of recording potentials from the SA node. A definitive pacemaker was placed in the coronary sinus, and linked to a simple stimulator working at radio frequency (and activated by the patient himself); this led to an almost immediate reduction in the attacks of SVT.", "PMID": 99111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3583", "title": "[The supernormal phase of cardiac conduction. An experimental study in the dog].", "content": "The existence of a cardiac phase of supernormal excitability is not fully proved at the cellular level. As far as the whole heart is concerned, the phenomenon of supernormal conduction is still under discussion. Intracardiac conduction has been studied both in the right atrium (13 dogs) and in the right ventricle (14 dogs) by programmed stimulation (extrastimulus technique), while monophasic action potential (MAP) was recorded. The phenomenon of supernormal conduction was noted in 67.7% of cases, starting at 59.0% and ending at 78.0% of the basic cycle, hence occuring shortly after phase 3 of the MAP. In the ventricle, a phase of supernormal conduction was present in 52.4% of cases, starting at 66.1% and ending at 77.9% of the basic cycle. After ajmaline, the supernormal conduction was moved towards the end of the cycle. The mechanism of supernormal conduction, and its implications in the study of arrhythmias are discussed.", "contents": "[The supernormal phase of cardiac conduction. An experimental study in the dog]. The existence of a cardiac phase of supernormal excitability is not fully proved at the cellular level. As far as the whole heart is concerned, the phenomenon of supernormal conduction is still under discussion. Intracardiac conduction has been studied both in the right atrium (13 dogs) and in the right ventricle (14 dogs) by programmed stimulation (extrastimulus technique), while monophasic action potential (MAP) was recorded. The phenomenon of supernormal conduction was noted in 67.7% of cases, starting at 59.0% and ending at 78.0% of the basic cycle, hence occuring shortly after phase 3 of the MAP. In the ventricle, a phase of supernormal conduction was present in 52.4% of cases, starting at 66.1% and ending at 77.9% of the basic cycle. After ajmaline, the supernormal conduction was moved towards the end of the cycle. The mechanism of supernormal conduction, and its implications in the study of arrhythmias are discussed.", "PMID": 99112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3584", "title": "[Nitroglycerin in experimental myocardial infarction in the baboon. The effect of reducing the pre-charge and post-charge on regional myocardial function].", "content": "A left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion was produced in the sedated state in baboons previously instrumented with a left ventricular micromanometer and ultrasonic crystals measuring segmental myocardial lengths of control, marginal and ischemic regions. 3-8 days after the onset of the ischemia, nitroglycerin (0.4 mg IV) was injected. Following the injection (NG), heart rate increased significantly compared to the control ischemic state (CIS); end diastolic pressure and systolic pressure decreased significantly. In control segments, VCF increased from 0.99 +/- 0.11 circ/s to 1.26 +- 0.11 circ/s (p less than 0.01); in marginal segments VCF increased (CIS: 0.32 +/- 0.07 circ/s; NG: 0.42 +/- 0.09/s; p less than 0.01); in ischemic segments, the bulge observed before the injection persisted after nitroglycerin. Increased performances of control and marginal regions were attributed mainly to afterload reduction although preload reduction tended to decrease this response. The contribution of improved marginal function was small indicating that improvement of active hemodynamic function was largely due to changes in control segments function.", "contents": "[Nitroglycerin in experimental myocardial infarction in the baboon. The effect of reducing the pre-charge and post-charge on regional myocardial function]. A left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion was produced in the sedated state in baboons previously instrumented with a left ventricular micromanometer and ultrasonic crystals measuring segmental myocardial lengths of control, marginal and ischemic regions. 3-8 days after the onset of the ischemia, nitroglycerin (0.4 mg IV) was injected. Following the injection (NG), heart rate increased significantly compared to the control ischemic state (CIS); end diastolic pressure and systolic pressure decreased significantly. In control segments, VCF increased from 0.99 +/- 0.11 circ/s to 1.26 +- 0.11 circ/s (p less than 0.01); in marginal segments VCF increased (CIS: 0.32 +/- 0.07 circ/s; NG: 0.42 +/- 0.09/s; p less than 0.01); in ischemic segments, the bulge observed before the injection persisted after nitroglycerin. Increased performances of control and marginal regions were attributed mainly to afterload reduction although preload reduction tended to decrease this response. The contribution of improved marginal function was small indicating that improvement of active hemodynamic function was largely due to changes in control segments function.", "PMID": 99113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3585", "title": "Thiethylperazine; clinical antipsychotic efficacy and correlation with potency in predictive systems.", "content": "A one-to-one relationship between clinical antipsychotic potency and pharmacologic dopaminergic antagonism is implicit in the dopamine hypothesis of neuroleptic action. Thiethylperazine maleate, a classical antiemetic phenothiazine, displays dopaminergic antagonism in behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine systems, but is paradoxical insofar as it is thought not to possess clinical neuroleptic activity. In three tests of dopaminergic antagonism--elevation of levels of CSF homovanillic acid in monkeys, striatal dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in rats, and prolactin in man--as well as in a clinical trial of neuroleptic efficacy in schizophrenics, thiethylperazine was fully active and approximately three times as potent as chlorpromazine. Differences in efficacy between this and earlier clinical studies can be accounted for on the basis of dosage.", "contents": "Thiethylperazine; clinical antipsychotic efficacy and correlation with potency in predictive systems. A one-to-one relationship between clinical antipsychotic potency and pharmacologic dopaminergic antagonism is implicit in the dopamine hypothesis of neuroleptic action. Thiethylperazine maleate, a classical antiemetic phenothiazine, displays dopaminergic antagonism in behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine systems, but is paradoxical insofar as it is thought not to possess clinical neuroleptic activity. In three tests of dopaminergic antagonism--elevation of levels of CSF homovanillic acid in monkeys, striatal dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in rats, and prolactin in man--as well as in a clinical trial of neuroleptic efficacy in schizophrenics, thiethylperazine was fully active and approximately three times as potent as chlorpromazine. Differences in efficacy between this and earlier clinical studies can be accounted for on the basis of dosage.", "PMID": 99115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3586", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivy and experimental interstitial pneumonitis.", "content": "The effects of prior sensitization with killed H37Ra tubercle bacilli on the pulmonary reaction to intravenous (IV) challenge with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) have been studied and were compared to reactions in nonsensitized CFA-challenged controls. Rabbits that died within 24 hours of challenge demonstrated acute arteritis prior to granuloma formation. Sensitized rabbits had a greater number of exudative cells in the pulmonary lavage fluid and a larger volume of parenchymal infiltrate than did comparable, nonsensitized controls at two and eight weeks. The exudate and infiltrate were diminished in both sensitized and nonsensitized rabbits at eight weeks. An obliterative, granulomatous arteritis was observed in both sensitized and nonsensitized groups receiving IV CFA and was not affected by the state of sensitivation. Granulomatous and collagenous parenchymal lesions regress in both sensitized and nonsensitized groups between two and eight weeks.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivy and experimental interstitial pneumonitis. The effects of prior sensitization with killed H37Ra tubercle bacilli on the pulmonary reaction to intravenous (IV) challenge with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) have been studied and were compared to reactions in nonsensitized CFA-challenged controls. Rabbits that died within 24 hours of challenge demonstrated acute arteritis prior to granuloma formation. Sensitized rabbits had a greater number of exudative cells in the pulmonary lavage fluid and a larger volume of parenchymal infiltrate than did comparable, nonsensitized controls at two and eight weeks. The exudate and infiltrate were diminished in both sensitized and nonsensitized rabbits at eight weeks. An obliterative, granulomatous arteritis was observed in both sensitized and nonsensitized groups receiving IV CFA and was not affected by the state of sensitivation. Granulomatous and collagenous parenchymal lesions regress in both sensitized and nonsensitized groups between two and eight weeks.", "PMID": 99116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3587", "title": "[Immunomorphological transformation of the thyroid gland in autoimmune thyroiditis].", "content": "In parallel immunochemical, immunohistochemical, and histopathological studies of blood sera and biopsies of the thyroid gland tissue the autoimmune nature of thyroiditis was proved in 11 female patients. The detected antithyroid autoantibody was classified as complement-dependent immunoglobulin. Immunocytochemical data are presented confirming the histiocytic derivation of macrophages and non-epithelial nature of B- and C-cells. Transformation of colloid and cells ans metabollsm of monoclonal immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) permit the judgement on the duration of autoimmune thyroiditis. The diffuse lymphoid variant is typical of the first 5 years, and focal fibrinolymphoid variant-for later peroids of autoimmune thyroiditis.", "contents": "[Immunomorphological transformation of the thyroid gland in autoimmune thyroiditis]. In parallel immunochemical, immunohistochemical, and histopathological studies of blood sera and biopsies of the thyroid gland tissue the autoimmune nature of thyroiditis was proved in 11 female patients. The detected antithyroid autoantibody was classified as complement-dependent immunoglobulin. Immunocytochemical data are presented confirming the histiocytic derivation of macrophages and non-epithelial nature of B- and C-cells. Transformation of colloid and cells ans metabollsm of monoclonal immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) permit the judgement on the duration of autoimmune thyroiditis. The diffuse lymphoid variant is typical of the first 5 years, and focal fibrinolymphoid variant-for later peroids of autoimmune thyroiditis.", "PMID": 99117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3588", "title": "Breast biopsy. A comparison of outpatient and inpatient experience.", "content": "Nine hundred ninety-seven breast biopsies that were performed at one hospital over the five-year period from 1971 through 1975 were reviewed because of a changing pattern in the use of breast biopsies on outpatients who were under local anesthesia. In 1971, 17% of all breast biopsies were performed as outpatient procedures; by 1975, the figure was 60%. In 1971, 5% of all malignant neoplasms were diagnosed by the use of biopsies as outpatient procedures and 30% in 1975. Hospital charges for biopsy on an inpatient basis of benign breast disease were 7.2 times higher than for biopsy on an outpatient basis. Interviews of 102 patients clearly suggested that most patients were satisfied with the outpatient breast biopsy experience. Outpatient breast biopsy under local anesthesia is a safe procedure that is more economical in terms of medical cost, surgeons' time, and patients' time away from home and/or job. Preliminary biopsy of malignant lesions using local anesthesia permits more efficient use of diagnostic procedures to stage the extent of disease prior to treatment. Patient acceptance of breast biopsy as an outpatient procedure under local anesthesia was similar to their acceptance of biopsy on an inpatient basis under general anesthesia.", "contents": "Breast biopsy. A comparison of outpatient and inpatient experience. Nine hundred ninety-seven breast biopsies that were performed at one hospital over the five-year period from 1971 through 1975 were reviewed because of a changing pattern in the use of breast biopsies on outpatients who were under local anesthesia. In 1971, 17% of all breast biopsies were performed as outpatient procedures; by 1975, the figure was 60%. In 1971, 5% of all malignant neoplasms were diagnosed by the use of biopsies as outpatient procedures and 30% in 1975. Hospital charges for biopsy on an inpatient basis of benign breast disease were 7.2 times higher than for biopsy on an outpatient basis. Interviews of 102 patients clearly suggested that most patients were satisfied with the outpatient breast biopsy experience. Outpatient breast biopsy under local anesthesia is a safe procedure that is more economical in terms of medical cost, surgeons' time, and patients' time away from home and/or job. Preliminary biopsy of malignant lesions using local anesthesia permits more efficient use of diagnostic procedures to stage the extent of disease prior to treatment. Patient acceptance of breast biopsy as an outpatient procedure under local anesthesia was similar to their acceptance of biopsy on an inpatient basis under general anesthesia.", "PMID": 99119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3589", "title": "[Interneurons of the motor region of the neocortex].", "content": "Interneurons of motor area in the brain cortex have been studied in cats and monkeys. The greatest attention has been paid to pyramidal interneurons, among which six cell types have been described according to their axonal composition. Unlike stellate interneurons, all types of pyramidal interneurons possess less developed axonal collaterals. Interneuronal contacts are situated on dendrites or cell bodies of middle and large long-axonal pyramids. Functional role of cortical interneurons seems to be different. Some of them are of inhibitory nature (basket cells and, perhaps, other types of long-axonal stellate neurons), others are exciting elements. The latter include short-axonal stellate neurons and, perhaps, pyramidal interneurons. While comparing the cortex in cats and monkeys, it is evident that the neocortex in monkeys, especially its lower layers, is rich in pyramidal interneurons.", "contents": "[Interneurons of the motor region of the neocortex]. Interneurons of motor area in the brain cortex have been studied in cats and monkeys. The greatest attention has been paid to pyramidal interneurons, among which six cell types have been described according to their axonal composition. Unlike stellate interneurons, all types of pyramidal interneurons possess less developed axonal collaterals. Interneuronal contacts are situated on dendrites or cell bodies of middle and large long-axonal pyramids. Functional role of cortical interneurons seems to be different. Some of them are of inhibitory nature (basket cells and, perhaps, other types of long-axonal stellate neurons), others are exciting elements. The latter include short-axonal stellate neurons and, perhaps, pyramidal interneurons. While comparing the cortex in cats and monkeys, it is evident that the neocortex in monkeys, especially its lower layers, is rich in pyramidal interneurons.", "PMID": 99120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3590", "title": "[Blood supply of the compact and spongy myocardium of fish, amphibia and reptiles].", "content": "Coronal arteries were injected with lead carbonate suspension and with Indian ink and cleared preparations 150--300 mkm thick were made in 195 hearts of fish, amphibians and reptiles and studied roentgenographically. It was stated that in Chondrichthyes (shark, skate) and in Chondrostei (beluga, stellate sturgeon, sturgeon), as well as in alligator both compact and spongy myocardium of the cardiac ventricle possess blood vessels. In teleostei, amphibians and reptiles (except alligator) spongy myocardium is avascular and receives its nutrition from the ventricle. In view of the data on the presence of blood vessels in the spongy myocardium in some vertebrates, it is impossible to accept the theory suggested by Grant and Regnier according to which vessels in the heart walls appear only in connection with compactization of the myocardium. Vascularization of the spongy myocardium is closely connected with oxygen saturation of the blood flowing through the heart. When this saturation is not satisfactory, the spongy myocardium has blood vessels. In alligator, vascularization of the spongy myocardium is connected with the fact that the heart has four chambers and there are arterial and venous blood streams.", "contents": "[Blood supply of the compact and spongy myocardium of fish, amphibia and reptiles]. Coronal arteries were injected with lead carbonate suspension and with Indian ink and cleared preparations 150--300 mkm thick were made in 195 hearts of fish, amphibians and reptiles and studied roentgenographically. It was stated that in Chondrichthyes (shark, skate) and in Chondrostei (beluga, stellate sturgeon, sturgeon), as well as in alligator both compact and spongy myocardium of the cardiac ventricle possess blood vessels. In teleostei, amphibians and reptiles (except alligator) spongy myocardium is avascular and receives its nutrition from the ventricle. In view of the data on the presence of blood vessels in the spongy myocardium in some vertebrates, it is impossible to accept the theory suggested by Grant and Regnier according to which vessels in the heart walls appear only in connection with compactization of the myocardium. Vascularization of the spongy myocardium is closely connected with oxygen saturation of the blood flowing through the heart. When this saturation is not satisfactory, the spongy myocardium has blood vessels. In alligator, vascularization of the spongy myocardium is connected with the fact that the heart has four chambers and there are arterial and venous blood streams.", "PMID": 99121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3591", "title": "Artificial organ support strategies in combined renal, circulatory, pulmonary and liver failure.", "content": "Within recent years we have significantly broadened the indication for the treatment of acute renal failure in intensive care patients, even in the presence of multiple organ failure. This was made possible by: 1. safe heparinization of the extracorporeal circulation while avoiding bleeding tendencies 2. hemofiltration of patients threatened by pulmonary complications early during renal failure and 3. the simultaneous use of various special intensive care measures. By this approach we have succeeded in a number of cases to break the chain of complications leading to multiple organ failure and death.", "contents": "Artificial organ support strategies in combined renal, circulatory, pulmonary and liver failure. Within recent years we have significantly broadened the indication for the treatment of acute renal failure in intensive care patients, even in the presence of multiple organ failure. This was made possible by: 1. safe heparinization of the extracorporeal circulation while avoiding bleeding tendencies 2. hemofiltration of patients threatened by pulmonary complications early during renal failure and 3. the simultaneous use of various special intensive care measures. By this approach we have succeeded in a number of cases to break the chain of complications leading to multiple organ failure and death.", "PMID": 99123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3592", "title": "Elevations of hemopexin levels in neuromuscular disease.", "content": "Hemopexin, a serum glycoprotein that binds free heme and transports it to hepatic parenchymal cells, has been measured by radial immunodiffusion. We have confirmed elevation of serum hemopexin concentration in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy patients and carries, and demonstrated elevations in dermatomyositis/polymyositis and myasthenia gravis, but not in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In monkeys, elevations of hemopexin levels were specifically induced by hematin injections, muscle-crush, or myoglobin injections. Myoglobin leakage is the likely explanation of hemopexin level elevation in Duchenne's dystrophy patients and carriers and in dermatomyositis/polymyositis. In myasthenia gravis there might be a slight myoglobin leakage not heretofore suspected; or, the elevation of hemopexin levels might be a new reflection of a dysimmune state in myasthenia gravis, and perhaps as such is a further incrementing factor in dermatomyositis/polymyositis. Hemopexin, presumably as a longer-phase reactant, is sometimes an index of neuromuscular disease when other data are negative or equivocal.", "contents": "Elevations of hemopexin levels in neuromuscular disease. Hemopexin, a serum glycoprotein that binds free heme and transports it to hepatic parenchymal cells, has been measured by radial immunodiffusion. We have confirmed elevation of serum hemopexin concentration in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy patients and carries, and demonstrated elevations in dermatomyositis/polymyositis and myasthenia gravis, but not in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In monkeys, elevations of hemopexin levels were specifically induced by hematin injections, muscle-crush, or myoglobin injections. Myoglobin leakage is the likely explanation of hemopexin level elevation in Duchenne's dystrophy patients and carriers and in dermatomyositis/polymyositis. In myasthenia gravis there might be a slight myoglobin leakage not heretofore suspected; or, the elevation of hemopexin levels might be a new reflection of a dysimmune state in myasthenia gravis, and perhaps as such is a further incrementing factor in dermatomyositis/polymyositis. Hemopexin, presumably as a longer-phase reactant, is sometimes an index of neuromuscular disease when other data are negative or equivocal.", "PMID": 99125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3593", "title": "Proton irradiation of choroidal melanomas. Preliminary results.", "content": "Choroidal malignant melanomas in nine patients were treated with proton beam irradiation at the Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory, Cambridge, Mass. Each patient received five proton beam treatments in eight to ten days, totalling 4,730 to 8,570 rads at the tumor. No complications occurred during the treatment or follow-up period, which, at the time of this writing, ranges from one to 24 months, with an average of 12 months. No further growth of the tumor has been observed in any patient. Different signs of tumor regression have been noted. Resolution of the serous retinal detachments that accompanied some tumors is the earliest finding. Pigment changes over the surface of the tumor and adjacent pigment epithelium is a usual initial tumor response. Fluorescein angiography initially showed decreased leakage of dye; later, destruction of the tumor's vasculature and elimination of fluorescein leakage became evident. Only large choroidal vessels remained patient. Ultrasonography revealed decreased height of the tumors postirradiation, and the radioactive phosphorus (32P) uptake test, repeated in one patient, turned negative on postirradiation measurements.", "contents": "Proton irradiation of choroidal melanomas. Preliminary results. Choroidal malignant melanomas in nine patients were treated with proton beam irradiation at the Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory, Cambridge, Mass. Each patient received five proton beam treatments in eight to ten days, totalling 4,730 to 8,570 rads at the tumor. No complications occurred during the treatment or follow-up period, which, at the time of this writing, ranges from one to 24 months, with an average of 12 months. No further growth of the tumor has been observed in any patient. Different signs of tumor regression have been noted. Resolution of the serous retinal detachments that accompanied some tumors is the earliest finding. Pigment changes over the surface of the tumor and adjacent pigment epithelium is a usual initial tumor response. Fluorescein angiography initially showed decreased leakage of dye; later, destruction of the tumor's vasculature and elimination of fluorescein leakage became evident. Only large choroidal vessels remained patient. Ultrasonography revealed decreased height of the tumors postirradiation, and the radioactive phosphorus (32P) uptake test, repeated in one patient, turned negative on postirradiation measurements.", "PMID": 99132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3594", "title": "Inhibition of adenovirus replication in vitro by trifluridine.", "content": "At present, there is no effective chemotherapeutic agent available for the treatment of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Recent evidence suggests that trifluridine (3FT) may effectively inhibit the replication of some adenovirus serotypes known to cause keratoconjunctivitis. The ability of 3FT to inhibit two reference strains of adenoviruses, type 8 and type 19, was examined using cell cultures. Two second-passage isolates of adenoviruses, identified as serotype 13, were also tested. Compared with untreated, virusinfected cell cultures, drug-treated cell cultures developed a lesser degree of cytopathic effect following infection with all three serotypes. Virus production was reduced in the drug-treated cell cultures: approximately tenfold for type 8, more than 1,000-fold for type 19, and 5,000-fold for the type 13 isolates.", "contents": "Inhibition of adenovirus replication in vitro by trifluridine. At present, there is no effective chemotherapeutic agent available for the treatment of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Recent evidence suggests that trifluridine (3FT) may effectively inhibit the replication of some adenovirus serotypes known to cause keratoconjunctivitis. The ability of 3FT to inhibit two reference strains of adenoviruses, type 8 and type 19, was examined using cell cultures. Two second-passage isolates of adenoviruses, identified as serotype 13, were also tested. Compared with untreated, virusinfected cell cultures, drug-treated cell cultures developed a lesser degree of cytopathic effect following infection with all three serotypes. Virus production was reduced in the drug-treated cell cultures: approximately tenfold for type 8, more than 1,000-fold for type 19, and 5,000-fold for the type 13 isolates.", "PMID": 99133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3595", "title": "Formation and utilization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate in liver mitochondria of starved and streptozotocin-diabetic rats.", "content": "Kidney and liver mitochondria of rat, rabbit and guinea pig are able to transform 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate into acetoacetate, whereas ox liver mitochondria and rat mitochondria of heart, diaphragm and brain do not exhibit such an activity. Starvation and streptozotocin treatment decreases the formation of acetoacetate from 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate. Addition of acetoacetate and succinate to the incubation media of mitochondria results in a decrease in the transformation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate into acetoacetate. A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA hydrolase is present in rat liver mitochondria; the activity does not show appreciable changes after starvation or streptozotocin treatment.", "contents": "Formation and utilization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate in liver mitochondria of starved and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Kidney and liver mitochondria of rat, rabbit and guinea pig are able to transform 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate into acetoacetate, whereas ox liver mitochondria and rat mitochondria of heart, diaphragm and brain do not exhibit such an activity. Starvation and streptozotocin treatment decreases the formation of acetoacetate from 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate. Addition of acetoacetate and succinate to the incubation media of mitochondria results in a decrease in the transformation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate into acetoacetate. A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA hydrolase is present in rat liver mitochondria; the activity does not show appreciable changes after starvation or streptozotocin treatment.", "PMID": 99138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3596", "title": "Comparative studies on two ferredoxins from the cyanobacterium Nostoc strain MAC.", "content": "Two ferredoxins were isolated from the cyanobacterium Nostoc strain MAC grown autotrophically in the light or heterotrophically in the dark. In either case approximately three times as much ferredoxin I as ferredoxin II was obtained. Both ferredoxins had absorption maxima at 276, 282 (shoulder), 330, 423 and 465 nm in the oxidized state, and each possessed a single 2 Fe-2S active centre. Their isoelectric points were approx. 3.2. The midpoint redox potentials of the ferredoxins differed markedly; that of ferredoxin I was --350mV and that of ferredoxin II was --445mV, at pH 8.0. The midpoint potential of ferredoxin II was unusual in being pH dependent. Ferredoxin I was most active in supporting NADP+ photoreduction by chloroplasts, whereas ferredoxin II was somewhat more active in pyruvate decarboxylation by the phosphoroclastic system of Clostridum pasteurianum. Though the molecular weights of the ferredoxins determined by ultracentrifugation were the same within experimetnal error, the amino acid compositions showed marked differences. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of ferredoxins I and II were determined by means of an automatic sequencer. There are 11--12 differences between the sequences of the first 32 residues. It appears that the two ferredoxins have evolved separately to fulfil different roles in the organism.", "contents": "Comparative studies on two ferredoxins from the cyanobacterium Nostoc strain MAC. Two ferredoxins were isolated from the cyanobacterium Nostoc strain MAC grown autotrophically in the light or heterotrophically in the dark. In either case approximately three times as much ferredoxin I as ferredoxin II was obtained. Both ferredoxins had absorption maxima at 276, 282 (shoulder), 330, 423 and 465 nm in the oxidized state, and each possessed a single 2 Fe-2S active centre. Their isoelectric points were approx. 3.2. The midpoint redox potentials of the ferredoxins differed markedly; that of ferredoxin I was --350mV and that of ferredoxin II was --445mV, at pH 8.0. The midpoint potential of ferredoxin II was unusual in being pH dependent. Ferredoxin I was most active in supporting NADP+ photoreduction by chloroplasts, whereas ferredoxin II was somewhat more active in pyruvate decarboxylation by the phosphoroclastic system of Clostridum pasteurianum. Though the molecular weights of the ferredoxins determined by ultracentrifugation were the same within experimetnal error, the amino acid compositions showed marked differences. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of ferredoxins I and II were determined by means of an automatic sequencer. There are 11--12 differences between the sequences of the first 32 residues. It appears that the two ferredoxins have evolved separately to fulfil different roles in the organism.", "PMID": 99139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3597", "title": "Preparation of chromatin containing ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid from the macronucleus of Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "A method is described that enables a chromatin fraction containing ribosomal DNA (DNA containing sequences coding for rRNA) to be prepared from the macronuclei of growing or stationary cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis. This material is obtained in yields of between 25 and 75% of the theoretical maximum. The DNA in this fraction was identified as ribosomal DNA on the basis of its density and molecular weight, and it appears not to be appreciably contaminated by other DNA. The method relies on the approximate assumption that ribosomal DNA is the smallest species of DNA in chromatin in the nucleus, and avoids the use of mechanical force, or enzyme action, to fractionate chromatin.", "contents": "Preparation of chromatin containing ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid from the macronucleus of Tetrahymena pyriformis. A method is described that enables a chromatin fraction containing ribosomal DNA (DNA containing sequences coding for rRNA) to be prepared from the macronuclei of growing or stationary cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis. This material is obtained in yields of between 25 and 75% of the theoretical maximum. The DNA in this fraction was identified as ribosomal DNA on the basis of its density and molecular weight, and it appears not to be appreciably contaminated by other DNA. The method relies on the approximate assumption that ribosomal DNA is the smallest species of DNA in chromatin in the nucleus, and avoids the use of mechanical force, or enzyme action, to fractionate chromatin.", "PMID": 99140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3598", "title": "Histone composition of a chromatin fraction containing ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from the macronucleus of Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "The histone compositions of a chromatin fraction containing ribosomal DNA and of the remaining macronuclear chromatin of Tetrahymena pyriformis was analysed by gel electrophoresis. These chromatin fractions were used as models for transcriptionally active and inactive chromatin respectively. The extent of histone modification, as indicated by the distribution of histone between differently charged subspecies in acid-urea gels, is not grossly different in the two chromatin fractions. However, histone H1 is present, but may be differently modified in the two chromatin fractions. The histone/DNA ratio in ribosomal chromatin, measured after sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of samples of chromatin, was found to be the same whether chromatin was extracted from growing or stationary organisms, and to be approx. 40% of this ratio in the remaining macronuclear chromatin. The implications of these results for the possible structure of transcriptionally active chromatin are discussed.", "contents": "Histone composition of a chromatin fraction containing ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from the macronucleus of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The histone compositions of a chromatin fraction containing ribosomal DNA and of the remaining macronuclear chromatin of Tetrahymena pyriformis was analysed by gel electrophoresis. These chromatin fractions were used as models for transcriptionally active and inactive chromatin respectively. The extent of histone modification, as indicated by the distribution of histone between differently charged subspecies in acid-urea gels, is not grossly different in the two chromatin fractions. However, histone H1 is present, but may be differently modified in the two chromatin fractions. The histone/DNA ratio in ribosomal chromatin, measured after sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of samples of chromatin, was found to be the same whether chromatin was extracted from growing or stationary organisms, and to be approx. 40% of this ratio in the remaining macronuclear chromatin. The implications of these results for the possible structure of transcriptionally active chromatin are discussed.", "PMID": 99141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3599", "title": "The role of zinc in the stabilization of the dimeric form of bacterial alpha-amylase.", "content": "Bacterial alpha-amylase was shown by equilibrium and velocity-sedimentation studies to be a monomer-dimer equilibrium system in 0.10M-NaCl/0.015M-calcium acetate/0.010M-EDTA, pH7.0; an association constant of 2.4 X 10(3)M-1 is obtained. Studies of the binding of Zn2+ to alpha-amylase in 0.10M-NaCl/0.005M-calcium acetate, pH7.0, yielded binding curves that exhibit dependence on the concentration of alpha-amylase (Zn2+-free) used in the equilibrium-dialysis experiments. Results are described very satisfactorily by a reaction scheme in which Zn2+ binds exclusively to the dimer of the above monomer--dimer system with an association constant of 1.0 X 10(6)M-1. The present results refute the earlier scheme for dimer stabilization by Zn2+ in which the metal ion formed a cross-link between two non polymerizing monomer units.", "contents": "The role of zinc in the stabilization of the dimeric form of bacterial alpha-amylase. Bacterial alpha-amylase was shown by equilibrium and velocity-sedimentation studies to be a monomer-dimer equilibrium system in 0.10M-NaCl/0.015M-calcium acetate/0.010M-EDTA, pH7.0; an association constant of 2.4 X 10(3)M-1 is obtained. Studies of the binding of Zn2+ to alpha-amylase in 0.10M-NaCl/0.005M-calcium acetate, pH7.0, yielded binding curves that exhibit dependence on the concentration of alpha-amylase (Zn2+-free) used in the equilibrium-dialysis experiments. Results are described very satisfactorily by a reaction scheme in which Zn2+ binds exclusively to the dimer of the above monomer--dimer system with an association constant of 1.0 X 10(6)M-1. The present results refute the earlier scheme for dimer stabilization by Zn2+ in which the metal ion formed a cross-link between two non polymerizing monomer units.", "PMID": 99142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3600", "title": "Characterization of proteins structurally related to human N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase.", "content": "Those proteins of human liver that cross-reacted with antibodies raised to apparently homogenous hexosamindases A and B were detected by immunodiffusion. Cross-reacting proteins with high molecular weights (greater than 2000000) and intermediate molecular weights (70000--200000) were present both in the unadsorbed fraction and in the 0.05--0.2M-NaCl eluate obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography at pH7.0. The unadsorbed fraction also contained a cross-reacting protein of low molecular weight (10000--70000). The possible structural and functional relationships between hexosaminidase and the cross-reacting proteins are discussed. An apparently cross-reacting protein present in the 0.05M-NaCl eluate from the DEAE-cellulose column was serologically unrelated to hexosaminidase, but it gave a reaction of immunological identify with one of the apparently cross-reacting proteins having the charge and size characteristics of hexosaminidase A. It is suggested that immunochemical methods may provide criteria for the homogeneity of enzyme preparations superior to those of conventional methods.", "contents": "Characterization of proteins structurally related to human N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. Those proteins of human liver that cross-reacted with antibodies raised to apparently homogenous hexosamindases A and B were detected by immunodiffusion. Cross-reacting proteins with high molecular weights (greater than 2000000) and intermediate molecular weights (70000--200000) were present both in the unadsorbed fraction and in the 0.05--0.2M-NaCl eluate obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography at pH7.0. The unadsorbed fraction also contained a cross-reacting protein of low molecular weight (10000--70000). The possible structural and functional relationships between hexosaminidase and the cross-reacting proteins are discussed. An apparently cross-reacting protein present in the 0.05M-NaCl eluate from the DEAE-cellulose column was serologically unrelated to hexosaminidase, but it gave a reaction of immunological identify with one of the apparently cross-reacting proteins having the charge and size characteristics of hexosaminidase A. It is suggested that immunochemical methods may provide criteria for the homogeneity of enzyme preparations superior to those of conventional methods.", "PMID": 99143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3601", "title": "Purification and properties of glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase from Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "Bacillus megaterium N.C.T.C. no. 10342 exhibits glutamate synthetase (EC 2.6.1.53) and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4) activities. Concentrations of glutamate synthase were high when the bacteria were grown on 3mM-NH4Cl and low when they were grown on 100mM-NH4Cl, whereas glutamate dehydrogenase concentrations were higher when the bacteria were grown on 100mM-NH4Cl than on 3mM-NH4Cl. Glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase were purified to homogeneity from B. megaterium grown in 10mM-glucose/10mM-NH4Cl. The purified enzymes had mol.wts. 840000 and 270000 for glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase respectively. The Km values for substrates with NADPH and coenzyme were (glutamate synthase activity shown first) 9 micron and 360 micron for 2-oxoglutarate, 7.1 micron and 8.7 micron for NADPH, and 0.2 mM for glutamine and 22 mM for NH4Cl, similar values to those of enzymes from Escherichia coli. Glutamate synthase contained NH3-dependent activity (different from authentic glutamate dehydrogenase), which was enhanced 4-fold during treatment at pH 4.6 NH3-dependent activity was generally about 2% of the glutamine-dependent activity. Amidination of glutamate synthase by the bi-functional cross-linking reagent dimethyl suberimidate inactivated glutamine-dependent glutamate synthase activity, but increased NH3-dependent activity. A cross-linked structure of mol.wt. approx 200000 was the main product formed.", "contents": "Purification and properties of glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase from Bacillus megaterium. Bacillus megaterium N.C.T.C. no. 10342 exhibits glutamate synthetase (EC 2.6.1.53) and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4) activities. Concentrations of glutamate synthase were high when the bacteria were grown on 3mM-NH4Cl and low when they were grown on 100mM-NH4Cl, whereas glutamate dehydrogenase concentrations were higher when the bacteria were grown on 100mM-NH4Cl than on 3mM-NH4Cl. Glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase were purified to homogeneity from B. megaterium grown in 10mM-glucose/10mM-NH4Cl. The purified enzymes had mol.wts. 840000 and 270000 for glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase respectively. The Km values for substrates with NADPH and coenzyme were (glutamate synthase activity shown first) 9 micron and 360 micron for 2-oxoglutarate, 7.1 micron and 8.7 micron for NADPH, and 0.2 mM for glutamine and 22 mM for NH4Cl, similar values to those of enzymes from Escherichia coli. Glutamate synthase contained NH3-dependent activity (different from authentic glutamate dehydrogenase), which was enhanced 4-fold during treatment at pH 4.6 NH3-dependent activity was generally about 2% of the glutamine-dependent activity. Amidination of glutamate synthase by the bi-functional cross-linking reagent dimethyl suberimidate inactivated glutamine-dependent glutamate synthase activity, but increased NH3-dependent activity. A cross-linked structure of mol.wt. approx 200000 was the main product formed.", "PMID": 99144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3602", "title": "[Fetal hydrops (review of 30 cases)].", "content": "Thirty cases of hydrops fetalis were reviewed in the obstetrics hospital No. 2 of the Social Security, and were treated in the isoimmunization clinic. Important data were obtained from the analysis, the most outstanding was the fact that both the mother with previous pregnancies and incompatible Rh blood transfusions, cause the hemolytic diseases to the unborn product, which usually presents at birth a severe and clear hydrops fetalis. Previous care to delivery was of great help, specially spectrometric and photometric studies of the ammniotic fluid with purpose of following the evolution, and to evaluate the right moment to perform the intrauterine fetal transfusions, which at a certain stage may allow the fetus to grow more without important deterioration of its functions, thus avoiding lung problem in premature fetuses. This is the main reason for high mortality. Although if it is not applied at the right moment the results will be negative and it is frequent that the pregnancy ends in fetal deaths. In general, the high mortality index occurred in the products that showed severe hydrops fetalis, in spite of the fact that pre and post natal care, imply fetal problem. This is due to the prematurity as well as the pathological process to which they are submitted. It is also necessary to insist that in promptness to apply treatment in the neonatal period, will depend the life of these infants. This treatment is the responsibility of a whole specialized group that has the knowledge of the problems, such as obstetricians, pediatricians, biochemists, nurses and social workers, etc.", "contents": "[Fetal hydrops (review of 30 cases)]. Thirty cases of hydrops fetalis were reviewed in the obstetrics hospital No. 2 of the Social Security, and were treated in the isoimmunization clinic. Important data were obtained from the analysis, the most outstanding was the fact that both the mother with previous pregnancies and incompatible Rh blood transfusions, cause the hemolytic diseases to the unborn product, which usually presents at birth a severe and clear hydrops fetalis. Previous care to delivery was of great help, specially spectrometric and photometric studies of the ammniotic fluid with purpose of following the evolution, and to evaluate the right moment to perform the intrauterine fetal transfusions, which at a certain stage may allow the fetus to grow more without important deterioration of its functions, thus avoiding lung problem in premature fetuses. This is the main reason for high mortality. Although if it is not applied at the right moment the results will be negative and it is frequent that the pregnancy ends in fetal deaths. In general, the high mortality index occurred in the products that showed severe hydrops fetalis, in spite of the fact that pre and post natal care, imply fetal problem. This is due to the prematurity as well as the pathological process to which they are submitted. It is also necessary to insist that in promptness to apply treatment in the neonatal period, will depend the life of these infants. This treatment is the responsibility of a whole specialized group that has the knowledge of the problems, such as obstetricians, pediatricians, biochemists, nurses and social workers, etc.", "PMID": 99145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3603", "title": "[Solitary mastocytoma].", "content": "A case is reported of a four--month--old male infant with mastocytoma localized on antero--internal side of left leg. It was a single lesion seen since birth, of tumoral aspect, about 3.5 x 2 x 0.8 cms., light brown color. The pathologic study confirmed the diagnosis. The course was uneventful and disappeared spontaneouly in one year.", "contents": "[Solitary mastocytoma]. A case is reported of a four--month--old male infant with mastocytoma localized on antero--internal side of left leg. It was a single lesion seen since birth, of tumoral aspect, about 3.5 x 2 x 0.8 cms., light brown color. The pathologic study confirmed the diagnosis. The course was uneventful and disappeared spontaneouly in one year.", "PMID": 99146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3604", "title": "[Congenital urethral diverticulum].", "content": "It is a rare condition; cases seen more frequently are usually secondary to other diseases or to surgical procedures. In this paper, a case of sacular diverticulum of urethra is reported in a newborn and was made evident by urinary obstruction. Treatment is discussed and review is made of the literature.", "contents": "[Congenital urethral diverticulum]. It is a rare condition; cases seen more frequently are usually secondary to other diseases or to surgical procedures. In this paper, a case of sacular diverticulum of urethra is reported in a newborn and was made evident by urinary obstruction. Treatment is discussed and review is made of the literature.", "PMID": 99147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3605", "title": "[Congenital spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. Apropos of a case].", "content": "The present paper describes a case of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (S.D.C.), a heritable bone dysplasia manifested at birth and characterized by short stature and retarded ossification of vertebral bodies, pelvis and extremities. Differential diagnosis which is important for genetic counselling purposes is established between S.D.C. and Morqu's disease, diastrophic dwarfism, metatropic dwarfism, psuedoachondroplasia and hypoachondroplasia.", "contents": "[Congenital spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. Apropos of a case]. The present paper describes a case of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (S.D.C.), a heritable bone dysplasia manifested at birth and characterized by short stature and retarded ossification of vertebral bodies, pelvis and extremities. Differential diagnosis which is important for genetic counselling purposes is established between S.D.C. and Morqu's disease, diastrophic dwarfism, metatropic dwarfism, psuedoachondroplasia and hypoachondroplasia.", "PMID": 99148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3606", "title": "[Tolerance to vitamin C in malnourished children].", "content": "Although the concentration of ascorbic acid in the serum of malnourished children is usually low, the state in which organic reserves of this vitamin were found, were unknown. Based on this information, a tolerance study, before and after a saturation period, was planned. The main idea of the investigation was to find out the organic reserves of this nutriment in infants complaining of severe malnutrition. The study was carried out in 12 malnourished children with ages between 3 to 30 months. After a fasting period of 8 hours, a blood sample was taken and each patient was given 200 mgs. ascorbic acid by intramuscular route; following this, blood samples were obtained every hour on 4 occasions. During the next 5 days they were given 1 g. daily of vitamin C and on the 6th day, the tolerance test was repeated. With the purpose of determining excretion of vitamin C, urine was collected 12 hours previously and 12 hours after each study. The results showed a significant statistical difference in responses obtained with the load of vitamin C before and after the course of the saturation period; this finding allows the statement that the organic tissues of the malnourished child keep a short reserve of this vitamin, although it does not reach the critical levels of 0.3 mg/100 ml when the clinical signs of the specific deficiency to this nutriment appear.", "contents": "[Tolerance to vitamin C in malnourished children]. Although the concentration of ascorbic acid in the serum of malnourished children is usually low, the state in which organic reserves of this vitamin were found, were unknown. Based on this information, a tolerance study, before and after a saturation period, was planned. The main idea of the investigation was to find out the organic reserves of this nutriment in infants complaining of severe malnutrition. The study was carried out in 12 malnourished children with ages between 3 to 30 months. After a fasting period of 8 hours, a blood sample was taken and each patient was given 200 mgs. ascorbic acid by intramuscular route; following this, blood samples were obtained every hour on 4 occasions. During the next 5 days they were given 1 g. daily of vitamin C and on the 6th day, the tolerance test was repeated. With the purpose of determining excretion of vitamin C, urine was collected 12 hours previously and 12 hours after each study. The results showed a significant statistical difference in responses obtained with the load of vitamin C before and after the course of the saturation period; this finding allows the statement that the organic tissues of the malnourished child keep a short reserve of this vitamin, although it does not reach the critical levels of 0.3 mg/100 ml when the clinical signs of the specific deficiency to this nutriment appear.", "PMID": 99149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3607", "title": "[Preschool age mortality (1-4-year olds) in Cuba, 1961-1975].", "content": "An abstract is made of the preschool age mortality in Cuba through the period of 1961 to 1975. The authors outlight how it has dropped from 2.0 to 1.1 per 1000 population to reach 45% reduction. They establish comparison with a group of American countries, setting of contrast with the low mortality in Cuba. The mortality in children of 1 to 4 years old is considered as indirect index of malnutrition. The percentage of diminution for the different departments in the period stated is as follows: Pinar del R\u00edo, 57.6%; Havana, 43.7%; Matanzas, 58.5%; Las Villas, 63.1%; Camag\u00fcey, 50.0%; Oriente, 39.0%. The 10 most important causes of death are analyzed and the percentages in drop of mortality are reported as follows: (A 43), 80.0%; (A65) and (A105-106), 66.7%; (A5), 61.5%; (A93), 50.0%; (A89, 90, 91 and 92), 46.5%; (A21), 42.8%; (AE 138-146), 34.6%; (A126-130), 31.2%; (A25), 25.0%. Finally, stress is placed on the elements responsible for the drop in preschool age children's mortality.", "contents": "[Preschool age mortality (1-4-year olds) in Cuba, 1961-1975]. An abstract is made of the preschool age mortality in Cuba through the period of 1961 to 1975. The authors outlight how it has dropped from 2.0 to 1.1 per 1000 population to reach 45% reduction. They establish comparison with a group of American countries, setting of contrast with the low mortality in Cuba. The mortality in children of 1 to 4 years old is considered as indirect index of malnutrition. The percentage of diminution for the different departments in the period stated is as follows: Pinar del R\u00edo, 57.6%; Havana, 43.7%; Matanzas, 58.5%; Las Villas, 63.1%; Camag\u00fcey, 50.0%; Oriente, 39.0%. The 10 most important causes of death are analyzed and the percentages in drop of mortality are reported as follows: (A 43), 80.0%; (A65) and (A105-106), 66.7%; (A5), 61.5%; (A93), 50.0%; (A89, 90, 91 and 92), 46.5%; (A21), 42.8%; (AE 138-146), 34.6%; (A126-130), 31.2%; (A25), 25.0%. Finally, stress is placed on the elements responsible for the drop in preschool age children's mortality.", "PMID": 99150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3608", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of hydrallazine and of hydrallazine plus glyceryl trinitrate paste in heart failure.", "content": "In a study designed to investigate potential non-parenteral treatment for chronic heart failure, hydrallazine, 225 to 300 mg per day, was given orally to 9 patients. There was no significant change in heart rate or mean arterial pressure as cardiac output increased. Left ventricular stroke work increased significantly and pulmonary artery wedge pressure fell. Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances fell. With the addition of 2 per cent glyceryl trinitrate paste, there was a further decline in mean pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures, without a significant change in heart rate, arterial pressures, cardiac output, or systemic or pulmonary vascular resistance. There were no untoward effects from either form of treatment. All patients reported relief of shortness of breath and other symptoms related to ventricular dysfunction. This study supports the suggestion that oral hydrallazine is effective in increasing cardiac output and decreasing pulmonary congestion. Furthermore, the addition of topical glyceryl trinitrate provides a greater reduction of pulmonary pressures, probably through its predominant venodilator action. In some selected patients with heart failure, oral hydrallazine and topical glyceryl trinitrate in combination produce beneficial clinical and haemodynamic effects, probably through afterload and preload reduction, respectively.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of hydrallazine and of hydrallazine plus glyceryl trinitrate paste in heart failure. In a study designed to investigate potential non-parenteral treatment for chronic heart failure, hydrallazine, 225 to 300 mg per day, was given orally to 9 patients. There was no significant change in heart rate or mean arterial pressure as cardiac output increased. Left ventricular stroke work increased significantly and pulmonary artery wedge pressure fell. Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances fell. With the addition of 2 per cent glyceryl trinitrate paste, there was a further decline in mean pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures, without a significant change in heart rate, arterial pressures, cardiac output, or systemic or pulmonary vascular resistance. There were no untoward effects from either form of treatment. All patients reported relief of shortness of breath and other symptoms related to ventricular dysfunction. This study supports the suggestion that oral hydrallazine is effective in increasing cardiac output and decreasing pulmonary congestion. Furthermore, the addition of topical glyceryl trinitrate provides a greater reduction of pulmonary pressures, probably through its predominant venodilator action. In some selected patients with heart failure, oral hydrallazine and topical glyceryl trinitrate in combination produce beneficial clinical and haemodynamic effects, probably through afterload and preload reduction, respectively.", "PMID": 99155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3609", "title": "Implications of changes in amplitude and contour of the mercury strain gauge plethysmograph pulse tracing.", "content": "Alterations in the mercury strain gauge plethysmograph pulse tracing have been previously thought to denote changes in venous tone. This study was designed to define the implications of changes in amplitude and contour of pulse tracing. Seven normal subjects were studied. After control measurements, amyl nitrite was administered and the pulse tracing was recorded. When the haemodynamic state had returned to control levels 0.4 mg sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) was given. The amplitude of the plethysmograph pulse tracing (Y mm) and the vertical distance from the dicrotic notch to the peak of the pulse tracing (X mm) were measured. With amyl nitrite, the amplitude of the pulse tracing (Y) decreased from 10.4 +/- 1 to 4.5 +/- 0.6 mm (mean +/- SEM), while the X/Y ratio increased from 0.7 +/- 0.02 to 0.98 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.005). After GTN Y increased from 9.3 +/- 0.8 to 31 +/- 4.8 mm (P less than 0.005) and X/Y ratio increased from 0.7 +/- 0.06 to 0.99 +/- 0.01 (P less than 0.005). Since it is known that amyl nitrite produces venoconstriction and arteriolar dilatation, and GTN causes venous and arteriolar dilatation, we conclude that an increase in Y reflects venous dilatation, and an increase in X/Y ratio, that is a fall in the dicrotic notch, denotes arteriolar dilatation. Thus, the plethysmograph pulse tracing can be used to assess the effects of drugs on the capacitance and resistance beds.", "contents": "Implications of changes in amplitude and contour of the mercury strain gauge plethysmograph pulse tracing. Alterations in the mercury strain gauge plethysmograph pulse tracing have been previously thought to denote changes in venous tone. This study was designed to define the implications of changes in amplitude and contour of pulse tracing. Seven normal subjects were studied. After control measurements, amyl nitrite was administered and the pulse tracing was recorded. When the haemodynamic state had returned to control levels 0.4 mg sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) was given. The amplitude of the plethysmograph pulse tracing (Y mm) and the vertical distance from the dicrotic notch to the peak of the pulse tracing (X mm) were measured. With amyl nitrite, the amplitude of the pulse tracing (Y) decreased from 10.4 +/- 1 to 4.5 +/- 0.6 mm (mean +/- SEM), while the X/Y ratio increased from 0.7 +/- 0.02 to 0.98 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.005). After GTN Y increased from 9.3 +/- 0.8 to 31 +/- 4.8 mm (P less than 0.005) and X/Y ratio increased from 0.7 +/- 0.06 to 0.99 +/- 0.01 (P less than 0.005). Since it is known that amyl nitrite produces venoconstriction and arteriolar dilatation, and GTN causes venous and arteriolar dilatation, we conclude that an increase in Y reflects venous dilatation, and an increase in X/Y ratio, that is a fall in the dicrotic notch, denotes arteriolar dilatation. Thus, the plethysmograph pulse tracing can be used to assess the effects of drugs on the capacitance and resistance beds.", "PMID": 99156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3610", "title": "The effect of intravenous heparin infusions on the thyroid stimulating hormone response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone.", "content": "1 The TSH response to TRH is suppressed 24 h after the commencement of i.v. heparin infusion in euthyroid subjects, as compared to repeat testing, both after 7 days of continuous i.v. heparin and after 7 days without heparin but while on warfarin. 2 This suggests that the rise in serum free thyroid hormones, which heparin produces, has a 'metabolic effect'. Possible clinical effects of this action must be considered. 3 Heparin has no effect on the radio-immunoassay of TSH.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous heparin infusions on the thyroid stimulating hormone response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone. 1 The TSH response to TRH is suppressed 24 h after the commencement of i.v. heparin infusion in euthyroid subjects, as compared to repeat testing, both after 7 days of continuous i.v. heparin and after 7 days without heparin but while on warfarin. 2 This suggests that the rise in serum free thyroid hormones, which heparin produces, has a 'metabolic effect'. Possible clinical effects of this action must be considered. 3 Heparin has no effect on the radio-immunoassay of TSH.", "PMID": 99158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3611", "title": "In vitro evaluation of some derivatives of the carcinogen Butter Yellow: implications for environmental screening.", "content": "The rat-liver carcinogen 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (Butter Yellow, DAB) and 12 of its structural analogues have been evaluated in a cell transformation assay. Eight of these analogues have already been tested for carcinogenicity in rats, whilst the remaining 4 are new or hitherto untested. Benzidine and its 3,3'-disulphonic acid derivative have also been evaluated. The in vitro results agree with long-term animal data for 8 compounds but disagree in finding DAB-4'-sulphonic acid, 4-trifluoromethyl-DAB and 4-diethylaminoazo-benzene positive. Possible reasons for these divergencies are discussed. It is concluded that 9-phenylazojulolidine and N-methyl-5-phenylazoindoline have carcinogenic potential and that 3,5-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene and 4-aminoazobenzene-4'-sulphonic acid are likely to prove non-carcinogenic. Addition of azobenzene to the in vitro assay medium increases the transforming potency of DAB 25-fold. It is suggested that it acts as a competitive substrate for one of the enzymes that detoxify DAB, and that this effect is related to that produced by norharman. Sulphonic-acid derivatives of established carcinogens are usually inactive. The basis of this effect has been investigated, and it is suggested that it can operate by two separate mechanisms. It has been established that this assay cannot be relied upon to predict the in vivo potency of a carcinogen. Consideration has been given to possible changes which could be made to the liver activation system (the S-9 mix) currently used in in vitro carcinogenicity assays, and a diagram is presented of the metabolic conversions of a compound which might lead to mutation or tumour formation. This enables the term potential carcinogen to be accurately defined, and indicates a possible difference between absolute non-carcinogens and compounds which fail to produce cancer in vivo.", "contents": "In vitro evaluation of some derivatives of the carcinogen Butter Yellow: implications for environmental screening. The rat-liver carcinogen 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (Butter Yellow, DAB) and 12 of its structural analogues have been evaluated in a cell transformation assay. Eight of these analogues have already been tested for carcinogenicity in rats, whilst the remaining 4 are new or hitherto untested. Benzidine and its 3,3'-disulphonic acid derivative have also been evaluated. The in vitro results agree with long-term animal data for 8 compounds but disagree in finding DAB-4'-sulphonic acid, 4-trifluoromethyl-DAB and 4-diethylaminoazo-benzene positive. Possible reasons for these divergencies are discussed. It is concluded that 9-phenylazojulolidine and N-methyl-5-phenylazoindoline have carcinogenic potential and that 3,5-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene and 4-aminoazobenzene-4'-sulphonic acid are likely to prove non-carcinogenic. Addition of azobenzene to the in vitro assay medium increases the transforming potency of DAB 25-fold. It is suggested that it acts as a competitive substrate for one of the enzymes that detoxify DAB, and that this effect is related to that produced by norharman. Sulphonic-acid derivatives of established carcinogens are usually inactive. The basis of this effect has been investigated, and it is suggested that it can operate by two separate mechanisms. It has been established that this assay cannot be relied upon to predict the in vivo potency of a carcinogen. Consideration has been given to possible changes which could be made to the liver activation system (the S-9 mix) currently used in in vitro carcinogenicity assays, and a diagram is presented of the metabolic conversions of a compound which might lead to mutation or tumour formation. This enables the term potential carcinogen to be accurately defined, and indicates a possible difference between absolute non-carcinogens and compounds which fail to produce cancer in vivo.", "PMID": 99159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3612", "title": "Oligonucleotides in heterogeneous nuclear RNA: similarity of inverted repeats and RNA from repetitious DNA sites.", "content": "A comparison has been made by oligonucleotide analysis of three fractions of HeLa cell hnRNA: (1) the \"snap-back\" fraction (ds-hnRNA, 5% of the total); (2) the fraction that self-anneals during prolonged incubation (25% of total); and (3) the fraction that hybridizes most rapidly to an excess of HeLa cell DNA (rep-hnRNA, 10% of the total). T1 fingerprints of each of these hnRNA fractions were similar to one another and featured the largest T1 oligonucleotides of known sequence previously isolated from ds-hnRNA (Robertson, H.D., et al. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 115, 571--590; Jelinek, W. (1977 J. Mol. Biol. 115, 591--602). When hybridized to DNA either in solution or immobilized on filters, the isolated ds-hnRNA and the rep-hnRNA fractions showed similar hybridization kinetics in the COt range of \"intermediate\" repetitive DNA sequences; the ds-hnRNA and the rep-hnRNA also self-annealed to equal extents in the absence of any DNA. DNA of all buoyant density classes contained the T1 oligonucleotides diagnostic of the ds-hnRNA and the rep-hnRNA. While hnRNA is rich in inverted repeated sequences, cytoplasmic mRNA contains far fewer such sequences.", "contents": "Oligonucleotides in heterogeneous nuclear RNA: similarity of inverted repeats and RNA from repetitious DNA sites. A comparison has been made by oligonucleotide analysis of three fractions of HeLa cell hnRNA: (1) the \"snap-back\" fraction (ds-hnRNA, 5% of the total); (2) the fraction that self-anneals during prolonged incubation (25% of total); and (3) the fraction that hybridizes most rapidly to an excess of HeLa cell DNA (rep-hnRNA, 10% of the total). T1 fingerprints of each of these hnRNA fractions were similar to one another and featured the largest T1 oligonucleotides of known sequence previously isolated from ds-hnRNA (Robertson, H.D., et al. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 115, 571--590; Jelinek, W. (1977 J. Mol. Biol. 115, 591--602). When hybridized to DNA either in solution or immobilized on filters, the isolated ds-hnRNA and the rep-hnRNA fractions showed similar hybridization kinetics in the COt range of \"intermediate\" repetitive DNA sequences; the ds-hnRNA and the rep-hnRNA also self-annealed to equal extents in the absence of any DNA. DNA of all buoyant density classes contained the T1 oligonucleotides diagnostic of the ds-hnRNA and the rep-hnRNA. While hnRNA is rich in inverted repeated sequences, cytoplasmic mRNA contains far fewer such sequences.", "PMID": 99161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3613", "title": "Accumulation of thallous ions (Tl+) as a measure of the electrical potential difference across the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria.", "content": "The accumulation of thallous ions (204Tl+) by intact bacteria was investigated. I conclude that Tl+ is a permeant cation, and that it therefore accumulates in response to the electrical potential difference (delta psi) across the cytoplasmic membrane (interior negative). A comparison with other methods shows that the distribution ratio of 204Tl+ serves as a reasonably satisfactory method for measuring the membrane potential of Streptococcus faecalis. Glycolyzing cells of this organism develop membrane potentials of up to 180 mV. Preliminary experiments with Escherichia coli, especially those with a mutant defective in the proton-translocating ATPase, indicate that the Tl+ distribution also serves as a measure of the membrane potential in this organism. The particular advantage of Tl+ over other indicators of the membrane potential is that the cells need not be pretreated in any way. By use of the Tl+ distribution, it was calculated that respiring cells of E. coli develop a membrane potential of 160 mV with D-lactate and 180 mV with glucose as a substrate, respectively.", "contents": "Accumulation of thallous ions (Tl+) as a measure of the electrical potential difference across the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. The accumulation of thallous ions (204Tl+) by intact bacteria was investigated. I conclude that Tl+ is a permeant cation, and that it therefore accumulates in response to the electrical potential difference (delta psi) across the cytoplasmic membrane (interior negative). A comparison with other methods shows that the distribution ratio of 204Tl+ serves as a reasonably satisfactory method for measuring the membrane potential of Streptococcus faecalis. Glycolyzing cells of this organism develop membrane potentials of up to 180 mV. Preliminary experiments with Escherichia coli, especially those with a mutant defective in the proton-translocating ATPase, indicate that the Tl+ distribution also serves as a measure of the membrane potential in this organism. The particular advantage of Tl+ over other indicators of the membrane potential is that the cells need not be pretreated in any way. By use of the Tl+ distribution, it was calculated that respiring cells of E. coli develop a membrane potential of 160 mV with D-lactate and 180 mV with glucose as a substrate, respectively.", "PMID": 99163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3614", "title": "Coat protein binds to the 3'-terminal part of RNA 4 of alfalfa mosaic virus.", "content": "All four RNAs of alfalfa mosaic virus contain a limited number of sites with a high affinity for coat protein [Van Boxsel, J. A. M. (1976), Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden]. In order to localize these sites in the viral RNAs, RNA 4 Tthe subgenomic messenger for coat protein) was subjected to a very mild digestion with ribonucleast T1. The ten major fragments, apparently resulting from five preferential hits, were separated and tested for messenger activity in a wheat germ cell-free system, as well as for the capacity to withdraw coat protein from intact particles. Fragments which stimulated amino acid incorporation were assumed to contain the 5 terminus. Strong evidence was obtained for the location of sites with a high affinity for coat protein near the 3' terminus. The smallest fragment which has the 3'-terminal cytosine comprises only 10% of the length of intact RNA 4 but still possesses these sites. Evidence is presented that the complete coat protein cistron is in the complementing 90% fragment. Possibly, the high-affinity sites are entirely located in the 3'-terminal extracistronic part of RNA 4. They will have the same position in RNA 3 and, possibly, also in the other parts of the genome of alfalfa mosaic virus. The need of this genome for coat protein in order to become infectious may therefore find its explanation in the fact that a conformational change at the 3' ends of the genome parts brought about by the coat protein is required for recognition by the viral replicase.", "contents": "Coat protein binds to the 3'-terminal part of RNA 4 of alfalfa mosaic virus. All four RNAs of alfalfa mosaic virus contain a limited number of sites with a high affinity for coat protein [Van Boxsel, J. A. M. (1976), Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden]. In order to localize these sites in the viral RNAs, RNA 4 Tthe subgenomic messenger for coat protein) was subjected to a very mild digestion with ribonucleast T1. The ten major fragments, apparently resulting from five preferential hits, were separated and tested for messenger activity in a wheat germ cell-free system, as well as for the capacity to withdraw coat protein from intact particles. Fragments which stimulated amino acid incorporation were assumed to contain the 5 terminus. Strong evidence was obtained for the location of sites with a high affinity for coat protein near the 3' terminus. The smallest fragment which has the 3'-terminal cytosine comprises only 10% of the length of intact RNA 4 but still possesses these sites. Evidence is presented that the complete coat protein cistron is in the complementing 90% fragment. Possibly, the high-affinity sites are entirely located in the 3'-terminal extracistronic part of RNA 4. They will have the same position in RNA 3 and, possibly, also in the other parts of the genome of alfalfa mosaic virus. The need of this genome for coat protein in order to become infectious may therefore find its explanation in the fact that a conformational change at the 3' ends of the genome parts brought about by the coat protein is required for recognition by the viral replicase.", "PMID": 99164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3615", "title": "Polymerization of human immunoglobulin M.", "content": "The repolymerization of human IgM following mild reductive cleavage was studied as a model for intracellular polymer assembly. Repolymerization was found to require the presence of J chain and a disulfide exchanging system which could be furnished either intrinsically by the use of the monofunctional thiol mercaptoethylamine or extrinsically by the inclusion of a protein-mercaptan mixed disulfide, and/or a disulfide exchanging enzyme. The degree of repolymerization was dependent on the extent of monomer reduction and the product covalently incorporated one J chain per five monomer units. Disulfide exchanging enzyme probably served as a source of mixed disulfides rather than as an enzymatic catalyst of the reaction. These results are discussed in terms of a tentative mechanism for IgM polymerization.", "contents": "Polymerization of human immunoglobulin M. The repolymerization of human IgM following mild reductive cleavage was studied as a model for intracellular polymer assembly. Repolymerization was found to require the presence of J chain and a disulfide exchanging system which could be furnished either intrinsically by the use of the monofunctional thiol mercaptoethylamine or extrinsically by the inclusion of a protein-mercaptan mixed disulfide, and/or a disulfide exchanging enzyme. The degree of repolymerization was dependent on the extent of monomer reduction and the product covalently incorporated one J chain per five monomer units. Disulfide exchanging enzyme probably served as a source of mixed disulfides rather than as an enzymatic catalyst of the reaction. These results are discussed in terms of a tentative mechanism for IgM polymerization.", "PMID": 99165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3616", "title": "Purification and characterization of canine alpha-1-antiproteinase.", "content": "The principal canine plasma protease inhibitor, alpha-1-antiproteinase, has been purified 90-fold with a 25% yield to apparent homogeneity. The purification scheme includes anion-exchange chromatography, to separate away the bulk of the serum albumin; affinity chromatography by insolubilized concanavalin A, to remove most of the other serum proteins as well as traces of albumin; and, finally, sizing on Sephacryl-S-200. Unique to this purification scheme is the batch use of insolubilized hemoglobin--Sepharose beads to remove the ubiquitous contaminant haptoglobin. The purified material has an apparent molecular weight of 58 000, 11.2% carbohydrate, and an E280nm1% = 5.82, and can be separated by isoelectric focusing into at least two distinct forms with pI values of 4.40 and 4.52. In addition, canine alpha-1-antiproteinase is immunologically distinct from human alpha-1-antiproteinase.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of canine alpha-1-antiproteinase. The principal canine plasma protease inhibitor, alpha-1-antiproteinase, has been purified 90-fold with a 25% yield to apparent homogeneity. The purification scheme includes anion-exchange chromatography, to separate away the bulk of the serum albumin; affinity chromatography by insolubilized concanavalin A, to remove most of the other serum proteins as well as traces of albumin; and, finally, sizing on Sephacryl-S-200. Unique to this purification scheme is the batch use of insolubilized hemoglobin--Sepharose beads to remove the ubiquitous contaminant haptoglobin. The purified material has an apparent molecular weight of 58 000, 11.2% carbohydrate, and an E280nm1% = 5.82, and can be separated by isoelectric focusing into at least two distinct forms with pI values of 4.40 and 4.52. In addition, canine alpha-1-antiproteinase is immunologically distinct from human alpha-1-antiproteinase.", "PMID": 99166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3617", "title": "Use of fluorescence polarization to monitor intracellular membrane changes during temperature acclimation. Correlation with lipid compositional and ultrastructural changes.", "content": "Fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenylhexatriene (DPH) was used to study the effects of temperature acclimation on Tetrahymena membranes. The physical properties of membrane lipids were found to be highly dependent on cellular growth temperature. DPH polarization in lipids from three different membrane fractions correlated well with earlier freeze-fracture and electron spin resonance observations showing that membrane fluidity progressively decreases in the order microsomes greater than pellicles greater than cilia throughout a wide range of growth temperatures. Changes in membrane lipid fluidity following a shift from high to low growth temperatures proceed rapidly in the microsomes, whereas there is a pronounced lag in the changes of peripheral cell membrane lipids. These data support previous observations that adaptive changes in membrane fluidity proceed via lipid modifications in the endoplasmic reticulum, followed by dissemination of lipid components to other cell membranes. The rapid changes in polarization observed in the microsomal lipids following a temperature shift correspond closely with the time-dependent alterations in both lipid fatty acid composition and freeze-fracture patterns of membrane particle distribution, suggesting that, in the endoplasmic reticulum, lipid phase separation is the primary cause of membrane particle rearrangements.", "contents": "Use of fluorescence polarization to monitor intracellular membrane changes during temperature acclimation. Correlation with lipid compositional and ultrastructural changes. Fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenylhexatriene (DPH) was used to study the effects of temperature acclimation on Tetrahymena membranes. The physical properties of membrane lipids were found to be highly dependent on cellular growth temperature. DPH polarization in lipids from three different membrane fractions correlated well with earlier freeze-fracture and electron spin resonance observations showing that membrane fluidity progressively decreases in the order microsomes greater than pellicles greater than cilia throughout a wide range of growth temperatures. Changes in membrane lipid fluidity following a shift from high to low growth temperatures proceed rapidly in the microsomes, whereas there is a pronounced lag in the changes of peripheral cell membrane lipids. These data support previous observations that adaptive changes in membrane fluidity proceed via lipid modifications in the endoplasmic reticulum, followed by dissemination of lipid components to other cell membranes. The rapid changes in polarization observed in the microsomal lipids following a temperature shift correspond closely with the time-dependent alterations in both lipid fatty acid composition and freeze-fracture patterns of membrane particle distribution, suggesting that, in the endoplasmic reticulum, lipid phase separation is the primary cause of membrane particle rearrangements.", "PMID": 99167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3618", "title": "Rotational relaxation of 1,6-diphenylhexatriene in membrane lipids of cells acclimated to high and low growth temperatures.", "content": "Measurement of the time-resolved fluorescence depolarization of 1,6-diphenylhexatriene (DPH) in artificial bilayers of microsomal membrane lipids from Tetrahymena gives detailed information concerning the molecular motion of this probe and fluid properties of the membrane lipids which are obscured with steady-state methods. The rotational motion of DPH in these lipids from cells acclimated to 15 and 39.5 degrees C growth temperatures was anisotropic, which agrees with recent time-resolved studies of this probe in synthetic phospholipid systems. Evaluation of DPH polarization data obtained from these lipid fractions at their respective growth temperatures showed differences in physical properties which suggest that \"viscosity\", per se, of the microsomal lipids is not a strictly regulated as it is in prokaryotic systems. Rotational relaxation of DPH in 39.5 degrees C microsomal lipids measured at 15 degrees C is more complex than that of either lipid fraction measured at its actual growth temperature, suggesting that the probe has partitioned into two dissimilar environments within the bilayer. Similar effects are observed in the microsomes of 39.5 degrees C cells by freeze-fracture electron microscopy following rapid cooling to 15 degrees C. Under these conditions, two distinct regions are observed on the fracture faces, suggesting a correlation between lipid phase changes and alterations in membrane structure.", "contents": "Rotational relaxation of 1,6-diphenylhexatriene in membrane lipids of cells acclimated to high and low growth temperatures. Measurement of the time-resolved fluorescence depolarization of 1,6-diphenylhexatriene (DPH) in artificial bilayers of microsomal membrane lipids from Tetrahymena gives detailed information concerning the molecular motion of this probe and fluid properties of the membrane lipids which are obscured with steady-state methods. The rotational motion of DPH in these lipids from cells acclimated to 15 and 39.5 degrees C growth temperatures was anisotropic, which agrees with recent time-resolved studies of this probe in synthetic phospholipid systems. Evaluation of DPH polarization data obtained from these lipid fractions at their respective growth temperatures showed differences in physical properties which suggest that \"viscosity\", per se, of the microsomal lipids is not a strictly regulated as it is in prokaryotic systems. Rotational relaxation of DPH in 39.5 degrees C microsomal lipids measured at 15 degrees C is more complex than that of either lipid fraction measured at its actual growth temperature, suggesting that the probe has partitioned into two dissimilar environments within the bilayer. Similar effects are observed in the microsomes of 39.5 degrees C cells by freeze-fracture electron microscopy following rapid cooling to 15 degrees C. Under these conditions, two distinct regions are observed on the fracture faces, suggesting a correlation between lipid phase changes and alterations in membrane structure.", "PMID": 99168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3619", "title": "On the state of carotenoids bound to reaction centers of photosynthetic bacteria: a resonance Raman study.", "content": "The carotenoids bound to reaction centers of wild, Ga and GIC strains of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, of Rhodospirrillum rubrum, strain S1 and of Rhodopseudomonas viridis, yield very similar, but unusual resonance Raman spectra. Through a comparison with resonance Raman spectra of 15,15'-cis-beta-carotene, these carotenoids are shown to assume cis conformations, while the corresponding chromatophores contain all-trans forms only. These cis conformations likely are identical for all the carotenoids studied. They remain unaffected by variations of temperature from 20 to 300 K as well as by the redox state of P-870. They are unstable, being rapidly isomerised towards the all-trans forms when extracted from the reaction centers. The possible nature of these conformers is discussed on the basis of their electronic and vibrational spectra.", "contents": "On the state of carotenoids bound to reaction centers of photosynthetic bacteria: a resonance Raman study. The carotenoids bound to reaction centers of wild, Ga and GIC strains of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, of Rhodospirrillum rubrum, strain S1 and of Rhodopseudomonas viridis, yield very similar, but unusual resonance Raman spectra. Through a comparison with resonance Raman spectra of 15,15'-cis-beta-carotene, these carotenoids are shown to assume cis conformations, while the corresponding chromatophores contain all-trans forms only. These cis conformations likely are identical for all the carotenoids studied. They remain unaffected by variations of temperature from 20 to 300 K as well as by the redox state of P-870. They are unstable, being rapidly isomerised towards the all-trans forms when extracted from the reaction centers. The possible nature of these conformers is discussed on the basis of their electronic and vibrational spectra.", "PMID": 99169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3620", "title": "Functional and structural organization of chlorophyll in the developing photosynthetic membranes of Euglena gracilis Z. II. Formation of system II photosynthetic units during greening under optimal light intensity.", "content": "The relationships between light-harvesting chlorophyll and reaction centers in Photosystem II were analyzed during the chloroplast development of dark-grown, non-dividing Euglena gracilis Z. Comparative measurements included light saturation of photosynthesis, oxygen evolution under flashing-light and fluorescence induction. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: (1) Photosystem II photocenters are formed in parallel with chlorophyll synthesis, but after a long lag phase. (2) As a consequence, the chlorophyll reaction center ratio (Emerson's type photosynthetic unit) decreases during greening. (3) This decrease is accompanied by considerable changes in the energy transfer and trapping properties of Photosystem II. Most of the initially synthesized chlorophylls are inactive in the transfer of excitations to active photochemical centers and are shared among newly formed Photosystem II photocenters; as a consequence, the number of chlorophylls functionally connected to each Photosystem II photocenter decreases and cooperatively between these centers appears. Results are discussed in terms of chlorophyll organization in developing photosynthetic membranes with reference to the lake or puddle models of photosynthetic unit organization.", "contents": "Functional and structural organization of chlorophyll in the developing photosynthetic membranes of Euglena gracilis Z. II. Formation of system II photosynthetic units during greening under optimal light intensity. The relationships between light-harvesting chlorophyll and reaction centers in Photosystem II were analyzed during the chloroplast development of dark-grown, non-dividing Euglena gracilis Z. Comparative measurements included light saturation of photosynthesis, oxygen evolution under flashing-light and fluorescence induction. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: (1) Photosystem II photocenters are formed in parallel with chlorophyll synthesis, but after a long lag phase. (2) As a consequence, the chlorophyll reaction center ratio (Emerson's type photosynthetic unit) decreases during greening. (3) This decrease is accompanied by considerable changes in the energy transfer and trapping properties of Photosystem II. Most of the initially synthesized chlorophylls are inactive in the transfer of excitations to active photochemical centers and are shared among newly formed Photosystem II photocenters; as a consequence, the number of chlorophylls functionally connected to each Photosystem II photocenter decreases and cooperatively between these centers appears. Results are discussed in terms of chlorophyll organization in developing photosynthetic membranes with reference to the lake or puddle models of photosynthetic unit organization.", "PMID": 99170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3621", "title": "Isolation and characterization of photosystem I and II membrane particles from the blue-green alga, Synechococcus cedrorum.", "content": "Fractions enriched in either Photosystem I or Photosystem II activity have been isolated from the blue-green alga, Synechococcus cedrorum after digitonin treatment. Sedimentation of this homogenate on a 10--30% sucrose gradient yielded three green bands: the upper band was enriched in Photosystem II, the lowest band was enriched in Photosystem I, while the middle band contained both activities. Large quantities of both particles were isolated by zonal centrifugation, and the material was then further purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The resulting Photosystem II particles carried out light-induced electron transport from semicarbizide to ferricyanide of over 2000 mumol/mg Chlorophyll per h (which was sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea), and was nearly devoid of Photosystem I activity. This particle contains beta-carotene, very little phycocyanin, has a chlorophyll absorption maximum at 675 nm, and a liquid N2 fluorescence maximum at 685 nm. The purest Photosystem II particles have a chlorophyll to cytochrome b-559 ratio of 50 : 1. The Photosystem I particle is highly enriched in P-700, with a chlorophyll to P-700 ratio of 40 : 1. The physical structure of the two Photosystem particles has also been studied by gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. These results indicate that the size and protein composition of the two particles are distinctly different.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of photosystem I and II membrane particles from the blue-green alga, Synechococcus cedrorum. Fractions enriched in either Photosystem I or Photosystem II activity have been isolated from the blue-green alga, Synechococcus cedrorum after digitonin treatment. Sedimentation of this homogenate on a 10--30% sucrose gradient yielded three green bands: the upper band was enriched in Photosystem II, the lowest band was enriched in Photosystem I, while the middle band contained both activities. Large quantities of both particles were isolated by zonal centrifugation, and the material was then further purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The resulting Photosystem II particles carried out light-induced electron transport from semicarbizide to ferricyanide of over 2000 mumol/mg Chlorophyll per h (which was sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea), and was nearly devoid of Photosystem I activity. This particle contains beta-carotene, very little phycocyanin, has a chlorophyll absorption maximum at 675 nm, and a liquid N2 fluorescence maximum at 685 nm. The purest Photosystem II particles have a chlorophyll to cytochrome b-559 ratio of 50 : 1. The Photosystem I particle is highly enriched in P-700, with a chlorophyll to P-700 ratio of 40 : 1. The physical structure of the two Photosystem particles has also been studied by gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. These results indicate that the size and protein composition of the two particles are distinctly different.", "PMID": 99171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3622", "title": "The mechanism of reduction of the ubiquinone pool in photosynthetic bacteria at different redox potentials.", "content": "(1) A flash number dependency of flash-induced absorbance changes was observed with whole cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum and chromatophores of R. rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides wild type and the G1C mutant. The oscillatory behavior was dependent on the redox potential; it was observed under oxidizing conditions only. Absorbance difference spectra measured after each flash in the 275--500 nm wavelength region showed that a molecule of ubiquinone, R, is reduced to the semiquinone (R-) after odd-numbered flashes and reoxidized after even-numbered flashes. The amount of R reduced was approximately one molecule per reaction center. (2) The flash number dependency of the electrochromic shift of the carotenoid spectrum was studied with chromatophores of Rps. sphaeroides wild type and the G1C mutant. At higher values of the ambient redox potential a relatively slow phase with a rise time of 30 ms was observed after even-numbered flashes, in addition to the fast phase (completed within 0.2 ms) occurring after each flash. Evidence was obtained that the slow phase represents the formation of an additional membrane potential during a dark reaction that occurs after flashes with an even number. This reaction is inhibited by antimycin A, whereas the oscillations of the R/R- absorbance changes remain unaffected. At low potentials (E = 100 mV) no oscillations of the carotenoid shift were observed: a fast phase was followed by a slow phase (antimycin-sensitive) with a half-time of 3 ms after each flash. (3) The results are discussed in terms of a model for the cyclic electron flow as described by Prince and Dutton (Prince, R.C. and Dutton, P.L. (1976) Bacterial Photosynthesis Conference, Brussels, Belgium, September 6--9, Abstr. TB4) employing the so-called Q-cycle.", "contents": "The mechanism of reduction of the ubiquinone pool in photosynthetic bacteria at different redox potentials. (1) A flash number dependency of flash-induced absorbance changes was observed with whole cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum and chromatophores of R. rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides wild type and the G1C mutant. The oscillatory behavior was dependent on the redox potential; it was observed under oxidizing conditions only. Absorbance difference spectra measured after each flash in the 275--500 nm wavelength region showed that a molecule of ubiquinone, R, is reduced to the semiquinone (R-) after odd-numbered flashes and reoxidized after even-numbered flashes. The amount of R reduced was approximately one molecule per reaction center. (2) The flash number dependency of the electrochromic shift of the carotenoid spectrum was studied with chromatophores of Rps. sphaeroides wild type and the G1C mutant. At higher values of the ambient redox potential a relatively slow phase with a rise time of 30 ms was observed after even-numbered flashes, in addition to the fast phase (completed within 0.2 ms) occurring after each flash. Evidence was obtained that the slow phase represents the formation of an additional membrane potential during a dark reaction that occurs after flashes with an even number. This reaction is inhibited by antimycin A, whereas the oscillations of the R/R- absorbance changes remain unaffected. At low potentials (E = 100 mV) no oscillations of the carotenoid shift were observed: a fast phase was followed by a slow phase (antimycin-sensitive) with a half-time of 3 ms after each flash. (3) The results are discussed in terms of a model for the cyclic electron flow as described by Prince and Dutton (Prince, R.C. and Dutton, P.L. (1976) Bacterial Photosynthesis Conference, Brussels, Belgium, September 6--9, Abstr. TB4) employing the so-called Q-cycle.", "PMID": 99172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3623", "title": "Metabolic control of lactose entry in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A general method has been developed for determining the rate of entry of lactose into cells of Escherichia coli that contain beta-galactosidase. Lactose entry is measured by either the glucose or galactose released after lactose hydrolysis. Since lactose is hydrolyzed by beta-galactosidase as soon as it enters the cell, this assay measures the activity of the lactose transport system with respect to the translocation step. Using assays of glucose release, lactose entry was studied in strain GN2, which does not phosphorylate glucose. Lactose entry was stimulated 3-fold when cells were also presented with readily metabolizable substrates. Entry of omicron-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) was only slightly elevated (1.5-fold) under the same conditions. The effects of arsenate treatment and anaerobiosis suggest that lactose entry may be limited by the need for reextrusion of protons which enter during H+/sugar cotransport. Entry of omicron-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside is less dependent on the need for proton reextrusion, probably because the stoichiometry of H+/substrate cotransport is greater for lactose than for ONPG.", "contents": "Metabolic control of lactose entry in Escherichia coli. A general method has been developed for determining the rate of entry of lactose into cells of Escherichia coli that contain beta-galactosidase. Lactose entry is measured by either the glucose or galactose released after lactose hydrolysis. Since lactose is hydrolyzed by beta-galactosidase as soon as it enters the cell, this assay measures the activity of the lactose transport system with respect to the translocation step. Using assays of glucose release, lactose entry was studied in strain GN2, which does not phosphorylate glucose. Lactose entry was stimulated 3-fold when cells were also presented with readily metabolizable substrates. Entry of omicron-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) was only slightly elevated (1.5-fold) under the same conditions. The effects of arsenate treatment and anaerobiosis suggest that lactose entry may be limited by the need for reextrusion of protons which enter during H+/sugar cotransport. Entry of omicron-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside is less dependent on the need for proton reextrusion, probably because the stoichiometry of H+/substrate cotransport is greater for lactose than for ONPG.", "PMID": 99173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3624", "title": "Two purine nucleoside phosphorylases in Bacillus subtilis. Purification and some properties of the adenosine-specific phosphorylase.", "content": "Two purine nucleoside phosphorylases (purine-nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.1) were purified from vegetative Bacillus subtilis cells. One enzyme, inosine-guanosine phosphorylase, showed great similarity to the homologous enzyme of Bacillus cereus. It appeared to be a tetramer of molecular weight 95 000. The other enzyme, adenosine phosphorylase, was specific for adenosine and deoxyadenosine. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was 153 000 +/- 10% and the molecular weight of the subunits was 25 500 +/- 5%. This indicates a hexameric structure. The adenosine phosphorylase was inactivated by 10(-3) M p-chloromercuribenzoate and protected against this inactivation by phosphate, adenosine and ribose 1-phosphate.", "contents": "Two purine nucleoside phosphorylases in Bacillus subtilis. Purification and some properties of the adenosine-specific phosphorylase. Two purine nucleoside phosphorylases (purine-nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.1) were purified from vegetative Bacillus subtilis cells. One enzyme, inosine-guanosine phosphorylase, showed great similarity to the homologous enzyme of Bacillus cereus. It appeared to be a tetramer of molecular weight 95 000. The other enzyme, adenosine phosphorylase, was specific for adenosine and deoxyadenosine. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was 153 000 +/- 10% and the molecular weight of the subunits was 25 500 +/- 5%. This indicates a hexameric structure. The adenosine phosphorylase was inactivated by 10(-3) M p-chloromercuribenzoate and protected against this inactivation by phosphate, adenosine and ribose 1-phosphate.", "PMID": 99174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3625", "title": "Purification of pantoate and dimethylmalate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens UK-1.", "content": "Pantoate dehydrogenase and dimethylmalate dehydrogenase were purified 69- and 112-fold, respectively, from Pseudomonas fluorescens UK-1 by ammonimu sulphate precipitation. Ultrogel AcA 34 gel filtration, hydroxyapatite column chromatography, heat treatment and Ultrogel AcA 44 gel filtration. The enzymes were evaluated for homogeneity (pantoate dehydrogenase was estimated to be about 95% pure) by disc and sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis and by immunodiffusion. Pantoate and dimethylmalate dehydrogenases have molecular weights of 83 000 and 138 000, respectively, and are dissociable into four identical subunits with molecular weights of 24 000 and 34 000.", "contents": "Purification of pantoate and dimethylmalate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens UK-1. Pantoate dehydrogenase and dimethylmalate dehydrogenase were purified 69- and 112-fold, respectively, from Pseudomonas fluorescens UK-1 by ammonimu sulphate precipitation. Ultrogel AcA 34 gel filtration, hydroxyapatite column chromatography, heat treatment and Ultrogel AcA 44 gel filtration. The enzymes were evaluated for homogeneity (pantoate dehydrogenase was estimated to be about 95% pure) by disc and sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis and by immunodiffusion. Pantoate and dimethylmalate dehydrogenases have molecular weights of 83 000 and 138 000, respectively, and are dissociable into four identical subunits with molecular weights of 24 000 and 34 000.", "PMID": 99175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3626", "title": "An oviducal enzyme isolated by affinity chromatography which acts upon the vitelline envelope of Bufo arenarum coelomic oocytes.", "content": "A trypsin-like oviducal proteinase acting upon the vitelline envelope of Bufo arenarum coelomic oocytes has been purified to apparent homogeneity by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and by affinity chromatography on a column of Sepharose 4-B containing covalently bound concanavlin A (Con A). The biologically active molecule migrated as a single band of protein upon SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "An oviducal enzyme isolated by affinity chromatography which acts upon the vitelline envelope of Bufo arenarum coelomic oocytes. A trypsin-like oviducal proteinase acting upon the vitelline envelope of Bufo arenarum coelomic oocytes has been purified to apparent homogeneity by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and by affinity chromatography on a column of Sepharose 4-B containing covalently bound concanavlin A (Con A). The biologically active molecule migrated as a single band of protein upon SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 99176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3627", "title": "Formation of spirodilactone of 4-(2'-carboxyphenyl)-4,4-dihydroxybutyrate from 2-succinylbenzoate in cell-free extracts of Micrococcus luteus.", "content": "The enzyme mediated ATP- and, to a lesser extent, CoASH-dependent synthesis of the spirodilactone of 4-(2'-carboxyphenyl)-4,4-dihydroxybutyrate from 2-succinylbenzoate has been demonstrated in membrane-free extracts of Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli. The suggestion is made that the spirodilactone is the product of an aberrant reaction involving a compound that is normally an intermediate in the conversion of 2-succinylbenzoate to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate.", "contents": "Formation of spirodilactone of 4-(2'-carboxyphenyl)-4,4-dihydroxybutyrate from 2-succinylbenzoate in cell-free extracts of Micrococcus luteus. The enzyme mediated ATP- and, to a lesser extent, CoASH-dependent synthesis of the spirodilactone of 4-(2'-carboxyphenyl)-4,4-dihydroxybutyrate from 2-succinylbenzoate has been demonstrated in membrane-free extracts of Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli. The suggestion is made that the spirodilactone is the product of an aberrant reaction involving a compound that is normally an intermediate in the conversion of 2-succinylbenzoate to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate.", "PMID": 99177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3628", "title": "Isolation and characterization of an enriched Golgi fraction from rat brain.", "content": "A fraction rich in membranes of the Golgi apparatus was isolated from rat brain by discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. The fraction sedimented at the characteristic Golgi density of 1.11--1.15 (g/cm3, 5 degrees C) and had specific activities of Golgi-marker enzymes (N-acetyllactosaminyl synthetase, glycoprotein (Fetuin) galactosyltransferase, thiamine pyrophosphatase), 6--7 times over those of the original homogenates. The recovery of the enzyme activities in this fraction ranged from 17 to 31 %. The incorporation [3H]fucose into glycoproteins was 3-fold higher than in homogenate. Recovery and relative specific activities of marker enzymes for other subcellular organelles were low. Electron microscopic analysis of the fraction revealed in the presence of Golgi structures, namely, large sacs or plates with attached tubules and \"blebbing\" of the tubules into the vesicles.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of an enriched Golgi fraction from rat brain. A fraction rich in membranes of the Golgi apparatus was isolated from rat brain by discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. The fraction sedimented at the characteristic Golgi density of 1.11--1.15 (g/cm3, 5 degrees C) and had specific activities of Golgi-marker enzymes (N-acetyllactosaminyl synthetase, glycoprotein (Fetuin) galactosyltransferase, thiamine pyrophosphatase), 6--7 times over those of the original homogenates. The recovery of the enzyme activities in this fraction ranged from 17 to 31 %. The incorporation [3H]fucose into glycoproteins was 3-fold higher than in homogenate. Recovery and relative specific activities of marker enzymes for other subcellular organelles were low. Electron microscopic analysis of the fraction revealed in the presence of Golgi structures, namely, large sacs or plates with attached tubules and \"blebbing\" of the tubules into the vesicles.", "PMID": 99178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3629", "title": "Comparative study of kinetoplast DNA in culture, blood and intracellular forms of Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "A comparative study has been made on the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) from I in culture epimastigote, blood trypomastigote and intracellular amastigote stages of Trypanosoma cruzi. The basic properties of the kDNA in all 3 forms were identical. Thus the DNA was in the form of networks of density 1.698-9 g/cm3 and with sedimentation coefficients (S20w) of approximately 5500, the networks being composed of large complexes of minicircular and apparently linear molecules, the former having contour lengths of 0.45 MICROMETer. Several differences were noted. The ultrastructural arrangement of the kDNA in the kinetoplast of the blood stage consisted of three to four double rows of DNA as compared to one double layered row in the other two stages. There was proportionately more kDNA in the blood stages, suggesting that, since the networks have apparently the same size (see above), more than one is present. DNA loops situated at the periphery of the kDNA networks were observed in higher proportion in blood and intracellular forms. Dimeric and oligomeric circles were present in the kDNA of the blood and intracellular stages in much greater proportion than in culture epimastigote stages. Few large circular molecules, heterogeneous in size, were also observed in intracellular blood stages. There were some differences, mainly quantitative, in the gel electrophoresis patterns after endonuclease digestion.", "contents": "Comparative study of kinetoplast DNA in culture, blood and intracellular forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. A comparative study has been made on the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) from I in culture epimastigote, blood trypomastigote and intracellular amastigote stages of Trypanosoma cruzi. The basic properties of the kDNA in all 3 forms were identical. Thus the DNA was in the form of networks of density 1.698-9 g/cm3 and with sedimentation coefficients (S20w) of approximately 5500, the networks being composed of large complexes of minicircular and apparently linear molecules, the former having contour lengths of 0.45 MICROMETer. Several differences were noted. The ultrastructural arrangement of the kDNA in the kinetoplast of the blood stage consisted of three to four double rows of DNA as compared to one double layered row in the other two stages. There was proportionately more kDNA in the blood stages, suggesting that, since the networks have apparently the same size (see above), more than one is present. DNA loops situated at the periphery of the kDNA networks were observed in higher proportion in blood and intracellular forms. Dimeric and oligomeric circles were present in the kDNA of the blood and intracellular stages in much greater proportion than in culture epimastigote stages. Few large circular molecules, heterogeneous in size, were also observed in intracellular blood stages. There were some differences, mainly quantitative, in the gel electrophoresis patterns after endonuclease digestion.", "PMID": 99179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3630", "title": "Thyrotropin, prolactin and growth hormone response to synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone in newborn infants.", "content": "The effects of 50 microgram synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) intravenously on thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) levels were studied in 8 normal male newborns during the first hours of life. Mean plasma GH concentrations were similar to baseline values during the period of study; on the contrary, plasma PRL and TSH values increased in all infants after TRH administration. These data demonstrate a normal pituitary reserve of PRL and TSH in the early period of human life.", "contents": "Thyrotropin, prolactin and growth hormone response to synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone in newborn infants. The effects of 50 microgram synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) intravenously on thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) levels were studied in 8 normal male newborns during the first hours of life. Mean plasma GH concentrations were similar to baseline values during the period of study; on the contrary, plasma PRL and TSH values increased in all infants after TRH administration. These data demonstrate a normal pituitary reserve of PRL and TSH in the early period of human life.", "PMID": 99181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3631", "title": "Prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase in renal medulla of spontaneously hypertensive rats during development.", "content": "Increased activity of prostaglandin synthetase in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) during development has previously been reported. The investigations reported herein utilized an immunofluorescent technique to qualitatively assess the activity of the first enzyme in the PGE2 biosynthetic pathway, the prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase (PG-C), in SHR kidneys during development. PG-C antigenicity increased from 4 to 15 weeks in both SHRs and Wistar Kyoto normotensive rats. However, in agreement with our previous in vitro data no difference in PG-C was observed between strains at any age.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase in renal medulla of spontaneously hypertensive rats during development. Increased activity of prostaglandin synthetase in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) during development has previously been reported. The investigations reported herein utilized an immunofluorescent technique to qualitatively assess the activity of the first enzyme in the PGE2 biosynthetic pathway, the prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase (PG-C), in SHR kidneys during development. PG-C antigenicity increased from 4 to 15 weeks in both SHRs and Wistar Kyoto normotensive rats. However, in agreement with our previous in vitro data no difference in PG-C was observed between strains at any age.", "PMID": 99182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3632", "title": "Behavioral correlates of social dominance.", "content": "The behavioral correlates of dominance in the squirrel monkey were explored using a variety of operant tasks. Compared to more submissive animals, more dominant ones showed higher operant rates, more consistent work output, and a higher degree of \"frustration tolerance.\" These data suggest that dominance in the squirrel monkey is not related solely to physical size, but to a variety of behavioral traits which lead to more adjustive problem-solving behavior.", "contents": "Behavioral correlates of social dominance. The behavioral correlates of dominance in the squirrel monkey were explored using a variety of operant tasks. Compared to more submissive animals, more dominant ones showed higher operant rates, more consistent work output, and a higher degree of \"frustration tolerance.\" These data suggest that dominance in the squirrel monkey is not related solely to physical size, but to a variety of behavioral traits which lead to more adjustive problem-solving behavior.", "PMID": 99183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3633", "title": "Human lymphoid cells of the intestinal mucosa showing specificity for both immunoglobulin light and heavy chains.", "content": "The presence of single human lymphoid cells expressing on the one hand both kappa and lambda light chain and on the other hand either both mu and alpha or both mu and gamma heavy chains, was observed in the intestinal mucosa. The variability of the frequency of such cells, both from one subject to another, or in the same sample, is a characteristic of this population.", "contents": "Human lymphoid cells of the intestinal mucosa showing specificity for both immunoglobulin light and heavy chains. The presence of single human lymphoid cells expressing on the one hand both kappa and lambda light chain and on the other hand either both mu and alpha or both mu and gamma heavy chains, was observed in the intestinal mucosa. The variability of the frequency of such cells, both from one subject to another, or in the same sample, is a characteristic of this population.", "PMID": 99188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3634", "title": "Comparison of the stability of phycocyanins from thermophilic, mesophilic, psychrophilic and halophilic algae.", "content": "Protein unfolding of eight different phycocyanins was investigated utilizing circular dichroism and visible spectra. The phycocyanin samples were extracted from algae that are normally found in vastly different environments, and are classified as mesophilic, thermophilic, halophilic and psychrophilic. The ability of these proteins to resist the denaturant urea is in the order of thermophile greater than mesophile, halophile greater than psychrophile. Based on a two-state approximation the apparent free energies of protein unfolding at zero urea denaturant concentration, deltaGH2Oapp, were found to range from 2.4 to 8.8 kcal/mole for the eight phycocyanins at pH 6 and 25 degrees C. The proteins from the thermophile are generally more stable than those from the mesophile. An extra stability of the halophile is believed due to the specific interaction of the proteins and the ions in solution. A correction for deltaGH2Oapp due to minor amino acid differences reveals that the stability and the structural properties of these proteins are primarily affected by this minor difference in amino acid compositions.", "contents": "Comparison of the stability of phycocyanins from thermophilic, mesophilic, psychrophilic and halophilic algae. Protein unfolding of eight different phycocyanins was investigated utilizing circular dichroism and visible spectra. The phycocyanin samples were extracted from algae that are normally found in vastly different environments, and are classified as mesophilic, thermophilic, halophilic and psychrophilic. The ability of these proteins to resist the denaturant urea is in the order of thermophile greater than mesophile, halophile greater than psychrophile. Based on a two-state approximation the apparent free energies of protein unfolding at zero urea denaturant concentration, deltaGH2Oapp, were found to range from 2.4 to 8.8 kcal/mole for the eight phycocyanins at pH 6 and 25 degrees C. The proteins from the thermophile are generally more stable than those from the mesophile. An extra stability of the halophile is believed due to the specific interaction of the proteins and the ions in solution. A correction for deltaGH2Oapp due to minor amino acid differences reveals that the stability and the structural properties of these proteins are primarily affected by this minor difference in amino acid compositions.", "PMID": 99189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3635", "title": "Studies on the stability of immobilized xanthine oxidase and urate oxidase.", "content": "The stability of immobilized preparations of xanthine oxidase and urate oxidase was studied, and optimized, because of the potential joint use of both enzymes in clinical analysis. Xanthine oxidase was immobilized on cellulose, Sepharose, hornblende, Enzacryl-TIO, and porous glass. Thehalf-lives of these preparations at 30 degree C ranged from 40 min to 5.0 hr. In this respect immobilized enzyme resembled soluble enzyme in dilute solution (0.11 mg/ml), when the half-live was about 3.5 hr. More concentrated enzyme solution (1 mg/ml) had a half-life of 64 hr, and was, therefore, considerably more stable than the untreated immobilized xanthine oxidase preparations. Inclusion of albumen in storage and assay buffer increased the half-life of bound xanthine oxidase. So also did treatment with glutaraldehyde: in the case of xanthine oxidase bound to Enzarcyl-TIO such treatment increased the half-life at 30 degree C from 3 hr to about 100 hr. Immobilized xanthine dehydrogenase was more stable than immobilized xanthine oxidase: the dehydrogenase lost no activity during continuous assay for 5 hr at 30 degree C. The stability of immobilized urate oxidase depended on the quantity of enzyme used and on the time of stirring during immobilization: thus a preparation was made (by stirring urate oxidase (48 mg/g support) with Enzacryl-TIO for 24 hr) which lost no activity during 350 hr at 30 degree C.", "contents": "Studies on the stability of immobilized xanthine oxidase and urate oxidase. The stability of immobilized preparations of xanthine oxidase and urate oxidase was studied, and optimized, because of the potential joint use of both enzymes in clinical analysis. Xanthine oxidase was immobilized on cellulose, Sepharose, hornblende, Enzacryl-TIO, and porous glass. Thehalf-lives of these preparations at 30 degree C ranged from 40 min to 5.0 hr. In this respect immobilized enzyme resembled soluble enzyme in dilute solution (0.11 mg/ml), when the half-live was about 3.5 hr. More concentrated enzyme solution (1 mg/ml) had a half-life of 64 hr, and was, therefore, considerably more stable than the untreated immobilized xanthine oxidase preparations. Inclusion of albumen in storage and assay buffer increased the half-life of bound xanthine oxidase. So also did treatment with glutaraldehyde: in the case of xanthine oxidase bound to Enzarcyl-TIO such treatment increased the half-life at 30 degree C from 3 hr to about 100 hr. Immobilized xanthine dehydrogenase was more stable than immobilized xanthine oxidase: the dehydrogenase lost no activity during continuous assay for 5 hr at 30 degree C. The stability of immobilized urate oxidase depended on the quantity of enzyme used and on the time of stirring during immobilization: thus a preparation was made (by stirring urate oxidase (48 mg/g support) with Enzacryl-TIO for 24 hr) which lost no activity during 350 hr at 30 degree C.", "PMID": 99190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3636", "title": "[Nucleic acids in the tissues of white rats with toxic liver damage following protein starvation and parenteral nitrogen nutrition].", "content": "The authors studied the content of nucleic acids in the tissues (the skeletal muscle and myocardium, the liver) in albino rats with toxic affection of the liver caused by ccl4, in protein deficiency and parental administration of amino acid mixture of moriamin S-2 and \"improved\" caseine hydrolysate. Protein deficiency in albino rats with toxic hepatitis was accompanied by a considerable increase of RNA and DNA in the skeletal muscle and the myocardium with a simultaneous reduction of their level in the liver. The RNA/DNA ratio changed. The RNA content in the hepatocytes diminished on account of reduction of the nuclear RNA fraction closely bound with chromatin. Parenteral administration of nitrogen preparations led to normalization of the nucleic acid content in all the tissues under study.", "contents": "[Nucleic acids in the tissues of white rats with toxic liver damage following protein starvation and parenteral nitrogen nutrition]. The authors studied the content of nucleic acids in the tissues (the skeletal muscle and myocardium, the liver) in albino rats with toxic affection of the liver caused by ccl4, in protein deficiency and parental administration of amino acid mixture of moriamin S-2 and \"improved\" caseine hydrolysate. Protein deficiency in albino rats with toxic hepatitis was accompanied by a considerable increase of RNA and DNA in the skeletal muscle and the myocardium with a simultaneous reduction of their level in the liver. The RNA/DNA ratio changed. The RNA content in the hepatocytes diminished on account of reduction of the nuclear RNA fraction closely bound with chromatin. Parenteral administration of nitrogen preparations led to normalization of the nucleic acid content in all the tissues under study.", "PMID": 99193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3637", "title": "[Anabolic effectiveness of nitrogenous preparations for parenteral nutrition in the presence of toxic liver damage].", "content": "The authors studied the assimilation of nitrogen preparations--moriamin S-2 and \"improved\" caseine hydrolysate in parenternal administration to 100 albino rats. Healthy animals and those with toxic affection of the liver induced with CCl4 were experimented upon. In healthy animals administration of nitrogen preparations led to the change of negative nitrogen balance into a positive one, normalized the content of blood and tissue amine nitrogen deranged in protein deficiency. Assimilation of nitrogen preparations fell considerably in toxic hepatitis. An 8-day parenteral nutrition failed to change the negative nitrogen balance into positive, and did not eliminate hypoproteinemia; however, it normalized the amine nitrogen concentration in the blood and tissues.", "contents": "[Anabolic effectiveness of nitrogenous preparations for parenteral nutrition in the presence of toxic liver damage]. The authors studied the assimilation of nitrogen preparations--moriamin S-2 and \"improved\" caseine hydrolysate in parenternal administration to 100 albino rats. Healthy animals and those with toxic affection of the liver induced with CCl4 were experimented upon. In healthy animals administration of nitrogen preparations led to the change of negative nitrogen balance into a positive one, normalized the content of blood and tissue amine nitrogen deranged in protein deficiency. Assimilation of nitrogen preparations fell considerably in toxic hepatitis. An 8-day parenteral nutrition failed to change the negative nitrogen balance into positive, and did not eliminate hypoproteinemia; however, it normalized the amine nitrogen concentration in the blood and tissues.", "PMID": 99194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3638", "title": "[Development of allergic reactivity to Artemesia pollen during combined sensitization to pollen and microbes].", "content": "Some regularities of formation of hypersensitivity of the immediate type to the pollen of Artemisia absinthium were studied under conditions of combined hypersensitivity to pollen and Brucella abortus 19-BA vaccine strain; the latter was administered 3, 12, and 28 days after the pollen. The degree of specific allergic reconstruction to the pollen was studied by passive skin anaphylaxis after Ovary, indirect degranulation of mast cells of healthy rats, and by general anaphylaxis in response to intravenous injection of the Artemisia absinthium pollen water-salt extract. Early formation of allergy to the pollen was observed in the groups of animals with combined hypersensitivity to the pollen and brucellae. The degree of allergic reactivity to the pollen allergen was more expressed in the groups with combined allergy than in those with pure pollen hypersensitivity at all the stages of this experiment.", "contents": "[Development of allergic reactivity to Artemesia pollen during combined sensitization to pollen and microbes]. Some regularities of formation of hypersensitivity of the immediate type to the pollen of Artemisia absinthium were studied under conditions of combined hypersensitivity to pollen and Brucella abortus 19-BA vaccine strain; the latter was administered 3, 12, and 28 days after the pollen. The degree of specific allergic reconstruction to the pollen was studied by passive skin anaphylaxis after Ovary, indirect degranulation of mast cells of healthy rats, and by general anaphylaxis in response to intravenous injection of the Artemisia absinthium pollen water-salt extract. Early formation of allergy to the pollen was observed in the groups of animals with combined hypersensitivity to the pollen and brucellae. The degree of allergic reactivity to the pollen allergen was more expressed in the groups with combined allergy than in those with pure pollen hypersensitivity at all the stages of this experiment.", "PMID": 99195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3639", "title": "Microscopic method for assaying F cell production: illustrative changes during infancy and in aplastic anemia.", "content": "Fetal hemoglobin (HbF)-bearing reticulocytes (F reticulocytes) can be detected in peripheral blood by a modification of the microscopic single-cell radial immunodiffusion method. Thereby otherwise inappreciable changes in HbF production can readily be recognized. F reticulocyte frequencies are reporducibly measurable whenever the product of whole blood HbF-bearing red cell (F cell) frequency and reticulocyte frequency is approximately 5 X 10(-4) or greater. Serial analyses of F reticulocytes and nonreticulocyte F cells (F erythrocytes) illustrate that (1) levels of F reticulocytes and F erythrocytes are persistently similar in normal adults with more than 6% F cells and thus cell survival times of F and non-F cells must be essentially the same, (2) changing levels of F reticulocytes can be sensitive predictors of later changes in mature F cell frequencies during infancy and in adults recovering from aplastic anemia, and (3) alterations in F reticulocyte frequency and the amount of HbF per F reticulocyte are discordant in some settings but concordant in others.", "contents": "Microscopic method for assaying F cell production: illustrative changes during infancy and in aplastic anemia. Fetal hemoglobin (HbF)-bearing reticulocytes (F reticulocytes) can be detected in peripheral blood by a modification of the microscopic single-cell radial immunodiffusion method. Thereby otherwise inappreciable changes in HbF production can readily be recognized. F reticulocyte frequencies are reporducibly measurable whenever the product of whole blood HbF-bearing red cell (F cell) frequency and reticulocyte frequency is approximately 5 X 10(-4) or greater. Serial analyses of F reticulocytes and nonreticulocyte F cells (F erythrocytes) illustrate that (1) levels of F reticulocytes and F erythrocytes are persistently similar in normal adults with more than 6% F cells and thus cell survival times of F and non-F cells must be essentially the same, (2) changing levels of F reticulocytes can be sensitive predictors of later changes in mature F cell frequencies during infancy and in adults recovering from aplastic anemia, and (3) alterations in F reticulocyte frequency and the amount of HbF per F reticulocyte are discordant in some settings but concordant in others.", "PMID": 99196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3640", "title": "Heterogeneity of human whole blood platelet subpopulations. II. Use of a subhuman primate model to analyze the relationship between density and platelet age.", "content": "A subhuman primate model was developed to ascertain whether or not platelet heterogeneity could be explained by aging in the peripheral circulation. Density-dependent platelet cohorts, postulated to represent cells of different ages, were isolated on isosmolar arabinogalactan gradients and labeled with radiochromium. Mean platelet lifespan was measured for the different density cohorts, and simultaneous sequential density distribution analysis was performed to follow changes in cell density during aging. The average mean lifespan of light platelets was 74.6 hr, compared to 313.6 hr for heavy platelets. After injection, labeled light platelets were recovered only in the gradient light region, in contrast to labeled heavy platelets, which were initially restricted to the dense region and progressively migrated to the light region during their lifespan. This study supports the hypothesis that platelet age in unstressed primates correlates with cell density and provides a rationale for the use of \"age-dependent\" markers to estimate platelet turnover rates.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of human whole blood platelet subpopulations. II. Use of a subhuman primate model to analyze the relationship between density and platelet age. A subhuman primate model was developed to ascertain whether or not platelet heterogeneity could be explained by aging in the peripheral circulation. Density-dependent platelet cohorts, postulated to represent cells of different ages, were isolated on isosmolar arabinogalactan gradients and labeled with radiochromium. Mean platelet lifespan was measured for the different density cohorts, and simultaneous sequential density distribution analysis was performed to follow changes in cell density during aging. The average mean lifespan of light platelets was 74.6 hr, compared to 313.6 hr for heavy platelets. After injection, labeled light platelets were recovered only in the gradient light region, in contrast to labeled heavy platelets, which were initially restricted to the dense region and progressively migrated to the light region during their lifespan. This study supports the hypothesis that platelet age in unstressed primates correlates with cell density and provides a rationale for the use of \"age-dependent\" markers to estimate platelet turnover rates.", "PMID": 99199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3641", "title": "Is childhood asthma being underdiagnosed and undertreated?", "content": "Thirty-four cases of asthma in children referred to outpatient clinics in Newcastle upon Tyne (16 cases) and London (18 cases) were reviewed. In both cities there was evidence of inappropriate diagnosis and treatment by general practitioners. One of the main factors seemed to be doctors' reluctance to use the word \"asthma,\" even when a history of episodic wheezing strongly suggested the diagnosis. Freer use of the word \"asthma\" might help parents to co-operate in managing asthmatic children and allow them to be better prepared to cope with severe asthmatic attacks if they occur.", "contents": "Is childhood asthma being underdiagnosed and undertreated? Thirty-four cases of asthma in children referred to outpatient clinics in Newcastle upon Tyne (16 cases) and London (18 cases) were reviewed. In both cities there was evidence of inappropriate diagnosis and treatment by general practitioners. One of the main factors seemed to be doctors' reluctance to use the word \"asthma,\" even when a history of episodic wheezing strongly suggested the diagnosis. Freer use of the word \"asthma\" might help parents to co-operate in managing asthmatic children and allow them to be better prepared to cope with severe asthmatic attacks if they occur.", "PMID": 99203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3642", "title": "Prenatal removal of frontal association cortex in the fetal rhesus monkey: anatomical and functional consequences in postnatal life.", "content": "Anatomical and behavioral consequences were examined following bilateral or unilateral resections of the presumptive dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in 4 rhesus monkey fetuses at E102 (102nd embryonic day), E104, E106 and E119, with subsequent replacement in utero and delivery at later stages of development. Unoperated monkeys of appropriate pre- and postnatal ages served as controls for certain features of morphogenesis and tectogenesis. Monkeys given comparable unilateral or bilateral lesions at selected postnatal ages were used as controls for the behavioral effects of prenatal resection as well as for neuropathological examination. The behavioral evaluation provided evidence for extraordinary preservation of function after frontal cortical resection in the prenatal period. During the entire course of its postnatal development, a monkey that sustained bilateral resection as a fetus at E106 performed surprisingly well and clearly with the competence of unoperated monkeys of identical or older ages on tasks selective for dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function; it did not exhibit deficits characteristic of animals that have comparable or even smaller resections as juveniles or adults. Following either unilateral or bilateral resection prior to E106, ectopic sulci and gyri appeared in intact regions of the frontal lobe of each hemisphere, as well as in locations at a considerable distance from the lesions, such as the temporal and occipital lobes. The cytoarchitectonic characteristics of the cortex in these anomalous gyri were typical of adjacent cortex in the regions in which they appeared. Examination of the parvocellular subdivision of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus yielded the novel finding that this principal source of essential projections to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contained a virtually normal number of neurons in postnatal monkeys, following unilateral or bilateral lesions performed at or before E106, and exhibited only a partial loss of neurons after surgery at E119. The same cells regularly degenerate following comparable resections in the postnatal period. The survival of these neurons in prenatally operated monkeys is unprecedented, and can be explained by several hypotheses, including the possibility that their axons become rerouted to their structures in the absence of their normal targets. The present results thus demonstrate that ablation of a circumscript area of the frontal cortex in a non-human primate a full two months before birth may leave the functions later to be subserved by that area unaffected. Such early surgical intervention results in significant alteration in the gross morphological characteristics of the cortex, and apparently induces a functionally compensatory reorganization of thalamocortical connections. Similar principles may account for sparing of function following early damage to the human brain.", "contents": "Prenatal removal of frontal association cortex in the fetal rhesus monkey: anatomical and functional consequences in postnatal life. Anatomical and behavioral consequences were examined following bilateral or unilateral resections of the presumptive dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in 4 rhesus monkey fetuses at E102 (102nd embryonic day), E104, E106 and E119, with subsequent replacement in utero and delivery at later stages of development. Unoperated monkeys of appropriate pre- and postnatal ages served as controls for certain features of morphogenesis and tectogenesis. Monkeys given comparable unilateral or bilateral lesions at selected postnatal ages were used as controls for the behavioral effects of prenatal resection as well as for neuropathological examination. The behavioral evaluation provided evidence for extraordinary preservation of function after frontal cortical resection in the prenatal period. During the entire course of its postnatal development, a monkey that sustained bilateral resection as a fetus at E106 performed surprisingly well and clearly with the competence of unoperated monkeys of identical or older ages on tasks selective for dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function; it did not exhibit deficits characteristic of animals that have comparable or even smaller resections as juveniles or adults. Following either unilateral or bilateral resection prior to E106, ectopic sulci and gyri appeared in intact regions of the frontal lobe of each hemisphere, as well as in locations at a considerable distance from the lesions, such as the temporal and occipital lobes. The cytoarchitectonic characteristics of the cortex in these anomalous gyri were typical of adjacent cortex in the regions in which they appeared. Examination of the parvocellular subdivision of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus yielded the novel finding that this principal source of essential projections to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contained a virtually normal number of neurons in postnatal monkeys, following unilateral or bilateral lesions performed at or before E106, and exhibited only a partial loss of neurons after surgery at E119. The same cells regularly degenerate following comparable resections in the postnatal period. The survival of these neurons in prenatally operated monkeys is unprecedented, and can be explained by several hypotheses, including the possibility that their axons become rerouted to their structures in the absence of their normal targets. The present results thus demonstrate that ablation of a circumscript area of the frontal cortex in a non-human primate a full two months before birth may leave the functions later to be subserved by that area unaffected. Such early surgical intervention results in significant alteration in the gross morphological characteristics of the cortex, and apparently induces a functionally compensatory reorganization of thalamocortical connections. Similar principles may account for sparing of function following early damage to the human brain.", "PMID": 99206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3643", "title": "Selective amplitude histograms: a statistical approach to EEG-single unit relationships in generalized epilepsy.", "content": "Statistical analysis techniques that permit detection and quantification of EEG-single unit correlations were employed in a study of generalized penicillin epilepsy in the cat. Single unit activity was recorded in cerebral and cerebellar cortices and compared to the locally recorded EEG. It was found that during generalized paroxysmal activity the background EEG was significantly related to the time of occurrence of unit discharge. The degree of synchrony of various units differed but tended to increase as the duration and extent of paroxysmal activity increased. These relationships were usually not evident upon visual inspection of the original unprocessed data but were consistently detected by the analysis techniques described here. The results demonstrate the usefulness of a statistical approach to the analysis of single unit data and suggest that, not only is there a significant relationship between paroxysmal events and neuronal activity in generalized penicillin epilepsy, but also an overall trend to closer synchronization of EEG and single unit discharges during nonparoxysmal periods.", "contents": "Selective amplitude histograms: a statistical approach to EEG-single unit relationships in generalized epilepsy. Statistical analysis techniques that permit detection and quantification of EEG-single unit correlations were employed in a study of generalized penicillin epilepsy in the cat. Single unit activity was recorded in cerebral and cerebellar cortices and compared to the locally recorded EEG. It was found that during generalized paroxysmal activity the background EEG was significantly related to the time of occurrence of unit discharge. The degree of synchrony of various units differed but tended to increase as the duration and extent of paroxysmal activity increased. These relationships were usually not evident upon visual inspection of the original unprocessed data but were consistently detected by the analysis techniques described here. The results demonstrate the usefulness of a statistical approach to the analysis of single unit data and suggest that, not only is there a significant relationship between paroxysmal events and neuronal activity in generalized penicillin epilepsy, but also an overall trend to closer synchronization of EEG and single unit discharges during nonparoxysmal periods.", "PMID": 99210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3644", "title": "The development of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in perinatal guinea pigs: a biochemical and morphological study.", "content": "The development of four functionally diverse, hepatic enzymes (p-nitroanisole O-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, carboxyleterase, and glucuronyltransferase (with alpha-naphthol as the aglycone acceptor)) was studied in perinatal Hartley guinea pigs from 8 days prepartum to 28 days postpartum. A good correlation was observed between the activities measured in resuspended Ca2+-aggregated microsomes and the quantities of hepatic smooth endoplasmic reticulum visible by electron microscopic examination at the different stages of development. The study demonstrated that, postnatally, the guinea pig developed competent enzymatic systems as rapidly as did other laboratory species but that, prenatally, these same enzyme(s) systems were much further advanced than those in other species.", "contents": "The development of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in perinatal guinea pigs: a biochemical and morphological study. The development of four functionally diverse, hepatic enzymes (p-nitroanisole O-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, carboxyleterase, and glucuronyltransferase (with alpha-naphthol as the aglycone acceptor)) was studied in perinatal Hartley guinea pigs from 8 days prepartum to 28 days postpartum. A good correlation was observed between the activities measured in resuspended Ca2+-aggregated microsomes and the quantities of hepatic smooth endoplasmic reticulum visible by electron microscopic examination at the different stages of development. The study demonstrated that, postnatally, the guinea pig developed competent enzymatic systems as rapidly as did other laboratory species but that, prenatally, these same enzyme(s) systems were much further advanced than those in other species.", "PMID": 99216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3645", "title": "Subcellular distribution of lysophosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferases in rat brain.", "content": "Lysophosphatidylinositol acyltransferase utilizing arachidonoyl CoA and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase utilizing linoleoyl CoA were measured in subcellular fractions of rat brain. In general, the distribution of activities paralleled that of NADPH--cytochrome c reductase. It is concluded that the endoplasmic reticulum is the major site of these acyltransferase activities in rat brain.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of lysophosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferases in rat brain. Lysophosphatidylinositol acyltransferase utilizing arachidonoyl CoA and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase utilizing linoleoyl CoA were measured in subcellular fractions of rat brain. In general, the distribution of activities paralleled that of NADPH--cytochrome c reductase. It is concluded that the endoplasmic reticulum is the major site of these acyltransferase activities in rat brain.", "PMID": 99217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3646", "title": "A Zoogloea sp. associated with blooms of Anabaena flos-aquae.", "content": "Bacteria were found attached to the heterocysts of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and embedded within the mucilage of both anabaena flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa in freshwater plankton. Electron microscopy of thin sections preceding the peak of an Anabaena flos-aquae bloom showed that the density of bacterial cells was 7.4 X 10(5) cells/ml in the planktonic macroenvironment and 2.6 X 10(11) cells/ml within the microenvironment of cyanobacterial mucilage. The bacteria occurred in aggregates and isolation required that these be dispersed by homogenizing at 50 000 rpm with glass beads. This procedure yielded a single bacterial isolate from blooms of Anabaena flos-aquae during 2 consecutive years. The isolate was flagellated, catalase- and oxidase-positive. Gram-negative, and rod-shaped to pleomorphic. Observation that the isolate required a pH greater than 8 for consistent growth, could not grow alone on liquid media but could grow alone on the corresponding solid media, could grow in liquid media only in the presence of Anabaena, formed tough mucilagenous colonies on solid media only in the presence of Anabaena extract, and rapidly assimilated but did not respire extracellular 14C-labelled organic matter produced by Anabaena suggested that the occurrence of the bacterium in cyanobacterial mucilage was not coincidental but reflected an obligatory bacterial requirement for the biological or physicochemical microenvironment of the mucilage. The bacterial isolate occurred in three growth forms. Either as a planktonic swarmer cell (which showed a positive chemotactic response to the cyanobacterium) embedded in cyanobacterial mucilage, or embedded in its own mucilage derived, in part, from a low molecular weight (below 1300) carbohydrate secreted by the cyanobacterium. These cultural, biochemical, and ecological characteristics suggest that the isolate is a new species in the genus Zoogloea and of potential importance in phytoplankton ecology.", "contents": "A Zoogloea sp. associated with blooms of Anabaena flos-aquae. Bacteria were found attached to the heterocysts of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and embedded within the mucilage of both anabaena flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa in freshwater plankton. Electron microscopy of thin sections preceding the peak of an Anabaena flos-aquae bloom showed that the density of bacterial cells was 7.4 X 10(5) cells/ml in the planktonic macroenvironment and 2.6 X 10(11) cells/ml within the microenvironment of cyanobacterial mucilage. The bacteria occurred in aggregates and isolation required that these be dispersed by homogenizing at 50 000 rpm with glass beads. This procedure yielded a single bacterial isolate from blooms of Anabaena flos-aquae during 2 consecutive years. The isolate was flagellated, catalase- and oxidase-positive. Gram-negative, and rod-shaped to pleomorphic. Observation that the isolate required a pH greater than 8 for consistent growth, could not grow alone on liquid media but could grow alone on the corresponding solid media, could grow in liquid media only in the presence of Anabaena, formed tough mucilagenous colonies on solid media only in the presence of Anabaena extract, and rapidly assimilated but did not respire extracellular 14C-labelled organic matter produced by Anabaena suggested that the occurrence of the bacterium in cyanobacterial mucilage was not coincidental but reflected an obligatory bacterial requirement for the biological or physicochemical microenvironment of the mucilage. The bacterial isolate occurred in three growth forms. Either as a planktonic swarmer cell (which showed a positive chemotactic response to the cyanobacterium) embedded in cyanobacterial mucilage, or embedded in its own mucilage derived, in part, from a low molecular weight (below 1300) carbohydrate secreted by the cyanobacterium. These cultural, biochemical, and ecological characteristics suggest that the isolate is a new species in the genus Zoogloea and of potential importance in phytoplankton ecology.", "PMID": 99218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3647", "title": "Nitrogen-fixing communities in an intertidal ecosystem.", "content": "Nitrogen gixation (acetylene reduction) associated with various communities in the intertidal sand and mud flat was measured in situ. Areas which were colonized by algae, plants, and animals generally had significantly higher activities than areas which were visibly uncolonized. The highest activities were measured at sites colonized by a mixed bloom of Oscillatoria-Euglena-photosynthetic bacteria. These areas occupied only about 1% of the surface of the sediments, yet contributed nearly 50% of the biologically fixed nitrogen. Enteromorpha communities also exhibited relatively high activities. Sites were grouped according to the statistical significance of the mean of their activities: group I: uncolonized sand, mud and gravel flats, Eelgrass (Zostera) communities, and snail (amphibola) beds, with an estimated contribution of 1 g N ha-1 day-1; group II: Cockel (Chione) beds, 3 g N ha-1 day-1; group III: Salicornia, Ulva, Juncus, and Enteromorpha, 10 g N ha-1 day-1; and group IV: Oscillatoria-Euglena-photosynthetic bacteria association, 200 g N ha-1 day-1. Enteromorpha and Oscillatoria-Euglena-photosynthetic bacteria communities showed significantly lower rates of nitrogen fixation in the dark than in the light.", "contents": "Nitrogen-fixing communities in an intertidal ecosystem. Nitrogen gixation (acetylene reduction) associated with various communities in the intertidal sand and mud flat was measured in situ. Areas which were colonized by algae, plants, and animals generally had significantly higher activities than areas which were visibly uncolonized. The highest activities were measured at sites colonized by a mixed bloom of Oscillatoria-Euglena-photosynthetic bacteria. These areas occupied only about 1% of the surface of the sediments, yet contributed nearly 50% of the biologically fixed nitrogen. Enteromorpha communities also exhibited relatively high activities. Sites were grouped according to the statistical significance of the mean of their activities: group I: uncolonized sand, mud and gravel flats, Eelgrass (Zostera) communities, and snail (amphibola) beds, with an estimated contribution of 1 g N ha-1 day-1; group II: Cockel (Chione) beds, 3 g N ha-1 day-1; group III: Salicornia, Ulva, Juncus, and Enteromorpha, 10 g N ha-1 day-1; and group IV: Oscillatoria-Euglena-photosynthetic bacteria association, 200 g N ha-1 day-1. Enteromorpha and Oscillatoria-Euglena-photosynthetic bacteria communities showed significantly lower rates of nitrogen fixation in the dark than in the light.", "PMID": 99219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3648", "title": "Cellular immunity and nutrition in refractory disseminated blastomycosis.", "content": "In a previously healthy 13-year-old girl with disseminated blastomycosis, immunodeficiency was considered because of lymphopenia and the slow response of her lung disease to therapy with amphotericin B. Cellular immunity was found to be profoundly impaired, with absent delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to several common antigens, a decreased count of thymus-dependent lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and a greatly diminished in-vitro proliferative response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Humoral immunity was intact. Two additional types of therapy were assessed: subcutaneous injection of transfer factor was associated with an unsustained increase in lymphocyte counts and a positive cutaneous response to PHA but no clinical change; parenteral alimentation to ensure an adequate energy intake was associated with rapid clinical improvement, the development of delayed hypersensitivity to four additional antigens, and the return of lymphocyte counts and proliferative response to normal. These findings suggest that increased energy intake rather than transfer factor therapy was responsible for the child's recovery, and they emphasize the importance of adequate nutrition in the maintenance of intact cellular immunity.", "contents": "Cellular immunity and nutrition in refractory disseminated blastomycosis. In a previously healthy 13-year-old girl with disseminated blastomycosis, immunodeficiency was considered because of lymphopenia and the slow response of her lung disease to therapy with amphotericin B. Cellular immunity was found to be profoundly impaired, with absent delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to several common antigens, a decreased count of thymus-dependent lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and a greatly diminished in-vitro proliferative response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Humoral immunity was intact. Two additional types of therapy were assessed: subcutaneous injection of transfer factor was associated with an unsustained increase in lymphocyte counts and a positive cutaneous response to PHA but no clinical change; parenteral alimentation to ensure an adequate energy intake was associated with rapid clinical improvement, the development of delayed hypersensitivity to four additional antigens, and the return of lymphocyte counts and proliferative response to normal. These findings suggest that increased energy intake rather than transfer factor therapy was responsible for the child's recovery, and they emphasize the importance of adequate nutrition in the maintenance of intact cellular immunity.", "PMID": 99221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3649", "title": "Comparison of silver sulfadiazine and gentamicin for topical prophylaxis against burn wound sepsis.", "content": "Daily prophylactic application of either 1.0% silver sulfadiazine cream or 0.1% gentamicin cream was compared for effectiveness in preventing bacterial colonization of burn wounds and sepsis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonized the wounds of 37% of the 38 patients treated with silver sulfadiazine and 30% of the 33 patients treated with gentamicin; gentamicin-resistant P. aeruginosa colonized the wounds of 21% of the patients treated with gentamicin. Staphylococcus aureus colonization occurred in 55% of the patients treated with silver sulfadiazine, whereas colonization with Candida species occurred in 58% of the patients treated with gentamicin. Although gentamicin-resistant organisms caused no deaths their repeated appearance resulted in discontinuation of prophylaxiz with gentamicin cream. The next year P. aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin were isolated from burn wounds of only two patients who had not previously received parenteral therapy with gentamicin or tobramycin. Gentamicin cream should be reserved for treating patients with wounds infected by gentamicin-sensitive P. aeruginosa and those allergic to sulfa drugs. For most patients with burn wounds silver sulfadiazine is safe and effective as an antibacterial agent for topical prophylaxis.", "contents": "Comparison of silver sulfadiazine and gentamicin for topical prophylaxis against burn wound sepsis. Daily prophylactic application of either 1.0% silver sulfadiazine cream or 0.1% gentamicin cream was compared for effectiveness in preventing bacterial colonization of burn wounds and sepsis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonized the wounds of 37% of the 38 patients treated with silver sulfadiazine and 30% of the 33 patients treated with gentamicin; gentamicin-resistant P. aeruginosa colonized the wounds of 21% of the patients treated with gentamicin. Staphylococcus aureus colonization occurred in 55% of the patients treated with silver sulfadiazine, whereas colonization with Candida species occurred in 58% of the patients treated with gentamicin. Although gentamicin-resistant organisms caused no deaths their repeated appearance resulted in discontinuation of prophylaxiz with gentamicin cream. The next year P. aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin were isolated from burn wounds of only two patients who had not previously received parenteral therapy with gentamicin or tobramycin. Gentamicin cream should be reserved for treating patients with wounds infected by gentamicin-sensitive P. aeruginosa and those allergic to sulfa drugs. For most patients with burn wounds silver sulfadiazine is safe and effective as an antibacterial agent for topical prophylaxis.", "PMID": 99223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3650", "title": "Current management of unstable angina.", "content": "The patient with unstable angina (angina of recent onset, of changing pattern or occurring at rest) is at high risk of myocardial infarction and sudden death. Patients with simple angina of recent onset can generally be managed out of hospital. Those with progressive angina or angina at rest should be admitted to a coronary care unit, kept at bed-rest, and given propranolol and long-acting nitrates when such therapy is indicated. With these approaches the rate of infarction within 1 to 3 months after the onset of unstable angina is about 12% (as compared with 40% before 1970); the mortality in the same period is less than 2% (as compared with 17% before 1970), though during the first year it is about 17%, much higher than in patients with stable angina and in survivors of acute myocardial infarction.Urgent aortocoronary bypass grafting has proven to be unnecessary and probably undesirable for most patients with unstable angina, and is now generally reserved for patients who continue to have angina in hospital while receiving full medical therapy. The ongoing management of patients whose angina is controlled during the acute phase remains controversial. The main options are to operate on every possible patient, to operate only on those with certain distributions of coronary artery lesions, and to operate only on those who have recurrent symptoms. Further studies are required to delineate the etiology and the Optimal management of unstable angina.", "contents": "Current management of unstable angina. The patient with unstable angina (angina of recent onset, of changing pattern or occurring at rest) is at high risk of myocardial infarction and sudden death. Patients with simple angina of recent onset can generally be managed out of hospital. Those with progressive angina or angina at rest should be admitted to a coronary care unit, kept at bed-rest, and given propranolol and long-acting nitrates when such therapy is indicated. With these approaches the rate of infarction within 1 to 3 months after the onset of unstable angina is about 12% (as compared with 40% before 1970); the mortality in the same period is less than 2% (as compared with 17% before 1970), though during the first year it is about 17%, much higher than in patients with stable angina and in survivors of acute myocardial infarction.Urgent aortocoronary bypass grafting has proven to be unnecessary and probably undesirable for most patients with unstable angina, and is now generally reserved for patients who continue to have angina in hospital while receiving full medical therapy. The ongoing management of patients whose angina is controlled during the acute phase remains controversial. The main options are to operate on every possible patient, to operate only on those with certain distributions of coronary artery lesions, and to operate only on those who have recurrent symptoms. Further studies are required to delineate the etiology and the Optimal management of unstable angina.", "PMID": 99224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3651", "title": "Combined modality therapy of Hodgkin's disease: a report on the Stanford Trials.", "content": "A total of 440 previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease have been treated on randomized clinical trials at Stanford University, testing the value of combined modality therapy. A group of 244 patients with stages I, II and III were treated between 1968 with radiotherapy alone or combined with adjuvant MOPP chemotherapy. The adjuvant MOPP significantly improves the initial freedom from relapse (FFR) duration but improvement in survival is only minimal and not yet significant. The ability to induce a second durable remission after initial treatment failure results in freedom from second relapse rates (FF2dR) which more closely parallel survival figures than FFR. Adjuvant MOPP cannot yet be recommended as a routine adjuvant in the radiation maanagement of Hodgkin's disease. A pilot trial of the role of radiation therapy in the chemotherapy management of stage IV patients does not indicate an advantage of the irradiation. Preliminary analyses of new treatment programs in 163 patients with all stages of disease treated between 1974--1977 indicate improved survival and FFR rates, the majority of patients receiving combined modality therapy. Only three patients have died and nine patients have relapsed during the three year period of these new trials.", "contents": "Combined modality therapy of Hodgkin's disease: a report on the Stanford Trials. A total of 440 previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease have been treated on randomized clinical trials at Stanford University, testing the value of combined modality therapy. A group of 244 patients with stages I, II and III were treated between 1968 with radiotherapy alone or combined with adjuvant MOPP chemotherapy. The adjuvant MOPP significantly improves the initial freedom from relapse (FFR) duration but improvement in survival is only minimal and not yet significant. The ability to induce a second durable remission after initial treatment failure results in freedom from second relapse rates (FF2dR) which more closely parallel survival figures than FFR. Adjuvant MOPP cannot yet be recommended as a routine adjuvant in the radiation maanagement of Hodgkin's disease. A pilot trial of the role of radiation therapy in the chemotherapy management of stage IV patients does not indicate an advantage of the irradiation. Preliminary analyses of new treatment programs in 163 patients with all stages of disease treated between 1974--1977 indicate improved survival and FFR rates, the majority of patients receiving combined modality therapy. Only three patients have died and nine patients have relapsed during the three year period of these new trials.", "PMID": 99226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3652", "title": "Uridine 5'-diphosphate galactose: glycoprotein galactosyl transferase activity in exfoliated bladder epithelial cells in rats fed N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl) formamide.", "content": "Urine samples of normal male Fischer rats or rats fed 0.2% N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide for 6,8 or 30 weeks were collected and centrifuged 50 weeks after beginning treatment. After being sonicated and assayed (with purified desialylated ovine submaxillary mucin as acceptor glycoprotein), the exfoliated bladder cells obtained from the urines of treated rats showed uridine 5'-diphosphate galactose:glycoprotein transferase activity. The specific enzymatic activity of the enzyme from cells of 30-week-treated rats was about 10 times higher than from normal rats. The enzyme from cells of hyperplastic rats (treated 6 or 8 weeks) was only slightly higher in specific activity than that of normal rats. A similar was obtained at a later stage of bladder tumor induction, when the urines from 30-week-treated rats contained blood. A correction was made for protein contributed by the blood clot. The possibility that the blood clot contributed galactosyl transferase activity was excluded. Activity of the enzyme was detected in normal rat bladder tissue and in normal human urine.", "contents": "Uridine 5'-diphosphate galactose: glycoprotein galactosyl transferase activity in exfoliated bladder epithelial cells in rats fed N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl) formamide. Urine samples of normal male Fischer rats or rats fed 0.2% N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide for 6,8 or 30 weeks were collected and centrifuged 50 weeks after beginning treatment. After being sonicated and assayed (with purified desialylated ovine submaxillary mucin as acceptor glycoprotein), the exfoliated bladder cells obtained from the urines of treated rats showed uridine 5'-diphosphate galactose:glycoprotein transferase activity. The specific enzymatic activity of the enzyme from cells of 30-week-treated rats was about 10 times higher than from normal rats. The enzyme from cells of hyperplastic rats (treated 6 or 8 weeks) was only slightly higher in specific activity than that of normal rats. A similar was obtained at a later stage of bladder tumor induction, when the urines from 30-week-treated rats contained blood. A correction was made for protein contributed by the blood clot. The possibility that the blood clot contributed galactosyl transferase activity was excluded. Activity of the enzyme was detected in normal rat bladder tissue and in normal human urine.", "PMID": 99227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3653", "title": "Tissue-mediated mutagenicity of vinylidene chloride in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535.", "content": "Vinylidene chloride is weakly positive in the Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 test, mediated by kidney and liver post-mitochondrial supernatant (S-9 mix) from normal mice, but strongly positive with the S-9 mix from the induced animals. In the case of mediation by rat tissue, only liver S-9 mix from induced animals affords a significant positive response. These findings agree with the greater availability in treated mice than in rats of reactive vinylidene chloride metabolites, 1,1-dichloroethylene oxide and chloroacetyl chloride [5], and with the vinylidene carcinogeneicity found in mice but not in rats [9]. Exploratory tissue-mediated testing of vinylidene chloride involving liver S-9 mix from marmosets and man suggests a trend in the generation of alkylating metabolites and their reactions with bacterial DNA for these primates which resembles rats more than mice.", "contents": "Tissue-mediated mutagenicity of vinylidene chloride in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535. Vinylidene chloride is weakly positive in the Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 test, mediated by kidney and liver post-mitochondrial supernatant (S-9 mix) from normal mice, but strongly positive with the S-9 mix from the induced animals. In the case of mediation by rat tissue, only liver S-9 mix from induced animals affords a significant positive response. These findings agree with the greater availability in treated mice than in rats of reactive vinylidene chloride metabolites, 1,1-dichloroethylene oxide and chloroacetyl chloride [5], and with the vinylidene carcinogeneicity found in mice but not in rats [9]. Exploratory tissue-mediated testing of vinylidene chloride involving liver S-9 mix from marmosets and man suggests a trend in the generation of alkylating metabolites and their reactions with bacterial DNA for these primates which resembles rats more than mice.", "PMID": 99228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3654", "title": "Effects of selenium and retinoic acid on the metabolism of N-acetylaminofluorene and N-hydroxyacetylamino-fluorene.", "content": "Male albino rats were given 4 ppm selenium (Se(as Na2SeO3) in the water, or 0.25% retinoic acid was added to the basal diet for 3 days. Control and treated animals were given 17 mg acetylaminofluorene (AAF)-9-14C or N-hydroxyacetylaminofluorene (NOHAAF)-9-14C/kg body wt. The administration of Se enhanced glucuronyl transferase activity by 100% and inhibited p-nitrophenol-sulfotransferase by 50%. Retinoic acid enhanced the glucuronyl transferase 37% and inhibited the p-nitrophenol-sulfotransferase by 50%. Pretreatment with Se lowered levels of both AAF and NOHAAF in liver tissue by 30%. Se administration lowered the binding of the labeled carcinogens, or metabolites thereof, to the liver DNA and tRNA.", "contents": "Effects of selenium and retinoic acid on the metabolism of N-acetylaminofluorene and N-hydroxyacetylamino-fluorene. Male albino rats were given 4 ppm selenium (Se(as Na2SeO3) in the water, or 0.25% retinoic acid was added to the basal diet for 3 days. Control and treated animals were given 17 mg acetylaminofluorene (AAF)-9-14C or N-hydroxyacetylaminofluorene (NOHAAF)-9-14C/kg body wt. The administration of Se enhanced glucuronyl transferase activity by 100% and inhibited p-nitrophenol-sulfotransferase by 50%. Retinoic acid enhanced the glucuronyl transferase 37% and inhibited the p-nitrophenol-sulfotransferase by 50%. Pretreatment with Se lowered levels of both AAF and NOHAAF in liver tissue by 30%. Se administration lowered the binding of the labeled carcinogens, or metabolites thereof, to the liver DNA and tRNA.", "PMID": 99229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3655", "title": "Formation of glucuronic acid conjugates of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene phenols in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-treated hamster embryo cell cultures.", "content": "Secondary cultures of hamster embryo cells exposed to 0.5 nmol [G-3H]7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) per ml medium metabolized more than 90% of the DMBA within 48 hr. Samples of medium were extracted with chloroform, methanol, and water. The chloroform phases contained about one-third of the DMBA metabolites; the major chloroform-extractable metabolite was 8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Beta-glucuronidase treatment of the aqueous methanol-soluble metabolites converted almost one-half of them to chloroform-soluble metabolites, of which more than 80% were identified as phenolic derivatives of DMBA. Similar metabolite profiles were obtained by treating the medium with beta-glucuronidase before chloroform extraction. Separation of the methyl group-hydroxylated derivatives of DMBA from the phenolic derivatives was accomplished by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Small amounts of hydroxymethyl derivatives were detected only in the chloroform-extractable material, whereas DMBA phenols were the major component of the beta-glucuronidase-released mateirla. These results indicate that the major pathway of DMBA metabolism in hamster embryo cells is oxidation of the aromatic rings and not oxidation of the methyl groups.", "contents": "Formation of glucuronic acid conjugates of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene phenols in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-treated hamster embryo cell cultures. Secondary cultures of hamster embryo cells exposed to 0.5 nmol [G-3H]7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) per ml medium metabolized more than 90% of the DMBA within 48 hr. Samples of medium were extracted with chloroform, methanol, and water. The chloroform phases contained about one-third of the DMBA metabolites; the major chloroform-extractable metabolite was 8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Beta-glucuronidase treatment of the aqueous methanol-soluble metabolites converted almost one-half of them to chloroform-soluble metabolites, of which more than 80% were identified as phenolic derivatives of DMBA. Similar metabolite profiles were obtained by treating the medium with beta-glucuronidase before chloroform extraction. Separation of the methyl group-hydroxylated derivatives of DMBA from the phenolic derivatives was accomplished by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Small amounts of hydroxymethyl derivatives were detected only in the chloroform-extractable material, whereas DMBA phenols were the major component of the beta-glucuronidase-released mateirla. These results indicate that the major pathway of DMBA metabolism in hamster embryo cells is oxidation of the aromatic rings and not oxidation of the methyl groups.", "PMID": 99231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3656", "title": "Concurrent depression of tumor macrophage infiltration and systemic inflammation by progressive cancer growth.", "content": "Macrophage accumulation during the growth of a peritoneal ascites and three s.c. tumors in two animal species was analyzed and correlated with the capacity of the same tumor-bearing host to respond to inflammatory stimuli at sites distant to the tumor. Two of the three s.c. tumors induced systemic defects in macrophage accumulation; the tumor that did not (P-815 mastocytoma) did depress inflammation when transplanted to the peritoneal site. Macrophage accumulation within different tumors varied but, for a given tumor, it occurred in proportion to tumor growth when systemic inflammatory reactions were normal. However, the tumor to macrophage ratio increased dramatically and concurrently with onset of the generalized defect in macrophage inflammatory responsiveness. Accordingly, we concluded that macrophage mobility tested at remote sites is indicative of inflammatory events within the tumor. However, the antiinflammatory effect directed against macrophages is probably not a significant factor in tumor emergence since the required number of tumor cells was large and variable between not only tumors but also sites of transplantation.", "contents": "Concurrent depression of tumor macrophage infiltration and systemic inflammation by progressive cancer growth. Macrophage accumulation during the growth of a peritoneal ascites and three s.c. tumors in two animal species was analyzed and correlated with the capacity of the same tumor-bearing host to respond to inflammatory stimuli at sites distant to the tumor. Two of the three s.c. tumors induced systemic defects in macrophage accumulation; the tumor that did not (P-815 mastocytoma) did depress inflammation when transplanted to the peritoneal site. Macrophage accumulation within different tumors varied but, for a given tumor, it occurred in proportion to tumor growth when systemic inflammatory reactions were normal. However, the tumor to macrophage ratio increased dramatically and concurrently with onset of the generalized defect in macrophage inflammatory responsiveness. Accordingly, we concluded that macrophage mobility tested at remote sites is indicative of inflammatory events within the tumor. However, the antiinflammatory effect directed against macrophages is probably not a significant factor in tumor emergence since the required number of tumor cells was large and variable between not only tumors but also sites of transplantation.", "PMID": 99232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3657", "title": "Protection against chemotherapy toxicity by IV hyperalimentation.", "content": "A prospective randomized trial was conducted comparing the addition of iv hyperalimentation (IVH) to Corynebacterium parvum, isophosphamide, and adriamycin (CIA) chemoimmunotherapy in 26 patients with extensive squamous cell lung cancer. Thirteen patients were entered in each treatment arm of the study and IVH was administered before and after the first course of CIA for a total of 31 days. The major dose-limiting toxic effect of CIA was leukopenia. Less myelosuppression was observed for the patients receiving IVH. The difference in the lowest recorded leukocyte and neutrophil counts between the two groups was significant (P = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). Also, a significant decrease (P = 0.06) in nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy administration was found for the IVH gorup. The differences in toxic effects between each group were not maintained over subsequent courses of therapy when both groups received CIA alone. The prevention of the toxic effects of chemotherapy by IVH suggests a means of giving higher chemotherapy doses with the intent of increasing tumor response and patient survival.", "contents": "Protection against chemotherapy toxicity by IV hyperalimentation. A prospective randomized trial was conducted comparing the addition of iv hyperalimentation (IVH) to Corynebacterium parvum, isophosphamide, and adriamycin (CIA) chemoimmunotherapy in 26 patients with extensive squamous cell lung cancer. Thirteen patients were entered in each treatment arm of the study and IVH was administered before and after the first course of CIA for a total of 31 days. The major dose-limiting toxic effect of CIA was leukopenia. Less myelosuppression was observed for the patients receiving IVH. The difference in the lowest recorded leukocyte and neutrophil counts between the two groups was significant (P = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). Also, a significant decrease (P = 0.06) in nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy administration was found for the IVH gorup. The differences in toxic effects between each group were not maintained over subsequent courses of therapy when both groups received CIA alone. The prevention of the toxic effects of chemotherapy by IVH suggests a means of giving higher chemotherapy doses with the intent of increasing tumor response and patient survival.", "PMID": 99235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3658", "title": "A protein released by DNAase I digestion of drosophila nuclei is preferentially associated with puffs.", "content": "Antisera have been produced against five molecular weight subfractions of the Drosophila proteins readily extracted from nuclei following limited DNAase I digestion. Immunofluorescence staining techniques were used to assess the distributions of these proteins in the polytene chromosomes of Drosophila. In three cases, the antigens were widely distributed; in one case, the antigens appeared to be slightly more concentrated at active loci; and in one case, the antigens were strongly concentrated at a defined set of loci, including puffs and most of the loci which are active (puffed) at some time during third instar larval and prepupal development. The latter distribution pattern differs from that of RNA polymerase. Nonhistone chromosomal proteins of this type may have a key role in establishing and/or maintaining the altered chromatin structure characteristic of the active state.", "contents": "A protein released by DNAase I digestion of drosophila nuclei is preferentially associated with puffs. Antisera have been produced against five molecular weight subfractions of the Drosophila proteins readily extracted from nuclei following limited DNAase I digestion. Immunofluorescence staining techniques were used to assess the distributions of these proteins in the polytene chromosomes of Drosophila. In three cases, the antigens were widely distributed; in one case, the antigens appeared to be slightly more concentrated at active loci; and in one case, the antigens were strongly concentrated at a defined set of loci, including puffs and most of the loci which are active (puffed) at some time during third instar larval and prepupal development. The latter distribution pattern differs from that of RNA polymerase. Nonhistone chromosomal proteins of this type may have a key role in establishing and/or maintaining the altered chromatin structure characteristic of the active state.", "PMID": 99244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3659", "title": "A novel arrangement of tandemly repeated genes at a major heat shock site in D. melanogaster.", "content": "Three cloned segments of Drosophila melanogaster DNA have been isolated that derive from the major heat shock site at 87C in chromosome 3. Each of these segments contains sequences homologous to a class of polysomal poly(A)+ RNAs whose synthesis is induced by heat shock of cultured cells. A combination of R loop, heteroduplex and restriction fragment maps of these segments reveals that their RNA-homologous sequences are arranged in tandemly repeated units, each unit consisting of an alpha element (0.49 kb) joined to a beta element (1.10 kb). The polysomal RNAs homologous to these alphabeta units (1.59 kb) are distributed into three size classes exhibiting approximate lengths of 1, 2 and 3 kb. R loop mapping demonstrated that the sequence of the 2 kb RNA is alphabetaalpha, indicating that it, and presumably the 3 kb RNA, derive from transcripts covering more than one repeated unit. One of the cloned segments contains a variant repeat unit, alphagamma, located between two alphabeta units. This unit has the same alpha element, but the beta element has been replaced by a nonhomologous gamma element (0.87 kb). Analysis of the total D. melanogaster DNA indicates that the 87C locus contains at least 21 tandemly repeated units, twelve of which were identified as alphabeta units and six as alphagamma units. The 21 or more units are distributed among at least three different tandem arrays separated by different spacer regions, one of which is within a cloned segment. Sequences in the gamma element, but not those in the alpha or beta elements, are also found at 87A, which contains another heat shock site. The possible roles of the alphabeta-type RNAs and of the gamma sequences are discussed in the light of these results.", "contents": "A novel arrangement of tandemly repeated genes at a major heat shock site in D. melanogaster. Three cloned segments of Drosophila melanogaster DNA have been isolated that derive from the major heat shock site at 87C in chromosome 3. Each of these segments contains sequences homologous to a class of polysomal poly(A)+ RNAs whose synthesis is induced by heat shock of cultured cells. A combination of R loop, heteroduplex and restriction fragment maps of these segments reveals that their RNA-homologous sequences are arranged in tandemly repeated units, each unit consisting of an alpha element (0.49 kb) joined to a beta element (1.10 kb). The polysomal RNAs homologous to these alphabeta units (1.59 kb) are distributed into three size classes exhibiting approximate lengths of 1, 2 and 3 kb. R loop mapping demonstrated that the sequence of the 2 kb RNA is alphabetaalpha, indicating that it, and presumably the 3 kb RNA, derive from transcripts covering more than one repeated unit. One of the cloned segments contains a variant repeat unit, alphagamma, located between two alphabeta units. This unit has the same alpha element, but the beta element has been replaced by a nonhomologous gamma element (0.87 kb). Analysis of the total D. melanogaster DNA indicates that the 87C locus contains at least 21 tandemly repeated units, twelve of which were identified as alphabeta units and six as alphagamma units. The 21 or more units are distributed among at least three different tandem arrays separated by different spacer regions, one of which is within a cloned segment. Sequences in the gamma element, but not those in the alpha or beta elements, are also found at 87A, which contains another heat shock site. The possible roles of the alphabeta-type RNAs and of the gamma sequences are discussed in the light of these results.", "PMID": 99245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3660", "title": "Two hybrid plasmids with D. melanogaster DNA sequences complementary to mRNA coding for the major heat shock protein.", "content": "The isolation and partial characterization of two cloned segments of Drosophila melanogaster DNA containing \"heat shock\" gene sequences is described. We have inserted sheared embryonic D. melanogaster DNA by the poly(dA-dt) connector method (Lobban and Kaiser, 1973) into the R1 restriction site of the ampicillin-resistant plasmid pSF2124 (So, Gill and Falkow, 1975). A collection of independent hybrid plasmids was screened by colony hybridization (Grunstein and Hogness, 1975) for sequences complementary to in vitro labeled polysomal poly(A)+ heat shock RNA. Two clones were identified which contain sequences complementary to a heat shock mRNA species that directs the in vitro synthesis of the 70,000 dalton heat-induced polypeptide. Both cloned segments hybridize in situ to the heat-induced puff sites located at 87A and 87C of the salivary gland polytene chromosomes.", "contents": "Two hybrid plasmids with D. melanogaster DNA sequences complementary to mRNA coding for the major heat shock protein. The isolation and partial characterization of two cloned segments of Drosophila melanogaster DNA containing \"heat shock\" gene sequences is described. We have inserted sheared embryonic D. melanogaster DNA by the poly(dA-dt) connector method (Lobban and Kaiser, 1973) into the R1 restriction site of the ampicillin-resistant plasmid pSF2124 (So, Gill and Falkow, 1975). A collection of independent hybrid plasmids was screened by colony hybridization (Grunstein and Hogness, 1975) for sequences complementary to in vitro labeled polysomal poly(A)+ heat shock RNA. Two clones were identified which contain sequences complementary to a heat shock mRNA species that directs the in vitro synthesis of the 70,000 dalton heat-induced polypeptide. Both cloned segments hybridize in situ to the heat-induced puff sites located at 87A and 87C of the salivary gland polytene chromosomes.", "PMID": 99246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3661", "title": "RNA synthesis and control of cell division in the yeast S. cerevisiae.", "content": "Cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae rapidly accumulated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle when exposed to the chelating agents o-phenanthroline (OP) or 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ). Zinc salts fully reversed the growth-inhibitory effect of both OP and HQ. Cells treated with these chelating agents showed limited RNA accumulation and little RNA degradation. Rates of RNA synthesis were drastically reduced by low concentrations of these compounds. Whereas rates of protein synthesis were essentially unaffected. Rates of synthesis of mRNA and tRNA were less affected than were rates of synthesis of high molecular weight RNA. Processing of ribosomal precursor RNA was altered. these results suggest that the primary effect of OP and HQ is on rRNA synthesis. RNA metabolism must therefore have a key role in the regulation of the cell cycle.", "contents": "RNA synthesis and control of cell division in the yeast S. cerevisiae. Cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae rapidly accumulated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle when exposed to the chelating agents o-phenanthroline (OP) or 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ). Zinc salts fully reversed the growth-inhibitory effect of both OP and HQ. Cells treated with these chelating agents showed limited RNA accumulation and little RNA degradation. Rates of RNA synthesis were drastically reduced by low concentrations of these compounds. Whereas rates of protein synthesis were essentially unaffected. Rates of synthesis of mRNA and tRNA were less affected than were rates of synthesis of high molecular weight RNA. Processing of ribosomal precursor RNA was altered. these results suggest that the primary effect of OP and HQ is on rRNA synthesis. RNA metabolism must therefore have a key role in the regulation of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 99247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3662", "title": "Reversal by aminoguanidine of the inhibition of proliferation of human fibroblasts by spermidine and spermine.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of the polyamines, spermidine and spermine, on the proliferation of human fibroblasts in culture was found to be reversed by the addition of aminoguanidine (AM), a specific and highly effective inhibitor of diamine oxidase (DAO) present in fetal calf serum (FCS). Aminoguanidine itself in concentration as high as 10(-3) M exhibited no effect upon cell proliferation nor did putrescine at similar concentrations. However, at higher concentrations of putrescine, cell proliferation was inhibited and this inhibition was unaffected by the addition of mM concentrations of AM. These studies support earlier hypotheses on the mechanisms of the toxic effects of polyamines on cell proliferation and establish further that the diamine oxidase-catalyzed metabolism of spermine and spermidine is necessary for their toxic effects in cell culture.", "contents": "Reversal by aminoguanidine of the inhibition of proliferation of human fibroblasts by spermidine and spermine. The inhibitory effect of the polyamines, spermidine and spermine, on the proliferation of human fibroblasts in culture was found to be reversed by the addition of aminoguanidine (AM), a specific and highly effective inhibitor of diamine oxidase (DAO) present in fetal calf serum (FCS). Aminoguanidine itself in concentration as high as 10(-3) M exhibited no effect upon cell proliferation nor did putrescine at similar concentrations. However, at higher concentrations of putrescine, cell proliferation was inhibited and this inhibition was unaffected by the addition of mM concentrations of AM. These studies support earlier hypotheses on the mechanisms of the toxic effects of polyamines on cell proliferation and establish further that the diamine oxidase-catalyzed metabolism of spermine and spermidine is necessary for their toxic effects in cell culture.", "PMID": 99252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3663", "title": "[Electron microscope observation of \"thyroidectomy cells\" in the hypophyseal ventral lobe of a Chondrichthyan fish, the small spotted dogfish, Scyllium canicula Cuv].", "content": "In the adenohypophysis of very young spotted dogfish, only one kind of granulated cells show strcutural changes following thyroidectomy: the small granule cells of the ventral lobe (granule diameter about 110 nm). These cells are similar to the thyrotrophs of other Vertebrates, and well distinct from the supposed gonadotrophs found in the same lobe.", "contents": "[Electron microscope observation of \"thyroidectomy cells\" in the hypophyseal ventral lobe of a Chondrichthyan fish, the small spotted dogfish, Scyllium canicula Cuv]. In the adenohypophysis of very young spotted dogfish, only one kind of granulated cells show strcutural changes following thyroidectomy: the small granule cells of the ventral lobe (granule diameter about 110 nm). These cells are similar to the thyrotrophs of other Vertebrates, and well distinct from the supposed gonadotrophs found in the same lobe.", "PMID": 99253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3664", "title": "[Variation of the inflammatory response of an autologus implant function and viability: mixed and unilateral inflammatory response].", "content": "The behaviour of an autologous grafted implant depends upon its viability. In our study, pericardial implants were used as cardiac valves. Results showed that when using fresh live pericardium, an inflammatory response developed destroying it within 8 days. When implants cells were killed without alteration of their antigenicity--in order to prevent rejection--cellular growth and neovascularisation from implantation site occurred leading to a secondary live graft. Controlled killing of the implant seems to be an essential step in order to get live grafts.", "contents": "[Variation of the inflammatory response of an autologus implant function and viability: mixed and unilateral inflammatory response]. The behaviour of an autologous grafted implant depends upon its viability. In our study, pericardial implants were used as cardiac valves. Results showed that when using fresh live pericardium, an inflammatory response developed destroying it within 8 days. When implants cells were killed without alteration of their antigenicity--in order to prevent rejection--cellular growth and neovascularisation from implantation site occurred leading to a secondary live graft. Controlled killing of the implant seems to be an essential step in order to get live grafts.", "PMID": 99254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3665", "title": "[Radioautographic identification of central monoaminergic neurons by local micro-instillation of tritiated serotonin or noradrenaline in cats].", "content": "Monoaminergic neurons in nuclei raphe dorsalis and locus coeruleus of the Cat may be visualized by radioautography after local micro-instillation of tritiated serotonin and noradrenaline. The concomitant administration of the appropriate tracer with the other biogenic amine in non radioactive form permits a specific identification of serotoninergic and catecholaminergic nerve cell bodies. A small contingent of presumptive serotoninergic neurons is thus demonstrated in the region of the locus coeruleus.", "contents": "[Radioautographic identification of central monoaminergic neurons by local micro-instillation of tritiated serotonin or noradrenaline in cats]. Monoaminergic neurons in nuclei raphe dorsalis and locus coeruleus of the Cat may be visualized by radioautography after local micro-instillation of tritiated serotonin and noradrenaline. The concomitant administration of the appropriate tracer with the other biogenic amine in non radioactive form permits a specific identification of serotoninergic and catecholaminergic nerve cell bodies. A small contingent of presumptive serotoninergic neurons is thus demonstrated in the region of the locus coeruleus.", "PMID": 99255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3666", "title": "[Comparison of estradiol benzoate and dihydrotestosterone propionate with testosterone propionate on the induction of male-like sexual behavior in female sheep ovariectomized as adults].", "content": "Daily I/M injections of 200 microgram of oestradiol benzoate induce in female Sheep, ovariectomized as adults, male-like sexual reactions similar to what is obtained with 10 mg testosterone propionate per day. Simultaneously, a permanent female sexual receptivity is observed. Oestradiol benzoate at the dose of 20 microgram/day, and dihydrotestosterone propionate (10 mg/day) are both totally ineffective. The result support the hypothesis of the necessity of the aromatization of testosterone for the action on sexual behaviour.", "contents": "[Comparison of estradiol benzoate and dihydrotestosterone propionate with testosterone propionate on the induction of male-like sexual behavior in female sheep ovariectomized as adults]. Daily I/M injections of 200 microgram of oestradiol benzoate induce in female Sheep, ovariectomized as adults, male-like sexual reactions similar to what is obtained with 10 mg testosterone propionate per day. Simultaneously, a permanent female sexual receptivity is observed. Oestradiol benzoate at the dose of 20 microgram/day, and dihydrotestosterone propionate (10 mg/day) are both totally ineffective. The result support the hypothesis of the necessity of the aromatization of testosterone for the action on sexual behaviour.", "PMID": 99256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3667", "title": "[The problem of calculating the circular dichroism signals of the 10 nearest neighbor configurations of DNA].", "content": "Due to linear constraints over the nearest neighbour frequencies the order of the linear dependence of DNA CD spectra is 8. The computation of the CD signals of the 10 nearest neighbour configurations is therefore not possible if these signals are linearly independent. We show that the method proposed by Allen et coll. does not allow to obtain these signals.", "contents": "[The problem of calculating the circular dichroism signals of the 10 nearest neighbor configurations of DNA]. Due to linear constraints over the nearest neighbour frequencies the order of the linear dependence of DNA CD spectra is 8. The computation of the CD signals of the 10 nearest neighbour configurations is therefore not possible if these signals are linearly independent. We show that the method proposed by Allen et coll. does not allow to obtain these signals.", "PMID": 99257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3668", "title": "[Modes of tetracycline resistance in Bacillus thuringiensis].", "content": "The sensitive strain and tetracycline-resistant mutants exhibit two types of growth curves after addition of tetracycline. The level of resistance of these strains is enhanced by a short period of preincubation with a non-inhibitive concentration of tetracycline.", "contents": "[Modes of tetracycline resistance in Bacillus thuringiensis]. The sensitive strain and tetracycline-resistant mutants exhibit two types of growth curves after addition of tetracycline. The level of resistance of these strains is enhanced by a short period of preincubation with a non-inhibitive concentration of tetracycline.", "PMID": 99258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3669", "title": "[T-Lymphocyte regulation of contact sensitivity: effect of thymectomy in adult mice].", "content": "6 weeks after adult thymectomy (ATx) in the Mouse, the contact sensitivity reaction to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) is enhanced. 4 to 7 months after ATx, this reaction is deeply, but incompletely depressed, whereas the concomitant antibody response is not affected. These results suggest that both a suppressor, and an amplifier, T lymphocytes, the life span of which is different after ATx, are involved in the regulation of contact sensitivity. The effect of circulating thymic factor on this reaction suggests that this factor acts exclusively, at least in short treatments, on the suppressor function.", "contents": "[T-Lymphocyte regulation of contact sensitivity: effect of thymectomy in adult mice]. 6 weeks after adult thymectomy (ATx) in the Mouse, the contact sensitivity reaction to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) is enhanced. 4 to 7 months after ATx, this reaction is deeply, but incompletely depressed, whereas the concomitant antibody response is not affected. These results suggest that both a suppressor, and an amplifier, T lymphocytes, the life span of which is different after ATx, are involved in the regulation of contact sensitivity. The effect of circulating thymic factor on this reaction suggests that this factor acts exclusively, at least in short treatments, on the suppressor function.", "PMID": 99259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3670", "title": "[Effects in man of a total adrenal cortical extract on delayed immunity and lymphocyte sub-populations].", "content": "After a 10 day treatment with total adreno-cortical extract, administered to 11 subjects, the following results were obtained: increase of delayed cutaneous responses to various antigens, increase in the number of null lymphocytes, decrease in the number of B lymphocytes. These changes did not occur in 16 control patients who were not treated.", "contents": "[Effects in man of a total adrenal cortical extract on delayed immunity and lymphocyte sub-populations]. After a 10 day treatment with total adreno-cortical extract, administered to 11 subjects, the following results were obtained: increase of delayed cutaneous responses to various antigens, increase in the number of null lymphocytes, decrease in the number of B lymphocytes. These changes did not occur in 16 control patients who were not treated.", "PMID": 99260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3671", "title": "[Inhibitory effect of the tissue antagonism of interferon on the development of 180/TG Crocker tumor: recognition of a new murine lectin].", "content": "Crude and purified murine lectin preparations are extracted from costal cartilage (TAI). They inhibit the antiviral state induced by interferon. They also agglutinate the Crocker 180/TG tumor cells. After IP inoculation in mice, the purified lectin preparation significantly decreases tumor incidence and increases the animal's life span.", "contents": "[Inhibitory effect of the tissue antagonism of interferon on the development of 180/TG Crocker tumor: recognition of a new murine lectin]. Crude and purified murine lectin preparations are extracted from costal cartilage (TAI). They inhibit the antiviral state induced by interferon. They also agglutinate the Crocker 180/TG tumor cells. After IP inoculation in mice, the purified lectin preparation significantly decreases tumor incidence and increases the animal's life span.", "PMID": 99261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3672", "title": "[Effects of testosterone propionate on LH and testosterone concentrations before and after the injection of gonadoliberin in young bulls pre-treated with dexamethasone].", "content": "This preliminary study has been performed on four young twin bulls, one pair aged 6 months and the other one aged 12 months. Plasma LH and testosterone were assayed from frequent blood sampling. Testosterone propionate (TP) following dexamethasone treatment did not significantly influence the LH response to gonadoliberin compared to the twin controls, although testosterone concentrations were high in those TP treated animals.", "contents": "[Effects of testosterone propionate on LH and testosterone concentrations before and after the injection of gonadoliberin in young bulls pre-treated with dexamethasone]. This preliminary study has been performed on four young twin bulls, one pair aged 6 months and the other one aged 12 months. Plasma LH and testosterone were assayed from frequent blood sampling. Testosterone propionate (TP) following dexamethasone treatment did not significantly influence the LH response to gonadoliberin compared to the twin controls, although testosterone concentrations were high in those TP treated animals.", "PMID": 99262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3673", "title": "[Study of gangliosides in normal (C57B1/6J) and quaking mice. Presence and characterization of a labile ganglioside in alkaline solution].", "content": "In the adult Quaking mutant, there is an increase in some polysialogangliosides (GT1 and Gq)  and a 50% decrease in BM1 content. Thus, the latter ganglioside, which is a constituent of mature myelin, could be linked to one of the late steps of the myelination process. A novel ganglioside ALG1, which appears during the postnatal development of brain, has been isolated and purified; it  contains an alkali labile linkage and after alkaline treatment yields GT1b. Comparison between normal Mice and Quaking mutants does not show any significant quantitative differences, under our conditions. At the stage at which it appears, it could be linked to steps of brain maturation other than myelimation.", "contents": "[Study of gangliosides in normal (C57B1/6J) and quaking mice. Presence and characterization of a labile ganglioside in alkaline solution]. In the adult Quaking mutant, there is an increase in some polysialogangliosides (GT1 and Gq)  and a 50% decrease in BM1 content. Thus, the latter ganglioside, which is a constituent of mature myelin, could be linked to one of the late steps of the myelination process. A novel ganglioside ALG1, which appears during the postnatal development of brain, has been isolated and purified; it  contains an alkali labile linkage and after alkaline treatment yields GT1b. Comparison between normal Mice and Quaking mutants does not show any significant quantitative differences, under our conditions. At the stage at which it appears, it could be linked to steps of brain maturation other than myelimation.", "PMID": 99263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3674", "title": "[Sensitivity of crayfish muscle fibers to glutamate and to natural transmitter in low calcium solutions].", "content": "The response of crayfish muscle fibres to glutamate, a putative transmitter at its excitatory motor synapses, decreases when extracellular calcium is reduced, whereas the sensitivity to natural transmitter s not modified. Three possible mechanisms are proposed.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of crayfish muscle fibers to glutamate and to natural transmitter in low calcium solutions]. The response of crayfish muscle fibres to glutamate, a putative transmitter at its excitatory motor synapses, decreases when extracellular calcium is reduced, whereas the sensitivity to natural transmitter s not modified. Three possible mechanisms are proposed.", "PMID": 99265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3675", "title": "[Thixotropic effect and electro-osmosis as possible factors of membrane electrical excitability].", "content": "Cation motion under the electrical field might break the membrane structure. In the temporary wake of each cation conductivity would be increased. Thus a zone of negative resistance would occur in the intensity-voltage relation. Membrane dehydration, due to electro-osmosis, might induce repeated flip-flops of current at the limits of the negative resistance zone.", "contents": "[Thixotropic effect and electro-osmosis as possible factors of membrane electrical excitability]. Cation motion under the electrical field might break the membrane structure. In the temporary wake of each cation conductivity would be increased. Thus a zone of negative resistance would occur in the intensity-voltage relation. Membrane dehydration, due to electro-osmosis, might induce repeated flip-flops of current at the limits of the negative resistance zone.", "PMID": 99266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3676", "title": "[Purification of 2 succinic semi-aldehyde reductases from the human brain].", "content": "Two succinic semi-aldehyde reductases (A and B) have been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. Enzyme A, which is a monomer of molecular weight 40,000 +/- 5,000 reduces a wide range of aldehydes and is inhibited by some barbiturates and certain anticonvulsants. Enzyme B, which is a dimer of molecular weight 80,000 +/- 10,000, is very specific for succinic semi-aldehyde and is not inhibited by the aforementioned compounds.", "contents": "[Purification of 2 succinic semi-aldehyde reductases from the human brain]. Two succinic semi-aldehyde reductases (A and B) have been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. Enzyme A, which is a monomer of molecular weight 40,000 +/- 5,000 reduces a wide range of aldehydes and is inhibited by some barbiturates and certain anticonvulsants. Enzyme B, which is a dimer of molecular weight 80,000 +/- 10,000, is very specific for succinic semi-aldehyde and is not inhibited by the aforementioned compounds.", "PMID": 99267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3677", "title": "[Convulsions induced by enanthotoxin in the rat: correlation between electrophysiological modifications and clinical signs].", "content": "When injected intraperitoneally in the Rat, oenanthotoxin induces localised myoclonic jerks and generalised tonic-clonic seizures. Electrocorticographic recordings reveal typical epileptic spikes. Correlations between electromyographic bursts, electrocorticographic events and subcortical activities support the hypothesis that the clonic jerks and the generalised seizures have a cortical orgin.", "contents": "[Convulsions induced by enanthotoxin in the rat: correlation between electrophysiological modifications and clinical signs]. When injected intraperitoneally in the Rat, oenanthotoxin induces localised myoclonic jerks and generalised tonic-clonic seizures. Electrocorticographic recordings reveal typical epileptic spikes. Correlations between electromyographic bursts, electrocorticographic events and subcortical activities support the hypothesis that the clonic jerks and the generalised seizures have a cortical orgin.", "PMID": 99268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3678", "title": "[Disappearance of the gliofibrillar protein (GFA) during the cultivation of glioblastoma cells].", "content": "Absence of GFA in established cell lines from glioblastomas promped us to look for this protein from the first replication of malignant cells in vitro and in following subcultrues. Our results show that GFA disappeared during the first twelve replications, often before the fifth replication. No correlation was observed with a morphological transformation of the cells.", "contents": "[Disappearance of the gliofibrillar protein (GFA) during the cultivation of glioblastoma cells]. Absence of GFA in established cell lines from glioblastomas promped us to look for this protein from the first replication of malignant cells in vitro and in following subcultrues. Our results show that GFA disappeared during the first twelve replications, often before the fifth replication. No correlation was observed with a morphological transformation of the cells.", "PMID": 99269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3679", "title": "A comparative study of three approaches to the routine quantitation of human serum proteins.", "content": "The Laser Nephelometer PDQTM (Hyland Division, Travenol Laboratories Inc.) and the Abbott Bichromatic Analyser 100 (Abbott Laboratories) were compared with a radial immunodiffusion method. Seventy-eight serum specimens collected during routine blood testing were aliquoted and quantitated by the three procedures described. The nephelometric system was used as described by Hyland in their instruction accompanying the LAS-R Nephelometric test kits. The ABA-100 was used with a filter unit transmitting at 340 and 650 nm and at a water bath temperature of 30 degrees C. The Laser Nephelometer correlated well with the RID system giving a correlation coefficient varying from 0.94 for IgA to 0.79 for C3. It was not possible to quantitate IgA by the turbidometric method using the ABA-100. Results obtained for the other proteins were satisfactory and the correlation coefficient with the RID method varied from 0.88 for IgG to 0.90 for C3. The RID procedure in routine use takes 5 hours technologist time and a 16-hour incubation period to produce results for IgG, IgA and IgM on nine patient specimens. Using the Laser Nephelometer to obtain the same results on 20 patient specimens took two to three technologist hours. Nephelometry, therefore, appears to be a satisfactory alternative to RID with a comparable precision and a great saving in technologist time.", "contents": "A comparative study of three approaches to the routine quantitation of human serum proteins. The Laser Nephelometer PDQTM (Hyland Division, Travenol Laboratories Inc.) and the Abbott Bichromatic Analyser 100 (Abbott Laboratories) were compared with a radial immunodiffusion method. Seventy-eight serum specimens collected during routine blood testing were aliquoted and quantitated by the three procedures described. The nephelometric system was used as described by Hyland in their instruction accompanying the LAS-R Nephelometric test kits. The ABA-100 was used with a filter unit transmitting at 340 and 650 nm and at a water bath temperature of 30 degrees C. The Laser Nephelometer correlated well with the RID system giving a correlation coefficient varying from 0.94 for IgA to 0.79 for C3. It was not possible to quantitate IgA by the turbidometric method using the ABA-100. Results obtained for the other proteins were satisfactory and the correlation coefficient with the RID method varied from 0.88 for IgG to 0.90 for C3. The RID procedure in routine use takes 5 hours technologist time and a 16-hour incubation period to produce results for IgG, IgA and IgM on nine patient specimens. Using the Laser Nephelometer to obtain the same results on 20 patient specimens took two to three technologist hours. Nephelometry, therefore, appears to be a satisfactory alternative to RID with a comparable precision and a great saving in technologist time.", "PMID": 99270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3680", "title": "Improved enzymatic assay of chloramphenicol.", "content": "We partly purified R-factor-encoded chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.28) from a highly choloramphenicol-resistant mutant derived from Escherichia coli W677/R5. The preparation permitted rapid quanitation of chloramphenicol by use of [14C]acetylcoenzyme A, removing the diacetylated product by selective adsorption onto micropore filters. Succinyl and glucuronyl 3-hydroxyl esters of chloramphenicol were not active as substrates for the preparation, nor were they active as inhibitors. The enzyme was free of chloramphenicol reductase activity, and utilizes other biologically active chloramphenicol analogs. Other antibiotics, at concentrations commonly found in human sera, and blood preservatives, at concentrations 10-fold that found in blood-collection tubes, did not interfere with the enzymic quantitation of chloramphenicol. We conclude that this enzyme preparation permits rapid clinical quantitation of chloramphenicol.", "contents": "Improved enzymatic assay of chloramphenicol. We partly purified R-factor-encoded chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.28) from a highly choloramphenicol-resistant mutant derived from Escherichia coli W677/R5. The preparation permitted rapid quanitation of chloramphenicol by use of [14C]acetylcoenzyme A, removing the diacetylated product by selective adsorption onto micropore filters. Succinyl and glucuronyl 3-hydroxyl esters of chloramphenicol were not active as substrates for the preparation, nor were they active as inhibitors. The enzyme was free of chloramphenicol reductase activity, and utilizes other biologically active chloramphenicol analogs. Other antibiotics, at concentrations commonly found in human sera, and blood preservatives, at concentrations 10-fold that found in blood-collection tubes, did not interfere with the enzymic quantitation of chloramphenicol. We conclude that this enzyme preparation permits rapid clinical quantitation of chloramphenicol.", "PMID": 99271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3681", "title": "Double-antibody enzyme immunoassay for nortriptyline.", "content": "beta-D-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) from Escherichia coli was conjugated to desmethylnortriptyline by means of a bifunctional cross-linking reagent, dimethyl adipimidate, and used in a double-antibody immunoassay for nortriptyline. Eighty percent of the enzyme activity was retained after conjugation; 75% of the enzyme was conjugated to desmethylnortriptyline. In the final immunoassay the enzyme activity of the bound fraction was determined with o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside as substrate. The sensitivity, precision, and simplicity of the enzyme immunoassay compared favorable with that of a published radioimmunoassay method. Results for nortriptyline in plasma samples correlated well with those determined by either radioimmunoassay or gas-chromatography.", "contents": "Double-antibody enzyme immunoassay for nortriptyline. beta-D-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) from Escherichia coli was conjugated to desmethylnortriptyline by means of a bifunctional cross-linking reagent, dimethyl adipimidate, and used in a double-antibody immunoassay for nortriptyline. Eighty percent of the enzyme activity was retained after conjugation; 75% of the enzyme was conjugated to desmethylnortriptyline. In the final immunoassay the enzyme activity of the bound fraction was determined with o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside as substrate. The sensitivity, precision, and simplicity of the enzyme immunoassay compared favorable with that of a published radioimmunoassay method. Results for nortriptyline in plasma samples correlated well with those determined by either radioimmunoassay or gas-chromatography.", "PMID": 99272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3682", "title": "Triiodothyronine uptake test in which antibody-coated tubes are used compared to two other tests in which precipitation separations are used.", "content": "A triiodothyronine uptake test in which antibody-coated tubes are used (Clinical Assays) was compared to two other such tests in which silicate tablets (Nuclear-Medical Laboratories, Inc.) or macroaggregated albumin (Diagnostic Corporation of America) are used to separate the bound from the free fraction. The Clinical Assays test showed good linear correlation with the values obtained by the other two tests on 67 samples. The interassay coefficient of variation was 4.8%. The correlation between the values obtained and the clinical evaluation on 60 patients also was essentially the same as for the other two tests, 80%.", "contents": "Triiodothyronine uptake test in which antibody-coated tubes are used compared to two other tests in which precipitation separations are used. A triiodothyronine uptake test in which antibody-coated tubes are used (Clinical Assays) was compared to two other such tests in which silicate tablets (Nuclear-Medical Laboratories, Inc.) or macroaggregated albumin (Diagnostic Corporation of America) are used to separate the bound from the free fraction. The Clinical Assays test showed good linear correlation with the values obtained by the other two tests on 67 samples. The interassay coefficient of variation was 4.8%. The correlation between the values obtained and the clinical evaluation on 60 patients also was essentially the same as for the other two tests, 80%.", "PMID": 99273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3683", "title": "The course of facial nerve innervation for the levator veli palatini muscle.", "content": "The present study was designed to determine the motor nerve pathway of the facial nerve to the levator veli palatini muscle. The experiments were carried out on 10 anesthetized rhesus monkeys. Recorded and analyzed were evoked EMG responses of the levator veli palatini and the orbicularis oris muscles by electrical stimulation to both the facial nerve and its branch within the cranium. Muscle action potentials (M-waves) from the two muscles could be recognized on stimulating the facial nerve at the petrosal area of the temporal bone. On stimulating the greater petrosal nerve, M-waves from the levator muscle could be elicited. By cutting off the greater petrosal nerve at the middle cranial fossa, M-waves from the levator muscle completely disappeared on stimulating the facial nerve at the petrosal area. Results indicated that the course of the facial nerve for the levator veli palatini muscle is through the greater petrosal nerve.", "contents": "The course of facial nerve innervation for the levator veli palatini muscle. The present study was designed to determine the motor nerve pathway of the facial nerve to the levator veli palatini muscle. The experiments were carried out on 10 anesthetized rhesus monkeys. Recorded and analyzed were evoked EMG responses of the levator veli palatini and the orbicularis oris muscles by electrical stimulation to both the facial nerve and its branch within the cranium. Muscle action potentials (M-waves) from the two muscles could be recognized on stimulating the facial nerve at the petrosal area of the temporal bone. On stimulating the greater petrosal nerve, M-waves from the levator muscle could be elicited. By cutting off the greater petrosal nerve at the middle cranial fossa, M-waves from the levator muscle completely disappeared on stimulating the facial nerve at the petrosal area. Results indicated that the course of the facial nerve for the levator veli palatini muscle is through the greater petrosal nerve.", "PMID": 99274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3684", "title": "Haemolytic complement in peripheral lymph of normal men.", "content": "The haemolytic activity of nine individual components of complement and the concentrations of C1q, C1s, C4, C3, C3PA and C9 proteins were measured in the leg lymph and serum of four normal men. The mean lymph/serum ratio for total haemolytic complement was 0.257, for C1H50 it was 0.138, for C4H50 0.105, for C2H50 0.279, for C3H50 0.063, for C5H50 0.266, for C6H50 0.145, for C7H50 0.25, for C8H50 0.244 and for C9H50 0.253. The mean lymph/serum ratio for complement proteins was: for C1q 0.048, for C1s 0.06, for C4 0.199, for C3 0.225, for C9 0.244 and for C3PA 0.263. The low haemolytic activity of total complement and of all components in lymph seems to be dependent on the low complement protein concentration. The remarkably low lymph C1q protein concentration may play a physiological role in controlling total complement activity in lymph and interstitial fluid. The total complement haemolytic activity in lymph exceeded the haemolytic activity of C1 and C3, which may indicate the possibility of independent activation of C5-7 and C8-9. The considerably low C3H50 level, with high C3 protein concentration, at present lacks a proper explanation.", "contents": "Haemolytic complement in peripheral lymph of normal men. The haemolytic activity of nine individual components of complement and the concentrations of C1q, C1s, C4, C3, C3PA and C9 proteins were measured in the leg lymph and serum of four normal men. The mean lymph/serum ratio for total haemolytic complement was 0.257, for C1H50 it was 0.138, for C4H50 0.105, for C2H50 0.279, for C3H50 0.063, for C5H50 0.266, for C6H50 0.145, for C7H50 0.25, for C8H50 0.244 and for C9H50 0.253. The mean lymph/serum ratio for complement proteins was: for C1q 0.048, for C1s 0.06, for C4 0.199, for C3 0.225, for C9 0.244 and for C3PA 0.263. The low haemolytic activity of total complement and of all components in lymph seems to be dependent on the low complement protein concentration. The remarkably low lymph C1q protein concentration may play a physiological role in controlling total complement activity in lymph and interstitial fluid. The total complement haemolytic activity in lymph exceeded the haemolytic activity of C1 and C3, which may indicate the possibility of independent activation of C5-7 and C8-9. The considerably low C3H50 level, with high C3 protein concentration, at present lacks a proper explanation.", "PMID": 99278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3685", "title": "Association between susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and the major histocompatibility system in congenic rat strains.", "content": "The genetics of the inducibility of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was studied in ten inbred rat strains by injection of guinea pig spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant. LEW rats were highly susceptible and AS2, AVN, BDV and BN rats were poorly susceptible. Congenic strains which carried the major histocompatibility haplotype of the poorly susceptible strains on the genetic background of the susceptible LEW strain were only moderately susceptible. It is concluded that major histocompatibility-linked genes exert a strong influence on the susceptibility to EAE, but that genetic background genes are also involved.", "contents": "Association between susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and the major histocompatibility system in congenic rat strains. The genetics of the inducibility of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was studied in ten inbred rat strains by injection of guinea pig spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant. LEW rats were highly susceptible and AS2, AVN, BDV and BN rats were poorly susceptible. Congenic strains which carried the major histocompatibility haplotype of the poorly susceptible strains on the genetic background of the susceptible LEW strain were only moderately susceptible. It is concluded that major histocompatibility-linked genes exert a strong influence on the susceptibility to EAE, but that genetic background genes are also involved.", "PMID": 99279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3686", "title": "Rosette formation of human null lymphocytes with Rhesus monkey erythrocytes.", "content": "Human null lymphocytes which lack B- and T-lymphocyte markers were found to form spontaneous rosettes with uncoated Rhesus monkey erythrocytes. Rosette-forming null lymphocytes were determined in null lymphocyte-enriched preparations of healthy persons and of patients with lymphoproliferative diseases. Quantitative determinations of these rosette-forming lymphocytes and other cells bearing B- or T-cell markers showed that some, and not all, of the null lymphocytes possess this rosette-forming capacity. The possibility of these null lymphocytes being related to T lymphocytes, but at a different cellular stage, is discussed.", "contents": "Rosette formation of human null lymphocytes with Rhesus monkey erythrocytes. Human null lymphocytes which lack B- and T-lymphocyte markers were found to form spontaneous rosettes with uncoated Rhesus monkey erythrocytes. Rosette-forming null lymphocytes were determined in null lymphocyte-enriched preparations of healthy persons and of patients with lymphoproliferative diseases. Quantitative determinations of these rosette-forming lymphocytes and other cells bearing B- or T-cell markers showed that some, and not all, of the null lymphocytes possess this rosette-forming capacity. The possibility of these null lymphocytes being related to T lymphocytes, but at a different cellular stage, is discussed.", "PMID": 99280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3687", "title": "Dynamic ventriculography in patients with ischaemic heart disease. I. Influence of nitroglycerin on left ventricular function.", "content": "In 25 patients with ischaemic heart disease the effect of nitroglycerin [NTG] on segmental and global function of the left ventricle was assessed by means of left ventricular cineangiography. In 14 patients a segmental disturbance of contraction at rest was found; in six of them the function inproved after NTG. After NTG, the left ventricular diastolic volume, end-diastolic pressure, and systolic blood pressure decreased, the heart rate increased. The global left ventricular function did not significantly change. In patients with ischaemic heart disease NTG helps to differentiate reversible and irreversible disturbances of left ventricular contraction.", "contents": "Dynamic ventriculography in patients with ischaemic heart disease. I. Influence of nitroglycerin on left ventricular function. In 25 patients with ischaemic heart disease the effect of nitroglycerin [NTG] on segmental and global function of the left ventricle was assessed by means of left ventricular cineangiography. In 14 patients a segmental disturbance of contraction at rest was found; in six of them the function inproved after NTG. After NTG, the left ventricular diastolic volume, end-diastolic pressure, and systolic blood pressure decreased, the heart rate increased. The global left ventricular function did not significantly change. In patients with ischaemic heart disease NTG helps to differentiate reversible and irreversible disturbances of left ventricular contraction.", "PMID": 99285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3688", "title": "The cellular control of growth in cultures of Tetrahymena 2 In fluence of Fe medium and aeration on culture growth and cellular exchange of Ca.", "content": "Cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis were grown exponentially with and without the addition of Fe and with no aeration. During the prestationary growth phase of all the cultures, there was a decrease in the cellular Fe concentration in the water insoluble cell fraction (IS) containing membranes and mitochondria, simultaneous with an increase in the Ca concentration in the water soluble cell fraction (S) containing ribosomes. This has been correlated to an energy deficit in the cells at the transition to the prestationary growth phase. In spite of the ability of Fe-deficient cultures to concentrate Fe, cultures grown in media with low Fe levels soon showed the lowest cellular Fe content. The high Fe levels seen in cultures grown with no aeration may reflect cellular adaptation to a different gaseous tension in the medium. Determinations with 45Ca showed an initial, large and rapid increase in cell radioactivity which was not correlated to cellular metabolism. After this there was differentiated increase due to the metabolic status of the cells. The following sequence was seen in all the cultures: (1) an increase in the exchange of S-and (mostly) IS-Ca at the end of the exponential growth phase, (2) an accumulation of Ca in the S fraction without an increased exchange (the IS-Ca is less exchangeable), and (3) a renewed increase in the exchange of Ca when the concentration is further increased at the end of the prestationary growth phase.", "contents": "The cellular control of growth in cultures of Tetrahymena 2 In fluence of Fe medium and aeration on culture growth and cellular exchange of Ca. Cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis were grown exponentially with and without the addition of Fe and with no aeration. During the prestationary growth phase of all the cultures, there was a decrease in the cellular Fe concentration in the water insoluble cell fraction (IS) containing membranes and mitochondria, simultaneous with an increase in the Ca concentration in the water soluble cell fraction (S) containing ribosomes. This has been correlated to an energy deficit in the cells at the transition to the prestationary growth phase. In spite of the ability of Fe-deficient cultures to concentrate Fe, cultures grown in media with low Fe levels soon showed the lowest cellular Fe content. The high Fe levels seen in cultures grown with no aeration may reflect cellular adaptation to a different gaseous tension in the medium. Determinations with 45Ca showed an initial, large and rapid increase in cell radioactivity which was not correlated to cellular metabolism. After this there was differentiated increase due to the metabolic status of the cells. The following sequence was seen in all the cultures: (1) an increase in the exchange of S-and (mostly) IS-Ca at the end of the exponential growth phase, (2) an accumulation of Ca in the S fraction without an increased exchange (the IS-Ca is less exchangeable), and (3) a renewed increase in the exchange of Ca when the concentration is further increased at the end of the prestationary growth phase.", "PMID": 99290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3689", "title": "Organization of the 5S RNA genes in macro- and micronuclei of Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "The organization of the 5S genes in macro- and micronuclei of Tetrahymena pyriformis was studied using restriction endonucleases. After complete digestion of macronuclear DNA with BamH-I or Hpa I, 5S RNA hybridized to a DNA fragment of approximately 280 base pairs (bp). When macronuclear DNA was only partially digested with these enzymes, hybridization with 32P-5S RNA demonstrated an oligomeric series with a spacing of 280 bp. These results indicate that the 5S genes are tandemly repeated in macronuclei and that the repeating unit is 280 bp (or 180,000 daltons). Since 5S RNA is 120 nucleotides, we conclude that the 5S repeat units contain a 120 bp transcribed region and a 160 bp spacer region. When macronuclear DNA was digested with Eco RI, Bgl I, or Eco RI + Bgl I, 5S RNA hybridized to DNA of molecular weight 3--4 X 10(6), suggesting that these enzymes do not cleave within a 5S repeat. These 3--4 X 10(6) dalton fragments define the maximum size of an average cluster of 5S repeated units. Assuming the size of the 5S repeat to be 0.18 X 10(6) daltons, there are about 15--20 5S repeats per average tanden cluster, and since there are 350 5S-genes per haploid genome, there must be approximately 15--20 tandem arrays. Results obtained using micronuclear DNA suggest that organization of the 5S-genes is very similar in macro- and micronuclei. Macronuclear rRNA genes are extrachromosomal palindromic dimers. In contrast, 5S genes in Tetrahymena were found to be integrated within the genomes of both macro- and micronuclei and not linked to the rRNA genes. Moreover, it is unlikely that they are palindromes; rather they appear to be tandemly repeated in \"head-to-tail\" linkages. Thus the organization of the 5S genes in Tetrahymena is similar to that of higher eukaryotes.", "contents": "Organization of the 5S RNA genes in macro- and micronuclei of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The organization of the 5S genes in macro- and micronuclei of Tetrahymena pyriformis was studied using restriction endonucleases. After complete digestion of macronuclear DNA with BamH-I or Hpa I, 5S RNA hybridized to a DNA fragment of approximately 280 base pairs (bp). When macronuclear DNA was only partially digested with these enzymes, hybridization with 32P-5S RNA demonstrated an oligomeric series with a spacing of 280 bp. These results indicate that the 5S genes are tandemly repeated in macronuclei and that the repeating unit is 280 bp (or 180,000 daltons). Since 5S RNA is 120 nucleotides, we conclude that the 5S repeat units contain a 120 bp transcribed region and a 160 bp spacer region. When macronuclear DNA was digested with Eco RI, Bgl I, or Eco RI + Bgl I, 5S RNA hybridized to DNA of molecular weight 3--4 X 10(6), suggesting that these enzymes do not cleave within a 5S repeat. These 3--4 X 10(6) dalton fragments define the maximum size of an average cluster of 5S repeated units. Assuming the size of the 5S repeat to be 0.18 X 10(6) daltons, there are about 15--20 5S repeats per average tanden cluster, and since there are 350 5S-genes per haploid genome, there must be approximately 15--20 tandem arrays. Results obtained using micronuclear DNA suggest that organization of the 5S-genes is very similar in macro- and micronuclei. Macronuclear rRNA genes are extrachromosomal palindromic dimers. In contrast, 5S genes in Tetrahymena were found to be integrated within the genomes of both macro- and micronuclei and not linked to the rRNA genes. Moreover, it is unlikely that they are palindromes; rather they appear to be tandemly repeated in \"head-to-tail\" linkages. Thus the organization of the 5S genes in Tetrahymena is similar to that of higher eukaryotes.", "PMID": 99292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3690", "title": "The distribution of satellite and main-band DNA components in the melanogaster species subgroup of Drosophila. I. Fractionation of DNA in actinomycin D and distamycin A density gradients.", "content": "Fractionation of total adult DNA of five of the seven species of the melanogaster species sub-group of Drosophila in actinomycin D and distamycin A caesium density gradients has revealed the presence of three main-band DNA components, common to all species, and ten satellite DNAs that are distributed between the species. Satellite DNAs are either unique to a species or common to two or more species. The abundance of a common satellite DNA varies between species. There is no simple relationship between the presence of a satellite DNA and a branch point of phylogenetic divergence; nevertheless the arrangement of the species in a phylogeny that is based on the numbers of satellites held in common accurately reflects the pattern of relationships between the same species based on differences in inversions of polytene chromosomes. The species can be similarly arranged according to the compositions of their mitochondrial DNAs. It is possible that the same basic set of sequences, each of low frequency, is common to all species with arbitrary or selected amplification of particular sequences to differing extents in individual species. The conservation of satellites in the group and the close parallel between the distributions of satellites and inversions between the species suggests that either the processes that operate to change both chromosomal phenomena are similarly time-dependent and occurring at relatively low rates or that their rates of change are restricted according to some undetermined functions of these aspects of the genome.", "contents": "The distribution of satellite and main-band DNA components in the melanogaster species subgroup of Drosophila. I. Fractionation of DNA in actinomycin D and distamycin A density gradients. Fractionation of total adult DNA of five of the seven species of the melanogaster species sub-group of Drosophila in actinomycin D and distamycin A caesium density gradients has revealed the presence of three main-band DNA components, common to all species, and ten satellite DNAs that are distributed between the species. Satellite DNAs are either unique to a species or common to two or more species. The abundance of a common satellite DNA varies between species. There is no simple relationship between the presence of a satellite DNA and a branch point of phylogenetic divergence; nevertheless the arrangement of the species in a phylogeny that is based on the numbers of satellites held in common accurately reflects the pattern of relationships between the same species based on differences in inversions of polytene chromosomes. The species can be similarly arranged according to the compositions of their mitochondrial DNAs. It is possible that the same basic set of sequences, each of low frequency, is common to all species with arbitrary or selected amplification of particular sequences to differing extents in individual species. The conservation of satellites in the group and the close parallel between the distributions of satellites and inversions between the species suggests that either the processes that operate to change both chromosomal phenomena are similarly time-dependent and occurring at relatively low rates or that their rates of change are restricted according to some undetermined functions of these aspects of the genome.", "PMID": 99293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3691", "title": "Karyotypic evolution in an originally XY cell line of Drosophila melanogaster: a case of heterochromatin increase in vitro.", "content": "The cell line Ca of Drosophila melanogaster, characterized initially by a nearly diploid and normal male karyotype (XY), was used to study chromosomal variation over a period of 5 years of cultivation in vitro. Some general aspects of cell population dynamics which are in accordance with previous findings are pointed out. Various phenomena regarding chromosomal changes leading to karyotype polymorphism are outlined, with a particular emphasis being given to the sex chromosomes. Accordingly, with the aid of fluorescence analysis, some features of the Y and the X chromosomes providing evidence of an enlargement of the heterochromatin (due to addition and to saltatory replication) are described. Moreover, a case of variation in cell morphology accompanied by karyotypic changes was observed, as well as the emergence of a new cell subline of XX type derived from the original of XY type.", "contents": "Karyotypic evolution in an originally XY cell line of Drosophila melanogaster: a case of heterochromatin increase in vitro. The cell line Ca of Drosophila melanogaster, characterized initially by a nearly diploid and normal male karyotype (XY), was used to study chromosomal variation over a period of 5 years of cultivation in vitro. Some general aspects of cell population dynamics which are in accordance with previous findings are pointed out. Various phenomena regarding chromosomal changes leading to karyotype polymorphism are outlined, with a particular emphasis being given to the sex chromosomes. Accordingly, with the aid of fluorescence analysis, some features of the Y and the X chromosomes providing evidence of an enlargement of the heterochromatin (due to addition and to saltatory replication) are described. Moreover, a case of variation in cell morphology accompanied by karyotypic changes was observed, as well as the emergence of a new cell subline of XX type derived from the original of XY type.", "PMID": 99294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3692", "title": "The effects of naloxone on behavior maintained by cocaine and heroin injections in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The effects of repeated administration of naloxone on heroin and cocaine self-administration in non-dependent rhesus monkeys were investigated. Animals lever pressing for intravenous heroin (6 micron/kg) and cocaine (100 or 200 micron/kg) were treated for 7--10 days with naloxone at a fixed dose prior to each session. Low pretreatment doses of naloxone increased rate of responding maintained by herion. The pattern of responding over the 10-day period of treatment with the higher doses of naloxone was similar to that observed when saline was substituted for heroin. Naloxone was without effect on responding maintained by injections of cocaine.", "contents": "The effects of naloxone on behavior maintained by cocaine and heroin injections in the rhesus monkey. The effects of repeated administration of naloxone on heroin and cocaine self-administration in non-dependent rhesus monkeys were investigated. Animals lever pressing for intravenous heroin (6 micron/kg) and cocaine (100 or 200 micron/kg) were treated for 7--10 days with naloxone at a fixed dose prior to each session. Low pretreatment doses of naloxone increased rate of responding maintained by herion. The pattern of responding over the 10-day period of treatment with the higher doses of naloxone was similar to that observed when saline was substituted for heroin. Naloxone was without effect on responding maintained by injections of cocaine.", "PMID": 99296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3693", "title": "Cytological changes of the pituitary basophils in rats slowly infused with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).", "content": "Young male rats were slowly infused with synthetic TRH, 1 microgram/hr, for 1, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hr, respectively. In the control rats, the basophils of the pituitaries can be divided, in their cytological properties, into the II- (classical thyrotrophs), II/III-,III, (classical LH-cell), and III/IV-type cell. The typical IV-type cells (classical FSH-cell), however, are scarcely found in the young rats. Following 1-hr infusion of TRH, the II-type cells decrease in number with the advancement of granular release, but morphological changes are not yet concrete on the other types of basophils. The II-type cells are quickly invisible following a 3-hr infusion, while the III- and III/IV-type cells remain without any significant changes. The III- and III/IV-type cells are progressively degranulated after a 24-hr infusion. The diameter of secretory granules is reduced to 100--150 nm. The smallest ones below 50 nm in diameter, are disintegrated to disperse into the ground matrix. After degranutlaion, the III/IV-type cells appear to revert to the polygonal or stellate cells with the identical fine structure with the II-type cells. There is evidence that the thyroidectomy cells may develop from the III/IV-type cells only after a 48-hr infusion. After 72 hr, most basophils are provided with the uniform structure of \"reversionary II-type cells\". In reference to the high serum TSH concentration and no significant change of pituitary TSH concentration under the same experimental condition (Soji, 1978), the present author conclusively postulates that the degranulation of the III/IV-type cells may mainly reflect the conspicuous elevation of serum TSH concentration. The above morphological results are contradictory a plausible view that TRH acts only upon the thyrotrophs to release TSH. The fact that all the basophils ultimately take an appearance of \"reversionary II-type cells\" in the gland by the prolonged infusion of TRH may not only suggest the share of responsiveness of all the basophils to TRH, but also support the hypothesis of secretory cycle of the basophils.", "contents": "Cytological changes of the pituitary basophils in rats slowly infused with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Young male rats were slowly infused with synthetic TRH, 1 microgram/hr, for 1, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hr, respectively. In the control rats, the basophils of the pituitaries can be divided, in their cytological properties, into the II- (classical thyrotrophs), II/III-,III, (classical LH-cell), and III/IV-type cell. The typical IV-type cells (classical FSH-cell), however, are scarcely found in the young rats. Following 1-hr infusion of TRH, the II-type cells decrease in number with the advancement of granular release, but morphological changes are not yet concrete on the other types of basophils. The II-type cells are quickly invisible following a 3-hr infusion, while the III- and III/IV-type cells remain without any significant changes. The III- and III/IV-type cells are progressively degranulated after a 24-hr infusion. The diameter of secretory granules is reduced to 100--150 nm. The smallest ones below 50 nm in diameter, are disintegrated to disperse into the ground matrix. After degranutlaion, the III/IV-type cells appear to revert to the polygonal or stellate cells with the identical fine structure with the II-type cells. There is evidence that the thyroidectomy cells may develop from the III/IV-type cells only after a 48-hr infusion. After 72 hr, most basophils are provided with the uniform structure of \"reversionary II-type cells\". In reference to the high serum TSH concentration and no significant change of pituitary TSH concentration under the same experimental condition (Soji, 1978), the present author conclusively postulates that the degranulation of the III/IV-type cells may mainly reflect the conspicuous elevation of serum TSH concentration. The above morphological results are contradictory a plausible view that TRH acts only upon the thyrotrophs to release TSH. The fact that all the basophils ultimately take an appearance of \"reversionary II-type cells\" in the gland by the prolonged infusion of TRH may not only suggest the share of responsiveness of all the basophils to TRH, but also support the hypothesis of secretory cycle of the basophils.", "PMID": 99299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3694", "title": "Cytological changes of the pituitary basophils in rats slowly infused with LRH and with LRH and THR in combination.", "content": "Young male rats were iv infused with synthetic LRH (L) and with L and TRH (T) in combination for 1, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hrs at each dose of 1 microgram/hr. All the basophils of the controls infused with saline are divided into the continuous cyclic types, i.e., II-, II/III, III-, III/IV- and III/IV/II-types. The II-, III- and III/IV-type cells correspond, in fine structure, with those of the classical thyrotrophs, LH- and FSH-gonadotrophs, respectively. A 1-hr infusion of L does not induce any serious changes in all the basophils. After a 3-hr infusion of L, the II-type cells disperse from the gland, while the III/IV-type cells diminished the number of their small secretory granules, and the lumina of endoplasmic reticulum are closed. After a 24-hr infusion, the irregularly shaped III/IV/II-type cells which may revert from the III/IV- to the II-type cells are accumulated, whose secretory granules are remarkably reduced in diameter (50--100 nm). There is evidence to show the diffusion mechanism of the secretory granules into the ground matrix. After a 48-hr infusion of L, most basophils take an appearance of III/IV/II-type cells; after a 72-hr infusion, all the basophils show the homologous fine structure. Thus, the morphological changes of the basophils following the L infusion resemble intrinsically those following the T infusion (Soji, 1976b). From these results, it is tentatively concluded that L does not act only on the III-type cells analogous to the \"LH-cells\", but universally upon a series of basophils. The transformations of the III/IV-type cells into the III/IV/II-type ones and those of the II-type ones into the III- or III/IV-type ones due to a slow infusion of L are inhibited to some extent by the infusion of T + L. The granular releases from the III/IV- and II-type cells due to a slow infusion of L are also inhibited to some extent by the infusion of T + L. For this reason, both T and L may act, not synergistically but antogonistically, upon the transformation of a series of basophils and their granular release.", "contents": "Cytological changes of the pituitary basophils in rats slowly infused with LRH and with LRH and THR in combination. Young male rats were iv infused with synthetic LRH (L) and with L and TRH (T) in combination for 1, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hrs at each dose of 1 microgram/hr. All the basophils of the controls infused with saline are divided into the continuous cyclic types, i.e., II-, II/III, III-, III/IV- and III/IV/II-types. The II-, III- and III/IV-type cells correspond, in fine structure, with those of the classical thyrotrophs, LH- and FSH-gonadotrophs, respectively. A 1-hr infusion of L does not induce any serious changes in all the basophils. After a 3-hr infusion of L, the II-type cells disperse from the gland, while the III/IV-type cells diminished the number of their small secretory granules, and the lumina of endoplasmic reticulum are closed. After a 24-hr infusion, the irregularly shaped III/IV/II-type cells which may revert from the III/IV- to the II-type cells are accumulated, whose secretory granules are remarkably reduced in diameter (50--100 nm). There is evidence to show the diffusion mechanism of the secretory granules into the ground matrix. After a 48-hr infusion of L, most basophils take an appearance of III/IV/II-type cells; after a 72-hr infusion, all the basophils show the homologous fine structure. Thus, the morphological changes of the basophils following the L infusion resemble intrinsically those following the T infusion (Soji, 1976b). From these results, it is tentatively concluded that L does not act only on the III-type cells analogous to the \"LH-cells\", but universally upon a series of basophils. The transformations of the III/IV-type cells into the III/IV/II-type ones and those of the II-type ones into the III- or III/IV-type ones due to a slow infusion of L are inhibited to some extent by the infusion of T + L. The granular releases from the III/IV- and II-type cells due to a slow infusion of L are also inhibited to some extent by the infusion of T + L. For this reason, both T and L may act, not synergistically but antogonistically, upon the transformation of a series of basophils and their granular release.", "PMID": 99300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3695", "title": "The causative organism of contagious equine metritis 1977: proposal for a new species to be known as Haemophilus equigenitalis.", "content": "The aetiological agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM) has been investigated bacteriologically in a wide range of cultural and conventional biochemical tests, in the eletron microscope, for DNA base composition (36.1 per cent GC), for susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents and antigenically by means of tube and slide agglutination tests. The organism is a fastidious, Gramnegative, non acid-fast coccobacillus which in biochemical tests is very unreactive. In conventional tests, only the oxidase, catalase and phosphatase tests were positive. Dependance on neither X nor V factors could be demonstrated, but some stimulation of growth by X factor was observed. The organism could not be identified with any known species and even allocation to an appropriate characters, we propose the organism as a new species of the genus Haemophilus: H. equigenitalis, type strain NCTC 11184 (61717/77).", "contents": "The causative organism of contagious equine metritis 1977: proposal for a new species to be known as Haemophilus equigenitalis. The aetiological agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM) has been investigated bacteriologically in a wide range of cultural and conventional biochemical tests, in the eletron microscope, for DNA base composition (36.1 per cent GC), for susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents and antigenically by means of tube and slide agglutination tests. The organism is a fastidious, Gramnegative, non acid-fast coccobacillus which in biochemical tests is very unreactive. In conventional tests, only the oxidase, catalase and phosphatase tests were positive. Dependance on neither X nor V factors could be demonstrated, but some stimulation of growth by X factor was observed. The organism could not be identified with any known species and even allocation to an appropriate characters, we propose the organism as a new species of the genus Haemophilus: H. equigenitalis, type strain NCTC 11184 (61717/77).", "PMID": 99302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3696", "title": "Calcium uptake in skeletal muscle mitochondria. I. The effects of chelating agents on the mitochondria from fatigued rats.", "content": "Female Wistar rats were used to determine the effects of the chelating agents, EDTA and EGTA, on the in vitro 45Ca2+ accumulation by mitochondria isolated from the skeletal muscle of fatigued animals. The rats were divided into three groups: sedentary-rested (SR), trained-rested (TR), trained-exhausted (TE). The trained groups were exercised on a treadmill for 1 h daily, five times a week, for 22 weeks. At the conclusion of the training program, the TE group was rapidly exercised to exhaustion immediately following their daily 1-h run. In the TR group EDTA reduced 45Ca2+ binding while both EDTA and EGTA appeared to increase mitochondrial Ca2+ and Mg2+ content. In the TE group, EDTA reduced endogenous mitochondrial Ca2+ and Mg2+ content, while both EDTA and EGTA increased 45Ca2+ binding. Since chelating Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the membrane may affect the structure and function of the mitochondria, it is suggested that the use of chelating agents during the isolation of mitochondria from the skeletal muscle of trained rats be viewed with caution.", "contents": "Calcium uptake in skeletal muscle mitochondria. I. The effects of chelating agents on the mitochondria from fatigued rats. Female Wistar rats were used to determine the effects of the chelating agents, EDTA and EGTA, on the in vitro 45Ca2+ accumulation by mitochondria isolated from the skeletal muscle of fatigued animals. The rats were divided into three groups: sedentary-rested (SR), trained-rested (TR), trained-exhausted (TE). The trained groups were exercised on a treadmill for 1 h daily, five times a week, for 22 weeks. At the conclusion of the training program, the TE group was rapidly exercised to exhaustion immediately following their daily 1-h run. In the TR group EDTA reduced 45Ca2+ binding while both EDTA and EGTA appeared to increase mitochondrial Ca2+ and Mg2+ content. In the TE group, EDTA reduced endogenous mitochondrial Ca2+ and Mg2+ content, while both EDTA and EGTA increased 45Ca2+ binding. Since chelating Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the membrane may affect the structure and function of the mitochondria, it is suggested that the use of chelating agents during the isolation of mitochondria from the skeletal muscle of trained rats be viewed with caution.", "PMID": 99303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3697", "title": "Three forms of DNA polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Purification and properties.", "content": "DNA polymerase was purified from Drosophila melanogaster embryos by a combination of phosphocellulose adsorption, Sepharose 6B gel filtration, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Three enzyme forms, designated enzymes I, II, and III, were separated by differential elution from DEAE-cellulose and were further purified by glycerol gradient centrifugation. Purification was monitored with two synthetic primer-templates, poly(dA) . (dT)-16 and poly(rA) . (dT)-16. At the final step of purification, enzymes I, II, and III were purified approximately 1700-fold, 2000-fold and 1000-fold, respectively, on the basis of their activities with poly(dA) . (dT)-16. The DNA polymerase eluted heterogeneously as anomalously high-molecular-weight molecules from Sepharose 6B gel filtration columns. On DEAE-cellulose chromatography enzymes I and II eluted as distinct peaks and enzyme III eluted heterogeneously. On glycerol velocity gradients enzyme I sedimented at 5.5-7.3 S, enzyme II sedimented at 7.3-8.3 S, and enzyme III sedimented at 7.3-9.0 S. All enzymes were active with both synthetic primer-templates, except the 9.0 S component of enzyme III, which was inactive with poly(rA) . (dT)-16. Non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis did not separate poly(dA) . (dT)-16 activity from poly(rA) . (dT)-16 activity. The DNA polymerase preferred poly(dA) . (dT)-16 (with Mg2+) as a primer-template, although it was also active with poly(rA) . (dT)-16 (with Mn2+), and it preferred activated calf thymus DNA to native or heat-denatured calf thymus DNA. All three primer-template activities were inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. Enzyme activity with activated DNA and poly(dA) . (dT)-16 was inhibited by K+ and activity with poly(rA) . (dT)-16 was stimulated by K+ and by spermidine. The optimum pH for enzyme activity with the synthetic primer-templates was 8.5. The DNA polymerases did not exhibit deoxyribonuclease or ATPase activities. The results of this study suggest that the forms of DNA polymerase from Drosophila embryos have physical properties similar to those of DNA polymerase-alpha and enzymatic properties similar to those of all three vertebrate DNA polymerases.", "contents": "Three forms of DNA polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Purification and properties. DNA polymerase was purified from Drosophila melanogaster embryos by a combination of phosphocellulose adsorption, Sepharose 6B gel filtration, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Three enzyme forms, designated enzymes I, II, and III, were separated by differential elution from DEAE-cellulose and were further purified by glycerol gradient centrifugation. Purification was monitored with two synthetic primer-templates, poly(dA) . (dT)-16 and poly(rA) . (dT)-16. At the final step of purification, enzymes I, II, and III were purified approximately 1700-fold, 2000-fold and 1000-fold, respectively, on the basis of their activities with poly(dA) . (dT)-16. The DNA polymerase eluted heterogeneously as anomalously high-molecular-weight molecules from Sepharose 6B gel filtration columns. On DEAE-cellulose chromatography enzymes I and II eluted as distinct peaks and enzyme III eluted heterogeneously. On glycerol velocity gradients enzyme I sedimented at 5.5-7.3 S, enzyme II sedimented at 7.3-8.3 S, and enzyme III sedimented at 7.3-9.0 S. All enzymes were active with both synthetic primer-templates, except the 9.0 S component of enzyme III, which was inactive with poly(rA) . (dT)-16. Non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis did not separate poly(dA) . (dT)-16 activity from poly(rA) . (dT)-16 activity. The DNA polymerase preferred poly(dA) . (dT)-16 (with Mg2+) as a primer-template, although it was also active with poly(rA) . (dT)-16 (with Mn2+), and it preferred activated calf thymus DNA to native or heat-denatured calf thymus DNA. All three primer-template activities were inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. Enzyme activity with activated DNA and poly(dA) . (dT)-16 was inhibited by K+ and activity with poly(rA) . (dT)-16 was stimulated by K+ and by spermidine. The optimum pH for enzyme activity with the synthetic primer-templates was 8.5. The DNA polymerases did not exhibit deoxyribonuclease or ATPase activities. The results of this study suggest that the forms of DNA polymerase from Drosophila embryos have physical properties similar to those of DNA polymerase-alpha and enzymatic properties similar to those of all three vertebrate DNA polymerases.", "PMID": 99304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3698", "title": "The dependence of T wave alternans on diastolic resting period duration.", "content": "The dependence of T-wave alternans on diastolic resting period duration as well as on regional differences in monophasic action potential duration was studied in the in situ dog heart. T-wave alternans was elicited when diastolic resting period shortened to values less than 41 +/- 6% of the cardiac cycle. This could be attained either by increasing the driving rate, or lengthening action potential duration by inducing hypocalcemia. During T-wave alternans, monophasic action potentials recorded from anterior and posterior left ventricular surface showed an alternation in duration; the degree in alternation in both regions differed and related to T-wave polarity.", "contents": "The dependence of T wave alternans on diastolic resting period duration. The dependence of T-wave alternans on diastolic resting period duration as well as on regional differences in monophasic action potential duration was studied in the in situ dog heart. T-wave alternans was elicited when diastolic resting period shortened to values less than 41 +/- 6% of the cardiac cycle. This could be attained either by increasing the driving rate, or lengthening action potential duration by inducing hypocalcemia. During T-wave alternans, monophasic action potentials recorded from anterior and posterior left ventricular surface showed an alternation in duration; the degree in alternation in both regions differed and related to T-wave polarity.", "PMID": 99307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3699", "title": "Treatment of Prinzmetal's angina due to coronary artery spasm using verapamil: a report of three cases.", "content": "In 3 patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina there were inferior epicardial injury patterns on the electrocardiogram, corresponding to right coronary artery narrowing. Attacks were provoked by beta-adrenergic blockade and stopped by nitroglycerine and atropine. Spasm of the right coronary artery was demonstrated in the 2 patients who had high parasympathetic activity. In all 3 cases attacks disappeared on verapamil. We suggest that calcium-antagonists, which dilate the coronary arteries, should be used in the treatment of Prinzmetal's angina pectoris rather than beta-adrenergic blockers, which do not have this property.", "contents": "Treatment of Prinzmetal's angina due to coronary artery spasm using verapamil: a report of three cases. In 3 patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina there were inferior epicardial injury patterns on the electrocardiogram, corresponding to right coronary artery narrowing. Attacks were provoked by beta-adrenergic blockade and stopped by nitroglycerine and atropine. Spasm of the right coronary artery was demonstrated in the 2 patients who had high parasympathetic activity. In all 3 cases attacks disappeared on verapamil. We suggest that calcium-antagonists, which dilate the coronary arteries, should be used in the treatment of Prinzmetal's angina pectoris rather than beta-adrenergic blockers, which do not have this property.", "PMID": 99308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3700", "title": "Effects of intravenous nitroglycerin on hemodynamics and ischemic injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In 24 patients with acute myocardial infarction intravenous nitroglycerin in 2 different dosages was administered and the effect on hemodynamics and extent of myocardial ischemia was investigated. According to the initial left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) the patients were divided in Group I: LVFP below 20 mm Hg (13 patients) and in Group II: LVFP above 20 mm Hg (11 patients). Following an infusion of 3 mg of nitroglycerin in the first and 6 mg in the second hour, a significant decrease (P less than 0.0001) in the filling pressure (in Group I from 15 +/- 4 to 9 +/- 3 (+/-1 SD) and in Group II from 28 +/- 11 to 16 +/- 7 mm Hg) was observed. The mean arterial pressure decreased in both groups by an average of 9 mm Hg. The changes in the heart rate were minimal. The cardiac output decreased in Group I from 4.4 +/- 1.0 to 3.9 +/- 0.8 1/min (P less than 0.005) whereas in the group with left ventricular failure it increased significantly from a lowered initial value (3.4 +/- 1.0 to 4.0 +/- 1.1 1/min) (P less than 0.001). By using precordial mapping for estimation of ischemic injury in 12 patient sigma ST elevation decreased from 14.6 +/- 11.9 to 12.2 +/- 9.8 mV at a dose of 3 mg/h (P less than 0.03). The dose of 6 mg/h, however, was less effective on the extent of myocardial ischemia than 3 mg/h. Thus, the dosage of nitroglycerin may be critical in respect to infarct size, despite the beneficial hemodynamic effects of the drug.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous nitroglycerin on hemodynamics and ischemic injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction. In 24 patients with acute myocardial infarction intravenous nitroglycerin in 2 different dosages was administered and the effect on hemodynamics and extent of myocardial ischemia was investigated. According to the initial left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) the patients were divided in Group I: LVFP below 20 mm Hg (13 patients) and in Group II: LVFP above 20 mm Hg (11 patients). Following an infusion of 3 mg of nitroglycerin in the first and 6 mg in the second hour, a significant decrease (P less than 0.0001) in the filling pressure (in Group I from 15 +/- 4 to 9 +/- 3 (+/-1 SD) and in Group II from 28 +/- 11 to 16 +/- 7 mm Hg) was observed. The mean arterial pressure decreased in both groups by an average of 9 mm Hg. The changes in the heart rate were minimal. The cardiac output decreased in Group I from 4.4 +/- 1.0 to 3.9 +/- 0.8 1/min (P less than 0.005) whereas in the group with left ventricular failure it increased significantly from a lowered initial value (3.4 +/- 1.0 to 4.0 +/- 1.1 1/min) (P less than 0.001). By using precordial mapping for estimation of ischemic injury in 12 patient sigma ST elevation decreased from 14.6 +/- 11.9 to 12.2 +/- 9.8 mV at a dose of 3 mg/h (P less than 0.03). The dose of 6 mg/h, however, was less effective on the extent of myocardial ischemia than 3 mg/h. Thus, the dosage of nitroglycerin may be critical in respect to infarct size, despite the beneficial hemodynamic effects of the drug.", "PMID": 99309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3701", "title": "A comparative study of two methods of measurement of fractional calcium absorption: results in normal individuals and patients with various disturbances of calcium metabolism.", "content": "Two methods of measurement of fractional calcium absorption have been compared in the same individuals. There is a significant correlation between fractional 47Ca absorption as measured with a blood counting method and with an external counting method after intravenous and oral administration of 47Ca (P less than 0.001). Two varieties of the external counting method, namely with intervals of 2 h and 7 days between the i.v. and oral doses, have been compared. In a group of twenty-one patients with chronic renal failure (not on haemodialysis), 47Ca absorption as measured by external counting was significantly lower than in the control group (P less than 0.001). When put on a dialysis programme a group of six patients showed a significant increase of the fractional 47Ca absorption (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "A comparative study of two methods of measurement of fractional calcium absorption: results in normal individuals and patients with various disturbances of calcium metabolism. Two methods of measurement of fractional calcium absorption have been compared in the same individuals. There is a significant correlation between fractional 47Ca absorption as measured with a blood counting method and with an external counting method after intravenous and oral administration of 47Ca (P less than 0.001). Two varieties of the external counting method, namely with intervals of 2 h and 7 days between the i.v. and oral doses, have been compared. In a group of twenty-one patients with chronic renal failure (not on haemodialysis), 47Ca absorption as measured by external counting was significantly lower than in the control group (P less than 0.001). When put on a dialysis programme a group of six patients showed a significant increase of the fractional 47Ca absorption (P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 99310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3702", "title": "Studies on the effects of propanolol on plasma catecholamine levels in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "The influence of the beta receptor blocking agent propranolol on plasma catecholamine concentrations was studied in eight patients with essential hypertension. The study was of single blind crossover design. Propranolol given in oral doses ranging from 60 to 240 mg daily for a period of 3 weeks decreased blood pressure and heart rate. The beta-adrenergic blocking agent caused plasma catecholamine levels to increase both at rest and during bicycle exercise. Chromatographical analysis showed that concentrations of noradrenaline as well as of adrenaline rose during treatment with propranolol. However, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in plasma was not altered. Furthermore, the urinary excretion of noradrenaline, adrenaline and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelic acid did not change during beta receptor blockade. The results are compatible with the assumption that antihypertensive doses of propranolol by decreasing cardiac output cause an activation of the sympatho-adrenal system.", "contents": "Studies on the effects of propanolol on plasma catecholamine levels in patients with essential hypertension. The influence of the beta receptor blocking agent propranolol on plasma catecholamine concentrations was studied in eight patients with essential hypertension. The study was of single blind crossover design. Propranolol given in oral doses ranging from 60 to 240 mg daily for a period of 3 weeks decreased blood pressure and heart rate. The beta-adrenergic blocking agent caused plasma catecholamine levels to increase both at rest and during bicycle exercise. Chromatographical analysis showed that concentrations of noradrenaline as well as of adrenaline rose during treatment with propranolol. However, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in plasma was not altered. Furthermore, the urinary excretion of noradrenaline, adrenaline and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelic acid did not change during beta receptor blockade. The results are compatible with the assumption that antihypertensive doses of propranolol by decreasing cardiac output cause an activation of the sympatho-adrenal system.", "PMID": 99311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3703", "title": "Interlaboratory comparison of radioimmunological parathyroid hormone determination.", "content": "An inter-laboratory study of serum immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) determinations using standardized sera has been performed in order to check the value of the assays for the diagnosis of hyperparathyroid states. The results demonstrate: (1) that most of the cooperating laboratories (eleven of twelve) were able to discriminate between normal and grossly elevated PTH-values; (2) that direct comparison of values from different laboratories indicates very poor agreement; (3) that PTH values cannot be interpreted without a description of the characteristics of the assay used; (4) that the introduction of standard sera is advantageous and should be undertaken; (5) that determination of iPTH in serum samples is far from being a routine method when compared with radioimmunoassays for hormones like insulin, growth hormone, etc.; the difficulties being due to lack of standardized reagents and peculiarities in the metabolism of the hormone.", "contents": "Interlaboratory comparison of radioimmunological parathyroid hormone determination. An inter-laboratory study of serum immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) determinations using standardized sera has been performed in order to check the value of the assays for the diagnosis of hyperparathyroid states. The results demonstrate: (1) that most of the cooperating laboratories (eleven of twelve) were able to discriminate between normal and grossly elevated PTH-values; (2) that direct comparison of values from different laboratories indicates very poor agreement; (3) that PTH values cannot be interpreted without a description of the characteristics of the assay used; (4) that the introduction of standard sera is advantageous and should be undertaken; (5) that determination of iPTH in serum samples is far from being a routine method when compared with radioimmunoassays for hormones like insulin, growth hormone, etc.; the difficulties being due to lack of standardized reagents and peculiarities in the metabolism of the hormone.", "PMID": 99312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3704", "title": "Renal glomerular and tubular impairment during strenuous exercise in young women.", "content": "Creatinine, total protein, albumin and beta2-microglobulin were measured in the urine of fifteen healthy women before and after strenuous short-term exercise. The heavy intermittent load produced an increased urinary excretion of total protein, albumin and beta2-microglobulin, while creatinine was unaffected. The renal clearance of albumin and beta2-microglobulin showed very high values after stopping the exercise. However, 45 min after the end of exercise, total protein returned to initial values while albumin and beta2-microglobulin remained high. The urinary ratio between beta2-microglobulin and albumin is higher in urine collected after exercise than in normal proteinuria. This implies that post-exercise proteinuria is of glomerular and tubular origin.", "contents": "Renal glomerular and tubular impairment during strenuous exercise in young women. Creatinine, total protein, albumin and beta2-microglobulin were measured in the urine of fifteen healthy women before and after strenuous short-term exercise. The heavy intermittent load produced an increased urinary excretion of total protein, albumin and beta2-microglobulin, while creatinine was unaffected. The renal clearance of albumin and beta2-microglobulin showed very high values after stopping the exercise. However, 45 min after the end of exercise, total protein returned to initial values while albumin and beta2-microglobulin remained high. The urinary ratio between beta2-microglobulin and albumin is higher in urine collected after exercise than in normal proteinuria. This implies that post-exercise proteinuria is of glomerular and tubular origin.", "PMID": 99313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3705", "title": "The Troms\u00f8 Heart Study: serum apolipoprotein AI concentration in relation to future coronary heart disease.", "content": "The concentrations of apolipoprotein AI, a major peptide of high density lipoprotein (HDL), have been measured by immunoelectrophoresis in samples of serum from twelve subjects who subsequently developed a coronary event during 2 years of follow-up and compared with those in serum from sixteen matched control subjects. The mean apolipoprotein AI concentration in the cases was significantly lower than that in the controls, independently of the serum total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. There was no significant difference between the cases and controls in mean HDL cholesterol: apolipoprotein AI ratio. Within several case-control pairs, however, the difference in apolipoprotein AI concentration was proportionately much less than that in HDL cholesterol. On discriminant function analysis, apolipoprotein AI concentration was a less powerful predictor of coronary heart disease than was HDL cholesterol.", "contents": "The Troms\u00f8 Heart Study: serum apolipoprotein AI concentration in relation to future coronary heart disease. The concentrations of apolipoprotein AI, a major peptide of high density lipoprotein (HDL), have been measured by immunoelectrophoresis in samples of serum from twelve subjects who subsequently developed a coronary event during 2 years of follow-up and compared with those in serum from sixteen matched control subjects. The mean apolipoprotein AI concentration in the cases was significantly lower than that in the controls, independently of the serum total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. There was no significant difference between the cases and controls in mean HDL cholesterol: apolipoprotein AI ratio. Within several case-control pairs, however, the difference in apolipoprotein AI concentration was proportionately much less than that in HDL cholesterol. On discriminant function analysis, apolipoprotein AI concentration was a less powerful predictor of coronary heart disease than was HDL cholesterol.", "PMID": 99314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3706", "title": "Plasma phenylethanolamine in hepatic encephalopathy.", "content": "It has been suggested that amines other than octopamine may be involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Plasma phenylethanolamine has been determined by a radioenzymatic method in twenty-six biopsy-proven cirrhotics with or without encephalopathy and in seven normal adults. Phenylethanolamine plasma levels correlated statistically with the presence of liver cirrhosis and severe coma. These results are consistent with the false neurotransmitter hypothesis of hepatic encephalopathy.", "contents": "Plasma phenylethanolamine in hepatic encephalopathy. It has been suggested that amines other than octopamine may be involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Plasma phenylethanolamine has been determined by a radioenzymatic method in twenty-six biopsy-proven cirrhotics with or without encephalopathy and in seven normal adults. Phenylethanolamine plasma levels correlated statistically with the presence of liver cirrhosis and severe coma. These results are consistent with the false neurotransmitter hypothesis of hepatic encephalopathy.", "PMID": 99315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3707", "title": "Turnover of radiolabelled plasminogen and prothrombin in cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "The turnover of purified radiolabelled plasminogen was studied in four patients with cirrhosis of the liver, and that of radiolabelled prothrombin in six patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The cirrhotic patients showed an increased fractional catabolic rate and a decreased synthetic rate, resulting in subnormal plasma levels of plasminogen and prothrombin. The plasma concentration of the two proteins correlated with the synthetic rate, but not with the fractional catabolic rate. Heparin infusion prolonged the shortened half-life of plasminogen in two cirrhotics from 1.25 to 2.10 days and from 1.45 to 1.90 days, and the half-life of prothrombin in three cirrhotics from 2.25 to 2.70 days, from 2.35 to 2.80 days and from 2.40 to 3.70 days. These results indicate that the abnormal turnover of labelled plasminogen and prothrombin in cirrhosis of the liver is due to two mechanisms; increased breakdown, reversible by heparin administration, and impaired synthesis. The decreased plasma levels are, however, mainly caused by decreased synthesis.", "contents": "Turnover of radiolabelled plasminogen and prothrombin in cirrhosis of the liver. The turnover of purified radiolabelled plasminogen was studied in four patients with cirrhosis of the liver, and that of radiolabelled prothrombin in six patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The cirrhotic patients showed an increased fractional catabolic rate and a decreased synthetic rate, resulting in subnormal plasma levels of plasminogen and prothrombin. The plasma concentration of the two proteins correlated with the synthetic rate, but not with the fractional catabolic rate. Heparin infusion prolonged the shortened half-life of plasminogen in two cirrhotics from 1.25 to 2.10 days and from 1.45 to 1.90 days, and the half-life of prothrombin in three cirrhotics from 2.25 to 2.70 days, from 2.35 to 2.80 days and from 2.40 to 3.70 days. These results indicate that the abnormal turnover of labelled plasminogen and prothrombin in cirrhosis of the liver is due to two mechanisms; increased breakdown, reversible by heparin administration, and impaired synthesis. The decreased plasma levels are, however, mainly caused by decreased synthesis.", "PMID": 99316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3708", "title": "Plasma zinc after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Plasma levels of zinc and albumin have been measured for eight consecutive days in patients suffering chest pain due to myocardial infarction or myocardial ischaemia. A substantial diurnal variation has been found in both controls and patients. Plasma zinc falls after myocardial infarction reaching the lowest level on day 2, thereafter returning to normal by day 8. The lowest plasma zinc levels occur within 48 h of a myocardial infarction and in some patients herald the development of a serious cardiac arrhythmia. Plasma albumin falls progressively after myocardial infarction, being lowest on day 8. The fall in plasma zinc is not totally explained by the fall in plasma albumin.", "contents": "Plasma zinc after myocardial infarction. Plasma levels of zinc and albumin have been measured for eight consecutive days in patients suffering chest pain due to myocardial infarction or myocardial ischaemia. A substantial diurnal variation has been found in both controls and patients. Plasma zinc falls after myocardial infarction reaching the lowest level on day 2, thereafter returning to normal by day 8. The lowest plasma zinc levels occur within 48 h of a myocardial infarction and in some patients herald the development of a serious cardiac arrhythmia. Plasma albumin falls progressively after myocardial infarction, being lowest on day 8. The fall in plasma zinc is not totally explained by the fall in plasma albumin.", "PMID": 99317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3709", "title": "Allelic exclusion in the B lineage cells of the rabbit.", "content": "Allelic exclusion of the K polypeptide chain allotypes b4 and b5 of the rabbit exists for the immunoglobulins of almost all plasma cells and of most mature small B lymphocytes. However, both these alleles are expressed simultaneously in rare plasma cells and in an usually large fraction of the lymphoid cells of the bone marrow. Our experiments support the idea that such bone marrow B lineage cells do not always show allelic exclusion.", "contents": "Allelic exclusion in the B lineage cells of the rabbit. Allelic exclusion of the K polypeptide chain allotypes b4 and b5 of the rabbit exists for the immunoglobulins of almost all plasma cells and of most mature small B lymphocytes. However, both these alleles are expressed simultaneously in rare plasma cells and in an usually large fraction of the lymphoid cells of the bone marrow. Our experiments support the idea that such bone marrow B lineage cells do not always show allelic exclusion.", "PMID": 99318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3710", "title": "Antigen presentation in the murine T lymphocyte proliferative response. II. Ir-GAT-controlled T lymphocyte responses require antigen-presenting cells from a high responder donor.", "content": "The activation of T lymphocytes from poly (Glu60Ala30Tyr10)n (GAT)-primed donors by GAT-pulsed nonimmune spleen cells was shown to require identity at the I-1 subregion of the major histocompatibility complex. However, GAT-primed T lymphocytes from (responder x nonresponder) F1 hybrids could only be stimulated to proliferate by GAT bound to high responder or F1 spleen cells but not by GAT bound to spleen cells from the low responder parent. The failure of spleen cells from low responder parental strains to present GAT was shown not to be due to the presence of suppressor cells in either the antigen-presenting or the responding cell populations. These results indicate that control of antigen-presenting cell-T lymphocyte interactions is one site of Ir gene expression.", "contents": "Antigen presentation in the murine T lymphocyte proliferative response. II. Ir-GAT-controlled T lymphocyte responses require antigen-presenting cells from a high responder donor. The activation of T lymphocytes from poly (Glu60Ala30Tyr10)n (GAT)-primed donors by GAT-pulsed nonimmune spleen cells was shown to require identity at the I-1 subregion of the major histocompatibility complex. However, GAT-primed T lymphocytes from (responder x nonresponder) F1 hybrids could only be stimulated to proliferate by GAT bound to high responder or F1 spleen cells but not by GAT bound to spleen cells from the low responder parent. The failure of spleen cells from low responder parental strains to present GAT was shown not to be due to the presence of suppressor cells in either the antigen-presenting or the responding cell populations. These results indicate that control of antigen-presenting cell-T lymphocyte interactions is one site of Ir gene expression.", "PMID": 99319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3711", "title": "T-independent responses in B cell-defective CBA/N mice to Brucella abortus and to trinitrophenyl (TNP) conjugates of Brucella abortus.", "content": "CBA/N mice have an X-linked immune defect in B lymphocyte function which leads to their inability to respond to several thymus-independent antigens. We report here that these mice and immunologically defective F1 male (CBA/N X DBA/2N) mice can respond to Brucella abortus and to 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl derivatives of Brucella abortus (TNP-BA). These responses can be obtained in vivo and in vitro and are thymus-independent by the criteria that (a) they can be transferred to irradiated recipients by bone marrow cells and anti-Thy-1.2 and complement-treated spleen cells; (b) that nu/nu BALB/c spleen cells respond to TNP-BA in vitro; and (c) that anti-Thy-1.2 and complement-treated (CBA/N X DBA/2N)F1 male spleen cells respond to TNP-BA in vitro. B. abortus and TNP-BA are poor polyclonal B cell activators (PBA) and poor B cell mitogens, unlike lipopolysaccharide which is both a powerful PBA and B cell mitogen. These results therefore indicate that mice with the CBA/N B cell defect can respond to some thymus-independent antigens, namely TNP-BA, and as shown previously, TNP-LPS, although not to other thymus-independent antigens. This, in turn, suggests that thymus-independent antigens may be subdivided on the basis of their ability or inability to stimulate responses by CBA/N B lymphocytes.", "contents": "T-independent responses in B cell-defective CBA/N mice to Brucella abortus and to trinitrophenyl (TNP) conjugates of Brucella abortus. CBA/N mice have an X-linked immune defect in B lymphocyte function which leads to their inability to respond to several thymus-independent antigens. We report here that these mice and immunologically defective F1 male (CBA/N X DBA/2N) mice can respond to Brucella abortus and to 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl derivatives of Brucella abortus (TNP-BA). These responses can be obtained in vivo and in vitro and are thymus-independent by the criteria that (a) they can be transferred to irradiated recipients by bone marrow cells and anti-Thy-1.2 and complement-treated spleen cells; (b) that nu/nu BALB/c spleen cells respond to TNP-BA in vitro; and (c) that anti-Thy-1.2 and complement-treated (CBA/N X DBA/2N)F1 male spleen cells respond to TNP-BA in vitro. B. abortus and TNP-BA are poor polyclonal B cell activators (PBA) and poor B cell mitogens, unlike lipopolysaccharide which is both a powerful PBA and B cell mitogen. These results therefore indicate that mice with the CBA/N B cell defect can respond to some thymus-independent antigens, namely TNP-BA, and as shown previously, TNP-LPS, although not to other thymus-independent antigens. This, in turn, suggests that thymus-independent antigens may be subdivided on the basis of their ability or inability to stimulate responses by CBA/N B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 99320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3712", "title": "The inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase of rabbit platelets by aspirin is prevented by salicylic acid and by phenanthrolines.", "content": "Salicylic acid, 1,10- and 1,7-phenanthroline prevented inhibition by aspirin of platelet aggregation and of generation of thromboxane A2 due to arachidonic acid, to the ionophore A21387, to thrombin and to collagen. Dithiothreitol, another drug which prevents aggregation and formation of thromboxane A2, but only reversibly, failed to interfere with the inhibition by aspirin. Irreversible inhibition by indomethacin and by the substrate analogue 5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid was also unaffected by salicylic acid or by 1,10-phenanthroline, which thus probably exert a specific interaction with the aspirin-binding site. Inactivation of platelet cyclo-oxygenase with arachidonic acid led to inhibition of the formation of thromboxane A2 and of aggregation due to arachidonic acid itself and to collagen, but barely affected aggregation by thrombin, even though generation of thromboxane A2 was blocked. Use of salicylic acid and of reversible inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase may help to unravel the mechanism of inhibition due to other agents.", "contents": "The inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase of rabbit platelets by aspirin is prevented by salicylic acid and by phenanthrolines. Salicylic acid, 1,10- and 1,7-phenanthroline prevented inhibition by aspirin of platelet aggregation and of generation of thromboxane A2 due to arachidonic acid, to the ionophore A21387, to thrombin and to collagen. Dithiothreitol, another drug which prevents aggregation and formation of thromboxane A2, but only reversibly, failed to interfere with the inhibition by aspirin. Irreversible inhibition by indomethacin and by the substrate analogue 5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid was also unaffected by salicylic acid or by 1,10-phenanthroline, which thus probably exert a specific interaction with the aspirin-binding site. Inactivation of platelet cyclo-oxygenase with arachidonic acid led to inhibition of the formation of thromboxane A2 and of aggregation due to arachidonic acid itself and to collagen, but barely affected aggregation by thrombin, even though generation of thromboxane A2 was blocked. Use of salicylic acid and of reversible inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase may help to unravel the mechanism of inhibition due to other agents.", "PMID": 99321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3713", "title": "Visual cortex ablation and thresholds for successively presented stimuli in rhesus monkeys: I. Orientation.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were trained to discriminate gratings of different orientation presented one at a time. The smallest difference they could reliably detect was determined before and after removal of either inferotemporal, foveal prestriate or lateral striate cortex. Four animals with inferotemporal lesions had significantly higher thresholds after operation, which did not improve after extensive practice. Two monkeys with lateral striate ablation, and 1 out of 3 animals with foveal prestriate lesions were also impaired, but improved with practice. Monkeys without inferotemporal cortex may have imprecise internal templates for stimulus orientation, in accordance with the categorisation hypothesis of the inferotemporal defect.", "contents": "Visual cortex ablation and thresholds for successively presented stimuli in rhesus monkeys: I. Orientation. Rhesus monkeys were trained to discriminate gratings of different orientation presented one at a time. The smallest difference they could reliably detect was determined before and after removal of either inferotemporal, foveal prestriate or lateral striate cortex. Four animals with inferotemporal lesions had significantly higher thresholds after operation, which did not improve after extensive practice. Two monkeys with lateral striate ablation, and 1 out of 3 animals with foveal prestriate lesions were also impaired, but improved with practice. Monkeys without inferotemporal cortex may have imprecise internal templates for stimulus orientation, in accordance with the categorisation hypothesis of the inferotemporal defect.", "PMID": 99326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3714", "title": "Histochemical study of cobalt-induced focal epilepsy.", "content": "A previous study showed a strong relationship between human focal epilepsy and the presence in the cortex of \"activated\" astrocytes characterized by an intense activity of dehydrogenases (DH) involved in glucose metabolism and of glutamate DH. Using the semi-chronic model of cobalt-induced experimental focal epilepsy in the rat, we investigated a possible correlation between astrocyte modifications and the chronological development of the epileptic manifestations on the ECoG. After a few days the cobalt-implanted rats present spikes, then sharp waves followed by an electrical crisis and ultimately motor seizures. Activated astrocytes were found in each phase of this evolution. Their number increases with the intensity of the manifestations. There is a close relationship between activated astrocytes and focal epileptic phenomena. At this stage of our study it is clear that the presence of activated astrocytes is not a consequence of seizures. However, it is impossible to say whether the activation is secondary to the hyperactivity of the neurons or directly responsible for the constitution of the epileptic focus. In any case, activated astrocytes provide a new means of localizing an epileptogenic focus.", "contents": "Histochemical study of cobalt-induced focal epilepsy. A previous study showed a strong relationship between human focal epilepsy and the presence in the cortex of \"activated\" astrocytes characterized by an intense activity of dehydrogenases (DH) involved in glucose metabolism and of glutamate DH. Using the semi-chronic model of cobalt-induced experimental focal epilepsy in the rat, we investigated a possible correlation between astrocyte modifications and the chronological development of the epileptic manifestations on the ECoG. After a few days the cobalt-implanted rats present spikes, then sharp waves followed by an electrical crisis and ultimately motor seizures. Activated astrocytes were found in each phase of this evolution. Their number increases with the intensity of the manifestations. There is a close relationship between activated astrocytes and focal epileptic phenomena. At this stage of our study it is clear that the presence of activated astrocytes is not a consequence of seizures. However, it is impossible to say whether the activation is secondary to the hyperactivity of the neurons or directly responsible for the constitution of the epileptic focus. In any case, activated astrocytes provide a new means of localizing an epileptogenic focus.", "PMID": 99327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3715", "title": "A horseradish peroxidase-autoradiographic study of parietopulvinar connections in Saimiri sciureus.", "content": "Descending connections from parietal cortex to pulvinar in squirrel monkey were investigated with the autoradiographic method. Somatosensory areas I (SI) and II (SII) were found to project to the oral (PuO) and medial (PuM) subdivisions of the pulvinar. Projections from the posterior parietal region were recorded in circumscribed areas of PuM and the lateral (PuL) and inferior (PuI) subdivisions of pulvinar. Retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) demonstrated that rostral parietal cortex including the lateral cortex of SI and the rostral part of area 5 received reciprocal projections from PuO and rostral PuM. Injections of HRP into medial and lateral regions of SI also resulted in labeled cells in PuO and PuM. Within the limitations of the HRP technique, the latter results suggest a direct pathway from pulvinar to primary sensory cortex. The experimental results confirm the accepted view of projections from parieto-temporo-occipital \"association\" cortex to PuM, PuL and PuI. In addition, reciprocal connections of rostral parietal cortex with PuO and PuM were demonstrated.", "contents": "A horseradish peroxidase-autoradiographic study of parietopulvinar connections in Saimiri sciureus. Descending connections from parietal cortex to pulvinar in squirrel monkey were investigated with the autoradiographic method. Somatosensory areas I (SI) and II (SII) were found to project to the oral (PuO) and medial (PuM) subdivisions of the pulvinar. Projections from the posterior parietal region were recorded in circumscribed areas of PuM and the lateral (PuL) and inferior (PuI) subdivisions of pulvinar. Retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) demonstrated that rostral parietal cortex including the lateral cortex of SI and the rostral part of area 5 received reciprocal projections from PuO and rostral PuM. Injections of HRP into medial and lateral regions of SI also resulted in labeled cells in PuO and PuM. Within the limitations of the HRP technique, the latter results suggest a direct pathway from pulvinar to primary sensory cortex. The experimental results confirm the accepted view of projections from parieto-temporo-occipital \"association\" cortex to PuM, PuL and PuI. In addition, reciprocal connections of rostral parietal cortex with PuO and PuM were demonstrated.", "PMID": 99328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3716", "title": "[The effect of Ritalin, CB-154 and various drugs of serum GH in acromegalics (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dopaminergic agents and hypothalamic-releasing hormones on the GH release in acromegalics and normal volunteers. In the methylphenidate (Ritalin) test, nine normal volunteers and four acromegalics were examined. In other tests, five acromegalics were examined. The dopaminergic agents were administered to the subjects orally early in the morning after overnight fasting, but the hypothalamic-releasing hormones were given intravenously at the same time. The results were as follows: (1) The oral administration of 20 mg of Ritalin failed to have any effect on the GH release in normal subjects, and caused a decrease of serum GH level in only one of four acromegalics, the same case which showed an increased GH response to 1-DOPA. In the other three patients, Ritalin did not effect the GH release. Long-term administration of this drug to the acromegalics who showed depression of GH levels resulted in only slightly depressed GH levels. (2) Each oral administration of 2.5 mg of CB-154 or 500 mg of 1-DOPA caused a significant decrease of serum GH level in acromegalics, but CB-154 showed a longer and more stable suppression of serum GH level in all acromegalics. Furthermore, long-term administration of this drug resulted in a continuing inhibited serum GH level without the existence of any serious side effects. It thus seems likely that CB-154 might be a safe and effective drug for the medical treatment of acromegalics. However, while 1-DOPA also caused a significant decrease of serum GH level in four out of five acromegalics, its effect was of much shorter duration. (3) The intravenous administration of 500 microgram of TRH showed a significant increase of serum GH level in four out of five acromegalics, but LH-RH did not have any effect on GH release in any of the acromegalic cases. It seems likely from these results that dopaminergic agents, especially CB-154, may be beneficial for the medical treatment of acromegaly.", "contents": "[The effect of Ritalin, CB-154 and various drugs of serum GH in acromegalics (author's transl)]. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dopaminergic agents and hypothalamic-releasing hormones on the GH release in acromegalics and normal volunteers. In the methylphenidate (Ritalin) test, nine normal volunteers and four acromegalics were examined. In other tests, five acromegalics were examined. The dopaminergic agents were administered to the subjects orally early in the morning after overnight fasting, but the hypothalamic-releasing hormones were given intravenously at the same time. The results were as follows: (1) The oral administration of 20 mg of Ritalin failed to have any effect on the GH release in normal subjects, and caused a decrease of serum GH level in only one of four acromegalics, the same case which showed an increased GH response to 1-DOPA. In the other three patients, Ritalin did not effect the GH release. Long-term administration of this drug to the acromegalics who showed depression of GH levels resulted in only slightly depressed GH levels. (2) Each oral administration of 2.5 mg of CB-154 or 500 mg of 1-DOPA caused a significant decrease of serum GH level in acromegalics, but CB-154 showed a longer and more stable suppression of serum GH level in all acromegalics. Furthermore, long-term administration of this drug resulted in a continuing inhibited serum GH level without the existence of any serious side effects. It thus seems likely that CB-154 might be a safe and effective drug for the medical treatment of acromegalics. However, while 1-DOPA also caused a significant decrease of serum GH level in four out of five acromegalics, its effect was of much shorter duration. (3) The intravenous administration of 500 microgram of TRH showed a significant increase of serum GH level in four out of five acromegalics, but LH-RH did not have any effect on GH release in any of the acromegalic cases. It seems likely from these results that dopaminergic agents, especially CB-154, may be beneficial for the medical treatment of acromegaly.", "PMID": 99332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3717", "title": "Time and dose studies of the effect of cobra venom factor on the in vivo immune response in Galleria mellonella to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The induced resistance of wax moth larvae vaccinated with formolized Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 hr prior to challenge with the live organism was significantly inhibited by 0.2 to 1.0 units of cobra venom factor (CVF) per insect given 6 hr after vaccination. Approximately 90% inhibition of the protective response was caused by 1.0 units CVF/insect. Administration of this dose 6 hr before vaccination, with the vaccine, and 6 hr before challenge had no significant effect. The CVF effect was inhibited by heating the CVF preparation at 70 degrees for 30 min.", "contents": "Time and dose studies of the effect of cobra venom factor on the in vivo immune response in Galleria mellonella to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The induced resistance of wax moth larvae vaccinated with formolized Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 hr prior to challenge with the live organism was significantly inhibited by 0.2 to 1.0 units of cobra venom factor (CVF) per insect given 6 hr after vaccination. Approximately 90% inhibition of the protective response was caused by 1.0 units CVF/insect. Administration of this dose 6 hr before vaccination, with the vaccine, and 6 hr before challenge had no significant effect. The CVF effect was inhibited by heating the CVF preparation at 70 degrees for 30 min.", "PMID": 99334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3718", "title": "Early ontogeny of germinal center formation in the chicken.", "content": "Germinal center formation was studied in the spleen of young chickens immunized in ovo and at the time of hatching. When immunization was performed on day 18 in ovo and on the day of hatching, the first germinal centers were observed at 4 days. This is markedly earlier than in unimmunized chickens, where the first germinal centers appear at the age of 10 days or later. Germinal center formation preceded significant antibody production. The possible role of germinal centers in the generation of immunological memory is discussed in the light of these and earlier observations.", "contents": "Early ontogeny of germinal center formation in the chicken. Germinal center formation was studied in the spleen of young chickens immunized in ovo and at the time of hatching. When immunization was performed on day 18 in ovo and on the day of hatching, the first germinal centers were observed at 4 days. This is markedly earlier than in unimmunized chickens, where the first germinal centers appear at the age of 10 days or later. Germinal center formation preceded significant antibody production. The possible role of germinal centers in the generation of immunological memory is discussed in the light of these and earlier observations.", "PMID": 99335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3719", "title": "DMBA induced papillomas in congenitally athymic (nude) and hereditarily asplenic (Dh/+) mice: contrasts and comparisons with immunologically intact littermates.", "content": "Congenitally athymic (nude) and hereditarily asplenic (Dh/+) mice were painted with dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) to compare skin tumor development in these immunodeficient animals with their immunologically normal littermate controls. Papillomas were induced in all groups of mice. However, nude and Dh/+ mice were significantly more resistant than their normal littermates to tumor induction. Furthermore, the number of papillomas/mouse and the total tumor incidence were significantly greater in control mice and the latency period for tumor appearance was shorter and the tumor growth rate greater in normal mice compared to their immunodeficient littermates. Finally, nu/+ skin transplanted to nude mice and then painted with DMBA behaved in similar fashion as nude skin. These findings, when discussed in terms of target organs for DMBA, suggest a major role for the immune system in stimulating papilloma induction.", "contents": "DMBA induced papillomas in congenitally athymic (nude) and hereditarily asplenic (Dh/+) mice: contrasts and comparisons with immunologically intact littermates. Congenitally athymic (nude) and hereditarily asplenic (Dh/+) mice were painted with dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) to compare skin tumor development in these immunodeficient animals with their immunologically normal littermate controls. Papillomas were induced in all groups of mice. However, nude and Dh/+ mice were significantly more resistant than their normal littermates to tumor induction. Furthermore, the number of papillomas/mouse and the total tumor incidence were significantly greater in control mice and the latency period for tumor appearance was shorter and the tumor growth rate greater in normal mice compared to their immunodeficient littermates. Finally, nu/+ skin transplanted to nude mice and then painted with DMBA behaved in similar fashion as nude skin. These findings, when discussed in terms of target organs for DMBA, suggest a major role for the immune system in stimulating papilloma induction.", "PMID": 99336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3720", "title": "Lymphocyte isolation, rosette formation, and mitogen stimulation in Rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Over 70% of rhesus monkey peripheral mononuclear cells were isolated on sodium metrizoate-ficoll gradients with greater than 98% purity. Rhesus blood contained 47.8% active E, 58.2% total E, and 30.2% EAC rosette forming cells. Optimal conditions for mitogen studies were determined using phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, lipopolysaccharide and streptolysin O.", "contents": "Lymphocyte isolation, rosette formation, and mitogen stimulation in Rhesus monkeys. Over 70% of rhesus monkey peripheral mononuclear cells were isolated on sodium metrizoate-ficoll gradients with greater than 98% purity. Rhesus blood contained 47.8% active E, 58.2% total E, and 30.2% EAC rosette forming cells. Optimal conditions for mitogen studies were determined using phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, lipopolysaccharide and streptolysin O.", "PMID": 99337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3721", "title": "5-HT effect and the control of the relaxation of a molluscan smooth muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis L.", "content": "Morphological differences exist between the arrangement of myofilaments in relaxed EDTA-treated fibres (induced by a 10(-9)M Ca2+ solution, ionic strength 0.28 at pH7.0) and the fibres relaxed by 5-HT added into the same relaxing solution. Complemented by a tension recording of an ABRM preparation, we find the following characteristics during 5-HT relaxation: (i) The distance between centers of thick neighboring filaments is increased. (ii) The thin filaments appear loosely dispersed between the thick ones. These observations suggest that decrease in myofilament interactions is responsible for the plasticizing effects of 5-HT. The sarcolemma appears with some granularity after 5-HT treatment; nexuses and dyads, however, are well defined.", "contents": "5-HT effect and the control of the relaxation of a molluscan smooth muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis L. Morphological differences exist between the arrangement of myofilaments in relaxed EDTA-treated fibres (induced by a 10(-9)M Ca2+ solution, ionic strength 0.28 at pH7.0) and the fibres relaxed by 5-HT added into the same relaxing solution. Complemented by a tension recording of an ABRM preparation, we find the following characteristics during 5-HT relaxation: (i) The distance between centers of thick neighboring filaments is increased. (ii) The thin filaments appear loosely dispersed between the thick ones. These observations suggest that decrease in myofilament interactions is responsible for the plasticizing effects of 5-HT. The sarcolemma appears with some granularity after 5-HT treatment; nexuses and dyads, however, are well defined.", "PMID": 99339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3722", "title": "Physiological correlates of maternal separation in surrogate-reared infants: a study in altered attachment bonds.", "content": "Three pigtail infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) were separated from their mothers shortly after birth and raised in social isolation on cloth surrogates. At about 24 weeks of age they were surgically implanted with multichannel biotelemetry systems. Following the collection of baseline behavioral and physiological data, the cloth surrogates were removed for 4 days, then returned. The behavioral and physiological (heart rate, body temperature, sleep patterns) reaction to separation from the surrogate was much less intense than is the case in group-living pigtail infants that are separated from their mothers, suggesting that the attachment bond to a cloth surrogate may be different than the bond to a living mother in a social group. Heart rate mean values and variability were similar in surrogate-reared and mother-reared infants, suggesting a degree of environmental independence in heart rate regulation.", "contents": "Physiological correlates of maternal separation in surrogate-reared infants: a study in altered attachment bonds. Three pigtail infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) were separated from their mothers shortly after birth and raised in social isolation on cloth surrogates. At about 24 weeks of age they were surgically implanted with multichannel biotelemetry systems. Following the collection of baseline behavioral and physiological data, the cloth surrogates were removed for 4 days, then returned. The behavioral and physiological (heart rate, body temperature, sleep patterns) reaction to separation from the surrogate was much less intense than is the case in group-living pigtail infants that are separated from their mothers, suggesting that the attachment bond to a cloth surrogate may be different than the bond to a living mother in a social group. Heart rate mean values and variability were similar in surrogate-reared and mother-reared infants, suggesting a degree of environmental independence in heart rate regulation.", "PMID": 99340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3723", "title": "Changes in cortical dendritic branching subsequent to partial social isolation in stumptailed monkeys.", "content": "Stumptailed monkeys were reared from 1 week after birth to 6 months of age in either a colony condition with the mother or in partial social isolation that allowed visual contact with the colony animals, but not physical contact. At 6 months of age the animals were killed and selected areas of the neocortex stained by the Golgi-Cox method. Relatively nonspiney cells of Layer IV were drawn and analyzed for complexity of dendritic branching. Isolation-reared animals had significantly decreased branching complexity in Motor I cortex when compared to the control animals. A transform of the data that related the number of branches to the number of previous branches showed a slight rearing effect in Somatosensory I cortex with the deprived animals having a lower rate of branching than the controls. We conclude that social isolation also includes a motoric deprivation that could account for these data.", "contents": "Changes in cortical dendritic branching subsequent to partial social isolation in stumptailed monkeys. Stumptailed monkeys were reared from 1 week after birth to 6 months of age in either a colony condition with the mother or in partial social isolation that allowed visual contact with the colony animals, but not physical contact. At 6 months of age the animals were killed and selected areas of the neocortex stained by the Golgi-Cox method. Relatively nonspiney cells of Layer IV were drawn and analyzed for complexity of dendritic branching. Isolation-reared animals had significantly decreased branching complexity in Motor I cortex when compared to the control animals. A transform of the data that related the number of branches to the number of previous branches showed a slight rearing effect in Somatosensory I cortex with the deprived animals having a lower rate of branching than the controls. We conclude that social isolation also includes a motoric deprivation that could account for these data.", "PMID": 99341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3724", "title": "Depression of protective mechanisms against micro\u00f6rganisms in tumor-bearing mice and its restoration by adjuvants.", "content": "Bacterial growth within 72 hr after an intravenous inoculation with Listeria monocytogenes was enhanced strikingly in the liver of mice, when viable cells of sarcoma-180 were injected subcutaneously into ddN, C3H/He, and BALB/c mice 5 hr before the inoculation. Such an enhanced bacterial growth appears to be attributable to a depressed ability of macrophages to digest engulfed bacteria. Pretreatments with zymosan, killed BCG, or viable BCG prevented such depression in tumor-bearing mice and increased the bactericidal activity in the liver of normal and tumor-bearing mice above the level of non-treated normal mice. Such adjuvants may be useful not only for augmentation of antitumor activity but also for augmentation of antimicrobial activity in tumor-bearing hosts.", "contents": "Depression of protective mechanisms against micro\u00f6rganisms in tumor-bearing mice and its restoration by adjuvants. Bacterial growth within 72 hr after an intravenous inoculation with Listeria monocytogenes was enhanced strikingly in the liver of mice, when viable cells of sarcoma-180 were injected subcutaneously into ddN, C3H/He, and BALB/c mice 5 hr before the inoculation. Such an enhanced bacterial growth appears to be attributable to a depressed ability of macrophages to digest engulfed bacteria. Pretreatments with zymosan, killed BCG, or viable BCG prevented such depression in tumor-bearing mice and increased the bactericidal activity in the liver of normal and tumor-bearing mice above the level of non-treated normal mice. Such adjuvants may be useful not only for augmentation of antitumor activity but also for augmentation of antimicrobial activity in tumor-bearing hosts.", "PMID": 99344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3725", "title": "Analysis of gynandromorph survivals in Drosophila melanogaster infected with the male-killing SR organisms.", "content": "The effects of SRO (Sex-ratio organism; previously called SR spirochetes) infection on the viability of gynandromorphs of D. melanogaster were examined. A fraction of gynadromorphs, most of them with small areas of XO tissue, survived, but the majority were not viable when XO nuclei or cells are affected by the infecting SRO. Apparently the replacement of lethal XO nuclei or cells by adjacent XX ones does not take place. Some possibilities are discussed as to the time and the primary site of the lethal action of SRO.", "contents": "Analysis of gynandromorph survivals in Drosophila melanogaster infected with the male-killing SR organisms. The effects of SRO (Sex-ratio organism; previously called SR spirochetes) infection on the viability of gynandromorphs of D. melanogaster were examined. A fraction of gynadromorphs, most of them with small areas of XO tissue, survived, but the majority were not viable when XO nuclei or cells are affected by the infecting SRO. Apparently the replacement of lethal XO nuclei or cells by adjacent XX ones does not take place. Some possibilities are discussed as to the time and the primary site of the lethal action of SRO.", "PMID": 99347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3726", "title": "[Mechanisms of genetic regulation of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum in the erythrocytes of silver-black foxes].", "content": "The spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes in erythrocytes of silver foxes was investigated by means of electrophoretic and immunochemical methods. By means of electrophoresis it is shown that differences in LDH isozyme spectrum between the animals homozygous for the gene Ldr-1a and those homozygous for the gene Ldr-1b are most conspisions at the age of 90-100 days of postnatal development. By means of the immunochemical method three groups of animals are distinguished differing in the LDH content in erythrocytes: the animals with a high LDH content (81.0 mcg/ml) and with a low LDH content (54.14 mcg/ml), which are homozygous for the gene Ldr-1b and Ldr-1a respectively, and the animals with intermediate LDH content (64.58 mcg/ml), which are heterozygous. The data obtained suggest that the effect of the gene Ldr-1a is associated with the decrease of the quantity of A subunits of LDH. It is assumed that the mechanism of the gene Ldr-1a action is realized either by means of the decrease of the synthesis of the A LDH subunits, or by means of the increase of the rate of their degradation.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of genetic regulation of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum in the erythrocytes of silver-black foxes]. The spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes in erythrocytes of silver foxes was investigated by means of electrophoretic and immunochemical methods. By means of electrophoresis it is shown that differences in LDH isozyme spectrum between the animals homozygous for the gene Ldr-1a and those homozygous for the gene Ldr-1b are most conspisions at the age of 90-100 days of postnatal development. By means of the immunochemical method three groups of animals are distinguished differing in the LDH content in erythrocytes: the animals with a high LDH content (81.0 mcg/ml) and with a low LDH content (54.14 mcg/ml), which are homozygous for the gene Ldr-1b and Ldr-1a respectively, and the animals with intermediate LDH content (64.58 mcg/ml), which are heterozygous. The data obtained suggest that the effect of the gene Ldr-1a is associated with the decrease of the quantity of A subunits of LDH. It is assumed that the mechanism of the gene Ldr-1a action is realized either by means of the decrease of the synthesis of the A LDH subunits, or by means of the increase of the rate of their degradation.", "PMID": 99348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3727", "title": "[Genetic blood markers in arthritic diseases].", "content": "In the course of studying patients affected with arthritic diseases (bronchial asthma, sugar diabetes) a relationship between those diseases and the blood groups of the Hp and MN systems was established. Patients with bronchial asthma more frequently than in the controls belonged to the Hp 2-2 type and to blood groups MN and O (I), whereas the patients affected with sugar diabetes are usually of the Hp 2-1 type and belong to the belong to the blood groups MN and A(II). The investigation of patients affected with other diseases having a pathogenesis similar to that of bronchial asthma or of diabetes and the observation of healthy persons after prophylactic inoculations as well as the study of sugar metabolism in healthy persons all confirm the relationship of Hp, MN and ABO antigens with arthritic diseases.", "contents": "[Genetic blood markers in arthritic diseases]. In the course of studying patients affected with arthritic diseases (bronchial asthma, sugar diabetes) a relationship between those diseases and the blood groups of the Hp and MN systems was established. Patients with bronchial asthma more frequently than in the controls belonged to the Hp 2-2 type and to blood groups MN and O (I), whereas the patients affected with sugar diabetes are usually of the Hp 2-1 type and belong to the belong to the blood groups MN and A(II). The investigation of patients affected with other diseases having a pathogenesis similar to that of bronchial asthma or of diabetes and the observation of healthy persons after prophylactic inoculations as well as the study of sugar metabolism in healthy persons all confirm the relationship of Hp, MN and ABO antigens with arthritic diseases.", "PMID": 99349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3728", "title": "[Sarcosporidiosis of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.)].", "content": "Examination of 197 specimens of roe deer, of 8 regions of Bohemia, both males and females of various age, revealed sarcosporidiosis in 76% of animals. The incidence of sarcosporidiosis was higher in the regions where the landscape was not much influenced by cultivating. Two types of microscopical sarcocysts, thin-walled and thick-walled ones, were found for the first time in roe deer. The thick-walled cysts were observed in one region only. Then, the sarcosporidiosis in roe deer seems to be caused by two species of coccidia. In almost 14% of positive cases of sarcosporidiosis, a pathological reaction of the infected musculature was observed.", "contents": "[Sarcosporidiosis of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.)]. Examination of 197 specimens of roe deer, of 8 regions of Bohemia, both males and females of various age, revealed sarcosporidiosis in 76% of animals. The incidence of sarcosporidiosis was higher in the regions where the landscape was not much influenced by cultivating. Two types of microscopical sarcocysts, thin-walled and thick-walled ones, were found for the first time in roe deer. The thick-walled cysts were observed in one region only. Then, the sarcosporidiosis in roe deer seems to be caused by two species of coccidia. In almost 14% of positive cases of sarcosporidiosis, a pathological reaction of the infected musculature was observed.", "PMID": 99354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3729", "title": "Does money spent on health care really improve U.S. health status?", "content": "Whether increased expenditures for health care substantially improve the overall health care of the U.S. population poses a critical question for the formulators of a national health policy. Concentrating exclusively on the impact of the Medicare program on the health status of the aged poor, the author examines HEW data and assesses the linkage between increased expenditures and improved health.", "contents": "Does money spent on health care really improve U.S. health status? Whether increased expenditures for health care substantially improve the overall health care of the U.S. population poses a critical question for the formulators of a national health policy. Concentrating exclusively on the impact of the Medicare program on the health status of the aged poor, the author examines HEW data and assesses the linkage between increased expenditures and improved health.", "PMID": 99360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3730", "title": "Rh disease: how near the end?", "content": "Hemolytic disease of newborns is now a preventable disease, 10 years after the introduction of routine postpartum administration of hyperimmune globulin to Rh-negative mothers. Careful adherence to clinical and administrative guidelines, such as those described in this article, can help ensure that every susceptible woman is treated, so that the disease can be eliminated in another decade.", "contents": "Rh disease: how near the end? Hemolytic disease of newborns is now a preventable disease, 10 years after the introduction of routine postpartum administration of hyperimmune globulin to Rh-negative mothers. Careful adherence to clinical and administrative guidelines, such as those described in this article, can help ensure that every susceptible woman is treated, so that the disease can be eliminated in another decade.", "PMID": 99361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3731", "title": "GM1-gangliosidosis: accumulation of ganglioside GM1 in cultured skin fibroblasts and correlation with clinical types.", "content": "Uptake of radioactivity from 14C-galactose into gangliosides by cultured skin fibroblasts was studied. GM3 was the major ganglioside in control human fibroblasts. An increase of GM1 was demonstrated in GM1-gangliosidosis fibroblasts. The degree of GM1 accumulation was correlated with the clinical types of this disease. The fibroblasts from an infantile-type patient showed a marked increase of GM1. In late-onset types the amount of total gangliosides was only slightly increased, but the distribution of individual gangliosides was definitely abnormal; a relative increase of GM1 was demonstrated in these cases. GM1 beta-galactosidase activities were not detectable in either infantile or late-onset cases.", "contents": "GM1-gangliosidosis: accumulation of ganglioside GM1 in cultured skin fibroblasts and correlation with clinical types. Uptake of radioactivity from 14C-galactose into gangliosides by cultured skin fibroblasts was studied. GM3 was the major ganglioside in control human fibroblasts. An increase of GM1 was demonstrated in GM1-gangliosidosis fibroblasts. The degree of GM1 accumulation was correlated with the clinical types of this disease. The fibroblasts from an infantile-type patient showed a marked increase of GM1. In late-onset types the amount of total gangliosides was only slightly increased, but the distribution of individual gangliosides was definitely abnormal; a relative increase of GM1 was demonstrated in these cases. GM1 beta-galactosidase activities were not detectable in either infantile or late-onset cases.", "PMID": 99363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3732", "title": "Depression of contact sensitivity by enhancement of suppressor cell activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-injected mice.", "content": "Heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa depresses contact sensitivity to oxazolone in C56BL/6 mice. The draining lymph nodes and spleens of mice exhibiting an impaired reactivity to oxazolone contain a cell population capable of depressing the response to oxazolone of recipients sensitized immediately before cell transfer. The suppressive activity of these cells appears to be antigen specific, since they do not affect the response to picryl chloride and because they do not arise in P. aeruginosa-injected but not oxazolone-sensitized mice. These suppressor cells occur in the draining lymph nodes and spleen at 3 and 4 days after sensitization, respectively, and have precursors sensitive to cyclophosphamide. It is concluded that P. aeruginosa depresses contact sensitivity to oxazolone by enhancing the suppressor cell activity of the regulatory cells which arise during conventional sensitization.", "contents": "Depression of contact sensitivity by enhancement of suppressor cell activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-injected mice. Heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa depresses contact sensitivity to oxazolone in C56BL/6 mice. The draining lymph nodes and spleens of mice exhibiting an impaired reactivity to oxazolone contain a cell population capable of depressing the response to oxazolone of recipients sensitized immediately before cell transfer. The suppressive activity of these cells appears to be antigen specific, since they do not affect the response to picryl chloride and because they do not arise in P. aeruginosa-injected but not oxazolone-sensitized mice. These suppressor cells occur in the draining lymph nodes and spleen at 3 and 4 days after sensitization, respectively, and have precursors sensitive to cyclophosphamide. It is concluded that P. aeruginosa depresses contact sensitivity to oxazolone by enhancing the suppressor cell activity of the regulatory cells which arise during conventional sensitization.", "PMID": 99365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3733", "title": "Role for activated macrophages in resistance against Trichinella spiralis.", "content": "To determine whether activated macrophages are important in resistance against the intestinal phase of nematode parasites, we studied Trichinella spiralis infections in mice with normal macrophages and in mice with macrophages activated by either chronic Toxoplasma gondii or acute Listeria monocytogenes infections. The peak T. spiralis adult worm burden in the intestines of normal C57BL/6 or Swiss Webster mice occurred from 6 to 14 days after infection. Subsequent expulsion of worms from the intestines occurred from 8 to 20 days after infection. C57BL/6 mice chronically infected with T. gondii and then challenged with T. spiralis larvae had significantly lower peak intestinal worm burdens (P < 0.05) than normal C57BL/6 mice similarly challenged. Swiss Webster mice infected 7 or 13 days earlier with L. monocytogenes and then challenged with T. spiralis larvae had significantly lower peak worm burdens (P < 0.01) than uninfected mice. The time of expulsion of adult worms was not affected by either infection. Swiss Webster mice infected 42 days earlier with L. monocytogenes (i.e., possessing lymphocytes sensitized to L. monocytogenes but not possessing activated macrophages) did not have a lower worm burden than uninfected mice. Serum factors (e.g., antibody) did not appear to play a role because normal mice injected with serum from L. monocytogenes-infected mice had worm burdens similar to those of mice injected with normal serum. The histopathology of intestines of mice infected with T. gondii or L. monocytogenes was the same as that of normal mice. When T. spiralis larvae were incubated with normal macrophages or macrophages from T. spiralis-infected mice in vitro for 24 h, the number of larvae with adherent T. spiralis macrophages was significantly (P < 0.005) greater than the number of larvae with adherent normal macrophages. These studies suggest a role for activated macrophages in resistance to T. spiralis.", "contents": "Role for activated macrophages in resistance against Trichinella spiralis. To determine whether activated macrophages are important in resistance against the intestinal phase of nematode parasites, we studied Trichinella spiralis infections in mice with normal macrophages and in mice with macrophages activated by either chronic Toxoplasma gondii or acute Listeria monocytogenes infections. The peak T. spiralis adult worm burden in the intestines of normal C57BL/6 or Swiss Webster mice occurred from 6 to 14 days after infection. Subsequent expulsion of worms from the intestines occurred from 8 to 20 days after infection. C57BL/6 mice chronically infected with T. gondii and then challenged with T. spiralis larvae had significantly lower peak intestinal worm burdens (P < 0.05) than normal C57BL/6 mice similarly challenged. Swiss Webster mice infected 7 or 13 days earlier with L. monocytogenes and then challenged with T. spiralis larvae had significantly lower peak worm burdens (P < 0.01) than uninfected mice. The time of expulsion of adult worms was not affected by either infection. Swiss Webster mice infected 42 days earlier with L. monocytogenes (i.e., possessing lymphocytes sensitized to L. monocytogenes but not possessing activated macrophages) did not have a lower worm burden than uninfected mice. Serum factors (e.g., antibody) did not appear to play a role because normal mice injected with serum from L. monocytogenes-infected mice had worm burdens similar to those of mice injected with normal serum. The histopathology of intestines of mice infected with T. gondii or L. monocytogenes was the same as that of normal mice. When T. spiralis larvae were incubated with normal macrophages or macrophages from T. spiralis-infected mice in vitro for 24 h, the number of larvae with adherent T. spiralis macrophages was significantly (P < 0.005) greater than the number of larvae with adherent normal macrophages. These studies suggest a role for activated macrophages in resistance to T. spiralis.", "PMID": 99366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3734", "title": "Mechanisms of immunity in typhus infection: some characteristics of Rickettsia mooseri infection of guinea pigs.", "content": "Rickettsia mooseri infection has been studied in syngeneic guinea pigs inoculated intradermally with the objective of developing a model for the study of immune mechanisms. Characterization of infection included the following: a study of replication, dissemination, and clearance of rickettsiae; measurement of the antibody response with different rickettsial antigens and tests; and attempts to measure the cell-mediated immune response using the correlate of delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions. Following intradermal inoculation, rickettsiae replicate locally and then spread to the draining lymph nodes and subsequently cause systemic infection. Spread to draining lymph nodes occurred before the appearance of circulating antibody, whereas systemic infection occurred afterwards. Two distinct patterns of acquired resistance developed. The first was marked by a cessation of rickettsial growth within a given organ and the second by a clearance of rickettsiae. The duration of each of these phases differed markedly from one organ to another. Delayed-type hypersensitivity was not demonstrated by skin testing.", "contents": "Mechanisms of immunity in typhus infection: some characteristics of Rickettsia mooseri infection of guinea pigs. Rickettsia mooseri infection has been studied in syngeneic guinea pigs inoculated intradermally with the objective of developing a model for the study of immune mechanisms. Characterization of infection included the following: a study of replication, dissemination, and clearance of rickettsiae; measurement of the antibody response with different rickettsial antigens and tests; and attempts to measure the cell-mediated immune response using the correlate of delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions. Following intradermal inoculation, rickettsiae replicate locally and then spread to the draining lymph nodes and subsequently cause systemic infection. Spread to draining lymph nodes occurred before the appearance of circulating antibody, whereas systemic infection occurred afterwards. Two distinct patterns of acquired resistance developed. The first was marked by a cessation of rickettsial growth within a given organ and the second by a clearance of rickettsiae. The duration of each of these phases differed markedly from one organ to another. Delayed-type hypersensitivity was not demonstrated by skin testing.", "PMID": 99367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3735", "title": "Some ultrastructural effects of persistent infections by the rickettsia Coxiella burnetii in mouse L cells and green monkey kidney (Vero) cells.", "content": "Mouse fibroblasts (L-929) and Vero (green monkey kidney) cells were infected with the rickettsia Coxiella burnetti, and persistent infections developed and were studied over a 6- to 10-month period. Ultrastructural comparisons were made between the two infected cell types, and both were tested cytochemically for the presence of acid phosphatase, a marker enzyme of lysozymes. Rickettsiae were always observed within vacuoles, and some infected L cells showed flattened endoplasmic reticulum as compared with uninfected cells. Rickettsiae in Vero cells were most often seen in vacuoles containing whorls of membranes (\"myelin configurations\") which were also seen in uninfected cells. Rickettsiae in Vero cells were pleomorphic, with acid phosphatase reaction product in their periplasmic space. This suggests either rickettsial degradation by lysosomal enzymes which penetrated the cell envelope or a penetration after the rickettsiae were dead. Vacuoles of infected Vero cells showed much more reaction product than that in infected L cells, and most rickettsiae in L cells had a normal appearance and showed no reaction product in their periplasmic space.", "contents": "Some ultrastructural effects of persistent infections by the rickettsia Coxiella burnetii in mouse L cells and green monkey kidney (Vero) cells. Mouse fibroblasts (L-929) and Vero (green monkey kidney) cells were infected with the rickettsia Coxiella burnetti, and persistent infections developed and were studied over a 6- to 10-month period. Ultrastructural comparisons were made between the two infected cell types, and both were tested cytochemically for the presence of acid phosphatase, a marker enzyme of lysozymes. Rickettsiae were always observed within vacuoles, and some infected L cells showed flattened endoplasmic reticulum as compared with uninfected cells. Rickettsiae in Vero cells were most often seen in vacuoles containing whorls of membranes (\"myelin configurations\") which were also seen in uninfected cells. Rickettsiae in Vero cells were pleomorphic, with acid phosphatase reaction product in their periplasmic space. This suggests either rickettsial degradation by lysosomal enzymes which penetrated the cell envelope or a penetration after the rickettsiae were dead. Vacuoles of infected Vero cells showed much more reaction product than that in infected L cells, and most rickettsiae in L cells had a normal appearance and showed no reaction product in their periplasmic space.", "PMID": 99368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3736", "title": "Serological cross-reactivity among Sporothrix schenckii, Ceratocystis, Europhium, and Graphium species.", "content": "Ethanol-precipitable culture filtrate antigens of 100 strains of 75 species of the Sporothrix-Ceratocystis-Europhium-Graphium complex and 1 species of Botrytis were examined for neutral sugar components and for serological cross-reactivity with S. schenckii rabbit antiserum and human sporotrichosis sera by capillary precipitin and double immunodiffusion assay. Results revealed that cross-reactive species (60 of 77, ca. 80%) produced exoconidial forms and rhamnose- and mannose-containing polysaccharides and included Ceratocystis, the three known Europhium, and several Graphium-form species. Endoconidial-form Ceratocystis species did not cross-react.", "contents": "Serological cross-reactivity among Sporothrix schenckii, Ceratocystis, Europhium, and Graphium species. Ethanol-precipitable culture filtrate antigens of 100 strains of 75 species of the Sporothrix-Ceratocystis-Europhium-Graphium complex and 1 species of Botrytis were examined for neutral sugar components and for serological cross-reactivity with S. schenckii rabbit antiserum and human sporotrichosis sera by capillary precipitin and double immunodiffusion assay. Results revealed that cross-reactive species (60 of 77, ca. 80%) produced exoconidial forms and rhamnose- and mannose-containing polysaccharides and included Ceratocystis, the three known Europhium, and several Graphium-form species. Endoconidial-form Ceratocystis species did not cross-react.", "PMID": 99369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3737", "title": "Incomplete inhibition of the immunoglobulin G-binding behavior of nitrated protein A.", "content": "Nitration of protein A with tetranitromethane incompletely blocks its Fc-binding ability for immunoglobulin G when measured by more sensitive methods of immunoprecipitation and when tested in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, binding of protein A and blockage by nitration is heterogeneous and depends on the species origin of the immunoglobulin G.", "contents": "Incomplete inhibition of the immunoglobulin G-binding behavior of nitrated protein A. Nitration of protein A with tetranitromethane incompletely blocks its Fc-binding ability for immunoglobulin G when measured by more sensitive methods of immunoprecipitation and when tested in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, binding of protein A and blockage by nitration is heterogeneous and depends on the species origin of the immunoglobulin G.", "PMID": 99370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3738", "title": "Some aspects of pharmacokinetic and biotransformation differences in humans and mammal animals.", "content": "The erroneous tendency to set pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of drugs in man against results obtained in animals as a different homogenous group is discussed. Species differences have mainly a quantitative character, such as the body weight to surface ratio, organ weight to body weight ratio, presence of differing fat deposits, etc. Qualitative differences are not so common. The great importance of a better knowledge of these problems for the prediction of drug effects in man from results obtained in animals is emphasized.", "contents": "Some aspects of pharmacokinetic and biotransformation differences in humans and mammal animals. The erroneous tendency to set pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of drugs in man against results obtained in animals as a different homogenous group is discussed. Species differences have mainly a quantitative character, such as the body weight to surface ratio, organ weight to body weight ratio, presence of differing fat deposits, etc. Qualitative differences are not so common. The great importance of a better knowledge of these problems for the prediction of drug effects in man from results obtained in animals is emphasized.", "PMID": 99374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3739", "title": "A zinc-deficiency dermatitis in patients on total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Three patients on home total parenteral nutrition utilizing a synthetic amino acid solutions developed a dermatitis consistent with acrodermatitis enteropathica after 30, 43 and 62 days of therapy. The dermatitis resolved after changing to casein hydrolysate in 2 patients and after full oral alimentation in the third. Although measured serum zinc levels were repeatedly normal to elevated in all patients, sufficient retrospective data analysis combined with literature review on this subject, clearly implicates zinc deficiency as the etiology for their dermatitis. Adequate zinc supplementation of synthetic amino acid solutions is essential in order to avoid this complication.", "contents": "A zinc-deficiency dermatitis in patients on total parenteral nutrition. Three patients on home total parenteral nutrition utilizing a synthetic amino acid solutions developed a dermatitis consistent with acrodermatitis enteropathica after 30, 43 and 62 days of therapy. The dermatitis resolved after changing to casein hydrolysate in 2 patients and after full oral alimentation in the third. Although measured serum zinc levels were repeatedly normal to elevated in all patients, sufficient retrospective data analysis combined with literature review on this subject, clearly implicates zinc deficiency as the etiology for their dermatitis. Adequate zinc supplementation of synthetic amino acid solutions is essential in order to avoid this complication.", "PMID": 99376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3740", "title": "Studies on the duration of local anesthesia. Effects of volume and concentration of a local anesthetic solution on the duration of dental infiltration anesthesia.", "content": "In animals and humans the rate of resorption and the duration of the anesthesia have been investigated, using mepivacaine in different concentrations and volumes without addition of a vasoconstrictor. A linear relationship between duration of anesthesia and the logarithm to the concentration of mepivacaine was found.", "contents": "Studies on the duration of local anesthesia. Effects of volume and concentration of a local anesthetic solution on the duration of dental infiltration anesthesia. In animals and humans the rate of resorption and the duration of the anesthesia have been investigated, using mepivacaine in different concentrations and volumes without addition of a vasoconstrictor. A linear relationship between duration of anesthesia and the logarithm to the concentration of mepivacaine was found.", "PMID": 99377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3741", "title": "Myoxomas of the jaws.", "content": "A retrospective study on 15 patients with myxomas of the jaws was carried out. Follow-up information was obtained in 10 patients. Clinical, radiologic, and microscopic features were examined and the results of extensive resection versus conservative surgery were evaluated. The results seem to be in favor of the latter. Four cases are presented in detail.", "contents": "Myoxomas of the jaws. A retrospective study on 15 patients with myxomas of the jaws was carried out. Follow-up information was obtained in 10 patients. Clinical, radiologic, and microscopic features were examined and the results of extensive resection versus conservative surgery were evaluated. The results seem to be in favor of the latter. Four cases are presented in detail.", "PMID": 99378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3742", "title": "Conservative surgical treatment of mandibular ameloblastomas.", "content": "The results of a follow-up investigation of 12 patients with ameloblastomas of the mandible, treated by conservative surgical means, are presented. The age of the patients at the time of operation ranged from 8 to 77 years, the average age being 41 years. Seven of the tumors had a unilocular and five a multilocular appearance. The operation technique varied somewhat with the individual case. An attempt was made in all cases to remove the tumor in toto. In cases with multilocular appearance or where the tumor was in connection with the surface epithelium, a resection of the roof of the lesion was made. Microscopic examination of the tumors revealed that they all could be classified as plexiform or folicular but with various degrees of differentiation. Seven of the patients were observed for more than 5 years, the others for less. Three instances of recurrence were diagnosed and were in all cases less than 1 cm in diameter. The recurrences were found 1, 3, and 20 years after the primary treatment. Although the number of patients and the observation period are limited, the preliminary results seem encouraging.", "contents": "Conservative surgical treatment of mandibular ameloblastomas. The results of a follow-up investigation of 12 patients with ameloblastomas of the mandible, treated by conservative surgical means, are presented. The age of the patients at the time of operation ranged from 8 to 77 years, the average age being 41 years. Seven of the tumors had a unilocular and five a multilocular appearance. The operation technique varied somewhat with the individual case. An attempt was made in all cases to remove the tumor in toto. In cases with multilocular appearance or where the tumor was in connection with the surface epithelium, a resection of the roof of the lesion was made. Microscopic examination of the tumors revealed that they all could be classified as plexiform or folicular but with various degrees of differentiation. Seven of the patients were observed for more than 5 years, the others for less. Three instances of recurrence were diagnosed and were in all cases less than 1 cm in diameter. The recurrences were found 1, 3, and 20 years after the primary treatment. Although the number of patients and the observation period are limited, the preliminary results seem encouraging.", "PMID": 99379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3743", "title": "Lipomas of the oral cavity.", "content": "The clinical and histopathologic characteristics of oral lipomas are reviewed. A series of six patients undergoing surgical treatment for oral lipomas at the University of Bergen, Department of Oral Surgery during the period 1969--1976 is presented. The characteristics of the six tumors are described and the findings compared with those of previously reported cases.", "contents": "Lipomas of the oral cavity. The clinical and histopathologic characteristics of oral lipomas are reviewed. A series of six patients undergoing surgical treatment for oral lipomas at the University of Bergen, Department of Oral Surgery during the period 1969--1976 is presented. The characteristics of the six tumors are described and the findings compared with those of previously reported cases.", "PMID": 99380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3744", "title": "Resorption of the crown in impacted maxillary canine. A clinical, radiographic and histologic study.", "content": "Thirty-six maxillary impacted canines which showed coronary resorption were selected out of 252 impacted canines. Clinical, radiographic and histologic observations were performed. In the majority of the cases (31) a local inflammatory factor was present and only in five cases was the resorption idiopathic. The incidence of resorption was highest in the later decades of life. In all cases bone replacement was found.", "contents": "Resorption of the crown in impacted maxillary canine. A clinical, radiographic and histologic study. Thirty-six maxillary impacted canines which showed coronary resorption were selected out of 252 impacted canines. Clinical, radiographic and histologic observations were performed. In the majority of the cases (31) a local inflammatory factor was present and only in five cases was the resorption idiopathic. The incidence of resorption was highest in the later decades of life. In all cases bone replacement was found.", "PMID": 99381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3745", "title": "Sialochemistry of KCS patients.", "content": "Sialochemistry was used to detect salivary gland involvement in KCS patients. Significantly elevated IgA was found in 52% of the patients, potassium in 48% and sodium in 32%. No correlation between the grade of Schirmer's test and the extent of changes in salivary composition was observed. The results indicate that salivary IgA, K and Na concentrations can be used for detection of salivary gland involvement of KCS patients.", "contents": "Sialochemistry of KCS patients. Sialochemistry was used to detect salivary gland involvement in KCS patients. Significantly elevated IgA was found in 52% of the patients, potassium in 48% and sodium in 32%. No correlation between the grade of Schirmer's test and the extent of changes in salivary composition was observed. The results indicate that salivary IgA, K and Na concentrations can be used for detection of salivary gland involvement of KCS patients.", "PMID": 99382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3746", "title": "Ameloblastoma with gingival ulcer.", "content": "Ameloblastoma usually presents as a painless swelling of the jaw, but the chief complaint is rarely of ulceration. A case of ameloblastoma with a complaint of gingival ulcer in a 75-year-old Japanese male who was treated by an en bloc removal of the tumor with gingival ulcer is described and discussed. There is no evidence of recurrence, and the postoperative course was uneventful.", "contents": "Ameloblastoma with gingival ulcer. Ameloblastoma usually presents as a painless swelling of the jaw, but the chief complaint is rarely of ulceration. A case of ameloblastoma with a complaint of gingival ulcer in a 75-year-old Japanese male who was treated by an en bloc removal of the tumor with gingival ulcer is described and discussed. There is no evidence of recurrence, and the postoperative course was uneventful.", "PMID": 99384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3747", "title": "Metastatic choriocarcinoma involving the gingiva.", "content": "A case of metastatic choriocarcinoma involving the mandible is reported. This case is analyzed for the potentiality of immunologic defense by utilizing tuberculin test and scoring the rate of blast formation of peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin, resulting in a greatly decreased ability of cellular immunity.", "contents": "Metastatic choriocarcinoma involving the gingiva. A case of metastatic choriocarcinoma involving the mandible is reported. This case is analyzed for the potentiality of immunologic defense by utilizing tuberculin test and scoring the rate of blast formation of peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin, resulting in a greatly decreased ability of cellular immunity.", "PMID": 99385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3748", "title": "Occlusal concepts for the orthognathic surgeon.", "content": "A review of modern occlusal concepts is of great value to the orthognathic surgeon in treating dentofacial deformities. A thorough knowledge of occlusion is essential in the correct diagnosis and treatment of patients requiring surgical alterations in their occlusal relationships. Following these surgical alterations, a critical postoperative evaluation is important in determining the timing and need for occlusal equilibration and/or restorative measures.", "contents": "Occlusal concepts for the orthognathic surgeon. A review of modern occlusal concepts is of great value to the orthognathic surgeon in treating dentofacial deformities. A thorough knowledge of occlusion is essential in the correct diagnosis and treatment of patients requiring surgical alterations in their occlusal relationships. Following these surgical alterations, a critical postoperative evaluation is important in determining the timing and need for occlusal equilibration and/or restorative measures.", "PMID": 99386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3749", "title": "Dental management of the irradiated patient.", "content": "There is an increasing number of patients receiving radiation therapy for oral malignancies. In many malignant tumors, radiation is often the treatment of choice, while in others it may be used in conjunction with surgery or chemotherapy. There are inherent dental and oral problems associated with radiation therapy. It is the purpose of this paper to deal briefly with the physical principles and the biological basis of radiation therapy. In addition, the specific radiation effects on oral mucous membranes, taste buds, salivary glands, bone, the periodontium and teeth will be discussed. Radiation complications in edentulous patients, and in particular the problems of wearing dentures in such patients will be evaluated. An approach to the problem of dental extractions and other dental treatments in the pre- and post-irradiated patient is suggested.", "contents": "Dental management of the irradiated patient. There is an increasing number of patients receiving radiation therapy for oral malignancies. In many malignant tumors, radiation is often the treatment of choice, while in others it may be used in conjunction with surgery or chemotherapy. There are inherent dental and oral problems associated with radiation therapy. It is the purpose of this paper to deal briefly with the physical principles and the biological basis of radiation therapy. In addition, the specific radiation effects on oral mucous membranes, taste buds, salivary glands, bone, the periodontium and teeth will be discussed. Radiation complications in edentulous patients, and in particular the problems of wearing dentures in such patients will be evaluated. An approach to the problem of dental extractions and other dental treatments in the pre- and post-irradiated patient is suggested.", "PMID": 99387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3750", "title": "[Role of the digestive flora in adaptation to lactose consumption in rats].", "content": "Part of the digestive flora in the adaptation to lactose consumption. Lactase activity was determined with adult Wistar rats. Some of which were accustomed to lactose since weaning. For this purpose, the tissue of jejunum, the flora of the ileum, the caecum and the large intestine were examined. When the rats received a high lactose diet, the lactase of the jejunum is more active because of both the intestinal tissue development and a higher production of enzyme by protein unit. But the main source of lactase is the digestive flora of the animal: a lactase flora develops in the ileum, the large intestine and mainly the caecum. The caecum lactase represents about half of the total lactase activity. The flora of the animal which has not consumed lactose since weaning can develop a noticeable lactase activity after 7 hr of incubation in presence of lactose. It is also the caecum flora which shows the greatest capacity of adaptation to lactose.", "contents": "[Role of the digestive flora in adaptation to lactose consumption in rats]. Part of the digestive flora in the adaptation to lactose consumption. Lactase activity was determined with adult Wistar rats. Some of which were accustomed to lactose since weaning. For this purpose, the tissue of jejunum, the flora of the ileum, the caecum and the large intestine were examined. When the rats received a high lactose diet, the lactase of the jejunum is more active because of both the intestinal tissue development and a higher production of enzyme by protein unit. But the main source of lactase is the digestive flora of the animal: a lactase flora develops in the ileum, the large intestine and mainly the caecum. The caecum lactase represents about half of the total lactase activity. The flora of the animal which has not consumed lactose since weaning can develop a noticeable lactase activity after 7 hr of incubation in presence of lactose. It is also the caecum flora which shows the greatest capacity of adaptation to lactose.", "PMID": 99389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3751", "title": "Leu-enkephalin-like material in nerves and enterochromaffin cells in the gut. An immunohistochemical study.", "content": "The distribution and cellular localization of leu-enkephalin in the gut and pancreas was studied by immunohistochemistry using two different antisera, one specifically directed against leu-enkephalin and the other cross reacting with met-enkephalin. The results were identical with both antisera. In all species examined, enkephalin-immunoreactive material was found in nerves of the smooth muscle, particularly numerous in the myenteric plexus. Here, immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were observed occasionally. In addition, enkephalin-immunoreactive material was demonstrated in gut endocrine cells of chicken, mouse, rat, pig and monkey but not of guinea pig, cat and man. Enkephalin cells were detected also in the exocrine parenchyma of the porcine pancreas. They were rare in the gut of mouse, rat and monkey but numerous in the antrum and duodenum of pig where they were identified as 5-hydroxytryptamine-storing enterochromaffin cells. The enkephalin-containing cells of the porcine antrum and duodenum were defined ultrastructurally by the consecutive semithin/ultrathin section technique. The ultrastructural features were typical of enterochromaffin cells, the most characteristic ones being the irregular shape and high electron density of the cytoplasmic granules. The immunoreactive material was confined to the cytoplasmic granules.", "contents": "Leu-enkephalin-like material in nerves and enterochromaffin cells in the gut. An immunohistochemical study. The distribution and cellular localization of leu-enkephalin in the gut and pancreas was studied by immunohistochemistry using two different antisera, one specifically directed against leu-enkephalin and the other cross reacting with met-enkephalin. The results were identical with both antisera. In all species examined, enkephalin-immunoreactive material was found in nerves of the smooth muscle, particularly numerous in the myenteric plexus. Here, immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were observed occasionally. In addition, enkephalin-immunoreactive material was demonstrated in gut endocrine cells of chicken, mouse, rat, pig and monkey but not of guinea pig, cat and man. Enkephalin cells were detected also in the exocrine parenchyma of the porcine pancreas. They were rare in the gut of mouse, rat and monkey but numerous in the antrum and duodenum of pig where they were identified as 5-hydroxytryptamine-storing enterochromaffin cells. The enkephalin-containing cells of the porcine antrum and duodenum were defined ultrastructurally by the consecutive semithin/ultrathin section technique. The ultrastructural features were typical of enterochromaffin cells, the most characteristic ones being the irregular shape and high electron density of the cytoplasmic granules. The immunoreactive material was confined to the cytoplasmic granules.", "PMID": 99394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3752", "title": "Effect of rapid decompression and associated hypoxic phenomena in euthanasia of animals: a review.", "content": "Documentation in the literature indicates that death is as painless following the induction of hypoxia by rapid decompression as by other methods that lead to hypoxia, such as exposure to high altitude, carbon monoxide, and inert gases (nitrogen, xenon, and krypton). Many of the signs and symptoms of hypoxia are the same as those for alcoholic intoxication and inert gas narcosis. Moreover, there is good evidence that analogous relationships or mechanisms may exist for hypoxia, inert gas narcosis, and anesthesia.", "contents": "Effect of rapid decompression and associated hypoxic phenomena in euthanasia of animals: a review. Documentation in the literature indicates that death is as painless following the induction of hypoxia by rapid decompression as by other methods that lead to hypoxia, such as exposure to high altitude, carbon monoxide, and inert gases (nitrogen, xenon, and krypton). Many of the signs and symptoms of hypoxia are the same as those for alcoholic intoxication and inert gas narcosis. Moreover, there is good evidence that analogous relationships or mechanisms may exist for hypoxia, inert gas narcosis, and anesthesia.", "PMID": 99410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3753", "title": "A maturation change detected in the semilunar cartilages with the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "The surface of rabbit, cat, monkey and human semilunar cartilages was examined with the scanning electron microscope. A common feature was the occurrence of numerous ridges, undulations and furrows on the surface, but this was thought to be due to marked shrinkage and distortion of cartilage not firmly attached to bone. Humps were seen on the semilunar cartilages of young animals, but pits occurred in adults. This is thought to reflect a maturation change. Humps were seen in a young human semilunar cartilage, but pits were not seen in adult specimens. It is not clear whether pits are truly absent or just masked by the severe ridging produced during the preparation of large human specimens.", "contents": "A maturation change detected in the semilunar cartilages with the scanning electron microscope. The surface of rabbit, cat, monkey and human semilunar cartilages was examined with the scanning electron microscope. A common feature was the occurrence of numerous ridges, undulations and furrows on the surface, but this was thought to be due to marked shrinkage and distortion of cartilage not firmly attached to bone. Humps were seen on the semilunar cartilages of young animals, but pits occurred in adults. This is thought to reflect a maturation change. Humps were seen in a young human semilunar cartilage, but pits were not seen in adult specimens. It is not clear whether pits are truly absent or just masked by the severe ridging produced during the preparation of large human specimens.", "PMID": 99411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3754", "title": "Alkalimetric microassay of cephalosporins.", "content": "Alkalimetric pH-stat titrations of cephalosporin C, cephacetril and their deacetyl derivatives using an acetyl esterase and beta-lactamase are described. The esterase was used to assay highly purified samples of cephalosporin C and cephacetril, and also to prepare analytically defined solutions of the deacetyl cephalosporins. Lactamase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the parent compounds was then found to generate exactly 2 equivalents of acid per mole; that of the deacetyl derivatives exactly 1 equivalent.", "contents": "Alkalimetric microassay of cephalosporins. Alkalimetric pH-stat titrations of cephalosporin C, cephacetril and their deacetyl derivatives using an acetyl esterase and beta-lactamase are described. The esterase was used to assay highly purified samples of cephalosporin C and cephacetril, and also to prepare analytically defined solutions of the deacetyl cephalosporins. Lactamase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the parent compounds was then found to generate exactly 2 equivalents of acid per mole; that of the deacetyl derivatives exactly 1 equivalent.", "PMID": 99413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3755", "title": "Lipid and protein composition of membranes of Bacillus megaterium variants in the temperature range 5 to 70 degrees C.", "content": "Membranes were prepared from four temperature range variants of Bacillus megaterium: one obligate thermophile, one facultative thermophile, one mesophile, and one facultative psychrophile, covering the temperature interval between 5 and 70 degrees C. The following changes in membrane composition were apparent with increasing growth temperatures: (i) the relative amount of iso fatty acids increased and that of anteiso acids decreased, the ratio of iso acids to anteiso acids being 0.34 at 5 degrees C and 3.95 at 70 degrees C, and the pair iso/anteiso acids thus seemed to parallel the pair saturated/unsaturated acids in their ability to regulate membrane fluidity; (ii) the relative/unsaturated acids in their ability to regulate membrane fluidity; (ii) the relative amount of long-chain acids (C16 to C18) increased fivefold over that of short-chain acids (C14 and C15) between 5 and 70 degrees C; (iii) the relative amount of phosphatidylethanolamine increased, and this phospholipid accordingly dominated in the thermophilic strains, whereas diphosphatidylglycerol was predominant in the two other strains; and (iv) the ratio of micromoles of phospholipid to milligrams of membrane protein increased three-fold between 5 and 70 degrees C. Moreover, a quantitative variation in membrane proteins was evident between the different strains. Briefly, membrane phospholipids with higher melting points and packing densities appeared to be synthesized at elevated growth temperatures.", "contents": "Lipid and protein composition of membranes of Bacillus megaterium variants in the temperature range 5 to 70 degrees C. Membranes were prepared from four temperature range variants of Bacillus megaterium: one obligate thermophile, one facultative thermophile, one mesophile, and one facultative psychrophile, covering the temperature interval between 5 and 70 degrees C. The following changes in membrane composition were apparent with increasing growth temperatures: (i) the relative amount of iso fatty acids increased and that of anteiso acids decreased, the ratio of iso acids to anteiso acids being 0.34 at 5 degrees C and 3.95 at 70 degrees C, and the pair iso/anteiso acids thus seemed to parallel the pair saturated/unsaturated acids in their ability to regulate membrane fluidity; (ii) the relative/unsaturated acids in their ability to regulate membrane fluidity; (ii) the relative amount of long-chain acids (C16 to C18) increased fivefold over that of short-chain acids (C14 and C15) between 5 and 70 degrees C; (iii) the relative amount of phosphatidylethanolamine increased, and this phospholipid accordingly dominated in the thermophilic strains, whereas diphosphatidylglycerol was predominant in the two other strains; and (iv) the ratio of micromoles of phospholipid to milligrams of membrane protein increased three-fold between 5 and 70 degrees C. Moreover, a quantitative variation in membrane proteins was evident between the different strains. Briefly, membrane phospholipids with higher melting points and packing densities appeared to be synthesized at elevated growth temperatures.", "PMID": 99426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3756", "title": "Bacillus subtilis spore coats: complexity and purification of a unique polypeptide component.", "content": "Extensively washed, dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis were disrupted with glass beads in buffer at pH 7 in the presence of protease inhibitors. Approximately 31% of the total spore protein was soluble, and another 14% was removed from the insoluble fraction by hydrolysis with lysozyme and washing with 1 M KCl and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The residual spore integuments comprised 55% of the total spore proteins and consisted of coats and residual membrane components. Treatment of integuments with sodium dodecyl sulfate and reducing agents at pH 10 solubilized 40% of the total spore protein. Seven low-molecular-weight polypeptide components of this solubilized fraction comprised 27% of the total spore protein. They are not normal membrane components and reassociated to form fibrillar structures resembling spore coat fragments. The residual insoluble material (15% of the total spore protein) was rich in cysteine and was probably also derived from the spore coats. A solubilized coat polypeptide of molecular weight 12,200 has been purified in good yield (4 to 5% of the total spore protein). Five amino acids account for 92% of its total amino acid residues: glycine, 19%; tyrosine, 31%; proline, 23%; arginine, 13%; and phenylalanine, 6%.", "contents": "Bacillus subtilis spore coats: complexity and purification of a unique polypeptide component. Extensively washed, dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis were disrupted with glass beads in buffer at pH 7 in the presence of protease inhibitors. Approximately 31% of the total spore protein was soluble, and another 14% was removed from the insoluble fraction by hydrolysis with lysozyme and washing with 1 M KCl and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The residual spore integuments comprised 55% of the total spore proteins and consisted of coats and residual membrane components. Treatment of integuments with sodium dodecyl sulfate and reducing agents at pH 10 solubilized 40% of the total spore protein. Seven low-molecular-weight polypeptide components of this solubilized fraction comprised 27% of the total spore protein. They are not normal membrane components and reassociated to form fibrillar structures resembling spore coat fragments. The residual insoluble material (15% of the total spore protein) was rich in cysteine and was probably also derived from the spore coats. A solubilized coat polypeptide of molecular weight 12,200 has been purified in good yield (4 to 5% of the total spore protein). Five amino acids account for 92% of its total amino acid residues: glycine, 19%; tyrosine, 31%; proline, 23%; arginine, 13%; and phenylalanine, 6%.", "PMID": 99427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3757", "title": "Genetic and biochemical characterization of kirromycin resistance mutations in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Spontaneous mutations causing resistance to the EF-Tu-specific antibiotic kirromycin have been isolated and mapped in Bacillus subtilis. Three-factor transductional and transformational crosses have placed the kir locus proximal to ery-1 and distal to strA (rpsL) and several mutations affecting elongation factors EF-G and EF-Tu, in the order: cysA strA [fus-1/ts-6(EF-G)] [ts-5(EF-Tu)] kir ery-1 spcA. Purified EF-Tu from mutant strains is more resistant to kirromycin as measured by in vitro protein synthesis and also shows a more acidic isoelectric point than wild-type EF-Tu. This indicates that the kir locus is the genetic determinant (tuf) for EF-Tu and that there is a single active gene for this enzyme in B. subtilis.", "contents": "Genetic and biochemical characterization of kirromycin resistance mutations in Bacillus subtilis. Spontaneous mutations causing resistance to the EF-Tu-specific antibiotic kirromycin have been isolated and mapped in Bacillus subtilis. Three-factor transductional and transformational crosses have placed the kir locus proximal to ery-1 and distal to strA (rpsL) and several mutations affecting elongation factors EF-G and EF-Tu, in the order: cysA strA [fus-1/ts-6(EF-G)] [ts-5(EF-Tu)] kir ery-1 spcA. Purified EF-Tu from mutant strains is more resistant to kirromycin as measured by in vitro protein synthesis and also shows a more acidic isoelectric point than wild-type EF-Tu. This indicates that the kir locus is the genetic determinant (tuf) for EF-Tu and that there is a single active gene for this enzyme in B. subtilis.", "PMID": 99428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3758", "title": "Phycobilisomes in spheroplasts of Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "Phycobilisomes in Anacystis nidulans can be seen more readily in spheroplasts than in cells with intact walls.", "contents": "Phycobilisomes in spheroplasts of Anacystis nidulans. Phycobilisomes in Anacystis nidulans can be seen more readily in spheroplasts than in cells with intact walls.", "PMID": 99429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3759", "title": "Kasugamycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Kasugamycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis were isolated and classified into two groups, one of which had resistance to kasugamycin in in vitro protein synthesis and mapped in the ribosomal region. The other group had no resistance to kasugamycin in in vitro protein synthesis and had weak cross-resistance to gentamicin and kanamycin. Neither group could sporulate in the presence of kasugamycin.", "contents": "Kasugamycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis. Kasugamycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis were isolated and classified into two groups, one of which had resistance to kasugamycin in in vitro protein synthesis and mapped in the ribosomal region. The other group had no resistance to kasugamycin in in vitro protein synthesis and had weak cross-resistance to gentamicin and kanamycin. Neither group could sporulate in the presence of kasugamycin.", "PMID": 99430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3760", "title": "Comparative study of DNA methylation in three unicellular eucaryotes.", "content": "We have analyzed the nature/content of methylated bases in the nuclear DNA of three unicellular eucaryotes. The pattern of methylation was different for each of the three organisms studied: Saccharomyces cerevisiae contained only 5-methylcytosine; Tetrahymena pyriformis contained only N6-methyladenine; and Chlamydomonas reinhardi contained both modified bases.", "contents": "Comparative study of DNA methylation in three unicellular eucaryotes. We have analyzed the nature/content of methylated bases in the nuclear DNA of three unicellular eucaryotes. The pattern of methylation was different for each of the three organisms studied: Saccharomyces cerevisiae contained only 5-methylcytosine; Tetrahymena pyriformis contained only N6-methyladenine; and Chlamydomonas reinhardi contained both modified bases.", "PMID": 99431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3761", "title": "DNA synthesis in competent Bacillus subtilis cells.", "content": "Competent cells of Bacillus subtilis incorporate degradation products from transfecting DNA into their chromosomal DNA. The sensitivity of this incorporation to inhibitors of bacterial DNA synthesis [phage infection or 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil] suggests that semiconservative DNA synthesis can occur in competent cells.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in competent Bacillus subtilis cells. Competent cells of Bacillus subtilis incorporate degradation products from transfecting DNA into their chromosomal DNA. The sensitivity of this incorporation to inhibitors of bacterial DNA synthesis [phage infection or 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil] suggests that semiconservative DNA synthesis can occur in competent cells.", "PMID": 99432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3762", "title": "Early stages in Bacillus subtilis transformation: association between homologous DNA and surface structures.", "content": "The addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetate to competent cultures of Bacillus subtilis irreversibly inhibited the transformability as well as the cellular binding of DNA. Our results show that the inhibition of DNA binding by ethylenediaminetetraacetate in whole cells, protoplasts, and membrane vesicles is mainly due to a permanent alteration of the DNA receptors. Transformation absolutely requires free magnesium ions, whereas DNA binding is a magnesium-independent step. In contrast to ethylenediaminetetraacetate, the absence of Mg2+ does not irreversibly affect the capacity of the competent cells to be transformed DNA-binding receptors located at the cell surface remain associated with the plasma membrane after protoplasting and after isolation of membrane vesicles. A Mg2+-dependent endonucleolytic activity associated with the membrane appears to be responsible for the lower levels of binding by protoplasts in the presence of this ion.", "contents": "Early stages in Bacillus subtilis transformation: association between homologous DNA and surface structures. The addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetate to competent cultures of Bacillus subtilis irreversibly inhibited the transformability as well as the cellular binding of DNA. Our results show that the inhibition of DNA binding by ethylenediaminetetraacetate in whole cells, protoplasts, and membrane vesicles is mainly due to a permanent alteration of the DNA receptors. Transformation absolutely requires free magnesium ions, whereas DNA binding is a magnesium-independent step. In contrast to ethylenediaminetetraacetate, the absence of Mg2+ does not irreversibly affect the capacity of the competent cells to be transformed DNA-binding receptors located at the cell surface remain associated with the plasma membrane after protoplasting and after isolation of membrane vesicles. A Mg2+-dependent endonucleolytic activity associated with the membrane appears to be responsible for the lower levels of binding by protoplasts in the presence of this ion.", "PMID": 99433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3763", "title": "Comparison of spontaneous, UV-induced, and nitrosoguanidine-induced mutability to drug resistance in myxobacteria.", "content": "The UV survival curves of different strains of myxobacteria exhibited shoulders; in the case of Polyangium luteum, an unusual double shoulder appeared. Repair inhibitors like acriflavine, caffeine, and coumarin reduced the survival of UV-irradiated cells if the drugs were incorporated in the post-irradiation plating medium. The shoulders were reduced, but the final inactivation slopes were not affected by the repair inhibitors. Those strains that were resistant to UV were also more resistant to being killed by nitrosoguanidine. A variety of drug-resistant mutants occurred. The spontaneous mutation frequencies to drug resistance varied with the drug and the strain used. Drug-resistant mutants were inducible by UV irradiation and nitrosoguanidine. The UV mutability of Myxococcus xanthus was high compared to Cystobacter sp. However, the nitrosoguanidine mutability of M. xanthus was low compared to the other strains.", "contents": "Comparison of spontaneous, UV-induced, and nitrosoguanidine-induced mutability to drug resistance in myxobacteria. The UV survival curves of different strains of myxobacteria exhibited shoulders; in the case of Polyangium luteum, an unusual double shoulder appeared. Repair inhibitors like acriflavine, caffeine, and coumarin reduced the survival of UV-irradiated cells if the drugs were incorporated in the post-irradiation plating medium. The shoulders were reduced, but the final inactivation slopes were not affected by the repair inhibitors. Those strains that were resistant to UV were also more resistant to being killed by nitrosoguanidine. A variety of drug-resistant mutants occurred. The spontaneous mutation frequencies to drug resistance varied with the drug and the strain used. Drug-resistant mutants were inducible by UV irradiation and nitrosoguanidine. The UV mutability of Myxococcus xanthus was high compared to Cystobacter sp. However, the nitrosoguanidine mutability of M. xanthus was low compared to the other strains.", "PMID": 99434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3764", "title": "In vivo titration of araC protein.", "content": "The requirement for araC protein in the induction of the araBAD operon was investigated. Strains of Escherichia coli carrying an araC(Am) mutation and temperature-sensitive amber suppressors were used to vary the intracellular level of araC protein. The levels of araC protein studied ranged from 0.007 to 1.8 times the normal amount. The results indicate that the normal level of araC protein is just sufficient to provide maximal expression of the araBAD operon.", "contents": "In vivo titration of araC protein. The requirement for araC protein in the induction of the araBAD operon was investigated. Strains of Escherichia coli carrying an araC(Am) mutation and temperature-sensitive amber suppressors were used to vary the intracellular level of araC protein. The levels of araC protein studied ranged from 0.007 to 1.8 times the normal amount. The results indicate that the normal level of araC protein is just sufficient to provide maximal expression of the araBAD operon.", "PMID": 99435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3765", "title": "Isolation and characterization of Bacillus megaterium mutants containing decreased levels of spore protease.", "content": "A proteolytic activity present in spores of Bacillus megaterium has previously been implicated in the initiation of hydrolysis of the A, B, and C proteins which are degraded during spore germination. Four mutants of B. megaterium containing 20 to 30% of the normal level of spore proteolytic activity have been isolated. Partial purification of the protease from wild-type spores by a reviewed procedure resulted in the resolution of spore protease activity on the A, B, and C proteins into two peaks--a major one (protease II) and a minor one (protease I). The protease mutants tested lacked active protease II. All of the mutants exhibited a decreased rate of degradation of the A, B, and C proteins during spore germination at 30 degrees C, but degradation of the proteins did occur. Degradation of the A, B, and C proteins during germination of the mutant spores was decreased neither by blockade of ATP production nor by germination at 44 degrees C. Initiation of spore germination was normal in all four mutants, and all four mutants went through outgrowth, grew, and sporulated normally in rich medium. Similarly, outgrowth of spores of two of the four mutants was normal in minimal medium at 30 degrees C. In the two mutants studied, the kinetics of loss of spore heat resistance and spore UV light resistance during germination were identical to those of wild-type spores. This indicates that the A, B, and C proteins alone are not sufficient to account for the heat or UV light resistance of the dormant spore.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of Bacillus megaterium mutants containing decreased levels of spore protease. A proteolytic activity present in spores of Bacillus megaterium has previously been implicated in the initiation of hydrolysis of the A, B, and C proteins which are degraded during spore germination. Four mutants of B. megaterium containing 20 to 30% of the normal level of spore proteolytic activity have been isolated. Partial purification of the protease from wild-type spores by a reviewed procedure resulted in the resolution of spore protease activity on the A, B, and C proteins into two peaks--a major one (protease II) and a minor one (protease I). The protease mutants tested lacked active protease II. All of the mutants exhibited a decreased rate of degradation of the A, B, and C proteins during spore germination at 30 degrees C, but degradation of the proteins did occur. Degradation of the A, B, and C proteins during germination of the mutant spores was decreased neither by blockade of ATP production nor by germination at 44 degrees C. Initiation of spore germination was normal in all four mutants, and all four mutants went through outgrowth, grew, and sporulated normally in rich medium. Similarly, outgrowth of spores of two of the four mutants was normal in minimal medium at 30 degrees C. In the two mutants studied, the kinetics of loss of spore heat resistance and spore UV light resistance during germination were identical to those of wild-type spores. This indicates that the A, B, and C proteins alone are not sufficient to account for the heat or UV light resistance of the dormant spore.", "PMID": 99436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3766", "title": "Transport by the lactose permease of Escherichia coli as the basis of lactose killing.", "content": "Lactose killing is a peculiar phenomenon in which 80 to 98% of the Escherichia coli cells taken from a lactose-limited chemostat die when plated on standard lactose minimal media. This unique form of suicide is caused by the action of the lactose permease. Since uptake of either lactose or galactose by the lactose permease caused death, the action of rapid transport across the membrane must be the cause of the phenomenon. Alternative causes of lactose killing, such as accumulation of toxic metabolic intermediates or action of the beta-galactosidase, have been eliminated. It is proposed that rapid uptake of sugars by the lactose permease disrupts membrane function, perhaps causing collapse of the membrane potential.", "contents": "Transport by the lactose permease of Escherichia coli as the basis of lactose killing. Lactose killing is a peculiar phenomenon in which 80 to 98% of the Escherichia coli cells taken from a lactose-limited chemostat die when plated on standard lactose minimal media. This unique form of suicide is caused by the action of the lactose permease. Since uptake of either lactose or galactose by the lactose permease caused death, the action of rapid transport across the membrane must be the cause of the phenomenon. Alternative causes of lactose killing, such as accumulation of toxic metabolic intermediates or action of the beta-galactosidase, have been eliminated. It is proposed that rapid uptake of sugars by the lactose permease disrupts membrane function, perhaps causing collapse of the membrane potential.", "PMID": 99437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3767", "title": "Dark hexose metabolism by photoautotrophically and heterotrophically grown cells of the blue-green alga (Cyanobacterium) Nostoc sp. strain Mac.", "content": "Photoautotrophically grown cells of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Nostoc sp. strain Mac assimilated and oxidized both glucose and fructose in the dark at different rates. The rate of fructose metabolism in these cells could be stimulated by casein hydrolysate, the effect being most pronounced at low sugar concentrations. This stimulation was not seen in cells grown heterotrophically in the dark, suggesting that it is a transitory phenomenon which disappears during the autotrophy-heterotrophy growth transition. The stimulation of fructose assimilation by casein hydrolysate was abolished by chloramphenicol or streptomycin, suggesting there are rate-limiting steps in protein biosynthesis in the dark that ultimately lead to inhibition of fructose uptake. Glucose metabolism did not show these phenomena, indicating there are differences in the metabolism of the two sugars.", "contents": "Dark hexose metabolism by photoautotrophically and heterotrophically grown cells of the blue-green alga (Cyanobacterium) Nostoc sp. strain Mac. Photoautotrophically grown cells of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Nostoc sp. strain Mac assimilated and oxidized both glucose and fructose in the dark at different rates. The rate of fructose metabolism in these cells could be stimulated by casein hydrolysate, the effect being most pronounced at low sugar concentrations. This stimulation was not seen in cells grown heterotrophically in the dark, suggesting that it is a transitory phenomenon which disappears during the autotrophy-heterotrophy growth transition. The stimulation of fructose assimilation by casein hydrolysate was abolished by chloramphenicol or streptomycin, suggesting there are rate-limiting steps in protein biosynthesis in the dark that ultimately lead to inhibition of fructose uptake. Glucose metabolism did not show these phenomena, indicating there are differences in the metabolism of the two sugars.", "PMID": 99438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3768", "title": "Transfer-deficient mutants of the narrow-host-range plasmid R91-5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Three methods have been successful in the isolation of transfer-deficient mutants of the narrow-host-range R plasmid R91-5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: (i) selection for donor-specific phage resistance; (ii) direct screening after mutagenic treatment with either ethyl methane sulfonate or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine; (iii) in vitro mutagenesis of plasmid DNA by hydroxylamine followed by transformation and direct screening. The majority of transfer-deficient mutants were donor-specific phage resistant, supporting the view that sex pili and other surface components are essential for conjugal transfer (since the phages PRD1 and PR4 adsorb to these sites). Some of the transfer-deficient mutants were also unable to inhibit the replication of phage G101 or lost entry exclusion or both phenotypes. The ability to revert these pleiotropic mutants to wild type implicates the latter two functions in R91-5 transfer. Suppressor mutations in P. aeruginosa enabled the detection of suppressor-sensitive, transfer-deficient mutants. Such mutants should prove useful in conjugational complementation tests for the identification of the transfer cistrons of R91-5.", "contents": "Transfer-deficient mutants of the narrow-host-range plasmid R91-5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Three methods have been successful in the isolation of transfer-deficient mutants of the narrow-host-range R plasmid R91-5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: (i) selection for donor-specific phage resistance; (ii) direct screening after mutagenic treatment with either ethyl methane sulfonate or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine; (iii) in vitro mutagenesis of plasmid DNA by hydroxylamine followed by transformation and direct screening. The majority of transfer-deficient mutants were donor-specific phage resistant, supporting the view that sex pili and other surface components are essential for conjugal transfer (since the phages PRD1 and PR4 adsorb to these sites). Some of the transfer-deficient mutants were also unable to inhibit the replication of phage G101 or lost entry exclusion or both phenotypes. The ability to revert these pleiotropic mutants to wild type implicates the latter two functions in R91-5 transfer. Suppressor mutations in P. aeruginosa enabled the detection of suppressor-sensitive, transfer-deficient mutants. Such mutants should prove useful in conjugational complementation tests for the identification of the transfer cistrons of R91-5.", "PMID": 99439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3769", "title": "Aspartate transcarbamylase synthesis ceases prior to inactivation of the enzyme in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Aspartate transcarbamylase is synthesized during exponential growth of Bacillus subtilis and is inactivated when the cells enter the stationary phase. This work is a study of the regulation of aspartate transcarbamylase synthesis during growth and the stationary phase. Using specific immunoprecipitation of aspartate transcarbamylase from extracts of cells pulse-labeled with tritiated leucine, we showed that the synthesis of the enzyme decreased very rapidly at the end of exponential growth and was barely detectable during inactivation of the enzyme. Synthesis of most cell proteins continued during this time. When the cells ceased growing because of pyrimidine starvation of a uracil auxotroph, however, synthesis and inactivation occurred simultaneously. Measurement of pools of pyrimidine nucleotides and guanosine tetra- and pentaphosphate demonstrated that failure to synthesize aspartate transcarbamylase in the stationary phase was not explained by simple repression by these compounds. The cessation of aspartate transcarbamylase synthesis may reflect the shutting off of a \"vegetative gene\" as part of the program of differential gene expression during sporulation. However, aspartate transcarbamylase synthesis decreased normally at the end of exponential growth at the nonpermissive temperature in a mutant strain that is temperature-sensitive in sporulation and RNA polymerase function. Cessation of aspartate transcarbamylase synthesis appeared to be normal in three other temperature-sensitive RNA polymerase mutants and in several classes of spo0 mutants.", "contents": "Aspartate transcarbamylase synthesis ceases prior to inactivation of the enzyme in Bacillus subtilis. Aspartate transcarbamylase is synthesized during exponential growth of Bacillus subtilis and is inactivated when the cells enter the stationary phase. This work is a study of the regulation of aspartate transcarbamylase synthesis during growth and the stationary phase. Using specific immunoprecipitation of aspartate transcarbamylase from extracts of cells pulse-labeled with tritiated leucine, we showed that the synthesis of the enzyme decreased very rapidly at the end of exponential growth and was barely detectable during inactivation of the enzyme. Synthesis of most cell proteins continued during this time. When the cells ceased growing because of pyrimidine starvation of a uracil auxotroph, however, synthesis and inactivation occurred simultaneously. Measurement of pools of pyrimidine nucleotides and guanosine tetra- and pentaphosphate demonstrated that failure to synthesize aspartate transcarbamylase in the stationary phase was not explained by simple repression by these compounds. The cessation of aspartate transcarbamylase synthesis may reflect the shutting off of a \"vegetative gene\" as part of the program of differential gene expression during sporulation. However, aspartate transcarbamylase synthesis decreased normally at the end of exponential growth at the nonpermissive temperature in a mutant strain that is temperature-sensitive in sporulation and RNA polymerase function. Cessation of aspartate transcarbamylase synthesis appeared to be normal in three other temperature-sensitive RNA polymerase mutants and in several classes of spo0 mutants.", "PMID": 99440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3770", "title": "Spore coat protein synthesis in cell-free systems from sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Cell-free systems for protein synthesis were prepared from Bacillus subtilis 168 cells at several stages of sporulation. Immunological methods were used to determine whether spore coat protein could be synthesized in the cell-free systems prepared from sporulating cells. Spore coat protein synthesis first occurred in extracts from stage t2 cells. The proportion of spore coat protein to total proteins synthesized in the cell-free systems was 2.4 and 3.9% at stages t2 and t4, respectively. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of immunoprecipitates from the cell-free systems showed the complete synthesis of an apparent spore coat protein precursor (molecular weight, 25,000). A polypeptide of this weight was previously identified in studies in vivo (L.E. Munoz, Y. Sadaie, and R.H. Doi, J. Biol. Chem., in press). The synthesis in vitro of polysome-associated nascent spore coat polypeptides with varying molecular weights up to 23,000 was also detected. These results indicate that the spore coat protein may be synthesized as a precursor protein. The removal of proteases in the crude extracts by treatment with hemoglobin-Sepharose affinity techniques may be preventing the conversion of the large 25,000-dalton precursor to the 12,500-dalton mature spore coat protein.", "contents": "Spore coat protein synthesis in cell-free systems from sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis. Cell-free systems for protein synthesis were prepared from Bacillus subtilis 168 cells at several stages of sporulation. Immunological methods were used to determine whether spore coat protein could be synthesized in the cell-free systems prepared from sporulating cells. Spore coat protein synthesis first occurred in extracts from stage t2 cells. The proportion of spore coat protein to total proteins synthesized in the cell-free systems was 2.4 and 3.9% at stages t2 and t4, respectively. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of immunoprecipitates from the cell-free systems showed the complete synthesis of an apparent spore coat protein precursor (molecular weight, 25,000). A polypeptide of this weight was previously identified in studies in vivo (L.E. Munoz, Y. Sadaie, and R.H. Doi, J. Biol. Chem., in press). The synthesis in vitro of polysome-associated nascent spore coat polypeptides with varying molecular weights up to 23,000 was also detected. These results indicate that the spore coat protein may be synthesized as a precursor protein. The removal of proteases in the crude extracts by treatment with hemoglobin-Sepharose affinity techniques may be preventing the conversion of the large 25,000-dalton precursor to the 12,500-dalton mature spore coat protein.", "PMID": 99441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3771", "title": "Supercoiled DNA folded by nonhistone proteins in cultured mouse carcinoma cells.", "content": "Upon gentle lysis of exponentially growing mouse carcinoma cells FM3A by sodium dodecyl sulfate, DNA was released as a \"DNA-protein complex\" in a folded conformation. No histones could be detected in the DNA-protein complex. The proteins bound to DNA were found to be composed of several kinds of nonhistone proteins with a molecular weight range of 50,000 to 60,000; they appear to play a key role in stabilizing and maintaining the compact and folded structure of the complex. Removal of the proteins by Pronase or 2-mercaptoethanol produced a more relaxed structure sedimenting about half as fast as the original complex in a neutral sucrose gradient. DNA in the folded complex is supercoiled, as indicated by the characteristic biphasic response of its sedimentation rate to increasing concentration of various intercalating agents, actinomycin D, ethidium bromide and acriflavine, with which the cells were treated before lysis. Pronase- or 2-mercaptoethanol-treated relaxed DNA still possessed the characteristic of closed-circular structure as judged from its response to intercalating agents. Nicking with gamma-ray or 4NQO broke these superhelical turns and relaxed the folded complex to slower sedimenting forms equivalent to the relaxed DNA obtained on treatment with Pronase or 2-mercaptoethanol. Viscometric observations of DNA-protein complex were consistent with the above results. A tentative model for the structure of this DNA-protein complex is proposed in which supercoiled DNA is folded into loops by several kinds of nonhistone proteins. Autoradiographic examination of the complex appeared to support this model.", "contents": "Supercoiled DNA folded by nonhistone proteins in cultured mouse carcinoma cells. Upon gentle lysis of exponentially growing mouse carcinoma cells FM3A by sodium dodecyl sulfate, DNA was released as a \"DNA-protein complex\" in a folded conformation. No histones could be detected in the DNA-protein complex. The proteins bound to DNA were found to be composed of several kinds of nonhistone proteins with a molecular weight range of 50,000 to 60,000; they appear to play a key role in stabilizing and maintaining the compact and folded structure of the complex. Removal of the proteins by Pronase or 2-mercaptoethanol produced a more relaxed structure sedimenting about half as fast as the original complex in a neutral sucrose gradient. DNA in the folded complex is supercoiled, as indicated by the characteristic biphasic response of its sedimentation rate to increasing concentration of various intercalating agents, actinomycin D, ethidium bromide and acriflavine, with which the cells were treated before lysis. Pronase- or 2-mercaptoethanol-treated relaxed DNA still possessed the characteristic of closed-circular structure as judged from its response to intercalating agents. Nicking with gamma-ray or 4NQO broke these superhelical turns and relaxed the folded complex to slower sedimenting forms equivalent to the relaxed DNA obtained on treatment with Pronase or 2-mercaptoethanol. Viscometric observations of DNA-protein complex were consistent with the above results. A tentative model for the structure of this DNA-protein complex is proposed in which supercoiled DNA is folded into loops by several kinds of nonhistone proteins. Autoradiographic examination of the complex appeared to support this model.", "PMID": 99442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3772", "title": "Separation and characterization of the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A method is described for the preparation of outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the outer membrane proteins characterized. Isolated outer and cytoplasmic membranes differed markedly in the content of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (lipopolysaccharide) and phospholipid as well as in the localization of certain enzymes (NADH oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, D-lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and phospholipase), and also in the microscopic morphology. The outer membrane preparation showed activity neutralizing a certain bacteriocin or bacteriophages, whereas the cytoplasmic membrane preparation showed no neutralizing activity. The protein composition of membrane preparations from five different strains of P. aeruginosa [P14, M92 (PAO1), PAC1, P15, and M2008 (PAT)] were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. More than 50 protein bands were detected in the cytoplasmic membrane preparation. The protein compositions of outer membranes from the five different strains were very similar: at least 6 major bands were found (apparent molecular weights: Band D, 50,000; band E, 45,000; band F, 33,000; bands G and H, 21,000; and band I, 8,000). The protein composition of outer membranes was affected by some physiological growth conditions. Some features of major outer membrane proteins were also studied. Band F showed anomalous migration on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis depending on the solubilizing conditions or pretreatment with TCA. Band I seemed to be a protein analogous to the lipoprotein which had been found in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Separation and characterization of the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A method is described for the preparation of outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the outer membrane proteins characterized. Isolated outer and cytoplasmic membranes differed markedly in the content of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (lipopolysaccharide) and phospholipid as well as in the localization of certain enzymes (NADH oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, D-lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and phospholipase), and also in the microscopic morphology. The outer membrane preparation showed activity neutralizing a certain bacteriocin or bacteriophages, whereas the cytoplasmic membrane preparation showed no neutralizing activity. The protein composition of membrane preparations from five different strains of P. aeruginosa [P14, M92 (PAO1), PAC1, P15, and M2008 (PAT)] were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. More than 50 protein bands were detected in the cytoplasmic membrane preparation. The protein compositions of outer membranes from the five different strains were very similar: at least 6 major bands were found (apparent molecular weights: Band D, 50,000; band E, 45,000; band F, 33,000; bands G and H, 21,000; and band I, 8,000). The protein composition of outer membranes was affected by some physiological growth conditions. Some features of major outer membrane proteins were also studied. Band F showed anomalous migration on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis depending on the solubilizing conditions or pretreatment with TCA. Band I seemed to be a protein analogous to the lipoprotein which had been found in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 99443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3773", "title": "Biogenesis of endoplasmic reticulum membrane in rat liver cells. III. Biosynthesis of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5 by loosely-bound ribosomes.", "content": "Membrane-bound ribosomes were separated into two distinct classes (loosely-bound and tightly-bound ribosomes) by treatment with 0.6 M KCl, 1 mM puromycin, 0.05% DOC, or 10 mM EDTA. It was also confirmed that any one of these reagents except for EDTA dissociated the same class of ribosomes from the membrane. A population of lighter microsomal vesicles was formed from rough microsomes upon the dissociation of loosely-bound ribosomes by treatment with these chemicals. Rough microsomes were subfractionated into lighter and heavier fractions, L-rMs and H-rMs, by centrifugation using a discontinuous gradient of sucrose consisting of 1.3 M, 1.5 M, and 2.1 M solutions. It was found that L-rMs was rich in loosely-bound ribosomes, whereas H-rMs contained a high proportion of tightly-bound ribosomes. It is likely that loosely-bound and tightly-bound ribosomes are heterogeneously distributed among rough microsomal vesicles. Loosely-bound ribosomes and tightly-bound ribosomes synthesize different kinds of proteins. Two microsomal membrane proteins, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5, were exclusively synthesized by loosely-bound ribosomes, whereas serum albumin, which is a major component of the secretory proteins of hepatocytes, was synthesized only by tightly-bound ribosomes. Since the nascent peptides of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5 are released from bound ribosomes to the cytoplasmic surface of endoplasmic reticulum, while those of secretory proteins are discharged into the lumen across the membrane, the strength of the association between ribosomes and microsomal membrane seems to be correlated with the direction of release of nascent peptides.", "contents": "Biogenesis of endoplasmic reticulum membrane in rat liver cells. III. Biosynthesis of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5 by loosely-bound ribosomes. Membrane-bound ribosomes were separated into two distinct classes (loosely-bound and tightly-bound ribosomes) by treatment with 0.6 M KCl, 1 mM puromycin, 0.05% DOC, or 10 mM EDTA. It was also confirmed that any one of these reagents except for EDTA dissociated the same class of ribosomes from the membrane. A population of lighter microsomal vesicles was formed from rough microsomes upon the dissociation of loosely-bound ribosomes by treatment with these chemicals. Rough microsomes were subfractionated into lighter and heavier fractions, L-rMs and H-rMs, by centrifugation using a discontinuous gradient of sucrose consisting of 1.3 M, 1.5 M, and 2.1 M solutions. It was found that L-rMs was rich in loosely-bound ribosomes, whereas H-rMs contained a high proportion of tightly-bound ribosomes. It is likely that loosely-bound and tightly-bound ribosomes are heterogeneously distributed among rough microsomal vesicles. Loosely-bound ribosomes and tightly-bound ribosomes synthesize different kinds of proteins. Two microsomal membrane proteins, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5, were exclusively synthesized by loosely-bound ribosomes, whereas serum albumin, which is a major component of the secretory proteins of hepatocytes, was synthesized only by tightly-bound ribosomes. Since the nascent peptides of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5 are released from bound ribosomes to the cytoplasmic surface of endoplasmic reticulum, while those of secretory proteins are discharged into the lumen across the membrane, the strength of the association between ribosomes and microsomal membrane seems to be correlated with the direction of release of nascent peptides.", "PMID": 99444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3774", "title": "Spore coat protein of Bacillus subtilis. Structure and precursor synthesis.", "content": "The coat protein of Bacillus subtilis spores comprises about 10% of the total dry weight of spores and 25% of the total spore protein. One protein with a molecular weight of 13,000 to 15,000 comprises a major portion of the spore coat. This mature spore coat protein has histidine at its NH2 terminus and is relatively rich in hydrophobic amino acids. Netropsin, and antibiotic which binds to A-T-rich regions of DNA and inhibits sporulation, but not growth, decreased the synthesis of this spore coat protein by 75%. A precursor spore coat protein with a molecular weight of 25,000 is made initially at t1 of sporulation and is converted to the mature spore coat protein with a molecular weight of 13,500 at t2 - t3. These data indicate that the spore coat protein gene is expressed very early in sporulation prior to the modifications of RNA polymerase which have been noted.", "contents": "Spore coat protein of Bacillus subtilis. Structure and precursor synthesis. The coat protein of Bacillus subtilis spores comprises about 10% of the total dry weight of spores and 25% of the total spore protein. One protein with a molecular weight of 13,000 to 15,000 comprises a major portion of the spore coat. This mature spore coat protein has histidine at its NH2 terminus and is relatively rich in hydrophobic amino acids. Netropsin, and antibiotic which binds to A-T-rich regions of DNA and inhibits sporulation, but not growth, decreased the synthesis of this spore coat protein by 75%. A precursor spore coat protein with a molecular weight of 25,000 is made initially at t1 of sporulation and is converted to the mature spore coat protein with a molecular weight of 13,500 at t2 - t3. These data indicate that the spore coat protein gene is expressed very early in sporulation prior to the modifications of RNA polymerase which have been noted.", "PMID": 99446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3775", "title": "Preparation of glycopeptides and oligosaccharides from thyroxine-binding globulin.", "content": "Over 99% of thyroxine (T4), the major form of thyroid hormone in plasma, is bound to the plasma glycoprotein thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). The carbohydrate composition of TBG (14.6% by weight) consists of mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid in the molar ratios of 11:9:16:10 per mol of glycoprotein. No fucose or N-acetylgalactosamine were detected. Amino acid analyses were performed. Glycopeptides, prepared by exhaustive pronase treatment of the glycoprotein, were separated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. All glycopeptides contained the four sugars present in the native glycoprotein. One-fourth of the glycopeptide fraction was resolved into a discrete component, glycopeptide I. The remaining glycopeptides were a mixture termed glycopeptides II and III. Glycopeptides II and III were resolved into two discrete carbohydrate units, termed oligosaccharides A and B, by alkaline-borohydride treatment and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. We propose that TBG contains four oligosaccharide chains as calculated from the molecular weights of the glycopeptides and from compositional data assuming 1 asparagine residue/glycopeptide. The carbohydrate structures of the glycopeptides and relative affinities of TBG, glycopeptides and oligosaccharides for hepatocyte plasma membrane binding are presented in the accompanying paper (Zinn, A.B., Marshall, J.S., and Carlson, D.M. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 6768-6773.", "contents": "Preparation of glycopeptides and oligosaccharides from thyroxine-binding globulin. Over 99% of thyroxine (T4), the major form of thyroid hormone in plasma, is bound to the plasma glycoprotein thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). The carbohydrate composition of TBG (14.6% by weight) consists of mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid in the molar ratios of 11:9:16:10 per mol of glycoprotein. No fucose or N-acetylgalactosamine were detected. Amino acid analyses were performed. Glycopeptides, prepared by exhaustive pronase treatment of the glycoprotein, were separated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. All glycopeptides contained the four sugars present in the native glycoprotein. One-fourth of the glycopeptide fraction was resolved into a discrete component, glycopeptide I. The remaining glycopeptides were a mixture termed glycopeptides II and III. Glycopeptides II and III were resolved into two discrete carbohydrate units, termed oligosaccharides A and B, by alkaline-borohydride treatment and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. We propose that TBG contains four oligosaccharide chains as calculated from the molecular weights of the glycopeptides and from compositional data assuming 1 asparagine residue/glycopeptide. The carbohydrate structures of the glycopeptides and relative affinities of TBG, glycopeptides and oligosaccharides for hepatocyte plasma membrane binding are presented in the accompanying paper (Zinn, A.B., Marshall, J.S., and Carlson, D.M. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 6768-6773.", "PMID": 99447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3776", "title": "Fluctuations in the production of specific cellular peptides during the growth of animal cells.", "content": "Patterns of newly synthesized proteins of Vero cells in different growth states were obtained using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The 240 most prevalent peptide spots were then compared. Cells in exponential growth and in the stationary phase were found to have patterns of peptide spots characteristic of their state of growth. The transition between these patterns is progressive, and the cells acquire a pattern characteristic of quiescent cells by the late exponential phase. These observations suggest that a series of modulations in gene expression occurs during the transition of growth states in animal cells that leads to the specific appearance or disappearance of certain cellular peptides.", "contents": "Fluctuations in the production of specific cellular peptides during the growth of animal cells. Patterns of newly synthesized proteins of Vero cells in different growth states were obtained using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The 240 most prevalent peptide spots were then compared. Cells in exponential growth and in the stationary phase were found to have patterns of peptide spots characteristic of their state of growth. The transition between these patterns is progressive, and the cells acquire a pattern characteristic of quiescent cells by the late exponential phase. These observations suggest that a series of modulations in gene expression occurs during the transition of growth states in animal cells that leads to the specific appearance or disappearance of certain cellular peptides.", "PMID": 99451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3777", "title": "Outer membrane protein antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Salmonella enteric fever and meningococcal meningitis.", "content": "Outer membrane protein preparations were obtained from strains of Salmonella and Neisseria meningitidis. Solubilized cell envelope (CE) fractions from S. typhi and Salmonella groups A, B, C, and E had very similar electrophoretic mobilities on polyacrylamide gel, and common antigens were demonstrated by immunodiffusion. CE appeared to be a more satisfactory antigen than the more purified preparation (T/TEI) in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with sera from typhoid and paratyphoid patients. With either antigen, however, the presence of antibodies was demonstrated in acute- and vonvalescent-phase sera. In the case of N. meningitidis infections, the crude (STA) and the more purified antigens (T/TEI) were equally satisfactory, and a rise in antibody titer could easily be demonstrated with paired acute- and convalescent-phase sera. The ELISA appears to be a simple but highly sensitive test for the detection of antibodies by using outer membrane protein antigens.", "contents": "Outer membrane protein antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Salmonella enteric fever and meningococcal meningitis. Outer membrane protein preparations were obtained from strains of Salmonella and Neisseria meningitidis. Solubilized cell envelope (CE) fractions from S. typhi and Salmonella groups A, B, C, and E had very similar electrophoretic mobilities on polyacrylamide gel, and common antigens were demonstrated by immunodiffusion. CE appeared to be a more satisfactory antigen than the more purified preparation (T/TEI) in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with sera from typhoid and paratyphoid patients. With either antigen, however, the presence of antibodies was demonstrated in acute- and vonvalescent-phase sera. In the case of N. meningitidis infections, the crude (STA) and the more purified antigens (T/TEI) were equally satisfactory, and a rise in antibody titer could easily be demonstrated with paired acute- and convalescent-phase sera. The ELISA appears to be a simple but highly sensitive test for the detection of antibodies by using outer membrane protein antigens.", "PMID": 99452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3778", "title": "Piliation and colonial morphology among laboratory strains of meningococci.", "content": "Colonial morphology and piliation were studied on twelve strains from various serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis. Six different colony types (M1 to M6) were identified. Most strains elaborated only an M1 colonial type, which is similar to gonococcus T4. Several combinations of piliation and colonial morphology were observed: (i) colonial variation in which neither parent nor variant were piliated; (ii) colonial variation involving piliated and nonpiliated cells; (iii) dissociation of piliated from nonpiliated cells with no colonial change; and (iv) colonial variation in which both variants were piliated but with distinctly different pili. Results of this study demonstrate that correlations between piliation and colony morphology within N. meningitidis are exceptions rather than the rule.", "contents": "Piliation and colonial morphology among laboratory strains of meningococci. Colonial morphology and piliation were studied on twelve strains from various serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis. Six different colony types (M1 to M6) were identified. Most strains elaborated only an M1 colonial type, which is similar to gonococcus T4. Several combinations of piliation and colonial morphology were observed: (i) colonial variation in which neither parent nor variant were piliated; (ii) colonial variation involving piliated and nonpiliated cells; (iii) dissociation of piliated from nonpiliated cells with no colonial change; and (iv) colonial variation in which both variants were piliated but with distinctly different pili. Results of this study demonstrate that correlations between piliation and colony morphology within N. meningitidis are exceptions rather than the rule.", "PMID": 99453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3779", "title": "Plaque formation by strains of spotted fever rickettsiae in monolayer cultures of various cell types.", "content": "Some strains of spotted fever rickettsiae could be distinguished by their ability or inability to form plaques in monolayer cultures of various mammalian and avian cell types.", "contents": "Plaque formation by strains of spotted fever rickettsiae in monolayer cultures of various cell types. Some strains of spotted fever rickettsiae could be distinguished by their ability or inability to form plaques in monolayer cultures of various mammalian and avian cell types.", "PMID": 99454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3780", "title": "The effect of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The brain is critically dependent for its moment to moment function and survival on an adequate supply of oxygen. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) may play an important role in oxygen delivery to brain tissue by facilitating the hydration of metabolically produced carbon dioxide in erythrocytes in brain capillaries, thus permitting the Bohr effect to occur. We examined the effect of 30 mg/kg i.v. acetazolamide, a potent inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, upon cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in lightly anesthetized, passively ventilated rhesus monkeys. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption were measured with oxygen-15-labeled water and oxygen-15-labeled oxyhemoglobin, respectively, injected into the internal carotid artery and monitored externally. Acetazolamide produced an immediate and significant increase in cerebral blood flow (from a mean of 64.7 to 83.8 ml/100 g per min), an increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension (from a mean of 40.7 to 47.5 torr), and a decrease in cerebral oxygen consumption (from a mean of 4.16 to 2.82 ml/100 g per min). Because the change in cerebral oxygen consumption occurred within minutes of the administration of acetazolamide, we believe that this effect probably was not due to a direct action on brain cells but was achieved by an interference with oxygen unloading in brain capillaries. A resultant tissue hypoxia might well explain part of the observed increase in cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "The effect of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization in the rhesus monkey. The brain is critically dependent for its moment to moment function and survival on an adequate supply of oxygen. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) may play an important role in oxygen delivery to brain tissue by facilitating the hydration of metabolically produced carbon dioxide in erythrocytes in brain capillaries, thus permitting the Bohr effect to occur. We examined the effect of 30 mg/kg i.v. acetazolamide, a potent inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, upon cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in lightly anesthetized, passively ventilated rhesus monkeys. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption were measured with oxygen-15-labeled water and oxygen-15-labeled oxyhemoglobin, respectively, injected into the internal carotid artery and monitored externally. Acetazolamide produced an immediate and significant increase in cerebral blood flow (from a mean of 64.7 to 83.8 ml/100 g per min), an increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension (from a mean of 40.7 to 47.5 torr), and a decrease in cerebral oxygen consumption (from a mean of 4.16 to 2.82 ml/100 g per min). Because the change in cerebral oxygen consumption occurred within minutes of the administration of acetazolamide, we believe that this effect probably was not due to a direct action on brain cells but was achieved by an interference with oxygen unloading in brain capillaries. A resultant tissue hypoxia might well explain part of the observed increase in cerebral blood flow.", "PMID": 99455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3781", "title": "Inactive form of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B in patients with primary renal tubular acidosis.", "content": "Evidence was found for an inactive form of carbonic anhydrase type B in the erythrocytes of two children with primary renal tubular acidosis. The addition of zinc chloride to hemolysates from these patients resulted in a marked increase in the activity of this enzyme. No such effect was noted with hemolysates of control subjects. No significant differences were observed in the zinc levels of hemolysates of these patients and of normal individuals. However, the level of zinc in the carbonic anhydrase B isolated from one of these patients was low, suggesting a modified form of the enzyme. The restoration of activity upon the addition of zinc was reversed by ethylenediamine tetraacetate, but no such effects were noted for the carbonic anhydrase B of normal individuals. Thus the abnormal carbonic anhydrase B has decreased zinc binding. The ultraviolet difference spectrum of the carbonic anhydrase B of normal individuals and that of a patient showed a peak at 305 nm which decreased upon the addition of zinc. The abnormal form of carbonic anhydrase B was not distinguishable from that of normal individuals by either immunological or electrophoretic criteria.", "contents": "Inactive form of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B in patients with primary renal tubular acidosis. Evidence was found for an inactive form of carbonic anhydrase type B in the erythrocytes of two children with primary renal tubular acidosis. The addition of zinc chloride to hemolysates from these patients resulted in a marked increase in the activity of this enzyme. No such effect was noted with hemolysates of control subjects. No significant differences were observed in the zinc levels of hemolysates of these patients and of normal individuals. However, the level of zinc in the carbonic anhydrase B isolated from one of these patients was low, suggesting a modified form of the enzyme. The restoration of activity upon the addition of zinc was reversed by ethylenediamine tetraacetate, but no such effects were noted for the carbonic anhydrase B of normal individuals. Thus the abnormal carbonic anhydrase B has decreased zinc binding. The ultraviolet difference spectrum of the carbonic anhydrase B of normal individuals and that of a patient showed a peak at 305 nm which decreased upon the addition of zinc. The abnormal form of carbonic anhydrase B was not distinguishable from that of normal individuals by either immunological or electrophoretic criteria.", "PMID": 99456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3782", "title": "Evaluation of some methods for the laboratory examination of sputum.", "content": "Methods for the quantitation of leucocytes, squamous epithelial cells, and potential pathogens in sputa are described. Microscopic examination showed that 58% of sputa tested (554/957) were purulent or moderately purulent and 48% were moderately or heavily contaminated by squamous epithelial cells. The presence of squamous epithelial cells indicated oropharyngeal contamination. A simple dilution technique was chosen to compare the isolation of potential pathogens from direct cultures and from dilutions of sputa (10(-7) per ml original sputum). The dilution technique permitted easier reading of sputum cultures and avoided the possible over-reporting of enterobacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were frequently found on direct examination. Enterobacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were more likely to be isolated from sputa moderately or heavily contaminated with squamous epithelial cells. The use of counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and co-agglutination tests to detect pneumococcal antigen in sputa is described. The presence of antigen in sputum was a more reliable index of lower respiratory tract infection than a positive culture. Co-agglutination tests were simpler to perform and used smaller amounts of expensive antiserum than CIE.", "contents": "Evaluation of some methods for the laboratory examination of sputum. Methods for the quantitation of leucocytes, squamous epithelial cells, and potential pathogens in sputa are described. Microscopic examination showed that 58% of sputa tested (554/957) were purulent or moderately purulent and 48% were moderately or heavily contaminated by squamous epithelial cells. The presence of squamous epithelial cells indicated oropharyngeal contamination. A simple dilution technique was chosen to compare the isolation of potential pathogens from direct cultures and from dilutions of sputa (10(-7) per ml original sputum). The dilution technique permitted easier reading of sputum cultures and avoided the possible over-reporting of enterobacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were frequently found on direct examination. Enterobacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were more likely to be isolated from sputa moderately or heavily contaminated with squamous epithelial cells. The use of counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and co-agglutination tests to detect pneumococcal antigen in sputa is described. The presence of antigen in sputum was a more reliable index of lower respiratory tract infection than a positive culture. Co-agglutination tests were simpler to perform and used smaller amounts of expensive antiserum than CIE.", "PMID": 99457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3783", "title": "Intracortical connectivity of architectonic fields in the somatic sensory, motor and parietal cortex of monkeys.", "content": "Anterograde and retrograde transport methods were used to study the corticocortical connectivity of areas 3a, 3b, 1, 2, 5, 4 and 6 of the monkey cerebral cortex. Fields were identified by cytoarchitectonic features and by thalamic connectivity in the same brains. Area 3a was identified by first recording a short latency group I afferent evoked potential. Attempts were made to analyze the data in terms of: (1) routes whereby somatic sensory input might influence the performance of motor cortex neurons; (2) possible multiple representations of the body surface in the component fields of the first somatic sensory area (SI). Apart from vertical interlaminar connections, two types of intracortical connectivity are recognized. The first, regarded as \"non-specific,\" consists of axons spreading out in layers I, III and V-VI from all sides of an injection of isotope; these cross architectonic borders indiscrimininately. They are not unique to the regions studied. The second is formed by axons entering the white matter and re-entering other fields. In these, they terminate in layers I-IV in one or more mediolaterally oriented strips of fairly constant width (0.5--1 mm) and separated by gaps of comparable size. Though there is a broadly systematic topography in these projections, the strips are probably best regarded as representing some feature other than receptive field position. Separate representations are nevertheless implied in area 3b, in areas 1 and 2 (together), in areas 3a and 4 (together) and in area 5; with, in each case, the representations of the digits pointed at the central sulcus. Area 3b is not connected with areas 3a or 4, but projects to a combined areas 1 and 2. Area 1 is reciprocally connected with area 3a and area 2 reciprocally with area 4. The connectivity of area 3a, as conventionally identified, is such that it is probably best regarded not as an entity, but as a part of area 4. Areas identified by others as area 3a should probably be regraded as parts of area 3b. Parts of area 5 that should be more properly considered as area 2, and other parts that receive thalamic input not from the ventrobasal complex but from the lateral nuclear complex and anterior pulvinar, are also interconnected with area 4. More posterior parts of area 5 are connected with laterally placed parts of area 6. A more medial part of area 6, the supplementary motor area, occupies a pivotal position in the sensory-motor cortex, for it receives fibers from areas 3a, 4, 1, 2 and 5 (all parts), and projects back to areas 3a, 4 and 5.", "contents": "Intracortical connectivity of architectonic fields in the somatic sensory, motor and parietal cortex of monkeys. Anterograde and retrograde transport methods were used to study the corticocortical connectivity of areas 3a, 3b, 1, 2, 5, 4 and 6 of the monkey cerebral cortex. Fields were identified by cytoarchitectonic features and by thalamic connectivity in the same brains. Area 3a was identified by first recording a short latency group I afferent evoked potential. Attempts were made to analyze the data in terms of: (1) routes whereby somatic sensory input might influence the performance of motor cortex neurons; (2) possible multiple representations of the body surface in the component fields of the first somatic sensory area (SI). Apart from vertical interlaminar connections, two types of intracortical connectivity are recognized. The first, regarded as \"non-specific,\" consists of axons spreading out in layers I, III and V-VI from all sides of an injection of isotope; these cross architectonic borders indiscrimininately. They are not unique to the regions studied. The second is formed by axons entering the white matter and re-entering other fields. In these, they terminate in layers I-IV in one or more mediolaterally oriented strips of fairly constant width (0.5--1 mm) and separated by gaps of comparable size. Though there is a broadly systematic topography in these projections, the strips are probably best regarded as representing some feature other than receptive field position. Separate representations are nevertheless implied in area 3b, in areas 1 and 2 (together), in areas 3a and 4 (together) and in area 5; with, in each case, the representations of the digits pointed at the central sulcus. Area 3b is not connected with areas 3a or 4, but projects to a combined areas 1 and 2. Area 1 is reciprocally connected with area 3a and area 2 reciprocally with area 4. The connectivity of area 3a, as conventionally identified, is such that it is probably best regarded not as an entity, but as a part of area 4. Areas identified by others as area 3a should probably be regraded as parts of area 3b. Parts of area 5 that should be more properly considered as area 2, and other parts that receive thalamic input not from the ventrobasal complex but from the lateral nuclear complex and anterior pulvinar, are also interconnected with area 4. More posterior parts of area 5 are connected with laterally placed parts of area 6. A more medial part of area 6, the supplementary motor area, occupies a pivotal position in the sensory-motor cortex, for it receives fibers from areas 3a, 4, 1, 2 and 5 (all parts), and projects back to areas 3a, 4 and 5.", "PMID": 99458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3784", "title": "The hypothalamic magnocellular system of the rhesus monkey: an immunocytochemical study.", "content": "The hypothalamic magnocellular system of the adult female rhesus monkey is studied here, using immunoperoxidase technique and antisera to estrogen stimulated neurophysin (ESN), nicotine stimulated neurophysin (NSN), oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP). These observations confirm and enlarge previous descriptions by others using Gomori techniques. It is apparent from this study that the magnocellular system spreads through a broader area than is generally accepted. A group of cells ventral to the head of the caudate nucleus and medial to the internal capsule is described. The general orientation of the nuclei and their tracts can only be appreciated when coronal, horizontal and sagittal sections are compared. Our observations suggest that the supraoptic nucleus is made up of a single group of cells that straddles the optic pathways, and is not divided in three segments, as it is generally described. It is also shown that the rostral extensions of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei merge above the optic chiasm. Cells containing ESN/OT and NSN/VP are evenly dispersed in the paraventricular nucleus but a topographical arrangement is present in the supraoptic nucleus. The magnocellular nuclei project to the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, zona externa of the median eminence and pars nervosa of the pituitary gland. Reactive fibers were also seen within islets of cells from the pars intermedia located inside the pars nervosa. A globular structure containing small blood vessels surrounded by positive fibers was noticed protruding into the floor of the third ventricle, at the level of the median eminence.", "contents": "The hypothalamic magnocellular system of the rhesus monkey: an immunocytochemical study. The hypothalamic magnocellular system of the adult female rhesus monkey is studied here, using immunoperoxidase technique and antisera to estrogen stimulated neurophysin (ESN), nicotine stimulated neurophysin (NSN), oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP). These observations confirm and enlarge previous descriptions by others using Gomori techniques. It is apparent from this study that the magnocellular system spreads through a broader area than is generally accepted. A group of cells ventral to the head of the caudate nucleus and medial to the internal capsule is described. The general orientation of the nuclei and their tracts can only be appreciated when coronal, horizontal and sagittal sections are compared. Our observations suggest that the supraoptic nucleus is made up of a single group of cells that straddles the optic pathways, and is not divided in three segments, as it is generally described. It is also shown that the rostral extensions of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei merge above the optic chiasm. Cells containing ESN/OT and NSN/VP are evenly dispersed in the paraventricular nucleus but a topographical arrangement is present in the supraoptic nucleus. The magnocellular nuclei project to the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, zona externa of the median eminence and pars nervosa of the pituitary gland. Reactive fibers were also seen within islets of cells from the pars intermedia located inside the pars nervosa. A globular structure containing small blood vessels surrounded by positive fibers was noticed protruding into the floor of the third ventricle, at the level of the median eminence.", "PMID": 99459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3785", "title": "A comparative study of the neurons of origin of the spinocerebellar afferents in the rat, cat and squirrel monkey based on the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The cell bodies of the neurons of the spinocerebellar pathways were examined using large injections of horseradish peroxidose into the cerebellum. Sections of each spinal segment were examined with both the DAB and the de Olmos O-dianisidine techniques. Results common to all three species were found. In Clarke's nucleus, the central cervical nucleus, and the spinal border cells there were many heavily labeled cells. Clarke's nucleus was found to project primarily ipsilaterally; the spinal border cells primarily contralaterally; and the central cervical nucleus bilaterally. In addition to these aggregates of spinocerebellar neurons there were numerous labeled neurons scattered throughout the spinal grey. Labeled neurons were found in all portions of the spinal grey except the substantia gelatinosa and lateral cervical nucleus and occurred in all spinal segments. They varied in morphology from large multipolar neurons, found predominantly in the ventral horn to small globular and fusiform neurons that were most abundant in the dorsal horn. These cells were found to project both ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Results common to only two of the species examined were also found. In the dquirrel monkey and the cat, but not the rat, the marginal layer of the dorsal horn in all segments of the spinal contained numerous labeled neurons. These marginal neurons were especially numerous in the squirrel monkey, where as many as 13 to 16 labeled neurons per section of the dorsal horn were found. In the rat and the squirrel monkey but not the cat, some intensely labeled large multipolar neurons were found in the sacral and caudal segments. These are the cells of Stilling's nucleus, a column of cells similar in position and orientation to that of Clarke's column but different in its projections and details of cytoarchitecture. Thus we have not only confirmed that Clarke's nucleus, the central cervical nucleus, and the spinal border cells project to the cerebellum but we have also found several new sources of spinocerebellar afferents.", "contents": "A comparative study of the neurons of origin of the spinocerebellar afferents in the rat, cat and squirrel monkey based on the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The cell bodies of the neurons of the spinocerebellar pathways were examined using large injections of horseradish peroxidose into the cerebellum. Sections of each spinal segment were examined with both the DAB and the de Olmos O-dianisidine techniques. Results common to all three species were found. In Clarke's nucleus, the central cervical nucleus, and the spinal border cells there were many heavily labeled cells. Clarke's nucleus was found to project primarily ipsilaterally; the spinal border cells primarily contralaterally; and the central cervical nucleus bilaterally. In addition to these aggregates of spinocerebellar neurons there were numerous labeled neurons scattered throughout the spinal grey. Labeled neurons were found in all portions of the spinal grey except the substantia gelatinosa and lateral cervical nucleus and occurred in all spinal segments. They varied in morphology from large multipolar neurons, found predominantly in the ventral horn to small globular and fusiform neurons that were most abundant in the dorsal horn. These cells were found to project both ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Results common to only two of the species examined were also found. In the dquirrel monkey and the cat, but not the rat, the marginal layer of the dorsal horn in all segments of the spinal contained numerous labeled neurons. These marginal neurons were especially numerous in the squirrel monkey, where as many as 13 to 16 labeled neurons per section of the dorsal horn were found. In the rat and the squirrel monkey but not the cat, some intensely labeled large multipolar neurons were found in the sacral and caudal segments. These are the cells of Stilling's nucleus, a column of cells similar in position and orientation to that of Clarke's column but different in its projections and details of cytoarchitecture. Thus we have not only confirmed that Clarke's nucleus, the central cervical nucleus, and the spinal border cells project to the cerebellum but we have also found several new sources of spinocerebellar afferents.", "PMID": 99460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3786", "title": "Aflatoxin production on high moisture corn and sorghum with a limited incubation.", "content": "Samples of ground, cracked, or whole kernels of sorghum or corn were inoculated with Aspergillus flavus no. 15546. The samples were incubated at 25 or 30 C and 90% relative humidity for 48 or 72 h. In all treatments, the 72-h samples contained more aflatoxins B1 and B2 than the 48-h samples. Cracked sorghum at 30  C for 72 h and whole sorghum at 25 C for 72 h contained more aflatoxins than any other treatment. Even in these short incubation periods, enough aflatoxin could be produced to be harmful to livestock.", "contents": "Aflatoxin production on high moisture corn and sorghum with a limited incubation. Samples of ground, cracked, or whole kernels of sorghum or corn were inoculated with Aspergillus flavus no. 15546. The samples were incubated at 25 or 30 C and 90% relative humidity for 48 or 72 h. In all treatments, the 72-h samples contained more aflatoxins B1 and B2 than the 48-h samples. Cracked sorghum at 30  C for 72 h and whole sorghum at 25 C for 72 h contained more aflatoxins than any other treatment. Even in these short incubation periods, enough aflatoxin could be produced to be harmful to livestock.", "PMID": 99461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3787", "title": "Serum thyrotropin, thyroxine, and tri-iodothyronine in dairy cows fed varying amounts of iodine.", "content": "The objective was to determine whether dairy cows fed supplemental iodine daily at 2.5 or 5.0 mg per kg body weight for 49 wk had altered thyroid status relative to controls fed no supplemental iodine. Average daily dose of iodine was 1.6 and 3.3 g. Iodine as ethylene diamine dihydriodide was fed to Holstein cows beginning at 8 to 10 wk of lactation, for the remainder of that lactation, through the dry period, and into the next lactation. On day 341 after onset of iodine feeding, each cow was injected intravenously with 15 microgram thyrotropin releasing hormone per 100 kg body weight. Thyrotropin in jugular blood collected before injection of releasing hormone averaged 7.6, 6.1, and 8.2 ng/ml for cows given 0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg iodine/kg body weight; there were no differences between means. Releasing hormone increased thyrotropin, thyroxine, and tri-iodothyronine in serum of all cows, but increases were not affected by quantity of dietary iodine.", "contents": "Serum thyrotropin, thyroxine, and tri-iodothyronine in dairy cows fed varying amounts of iodine. The objective was to determine whether dairy cows fed supplemental iodine daily at 2.5 or 5.0 mg per kg body weight for 49 wk had altered thyroid status relative to controls fed no supplemental iodine. Average daily dose of iodine was 1.6 and 3.3 g. Iodine as ethylene diamine dihydriodide was fed to Holstein cows beginning at 8 to 10 wk of lactation, for the remainder of that lactation, through the dry period, and into the next lactation. On day 341 after onset of iodine feeding, each cow was injected intravenously with 15 microgram thyrotropin releasing hormone per 100 kg body weight. Thyrotropin in jugular blood collected before injection of releasing hormone averaged 7.6, 6.1, and 8.2 ng/ml for cows given 0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg iodine/kg body weight; there were no differences between means. Releasing hormone increased thyrotropin, thyroxine, and tri-iodothyronine in serum of all cows, but increases were not affected by quantity of dietary iodine.", "PMID": 99462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3788", "title": "Surgical repair of lateral ankle instability by modification of traditional approaches.", "content": "Recurrent instability following ankle sprains which fail to respond adequately to conservative treatment has been the focal point of discussion among physicians in recent years. A variety of surgical regimens have been implemented primarily over the past 40 years in an attempt to control this problem. The authors discuss these modalities and present their successful approach in treating lateral ankle instability.", "contents": "Surgical repair of lateral ankle instability by modification of traditional approaches. Recurrent instability following ankle sprains which fail to respond adequately to conservative treatment has been the focal point of discussion among physicians in recent years. A variety of surgical regimens have been implemented primarily over the past 40 years in an attempt to control this problem. The authors discuss these modalities and present their successful approach in treating lateral ankle instability.", "PMID": 99464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3789", "title": "Acetylation of chromosome squashes of Drosophila melanogaster decreases the background in autoradiographs from hybridization with [125I]-labeled RNA.", "content": "DNA in prepared chromosomes from the larval salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster was hybridized with [125I]-labeled 5S and tRNA from the same organism. Autoradiography revealed that radioactivity was frequently bound to all regions of the slides, masking labeling of the chromosomes. Acetylation of the preparations before hybridization prevented the formation of this background and revealed the specific chromosomal sites.", "contents": "Acetylation of chromosome squashes of Drosophila melanogaster decreases the background in autoradiographs from hybridization with [125I]-labeled RNA. DNA in prepared chromosomes from the larval salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster was hybridized with [125I]-labeled 5S and tRNA from the same organism. Autoradiography revealed that radioactivity was frequently bound to all regions of the slides, masking labeling of the chromosomes. Acetylation of the preparations before hybridization prevented the formation of this background and revealed the specific chromosomal sites.", "PMID": 99471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3790", "title": "Stress and menstrual distress.", "content": "The relationship between stress and menstrual distress is considered in response to three questions: (1) How stressful are menstruation and its associated events? (2) What factors serve to make menstruation stressful? (3) What are the effects of stress upon the menstrual cycle? Included in the analysis are estimates of the incidence of negative symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle, other indicators of the stressfulness of the premenstrual and menstrual phases, adrenal factors, animal studies, and suggested directions for research and practice.", "contents": "Stress and menstrual distress. The relationship between stress and menstrual distress is considered in response to three questions: (1) How stressful are menstruation and its associated events? (2) What factors serve to make menstruation stressful? (3) What are the effects of stress upon the menstrual cycle? Included in the analysis are estimates of the incidence of negative symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle, other indicators of the stressfulness of the premenstrual and menstrual phases, adrenal factors, animal studies, and suggested directions for research and practice.", "PMID": 99472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3791", "title": "Waterborne infectious disease in Britain.", "content": "The incidence of waterborne typhoid fever and other intestinal infections in Britain since 1937 is reviewed. In the light of the current very low incidence of indigenous typhoid fever, it is suggested that the examination of relevant waterworks staff and prospective employees for carriage of the agents of potentially waterborne disease should be done selectively by appropriate laboratory tests only when indications for them are revealed by medical assessment.", "contents": "Waterborne infectious disease in Britain. The incidence of waterborne typhoid fever and other intestinal infections in Britain since 1937 is reviewed. In the light of the current very low incidence of indigenous typhoid fever, it is suggested that the examination of relevant waterworks staff and prospective employees for carriage of the agents of potentially waterborne disease should be done selectively by appropriate laboratory tests only when indications for them are revealed by medical assessment.", "PMID": 99473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3792", "title": "The relative effectiveness of commonly used disinfectants in inactivation of echovirus 11.", "content": "Echovirus 11 in the presence of fetal calf serum was exposed to six commonly used disinfectants for times of 10, 20 and 30 s. At the end of such exposure times, skim milk neutralized disinfectant activity and residual virus was assayed using the plaque technique. The six disinfectants studied were Javex, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, Wescodyne, One Stroke Ves-Phene, and Sonacide. Although 0.25% (w/v) sodium hydroxide and 95% (v/v) ethanol were equally virucidal and significantly more so than the other four disinfectants, causing 10(6) reduction in 20 s, they may not be practical to use in many instances. Javex at a dilution of 1/50 (1200 parts/10(6) chlorine) proved to be virucidal causing 10(3.5) reduction of echovirus 11 in 30 s. Wescodyne (1/50) and undiluted Sonacide were relatively ineffective causing 10 reduction or less of echovirus 11 in 30 s. One Stroke Ves-Phene (1/50) was ineffective causing no significant inactivation in 30 s.", "contents": "The relative effectiveness of commonly used disinfectants in inactivation of echovirus 11. Echovirus 11 in the presence of fetal calf serum was exposed to six commonly used disinfectants for times of 10, 20 and 30 s. At the end of such exposure times, skim milk neutralized disinfectant activity and residual virus was assayed using the plaque technique. The six disinfectants studied were Javex, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, Wescodyne, One Stroke Ves-Phene, and Sonacide. Although 0.25% (w/v) sodium hydroxide and 95% (v/v) ethanol were equally virucidal and significantly more so than the other four disinfectants, causing 10(6) reduction in 20 s, they may not be practical to use in many instances. Javex at a dilution of 1/50 (1200 parts/10(6) chlorine) proved to be virucidal causing 10(3.5) reduction of echovirus 11 in 30 s. Wescodyne (1/50) and undiluted Sonacide were relatively ineffective causing 10 reduction or less of echovirus 11 in 30 s. One Stroke Ves-Phene (1/50) was ineffective causing no significant inactivation in 30 s.", "PMID": 99474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3793", "title": "Studies on the transfer of protective immunity with lymphoid cells from mice immune to malaria sporozoites.", "content": "In an effort to understand the mechanisms involved in the protective immunity to malarial sporozoites, an A/J mouse/Plasmodium berghei model was studied. Protective immunity could consistently be adoptively transferred only by using sublethal irradiation of recipients (500 R); a spleen equivalent (100 X 10(6))of donor cells from immune syngeneic mice; and a small booster immunization (1 X 10(4)) of recipients with irradiation-attenuated sporozoites. Recipient animals treated in this manner were protected from lethal challenge with 1 X 10(4) nonattenuated sporozoites. Immune and nonimmune serum and spleen cells from nonimmune animals did not protect recipient mice. Fewer immune spleen cells (50 X 10(6)) protected some recipients. In vitro treatment of immune spleen cells with anti-theta sera and complement abolished their ability to transfer protection. This preliminary study suggests that protective sporozoite immunity can be transferred with cells, and that it is T cell dependent.", "contents": "Studies on the transfer of protective immunity with lymphoid cells from mice immune to malaria sporozoites. In an effort to understand the mechanisms involved in the protective immunity to malarial sporozoites, an A/J mouse/Plasmodium berghei model was studied. Protective immunity could consistently be adoptively transferred only by using sublethal irradiation of recipients (500 R); a spleen equivalent (100 X 10(6))of donor cells from immune syngeneic mice; and a small booster immunization (1 X 10(4)) of recipients with irradiation-attenuated sporozoites. Recipient animals treated in this manner were protected from lethal challenge with 1 X 10(4) nonattenuated sporozoites. Immune and nonimmune serum and spleen cells from nonimmune animals did not protect recipient mice. Fewer immune spleen cells (50 X 10(6)) protected some recipients. In vitro treatment of immune spleen cells with anti-theta sera and complement abolished their ability to transfer protection. This preliminary study suggests that protective sporozoite immunity can be transferred with cells, and that it is T cell dependent.", "PMID": 99475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3794", "title": "Antibodies to guinea pig lymphokines. VII. Reactivity with products of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells.", "content": "It was shown previously, that an antiserum directed against highly purified fractions of migration inhibitory factor inhibits delayed hypersensitivity reactions in vivo and in vitro. Using radiolabeling techniques we determined that the anti-lymphokine serum reacted primarily with three lymphocyte activation products (m.w. 60,000, 45,000, and 30,000) all of which had a similar isoelectric point of 5.2. The cellular origin of this material was investigated. It was found that activated B cells, B leukemia cells (L2C), and growing fibroblasts produced material of a similar m.w. as analyzed on SDS-PAGE. No cross-reaction was found with radiolabeled products of activated murine and human lymph node cells and of SV 40-infected African green monkey kidney cells. The isoelectric point of the reactive material from B cells, leukemia cells, and fibroblasts was determined at 5.2. In addition to material with pI 5.2, lymph node cells also produced material with pI 3.5 to 4.5, which focused at pH 5.0 to 5.4. After neuraminidase treatment macrophage migration inhibitory activity in fibroblast culture supernatants could be absorbed specifically to insolubilized anti-lymphokine antibody. These findings suggests that lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells are capable of producing molecules whose physicochemical and functional properties appear to be identical.", "contents": "Antibodies to guinea pig lymphokines. VII. Reactivity with products of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells. It was shown previously, that an antiserum directed against highly purified fractions of migration inhibitory factor inhibits delayed hypersensitivity reactions in vivo and in vitro. Using radiolabeling techniques we determined that the anti-lymphokine serum reacted primarily with three lymphocyte activation products (m.w. 60,000, 45,000, and 30,000) all of which had a similar isoelectric point of 5.2. The cellular origin of this material was investigated. It was found that activated B cells, B leukemia cells (L2C), and growing fibroblasts produced material of a similar m.w. as analyzed on SDS-PAGE. No cross-reaction was found with radiolabeled products of activated murine and human lymph node cells and of SV 40-infected African green monkey kidney cells. The isoelectric point of the reactive material from B cells, leukemia cells, and fibroblasts was determined at 5.2. In addition to material with pI 5.2, lymph node cells also produced material with pI 3.5 to 4.5, which focused at pH 5.0 to 5.4. After neuraminidase treatment macrophage migration inhibitory activity in fibroblast culture supernatants could be absorbed specifically to insolubilized anti-lymphokine antibody. These findings suggests that lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells are capable of producing molecules whose physicochemical and functional properties appear to be identical.", "PMID": 99476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3795", "title": "Inhibition of migration of tumor cells in vitro by lymphokine-containing supernatants.", "content": "Lymphokine-containing supernatants derived from seven different human lymphoid cell lines and lymphokine-containing supernatants from concanavalin A-stimulated murine lymphocytes were found to be capable of reversibly inhibiting the migration of tumor cells in vitro. The tumor cell lines used in these studies were the P815 mastocytoma, Ehrlich ascites, Walker carcinosarcoma, Hepatoma 129, and Sarcoma 37. Preliminary physiochemical evidence suggests that the mediator, here termed TMIF, is distinct from MIF. In any case, these results suggest the possibility that lymphokines other than lymphotoxin or macrophage-activating factors may play a role in tumor immunity.", "contents": "Inhibition of migration of tumor cells in vitro by lymphokine-containing supernatants. Lymphokine-containing supernatants derived from seven different human lymphoid cell lines and lymphokine-containing supernatants from concanavalin A-stimulated murine lymphocytes were found to be capable of reversibly inhibiting the migration of tumor cells in vitro. The tumor cell lines used in these studies were the P815 mastocytoma, Ehrlich ascites, Walker carcinosarcoma, Hepatoma 129, and Sarcoma 37. Preliminary physiochemical evidence suggests that the mediator, here termed TMIF, is distinct from MIF. In any case, these results suggest the possibility that lymphokines other than lymphotoxin or macrophage-activating factors may play a role in tumor immunity.", "PMID": 99477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3796", "title": "Genetic control of immune response to sperm whale myoglobin in mice. I. T lymphocyte proliferative response under H-2-linked Ir gene control.", "content": "Studies on the genetic control of immune response to sperm whale myoglobin were initiated. As demonstrated in this paper, the T lymphocyte proliferative response to whale myoglobin is under H-2-linked Ir gene control. Mice of H-2d, H-2f, and H-2s haplotypes were high responders to the myoglobin, whereas haplotypes H-2b, H-2k, H-2p, H-2q, and H-2r were low responders. The Ir gene(s) was localized between H-2K and H2D regions, since the recombinant strain A.TL (KsIkSkDd) was a low responder and A.TH (KsIsSsDd) was a high responder. Further studies with recombinant strains revealed that the expression of the high-responder I-Ad or Ias alleles was sufficient to give a good response, since strains D2.GD (d d b b b b b b) and B10.HTT (s s s s k k k d) were high responders. The expression of the I-Cd allele in strains B10.A (k k k k k d d d) and B10.A(5R) (b b b k k d d d) also gave high response, and thus suggested a second Ir gene, derived from the H-2d haplotype. The finding that expression of the I-Cs allele in B10.S(8R) (k k ? ? s s s s) did not result in high response suggests the lack of the second Ir gene in the high-responder H-2s haplotype.", "contents": "Genetic control of immune response to sperm whale myoglobin in mice. I. T lymphocyte proliferative response under H-2-linked Ir gene control. Studies on the genetic control of immune response to sperm whale myoglobin were initiated. As demonstrated in this paper, the T lymphocyte proliferative response to whale myoglobin is under H-2-linked Ir gene control. Mice of H-2d, H-2f, and H-2s haplotypes were high responders to the myoglobin, whereas haplotypes H-2b, H-2k, H-2p, H-2q, and H-2r were low responders. The Ir gene(s) was localized between H-2K and H2D regions, since the recombinant strain A.TL (KsIkSkDd) was a low responder and A.TH (KsIsSsDd) was a high responder. Further studies with recombinant strains revealed that the expression of the high-responder I-Ad or Ias alleles was sufficient to give a good response, since strains D2.GD (d d b b b b b b) and B10.HTT (s s s s k k k d) were high responders. The expression of the I-Cd allele in strains B10.A (k k k k k d d d) and B10.A(5R) (b b b k k d d d) also gave high response, and thus suggested a second Ir gene, derived from the H-2d haplotype. The finding that expression of the I-Cs allele in B10.S(8R) (k k ? ? s s s s) did not result in high response suggests the lack of the second Ir gene in the high-responder H-2s haplotype.", "PMID": 99478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3797", "title": "Structural studies on induced antibodies with defined idiotypic specificities. VI. Amino terminal sequences of the heavy and light chain variable regions of anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies from A/J mice suppressed for a cross-reactive idiotype.", "content": "Previous studies in this series have been directed toward the elucidation of the heavy and light chain variable region structures of antibodies raised in A/J mice to the p-azophenylarsonate (Ar) hapten, certain of which bear a cross-reacting idiotype. The present study concerns an analysis of anti-Ar antibodies that arise in A/J mice suppresed for a cross-reacting idiotype. The results indicate that when an idiotype is suppressed and the animal subsequently hyperimmunized, the resultant antibodies are \"deviated\" into different V-region subgroups, both in the heavy and light polypeptide chains. The study presents the first primary structural analysis of a humoral immune response that has been manipulated by an idiotypic reagent.", "contents": "Structural studies on induced antibodies with defined idiotypic specificities. VI. Amino terminal sequences of the heavy and light chain variable regions of anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies from A/J mice suppressed for a cross-reactive idiotype. Previous studies in this series have been directed toward the elucidation of the heavy and light chain variable region structures of antibodies raised in A/J mice to the p-azophenylarsonate (Ar) hapten, certain of which bear a cross-reacting idiotype. The present study concerns an analysis of anti-Ar antibodies that arise in A/J mice suppresed for a cross-reacting idiotype. The results indicate that when an idiotype is suppressed and the animal subsequently hyperimmunized, the resultant antibodies are \"deviated\" into different V-region subgroups, both in the heavy and light polypeptide chains. The study presents the first primary structural analysis of a humoral immune response that has been manipulated by an idiotypic reagent.", "PMID": 99479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3798", "title": "Estimation of antibodies specific for dextran.", "content": "Methods are described for the isolation and characterization of picogram quantities of anti-dextran antibodies. 14C-dextrans produced by using the dextransucrases of Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains B1355 and B512 were used in a radioimmunoassay. The specificity of this assay was verified by using cell cytoplasmic lysates from mouse plasmacytomas, J558 (anti-alpha 1 leads to 3 dextran) and W3129 (anti-alpha 1 leads to 6 dextran). Dextran produced by strain B1355 and insolubilized with epichlorohydrin was used as an immunoabsorbent.", "contents": "Estimation of antibodies specific for dextran. Methods are described for the isolation and characterization of picogram quantities of anti-dextran antibodies. 14C-dextrans produced by using the dextransucrases of Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains B1355 and B512 were used in a radioimmunoassay. The specificity of this assay was verified by using cell cytoplasmic lysates from mouse plasmacytomas, J558 (anti-alpha 1 leads to 3 dextran) and W3129 (anti-alpha 1 leads to 6 dextran). Dextran produced by strain B1355 and insolubilized with epichlorohydrin was used as an immunoabsorbent.", "PMID": 99480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3799", "title": "Identification of tyrosinase inhibitors in cultures of Pityrosporum.", "content": "Lipid fractions capable of inhibiting the dopa-tyrosinase reaction in vitro were isolated by thin-layer chromatography from submerged cultures of Pityrosporum supplemented with oleic acid or vaccenic acid. Analysis of these fractions by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence mainly of C(9) and C(11) dicarboxylic acids. Standard dicarboxylic acids from C(8) to C(13) were capable of inhibiting tyrosinase in vitro to varying extents. Enzymatic kinetic studies showed that they act as competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase. These observations suggest that dicarboxylic acids could be used in the treatment of people with hyperpigmentary disorders.", "contents": "Identification of tyrosinase inhibitors in cultures of Pityrosporum. Lipid fractions capable of inhibiting the dopa-tyrosinase reaction in vitro were isolated by thin-layer chromatography from submerged cultures of Pityrosporum supplemented with oleic acid or vaccenic acid. Analysis of these fractions by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence mainly of C(9) and C(11) dicarboxylic acids. Standard dicarboxylic acids from C(8) to C(13) were capable of inhibiting tyrosinase in vitro to varying extents. Enzymatic kinetic studies showed that they act as competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase. These observations suggest that dicarboxylic acids could be used in the treatment of people with hyperpigmentary disorders.", "PMID": 99481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3800", "title": "[14C]palmitate uptake in isolated rat liver mitochondria: effects of fasting, diabetes mellitus, and inhibitors of carnitine acyltransferase.", "content": "The rapid association of Na-[16-(14)C]palmitate with isolated rat liver mitochondria was measured by an oil separation method. This association was time and temperature-dependent and was absolutely dependent on the presence of exogenous ATP and CoASH and partially dependent on exogenous carnitine. Carnitine dependence was enhanced at lower concentrations of [(14)C]palmitate. At 6.5 micro M [(14)C]palmitate (molar ratio of palmitate to albumin equal to 0.54), the rate of association was linear for 20 sec and was increased more than 100% in the presence of carnitine. Carnitine-dependent association was inhibited by 2-bromopalmitate, an inhibitor of carnitine acyltransferase I, but not by (+)-octanoylcarnitine, a presumed inhibitor of carnitine acyltransferase II. The association of [(14)C]palmitate with mitochondria was enhanced from 190 to 330% in mitochondria isolated from fasted animals and from 160 to 230% in mitochondria isolated from diabetic, ketotic animals as compared to control animals. The enhanced association with mitochondria from fasted animals was inhibited by 2-bromopalmitate. These studies demonstrate a method of evaluating fatty acid association with mitochondria which, because of its dependence on carnitine and carnitine acyltransferase I activity, most likely represents true uptake into mitochondria. Furthermore, these studies indicate that the carnitine-dependent uptake of fatty acids into mitochondria is enhanced in the two ketotic states evaluated and that the carnitine acyltransferase system may be a regulatory site in ketone body production.", "contents": "[14C]palmitate uptake in isolated rat liver mitochondria: effects of fasting, diabetes mellitus, and inhibitors of carnitine acyltransferase. The rapid association of Na-[16-(14)C]palmitate with isolated rat liver mitochondria was measured by an oil separation method. This association was time and temperature-dependent and was absolutely dependent on the presence of exogenous ATP and CoASH and partially dependent on exogenous carnitine. Carnitine dependence was enhanced at lower concentrations of [(14)C]palmitate. At 6.5 micro M [(14)C]palmitate (molar ratio of palmitate to albumin equal to 0.54), the rate of association was linear for 20 sec and was increased more than 100% in the presence of carnitine. Carnitine-dependent association was inhibited by 2-bromopalmitate, an inhibitor of carnitine acyltransferase I, but not by (+)-octanoylcarnitine, a presumed inhibitor of carnitine acyltransferase II. The association of [(14)C]palmitate with mitochondria was enhanced from 190 to 330% in mitochondria isolated from fasted animals and from 160 to 230% in mitochondria isolated from diabetic, ketotic animals as compared to control animals. The enhanced association with mitochondria from fasted animals was inhibited by 2-bromopalmitate. These studies demonstrate a method of evaluating fatty acid association with mitochondria which, because of its dependence on carnitine and carnitine acyltransferase I activity, most likely represents true uptake into mitochondria. Furthermore, these studies indicate that the carnitine-dependent uptake of fatty acids into mitochondria is enhanced in the two ketotic states evaluated and that the carnitine acyltransferase system may be a regulatory site in ketone body production.", "PMID": 99482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3801", "title": "Virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and susceptibility to peroxidative killing systems.", "content": "At sub-bactericidal concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was killed by hydrogen peroxide/peroxidase/halide microbicidal systems. The halide cofactor could be either iodide or, with much lower efficiency, chloride. Omission of any one of the reactants eliminated the tuberculocidal effect. Differences in susceptibility between different strains of M. tuberculosis did not correlate with virulence differences. The observations are discussed in the context of host defence mechanisms against tuberculosis.", "contents": "Virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and susceptibility to peroxidative killing systems. At sub-bactericidal concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was killed by hydrogen peroxide/peroxidase/halide microbicidal systems. The halide cofactor could be either iodide or, with much lower efficiency, chloride. Omission of any one of the reactants eliminated the tuberculocidal effect. Differences in susceptibility between different strains of M. tuberculosis did not correlate with virulence differences. The observations are discussed in the context of host defence mechanisms against tuberculosis.", "PMID": 99484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3802", "title": "R plasmids which alter ultraviolet light-sensitivity and enhance ultraviolet light-induced mutability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "R plasmids pMG1, R2, R931 and pMG15 increased the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to ultraviolet radiation (u.v.) in the wild type, and uvr and polA mutants but did not alter the u.v.-response of a recA mutant. The R plasmid RPL11 reduced u.v.-survival in the wild type, and uvr and polA mutants but did not alter the u.v.-response of a recA host. All the plasmids enhanced the level of spontaneous and u.v.-induced back mutation (Trp+) in a trpB1 strain. The effect of sublethal concentration of sodium arsenite following u.v.-irradiation was examined. It was concluded that in strains trpB1(pMG1) and trpB1(R931), u.v.-protection is determined by a recA+-dependent, arsenite-sensitive repair pathway, whereas in strains trpB1(R2) and trpB1(pMG15), u.v.-protection is determined by a recA+-dependent, arsenite-insensitive step in DNA repair.", "contents": "R plasmids which alter ultraviolet light-sensitivity and enhance ultraviolet light-induced mutability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. R plasmids pMG1, R2, R931 and pMG15 increased the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to ultraviolet radiation (u.v.) in the wild type, and uvr and polA mutants but did not alter the u.v.-response of a recA mutant. The R plasmid RPL11 reduced u.v.-survival in the wild type, and uvr and polA mutants but did not alter the u.v.-response of a recA host. All the plasmids enhanced the level of spontaneous and u.v.-induced back mutation (Trp+) in a trpB1 strain. The effect of sublethal concentration of sodium arsenite following u.v.-irradiation was examined. It was concluded that in strains trpB1(pMG1) and trpB1(R931), u.v.-protection is determined by a recA+-dependent, arsenite-sensitive repair pathway, whereas in strains trpB1(R2) and trpB1(pMG15), u.v.-protection is determined by a recA+-dependent, arsenite-insensitive step in DNA repair.", "PMID": 99485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3803", "title": "Interferon inducing activity of polyinosinic acid.", "content": "Although poly(I) is generally considered to be inactive as an interferon inducer, we have found several authentic poly(I) preparations to be effective inducers. Their interferon inducing ability varied considerably from one cell system to another. In human diploid fibroblasts, primed with interferon and superinduced by cycloheximide and actinomycin D, all active poly(I) samples proved nearly as effective in inducing interferon as poly(I).poly(C). In primary rabbit kidney cell cultures, the active poly(I) samples were either as active, or 3 to 30 times less active than poly(I).poly(C). In intact rabbits they were 100 times less active than poly(I).poly(C). Except for one particular sample, all active poly(I) preparations were inferior to poly(I).poly(C) when assayed for interferon induction in interferon-treated mouse L cells; in DEAE-dextran-treated L cells, they induced little, if any, interferon. The poly(I) inducers of interferon were considerably more susceptible to degradation by TI ribonuclease, pancreatic ribonuclease and human serum nuclease(s) than was poly(I).poly(C) when assayed under the same conditions. Due to their limited half-life time in biological fluids, poly(I) analogues such as those described here may offer a greater safety margin in clinical use than poly(I).poly(C).", "contents": "Interferon inducing activity of polyinosinic acid. Although poly(I) is generally considered to be inactive as an interferon inducer, we have found several authentic poly(I) preparations to be effective inducers. Their interferon inducing ability varied considerably from one cell system to another. In human diploid fibroblasts, primed with interferon and superinduced by cycloheximide and actinomycin D, all active poly(I) samples proved nearly as effective in inducing interferon as poly(I).poly(C). In primary rabbit kidney cell cultures, the active poly(I) samples were either as active, or 3 to 30 times less active than poly(I).poly(C). In intact rabbits they were 100 times less active than poly(I).poly(C). Except for one particular sample, all active poly(I) preparations were inferior to poly(I).poly(C) when assayed for interferon induction in interferon-treated mouse L cells; in DEAE-dextran-treated L cells, they induced little, if any, interferon. The poly(I) inducers of interferon were considerably more susceptible to degradation by TI ribonuclease, pancreatic ribonuclease and human serum nuclease(s) than was poly(I).poly(C) when assayed under the same conditions. Due to their limited half-life time in biological fluids, poly(I) analogues such as those described here may offer a greater safety margin in clinical use than poly(I).poly(C).", "PMID": 99486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3804", "title": "Natural distribution of squirrel monkey retrovirus proviral sequences in primate DNAs.", "content": "3H-labelled 70S RNA of squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV) hybridized to a high degree (greater than 52%) to the DNA of various tissues of two squirrel monkeys. Hybridization of the same probe to DNAs of other primates including New World monkeys (Woolly monkey, capuchin, owl monkey), Old World monkeys (rhesus, African green), apes (gibbon, chimpanzee), and human (A204 cells infected with MPMV) revealed no significant hybridization. Analysis of the kinetics of hybridization indicated that SMRV provirus was present in multiple copies in various squirrel monkey tissues (C0t 1/2 = 120 to 400) and in SMRV-infected A204 cells at a low number of copies (C0t 1/2 = 1500). These results demonstrate that SMRV is an endogenous virus of squirrel monkeys and the first isolated from a New World monkey.", "contents": "Natural distribution of squirrel monkey retrovirus proviral sequences in primate DNAs. 3H-labelled 70S RNA of squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV) hybridized to a high degree (greater than 52%) to the DNA of various tissues of two squirrel monkeys. Hybridization of the same probe to DNAs of other primates including New World monkeys (Woolly monkey, capuchin, owl monkey), Old World monkeys (rhesus, African green), apes (gibbon, chimpanzee), and human (A204 cells infected with MPMV) revealed no significant hybridization. Analysis of the kinetics of hybridization indicated that SMRV provirus was present in multiple copies in various squirrel monkey tissues (C0t 1/2 = 120 to 400) and in SMRV-infected A204 cells at a low number of copies (C0t 1/2 = 1500). These results demonstrate that SMRV is an endogenous virus of squirrel monkeys and the first isolated from a New World monkey.", "PMID": 99487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3805", "title": "Electron microscopic observation of African swine fever virus development in Vero cells.", "content": "African swine fever virus emerges from infected Vero cells either from areas of smooth cell surface or from microvilli. The two patterns may occur at different sites on the same cell and are unique for this virus. The scanning electron micrographs supplement regular thin section views.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observation of African swine fever virus development in Vero cells. African swine fever virus emerges from infected Vero cells either from areas of smooth cell surface or from microvilli. The two patterns may occur at different sites on the same cell and are unique for this virus. The scanning electron micrographs supplement regular thin section views.", "PMID": 99488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3806", "title": "Monitoring inpatient length of stay in a community mental health center.", "content": "The authors assess their experience with reviewing the length of stay of inpatients in a mental health facility. The study yielded data that refine the review process and suggest a rationale for selection of cases for review that may have educational value both to the admitting staff and physician-reviewers. The authors urge experimentation with length of stay norms which reflect specified treatment protocols related to diagnosis, rather than reliance on diagnosis alone.", "contents": "Monitoring inpatient length of stay in a community mental health center. The authors assess their experience with reviewing the length of stay of inpatients in a mental health facility. The study yielded data that refine the review process and suggest a rationale for selection of cases for review that may have educational value both to the admitting staff and physician-reviewers. The authors urge experimentation with length of stay norms which reflect specified treatment protocols related to diagnosis, rather than reliance on diagnosis alone.", "PMID": 99489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3807", "title": "The effect of beta-alanine on motor behaviour, body temperature and cerebral monoamine metabolism in rat.", "content": "Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of beta-alanine produced a decrease in rectal temperature, inhibition of exploratory behaviour and motility, and changes in the metabolism of cerebral monoamines. Dopa and 5-HTP accumulation after inhibition of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, NSD 1015 (3-hydroxybencylhydrazine HCl, 100 mg/kg i.p.) was found to be significantly increased in all the dissected cerebral regions of animals treated with beta-alanine, as compared to the controls. Levels of tyrosine and tryptophan did not show any significant change. Endogenous levels of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), did not change. After inhibition of the catecholamines synthesis with alpha-methyltryrosine (alpha-MT), dopamine depletion was retarded and noradrenaline accelerated, but without reaching statistical significance. After intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of beta-alanine, significant changes in motor behaviour were found. Body temperature and metabolism of brain catecholamine were unchanged. This lack of effect could be explained by poor penetration through the blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "The effect of beta-alanine on motor behaviour, body temperature and cerebral monoamine metabolism in rat. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of beta-alanine produced a decrease in rectal temperature, inhibition of exploratory behaviour and motility, and changes in the metabolism of cerebral monoamines. Dopa and 5-HTP accumulation after inhibition of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, NSD 1015 (3-hydroxybencylhydrazine HCl, 100 mg/kg i.p.) was found to be significantly increased in all the dissected cerebral regions of animals treated with beta-alanine, as compared to the controls. Levels of tyrosine and tryptophan did not show any significant change. Endogenous levels of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), did not change. After inhibition of the catecholamines synthesis with alpha-methyltryrosine (alpha-MT), dopamine depletion was retarded and noradrenaline accelerated, but without reaching statistical significance. After intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of beta-alanine, significant changes in motor behaviour were found. Body temperature and metabolism of brain catecholamine were unchanged. This lack of effect could be explained by poor penetration through the blood-brain barrier.", "PMID": 99490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3808", "title": "Immunological abnormalities and HLA antigen frequencies in IgA deficient patients with epilepsy.", "content": "Twenty-three epileptics with constitutional factors for seizures and low IgA serum concentrations were studied. Imbalance of the IgG subclasses was often observed, the IgG4 being undetectable in 13 (65%) patients. The percentage of circulating lymphocytes positive for surface immunoglobulins was normal except for slightly increased values for IgA in six (28.5%) patients. Of the epileptics, 48% showed subnormal proportions of lymphocytes forming spontaneous rosettes. There was a distinct trend for HLA-A2 antigen in the patients tested.", "contents": "Immunological abnormalities and HLA antigen frequencies in IgA deficient patients with epilepsy. Twenty-three epileptics with constitutional factors for seizures and low IgA serum concentrations were studied. Imbalance of the IgG subclasses was often observed, the IgG4 being undetectable in 13 (65%) patients. The percentage of circulating lymphocytes positive for surface immunoglobulins was normal except for slightly increased values for IgA in six (28.5%) patients. Of the epileptics, 48% showed subnormal proportions of lymphocytes forming spontaneous rosettes. There was a distinct trend for HLA-A2 antigen in the patients tested.", "PMID": 99491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3809", "title": "Profound hypoxia in Papio anubis and Macaca mulatta--physiological and neuropathological effects. I. Abrupt exposure following normoxia. II. Abrupt exposure following moderate hypoxia.", "content": "Lightly anaesthetized and spontaneously breathing P. anubis (PA) and M. mulatta (MM) inhaled at ambient pressure 3.2% oxygen (identical to 37,500 ft or 11,430 m) from air and also after pre-exposure to 14% oxygen (identical to 10,000 ft or 3,048 m). The EEG, ECG, respiratory rate, arterial and cerebral venous sinus pressures, end-tidal pO2 and pCO2 and body temperature were recorded. Arterial and cerebral venous sinus blood gases, pH and pyruvate and lactate contents were estimated. Before hypoxia, MM showed a relative hyperventilation. Profound hypoxia, from air, ended with the \"last breath\" at 89--205 sec in PA and at 93--570 sec in MM. Brain damage was restricted to one MM (4 exposures). Profound hypoxia after exposure to 14% oxygen ended with the \"last breath\" at 87--210 sec in PA and at 120 sec--94 min (including 9 exposures over 5 min) in MM. Brain damage was restricted to one MM (\"last breath\" at 94 min). In the two MM with brain damage there was evidence of reduction in cerebral perfusion near the end of profound hypoxia. Brain damage in one animal contrasts with the frequent and often severe brain damage in MM after equivalent sub-atmospheric decompressions preceded by exposure to moderate altitude (10,000 ft).", "contents": "Profound hypoxia in Papio anubis and Macaca mulatta--physiological and neuropathological effects. I. Abrupt exposure following normoxia. II. Abrupt exposure following moderate hypoxia. Lightly anaesthetized and spontaneously breathing P. anubis (PA) and M. mulatta (MM) inhaled at ambient pressure 3.2% oxygen (identical to 37,500 ft or 11,430 m) from air and also after pre-exposure to 14% oxygen (identical to 10,000 ft or 3,048 m). The EEG, ECG, respiratory rate, arterial and cerebral venous sinus pressures, end-tidal pO2 and pCO2 and body temperature were recorded. Arterial and cerebral venous sinus blood gases, pH and pyruvate and lactate contents were estimated. Before hypoxia, MM showed a relative hyperventilation. Profound hypoxia, from air, ended with the \"last breath\" at 89--205 sec in PA and at 93--570 sec in MM. Brain damage was restricted to one MM (4 exposures). Profound hypoxia after exposure to 14% oxygen ended with the \"last breath\" at 87--210 sec in PA and at 120 sec--94 min (including 9 exposures over 5 min) in MM. Brain damage was restricted to one MM (\"last breath\" at 94 min). In the two MM with brain damage there was evidence of reduction in cerebral perfusion near the end of profound hypoxia. Brain damage in one animal contrasts with the frequent and often severe brain damage in MM after equivalent sub-atmospheric decompressions preceded by exposure to moderate altitude (10,000 ft).", "PMID": 99492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3810", "title": "Reversibility of ischaemically induced changes in extracellular potassium in primate cortex.", "content": "Following the massive increase in extracellular potassium activity that occurs in cerebral cortex when local blood flow falls below 8--11 ml/100 g/min, recovery of potassium toward normal levels might be expected when flow is restored. This study assessed the reversibility of such potassium increases, produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in 13 baboons anaesthetised with alpha-chloralose, in relation to a wide range of ischaemic duration and density and post-occlusion flow. Potassium was measured with ion-exchanger microelectrodes and flow by hydrogen clearance. The artery was occluded for 136 +/- 63 min (mean +/- SD) and measurements were continued thereafter for 93 +/- 57 min without systemic hypertension. Upon reperfusion, partial or complete recovery (i.e., to within control confidence limits) of potassium was seen in all animals, but the rate of recovery varied widely and potassium clearance showed bi-compartmental characteristics in 7 animals. The fast component (or initial slope) rate constant was significantly correlated with post-occlusion flow and (inversely) with the duration of occlusion for which flow fell below the arbitrary threshold of 10 ml/100 g/min (the flow deficit). The slow component was unrelated to these quantities. Complete recovery was associated with a significantly higher post-occlusion flow, and smaller flow deficit, than was partial recovery. Secondary increases in potassium, associated with relatively high flow deficits and post-occlusion flows, were seen in 5 animals. These results are discussed in terms of factors that may determine potassium clearance and the possibility that elevated levels of potassium (demonstrated here to be prolonged well into the post-occlusion phase) might influence the evolution of a cortical infarct.", "contents": "Reversibility of ischaemically induced changes in extracellular potassium in primate cortex. Following the massive increase in extracellular potassium activity that occurs in cerebral cortex when local blood flow falls below 8--11 ml/100 g/min, recovery of potassium toward normal levels might be expected when flow is restored. This study assessed the reversibility of such potassium increases, produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in 13 baboons anaesthetised with alpha-chloralose, in relation to a wide range of ischaemic duration and density and post-occlusion flow. Potassium was measured with ion-exchanger microelectrodes and flow by hydrogen clearance. The artery was occluded for 136 +/- 63 min (mean +/- SD) and measurements were continued thereafter for 93 +/- 57 min without systemic hypertension. Upon reperfusion, partial or complete recovery (i.e., to within control confidence limits) of potassium was seen in all animals, but the rate of recovery varied widely and potassium clearance showed bi-compartmental characteristics in 7 animals. The fast component (or initial slope) rate constant was significantly correlated with post-occlusion flow and (inversely) with the duration of occlusion for which flow fell below the arbitrary threshold of 10 ml/100 g/min (the flow deficit). The slow component was unrelated to these quantities. Complete recovery was associated with a significantly higher post-occlusion flow, and smaller flow deficit, than was partial recovery. Secondary increases in potassium, associated with relatively high flow deficits and post-occlusion flows, were seen in 5 animals. These results are discussed in terms of factors that may determine potassium clearance and the possibility that elevated levels of potassium (demonstrated here to be prolonged well into the post-occlusion phase) might influence the evolution of a cortical infarct.", "PMID": 99493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3811", "title": "An electron-microscopic analysis of axonal alterations following blunt contusion of the spinal cord of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Following contusion (500 g-cm) at upper thoracic levels, sections from the spinal cords of 13 rhesus monkeys were examined with the electron microscope. Survival times ranged from 4 hr to 10 weeks. Samples were taken from the lesion site, from areas 3 and 10 mm rostral and caudal to the lesion center, and from the lumbosacral cord. Four hours postoperatively, several small axons located close to the grey matter at the lesion site exhibit abnormal accumulations of organelles including mitochondria, dense bodies, vesicular structures, and multivesicular bodies. By 12 hr postoperatively many axons at the lesion site appear to be swollen with organelles and exhibit thinning of their myelin sheath. Some organelle-rich profiles lack a myelin sheath altogether. At this time dark axons are present, and myelin sheaths which appear to be empty or to contain small amounts of flocculent material. By 18 hr the first signs of axonal changes appear in the tissue taken 3 mm from the center of the lesion, both swollen and pyknotic axons being present. The axonal pathology spreads from the central part of the cord to the periphery at the impact site, and from the impact site rostrally and caudally, beginning at 18 hr and continuing for the duration of the study. Small fibers degenerate first and large fibers later. The axonal changes observed appear to be comparable to those reported for the central and peripheral nervous systems in other species.", "contents": "An electron-microscopic analysis of axonal alterations following blunt contusion of the spinal cord of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Following contusion (500 g-cm) at upper thoracic levels, sections from the spinal cords of 13 rhesus monkeys were examined with the electron microscope. Survival times ranged from 4 hr to 10 weeks. Samples were taken from the lesion site, from areas 3 and 10 mm rostral and caudal to the lesion center, and from the lumbosacral cord. Four hours postoperatively, several small axons located close to the grey matter at the lesion site exhibit abnormal accumulations of organelles including mitochondria, dense bodies, vesicular structures, and multivesicular bodies. By 12 hr postoperatively many axons at the lesion site appear to be swollen with organelles and exhibit thinning of their myelin sheath. Some organelle-rich profiles lack a myelin sheath altogether. At this time dark axons are present, and myelin sheaths which appear to be empty or to contain small amounts of flocculent material. By 18 hr the first signs of axonal changes appear in the tissue taken 3 mm from the center of the lesion, both swollen and pyknotic axons being present. The axonal pathology spreads from the central part of the cord to the periphery at the impact site, and from the impact site rostrally and caudally, beginning at 18 hr and continuing for the duration of the study. Small fibers degenerate first and large fibers later. The axonal changes observed appear to be comparable to those reported for the central and peripheral nervous systems in other species.", "PMID": 99494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3812", "title": "The paratrigeminal nucleus. I. Neurons and synaptic organization.", "content": "The paratrigeminal nucleus, a diffuse collection of neurons on the lateral medullary surface, lies embedded in the fibres of the restiform body, ascending spinocerebellar tract and the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. Its rostrocaudal extent is approximately 1500--2000 micrometer in the rat, 2800--3500 micrometer in the rhesus monkey, and 5000--6000 micrometer in the human, where it is a well-defined nucleus. In Golgi preparations the neuronal somata are generally fusiform, ranging from 8--15 micrometer in width and 15--25 micrometer in length. Electron microscope studies show that their polar dendritic processes are thick and long and they intertwine in bundles among islands of cells or myelinated fibres. The perikarya have a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio and the scanty cytoplasm is conspicuous for its paucity of organelles and its plethora of polysomal arrays. The neuropil is complex and contains a heterogeneous population of axonal varicosities displaying markedly different axoplasmic structures. Many different types of large granular vesicle-containing axons prevail. These axons engage in axo--somatic, axo--dendritic, axo--spinous and axo--axonic synapses with the processes of the cells within the nucleus.", "contents": "The paratrigeminal nucleus. I. Neurons and synaptic organization. The paratrigeminal nucleus, a diffuse collection of neurons on the lateral medullary surface, lies embedded in the fibres of the restiform body, ascending spinocerebellar tract and the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. Its rostrocaudal extent is approximately 1500--2000 micrometer in the rat, 2800--3500 micrometer in the rhesus monkey, and 5000--6000 micrometer in the human, where it is a well-defined nucleus. In Golgi preparations the neuronal somata are generally fusiform, ranging from 8--15 micrometer in width and 15--25 micrometer in length. Electron microscope studies show that their polar dendritic processes are thick and long and they intertwine in bundles among islands of cells or myelinated fibres. The perikarya have a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio and the scanty cytoplasm is conspicuous for its paucity of organelles and its plethora of polysomal arrays. The neuropil is complex and contains a heterogeneous population of axonal varicosities displaying markedly different axoplasmic structures. Many different types of large granular vesicle-containing axons prevail. These axons engage in axo--somatic, axo--dendritic, axo--spinous and axo--axonic synapses with the processes of the cells within the nucleus.", "PMID": 99495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3813", "title": "The paratrigeminal nucleus. II. Identification and inter-relations of catecholamine axons, indoleamine axons, and substance P immunoreactive cells in the neuropil.", "content": "The localization of three different putative neurotransmitters -- indoleamine, catecholamine, and Substance P -- was studied in the paratrigeminal nucleus of the rat and rhesus monkey at the light and electron microscope level by autoradiography following administration of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine, or [3H]norepinephrine, and by immunocytochemistry using the unlabelled anti-Substance P antiserum peroxidase--antiperoxidase technique. The paratrigeminal neurons are not monoaminergic but certain cells exhibit Substance P-like immunoreactivity. These cells receive a rich plexus of indoleamine afferents, a sparse catecholamine input, and a rich plexus of fibres with Substance P-like immunoreactivity. Of the entire monoaminergic population of labelled axons, more than 60% are synaptic and less then 40% nonsynaptic, and this proportion is the same for indoleamines as for catecholamines. Indoleamine axons form a heterogeneous population with at least four different morphological types that are synaptic and three that are nonsynaptic. They bear distinctive collections of small, clear, tubular or large granular vesicles, which distinguish one category of axon from another. These axons engage in numerous axo--somatic, axo--spinous, axo--dendritic, and possibly axo--axonic relations with paratrigeminal neurons. The catecholamine axons are also heterogeneous in axoplasmic morphology but their terminal contacts are distributed to more peripheral portions of dendrites. The significance of the inter-relations between the monaminergic and peptidergic elements in the paratrigeminal nucleus is discussed in relation to the possible functions of this nucleus as a nociceptive, chemosensitive, or pressure-sensitive centre on the lateral medullary surface.", "contents": "The paratrigeminal nucleus. II. Identification and inter-relations of catecholamine axons, indoleamine axons, and substance P immunoreactive cells in the neuropil. The localization of three different putative neurotransmitters -- indoleamine, catecholamine, and Substance P -- was studied in the paratrigeminal nucleus of the rat and rhesus monkey at the light and electron microscope level by autoradiography following administration of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine, or [3H]norepinephrine, and by immunocytochemistry using the unlabelled anti-Substance P antiserum peroxidase--antiperoxidase technique. The paratrigeminal neurons are not monoaminergic but certain cells exhibit Substance P-like immunoreactivity. These cells receive a rich plexus of indoleamine afferents, a sparse catecholamine input, and a rich plexus of fibres with Substance P-like immunoreactivity. Of the entire monoaminergic population of labelled axons, more than 60% are synaptic and less then 40% nonsynaptic, and this proportion is the same for indoleamines as for catecholamines. Indoleamine axons form a heterogeneous population with at least four different morphological types that are synaptic and three that are nonsynaptic. They bear distinctive collections of small, clear, tubular or large granular vesicles, which distinguish one category of axon from another. These axons engage in numerous axo--somatic, axo--spinous, axo--dendritic, and possibly axo--axonic relations with paratrigeminal neurons. The catecholamine axons are also heterogeneous in axoplasmic morphology but their terminal contacts are distributed to more peripheral portions of dendrites. The significance of the inter-relations between the monaminergic and peptidergic elements in the paratrigeminal nucleus is discussed in relation to the possible functions of this nucleus as a nociceptive, chemosensitive, or pressure-sensitive centre on the lateral medullary surface.", "PMID": 99496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3814", "title": "Radioautographic study of 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing nerve terminals in central ganglia of Planorbis corneus: comparison with other species and characteristics of the serotoninergic nerve terminal.", "content": "Central ganglia from Planorbis corneus were incubated with [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine and [3H]-leucine. After fixation, sections were examined by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. With [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine there was a high level of uptake into a small number of axons and terminal processes in the neuropil. The terminal processes contained granular vesicles (diameter 50--120 nm), some of which possessed eccentrically placed cores, and agranular vesicles (mean diameter 60 nm). No membrane synaptic specializations were observed. With [3H]leucine there was a general distribution of radioactivity throughout the ganglia. The vesicular inclusions and non-specialized nature of the labelled terminal processes were very similar to presumed 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing terminals in other invertebrates and in the mammalian brain. It appears that several anatomical features of serotoninergic nerve terminals are common in all animals studied, although there is no specific characteristic which allows positive identification.", "contents": "Radioautographic study of 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing nerve terminals in central ganglia of Planorbis corneus: comparison with other species and characteristics of the serotoninergic nerve terminal. Central ganglia from Planorbis corneus were incubated with [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine and [3H]-leucine. After fixation, sections were examined by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. With [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine there was a high level of uptake into a small number of axons and terminal processes in the neuropil. The terminal processes contained granular vesicles (diameter 50--120 nm), some of which possessed eccentrically placed cores, and agranular vesicles (mean diameter 60 nm). No membrane synaptic specializations were observed. With [3H]leucine there was a general distribution of radioactivity throughout the ganglia. The vesicular inclusions and non-specialized nature of the labelled terminal processes were very similar to presumed 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing terminals in other invertebrates and in the mammalian brain. It appears that several anatomical features of serotoninergic nerve terminals are common in all animals studied, although there is no specific characteristic which allows positive identification.", "PMID": 99497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3815", "title": "Catabolism and protein binding of Tc-99m pyridoxylideneglutamate.", "content": "Various Tc-99m-labeled compounds have been suggested as replacements for [I-131] rose bengal for imaging of the hepatobiliary system. Among such compounds are Schiff's bases, which are tin-free Tc-chelates easily prepared by 30-min autoclaving of an equimolar mixture of pyridoxal and an amino acid at pH 8.5. We have compared the properties of several Schiff's bases, including Tc-99m pyridoxylideneglutamate (Tc PyG) with [I-131] rose bengal. Under conditions described, Tc-PyG can be prepared free of Tc-pyridoxal and with less than 2% TcO4- radiochemical impurity. Blood clearance and biliary excretion were studied in three animal models, and in normal human volunteers. In all animal models, Tc-PyG initially cleared from the blood more rapidly than rose bengal, but a significant amount of Tc-PyG was excreted in the urine, this in contrast to [I-131] rose bengal which was almost completely excreted through the biliary system. Species differences were observed in the degree of urinary versus biliary clearance of Tc-PyG, with significantly greater urinary excretion in dogs than in monkeys and rabbits. Replacing glutamate with other amino acids did not significantly increase the blood clearance rate or decrease urinary excretion, so that Tc-PyG appears to be at least as good as any of the others studied. Tc-PyG was only 20% bound to plasma proteins, and electrophoretic and chromatographic studies did not reveal any in vivo changes of Tc-PyG before excretion in urine or bile.", "contents": "Catabolism and protein binding of Tc-99m pyridoxylideneglutamate. Various Tc-99m-labeled compounds have been suggested as replacements for [I-131] rose bengal for imaging of the hepatobiliary system. Among such compounds are Schiff's bases, which are tin-free Tc-chelates easily prepared by 30-min autoclaving of an equimolar mixture of pyridoxal and an amino acid at pH 8.5. We have compared the properties of several Schiff's bases, including Tc-99m pyridoxylideneglutamate (Tc PyG) with [I-131] rose bengal. Under conditions described, Tc-PyG can be prepared free of Tc-pyridoxal and with less than 2% TcO4- radiochemical impurity. Blood clearance and biliary excretion were studied in three animal models, and in normal human volunteers. In all animal models, Tc-PyG initially cleared from the blood more rapidly than rose bengal, but a significant amount of Tc-PyG was excreted in the urine, this in contrast to [I-131] rose bengal which was almost completely excreted through the biliary system. Species differences were observed in the degree of urinary versus biliary clearance of Tc-PyG, with significantly greater urinary excretion in dogs than in monkeys and rabbits. Replacing glutamate with other amino acids did not significantly increase the blood clearance rate or decrease urinary excretion, so that Tc-PyG appears to be at least as good as any of the others studied. Tc-PyG was only 20% bound to plasma proteins, and electrophoretic and chromatographic studies did not reveal any in vivo changes of Tc-PyG before excretion in urine or bile.", "PMID": 99499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3816", "title": "Effect of low-protein diets on free amino acids in plasma of young men: effect of protein quality with maintenance or excess energy intake.", "content": "Hematological changes due to protein deprivation were studied in 34 young Japanese men who were given a standard diet with an N intake of 200mg/kg for one week and then low-protein diets with maintenance (45 +/- 2 kcal/kg) or excess (57 +/- 2 kcal/kg) energy and N intakes of about 44 to 99 mg/kg of whole egg or about 50 to 121 mg/kg of polished rice for three weeks. In the period of the low-protein diet the concentrations of most individual free plasma essential amino acids (EAA) decreased significantly in general, and thus the total EAA concentration decreased significantly. Lowering of the valine concentration and elevation of the alanine concentration were the highest changes. The total nonessential amino acid (NEAA) concentration increased significantly in men fed a low-rice-protein diet, but not in those fed a low-egg-protein diet. Consequently, in the former group the ratio of essential to nonessential amino acids fell significanly from 0.96 in the control period to 0.61--0.74 in the period of consuming the low-protein diet. The effect of protein deprivation on the plasma EAA concentration was also larger with egg protein than with rice protein, and the total EAA concentration of men fed egg protein changed significantly and in parallel with the N intake over the range of 44 to 99mg/kg. The decreases in serine and threonine and increase in alanine tended to be more when energy intake was over the maintenance level. The concentration of plasma proteins and especially albumin decreased significantly during the period of consuming the low-protein diet. The interrelation of plasma-free amino acids, the amino acid pool in tissures and dietary N and energy intakes is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Effect of low-protein diets on free amino acids in plasma of young men: effect of protein quality with maintenance or excess energy intake. Hematological changes due to protein deprivation were studied in 34 young Japanese men who were given a standard diet with an N intake of 200mg/kg for one week and then low-protein diets with maintenance (45 +/- 2 kcal/kg) or excess (57 +/- 2 kcal/kg) energy and N intakes of about 44 to 99 mg/kg of whole egg or about 50 to 121 mg/kg of polished rice for three weeks. In the period of the low-protein diet the concentrations of most individual free plasma essential amino acids (EAA) decreased significantly in general, and thus the total EAA concentration decreased significantly. Lowering of the valine concentration and elevation of the alanine concentration were the highest changes. The total nonessential amino acid (NEAA) concentration increased significantly in men fed a low-rice-protein diet, but not in those fed a low-egg-protein diet. Consequently, in the former group the ratio of essential to nonessential amino acids fell significanly from 0.96 in the control period to 0.61--0.74 in the period of consuming the low-protein diet. The effect of protein deprivation on the plasma EAA concentration was also larger with egg protein than with rice protein, and the total EAA concentration of men fed egg protein changed significantly and in parallel with the N intake over the range of 44 to 99mg/kg. The decreases in serine and threonine and increase in alanine tended to be more when energy intake was over the maintenance level. The concentration of plasma proteins and especially albumin decreased significantly during the period of consuming the low-protein diet. The interrelation of plasma-free amino acids, the amino acid pool in tissures and dietary N and energy intakes is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 99500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3817", "title": "A fine structural comparison of the healing of incisional wounds of mucosa and skin.", "content": "Incisional wounds of the same length and depth were made on tongue and dorsal skin of rats and the fine structural aspects of the responses of these were compared. Comparisons were made between the timing and degree of phagocytosis, the timing and rate of epithelial cell migration, of overall rate of healing, and of reformation of basal lamina and attachment complex in these two tissues. Phagocytic activity in epithelium and connective tissue of mucosa reached higher levels than in skin and the peak of activity in the epithelium of the mucosa was earlier than in the epidermis. Mononuclear phagocytes were active in phagocytosis, neutrophils showed little phagocytic activity. Epithelial migration was found to begin earlier in mucosa than in skin. Epithelialization of the wound and repair of supporting tissue were completed earlier. The same sequence in the renewal of ultrastructural components of the hemidesmosome-attachment complex was found in skin and mucosa, but was completed earlier at the mucosal site. Mechanical and physical as well as physiologic factors may play a role in determining the differing rates of repair in mucosa and skin.", "contents": "A fine structural comparison of the healing of incisional wounds of mucosa and skin. Incisional wounds of the same length and depth were made on tongue and dorsal skin of rats and the fine structural aspects of the responses of these were compared. Comparisons were made between the timing and degree of phagocytosis, the timing and rate of epithelial cell migration, of overall rate of healing, and of reformation of basal lamina and attachment complex in these two tissues. Phagocytic activity in epithelium and connective tissue of mucosa reached higher levels than in skin and the peak of activity in the epithelium of the mucosa was earlier than in the epidermis. Mononuclear phagocytes were active in phagocytosis, neutrophils showed little phagocytic activity. Epithelial migration was found to begin earlier in mucosa than in skin. Epithelialization of the wound and repair of supporting tissue were completed earlier. The same sequence in the renewal of ultrastructural components of the hemidesmosome-attachment complex was found in skin and mucosa, but was completed earlier at the mucosal site. Mechanical and physical as well as physiologic factors may play a role in determining the differing rates of repair in mucosa and skin.", "PMID": 99502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3818", "title": "Odontoblast metabolism in rats deficient in vitamin D and calcium. III. Protein synthesis in vitro.", "content": "Dentinogenically active rat incisor odontoblasts were dissected out from animals fed a low calcium, vitamin D free diet (R 25). Protein synthesis by these cells was studied by means of short-time incubation in an in vitro system in the presence of the radioactive labeled precursors L-leucine, L-fucose and L-proline. A significantly increased leucine and proline incorporation into the protein synthesized was noted in the cells from rats fed the deficient R 25 diet compared with odontoblasts from rats fed an adequate control diet (R 47). No difference between the two groups was found when fucose was utilized as a precursor. The well known increase in predentin width when feeding a rachitogenic diet may thus be explained by an increase in organic matrix synthesis in addition to the possible negative direct effects of lowered serum Ca content. Prior to this study, the behavior of proline as a precursor in the in vitro system was studied. The possibility of separating leucine-labeled proteins synthesized in the in vitro system by means of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was also shown.", "contents": "Odontoblast metabolism in rats deficient in vitamin D and calcium. III. Protein synthesis in vitro. Dentinogenically active rat incisor odontoblasts were dissected out from animals fed a low calcium, vitamin D free diet (R 25). Protein synthesis by these cells was studied by means of short-time incubation in an in vitro system in the presence of the radioactive labeled precursors L-leucine, L-fucose and L-proline. A significantly increased leucine and proline incorporation into the protein synthesized was noted in the cells from rats fed the deficient R 25 diet compared with odontoblasts from rats fed an adequate control diet (R 47). No difference between the two groups was found when fucose was utilized as a precursor. The well known increase in predentin width when feeding a rachitogenic diet may thus be explained by an increase in organic matrix synthesis in addition to the possible negative direct effects of lowered serum Ca content. Prior to this study, the behavior of proline as a precursor in the in vitro system was studied. The possibility of separating leucine-labeled proteins synthesized in the in vitro system by means of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was also shown.", "PMID": 99503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3819", "title": "IQ following treatment of lead poisoning: a patient-sibling comparison.", "content": "Forty-seven children treated for lead poisoning (PbB 50 to 365 microgram/dl) were compared to siblings next in age (PbB less than 40 microgram/dl) by a battery of psychologic tests. Symptoms were present in 18 but none had frank encephalopathy. Physical and neurologic examinations revealed no residual damage. Mean psychologic test scores showed no significant difference between patients and controls except in the arithmetic subtest, in which patients' scores were not related to lead concentration. Intelligence tests failed to distinguish children successfully treated from their sibling controls.", "contents": "IQ following treatment of lead poisoning: a patient-sibling comparison. Forty-seven children treated for lead poisoning (PbB 50 to 365 microgram/dl) were compared to siblings next in age (PbB less than 40 microgram/dl) by a battery of psychologic tests. Symptoms were present in 18 but none had frank encephalopathy. Physical and neurologic examinations revealed no residual damage. Mean psychologic test scores showed no significant difference between patients and controls except in the arithmetic subtest, in which patients' scores were not related to lead concentration. Intelligence tests failed to distinguish children successfully treated from their sibling controls.", "PMID": 99504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3820", "title": "Fluorometric assay for measuring biological half-life of coralyne sulfoacetate in dogs and monkeys.", "content": "A spectrophotofluorometric assay for coralyne sulfoacetate was developed. Caralyne was extracted from serum samples with n-butyl alcohol, and the drug concentrations were determined fluorometrically at 475 nm when the extract was excited at 325 nm. A biphasic serum decay curve for coralyne was observed for both dogs and monkeys. The biological half-lives for the two phases were 20 and 196 min in dogs and 15 and 142 min in monkeys.", "contents": "Fluorometric assay for measuring biological half-life of coralyne sulfoacetate in dogs and monkeys. A spectrophotofluorometric assay for coralyne sulfoacetate was developed. Caralyne was extracted from serum samples with n-butyl alcohol, and the drug concentrations were determined fluorometrically at 475 nm when the extract was excited at 325 nm. A biphasic serum decay curve for coralyne was observed for both dogs and monkeys. The biological half-lives for the two phases were 20 and 196 min in dogs and 15 and 142 min in monkeys.", "PMID": 99510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3821", "title": "Quantification of the morphological reaction of platelets to aggregating agents and of its reversal by aggregation inhibitors.", "content": "1. In rabbit citrated platelet-rich plasma, the changes in shape of the platelets produced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were observed by photometric and volumetric techniques and by measurements of platelet images on electron micrographs either directly or with an image analysing computer. This permitted the indirect manifestations of the shape changes to be correlated with the morphological features responsible for them, i.e. transformation of disks to more spherical forms and extrusion of blebs and spikes. 2. Following the addition of ADP, an initial brief peak in the light scattering records was associated with marked but transient irregularities in the surface of the platelets. These effects were absent when the other shape changes were produced by 5-HT. 3. When the optical manifestations of the shape changes induced by ADP were reversed by the addition of antagonists adenosine triphosphate, 2-chloroadenosine or prostaglandin E1, the morphological changes were reversed by a diminution in the number of spikes and the conversion of spherical platelet bodies to a more discoid form. 4. The volume of extracellular plasma trapped between platelets sedimented by centrifugation was proportional to the number of spikes which they extruded. Under all conditions, the volume of the platelets themselves remained remarkably constant at approximately 5 X 10(-9) microliter./platelet. 5. Addition of a calcium chelating agent alone produced a rapid persistent alteration in the optical properties of platelet-rich plasma. The magnitude of this alteration was proportional to chelator concentration but greater in some plasmas than in others. Similar optical effects were produced when the calcium concentration of platelet-rich plasma was increased by adding calcium. The optical effects produced by calcium or its chelators were unusual in that the changes in transmitted and horizontally scattered light were in opposite directions (transmitted light decreased, scattered light increased) whereas, in all other circumstances so far examined, these changes were in the same direction. The chelators caused the formation of spikes on the platelets without appreciably altering their disk shape, which may explain the unusual nature of the optical effects.", "contents": "Quantification of the morphological reaction of platelets to aggregating agents and of its reversal by aggregation inhibitors. 1. In rabbit citrated platelet-rich plasma, the changes in shape of the platelets produced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were observed by photometric and volumetric techniques and by measurements of platelet images on electron micrographs either directly or with an image analysing computer. This permitted the indirect manifestations of the shape changes to be correlated with the morphological features responsible for them, i.e. transformation of disks to more spherical forms and extrusion of blebs and spikes. 2. Following the addition of ADP, an initial brief peak in the light scattering records was associated with marked but transient irregularities in the surface of the platelets. These effects were absent when the other shape changes were produced by 5-HT. 3. When the optical manifestations of the shape changes induced by ADP were reversed by the addition of antagonists adenosine triphosphate, 2-chloroadenosine or prostaglandin E1, the morphological changes were reversed by a diminution in the number of spikes and the conversion of spherical platelet bodies to a more discoid form. 4. The volume of extracellular plasma trapped between platelets sedimented by centrifugation was proportional to the number of spikes which they extruded. Under all conditions, the volume of the platelets themselves remained remarkably constant at approximately 5 X 10(-9) microliter./platelet. 5. Addition of a calcium chelating agent alone produced a rapid persistent alteration in the optical properties of platelet-rich plasma. The magnitude of this alteration was proportional to chelator concentration but greater in some plasmas than in others. Similar optical effects were produced when the calcium concentration of platelet-rich plasma was increased by adding calcium. The optical effects produced by calcium or its chelators were unusual in that the changes in transmitted and horizontally scattered light were in opposite directions (transmitted light decreased, scattered light increased) whereas, in all other circumstances so far examined, these changes were in the same direction. The chelators caused the formation of spikes on the platelets without appreciably altering their disk shape, which may explain the unusual nature of the optical effects.", "PMID": 99512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3822", "title": "Extrajunctional acetylcholine sensitivity of inactive muscle fibres in the baboon during prolonged nerve pressure block.", "content": "1. Nerve-evoked muscular activity was abolished in the small hand muscles of the baboon for 1-2 months by a 3 hr period of nerve compression from a pneumatic tourniquet inflated round the forearm. In the large diameter nerve fibres, this produced either a prolonged conduction block due to local myelin damage at the site of compression, or (in 10-30% of the large fibres) Wallerian degeneration. 2. At varying intervals after nerve compression the extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh)-sensitivity of innervated but inactive muscle fibres in the fourth lumbrical muscle was measured. Observations were also made on lumbrical muscle fibres at similar intervals after surgical denervation. 3. The ACh sensitivity of nerve-blocked muscle fibres started to develop later than in denervated muscle fibres (10 vs. 7 days) and remained at a lower level (40-80 mV/nC, median ACh-sensitivity) than that of denervated muscle fibres (200-437 mV/nC) from 21 to 63 days after nerve block or denervation. 4. In stimulation experiments on four muscles, extrajunctional ACh-sensitivity of both denervated and innervated but inactive fourth lumbrical muscle fibres was reduced by muscular activity. 5. In four animals mild compression was used in the lower limb to produce persistent nerve block without Wallerian degeneration. With one exception (in which some Wallerian degeneration had occurred) recording with a co-axial needle from abductor hallucis showed no spontaneous fibrillation up to 28 days after compression, although the extrajunctional ACh-sensitivity of the muscle fibres appeared to reach levels similar to those observed in the forelimb. All four muscles developed a slight increase in insertion activity after 1-2 weeks. 6. It may be concluded that both muscular activity and some other neural influence, independent of muscular activity, are able to influence extrajunctional muscle properties in the baboon. The neural influence appears to be more effective in preventing spontaneous fibrillation than in preventing a rise in ACh sensitivity of the extrajunctional muscle membrane.", "contents": "Extrajunctional acetylcholine sensitivity of inactive muscle fibres in the baboon during prolonged nerve pressure block. 1. Nerve-evoked muscular activity was abolished in the small hand muscles of the baboon for 1-2 months by a 3 hr period of nerve compression from a pneumatic tourniquet inflated round the forearm. In the large diameter nerve fibres, this produced either a prolonged conduction block due to local myelin damage at the site of compression, or (in 10-30% of the large fibres) Wallerian degeneration. 2. At varying intervals after nerve compression the extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh)-sensitivity of innervated but inactive muscle fibres in the fourth lumbrical muscle was measured. Observations were also made on lumbrical muscle fibres at similar intervals after surgical denervation. 3. The ACh sensitivity of nerve-blocked muscle fibres started to develop later than in denervated muscle fibres (10 vs. 7 days) and remained at a lower level (40-80 mV/nC, median ACh-sensitivity) than that of denervated muscle fibres (200-437 mV/nC) from 21 to 63 days after nerve block or denervation. 4. In stimulation experiments on four muscles, extrajunctional ACh-sensitivity of both denervated and innervated but inactive fourth lumbrical muscle fibres was reduced by muscular activity. 5. In four animals mild compression was used in the lower limb to produce persistent nerve block without Wallerian degeneration. With one exception (in which some Wallerian degeneration had occurred) recording with a co-axial needle from abductor hallucis showed no spontaneous fibrillation up to 28 days after compression, although the extrajunctional ACh-sensitivity of the muscle fibres appeared to reach levels similar to those observed in the forelimb. All four muscles developed a slight increase in insertion activity after 1-2 weeks. 6. It may be concluded that both muscular activity and some other neural influence, independent of muscular activity, are able to influence extrajunctional muscle properties in the baboon. The neural influence appears to be more effective in preventing spontaneous fibrillation than in preventing a rise in ACh sensitivity of the extrajunctional muscle membrane.", "PMID": 99513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3823", "title": "Studies of growth and development of gametocytes in Haemoproteus columbae Kruse.", "content": "As determined by their ability to exflagellate and round up, it took the macrogametocyte and the microgametocyte of Haemoproteus columbae in pigeons 68 and 116 h, respectively, after patency to reach maturity. Pigment granules appeared in the undifferentiated gametocytes 8 h after invasion of blood. Vacuoles were observed in young gametocytes and persisted in the older forms. The growth curve of H. columbae is close to the sigmoidal curve for growth in protozoa. Multiple infection was noticed in pigeons with high levels of parasitemia, but no more than 2 gametocytes reached maturity; such multiple infections were rare in relapses. The sex ratio of the gametocytes was 1:1. Strong lateral displacement of the nuclei of infected erythrocytes was the rule; hypertrophy was negligible.", "contents": "Studies of growth and development of gametocytes in Haemoproteus columbae Kruse. As determined by their ability to exflagellate and round up, it took the macrogametocyte and the microgametocyte of Haemoproteus columbae in pigeons 68 and 116 h, respectively, after patency to reach maturity. Pigment granules appeared in the undifferentiated gametocytes 8 h after invasion of blood. Vacuoles were observed in young gametocytes and persisted in the older forms. The growth curve of H. columbae is close to the sigmoidal curve for growth in protozoa. Multiple infection was noticed in pigeons with high levels of parasitemia, but no more than 2 gametocytes reached maturity; such multiple infections were rare in relapses. The sex ratio of the gametocytes was 1:1. Strong lateral displacement of the nuclei of infected erythrocytes was the rule; hypertrophy was negligible.", "PMID": 99514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3824", "title": "Characteristics of the purified uteroglobin-like protein from rabbit lung.", "content": "A uteroglobin-like protein was prepared from lung extracts of female rabbits by absorption to immobilized anti-uteroglobin immunoglobulin and purified to homogeneity by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200. The final preparation is indistinguishable from uteroglobin according to its behaviour in Ouchterlony double-diffusion, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions, ultraviolet spectrum, tryptic peptide analysis, and progesterone-binding properties. Progesterone binding to the lung protein exhibits an affinity similar to that observed with authentic uteroglobin and is equally enhanced by reduction of the protein with dithiothreitol. Competition experiments with non-radioactive steroids demonstrate a similar steroid-specificity for both proteins. Progesterone binding causes a perturbation in the ultraviolet absorbance of tyrosine residues of the lung protein similar to that observed with uteroglobin. These data suggest that the proteins prepared from both sources are biochemically identical.", "contents": "Characteristics of the purified uteroglobin-like protein from rabbit lung. A uteroglobin-like protein was prepared from lung extracts of female rabbits by absorption to immobilized anti-uteroglobin immunoglobulin and purified to homogeneity by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200. The final preparation is indistinguishable from uteroglobin according to its behaviour in Ouchterlony double-diffusion, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions, ultraviolet spectrum, tryptic peptide analysis, and progesterone-binding properties. Progesterone binding to the lung protein exhibits an affinity similar to that observed with authentic uteroglobin and is equally enhanced by reduction of the protein with dithiothreitol. Competition experiments with non-radioactive steroids demonstrate a similar steroid-specificity for both proteins. Progesterone binding causes a perturbation in the ultraviolet absorbance of tyrosine residues of the lung protein similar to that observed with uteroglobin. These data suggest that the proteins prepared from both sources are biochemically identical.", "PMID": 99515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3825", "title": "Nalorphine-like properties of some 2,3-dimethyl-3-arylpiperidines.", "content": "A number of N-substituted 2,3-dimethyl-3-arylpiperidines having an m- or p-arylhydroxyl were prepared and evaluated for analgesic agonist and antagonist properties. The diastereomeric N-allyl and N-cyclopropylmethyl derivatives behaved as pure potent antagoinists. Substitution of the arylhydroxyl from the meta to the para position resulted in a net fall of the antagoinist activity.", "contents": "Nalorphine-like properties of some 2,3-dimethyl-3-arylpiperidines. A number of N-substituted 2,3-dimethyl-3-arylpiperidines having an m- or p-arylhydroxyl were prepared and evaluated for analgesic agonist and antagonist properties. The diastereomeric N-allyl and N-cyclopropylmethyl derivatives behaved as pure potent antagoinists. Substitution of the arylhydroxyl from the meta to the para position resulted in a net fall of the antagoinist activity.", "PMID": 99516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3826", "title": "Diethyl (4baalpha,4calpha,9aalpha,9balpha)-3,6-dichlorocyclobuta[1,2-b:3,4-b']bisbenzofuran-9a,9b(4bH,4cH)-dicarboxylate: the cis,syn photodimer of ethyl 5-chlorobenzofuran-2-carboxylate, an analogue related to the antilipidemic drug clofibrate.", "content": "The antilipidemic properties of diethyl (4balpha,4calpha,9aalpha,4balpha)-3,6-dichlorocyclobutal[1,2-b:3,4-b']bisbenzofuran-9a,9b(4bH,4cH)-dicarboxylate, herein termed dimer 8, were studied in sucrose-fed and in Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Whereas clofibrate (0.4 mmol/kg) exhibited both anticholesterolemic and antitriglyceridemic activity, dimer 8 showed only antitriglyceridemic properties at the lower dose (0.2 mmol/kg) in sucrose-fed rats. Dimer 8 only lowered serum triglycerides levels in Triton WR-1339 hyperlipidemic rats, whereas clofibrate lowered both cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In the chronic sucrose-fed model, dimer 8 and clofibrate lowered hepatic HMG-CoA reducatase activity and produced significant elevations in several parameters of hepatic drug metabolism. No positive relationship between serum cholesterol lowering and reduction of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity was observed by these agents in sucrose-fed rats.", "contents": "Diethyl (4baalpha,4calpha,9aalpha,9balpha)-3,6-dichlorocyclobuta[1,2-b:3,4-b']bisbenzofuran-9a,9b(4bH,4cH)-dicarboxylate: the cis,syn photodimer of ethyl 5-chlorobenzofuran-2-carboxylate, an analogue related to the antilipidemic drug clofibrate. The antilipidemic properties of diethyl (4balpha,4calpha,9aalpha,4balpha)-3,6-dichlorocyclobutal[1,2-b:3,4-b']bisbenzofuran-9a,9b(4bH,4cH)-dicarboxylate, herein termed dimer 8, were studied in sucrose-fed and in Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Whereas clofibrate (0.4 mmol/kg) exhibited both anticholesterolemic and antitriglyceridemic activity, dimer 8 showed only antitriglyceridemic properties at the lower dose (0.2 mmol/kg) in sucrose-fed rats. Dimer 8 only lowered serum triglycerides levels in Triton WR-1339 hyperlipidemic rats, whereas clofibrate lowered both cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In the chronic sucrose-fed model, dimer 8 and clofibrate lowered hepatic HMG-CoA reducatase activity and produced significant elevations in several parameters of hepatic drug metabolism. No positive relationship between serum cholesterol lowering and reduction of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity was observed by these agents in sucrose-fed rats.", "PMID": 99517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3827", "title": "Effect of sodium transport inhibition on active phosphate transport by toad bladder.", "content": "The relationship between active Na transport (estimated by the short-circuit (SCC)) and active inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport was studied in the toad bladder. When SCC was inhibited by amiloride, ouabain, or removal of K from the serosal bathing solution, active Pi transport was totally inhibited. When Na was replaced isotonically by choline in either the mucosal bathing solution or both the mucosal and serosal bathing solutions, there was no measurable SCC or active Pi transport. These experiments are compatible with the hypothesis that active Pi transport occurs only in the presence of active Na transport.", "contents": "Effect of sodium transport inhibition on active phosphate transport by toad bladder. The relationship between active Na transport (estimated by the short-circuit (SCC)) and active inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport was studied in the toad bladder. When SCC was inhibited by amiloride, ouabain, or removal of K from the serosal bathing solution, active Pi transport was totally inhibited. When Na was replaced isotonically by choline in either the mucosal bathing solution or both the mucosal and serosal bathing solutions, there was no measurable SCC or active Pi transport. These experiments are compatible with the hypothesis that active Pi transport occurs only in the presence of active Na transport.", "PMID": 99519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3828", "title": "Restraint-induced inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors: relation to stages of tumor development.", "content": "Experiments on the use of chronically applied restraint to reduce the number of mammary tumors developing in response to treatment of rats with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene indicated that this inhibitory effect was largely due to restraint applied after the induction period; preinduction restraint and induction period restraint had no significant effect on tumor development. After termination of the restraint treatment, the rate at which new tumors appeared first increased and then decreased. Restraint did not affect the proportion of tumors regressing after ovariectomy.", "contents": "Restraint-induced inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors: relation to stages of tumor development. Experiments on the use of chronically applied restraint to reduce the number of mammary tumors developing in response to treatment of rats with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene indicated that this inhibitory effect was largely due to restraint applied after the induction period; preinduction restraint and induction period restraint had no significant effect on tumor development. After termination of the restraint treatment, the rate at which new tumors appeared first increased and then decreased. Restraint did not affect the proportion of tumors regressing after ovariectomy.", "PMID": 99522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3829", "title": "Primary culture of rat mammary epithelial cells. II. Cytotoxic effect and metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and N-nitroso-N-methylurea.", "content": "To determine the cytotoxicity of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) on primary cultures of rat mammary cells, cultures were exposed to various concentrations of these carcinogens. Cytotoxicity was evident after exposure for 24 hours to as little as 0.1 microgram DMBA/ml. Cytotoxicity was evident after exposure for 2 hours with NMU at concentrations between 80 and 160 microgram/ml. Primary cultures of rat mammary cells were also examined for their ability to metabolize [3H]DMBA into water-soluble products. During a 48-hour period, mammary cells could convert 2.2% [3H]DMBA to water-soluble metabolites. The cells retained (for at least 4 days) small quantities of [3H]DMBA that were insoluble in organic solvents.", "contents": "Primary culture of rat mammary epithelial cells. II. Cytotoxic effect and metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and N-nitroso-N-methylurea. To determine the cytotoxicity of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) on primary cultures of rat mammary cells, cultures were exposed to various concentrations of these carcinogens. Cytotoxicity was evident after exposure for 24 hours to as little as 0.1 microgram DMBA/ml. Cytotoxicity was evident after exposure for 2 hours with NMU at concentrations between 80 and 160 microgram/ml. Primary cultures of rat mammary cells were also examined for their ability to metabolize [3H]DMBA into water-soluble products. During a 48-hour period, mammary cells could convert 2.2% [3H]DMBA to water-soluble metabolites. The cells retained (for at least 4 days) small quantities of [3H]DMBA that were insoluble in organic solvents.", "PMID": 99523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3830", "title": "Crico-arytenoid joint obliteration following longterm intubation in the premature infant.", "content": "Twin male premature infants suffering from hyaline membrane disease were intubated with Cole endotracheal tubes. One died at 25 weeks of age of cor pulmonale, still intubated. The other died at 32 weeks, six weeks after tracheotomy. Both larynges were serially sectioned and compared to normal. The crico-arytenoid joints were destroyed by inflammatory granulation tissue, and later obliterated by fibrous tissue. The probable pathogenesis and implications are discussed.", "contents": "Crico-arytenoid joint obliteration following longterm intubation in the premature infant. Twin male premature infants suffering from hyaline membrane disease were intubated with Cole endotracheal tubes. One died at 25 weeks of age of cor pulmonale, still intubated. The other died at 32 weeks, six weeks after tracheotomy. Both larynges were serially sectioned and compared to normal. The crico-arytenoid joints were destroyed by inflammatory granulation tissue, and later obliterated by fibrous tissue. The probable pathogenesis and implications are discussed.", "PMID": 99524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3831", "title": "Studies on the function of cell membrane. 11th Report: Binding of cytochrome b5 to liver microsomes and plasma membranes isolated from normal and CCl4-treated rats.", "content": "Cytochrome b5 was isolated from liver microsomes using a detergent-method. The hemoprotein was found to bind to liver plasma membranes in vitro and was accompanied by an increase in NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity, but not NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity. As in the case of microsomes, the binding to plasma membranes was temperature-dependent and was tight to the extent that the bound cytochrome b5 was little released under high ionic strength. The capacity of plasma membranes for the binding was less than that of microsomes. Administration of CCl4 did not significantly affect the binding of the hemoprotein in both fractions. These results add support to our previous proposal that the elevation of NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity of liver plasma membranes observed early after administration  of CCl4 may be caused by the binding of cytochrome b5 which has probably migrated from the endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Studies on the function of cell membrane. 11th Report: Binding of cytochrome b5 to liver microsomes and plasma membranes isolated from normal and CCl4-treated rats. Cytochrome b5 was isolated from liver microsomes using a detergent-method. The hemoprotein was found to bind to liver plasma membranes in vitro and was accompanied by an increase in NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity, but not NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity. As in the case of microsomes, the binding to plasma membranes was temperature-dependent and was tight to the extent that the bound cytochrome b5 was little released under high ionic strength. The capacity of plasma membranes for the binding was less than that of microsomes. Administration of CCl4 did not significantly affect the binding of the hemoprotein in both fractions. These results add support to our previous proposal that the elevation of NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity of liver plasma membranes observed early after administration  of CCl4 may be caused by the binding of cytochrome b5 which has probably migrated from the endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 99590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3832", "title": "Alterations in spontaneous activity of the isolated frog spinal cord in Calcium-free environment.", "content": "Spontaneous electrical activity of the isolated frog spinal cord was examined in Ca2+-free environment. Spontaneous discharges from the ventral root altered in four distinguishable steps. The first step was an immediate increase in the rate of spontaneous discharges and the second was a gradual decrease. The third was the occurrence of rhythmical bursts, and the last, the appearance of continuous firing. The rhythmical bursts could be depressed by the addition of metabolic inhibitors (ouabain or dinitrophenol in a concentration of 5 x 10(-5) M) as well as of Ca2+-chelating agents (EDTA or EGTA in a concentration of 10(-3) M). Our results suggest that the occurrence of the rhythmical bursts requires a metabolic pumping process to redistribute Na+ and K+ across the membrane and a small amount of Ca2+ for transmitter secretion.", "contents": "Alterations in spontaneous activity of the isolated frog spinal cord in Calcium-free environment. Spontaneous electrical activity of the isolated frog spinal cord was examined in Ca2+-free environment. Spontaneous discharges from the ventral root altered in four distinguishable steps. The first step was an immediate increase in the rate of spontaneous discharges and the second was a gradual decrease. The third was the occurrence of rhythmical bursts, and the last, the appearance of continuous firing. The rhythmical bursts could be depressed by the addition of metabolic inhibitors (ouabain or dinitrophenol in a concentration of 5 x 10(-5) M) as well as of Ca2+-chelating agents (EDTA or EGTA in a concentration of 10(-3) M). Our results suggest that the occurrence of the rhythmical bursts requires a metabolic pumping process to redistribute Na+ and K+ across the membrane and a small amount of Ca2+ for transmitter secretion.", "PMID": 99591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3833", "title": "Polychlorinated dibenzofurans--potent inducers of rat hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes.", "content": "The effects of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), trace toxic contaminants of commercial polychlorinated biphenyl preparations (PCBs), on the induction of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes were studied in the rat. PCDFs were about a thousand times more potent than PCBs (Kanechlor-500) as inducers of cytochrome P-450. Rats given 10 microgram/kg of PCDFs intraperitoneally for 3 days showed significantly increased hepatic cytochrome P-450 levels. At the highest dose tested, 1000 microgram/kg, a two-fold increase of cytochrome P-450 and a three-fold increase of p-nitroanisole demethylase activity were observed. PCDFs and 3-methylcholanthrene had quite similar effects on microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes. Both drugs increased p-nitroanisole demethylase activity strikingly and aniline hydroxylase activity moderately, but produced little change in aminopyrine demethylase activity. alpha-Naphthoflavone, which is known to be a specific inhibitor of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, inhibited at low concentrations p-nitroanisole demethylase activity of rats previously treated with both drugs. Further, both drugs increased the 455 nm to 430 nm peak ratios of ethyl isocyanide difference spectra. Following three daily doses of PCDFs (100 microgram/kg), cytochrome P-450 level and p-nitroanisole demethylase activity remained elevated for over 15 days, with a decrease to control levels after 30 days. Such indicates the slow excretion of PCDFs.", "contents": "Polychlorinated dibenzofurans--potent inducers of rat hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. The effects of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), trace toxic contaminants of commercial polychlorinated biphenyl preparations (PCBs), on the induction of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes were studied in the rat. PCDFs were about a thousand times more potent than PCBs (Kanechlor-500) as inducers of cytochrome P-450. Rats given 10 microgram/kg of PCDFs intraperitoneally for 3 days showed significantly increased hepatic cytochrome P-450 levels. At the highest dose tested, 1000 microgram/kg, a two-fold increase of cytochrome P-450 and a three-fold increase of p-nitroanisole demethylase activity were observed. PCDFs and 3-methylcholanthrene had quite similar effects on microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes. Both drugs increased p-nitroanisole demethylase activity strikingly and aniline hydroxylase activity moderately, but produced little change in aminopyrine demethylase activity. alpha-Naphthoflavone, which is known to be a specific inhibitor of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, inhibited at low concentrations p-nitroanisole demethylase activity of rats previously treated with both drugs. Further, both drugs increased the 455 nm to 430 nm peak ratios of ethyl isocyanide difference spectra. Following three daily doses of PCDFs (100 microgram/kg), cytochrome P-450 level and p-nitroanisole demethylase activity remained elevated for over 15 days, with a decrease to control levels after 30 days. Such indicates the slow excretion of PCDFs.", "PMID": 99592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3834", "title": "[Pharmacotherapy of peripheral arteriosclerosis].", "content": "Peripheral atherosclerosis was treated in 178 patients: 90 were given pyridinol carbamate for 2--4 months, 40 pentoxyphylline, 30 cetedil, and 18 received butalamine. in intermittent claudication pyridinol carbamate and trental proved most effective, cetedil (straten) was less effective. The favourable effect of pyridinol carbamate is associated with its action both on the state of microcirculation and on the content of lipids. A significant decrease in the level of blood triglycerides was observed during treatment with pyridinol carbamate. Pentoxyphylline reduced blood viscosity and platelet aggregation in patients with peripheral atherosclerosis but had no effect on the blood lipid content. Cetedil did not reduce blood viscosity although it decreased the aggregation of erythrocytes and inhibited the second phase of platelet aggregation. The objective criterion for the improvement of circulation in the affected extremities was increased tolerance to load, particularly in medication with pyridinol carbamate and trental.", "contents": "[Pharmacotherapy of peripheral arteriosclerosis]. Peripheral atherosclerosis was treated in 178 patients: 90 were given pyridinol carbamate for 2--4 months, 40 pentoxyphylline, 30 cetedil, and 18 received butalamine. in intermittent claudication pyridinol carbamate and trental proved most effective, cetedil (straten) was less effective. The favourable effect of pyridinol carbamate is associated with its action both on the state of microcirculation and on the content of lipids. A significant decrease in the level of blood triglycerides was observed during treatment with pyridinol carbamate. Pentoxyphylline reduced blood viscosity and platelet aggregation in patients with peripheral atherosclerosis but had no effect on the blood lipid content. Cetedil did not reduce blood viscosity although it decreased the aggregation of erythrocytes and inhibited the second phase of platelet aggregation. The objective criterion for the improvement of circulation in the affected extremities was increased tolerance to load, particularly in medication with pyridinol carbamate and trental.", "PMID": 99596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3835", "title": "Diamine oxidase in renal failure.", "content": "The enzyme, diamine oxidase, is present in many tissues and plays a role in the metabolism of certain amines, some of which may be toxic. In renal failure, plasma diamine oxidase activity was found to be increased in chronically uremic patients and before and after dialysis therapy in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Diamine oxidase activity was decreased in urine of the chronically uremic patients as compared to normal subjects. In chronically uremic rats, diamine oxidase activity was observed to be increased in plasma and reduced in urine as compared to sham-operated, pair-fed control rats. In the uremic rats diamine oxidase activity was also decreased in kidney and unchanged in liver and muscle. Total amine levels were elevated in plasma and reduced in urine of patients and rats with chronic renal failure. Although the clinical significance of abnormal diamine oxidase activity in renal failure is not clear, it is possible that this enzyme may have a pathophysiologic role in uremia.", "contents": "Diamine oxidase in renal failure. The enzyme, diamine oxidase, is present in many tissues and plays a role in the metabolism of certain amines, some of which may be toxic. In renal failure, plasma diamine oxidase activity was found to be increased in chronically uremic patients and before and after dialysis therapy in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Diamine oxidase activity was decreased in urine of the chronically uremic patients as compared to normal subjects. In chronically uremic rats, diamine oxidase activity was observed to be increased in plasma and reduced in urine as compared to sham-operated, pair-fed control rats. In the uremic rats diamine oxidase activity was also decreased in kidney and unchanged in liver and muscle. Total amine levels were elevated in plasma and reduced in urine of patients and rats with chronic renal failure. Although the clinical significance of abnormal diamine oxidase activity in renal failure is not clear, it is possible that this enzyme may have a pathophysiologic role in uremia.", "PMID": 99597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3836", "title": "Enzyme induction in the uremic liver.", "content": "Forty-five days after subtotal nephrectomy or sham-operation of male rats, microsomal enzymes were investigated in vitro. The activities (per milligram) of microsomal protein of two esterases and of two glucuronyltransferases were normal in the uremic rats. The mixed-function oxidation system had lower activities per milligram of protein than that in sham-operated controls. Due to a decrease of the microsomal protein content of the uremic liver, the activities of these enzymes were decreased when calculated for the whole liver. In contrast, the glucoronidation of phenolphthalein remained normal when related to the whole liver, due to an increased activity per mg of protein. Treatment with the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate caused a significant increase of the liver wet weight, the microsomal protein content, and the activity per mg of protein for the demethylation of aminopyrine in subtotally nephrectomized rats but was without influence on the liver of sham-operated controls. It is concluded that uremia itself does not induce liver microsomal enzymes. The microsomal enzymes, however, remain inducible by foreign compounds even under uremic conditions.", "contents": "Enzyme induction in the uremic liver. Forty-five days after subtotal nephrectomy or sham-operation of male rats, microsomal enzymes were investigated in vitro. The activities (per milligram) of microsomal protein of two esterases and of two glucuronyltransferases were normal in the uremic rats. The mixed-function oxidation system had lower activities per milligram of protein than that in sham-operated controls. Due to a decrease of the microsomal protein content of the uremic liver, the activities of these enzymes were decreased when calculated for the whole liver. In contrast, the glucoronidation of phenolphthalein remained normal when related to the whole liver, due to an increased activity per mg of protein. Treatment with the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate caused a significant increase of the liver wet weight, the microsomal protein content, and the activity per mg of protein for the demethylation of aminopyrine in subtotally nephrectomized rats but was without influence on the liver of sham-operated controls. It is concluded that uremia itself does not induce liver microsomal enzymes. The microsomal enzymes, however, remain inducible by foreign compounds even under uremic conditions.", "PMID": 99598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3837", "title": "Treatment of ectopic calcification in uremia.", "content": "Nine uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis who showed wide arterial and/or stable periarticular calcifications in spite of a well controlled hyperphosphatemia were treated with the diphosphonate disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) in doses of 7.5 to 10 mg/kg of body wt/per day for 5 to 9 months. No clinical or biochemical side-effects were noted. A significant reduction of the extent of periarticular calcifications was observed in five patients: two of them had a complete regression of soft-tissue calcifications, and one patient showed a reduction of arterial calcification. EHDP (7.5 to 10 mg/kg of body wt/per day) induced a significant increase of the osteoid volume and osteoid surface without significant modification of the calcification front. No evident effect on bone resorption and on the mineral content of the radius has been observed.", "contents": "Treatment of ectopic calcification in uremia. Nine uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis who showed wide arterial and/or stable periarticular calcifications in spite of a well controlled hyperphosphatemia were treated with the diphosphonate disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) in doses of 7.5 to 10 mg/kg of body wt/per day for 5 to 9 months. No clinical or biochemical side-effects were noted. A significant reduction of the extent of periarticular calcifications was observed in five patients: two of them had a complete regression of soft-tissue calcifications, and one patient showed a reduction of arterial calcification. EHDP (7.5 to 10 mg/kg of body wt/per day) induced a significant increase of the osteoid volume and osteoid surface without significant modification of the calcification front. No evident effect on bone resorption and on the mineral content of the radius has been observed.", "PMID": 99599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3838", "title": "[Case report on \"congenital cystic eye\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"congenital cystic eye\" is a rare ocular malformation due to an arrest of normal development with complete or partial failure in the invagination of the primary optic vesicle between the third and fifth week of embryonic life. A coincidence of maternal varicella infection and congenital cystic eye is described and the possibility of a causal relationship is discussed.", "contents": "[Case report on \"congenital cystic eye\" (author's transl)]. The \"congenital cystic eye\" is a rare ocular malformation due to an arrest of normal development with complete or partial failure in the invagination of the primary optic vesicle between the third and fifth week of embryonic life. A coincidence of maternal varicella infection and congenital cystic eye is described and the possibility of a causal relationship is discussed.", "PMID": 99602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3839", "title": "Organization and polysaccharides of sponge aggregation factor.", "content": "Aggregation factor, the macromolecular complex which mediates species-specific aggregation of dissociated sponge cells, was isolated from several species, partially characterized, and visualized by electron microscopy. All factors were large fibrous complexes with a backbone and side chains or arms. In some factors, the backbone is linear. In others it is circular and the complex appears as a sunburst with arms extending like rays from the circle. The size and location of the polysaccharide chains have been studied using purified preparations of Microciona prolifera. \"Sunbursts\" treated with ethylenediaminetraacetate (EDTA) for 4 weeks at 0 degrees C dissociate into 3 protein- and polysaccharide-containing components. Sodium dodecyl sulfate does not cause the sunburst to dissociate nor does it inhibit dissociation in the presence of EDTA suggesting that dissociation is not due to hydrolytic enzymes. The dissociation products were fractionated on a 977-A pore size micropore glass column. Fifteen percent of the material is excluded and appears in the electron microscope as the central circle of the sunburst. Digestion of the circles with 10(-3) M dithiothreitol (DTT) and 0.5 mg/ml proteinase K for 72 h at 37 degrees C produces 2 polysaccharide chains of 65,000 and 6,000 daltons as fractionated and sized on a 233-A pore size micropore glass column using Pharmacia dextrans as standards. The included fractions of the EDTA-treated material are subunits of the arms which contain 70% of the polysaccharide. A single polysaccharide of 6,000 daltons as measured on 233-A size glass beads and Sephadex G-75 is released from these subunits by proteinase digestion. Pharmacia dextrans are used as standard on both columns. We calculate that there would be four 65,000-dalton chains and one hundred 6,000-dalton chains per circle and fifty 6,000-dalton chains per arm. The third component of the EDTA-treated preparation is partially included on the column. It appears as linear fibrils in the electron microscope and contains polydisperse polysaccharides of several-hundred-thousand daltons. It may be an impurity since there is apparently less than 1 of the large polysaccharide chains per sunburst.", "contents": "Organization and polysaccharides of sponge aggregation factor. Aggregation factor, the macromolecular complex which mediates species-specific aggregation of dissociated sponge cells, was isolated from several species, partially characterized, and visualized by electron microscopy. All factors were large fibrous complexes with a backbone and side chains or arms. In some factors, the backbone is linear. In others it is circular and the complex appears as a sunburst with arms extending like rays from the circle. The size and location of the polysaccharide chains have been studied using purified preparations of Microciona prolifera. \"Sunbursts\" treated with ethylenediaminetraacetate (EDTA) for 4 weeks at 0 degrees C dissociate into 3 protein- and polysaccharide-containing components. Sodium dodecyl sulfate does not cause the sunburst to dissociate nor does it inhibit dissociation in the presence of EDTA suggesting that dissociation is not due to hydrolytic enzymes. The dissociation products were fractionated on a 977-A pore size micropore glass column. Fifteen percent of the material is excluded and appears in the electron microscope as the central circle of the sunburst. Digestion of the circles with 10(-3) M dithiothreitol (DTT) and 0.5 mg/ml proteinase K for 72 h at 37 degrees C produces 2 polysaccharide chains of 65,000 and 6,000 daltons as fractionated and sized on a 233-A pore size micropore glass column using Pharmacia dextrans as standards. The included fractions of the EDTA-treated material are subunits of the arms which contain 70% of the polysaccharide. A single polysaccharide of 6,000 daltons as measured on 233-A size glass beads and Sephadex G-75 is released from these subunits by proteinase digestion. Pharmacia dextrans are used as standard on both columns. We calculate that there would be four 65,000-dalton chains and one hundred 6,000-dalton chains per circle and fifty 6,000-dalton chains per arm. The third component of the EDTA-treated preparation is partially included on the column. It appears as linear fibrils in the electron microscope and contains polydisperse polysaccharides of several-hundred-thousand daltons. It may be an impurity since there is apparently less than 1 of the large polysaccharide chains per sunburst.", "PMID": 99603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3840", "title": "Inbreeding effects: evidence for a genetic system which regulates viability in Drosophila melanogaster populations.", "content": "Mating studies on individual couples of Drosophila melanogaster allowed the structure of inbred populations in terms of egg hatchability and egg-to-adult survival to be elucidated. The comparison between inbred (from brother-sister matings) and control (randomly crossed) populations distinguished between couples sensitive and insensitive to inbreeding. Mendelian ratios were observed for this \"phenotypic trait\" in the progeny of single couples. These ratios and a double mating experiment indicated that a gene or gene complex implicated in morphogenetic events blocked development during embryonic and larvo-pupal stages. The expression of this lethal gene in homozygous embryos depended on the genetic makeup of both parental flies, i.e., on male and female factors which act as regulatory components. Homozygous embryos which survived the first critical phase (from fertilization to hatching) continued to develop normally until the larvo-pupal period, when they died. Lethality was also modulated by the cytoplasmic composition of the parental eggs, as shown by taxonomic analysis and the double mating experiment. The results account for lethality throughout development due to inbreeding. They lead to an estimated genetic load from laying to adult stage of one \"lethal equivalent\".", "contents": "Inbreeding effects: evidence for a genetic system which regulates viability in Drosophila melanogaster populations. Mating studies on individual couples of Drosophila melanogaster allowed the structure of inbred populations in terms of egg hatchability and egg-to-adult survival to be elucidated. The comparison between inbred (from brother-sister matings) and control (randomly crossed) populations distinguished between couples sensitive and insensitive to inbreeding. Mendelian ratios were observed for this \"phenotypic trait\" in the progeny of single couples. These ratios and a double mating experiment indicated that a gene or gene complex implicated in morphogenetic events blocked development during embryonic and larvo-pupal stages. The expression of this lethal gene in homozygous embryos depended on the genetic makeup of both parental flies, i.e., on male and female factors which act as regulatory components. Homozygous embryos which survived the first critical phase (from fertilization to hatching) continued to develop normally until the larvo-pupal period, when they died. Lethality was also modulated by the cytoplasmic composition of the parental eggs, as shown by taxonomic analysis and the double mating experiment. The results account for lethality throughout development due to inbreeding. They lead to an estimated genetic load from laying to adult stage of one \"lethal equivalent\".", "PMID": 99606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3841", "title": "The effect of polyunsaturated fats on bile acid metabolism and cholelithiasis in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were fed diets containing safflower oil, butter, or coconut oil and 1 mg cholesterol/cal for 15--17 mo to examine the effect of type of fat on cholelithiasis and bile acid metabolism. Controls were fed low cholesterol diets containing an isocaloric mixture of the three fats. Cholic acid fractional catabolic rate, pool size, chenodeoxycholic acid pool size, and total bile acid pool size and excretion rate were estimated using a modification of Lindstedt's isotopic turnover procedure. The animals fed the safflower oil diet had the highest incidence of cholelithiasis (9/10) when compared to those fed butter (3/7) and coconut oil (1/7). Animals consuming the low cholesterol control diet did not develop gallstones. The butter- and coconut oil-fed groups had significantly (p less than 0.05) expanded bile acid pools when compared to controls, and the butter-fed group had a significantly increased (p less than 0.05) cholic acid fractional catabolic rate. The safflower oil group had the smallest mean bile acid pool and the highest mean lithogenic index of the cholesterol-fed groups. It was concluded that the safflower oil-fed animals had a higher incidence of cholelithiasis than the butter group because, unlike the latter group, they did not compensate for a high cholesterol intake by stimulating bile acid synthesis. The animals consuming coconut oil apparently did not absorb cholesterol to the extent of the other groups and as a result their bile did not become saturated with cholesterol.", "contents": "The effect of polyunsaturated fats on bile acid metabolism and cholelithiasis in squirrel monkeys. Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were fed diets containing safflower oil, butter, or coconut oil and 1 mg cholesterol/cal for 15--17 mo to examine the effect of type of fat on cholelithiasis and bile acid metabolism. Controls were fed low cholesterol diets containing an isocaloric mixture of the three fats. Cholic acid fractional catabolic rate, pool size, chenodeoxycholic acid pool size, and total bile acid pool size and excretion rate were estimated using a modification of Lindstedt's isotopic turnover procedure. The animals fed the safflower oil diet had the highest incidence of cholelithiasis (9/10) when compared to those fed butter (3/7) and coconut oil (1/7). Animals consuming the low cholesterol control diet did not develop gallstones. The butter- and coconut oil-fed groups had significantly (p less than 0.05) expanded bile acid pools when compared to controls, and the butter-fed group had a significantly increased (p less than 0.05) cholic acid fractional catabolic rate. The safflower oil group had the smallest mean bile acid pool and the highest mean lithogenic index of the cholesterol-fed groups. It was concluded that the safflower oil-fed animals had a higher incidence of cholelithiasis than the butter group because, unlike the latter group, they did not compensate for a high cholesterol intake by stimulating bile acid synthesis. The animals consuming coconut oil apparently did not absorb cholesterol to the extent of the other groups and as a result their bile did not become saturated with cholesterol.", "PMID": 99632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3842", "title": "Regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis. III. Comparative study of adenine nucleotide pool in aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains.", "content": "The adenine nucleotide pools were studied in toxigenic (NRRL 3240) and non-toxigenic (NRRL 3537) strains of Aspergillus flavus group in relation to aflatoxin biosynthesis. The levels of ADP and AMP were comparatively low in the non-toxigenic strain throughout the growth period. In the toxigenic strain the levels of ADP and AMP increased significantly during the stationary phase. The ATP content of the toxigencic strain had higher ATP levels during the stationary phase compared to the toxigenic strain. The inorganic phosphate levels of the non-aflatoxigenic strain were higher when compared with the aflatoxigenic strain. High levels of inorganic phosphate have been reported to be inhibitory for secondary biosynthesis including aflatoxins. The energy charge values of the non-toxigenic strain, compared to the toxigenic strain, were lower during exponential phase but higher during stationary phase. The observed changes have been correlated with aflatoxin biosynthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis. III. Comparative study of adenine nucleotide pool in aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains. The adenine nucleotide pools were studied in toxigenic (NRRL 3240) and non-toxigenic (NRRL 3537) strains of Aspergillus flavus group in relation to aflatoxin biosynthesis. The levels of ADP and AMP were comparatively low in the non-toxigenic strain throughout the growth period. In the toxigenic strain the levels of ADP and AMP increased significantly during the stationary phase. The ATP content of the toxigencic strain had higher ATP levels during the stationary phase compared to the toxigenic strain. The inorganic phosphate levels of the non-aflatoxigenic strain were higher when compared with the aflatoxigenic strain. High levels of inorganic phosphate have been reported to be inhibitory for secondary biosynthesis including aflatoxins. The energy charge values of the non-toxigenic strain, compared to the toxigenic strain, were lower during exponential phase but higher during stationary phase. The observed changes have been correlated with aflatoxin biosynthesis.", "PMID": 99643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3843", "title": "Regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis. 2 Comparative study of tricarboxylic acid cycle in aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus.", "content": "The presence of a functional TCA cycle and its intermediates has been shown in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus. The role of the TCA cycle in aflatoxin biosynthesis has been studied. In A. parasiticus the TCA cycle was activated on the second day of growth (exponential growth phase) resulting in the onset of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Pyruvate accumulation to toxic levels in A. parasiticus is suggested to shift the growth phase from exponential to stationary with the onset of aflatoxin biosynthesis. In A. flavus, a non-aflatoxigenic strain, no pyruvate accumulation was observed. Moreover, the onset of aflatoxin production in A. parasiticus was followed by a decline in the levels of TCA cycle intermediates indicating their possible utilization in secondary metabolite synthesis. Accumulation of TCA cycle intermediates in A. flavus is suggested to be due to non-diversion to aflatoxin biosynthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis. 2 Comparative study of tricarboxylic acid cycle in aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. The presence of a functional TCA cycle and its intermediates has been shown in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus. The role of the TCA cycle in aflatoxin biosynthesis has been studied. In A. parasiticus the TCA cycle was activated on the second day of growth (exponential growth phase) resulting in the onset of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Pyruvate accumulation to toxic levels in A. parasiticus is suggested to shift the growth phase from exponential to stationary with the onset of aflatoxin biosynthesis. In A. flavus, a non-aflatoxigenic strain, no pyruvate accumulation was observed. Moreover, the onset of aflatoxin production in A. parasiticus was followed by a decline in the levels of TCA cycle intermediates indicating their possible utilization in secondary metabolite synthesis. Accumulation of TCA cycle intermediates in A. flavus is suggested to be due to non-diversion to aflatoxin biosynthesis.", "PMID": 99644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3844", "title": "Studies on delayed hypersensitivity to protein antigen. Induction of delayed hypersensitivity by chemically modified antigen.", "content": "it was shown in our previous paper that mice primed with chemically modified bacterial alpha-amylase (BaA), which was neither cross-reactive with anti-BaA antibody nor able to induce a humoral anti-BaA response, developed enhanced responses to a subsequent challenge with native BaA and that the magnitude of the immunological memory was closely related to the priming dose of modified BaA. This paper describes the experimental conditions for induction of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) by modified BaA in relation to the development of immunological memory for antibody response to native BaA. Mice primed with either an intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of modified BaA in complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA) developed enhanced anti-BaA as the immunogen and modified BaA as the eliciting antigen, the relationship of anti-BaA responses to a subsequent challenge with BaA. In contrast, when mice were immunized with an s.c. injection of the modified BaA only, a significant level of DH to native BaA could be induced, as measured by the footpad reaction (FPR). The highest degree of DH was observed in mice given 50 micrograms of modified BaA. DH was detectable within 5 days and persisted for 25 days after immunization. In the reciprocal combination of native BaA as the immunogen and modified BaA as the eliciting antigen, the relationship of anti-BaA responses to DH was examined. The primary anti-BaA responses induced by an i.p. injection of large doses of BaA was markedly higher than those induced by an s.c. injection, while DH was exhibited only in mice given s.c. injection of BaA in CFA. With respect to DH to native BaA induced by the modified BaA, it was shown that C3H/He mice were high and C57BL/6 mice were low responders.", "contents": "Studies on delayed hypersensitivity to protein antigen. Induction of delayed hypersensitivity by chemically modified antigen. it was shown in our previous paper that mice primed with chemically modified bacterial alpha-amylase (BaA), which was neither cross-reactive with anti-BaA antibody nor able to induce a humoral anti-BaA response, developed enhanced responses to a subsequent challenge with native BaA and that the magnitude of the immunological memory was closely related to the priming dose of modified BaA. This paper describes the experimental conditions for induction of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) by modified BaA in relation to the development of immunological memory for antibody response to native BaA. Mice primed with either an intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of modified BaA in complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA) developed enhanced anti-BaA as the immunogen and modified BaA as the eliciting antigen, the relationship of anti-BaA responses to a subsequent challenge with BaA. In contrast, when mice were immunized with an s.c. injection of the modified BaA only, a significant level of DH to native BaA could be induced, as measured by the footpad reaction (FPR). The highest degree of DH was observed in mice given 50 micrograms of modified BaA. DH was detectable within 5 days and persisted for 25 days after immunization. In the reciprocal combination of native BaA as the immunogen and modified BaA as the eliciting antigen, the relationship of anti-BaA responses to DH was examined. The primary anti-BaA responses induced by an i.p. injection of large doses of BaA was markedly higher than those induced by an s.c. injection, while DH was exhibited only in mice given s.c. injection of BaA in CFA. With respect to DH to native BaA induced by the modified BaA, it was shown that C3H/He mice were high and C57BL/6 mice were low responders.", "PMID": 99645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3845", "title": "Genetic toxicology of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25).", "content": "The acute and the chronic psychotomimetic potentials of the hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) have been recognized for almost 40 years. That additional types of the biological effects should have come under scrutiny was directly attributable to widespread use and abuse of this drug on a world-wide basis. Although \"genetic toxicology\" encompasses a broad spectrum of disciplines, including many areas of highly specialized research, perhaps the most germane, and those on which this review has concentrated, are Clastogenicity, Mutagenicity, Teratogenicity and Oncogenicity. Based on our current understanding and interpretation of the available data, the genetic toxicology of LSD provides an excellent example of Newton's \"third law of motion\", e.g., to every force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. From the published material it is impossible to draw clear cut conclusions regarding any of the above \"problem areas\" in spite of the considerable scientific effort invested. Most of the in vitro studies performed on the clastogenicity of LSD indicate either suppression of mitosis or enhanced chromosome damage. However, extrapolation of such results to the in vivo situation is very difficult. With regard to in vivo human use of the drug, no concensus is attainable as to chromosome breakage and the inconsistencies within and between studies remain inexplicable. However, several of the \"controlled\" investigations assessing the in vivo effect of chemically pure LSD suggest a transient increase in lymphocyte chromosome breakage. On the other hand, the results of cytogenetic studies on experimental animals are contradictory. Although human studies are nonexistent, in those experimental organisms tested, using accepted techniques, LSD proved to be, at best, a weak mutagen, if mutagenic at all. Teratogenicity studies in animals are confusing due to the multitude of organisms and plethora of discriminant parameters studied. However, with regard to man there has been ample opportunity and one can conclude that LSD is not teratogenic. As to the drug's oncogenic potential, the 3 reported cases of leukemia in LSD users are most likely the result of coincidence.", "contents": "Genetic toxicology of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25). The acute and the chronic psychotomimetic potentials of the hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) have been recognized for almost 40 years. That additional types of the biological effects should have come under scrutiny was directly attributable to widespread use and abuse of this drug on a world-wide basis. Although \"genetic toxicology\" encompasses a broad spectrum of disciplines, including many areas of highly specialized research, perhaps the most germane, and those on which this review has concentrated, are Clastogenicity, Mutagenicity, Teratogenicity and Oncogenicity. Based on our current understanding and interpretation of the available data, the genetic toxicology of LSD provides an excellent example of Newton's \"third law of motion\", e.g., to every force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. From the published material it is impossible to draw clear cut conclusions regarding any of the above \"problem areas\" in spite of the considerable scientific effort invested. Most of the in vitro studies performed on the clastogenicity of LSD indicate either suppression of mitosis or enhanced chromosome damage. However, extrapolation of such results to the in vivo situation is very difficult. With regard to in vivo human use of the drug, no concensus is attainable as to chromosome breakage and the inconsistencies within and between studies remain inexplicable. However, several of the \"controlled\" investigations assessing the in vivo effect of chemically pure LSD suggest a transient increase in lymphocyte chromosome breakage. On the other hand, the results of cytogenetic studies on experimental animals are contradictory. Although human studies are nonexistent, in those experimental organisms tested, using accepted techniques, LSD proved to be, at best, a weak mutagen, if mutagenic at all. Teratogenicity studies in animals are confusing due to the multitude of organisms and plethora of discriminant parameters studied. However, with regard to man there has been ample opportunity and one can conclude that LSD is not teratogenic. As to the drug's oncogenic potential, the 3 reported cases of leukemia in LSD users are most likely the result of coincidence.", "PMID": 99650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3846", "title": "A review of the genetic toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins.", "content": "Information from both published and unpublished sources considered relevant to the understanding of the genetic toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins is summarized in this review. Interest in writing this paper was stimulated by the fact that this class of compounds, particularly 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), has gained notoriety as an extreme environmental and industrial hazard. The potential for human exposure occurs in the work place when dioxins are formed during the synthesis of a number of commercially important compounds such as 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, hexachlorophene, and pentachlorophenol. Environmental contamination may result from manufacturing processes and from dioxin contaminants in marketed products. Research on dioxins as potential mutagens was initiated because of their structural similarity to acridines, a class of known intercalating agents. To date, only 4 dioxin compounds have been evaluated for mutagenicity: the di-, tetra-, and octa-chlorinated derivatives and the unsubstituted dibenzo-p-dioxin. Since only a few of the many possible structural forms of dioxins have been tested, no definite conclusions can be made about their potential mutagenicity. Furthermore, the positive mutagenicity and cytological effects reported thus far with the few dioxin isomers examined seems to depend on the position of chlorine substitution. The most active form of the molecule is the 2,3,7,8-derivative (TCDD). Data available for assessing the mutagenic potential of TCDD are conflicting and scarce. Differences in testing results reported in these studies could be attributed to solubility problems with the test chemical, treatment protocols, purity of test samples, or toxicity. Because there are conflicting data, additional experiments are needed before the mutagenic potential of TCDD and other dioxins can be determined. Studies exploring the promoting effect of dioxins on the mutagenicity of other compounds are also recommended because experiments have shown TCDD to be an extremely active liver enzyme inducing agent that enhances the mutagenicity of certain polycyclic hydrocarbons such as 3-methylcholanthrene in vitro. The importance of discerning the hazards to human health from dioxin compounds became apparent after an accidental release of TCDD from a chemical plant contaminated the Seveso, Italy area in July 1976. This accident revealed that insufficient data were available to properly evaluate the long-term health risks posed by dioxin compounds. Several research projects were therefore initiated after the Seveso incident; it is hoped that many of the questions concerning the mutagenicity of TCDD and possibly of other dioxin congeners will be answered as a result of this work.", "contents": "A review of the genetic toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Information from both published and unpublished sources considered relevant to the understanding of the genetic toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins is summarized in this review. Interest in writing this paper was stimulated by the fact that this class of compounds, particularly 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), has gained notoriety as an extreme environmental and industrial hazard. The potential for human exposure occurs in the work place when dioxins are formed during the synthesis of a number of commercially important compounds such as 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, hexachlorophene, and pentachlorophenol. Environmental contamination may result from manufacturing processes and from dioxin contaminants in marketed products. Research on dioxins as potential mutagens was initiated because of their structural similarity to acridines, a class of known intercalating agents. To date, only 4 dioxin compounds have been evaluated for mutagenicity: the di-, tetra-, and octa-chlorinated derivatives and the unsubstituted dibenzo-p-dioxin. Since only a few of the many possible structural forms of dioxins have been tested, no definite conclusions can be made about their potential mutagenicity. Furthermore, the positive mutagenicity and cytological effects reported thus far with the few dioxin isomers examined seems to depend on the position of chlorine substitution. The most active form of the molecule is the 2,3,7,8-derivative (TCDD). Data available for assessing the mutagenic potential of TCDD are conflicting and scarce. Differences in testing results reported in these studies could be attributed to solubility problems with the test chemical, treatment protocols, purity of test samples, or toxicity. Because there are conflicting data, additional experiments are needed before the mutagenic potential of TCDD and other dioxins can be determined. Studies exploring the promoting effect of dioxins on the mutagenicity of other compounds are also recommended because experiments have shown TCDD to be an extremely active liver enzyme inducing agent that enhances the mutagenicity of certain polycyclic hydrocarbons such as 3-methylcholanthrene in vitro. The importance of discerning the hazards to human health from dioxin compounds became apparent after an accidental release of TCDD from a chemical plant contaminated the Seveso, Italy area in July 1976. This accident revealed that insufficient data were available to properly evaluate the long-term health risks posed by dioxin compounds. Several research projects were therefore initiated after the Seveso incident; it is hoped that many of the questions concerning the mutagenicity of TCDD and possibly of other dioxin congeners will be answered as a result of this work.", "PMID": 99649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3847", "title": "IgA protease production as a characteristic distinguishing pathogenic from harmless neisseriaceae.", "content": "IgA proteases are extracellular enzymes of bacteria that have human immunoglobulin A of the IgA1 subclass as their only known substrate. The identification of this enzyme in neisseria prompted us to determine whether IgA protease production correlates with pathogenicity within this genus. Multiple clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis and eight species of non-pathogenic neisseria that commonly colonize the normal human nasopharynx were examined for IgA protease activity. All N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis strains were enzyme positive; all non-pathogenic strains were negative. Among meningococci, the enzyme occurred in strains carried harmlessly in the nasopharynx as well as those isolated from systemic infections. Because mucosal immune defense is largely mediated by antibodies of the IgA isotype, the finding that IgA protease activity is linked specifically to the pathogenic neisseria suggests that the enzyme may be involved in the pathogenesis of neisserial infection.", "contents": "IgA protease production as a characteristic distinguishing pathogenic from harmless neisseriaceae. IgA proteases are extracellular enzymes of bacteria that have human immunoglobulin A of the IgA1 subclass as their only known substrate. The identification of this enzyme in neisseria prompted us to determine whether IgA protease production correlates with pathogenicity within this genus. Multiple clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis and eight species of non-pathogenic neisseria that commonly colonize the normal human nasopharynx were examined for IgA protease activity. All N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis strains were enzyme positive; all non-pathogenic strains were negative. Among meningococci, the enzyme occurred in strains carried harmlessly in the nasopharynx as well as those isolated from systemic infections. Because mucosal immune defense is largely mediated by antibodies of the IgA isotype, the finding that IgA protease activity is linked specifically to the pathogenic neisseria suggests that the enzyme may be involved in the pathogenesis of neisserial infection.", "PMID": 99655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3848", "title": "Aflatoxin is degraded by mycelia from toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of aspergilli grown on different substrates.", "content": "The ability of 9-day-old mycelia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 to degrade aflatoxin varied depending on the substrate used to grow the mold. Substrates which allowed substantial mycelial growth yielded mycelia which actively degraded aflatoxin. Substrates which allowed minimal growth of mycelia yielded mycelia with little ability to degrade aflatoxin. Biodegradation of aflatoxin was also strain-dependent. A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 and NRRL 3000 actively degraded aflatoxin, A. flavus NRRL 3353 was less active, and A. flavus NRRL 482 and A. parasiticus NRRL 3315 degraded minimal amounts of aflatoxins. Those aspergilli producing greatest amounts of aflatoxin also degraded aflatoxins most rapidly, whereas those strains which produced minimal amounts of aflatoxin generally degraded aflatoxins less effectively. Substrates which allowed maximum aflatoxin production also yielded mycelia which actively degraded aflatoxins, whereas media which allowed limited production of aflatoxin generally yielded mycelia with minimal ability to degrade the toxin. Although exceptions exist, generally as aflatoxin production increased so did the ability of mycelia to degrade the toxin.", "contents": "Aflatoxin is degraded by mycelia from toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of aspergilli grown on different substrates. The ability of 9-day-old mycelia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 to degrade aflatoxin varied depending on the substrate used to grow the mold. Substrates which allowed substantial mycelial growth yielded mycelia which actively degraded aflatoxin. Substrates which allowed minimal growth of mycelia yielded mycelia with little ability to degrade aflatoxin. Biodegradation of aflatoxin was also strain-dependent. A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 and NRRL 3000 actively degraded aflatoxin, A. flavus NRRL 3353 was less active, and A. flavus NRRL 482 and A. parasiticus NRRL 3315 degraded minimal amounts of aflatoxins. Those aspergilli producing greatest amounts of aflatoxin also degraded aflatoxins most rapidly, whereas those strains which produced minimal amounts of aflatoxin generally degraded aflatoxins less effectively. Substrates which allowed maximum aflatoxin production also yielded mycelia which actively degraded aflatoxins, whereas media which allowed limited production of aflatoxin generally yielded mycelia with minimal ability to degrade the toxin. Although exceptions exist, generally as aflatoxin production increased so did the ability of mycelia to degrade the toxin.", "PMID": 99656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3849", "title": "[Comparative study of immunoelectrophoresis (IEF) and immunoelectroosmophoresis-immunodiffusion (IEOF-ID) used in the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis].", "content": "Immunoelectroporesis (IEF) and immunoelectroosmophoresis-immunodiffusion (IEOP-ID) (1) were comparatively used in the diagnosis of 16 patients with mycologically proved paracocidioidomycosis. In IEF, 5 different precipitin arcs were found and identified with arabic numbers. Arc. '1', cathodic, present in all the patients, is assimilated to specific arcs previously described by other authors. In IEOP-ID both 'cathodic' and 'anodic' arcs were observed in all the sera. A high number of precipitin arcs were revealed by IEOP-ID technique in comparison to IEF in every case. This should be due to the presence of cathodic arcs 'I' and '2' of the immunoelectrophoregram at both sides of the IEOP-ID preparate.", "contents": "[Comparative study of immunoelectrophoresis (IEF) and immunoelectroosmophoresis-immunodiffusion (IEOF-ID) used in the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis]. Immunoelectroporesis (IEF) and immunoelectroosmophoresis-immunodiffusion (IEOP-ID) (1) were comparatively used in the diagnosis of 16 patients with mycologically proved paracocidioidomycosis. In IEF, 5 different precipitin arcs were found and identified with arabic numbers. Arc. '1', cathodic, present in all the patients, is assimilated to specific arcs previously described by other authors. In IEOP-ID both 'cathodic' and 'anodic' arcs were observed in all the sera. A high number of precipitin arcs were revealed by IEOP-ID technique in comparison to IEF in every case. This should be due to the presence of cathodic arcs 'I' and '2' of the immunoelectrophoregram at both sides of the IEOP-ID preparate.", "PMID": 99657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3850", "title": "[Kinetics of the temperature dependence of thermal activation and inactivation of bacterial endospores as a consequential reaction].", "content": "Reaction kinetics explains the thermal activation and destruction of bacterial endospores as a consequent reaction with the activation rate constant k 1 of the resting spores N 0 and the destruction rate constant k 2 of the heat-activated spores N ++: (formula see text). If one takes also into account the activated spores already present in a suspension, one obtains, at constant temperature, destruction curves that become straight lines when plotted semi-logarithmically or correspond to the convex and concave curves often described in the literature. The D value of destruction must be calculated from the k value of the slowest reaction. Experiments with endospores of Bac. subtilis showed that k 1 greater than k 2 at temperatures less than 100 degrees C, and k 2 greater than k 1 at temperatures greater than 135 degrees C. In case of further confirmation of this theory, far-reaching conclusions might be drawn as to the calculation of the sterilization of F value.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the temperature dependence of thermal activation and inactivation of bacterial endospores as a consequential reaction]. Reaction kinetics explains the thermal activation and destruction of bacterial endospores as a consequent reaction with the activation rate constant k 1 of the resting spores N 0 and the destruction rate constant k 2 of the heat-activated spores N ++: (formula see text). If one takes also into account the activated spores already present in a suspension, one obtains, at constant temperature, destruction curves that become straight lines when plotted semi-logarithmically or correspond to the convex and concave curves often described in the literature. The D value of destruction must be calculated from the k value of the slowest reaction. Experiments with endospores of Bac. subtilis showed that k 1 greater than k 2 at temperatures less than 100 degrees C, and k 2 greater than k 1 at temperatures greater than 135 degrees C. In case of further confirmation of this theory, far-reaching conclusions might be drawn as to the calculation of the sterilization of F value.", "PMID": 99658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3851", "title": "Evidence for splicing of interrupted immunoglobulin variable and constant region sequences in nuclear RNA.", "content": "Evidence is presented that the mouse light-chain coding sequence is interrupted in a 27S nuclear RNA species, whereas the sequence is continuous in both a 13S nuclear RNA and in cytoplasmic mRNA. The discontinuity of coding regions in the 27S nuclear RNA parallels the situation found in myeloma DNA and indicates, therefore, that the removal of interruptions in the V and C regions occurs at the level of nuclear RNA.", "contents": "Evidence for splicing of interrupted immunoglobulin variable and constant region sequences in nuclear RNA. Evidence is presented that the mouse light-chain coding sequence is interrupted in a 27S nuclear RNA species, whereas the sequence is continuous in both a 13S nuclear RNA and in cytoplasmic mRNA. The discontinuity of coding regions in the 27S nuclear RNA parallels the situation found in myeloma DNA and indicates, therefore, that the removal of interruptions in the V and C regions occurs at the level of nuclear RNA.", "PMID": 99668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3852", "title": "Development of Leucocytozoon caulleryi in chick embryos infected by biting of Culicoides arakawae through shell membrane.", "content": "Chick embryos were infected with Leucocytozoon caulleryi by biting of the midge, Culicoides arakawae, through the shell membrane. Schizonts of L. caulleryi were detected in the chorioallantoic membrane and most of the internal organs of embryos and of chicks after hatching. The development of schizonts was slower in embryos than in chickens. Soluble antigens of L. caulleryi were demonstrated by the precipitation test in the allantoic fluid and blood from the embryos and chicks. No erythrocytic stage of L. caulleryi, however, was observed in any embryo or chick.", "contents": "Development of Leucocytozoon caulleryi in chick embryos infected by biting of Culicoides arakawae through shell membrane. Chick embryos were infected with Leucocytozoon caulleryi by biting of the midge, Culicoides arakawae, through the shell membrane. Schizonts of L. caulleryi were detected in the chorioallantoic membrane and most of the internal organs of embryos and of chicks after hatching. The development of schizonts was slower in embryos than in chickens. Soluble antigens of L. caulleryi were demonstrated by the precipitation test in the allantoic fluid and blood from the embryos and chicks. No erythrocytic stage of L. caulleryi, however, was observed in any embryo or chick.", "PMID": 99671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3853", "title": "Increase of liver microsomal benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase activity by subsequent glucuronidation.", "content": "Benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase activity in rat and guinea pig liver microsomes is markedly stimulated when UDP-glucuronic acid is present in the assay. This effect is further enhanced by addition of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, an allosteric activator of UDP-glucuronyltransferase. The results suggest a coupling between microsomal monooxygenase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase which may assist elimination of toxic compounds.", "contents": "Increase of liver microsomal benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase activity by subsequent glucuronidation. Benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase activity in rat and guinea pig liver microsomes is markedly stimulated when UDP-glucuronic acid is present in the assay. This effect is further enhanced by addition of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, an allosteric activator of UDP-glucuronyltransferase. The results suggest a coupling between microsomal monooxygenase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase which may assist elimination of toxic compounds.", "PMID": 99672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3854", "title": "Immunochemical and clinical characteristic of series of 516 paraproteinemic patients.", "content": "A series of 516 cases of paraproteinemia was analysed. According to the class of paraprotein, there were 336 cases of paraprotein IgG (65.1%), 101 paraprotein IgA (19.6%), 53 paraprotein IgM (10.3%) and 1 case of paraprotein IgD (0.2%); only light chains were found in 15 cases (2.9%) and doubled paraproteins in 10 cases (1.9%). The average age of the series was 64.2 years. Clinically, there were 315 cases of myeloma, 24 cases of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia, 126 cases of facultative paraproteinemia accompanying another disease, 16 cases of paraproteinemia in healthy persons and in 10 cases of paraproteinemia no precise diagnosis was made.", "contents": "Immunochemical and clinical characteristic of series of 516 paraproteinemic patients. A series of 516 cases of paraproteinemia was analysed. According to the class of paraprotein, there were 336 cases of paraprotein IgG (65.1%), 101 paraprotein IgA (19.6%), 53 paraprotein IgM (10.3%) and 1 case of paraprotein IgD (0.2%); only light chains were found in 15 cases (2.9%) and doubled paraproteins in 10 cases (1.9%). The average age of the series was 64.2 years. Clinically, there were 315 cases of myeloma, 24 cases of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia, 126 cases of facultative paraproteinemia accompanying another disease, 16 cases of paraproteinemia in healthy persons and in 10 cases of paraproteinemia no precise diagnosis was made.", "PMID": 99675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3855", "title": "Ethosuximide and bicuculline inhibition in petit mal epilepsy.", "content": "The mechanisms of petit mal epilepsy remain a mystery despite successful therapy. Previous workers have proposed that paroxysmal activity of cortical inhibitory systems plays a role in absence seizures. In this study, we have compared the effects of bicuculline, a potent convulsive agent and GABA antagonist, with ethosuximide, a drug used to treat petit mal epilepsy, on the thalamocortical motor system of the cat. Under chloralose anesthesia, sequential pairs of pulses were delivered to ventrolateral thalamus (VL) varying either pulse amplitude or interval. The evoked responses were recorded from sensorimotor cortex, analyzed on-line by computer, and plotted as an excitability curve (mean response amplitude as a function of pulse interval), or a family of threshold curves (mean response amplitude as a function of stimulus amplitude at various fixed intervals). Administration of each drug resulted in increased thalamocortical excitability and decreased threshold to stimulation for short pulse-pair intervals, with diminished duration of the excitability curve. Increased alertness was produced by both drugs. Studies with grand mal anticonvulsants demonstrated entirely different effects. Because GABA is thought to be the primary inhibitory transmitter in VL and cerebral cortex, bicuculline would be expected to result in disinhibition. The similarity of the data for ethosuximide suggests that ethosuximide also suppresses inhibition in the thalamocortical motor system and adds further to the accumulating evidence of the role of inhibitory system in petit mal epilepsy.", "contents": "Ethosuximide and bicuculline inhibition in petit mal epilepsy. The mechanisms of petit mal epilepsy remain a mystery despite successful therapy. Previous workers have proposed that paroxysmal activity of cortical inhibitory systems plays a role in absence seizures. In this study, we have compared the effects of bicuculline, a potent convulsive agent and GABA antagonist, with ethosuximide, a drug used to treat petit mal epilepsy, on the thalamocortical motor system of the cat. Under chloralose anesthesia, sequential pairs of pulses were delivered to ventrolateral thalamus (VL) varying either pulse amplitude or interval. The evoked responses were recorded from sensorimotor cortex, analyzed on-line by computer, and plotted as an excitability curve (mean response amplitude as a function of pulse interval), or a family of threshold curves (mean response amplitude as a function of stimulus amplitude at various fixed intervals). Administration of each drug resulted in increased thalamocortical excitability and decreased threshold to stimulation for short pulse-pair intervals, with diminished duration of the excitability curve. Increased alertness was produced by both drugs. Studies with grand mal anticonvulsants demonstrated entirely different effects. Because GABA is thought to be the primary inhibitory transmitter in VL and cerebral cortex, bicuculline would be expected to result in disinhibition. The similarity of the data for ethosuximide suggests that ethosuximide also suppresses inhibition in the thalamocortical motor system and adds further to the accumulating evidence of the role of inhibitory system in petit mal epilepsy.", "PMID": 99676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3856", "title": "[Neuropathology of Chagas' disease].", "content": "CNS involvement includes: 1) acute phase: scattered focal meningoencephalitic lesions, meningeal and cerebral edema, disseminated microgranulomas containing microgliocytes and situated in relation to cerebral blood vessels, and moderate cerebral fluid pleocytosis. Acute chagasic meningoencephalitis is always fatal, and does not become chronic, as occurres with the myocardial lesions; 2) chronic phase: tromboembolic phenomena due to the chronic myocarditis, and cerebral and cerebelar atrophy of obscure pathogenesis and without inflammatory changes. B) vegetative nervous system involvement includes: 1) acute phase: neuronal destruction, with neuronal loss of varying intensity; 2) chronic phase: visceral dilatation due to neuronal loss during the acute phase.", "contents": "[Neuropathology of Chagas' disease]. CNS involvement includes: 1) acute phase: scattered focal meningoencephalitic lesions, meningeal and cerebral edema, disseminated microgranulomas containing microgliocytes and situated in relation to cerebral blood vessels, and moderate cerebral fluid pleocytosis. Acute chagasic meningoencephalitis is always fatal, and does not become chronic, as occurres with the myocardial lesions; 2) chronic phase: tromboembolic phenomena due to the chronic myocarditis, and cerebral and cerebelar atrophy of obscure pathogenesis and without inflammatory changes. B) vegetative nervous system involvement includes: 1) acute phase: neuronal destruction, with neuronal loss of varying intensity; 2) chronic phase: visceral dilatation due to neuronal loss during the acute phase.", "PMID": 99677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3857", "title": "Current status of the search for virus in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).", "content": "Clinicians have noted resemblance between ALS with predominantly lower motor involvement and a chronic type of poliomyelitis. Occasional cases of ALS show lymphocytic infiltrations in the neuropathology. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies as well as possible transmission of ALS to the monkey, were noted by Soviet investigators. Major questions about the latter remain, but inclusion bodies have been seen in cases outside the USSR, and search for a virus has been pursued. So far, efforts at culture, including the technique of co-cultivation, have not been successful in 3 different laboratories using material from ALS autopsied within 2 hours of death. Nor has such material and specimens from other cases produced transmissible disease in animals of laboratories where kuru, Jakob's disease and SSPE have been transmitted. Study of serum antibodies has also been negative. These negative culture, transmission and antibody studies do not exclude a viral etiology: in kuru, for example, many years passed before transmission was demonstrated, which remains the only evidence of kuru's infectivity. Evidence of an immunologic disorder in ALS has been obtained from kidney biopsies, the lack of any clinical benefit from immunosuppression may indicate that the kidney finding reveals a response to infection, though whether viral or even relevant is unknown. Two recent ALS cases will be illustrated in which virus-like particles were demonstrated post mortem by electronmicroscopy. In one, myxovirus-like tubules were seen mainly in motor neurons; in the other, picorna-virus-like crystals were found in skeletal muscles. Different viruses can cause identical disease, but 2 different viruses in different sites in ALS also suggest that at least one type of particle is an adventitious finding of no general significance. An additional impetus to continue the search is the slowly progressive type C-virus myelitis in wild mice. This disease has many dissimilarities to ALS, including different morphology of the virus, but may provide a model for slow-virus amyotrophy.", "contents": "Current status of the search for virus in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Clinicians have noted resemblance between ALS with predominantly lower motor involvement and a chronic type of poliomyelitis. Occasional cases of ALS show lymphocytic infiltrations in the neuropathology. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies as well as possible transmission of ALS to the monkey, were noted by Soviet investigators. Major questions about the latter remain, but inclusion bodies have been seen in cases outside the USSR, and search for a virus has been pursued. So far, efforts at culture, including the technique of co-cultivation, have not been successful in 3 different laboratories using material from ALS autopsied within 2 hours of death. Nor has such material and specimens from other cases produced transmissible disease in animals of laboratories where kuru, Jakob's disease and SSPE have been transmitted. Study of serum antibodies has also been negative. These negative culture, transmission and antibody studies do not exclude a viral etiology: in kuru, for example, many years passed before transmission was demonstrated, which remains the only evidence of kuru's infectivity. Evidence of an immunologic disorder in ALS has been obtained from kidney biopsies, the lack of any clinical benefit from immunosuppression may indicate that the kidney finding reveals a response to infection, though whether viral or even relevant is unknown. Two recent ALS cases will be illustrated in which virus-like particles were demonstrated post mortem by electronmicroscopy. In one, myxovirus-like tubules were seen mainly in motor neurons; in the other, picorna-virus-like crystals were found in skeletal muscles. Different viruses can cause identical disease, but 2 different viruses in different sites in ALS also suggest that at least one type of particle is an adventitious finding of no general significance. An additional impetus to continue the search is the slowly progressive type C-virus myelitis in wild mice. This disease has many dissimilarities to ALS, including different morphology of the virus, but may provide a model for slow-virus amyotrophy.", "PMID": 99678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3858", "title": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) agent in hamsters.", "content": "A hamster-adapted SSPE agent was shown to cause a productive infection in weanling hamster brain, which changed to a cell-associated or defective infection coincident with the appearance of measles antibodies in serum. Antibodies to measles hemagglutinin, hemolysin and neucleocapsid antigens developed in serum, which also contained neutralizing activity for regular measles virus. The agent recovered from the brains prior to the appearance of serum antibodies was infectious in cell-free media, capable of rapidly destroying Vero-cell cultures and able to progressively destroy primary hamster brain cultures. In contrast the agent recovered from the brain after serum antibodies were present, was infectious only within cells destroyed Vero-cells ineffectively and spread slowly through primary brain tissue cultures releasing minute amounts of extracellular virus intermittently. Nevertheless, infected giant cells in the primary brain cultures contained both the HA & HL measles antigens in their cytoplasmic membranes. This in vivo conversion of a productive to a cell-associated cerebral infection appeared to be caused by the host antibody response and may mirror the initial events of human SSPE and possibly other slow or latent measles infections of the CNS.", "contents": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) agent in hamsters. A hamster-adapted SSPE agent was shown to cause a productive infection in weanling hamster brain, which changed to a cell-associated or defective infection coincident with the appearance of measles antibodies in serum. Antibodies to measles hemagglutinin, hemolysin and neucleocapsid antigens developed in serum, which also contained neutralizing activity for regular measles virus. The agent recovered from the brains prior to the appearance of serum antibodies was infectious in cell-free media, capable of rapidly destroying Vero-cell cultures and able to progressively destroy primary hamster brain cultures. In contrast the agent recovered from the brain after serum antibodies were present, was infectious only within cells destroyed Vero-cells ineffectively and spread slowly through primary brain tissue cultures releasing minute amounts of extracellular virus intermittently. Nevertheless, infected giant cells in the primary brain cultures contained both the HA & HL measles antigens in their cytoplasmic membranes. This in vivo conversion of a productive to a cell-associated cerebral infection appeared to be caused by the host antibody response and may mirror the initial events of human SSPE and possibly other slow or latent measles infections of the CNS.", "PMID": 99679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3859", "title": "Grating contrast detection perimetry in a patient with occipital lobe epilepsy.", "content": "A new perimetry technique is based upon detection of faint gratings. This method permits assessment of visual field abnormalities that are not detectable by Goldmann perimetry or tangent screen examination. These abnormalities occurred in a 57-year-old man with a seizure disorder of left occipital origin. The technique may have advantages over conventional field study methods for the early detection of geniculocalcarine pathology.", "contents": "Grating contrast detection perimetry in a patient with occipital lobe epilepsy. A new perimetry technique is based upon detection of faint gratings. This method permits assessment of visual field abnormalities that are not detectable by Goldmann perimetry or tangent screen examination. These abnormalities occurred in a 57-year-old man with a seizure disorder of left occipital origin. The technique may have advantages over conventional field study methods for the early detection of geniculocalcarine pathology.", "PMID": 99686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3860", "title": "Effect of valproic acid on spike and wave discharges in patients with absence seizures.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with absence seizures were treated with valproic acid in doses from 17 to 62.5 mg per kilogram per day. Nineteen patients experienced reduction of spike and wave discharges; in 11 it was greater than 75 percent. Twenty-one patients had a reduction of the total time of spike and wave discharge. Four patients had increase of spike and wave discharges. Nineteen patients had fewer absence seizures. There was no correlation between plasma concentration of valproic acid and EEG change, but clinical improvement occurred when plasma levels of valproic acid reached 50 to 60 microgram per milliliter.", "contents": "Effect of valproic acid on spike and wave discharges in patients with absence seizures. Twenty-five patients with absence seizures were treated with valproic acid in doses from 17 to 62.5 mg per kilogram per day. Nineteen patients experienced reduction of spike and wave discharges; in 11 it was greater than 75 percent. Twenty-one patients had a reduction of the total time of spike and wave discharge. Four patients had increase of spike and wave discharges. Nineteen patients had fewer absence seizures. There was no correlation between plasma concentration of valproic acid and EEG change, but clinical improvement occurred when plasma levels of valproic acid reached 50 to 60 microgram per milliliter.", "PMID": 99687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3861", "title": "Hemiparetic seizures.", "content": "In three patients hemiparesis was a manifestation of focal seizures. In all, there were electroencephalographic abnormalities and radionucleotide uptake in the contralateral hemisphere. Treatment of the seizures resulted in clearing of both paralysis and abnormal brain scan. These patients fit the diagnostic category described by Higier as a \"paralytic equivalent of epilepsy without disturbance of consciousness in the form of status hemiparalyticus,\" and described by others as inhibitory seizures or partial seizures with subsequent hemigeneralization. The etiology of the paralysis and its relation to Todd paralysis are not clear, but it may result from excessive inhibitory discharge.", "contents": "Hemiparetic seizures. In three patients hemiparesis was a manifestation of focal seizures. In all, there were electroencephalographic abnormalities and radionucleotide uptake in the contralateral hemisphere. Treatment of the seizures resulted in clearing of both paralysis and abnormal brain scan. These patients fit the diagnostic category described by Higier as a \"paralytic equivalent of epilepsy without disturbance of consciousness in the form of status hemiparalyticus,\" and described by others as inhibitory seizures or partial seizures with subsequent hemigeneralization. The etiology of the paralysis and its relation to Todd paralysis are not clear, but it may result from excessive inhibitory discharge.", "PMID": 99689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3862", "title": "Familial chorea and myoclonus epilepsy.", "content": "A familial disorder was characterized by chorea, ataxia, myoclonus, convulsions, dementia, and mental retardation. In five cases, the main lesion affected cerebellar dentate nuclei, with nerve cell loss, gliosis, chromatolysis, and grumose degeneration. Fibrous glial cell proliferation was detected in the globus pallidus.", "contents": "Familial chorea and myoclonus epilepsy. A familial disorder was characterized by chorea, ataxia, myoclonus, convulsions, dementia, and mental retardation. In five cases, the main lesion affected cerebellar dentate nuclei, with nerve cell loss, gliosis, chromatolysis, and grumose degeneration. Fibrous glial cell proliferation was detected in the globus pallidus.", "PMID": 99688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3863", "title": "Imipramine in absence and myoclonic-astatic seizures.", "content": "A double-blind crossover study with imipramine was conducted in 10 patients with absence and myoclonic-astatic seizures who had not responded to conventional medications. Imipramine produced a significant initial decrease in seizure frequency in 5 of the 10 patients, and in 2 patients the beneficial effect was maintained for more than 1 year. An open trial of imipramine in another 16 patients showed an initial reduction in seizure frequency in 10 patients (63 percent), and this decrease persisted for more than 1 year in 4 patients (25 percent). The effect of imipramine on the EEG did not always correlate with the clinical response. Serum content of imipramine in the patients who showed a long-term response was 40 to 120 ng per milliliter, on a total daily dose of 0.7 to 3.5 mg per kilogram. These results suggest that imipramine is a valuable addition to the treatment of seizures.", "contents": "Imipramine in absence and myoclonic-astatic seizures. A double-blind crossover study with imipramine was conducted in 10 patients with absence and myoclonic-astatic seizures who had not responded to conventional medications. Imipramine produced a significant initial decrease in seizure frequency in 5 of the 10 patients, and in 2 patients the beneficial effect was maintained for more than 1 year. An open trial of imipramine in another 16 patients showed an initial reduction in seizure frequency in 10 patients (63 percent), and this decrease persisted for more than 1 year in 4 patients (25 percent). The effect of imipramine on the EEG did not always correlate with the clinical response. Serum content of imipramine in the patients who showed a long-term response was 40 to 120 ng per milliliter, on a total daily dose of 0.7 to 3.5 mg per kilogram. These results suggest that imipramine is a valuable addition to the treatment of seizures.", "PMID": 99690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3864", "title": "Complex partial status epilepticus: case report and proposal for diagnostic criteria.", "content": "A child had complex partial status epilepticus after resection of a craniopharyngioma. The status epilepticus was manifested by confusion and documented electroencephalographically by continuous focal seizure patterns in the right temporal region. Complex partial status epilepticus is an electroclinical syndrome of prolonged or repetitive complex partial seizures (with continuous interictal confusion) accompanied by electroencephalographic seizure patterns, which are either focal (usually temporal lobe) or secondarily generalized from a focal pacemaker.", "contents": "Complex partial status epilepticus: case report and proposal for diagnostic criteria. A child had complex partial status epilepticus after resection of a craniopharyngioma. The status epilepticus was manifested by confusion and documented electroencephalographically by continuous focal seizure patterns in the right temporal region. Complex partial status epilepticus is an electroclinical syndrome of prolonged or repetitive complex partial seizures (with continuous interictal confusion) accompanied by electroencephalographic seizure patterns, which are either focal (usually temporal lobe) or secondarily generalized from a focal pacemaker.", "PMID": 99691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3865", "title": "Electrophysiological investigation of cortico-hypothalamic relations in cats.", "content": "Projections of different parts of the orbito-frontal cortex, the basal temporal cortex, and the hippocampus on hypothalamic nuclei were studied by recording focal responses in acute experiments on cats anesthetized with pentobarbital and chloralose. The proreal gyrus was shown to have local projections in the latero-dorsal zones of the preoptic region, in the postral parts of the medial forebrain bundle, and also in the region of the lateral and posterior hypothalamus with the mammillary bodies. The orbital gyrus projects mainly to the latero-dorsal portions of the forebrain bundle, the latero-ventral part of the preoptic region, and the region of the lateral and latero-dorsal hypothalamic nuclei; projections from the orbital gyrus are relatively diffuse in character. The basal temporal cortex has diffuse projections in the central part of the preoptic region, in the latero-ventral parts of the medial forebrain bundle, and in the lateral mammillary body. No marked foci of activity were found in the hypothalamic structures during hippocampal stimulation. Diffuse projections of the hippocampus were traced in the ventral part of the preoptic region and the ventral regions of the medial forebrain bundle, and also in the lateral hypothalamus and in the lateral mammillary nucleus.", "contents": "Electrophysiological investigation of cortico-hypothalamic relations in cats. Projections of different parts of the orbito-frontal cortex, the basal temporal cortex, and the hippocampus on hypothalamic nuclei were studied by recording focal responses in acute experiments on cats anesthetized with pentobarbital and chloralose. The proreal gyrus was shown to have local projections in the latero-dorsal zones of the preoptic region, in the postral parts of the medial forebrain bundle, and also in the region of the lateral and posterior hypothalamus with the mammillary bodies. The orbital gyrus projects mainly to the latero-dorsal portions of the forebrain bundle, the latero-ventral part of the preoptic region, and the region of the lateral and latero-dorsal hypothalamic nuclei; projections from the orbital gyrus are relatively diffuse in character. The basal temporal cortex has diffuse projections in the central part of the preoptic region, in the latero-ventral parts of the medial forebrain bundle, and in the lateral mammillary body. No marked foci of activity were found in the hypothalamic structures during hippocampal stimulation. Diffuse projections of the hippocampus were traced in the ventral part of the preoptic region and the ventral regions of the medial forebrain bundle, and also in the lateral hypothalamus and in the lateral mammillary nucleus.", "PMID": 99685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3866", "title": "[Traumatic chylothorax. A further indication for total parenteral nutrition].", "content": "Successful and rapid resolution of a serious cases of traumatic chylothorax by means of conservative management with TPN is reported. This method is clearly indicated as a mean of making up the calorie and amino acid need when litres of chyle are being lost every day. In addition, by resting the digestive tract it brings about a massive decrease in the production of lymph in the mesenteric district and thus leading to easier and earlier sufficiency of the collateral lymph drainage routes. The rapid decrease in quantity and the change over from chylous to serous chest drainage liquid after TPN are evidence of its soundness. An immediate lymphographic control revealed complete section of the duct. Two months later, collateral diaphragmatic and azygos circulation was observed. It is felt, therefore, that TPN extends the range of conservative management of posttraumatic and postoperative chylothorax.", "contents": "[Traumatic chylothorax. A further indication for total parenteral nutrition]. Successful and rapid resolution of a serious cases of traumatic chylothorax by means of conservative management with TPN is reported. This method is clearly indicated as a mean of making up the calorie and amino acid need when litres of chyle are being lost every day. In addition, by resting the digestive tract it brings about a massive decrease in the production of lymph in the mesenteric district and thus leading to easier and earlier sufficiency of the collateral lymph drainage routes. The rapid decrease in quantity and the change over from chylous to serous chest drainage liquid after TPN are evidence of its soundness. An immediate lymphographic control revealed complete section of the duct. Two months later, collateral diaphragmatic and azygos circulation was observed. It is felt, therefore, that TPN extends the range of conservative management of posttraumatic and postoperative chylothorax.", "PMID": 99704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3867", "title": "A comparison of intralingual and intravenous epinephrine before and during cardiovascular depression.", "content": "Dose-response methodology was used to evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of epinephrine administered intravenously and intralingually to normotensive and acutely hypotensive dogs and monkeys. Results indicate that the intralingual route is much less effective than the intravenous route and that conventional doses of emergency drugs injected intralingually may not afford sufficient resuscitative effects to be lifesaving during cardiovascular depression.", "contents": "A comparison of intralingual and intravenous epinephrine before and during cardiovascular depression. Dose-response methodology was used to evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of epinephrine administered intravenously and intralingually to normotensive and acutely hypotensive dogs and monkeys. Results indicate that the intralingual route is much less effective than the intravenous route and that conventional doses of emergency drugs injected intralingually may not afford sufficient resuscitative effects to be lifesaving during cardiovascular depression.", "PMID": 99706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3868", "title": "Connective tissue reactions to acid glutaraldehyde.", "content": "Acid glutaraldehyde, 2 per cent and 1 per cent, along with sodium hypochlorite, 5.5 per cent, was tested on the connective tissue of rabbits and rats. Two per cent acid glutaraldehyde was very destructive, whereas the NaCIO and 1 per cent acid glutaraldehyde were moderately irritating.", "contents": "Connective tissue reactions to acid glutaraldehyde. Acid glutaraldehyde, 2 per cent and 1 per cent, along with sodium hypochlorite, 5.5 per cent, was tested on the connective tissue of rabbits and rats. Two per cent acid glutaraldehyde was very destructive, whereas the NaCIO and 1 per cent acid glutaraldehyde were moderately irritating.", "PMID": 99708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3869", "title": "Depression of primate spinothalamic tract neurons by iontophoretic application of 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "The effects of iontophoretic applications of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were tested upon primate spinothalamic tract neurons recorded extracellularly in the spinal cord of anesthetized monkeys. The activity of most high threshold and wide dynamic range spinothalamic tract cells was depressed. 5-HT also reduced the responses of the cells to glutamate pulses which by themselves had a powerful excitatory action. It is concluded that 5-HT has a depressant action upon the postsynaptic membranes of spinothalamic tract cells, although the action has a slow time course. The observations are consistent with, but by no means prove, the hypothesis that serotonergic  pathways descending from the brain stem produce a postsynaptic inhibiton of spinothalamic tract neurons.", "contents": "Depression of primate spinothalamic tract neurons by iontophoretic application of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The effects of iontophoretic applications of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were tested upon primate spinothalamic tract neurons recorded extracellularly in the spinal cord of anesthetized monkeys. The activity of most high threshold and wide dynamic range spinothalamic tract cells was depressed. 5-HT also reduced the responses of the cells to glutamate pulses which by themselves had a powerful excitatory action. It is concluded that 5-HT has a depressant action upon the postsynaptic membranes of spinothalamic tract cells, although the action has a slow time course. The observations are consistent with, but by no means prove, the hypothesis that serotonergic  pathways descending from the brain stem produce a postsynaptic inhibiton of spinothalamic tract neurons.", "PMID": 99715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3870", "title": "[Determination of circulating immune complexes: comparison between agglutination inhibition and C1Q precipitation in polyethylene-glycol-EDTA (author's transl)].", "content": "Three different methods for the determination of circulating immune complexes were compared : precipitation of radioiodinated C1q in polyethyleneglycol-EDTA, inhibition of IgG-coated latex particles agglutination by C1q or polyclonal rheumatoid factor. Normal values and their upper limits as well as the reproducibility of each technique are presented. The possible effect of several factors was investigated : age, sex, anticoagulants, freezing and thawing, contamination by DNA or endotoxin. Comparison of the results obtained with normal or pathological sera revealed a positive correlation between the three techniques. However, the discrepancies noted with some sera make the use of at least two different methods highly recommendable for the study of circulating immune complexes in disease.", "contents": "[Determination of circulating immune complexes: comparison between agglutination inhibition and C1Q precipitation in polyethylene-glycol-EDTA (author's transl)]. Three different methods for the determination of circulating immune complexes were compared : precipitation of radioiodinated C1q in polyethyleneglycol-EDTA, inhibition of IgG-coated latex particles agglutination by C1q or polyclonal rheumatoid factor. Normal values and their upper limits as well as the reproducibility of each technique are presented. The possible effect of several factors was investigated : age, sex, anticoagulants, freezing and thawing, contamination by DNA or endotoxin. Comparison of the results obtained with normal or pathological sera revealed a positive correlation between the three techniques. However, the discrepancies noted with some sera make the use of at least two different methods highly recommendable for the study of circulating immune complexes in disease.", "PMID": 99716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3871", "title": "The relationship between intracellular and extracellular potassium in normal and malnourished subjects as studied in leukocytes.", "content": "Leukocyte potassium has been measured in normal subjects and in malnourished children with and without edema both on admission and during recovery. In nonedematous malnourished children the potassium content was low (328 mmol/kg dry solids) and took 2-3 weeks of rehabilitation to return to normal (374 mmol/kg dry solids). Leukocytes from edematous children had normal intracellular potassium values. However, 5 days on a maintenance diet reduced the intracellular potassium in the children with kwashiorkor to a value similar to that found in marasmus. Plasma potassium was significantly lower in kwashiorkor (3.43) than in marasmus (4.74), The relationship between external potassium and internal potassium in normal leukocytes was measured (Fig. 1) and the values found in severe malnutrition compared with normal. It was found that in nonedematous malnutrition intracellular potassium was low compared to the predicted value, whereas in kwashiorkor, although the mean values were normal, no relationship between external potassium and intracellular potassium could be domonstrated. It is concluded that in the leukocyte malnutrition alters either the passive permeability of the membrane to potassium or the active transport of potassium, or both.", "contents": "The relationship between intracellular and extracellular potassium in normal and malnourished subjects as studied in leukocytes. Leukocyte potassium has been measured in normal subjects and in malnourished children with and without edema both on admission and during recovery. In nonedematous malnourished children the potassium content was low (328 mmol/kg dry solids) and took 2-3 weeks of rehabilitation to return to normal (374 mmol/kg dry solids). Leukocytes from edematous children had normal intracellular potassium values. However, 5 days on a maintenance diet reduced the intracellular potassium in the children with kwashiorkor to a value similar to that found in marasmus. Plasma potassium was significantly lower in kwashiorkor (3.43) than in marasmus (4.74), The relationship between external potassium and internal potassium in normal leukocytes was measured (Fig. 1) and the values found in severe malnutrition compared with normal. It was found that in nonedematous malnutrition intracellular potassium was low compared to the predicted value, whereas in kwashiorkor, although the mean values were normal, no relationship between external potassium and intracellular potassium could be domonstrated. It is concluded that in the leukocyte malnutrition alters either the passive permeability of the membrane to potassium or the active transport of potassium, or both.", "PMID": 99717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3872", "title": "The practical significance of lactose intolerance in children.", "content": "Lactose intolerance is observed in black and Mexican-American children by age 3 years, and it probably occurs in other non-northern European ethnic groups at a similar age. However, intolerance to the consumption of 250 ml of milk apparently is rarely seen in preadolescents. Current research on the response of adolescents to hydrolyzed lactose milk suggests that the symptoms observed in lactose-intolerant subjects after milk ingestion may be unrelated to lactose or may be mild enough to be of little practical significance. The effects of undigested lactose on nutrient absorption has received little attention, but preliminary data suggest that this is not a problem, except perhaps when overall intakes are marginally adequate.", "contents": "The practical significance of lactose intolerance in children. Lactose intolerance is observed in black and Mexican-American children by age 3 years, and it probably occurs in other non-northern European ethnic groups at a similar age. However, intolerance to the consumption of 250 ml of milk apparently is rarely seen in preadolescents. Current research on the response of adolescents to hydrolyzed lactose milk suggests that the symptoms observed in lactose-intolerant subjects after milk ingestion may be unrelated to lactose or may be mild enough to be of little practical significance. The effects of undigested lactose on nutrient absorption has received little attention, but preliminary data suggest that this is not a problem, except perhaps when overall intakes are marginally adequate.", "PMID": 99722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3873", "title": "Effects of red light and loud noise on the rate at which monkeys sample the sensory environment.", "content": "Monkeys, given the opportunity to move between two featureless chanbers, 'sample' first one, then the other in a way which reflects a Poisson decision process. The rate of sampling is higher in red light than in blue and in loud noise than in quietness. We suggest that monkeys 'tune' their sampling rate to the a priori probability of change in the environment.", "contents": "Effects of red light and loud noise on the rate at which monkeys sample the sensory environment. Monkeys, given the opportunity to move between two featureless chanbers, 'sample' first one, then the other in a way which reflects a Poisson decision process. The rate of sampling is higher in red light than in blue and in loud noise than in quietness. We suggest that monkeys 'tune' their sampling rate to the a priori probability of change in the environment.", "PMID": 99724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3874", "title": "Regulation of TSH secretion in rats chronically exposed to heat (34 degrees C).", "content": "Previous studies have shown that in heat exposed rats, a decreased plasma T4 concentration was associated with a normal biologically active TSH concentration. This study was designed to clarify this apparent discrepancy in the regulation of TSH secretion. In experimental rats (34 degrees C for 25 days) and controls (25 degrees C), plasma total T4 was 3.2 vs. 5.7 x 10(-8) mol/l. (P less than 0.01), plasma total T3: 2.4 vs. 5.7 x 10(-10)mol/l. (P less 0.01) and plasma TSH: bioassay 0.34 vs 0.29 mU/ml (ns), radioimmunoassay: 1.04 vs. 0.87 microgram RP1/ml (ns). After TRH, plasma TSH increased identically in the two groups. In heat-exposed rats, the dialysable fraction of T4 and T3 were were increased: 0.032 vs. 0.020% (P less than 0.05) and 0.102 vs. 0.086% (P less than 0.05), respectively; accordingly, free T4 concentration was normal and that of free T3 was low; total plasma proteins were slightly increased. It is concluded that in heat-exposed rats: (1) plasma thyroid hormone binding activity was decreased as shown by the association: decreased plasma total T4--elevated free T4 fraction. The normality of the free T4 concentration accounted for the normal plasma TSH. (2) the combination of normal plasma TSH, normal plasma free T4, low plasma free T3 concentrations would suggest that T4 is predominantly involved in the regulation of TSH secretion.", "contents": "Regulation of TSH secretion in rats chronically exposed to heat (34 degrees C). Previous studies have shown that in heat exposed rats, a decreased plasma T4 concentration was associated with a normal biologically active TSH concentration. This study was designed to clarify this apparent discrepancy in the regulation of TSH secretion. In experimental rats (34 degrees C for 25 days) and controls (25 degrees C), plasma total T4 was 3.2 vs. 5.7 x 10(-8) mol/l. (P less than 0.01), plasma total T3: 2.4 vs. 5.7 x 10(-10)mol/l. (P less 0.01) and plasma TSH: bioassay 0.34 vs 0.29 mU/ml (ns), radioimmunoassay: 1.04 vs. 0.87 microgram RP1/ml (ns). After TRH, plasma TSH increased identically in the two groups. In heat-exposed rats, the dialysable fraction of T4 and T3 were were increased: 0.032 vs. 0.020% (P less than 0.05) and 0.102 vs. 0.086% (P less than 0.05), respectively; accordingly, free T4 concentration was normal and that of free T3 was low; total plasma proteins were slightly increased. It is concluded that in heat-exposed rats: (1) plasma thyroid hormone binding activity was decreased as shown by the association: decreased plasma total T4--elevated free T4 fraction. The normality of the free T4 concentration accounted for the normal plasma TSH. (2) the combination of normal plasma TSH, normal plasma free T4, low plasma free T3 concentrations would suggest that T4 is predominantly involved in the regulation of TSH secretion.", "PMID": 99725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3875", "title": "Organochlorines in fish and crabs from the Kristiansand fjord in Norway.", "content": "The levels of sum-DDT, PCBs, and HCB in fish liver and crab hepatopancreas from the Kristiansand fjord area in Norway have been determined (fig. 1). The respective mean levels (fat weight basis) in stationary fish species and crabs are given in table I. The levels of PCBs and sum-DDT were about the same, and the HCB level two to one hundred times higher than corresponding levels reported for codfish (liver) from several harbours along the Norwegian coasts (Brevik et al. in press). The levels calculated on a wet weight basis, found is stationary fish from the harbour of Kristiansand and Topdals-fjord were two to three times higher than those in crabs. Calculated on a fat weight basis, however, the levels in stationary fish and crabs were much more similar (table II). The harbour area was more contaminated with PCBs and HCB than the other sites examined. It seems impossible, however, on the basis of present data to further pinpoint sources of the relatively high degree of HCB contamination in the Kristiansand fjord area.", "contents": "Organochlorines in fish and crabs from the Kristiansand fjord in Norway. The levels of sum-DDT, PCBs, and HCB in fish liver and crab hepatopancreas from the Kristiansand fjord area in Norway have been determined (fig. 1). The respective mean levels (fat weight basis) in stationary fish species and crabs are given in table I. The levels of PCBs and sum-DDT were about the same, and the HCB level two to one hundred times higher than corresponding levels reported for codfish (liver) from several harbours along the Norwegian coasts (Brevik et al. in press). The levels calculated on a wet weight basis, found is stationary fish from the harbour of Kristiansand and Topdals-fjord were two to three times higher than those in crabs. Calculated on a fat weight basis, however, the levels in stationary fish and crabs were much more similar (table II). The harbour area was more contaminated with PCBs and HCB than the other sites examined. It seems impossible, however, on the basis of present data to further pinpoint sources of the relatively high degree of HCB contamination in the Kristiansand fjord area.", "PMID": 99726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3876", "title": "[\"Oddipathies\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The modern anatomy has notably increased the knowledge of details, in biliary surgery, mainly about the sphincter of Oddi, thanks to the use of an adequate radio diagnosis set in the operating room. The term of Odditis is too widely used. It must be replaced by Oddipathies, each disease being defined by its nature and its precise location. Medical and surgical therapy will be adapted to this millimetric scale.", "contents": "[\"Oddipathies\" (author's transl)]. The modern anatomy has notably increased the knowledge of details, in biliary surgery, mainly about the sphincter of Oddi, thanks to the use of an adequate radio diagnosis set in the operating room. The term of Odditis is too widely used. It must be replaced by Oddipathies, each disease being defined by its nature and its precise location. Medical and surgical therapy will be adapted to this millimetric scale.", "PMID": 99727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3877", "title": "Electrophoretic strand separation of long DNAs with poly (U,G) in agarose gels.", "content": "We have found that binding of poly(U,G) to single-stranded DNA decreases its mobility in 0.3% agarose gels. Differential binding to the complementary strands of denatured duplex DNA provides a simple method for strand separation. The method is shown to work with bacteriophage lambda DNA, adenovirus DNA and mtDNA for Tetrahymena pyriformis. In all cases the strand that binds more poly(U,G) in CsCl gradients also binds more in gels. The separated strands can be directly blotted from the gel onto nitrocellulose filters and used for hybridization experiments.", "contents": "Electrophoretic strand separation of long DNAs with poly (U,G) in agarose gels. We have found that binding of poly(U,G) to single-stranded DNA decreases its mobility in 0.3% agarose gels. Differential binding to the complementary strands of denatured duplex DNA provides a simple method for strand separation. The method is shown to work with bacteriophage lambda DNA, adenovirus DNA and mtDNA for Tetrahymena pyriformis. In all cases the strand that binds more poly(U,G) in CsCl gradients also binds more in gels. The separated strands can be directly blotted from the gel onto nitrocellulose filters and used for hybridization experiments.", "PMID": 99728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3878", "title": "Recognition of individual procaryotic and eucaryotic transfer-ribonucleic acids by B subtilis adenine-1-methyltransferase specific for the dihydrouridine loop.", "content": "Bulk tRNA from yeast and Rat liver can be methylated in vitro with -adenosylmethionine and B, subtilis extracts. The sole product formed is 1-methyladenosine (m1A). This tRNA (adenine-1) methyltransferase converts quantitatively the 3'-terminal adenosine-residue in the dihydrouridine-loop of tRNAThr and tRNATyr from yeast into m1A. Out of 16 eucaryotic tRNAs with known sequences 6 accepted methyl groups, all at a molar ratio of 1. These tRNAs have in common an unpaired adenosine-residue at the specific site in the sequence Py-A-A+-G-G-C-m2G. Out of 12 tRNAs from E. coli 6 served as specific substrates. These E. coli tRNAs also have an unpaired adenosine-residue at the 3'-end of the D-loop. Besides restrictions in primary structure intact secondary and tertiary structure is important for recognition of the specific tRNAs by the enzyme.", "contents": "Recognition of individual procaryotic and eucaryotic transfer-ribonucleic acids by B subtilis adenine-1-methyltransferase specific for the dihydrouridine loop. Bulk tRNA from yeast and Rat liver can be methylated in vitro with -adenosylmethionine and B, subtilis extracts. The sole product formed is 1-methyladenosine (m1A). This tRNA (adenine-1) methyltransferase converts quantitatively the 3'-terminal adenosine-residue in the dihydrouridine-loop of tRNAThr and tRNATyr from yeast into m1A. Out of 16 eucaryotic tRNAs with known sequences 6 accepted methyl groups, all at a molar ratio of 1. These tRNAs have in common an unpaired adenosine-residue at the specific site in the sequence Py-A-A+-G-G-C-m2G. Out of 12 tRNAs from E. coli 6 served as specific substrates. These E. coli tRNAs also have an unpaired adenosine-residue at the 3'-end of the D-loop. Besides restrictions in primary structure intact secondary and tertiary structure is important for recognition of the specific tRNAs by the enzyme.", "PMID": 99729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3879", "title": "Messenger RNA abundance and lifetime: a correlation in Drosophila cells but not in HeLa.", "content": "Messenger RNA in eukaryotes is comprised of several abundance classes. Also, the decay of these unstable molecules shows at least two very different lifetimes. Two independent techniques are used here to examine the relation between message abundance and lifetime in cell lines from very different organisms. The methods give consistent results for each cell line; however, the two cell types show very different results. In brosophile cells, slowly decaying sequences fall in the abundant class while scarce sequences turn over rapidly. In contrast, in HeLa cells the abundant and scarce message classes are each comprised of long- and short-lived molecules.", "contents": "Messenger RNA abundance and lifetime: a correlation in Drosophila cells but not in HeLa. Messenger RNA in eukaryotes is comprised of several abundance classes. Also, the decay of these unstable molecules shows at least two very different lifetimes. Two independent techniques are used here to examine the relation between message abundance and lifetime in cell lines from very different organisms. The methods give consistent results for each cell line; however, the two cell types show very different results. In brosophile cells, slowly decaying sequences fall in the abundant class while scarce sequences turn over rapidly. In contrast, in HeLa cells the abundant and scarce message classes are each comprised of long- and short-lived molecules.", "PMID": 99730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3880", "title": "[Enlarge indications for controlled respiration (author's transl)].", "content": "Controlled respiration should have a place not only in cases of hypoventilation but also in the treatment of comatose and hyperventilating persons. Hyperventilation is liable severely to interfere with the blood supply to the brain, and this disturbance, in conjunction with the primary disease responsible for the comatose condition, such as hyperglycaemia, diabetes or cerebral trauma, may be a contributing factor to the lethal outcome. Controlled respiration helps towards regulation of the cerebral circulation and of the acid-base balance and provides improved conditions for normalization of the disturbed metabolism and thus greatly improves the prognosis of these cases.", "contents": "[Enlarge indications for controlled respiration (author's transl)]. Controlled respiration should have a place not only in cases of hypoventilation but also in the treatment of comatose and hyperventilating persons. Hyperventilation is liable severely to interfere with the blood supply to the brain, and this disturbance, in conjunction with the primary disease responsible for the comatose condition, such as hyperglycaemia, diabetes or cerebral trauma, may be a contributing factor to the lethal outcome. Controlled respiration helps towards regulation of the cerebral circulation and of the acid-base balance and provides improved conditions for normalization of the disturbed metabolism and thus greatly improves the prognosis of these cases.", "PMID": 99735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3881", "title": "[A study of the carbohydrate and electrolyte balance of 10 surgical patients during 7-days' infusion therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "For postoperative parenteral feeding fructose proved preferable to glucose and xylitol. Although the infusions were started pre-operatively sodium deficiency and a fall in serum osmolarity developed during the postoperative stage. Administration of potassium to normalize lowered serum potassium levels was needed only on the first and second postoperative day. Serum calcium levels fell during the 7-days' period of observation but remained within the limits of normal. If parenteral feeding is to be continued for longer periods determination of the phosphorus balance is advisable to avoid excessive depletion of the endogenous phosphorus stores. Estimations of urinary osmolarity and urine volume indicated that fluid uptake was adequate.", "contents": "[A study of the carbohydrate and electrolyte balance of 10 surgical patients during 7-days' infusion therapy (author's transl)]. For postoperative parenteral feeding fructose proved preferable to glucose and xylitol. Although the infusions were started pre-operatively sodium deficiency and a fall in serum osmolarity developed during the postoperative stage. Administration of potassium to normalize lowered serum potassium levels was needed only on the first and second postoperative day. Serum calcium levels fell during the 7-days' period of observation but remained within the limits of normal. If parenteral feeding is to be continued for longer periods determination of the phosphorus balance is advisable to avoid excessive depletion of the endogenous phosphorus stores. Estimations of urinary osmolarity and urine volume indicated that fluid uptake was adequate.", "PMID": 99736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3882", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of drugs used for petit mal 'absence' epilepsy.", "content": "Ethosuximide, clonazepam and valproic acid differ in their chemical structures and properties. They appear to be well absorbed when given by mouth, but their patterns of distribution within the body are different. If these 3 drugs have a common mode of action, the virtual restriction of valproate to extracellular water suggests that this common mode of action is likely to involve receptors on the neuronal cell surface. Even if there is no common mode of action the apparent volume of distribution of valproate is consistent with its known effects on enzymes of the GABA shunt, and in particular on those shunt enzymes which are involved in the transmitter GABA pool in the region of synapses. The 3 drugs also show differences in elimination rate, which make it desirable to give valproate 3 times a day and clonazepam twice a day, whereas ethosuximide could reasonably be given once daily without undesirably wide fluctuations in plasma drug level over the dosage interval. Further studies of the pharmacokinetics of ethosuximide, clonazepam and valproate are still needed, but sufficient data are already available to provide some basis for rational use of these drugs in treating petit mal 'absence' epilepsy.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of drugs used for petit mal 'absence' epilepsy. Ethosuximide, clonazepam and valproic acid differ in their chemical structures and properties. They appear to be well absorbed when given by mouth, but their patterns of distribution within the body are different. If these 3 drugs have a common mode of action, the virtual restriction of valproate to extracellular water suggests that this common mode of action is likely to involve receptors on the neuronal cell surface. Even if there is no common mode of action the apparent volume of distribution of valproate is consistent with its known effects on enzymes of the GABA shunt, and in particular on those shunt enzymes which are involved in the transmitter GABA pool in the region of synapses. The 3 drugs also show differences in elimination rate, which make it desirable to give valproate 3 times a day and clonazepam twice a day, whereas ethosuximide could reasonably be given once daily without undesirably wide fluctuations in plasma drug level over the dosage interval. Further studies of the pharmacokinetics of ethosuximide, clonazepam and valproate are still needed, but sufficient data are already available to provide some basis for rational use of these drugs in treating petit mal 'absence' epilepsy.", "PMID": 99738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3883", "title": "Mechanism of integrating foreign DNA during transformation of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Genes encoding thymidylate synthetase from Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages were cloned in Escherichia coli. Chimeric plasmids pCD1 and pCD3 were constructed from site-specific endonuclease digests of bacteriophage phi3T DNA cloned in pMB9 in E. coli. Similar cloning techniques with bacteriophage beta22 DNA yielded chimeric plasmids pCD4, pCD5, and pCD6. Endonuclease digests of DNA from pCD1 and pCD3 propagated in E. coli or from DNA isolated from bacteriophage phi3T propagated in B. subtilis transformed B. subtilis from Thy- to Thy+. Intact DNA from bacteriophage beta22, endonuclease digests of beta22 DNA, and a chimeric plasmid (pCD5) composed only of the thybeta22 gene and pMB9 did not transform B. subtilis from Thy- to Thy+ even though pCD5 could transform Thy- E. coli to Thy+. However, if the thybeta22 fragment from pCD5 was introduced into another chimeric plasmid, pCD2, that contains a region of homology to the chromosome of B. subtilis in addition to pMB9, transformation of Thy- clones of B. subtilis was possible. Furthermore, Southern hybridization analyses of the digests of chromosomal DNA from the Thy+ transformants established that the entire chimeric plasmid was incorporated into the chromosome of B. subtilis. Treatment of these plasmids with site-specific endonucleases abolished transformation. These results indicated that the entire chimeric plasmid can be incorporated into the chromosome of B. subtilis by a Campbell-like model. Therefore, an additional mechanism for transformation exists whereby plasmids can be integrated if sufficient chromosomal homology is maintained.", "contents": "Mechanism of integrating foreign DNA during transformation of Bacillus subtilis. Genes encoding thymidylate synthetase from Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages were cloned in Escherichia coli. Chimeric plasmids pCD1 and pCD3 were constructed from site-specific endonuclease digests of bacteriophage phi3T DNA cloned in pMB9 in E. coli. Similar cloning techniques with bacteriophage beta22 DNA yielded chimeric plasmids pCD4, pCD5, and pCD6. Endonuclease digests of DNA from pCD1 and pCD3 propagated in E. coli or from DNA isolated from bacteriophage phi3T propagated in B. subtilis transformed B. subtilis from Thy- to Thy+. Intact DNA from bacteriophage beta22, endonuclease digests of beta22 DNA, and a chimeric plasmid (pCD5) composed only of the thybeta22 gene and pMB9 did not transform B. subtilis from Thy- to Thy+ even though pCD5 could transform Thy- E. coli to Thy+. However, if the thybeta22 fragment from pCD5 was introduced into another chimeric plasmid, pCD2, that contains a region of homology to the chromosome of B. subtilis in addition to pMB9, transformation of Thy- clones of B. subtilis was possible. Furthermore, Southern hybridization analyses of the digests of chromosomal DNA from the Thy+ transformants established that the entire chimeric plasmid was incorporated into the chromosome of B. subtilis. Treatment of these plasmids with site-specific endonucleases abolished transformation. These results indicated that the entire chimeric plasmid can be incorporated into the chromosome of B. subtilis by a Campbell-like model. Therefore, an additional mechanism for transformation exists whereby plasmids can be integrated if sufficient chromosomal homology is maintained.", "PMID": 99740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3884", "title": "Purine metabolism in cultured human fibroblasts derived from patients deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, or adenosine deaminase.", "content": "Rates of purine synthesis de novo, as measured by the incorporation of [14C]formate into newly synthesized purines, have been determined in cultured human fibroblasts derived from normal individuals and from patients deficient in adenosine deaminase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, or hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, three consecutive enzymes of the purine salvage pathway. All four types of cell lines are capable of incorporating [14C]formate into purines at approximately the same rate when the assays are conducted in purine-free medium. The purine overproduction that is characteristic of a deficiency in either the transferase or the phosphorylase and that results from a block in purine reutilization can be demonstrated by the resistance of [14C]formate incorporation into purines to inhibition by hypoxanthine in the case of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient fibroblasts and by resistance to inhibition by inosine in the case of purine nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient fibroblasts.", "contents": "Purine metabolism in cultured human fibroblasts derived from patients deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, or adenosine deaminase. Rates of purine synthesis de novo, as measured by the incorporation of [14C]formate into newly synthesized purines, have been determined in cultured human fibroblasts derived from normal individuals and from patients deficient in adenosine deaminase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, or hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, three consecutive enzymes of the purine salvage pathway. All four types of cell lines are capable of incorporating [14C]formate into purines at approximately the same rate when the assays are conducted in purine-free medium. The purine overproduction that is characteristic of a deficiency in either the transferase or the phosphorylase and that results from a block in purine reutilization can be demonstrated by the resistance of [14C]formate incorporation into purines to inhibition by hypoxanthine in the case of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient fibroblasts and by resistance to inhibition by inosine in the case of purine nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient fibroblasts.", "PMID": 99741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3885", "title": "Neoplastic transformation of rat mammary cells exposed to 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene or N-nitrosomethylurea in cell culture.", "content": "Primary cultures of mammary cells from virgin Lewis rats were seeded at 5 X 10(5) cells per cm2 in medium 199 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, insulin (5 microgram/ml), prolactin (5 microgram/ml), estradiol (5 ng/ml), progesterone (0.5 microgram/ml), and hydrocortisone (0.5 microgram/ml). On the second or third day of culture, cells were exposed to either 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (0.1 microgram/ml for 24 hr) or N-nitrosomethylurea (80 microgram/ml for 2 hr). The cells were later assayed for transformation by transplanting 10(6) or 10(5) cells into gland-free mammary fat pads of 3-week-old female hosts. Untreated cells produced only normal mammary outgrowths when transplanted. Cells treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene or N-nitrosomethylurea produced abnormal outgrowths in 11% of the transplants. These abnormal outgrowths ranged from rapidly growing adenocarcinoma to alveolar and ductal hyperplastic lesions. The results indicate that rat mammary epithelial cells can be transformed by exposure to chemical carcinogens in culture and thus represent a potential in vitro model for epithelial cell transformation.", "contents": "Neoplastic transformation of rat mammary cells exposed to 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene or N-nitrosomethylurea in cell culture. Primary cultures of mammary cells from virgin Lewis rats were seeded at 5 X 10(5) cells per cm2 in medium 199 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, insulin (5 microgram/ml), prolactin (5 microgram/ml), estradiol (5 ng/ml), progesterone (0.5 microgram/ml), and hydrocortisone (0.5 microgram/ml). On the second or third day of culture, cells were exposed to either 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (0.1 microgram/ml for 24 hr) or N-nitrosomethylurea (80 microgram/ml for 2 hr). The cells were later assayed for transformation by transplanting 10(6) or 10(5) cells into gland-free mammary fat pads of 3-week-old female hosts. Untreated cells produced only normal mammary outgrowths when transplanted. Cells treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene or N-nitrosomethylurea produced abnormal outgrowths in 11% of the transplants. These abnormal outgrowths ranged from rapidly growing adenocarcinoma to alveolar and ductal hyperplastic lesions. The results indicate that rat mammary epithelial cells can be transformed by exposure to chemical carcinogens in culture and thus represent a potential in vitro model for epithelial cell transformation.", "PMID": 99742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3886", "title": "Origin and direction of replication in mitochondrial DNA molecules from Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "From a consideration of the various structural forms of partially replicated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules from Drosophila melanogaster embryos observed in the electron microscope, it appears that the majority of molecules are replicated by a highly asymmetrical mode in which synthesis on one strand is up to 99% complete before synthesis on the second strand is initiated. Replication of the minority of molecules involves a more nearly symmetrical synthesis of the two complementary strands. The D. melanogaster mtDNA molecules have physical features with respect to which the origin and direction of replication could be mapped. These features are (i) a single region accounting for approximately 25% of the circular contour length and rich in adenine + thymine, and (ii) four EcoRI sites, all of which lie outside of this region. Molecules of this mtDNA were subjected to partial denaturation, EcoRI  digestion, or partial denaturation after EcoRI digestion and the products were examined in the electron microscope. Complex forms interpretable as originating from replicative intermediates were observed. The size and structure of the components of these complex forms were wholly consistent with the interpretation that, in all of these mtDNA molecules, replication originates at, or close to, the center of the adenine + thymine-rich region and proceeds unidirectionally around the molecule toward the EcoRI site lying closest to the adenine + thymine-rich region.", "contents": "Origin and direction of replication in mitochondrial DNA molecules from Drosophila melanogaster. From a consideration of the various structural forms of partially replicated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules from Drosophila melanogaster embryos observed in the electron microscope, it appears that the majority of molecules are replicated by a highly asymmetrical mode in which synthesis on one strand is up to 99% complete before synthesis on the second strand is initiated. Replication of the minority of molecules involves a more nearly symmetrical synthesis of the two complementary strands. The D. melanogaster mtDNA molecules have physical features with respect to which the origin and direction of replication could be mapped. These features are (i) a single region accounting for approximately 25% of the circular contour length and rich in adenine + thymine, and (ii) four EcoRI sites, all of which lie outside of this region. Molecules of this mtDNA were subjected to partial denaturation, EcoRI  digestion, or partial denaturation after EcoRI digestion and the products were examined in the electron microscope. Complex forms interpretable as originating from replicative intermediates were observed. The size and structure of the components of these complex forms were wholly consistent with the interpretation that, in all of these mtDNA molecules, replication originates at, or close to, the center of the adenine + thymine-rich region and proceeds unidirectionally around the molecule toward the EcoRI site lying closest to the adenine + thymine-rich region.", "PMID": 99743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3887", "title": "Mechanisms of antibody diversity: multiple genes encode structurally related mouse kappa variable regions.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequences of the variable regions of three mouse Vkappa-21 kappa chains (A22, T111, and CB101) and one partial sequence (B32) have been determined and are compared to four previously reported Vkappa-21 variable regions. These eight kappa variable region sequences have, with the exception of an amide difference at residue 1, identical amino-terminal 23-residue sequences, all are of the same length, and all have extensive amino acid sequence homology throughout the variable region. When these eight variable regions are grouped by sequence homology, five different groups (Vkappa-21A, B, C, D, and E) are present whose members share common sets of amino acids within a group. Three groups of similar homology each contains at least two members (M63 and AB22 in Vkappa-21B; M321 and T124 in Vkappa-21C; and M70 and B32 in Vkappa-21A). The repetition of these five characteristic subgroup sequences in this relatively small sample indicates that these subgroups are isotypes which are controlled by separate germline genes. It is unlikely that these sequences could have been randomly somatically generated in different animals from a single germ-line gene (parallel mutation). Although a limited number of comparisons are available, the sequence differences within the Vkappa-21A, B, and C isotypes are limited to complementarity-determining regions and may have resulted from somatic mutations. The kappa chains comprising the Vkappa-21 isotypes offer a unique opportunity to compare the genetic interpretations of the primary amino acid sequence data with the nucleic acid hybridization data.", "contents": "Mechanisms of antibody diversity: multiple genes encode structurally related mouse kappa variable regions. The complete amino acid sequences of the variable regions of three mouse Vkappa-21 kappa chains (A22, T111, and CB101) and one partial sequence (B32) have been determined and are compared to four previously reported Vkappa-21 variable regions. These eight kappa variable region sequences have, with the exception of an amide difference at residue 1, identical amino-terminal 23-residue sequences, all are of the same length, and all have extensive amino acid sequence homology throughout the variable region. When these eight variable regions are grouped by sequence homology, five different groups (Vkappa-21A, B, C, D, and E) are present whose members share common sets of amino acids within a group. Three groups of similar homology each contains at least two members (M63 and AB22 in Vkappa-21B; M321 and T124 in Vkappa-21C; and M70 and B32 in Vkappa-21A). The repetition of these five characteristic subgroup sequences in this relatively small sample indicates that these subgroups are isotypes which are controlled by separate germline genes. It is unlikely that these sequences could have been randomly somatically generated in different animals from a single germ-line gene (parallel mutation). Although a limited number of comparisons are available, the sequence differences within the Vkappa-21A, B, and C isotypes are limited to complementarity-determining regions and may have resulted from somatic mutations. The kappa chains comprising the Vkappa-21 isotypes offer a unique opportunity to compare the genetic interpretations of the primary amino acid sequence data with the nucleic acid hybridization data.", "PMID": 99744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3888", "title": "Murine Ia and human DR antigens: homology of amino-terminal sequences.", "content": "Murine Ia and human DR antigens were isolated and purified by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with allo- and xenoantisera, respectively. The I-A subregion antigen consists of two chains, designated Aalpha and Abeta, with molecular weights of 35,000 and 26,000, respectively. The I-C subregion antigen likewise consists of two chains, designated Calpha and Cbeta, with molecular weights of 32,000 and 29,000, respectively. Under nonreducing conditions, the Cbeta chain migrates appreciably more rapidly on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels than the reduced Cbeta chain, reflecting the presence of an intrachain disulfide bond. The human DR antigen is also a two-chain unit and contains DRalpha and DRbeta components with molecular weights of 34,000 and 28,000, respectively. The DRbeta chain migrates more rapidly before reduction than afterward, like the murine Cbeta chain. The DRbeta and Cbeta chains are also strikingly homologous if a single amino acid shift is imposed on one of those chains. Thus, human DR antigens strongly resemble the murine I-C subregion antigens.", "contents": "Murine Ia and human DR antigens: homology of amino-terminal sequences. Murine Ia and human DR antigens were isolated and purified by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with allo- and xenoantisera, respectively. The I-A subregion antigen consists of two chains, designated Aalpha and Abeta, with molecular weights of 35,000 and 26,000, respectively. The I-C subregion antigen likewise consists of two chains, designated Calpha and Cbeta, with molecular weights of 32,000 and 29,000, respectively. Under nonreducing conditions, the Cbeta chain migrates appreciably more rapidly on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels than the reduced Cbeta chain, reflecting the presence of an intrachain disulfide bond. The human DR antigen is also a two-chain unit and contains DRalpha and DRbeta components with molecular weights of 34,000 and 28,000, respectively. The DRbeta chain migrates more rapidly before reduction than afterward, like the murine Cbeta chain. The DRbeta and Cbeta chains are also strikingly homologous if a single amino acid shift is imposed on one of those chains. Thus, human DR antigens strongly resemble the murine I-C subregion antigens.", "PMID": 99745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3889", "title": "AB variant of infantile GM2 gangliosidosis: deficiency of a factor necessary for stimulation of hexosaminidase A-catalyzed degradation of ganglioside GM2 and glycolipid GA2.", "content": "Human kidney extracts heated to 60 degrees and devoid of hexosaminidase activity (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase EC 3.2.1.30) stimulate more than 20-fold the hexosaminidase A-catalyzed degradation of ganglioside GM2 and of glycolipid GA2, the neuronal storage compounds of GM2 gangliosidosis. The stimulating factor of this extract, which is labile at temperatures above 60 degrees, is also present in kidney extracts from patients with infantile GM2 gangliosidosis having a deficiency of hexosaminidase A (Tay-Sachs disease, variant B) and a deficiency of hexosaminidases A and B (variant 0). Evidence is presented that this factor is defective in the AB-variant of infantile GM2 gangliosidosis which is characterized by an accumulation of glycolipids GM2 and GA2 despite the fact that the degrading enzymes, hexosaminidases A and B, retain normal activity levels. Thus, variant AB is an example of a fatal lipid storage disease that is caused not by a defect of a degrading enzyme but rather by a defective factor necessary for the interaction of lipid substrates and the water-soluble hydrolase.", "contents": "AB variant of infantile GM2 gangliosidosis: deficiency of a factor necessary for stimulation of hexosaminidase A-catalyzed degradation of ganglioside GM2 and glycolipid GA2. Human kidney extracts heated to 60 degrees and devoid of hexosaminidase activity (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase EC 3.2.1.30) stimulate more than 20-fold the hexosaminidase A-catalyzed degradation of ganglioside GM2 and of glycolipid GA2, the neuronal storage compounds of GM2 gangliosidosis. The stimulating factor of this extract, which is labile at temperatures above 60 degrees, is also present in kidney extracts from patients with infantile GM2 gangliosidosis having a deficiency of hexosaminidase A (Tay-Sachs disease, variant B) and a deficiency of hexosaminidases A and B (variant 0). Evidence is presented that this factor is defective in the AB-variant of infantile GM2 gangliosidosis which is characterized by an accumulation of glycolipids GM2 and GA2 despite the fact that the degrading enzymes, hexosaminidases A and B, retain normal activity levels. Thus, variant AB is an example of a fatal lipid storage disease that is caused not by a defect of a degrading enzyme but rather by a defective factor necessary for the interaction of lipid substrates and the water-soluble hydrolase.", "PMID": 99746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3890", "title": "Aggression increase and water competition decrease in squirrel monkeys given physostigmine injections.", "content": "Six adult squirrel monkeys (Samiri sciureus) were tested in pairs for social dominance in a water competition task. Dominance was defined by two methods: (1) number and direction of aggressive responses, and (2) successful water competition as assessed by latency to the water bottle, latency to accumulate 15 seconds of drinking, and total drinking duration. Monkeys were assigned to pairs on a \"round robin\" basis so that each monkey was paired with all other monkeys under control, saline, and three levels of physostigmine sulfate (6.25, 12.5, and 25.0 microgram/kg). Under drug conditions only one member of each pair was drugged. The 12.5 microgram/kg dose of physostigmine resulted in a significant increase in aggressive responses. Both drinking duration and general motor activity decreased with increasing dose level of drug. It was also noted that the non-drugged partners of drugged monkeys accumulated 15 seconds of drinking faster and drank more at the 25 and 12.5 microgram/kg dose levels than under control and saline conditions. Physostigmine resulted in an increase in one measure of social dominance and a decrease in the other.", "contents": "Aggression increase and water competition decrease in squirrel monkeys given physostigmine injections. Six adult squirrel monkeys (Samiri sciureus) were tested in pairs for social dominance in a water competition task. Dominance was defined by two methods: (1) number and direction of aggressive responses, and (2) successful water competition as assessed by latency to the water bottle, latency to accumulate 15 seconds of drinking, and total drinking duration. Monkeys were assigned to pairs on a \"round robin\" basis so that each monkey was paired with all other monkeys under control, saline, and three levels of physostigmine sulfate (6.25, 12.5, and 25.0 microgram/kg). Under drug conditions only one member of each pair was drugged. The 12.5 microgram/kg dose of physostigmine resulted in a significant increase in aggressive responses. Both drinking duration and general motor activity decreased with increasing dose level of drug. It was also noted that the non-drugged partners of drugged monkeys accumulated 15 seconds of drinking faster and drank more at the 25 and 12.5 microgram/kg dose levels than under control and saline conditions. Physostigmine resulted in an increase in one measure of social dominance and a decrease in the other.", "PMID": 99752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3891", "title": "SKF 525-A inhibition of hepatic monooxygenase activity in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Pretreatment of 3 male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with SKF 525-A(20 mg/kg, i.m.) 3 h prior to to injecting 14CH3-N-antipyrine (30 mg/kg, i.v.) increased antipyrine plasma half-life (APH) 240--500%; measurements of APH made 4, 8 and 11 days after SKF 525-A treatment were also higher than control values. Increases correspond to decreased plasma levels of 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine and 4-hydroxyantipyrine and decreased rates of aldrin epoxidation in liver biopsy homogenates. Comparison of HSLC and radiometric methods for determining APH showed that both methods were capable of detecting chemically altered hepatic monooxygenase activity.", "contents": "SKF 525-A inhibition of hepatic monooxygenase activity in rhesus monkeys. Pretreatment of 3 male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with SKF 525-A(20 mg/kg, i.m.) 3 h prior to to injecting 14CH3-N-antipyrine (30 mg/kg, i.v.) increased antipyrine plasma half-life (APH) 240--500%; measurements of APH made 4, 8 and 11 days after SKF 525-A treatment were also higher than control values. Increases correspond to decreased plasma levels of 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine and 4-hydroxyantipyrine and decreased rates of aldrin epoxidation in liver biopsy homogenates. Comparison of HSLC and radiometric methods for determining APH showed that both methods were capable of detecting chemically altered hepatic monooxygenase activity.", "PMID": 99753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3892", "title": "Role of glucagon in the hyperglycemic response to catecholamines in fasted baboons.", "content": "The hyperglycemic activities of epinephrine (EPI) and isoproterenol (ISO) in baboons correlated with their ability to increase plasma glucagon (IRG) levels relative to insulin (IRI). EPI inhibited IRI release and produced greater increases in plasma glucose and IRG than did ISO. ISO increased plasma IRI levels more than IRG. Infusion of somatostatin blocked IRG release and inhibited hyperglycemic responses to EPI by approximately 50%. These findings indicate that, as in man, IRG release contributes significantly to the hyperglycemic effects of catecholamines in baboons. The baboon thus appears to be a suitable model for predicting effects of drugs on glucose homeostasis in humans.", "contents": "Role of glucagon in the hyperglycemic response to catecholamines in fasted baboons. The hyperglycemic activities of epinephrine (EPI) and isoproterenol (ISO) in baboons correlated with their ability to increase plasma glucagon (IRG) levels relative to insulin (IRI). EPI inhibited IRI release and produced greater increases in plasma glucose and IRG than did ISO. ISO increased plasma IRI levels more than IRG. Infusion of somatostatin blocked IRG release and inhibited hyperglycemic responses to EPI by approximately 50%. These findings indicate that, as in man, IRG release contributes significantly to the hyperglycemic effects of catecholamines in baboons. The baboon thus appears to be a suitable model for predicting effects of drugs on glucose homeostasis in humans.", "PMID": 99754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3893", "title": "Regeneration of skeletal muscle after grafting in monkeys.", "content": "Twenty-five palmaris longus muscles were transplanted into the forearm (orthotopic autografts) or into the face (heterotopic autografts) in 15 Rhesus monkeys. These muscles were transplanted with or without anastomosis to a motor nerve. No significant difference was observed long-term between the grafts done with or without prior denervation of the muscle. The forearm muscle grafts without neurorrhaphies formed a static, fibrous sling which did not contract. The forearm autografts with neurorrhaphy and the grafts to the face, with or without neurorrhaphy, all developed regenerating skeletal muscle fibers and showed contractile activity.", "contents": "Regeneration of skeletal muscle after grafting in monkeys. Twenty-five palmaris longus muscles were transplanted into the forearm (orthotopic autografts) or into the face (heterotopic autografts) in 15 Rhesus monkeys. These muscles were transplanted with or without anastomosis to a motor nerve. No significant difference was observed long-term between the grafts done with or without prior denervation of the muscle. The forearm muscle grafts without neurorrhaphies formed a static, fibrous sling which did not contract. The forearm autografts with neurorrhaphy and the grafts to the face, with or without neurorrhaphy, all developed regenerating skeletal muscle fibers and showed contractile activity.", "PMID": 99759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3894", "title": "Demonstration of actin in the fibroblasts of healing palatal wounds.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to gain information which might be helpful in understanding the influence of palate surgery on abnormal maxillary growth. The finding of actin-rich cells in the granulation tissue of palatal wounds supports the hypothesis that one of the functions of those cells is contraction--and the latter subsequently leads to convergence of the wound margins and aberrations in growth of the underlying skeletal tissue. Much additional information is needed for final proof of that hypothesis. At present little is known about the initiation, regulation, or control of the proposed contractile phenomena, or the process of aberrent maxillary growth. Such information will be necessary for further development of clinical techniques that will allow normal maxillofacial growth after surgery on the palate at an early age.", "contents": "Demonstration of actin in the fibroblasts of healing palatal wounds. The purpose of this study was to gain information which might be helpful in understanding the influence of palate surgery on abnormal maxillary growth. The finding of actin-rich cells in the granulation tissue of palatal wounds supports the hypothesis that one of the functions of those cells is contraction--and the latter subsequently leads to convergence of the wound margins and aberrations in growth of the underlying skeletal tissue. Much additional information is needed for final proof of that hypothesis. At present little is known about the initiation, regulation, or control of the proposed contractile phenomena, or the process of aberrent maxillary growth. Such information will be necessary for further development of clinical techniques that will allow normal maxillofacial growth after surgery on the palate at an early age.", "PMID": 99760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3895", "title": "[Leg ulcer caused by a monkey's bite].", "content": "35 days following a monkey's bite, the ulcer observed showed total necrosis associated with spotted zones of necrosis due to the deep penetration of the animal's teeth. It was treated like a regular ulcer and healed within seven weeks without complications. One should keep in mind that such ulcers involve infectious episodes due to the transmission of a pathogenic human-type flora through a septic orodental milieu: Pathogenic cocci; Pasteurella, Shigella, Salmonella; Polio viruses or microbial and viral agents of the animal itself, which can cause lethal diseases such as: Yellow fever, Marburg's disease, Rabies.", "contents": "[Leg ulcer caused by a monkey's bite]. 35 days following a monkey's bite, the ulcer observed showed total necrosis associated with spotted zones of necrosis due to the deep penetration of the animal's teeth. It was treated like a regular ulcer and healed within seven weeks without complications. One should keep in mind that such ulcers involve infectious episodes due to the transmission of a pathogenic human-type flora through a septic orodental milieu: Pathogenic cocci; Pasteurella, Shigella, Salmonella; Polio viruses or microbial and viral agents of the animal itself, which can cause lethal diseases such as: Yellow fever, Marburg's disease, Rabies.", "PMID": 99755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3896", "title": "Enhanced intestinal lymph formation during fat absorption: the importance of triglyceride hydrolysis.", "content": "The effect of intraduodenal administration of fats was studied in the rat to define the mechanisms responsible for the substantial increase in intestinal lymph flow and protein transport which follows fat ingestion. Triglyceride in the intestinal lumen, protected from hydrolysis, does not appear to enhance intestinal lymph production. Giving both long- and medium-chain fatty acids, however, causes intestinal lymph flow and protein transport to increase in a manner similar to that found after giving triglyceride which is allowed to undergo hydrolysis. Bile by itself does not seem to be responsible for the phenomenon.", "contents": "Enhanced intestinal lymph formation during fat absorption: the importance of triglyceride hydrolysis. The effect of intraduodenal administration of fats was studied in the rat to define the mechanisms responsible for the substantial increase in intestinal lymph flow and protein transport which follows fat ingestion. Triglyceride in the intestinal lumen, protected from hydrolysis, does not appear to enhance intestinal lymph production. Giving both long- and medium-chain fatty acids, however, causes intestinal lymph flow and protein transport to increase in a manner similar to that found after giving triglyceride which is allowed to undergo hydrolysis. Bile by itself does not seem to be responsible for the phenomenon.", "PMID": 99761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3897", "title": "The validity of the approximation method \"area/perimeter\" as applied to 8 and 25-MV photon beams.", "content": "The approximation method of area/perimeter for different portal sizes used in practice for finding the equivalent squares of a rectangular field has been tested on a 35-MV Clinac Linear Accelerator for the purpose of treatment planning. Data were obtained for 8 and 25-MV x-rays at depths of maximum build-up regions, and at 10 cm depth below the surface of a suitable water phantom. Maximum variation of dose calculation from the above method is less than 1.6% for routine clinical usage while less than 3.2% for extreme rectangular field sizes. Dose variation improves as the depth in phantom increases.", "contents": "The validity of the approximation method \"area/perimeter\" as applied to 8 and 25-MV photon beams. The approximation method of area/perimeter for different portal sizes used in practice for finding the equivalent squares of a rectangular field has been tested on a 35-MV Clinac Linear Accelerator for the purpose of treatment planning. Data were obtained for 8 and 25-MV x-rays at depths of maximum build-up regions, and at 10 cm depth below the surface of a suitable water phantom. Maximum variation of dose calculation from the above method is less than 1.6% for routine clinical usage while less than 3.2% for extreme rectangular field sizes. Dose variation improves as the depth in phantom increases.", "PMID": 99763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3898", "title": "Ineffectiveness of prophylactic intrathecal methylprednisolone in myelography with aqueous media.", "content": "The effectiveness of prophylactic intrathecal methylprednisone (MP) in preventing arachnoiditis from iocarmate myelography was studied. Monkeys were injected intrathecally with locarmate, MP, or a combination of the two. Twelve weeks later the severity of arachnoiditis was determined in each animal. There was no significant prophylactic effect of intrathecal MP on arachnoiditis from locarmate. Some arachnoiditis was found in control animals treated with MP alone.", "contents": "Ineffectiveness of prophylactic intrathecal methylprednisolone in myelography with aqueous media. The effectiveness of prophylactic intrathecal methylprednisone (MP) in preventing arachnoiditis from iocarmate myelography was studied. Monkeys were injected intrathecally with locarmate, MP, or a combination of the two. Twelve weeks later the severity of arachnoiditis was determined in each animal. There was no significant prophylactic effect of intrathecal MP on arachnoiditis from locarmate. Some arachnoiditis was found in control animals treated with MP alone.", "PMID": 99764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3899", "title": "[Acute non-lithiasic cholecystitis].", "content": "The authors present 7 cases of acute non-lithiasic cholecystitis, representing 1.5% of the total number of acute cholecystitis cases in their personal statistics. The determining factor of the acute inflammatory process of the gallbladder was represented in 6 of the cases by non-lithiasic obstruction of the cystic duct. In the last case there was acute segmental cholecystitis secondary to a gallbladder septum, probably of congenital origin. Clinical and anatomo-pathological aspects are discussed, of acute non-lithiasic cholecystites, the origin of which is located in the diverticular apparatus of the biliary pathways. From the therapeutical viewpoint cholecystectomy is the most indicated attitude in such cases.", "contents": "[Acute non-lithiasic cholecystitis]. The authors present 7 cases of acute non-lithiasic cholecystitis, representing 1.5% of the total number of acute cholecystitis cases in their personal statistics. The determining factor of the acute inflammatory process of the gallbladder was represented in 6 of the cases by non-lithiasic obstruction of the cystic duct. In the last case there was acute segmental cholecystitis secondary to a gallbladder septum, probably of congenital origin. Clinical and anatomo-pathological aspects are discussed, of acute non-lithiasic cholecystites, the origin of which is located in the diverticular apparatus of the biliary pathways. From the therapeutical viewpoint cholecystectomy is the most indicated attitude in such cases.", "PMID": 99772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3900", "title": "The effect of ethanol on the metabolism of chronically-administered l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The metabolism of 3H-LAAM was studied in monkeys treated acutely and chronically with 2 mg/kg LAAM via intragastric catheter three times weekly. From the 15th week, 250 mg/kg ethanol every 2 hours (3g/kg/day) was also administered. This dose of ethanol did not impair the metabolism of LAAM in monkeys.", "contents": "The effect of ethanol on the metabolism of chronically-administered l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) in the rhesus monkey. The metabolism of 3H-LAAM was studied in monkeys treated acutely and chronically with 2 mg/kg LAAM via intragastric catheter three times weekly. From the 15th week, 250 mg/kg ethanol every 2 hours (3g/kg/day) was also administered. This dose of ethanol did not impair the metabolism of LAAM in monkeys.", "PMID": 99782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3901", "title": "[Endocranial complications in hemopathies. Merits of computerized axial tomography (CAT) (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of 88 patients examined with CAT, the writers consider the merits of this method of investigation in a study of endocranial complications in blood diseases. Interest in CAT is related in great part to its innoccuousness (making it possible to extend its application to often seriously ill patients) and the precision of the images which are obtained. This precision makes it possible to visualize lesions which at times can not be detected with other methods. A great part of present knowledge on endocranial complications in blood diseases is based on autopsy findings. With CAT, there is definitely the possibility of performing anatomical studies during the patient's lifetime, thus providing a better understanding of the characteristics and frequency of these complications. This is already made clear by this preliminary study, particularly in the area of acute leukemia and Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "[Endocranial complications in hemopathies. Merits of computerized axial tomography (CAT) (author's transl)]. On the basis of 88 patients examined with CAT, the writers consider the merits of this method of investigation in a study of endocranial complications in blood diseases. Interest in CAT is related in great part to its innoccuousness (making it possible to extend its application to often seriously ill patients) and the precision of the images which are obtained. This precision makes it possible to visualize lesions which at times can not be detected with other methods. A great part of present knowledge on endocranial complications in blood diseases is based on autopsy findings. With CAT, there is definitely the possibility of performing anatomical studies during the patient's lifetime, thus providing a better understanding of the characteristics and frequency of these complications. This is already made clear by this preliminary study, particularly in the area of acute leukemia and Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 99788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3902", "title": "[Preoperative radiotherapy and curative radiotherapy without mastectomy in carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of preoperative radiotherapy of mastocarcinoma is to reduce the size of the tumor to enable radical surgery in the third stage. This method is preferable to postoperative radiotherapy for anatomical and radiobiological reasons. It has not yet been possible to prove beyond doubt that preoperative radiotherapy also has a favourable effect on symptom-free survival. Curative radiotherapy without mastectomy is recommended for tumors of 2 - 3 cm size which are mobile, in small and medium-sized breasts, if the axilla is free or has only 1 - 2 mobile lymphatic nodes. Tumorectomy must be followed by surgical revision of the axillary region. High-voltage equipment is mandotory for radiotherapy. Results obtained to date are in no way inferior to those of mastectomy. Local control rate is 90-100%. The cosmetic result is usually excellent.", "contents": "[Preoperative radiotherapy and curative radiotherapy without mastectomy in carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)]. The aim of preoperative radiotherapy of mastocarcinoma is to reduce the size of the tumor to enable radical surgery in the third stage. This method is preferable to postoperative radiotherapy for anatomical and radiobiological reasons. It has not yet been possible to prove beyond doubt that preoperative radiotherapy also has a favourable effect on symptom-free survival. Curative radiotherapy without mastectomy is recommended for tumors of 2 - 3 cm size which are mobile, in small and medium-sized breasts, if the axilla is free or has only 1 - 2 mobile lymphatic nodes. Tumorectomy must be followed by surgical revision of the axillary region. High-voltage equipment is mandotory for radiotherapy. Results obtained to date are in no way inferior to those of mastectomy. Local control rate is 90-100%. The cosmetic result is usually excellent.", "PMID": 99799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3903", "title": "[Chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment in breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Prolonged L-Phenylalanin mustard Administration and combination chemotherapy as on adjuvant to mastectomy in the management of patients with primary breast cancer and pathologically axillary nods. Lead to improvement of results. L-PAM and CMF have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of women with primary breast cancer, particularly those who are premenopausal. In our trial no improvement of results could be observed by administration of Chlorambucil, Cyclophosphamide and 5-FU. Experience with both single-drug and combination chemotherapy has shown that the benefit of these treatments, as judged by the disease-free intervall, is restricted largely to premenopausal patients. This suggest that the therapeutic effect is due, at least to cytotoxic suppression of endocrine function. Therefore further prospective trial in this field are necessary.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment in breast cancer (author's transl)]. Prolonged L-Phenylalanin mustard Administration and combination chemotherapy as on adjuvant to mastectomy in the management of patients with primary breast cancer and pathologically axillary nods. Lead to improvement of results. L-PAM and CMF have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of women with primary breast cancer, particularly those who are premenopausal. In our trial no improvement of results could be observed by administration of Chlorambucil, Cyclophosphamide and 5-FU. Experience with both single-drug and combination chemotherapy has shown that the benefit of these treatments, as judged by the disease-free intervall, is restricted largely to premenopausal patients. This suggest that the therapeutic effect is due, at least to cytotoxic suppression of endocrine function. Therefore further prospective trial in this field are necessary.", "PMID": 99800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3904", "title": "[A contribution to radiological diagnostics of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Pyelonephritis xanthogranulomatosa is a peculiar manifestation of destructive interstitial nephritis which can be differentiated from other types of pyonephrosis exclusively by microscopic examination. Clinical symptomatology often points towards the existence of a renal tumor. The author analyses the clinical and radiological symptomatology of seven patients treated by him. The angiographic picture presented by pyelonephritis xanthogranulomatosa differs according to the character and extension of the inflammatory tissue lesion. The angiographic picture of the circumscribed and diffuse granular proliferative types resembles that of a poorly vascularised malignoma, whereas the destructive type resembles hydropyonephrosis.", "contents": "[A contribution to radiological diagnostics of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (author's transl)]. Pyelonephritis xanthogranulomatosa is a peculiar manifestation of destructive interstitial nephritis which can be differentiated from other types of pyonephrosis exclusively by microscopic examination. Clinical symptomatology often points towards the existence of a renal tumor. The author analyses the clinical and radiological symptomatology of seven patients treated by him. The angiographic picture presented by pyelonephritis xanthogranulomatosa differs according to the character and extension of the inflammatory tissue lesion. The angiographic picture of the circumscribed and diffuse granular proliferative types resembles that of a poorly vascularised malignoma, whereas the destructive type resembles hydropyonephrosis.", "PMID": 99801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3905", "title": "[Ossification of the coracoclavicular ligaments (author's transl)].", "content": "Joint-like connections between clavicula and coracoid process are rarely diagnosed. In routine radiological examinations of the thorax, the authors found a posttraumatic ossification of the coracoclavicular ligament in four patients. This phenomenon can occasionally be the cause of shoulder pain. The anatomy and pathogenesis are described, with x-ray film examples, on the basis of four cases.", "contents": "[Ossification of the coracoclavicular ligaments (author's transl)]. Joint-like connections between clavicula and coracoid process are rarely diagnosed. In routine radiological examinations of the thorax, the authors found a posttraumatic ossification of the coracoclavicular ligament in four patients. This phenomenon can occasionally be the cause of shoulder pain. The anatomy and pathogenesis are described, with x-ray film examples, on the basis of four cases.", "PMID": 99802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3906", "title": "Lactose malabsorption after bypass operation for obesity.", "content": "After bypass operation for obesity the remaining lactose-hydrolyzing capacity of the functioning shunt is very low, especially if the shunt is constructed from a shorter jejunal and a longer ileal segment. In most cases a temporary decrease in the lactase activity of the jejunal part of the shunt occurs during the first postoperative months. In the present study lactose provoked or aggravated diarrhoea and other symptoms in 20 of 33 shunt-operated patients, and 10 patients reported milk intolerance postoperatively. Oral glucose tolerance tests indicated that the lactase activity was rate limiting for lactose absorption postoperatively.", "contents": "Lactose malabsorption after bypass operation for obesity. After bypass operation for obesity the remaining lactose-hydrolyzing capacity of the functioning shunt is very low, especially if the shunt is constructed from a shorter jejunal and a longer ileal segment. In most cases a temporary decrease in the lactase activity of the jejunal part of the shunt occurs during the first postoperative months. In the present study lactose provoked or aggravated diarrhoea and other symptoms in 20 of 33 shunt-operated patients, and 10 patients reported milk intolerance postoperatively. Oral glucose tolerance tests indicated that the lactase activity was rate limiting for lactose absorption postoperatively.", "PMID": 99806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3907", "title": "Determination of glomerular filtration rate in advanced renal insufficiency.", "content": "The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) has been determined in 17 patients with advanced renal insufficiency (GFR less than 15 ml/min) by different clearance techniques using creatinine, inulin and 51Cr-EDTA as filtration markers. With renal inulin clearance as reference method for GFR, endogenous renal creatinine clearance overestimated GFR by an average of 30%. Renal clearance of 51Cr-EDTA and inulin were closely correlated and thus 51Cr-EDTA is a suitable GFR marker even at low filtration rates. However, it was found that the plasma clearance of 51Cr-EDTA overestimated the GFR often by more than 100% in the range 2.6--11.2 ml/min. Renal clearance measured during 24 h was lower than 4 h renal clearance with the patient well hydrated and resting in bed. It is concluded that the precise measurement of low glomerular filtration rates requires the use of renal clearance techniques. Four-hour 51Cr-EDTA renal clearance is a suitable method for measuring and following the development of renal function in advanced renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Determination of glomerular filtration rate in advanced renal insufficiency. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) has been determined in 17 patients with advanced renal insufficiency (GFR less than 15 ml/min) by different clearance techniques using creatinine, inulin and 51Cr-EDTA as filtration markers. With renal inulin clearance as reference method for GFR, endogenous renal creatinine clearance overestimated GFR by an average of 30%. Renal clearance of 51Cr-EDTA and inulin were closely correlated and thus 51Cr-EDTA is a suitable GFR marker even at low filtration rates. However, it was found that the plasma clearance of 51Cr-EDTA overestimated the GFR often by more than 100% in the range 2.6--11.2 ml/min. Renal clearance measured during 24 h was lower than 4 h renal clearance with the patient well hydrated and resting in bed. It is concluded that the precise measurement of low glomerular filtration rates requires the use of renal clearance techniques. Four-hour 51Cr-EDTA renal clearance is a suitable method for measuring and following the development of renal function in advanced renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 99807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3908", "title": "Lead poisoning treated with haemodialysis.", "content": "A 27-year-old woman ingested as an abortifacient 40 grams of litharge (PbO). She was treated with EDTA infusion and haemodialysis. The half-life of lead in the blood was 9 hours during combined haemodialysis and EDTA infusion and 96 hours when EDTA was given alone. Signs and symptoms attributable to acute lead intoxication were mild.", "contents": "Lead poisoning treated with haemodialysis. A 27-year-old woman ingested as an abortifacient 40 grams of litharge (PbO). She was treated with EDTA infusion and haemodialysis. The half-life of lead in the blood was 9 hours during combined haemodialysis and EDTA infusion and 96 hours when EDTA was given alone. Signs and symptoms attributable to acute lead intoxication were mild.", "PMID": 99808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3909", "title": "Tuberculosis infection and the repeat test. Effect in BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs.", "content": "Groups of BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the course of tuberculin reactions before and after was studied. The infection led to reactions that were accelerated as if repeated tests had been given, but were larger than in such cases. Acceleration of reactions due to previous testing was present 1 week, but not 4 weeks after the start of the infection. Possibly, in cellular immunity in general, absence of the repeat test effect may be interpreted as a sign that specific antigen stimulation is taking place, and diagnostic tests could be constructed on this basis.", "contents": "Tuberculosis infection and the repeat test. Effect in BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs. Groups of BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the course of tuberculin reactions before and after was studied. The infection led to reactions that were accelerated as if repeated tests had been given, but were larger than in such cases. Acceleration of reactions due to previous testing was present 1 week, but not 4 weeks after the start of the infection. Possibly, in cellular immunity in general, absence of the repeat test effect may be interpreted as a sign that specific antigen stimulation is taking place, and diagnostic tests could be constructed on this basis.", "PMID": 99809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3910", "title": "[Pseudothrombopenia (proceedings)].", "content": "Two cases of spurious thrombocytopenia are reported, one induced by platelet satellitism and the other by platelet aggregation. These phenomena occur in vitro, only in the presence of EDTA and are linked with the presence of IgG in the patients' sera.", "contents": "[Pseudothrombopenia (proceedings)]. Two cases of spurious thrombocytopenia are reported, one induced by platelet satellitism and the other by platelet aggregation. These phenomena occur in vitro, only in the presence of EDTA and are linked with the presence of IgG in the patients' sera.", "PMID": 99810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3911", "title": "[Mobility measurements and histological studies on endosseous titanium implants under masticatory stress in the mandibles of adult macacas].", "content": "Linkow blades were implanted into 5 adult monkeys. Measurements of mobility showed that two weeks after implantation the implant mobility was below the mobility of the control teeth. Fixed bridgework was inserted and after 8-14 months the mobility of implant and control teeth were alike. Inspite of this favourable result, the mobility of the implants, after removal of the bridgework, was higher than that of the controls and of normal values. The histological picture explains this, since all implants showed a sheath of connective tissue which was 5-10 times the dimension of the normal desmodontal space. Inflammatory processes and epithelial growth into depth were observed inspite of the absence of clinical symptoms. There was bony growth through the windows of the implants, but only on two implants could bone sheathing be observed. The conclusion is that Linkow implants should not be used alone for the anchoring of bridgework but only as link supports between long bridge spans or as distal extension of shortened tooth arches. Also, it can be used for the retention of a Dolder bar in mucosa supported dentures.", "contents": "[Mobility measurements and histological studies on endosseous titanium implants under masticatory stress in the mandibles of adult macacas]. Linkow blades were implanted into 5 adult monkeys. Measurements of mobility showed that two weeks after implantation the implant mobility was below the mobility of the control teeth. Fixed bridgework was inserted and after 8-14 months the mobility of implant and control teeth were alike. Inspite of this favourable result, the mobility of the implants, after removal of the bridgework, was higher than that of the controls and of normal values. The histological picture explains this, since all implants showed a sheath of connective tissue which was 5-10 times the dimension of the normal desmodontal space. Inflammatory processes and epithelial growth into depth were observed inspite of the absence of clinical symptoms. There was bony growth through the windows of the implants, but only on two implants could bone sheathing be observed. The conclusion is that Linkow implants should not be used alone for the anchoring of bridgework but only as link supports between long bridge spans or as distal extension of shortened tooth arches. Also, it can be used for the retention of a Dolder bar in mucosa supported dentures.", "PMID": 99811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3912", "title": "Processes controlling arm movements in monkeys.", "content": "The experiments identify some of the processes underlying arm movements in rhesus monkeys. Three monkeys were trained to point to a target with the hand and forearm and to hold that position for about 1 second to obtain a reward. Forearm movements were performed without sight of the arm before and after bilateral dorsal rhizotomy. In both intact and deafferented animals, we unexpectedly displaced the forearm prior to movement initiation and observed that the arm moved accurately to the target. These results are relevant to the question of what is being controlled by motor commands. The controlled variable appears to be an equilibrium point between agonist and antagonist muscles. The findings suggest that the feedback system plays a major role in updating and adjusting the central programs subserving the execution of learned motor patterns.", "contents": "Processes controlling arm movements in monkeys. The experiments identify some of the processes underlying arm movements in rhesus monkeys. Three monkeys were trained to point to a target with the hand and forearm and to hold that position for about 1 second to obtain a reward. Forearm movements were performed without sight of the arm before and after bilateral dorsal rhizotomy. In both intact and deafferented animals, we unexpectedly displaced the forearm prior to movement initiation and observed that the arm moved accurately to the target. These results are relevant to the question of what is being controlled by motor commands. The controlled variable appears to be an equilibrium point between agonist and antagonist muscles. The findings suggest that the feedback system plays a major role in updating and adjusting the central programs subserving the execution of learned motor patterns.", "PMID": 99813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3913", "title": "Vaccination of experimental monkeys against Plasmodium falciparum: a possible safe adjuvant.", "content": "Owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra) were effectively immunized against a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Two injections of antigen, primarily mature segmenters with fully developed merozoites, mixed with adjuvant (6-O-stearoyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and liposomes) were administered intramuscularly at a 4-week interval. Approximately 2 weeks after the second vaccination, the monkeys were challenged with the homologous strain of P. falciparum. All immunized monkeys survived the challenge. The substitution of Freund's complete adjuvant is an encouraging step toward the development of an effective and safe vaccine for human malaria.", "contents": "Vaccination of experimental monkeys against Plasmodium falciparum: a possible safe adjuvant. Owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra) were effectively immunized against a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Two injections of antigen, primarily mature segmenters with fully developed merozoites, mixed with adjuvant (6-O-stearoyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and liposomes) were administered intramuscularly at a 4-week interval. Approximately 2 weeks after the second vaccination, the monkeys were challenged with the homologous strain of P. falciparum. All immunized monkeys survived the challenge. The substitution of Freund's complete adjuvant is an encouraging step toward the development of an effective and safe vaccine for human malaria.", "PMID": 99814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3914", "title": "Antibody diversity.", "content": "Three important aspects of immunoglobulin gene organization and structure have emerged from studies of cloned immunoglobulin kappa chain genes. (i) Multiple variable genes are encoded separately in the genome of both immunoglobulin-producing and uncommitted (embryonic) cells, thereby establishing the evolutionary base for generating immunoglobulin diversity. (ii) These genes exist as many small, closely related families (subgroups) that share close sequence homology largely within their own subgroup. (iii) Comparison of two cloned variable gene segments derived from a single subgroup reveals a feature of their structure that distinguishes them from fixed genes (that is, globin genes) and provides, through extensive surrounding sequence homology, a large target for intergenic recombination. This last observation suggests that a simple recombination mechanism may account for their genetic instability in both germ line and somatic cells.", "contents": "Antibody diversity. Three important aspects of immunoglobulin gene organization and structure have emerged from studies of cloned immunoglobulin kappa chain genes. (i) Multiple variable genes are encoded separately in the genome of both immunoglobulin-producing and uncommitted (embryonic) cells, thereby establishing the evolutionary base for generating immunoglobulin diversity. (ii) These genes exist as many small, closely related families (subgroups) that share close sequence homology largely within their own subgroup. (iii) Comparison of two cloned variable gene segments derived from a single subgroup reveals a feature of their structure that distinguishes them from fixed genes (that is, globin genes) and provides, through extensive surrounding sequence homology, a large target for intergenic recombination. This last observation suggests that a simple recombination mechanism may account for their genetic instability in both germ line and somatic cells.", "PMID": 99815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3915", "title": "Neural lateralization of species-specific vocalizations by Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata).", "content": "Five Japanese macaques and five other Old World monkeys were trained to discriminate among field-recorded Japanese macaque vocalizations. One task required discrimination of a communicatively relevant acoustic feature (\"peak\"), and a second required discrimination of an orthogonal feature of the same vocalizations (\"pitch\"). The Japanese animals more proficiently discriminated the peak feature when stimuli were presented to the right ear (primarily left cerebral hemisphere), as opposed to the left ear (primarily right hemisphere). In discriminating the pitch feature, the Japanese animals either showed (i) a left-ear processing advantage or (ii) no ear advantage. The comparison animals, with one exception, showed no ear advantage in processing either feature of the vocalizations. The results suggest that Japanese macaques engage left-hemisphere processors for the analysis of communicatively significant sounds that are analogous to the lateralized mechanisms used by humans listening to speech.", "contents": "Neural lateralization of species-specific vocalizations by Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Five Japanese macaques and five other Old World monkeys were trained to discriminate among field-recorded Japanese macaque vocalizations. One task required discrimination of a communicatively relevant acoustic feature (\"peak\"), and a second required discrimination of an orthogonal feature of the same vocalizations (\"pitch\"). The Japanese animals more proficiently discriminated the peak feature when stimuli were presented to the right ear (primarily left cerebral hemisphere), as opposed to the left ear (primarily right hemisphere). In discriminating the pitch feature, the Japanese animals either showed (i) a left-ear processing advantage or (ii) no ear advantage. The comparison animals, with one exception, showed no ear advantage in processing either feature of the vocalizations. The results suggest that Japanese macaques engage left-hemisphere processors for the analysis of communicatively significant sounds that are analogous to the lateralized mechanisms used by humans listening to speech.", "PMID": 99817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3916", "title": "Productivity of ospreys in Connecticut--Long Island increases as DDE residues decline.", "content": "Nesting success of ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) breeding in the Connecticut--Long Island area has increased since 1973 and is now approaching the levels recorded prior to the 1950's. Simultaneously, DDE and dieldrin residues have declined in unhatched eggs. Levels of polychorinated biphenyls have shown no changes over the period 1969 to 1976. The increase in productivity is attributed primarily to lower levels of DDE contamination. Detrimental effects in the past on ospreys in the Connecticut River estuary are attributed to local contamination with dieldrin.", "contents": "Productivity of ospreys in Connecticut--Long Island increases as DDE residues decline. Nesting success of ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) breeding in the Connecticut--Long Island area has increased since 1973 and is now approaching the levels recorded prior to the 1950's. Simultaneously, DDE and dieldrin residues have declined in unhatched eggs. Levels of polychorinated biphenyls have shown no changes over the period 1969 to 1976. The increase in productivity is attributed primarily to lower levels of DDE contamination. Detrimental effects in the past on ospreys in the Connecticut River estuary are attributed to local contamination with dieldrin.", "PMID": 99818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3917", "title": "Induced abortion.", "content": "The morbidity and mortality of illegal abortion are briefly discussed with reference to South Africa, where it seems that 1 in every 8-10 pregnant women deals with an unwanted pregnancy in this way. A review of the literature regarding legal abortion has been undertaken, detailing mortality and morbidity with various methods in many countries. The medical problems resulting from a permissive abortion policy have been highlighted, and an attempt has been made to define the place of medically induced abortion in health services, as it is understood by countries with extensive experience in this field. It is hoped that this contribution will help to define the real issues in the current abortion debate in South Africa.", "contents": "Induced abortion. The morbidity and mortality of illegal abortion are briefly discussed with reference to South Africa, where it seems that 1 in every 8-10 pregnant women deals with an unwanted pregnancy in this way. A review of the literature regarding legal abortion has been undertaken, detailing mortality and morbidity with various methods in many countries. The medical problems resulting from a permissive abortion policy have been highlighted, and an attempt has been made to define the place of medically induced abortion in health services, as it is understood by countries with extensive experience in this field. It is hoped that this contribution will help to define the real issues in the current abortion debate in South Africa.", "PMID": 99825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3918", "title": "Cellular immune function in marasmic and underweight infants with prolonged diarrhoea.", "content": "Lymphocytes from 10 marasmic and underweight infants with prolonged diarrhoea responded normally to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation. There was no gross deficiency in the total number of lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins, or serum C3. Defective cellular immunity does not appear to play a major role in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea in these children.", "contents": "Cellular immune function in marasmic and underweight infants with prolonged diarrhoea. Lymphocytes from 10 marasmic and underweight infants with prolonged diarrhoea responded normally to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation. There was no gross deficiency in the total number of lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins, or serum C3. Defective cellular immunity does not appear to play a major role in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea in these children.", "PMID": 99826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3919", "title": "Postoperative ileus: a colonic problem?", "content": "Postoperative electromechanical activity of the gastric antrum, small bowel, right colon, and sigmoid colon was recorded in stumptail monkeys in response to retroperitoneal dissection and transient clamping of the renal pedicle. Bipolar silver electrodes and extraluminal bonded strain gauge transducers were used to record slow-wave and spike discharges and contractions of intestinal smooth muscle. After operation myoelectric activity was decreased transiently in the antrum and for only a few hours in the small bowel. Right colon contractile activity was decreased significantly for 24 hours and that of the sigmoid colon for 72 hours. Postoperative inhibition of bowel motility appears to be most profound and persistent in the colon.", "contents": "Postoperative ileus: a colonic problem? Postoperative electromechanical activity of the gastric antrum, small bowel, right colon, and sigmoid colon was recorded in stumptail monkeys in response to retroperitoneal dissection and transient clamping of the renal pedicle. Bipolar silver electrodes and extraluminal bonded strain gauge transducers were used to record slow-wave and spike discharges and contractions of intestinal smooth muscle. After operation myoelectric activity was decreased transiently in the antrum and for only a few hours in the small bowel. Right colon contractile activity was decreased significantly for 24 hours and that of the sigmoid colon for 72 hours. Postoperative inhibition of bowel motility appears to be most profound and persistent in the colon.", "PMID": 99829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3920", "title": "Genetic control of the interferon system.", "content": "Now that some studies have been done on the genetics of the human interferon system, it would appear that the primary constraint to interferon research imposed by the lack of human interferon can be overcome as indicated herein with mutagenized human cell lines containing multiple copies of chromosome 5. Purified interferon from these mutants has allowed us to label it radioactively. However the amount required for a complete amino acid and sugar sequence of human interferon is still very large but within the realm of possibility when the use of these mutant cell lines is considered (23, 24).", "contents": "Genetic control of the interferon system. Now that some studies have been done on the genetics of the human interferon system, it would appear that the primary constraint to interferon research imposed by the lack of human interferon can be overcome as indicated herein with mutagenized human cell lines containing multiple copies of chromosome 5. Purified interferon from these mutants has allowed us to label it radioactively. However the amount required for a complete amino acid and sugar sequence of human interferon is still very large but within the realm of possibility when the use of these mutant cell lines is considered (23, 24).", "PMID": 99832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3921", "title": "Inhibition of interferon production by retinoic acid (vitamin A acid).", "content": "The production of interferon was employed to study the site and mechanism of action of retinoic acid (vitamin A). The data is consistent with a site of action of retinoic acid at the gene level, since it appears that interferon production is suppressed at the transcriptional step by a retinoic acid-induced protein. Evidence for this is as follows: (a) The effect of retinoic acid is probably on an early cellular function associated with interferon production rather than an effect on the inducer (virus or poly I:poly c). (b) The suppression of interferon production by retinoic acid is blocked by cycloheximide indicating a newly synthesized protein (repressor) mediates the suppression. (c) When allowances are made for the time required for the synthesis of the retinoic acid-induced protein, the time course of retinoic acid suppression of interferon production is superimposable on the time course of actinomycin D suppression since the slopes are very similar. These data provide the first evidence for transcriptional control of a specific protein (interferon) by retinoic acid. Additionally, they support the existence of transcriptional control of interferon production after inducer addition.", "contents": "Inhibition of interferon production by retinoic acid (vitamin A acid). The production of interferon was employed to study the site and mechanism of action of retinoic acid (vitamin A). The data is consistent with a site of action of retinoic acid at the gene level, since it appears that interferon production is suppressed at the transcriptional step by a retinoic acid-induced protein. Evidence for this is as follows: (a) The effect of retinoic acid is probably on an early cellular function associated with interferon production rather than an effect on the inducer (virus or poly I:poly c). (b) The suppression of interferon production by retinoic acid is blocked by cycloheximide indicating a newly synthesized protein (repressor) mediates the suppression. (c) When allowances are made for the time required for the synthesis of the retinoic acid-induced protein, the time course of retinoic acid suppression of interferon production is superimposable on the time course of actinomycin D suppression since the slopes are very similar. These data provide the first evidence for transcriptional control of a specific protein (interferon) by retinoic acid. Additionally, they support the existence of transcriptional control of interferon production after inducer addition.", "PMID": 99833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3922", "title": "Induction of the interferon protein in the animal: general considerations.", "content": "Serum interferon is largely produced by B and T lymphocytes and macrophages, depending on the inducer. Lymphocyte interferon is different from macrophage and fibroblast interferon. There are two alleles controlling mouse interferon production. A protein possibly related to interferon may cause hyporeactivity. Our work was supported by NIH Grant 5-RO1-02953.", "contents": "Induction of the interferon protein in the animal: general considerations. Serum interferon is largely produced by B and T lymphocytes and macrophages, depending on the inducer. Lymphocyte interferon is different from macrophage and fibroblast interferon. There are two alleles controlling mouse interferon production. A protein possibly related to interferon may cause hyporeactivity. Our work was supported by NIH Grant 5-RO1-02953.", "PMID": 99834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3923", "title": "Possible associations between HLA antigens and the immune responsiveness to attenuated rubella vaccine.", "content": "We investigated the possible associations between HLA antigens and the antibody response patterns during a clinical trial with a live attenuated rubella vaccine in 172 Japanese schoolgirls. Those vaccine recipients were divided into three groups, 42 low responders, 102 intermediate responders and 28 high responders, according to convalescent-phase hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers. High frequencies of HLA--A11 and HLA--B15 in high responders and HLA--Aw24 and HLA--B5 in low responders were found. Among HLA--A antigens HLA--A11 had the highest geometric mean HI antibody titer and HLA--Aw24 had the lowest. Among HLA--B antigens HLA--B15 had the highest and HLA--B5 had the lowest. Strong linkage disequilibrium was found between HLA--A11 and HLA--B15 in high responders and between HLA--Aw24 and HLA--B5 in low responders. These results suggest that there may be a relationship between HLA antigens and specific immune response genes in man as well as in other vertebrates.", "contents": "Possible associations between HLA antigens and the immune responsiveness to attenuated rubella vaccine. We investigated the possible associations between HLA antigens and the antibody response patterns during a clinical trial with a live attenuated rubella vaccine in 172 Japanese schoolgirls. Those vaccine recipients were divided into three groups, 42 low responders, 102 intermediate responders and 28 high responders, according to convalescent-phase hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers. High frequencies of HLA--A11 and HLA--B15 in high responders and HLA--Aw24 and HLA--B5 in low responders were found. Among HLA--A antigens HLA--A11 had the highest geometric mean HI antibody titer and HLA--Aw24 had the lowest. Among HLA--B antigens HLA--B15 had the highest and HLA--B5 had the lowest. Strong linkage disequilibrium was found between HLA--A11 and HLA--B15 in high responders and between HLA--Aw24 and HLA--B5 in low responders. These results suggest that there may be a relationship between HLA antigens and specific immune response genes in man as well as in other vertebrates.", "PMID": 99841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3924", "title": "Changes of cell cycle affecting cidal effect of triethylene thiophosphoramide on cultured human bladder carcinoma cells.", "content": "The cell cycle of the human bladder carcinoma cell line (MGH-U1 cells) was prolonged immediately after low dose of triethylene thiophosphoramide (Thio Tepa). Although the elongated cell cycle time seemed to return to the control level 48 hr following the treatment, there still remained postsynthetic accumulation and postmitotic diminution in the cell population and the cells were insensitive to high dose of the agent. The present results suggest that Thio Tepa is less effective for G2 cells, but more effective for G1 or S cells.", "contents": "Changes of cell cycle affecting cidal effect of triethylene thiophosphoramide on cultured human bladder carcinoma cells. The cell cycle of the human bladder carcinoma cell line (MGH-U1 cells) was prolonged immediately after low dose of triethylene thiophosphoramide (Thio Tepa). Although the elongated cell cycle time seemed to return to the control level 48 hr following the treatment, there still remained postsynthetic accumulation and postmitotic diminution in the cell population and the cells were insensitive to high dose of the agent. The present results suggest that Thio Tepa is less effective for G2 cells, but more effective for G1 or S cells.", "PMID": 99842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3925", "title": "[Radiobiological bases and clinical aspects of radiation therapy with heavy particles (author's transl)].", "content": "Our present radiobiological knowledge gives rise to the hope of an amelioration of the local results in radiation therapy by means of new categories of radiations. Neutrons are clinically used to a larger extent already, protons occasionally. The physical characteristics of pi-meson beams are especially favorable. Even considerable ameliorations, however, of the percentage of local healing would increase the survival rate by some few per-cent only.", "contents": "[Radiobiological bases and clinical aspects of radiation therapy with heavy particles (author's transl)]. Our present radiobiological knowledge gives rise to the hope of an amelioration of the local results in radiation therapy by means of new categories of radiations. Neutrons are clinically used to a larger extent already, protons occasionally. The physical characteristics of pi-meson beams are especially favorable. Even considerable ameliorations, however, of the percentage of local healing would increase the survival rate by some few per-cent only.", "PMID": 99847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3926", "title": "[Pharmacologic analysis of the stimulating effect of serotonin on proliferation in cell cultures].", "content": "Serotonin (10-7 M) stimulated cell proliferation in the primary cultures of mouse and human embryonic fibroblasts as well as in mouse L-cells and in monkey kidney cells (MA). The stimulatory effect is completely prevented by pretreatment of cultured cells with serotonin antagonists of tipindole, morphine or cyproheptadine type which do not affect cell proliferation. It is therefore assumed that the stimulatory action of serotonin on these cells is realized via specific serotonin receptors.", "contents": "[Pharmacologic analysis of the stimulating effect of serotonin on proliferation in cell cultures]. Serotonin (10-7 M) stimulated cell proliferation in the primary cultures of mouse and human embryonic fibroblasts as well as in mouse L-cells and in monkey kidney cells (MA). The stimulatory effect is completely prevented by pretreatment of cultured cells with serotonin antagonists of tipindole, morphine or cyproheptadine type which do not affect cell proliferation. It is therefore assumed that the stimulatory action of serotonin on these cells is realized via specific serotonin receptors.", "PMID": 99848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3927", "title": "[Effect of anesthesia on the results of the overall treatment of breast cancer].", "content": "The authors have studied the 5 years' survival of 403 cases of mammary gland cancer without development of recurrences and metastases. In 205 out of them ether-nitrous oxide anesthesia and in 198 fluoroxene-nitrous oxide anesthesia were applied. Postoperative Thiophosphamide (Thio-TEP) was administered to all the patients. The main factors characterizing the compared groups were identical in both of them. It has been proved that 5 years survival of mammary gland cancer cases rises when the patients undergo a complex treatment, and during the operation they are subjected to fluoroxene and not to ether.", "contents": "[Effect of anesthesia on the results of the overall treatment of breast cancer]. The authors have studied the 5 years' survival of 403 cases of mammary gland cancer without development of recurrences and metastases. In 205 out of them ether-nitrous oxide anesthesia and in 198 fluoroxene-nitrous oxide anesthesia were applied. Postoperative Thiophosphamide (Thio-TEP) was administered to all the patients. The main factors characterizing the compared groups were identical in both of them. It has been proved that 5 years survival of mammary gland cancer cases rises when the patients undergo a complex treatment, and during the operation they are subjected to fluoroxene and not to ether.", "PMID": 99856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3928", "title": "[Size of pellets and individual properties of boar semen in relation to the number of motile spermatozoa following defrosting].", "content": "The second fraction of the ejaculate of five boars of the Landrace breed was used for the experiments. Non-diluted semen was kept in hydrogen atmosphere for three hours at + 5 degrees C; then it was frozen in solid carbon dioxide into 0.1 ml, 2.0 ml, and 5.0 ml pellets and in liquid nitrogen vapours into the shape of disk or cylinder 5 ml in volume. The pellets were de-frozen on a teflon pan at 42 degrees C without addition of any other diluent. Ejaculate in which at least 25% of the spermatozoa were motile was considered to be usable. No statistically significant difference was found between the motility of spermatozoa frozen in the 0.1 ml and 2.0 ml pellets, but it can be said that on an average the motility of the spermatozoa was lower in larger pellets; this could be observed mainly in the pellets with the volume of 5.0 ml. Large differences were revealed in the freezability of the semen of different boars, irrespective of the size of the frozen pellet. Insemination of 38 gilts with semen from 2.0 ml pellets gave a 57,8 % concentration rate (22 gilts) and the average litter size was 8.25 piglets.", "contents": "[Size of pellets and individual properties of boar semen in relation to the number of motile spermatozoa following defrosting]. The second fraction of the ejaculate of five boars of the Landrace breed was used for the experiments. Non-diluted semen was kept in hydrogen atmosphere for three hours at + 5 degrees C; then it was frozen in solid carbon dioxide into 0.1 ml, 2.0 ml, and 5.0 ml pellets and in liquid nitrogen vapours into the shape of disk or cylinder 5 ml in volume. The pellets were de-frozen on a teflon pan at 42 degrees C without addition of any other diluent. Ejaculate in which at least 25% of the spermatozoa were motile was considered to be usable. No statistically significant difference was found between the motility of spermatozoa frozen in the 0.1 ml and 2.0 ml pellets, but it can be said that on an average the motility of the spermatozoa was lower in larger pellets; this could be observed mainly in the pellets with the volume of 5.0 ml. Large differences were revealed in the freezability of the semen of different boars, irrespective of the size of the frozen pellet. Insemination of 38 gilts with semen from 2.0 ml pellets gave a 57,8 % concentration rate (22 gilts) and the average litter size was 8.25 piglets.", "PMID": 99858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3929", "title": "[Effect of bilateral orchidectomy on serum testosterone levels in boars].", "content": "Bilateral orchidectomy caused a marked decrease in the concentration of testosterone in the bood plasma of boars already in the early post-castration stage of three hours after the operation. In the period from 3 to 207 days after castration, the pre-operation levels of plasma testosterone decrease by 84.4%, on an average. Adreno-cortical compensation of the concentration of the hormone did not occur in the post-castration period. The conclusion is that the levels of testosterone in the blood of boars are mostly of testicular origin and can be considered as the main criterion of the incretion function of the testes. The discussion concerns the practical importance of the determination of testosterone levels in the blood of boars for clinical evaluation of the hormonal function of the testes and for diagnostics of incretion hypogonodism.", "contents": "[Effect of bilateral orchidectomy on serum testosterone levels in boars]. Bilateral orchidectomy caused a marked decrease in the concentration of testosterone in the bood plasma of boars already in the early post-castration stage of three hours after the operation. In the period from 3 to 207 days after castration, the pre-operation levels of plasma testosterone decrease by 84.4%, on an average. Adreno-cortical compensation of the concentration of the hormone did not occur in the post-castration period. The conclusion is that the levels of testosterone in the blood of boars are mostly of testicular origin and can be considered as the main criterion of the incretion function of the testes. The discussion concerns the practical importance of the determination of testosterone levels in the blood of boars for clinical evaluation of the hormonal function of the testes and for diagnostics of incretion hypogonodism.", "PMID": 99859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3930", "title": "[Serum testosterone levels and response to administration of chorionic gonadotropins in bovine hermaphrodites].", "content": "The concentration of testosterone in the blood and its response to administration of chorionic gonadotropin was examined in two bovine intersexes (testicular pseudo-hermaphroditism) and two control bulls without disorders in sexual differentiation. The levels of testosterone in the blood were markedly lower in both intersexes than in the control bulls. Both intersexes, unlike the control bulls, also showed a response of the blood testosterone level to the administration of chorionic gonadotropin. The conclusion is that in the given type of intersexuality the incretion function of the testes is mardedly deficient as to androgen production and functional hormonal reserve.", "contents": "[Serum testosterone levels and response to administration of chorionic gonadotropins in bovine hermaphrodites]. The concentration of testosterone in the blood and its response to administration of chorionic gonadotropin was examined in two bovine intersexes (testicular pseudo-hermaphroditism) and two control bulls without disorders in sexual differentiation. The levels of testosterone in the blood were markedly lower in both intersexes than in the control bulls. Both intersexes, unlike the control bulls, also showed a response of the blood testosterone level to the administration of chorionic gonadotropin. The conclusion is that in the given type of intersexuality the incretion function of the testes is mardedly deficient as to androgen production and functional hormonal reserve.", "PMID": 99860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3931", "title": "[Isolation and identification of Clamydia psittaci as the pathogen in enzootic abortion of sheep in eastern Slovakia].", "content": "Abortions in ewes occurred on a large scale in three localities in eastern Slovakia. Antibodies to the group-type ornithosis antigen were detected in titres of 1 : 128 to 1 : 2048 in the aborting ewes in the mentioned localities. Suspensions were prepared from the four samples of material, obtained either from the placentae and afterbirths of the aborting ewes or from the tissues of the aborted foetuses. Seven-day old yolk sacs of chicken embryos were infected with these suspensions. Four strains of Chlamydia psittaci were isolated and designated EPO-A2-uterus, EPO-B1 aborted foetus-lung, EPO-B2-aborted foetus-lung, EPO-B3-aborted foetus-spleen. Differential diagnosis eliminated some bacteria, toxoplasma, and parainfluenza-3 virus as possible agents responsible for the abortions.", "contents": "[Isolation and identification of Clamydia psittaci as the pathogen in enzootic abortion of sheep in eastern Slovakia]. Abortions in ewes occurred on a large scale in three localities in eastern Slovakia. Antibodies to the group-type ornithosis antigen were detected in titres of 1 : 128 to 1 : 2048 in the aborting ewes in the mentioned localities. Suspensions were prepared from the four samples of material, obtained either from the placentae and afterbirths of the aborting ewes or from the tissues of the aborted foetuses. Seven-day old yolk sacs of chicken embryos were infected with these suspensions. Four strains of Chlamydia psittaci were isolated and designated EPO-A2-uterus, EPO-B1 aborted foetus-lung, EPO-B2-aborted foetus-lung, EPO-B3-aborted foetus-spleen. Differential diagnosis eliminated some bacteria, toxoplasma, and parainfluenza-3 virus as possible agents responsible for the abortions.", "PMID": 99861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3932", "title": "[Effectiveness of cambendazole (Bonlam paste) in sheep invaded by tramatodes (Dicrocoelium dendriticum)].", "content": "Tests were performed to examine the effectiveness of a new form of cambendazole (Bonlam paste, produced by MSD, USA) in sheep, naturally invaded by the trematodes Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Single administration of 25 mg per 1 kg live weight induced a rapid decrease in the number of the excreted eggs of D. dendriticum, as counted during ovoscopic examination seven, ten, and fifteen days after administration of the chemical. The intenseffectiveness of the preparation, determined post mortem, was 95.1%. Despite this, several dicrocoelia with normal motility and with no changes on the cuticle or internal organs were found in all the animals dissected. The animals tolerated the treatment with no signs of side-effects.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of cambendazole (Bonlam paste) in sheep invaded by tramatodes (Dicrocoelium dendriticum)]. Tests were performed to examine the effectiveness of a new form of cambendazole (Bonlam paste, produced by MSD, USA) in sheep, naturally invaded by the trematodes Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Single administration of 25 mg per 1 kg live weight induced a rapid decrease in the number of the excreted eggs of D. dendriticum, as counted during ovoscopic examination seven, ten, and fifteen days after administration of the chemical. The intenseffectiveness of the preparation, determined post mortem, was 95.1%. Despite this, several dicrocoelia with normal motility and with no changes on the cuticle or internal organs were found in all the animals dissected. The animals tolerated the treatment with no signs of side-effects.", "PMID": 99862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3933", "title": "[Immunological aspects of Marek's disease in chickens with maternal antibodies].", "content": "The dynamics of the production of immunoprecipitation antibodies to Marek's disease virus was studied in the serum of chickens with maternal antibodies in relation to the occurrence of the immunoprecipitation antigens of Marek's disease virus in feather follicles. One-day-old chickens were infected by the contact method with Marek's disease virus. The first occurrence of immunoprecipitation antigen was detected on the 14th day after infection and this occurrence persisted throughout the experiment, i. e. until the 112th day after infection. The antibodies were first detected the 28th day after infection and their titre kept rising until the 98th day after infection. Immunoprecipitation antibodies and antigens of Marek's disease virus were detected in some tumorously changed kidneys. Immunoelectrophoretic examination revealed in the same kidneys immunoglobulins of the class IgY, IgA and beta-globulin. The slowest-migrating fraction of IgY, together with IgA, beta-globulin and C-reactive protein were detected in the skin extracts from infected poultry. Indirect haemagglutination enabled the detection of the presence of haemagglutination antibodies in rabbit immunoglobulin to the skin antigen of Marek's disease virus, and in avian immunoglobulin to the same virus. Haemagglutination antigen was revealed in the extract from tumorously changed kidneys.", "contents": "[Immunological aspects of Marek's disease in chickens with maternal antibodies]. The dynamics of the production of immunoprecipitation antibodies to Marek's disease virus was studied in the serum of chickens with maternal antibodies in relation to the occurrence of the immunoprecipitation antigens of Marek's disease virus in feather follicles. One-day-old chickens were infected by the contact method with Marek's disease virus. The first occurrence of immunoprecipitation antigen was detected on the 14th day after infection and this occurrence persisted throughout the experiment, i. e. until the 112th day after infection. The antibodies were first detected the 28th day after infection and their titre kept rising until the 98th day after infection. Immunoprecipitation antibodies and antigens of Marek's disease virus were detected in some tumorously changed kidneys. Immunoelectrophoretic examination revealed in the same kidneys immunoglobulins of the class IgY, IgA and beta-globulin. The slowest-migrating fraction of IgY, together with IgA, beta-globulin and C-reactive protein were detected in the skin extracts from infected poultry. Indirect haemagglutination enabled the detection of the presence of haemagglutination antibodies in rabbit immunoglobulin to the skin antigen of Marek's disease virus, and in avian immunoglobulin to the same virus. Haemagglutination antigen was revealed in the extract from tumorously changed kidneys.", "PMID": 99864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3934", "title": "[Weight increase following administration of insulin to rats with reduced feed intake].", "content": "Young male Wistar rats, adapted to single daily administration of feed (from 8.00 to 10.00 a.m.) were studied for the intake of feed, weight gains, and feed consumption per weight gain unit after administration of Superdep insulin in the dose of 10 u kg-1 of body weight. The time limitation of access to food reduced the over-all intake of feed and weight gains and adversely affected the utilization of feed, expressed as consumption per 1 g of weight gain. The administration of insulin partly compensated the adverse effect of the reduced feed intake; this was manifested by better utilization of feeds by the experimental group, in comparison with the control animals.", "contents": "[Weight increase following administration of insulin to rats with reduced feed intake]. Young male Wistar rats, adapted to single daily administration of feed (from 8.00 to 10.00 a.m.) were studied for the intake of feed, weight gains, and feed consumption per weight gain unit after administration of Superdep insulin in the dose of 10 u kg-1 of body weight. The time limitation of access to food reduced the over-all intake of feed and weight gains and adversely affected the utilization of feed, expressed as consumption per 1 g of weight gain. The administration of insulin partly compensated the adverse effect of the reduced feed intake; this was manifested by better utilization of feeds by the experimental group, in comparison with the control animals.", "PMID": 99865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3935", "title": "[Effectiveness of ftorafur and hexamethylmelamine in advanced breast cancer].", "content": "In 7 oncological institutions of the Soviet Union a correlation was made between the efficacy of fluorofur, hexamethylmelanin and their combination for advanced cancer of the mammary gland in 136 patients. The therapeutic effect was estimated in 104 patients. Fluorofur yielded a considerable tumor regression (more than 50%) in 14 of 36 patients (40%), the duration of the remission in effectively treated patients was 2--5 months. Hexamethylmelanin induced a therapeutic effect in 18 of 37 patients (48%), the regression being complete in 6 patients (16%), its duration was 2--7 months. The combination of these drugs proved to be of an insignificant effect, the therapeutic effect was obtained in 5 of 31 patients (16%), the remission lasted for 1.5--5 months. The fluorofur therapy is rarely accompanied with adverse side effects (leucopenia--in 17%), while with hexamethylmelanin the incidence of leucopenia was 46%, a combination of the drugs reducing it up to 17%. Hexamethylmelanin combined with fluorofur was tolerated much more poorly (vomiting). Fluorofur and hexamethylmelanin are effective drugs for treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of ftorafur and hexamethylmelamine in advanced breast cancer]. In 7 oncological institutions of the Soviet Union a correlation was made between the efficacy of fluorofur, hexamethylmelanin and their combination for advanced cancer of the mammary gland in 136 patients. The therapeutic effect was estimated in 104 patients. Fluorofur yielded a considerable tumor regression (more than 50%) in 14 of 36 patients (40%), the duration of the remission in effectively treated patients was 2--5 months. Hexamethylmelanin induced a therapeutic effect in 18 of 37 patients (48%), the regression being complete in 6 patients (16%), its duration was 2--7 months. The combination of these drugs proved to be of an insignificant effect, the therapeutic effect was obtained in 5 of 31 patients (16%), the remission lasted for 1.5--5 months. The fluorofur therapy is rarely accompanied with adverse side effects (leucopenia--in 17%), while with hexamethylmelanin the incidence of leucopenia was 46%, a combination of the drugs reducing it up to 17%. Hexamethylmelanin combined with fluorofur was tolerated much more poorly (vomiting). Fluorofur and hexamethylmelanin are effective drugs for treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer.", "PMID": 99870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3936", "title": "The presence of active C1 (C-1) on peripheral human lymphocytes.", "content": "We have shown that the first component of complement C1 is present in an active form on the surface of washed human peripheral lymphocytes but not on platelets or erythrocytes. This active C1 (C-1) was detected by its ability to transfer to sensitized cells carrying C4, i.e., EAC4, forming EAC-1,4. Active C1 was also able to consume C4. Treatment of these lymphocytes with 0.02 M EDTA removed C-1. EDTA-treated lymphocytes were able to bind exogenous purified human C-1. Comparative studies with sentized erythrocytes (EA) and EDTA treated lymphocytes showed that although fewer molecules of exogenous C1 could bind to the EDTA-treated lymphocytes than to EA, the consumption of C4 by C-1 bound to lymphocytes was significantly higher than that observed with EAC-1. When lymphocytes obtained from 2 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hypocomplementemia were tested, the release of C1, the C4 consumption and the binding of C-1 to EDTA-treated cells were highly inefficient.", "contents": "The presence of active C1 (C-1) on peripheral human lymphocytes. We have shown that the first component of complement C1 is present in an active form on the surface of washed human peripheral lymphocytes but not on platelets or erythrocytes. This active C1 (C-1) was detected by its ability to transfer to sensitized cells carrying C4, i.e., EAC4, forming EAC-1,4. Active C1 was also able to consume C4. Treatment of these lymphocytes with 0.02 M EDTA removed C-1. EDTA-treated lymphocytes were able to bind exogenous purified human C-1. Comparative studies with sentized erythrocytes (EA) and EDTA treated lymphocytes showed that although fewer molecules of exogenous C1 could bind to the EDTA-treated lymphocytes than to EA, the consumption of C4 by C-1 bound to lymphocytes was significantly higher than that observed with EAC-1. When lymphocytes obtained from 2 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hypocomplementemia were tested, the release of C1, the C4 consumption and the binding of C-1 to EDTA-treated cells were highly inefficient.", "PMID": 99872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3937", "title": "Prevalence of HBeAg and anti-HBe in blood donors with HBs antigenemia.", "content": "250 HBsAg-positive sera from apparently healthy blood donors were tested for HBeAg and anti-HBe by immunodiffusion(ID) and counterelectrophoresis(CEP). HBeAg was identified in 2.4% and anti-HBe in 34% of the sera. After serum concentration a larger rate of both HBeAg and anti-HBe could be detected by ID. There was no difference in sensitivity between ID and CEP techniques in the detection of the e-system. There was no correlation between HBeAg or anti-HBe and HBsAg subtypes. Generally sera containing HBeAg showed higher titers of HBsAg in complement fixation.", "contents": "Prevalence of HBeAg and anti-HBe in blood donors with HBs antigenemia. 250 HBsAg-positive sera from apparently healthy blood donors were tested for HBeAg and anti-HBe by immunodiffusion(ID) and counterelectrophoresis(CEP). HBeAg was identified in 2.4% and anti-HBe in 34% of the sera. After serum concentration a larger rate of both HBeAg and anti-HBe could be detected by ID. There was no difference in sensitivity between ID and CEP techniques in the detection of the e-system. There was no correlation between HBeAg or anti-HBe and HBsAg subtypes. Generally sera containing HBeAg showed higher titers of HBsAg in complement fixation.", "PMID": 99868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3938", "title": "Purification of hepatitis B surface antigen by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), was purified from plasma by affinity chromatography on matrix-bound sulphated carbohydrates such as heparin or dextran sulphate. Further purification by precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 resulted in a highly purified HBsAg preparation. The overall recovery amounted to about 70% of the total antigen content of the starting plasma. Electron microscopic data revealed mainly 22 nm spherical particles accompanied by few or no filaments. The process is simple, rapid and lends itself readily to large-scale applications.", "contents": "Purification of hepatitis B surface antigen by affinity chromatography. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), was purified from plasma by affinity chromatography on matrix-bound sulphated carbohydrates such as heparin or dextran sulphate. Further purification by precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 resulted in a highly purified HBsAg preparation. The overall recovery amounted to about 70% of the total antigen content of the starting plasma. Electron microscopic data revealed mainly 22 nm spherical particles accompanied by few or no filaments. The process is simple, rapid and lends itself readily to large-scale applications.", "PMID": 99873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3939", "title": "Serological, immunochemical and immuoncytological properties of granulocyte antibodies.", "content": "The immunochemical characteristics of granulocyte allo- and autoantibodies can easily be studied with indirect immunofluorescence techniques. The correlation of these properties with the serological behavior of the antibodies and the clinical condition in which they were found was studied. The investigations included the determination of immunoglobulin class, subclass, light-chain composition, as well as optimal temperature of activity. Complement fixation in vitro was also investigated. Striking differences were found between IgG and IgM antibodies in their serological properties, especially in the granulocytotoxicity and leukoagglutination tests at different temperatures. Differences in light-chain and IgG subclass compositions of the antibodies did not seem to play a role. In studying the distribution of granulocyte-specific antigens on normal granulocytes and granulocytes in all stages of development, it was found that, while NA1, NA2 and ND1 are present in the same quantity on the cells of an individual, the NB1 antigen is unequally distributed, both over ripe granulocytes and granulocyte precursors.", "contents": "Serological, immunochemical and immuoncytological properties of granulocyte antibodies. The immunochemical characteristics of granulocyte allo- and autoantibodies can easily be studied with indirect immunofluorescence techniques. The correlation of these properties with the serological behavior of the antibodies and the clinical condition in which they were found was studied. The investigations included the determination of immunoglobulin class, subclass, light-chain composition, as well as optimal temperature of activity. Complement fixation in vitro was also investigated. Striking differences were found between IgG and IgM antibodies in their serological properties, especially in the granulocytotoxicity and leukoagglutination tests at different temperatures. Differences in light-chain and IgG subclass compositions of the antibodies did not seem to play a role. In studying the distribution of granulocyte-specific antigens on normal granulocytes and granulocytes in all stages of development, it was found that, while NA1, NA2 and ND1 are present in the same quantity on the cells of an individual, the NB1 antigen is unequally distributed, both over ripe granulocytes and granulocyte precursors.", "PMID": 99875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3940", "title": "Association between HLA and red cell antigens. VII. Survival studies of incompatible red blood cells in a patient with HLA-associated haemagglutinins.", "content": "Serum from a multitransfused patient with bladder papilloma was examined. The serum contained anti-Kell as well as polyspecific, cytotoxic HLA antibodies and HLA-associated haemagglutinins. The HLA haemagglutinins were demonstrated by the Auto Analyzer method and reacted predominantly with red blood cells (RBC) from HLA-A28-positive individuals, and were distinctly weaker with all other test cells. Survival studies with 51Cr-RBC from an HLA-A28-positive, Kell-negative donor with strong A28 RBC reactivity were performed. A small component of the RBC showed clearly reduced survival time, while the main component showed nearly normal survival.", "contents": "Association between HLA and red cell antigens. VII. Survival studies of incompatible red blood cells in a patient with HLA-associated haemagglutinins. Serum from a multitransfused patient with bladder papilloma was examined. The serum contained anti-Kell as well as polyspecific, cytotoxic HLA antibodies and HLA-associated haemagglutinins. The HLA haemagglutinins were demonstrated by the Auto Analyzer method and reacted predominantly with red blood cells (RBC) from HLA-A28-positive individuals, and were distinctly weaker with all other test cells. Survival studies with 51Cr-RBC from an HLA-A28-positive, Kell-negative donor with strong A28 RBC reactivity were performed. A small component of the RBC showed clearly reduced survival time, while the main component showed nearly normal survival.", "PMID": 99876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3941", "title": "Relationship between maternal anti-D levels, fetal phenotype and haemolytic disease of the newborn.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that a lower level of maternal anti-D is required to produce the same symptoms of haemolytic disease of the newborn in R2r infants than in R1r infants. This difference could be explained by postulating that the higher site density of R2r cells is associated with an increased association constant and thus will bind sufficiently more anti-D. The level at which amniocentesis should be considered has been calculated to be 1.44 microgram anti-D/cm3 of maternal serum for R1r infants and 0.73 for R2r infants.", "contents": "Relationship between maternal anti-D levels, fetal phenotype and haemolytic disease of the newborn. It has been demonstrated that a lower level of maternal anti-D is required to produce the same symptoms of haemolytic disease of the newborn in R2r infants than in R1r infants. This difference could be explained by postulating that the higher site density of R2r cells is associated with an increased association constant and thus will bind sufficiently more anti-D. The level at which amniocentesis should be considered has been calculated to be 1.44 microgram anti-D/cm3 of maternal serum for R1r infants and 0.73 for R2r infants.", "PMID": 99877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3942", "title": "[The antibacterial activity of diphenhydramine (author's transl)].", "content": "Diphenhydramine (N,N-dimethyl-2-diphenyl-methoxy-ethylamine) [N,N-dimethyl-2-(diphenylmethoxy)-ethylamin] (DPH) is a well-known local anaesthetic and an antagonist of both acetylcholine and histamine. We tested its antibacterial efficacy by means of three different investigation methods, i.e. microcalorimetry, continuous density measurement and the microdilution test to find out the MIC of this compound against various bacteria. DPH inhibits the growth of E. coli and Klebsiella strains at a concentration of 0.18% of Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus at 0.37%, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 0.75% and Streptococcus faecalis strains at 1.5%. The results of microcalorimetry and continous density measurements showed that the addition of 0.2% DPH to a broth with growing bacteria interferes very quickly with cell metabolism and stops further reproduction. The microcalorimetric findings were carried out with Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus strain No. 13,665 an- the E. coli strain No. 3579.", "contents": "[The antibacterial activity of diphenhydramine (author's transl)]. Diphenhydramine (N,N-dimethyl-2-diphenyl-methoxy-ethylamine) [N,N-dimethyl-2-(diphenylmethoxy)-ethylamin] (DPH) is a well-known local anaesthetic and an antagonist of both acetylcholine and histamine. We tested its antibacterial efficacy by means of three different investigation methods, i.e. microcalorimetry, continuous density measurement and the microdilution test to find out the MIC of this compound against various bacteria. DPH inhibits the growth of E. coli and Klebsiella strains at a concentration of 0.18% of Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus at 0.37%, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 0.75% and Streptococcus faecalis strains at 1.5%. The results of microcalorimetry and continous density measurements showed that the addition of 0.2% DPH to a broth with growing bacteria interferes very quickly with cell metabolism and stops further reproduction. The microcalorimetric findings were carried out with Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus strain No. 13,665 an- the E. coli strain No. 3579.", "PMID": 99881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3943", "title": "[Dynamics of the appearance and disappearance of S-antigen in cells abortively of lytically infected with OV40 virus].", "content": "A highly sensitive mized hemadsorption test and blocking of it were used to study the size of the S-antigen-inducing dose of OV40 virus and the dynamics of the appearance of S-antigen under conditions of abortive and lytic infection. The data on the loss and persistence of this antigen in stationary and multiplying cultures of hamster and monkey cell are presented. S-antigen could be detected in OV40 virus-infected hamster and monkey cells long before their morphological transformation. No antigen was found upon passages of the infected hamster cells but it persisted in non-multiplying infected hamster cells as well as in productivity infected green monkey cells, irrespective of the number of passages, up to the onset cytopathic effect.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the appearance and disappearance of S-antigen in cells abortively of lytically infected with OV40 virus]. A highly sensitive mized hemadsorption test and blocking of it were used to study the size of the S-antigen-inducing dose of OV40 virus and the dynamics of the appearance of S-antigen under conditions of abortive and lytic infection. The data on the loss and persistence of this antigen in stationary and multiplying cultures of hamster and monkey cell are presented. S-antigen could be detected in OV40 virus-infected hamster and monkey cells long before their morphological transformation. No antigen was found upon passages of the infected hamster cells but it persisted in non-multiplying infected hamster cells as well as in productivity infected green monkey cells, irrespective of the number of passages, up to the onset cytopathic effect.", "PMID": 99879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3944", "title": "The fate of brominated soya oil in the animal body.", "content": "1. The bromine-containing material accumulated in tissues of rats dosed with brominated soya oil gradually decreased when the oil was no longer administered. 2. G.l.c. of the transesterified ether extracts of tissues from dosed animals showed 9,10-dibromostearic acid in extracts from fat, heart, kidney, liver and muscle with much smaller amounts of 9,10,12,13-tetrabromostearic acid in all extracts except that from liver. 3. An ether-soluble bromine-containing metabolite excreted by rats dosed with brominated soya oil was tentatively identified as 5,6-dibromosebacic acid. 4. The same metabolite was excreted by rabbits, rats and marmosets dosed with 9,10-dibromostearic acid.", "contents": "The fate of brominated soya oil in the animal body. 1. The bromine-containing material accumulated in tissues of rats dosed with brominated soya oil gradually decreased when the oil was no longer administered. 2. G.l.c. of the transesterified ether extracts of tissues from dosed animals showed 9,10-dibromostearic acid in extracts from fat, heart, kidney, liver and muscle with much smaller amounts of 9,10,12,13-tetrabromostearic acid in all extracts except that from liver. 3. An ether-soluble bromine-containing metabolite excreted by rats dosed with brominated soya oil was tentatively identified as 5,6-dibromosebacic acid. 4. The same metabolite was excreted by rabbits, rats and marmosets dosed with 9,10-dibromostearic acid.", "PMID": 99886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3945", "title": "Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) in Egypt immunological changes of salivary protein in PCM.", "content": "Whole saliva protein as well as the separated protein components were estimated in normal and malnourished Egyptian infants and young children. In normal, 8 protein components (Albumin, alpha1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, beta2-lipoprotein, transferrin, IgA, IgM and IgG) were detected, while in PCM cases two more components (prealbumin and alpha2-macroglobulin) were found. The results also showed that the level of salivary protein components are markedly increased in edematous cases. In non-edeomatous ones, the level of these constituents are slightly increased in 3rd marasmus, but diminished in 2nd grade. It is concluded that the elevation of protein components in saliva of edematous cases could be a result of severe glandular tissue involvement as compared to controls and non-edematous cases. The value of IgA immunoglobulin as specific antibody originated from blood plasma and/or salivary glands may be used to reflect the extent of tissue affection in salivary glands of malnourished cases.", "contents": "Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) in Egypt immunological changes of salivary protein in PCM. Whole saliva protein as well as the separated protein components were estimated in normal and malnourished Egyptian infants and young children. In normal, 8 protein components (Albumin, alpha1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, beta2-lipoprotein, transferrin, IgA, IgM and IgG) were detected, while in PCM cases two more components (prealbumin and alpha2-macroglobulin) were found. The results also showed that the level of salivary protein components are markedly increased in edematous cases. In non-edeomatous ones, the level of these constituents are slightly increased in 3rd marasmus, but diminished in 2nd grade. It is concluded that the elevation of protein components in saliva of edematous cases could be a result of severe glandular tissue involvement as compared to controls and non-edematous cases. The value of IgA immunoglobulin as specific antibody originated from blood plasma and/or salivary glands may be used to reflect the extent of tissue affection in salivary glands of malnourished cases.", "PMID": 99889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3946", "title": "[New strategy in the fight against malaria].", "content": "The initial spectacular success of the malaria eradication programme which has been performed since 1955 did not save from severe reactions. These reactions were the cause for a more realistic estimation of the situation. The at present necessary activities in the combat against malaria have to be realized flexibly and in the comprehensive range of the national health planning taking into consideration the epidemiological conditions, the financial and personal possibilities of the country concerned as well as the total social-economical structure. Particular problems result from the increasing resistence of the malaria vectors against insecticides and the pathogenic agents against chemotherapeutics. In the development of new methods of combat special consideration must be ascribed to their efficiency not only, but also to their economy. The at present forcedly performed malaria research is expected to give not only a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, but also new possibilities of prevention.", "contents": "[New strategy in the fight against malaria]. The initial spectacular success of the malaria eradication programme which has been performed since 1955 did not save from severe reactions. These reactions were the cause for a more realistic estimation of the situation. The at present necessary activities in the combat against malaria have to be realized flexibly and in the comprehensive range of the national health planning taking into consideration the epidemiological conditions, the financial and personal possibilities of the country concerned as well as the total social-economical structure. Particular problems result from the increasing resistence of the malaria vectors against insecticides and the pathogenic agents against chemotherapeutics. In the development of new methods of combat special consideration must be ascribed to their efficiency not only, but also to their economy. The at present forcedly performed malaria research is expected to give not only a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, but also new possibilities of prevention.", "PMID": 99890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3947", "title": "[Liver transplantation in animal experiments].", "content": "Liver transplantation has extraordinarily complicated technical, biochemical, and pathophysiological aspect. The present study on experimental liver transplantation is a survey on essential parts of this vast problem. Particularly in the fields of biochemistry and immunology, our knowledges must be extended before an improvement of the results can be achieved. Results from experiments of the authors themselves agree with experiences, complications, and survivals after hepatic transplantation reported in literature.", "contents": "[Liver transplantation in animal experiments]. Liver transplantation has extraordinarily complicated technical, biochemical, and pathophysiological aspect. The present study on experimental liver transplantation is a survey on essential parts of this vast problem. Particularly in the fields of biochemistry and immunology, our knowledges must be extended before an improvement of the results can be achieved. Results from experiments of the authors themselves agree with experiences, complications, and survivals after hepatic transplantation reported in literature.", "PMID": 99891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3948", "title": "Ultrastructure of sensory nerve terminals in the penis in green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus).", "content": "Tje paper describes the ultrastructure of axons in the endings of various types from the corium in the glans penis in green monkey. In the Meissner's endings the axons are mostly completely enveloped in the plasma of Schwann cells. They contain numerous mitochondria which are partially vacuolated or are quite converted into vacuoles. Next, there are pseudomyelinated figures, light vesicles and further organelles. In the papillar simple glomerular endings with accumulation of Schwann cells there are axons irregular in shape, eccentrically placed in the plasma of Schwann cell, rounded smaller axons either completely or partially surrounded by the plasma of Schwann cell and finally axons with a concentric system of lamellae up to four in number, In the complicated glomerular endings the axons vary in appearance and are enveloped in one to five lamellae of Schwann cells, which is typical of those formations. About some of these systems there is a sign of a capsule formed by an elongated lamella probably of the perineurium. When the axons are not enveloped in the plasma of Schwann cell, they are covered by the basement membrane. In close neighbourhood of the epidermis so-called free endings forming groups were found. The plasma of Schwann cell covers them either partially or completely or it again forms around them a lamellar system amounting up to four layers. It is noticeable that these axons are very poor in organelles. A comparison of the simple sensory corpuscles in the nose skin in hedgehog, the funtional properties of Meissner's endings and the simple corpuscles results in the view that the complexes having a larger amount of lamellae correspond to an extent to the simple sensory corpuscles ant that the Meissner's endings and the complicated glomerules are probably a morphological and functional equivalent of simple sensory corpuscles in the non-primate mammals and that the gloverular endings may also be the first (developmental) stage of the simple sensory corpuscles.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of sensory nerve terminals in the penis in green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Tje paper describes the ultrastructure of axons in the endings of various types from the corium in the glans penis in green monkey. In the Meissner's endings the axons are mostly completely enveloped in the plasma of Schwann cells. They contain numerous mitochondria which are partially vacuolated or are quite converted into vacuoles. Next, there are pseudomyelinated figures, light vesicles and further organelles. In the papillar simple glomerular endings with accumulation of Schwann cells there are axons irregular in shape, eccentrically placed in the plasma of Schwann cell, rounded smaller axons either completely or partially surrounded by the plasma of Schwann cell and finally axons with a concentric system of lamellae up to four in number, In the complicated glomerular endings the axons vary in appearance and are enveloped in one to five lamellae of Schwann cells, which is typical of those formations. About some of these systems there is a sign of a capsule formed by an elongated lamella probably of the perineurium. When the axons are not enveloped in the plasma of Schwann cell, they are covered by the basement membrane. In close neighbourhood of the epidermis so-called free endings forming groups were found. The plasma of Schwann cell covers them either partially or completely or it again forms around them a lamellar system amounting up to four layers. It is noticeable that these axons are very poor in organelles. A comparison of the simple sensory corpuscles in the nose skin in hedgehog, the funtional properties of Meissner's endings and the simple corpuscles results in the view that the complexes having a larger amount of lamellae correspond to an extent to the simple sensory corpuscles ant that the Meissner's endings and the complicated glomerules are probably a morphological and functional equivalent of simple sensory corpuscles in the non-primate mammals and that the gloverular endings may also be the first (developmental) stage of the simple sensory corpuscles.", "PMID": 99893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3949", "title": "[Diaplacental passage of Sarcocystis antibodies in man and rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera of babies up to the age of 3 months were tested for Sarcocystis antibodies using the indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT). In addition titre of the Sarcocystis antibody level of litters born to serologic Sarcocystis positive mother rats was compared to those of their mothers. The results are as follows: 1. 45 (= 14.6%) out of 308 sera from babies up to the age of 3 months reacted positively in the Sarcocystis antibody test. 2. 28 (= 62.2%) out of the 45 positive sera were from babies up to 2 weeks old, 13 (= 28.9%) were from babies older than 2 weeks but not more than 4 weeks old, and 2 (=4.4%) each were from babies whose ages ranged from 4 to 8, and 8 to 12 weeks respectively. 3. These babies acquired their Sarcocystis antibodies which decreased in the first 3 months of life from their mothers. 4. Litters born to serologic Sarcocystis positive mother rats also demonstrated Sarcocystis antibodies. The titres of these antibodies were at the same level as their mothers' at birth but reduced gradually so that most of these young rats were negative at the age of 3 months. 5. Suckling rats born to Sarcocystis negative mothers but positive fathers remained negative. 6. Serologic positive mother and father rats still demonstrated Sarcocystis antibodies in the sera at a time when their litters have become negative. 7. Sarcocystis antibodies could be passed onto the newborn from their positive mothers in both man and rats. 8. These antibodies were probably passed onto the newborn through the placenta but their passage through the colostrum and the mother's milk cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "[Diaplacental passage of Sarcocystis antibodies in man and rats (author's transl)]. Sera of babies up to the age of 3 months were tested for Sarcocystis antibodies using the indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT). In addition titre of the Sarcocystis antibody level of litters born to serologic Sarcocystis positive mother rats was compared to those of their mothers. The results are as follows: 1. 45 (= 14.6%) out of 308 sera from babies up to the age of 3 months reacted positively in the Sarcocystis antibody test. 2. 28 (= 62.2%) out of the 45 positive sera were from babies up to 2 weeks old, 13 (= 28.9%) were from babies older than 2 weeks but not more than 4 weeks old, and 2 (=4.4%) each were from babies whose ages ranged from 4 to 8, and 8 to 12 weeks respectively. 3. These babies acquired their Sarcocystis antibodies which decreased in the first 3 months of life from their mothers. 4. Litters born to serologic Sarcocystis positive mother rats also demonstrated Sarcocystis antibodies. The titres of these antibodies were at the same level as their mothers' at birth but reduced gradually so that most of these young rats were negative at the age of 3 months. 5. Suckling rats born to Sarcocystis negative mothers but positive fathers remained negative. 6. Serologic positive mother and father rats still demonstrated Sarcocystis antibodies in the sera at a time when their litters have become negative. 7. Sarcocystis antibodies could be passed onto the newborn from their positive mothers in both man and rats. 8. These antibodies were probably passed onto the newborn through the placenta but their passage through the colostrum and the mother's milk cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 99895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3950", "title": "[Light microscopic studies on the development of Theileria annulata (Dschunkowsky and Luhs, 1904) in Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (Koch, 1844). II. The development in haemolymph and salivary glands (author's transl)].", "content": "Fully differentiated kinetes, average length 17.6 micrometer, appeared in the haemolymph of engorged nymphs usually 17 to 20 days after repletion. Kinetes were observed at first in the salivary glands on day 18 after repletion. The kinetes then transformed into fission bodies of about 10 micrometer in diameter, mainly in type III alveoli and less frequently in type II alveoli. The fission bodies grew up to a size of about 20 micrometer after several divisions of their nucleus. At this time the ticks moulted and no further development occurred until activation. Shortly before infestation the salivary glands began to proliferate, and rapid growth of the fission bodies was observed, especially in young ticks where development of 'infective particles' ('sporozoites') was concluded within two days. Development in feeding adult ticks apparently occurred in four major steps: (1) Division of primary fission bodies (sporonts) into numerous secondary fission bodies ('primary sporoblasts'), (2) division of secondary fission bodies into tertiary fission bodies ('secondary sporoblasts'), (3) production of particles ('sporozoites') by tertiary fission bodies and release of particles into the saliva, and (4) degeneration of fission bodies and their host cell but further release of particles. The host cell was stimulated to giant growth, thus its diameter increased, on average, from 15 to 110 micrometer. Heavy infections resulting from parasitaemias of greater than 40% caused disease and mortality in the tick population. Development was much retarded by aging. In ticks starved for six months 'sporozoites' did not develop before day five to seven of infestation. 'Sporozoites' did not develop before day five to seven of infestation. 'Sporozoites' may not develop at all in six to nine month old female ticks during the infestation period. The significance of the described developmental stages of T. annulata was discussed and a sexual generation postualted. The hypothetic development of T. annulata in its tick vector was illustrated.", "contents": "[Light microscopic studies on the development of Theileria annulata (Dschunkowsky and Luhs, 1904) in Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (Koch, 1844). II. The development in haemolymph and salivary glands (author's transl)]. Fully differentiated kinetes, average length 17.6 micrometer, appeared in the haemolymph of engorged nymphs usually 17 to 20 days after repletion. Kinetes were observed at first in the salivary glands on day 18 after repletion. The kinetes then transformed into fission bodies of about 10 micrometer in diameter, mainly in type III alveoli and less frequently in type II alveoli. The fission bodies grew up to a size of about 20 micrometer after several divisions of their nucleus. At this time the ticks moulted and no further development occurred until activation. Shortly before infestation the salivary glands began to proliferate, and rapid growth of the fission bodies was observed, especially in young ticks where development of 'infective particles' ('sporozoites') was concluded within two days. Development in feeding adult ticks apparently occurred in four major steps: (1) Division of primary fission bodies (sporonts) into numerous secondary fission bodies ('primary sporoblasts'), (2) division of secondary fission bodies into tertiary fission bodies ('secondary sporoblasts'), (3) production of particles ('sporozoites') by tertiary fission bodies and release of particles into the saliva, and (4) degeneration of fission bodies and their host cell but further release of particles. The host cell was stimulated to giant growth, thus its diameter increased, on average, from 15 to 110 micrometer. Heavy infections resulting from parasitaemias of greater than 40% caused disease and mortality in the tick population. Development was much retarded by aging. In ticks starved for six months 'sporozoites' did not develop before day five to seven of infestation. 'Sporozoites' did not develop before day five to seven of infestation. 'Sporozoites' may not develop at all in six to nine month old female ticks during the infestation period. The significance of the described developmental stages of T. annulata was discussed and a sexual generation postualted. The hypothetic development of T. annulata in its tick vector was illustrated.", "PMID": 99896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3951", "title": "The role of certain oxidative enzymes, catalase, and beta-glucosidase on virulence of Cephalosporium maydis.", "content": "Isolates of Cephalosporium maydis varied in their pathogenicity to D.C. 67 maize cultivar from highly to weakly pathogenic. Highly pathogenic isolates showed lower activity of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, cytochrome oxidase, and beta-glucosidase enzymes and higher activity of catalase and dehydrogenase than weakly pathogenic isolates. Enzymes production by the tested isolates increased as the culture age increased; except in case of catalase enzyme, the reverse action was detected. The role of these enzymes in the virulence of C. maydis is suggested and discussed.", "contents": "The role of certain oxidative enzymes, catalase, and beta-glucosidase on virulence of Cephalosporium maydis. Isolates of Cephalosporium maydis varied in their pathogenicity to D.C. 67 maize cultivar from highly to weakly pathogenic. Highly pathogenic isolates showed lower activity of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, cytochrome oxidase, and beta-glucosidase enzymes and higher activity of catalase and dehydrogenase than weakly pathogenic isolates. Enzymes production by the tested isolates increased as the culture age increased; except in case of catalase enzyme, the reverse action was detected. The role of these enzymes in the virulence of C. maydis is suggested and discussed.", "PMID": 99910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3952", "title": "[Behavioral reactions in simians after ablation of the pole of the frontal cortex].", "content": "In 4 baboons and 3 macaques ablation of the frontal pole (area 10) as compared to other areas of the frontal cortex did not impair previously elaborated instrumental reflexes of different complexity and did not interfere with the elaboration of new ones. An increase in stability, speed, accuracy and intensity of conditioned reflexes was noted. The ablation did not result in motor or vegetative disturbances. In the general behaviour inhibitory elements disappeared along with an enhancement in motor goal-directed activity. It is suggested that frontal poles do not participate in closing-function but control conditioned reflexes and complex behaviour by means of inhibitory influences.", "contents": "[Behavioral reactions in simians after ablation of the pole of the frontal cortex]. In 4 baboons and 3 macaques ablation of the frontal pole (area 10) as compared to other areas of the frontal cortex did not impair previously elaborated instrumental reflexes of different complexity and did not interfere with the elaboration of new ones. An increase in stability, speed, accuracy and intensity of conditioned reflexes was noted. The ablation did not result in motor or vegetative disturbances. In the general behaviour inhibitory elements disappeared along with an enhancement in motor goal-directed activity. It is suggested that frontal poles do not participate in closing-function but control conditioned reflexes and complex behaviour by means of inhibitory influences.", "PMID": 99906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3953", "title": "[Allergization of the body by Neisseria meningitidis. I. The problem of the occurrence of N. meningitidis in cases of bronchial asthma of bacterial etiology (author's transl)].", "content": "The object of the authors work was the examination of nasopharyngeal swabs on the prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis. A group of 222 patients suffering from asthma bronchiale of bacteriological etiology was under observation in order to be able to prepare an autovaccine. Nasopharyngeal swabs were inoculated on special nutrient media. Neisseria meningitidis was found in 22%, mainly from nasopharyngeal swabs, together with Haemophilus sp. and Streptococcus pneumoniae. In 59% of examined cases the positive findings lasted longer than 1 year. 46% of isolated strains belonged to group B, about 30% of strains were untypable. The problem of allergisation of people suffering from asthma bronchiale with these strains and the question of preparing an autovaccine from Neisseria meningitidis is discussed.", "contents": "[Allergization of the body by Neisseria meningitidis. I. The problem of the occurrence of N. meningitidis in cases of bronchial asthma of bacterial etiology (author's transl)]. The object of the authors work was the examination of nasopharyngeal swabs on the prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis. A group of 222 patients suffering from asthma bronchiale of bacteriological etiology was under observation in order to be able to prepare an autovaccine. Nasopharyngeal swabs were inoculated on special nutrient media. Neisseria meningitidis was found in 22%, mainly from nasopharyngeal swabs, together with Haemophilus sp. and Streptococcus pneumoniae. In 59% of examined cases the positive findings lasted longer than 1 year. 46% of isolated strains belonged to group B, about 30% of strains were untypable. The problem of allergisation of people suffering from asthma bronchiale with these strains and the question of preparing an autovaccine from Neisseria meningitidis is discussed.", "PMID": 99912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3954", "title": "[Fluorescent antibody technique in identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae-microcolonies grown on membrane filters (author's transl)].", "content": "Filter membranes (Nucleopore, No. N060, CPR 01300, pore size 0.6 mu) are inoculated with a pure suspension of N. gonorrhoeae or a Urethral smear from patients suffering from gonococcal urethritis. The membranes are placed on chocolate agar and incubated for three hours. After fixation in formaldehyd, grown microcolonies of N. gonorrhoea are detected microscopically after incubation of the membranes with a fluorescein-isothiocyanate labeled gonococcal antiserum (Difco, charge no. 605907) (Fig. 3--5). The high specificity of the antiserum was shown by lack of reaction with various other neisseriae (except for N. meningitidis, which showed a weak positive reaction) or other bacteria, respectively (table 1). To investigate the reliability of the new method urethral smears of 23 patients suffering from acute or chronic gonorrhoea were examined by culturing for gonococci in the conventional way and by means of the new technique. In all cases gonocococci were detected with both methods. This suggests that the fluorescent antibody technique has at least the same sensibility as the conventional one, and has the advantage that the result is obtained within one day.", "contents": "[Fluorescent antibody technique in identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae-microcolonies grown on membrane filters (author's transl)]. Filter membranes (Nucleopore, No. N060, CPR 01300, pore size 0.6 mu) are inoculated with a pure suspension of N. gonorrhoeae or a Urethral smear from patients suffering from gonococcal urethritis. The membranes are placed on chocolate agar and incubated for three hours. After fixation in formaldehyd, grown microcolonies of N. gonorrhoea are detected microscopically after incubation of the membranes with a fluorescein-isothiocyanate labeled gonococcal antiserum (Difco, charge no. 605907) (Fig. 3--5). The high specificity of the antiserum was shown by lack of reaction with various other neisseriae (except for N. meningitidis, which showed a weak positive reaction) or other bacteria, respectively (table 1). To investigate the reliability of the new method urethral smears of 23 patients suffering from acute or chronic gonorrhoea were examined by culturing for gonococci in the conventional way and by means of the new technique. In all cases gonocococci were detected with both methods. This suggests that the fluorescent antibody technique has at least the same sensibility as the conventional one, and has the advantage that the result is obtained within one day.", "PMID": 99913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3955", "title": "[Antagonistic and bacteriocinogenic activity of Meningococci].", "content": "Antagonistic and bacteriocinogenic activity was studied in 169 strains of meningococci of various serological groups and with different localization in the human organism at the time of isolation. Bacteriocinogenic activity was revealed in all the meningococcus strains (by delayed antagonism method), and, in addition, antagonistic activity was found in 100 strains. The inhibitory activity was the greatest in meningococci isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid. The data obtained suggest an important inhibitory activity of meningococci, along with their resistance to the antagonistic activity of the nasopharyngeal microorganisms, in the manifestation of pathogenic properties in them.", "contents": "[Antagonistic and bacteriocinogenic activity of Meningococci]. Antagonistic and bacteriocinogenic activity was studied in 169 strains of meningococci of various serological groups and with different localization in the human organism at the time of isolation. Bacteriocinogenic activity was revealed in all the meningococcus strains (by delayed antagonism method), and, in addition, antagonistic activity was found in 100 strains. The inhibitory activity was the greatest in meningococci isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid. The data obtained suggest an important inhibitory activity of meningococci, along with their resistance to the antagonistic activity of the nasopharyngeal microorganisms, in the manifestation of pathogenic properties in them.", "PMID": 99921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3956", "title": "[Jet method of administration of live brucella vaccine].", "content": "A good survival of brucellae in the organism with the development of a stable and prolonged immunity was noted in vaccination of guinea pigs with live brucella vaccine prepared from the Br. abortus strain 19-BA. Local reactions were weak, and no general reactions were observed. In using the jet method of vaccination with the injectors bpi-4 and bi-2 on a limited group of persons (194) the local and general untoward response was weak, but in immunological respect this method proved to be effective when the vaccine was administered in a dose of 2.5 x 10(8) of microbial cells. Jet method can be recommended for express vaccination against brucellosis.", "contents": "[Jet method of administration of live brucella vaccine]. A good survival of brucellae in the organism with the development of a stable and prolonged immunity was noted in vaccination of guinea pigs with live brucella vaccine prepared from the Br. abortus strain 19-BA. Local reactions were weak, and no general reactions were observed. In using the jet method of vaccination with the injectors bpi-4 and bi-2 on a limited group of persons (194) the local and general untoward response was weak, but in immunological respect this method proved to be effective when the vaccine was administered in a dose of 2.5 x 10(8) of microbial cells. Jet method can be recommended for express vaccination against brucellosis.", "PMID": 99922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3957", "title": "[Method of obtaining crystalline choleragen and choleragenoid preparations].", "content": "A new method of concentration and purification developed allows to obtain choleragen and choleragenoid preparations, homogeneous in the immunochemical analysis with regard to the culturing of vibrios producing these substances on the available nonsynthetic nutrient medium. Crystalline choleragen and choleragenoid preparations were obtained from highly purified samples. Choleragen possessed enterotoxic and skin premeability factors; choleragenoid shows no biological activity.", "contents": "[Method of obtaining crystalline choleragen and choleragenoid preparations]. A new method of concentration and purification developed allows to obtain choleragen and choleragenoid preparations, homogeneous in the immunochemical analysis with regard to the culturing of vibrios producing these substances on the available nonsynthetic nutrient medium. Crystalline choleragen and choleragenoid preparations were obtained from highly purified samples. Choleragen possessed enterotoxic and skin premeability factors; choleragenoid shows no biological activity.", "PMID": 99923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3958", "title": "[Determination of the subclasses of monoclonal human immunoglobulins G and of the light chain type with the aid of specific antisera].", "content": "Sera of 86 patients suffering from G-myeloma were studied for the purpose of determination of subclasses of monoclone IgG. Investigations were carried out by means of antisera to subclasses IgG by the double diffusion method in gel after Ouchterlony. The following distribution of myeloma Ig was revealed: G1--70%, G2--17%, G3--11%,and G4--2%. In typing of the light igG chains by the method of immunoelectrophoresis, using antisera to the light chains of immunoglobulins of the chi and lambda type it was found that IgG1 chi was encountered more frequently than IgG1 lambda (3:1 ratio). The amount of the sera with the IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 was insufficient for the reliable conclusion of their distribution by the type of light chains.", "contents": "[Determination of the subclasses of monoclonal human immunoglobulins G and of the light chain type with the aid of specific antisera]. Sera of 86 patients suffering from G-myeloma were studied for the purpose of determination of subclasses of monoclone IgG. Investigations were carried out by means of antisera to subclasses IgG by the double diffusion method in gel after Ouchterlony. The following distribution of myeloma Ig was revealed: G1--70%, G2--17%, G3--11%,and G4--2%. In typing of the light igG chains by the method of immunoelectrophoresis, using antisera to the light chains of immunoglobulins of the chi and lambda type it was found that IgG1 chi was encountered more frequently than IgG1 lambda (3:1 ratio). The amount of the sera with the IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 was insufficient for the reliable conclusion of their distribution by the type of light chains.", "PMID": 99924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3959", "title": "[Effect of brucellosis protective antigen on the phagocytic activity of the cells].", "content": "The authors present the results of study of the protective function of cells of the local inflammatory focus caused by the administration of live brucella culture to guinea pigs immunized with a protective antigen in the optimal (0.6) and increased (2 mg) doses. Macrophages of guinea pigs vaccinated with the optimal immunized dose of the protective antigen phagocytized brucellae actively; an increased dose of the antigen suppressed the ingestive and the digestive functions of macrophages, this apparently being caused by the manifestation of the immunodepressive activity of the residual amount of lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in the protective antigen.", "contents": "[Effect of brucellosis protective antigen on the phagocytic activity of the cells]. The authors present the results of study of the protective function of cells of the local inflammatory focus caused by the administration of live brucella culture to guinea pigs immunized with a protective antigen in the optimal (0.6) and increased (2 mg) doses. Macrophages of guinea pigs vaccinated with the optimal immunized dose of the protective antigen phagocytized brucellae actively; an increased dose of the antigen suppressed the ingestive and the digestive functions of macrophages, this apparently being caused by the manifestation of the immunodepressive activity of the residual amount of lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in the protective antigen.", "PMID": 99925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3960", "title": "[Isolation of antilymphocytic antibodies with the aid of cellular immunosorbents].", "content": "The authors suggest a method of obtaining purified antilymphocytic antibodies by mean of a specific immunosorbent of human or mouse lymphocytes fixated with glutharic aldehyde Such immunosorbents subjected to special treatment could be used repeatedly; their sorptive capacity was retained in such case. Only from 5 to 12% of the activity could be obtained from immunosorbents sorbed from the serum with 77--93% activity. In comparison with the initial serum, purification was from 6- to 15-fold. Thus, the suggested method provided considerable purification of the antilymphocytic preparations and permitted to obtain highly active antilymphocytic antibodies.", "contents": "[Isolation of antilymphocytic antibodies with the aid of cellular immunosorbents]. The authors suggest a method of obtaining purified antilymphocytic antibodies by mean of a specific immunosorbent of human or mouse lymphocytes fixated with glutharic aldehyde Such immunosorbents subjected to special treatment could be used repeatedly; their sorptive capacity was retained in such case. Only from 5 to 12% of the activity could be obtained from immunosorbents sorbed from the serum with 77--93% activity. In comparison with the initial serum, purification was from 6- to 15-fold. Thus, the suggested method provided considerable purification of the antilymphocytic preparations and permitted to obtain highly active antilymphocytic antibodies.", "PMID": 99926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3961", "title": "[Indirect hemagglutination test at the ultrastructural level].", "content": "A study on ultra-thin sections was made of the preparations of agglutinate produced during the reaction of the immunoglobulin erythrocytic diagnostic agent with dry corpuscular Rickettsia prowazeki antigen, fluoresceine isothiocyanate labeled, and also SRBC used for the preparation of the diagnostic agent after formalinization, tannin treatment, sensitization with hyperimmune horse serum immunoglobulins and lyophilization, respectively. Formalin and tannin treatment of erythrocytes failed to be reflected on the ultrastructure of their cellular membranes; the treatment with hemosensitin was accompanied by the appearance of spheroid protrusions of the erythrocyte cytoplasmic membrane with the preservation of its three-layer structure. Specific interaction of sensitized erythrocytes with the antigen corpuscles was expressed morphologically in their apposition or connection through a gap of 20--30 nm.", "contents": "[Indirect hemagglutination test at the ultrastructural level]. A study on ultra-thin sections was made of the preparations of agglutinate produced during the reaction of the immunoglobulin erythrocytic diagnostic agent with dry corpuscular Rickettsia prowazeki antigen, fluoresceine isothiocyanate labeled, and also SRBC used for the preparation of the diagnostic agent after formalinization, tannin treatment, sensitization with hyperimmune horse serum immunoglobulins and lyophilization, respectively. Formalin and tannin treatment of erythrocytes failed to be reflected on the ultrastructure of their cellular membranes; the treatment with hemosensitin was accompanied by the appearance of spheroid protrusions of the erythrocyte cytoplasmic membrane with the preservation of its three-layer structure. Specific interaction of sensitized erythrocytes with the antigen corpuscles was expressed morphologically in their apposition or connection through a gap of 20--30 nm.", "PMID": 99928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3962", "title": "[Epiedmiologic significance of the distribution of corynephages in different collectives].", "content": "Corynephage distribution was studied in the nasopharyngeal washings of 252 persons infected with C. diphtheriae of gravis type, toxigenic (21 patients and 147 carriers) and non-toxigenic ones (84 carriers), and in 468 uninfected persons in collective bodies under different epidemic conditions. Corynephages were isolated from the nasopharyngeal washings only in persons infected with toxigenic C. diphtheriae--in 4 (of 21) patients, and in 21% (of 147) carriers. Phages tox+ (4--6.2%) were revealed only in carriers of toxigenic C. diphtheriae with numerous bacteria in the nasopharynx and in diphtheria patients. Carriers of nontoxigenic diphtheria bacilli can become infected with phage tox+ only together with the toxigenic strains (reinfection). The data obtained indicated that toxigenic and nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae strains were individual variants.", "contents": "[Epiedmiologic significance of the distribution of corynephages in different collectives]. Corynephage distribution was studied in the nasopharyngeal washings of 252 persons infected with C. diphtheriae of gravis type, toxigenic (21 patients and 147 carriers) and non-toxigenic ones (84 carriers), and in 468 uninfected persons in collective bodies under different epidemic conditions. Corynephages were isolated from the nasopharyngeal washings only in persons infected with toxigenic C. diphtheriae--in 4 (of 21) patients, and in 21% (of 147) carriers. Phages tox+ (4--6.2%) were revealed only in carriers of toxigenic C. diphtheriae with numerous bacteria in the nasopharynx and in diphtheria patients. Carriers of nontoxigenic diphtheria bacilli can become infected with phage tox+ only together with the toxigenic strains (reinfection). The data obtained indicated that toxigenic and nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae strains were individual variants.", "PMID": 99930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3963", "title": "Orientation of Euglena gracilis by electromagnetic fields: theory and experiment.", "content": "Computer data derived from theoretical treatments of the orientation of ellipsoidal particles in alternating fields is compared with experimental data from microscopic studies on Euglena gracilis, and elongated free-living flagellate. Computed data based upon a theoretical treatment by SAITO, SCHWAN and SCHWARZ showed good agreement with experimental results, predicting the relationship between cellular orientation, the frequency of the impressed field, and the conductivity of the suspending medium.", "contents": "Orientation of Euglena gracilis by electromagnetic fields: theory and experiment. Computer data derived from theoretical treatments of the orientation of ellipsoidal particles in alternating fields is compared with experimental data from microscopic studies on Euglena gracilis, and elongated free-living flagellate. Computed data based upon a theoretical treatment by SAITO, SCHWAN and SCHWARZ showed good agreement with experimental results, predicting the relationship between cellular orientation, the frequency of the impressed field, and the conductivity of the suspending medium.", "PMID": 99933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3964", "title": "Intracellular proteinase of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "An intracellular serine proteinase was isolated from Bacillus subtilis, strain A-50. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 30000 +/- 1000, its amino acid composition is enriched in glutamic acid residues, the isoelectric point is 4.3, the N-terminal sequence Glu-Leu-Pro-Glu-Gly-Ile-Gln-Val-Ile-Lys-Ala-Pro-Glu-Leu-Xxx-Ala-Gln-Gly-Phe-Lys Gly-Ser-Asx-Ile-Lys-Ile-Ala-Val-Leu-Asx. The enzyme is structuraly homologous with secretory subtilisins.", "contents": "Intracellular proteinase of Bacillus subtilis. An intracellular serine proteinase was isolated from Bacillus subtilis, strain A-50. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 30000 +/- 1000, its amino acid composition is enriched in glutamic acid residues, the isoelectric point is 4.3, the N-terminal sequence Glu-Leu-Pro-Glu-Gly-Ile-Gln-Val-Ile-Lys-Ala-Pro-Glu-Leu-Xxx-Ala-Gln-Gly-Phe-Lys Gly-Ser-Asx-Ile-Lys-Ile-Ala-Val-Leu-Asx. The enzyme is structuraly homologous with secretory subtilisins.", "PMID": 99934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3965", "title": "Relationships between intracellular proteolytic activity and protein turnover in Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "When incubated in a sporulation medium, the sporogenous strains of Bacillus megaterium degrade proteins at a rate of 4-10% X h-1. The maximal rate of protein turnover is reached after 3-4 hrs at the time of development of forespores and then decreases again. The rate of protein turnover in the asporogenous strain decreases steadily under similar conditions from 3-8% X h-1 at the beginning of incubation to 1% X h-1 after 5-6 hrs in the sporulation medium. The rate of degradation of proteins in vitro in protoplast lysates is similar or higher than the rate of protein turnover. The exocellular, as well as periplasmic proteolytic activity, is suppressed by amino acids more severely than the activity in protoplasts. Mutants devoid of the exocellular proteolytic enzyme contain also less proteolytic activity in the periplasm than in the protoplasts, in contrast to the wild strain. However, their rate of protein turnover, as well as the degradation of abnormal proteins is similar to that in the wild strain. This supports a view that the proteolytic system in protoplasts is involved in intracellular protein catabolism. The periplasmic enzyme can be considered as a kind of the exocellular proteinase.", "contents": "Relationships between intracellular proteolytic activity and protein turnover in Bacillus megaterium. When incubated in a sporulation medium, the sporogenous strains of Bacillus megaterium degrade proteins at a rate of 4-10% X h-1. The maximal rate of protein turnover is reached after 3-4 hrs at the time of development of forespores and then decreases again. The rate of protein turnover in the asporogenous strain decreases steadily under similar conditions from 3-8% X h-1 at the beginning of incubation to 1% X h-1 after 5-6 hrs in the sporulation medium. The rate of degradation of proteins in vitro in protoplast lysates is similar or higher than the rate of protein turnover. The exocellular, as well as periplasmic proteolytic activity, is suppressed by amino acids more severely than the activity in protoplasts. Mutants devoid of the exocellular proteolytic enzyme contain also less proteolytic activity in the periplasm than in the protoplasts, in contrast to the wild strain. However, their rate of protein turnover, as well as the degradation of abnormal proteins is similar to that in the wild strain. This supports a view that the proteolytic system in protoplasts is involved in intracellular protein catabolism. The periplasmic enzyme can be considered as a kind of the exocellular proteinase.", "PMID": 99935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3966", "title": "Intracellular protein catabolism. IX. Hydrophobicity of substrate proteins is a molecular basis of selectivity.", "content": "Double-labeled cytosol proteins from rat liver (3H in short-lived, 14C in long-lived proteins) were fractionated by using siliconized glass-beads, phenylsepharose and octylsepharose. Always the short-lived proteins are more tightly bound to the hydrophobic matrix. The same distribution was found with monkey liver substrate proteins. Therefore it is concluded that the different degrees of exposure of superficial hydrophobic areas on substrate protein molecules are a molecular basis of selectivity of the intracellular protein catabolism.", "contents": "Intracellular protein catabolism. IX. Hydrophobicity of substrate proteins is a molecular basis of selectivity. Double-labeled cytosol proteins from rat liver (3H in short-lived, 14C in long-lived proteins) were fractionated by using siliconized glass-beads, phenylsepharose and octylsepharose. Always the short-lived proteins are more tightly bound to the hydrophobic matrix. The same distribution was found with monkey liver substrate proteins. Therefore it is concluded that the different degrees of exposure of superficial hydrophobic areas on substrate protein molecules are a molecular basis of selectivity of the intracellular protein catabolism.", "PMID": 99936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3967", "title": "[Neurinomas of the auditory nerve in children].", "content": "Analysis of 7 child cases with neurinoma of the acoustic nerve, tumors which are extremely rare in children, showed that they have characteristic clinical features. The disease was manifested at the age of 12--15 years, sometimes against the background of diffuse neurofibromatosis. The mean duration of the disease varied from 5 months to one year. The tumor was marked by rapid growth, medial variant of localization with extension in the oro-caudal direction, and rich blood supply. Hearing diminished rapidly to total deafness, and the loss was usually bilateral. The facial nerve suffered less frequently. The hypertensive-occlusive syndrome was observed with marked stem-cerebellar symptoms and protein-cellular dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid, which suggests tumor of the cerebellum. Ventriculography with maiodil emulsion and vertebral angiography helped in making a precise diagnosis. Radical removal of the tumor proved very difficult because it was large and intimately connected with the brain stem.", "contents": "[Neurinomas of the auditory nerve in children]. Analysis of 7 child cases with neurinoma of the acoustic nerve, tumors which are extremely rare in children, showed that they have characteristic clinical features. The disease was manifested at the age of 12--15 years, sometimes against the background of diffuse neurofibromatosis. The mean duration of the disease varied from 5 months to one year. The tumor was marked by rapid growth, medial variant of localization with extension in the oro-caudal direction, and rich blood supply. Hearing diminished rapidly to total deafness, and the loss was usually bilateral. The facial nerve suffered less frequently. The hypertensive-occlusive syndrome was observed with marked stem-cerebellar symptoms and protein-cellular dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid, which suggests tumor of the cerebellum. Ventriculography with maiodil emulsion and vertebral angiography helped in making a precise diagnosis. Radical removal of the tumor proved very difficult because it was large and intimately connected with the brain stem.", "PMID": 99932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3968", "title": "Different  behaviour of 19S thyroglobulin extracted from normal thyroid, simple goitre and toxic goitre in polyacrylamide slab gel isoelectric focusing.", "content": "19S thyroglobulin (19S TG) was isolated from normal thyroids, simple goitres and one case of toxic goitre (Graves' disease). With isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel slabs (pH 4--6) several bands for each specimen were detected. The migration patterns of the toxic goitre 19S TG were clearly different from the patterns of normal 19S TG and simple goitre 19S TG.", "contents": "Different  behaviour of 19S thyroglobulin extracted from normal thyroid, simple goitre and toxic goitre in polyacrylamide slab gel isoelectric focusing. 19S thyroglobulin (19S TG) was isolated from normal thyroids, simple goitres and one case of toxic goitre (Graves' disease). With isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel slabs (pH 4--6) several bands for each specimen were detected. The migration patterns of the toxic goitre 19S TG were clearly different from the patterns of normal 19S TG and simple goitre 19S TG.", "PMID": 99941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3969", "title": "The measurement of serum proteins with rapid turnover for early diagnosis of fatal hepatitis.", "content": "An attempt was made to find reliable indices for the early recognition of fatal cases of acute viral hepatitis, using the values of serum proteins with rapid turnover. Prealbumin and alpha2-HS-glycoprotein were measured in the sera of 44 cases by immunodiffusion method before the appearance of hepatic coma and/or gastrointestinal bleeding. The difference of the mean values of prealbumin between fatal and surviving cases of subacute form of fulminant hepatitis was not statistically significant. In contrast to this, there was statistically significant difference between both groups in the mean values of alpha2-HS-glycoprotein (p less than 0.05). The present results indicate the possibility of differentiating fatal cases from surviving ones at an early stage, using the reduction of alpha2-HS-glycoprotein by a simple and reproducible immunodiffusion method.", "contents": "The measurement of serum proteins with rapid turnover for early diagnosis of fatal hepatitis. An attempt was made to find reliable indices for the early recognition of fatal cases of acute viral hepatitis, using the values of serum proteins with rapid turnover. Prealbumin and alpha2-HS-glycoprotein were measured in the sera of 44 cases by immunodiffusion method before the appearance of hepatic coma and/or gastrointestinal bleeding. The difference of the mean values of prealbumin between fatal and surviving cases of subacute form of fulminant hepatitis was not statistically significant. In contrast to this, there was statistically significant difference between both groups in the mean values of alpha2-HS-glycoprotein (p less than 0.05). The present results indicate the possibility of differentiating fatal cases from surviving ones at an early stage, using the reduction of alpha2-HS-glycoprotein by a simple and reproducible immunodiffusion method.", "PMID": 99944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3970", "title": "Structure and ultrastructure of cultivated glial cells from Corpus callosum.", "content": "1. Explants and dissociated cells from Corpus callosum (c. c.) of rats and rabbits were cultivated in Petri dishes and Rose chambers. 2. Different types of glial cells were found in the cultivated Corpus callosum (c. c.) explanted from 12 days old rats: a) adendritic glial cells, typical for migrating oligodendroglial cells, b)-migrating large, nondifferentiated astrocytes with pronounced phagocytosing activity, c) macro- and microglial cells which differentiated during cultivation. 3. The population of differentiated glial cells is mostly composed of oligodendroglia, less of astrocytes and microglial cells are rare. 4. Differentiation of dissociated cells from c. c. in homogenous and mixed population was studied. The appearance of first processes of macroglial cells is postponed to 6 to 10 days of cultivation. No substantial difference was observed between homogenous and mixed population. A higher incidence of macrophages was observed in the later. 5. Glial cells differentiate surrounded by degenerated nerve fibers and myelin, exhibiting phagocytoses and cleaning reaction.", "contents": "Structure and ultrastructure of cultivated glial cells from Corpus callosum. 1. Explants and dissociated cells from Corpus callosum (c. c.) of rats and rabbits were cultivated in Petri dishes and Rose chambers. 2. Different types of glial cells were found in the cultivated Corpus callosum (c. c.) explanted from 12 days old rats: a) adendritic glial cells, typical for migrating oligodendroglial cells, b)-migrating large, nondifferentiated astrocytes with pronounced phagocytosing activity, c) macro- and microglial cells which differentiated during cultivation. 3. The population of differentiated glial cells is mostly composed of oligodendroglia, less of astrocytes and microglial cells are rare. 4. Differentiation of dissociated cells from c. c. in homogenous and mixed population was studied. The appearance of first processes of macroglial cells is postponed to 6 to 10 days of cultivation. No substantial difference was observed between homogenous and mixed population. A higher incidence of macrophages was observed in the later. 5. Glial cells differentiate surrounded by degenerated nerve fibers and myelin, exhibiting phagocytoses and cleaning reaction.", "PMID": 99945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3971", "title": "Differentiation of corpus callosum glial cells and factors influencing their maturation in vitro.", "content": "1. Explants of Corpus callosum (c. c.) from 12-day-old rats were cultivated under different experimental conditions. 2. Migration and differentiation is activated by the presence of neighbouring explants, toward which glial cells predominantly migrate. Glial cells migrate if closely adhering to the supporting collagen and the process of differentiation is enhanced by presence of underlying cell layers. 3. Migratory activity of glial cells decreases and is delayed with age of donors. Migrating cells have a similar appearance as in cultures from 12 days old donors. The presence of immature types of glial cells in c. c. of adult animals was proved. 4. Glucose was found to be an adequate metabolical substrate, utilisation of glucose being lower than in cultivated neurons. In the absence of glucose or serum in the medium, neither migration nor differentiation of glial cells was observed. 5. The addition of embryonal extract and embryonic brain extract enhanced only initial stages of cell migration and differentiation.", "contents": "Differentiation of corpus callosum glial cells and factors influencing their maturation in vitro. 1. Explants of Corpus callosum (c. c.) from 12-day-old rats were cultivated under different experimental conditions. 2. Migration and differentiation is activated by the presence of neighbouring explants, toward which glial cells predominantly migrate. Glial cells migrate if closely adhering to the supporting collagen and the process of differentiation is enhanced by presence of underlying cell layers. 3. Migratory activity of glial cells decreases and is delayed with age of donors. Migrating cells have a similar appearance as in cultures from 12 days old donors. The presence of immature types of glial cells in c. c. of adult animals was proved. 4. Glucose was found to be an adequate metabolical substrate, utilisation of glucose being lower than in cultivated neurons. In the absence of glucose or serum in the medium, neither migration nor differentiation of glial cells was observed. 5. The addition of embryonal extract and embryonic brain extract enhanced only initial stages of cell migration and differentiation.", "PMID": 99946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3972", "title": "The benzidine technique for histochemical detection of the SO4 ion.", "content": "The benzidine technique for histochemical detection of the SO4 ion was studied analytically on filter paper strips loaded with 0.02 ml of solutions of sulfate containing and sulfate free substances. The influence of the benzidin solution pH on the SO4 and PO4 ion precipitation was analysed and the experimental condition where the SO4 ion was specifically precipitated was established. In basis on this study a benzidine histochemical technique suitable to detect the SO4 ion without interference of the PO4 ion was proposed for tissue sections. This technique has some advantages on the other benzidin techniques previously proposed mainly concerning its specificity.", "contents": "The benzidine technique for histochemical detection of the SO4 ion. The benzidine technique for histochemical detection of the SO4 ion was studied analytically on filter paper strips loaded with 0.02 ml of solutions of sulfate containing and sulfate free substances. The influence of the benzidin solution pH on the SO4 and PO4 ion precipitation was analysed and the experimental condition where the SO4 ion was specifically precipitated was established. In basis on this study a benzidine histochemical technique suitable to detect the SO4 ion without interference of the PO4 ion was proposed for tissue sections. This technique has some advantages on the other benzidin techniques previously proposed mainly concerning its specificity.", "PMID": 99947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3973", "title": "Ultrastructural labeling of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin: the preparation and use of soluble immune complexes as indirect immunoelectromicroscopic markers.", "content": "2 distinct macronuclear markers, ferritin and hemocyanin, may be used in a mixed anti-globulin labeling reaction to localize lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin (Ig) determinants by transmission electron microscopy. Soluble immune complexes of the marker molecules (antigen) are prepared by complexing with specific antiserum in 40 to 50 x antigen excess; uncomplexed Ig is removed by ultrascentrifugation and/or gel filtration chromatography. Immunoelectrophoresis, spectrophotometry and passive hemagglutination inhibition assay are used to determine the purity and amounts of antibody-antigen in the purified immune complexes. For immunoelectron microscopic labeling, the immune complex markers are coupled to lymphocyte surface Ig by an indirect anti-Ig or anti-allotype antibody linkage. Labelled Ig determinants at 0 degrees C or in the presence of sodium azide are visualized as small patches of marker molecules on the lymphocyte surface membrane. This EM labeling method results in much more consistent and generally higher percentages of surface Ig positive cells (60 to 70% of rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes) than the percentages obtained using other methods, such as immunofluorescence or autoradiography. If the lymphocytes are warmed to 37 degrees C in the absence of azide the labeled surface Ig determinants undergo rapid endocytosis; endocytotic vesicles containing marker molecules are visible. This mixed anti-globulin immunoelectronmicroscopic labeling system may be used to localize a wide variety of antigens on different cell surfaces.", "contents": "Ultrastructural labeling of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin: the preparation and use of soluble immune complexes as indirect immunoelectromicroscopic markers. 2 distinct macronuclear markers, ferritin and hemocyanin, may be used in a mixed anti-globulin labeling reaction to localize lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin (Ig) determinants by transmission electron microscopy. Soluble immune complexes of the marker molecules (antigen) are prepared by complexing with specific antiserum in 40 to 50 x antigen excess; uncomplexed Ig is removed by ultrascentrifugation and/or gel filtration chromatography. Immunoelectrophoresis, spectrophotometry and passive hemagglutination inhibition assay are used to determine the purity and amounts of antibody-antigen in the purified immune complexes. For immunoelectron microscopic labeling, the immune complex markers are coupled to lymphocyte surface Ig by an indirect anti-Ig or anti-allotype antibody linkage. Labelled Ig determinants at 0 degrees C or in the presence of sodium azide are visualized as small patches of marker molecules on the lymphocyte surface membrane. This EM labeling method results in much more consistent and generally higher percentages of surface Ig positive cells (60 to 70% of rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes) than the percentages obtained using other methods, such as immunofluorescence or autoradiography. If the lymphocytes are warmed to 37 degrees C in the absence of azide the labeled surface Ig determinants undergo rapid endocytosis; endocytotic vesicles containing marker molecules are visible. This mixed anti-globulin immunoelectronmicroscopic labeling system may be used to localize a wide variety of antigens on different cell surfaces.", "PMID": 99948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3974", "title": "Immunochemical specificity of a benzidine technique proposed to catalases histochemical detection.", "content": "As an attempt to test the specificity of an histochemical technique proposed to detect catalases, an investigation was carried out by immunochemical techniques. Purified catalases were used after analysed immunochemically by double immune diffusion test and immunoelectrophoretic technique. These pure catalases induced, after injecting into guinea-pigs, anti-serums that react specifically with catalase and does not give any cross reaction with peroxidases and haemic iron containing compounds. By the direct and indirect immuno-fluorescence techniques it was shown an intense catalase reactivity inside the cytoplasm of adrenal cortex and hepatic cells, that appears as a granular pattern. These results are very similar to those provided by the histochemical technique, either concerning to the reactive cells or to the granular pattern of the positive reaction. In such instances, the immunochemical results suggest the specificity of the histochemical reaction. This specificity is confirmed by the previous treatment of tissue sections by catalases anti-serum. After this treatment either the immunochemical or the histochemical technique to detect catalases provide negative results on cells that before the treatment were strongly reactive.", "contents": "Immunochemical specificity of a benzidine technique proposed to catalases histochemical detection. As an attempt to test the specificity of an histochemical technique proposed to detect catalases, an investigation was carried out by immunochemical techniques. Purified catalases were used after analysed immunochemically by double immune diffusion test and immunoelectrophoretic technique. These pure catalases induced, after injecting into guinea-pigs, anti-serums that react specifically with catalase and does not give any cross reaction with peroxidases and haemic iron containing compounds. By the direct and indirect immuno-fluorescence techniques it was shown an intense catalase reactivity inside the cytoplasm of adrenal cortex and hepatic cells, that appears as a granular pattern. These results are very similar to those provided by the histochemical technique, either concerning to the reactive cells or to the granular pattern of the positive reaction. In such instances, the immunochemical results suggest the specificity of the histochemical reaction. This specificity is confirmed by the previous treatment of tissue sections by catalases anti-serum. After this treatment either the immunochemical or the histochemical technique to detect catalases provide negative results on cells that before the treatment were strongly reactive.", "PMID": 99949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3975", "title": "Histochemical studies on the morphology of the Golgi apparatus and its relation to catecholamine biosynthesis in the locus coeruleus of Rhesus and crab-eating monkeys.", "content": "Detailed histochemical studies have been conducted on the distribution of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase), L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO), and NAD-linked xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) in every component of the Locus coeruleus (LC) of healthy adult male Rhesus and crab-eating monkeys in order to clearify the morphology of the Golgi apparatus (GA) and its relation to biosynthesis of catechol-amines in this special nucleus of the primate (NA nucleus A 6 as defined in the Rhesus monkey by German and Bowden [1975]). Medium-sized neurons of both species of monkeys, which are considered to play an important role in the LC, were classified into 5 groups on the basis of morphological patterns of the GA. Many neurons of both species of monkeys were positive for the XDH test while some neurons of the crab-eating monkey as well as a few neurons of the Rhesus monkey were positive for the GLO reaction. The LC of both species of monkeys must be composed of metabolically one kind of identical medium-sized parasympathetic neurons whose GA may continously undergo 5 distinct phasic changes depending on the functional state of that cell. However, the GA changes its shape much more significantly even within each group of the 5 in the crab-eating monkey than in the Rhesus monkey. The GA Type IV may correspond to the catabolic phase of the GA during which biosynthesis of both catecholamines and vitamin C should be going on. Production of vitamin C may greatly help biosynthesis of catecholamines in LC. The difference in species is evident between the 2 kinds of monkeys studied in regard to the degree of their ability to synthesize these substances. The degree of the ability to synthesize vitamin C parallels the density distribution of Type IV neurons in LC whose GA often develops much more greatly in the crab-eating monkey than in the Rhesus monkey.", "contents": "Histochemical studies on the morphology of the Golgi apparatus and its relation to catecholamine biosynthesis in the locus coeruleus of Rhesus and crab-eating monkeys. Detailed histochemical studies have been conducted on the distribution of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase), L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO), and NAD-linked xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) in every component of the Locus coeruleus (LC) of healthy adult male Rhesus and crab-eating monkeys in order to clearify the morphology of the Golgi apparatus (GA) and its relation to biosynthesis of catechol-amines in this special nucleus of the primate (NA nucleus A 6 as defined in the Rhesus monkey by German and Bowden [1975]). Medium-sized neurons of both species of monkeys, which are considered to play an important role in the LC, were classified into 5 groups on the basis of morphological patterns of the GA. Many neurons of both species of monkeys were positive for the XDH test while some neurons of the crab-eating monkey as well as a few neurons of the Rhesus monkey were positive for the GLO reaction. The LC of both species of monkeys must be composed of metabolically one kind of identical medium-sized parasympathetic neurons whose GA may continously undergo 5 distinct phasic changes depending on the functional state of that cell. However, the GA changes its shape much more significantly even within each group of the 5 in the crab-eating monkey than in the Rhesus monkey. The GA Type IV may correspond to the catabolic phase of the GA during which biosynthesis of both catecholamines and vitamin C should be going on. Production of vitamin C may greatly help biosynthesis of catecholamines in LC. The difference in species is evident between the 2 kinds of monkeys studied in regard to the degree of their ability to synthesize these substances. The degree of the ability to synthesize vitamin C parallels the density distribution of Type IV neurons in LC whose GA often develops much more greatly in the crab-eating monkey than in the Rhesus monkey.", "PMID": 99950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3976", "title": "Some histochemical observations on the myocardial metabolism in experimental conditions. Part II.", "content": "A histochemical evaluation of the activity of chosen oxido-reductive enzymes of the cardiac muscle connected with the citric acid cycle, glycolysis and pentose shunt in the early experimental alloxan diabetes period in white rats has been carried out. Dehydrogenases: succinate, isocitrate and glucose-6-phosphate indicated a decrease in the enzymatic activity while the lactate dehydrogenase activity did not undergo any change. An increase in the intensity of the histoenzymatic reaction only concerned glutamate dehydrogenase. The presented histoenzymatic evidence of changes in the enzymatic activities may speak for the possibility of an existence of a direct diabetes influence on the cardiac muscle metabolism.", "contents": "Some histochemical observations on the myocardial metabolism in experimental conditions. Part II. A histochemical evaluation of the activity of chosen oxido-reductive enzymes of the cardiac muscle connected with the citric acid cycle, glycolysis and pentose shunt in the early experimental alloxan diabetes period in white rats has been carried out. Dehydrogenases: succinate, isocitrate and glucose-6-phosphate indicated a decrease in the enzymatic activity while the lactate dehydrogenase activity did not undergo any change. An increase in the intensity of the histoenzymatic reaction only concerned glutamate dehydrogenase. The presented histoenzymatic evidence of changes in the enzymatic activities may speak for the possibility of an existence of a direct diabetes influence on the cardiac muscle metabolism.", "PMID": 99952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3977", "title": "Studies of estrogen induced renal tumours in male Syrian hamsters. I. Cytochemical studies of lysosomal enzymes acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase.", "content": "The localization and concentration of lysosomal enzymes acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in kidney cells of Syrian hamsters after DES administration were studied. A positive cytoplasmic reaction was demonstrated for both enzymes. Increased activity of these enzymes were observed in renal tumour in contrast to normal homologous cells. These results can be explained on the basis that lysosomal enzymes were synthesized in tumour cells at a higher rate or it may be due to the invasion of tumour tissue by hydrolase rich microphages.", "contents": "Studies of estrogen induced renal tumours in male Syrian hamsters. I. Cytochemical studies of lysosomal enzymes acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase. The localization and concentration of lysosomal enzymes acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in kidney cells of Syrian hamsters after DES administration were studied. A positive cytoplasmic reaction was demonstrated for both enzymes. Increased activity of these enzymes were observed in renal tumour in contrast to normal homologous cells. These results can be explained on the basis that lysosomal enzymes were synthesized in tumour cells at a higher rate or it may be due to the invasion of tumour tissue by hydrolase rich microphages.", "PMID": 99953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3978", "title": "Coated vesicles in the rat anterior pituitary gland.", "content": "Ultrastructural documentation of the formation of coated vesicles in prolactin cells of the rat anterior pituitary gland is presented. Coated vesicles were observed forming from the secretory granular membrane in the Golgi area and between the Golgi complex and the plasmalemma. They were also found budding off the membrane lining the exocytotic pocket. Following peroxidase reaction product could be seen forming from the membrane of the exocytotic pocket and adjacent to it. These vesicles were found in transit towards the Golgi area or within lysosomes. It is proposed that these coated vesicles are important for membrane conservation and that this is occurring in developing secretory granules near the Golgi complex, in more mature secretory granules and at the level of the plasmalemma during exocytosis.", "contents": "Coated vesicles in the rat anterior pituitary gland. Ultrastructural documentation of the formation of coated vesicles in prolactin cells of the rat anterior pituitary gland is presented. Coated vesicles were observed forming from the secretory granular membrane in the Golgi area and between the Golgi complex and the plasmalemma. They were also found budding off the membrane lining the exocytotic pocket. Following peroxidase reaction product could be seen forming from the membrane of the exocytotic pocket and adjacent to it. These vesicles were found in transit towards the Golgi area or within lysosomes. It is proposed that these coated vesicles are important for membrane conservation and that this is occurring in developing secretory granules near the Golgi complex, in more mature secretory granules and at the level of the plasmalemma during exocytosis.", "PMID": 99954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3979", "title": "[The applicability of the glyoxylic acid technique for the demonstration of biogenic amines on the cultured cerebrocortex of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The glyoxylic acid technique for the demonstration of biogenic amines according to Lindvall and Bj\u00f6rklund (1974) was tried to be adapted to the explant culture of the cerebro-cortex of neonatal rats. The \"heat reaction\" does render the investigation of the explant and of the growth area as well.", "contents": "[The applicability of the glyoxylic acid technique for the demonstration of biogenic amines on the cultured cerebrocortex of the rat (author's transl)]. The glyoxylic acid technique for the demonstration of biogenic amines according to Lindvall and Bj\u00f6rklund (1974) was tried to be adapted to the explant culture of the cerebro-cortex of neonatal rats. The \"heat reaction\" does render the investigation of the explant and of the growth area as well.", "PMID": 99955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3980", "title": "[Characterization of heavy metal secretory granules in the islet tissue of adult white rats by means of the light and electron microscopy, including the high voltage electron miscroscopy and the electron microanalysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The metal secretory granules of Langerhans' islets of white rats were examined after histochemical detection by sulfide silver staining method as well as by conventional electron microscopy and high voltage electron microscopy. Zinc and calcium were determined with electron probe x-ray-microanalysis. The metals are located at the inside of cytoplasmatic vacuoles, a result, we discuss in connection with the release of pancreatic hormones.", "contents": "[Characterization of heavy metal secretory granules in the islet tissue of adult white rats by means of the light and electron microscopy, including the high voltage electron miscroscopy and the electron microanalysis (author's transl)]. The metal secretory granules of Langerhans' islets of white rats were examined after histochemical detection by sulfide silver staining method as well as by conventional electron microscopy and high voltage electron microscopy. Zinc and calcium were determined with electron probe x-ray-microanalysis. The metals are located at the inside of cytoplasmatic vacuoles, a result, we discuss in connection with the release of pancreatic hormones.", "PMID": 99956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3981", "title": "Circadian oscillations of nucleic acid and protein content in functionally different neuron-neuroglia units of rat central nervous system.", "content": "Scanning integrating visible cytospectrophotometry of gallocyanin-, amido black-, fast green- or ammoniacal silver-stained sections of various areas of the central nervous system of adult rats sacrificed at 4 h intervals has demonstrated the presence of circadian changes in RNA, total protein and total histone content as well as in arginine-rich to lysine-rich histone ratio in the neurons and in their perineuronal satellite neuroglia. The peak of the content per cell of the macromolecular components studied was in some cases elevated above their lowest level up to 1.7-fold. The zenith in the content of neuronal RNA coincided as a rule with the nadir in the content of glial RNA whereas no such opposition was observed with respect to the protein or histone content as well as to the arginine- to lysine-rich ratio in the neurons and in their glial satellite cells. The data obtained have confirmed earlier observations that under changed conditions of neuron functioning, the changes in the nervous system metabolism occur which are localized not only in the neurons but also in the neuroglia, the metabolic response in the glial cells being characterized, depending on peculiarities of the particular neuron activity, both by similarity and by some differences as compared with the neuronal metabolic response. A synchronizing effect of environmental and/or internal factors on the macromolecular metabolism within various cell populations of the central nervous system is discussed.", "contents": "Circadian oscillations of nucleic acid and protein content in functionally different neuron-neuroglia units of rat central nervous system. Scanning integrating visible cytospectrophotometry of gallocyanin-, amido black-, fast green- or ammoniacal silver-stained sections of various areas of the central nervous system of adult rats sacrificed at 4 h intervals has demonstrated the presence of circadian changes in RNA, total protein and total histone content as well as in arginine-rich to lysine-rich histone ratio in the neurons and in their perineuronal satellite neuroglia. The peak of the content per cell of the macromolecular components studied was in some cases elevated above their lowest level up to 1.7-fold. The zenith in the content of neuronal RNA coincided as a rule with the nadir in the content of glial RNA whereas no such opposition was observed with respect to the protein or histone content as well as to the arginine- to lysine-rich ratio in the neurons and in their glial satellite cells. The data obtained have confirmed earlier observations that under changed conditions of neuron functioning, the changes in the nervous system metabolism occur which are localized not only in the neurons but also in the neuroglia, the metabolic response in the glial cells being characterized, depending on peculiarities of the particular neuron activity, both by similarity and by some differences as compared with the neuronal metabolic response. A synchronizing effect of environmental and/or internal factors on the macromolecular metabolism within various cell populations of the central nervous system is discussed.", "PMID": 99957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3982", "title": "Diaminobenzidine oxidation in cerebellar histological sections.", "content": "Cerebellar histological sections were incubated in media containing 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB). Microscopic observation showed the presence of oxidated DAB in all cerebellar cells. Said oxidation of DAB in the cerebellar structures was produced in the absence, as well as in the presence, of exogenous H2O2 in the incubation medium. The erythrocytes existent in the blood vessels were capable of oxidating more intensely the DAB when H2O2 was present in the incubation medium. When the sections were pretreated and incubated with CNK, sodium azide and perodic acid, the oxidation of DAB was not produced. The observation with electron microscope showed that the DAB oxidation is produced in mitochondria, coated vesicles, and lysosomes. The possible mechanisms intervening in the oxidation of DAB in cerebellar structures are discussed.", "contents": "Diaminobenzidine oxidation in cerebellar histological sections. Cerebellar histological sections were incubated in media containing 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB). Microscopic observation showed the presence of oxidated DAB in all cerebellar cells. Said oxidation of DAB in the cerebellar structures was produced in the absence, as well as in the presence, of exogenous H2O2 in the incubation medium. The erythrocytes existent in the blood vessels were capable of oxidating more intensely the DAB when H2O2 was present in the incubation medium. When the sections were pretreated and incubated with CNK, sodium azide and perodic acid, the oxidation of DAB was not produced. The observation with electron microscope showed that the DAB oxidation is produced in mitochondria, coated vesicles, and lysosomes. The possible mechanisms intervening in the oxidation of DAB in cerebellar structures are discussed.", "PMID": 99958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3983", "title": "[On the histochemistry of xanthine dehydrogenase (author's transl)].", "content": "We have investigated the enzymes of the XDH-XOD-system by histochemical technique based on a model study for histochemical tetrazolium reduction by flavine enzymes. We have not found a reaction in native sections from liver, kidney and duodenum of adult male Wistar rats. The effectors PMS, Triton X-100 and Tween 80 were inefficient. A strong reaction was observed after a short fixation (10 min) of the sections with glutaraldehyde predominantly in the duodenal epithel cells. The intensity of the reaction was much stronger in sections of liver, kidney and duodenum by influence of the effector PMS and the detergents Triton X-100 and Tween 80. The application of the membrane technique does not show advantages in the histochemical demonstration of the XDH-XOD-system. The specificity of the reaction is discussed under the aspect of the complexity of the XDH-XOD-system shown by biochemical investigations.", "contents": "[On the histochemistry of xanthine dehydrogenase (author's transl)]. We have investigated the enzymes of the XDH-XOD-system by histochemical technique based on a model study for histochemical tetrazolium reduction by flavine enzymes. We have not found a reaction in native sections from liver, kidney and duodenum of adult male Wistar rats. The effectors PMS, Triton X-100 and Tween 80 were inefficient. A strong reaction was observed after a short fixation (10 min) of the sections with glutaraldehyde predominantly in the duodenal epithel cells. The intensity of the reaction was much stronger in sections of liver, kidney and duodenum by influence of the effector PMS and the detergents Triton X-100 and Tween 80. The application of the membrane technique does not show advantages in the histochemical demonstration of the XDH-XOD-system. The specificity of the reaction is discussed under the aspect of the complexity of the XDH-XOD-system shown by biochemical investigations.", "PMID": 99959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3984", "title": "Ultrastructural identification of neural elements containing trace metals.", "content": "The quantitative distribution of heavy metals in the central nervous system was studied by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. It was shown that, of the regions studied, the archicerebellar cortex contains the highest levels of metals. A light microscopical histochemical technique (TIMM silver sulphide method) reveals the neurons and glial cells which possess the trace elements. Ultrastructurally, the staining occurs in different axon terminals, lysosomes, neuronal surface membranes and the cytoplasm of glial cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural identification of neural elements containing trace metals. The quantitative distribution of heavy metals in the central nervous system was studied by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. It was shown that, of the regions studied, the archicerebellar cortex contains the highest levels of metals. A light microscopical histochemical technique (TIMM silver sulphide method) reveals the neurons and glial cells which possess the trace elements. Ultrastructurally, the staining occurs in different axon terminals, lysosomes, neuronal surface membranes and the cytoplasm of glial cells.", "PMID": 99960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3985", "title": "Circadian rhythms of oxidoreductases in the rat gastric mucosa. Histochemical study.", "content": "Examination of selected oxidoreductases (succinate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, NADH tetrazolium reductase) in the rat gastric mucosa revealed diurnal fluctation of enzyme activities with the most marked manifestation in succinate dehydrogenase. The maximum enzymatic activity found at 18.00 h and 24.00 h) points to the highest oxidoreductase capacity in the parietal cells just at the time when a rat usually expresses spontaneously the highest interest in food intake. The high activity of succinate dehydrogenase and other enzymes at that time is very likely the expression of a \"fixed\" metabolic adaptation of the parietal cells to the elevated production of hydrochloric acid, in connection with its role in the digestion of food in the stomach. The low enzymatic activity of most rat parietal cells during the day may represent the picture of \"a resting afunctional\".", "contents": "Circadian rhythms of oxidoreductases in the rat gastric mucosa. Histochemical study. Examination of selected oxidoreductases (succinate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, NADH tetrazolium reductase) in the rat gastric mucosa revealed diurnal fluctation of enzyme activities with the most marked manifestation in succinate dehydrogenase. The maximum enzymatic activity found at 18.00 h and 24.00 h) points to the highest oxidoreductase capacity in the parietal cells just at the time when a rat usually expresses spontaneously the highest interest in food intake. The high activity of succinate dehydrogenase and other enzymes at that time is very likely the expression of a \"fixed\" metabolic adaptation of the parietal cells to the elevated production of hydrochloric acid, in connection with its role in the digestion of food in the stomach. The low enzymatic activity of most rat parietal cells during the day may represent the picture of \"a resting afunctional\".", "PMID": 99961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3986", "title": "[A improved demonstration of ischemic myocard injuries with a combined method for evidence of the succine dehydrogenase and the acridin-fluorchrome-technique (MS-AO-technique) (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described for combined enzyme histochemical and fluorescence microscopical investigation of ischemic injuries. This new method allows to distinguish between 1 reversible and 3 irreversible zones at the experimental ligature infarct of 48 h duration. Heterolysis is discussed as reason for the 3 outer zones and autolytic processes for the central area.", "contents": "[A improved demonstration of ischemic myocard injuries with a combined method for evidence of the succine dehydrogenase and the acridin-fluorchrome-technique (MS-AO-technique) (author's transl)]. A method is described for combined enzyme histochemical and fluorescence microscopical investigation of ischemic injuries. This new method allows to distinguish between 1 reversible and 3 irreversible zones at the experimental ligature infarct of 48 h duration. Heterolysis is discussed as reason for the 3 outer zones and autolytic processes for the central area.", "PMID": 99962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3987", "title": "Electronmicroscopic cytochemical studies on lysosomes and peroxisomes of a rat cardiac muscle in the experimental alloxan diabetes.", "content": "The combined electronmicroscopic and cytochemical investigations of lysosomes and peroxisomes of a rat cardiac muscle were carried out in various duration time of the alloxan diabetes. The analysis of cytochemical reactions with DAB, confirming the existence of peroxisomes in rat heart muscle revealed that the state of experimental alloxan diabetes did not at all affect either cytochemical or morphological image of peroxisomes. In comparison with the control group, in all 3 experimental groups cytochemical reaction to acid phosphatase markedly pointed to the increase in number and size of electron-dense bodies (lysosomes) with positive reaction. This state may most probably result both from local and general organism disturbances in metabolism, induced by particular experimental conditions.", "contents": "Electronmicroscopic cytochemical studies on lysosomes and peroxisomes of a rat cardiac muscle in the experimental alloxan diabetes. The combined electronmicroscopic and cytochemical investigations of lysosomes and peroxisomes of a rat cardiac muscle were carried out in various duration time of the alloxan diabetes. The analysis of cytochemical reactions with DAB, confirming the existence of peroxisomes in rat heart muscle revealed that the state of experimental alloxan diabetes did not at all affect either cytochemical or morphological image of peroxisomes. In comparison with the control group, in all 3 experimental groups cytochemical reaction to acid phosphatase markedly pointed to the increase in number and size of electron-dense bodies (lysosomes) with positive reaction. This state may most probably result both from local and general organism disturbances in metabolism, induced by particular experimental conditions.", "PMID": 99963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3988", "title": "Studies on the oxidizing system in Holt's medium for histochemical demonstration of esterase activity.", "content": "Esterase activity in guinea-pig thyroid and mouse epididymis epithelial cells has been studied using 5-bromoindoxyl acetate as substrate. The pattern of esterase activity in the thyroid of the guinea-pig is constant, irrespective of whether ferri-ferrocyanide (FFC) or certain copper compounds are used as oxidizing agents in the incubation medium. The intensity of the coloured reaction product is increased when cobalt or manganese are added to the incubation medium. Activity is depressed by high concentrations of FFC when resent in incubation medium or preincubational buffer only. Epididymis cells contain an esterase activity which is not inhibited by conventional SH blocking agents, nor by high concentrations of FFC. From these results it appears that the mode of action of FFC in Holt's medium is as follows. At low concentrations FFC appears to act primarily as a catalytic agent in oxidation of indoxyl to indigoid. At high concentration FFC acts as an inhibitor of guinea-pig thyroid esterase, by oxidation of SH groups in the active centre. The esterase of mouse epididymis cell type EH 1 is not subject to this inhibition by FFC, presumably because it does not contain accessible SH groups in the active centre.", "contents": "Studies on the oxidizing system in Holt's medium for histochemical demonstration of esterase activity. Esterase activity in guinea-pig thyroid and mouse epididymis epithelial cells has been studied using 5-bromoindoxyl acetate as substrate. The pattern of esterase activity in the thyroid of the guinea-pig is constant, irrespective of whether ferri-ferrocyanide (FFC) or certain copper compounds are used as oxidizing agents in the incubation medium. The intensity of the coloured reaction product is increased when cobalt or manganese are added to the incubation medium. Activity is depressed by high concentrations of FFC when resent in incubation medium or preincubational buffer only. Epididymis cells contain an esterase activity which is not inhibited by conventional SH blocking agents, nor by high concentrations of FFC. From these results it appears that the mode of action of FFC in Holt's medium is as follows. At low concentrations FFC appears to act primarily as a catalytic agent in oxidation of indoxyl to indigoid. At high concentration FFC acts as an inhibitor of guinea-pig thyroid esterase, by oxidation of SH groups in the active centre. The esterase of mouse epididymis cell type EH 1 is not subject to this inhibition by FFC, presumably because it does not contain accessible SH groups in the active centre.", "PMID": 99964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3989", "title": "[About the differentiation of antibodies against the connective tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "Unfixed cryostat sections of an organ block comprising the liver, stomach, and kidney of rats as well as the kidney of mice were used as antigenic substrate for detecting antibodies against connective tissues by indirect immunofluorescence. There were found more than 14 different fluorescent patterns. Two types could be distinguished easily: The \"type 1\" shows a clear fluorescence of fine perivascular fibres and a faint fluorescence of vascular endothelium in the liver and in the kidney. The sinusoids are negative. The \"type 2\" is characterized by a bright and broad fluorescence of the sinusoids and of the portal tract without perivascular staining of the liver. On the sections of the kidney a fluorescence of vascular endothelium, of the tubular basement membrane or of the peritubular connective tissue fibrils is typical.", "contents": "[About the differentiation of antibodies against the connective tissue (author's transl)]. Unfixed cryostat sections of an organ block comprising the liver, stomach, and kidney of rats as well as the kidney of mice were used as antigenic substrate for detecting antibodies against connective tissues by indirect immunofluorescence. There were found more than 14 different fluorescent patterns. Two types could be distinguished easily: The \"type 1\" shows a clear fluorescence of fine perivascular fibres and a faint fluorescence of vascular endothelium in the liver and in the kidney. The sinusoids are negative. The \"type 2\" is characterized by a bright and broad fluorescence of the sinusoids and of the portal tract without perivascular staining of the liver. On the sections of the kidney a fluorescence of vascular endothelium, of the tubular basement membrane or of the peritubular connective tissue fibrils is typical.", "PMID": 99965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3990", "title": "[A new method for wound age estimation. Histoelectrofocussing (author's transl)].", "content": "Histoelectrofocussing is a combination of the usual histochemical methods of wound age estimation with biochemical procedure. Histological sections from skin wounds were directly subjected to isoelectric focussing. The enzymes being extracted and separated were detected by means of histochemical approach. The alterations of the activity of different enzyme fractions can be calculated quantitatively by densitometry. It is possible to differentiate between enzymes of the common skin and those with a topographic connection to the wound edge.", "contents": "[A new method for wound age estimation. Histoelectrofocussing (author's transl)]. Histoelectrofocussing is a combination of the usual histochemical methods of wound age estimation with biochemical procedure. Histological sections from skin wounds were directly subjected to isoelectric focussing. The enzymes being extracted and separated were detected by means of histochemical approach. The alterations of the activity of different enzyme fractions can be calculated quantitatively by densitometry. It is possible to differentiate between enzymes of the common skin and those with a topographic connection to the wound edge.", "PMID": 99966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3991", "title": "[Comparative study on the dependence of quantitative results in the electron microscopic autoradiography on the type of developer (Microdol X, Phenidon) (author's transl)].", "content": "It was the aim of the investigation to compare quantitative results of electron microscopic autoradiographs after the use of different developers (Microdol X, Phenidon) adapting morphometrical methods. Erythroblasts of rabbit were tested after incorporation of 3H-uridine in vitro. Both developers showed the same tendency at higher rates of incorporation (basophilic erythroblasts and polychromatic erythroblasts). Using Phenidon, however, we could obtain only half the values for the individual cell components. At high rates of incorporation Microdol X results in an overlapping of the silver filaments. Thus, more distinct grains can be reached by Phenidon. At smaller rates of incorporation (orthochromatic erythroblasts) after using Phenidon a quantitative evaluation is however influenced by too many factors of uncertainty so that according to our investigations Microdol X is better suited for a quantitative evaluation of electron microscopic autoradiographs.", "contents": "[Comparative study on the dependence of quantitative results in the electron microscopic autoradiography on the type of developer (Microdol X, Phenidon) (author's transl)]. It was the aim of the investigation to compare quantitative results of electron microscopic autoradiographs after the use of different developers (Microdol X, Phenidon) adapting morphometrical methods. Erythroblasts of rabbit were tested after incorporation of 3H-uridine in vitro. Both developers showed the same tendency at higher rates of incorporation (basophilic erythroblasts and polychromatic erythroblasts). Using Phenidon, however, we could obtain only half the values for the individual cell components. At high rates of incorporation Microdol X results in an overlapping of the silver filaments. Thus, more distinct grains can be reached by Phenidon. At smaller rates of incorporation (orthochromatic erythroblasts) after using Phenidon a quantitative evaluation is however influenced by too many factors of uncertainty so that according to our investigations Microdol X is better suited for a quantitative evaluation of electron microscopic autoradiographs.", "PMID": 99967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3992", "title": "[The correlation of in vivo and in vitro effect of cytostatics in transplantated tumours of the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "In 2 inoculated mouse tumours the conformity of the actions of 4 different cytostatics at 2 dose levels was tested in vitro and in vivo. The histochemical reaction of lactate dehydrogenase and NADH diaphorase was taken as a criterion of the cytostatic action. The investigations showed the tumours used responded to the cytostatics employed. A good conformity of the in vitro and in vivo findings was established. The histochemical assessment of organ cultures following the administration of cytostatics allows to determine the sensitivity of tumours and helps the physician in deciding on an effective therapeutic.", "contents": "[The correlation of in vivo and in vitro effect of cytostatics in transplantated tumours of the mouse (author's transl)]. In 2 inoculated mouse tumours the conformity of the actions of 4 different cytostatics at 2 dose levels was tested in vitro and in vivo. The histochemical reaction of lactate dehydrogenase and NADH diaphorase was taken as a criterion of the cytostatic action. The investigations showed the tumours used responded to the cytostatics employed. A good conformity of the in vitro and in vivo findings was established. The histochemical assessment of organ cultures following the administration of cytostatics allows to determine the sensitivity of tumours and helps the physician in deciding on an effective therapeutic.", "PMID": 99968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3993", "title": "Microfibrils in the myotendon junctions.", "content": "Myotendon junctions in the rectus abdominis muscles of bull frogs were examined by the fixation combination of tannic acid and glutaraldehyde using electron microscopy. The features observed on myotendon junctions were the following: (1) There were many deep invaginations of muscle cell membrane at the end of the muscle fibers. Terminal thin filaments of myofibrils were attached to the electron-dense layer lining under the muscle cell membrane on the lateral walls of invaginations. (2) The basement membrane covering the muscle cell membrane was thicker in the invaginations than on the other sites of muscle fibers. (3) Collagen fibers in the invaginations gradually tapered off toward the bottom of the invaginations. But it was not seen that the collagen fibers were attached to both the basement membrane and cell membrane of muscle cells. (4) On the observations using the tannic acid-glutaraldehyde fixation, it was clearly seen that the microfibrils extend from the outer leaflets of the cell membrane to the collagen fibers in invaginations via the basement membrane. It was concluded that the myofibrils might be fastened to the collagen fibers of the tendon by the intermediates of the microfibrils.", "contents": "Microfibrils in the myotendon junctions. Myotendon junctions in the rectus abdominis muscles of bull frogs were examined by the fixation combination of tannic acid and glutaraldehyde using electron microscopy. The features observed on myotendon junctions were the following: (1) There were many deep invaginations of muscle cell membrane at the end of the muscle fibers. Terminal thin filaments of myofibrils were attached to the electron-dense layer lining under the muscle cell membrane on the lateral walls of invaginations. (2) The basement membrane covering the muscle cell membrane was thicker in the invaginations than on the other sites of muscle fibers. (3) Collagen fibers in the invaginations gradually tapered off toward the bottom of the invaginations. But it was not seen that the collagen fibers were attached to both the basement membrane and cell membrane of muscle cells. (4) On the observations using the tannic acid-glutaraldehyde fixation, it was clearly seen that the microfibrils extend from the outer leaflets of the cell membrane to the collagen fibers in invaginations via the basement membrane. It was concluded that the myofibrils might be fastened to the collagen fibers of the tendon by the intermediates of the microfibrils.", "PMID": 99970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3994", "title": "Wernicke's encephalopathy in infancy. Development during parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Wernicke's encephalopathy documented by characteristic involvement of the mammillary bodies developed in a premature infant during parenteral nutrition. This case illustrates the need for thiamine supplementation in seriously ill patients with inadequate intake of the vitamin.", "contents": "Wernicke's encephalopathy in infancy. Development during parenteral nutrition. Wernicke's encephalopathy documented by characteristic involvement of the mammillary bodies developed in a premature infant during parenteral nutrition. This case illustrates the need for thiamine supplementation in seriously ill patients with inadequate intake of the vitamin.", "PMID": 99971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3995", "title": "Cross-reactions between Neisseria meningitidis and twenty-seven other bacterial species.", "content": "Cross-reactions between antigens from N. meningitidis and antigens from 27 other bacterial species from clinical isolates representing 20 different genera were studied by quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods. A water-soluble N. meningitidis antigen preparation and a corresponding pooled rabbit antiserum regularly presenting 48 immunoprecipitates were used as reference system. Antigens from 16 other bacterial genera cross-reacted with one to four N. meningitidis antigens, whereas antigens from six other Neisseria species cross-reacted with 37 to 48 N. meningitidis antigens. Antigens from only three bacterial genera (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Bacteroides) did not show any cross-reactions. The degree of cross-reactivity between the antigens were 25--100%, as judged by absorption of antibodies. Three of the cross-reacting antigens reacted with normally occurring precipitating antibodies in serum from humans and rabbits.", "contents": "Cross-reactions between Neisseria meningitidis and twenty-seven other bacterial species. Cross-reactions between antigens from N. meningitidis and antigens from 27 other bacterial species from clinical isolates representing 20 different genera were studied by quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods. A water-soluble N. meningitidis antigen preparation and a corresponding pooled rabbit antiserum regularly presenting 48 immunoprecipitates were used as reference system. Antigens from 16 other bacterial genera cross-reacted with one to four N. meningitidis antigens, whereas antigens from six other Neisseria species cross-reacted with 37 to 48 N. meningitidis antigens. Antigens from only three bacterial genera (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Bacteroides) did not show any cross-reactions. The degree of cross-reactivity between the antigens were 25--100%, as judged by absorption of antibodies. Three of the cross-reacting antigens reacted with normally occurring precipitating antibodies in serum from humans and rabbits.", "PMID": 99974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3996", "title": "Antigenic characterisitcs of Moraxella nonliquefaciens fimbriae in double immunodiffusion.", "content": "Rabbit antisera against purified fimbriae (pili) from Moraxella nonliquefaciens detected three fimbrial antigenic components, one or two of which appeared to be present in other fimbriated strains of M. nonliquefaciens and the closely related M. bovis. Maximal precipitation with the antisera required some denaturation of the antigen. Ultrasonication, repeated freeze-thawing, heating, and agents like KBr, NaSCN and urea were effective in liberating the antigen in diffusible forms. The morphology of the fimbriae was altered by heat treatment in 1 M KBr.", "contents": "Antigenic characterisitcs of Moraxella nonliquefaciens fimbriae in double immunodiffusion. Rabbit antisera against purified fimbriae (pili) from Moraxella nonliquefaciens detected three fimbrial antigenic components, one or two of which appeared to be present in other fimbriated strains of M. nonliquefaciens and the closely related M. bovis. Maximal precipitation with the antisera required some denaturation of the antigen. Ultrasonication, repeated freeze-thawing, heating, and agents like KBr, NaSCN and urea were effective in liberating the antigen in diffusible forms. The morphology of the fimbriae was altered by heat treatment in 1 M KBr.", "PMID": 99975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3997", "title": "Assessment of wound contamination by wound irrigation. Experimental investigations on quantitative recovery of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.", "content": "The quantitative recovery of E. coli, S. faecalis and B. fragilis from operative abdominal wounds was investigated in pigs in an experimental model suitable for statistical calculations. Wounds were contaminated in groups of ten with different numbers of either a single bacterial species or a mixture of two species. The wound was irrigated with saline 20 minutes after contamination. Significant differences in recovery were found between the bacterial species investigated. Expressed as percentage of the number of bacteria used for contamination, the recovery for a given species was rather low, but it was constant and independent of the degree of contamination. The investigation did not suggest any principle difference in the recovery of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. The clinical applicability of the method is not yet clarified.", "contents": "Assessment of wound contamination by wound irrigation. Experimental investigations on quantitative recovery of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. The quantitative recovery of E. coli, S. faecalis and B. fragilis from operative abdominal wounds was investigated in pigs in an experimental model suitable for statistical calculations. Wounds were contaminated in groups of ten with different numbers of either a single bacterial species or a mixture of two species. The wound was irrigated with saline 20 minutes after contamination. Significant differences in recovery were found between the bacterial species investigated. Expressed as percentage of the number of bacteria used for contamination, the recovery for a given species was rather low, but it was constant and independent of the degree of contamination. The investigation did not suggest any principle difference in the recovery of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. The clinical applicability of the method is not yet clarified.", "PMID": 99976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3998", "title": "Differential effects of primary fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium upon the membranous systems of the strial and external sulcus cells.", "content": "Ultrastructural preservation of the lateral cochlear wall differs between primary osmium fixation and primary glutaraldehyde fixation. Of significance in this study was the fact that whereas glutaraldehyde fixation preserves the parallel plasma membranes of interdigitations of the strial and external sulcus cells, fixation with osmium occasionally produces a breakdown of selected areas of membranes into apparent vesicles. The occurrence of these membrane artifacts was more common within the external sulcus cells. Reasons for the differential effects of the fixatives may include their differing modes of action. Care should be taken when evaluating unusual ultrastructure, since the type of fixative employed may be causal.", "contents": "Differential effects of primary fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium upon the membranous systems of the strial and external sulcus cells. Ultrastructural preservation of the lateral cochlear wall differs between primary osmium fixation and primary glutaraldehyde fixation. Of significance in this study was the fact that whereas glutaraldehyde fixation preserves the parallel plasma membranes of interdigitations of the strial and external sulcus cells, fixation with osmium occasionally produces a breakdown of selected areas of membranes into apparent vesicles. The occurrence of these membrane artifacts was more common within the external sulcus cells. Reasons for the differential effects of the fixatives may include their differing modes of action. Care should be taken when evaluating unusual ultrastructure, since the type of fixative employed may be causal.", "PMID": 99973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_3999", "title": "Experimental endocarditis in rabbits. 2. Course of untreated Streptococcus faecalis infection.", "content": "Insertion of a polyethylene catheter in the left side of the heart was used to induce sterile endocarditis in 34 rabbits. Bacterial endocarditis was established by injection of approximately 10(8) Streptococcus faecalis into the blood stream simultaneous with the removal of the catheter which had been in place for 3 days. The course of the bacterial endocarditis was examined by autopsy of rabbits sacrificed at regular intervals after the infection. The results showed that the presence of the catheter was not essential for the induction or maintenance of the infection. Growth of the bacteria took place in the preformed vegetations in the aorta, on the aortic valves and in the left ventricle. However, increases in the size of the vegetations, a high density of bacteria in the vegetations and secondary spreading were found only on the aortic valves. The extracardial manifestations of left-sided S. faecalis endocarditis included constant bacteriaemia, a high frequency of septic kidney infarcts and enlargement of the spleen. This form of experimentally provoked bacterial endocarditis in rabbits provides a good imitation of human subacute endocarditis, and would thus seem to be suitable for further study of the pathophysiology of endocarditis and evaluation of the effect of treatment with antibiotics.", "contents": "Experimental endocarditis in rabbits. 2. Course of untreated Streptococcus faecalis infection. Insertion of a polyethylene catheter in the left side of the heart was used to induce sterile endocarditis in 34 rabbits. Bacterial endocarditis was established by injection of approximately 10(8) Streptococcus faecalis into the blood stream simultaneous with the removal of the catheter which had been in place for 3 days. The course of the bacterial endocarditis was examined by autopsy of rabbits sacrificed at regular intervals after the infection. The results showed that the presence of the catheter was not essential for the induction or maintenance of the infection. Growth of the bacteria took place in the preformed vegetations in the aorta, on the aortic valves and in the left ventricle. However, increases in the size of the vegetations, a high density of bacteria in the vegetations and secondary spreading were found only on the aortic valves. The extracardial manifestations of left-sided S. faecalis endocarditis included constant bacteriaemia, a high frequency of septic kidney infarcts and enlargement of the spleen. This form of experimentally provoked bacterial endocarditis in rabbits provides a good imitation of human subacute endocarditis, and would thus seem to be suitable for further study of the pathophysiology of endocarditis and evaluation of the effect of treatment with antibiotics.", "PMID": 99977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4000", "title": "Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic factor generated in vivo by Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide. II. Antigenic and biologic properties.", "content": "Preparations of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotactic factor isolated from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory exudate in rabbits were immunogenic in guinea pigs. Complete fusion of the precipitation lines produced against anti-CF by LPS-CF (molecular weigth 16,000) and material eluted on Sephadex G-200 columns with molecular weights (MW) of 68,000, 16,000 and 7,000 was found. Also, the chemotactically active material with MW of 68,000 and 7,000 eluted on G-75 columns after fractionation of the fraction of MW 16,000 from the G-200 eluate was antigenically identical to LPS-CF in double diffusion in agar. Normal rabbit serum (NRS) incubated with LPS, LPS-induced wound chamber exudate and NRS alone gave lines of precipitation against the anti-LPS-CF sera identical to that of LPS-CF. The capacity of LPS-CF to attract PMNs was significantly higher than that of LPS, and a peak in the number of PMNs in the exudate of wound chambers implanted in rabbits was found 4 h after the local injection of LPS-CF. When injected intraperitoneally in C5 deficient mice, LPS-CF stimulated a PMN migration which was only slightly below that in C5 normal mice. Antisera to LPS-CF inhibited the chemotactic activity of LPS-CF as well as that of LPS-NRS when the supernatants were tested using the Boyden's technique. Also, preincubation of PMNs with LPS-CF suppressed the migration towards a chemotactic gradient of LPS-CF molecules of these PMNs.", "contents": "Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic factor generated in vivo by Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide. II. Antigenic and biologic properties. Preparations of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotactic factor isolated from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory exudate in rabbits were immunogenic in guinea pigs. Complete fusion of the precipitation lines produced against anti-CF by LPS-CF (molecular weigth 16,000) and material eluted on Sephadex G-200 columns with molecular weights (MW) of 68,000, 16,000 and 7,000 was found. Also, the chemotactically active material with MW of 68,000 and 7,000 eluted on G-75 columns after fractionation of the fraction of MW 16,000 from the G-200 eluate was antigenically identical to LPS-CF in double diffusion in agar. Normal rabbit serum (NRS) incubated with LPS, LPS-induced wound chamber exudate and NRS alone gave lines of precipitation against the anti-LPS-CF sera identical to that of LPS-CF. The capacity of LPS-CF to attract PMNs was significantly higher than that of LPS, and a peak in the number of PMNs in the exudate of wound chambers implanted in rabbits was found 4 h after the local injection of LPS-CF. When injected intraperitoneally in C5 deficient mice, LPS-CF stimulated a PMN migration which was only slightly below that in C5 normal mice. Antisera to LPS-CF inhibited the chemotactic activity of LPS-CF as well as that of LPS-NRS when the supernatants were tested using the Boyden's technique. Also, preincubation of PMNs with LPS-CF suppressed the migration towards a chemotactic gradient of LPS-CF molecules of these PMNs.", "PMID": 99978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4001", "title": "Isolation of enzymatically derived fragments of guinea pig IgG and an examination of their reactivity against Staphylococcal protein A.", "content": "Papain digest of guinea pig IgG2 was separated by ion-exchange chromatography into five fractions, one containing mainly Fab and four Fc fractions. Covalently linked Fc (cFc) and non-covalently linked Fc fragments (nFc) were present, both with a molecular weight (Mw) of about 56,000. nFc was split into half fragments by gel filtration under dissociating condition (Mw 25,000 to 27,000). An incomplete Fc fragment (iFc) was also isolated (Mw 36,000), which consisted of a Fc chain (Mw 26,000) non-covalently linked to a piece of another chain. These preparations all reacted with protein A. In addition, the Fc' fragment (Mw 22,000), which is the C-terminus of the Fc fragment, was isolated. This fragment did not react with protein A. The cFc was treated with acid and then digested with trypsin at pH 7.8 for 45 s. The digest were separated into four fractions (I-IV) by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Fraction I was indistinguishable from intact Fc, fraction II contained an incomplete covalent Fc fragment (Mw 34,000 to 38,000). Both these fragments reacted with protein A. Fraction IV consisted of fragments belonging to the C-terminus, and was protein A non-reactive. Fraction III was shown to contain a mixture of fragments belonging to fractions II and IV.", "contents": "Isolation of enzymatically derived fragments of guinea pig IgG and an examination of their reactivity against Staphylococcal protein A. Papain digest of guinea pig IgG2 was separated by ion-exchange chromatography into five fractions, one containing mainly Fab and four Fc fractions. Covalently linked Fc (cFc) and non-covalently linked Fc fragments (nFc) were present, both with a molecular weight (Mw) of about 56,000. nFc was split into half fragments by gel filtration under dissociating condition (Mw 25,000 to 27,000). An incomplete Fc fragment (iFc) was also isolated (Mw 36,000), which consisted of a Fc chain (Mw 26,000) non-covalently linked to a piece of another chain. These preparations all reacted with protein A. In addition, the Fc' fragment (Mw 22,000), which is the C-terminus of the Fc fragment, was isolated. This fragment did not react with protein A. The cFc was treated with acid and then digested with trypsin at pH 7.8 for 45 s. The digest were separated into four fractions (I-IV) by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Fraction I was indistinguishable from intact Fc, fraction II contained an incomplete covalent Fc fragment (Mw 34,000 to 38,000). Both these fragments reacted with protein A. Fraction IV consisted of fragments belonging to the C-terminus, and was protein A non-reactive. Fraction III was shown to contain a mixture of fragments belonging to fractions II and IV.", "PMID": 99979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4002", "title": "Effects of DDT (chlorophenotane) administration on glucose uptake and brush border enzymes in monkey intestine.", "content": "A considerable increase occurs in D-glucose uptake and brush border sucrase and lactase activities in the intestine of monkeys treated with a single oral dose of DDT. Brush border alkaline phosphatase activity remains unaffected in the pesticide treated animals. In vitro addiction of DDT has no effect on the sugar absorption and disaccharidase activities.", "contents": "Effects of DDT (chlorophenotane) administration on glucose uptake and brush border enzymes in monkey intestine. A considerable increase occurs in D-glucose uptake and brush border sucrase and lactase activities in the intestine of monkeys treated with a single oral dose of DDT. Brush border alkaline phosphatase activity remains unaffected in the pesticide treated animals. In vitro addiction of DDT has no effect on the sugar absorption and disaccharidase activities.", "PMID": 99980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4003", "title": "Auto-mutilation in animals and its relevance to self-injury in man.", "content": "Self-mutilation in non-human mammals is a well-established, although not a widely known phenomenon, which has been reported under zoo and laboratory conditions. In macaque monkeys, laboratory rearing and isolation are important predisposing factors, and the more serious self-injury is initiated by some immediate stimulating event. It is commonly accompanied by behaviour normally shown by the animal in a fighting context. Lower mammals are also known to mutilate themselves under laboratory conditions after administration of drugs wich probably cause increased sympathetic activity. The implications of this behaviour for an understanding of states of self-injury in man are discussed.", "contents": "Auto-mutilation in animals and its relevance to self-injury in man. Self-mutilation in non-human mammals is a well-established, although not a widely known phenomenon, which has been reported under zoo and laboratory conditions. In macaque monkeys, laboratory rearing and isolation are important predisposing factors, and the more serious self-injury is initiated by some immediate stimulating event. It is commonly accompanied by behaviour normally shown by the animal in a fighting context. Lower mammals are also known to mutilate themselves under laboratory conditions after administration of drugs wich probably cause increased sympathetic activity. The implications of this behaviour for an understanding of states of self-injury in man are discussed.", "PMID": 99981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4004", "title": "External small-field irradiation of cervical carcinoma with linear accelerator.", "content": "Since 1966, 125 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated with a 6 MV roentgen beam from a linear accelatro. The pelvis was irradiated with 60 Gy followed by 30 to 45 Gy to a small volume using a lateral pendulum. The small-field irradiation was performed using a new beam-directing device consisting of a rod with a central pivot. Favourable results were achieved, despite the fact that most of the patients had advanced carcinoma.", "contents": "External small-field irradiation of cervical carcinoma with linear accelerator. Since 1966, 125 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated with a 6 MV roentgen beam from a linear accelatro. The pelvis was irradiated with 60 Gy followed by 30 to 45 Gy to a small volume using a lateral pendulum. The small-field irradiation was performed using a new beam-directing device consisting of a rod with a central pivot. Favourable results were achieved, despite the fact that most of the patients had advanced carcinoma.", "PMID": 99982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4005", "title": "Wall-scattering effects in electron beam collimation.", "content": "This report describes now a set of applicators, convering fields with dimensions of 4 to 20 cm, for the 6 to 20 MeV electron beams of a MEL SL75-20 linear accelerator was developed. The electron scatter contribution of the applicator walls to the treatment field was investigated, varying the applicator entrance opening and the scattering foil, with the aim of optimizing the resulting field flatness, with a minimum loss of depth dose. Experiments with field defining end frames and additional perspex scatterers for large field sizes are also reported.", "contents": "Wall-scattering effects in electron beam collimation. This report describes now a set of applicators, convering fields with dimensions of 4 to 20 cm, for the 6 to 20 MeV electron beams of a MEL SL75-20 linear accelerator was developed. The electron scatter contribution of the applicator walls to the treatment field was investigated, varying the applicator entrance opening and the scattering foil, with the aim of optimizing the resulting field flatness, with a minimum loss of depth dose. Experiments with field defining end frames and additional perspex scatterers for large field sizes are also reported.", "PMID": 99983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4006", "title": "En-bloc irradiation of tumours of the head and neck and their lymphatics. II. Early results and side effects.", "content": "The results and side effects of en-bloc irradiation of ear, nose and throat tumours and their lymphatics showed that the technique had been successful in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, but poor in carcinoma of the hypopharynx. Marked early and late radiation side effects were relatively common in high age and with certain tumour sites, whereas no correlation could be demonstrated with total absorbed dose, fractionation, cumulative radiation effect or major surgery.", "contents": "En-bloc irradiation of tumours of the head and neck and their lymphatics. II. Early results and side effects. The results and side effects of en-bloc irradiation of ear, nose and throat tumours and their lymphatics showed that the technique had been successful in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, but poor in carcinoma of the hypopharynx. Marked early and late radiation side effects were relatively common in high age and with certain tumour sites, whereas no correlation could be demonstrated with total absorbed dose, fractionation, cumulative radiation effect or major surgery.", "PMID": 99984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4007", "title": "Haematologic evaluation after radiation therapy in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Haematologic evaluation of 30 patients 2 to 7 years after radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease was made. A complete general recovery of haematopoiesis occurred as concluded from the normal or even supranormal blood cell values. However, in only 5 of 28 patients was a complete local regeneration of haematopoiesis observed in the sternal marrow biopsies after 38 to 48 Gy. In the other cases, haematopoiesis was numerically or morphologically abnormal or totally absent.", "contents": "Haematologic evaluation after radiation therapy in Hodgkin's disease. Haematologic evaluation of 30 patients 2 to 7 years after radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease was made. A complete general recovery of haematopoiesis occurred as concluded from the normal or even supranormal blood cell values. However, in only 5 of 28 patients was a complete local regeneration of haematopoiesis observed in the sternal marrow biopsies after 38 to 48 Gy. In the other cases, haematopoiesis was numerically or morphologically abnormal or totally absent.", "PMID": 99985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4008", "title": "Serologic distribution of antibodies against adenoviruses in sheep of large-scale farms.", "content": "The common soluble antigen of the first subgroup of bovine adenoviruses was used for assaying 793 sheep sera by the agar gel diffusion test. Of the 50 farms included in the study 43 were found infected. The ratio of reacting samples was 73.7% of the sera obtained from infected farms. Virus neutralization tests revealed that a considerable number of sera reacted specifically with all types of ovine adenoviruses, even with serotypes which had never been isolated in Hungary. The results yielded by the agar gel diffusion tests were compared with the results of virus neutralization tests. Of 850 cattle serum samples, agar gel diffusion tests gave positive results in 33.4%. Virus neutralization test was done only with the bovine and adenovirus type 2. No differences could be detected in antibody titres when the prototype strains (No. 19) and the strain isolated from sheep (ORT/111) were compared in parallel titrations. Both ruminant species were found to be infected with hovine adenovirus type 2. Neverthless, inapparent infection with these strains seemed to be less frequent among cattle than in sheep flocks.", "contents": "Serologic distribution of antibodies against adenoviruses in sheep of large-scale farms. The common soluble antigen of the first subgroup of bovine adenoviruses was used for assaying 793 sheep sera by the agar gel diffusion test. Of the 50 farms included in the study 43 were found infected. The ratio of reacting samples was 73.7% of the sera obtained from infected farms. Virus neutralization tests revealed that a considerable number of sera reacted specifically with all types of ovine adenoviruses, even with serotypes which had never been isolated in Hungary. The results yielded by the agar gel diffusion tests were compared with the results of virus neutralization tests. Of 850 cattle serum samples, agar gel diffusion tests gave positive results in 33.4%. Virus neutralization test was done only with the bovine and adenovirus type 2. No differences could be detected in antibody titres when the prototype strains (No. 19) and the strain isolated from sheep (ORT/111) were compared in parallel titrations. Both ruminant species were found to be infected with hovine adenovirus type 2. Neverthless, inapparent infection with these strains seemed to be less frequent among cattle than in sheep flocks.", "PMID": 99987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4009", "title": "High molecular weight ribosomal ribonucleic acid from vegetative hyphae and spores of Streptomyces griseus.", "content": "High molecular weight ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNAs) were isolated from young vegetative cells and spores of a streptomycin non-producing Streptomyces griseus, and their electrophoretic mobility was compared to each other and to that of rRNAs of Escherichia coli K-12. The electrophoretic mobility of 23 and 16S rRNAs from vegetative cells and spores of S. griseus was identical, but the 23S rRNAs of streptomyces ribosomes migrated more slowly on polyacrylamide gel than those of E. coli ribosomes. Intact, electrophoretically homogenous rRNAs could be isolated from S. griseus (No. 45-H) only in the presence of diethyl 1 pyrocarbonate (DEP), and intact rRNAs could be obtained from spores only if DEP had been added before breaking the spores. Otherwise instead of two distinct bands, three were obtained on polyacrylamide gel.", "contents": "High molecular weight ribosomal ribonucleic acid from vegetative hyphae and spores of Streptomyces griseus. High molecular weight ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNAs) were isolated from young vegetative cells and spores of a streptomycin non-producing Streptomyces griseus, and their electrophoretic mobility was compared to each other and to that of rRNAs of Escherichia coli K-12. The electrophoretic mobility of 23 and 16S rRNAs from vegetative cells and spores of S. griseus was identical, but the 23S rRNAs of streptomyces ribosomes migrated more slowly on polyacrylamide gel than those of E. coli ribosomes. Intact, electrophoretically homogenous rRNAs could be isolated from S. griseus (No. 45-H) only in the presence of diethyl 1 pyrocarbonate (DEP), and intact rRNAs could be obtained from spores only if DEP had been added before breaking the spores. Otherwise instead of two distinct bands, three were obtained on polyacrylamide gel.", "PMID": 99988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4010", "title": "Regional developmental and fractional studies on myelin and other carbonic anhydrases in rat CNS.", "content": "Myelin carbonic anhydrase (CA) was studied with respect to its development in various brain regions and light and heavy myelin (LM and HM). The data indicate that the specific activity of myelin CA has a clear neuraxial distribution, increasing rostrally. The absolute activities and relative distribution are invariant with age; this suggests the CA activity in myelin is independent of stage and degree of myelination. The studies on HM and LM illustrate that HM, like total myelin, has a constant CA activity during development. In contrast, LM although equal to HM at 14 days, progressively decays to an adult level which is one-fourth that of HM. The distribution of CA in myelin was further investigated by comparing the activity in myelin with that present in the SN4 fraction. The activity in this latter fraction, which is derived from heavy myelin, was found to be 2.2 times higher than that in the myelin fraction. Thus, in the adult there exists an almost ten-fold range of activities among the various myelin fractions, SN4 greater than HM greater than LM. This may indicate a segregation of activity towards the outer lamellae. This segregation may have physiological importance in that it is this region of the sheath which should be integrally involved in control of myelin edema. Evidence indicates that there is an interaction of chloride with the enzyme, and maybe the primary ion moved by CA in order to initiate an osmotic flux out of the sheath. The interaction of chloride with the enzyme is dependent on the CA complex with the membrane in that solubilization and partial (60-fold) purification results in a preparation which is refractory to anions.", "contents": "Regional developmental and fractional studies on myelin and other carbonic anhydrases in rat CNS. Myelin carbonic anhydrase (CA) was studied with respect to its development in various brain regions and light and heavy myelin (LM and HM). The data indicate that the specific activity of myelin CA has a clear neuraxial distribution, increasing rostrally. The absolute activities and relative distribution are invariant with age; this suggests the CA activity in myelin is independent of stage and degree of myelination. The studies on HM and LM illustrate that HM, like total myelin, has a constant CA activity during development. In contrast, LM although equal to HM at 14 days, progressively decays to an adult level which is one-fourth that of HM. The distribution of CA in myelin was further investigated by comparing the activity in myelin with that present in the SN4 fraction. The activity in this latter fraction, which is derived from heavy myelin, was found to be 2.2 times higher than that in the myelin fraction. Thus, in the adult there exists an almost ten-fold range of activities among the various myelin fractions, SN4 greater than HM greater than LM. This may indicate a segregation of activity towards the outer lamellae. This segregation may have physiological importance in that it is this region of the sheath which should be integrally involved in control of myelin edema. Evidence indicates that there is an interaction of chloride with the enzyme, and maybe the primary ion moved by CA in order to initiate an osmotic flux out of the sheath. The interaction of chloride with the enzyme is dependent on the CA complex with the membrane in that solubilization and partial (60-fold) purification results in a preparation which is refractory to anions.", "PMID": 99992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4011", "title": "Value and limitations of the electrocardiographic response to exercise in the assessment of patients with coronary artery disease. Controversies in cardiology--II.", "content": "The results of exercise testing provide a probabibity statement rather than a definitive answer regarding the existence of coronary disease. Moreover, in asymptomatic subjects (1) the S-T segment response to exercise testing has a relatively poor predictive accuracy, (2) exercise testing does not appear to be a practical screening method for detecting subjects at high risk of sudden death, and (3) risk factors should be vigorously treated regardless of the results of screening studies for coronary artery disease. Hence, the probability statements derived from the electrocardiographic response to exercise testing do not appear to provide important enough diagnostic or prognostic information to justify routine use in asymptomatic subjects. Although exercise screening studies provide only marginal aid in detection coronary artery disease in symptomatic patients, important prognostic information may be derived that could influence decisions regarding pharmacologic or surgical therapy. Thus, although electrocardiographic stress testing should not be used as a routine screening procedure, its judicious use in symptomatic patients may provide the physician with important information for patient management.", "contents": "Value and limitations of the electrocardiographic response to exercise in the assessment of patients with coronary artery disease. Controversies in cardiology--II. The results of exercise testing provide a probabibity statement rather than a definitive answer regarding the existence of coronary disease. Moreover, in asymptomatic subjects (1) the S-T segment response to exercise testing has a relatively poor predictive accuracy, (2) exercise testing does not appear to be a practical screening method for detecting subjects at high risk of sudden death, and (3) risk factors should be vigorously treated regardless of the results of screening studies for coronary artery disease. Hence, the probability statements derived from the electrocardiographic response to exercise testing do not appear to provide important enough diagnostic or prognostic information to justify routine use in asymptomatic subjects. Although exercise screening studies provide only marginal aid in detection coronary artery disease in symptomatic patients, important prognostic information may be derived that could influence decisions regarding pharmacologic or surgical therapy. Thus, although electrocardiographic stress testing should not be used as a routine screening procedure, its judicious use in symptomatic patients may provide the physician with important information for patient management.", "PMID": 100002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4012", "title": "Group G streptococcal endocarditis.", "content": "The group G streptococcus may be a more common human pathogen than previously recognized. A case of group G streptococcal endocarditis is reported and the 11 cases reported previously are reviewed. Group G endocarditis may have significant clinical and prognostic differences from endocarditis caused by the more commonly identified viridans or group D streptococci. Routine serologic grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococcal isolates from serious infections is warranted.", "contents": "Group G streptococcal endocarditis. The group G streptococcus may be a more common human pathogen than previously recognized. A case of group G streptococcal endocarditis is reported and the 11 cases reported previously are reviewed. Group G endocarditis may have significant clinical and prognostic differences from endocarditis caused by the more commonly identified viridans or group D streptococci. Routine serologic grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococcal isolates from serious infections is warranted.", "PMID": 100003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4013", "title": "A modification of the automated immune precipitin method for quantitation of human serum immunoglobulins.", "content": "The use of the automated immune precipitin method to measure human serum immunoglobulins has been reported by several groups. The authors encountered difficulties in evaluating the technic even when they incorporated such recent modifications as the use of polyethylene glycol to enhance the reaction. By altering the flow pattern and prediluting each specimen, they were able to increase sampling rate, decrease processing time, and decrease the frequency of line obstructions while obtaining reproducible standard curves without using polyethylene glycol. There was good correlation between the results obtained by their modification of the technic and those obtained by the Fahey radial immunodiffusion method. As with other automated immune precipitin systems, abnormally high values gave characteristic notched peaks and lipemic specimens were centrifuged in order to obtain the infranatant for quantitation. The present modification of the automated immune precipitin system provides a rapid, simple and efficient method to quantitate human serum immunoglobulins.", "contents": "A modification of the automated immune precipitin method for quantitation of human serum immunoglobulins. The use of the automated immune precipitin method to measure human serum immunoglobulins has been reported by several groups. The authors encountered difficulties in evaluating the technic even when they incorporated such recent modifications as the use of polyethylene glycol to enhance the reaction. By altering the flow pattern and prediluting each specimen, they were able to increase sampling rate, decrease processing time, and decrease the frequency of line obstructions while obtaining reproducible standard curves without using polyethylene glycol. There was good correlation between the results obtained by their modification of the technic and those obtained by the Fahey radial immunodiffusion method. As with other automated immune precipitin systems, abnormally high values gave characteristic notched peaks and lipemic specimens were centrifuged in order to obtain the infranatant for quantitation. The present modification of the automated immune precipitin system provides a rapid, simple and efficient method to quantitate human serum immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 100004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4014", "title": "Rationale for adding trace elements to total parenteral nutrient solutions--a brief review.", "content": "The physiologic importance of trace element supplementation to total parenteral nutrition solutions is discussed. The trace elements discussed are copper, zinc, manganese and iodide.", "contents": "Rationale for adding trace elements to total parenteral nutrient solutions--a brief review. The physiologic importance of trace element supplementation to total parenteral nutrition solutions is discussed. The trace elements discussed are copper, zinc, manganese and iodide.", "PMID": 100008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4015", "title": "Patient-specific total parenteral nutrient formulas.", "content": "A method of formulating total parenteral nutrient (TPN) solutions to meet specific patient requirements is discussed. A series of calculations is presented which results in a specific formula that provides the required nutrients. The input data for the calculations are the patient's 24-hour requirements for protein, calories and electrolytes. To serve as a starting guideline, baseline nutrient requirements for patients of different weights are provided. Although individualizing TPN solutions may increase the pharmacy workload, such a program can assure that patients receive optimal nutritional support.", "contents": "Patient-specific total parenteral nutrient formulas. A method of formulating total parenteral nutrient (TPN) solutions to meet specific patient requirements is discussed. A series of calculations is presented which results in a specific formula that provides the required nutrients. The input data for the calculations are the patient's 24-hour requirements for protein, calories and electrolytes. To serve as a starting guideline, baseline nutrient requirements for patients of different weights are provided. Although individualizing TPN solutions may increase the pharmacy workload, such a program can assure that patients receive optimal nutritional support.", "PMID": 100009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4016", "title": "Chrysotherapy-induced aplastic anemia: a case report.", "content": "A case of gold-induced aplastic anemia occurring in a 58-year-old male with rheumatoid arthritis who received a total dose of 635 mg of gold sodium thiomalate over a 16-week period is reported. The clinical features, treatment, prevention and pathogenesis of gold-induced aplastic anemia are reviewed. The ability to predict patients in whom this hematologic effect may occur is discussed. Chrysotherapy is beneficial in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but gold-induced aplastic anemia may be fatal. Absolute identification of patients at risk of having this hematologic side effect is not possible, but dosage reduction and intense monitoring of laboratory and clinical signs may prevent its occurrence.", "contents": "Chrysotherapy-induced aplastic anemia: a case report. A case of gold-induced aplastic anemia occurring in a 58-year-old male with rheumatoid arthritis who received a total dose of 635 mg of gold sodium thiomalate over a 16-week period is reported. The clinical features, treatment, prevention and pathogenesis of gold-induced aplastic anemia are reviewed. The ability to predict patients in whom this hematologic effect may occur is discussed. Chrysotherapy is beneficial in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but gold-induced aplastic anemia may be fatal. Absolute identification of patients at risk of having this hematologic side effect is not possible, but dosage reduction and intense monitoring of laboratory and clinical signs may prevent its occurrence.", "PMID": 100010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4017", "title": "Cellular Cl content and concentration of amphibian skeletal and heart muscle.", "content": "Toads (Bufo marinus) and frogs (Rana pipiens pipiens) were given intraperitoneal injections of Na36Cl and Na235SO4. After in vivo equilibration for 20--180 min, the animals were pithed, and their ventricular and semitendinosus muscles were excised. Measurements of total Cl (by titrimetry) and 36Cl (by radioassay) showed that specific radioactivities of plasma and mus les approached equality within 1 h after injection for toad skeletal and heart muscle and frog ventricles, indicating complete exchange of cellular Cl with 36Cl. From the simultaneously measured muscle water contents and 35SO4 spaces, intracellular Cl concentrations in vivo (in mumol/g cell water) for semitendinosus and ventricular muscles were calculated to be, respectively, 1.4 +/- 0.3 and 2.3 +/- 0.8 for Bufo and 1.7 +/- 0.7 and 4.8 +/- 2.4 for Rana. In view of these low values, active cellular Cl accumulation seems improbable, but cannot be rigorously excluded without simultaneous membrane potential and intracellular ion activity measurements. A high concentration of Cl in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle is also inconsistent with these measurements.", "contents": "Cellular Cl content and concentration of amphibian skeletal and heart muscle. Toads (Bufo marinus) and frogs (Rana pipiens pipiens) were given intraperitoneal injections of Na36Cl and Na235SO4. After in vivo equilibration for 20--180 min, the animals were pithed, and their ventricular and semitendinosus muscles were excised. Measurements of total Cl (by titrimetry) and 36Cl (by radioassay) showed that specific radioactivities of plasma and mus les approached equality within 1 h after injection for toad skeletal and heart muscle and frog ventricles, indicating complete exchange of cellular Cl with 36Cl. From the simultaneously measured muscle water contents and 35SO4 spaces, intracellular Cl concentrations in vivo (in mumol/g cell water) for semitendinosus and ventricular muscles were calculated to be, respectively, 1.4 +/- 0.3 and 2.3 +/- 0.8 for Bufo and 1.7 +/- 0.7 and 4.8 +/- 2.4 for Rana. In view of these low values, active cellular Cl accumulation seems improbable, but cannot be rigorously excluded without simultaneous membrane potential and intracellular ion activity measurements. A high concentration of Cl in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle is also inconsistent with these measurements.", "PMID": 100012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4018", "title": "Transplantation of pancreatic beta-cells prevents development of hypothalamic obesity in rats.", "content": "The present experiments have tested the hypothesis that ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions enhance insulin secretion by neural mechanisms. Rats were made diabetic by injecting streptozotocin to destroy their own pancreatic beta-cells. Subsequently, transplants of fetal pancreatic tissue were placed under the renal capsule. VMH lesions were placed in rats whose diabetes was cured with transplants as well as sham-transplanted animals. The animals were followed for 4 wk. The lesioned rats with pancreatic transplants gained no more weight than the sham-operated controls. There was no significant rise in insulin in the transplanted rats after VMH lesioning, but the VMH lesioned rats with intact pancreatic tissue showed the expected rise in insulin. Food intake rose 71% in the VMH lesioned rats with intact beta-cells, but only 23% in the VMH lesioned rats with transplants. Hypertrophy of the pancreatic islets was also observed in the VMH lesioned rats with an intact pancreas, but was not found in the VMH lesioned rats with a transplanted pancreas. Thus, transplantation of pancreatic tissue beneath the renal capsule of diabetic rats prevented the characteristic hyperphagia, hyperinsulinemia, and obesity in VMH lesioned rats whose pancreas was free from intact innervation. The results support the hypothesis that neural mediation of the rise in insulin is the primary factor in the development of hypothalamic obesity.", "contents": "Transplantation of pancreatic beta-cells prevents development of hypothalamic obesity in rats. The present experiments have tested the hypothesis that ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions enhance insulin secretion by neural mechanisms. Rats were made diabetic by injecting streptozotocin to destroy their own pancreatic beta-cells. Subsequently, transplants of fetal pancreatic tissue were placed under the renal capsule. VMH lesions were placed in rats whose diabetes was cured with transplants as well as sham-transplanted animals. The animals were followed for 4 wk. The lesioned rats with pancreatic transplants gained no more weight than the sham-operated controls. There was no significant rise in insulin in the transplanted rats after VMH lesioning, but the VMH lesioned rats with intact pancreatic tissue showed the expected rise in insulin. Food intake rose 71% in the VMH lesioned rats with intact beta-cells, but only 23% in the VMH lesioned rats with transplants. Hypertrophy of the pancreatic islets was also observed in the VMH lesioned rats with an intact pancreas, but was not found in the VMH lesioned rats with a transplanted pancreas. Thus, transplantation of pancreatic tissue beneath the renal capsule of diabetic rats prevented the characteristic hyperphagia, hyperinsulinemia, and obesity in VMH lesioned rats whose pancreas was free from intact innervation. The results support the hypothesis that neural mediation of the rise in insulin is the primary factor in the development of hypothalamic obesity.", "PMID": 100013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4019", "title": "Regulation of glycogen resynthesis in muscles of rats following exercise.", "content": "Following a strenuous bout of exercise, glycogen repletion occurred most rapidly in the fast-twitch red type of muscle, least rapidly in fast-twitch white, and at an intermediate rate in slow-twitch red muscle. There was a linear correlation between glycogen synthase I activity and the rate of glycogen synthesis in the three types of muscle. This finding helps explain the differences between the rates of glycogen resynthesis in the three muscle types, and supports the view that glycogen synthase activity is the most important factor determining the rate of glycogen synthesis when substrate supply is adequate. There was an inverse correlation between muscle glycogen concentration and percent glycogen synthase I. Plasma insulin concentration was low and norepinephrine and glucagon concentrations were elevated in the postexercise period. The finding that rapid glycogen synthesis occurred despite a hormonal milieu conducive to glycogenolysis provides evidence that a low glycogen concentration is a potent stimulus to glycogen synthesis that overrides the effects of low insulin, and high norepinephrine and glucagon levels.", "contents": "Regulation of glycogen resynthesis in muscles of rats following exercise. Following a strenuous bout of exercise, glycogen repletion occurred most rapidly in the fast-twitch red type of muscle, least rapidly in fast-twitch white, and at an intermediate rate in slow-twitch red muscle. There was a linear correlation between glycogen synthase I activity and the rate of glycogen synthesis in the three types of muscle. This finding helps explain the differences between the rates of glycogen resynthesis in the three muscle types, and supports the view that glycogen synthase activity is the most important factor determining the rate of glycogen synthesis when substrate supply is adequate. There was an inverse correlation between muscle glycogen concentration and percent glycogen synthase I. Plasma insulin concentration was low and norepinephrine and glucagon concentrations were elevated in the postexercise period. The finding that rapid glycogen synthesis occurred despite a hormonal milieu conducive to glycogenolysis provides evidence that a low glycogen concentration is a potent stimulus to glycogen synthesis that overrides the effects of low insulin, and high norepinephrine and glucagon levels.", "PMID": 100014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4020", "title": "Circadian rhythm dissociation in an environment with conflicting temporal information.", "content": "The relative contributions of light-dark (LD) cycles and feeding (EF) cycles in providing temporal information to the circadian time-keeping system were examined in chair-acclimatized squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). The circadian rhythms of drinking, colonic temperature, urine volume, and urinary potassium excretion were measured with the LD and EF cycles providing either conflicting phases or periods. In conflicting phase experiments, animals were exposed to 24-h LD cycles consisting of 12 h of 600 lx followed by 12 h of less than 1 ls and concurrent 24-h EF cycles in which the animals ate for 3 h and then fasted for 21 h. One group had food available at the beginning and a second group at the end of the light period. In conflicting period experiments, monkeys were exposed to 23-h LD cycles (LD 11.5:11.5) and 24-h EF cycles (EF 3:21). Analysis of the rhythms showed that both phase and period information were conveyed to the drinking and urinary rhythms by the EF cycle, and to the temperature rhythm by the LD cycle.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm dissociation in an environment with conflicting temporal information. The relative contributions of light-dark (LD) cycles and feeding (EF) cycles in providing temporal information to the circadian time-keeping system were examined in chair-acclimatized squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). The circadian rhythms of drinking, colonic temperature, urine volume, and urinary potassium excretion were measured with the LD and EF cycles providing either conflicting phases or periods. In conflicting phase experiments, animals were exposed to 24-h LD cycles consisting of 12 h of 600 lx followed by 12 h of less than 1 ls and concurrent 24-h EF cycles in which the animals ate for 3 h and then fasted for 21 h. One group had food available at the beginning and a second group at the end of the light period. In conflicting period experiments, monkeys were exposed to 23-h LD cycles (LD 11.5:11.5) and 24-h EF cycles (EF 3:21). Analysis of the rhythms showed that both phase and period information were conveyed to the drinking and urinary rhythms by the EF cycle, and to the temperature rhythm by the LD cycle.", "PMID": 100015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4021", "title": "Glucose load diverts hepatic gluconeogenic product from glucose to glycogen in vivo.", "content": "Intravenous or oral administration of concentrated glucose solution into fasted rats simultaneously injected with 14C-bicarbonate resulted in an inhibition of [14C]glucose release into the blood and in an accelerated [14C]glycogen formation associated with glycogen synthetase activation and phosphorylase inactivation in the liver. The specific activity of glycogen was much higher than that of blood glucose after the glucose load, indicating that glycogen originated from gluconeogenesis rather than blood glucose. These metabolic changes induced by the glucose load were not mediated by endogenous insulin because they were observed to the same extent in rats treated with anti-insulin serum.  However, they were mostly, if not totally, abolished by adrenalectomy, which suppressed gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis.  Glucose tolerance was markedly impaired not only by anti-insulin serum, which inhibits peripheral glucose utilization, but also by adrenalectomy, which affects hepatic metabolism. It is concluded that a glucose load diverts the final product of hepatic gluconeogenesis from blood glucose to liver glycogen; these metabolic changes in the liver are an important determinant of glucose tolerance.", "contents": "Glucose load diverts hepatic gluconeogenic product from glucose to glycogen in vivo. Intravenous or oral administration of concentrated glucose solution into fasted rats simultaneously injected with 14C-bicarbonate resulted in an inhibition of [14C]glucose release into the blood and in an accelerated [14C]glycogen formation associated with glycogen synthetase activation and phosphorylase inactivation in the liver. The specific activity of glycogen was much higher than that of blood glucose after the glucose load, indicating that glycogen originated from gluconeogenesis rather than blood glucose. These metabolic changes induced by the glucose load were not mediated by endogenous insulin because they were observed to the same extent in rats treated with anti-insulin serum.  However, they were mostly, if not totally, abolished by adrenalectomy, which suppressed gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis.  Glucose tolerance was markedly impaired not only by anti-insulin serum, which inhibits peripheral glucose utilization, but also by adrenalectomy, which affects hepatic metabolism. It is concluded that a glucose load diverts the final product of hepatic gluconeogenesis from blood glucose to liver glycogen; these metabolic changes in the liver are an important determinant of glucose tolerance.", "PMID": 100016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4022", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase in the generation of cochlear potentials.", "content": "The experiments on 18 guinea pigs were divided into two groups and each group was arranged in such a way that the effect of hypercapnia (generated by breathing 10% CO2-90% O2) was investigated with and without inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by methazolamide, 25 mg/kg, in the first group and acetazolamide, 50 mg/kg, in the second group, administered intravenously. The endocochlear potentials (EP) and endocochlear PO2 were recorded by microelectrodes introduced into the scala media, and cochlear microphonics (CM) were monitored by a silver-wire electrode from the round window. In the first exposure to hypercapnia (20-40 min) EP increased about + 6 mV. At the same time CM decreased; the reason for this is not yet known. During the second period of hypercapnia (80-100 min) when carbonic anhydrase was inhibited with methazolamide and acetazolamide, EP did not elevate as during the first period when carbonic anhydrase was not inhibited. In this work, under specific conditions, it was observed for the first time that carbonic anhydrase affects the generation of EP.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase in the generation of cochlear potentials. The experiments on 18 guinea pigs were divided into two groups and each group was arranged in such a way that the effect of hypercapnia (generated by breathing 10% CO2-90% O2) was investigated with and without inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by methazolamide, 25 mg/kg, in the first group and acetazolamide, 50 mg/kg, in the second group, administered intravenously. The endocochlear potentials (EP) and endocochlear PO2 were recorded by microelectrodes introduced into the scala media, and cochlear microphonics (CM) were monitored by a silver-wire electrode from the round window. In the first exposure to hypercapnia (20-40 min) EP increased about + 6 mV. At the same time CM decreased; the reason for this is not yet known. During the second period of hypercapnia (80-100 min) when carbonic anhydrase was inhibited with methazolamide and acetazolamide, EP did not elevate as during the first period when carbonic anhydrase was not inhibited. In this work, under specific conditions, it was observed for the first time that carbonic anhydrase affects the generation of EP.", "PMID": 100017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4023", "title": "Tetracycline-induced inhibition of Na+ transport in the toad urinary bladder.", "content": "The effects of three tetracyclines, demethylchlortetracycline (DMC), minocycline (MNC), and oxytetracycline (OTC), on Na+ transport (measured as short-circuit current) were examined in toad urinary bladders mounted in modified Ussing chambers. During a 1-h incubation period serosal DMC (but not MNC or OTC) inhibited basal Na+ transport, whereas MNC (but not DMC or OTC) inhibited ADH-stimulated Na+ transport. MNC also inhibited cyclic AMP-stimulated Na+ transport. During longer incubation periods all three drugs inhibited basal Na+ transport. The DMC-induced inhibition of basal Na+ transport and the MNC-induced inhibition of ADH-stimulated Na+ transport were paralleled by an inhibition of the active conductance of the bladders. Thus, although all three drugs inhibit basal Na+ transport, only MNC inhibits ADH-stimulated Na+ transport. This effect does not correlate with the known effects of the tetracyclines on ADH-stimulated water flow or with drug-protein binding, and may be related to the greater lipid solubility of MNC.", "contents": "Tetracycline-induced inhibition of Na+ transport in the toad urinary bladder. The effects of three tetracyclines, demethylchlortetracycline (DMC), minocycline (MNC), and oxytetracycline (OTC), on Na+ transport (measured as short-circuit current) were examined in toad urinary bladders mounted in modified Ussing chambers. During a 1-h incubation period serosal DMC (but not MNC or OTC) inhibited basal Na+ transport, whereas MNC (but not DMC or OTC) inhibited ADH-stimulated Na+ transport. MNC also inhibited cyclic AMP-stimulated Na+ transport. During longer incubation periods all three drugs inhibited basal Na+ transport. The DMC-induced inhibition of basal Na+ transport and the MNC-induced inhibition of ADH-stimulated Na+ transport were paralleled by an inhibition of the active conductance of the bladders. Thus, although all three drugs inhibit basal Na+ transport, only MNC inhibits ADH-stimulated Na+ transport. This effect does not correlate with the known effects of the tetracyclines on ADH-stimulated water flow or with drug-protein binding, and may be related to the greater lipid solubility of MNC.", "PMID": 100018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4024", "title": "Myocardial infarction in the baboon: regional function and the collateral circulation.", "content": "Occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery was produced in sedated baboons 7-15 days after implantation of a micromanometer and ultrasonic crystals for measurement of regional left ventricular dimensions in ischemic, marginal, and control segments. One minute after coronary occlusion (CO), ischemic segments exhibited a marked systolic bulge with wall thinning, and percent systolic shortening of marginal segments decreased. Over the ensuing weeks, there was a progressive increase of end-diastolic lengths in marginal and ischemic segments, whereas systolic shortening in these segments did not improve significantly. Control segments did not change. In control baboons, the coronary collateral index was 55 +/-25 (SE) compared to 560 +/- 74 in normal dogs. One month after CO, the collateral index was 543 +/- 144 in baboons compared to 6,685 +/- 716 in dogs, regions of normal tissue were seen in the infarct (14.2 +/- 2% of left ventricular mass). Minimal coronary collateral development in the baboon provides a likely explanation for differences from the dog in regional functional responses and in the character of the infarct.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction in the baboon: regional function and the collateral circulation. Occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery was produced in sedated baboons 7-15 days after implantation of a micromanometer and ultrasonic crystals for measurement of regional left ventricular dimensions in ischemic, marginal, and control segments. One minute after coronary occlusion (CO), ischemic segments exhibited a marked systolic bulge with wall thinning, and percent systolic shortening of marginal segments decreased. Over the ensuing weeks, there was a progressive increase of end-diastolic lengths in marginal and ischemic segments, whereas systolic shortening in these segments did not improve significantly. Control segments did not change. In control baboons, the coronary collateral index was 55 +/-25 (SE) compared to 560 +/- 74 in normal dogs. One month after CO, the collateral index was 543 +/- 144 in baboons compared to 6,685 +/- 716 in dogs, regions of normal tissue were seen in the infarct (14.2 +/- 2% of left ventricular mass). Minimal coronary collateral development in the baboon provides a likely explanation for differences from the dog in regional functional responses and in the character of the infarct.", "PMID": 100019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4025", "title": "Inherited metabolic diseases and pathogenesis of mental retardation.", "content": "Continuing progress has been made in the exploration of the biochemical causes of mental illness. Recent research has indicated that selected abnormalities of specific isoenzymes play an important role in the pathogenesis of heritable metabolic disorders such as phenylketonuria and Niemann-Pick disease. The roles of \"animal lectins\" and glycosidic enzymes in brain development and synaptogenesis appear to have received important substantiation within the past year. In additions, it has been shown that the blood-brain barrier can be temporarily altered so that exogenous enzymes can enter the central nervous system, and imperative consideration for enzyme replacement therapy in mental disorders. Less satisfactory progress has been made concerining potential anabolic disorders of lipids affecting the nervous system. Finally, novel experimental directions concerning energy metabolism by the brain offer considerable hope for the elucidation of some of the causes of mental retardation.", "contents": "Inherited metabolic diseases and pathogenesis of mental retardation. Continuing progress has been made in the exploration of the biochemical causes of mental illness. Recent research has indicated that selected abnormalities of specific isoenzymes play an important role in the pathogenesis of heritable metabolic disorders such as phenylketonuria and Niemann-Pick disease. The roles of \"animal lectins\" and glycosidic enzymes in brain development and synaptogenesis appear to have received important substantiation within the past year. In additions, it has been shown that the blood-brain barrier can be temporarily altered so that exogenous enzymes can enter the central nervous system, and imperative consideration for enzyme replacement therapy in mental disorders. Less satisfactory progress has been made concerining potential anabolic disorders of lipids affecting the nervous system. Finally, novel experimental directions concerning energy metabolism by the brain offer considerable hope for the elucidation of some of the causes of mental retardation.", "PMID": 100026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4026", "title": "Duodenal gangliosidosis in a cat: ultrastructural study.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes similar to those seen in gangliosidosis in man were detected in the duodenal mucosa of a cat (cat 1). The N-acetylneuraminic acid concentration was determined from the duodenum of cat 1 and from a clinically normal cat (cat 2). The total amount of gangliosides in the duodenum of cat 1 was 100 times greater than in the duodenum of cat 2 per unit wet weight. The lyophilizate from the intestines of both cats gave a blue-violet color that was regarded as qualitatively positive for N-acetylneuraminic acid determination. In cat 1, membranous cytoplasmic bodies were in all cell types of the duodenal mucosa.", "contents": "Duodenal gangliosidosis in a cat: ultrastructural study. Ultrastructural changes similar to those seen in gangliosidosis in man were detected in the duodenal mucosa of a cat (cat 1). The N-acetylneuraminic acid concentration was determined from the duodenum of cat 1 and from a clinically normal cat (cat 2). The total amount of gangliosides in the duodenum of cat 1 was 100 times greater than in the duodenum of cat 2 per unit wet weight. The lyophilizate from the intestines of both cats gave a blue-violet color that was regarded as qualitatively positive for N-acetylneuraminic acid determination. In cat 1, membranous cytoplasmic bodies were in all cell types of the duodenal mucosa.", "PMID": 100027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4027", "title": "Lumbar spondylectomy in the subhuman primate.", "content": "Removal of the 2nd or 3rd lumbar vertebrae (or both) has been accomplished in the subhuman primate (Macaca mulatta). Variations between this animal and the dog in posture, vertebral column anatomy, and spinal cord blood supply made no apparent difference in the results when compared with those in previous experiments. All macaques were able to clinb and to use their hind legs in a normal manner within 3 days after surgical operation. Once hair had regrown over the surgical incision, persons not familiar with the animals were not able to identify the animals that had undergone surgical operation. If a single vertebra was removed, use of spinous process and a single vertebral body plate was sufficient to stabilize the vertebral column. Except for 1 rhesus macaque whose spinous process plates were removed 20 days after the operation, vertebral columns of macaques (n = 3) that underwent single spondylectomy healed in nearly normal alignment. With the removal of 2 lumbar vertebrae, the previously described stabilization procedure was not sufficient to prevent kyphotic deformity of the vertebral column. Spinous process plates from 1 macaque were removed after 64 days. However, all these macaques (n = 3) could climb and use their legs as well as others in the colony.", "contents": "Lumbar spondylectomy in the subhuman primate. Removal of the 2nd or 3rd lumbar vertebrae (or both) has been accomplished in the subhuman primate (Macaca mulatta). Variations between this animal and the dog in posture, vertebral column anatomy, and spinal cord blood supply made no apparent difference in the results when compared with those in previous experiments. All macaques were able to clinb and to use their hind legs in a normal manner within 3 days after surgical operation. Once hair had regrown over the surgical incision, persons not familiar with the animals were not able to identify the animals that had undergone surgical operation. If a single vertebra was removed, use of spinous process and a single vertebral body plate was sufficient to stabilize the vertebral column. Except for 1 rhesus macaque whose spinous process plates were removed 20 days after the operation, vertebral columns of macaques (n = 3) that underwent single spondylectomy healed in nearly normal alignment. With the removal of 2 lumbar vertebrae, the previously described stabilization procedure was not sufficient to prevent kyphotic deformity of the vertebral column. Spinous process plates from 1 macaque were removed after 64 days. However, all these macaques (n = 3) could climb and use their legs as well as others in the colony.", "PMID": 100028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4028", "title": "Controlled trial of 6-month and 8-month regimens in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. First report.", "content": "Four short-course antituberculosis regimens allocated at random were studied; (1) streptomycin, isoniazid, and rifampin given daily for 6 months; (2) these 3 drugs plus pyrazinamide given daily for 2 months, followed by twice-weekly administration of streptomycin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide; (3) a regimen that differed from regimen 2 only in that ethambutol replaced pyrazinamide, and (4) streptomycin plus isoniazid plus rifampin plus pyrazinamide given 3 times per week for 4 months, followed by streptomycin plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide administered twice per week. The last 3 regimens were given for 6 or 8 months at random. All except 1 of 680 patients with tubercle bacilli drug-susceptible before treatment had a favorable bacteriologic response during chemotherapy. The relapse rates during the first 6 months after chemotherapy were low, except in the ethambutol series, in which 19 per cent of the patients relapsed after 6 months of treatment, and 8 per cent relapsed after 8 months. A substantial proportion of the patients with strains initially resistant to either isoniazid or streptomycin had a favorable response to their allocated regimen, but the results were not as good for those patients with strains resistant to both drugs. An important finding is that the incidences of immunologic febrile reactions to rifampin and of rifampin-dependent antibodies were very low during the 3-times-weekly regimen.", "contents": "Controlled trial of 6-month and 8-month regimens in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. First report. Four short-course antituberculosis regimens allocated at random were studied; (1) streptomycin, isoniazid, and rifampin given daily for 6 months; (2) these 3 drugs plus pyrazinamide given daily for 2 months, followed by twice-weekly administration of streptomycin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide; (3) a regimen that differed from regimen 2 only in that ethambutol replaced pyrazinamide, and (4) streptomycin plus isoniazid plus rifampin plus pyrazinamide given 3 times per week for 4 months, followed by streptomycin plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide administered twice per week. The last 3 regimens were given for 6 or 8 months at random. All except 1 of 680 patients with tubercle bacilli drug-susceptible before treatment had a favorable bacteriologic response during chemotherapy. The relapse rates during the first 6 months after chemotherapy were low, except in the ethambutol series, in which 19 per cent of the patients relapsed after 6 months of treatment, and 8 per cent relapsed after 8 months. A substantial proportion of the patients with strains initially resistant to either isoniazid or streptomycin had a favorable response to their allocated regimen, but the results were not as good for those patients with strains resistant to both drugs. An important finding is that the incidences of immunologic febrile reactions to rifampin and of rifampin-dependent antibodies were very low during the 3-times-weekly regimen.", "PMID": 100029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4029", "title": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for immunoglobulin G Staphylococcus aureus antibody in serious staphylococcal infection.", "content": "Clinical features of 99 patients with staphylococcal infection were reviewed, and sera were tested by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and gel diffusion for staphylococcal antibodies to ascertain whether these variables predict the extent of infection and the need for prolonged therapy. Clinical features, including the presence of a primary site of infection or a continuous pattern of bacteremia, were not sufficient for differentiating endocarditis or complicated bacteremia from uncomplicated bacteremia. Patients with uncomplicated bacteremia were cured by 3 weeks of antibiotic therapy. Positive serologic tests for staphylococcal antibody helped distinguish patients with endocarditis or complicated bacteremia from patients with uncomplicated bacteremia. Radioimmunoassay was more sensitive than gel diffusion for identifying patients with complicated bacteremia. Our results indicate that patients with a positive antibody result 14 days after the onset of infection should be considered to have endocarditis or complicated bacteremia, but a negative antibody result would support short-term antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for immunoglobulin G Staphylococcus aureus antibody in serious staphylococcal infection. Clinical features of 99 patients with staphylococcal infection were reviewed, and sera were tested by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and gel diffusion for staphylococcal antibodies to ascertain whether these variables predict the extent of infection and the need for prolonged therapy. Clinical features, including the presence of a primary site of infection or a continuous pattern of bacteremia, were not sufficient for differentiating endocarditis or complicated bacteremia from uncomplicated bacteremia. Patients with uncomplicated bacteremia were cured by 3 weeks of antibiotic therapy. Positive serologic tests for staphylococcal antibody helped distinguish patients with endocarditis or complicated bacteremia from patients with uncomplicated bacteremia. Radioimmunoassay was more sensitive than gel diffusion for identifying patients with complicated bacteremia. Our results indicate that patients with a positive antibody result 14 days after the onset of infection should be considered to have endocarditis or complicated bacteremia, but a negative antibody result would support short-term antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 100030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4030", "title": "Teichoic acid antibodies in chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis.", "content": "Gel-diffusion and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to quantify and to identify the immunoglobulin class of teichoic acid antibodies in patients with chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis and a wide variety of other infections. Teichoic acid antibodies were identified by gel-diffusion in 14 of 23 patients with staphylococcal endocarditis, six of 30 with staphylococcal bacteremia without endocarditis, four of 35 with staphylococcal skeletal infections, and one of 45 with nonstaphylococcal infections. None of the 20 patients with chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis had positive gel-diffusion assays, even though many had had their infections for several years. The ELISA method was more sensitive than gel-diffusion in measuring teichoic acid antibodies, but was also much less specific. Teichoic acid antibodies were detected predominantly in the IgG fraction of serum. Our findings suggest that the presence and degree of antigenemia are more important than the duration of the staphylococcal infection in stimulating production of teichoic acid antibodies.", "contents": "Teichoic acid antibodies in chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis. Gel-diffusion and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to quantify and to identify the immunoglobulin class of teichoic acid antibodies in patients with chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis and a wide variety of other infections. Teichoic acid antibodies were identified by gel-diffusion in 14 of 23 patients with staphylococcal endocarditis, six of 30 with staphylococcal bacteremia without endocarditis, four of 35 with staphylococcal skeletal infections, and one of 45 with nonstaphylococcal infections. None of the 20 patients with chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis had positive gel-diffusion assays, even though many had had their infections for several years. The ELISA method was more sensitive than gel-diffusion in measuring teichoic acid antibodies, but was also much less specific. Teichoic acid antibodies were detected predominantly in the IgG fraction of serum. Our findings suggest that the presence and degree of antigenemia are more important than the duration of the staphylococcal infection in stimulating production of teichoic acid antibodies.", "PMID": 100031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4031", "title": "Refractory sprue: recovery after removal of nongluten dietary proteins.", "content": "A 44-year-old woman with diarrhea, weight loss, and a small-bowel biopsy consistent with adult celiac disease failed to improve on a gluten-free diet. Despite in-hospital supervision at two university medical centers and addition of corticosteroid therapy, diarrhea and wegith loss continued, resulting in life-threatening nutritional depletion. She was transferred to the University of Chicago and made full nutritional recovery with total parenteral nutrition. Exploratory laparotomy showed no abnormality except the flat intestinal mucosal lesion. Diarrhea recurred when a gluten-free diet was resumed. When the patient ate egg, chicken, or tuna alone, severe diarrhea, hypotension, cyanosis, and shock occurred. When these foods--along with gluten--were eliminated from the diet, the patient returned to oral nutrition and made a full clinical recovery. In patients with refractory sprue deletion of other dietary proteins in addition to gluten, as in the present patient, may be lifesaving.", "contents": "Refractory sprue: recovery after removal of nongluten dietary proteins. A 44-year-old woman with diarrhea, weight loss, and a small-bowel biopsy consistent with adult celiac disease failed to improve on a gluten-free diet. Despite in-hospital supervision at two university medical centers and addition of corticosteroid therapy, diarrhea and wegith loss continued, resulting in life-threatening nutritional depletion. She was transferred to the University of Chicago and made full nutritional recovery with total parenteral nutrition. Exploratory laparotomy showed no abnormality except the flat intestinal mucosal lesion. Diarrhea recurred when a gluten-free diet was resumed. When the patient ate egg, chicken, or tuna alone, severe diarrhea, hypotension, cyanosis, and shock occurred. When these foods--along with gluten--were eliminated from the diet, the patient returned to oral nutrition and made a full clinical recovery. In patients with refractory sprue deletion of other dietary proteins in addition to gluten, as in the present patient, may be lifesaving.", "PMID": 100032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4032", "title": "How much will U.S. medicine change in the decade ahead?", "content": "During the past 12 years health care services have been increasingly used by low-income families, largely as a consequence of infusion of more funds into the health care system. The number of persons employed in health-care has gone up along with an expanded governmental role. Present governmental concerns are focused on cost and the relation of public attitudes to needs for, and costs of, a system of national health insurance. In the near future, medical services are not likely to be expanded, and various costly services may be contracted. The number of physicians will go up but the fraction in solo practice will decline. Patterns of physician maldistribution are not likely to be changed substantially. Costs will continue to go up, and government and other third-party payers will strive to control them. A comprehensive form of national health insurance will not come soon, and the public will become increasingly aware of the limits to which health care can improve their lives.", "contents": "How much will U.S. medicine change in the decade ahead? During the past 12 years health care services have been increasingly used by low-income families, largely as a consequence of infusion of more funds into the health care system. The number of persons employed in health-care has gone up along with an expanded governmental role. Present governmental concerns are focused on cost and the relation of public attitudes to needs for, and costs of, a system of national health insurance. In the near future, medical services are not likely to be expanded, and various costly services may be contracted. The number of physicians will go up but the fraction in solo practice will decline. Patterns of physician maldistribution are not likely to be changed substantially. Costs will continue to go up, and government and other third-party payers will strive to control them. A comprehensive form of national health insurance will not come soon, and the public will become increasingly aware of the limits to which health care can improve their lives.", "PMID": 100033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4033", "title": "[Cannabis].", "content": "Cannabis produces a resin, the psychotropic effects of which are known since the High Antiquity. It induces euphoria, a feeling of pleasant dreaminess. Nevertheless, psychiatric disturbances such as psychomotor deficiency states or acute oniro\u00efd states were described in heavy users countries. These psychiatric disorders put the accent on the starting or catalysing role of cannabis on the premorbid personality. The experimental studies of cannabis on the premorbid personality. The experimental studies of cannabis and its active substance (delta-g-tetrahydrocanabinol) bring information on this problem.", "contents": "[Cannabis]. Cannabis produces a resin, the psychotropic effects of which are known since the High Antiquity. It induces euphoria, a feeling of pleasant dreaminess. Nevertheless, psychiatric disturbances such as psychomotor deficiency states or acute oniro\u00efd states were described in heavy users countries. These psychiatric disorders put the accent on the starting or catalysing role of cannabis on the premorbid personality. The experimental studies of cannabis on the premorbid personality. The experimental studies of cannabis and its active substance (delta-g-tetrahydrocanabinol) bring information on this problem.", "PMID": 100034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4034", "title": "Protein-calorie deficits in developing countries.", "content": "Twenty years ago, we were invited to present a paper on severe protein-malnutrition in children in a meeting organized by this same Academy. In reviewing that paper for this presentation, it was very frustrating to find that the basic principles we stated there in regard to the nature of the probelm and its epidemiology are as valid today as they were 20 years ago. As most other workers in the field, we were then particularly concerned with the severe forms of protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM): kwashiorkor and marasmus. These individual cases occupied a large proportion of pediatric beds in hospitals of most developing countries, and we were interested in finding better ways to treat them. But also we were studying these cases as a basis for understanding the responsible factors better and for designing possible preventive measures. The interrelations of kwashiorkor and marasmus were recognized then, as well the fact that both protein and calories should be considered together in the epidemiology of the problem. We were also beginning to understand that the severe clinical cases that we were seeing in the hospitals were only the visible part of a much greater problem affecting the communities from which these children came. With the knowledge then available on the epidemiology of PCM, we were also starting to explore some specific measures for its prevention. I would like now to review what progress we have made, if any, in the understanding of the nature and magnitude of the problem, its epidemiology, and in designing preventive measures.", "contents": "Protein-calorie deficits in developing countries. Twenty years ago, we were invited to present a paper on severe protein-malnutrition in children in a meeting organized by this same Academy. In reviewing that paper for this presentation, it was very frustrating to find that the basic principles we stated there in regard to the nature of the probelm and its epidemiology are as valid today as they were 20 years ago. As most other workers in the field, we were then particularly concerned with the severe forms of protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM): kwashiorkor and marasmus. These individual cases occupied a large proportion of pediatric beds in hospitals of most developing countries, and we were interested in finding better ways to treat them. But also we were studying these cases as a basis for understanding the responsible factors better and for designing possible preventive measures. The interrelations of kwashiorkor and marasmus were recognized then, as well the fact that both protein and calories should be considered together in the epidemiology of the problem. We were also beginning to understand that the severe clinical cases that we were seeing in the hospitals were only the visible part of a much greater problem affecting the communities from which these children came. With the knowledge then available on the epidemiology of PCM, we were also starting to explore some specific measures for its prevention. I would like now to review what progress we have made, if any, in the understanding of the nature and magnitude of the problem, its epidemiology, and in designing preventive measures.", "PMID": 100038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4035", "title": "[Results of two methods for testing bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics: disk method and a new semi-automatic method in liquid medium (ABACR procedure) and comparison with the minimal inhibitory concentration (author's transl)].", "content": "A performance analysis was established between three methods for testing of bacterial susceptibility to sixteen antibiotics: agar dilution or minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) method, agar diffusion or DISK method, and semi-automatic dilution in liquid medium or ABACR method. Precision of the three methods was determined using three reference strains in repetition experiments (9 repetitions for MIC, 60 repetitions for both DISK and ABAC). The results show that MIC method was the most precise, and that the precision of DISK and ABAC methods was not sifnificantly different. Fidelity of both DISK and ABAC methods was compared in taking as reference the MIC of 200 wild strains of Gram-negative bacteria. Omitting the data concerning trimethoprim-sulfamethozoaxol, the results were found concordant between DISK and MIC methods in 68.6 percent of the cases, between ABAC and MIC methods in 73.6 percent, and between ABAC and DISK methods in 68.9 percent. With regard to MIC, ABAC method gave results slightly better than those of DISK method, especially for five antibiotics: gentamicin, minocyclin, doxycylin, chloramphenicol and polymyxin B. So, the ABAC method looks very interesting for a semi-automatic routine method in testing bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics.", "contents": "[Results of two methods for testing bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics: disk method and a new semi-automatic method in liquid medium (ABACR procedure) and comparison with the minimal inhibitory concentration (author's transl)]. A performance analysis was established between three methods for testing of bacterial susceptibility to sixteen antibiotics: agar dilution or minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) method, agar diffusion or DISK method, and semi-automatic dilution in liquid medium or ABACR method. Precision of the three methods was determined using three reference strains in repetition experiments (9 repetitions for MIC, 60 repetitions for both DISK and ABAC). The results show that MIC method was the most precise, and that the precision of DISK and ABAC methods was not sifnificantly different. Fidelity of both DISK and ABAC methods was compared in taking as reference the MIC of 200 wild strains of Gram-negative bacteria. Omitting the data concerning trimethoprim-sulfamethozoaxol, the results were found concordant between DISK and MIC methods in 68.6 percent of the cases, between ABAC and MIC methods in 73.6 percent, and between ABAC and DISK methods in 68.9 percent. With regard to MIC, ABAC method gave results slightly better than those of DISK method, especially for five antibiotics: gentamicin, minocyclin, doxycylin, chloramphenicol and polymyxin B. So, the ABAC method looks very interesting for a semi-automatic routine method in testing bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics.", "PMID": 100035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4036", "title": "[Induction of interferon by Bacillus subtilis (author's transl)].", "content": "Although it is generally admitted that Gram-positive bacteria cannot induce interferon, we were able to show that organisms and cell walls of Bacillis subtilis as well as components obtained through the extraction of endotoxins from Gram-negative bacteria can induce type II interferon. Moreover we have ascertained that those components have the same biological activity as the endotoxins, espcially with regard to their behaviour with B cells of lymphocytes, the results of pyrogen test, the incidence of cycloheximide and their function as inhibitors of bacteriophages. However, it has appeared that chemically they are quite different from the lipopolysaccharide of the Gram-negative bacteria: no lipid A could be detected.", "contents": "[Induction of interferon by Bacillus subtilis (author's transl)]. Although it is generally admitted that Gram-positive bacteria cannot induce interferon, we were able to show that organisms and cell walls of Bacillis subtilis as well as components obtained through the extraction of endotoxins from Gram-negative bacteria can induce type II interferon. Moreover we have ascertained that those components have the same biological activity as the endotoxins, espcially with regard to their behaviour with B cells of lymphocytes, the results of pyrogen test, the incidence of cycloheximide and their function as inhibitors of bacteriophages. However, it has appeared that chemically they are quite different from the lipopolysaccharide of the Gram-negative bacteria: no lipid A could be detected.", "PMID": 100036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4037", "title": "New perspectives on biliary atresia.", "content": "An investigation into the aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment of biliary atresia was carried out because the prognosis remains so poor.In an electron microscopical study no viral particles or viral inclusion bodies were seen, nor were any specific ultrastructural features observed. An animal experiment suggested that obstruction within the biliary tract of newborn rabbits could be produced by maternal intravenous injection of the bile acid lithocholic acid.A simple and atraumatic method of diagnosis was developed using(99) (m)Tc-labelled compounds which are excreted into bile. Two compounds, (99m)Tc-pyridoxylidene glutamate ((99m)Tc-PG) and (99m)Tc-dihydrothioctic acid ((99m)Tc-DHT) were first assessed in normal piglets and piglets with complete biliary obstruction. Intestinal imaging correlated with biliary tract patency, and the same correlation was found in jaundiced human adults, in whom the (99m)Tc-PG scan correctly determined biliary patency in 21 out of 24 cases. The (99m)Tc-PG scan compared well with liver biopsy and (131)I-Rose Bengal in the diagnosis of 11 infants with prolonged jaundice.A model of extrahepatic biliary atresia was developed in the newborn piglet so that different methods of bile drainage could be assessed. Priorities in biliary atresia lie in a better understanding of the aetiology and early diagnosis rather than in devising new bile drainage procedures.", "contents": "New perspectives on biliary atresia. An investigation into the aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment of biliary atresia was carried out because the prognosis remains so poor.In an electron microscopical study no viral particles or viral inclusion bodies were seen, nor were any specific ultrastructural features observed. An animal experiment suggested that obstruction within the biliary tract of newborn rabbits could be produced by maternal intravenous injection of the bile acid lithocholic acid.A simple and atraumatic method of diagnosis was developed using(99) (m)Tc-labelled compounds which are excreted into bile. Two compounds, (99m)Tc-pyridoxylidene glutamate ((99m)Tc-PG) and (99m)Tc-dihydrothioctic acid ((99m)Tc-DHT) were first assessed in normal piglets and piglets with complete biliary obstruction. Intestinal imaging correlated with biliary tract patency, and the same correlation was found in jaundiced human adults, in whom the (99m)Tc-PG scan correctly determined biliary patency in 21 out of 24 cases. The (99m)Tc-PG scan compared well with liver biopsy and (131)I-Rose Bengal in the diagnosis of 11 infants with prolonged jaundice.A model of extrahepatic biliary atresia was developed in the newborn piglet so that different methods of bile drainage could be assessed. Priorities in biliary atresia lie in a better understanding of the aetiology and early diagnosis rather than in devising new bile drainage procedures.", "PMID": 100043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4038", "title": "The Morquio syndrome: neuropathology and biochemistry.", "content": "The activity of N-acetyl galactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase was studied for the first time in the liver and brain of a patient with a clinically typical case of Morquio syndrome with keratosulfaturia. As has been demonstrated in the fibroblasts of patients with this syndrome, this enzymatic activity was markedly decreased in both organs. Neuropathological examination revealed moderately swollen neurons containing PAS-positive, coarse globular inclusions in the cerebral cortex, Ammon's horn, basal ganglia, and thalamic nuclei. Ultrastructurally, the inclusions consisted of stacked, straight or loose, wavy membranes of various lengths, often associated with pale or moderately electron dense homogeneous \"lipid droplets.\" These ultrastructural features of the inclusions were closely similar to the granulomembranous bodies of Hurler syndrome and the inclusions described in type B of the Sanfilippo syndrome. Unlike those mucopolysaccharidoses, however, no abnormalities were found in the gangliosides in the brain of the patient with Morquio syndrome.", "contents": "The Morquio syndrome: neuropathology and biochemistry. The activity of N-acetyl galactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase was studied for the first time in the liver and brain of a patient with a clinically typical case of Morquio syndrome with keratosulfaturia. As has been demonstrated in the fibroblasts of patients with this syndrome, this enzymatic activity was markedly decreased in both organs. Neuropathological examination revealed moderately swollen neurons containing PAS-positive, coarse globular inclusions in the cerebral cortex, Ammon's horn, basal ganglia, and thalamic nuclei. Ultrastructurally, the inclusions consisted of stacked, straight or loose, wavy membranes of various lengths, often associated with pale or moderately electron dense homogeneous \"lipid droplets.\" These ultrastructural features of the inclusions were closely similar to the granulomembranous bodies of Hurler syndrome and the inclusions described in type B of the Sanfilippo syndrome. Unlike those mucopolysaccharidoses, however, no abnormalities were found in the gangliosides in the brain of the patient with Morquio syndrome.", "PMID": 100045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4039", "title": "Animal model for the 4-kHz tonal dip.", "content": "In humans, noise exposures produce permanent hearing losses which usually begin at 4 kHz. In chinchillas, a similar pattern of hearing loss was observed following exposure for 9 or 18 days to an octave band of noise with a center frequency of 0.5 kHz. Histopathological observations of cellular degeneration showed that this exposure produced different types of damage in the basal and apical turns of the cochlea. Behavioral measures of auditory function showed that damage in the basal turn was associated with permanent threshold shifts for one to several of the high frequencies. However, moderate losses of outer hair cells commonly appeared in the apical turn without permanent threshold shifts for low-frequency tones. These findings indicate that the pure-tone audiogram may not accurately reflect the condition of the organ of Corti after noise exposure.", "contents": "Animal model for the 4-kHz tonal dip. In humans, noise exposures produce permanent hearing losses which usually begin at 4 kHz. In chinchillas, a similar pattern of hearing loss was observed following exposure for 9 or 18 days to an octave band of noise with a center frequency of 0.5 kHz. Histopathological observations of cellular degeneration showed that this exposure produced different types of damage in the basal and apical turns of the cochlea. Behavioral measures of auditory function showed that damage in the basal turn was associated with permanent threshold shifts for one to several of the high frequencies. However, moderate losses of outer hair cells commonly appeared in the apical turn without permanent threshold shifts for low-frequency tones. These findings indicate that the pure-tone audiogram may not accurately reflect the condition of the organ of Corti after noise exposure.", "PMID": 100042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4040", "title": "[Method of determining the antimicrobial activity of alcohol extracts of propolis].", "content": "It is proposed to determine the antimicrobial activity of propolys alcohol extracts by the method of subsequent dilutions in solid nutrient media. Dilution of the extracts immediately in hot agar eliminated the inhibiting effect of the extragent on the microbial growth. Opalesence appearing in the agar did not prevent estimation of the results in contrast to the method of subsequent dilutions in liquid nutrient media.", "contents": "[Method of determining the antimicrobial activity of alcohol extracts of propolis]. It is proposed to determine the antimicrobial activity of propolys alcohol extracts by the method of subsequent dilutions in solid nutrient media. Dilution of the extracts immediately in hot agar eliminated the inhibiting effect of the extragent on the microbial growth. Opalesence appearing in the agar did not prevent estimation of the results in contrast to the method of subsequent dilutions in liquid nutrient media.", "PMID": 100047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4041", "title": "[Evaluation of the sanative action of rifampicin on the meningococcal carrier state].", "content": "The results of the epidemiological control experiment on the efficacy of rifampicin in sanation of meningococci carriers are presented. The preliminary study of rifampicin sensitivity of 41 freshly isolated nasopharyngeal meningococcal strains showed that the MIC of the drug for 63 per cent of the isolates was 0.04--0.1 gamma/ml. Sanation was performed for 2 days; 1.2 g of the drug was used during the treatment course. The results of examination of 91 meningococci carriers showed that 4 days after the sanation the specific weight of the persons isolating no meningococci was reliably higher in the experimental group than that in the control group. The coefficient of rifampicin efficiency was 70.8 per cent. 10 days after sanation the difference in the level of the carriers isolating no meningococci in the experimental and the control groups was statistically insignificant. Therefore, the carriers treated with the drug received temporary protection from the causative agent at an average for 1 week. Later on they could become carriers again. As a result of sanation no changes in the meningococcal sensitivity to rifampicin was observed.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the sanative action of rifampicin on the meningococcal carrier state]. The results of the epidemiological control experiment on the efficacy of rifampicin in sanation of meningococci carriers are presented. The preliminary study of rifampicin sensitivity of 41 freshly isolated nasopharyngeal meningococcal strains showed that the MIC of the drug for 63 per cent of the isolates was 0.04--0.1 gamma/ml. Sanation was performed for 2 days; 1.2 g of the drug was used during the treatment course. The results of examination of 91 meningococci carriers showed that 4 days after the sanation the specific weight of the persons isolating no meningococci was reliably higher in the experimental group than that in the control group. The coefficient of rifampicin efficiency was 70.8 per cent. 10 days after sanation the difference in the level of the carriers isolating no meningococci in the experimental and the control groups was statistically insignificant. Therefore, the carriers treated with the drug received temporary protection from the causative agent at an average for 1 week. Later on they could become carriers again. As a result of sanation no changes in the meningococcal sensitivity to rifampicin was observed.", "PMID": 100048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4042", "title": "Rosette formation by human lymphoid cells with monkey red blood cells.", "content": "The present paper describes a study on rosette formation by human lymphoid cells with monkey erythrocytes (MRBC) obtained from two species: African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and rhesus monkey (Macaca mulata). All the lymphocyte preparations obtained from peripheral blood, tonsils, thymocytes, bone-marrow and spleen biopsies formed rosettes in variable proportions with erythrocytes obtained from these two monkey species tested. Cells of established lymphoblastoid cell lines characterized as being of either B- or T-cell origin also formed rosettes with MRBC. Taken together, the data obtained suggest that the MRBC-rosette assay cannot be reliably used for identifying lymphocyte subpopulations presently known to us, thus largely contradicting the observations previously reported by others on the use of this assay. In addition, we found that the binding sites for MRBC on the above lymphoid cells are highly sensitive to trypsin treatment and can fully be regenerated within 14-15 h when these treated cells are cultured at 37 degrees.", "contents": "Rosette formation by human lymphoid cells with monkey red blood cells. The present paper describes a study on rosette formation by human lymphoid cells with monkey erythrocytes (MRBC) obtained from two species: African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and rhesus monkey (Macaca mulata). All the lymphocyte preparations obtained from peripheral blood, tonsils, thymocytes, bone-marrow and spleen biopsies formed rosettes in variable proportions with erythrocytes obtained from these two monkey species tested. Cells of established lymphoblastoid cell lines characterized as being of either B- or T-cell origin also formed rosettes with MRBC. Taken together, the data obtained suggest that the MRBC-rosette assay cannot be reliably used for identifying lymphocyte subpopulations presently known to us, thus largely contradicting the observations previously reported by others on the use of this assay. In addition, we found that the binding sites for MRBC on the above lymphoid cells are highly sensitive to trypsin treatment and can fully be regenerated within 14-15 h when these treated cells are cultured at 37 degrees.", "PMID": 100044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4043", "title": "Effect of a staphylococcin on Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Phage group 2 staphylococcal strain UT0002 contains a large 56S virulence plasmid with genes that code for both exfoliative toxin and a specific staphylococcin termed Bac R(1). Four penicillinase-producing strains and three penicillin-susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were killed by Bac R(1). After 30 min of growth of the penicillin-resistant TR1 strain in 62.5 arbitrary units of Bac R(1) per ml, loss of viability was approximately 90%, and, after 5 h, an approximately 99.99% loss of viability was observed. Lysis did not accompany cell death, and 84% of the Bac R(1) added to the growth medium was adsorbed to the gonococcal cells. The extracellular supernatant fluid from a substrain of staphylococcal strain UT0002 cured of the plasmid for Bac R(1) production had no lethal effect on the gonococcal strains. Bac R(1) was also shown to have bactericidal activity against an L-form of N. meningitidis, indicating that the outer envelope of a neisserial cell is not needed for bacteriocin activity. Ten different normal human sera were unable to neutralize Bac R(1) activity. The bacteriocin lacks adsorption specificity. It binds to but does not kill Escherichia coli cells, indicating that the cell envelope of gram-negative organisms can provide protection against the staphylococcin.", "contents": "Effect of a staphylococcin on Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Phage group 2 staphylococcal strain UT0002 contains a large 56S virulence plasmid with genes that code for both exfoliative toxin and a specific staphylococcin termed Bac R(1). Four penicillinase-producing strains and three penicillin-susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were killed by Bac R(1). After 30 min of growth of the penicillin-resistant TR1 strain in 62.5 arbitrary units of Bac R(1) per ml, loss of viability was approximately 90%, and, after 5 h, an approximately 99.99% loss of viability was observed. Lysis did not accompany cell death, and 84% of the Bac R(1) added to the growth medium was adsorbed to the gonococcal cells. The extracellular supernatant fluid from a substrain of staphylococcal strain UT0002 cured of the plasmid for Bac R(1) production had no lethal effect on the gonococcal strains. Bac R(1) was also shown to have bactericidal activity against an L-form of N. meningitidis, indicating that the outer envelope of a neisserial cell is not needed for bacteriocin activity. Ten different normal human sera were unable to neutralize Bac R(1) activity. The bacteriocin lacks adsorption specificity. It binds to but does not kill Escherichia coli cells, indicating that the cell envelope of gram-negative organisms can provide protection against the staphylococcin.", "PMID": 100049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4044", "title": "UK-18892, a new aminoglycoside: an in vitro study.", "content": "UK-18892 is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, a derivative of kanamycin A structurally related to amikacin. It was found to be active against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria, including many gentamicin-resistant strains. The spectrum and degree of activity of UK-18892 were similar to those of amikacin, and differences were relatively minor. UK-18892 was about twice as active as amikacin against gentamicin-susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both amikacin and UK-18892 were equally active against gentamicin-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa. There were no appreciable differences in the activity of UK-18892 and amikacin against Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus. Cross-resistance between these two antimicrobials was also apparent.", "contents": "UK-18892, a new aminoglycoside: an in vitro study. UK-18892 is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, a derivative of kanamycin A structurally related to amikacin. It was found to be active against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria, including many gentamicin-resistant strains. The spectrum and degree of activity of UK-18892 were similar to those of amikacin, and differences were relatively minor. UK-18892 was about twice as active as amikacin against gentamicin-susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both amikacin and UK-18892 were equally active against gentamicin-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa. There were no appreciable differences in the activity of UK-18892 and amikacin against Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus. Cross-resistance between these two antimicrobials was also apparent.", "PMID": 100050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4045", "title": "Modified peptidoglycan transpeptidase activity in a carbenicillin-resistant mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18s.", "content": "A carbenicillin-resistant mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18s was found to possess peptidoglycan transpeptidase activity significantly more resistant to inhibition by benzyl penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cephaloridine than that of the parent strain. The mutant was more resistant than the parent strain to all of the beta-lactam antibiotics tested, and 50% inhibition values for these compounds against membrane-bound model transpeptidase activity paralleled this increase. The resistance of the mutant to kanamycin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol was unchanged.", "contents": "Modified peptidoglycan transpeptidase activity in a carbenicillin-resistant mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18s. A carbenicillin-resistant mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18s was found to possess peptidoglycan transpeptidase activity significantly more resistant to inhibition by benzyl penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cephaloridine than that of the parent strain. The mutant was more resistant than the parent strain to all of the beta-lactam antibiotics tested, and 50% inhibition values for these compounds against membrane-bound model transpeptidase activity paralleled this increase. The resistance of the mutant to kanamycin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol was unchanged.", "PMID": 100051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4046", "title": "Improved medium for recovery and enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from water using membrane filters.", "content": "A modified mPA medium, designated mPA-C, was shown to recover Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a variety of water sources with results comparable to those with mPA-B and within the confidence limits of a most-probable-number technique. Enumeration of P. aeruginosa on mPA-C was possible after only 24 h of incubation at 41.5 degrees C, compared with 72 h of incubation required for mPA-B and 96 h of incubation for a presumptive most probable number.", "contents": "Improved medium for recovery and enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from water using membrane filters. A modified mPA medium, designated mPA-C, was shown to recover Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a variety of water sources with results comparable to those with mPA-B and within the confidence limits of a most-probable-number technique. Enumeration of P. aeruginosa on mPA-C was possible after only 24 h of incubation at 41.5 degrees C, compared with 72 h of incubation required for mPA-B and 96 h of incubation for a presumptive most probable number.", "PMID": 100052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4047", "title": "Microbial and chemical transformations of some 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9,10-enes.", "content": "Resting cells of Streptomyces griseus, Mucor mucedo, and a growing culture of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus when mixed with compounds related to 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene-4beta,15-diacetoxy-3alpha-ol(anguidine) produced a series of derivatives that were either partially hydrolyzed or selectively acylated. These derivatives showed marked differences in activities as assayed by antifungal and tissue culture cytotoxicity tests.", "contents": "Microbial and chemical transformations of some 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9,10-enes. Resting cells of Streptomyces griseus, Mucor mucedo, and a growing culture of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus when mixed with compounds related to 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene-4beta,15-diacetoxy-3alpha-ol(anguidine) produced a series of derivatives that were either partially hydrolyzed or selectively acylated. These derivatives showed marked differences in activities as assayed by antifungal and tissue culture cytotoxicity tests.", "PMID": 100053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4048", "title": "Automated food microbiology: potential for the hydrophobic grid-membrane filter.", "content": "Bacterial counts obtained on hydrophobic grid-membrane filters were comparable to conventional plate counts for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus in homogenates from a range of foods. The wide numerical operating range of the hydrophobic grid-membrane filters allowed sequential diluting to be reduced or even eliminated, making them attractive as components in automated systems of analysis. Food debris could be rinsed completely from the unincubated hydrophobic grid-membrane filter surface without affecting the subsequent count, thus eliminating the possibility of counting food particles, a common source of error in electronic counting systems.", "contents": "Automated food microbiology: potential for the hydrophobic grid-membrane filter. Bacterial counts obtained on hydrophobic grid-membrane filters were comparable to conventional plate counts for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus in homogenates from a range of foods. The wide numerical operating range of the hydrophobic grid-membrane filters allowed sequential diluting to be reduced or even eliminated, making them attractive as components in automated systems of analysis. Food debris could be rinsed completely from the unincubated hydrophobic grid-membrane filter surface without affecting the subsequent count, thus eliminating the possibility of counting food particles, a common source of error in electronic counting systems.", "PMID": 100054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4049", "title": "Effects of dispersed recreational activities on the microbiological quality of forest surface water.", "content": "The microbiological quality of forest surface waters in the Greenwater River watershed was examined to investigate the influence of heavy motorized camping in an area with no sanitary facilities. Indicator densities increased during weekend human-use periods when compared to weekdays. Increases in indicator densities were also noted downstream from heavily used camping areas when compared to upstream sites. Seasonal, weekly, and diurnal fluctuations in indicator densities were observed. This study suggests that potential health hazards exist in this watershed during periods of human use.", "contents": "Effects of dispersed recreational activities on the microbiological quality of forest surface water. The microbiological quality of forest surface waters in the Greenwater River watershed was examined to investigate the influence of heavy motorized camping in an area with no sanitary facilities. Indicator densities increased during weekend human-use periods when compared to weekdays. Increases in indicator densities were also noted downstream from heavily used camping areas when compared to upstream sites. Seasonal, weekly, and diurnal fluctuations in indicator densities were observed. This study suggests that potential health hazards exist in this watershed during periods of human use.", "PMID": 100055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4050", "title": "Denitrifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa: some parameters of growth and active transport.", "content": "Optimal cell yield of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown under denitrifying conditions was obtained with 100 mM nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor, irrespective of the medium used. Nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor supported poor denitrifying growth when concentrations of less than 15 mM, but not higher, were used, apparently owing to toxicity exerted by nitrite. Nitrite accumulated in the medium during early exponential phase when nitrate was the terminal electron acceptor and then decreased to extinction before midexponential phase. The maximal rate of glucose and gluconate transport was supported by 1 mM nitrate or nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. The transport rate was greater with nitrate than with nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor, but the greatest transport rate was observed under aerobic conditions with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. When P. aeruginosa was inoculated into a denitrifying environment, nitrate reductase was detected after 3 h of incubation, nitrite reductase was detected after another 4 h of incubation, and maximal nitrate and nitrite reductase activities peaked together during midexponential phase. The latter coincided with maximal glucose transport activity.", "contents": "Denitrifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa: some parameters of growth and active transport. Optimal cell yield of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown under denitrifying conditions was obtained with 100 mM nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor, irrespective of the medium used. Nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor supported poor denitrifying growth when concentrations of less than 15 mM, but not higher, were used, apparently owing to toxicity exerted by nitrite. Nitrite accumulated in the medium during early exponential phase when nitrate was the terminal electron acceptor and then decreased to extinction before midexponential phase. The maximal rate of glucose and gluconate transport was supported by 1 mM nitrate or nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. The transport rate was greater with nitrate than with nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor, but the greatest transport rate was observed under aerobic conditions with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. When P. aeruginosa was inoculated into a denitrifying environment, nitrate reductase was detected after 3 h of incubation, nitrite reductase was detected after another 4 h of incubation, and maximal nitrate and nitrite reductase activities peaked together during midexponential phase. The latter coincided with maximal glucose transport activity.", "PMID": 100056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4051", "title": "Influence of crossdrafts on the performance of a biological safety cabinet.", "content": "A biological safety cabinet was tested to determine the effect of crossdrafts (such as those created by normal laboratory activity or ventilation) upon the ability of the cabinet to protect both experiments and investigators. A simple crossdraft, controllable from 50 to 200 feet per min (fpm; 15.24 to 60.96 m/min), was created across the face of the unit. Modifications of standardized procedures involving controlled bacterial aerosol challenges provided stringent test conditions. Results indicated that, as the crossflow velocities exceeded 100 fpm, the ability of the cabinet to protect either experiments or investigators decreased logarithmically with increasing crossdraft speed. Because 100 fpm is an airspeed easily achieved by some air conditioning and heating vents (open windows and doorways may create velocities far in excess of 200 fpm), the proper placement of a biological safety cabinet within the laboratory--away from such disruptive air currents--is essential to satisfactory cabinet performance.", "contents": "Influence of crossdrafts on the performance of a biological safety cabinet. A biological safety cabinet was tested to determine the effect of crossdrafts (such as those created by normal laboratory activity or ventilation) upon the ability of the cabinet to protect both experiments and investigators. A simple crossdraft, controllable from 50 to 200 feet per min (fpm; 15.24 to 60.96 m/min), was created across the face of the unit. Modifications of standardized procedures involving controlled bacterial aerosol challenges provided stringent test conditions. Results indicated that, as the crossflow velocities exceeded 100 fpm, the ability of the cabinet to protect either experiments or investigators decreased logarithmically with increasing crossdraft speed. Because 100 fpm is an airspeed easily achieved by some air conditioning and heating vents (open windows and doorways may create velocities far in excess of 200 fpm), the proper placement of a biological safety cabinet within the laboratory--away from such disruptive air currents--is essential to satisfactory cabinet performance.", "PMID": 100057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4052", "title": "Fecal coliform elevated-temperature test: a physiological basis.", "content": "The physiological basis of the Eijkman elevated-temperature test for differentiating fecal from nonfecal coliforms was investigated. Manometric studies indicated that the inhibitory effect upon growth and metabolism in a nonfecal coliform at 44.5 degrees C involved cellular components common to both aerobic and fermentative metabolism of lactose. Radioactive substrate incorporation experiments implicated cell membrane function as a principal focus for temperature sensitivity at 44.5 degrees C. A temperature increase from 35 to 44.5 degrees C drastically reduced the rates of [14C]glucose uptake in nonfecal coliforms, whereas those of fecal coliforms were essentially unchanged. In addition, relatively low levels of nonfecal coliform beta-galactosidase activity coupled with thermal inactivation of this enzyme at a comparatively low temperature may also inhibit growth and metabolism of nonfecal coliforms at the elevated temperature.", "contents": "Fecal coliform elevated-temperature test: a physiological basis. The physiological basis of the Eijkman elevated-temperature test for differentiating fecal from nonfecal coliforms was investigated. Manometric studies indicated that the inhibitory effect upon growth and metabolism in a nonfecal coliform at 44.5 degrees C involved cellular components common to both aerobic and fermentative metabolism of lactose. Radioactive substrate incorporation experiments implicated cell membrane function as a principal focus for temperature sensitivity at 44.5 degrees C. A temperature increase from 35 to 44.5 degrees C drastically reduced the rates of [14C]glucose uptake in nonfecal coliforms, whereas those of fecal coliforms were essentially unchanged. In addition, relatively low levels of nonfecal coliform beta-galactosidase activity coupled with thermal inactivation of this enzyme at a comparatively low temperature may also inhibit growth and metabolism of nonfecal coliforms at the elevated temperature.", "PMID": 100058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4053", "title": "A/JAX inbred mice in chemotherapeutic investigations of experimental Chagas' disease.", "content": "A quick, simple and relatively inexpensive primary screen to test compounds for activity in experimental Chagas' disease is described. It involves administration of drug once only at the maximum tolerated dose five minutes after infection to a group of five A/JAX inbred mice and the determination of the time to death. The validity of the method was established by the use of standard drugs. High levels of activity were detected with bisquinaldines, arsenobenzenes, 5-nitrofurans and 2-nitroimidazoles.", "contents": "A/JAX inbred mice in chemotherapeutic investigations of experimental Chagas' disease. A quick, simple and relatively inexpensive primary screen to test compounds for activity in experimental Chagas' disease is described. It involves administration of drug once only at the maximum tolerated dose five minutes after infection to a group of five A/JAX inbred mice and the determination of the time to death. The validity of the method was established by the use of standard drugs. High levels of activity were detected with bisquinaldines, arsenobenzenes, 5-nitrofurans and 2-nitroimidazoles.", "PMID": 100065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4054", "title": "[Characterization of surface molecules of Entamoeba invadens].", "content": "In this paper we studied the externally disposed plasma membrane antigens in Entamoeba invadens using the enzymatic iodination technique. Sodiumdodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of solubilized trophozoite proteins revealed six labeled peaks ranging from 14,000 to 67,000 daltons in gradient slab gels. Over 60 percent of the labeled was in the polypeptide of 67,000 daltons. Concanavalin A binding to these trophozites induced cell surface coat release consituted by three radioactive bands of 67,000, 60,000 and 24,000 daltons. Using an affinity chromatography method with Con A conjugated to Sepharose 4B, trophozoites in culture mixture with these beads during three hours at 22 degree C, released three components that were eluted from immobilized Con A, 67,000, 60,000 and 56,000 daltons revealed in gradient slab gels. In several determinations, the 67,000 daltons glycoprotein consistently was the major surface component, and the most immunogenic as analyzed from rabbits sera immunized with whole cell extracts as well with cell surface coat.", "contents": "[Characterization of surface molecules of Entamoeba invadens]. In this paper we studied the externally disposed plasma membrane antigens in Entamoeba invadens using the enzymatic iodination technique. Sodiumdodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of solubilized trophozoite proteins revealed six labeled peaks ranging from 14,000 to 67,000 daltons in gradient slab gels. Over 60 percent of the labeled was in the polypeptide of 67,000 daltons. Concanavalin A binding to these trophozites induced cell surface coat release consituted by three radioactive bands of 67,000, 60,000 and 24,000 daltons. Using an affinity chromatography method with Con A conjugated to Sepharose 4B, trophozoites in culture mixture with these beads during three hours at 22 degree C, released three components that were eluted from immobilized Con A, 67,000, 60,000 and 56,000 daltons revealed in gradient slab gels. In several determinations, the 67,000 daltons glycoprotein consistently was the major surface component, and the most immunogenic as analyzed from rabbits sera immunized with whole cell extracts as well with cell surface coat.", "PMID": 100067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4055", "title": "Protective immunity and possible autoimmune regulation in amebiasis.", "content": "Hamsters were injected intradermally with axenic trophozoites of a pathogenic strain of Entamoeba histolytica, and controls similarly with culture medium. Localized lesions were produced in all animals injected with amebae. After the lesions healed all the animals were challenged intrahepatically with axenic amebae. Extensive liver abscesses were produced in all the controls, but a small abscess in only one of the vaccinated hamsters. In the protected animals the indirect hemagglutination antibody titers were high (I:512), while in the controls they ranged between 1:32 and 1:128. In the vaccinated hamster with the small abscess the IHA titer was 1:32. To investigate a possibility of autoimmune regulation in amebiasis, sera of hamsters with experimental amebic liver abscesses were acidified and tested by counter-current-immunoeletrophoresis against untreated autologous sera and amebic antigen. In most cases there was a direct correlation between the two titers. With human antisera in autologous systems there was reactivity against anti-amebic IgG antibodies. These experiments showed that autoimmune complexes may be present in cases of hepatic amebiasis. As in chronic hepatitis and some malignancies, it is possible that immune complexes have an immunoregulatory function in amebiasis.", "contents": "Protective immunity and possible autoimmune regulation in amebiasis. Hamsters were injected intradermally with axenic trophozoites of a pathogenic strain of Entamoeba histolytica, and controls similarly with culture medium. Localized lesions were produced in all animals injected with amebae. After the lesions healed all the animals were challenged intrahepatically with axenic amebae. Extensive liver abscesses were produced in all the controls, but a small abscess in only one of the vaccinated hamsters. In the protected animals the indirect hemagglutination antibody titers were high (I:512), while in the controls they ranged between 1:32 and 1:128. In the vaccinated hamster with the small abscess the IHA titer was 1:32. To investigate a possibility of autoimmune regulation in amebiasis, sera of hamsters with experimental amebic liver abscesses were acidified and tested by counter-current-immunoeletrophoresis against untreated autologous sera and amebic antigen. In most cases there was a direct correlation between the two titers. With human antisera in autologous systems there was reactivity against anti-amebic IgG antibodies. These experiments showed that autoimmune complexes may be present in cases of hepatic amebiasis. As in chronic hepatitis and some malignancies, it is possible that immune complexes have an immunoregulatory function in amebiasis.", "PMID": 100068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4056", "title": "[Calicial diverticulum].", "content": "The authors present a series of five cases of calicial diverticuli with important radiological diameters, an entity which is not frequently described in literature. They analyse the symptoms which, because they do not posses characteristics of their own, correspond instead to the clinical picture of their complications. The radiological study is the basis of the diagnosis, when the diverticular cavity is refilled late, when the contrast of the same is drained slowly and when there is a communication with the pelvis or calix, hence the importance of the late plates. The treatment which should be expectant in asymptomatic cases and which leads us to opt for a cystectomy with excision of the epithelial bed and closure of the communication where surgery is indicated.", "contents": "[Calicial diverticulum]. The authors present a series of five cases of calicial diverticuli with important radiological diameters, an entity which is not frequently described in literature. They analyse the symptoms which, because they do not posses characteristics of their own, correspond instead to the clinical picture of their complications. The radiological study is the basis of the diagnosis, when the diverticular cavity is refilled late, when the contrast of the same is drained slowly and when there is a communication with the pelvis or calix, hence the importance of the late plates. The treatment which should be expectant in asymptomatic cases and which leads us to opt for a cystectomy with excision of the epithelial bed and closure of the communication where surgery is indicated.", "PMID": 100064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4057", "title": "Morphology of freeze-etched Treponema refringens (Nichols).", "content": "The freeze-etch technique was used to study the morphology of Treponema refringens (Nichols). There is a single band of cytoplasmic fibrils which follows a path in the form of a right-handed helix with a periodicity of 1500 nm around the body of the treponeme just below the cytoplasmic membrane. There are two major fracture planes, one located in the interior of the outer envelope and the second in the interior of the cytoplasmic membrane. The \"blebs\" or \"surface protuberances\", which are quite prominent in negative-stained preparations, were not evident with freeze-etch preparation, indicating they are not a part of the normal structure of this organism. The outer envelope in untreated cells was observed to closely fit the body of the treponeme, whereas the outer envelope of glutaraldehyde-treated cells had a loose, wrinkled appearance. Thus the \"loose-fitting\" outer envelope generally described for treponemes is most likely an artifact of preparation for negative-staining and thin-sectioning.", "contents": "Morphology of freeze-etched Treponema refringens (Nichols). The freeze-etch technique was used to study the morphology of Treponema refringens (Nichols). There is a single band of cytoplasmic fibrils which follows a path in the form of a right-handed helix with a periodicity of 1500 nm around the body of the treponeme just below the cytoplasmic membrane. There are two major fracture planes, one located in the interior of the outer envelope and the second in the interior of the cytoplasmic membrane. The \"blebs\" or \"surface protuberances\", which are quite prominent in negative-stained preparations, were not evident with freeze-etch preparation, indicating they are not a part of the normal structure of this organism. The outer envelope in untreated cells was observed to closely fit the body of the treponeme, whereas the outer envelope of glutaraldehyde-treated cells had a loose, wrinkled appearance. Thus the \"loose-fitting\" outer envelope generally described for treponemes is most likely an artifact of preparation for negative-staining and thin-sectioning.", "PMID": 100069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4058", "title": "Arginine catabolism in Aphanocapsa 6308.", "content": "The catabolic products of arginine metabolism were observed in Aphanocapsa 6308, a unicellular cyanobacterium, by thin layer chromatography of growth media, by limiting growth conditions, and by enzymatic analysis. Of the organic, nitrogenous compounds examined, only arginine supported growth in CO2-free media. The excretion of ornithine at a concentration level greater than citrulline suggested the existence in Aphanocapsa 6308 of the arginine dihydrolase pathway which produced ornithine, CO2,NH4,+ adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Its existence was confirmed by enzymatic analysis. Although cells could not grow on urea as a sole carbon source a very active urease and subsequently an arginase were also demonstrated, indicating that Aphanocapsa can metabolize arginine via the arginase pathway. The level of enzymes for both pathways indicates a lack of genetic control. It is suggested that the arginase pathway provides only nitrogen for the cells wheras the arginine dihydrolase pathway provides not only nitrogen, but also CO2 and adenosine 5'-triphosphate.", "contents": "Arginine catabolism in Aphanocapsa 6308. The catabolic products of arginine metabolism were observed in Aphanocapsa 6308, a unicellular cyanobacterium, by thin layer chromatography of growth media, by limiting growth conditions, and by enzymatic analysis. Of the organic, nitrogenous compounds examined, only arginine supported growth in CO2-free media. The excretion of ornithine at a concentration level greater than citrulline suggested the existence in Aphanocapsa 6308 of the arginine dihydrolase pathway which produced ornithine, CO2,NH4,+ adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Its existence was confirmed by enzymatic analysis. Although cells could not grow on urea as a sole carbon source a very active urease and subsequently an arginase were also demonstrated, indicating that Aphanocapsa can metabolize arginine via the arginase pathway. The level of enzymes for both pathways indicates a lack of genetic control. It is suggested that the arginase pathway provides only nitrogen for the cells wheras the arginine dihydrolase pathway provides not only nitrogen, but also CO2 and adenosine 5'-triphosphate.", "PMID": 100070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4059", "title": "Uracil incorporation in the forespore and the mother cell during spore development in Bacillus subtilis. Autoradiographic electron microscopic study.", "content": "The transcriptional activity of the two genomes of the sporangium during spore formation was determined by pulse-labeling bacteria with 3H-uracil at different times of sporulation and preparing them for high resolution autoradiography. The quantitative analysis of autoradiographs shows that uracile incorporation in the whole sporangium decreases considerably between stages II and IV. However, the variations of the transcriptional activity are not identical in the mother cell and in the forespore. The one of the mother cell decreases rapidly between stages II and III and then remains stable until the end of stage IV, whereas that of the forespore which is low at stage II increases as the forespore grows ovoid and then quickly diminishes. It is very weak at the beginning of stage IV and negligible at the end of this stage. Pulse-chase experiments made in the presence of rifampine indicate that about 30% of the uracile incorporated is located in stable RNA. This value is found at any stage of sporulation in both cellular compartments whatever their rate of uracile incorporation. A relationship can be made between the nuclear shape and the activity of the genetic material. This confirms observations made by several authors in other bacterial species and other physiological conditions that the condensed shape corresponds to a state of low transcriptional activity whereas the more irregular and dispersed shape corresponds to a state of high activity.", "contents": "Uracil incorporation in the forespore and the mother cell during spore development in Bacillus subtilis. Autoradiographic electron microscopic study. The transcriptional activity of the two genomes of the sporangium during spore formation was determined by pulse-labeling bacteria with 3H-uracil at different times of sporulation and preparing them for high resolution autoradiography. The quantitative analysis of autoradiographs shows that uracile incorporation in the whole sporangium decreases considerably between stages II and IV. However, the variations of the transcriptional activity are not identical in the mother cell and in the forespore. The one of the mother cell decreases rapidly between stages II and III and then remains stable until the end of stage IV, whereas that of the forespore which is low at stage II increases as the forespore grows ovoid and then quickly diminishes. It is very weak at the beginning of stage IV and negligible at the end of this stage. Pulse-chase experiments made in the presence of rifampine indicate that about 30% of the uracile incorporated is located in stable RNA. This value is found at any stage of sporulation in both cellular compartments whatever their rate of uracile incorporation. A relationship can be made between the nuclear shape and the activity of the genetic material. This confirms observations made by several authors in other bacterial species and other physiological conditions that the condensed shape corresponds to a state of low transcriptional activity whereas the more irregular and dispersed shape corresponds to a state of high activity.", "PMID": 100071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4060", "title": "Ultraviolet light-induction and photoreactivation of thymine dimers in a cyanobacterium, Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "Partially photoreactivable mutant of Anacystis nidulans demonstrates partial photorepair of thymine dimers. The wild type which is completely photoreactivable at the conditions studied shows higher level of thymine dimer photolysis.", "contents": "Ultraviolet light-induction and photoreactivation of thymine dimers in a cyanobacterium, Anacystis nidulans. Partially photoreactivable mutant of Anacystis nidulans demonstrates partial photorepair of thymine dimers. The wild type which is completely photoreactivable at the conditions studied shows higher level of thymine dimer photolysis.", "PMID": 100072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4061", "title": "The effect of cycloheximide on Euglena gracilis phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases.", "content": "The effect of cycloheximide on the chloroplastic, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial phenylalanyl-transfer RNA synthetases of Euglena gracilis was studied by growing both logarithmic and stationary phase cultures in the presence of the antibiotic. Enzyme activity was measured relative to untreated control cultures. At very low concentrations of cycloheximide (1 microgram/ml), all three log phase enzymes showed an increase in activity of 40-50%. At slightly higher concentrations (2.5 microgram/ml), the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase activities were comparable to those of the control cultures. At a cycloheximide concentration of 5 microgram/ml the enzyme activities from stationary phase cultures showed only very slight decreases (5-20%). The cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes behaved similarly in log phase cultures at this concentration. However, the chloroplastic phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from log phase cultures treated with 5 microgram/ml cycloheximide showed a marked decrease in activity (70%). A further increase in antibiotic concentration to 10 microgram/ml resulted in significant losses of activity of all three enzymes, from both growth stages. The implications of the data with regard to identification of the site(s) of chloroplast enzyme synthesis are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of cycloheximide on Euglena gracilis phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases. The effect of cycloheximide on the chloroplastic, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial phenylalanyl-transfer RNA synthetases of Euglena gracilis was studied by growing both logarithmic and stationary phase cultures in the presence of the antibiotic. Enzyme activity was measured relative to untreated control cultures. At very low concentrations of cycloheximide (1 microgram/ml), all three log phase enzymes showed an increase in activity of 40-50%. At slightly higher concentrations (2.5 microgram/ml), the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase activities were comparable to those of the control cultures. At a cycloheximide concentration of 5 microgram/ml the enzyme activities from stationary phase cultures showed only very slight decreases (5-20%). The cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes behaved similarly in log phase cultures at this concentration. However, the chloroplastic phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from log phase cultures treated with 5 microgram/ml cycloheximide showed a marked decrease in activity (70%). A further increase in antibiotic concentration to 10 microgram/ml resulted in significant losses of activity of all three enzymes, from both growth stages. The implications of the data with regard to identification of the site(s) of chloroplast enzyme synthesis are discussed.", "PMID": 100073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4062", "title": "Deranged anterior pituitary responsiveness to hypothalamic hormones in depressed patients.", "content": "Abnormal anterior pituitary (AP) responsiveness to acute administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing hormone-follicle stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was investigated in 14 patients (two men and 12 women) suffering from primary affective disorders. In ten, TRH, 500 microgram given intravenously, induced a rise in plasma growth hormone (GH) level, while in eight patients it induced a rise in plasma levels of FSH or LH or both. When LH-RH, 150 microgram was administered intravenously to ten patients, it induced a rise in plasma GH level in one patient and increased plasma prolactin level in three patients. Collectively, in only three of 14 patients was conventional AP responsiveness to hypothalamic neurohormones present. These findings demonstrate the existence of a profound derangement of AP responsiveness to hypothalamic neurohormones in depressed patients and suggest that a primary alteration in the physiologic links between the central nervous system and the AP may be at the origin of the neuroendocrine disturbance.", "contents": "Deranged anterior pituitary responsiveness to hypothalamic hormones in depressed patients. Abnormal anterior pituitary (AP) responsiveness to acute administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing hormone-follicle stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was investigated in 14 patients (two men and 12 women) suffering from primary affective disorders. In ten, TRH, 500 microgram given intravenously, induced a rise in plasma growth hormone (GH) level, while in eight patients it induced a rise in plasma levels of FSH or LH or both. When LH-RH, 150 microgram was administered intravenously to ten patients, it induced a rise in plasma GH level in one patient and increased plasma prolactin level in three patients. Collectively, in only three of 14 patients was conventional AP responsiveness to hypothalamic neurohormones present. These findings demonstrate the existence of a profound derangement of AP responsiveness to hypothalamic neurohormones in depressed patients and suggest that a primary alteration in the physiologic links between the central nervous system and the AP may be at the origin of the neuroendocrine disturbance.", "PMID": 100079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4063", "title": "[Delayed implantation and early developmental defects in the mouse caused by PCB: 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl (author's transl)].", "content": "Pregnant mice administered per os during the days 1--3 (plug day = day 0) post conception (p.c.) with 375 mg 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl/kilograms/day revealed on day 18 p.c. increased number of resorptions and doses up from 500 milligrams/kilograms/day led to a substantial retardation of the prenatal development. Based on the investigations during the early development it is concluded, that retardation of the fetus is caused by a delayed implantation. It is assumed, that increased resorption is due to kyematopathies detected during the periimplantation period.", "contents": "[Delayed implantation and early developmental defects in the mouse caused by PCB: 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl (author's transl)]. Pregnant mice administered per os during the days 1--3 (plug day = day 0) post conception (p.c.) with 375 mg 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl/kilograms/day revealed on day 18 p.c. increased number of resorptions and doses up from 500 milligrams/kilograms/day led to a substantial retardation of the prenatal development. Based on the investigations during the early development it is concluded, that retardation of the fetus is caused by a delayed implantation. It is assumed, that increased resorption is due to kyematopathies detected during the periimplantation period.", "PMID": 100080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4064", "title": "[Statistical study of the relationships between the etiology and clinical picture of cerebral palsy].", "content": "846 children with cerebral palsy were examined and 642 were selected for a statistical study by correspondence analysis. The aim was to identify without any prior assumptions, the relationships between the aetiological factors and the clinical findings. The study was completed by conventional statistical analysis of 584 of the cases. Small birth weight and a history of abnormal pregnancies was associated with a cerebral palsy affecting both legs, and often with a squint. Resuscitation was associated with athetosis and abnormalities of posture and behaviour. If the resuscitation lasted for more than 15 minutes or there were certain problems during delivery, severe abnormalities of both arms and major speech difficulties were observed. Resuscitation for less than 15 minutes or for an unknown time or intractable vomiting during pregnancy was associated with quadraplegia. Hemiplegia was related to post natal events but the aetiology was not always known. Foeto-maternal incompatibility was associated with athetosis, deafness, severe speech problems and ophthalmoplegias.", "contents": "[Statistical study of the relationships between the etiology and clinical picture of cerebral palsy]. 846 children with cerebral palsy were examined and 642 were selected for a statistical study by correspondence analysis. The aim was to identify without any prior assumptions, the relationships between the aetiological factors and the clinical findings. The study was completed by conventional statistical analysis of 584 of the cases. Small birth weight and a history of abnormal pregnancies was associated with a cerebral palsy affecting both legs, and often with a squint. Resuscitation was associated with athetosis and abnormalities of posture and behaviour. If the resuscitation lasted for more than 15 minutes or there were certain problems during delivery, severe abnormalities of both arms and major speech difficulties were observed. Resuscitation for less than 15 minutes or for an unknown time or intractable vomiting during pregnancy was associated with quadraplegia. Hemiplegia was related to post natal events but the aetiology was not always known. Foeto-maternal incompatibility was associated with athetosis, deafness, severe speech problems and ophthalmoplegias.", "PMID": 100077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4065", "title": "[Tracheal diverticulum after surgical correction of esophageal atresia. 2 cases].", "content": "Two newborns with congenital oesophageal atresia (Gross type III) were successfully operated on during the neonatal period. The occurrence, several months later, of chronic cough, associated in one infant with impaired pulmonary ventilation, lead to the discovery of a tracheal diverticulum, on the pathway of the primitive tracheo-esophageal fistula. Surgical excision of the diverticulum was followed by complete recovery.", "contents": "[Tracheal diverticulum after surgical correction of esophageal atresia. 2 cases]. Two newborns with congenital oesophageal atresia (Gross type III) were successfully operated on during the neonatal period. The occurrence, several months later, of chronic cough, associated in one infant with impaired pulmonary ventilation, lead to the discovery of a tracheal diverticulum, on the pathway of the primitive tracheo-esophageal fistula. Surgical excision of the diverticulum was followed by complete recovery.", "PMID": 100078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4066", "title": "Trifluridine in resistant human herpetic keratitis.", "content": "Patients with active dendritic herpetic keratitis that was unresponsive to topical idoxuridine or vidarabine therapy were treated topically with a 1% solution of trifluridine. The dendritic ulcers healed in an average time of 6.1 days. All patients tolerated the drug well except for one patient in whom a reversible crystalline epithelial keratitis developed.", "contents": "Trifluridine in resistant human herpetic keratitis. Patients with active dendritic herpetic keratitis that was unresponsive to topical idoxuridine or vidarabine therapy were treated topically with a 1% solution of trifluridine. The dendritic ulcers healed in an average time of 6.1 days. All patients tolerated the drug well except for one patient in whom a reversible crystalline epithelial keratitis developed.", "PMID": 100084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4067", "title": "Impedance audiometry in the squirrel monkey. Sensorineural losses.", "content": "Acoustic reflex thresholds for pure tones and broad-band noise were measured before and after treatment of nine squirrel monkeys. Experimental sensorineural hearing loss was created in six monkeys by ototoxic drug administration (gentamicin) and in three monkeys by exposure to intense sound. Extent of cochlear damage was assessed histopathologically, in the case of permanent loss induced by the ototoxic agent, and inferred from exposure history, in the case of the reversible loss induced by exposure to intense sound. Posttreatment changes in relationships among acoustic reflex thresholds (noise-tone difference [NTD]) reflected approximate degree of cochlear damage. Serial measurement of changes in the NTD in acoustic reflex thresholds appears to be a worthwhile and useful technique for monitoring sensorineural levels in the squirrel monkey.", "contents": "Impedance audiometry in the squirrel monkey. Sensorineural losses. Acoustic reflex thresholds for pure tones and broad-band noise were measured before and after treatment of nine squirrel monkeys. Experimental sensorineural hearing loss was created in six monkeys by ototoxic drug administration (gentamicin) and in three monkeys by exposure to intense sound. Extent of cochlear damage was assessed histopathologically, in the case of permanent loss induced by the ototoxic agent, and inferred from exposure history, in the case of the reversible loss induced by exposure to intense sound. Posttreatment changes in relationships among acoustic reflex thresholds (noise-tone difference [NTD]) reflected approximate degree of cochlear damage. Serial measurement of changes in the NTD in acoustic reflex thresholds appears to be a worthwhile and useful technique for monitoring sensorineural levels in the squirrel monkey.", "PMID": 100086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4068", "title": "The terminal zone of the external auditory meatus in a variety of mammals.", "content": "Standard texts describe the human tympanic recess as a shallow depression. Khanna and Tonndorf (1975) made silicone rubber casts from the auditory meatus of cats and found the recess to be narrow and deep. Guided by this finding, casts were made from 13 different mammals. At the terminal zone of the auditory meatus, profound variations were found, the consequence of three changing parameters: (1) angle between roof of the canal and tympanic membrane; (2) shape of the isthmus; (3) shape of the recess. For all specimens, values were assigned to each of these variables and a composite graph plotted. A reasonably good correlation was found to exist: the larger the angle, the higher and narrower will be the isthmus and the more narrow and deep the recess. The acoustic implications of these findings will be assessed in a separate study.", "contents": "The terminal zone of the external auditory meatus in a variety of mammals. Standard texts describe the human tympanic recess as a shallow depression. Khanna and Tonndorf (1975) made silicone rubber casts from the auditory meatus of cats and found the recess to be narrow and deep. Guided by this finding, casts were made from 13 different mammals. At the terminal zone of the auditory meatus, profound variations were found, the consequence of three changing parameters: (1) angle between roof of the canal and tympanic membrane; (2) shape of the isthmus; (3) shape of the recess. For all specimens, values were assigned to each of these variables and a composite graph plotted. A reasonably good correlation was found to exist: the larger the angle, the higher and narrower will be the isthmus and the more narrow and deep the recess. The acoustic implications of these findings will be assessed in a separate study.", "PMID": 100087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4069", "title": "A kinetic study of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "The activation kinetics of purified Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase were analysed. The equilibrium constant for activation by CO(2) was 600 micron and that for activation by Mg2+ was 90 micron, and the second-order activation constant for the reaction of CO(2) with inactive enzyme (k+1) was 0.25 X 10(-3)min-1 . micron-1. The latter value was considerably lower than the k+1 for higher-plant enzyme (7 X 10(-3)-10 X 10(-3)min-1 . micron-1). 6-Phosphogluconate had little effect on the active enzyme, and increased the extent of activation of inactive enzyme. Ribulose bisphosphate also increased the extent of activation and did not inhibit the rate of activation. This effect might have been mediated through a reaction product, 2-phosphoglycolic acid, which also stimulated the extent of activation of the enzyme. The active enzyme had a Km (CO2) of 300 micron-CO2, a Km (ribulose bisphosphate) of 11--18 micron-ribulose bisphosphate and a Vmax. of up to 3 mumol/min per mg of protein. These data are discussed in relation to the proposed model for activation and catalysis of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase.", "contents": "A kinetic study of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. The activation kinetics of purified Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase were analysed. The equilibrium constant for activation by CO(2) was 600 micron and that for activation by Mg2+ was 90 micron, and the second-order activation constant for the reaction of CO(2) with inactive enzyme (k+1) was 0.25 X 10(-3)min-1 . micron-1. The latter value was considerably lower than the k+1 for higher-plant enzyme (7 X 10(-3)-10 X 10(-3)min-1 . micron-1). 6-Phosphogluconate had little effect on the active enzyme, and increased the extent of activation of inactive enzyme. Ribulose bisphosphate also increased the extent of activation and did not inhibit the rate of activation. This effect might have been mediated through a reaction product, 2-phosphoglycolic acid, which also stimulated the extent of activation of the enzyme. The active enzyme had a Km (CO2) of 300 micron-CO2, a Km (ribulose bisphosphate) of 11--18 micron-ribulose bisphosphate and a Vmax. of up to 3 mumol/min per mg of protein. These data are discussed in relation to the proposed model for activation and catalysis of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase.", "PMID": 100101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4070", "title": "Comparison of direct and modified direct complement-fixation and agar-gel precipitin methods in detecting chlamydial antibody in wild birds.", "content": "Detection of chlamydial antibody in serums of wild birds was compared for the following methods: direct complement-fixation (DCF), modified DCF (MDCF), and agar-gel precipitin (AGP). The birds species used were great-tailed grackles (Cassidix mexicanus), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), bronzed cowbirds (Tangavius aeneus), and mourning doves (Zenaida macroura). The birds were either inoculated with an isolate of Chlamydia psittaci obtained originally from turkeys or kept as uninoculated cagemates. DCF detected antibody in most inoculated common grackles, mourning doves, and brown-headed cowbirds. It was unreliable, however, for great-tailed grackles and bronzed cowbirds inoculated intramuscularly. MDCF method detected antibody in all inoculated birds except 1 mourning dove, and gave higher titers than did DCF. AGP detected antibody in all inoculated brown-headed cowbirds and all mourning doves, 1 inoculated and 1 exposed great-tailed grackle, and none of the other 2 species. Chlamydiae were apparently transmitted to the uninoculated great-tailed and common grackles and mourning doves, for antibody was detected by all 3 methods in these species kept as uninoculated cagemates.", "contents": "Comparison of direct and modified direct complement-fixation and agar-gel precipitin methods in detecting chlamydial antibody in wild birds. Detection of chlamydial antibody in serums of wild birds was compared for the following methods: direct complement-fixation (DCF), modified DCF (MDCF), and agar-gel precipitin (AGP). The birds species used were great-tailed grackles (Cassidix mexicanus), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), bronzed cowbirds (Tangavius aeneus), and mourning doves (Zenaida macroura). The birds were either inoculated with an isolate of Chlamydia psittaci obtained originally from turkeys or kept as uninoculated cagemates. DCF detected antibody in most inoculated common grackles, mourning doves, and brown-headed cowbirds. It was unreliable, however, for great-tailed grackles and bronzed cowbirds inoculated intramuscularly. MDCF method detected antibody in all inoculated birds except 1 mourning dove, and gave higher titers than did DCF. AGP detected antibody in all inoculated brown-headed cowbirds and all mourning doves, 1 inoculated and 1 exposed great-tailed grackle, and none of the other 2 species. Chlamydiae were apparently transmitted to the uninoculated great-tailed and common grackles and mourning doves, for antibody was detected by all 3 methods in these species kept as uninoculated cagemates.", "PMID": 100098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4071", "title": "Acute toxicity in poults associated with carbaryl insecticide.", "content": "Death of young poults is described as probably due to abuse of carbaryl in turkey pens (14 times the recommended dose). Method of application was not as described by the manufacturer.", "contents": "Acute toxicity in poults associated with carbaryl insecticide. Death of young poults is described as probably due to abuse of carbaryl in turkey pens (14 times the recommended dose). Method of application was not as described by the manufacturer.", "PMID": 100099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4072", "title": "The isolation and partial characterization of the serum lipoproteins and apolipoproteins of the rainbow trout.", "content": "1. VLD (very-low-density), LD (low-density) and HD (high-density) lipoproteins were isolated from the serum of trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). 2. Each lipoprotein class resembled that of the human in immunological reactivity, electrophoretic behaviour and appearance in the electron microscope. Trout LD lipoprotein, however, was of greater density than human LD lipoprotein. 3. The trout lipoproteins have lipid compositions which are similar to those of the corresponding human components, except for their high contents of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. 4. HD and LD lipoproteins were immunologically non-identical, whereas LD lipoproteins possessed antigenic determinants in common with VLD lipoproteins. 5. VLD and HD lipoproteins each contained at least seven different apoproteins, whereas LD liprotein was composed largely of a single apoprotein which resembled human apolipoprotein B. 6. At least one, and possibly three, apoprotein of trout HD lipoprotein showed features which resemble human apoprotein A-1.7. The broad similarity between the trout and human lipoprotein systems suggests that both arose from common ancestral genes early in evolutionary history.", "contents": "The isolation and partial characterization of the serum lipoproteins and apolipoproteins of the rainbow trout. 1. VLD (very-low-density), LD (low-density) and HD (high-density) lipoproteins were isolated from the serum of trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). 2. Each lipoprotein class resembled that of the human in immunological reactivity, electrophoretic behaviour and appearance in the electron microscope. Trout LD lipoprotein, however, was of greater density than human LD lipoprotein. 3. The trout lipoproteins have lipid compositions which are similar to those of the corresponding human components, except for their high contents of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. 4. HD and LD lipoproteins were immunologically non-identical, whereas LD lipoproteins possessed antigenic determinants in common with VLD lipoproteins. 5. VLD and HD lipoproteins each contained at least seven different apoproteins, whereas LD liprotein was composed largely of a single apoprotein which resembled human apolipoprotein B. 6. At least one, and possibly three, apoprotein of trout HD lipoprotein showed features which resemble human apoprotein A-1.7. The broad similarity between the trout and human lipoprotein systems suggests that both arose from common ancestral genes early in evolutionary history.", "PMID": 100102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4073", "title": "Separation of gametocytes of Leucocytozoon smithi from whole peripheral turkey blood.", "content": "A technique that uses a Ficoll density-gradient system was devised for isolating gametocytes of the parasitic blood protozoan Leucocytozoon smithi from whole turkey blood. Turkey blood containing gametocytes was layered onto a 35% solution of Ficoll and centrifuged. A white band, containing gametocytes and leukocytes, was observed just below the Ficoll-plasma interphase, clearly separated from the underlying packed erythrocytes. The gametocyte-leukocyte suspension was then subjected to a second centrifugation on a continuous gradient of Ficoll ranging from 12% at the top of the tube to 35% at the bottom. The second centrifugation separated the white cells containing the gametocytes into 5 distinct layers: 1) thrombocytes; 2) gametocytes of L. smithi; 3) lymphocytes; 4) a band of monocytes; and 5) granulocytes. Recovered gametocytes, stored at 4 C in a sterile balanced salt solution, retained their morphological integrity for a minimum of 4 weeks.", "contents": "Separation of gametocytes of Leucocytozoon smithi from whole peripheral turkey blood. A technique that uses a Ficoll density-gradient system was devised for isolating gametocytes of the parasitic blood protozoan Leucocytozoon smithi from whole turkey blood. Turkey blood containing gametocytes was layered onto a 35% solution of Ficoll and centrifuged. A white band, containing gametocytes and leukocytes, was observed just below the Ficoll-plasma interphase, clearly separated from the underlying packed erythrocytes. The gametocyte-leukocyte suspension was then subjected to a second centrifugation on a continuous gradient of Ficoll ranging from 12% at the top of the tube to 35% at the bottom. The second centrifugation separated the white cells containing the gametocytes into 5 distinct layers: 1) thrombocytes; 2) gametocytes of L. smithi; 3) lymphocytes; 4) a band of monocytes; and 5) granulocytes. Recovered gametocytes, stored at 4 C in a sterile balanced salt solution, retained their morphological integrity for a minimum of 4 weeks.", "PMID": 100100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4074", "title": "Evidence on the conformation of HeLa-cell 5.8S ribosomal ribonucleic acid from the reaction of specific cytidine residues with sodium bisulphite.", "content": "The reaction of HeLa-cell 5.8S rRNA with NaHSO3 under conditions in which exposed cytidine residues are deaminated to uridine was studied. It was possible to estimate the reactivities of most of the 46 cytidine residues in the nucleotide sequence by comparing 'fingerprints' of the bisulphite-treated RNA with those of untreated RNA. The findings were consistent with the main features of the secondary-structure model for mammalian 5.85S rRNA proposed by Nazar, Sitz, & Busch [J. Biol. Chem (1975) 250, 8591--8597]. Five out of six regions that are depicted in the model as single-stranded loops contain cytidine residues that are reactive towards bisulphite at 25 degrees C (the other loop contains no cytidine). The cytidine residue nearest to the 3'-terminus is also reactive. Several cytidines residues that are internally located within proposed double-helical regions show little or no reactivity towards bisulphite, but the cytidine residues of several C.G pairs at the ends of helical regions show some reactivity, and one of the proposed loops appears to contain six nucleotides, rather than the minimum of four suggested by the primary structure. Two cytidine residues that are thought to be 'looped out' by small helix imperfections also show some reactivity.", "contents": "Evidence on the conformation of HeLa-cell 5.8S ribosomal ribonucleic acid from the reaction of specific cytidine residues with sodium bisulphite. The reaction of HeLa-cell 5.8S rRNA with NaHSO3 under conditions in which exposed cytidine residues are deaminated to uridine was studied. It was possible to estimate the reactivities of most of the 46 cytidine residues in the nucleotide sequence by comparing 'fingerprints' of the bisulphite-treated RNA with those of untreated RNA. The findings were consistent with the main features of the secondary-structure model for mammalian 5.85S rRNA proposed by Nazar, Sitz, & Busch [J. Biol. Chem (1975) 250, 8591--8597]. Five out of six regions that are depicted in the model as single-stranded loops contain cytidine residues that are reactive towards bisulphite at 25 degrees C (the other loop contains no cytidine). The cytidine residue nearest to the 3'-terminus is also reactive. Several cytidines residues that are internally located within proposed double-helical regions show little or no reactivity towards bisulphite, but the cytidine residues of several C.G pairs at the ends of helical regions show some reactivity, and one of the proposed loops appears to contain six nucleotides, rather than the minimum of four suggested by the primary structure. Two cytidine residues that are thought to be 'looped out' by small helix imperfections also show some reactivity.", "PMID": 100103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4075", "title": "Studies of the binding of different iron donors to human serum transferrin and isolation of iron-binding fragments from the N- and C-terminal regions of the protein.", "content": "1. Trypsin digestion of human serum transferrin partially saturated with iron(III)-nitrilotriacetate at pH 5.5 or pH 8.5 produces a carbohydrate-containing iron-binding fragment of mol.wt. 43000. 2. When iron(III) citrate, FeCl3, iron (III) ascorabate and (NH4)2SO4,FeSO4 are used as iron donors to saturate the protein partially, at pH8.5, proteolytic digestion yields a fragment of mol.wt. 36000 that lacks carbohydrate. 3. The two fragments differ in their antigenic structures, amino acid compositions and peptide 'maps'. 4. The fragment with mol.wt. 36000 was assigned to the N-terminal region of the protein and the other to the C-terminal region. 5. The distribution of iron in human serum transferrin partially saturated with various iron donors was examined by electrophoresis in urea/polyacrylamide gels and the two possible monoferric forms were unequivocally identified. 6. The site designated A on human serum transferrin [Harris (1977) Biochemistry 16, 560--564] was assigned to the C-terminal region of the protein and the B site to the N-terminal region. 7. The distribution of iron on transferrin in human plasma was determined.", "contents": "Studies of the binding of different iron donors to human serum transferrin and isolation of iron-binding fragments from the N- and C-terminal regions of the protein. 1. Trypsin digestion of human serum transferrin partially saturated with iron(III)-nitrilotriacetate at pH 5.5 or pH 8.5 produces a carbohydrate-containing iron-binding fragment of mol.wt. 43000. 2. When iron(III) citrate, FeCl3, iron (III) ascorabate and (NH4)2SO4,FeSO4 are used as iron donors to saturate the protein partially, at pH8.5, proteolytic digestion yields a fragment of mol.wt. 36000 that lacks carbohydrate. 3. The two fragments differ in their antigenic structures, amino acid compositions and peptide 'maps'. 4. The fragment with mol.wt. 36000 was assigned to the N-terminal region of the protein and the other to the C-terminal region. 5. The distribution of iron in human serum transferrin partially saturated with various iron donors was examined by electrophoresis in urea/polyacrylamide gels and the two possible monoferric forms were unequivocally identified. 6. The site designated A on human serum transferrin [Harris (1977) Biochemistry 16, 560--564] was assigned to the C-terminal region of the protein and the B site to the N-terminal region. 7. The distribution of iron on transferrin in human plasma was determined.", "PMID": 100104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4076", "title": "A protein-glucan intermediate during paramylon synthesis.", "content": "A sodium deoxycholate extract containing glucosyltransferase activity was obtained from a particulate preparation from Euglena gracilis. It transferred glucose from UDP-[14C]glucose into material that was precipitated by trichloroacetic acid. This material released beta-(1 leads to 3)-glucan oligosaccharides into solution on incubation with weak acid, weak alkali and beta-(1 leads to 3)-glucosidase. The products of the incubation of the deoxycholate extract with UDP-[14C]glucose were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Radioactive bands were obtained that had the properties of beta-(1 leads to 3)-glucan covalently linked to protein by a bond labile to weak acid. High-molecular-weight material containing a beta-(1 leads to 3)-glucan was also shown to be present by gel filtration. The bond linking glucan to aglycone is possibly a pyrophosphate linkage. It is proposed that in Euglena gracilis beta-(1 leads to 3)-glucan (paramylon) is synthesized on a protein primer.", "contents": "A protein-glucan intermediate during paramylon synthesis. A sodium deoxycholate extract containing glucosyltransferase activity was obtained from a particulate preparation from Euglena gracilis. It transferred glucose from UDP-[14C]glucose into material that was precipitated by trichloroacetic acid. This material released beta-(1 leads to 3)-glucan oligosaccharides into solution on incubation with weak acid, weak alkali and beta-(1 leads to 3)-glucosidase. The products of the incubation of the deoxycholate extract with UDP-[14C]glucose were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Radioactive bands were obtained that had the properties of beta-(1 leads to 3)-glucan covalently linked to protein by a bond labile to weak acid. High-molecular-weight material containing a beta-(1 leads to 3)-glucan was also shown to be present by gel filtration. The bond linking glucan to aglycone is possibly a pyrophosphate linkage. It is proposed that in Euglena gracilis beta-(1 leads to 3)-glucan (paramylon) is synthesized on a protein primer.", "PMID": 100105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4077", "title": "The effects of digestive enzymes on characteristics of placental insulin receptor. Comparison of particulate and soluble receptor preparations.", "content": "The role of the surrounding membrane structure on the binding characteristics of the insulin receptor was studied by using several digestive enzymes. The effects observed with particulate membrane preparations are compared with those from soluble receptor preparations. beta-Galactosidase and neuraminidase had no effect on insulin binding to either particulate or soluble receptors from human placentae. Exposure to 2 units of phospholipase C/ml increased insulin binding to particulate membranes, but was without effect on the soluble receptor preparation. The increase in binding to particulate membranes was shown to be due to an increase in apparent receptor number. After 5 min exposure to 500 microgram of trypsin/ml there was an increase in insulin binding to the particulate membrane fraction, owing to an increase in receptor affinity. After 15 min exposure to this amount of trypsin, binding decreased, owing to a progressive decrease in receptor availability. In contrast, this concentration of trypsin had no effect on the solubilized receptor preparation. Because of the differential effects of phospholipase C and trypsin on the particulate compared with the solubilized receptor preparations, it is concluded that the effects of these enzymes were due to an effect on the surrounding membrane structure. Changes in receptor configuration due to alterations within the adjoining membrane provide a potential mechanism for mediating short-term alterations in receptor function.", "contents": "The effects of digestive enzymes on characteristics of placental insulin receptor. Comparison of particulate and soluble receptor preparations. The role of the surrounding membrane structure on the binding characteristics of the insulin receptor was studied by using several digestive enzymes. The effects observed with particulate membrane preparations are compared with those from soluble receptor preparations. beta-Galactosidase and neuraminidase had no effect on insulin binding to either particulate or soluble receptors from human placentae. Exposure to 2 units of phospholipase C/ml increased insulin binding to particulate membranes, but was without effect on the soluble receptor preparation. The increase in binding to particulate membranes was shown to be due to an increase in apparent receptor number. After 5 min exposure to 500 microgram of trypsin/ml there was an increase in insulin binding to the particulate membrane fraction, owing to an increase in receptor affinity. After 15 min exposure to this amount of trypsin, binding decreased, owing to a progressive decrease in receptor availability. In contrast, this concentration of trypsin had no effect on the solubilized receptor preparation. Because of the differential effects of phospholipase C and trypsin on the particulate compared with the solubilized receptor preparations, it is concluded that the effects of these enzymes were due to an effect on the surrounding membrane structure. Changes in receptor configuration due to alterations within the adjoining membrane provide a potential mechanism for mediating short-term alterations in receptor function.", "PMID": 100106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4078", "title": "Chrysotherapy. Suppression of immunoglobulin synthesis.", "content": "Forty-four subjects with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis who were on individualized chrysotherapy were observed for changes in serum protein electrophoresis, immunoglobulins, and circulating lymphocyte counts. By paired variate analysis, significant declines from pretreatment values were recorded for the following--electrophoretic protein fractions: gamma, alpha-1, alpha-2, (P less than 0.05); immunoglobulins: IgM--53% (P less than 0.001), IgG--37% (P less than 0.01), IgA--34% (P less than 0.001). Rheumatoid factor decreased in 29 of 39 subjects, 15 becoming seronegative (P less than 0.001); circulating lymphocytes decreased by 27% (P less than 0.001). The maximal suppressive effect on IgG and IgM was not achieved until the third and fourth years of therapy by sustained weekly administration of gold sodium thiomalate (one year cumulative dosage, mean 2106 mg, range 1065-2,885; greater than or equal to 4 year cumulative dosage, mean 8747 mg, range 5,385-15,160 mg). An immunosuppressive effect is suggested by these results.", "contents": "Chrysotherapy. Suppression of immunoglobulin synthesis. Forty-four subjects with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis who were on individualized chrysotherapy were observed for changes in serum protein electrophoresis, immunoglobulins, and circulating lymphocyte counts. By paired variate analysis, significant declines from pretreatment values were recorded for the following--electrophoretic protein fractions: gamma, alpha-1, alpha-2, (P less than 0.05); immunoglobulins: IgM--53% (P less than 0.001), IgG--37% (P less than 0.01), IgA--34% (P less than 0.001). Rheumatoid factor decreased in 29 of 39 subjects, 15 becoming seronegative (P less than 0.001); circulating lymphocytes decreased by 27% (P less than 0.001). The maximal suppressive effect on IgG and IgM was not achieved until the third and fourth years of therapy by sustained weekly administration of gold sodium thiomalate (one year cumulative dosage, mean 2106 mg, range 1065-2,885; greater than or equal to 4 year cumulative dosage, mean 8747 mg, range 5,385-15,160 mg). An immunosuppressive effect is suggested by these results.", "PMID": 100121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4079", "title": "The costs of rheumatoid arthritis. A patient-oriented study of chronic disease costs.", "content": "To detail the cost for one year of a chronic disease, 50 patients with Stage III rheumatoid arthritis were surveyed. Direct medical costs for this group were three times the national average, and 58% of these costs were covered by insurance. Indirect costs due to lost income were at least three times the direct medical costs, and transfer payments covered only 42% of these costs. Fifty-eight percent of the study group also sustained a major psychosocial loss. Uncovered income losses were the greatest economic burden for individuals with chronic rheumatoid arthritis. This striking ratio of indirect to direct medical costs has important implications for medical practice and health policy.", "contents": "The costs of rheumatoid arthritis. A patient-oriented study of chronic disease costs. To detail the cost for one year of a chronic disease, 50 patients with Stage III rheumatoid arthritis were surveyed. Direct medical costs for this group were three times the national average, and 58% of these costs were covered by insurance. Indirect costs due to lost income were at least three times the direct medical costs, and transfer payments covered only 42% of these costs. Fifty-eight percent of the study group also sustained a major psychosocial loss. Uncovered income losses were the greatest economic burden for individuals with chronic rheumatoid arthritis. This striking ratio of indirect to direct medical costs has important implications for medical practice and health policy.", "PMID": 100122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4080", "title": "An assessment of the place of follow-up pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "I n 1971--4 forty-four patients were found to have drug-susceptible tubercle bacilli in their sputum more than one year after a previous positive result. Comparison of their case records with those of 45 controls showed that inadequate chemotherapy was by far the most important cause of relapse. Most patients who have had adequate chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis should be discharged. Patients who have certain risk factors or who have had inadequate or irregular chemotherapy should be followed up indefinitely.", "contents": "An assessment of the place of follow-up pulmonary tuberculosis. I n 1971--4 forty-four patients were found to have drug-susceptible tubercle bacilli in their sputum more than one year after a previous positive result. Comparison of their case records with those of 45 controls showed that inadequate chemotherapy was by far the most important cause of relapse. Most patients who have had adequate chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis should be discharged. Patients who have certain risk factors or who have had inadequate or irregular chemotherapy should be followed up indefinitely.", "PMID": 100128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4081", "title": "BRL10833 in inhibiting exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children.", "content": "A double-blind controlled exercise challenge study has been performed in 16 asthmatic chlidren to show the effectiveness of BRL10833 in inhibiting exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. The children attended the respiratory laboratory on four occasions within the space of two weeks; on each occassion a routine 6-min exercise test was performed. At the first visit no drugs were given before the exercise test and all the children demonstrated abnormal exercise-induced bronchoconstriction as measured by peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). On the other three occasions the children were given sodium cromoglycate, BRL10833 or placebo medications before the exercise test. After sodium cromoglycate administration four children showed complete blocking and four showed partial blocking of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. After BRL10833 four children showed complete blocking and six showed partial blocking of exercise induced bronchoconstriction. Placebo administration produced complete blocking of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in three and partial blocking in two children. The results indicated that BRL10833 was almost as effective as sodium cromoglycate in inhibiting exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and placebo, although less effective than the two preparations, did afford protection from exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in some of the children.", "contents": "BRL10833 in inhibiting exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children. A double-blind controlled exercise challenge study has been performed in 16 asthmatic chlidren to show the effectiveness of BRL10833 in inhibiting exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. The children attended the respiratory laboratory on four occasions within the space of two weeks; on each occassion a routine 6-min exercise test was performed. At the first visit no drugs were given before the exercise test and all the children demonstrated abnormal exercise-induced bronchoconstriction as measured by peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). On the other three occasions the children were given sodium cromoglycate, BRL10833 or placebo medications before the exercise test. After sodium cromoglycate administration four children showed complete blocking and four showed partial blocking of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. After BRL10833 four children showed complete blocking and six showed partial blocking of exercise induced bronchoconstriction. Placebo administration produced complete blocking of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in three and partial blocking in two children. The results indicated that BRL10833 was almost as effective as sodium cromoglycate in inhibiting exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and placebo, although less effective than the two preparations, did afford protection from exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in some of the children.", "PMID": 100129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4082", "title": "Light chain variable region sequence of rabbit antipneumococcal type III polysaccharide antibody 3368.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the amino-terminal 111 residues (variable region) for the light chain of the homogeneous rabbit antipneumococcal type III polysaccharide antibody 3368 was determined. This sequence was obtained principally through automated Edmann degradations of the intact light chain and of peptides generated by tryptic digestion of the citraconylated light chain. With these methods only 2 mumol of purified light chain was required to determine the reported sequence. When compared with the light chains of four other antipneumococcal type III polysaccharide antibodies, the 3368 light chain exhibits a unique sequence in those segments of the variable region that contribute to formation of the antigen binding site (complementarity-determining regions) (10 or 11 residue differences in 12 positions). The 3368 light chain also demonstrates an insertion of three residues relative to the other four light chains in the complementarity-determining region at positions 89 to 98. These five light chains have greater than 80% sequence homology for the portion of the variable region which is not involved in antigen binding (framework).", "contents": "Light chain variable region sequence of rabbit antipneumococcal type III polysaccharide antibody 3368. The amino acid sequence of the amino-terminal 111 residues (variable region) for the light chain of the homogeneous rabbit antipneumococcal type III polysaccharide antibody 3368 was determined. This sequence was obtained principally through automated Edmann degradations of the intact light chain and of peptides generated by tryptic digestion of the citraconylated light chain. With these methods only 2 mumol of purified light chain was required to determine the reported sequence. When compared with the light chains of four other antipneumococcal type III polysaccharide antibodies, the 3368 light chain exhibits a unique sequence in those segments of the variable region that contribute to formation of the antigen binding site (complementarity-determining regions) (10 or 11 residue differences in 12 positions). The 3368 light chain also demonstrates an insertion of three residues relative to the other four light chains in the complementarity-determining region at positions 89 to 98. These five light chains have greater than 80% sequence homology for the portion of the variable region which is not involved in antigen binding (framework).", "PMID": 100133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4083", "title": "Isolation of an active variable-domain fragment from a homogeneous rabbit antibody heavy chain. Physiochemical and immunological properties.", "content": "A fragment corresponding to most of the variable domain of the rabbit heavy chain (VH) was obtained by tryptic digestion of the midly reduced and aminoethylated heavy chain from rabbit antibody 3T72. The domain size peptide was purified by gel filtration and shown to extend between residues 11(Leu) and 122(Lys) of the heavy chain by sequence analysis. The molecular size of the fragment (approximately 11 000) was determined by gel filtration under denaturing conditions. Under nondenaturing conditions (20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5, 0.1 M NaCl), however, the fragment exists as a mixture of monomeric and dimeric species. The varable-domain fragment retains the allotypic determinants of the heavy chain (a1), as shown by double diffusion on agar plates and radioimmunoassay. Upon recombination of the heavy-chain variable-domain fragment with its homologous light chain, partial recovery of specific binding activity toward the SIII polysaccharide antigen was demonstrated. The method reported here is reproducible (with yields varying between 40 and 60%) and may provide a general method for obtaining the variable region of the heavy chain for antigen binding and allotypic and amino acid sequence studies.", "contents": "Isolation of an active variable-domain fragment from a homogeneous rabbit antibody heavy chain. Physiochemical and immunological properties. A fragment corresponding to most of the variable domain of the rabbit heavy chain (VH) was obtained by tryptic digestion of the midly reduced and aminoethylated heavy chain from rabbit antibody 3T72. The domain size peptide was purified by gel filtration and shown to extend between residues 11(Leu) and 122(Lys) of the heavy chain by sequence analysis. The molecular size of the fragment (approximately 11 000) was determined by gel filtration under denaturing conditions. Under nondenaturing conditions (20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5, 0.1 M NaCl), however, the fragment exists as a mixture of monomeric and dimeric species. The varable-domain fragment retains the allotypic determinants of the heavy chain (a1), as shown by double diffusion on agar plates and radioimmunoassay. Upon recombination of the heavy-chain variable-domain fragment with its homologous light chain, partial recovery of specific binding activity toward the SIII polysaccharide antigen was demonstrated. The method reported here is reproducible (with yields varying between 40 and 60%) and may provide a general method for obtaining the variable region of the heavy chain for antigen binding and allotypic and amino acid sequence studies.", "PMID": 100137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4084", "title": "Addition of poly(adenylic acid) to RNA using polynucleotide phosphorylase: an improved method for electron microscopic visualization of RNA-DNA hybrids.", "content": "We have observed that the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylas from M. luteus or from E. coli will polymerize adenosine (A) from adenosine diphosphate onto 3' ends of RNA molecules. For gene mapping, the poly(A)-tailed RNA is hybridized to its complementary sequence on a longer DNA strand. The position of the poly(A)tail, and thus the position of the 3' end of the RNA on the DNA strand, can then be observed by electron microscopy. Our preferred mapping technique involves the synthesis of a poly(A)-specific label by polymerization of a poly(dBrU) tail onto one or both ends of a linear duplex DNA of defined length (a restriction fragment) and hybridization of this label to the poly(A) tail. In test experiments with a plasmid containing a Drosophila DNA sequence coding for 5S rRNA genes, overall labeling efficiencies of 70--80% were achieved.", "contents": "Addition of poly(adenylic acid) to RNA using polynucleotide phosphorylase: an improved method for electron microscopic visualization of RNA-DNA hybrids. We have observed that the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylas from M. luteus or from E. coli will polymerize adenosine (A) from adenosine diphosphate onto 3' ends of RNA molecules. For gene mapping, the poly(A)-tailed RNA is hybridized to its complementary sequence on a longer DNA strand. The position of the poly(A)tail, and thus the position of the 3' end of the RNA on the DNA strand, can then be observed by electron microscopy. Our preferred mapping technique involves the synthesis of a poly(A)-specific label by polymerization of a poly(dBrU) tail onto one or both ends of a linear duplex DNA of defined length (a restriction fragment) and hybridization of this label to the poly(A) tail. In test experiments with a plasmid containing a Drosophila DNA sequence coding for 5S rRNA genes, overall labeling efficiencies of 70--80% were achieved.", "PMID": 100138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4085", "title": "Application of a new surface labeling reagent, EDTA derivative, on erythrocytes and platelets.", "content": "The modes of binding of a new class of impermeant metal-chelating probe, the complex of 111In3+ to 1-(p-benzenediazonium) ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (azo-phenyl-EDTA), to human and rabbit erythrocyte membranes and the effect of binding on the function of rabbit platelets have been studied. The metal chelate, azo-phenyl-EDTA.[111In3+] bound covalently to membrane proteins following reaction with intact erythrocytes. The amount and the pattern of labeling was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide disc and slab gels for radioactivity. The pattern of labeling of intact human erythrocytes by azo-phenyl-EDTA.[111In3+], by pyridoxal phosphate-NaB3H7 and by galactose oxidase-NaB3H4 was also compared. The following results were obtained: (a) The pattern of labeling of intact human erythrocyte by azo-phenyl-EDTA.[111In3+] differed from other commonly used probes for labeling external membrane surfaces. Five polypeptides were labeled by the metal chelates. In addition to the known major proteins (protein band III, PAS-1, PAS-2 and PAS-3 of Fairbanks et al. (1972) Biochemistry 10, 2606--2617) a protein (radioactive band 4) which migrated slightly slower than PAS-3 in SDS gel was labeled heavily by the metal chelate. This protein has an apparent molecular weight of 37,500 in 8.4% acrylamide-SDS gel. About 40% of bound radioactivity was found in this protein. The diazo linkage of the metal chelate to this protein was found to be especially unstable to heat. (b) In rabbit erythrocyte membranes, the metal chelate bound to three polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 96,000, 43,000 and 33,000 in 8.4% acrylamide gel. They are probably glycoproteins in nature. (c) The binding of the probe to platelets did not affect the platelet aggregability induced by adenosine diphoshpate. In vivo studies indicated that the labeled platelets accumulated at the plague of atherosclerotic rabbits. (d) The bifunctional analog of EDTA may permit new applications of metals with useful physical properties for studies of cell membranes.", "contents": "Application of a new surface labeling reagent, EDTA derivative, on erythrocytes and platelets. The modes of binding of a new class of impermeant metal-chelating probe, the complex of 111In3+ to 1-(p-benzenediazonium) ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (azo-phenyl-EDTA), to human and rabbit erythrocyte membranes and the effect of binding on the function of rabbit platelets have been studied. The metal chelate, azo-phenyl-EDTA.[111In3+] bound covalently to membrane proteins following reaction with intact erythrocytes. The amount and the pattern of labeling was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide disc and slab gels for radioactivity. The pattern of labeling of intact human erythrocytes by azo-phenyl-EDTA.[111In3+], by pyridoxal phosphate-NaB3H7 and by galactose oxidase-NaB3H4 was also compared. The following results were obtained: (a) The pattern of labeling of intact human erythrocyte by azo-phenyl-EDTA.[111In3+] differed from other commonly used probes for labeling external membrane surfaces. Five polypeptides were labeled by the metal chelates. In addition to the known major proteins (protein band III, PAS-1, PAS-2 and PAS-3 of Fairbanks et al. (1972) Biochemistry 10, 2606--2617) a protein (radioactive band 4) which migrated slightly slower than PAS-3 in SDS gel was labeled heavily by the metal chelate. This protein has an apparent molecular weight of 37,500 in 8.4% acrylamide-SDS gel. About 40% of bound radioactivity was found in this protein. The diazo linkage of the metal chelate to this protein was found to be especially unstable to heat. (b) In rabbit erythrocyte membranes, the metal chelate bound to three polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 96,000, 43,000 and 33,000 in 8.4% acrylamide gel. They are probably glycoproteins in nature. (c) The binding of the probe to platelets did not affect the platelet aggregability induced by adenosine diphoshpate. In vivo studies indicated that the labeled platelets accumulated at the plague of atherosclerotic rabbits. (d) The bifunctional analog of EDTA may permit new applications of metals with useful physical properties for studies of cell membranes.", "PMID": 100139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4086", "title": "DNA synthesis in toluene-treated bacteriophage-infected minicells or Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Bateriophage (phi29, SPP1, or SPO1)-infected, toluene-treated minicells of Bacillus subtilis are capable of limited amounts of non-replicative DNA synthesis as measured by incorporation of [3H]dTTP into a trichloroacetic acid-precipitable form. The [3H]dTTP is covalently incorporated into small DNA fragments which result from the degradation of a small percentage of the infecting phage genomes (molecular weights in the range of 2 . 10(5)). Short exposure of the DNA molecules containing the incorporated [3H]dTMP to Escherichia coli exonuclease III results in over 90% of the E13H]dTMP being converted to a trichloroacetic acid-soluble form. The synthesis is totally dependent on host-cell enzymes and is not inhibited by the addition of chloramphenicol, rifampicin, nalidixic acid and mitomycin C and only slightly (approx. 20%) inhibited by the addition of 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in toluene-treated bacteriophage-infected minicells or Bacillus subtilis. Bateriophage (phi29, SPP1, or SPO1)-infected, toluene-treated minicells of Bacillus subtilis are capable of limited amounts of non-replicative DNA synthesis as measured by incorporation of [3H]dTTP into a trichloroacetic acid-precipitable form. The [3H]dTTP is covalently incorporated into small DNA fragments which result from the degradation of a small percentage of the infecting phage genomes (molecular weights in the range of 2 . 10(5)). Short exposure of the DNA molecules containing the incorporated [3H]dTMP to Escherichia coli exonuclease III results in over 90% of the E13H]dTMP being converted to a trichloroacetic acid-soluble form. The synthesis is totally dependent on host-cell enzymes and is not inhibited by the addition of chloramphenicol, rifampicin, nalidixic acid and mitomycin C and only slightly (approx. 20%) inhibited by the addition of 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil.", "PMID": 100140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4087", "title": "Development of glycogen and phospholipid metabolism in fetal and newborn rat lung.", "content": "Glucose, a major metabolic substrate for the mammalian fetus, probably makes significant contributions to surface active phospholipid synthesis in adult lung. We examined the developmental patterns of glycogen content, glycogen synthase activity, glycogen phosphorylase activity and glucose oxidation in fetal and newborn rat lung. These patterns were correlated with the development of phosphatidylcholine synthesis, content and the activities of enzymes involved in phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Fetal lung glycogen concentration increased until day 20 of gestation (term is 22 days) after which it declined to low levels. Activity of both glycogen synthase I and total glycogen synthase (I + D) in fetal lung increased late in gestation. Increased lung glycogen concentration preceded changes in enzyme activity. Glycogen phosphorylase a and total glycogen phosphorylase (a + b) activity in fetal lung increased during the period of prenatal glycogen depletion. The activity of the pentose phosphate pathway, as measured by the ratio of CO2 derived from oxidation of C1 and C6 of glucose, declined after birth. Fetal lung total phospholipid, phosphatidycholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine content increased by 60, 90 and 180%, respectively, between day 19 of gestation and the first postnatal day. Incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine increased 10-fold during this time. No changes in phosphatidylcholine enzyme activities were noted during gestation, but both choline phosphate cytidylyltransferase and phosphatidate phosphatase activity increased after birth. The possible contributions of carbohydrate derived from fetal lung glycogen to phospholipid synthesis are discussed.", "contents": "Development of glycogen and phospholipid metabolism in fetal and newborn rat lung. Glucose, a major metabolic substrate for the mammalian fetus, probably makes significant contributions to surface active phospholipid synthesis in adult lung. We examined the developmental patterns of glycogen content, glycogen synthase activity, glycogen phosphorylase activity and glucose oxidation in fetal and newborn rat lung. These patterns were correlated with the development of phosphatidylcholine synthesis, content and the activities of enzymes involved in phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Fetal lung glycogen concentration increased until day 20 of gestation (term is 22 days) after which it declined to low levels. Activity of both glycogen synthase I and total glycogen synthase (I + D) in fetal lung increased late in gestation. Increased lung glycogen concentration preceded changes in enzyme activity. Glycogen phosphorylase a and total glycogen phosphorylase (a + b) activity in fetal lung increased during the period of prenatal glycogen depletion. The activity of the pentose phosphate pathway, as measured by the ratio of CO2 derived from oxidation of C1 and C6 of glucose, declined after birth. Fetal lung total phospholipid, phosphatidycholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine content increased by 60, 90 and 180%, respectively, between day 19 of gestation and the first postnatal day. Incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine increased 10-fold during this time. No changes in phosphatidylcholine enzyme activities were noted during gestation, but both choline phosphate cytidylyltransferase and phosphatidate phosphatase activity increased after birth. The possible contributions of carbohydrate derived from fetal lung glycogen to phospholipid synthesis are discussed.", "PMID": 100141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4088", "title": "Crystallization and positional specificity of hydroperoxidation of Fusarium lipoxygenase.", "content": "A lipoxygenase obtained from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum was purified and crystallized. Using the purified enzyme, the positional specificity of linoleate peroxidation was studied. Linoleate hydroperoxides were converted into the corresponding trimethylsilyl derivative by reduction, catalytic hydrogenation and treatment with hexamethyldisilazane/trimethylchlorosilane/pyridine and then analyzed by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fusarium lipoxygenase was found to produce 9- or 13-hydroperoxy-octadecadienoates from linoleate. The ratio of 9- to 13-hydroperoxides produced by the enzyme was also determined by high performance liquid chromatography of their methyl esters. When the enzymic reaction proceeded at pH 9.0 and 12.0, the ratio of 9- to 13-hydroperoxide isomers was 70 : 30 and 56 : 44, respectively. With the use of the heavy isotope of oxygen (18O2), atoms of oxygen introduced into hydroperoxides were found to be derived from the gaseous phase and not from the aqueous phase.", "contents": "Crystallization and positional specificity of hydroperoxidation of Fusarium lipoxygenase. A lipoxygenase obtained from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum was purified and crystallized. Using the purified enzyme, the positional specificity of linoleate peroxidation was studied. Linoleate hydroperoxides were converted into the corresponding trimethylsilyl derivative by reduction, catalytic hydrogenation and treatment with hexamethyldisilazane/trimethylchlorosilane/pyridine and then analyzed by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fusarium lipoxygenase was found to produce 9- or 13-hydroperoxy-octadecadienoates from linoleate. The ratio of 9- to 13-hydroperoxides produced by the enzyme was also determined by high performance liquid chromatography of their methyl esters. When the enzymic reaction proceeded at pH 9.0 and 12.0, the ratio of 9- to 13-hydroperoxide isomers was 70 : 30 and 56 : 44, respectively. With the use of the heavy isotope of oxygen (18O2), atoms of oxygen introduced into hydroperoxides were found to be derived from the gaseous phase and not from the aqueous phase.", "PMID": 100142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4089", "title": "Kinetics of formation and dissociation of metallocarboxypeptidases.", "content": "The rates of formation of a number of metallocarboxypeptidases from metal ions and bovine apocarboxypeptidase A (CPA) have been measured directly and by a competitive method. Rates were determined with pH = 6-8 by utilising the pH change attending metal-ion incorporation, employing indicator and stopped-flow. Second-order rate constants Kf, M-1 s-1 at 25 degrees C, I = 1 M NaCl, pH = 7, Tris = 25 micrometer) were 1.7 X 10(5) (Mn2+), 3 X 10(4) (Co2+), 5 X 10(3) (Ni2+), 7 X 10(5) Zn2+), and 9 X 10(5) (Cd2+). Relative incorporation rate constants were determined at 25 degrees, pH = 7.0, Tris = 0.1 M, by competing two metal ions for a deficiency of apoprotein and analyzing the products by differential enzyme activity. Agreement between the two methods was reasonable. Rate constants for dissociation of CoCPA, NiCPA, and ZnCPA were measured by loss of enzyme activity on addition of the metal ion scavenger EDTA. Values of kd at 25 degrees, I = 1.0 M NaCl, pH = 7.0 were 8 X 10(-3), 3 X 10(-5), and 4 X 10(-4) s(-1), respectively. Values of K obtained kinetically (kf/kd) were in good agreement with those determined by activity measurements of equilibrated solutions. Results are compared with those of bovine apocarbonic anhydrase, where generally significantly slower rates are encountered.", "contents": "Kinetics of formation and dissociation of metallocarboxypeptidases. The rates of formation of a number of metallocarboxypeptidases from metal ions and bovine apocarboxypeptidase A (CPA) have been measured directly and by a competitive method. Rates were determined with pH = 6-8 by utilising the pH change attending metal-ion incorporation, employing indicator and stopped-flow. Second-order rate constants Kf, M-1 s-1 at 25 degrees C, I = 1 M NaCl, pH = 7, Tris = 25 micrometer) were 1.7 X 10(5) (Mn2+), 3 X 10(4) (Co2+), 5 X 10(3) (Ni2+), 7 X 10(5) Zn2+), and 9 X 10(5) (Cd2+). Relative incorporation rate constants were determined at 25 degrees, pH = 7.0, Tris = 0.1 M, by competing two metal ions for a deficiency of apoprotein and analyzing the products by differential enzyme activity. Agreement between the two methods was reasonable. Rate constants for dissociation of CoCPA, NiCPA, and ZnCPA were measured by loss of enzyme activity on addition of the metal ion scavenger EDTA. Values of kd at 25 degrees, I = 1.0 M NaCl, pH = 7.0 were 8 X 10(-3), 3 X 10(-5), and 4 X 10(-4) s(-1), respectively. Values of K obtained kinetically (kf/kd) were in good agreement with those determined by activity measurements of equilibrated solutions. Results are compared with those of bovine apocarbonic anhydrase, where generally significantly slower rates are encountered.", "PMID": 100144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4090", "title": "Binding affinity of bicarboxylate ions for cobalt (II) bovine carbonic anhydrase.", "content": "The affinity of bicarboxylate ions (from oxalate to glutarate) for cobalt (II) bovine carbonic anhydrase has been investigated and compared with that of acetate and propionate. The oxalate ion shows a much greater affinity for the enzyme than acetate, whereas the other bicarboxylate ions have very little tendency to bind the enzyme. In every case, and particularly for the oxalate, the apparent affinity constants dramatically increase with decreasing pH. On the basis of the electronic spectra a five-coordinate structure is proposed for all of the above derivatives. Carbon-13 NMR data have been discussed in terms of the oxalate ion chelating the metal ion and/or interacting with the wall of the active cavity.", "contents": "Binding affinity of bicarboxylate ions for cobalt (II) bovine carbonic anhydrase. The affinity of bicarboxylate ions (from oxalate to glutarate) for cobalt (II) bovine carbonic anhydrase has been investigated and compared with that of acetate and propionate. The oxalate ion shows a much greater affinity for the enzyme than acetate, whereas the other bicarboxylate ions have very little tendency to bind the enzyme. In every case, and particularly for the oxalate, the apparent affinity constants dramatically increase with decreasing pH. On the basis of the electronic spectra a five-coordinate structure is proposed for all of the above derivatives. Carbon-13 NMR data have been discussed in terms of the oxalate ion chelating the metal ion and/or interacting with the wall of the active cavity.", "PMID": 100145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4091", "title": "An immunological determination of specific activities of enzymes: its use in quantification of cross reactivity between enzymes of different origins.", "content": "An immunological method is presented which enables the determination of the specific activity of a pure enzyme without its extensive purification. The method consists essentially in the specific fixation of immunologically related enzymes to an immunoadsorbent containing specific antibodies raised against the wild-type form of the enzyme. We applied this method to determine the specific activity of plasmid-coded beta-galactosidases and to quantify the extent of cross-reaction between these enzymes and Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase.", "contents": "An immunological determination of specific activities of enzymes: its use in quantification of cross reactivity between enzymes of different origins. An immunological method is presented which enables the determination of the specific activity of a pure enzyme without its extensive purification. The method consists essentially in the specific fixation of immunologically related enzymes to an immunoadsorbent containing specific antibodies raised against the wild-type form of the enzyme. We applied this method to determine the specific activity of plasmid-coded beta-galactosidases and to quantify the extent of cross-reaction between these enzymes and Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase.", "PMID": 100146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4092", "title": "[Carbonic anhydrases of bovine erythrocytes: comparative study of the anhydrase and esterase activity of different forms].", "content": "Comparative study of esterase activities (p- and o-nitrophenylacetate) allowed to characterize three groups of bovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases:--the first one includes CI, CII (isozyme of CI) and CIr (\"artificial\" product of CI).--the second one includes native CIv1 and \"artificial\" CIv1, first conformational variants of CI,--finally CIv2, second \"artificial\" conformational variant of CI. Possible modifications of the enzyme site between the first and the other enzyme groups are discussed. Except CIv2 of lower activity, all the products have identical carbonic anhydrase activity. The catalytic constants Km ap and kcat ap for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate have been determined for all enzymes; this study confirms the lower activity of CIv2.", "contents": "[Carbonic anhydrases of bovine erythrocytes: comparative study of the anhydrase and esterase activity of different forms]. Comparative study of esterase activities (p- and o-nitrophenylacetate) allowed to characterize three groups of bovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases:--the first one includes CI, CII (isozyme of CI) and CIr (\"artificial\" product of CI).--the second one includes native CIv1 and \"artificial\" CIv1, first conformational variants of CI,--finally CIv2, second \"artificial\" conformational variant of CI. Possible modifications of the enzyme site between the first and the other enzyme groups are discussed. Except CIv2 of lower activity, all the products have identical carbonic anhydrase activity. The catalytic constants Km ap and kcat ap for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate have been determined for all enzymes; this study confirms the lower activity of CIv2.", "PMID": 100147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4093", "title": "[Picosecond energy transfer between the spectral forms of pigments from the reaction center of Rhodospirillum rubrum].", "content": "Absorption changes of reaction centers from Rhodospirillum rubrum at 748, 796 and 870 nm induced by 532 and 870 nm picosecond light pulses were investigated with a picosecond spectrometer. Kinetics of absorption changes at 748 and 796 had an additional bleaching when induced by the 532 nm pulse, in comparison with those at 870 nm. The additional bleaching was interpreted as a result of the excitation energy transfer via spectral forms of pigments of reaction centers. The experimental results fit the mathematical simulation of the additional bleaching for the following set of rate constant values: intrinsic conversion to the lowest excited singlet state in bacteriopheophytine molecule--10(13) s-1, energy transfer from bacteriopheophytine to P800 3.10(12) s-1, from P800 to P870--2.10(12) s-1.", "contents": "[Picosecond energy transfer between the spectral forms of pigments from the reaction center of Rhodospirillum rubrum]. Absorption changes of reaction centers from Rhodospirillum rubrum at 748, 796 and 870 nm induced by 532 and 870 nm picosecond light pulses were investigated with a picosecond spectrometer. Kinetics of absorption changes at 748 and 796 had an additional bleaching when induced by the 532 nm pulse, in comparison with those at 870 nm. The additional bleaching was interpreted as a result of the excitation energy transfer via spectral forms of pigments of reaction centers. The experimental results fit the mathematical simulation of the additional bleaching for the following set of rate constant values: intrinsic conversion to the lowest excited singlet state in bacteriopheophytine molecule--10(13) s-1, energy transfer from bacteriopheophytine to P800 3.10(12) s-1, from P800 to P870--2.10(12) s-1.", "PMID": 100143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4094", "title": "[Redox processes in allergic reactions of the delayed type to microbial antigens].", "content": "The influence of common allergic response of delayed type to brucellosis antigen on the processes of glycolysis and dehydrogenase activity of Krebs' cycle in guinea pigs' blood and organs was studied. Along with inhibitory activity of four dehydrogenases investigated there was a depression of the glucolysis processes connected with reduction of the lactate, pyruvate content, and with depression of the LDH activity. An increase of the anaerobic fractions and lowering of aerobic fractions content and of the spectrum excess was seen in the isoenzyme LDH spectrum.", "contents": "[Redox processes in allergic reactions of the delayed type to microbial antigens]. The influence of common allergic response of delayed type to brucellosis antigen on the processes of glycolysis and dehydrogenase activity of Krebs' cycle in guinea pigs' blood and organs was studied. Along with inhibitory activity of four dehydrogenases investigated there was a depression of the glucolysis processes connected with reduction of the lactate, pyruvate content, and with depression of the LDH activity. An increase of the anaerobic fractions and lowering of aerobic fractions content and of the spectrum excess was seen in the isoenzyme LDH spectrum.", "PMID": 100150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4095", "title": "Linkage and gene localization of hereditary spherocytosis (HS).", "content": "Fifteen kindreds with dominant hereditary spherocytosis (HS) were studied. Expansion of the data from a family with an 8/12 translocation provided further evidence that at least one locus for HS is located near the breakpoint of the translocation. Linkage analysis of all families showed a lack of linkage with all marker loci studied except for Gm (IgG). Linkage between Gm and HS was shown to be significant with a maximum lod score of 3.42 at a recombination fraction of 22%. No heterogeneity of the recombination fraction was observed either between sexes or between families. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that HS is not a heterogeneous disorder.", "contents": "Linkage and gene localization of hereditary spherocytosis (HS). Fifteen kindreds with dominant hereditary spherocytosis (HS) were studied. Expansion of the data from a family with an 8/12 translocation provided further evidence that at least one locus for HS is located near the breakpoint of the translocation. Linkage analysis of all families showed a lack of linkage with all marker loci studied except for Gm (IgG). Linkage between Gm and HS was shown to be significant with a maximum lod score of 3.42 at a recombination fraction of 22%. No heterogeneity of the recombination fraction was observed either between sexes or between families. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that HS is not a heterogeneous disorder.", "PMID": 100151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4096", "title": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).", "content": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), the enzyme schematically next to adenosine deaminase in the purine salvage pathway, has been demonstrated cytochemically in peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy subjects and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. The enzyme activity is confined to the cytosol. In healthy subjects the majority of lymphocytes are strongly reactive for PNP, whereas the rest are devoid of cytochemically demonstrable activity. The percentage of PNP-positive cells largely corresponds to the number of E rosette-forming cells and is inversely proportional to the number of Ig-bearing cells. In six of seven CLL patients studied only a minor percentage of the lymphocytes showed strong PNP activity, whereas the large majority (88%--98%) possessed trace activity. Such patients have a high number of Ig-bearing cells and a low number of E rosette-forming cells. A different pattern of markers was found in the lymphocytes of the seventh CLL patient: 66% were strongly reactive for PNP, an important number formed E rosettes, and a minor percentage were Ig bearing. These data indicate that PNP can be useful as a \"nonmembrane\" marker in the differentiation of the B and T cell origin in CLL and deserves to be studied in other lymphoproliferative disorders.", "contents": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), the enzyme schematically next to adenosine deaminase in the purine salvage pathway, has been demonstrated cytochemically in peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy subjects and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. The enzyme activity is confined to the cytosol. In healthy subjects the majority of lymphocytes are strongly reactive for PNP, whereas the rest are devoid of cytochemically demonstrable activity. The percentage of PNP-positive cells largely corresponds to the number of E rosette-forming cells and is inversely proportional to the number of Ig-bearing cells. In six of seven CLL patients studied only a minor percentage of the lymphocytes showed strong PNP activity, whereas the large majority (88%--98%) possessed trace activity. Such patients have a high number of Ig-bearing cells and a low number of E rosette-forming cells. A different pattern of markers was found in the lymphocytes of the seventh CLL patient: 66% were strongly reactive for PNP, an important number formed E rosettes, and a minor percentage were Ig bearing. These data indicate that PNP can be useful as a \"nonmembrane\" marker in the differentiation of the B and T cell origin in CLL and deserves to be studied in other lymphoproliferative disorders.", "PMID": 100152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4097", "title": "[Solitary secreting plasmocytoma in a femoral localization in a young man (author's transl)].", "content": "A pathological fracture in 20-year-old man led to the discovery of a right femoral plasmocytoma. Immunoelectrophoresis revealed the existence of a monoclonal Kappa IgG. After tumour reduction by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, surgical excision was possible with the insertion of a reconstructive prosthesus. Functional recovery was complete. The dysglobulinaemia completely disappeared and, with a two year follow-up, no dissemination of the plasmocytoma has been found.", "contents": "[Solitary secreting plasmocytoma in a femoral localization in a young man (author's transl)]. A pathological fracture in 20-year-old man led to the discovery of a right femoral plasmocytoma. Immunoelectrophoresis revealed the existence of a monoclonal Kappa IgG. After tumour reduction by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, surgical excision was possible with the insertion of a reconstructive prosthesus. Functional recovery was complete. The dysglobulinaemia completely disappeared and, with a two year follow-up, no dissemination of the plasmocytoma has been found.", "PMID": 100153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4098", "title": "Control of cell multiplication: preparation and immunological comparison of inhibitory factors in the homogenate and perfusate of the adult rat liver.", "content": "The control of organ cell multiplication by a negative feed-back mechanism implies that factors of the inhibitory mechanism are present in the blood and are produced by the target organ itself. We have examined the inhibitors which are present in the cytosol of adult rat liver as well as in efferent fluid from an isolated perfused organ. These two materials yielded predominantly protein molecules having in common a molecular weight of approximately 80 000 daltons and an isoelectric point between pH 8 and 9. They inhibit both the multiplication of LF hepatoma cells in vitro and the DNA synthesis in the remnant liver following partial hepatectomy in rats. The inhibitors were compared immunologically. When antibodies against the cytosol inhibitor were tested with the Ouchterlong technique against either the original antigen or the inhibitory fraction isolated from the perfusion effluent, a common precipitation line appeared. The inhibitory activity of both the cytosol and the perfusate was neutralized by prior incubation with anti-cytosol antibodies. These results, which strongly suggest a common inhibitor in the cytosol and the perfusate, strongly support the hypothesis of a feed-back mechanism for the control of liver cell proliferation.", "contents": "Control of cell multiplication: preparation and immunological comparison of inhibitory factors in the homogenate and perfusate of the adult rat liver. The control of organ cell multiplication by a negative feed-back mechanism implies that factors of the inhibitory mechanism are present in the blood and are produced by the target organ itself. We have examined the inhibitors which are present in the cytosol of adult rat liver as well as in efferent fluid from an isolated perfused organ. These two materials yielded predominantly protein molecules having in common a molecular weight of approximately 80 000 daltons and an isoelectric point between pH 8 and 9. They inhibit both the multiplication of LF hepatoma cells in vitro and the DNA synthesis in the remnant liver following partial hepatectomy in rats. The inhibitors were compared immunologically. When antibodies against the cytosol inhibitor were tested with the Ouchterlong technique against either the original antigen or the inhibitory fraction isolated from the perfusion effluent, a common precipitation line appeared. The inhibitory activity of both the cytosol and the perfusate was neutralized by prior incubation with anti-cytosol antibodies. These results, which strongly suggest a common inhibitor in the cytosol and the perfusate, strongly support the hypothesis of a feed-back mechanism for the control of liver cell proliferation.", "PMID": 100149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4099", "title": "Influence of dietary calcium selenium and methylmercury on eggshell thickness in Japanese quail.", "content": "A high Ca, semi-purified diet promoted greater egg production with thicker shells in Japanese quail hens. 7 ppm of dietary Se depressed egg weights with no effect on eggshell thickness. The addition of 20 ppm of MHg to either a low or high Ca diet containing Se depressed both egg production and eggshell thickness. Se residues of liver, kidney, and brain in Se-MHg fed quail were significantly higher than in Se treated quail, probably reflecting the ability of Se to bind with Hg. CA, an enzyme required for the formation of the carbonate radical of Ca carbonate in eggshells, was not reduced in the Se-MHg treated Japanese quail hens' blood or oviducts.", "contents": "Influence of dietary calcium selenium and methylmercury on eggshell thickness in Japanese quail. A high Ca, semi-purified diet promoted greater egg production with thicker shells in Japanese quail hens. 7 ppm of dietary Se depressed egg weights with no effect on eggshell thickness. The addition of 20 ppm of MHg to either a low or high Ca diet containing Se depressed both egg production and eggshell thickness. Se residues of liver, kidney, and brain in Se-MHg fed quail were significantly higher than in Se treated quail, probably reflecting the ability of Se to bind with Hg. CA, an enzyme required for the formation of the carbonate radical of Ca carbonate in eggshells, was not reduced in the Se-MHg treated Japanese quail hens' blood or oviducts.", "PMID": 100155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4100", "title": "Histopathology and histochemistry of the insects treated with chemosterilants VI: brain damage including reduced neurosecretion caused by chemosterilants in Periplaneta americana (L).", "content": "The brain is damaged and neurosecretion is reduced in the P. americana treated with chemosterilants thio-tepa and bis (dimethylamino) dithiazolium chloride. The damage includes, separation of neurolemma, vacuolisation and chromatolysis in the nuclei of neurons and extensive damage to fibres. Reduced neurosecretion, vacuolisation in the cytoplasm and karyolysis in the nucleus of neurosecretory cells, are also observed. These changes in the brain are of considerable importance to understand the mode of action of the chemosterilants.", "contents": "Histopathology and histochemistry of the insects treated with chemosterilants VI: brain damage including reduced neurosecretion caused by chemosterilants in Periplaneta americana (L). The brain is damaged and neurosecretion is reduced in the P. americana treated with chemosterilants thio-tepa and bis (dimethylamino) dithiazolium chloride. The damage includes, separation of neurolemma, vacuolisation and chromatolysis in the nuclei of neurons and extensive damage to fibres. Reduced neurosecretion, vacuolisation in the cytoplasm and karyolysis in the nucleus of neurosecretory cells, are also observed. These changes in the brain are of considerable importance to understand the mode of action of the chemosterilants.", "PMID": 100161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4101", "title": "An apparent outbreak of rickettsial illness in Costa Rica, 1974.", "content": "A focal outbreak of highly fatal disease occurred in eastern Costa Rica in 1974. No rickettsial spotted fevers have previously been reported in Costa Rica. Nevertheless, the available evidence points to an unidentified rickettsial pathogen, probably of the spotted fever group, as the agent responsible for this outbreak.", "contents": "An apparent outbreak of rickettsial illness in Costa Rica, 1974. A focal outbreak of highly fatal disease occurred in eastern Costa Rica in 1974. No rickettsial spotted fevers have previously been reported in Costa Rica. Nevertheless, the available evidence points to an unidentified rickettsial pathogen, probably of the spotted fever group, as the agent responsible for this outbreak.", "PMID": 100162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4102", "title": "Domestic triatomines (Reduviidae) and insect trypanosome infections in El Salvador, C.A.", "content": "Twenty-five Salvadoran communities have been surveyed to learn more about the distribution of Chagas' disease vectors and trypanosome parasites in that country. The results indicate that each of several factors--local variations in housing construction, insecticide applications, geographic elevation, and the vector species involved--can have a critical effect on transmission of the disease agent.", "contents": "Domestic triatomines (Reduviidae) and insect trypanosome infections in El Salvador, C.A. Twenty-five Salvadoran communities have been surveyed to learn more about the distribution of Chagas' disease vectors and trypanosome parasites in that country. The results indicate that each of several factors--local variations in housing construction, insecticide applications, geographic elevation, and the vector species involved--can have a critical effect on transmission of the disease agent.", "PMID": 100163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4103", "title": "Evaluating cost-effectiveness of diagnostic equipment: the brain scanner case.", "content": "An approach to evaluating the cost-effectiveness of high-technology diagnostic equipment has been devised, using the introduction of computerised axial tomography (CAT) as a model. With the advent of CAT scanning, angiography and air encephalography have a reduced, though important, role in investigating intracranial disease, and the efficient use of conventional equipment requires the centralisation of neuroradiological services, which would result in major cash savings. In contrast, the pattern of demand for CAT scanning, in addition to the acknowledged clinical efficiency of the scanner and its unique role in the head-injured patient, ephasies the need for improved access to scanners. In the interest of the patients the pattern of service must change.", "contents": "Evaluating cost-effectiveness of diagnostic equipment: the brain scanner case. An approach to evaluating the cost-effectiveness of high-technology diagnostic equipment has been devised, using the introduction of computerised axial tomography (CAT) as a model. With the advent of CAT scanning, angiography and air encephalography have a reduced, though important, role in investigating intracranial disease, and the efficient use of conventional equipment requires the centralisation of neuroradiological services, which would result in major cash savings. In contrast, the pattern of demand for CAT scanning, in addition to the acknowledged clinical efficiency of the scanner and its unique role in the head-injured patient, ephasies the need for improved access to scanners. In the interest of the patients the pattern of service must change.", "PMID": 100168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4104", "title": "Aggression and flight behaviour of the marmoset monkey Callithrix jacchus: an ethogram for brain stimulation studies.", "content": "The aggressive and flight behaviour of the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) is described and split into behavioural units, allowing analysis of agonistic behaviour evoked by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. The social context of the described units is also considered. C. jacchus shows clearly recognizable behavioural patterns. Free-born animals are very timid and show typical flight reactions. Within aggressive behaviour, two types of aggression can be distinguished: very violent attacks causing severe injuries, often accompanied by particular threat displays and observed during dominance and territorial encounters, and, on the other hand, relatively harmless short attacks, together with a noisy vocalization, for defensive purposes or keeping group members at a distance.", "contents": "Aggression and flight behaviour of the marmoset monkey Callithrix jacchus: an ethogram for brain stimulation studies. The aggressive and flight behaviour of the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) is described and split into behavioural units, allowing analysis of agonistic behaviour evoked by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. The social context of the described units is also considered. C. jacchus shows clearly recognizable behavioural patterns. Free-born animals are very timid and show typical flight reactions. Within aggressive behaviour, two types of aggression can be distinguished: very violent attacks causing severe injuries, often accompanied by particular threat displays and observed during dominance and territorial encounters, and, on the other hand, relatively harmless short attacks, together with a noisy vocalization, for defensive purposes or keeping group members at a distance.", "PMID": 100171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4105", "title": "Threat, attack and flight elicited by electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus of the marmoset monkey Callithrix jacchus.", "content": "In order to elucidate whether relatively primitive primates show a similar topological organization of substrates mediating defense and flight within the ventromedial hypothalamus as has been found in other mammals, 15 marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were chronically implanted with a total of 57 electrodes for electrical stimulation. Experiments took place in a familiar environment and under systematically altered conditions. All anatomical sites yielding vocal threat and short attacks were found to be situated in the n. ventromedialis. Flight was elicited from a region immediately lateral to this nucleus and from sites in the posterior hypothalamus. Thus, it appears that the topological organization of defense and flight behavior in cat, oppossum and marmoset are essentially similar.", "contents": "Threat, attack and flight elicited by electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus of the marmoset monkey Callithrix jacchus. In order to elucidate whether relatively primitive primates show a similar topological organization of substrates mediating defense and flight within the ventromedial hypothalamus as has been found in other mammals, 15 marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were chronically implanted with a total of 57 electrodes for electrical stimulation. Experiments took place in a familiar environment and under systematically altered conditions. All anatomical sites yielding vocal threat and short attacks were found to be situated in the n. ventromedialis. Flight was elicited from a region immediately lateral to this nucleus and from sites in the posterior hypothalamus. Thus, it appears that the topological organization of defense and flight behavior in cat, oppossum and marmoset are essentially similar.", "PMID": 100172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4106", "title": "Functional properties of neurons in the monkey superior colliculus: coupling of neuronal activity and saccade onset.", "content": "One class of superior colliculus neuron was isolated which meets two criteria for participation in the initiation of visually elicited saccades. First, the pulse of spike activity recorded from these neurons was tightly coupled to saccade onset, preceding the onset of eye movements by approximately 20 msec. Secondly, if a visual stimulus sometimes elicited a saccade and sometimes failed to elicit a saccade, the occurrence of the spike pulse was highly correlated with saccade occurrence. For these neurons, there was a clear distinction between the most vigorous neuronal activity occurring in the absence of a saccade and the least vigorous activity accompanying appropriate saccades. These findings are consistent with views which attribute to the superior colliculus a role in the initiation of visually elicited saccades.", "contents": "Functional properties of neurons in the monkey superior colliculus: coupling of neuronal activity and saccade onset. One class of superior colliculus neuron was isolated which meets two criteria for participation in the initiation of visually elicited saccades. First, the pulse of spike activity recorded from these neurons was tightly coupled to saccade onset, preceding the onset of eye movements by approximately 20 msec. Secondly, if a visual stimulus sometimes elicited a saccade and sometimes failed to elicit a saccade, the occurrence of the spike pulse was highly correlated with saccade occurrence. For these neurons, there was a clear distinction between the most vigorous neuronal activity occurring in the absence of a saccade and the least vigorous activity accompanying appropriate saccades. These findings are consistent with views which attribute to the superior colliculus a role in the initiation of visually elicited saccades.", "PMID": 100173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4107", "title": "Localization and detection of visual stimuli following superior colliculus lesions in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were trained to fixate a central stimulus and to detect and localize a 50 msec light flash presented 6-80 degrees on either side of the central stimulus. Following large lesions of the superior colliculus, they showed persistent deficits in localizing flashes presented 43-80 degrees from the fixation stimulus. However, they were not consistently impaired when the flashes were presented more centrally, and their performance with peripheral stimuli improved when the stimulus duration was 1 sec. Thus, the superior colliculus appears to be necessary for the localization of brief visual stimuli in the far periphery.", "contents": "Localization and detection of visual stimuli following superior colliculus lesions in rhesus monkeys. Rhesus monkeys were trained to fixate a central stimulus and to detect and localize a 50 msec light flash presented 6-80 degrees on either side of the central stimulus. Following large lesions of the superior colliculus, they showed persistent deficits in localizing flashes presented 43-80 degrees from the fixation stimulus. However, they were not consistently impaired when the flashes were presented more centrally, and their performance with peripheral stimuli improved when the stimulus duration was 1 sec. Thus, the superior colliculus appears to be necessary for the localization of brief visual stimuli in the far periphery.", "PMID": 100175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4108", "title": "Gene regulation in adaptive evolution.", "content": "It has been suggested that gene regulation may play a critical role in adaptive evolution. However, gene regulation has proved to be most refractory to experimental investigation in multicellular organisms. Using specially constructed stocks of Drosophila melanogaster, we have demonstrated the following. (1) The existence in natural populations of ample variation in regulatory genes that modify the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), an enzyme coded by a structural gene locus, Adh, located on the second chromosome; the regulatory genes are located on the third chromosome, and thus are not adjacent to the structural locus. (2) The regulatory genes act not by means of post-transcriptional or post-translational modification of the gene product, but rather by controlling the number of ADH molecules; this is consistent with the hypothesis of gene regulation by means of macromolecules specifically binding at control sites adjacent to the structural gene locus. (3) The variation in regulatory genes is adaptively significant; adaptation to higher levels of environmental alcohol takes place not by changes in the Adh structural locus, but by changes in regulatory genes that control the number of ADH molecules in the organisms. Our results provide direct evidence of the importance of gene regulation in eucaryotic evolution.", "contents": "Gene regulation in adaptive evolution. It has been suggested that gene regulation may play a critical role in adaptive evolution. However, gene regulation has proved to be most refractory to experimental investigation in multicellular organisms. Using specially constructed stocks of Drosophila melanogaster, we have demonstrated the following. (1) The existence in natural populations of ample variation in regulatory genes that modify the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), an enzyme coded by a structural gene locus, Adh, located on the second chromosome; the regulatory genes are located on the third chromosome, and thus are not adjacent to the structural locus. (2) The regulatory genes act not by means of post-transcriptional or post-translational modification of the gene product, but rather by controlling the number of ADH molecules; this is consistent with the hypothesis of gene regulation by means of macromolecules specifically binding at control sites adjacent to the structural gene locus. (3) The variation in regulatory genes is adaptively significant; adaptation to higher levels of environmental alcohol takes place not by changes in the Adh structural locus, but by changes in regulatory genes that control the number of ADH molecules in the organisms. Our results provide direct evidence of the importance of gene regulation in eucaryotic evolution.", "PMID": 100192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4109", "title": "ERG responses of rods and cones during dark adaptation.", "content": "We demonstrate the main electrophysiological events during dark adaptation. We correlate simultaneously the separate rod and cone responses, the ERC sensitivity curves, their timing and the biphasic dark adaptation curve.", "contents": "ERG responses of rods and cones during dark adaptation. We demonstrate the main electrophysiological events during dark adaptation. We correlate simultaneously the separate rod and cone responses, the ERC sensitivity curves, their timing and the biphasic dark adaptation curve.", "PMID": 100193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4110", "title": "In vitro and in vivo effect of PC 904, a new broad-spectrum penicillin, on ocular strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The in vitro and in vivo activities of PC 904 were tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from infected eyes and were compared with carbenicillin and gentamicin. By the microtiter plate method, we tested 30 strains of P. aeruginosa in vitro; PC 904 was very active against 29, but one strain was resistant. In a comparative study, PC 904 was more active than carbenicillin but less active than gentamicin. In vivo tests were conducted on rabbit corneas infected with a strain of P aeruginosa isolated in El Salvador. At moderate and high dosage levels, PC 904'S efficacy was comparable to carbenicillin's but much less than gentamicin's. When tested for ocular toxicity, the subconjunctival administration of PC 904 was well tolerated. The drug's greater activity in vitro than in vivo was probably due to its high serum-binding capacity.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo effect of PC 904, a new broad-spectrum penicillin, on ocular strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The in vitro and in vivo activities of PC 904 were tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from infected eyes and were compared with carbenicillin and gentamicin. By the microtiter plate method, we tested 30 strains of P. aeruginosa in vitro; PC 904 was very active against 29, but one strain was resistant. In a comparative study, PC 904 was more active than carbenicillin but less active than gentamicin. In vivo tests were conducted on rabbit corneas infected with a strain of P aeruginosa isolated in El Salvador. At moderate and high dosage levels, PC 904'S efficacy was comparable to carbenicillin's but much less than gentamicin's. When tested for ocular toxicity, the subconjunctival administration of PC 904 was well tolerated. The drug's greater activity in vitro than in vivo was probably due to its high serum-binding capacity.", "PMID": 100194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4111", "title": "Transient paralytic attacks of obscure nature: the question of non-convulsive seizure paralysis.", "content": "Eleven patients with transient paralytic attacks of obscure nature are described. Paralysis could involve face or leg alone, face and hand, or face, arm and leg. The duration varied from two minutes to one day. Four patients had brain tumors, six probably had brain infarcts, and one a degenerative process. The differential diagnosis included TIAs, migraine accompaniments, and seizures. In the absence of good evidence for the first two, the cases are discussed from the standpoint of possibly representing nonconvulsive seizure paralysis (ictal paralysis, inhibitory seizure paralysis or somatic inhibitory seizure). Because of the difficulty in defining seizures as well as TIAs and migraine in their atypical variations, a firm conclusion concerning the mechanisms of the spells  was not attained. Two cases of the hypertensive amaurosis-seizure syndrome have been added as further examples of ictal deficits.", "contents": "Transient paralytic attacks of obscure nature: the question of non-convulsive seizure paralysis. Eleven patients with transient paralytic attacks of obscure nature are described. Paralysis could involve face or leg alone, face and hand, or face, arm and leg. The duration varied from two minutes to one day. Four patients had brain tumors, six probably had brain infarcts, and one a degenerative process. The differential diagnosis included TIAs, migraine accompaniments, and seizures. In the absence of good evidence for the first two, the cases are discussed from the standpoint of possibly representing nonconvulsive seizure paralysis (ictal paralysis, inhibitory seizure paralysis or somatic inhibitory seizure). Because of the difficulty in defining seizures as well as TIAs and migraine in their atypical variations, a firm conclusion concerning the mechanisms of the spells  was not attained. Two cases of the hypertensive amaurosis-seizure syndrome have been added as further examples of ictal deficits.", "PMID": 100195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4112", "title": "Hodgkin's disease: radiotherapeutic management at a cancer oriented community hospital.", "content": "Seventy-eight patients with Hodgkin's disease were treated with radiation therapy between July 1966 and July 1976 (30 Stage I, 28 Stage II, 20 Stage III). The mean follow-up period is greater than 5 years. 90% of Stage I, 86% of Stage II, 65% of Stage III, and 82% (64/78) of all patients are NED after radiotherapy alone. Since laparotomy option (1970) 89% (50/56) of patients are NED. Fourteen patients were failures. Chemotherapy \"rescued\" 6 of 14. Seven have died, 1 is alive with disease, and 1 died of leukemia. Absolute survival is 90% (70/78). Failures were more frequent in patients with unfavorable histological types (9/14), and Stage III disease, primarily IIIS+ or B category (7/14). Sites of failures were mainly extranodal, primarily lung (10/14) and bone (2/14), and are consistent with hematogenous dissemination. Laparotomy performed in 41 patients identified unsuspected splenic involvement in 9 cases (22%), but was a distinct failure in confirming most \"small node\" positive lymphangiograms. Two patients developed acute myelocytic leukemia, both while NED 5 years posttherapy. One patient had also received adjunctive MOPP. There has been no impairment in the quality of survival that could be directly attributed to radiotherapy.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease: radiotherapeutic management at a cancer oriented community hospital. Seventy-eight patients with Hodgkin's disease were treated with radiation therapy between July 1966 and July 1976 (30 Stage I, 28 Stage II, 20 Stage III). The mean follow-up period is greater than 5 years. 90% of Stage I, 86% of Stage II, 65% of Stage III, and 82% (64/78) of all patients are NED after radiotherapy alone. Since laparotomy option (1970) 89% (50/56) of patients are NED. Fourteen patients were failures. Chemotherapy \"rescued\" 6 of 14. Seven have died, 1 is alive with disease, and 1 died of leukemia. Absolute survival is 90% (70/78). Failures were more frequent in patients with unfavorable histological types (9/14), and Stage III disease, primarily IIIS+ or B category (7/14). Sites of failures were mainly extranodal, primarily lung (10/14) and bone (2/14), and are consistent with hematogenous dissemination. Laparotomy performed in 41 patients identified unsuspected splenic involvement in 9 cases (22%), but was a distinct failure in confirming most \"small node\" positive lymphangiograms. Two patients developed acute myelocytic leukemia, both while NED 5 years posttherapy. One patient had also received adjunctive MOPP. There has been no impairment in the quality of survival that could be directly attributed to radiotherapy.", "PMID": 100196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4113", "title": "Bone marrow regeneration following large field radiation: influence of volume, age, dose, and time.", "content": "Regeneration of bone marrow following radiation only was investigated using 111Indium as a bone scanning agent. Factors which influence local marrow regeneration are dose, age of the patient, and the total amount of the marrow which was irradiated. Time effects are not demonstrated in this study, except to the extent that most regeneration did occur within the first 12 months following irradiation. The most striking finding is the effect of the irradiation volume. Apparent inconsistencies in earlier reports concerning the dose effect could be explained by this effect alone.", "contents": "Bone marrow regeneration following large field radiation: influence of volume, age, dose, and time. Regeneration of bone marrow following radiation only was investigated using 111Indium as a bone scanning agent. Factors which influence local marrow regeneration are dose, age of the patient, and the total amount of the marrow which was irradiated. Time effects are not demonstrated in this study, except to the extent that most regeneration did occur within the first 12 months following irradiation. The most striking finding is the effect of the irradiation volume. Apparent inconsistencies in earlier reports concerning the dose effect could be explained by this effect alone.", "PMID": 100197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4114", "title": "The value of computerized tomography in delineating suprasellar extension of pituitary adenoma for radiotherapeutic management.", "content": "Radiotherapy plays a major role in the management of pituitary adenomas, either as a surgical adjunct or as the primary form of treatment. Small field precision techniques are utilized. The ability to employ limited field therapy and produce local control rates of 80--90% demands precise tumor localization. The extrasellar extension of pituitary adenomas has classically been demonstrated on angiographic and pneumoencephalographic examinations. Direct superior extension is accurately delineated by these examinations; lateral extension, however, is not and the total anterior-posterior extent of the tumor may be underestimated. The addition of computerized tomography significantly increases the information available in the assessment of tumor extension and the subsequent accuracy of treatment planning for radiotherapeutic purposes.", "contents": "The value of computerized tomography in delineating suprasellar extension of pituitary adenoma for radiotherapeutic management. Radiotherapy plays a major role in the management of pituitary adenomas, either as a surgical adjunct or as the primary form of treatment. Small field precision techniques are utilized. The ability to employ limited field therapy and produce local control rates of 80--90% demands precise tumor localization. The extrasellar extension of pituitary adenomas has classically been demonstrated on angiographic and pneumoencephalographic examinations. Direct superior extension is accurately delineated by these examinations; lateral extension, however, is not and the total anterior-posterior extent of the tumor may be underestimated. The addition of computerized tomography significantly increases the information available in the assessment of tumor extension and the subsequent accuracy of treatment planning for radiotherapeutic purposes.", "PMID": 100198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4115", "title": "Preoperative irradiation of primarily unresectable colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "A series of 44 patients with colorectal carcinomas considered unresectable on presentation received preoperative irradiation to a dose of 4500--5000 rad (175--200 rad/day). After a waiting period averaging 6.5 weeks, 38 patients underwent exploration. Complete resection was possible in 27 patients. Of these, 22 patients remained disease-free with a median follow-up of 27 months. While longer follow-up periods are needed, the results indicate that the large percentage of unresectable and therefore surgically incurable colorectal carcinomas can be made resectable by preoperative irradiation, and a significant number of these may have been cured.", "contents": "Preoperative irradiation of primarily unresectable colorectal carcinoma. A series of 44 patients with colorectal carcinomas considered unresectable on presentation received preoperative irradiation to a dose of 4500--5000 rad (175--200 rad/day). After a waiting period averaging 6.5 weeks, 38 patients underwent exploration. Complete resection was possible in 27 patients. Of these, 22 patients remained disease-free with a median follow-up of 27 months. While longer follow-up periods are needed, the results indicate that the large percentage of unresectable and therefore surgically incurable colorectal carcinomas can be made resectable by preoperative irradiation, and a significant number of these may have been cured.", "PMID": 100199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4116", "title": "Preoperative radiotherapy in operable breast cancer: results in the Stockholm Breast Cancer Trial.", "content": "A randomized trial of preoperative radiotherapy in operable breast cancer was conducted from 1971 to 1976. The diagnosis was established by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. A dose of 4500 rad over five weeks was given to the chest wall, the breast and the lymph nodes of the axilla, the supraclavicular fossa and the internal mammary chain. Modified radical mastectomy was performed six weeks or more after completed radiotherapy. In control patients the same operation was performed without prior radiotherapy. By random allocation, one control group received no further treatment and postoperative irradiation was given to the other controls. Preoperative radiotherapy reduced the incidence of local and regional recurrence and of distant metastases, and also the mortality, as compared with the surgery only group. Postoperative radiotherapy as given in this trial gave almost equal reduction of local and regional recurrence but did not diminish the frequency of distant metastases or the mortality.", "contents": "Preoperative radiotherapy in operable breast cancer: results in the Stockholm Breast Cancer Trial. A randomized trial of preoperative radiotherapy in operable breast cancer was conducted from 1971 to 1976. The diagnosis was established by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. A dose of 4500 rad over five weeks was given to the chest wall, the breast and the lymph nodes of the axilla, the supraclavicular fossa and the internal mammary chain. Modified radical mastectomy was performed six weeks or more after completed radiotherapy. In control patients the same operation was performed without prior radiotherapy. By random allocation, one control group received no further treatment and postoperative irradiation was given to the other controls. Preoperative radiotherapy reduced the incidence of local and regional recurrence and of distant metastases, and also the mortality, as compared with the surgery only group. Postoperative radiotherapy as given in this trial gave almost equal reduction of local and regional recurrence but did not diminish the frequency of distant metastases or the mortality.", "PMID": 100202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4117", "title": "Postoperative radiation therapy for \"early\" carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-five cases of \"early\" carcinoma of the breast, showing no evidence of axillary lymph node metastasis, are presented. One hundred and thirty-six of these patients were treated by radical mastectomy only, and 89 received postoperative radiation therapy to the ipsilateral internal mammary and supraclavicular regions. The routine use of postoperative radiation therapy of all patients in this group is not warranted. Patients with inner quadrant and central or subareolar primary lesions benefit from postoperative radiation therapy with a 10 to 21% increase in the disease-free survival at ten years. Deep-seated tumors, irrespective of size and location, should also be considered for postoperative radiation therapy to the regional lymphatic chain and the ipsilateral chest wall.", "contents": "Postoperative radiation therapy for \"early\" carcinoma of the breast. Two hundred and twenty-five cases of \"early\" carcinoma of the breast, showing no evidence of axillary lymph node metastasis, are presented. One hundred and thirty-six of these patients were treated by radical mastectomy only, and 89 received postoperative radiation therapy to the ipsilateral internal mammary and supraclavicular regions. The routine use of postoperative radiation therapy of all patients in this group is not warranted. Patients with inner quadrant and central or subareolar primary lesions benefit from postoperative radiation therapy with a 10 to 21% increase in the disease-free survival at ten years. Deep-seated tumors, irrespective of size and location, should also be considered for postoperative radiation therapy to the regional lymphatic chain and the ipsilateral chest wall.", "PMID": 100203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4118", "title": "Treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease in pediatric patients.", "content": "From 1970 to 1976, twenty patients with stage II E or II B to IV B Hodgkin's disease were treated at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Initially, four of the stage II or III patients received planned total nodal irradiation (TNI) alone; three patients developed progressive disease during irradiation, and one relapsed after 18 months. These results with TNI led to the use of combined modality therapy. Sixteen patients (4, stage II E or B; 8, stage III; 4, stage IV) were treated with COPP (cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, prednisone, and procarbazine) and radiation therapy. In 14 patients treatment was started with COPP. Patients with disease below L2 received TNI; the rest received involved field (IF) or extended field (EF) irradiation. No patient treated with combination therapy encountered life-threatening toxicity. Relapse-free survival in 12 stage II or III patients is 100% with a median follow-up of 28 months (range, 24 to 91 months). Only one of four stage IV patients is alive. Combined modality therapy is effective, tolerable therapy for children with stage II B--III Hodgkin's disease. No relapses occurred in 10 patients given less that potentially curative radiation. Smaller radiation fields and lower doses are planned for the future.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease in pediatric patients. From 1970 to 1976, twenty patients with stage II E or II B to IV B Hodgkin's disease were treated at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Initially, four of the stage II or III patients received planned total nodal irradiation (TNI) alone; three patients developed progressive disease during irradiation, and one relapsed after 18 months. These results with TNI led to the use of combined modality therapy. Sixteen patients (4, stage II E or B; 8, stage III; 4, stage IV) were treated with COPP (cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, prednisone, and procarbazine) and radiation therapy. In 14 patients treatment was started with COPP. Patients with disease below L2 received TNI; the rest received involved field (IF) or extended field (EF) irradiation. No patient treated with combination therapy encountered life-threatening toxicity. Relapse-free survival in 12 stage II or III patients is 100% with a median follow-up of 28 months (range, 24 to 91 months). Only one of four stage IV patients is alive. Combined modality therapy is effective, tolerable therapy for children with stage II B--III Hodgkin's disease. No relapses occurred in 10 patients given less that potentially curative radiation. Smaller radiation fields and lower doses are planned for the future.", "PMID": 100204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4119", "title": "Combined irradiation and surgery in the treatment of stage II carcinoma of the endometrium.", "content": "Between January 1969, and August 1975, 40 patients with pathologic Stage II carcinoma of the endometrium were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. The treatment policy included external and intracavitary irradiation combined with surgery. The majority of patients received 4000 mg/hours of radium exposure using a Fletcher-Suit applicator and 4000 rad whole pelvis external irradiation, followed by hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy. Median age of the patients was 61 years (39--88) and the median follow-up of the patients still alive was 69 months (29--102). Relapse-free 5-year survival corrected for intercurrent disease was 83% and uncorrected, 78%. Overall survival was 80%. Five patients had relapsing disease, three patients failed at distant sites only, one patient died of treatment related complications, and two failed locally and distantly. There were no failures in the pelvis alone. Although the relationshop between histologic grade and failure is not statistically significant, there were four failures among the 12 Grade III patients compared to two failures in 27 with Grades I and II. Similarly, 4 of 12 patients with gross cervical involvement developed relapsing disease, but only 2 of 28 failed with microscopic cervical involvement. This treatment policy yields excellent survival and continues to be our treatment recommendation.", "contents": "Combined irradiation and surgery in the treatment of stage II carcinoma of the endometrium. Between January 1969, and August 1975, 40 patients with pathologic Stage II carcinoma of the endometrium were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. The treatment policy included external and intracavitary irradiation combined with surgery. The majority of patients received 4000 mg/hours of radium exposure using a Fletcher-Suit applicator and 4000 rad whole pelvis external irradiation, followed by hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy. Median age of the patients was 61 years (39--88) and the median follow-up of the patients still alive was 69 months (29--102). Relapse-free 5-year survival corrected for intercurrent disease was 83% and uncorrected, 78%. Overall survival was 80%. Five patients had relapsing disease, three patients failed at distant sites only, one patient died of treatment related complications, and two failed locally and distantly. There were no failures in the pelvis alone. Although the relationshop between histologic grade and failure is not statistically significant, there were four failures among the 12 Grade III patients compared to two failures in 27 with Grades I and II. Similarly, 4 of 12 patients with gross cervical involvement developed relapsing disease, but only 2 of 28 failed with microscopic cervical involvement. This treatment policy yields excellent survival and continues to be our treatment recommendation.", "PMID": 100205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4120", "title": "Total skin electron beam therapy in mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with mycosis fungoides were treated with total skin electron beam irradiation from 1971 to 1976, and all received minimum follow-up of 12 months. Details of treatment technique and dosimetry are given. Sixteen patients cleared completely. Seven patients are in long-term remission (1 1/2 to 4 1/2 years). Eleven patients died. Those who failed are now being treated with topical therapy with varying degrees of control. Some have been retreated with local irradiation. Most of the patients had extensive disease; for this group, total skin electron beam therapy was especially useful, as many of those who failed developed only minimal disease that was well controlled by topical measures.", "contents": "Total skin electron beam therapy in mycosis fungoides. Thirty-nine patients with mycosis fungoides were treated with total skin electron beam irradiation from 1971 to 1976, and all received minimum follow-up of 12 months. Details of treatment technique and dosimetry are given. Sixteen patients cleared completely. Seven patients are in long-term remission (1 1/2 to 4 1/2 years). Eleven patients died. Those who failed are now being treated with topical therapy with varying degrees of control. Some have been retreated with local irradiation. Most of the patients had extensive disease; for this group, total skin electron beam therapy was especially useful, as many of those who failed developed only minimal disease that was well controlled by topical measures.", "PMID": 100206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4121", "title": "Second neoplasms following megavoltage radiation in a pediatric population.", "content": "Previous reports of radiation-related neoplasia have relied primarily upon patients treated by orthovoltage to low doses for benign disease. This survey is believed to be the first to assess the incidence of second neoplasms following megavoltage therapy. The source was the records of all long-term pediatric survivors (88 patients) who were treated with megavoltage radiation (cobalt 60) at the University of Minnesota. There was an average follow-up period of 14 years during which 7 second neoplasms were discovered (8%). Five were not associated with prior radiation. Both radiation-related neoplasms were associated with low doses and one was without significant morbidity. Two of the seven neoplasms were malignant; one was not associated with radiation while the other was associated with prolonged chemotherapy and low dose radiation (1%). The only fatal second neoplasm was not associated with radiation but developed 5 years after prolonged chlorambucil treatment. This review reveals the tendency of childhood cancer victims to develop other neoplasms regardless of radiation. The finding of neoplasia induction only at low radiation doses supports the Gray hypothesis of decreased tumor induction at high doses through increased cell killing.", "contents": "Second neoplasms following megavoltage radiation in a pediatric population. Previous reports of radiation-related neoplasia have relied primarily upon patients treated by orthovoltage to low doses for benign disease. This survey is believed to be the first to assess the incidence of second neoplasms following megavoltage therapy. The source was the records of all long-term pediatric survivors (88 patients) who were treated with megavoltage radiation (cobalt 60) at the University of Minnesota. There was an average follow-up period of 14 years during which 7 second neoplasms were discovered (8%). Five were not associated with prior radiation. Both radiation-related neoplasms were associated with low doses and one was without significant morbidity. Two of the seven neoplasms were malignant; one was not associated with radiation while the other was associated with prolonged chemotherapy and low dose radiation (1%). The only fatal second neoplasm was not associated with radiation but developed 5 years after prolonged chlorambucil treatment. This review reveals the tendency of childhood cancer victims to develop other neoplasms regardless of radiation. The finding of neoplasia induction only at low radiation doses supports the Gray hypothesis of decreased tumor induction at high doses through increased cell killing.", "PMID": 100207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4122", "title": "The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas of childhood.", "content": "The treatment of soft tissue sarcomas in children at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute from 1970 to 1976 has been reviewed. Twenty-seven patients were diagnosed with rhabdomyosarcoma, and twenty patients were diagnosed with soft tissue sarcomas of other histologies. An aggressive, combined modality therapeutic approach was applied in the treatment of all patients with emphasis placed on conservation of function. Of irradiated patients, local control was achieved in 96% of those with rhabdomyosarcoma and 85% in other sarcomas. Cumulative relapse-free survival (actuarial) at 5 years is projected at 65% for the rhabdomyosarcoma patients and at 63% for the other sarcoma patients. Although there were differences in chemotherapy regimens (vincristine, actinomycin-D and cyclophosphamide for rhabdomyosarcoma and adriamycin and DTIC for other soft tissue sarcomas), the surgical and radiation therapeutic approaches are similar for both groups. The high probability of local control using function-conserving surgery and high dose radiation therapy supports this emerging approach. Improvements in survival will require better control of metastatic disease.", "contents": "The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas of childhood. The treatment of soft tissue sarcomas in children at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute from 1970 to 1976 has been reviewed. Twenty-seven patients were diagnosed with rhabdomyosarcoma, and twenty patients were diagnosed with soft tissue sarcomas of other histologies. An aggressive, combined modality therapeutic approach was applied in the treatment of all patients with emphasis placed on conservation of function. Of irradiated patients, local control was achieved in 96% of those with rhabdomyosarcoma and 85% in other sarcomas. Cumulative relapse-free survival (actuarial) at 5 years is projected at 65% for the rhabdomyosarcoma patients and at 63% for the other sarcoma patients. Although there were differences in chemotherapy regimens (vincristine, actinomycin-D and cyclophosphamide for rhabdomyosarcoma and adriamycin and DTIC for other soft tissue sarcomas), the surgical and radiation therapeutic approaches are similar for both groups. The high probability of local control using function-conserving surgery and high dose radiation therapy supports this emerging approach. Improvements in survival will require better control of metastatic disease.", "PMID": 100208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4123", "title": "Natural history of papillary lesions of the urinary bladder in schistosomiasis.", "content": "Variable epithelial hyperplasia was observed in urinary bladder of nine capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) when examined at cystotomy 94 to 164 weeks after infection with Schistosoma haematobium. These hosts were followed for 24 to 136 weeks postcystotomy to determine the status of bladder lesions in relation to duration of infection and to ascertain whether lesion samples removed at cystotomy reestablished themselves in autologous and heterologous transfers. There was involution of urothelial hyperplasia in eight of nine animals and no evidence for establishment of transplanted bladder lesions.", "contents": "Natural history of papillary lesions of the urinary bladder in schistosomiasis. Variable epithelial hyperplasia was observed in urinary bladder of nine capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) when examined at cystotomy 94 to 164 weeks after infection with Schistosoma haematobium. These hosts were followed for 24 to 136 weeks postcystotomy to determine the status of bladder lesions in relation to duration of infection and to ascertain whether lesion samples removed at cystotomy reestablished themselves in autologous and heterologous transfers. There was involution of urothelial hyperplasia in eight of nine animals and no evidence for establishment of transplanted bladder lesions.", "PMID": 100209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4124", "title": "Carcinogenicity of triethanolamine in mice and its mutagenicity after reaction with sodium nitrite in bacteria.", "content": "Mice fed a diet containing 0.3 or 0.03% triethanolamine developed malignant tumors. Females showed a high incidence of tumors in lymphoid tissues, while this type was absent in males. Tumors in other tissues were produced at a considerable rate in both sexes, but no hepatoma was found. Triethanolamine was not mutagenic to Bacillus subtilis by itself, but it became mutagenic after reacting with sodium nitrite under acidic conditions or when the mixture was heated. Although N-nitrosodiethanolamine, a known carcinogen and mutagen, was detected in the reaction mixture by thin-layer chromatography, it may not be the main mutagenic product, because the product was a stable and direct mutagen and its mutagenic activity was destroyed by liver enzymes, unlike N-nitrosodiethanolamine. The lethal and mutagenic DNA damages produced by this unidentified product were susceptible to some extent to the repair functions of the bacteria.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of triethanolamine in mice and its mutagenicity after reaction with sodium nitrite in bacteria. Mice fed a diet containing 0.3 or 0.03% triethanolamine developed malignant tumors. Females showed a high incidence of tumors in lymphoid tissues, while this type was absent in males. Tumors in other tissues were produced at a considerable rate in both sexes, but no hepatoma was found. Triethanolamine was not mutagenic to Bacillus subtilis by itself, but it became mutagenic after reacting with sodium nitrite under acidic conditions or when the mixture was heated. Although N-nitrosodiethanolamine, a known carcinogen and mutagen, was detected in the reaction mixture by thin-layer chromatography, it may not be the main mutagenic product, because the product was a stable and direct mutagen and its mutagenic activity was destroyed by liver enzymes, unlike N-nitrosodiethanolamine. The lethal and mutagenic DNA damages produced by this unidentified product were susceptible to some extent to the repair functions of the bacteria.", "PMID": 100210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4125", "title": "Difference between mammary epithelial cells from mature virgin and primiparous mice.", "content": "Mammary epithelial cells from mature virgin mice are similar to those from primiparous mice in several respects. However, there is one known difference. The cells from the mature virgin must traverse the cell cycle in order to become competent to make casein and enzymatically active alpha-lactalbumin in vitro; those from the primiparous animal can make these proteins without first traversing the cycle. In this regard, cells from human placental lactogen- and prolactin-treated mature virgins are, after involution, similar to those from primiparous mice. The developemental block in the cells from the mature virgin, imposed by preventing cell cycle traversal, has been partially delineated. It does not appear to reside at the levels of ultrastructural maturation or the formation of casein messenger RNA. Rather, the lesion is postranscriptional and may be at the level of translation, or posttranslational modification, or both.", "contents": "Difference between mammary epithelial cells from mature virgin and primiparous mice. Mammary epithelial cells from mature virgin mice are similar to those from primiparous mice in several respects. However, there is one known difference. The cells from the mature virgin must traverse the cell cycle in order to become competent to make casein and enzymatically active alpha-lactalbumin in vitro; those from the primiparous animal can make these proteins without first traversing the cycle. In this regard, cells from human placental lactogen- and prolactin-treated mature virgins are, after involution, similar to those from primiparous mice. The developemental block in the cells from the mature virgin, imposed by preventing cell cycle traversal, has been partially delineated. It does not appear to reside at the levels of ultrastructural maturation or the formation of casein messenger RNA. Rather, the lesion is postranscriptional and may be at the level of translation, or posttranslational modification, or both.", "PMID": 100213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4126", "title": "Isolation and purification of rat mammary tumor peroxidase.", "content": "7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors often contain high levels of the enzyme perioxidase, a putative marker of estrogen dependence. This enzyme can be effectively extracted with 0.5 M CaCl2, giving rise to a soluble peroxidase with a molecular weight of about 50,000 as determined by gel filtration. This is the same size as the estrogen-induced peroxidase of rat uterus but smaller than other mammalian peroxidases. Further purification of the rat mammary tumor peroxidase by concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl Sepharose provides a 640-fold purification of the enzyme.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of rat mammary tumor peroxidase. 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors often contain high levels of the enzyme perioxidase, a putative marker of estrogen dependence. This enzyme can be effectively extracted with 0.5 M CaCl2, giving rise to a soluble peroxidase with a molecular weight of about 50,000 as determined by gel filtration. This is the same size as the estrogen-induced peroxidase of rat uterus but smaller than other mammalian peroxidases. Further purification of the rat mammary tumor peroxidase by concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl Sepharose provides a 640-fold purification of the enzyme.", "PMID": 100215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4127", "title": "Unsaturated fatty acid requirements for growth and survival of a rat mammary tumor cell line.", "content": "A cell line, the growth and survival of which is markedly affected by linoleic acid, has been established from a carcinogen-induced rat mammary tumor. The cells have been continuously passaged in 5% rat serum plus 10% fetal calf serum-supplemented medium. The rat serum component was found to be indispensalbe, for when it was omitted the growth rate rapidly declined and the cells died by 5 to 7 days. Removal of the rat serum from the growth medium also resulted in a dramatic loss of Oil Red O-positive droplets in the cells, suggesting that the lipid component of rat serum might be a major growth-promoting principle in rat serum. This is likely since the total lipid fraction, but not the delipidized protein fraction, could largely supplant requirement of the cells for rat serum. Pure linoleic acid was found to be effective in maintaining the cell growth in delipidized serum or in whole fetal calf serum-supplemented medium. Fatty acid analysis revealed a 19-fold higher amount of linoleic acid in rat serum than in fetal calf serum.", "contents": "Unsaturated fatty acid requirements for growth and survival of a rat mammary tumor cell line. A cell line, the growth and survival of which is markedly affected by linoleic acid, has been established from a carcinogen-induced rat mammary tumor. The cells have been continuously passaged in 5% rat serum plus 10% fetal calf serum-supplemented medium. The rat serum component was found to be indispensalbe, for when it was omitted the growth rate rapidly declined and the cells died by 5 to 7 days. Removal of the rat serum from the growth medium also resulted in a dramatic loss of Oil Red O-positive droplets in the cells, suggesting that the lipid component of rat serum might be a major growth-promoting principle in rat serum. This is likely since the total lipid fraction, but not the delipidized protein fraction, could largely supplant requirement of the cells for rat serum. Pure linoleic acid was found to be effective in maintaining the cell growth in delipidized serum or in whole fetal calf serum-supplemented medium. Fatty acid analysis revealed a 19-fold higher amount of linoleic acid in rat serum than in fetal calf serum.", "PMID": 100216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4128", "title": "Vasopressin stimulation of acetate incorporation into lipids in a dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumor cell line.", "content": "In a preliminary report we described the effects of rat prolactin on the incorporation of [14C]acetate into lipids by a cell line from a dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumor. The characteristics of the response to prolactin were very similar to those described for the normal rat mammary gland; namely, insulin was required for full expression of the response, maximal activity was not seen until 36 hr after the addition of the hormones, and growth hormone was able to elicit the same response. However, we were unable to detect binding of 125I-labeled prolactin to these cells, and furthermore, other more purified prolactin preparations were inactive. Upon further investigation we discovered that the activity resided in a low-molecular-weight fraction of the rat prolactin B-1 preparation and was probably either vasopressin or oxytocin or both. These data suggest the possibility that vasopressin may play a role in rodent mammary tumorigenesis.", "contents": "Vasopressin stimulation of acetate incorporation into lipids in a dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumor cell line. In a preliminary report we described the effects of rat prolactin on the incorporation of [14C]acetate into lipids by a cell line from a dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumor. The characteristics of the response to prolactin were very similar to those described for the normal rat mammary gland; namely, insulin was required for full expression of the response, maximal activity was not seen until 36 hr after the addition of the hormones, and growth hormone was able to elicit the same response. However, we were unable to detect binding of 125I-labeled prolactin to these cells, and furthermore, other more purified prolactin preparations were inactive. Upon further investigation we discovered that the activity resided in a low-molecular-weight fraction of the rat prolactin B-1 preparation and was probably either vasopressin or oxytocin or both. These data suggest the possibility that vasopressin may play a role in rodent mammary tumorigenesis.", "PMID": 100217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4129", "title": "Use of nitroglycerin ointment in congestive heart failure. Results of acute and chronic therapy.", "content": "7 consecutive patients with congestive heart failure refractory to standard therapy were treated with nitroglycerin ointment (GTNO). The pulmonary wedge pressure decreased from a control value of 30+/-1 to 15+/-1 mm Hg (mean +/-SEM), and the arteriovenous oxygen difference narrowed from 6.8+/-0.5 to 5.5+/-0.3 ml%, after GTNO therapy. The heart rate decreased in 5 patients and the systolic blood pressure was either unchanged or decreased slightly. A reduction in the echocardiographic end diastolic dimension was noted in all patients. The transmyocardial gradient (systemic artery diastolic pressure - pulmonary artery wedge pressure) increased in all except 1 subject. The double product decreased in 5 of the 7 patients. Hemodynamic improvement was maintained for 4.5-7 h. All patients were symptomatically improved on chronic GTNO treatment. Our results indicate that GTNO is a useful agent in the management of heart failure which is unresponsive to standard therapy.", "contents": "Use of nitroglycerin ointment in congestive heart failure. Results of acute and chronic therapy. 7 consecutive patients with congestive heart failure refractory to standard therapy were treated with nitroglycerin ointment (GTNO). The pulmonary wedge pressure decreased from a control value of 30+/-1 to 15+/-1 mm Hg (mean +/-SEM), and the arteriovenous oxygen difference narrowed from 6.8+/-0.5 to 5.5+/-0.3 ml%, after GTNO therapy. The heart rate decreased in 5 patients and the systolic blood pressure was either unchanged or decreased slightly. A reduction in the echocardiographic end diastolic dimension was noted in all patients. The transmyocardial gradient (systemic artery diastolic pressure - pulmonary artery wedge pressure) increased in all except 1 subject. The double product decreased in 5 of the 7 patients. Hemodynamic improvement was maintained for 4.5-7 h. All patients were symptomatically improved on chronic GTNO treatment. Our results indicate that GTNO is a useful agent in the management of heart failure which is unresponsive to standard therapy.", "PMID": 100219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4130", "title": "Stress testing and working capacity in Chagas' cardiomyopathy.", "content": "The EKG response to exercise and the working capacity in a group of 70 patients with positive serology for Chagas' disease has been determined by stress testing on a bicycle-ergometer, in order to establish the usefulness of such a test in the early diagnosis of Chagas' cardiomyopathy. The exercise EKG provides information which cannot be obtained by other diagnostic procedures, since the stress test can induce or increase ventricular arrhythmia, and is particularly indicated in patients with Chagas' infection and the incipient forms of Chagas' cardiomyopathy. Measuring the working capacity is useful in order to establish the degree of functional impairment of each individual patient. After the application of oral digoxin, no significant increase of ventricular extrasystoles following exercise has been observed and the working capacity has improved in the majority of the studied cases with Chagas' cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Stress testing and working capacity in Chagas' cardiomyopathy. The EKG response to exercise and the working capacity in a group of 70 patients with positive serology for Chagas' disease has been determined by stress testing on a bicycle-ergometer, in order to establish the usefulness of such a test in the early diagnosis of Chagas' cardiomyopathy. The exercise EKG provides information which cannot be obtained by other diagnostic procedures, since the stress test can induce or increase ventricular arrhythmia, and is particularly indicated in patients with Chagas' infection and the incipient forms of Chagas' cardiomyopathy. Measuring the working capacity is useful in order to establish the degree of functional impairment of each individual patient. After the application of oral digoxin, no significant increase of ventricular extrasystoles following exercise has been observed and the working capacity has improved in the majority of the studied cases with Chagas' cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 100220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4131", "title": "Immunofluorescence study of the hypothalamo-infundibular LRH tract and serum gonadotropin levels in the female squirrel monkey during the estrous cycle.", "content": "The study of LRH reactive neurons of the medial basal hypothalamic group was made with rabbit antisera to unconjugated synthetic LRH, in normally cycling female squirrel monkeys. The specifically immunoreactive material present along the hypothalamo-infundibular LRH tract shows significant modifications that are particularly distinct in the lateral, posterior and anterior labia of median eminence, with a maximum concentration during the early and middle follicular phases, a sudden fall to a minimum concentration during the late follicular and ovulatory phases and with a progressive increase during the luteal and early follicular phases. Serum FSH and LH levels show a progressive decrease from the luteal phase to the late follicular phase, with differential modifications suggesting that a double regulation might take place in cycling squirrel monkeys. A parallel is suggested between the specifically reactive material along the hypothalamo-infundibular tract, serum gonadotropin levels and variations in the medial basal hypothalamic and infundibular LRH concentrations during the estrous cycle in the squirrel monkey.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence study of the hypothalamo-infundibular LRH tract and serum gonadotropin levels in the female squirrel monkey during the estrous cycle. The study of LRH reactive neurons of the medial basal hypothalamic group was made with rabbit antisera to unconjugated synthetic LRH, in normally cycling female squirrel monkeys. The specifically immunoreactive material present along the hypothalamo-infundibular LRH tract shows significant modifications that are particularly distinct in the lateral, posterior and anterior labia of median eminence, with a maximum concentration during the early and middle follicular phases, a sudden fall to a minimum concentration during the late follicular and ovulatory phases and with a progressive increase during the luteal and early follicular phases. Serum FSH and LH levels show a progressive decrease from the luteal phase to the late follicular phase, with differential modifications suggesting that a double regulation might take place in cycling squirrel monkeys. A parallel is suggested between the specifically reactive material along the hypothalamo-infundibular tract, serum gonadotropin levels and variations in the medial basal hypothalamic and infundibular LRH concentrations during the estrous cycle in the squirrel monkey.", "PMID": 100222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4132", "title": "Histochemical and ultrastructural effects of enovid E on the endometrium of the baboon.", "content": "Endometrium from a group of baboons treated with the oral contraceptive, Enovid E, was studied histologically, histochemically and ultrastructurally, and compared to endometrium from normally cycling animals. All endometria were obtained by transcervical uterine biopsy between 10 and 14 days of the treatment cycle or the normal menstrual cycle. Histologically, no discernible differences between the control and experimental endometria were apparent. While observable differences were not evident between the endometrial alkaline phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase activities of control and experimental animals, there was an increased acid phosphatase activity in the Enovid E-treated baboon endometrium. Ultrastructurally, the glandular cells of treated animals appeared to be more physiologically advanced than did those from the control endometria. These advances were evident from the prominent Golgi complex, increased development of the endoplasmic reticulum and increases in the size, number and complexity of mitochondria. The functional correlates of these morphological and histochemical observations are discussed and compared to human endometrial studies.", "contents": "Histochemical and ultrastructural effects of enovid E on the endometrium of the baboon. Endometrium from a group of baboons treated with the oral contraceptive, Enovid E, was studied histologically, histochemically and ultrastructurally, and compared to endometrium from normally cycling animals. All endometria were obtained by transcervical uterine biopsy between 10 and 14 days of the treatment cycle or the normal menstrual cycle. Histologically, no discernible differences between the control and experimental endometria were apparent. While observable differences were not evident between the endometrial alkaline phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase activities of control and experimental animals, there was an increased acid phosphatase activity in the Enovid E-treated baboon endometrium. Ultrastructurally, the glandular cells of treated animals appeared to be more physiologically advanced than did those from the control endometria. These advances were evident from the prominent Golgi complex, increased development of the endoplasmic reticulum and increases in the size, number and complexity of mitochondria. The functional correlates of these morphological and histochemical observations are discussed and compared to human endometrial studies.", "PMID": 100223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4133", "title": "Ultrastructural and morphometric aspects of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the monkey kidney.", "content": "The authors describe the ultrastructure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in five adult male Cebus apella monkeys and communicate morphometric data of the macula densa. In comparison with several species of rodents examined before, the macula cells of the monkey contain many more mitochondria and possess a particularly thick basal membrane. The relative volume of the nuclei is slightly smaller than in rodents. The Goormaghtigh cells of the monkey resemble those of the other animals investigated. The epithelioid (or juxtaglomerular) cells do not contain secretory granules. This observation reminds one of the behavior of the epithelioid cells of guinea pigs.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and morphometric aspects of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the monkey kidney. The authors describe the ultrastructure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in five adult male Cebus apella monkeys and communicate morphometric data of the macula densa. In comparison with several species of rodents examined before, the macula cells of the monkey contain many more mitochondria and possess a particularly thick basal membrane. The relative volume of the nuclei is slightly smaller than in rodents. The Goormaghtigh cells of the monkey resemble those of the other animals investigated. The epithelioid (or juxtaglomerular) cells do not contain secretory granules. This observation reminds one of the behavior of the epithelioid cells of guinea pigs.", "PMID": 100224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4134", "title": "A complete immunoglobulin gene is created by somatic recombination.", "content": "Using a pCRI plasmid containing an enzymatically synthesized, full-length DNA transcript of immunoglobulin lambda chain mRNA as the hybridization probe in the Southern gel blotting experiments (Southern, 1975), we identified three DNA fragments of 8.6, 4.8 and 3.5 kb in Eco RI-digested total DNA from BALB/c mouse embryos. A fourth fragment of 7.4 kb was found in addition to these three fragments in similarly digested total DNA from a lambda chain-secreting myeloma (HOPC 2020). We have cloned the four DNA fragments in an EK-2 phage vector, lambdaWES, and characterized them with respect to size, type of lambda gene sequences contained and position of these sequences in the fragments, using agarose gel electrophoresis, the gel blotting technique and electron microscopic R loop mapping. The embryonic DNA clones Ig 99 lambda, Ig 25lambda and Ig 13lambda contain one copy each of V lambdaI, C lambdaI and V lambdaII sequences, respectively, while the myeloma DNA clone Ig 303lambda contains one copy each of V lambdaI and C lambdaI sequences that are separated by a 1.2 kb nontranslated DNA segment. Ig 25lambda was also shown to contain a DNA segment of approximately 40 base pairs (bp) (J sequence) that lies 1.2 kb away from the C lambdaI sequence and is homologous to the V-C junction region of a lambdaI mRNA. Heteroduplex analysis of the three lambdaI DNA clones revealed that Ig 303lambda DNA is composed of two parts, one of which is entirely homologous to one end of Ig 99lambda, and the other to one end of Ig 25lambda DNA. The sequence arrangement observed in the cloned DNA is the same as that in the corresponding cellular DNA. This was shown by identifying certain restriction enzyme cleavage sites on the cloned DNAs and demonstrating the presence of these sites in the total cellular DNA by the gel blotting technique. The site of the homology switch is at the boundary of the V sequence and the 1.2 kb nontranslated DNA segment, and corresponds to the position of the J sequence on the Ig 25lambda DNA. We consider the above experimental results the most direct evidence for somatic rearrangement in immunoglobulin genes. We discuss the significance of these findings for the origin of genes in the evolution of higher organisms and in cell differentiation.", "contents": "A complete immunoglobulin gene is created by somatic recombination. Using a pCRI plasmid containing an enzymatically synthesized, full-length DNA transcript of immunoglobulin lambda chain mRNA as the hybridization probe in the Southern gel blotting experiments (Southern, 1975), we identified three DNA fragments of 8.6, 4.8 and 3.5 kb in Eco RI-digested total DNA from BALB/c mouse embryos. A fourth fragment of 7.4 kb was found in addition to these three fragments in similarly digested total DNA from a lambda chain-secreting myeloma (HOPC 2020). We have cloned the four DNA fragments in an EK-2 phage vector, lambdaWES, and characterized them with respect to size, type of lambda gene sequences contained and position of these sequences in the fragments, using agarose gel electrophoresis, the gel blotting technique and electron microscopic R loop mapping. The embryonic DNA clones Ig 99 lambda, Ig 25lambda and Ig 13lambda contain one copy each of V lambdaI, C lambdaI and V lambdaII sequences, respectively, while the myeloma DNA clone Ig 303lambda contains one copy each of V lambdaI and C lambdaI sequences that are separated by a 1.2 kb nontranslated DNA segment. Ig 25lambda was also shown to contain a DNA segment of approximately 40 base pairs (bp) (J sequence) that lies 1.2 kb away from the C lambdaI sequence and is homologous to the V-C junction region of a lambdaI mRNA. Heteroduplex analysis of the three lambdaI DNA clones revealed that Ig 303lambda DNA is composed of two parts, one of which is entirely homologous to one end of Ig 99lambda, and the other to one end of Ig 25lambda DNA. The sequence arrangement observed in the cloned DNA is the same as that in the corresponding cellular DNA. This was shown by identifying certain restriction enzyme cleavage sites on the cloned DNAs and demonstrating the presence of these sites in the total cellular DNA by the gel blotting technique. The site of the homology switch is at the boundary of the V sequence and the 1.2 kb nontranslated DNA segment, and corresponds to the position of the J sequence on the Ig 25lambda DNA. We consider the above experimental results the most direct evidence for somatic rearrangement in immunoglobulin genes. We discuss the significance of these findings for the origin of genes in the evolution of higher organisms and in cell differentiation.", "PMID": 100225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4135", "title": "Molecular cloning and expression in E. coli of a yeast gene coding for beta-galactosidase.", "content": "The yeast Kluyveromyces lactis synthesizes a beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.32) which is inducible by lactose. We have isolated the gene that codes for this enzyme using recombinant DNA techniques. K. lactis DNA was partially digested with the restriction endonuclease Eco R1 and joined to Eco R1-digested pBR322 plasmid DNA using DNA ligase. ligase. A lac-mutant of Escherichia coli lacking the structural gene for beta-galactosidase was transformed with ligated DNA. Three lac+ transformants containing recombinant plasmids were selected. Two of the plasmids (pK15 and pK17) contain four Eco R1-K. lactis DNA fragments having molecular weights of 2.2, 1.4, 0.55 and 0.5 x 10(6) daltons. The other plasmid (pK16) lacks the smallest fragment. E. coli carrying any of these plasmids produce beta-galactosidase activity that has a sedimentation coefficient and immunological determinants that are nearly identical to K. lactis beta-galactosidase and distinctly different from E. coli beta-galactosidase. DNA-DNA hybridization studies show that the four Eco R1 fragments in pK15 hybridize to K. lactis but not to E. coli DNA.", "contents": "Molecular cloning and expression in E. coli of a yeast gene coding for beta-galactosidase. The yeast Kluyveromyces lactis synthesizes a beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.32) which is inducible by lactose. We have isolated the gene that codes for this enzyme using recombinant DNA techniques. K. lactis DNA was partially digested with the restriction endonuclease Eco R1 and joined to Eco R1-digested pBR322 plasmid DNA using DNA ligase. ligase. A lac-mutant of Escherichia coli lacking the structural gene for beta-galactosidase was transformed with ligated DNA. Three lac+ transformants containing recombinant plasmids were selected. Two of the plasmids (pK15 and pK17) contain four Eco R1-K. lactis DNA fragments having molecular weights of 2.2, 1.4, 0.55 and 0.5 x 10(6) daltons. The other plasmid (pK16) lacks the smallest fragment. E. coli carrying any of these plasmids produce beta-galactosidase activity that has a sedimentation coefficient and immunological determinants that are nearly identical to K. lactis beta-galactosidase and distinctly different from E. coli beta-galactosidase. DNA-DNA hybridization studies show that the four Eco R1 fragments in pK15 hybridize to K. lactis but not to E. coli DNA.", "PMID": 100226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4136", "title": "Changes of enzyme activity in larval salivary glands following the induction of respiration dependent puffs in giant chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Changes in the activity of 3 enzymes--lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), soluble malate dehydrogenase (sMDH), and pyruvate kinase (PK)--in homogenates of larval salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster were studied before and after the induction of heat sensitive puffs with trinactin. The activities of 2 enzymes (LDH and sMDH) were enhanced after puff induction, an effect that was abolished in the presence of cycloheximide. Pyruvate kinase activity did not change after puff induction. The results indicate a relation between the increase of LDH and sMDH activity due to de novo synthesis and the induction of heat sensitive puffs.", "contents": "Changes of enzyme activity in larval salivary glands following the induction of respiration dependent puffs in giant chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Changes in the activity of 3 enzymes--lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), soluble malate dehydrogenase (sMDH), and pyruvate kinase (PK)--in homogenates of larval salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster were studied before and after the induction of heat sensitive puffs with trinactin. The activities of 2 enzymes (LDH and sMDH) were enhanced after puff induction, an effect that was abolished in the presence of cycloheximide. Pyruvate kinase activity did not change after puff induction. The results indicate a relation between the increase of LDH and sMDH activity due to de novo synthesis and the induction of heat sensitive puffs.", "PMID": 100227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4137", "title": "The differential response of isolated intestinal crypt and tip cells to the inductive actions of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.", "content": "The cell specific induction of uridine diphosphate(UDP)-glucuronyltransferase by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in intestinal epithelium was studied by administering [14C] TCDD (8 microgram/kg to adult female rats). Intact epithelial cells from the tip and crypt regions were isolated by differential vibration of rat duodenum. Cell separation was monitored by electron microscopy and marker enzymes. UDP-glucuronyltransferase and radioactivity were assayed in both cell types 0 h, 3 h, 10 h, 1 day, 3 days and 5 days after treatment. UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities were not significantly changed in either cell type isolated from TCDD-treated rats until 24 hr after treatment when a three-fold increase in crypt cell activity was evident. No significant changes in UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity were observed in the differentiated tip cells until 3 days after TCDD treatment. UDP-glucuronyltransferase was increased approximately two-fold in both cell types from 3 and 5 days following TCDD treatment. There was a negative correlation between the time-course of UDP-glucuronyltransferase induction and the [14C]TCDD concentrations measured in these cells. These studies suggest that the undifferentiated cells of the intestinal crypt region are more sensitive to TCDD inductive actions than are the absorptive tip cells.", "contents": "The differential response of isolated intestinal crypt and tip cells to the inductive actions of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. The cell specific induction of uridine diphosphate(UDP)-glucuronyltransferase by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in intestinal epithelium was studied by administering [14C] TCDD (8 microgram/kg to adult female rats). Intact epithelial cells from the tip and crypt regions were isolated by differential vibration of rat duodenum. Cell separation was monitored by electron microscopy and marker enzymes. UDP-glucuronyltransferase and radioactivity were assayed in both cell types 0 h, 3 h, 10 h, 1 day, 3 days and 5 days after treatment. UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities were not significantly changed in either cell type isolated from TCDD-treated rats until 24 hr after treatment when a three-fold increase in crypt cell activity was evident. No significant changes in UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity were observed in the differentiated tip cells until 3 days after TCDD treatment. UDP-glucuronyltransferase was increased approximately two-fold in both cell types from 3 and 5 days following TCDD treatment. There was a negative correlation between the time-course of UDP-glucuronyltransferase induction and the [14C]TCDD concentrations measured in these cells. These studies suggest that the undifferentiated cells of the intestinal crypt region are more sensitive to TCDD inductive actions than are the absorptive tip cells.", "PMID": 100229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4138", "title": "Factors affecting the binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to human embryo cells, and transformable and non-transformable hamster embryo cells.", "content": "The effects of various factors, including population doubling number, percent of confluence, serum concentration and storage in liquid nitrogen on the binding of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to human and hamster embryo cells were studied. The binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA) to hamster embryo cells DNA, RNA and protein was maximal after 22 h of treatment. In contrast, binding to human embryo cell macromolecules increased for at least 55 h. Treatment of hamster embryo cells at 100% confluence resulted in much less binding than treatment at 70% confluence, whereas with human embryo cells the binding increased, or remained constant, following treatment at the greater confluence. The transforming frequency of hamster embryo cells decreases with increasing population doubling number. Accordingly, we found that the binding of DMBA to hamster embryo DNA, RNA and protein decreased approximately 100-fold between population doubling numbers 8 and 20. In transformable cell cultures, DMBA was bound to hamster embryo cell DNA to a greater extent than to RNA or protein. The binding of DMBA to nucleic acids was much greater than binding by either dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DB[a,h]A) or dibenz-[a,c]anthracene (DB[a,c]A), both of which had low binding values at all population doubling numbers tested. Therefore, the best correlation of binding with carcinogenicity and transforming activity was observed with DMBA. Storage of hamster embryo cells in liquid nitrogen did not alter their binding characteristics. Binding of all three hydrocarbons to human embryo cell nucleic acids was low during all population doubling numbers studied, while binding to cellular protein increased until population doubling number 70 and then decreased sharply.", "contents": "Factors affecting the binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to human embryo cells, and transformable and non-transformable hamster embryo cells. The effects of various factors, including population doubling number, percent of confluence, serum concentration and storage in liquid nitrogen on the binding of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to human and hamster embryo cells were studied. The binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA) to hamster embryo cells DNA, RNA and protein was maximal after 22 h of treatment. In contrast, binding to human embryo cell macromolecules increased for at least 55 h. Treatment of hamster embryo cells at 100% confluence resulted in much less binding than treatment at 70% confluence, whereas with human embryo cells the binding increased, or remained constant, following treatment at the greater confluence. The transforming frequency of hamster embryo cells decreases with increasing population doubling number. Accordingly, we found that the binding of DMBA to hamster embryo DNA, RNA and protein decreased approximately 100-fold between population doubling numbers 8 and 20. In transformable cell cultures, DMBA was bound to hamster embryo cell DNA to a greater extent than to RNA or protein. The binding of DMBA to nucleic acids was much greater than binding by either dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DB[a,h]A) or dibenz-[a,c]anthracene (DB[a,c]A), both of which had low binding values at all population doubling numbers tested. Therefore, the best correlation of binding with carcinogenicity and transforming activity was observed with DMBA. Storage of hamster embryo cells in liquid nitrogen did not alter their binding characteristics. Binding of all three hydrocarbons to human embryo cell nucleic acids was low during all population doubling numbers studied, while binding to cellular protein increased until population doubling number 70 and then decreased sharply.", "PMID": 100230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4139", "title": "The formation of dihydrodiols by chemical or enzymic oxidation of 3-methylcholanthrene.", "content": "The chemical oxidation of 3-methylcholanthrene in an ascorbic acid-ferrous sulphate-EDTA reaction mixture gave all five possible dihydrodiols. The structures and stereochemistry of the dihydrodiols were shown by UV, mass and NMR spectral studies and by chemical examination to be cis-2a,3-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, trans-4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, trans-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, cis-11,12-dihydro-11,12-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene and trans-11,12-dihydro-11,12-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene. An examination by HPLC of the dihydrodiols formed in the metabolism of 3-methylcholanthrene by rat-liver microsomal preparations showed the presence of trans-4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydoxy-3-methylcholanthrene, trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, trans-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene and trans-11,12-dihydro-11,12-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, identified by comparison of their UV and chromatographic characteristics with those of authentic standards. Tentative identification of cis- and trans-1,2-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, cis-2a,3-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene and cis-11,12-dihydro-11,12-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene as metabolites were made from their mobilities using HPLC. A quantitative comparison of the dihydrodiols formed from 3H-labelled 3-methylcholanthrene by microsomal preparations from the livers of normal and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats was carried out. trans-9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene and cis- and trans-1,2-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene were formed when 3-methylcholanthrene was incubated with mouse skin in organ culture.", "contents": "The formation of dihydrodiols by chemical or enzymic oxidation of 3-methylcholanthrene. The chemical oxidation of 3-methylcholanthrene in an ascorbic acid-ferrous sulphate-EDTA reaction mixture gave all five possible dihydrodiols. The structures and stereochemistry of the dihydrodiols were shown by UV, mass and NMR spectral studies and by chemical examination to be cis-2a,3-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, trans-4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, trans-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, cis-11,12-dihydro-11,12-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene and trans-11,12-dihydro-11,12-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene. An examination by HPLC of the dihydrodiols formed in the metabolism of 3-methylcholanthrene by rat-liver microsomal preparations showed the presence of trans-4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydoxy-3-methylcholanthrene, trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, trans-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene and trans-11,12-dihydro-11,12-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, identified by comparison of their UV and chromatographic characteristics with those of authentic standards. Tentative identification of cis- and trans-1,2-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene, cis-2a,3-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene and cis-11,12-dihydro-11,12-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene as metabolites were made from their mobilities using HPLC. A quantitative comparison of the dihydrodiols formed from 3H-labelled 3-methylcholanthrene by microsomal preparations from the livers of normal and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats was carried out. trans-9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene and cis- and trans-1,2-dihydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene were formed when 3-methylcholanthrene was incubated with mouse skin in organ culture.", "PMID": 100231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4140", "title": "[Primary visual centers in the frog (Rana esculenta L.) and the problem of ipsilateral projections. Radioautographic study].", "content": "The topographic organization of the frog's primary visual system has been reexamined in Rana esculenta using autoradiographic technique. 10 to 24 hrs following an intraocular injection of tritiated proline, an intense labelling was observed contralaterally in the various retinal projection centres (preoptic area); neuropils of Bellonci; corpus geniculatum of the thalamus; posterior thalamus; posterodorsal preoptic area; magnocellular pretectal nucleus and basal optic nucleus; tectal laminae A to G of Potter), as already described. Furthermore, the presence of a ipsilateral projection within the hypothalamus (preoptic area), the thalamus (neuropils of Bellonci and corpus geniculatum) and the pretectium (posterior thalami neuropil, pretectal optic area) is confirmed. On the other hand, the existence of ipsilateral retinotectal (to Potter's lamina F) and retino-tegmentomescencephalic projections (to the basal optic nucleus), which were thusfar questioned, has been demonstrated.", "contents": "[Primary visual centers in the frog (Rana esculenta L.) and the problem of ipsilateral projections. Radioautographic study]. The topographic organization of the frog's primary visual system has been reexamined in Rana esculenta using autoradiographic technique. 10 to 24 hrs following an intraocular injection of tritiated proline, an intense labelling was observed contralaterally in the various retinal projection centres (preoptic area); neuropils of Bellonci; corpus geniculatum of the thalamus; posterior thalamus; posterodorsal preoptic area; magnocellular pretectal nucleus and basal optic nucleus; tectal laminae A to G of Potter), as already described. Furthermore, the presence of a ipsilateral projection within the hypothalamus (preoptic area), the thalamus (neuropils of Bellonci and corpus geniculatum) and the pretectium (posterior thalami neuropil, pretectal optic area) is confirmed. On the other hand, the existence of ipsilateral retinotectal (to Potter's lamina F) and retino-tegmentomescencephalic projections (to the basal optic nucleus), which were thusfar questioned, has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 100235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4141", "title": "[Structural diversity of communicating intercellular junctions (gap junctions) in the posterior cecal epithelium of the crustacean Orchestis].", "content": "Two types of gap junction are described, they are different in the size, the spacing and the polarity of their intramembrane particles. The dense type shows two kinds of particles which rather remain joined to the P fracture face. The loose type shows larger and more spaced out particles which rather are held by the E fracture face. These observations demonstrate that one needs to shade the distinction between P-type gap (Vertebrate) and E-type gap (Arthropoda).", "contents": "[Structural diversity of communicating intercellular junctions (gap junctions) in the posterior cecal epithelium of the crustacean Orchestis]. Two types of gap junction are described, they are different in the size, the spacing and the polarity of their intramembrane particles. The dense type shows two kinds of particles which rather remain joined to the P fracture face. The loose type shows larger and more spaced out particles which rather are held by the E fracture face. These observations demonstrate that one needs to shade the distinction between P-type gap (Vertebrate) and E-type gap (Arthropoda).", "PMID": 100236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4142", "title": "[Lack of participation of cytoplasmic choline in the synthesis of acetylcholine in the striatal synaptosomes of the rat].", "content": "Synaptosomes prepared from Rat striatum were loaded with (14C) choline at 0 degrees C in the course of a 60 min. preincubation. After the removal, by washing, of the extracellular molecules, synaptosomes were incubated 5 min. at 37 degrees C in the presence of (3H) choline. The measurement of the amounts of (3H) ACh and of (14C) ACh formed allowed us to conclude that the acetylation of the molecules of choline was directly coupled to their passage through the synaptosomal membrane.", "contents": "[Lack of participation of cytoplasmic choline in the synthesis of acetylcholine in the striatal synaptosomes of the rat]. Synaptosomes prepared from Rat striatum were loaded with (14C) choline at 0 degrees C in the course of a 60 min. preincubation. After the removal, by washing, of the extracellular molecules, synaptosomes were incubated 5 min. at 37 degrees C in the presence of (3H) choline. The measurement of the amounts of (3H) ACh and of (14C) ACh formed allowed us to conclude that the acetylation of the molecules of choline was directly coupled to their passage through the synaptosomal membrane.", "PMID": 100237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4143", "title": "[Kinetics of the pulmonary clearance of inhaled cadmium and its accumulation in rat liver and kidneys].", "content": "Pulmonary clearance rate of cadmium (Cd), inhaled in the form of an aerosol of Cd acetate, is very slow (half-life 53 days). However, results demonstrate that an important part of Cd cleared from the lung is recovered in liver and kidney. Liver binds this metal rapidly but to a limited extent, whereas renal accumulation is slow but continuous throughout the three months following exposure.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the pulmonary clearance of inhaled cadmium and its accumulation in rat liver and kidneys]. Pulmonary clearance rate of cadmium (Cd), inhaled in the form of an aerosol of Cd acetate, is very slow (half-life 53 days). However, results demonstrate that an important part of Cd cleared from the lung is recovered in liver and kidney. Liver binds this metal rapidly but to a limited extent, whereas renal accumulation is slow but continuous throughout the three months following exposure.", "PMID": 100238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4144", "title": "[The effect of anesthetics on the basal secretion of immunoreactive growth hormone in rats].", "content": "The authors investigated basal levels of plasma immunoreactive growth-hormone in the rat (R-GH) after administration of 3 different anesthetic drugs: urethan, chloral hydrate and gamma-hdroxy-butyrate (GHB). Lowest R-GH concentrations (5 +/- 3 ng/ml) are observed after urethan; they are significantly higher (15 +/- 4 ng/ml) after chloral hydrate but this anesthetic also causes hyperglycemia (210 +/- 30 mg/100 ml). Normal blood glucose levels are observed under GHB narco-analgesia which elicits a clear-cut R-GH secretory episode (70 +/- 5 ng/ml); basal values (12 +/- 3 ng/ml) are maintained for several hours thereafter.", "contents": "[The effect of anesthetics on the basal secretion of immunoreactive growth hormone in rats]. The authors investigated basal levels of plasma immunoreactive growth-hormone in the rat (R-GH) after administration of 3 different anesthetic drugs: urethan, chloral hydrate and gamma-hdroxy-butyrate (GHB). Lowest R-GH concentrations (5 +/- 3 ng/ml) are observed after urethan; they are significantly higher (15 +/- 4 ng/ml) after chloral hydrate but this anesthetic also causes hyperglycemia (210 +/- 30 mg/100 ml). Normal blood glucose levels are observed under GHB narco-analgesia which elicits a clear-cut R-GH secretory episode (70 +/- 5 ng/ml); basal values (12 +/- 3 ng/ml) are maintained for several hours thereafter.", "PMID": 100239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4145", "title": "[Analysis of the tissue interactions responsible for the mesonephogenic determination in amphibians, by the in vitro culture technic].", "content": "The cultivation of mesonephric lateral mesoblast, in combination with the dorso-caudal endoblast, with or without cordomesoderm, leads to the differentiation of mesonephric tubules in Bufo bufo and Pleurodeles waltlii. Then, the nephric duct does not seem to be necessary to nephric differentiation under in vitro cultivation conditions.", "contents": "[Analysis of the tissue interactions responsible for the mesonephogenic determination in amphibians, by the in vitro culture technic]. The cultivation of mesonephric lateral mesoblast, in combination with the dorso-caudal endoblast, with or without cordomesoderm, leads to the differentiation of mesonephric tubules in Bufo bufo and Pleurodeles waltlii. Then, the nephric duct does not seem to be necessary to nephric differentiation under in vitro cultivation conditions.", "PMID": 100240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4146", "title": "[Rapid recording of the fluorescence spectrum emitted by an isolated living cell].", "content": "In order to use the selectivity of fluorescence emission for biomedical purposes, a microspectrofluorimeter has been built around an inverted microscope. The excitation is supplied by a 450 W Xenon lamp coupled with a monochromator allowing excitation from 230 to 600 nm. The fluorescence is analysed by a Grism (association prism-grating) and the spectrum focused on the 500 channels of the target of an Optical Multichannel Analyser. Related to good resolution and dispersion (0.44 nm/channel), improvement of signal to noise ratio (dark current suppression, and accumulation of spectra), this microspectrofluorimeter with high sensitivity is well adapted to the study of biological mechanism in single living cells (macrophages, monocytes, lumphocytes).", "contents": "[Rapid recording of the fluorescence spectrum emitted by an isolated living cell]. In order to use the selectivity of fluorescence emission for biomedical purposes, a microspectrofluorimeter has been built around an inverted microscope. The excitation is supplied by a 450 W Xenon lamp coupled with a monochromator allowing excitation from 230 to 600 nm. The fluorescence is analysed by a Grism (association prism-grating) and the spectrum focused on the 500 channels of the target of an Optical Multichannel Analyser. Related to good resolution and dispersion (0.44 nm/channel), improvement of signal to noise ratio (dark current suppression, and accumulation of spectra), this microspectrofluorimeter with high sensitivity is well adapted to the study of biological mechanism in single living cells (macrophages, monocytes, lumphocytes).", "PMID": 100241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4147", "title": "[Development and evaluation of a method of high pressure liquid chromatography for the determination of the level of degradation of thyroliberin (TRH) in blood].", "content": "The degradation of the TRH by plasma was studied using a sensitive method for the separation of TRH and products formed by high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis (HPLC). The detected products are TRH-3H or synthetic TRH. The HPLC analysis is performed on a microparticulate (10 mu) silica gel chromatographic column with CH3CN/0,01 M NH4OAc, at pH 6 (30/70) (V/V). This technique provides a good separation of TRH and the other products of degradation. In our experimental conditions, the human plasma degrades 62.5 +/- 5% of of TRH in 60 mn; very similar results are obtained with thin layer chromatography.", "contents": "[Development and evaluation of a method of high pressure liquid chromatography for the determination of the level of degradation of thyroliberin (TRH) in blood]. The degradation of the TRH by plasma was studied using a sensitive method for the separation of TRH and products formed by high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis (HPLC). The detected products are TRH-3H or synthetic TRH. The HPLC analysis is performed on a microparticulate (10 mu) silica gel chromatographic column with CH3CN/0,01 M NH4OAc, at pH 6 (30/70) (V/V). This technique provides a good separation of TRH and the other products of degradation. In our experimental conditions, the human plasma degrades 62.5 +/- 5% of of TRH in 60 mn; very similar results are obtained with thin layer chromatography.", "PMID": 100242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4148", "title": "[Cartilaginous tissue and nalidixic acid].", "content": "1. Medication with nalidixic acid never produced articular lesions in adult animals. 2. In the species of immature animals, if sensitive to nalidixic acid, the articular lesions were macroscopically and microscopically identical. 3. The lesions regressed spontaneously as the basal germinative layer was never affected.", "contents": "[Cartilaginous tissue and nalidixic acid]. 1. Medication with nalidixic acid never produced articular lesions in adult animals. 2. In the species of immature animals, if sensitive to nalidixic acid, the articular lesions were macroscopically and microscopically identical. 3. The lesions regressed spontaneously as the basal germinative layer was never affected.", "PMID": 100243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4149", "title": "[Simple technic for culture of locus coeruleus nucleus in the newborn mouse].", "content": "The dissecting procedure and tissue culture technique on collagen coated coverslips in Leighton tubes, of newborn Mouse nucleus locus coeruleus and the regular histofluorescence demonstration of catecholaminergic fibers in the outgrowth zone are described. This simple method allows 10 day--long experiments .", "contents": "[Simple technic for culture of locus coeruleus nucleus in the newborn mouse]. The dissecting procedure and tissue culture technique on collagen coated coverslips in Leighton tubes, of newborn Mouse nucleus locus coeruleus and the regular histofluorescence demonstration of catecholaminergic fibers in the outgrowth zone are described. This simple method allows 10 day--long experiments .", "PMID": 100244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4150", "title": "[Application of the ion-thinning methods to the high-resolution study of human dental enamel crystals].", "content": "Ion thinning technique applied to high resolution T.E.M. study of human dental enamel crystallites makes it possible to visualize a great number of dislocations. Dislocations proved not to be due to artifacts induced by the ultramicrotome diamond knife. They are related to the crystal apartite structure.", "contents": "[Application of the ion-thinning methods to the high-resolution study of human dental enamel crystals]. Ion thinning technique applied to high resolution T.E.M. study of human dental enamel crystallites makes it possible to visualize a great number of dislocations. Dislocations proved not to be due to artifacts induced by the ultramicrotome diamond knife. They are related to the crystal apartite structure.", "PMID": 100245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4151", "title": "[Origin of a mitogrenic factor for cultivated macrophages (IMF: Inflammatory Mitogenic Factor) found in exudates of non-specific acute inflammation].", "content": "The mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate obtained from irradiated Rats is reduced. After transfer of bone marrow syngeneic cells into irradiated Rats this mitogenic activity is further decreased, while after transfer of thymic cells it is increased. It is postulated that the mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate could be related to thymic cells and that T lymphocytes may be involved in non specific-inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "[Origin of a mitogrenic factor for cultivated macrophages (IMF: Inflammatory Mitogenic Factor) found in exudates of non-specific acute inflammation]. The mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate obtained from irradiated Rats is reduced. After transfer of bone marrow syngeneic cells into irradiated Rats this mitogenic activity is further decreased, while after transfer of thymic cells it is increased. It is postulated that the mitogenic activity of inflammatory exudate could be related to thymic cells and that T lymphocytes may be involved in non specific-inflammatory reactions.", "PMID": 100246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4152", "title": "[Regional variations and particle binding of free amino acids in the rat brain: effects of amphetamine and methaqualone].", "content": "Amphetamine and methaqualone affected aspartate level in various regions of Rat brain. Increased aspartate level in cerebral cortex of methaqualone treated Rats was produced in the aspartate fraction whose binding to subcellular particules was Na+ dependant. This work suggest that aspartate level was altered only in brain fraction implicated in the pharmacological effects of the drugs.", "contents": "[Regional variations and particle binding of free amino acids in the rat brain: effects of amphetamine and methaqualone]. Amphetamine and methaqualone affected aspartate level in various regions of Rat brain. Increased aspartate level in cerebral cortex of methaqualone treated Rats was produced in the aspartate fraction whose binding to subcellular particules was Na+ dependant. This work suggest that aspartate level was altered only in brain fraction implicated in the pharmacological effects of the drugs.", "PMID": 100247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4153", "title": "[Trials of mixed grafts of 5 cell lines from human brain tumors in athymic nude mice].", "content": "Five established lines derived from human brain tumors were mixed in pairs and injected into athymic nude Mice. The observation of mixed tumors and patterns of rejection obtained after inoculation enabled us to classify these five lines according to their aggressiveness in a heterologous host. In addition, the SA 52 line induced an inhibitory effect on graft growth (or a facilitation of rejection).", "contents": "[Trials of mixed grafts of 5 cell lines from human brain tumors in athymic nude mice]. Five established lines derived from human brain tumors were mixed in pairs and injected into athymic nude Mice. The observation of mixed tumors and patterns of rejection obtained after inoculation enabled us to classify these five lines according to their aggressiveness in a heterologous host. In addition, the SA 52 line induced an inhibitory effect on graft growth (or a facilitation of rejection).", "PMID": 100248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4154", "title": "[Demonstration by stereological methods of pre-prophase doubling of the number of ribosomes in Ehrlich tumor cells].", "content": "Homogeneous populations of G1, S or G2 Ehrlich tumor cells are analysed by stereological methods at the ultrastructural level. This analysis demonstrates that the number of cytoplasmic ribosomes is doubled before the prophase.", "contents": "[Demonstration by stereological methods of pre-prophase doubling of the number of ribosomes in Ehrlich tumor cells]. Homogeneous populations of G1, S or G2 Ehrlich tumor cells are analysed by stereological methods at the ultrastructural level. This analysis demonstrates that the number of cytoplasmic ribosomes is doubled before the prophase.", "PMID": 100249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4155", "title": "[Early effect of estradiol on ultrastructure of chromatin in the endometrium and hormone-dependent mammary tumors].", "content": "After in vivo and in vitro administration of aestradiol, the chromatin of lamb endometrium and of hormone-dependent 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene Rat mammary tumors is rapidly transformed from a condensed into a diffuse chromatin. A stimulation of 3H leucine incorporation into protein was also observed. These modifications were specific for estrogen receptor ligands and for estrogen responsive tissues. In vitro tamoxifen induced pycnosis. These changes could be used to improve the prediction of hormone dependency of human breast and uterine cancers.", "contents": "[Early effect of estradiol on ultrastructure of chromatin in the endometrium and hormone-dependent mammary tumors]. After in vivo and in vitro administration of aestradiol, the chromatin of lamb endometrium and of hormone-dependent 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene Rat mammary tumors is rapidly transformed from a condensed into a diffuse chromatin. A stimulation of 3H leucine incorporation into protein was also observed. These modifications were specific for estrogen receptor ligands and for estrogen responsive tissues. In vitro tamoxifen induced pycnosis. These changes could be used to improve the prediction of hormone dependency of human breast and uterine cancers.", "PMID": 100250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4156", "title": "[Demonstration of a 2d LH-RH neurosecretory system in the duck hypothalamus].", "content": "Using immunocytochemical techniques with an anti-LH-RH immuneserum, evidence of two neuronal systems secreting LH-RH has been shown in the Duck hypothalamus. In addition to the previously described system, located in the preoptic nucleus, a second system could be demonstrated in the infundibular nucleus. The perikarya of the infundibular LH-RH producing neurons were significantly smaller than those of the preoptic neurons. On the other hand, under the experimental conditions used, the infundibular system had approximately five times less LH-RH secreting neurons than the preoptic system, and its perikarya appeared less heavily loaded in IR LH-RH. The LH-RH containing axons from both neuronal populations ran down to the external layer of the median eminence, where they ended in close contact with the capillaries of the hypophysial portal system.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a 2d LH-RH neurosecretory system in the duck hypothalamus]. Using immunocytochemical techniques with an anti-LH-RH immuneserum, evidence of two neuronal systems secreting LH-RH has been shown in the Duck hypothalamus. In addition to the previously described system, located in the preoptic nucleus, a second system could be demonstrated in the infundibular nucleus. The perikarya of the infundibular LH-RH producing neurons were significantly smaller than those of the preoptic neurons. On the other hand, under the experimental conditions used, the infundibular system had approximately five times less LH-RH secreting neurons than the preoptic system, and its perikarya appeared less heavily loaded in IR LH-RH. The LH-RH containing axons from both neuronal populations ran down to the external layer of the median eminence, where they ended in close contact with the capillaries of the hypophysial portal system.", "PMID": 100251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4157", "title": "[Persistence of orientation-selective cells of the primary visual cortex in kittens enucleated unilaterally at birth and reared in darkness].", "content": "In kittens dark reared (6 weeks old) orientation selective cells are no longer recorded in the primary visual cortex, while in kittens of same age, enucleated at birth unilaterally and reared in identical conditions, 30% of visual cortical cells are shown to be orientation selective and in addition respond preferentially to horizontal and vertical orientations.", "contents": "[Persistence of orientation-selective cells of the primary visual cortex in kittens enucleated unilaterally at birth and reared in darkness]. In kittens dark reared (6 weeks old) orientation selective cells are no longer recorded in the primary visual cortex, while in kittens of same age, enucleated at birth unilaterally and reared in identical conditions, 30% of visual cortical cells are shown to be orientation selective and in addition respond preferentially to horizontal and vertical orientations.", "PMID": 100252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4158", "title": "[Adaptation of the deoxyglucose method to the cellular level: histologic preparation of the central nervous system for high resolution radioautography].", "content": "Vascular perfusion of all products required for primary fixation, postfixation, dehydration and embedding of nervous tissue in Epon permits radio-autographic detection of radioactivity accumulated in the central nervous system after intravenous injection of [3H]deoxyglucose. This histological technique should allow application of the deoxyglucose method at cellular if not subcellular level, since a high proportion of the tracer appears to be retained in situ in specimens adequately preserved for light and electron microscope radio-autography.", "contents": "[Adaptation of the deoxyglucose method to the cellular level: histologic preparation of the central nervous system for high resolution radioautography]. Vascular perfusion of all products required for primary fixation, postfixation, dehydration and embedding of nervous tissue in Epon permits radio-autographic detection of radioactivity accumulated in the central nervous system after intravenous injection of [3H]deoxyglucose. This histological technique should allow application of the deoxyglucose method at cellular if not subcellular level, since a high proportion of the tracer appears to be retained in situ in specimens adequately preserved for light and electron microscope radio-autography.", "PMID": 100253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4159", "title": "[Electron microscopy of mitochondrial DNA in Podospora anserina and the presence of a multimeric range of circular DNA molecules from senescent cultures].", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA from young cultures of race s of Podospora anserina was isolated. Its density in Cesium chloride density equilibrium gradients was 1.694 g/cc. Examination by the electron microscope revealed that ca 1% of this DNA consisted of circles, 31 micrometer in contour length; the remaining DNA was composed of linear molecules ranging in length from 2 to 33 micrometer. In DNA of similar density obtained from senescent cultures of the same race s, about 11% of the molecules consisted of a multimeric set of circles ranging in size from 0.9 to 15 micrometer, with most being in the 1.8 and 2.7 micrometer classes. The similarity of these DNA molecules with the mitochondrial DNA from rho(-) yeast mutants is discussed.", "contents": "[Electron microscopy of mitochondrial DNA in Podospora anserina and the presence of a multimeric range of circular DNA molecules from senescent cultures]. Mitochondrial DNA from young cultures of race s of Podospora anserina was isolated. Its density in Cesium chloride density equilibrium gradients was 1.694 g/cc. Examination by the electron microscope revealed that ca 1% of this DNA consisted of circles, 31 micrometer in contour length; the remaining DNA was composed of linear molecules ranging in length from 2 to 33 micrometer. In DNA of similar density obtained from senescent cultures of the same race s, about 11% of the molecules consisted of a multimeric set of circles ranging in size from 0.9 to 15 micrometer, with most being in the 1.8 and 2.7 micrometer classes. The similarity of these DNA molecules with the mitochondrial DNA from rho(-) yeast mutants is discussed.", "PMID": 100254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4160", "title": "[A malignant tumour in the female genital tract of Pachygnatha clercki Sundevall, 1823 (Arachnida, Araneae, Tetragnathidae)].", "content": "A first case of genuine neoplasm is reported in the order Araneida. This epithelial tumor, proceeding from oviduct ends, invades uterus; malignancy is strongly supported by cell structure and extensive local behavior.", "contents": "[A malignant tumour in the female genital tract of Pachygnatha clercki Sundevall, 1823 (Arachnida, Araneae, Tetragnathidae)]. A first case of genuine neoplasm is reported in the order Araneida. This epithelial tumor, proceeding from oviduct ends, invades uterus; malignancy is strongly supported by cell structure and extensive local behavior.", "PMID": 100255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4161", "title": "[A model of enzymatic kinetics].", "content": "In this Note, we study a system of differential equations representing the kinetics of an enzymatic reaction. For a closed system, and in the domain where it has a biological significance, it is shown that: (i) there exists a unique equilibrium point, which is an asymptotically stable point; (ii) if several enzymes act on the same substrates, the equilibrium values of the substrates concentrations take their values within the range of the equilibrium values achieved with each of these enzymes, (iii) the kinetics of the reaction can be approached by a single first-order differential equation, which may be seen as a generalization of the Michaelis equation.", "contents": "[A model of enzymatic kinetics]. In this Note, we study a system of differential equations representing the kinetics of an enzymatic reaction. For a closed system, and in the domain where it has a biological significance, it is shown that: (i) there exists a unique equilibrium point, which is an asymptotically stable point; (ii) if several enzymes act on the same substrates, the equilibrium values of the substrates concentrations take their values within the range of the equilibrium values achieved with each of these enzymes, (iii) the kinetics of the reaction can be approached by a single first-order differential equation, which may be seen as a generalization of the Michaelis equation.", "PMID": 100256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4162", "title": "[Differentiation of human megakaryocytes in culture starting from the primordial circulating cells in the newborn].", "content": "Human neonatal blood mononuclear cells were seeded in plasma clot containing high dose of a crude erythropietin. Pure megakaryocyte colonies were observed rarely and most of the colonies were mixed, megakaryocytes being located between subcolonies of erythrocytic bursts. The megakaryocytic nature of large cells could be clearly confirmed by the presence of platelet peroxidase, demarcation membranes, and alpha granules detected by electron microscopy; in addition mature micromegakaryocytes were recognized, shedding platelets.", "contents": "[Differentiation of human megakaryocytes in culture starting from the primordial circulating cells in the newborn]. Human neonatal blood mononuclear cells were seeded in plasma clot containing high dose of a crude erythropietin. Pure megakaryocyte colonies were observed rarely and most of the colonies were mixed, megakaryocytes being located between subcolonies of erythrocytic bursts. The megakaryocytic nature of large cells could be clearly confirmed by the presence of platelet peroxidase, demarcation membranes, and alpha granules detected by electron microscopy; in addition mature micromegakaryocytes were recognized, shedding platelets.", "PMID": 100257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4163", "title": "Effect of sublingual nitroglycerin on regional flow in patients with and without coronary disease.", "content": "We evaluated the effects of sublingual nitroglycerin on indices of regional coronary flow and coronary resistance (CR) in 12 selected patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and eight with normal coronary arteries (NCA), using continuous thermodilution. Resting total left ventricular flow, reflected by coronary sinus flow (CSF), and anterior regional flow, reflected by great cardiac vein flow (GCVF), in NCA and CAD patient groups, were similar. However, in a subgroup of six patients, with CAD limited to the anterior descending artery, GCVF was lower and anterior regional CR (CRANT) higher than the NCA subjects. Nitroglycerin reduced the systolic pressure-heart rate product similarly in both patient groups. CSF and GCVF in NCA subjects declined 15% and 17%, respectively, as total CR (CRT) and CRANT increased. In the CAD subgroup, consisting of patients with CAD limited to the anterior descending, GCVF increased 48% as CRANT declined 50%, and CSF was unchanged. In the other CAD subgroup of patients with CAD in the right and/or circumflex arteries, GCVF declined 32% and CRANT increased 46% as CSF was minimally increased. These data imply that sublingual nitroglycerin reduces both CSF and GCVF in NCA patients as oxygen demands decrease. In certain CAD patients, however, nitroglycerin alters regional coronary venous blood flow, suggesting a redistribution of flow from normally perfused to hypoperfused regions.", "contents": "Effect of sublingual nitroglycerin on regional flow in patients with and without coronary disease. We evaluated the effects of sublingual nitroglycerin on indices of regional coronary flow and coronary resistance (CR) in 12 selected patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and eight with normal coronary arteries (NCA), using continuous thermodilution. Resting total left ventricular flow, reflected by coronary sinus flow (CSF), and anterior regional flow, reflected by great cardiac vein flow (GCVF), in NCA and CAD patient groups, were similar. However, in a subgroup of six patients, with CAD limited to the anterior descending artery, GCVF was lower and anterior regional CR (CRANT) higher than the NCA subjects. Nitroglycerin reduced the systolic pressure-heart rate product similarly in both patient groups. CSF and GCVF in NCA subjects declined 15% and 17%, respectively, as total CR (CRT) and CRANT increased. In the CAD subgroup, consisting of patients with CAD limited to the anterior descending, GCVF increased 48% as CRANT declined 50%, and CSF was unchanged. In the other CAD subgroup of patients with CAD in the right and/or circumflex arteries, GCVF declined 32% and CRANT increased 46% as CSF was minimally increased. These data imply that sublingual nitroglycerin reduces both CSF and GCVF in NCA patients as oxygen demands decrease. In certain CAD patients, however, nitroglycerin alters regional coronary venous blood flow, suggesting a redistribution of flow from normally perfused to hypoperfused regions.", "PMID": 100259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4164", "title": "Chemical and immunochemical measurement of total iron-binding capacity compared.", "content": "Radiometric, colorimetric, and two immunochemical methods for measuring total iron-binding capacity are compared. We evaluated the procedures on the basis of precision, applicability to a pediatric population, and accuracy as assessed by analytical recovery of purified transferrin. The immunoephelometric assay for transferrin provides significant advantages over the other methods examined.", "contents": "Chemical and immunochemical measurement of total iron-binding capacity compared. Radiometric, colorimetric, and two immunochemical methods for measuring total iron-binding capacity are compared. We evaluated the procedures on the basis of precision, applicability to a pediatric population, and accuracy as assessed by analytical recovery of purified transferrin. The immunoephelometric assay for transferrin provides significant advantages over the other methods examined.", "PMID": 100260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4165", "title": "An automated turbidimetric rate method for immunoglobulin assays.", "content": "A turbidimetric rate method for the determination of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and IgM has been adapted to an automatic kinetic rate analyzer. The procedure can be run on mildly lipemic sera without correction for sample light scatter. We report correlations with results by an immunodiffusion method and a manual laser nephelometric technique. The automated rate procedure described provides a rapid, accurate, precise and sensitive way to measure immunoglobulins.", "contents": "An automated turbidimetric rate method for immunoglobulin assays. A turbidimetric rate method for the determination of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and IgM has been adapted to an automatic kinetic rate analyzer. The procedure can be run on mildly lipemic sera without correction for sample light scatter. We report correlations with results by an immunodiffusion method and a manual laser nephelometric technique. The automated rate procedure described provides a rapid, accurate, precise and sensitive way to measure immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 100261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4166", "title": "Thyroid function in early sub-acute thyroiditis.", "content": "A 53-year-old woman with an early form of de Quervain's disease involving both thyroid lobes was found to have her thyroid uptake of iodine suppressed, although the serum thyroid hormone concentrations were normal while the administration of TRH resulted in significant increase in the serum TSH concentrations. After administration of TSH the thyroid reserve was found to below. The diagnosis of sub-acute thyroiditis was confirmed on biopsy. The above data seem to indicate that the suppression of the thyroid uptake in the early stage of de Quervain's disease may be directly caused by the inflammatory condition of the gland, rather than, as is usually the case, by the excess of thyroid hormones and, consequently, by the suppression of pituitary TSH secretion.", "contents": "Thyroid function in early sub-acute thyroiditis. A 53-year-old woman with an early form of de Quervain's disease involving both thyroid lobes was found to have her thyroid uptake of iodine suppressed, although the serum thyroid hormone concentrations were normal while the administration of TRH resulted in significant increase in the serum TSH concentrations. After administration of TSH the thyroid reserve was found to below. The diagnosis of sub-acute thyroiditis was confirmed on biopsy. The above data seem to indicate that the suppression of the thyroid uptake in the early stage of de Quervain's disease may be directly caused by the inflammatory condition of the gland, rather than, as is usually the case, by the excess of thyroid hormones and, consequently, by the suppression of pituitary TSH secretion.", "PMID": 100262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4167", "title": "Bromocriptine suppression of the thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone.", "content": "A single oral dose of 5 mg of bromocriptine significantly lowered the TSH response to 200 microgram TRH intravenously in eight healthy men compared with control experiments in the same subjects. This finding may be relevant in chronic bromocriptine therapy.", "contents": "Bromocriptine suppression of the thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone. A single oral dose of 5 mg of bromocriptine significantly lowered the TSH response to 200 microgram TRH intravenously in eight healthy men compared with control experiments in the same subjects. This finding may be relevant in chronic bromocriptine therapy.", "PMID": 100263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4168", "title": "225 skateboard injuries in children.", "content": "Among 225 skateboard accidents treated at the Children's Hospital, Sheffield, in 8 months from August 1977, there were 92 fractures (40.9 per cent), of which 19 required manipulation under general anesthetic. Most involved the upper limb. Next most frequent were lacerations, bruises, abrasions, and injuries of joints and soft tissues. Four children had concussions (one with a fractured skull), 8 others had minor head injury, and 23 had soft tissue injuries of the head and neck. As for the reasons for the accidents, 20 per cent were due to hitting a stone, 10 per cent to a hole or bump in the pavement, 8 per cent to collisions, and three accidents to faults in the skateboards. Sixteen of the children were injured on the first day of their skateboarding. The role of protective clothing was uncertain. The city has no skateboard parks. Injuries due to skateboards were compared to injuries due to playground equipment.", "contents": "225 skateboard injuries in children. Among 225 skateboard accidents treated at the Children's Hospital, Sheffield, in 8 months from August 1977, there were 92 fractures (40.9 per cent), of which 19 required manipulation under general anesthetic. Most involved the upper limb. Next most frequent were lacerations, bruises, abrasions, and injuries of joints and soft tissues. Four children had concussions (one with a fractured skull), 8 others had minor head injury, and 23 had soft tissue injuries of the head and neck. As for the reasons for the accidents, 20 per cent were due to hitting a stone, 10 per cent to a hole or bump in the pavement, 8 per cent to collisions, and three accidents to faults in the skateboards. Sixteen of the children were injured on the first day of their skateboarding. The role of protective clothing was uncertain. The city has no skateboard parks. Injuries due to skateboards were compared to injuries due to playground equipment.", "PMID": 100266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4169", "title": "Critical study of the value of renal clearances measured by the single shot technic.", "content": "A critical approach to the problem of establishing new methods of measurement of kidney function is presented. Variability of the reference clearances inulin and PAH is large, thus reference method ratios close to 1 are not sufficient to ascertain the value of the method under investigation. EDTA 51Cr and hippuran 125I, single shot technics illustrate the need for more accurate criteria required for validating a new technic.", "contents": "Critical study of the value of renal clearances measured by the single shot technic. A critical approach to the problem of establishing new methods of measurement of kidney function is presented. Variability of the reference clearances inulin and PAH is large, thus reference method ratios close to 1 are not sufficient to ascertain the value of the method under investigation. EDTA 51Cr and hippuran 125I, single shot technics illustrate the need for more accurate criteria required for validating a new technic.", "PMID": 100269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4170", "title": "The contraction induced by calcium ions in isolated guinea-pig vas deferens.", "content": "1. When isolated guinea-pig vas deferens was pretreated with 0.01% sodium edetate in an isotonic sucrose medium and then transferred to an edetate-free sucrose medium, the addition of CaCl2 (1.1 to 35.2 mmol/l) induced a contraction. 2. The contraction was greatest when the CaCl2 was added soon after pretreatment with edetate, and decreased with increasing time, almost disappearing after 1 h. 3. When KCl (1.4 to 22.4 mmol/l) was added in place of CaCl2, the contraction was lowest soon after pretreatment with edetate, and increased with time; after 1 h, the effect, was 80.7% of that observed in a preparation that had not been pretreaated with edetate.", "contents": "The contraction induced by calcium ions in isolated guinea-pig vas deferens. 1. When isolated guinea-pig vas deferens was pretreated with 0.01% sodium edetate in an isotonic sucrose medium and then transferred to an edetate-free sucrose medium, the addition of CaCl2 (1.1 to 35.2 mmol/l) induced a contraction. 2. The contraction was greatest when the CaCl2 was added soon after pretreatment with edetate, and decreased with increasing time, almost disappearing after 1 h. 3. When KCl (1.4 to 22.4 mmol/l) was added in place of CaCl2, the contraction was lowest soon after pretreatment with edetate, and increased with time; after 1 h, the effect, was 80.7% of that observed in a preparation that had not been pretreaated with edetate.", "PMID": 100264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4171", "title": "In vitro activity of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, sisomicin and netilmicin alone and in combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The in vitro activity of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, sisomicin and netilmicin alone and in combination against 35 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated. Ticarcillin was more active than carbenicillin and sisomicin was more active than netilmicin. There was enhanced killing of many strains of P. aeruginosa by the combination of carbenicillin or ticarcillin with sisomicin or netilmicin.", "contents": "In vitro activity of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, sisomicin and netilmicin alone and in combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The in vitro activity of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, sisomicin and netilmicin alone and in combination against 35 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated. Ticarcillin was more active than carbenicillin and sisomicin was more active than netilmicin. There was enhanced killing of many strains of P. aeruginosa by the combination of carbenicillin or ticarcillin with sisomicin or netilmicin.", "PMID": 100282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4172", "title": "The relation of radiation sensitivity to pronuclear chromosome structure. I. Different radiation sensitivities between Drosophila melanogaster and Phryne cincta.", "content": "After treatment of mature spermatozoa of Phryne cincta egg mortality rates were determined and chromosomal mutation rates by examination of the polytene chromosomes of the F1 progeny.--A comparison of the results with similar studies made on Drosophila melanogaster yielded a two- to threefold higher sensitivity in Phryne cincta. Evaluation of data concerning DNA amounts, heterochromatin contents, distribution of breaks, repair capacities in two-break sites and oxygen concentrations in mature spermatozoa revealed no contradiction to the hypothesis that the greater sensitivity of Phryne cincta is mainly due to a high degree of spiralization of the paternal pronucleus chromosomes.", "contents": "The relation of radiation sensitivity to pronuclear chromosome structure. I. Different radiation sensitivities between Drosophila melanogaster and Phryne cincta. After treatment of mature spermatozoa of Phryne cincta egg mortality rates were determined and chromosomal mutation rates by examination of the polytene chromosomes of the F1 progeny.--A comparison of the results with similar studies made on Drosophila melanogaster yielded a two- to threefold higher sensitivity in Phryne cincta. Evaluation of data concerning DNA amounts, heterochromatin contents, distribution of breaks, repair capacities in two-break sites and oxygen concentrations in mature spermatozoa revealed no contradiction to the hypothesis that the greater sensitivity of Phryne cincta is mainly due to a high degree of spiralization of the paternal pronucleus chromosomes.", "PMID": 100296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4173", "title": "Oral administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the diagnosis of thyreopathies.", "content": "The authors summarize their experience with a simple test for the diagnosis of hyper--and hypothyroidism after oral administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). The practical advantage of this test is the absence of unpleasant side-effects described after the intravenous administration and elimination of stress of the patients and health workers associated with injection.", "contents": "Oral administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the diagnosis of thyreopathies. The authors summarize their experience with a simple test for the diagnosis of hyper--and hypothyroidism after oral administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). The practical advantage of this test is the absence of unpleasant side-effects described after the intravenous administration and elimination of stress of the patients and health workers associated with injection.", "PMID": 100297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4174", "title": "The use of autologous and allogeneic venous grafts for arteriovenous fistulas in chronic haemodialysis.", "content": "The development of haemodialysis treatment and kidney transplantation has brought forth effective therapy and long-term survival in patients with irreversible renal failure. One of the factors limiting successful long-term treatment is the difficulty involved in the patients repeatedly on to the artificial kidney. Once all the routine techniques of creating subcutaneous arteriovenous have been exploited, the use of venous grafts provides further opportunities for vascular access for regular haemodialysis. Evaluation of the immediate results and of long-term average cumulative patency in 24 autologous and 24 stored allogeneic venous grafts revealed fewer complications and better long-term usability in venous allografts. Allogeneic venous grafts appear to offer a suitable replacement for venous autografts in the surgical technique of arteriovenous fistulas. Their advantages include easy availability, low cost, and long-term usability in chronic dialysis.", "contents": "The use of autologous and allogeneic venous grafts for arteriovenous fistulas in chronic haemodialysis. The development of haemodialysis treatment and kidney transplantation has brought forth effective therapy and long-term survival in patients with irreversible renal failure. One of the factors limiting successful long-term treatment is the difficulty involved in the patients repeatedly on to the artificial kidney. Once all the routine techniques of creating subcutaneous arteriovenous have been exploited, the use of venous grafts provides further opportunities for vascular access for regular haemodialysis. Evaluation of the immediate results and of long-term average cumulative patency in 24 autologous and 24 stored allogeneic venous grafts revealed fewer complications and better long-term usability in venous allografts. Allogeneic venous grafts appear to offer a suitable replacement for venous autografts in the surgical technique of arteriovenous fistulas. Their advantages include easy availability, low cost, and long-term usability in chronic dialysis.", "PMID": 100298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4175", "title": "[Toxoplasmosis transmission by blood transfusion? (author's transl)].", "content": "T-cells of the chicken tumour HPRS-1, mouse mastocytoma cells, Friend virus-transformed erythroleukaemia cells as well as normal human, mouse and chick erythrocytes were tested for their receptivity to toxoplasma infection. The studies indicate that T-cells and mastocytoma cells, which may be counted as part of the white blood cell series, have the highest invasion rate after incubation with toxoplasma. Friend-erythroleukaemia cells were less often affected; mature human, mouse and chick erythrocytes were refractory. The results suggest that cells of the white blood cell series are receptive to toxoplasma infection but that nucleated precursors of the red series may also be so, while mature erythrocytes cannot be infected. The possibility of transmission of toxoplasmosis by blood transfusion can no longer be doubted.", "contents": "[Toxoplasmosis transmission by blood transfusion? (author's transl)]. T-cells of the chicken tumour HPRS-1, mouse mastocytoma cells, Friend virus-transformed erythroleukaemia cells as well as normal human, mouse and chick erythrocytes were tested for their receptivity to toxoplasma infection. The studies indicate that T-cells and mastocytoma cells, which may be counted as part of the white blood cell series, have the highest invasion rate after incubation with toxoplasma. Friend-erythroleukaemia cells were less often affected; mature human, mouse and chick erythrocytes were refractory. The results suggest that cells of the white blood cell series are receptive to toxoplasma infection but that nucleated precursors of the red series may also be so, while mature erythrocytes cannot be infected. The possibility of transmission of toxoplasmosis by blood transfusion can no longer be doubted.", "PMID": 100300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4176", "title": "[Potassium metabolism in combined administration of pindolol and clopamide in long-term treatment of hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Potassium metabolism was studied in a multicentre trial of 174 out-patients with arterial hypertension of mild or moderate degree who were receiving both beta-adenergic blockers and a diuretic (1 tablet Viskaldix, containing 10 mg pindolol and 5 mg clopamide). The antihypertensive effect, heart rate and drug tolerance were also analysed. During the 15-week treatment there were no significant changes in potassium metabolism. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, both on standing and lying, were significantly decreased, while heart rate remained within normal limits. In no instance was it necessary to discontinue the drug because it was not well tolerated.", "contents": "[Potassium metabolism in combined administration of pindolol and clopamide in long-term treatment of hypertension (author's transl)]. Potassium metabolism was studied in a multicentre trial of 174 out-patients with arterial hypertension of mild or moderate degree who were receiving both beta-adenergic blockers and a diuretic (1 tablet Viskaldix, containing 10 mg pindolol and 5 mg clopamide). The antihypertensive effect, heart rate and drug tolerance were also analysed. During the 15-week treatment there were no significant changes in potassium metabolism. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, both on standing and lying, were significantly decreased, while heart rate remained within normal limits. In no instance was it necessary to discontinue the drug because it was not well tolerated.", "PMID": 100301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4177", "title": "[A new method for combined auto-alloplastic tooth reimplantation with a parallel A1203-ceramic root].", "content": "The operative procedure for partially replacing the root with A12O3 ceramic represents a good possibility for preserving teeth in which the pulpa is devitalized. The method used in connection with the well known autoplastic reimplantation not only presents an alternative to the traditional apicoectomy but also provides additional stabilization of the tooth by lengthing the root with cocotostabile and biocompatible A1203 ceramic. The method was tested in humans and monkeys. Argumentation was based on histological examination via light microscopy.", "contents": "[A new method for combined auto-alloplastic tooth reimplantation with a parallel A1203-ceramic root]. The operative procedure for partially replacing the root with A12O3 ceramic represents a good possibility for preserving teeth in which the pulpa is devitalized. The method used in connection with the well known autoplastic reimplantation not only presents an alternative to the traditional apicoectomy but also provides additional stabilization of the tooth by lengthing the root with cocotostabile and biocompatible A1203 ceramic. The method was tested in humans and monkeys. Argumentation was based on histological examination via light microscopy.", "PMID": 100304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4178", "title": "[Animal experimental tests of a new filling material (Isocap)].", "content": "An experimental investigation with animals (Rhesus monkeys) concerning pulp tolerance to two premeasured dosages of calcium hydroxide cement (Reocap and Reocap-E) as well as a pre-measured dosage of filling material (Isocap) in an injection capsule was carried out (78 class V cavities). As with the negative controls, a very slight reaction, or none at all, developed in response to the two calcium hydroxide cements and the new filling material, with and without application of capping material. When five other accidentally exposed pulpae were dissected, direct capping under the corresponding preconditions (punctate exposed pulpa, longer storage period for calcium hydroxide cement) showed the characteristic formation of reparative dentin.", "contents": "[Animal experimental tests of a new filling material (Isocap)]. An experimental investigation with animals (Rhesus monkeys) concerning pulp tolerance to two premeasured dosages of calcium hydroxide cement (Reocap and Reocap-E) as well as a pre-measured dosage of filling material (Isocap) in an injection capsule was carried out (78 class V cavities). As with the negative controls, a very slight reaction, or none at all, developed in response to the two calcium hydroxide cements and the new filling material, with and without application of capping material. When five other accidentally exposed pulpae were dissected, direct capping under the corresponding preconditions (punctate exposed pulpa, longer storage period for calcium hydroxide cement) showed the characteristic formation of reparative dentin.", "PMID": 100305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4179", "title": "[The mathematical rationale for the clinical EEG-frequency-bands. 1. Factor analysis with EEG-power estimations for determining frequency bands].", "content": "In order to determine whether the clinically used frequency bands of the EEG can also be obtained by a mathematical system we did a factor analysis with 480 EEG recordings, 5 minutes each, in 60 healthy male volunteers. A power spectrum analysis was done and 57 frequency bands between 1.5 and 30.0 Hz in a half Hz steps were calculated. The factor structure obtained made the following frequency bands (Hz) reasonable: deltaF = 1.5 - 6.0, thetaF = 6.0 - 8.5, alpha1F = 8.5 - 10.5, alpha2F = 10.5 - 12.5, beta1F = 12.5 - 18.5, beta2F = 18.2 - 21.0, beta3F = 21.0 - 30.0. Except for alpha1F all other 6 frequency bands were represented by one general factor with the complexity 1. The variance of the alpha1F band is explained by several of the 6 factors. The clinically known and the by factor analysis obtained frequency bands in the beta-range are similar. The clinically alpha-band is subdivided into two frequency bands alpha1F and alpha2F by the factor analysis. The clinically known border line between delta- and theta-band of 3.5 Hz cannot be found by factor analysis.", "contents": "[The mathematical rationale for the clinical EEG-frequency-bands. 1. Factor analysis with EEG-power estimations for determining frequency bands]. In order to determine whether the clinically used frequency bands of the EEG can also be obtained by a mathematical system we did a factor analysis with 480 EEG recordings, 5 minutes each, in 60 healthy male volunteers. A power spectrum analysis was done and 57 frequency bands between 1.5 and 30.0 Hz in a half Hz steps were calculated. The factor structure obtained made the following frequency bands (Hz) reasonable: deltaF = 1.5 - 6.0, thetaF = 6.0 - 8.5, alpha1F = 8.5 - 10.5, alpha2F = 10.5 - 12.5, beta1F = 12.5 - 18.5, beta2F = 18.2 - 21.0, beta3F = 21.0 - 30.0. Except for alpha1F all other 6 frequency bands were represented by one general factor with the complexity 1. The variance of the alpha1F band is explained by several of the 6 factors. The clinically known and the by factor analysis obtained frequency bands in the beta-range are similar. The clinically alpha-band is subdivided into two frequency bands alpha1F and alpha2F by the factor analysis. The clinically known border line between delta- and theta-band of 3.5 Hz cannot be found by factor analysis.", "PMID": 100309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4180", "title": "[Somatosensory evoked cortical potentials (SSEP) in regenerating nerves following suture (author's transl)].", "content": "In 37 patients with sutured median and ulnar nerves 106 SSEP were evaluated. Stimulation of the finger nerves was performed at a rate of 4-6/sec. In the early stage of reinnervation, just when the electrical stimulus was perceived, the second positive component (P2) of the SSEP could be recorded, but the primary part of the SEP (N1/P1) was highly reduced or absent. At this time no peripheral nerve action potential or muscle action potential could be obtained. In a follow-up study the sensory regenerating process expressed in a clinical sensibility index (S1-S4+), corresponded well with latency and amplitude of the primary potential of the SSEP: N1-latency decrease and N1/P1 and especially P2/N3-amplitude increase corresponded with improving sensibility. The abnormally high P2-wave is assumed to be an expression of central adaptation and reintegration. The method seems to be of diagnostic value as a test of peripheral nerve function especially in early and late stages of reinnervation, in verification of collateral reinnervation and in objectifying sensory defects in forensic cases.", "contents": "[Somatosensory evoked cortical potentials (SSEP) in regenerating nerves following suture (author's transl)]. In 37 patients with sutured median and ulnar nerves 106 SSEP were evaluated. Stimulation of the finger nerves was performed at a rate of 4-6/sec. In the early stage of reinnervation, just when the electrical stimulus was perceived, the second positive component (P2) of the SSEP could be recorded, but the primary part of the SEP (N1/P1) was highly reduced or absent. At this time no peripheral nerve action potential or muscle action potential could be obtained. In a follow-up study the sensory regenerating process expressed in a clinical sensibility index (S1-S4+), corresponded well with latency and amplitude of the primary potential of the SSEP: N1-latency decrease and N1/P1 and especially P2/N3-amplitude increase corresponded with improving sensibility. The abnormally high P2-wave is assumed to be an expression of central adaptation and reintegration. The method seems to be of diagnostic value as a test of peripheral nerve function especially in early and late stages of reinnervation, in verification of collateral reinnervation and in objectifying sensory defects in forensic cases.", "PMID": 100312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4181", "title": "[EMG-findings and nerve conduction velocity in herpes zoster disease (author's transl)].", "content": "We have performed a myography on three patients and an additional study of the nerve conduction velocity (CV) on two adult patients suffering from herpes zoster. It could be demonstrated that the affected muscles can suffer at the same time a neuropathy as well as a myopathy. We found fibrillations and CV-reduction also in clinically healthy nerves and muscles. The abnormal findings were most prominent in the clinically affected segments and often suggested an in portio lesion of the motor unit. The infiltration of the spinal ganglion appears to have no paramount significance for the understanding of this disease.", "contents": "[EMG-findings and nerve conduction velocity in herpes zoster disease (author's transl)]. We have performed a myography on three patients and an additional study of the nerve conduction velocity (CV) on two adult patients suffering from herpes zoster. It could be demonstrated that the affected muscles can suffer at the same time a neuropathy as well as a myopathy. We found fibrillations and CV-reduction also in clinically healthy nerves and muscles. The abnormal findings were most prominent in the clinically affected segments and often suggested an in portio lesion of the motor unit. The infiltration of the spinal ganglion appears to have no paramount significance for the understanding of this disease.", "PMID": 100313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4182", "title": "Purification of two dexamethasone-binding proteins from rat-liver cytosol.", "content": "Two dexamethasone-binding proteins have been purified from rat liver cytosol. The main purification steps are: precipitation by protamine sulphate, affinity chromatography on CH-Sepharose 4B to which 11-deoxycorticosterone is linked through a disulfide bond and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Two binding components elute from the DEAE-cellulose column at 0.12 M and 0.2 M NaCl, respectively. By means of dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it was demonstrated that both components are composed predominantly of a single polypeptide with molecular weights of about 45 000 and 90 000. Antibodies to the two polypeptides have been elicited in rabbits. The antibodies to the 45 000-Mr polypeptide cross react with the 90 000-Mr component. Likewise the antibodies to the 90 000-Mr protein precipitate the 45 000-Mr polypeptide. Either of the two antibody preparations immunoprecipitates the major part (approximately 70%) of the dexamethasone-binding activity of the cytosol.", "contents": "Purification of two dexamethasone-binding proteins from rat-liver cytosol. Two dexamethasone-binding proteins have been purified from rat liver cytosol. The main purification steps are: precipitation by protamine sulphate, affinity chromatography on CH-Sepharose 4B to which 11-deoxycorticosterone is linked through a disulfide bond and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Two binding components elute from the DEAE-cellulose column at 0.12 M and 0.2 M NaCl, respectively. By means of dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it was demonstrated that both components are composed predominantly of a single polypeptide with molecular weights of about 45 000 and 90 000. Antibodies to the two polypeptides have been elicited in rabbits. The antibodies to the 45 000-Mr polypeptide cross react with the 90 000-Mr component. Likewise the antibodies to the 90 000-Mr protein precipitate the 45 000-Mr polypeptide. Either of the two antibody preparations immunoprecipitates the major part (approximately 70%) of the dexamethasone-binding activity of the cytosol.", "PMID": 100320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4183", "title": "The detection of cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulphide in plasma of normal fasting man.", "content": "Cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulphide, formed in the degradation of methionine, is detected routinely in the plasma of fasting patients homozygous for homocystinuria and in some obligate heteroxygotes. It has not hitherto been identified in the plasma of normal fasting man. Using a highly cross-linked resin with lithium citrate buffers on a JEOL. Amino Acid Analyser, we have detected the mixed disulphide in every one of the plasma samples from twenty normal fasting subjects. The mean concentration was 3.25 mumol/l (SD 0.85, N = 20), with a range of from 1.68 to 4.85 mumol/l. The other neutral and acidic amino acids were within the accepted normal range. The study shows that circulating homocysteine is normally not immediately transformed to cystathionine or remethylated to methionine; some combines with cysteine to form measurable amounts of mixed disulphide. Since homocysteine may produce endothelial damage, the present findings could be relevant to an understanding of the pathogenesis of vascular disease.", "contents": "The detection of cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulphide in plasma of normal fasting man. Cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulphide, formed in the degradation of methionine, is detected routinely in the plasma of fasting patients homozygous for homocystinuria and in some obligate heteroxygotes. It has not hitherto been identified in the plasma of normal fasting man. Using a highly cross-linked resin with lithium citrate buffers on a JEOL. Amino Acid Analyser, we have detected the mixed disulphide in every one of the plasma samples from twenty normal fasting subjects. The mean concentration was 3.25 mumol/l (SD 0.85, N = 20), with a range of from 1.68 to 4.85 mumol/l. The other neutral and acidic amino acids were within the accepted normal range. The study shows that circulating homocysteine is normally not immediately transformed to cystathionine or remethylated to methionine; some combines with cysteine to form measurable amounts of mixed disulphide. Since homocysteine may produce endothelial damage, the present findings could be relevant to an understanding of the pathogenesis of vascular disease.", "PMID": 100323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4184", "title": "Initial cholesterol esterification rate in hyperlipoproteinaemia: effects of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.", "content": "The initial cholesterol esterification rate (LCAT activity) was determined in ninety-four hyperlipidaemic subjects. LCAT activity was elevated in hypertriglyceridaemia, whereas patients with hypercholesterolaemia had normal activities. In hypertriglyceridaemic subjects LCAT activity correlated with the concentrations of d less than 1.006 lipoproteins, plasma triglycerides, cholesterol and cholesterol esters and phospholipid levels. Addition of d less than 1.006 lipoprotein to normal plasma resulted in a dose dependent stimulation of enzyme activity with a sigmoidal response curve. When the d less than 1.006 lipoproteins were removed from hypertriglyceridaemic plasma by ultracentrifugation, the enzyme activity in the residual d greater than 1.006 fraction dropped, but still was higher than in normal plasma and correlated with the amount of d less than 1.006 lipoproteins originally present. Thus, high LCAT activity in hypertriglyceridaemia cannot be explained solely by the presence of an increased d less than 1.006 lipoprotein concentration. An increase of enzyme concentration or changes in concentration or composition of other lipoproteins (high density lipoproteins) may contribute to the high LCAT activity in hypertriglyceridaemia.", "contents": "Initial cholesterol esterification rate in hyperlipoproteinaemia: effects of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The initial cholesterol esterification rate (LCAT activity) was determined in ninety-four hyperlipidaemic subjects. LCAT activity was elevated in hypertriglyceridaemia, whereas patients with hypercholesterolaemia had normal activities. In hypertriglyceridaemic subjects LCAT activity correlated with the concentrations of d less than 1.006 lipoproteins, plasma triglycerides, cholesterol and cholesterol esters and phospholipid levels. Addition of d less than 1.006 lipoprotein to normal plasma resulted in a dose dependent stimulation of enzyme activity with a sigmoidal response curve. When the d less than 1.006 lipoproteins were removed from hypertriglyceridaemic plasma by ultracentrifugation, the enzyme activity in the residual d greater than 1.006 fraction dropped, but still was higher than in normal plasma and correlated with the amount of d less than 1.006 lipoproteins originally present. Thus, high LCAT activity in hypertriglyceridaemia cannot be explained solely by the presence of an increased d less than 1.006 lipoprotein concentration. An increase of enzyme concentration or changes in concentration or composition of other lipoproteins (high density lipoproteins) may contribute to the high LCAT activity in hypertriglyceridaemia.", "PMID": 100324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4185", "title": "Skin polyamine levels in psoriasis: the effect of dithranol therapy.", "content": "Concentrations of putrescine, spermidine and spermine were determined in biopsies of skin of eight control subjects and of uninvolved skin and skin lesions of eight psoriatic patients before and after topical therapy with dithranol. Mean spermidine and spermine concentrations in uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients were normal, but putrescine concentration was elevated. In psoriatic skin lesions all three amines were significantly elevated. Chemotherapy effectively reduced polyamine concentrations in involved skin touards normal. This decrease in polyamine levels correlated with reduction of the proliferative activity of the epidermis and with clinical improvement of the patients.", "contents": "Skin polyamine levels in psoriasis: the effect of dithranol therapy. Concentrations of putrescine, spermidine and spermine were determined in biopsies of skin of eight control subjects and of uninvolved skin and skin lesions of eight psoriatic patients before and after topical therapy with dithranol. Mean spermidine and spermine concentrations in uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients were normal, but putrescine concentration was elevated. In psoriatic skin lesions all three amines were significantly elevated. Chemotherapy effectively reduced polyamine concentrations in involved skin touards normal. This decrease in polyamine levels correlated with reduction of the proliferative activity of the epidermis and with clinical improvement of the patients.", "PMID": 100325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4186", "title": "Polymorphic acetylation and aminopyrine demethylation in Gilbert's syndrome.", "content": "Polymorphic acetylation was investigated in twenty-seven patients with Gilbert's syndrome using the sulphadimidine test. Whereas the finding of 51% slow acetylators in seventy-eight control persons agreed well with the expected frequency in a continental European population, the prevalence of slow acetylators in Gilbert's syndrome was increased to 78% (P less than 0.03, Woolf's G-test). After oral administration of 14C-aminopyrine there was no significant difference between seventeen patients with Gilbert's syndrome and twenty-seven normal controls in total plasma clearance of aminopyrine (280 +/- SD 100 and 270 +/- 60 ml/min) and in the disappearance curve of 14CO2 in breath (0.23 +/- 0.04 and 0.22 +/- 0.03 h-1, respectively). Thus, whereas aminopyrine metabolism appears unaffected in the examined patients, the data documents a new association between slow acetylator status and Gilbert's syndrome.", "contents": "Polymorphic acetylation and aminopyrine demethylation in Gilbert's syndrome. Polymorphic acetylation was investigated in twenty-seven patients with Gilbert's syndrome using the sulphadimidine test. Whereas the finding of 51% slow acetylators in seventy-eight control persons agreed well with the expected frequency in a continental European population, the prevalence of slow acetylators in Gilbert's syndrome was increased to 78% (P less than 0.03, Woolf's G-test). After oral administration of 14C-aminopyrine there was no significant difference between seventeen patients with Gilbert's syndrome and twenty-seven normal controls in total plasma clearance of aminopyrine (280 +/- SD 100 and 270 +/- 60 ml/min) and in the disappearance curve of 14CO2 in breath (0.23 +/- 0.04 and 0.22 +/- 0.03 h-1, respectively). Thus, whereas aminopyrine metabolism appears unaffected in the examined patients, the data documents a new association between slow acetylator status and Gilbert's syndrome.", "PMID": 100326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4187", "title": "Intestinal and renal handling of calcium in human diabetes mellitus: influence of acute oral glucose loading and diabetic control.", "content": "The intestinal absorption and the urinary excretion of calcium were compared in two groups of diabetic patients during periods of satisfactory and poor control. In a first group of ten patients, periods of isolated high glycosuria were obtained by giving an oral glucose load. The second group consisted of ten patients with a severe endogenous insulin deficiency. The subjects of this latter group were investigated before and after a few days of insulin therapy. In group I, the oral glucose load induced a significant increase in the intestinal calcium absorption and had a tendency to lower the urinary calcium excretion. Furthermore, an inverse relationship was found between the changes in the intestinal calcium absorption and the variations of the urinary calcium excretion. In group II, both intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of calcium fell significantly after recovery of satisfactory metabolic control by insulin therapy. From the results as obtained in group I one can conclude that glucose enhances the calcium transfer from the luminal to the serosal pole of both intestinal and renal tubular cells. During severe ketosis as observed in group II, calcium metabolism is considerably accelerated and the increase in the intestinal calcium absorption rate may be interpreted as compensatory mechanism for the high urinary loss of calcium.", "contents": "Intestinal and renal handling of calcium in human diabetes mellitus: influence of acute oral glucose loading and diabetic control. The intestinal absorption and the urinary excretion of calcium were compared in two groups of diabetic patients during periods of satisfactory and poor control. In a first group of ten patients, periods of isolated high glycosuria were obtained by giving an oral glucose load. The second group consisted of ten patients with a severe endogenous insulin deficiency. The subjects of this latter group were investigated before and after a few days of insulin therapy. In group I, the oral glucose load induced a significant increase in the intestinal calcium absorption and had a tendency to lower the urinary calcium excretion. Furthermore, an inverse relationship was found between the changes in the intestinal calcium absorption and the variations of the urinary calcium excretion. In group II, both intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of calcium fell significantly after recovery of satisfactory metabolic control by insulin therapy. From the results as obtained in group I one can conclude that glucose enhances the calcium transfer from the luminal to the serosal pole of both intestinal and renal tubular cells. During severe ketosis as observed in group II, calcium metabolism is considerably accelerated and the increase in the intestinal calcium absorption rate may be interpreted as compensatory mechanism for the high urinary loss of calcium.", "PMID": 100327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4188", "title": "Plasma renin substrate sensitivity to oestrogens and oestrogen metabolism in cirrhosis.", "content": "Oestrogen stimulation of plasma renin substrate (PRS) was studied in men with alcoholic cirrhosis. PRS values, before and 1, 2, 4 and 6 days after a single oral administration of 100 microgram of an oestrogen derivative, 11beta-methoxy-17-ethynyl-1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-diol (Moxestrol), were measured by radioimmunoassay of generated angiotensin I in five men with normal liver function and five men with alcoholic cirrhosis. Basal PRS was 0.93 +/- 0.22 nmol/ml (mean +/- 1 SD) in the normal men and significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in the men with cirrhosis (0.33 +/- 0.14 nmol/ml). Two days after administration of Moxestrol, PRS rose significantly but transiently (P less than 0.05) to 1.41 +/- 0.42 nmol/ml in the normal men and to 0.47 +/- 0.15 in the cirrhotic men, the relative increase (approximately 50%) being similar in both groups. A study of the plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of Moxestrol was also performed to evaluate its metabolic clearance rate and absorption. Since the intestinal absorption of [14C] Moxestrol was not depressed in cirrhotic men, the low PRS values recorded are probably the consequence of hepatocyte dysfunction.", "contents": "Plasma renin substrate sensitivity to oestrogens and oestrogen metabolism in cirrhosis. Oestrogen stimulation of plasma renin substrate (PRS) was studied in men with alcoholic cirrhosis. PRS values, before and 1, 2, 4 and 6 days after a single oral administration of 100 microgram of an oestrogen derivative, 11beta-methoxy-17-ethynyl-1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-diol (Moxestrol), were measured by radioimmunoassay of generated angiotensin I in five men with normal liver function and five men with alcoholic cirrhosis. Basal PRS was 0.93 +/- 0.22 nmol/ml (mean +/- 1 SD) in the normal men and significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in the men with cirrhosis (0.33 +/- 0.14 nmol/ml). Two days after administration of Moxestrol, PRS rose significantly but transiently (P less than 0.05) to 1.41 +/- 0.42 nmol/ml in the normal men and to 0.47 +/- 0.15 in the cirrhotic men, the relative increase (approximately 50%) being similar in both groups. A study of the plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of Moxestrol was also performed to evaluate its metabolic clearance rate and absorption. Since the intestinal absorption of [14C] Moxestrol was not depressed in cirrhotic men, the low PRS values recorded are probably the consequence of hepatocyte dysfunction.", "PMID": 100329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4189", "title": "Biochemical, genetic and ultrastructural study of a family with the sea-blue histiocyte syndrome/chronic non-neuronopathic Niemann-Pick disease.", "content": "Deficient leucocyte sphingomyelinase activity has been demonstrated in a patient with the sea-blue histiocyte syndrome. Family studies revealed that two other cases previously diagnosed on clinical and histochemical criteria also had a pronounced diminution of sphingomyelinase activity. Both parents of the affected individuals were carriers of the disease as indicated by sphingomyelinase activity intermediate between normal and diseased subjects. Additional heteroxygous carriers were found among the siblings and other relatives of the patients. This family study supports further the hypothesis that the sea-blue histiocyte syndrome and chronic Niemann-Pick (Type B) disease are the same.", "contents": "Biochemical, genetic and ultrastructural study of a family with the sea-blue histiocyte syndrome/chronic non-neuronopathic Niemann-Pick disease. Deficient leucocyte sphingomyelinase activity has been demonstrated in a patient with the sea-blue histiocyte syndrome. Family studies revealed that two other cases previously diagnosed on clinical and histochemical criteria also had a pronounced diminution of sphingomyelinase activity. Both parents of the affected individuals were carriers of the disease as indicated by sphingomyelinase activity intermediate between normal and diseased subjects. Additional heteroxygous carriers were found among the siblings and other relatives of the patients. This family study supports further the hypothesis that the sea-blue histiocyte syndrome and chronic Niemann-Pick (Type B) disease are the same.", "PMID": 100330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4190", "title": "Double-blind study of interferon administration in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "In a double-blind trial renal allograft recipients were treated with fibroblast interferon preparations for 3 months in an attempt to prevent viral infections. Interferon therapy did not reduce the overall incidence of viral infections. No adverse effects were noted on liver function, platelet counts, or leucocyte counts, or acute rejection episodes.", "contents": "Double-blind study of interferon administration in renal transplant recipients. In a double-blind trial renal allograft recipients were treated with fibroblast interferon preparations for 3 months in an attempt to prevent viral infections. Interferon therapy did not reduce the overall incidence of viral infections. No adverse effects were noted on liver function, platelet counts, or leucocyte counts, or acute rejection episodes.", "PMID": 100331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4191", "title": "Maternal serums and amniotic fluid levels of human placental lactogen in gestational diabetes.", "content": "Human placental lactogen (hPL) levels were measured radioimmunologically in maternal serum and in amniotic fluid between the 37th and 39th weeks of gestation in sixteen gestational diabetic and thirty normal pregnant women. There was no significant difference in maternal serum hPL levels between diabetic (6.1 microgram/ml) and normal pregnant women (6.4 microgram/ml). In contrast, the diabetic group was found to have significantly (P less than 0.001) higher concentrations of amniotic fluid hPL (1.2 microgram/ml) than normal pregnant women (0.8 microgram/ml).", "contents": "Maternal serums and amniotic fluid levels of human placental lactogen in gestational diabetes. Human placental lactogen (hPL) levels were measured radioimmunologically in maternal serum and in amniotic fluid between the 37th and 39th weeks of gestation in sixteen gestational diabetic and thirty normal pregnant women. There was no significant difference in maternal serum hPL levels between diabetic (6.1 microgram/ml) and normal pregnant women (6.4 microgram/ml). In contrast, the diabetic group was found to have significantly (P less than 0.001) higher concentrations of amniotic fluid hPL (1.2 microgram/ml) than normal pregnant women (0.8 microgram/ml).", "PMID": 100332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4192", "title": "Is thallium-201 of use in the measurement of total exchangeable potassium in man?", "content": "Simultaneous measurements of exchangeable potassium were made in seven normal male subjects using potassium-43 and thallium-201. Exchangeable potassium values obtained using the 'thallium-201 space' were unreliable.", "contents": "Is thallium-201 of use in the measurement of total exchangeable potassium in man? Simultaneous measurements of exchangeable potassium were made in seven normal male subjects using potassium-43 and thallium-201. Exchangeable potassium values obtained using the 'thallium-201 space' were unreliable.", "PMID": 100333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4193", "title": "Differential behavioral effects of sulpiride in the rat and squirrel monkey.", "content": "Despite its clinical efficacy as an antipsychotic agent, sulpiride differs from other neuroleptics in that it has been reported to exert erratic effects in several animal models. The effects of sulpiride were investigated on Sidman avoidance responding by the rat and squirrel monkey. At 100 mg/kg i. p. or orally, sulpiride failed to impair rat Sidman avoidance responding appreciably while exerting marginally toxic effects, but at 30 mg/kg orally, this drug strongly impaired Sidman avoidance responding by the squirrel monkey. This effect, which manifested delayed onset, was reversed by benztropine, indicating that dopamine receptor blockade was most likely responsible for the impairment of responding. The gross behavioral effects of sulpiride in the squirrel monkey resembled those of haloperidol, and dyskinetic postures induced by haloperidol could be mimicked by sulpiride in some instances. It is concluded that the behavioral effects of sulpiride in the rat may not be representative of its action in primates or in the clinic.", "contents": "Differential behavioral effects of sulpiride in the rat and squirrel monkey. Despite its clinical efficacy as an antipsychotic agent, sulpiride differs from other neuroleptics in that it has been reported to exert erratic effects in several animal models. The effects of sulpiride were investigated on Sidman avoidance responding by the rat and squirrel monkey. At 100 mg/kg i. p. or orally, sulpiride failed to impair rat Sidman avoidance responding appreciably while exerting marginally toxic effects, but at 30 mg/kg orally, this drug strongly impaired Sidman avoidance responding by the squirrel monkey. This effect, which manifested delayed onset, was reversed by benztropine, indicating that dopamine receptor blockade was most likely responsible for the impairment of responding. The gross behavioral effects of sulpiride in the squirrel monkey resembled those of haloperidol, and dyskinetic postures induced by haloperidol could be mimicked by sulpiride in some instances. It is concluded that the behavioral effects of sulpiride in the rat may not be representative of its action in primates or in the clinic.", "PMID": 100334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4194", "title": "Cerebellar regulation of phonation in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Five rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to emit a \"coo\" vocalization with a duration of at least 500 msec. After stable performance was achieved cerebellar lesions were introduced, and various pre- and postlesion measures of phonation and of laryngeal EMG activity were compared to assess the effects of the lesions. The phonatory changes were interpreted with respect to possible laryngeal or respiratory modifications. The relation between fundamental frequency and intensity of phonation was changed in some animals, with no obvious alterations in either fundamental frequency or intensity considered separately. Intensity of phonation was decreased while duration was prolonged in two animals. Fundamental frequency of phonation was also affected in some animals. Reliable laryngeal EMG was obtained in two animals and was affected by cerebellar lesions. These results indicate that normal cerebellar function is involved in the control of fundamental frequency, intensity, duration, and the coordination of the laryngeal and respiratory systems for the control of phonation.", "contents": "Cerebellar regulation of phonation in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Five rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to emit a \"coo\" vocalization with a duration of at least 500 msec. After stable performance was achieved cerebellar lesions were introduced, and various pre- and postlesion measures of phonation and of laryngeal EMG activity were compared to assess the effects of the lesions. The phonatory changes were interpreted with respect to possible laryngeal or respiratory modifications. The relation between fundamental frequency and intensity of phonation was changed in some animals, with no obvious alterations in either fundamental frequency or intensity considered separately. Intensity of phonation was decreased while duration was prolonged in two animals. Fundamental frequency of phonation was also affected in some animals. Reliable laryngeal EMG was obtained in two animals and was affected by cerebellar lesions. These results indicate that normal cerebellar function is involved in the control of fundamental frequency, intensity, duration, and the coordination of the laryngeal and respiratory systems for the control of phonation.", "PMID": 100336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4195", "title": "Neural pathways common to vestibular and optokinetic eye movements.", "content": "To determine how vestibular and optokinetic eye movement signals share the central oculomotor neural organization, optokinetic afternystagmus was superposed on vestibular nystagmus in the monkey. To a first approximation there was algebraic additivity in the velocity domain. This result suggests that vestibular and optokinetic eye movements are integrated at a level of neural organization above the ocular motoneurons, at a level in which neural signals are coded in terms of eye movement velocity rather than eye position.", "contents": "Neural pathways common to vestibular and optokinetic eye movements. To determine how vestibular and optokinetic eye movement signals share the central oculomotor neural organization, optokinetic afternystagmus was superposed on vestibular nystagmus in the monkey. To a first approximation there was algebraic additivity in the velocity domain. This result suggests that vestibular and optokinetic eye movements are integrated at a level of neural organization above the ocular motoneurons, at a level in which neural signals are coded in terms of eye movement velocity rather than eye position.", "PMID": 100337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4196", "title": "Conflicting visual-vestibular stimulation and vestibular nucleus activity in alert monkeys.", "content": "In alert Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) neuronal activity of vestibular nuclei was recorded during pure vestibular and conflicting visual-vestibular stimulation. Pure vestibular stimulation consisted of rotating the monkey about the vertical axis in complete darkness. During conflicting visual-vestibular stimulation the monkeys were rotated in the light within a vertically striped cylinder mechanically coupled to the turntable. The conflict is that although the monkey is accelerated, there is no relative movement between visual surrounding and the animal. In the conflict situation thresholds of neuronal modulation and of nystagmus were raised compared with those during pure vestibular stimulation. Nystagmus slow-phase velocity could always be dissociated from the neuronal activity, the nystagmus often being totally suppressed whereas the neuronal activity was only attenuated. This suggests a further information processing between vestibular and oculomotor nuclei in the generation of nystagmus.", "contents": "Conflicting visual-vestibular stimulation and vestibular nucleus activity in alert monkeys. In alert Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) neuronal activity of vestibular nuclei was recorded during pure vestibular and conflicting visual-vestibular stimulation. Pure vestibular stimulation consisted of rotating the monkey about the vertical axis in complete darkness. During conflicting visual-vestibular stimulation the monkeys were rotated in the light within a vertically striped cylinder mechanically coupled to the turntable. The conflict is that although the monkey is accelerated, there is no relative movement between visual surrounding and the animal. In the conflict situation thresholds of neuronal modulation and of nystagmus were raised compared with those during pure vestibular stimulation. Nystagmus slow-phase velocity could always be dissociated from the neuronal activity, the nystagmus often being totally suppressed whereas the neuronal activity was only attenuated. This suggests a further information processing between vestibular and oculomotor nuclei in the generation of nystagmus.", "PMID": 100338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4197", "title": "Progressive resistance against the male recombination factor 31.1 MRF acquired by Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A genetically abnormal but structurally normal second chromosome (31.1 MRF) which induces recombination in the male sex, was introduced by outcrossing into the cytoplasm of a normal strain. In this new combination, male recombination frequency induced by females dropped from 3.81% to 0.17% within 10 generations, indicating a gradual acquisition of resistance against the activities of the 31.1 MRF.", "contents": "Progressive resistance against the male recombination factor 31.1 MRF acquired by Drosophila melanogaster. A genetically abnormal but structurally normal second chromosome (31.1 MRF) which induces recombination in the male sex, was introduced by outcrossing into the cytoplasm of a normal strain. In this new combination, male recombination frequency induced by females dropped from 3.81% to 0.17% within 10 generations, indicating a gradual acquisition of resistance against the activities of the 31.1 MRF.", "PMID": 100339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4198", "title": "Possible explanation for interictal-ictal transition: evolution of epileptiform activity in hippocampal slice by chloride depletion.", "content": "In thin hippocampal slices, paroxysmal epileptiform discharge was generated in high potassium medium. Removal of chloride from the high potassium medium caused explosive potentiation of the paroxysmal discharge and emergence of clonic relapsing discharges. Evolution of the paroxysm to regenerative seizure was attributed to the reduction of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.", "contents": "Possible explanation for interictal-ictal transition: evolution of epileptiform activity in hippocampal slice by chloride depletion. In thin hippocampal slices, paroxysmal epileptiform discharge was generated in high potassium medium. Removal of chloride from the high potassium medium caused explosive potentiation of the paroxysmal discharge and emergence of clonic relapsing discharges. Evolution of the paroxysm to regenerative seizure was attributed to the reduction of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.", "PMID": 100340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4199", "title": "Pigment granules in choroidal melanophores of the albino goldfish.", "content": "Pigment granules in choroidal melanophores of the albino goldfish contained fine particulate materials which were in various degrees aggregated in clumps. Tyrosinase was considered to be present in an inhibited state in these pigment granules.", "contents": "Pigment granules in choroidal melanophores of the albino goldfish. Pigment granules in choroidal melanophores of the albino goldfish contained fine particulate materials which were in various degrees aggregated in clumps. Tyrosinase was considered to be present in an inhibited state in these pigment granules.", "PMID": 100341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4200", "title": "Histochemical localization of cholinesterases in the neural tissue of the pineal in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The neural tissue of the monkey pineal contains both acetyl and butyryl cholinesterases. Acetylcholinesterase was localized in the cisternae of the nuclear membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, on the plasma membrane of the neurones, and on the axolemma of both non-myelinated and myelinated fibres. The enzyme was not found in the axosomatic or axo-dendritic synapses. It is therefore suggested that the pineal neurones have a cholinergic function rather than a cholinoceptive one.", "contents": "Histochemical localization of cholinesterases in the neural tissue of the pineal in the rhesus monkey. The neural tissue of the monkey pineal contains both acetyl and butyryl cholinesterases. Acetylcholinesterase was localized in the cisternae of the nuclear membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, on the plasma membrane of the neurones, and on the axolemma of both non-myelinated and myelinated fibres. The enzyme was not found in the axosomatic or axo-dendritic synapses. It is therefore suggested that the pineal neurones have a cholinergic function rather than a cholinoceptive one.", "PMID": 100342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4201", "title": "Comparative study of the sensitivity of acetylcholinesterases and cholinesterases from animal and bacterial sources to inhibition by serotonin and its derivatives.", "content": "Serotonin was found to inhibit human erythrocyte and electric-eel acetylcholinesterase activities. The serotonin amino group, free of negative charges in its vicinity and its hydroxyl group, were important for the inhibition. Serotonin precursors and several related compounds had little or no effect. Human plasma cholinesterase was also inhibited by serotonin and tryptamine. In contrast to these animal enzymes, the cholinesterase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was refractory to serotonin and its derivatives under the same experimental conditions.", "contents": "Comparative study of the sensitivity of acetylcholinesterases and cholinesterases from animal and bacterial sources to inhibition by serotonin and its derivatives. Serotonin was found to inhibit human erythrocyte and electric-eel acetylcholinesterase activities. The serotonin amino group, free of negative charges in its vicinity and its hydroxyl group, were important for the inhibition. Serotonin precursors and several related compounds had little or no effect. Human plasma cholinesterase was also inhibited by serotonin and tryptamine. In contrast to these animal enzymes, the cholinesterase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was refractory to serotonin and its derivatives under the same experimental conditions.", "PMID": 100343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4202", "title": "Experience with high doses of ibuprofen in the long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Ibuprofen (Brufen) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug well-established in the symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In view of its exceptionally good tolerance it has become fashionable to prescribe increasingly large doses for severe cases or in those patients unable to tolerate other anti-rheumatic compounds. This study illustrates the sustained therapeutic benefit and almost complete lack of toxicity in fify-nine rheumatoid patients treated with up to 1,600 mg ibuprofen daily over six months. Significant improvement occurred in all clinical parameters and gastro-intestinal upset leading to discontinuance of therapy was reported in just two patients. There were no abnormalities in any of the biochemical tests performed.", "contents": "Experience with high doses of ibuprofen in the long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ibuprofen (Brufen) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug well-established in the symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In view of its exceptionally good tolerance it has become fashionable to prescribe increasingly large doses for severe cases or in those patients unable to tolerate other anti-rheumatic compounds. This study illustrates the sustained therapeutic benefit and almost complete lack of toxicity in fify-nine rheumatoid patients treated with up to 1,600 mg ibuprofen daily over six months. Significant improvement occurred in all clinical parameters and gastro-intestinal upset leading to discontinuance of therapy was reported in just two patients. There were no abnormalities in any of the biochemical tests performed.", "PMID": 100352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4203", "title": "Susceptibility of 327 clinical isolates to netilmicin.", "content": "Netilmicin, a semisynthetic derivative of sisomicin, was tested against 327 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-negative enteric bacilli. Seventy-two per cent of the isolates were inhibited at a concentration of 0.5 microgram netilmicin per ml, and 93% of the isolates were susceptible to 4 microgram per ml or less. The MICs of netilmicin and gentamicin for 24 Providencia and 38 Pseudomonas isolates were compared. The activity of netilmicin closely paralleled that of gentamicin, 46% of the Providencia isolates and 32% of the Pseudomonas isolates not being inhibited by 4 microgram per ml of either drug.", "contents": "Susceptibility of 327 clinical isolates to netilmicin. Netilmicin, a semisynthetic derivative of sisomicin, was tested against 327 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-negative enteric bacilli. Seventy-two per cent of the isolates were inhibited at a concentration of 0.5 microgram netilmicin per ml, and 93% of the isolates were susceptible to 4 microgram per ml or less. The MICs of netilmicin and gentamicin for 24 Providencia and 38 Pseudomonas isolates were compared. The activity of netilmicin closely paralleled that of gentamicin, 46% of the Providencia isolates and 32% of the Pseudomonas isolates not being inhibited by 4 microgram per ml of either drug.", "PMID": 100353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4204", "title": "A comparison of the antibiotic activities of sisomicin, gentamicin and aminosidine sulphate against pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Sisomicin, gentamicin and aminosidine sulphate were compared for their antibiotic activity against Pseudomonas strains freshly isolated from clinical material. The activity of the three agents, expressed as a minimum inhibitory concentration, was determined using the same automatized system.", "contents": "A comparison of the antibiotic activities of sisomicin, gentamicin and aminosidine sulphate against pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sisomicin, gentamicin and aminosidine sulphate were compared for their antibiotic activity against Pseudomonas strains freshly isolated from clinical material. The activity of the three agents, expressed as a minimum inhibitory concentration, was determined using the same automatized system.", "PMID": 100354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4205", "title": "Effect of duodenal fat on plasma levels of gastrin and secretin and on gastric acid responses to gastric and intestinal meals in dogs.", "content": "The effects of duodenal instillation of sodium oleate (10 mmoles per hr) on plasma levels of gastrin and secretin and on gastric acid secretion in response to gastric and intestinal meals were determined. Four dogs prepared with a septum between stomach and duodenum were provided with a special cannula that allowed separate access to the stomach or duodenum. Each dog received a 10% liver extract meal introduced either into the stomach (gastric phase) or into the duodenum (intestinal phase). Sodium oleate administered during the gastric phase caused approximately a 30% reduction in plasma gastrin level and a 25% inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Sodium oleate given during the intestinal phase completely abolished the plasma gastrin response and resulted in a 75% inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Plasma secretin levels were not changed during the gastric phase or the intestinal phase by instillation of sodium oleate. These results show that fat in the duodenum is a potent inhibitor of gastrin release and gastric acid secretion; the intestinal mechanism involved does not appear to affect plasma secretin concentrations.", "contents": "Effect of duodenal fat on plasma levels of gastrin and secretin and on gastric acid responses to gastric and intestinal meals in dogs. The effects of duodenal instillation of sodium oleate (10 mmoles per hr) on plasma levels of gastrin and secretin and on gastric acid secretion in response to gastric and intestinal meals were determined. Four dogs prepared with a septum between stomach and duodenum were provided with a special cannula that allowed separate access to the stomach or duodenum. Each dog received a 10% liver extract meal introduced either into the stomach (gastric phase) or into the duodenum (intestinal phase). Sodium oleate administered during the gastric phase caused approximately a 30% reduction in plasma gastrin level and a 25% inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Sodium oleate given during the intestinal phase completely abolished the plasma gastrin response and resulted in a 75% inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Plasma secretin levels were not changed during the gastric phase or the intestinal phase by instillation of sodium oleate. These results show that fat in the duodenum is a potent inhibitor of gastrin release and gastric acid secretion; the intestinal mechanism involved does not appear to affect plasma secretin concentrations.", "PMID": 100366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4206", "title": "Familial enteropathy: a syndrome of protracted diarrhea from birth, failure to thrive, and hypoplastic villus atrophy.", "content": "We have studied 5 infants with persistent severe diarrhea from birth and marked abnormalities of absorption associated with failure to thrive leading to death in 4 infants. Three had siblings who died and a sibling of a 4th is ill at present, all with a similar illness; 2 were the products of consanguinous marriages. Exhaustive investigation failed to identify a recognized disease entity in any patient. Steatorrhea, sugar malabsorption, dehydration, and acidosis were severe in all patients, whatever the diet fed. Total parenteral nutrition was used, but excessive stool water and electrolyte losses persisted even when nothing was fed by mouth. There was no evidence of a hematological or consistent immunological defect in any infant and no abnormalities of intestinal hormones were noted. In the duodenal mucosa of all infants we saw similar abnormalities characterized by villus atrophy, crypt hypoplasia without an increase in mitoses or inflammatory cell infiltrate in the lamina propria and in villus enterocytes absence of a brush border, increase in lysosome-like inclusions, and autophagocytosis. In 3 infants studied by marker perfusion of the proximal jejunum we found abnormal glucose absorption and a blunted response of Na+ absorption to actively transported nonelectrolytes; in 2 there was net secretion of Na+ and H2O in the basal state. Our patients evidently suffered from a congenital enteropathy which caused profound defects in their capacity to assimilate nutrients. The similar structural lesion seen in the small intestinal epithelium of all of our cases undoubtedly contributed to their compromised intestinal function, but the pathogenesis of this disorder, if indeed it is a single disease, remains obscure.", "contents": "Familial enteropathy: a syndrome of protracted diarrhea from birth, failure to thrive, and hypoplastic villus atrophy. We have studied 5 infants with persistent severe diarrhea from birth and marked abnormalities of absorption associated with failure to thrive leading to death in 4 infants. Three had siblings who died and a sibling of a 4th is ill at present, all with a similar illness; 2 were the products of consanguinous marriages. Exhaustive investigation failed to identify a recognized disease entity in any patient. Steatorrhea, sugar malabsorption, dehydration, and acidosis were severe in all patients, whatever the diet fed. Total parenteral nutrition was used, but excessive stool water and electrolyte losses persisted even when nothing was fed by mouth. There was no evidence of a hematological or consistent immunological defect in any infant and no abnormalities of intestinal hormones were noted. In the duodenal mucosa of all infants we saw similar abnormalities characterized by villus atrophy, crypt hypoplasia without an increase in mitoses or inflammatory cell infiltrate in the lamina propria and in villus enterocytes absence of a brush border, increase in lysosome-like inclusions, and autophagocytosis. In 3 infants studied by marker perfusion of the proximal jejunum we found abnormal glucose absorption and a blunted response of Na+ absorption to actively transported nonelectrolytes; in 2 there was net secretion of Na+ and H2O in the basal state. Our patients evidently suffered from a congenital enteropathy which caused profound defects in their capacity to assimilate nutrients. The similar structural lesion seen in the small intestinal epithelium of all of our cases undoubtedly contributed to their compromised intestinal function, but the pathogenesis of this disorder, if indeed it is a single disease, remains obscure.", "PMID": 100367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4207", "title": "Intestinal disaccharidase activities in relation to age, race, and mucosal damage.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to determine the relationship of intestinal disaccharidase activity to age and race, and the relationship of mucosal damage to a primary low lactase activity. The first study consisted of data on 399 persons (339 whites, 53 blacks, and 7 American Indians) ages 1 month to 93 years, with normal intestinal histology. Among whites, all 117 children 5 years old or under had high lactase levels, whereas low levels were found only in subjects over 5 years of age. No low lactase levels were identified among the 11 black children 3 years old or under, but in comparison to coetaneous white children, their mean lactase activity was signficantly less. The majority of older blacks had low lactases. In whites and blacks alpha-disaccharidases did not participate in the age-related changes demonstrated with lactase. Of the 7 American Indians, none under 26 months old had low lactase levels, whereas the 4 over 10 years old had low activities. Heterozygotes for sucrase-isomaltase deficiency were identified only among whites. Low lactase levels developed during childhood in all races studied, however, many for unknown reasons maintained their lactose tolerance until adulthood. In the second study of 13 additional children with secondary disaccharidase deficiencies, emergence of a primary low lactase was related to age and race, rather than to mucosal damage. It appears that primary low intestinal lactase levels are absent or rare in whites under 5 and blacks under 3 years of age, and the deficiency is not related to mucosal damage.", "contents": "Intestinal disaccharidase activities in relation to age, race, and mucosal damage. Studies were undertaken to determine the relationship of intestinal disaccharidase activity to age and race, and the relationship of mucosal damage to a primary low lactase activity. The first study consisted of data on 399 persons (339 whites, 53 blacks, and 7 American Indians) ages 1 month to 93 years, with normal intestinal histology. Among whites, all 117 children 5 years old or under had high lactase levels, whereas low levels were found only in subjects over 5 years of age. No low lactase levels were identified among the 11 black children 3 years old or under, but in comparison to coetaneous white children, their mean lactase activity was signficantly less. The majority of older blacks had low lactases. In whites and blacks alpha-disaccharidases did not participate in the age-related changes demonstrated with lactase. Of the 7 American Indians, none under 26 months old had low lactase levels, whereas the 4 over 10 years old had low activities. Heterozygotes for sucrase-isomaltase deficiency were identified only among whites. Low lactase levels developed during childhood in all races studied, however, many for unknown reasons maintained their lactose tolerance until adulthood. In the second study of 13 additional children with secondary disaccharidase deficiencies, emergence of a primary low lactase was related to age and race, rather than to mucosal damage. It appears that primary low intestinal lactase levels are absent or rare in whites under 5 and blacks under 3 years of age, and the deficiency is not related to mucosal damage.", "PMID": 100368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4208", "title": "The alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in populations of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Selection in different environments.", "content": "The allozyme polymorphism at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus in Drosophila melanogaster was studied in order to obtain experimental evidence about the maintenance of this polymorphism. Populations started with different initial allele frequencies from homozygous F and S lines showed a convergence of frequencies on regular food at 25 degrees, leading to values equal to those in the base populations. These results were interpreted as due to some kind of balancing selection. In populations kept at 29.8 degrees, a lower equilibrium F frequency was attained. Addition of ethanol and some other alcohols to the food gave a rapid increase in F frequency, and high humidity decreased the F frequency slightly. Combination or alternation of ethanol and high humidity had variable effects in the populations tested. For a further analysis of the allele-frequency changes, estimates were obtained for egg-to-adult survival under different conditions and for adult survival on ethanol-supplemented food. On ethanol food (both at regular and high humidity), egg-to-adult survival of SS homozygotes was considerably lower than that of the FF and FS genotypes. Under regular conditions of food, temperature and humidity, a tendency to heterozygote superiority was observed, while at high humidity a relative high survival of SS was noticed in some tests. Adult survival of SS was lower than that of FF, but FS was generally intermediate, though the degree of dominance differed between populations. The results are consistent with the hypothesis of the occurrence of selection at the Adh locus.", "contents": "The alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in populations of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Selection in different environments. The allozyme polymorphism at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus in Drosophila melanogaster was studied in order to obtain experimental evidence about the maintenance of this polymorphism. Populations started with different initial allele frequencies from homozygous F and S lines showed a convergence of frequencies on regular food at 25 degrees, leading to values equal to those in the base populations. These results were interpreted as due to some kind of balancing selection. In populations kept at 29.8 degrees, a lower equilibrium F frequency was attained. Addition of ethanol and some other alcohols to the food gave a rapid increase in F frequency, and high humidity decreased the F frequency slightly. Combination or alternation of ethanol and high humidity had variable effects in the populations tested. For a further analysis of the allele-frequency changes, estimates were obtained for egg-to-adult survival under different conditions and for adult survival on ethanol-supplemented food. On ethanol food (both at regular and high humidity), egg-to-adult survival of SS homozygotes was considerably lower than that of the FF and FS genotypes. Under regular conditions of food, temperature and humidity, a tendency to heterozygote superiority was observed, while at high humidity a relative high survival of SS was noticed in some tests. Adult survival of SS was lower than that of FF, but FS was generally intermediate, though the degree of dominance differed between populations. The results are consistent with the hypothesis of the occurrence of selection at the Adh locus.", "PMID": 100371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4209", "title": "Mitotic recombination in the heterochromatin of the sex chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The frequency of spontaneous and X-ray-induced mitotic recombination involving the Y chromosome has been studied in individuals with a marked Y chromosome arm and different XY compound chromosomes. The genotypes used include X chromosomes with different amounts of X heterochromatin and either or both arms of the Y chromosome attached to either side of the centromere. Individuals with two Y chromosomes have also been studied. The results show that the bulk of mitotic recombination takes place between homologous regions.", "contents": "Mitotic recombination in the heterochromatin of the sex chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. The frequency of spontaneous and X-ray-induced mitotic recombination involving the Y chromosome has been studied in individuals with a marked Y chromosome arm and different XY compound chromosomes. The genotypes used include X chromosomes with different amounts of X heterochromatin and either or both arms of the Y chromosome attached to either side of the centromere. Individuals with two Y chromosomes have also been studied. The results show that the bulk of mitotic recombination takes place between homologous regions.", "PMID": 100372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4210", "title": "[UV-mutagenesis in Bacillus subtilis. VII. Mutability of recA, recB and recF strains].", "content": "UV-light induces reversions to threonine-independence in BD170 Rec+ cells, and does not induce them in isogenic strain BD241 recF. Reversions to methionine-independence are induced in cells GSY1028 recB, and are not in isogenic strain GSY1025 recA. It is possible to construct, with the use of transformation, a viable strain carrying mutations recF and su, the latter imparts threinine-independence to cells. Hence, the absence of UV-induced reversions in recF (and probably in recA) cells can not be explained by the lethal effect of joining, in one genome, two mutations each of which decreases a viability of bacteria. Formation of UV-induced forward mutations which provide additional growth requirements to bacteria is not disturbed in strains recA and recF. Experimental data allow to conclude that UV-induced mutagenesis is not a function of any of two known mechanisms of recombination which function in Bacillus subtilis cells.", "contents": "[UV-mutagenesis in Bacillus subtilis. VII. Mutability of recA, recB and recF strains]. UV-light induces reversions to threonine-independence in BD170 Rec+ cells, and does not induce them in isogenic strain BD241 recF. Reversions to methionine-independence are induced in cells GSY1028 recB, and are not in isogenic strain GSY1025 recA. It is possible to construct, with the use of transformation, a viable strain carrying mutations recF and su, the latter imparts threinine-independence to cells. Hence, the absence of UV-induced reversions in recF (and probably in recA) cells can not be explained by the lethal effect of joining, in one genome, two mutations each of which decreases a viability of bacteria. Formation of UV-induced forward mutations which provide additional growth requirements to bacteria is not disturbed in strains recA and recF. Experimental data allow to conclude that UV-induced mutagenesis is not a function of any of two known mechanisms of recombination which function in Bacillus subtilis cells.", "PMID": 100373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4211", "title": "Functional half-life of the exocellular protease mRNA of Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "Functional half-life of the exocellular protease mRNA was determined in in exponentially growing and stationary cells of the asporogenic strain of Bacillus megaterium KM and in the sporogenic strain of B. megaterium 27 during sporulation. No reserve of the protease mRNA could be detected in the cells and the half-lives were determined to be 6--7 min in the exponential and stationary cells of B. megaterium KM and 7.5--8.5 min in B. megaterium 27. The mean half-life of mRNA for cell proteins was determined to be 3.5--4.5 min. Thus, as compared with the mean half-life of mRNA for cell proteins that of mRNA for the exocellular protease is slightly longer.", "contents": "Functional half-life of the exocellular protease mRNA of Bacillus megaterium. Functional half-life of the exocellular protease mRNA was determined in in exponentially growing and stationary cells of the asporogenic strain of Bacillus megaterium KM and in the sporogenic strain of B. megaterium 27 during sporulation. No reserve of the protease mRNA could be detected in the cells and the half-lives were determined to be 6--7 min in the exponential and stationary cells of B. megaterium KM and 7.5--8.5 min in B. megaterium 27. The mean half-life of mRNA for cell proteins was determined to be 3.5--4.5 min. Thus, as compared with the mean half-life of mRNA for cell proteins that of mRNA for the exocellular protease is slightly longer.", "PMID": 100398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4212", "title": "Isolation of glucosyltransferase from Streptomyces aureofaciens.", "content": "Streptomyces aureofaciens B 96 grown on a synthetic medium glucosylated exogenous 1,2-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (alizarin). The glucosylation was inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol added to the cultivation medium. A cell-free preparation was obtained from the mycelium isolated after 16 h of growth and was found to catalyze the transfer of glucose from glucosyluridyl diphosphate to 1,2-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, giving rise to 1-hydroxy-2-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-9,10-anthraquinone.", "contents": "Isolation of glucosyltransferase from Streptomyces aureofaciens. Streptomyces aureofaciens B 96 grown on a synthetic medium glucosylated exogenous 1,2-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (alizarin). The glucosylation was inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol added to the cultivation medium. A cell-free preparation was obtained from the mycelium isolated after 16 h of growth and was found to catalyze the transfer of glucose from glucosyluridyl diphosphate to 1,2-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, giving rise to 1-hydroxy-2-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-9,10-anthraquinone.", "PMID": 100399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4213", "title": "alpha-Mannosidases of genera Aspergillus and Rhizopus. Activity and capacity to utilize Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan of the best alpha-mannosidase producer Aspergillus flavus Link 69.", "content": "Strains of fungi imperfecti of genera Aspergillus and Rhizopus were tested for the ability to produce alpha-mannosidases. The most suitable alpha-mannosidase producer of a total of 20 strains under study was Aspergillus Ravus Link 69. The parameters studied during the cultivation included the growth rate expressed as cell dry weight, alpha-mannosidase activity of the extracellular medium with p-nitorphenyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside as substrate, and utilization of Saccharomyces cerebisiae mannan via its disappearance from the cultivation medium.", "contents": "alpha-Mannosidases of genera Aspergillus and Rhizopus. Activity and capacity to utilize Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan of the best alpha-mannosidase producer Aspergillus flavus Link 69. Strains of fungi imperfecti of genera Aspergillus and Rhizopus were tested for the ability to produce alpha-mannosidases. The most suitable alpha-mannosidase producer of a total of 20 strains under study was Aspergillus Ravus Link 69. The parameters studied during the cultivation included the growth rate expressed as cell dry weight, alpha-mannosidase activity of the extracellular medium with p-nitorphenyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside as substrate, and utilization of Saccharomyces cerebisiae mannan via its disappearance from the cultivation medium.", "PMID": 100400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4214", "title": "Can the United States learn from foreign medical insurance systems?", "content": "After data are given on trends in health care expenditures in several nations, selected health care cost indicators in Canada and in the United States are contrasted in more detail; and a study of the Canadian health care insurance system is criticized. Finally some broader questions on the nature of U.S. social policy are raised.", "contents": "Can the United States learn from foreign medical insurance systems? After data are given on trends in health care expenditures in several nations, selected health care cost indicators in Canada and in the United States are contrasted in more detail; and a study of the Canadian health care insurance system is criticized. Finally some broader questions on the nature of U.S. social policy are raised.", "PMID": 100406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4215", "title": "Chromosomal investigations in children with pyknolepsy on dipropylacetate monotherapy.", "content": "We analyzed chromosome preparations obtained from leukocytes of ten children with pyknolepsy and treated with dipropylacetate (DPA) as monotherapy. Structural or numerical aberrations were not found more frequently in our patients than in five normal children (control group).", "contents": "Chromosomal investigations in children with pyknolepsy on dipropylacetate monotherapy. We analyzed chromosome preparations obtained from leukocytes of ten children with pyknolepsy and treated with dipropylacetate (DPA) as monotherapy. Structural or numerical aberrations were not found more frequently in our patients than in five normal children (control group).", "PMID": 100408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4216", "title": "[The present situation of antibacterial resistance (author's transl)].", "content": "The various types of bacterial resistance (natural species resistance, chromosomal and plasmidic resistance) and their mechanisms are described. Thereafter, a survey on the resistance is given using investigations from different sources. The distribution of resistant strains dependent on the geographical location and the situation of the patients (ambulatory--hospitalized) is described, and the development of resistant strains in dependance of time is analyzed. Finally, the phenomena of resistance against aminoglycoside and beta-lactam antibiotics are explained in more detail.", "contents": "[The present situation of antibacterial resistance (author's transl)]. The various types of bacterial resistance (natural species resistance, chromosomal and plasmidic resistance) and their mechanisms are described. Thereafter, a survey on the resistance is given using investigations from different sources. The distribution of resistant strains dependent on the geographical location and the situation of the patients (ambulatory--hospitalized) is described, and the development of resistant strains in dependance of time is analyzed. Finally, the phenomena of resistance against aminoglycoside and beta-lactam antibiotics are explained in more detail.", "PMID": 100410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4217", "title": "Biosynthesis and assembly of IgM free thiol groups present on cytoplasmic and membrane associated IgM.", "content": "The free thiol groups present on various intracellular precursors of polymeric IgM have been studied in two mouse tumours; McPC 1748 which resembles a 10-25h LPS-stimulated lymphocyte with surface IgM, and Y5781 which resembles a 80-110h LPS stimulated lymphocyte with no surface IgM and a large pool of intracellular 19S IgM. The intracellular IgMs* of both cell lines possesses four free thiol groups per molecule, two of which are probably involved in linking the subunits during polymerisation. In conjunction with earlier reports this shows that independent IgM-synthesizing tumours with widely differing characteristics contain IgMs with four free thiol groups, indicating that this is the major precursor form preceding polymerisation. Although the secreted 19S IgM had no detectable free thiol groups, some of the H chains of the intracellular 19S IgM of Y5781 had at least one which may be involved in J chain binding. The IgMs of slow turnover associated with McPC 1748 cells was shown to be exposed on the cell surface and was identical with the cytoplasmic IgMs in pI and number of free thiol groups. These thiol groups become blocked before release into the medium.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and assembly of IgM free thiol groups present on cytoplasmic and membrane associated IgM. The free thiol groups present on various intracellular precursors of polymeric IgM have been studied in two mouse tumours; McPC 1748 which resembles a 10-25h LPS-stimulated lymphocyte with surface IgM, and Y5781 which resembles a 80-110h LPS stimulated lymphocyte with no surface IgM and a large pool of intracellular 19S IgM. The intracellular IgMs* of both cell lines possesses four free thiol groups per molecule, two of which are probably involved in linking the subunits during polymerisation. In conjunction with earlier reports this shows that independent IgM-synthesizing tumours with widely differing characteristics contain IgMs with four free thiol groups, indicating that this is the major precursor form preceding polymerisation. Although the secreted 19S IgM had no detectable free thiol groups, some of the H chains of the intracellular 19S IgM of Y5781 had at least one which may be involved in J chain binding. The IgMs of slow turnover associated with McPC 1748 cells was shown to be exposed on the cell surface and was identical with the cytoplasmic IgMs in pI and number of free thiol groups. These thiol groups become blocked before release into the medium.", "PMID": 100415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4218", "title": "Human triclonal anti-IgG gammopathy. I. Iso-electric focusing characteristics of the IgG, IgA and IgM anti-IgG and their heavy and light chains.", "content": "Human IgG, IgA and IgM anti-IgG autoantibodies have been isolated from the serum of an individual with Felty's syndrome. These were initially noted as soluble circulating serum complexes by analytical ultracentrifugation. Isolation was accomplished by solid phase immunoadsorption and each of the three antibody populations obtained was shown to be of restricted heterogeneity by liquid and polyacrylamide gel electrofocussing methods. Type kappa light chains were obtained from each protein. Co-isoelectric focusing experiments of all possible pairs of these light chains showed them to have identical net charge characteristics. Heavy chains obtained from each protein were also monoclonal and of differing isoelectric point. The availability of this serum provides a human model with which to study the changes which may occur in autoantibodies during the autoimmune response.", "contents": "Human triclonal anti-IgG gammopathy. I. Iso-electric focusing characteristics of the IgG, IgA and IgM anti-IgG and their heavy and light chains. Human IgG, IgA and IgM anti-IgG autoantibodies have been isolated from the serum of an individual with Felty's syndrome. These were initially noted as soluble circulating serum complexes by analytical ultracentrifugation. Isolation was accomplished by solid phase immunoadsorption and each of the three antibody populations obtained was shown to be of restricted heterogeneity by liquid and polyacrylamide gel electrofocussing methods. Type kappa light chains were obtained from each protein. Co-isoelectric focusing experiments of all possible pairs of these light chains showed them to have identical net charge characteristics. Heavy chains obtained from each protein were also monoclonal and of differing isoelectric point. The availability of this serum provides a human model with which to study the changes which may occur in autoantibodies during the autoimmune response.", "PMID": 100416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4219", "title": "Marmoset species variation in the humoral antibody response: in vivo and in vitro studies.", "content": "A comparison of the in vivo and in vitro antibody response capabilities of two marmoset species, Saguinus fuscicollis and Saguinus oedipus oedipus, revealed the former to be superior in elaborating humoral antibody. In vivo challenges with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Salmonella typhi flagella consistently yielded higher antibody titres in S. fuscicollis; indeed, with LPS antigen, multiple inoculations of S.o. oedipus marmosets led ultimately to a decrease in antibody formation, in contrast to the anamnestic response of S. fuscicollis. This species differential in immune competence was also suggested in the in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) and spleen cells with sheep red blood cells (RBC). None of 55 S.o. oedipus PBL cultures and 49 of 89 (55%) S. fuscicollis cultures responded to the test antigen. A similar differential in response to sheep RBC was noted with the spleen cells of each species, although this report contrasts the antibody-forming potential of two marmoset species, a comparison of the immunological response profile of marmosets to those of other laboratory animals challenged with similar antigens suggests these primates may be relatively incompetent. The possible relationship between the haemopoietic chimerism of marmosets and a diminished immune competence is discussed.", "contents": "Marmoset species variation in the humoral antibody response: in vivo and in vitro studies. A comparison of the in vivo and in vitro antibody response capabilities of two marmoset species, Saguinus fuscicollis and Saguinus oedipus oedipus, revealed the former to be superior in elaborating humoral antibody. In vivo challenges with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Salmonella typhi flagella consistently yielded higher antibody titres in S. fuscicollis; indeed, with LPS antigen, multiple inoculations of S.o. oedipus marmosets led ultimately to a decrease in antibody formation, in contrast to the anamnestic response of S. fuscicollis. This species differential in immune competence was also suggested in the in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) and spleen cells with sheep red blood cells (RBC). None of 55 S.o. oedipus PBL cultures and 49 of 89 (55%) S. fuscicollis cultures responded to the test antigen. A similar differential in response to sheep RBC was noted with the spleen cells of each species, although this report contrasts the antibody-forming potential of two marmoset species, a comparison of the immunological response profile of marmosets to those of other laboratory animals challenged with similar antigens suggests these primates may be relatively incompetent. The possible relationship between the haemopoietic chimerism of marmosets and a diminished immune competence is discussed.", "PMID": 100417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4220", "title": "Reaction of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene with DNA of fetal and maternal rat tissues in vivo.", "content": "Pregnant BD-IX rats (21st day of gestation) received a single IV injection (15 mg/kg) of tritiated 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), A DOSE KNOWN TO INduce a high incidence of nervous-system tumors in the offspring. The animals were killed 12 h later and hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside products from DNA of maternal and fetal tissues were separated on Sephadex LH-20 columns eluted with a 20-100% methanol gradient. Concentrations of the major DMBA-DNA adduct varied considerably, with highest values in maternal intestine, liverand lung, followed by spleen, kidney and brain. In fetal intestine and liver, concentrations were 34% and 16% lower than in the respective maternal organs whereas the reaction with cerebral DNA was 2 1/2 times higher in fetuses than in the pregnant mother. This indicates that there is no significant placental barrier to DMBA or DMBA metabolites involved in DNA binding and that rat fetuses participate in the metabolic formation of the ultimate carcinogen.", "contents": "Reaction of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene with DNA of fetal and maternal rat tissues in vivo. Pregnant BD-IX rats (21st day of gestation) received a single IV injection (15 mg/kg) of tritiated 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), A DOSE KNOWN TO INduce a high incidence of nervous-system tumors in the offspring. The animals were killed 12 h later and hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside products from DNA of maternal and fetal tissues were separated on Sephadex LH-20 columns eluted with a 20-100% methanol gradient. Concentrations of the major DMBA-DNA adduct varied considerably, with highest values in maternal intestine, liverand lung, followed by spleen, kidney and brain. In fetal intestine and liver, concentrations were 34% and 16% lower than in the respective maternal organs whereas the reaction with cerebral DNA was 2 1/2 times higher in fetuses than in the pregnant mother. This indicates that there is no significant placental barrier to DMBA or DMBA metabolites involved in DNA binding and that rat fetuses participate in the metabolic formation of the ultimate carcinogen.", "PMID": 100425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4221", "title": "Chromosome changes (trisomy 15) in murine T-cell leukemia induced by 1,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA).", "content": "The banding pattern of DMBA-induced leukemias in C57BL/6 mice revealed a very constant chromosome pattern: the presence of trisomy 15 in almost all leukemic cells. This finding strongly suggests that chromosome 15 trisomy is the first detectable specific chromosome change associated with the development of DMBA-induced T-cell lymphomas. A similar association was previously shown with regard to development of radiation-leukemia-virus-induced T-cell lymphoma. It is conceivable that in tumors of diverse etiologies common cytogenetic changes may appear in the same common target-cell precursor, by a process of the \"convergent microevolution\" type.", "contents": "Chromosome changes (trisomy 15) in murine T-cell leukemia induced by 1,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). The banding pattern of DMBA-induced leukemias in C57BL/6 mice revealed a very constant chromosome pattern: the presence of trisomy 15 in almost all leukemic cells. This finding strongly suggests that chromosome 15 trisomy is the first detectable specific chromosome change associated with the development of DMBA-induced T-cell lymphomas. A similar association was previously shown with regard to development of radiation-leukemia-virus-induced T-cell lymphoma. It is conceivable that in tumors of diverse etiologies common cytogenetic changes may appear in the same common target-cell precursor, by a process of the \"convergent microevolution\" type.", "PMID": 100427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4222", "title": "The effect of sublingually administered nitroglycerin on the contraction of the human gallbladder.", "content": "Nitroglycerin (0.5 mg) was administered sublingually either before (n = 10) or after (n = 10) a standard contraction meal (200 ml of cream) during oral cholecystography. In both groups the standard contraction meal caused a significant contraction of the gallbladder. Nitroglycerin had no significant dilatation effect; hence its benefit during an acute attack of pain in a patient with gallstones seems to be questionable.", "contents": "The effect of sublingually administered nitroglycerin on the contraction of the human gallbladder. Nitroglycerin (0.5 mg) was administered sublingually either before (n = 10) or after (n = 10) a standard contraction meal (200 ml of cream) during oral cholecystography. In both groups the standard contraction meal caused a significant contraction of the gallbladder. Nitroglycerin had no significant dilatation effect; hence its benefit during an acute attack of pain in a patient with gallstones seems to be questionable.", "PMID": 100429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4223", "title": "Significance of the orbital floor in zygomatic injuries.", "content": "Fifty years after the publication of Harold Gillies' work, an assessment of zygomatic injuries is made, in the light of a half century of medical advances. Recent experience suggests that the fractured orbital floor is the commonest and most significant component of all zygomatic injuries. Exploration of 582 floors in the last 5 years revealed that over 20% had true blowout fractures, without damage to the orbital rim. A further 5% had torn periosteum with only minimal bony damage. Only two cases (0.3%) had fractures of the rim without a blown-out floor. The significance of floor damage is considered. This is usually more severe than expected. Even minimal damage--torn periosteum alone--may be followed by severe late sequelae, out of proportion to the magnitude of the apparent injury. If such sequelae develop late, their relationship to the injury is not suspected. The related soft tissues are very vulnerable. Vigorous manipulation of the malar (or maxilla in LeFort II injuries) does as much damage to them, as did the original trauma. Our therapy should be designed to protect these tissues during necessary manipulation.", "contents": "Significance of the orbital floor in zygomatic injuries. Fifty years after the publication of Harold Gillies' work, an assessment of zygomatic injuries is made, in the light of a half century of medical advances. Recent experience suggests that the fractured orbital floor is the commonest and most significant component of all zygomatic injuries. Exploration of 582 floors in the last 5 years revealed that over 20% had true blowout fractures, without damage to the orbital rim. A further 5% had torn periosteum with only minimal bony damage. Only two cases (0.3%) had fractures of the rim without a blown-out floor. The significance of floor damage is considered. This is usually more severe than expected. Even minimal damage--torn periosteum alone--may be followed by severe late sequelae, out of proportion to the magnitude of the apparent injury. If such sequelae develop late, their relationship to the injury is not suspected. The related soft tissues are very vulnerable. Vigorous manipulation of the malar (or maxilla in LeFort II injuries) does as much damage to them, as did the original trauma. Our therapy should be designed to protect these tissues during necessary manipulation.", "PMID": 100430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4224", "title": "Some missile injuries due to civil unrest in Northern Ireland.", "content": "Some missile injuries are reviewed after nearly 8 years of continuous warfare. A feature of many of these injuries is the early admission to hospital which has had a profound effect on the survival rate and the recovery period. Some examples are given of injuries inflicted by rubber bullets. The effects of wounding by low and high velocity missiles are described and examples given. An injury caused by a missile incorporated in a bomb is also shown.", "contents": "Some missile injuries due to civil unrest in Northern Ireland. Some missile injuries are reviewed after nearly 8 years of continuous warfare. A feature of many of these injuries is the early admission to hospital which has had a profound effect on the survival rate and the recovery period. Some examples are given of injuries inflicted by rubber bullets. The effects of wounding by low and high velocity missiles are described and examples given. An injury caused by a missile incorporated in a bomb is also shown.", "PMID": 100431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4225", "title": "Internal fixation of fractures.", "content": "In recent years close consideration of the biomechanical principles of treatment of mandibular fractures has led to the use of operative as well as conservative methods. Since this combined method of treatment appeared cumbersome, a new kind of osteosynthesis plate was developed for functionally stable internal fixation of mandibular fractures, without the necessity of additional fixation elements. After consideration of the biomechanics of the mandible, an even greater indication for the use of the lag-screw osteosynthesis is found. Use of both the tension band plate and the lag screw makes it possible to perform the operation intraorally. This is a further indication for the use of the operative internal fixation of fractures in the treatment of mandibular fractures, since it has many advantages for the patient.", "contents": "Internal fixation of fractures. In recent years close consideration of the biomechanical principles of treatment of mandibular fractures has led to the use of operative as well as conservative methods. Since this combined method of treatment appeared cumbersome, a new kind of osteosynthesis plate was developed for functionally stable internal fixation of mandibular fractures, without the necessity of additional fixation elements. After consideration of the biomechanics of the mandible, an even greater indication for the use of the lag-screw osteosynthesis is found. Use of both the tension band plate and the lag screw makes it possible to perform the operation intraorally. This is a further indication for the use of the operative internal fixation of fractures in the treatment of mandibular fractures, since it has many advantages for the patient.", "PMID": 100434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4226", "title": "Treatment of fractures of the articular process by functional stable osteosynthesis using miniaturized dynamic compression plates.", "content": "The application of miniplates in fractures of the base of the articular process, developed by Schilli for orbital stabilization of malar bone impression fractures, is reported. The ends of the fragments after open reposition and reduction of the proximal fragment could be fixed durably by functional stable compression osteosynthesis in 35 patients with fractures and luxation or dislocation. In spite of the technical difficulties in performing this operative method the procedure should find a large application because of the optimum anatomic and functional results.", "contents": "Treatment of fractures of the articular process by functional stable osteosynthesis using miniaturized dynamic compression plates. The application of miniplates in fractures of the base of the articular process, developed by Schilli for orbital stabilization of malar bone impression fractures, is reported. The ends of the fragments after open reposition and reduction of the proximal fragment could be fixed durably by functional stable compression osteosynthesis in 35 patients with fractures and luxation or dislocation. In spite of the technical difficulties in performing this operative method the procedure should find a large application because of the optimum anatomic and functional results.", "PMID": 100435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4227", "title": "Combined surgical and orthodontic management of the oral abnormalities in children with cleidocranial dysplasia.", "content": "Children with cleidocranial dysplasia have dental abnormalities which combine to prevent normal tooth eruption, and which if untreated may result in abnormal facial and jaw growth. A technique combining orthodontics and oral surgery has resulted in the establishment of excellent occlusion and facial appearance in these patients. Recent advances in direct enamel bonding techniques for orthondontic attachments have permitted a conservative surgical approach with minimal bone removal during surgery to expose unerupted teeth prior to orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "Combined surgical and orthodontic management of the oral abnormalities in children with cleidocranial dysplasia. Children with cleidocranial dysplasia have dental abnormalities which combine to prevent normal tooth eruption, and which if untreated may result in abnormal facial and jaw growth. A technique combining orthodontics and oral surgery has resulted in the establishment of excellent occlusion and facial appearance in these patients. Recent advances in direct enamel bonding techniques for orthondontic attachments have permitted a conservative surgical approach with minimal bone removal during surgery to expose unerupted teeth prior to orthodontic treatment.", "PMID": 100437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4228", "title": "Surgical-orthodontic approach to skeletal class III malocclusion. Analysis of 45 cases with evaluation of curved oblique osteotomy and sliding osteotomy.", "content": "A curved oblique osteotomy in which the ascending ramus was cut obliquely on a curved line from its anterior border to the angle was used for the treatment of 29 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion, and 16 other patients were corrected by either an ordinary body ostectomy or a sliding osteotomy in the first premolar region. Both curved oblique osteotomy and sliding osteotomy could easily be performed with a Stryker's reciprocating saw, and osseous healing at the sites of surgery was rapid as a large area of intimate bony contact between the segments was obtained. The resulting profile and skeletal changes studied by cephalograms were excellent, with no significant relapse, and recovery of a stable occlusion was attained. The combined approach with orthodontists which included thorough analysis of each patient, preoperative alignment of the dental arches and postoperative care was essential for obtaining the best results.", "contents": "Surgical-orthodontic approach to skeletal class III malocclusion. Analysis of 45 cases with evaluation of curved oblique osteotomy and sliding osteotomy. A curved oblique osteotomy in which the ascending ramus was cut obliquely on a curved line from its anterior border to the angle was used for the treatment of 29 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion, and 16 other patients were corrected by either an ordinary body ostectomy or a sliding osteotomy in the first premolar region. Both curved oblique osteotomy and sliding osteotomy could easily be performed with a Stryker's reciprocating saw, and osseous healing at the sites of surgery was rapid as a large area of intimate bony contact between the segments was obtained. The resulting profile and skeletal changes studied by cephalograms were excellent, with no significant relapse, and recovery of a stable occlusion was attained. The combined approach with orthodontists which included thorough analysis of each patient, preoperative alignment of the dental arches and postoperative care was essential for obtaining the best results.", "PMID": 100438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4229", "title": "Follow-up investigations on operated cleft palates.", "content": "Follow-up investigations were made on 98 uni- and bilateral cleft lip and palate patients referred to an orthodonitc therapy. As the patients have been operated by various methods and by different surgeons, the question arose as to whether the timing of the operation still influences the development of the dentition. Early operated patients (uranoplasty) exhibited more often impaired maxillary growth than late operated patients. Orthodontic interventions proved especially successful when applied early and when they were not hindered by cicatrical contractions.", "contents": "Follow-up investigations on operated cleft palates. Follow-up investigations were made on 98 uni- and bilateral cleft lip and palate patients referred to an orthodonitc therapy. As the patients have been operated by various methods and by different surgeons, the question arose as to whether the timing of the operation still influences the development of the dentition. Early operated patients (uranoplasty) exhibited more often impaired maxillary growth than late operated patients. Orthodontic interventions proved especially successful when applied early and when they were not hindered by cicatrical contractions.", "PMID": 100439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4230", "title": "Tumors of the head and neck. A 4-year study of a multidisciplinary approach.", "content": "A multidisciplinary conference composed of the essential medical, surgical, dental, and allied specialists involved in the region of the head and neck, with resources to call upon other contributors when necessary, was undertaken at a major teaching center in the Northeastern U.S.A. (Long Island Jewish Hillside Medical Center). Meeting on a bimonthly basis with referrals accepted from all sources, but non-publicized, a total of 343 patients were seen over a period of 50 months. The results indicate that optimum patient care can be achieved with a minimum loss of time for treatment initiation and substantial cost savings from these specialists meeting as a group.", "contents": "Tumors of the head and neck. A 4-year study of a multidisciplinary approach. A multidisciplinary conference composed of the essential medical, surgical, dental, and allied specialists involved in the region of the head and neck, with resources to call upon other contributors when necessary, was undertaken at a major teaching center in the Northeastern U.S.A. (Long Island Jewish Hillside Medical Center). Meeting on a bimonthly basis with referrals accepted from all sources, but non-publicized, a total of 343 patients were seen over a period of 50 months. The results indicate that optimum patient care can be achieved with a minimum loss of time for treatment initiation and substantial cost savings from these specialists meeting as a group.", "PMID": 100441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4231", "title": "Odontological section of a bone tumour registry.", "content": "A Bone Tumour Registry is incomplete without the inclusion of the odontogenic tumours. The odontogenic tumours originate in only three bones of the body so there is a case for the establishment of a separate section in a Bone Tumour Registry for their consideration. Problems of classification and differential diagnosis are different from other bone tumours. The clinicians and diagnostic specialists concerned with their recognition and treatment often only work in the oral field. They need the association with their colleagues working in the general bone tumour field which a Bone Tumour Registry can provide. In an area with a small population, the variety and number of cases seen will be small; establishment of a Bone Tumour Registry is a useful educational tool. The setting up of a Bone Tumour Registry at an early stage of the development of an area means that the lines of communication and collection of cases for the Registry can be more easily organized than in more populated areas. The Bone Tumour Registry in Perth and the setting up of its odontological section are described in this paper.", "contents": "Odontological section of a bone tumour registry. A Bone Tumour Registry is incomplete without the inclusion of the odontogenic tumours. The odontogenic tumours originate in only three bones of the body so there is a case for the establishment of a separate section in a Bone Tumour Registry for their consideration. Problems of classification and differential diagnosis are different from other bone tumours. The clinicians and diagnostic specialists concerned with their recognition and treatment often only work in the oral field. They need the association with their colleagues working in the general bone tumour field which a Bone Tumour Registry can provide. In an area with a small population, the variety and number of cases seen will be small; establishment of a Bone Tumour Registry is a useful educational tool. The setting up of a Bone Tumour Registry at an early stage of the development of an area means that the lines of communication and collection of cases for the Registry can be more easily organized than in more populated areas. The Bone Tumour Registry in Perth and the setting up of its odontological section are described in this paper.", "PMID": 100442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4232", "title": "Central neurilemmoma of the jaws. Review of literature and case report.", "content": "Neurilemmomas presenting as primary central bone tumors are extremely rare. Only 21 cases have been reported to have arisen in the jaws; all except for one have occurred in the mandible. The majority of these have been associated with the inferior dental nerve. A case of a central neurilemmoma arising in the anterior mandible is reported. Its probable origin is from one of the alveolar branches of the incisive nerve--an unusual site in the mandible. The radiographic features include expansion of cortical bone, resorption of roots of teeth, the presence of lace-like bony septa and a spotty calcification within the tumor. The treatment and the prognosis are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Central neurilemmoma of the jaws. Review of literature and case report. Neurilemmomas presenting as primary central bone tumors are extremely rare. Only 21 cases have been reported to have arisen in the jaws; all except for one have occurred in the mandible. The majority of these have been associated with the inferior dental nerve. A case of a central neurilemmoma arising in the anterior mandible is reported. Its probable origin is from one of the alveolar branches of the incisive nerve--an unusual site in the mandible. The radiographic features include expansion of cortical bone, resorption of roots of teeth, the presence of lace-like bony septa and a spotty calcification within the tumor. The treatment and the prognosis are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 100443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4233", "title": "Ameloblastomas.", "content": "Ameloblastomas are slow-growing, destuctive lesions of the jaws. They have a wide age distribution and occur in both sexes. In considering the treatment of these lesions, one must take into consideration the patient's age, the patient's concern for his (her) functional, social and aesthetic requirements. It is not unreasonable to aim at a conservative approach first, then radical surgery when the lesion recurs. Small lesions can be treated by local block excision or curettage. For large lesions and recurrences in the mandible, jaw resection and immediate bone graft is indicated. In the author's experience, split iliac crest graft gives the best clinical result.", "contents": "Ameloblastomas. Ameloblastomas are slow-growing, destuctive lesions of the jaws. They have a wide age distribution and occur in both sexes. In considering the treatment of these lesions, one must take into consideration the patient's age, the patient's concern for his (her) functional, social and aesthetic requirements. It is not unreasonable to aim at a conservative approach first, then radical surgery when the lesion recurs. Small lesions can be treated by local block excision or curettage. For large lesions and recurrences in the mandible, jaw resection and immediate bone graft is indicated. In the author's experience, split iliac crest graft gives the best clinical result.", "PMID": 100444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4234", "title": "Indication and appreciation of operative procedures for mandibular ankylosis.", "content": "Mandibular ankylosis may be of various etiology. A number of operative procdures have been presented and criticized, but the most appropriate procedure for ankylosis is not universally accepted. During the past decade, 17 cases of mandibular ankylosis have been treated surgically in the Nagoya University Hospital. The etiology includes both temporomandibular ankylosis and extraarticular origin. Three different surgical procedures were used: (1) High operation, in which skin incision is made in the preauricular region. This method is applied for moderate arthrogenic cases. (2) Low operation, in which skin incision is made in the submandibular region. This is applied for severe arthrogic cases and extraarticular ossification cases. (3) Tubed pedicle skin grafting is applied for buccal contracture cases caused by noma etc. A long-term follow-up to 10 years has disclosed many interesting findings and made it possible to evaluate each operative procedure.", "contents": "Indication and appreciation of operative procedures for mandibular ankylosis. Mandibular ankylosis may be of various etiology. A number of operative procdures have been presented and criticized, but the most appropriate procedure for ankylosis is not universally accepted. During the past decade, 17 cases of mandibular ankylosis have been treated surgically in the Nagoya University Hospital. The etiology includes both temporomandibular ankylosis and extraarticular origin. Three different surgical procedures were used: (1) High operation, in which skin incision is made in the preauricular region. This method is applied for moderate arthrogenic cases. (2) Low operation, in which skin incision is made in the submandibular region. This is applied for severe arthrogic cases and extraarticular ossification cases. (3) Tubed pedicle skin grafting is applied for buccal contracture cases caused by noma etc. A long-term follow-up to 10 years has disclosed many interesting findings and made it possible to evaluate each operative procedure.", "PMID": 100449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4235", "title": "Role of the meniscus in the etiology of posttraumatic temporomandibular joint ankylosis.", "content": "From an analysis of the factors that could contribute to the development of post-traumatic TMJ ankylosis, it is evident that a number of different conditions are probably operant. Based on clinical and experimental findings, however, it is suggested that of primary importance is the location of the meniscus in relation to the fracture site. It is proposed that the meniscus normally serves as a barrier to prevent fusion of the distal fragment with the glenoid fossa, and that ankylosis generally occurs if this relationship is not maintained. Based on this concept, possible modifications in the management of fractures of the condyloid process are suggested.", "contents": "Role of the meniscus in the etiology of posttraumatic temporomandibular joint ankylosis. From an analysis of the factors that could contribute to the development of post-traumatic TMJ ankylosis, it is evident that a number of different conditions are probably operant. Based on clinical and experimental findings, however, it is suggested that of primary importance is the location of the meniscus in relation to the fracture site. It is proposed that the meniscus normally serves as a barrier to prevent fusion of the distal fragment with the glenoid fossa, and that ankylosis generally occurs if this relationship is not maintained. Based on this concept, possible modifications in the management of fractures of the condyloid process are suggested.", "PMID": 100450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4236", "title": "Surgical treatment of mandibular joint disorders.", "content": "This paper deals with the operations available for disorders of the temporomandibular joint. It mentions the criteria and techniques for doing these operations, namely high condylectomy, augmentation, interposition grafts and rib grafts and reviews the results of a 15-year follow-up on 64% of 130 patients on whom the author has operated.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of mandibular joint disorders. This paper deals with the operations available for disorders of the temporomandibular joint. It mentions the criteria and techniques for doing these operations, namely high condylectomy, augmentation, interposition grafts and rib grafts and reviews the results of a 15-year follow-up on 64% of 130 patients on whom the author has operated.", "PMID": 100451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4237", "title": "Physiotherapy in diagnosis and treatment of the myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with the Myofascial Pain Dysfunction (M.P.D.) syndrome of the masticatory system were investigated and treated using physiotherapy techniques. Resisted static contraction of the temporomandibular joints, passive movement tests of the muscles and electromyography indicated that the joint function was abnormal in all cases with minimal muscle involvement. Cervical spine tests indicated that pain referral from the cervical spine was involved in 19 of 34 patients (56%). Physiotherapy treatment armed at restoring a normal painless range of movement to the temporomandibular joint was successful in six of 10 patients (60%). Generalized relaxation therapy with biofeedback was successful in 19 of 24 patients (80%). It was found that with the five of 24 patients (20%) in whom generalized relaxation failed, there were significant psychiatric factors.", "contents": "Physiotherapy in diagnosis and treatment of the myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. Thirty-four patients with the Myofascial Pain Dysfunction (M.P.D.) syndrome of the masticatory system were investigated and treated using physiotherapy techniques. Resisted static contraction of the temporomandibular joints, passive movement tests of the muscles and electromyography indicated that the joint function was abnormal in all cases with minimal muscle involvement. Cervical spine tests indicated that pain referral from the cervical spine was involved in 19 of 34 patients (56%). Physiotherapy treatment armed at restoring a normal painless range of movement to the temporomandibular joint was successful in six of 10 patients (60%). Generalized relaxation therapy with biofeedback was successful in 19 of 24 patients (80%). It was found that with the five of 24 patients (20%) in whom generalized relaxation failed, there were significant psychiatric factors.", "PMID": 100453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4238", "title": "Release of mandibular ankylosis due to gross tissue loss in the cheek.", "content": "Experience with mandibular ankylosis due to the loss of variable amounts of cheek tissue as a result of cancrum oris is reviewed. Where enough cheek has been lost to cause an ankylosis, replacement tissue in the form of a graft is necessary to prevent recurrence and to reconstruct the cheek. A number of methods are reviewed, including free grafts, local flaps and pedicled skin from the neck and abdomen. The best functional and cosmetic result was obtained by using a tubed pedicle of abdominal skin based on the superior epigastric artery and attached to the wrist as a carrier. This can be raised under local anaesthesia prior to the release of the ankylosis so it is available to cover the raw surfaces and to reform the cheek at the time of operation. Blind intubation was found to be feasible and desirable when compared with administering the anaesthetic through a trachesotomy. The importance of close supervision of post-operative exercises is emphasized, but was not able to be carried out under the conditions of treatment.", "contents": "Release of mandibular ankylosis due to gross tissue loss in the cheek. Experience with mandibular ankylosis due to the loss of variable amounts of cheek tissue as a result of cancrum oris is reviewed. Where enough cheek has been lost to cause an ankylosis, replacement tissue in the form of a graft is necessary to prevent recurrence and to reconstruct the cheek. A number of methods are reviewed, including free grafts, local flaps and pedicled skin from the neck and abdomen. The best functional and cosmetic result was obtained by using a tubed pedicle of abdominal skin based on the superior epigastric artery and attached to the wrist as a carrier. This can be raised under local anaesthesia prior to the release of the ankylosis so it is available to cover the raw surfaces and to reform the cheek at the time of operation. Blind intubation was found to be feasible and desirable when compared with administering the anaesthetic through a trachesotomy. The importance of close supervision of post-operative exercises is emphasized, but was not able to be carried out under the conditions of treatment.", "PMID": 100454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4239", "title": "Reconstruction of the horizontal rami of the mandible following avulsion in childhood.", "content": "A 7-year-old boy was involved in a road traffic accident in October 1971, and apparently had been dragged along face downwards with resultant avulsion of the entire horizontal mandibular rami, and most of the mandibular alveolar soft tissue and teeth. Repair by metal implants was attempted but these proved unsatisfactory, and soft tissue replacement for the missing alveolus was carried out by flap raised from arm. Rib grafting was carried out on three occasions at almost yearly intervals, but each time, probably owing to vascular insufficiency, non-union (or more correctly non-replacement) occurred in the left canine region. To \"import\" a new blood supply, and free some of the scar tissue, a compound muscle/bone/skin flap bearing the clavicle and sternomastoid muscle was transposed to the mandibular bed. This form of grafting was used extensively in World War I to repair facial gunshot wounds, and the transposed blood supply enabled success in the pre-antibiotic period. Bony union is now satisfactory 5 years after injuries and dentures have been recently fitted; speech is normal, the child's facial contours acceptable, and mastication has been satisfactory during this period.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the horizontal rami of the mandible following avulsion in childhood. A 7-year-old boy was involved in a road traffic accident in October 1971, and apparently had been dragged along face downwards with resultant avulsion of the entire horizontal mandibular rami, and most of the mandibular alveolar soft tissue and teeth. Repair by metal implants was attempted but these proved unsatisfactory, and soft tissue replacement for the missing alveolus was carried out by flap raised from arm. Rib grafting was carried out on three occasions at almost yearly intervals, but each time, probably owing to vascular insufficiency, non-union (or more correctly non-replacement) occurred in the left canine region. To \"import\" a new blood supply, and free some of the scar tissue, a compound muscle/bone/skin flap bearing the clavicle and sternomastoid muscle was transposed to the mandibular bed. This form of grafting was used extensively in World War I to repair facial gunshot wounds, and the transposed blood supply enabled success in the pre-antibiotic period. Bony union is now satisfactory 5 years after injuries and dentures have been recently fitted; speech is normal, the child's facial contours acceptable, and mastication has been satisfactory during this period.", "PMID": 100456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4240", "title": "Objective measurement of post-operative swelling.", "content": "Numerous investigators have investigated medicaments claimed to reduce post-operative edema. The majority of these investigators utilized subjective measurements which are of doubtful statistical significance. A number of objective methods of measuring oedema following surgical removal of impacted wisdom teeth are reported. The results obtained from these methods were compared and a definite correlation between them was found. A sample of 600 patients was investigated for this purpose.", "contents": "Objective measurement of post-operative swelling. Numerous investigators have investigated medicaments claimed to reduce post-operative edema. The majority of these investigators utilized subjective measurements which are of doubtful statistical significance. A number of objective methods of measuring oedema following surgical removal of impacted wisdom teeth are reported. The results obtained from these methods were compared and a definite correlation between them was found. A sample of 600 patients was investigated for this purpose.", "PMID": 100457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4241", "title": "Immediate temporary reconstruction of mandibular continuity defects in cancer patients.", "content": "A technique is described in detail which will produce a predictable immediate temporary reconstruction of a mandibular continuity defect. The procedure is quick, inexpensive and reliable. A review of various methods of reconstruction is presented and compared with our technique. Complications are discussed. A review of our patients is presented.", "contents": "Immediate temporary reconstruction of mandibular continuity defects in cancer patients. A technique is described in detail which will produce a predictable immediate temporary reconstruction of a mandibular continuity defect. The procedure is quick, inexpensive and reliable. A review of various methods of reconstruction is presented and compared with our technique. Complications are discussed. A review of our patients is presented.", "PMID": 100458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4242", "title": "Follow-up investigation of reconstruction of the alveolar process in the atrophic mandible.", "content": "In this article the results are presented of the reconstruction of the alveolar process with iliac crest bone grafts in 14 patients. In all cases in a second operation a vestibuloplasty and a floor-of-mouth plasty was done. After an average follow-up period of 39 months, almost complete resorption of the bone grafts was observed. The clinical results varied. To obtain better results and avoid complications like pain at the donor and graft sites, mental nerve disturbances and other major problems associated with bone grafting, we prefer to perform the visor osteotomy in the future.", "contents": "Follow-up investigation of reconstruction of the alveolar process in the atrophic mandible. In this article the results are presented of the reconstruction of the alveolar process with iliac crest bone grafts in 14 patients. In all cases in a second operation a vestibuloplasty and a floor-of-mouth plasty was done. After an average follow-up period of 39 months, almost complete resorption of the bone grafts was observed. The clinical results varied. To obtain better results and avoid complications like pain at the donor and graft sites, mental nerve disturbances and other major problems associated with bone grafting, we prefer to perform the visor osteotomy in the future.", "PMID": 100459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4243", "title": "Modern trends in cryosurgery of bone in the maxillo-facial region.", "content": "There have been described a variety of methods of freezing bone in the maxillo-facial region with the object of eradicating neoplastic or other abnormal cellular elements, without the need for radical excision. Thermography allows analysis of penetration so that a suitable method can be chosen for a particular clinical situation. Sequestration and pathological fracture can occur as complications but may be avoided by attention to technique.", "contents": "Modern trends in cryosurgery of bone in the maxillo-facial region. There have been described a variety of methods of freezing bone in the maxillo-facial region with the object of eradicating neoplastic or other abnormal cellular elements, without the need for radical excision. Thermography allows analysis of penetration so that a suitable method can be chosen for a particular clinical situation. Sequestration and pathological fracture can occur as complications but may be avoided by attention to technique.", "PMID": 100460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4244", "title": "Variations in acute multifocal histoplasmic choroiditis in the primate.", "content": "Experimental histoplasmic choroiditis was produced in primates by intracarotid injections of living H. capsulatum organisms. The severity of the choroiditis varied with inoculum size, as well as with site of injection (common carotid vs. internal carotid artery). A reproducible model of histoplasmic choroiditis in primates was produced with an internal carotid injection of 5,000 to 10,000 organisms/lb. The clinical and histopathological course of this acute choroiditis over the first 30 days is presented.", "contents": "Variations in acute multifocal histoplasmic choroiditis in the primate. Experimental histoplasmic choroiditis was produced in primates by intracarotid injections of living H. capsulatum organisms. The severity of the choroiditis varied with inoculum size, as well as with site of injection (common carotid vs. internal carotid artery). A reproducible model of histoplasmic choroiditis in primates was produced with an internal carotid injection of 5,000 to 10,000 organisms/lb. The clinical and histopathological course of this acute choroiditis over the first 30 days is presented.", "PMID": 100463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4245", "title": "Histologic analysis of photochemical lesions produced in rhesus retina by short-wave-length light.", "content": "The photopathology of retinal lesions produced by extended exposure (1000 sec) to low corneal power levels (62 microW) of blue light (441 nm) was investigated by light microscopy in 20 rhesus eyes over an interval ranging from 1 hr to 90 days after exposure. Results indicate a nonthermal type of photochemical lesion originating in the retinal pigment epithelium and leading to a histological response with hypopigmentation which requires 48 hr to appear. This type of lesion helps to explain solar retinitis and eclipse blindness and has significance for aging and degenerative changes in the retina.", "contents": "Histologic analysis of photochemical lesions produced in rhesus retina by short-wave-length light. The photopathology of retinal lesions produced by extended exposure (1000 sec) to low corneal power levels (62 microW) of blue light (441 nm) was investigated by light microscopy in 20 rhesus eyes over an interval ranging from 1 hr to 90 days after exposure. Results indicate a nonthermal type of photochemical lesion originating in the retinal pigment epithelium and leading to a histological response with hypopigmentation which requires 48 hr to appear. This type of lesion helps to explain solar retinitis and eclipse blindness and has significance for aging and degenerative changes in the retina.", "PMID": 100464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4246", "title": "Herpetic keratitis. Proctor Lecture.", "content": "Although much needs to be learned about the serious clinical problem of herpes infection of the cornea, we have come a long way. We now have effective topical antiviral drugs. We have animal models which, with a high degree of reliability, clearly predict the effect to be expected clinically in man, as well as the toxicity. We have systemically active drugs and the potential of getting highly active, potent, completely selective drugs, with the possibility that perhaps the source of viral reinfection can be eradicated. The biology of recurrent herpes and stromal disease is gradually being understood, and this understanding may result in new and better therapy of this devastating clinical disease.", "contents": "Herpetic keratitis. Proctor Lecture. Although much needs to be learned about the serious clinical problem of herpes infection of the cornea, we have come a long way. We now have effective topical antiviral drugs. We have animal models which, with a high degree of reliability, clearly predict the effect to be expected clinically in man, as well as the toxicity. We have systemically active drugs and the potential of getting highly active, potent, completely selective drugs, with the possibility that perhaps the source of viral reinfection can be eradicated. The biology of recurrent herpes and stromal disease is gradually being understood, and this understanding may result in new and better therapy of this devastating clinical disease.", "PMID": 100465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4247", "title": "Intercellular junctions in the ciliary epithelium.", "content": "The fine structure of the intercellular junctions in the ciliary epithelium of rhesus monkeys and rabbits was studied with conventional electron microscopy of thin-sectioned specimens and the freeze-fracturing technique. In the rhesus monkey, a zonula occludens, zonula adhaerens, gap junctions, and desmosomes interconnect the nonpigmented cells, whereas gap junctions, puncta adhaerentia, and desmosomes connect pigmented to nonpigmented cells, and pigmented cells to one another. In the rabbit, desmosomes are absent between nonpigmented cells, and substituted for by puncta adhaerentia. The zonula occludens between nonpigmented cells greatly varies in its complexity in different regions of the cell perimeter, and in places, it may consist of very few intramembrane strands; this suggests that the ciliary epithelium is relatively leaky to ions and small molecules. Gap junctions are ubiquitous in the ciliary epithelium and particularly numerous at the interface between pigmented and nonpigmented layers; this finding indicates that the cells of the ciliary epithelium are joined in a metabolic syncytium. All gap junctions are characterized by the crystalline configuration which is typical of the uncoupled state; furthermore, in specimens fixed by immersion, they may be caused by uncoupling and take place in the time interval elapsing between interruption of the blood supply and arrival of the fixative fluid. Puncta adhaerentia resemble zonulae adhaerentes in their structural details but are macular in shape instead of encompassing the cell perimeter in a beltlike fashion. In contrast with desmosomes, the intercellular cleft of puncta adhaerentia has an irregular width and contains opaque material, but this never gives rise to the central band typical of desmosomes. On the inner aspect of the junctional membranes, there is a layer of fluffy material but no plaque of insertion for a bundle of tonofilaments. Finally, puncta adhaerentia have no representation in the interior of the plasmalemma and are intimately associated with cytoplasmic microfilaments. They probably anchor to the plasmalemma the contractile apparatus of the ciliary epithelial cells.", "contents": "Intercellular junctions in the ciliary epithelium. The fine structure of the intercellular junctions in the ciliary epithelium of rhesus monkeys and rabbits was studied with conventional electron microscopy of thin-sectioned specimens and the freeze-fracturing technique. In the rhesus monkey, a zonula occludens, zonula adhaerens, gap junctions, and desmosomes interconnect the nonpigmented cells, whereas gap junctions, puncta adhaerentia, and desmosomes connect pigmented to nonpigmented cells, and pigmented cells to one another. In the rabbit, desmosomes are absent between nonpigmented cells, and substituted for by puncta adhaerentia. The zonula occludens between nonpigmented cells greatly varies in its complexity in different regions of the cell perimeter, and in places, it may consist of very few intramembrane strands; this suggests that the ciliary epithelium is relatively leaky to ions and small molecules. Gap junctions are ubiquitous in the ciliary epithelium and particularly numerous at the interface between pigmented and nonpigmented layers; this finding indicates that the cells of the ciliary epithelium are joined in a metabolic syncytium. All gap junctions are characterized by the crystalline configuration which is typical of the uncoupled state; furthermore, in specimens fixed by immersion, they may be caused by uncoupling and take place in the time interval elapsing between interruption of the blood supply and arrival of the fixative fluid. Puncta adhaerentia resemble zonulae adhaerentes in their structural details but are macular in shape instead of encompassing the cell perimeter in a beltlike fashion. In contrast with desmosomes, the intercellular cleft of puncta adhaerentia has an irregular width and contains opaque material, but this never gives rise to the central band typical of desmosomes. On the inner aspect of the junctional membranes, there is a layer of fluffy material but no plaque of insertion for a bundle of tonofilaments. Finally, puncta adhaerentia have no representation in the interior of the plasmalemma and are intimately associated with cytoplasmic microfilaments. They probably anchor to the plasmalemma the contractile apparatus of the ciliary epithelial cells.", "PMID": 100466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4248", "title": "Pigment epithelial windows and drusen: an animal model.", "content": "Aging rhesus monkeys, both controls and those undergoing long-term administration of investigational oral contraceptive steroids, developed widespread hyperfluorescent dots at the posterior pole. The dots were considered to represent drusen. Histologic (including electron microscopic) study showed the \"drusen\" in some of the animals to be almost exclusively pigment epithelial windows produced by a lipoidal degeneration of the pigment epithelial cells. The experiment provided a fortuitous model for direct correlation of clinical and histologic observations of myriad uniform, tiny, depigmented, hyperfluorescent, nonleaking spots at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "contents": "Pigment epithelial windows and drusen: an animal model. Aging rhesus monkeys, both controls and those undergoing long-term administration of investigational oral contraceptive steroids, developed widespread hyperfluorescent dots at the posterior pole. The dots were considered to represent drusen. Histologic (including electron microscopic) study showed the \"drusen\" in some of the animals to be almost exclusively pigment epithelial windows produced by a lipoidal degeneration of the pigment epithelial cells. The experiment provided a fortuitous model for direct correlation of clinical and histologic observations of myriad uniform, tiny, depigmented, hyperfluorescent, nonleaking spots at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 100467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4249", "title": "Pathogenesis of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis in the guinea pig: bacteriologic, clinical, and microscopic observations.", "content": "Uniformly severe corneal infections were produced in guinea pigs by intracorneal injection of about 10 viable Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After a brief lag period, multiplication of bacteria was rapid, reaching geometric means of 280,000 after 24 hr and of 5 million after 48 hr. Within 8 hr after inoculation, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) began to infiltrate the anterior two thirds of the stroma. Stromal cells adjacent to the injection site became necrotic and appeared to be engulfed by PMNs. By 14 to 16 hr, an abscess containing a dense aggregate of PMNs and multiplying bacteria developed in the central stroma. By 16 to 24 hr, collagen breakdown was apparent within and around the abscess. Ultrastructural evidence of collagen breakdown included loss of intact collagen fibrils, tactoid formation, and accumulation of amorphous electron-dense material. The area of liquefactive necrosis gradually enlarged, and many corneas perforated after 3 to 4 days. Because the course of infection is highly reproducible, this model should prove useful for many studies of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis in the guinea pig: bacteriologic, clinical, and microscopic observations. Uniformly severe corneal infections were produced in guinea pigs by intracorneal injection of about 10 viable Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After a brief lag period, multiplication of bacteria was rapid, reaching geometric means of 280,000 after 24 hr and of 5 million after 48 hr. Within 8 hr after inoculation, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) began to infiltrate the anterior two thirds of the stroma. Stromal cells adjacent to the injection site became necrotic and appeared to be engulfed by PMNs. By 14 to 16 hr, an abscess containing a dense aggregate of PMNs and multiplying bacteria developed in the central stroma. By 16 to 24 hr, collagen breakdown was apparent within and around the abscess. Ultrastructural evidence of collagen breakdown included loss of intact collagen fibrils, tactoid formation, and accumulation of amorphous electron-dense material. The area of liquefactive necrosis gradually enlarged, and many corneas perforated after 3 to 4 days. Because the course of infection is highly reproducible, this model should prove useful for many studies of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis.", "PMID": 100468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4250", "title": "Bacteriologic cure of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis.", "content": "Two long-term therapy trials with high concentrations of antibiotic were carried out to determine the duration of therapy required to achieve bacteriologic cure of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis in guinea pigs. In the first study, corneas still contained Pseudomonas after 4 days of continual topical therapy with either tobramycin 400 mg/ml, amikacin 250 mg/ml, ticarcillin 400 mg/ml, or carbenicillin 400 mg/ml. In an 11-day trial of topical therapy with tobramycin 20 mg/ml, 34 of 36 corneas grew no Pseudomonas after 6 or more days of therapy. The bacteriologic response to therapy in this model occurred in two phases. About 99.9% or more of the organisms in the cornea were killed in the first 24 hr of therapy. The numbers of bacteria remaining in the cornea declined gradually over the next several days until the corneas were sterile. Optimal antibiotic therapy may include two stages: initial intensive therapy with high concentrations of antibiotic applied frequently to achieve a large rapid decrease in numbers of organisms in the cornea, followed by prolonged, less intensive therapy to eradicate organisms and prevent relapse.", "contents": "Bacteriologic cure of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis. Two long-term therapy trials with high concentrations of antibiotic were carried out to determine the duration of therapy required to achieve bacteriologic cure of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis in guinea pigs. In the first study, corneas still contained Pseudomonas after 4 days of continual topical therapy with either tobramycin 400 mg/ml, amikacin 250 mg/ml, ticarcillin 400 mg/ml, or carbenicillin 400 mg/ml. In an 11-day trial of topical therapy with tobramycin 20 mg/ml, 34 of 36 corneas grew no Pseudomonas after 6 or more days of therapy. The bacteriologic response to therapy in this model occurred in two phases. About 99.9% or more of the organisms in the cornea were killed in the first 24 hr of therapy. The numbers of bacteria remaining in the cornea declined gradually over the next several days until the corneas were sterile. Optimal antibiotic therapy may include two stages: initial intensive therapy with high concentrations of antibiotic applied frequently to achieve a large rapid decrease in numbers of organisms in the cornea, followed by prolonged, less intensive therapy to eradicate organisms and prevent relapse.", "PMID": 100471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4251", "title": "Unusual evidence of myocardial involvement during a hypersensitivity reaction to oral penicillin.", "content": "A hypersensitivity reaction to orally administered phenoxymethyl penicillin is reported. The manifestations of the reaction included fever, arthralgia, urticaria and an irregular pulse. Serial ECG showed second-degree atrioventricular block with junctional escape beats, an atypical Wenckebach pattern and, finally, first-degree atrioventricular block with gradually decreasing PR intervals. A normal tracing was recorded on the sixth day despite the persistence of the rash and joint pains.", "contents": "Unusual evidence of myocardial involvement during a hypersensitivity reaction to oral penicillin. A hypersensitivity reaction to orally administered phenoxymethyl penicillin is reported. The manifestations of the reaction included fever, arthralgia, urticaria and an irregular pulse. Serial ECG showed second-degree atrioventricular block with junctional escape beats, an atypical Wenckebach pattern and, finally, first-degree atrioventricular block with gradually decreasing PR intervals. A normal tracing was recorded on the sixth day despite the persistence of the rash and joint pains.", "PMID": 100472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4252", "title": "Renal function during treatment of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone with demeclocycline.", "content": "Two patients with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone were studied in a metabolic ward during treatment with 1.2 g demeclocycline daily. In both patients, demeclocycline treatment led to increased renal water excretion with consequent correction of hyponatremia and hypo-osmolality. Three episodes of reversible deterioration in glomerular filtration rate developed in these patients. Each episode was accompanied by clinical evidence of extracellular fluid volume contraction, and on each occasion there was an inappropriate natriuresis with daily urinary sodium excretion remaining above 50 mEq. Although demeclocycline effectively reverses the electrolyte abnormalities of this syndrome, the potentially dangerous side effects that may develop exclude the routine usage of the drug.", "contents": "Renal function during treatment of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone with demeclocycline. Two patients with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone were studied in a metabolic ward during treatment with 1.2 g demeclocycline daily. In both patients, demeclocycline treatment led to increased renal water excretion with consequent correction of hyponatremia and hypo-osmolality. Three episodes of reversible deterioration in glomerular filtration rate developed in these patients. Each episode was accompanied by clinical evidence of extracellular fluid volume contraction, and on each occasion there was an inappropriate natriuresis with daily urinary sodium excretion remaining above 50 mEq. Although demeclocycline effectively reverses the electrolyte abnormalities of this syndrome, the potentially dangerous side effects that may develop exclude the routine usage of the drug.", "PMID": 100473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4253", "title": "Use of out-of-plan services by Medicare members of HIP.", "content": "Use of out-of-plan services in 1972 by Medicare members of the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York (HIP) is examined in terms of the demographic and enrollment characteristics of out-of-plan users, types of services received outside the plan, and the relationship of out-of-plan to in-plan use. Users of services outside the plan tended to be more seriously ill and more frequently hospitalized than those receiving all of their services within the plan. The costs to the SSA of providing medical care to HIP enrollees are compared with analogous costs for non-HIP beneficiaries, and the implications for the organization and financing of health services for the aged are discussed.", "contents": "Use of out-of-plan services by Medicare members of HIP. Use of out-of-plan services in 1972 by Medicare members of the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York (HIP) is examined in terms of the demographic and enrollment characteristics of out-of-plan users, types of services received outside the plan, and the relationship of out-of-plan to in-plan use. Users of services outside the plan tended to be more seriously ill and more frequently hospitalized than those receiving all of their services within the plan. The costs to the SSA of providing medical care to HIP enrollees are compared with analogous costs for non-HIP beneficiaries, and the implications for the organization and financing of health services for the aged are discussed.", "PMID": 100476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4254", "title": "[Differential therapy of vesico-intestinal fistulas].", "content": "40 patients with vesico-intestinal fistulas (50% inflammatory, 30% traumatic, 20% neoplastic) were treated within 10 years. Closure was achieved in 97% of 31 patients operated on with curative intention. The remaining 9 patients had palliative surgery, i.e. colostomy or cystostomy. The decision single- or multiple-stage procedure depends upon the etiology, localization and extent of the fistula.", "contents": "[Differential therapy of vesico-intestinal fistulas]. 40 patients with vesico-intestinal fistulas (50% inflammatory, 30% traumatic, 20% neoplastic) were treated within 10 years. Closure was achieved in 97% of 31 patients operated on with curative intention. The remaining 9 patients had palliative surgery, i.e. colostomy or cystostomy. The decision single- or multiple-stage procedure depends upon the etiology, localization and extent of the fistula.", "PMID": 100477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4255", "title": "Norwalk agent-like particles associated with gastroenteritis in human beings.", "content": "Currently, 6 agents of viral gastroenteritis with properties similar to the Norwalk agent have been described. These are the Hawaii, Montgomery County, W, Ditchling, and Cockle agents, as well as the Norwalk agent. These agents are 25 to 27 nm in diameter, are nonenveloped, and have a buoyant density of 1.38 to 1.40 g/cc in CsCl. Multiple antigenic types exist among these agents. These particles have been detected by immune electron microscopy in feces of acutely ill patients. None has been successfully cultivated in vitro, and suitable animal models of disease do not exist. Studies in volunteers indicate that acute infection is associated with a reversible histopathologic change in the jejunal mucosa and with transient malabsorption. Pathogenesis of these changes remains unknown. Other similar agents will likely emerge from ongoing studies.", "contents": "Norwalk agent-like particles associated with gastroenteritis in human beings. Currently, 6 agents of viral gastroenteritis with properties similar to the Norwalk agent have been described. These are the Hawaii, Montgomery County, W, Ditchling, and Cockle agents, as well as the Norwalk agent. These agents are 25 to 27 nm in diameter, are nonenveloped, and have a buoyant density of 1.38 to 1.40 g/cc in CsCl. Multiple antigenic types exist among these agents. These particles have been detected by immune electron microscopy in feces of acutely ill patients. None has been successfully cultivated in vitro, and suitable animal models of disease do not exist. Studies in volunteers indicate that acute infection is associated with a reversible histopathologic change in the jejunal mucosa and with transient malabsorption. Pathogenesis of these changes remains unknown. Other similar agents will likely emerge from ongoing studies.", "PMID": 100481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4256", "title": "The fine structural organization of the cuneate nucleus in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "The fine structure of the cuneate nucleus of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) has been studied. The neurons were classified into three groups according to their nuclear morphology, the arrangement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the appearance of the Golgi complexes. Group I neurons had a regular nucleus and contained abundant cytoplasm in which were found well-developed RER and Golgi complexes. Group II neurons had a slightly irregular nucleus and a variable arrangement of the RER and Golgi complexes. Group III neurons were characterized by a deeply indented nucleus, and scanty cytoplasm in which the cytoplasmic organelles were poorly developed. Group II neurons were the most commonly encountered while Group I neurons were the rarest. Axon terminals contained either round of flattened vesicles. Axon terminals and dendrites commonly formed synaptic complexes. In one type the axon terminal, containing round vesicles, formed the central element, which is presynaptic to the dendrites surrounding it; in addition it is postsynaptic to axon terminals containing flattened vesicles. In another type a large dendrite formed the central element which is postsynaptic to axon terminals containing round or flattened vesicles.", "contents": "The fine structural organization of the cuneate nucleus in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). The fine structure of the cuneate nucleus of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) has been studied. The neurons were classified into three groups according to their nuclear morphology, the arrangement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the appearance of the Golgi complexes. Group I neurons had a regular nucleus and contained abundant cytoplasm in which were found well-developed RER and Golgi complexes. Group II neurons had a slightly irregular nucleus and a variable arrangement of the RER and Golgi complexes. Group III neurons were characterized by a deeply indented nucleus, and scanty cytoplasm in which the cytoplasmic organelles were poorly developed. Group II neurons were the most commonly encountered while Group I neurons were the rarest. Axon terminals contained either round of flattened vesicles. Axon terminals and dendrites commonly formed synaptic complexes. In one type the axon terminal, containing round vesicles, formed the central element, which is presynaptic to the dendrites surrounding it; in addition it is postsynaptic to axon terminals containing flattened vesicles. In another type a large dendrite formed the central element which is postsynaptic to axon terminals containing round or flattened vesicles.", "PMID": 100483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4257", "title": "Amino acid sequences of the alpha and beta chains of adult hemoglobin of the slender loris, Loris tardigradus.", "content": "alpha and beta chains from adult hemoglobin of the slender loris (Loris tardigradus) were isolated by Amberlite CG-50 column chromatography. After S-aminoethylation, both chains were digested with trypsin and the amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides obtained were analyzed. Further, the order of these tryptic peptides in each chain was deduced from their homology with the primary structures of alpha and beta chains of human adult hemoglobin. Comparing the primary structures of the alpha and beta chains of adult hemoglobin of the slender loris thus obtained with those of adult hemoglobin of the slow loris, 4 amino acid substitutions in the alpha chains and 2 in the beta chains were recognized.", "contents": "Amino acid sequences of the alpha and beta chains of adult hemoglobin of the slender loris, Loris tardigradus. alpha and beta chains from adult hemoglobin of the slender loris (Loris tardigradus) were isolated by Amberlite CG-50 column chromatography. After S-aminoethylation, both chains were digested with trypsin and the amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides obtained were analyzed. Further, the order of these tryptic peptides in each chain was deduced from their homology with the primary structures of alpha and beta chains of human adult hemoglobin. Comparing the primary structures of the alpha and beta chains of adult hemoglobin of the slender loris thus obtained with those of adult hemoglobin of the slow loris, 4 amino acid substitutions in the alpha chains and 2 in the beta chains were recognized.", "PMID": 100490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4258", "title": "A new hydrolase specific for taurine-conjugates of bile acids.", "content": "Through the investigation of the bile acid-deconjugation activities of human intestinal anaerobes, a new enzyme was discovered in Peptostreptococcus intermedius which hydrolyzed specifically the taurine-conjugates, but not the glycine-conjugates of bile acids. However, the enzymes in Streptococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus brevis hydrolyzed chiefly the glycine-conjugates.", "contents": "A new hydrolase specific for taurine-conjugates of bile acids. Through the investigation of the bile acid-deconjugation activities of human intestinal anaerobes, a new enzyme was discovered in Peptostreptococcus intermedius which hydrolyzed specifically the taurine-conjugates, but not the glycine-conjugates of bile acids. However, the enzymes in Streptococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus brevis hydrolyzed chiefly the glycine-conjugates.", "PMID": 100491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4259", "title": "Carbohydrate on human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. Impairment of function by removal of specific galactose residues.", "content": "Human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein containing 120 +/- 12 nmol of sialic acid and 135 +/- 13 nmol of galactose/mg of protein was digested with neuraminidase. The affinity of native factor VIII/von Willebrand factor and its asialo form for the hepatic lectin that specifically binds asialoglycoproteins was assessed from in vitro binding experiments. Native factor VIII/von Willebrand factor exhibited negligible affinity while binding of the asialo derivative was comparable to that observed for asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Incubation of asialo-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor with Streptococcus pneumoniae beta-galactosidase removed only 62% of the galactose but abolished binding to the purified hepatic lectin. When the asialo derivative was incubated with purified beta-D-galactoside alpha2 leads to 6 sialyltransferase and CMP-[14C]NeuAc, only 61% of the galactose incorporated [14C]NeuAc. From the known specificites of these enzymes, it is concluded that galactose residues important in lectin binding are present in a terminal Gal/beta1 leads to 4GlcNAc sequence on asialo-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. The relative ristocetin-induced platelet aggregating activity of native, asialo-, and agalacto-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor was 100:38:12, respectively, while procoagulant activity was 100:100:103.", "contents": "Carbohydrate on human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. Impairment of function by removal of specific galactose residues. Human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein containing 120 +/- 12 nmol of sialic acid and 135 +/- 13 nmol of galactose/mg of protein was digested with neuraminidase. The affinity of native factor VIII/von Willebrand factor and its asialo form for the hepatic lectin that specifically binds asialoglycoproteins was assessed from in vitro binding experiments. Native factor VIII/von Willebrand factor exhibited negligible affinity while binding of the asialo derivative was comparable to that observed for asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Incubation of asialo-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor with Streptococcus pneumoniae beta-galactosidase removed only 62% of the galactose but abolished binding to the purified hepatic lectin. When the asialo derivative was incubated with purified beta-D-galactoside alpha2 leads to 6 sialyltransferase and CMP-[14C]NeuAc, only 61% of the galactose incorporated [14C]NeuAc. From the known specificites of these enzymes, it is concluded that galactose residues important in lectin binding are present in a terminal Gal/beta1 leads to 4GlcNAc sequence on asialo-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. The relative ristocetin-induced platelet aggregating activity of native, asialo-, and agalacto-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor was 100:38:12, respectively, while procoagulant activity was 100:100:103.", "PMID": 100492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4260", "title": "Immunological comparison of the proteins of chicken and rat liver ribosomes.", "content": "A comparison of the proteins of chicken and rat liver ribosomes using immunochemical techniques was undertaken. The procedures included quantitative precipitation, passive hemagglutination, and immunodiffusion on Ouchterlony plates. The results indicate that antisera specific for chicken or rat liver ribosomes recognize only about 20% of common determinants. While there are important reservations, the results suggest extensive differences in the proteins of rat and chicken liver ribosomes. Despite those differences, rat and chicken liver ribosomal proteins maintain some homologous sequences present in bacterial ribosomal proteins. An enriched antibody preparation against chicken 80 S ribosomes inhibited the poly(U)-directed synthesis of polyphenylalanine and the elongation factor G (EF-G)-catalyzed binding of [3H]GDP to Escherichia coli ribosomes. Thus, chicken liver ribosomes, like ribosomes from rat liver and yeast, must have proteins homologous with those of E. coli ribosomes.", "contents": "Immunological comparison of the proteins of chicken and rat liver ribosomes. A comparison of the proteins of chicken and rat liver ribosomes using immunochemical techniques was undertaken. The procedures included quantitative precipitation, passive hemagglutination, and immunodiffusion on Ouchterlony plates. The results indicate that antisera specific for chicken or rat liver ribosomes recognize only about 20% of common determinants. While there are important reservations, the results suggest extensive differences in the proteins of rat and chicken liver ribosomes. Despite those differences, rat and chicken liver ribosomal proteins maintain some homologous sequences present in bacterial ribosomal proteins. An enriched antibody preparation against chicken 80 S ribosomes inhibited the poly(U)-directed synthesis of polyphenylalanine and the elongation factor G (EF-G)-catalyzed binding of [3H]GDP to Escherichia coli ribosomes. Thus, chicken liver ribosomes, like ribosomes from rat liver and yeast, must have proteins homologous with those of E. coli ribosomes.", "PMID": 100494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4261", "title": "Homogeneous pyruvate kinase isolated from yeast by two different methods is indistinguishable from pyruvate kinase in cell-free extract.", "content": "In this report, we have compared homogeneous yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) pyruvate kinase to enzyme from cell-free extracts in several different ways: 1) isoelectric focusing of cell-free extracts indicates one peak of pyruvate kinase activity whose isoelectric point is the same as that of the pure enzyme; 2) antibody prepared to the pure enzyme produces a single, fused precipitin line against enzyme in the cell-free extract and pure enzyme; 3) immunoelectrophoresis of cell-free extract produces one precipitin arc which has the same mobility as that of the pure enzyme; and 4) immunoprecipitation of the pure enzyme from cell-free extract with subsequent solubilization in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels produces a single protein band attributable to pyruvate kinase which co-migrates with the purified enzyme. Within the limits of the sensitivity of the methods employed, we conclude that the homogeneous pyruvate kinase prepared from yeast lysed either by Manton-Gaulin homogenization (Aust, A., Yun, S.-L., and Suelter, C. (1975) Methods Enzymol. 42, 176-182) or by toluolysis (Yun, S.-L., Aust, A.E., and Suelter, C.H. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 124-128) is identical with pyruvate kinase in cell-free extract.", "contents": "Homogeneous pyruvate kinase isolated from yeast by two different methods is indistinguishable from pyruvate kinase in cell-free extract. In this report, we have compared homogeneous yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) pyruvate kinase to enzyme from cell-free extracts in several different ways: 1) isoelectric focusing of cell-free extracts indicates one peak of pyruvate kinase activity whose isoelectric point is the same as that of the pure enzyme; 2) antibody prepared to the pure enzyme produces a single, fused precipitin line against enzyme in the cell-free extract and pure enzyme; 3) immunoelectrophoresis of cell-free extract produces one precipitin arc which has the same mobility as that of the pure enzyme; and 4) immunoprecipitation of the pure enzyme from cell-free extract with subsequent solubilization in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels produces a single protein band attributable to pyruvate kinase which co-migrates with the purified enzyme. Within the limits of the sensitivity of the methods employed, we conclude that the homogeneous pyruvate kinase prepared from yeast lysed either by Manton-Gaulin homogenization (Aust, A., Yun, S.-L., and Suelter, C. (1975) Methods Enzymol. 42, 176-182) or by toluolysis (Yun, S.-L., Aust, A.E., and Suelter, C.H. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 124-128) is identical with pyruvate kinase in cell-free extract.", "PMID": 100495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4262", "title": "Utilization of exogenous purine compounds in Bacillus cereus. Translocation of the ribose moiety of inosine.", "content": "Intact cells of Bacillus cereus catalyze the breakdown of exogenous AMP to hypoxanthine and ribose 1-phosphate through the successive action of 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine deaminase, and inosine phosphorylase. Inosine hydrolase was not detectable, even in crude extracts. Inosine phosphorylase causes a \"translocation\" of the ribose moiety (as ribose 1-phosphate) inside the cell, while hypoxanthine remains external. Even though the equilibrium of the phosphorolytic reaction favors nucleoside synthesis, exogenous inosine (as well as adenosine and AMP) is almost quantitatively transformed into external hypoxanthine, since ribose 1-phosphate is readily metabolized inside the cell. Most likely, the translocated ribose 1-phosphate enters the sugar phosphate shunt, via its prior conversion into ribose 5-phosphate, thus supplying the energy required for the subsequent uptake of hypoxanthine in B. cereus.", "contents": "Utilization of exogenous purine compounds in Bacillus cereus. Translocation of the ribose moiety of inosine. Intact cells of Bacillus cereus catalyze the breakdown of exogenous AMP to hypoxanthine and ribose 1-phosphate through the successive action of 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine deaminase, and inosine phosphorylase. Inosine hydrolase was not detectable, even in crude extracts. Inosine phosphorylase causes a \"translocation\" of the ribose moiety (as ribose 1-phosphate) inside the cell, while hypoxanthine remains external. Even though the equilibrium of the phosphorolytic reaction favors nucleoside synthesis, exogenous inosine (as well as adenosine and AMP) is almost quantitatively transformed into external hypoxanthine, since ribose 1-phosphate is readily metabolized inside the cell. Most likely, the translocated ribose 1-phosphate enters the sugar phosphate shunt, via its prior conversion into ribose 5-phosphate, thus supplying the energy required for the subsequent uptake of hypoxanthine in B. cereus.", "PMID": 100497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4263", "title": "Heterotopic ossification around the hip in spinal cord-injured patients. A long-term follow-up study.", "content": "Twenty patients with spinal cord injury complicated by ossification around the hip were followed for eighteen months or more. The bone scan, roentgenogram, level of alkaline phosphatase, and range of hip motion of each patient were analyzed. The average follow-up was forty months. The heterotopic ossification usually did not mature until after one and one-half years. The roentgenograms were of no value in judging its maturity. The bone scan correlated well with the results of the alkaline phosphatase testing in judging maturity of the ossification. We concluded that before operative resection, a patient should have a normal level of alkaline phosphatase, decreasing activity on the bone scans, and a restriction of motion to less than 50 degrees of hip flexion.", "contents": "Heterotopic ossification around the hip in spinal cord-injured patients. A long-term follow-up study. Twenty patients with spinal cord injury complicated by ossification around the hip were followed for eighteen months or more. The bone scan, roentgenogram, level of alkaline phosphatase, and range of hip motion of each patient were analyzed. The average follow-up was forty months. The heterotopic ossification usually did not mature until after one and one-half years. The roentgenograms were of no value in judging its maturity. The bone scan correlated well with the results of the alkaline phosphatase testing in judging maturity of the ossification. We concluded that before operative resection, a patient should have a normal level of alkaline phosphatase, decreasing activity on the bone scans, and a restriction of motion to less than 50 degrees of hip flexion.", "PMID": 100499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4264", "title": "Effects on intact femora of dogs of the application and removal of metal plates. A metabolic and structural study comparing stiffer and more flexible plates.", "content": "Studies of flexible plates made of plastic have shown that less osteoporosis develops beneath them than beneath rigid metal plates. However, to date plastic plates of appropriate physical properties and biocompatibility are not available for use in humans. To determine if a similar beneficial effect could be obtained using metal plates, the effects of thick chromium cobalt plates were contrasted in experiments in dogs with the effects of thinner plates of similar design made of titanium, 6-aluminum, 4-vandium. A significant reduction in the osteoporosis was obtained by use of the more flexible plates. Following plate application a delayed, massive, transient stimulus to bone formation occurred endosteally, periosteally, and intracortically. Despite this, a substantial decrease in bone mass occurred, primarily mediated by endosteal bone resorption. Intracortical porosity played little or no role in net bone loss. The major effects subsided by six months. Recovery after plate removal was predominantly the result of endosteal new-bone formation.", "contents": "Effects on intact femora of dogs of the application and removal of metal plates. A metabolic and structural study comparing stiffer and more flexible plates. Studies of flexible plates made of plastic have shown that less osteoporosis develops beneath them than beneath rigid metal plates. However, to date plastic plates of appropriate physical properties and biocompatibility are not available for use in humans. To determine if a similar beneficial effect could be obtained using metal plates, the effects of thick chromium cobalt plates were contrasted in experiments in dogs with the effects of thinner plates of similar design made of titanium, 6-aluminum, 4-vandium. A significant reduction in the osteoporosis was obtained by use of the more flexible plates. Following plate application a delayed, massive, transient stimulus to bone formation occurred endosteally, periosteally, and intracortically. Despite this, a substantial decrease in bone mass occurred, primarily mediated by endosteal bone resorption. Intracortical porosity played little or no role in net bone loss. The major effects subsided by six months. Recovery after plate removal was predominantly the result of endosteal new-bone formation.", "PMID": 100500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4265", "title": "Freeze-fracture studies of the developing cell surface. II. Particle-free membrane blisters on glutaraldehyde-fixed corneal fibroblasts are artefacts.", "content": "We describe, in sections and by freeze-fracture, four classes of intramembrane particle (IMP)-free membrane blebs or \"blisters\" associated with glutaraldehyde-fixed embryonic corneal fibroblasts: (a) Single blisters attached to the cell membrane; (b) free (detached) vesicles; (c) myelin figures; (d) multivesicular protrusions which resemble the \"mounds\" described by others on nerve growth cones. The IMP-free, membrane-bounded blisters contain no ground cytoplasm or organelles, in contrast to blebs on trypsin-isolated fibroblasts, which we show here do contain cytoplasm and IMP-rich membranes. That the IMP-free membrane blisters in embryonic corneas are artefacts of fixation is demonstrated by (a) their absence in replicas of fibroblasts frozen and fractured without prior aldehyde fixation and (b) their absence in sections of fibroblasts fixed in a combination of glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. We suggest that the addition of osmium prevents postfixation movement of membrane lipids, especially the negatively charged \"fluid\" lipids which others have shown are capable of considerable mobility after aldehyde fixation alone. Recent literature has implicated membrane blistering in secretory processes and in growth of nerves, but before the functional significance of such IMP-free blisters is assessed, membrane mobility of the type shown here should be taken into consideration.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture studies of the developing cell surface. II. Particle-free membrane blisters on glutaraldehyde-fixed corneal fibroblasts are artefacts. We describe, in sections and by freeze-fracture, four classes of intramembrane particle (IMP)-free membrane blebs or \"blisters\" associated with glutaraldehyde-fixed embryonic corneal fibroblasts: (a) Single blisters attached to the cell membrane; (b) free (detached) vesicles; (c) myelin figures; (d) multivesicular protrusions which resemble the \"mounds\" described by others on nerve growth cones. The IMP-free, membrane-bounded blisters contain no ground cytoplasm or organelles, in contrast to blebs on trypsin-isolated fibroblasts, which we show here do contain cytoplasm and IMP-rich membranes. That the IMP-free membrane blisters in embryonic corneas are artefacts of fixation is demonstrated by (a) their absence in replicas of fibroblasts frozen and fractured without prior aldehyde fixation and (b) their absence in sections of fibroblasts fixed in a combination of glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. We suggest that the addition of osmium prevents postfixation movement of membrane lipids, especially the negatively charged \"fluid\" lipids which others have shown are capable of considerable mobility after aldehyde fixation alone. Recent literature has implicated membrane blistering in secretory processes and in growth of nerves, but before the functional significance of such IMP-free blisters is assessed, membrane mobility of the type shown here should be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 100501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4266", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of Drosophila myoblasts from primary cultures of embryonic cells.", "content": "We describe a method for preparing highly enriched cultures of Drosophila myoblasts from a heterogeneous cell population derived from gastrulating embryos. Enriched cultures are prepared by plating this heterogeneous population of cells in medium from which much of the free calcium is chelated by ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (EGTA). Adhesion of myoblasts to tissue culture plastic is better than that of other cell types when plated in this medium. Data concerning cell identity, timing of S phase, and fusion kinetics document the degree of enrichment for myogenic cells and illustrate their synchronous differentiation in vitro.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of Drosophila myoblasts from primary cultures of embryonic cells. We describe a method for preparing highly enriched cultures of Drosophila myoblasts from a heterogeneous cell population derived from gastrulating embryos. Enriched cultures are prepared by plating this heterogeneous population of cells in medium from which much of the free calcium is chelated by ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (EGTA). Adhesion of myoblasts to tissue culture plastic is better than that of other cell types when plated in this medium. Data concerning cell identity, timing of S phase, and fusion kinetics document the degree of enrichment for myogenic cells and illustrate their synchronous differentiation in vitro.", "PMID": 100502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4267", "title": "Ultrastructure of meiosis-inducing (heterotypic) and non-inducing (homotypic) cell unions in conjugation of Blepharisma.", "content": "Cells of mating types I and II of Blepharisma japonicum interact with each other and unite in heterotypic (type I-type II) or homotypic (type I-type I, type II-type II) pairs. Heterotypic pairs undergo meiosis and other nuclear changes of conjugation, while homotypic pairs remain united for days without the nuclear changes taking place. We compared cell unions of these two kinds of pairs at the ultrastructural level. In the homotypic union, cell membranes are closely juxtaposed, separated by a distance of about 20 nm. This arrangement is interrupted in some places by vacuoles and small cytoplasmic bridges. Saccule-like structures tend to be more abundant near the united surfaces. Microtubules running at right or slightly obtuse angles with the cell surface (PACM microtubules) are characteristically present at the united region of cells. These structures are very similar to those observed in earlier stages of the heterotypic union. However, in homotypic pairs, cells unite only at the anterior half of the peristome, while in heterotypic pairs cells unite also at the posterior half of the peristome, where the cell membrane totally disappears in later stages. PACM microtubules persist for at least 18 h in homotypic unions, while they disappear within a few hours in heterotypic unions. These differences between the two kinds of cell union are discussed in relation to the initiation mechanism of meiosis and other nuclear changes of conjugation. Similarities between homotypic union and cell junctions in multicellular organisms are also discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of meiosis-inducing (heterotypic) and non-inducing (homotypic) cell unions in conjugation of Blepharisma. Cells of mating types I and II of Blepharisma japonicum interact with each other and unite in heterotypic (type I-type II) or homotypic (type I-type I, type II-type II) pairs. Heterotypic pairs undergo meiosis and other nuclear changes of conjugation, while homotypic pairs remain united for days without the nuclear changes taking place. We compared cell unions of these two kinds of pairs at the ultrastructural level. In the homotypic union, cell membranes are closely juxtaposed, separated by a distance of about 20 nm. This arrangement is interrupted in some places by vacuoles and small cytoplasmic bridges. Saccule-like structures tend to be more abundant near the united surfaces. Microtubules running at right or slightly obtuse angles with the cell surface (PACM microtubules) are characteristically present at the united region of cells. These structures are very similar to those observed in earlier stages of the heterotypic union. However, in homotypic pairs, cells unite only at the anterior half of the peristome, while in heterotypic pairs cells unite also at the posterior half of the peristome, where the cell membrane totally disappears in later stages. PACM microtubules persist for at least 18 h in homotypic unions, while they disappear within a few hours in heterotypic unions. These differences between the two kinds of cell union are discussed in relation to the initiation mechanism of meiosis and other nuclear changes of conjugation. Similarities between homotypic union and cell junctions in multicellular organisms are also discussed.", "PMID": 100503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4268", "title": "Rapid identification of Actinomycetaceae and related bacteria.", "content": "Identification of new isolates belonging to the family Actinomycetaceae requires extensive numbers of biochemical tests, supplemented with gas-liquid chromatography determination of fermentation end products and, often, analysis of cell wall composition. This paper describes the results of the testing of 162 strains of Actinomycetaceae and related taxa for 20 different enzymatic activities including phosphatases, esterases, aminopeptidases, and glycosidases. The results of all tests were read after 4 h of incubation. The results obtained in the study provide significant new information on the biochemical properties of these groups of bacteria. An identification scheme based upon 13 selected tests, which allow the identification of these groups of bacteria within 4 h, is proposed.", "contents": "Rapid identification of Actinomycetaceae and related bacteria. Identification of new isolates belonging to the family Actinomycetaceae requires extensive numbers of biochemical tests, supplemented with gas-liquid chromatography determination of fermentation end products and, often, analysis of cell wall composition. This paper describes the results of the testing of 162 strains of Actinomycetaceae and related taxa for 20 different enzymatic activities including phosphatases, esterases, aminopeptidases, and glycosidases. The results of all tests were read after 4 h of incubation. The results obtained in the study provide significant new information on the biochemical properties of these groups of bacteria. An identification scheme based upon 13 selected tests, which allow the identification of these groups of bacteria within 4 h, is proposed.", "PMID": 100505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4269", "title": "Immunoglobulin-specific radioimmunoprecipitation assays for quantitation of nasal secretory antibodies to hemagglutinin of type A influenza viruses.", "content": "Radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were developed to selectively quantitate class-specific antibodies to purified hemagglutinins (HA) of type A influenza virus in nasal secretions. Rabbit anti-human secretory piece of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and rabbit anti-human IgG were used as second antibodies. A third antibody, goat anti-rabbit IgG, was incorporated into the system to separate immune complexes formed between iodinated HA, nasal wash test specimen, and second antibody. The utilization of this reagent avoided the need for large quantities of IgA and IgG antibody-negative carrier secretions. Nasal was specimens obtained from 14 adults immunized with an inactivated type A influenza virus vaccine were evaluated by RIP and viral neutralization assays. Significant homologous postvaccination secretory IgA and IgG antibody levels were demonstrable in 13 (93%) of individuals by RIP, whereas only 5 (36%) exhibited rises by viral neutralization tests. Moreover, the geometric mean IgA and IgG antibody levels were at least 20- and 37-fold greater than the neutralizing antibody titer. The pattern of heterologous immunoglobulin-specific antibody responses tended to be similar to those observed with the homologous HA subunit.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin-specific radioimmunoprecipitation assays for quantitation of nasal secretory antibodies to hemagglutinin of type A influenza viruses. Radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were developed to selectively quantitate class-specific antibodies to purified hemagglutinins (HA) of type A influenza virus in nasal secretions. Rabbit anti-human secretory piece of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and rabbit anti-human IgG were used as second antibodies. A third antibody, goat anti-rabbit IgG, was incorporated into the system to separate immune complexes formed between iodinated HA, nasal wash test specimen, and second antibody. The utilization of this reagent avoided the need for large quantities of IgA and IgG antibody-negative carrier secretions. Nasal was specimens obtained from 14 adults immunized with an inactivated type A influenza virus vaccine were evaluated by RIP and viral neutralization assays. Significant homologous postvaccination secretory IgA and IgG antibody levels were demonstrable in 13 (93%) of individuals by RIP, whereas only 5 (36%) exhibited rises by viral neutralization tests. Moreover, the geometric mean IgA and IgG antibody levels were at least 20- and 37-fold greater than the neutralizing antibody titer. The pattern of heterologous immunoglobulin-specific antibody responses tended to be similar to those observed with the homologous HA subunit.", "PMID": 100506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4270", "title": "Serological classification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a slide agglutination test.", "content": "Serological classification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the slide agglutination test with live organisms was studied, based on the O antigen schema adopted by the international expert panel sponsored by the Subcommittee on Pseudomonas and Related Organisms of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. The typing results obtained by the slide test with well-absorbed O sera were identical to those obtained by the conventional tube agglutination test with autoclaved organisms. Most O antigens occur singly; but O2, O5, and O16 occur in four combinations. Antigens O13 and O14 are closely related, as are O7 and O8, and it would be convenient to classify organisms possessing these antigens collectively as O7,8 and O13,14.", "contents": "Serological classification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a slide agglutination test. Serological classification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the slide agglutination test with live organisms was studied, based on the O antigen schema adopted by the international expert panel sponsored by the Subcommittee on Pseudomonas and Related Organisms of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. The typing results obtained by the slide test with well-absorbed O sera were identical to those obtained by the conventional tube agglutination test with autoclaved organisms. Most O antigens occur singly; but O2, O5, and O16 occur in four combinations. Antigens O13 and O14 are closely related, as are O7 and O8, and it would be convenient to classify organisms possessing these antigens collectively as O7,8 and O13,14.", "PMID": 100507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4271", "title": "[Digestive insufficiency and artificial feeding. Theoretical and practical aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "The relatively new concept of digestive insufficiency was born as a result of prolonged artificial nutrition. Digestive insufficiency may be of organic, functional or mixed nature; its medical and surgical causes are numerous. Artificial nutrition has become a major therapeutic adjuvant in all types of digestive insufficiency. By acting as a substitute for the intestinal function, artificial nutrition permits better tolerance of specific treatments thanks to the nutritional rehabilitation and intestinal rest which it provides for as long as the patients' malnutrition and digestive lesions make it necessary.", "contents": "[Digestive insufficiency and artificial feeding. Theoretical and practical aspects (author's transl)]. The relatively new concept of digestive insufficiency was born as a result of prolonged artificial nutrition. Digestive insufficiency may be of organic, functional or mixed nature; its medical and surgical causes are numerous. Artificial nutrition has become a major therapeutic adjuvant in all types of digestive insufficiency. By acting as a substitute for the intestinal function, artificial nutrition permits better tolerance of specific treatments thanks to the nutritional rehabilitation and intestinal rest which it provides for as long as the patients' malnutrition and digestive lesions make it necessary.", "PMID": 100504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4272", "title": "Detection of antibody to bovine syncytial virus and respiratory syncytial virus in bovine fetal serum.", "content": "Batches of commercial fetal bovine serum, described by the suppliers as antibody-free, all contained antibody to bovine syncytial virus (BSV) when tested by indirect immunofluorescence. Antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was not detected in these sera. Twenty-four percent of individual fetal bovine sera contained antibody to BSV, and 14% contained antibody to RSV when tested by indirect immunofluorescence. BSV antibody titers in fetal sera from dams with high BSV antibody levels were variable but always higher than RSV antibody titers. Radial immunodiffusion studies with BSV-positive sera revealed the presence of immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA, but the quantity of these immunoglobulins was not directly related to the BSV antibody titers. The evidence suggests that the antibody present in fetal sera arose as the result of infection rather than from maternal transfer across the placenta.", "contents": "Detection of antibody to bovine syncytial virus and respiratory syncytial virus in bovine fetal serum. Batches of commercial fetal bovine serum, described by the suppliers as antibody-free, all contained antibody to bovine syncytial virus (BSV) when tested by indirect immunofluorescence. Antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was not detected in these sera. Twenty-four percent of individual fetal bovine sera contained antibody to BSV, and 14% contained antibody to RSV when tested by indirect immunofluorescence. BSV antibody titers in fetal sera from dams with high BSV antibody levels were variable but always higher than RSV antibody titers. Radial immunodiffusion studies with BSV-positive sera revealed the presence of immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA, but the quantity of these immunoglobulins was not directly related to the BSV antibody titers. The evidence suggests that the antibody present in fetal sera arose as the result of infection rather than from maternal transfer across the placenta.", "PMID": 100508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4273", "title": "Identification of Rickettsia rickettsii in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues by immunofluorescence.", "content": "With slight modification of a trypsin digestion technique, Rickettsia rickettsii were demonstrated specifically by immunofluorescence staining in Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from a human, rhesus monkey, and guinea pig with Rocky Mountain spotted fever and in infected membranes from a chicken embryo. Tissues were cut at 4 micron and, using geltain as a tissue adhesive, were hydrated in a routine manner. Sections were then digested in refrigerated 0.1% trypsin for 16 h, washed, and stained specifically for R. rickettsii by direct or indirect immunofluorescence. Rickettsial organisms were localized in affected vessels of the mammalian species and within the yolk sac epithelium of the chicken embryo. Specificity was confirmed by adsorbing antibody conjugates with R. rickettsii organisms. Trypsin digestion probably decreased tissue proteins which interfered with immunochemical attachment of antibody to the rickettsiae. The technique is valuable in that a diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever can be confirmed from Formalin-fixed tissues processed in a routine manner.", "contents": "Identification of Rickettsia rickettsii in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues by immunofluorescence. With slight modification of a trypsin digestion technique, Rickettsia rickettsii were demonstrated specifically by immunofluorescence staining in Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from a human, rhesus monkey, and guinea pig with Rocky Mountain spotted fever and in infected membranes from a chicken embryo. Tissues were cut at 4 micron and, using geltain as a tissue adhesive, were hydrated in a routine manner. Sections were then digested in refrigerated 0.1% trypsin for 16 h, washed, and stained specifically for R. rickettsii by direct or indirect immunofluorescence. Rickettsial organisms were localized in affected vessels of the mammalian species and within the yolk sac epithelium of the chicken embryo. Specificity was confirmed by adsorbing antibody conjugates with R. rickettsii organisms. Trypsin digestion probably decreased tissue proteins which interfered with immunochemical attachment of antibody to the rickettsiae. The technique is valuable in that a diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever can be confirmed from Formalin-fixed tissues processed in a routine manner.", "PMID": 100509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4274", "title": "Enzymatic and immunological characterization of the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex.", "content": "The arylsulfatase isozymes of Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. peregrinum, M. chelonei subsp. chelonei, and M. chelonei subsp. abscessus were examined to determine the isozymal and immunological relationship among the members of the M. fortuitum complex. Cell extracts were subjected to electrophoresis on agarose and polyacrylamide gel, and arylsulfatase activity was localized using beta-naphthyl sulfate as substrate. Unique zymograms were produced for M. fortuitum, M. peregrinum, and M. chelonei which were characteristic for each species. The immunological relationship among the sulfatases was assayed by using immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis followed by sulfatase staining for the enzyme. One of the isozymes of M. fortuitum and M. peregrinum cross-reacted, showing immunological identity. Antisera to sulfatases of M. fortuitum and M. peregrinum did not react with sulfatases of M. chelonei. The characterization of sulfatase isozymes in extracts of organisms in the M. fortuitum complex suggests the division of the M. fortuitum complex into two species, M. fortuitum and M. chelonei, with subspecies designations.", "contents": "Enzymatic and immunological characterization of the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex. The arylsulfatase isozymes of Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. peregrinum, M. chelonei subsp. chelonei, and M. chelonei subsp. abscessus were examined to determine the isozymal and immunological relationship among the members of the M. fortuitum complex. Cell extracts were subjected to electrophoresis on agarose and polyacrylamide gel, and arylsulfatase activity was localized using beta-naphthyl sulfate as substrate. Unique zymograms were produced for M. fortuitum, M. peregrinum, and M. chelonei which were characteristic for each species. The immunological relationship among the sulfatases was assayed by using immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis followed by sulfatase staining for the enzyme. One of the isozymes of M. fortuitum and M. peregrinum cross-reacted, showing immunological identity. Antisera to sulfatases of M. fortuitum and M. peregrinum did not react with sulfatases of M. chelonei. The characterization of sulfatase isozymes in extracts of organisms in the M. fortuitum complex suggests the division of the M. fortuitum complex into two species, M. fortuitum and M. chelonei, with subspecies designations.", "PMID": 100510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4275", "title": "Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from primary cultures by a slide agglutination test.", "content": "Hen antigonococcal lipopolysaccharide hen serum was used in a simple slide agglutination test for the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from primary isolates.", "contents": "Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from primary cultures by a slide agglutination test. Hen antigonococcal lipopolysaccharide hen serum was used in a simple slide agglutination test for the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from primary isolates.", "PMID": 100511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4276", "title": "Third component, HBeAg/3, of hepatitis B e antigen system, identified by three different double-diffusion techniques.", "content": "A third component, HB(e)AG/3, of the hepatitis B e antigen system has been detected, and it was consistently detected in three variations of the double-diffusion technique.", "contents": "Third component, HBeAg/3, of hepatitis B e antigen system, identified by three different double-diffusion techniques. A third component, HB(e)AG/3, of the hepatitis B e antigen system has been detected, and it was consistently detected in three variations of the double-diffusion technique.", "PMID": 100512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4277", "title": "Gray scale B scan characteristics of intra-abdominal cystic masses.", "content": "A comparison of the gray scale characteristics of 119 intra-abdominal cystic masses was performed. Each cystic mass was evaluated with regard to: 1) The presence or absence of internal echoes, septa, and fluid-fluid levels; 2) The appearance of the wall; 3) Conformity to adjacent organs and, 4) Changes in the surrounding soft tissues. Abscesses, hematomas, lymphoceles, urinomas, and necrotic tumors were evaluated. Necrotic tumors and some abscesses and hematomas have specific sonographic characteristics. In most cases, a definite diagnosis cannot be made from the sonographic appearance; however, in conjunction with the clinical history, the differential diagnosis can be narrowed to a couple of cystic lesions among the many that may be found in the abdomen. The diagnosis can be confirmed by aspiration under ultrasound. A comparison between these cystic masses and pancreatic pseudocysts, renal cysts, and ovarian cysts was made.", "contents": "Gray scale B scan characteristics of intra-abdominal cystic masses. A comparison of the gray scale characteristics of 119 intra-abdominal cystic masses was performed. Each cystic mass was evaluated with regard to: 1) The presence or absence of internal echoes, septa, and fluid-fluid levels; 2) The appearance of the wall; 3) Conformity to adjacent organs and, 4) Changes in the surrounding soft tissues. Abscesses, hematomas, lymphoceles, urinomas, and necrotic tumors were evaluated. Necrotic tumors and some abscesses and hematomas have specific sonographic characteristics. In most cases, a definite diagnosis cannot be made from the sonographic appearance; however, in conjunction with the clinical history, the differential diagnosis can be narrowed to a couple of cystic lesions among the many that may be found in the abdomen. The diagnosis can be confirmed by aspiration under ultrasound. A comparison between these cystic masses and pancreatic pseudocysts, renal cysts, and ovarian cysts was made.", "PMID": 100514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4278", "title": "Ultrasonographic demonstration of glaucomatous optic nerve excavation.", "content": "Advanced glaucomatous excavation of the optic nervehead can be demonstrated reliably with contact B scan ultrasonography; large physiologic cups do not produce an abnormal optic nervehead pattern. Demonstration of a depression at the surface of the optic nerve insertion must be interpreted as indicative of glaucomatous excavation but should not be used as a contraindication to surgery.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic demonstration of glaucomatous optic nerve excavation. Advanced glaucomatous excavation of the optic nervehead can be demonstrated reliably with contact B scan ultrasonography; large physiologic cups do not produce an abnormal optic nervehead pattern. Demonstration of a depression at the surface of the optic nerve insertion must be interpreted as indicative of glaucomatous excavation but should not be used as a contraindication to surgery.", "PMID": 100515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4279", "title": "Ultrasonic planimetry of the gestation sac as a biometric method in early pregnancy.", "content": "A new method for determining the area of the gestation sac by thread planimetry is described. Mean weekly values with two standard deviations were determined on a series of 237 measurements of gestation sac area, age five to 11 weeks, in normal pregnancies. The gestation sac area grows curvilinearly from 1.85 cm2 at five weeks to 15 cm2 at 11 weeks. The mean diameter was calculated from the gestation sac area by using an adequate approximation of the irregular gestation sac shape to a circle of the same area. The dependence of the mean gestation sac diameter on gestation age is defined by the regression equation y = 0.46x - 0.95 and the correlation factor r = 0.92. Practical applications of gestation sac planimetry include the determination of gestation age in early pregnancy, and the follow-up of growth or determination of delayed growth in disturbed or failed early pregnancy.", "contents": "Ultrasonic planimetry of the gestation sac as a biometric method in early pregnancy. A new method for determining the area of the gestation sac by thread planimetry is described. Mean weekly values with two standard deviations were determined on a series of 237 measurements of gestation sac area, age five to 11 weeks, in normal pregnancies. The gestation sac area grows curvilinearly from 1.85 cm2 at five weeks to 15 cm2 at 11 weeks. The mean diameter was calculated from the gestation sac area by using an adequate approximation of the irregular gestation sac shape to a circle of the same area. The dependence of the mean gestation sac diameter on gestation age is defined by the regression equation y = 0.46x - 0.95 and the correlation factor r = 0.92. Practical applications of gestation sac planimetry include the determination of gestation age in early pregnancy, and the follow-up of growth or determination of delayed growth in disturbed or failed early pregnancy.", "PMID": 100517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4280", "title": "Limitations in prediction of gestational age and birth weight by ultrasonographic methods.", "content": "The index of predictability of estimated gestational age (EGA) and birth weight (BW) from biparietal diameter (BPD) was tested in 1333 normal pregnancies; 96% of the patients were black. The correlation BPD and actual weeks to delivery was 0.834, r2 =69.5%. Confidence limits were established and a nomogram for EGA was derived. Our nomogram and two similar ones were compared. The overall correlation between them was good, but that for specific BPD and EGA was not. In addition, our BPD values were smaller for corresponding gestational ages in other nomograms. The overall accuracy of estimated delivery date was +/- 1.6 weeks. We were not able to predict birth weight at all from a single, random BPD measurement. We have demonstrated the serious limitations that exist in the prediction of gestational age from previously established nomograms. We infer that this error is even greater when homogenous populations are so studied. We suggest that any published BPD-EGA or BPD-BW nomogram be given close, intensive statistical scrutiny, within the population studied, before it is used. When such scrutiny is not possible, serial sonographic determinations, or longitudinal use of growth charts, would be more acceptable.", "contents": "Limitations in prediction of gestational age and birth weight by ultrasonographic methods. The index of predictability of estimated gestational age (EGA) and birth weight (BW) from biparietal diameter (BPD) was tested in 1333 normal pregnancies; 96% of the patients were black. The correlation BPD and actual weeks to delivery was 0.834, r2 =69.5%. Confidence limits were established and a nomogram for EGA was derived. Our nomogram and two similar ones were compared. The overall correlation between them was good, but that for specific BPD and EGA was not. In addition, our BPD values were smaller for corresponding gestational ages in other nomograms. The overall accuracy of estimated delivery date was +/- 1.6 weeks. We were not able to predict birth weight at all from a single, random BPD measurement. We have demonstrated the serious limitations that exist in the prediction of gestational age from previously established nomograms. We infer that this error is even greater when homogenous populations are so studied. We suggest that any published BPD-EGA or BPD-BW nomogram be given close, intensive statistical scrutiny, within the population studied, before it is used. When such scrutiny is not possible, serial sonographic determinations, or longitudinal use of growth charts, would be more acceptable.", "PMID": 100518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4281", "title": "The influence of ultrasound on the frequency of amniocentesis.", "content": "To determine the effect of development of ultrasonographic guidance techniques on the frequency of amniocentesis, we compared two two-year periods before and after the use of ultrasound. Statistically significant decreases in both the number of amniocenteses ordered and the number performed were observed. We concluded that ultrasound has been judiciously used and has not prompted an increased use of amniocentesis merely because of improved ease and safety. A slight decrease in the perinatal mortality rate mitigates against any compromise in the standard of antenatal care.", "contents": "The influence of ultrasound on the frequency of amniocentesis. To determine the effect of development of ultrasonographic guidance techniques on the frequency of amniocentesis, we compared two two-year periods before and after the use of ultrasound. Statistically significant decreases in both the number of amniocenteses ordered and the number performed were observed. We concluded that ultrasound has been judiciously used and has not prompted an increased use of amniocentesis merely because of improved ease and safety. A slight decrease in the perinatal mortality rate mitigates against any compromise in the standard of antenatal care.", "PMID": 100519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4282", "title": "Private practice use of real-time B scan ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology.", "content": "An informal survey of 25 obstetrics and gynecology practices that use real time B scan ultrasound equipment was carried out to assess the economic and patient-care impact of such equipment. From this informal survey, it can be seen that the incorporation of real time B scan ultrasound scanning into private practice has become economically feasible and useful for the daily clinical management of obstetric patients. The implications and economics of such changes for obstetric health care costs remain to be assessed.", "contents": "Private practice use of real-time B scan ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology. An informal survey of 25 obstetrics and gynecology practices that use real time B scan ultrasound equipment was carried out to assess the economic and patient-care impact of such equipment. From this informal survey, it can be seen that the incorporation of real time B scan ultrasound scanning into private practice has become economically feasible and useful for the daily clinical management of obstetric patients. The implications and economics of such changes for obstetric health care costs remain to be assessed.", "PMID": 100520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4283", "title": "Signs of fetal death in early pregnancy.", "content": "The principal ultrasonic signs of death of the fetus in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy are reviewed and illustrated. Several new signs, one probably due to CO2 in the conceptus, are recorded. The use of two-dimensional B scanning and multiplanar stereoscopic sonar is made.", "contents": "Signs of fetal death in early pregnancy. The principal ultrasonic signs of death of the fetus in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy are reviewed and illustrated. Several new signs, one probably due to CO2 in the conceptus, are recorded. The use of two-dimensional B scanning and multiplanar stereoscopic sonar is made.", "PMID": 100521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4284", "title": "Ultrasonic calculation of chorion cavity volume.", "content": "A method for calculating chorion cavity volume in the first trimester of pregnancy from the ultrasonic projection of the gestation sac is described. The area of the longitudinal and transverse sections were measured, and the volume was calculated from the mean value of the two measurements. The chorion cavity volume increased curvilinearly and approximately exponentially from 2.14 cc at five weeks to 44.38 cc at 11 weeks of gestation. The method was checked by comparing the computed volume and the real volume obtained surgically and by experimenting with an \"artificial gestation sac\" picture. A good correlation was obtained. The results match data reported in the literature.", "contents": "Ultrasonic calculation of chorion cavity volume. A method for calculating chorion cavity volume in the first trimester of pregnancy from the ultrasonic projection of the gestation sac is described. The area of the longitudinal and transverse sections were measured, and the volume was calculated from the mean value of the two measurements. The chorion cavity volume increased curvilinearly and approximately exponentially from 2.14 cc at five weeks to 44.38 cc at 11 weeks of gestation. The method was checked by comparing the computed volume and the real volume obtained surgically and by experimenting with an \"artificial gestation sac\" picture. A good correlation was obtained. The results match data reported in the literature.", "PMID": 100522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4285", "title": "Rare occurrence of a holoacardious acephalic monster: sonographic and pathologic findings.", "content": "Sonography is gaining increasing importance in the diagnosis of anomalies in utero. Findings such as anencephaly, hydrocephaly, sacrococcygeal teratoma, fetal ascites, and obstructive uropathy have been described. Detection of anomalies such as these are important in the management of the pregnancy and aid in the preparation for the postnatal care or treatment of the fetus. While this article deals with the dramatic findings of a grossly anomalous fetus of a twin pregnancy, the ultimate value of ultrasound is its potential for detecting correctable malformation in a safe, noninvasive, and harmless manner.", "contents": "Rare occurrence of a holoacardious acephalic monster: sonographic and pathologic findings. Sonography is gaining increasing importance in the diagnosis of anomalies in utero. Findings such as anencephaly, hydrocephaly, sacrococcygeal teratoma, fetal ascites, and obstructive uropathy have been described. Detection of anomalies such as these are important in the management of the pregnancy and aid in the preparation for the postnatal care or treatment of the fetus. While this article deals with the dramatic findings of a grossly anomalous fetus of a twin pregnancy, the ultimate value of ultrasound is its potential for detecting correctable malformation in a safe, noninvasive, and harmless manner.", "PMID": 100524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4286", "title": "Ultrasound evaluation of a near-term abdominal ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "Ultrasound confirmation of an abdominal ectopic pregnancy was established by the demonstration of an enlarged but empty uterus and the delineation of the fetal head within the abdominal cavity. Other portions of the fetus could not be demonstrated. The margins and attachments of the placenta could not be accurately delineated prospectively.", "contents": "Ultrasound evaluation of a near-term abdominal ectopic pregnancy. Ultrasound confirmation of an abdominal ectopic pregnancy was established by the demonstration of an enlarged but empty uterus and the delineation of the fetal head within the abdominal cavity. Other portions of the fetus could not be demonstrated. The margins and attachments of the placenta could not be accurately delineated prospectively.", "PMID": 100526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4287", "title": "An integrated television and real-time ultrasonic imaging system.", "content": "A mechanical sector scanning ultrasonic imaging system was integrated with a video character generator and an infrared sensitve television camera to add patient data and scanner position information to a recorded ultrasonic image. A permanent record is made by recording the final composite image on video tape together with simultaneous audio of examiner's comments during examination. This has facilitated both the interpretation of scans and the relocation of the scanner on successive procedures.", "contents": "An integrated television and real-time ultrasonic imaging system. A mechanical sector scanning ultrasonic imaging system was integrated with a video character generator and an infrared sensitve television camera to add patient data and scanner position information to a recorded ultrasonic image. A permanent record is made by recording the final composite image on video tape together with simultaneous audio of examiner's comments during examination. This has facilitated both the interpretation of scans and the relocation of the scanner on successive procedures.", "PMID": 100529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4288", "title": "The neuroanatomical organization of pathways between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in Old World and New World primates.", "content": "Pathways between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and visual cortex in Old World (Macaca, Papio, Erythrocebus, Cercopithecus) and New World (Saimiri, Cebus) primates were studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase and H3 or S35 amino acids into the dLGN or visual cortex. Trans-synaptic autoradiography was also used to study these pathways after an injection of H3 proline-fucose into one eye. The subsequent autoradiographs of visual cortex showed that Old World primates have separate eye inputs (ocular dominance columns) in the striate cortex, whereas New World monkeys have overlapping or non-separated eye inputs. In both primate groups the geniculocortical input to layer IVA formed a pattern which resembled a honeycomb in tangential sections, unlike the solidly labeled layer IVC. Also common to the two primate groups was a projection from dLGN to layer VI. There was no dLGN projection to any prestriate area in any of the primates. However, after an injection limited to the prestriate cortex of Macaca, light autoradiographic labeling was seen in the interlaminar zones and the magnocellular and S laminae, demonstrating a prestriate-dLGN pathway. Our results indicate that the primate visual system differs significantly from the cat in having no dLGN projection to area 18. There are also signficant differences between primates in the level at which the possibility of binocularity (of an excitatory nature) first occurs in the striate cortex because in the species studied thus far with neuroanatomical methods, Old World primates have ocular dominance columns in layer IV but most New World monkeys lack them.", "contents": "The neuroanatomical organization of pathways between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in Old World and New World primates. Pathways between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and visual cortex in Old World (Macaca, Papio, Erythrocebus, Cercopithecus) and New World (Saimiri, Cebus) primates were studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase and H3 or S35 amino acids into the dLGN or visual cortex. Trans-synaptic autoradiography was also used to study these pathways after an injection of H3 proline-fucose into one eye. The subsequent autoradiographs of visual cortex showed that Old World primates have separate eye inputs (ocular dominance columns) in the striate cortex, whereas New World monkeys have overlapping or non-separated eye inputs. In both primate groups the geniculocortical input to layer IVA formed a pattern which resembled a honeycomb in tangential sections, unlike the solidly labeled layer IVC. Also common to the two primate groups was a projection from dLGN to layer VI. There was no dLGN projection to any prestriate area in any of the primates. However, after an injection limited to the prestriate cortex of Macaca, light autoradiographic labeling was seen in the interlaminar zones and the magnocellular and S laminae, demonstrating a prestriate-dLGN pathway. Our results indicate that the primate visual system differs significantly from the cat in having no dLGN projection to area 18. There are also signficant differences between primates in the level at which the possibility of binocularity (of an excitatory nature) first occurs in the striate cortex because in the species studied thus far with neuroanatomical methods, Old World primates have ocular dominance columns in layer IV but most New World monkeys lack them.", "PMID": 100530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4289", "title": "Cerebellar cortical efferent fibers of the paraflocculus of tree shrew (Tupaia glis).", "content": "Efferent projections from the paraflocculus of the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) were studied utilizing the Fink and Heimer ('67) method. Cerebellar corticonuclear fibers of both dorsal (Dpf) and ventral (Vpf) divisions of the paraflocculus terminate in the lateral cerebellar nucelus (NL) and in the posterior interposed nucleus (NIP). These fibers are ipsilateral, topographically organized and arranged into at least two zones. Following injury to either the Dpf or Vpf, degenerated axons are found in lateral and caudal regions of the NIP respectively. Consequently, these two portions of the paraflocculus have relatively exclusive terminal fields with overlap only at the periphery. Preterminal debris is seen in basically similar areas of the NL (caudolateral, caudal, ventral) after damage to either the Dpf or Vpf. This observation leads to the conclusion that the terminal fields for these areas of parafloccular cortex are largely coextensive in the NL. In addition to the topographical representation of the Dpf and Vpf in both the NL and NIP, there is evidence that these corticonuclear fibers are also organized into the general zonal pattern hypothesized by Voogd ('69). Persistent and numerous degenerated axons from both the Dpf and Vpf end in lateral and caudal NIP, respectively, corroborating the presence of a relatively wide zone C2 in both divisions of the paraflocculus. The Dpf and Vpf also project into the NL to a terminal field that appears to consist of two portions. One part located in caudal, ventral and/or caudoventral areas of the NL and a second at slightly more rostral and rostrolateral areas. The presence of a cortical region which is affiliated with two areas of the NL substantiates not only the existence of zone D in the paraflocculus, but gives experimental evidence that it may consist of two parts as previously suggested (Voogd, '69). From the Dpf many fibers enter the NL while few are seen in this nucleus after damage to the Vpf. This suggests that zone D is wider in the Dpf and narrower in the Vpf. The results of this study do not support previous suggestions that the paraflocculus projects to either only the NL or to most of, or all of, the ipsilateral cerebellar nuclei. No projections to any contralateral cerebellar nuclei are seen. There is also no conclusive proof that the parafloccular cortex of Tupaia projects into the vestibular complex or to any other brainstem relay nuclei.", "contents": "Cerebellar cortical efferent fibers of the paraflocculus of tree shrew (Tupaia glis). Efferent projections from the paraflocculus of the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) were studied utilizing the Fink and Heimer ('67) method. Cerebellar corticonuclear fibers of both dorsal (Dpf) and ventral (Vpf) divisions of the paraflocculus terminate in the lateral cerebellar nucelus (NL) and in the posterior interposed nucleus (NIP). These fibers are ipsilateral, topographically organized and arranged into at least two zones. Following injury to either the Dpf or Vpf, degenerated axons are found in lateral and caudal regions of the NIP respectively. Consequently, these two portions of the paraflocculus have relatively exclusive terminal fields with overlap only at the periphery. Preterminal debris is seen in basically similar areas of the NL (caudolateral, caudal, ventral) after damage to either the Dpf or Vpf. This observation leads to the conclusion that the terminal fields for these areas of parafloccular cortex are largely coextensive in the NL. In addition to the topographical representation of the Dpf and Vpf in both the NL and NIP, there is evidence that these corticonuclear fibers are also organized into the general zonal pattern hypothesized by Voogd ('69). Persistent and numerous degenerated axons from both the Dpf and Vpf end in lateral and caudal NIP, respectively, corroborating the presence of a relatively wide zone C2 in both divisions of the paraflocculus. The Dpf and Vpf also project into the NL to a terminal field that appears to consist of two portions. One part located in caudal, ventral and/or caudoventral areas of the NL and a second at slightly more rostral and rostrolateral areas. The presence of a cortical region which is affiliated with two areas of the NL substantiates not only the existence of zone D in the paraflocculus, but gives experimental evidence that it may consist of two parts as previously suggested (Voogd, '69). From the Dpf many fibers enter the NL while few are seen in this nucleus after damage to the Vpf. This suggests that zone D is wider in the Dpf and narrower in the Vpf. The results of this study do not support previous suggestions that the paraflocculus projects to either only the NL or to most of, or all of, the ipsilateral cerebellar nuclei. No projections to any contralateral cerebellar nuclei are seen. There is also no conclusive proof that the parafloccular cortex of Tupaia projects into the vestibular complex or to any other brainstem relay nuclei.", "PMID": 100531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4290", "title": "Organizational features of the cat and monkey cerebellar nucleocortical projection.", "content": "The organization of the cerebellar nucleocortical projection in the cat and the monkey has been studied using orthograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracing techniques. Injections of tritiated leucine in the cat cerebellar nuclei orthogradely labeled nucleocortical fibers throughout their course to the cerebellar cortex. Their branch points in the corpus medullare, in the folial white matter, and in the granular layer were evident from the dense, continuous distribution of silver grains overlying these labeled axons. The results from the cat showed that the cerebellar nucleocortical projection is organized principally into three rostrocaudally oriented longitudinal cortical zones. Fastigial nucleocortical fibers were directed principally to the medial 1.5-2.5 mm of the ipsilateral vermis, with a lighter projection to the lateral vermis ipsilaterally and to the medial area of the vermis contralaterally. The interposed nuclei projected mainly to the paravermis-medial hemispheric zone of the cerebellar cortex. Nucleocortical fibers from the posterior interposed nucleus projected principally to the paramedian lobule, to the medial hemispheric area of Crus I and the lobus simplex, and to the flocculus and paraflocculus. Nucleocortical projections from the anterior interposed nucleus coursed to the anterior lobe paravermis and to the ventral folia of the paramedian lobule. A lighter projection from the interposed nuceli was found to the lateral edge of the vermis and into intermediate areas of the hemisphere. Dentatocortical fibers were directed into the lateral folia of Crus I and Crus II of the lateral hemispheric zone, with a ligher projection to intermediate areas of the hemisphere of the posterior lobe and along the lateral edge of the anterior lobe hemisphere. Along the periphery of each cortical zone, the nucleocortical projection from adjacent deep nuclei overlapped slightly. The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from injection sites in the lateral hemisphere, in the medial hemisphere--paravermis, and in the vermis labeled neurons localized mainly within the dentate, interposed, and fastigial nuclei, respectively. Retrograde labeling experiments carried out in monkeys indicated that the organization of the nucleocortical projection in this species is different than that of the cat. In the primate, the nucleocortical projection to the lateral hemisphere, to the medial hemisphere--paravermis, and to the vermis appeared to arise principally from the dentate nucleus. There was a secondary input to the paravermis and vermis arising from the interposed and fastigial nuclei, respectively. This evidence suggests that the cerebellar nucleocortical system undergoes a significant phylogenetic change in its organization between the cat and primate. These organization differences are discussed in light of possible functional implications.", "contents": "Organizational features of the cat and monkey cerebellar nucleocortical projection. The organization of the cerebellar nucleocortical projection in the cat and the monkey has been studied using orthograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracing techniques. Injections of tritiated leucine in the cat cerebellar nuclei orthogradely labeled nucleocortical fibers throughout their course to the cerebellar cortex. Their branch points in the corpus medullare, in the folial white matter, and in the granular layer were evident from the dense, continuous distribution of silver grains overlying these labeled axons. The results from the cat showed that the cerebellar nucleocortical projection is organized principally into three rostrocaudally oriented longitudinal cortical zones. Fastigial nucleocortical fibers were directed principally to the medial 1.5-2.5 mm of the ipsilateral vermis, with a lighter projection to the lateral vermis ipsilaterally and to the medial area of the vermis contralaterally. The interposed nuclei projected mainly to the paravermis-medial hemispheric zone of the cerebellar cortex. Nucleocortical fibers from the posterior interposed nucleus projected principally to the paramedian lobule, to the medial hemispheric area of Crus I and the lobus simplex, and to the flocculus and paraflocculus. Nucleocortical projections from the anterior interposed nucleus coursed to the anterior lobe paravermis and to the ventral folia of the paramedian lobule. A lighter projection from the interposed nuceli was found to the lateral edge of the vermis and into intermediate areas of the hemisphere. Dentatocortical fibers were directed into the lateral folia of Crus I and Crus II of the lateral hemispheric zone, with a ligher projection to intermediate areas of the hemisphere of the posterior lobe and along the lateral edge of the anterior lobe hemisphere. Along the periphery of each cortical zone, the nucleocortical projection from adjacent deep nuclei overlapped slightly. The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from injection sites in the lateral hemisphere, in the medial hemisphere--paravermis, and in the vermis labeled neurons localized mainly within the dentate, interposed, and fastigial nuclei, respectively. Retrograde labeling experiments carried out in monkeys indicated that the organization of the nucleocortical projection in this species is different than that of the cat. In the primate, the nucleocortical projection to the lateral hemisphere, to the medial hemisphere--paravermis, and to the vermis appeared to arise principally from the dentate nucleus. There was a secondary input to the paravermis and vermis arising from the interposed and fastigial nuclei, respectively. This evidence suggests that the cerebellar nucleocortical system undergoes a significant phylogenetic change in its organization between the cat and primate. These organization differences are discussed in light of possible functional implications.", "PMID": 100532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4291", "title": "Utilization and cost-effectiveness of cranial computed tomography at a university hospital.", "content": "This study prospectively surveyed the utilization of cranial computed tomography (CCT) at The George Washington University Hospital over a 12-month period. Of 3,070 CCT scans studied, 1,098 (35%) resulted in a positive clinically important diagnosis for an overall case finding cost of $800. Within each of 25 individual indications for scanning, classified on the basis of the patient's most specific sign or symptom, case finding costs varied from a low of $411 for patients in coma to $3,500 for patients with headaches as their only indication for CT scanning. Within two diagnostic categories, malignant brain tumors and cerebral aneurysms, there was significant agreement (p less than 0.001) between the prescanning diagnosis and the result on CCT. Overall there was also close agreement (correlation coefficient = 0.706) between the rank listing of the 25 indications for scanning compiled prior to CCT with that obtained after the scanning results were known.", "contents": "Utilization and cost-effectiveness of cranial computed tomography at a university hospital. This study prospectively surveyed the utilization of cranial computed tomography (CCT) at The George Washington University Hospital over a 12-month period. Of 3,070 CCT scans studied, 1,098 (35%) resulted in a positive clinically important diagnosis for an overall case finding cost of $800. Within each of 25 individual indications for scanning, classified on the basis of the patient's most specific sign or symptom, case finding costs varied from a low of $411 for patients in coma to $3,500 for patients with headaches as their only indication for CT scanning. Within two diagnostic categories, malignant brain tumors and cerebral aneurysms, there was significant agreement (p less than 0.001) between the prescanning diagnosis and the result on CCT. Overall there was also close agreement (correlation coefficient = 0.706) between the rank listing of the 25 indications for scanning compiled prior to CCT with that obtained after the scanning results were known.", "PMID": 100533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4292", "title": "Quantitative multiregional CSF kinetics using serial, metrizamide enhanced computed tomography.", "content": "Two rhesus monkeys studied by serial metrizamide (Amipaque) enhanced computer tomography (CT) imaging were used to quantitatively analyze cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) kinetics in multiple anatomical regions. Time--density curves were generated for the cisterna magna, suprasellar cistern, quadrigeminal cistern, and sylvian fissure, If clinical, biochemical, and routine static CT scanning indicate a profile suggesting normal pressure hydrocephalus, then CSF kinetics may be quantitatively and dynamically studied by CT imaging with metrizamide enhancement. This multiregional approach may be applied in an attempt to accurately distinguish normal pressure hydrocephalus from cerebral atrophy as a means of predicting which patients will likely profit from surgical diversionary shunting.", "contents": "Quantitative multiregional CSF kinetics using serial, metrizamide enhanced computed tomography. Two rhesus monkeys studied by serial metrizamide (Amipaque) enhanced computer tomography (CT) imaging were used to quantitatively analyze cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) kinetics in multiple anatomical regions. Time--density curves were generated for the cisterna magna, suprasellar cistern, quadrigeminal cistern, and sylvian fissure, If clinical, biochemical, and routine static CT scanning indicate a profile suggesting normal pressure hydrocephalus, then CSF kinetics may be quantitatively and dynamically studied by CT imaging with metrizamide enhancement. This multiregional approach may be applied in an attempt to accurately distinguish normal pressure hydrocephalus from cerebral atrophy as a means of predicting which patients will likely profit from surgical diversionary shunting.", "PMID": 100534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4293", "title": "Hygiene in the prevention of udder infections. IV. Evaluation of teat dips with excised cows' teats.", "content": "Suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to contaminate teats excised from cows. Commercially available teat dips were applied for evaluation of comparative germicidal activity. Iodophors, sodium hypochlorite, and sodium dichloro-s-triazenetrione were highly effective against all four test organisms. Quarternary ammonium, chlorhexidine, and cetylpyridinium chloride were effective against Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae but not Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bronopol and 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate were marginally effective on the two Gram positive organisms and ineffective on the two Gram negatives. Three of the dips were ineffective against all four pathogens; two were in nonaqueous bases, and the other was a blend of pine oil and antibodies with udder origin. In other trials, iodophor at .3% titratable iodine was highly effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. Products containing .5 and 1% iodophor maintained effectiveness after each was used to dip 140 teats under conditions of commercial dairying. Logarithmic reduction in the geometric mean number of organisms recovered from teats was more meaningful for evaluating data than percent reduction.", "contents": "Hygiene in the prevention of udder infections. IV. Evaluation of teat dips with excised cows' teats. Suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to contaminate teats excised from cows. Commercially available teat dips were applied for evaluation of comparative germicidal activity. Iodophors, sodium hypochlorite, and sodium dichloro-s-triazenetrione were highly effective against all four test organisms. Quarternary ammonium, chlorhexidine, and cetylpyridinium chloride were effective against Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae but not Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bronopol and 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate were marginally effective on the two Gram positive organisms and ineffective on the two Gram negatives. Three of the dips were ineffective against all four pathogens; two were in nonaqueous bases, and the other was a blend of pine oil and antibodies with udder origin. In other trials, iodophor at .3% titratable iodine was highly effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. Products containing .5 and 1% iodophor maintained effectiveness after each was used to dip 140 teats under conditions of commercial dairying. Logarithmic reduction in the geometric mean number of organisms recovered from teats was more meaningful for evaluating data than percent reduction.", "PMID": 100535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4294", "title": "Treatment of complicated cutaneous malignant neoplasms by modern radiotherapy: principles, practice, and results.", "content": "The indispensability of modern radiotherapy for certain complicated cases of cutaneous malignant neoplasms is demonstrated by a review of its principles and demonstration of results achieved by its practice in five representative cases.", "contents": "Treatment of complicated cutaneous malignant neoplasms by modern radiotherapy: principles, practice, and results. The indispensability of modern radiotherapy for certain complicated cases of cutaneous malignant neoplasms is demonstrated by a review of its principles and demonstration of results achieved by its practice in five representative cases.", "PMID": 100537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4295", "title": "Aspirin intolerance: unaltered susceptibility of platelet cyclo-oxygenase to inhibition by aspirin in vitro.", "content": "Inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis has been proposed as a mechanism of aspirin-induced asthma. In order to verify the existence of a generalized abnormal sensitivity of the PG cyclo-oxygenase in intolerant patients, we have compared the inhibitory effects of aspirin on platelet PGE2 and PGF2alpha spontaneous formation in vitro, in 10 healthy subjects, 10 aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, and 10 nonasthmatic aspirin-sensitive patients. No statistically significant differences were found in the pattern nor in the absolute concentrations of both PGs in the control platelet superfusates. Moreover, the synthesis and release of both PGs were inhibited by aspirin with the same potency in the three groups studied.", "contents": "Aspirin intolerance: unaltered susceptibility of platelet cyclo-oxygenase to inhibition by aspirin in vitro. Inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis has been proposed as a mechanism of aspirin-induced asthma. In order to verify the existence of a generalized abnormal sensitivity of the PG cyclo-oxygenase in intolerant patients, we have compared the inhibitory effects of aspirin on platelet PGE2 and PGF2alpha spontaneous formation in vitro, in 10 healthy subjects, 10 aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, and 10 nonasthmatic aspirin-sensitive patients. No statistically significant differences were found in the pattern nor in the absolute concentrations of both PGs in the control platelet superfusates. Moreover, the synthesis and release of both PGs were inhibited by aspirin with the same potency in the three groups studied.", "PMID": 100540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4296", "title": "Multiple primary malignancy in the elderly.", "content": "The longer a patient lives, the more predisposed he is to become host to primary malignant neoplasms at various sites. Hence the importance of follow-up clinics in long-term care facilities. Data on multiple malignancies at Oak Forest Hospital are presented. Among 34 such patients (average age, 72 years), 28 had malignant lesions at two primary sites, and 6 at three primary sites.", "contents": "Multiple primary malignancy in the elderly. The longer a patient lives, the more predisposed he is to become host to primary malignant neoplasms at various sites. Hence the importance of follow-up clinics in long-term care facilities. Data on multiple malignancies at Oak Forest Hospital are presented. Among 34 such patients (average age, 72 years), 28 had malignant lesions at two primary sites, and 6 at three primary sites.", "PMID": 100541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4297", "title": "[Some aspects of prevention in perinatology (author's transl)].", "content": "The main lines in prevention are analyzed in two fields. Prevention of brain damage during birth process is studied according to the data of a prospective study, showing the obstetrical situations where the fetus is at risk. Prevention of fetal infection is shown on a few clinical examples.", "contents": "[Some aspects of prevention in perinatology (author's transl)]. The main lines in prevention are analyzed in two fields. Prevention of brain damage during birth process is studied according to the data of a prospective study, showing the obstetrical situations where the fetus is at risk. Prevention of fetal infection is shown on a few clinical examples.", "PMID": 100543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4298", "title": "Isolation of animal viruses from farm livestock waste, soil and water.", "content": "Ten porcine enteroviruses, 2 porcine adenoviruses and 1 coronavirus were isolated directly from 32 samples of slurry collected from a pig fattening house. Concentration of the same samples by adsorption with the polyelectrolyte PE-60 yielded 24 porcine enteroviruses and 3 porcine adenoviruses. A porcine enterovirus was isolated, following PE-60 concentration, from 1 to 6 slurry samples from a sow farrowing house. No virus was isolated from 12 samples of slurry from dairy cows nor from 6 slurry samples from a calf-rearing unit. A porcine enterovirus was isolated from soil samples, after concentration with PE-60, collected 1, 2 and 8 days after pig slurry was spread on hay stubble. Two porcine enteroviruses were isolated by membrane filtration from 26 samples of surface run-off from land on which pig slurry was routinely spread, and 2 bovine enteroviruses were isolated from cattle feedlot run-off after adsorption to layers of talc and celite followed by hydroextraction. A porcine enterovirus was also isolated from 1 of 33 samples of surface water collected on farms on which pig slurry was routinely spread on the land, but no virus was isolated from 36 samples of ground water from the same farms. The surface water and ground water samples were concentrated by talc-celite adsorption and hydroextraction.", "contents": "Isolation of animal viruses from farm livestock waste, soil and water. Ten porcine enteroviruses, 2 porcine adenoviruses and 1 coronavirus were isolated directly from 32 samples of slurry collected from a pig fattening house. Concentration of the same samples by adsorption with the polyelectrolyte PE-60 yielded 24 porcine enteroviruses and 3 porcine adenoviruses. A porcine enterovirus was isolated, following PE-60 concentration, from 1 to 6 slurry samples from a sow farrowing house. No virus was isolated from 12 samples of slurry from dairy cows nor from 6 slurry samples from a calf-rearing unit. A porcine enterovirus was isolated from soil samples, after concentration with PE-60, collected 1, 2 and 8 days after pig slurry was spread on hay stubble. Two porcine enteroviruses were isolated by membrane filtration from 26 samples of surface run-off from land on which pig slurry was routinely spread, and 2 bovine enteroviruses were isolated from cattle feedlot run-off after adsorption to layers of talc and celite followed by hydroextraction. A porcine enterovirus was also isolated from 1 of 33 samples of surface water collected on farms on which pig slurry was routinely spread on the land, but no virus was isolated from 36 samples of ground water from the same farms. The surface water and ground water samples were concentrated by talc-celite adsorption and hydroextraction.", "PMID": 100551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4299", "title": "Nonimmunologic complement activation in normal human serum induced by radiographic contrast media.", "content": "Two different radiographic contrast media (RCM), iothalamate and iodipamide, induced the activation of several complement (C) components in normal, genetically C2-deficient and agammaglobulinemic human sera in vitro. This activation was dose dependent and demonstrable by a reduction in whole C as well as C4, C2, C3, and C5 hemolytic activities. C6, C8, and C9 hemolytic activities were unaffected. Concommitant with the loss of C3 hemolytic activity was the appearance of C3 proteolytic cleavage products that were identified by immunoelectrophoresis. Both the loss of C3 hemolytic activity and the production of C3 fragments occurred in the presence of 10 mM EDTA, indicating RCM-induced C3 cleavage occurred without participation of the multicomponent C3/C5 convertases of either the classical or alternative C pathways. Furthermore, loss of C3 hemolytic activity was not due to the direct alteration of the C3 molecule by RCM because purified C3 was unaffected upon incubation with RCM at a concentration that induced 80% reduction in the C3 hemolytic activity in normal human serum. Serum samples obtained from 40 patients, before and 30 min after undergoing i.v. pyelography, revealed no significant change in total hemolytic C activity; 34 patients received sodium and methylglucamine diatrizoate and six received sodium iothalamate. Hemolytic C3 levels were also determined for the six patients before and 30 min after administration of sodium iothalamate and no significant change in activity was detectable.", "contents": "Nonimmunologic complement activation in normal human serum induced by radiographic contrast media. Two different radiographic contrast media (RCM), iothalamate and iodipamide, induced the activation of several complement (C) components in normal, genetically C2-deficient and agammaglobulinemic human sera in vitro. This activation was dose dependent and demonstrable by a reduction in whole C as well as C4, C2, C3, and C5 hemolytic activities. C6, C8, and C9 hemolytic activities were unaffected. Concommitant with the loss of C3 hemolytic activity was the appearance of C3 proteolytic cleavage products that were identified by immunoelectrophoresis. Both the loss of C3 hemolytic activity and the production of C3 fragments occurred in the presence of 10 mM EDTA, indicating RCM-induced C3 cleavage occurred without participation of the multicomponent C3/C5 convertases of either the classical or alternative C pathways. Furthermore, loss of C3 hemolytic activity was not due to the direct alteration of the C3 molecule by RCM because purified C3 was unaffected upon incubation with RCM at a concentration that induced 80% reduction in the C3 hemolytic activity in normal human serum. Serum samples obtained from 40 patients, before and 30 min after undergoing i.v. pyelography, revealed no significant change in total hemolytic C activity; 34 patients received sodium and methylglucamine diatrizoate and six received sodium iothalamate. Hemolytic C3 levels were also determined for the six patients before and 30 min after administration of sodium iothalamate and no significant change in activity was detectable.", "PMID": 100552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4300", "title": "Rodent malaria: BCG-induced protection and immunosuppression.", "content": "One dose of 10(7) viable units of Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG, protected a significant number of Swiss mice from a primary challenge with 10(4) thoracic sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei. Immunization with irradiated sporozoites induced greater protection than that observed in BCG-treated with BCG and surviving a primary sporozoite challenge were not protected from rechallenge, whereas mice immunized with irradiated sporozoites and surviving initial challenge of sporozoites were solidly immune to further challenge. Immunizing mice with BCG and irradiated sporozoites simultaneously resulted in a synergistic effect of increased protection against a primary challenge of sporozoites only if the two immunogens were administered on the same day and if the mice were challenged 1 to 3 days later. Mice given BCG and irradiated sporozoites and surviving a primary challenge of sporozoites were unable to survive rechallenge. BCG given to mice previously immunized with irradiated sporozoites suppressed their protective immunity against sporozoite challenge.", "contents": "Rodent malaria: BCG-induced protection and immunosuppression. One dose of 10(7) viable units of Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG, protected a significant number of Swiss mice from a primary challenge with 10(4) thoracic sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei. Immunization with irradiated sporozoites induced greater protection than that observed in BCG-treated with BCG and surviving a primary sporozoite challenge were not protected from rechallenge, whereas mice immunized with irradiated sporozoites and surviving initial challenge of sporozoites were solidly immune to further challenge. Immunizing mice with BCG and irradiated sporozoites simultaneously resulted in a synergistic effect of increased protection against a primary challenge of sporozoites only if the two immunogens were administered on the same day and if the mice were challenged 1 to 3 days later. Mice given BCG and irradiated sporozoites and surviving a primary challenge of sporozoites were unable to survive rechallenge. BCG given to mice previously immunized with irradiated sporozoites suppressed their protective immunity against sporozoite challenge.", "PMID": 100553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4301", "title": "Estimates of the precursor frequency of cytotoxic T lymhocytes against antigens controlled by defined regions of the H-2 gene complex: comparison of the effect of H-2 differences due to intra-H-2 recombination vs mutation.", "content": "Lymph node cells were sensitized in a limiting dilution assay against B10.D2 (H-2d) and the frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL.P) precursors was determined. A mean CTL.P frequency of 0.047% was observed when responding strains differed from the stimulators at the entire H-2 gene complex. When intra-H-2 recombinant strains were sensitized against B10.D2, lower frequencies of CTL.P were observed. Responding strains that differed from the stimulators at the H-2K-end only had 2- to 6-fold more CTL.P compared to strains sensitized against the D-end only. In order to study the CTL.P frequency against minor antigenic differences, the B10.D2 (M504-H-2da) mutant strain, which carries a mutation with an antigenic gain-loss in the D-region of H-2d, was examined. This mutant showed an identical CTL.P frequency against H-2d as H-2D-end recombinant strains. Therefore, this H-2 mutant (M504) has either undergone extensive mutation or the qualitative nature of the antigenic loss in this strain results in a high CTL.P frequency against the strain of origin.", "contents": "Estimates of the precursor frequency of cytotoxic T lymhocytes against antigens controlled by defined regions of the H-2 gene complex: comparison of the effect of H-2 differences due to intra-H-2 recombination vs mutation. Lymph node cells were sensitized in a limiting dilution assay against B10.D2 (H-2d) and the frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL.P) precursors was determined. A mean CTL.P frequency of 0.047% was observed when responding strains differed from the stimulators at the entire H-2 gene complex. When intra-H-2 recombinant strains were sensitized against B10.D2, lower frequencies of CTL.P were observed. Responding strains that differed from the stimulators at the H-2K-end only had 2- to 6-fold more CTL.P compared to strains sensitized against the D-end only. In order to study the CTL.P frequency against minor antigenic differences, the B10.D2 (M504-H-2da) mutant strain, which carries a mutation with an antigenic gain-loss in the D-region of H-2d, was examined. This mutant showed an identical CTL.P frequency against H-2d as H-2D-end recombinant strains. Therefore, this H-2 mutant (M504) has either undergone extensive mutation or the qualitative nature of the antigenic loss in this strain results in a high CTL.P frequency against the strain of origin.", "PMID": 100555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4302", "title": "Immunoglobulin M synthesized by human lymphoblastoid cells: interaction with Staphylococcus aureus and protein A.", "content": "Immunoglobulin M synthesized by a human lymphoblastoid cell line, LA173, was found to bind specifically to the protein A-bearing Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The (3H)-leucine-labeled, secreted IgM from these LA173 cells also formed precipitin complexes with purified protein A. Soluble complexes formed at high protein A/IgM ratios retained the ability to bind to the bacterial surface. Precipitin complexes also were observed in double diffusion Ouchterlony gels with a line of identity formed between the IgM, protein A, and anti-IgM in adjacent wells. Intracellular IgM species from detergent-lysed LA173 cells were bound to S. aureus. Labeled 19S pentamers, 8S monomers, and HL subunits were eluted from the bacteria and identified by velocity sedimentation and SDS agarose-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition, several intermediates migrating between 8S and 19S were detected and shown to contain authentic H and L chains. Binding of the labeled IgM 19S pentamers to staphylococci was not inhibited by prior treatment of the bacteria with an excess of unlabeled human IgG. However, S. aureus saturated with unlabeled IgG did not bind either labeled IgM monomers or labeled IgG. The interaction of this human IgM with S. aureus exhibited a high degree of specificity with quantitative recovery of secreted 19S IgM. Intracellular IgM species were bound selectively by the bacteria with little if any contamination by other cytoplasmic proteins.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin M synthesized by human lymphoblastoid cells: interaction with Staphylococcus aureus and protein A. Immunoglobulin M synthesized by a human lymphoblastoid cell line, LA173, was found to bind specifically to the protein A-bearing Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The (3H)-leucine-labeled, secreted IgM from these LA173 cells also formed precipitin complexes with purified protein A. Soluble complexes formed at high protein A/IgM ratios retained the ability to bind to the bacterial surface. Precipitin complexes also were observed in double diffusion Ouchterlony gels with a line of identity formed between the IgM, protein A, and anti-IgM in adjacent wells. Intracellular IgM species from detergent-lysed LA173 cells were bound to S. aureus. Labeled 19S pentamers, 8S monomers, and HL subunits were eluted from the bacteria and identified by velocity sedimentation and SDS agarose-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition, several intermediates migrating between 8S and 19S were detected and shown to contain authentic H and L chains. Binding of the labeled IgM 19S pentamers to staphylococci was not inhibited by prior treatment of the bacteria with an excess of unlabeled human IgG. However, S. aureus saturated with unlabeled IgG did not bind either labeled IgM monomers or labeled IgG. The interaction of this human IgM with S. aureus exhibited a high degree of specificity with quantitative recovery of secreted 19S IgM. Intracellular IgM species were bound selectively by the bacteria with little if any contamination by other cytoplasmic proteins.", "PMID": 100556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4303", "title": "Evidence for close linkage of a mouse light chain marker with the Ly-2,3 locus.", "content": "Light chains associated with normal serum immunoglobulin can be resolved into a finite number of discrete focusing bands by isoelectric focusing. Four distinct light chain patterns can be distinguished among the inbred mouse strains. In the present studies inheritance of the characteristic light chain patterns has been studied in the AKXL recombinant inbred lines (derived from C57L/J and AKR/J parental lines) and in the inbred Ly-2a,3a congenic line B6.PL-Ly-2aLy-3a/Cy as well as in individual backcross animals of an incipient Ly-2a,3a congenic strain. Virtually complete concordance was observed for the expression of light chains characteristic of phenotype B (AKR-J-like) and the expression of the Ly-2a,3a allele. This observation indicates that a locus controlling light chain structure and/or expression is closely linked (less than 2.6 map units) to the Ly-2,3 locus on mouse Chromosome 6. The locus controlling normal light chain IF-patterns has been designated Ef1.", "contents": "Evidence for close linkage of a mouse light chain marker with the Ly-2,3 locus. Light chains associated with normal serum immunoglobulin can be resolved into a finite number of discrete focusing bands by isoelectric focusing. Four distinct light chain patterns can be distinguished among the inbred mouse strains. In the present studies inheritance of the characteristic light chain patterns has been studied in the AKXL recombinant inbred lines (derived from C57L/J and AKR/J parental lines) and in the inbred Ly-2a,3a congenic line B6.PL-Ly-2aLy-3a/Cy as well as in individual backcross animals of an incipient Ly-2a,3a congenic strain. Virtually complete concordance was observed for the expression of light chains characteristic of phenotype B (AKR-J-like) and the expression of the Ly-2a,3a allele. This observation indicates that a locus controlling light chain structure and/or expression is closely linked (less than 2.6 map units) to the Ly-2,3 locus on mouse Chromosome 6. The locus controlling normal light chain IF-patterns has been designated Ef1.", "PMID": 100557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4304", "title": "A simple method for the preparation of antisera specific for murine immunoglobulin heavy chains.", "content": "Rabbit antisera were prepared against mouse immunoglobulin mu and gamma chains by immunizing rabbits with their own erythrocytes coated with murine anti-rabbit erythrocyte immunoglobulin. In the preparation of these antisera, we exploited the observation that the primary immune response in C57BL/10ScSn (B10) mice is almost exclusively IgM, while hyperimmune antiserum of A/WySn (A) is mostly IgG. After appropriate absorption with thymocytes and rabbit erythrocytes (Rrbc) coated with B10 or A antiRrbc Ig, the sera were shown to be specific by immunoelectrophoresis, indirect immunofluorescent staining, and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. This technique is simple, requires almost no equipment, and a large quantity of specific antiserum can be prepared quite economically.", "contents": "A simple method for the preparation of antisera specific for murine immunoglobulin heavy chains. Rabbit antisera were prepared against mouse immunoglobulin mu and gamma chains by immunizing rabbits with their own erythrocytes coated with murine anti-rabbit erythrocyte immunoglobulin. In the preparation of these antisera, we exploited the observation that the primary immune response in C57BL/10ScSn (B10) mice is almost exclusively IgM, while hyperimmune antiserum of A/WySn (A) is mostly IgG. After appropriate absorption with thymocytes and rabbit erythrocytes (Rrbc) coated with B10 or A antiRrbc Ig, the sera were shown to be specific by immunoelectrophoresis, indirect immunofluorescent staining, and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. This technique is simple, requires almost no equipment, and a large quantity of specific antiserum can be prepared quite economically.", "PMID": 100558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4305", "title": "Raising of antisera to protein hormones without using Freund's adjuvant.", "content": "A new method has been developed to produce antiserum to protein hormones without the use of Freund's complete adjuvant. Antiserum to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was elicited by injecting rabbits with 6 subcutaneous injections of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) coated with hCG. The antiserum produced was observed to be both serologically and biologically active. A small quantity of the hormone (15--20 IU/injection) sufficed to produce hyperimmune sera. This could ensure an overall economy if large amounts of the antisera are required for clinical and diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "Raising of antisera to protein hormones without using Freund's adjuvant. A new method has been developed to produce antiserum to protein hormones without the use of Freund's complete adjuvant. Antiserum to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was elicited by injecting rabbits with 6 subcutaneous injections of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) coated with hCG. The antiserum produced was observed to be both serologically and biologically active. A small quantity of the hormone (15--20 IU/injection) sufficed to produce hyperimmune sera. This could ensure an overall economy if large amounts of the antisera are required for clinical and diagnostic purposes.", "PMID": 100559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4306", "title": "Studies on the relationships between serum bactericidal activity and uncomplicated genital infections due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "This report concerns the relationships between patients' uncomplicated genital infections due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the bactericidal activity of their sera against their infecting organisms. Forty isolates of N. gonorrhoeae and 91 serum samples were obtained from 23 patients with their first or repeated gonococcal infections. Of 32 sera obtained at the time of infection, 14 (44%) were bactericidal for the infecting strains. Of convalescent-phase sera from 27 infections, 12 (44%) were bactericidal; 22%-33% of convalescent-phase sera had increased bactericidal activity when compared with acute-phase sera or sera obtained before infection. Eleven patients developed 17 new infections after sera and negative cultures were obtained; in six (35%) the previously obtained sera were bactericidal but did not prevent infection.", "contents": "Studies on the relationships between serum bactericidal activity and uncomplicated genital infections due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This report concerns the relationships between patients' uncomplicated genital infections due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the bactericidal activity of their sera against their infecting organisms. Forty isolates of N. gonorrhoeae and 91 serum samples were obtained from 23 patients with their first or repeated gonococcal infections. Of 32 sera obtained at the time of infection, 14 (44%) were bactericidal for the infecting strains. Of convalescent-phase sera from 27 infections, 12 (44%) were bactericidal; 22%-33% of convalescent-phase sera had increased bactericidal activity when compared with acute-phase sera or sera obtained before infection. Eleven patients developed 17 new infections after sera and negative cultures were obtained; in six (35%) the previously obtained sera were bactericidal but did not prevent infection.", "PMID": 100561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4307", "title": "Familial deficiency of the seventh component of complement associated with recurrent bacteremic infections due to Neisseria.", "content": "The serum of a 29-year old woman with a recent episode of disseminated gonococcal infection and a history of meningococcal meningitis and arthritis as a child was found to lack serum hemolytic complement activity. The seventh component of complement (C7) was not detected by functional or immunochemical assays, whereas other components were normal by hemolytic and immunochemical assessment. Her fresh serum lacked complement-mediated bactericidal activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, but the addition of fresh normal serum or purified C7 restored bactericidal activity as well as hemolytic activity. The absence of functional C7 activity could not be accounted for on the basis of an inhibitor. Opsonization and generation of chemotactic activity functioned normally. Complete absence of C7 was also found in one sibling who had the clinical syndrome of meningococcal meningitis and arthritis as a child and in this sibling's clinically well eight-year-old son. HLA histocompatibility typing of the family members did not demonstrate evidence for genetic linkage of C7 deficiency with the major histocompatibility loci. This report represents the first cases of C7 deficiency associated with infectious complications and suggests that bactericidal activity may be important in host defense against bacteremic neisseria infections.", "contents": "Familial deficiency of the seventh component of complement associated with recurrent bacteremic infections due to Neisseria. The serum of a 29-year old woman with a recent episode of disseminated gonococcal infection and a history of meningococcal meningitis and arthritis as a child was found to lack serum hemolytic complement activity. The seventh component of complement (C7) was not detected by functional or immunochemical assays, whereas other components were normal by hemolytic and immunochemical assessment. Her fresh serum lacked complement-mediated bactericidal activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, but the addition of fresh normal serum or purified C7 restored bactericidal activity as well as hemolytic activity. The absence of functional C7 activity could not be accounted for on the basis of an inhibitor. Opsonization and generation of chemotactic activity functioned normally. Complete absence of C7 was also found in one sibling who had the clinical syndrome of meningococcal meningitis and arthritis as a child and in this sibling's clinically well eight-year-old son. HLA histocompatibility typing of the family members did not demonstrate evidence for genetic linkage of C7 deficiency with the major histocompatibility loci. This report represents the first cases of C7 deficiency associated with infectious complications and suggests that bactericidal activity may be important in host defense against bacteremic neisseria infections.", "PMID": 100562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4308", "title": "In vivo and in vitro stimulation of nonspecific immunity by the beta-D-p-aminophenyl glycoside of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and an oligomer prepared by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde.", "content": "Several biological activities of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP for muramyl dipeptide), a synthetic immunoadjuvant, are inhibited after glycosidation with p-aminophenol. Thus, this glycoside does not induce an increase humoral antibody response in mice when injected in saline, although it retains its stimulatory effect on circulating antibodies and delayed hypersensitivity after administration in a water-in-oil emulsion. The capacity of MDP to stimulate mouse spleen cells is lost, and, moreover, the analogue is unable to increase nonspecific resistance to infection under conditions where MDP is active. After cross-linking of the beta-D-p-aminophenyl glycoside of MDP with glutaraldehyde, several biological activities of MDP are recovered. Moreover, the cross-linked oligomer (molecular weight, approximately 6,000 daltons) is able to stimulate the uptake of thymidine by spleen cells from a strain of mice weakly responsive to MDP and is more active than MDP in protecting mice against bacterial challenge.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro stimulation of nonspecific immunity by the beta-D-p-aminophenyl glycoside of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and an oligomer prepared by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Several biological activities of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP for muramyl dipeptide), a synthetic immunoadjuvant, are inhibited after glycosidation with p-aminophenol. Thus, this glycoside does not induce an increase humoral antibody response in mice when injected in saline, although it retains its stimulatory effect on circulating antibodies and delayed hypersensitivity after administration in a water-in-oil emulsion. The capacity of MDP to stimulate mouse spleen cells is lost, and, moreover, the analogue is unable to increase nonspecific resistance to infection under conditions where MDP is active. After cross-linking of the beta-D-p-aminophenyl glycoside of MDP with glutaraldehyde, several biological activities of MDP are recovered. Moreover, the cross-linked oligomer (molecular weight, approximately 6,000 daltons) is able to stimulate the uptake of thymidine by spleen cells from a strain of mice weakly responsive to MDP and is more active than MDP in protecting mice against bacterial challenge.", "PMID": 100563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4309", "title": "Tissue-reacting antibodies (EVI antibodies) in nifurtimox-treated patients with Chagas's disease.", "content": "Antibodies reacting against endothelial cells, vascular structures, and heart and skeletal muscle cells (EVI antibodies) were studied in 10 patients (one to 14 years of age) treated with Nifurtimox. The patients were observed for several months to two years after the onset of symptoms of acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Although these 10 patients were selected because after treatment their sera became negative for antibodies to T. cruzi as detected by the immunofluorescence test, sera from six patients remained positive for EVI antibodies. It is suggested that EVI antibodies may be self-perpetuated in the absence of infection. Further studies are needed to determine the pathogenic significance of EVI antibodies.", "contents": "Tissue-reacting antibodies (EVI antibodies) in nifurtimox-treated patients with Chagas's disease. Antibodies reacting against endothelial cells, vascular structures, and heart and skeletal muscle cells (EVI antibodies) were studied in 10 patients (one to 14 years of age) treated with Nifurtimox. The patients were observed for several months to two years after the onset of symptoms of acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Although these 10 patients were selected because after treatment their sera became negative for antibodies to T. cruzi as detected by the immunofluorescence test, sera from six patients remained positive for EVI antibodies. It is suggested that EVI antibodies may be self-perpetuated in the absence of infection. Further studies are needed to determine the pathogenic significance of EVI antibodies.", "PMID": 100564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4310", "title": "Genetic control of cytolytic T-lymphocyte responses. I. Ir gene control of the specificity of cytolytic T-lymphocyte responses to trinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic cells.", "content": "The ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) induced in vitro to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic cells to cross-reactively lyse a TNP allogeneic spleen target varies among inbred mouse strains. The cross-reactive CTL phenotype was found to be histocompatibility 2 (H-2) linked and to be dominant in F1 hybrid mice. All strains investigated demonstrated cross-reactivity except for some strains bearing portions of the H-2k haplotype. The gene(s) controlling this response maps to the K and/or I-A region of the H-2 complex. We have termed the immune response (Ir) gene responsible for controlling the specificity of CTL induced to TNP-modified syngeneic cells Ir-X-TNP.", "contents": "Genetic control of cytolytic T-lymphocyte responses. I. Ir gene control of the specificity of cytolytic T-lymphocyte responses to trinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic cells. The ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) induced in vitro to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic cells to cross-reactively lyse a TNP allogeneic spleen target varies among inbred mouse strains. The cross-reactive CTL phenotype was found to be histocompatibility 2 (H-2) linked and to be dominant in F1 hybrid mice. All strains investigated demonstrated cross-reactivity except for some strains bearing portions of the H-2k haplotype. The gene(s) controlling this response maps to the K and/or I-A region of the H-2 complex. We have termed the immune response (Ir) gene responsible for controlling the specificity of CTL induced to TNP-modified syngeneic cells Ir-X-TNP.", "PMID": 100567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4311", "title": "Genetic control of cytolytic t-lymphocyte responses. II. The role of the host genotype in parental leads to F1 radiation chimeras in the control of the specificity of cytolytic T-lymphocyte responses to trinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic cells.", "content": "Bone marrow cells from C3H (H-2k) mice, a strain that does not exhibit cross-reactive lysis of trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified allogeneic targets, were allowed to mature in heavily irradiated (B6 times C3H)F1 (H-2b/k) recipients, an F1 hybrid that does demonstrate cross-reactive lysis. Spleen cells from these chimeric mice were removed after 3-4 mo and by H-2 typing shown to be of C3H origin. These cells were found to be tolerant to B6 alloantigens by mixed lymphocyte reaction and cell-mediated cytotoxicity and, when stimulated in vitro with TNP-modified syngeneic cells, now cross-reactively lysed TNP-modified allogeneic targets. These studies demonstrate that the host environment where T cells differentiate influences the specificity of the primary cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to TNP-modified syngeneic antigens.", "contents": "Genetic control of cytolytic t-lymphocyte responses. II. The role of the host genotype in parental leads to F1 radiation chimeras in the control of the specificity of cytolytic T-lymphocyte responses to trinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic cells. Bone marrow cells from C3H (H-2k) mice, a strain that does not exhibit cross-reactive lysis of trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified allogeneic targets, were allowed to mature in heavily irradiated (B6 times C3H)F1 (H-2b/k) recipients, an F1 hybrid that does demonstrate cross-reactive lysis. Spleen cells from these chimeric mice were removed after 3-4 mo and by H-2 typing shown to be of C3H origin. These cells were found to be tolerant to B6 alloantigens by mixed lymphocyte reaction and cell-mediated cytotoxicity and, when stimulated in vitro with TNP-modified syngeneic cells, now cross-reactively lysed TNP-modified allogeneic targets. These studies demonstrate that the host environment where T cells differentiate influences the specificity of the primary cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to TNP-modified syngeneic antigens.", "PMID": 100568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4312", "title": "Cytotoxic T-cell responses in mice infected with influenza and vaccinia viruses vary in magnitude with H-2 genotype.", "content": "Secondary effector T-cell populations generated by cross-priming with heterologous influenza A viruses operate only in H-2K or H-2D compatible situations, when assayed on SV40-transformed target cells infected with a range of influenza A viruses. The H2-Kb allele is associated with a total failure in the generation of influenza-immune cytotoxic T cells, though this is not seen for the primary response to vaccinia virus. In both influenza and vaccinia development of effector T cells operating at H-2Db is greatly depressed in B10.A(2R) (kkkddb) and B10.A(4R) (kkbbbb), but not in B10 (bbbbbb), mice. However, there is no defect in viral antigen expression at either H-2Kk or H-2Db in B10.A(2R) target cells. This apparently reflects some inadequacy in the stimulator environment, as (A/J X B6) F1 T cells can be induced to respond at H-2Db when exposed to vaccinia virus in an irradiated B6 but not in a B10.A(4R) recipient. The present report, together with the accompanying paper by Zinkernagel and colleagues, records the first rigorous demonstration of both a nonresponder situation and a probable Ir-gene effect for conventional infectious viruses. Possible implications for the evolution of H-2 polymorphism and mechanisms of Ir gene function are discussed.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T-cell responses in mice infected with influenza and vaccinia viruses vary in magnitude with H-2 genotype. Secondary effector T-cell populations generated by cross-priming with heterologous influenza A viruses operate only in H-2K or H-2D compatible situations, when assayed on SV40-transformed target cells infected with a range of influenza A viruses. The H2-Kb allele is associated with a total failure in the generation of influenza-immune cytotoxic T cells, though this is not seen for the primary response to vaccinia virus. In both influenza and vaccinia development of effector T cells operating at H-2Db is greatly depressed in B10.A(2R) (kkkddb) and B10.A(4R) (kkbbbb), but not in B10 (bbbbbb), mice. However, there is no defect in viral antigen expression at either H-2Kk or H-2Db in B10.A(2R) target cells. This apparently reflects some inadequacy in the stimulator environment, as (A/J X B6) F1 T cells can be induced to respond at H-2Db when exposed to vaccinia virus in an irradiated B6 but not in a B10.A(4R) recipient. The present report, together with the accompanying paper by Zinkernagel and colleagues, records the first rigorous demonstration of both a nonresponder situation and a probable Ir-gene effect for conventional infectious viruses. Possible implications for the evolution of H-2 polymorphism and mechanisms of Ir gene function are discussed.", "PMID": 100569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4313", "title": "In irradiation chimeras, K or D regions of the chimeric host, not of the donor lymphocytes, determine immune responsiveness of antiviral cytotoxic T cells.", "content": "The H-2 haplotype of the chimeric host determines the responder phenotype of maturing T cells. Spleen cells of chimeric mice formed when (K(k) nonresponder to D(b) x K(b) responder to D(b) plus vaccinia)F(1) bone marrow cells were used to reconstitute K(b)D(b) (C57BL/6 D(b) responder) irradiated recipients generated high levels of D(b) plus vaccinia virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. The same stem cells used to reconstitute K(k)D(b) (B10.A (2R) D(b) nonresponder) irradiated recipients resulted in spleen cells that responded well to K plus vaccinia, but responsiveness to D(b) was low. A generally low response to D(k) plus vaccinia, which seems to be regulated by D(k), was confirmed in chimeras. Thus, K(d)D(d) (D(d) plus vaccinia responder) stem cells differentiating in a K(d)D(k) chimeric host failed to generate a measurable response to D(k) plus vaccinia. In contrast, stem cells from K(d)D(k) (D(k) plus vaccinia low responders) differentiating in a K(d)D(d) (K(d) and D(d) high responders to vaccinia) host do generate responsiveness to D(d) plus vaccinia. These results indicate that in chimeras, the Ir phenotype is independent of the donor T cell's Ir genotype, and that thymic selection of a T cell's restriction specificity for a particular H-2 allele of the chimeric host also defines that T cell's/r phenotype.", "contents": "In irradiation chimeras, K or D regions of the chimeric host, not of the donor lymphocytes, determine immune responsiveness of antiviral cytotoxic T cells. The H-2 haplotype of the chimeric host determines the responder phenotype of maturing T cells. Spleen cells of chimeric mice formed when (K(k) nonresponder to D(b) x K(b) responder to D(b) plus vaccinia)F(1) bone marrow cells were used to reconstitute K(b)D(b) (C57BL/6 D(b) responder) irradiated recipients generated high levels of D(b) plus vaccinia virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. The same stem cells used to reconstitute K(k)D(b) (B10.A (2R) D(b) nonresponder) irradiated recipients resulted in spleen cells that responded well to K plus vaccinia, but responsiveness to D(b) was low. A generally low response to D(k) plus vaccinia, which seems to be regulated by D(k), was confirmed in chimeras. Thus, K(d)D(d) (D(d) plus vaccinia responder) stem cells differentiating in a K(d)D(k) chimeric host failed to generate a measurable response to D(k) plus vaccinia. In contrast, stem cells from K(d)D(k) (D(k) plus vaccinia low responders) differentiating in a K(d)D(d) (K(d) and D(d) high responders to vaccinia) host do generate responsiveness to D(d) plus vaccinia. These results indicate that in chimeras, the Ir phenotype is independent of the donor T cell's Ir genotype, and that thymic selection of a T cell's restriction specificity for a particular H-2 allele of the chimeric host also defines that T cell's/r phenotype.", "PMID": 100570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4314", "title": "Alternative pathways of T lymphocyte activation.", "content": "Data presented in this paper suggest that there may be two alternative pathways which T lymphocytes can use in generating a cytotoxic response to alloantigens in vitro. First, there is the pathway taken when stimulator and responder cells differ by an entire H-2 complex where Ly1+2- helper T lymphocytes respond to I region encoded lymphocyte defined differences and provide help to the Ly1-2+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes responsive primarily to K/D region encoded cytotoxicity defined determinants. Second, there is the pathway taken when stimulator and responder cells differ by only K or D region differences without an I region encoded difference; under these conditions, an Ly1+2+ cell, which does not appear to play a significant role in the development of a cytotoxic response to an entire H-2 difference, appears to play a pivotal role.", "contents": "Alternative pathways of T lymphocyte activation. Data presented in this paper suggest that there may be two alternative pathways which T lymphocytes can use in generating a cytotoxic response to alloantigens in vitro. First, there is the pathway taken when stimulator and responder cells differ by an entire H-2 complex where Ly1+2- helper T lymphocytes respond to I region encoded lymphocyte defined differences and provide help to the Ly1-2+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes responsive primarily to K/D region encoded cytotoxicity defined determinants. Second, there is the pathway taken when stimulator and responder cells differ by only K or D region differences without an I region encoded difference; under these conditions, an Ly1+2+ cell, which does not appear to play a significant role in the development of a cytotoxic response to an entire H-2 difference, appears to play a pivotal role.", "PMID": 100571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4315", "title": "Two-gene control of the expression of a murine Ia antigen.", "content": "Two dimensional polyacrylamide  gel electrophoresis of Non-Idet P-40 extracts and of specific Ia immunoprecipitates from [35S]methionine-labeled mouse spleen lymphocytes has revealed that the cell surface expression of some Ia antigens appears to be controlled by two genes. One locus, which maps in the I-A subregion, is probably the structural gene for an Ia polypeptide chain. The second locus, which maps between the I-J and H-2D regions, controls whether this I-A encoded molecule (Ae) remains in the cytoplasm or is modified and expressed on the cell surface. Complementation between these two loci allowing surface expression of Ae can occur in the cis or trans chromosomal position. Both the I-A molecule and a polypeptide chain coded for by a locus in I-E are coprecipitated by anti-I-E antibodies, suggesting that these two chains are associated with each other as a multisubunit complex in the cell. Because the ability to complement I-A for Ae expression is a property only of those strains which synthesize an I-E-encoded protein, it is likely that the I-E product itself is regulating the expression of Ae. These observations suggest several mechanisms by which interaction between two I region loci can generate new cell surface molecules. As a result, they may have important implications for understanding the molecular basis of two gene control of immune responsiveness and immune suppression.", "contents": "Two-gene control of the expression of a murine Ia antigen. Two dimensional polyacrylamide  gel electrophoresis of Non-Idet P-40 extracts and of specific Ia immunoprecipitates from [35S]methionine-labeled mouse spleen lymphocytes has revealed that the cell surface expression of some Ia antigens appears to be controlled by two genes. One locus, which maps in the I-A subregion, is probably the structural gene for an Ia polypeptide chain. The second locus, which maps between the I-J and H-2D regions, controls whether this I-A encoded molecule (Ae) remains in the cytoplasm or is modified and expressed on the cell surface. Complementation between these two loci allowing surface expression of Ae can occur in the cis or trans chromosomal position. Both the I-A molecule and a polypeptide chain coded for by a locus in I-E are coprecipitated by anti-I-E antibodies, suggesting that these two chains are associated with each other as a multisubunit complex in the cell. Because the ability to complement I-A for Ae expression is a property only of those strains which synthesize an I-E-encoded protein, it is likely that the I-E product itself is regulating the expression of Ae. These observations suggest several mechanisms by which interaction between two I region loci can generate new cell surface molecules. As a result, they may have important implications for understanding the molecular basis of two gene control of immune responsiveness and immune suppression.", "PMID": 100572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4316", "title": "In vitro sensitization of thymocytes. Role of H-21 I region determinants and cell-free mixed leukocyte culture supernates in generation of cytotoxic responses.", "content": "Stimulation of thymocytes in vitro by spleen cells differing for the entire H-2 complex leads to a significant proliferative response without a significant cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) response. Addition of soluble cell-free supernates (SF), (taken from a 7-day mixed leukocyte culture) enables these cultures to develop CML response. For optimal CML response, the SF has to be added within 48 h of onset of cultures. Although with spleen cells as responding cells, SF could quantitatively replace I-region different stimulating cells for generation of CML responses, with thymocytes as responding cells, stimulation with I-region cells appeared obligatory for the generation of CML responses. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro sensitization of thymocytes. Role of H-21 I region determinants and cell-free mixed leukocyte culture supernates in generation of cytotoxic responses. Stimulation of thymocytes in vitro by spleen cells differing for the entire H-2 complex leads to a significant proliferative response without a significant cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) response. Addition of soluble cell-free supernates (SF), (taken from a 7-day mixed leukocyte culture) enables these cultures to develop CML response. For optimal CML response, the SF has to be added within 48 h of onset of cultures. Although with spleen cells as responding cells, SF could quantitatively replace I-region different stimulating cells for generation of CML responses, with thymocytes as responding cells, stimulation with I-region cells appeared obligatory for the generation of CML responses. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 100573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4317", "title": "Induction of human immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion in somatic cell hybrids of mouse myeloma and human B lymphocytes from patients with agammaglobulinemia.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrid clones were isolated from the fusion of RPC 5,4 mouse myeloma cells and B lymphocytes from three patients with agammaglobulinemia. One patient had X-linked agammaglobulinemia; the remaining two patients had common varied agammaglobulinemia. All three patients had B lymphocytes which fail to secrete immunoglobulin. The hybrid nature of the clones was established by examination of metaphase chromosome spreads. Most of the clones from all three patients expressed surface immunoglobulin of mouse and human parental origin. Clones from two of the patients had fewer cells with surface Ig than hybrids from normal persons, while clones from the third patient had large numbers of surface Ig fluorescent cells. Most of the clones from all three patients synthesized and secreted human and mouse immunoglobulin. As determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis of radioactively labeled proteins, clones from each of the patients produced human gamma, alpha, and mu-heavy chains. These studies demonstrate the presence of functional structural genes coding for human immunoglobulin heavy chains in B lymphocytes of patients with agammaglobulinemia. Further, they represent induction in the somatic cell hybrids of a gene product not expressed in the parental B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Induction of human immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion in somatic cell hybrids of mouse myeloma and human B lymphocytes from patients with agammaglobulinemia. Somatic cell hybrid clones were isolated from the fusion of RPC 5,4 mouse myeloma cells and B lymphocytes from three patients with agammaglobulinemia. One patient had X-linked agammaglobulinemia; the remaining two patients had common varied agammaglobulinemia. All three patients had B lymphocytes which fail to secrete immunoglobulin. The hybrid nature of the clones was established by examination of metaphase chromosome spreads. Most of the clones from all three patients expressed surface immunoglobulin of mouse and human parental origin. Clones from two of the patients had fewer cells with surface Ig than hybrids from normal persons, while clones from the third patient had large numbers of surface Ig fluorescent cells. Most of the clones from all three patients synthesized and secreted human and mouse immunoglobulin. As determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis of radioactively labeled proteins, clones from each of the patients produced human gamma, alpha, and mu-heavy chains. These studies demonstrate the presence of functional structural genes coding for human immunoglobulin heavy chains in B lymphocytes of patients with agammaglobulinemia. Further, they represent induction in the somatic cell hybrids of a gene product not expressed in the parental B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 100574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4318", "title": "Differences in the time course of regional cerebral hemo-dynamics of gray and white matter during experimental hypertension.", "content": "Investigations concerned with the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy have reported two opposing changes in cerebral hemodynamics during induced hypertension: (1) vasospasm or vasoconstriction of the leptomeningeal arteries and (2) increase of cerebral blood flow which has been termed \"breakthrough\" of the cerebral autoregulation. To resolve this apparent conflict, continuous measurements of focal cerebral flow and oxygen availability were made in 17 baboons by the use of implanted platinum electrodes placed in both gray and white matter during induced hypertension. Autoregulation was initially well maintained in gray matter followed by \"breakthrough\" but the autoregulatory response was poorly maintained in the cerebral white matter. The vasoconstriction of the leptomeningeal arteries reported in earlier investigations from observations made through a skull window appears to be due to a marked autoregulatory response to hypertension rather than vasospasm. The autoregulatory response appears to be efficient in gray matter but relatively deficient in white matter.", "contents": "Differences in the time course of regional cerebral hemo-dynamics of gray and white matter during experimental hypertension. Investigations concerned with the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy have reported two opposing changes in cerebral hemodynamics during induced hypertension: (1) vasospasm or vasoconstriction of the leptomeningeal arteries and (2) increase of cerebral blood flow which has been termed \"breakthrough\" of the cerebral autoregulation. To resolve this apparent conflict, continuous measurements of focal cerebral flow and oxygen availability were made in 17 baboons by the use of implanted platinum electrodes placed in both gray and white matter during induced hypertension. Autoregulation was initially well maintained in gray matter followed by \"breakthrough\" but the autoregulatory response was poorly maintained in the cerebral white matter. The vasoconstriction of the leptomeningeal arteries reported in earlier investigations from observations made through a skull window appears to be due to a marked autoregulatory response to hypertension rather than vasospasm. The autoregulatory response appears to be efficient in gray matter but relatively deficient in white matter.", "PMID": 100582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4319", "title": "Teichoic acid serology in staphylococcal infections of infants and children.", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and gel diffusion were utilized for the detection and titration of antibodies to staphylococcal teichoic acids in various disease states caused by coagulase-positive staphylococcus in infants and children. Serum samples were obtained on admission and serially for 2 to 12 weeks during illness. Teichoic acid antibodies were found by CIE in 12 of 21 patients (57%) with invasive CPS disease with bacteremia (Group A), in two of 17 patients (12%) with CPS infection without bacteremia (Group B), in none of 27 patients with bacteremia and/or invasive infections caused by organisms other than CPS (Group C), and in none of 24 noninfected, hospitalized patients or healthy children (Group D). Gel diffusion was useful for titrating antibodies in seropositive sera. Teichoic acid serology is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of invasive CPS infections. The presence of these antibodies by CIE and gel diffusion may help to identify patients with endothelial or metastatic infections associated with staphylococcal bacteremia.", "contents": "Teichoic acid serology in staphylococcal infections of infants and children. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and gel diffusion were utilized for the detection and titration of antibodies to staphylococcal teichoic acids in various disease states caused by coagulase-positive staphylococcus in infants and children. Serum samples were obtained on admission and serially for 2 to 12 weeks during illness. Teichoic acid antibodies were found by CIE in 12 of 21 patients (57%) with invasive CPS disease with bacteremia (Group A), in two of 17 patients (12%) with CPS infection without bacteremia (Group B), in none of 27 patients with bacteremia and/or invasive infections caused by organisms other than CPS (Group C), and in none of 24 noninfected, hospitalized patients or healthy children (Group D). Gel diffusion was useful for titrating antibodies in seropositive sera. Teichoic acid serology is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of invasive CPS infections. The presence of these antibodies by CIE and gel diffusion may help to identify patients with endothelial or metastatic infections associated with staphylococcal bacteremia.", "PMID": 100588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4320", "title": "Biliary excretion of diethylstilbestrol in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The biliary excretion of diethylstilbestrol in the bile fistula rhesus monkey was investigated during exogenous taurocholate- and taurodehydrocholate-induced choleresis. Following intravenous administration, 36% of the dose was excreted into the bile (as diethylstilbestrol monoglucuronide) and 53% in the urine (as diethylstilbestrol monoglucuronide plus more polar unidentified metabolites). During the steady-state infusion of diethylstilbestrol, with taurocholate-induced choleresis, a bile flow dependent transport for the biliary excretion of diethylstilbestrol monoglucuronide was observed. Evidence for carrier-mediated transport of this metabolite was a bile-to-blood concentration ratio which ranged from 228 to 279 during steady-state experiments. In vitro experiments indicated that diethylstilbestrol monoglucuronide forms an association with taurocholate, as well as the micellar structures of bile, resulting in a severalfold enhancement of solubility above that in aqueous buffer alone. Taurodehydrocholate, a non-micelle-forming bile salt, did not interact with this metabolite and had no effect on its solubility. Substitution of taurodehydrocholate for taurocholate during the steady-state infusion of diethylstilbestrol produced no significant changes in the transport of diethylstilbestrol monoglucuronide from blood to bile.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of diethylstilbestrol in the rhesus monkey. The biliary excretion of diethylstilbestrol in the bile fistula rhesus monkey was investigated during exogenous taurocholate- and taurodehydrocholate-induced choleresis. Following intravenous administration, 36% of the dose was excreted into the bile (as diethylstilbestrol monoglucuronide) and 53% in the urine (as diethylstilbestrol monoglucuronide plus more polar unidentified metabolites). During the steady-state infusion of diethylstilbestrol, with taurocholate-induced choleresis, a bile flow dependent transport for the biliary excretion of diethylstilbestrol monoglucuronide was observed. Evidence for carrier-mediated transport of this metabolite was a bile-to-blood concentration ratio which ranged from 228 to 279 during steady-state experiments. In vitro experiments indicated that diethylstilbestrol monoglucuronide forms an association with taurocholate, as well as the micellar structures of bile, resulting in a severalfold enhancement of solubility above that in aqueous buffer alone. Taurodehydrocholate, a non-micelle-forming bile salt, did not interact with this metabolite and had no effect on its solubility. Substitution of taurodehydrocholate for taurocholate during the steady-state infusion of diethylstilbestrol produced no significant changes in the transport of diethylstilbestrol monoglucuronide from blood to bile.", "PMID": 100590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4321", "title": "Nitroglycerin stability in polyethylene glycol 400 and povidone solutions.", "content": "The stability of solutions of nitroglycerin in several common pharmaceutical solvents and compounds used as tablet excipients was investigated using a UV spectrophoto metric assay. Included in the study were povidone (I), polyethylene glycol 400 (II), and solvents such as absolute alcohol, propylene glycol, and glycerol. At the elevatted temperatures of the accelerated stability studies, only II demonstrated a considerable adverse effect on the stability of the nitroglycerin solution. It is postulated that a \"reaction compound\" was formed between nitroglycerin and II which regenerated nitroglycerin depending on hydrolysis conditions. Based on the Arrhenius equation and with initial rates of up to 6 hr of degradation, the predicted stability for a II solution of nitroglycerin in terms of its 10% decomposition at 25 degrees was approximately 7 days.", "contents": "Nitroglycerin stability in polyethylene glycol 400 and povidone solutions. The stability of solutions of nitroglycerin in several common pharmaceutical solvents and compounds used as tablet excipients was investigated using a UV spectrophoto metric assay. Included in the study were povidone (I), polyethylene glycol 400 (II), and solvents such as absolute alcohol, propylene glycol, and glycerol. At the elevatted temperatures of the accelerated stability studies, only II demonstrated a considerable adverse effect on the stability of the nitroglycerin solution. It is postulated that a \"reaction compound\" was formed between nitroglycerin and II which regenerated nitroglycerin depending on hydrolysis conditions. Based on the Arrhenius equation and with initial rates of up to 6 hr of degradation, the predicted stability for a II solution of nitroglycerin in terms of its 10% decomposition at 25 degrees was approximately 7 days.", "PMID": 100591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4322", "title": "Interaction of cromolyn sodium in aqueous solution with magnesium ions.", "content": "The interaction of the antiasthmatic drug cromolyn sodium with Mg2+ ions in solution was studied. Selective ion electrode and torsion viscometer measurements were used to establish the degree of interaction. At the concentrations studied, the cromolyn ion had no more affinity for Mg2+ than SO42-. However, thixotropic gels were formed between 4 X 10(-2) M cromolyn sodium and 4 X 10(-4) Mg2+. At lower concentrations of Mg2+, viscosity still increased significantly. However, when the cromolyn concentration was lowered, the increase in viscosity was much less marked.", "contents": "Interaction of cromolyn sodium in aqueous solution with magnesium ions. The interaction of the antiasthmatic drug cromolyn sodium with Mg2+ ions in solution was studied. Selective ion electrode and torsion viscometer measurements were used to establish the degree of interaction. At the concentrations studied, the cromolyn ion had no more affinity for Mg2+ than SO42-. However, thixotropic gels were formed between 4 X 10(-2) M cromolyn sodium and 4 X 10(-4) Mg2+. At lower concentrations of Mg2+, viscosity still increased significantly. However, when the cromolyn concentration was lowered, the increase in viscosity was much less marked.", "PMID": 100592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4323", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for danazol in human and monkey plasma.", "content": "A sensitive method is described for the radioimmunoassay of danazol in monkey and human plasma. Antiserum was developed in rabbits, and a second antibody was used to separate bound from free danazol. The radioimmunoassay was specific for danazol, and the limit of detection ranged from 1.4 to 2.8 ng/ml. Exogeneous danazol could be quantitated accurately in both monkey and human plasma. The radioimmunoassay results agreed with values obtained by inverse isotope dilution after intravenous administration of 14C-danazol to monkeys. The assay was used successfully to measure danazol in plasma from human volunteers receiving 200 mg of danazol.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for danazol in human and monkey plasma. A sensitive method is described for the radioimmunoassay of danazol in monkey and human plasma. Antiserum was developed in rabbits, and a second antibody was used to separate bound from free danazol. The radioimmunoassay was specific for danazol, and the limit of detection ranged from 1.4 to 2.8 ng/ml. Exogeneous danazol could be quantitated accurately in both monkey and human plasma. The radioimmunoassay results agreed with values obtained by inverse isotope dilution after intravenous administration of 14C-danazol to monkeys. The assay was used successfully to measure danazol in plasma from human volunteers receiving 200 mg of danazol.", "PMID": 100593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4324", "title": "Identification of endogenous gamma-hydroxybutyrate in human and bovine brain and its regional distribution in human, guinea pig and rhesus monkey brain.", "content": "Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a compound that has interesting neuropharmacological actions when administered systemically, was shown by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to be present in postmortem samples of human brain in concentrations ranging from 2 to 20 nmol/g. Tissue samples from the basal ganglia contained 2 to 3 times as much GHB as tissue samples from cortical regions. The regional brain distribution of GHB was examined in the guinea pig and rhesus monkey and found to parallel the distribution observed in human brain. The levels of GHB found in the regional areas of human and monkey brain investigated were higher than the levels found in similar regions of guinea-pig brain. Additional studies demonstrated that there is a slow postmortem increase (about 2-fold) in the endogenous levels of GHB in bovine caudate and guinea-pig brain which is maximal about 6 hr postmortem. This postmortem increase could in part explain the higher levels of GHB found in human brain. However, postmortem changes could not account for the large differences observed in the levels of GHB found in bovine caudate and those found in guinea-pig, monkey and human caudate. Only traces of GHB could be detected in human blood and cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Identification of endogenous gamma-hydroxybutyrate in human and bovine brain and its regional distribution in human, guinea pig and rhesus monkey brain. Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a compound that has interesting neuropharmacological actions when administered systemically, was shown by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to be present in postmortem samples of human brain in concentrations ranging from 2 to 20 nmol/g. Tissue samples from the basal ganglia contained 2 to 3 times as much GHB as tissue samples from cortical regions. The regional brain distribution of GHB was examined in the guinea pig and rhesus monkey and found to parallel the distribution observed in human brain. The levels of GHB found in the regional areas of human and monkey brain investigated were higher than the levels found in similar regions of guinea-pig brain. Additional studies demonstrated that there is a slow postmortem increase (about 2-fold) in the endogenous levels of GHB in bovine caudate and guinea-pig brain which is maximal about 6 hr postmortem. This postmortem increase could in part explain the higher levels of GHB found in human brain. However, postmortem changes could not account for the large differences observed in the levels of GHB found in bovine caudate and those found in guinea-pig, monkey and human caudate. Only traces of GHB could be detected in human blood and cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 100596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4325", "title": "Changes in the effects of d-amphetamine on escape responding by its prior effects on punished responding.", "content": "Responses of squirrel monkeys adjusted the intensity of a continuous electric shock under two different schedules. In one schedule, responses decreased a shock intensity which otherwise was increased at a fixed rate (escape). In the other schedule, responses produced food pellets but also increased a shock intensity which otherwise decreased at a fixed rate (punishment). When animals were first studied under the escape schedule, d-amphetamine increased responding. Similarly, when animals had an intervening experience under the punishment schedule with no drugs administered, or when the drug was given but shock increments were tempoerarily eliminated during those drug sessions, d-amphetamine still increased subsequent escape responding. However, when animals under the punishment schedule were given d-amphetamine and shock increments occurred as usual during the drug session, the drug no longer increased either punished or subsequent escape responding. The effects of d-amphetamine on escape responding were completely different depending on the individual's prior drug experience.", "contents": "Changes in the effects of d-amphetamine on escape responding by its prior effects on punished responding. Responses of squirrel monkeys adjusted the intensity of a continuous electric shock under two different schedules. In one schedule, responses decreased a shock intensity which otherwise was increased at a fixed rate (escape). In the other schedule, responses produced food pellets but also increased a shock intensity which otherwise decreased at a fixed rate (punishment). When animals were first studied under the escape schedule, d-amphetamine increased responding. Similarly, when animals had an intervening experience under the punishment schedule with no drugs administered, or when the drug was given but shock increments were tempoerarily eliminated during those drug sessions, d-amphetamine still increased subsequent escape responding. However, when animals under the punishment schedule were given d-amphetamine and shock increments occurred as usual during the drug session, the drug no longer increased either punished or subsequent escape responding. The effects of d-amphetamine on escape responding were completely different depending on the individual's prior drug experience.", "PMID": 100597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4326", "title": "Viscoelastic properties of the periodontal ligament and mucous membrane.", "content": "Load deformation studies were carried out on the maxillary arches of three adult Macaca irus monkeys using tooth-borne and tissue-borne plates. By means of an electronically controlled dynamometer, forces with different loading rates, creep, and simulated chewing loads were applied to the plates. The displacement was measured electronically relative to posterior teeth using a linear variable displacement transducer. The six main viscoelastic features noted by other workers for individual teeth under load have been confirmed for the test plates and can be attributed to the connective tissues in the periodontium and in the mucosa. The magnitude of displacement of the tissue-borne plate, however, was appreciably greater than for the tooth-borne plate, and the recovery was far slower. Reducing the part of the plate in contact with mucosa produced greater intrusion, and reducing the number of teeth supporting the tooth-borne plate produced greater displacement.", "contents": "Viscoelastic properties of the periodontal ligament and mucous membrane. Load deformation studies were carried out on the maxillary arches of three adult Macaca irus monkeys using tooth-borne and tissue-borne plates. By means of an electronically controlled dynamometer, forces with different loading rates, creep, and simulated chewing loads were applied to the plates. The displacement was measured electronically relative to posterior teeth using a linear variable displacement transducer. The six main viscoelastic features noted by other workers for individual teeth under load have been confirmed for the test plates and can be attributed to the connective tissues in the periodontium and in the mucosa. The magnitude of displacement of the tissue-borne plate, however, was appreciably greater than for the tooth-borne plate, and the recovery was far slower. Reducing the part of the plate in contact with mucosa produced greater intrusion, and reducing the number of teeth supporting the tooth-borne plate produced greater displacement.", "PMID": 100600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4327", "title": "Does acetylcholine change the electrical resistance of the basal membrane of secretory cells in eccrine sweat glands?", "content": "The present experiment was intended to study whether or not acetylcholine decreases the electrical resistance of the basal membrane of secretory cells in stimulating eccrine secretion of fluid and electrolytes. An isolated segment of the secretory coil of the monkey palm eccrine sweat gland was dissected out in vitro and immobilized in the tip of a constriction pipette. Using a bridge-balanced single glass microelectrode, input impedance of the secretory cell was compared before and after local superfusion of acetylcholine in each cell. The mean input impedance was 27 Momega, which did not significantly change after application of acetylcholine. Between 15 and 30 sec after cessation of acetylcholine superfusion, input impedance increased by 42% and then returned to normal within 60 sec. The current-induced voltage deflection due to intraluminally injected current pulse was measured across both the basal membrane (deltaVb) and the epithelial wall (deltaVt) as qualitative measures of the respective membrane resistances. Both deltaVb and deltaVt increased by about 10%, but their ratio remained unchanged after stimulation with acetylcholine. A Ca++ ionophore, A23187, which is as potent a stimulant of eccrine sweat secretion as acetylcholine in vitro, also failed to change the above two parameters. It was concluded that the decrease in the electrical resistance of the basal membrane of the secretory cells could not be detected in the sweat gland after stimulation with acetylcholine or A23187. The possibility was discussed that the action of acetylcholine at the basal membrane is one of enhancing the activity of the nonconductive pathway rather than the conductive pathway in this exocrine gland.", "contents": "Does acetylcholine change the electrical resistance of the basal membrane of secretory cells in eccrine sweat glands? The present experiment was intended to study whether or not acetylcholine decreases the electrical resistance of the basal membrane of secretory cells in stimulating eccrine secretion of fluid and electrolytes. An isolated segment of the secretory coil of the monkey palm eccrine sweat gland was dissected out in vitro and immobilized in the tip of a constriction pipette. Using a bridge-balanced single glass microelectrode, input impedance of the secretory cell was compared before and after local superfusion of acetylcholine in each cell. The mean input impedance was 27 Momega, which did not significantly change after application of acetylcholine. Between 15 and 30 sec after cessation of acetylcholine superfusion, input impedance increased by 42% and then returned to normal within 60 sec. The current-induced voltage deflection due to intraluminally injected current pulse was measured across both the basal membrane (deltaVb) and the epithelial wall (deltaVt) as qualitative measures of the respective membrane resistances. Both deltaVb and deltaVt increased by about 10%, but their ratio remained unchanged after stimulation with acetylcholine. A Ca++ ionophore, A23187, which is as potent a stimulant of eccrine sweat secretion as acetylcholine in vitro, also failed to change the above two parameters. It was concluded that the decrease in the electrical resistance of the basal membrane of the secretory cells could not be detected in the sweat gland after stimulation with acetylcholine or A23187. The possibility was discussed that the action of acetylcholine at the basal membrane is one of enhancing the activity of the nonconductive pathway rather than the conductive pathway in this exocrine gland.", "PMID": 100601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4328", "title": "DNA repair synthesis in rat retinal ganglion cells treated with chemical carcinogens or ultraviolet light in vitro, with special reference to aging and repair level.", "content": "A system in which the retinal tissues of noninbred Wistar rats were used in combination with autoradiography was developed for measurement of DNA repair synthesis in ganglion cells of the central nervous system. Retinal tissues in short-term organ culture were treated with various carcinogens plus tritiated thymidine ([methyl-3H]dThd) or were irradiated with UV light and then treated with [methyl-3H]dThd. Preliminary study with retinal tissues from rats at various ages revealed no age-associated changes in the levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis in ganglion cells.", "contents": "DNA repair synthesis in rat retinal ganglion cells treated with chemical carcinogens or ultraviolet light in vitro, with special reference to aging and repair level. A system in which the retinal tissues of noninbred Wistar rats were used in combination with autoradiography was developed for measurement of DNA repair synthesis in ganglion cells of the central nervous system. Retinal tissues in short-term organ culture were treated with various carcinogens plus tritiated thymidine ([methyl-3H]dThd) or were irradiated with UV light and then treated with [methyl-3H]dThd. Preliminary study with retinal tissues from rats at various ages revealed no age-associated changes in the levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis in ganglion cells.", "PMID": 100602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4329", "title": "Comparison of the effects of beeswax: trioctanoin and trioctanoin vehicles on 3-methylcholanthrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene subcutaneous carcinogenesis in three strains of mice and one hybrid.", "content": "Subcutaneous tumor induction with three dose levels of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), benzo[a]pyrene (BP), and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in two vehicles was studied in C3H/Anf Cum, C57BL/6 Cum, DBA/2J, and (C57BLXC3H/Anf)F1 (BC3F1/Cum) mice. Median tumor dose levels were significantly lower when the three carcinogens were suspended in trioctanoin. When beeswax: trioctanoin (B:T) was used as a vehicle, the three carcinogens differed in their abilities to be absorbed or solubilized from the vehicle by the three strains of mice and the hybrid. In C3H/Anf mice, BP in B:T failed to produce tumors. In BC3F1 mice, no tumors were produced by MCA, BP, or DMBA in B:T. In C57BL/6 mice, no tumors were produced with DMBA or MCA in B:T. In DBA/2 mice, no tumors were produced by BP or MCA in B:T. These results indicated that the interpretation of tumor induction results obtained with B:T vehicle may be related to the conditions of bioassay rather than to the carcinogenic potential of a compound.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of beeswax: trioctanoin and trioctanoin vehicles on 3-methylcholanthrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene subcutaneous carcinogenesis in three strains of mice and one hybrid. Subcutaneous tumor induction with three dose levels of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), benzo[a]pyrene (BP), and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in two vehicles was studied in C3H/Anf Cum, C57BL/6 Cum, DBA/2J, and (C57BLXC3H/Anf)F1 (BC3F1/Cum) mice. Median tumor dose levels were significantly lower when the three carcinogens were suspended in trioctanoin. When beeswax: trioctanoin (B:T) was used as a vehicle, the three carcinogens differed in their abilities to be absorbed or solubilized from the vehicle by the three strains of mice and the hybrid. In C3H/Anf mice, BP in B:T failed to produce tumors. In BC3F1 mice, no tumors were produced by MCA, BP, or DMBA in B:T. In C57BL/6 mice, no tumors were produced with DMBA or MCA in B:T. In DBA/2 mice, no tumors were produced by BP or MCA in B:T. These results indicated that the interpretation of tumor induction results obtained with B:T vehicle may be related to the conditions of bioassay rather than to the carcinogenic potential of a compound.", "PMID": 100603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4330", "title": "Mechanism of genetic resistance to Friend virus leukemia in mice. V. Relevance of Fv-3 gene in the regulation of in vivo immunosuppression.", "content": "Infection with the Friend murine leukemia virus complex (F-MuLV) suppressed humoral antibody synthesis in vivo and lymphocyte mitogenesis in vitro. Both these effects of F-MuLV were under host genetic control. In vitro suppression of lymphocyte mitogenesis was regulated by a single autosomal gene called Fv-3 that is dominant for susceptibility. Genetic analyses, with the use of the susceptible DBA/2 and resistant B10.D2/n parents, their F1, intercross, and backcross progeny, indicated that a single autosomal gene dominant for susceptibility regulated the in vivo susceptibility to immunosuppression by F-MuLV. Individual [(DBA/2xB10.D2)F1xB10.D2] mice were typed both for susceptibility to F-MuLV-induced suppression of lymphocyte mitogenesis in vitro (an Fv-3 function) and susceptibility to immunosuppression by F-MuLV in vivo. Such an analysis indicated that the same mice that were susceptible or resistant to immunosuppression in vivo were susceptible or resistant to suppression of lymphocyte mitogenesis in vitro. Spearman's rank analysis of the data also indicated that the in vivo and in vitro immunosuppressive effects of F-MuLV were correlated with and not independent of each other. Thus Fv-3, which regulates the effect of F-MuLV on lymphocytes in vitro, also appears to regulate the effect of F-MuLV on antibody-forming cells in vivo.", "contents": "Mechanism of genetic resistance to Friend virus leukemia in mice. V. Relevance of Fv-3 gene in the regulation of in vivo immunosuppression. Infection with the Friend murine leukemia virus complex (F-MuLV) suppressed humoral antibody synthesis in vivo and lymphocyte mitogenesis in vitro. Both these effects of F-MuLV were under host genetic control. In vitro suppression of lymphocyte mitogenesis was regulated by a single autosomal gene called Fv-3 that is dominant for susceptibility. Genetic analyses, with the use of the susceptible DBA/2 and resistant B10.D2/n parents, their F1, intercross, and backcross progeny, indicated that a single autosomal gene dominant for susceptibility regulated the in vivo susceptibility to immunosuppression by F-MuLV. Individual [(DBA/2xB10.D2)F1xB10.D2] mice were typed both for susceptibility to F-MuLV-induced suppression of lymphocyte mitogenesis in vitro (an Fv-3 function) and susceptibility to immunosuppression by F-MuLV in vivo. Such an analysis indicated that the same mice that were susceptible or resistant to immunosuppression in vivo were susceptible or resistant to suppression of lymphocyte mitogenesis in vitro. Spearman's rank analysis of the data also indicated that the in vivo and in vitro immunosuppressive effects of F-MuLV were correlated with and not independent of each other. Thus Fv-3, which regulates the effect of F-MuLV on lymphocytes in vitro, also appears to regulate the effect of F-MuLV on antibody-forming cells in vivo.", "PMID": 100604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4331", "title": "Effect of chemical carcinogen treatment on the immunogenicity of mouse mammary tumors arising from hyperplastic alveolar nodule outgrowth lines.", "content": "The experiments reported herein examined the effects of chemical carcinogen treatment of precursor hyperplastic alveolar nodules on the immunogenicity of subsequent mammary tumors in mice. The results of in vitro immunogenicity assays were compared with those of in vivo transplantation resistance tests. This comparison demonstrated that the in vitro assays predicted qualitatively and quantitatively the results from the in vivo test. In addition, the data suggested that the immunogenicity of a tumor depends on events occurring during the development of precursor hyperplastic alveolar nodules rather than during the development of subsequent mammary tumors.", "contents": "Effect of chemical carcinogen treatment on the immunogenicity of mouse mammary tumors arising from hyperplastic alveolar nodule outgrowth lines. The experiments reported herein examined the effects of chemical carcinogen treatment of precursor hyperplastic alveolar nodules on the immunogenicity of subsequent mammary tumors in mice. The results of in vitro immunogenicity assays were compared with those of in vivo transplantation resistance tests. This comparison demonstrated that the in vitro assays predicted qualitatively and quantitatively the results from the in vivo test. In addition, the data suggested that the immunogenicity of a tumor depends on events occurring during the development of precursor hyperplastic alveolar nodules rather than during the development of subsequent mammary tumors.", "PMID": 100605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4332", "title": "Bacteriophage SPO1 development: defects in a gene 31 mutant.", "content": "SPO1 temperature-sensitive mutant ts14-1, located in cistron 31, has a DD (DNA synthesis-delayed) phenotype at 37 degrees C and produces progeny in a stretched program. At 44 degrees C it behaves as a DO (DNA synthesis-defective) mutant and shuts off the viral RNA synthesis about 10 min after infection. The thermal sensitivity of this mutant is due to the inactivity of gp-31 (the product of gene 31) at 44 degrees C. However, gp-31 is synthesized at that temperature and partly recovers its activity at 37 degrees C. Only 5 min at the permissive temperature is enough to trigger the continuation of the phage program and to produce progeny. The partial defect at 37 degrees C and the expansion of the middle program together with the pleiotropic defects at the nonpermissive temperature could be suitable for the study of the controls involved in bacteriophage development.", "contents": "Bacteriophage SPO1 development: defects in a gene 31 mutant. SPO1 temperature-sensitive mutant ts14-1, located in cistron 31, has a DD (DNA synthesis-delayed) phenotype at 37 degrees C and produces progeny in a stretched program. At 44 degrees C it behaves as a DO (DNA synthesis-defective) mutant and shuts off the viral RNA synthesis about 10 min after infection. The thermal sensitivity of this mutant is due to the inactivity of gp-31 (the product of gene 31) at 44 degrees C. However, gp-31 is synthesized at that temperature and partly recovers its activity at 37 degrees C. Only 5 min at the permissive temperature is enough to trigger the continuation of the phage program and to produce progeny. The partial defect at 37 degrees C and the expansion of the middle program together with the pleiotropic defects at the nonpermissive temperature could be suitable for the study of the controls involved in bacteriophage development.", "PMID": 100606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4333", "title": "Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages SP82, SPO1, and phie: a comparison of DNAs and of peptides synthesized during infection.", "content": "The genomes of Bacillus subtilis phages phie, SPO1, and SP82 were compared by DNA-DNA hybridization, analysis of DNA fragments produced by digestion with restriction endonucleases, comparison of the arrays of peptides synthesized during infection, and phage neutralization. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicated that about 78% of the SP82 DNA was homologous with SPO1 DNA, whereas 40% of the phie DNA was homologous to either SPO1 or SP82 DNA. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to compare the molecular weights of DNA fragments produced by cleavage of SP82, SPO1, and phie DNAs with the restriction endonucleases Hae III, Sal I, Hpa II, and Hha I. Digestion of the DNAs with Hae III and Sal I produced only a few fragments, whereas digestion with Hpa II and Hha I yielded 29 to 40 fragments, depending on the DNA and the enzyme. Comparing the Hpa II fragments, 51% of the SP82 fragments had mobilities which matched those of SPO1 fragments, 32% of the SP82 fragments matched the phie fragments, and 34% of the SPO1 fragments matched the phie fragments. Comparing the Hha I digestion products, 62% of the SP82 fragments had mobilities matching the SPO1 fragments, 24% of the SP82 fragments matched the phie fragments, and 22% of the SPO1 fragments matched the phie fragments. Analysis of peptides by electrophoresis on one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gels showed that approximately 70 phage-specific peptides were synthesized in the first 24 min of each infection. With mobility and the intervals of synthesis as criteria, 66% of the different SP82 peptides matched the SPO1 peptides, 34% of the SP82 peptides matched the phie peptides, and 37% of the SPO1 peptides matched the phie peptides. Phage neutralization assays using antiserum to SP82 yielded K values of 510 for SP82, 240 for SPO1, and 120 for phie.", "contents": "Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages SP82, SPO1, and phie: a comparison of DNAs and of peptides synthesized during infection. The genomes of Bacillus subtilis phages phie, SPO1, and SP82 were compared by DNA-DNA hybridization, analysis of DNA fragments produced by digestion with restriction endonucleases, comparison of the arrays of peptides synthesized during infection, and phage neutralization. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicated that about 78% of the SP82 DNA was homologous with SPO1 DNA, whereas 40% of the phie DNA was homologous to either SPO1 or SP82 DNA. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to compare the molecular weights of DNA fragments produced by cleavage of SP82, SPO1, and phie DNAs with the restriction endonucleases Hae III, Sal I, Hpa II, and Hha I. Digestion of the DNAs with Hae III and Sal I produced only a few fragments, whereas digestion with Hpa II and Hha I yielded 29 to 40 fragments, depending on the DNA and the enzyme. Comparing the Hpa II fragments, 51% of the SP82 fragments had mobilities which matched those of SPO1 fragments, 32% of the SP82 fragments matched the phie fragments, and 34% of the SPO1 fragments matched the phie fragments. Comparing the Hha I digestion products, 62% of the SP82 fragments had mobilities matching the SPO1 fragments, 24% of the SP82 fragments matched the phie fragments, and 22% of the SPO1 fragments matched the phie fragments. Analysis of peptides by electrophoresis on one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gels showed that approximately 70 phage-specific peptides were synthesized in the first 24 min of each infection. With mobility and the intervals of synthesis as criteria, 66% of the different SP82 peptides matched the SPO1 peptides, 34% of the SP82 peptides matched the phie peptides, and 37% of the SPO1 peptides matched the phie peptides. Phage neutralization assays using antiserum to SP82 yielded K values of 510 for SP82, 240 for SPO1, and 120 for phie.", "PMID": 100607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4334", "title": "Genome-linked protein associated with the 5' termini of bacteriophage phi29 DNA.", "content": "A DNA-protein complex was isolated from Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi29 by sucrose gradient sedimentation or gel filtration in the presence of agents known to break noncovalent bonds. A 28,000-dalton protein was released from this complex by subsequent hydrolysis of the DNA. The DNA-protein complex was examined for its susceptibility to enzymes which act upon the 5' and 3' termini of DNA molecules. It was susceptible to exonucleolytic degradation from the 3' termini by exonuclease III but not from the 5' termini by lambda exonuclease. Attempts to label radioactively the 5' termini by phosphorylation with T4 polynucleotide kinase were unsuccessful despite prior treatment with alkaline phosphatase or phosphatase treatment of denatured DNA. Removal of the majority of the bound protein by proteolytic digestion did not increase susceptibility. These results suggest that the linked protein is covalently attached to the 5' termini of phi29 DNA.", "contents": "Genome-linked protein associated with the 5' termini of bacteriophage phi29 DNA. A DNA-protein complex was isolated from Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi29 by sucrose gradient sedimentation or gel filtration in the presence of agents known to break noncovalent bonds. A 28,000-dalton protein was released from this complex by subsequent hydrolysis of the DNA. The DNA-protein complex was examined for its susceptibility to enzymes which act upon the 5' and 3' termini of DNA molecules. It was susceptible to exonucleolytic degradation from the 3' termini by exonuclease III but not from the 5' termini by lambda exonuclease. Attempts to label radioactively the 5' termini by phosphorylation with T4 polynucleotide kinase were unsuccessful despite prior treatment with alkaline phosphatase or phosphatase treatment of denatured DNA. Removal of the majority of the bound protein by proteolytic digestion did not increase susceptibility. These results suggest that the linked protein is covalently attached to the 5' termini of phi29 DNA.", "PMID": 100608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4335", "title": "Evidence that the neck appendages are adsorption organelles in Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi29.", "content": "A mutant of Bacillus subtilis unable to adsorb phage phi29 efficiently has been isolated. This mutant can be infected by host range mutants of the phage. Since the host range mutations map in cistron 12, which codes for neck appendage protein, this would tend to confirm that these organelles are involved in viral adsorption.", "contents": "Evidence that the neck appendages are adsorption organelles in Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi29. A mutant of Bacillus subtilis unable to adsorb phage phi29 efficiently has been isolated. This mutant can be infected by host range mutants of the phage. Since the host range mutations map in cistron 12, which codes for neck appendage protein, this would tend to confirm that these organelles are involved in viral adsorption.", "PMID": 100609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4336", "title": "Control of corynebacteriophage reproduction by heteroimmune repression.", "content": "Corynebacteriophages beta and gamma are closely related but heteroimmune; hence, gamma reproduces in C7(beta). A series of gamma mutants, designated gamma-bin (beta-inhibited), has been isolated. They reproduce in only 2 to 14% of infected C7(beta) cells, and, as a result, plaque with an efficiency of 10(-4) to 10(-5) on this strain. The proportion of C7(beta) cells in which gamma-bin phage can replicate is increased to 30 to 80% when immunity is lifted by UV induction of C7(beta) or by heat induction of C7(beta-tsr3). The gamma-bin mutants carry out a normal vegetative or lysogenic cycle in strain C7 and thus do not appear to be defective in any essential phage function. Infection of C7(beta) by gamma-bin results in cell killing whether the infection is productive or nonproductive. The data support the hypothesis that inhibition of gamma-bin is due to the direct or indirect action of a beta prophage gene. The simplest hypothesis is that gamma-bin phages have sustained mutations in an operator site and that beta repressor now combines with the mutated operator to inhibit normal replication in a significant proportion of infected cells.", "contents": "Control of corynebacteriophage reproduction by heteroimmune repression. Corynebacteriophages beta and gamma are closely related but heteroimmune; hence, gamma reproduces in C7(beta). A series of gamma mutants, designated gamma-bin (beta-inhibited), has been isolated. They reproduce in only 2 to 14% of infected C7(beta) cells, and, as a result, plaque with an efficiency of 10(-4) to 10(-5) on this strain. The proportion of C7(beta) cells in which gamma-bin phage can replicate is increased to 30 to 80% when immunity is lifted by UV induction of C7(beta) or by heat induction of C7(beta-tsr3). The gamma-bin mutants carry out a normal vegetative or lysogenic cycle in strain C7 and thus do not appear to be defective in any essential phage function. Infection of C7(beta) by gamma-bin results in cell killing whether the infection is productive or nonproductive. The data support the hypothesis that inhibition of gamma-bin is due to the direct or indirect action of a beta prophage gene. The simplest hypothesis is that gamma-bin phages have sustained mutations in an operator site and that beta repressor now combines with the mutated operator to inhibit normal replication in a significant proportion of infected cells.", "PMID": 100610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4337", "title": "Evidence for an adenovirus type 2-coded early glycoprotein.", "content": "We have identified an adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-induced early glycopolypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 20,000 to 21,000 (20/21K), as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 20/21K polypeptide could be labeled in vivo with [(3)H]glucosamine. [(35)S]methionine- and [(3)H]-glucosamine-labeled 20/21K polypeptides bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose columns and were eluted with 0.2 M methyl-alpha-d-mannoside. The pulse-labeled polypeptide appeared as a sharp band with an apparent molecular weight of 21K, but after a chase it converted to multiple bands with an average molecular weight of 20K. This variability in electrophoretic mobility is consistent with glycosylation or deglycosylation of the 20/21K polypeptide. Analysis of the pulse and pulse-chase-labeled forms by using partial proteolysis indicated that the polypeptides were highly related chemically, but not identical. Most of the 20/21K polypeptide is localized in the cytoplasm fraction of infected cells lysed by Nonidet P-40. The 20/21K polypeptide and a 44K polypeptide, labeled with [(35)S]methionine or [(3)H]glucosamine in Ad2-infected human cells, were precipitated by a rat antiserum against an Ad2-transformed rat cell line (T2C4), but not by antisera against three other Ad2-transformed rat cell lines, or by serum from nonimmune rats. The partial proteolysis patterns of the 20/21K and the 44K polypeptides were indistinguishable, indicating that the two polypeptides are highly related, and suggesting that the 44K polypeptide might be a dimer of the 20/21K polypeptide. The 20/21K polypeptide was also induced in Ad2-early infected monkey and hamster cells. These results imply that the 20/21K polypeptide is synthesized in Ad2-infected human, monkey, and hamster cells, and in one but not all Ad2-transformed rat cells. Thus, the 20/21K polypeptide is probably viral coded rather than cell coded and viral induced.", "contents": "Evidence for an adenovirus type 2-coded early glycoprotein. We have identified an adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-induced early glycopolypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 20,000 to 21,000 (20/21K), as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 20/21K polypeptide could be labeled in vivo with [(3)H]glucosamine. [(35)S]methionine- and [(3)H]-glucosamine-labeled 20/21K polypeptides bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose columns and were eluted with 0.2 M methyl-alpha-d-mannoside. The pulse-labeled polypeptide appeared as a sharp band with an apparent molecular weight of 21K, but after a chase it converted to multiple bands with an average molecular weight of 20K. This variability in electrophoretic mobility is consistent with glycosylation or deglycosylation of the 20/21K polypeptide. Analysis of the pulse and pulse-chase-labeled forms by using partial proteolysis indicated that the polypeptides were highly related chemically, but not identical. Most of the 20/21K polypeptide is localized in the cytoplasm fraction of infected cells lysed by Nonidet P-40. The 20/21K polypeptide and a 44K polypeptide, labeled with [(35)S]methionine or [(3)H]glucosamine in Ad2-infected human cells, were precipitated by a rat antiserum against an Ad2-transformed rat cell line (T2C4), but not by antisera against three other Ad2-transformed rat cell lines, or by serum from nonimmune rats. The partial proteolysis patterns of the 20/21K and the 44K polypeptides were indistinguishable, indicating that the two polypeptides are highly related, and suggesting that the 44K polypeptide might be a dimer of the 20/21K polypeptide. The 20/21K polypeptide was also induced in Ad2-early infected monkey and hamster cells. These results imply that the 20/21K polypeptide is synthesized in Ad2-infected human, monkey, and hamster cells, and in one but not all Ad2-transformed rat cells. Thus, the 20/21K polypeptide is probably viral coded rather than cell coded and viral induced.", "PMID": 100611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4338", "title": "Correlated genetic and EcoRI cleavage map of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi105 DNA.", "content": "The seven previously identified EcoRI cleavage fragments of phi 105 DNA were ordered with respect to their sites of origin on the phage genome by marker rescue. One fragment, H, did not carry any determinants essential for replication. This fragment was totally missing in a deletion mutant which exhibited a lysogenization-defective phenotype. There is a nonessential region on the phi 105 genome which begins in fragment B, spans fragment H, and ends in fragment F. The size of the nonessential region, as estimated by alterations observed in the fragmentation patterns of deletion mutant DNAs, is approximately 2.7 X 10(6) daltons. Two new EcoRI cleavage fragments with molecular weights of approximately 0.2 X 10(6) were detected by autoradiography of 32P-labeled DNA. These small fragments were not located on the cleavage map.", "contents": "Correlated genetic and EcoRI cleavage map of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi105 DNA. The seven previously identified EcoRI cleavage fragments of phi 105 DNA were ordered with respect to their sites of origin on the phage genome by marker rescue. One fragment, H, did not carry any determinants essential for replication. This fragment was totally missing in a deletion mutant which exhibited a lysogenization-defective phenotype. There is a nonessential region on the phi 105 genome which begins in fragment B, spans fragment H, and ends in fragment F. The size of the nonessential region, as estimated by alterations observed in the fragmentation patterns of deletion mutant DNAs, is approximately 2.7 X 10(6) daltons. Two new EcoRI cleavage fragments with molecular weights of approximately 0.2 X 10(6) were detected by autoradiography of 32P-labeled DNA. These small fragments were not located on the cleavage map.", "PMID": 100612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4339", "title": "Restriction endonuclease mapping of bacteriophage phi105 and closely related temperate Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages rho10 and rho14.", "content": "Cleavage maps of the three similar Bacillus subtilis temperate bacteriophages, phi105, rho10, and rho14, were constructed by partial digestion analysis utilizing the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. Comparison of the topography of these maps indicates that all phage DNAs posses cohesive ends and a number of EcoRI restriction sites; the fragments are conserved, and the estimated base substitution/nucleotide divergence between these phages is 0.03 to 0.07 based on conserved fragments or between 0.03 and 0.11 based on conserved cleavage sites. These lines of evidence indicate that phi105, rho10, and rho14 are closely related. Double-enzyme digestion analysis reveals that rho14 DNA has unique SalGI and BglII restriction sites and phi105 DNA has a unique SalGI restriction site, making these phages possible cloning vectors for B. subtilis.", "contents": "Restriction endonuclease mapping of bacteriophage phi105 and closely related temperate Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages rho10 and rho14. Cleavage maps of the three similar Bacillus subtilis temperate bacteriophages, phi105, rho10, and rho14, were constructed by partial digestion analysis utilizing the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. Comparison of the topography of these maps indicates that all phage DNAs posses cohesive ends and a number of EcoRI restriction sites; the fragments are conserved, and the estimated base substitution/nucleotide divergence between these phages is 0.03 to 0.07 based on conserved fragments or between 0.03 and 0.11 based on conserved cleavage sites. These lines of evidence indicate that phi105, rho10, and rho14 are closely related. Double-enzyme digestion analysis reveals that rho14 DNA has unique SalGI and BglII restriction sites and phi105 DNA has a unique SalGI restriction site, making these phages possible cloning vectors for B. subtilis.", "PMID": 100613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4340", "title": "Restriction fragment analysis of bacteriophage SPP1 in vitro transcription by host RNA polymerase.", "content": "In vitro transcription of SPP1 DNA occurred on only one of the two strands, the same which is predominantly transcribed in SPP1-infected cells. Transcripts were distributed in several size classes. Analysis of elongation kinetics and of size distribution, coupled with hybridization to DNA restriction fragments, showed that some regions of the template have more initiation sites than others; some have none. Some regions were transcribed directly, some were transcribed from initiation sites located in other regions, and one was never transcribed. Several transcription initiation sites on SPP1 DNA are located on EcoRI fragment 1; four to five others are distributed among other fragments. Cutting the DNA with EcoRI did not introduce artifactual initiation sites. In vitro transcription units can be localized and oriented with respect to the EcoRI restriction map of SPP1 DNA.", "contents": "Restriction fragment analysis of bacteriophage SPP1 in vitro transcription by host RNA polymerase. In vitro transcription of SPP1 DNA occurred on only one of the two strands, the same which is predominantly transcribed in SPP1-infected cells. Transcripts were distributed in several size classes. Analysis of elongation kinetics and of size distribution, coupled with hybridization to DNA restriction fragments, showed that some regions of the template have more initiation sites than others; some have none. Some regions were transcribed directly, some were transcribed from initiation sites located in other regions, and one was never transcribed. Several transcription initiation sites on SPP1 DNA are located on EcoRI fragment 1; four to five others are distributed among other fragments. Cutting the DNA with EcoRI did not introduce artifactual initiation sites. In vitro transcription units can be localized and oriented with respect to the EcoRI restriction map of SPP1 DNA.", "PMID": 100614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4341", "title": "Intravesical thio-tepa in the immediate postoperative period in patients with recurrent transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "Recurrent transitional cell carcinoma was treated with prophylactic intravesical thio-tepa in 22 cases. Group 1 patients were treated with 30 mg. twice daily for the first 3 days postoperatively. Group 2 patients were given additional treatment at increasing intervals indefinitely. Before therapy control patients averaged 1 recurrence every 9.5 months. Group 1 patients averaged 1 recurrence per 33 mpnths. Group 2 patients averaged 1 recurrence per 41 months. Leukopenia occurred in only 2 patients. Thio-tepa can be given safely in the immediate postoperative period and is effective in decreasing the recurrence rate of superficial bladder tumors.", "contents": "Intravesical thio-tepa in the immediate postoperative period in patients with recurrent transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Recurrent transitional cell carcinoma was treated with prophylactic intravesical thio-tepa in 22 cases. Group 1 patients were treated with 30 mg. twice daily for the first 3 days postoperatively. Group 2 patients were given additional treatment at increasing intervals indefinitely. Before therapy control patients averaged 1 recurrence every 9.5 months. Group 1 patients averaged 1 recurrence per 33 mpnths. Group 2 patients averaged 1 recurrence per 41 months. Leukopenia occurred in only 2 patients. Thio-tepa can be given safely in the immediate postoperative period and is effective in decreasing the recurrence rate of superficial bladder tumors.", "PMID": 100615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4342", "title": "The controversy of single versus multistaged urethroplasty.", "content": "Experience with various 1 stage repairs for urethral strictures (patch graft, and excision and reanastomosis techniques) gained by ourselves and others is compared to reports on multistaged urethroplasties (Johanson, Leadbetter-Johanson and Turner-Warwick). Increased hospitalization, absence from employment and the morbidity of multiple anesthetics and operations are features of the multistaged approaches compared to the 1 stage operations. Furthermore, no advantage was seen when initial or final success rates were compared.", "contents": "The controversy of single versus multistaged urethroplasty. Experience with various 1 stage repairs for urethral strictures (patch graft, and excision and reanastomosis techniques) gained by ourselves and others is compared to reports on multistaged urethroplasties (Johanson, Leadbetter-Johanson and Turner-Warwick). Increased hospitalization, absence from employment and the morbidity of multiple anesthetics and operations are features of the multistaged approaches compared to the 1 stage operations. Furthermore, no advantage was seen when initial or final success rates were compared.", "PMID": 100616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4343", "title": "Un-cross-matched blood for emergency transfusion. One year's experience in a civilian setting.", "content": "One year's experience (56 cases) in the use of un-cross-matched blood for emergency transfusion in a large civilian teaching hospital showed that 49 transfusions were given as un-cross-matched, group-specific (ABO and Rh) blood in emergencies. Seventy-seven percent (43) of blood requests were for patients with trauma, unexpected massive intraoperative hemorrhage, or ruptured aneurysm. The indications for emergency transfusion were questionable in ten cases. There were no adverse effects noted even though complete serologic testing had not been done. While the use of un-cross-matched blood is usually safe, the potential for serious reaction exists. Overuse should be discouraged.", "contents": "Un-cross-matched blood for emergency transfusion. One year's experience in a civilian setting. One year's experience (56 cases) in the use of un-cross-matched blood for emergency transfusion in a large civilian teaching hospital showed that 49 transfusions were given as un-cross-matched, group-specific (ABO and Rh) blood in emergencies. Seventy-seven percent (43) of blood requests were for patients with trauma, unexpected massive intraoperative hemorrhage, or ruptured aneurysm. The indications for emergency transfusion were questionable in ten cases. There were no adverse effects noted even though complete serologic testing had not been done. While the use of un-cross-matched blood is usually safe, the potential for serious reaction exists. Overuse should be discouraged.", "PMID": 100618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4344", "title": "Gray-scale ultrasonic cholecystography. A primary screeing procedure.", "content": "The accuracy of ultrasonic cholecystography is well established. However, oral cholecystography remains the primary screening examination. Ultrasonic and oral cholecystograms were performed in 100 consecutive patients to determine if ultrasound could be used as a primary screening procedure, particularly in patients with acute right-upper-quadrant pain, suggestive of acute cholecystitis. Ultrasound compared favorably with oral cholecystography in accuracy and specificity. It was also cost-effective, saving one to two days of hospitalization.", "contents": "Gray-scale ultrasonic cholecystography. A primary screeing procedure. The accuracy of ultrasonic cholecystography is well established. However, oral cholecystography remains the primary screening examination. Ultrasonic and oral cholecystograms were performed in 100 consecutive patients to determine if ultrasound could be used as a primary screening procedure, particularly in patients with acute right-upper-quadrant pain, suggestive of acute cholecystitis. Ultrasound compared favorably with oral cholecystography in accuracy and specificity. It was also cost-effective, saving one to two days of hospitalization.", "PMID": 100619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4345", "title": "Idiopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Use of central venous nutrition.", "content": "Patients with idiopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction suffer from malnutrition because of inability to maintain adequate oral intake without the development of obstructive symptoms. We have successfully used central venous nutrition in two patients with this syndrome, both on a short-term and long-term home-maintenance basis. Hyperalimentation can provide adequate nutrition in patients with intestinal pseudo-obstruction until normal bowel function returns or until definitive therapy for this chronic disease is found.", "contents": "Idiopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Use of central venous nutrition. Patients with idiopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction suffer from malnutrition because of inability to maintain adequate oral intake without the development of obstructive symptoms. We have successfully used central venous nutrition in two patients with this syndrome, both on a short-term and long-term home-maintenance basis. Hyperalimentation can provide adequate nutrition in patients with intestinal pseudo-obstruction until normal bowel function returns or until definitive therapy for this chronic disease is found.", "PMID": 100620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4346", "title": "Valproic acid (Depakene). A new anticonvulsant agent.", "content": "Valproic acid, a new anticonvulsant, is most effective in absence seizures (simple and complex), but it has produced improvement in tonicclonic seizures, mixed absence with tonic-clonic seizures, and myoclonic epilepsy. It is useful alone or as an adjunct to other anticonvulsants and may allow the dosage of the latter to be reduced. Some patients who are refractory to other anticonvulsants may respond to valproic acid. Adverse reactions occur in about 20% of patients. Gastrointestinal disturbances and drowsiness (usually noted when valproic acid is given with other anticonvulsants) are the most common reactions; hair loss is observed less frequently. Untoward effects are usually transient and do not require discontinuation of use of the drug.", "contents": "Valproic acid (Depakene). A new anticonvulsant agent. Valproic acid, a new anticonvulsant, is most effective in absence seizures (simple and complex), but it has produced improvement in tonicclonic seizures, mixed absence with tonic-clonic seizures, and myoclonic epilepsy. It is useful alone or as an adjunct to other anticonvulsants and may allow the dosage of the latter to be reduced. Some patients who are refractory to other anticonvulsants may respond to valproic acid. Adverse reactions occur in about 20% of patients. Gastrointestinal disturbances and drowsiness (usually noted when valproic acid is given with other anticonvulsants) are the most common reactions; hair loss is observed less frequently. Untoward effects are usually transient and do not require discontinuation of use of the drug.", "PMID": 100622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4347", "title": "Therapy of gonorrhea. Comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin.", "content": "Eighty-nine men with gonococcal urethritis were randomly treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, four tablets (trimethoprin, 320 mg, and sulfamethoxazole, 1,600 mg) twice daily for two days, or ampicillin, 3.5 g, plus probenecid, 1 g, in a single dose. Forty-one (95.3%) of 43 patients who received trimethoprin-sulfamethosazole and 41 (97.6%) of 42 given ampicillin were cured. Neither drug caused major side effects. All isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were susceptible in vitro to trimethoprim-sulfame-thoxazole, and all but one were inhibited by ampicillin. The ampicillin-resistant strain (minimum inhibitory concentration, 4 micrograms/ml) produced penicillinase and was reovered from a patient who responded to treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. There was no significant correlation between the minimum inhibitory concentrations of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin. It is concluded that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is as efficacious and safe as ampicillin in the therapy of gonococcal urethritis.", "contents": "Therapy of gonorrhea. Comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin. Eighty-nine men with gonococcal urethritis were randomly treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, four tablets (trimethoprin, 320 mg, and sulfamethoxazole, 1,600 mg) twice daily for two days, or ampicillin, 3.5 g, plus probenecid, 1 g, in a single dose. Forty-one (95.3%) of 43 patients who received trimethoprin-sulfamethosazole and 41 (97.6%) of 42 given ampicillin were cured. Neither drug caused major side effects. All isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were susceptible in vitro to trimethoprim-sulfame-thoxazole, and all but one were inhibited by ampicillin. The ampicillin-resistant strain (minimum inhibitory concentration, 4 micrograms/ml) produced penicillinase and was reovered from a patient who responded to treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. There was no significant correlation between the minimum inhibitory concentrations of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin. It is concluded that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is as efficacious and safe as ampicillin in the therapy of gonococcal urethritis.", "PMID": 100624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4348", "title": "Comparison of effects of acetaminophen on liver microsomal drug metabolism and lipid peroxidation in rats and mice.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine the in vivo effect of acetaminophen (AAP) on the lipid peroxidation, drug metabolizing enzyme activity and microsomal electron transfer system of rat and mouse liver. AAP was found to inhibit ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity in the presence of NADPH and this inhibition of the enzyme was due to decrease in cytochrome P-450 content, but not due to change in lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes. Kinetical data showed that AAP administration had no effect on Km values of ethylmorphine N-demethylase, however, a decrease in the Vmax values was seen in rats and mice. There was no significant effect of AAP on both NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and the content of cytochrome b5 3 hours after this administration to rats and mice. On the other hand, AAP induced a significant decrease in NADH-ferricyanide reductase in mice, but not in rats. The greatest decrease in cytochrome P-450 observed among the components of the liver microsomal electron transfer system of rats and mice.", "contents": "Comparison of effects of acetaminophen on liver microsomal drug metabolism and lipid peroxidation in rats and mice. Studies were conducted to determine the in vivo effect of acetaminophen (AAP) on the lipid peroxidation, drug metabolizing enzyme activity and microsomal electron transfer system of rat and mouse liver. AAP was found to inhibit ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity in the presence of NADPH and this inhibition of the enzyme was due to decrease in cytochrome P-450 content, but not due to change in lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes. Kinetical data showed that AAP administration had no effect on Km values of ethylmorphine N-demethylase, however, a decrease in the Vmax values was seen in rats and mice. There was no significant effect of AAP on both NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and the content of cytochrome b5 3 hours after this administration to rats and mice. On the other hand, AAP induced a significant decrease in NADH-ferricyanide reductase in mice, but not in rats. The greatest decrease in cytochrome P-450 observed among the components of the liver microsomal electron transfer system of rats and mice.", "PMID": 100639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4349", "title": "[Effect of nitroglycerin, digoxin and inderal of myocardial asynergy in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The effect of nitroglycerin, digoxin and inderal on myocardial asynergy was studied in 108 patients with ischemic heart disease by means of echocardiography. The effect of nitroglycerin was studied in 32 patients; myocardial contractions were restored in the areas of asynergy in 15 patients, in 17 the character of myocardial asynergy did not change. The effect of digoxin was studied in 42 patients; intensification of myocardial contractions in the asynergic areas was noted in 18 patients in 16 the character of asynergy of the myocardium did not change, and in 8 paradoxical protrusion of the cardiac wall increased. Prescription of inderal for 34 patients did not lead to the development of additional areas of myocardial asynergy; proportionate decrease of the amplitude of the systolic myocardial movement in healthy areas and in areas with hypo-and dyskinesia was noted in such cases. The study showed changeability of the character of myocardial asynergy under the effect of the drugs investigated, which should be taken into account when these drugs are given to patients with ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Effect of nitroglycerin, digoxin and inderal of myocardial asynergy in ischemic heart disease]. The effect of nitroglycerin, digoxin and inderal on myocardial asynergy was studied in 108 patients with ischemic heart disease by means of echocardiography. The effect of nitroglycerin was studied in 32 patients; myocardial contractions were restored in the areas of asynergy in 15 patients, in 17 the character of myocardial asynergy did not change. The effect of digoxin was studied in 42 patients; intensification of myocardial contractions in the asynergic areas was noted in 18 patients in 16 the character of asynergy of the myocardium did not change, and in 8 paradoxical protrusion of the cardiac wall increased. Prescription of inderal for 34 patients did not lead to the development of additional areas of myocardial asynergy; proportionate decrease of the amplitude of the systolic myocardial movement in healthy areas and in areas with hypo-and dyskinesia was noted in such cases. The study showed changeability of the character of myocardial asynergy under the effect of the drugs investigated, which should be taken into account when these drugs are given to patients with ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 100646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4350", "title": "The effect of dietary crude fiber levels on rhesus monkeys during quarantine.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary crude fiber level on intestinal disorders in the feral rheusus monkey (Macaca mulatta) during the first 60 days of the quarantine period. Three experimental baked diets containing 2.4%, 7.0%, and 9.8% crude fiber and a commercially extruded diet containing 2.2% crude fiber were fed during the study. The morbidity rate of intestinal disorders at the 7% crude fiber level was 1.4%, which was significantly less (p less than 0.05) than the 11.1%, 12.5%, and 20.8% morbidity for the monkeys fed the diets containing 2.4%, 9.8%, and 2.2% crude fiber, respectively. Monkeys fed the 7% crude fiber diet had a mean number of treatment days for intestinal disorders per monkey of 0.014, which was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than the 0.9, 0.5, and 1.4 days for those fed the 2.4%, 9.8%, and 2.2% fiber diets, respectively.", "contents": "The effect of dietary crude fiber levels on rhesus monkeys during quarantine. A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary crude fiber level on intestinal disorders in the feral rheusus monkey (Macaca mulatta) during the first 60 days of the quarantine period. Three experimental baked diets containing 2.4%, 7.0%, and 9.8% crude fiber and a commercially extruded diet containing 2.2% crude fiber were fed during the study. The morbidity rate of intestinal disorders at the 7% crude fiber level was 1.4%, which was significantly less (p less than 0.05) than the 11.1%, 12.5%, and 20.8% morbidity for the monkeys fed the diets containing 2.4%, 9.8%, and 2.2% crude fiber, respectively. Monkeys fed the 7% crude fiber diet had a mean number of treatment days for intestinal disorders per monkey of 0.014, which was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than the 0.9, 0.5, and 1.4 days for those fed the 2.4%, 9.8%, and 2.2% fiber diets, respectively.", "PMID": 100649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4351", "title": "Prevalence of metazoan parasite infections in five species of Asian macaques.", "content": "Necropsy examination was performed on a total of 697 wild-caught macaques of five species. Helminthic parasites were found to be prevalent among these macaques, with species of Strongyloides, Oesophagostomum, Anatrichosoma, Trichostrongylus, and Gongylonema being the most common patent infections. Some of the larval stages of nematodes (ascarids, spirurids), cestodes (hydatid, Sparganum), and pentastomids grew into adults in appropriate definitive hosts upon experimental feeding, enabling species identification.", "contents": "Prevalence of metazoan parasite infections in five species of Asian macaques. Necropsy examination was performed on a total of 697 wild-caught macaques of five species. Helminthic parasites were found to be prevalent among these macaques, with species of Strongyloides, Oesophagostomum, Anatrichosoma, Trichostrongylus, and Gongylonema being the most common patent infections. Some of the larval stages of nematodes (ascarids, spirurids), cestodes (hydatid, Sparganum), and pentastomids grew into adults in appropriate definitive hosts upon experimental feeding, enabling species identification.", "PMID": 100650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4352", "title": "Social and reproductive behaviors in surrogate-reared squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "A colony of 16 surrogate-reared squirrel monkeys was observed for the adequacy of social and reproductive behaviors at maturity. Aside from some self-directed abnormalities centering around nonnutritive orality, this group was behaviorally normal in spite of having no contacts with mother-reared, older conspecifics. Half (N=5) of the females gave birth, with four infants viable. One infant has remained with the colony and is thriving. The other three remained with the group for as long as 42 days before death or removal. Maternal care appeared adequate. Mean estimated conception age for females was 35 months, and the mean impregnation age for males was estimated to be 42 months.", "contents": "Social and reproductive behaviors in surrogate-reared squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). A colony of 16 surrogate-reared squirrel monkeys was observed for the adequacy of social and reproductive behaviors at maturity. Aside from some self-directed abnormalities centering around nonnutritive orality, this group was behaviorally normal in spite of having no contacts with mother-reared, older conspecifics. Half (N=5) of the females gave birth, with four infants viable. One infant has remained with the colony and is thriving. The other three remained with the group for as long as 42 days before death or removal. Maternal care appeared adequate. Mean estimated conception age for females was 35 months, and the mean impregnation age for males was estimated to be 42 months.", "PMID": 100651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4353", "title": "Antigenic relationship of two strains of simian hemorrhagic fever virus.", "content": "Serological comparison of the prototype and an epizootic (Corbell) strain of simian hemorrhagic fever virus revealed that the two viruses were serologically similar. The prototype strain differs from the Corbell strain in that the latter cannot be cultivated in vitro. Serological comparison of the prototype virus grown in tissue culture and its homologous antibody and the prototype and Corbell viruses recovered from rhesus monkey serum and their homologous antibodies showed differences and suggest that a complex relationship exists which has not yet been defined.", "contents": "Antigenic relationship of two strains of simian hemorrhagic fever virus. Serological comparison of the prototype and an epizootic (Corbell) strain of simian hemorrhagic fever virus revealed that the two viruses were serologically similar. The prototype strain differs from the Corbell strain in that the latter cannot be cultivated in vitro. Serological comparison of the prototype virus grown in tissue culture and its homologous antibody and the prototype and Corbell viruses recovered from rhesus monkey serum and their homologous antibodies showed differences and suggest that a complex relationship exists which has not yet been defined.", "PMID": 100652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4354", "title": "Animal models of human cholesterol gallstone disease: a review.", "content": "Human cholesterol gallstone disease has been a frequent and serious problem. A number of animal models have been reviewed for comparative study of cholesterol lithogenesis. These models in general have involved (1) decreasing bile salt excretion, (2) increasing dietary cholesterol, or (3) inducing gallbladder infection or stasis.", "contents": "Animal models of human cholesterol gallstone disease: a review. Human cholesterol gallstone disease has been a frequent and serious problem. A number of animal models have been reviewed for comparative study of cholesterol lithogenesis. These models in general have involved (1) decreasing bile salt excretion, (2) increasing dietary cholesterol, or (3) inducing gallbladder infection or stasis.", "PMID": 100653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4355", "title": "Suspected ascorbic acid deficiency in a colony of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "Subperiosteal cranial hematomas were observed in five female squirrel monkeys. The absence of trauma in the clinical history, the characteristic clinical changes, and the pathological lesions suggested that the animals were scorbutic. Analysis of feed which was soaked in water, or left on the ground for varying time periods at different temperatures, indicated that there was loss of ascorbic acid. During the manufacture of monkey feed, ascorbic acid is dusted on as a final process. The practice of soaking feed resulted in the \"washing off\" or the destruction of ascorbic acid. This disease outbreak emphasized the important of management practices in a primate colony.", "contents": "Suspected ascorbic acid deficiency in a colony of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Subperiosteal cranial hematomas were observed in five female squirrel monkeys. The absence of trauma in the clinical history, the characteristic clinical changes, and the pathological lesions suggested that the animals were scorbutic. Analysis of feed which was soaked in water, or left on the ground for varying time periods at different temperatures, indicated that there was loss of ascorbic acid. During the manufacture of monkey feed, ascorbic acid is dusted on as a final process. The practice of soaking feed resulted in the \"washing off\" or the destruction of ascorbic acid. This disease outbreak emphasized the important of management practices in a primate colony.", "PMID": 100654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4356", "title": "Aortic total glycosaminoglycan and dermatan sulfate changes in atherosclerotic rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The composition and content of aortic glycosaminoglycans were studied in groups of rhesus monkeys fed control or atherogenic diets for 9 or 19 months. Aortic uronic acid content was significantly increased in both groups of monkeys with atherosclerosis. The major glycosaminoglycan in both control and atherosclerotic aortas was chondroitin sulfate with lesser amounts of heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. Dermatan sulfate was the only glycosaminoglycan to show a statistically significant elevation (65 to 87 per cent) in animals fed the atherogenic diet. This increase was positively correlated with the increased accumulation of aortic cholesterol (r = 0.4709, p less than 0.05). The results indicate that dermatan sulfate may be the major glycosaminoglycan involved during the early events of atherogenesis perhaps through retention of lipoprotein in the atherosclerotic artery.", "contents": "Aortic total glycosaminoglycan and dermatan sulfate changes in atherosclerotic rhesus monkeys. The composition and content of aortic glycosaminoglycans were studied in groups of rhesus monkeys fed control or atherogenic diets for 9 or 19 months. Aortic uronic acid content was significantly increased in both groups of monkeys with atherosclerosis. The major glycosaminoglycan in both control and atherosclerotic aortas was chondroitin sulfate with lesser amounts of heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. Dermatan sulfate was the only glycosaminoglycan to show a statistically significant elevation (65 to 87 per cent) in animals fed the atherogenic diet. This increase was positively correlated with the increased accumulation of aortic cholesterol (r = 0.4709, p less than 0.05). The results indicate that dermatan sulfate may be the major glycosaminoglycan involved during the early events of atherogenesis perhaps through retention of lipoprotein in the atherosclerotic artery.", "PMID": 100655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4357", "title": "Effects of cerebellar lesions on monkey jaw-force control: implications for understanding ataxic dysarthria.", "content": "Eight macaques were trained on one of two isometric force regulation tasks. Six animals were trained to maintain a static force for a 2-sec period, and two animals were trained to make a rapid series of bites on a force transducer four times in succession. Electromyographic (EMG) electrodes were chronically implanted into temporalis and masseter muscles. Lesions were made in the cerebellum in seven monkeys and a control surgery with no neural damage was performed on one monkey. Following cerebellar lesions, the abilities of the monkeys to maintain a static isometric force for 2 sec were impaired. Animals overshot the correct force band and force tremors increased in amplitude following the lesions. Cerebellar lesions were followed also by a reduction in biting frequency from about 3 Hz to 2 Hz. Measurements of the temporalis EMG indicated that the reduced biting rate was associated primarily with a prolongation of the inter-EMG interval and secondarily with a prolongation of the EMG duration. Changes in jaw-force regulation following the lesions appear to be similar to the types of changes observed in arm control in monkeys, and in the speech of persons with ataxic dysarthria.", "contents": "Effects of cerebellar lesions on monkey jaw-force control: implications for understanding ataxic dysarthria. Eight macaques were trained on one of two isometric force regulation tasks. Six animals were trained to maintain a static force for a 2-sec period, and two animals were trained to make a rapid series of bites on a force transducer four times in succession. Electromyographic (EMG) electrodes were chronically implanted into temporalis and masseter muscles. Lesions were made in the cerebellum in seven monkeys and a control surgery with no neural damage was performed on one monkey. Following cerebellar lesions, the abilities of the monkeys to maintain a static isometric force for 2 sec were impaired. Animals overshot the correct force band and force tremors increased in amplitude following the lesions. Cerebellar lesions were followed also by a reduction in biting frequency from about 3 Hz to 2 Hz. Measurements of the temporalis EMG indicated that the reduced biting rate was associated primarily with a prolongation of the inter-EMG interval and secondarily with a prolongation of the EMG duration. Changes in jaw-force regulation following the lesions appear to be similar to the types of changes observed in arm control in monkeys, and in the speech of persons with ataxic dysarthria.", "PMID": 100657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4358", "title": "E.N.T. manifestations of Von Recklinghausen's disease.", "content": "Von Recklinghausen's Disease (VRD) is a neurocutaneous, systemic disease characterized by CNS tumors and disorders, cafe-au-lait spots, generalized cutaneous neurofibromata, skeletal deformities, and somatic and endocrine abnormalities. It is an autosomal dominant, hereditary disorder found in approximately 1:2500 to 3300 births. There are many manifestations of this disease in the head and neck region of interest to the otolaryngologist. Case reports of three patients with multiple ENT involvements are detailed. A review of the literature is presented with a brief discussion of diagnosis and treatment. The most common intracranial tumor in the adult is the acoustic neuroma, usually bilateral, while in the child it is the astrocytoma. A defect in the sphenoid bone is common and may produce temporal lobe herniation into the orbit causing pulsatile exophthalmos. Involvement of the facial bones usually causes radiolucent defects secondary to neurofibromata within nerve pathways, and a variety of asymmetrical changes, especially within the mandible. \"Elephantiasis\" of the face is a hypertrophy of the soft tissues overlying a neurofibroma, often quite extensive and disfiguring. Laryngeal and neck involvement may compromise the airway and early and repeated surgical intervention is required. The over-all malignancy rate approaches 30%, indicating that the patient with VRD may be predisposed to developing a malignancy. There appears to be an increased surgical risk in these patients, with some demonstrating abnormal responses to neuromuscular blockade.", "contents": "E.N.T. manifestations of Von Recklinghausen's disease. Von Recklinghausen's Disease (VRD) is a neurocutaneous, systemic disease characterized by CNS tumors and disorders, cafe-au-lait spots, generalized cutaneous neurofibromata, skeletal deformities, and somatic and endocrine abnormalities. It is an autosomal dominant, hereditary disorder found in approximately 1:2500 to 3300 births. There are many manifestations of this disease in the head and neck region of interest to the otolaryngologist. Case reports of three patients with multiple ENT involvements are detailed. A review of the literature is presented with a brief discussion of diagnosis and treatment. The most common intracranial tumor in the adult is the acoustic neuroma, usually bilateral, while in the child it is the astrocytoma. A defect in the sphenoid bone is common and may produce temporal lobe herniation into the orbit causing pulsatile exophthalmos. Involvement of the facial bones usually causes radiolucent defects secondary to neurofibromata within nerve pathways, and a variety of asymmetrical changes, especially within the mandible. \"Elephantiasis\" of the face is a hypertrophy of the soft tissues overlying a neurofibroma, often quite extensive and disfiguring. Laryngeal and neck involvement may compromise the airway and early and repeated surgical intervention is required. The over-all malignancy rate approaches 30%, indicating that the patient with VRD may be predisposed to developing a malignancy. There appears to be an increased surgical risk in these patients, with some demonstrating abnormal responses to neuromuscular blockade.", "PMID": 100661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4359", "title": "Intramural diverticulosis of the esophagus.", "content": "A description is given of the etiology and pathology of intramural esophageal diverticulosis as so far discussed in the literature. In view of the course and the clinical findings in two young patients in whom this diagnosis was established, it is suggested that intramural diverticulosis develops as a result of a devolopmental disorder in the autonomic nervous system.", "contents": "Intramural diverticulosis of the esophagus. A description is given of the etiology and pathology of intramural esophageal diverticulosis as so far discussed in the literature. In view of the course and the clinical findings in two young patients in whom this diagnosis was established, it is suggested that intramural diverticulosis develops as a result of a devolopmental disorder in the autonomic nervous system.", "PMID": 100662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4360", "title": "Degradation of missense mutant beta-galactosidase proteins in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Ten out of 43 missense mutations in the lacZ gene of Escherchia coli gave rise to polypeptide chains that were degraded in vivo. While many of the mutants appeared to be fully or partially CRM-, there appeared to be no obvious correlation between degradation, map position, altered subunit association and the half-life of the mutant proteins.", "contents": "Degradation of missense mutant beta-galactosidase proteins in Escherichia coli K-12. Ten out of 43 missense mutations in the lacZ gene of Escherchia coli gave rise to polypeptide chains that were degraded in vivo. While many of the mutants appeared to be fully or partially CRM-, there appeared to be no obvious correlation between degradation, map position, altered subunit association and the half-life of the mutant proteins.", "PMID": 100672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4361", "title": "The genome of B. subtilis phage SPP1: assignment of 5'--3'-polarity to the complementary strands of SPP1 DNA.", "content": "The left part of the SPP1 chromosome can be defined by the presence of dispensable DNA.  With this definition, the polarities of the separable H and L strands of SPP1 DNA ar 5'--3' and 3'--5', respectively, from left to right.", "contents": "The genome of B. subtilis phage SPP1: assignment of 5'--3'-polarity to the complementary strands of SPP1 DNA. The left part of the SPP1 chromosome can be defined by the presence of dispensable DNA.  With this definition, the polarities of the separable H and L strands of SPP1 DNA ar 5'--3' and 3'--5', respectively, from left to right.", "PMID": 100673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4362", "title": "[Amino acid makeup characteristics of bacteria utilizing nonnatural compounds].", "content": "A peculiarity of the amino acid pool has been discovered for the first time in bacteria utilizing such synthetic compounds as gamma butyrolactam, epsilon-caprolactam and zeta-aminoenanthic acid. The main components of the amino acid pool are omega-aminoacids (including synthetic ones) as well as glutamic acid. The total amino acid content increases upon utilization of the compounds being tested three times (Pseudomonas fluorescens), five times (Pseudomonas dacunchae) and seven times (Pseudomonas perolens) as compared to the control variants. These data suggest that hydrolysis and transamination of synthetic omega-amino acids play an important role in the constructive and energy metabolism of the bacteria under study.", "contents": "[Amino acid makeup characteristics of bacteria utilizing nonnatural compounds]. A peculiarity of the amino acid pool has been discovered for the first time in bacteria utilizing such synthetic compounds as gamma butyrolactam, epsilon-caprolactam and zeta-aminoenanthic acid. The main components of the amino acid pool are omega-aminoacids (including synthetic ones) as well as glutamic acid. The total amino acid content increases upon utilization of the compounds being tested three times (Pseudomonas fluorescens), five times (Pseudomonas dacunchae) and seven times (Pseudomonas perolens) as compared to the control variants. These data suggest that hydrolysis and transamination of synthetic omega-amino acids play an important role in the constructive and energy metabolism of the bacteria under study.", "PMID": 100669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4363", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of Bacillus subtilis mutants differing in the serine proteinase activity and spectrum].", "content": "Vegetative cells and spores of the colonial morphological mutants of Bacillus subtilis A-50 were studied by electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of vegetative cells from both asporogenic colonial-morphological mutants and those which were capable of forming spores in the presence of high concentrations of nitrogen and carbon sources with a decreased activity and a modified spectrum of serine proteases differed from the parent strain by the presence of a microcapsule, the uneven thickness of a cell wall, and the absence of a distinct periplasmic space. Crystalline inclusions of a regular shape were detected in the sporeforming mutant in those cells which were devoid of spores. Spores of the mutant had additional layers.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of Bacillus subtilis mutants differing in the serine proteinase activity and spectrum]. Vegetative cells and spores of the colonial morphological mutants of Bacillus subtilis A-50 were studied by electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of vegetative cells from both asporogenic colonial-morphological mutants and those which were capable of forming spores in the presence of high concentrations of nitrogen and carbon sources with a decreased activity and a modified spectrum of serine proteases differed from the parent strain by the presence of a microcapsule, the uneven thickness of a cell wall, and the absence of a distinct periplasmic space. Crystalline inclusions of a regular shape were detected in the sporeforming mutant in those cells which were devoid of spores. Spores of the mutant had additional layers.", "PMID": 100670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4364", "title": "Mapping by interspecies transformation experiments of several ribosomal protein genes near the replication origin of Bacillus subtilis chromosome.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis 168 was transformed with DNAs from B. amyloliquefaciens K or B. licheniformis IAM 11054. These two species show a considerable difference in ribosomal proteins from B. subtilis. Analyses of the transformants indicated that the genes for 16 proteins, S3, S5, S8, S12, S17, S19, BL1, BL5, BL6, BL8, BL14, BL16, BL17, BL22, BL23 and BL25 are located in the cysA-str-spc region on B. subtilis chromosome. The genes for 10 proteins, S4, S6, S13, S16, S20, BL15, BL18, BL20, BL24 and BL28 could not be found in this region in the present experiments.", "contents": "Mapping by interspecies transformation experiments of several ribosomal protein genes near the replication origin of Bacillus subtilis chromosome. Bacillus subtilis 168 was transformed with DNAs from B. amyloliquefaciens K or B. licheniformis IAM 11054. These two species show a considerable difference in ribosomal proteins from B. subtilis. Analyses of the transformants indicated that the genes for 16 proteins, S3, S5, S8, S12, S17, S19, BL1, BL5, BL6, BL8, BL14, BL16, BL17, BL22, BL23 and BL25 are located in the cysA-str-spc region on B. subtilis chromosome. The genes for 10 proteins, S4, S6, S13, S16, S20, BL15, BL18, BL20, BL24 and BL28 could not be found in this region in the present experiments.", "PMID": 100674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4365", "title": "[Drug therapy of osteoarthrosis of the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "Experience in therapy with sulindac and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) is reported. Sulindac is an indene derivative which is particularly indicated in degenerative skeletal diseases and is essentially free from the well-known side-effects of traditional analgesics. The results of therapy were good in 75%. SAMe is the most important methyl group donor and is consequently responsible for the methylation (inactivation) of histamine, upon which its antiphlogistic action is based. SAMe is also particularly involved in the transfer of sulfate groups in the body. Sulfur compounds are esentially involved in the synthesis of cartilage. The short-term trials with SAMe were altogether more favorable than the longterm trials, yet there was a longterm effect in about half the cases.", "contents": "[Drug therapy of osteoarthrosis of the hip (author's transl)]. Experience in therapy with sulindac and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) is reported. Sulindac is an indene derivative which is particularly indicated in degenerative skeletal diseases and is essentially free from the well-known side-effects of traditional analgesics. The results of therapy were good in 75%. SAMe is the most important methyl group donor and is consequently responsible for the methylation (inactivation) of histamine, upon which its antiphlogistic action is based. SAMe is also particularly involved in the transfer of sulfate groups in the body. Sulfur compounds are esentially involved in the synthesis of cartilage. The short-term trials with SAMe were altogether more favorable than the longterm trials, yet there was a longterm effect in about half the cases.", "PMID": 100679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4366", "title": "[Surgical treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgery can improve function for one or more decades for patients with osteoarthritis of the hip, even though the operations may not be very invasive. The indications must be made by surgeons in collaboration with rheumatologists. There is no patent recipe, no 'common' intervention which gives a reliable result in all cases. The patient must be studied in all stages of development of his disease: his joint structure in the radiogram, the morphology of the bones, the functional requirements and his general state of health influence the decision regarding the possibility and modality of a surgical intervention. The patient's return to an active life which would not have been possible for him under medicinal treatment supports the importance of surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip (author's transl)]. Surgery can improve function for one or more decades for patients with osteoarthritis of the hip, even though the operations may not be very invasive. The indications must be made by surgeons in collaboration with rheumatologists. There is no patent recipe, no 'common' intervention which gives a reliable result in all cases. The patient must be studied in all stages of development of his disease: his joint structure in the radiogram, the morphology of the bones, the functional requirements and his general state of health influence the decision regarding the possibility and modality of a surgical intervention. The patient's return to an active life which would not have been possible for him under medicinal treatment supports the importance of surgical treatment.", "PMID": 100680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4367", "title": "[Pathophysiology of lung resections (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes of adaptation and complications which may appear after extended lung operations must be known both to the surgeon and to the doctor responsible for the after-treatment. They are divided into pulmonary, cardiac, and intestinal early and late sequelae. Pathophysiology, clinical aspects and therapy of the most frequent changes are briefly demonstrated in this paper, sometimes with the aid of our own illustrations and experimental results.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology of lung resections (author's transl)]. Changes of adaptation and complications which may appear after extended lung operations must be known both to the surgeon and to the doctor responsible for the after-treatment. They are divided into pulmonary, cardiac, and intestinal early and late sequelae. Pathophysiology, clinical aspects and therapy of the most frequent changes are briefly demonstrated in this paper, sometimes with the aid of our own illustrations and experimental results.", "PMID": 100687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4368", "title": "[Pathophysiology, clinical aspects and course of bullous emphysema (author's transl)].", "content": "Bullous emphysema (progressive lung dystrophy) is a disease of advanced age and over 90% of the patients are men. The bullous changes in the l-ng perferentially affect the apical fields and the left lower area. Bronchographic visualization is in this case not possible. The disease runs a progressive course. Valvular stenoses of the bronchi and especially of the bronchioles in various types of primary pulmonary disease are of considerable importance etiologically.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology, clinical aspects and course of bullous emphysema (author's transl)]. Bullous emphysema (progressive lung dystrophy) is a disease of advanced age and over 90% of the patients are men. The bullous changes in the l-ng perferentially affect the apical fields and the left lower area. Bronchographic visualization is in this case not possible. The disease runs a progressive course. Valvular stenoses of the bronchi and especially of the bronchioles in various types of primary pulmonary disease are of considerable importance etiologically.", "PMID": 100688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4369", "title": "[The effect of pyritinol on the human cerebrovascular circulation (author's transl)].", "content": "The change in global and regional cerebral circulation after intravenous administration of pyritinol was investigated in 14 patients with acute or subchronic cerebral ischemia. The measurement of the cerebral circulation was performed by intraarterial isotope clearance with 133xenon using a multidetector apparatus. With a single administration of pyritinol (400 mg) there was a statistically significant increase in the cerebral circulation in the gray matter by 6.7 ml/100 g/min corresponding to 9.7% (p less than 0.01) 10 minutes after the end of the drug injection. In the areas of all portions of the brain with defective circulation there was a significant increase in blood flow by 8.9, 0.8 and 3.2 ml/100 g/min (gray matter, white matter, total substance), corresponding to 12.3%, 4.4% and 8.1%. In areas with a normal initial status, the increase in blood flow attained statistical significance in the gray matter only (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "[The effect of pyritinol on the human cerebrovascular circulation (author's transl)]. The change in global and regional cerebral circulation after intravenous administration of pyritinol was investigated in 14 patients with acute or subchronic cerebral ischemia. The measurement of the cerebral circulation was performed by intraarterial isotope clearance with 133xenon using a multidetector apparatus. With a single administration of pyritinol (400 mg) there was a statistically significant increase in the cerebral circulation in the gray matter by 6.7 ml/100 g/min corresponding to 9.7% (p less than 0.01) 10 minutes after the end of the drug injection. In the areas of all portions of the brain with defective circulation there was a significant increase in blood flow by 8.9, 0.8 and 3.2 ml/100 g/min (gray matter, white matter, total substance), corresponding to 12.3%, 4.4% and 8.1%. In areas with a normal initial status, the increase in blood flow attained statistical significance in the gray matter only (p less than 0.05).", "PMID": 100689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4370", "title": "[Prophylaxis of immediate and delayed reactions in exogenic allergic bronchial asthma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 14 antigen provocation tests in 12 patients with allergic bronchial asthma, an immediate bronchoconstriction could be demonstrated by whole body plethysmography and a delayed reaction in 6 other cases. The examinations were repeated after a single prophylactic application of 40 mg disodium cromoglicate. By this means, 10 of the 14 immediate reactions and 4 of the 6 delayed reactions could be completely or largely prevented; in 4 and 2 patients respectively the protective effect was unsatisfactory. In longterm experiments over 4--6 months an improvement in the findings was recorded in 9 of the 12 patients. A rare side-effect of disodium cromologlicate therapy is irritation of the respiratory tract, in some cases with not inconsiderable respiratory obstruction.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis of immediate and delayed reactions in exogenic allergic bronchial asthma (author's transl)]. In 14 antigen provocation tests in 12 patients with allergic bronchial asthma, an immediate bronchoconstriction could be demonstrated by whole body plethysmography and a delayed reaction in 6 other cases. The examinations were repeated after a single prophylactic application of 40 mg disodium cromoglicate. By this means, 10 of the 14 immediate reactions and 4 of the 6 delayed reactions could be completely or largely prevented; in 4 and 2 patients respectively the protective effect was unsatisfactory. In longterm experiments over 4--6 months an improvement in the findings was recorded in 9 of the 12 patients. A rare side-effect of disodium cromologlicate therapy is irritation of the respiratory tract, in some cases with not inconsiderable respiratory obstruction.", "PMID": 100690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4371", "title": "[The cost of pacemaker therapy from 1970 to 1975 with particular reference to the new hospital legislation (author's transl)].", "content": "The changes introduced by the new legislation on hospital allowances are discussed with reference to the costs (1970 to 1975) for inpatient treatment of patients with pacemakers. As a result of the new legislation, centralizing pacemaker therapy must cause a great strain on the regional statutory insurance authorities if the area served by the pacemaker center is greater than that of the health insurance authority.", "contents": "[The cost of pacemaker therapy from 1970 to 1975 with particular reference to the new hospital legislation (author's transl)]. The changes introduced by the new legislation on hospital allowances are discussed with reference to the costs (1970 to 1975) for inpatient treatment of patients with pacemakers. As a result of the new legislation, centralizing pacemaker therapy must cause a great strain on the regional statutory insurance authorities if the area served by the pacemaker center is greater than that of the health insurance authority.", "PMID": 100695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4372", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of infantile cardiac insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital vitium cordis and myocardial diseases, rare arrhythmias and other factors are the causes of heart failure which imposes a life-threatening clinical condition in infancy and childhood with a sometimes characteristic, but often also unspecific symptomatology. An intensive program of general and medicinal measures is required of which digitalis therapy is the central feature. In addition, diuretics, catecholamines and buffer substances are essential among other things. The success and duration of treatment depends on the primary disease.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of infantile cardiac insufficiency (author's transl)]. Congenital vitium cordis and myocardial diseases, rare arrhythmias and other factors are the causes of heart failure which imposes a life-threatening clinical condition in infancy and childhood with a sometimes characteristic, but often also unspecific symptomatology. An intensive program of general and medicinal measures is required of which digitalis therapy is the central feature. In addition, diuretics, catecholamines and buffer substances are essential among other things. The success and duration of treatment depends on the primary disease.", "PMID": 100696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4373", "title": "[Gastroenterological endoscopy--fascination and obligation (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of fiber endoscopy has made possible routine endoscopic bioptic examination of the upper (including the duodenum) and lower digestive tract (with the terminal ileum). Biopsy material can be obtained in the necessary quantities with forceps or a loop. In many centers endoscopy is already the basic method for the diagnosis of diseases of the upper digestive tract. A similar tendency is also becoming apparent in colo-ileoscopy. The increase in the frequency of endoscopic investigations is accompanied by a decrease in the number of complications. The increasing importance and dissemination of gastrointestinal fiber endoscopy demands greater and better training facilities and adequate control of qualifications together with an integrated cooperation with the pathologists.", "contents": "[Gastroenterological endoscopy--fascination and obligation (author's transl)]. The development of fiber endoscopy has made possible routine endoscopic bioptic examination of the upper (including the duodenum) and lower digestive tract (with the terminal ileum). Biopsy material can be obtained in the necessary quantities with forceps or a loop. In many centers endoscopy is already the basic method for the diagnosis of diseases of the upper digestive tract. A similar tendency is also becoming apparent in colo-ileoscopy. The increase in the frequency of endoscopic investigations is accompanied by a decrease in the number of complications. The increasing importance and dissemination of gastrointestinal fiber endoscopy demands greater and better training facilities and adequate control of qualifications together with an integrated cooperation with the pathologists.", "PMID": 100700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4374", "title": "[Echographic or radiographic cholecystography? (author's transl)].", "content": "In a prospective echographic and radiographic investigation of 281 patients and in a retrospective evaluation of 86 operated patients, echography and radiography gave approximately equally accurate diagnoses. By using both methods no pathological finding will be overlooked. For reasons of radiation protection, echographic examinations should be carried out first. If the echographic results agree with the clinical findings the radiological cholecystography can be dispensed with. Radiological investigation should be carried out if the echographic findings are at variance with the clinical findings. Consequently echographic cholecystography certainly cannot replace radiography, but it does contribute in that radiographic examination can be used selectively.", "contents": "[Echographic or radiographic cholecystography? (author's transl)]. In a prospective echographic and radiographic investigation of 281 patients and in a retrospective evaluation of 86 operated patients, echography and radiography gave approximately equally accurate diagnoses. By using both methods no pathological finding will be overlooked. For reasons of radiation protection, echographic examinations should be carried out first. If the echographic results agree with the clinical findings the radiological cholecystography can be dispensed with. Radiological investigation should be carried out if the echographic findings are at variance with the clinical findings. Consequently echographic cholecystography certainly cannot replace radiography, but it does contribute in that radiographic examination can be used selectively.", "PMID": 100701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4375", "title": "[The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)--a new serodiagnostic method for the detection of parasitic infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a new serodiagnostic aid for the indirect demonstration of parasites. Examples of the application of ELISA are given in a review of the literature. Antibodies against Babesia and Besnoitia could be detected in various domestic and laboratory animals. The application of ELISA for the detection of toxoplasma antibodies also under the influence of hammondia infections is discussed. Larva migrans visceralis could be demonstrated using ELISA in mono-infected mice and dogs, cross reactions with other helminth antibodies in human sera do not, however, permit a reliable diagnosis of larva migrans visceralis. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay may be recommended as a screening test for contamination investigations.", "contents": "[The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)--a new serodiagnostic method for the detection of parasitic infections (author's transl)]. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a new serodiagnostic aid for the indirect demonstration of parasites. Examples of the application of ELISA are given in a review of the literature. Antibodies against Babesia and Besnoitia could be detected in various domestic and laboratory animals. The application of ELISA for the detection of toxoplasma antibodies also under the influence of hammondia infections is discussed. Larva migrans visceralis could be demonstrated using ELISA in mono-infected mice and dogs, cross reactions with other helminth antibodies in human sera do not, however, permit a reliable diagnosis of larva migrans visceralis. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay may be recommended as a screening test for contamination investigations.", "PMID": 100702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4376", "title": "Epidemiology and health services administration: future relationships in practice and education.", "content": "Florence Nightingale's mid-nineteenth century proposals for standard classification of diseases were a model for assessing quality of hospital care. A century later, health planning, management, and evaluation are still in pursuit of her unrealized--and imperfect--objectives. Historical, statistical, and epidemiological limitations to linking the cost and outcome of treating patients and populations are examined; an integrated model is offered for operational rapprochement between medical and administrative services.", "contents": "Epidemiology and health services administration: future relationships in practice and education. Florence Nightingale's mid-nineteenth century proposals for standard classification of diseases were a model for assessing quality of hospital care. A century later, health planning, management, and evaluation are still in pursuit of her unrealized--and imperfect--objectives. Historical, statistical, and epidemiological limitations to linking the cost and outcome of treating patients and populations are examined; an integrated model is offered for operational rapprochement between medical and administrative services.", "PMID": 100719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4377", "title": "Successes of prevention.", "content": "Despite the intuitive--and historically persistent--appeal of preventive medical measures, latter-day skeptics find less cause for continued optimism. The failure of expectations is only partly a confusion of definitions. An examination of what is prevented, and by whom, suggests new professional as well as political strategies, and anticipates new dilemmas.", "contents": "Successes of prevention. Despite the intuitive--and historically persistent--appeal of preventive medical measures, latter-day skeptics find less cause for continued optimism. The failure of expectations is only partly a confusion of definitions. An examination of what is prevented, and by whom, suggests new professional as well as political strategies, and anticipates new dilemmas.", "PMID": 100720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4378", "title": "Kindling: the first decade.", "content": "The kindling phenomenon is a progressive increase in the strength of epileptiform activity evoked by spaced (in time) and repeated electrical stimulation of certain brain structures. The work that has been done on the kindling phenomenon is reviewed, with an emphasis on those studies that deal with underlying mechanisms. Based on the work that has been done thus far, it is clear that the kindling effect is not due to any type of gross tissue damage. It is also clear that at least some of the effects are due to changes at the synapse and that these changes are widely distributed in the brain. The changes might be due to an increasing efficacy at excitatory synapses or a decreased effectiveness at inhibitory synapses, or both. The long term post-tetanic potentiation data and some preliminary electron microscopic studies support the former mechanism, whereas the depletions of catecholamines in kindled tissue support the latter. In addition to these transynaptic changes, there may be other changes that occur at the site of the stimulating electrode, and these changes may be based on a different mechanism. These ideas and the relevant data are discussed.", "contents": "Kindling: the first decade. The kindling phenomenon is a progressive increase in the strength of epileptiform activity evoked by spaced (in time) and repeated electrical stimulation of certain brain structures. The work that has been done on the kindling phenomenon is reviewed, with an emphasis on those studies that deal with underlying mechanisms. Based on the work that has been done thus far, it is clear that the kindling effect is not due to any type of gross tissue damage. It is also clear that at least some of the effects are due to changes at the synapse and that these changes are widely distributed in the brain. The changes might be due to an increasing efficacy at excitatory synapses or a decreased effectiveness at inhibitory synapses, or both. The long term post-tetanic potentiation data and some preliminary electron microscopic studies support the former mechanism, whereas the depletions of catecholamines in kindled tissue support the latter. In addition to these transynaptic changes, there may be other changes that occur at the site of the stimulating electrode, and these changes may be based on a different mechanism. These ideas and the relevant data are discussed.", "PMID": 100716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4379", "title": "Decision theory in medicine: a review and critique.", "content": "Decision theory's role in medicine will lie between the extremes of naive optimism (\"a Rosetta stone\") and unmitigated pessimism (\"a computerized Ouija board\"). Its application to public health policy, research, and administrative problem-solving is established; experience offers some guidelines for more limited use in clinical practice.", "contents": "Decision theory in medicine: a review and critique. Decision theory's role in medicine will lie between the extremes of naive optimism (\"a Rosetta stone\") and unmitigated pessimism (\"a computerized Ouija board\"). Its application to public health policy, research, and administrative problem-solving is established; experience offers some guidelines for more limited use in clinical practice.", "PMID": 100721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4380", "title": "Maternal syndrome associated with hydrops fetalis: case report.", "content": "A case of maternal fluid retention syndrome associated with fetal hydrops due to rhesus isoimmunisation is reported. The aetiology and clinical features are discussed. Prophylactic anti-Rh immunoglobin should reduce the incidence of such cases in the future.", "contents": "Maternal syndrome associated with hydrops fetalis: case report. A case of maternal fluid retention syndrome associated with fetal hydrops due to rhesus isoimmunisation is reported. The aetiology and clinical features are discussed. Prophylactic anti-Rh immunoglobin should reduce the incidence of such cases in the future.", "PMID": 100749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4381", "title": "[Comparative study of the bactericidal action of the body of Ornithodoros papillipes ticks].", "content": "Experiments in vivo have shown that the ticks of Ornithodoros papillipes inhibit both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. On Gram-positive microorganisms most sensitive to bactericidal effect of ticks have turned to be micrococci, staphylococci, streptococci and bacteria of diphtheria, of Gram-negative ones--Bacillus coli. Of Gram-positive microorganisms less sensitive were Listeria, of Gram-negative ones--salmonellae, agents of tularemia and pseudotuberculosis. At the infection with bacteria the organism of the tick produces a bactericidal substance which causes the dying off of the microbal population. The ability of the bactericidal substance to lyse the inhibited cells of Micrococcus lysodeiktickus as well as the coincidence of data on sensibility to the tick bactericidal substance obtained experimentally in vitro and in vivo have shown that lysozyme is an active antibacterial substance in the tick's organism.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the bactericidal action of the body of Ornithodoros papillipes ticks]. Experiments in vivo have shown that the ticks of Ornithodoros papillipes inhibit both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. On Gram-positive microorganisms most sensitive to bactericidal effect of ticks have turned to be micrococci, staphylococci, streptococci and bacteria of diphtheria, of Gram-negative ones--Bacillus coli. Of Gram-positive microorganisms less sensitive were Listeria, of Gram-negative ones--salmonellae, agents of tularemia and pseudotuberculosis. At the infection with bacteria the organism of the tick produces a bactericidal substance which causes the dying off of the microbal population. The ability of the bactericidal substance to lyse the inhibited cells of Micrococcus lysodeiktickus as well as the coincidence of data on sensibility to the tick bactericidal substance obtained experimentally in vitro and in vivo have shown that lysozyme is an active antibacterial substance in the tick's organism.", "PMID": 100756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4382", "title": "Dieldrin, DDT, PCBs, and mercury levels in freshwater mullet from the upper Great Lakes, 1975-76.", "content": "Freshwater mullet harvested commercially during various seasons of 1975-76 from the upper Great Lakes were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and mercury. Species analyzed were Catostomus commersoni, C. catostomus, and Moxostoma erythruran. Whole ground fish, mechanically deboned flesh, head, middle, and tail steaks, and various muscles were analyzed for pesticides and PCBs; only edible flesh was analyzed for mercury. Dieldrin ranged from none detected to 0.23 ppm in deboned and whole ground samples, the DDT range was a trace to 0.30 ppm, and PCBs ranged from 0.06 ppm to 0.79 ppm. Levels were also higher in head sections and in high fat-containing medial muscle and belly flap. Mercury levels ranged from 0.03 ppm to 0.28 ppm in the flesh of mullet from Lake Michigan.", "contents": "Dieldrin, DDT, PCBs, and mercury levels in freshwater mullet from the upper Great Lakes, 1975-76. Freshwater mullet harvested commercially during various seasons of 1975-76 from the upper Great Lakes were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and mercury. Species analyzed were Catostomus commersoni, C. catostomus, and Moxostoma erythruran. Whole ground fish, mechanically deboned flesh, head, middle, and tail steaks, and various muscles were analyzed for pesticides and PCBs; only edible flesh was analyzed for mercury. Dieldrin ranged from none detected to 0.23 ppm in deboned and whole ground samples, the DDT range was a trace to 0.30 ppm, and PCBs ranged from 0.06 ppm to 0.79 ppm. Levels were also higher in head sections and in high fat-containing medial muscle and belly flap. Mercury levels ranged from 0.03 ppm to 0.28 ppm in the flesh of mullet from Lake Michigan.", "PMID": 100762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4383", "title": "[Joint parasitism of Microsporidia (Nosematidae) and Mermithidae (Nematoda) in the larvae of blood-sucking mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae)].", "content": "A double infection of the larvae of Aedes flavescens and A. cantans with Thelohania opacita and larvae of Mermithidae was established. The double infection is not accompanied by the rise of pathogenic effect of the parasites on the hosts. Mermithids parasitizing mosquitoes infected with microsporidians inhibit the development of Protozoa. The inhibition degree depends on the duration of contacts of coparasites as well as on the developmental phase of microsporidians at the moment of penetration of nematodes.", "contents": "[Joint parasitism of Microsporidia (Nosematidae) and Mermithidae (Nematoda) in the larvae of blood-sucking mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae)]. A double infection of the larvae of Aedes flavescens and A. cantans with Thelohania opacita and larvae of Mermithidae was established. The double infection is not accompanied by the rise of pathogenic effect of the parasites on the hosts. Mermithids parasitizing mosquitoes infected with microsporidians inhibit the development of Protozoa. The inhibition degree depends on the duration of contacts of coparasites as well as on the developmental phase of microsporidians at the moment of penetration of nematodes.", "PMID": 100757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4384", "title": "Circadian activity rhythms of the pig-tailed macaque, Macaca nemestrina, under constant illumination.", "content": "Locomotor activity was recorded in singly caged pig-tailed macaques Macaca nemestrina in constant conditions with intensities of illumination varying between 0.003 lux and 100 lux. Each animal was kept in at least 5 different conditions for 2-3 weeks each. Three quantities of the circadian rhythm: the period, the duration of activity as opposed to rest, and the amount of activity per period, could be shown to be positively correlated with light intensity. As in 6 other diurnal primate species, these findings contradict the so-called circadian rule according to which opposite correlations should exist between the circadian parameters and light intensity in diurnal and in nocturnal species of animals.", "contents": "Circadian activity rhythms of the pig-tailed macaque, Macaca nemestrina, under constant illumination. Locomotor activity was recorded in singly caged pig-tailed macaques Macaca nemestrina in constant conditions with intensities of illumination varying between 0.003 lux and 100 lux. Each animal was kept in at least 5 different conditions for 2-3 weeks each. Three quantities of the circadian rhythm: the period, the duration of activity as opposed to rest, and the amount of activity per period, could be shown to be positively correlated with light intensity. As in 6 other diurnal primate species, these findings contradict the so-called circadian rule according to which opposite correlations should exist between the circadian parameters and light intensity in diurnal and in nocturnal species of animals.", "PMID": 100764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4385", "title": "Characterization of an immunoglobin cDNA clone containing the variable and constant regions for the MOPC 21 kappa light chain.", "content": "Nucleotide sequence analysis and restriction endonuclease mapping have been used to characterize a cDNA copy of immunoglobulin MOPC 21 Kappa mRNA clones in the bacterial plasmid pMB9. Three regions of the inserted cDNA of plasmid pL21-1 have been sequenced and match the known protein sequence at amino acid residues 1-24, 128-138 and 171-179. With these sequences to provide absolute correlations between the restriction map and the structural gene sequence it has been possible to exactly deduce the positions of all 11 of the insert restriction sites mapped within the structural gene. The pL21-1 insert contains the complete variable and constant regions as well as parts of the 3' untranslated and polypeptide leader coding sequences.", "contents": "Characterization of an immunoglobin cDNA clone containing the variable and constant regions for the MOPC 21 kappa light chain. Nucleotide sequence analysis and restriction endonuclease mapping have been used to characterize a cDNA copy of immunoglobulin MOPC 21 Kappa mRNA clones in the bacterial plasmid pMB9. Three regions of the inserted cDNA of plasmid pL21-1 have been sequenced and match the known protein sequence at amino acid residues 1-24, 128-138 and 171-179. With these sequences to provide absolute correlations between the restriction map and the structural gene sequence it has been possible to exactly deduce the positions of all 11 of the insert restriction sites mapped within the structural gene. The pL21-1 insert contains the complete variable and constant regions as well as parts of the 3' untranslated and polypeptide leader coding sequences.", "PMID": 100766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4386", "title": "Recombinant DNA clones constructed from immunoglobulin kappa light chain messenger RNA.", "content": "Recombinant DNA clones have been generated from mouse myeloma MOPC 21 immunoglobulin kappa light chain mRNA. Complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized on kappa light chain mRNA by reverse transcriptase was made double stranded and inserted into the bacterial plasmid vector, pMB9. Approximately 70 tetracycline-resistant transformed colonies containing kappa light chain mRNA sequences were identified by colony hybridization. Five of these recombinant clones were selected and characterized. Three clones contain both kappa light chain constant and variable region sequences. Two of these three recombinant clones have been shown to include all of the kappa light chain constant and variable region coding sequences. Another of the five selected recombinant clones contain kappa light chain constant region sequences. The remaining characterized clone appears to be derived from sequences at the 5'-end of kappa light chain mRNA, possibly extending to the terminal cap structure.", "contents": "Recombinant DNA clones constructed from immunoglobulin kappa light chain messenger RNA. Recombinant DNA clones have been generated from mouse myeloma MOPC 21 immunoglobulin kappa light chain mRNA. Complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized on kappa light chain mRNA by reverse transcriptase was made double stranded and inserted into the bacterial plasmid vector, pMB9. Approximately 70 tetracycline-resistant transformed colonies containing kappa light chain mRNA sequences were identified by colony hybridization. Five of these recombinant clones were selected and characterized. Three clones contain both kappa light chain constant and variable region sequences. Two of these three recombinant clones have been shown to include all of the kappa light chain constant and variable region coding sequences. Another of the five selected recombinant clones contain kappa light chain constant region sequences. The remaining characterized clone appears to be derived from sequences at the 5'-end of kappa light chain mRNA, possibly extending to the terminal cap structure.", "PMID": 100767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4387", "title": "Computer method for predicting the secondary structure of single-stranded RNA.", "content": "We present a computer method utilizing published values for base pairing energies to compute the most energetically favorable secondary structure of an RNA from its primary nucleotide sequence. After listing all possible double-helical regions, every pair of mutally incompatible regions (whose nucleotides overlap) is examined to determine whether parts of those two regions can be combined by branch migration to form a pair of compatible new subregions which together are more stable than either of the original regions separately. These subregions are added to the list of base pairing regions which will compete to form the best overall structure. Then, a 'hyperstructure matrix' is generated, containing the unique topological relationship between every pair of regions. We have shown that the best structure can be chosen directly from this matrix, without the necessity of creating and examing every possible secondary structure. We have included the results from our solution of the 5S rRNA of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans as an example of our program's capabilities.", "contents": "Computer method for predicting the secondary structure of single-stranded RNA. We present a computer method utilizing published values for base pairing energies to compute the most energetically favorable secondary structure of an RNA from its primary nucleotide sequence. After listing all possible double-helical regions, every pair of mutally incompatible regions (whose nucleotides overlap) is examined to determine whether parts of those two regions can be combined by branch migration to form a pair of compatible new subregions which together are more stable than either of the original regions separately. These subregions are added to the list of base pairing regions which will compete to form the best overall structure. Then, a 'hyperstructure matrix' is generated, containing the unique topological relationship between every pair of regions. We have shown that the best structure can be chosen directly from this matrix, without the necessity of creating and examing every possible secondary structure. We have included the results from our solution of the 5S rRNA of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans as an example of our program's capabilities.", "PMID": 100768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4388", "title": "Meeting exceptional nutritional needs. 2. Elemental enteral alimentation.", "content": "Elemental enteral alimentation (EEA) is an alternative to parenteral nutrition in patients with a functioning gastrointestinal tract and increased caloric requirements or in whom regular oral feeding is impossible or impractical. EEA is given by nasogastric, jejunostomy, or gastrostomy tube. It is useful in cases of short-gut syndrome, pancreatic disease, partial intestinal obstruction, colitis, neuropsychiatric cachexia, trauma, fistula, vascular insult, and renal and liver disease, as well as in patients being prepared for surgery or requiring hyperalimentation after surgery or abdominal irradiation. Strict attention must be paid to fluid and electrolyte status and to blood and urine glucose levels in patients receiving EEA. With use of a nasogastric tube, infection of the middle ear is a possible but uncommon complication.", "contents": "Meeting exceptional nutritional needs. 2. Elemental enteral alimentation. Elemental enteral alimentation (EEA) is an alternative to parenteral nutrition in patients with a functioning gastrointestinal tract and increased caloric requirements or in whom regular oral feeding is impossible or impractical. EEA is given by nasogastric, jejunostomy, or gastrostomy tube. It is useful in cases of short-gut syndrome, pancreatic disease, partial intestinal obstruction, colitis, neuropsychiatric cachexia, trauma, fistula, vascular insult, and renal and liver disease, as well as in patients being prepared for surgery or requiring hyperalimentation after surgery or abdominal irradiation. Strict attention must be paid to fluid and electrolyte status and to blood and urine glucose levels in patients receiving EEA. With use of a nasogastric tube, infection of the middle ear is a possible but uncommon complication.", "PMID": 100774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4389", "title": "RNA metabolism, manganese, and RNA polymerases of zinc-sufficient and zinc-deficient Euglena gracilis.", "content": "The three major RNA classes from zinc-sufficient [(+Zn)] and zinc-deficient [(=Zn)] Euglena gracilis have been separated by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)- and N-[N'-[m-(dihydroxyboryl)phenyl]succinamoyl]aminoethyl (DBAE)-celluloses. The total RNA content and the ribosomal and transfer RNA fractions are the same in (+Zn) and (=Zn) cells. IN (-Zn) cells, the messenger RNA fraction increases, and its altered base composition reveals additional bases and a 2-fold increase in the (G+C)/(A+U) ratio. Since the intracellular content of manganese increases in (-Zn) cells, we have examined its role in determining these changes in RNA composition. An increase in the Mn2+ content from 1 to 10 mM in assays with RNA polymerases I and II from (+Zn) cells and those with the single RNA polymerase from (-Zn) cells decreases the ratio of UMP to CMP incorporated from 1.7 to 1.0, 2.1 to 0.8 and 3.5 to 0.4, respectively. Thus, Mn2+ concentration can significantly alter the products of the enzymatic action of RNA polymerases from both (+Zn) and (-Zn) E. gracilis cells.", "contents": "RNA metabolism, manganese, and RNA polymerases of zinc-sufficient and zinc-deficient Euglena gracilis. The three major RNA classes from zinc-sufficient [(+Zn)] and zinc-deficient [(=Zn)] Euglena gracilis have been separated by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)- and N-[N'-[m-(dihydroxyboryl)phenyl]succinamoyl]aminoethyl (DBAE)-celluloses. The total RNA content and the ribosomal and transfer RNA fractions are the same in (+Zn) and (=Zn) cells. IN (-Zn) cells, the messenger RNA fraction increases, and its altered base composition reveals additional bases and a 2-fold increase in the (G+C)/(A+U) ratio. Since the intracellular content of manganese increases in (-Zn) cells, we have examined its role in determining these changes in RNA composition. An increase in the Mn2+ content from 1 to 10 mM in assays with RNA polymerases I and II from (+Zn) cells and those with the single RNA polymerase from (-Zn) cells decreases the ratio of UMP to CMP incorporated from 1.7 to 1.0, 2.1 to 0.8 and 3.5 to 0.4, respectively. Thus, Mn2+ concentration can significantly alter the products of the enzymatic action of RNA polymerases from both (+Zn) and (-Zn) E. gracilis cells.", "PMID": 100782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4390", "title": "High concentration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in pancreatic islets.", "content": "The concentration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, thyroliberin) in rat islets of Langerhans is 30-fold higher than in whole rat pancreas, indicating that the islets are the main source of pancreatic TRH. The TRH extracted from islets is indistinguishable from synthetic TRH in its immunological and biological properties and in its inactivation by human serum. The physiologic function of islet TRH is unknown. However, because TRH is antagonistic to somatostatin in other systems, and somatostatin also is concentrated in islets in high concentrations, it is possible that islet TRH may serve a similar antagonistic function in the regulation of islet cell secretory activity.", "contents": "High concentration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in pancreatic islets. The concentration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, thyroliberin) in rat islets of Langerhans is 30-fold higher than in whole rat pancreas, indicating that the islets are the main source of pancreatic TRH. The TRH extracted from islets is indistinguishable from synthetic TRH in its immunological and biological properties and in its inactivation by human serum. The physiologic function of islet TRH is unknown. However, because TRH is antagonistic to somatostatin in other systems, and somatostatin also is concentrated in islets in high concentrations, it is possible that islet TRH may serve a similar antagonistic function in the regulation of islet cell secretory activity.", "PMID": 100783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4391", "title": "Genetic regulation of tissue-specific expression of amylase structural genes in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster were screened for spatial variations in adult midgut alpha-amylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) expression. No strain-specific differences were found anteriorly, but three patterns of activity were discerned in the posterior midgut: A, activity throughout most of the region; B, activity in the anterior part of the region; and C, little or no activity. Alleles of a control gene, map, are responsible for this tissue-specific regulation of activity; e.g., mapA homozygotes produce the A pattern and mapC homozygotes the C pattern. The map locus was placed at 2--80 +/- on the genetic map of chromosome 2R, about two crossover units distal to the Amy structural gene region for alpha-amylase. Electrophoretic studies showed that mapA is trans acting in mapA/mapC flies, allowing expression of amylase isozymes coded for by genes on the opposite chromosome. The map gene behaves as a temporal gene that is clearly separable from the tightly linked, duplicated Amy structural genes.", "contents": "Genetic regulation of tissue-specific expression of amylase structural genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster were screened for spatial variations in adult midgut alpha-amylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) expression. No strain-specific differences were found anteriorly, but three patterns of activity were discerned in the posterior midgut: A, activity throughout most of the region; B, activity in the anterior part of the region; and C, little or no activity. Alleles of a control gene, map, are responsible for this tissue-specific regulation of activity; e.g., mapA homozygotes produce the A pattern and mapC homozygotes the C pattern. The map locus was placed at 2--80 +/- on the genetic map of chromosome 2R, about two crossover units distal to the Amy structural gene region for alpha-amylase. Electrophoretic studies showed that mapA is trans acting in mapA/mapC flies, allowing expression of amylase isozymes coded for by genes on the opposite chromosome. The map gene behaves as a temporal gene that is clearly separable from the tightly linked, duplicated Amy structural genes.", "PMID": 100784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4392", "title": "Assignment of genes for immunoglobulin kappa and heavy chains to chromosomes 6 and 12 in mouse.", "content": "Using somatic cell hybrids from fusions of lymphocytes of two different mouse stocks with the myeloma cell line X63-Ag8, we have assigned genes for the immunoglobulin heavy and kappa-type light chains to chromosomes 12 and 6, respectively. The two mouse stocks exhibit karyotypes consisting of nine pairs of metacentric chromosomes as a result of centric fusions of acrocentric chromosomes in different combinations. In the hybrid cells these metacentric chromosomes can be distinguished from the acrocentric chromosomes of myeloma origin, permitting correlation of Ig chain expression with mitotic loss of individual metacentric chromosomes.", "contents": "Assignment of genes for immunoglobulin kappa and heavy chains to chromosomes 6 and 12 in mouse. Using somatic cell hybrids from fusions of lymphocytes of two different mouse stocks with the myeloma cell line X63-Ag8, we have assigned genes for the immunoglobulin heavy and kappa-type light chains to chromosomes 12 and 6, respectively. The two mouse stocks exhibit karyotypes consisting of nine pairs of metacentric chromosomes as a result of centric fusions of acrocentric chromosomes in different combinations. In the hybrid cells these metacentric chromosomes can be distinguished from the acrocentric chromosomes of myeloma origin, permitting correlation of Ig chain expression with mitotic loss of individual metacentric chromosomes.", "PMID": 100785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4393", "title": "Somatostatin inhibits release of thyrotropin releasing factor from organ cultures of rat hypothalamus.", "content": "Somatostatin in concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-8) M inhibited basal release of thyrotropin releasing factor in organ culture of rat hypothalamus. Norepinephrine in doses of 10(-4)--10(-6) M induced release of thyrotropin releasing factor which increased progressively with time and was temperature and dose dependent. This enhanced thyrotropin-releasing-factor release was inhibited by somatostatin at 10(-6)--10(-8) M.", "contents": "Somatostatin inhibits release of thyrotropin releasing factor from organ cultures of rat hypothalamus. Somatostatin in concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-8) M inhibited basal release of thyrotropin releasing factor in organ culture of rat hypothalamus. Norepinephrine in doses of 10(-4)--10(-6) M induced release of thyrotropin releasing factor which increased progressively with time and was temperature and dose dependent. This enhanced thyrotropin-releasing-factor release was inhibited by somatostatin at 10(-6)--10(-8) M.", "PMID": 100786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4394", "title": "Azo dyes prevent hydrocarbon-induced leukemia in the rat.", "content": "A set of intraveous injections of 7,8,12-trimethylbenz[a]anthracene consistently elicited leukemia in more than 75% of young adult Long-Evans female rats. There was a profound reduction in the incidence of leukemia in companion groups of rats fed small amounts (1--10 mg) of Sudan III or Sudan IV prior to each injection of the carcinogenic hydrocarbon. Repeated feedings of 1 mg of Sudan III induced cumulative increases in the concentration of menadione reductase (EC 1.6.99.2) in liver, whereas protein concentration was unchanged. A single feeding of 1 mg of Sudan III prevented fatal toxicity in all members of large groups of rats injected with massive doses of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, but 50% of the survivors developed leukemia; unprotected rats succumbed in 1--3 days. Sudan III was not carcinogenic under the experimental conditions.", "contents": "Azo dyes prevent hydrocarbon-induced leukemia in the rat. A set of intraveous injections of 7,8,12-trimethylbenz[a]anthracene consistently elicited leukemia in more than 75% of young adult Long-Evans female rats. There was a profound reduction in the incidence of leukemia in companion groups of rats fed small amounts (1--10 mg) of Sudan III or Sudan IV prior to each injection of the carcinogenic hydrocarbon. Repeated feedings of 1 mg of Sudan III induced cumulative increases in the concentration of menadione reductase (EC 1.6.99.2) in liver, whereas protein concentration was unchanged. A single feeding of 1 mg of Sudan III prevented fatal toxicity in all members of large groups of rats injected with massive doses of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, but 50% of the survivors developed leukemia; unprotected rats succumbed in 1--3 days. Sudan III was not carcinogenic under the experimental conditions.", "PMID": 100787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4395", "title": "Synapses involving auditory nerve fibers in primate cochlea.", "content": "The anatomical mechanisms for processing auditory signals are extremely complex and incompletely understood, despite major advances already made with the use of electron microscopy. A major enigma, for example, is the presence in the mammalian cochlea of a double hair cell receptor system. A renewed attempt to discover evidence of synaptic coupling between the two systems in the primate cochlea, postulated from physiological studies, has failed. However, in the outer spiral bundle the narrow and rigid clefts seen between pairs of presumptive afferent fibers suggest the possibility of dendro-dendritic interaction confined to the outer hair cell system. The clustering of afferent processes within folds of supporting cells subjacent to outer hair cells is in contrast to the lack of such close associations in the inner hair cell region. The difference reinforces the suggestion of functional interaction of some sort between the outer hair cell afferent nerve processes.", "contents": "Synapses involving auditory nerve fibers in primate cochlea. The anatomical mechanisms for processing auditory signals are extremely complex and incompletely understood, despite major advances already made with the use of electron microscopy. A major enigma, for example, is the presence in the mammalian cochlea of a double hair cell receptor system. A renewed attempt to discover evidence of synaptic coupling between the two systems in the primate cochlea, postulated from physiological studies, has failed. However, in the outer spiral bundle the narrow and rigid clefts seen between pairs of presumptive afferent fibers suggest the possibility of dendro-dendritic interaction confined to the outer hair cell system. The clustering of afferent processes within folds of supporting cells subjacent to outer hair cells is in contrast to the lack of such close associations in the inner hair cell region. The difference reinforces the suggestion of functional interaction of some sort between the outer hair cell afferent nerve processes.", "PMID": 100788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4396", "title": "Energetics of sodium transport in toad urinary bladder.", "content": "The ratio of the rate of transepithelial sodium transport, JNa, across the isolated toad urinary bladder to the simultaneously measured rate of transport-dependent metabolism, JsbCO2, has been measured as a function of the transepithelial electrical voltage, deltapsi. The ratio remains constant with a mean value of 18 to 20 over the range of imposed voltages of 0 to +70 mV. With increasing hyperpolarization of the bladder, JNa decreases and the calculated electromotive force or apparent \"ENa\" of the sodium pump increases. From thermodynamic and kinetic arguments it is shown that the apparent \"ENa\" approaches the maximal electrochemical potential gradient, ENa, against which sodium can be transported by this tissue only when JNa approximately 0. At this unique condition F ENa (in which F is the Faraday constant) is the maximal free energy of the chemical reaction driving sodium transport and thus equal to the maximal extramitochondrial phosphorylation potential and the maximal free energy of the mitochondrial respiratory chain within the transporting cells.", "contents": "Energetics of sodium transport in toad urinary bladder. The ratio of the rate of transepithelial sodium transport, JNa, across the isolated toad urinary bladder to the simultaneously measured rate of transport-dependent metabolism, JsbCO2, has been measured as a function of the transepithelial electrical voltage, deltapsi. The ratio remains constant with a mean value of 18 to 20 over the range of imposed voltages of 0 to +70 mV. With increasing hyperpolarization of the bladder, JNa decreases and the calculated electromotive force or apparent \"ENa\" of the sodium pump increases. From thermodynamic and kinetic arguments it is shown that the apparent \"ENa\" approaches the maximal electrochemical potential gradient, ENa, against which sodium can be transported by this tissue only when JNa approximately 0. At this unique condition F ENa (in which F is the Faraday constant) is the maximal free energy of the chemical reaction driving sodium transport and thus equal to the maximal extramitochondrial phosphorylation potential and the maximal free energy of the mitochondrial respiratory chain within the transporting cells.", "PMID": 100789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4397", "title": "Brief communication. Comparative pharmacology of norcocaine in M. mulatta and M. fascicularis.", "content": "Norcocaine was administered intravenously (0.05, 0.5, 5.0 mg/kg) to three chaired unanesthetized male rhesus monkeys and to three chaired male cynomolgus monkeys. Respiration rate, heart rate and rectal temperature were monitored. In the rhesus monkeys tachycardia and hyperventilation resulted. However, similar qualitative and quantitative changes were not observed in the cynomolgus species. There was a statistically significant difference in the response to norcocaine across species. These results indicate that cynomolgus monkeys are either less sensitive or respond differently than rhesus monkeys to some of the pharmacological effects of norcocaine. Furthermore, these data confirm that norcocaine is an active derivative of cocaine in both rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys.", "contents": "Brief communication. Comparative pharmacology of norcocaine in M. mulatta and M. fascicularis. Norcocaine was administered intravenously (0.05, 0.5, 5.0 mg/kg) to three chaired unanesthetized male rhesus monkeys and to three chaired male cynomolgus monkeys. Respiration rate, heart rate and rectal temperature were monitored. In the rhesus monkeys tachycardia and hyperventilation resulted. However, similar qualitative and quantitative changes were not observed in the cynomolgus species. There was a statistically significant difference in the response to norcocaine across species. These results indicate that cynomolgus monkeys are either less sensitive or respond differently than rhesus monkeys to some of the pharmacological effects of norcocaine. Furthermore, these data confirm that norcocaine is an active derivative of cocaine in both rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys.", "PMID": 100791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4398", "title": "Correlation of PCB body burden with behavioral toxicology in monkeys.", "content": "Eight monkeys fed 2.5 ppm PCB in their daily diet conceived, delivered and nursed five infants, three of which survived past weaning at four months of age. PCB residues in fat in the surviving infants at 8, 10 1/2, and 23 months of age declined linearly when plotted as log concentration versus time (first order clearance), and these functions extrapolated to presumed peak PCB levels of 21, 114, and 123 microgram/g fat (ppm) at 4 months of age. Behavioral tests on these three infants and four normal controls revealed hyperlocomotor activity at 6 and 12 months of age correlated with peak PCB body burdens. Higher peak PCB body burdens also were correlated with increased errors in five of nine learning tasks conducted between 8 and 24 months of age. Point estimates of zero-effect levels of PCB body burdens ranged around 21 ppm, although it was clear that even the monkey carrying only 21 ppm PCBs at four months of age exhibited some behavioral deficits persisting through the final testing at 24 months of age.", "contents": "Correlation of PCB body burden with behavioral toxicology in monkeys. Eight monkeys fed 2.5 ppm PCB in their daily diet conceived, delivered and nursed five infants, three of which survived past weaning at four months of age. PCB residues in fat in the surviving infants at 8, 10 1/2, and 23 months of age declined linearly when plotted as log concentration versus time (first order clearance), and these functions extrapolated to presumed peak PCB levels of 21, 114, and 123 microgram/g fat (ppm) at 4 months of age. Behavioral tests on these three infants and four normal controls revealed hyperlocomotor activity at 6 and 12 months of age correlated with peak PCB body burdens. Higher peak PCB body burdens also were correlated with increased errors in five of nine learning tasks conducted between 8 and 24 months of age. Point estimates of zero-effect levels of PCB body burdens ranged around 21 ppm, although it was clear that even the monkey carrying only 21 ppm PCBs at four months of age exhibited some behavioral deficits persisting through the final testing at 24 months of age.", "PMID": 100792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4399", "title": "The use of 10B to enhance the tumour dose in fast-neutron therapy.", "content": "Incorporation of 10B in tumours treated by fast-neutron therapy would increase the tumour dose via the reaction 10B(n, alpha)7Li which occurs with partially thermalised neutrons. The extent of the dose enhancement was measured for neutron beams with median energies of 2.4, 3.3, 7.0 and 9.0 MeV by two techniques: with a BF3 proportional counter in three beams and activation of 23Na in the fourth. The results obtained with the two techniques are in good agreement. The magnitude of the dose enhancement depends upon the depth, field size and neutron beam energy. The dose enhancement at a depth of 8 cm varied from 0.32% with the lowest-energy beam to 0.07% with the highest-energy beam for each microgram of 10B uptake per gram of tissue. The products of the reaction in 10B would, however, have an RBE about twice that of the fast-neutron dose in the absence of boron. The method may be useful if drugs providing adequate uptake of 10B can be synthesised.", "contents": "The use of 10B to enhance the tumour dose in fast-neutron therapy. Incorporation of 10B in tumours treated by fast-neutron therapy would increase the tumour dose via the reaction 10B(n, alpha)7Li which occurs with partially thermalised neutrons. The extent of the dose enhancement was measured for neutron beams with median energies of 2.4, 3.3, 7.0 and 9.0 MeV by two techniques: with a BF3 proportional counter in three beams and activation of 23Na in the fourth. The results obtained with the two techniques are in good agreement. The magnitude of the dose enhancement depends upon the depth, field size and neutron beam energy. The dose enhancement at a depth of 8 cm varied from 0.32% with the lowest-energy beam to 0.07% with the highest-energy beam for each microgram of 10B uptake per gram of tissue. The products of the reaction in 10B would, however, have an RBE about twice that of the fast-neutron dose in the absence of boron. The method may be useful if drugs providing adequate uptake of 10B can be synthesised.", "PMID": 100793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4400", "title": "Pion radiotherapy: studies with nuclear emulsions.", "content": "Nuclear emulsions were used to provide information on (1) the pion star distribution for a therapy beam; (2) star production as a function of pion energy and residual range in nuclear emulsion; (3) the distribution of nuclear framgent ranges in emulsion; and (4) the neutron energy spectrum and fluence produced by negative pion capture in tissue, during treatment of a patient. This last item is important for determining the whole-body dose delivered to a patient undergoing pion radiotherapy.", "contents": "Pion radiotherapy: studies with nuclear emulsions. Nuclear emulsions were used to provide information on (1) the pion star distribution for a therapy beam; (2) star production as a function of pion energy and residual range in nuclear emulsion; (3) the distribution of nuclear framgent ranges in emulsion; and (4) the neutron energy spectrum and fluence produced by negative pion capture in tissue, during treatment of a patient. This last item is important for determining the whole-body dose delivered to a patient undergoing pion radiotherapy.", "PMID": 100794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4401", "title": "[Pattern-sensitive epilepsy with an unusual triggering mechanism].", "content": "A case of pattern-sensitive epilepsy is reported which is characterized in that the pattern is formed from images of human faces with clearly recognizable eyes. Similarities to previously reported cases of pattern-sensitive epilepsy as well as dissimilarities from those cases are discussed.", "contents": "[Pattern-sensitive epilepsy with an unusual triggering mechanism]. A case of pattern-sensitive epilepsy is reported which is characterized in that the pattern is formed from images of human faces with clearly recognizable eyes. Similarities to previously reported cases of pattern-sensitive epilepsy as well as dissimilarities from those cases are discussed.", "PMID": 100798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4402", "title": "[Clinical significance of serum phenytoin level].", "content": "Phenytoin serum concentrations in 115 epileptics treated on an inpatient basis showed, in two groups, only relatively weak correlation with the dosage used. The range of variation was assigned a factor of 16. For individual patients there was observed a correlation between the dosage in mg/kg and the corresponding phenytoin serum concentration. The level of phenytoin serum concentration was not found to be related to the frequency of attacks. The effective phenytoin serum level showed interindividual differences and can be low as well as relatively high. Resulting from this is the need for determining, from the determination of serum concentrations, the effective serum concentration for each individual patient.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of serum phenytoin level]. Phenytoin serum concentrations in 115 epileptics treated on an inpatient basis showed, in two groups, only relatively weak correlation with the dosage used. The range of variation was assigned a factor of 16. For individual patients there was observed a correlation between the dosage in mg/kg and the corresponding phenytoin serum concentration. The level of phenytoin serum concentration was not found to be related to the frequency of attacks. The effective phenytoin serum level showed interindividual differences and can be low as well as relatively high. Resulting from this is the need for determining, from the determination of serum concentrations, the effective serum concentration for each individual patient.", "PMID": 100799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4403", "title": "[Lymphadenopathy in phenytoin treatment].", "content": "The authors report on a 20-year-old patient who developed hydantoin lymphadenopathy during treatment with diphenylhydantoin. The problems associated with clinical and histological delimination from malignant lymphomata are described by reference to the literature. Hydantoin lymphadenopathy is regarded as a drug-induced allergic and toxic process.", "contents": "[Lymphadenopathy in phenytoin treatment]. The authors report on a 20-year-old patient who developed hydantoin lymphadenopathy during treatment with diphenylhydantoin. The problems associated with clinical and histological delimination from malignant lymphomata are described by reference to the literature. Hydantoin lymphadenopathy is regarded as a drug-induced allergic and toxic process.", "PMID": 100800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4404", "title": "Dependency of different types in schoolchildren with epilepsy.", "content": "By means of the Self-Administered Dependency Questionnaire (SADQ), 4 types of dependency on mother were measured in 65 children with epilepsy attending ordinary school, sub-grouped according to sex, level of schooling, electrographic type of epilepsy, and drug treatment. The various dependency scores of each subgroup were compared with the appropriate norms available for the SADQ. Compared with normal boys, epileptic boys of primary school age (N = 16) were generally found to be more in need of close physical emotional contact with their mother and her physical proximity when away from home, although they were less ready to talk to her about their practical problems and ask for her help. The needs of epileptic boys of secondary-school age (N = 18) were expressed more in terms of their mother's help with practical matters at home. In contrast, no significant differences were apparent between epileptic and normal girls at either level of schooling. In comparisons between epileptic children who consistently produced only generalized seizure activity in their EEG (N = 31), a right temporal spike discharge (N = 16) or a similar discharge on the left (N = 18), both boys and girls with a left temporal spike discharge tended to show significantly higher need for close physical emotional contact with their mother than children in the other electrographic groups. No clear relationship was seen between dependency scores and type of anti-epileptic drug treatment.", "contents": "Dependency of different types in schoolchildren with epilepsy. By means of the Self-Administered Dependency Questionnaire (SADQ), 4 types of dependency on mother were measured in 65 children with epilepsy attending ordinary school, sub-grouped according to sex, level of schooling, electrographic type of epilepsy, and drug treatment. The various dependency scores of each subgroup were compared with the appropriate norms available for the SADQ. Compared with normal boys, epileptic boys of primary school age (N = 16) were generally found to be more in need of close physical emotional contact with their mother and her physical proximity when away from home, although they were less ready to talk to her about their practical problems and ask for her help. The needs of epileptic boys of secondary-school age (N = 18) were expressed more in terms of their mother's help with practical matters at home. In contrast, no significant differences were apparent between epileptic and normal girls at either level of schooling. In comparisons between epileptic children who consistently produced only generalized seizure activity in their EEG (N = 31), a right temporal spike discharge (N = 16) or a similar discharge on the left (N = 18), both boys and girls with a left temporal spike discharge tended to show significantly higher need for close physical emotional contact with their mother than children in the other electrographic groups. No clear relationship was seen between dependency scores and type of anti-epileptic drug treatment.", "PMID": 100801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4405", "title": "Continuation therapy in endogenous depression controlled by changes in the TRH stimulation test.", "content": "Thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone is impaired during endogenous depression and normalized between the depressive periods. Changes in the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone were shown to be of predictive value and might be useful in the control of continuation therapy with antidepressants in patients with endogenous depression.", "contents": "Continuation therapy in endogenous depression controlled by changes in the TRH stimulation test. Thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone is impaired during endogenous depression and normalized between the depressive periods. Changes in the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone were shown to be of predictive value and might be useful in the control of continuation therapy with antidepressants in patients with endogenous depression.", "PMID": 100802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4406", "title": "High-affinity 3H-serotonin binding to caudate: inhibition by hallucinogens and serotoninergic drugs.", "content": "The specific binding of 3H-serotonin to calf caudate homogenate was studied. The dissociation constant was 2nM and the number of specific sites was 14fmoles/mg protein. Of many drugs tested, inhibition of specific 3H-serotonin binding occurred almost exclusively with serotonin agonists and antagonists. The concentrations for 50% inhibition of 3H-serotonin binding by serotonergic agonists follow: bufotenin, 6nM; 5-methoxytryptamine, 12 nM; psilocin, 35nM; dimethyltryptamine, 220 nM; and tryptamine, 270 nM. The concentrations for the antagonists were: LSD 9.5 nM; methysergide 16nM and metergoline 25nM.", "contents": "High-affinity 3H-serotonin binding to caudate: inhibition by hallucinogens and serotoninergic drugs. The specific binding of 3H-serotonin to calf caudate homogenate was studied. The dissociation constant was 2nM and the number of specific sites was 14fmoles/mg protein. Of many drugs tested, inhibition of specific 3H-serotonin binding occurred almost exclusively with serotonin agonists and antagonists. The concentrations for 50% inhibition of 3H-serotonin binding by serotonergic agonists follow: bufotenin, 6nM; 5-methoxytryptamine, 12 nM; psilocin, 35nM; dimethyltryptamine, 220 nM; and tryptamine, 270 nM. The concentrations for the antagonists were: LSD 9.5 nM; methysergide 16nM and metergoline 25nM.", "PMID": 100806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4407", "title": "Combined effects of ethanol and diazepam on performance and acquisition of serial position sequences by pigeons.", "content": "The effects of diazepam and ethanol, alone and in combination, were studied in pigeons responding under acquisition and performance chain schedules. Both diazepam and ethanol increased the number of pecks on the incorrect key (errors). Under the acquisition schedule both diazepam and ethanol increased errors at doses lower than those under the performance schedule. Under both schedules effects of combinations of ethanol and diazepam were usually greater than the sum of the effects of the individual drugs.", "contents": "Combined effects of ethanol and diazepam on performance and acquisition of serial position sequences by pigeons. The effects of diazepam and ethanol, alone and in combination, were studied in pigeons responding under acquisition and performance chain schedules. Both diazepam and ethanol increased the number of pecks on the incorrect key (errors). Under the acquisition schedule both diazepam and ethanol increased errors at doses lower than those under the performance schedule. Under both schedules effects of combinations of ethanol and diazepam were usually greater than the sum of the effects of the individual drugs.", "PMID": 100807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4408", "title": "Methamphetamine and diphenhydramine effects on the rate of cognitive processing.", "content": "Three cognitive tasks in which performance depends primarily on the rate of cognitive processing were given to 24 male subjects before and after oral doses of methamphetamine (10 mg), diphenhydramine hydrochloride (100 mg), and placebo. Each subject was tested on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday of one week with drug orders balanced across subjects. Compared with placebo and diphenhydramine, methamphetamine increased the rate at which a visual display was scanned for a target stimulus. Methamphetamine affected neither a time-production task nor a divided attention task that required the subject to perform two cognitive tasks in a limited amount of time. This suggests that methamphetamine can increase cognitive processing speed on tasks involving familiar cognitive operations but that an increase is not likely in tasks involving more complicated decision processes. Compared with placebo and methamphetamine, diphenhydramine caused subjects no experience geophysical time as passing more slowly, but the drug had no significant effects on the visual search or divided-attention tasks. This suggests that time perception is more likely to be altered by diphenhydramine than is performance on tasks requiring short periods of rapid cognitive processing.", "contents": "Methamphetamine and diphenhydramine effects on the rate of cognitive processing. Three cognitive tasks in which performance depends primarily on the rate of cognitive processing were given to 24 male subjects before and after oral doses of methamphetamine (10 mg), diphenhydramine hydrochloride (100 mg), and placebo. Each subject was tested on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday of one week with drug orders balanced across subjects. Compared with placebo and diphenhydramine, methamphetamine increased the rate at which a visual display was scanned for a target stimulus. Methamphetamine affected neither a time-production task nor a divided attention task that required the subject to perform two cognitive tasks in a limited amount of time. This suggests that methamphetamine can increase cognitive processing speed on tasks involving familiar cognitive operations but that an increase is not likely in tasks involving more complicated decision processes. Compared with placebo and methamphetamine, diphenhydramine caused subjects no experience geophysical time as passing more slowly, but the drug had no significant effects on the visual search or divided-attention tasks. This suggests that time perception is more likely to be altered by diphenhydramine than is performance on tasks requiring short periods of rapid cognitive processing.", "PMID": 100808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4409", "title": "Psychopharmacological studies on (--)-nuciferine and its Hofmann degradation product atherosperminine.", "content": "(--)-Nuciferine and its Hofmann degradation product atherosperminine showed divergent psychopharmacological effects. Because nuciferine has been reported to be a neuroleptic and atherosperminine has some chemical resemblance to dopamine, they were investigated for their dopamine-receptor activities. Nuciferine had a pharmacologic profile of action associated with dopamine-receptor blockade; i.e., it induced catalepsy, inhibited spontaneous motor activity, conditioned avoidance response, amphetamine toxicity and stereotypy. On the other hand, atherosperminine produced effects associated with dopamine receptor stimulation, i.e., stereotypy, increase in spontaneous motor activity and amphetamine toxicity, reversal of haloperidol-induced catalepsy and inhibition of conditioned avoidance response, inhibition of morphine analgesia, and potentiation of the anticonvulsant action of diphenylhydantoin. The results are discussed on the basis of the chemical configuration of the two compounds.", "contents": "Psychopharmacological studies on (--)-nuciferine and its Hofmann degradation product atherosperminine. (--)-Nuciferine and its Hofmann degradation product atherosperminine showed divergent psychopharmacological effects. Because nuciferine has been reported to be a neuroleptic and atherosperminine has some chemical resemblance to dopamine, they were investigated for their dopamine-receptor activities. Nuciferine had a pharmacologic profile of action associated with dopamine-receptor blockade; i.e., it induced catalepsy, inhibited spontaneous motor activity, conditioned avoidance response, amphetamine toxicity and stereotypy. On the other hand, atherosperminine produced effects associated with dopamine receptor stimulation, i.e., stereotypy, increase in spontaneous motor activity and amphetamine toxicity, reversal of haloperidol-induced catalepsy and inhibition of conditioned avoidance response, inhibition of morphine analgesia, and potentiation of the anticonvulsant action of diphenylhydantoin. The results are discussed on the basis of the chemical configuration of the two compounds.", "PMID": 100809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4410", "title": "The practical significance of nortriptyline plasma control. A prospective evaluation under routine conditions in endogenous depression.", "content": "The problem of the advantage of using nortriptyline (NT) plasma level during treatment for endogenous depression has been approached. In an ordinary psychiatric department, 34 patients had their NT level checked the second week of treatment and their dosage subsequently adjusted, if it was outside the recommended therapeutic plasma range (50--150 ng/ml). A cautious dose policy led to low plasma levels followed by dose increase in about 40% of the patients. Only in a few patients was the plasma level above the upper limit. The general outcome, about 20% failures, was compatible with the best in literature. These and other results suggest that controlling the NT plasma concentration, aiming at a level of around 100 ng/ml, might offer a therapeutic advantage, but only if the department has established a therapeutic strategy that involves such a monitoring system. The therapeutic outcome was the same as or even better in the old-age group than that in patients under 65 years of age.", "contents": "The practical significance of nortriptyline plasma control. A prospective evaluation under routine conditions in endogenous depression. The problem of the advantage of using nortriptyline (NT) plasma level during treatment for endogenous depression has been approached. In an ordinary psychiatric department, 34 patients had their NT level checked the second week of treatment and their dosage subsequently adjusted, if it was outside the recommended therapeutic plasma range (50--150 ng/ml). A cautious dose policy led to low plasma levels followed by dose increase in about 40% of the patients. Only in a few patients was the plasma level above the upper limit. The general outcome, about 20% failures, was compatible with the best in literature. These and other results suggest that controlling the NT plasma concentration, aiming at a level of around 100 ng/ml, might offer a therapeutic advantage, but only if the department has established a therapeutic strategy that involves such a monitoring system. The therapeutic outcome was the same as or even better in the old-age group than that in patients under 65 years of age.", "PMID": 100810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4411", "title": "The effect of lithium on amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation.", "content": "A behavioural study was performed to investigate how lithium interacts with monoamine mechanisms. Acute lithium pretreatment partially antagonized amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation in mice. A rather small dose of L-dopa, which had no stimulant effect on locomotor activity of its own, caused a dose-dependent antagonism of the lithium-induced suppression of the amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation. Additionally, acute lithium pretreatment had no effect on the apomorphine-clonidine-induced locomotor stimulation after elimination of presynaptic activity by means of pretreatment with reserpine and alpha-MT. Our interpretation of these results is that the inhibitory effect on amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation is likely to be mediated via presynaptic mechanisms (i.e., decreased release of catecholamines or inhibition of catecholamine synthesis or a combination of both mechanisms) and, further, lithium seems to have no effect at or beyond the catecholamine receptors. However, the possibility that lithium may increase the activity in neuronal systems antagonizing the catecholamine neurons cannot be excluded.", "contents": "The effect of lithium on amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation. A behavioural study was performed to investigate how lithium interacts with monoamine mechanisms. Acute lithium pretreatment partially antagonized amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation in mice. A rather small dose of L-dopa, which had no stimulant effect on locomotor activity of its own, caused a dose-dependent antagonism of the lithium-induced suppression of the amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation. Additionally, acute lithium pretreatment had no effect on the apomorphine-clonidine-induced locomotor stimulation after elimination of presynaptic activity by means of pretreatment with reserpine and alpha-MT. Our interpretation of these results is that the inhibitory effect on amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation is likely to be mediated via presynaptic mechanisms (i.e., decreased release of catecholamines or inhibition of catecholamine synthesis or a combination of both mechanisms) and, further, lithium seems to have no effect at or beyond the catecholamine receptors. However, the possibility that lithium may increase the activity in neuronal systems antagonizing the catecholamine neurons cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 100811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4412", "title": "Blockade of epileptic responses in the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio, by two irreversible inhibitors of GABA-transaminase, gamma-acetylenic GABA (4-amino-hex-5-ynoic acid) and gamma-vinyl GABA (4-amino-hex-5-enoic acid).", "content": "The anticonvulsant potency and neurological toxicity of two new catalytic inhibitors of GABA-transaminase have been assessed in acute experiments in baboons with a natural syndrome of photic epilepsy. gamma-Acetylenic GABA, 160--200 mg/kg, or gamma-vinyl GABA, 450--950 mg/kg, intravenously, gave complete protection against generalised myoclonus or seizure responses induced by photic stimulation (in baboons without or with priming with subconvulsant doses of allylglycine). The protection became maximal 1--3 h after injection, and continued for 7--24 h. Signs characteristic of the acute toxicity of anticonvulsant drugs (nystagmus and ataxia) were not seen. The potential use of these compounds in human epilepsy deserves investigation.", "contents": "Blockade of epileptic responses in the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio, by two irreversible inhibitors of GABA-transaminase, gamma-acetylenic GABA (4-amino-hex-5-ynoic acid) and gamma-vinyl GABA (4-amino-hex-5-enoic acid). The anticonvulsant potency and neurological toxicity of two new catalytic inhibitors of GABA-transaminase have been assessed in acute experiments in baboons with a natural syndrome of photic epilepsy. gamma-Acetylenic GABA, 160--200 mg/kg, or gamma-vinyl GABA, 450--950 mg/kg, intravenously, gave complete protection against generalised myoclonus or seizure responses induced by photic stimulation (in baboons without or with priming with subconvulsant doses of allylglycine). The protection became maximal 1--3 h after injection, and continued for 7--24 h. Signs characteristic of the acute toxicity of anticonvulsant drugs (nystagmus and ataxia) were not seen. The potential use of these compounds in human epilepsy deserves investigation.", "PMID": 100812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4413", "title": "Enhanced choice of familiar food in a food preference test after chlordiazepoxide administration.", "content": "Chlordiazepoxide (5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) increased the time spent eating familiar laboratory chow, in a food-choice test in which both familiar and novel food objects were available. Chlordiazepoxide did not affect the feeding response to the novel food. Prior handling of the rats and repeat testing affected feeding responses in the test, although in ways which were different from and independent of the effect of chlordiazepoxide. Chlordiazepoxide may facilitate feeding responses by a direct enhancement of feeding motivation, and not necessarily secondarily by either a release of suppression of feeding or as attenuation of anxiety evoked by unfamiliarity.", "contents": "Enhanced choice of familiar food in a food preference test after chlordiazepoxide administration. Chlordiazepoxide (5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) increased the time spent eating familiar laboratory chow, in a food-choice test in which both familiar and novel food objects were available. Chlordiazepoxide did not affect the feeding response to the novel food. Prior handling of the rats and repeat testing affected feeding responses in the test, although in ways which were different from and independent of the effect of chlordiazepoxide. Chlordiazepoxide may facilitate feeding responses by a direct enhancement of feeding motivation, and not necessarily secondarily by either a release of suppression of feeding or as attenuation of anxiety evoked by unfamiliarity.", "PMID": 100813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4414", "title": "The effects of chlordiazepoxide on a delayed pair comparison task in pigeons.", "content": "Five pigeons were successfully taught a variation of the Konorski delayed pair comparison task, using a red and a green stimulus. The bird was required to respond to the left or right hand key, depending on whether the 2 successively presented centre key stimuli were the same (left) or different (right). The delay intervals ranged from zero to 9 s, and stable performance decrements (with increasing delay) were obtained. Chlordiazepoxide which, it has been argued, produces behavioural changes similar to those observed after hippocampal lesions was found to disrupt performance at doses greater than 4 mg/kg (i.m.). All delays (including zero) were affected. Some interpretations of this result in terms of encoding and attention are discussed, and some reference made to the possible neuropharmacological basis of this drug action.", "contents": "The effects of chlordiazepoxide on a delayed pair comparison task in pigeons. Five pigeons were successfully taught a variation of the Konorski delayed pair comparison task, using a red and a green stimulus. The bird was required to respond to the left or right hand key, depending on whether the 2 successively presented centre key stimuli were the same (left) or different (right). The delay intervals ranged from zero to 9 s, and stable performance decrements (with increasing delay) were obtained. Chlordiazepoxide which, it has been argued, produces behavioural changes similar to those observed after hippocampal lesions was found to disrupt performance at doses greater than 4 mg/kg (i.m.). All delays (including zero) were affected. Some interpretations of this result in terms of encoding and attention are discussed, and some reference made to the possible neuropharmacological basis of this drug action.", "PMID": 100814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4415", "title": "The production of morphine tolerance and physical dependence by the oral route in the rat. A comparative study.", "content": "A method for the chronical administration of morphine by the oral route is discussed and compared with the production of physical dependence to morphine by injection. The method recommends the administration of Morphine HCl dissolved in a 45% sucrose syrup and given orally for 4 weeks. The initial concentration of morphine in the syrup was 1 mg/ml and was increased weekly up to 4 mg/ml at the end of the experiment. This procedure rendered the animals physically dependent on morphine as observed by drug withdrawal, when abstinence symptoms were easily identified.", "contents": "The production of morphine tolerance and physical dependence by the oral route in the rat. A comparative study. A method for the chronical administration of morphine by the oral route is discussed and compared with the production of physical dependence to morphine by injection. The method recommends the administration of Morphine HCl dissolved in a 45% sucrose syrup and given orally for 4 weeks. The initial concentration of morphine in the syrup was 1 mg/ml and was increased weekly up to 4 mg/ml at the end of the experiment. This procedure rendered the animals physically dependent on morphine as observed by drug withdrawal, when abstinence symptoms were easily identified.", "PMID": 100815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4416", "title": "Ethanol-reinforced behavior of rats with concurrent access to food and water.", "content": "Dippers filled with water or an ethanol solution were presented to male Wistar rats contingent on lever-pressing under a concurrent fixed-ratio 1 (water) fixed-ratio 1 (ethanol) schedule. During Phase I, when maintenance feedings were given during instead of following the daily 3-h sessions, the feedings increased drinking of both 8% (w/v) ethanol and water, with 8% ethanol being consumed in greater volumes than water. In Phase II, a 28-day transitional period from the food-deprived to the food-satiated state, continuous access to food during 3-h sessions moderately decreased 8% ethanol intake, and increased water intake and total liquid intake (water plus 8% ethanol). In Phase III, concurrent water and ethanol intake of food-satiated rats was compared over two identical series of ethanol concentrations (8, 11.3, 16, 22.6, 32, and 8% retest). Food was freely available in both the operant conditioning chambers and home cages. The number of dipper presentations of ethanol exceeded presentations of water for each rat at each concentration studied. Presentations of water were low in number and did not vary with the ethanol concentration. As the ethanol concentration was increased, the number of ethanol presentations decreased, while the quantity consumed (mg/100 g body weight/h) generally increased.", "contents": "Ethanol-reinforced behavior of rats with concurrent access to food and water. Dippers filled with water or an ethanol solution were presented to male Wistar rats contingent on lever-pressing under a concurrent fixed-ratio 1 (water) fixed-ratio 1 (ethanol) schedule. During Phase I, when maintenance feedings were given during instead of following the daily 3-h sessions, the feedings increased drinking of both 8% (w/v) ethanol and water, with 8% ethanol being consumed in greater volumes than water. In Phase II, a 28-day transitional period from the food-deprived to the food-satiated state, continuous access to food during 3-h sessions moderately decreased 8% ethanol intake, and increased water intake and total liquid intake (water plus 8% ethanol). In Phase III, concurrent water and ethanol intake of food-satiated rats was compared over two identical series of ethanol concentrations (8, 11.3, 16, 22.6, 32, and 8% retest). Food was freely available in both the operant conditioning chambers and home cages. The number of dipper presentations of ethanol exceeded presentations of water for each rat at each concentration studied. Presentations of water were low in number and did not vary with the ethanol concentration. As the ethanol concentration was increased, the number of ethanol presentations decreased, while the quantity consumed (mg/100 g body weight/h) generally increased.", "PMID": 100816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4417", "title": "A near-lethal dose of ethanol, given intraperitoneally, does not affect memory consolidation of two different avoidance tasks.", "content": "Ethanol (3 g/kg, given i.p. as a 33% w/v solution), was given to adult Wistar rats 1 min after training in (1) a 50-trial session of shuttle avoidance, using buzzers and shocks, and (2) an inhibitory avoidance experience in a step-through apparatus. The animals were retested 7 days after training in condition (1), and 3 days after training in condition (2). There was no difference in retention scores between the ethanol-treated, saline-treated, or untreated animals. In addition, there was no evidence of an aversive effect of ethanol per se under any of the two training conditions, in spite of the fact that the dose of ethanol used caused a very profound ataxia, and was lethal for 14.3% of the animals (a slightly higher dose, 4 g/kg, is lethal for about 80% of our rats). These data do not favor the hypothesis that an acute administration of ethanol may influence memory consolidation.", "contents": "A near-lethal dose of ethanol, given intraperitoneally, does not affect memory consolidation of two different avoidance tasks. Ethanol (3 g/kg, given i.p. as a 33% w/v solution), was given to adult Wistar rats 1 min after training in (1) a 50-trial session of shuttle avoidance, using buzzers and shocks, and (2) an inhibitory avoidance experience in a step-through apparatus. The animals were retested 7 days after training in condition (1), and 3 days after training in condition (2). There was no difference in retention scores between the ethanol-treated, saline-treated, or untreated animals. In addition, there was no evidence of an aversive effect of ethanol per se under any of the two training conditions, in spite of the fact that the dose of ethanol used caused a very profound ataxia, and was lethal for 14.3% of the animals (a slightly higher dose, 4 g/kg, is lethal for about 80% of our rats). These data do not favor the hypothesis that an acute administration of ethanol may influence memory consolidation.", "PMID": 100817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4418", "title": "Comparison of oral and intravenous methylphenidate.", "content": "Oral methylphenidate (1.0 mg/kg) and intravenous methylphenidate (0.5 mg/kg) were compared as to their ability to increase behavioral activation, pulse, blood pressure, and serum growth hormone. Intravenous methylphenidate was considerably more effective than oral methylphenidate in activating behavior and in increasing pulse and blood pressure. Although oral methylphenidate appeared to increase behavioral activation, this effect was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Comparison of oral and intravenous methylphenidate. Oral methylphenidate (1.0 mg/kg) and intravenous methylphenidate (0.5 mg/kg) were compared as to their ability to increase behavioral activation, pulse, blood pressure, and serum growth hormone. Intravenous methylphenidate was considerably more effective than oral methylphenidate in activating behavior and in increasing pulse and blood pressure. Although oral methylphenidate appeared to increase behavioral activation, this effect was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 100818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4419", "title": "The central antiserotonergic action of mianserin.", "content": "The central antiserotonergic action of mianserin (MS) was tested in mice, rats, and rabbits. MS, like cyproheptadine, to which it was compared, inhibits the head-twitch response to 5-hydroxytryptophan in mice and rats without affecting the pinna reflex. MS does not change the flexor reflex of the hind limb of the spinal rat; it antagonizes its stimulation induced by fenfluramine, LSD, and quipazine, but not that induced by clonidine. The hyperthermia in rabbits caused by the serotonergic stimulants cited above is also antagonized by pretreatment with MS. Unlike cyproheptadine, MS is not active in the oxotremorine test. The results indicate that at low doses MS is a central serotonergic-receptor blocker.", "contents": "The central antiserotonergic action of mianserin. The central antiserotonergic action of mianserin (MS) was tested in mice, rats, and rabbits. MS, like cyproheptadine, to which it was compared, inhibits the head-twitch response to 5-hydroxytryptophan in mice and rats without affecting the pinna reflex. MS does not change the flexor reflex of the hind limb of the spinal rat; it antagonizes its stimulation induced by fenfluramine, LSD, and quipazine, but not that induced by clonidine. The hyperthermia in rabbits caused by the serotonergic stimulants cited above is also antagonized by pretreatment with MS. Unlike cyproheptadine, MS is not active in the oxotremorine test. The results indicate that at low doses MS is a central serotonergic-receptor blocker.", "PMID": 100819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4420", "title": "Evidence for cell loss in corpus striatum after long-term treatment with a neuroleptic drug (flupenithixol) in rats.", "content": "The number of nerve cells in two different areas of the corpus striatum (i.e., ventrolateral and dorsomedial) was estimated in rat brain after long-term (36 weeks) treatment with the neuroleptic flupenthixol. Nine rats were given weekly injections of 4 mg/kg flupenthixol dissolved in Viscoleo i.m., and seven rats received Viscoleo alone. Fourteen to 18 weeks after the last drug injection, the animals were decapitated and half of each brain was fixated with formalin for cell-count analysis and the remaining half used for a biochemical analysis (Nielsen, 1977). Separate cell counts in the ventrolateral and dorsomedial corpus striatum yielded a significant cell loss of approximately 10%, but only in the ventrolateral striatum of treated animals. These results suggest at least one concrete anatomical basis for the behavioral and biochemical deficits found in the same animals, as reported earlier. The results further suggest that persistent irreversible anatomical changes can follow long-term neuroleptic treatment. The inconsistencies of results regarding cell loss in the corpus striatum may be due to neglect of dorsal-ventral structural differences in corpus striatum.", "contents": "Evidence for cell loss in corpus striatum after long-term treatment with a neuroleptic drug (flupenithixol) in rats. The number of nerve cells in two different areas of the corpus striatum (i.e., ventrolateral and dorsomedial) was estimated in rat brain after long-term (36 weeks) treatment with the neuroleptic flupenthixol. Nine rats were given weekly injections of 4 mg/kg flupenthixol dissolved in Viscoleo i.m., and seven rats received Viscoleo alone. Fourteen to 18 weeks after the last drug injection, the animals were decapitated and half of each brain was fixated with formalin for cell-count analysis and the remaining half used for a biochemical analysis (Nielsen, 1977). Separate cell counts in the ventrolateral and dorsomedial corpus striatum yielded a significant cell loss of approximately 10%, but only in the ventrolateral striatum of treated animals. These results suggest at least one concrete anatomical basis for the behavioral and biochemical deficits found in the same animals, as reported earlier. The results further suggest that persistent irreversible anatomical changes can follow long-term neuroleptic treatment. The inconsistencies of results regarding cell loss in the corpus striatum may be due to neglect of dorsal-ventral structural differences in corpus striatum.", "PMID": 100820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4421", "title": "Effect of intraperitoneally administered GABA on the locomotor activity of mice.", "content": "Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into mice at doses from 25--2000 mg/kg, and spontaneous locomotor activity was recorded for the following 20 min. A slight but significant decrease in the spontaneous locomotor activity was noted only with the highest dose. The stimulation of motor activity induced by ethanol (2.4 g/kg i.p.) was significantly counteracted by GABA (100 mg/kg i.p. and upwards). A further suppression of ethanol-induced hyperactivity was reached by pretreatment with aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA, 15 mg/kg i.p.). The stimulation of motor activity induced by morphine (10 mg/kg i.p.) remained unaffected by even high doses of i.p. GABA. Motility produced by activation of postsynaptic catecholamine receptors, i.e., by apomorphine (3 mg/kg i.p.) and clonidine (3 mg/kg i.p.) following reserpine (10 mg/kg i.p.) and alpha-methyltyrosine (250 mg/kg i.p.) pretreatment, was not affected by i.p. GABA injections, whereas hypomotility caused by a low dose of haloperidol (150 microgram/kg i.p.) was enhanced. In conjunction with earlier biochemical data, these results suggest a certain access of blood-borne GABA to the CNS, leading to inhibition of dopaminergic neurons involved in motility regulation.", "contents": "Effect of intraperitoneally administered GABA on the locomotor activity of mice. Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into mice at doses from 25--2000 mg/kg, and spontaneous locomotor activity was recorded for the following 20 min. A slight but significant decrease in the spontaneous locomotor activity was noted only with the highest dose. The stimulation of motor activity induced by ethanol (2.4 g/kg i.p.) was significantly counteracted by GABA (100 mg/kg i.p. and upwards). A further suppression of ethanol-induced hyperactivity was reached by pretreatment with aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA, 15 mg/kg i.p.). The stimulation of motor activity induced by morphine (10 mg/kg i.p.) remained unaffected by even high doses of i.p. GABA. Motility produced by activation of postsynaptic catecholamine receptors, i.e., by apomorphine (3 mg/kg i.p.) and clonidine (3 mg/kg i.p.) following reserpine (10 mg/kg i.p.) and alpha-methyltyrosine (250 mg/kg i.p.) pretreatment, was not affected by i.p. GABA injections, whereas hypomotility caused by a low dose of haloperidol (150 microgram/kg i.p.) was enhanced. In conjunction with earlier biochemical data, these results suggest a certain access of blood-borne GABA to the CNS, leading to inhibition of dopaminergic neurons involved in motility regulation.", "PMID": 100821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4422", "title": "Preventive cranial irradiation in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children.", "content": "From April 1971 to September 1977, 94 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia, in whom a complete clinical and hematologic remission had been obtained received preventive cranial irradiation at the University Clinic for Radiotherapy of Vienna. So far, only in 2 of the 94 patients an initial meningeal relapse occurred. After a minimum follow-up time of 3 years, the rate of primary CNS relapse is 8%. The combination of cranial irradiation and methotrexate intrathecally, beginning currently in the first month of the complete remission, seems to be the most effective and least hazardous regimen to prevent meningeal and CNS leukemia.", "contents": "Preventive cranial irradiation in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children. From April 1971 to September 1977, 94 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia, in whom a complete clinical and hematologic remission had been obtained received preventive cranial irradiation at the University Clinic for Radiotherapy of Vienna. So far, only in 2 of the 94 patients an initial meningeal relapse occurred. After a minimum follow-up time of 3 years, the rate of primary CNS relapse is 8%. The combination of cranial irradiation and methotrexate intrathecally, beginning currently in the first month of the complete remission, seems to be the most effective and least hazardous regimen to prevent meningeal and CNS leukemia.", "PMID": 100826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4423", "title": "[Present state of the wide-field megavoltage radiotherapy of Hodgkin's disease. Fundamentals, performance, side effects (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapeutic results of Hodgkin's disease could be significantly improved by the introduction of megavoltage radiotherapy equipment and more profound knowledge about this disease. By this way, five year survival rates of 70% can be achieved for all stages and up to 100% for the early stages. The wide field technique enables the coverage of all lymph nodes with protection of non involved organs. Simultaneously, these improved technical conditions make optimal radiation planning necessary which demands numerous technical auxiliaries. Radiation type and radiation energy are important preconditions for the therapy; production and usage of shilding blocks are necessary for individual performance. The principle for optimal radiation dose distribution are measurements and calculations on the phantom which are now included in computer programs. Nevertheless, radiation of large volumes represent a high stress for the patient. Despite the improvement of the therapeutic results there are except the acute radiation side effects, also irreversible alterations. These can be analysed only after long time observations and has to be balanced with the therapeutic results. The knowledge of these side effects is very important for the radiologist. Beside that, the risk of induction of a second tumor has to be considered. The present possibilities of absolute control of this disease enables the overtreatment of lesions in the early stages. Therefore it has to be postulated to regard the present therapy concepts with attention and to consider the possible side effects.", "contents": "[Present state of the wide-field megavoltage radiotherapy of Hodgkin's disease. Fundamentals, performance, side effects (author's transl)]. Therapeutic results of Hodgkin's disease could be significantly improved by the introduction of megavoltage radiotherapy equipment and more profound knowledge about this disease. By this way, five year survival rates of 70% can be achieved for all stages and up to 100% for the early stages. The wide field technique enables the coverage of all lymph nodes with protection of non involved organs. Simultaneously, these improved technical conditions make optimal radiation planning necessary which demands numerous technical auxiliaries. Radiation type and radiation energy are important preconditions for the therapy; production and usage of shilding blocks are necessary for individual performance. The principle for optimal radiation dose distribution are measurements and calculations on the phantom which are now included in computer programs. Nevertheless, radiation of large volumes represent a high stress for the patient. Despite the improvement of the therapeutic results there are except the acute radiation side effects, also irreversible alterations. These can be analysed only after long time observations and has to be balanced with the therapeutic results. The knowledge of these side effects is very important for the radiologist. Beside that, the risk of induction of a second tumor has to be considered. The present possibilities of absolute control of this disease enables the overtreatment of lesions in the early stages. Therefore it has to be postulated to regard the present therapy concepts with attention and to consider the possible side effects.", "PMID": 100827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4424", "title": "Experience with a pair of matched diodes for constancy checks.", "content": "A unit is discussed which employs a pair of matched silicon diode detectors to check the constancy of the output, beam quality, field flatness, and symmetry of teletherapy equipment. The unit has proven useful, but the long-term stability of the diode-amplifier system must be considered, because two years of experience has demonstrated significant sensitivity changes in the diodes.", "contents": "Experience with a pair of matched diodes for constancy checks. A unit is discussed which employs a pair of matched silicon diode detectors to check the constancy of the output, beam quality, field flatness, and symmetry of teletherapy equipment. The unit has proven useful, but the long-term stability of the diode-amplifier system must be considered, because two years of experience has demonstrated significant sensitivity changes in the diodes.", "PMID": 100828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4425", "title": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis in rabbit kidney medulla: inhibition in-vitro vs. in-vivo by aspirin, indomethacin and meclofenamic acid.", "content": "The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs aspirin, indomethacin and meclofenamic acid were compared for their potency and duration of inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis in rabbit kidney medulla. Indomethacin and meclofenamic acid showed equal potency of inhibition in-vitro (IC50 0.88 micron and 0.85 micron respectively) while aspiring was a much weaker inhibitor (IC50 120 micron). In-vivo, indomethacin was the most powerful inhibitor (ID50 0.034 mg/kg) followed by meclofenamic acid (0.45 mg/kg) and aspirin (2.35 mg/kg). Studies on the duration of in-vivo inhibition by these compounds showed the effect of indomethacin and meclofenamic acid to be completely reversed within 4-6 hours. In contrast, return of kidney prostaglandin biosynthetic activity following aspirin inhibition is very slow and significant inhibition is still present 48 hours after a single aspiring injection. The inhibitory effect of aspirin in-vivo could be blocked by pretreatment with indomethacin, indicating that both drugs interact with related sites on the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme. The irreversible inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase by aspirin as demonstrated in studies of other investigators suggests that the return of kidney prostaglandin synthetase activity after aspirin inhibition represents synthesis of new cyclo-oxygenase protein.", "contents": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis in rabbit kidney medulla: inhibition in-vitro vs. in-vivo by aspirin, indomethacin and meclofenamic acid. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs aspirin, indomethacin and meclofenamic acid were compared for their potency and duration of inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis in rabbit kidney medulla. Indomethacin and meclofenamic acid showed equal potency of inhibition in-vitro (IC50 0.88 micron and 0.85 micron respectively) while aspiring was a much weaker inhibitor (IC50 120 micron). In-vivo, indomethacin was the most powerful inhibitor (ID50 0.034 mg/kg) followed by meclofenamic acid (0.45 mg/kg) and aspirin (2.35 mg/kg). Studies on the duration of in-vivo inhibition by these compounds showed the effect of indomethacin and meclofenamic acid to be completely reversed within 4-6 hours. In contrast, return of kidney prostaglandin biosynthetic activity following aspirin inhibition is very slow and significant inhibition is still present 48 hours after a single aspiring injection. The inhibitory effect of aspirin in-vivo could be blocked by pretreatment with indomethacin, indicating that both drugs interact with related sites on the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme. The irreversible inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase by aspirin as demonstrated in studies of other investigators suggests that the return of kidney prostaglandin synthetase activity after aspirin inhibition represents synthesis of new cyclo-oxygenase protein.", "PMID": 100830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4426", "title": "Metabolism of delta4-cis-PGF1alpha in the monkey.", "content": "This isomer of PGF2alpha is relatively resistant to metabolic degradation in the Cynomolgus monkey. Thus, 16-20 per cent of the amount injected was excreted unchanged in the urine. Five metabolites with 20, 18, 16 and 14 carbon atoms in the skeleton were identified. The data are similar to those earlier seen in the rat and further support the idea that this analogue of PGF2alpha could have a long half-life time in the mammalian body and thus a long duration of its pharmacological actions.", "contents": "Metabolism of delta4-cis-PGF1alpha in the monkey. This isomer of PGF2alpha is relatively resistant to metabolic degradation in the Cynomolgus monkey. Thus, 16-20 per cent of the amount injected was excreted unchanged in the urine. Five metabolites with 20, 18, 16 and 14 carbon atoms in the skeleton were identified. The data are similar to those earlier seen in the rat and further support the idea that this analogue of PGF2alpha could have a long half-life time in the mammalian body and thus a long duration of its pharmacological actions.", "PMID": 100831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4427", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on ovarian and pituitary function in the mid-luteal phase.", "content": "The effects of PGF2alpha infusion in a dose of 25 micrograms/min for 5 hours on serum levels of estradiol-17beta, progesterone, LH, FSH, TSH and prolactin, and on the pituitary hormone responsiveness to LRH and TRH were studied in 10 apparently healthy cycling women in the mid-luteal phase. No systematic alteration was seen in the pituitary and ovarian hormone levels during PGF2alpha infusion, and the pituitary hormone responses to releasing hormones were unaffected. Ovarian steroid production increased in response to increased gonadotropin levels after LRH injection during PGF2alpha administration. These results confirm that PGF2alpha is not luteolytic in humans and no apparent relationship between PGF2alpha and pituitary hormone secretion exists.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on ovarian and pituitary function in the mid-luteal phase. The effects of PGF2alpha infusion in a dose of 25 micrograms/min for 5 hours on serum levels of estradiol-17beta, progesterone, LH, FSH, TSH and prolactin, and on the pituitary hormone responsiveness to LRH and TRH were studied in 10 apparently healthy cycling women in the mid-luteal phase. No systematic alteration was seen in the pituitary and ovarian hormone levels during PGF2alpha infusion, and the pituitary hormone responses to releasing hormones were unaffected. Ovarian steroid production increased in response to increased gonadotropin levels after LRH injection during PGF2alpha administration. These results confirm that PGF2alpha is not luteolytic in humans and no apparent relationship between PGF2alpha and pituitary hormone secretion exists.", "PMID": 100832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4428", "title": "[Relative sensitivity of various cell cultures to the thermostable exotoxin of B. thuringiensis].", "content": "The \"thermostable\" B. thuringiensis exotoxin is active on cell cultures of Mammals \"in vitro\", except on the KB strain from a human tumor. The primary cultures are the most sensitive: first, with monkey kidney cells, the growth is inhibited by 0.1 mg of toxin per ml; next, the young rabbit kidney cells react to 0.25 mg of toxin per ml. The established lines of cells come last: human diploid cells (Lyon 4) and heteroploid cells (BHK21C13), with the same active dose of 1 mg of toxin per ml. No protection is obtained by adding ATP to monkey kidney cells at the same time as the exotoxin.", "contents": "[Relative sensitivity of various cell cultures to the thermostable exotoxin of B. thuringiensis]. The \"thermostable\" B. thuringiensis exotoxin is active on cell cultures of Mammals \"in vitro\", except on the KB strain from a human tumor. The primary cultures are the most sensitive: first, with monkey kidney cells, the growth is inhibited by 0.1 mg of toxin per ml; next, the young rabbit kidney cells react to 0.25 mg of toxin per ml. The established lines of cells come last: human diploid cells (Lyon 4) and heteroploid cells (BHK21C13), with the same active dose of 1 mg of toxin per ml. No protection is obtained by adding ATP to monkey kidney cells at the same time as the exotoxin.", "PMID": 100834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4429", "title": "Laser differential light scattering bioassays for selected antitumor agents.", "content": "Bioassay methods for actinomycin D, 6-thioguanine, and adriamycin which utilize laser light scattering from suspensions of drug-sensitive bacteria have been developed. In 3 hours, serum and urine levels of the 3 drugs can be reproducibily measured. A sample volume of 0.1 ml may be assayed with a precision of +/- 10%. The linear response range for actinomycin D was 0.03 to 3.0 microgram/ml. For 6-thioguanine and adriamycin the linear responses range was 0.03 to 10.0 and 0.25 to 10.0 microgram/ml, respectively. Thetively. The present studies further confirm the general utility of differential light scattering as a rapid and inexpensive assay procedure of broad application.", "contents": "Laser differential light scattering bioassays for selected antitumor agents. Bioassay methods for actinomycin D, 6-thioguanine, and adriamycin which utilize laser light scattering from suspensions of drug-sensitive bacteria have been developed. In 3 hours, serum and urine levels of the 3 drugs can be reproducibily measured. A sample volume of 0.1 ml may be assayed with a precision of +/- 10%. The linear response range for actinomycin D was 0.03 to 3.0 microgram/ml. For 6-thioguanine and adriamycin the linear responses range was 0.03 to 10.0 and 0.25 to 10.0 microgram/ml, respectively. Thetively. The present studies further confirm the general utility of differential light scattering as a rapid and inexpensive assay procedure of broad application.", "PMID": 100836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4430", "title": "Diagnosis of enzootic bovine leukosis: a comparison of haematological and immunodiffusion tests.", "content": "A total of 657 cattle from three different herds were tested for the presence of specific antibodies against EBL antigens by means of the immunodiffusion test and the results compared with the classification according to the lymphocyte counts. All animals with pathologically raised lymphocyte counts showed a positive immunodiffusion test reaction. In the majority of these both antigens, 'p24' and 'gp', gave positive results; in a smaller number antibodies against the gp antigen only were detected, but never against the p24 antigen only. It is concluded that for field testing programmes the use of the gp antigen is sufficient. In future experiments, however, both antigens should be employed, because the lack of one of them might perhaps prove to be correlated with the future course of the disease. The absence of specific antibodies, together with a normal number of lymphocytes, in young animals should, however, not lead to the conclusion that they are free of the disease.", "contents": "Diagnosis of enzootic bovine leukosis: a comparison of haematological and immunodiffusion tests. A total of 657 cattle from three different herds were tested for the presence of specific antibodies against EBL antigens by means of the immunodiffusion test and the results compared with the classification according to the lymphocyte counts. All animals with pathologically raised lymphocyte counts showed a positive immunodiffusion test reaction. In the majority of these both antigens, 'p24' and 'gp', gave positive results; in a smaller number antibodies against the gp antigen only were detected, but never against the p24 antigen only. It is concluded that for field testing programmes the use of the gp antigen is sufficient. In future experiments, however, both antigens should be employed, because the lack of one of them might perhaps prove to be correlated with the future course of the disease. The absence of specific antibodies, together with a normal number of lymphocytes, in young animals should, however, not lead to the conclusion that they are free of the disease.", "PMID": 100837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4431", "title": "The effects of passive antibodies to egg albumin on active immunity in lambs to Brucella abortus and egg albumin.", "content": "The long-term effects of colostrum on active immunity to two unrelated antigens are described. Lambs were fed with pooled colostrum--to equalise passive immunity--with or without added antibodies to egg albumin (Ea). There were significant breed differences in the response both to Brucella abortus measured at one month of age, and to Ea, measured at three months of age, although there was no significant correlation between the responses to the two antigens, either within or between breeds. Surprisingly, whereas antibodies to Ea caused a four-fold reduction in antibody production to B abortus, they did not affect the overall mean response to Ea. But the timing of the response to Ea was significantly affected, suggesting that the low persisting concentrations of antibody had caused qualitative changes in the response.", "contents": "The effects of passive antibodies to egg albumin on active immunity in lambs to Brucella abortus and egg albumin. The long-term effects of colostrum on active immunity to two unrelated antigens are described. Lambs were fed with pooled colostrum--to equalise passive immunity--with or without added antibodies to egg albumin (Ea). There were significant breed differences in the response both to Brucella abortus measured at one month of age, and to Ea, measured at three months of age, although there was no significant correlation between the responses to the two antigens, either within or between breeds. Surprisingly, whereas antibodies to Ea caused a four-fold reduction in antibody production to B abortus, they did not affect the overall mean response to Ea. But the timing of the response to Ea was significantly affected, suggesting that the low persisting concentrations of antibody had caused qualitative changes in the response.", "PMID": 100838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4432", "title": "The scaling of maximal oxygen consumption and pulmonary dimensions in small mammals.", "content": "This report has reexamined the relationship between standard and maximal rates of oxygen consumption (VO2std and VO2max) and pulmonary surface area in mammals whose weights extend over the lower half of the total log weight range in mammals. For combined groups of wild and laboratory animals with body weights of 2--3700 g, the following equations pertain: VO2std (ml . min-1) = 0.0602 . W0.727; VO2std, or the factorial aerobic scope, is nearly constant over this weight range at approximately 6.6 (range 5.8--7.1). In view of this finding, earlier studies relating SA or pulmonary diffusion capacity to VO2std are still appropriate models for pulmonary constraints on metabolic rate. The data summarized here suggest that, at least for wild species of mammals, pulmonary diffusion capacity may limit VO2max.", "contents": "The scaling of maximal oxygen consumption and pulmonary dimensions in small mammals. This report has reexamined the relationship between standard and maximal rates of oxygen consumption (VO2std and VO2max) and pulmonary surface area in mammals whose weights extend over the lower half of the total log weight range in mammals. For combined groups of wild and laboratory animals with body weights of 2--3700 g, the following equations pertain: VO2std (ml . min-1) = 0.0602 . W0.727; VO2std, or the factorial aerobic scope, is nearly constant over this weight range at approximately 6.6 (range 5.8--7.1). In view of this finding, earlier studies relating SA or pulmonary diffusion capacity to VO2std are still appropriate models for pulmonary constraints on metabolic rate. The data summarized here suggest that, at least for wild species of mammals, pulmonary diffusion capacity may limit VO2max.", "PMID": 100841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4433", "title": "[Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A clinical and pathological study of three cases in a family with eight affected members in three generations (author's transl)].", "content": "We report here a family with three pathologically confirmed cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in three siblings and with transmission of one case to the squirrel monkey. This family, originating from the South-East of England, settled in France in 1870. Eight members of the family, distributed in three generations, were affected by the disease at the same age (about 50), with similar symptoms and length of evolution. Two cases were confirmed at post-mortem and one case by cerebral biopsy. The genealogic inquiry dealth with 46 members of 5 generations. All the affected members, six men and two women, belonged to the three older generations which were comprised of 15 individuals. All had lived in close relationship in a limited area of the north of Ardennas. The possible mechanisms of dominant inheritance or cross infection are discussed.", "contents": "[Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A clinical and pathological study of three cases in a family with eight affected members in three generations (author's transl)]. We report here a family with three pathologically confirmed cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in three siblings and with transmission of one case to the squirrel monkey. This family, originating from the South-East of England, settled in France in 1870. Eight members of the family, distributed in three generations, were affected by the disease at the same age (about 50), with similar symptoms and length of evolution. Two cases were confirmed at post-mortem and one case by cerebral biopsy. The genealogic inquiry dealth with 46 members of 5 generations. All the affected members, six men and two women, belonged to the three older generations which were comprised of 15 individuals. All had lived in close relationship in a limited area of the north of Ardennas. The possible mechanisms of dominant inheritance or cross infection are discussed.", "PMID": 100844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4434", "title": "A comparison between diamine oxidases from human post-heparin blood serum, pregnancy blood serum and amniotic fluid.", "content": "Diamine oxidase (DAO) was purified from blood serum after intravenous heparin injection, from pregnancy blood serum and amniotic fluid. On DEAE-Sephadex, DAO from amniotic fluid as well as from pregnancy blood serum was separated in two active fractions with molecular weights of 245,000 and 485,000, respectively. Post-heparin blood serum contained only one active DAO fraction with a molecular weight of 185,000. The purified enzymes showed similar enzymatic properties.", "contents": "A comparison between diamine oxidases from human post-heparin blood serum, pregnancy blood serum and amniotic fluid. Diamine oxidase (DAO) was purified from blood serum after intravenous heparin injection, from pregnancy blood serum and amniotic fluid. On DEAE-Sephadex, DAO from amniotic fluid as well as from pregnancy blood serum was separated in two active fractions with molecular weights of 245,000 and 485,000, respectively. Post-heparin blood serum contained only one active DAO fraction with a molecular weight of 185,000. The purified enzymes showed similar enzymatic properties.", "PMID": 100865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4435", "title": "Actions of thyrotropin-releasing-hormone on gastrointestinal function in man. I. Inhibition of glucose and xylose absorption from the gut.", "content": "We studied serum glucose levels following a peroral glucose test in 6 healthy subjects on 2 alternate days in random order; with or without an i.v. TRH infusion for 3 hours (0.66 mg/hour). TRH infusion reduced serum glucose levels following oral glucose in all 6 subjects investigated. Serum insulin levels were reduced accordingly. Furthermore, serum xylose levels following peroral xylose were studied in the same 6 subjects. TRH infusion i.v. reduced serum xylose levels in all 6 subjects studied. I.v. glucose tolerance tests with or without an i.v. TRH infusion (0.66 mg/h) for 3 hours were studied in 4 healthy subjects. No change in serum glucose or insulin levels following TRH infusion was observed. We conclude that an i.v. infusion of TRH reduces serum levels of glucose following a peroral xylose load. TRH thus has marked actions on gastro-intestinal function in man inhibiting and/or retarding the absorption of glucose and xylose from the gut.", "contents": "Actions of thyrotropin-releasing-hormone on gastrointestinal function in man. I. Inhibition of glucose and xylose absorption from the gut. We studied serum glucose levels following a peroral glucose test in 6 healthy subjects on 2 alternate days in random order; with or without an i.v. TRH infusion for 3 hours (0.66 mg/hour). TRH infusion reduced serum glucose levels following oral glucose in all 6 subjects investigated. Serum insulin levels were reduced accordingly. Furthermore, serum xylose levels following peroral xylose were studied in the same 6 subjects. TRH infusion i.v. reduced serum xylose levels in all 6 subjects studied. I.v. glucose tolerance tests with or without an i.v. TRH infusion (0.66 mg/h) for 3 hours were studied in 4 healthy subjects. No change in serum glucose or insulin levels following TRH infusion was observed. We conclude that an i.v. infusion of TRH reduces serum levels of glucose following a peroral xylose load. TRH thus has marked actions on gastro-intestinal function in man inhibiting and/or retarding the absorption of glucose and xylose from the gut.", "PMID": 100866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4436", "title": "Protein A reactivity of various mammalian immunoglobulins.", "content": "Serum samples and immunoglobulin fractions of eight mammalian species were applied to a Sepharose--protein A column. As with the human immunoglobulin subclasses IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4, all examined IgG classes and subclasses were bound to a greater or lesser extent to protein A. However, the binding of IgG1 of ruminants was very poor. Polyclonal IgM and IgA of the pig, the dog and the cat may be separated in protein A reactive and protein A non-reactive fractions. In addition, monoclonal canine IgM and IgA partially reacted with protein A. In combination with methods such as ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel-filtration, affinity chromatography with protein A is recommended for the rapid purification of certain Ig (sub)classes of a number of mammalian species.", "contents": "Protein A reactivity of various mammalian immunoglobulins. Serum samples and immunoglobulin fractions of eight mammalian species were applied to a Sepharose--protein A column. As with the human immunoglobulin subclasses IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4, all examined IgG classes and subclasses were bound to a greater or lesser extent to protein A. However, the binding of IgG1 of ruminants was very poor. Polyclonal IgM and IgA of the pig, the dog and the cat may be separated in protein A reactive and protein A non-reactive fractions. In addition, monoclonal canine IgM and IgA partially reacted with protein A. In combination with methods such as ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel-filtration, affinity chromatography with protein A is recommended for the rapid purification of certain Ig (sub)classes of a number of mammalian species.", "PMID": 100867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4437", "title": "Variable-region subgroup and specificity of cold agglutinins.", "content": "The variable-region subgroup determined by amino acid sequence analysis of heavy and light chains of two monoclonal cold agglutinins with the new anti-Gd specificity is reported. Both proteins belong to the VHIII subgroup of heavy chains; one light chain falls into the V kappaI subgroup, the other has a blocked N-terminus which so far has not been observed in human kappa chains. The comparison of anti-Gd with anti-I/-i or anti-Pr cold agglutinins indicates that anti-Gd differs from other cold agglutinins with respect to variable-region subgroup. The data extend previous findings on the restriction of certain antibodies to distinct variable-region subgroups.", "contents": "Variable-region subgroup and specificity of cold agglutinins. The variable-region subgroup determined by amino acid sequence analysis of heavy and light chains of two monoclonal cold agglutinins with the new anti-Gd specificity is reported. Both proteins belong to the VHIII subgroup of heavy chains; one light chain falls into the V kappaI subgroup, the other has a blocked N-terminus which so far has not been observed in human kappa chains. The comparison of anti-Gd with anti-I/-i or anti-Pr cold agglutinins indicates that anti-Gd differs from other cold agglutinins with respect to variable-region subgroup. The data extend previous findings on the restriction of certain antibodies to distinct variable-region subgroups.", "PMID": 100868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4438", "title": "Inhibition of human anti-Gd cold agglutinins by sialyllactose.", "content": "Two examples of IgM kappa-monotopic cold agglutinins occurring in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas, reacted with erythrocyte autoantigens, which were protease-resistant but were inactivated by neuraminidase. The cold agglutinins were inhibited by the trisaccharide sialyllactose [NeuNAc(alpha,2 leads to 3) Gal (beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc], which is not related to oligosaccharides known to inhibit anti-I/-i cold agglutinins, Anti-Pr cold agglutinins are not inhibited by sialyllactose, although N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) is an essential component not only of Gd but also of Pr determinants. Gd determinants are not bound to erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins, but are apparently bound to membrane glycolipids (gangliosides).", "contents": "Inhibition of human anti-Gd cold agglutinins by sialyllactose. Two examples of IgM kappa-monotopic cold agglutinins occurring in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas, reacted with erythrocyte autoantigens, which were protease-resistant but were inactivated by neuraminidase. The cold agglutinins were inhibited by the trisaccharide sialyllactose [NeuNAc(alpha,2 leads to 3) Gal (beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc], which is not related to oligosaccharides known to inhibit anti-I/-i cold agglutinins, Anti-Pr cold agglutinins are not inhibited by sialyllactose, although N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) is an essential component not only of Gd but also of Pr determinants. Gd determinants are not bound to erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins, but are apparently bound to membrane glycolipids (gangliosides).", "PMID": 100869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4439", "title": "The placental Fcgamma receptors studied using immune complexes of peroxidase.", "content": "Immune complexes of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and rabbit IgG antibodies to HRP were used to study the Fcgamma receptors in normal human placenta. Cryostat sections of placental tissue were incubated with the complexes, and the peroxidase activity was revealed histochemically. The bound complexes were localized to the apical surface of the trophoblasts and endothelial cells of the fetal stem vessels. Binding also occurred within the wall of some fetal vessels, to stromal cells and occasionally to areas corresponding to the trophoblastic membrane. The strongest binding was obtained with immune complexes prepared at slight antigen excess. Eight- to sixteen-fold increased concentration of human and rabbit IgG was needed to block the binding of immune complexes. Bovine and porcine IgG did not block the binding. Treatment of tissue sections with neuraminidase enhanced the binding activity of the receptors. The technique is very convenient for studies of Fcgamma receptors in tissue. However, unfixed frozen placental tissue was not suitable for ultrastructural studies.", "contents": "The placental Fcgamma receptors studied using immune complexes of peroxidase. Immune complexes of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and rabbit IgG antibodies to HRP were used to study the Fcgamma receptors in normal human placenta. Cryostat sections of placental tissue were incubated with the complexes, and the peroxidase activity was revealed histochemically. The bound complexes were localized to the apical surface of the trophoblasts and endothelial cells of the fetal stem vessels. Binding also occurred within the wall of some fetal vessels, to stromal cells and occasionally to areas corresponding to the trophoblastic membrane. The strongest binding was obtained with immune complexes prepared at slight antigen excess. Eight- to sixteen-fold increased concentration of human and rabbit IgG was needed to block the binding of immune complexes. Bovine and porcine IgG did not block the binding. Treatment of tissue sections with neuraminidase enhanced the binding activity of the receptors. The technique is very convenient for studies of Fcgamma receptors in tissue. However, unfixed frozen placental tissue was not suitable for ultrastructural studies.", "PMID": 100870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4440", "title": "Late appearance of an IgA (kappa) monoclonal protein in a patient with IgG (kappa) multiple myeloma: sharing of idiotypic specificities between the two serum proteins.", "content": "A patient with an IgG(chi) monoclonal serum protein developed in the course of the disease a second monoclonal spike of the same light chain type and of the IgA class. The latter monoclonal protein progressively increased and eventually exceeded the first IgG(chi) protein. Antigenic analysis of the two myeloma proteins demonstrated that they shared idiotypic determinants. Immunofluorescence studies, carried out with anti gamma and anti alpha reagents tagged with different fluorochromes revealed that the two isotypes were produced by different plasma cells. The data are discussed in the prospect of a possible transitional mechanism from IgG to IgA synthesis within a single B cell clone.", "contents": "Late appearance of an IgA (kappa) monoclonal protein in a patient with IgG (kappa) multiple myeloma: sharing of idiotypic specificities between the two serum proteins. A patient with an IgG(chi) monoclonal serum protein developed in the course of the disease a second monoclonal spike of the same light chain type and of the IgA class. The latter monoclonal protein progressively increased and eventually exceeded the first IgG(chi) protein. Antigenic analysis of the two myeloma proteins demonstrated that they shared idiotypic determinants. Immunofluorescence studies, carried out with anti gamma and anti alpha reagents tagged with different fluorochromes revealed that the two isotypes were produced by different plasma cells. The data are discussed in the prospect of a possible transitional mechanism from IgG to IgA synthesis within a single B cell clone.", "PMID": 100871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4441", "title": "The mini-pig as a model for penetration of penicillins.", "content": "To be active, antimicrobials must reach the bacteria in the infectious foci in adequate concentrations. Direct measurements of levels in the various foci are difficult to perform, but a number of animal models with artificial extravascular foci have been developed. In many ways, the physiology of pigs resemble that of humans. Consequently, it was thought that pigs might also parallel humans in the handling of penicillins. General pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and flucloxacillin and the penetration of the substances to subcutaneously implanted teflon tistisue chambers were investigated. Ampicillin was given intramuscularly, orally, and as the pro-drug bacampicillin.", "contents": "The mini-pig as a model for penetration of penicillins. To be active, antimicrobials must reach the bacteria in the infectious foci in adequate concentrations. Direct measurements of levels in the various foci are difficult to perform, but a number of animal models with artificial extravascular foci have been developed. In many ways, the physiology of pigs resemble that of humans. Consequently, it was thought that pigs might also parallel humans in the handling of penicillins. General pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and flucloxacillin and the penetration of the substances to subcutaneously implanted teflon tistisue chambers were investigated. Ampicillin was given intramuscularly, orally, and as the pro-drug bacampicillin.", "PMID": 100872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4442", "title": "Factors affecting the intraocular penetration of antibiotics. The influence of route, inflammation, animal species and tissue pigmentation.", "content": "Antibiotics which are sparingly lipid-soluble, such as the penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides, penetrate the eye with great difficulty, achieving intravitreal concentrations which are only a small percentage of the peak serum level. As a result, it is common practice to administer these agents by periocular injection. We have compared the penetration of gentamicin in albino rabbits with that in squirrel monkeys, in normal and infected eyes, after retrobulbar and subconjunctival administration. Generally speaking, the subconjunctival route produced levels equal to or higher than those resulting from retrobulbar injection in both species; it was distinctly superior with regard to cornea and aqueous humor. Inflammation had a neutral or enhancing influence upon intraocular penetration in the monkey, but had a more variable effect in the rabbit; this may be related to the balance between diminution of the blood-ocular barrier and increased dissipation of antibiotic into the systemic circulation. Interspecies differences were much more striking in normal than in infected eyes. This underlines the necessity for the investigator to study inflamed eyes if the results are to be relevant to the clinical situation. Iris and choroid-retina from pigmented rabbits contained significantly more clindamycin and less gentamycin and less gentamicin, in terms of diffusible drug, than tissues from albino animals. These discrepancies reflect opposite interactions between melanin and the two antibiotics in vivo.", "contents": "Factors affecting the intraocular penetration of antibiotics. The influence of route, inflammation, animal species and tissue pigmentation. Antibiotics which are sparingly lipid-soluble, such as the penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides, penetrate the eye with great difficulty, achieving intravitreal concentrations which are only a small percentage of the peak serum level. As a result, it is common practice to administer these agents by periocular injection. We have compared the penetration of gentamicin in albino rabbits with that in squirrel monkeys, in normal and infected eyes, after retrobulbar and subconjunctival administration. Generally speaking, the subconjunctival route produced levels equal to or higher than those resulting from retrobulbar injection in both species; it was distinctly superior with regard to cornea and aqueous humor. Inflammation had a neutral or enhancing influence upon intraocular penetration in the monkey, but had a more variable effect in the rabbit; this may be related to the balance between diminution of the blood-ocular barrier and increased dissipation of antibiotic into the systemic circulation. Interspecies differences were much more striking in normal than in infected eyes. This underlines the necessity for the investigator to study inflamed eyes if the results are to be relevant to the clinical situation. Iris and choroid-retina from pigmented rabbits contained significantly more clindamycin and less gentamycin and less gentamicin, in terms of diffusible drug, than tissues from albino animals. These discrepancies reflect opposite interactions between melanin and the two antibiotics in vivo.", "PMID": 100873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4443", "title": "Penetration of antibiotics into the normal and diseased maxillary sinus mucosa.", "content": "A micro-method was developed for determination of the concentrations of antibiotics in the mucous membranes of the maxillary sinus in man. At different times after the administration of antibiotics (potassium phenoxymethylpenicillin, lymecycline and bacampicillin) the concentration was determined in serum and in pieces of maxillary sinus mucosa obtained at operation. It was found that the concentrations in the mucosa varied within wide ranges during the first 60 minutes after the operation but in samples taken at 90 minutes the fluctuations between the individuals were within the standard error of the method. Concentrations well above the MIC values for the majority of bacterias found in sinusitis were registered in the peaks. Six hours after the administration considerable amounts of active antibiotics were still detected in the maxillary sinus mucosa.", "contents": "Penetration of antibiotics into the normal and diseased maxillary sinus mucosa. A micro-method was developed for determination of the concentrations of antibiotics in the mucous membranes of the maxillary sinus in man. At different times after the administration of antibiotics (potassium phenoxymethylpenicillin, lymecycline and bacampicillin) the concentration was determined in serum and in pieces of maxillary sinus mucosa obtained at operation. It was found that the concentrations in the mucosa varied within wide ranges during the first 60 minutes after the operation but in samples taken at 90 minutes the fluctuations between the individuals were within the standard error of the method. Concentrations well above the MIC values for the majority of bacterias found in sinusitis were registered in the peaks. Six hours after the administration considerable amounts of active antibiotics were still detected in the maxillary sinus mucosa.", "PMID": 100874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4444", "title": "Induction of DNA synthesis in lymphocytes in vitro by various bacteria, with special reference to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in patients with uro-arthritis (Reiter's disease).", "content": "Antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation was studied by quantitation of 14C-thymidine uptake in cell cultures. The induction of DNA synthesis in vitro in lymphocytes from patients with uro-arthritis after stimulation by whole cells of virulent and avirulent N. gonorrhoeae, meningococci group B, and apathogenic Neisseria (N. pharyngis) was compared with the DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from healthy controls after stimulation with the same Neisseria antigens. The difference between patients and the controls was found to be highly significant after stimulation with virulent or avirulent N. gonorrhoeae organisms but not after stimulation with apathogenic Neisseria. An analysis of the correlation of the lymphocyte reactivity to all the Neisseria antigens showed a highly significant correlation between the response of uro-arthritis patients to the two types of gonococcal antigen (0.932*** and 0.859***), a lower correlation coefficient for group B meningococci and virulent or avirulent gonococci (0.724*** and 0.714***) and no correlation at all between apathogenic Neisseria and gonococci. The DNA synthesis in lymphocytes stimulated by N. gonorrhoeae and other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was also studied in cell cultures obtained from other healthy controls as well as uro-arthritis patients. There was no significant difference between the patients and the controls with regard to the response to apathogenic Neisseria and other non-Neisseria antigens.", "contents": "Induction of DNA synthesis in lymphocytes in vitro by various bacteria, with special reference to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in patients with uro-arthritis (Reiter's disease). Antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation was studied by quantitation of 14C-thymidine uptake in cell cultures. The induction of DNA synthesis in vitro in lymphocytes from patients with uro-arthritis after stimulation by whole cells of virulent and avirulent N. gonorrhoeae, meningococci group B, and apathogenic Neisseria (N. pharyngis) was compared with the DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from healthy controls after stimulation with the same Neisseria antigens. The difference between patients and the controls was found to be highly significant after stimulation with virulent or avirulent N. gonorrhoeae organisms but not after stimulation with apathogenic Neisseria. An analysis of the correlation of the lymphocyte reactivity to all the Neisseria antigens showed a highly significant correlation between the response of uro-arthritis patients to the two types of gonococcal antigen (0.932*** and 0.859***), a lower correlation coefficient for group B meningococci and virulent or avirulent gonococci (0.724*** and 0.714***) and no correlation at all between apathogenic Neisseria and gonococci. The DNA synthesis in lymphocytes stimulated by N. gonorrhoeae and other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was also studied in cell cultures obtained from other healthy controls as well as uro-arthritis patients. There was no significant difference between the patients and the controls with regard to the response to apathogenic Neisseria and other non-Neisseria antigens.", "PMID": 100875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4445", "title": "[Uremic pericarditis: clinical aspects, echocardiography, therapy].", "content": "Over a 2-year period uremic pericarditis was observed in 11 of 62 patients treated by chronic dialysis. The uremic state appeared to be the most important contributing factor in these patients. Chest pain, fever and a pericardial friction rub were observed in the majority of patients; the illness may however be silent. Echocardiography proved to be the single most helpful diagnostic procedure. Intensive hemodialysis, indomethacin or steroid therapy given systemically or intrapericardially are generally accepted in the management of pericarditis. Although indomethacin produced regression of the clinical symptoms in these patients, the volume of fluid within the pericardial sac diminished in 3 of 9 patients only. 6 patients were given systemic steroid treatment and this was followed by prompt resolution of the effusion. Surgery was not necessary. All patients had an uneventful recovery.", "contents": "[Uremic pericarditis: clinical aspects, echocardiography, therapy]. Over a 2-year period uremic pericarditis was observed in 11 of 62 patients treated by chronic dialysis. The uremic state appeared to be the most important contributing factor in these patients. Chest pain, fever and a pericardial friction rub were observed in the majority of patients; the illness may however be silent. Echocardiography proved to be the single most helpful diagnostic procedure. Intensive hemodialysis, indomethacin or steroid therapy given systemically or intrapericardially are generally accepted in the management of pericarditis. Although indomethacin produced regression of the clinical symptoms in these patients, the volume of fluid within the pericardial sac diminished in 3 of 9 patients only. 6 patients were given systemic steroid treatment and this was followed by prompt resolution of the effusion. Surgery was not necessary. All patients had an uneventful recovery.", "PMID": 100877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4446", "title": "[Are measles and mumps vaccinations worth while in Switzerland?].", "content": "Cost-benefit analyses have been performed in investigating the usefulness of general vaccination against measles and mumps in all children. Even by a conservative reckoning the cost of general measles immunization for all children in the second year of life is much lower than the financial effects of the disease. In the case of general mumps vaccination, cost-benefit analyses fo not give so significant an outweight of financial benefit as for measles vaccination. If only for economic reasons, however, general immunization against mumps is recommended for all children in the second year of life. From the economic viewpoint, general immunization programs for teenagers do not pay either with regard to mumps or measles. Such vaccinations may of course be recommended on an individual basis, especially for teenagers with a negative measles history.", "contents": "[Are measles and mumps vaccinations worth while in Switzerland?]. Cost-benefit analyses have been performed in investigating the usefulness of general vaccination against measles and mumps in all children. Even by a conservative reckoning the cost of general measles immunization for all children in the second year of life is much lower than the financial effects of the disease. In the case of general mumps vaccination, cost-benefit analyses fo not give so significant an outweight of financial benefit as for measles vaccination. If only for economic reasons, however, general immunization against mumps is recommended for all children in the second year of life. From the economic viewpoint, general immunization programs for teenagers do not pay either with regard to mumps or measles. Such vaccinations may of course be recommended on an individual basis, especially for teenagers with a negative measles history.", "PMID": 100878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4447", "title": "[Metabolites of hypoglycemic sulfonylureas in kidney failure. Experience with glibenclamide].", "content": "Renal insufficiency is a factor which predisposes to hypoglycemic accidents in subjects treated with hypoglycemic sulfonylureas. Glibenclamide (glyburide) is eliminated from the body mainly by metabolism, with the result that renal insufficiency has little effect on its biotransformation. In order to determine to what extent the retention of the metabolities intervenes in such hypoglycemic accidents, rats with ligatured ureters received intraperitoneal injections of 1 mg/kg glibenclamide or hydroxy-glibenclamide (the main metabolite), or of saline. For each animal there was a control animal which had undergone a simulated operation. For six rats with renal insufficiency, glibenclamide caused hypoglycemia of the same intensity as in the control group but more prolonged. With hydroxy-glibenclamide the glycemia was signficantly lower than in the control group. Hydroxy-glibenclamide has an obvious hypoglycemic activity which represents 1/6 of that of the parent drug, but 50--100 times that of tolbutamide. Its retention contributed to the intensification and prolongation of the hypoglycemic effect of glibenclamide in rats with renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Metabolites of hypoglycemic sulfonylureas in kidney failure. Experience with glibenclamide]. Renal insufficiency is a factor which predisposes to hypoglycemic accidents in subjects treated with hypoglycemic sulfonylureas. Glibenclamide (glyburide) is eliminated from the body mainly by metabolism, with the result that renal insufficiency has little effect on its biotransformation. In order to determine to what extent the retention of the metabolities intervenes in such hypoglycemic accidents, rats with ligatured ureters received intraperitoneal injections of 1 mg/kg glibenclamide or hydroxy-glibenclamide (the main metabolite), or of saline. For each animal there was a control animal which had undergone a simulated operation. For six rats with renal insufficiency, glibenclamide caused hypoglycemia of the same intensity as in the control group but more prolonged. With hydroxy-glibenclamide the glycemia was signficantly lower than in the control group. Hydroxy-glibenclamide has an obvious hypoglycemic activity which represents 1/6 of that of the parent drug, but 50--100 times that of tolbutamide. Its retention contributed to the intensification and prolongation of the hypoglycemic effect of glibenclamide in rats with renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 100879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4448", "title": "Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypopthalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "In rhesus monkeys with hypothalamic lesions that abolish gonadotropic hormone release by the pituitary gland, the constant infusion of exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) fails to restore sustained gonadotropin secretion. In marked contrast, intermittent administration of the synthetic decapeptide once per hour, the physiological frequency of gonadotropin release in the monkeys, reestablishes pituitary gonadotropin secretion. This phenomenon is attributable to the pattern of GnRH delivery rather than to the amounts of this hormone to which the cells of the pituitary are exposed. Moreover, the initiation of continuous GnRH administration in animals with lesions and in which gonadotropin secretion is reestablished by intermittent GnRH replacement can result in a \"desensitization\" or \"down regulation\" of the processes responsible for gonadotropin release.", "contents": "Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypopthalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone. In rhesus monkeys with hypothalamic lesions that abolish gonadotropic hormone release by the pituitary gland, the constant infusion of exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) fails to restore sustained gonadotropin secretion. In marked contrast, intermittent administration of the synthetic decapeptide once per hour, the physiological frequency of gonadotropin release in the monkeys, reestablishes pituitary gonadotropin secretion. This phenomenon is attributable to the pattern of GnRH delivery rather than to the amounts of this hormone to which the cells of the pituitary are exposed. Moreover, the initiation of continuous GnRH administration in animals with lesions and in which gonadotropin secretion is reestablished by intermittent GnRH replacement can result in a \"desensitization\" or \"down regulation\" of the processes responsible for gonadotropin release.", "PMID": 100883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4449", "title": "Drosophila egg chambers develop to mature eggs when cultured in vivo.", "content": "Egg chambers were injected into the abdomen of adult Drosophila. When cultured in this manner, even the earliest detectable developmental stage developed into fully mature eggs. Both isolated egg chambers and those still associated with ovarian structures developed equally well. Maturation occurred within host flies of both sexes in the absence of any hormone treatment.", "contents": "Drosophila egg chambers develop to mature eggs when cultured in vivo. Egg chambers were injected into the abdomen of adult Drosophila. When cultured in this manner, even the earliest detectable developmental stage developed into fully mature eggs. Both isolated egg chambers and those still associated with ovarian structures developed equally well. Maturation occurred within host flies of both sexes in the absence of any hormone treatment.", "PMID": 100884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4450", "title": "Early detection of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in peripheral monocyte cultures derived from experimentally infected monkeys and dogs.", "content": "Rickettsia tsutsugamushi organisms were identified in Giemsa and fluorescent antibody stained monocyte cell cultures derived from experimentally infected monkeys and dogs. The identification of organisms in monocyte cell cultures compared favorably with the standard technique of mouse inoculation.", "contents": "Early detection of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in peripheral monocyte cultures derived from experimentally infected monkeys and dogs. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi organisms were identified in Giemsa and fluorescent antibody stained monocyte cell cultures derived from experimentally infected monkeys and dogs. The identification of organisms in monocyte cell cultures compared favorably with the standard technique of mouse inoculation.", "PMID": 100887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4451", "title": "Escherichia coli shock in the baboon and the response to adrenocorticosteroid treatment.", "content": "Results of recent studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that methylprednisolone sodium succinate increases the survival rate of dogs given LD100 Escherichia coli endotoxin. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of methylprednisolone on the baboon infused with live Escherichia coli organisms. Awake baboons were paired by infusing intravenously comparable doses of Escherichia coli during a five hour period. Baboons given methylprednisolone received bolus injections of 30 milligrams per kilogram at 15 minutes after beginning the infusion of Escherichia coli and two hour infusions of 15 milligrams per kilogram at two hour intervals until death or for a 24 hour period. The mortality was unaltered by methylprednisolone. Six of seven baboons that were dying became progressively hypoglycemic, while hypoinsulinemia occurred in all baboons within six hours and was sustained until death. Systemic hypotension was observed. although pressures were variable. Potassium and lactate concentrations increased, while pH remained relatively constant in most baboons. Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and arginase concentrations rose in most baboons dying with 18 hours. Results of morphologic studies revealed the presence of fibrin thrombi in the liver, kidney and adrenal tissue in most baboons. No significant differences in physiologic, metabolic, hematologic or morphologic parameters were observed between treated and untreated baboons.", "contents": "Escherichia coli shock in the baboon and the response to adrenocorticosteroid treatment. Results of recent studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that methylprednisolone sodium succinate increases the survival rate of dogs given LD100 Escherichia coli endotoxin. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of methylprednisolone on the baboon infused with live Escherichia coli organisms. Awake baboons were paired by infusing intravenously comparable doses of Escherichia coli during a five hour period. Baboons given methylprednisolone received bolus injections of 30 milligrams per kilogram at 15 minutes after beginning the infusion of Escherichia coli and two hour infusions of 15 milligrams per kilogram at two hour intervals until death or for a 24 hour period. The mortality was unaltered by methylprednisolone. Six of seven baboons that were dying became progressively hypoglycemic, while hypoinsulinemia occurred in all baboons within six hours and was sustained until death. Systemic hypotension was observed. although pressures were variable. Potassium and lactate concentrations increased, while pH remained relatively constant in most baboons. Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and arginase concentrations rose in most baboons dying with 18 hours. Results of morphologic studies revealed the presence of fibrin thrombi in the liver, kidney and adrenal tissue in most baboons. No significant differences in physiologic, metabolic, hematologic or morphologic parameters were observed between treated and untreated baboons.", "PMID": 100890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4452", "title": "Repair of pharyngoesophageal diverticulum by resection with myotomy and muscle closure.", "content": "This technique has been used on four of our patients undergoing resection of pharyngoesophageal diverticula during the past year. Short term results have been satisfactory. Long term follow-up study and numbers of patients are, as yet, insufficient to draw conclusions as to the late recurrence rate.", "contents": "Repair of pharyngoesophageal diverticulum by resection with myotomy and muscle closure. This technique has been used on four of our patients undergoing resection of pharyngoesophageal diverticula during the past year. Short term results have been satisfactory. Long term follow-up study and numbers of patients are, as yet, insufficient to draw conclusions as to the late recurrence rate.", "PMID": 100891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4453", "title": "Preparation and evaluation of an antiserum to the carboxymethylated Aalpha chain of human fibrinogen.", "content": "Antiserum to the carboxymethylated Aalpha chain of human fibrinogen has been produced in rabbits and its reactions investigated in a double diffusion system. The antiserum reacts with the carboxymethylated Aalpha chains, but not with carboxymethylated gamma chains, nor with carboxymethylated Bbeta chains, provided that the antiserum had been absorbed with carboxymethylated Bbeta chains. The antiserum also reacts with Aalpha chains in the whole fibrinogen molecule, either in plasma or in the purified form, and spur formation was observed when intact fibrinogen was compared with high solubility fibrinogen, which contained little or no intact Aalpha chain.", "contents": "Preparation and evaluation of an antiserum to the carboxymethylated Aalpha chain of human fibrinogen. Antiserum to the carboxymethylated Aalpha chain of human fibrinogen has been produced in rabbits and its reactions investigated in a double diffusion system. The antiserum reacts with the carboxymethylated Aalpha chains, but not with carboxymethylated gamma chains, nor with carboxymethylated Bbeta chains, provided that the antiserum had been absorbed with carboxymethylated Bbeta chains. The antiserum also reacts with Aalpha chains in the whole fibrinogen molecule, either in plasma or in the purified form, and spur formation was observed when intact fibrinogen was compared with high solubility fibrinogen, which contained little or no intact Aalpha chain.", "PMID": 100895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4454", "title": "Sugar metabolism in the crystalline lens.", "content": "Research on the sugar metabolism of the crystalline lens, past and preent, is reviewed. The chief energy source in the lens is the Embden-Meyerhof pathway; respiration and oxidative phosphorylation become more important as the lens ages. The function of the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle is not fully understood. The mechanisms involved in cataract formation, including those of hypoglycemic cataract and osmotic cataracts, are discussed. Sugar cataracts can be delayed or prevented with such aldose reductase inhibitors as flavonoids. By inhibiting aldose reductase, the formation and accumulation of sugar alcohols is stopped. This approach may be useful as a medical therapy for human diabetic senile cataracts.", "contents": "Sugar metabolism in the crystalline lens. Research on the sugar metabolism of the crystalline lens, past and preent, is reviewed. The chief energy source in the lens is the Embden-Meyerhof pathway; respiration and oxidative phosphorylation become more important as the lens ages. The function of the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle is not fully understood. The mechanisms involved in cataract formation, including those of hypoglycemic cataract and osmotic cataracts, are discussed. Sugar cataracts can be delayed or prevented with such aldose reductase inhibitors as flavonoids. By inhibiting aldose reductase, the formation and accumulation of sugar alcohols is stopped. This approach may be useful as a medical therapy for human diabetic senile cataracts.", "PMID": 100892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4455", "title": "Cell surface antigens detected on mature and leukemic granulocytic populations by cytotoxicity testing.", "content": "Using a microcytotoxicity assay, the serological reactivity of human granulocytes, namely neutrophils and eosinophils, and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells and cultured CML cell lines (K562, NALM-1) were examined. Mature granulocyte forms and cord granulocytes are readily lysed by specific granulocyte cytotoxins that do not react with random T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, red blood cells, or platelets. Furthermore, certain antisera were preferentially cytotoxic for eosinophil-enriched populations. Granulocytotoxin detected antigens on one of three CML blast cell populations tested and K562, but failed to react with NALM-1. By cytotoxicity, mature granulocytes were poor targets for B2-microglobulin and the appropriate HLA antisera although both sera types are absorbed with granulocytes. Furthermore, granulocytes did not possess B-lymphocytes (Ia-like) or blood group A, B, and Rh (D) antigens. Except for K562, both HLA and heterologous B-lymphocyte antisera were cytotoxic for the CML blast cell populations tested.", "contents": "Cell surface antigens detected on mature and leukemic granulocytic populations by cytotoxicity testing. Using a microcytotoxicity assay, the serological reactivity of human granulocytes, namely neutrophils and eosinophils, and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells and cultured CML cell lines (K562, NALM-1) were examined. Mature granulocyte forms and cord granulocytes are readily lysed by specific granulocyte cytotoxins that do not react with random T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, red blood cells, or platelets. Furthermore, certain antisera were preferentially cytotoxic for eosinophil-enriched populations. Granulocytotoxin detected antigens on one of three CML blast cell populations tested and K562, but failed to react with NALM-1. By cytotoxicity, mature granulocytes were poor targets for B2-microglobulin and the appropriate HLA antisera although both sera types are absorbed with granulocytes. Furthermore, granulocytes did not possess B-lymphocytes (Ia-like) or blood group A, B, and Rh (D) antigens. Except for K562, both HLA and heterologous B-lymphocyte antisera were cytotoxic for the CML blast cell populations tested.", "PMID": 100897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4456", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a Golgi-rich fraction from the Harding-Passey mouse melanoma.", "content": "Golgi-rich fraction was isolated from Harding-Passey mouse melanoma by centrifugation through the discontinuous sucrose density gradient and its properties were compared with those of the same fraction isolated from rat liver. The specific activity of UDP-galactose: N-acetylglucosamine galactosyltransferase was 35 times higher in the melanoma Golgi fraction than in the melanoma homogenate and was a half that in the rat liver Golgi fraction. The specific activities of marker enzymes for other subcellular components such as 5'-nucleotidase, acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase in the melanoma Golgi fraction were all one-third those in the melanoma homogenate. Electron micrographs of the negatively-stained Golgi fractions of melanoma and liver revealed the presence of a system of tubules, vesicles and plate-like center regions which are known as components of Golgi apparatus. Tyrosinase activity was found to be present in this fraction of mouse melanoma, but its specific activity was lower than that in the rough or smooth surface membrane fraction or in the melanosome fraction.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a Golgi-rich fraction from the Harding-Passey mouse melanoma. Golgi-rich fraction was isolated from Harding-Passey mouse melanoma by centrifugation through the discontinuous sucrose density gradient and its properties were compared with those of the same fraction isolated from rat liver. The specific activity of UDP-galactose: N-acetylglucosamine galactosyltransferase was 35 times higher in the melanoma Golgi fraction than in the melanoma homogenate and was a half that in the rat liver Golgi fraction. The specific activities of marker enzymes for other subcellular components such as 5'-nucleotidase, acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase in the melanoma Golgi fraction were all one-third those in the melanoma homogenate. Electron micrographs of the negatively-stained Golgi fractions of melanoma and liver revealed the presence of a system of tubules, vesicles and plate-like center regions which are known as components of Golgi apparatus. Tyrosinase activity was found to be present in this fraction of mouse melanoma, but its specific activity was lower than that in the rough or smooth surface membrane fraction or in the melanosome fraction.", "PMID": 100898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4457", "title": "Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. A clinicopathologic study of 62 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "This is a clinicopathologic study of 62 cases of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV). The cases were divided into two main groups. Group 1 consisted of 55 unilateral cases not associated with any systemic abnormalities, including 36 eyes (58%) which were considered \"pure cases\" (Group 1A) and 19 (31%) which disclosed other ocular abnormalities in addition to PHPV (Group 1B). Group 2 consisted of 7 (11%) bilateral cases of PHPV accompanied by other ocular and systemic malformations. The most common presenting clinical signs are leukocoria, microphthalmia and cataract. The main histopathologic features of this condition are outlined, including those responsible for the disastrous results to the eye (retinal detachment, glaucoma, phthisis bulbi). Several clinical entities, usually mistaken for or associated with PHPV, such as retinoblastoma, congenital cataract, retinal dysplasia, trisomy 13 syndrome, and falciform retinal folds are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. A clinicopathologic study of 62 cases and review of the literature. This is a clinicopathologic study of 62 cases of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV). The cases were divided into two main groups. Group 1 consisted of 55 unilateral cases not associated with any systemic abnormalities, including 36 eyes (58%) which were considered \"pure cases\" (Group 1A) and 19 (31%) which disclosed other ocular abnormalities in addition to PHPV (Group 1B). Group 2 consisted of 7 (11%) bilateral cases of PHPV accompanied by other ocular and systemic malformations. The most common presenting clinical signs are leukocoria, microphthalmia and cataract. The main histopathologic features of this condition are outlined, including those responsible for the disastrous results to the eye (retinal detachment, glaucoma, phthisis bulbi). Several clinical entities, usually mistaken for or associated with PHPV, such as retinoblastoma, congenital cataract, retinal dysplasia, trisomy 13 syndrome, and falciform retinal folds are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 100893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4458", "title": "Purification of rat prolactin releasing factor by gel filtration.", "content": "Pregnant rat hypothalamic fragments were extracted with 30 mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 7.8, subjected to enzymatic digestion, and applied to gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 for purification of the prolactin releasing factor. Effect of the eluted fractions on the release of prolactin were tested by the determination of serum and pituitary prolactin after the injection in lactating rats. Prolactin was estimated by radioimmunoassay. One fraction (tube number 61--73) eluted later than synthetic ACTH enhanced release of prolactin 30 min after injection, but other fractions had no effect on the release of prolactin. Prolactin releasing factor would be quantitatively predominant over prolactin inhibiting factor in pregnant rat.", "contents": "Purification of rat prolactin releasing factor by gel filtration. Pregnant rat hypothalamic fragments were extracted with 30 mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 7.8, subjected to enzymatic digestion, and applied to gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 for purification of the prolactin releasing factor. Effect of the eluted fractions on the release of prolactin were tested by the determination of serum and pituitary prolactin after the injection in lactating rats. Prolactin was estimated by radioimmunoassay. One fraction (tube number 61--73) eluted later than synthetic ACTH enhanced release of prolactin 30 min after injection, but other fractions had no effect on the release of prolactin. Prolactin releasing factor would be quantitatively predominant over prolactin inhibiting factor in pregnant rat.", "PMID": 100899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4459", "title": "Effects of chronic beta-glycerophosphate administration on growth rate and on serum, liver and bile lipid composition in the squirrel monkey--a toxicity study.", "content": "Oral administration of beta-glycerophosphate lowers the lithogenic index in patients with cholesterol gallstones and is considered to have potential for dissolving them. A high dose of beta-glycerphosphate was fed to primates (Squirrel monkeys) for a period of 15 months. There were no adverse effects on body weight, hematological or liver function tests. Serum, liver and bile lipids concentrations were not significantly changed, although serum and hepatic bile phospholipids were increased. Organ weights expressed as percent of body weight were not changed except for a slight increase in kidney weight. Histological examination of liver and kidneys did not reveal any pathological findings. Slight renal hypertrophy was attributed to the sodium content of beta-glycerophosphate.", "contents": "Effects of chronic beta-glycerophosphate administration on growth rate and on serum, liver and bile lipid composition in the squirrel monkey--a toxicity study. Oral administration of beta-glycerophosphate lowers the lithogenic index in patients with cholesterol gallstones and is considered to have potential for dissolving them. A high dose of beta-glycerphosphate was fed to primates (Squirrel monkeys) for a period of 15 months. There were no adverse effects on body weight, hematological or liver function tests. Serum, liver and bile lipids concentrations were not significantly changed, although serum and hepatic bile phospholipids were increased. Organ weights expressed as percent of body weight were not changed except for a slight increase in kidney weight. Histological examination of liver and kidneys did not reveal any pathological findings. Slight renal hypertrophy was attributed to the sodium content of beta-glycerophosphate.", "PMID": 100902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4460", "title": "Toxicology studies of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) in rhesus monkeys. II. The disposition of [14C] LAS after oral or subcutaneous administration.", "content": "The disposition of radioactivity has been studied after administration of single and repeated oral or subcutaneous doses of [14C] LAS to rhesus monkeys. After single 30 mg/kg oral doses the radioactivity was rapidly excreted, mostly during the first 24 h. Means of 71.2% and 23.1% of the dose were excreted in the urine and faeces respectively during 5 days. Similarly, after single 1 mg/kg subcutaneous doses, means of 64.1% and 10.9% were excreted in urine and faeces respectively during 5 days, mostly during the first 24 h. After single oral doses of 30, 150 and 300 mg/kh peak plasma concentrations, at 4 h in all cases, were very similar representing 34, 41 and 36 micrograms/ml respectively. After single subcutaneous doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, peak plasma concentrations increased almost proportionately and represented 0.16, 0.72 and 1.13 micrograms/ml respectively. During 7 consecutive daily oral (30 mg/kh/day) or subcutaneous (1 mg/kg/day) doses, there was no accumulation of radioactivity in plasma. Mean peak concentrations and biological half-lives were similar after the first and seventh doses. After 7 doses of [14C]LAS, there was no localisation of radioactivity in any tissue. No unchanged LAS was detected in urine samples after oral or subcutaneous doses. About 5 major radioactive components were detected in urine extracts; all were apparently more polar than LAS, but were not sulphate or glucoronide conjugates.", "contents": "Toxicology studies of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) in rhesus monkeys. II. The disposition of [14C] LAS after oral or subcutaneous administration. The disposition of radioactivity has been studied after administration of single and repeated oral or subcutaneous doses of [14C] LAS to rhesus monkeys. After single 30 mg/kg oral doses the radioactivity was rapidly excreted, mostly during the first 24 h. Means of 71.2% and 23.1% of the dose were excreted in the urine and faeces respectively during 5 days. Similarly, after single 1 mg/kg subcutaneous doses, means of 64.1% and 10.9% were excreted in urine and faeces respectively during 5 days, mostly during the first 24 h. After single oral doses of 30, 150 and 300 mg/kh peak plasma concentrations, at 4 h in all cases, were very similar representing 34, 41 and 36 micrograms/ml respectively. After single subcutaneous doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, peak plasma concentrations increased almost proportionately and represented 0.16, 0.72 and 1.13 micrograms/ml respectively. During 7 consecutive daily oral (30 mg/kh/day) or subcutaneous (1 mg/kg/day) doses, there was no accumulation of radioactivity in plasma. Mean peak concentrations and biological half-lives were similar after the first and seventh doses. After 7 doses of [14C]LAS, there was no localisation of radioactivity in any tissue. No unchanged LAS was detected in urine samples after oral or subcutaneous doses. About 5 major radioactive components were detected in urine extracts; all were apparently more polar than LAS, but were not sulphate or glucoronide conjugates.", "PMID": 100903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4461", "title": "[Testing the disinfectant effect of calcium peroxide as a root canal filling material].", "content": "The authors have been using with success calcium peroxide as a root-canal filling material for many years. Its bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects are tested. Germ carrier tests illustrate the suitability of its pasty preparation for root-canal disinfection.", "contents": "[Testing the disinfectant effect of calcium peroxide as a root canal filling material]. The authors have been using with success calcium peroxide as a root-canal filling material for many years. Its bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects are tested. Germ carrier tests illustrate the suitability of its pasty preparation for root-canal disinfection.", "PMID": 100905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4462", "title": "The metabolic fate of triamcinolone acetonide in laboratory animals.", "content": "The metabolic fate of 9-fluoro-11beta,16alpha,17,21-tetrahydroxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione cyclic 16,17-acetal with 2(-14)C-acetone, triamcinolone acetonide (TA) was studied in rabbits, dogs, monkeys and rats and found to be qualitatively similar in all species. In the dog, rat and monkey the major excretory route was the feces irrespective of the mode of administration. In the rabbit the excreted radioactivity was equally distributed between urine and feces. The metabolites were isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography, located by autoradiography, eluted and analyzed by MS, IR, UV and NMR. The major metabolites of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) were identified as the C-21 carboxylic acids of TA and of the 6beta hydroxy-TA, (6BETA-OH-TA) and the previously identified (1,2) 6beta-OH-TA. In addition MS and UV data indicate the presence of 9-fluoro-11beta,16alpha, 17-trihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1,4,6-pregnatrien-21-oic acid cyclic 16,17 acetal with 2(-14)C-acetone.", "contents": "The metabolic fate of triamcinolone acetonide in laboratory animals. The metabolic fate of 9-fluoro-11beta,16alpha,17,21-tetrahydroxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione cyclic 16,17-acetal with 2(-14)C-acetone, triamcinolone acetonide (TA) was studied in rabbits, dogs, monkeys and rats and found to be qualitatively similar in all species. In the dog, rat and monkey the major excretory route was the feces irrespective of the mode of administration. In the rabbit the excreted radioactivity was equally distributed between urine and feces. The metabolites were isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography, located by autoradiography, eluted and analyzed by MS, IR, UV and NMR. The major metabolites of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) were identified as the C-21 carboxylic acids of TA and of the 6beta hydroxy-TA, (6BETA-OH-TA) and the previously identified (1,2) 6beta-OH-TA. In addition MS and UV data indicate the presence of 9-fluoro-11beta,16alpha, 17-trihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1,4,6-pregnatrien-21-oic acid cyclic 16,17 acetal with 2(-14)C-acetone.", "PMID": 100904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4463", "title": "The comprehensive child health care centres in the Sudan.", "content": "In 1963, Morley initiated the concept of clinics for children under five years old. This paper describes our experience in applying that concept in Omdurman town (Sudan) where existing maternity and child health centres and hospitals in the area were involved in the scheme. It was found necessary to establish a main centre to develop methodology and to provide a specialized training of staff. The medical problems were similar to those described by Morley. The approach to their solution was essentially the same except that we used more professional staff and placed more emphasis on nutrition education than hitherto advocated. It is concluded that, in theory, Morley's concept provides a system of comprehensive child health care which suits the needs of developing countries. But our adaptation of Morley's ideas to existing health structures, even on the small scale we achieved in Omdurman, was difficult because of the high initial and running costs and in view of the long established dichotomy between curative and preventive medicine.", "contents": "The comprehensive child health care centres in the Sudan. In 1963, Morley initiated the concept of clinics for children under five years old. This paper describes our experience in applying that concept in Omdurman town (Sudan) where existing maternity and child health centres and hospitals in the area were involved in the scheme. It was found necessary to establish a main centre to develop methodology and to provide a specialized training of staff. The medical problems were similar to those described by Morley. The approach to their solution was essentially the same except that we used more professional staff and placed more emphasis on nutrition education than hitherto advocated. It is concluded that, in theory, Morley's concept provides a system of comprehensive child health care which suits the needs of developing countries. But our adaptation of Morley's ideas to existing health structures, even on the small scale we achieved in Omdurman, was difficult because of the high initial and running costs and in view of the long established dichotomy between curative and preventive medicine.", "PMID": 100909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4464", "title": "Prevention of persistent cerebral smooth muscle contraction in response to whole blood.", "content": "Using an in vitro system designed to measure arterial constriction, we have demonstrated the importance of platelet function in maintaining cerebral smooth muscle contraction after whole blood injection. We tested two agents, acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and phthalazinol, both known to interfere with platelet function. In control tests normal rabbit and monkey blood produced a reliable and persistent arterial constriction. In experimental tests blood drawn from animals premedicated with ASA and phthalazinol failed to produce a persistent contraction. These results support the hypothesis that chemicals released during platelet aggregation may be important in persistent vasospasm.", "contents": "Prevention of persistent cerebral smooth muscle contraction in response to whole blood. Using an in vitro system designed to measure arterial constriction, we have demonstrated the importance of platelet function in maintaining cerebral smooth muscle contraction after whole blood injection. We tested two agents, acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and phthalazinol, both known to interfere with platelet function. In control tests normal rabbit and monkey blood produced a reliable and persistent arterial constriction. In experimental tests blood drawn from animals premedicated with ASA and phthalazinol failed to produce a persistent contraction. These results support the hypothesis that chemicals released during platelet aggregation may be important in persistent vasospasm.", "PMID": 100906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4465", "title": "Cerebral arterial lesions resulting from inflammatory emboli.", "content": "In order to study the effects of septic embolism on the brain, silicone rubber emboli of various types were injected into the carotid arteries of 35 dogs. Pathologic and angiographic studies were performed to assess the resultant arterial and parenchymal lesions. Pure silicone rubber emboli (14 dogs) produced occasional intra-arterial thrombosis but no arteritis. Sterile and bacterially contaminated emboli containing a lead-chromate pigment (similar to those used in previous studies of septic embolism) (11 dogs) and pure silicone rubber emboli with transversely oriented canals (10 dogs), after brief placement in a bacterial suspension, were associated with intense inflammatory arteritis. This was accompanied by focal meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, thrombosis, and cerebritis of the underlying cortex. The findings resembled those found in mycotic aneurysm. Aneurysmal dilatation was observed in one postmortem angiogram. In previous models of mycotic aneurysm, the inflammation attributed to bacterial contamination was probably due to the lead-chromate pigment used.", "contents": "Cerebral arterial lesions resulting from inflammatory emboli. In order to study the effects of septic embolism on the brain, silicone rubber emboli of various types were injected into the carotid arteries of 35 dogs. Pathologic and angiographic studies were performed to assess the resultant arterial and parenchymal lesions. Pure silicone rubber emboli (14 dogs) produced occasional intra-arterial thrombosis but no arteritis. Sterile and bacterially contaminated emboli containing a lead-chromate pigment (similar to those used in previous studies of septic embolism) (11 dogs) and pure silicone rubber emboli with transversely oriented canals (10 dogs), after brief placement in a bacterial suspension, were associated with intense inflammatory arteritis. This was accompanied by focal meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, thrombosis, and cerebritis of the underlying cortex. The findings resembled those found in mycotic aneurysm. Aneurysmal dilatation was observed in one postmortem angiogram. In previous models of mycotic aneurysm, the inflammation attributed to bacterial contamination was probably due to the lead-chromate pigment used.", "PMID": 100907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4466", "title": "Cerebral blood flow in the monkey after focal cryogenic injury.", "content": "A focal cryogenic lesion was made in the left superior frontal gyrus of the anesthetized macaque brain. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was determined by the hydrogen clearance technique before and during the 4 hours following trauma. Local CBF in tissue adjacent to the lesion increased in the first half hour after the lesion was made and then decreased during the ensuing 3 1/2 hours. Local CBF in the contralateral superior frontal gyrus, as well as total CBF and oxygen consumption, were unchanged by cryogenic trauma. The spread of vasogenic edema into uninjured tissue probably accounts for the observed decrease in local CBF. This experimental model may assist in discovering therapy to alter favorably the spatial and temporal profile of pathologic CBF changes in tissue surrounding an acute lesion of the brain.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow in the monkey after focal cryogenic injury. A focal cryogenic lesion was made in the left superior frontal gyrus of the anesthetized macaque brain. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was determined by the hydrogen clearance technique before and during the 4 hours following trauma. Local CBF in tissue adjacent to the lesion increased in the first half hour after the lesion was made and then decreased during the ensuing 3 1/2 hours. Local CBF in the contralateral superior frontal gyrus, as well as total CBF and oxygen consumption, were unchanged by cryogenic trauma. The spread of vasogenic edema into uninjured tissue probably accounts for the observed decrease in local CBF. This experimental model may assist in discovering therapy to alter favorably the spatial and temporal profile of pathologic CBF changes in tissue surrounding an acute lesion of the brain.", "PMID": 100908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4467", "title": "Influence of a single blood transfusion on kidney allograft survival in unrelated rhesus monkeys.", "content": "A prospective study was performed in moderately immunosuppressed unrelated rhesus monkeys to investigate the influence of a single transfusion on kidney allograft survival. The recipients received either whole citrated blood or plasma-free transfusates consisting of pure red blood cell or lymphocyte suspensions. Except for one group, in which blood and kidney donors were optimally matched, transfusions and kidney allografts were disparate for two to four A/B locus antigens with the recipients. Transfusions were given 2 to 4 weeks before kidney grafting, except in one experimental group where the recipients were transfused 0 to 12 hr before transplantation. The general trend was that graft prolongation could be obtained with all experimental protocols. However, it was also shown that a single transfusion entails the risk of accelerated rejection. This adverse effect was not observed in the animals receiving blood and kidneys from donors optimally matched for A/B locus antigens and in recipients transfused shortly before or during transplantation. These results may contribute to a further improvement of the current clinical transfusion policy.", "contents": "Influence of a single blood transfusion on kidney allograft survival in unrelated rhesus monkeys. A prospective study was performed in moderately immunosuppressed unrelated rhesus monkeys to investigate the influence of a single transfusion on kidney allograft survival. The recipients received either whole citrated blood or plasma-free transfusates consisting of pure red blood cell or lymphocyte suspensions. Except for one group, in which blood and kidney donors were optimally matched, transfusions and kidney allografts were disparate for two to four A/B locus antigens with the recipients. Transfusions were given 2 to 4 weeks before kidney grafting, except in one experimental group where the recipients were transfused 0 to 12 hr before transplantation. The general trend was that graft prolongation could be obtained with all experimental protocols. However, it was also shown that a single transfusion entails the risk of accelerated rejection. This adverse effect was not observed in the animals receiving blood and kidneys from donors optimally matched for A/B locus antigens and in recipients transfused shortly before or during transplantation. These results may contribute to a further improvement of the current clinical transfusion policy.", "PMID": 100915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4468", "title": "Nonhemolytic IgG anti-IT.", "content": "Nonhemolytic, IgG, anti-IT autoantibodies were found in the sera of three Caucasian patients, none of whom had Hodgkin's disease. Each antibody reacted by indirect antiglobulin test. Two of the three also reacted in albumin at 37 C, and one of these was moderately enhanced by papain. As judged by transfusion responses, reticulocyte counts, hematocrit stability, and one hour 51Cr red blood cell survivals, none of the antibodies were considered to be hemolytic. When tested with anti-IgG serum, cells from all three had a positive direct antiglobulin test. Anti-IT antibody was eluted from their cells. Ii status of the patients' cells differed from normal in each case. These data suggest greater variation in the disease association, serologic reactivity, and clinical significance, of anti-IT than has been evident from previous studies.", "contents": "Nonhemolytic IgG anti-IT. Nonhemolytic, IgG, anti-IT autoantibodies were found in the sera of three Caucasian patients, none of whom had Hodgkin's disease. Each antibody reacted by indirect antiglobulin test. Two of the three also reacted in albumin at 37 C, and one of these was moderately enhanced by papain. As judged by transfusion responses, reticulocyte counts, hematocrit stability, and one hour 51Cr red blood cell survivals, none of the antibodies were considered to be hemolytic. When tested with anti-IgG serum, cells from all three had a positive direct antiglobulin test. Anti-IT antibody was eluted from their cells. Ii status of the patients' cells differed from normal in each case. These data suggest greater variation in the disease association, serologic reactivity, and clinical significance, of anti-IT than has been evident from previous studies.", "PMID": 100911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4469", "title": "Tuberculosis in Kenya: a second national sampling survey of drug resistance and other factors, and a comparison with the prevalence data from the first national sampling survey. An East African and British Medical Research Council Co-operative Investigation.", "content": "A survey was carried out in 1974 in the same random sample of 11 of 30 districts in Kenya that were surveyed in 1964, to obtain information on (a) the proportion of patients with pulmonary and with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, (b) the prevalence of bacteriologically-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, (c) the prevalence of initial and acquired drug resistance, (d) the radiographic extent and type of pulmonary disease, and (e) the changes that had occurred in the 10-year period. Of 1490 patients, 88.5% had pulmonary tuberculosis only, 3.0% had both extra-pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis and 8.6% had extra-pulmonary tuberculosis only. Of the 172 patients with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, 51% had lymph node involvement, 24% bone and joint disease and 9% a pleural effusion. Of the 1362 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (with or without extra-pulmonary tuberculosis) 94% had no history of previous chemotherapy, fewer than 1% a history of possible and 6% a history of definite previous chemotherapy. (The proportions for the patients with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis only were 94%, 1% and 5% respectively.) A sputum specimen was produced by 1096 (80%) of the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis; 69% of smear results were positive, as were 74% of the culture results. In 2 (0.25%) of the 807 patients with a positive culture the strain was identified as being neither M. tuberculosis nor M. bovis. Of 702 patients with no history of previous chemotherapy and a sensitivity test result available, 10.1% had a strain resistant to isoniazid and/or streptomycin, 7.3% to isoniazid alone, 1.4% to streptomycin alone and 1.4% to both drugs. Of 1133 patients with chest radiographs available and a diagnosis in Kenya of pulmonary tuberculosis, a lung lesion or a pleural effusion was reported at independent assessment in London for 91%. Gross, extensive or moderate disease was present in 73% of the patients and cavitation was present in 72%. The radiographic disease was classified as acute in 31%, mixed-acute in 52%, mixed in 12% and chronic in 5%. The disease in children was usually less extensive, less often cavitated, and more acute than in adults. A comparison of the prevalence data in 1974 with that in 1964 suggested that there was a modest decline in the incidence of tuberculosis but that the characteristics of the registered patients and their disease were very similar in all respects; the disease was just as extensive radiographically and cavitation was, if anything, more common and more extensive in 1974 than in 1964.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in Kenya: a second national sampling survey of drug resistance and other factors, and a comparison with the prevalence data from the first national sampling survey. An East African and British Medical Research Council Co-operative Investigation. A survey was carried out in 1974 in the same random sample of 11 of 30 districts in Kenya that were surveyed in 1964, to obtain information on (a) the proportion of patients with pulmonary and with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, (b) the prevalence of bacteriologically-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, (c) the prevalence of initial and acquired drug resistance, (d) the radiographic extent and type of pulmonary disease, and (e) the changes that had occurred in the 10-year period. Of 1490 patients, 88.5% had pulmonary tuberculosis only, 3.0% had both extra-pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis and 8.6% had extra-pulmonary tuberculosis only. Of the 172 patients with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, 51% had lymph node involvement, 24% bone and joint disease and 9% a pleural effusion. Of the 1362 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (with or without extra-pulmonary tuberculosis) 94% had no history of previous chemotherapy, fewer than 1% a history of possible and 6% a history of definite previous chemotherapy. (The proportions for the patients with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis only were 94%, 1% and 5% respectively.) A sputum specimen was produced by 1096 (80%) of the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis; 69% of smear results were positive, as were 74% of the culture results. In 2 (0.25%) of the 807 patients with a positive culture the strain was identified as being neither M. tuberculosis nor M. bovis. Of 702 patients with no history of previous chemotherapy and a sensitivity test result available, 10.1% had a strain resistant to isoniazid and/or streptomycin, 7.3% to isoniazid alone, 1.4% to streptomycin alone and 1.4% to both drugs. Of 1133 patients with chest radiographs available and a diagnosis in Kenya of pulmonary tuberculosis, a lung lesion or a pleural effusion was reported at independent assessment in London for 91%. Gross, extensive or moderate disease was present in 73% of the patients and cavitation was present in 72%. The radiographic disease was classified as acute in 31%, mixed-acute in 52%, mixed in 12% and chronic in 5%. The disease in children was usually less extensive, less often cavitated, and more acute than in adults. A comparison of the prevalence data in 1974 with that in 1964 suggested that there was a modest decline in the incidence of tuberculosis but that the characteristics of the registered patients and their disease were very similar in all respects; the disease was just as extensive radiographically and cavitation was, if anything, more common and more extensive in 1974 than in 1964.", "PMID": 100917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4470", "title": "Comparison of various measures of sensitivity of M. tuberculosis to ethambutol.", "content": "A sensitivity test for ethambutol was standardised, and performed on cultures isolated from patients before and after the start of chemotherapy with ethambutol and isoniazid. A discrimination type of approach was employed and three criteria of resistance were evolved: (a) growth of 20 colonies or more on ethambutol 4 microgram/ml, using a standard inoculum; (b) a proportion of 25% or more on ethambutol 1.4 microgram/ml; (c) a proportion of 5% or more on ethambutol 2 microgram/ml. The MIC definition appears to be the best in view of its simplicity and insensitivity of the classification (as sensitive or resistant) to variations in inoculum size.", "contents": "Comparison of various measures of sensitivity of M. tuberculosis to ethambutol. A sensitivity test for ethambutol was standardised, and performed on cultures isolated from patients before and after the start of chemotherapy with ethambutol and isoniazid. A discrimination type of approach was employed and three criteria of resistance were evolved: (a) growth of 20 colonies or more on ethambutol 4 microgram/ml, using a standard inoculum; (b) a proportion of 25% or more on ethambutol 1.4 microgram/ml; (c) a proportion of 5% or more on ethambutol 2 microgram/ml. The MIC definition appears to be the best in view of its simplicity and insensitivity of the classification (as sensitive or resistant) to variations in inoculum size.", "PMID": 100918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4471", "title": "Host-phage relationships in the genus Mycobacterium and their clinical significance.", "content": "Progress made during the last 15 years in the studies on the relationships between mycobacteria and their bacteriophages is reviewed. The basic biology of the phages and the applications of studies on adaptation and host range are discussed in relation to the development of phage typing systems for epidemiological purposes. The nature of lysogeny, its natural occurrence, its experimental establishment, the effect of the lysogenic state on the host bacterium and the evidence that lysogenic mycobacteria are involved in human disease, especially sarcoidosis, is reviewed.", "contents": "Host-phage relationships in the genus Mycobacterium and their clinical significance. Progress made during the last 15 years in the studies on the relationships between mycobacteria and their bacteriophages is reviewed. The basic biology of the phages and the applications of studies on adaptation and host range are discussed in relation to the development of phage typing systems for epidemiological purposes. The nature of lysogeny, its natural occurrence, its experimental establishment, the effect of the lysogenic state on the host bacterium and the evidence that lysogenic mycobacteria are involved in human disease, especially sarcoidosis, is reviewed.", "PMID": 100919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4472", "title": "Cutaneous reactions to local traumatization with heat in alloxan diabetic rabbits with and without ketosis.", "content": "Short-term alloxan diabetic rabbits with and without ketosis were traumatized with local cutaneous application of heat. The degree of traumatization varied with regard to the temperature and duration used. The lowest degree of traumatization which caused intravenously injected Evans blue to be observed within the area of traumatization was determined. There was no difference between diabetic animals without ketosis and controls. A more pronounced traumatization of animals with ketosis was necessary if Evans blue was to be observed, but there was then a significant difference between these and controls. The traumatized skin areas were also studied histologically. The inflammatory reaction induced was judged as being weaker in animals with ketosis.", "contents": "Cutaneous reactions to local traumatization with heat in alloxan diabetic rabbits with and without ketosis. Short-term alloxan diabetic rabbits with and without ketosis were traumatized with local cutaneous application of heat. The degree of traumatization varied with regard to the temperature and duration used. The lowest degree of traumatization which caused intravenously injected Evans blue to be observed within the area of traumatization was determined. There was no difference between diabetic animals without ketosis and controls. A more pronounced traumatization of animals with ketosis was necessary if Evans blue was to be observed, but there was then a significant difference between these and controls. The traumatized skin areas were also studied histologically. The inflammatory reaction induced was judged as being weaker in animals with ketosis.", "PMID": 100921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4473", "title": "[The effect of transurethral electrical stimulation on the paralyzed and incontinent bladder: objective results (author's transl)].", "content": "Using objective parameters, improvement of the detrusor function and bladder sensitivity can be obtained in most children. A significant improvement in incontinence appears possible in 30--40% of the patients. The method according to Katona is the only one which creates bladder sensitivity. This method is not a cure all but has improved our therapeutic possibilities, especially when it is combined with pharmacotherapy, long term low dose antibiotic therapy and sphincterotomy.", "contents": "[The effect of transurethral electrical stimulation on the paralyzed and incontinent bladder: objective results (author's transl)]. Using objective parameters, improvement of the detrusor function and bladder sensitivity can be obtained in most children. A significant improvement in incontinence appears possible in 30--40% of the patients. The method according to Katona is the only one which creates bladder sensitivity. This method is not a cure all but has improved our therapeutic possibilities, especially when it is combined with pharmacotherapy, long term low dose antibiotic therapy and sphincterotomy.", "PMID": 100922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4474", "title": "Enterococcal endocarditis: duration and mode of treatment.", "content": "This report summarizes data on sixteen patients with enterococcal endocarditis treated with penicillin and streptomycin. The experience reported suggests that a four week period is adequate for routine therapy in these patients, as in other forms of streptococcal endocarditis. It provides an additional group of patients successfully treated with penicillin and streptomycin. Two relapses were encountered. One of these received inadequate daily doses of penicillin. The other patient was clearly a failure of penicillin and streptomycin, but the failure in this instance could not be attributed to foreshortened treatment (6 weeks) or to high level streptomycin resistance of the infecting strain of Enterococcus.", "contents": "Enterococcal endocarditis: duration and mode of treatment. This report summarizes data on sixteen patients with enterococcal endocarditis treated with penicillin and streptomycin. The experience reported suggests that a four week period is adequate for routine therapy in these patients, as in other forms of streptococcal endocarditis. It provides an additional group of patients successfully treated with penicillin and streptomycin. Two relapses were encountered. One of these received inadequate daily doses of penicillin. The other patient was clearly a failure of penicillin and streptomycin, but the failure in this instance could not be attributed to foreshortened treatment (6 weeks) or to high level streptomycin resistance of the infecting strain of Enterococcus.", "PMID": 100924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4475", "title": "[Identification of various porcine mycoplasmas using epi-immunofluorescence].", "content": "The responses of the field strains and type strains of Mycoplasma hyorhinis are compared in epi-immunofluorescence, in growth-inhibition tests, and growth-precipitation tests. The type strains, together with the field strains, could be definitely identified by direct and indirect epi-immunofluorescence. In indirect epi-immunofluorescence, all rabbit antiserums against the strains of Mycoplasma hyorhinis tested by us always gave positive cross reactions with all the tested strains of Mycoplasma hyorhinis. On the other hand, in the growth-inhibition cross test and growth precipitation cross test, the type strains of Mycoplasma hyorhinis always reacted positively only with the homologous antiserums, whereas the heterologous reactions were mostly negative or dubious. The clearly positive epi-immunofluorescent reactions with serums against any strain of Mycoplasma hyorhinis suggest that this method is more suitable for the identification of Myocplasma species than the other two tests studied.", "contents": "[Identification of various porcine mycoplasmas using epi-immunofluorescence]. The responses of the field strains and type strains of Mycoplasma hyorhinis are compared in epi-immunofluorescence, in growth-inhibition tests, and growth-precipitation tests. The type strains, together with the field strains, could be definitely identified by direct and indirect epi-immunofluorescence. In indirect epi-immunofluorescence, all rabbit antiserums against the strains of Mycoplasma hyorhinis tested by us always gave positive cross reactions with all the tested strains of Mycoplasma hyorhinis. On the other hand, in the growth-inhibition cross test and growth precipitation cross test, the type strains of Mycoplasma hyorhinis always reacted positively only with the homologous antiserums, whereas the heterologous reactions were mostly negative or dubious. The clearly positive epi-immunofluorescent reactions with serums against any strain of Mycoplasma hyorhinis suggest that this method is more suitable for the identification of Myocplasma species than the other two tests studied.", "PMID": 100927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4476", "title": "[Study on the possible presence of aflatoxin B 1 in liver and muscle tissue of slaughter animals].", "content": "Seventy-seven samples of liver (from pigs, bulls, cows, broiler chickens, layers), twenty-eight samples of white muscle (from pigs, broilers, layers), and twenty-four samples of red muscle (from pigs, broilers, layers) were examined by the modified Jacobson method (Jacobson et al. 1971) for the contingent presence of aflatoxin B1. The samples came from healthy animals, part of them from animals fed non-traditional feed containing pig excrements. Positive findings were only obtained in two samples of pork liver, out of the total number of 30 samples. One sample came from pigs fed a ration containing 5% of pig excrements, the other from a traditionally fed pig. The amounts of aflatoxin B1 found in these two samples can be treated as trace quantities, since the concentration did not exceed 0.1 microgram per kg. In the samples of muscle and liver of the other farm animals, the chromatogram did not show the presence of spots which might resemble, in colour and position, the spots of aflatoxin B1.", "contents": "[Study on the possible presence of aflatoxin B 1 in liver and muscle tissue of slaughter animals]. Seventy-seven samples of liver (from pigs, bulls, cows, broiler chickens, layers), twenty-eight samples of white muscle (from pigs, broilers, layers), and twenty-four samples of red muscle (from pigs, broilers, layers) were examined by the modified Jacobson method (Jacobson et al. 1971) for the contingent presence of aflatoxin B1. The samples came from healthy animals, part of them from animals fed non-traditional feed containing pig excrements. Positive findings were only obtained in two samples of pork liver, out of the total number of 30 samples. One sample came from pigs fed a ration containing 5% of pig excrements, the other from a traditionally fed pig. The amounts of aflatoxin B1 found in these two samples can be treated as trace quantities, since the concentration did not exceed 0.1 microgram per kg. In the samples of muscle and liver of the other farm animals, the chromatogram did not show the presence of spots which might resemble, in colour and position, the spots of aflatoxin B1.", "PMID": 100929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4477", "title": "[Examination of market carps for residues of antimicrobial agents].", "content": "The residues of inhibitory substances in the muscle, hepatopancreas, bile, and pyloric caeca of 30 carps from ponds south of Brno were examined by the microbiological diffusion method. The following testing micro-organisms were used: B. cereus var. mycoides (ATCC 11778), B. subtilis (ATCC 6633), Sarcina lutea (ATCC 9341), and Micrococcus flavus (ATCC 10240). Residues of inhibitory substances were not found in any of the muscle samples tested. The rest of the tested tissues showed, in some cases, small inhibition zones which seem to be due to the presence of natural antimicrobially active substances in the bile and gastro-intestinal tract of the fish rather than to the persistence of the residues of drugs given to the fish during their life.", "contents": "[Examination of market carps for residues of antimicrobial agents]. The residues of inhibitory substances in the muscle, hepatopancreas, bile, and pyloric caeca of 30 carps from ponds south of Brno were examined by the microbiological diffusion method. The following testing micro-organisms were used: B. cereus var. mycoides (ATCC 11778), B. subtilis (ATCC 6633), Sarcina lutea (ATCC 9341), and Micrococcus flavus (ATCC 10240). Residues of inhibitory substances were not found in any of the muscle samples tested. The rest of the tested tissues showed, in some cases, small inhibition zones which seem to be due to the presence of natural antimicrobially active substances in the bile and gastro-intestinal tract of the fish rather than to the persistence of the residues of drugs given to the fish during their life.", "PMID": 100930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4478", "title": "[Distribution of orally administered aflatoxin B 1 in the tissues and organs of the goat (Capra)].", "content": "In the experiment the goat was administered an amount of 450 mg aflatoxin B1. The milk taken during the experiment was lyophilized and aflatoxins B1 and M1 were isolated. After the death of the goat some tissues, blood and bile of the experimental animal were analyzed to find out the aflatoxin content.", "contents": "[Distribution of orally administered aflatoxin B 1 in the tissues and organs of the goat (Capra)]. In the experiment the goat was administered an amount of 450 mg aflatoxin B1. The milk taken during the experiment was lyophilized and aflatoxins B1 and M1 were isolated. After the death of the goat some tissues, blood and bile of the experimental animal were analyzed to find out the aflatoxin content.", "PMID": 100931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4479", "title": "[Selection of methods for the determination of aflatoxin presence in liquid milk].", "content": "Seven methods, recommended for determining aflatoxins in liquid milk, were tested. Most of them were variously modified, mainly for the unavailability of some chemicals needed. Samples of liquid milk, normally prepared for direct consumption, were taken from the retail market (bottled and plastic-sacheted milk, durable milk in speical boxes). The authors describe in detail the two methods now appearing to be the best for current screening tests of market samples of liquid milk. Seventy samples of market liquid milk were tested by these methods, and 25 of them were found to be positive. However, there was no sample to contain as much aflatoxin as determined in the proposed admissible concentration for food.", "contents": "[Selection of methods for the determination of aflatoxin presence in liquid milk]. Seven methods, recommended for determining aflatoxins in liquid milk, were tested. Most of them were variously modified, mainly for the unavailability of some chemicals needed. Samples of liquid milk, normally prepared for direct consumption, were taken from the retail market (bottled and plastic-sacheted milk, durable milk in speical boxes). The authors describe in detail the two methods now appearing to be the best for current screening tests of market samples of liquid milk. Seventy samples of market liquid milk were tested by these methods, and 25 of them were found to be positive. However, there was no sample to contain as much aflatoxin as determined in the proposed admissible concentration for food.", "PMID": 100932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4480", "title": "[Detection of inhibitory substances in milk using the modified reduction micromethod].", "content": "In order to rationalize work and to reduce the consumption of laboratory glassware a reduction micromethod with the bacterial stain Streptococcus thermophilus has been modified; the method is used to detect inhibitory substances in genuine, pausteurized and dried milk, and it is performed on a serological plate made from organic glass. The method is sensitive to most antibiotics used in the veterinary clinical practice. The detection sensitivity to penicillin residua ranges from 0.0015 to 0.0015 i.u. in 1 ml of milk. The method may be assessed as semi-quantitative.", "contents": "[Detection of inhibitory substances in milk using the modified reduction micromethod]. In order to rationalize work and to reduce the consumption of laboratory glassware a reduction micromethod with the bacterial stain Streptococcus thermophilus has been modified; the method is used to detect inhibitory substances in genuine, pausteurized and dried milk, and it is performed on a serological plate made from organic glass. The method is sensitive to most antibiotics used in the veterinary clinical practice. The detection sensitivity to penicillin residua ranges from 0.0015 to 0.0015 i.u. in 1 ml of milk. The method may be assessed as semi-quantitative.", "PMID": 100933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4481", "title": "[Dynamics of uric acid concentration in the liver of cockerels subjected to model stress situations induced by fasting].", "content": "A model stress situation was created by nutrition deprivation. The experiment was performed with 130 cockerels of the initial breed White Leghorn. The experimental cockerels of the age of 18 to 24 days fasted for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Uric acid was determined in the supernatant of liver homogenate by means of a colorimetrically reductometric method with phospho-wolframic agent. A significant increase in the uric acid concentration in the liver of cockerels was found out during the model stress: the concentration of uric acid increased progressively from the initial 70.25 +/- 8.94 mg per 100 g to 93.15 +/- 9.66 mg per 100 g after 24-hour fasting, to 90.23 +/- 7.84 mg per 100 g after 48-hour fasting and even to 137.04 +/- 15.59 mg per 100 g after three-day fasting of 72 hours. After re-alimentation, the concentrations of uric acid were reduced to physiological values already within 24 hours.", "contents": "[Dynamics of uric acid concentration in the liver of cockerels subjected to model stress situations induced by fasting]. A model stress situation was created by nutrition deprivation. The experiment was performed with 130 cockerels of the initial breed White Leghorn. The experimental cockerels of the age of 18 to 24 days fasted for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Uric acid was determined in the supernatant of liver homogenate by means of a colorimetrically reductometric method with phospho-wolframic agent. A significant increase in the uric acid concentration in the liver of cockerels was found out during the model stress: the concentration of uric acid increased progressively from the initial 70.25 +/- 8.94 mg per 100 g to 93.15 +/- 9.66 mg per 100 g after 24-hour fasting, to 90.23 +/- 7.84 mg per 100 g after 48-hour fasting and even to 137.04 +/- 15.59 mg per 100 g after three-day fasting of 72 hours. After re-alimentation, the concentrations of uric acid were reduced to physiological values already within 24 hours.", "PMID": 100934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4482", "title": "[Diagnostic value of agglutination reaction with buffered Brucella antigen stained with rose bengal].", "content": "A specific buffered antigen has been obtained, employing a method developed by the authors, stained with Bengal rose and intended for performing a fast agglutination reaction to confirm brucellosis. The antigen produces a clear and demonstrative agglutination reaction with positive sera. Practically, the test is readily carried out, and can be made a routine both in every serologic laboratory and for investigations under field conditions. The reaction produced with this antigen can determine dependably the epizootic status on a farm or in the herd. The diagnostic value of the antigen is essential, especially with swine. Besides, it shows a wide a diagnostic scope for brucellosis with all species of animals (97--98 per cent).", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of agglutination reaction with buffered Brucella antigen stained with rose bengal]. A specific buffered antigen has been obtained, employing a method developed by the authors, stained with Bengal rose and intended for performing a fast agglutination reaction to confirm brucellosis. The antigen produces a clear and demonstrative agglutination reaction with positive sera. Practically, the test is readily carried out, and can be made a routine both in every serologic laboratory and for investigations under field conditions. The reaction produced with this antigen can determine dependably the epizootic status on a farm or in the herd. The diagnostic value of the antigen is essential, especially with swine. Besides, it shows a wide a diagnostic scope for brucellosis with all species of animals (97--98 per cent).", "PMID": 100935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4483", "title": "Electron microscopy of cellular immunity reactions in B-cell deprived rabbits. Thymus derived antigen reactive cells, their micro-environment and progeny in the lymph node.", "content": "Three times sublethal total body X-irradiation with thymus shielding--at 14 days' intervals--established an 'isolated T-cell system'. Cellular immunity reactions in draining lymph nodes of rabbits have been analyzed at the ultrastructural level after challenge with horse spleen ferritin, the chemical sensitizer, 2-phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5-oxazolone and after skin allografting. A basic pattern of interdigitating cells (IDC) is described as a specific constituent of the thymus-dependent areas of peripheral lymphoid tissue. Their ultrastructural features and presumable functional relationship to the afferent loop of cellular immunity reactions are presented. The differentiation pathway of two T-cell lines is shown and discussed in relation to cellular and thymus-dependent humoral immunity reactions.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of cellular immunity reactions in B-cell deprived rabbits. Thymus derived antigen reactive cells, their micro-environment and progeny in the lymph node. Three times sublethal total body X-irradiation with thymus shielding--at 14 days' intervals--established an 'isolated T-cell system'. Cellular immunity reactions in draining lymph nodes of rabbits have been analyzed at the ultrastructural level after challenge with horse spleen ferritin, the chemical sensitizer, 2-phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5-oxazolone and after skin allografting. A basic pattern of interdigitating cells (IDC) is described as a specific constituent of the thymus-dependent areas of peripheral lymphoid tissue. Their ultrastructural features and presumable functional relationship to the afferent loop of cellular immunity reactions are presented. The differentiation pathway of two T-cell lines is shown and discussed in relation to cellular and thymus-dependent humoral immunity reactions.", "PMID": 100957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4484", "title": "Intermediate (10 nm) filaments in human malignant mesothelioma.", "content": "Human malignant mesotheliomas were studied by electron microscopy. Three main types of cells were seen--submesothelial epithelioid cells, epithelial lining cells and fibroblast-like cells. In submesothelial epithelioid cells prominent arrays of intermediate (10 nm) filaments were often seen attached to plasma membrane, mitochondria, nuclei and concentric whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The other types of cell found in the tumors, epithelial lining cells and fibroblast-like cells, lacked such distinct filaments. The intermediate filaments were especially abundant in cells with extensive whorling of endoplasmic reticulum. The association of intermediate filaments with such deranged cytoplasmic organization suggests that they play a role in the altered behavior of malignant cells.", "contents": "Intermediate (10 nm) filaments in human malignant mesothelioma. Human malignant mesotheliomas were studied by electron microscopy. Three main types of cells were seen--submesothelial epithelioid cells, epithelial lining cells and fibroblast-like cells. In submesothelial epithelioid cells prominent arrays of intermediate (10 nm) filaments were often seen attached to plasma membrane, mitochondria, nuclei and concentric whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The other types of cell found in the tumors, epithelial lining cells and fibroblast-like cells, lacked such distinct filaments. The intermediate filaments were especially abundant in cells with extensive whorling of endoplasmic reticulum. The association of intermediate filaments with such deranged cytoplasmic organization suggests that they play a role in the altered behavior of malignant cells.", "PMID": 100958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4485", "title": "Autoradiographic demonstration of DNA repair synthesis in ganglion cells of aquarium fish at various age in vivo.", "content": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis in highly differentiated ganglion cells of adult medaka (Oryzias latipes) was demonstrated by autoradiography. For this, part of bony skull of the fish was surgically removed and the brain of the living fish was directly exposed to a solution of 2 carcinogen and 3H-TdR. This technique is suitable for precise measurement of DNA repair synthesis in non-dividing cells of the central nervous system in vivo. Using this system, the effect of aging on the levels of DNA repair was investigated. There was no age-associated change in the ability of repair in ganglion cells of the medaka of various ages.", "contents": "Autoradiographic demonstration of DNA repair synthesis in ganglion cells of aquarium fish at various age in vivo. Unscheduled DNA synthesis in highly differentiated ganglion cells of adult medaka (Oryzias latipes) was demonstrated by autoradiography. For this, part of bony skull of the fish was surgically removed and the brain of the living fish was directly exposed to a solution of 2 carcinogen and 3H-TdR. This technique is suitable for precise measurement of DNA repair synthesis in non-dividing cells of the central nervous system in vivo. Using this system, the effect of aging on the levels of DNA repair was investigated. There was no age-associated change in the ability of repair in ganglion cells of the medaka of various ages.", "PMID": 100959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4486", "title": "The formation of contacts between HeLa cells. Directed mutual outgrowth of cell surface protrusions.", "content": "The contacting behavior of HeLa cells in subconfluent monolayer cultures has been studied by phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy. We present further evidence that cells separated from each other by a cell-free space up to 20 micron width can simultaneously form directed and mutual protrusions against each other. A statistical analysis demonstrated that in more than half of the possible contact events a reciprocal outgrowth of cell surface protrusions had occurred. This suggests that contact formation is not just a random process, but may be influenced by so far unrecognized factors.", "contents": "The formation of contacts between HeLa cells. Directed mutual outgrowth of cell surface protrusions. The contacting behavior of HeLa cells in subconfluent monolayer cultures has been studied by phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy. We present further evidence that cells separated from each other by a cell-free space up to 20 micron width can simultaneously form directed and mutual protrusions against each other. A statistical analysis demonstrated that in more than half of the possible contact events a reciprocal outgrowth of cell surface protrusions had occurred. This suggests that contact formation is not just a random process, but may be influenced by so far unrecognized factors.", "PMID": 100960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4487", "title": "Morphometric and fine structural study of experimental autoallergic sialadenitis of rat submandibular glands.", "content": "To further our understanding of the immunopathologic mechanisms involved in experimental autoallergic sialadenitis of rat submandibular gland (EAS), histometric and fine structural studies were undertaken. Rats were immunized with allogeneic submandibular glands (SMG) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Control rats were not treated (C) or adjuvant treated (At). The rats were sacrificed 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after immunization and their SMG were processed for light and electron microscopy. Groups \"C\" and \"at\" showed normal acini and ducts. The SMG at 14 days showed significant loss of acini and granular ducts, severe lymphocytic infiltration and the appearance of undifferentiated ducts. The cells of the latter showed abundant free ribosomes, few profiles of rer, no secretory granules and in some cells autophagic vacuoles. Pseudopods of many lymphocytes were found in juxtaposition to degenerating parenchymal cells, mast cells and eosinophils. The extralobular ducts were significantly increased at 7, 14, and 21 days. The immunized glands showed evidence of regeneration at 21 and 28 days. Terminal tubule cells, proacinar cells and acinar cells, at various stages of maturation, were found in the regenerating glands.", "contents": "Morphometric and fine structural study of experimental autoallergic sialadenitis of rat submandibular glands. To further our understanding of the immunopathologic mechanisms involved in experimental autoallergic sialadenitis of rat submandibular gland (EAS), histometric and fine structural studies were undertaken. Rats were immunized with allogeneic submandibular glands (SMG) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Control rats were not treated (C) or adjuvant treated (At). The rats were sacrificed 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after immunization and their SMG were processed for light and electron microscopy. Groups \"C\" and \"at\" showed normal acini and ducts. The SMG at 14 days showed significant loss of acini and granular ducts, severe lymphocytic infiltration and the appearance of undifferentiated ducts. The cells of the latter showed abundant free ribosomes, few profiles of rer, no secretory granules and in some cells autophagic vacuoles. Pseudopods of many lymphocytes were found in juxtaposition to degenerating parenchymal cells, mast cells and eosinophils. The extralobular ducts were significantly increased at 7, 14, and 21 days. The immunized glands showed evidence of regeneration at 21 and 28 days. Terminal tubule cells, proacinar cells and acinar cells, at various stages of maturation, were found in the regenerating glands.", "PMID": 100961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4488", "title": "Some cellular changes associated with triton WR-1339 accumulation in rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Electron microscopic morphological and cytochemical techniques were used to follow the sub-cellular events that accompanied Triton WR-1339 accumulation in hepatocytes. Localization of two lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase, clearly established the lysosomal nature of the Triton WR-1339 containing electron-lucid structures that appear in hepatocytes following treatment with this compound.", "contents": "Some cellular changes associated with triton WR-1339 accumulation in rat hepatocytes. Electron microscopic morphological and cytochemical techniques were used to follow the sub-cellular events that accompanied Triton WR-1339 accumulation in hepatocytes. Localization of two lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase, clearly established the lysosomal nature of the Triton WR-1339 containing electron-lucid structures that appear in hepatocytes following treatment with this compound.", "PMID": 100962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4489", "title": "The pattern of lymphocytes in the thymus and spleen after labeling with 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine.", "content": "Adult male untreated mice (NMRI) were investigated after radioactive labeling with 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine to find out whether the lymphocytes in the cortex and medulla of the thymus as well as in the perifollicular and periarteriolar regions of the spleen show a labeling pattern which allows a classification into T- and B-lymphocytes. The percentages of radioactively labeled small lymphocytes and their mean grain counts were determined. The percentages of radioactively labeled small lymphocytes after 3H-TdR and 3H-CdR showed no significant differences in both splenic zones. The grain counts over the lymphocyte nuclei in the periarteriolar zone showed lower values after 3H-TdR than after 3H-CdR. The lymphocytes in the perifollicular zone were strongly labeled with 3H-TdR and weakly labeled with 3H-CdR. In the thymus medulla, lymphocytes were weakly labeled with 3H-thymidine and strongly labeled with 3H-CdR. In the cortex no significant differences were observed. 75 to 80% of the small lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were weakly and 20-25% strongly labeled after 3H-TdR. Therefore there are similarities in the radioactive labeling pattern of thymic medulla lymphocytes and that of small lymphocytes of the periarteriolar zone of the spleen by both DNA precursors. The small lymphocytes in the peripheral T-dependent tissue zones, for example in the spleen, as well as in the mixed lymphocyte population of the peripheral blood can be differentiated from the B-lymphocytes through the difference in the amount of incorporation of 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine.", "contents": "The pattern of lymphocytes in the thymus and spleen after labeling with 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine. Adult male untreated mice (NMRI) were investigated after radioactive labeling with 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine to find out whether the lymphocytes in the cortex and medulla of the thymus as well as in the perifollicular and periarteriolar regions of the spleen show a labeling pattern which allows a classification into T- and B-lymphocytes. The percentages of radioactively labeled small lymphocytes and their mean grain counts were determined. The percentages of radioactively labeled small lymphocytes after 3H-TdR and 3H-CdR showed no significant differences in both splenic zones. The grain counts over the lymphocyte nuclei in the periarteriolar zone showed lower values after 3H-TdR than after 3H-CdR. The lymphocytes in the perifollicular zone were strongly labeled with 3H-TdR and weakly labeled with 3H-CdR. In the thymus medulla, lymphocytes were weakly labeled with 3H-thymidine and strongly labeled with 3H-CdR. In the cortex no significant differences were observed. 75 to 80% of the small lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were weakly and 20-25% strongly labeled after 3H-TdR. Therefore there are similarities in the radioactive labeling pattern of thymic medulla lymphocytes and that of small lymphocytes of the periarteriolar zone of the spleen by both DNA precursors. The small lymphocytes in the peripheral T-dependent tissue zones, for example in the spleen, as well as in the mixed lymphocyte population of the peripheral blood can be differentiated from the B-lymphocytes through the difference in the amount of incorporation of 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine.", "PMID": 100963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4490", "title": "[Development of experimental brain tumors in modulated amine metabolism].", "content": "There was found a correlation between dynamic changes in the serotonin level and mortality in rats with 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene induced blastomogenesis. An estimation was made of the influence of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, transamine and D, L-malic acid benzyldihydrazide on the type of a tumor produced. Chemical blastomogenesis in the case of cerebellar tumors is shown to be associated with the decreased serotonin content at the site of a tumor. But fluctuations of the serotonin level in the hypothalamus have not been detected. This evidenced that the decreased mortality rate caused by the administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitor is due to a lower production of astrocytomas and genetically related glioblastomas. The role of serotonin in increasing the astrocyte resistance to malignant degeneration has been discussed.", "contents": "[Development of experimental brain tumors in modulated amine metabolism]. There was found a correlation between dynamic changes in the serotonin level and mortality in rats with 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene induced blastomogenesis. An estimation was made of the influence of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, transamine and D, L-malic acid benzyldihydrazide on the type of a tumor produced. Chemical blastomogenesis in the case of cerebellar tumors is shown to be associated with the decreased serotonin content at the site of a tumor. But fluctuations of the serotonin level in the hypothalamus have not been detected. This evidenced that the decreased mortality rate caused by the administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitor is due to a lower production of astrocytomas and genetically related glioblastomas. The role of serotonin in increasing the astrocyte resistance to malignant degeneration has been discussed.", "PMID": 100968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4491", "title": "[Relationship between aminoglucuronide synthesis in the bodies of white rats and the physico-chemical properties of the substrate].", "content": "In rats 5-substituted 2-aminobenzophenones (R-NH2; CH3; Cl) formed N-glucuronides. Amounts of free substances and of the glucuronyl-conjugates, excreted with the urine, depended on the nature of the radical; the derivatives differed in the values of Hammet's constants, in the lipophility and alkalinity. Estimation of Hammet's constants enabled to find a satisfactory correlation between the physico-chemical properties of the derivatives studied and the amounts of glucuronides excreted with urine.", "contents": "[Relationship between aminoglucuronide synthesis in the bodies of white rats and the physico-chemical properties of the substrate]. In rats 5-substituted 2-aminobenzophenones (R-NH2; CH3; Cl) formed N-glucuronides. Amounts of free substances and of the glucuronyl-conjugates, excreted with the urine, depended on the nature of the radical; the derivatives differed in the values of Hammet's constants, in the lipophility and alkalinity. Estimation of Hammet's constants enabled to find a satisfactory correlation between the physico-chemical properties of the derivatives studied and the amounts of glucuronides excreted with urine.", "PMID": 100967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4492", "title": "[Long-term therapy with calcitonin in Paget's diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "16 patients with a Paget's disease at the age of 51--80 years were treated by synthetic salmon calcitonine in a dosis of 20 mcg (80 MRCU/die). 14 patients could be observed for a longer time. In all cases there was a statically significant decrease of the increased alkaline serum phosphatase. The excretion of hydroxyproline in the collected urine had a decreasing tendency. Other laboratory parameters as calcium, phosphatase and acid phosphatase in the serum and the excretion of calcium and phosphate in the urine were not significant influenced by therapy. The patients felt subjective a clear improvement of the bone pains. After a six month-treatment the dosis was reduced (each 2--7 days 20 mcg salmon calcitonin sc). There was observed a rebehaviour of the subjective symptoms and an increase of the alkaline serum phosphatase, which did not reach the unitial values before the beginning of treatment. Calcitonine is an effective substance for the treatment of an active Paget's disease.", "contents": "[Long-term therapy with calcitonin in Paget's diseases (author's transl)]. 16 patients with a Paget's disease at the age of 51--80 years were treated by synthetic salmon calcitonine in a dosis of 20 mcg (80 MRCU/die). 14 patients could be observed for a longer time. In all cases there was a statically significant decrease of the increased alkaline serum phosphatase. The excretion of hydroxyproline in the collected urine had a decreasing tendency. Other laboratory parameters as calcium, phosphatase and acid phosphatase in the serum and the excretion of calcium and phosphate in the urine were not significant influenced by therapy. The patients felt subjective a clear improvement of the bone pains. After a six month-treatment the dosis was reduced (each 2--7 days 20 mcg salmon calcitonin sc). There was observed a rebehaviour of the subjective symptoms and an increase of the alkaline serum phosphatase, which did not reach the unitial values before the beginning of treatment. Calcitonine is an effective substance for the treatment of an active Paget's disease.", "PMID": 100975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4493", "title": "[Demonstration of bacteriostatic substances in boric acid preserved urine specimens].", "content": "The results of bacterilogical investigations of urine specimens which contain chemotherapeutics or other germ-inhibiting substances are to be used only with limitation. In order to avoid malinterpretations of microbiological findings by unknown natibacterial autoactivity of the investigation material the routine proof of germ-inhibiting substances in the urine by means of a simple agar diffusion test has proved. By preservation of boric acid which is to be recommended for a longer transport of urine specimens which are to be investigated bacteriologically the results of the inhibitor tests is not falsified.", "contents": "[Demonstration of bacteriostatic substances in boric acid preserved urine specimens]. The results of bacterilogical investigations of urine specimens which contain chemotherapeutics or other germ-inhibiting substances are to be used only with limitation. In order to avoid malinterpretations of microbiological findings by unknown natibacterial autoactivity of the investigation material the routine proof of germ-inhibiting substances in the urine by means of a simple agar diffusion test has proved. By preservation of boric acid which is to be recommended for a longer transport of urine specimens which are to be investigated bacteriologically the results of the inhibitor tests is not falsified.", "PMID": 100977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4494", "title": "[Permeability of the arterial vessel wall for labeled plasma proteins].", "content": "The permeability of the large arteries may be analysed by different methods. It is of different size in the individual arteries and is increased by hypoxia, by hypertension and by mediators. Thus increasedly atherogenic substances may enter the wall of the vessel.", "contents": "[Permeability of the arterial vessel wall for labeled plasma proteins]. The permeability of the large arteries may be analysed by different methods. It is of different size in the individual arteries and is increased by hypoxia, by hypertension and by mediators. Thus increasedly atherogenic substances may enter the wall of the vessel.", "PMID": 100978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4495", "title": "[Development of volatile compounds from radicals arising during intermediate steps of the lipoxygenase-reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of volatile compounds arising from radicals during intermediate reaction steps of the lipoxygenase-linoleic-acid-reaction (from soy) was investigated in model experiments with defined conditions. The results indicate as follows: Among the volatile compounds formed, hexanal has a special position. Its development is closely connected to the enzymatic formation of the 13-linoleic-acid-hydroperoxide because it is formed from the 13-linoleic-acid-peroxy-radical, which is a direct precursor of the 13-linoleic-acid-hydroperoxide. The other volatile products are apparently formed in the same way as by autoxidation. Their development is favoured by lack of oxygen, when the primarily formed linoleic-acid-radicals cannot react rapidly with the oxygen-radicals to form hydroperoxides. A small part of the volatile compounds is formed by autoxidation which always accompanies the enzymatic reaction.", "contents": "[Development of volatile compounds from radicals arising during intermediate steps of the lipoxygenase-reaction (author's transl)]. The development of volatile compounds arising from radicals during intermediate reaction steps of the lipoxygenase-linoleic-acid-reaction (from soy) was investigated in model experiments with defined conditions. The results indicate as follows: Among the volatile compounds formed, hexanal has a special position. Its development is closely connected to the enzymatic formation of the 13-linoleic-acid-hydroperoxide because it is formed from the 13-linoleic-acid-peroxy-radical, which is a direct precursor of the 13-linoleic-acid-hydroperoxide. The other volatile products are apparently formed in the same way as by autoxidation. Their development is favoured by lack of oxygen, when the primarily formed linoleic-acid-radicals cannot react rapidly with the oxygen-radicals to form hydroperoxides. A small part of the volatile compounds is formed by autoxidation which always accompanies the enzymatic reaction.", "PMID": 100985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4496", "title": "[Therapeutic problems in the \"short-bowel-syndrome\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on 6 children with short-bowel-syndrome. The expectancy of life of the patients depends on the mucosal surface of the residual intestine and on the degree of adaption. After removal of larger proportions of the intestine, nutrition should be started parenterally and followed by an early but cautious oral feeding. The administration must be distributed continuously over the day. At first carbohydrates are given as monosaccharides, fats as M. C. T. and proteins as amino acid mixtures. Carrot soup has proved useful as a water-binding substance for the improvement of stool consistency. An anabolic condition of the metabolism should be maintained. Therapy with cholestyramin is indicated in chologenic diarrhoea. Substitution of vitamins, especially vitamin B12 is very important after resection of the ileum.", "contents": "[Therapeutic problems in the \"short-bowel-syndrome\" (author's transl)]. The authors report on 6 children with short-bowel-syndrome. The expectancy of life of the patients depends on the mucosal surface of the residual intestine and on the degree of adaption. After removal of larger proportions of the intestine, nutrition should be started parenterally and followed by an early but cautious oral feeding. The administration must be distributed continuously over the day. At first carbohydrates are given as monosaccharides, fats as M. C. T. and proteins as amino acid mixtures. Carrot soup has proved useful as a water-binding substance for the improvement of stool consistency. An anabolic condition of the metabolism should be maintained. Therapy with cholestyramin is indicated in chologenic diarrhoea. Substitution of vitamins, especially vitamin B12 is very important after resection of the ileum.", "PMID": 100986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4497", "title": "[Changes in the histamine concentration, histaminase activity and histaminopexic index of the blood in acute cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "In 67 patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes the authors studied the histamine metabolism in its development correlating the observed changes (in the acute stage of the disease and following medicative therapy). The results demonstrated that in the acute period of the disease the histamine content in the blood increases, while the histaminase activity and the histaminpexic index decreases. It was shown that these changes are more distinct in hemorrhagic strokes. In extensive processes involving the subcortical nodes, the internal capsule and hypothalamus, these parameters show deeper changes and in the future do not normalize. Such studies may be of topico-diagnostic importance as well as of prognostic and therapeutical significance.", "contents": "[Changes in the histamine concentration, histaminase activity and histaminopexic index of the blood in acute cerebral circulatory disorders]. In 67 patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes the authors studied the histamine metabolism in its development correlating the observed changes (in the acute stage of the disease and following medicative therapy). The results demonstrated that in the acute period of the disease the histamine content in the blood increases, while the histaminase activity and the histaminpexic index decreases. It was shown that these changes are more distinct in hemorrhagic strokes. In extensive processes involving the subcortical nodes, the internal capsule and hypothalamus, these parameters show deeper changes and in the future do not normalize. Such studies may be of topico-diagnostic importance as well as of prognostic and therapeutical significance.", "PMID": 100992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4498", "title": "[State of peripheral circulation in the late stages of vibration disease].", "content": "The paper is concerned with a description of the results of polyrheovasographical studies in 102 patients with late stages of vibrational disease. The authors distinguished 3 variants of vascular disturbances: hypertonic, hypotonic, dystonic. The cold test detected in most of the patients changes of the vascular reactivity in the form of increased, decreased and--less frequently--inverse reactions to this stimula. The conclusion is made that polyrheovazographical studies permit to clarify the character and degree of the expressiveness of vascular disorders in most of the patients with vibrational disease which is very important for defining the stage of the disease and the assessment of the working capacity in this contingent.", "contents": "[State of peripheral circulation in the late stages of vibration disease]. The paper is concerned with a description of the results of polyrheovasographical studies in 102 patients with late stages of vibrational disease. The authors distinguished 3 variants of vascular disturbances: hypertonic, hypotonic, dystonic. The cold test detected in most of the patients changes of the vascular reactivity in the form of increased, decreased and--less frequently--inverse reactions to this stimula. The conclusion is made that polyrheovazographical studies permit to clarify the character and degree of the expressiveness of vascular disorders in most of the patients with vibrational disease which is very important for defining the stage of the disease and the assessment of the working capacity in this contingent.", "PMID": 100993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4499", "title": "[Bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in human fetal liver homogenates].", "content": "The bilirubin UDP GT-activity of the liver was studied from week 15 of pregnancy in 23 human fetuses and mature and immature dead newborns, respectively. No measurable bilirubin UDP GT-activity was found up to week 26 of pregnancy. The development of enzymatic activity presumably starts only postnatally, irrespective of gestational age of birth weight. Up to the fifth day the bilirubin UDP GT-activity is less than 0.2 mg of conjugated bilirubin/g liver/h, reaching in the second week values that correspond to approximately 20--30% of adult values. This activity is sufficient to prevent a clinically important hyperbilirubinemia because the concentration of unconjugated serum bilirubin was in all children below 12mg/100 ml.", "contents": "[Bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in human fetal liver homogenates]. The bilirubin UDP GT-activity of the liver was studied from week 15 of pregnancy in 23 human fetuses and mature and immature dead newborns, respectively. No measurable bilirubin UDP GT-activity was found up to week 26 of pregnancy. The development of enzymatic activity presumably starts only postnatally, irrespective of gestational age of birth weight. Up to the fifth day the bilirubin UDP GT-activity is less than 0.2 mg of conjugated bilirubin/g liver/h, reaching in the second week values that correspond to approximately 20--30% of adult values. This activity is sufficient to prevent a clinically important hyperbilirubinemia because the concentration of unconjugated serum bilirubin was in all children below 12mg/100 ml.", "PMID": 100994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4500", "title": "Effects of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists on Tetrahymena.", "content": "In Tetrahymena pyriformis the phagocytotic rate increases in response to histamine, but neither the H1 antagonist phenindamine nor the H2 antagonist metiamide stimulate phagocytosis. The H1 antagonist counteracts the effect of histamine, whereas the H2 antagonist does not. The histamine receptor of Tetrahymena is of H1-type, since it cannot distinguish between histamine and antagonists which are closely related to it chemically. It does, however, distinguish between histamine and the chemically unrelated H1 antagonist, phenindamine. The H2 antagonist does not interact with the receptor.", "contents": "Effects of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists on Tetrahymena. In Tetrahymena pyriformis the phagocytotic rate increases in response to histamine, but neither the H1 antagonist phenindamine nor the H2 antagonist metiamide stimulate phagocytosis. The H1 antagonist counteracts the effect of histamine, whereas the H2 antagonist does not. The histamine receptor of Tetrahymena is of H1-type, since it cannot distinguish between histamine and antagonists which are closely related to it chemically. It does, however, distinguish between histamine and the chemically unrelated H1 antagonist, phenindamine. The H2 antagonist does not interact with the receptor.", "PMID": 100995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4501", "title": "[Control of mitochondrial Mg++-efflux].", "content": "Inorganic phosphate stimulates the release of Mg++ from liver mitochondria, depending on concentration; a concentration as low as 0.1 mM phosphate is already effective. The process is dependent on the electron transfer of the respiratory chain, and its rate is highest under conditions of endogenous respiration and with ascorbate and TMPD as substrates, respectively. The phosphate stimulated release of Mg++ is followed, with a pronounced delay, by a Ca++ efflux and a swelling of mitochondria. Addition of EGTA strongly reduced the rate of Mg++ liberation in the presence and absence of inorganic phosphate. Exogenous Ca++ is able to abolish the EGTA effect. ADP and ATP inhibit the phosphate stimulated release of Mg++. Phosphoenol pyruvate and free fatty acids enhance the rate of Mg++ and Ca++ efflux from the mitochondria. The results permit the conclusion that inorganic phosphate, Ca++ and various metabolites of the cell metabolism influence the Mg++ distribution between the extra- and intramitochondrial space, thus controlling the permeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane for monovalent cations.", "contents": "[Control of mitochondrial Mg++-efflux]. Inorganic phosphate stimulates the release of Mg++ from liver mitochondria, depending on concentration; a concentration as low as 0.1 mM phosphate is already effective. The process is dependent on the electron transfer of the respiratory chain, and its rate is highest under conditions of endogenous respiration and with ascorbate and TMPD as substrates, respectively. The phosphate stimulated release of Mg++ is followed, with a pronounced delay, by a Ca++ efflux and a swelling of mitochondria. Addition of EGTA strongly reduced the rate of Mg++ liberation in the presence and absence of inorganic phosphate. Exogenous Ca++ is able to abolish the EGTA effect. ADP and ATP inhibit the phosphate stimulated release of Mg++. Phosphoenol pyruvate and free fatty acids enhance the rate of Mg++ and Ca++ efflux from the mitochondria. The results permit the conclusion that inorganic phosphate, Ca++ and various metabolites of the cell metabolism influence the Mg++ distribution between the extra- and intramitochondrial space, thus controlling the permeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane for monovalent cations.", "PMID": 100996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4502", "title": "[Parenteral feeding of surgical patients].", "content": "1. Under stress an increased amount of labelled amino acids is incorporated. 2. Under the conditions of stress amino acids too participate in the process of synthesis. 15N-glycine was used as tracer in a quantity of 0.64 g of amino acid and 24 kcal per kg per day, that is at a 0.027 g per kcal. hour infusion rate, so that the infused 15N corresponded to 75% of the total residual nitrogen in healthy subjects and 57% in operated patients. 3. Sixteen percent of the infused 15N is secreted with the urine of healthy subjects as urine nitrogen, and 57% as urine nitrogen and 4--5% as ammonia nitrogen with the urine of the operated cases. 4. In contrast to normal conditions, under stress a higher percentage of the infused amino acids participates in energy production. 5. Stress enhances uropoiesis as in regards both quantity and speed. 6. No difference in acid-base balance was found in the case of postoperative infusion; urinary and plasma concentrations remained within normal limits.", "contents": "[Parenteral feeding of surgical patients]. 1. Under stress an increased amount of labelled amino acids is incorporated. 2. Under the conditions of stress amino acids too participate in the process of synthesis. 15N-glycine was used as tracer in a quantity of 0.64 g of amino acid and 24 kcal per kg per day, that is at a 0.027 g per kcal. hour infusion rate, so that the infused 15N corresponded to 75% of the total residual nitrogen in healthy subjects and 57% in operated patients. 3. Sixteen percent of the infused 15N is secreted with the urine of healthy subjects as urine nitrogen, and 57% as urine nitrogen and 4--5% as ammonia nitrogen with the urine of the operated cases. 4. In contrast to normal conditions, under stress a higher percentage of the infused amino acids participates in energy production. 5. Stress enhances uropoiesis as in regards both quantity and speed. 6. No difference in acid-base balance was found in the case of postoperative infusion; urinary and plasma concentrations remained within normal limits.", "PMID": 100997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4503", "title": "Differentiation between benign and malignant monoclonal gammopathies by discriminant analysis on serum and bone marrow parameters.", "content": "Bone marrow samples of 28 individuals with clinically benign and of 41 patients with malignant monoclonal gammopathy were analyzed for the total number of lymphoplasmocellular elements containing cytoplasmic immunoglobulins and for the monoclonal fraction of these cells. Monoclonal immunoglobulin components were determined in sera. A discriminant analysis was performed on the data: the variables were transformed and in a stepwise procedure used for the construction of a discriminant function which by adividing point allowed a good distinction between the two groups of patients. By use of this discriminant function, 91% of the patients in the sample were correctly classified.", "contents": "Differentiation between benign and malignant monoclonal gammopathies by discriminant analysis on serum and bone marrow parameters. Bone marrow samples of 28 individuals with clinically benign and of 41 patients with malignant monoclonal gammopathy were analyzed for the total number of lymphoplasmocellular elements containing cytoplasmic immunoglobulins and for the monoclonal fraction of these cells. Monoclonal immunoglobulin components were determined in sera. A discriminant analysis was performed on the data: the variables were transformed and in a stepwise procedure used for the construction of a discriminant function which by adividing point allowed a good distinction between the two groups of patients. By use of this discriminant function, 91% of the patients in the sample were correctly classified.", "PMID": 101000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4504", "title": "Cytoplasmic immunoglobulins in bone marrow cells of polyclonal and of monoclonal origin.", "content": "Cytoplasmic immunoglobulins in human bone marrow plasma cells and lymphoid cells were characterized by direct immunofluorescence with fluorochrome-labelled reagents specific for immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. The percentage distribution of cells containing IgA, IgG or IgM and kappa- or lambda-immunoglobulins was determined in bone marrow samples from 168 immunologically normal individuals, in 11 patients with polyclonal increase of bone marrow plasma cells and in 80 patients with benign or malignant monoclonal gammopathies. A clear differentiation between monoclonal and polyclonal cell populations could be obtained in all cases.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic immunoglobulins in bone marrow cells of polyclonal and of monoclonal origin. Cytoplasmic immunoglobulins in human bone marrow plasma cells and lymphoid cells were characterized by direct immunofluorescence with fluorochrome-labelled reagents specific for immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. The percentage distribution of cells containing IgA, IgG or IgM and kappa- or lambda-immunoglobulins was determined in bone marrow samples from 168 immunologically normal individuals, in 11 patients with polyclonal increase of bone marrow plasma cells and in 80 patients with benign or malignant monoclonal gammopathies. A clear differentiation between monoclonal and polyclonal cell populations could be obtained in all cases.", "PMID": 101001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4505", "title": "Multiple lymphocyte transformation tests by phytohemagglutinin in healthy individuals: transient episodes of decreased lymphocyte blastogenesis.", "content": "146 serial determinations of spontaneous and phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation as measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation, were performed in 24 healthy individuals. 9 persons were studied intensively during a mean period of 40 days and the other 15 underwent random investigations during a period up to 10 months. Transient episodes of significant decreased lymphocyte transformation were revealed in 14 persons (58.4%) with regard to the spontaneous blastogenesis and in 11 subjects (45.8%) with regard to PHA-induced reactivity. The occurrence of the decreased values in PHA responsiveness was significantly higher in the intensively studied group compared to the randomly investigated one (p = 0.001). The probability of detecting one low PHA-related response in a normal subject was 11%. In only half of the cultures with low spontaneous blastogenic response did a simultaneous decrease in PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation occur. In addition to the currently used stimulation index, a new index termed the Blastogenic Cumulative Index is proposed. It is defined as the sum of the logarithms of the dpm values of the spontaneous and the PHA induced lymphocyte transformation. The CI is suggested to describe lymphocyte blastogenic function more accurately, and due to its simplicity warrents further study. Other indices for lymphocyte blastogenesis determination are discussed.", "contents": "Multiple lymphocyte transformation tests by phytohemagglutinin in healthy individuals: transient episodes of decreased lymphocyte blastogenesis. 146 serial determinations of spontaneous and phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation as measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation, were performed in 24 healthy individuals. 9 persons were studied intensively during a mean period of 40 days and the other 15 underwent random investigations during a period up to 10 months. Transient episodes of significant decreased lymphocyte transformation were revealed in 14 persons (58.4%) with regard to the spontaneous blastogenesis and in 11 subjects (45.8%) with regard to PHA-induced reactivity. The occurrence of the decreased values in PHA responsiveness was significantly higher in the intensively studied group compared to the randomly investigated one (p = 0.001). The probability of detecting one low PHA-related response in a normal subject was 11%. In only half of the cultures with low spontaneous blastogenic response did a simultaneous decrease in PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation occur. In addition to the currently used stimulation index, a new index termed the Blastogenic Cumulative Index is proposed. It is defined as the sum of the logarithms of the dpm values of the spontaneous and the PHA induced lymphocyte transformation. The CI is suggested to describe lymphocyte blastogenic function more accurately, and due to its simplicity warrents further study. Other indices for lymphocyte blastogenesis determination are discussed.", "PMID": 101002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4506", "title": "Ethnical and clinical aspects of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Israel: a survey on 288 patients.", "content": "The ethnic distribution of 288 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from five medical centers in Israel during the decade 1960--1970 was investigated as well as other features of the disease. 80.5% of the patients were of East European descent, 14.5% originated from Asia and Africa and 5% were born in Israel. Based on the ethnic distribution of the elderly population of Israel during the above period, it is suggested that CLL occurs more frequently in European-born Jews than in Asian and African Jews. A low occurrence of Coombs positive hemolytic anemia was revealed, amounting to 7.2% of the patients. Of 68 patients who underwent serum immunoglobulin studies, up to 74% exhibited deficiency of at least one type of immunoglobulin. Low levels of IgA were encountered in 61.2%, IgM in 51.5% and IgG in 29.5% of the patients. 26 of 206 patients with CLL (12.5%), all of East European origin, had an additional primary malignant tumor, cancer of the skin and breast being the most frequent associated malignancies. In 6 patients of the 26, two additional neoplasms were diagnosed. Hypogammaglobulinemia was more frequent in patients with additional primary malignant tumors and in patients with advanced disease. The possible causes for the ethnic distribution of CLL in Israil as well as of other tumors are discussed.", "contents": "Ethnical and clinical aspects of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Israel: a survey on 288 patients. The ethnic distribution of 288 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from five medical centers in Israel during the decade 1960--1970 was investigated as well as other features of the disease. 80.5% of the patients were of East European descent, 14.5% originated from Asia and Africa and 5% were born in Israel. Based on the ethnic distribution of the elderly population of Israel during the above period, it is suggested that CLL occurs more frequently in European-born Jews than in Asian and African Jews. A low occurrence of Coombs positive hemolytic anemia was revealed, amounting to 7.2% of the patients. Of 68 patients who underwent serum immunoglobulin studies, up to 74% exhibited deficiency of at least one type of immunoglobulin. Low levels of IgA were encountered in 61.2%, IgM in 51.5% and IgG in 29.5% of the patients. 26 of 206 patients with CLL (12.5%), all of East European origin, had an additional primary malignant tumor, cancer of the skin and breast being the most frequent associated malignancies. In 6 patients of the 26, two additional neoplasms were diagnosed. Hypogammaglobulinemia was more frequent in patients with additional primary malignant tumors and in patients with advanced disease. The possible causes for the ethnic distribution of CLL in Israil as well as of other tumors are discussed.", "PMID": 101003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4507", "title": "Collection of in vitro colony-forming units from dogs by repeated continuous flow leukaphereses.", "content": "The presence of in vitro colony-forming units (CFUc) was demonstrated in leukocyte suspensions collected by continuous flow leukaphereses performed serially in dogs. The CFUc yield of one leukapheresis was usually between 10(4) and 10(6). Higher yields were obtained in the 2nd to 5th leukaphereses than in the first one in the same dog. The number of CFUc collected during one leukapheresis was about four times the number of CFUc present in the circulating blood at the beginning of the leukapheresis. After a diminution during leukapheresis the circulating CFUc pool was restored in 2 or 3 days with an increase in the ratio of CFUc to mononuclear cells. These results indicate that CFUc entered the circulating pool during and after leukapheresis and that the population size regulation of canine-circulating CFUc is different from that of the bulk of the mononuclear leukoytes.", "contents": "Collection of in vitro colony-forming units from dogs by repeated continuous flow leukaphereses. The presence of in vitro colony-forming units (CFUc) was demonstrated in leukocyte suspensions collected by continuous flow leukaphereses performed serially in dogs. The CFUc yield of one leukapheresis was usually between 10(4) and 10(6). Higher yields were obtained in the 2nd to 5th leukaphereses than in the first one in the same dog. The number of CFUc collected during one leukapheresis was about four times the number of CFUc present in the circulating blood at the beginning of the leukapheresis. After a diminution during leukapheresis the circulating CFUc pool was restored in 2 or 3 days with an increase in the ratio of CFUc to mononuclear cells. These results indicate that CFUc entered the circulating pool during and after leukapheresis and that the population size regulation of canine-circulating CFUc is different from that of the bulk of the mononuclear leukoytes.", "PMID": 101004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4508", "title": "Inorganic iron absorption in subjects with iron deficiency anemia, achylia gastrica and alcoholic cirhosis using a whole-body counter.", "content": "A precise although technically complicated method is described for the estimation of iron absorption. A steel chamber is used to measure the total radioactivity of the patients. A dose of 59Fe is administered orally and the retention of radioactivity is measured on the 14th day, this amount being equivalent to the amount absorbed. In our male group, the mean absorption of inorganic iron was 22.5 +/- 8%, and in females it was 43.3 +/- 11%. In 10 patients with iron deficiency anemia, the mean was 92.2 +/- 6% , in 10 with gastric achylia it was 4.6 +/- 4%, and in 12 chronic alcoholics a value of 13.9 +/- 7% was found.", "contents": "Inorganic iron absorption in subjects with iron deficiency anemia, achylia gastrica and alcoholic cirhosis using a whole-body counter. A precise although technically complicated method is described for the estimation of iron absorption. A steel chamber is used to measure the total radioactivity of the patients. A dose of 59Fe is administered orally and the retention of radioactivity is measured on the 14th day, this amount being equivalent to the amount absorbed. In our male group, the mean absorption of inorganic iron was 22.5 +/- 8%, and in females it was 43.3 +/- 11%. In 10 patients with iron deficiency anemia, the mean was 92.2 +/- 6% , in 10 with gastric achylia it was 4.6 +/- 4%, and in 12 chronic alcoholics a value of 13.9 +/- 7% was found.", "PMID": 101005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4509", "title": "beta-Thalassemia in Sicily: hematological and biosynthetic studies.", "content": "The degree of imbalance in beta(0)-Th and beta(+)-Th as well as the frequency of the two forms in Sicilian beta-thalassemic subjects have been studied. The hemoglobin synthesis in Rietti-Greppi-Micheli disease (RGMD) and in the beta-thalassemia trait has also been studied. In an unselected thalassemic population, about 30% have been found to be beta(0)-Th. Both groups of beta(0)-Th and beta(+)-Th showed severe imbalance with alpha/non-alpha ratio of 4.22 +/- 1.88 (SD) and 3.46 +/- 1.36, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant. In RGMD the alpha/non-alpha ratio was 2.12 +/- 0.36 while in the beta thalassemia trait it was 1.76 +/- 0.35.", "contents": "beta-Thalassemia in Sicily: hematological and biosynthetic studies. The degree of imbalance in beta(0)-Th and beta(+)-Th as well as the frequency of the two forms in Sicilian beta-thalassemic subjects have been studied. The hemoglobin synthesis in Rietti-Greppi-Micheli disease (RGMD) and in the beta-thalassemia trait has also been studied. In an unselected thalassemic population, about 30% have been found to be beta(0)-Th. Both groups of beta(0)-Th and beta(+)-Th showed severe imbalance with alpha/non-alpha ratio of 4.22 +/- 1.88 (SD) and 3.46 +/- 1.36, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant. In RGMD the alpha/non-alpha ratio was 2.12 +/- 0.36 while in the beta thalassemia trait it was 1.76 +/- 0.35.", "PMID": 101006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4510", "title": "Relationship of density distribution and pyruvate kinase electrophoretic pattern of erythrocytes in sickle cell diseases and other disorders.", "content": "The density distributions of red cells from sickle cell disorders and other hematological diseases were determined. In sickle cell anemia there was an increase in the proportion of cells in both the heaviest and lightest fractions. In hemoglobin SC disease, a small fraction was shifted to heavier cells. Sickle cell trait blood had a normal density pattern. In hereditary spherocytosis an increase in the number of heavy cells was observed. Thin-layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of red cell pyruvate kinase demonstrated that the pyruvate electrophoretic pattern was related to density distribution.", "contents": "Relationship of density distribution and pyruvate kinase electrophoretic pattern of erythrocytes in sickle cell diseases and other disorders. The density distributions of red cells from sickle cell disorders and other hematological diseases were determined. In sickle cell anemia there was an increase in the proportion of cells in both the heaviest and lightest fractions. In hemoglobin SC disease, a small fraction was shifted to heavier cells. Sickle cell trait blood had a normal density pattern. In hereditary spherocytosis an increase in the number of heavy cells was observed. Thin-layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of red cell pyruvate kinase demonstrated that the pyruvate electrophoretic pattern was related to density distribution.", "PMID": 101007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4511", "title": "Functional heterogeneity of transferrin-bound iron: iron uptake by cell suspensions from bone marrow and liver and by cell cultures of fibroblasts and lymphoblasts.", "content": "According to the hypothesis of Fletcher and Huehns, functional differences exist between both iron-binding sites of transferrin. The site designated A should mainly be involved in the delivery of iron to erythroid cells, whereas site B should donate its iron preferentially to cells involved in the absorption and storage of iron. In the present study this hypothesis could be confirmed by in vitro experiments with various cell types. Iron transferrin preincubated with rat bone marrow cells donates less iron to rat bone marrow cells, Chinese hamster fibroblasts, human fibroblasts and human lymphoblasts than freshly prepared iron transferrin equal in iron and transferrin concentraion. Rat liver parenchymal cells, however, take up more iron from preincubated than from freshly prepared iron transferrin. Obviously, site A not only donates iron preferentially to erythroid cells but also to (rapidly) dividing nonerythroid cells in culture. From experiments with iron transferrin mixtures in which radioiron was present at low or high iron saturation, it could be concluded that rat bone marrow cells take up iron equally well from monoferric as from diferric transferrin. The observed functional heterogeneity could, therefore, not be ascribed to differences between monoferric and diferric transferrin.", "contents": "Functional heterogeneity of transferrin-bound iron: iron uptake by cell suspensions from bone marrow and liver and by cell cultures of fibroblasts and lymphoblasts. According to the hypothesis of Fletcher and Huehns, functional differences exist between both iron-binding sites of transferrin. The site designated A should mainly be involved in the delivery of iron to erythroid cells, whereas site B should donate its iron preferentially to cells involved in the absorption and storage of iron. In the present study this hypothesis could be confirmed by in vitro experiments with various cell types. Iron transferrin preincubated with rat bone marrow cells donates less iron to rat bone marrow cells, Chinese hamster fibroblasts, human fibroblasts and human lymphoblasts than freshly prepared iron transferrin equal in iron and transferrin concentraion. Rat liver parenchymal cells, however, take up more iron from preincubated than from freshly prepared iron transferrin. Obviously, site A not only donates iron preferentially to erythroid cells but also to (rapidly) dividing nonerythroid cells in culture. From experiments with iron transferrin mixtures in which radioiron was present at low or high iron saturation, it could be concluded that rat bone marrow cells take up iron equally well from monoferric as from diferric transferrin. The observed functional heterogeneity could, therefore, not be ascribed to differences between monoferric and diferric transferrin.", "PMID": 101008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4512", "title": "Paraproteinemic variety of pure red cell aplasia: immunological studies in 1 patient.", "content": "A case of adult pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) with a serum IgG inhibitor to erythropoiesis and an IgG lambda M component is presented. The study of lymphocyte populations revealed a slight but definite decrease of E and EA rosettes, with dissociation between E rosettes and PHA blastic transformation of blood lymphocytes and increase of membrane IgM-bearing lymphocytes. The relationship between PRCA and paraproteinemia is discussed: it is suggested that the serum M component may derive from an immunological unbalance between T and B lymphocytes. Since a survey of the literature reveals 5 similar cases, it is suggested that paraproteinemia may be the hallmark of a particular variety of chronic PRCA 'type 1'.", "contents": "Paraproteinemic variety of pure red cell aplasia: immunological studies in 1 patient. A case of adult pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) with a serum IgG inhibitor to erythropoiesis and an IgG lambda M component is presented. The study of lymphocyte populations revealed a slight but definite decrease of E and EA rosettes, with dissociation between E rosettes and PHA blastic transformation of blood lymphocytes and increase of membrane IgM-bearing lymphocytes. The relationship between PRCA and paraproteinemia is discussed: it is suggested that the serum M component may derive from an immunological unbalance between T and B lymphocytes. Since a survey of the literature reveals 5 similar cases, it is suggested that paraproteinemia may be the hallmark of a particular variety of chronic PRCA 'type 1'.", "PMID": 101009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4513", "title": "A new method for the detection of the plasminogen activator content of vein walls.", "content": "The plasminogen activator content of a vein wall has been measured by estimating the radio-activity released from a 125I-tagged fibrin clot by incubating that clot with a known weight of the vein wall. This method could be used in the investigation of the fibrinolytic system of the body in its normal distribution and in the diseases of the vascular system.", "contents": "A new method for the detection of the plasminogen activator content of vein walls. The plasminogen activator content of a vein wall has been measured by estimating the radio-activity released from a 125I-tagged fibrin clot by incubating that clot with a known weight of the vein wall. This method could be used in the investigation of the fibrinolytic system of the body in its normal distribution and in the diseases of the vascular system.", "PMID": 101010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4514", "title": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma terminating in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "The number of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who develop acute myelogenous leukemia is relatively small. The case of a patient with histologically proven diffuse histiocytic lymphoma who died with unequivocal acute myelogenous leukemia 5 years after the lymphoma diagnosis is presented. The difficulties in differential diagnosis are cited with a review of the literature.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma terminating in acute myelogenous leukemia. The number of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who develop acute myelogenous leukemia is relatively small. The case of a patient with histologically proven diffuse histiocytic lymphoma who died with unequivocal acute myelogenous leukemia 5 years after the lymphoma diagnosis is presented. The difficulties in differential diagnosis are cited with a review of the literature.", "PMID": 101011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4515", "title": "Prognostic factors in multiple myeloma: a retrospective study using conventional statistical methods and a computer program.", "content": "The prognostic significance of age, sex, ethnic origin and various laboratory data was studied retrospectively in 69 patients with multiple myeloma using conventional statistical tests and the multiple regression computerized analysis. The conventional statistical analysis confirmed that age, anemia, uremia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, hyperuricemia and IgA lambda type myeloma were associated with a poor prognosis. The multiple regression analysis indicated that age and blood urea nitrogen levels were the only variables which significantly affect the survival of patients with multiple myeloma. A correlation was found between blood urea nitrogen levels and other laboratory data of apparent prognostic value. The differences between our results and those of other authors are discussed and it is suggested that they may, in part, be due to the fact that the interplay between the various prognostic variables was not exposed in other studies.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in multiple myeloma: a retrospective study using conventional statistical methods and a computer program. The prognostic significance of age, sex, ethnic origin and various laboratory data was studied retrospectively in 69 patients with multiple myeloma using conventional statistical tests and the multiple regression computerized analysis. The conventional statistical analysis confirmed that age, anemia, uremia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, hyperuricemia and IgA lambda type myeloma were associated with a poor prognosis. The multiple regression analysis indicated that age and blood urea nitrogen levels were the only variables which significantly affect the survival of patients with multiple myeloma. A correlation was found between blood urea nitrogen levels and other laboratory data of apparent prognostic value. The differences between our results and those of other authors are discussed and it is suggested that they may, in part, be due to the fact that the interplay between the various prognostic variables was not exposed in other studies.", "PMID": 101012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4516", "title": "\"Idiopathic\" Bence-Jones proteinuria.", "content": "During a prospective screening for proteinuria in diabetic patients, isolated Bence-Jones proteinuria was detected in 2 cases. The first patient, a 52-year-old black female, was seen for evaluation of a slow but progressive weight loss which was attributed to poor adjustment of insulin therapy. The patient gained weight after an increase of the daily insulin administration. She had plasmocytosis in a bone marrow aspirate, but no other evidence of myelomatosis. The second patient, a 59-year-old black male who was seen for routine evaluation of his diabetes, had no clinical or laboratory evidence of myelomatosis. Although precise definition of these cases as \"benign\" or \"idiopathic\" Bence-Jones proteinuria is impossible without prolonged follow-up, at the time of presentation they appeared to fit this classification. This observation is one further example that isolated Bence-Jones proteinuria may be seen without any evidence of malignant B-cell dyscrasia.", "contents": "\"Idiopathic\" Bence-Jones proteinuria. During a prospective screening for proteinuria in diabetic patients, isolated Bence-Jones proteinuria was detected in 2 cases. The first patient, a 52-year-old black female, was seen for evaluation of a slow but progressive weight loss which was attributed to poor adjustment of insulin therapy. The patient gained weight after an increase of the daily insulin administration. She had plasmocytosis in a bone marrow aspirate, but no other evidence of myelomatosis. The second patient, a 59-year-old black male who was seen for routine evaluation of his diabetes, had no clinical or laboratory evidence of myelomatosis. Although precise definition of these cases as \"benign\" or \"idiopathic\" Bence-Jones proteinuria is impossible without prolonged follow-up, at the time of presentation they appeared to fit this classification. This observation is one further example that isolated Bence-Jones proteinuria may be seen without any evidence of malignant B-cell dyscrasia.", "PMID": 101013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4517", "title": "Lymphoid antigens on blast cells in the agranular metamorphosis of chronic myelogenous leukaemia.", "content": "Undifferentiated blasts from a Ph'-positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) in terminal metamorphosis were reacted in an indirect immunofluorescence test with antilymphocytic globulins (AHLGs), raised against cultured lymphoblasts, thoracic duct and peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy donors. After proper myeloid and/or monocytic absorptions the AHLGs interacted strongly with the undifferentiated blasts of CML, while this was not true for parallel controls with non-lymphoid leukaemias, both acute and chronic. The intensity of fluorescence, as determined by the use of a microfluorimeter, on these agranular blasts was comparable to the positivity of lymphoid cells from acute and chonic lymphatic leukaemias. These findings lend further support to the conception of a lymphoblast-like variety of terminal blastic crisis in chronic myelogenous leukaemia.", "contents": "Lymphoid antigens on blast cells in the agranular metamorphosis of chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Undifferentiated blasts from a Ph'-positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) in terminal metamorphosis were reacted in an indirect immunofluorescence test with antilymphocytic globulins (AHLGs), raised against cultured lymphoblasts, thoracic duct and peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy donors. After proper myeloid and/or monocytic absorptions the AHLGs interacted strongly with the undifferentiated blasts of CML, while this was not true for parallel controls with non-lymphoid leukaemias, both acute and chronic. The intensity of fluorescence, as determined by the use of a microfluorimeter, on these agranular blasts was comparable to the positivity of lymphoid cells from acute and chonic lymphatic leukaemias. These findings lend further support to the conception of a lymphoblast-like variety of terminal blastic crisis in chronic myelogenous leukaemia.", "PMID": 101014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4518", "title": "Defect of bone marrow granulocyte reserve in liver cirrhosis evaluated with etiocholanolone.", "content": "In patients with cirrhosis, the etiocholanolone test showed a decrease in the bone marrow granulocyte reserve; in all the cases studied, the baseline counts of peripheral granulocytes were normla. The mechanisms leading to such a defect are explained.", "contents": "Defect of bone marrow granulocyte reserve in liver cirrhosis evaluated with etiocholanolone. In patients with cirrhosis, the etiocholanolone test showed a decrease in the bone marrow granulocyte reserve; in all the cases studied, the baseline counts of peripheral granulocytes were normla. The mechanisms leading to such a defect are explained.", "PMID": 101015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4519", "title": "Study of amino groups of the human platelet membrane.", "content": "The authors attempted to evaluate different reagents in order to quantify the amino groups of the platelet membrane. The study was carried out by the action of different aldehydes and acid anhydrides. The use of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid made possible an approach by electrophoresis and chemical assay. The results showed an increase in the surface charge corresponding to a mean number of amino groups varying from 1.86.10(5) groups with citraconic acid to 3.94.10(5) groups with acetaldehyde.", "contents": "Study of amino groups of the human platelet membrane. The authors attempted to evaluate different reagents in order to quantify the amino groups of the platelet membrane. The study was carried out by the action of different aldehydes and acid anhydrides. The use of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid made possible an approach by electrophoresis and chemical assay. The results showed an increase in the surface charge corresponding to a mean number of amino groups varying from 1.86.10(5) groups with citraconic acid to 3.94.10(5) groups with acetaldehyde.", "PMID": 101016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4520", "title": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia, neutrophilic type, with paraproteinemia (IgA type K).", "content": "A patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia, neutrophilic type, was followed for 28 months. A paraproteinemia, IgA type K, and Bence Jones proteinuria (K) appeared without prior chemotherapy with alkylating agents.", "contents": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia, neutrophilic type, with paraproteinemia (IgA type K). A patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia, neutrophilic type, was followed for 28 months. A paraproteinemia, IgA type K, and Bence Jones proteinuria (K) appeared without prior chemotherapy with alkylating agents.", "PMID": 101017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4521", "title": "The effects of ethylene-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate on cellular transformation and organic matrix of the epiphyseal growth plate of the rat--a light microscopic and ultrastructural study.", "content": "Ethylene-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) was administered intraperitoneally to one-day-old rats. In the first experiment, each animal was given 4 injections of EHDP distributed over two consecutive days and corresponding to a total amount of EHDP of 100 mg/kg bwt/day. The animals were sacrificed 12 hours after the last injection. In the second experiment, each animal was given 3 injections, each containing 50 mg of EHDP/kg bwt, with an interval of 6 hours and were thereafter left to survive for 4 days. Animals in the first experiment showed in comparison to normal controls an increased width of the hypertrophic zone; lack of calcified septa within the zone of provisional calcification; persistent atypical chondrocytes in the calcification zone and a large number of matrix vesicles lacking in crystals. The ground substance showed an accumulation of fine precipitates apparently representing undegraded aggregates of proteoglycan macromolecules. Animals in the second experiment formed a new apparently normal epiphyseal growth plate, while the \"old\" epiphyseal cartilage formed under the influence of EHDP remained largely unresorbed within the metaphysis. Besides the previously described inhibitory effects of diphosphonates on the crystallization of matrix vesicles and the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals, EHDP, at the doses used, was found to have a profound inhibitory effect on the differentiation and migration of the epiphyseal chondrocytes as well as on the degradation of proteoglycan macromolecules. The observed inhibition of vascular invasion appears to be related to inhibition of enzyme degradation of the ground substance, as evidenced by the observation of extracellular lysosomelike bodies in the erosion zone.", "contents": "The effects of ethylene-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate on cellular transformation and organic matrix of the epiphyseal growth plate of the rat--a light microscopic and ultrastructural study. Ethylene-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) was administered intraperitoneally to one-day-old rats. In the first experiment, each animal was given 4 injections of EHDP distributed over two consecutive days and corresponding to a total amount of EHDP of 100 mg/kg bwt/day. The animals were sacrificed 12 hours after the last injection. In the second experiment, each animal was given 3 injections, each containing 50 mg of EHDP/kg bwt, with an interval of 6 hours and were thereafter left to survive for 4 days. Animals in the first experiment showed in comparison to normal controls an increased width of the hypertrophic zone; lack of calcified septa within the zone of provisional calcification; persistent atypical chondrocytes in the calcification zone and a large number of matrix vesicles lacking in crystals. The ground substance showed an accumulation of fine precipitates apparently representing undegraded aggregates of proteoglycan macromolecules. Animals in the second experiment formed a new apparently normal epiphyseal growth plate, while the \"old\" epiphyseal cartilage formed under the influence of EHDP remained largely unresorbed within the metaphysis. Besides the previously described inhibitory effects of diphosphonates on the crystallization of matrix vesicles and the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals, EHDP, at the doses used, was found to have a profound inhibitory effect on the differentiation and migration of the epiphyseal chondrocytes as well as on the degradation of proteoglycan macromolecules. The observed inhibition of vascular invasion appears to be related to inhibition of enzyme degradation of the ground substance, as evidenced by the observation of extracellular lysosomelike bodies in the erosion zone.", "PMID": 101019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4522", "title": "Lancefield extract of group A streptococci type 15 acts like an anti-human IgG with restricted specificity.", "content": "Lancefield extract of streptococci group A type 15 precipitates certain human sera and agglutinates red cells coated with some IgG anti-Rh antibodies. The frequency of precipitation varies between populations. The serum component in the precipitate is IgG. The results indicate that an iso-allotypic marker is detected by the extract.", "contents": "Lancefield extract of group A streptococci type 15 acts like an anti-human IgG with restricted specificity. Lancefield extract of streptococci group A type 15 precipitates certain human sera and agglutinates red cells coated with some IgG anti-Rh antibodies. The frequency of precipitation varies between populations. The serum component in the precipitate is IgG. The results indicate that an iso-allotypic marker is detected by the extract.", "PMID": 101020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4523", "title": "Organochlorine compounds in Norwegian human fat and milk.", "content": "Analyses were carried out in 1975/76 of samples of human, perirenal fatty tissue and 45 samples of human milk with regard to persistent organochlorine compounds. A corresponding investigation was carried out in 1969/70. A comparison of the results suggests that a decrease in the content of DDT and its metabolites occurs. The PCB content showed a significant increase as compared with 1969/70. HCB levels of approx. 0.25 ppm and 0.0054 ppm were demonstrated in fatty tissue and in human milk, respectively. Concentrations of DDT plus metabolites, PCB and HCB in older people were significantly higher than those found in younger subjects.", "contents": "Organochlorine compounds in Norwegian human fat and milk. Analyses were carried out in 1975/76 of samples of human, perirenal fatty tissue and 45 samples of human milk with regard to persistent organochlorine compounds. A corresponding investigation was carried out in 1969/70. A comparison of the results suggests that a decrease in the content of DDT and its metabolites occurs. The PCB content showed a significant increase as compared with 1969/70. HCB levels of approx. 0.25 ppm and 0.0054 ppm were demonstrated in fatty tissue and in human milk, respectively. Concentrations of DDT plus metabolites, PCB and HCB in older people were significantly higher than those found in younger subjects.", "PMID": 101021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4524", "title": "Effects of cortisol administration on components of the hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system (MFO) of immature rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii Rich.).", "content": "The effects of cortisol on components of the liver microsomal mixed function oxidase system (MFO) of immature and starved rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii, Rich., were studied 3, 7 and 21 days after intraperitoneal implantation of cortisol-containing cholesterol pellets. The treatment resulted in significantly elevated NADPH cytochrome c reductase activities, concomitant with elevated plasma cortisol levels, at all sampling events, while no significant effects on either liver cytochrome P-450 or microsomal protein contents was observed. The cortisol-treated fish lost considerably more body weight than corresponding controls during the experimental period, while the effects on liver wet weight and liver somatic index were inconclusive.", "contents": "Effects of cortisol administration on components of the hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system (MFO) of immature rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii Rich.). The effects of cortisol on components of the liver microsomal mixed function oxidase system (MFO) of immature and starved rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii, Rich., were studied 3, 7 and 21 days after intraperitoneal implantation of cortisol-containing cholesterol pellets. The treatment resulted in significantly elevated NADPH cytochrome c reductase activities, concomitant with elevated plasma cortisol levels, at all sampling events, while no significant effects on either liver cytochrome P-450 or microsomal protein contents was observed. The cortisol-treated fish lost considerably more body weight than corresponding controls during the experimental period, while the effects on liver wet weight and liver somatic index were inconclusive.", "PMID": 101022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4525", "title": "Haemodynamic changes in the cerebral circulation of the cat during occlusion of the middle cerebral artery.", "content": "In a group of 21 cats, the middle cerebral artery pressure (MCAP) was recorded by means of a catheter introduced into the artery at its origin, just distal to the occlusion. The effects of hypertension, hypercapnia, and hypocapnia were studied. In a group of five cats, both middle cerebral arteries (MCA) were catherized and the pressure was recorded simultaneously on both sides. In another group of five cats, O2 tension measurements were made with the aid of oxygen electrodes in the brain tissue, the occluded MCA, and the common carotid artery. Some of the results obtained in this study are compared with the results of a previous study where monkeys were used as experimental animals.", "contents": "Haemodynamic changes in the cerebral circulation of the cat during occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. In a group of 21 cats, the middle cerebral artery pressure (MCAP) was recorded by means of a catheter introduced into the artery at its origin, just distal to the occlusion. The effects of hypertension, hypercapnia, and hypocapnia were studied. In a group of five cats, both middle cerebral arteries (MCA) were catherized and the pressure was recorded simultaneously on both sides. In another group of five cats, O2 tension measurements were made with the aid of oxygen electrodes in the brain tissue, the occluded MCA, and the common carotid artery. Some of the results obtained in this study are compared with the results of a previous study where monkeys were used as experimental animals.", "PMID": 101024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4526", "title": "The influence of age and dementia of the neurone population of the mammillary bodies.", "content": "In a study on the influence of age and senile dementia on the mammillary bodies, the medial mammillary nucleus was examined in 15 brains from young (control), normal aged and demented females. Neurone populations, volumes and cell densities were estimated. Individual variation was high in all the groups studied. Normal ageing and dementia were accompanied by a substantial loss of volume but no significant loss of neurones, resulting in a considerable increase in cell density. No significant differences were detectable between the normal aged group and the demented group. These findings are in agreement with other investigators who have found no neuronal loss with age in discrete nuclear structures.", "contents": "The influence of age and dementia of the neurone population of the mammillary bodies. In a study on the influence of age and senile dementia on the mammillary bodies, the medial mammillary nucleus was examined in 15 brains from young (control), normal aged and demented females. Neurone populations, volumes and cell densities were estimated. Individual variation was high in all the groups studied. Normal ageing and dementia were accompanied by a substantial loss of volume but no significant loss of neurones, resulting in a considerable increase in cell density. No significant differences were detectable between the normal aged group and the demented group. These findings are in agreement with other investigators who have found no neuronal loss with age in discrete nuclear structures.", "PMID": 101025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4527", "title": "Antibiotic-associated colitis: a retrospective study of fifteen cases.", "content": "Fifteen cases of antibiotic-associated colitis were reviewed in a retrospective study of all the cases seen in a general hospital in the period 1970--7. Nine of these cases were diagnosed as pseudomembranous colitis. This was found mostly in patients over 65 years of age, where it resulted in severe illness with 70% mortality. The antibiotics involved included ampicillin, penicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin and co-trimoxazole (Septrin). Pseudomembranous colitis is a serious hazard in the elderly and may be caused by a wide range of antibiotics in common use.", "contents": "Antibiotic-associated colitis: a retrospective study of fifteen cases. Fifteen cases of antibiotic-associated colitis were reviewed in a retrospective study of all the cases seen in a general hospital in the period 1970--7. Nine of these cases were diagnosed as pseudomembranous colitis. This was found mostly in patients over 65 years of age, where it resulted in severe illness with 70% mortality. The antibiotics involved included ampicillin, penicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin and co-trimoxazole (Septrin). Pseudomembranous colitis is a serious hazard in the elderly and may be caused by a wide range of antibiotics in common use.", "PMID": 101026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4528", "title": "Radium-induced malignant tumors of the mastoid and paranasal sinuses.", "content": "In the records of 5,058 persons with therapeutic or occupational exposure to radium, 21 patients with carcinoma of the mastoid and 11 with malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses were identified. Tumor induction times were 21-50 years for mastoid tumors (median, 33) and 19-52 years for paranasal sinus tumors (median, 34). Dosimetric data are given for the patients whose body burdens of radium have been measured. We found a high proportion of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, comprising 38% of the mastoid and 36% of the paranasal sinus tumors. Three patients had antecedent bone sarcoma at 20, 11, and 5 years, respectively, and a bone sarcoma was discovered at autopsy in a fourth patient. Radiographic changes in the mastoid and paranasal sinuses were similar to those seen in nonradium malignant tumors. More than 800 known persons exposed to radium before 1930 and another group of unknown size who received radium water or injections of radium from physicians are still alive and at risk of developing malignant tumors of the mastoid and paranasal sinuses.", "contents": "Radium-induced malignant tumors of the mastoid and paranasal sinuses. In the records of 5,058 persons with therapeutic or occupational exposure to radium, 21 patients with carcinoma of the mastoid and 11 with malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses were identified. Tumor induction times were 21-50 years for mastoid tumors (median, 33) and 19-52 years for paranasal sinus tumors (median, 34). Dosimetric data are given for the patients whose body burdens of radium have been measured. We found a high proportion of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, comprising 38% of the mastoid and 36% of the paranasal sinus tumors. Three patients had antecedent bone sarcoma at 20, 11, and 5 years, respectively, and a bone sarcoma was discovered at autopsy in a fourth patient. Radiographic changes in the mastoid and paranasal sinuses were similar to those seen in nonradium malignant tumors. More than 800 known persons exposed to radium before 1930 and another group of unknown size who received radium water or injections of radium from physicians are still alive and at risk of developing malignant tumors of the mastoid and paranasal sinuses.", "PMID": 101027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4529", "title": "Radiologic and clinical assessment of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Continuous treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics resulted in symptomatic improvement in 41 of 44 patients (93%) with Crohn's disease who were treated for 6 months or longer. Radiographic follow-up demonstrated evidence of improvement in 20 of 35 patients (57%) for whom posttherapy radiographs were available. Radiography demonstrated resolution of ulcerations, abdominal masses, stenosis, and in some patients restoration of a normal intestinal mucosal pattern. In some patients these changes occurred within weeks; in others, over a period of years. Patients with perianal fistulas and patients who had previously undergone surgery and had recurrence of their disease prior to treatment with antibiotics accounted for the therapy failures.", "contents": "Radiologic and clinical assessment of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy in Crohn's disease. Continuous treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics resulted in symptomatic improvement in 41 of 44 patients (93%) with Crohn's disease who were treated for 6 months or longer. Radiographic follow-up demonstrated evidence of improvement in 20 of 35 patients (57%) for whom posttherapy radiographs were available. Radiography demonstrated resolution of ulcerations, abdominal masses, stenosis, and in some patients restoration of a normal intestinal mucosal pattern. In some patients these changes occurred within weeks; in others, over a period of years. Patients with perianal fistulas and patients who had previously undergone surgery and had recurrence of their disease prior to treatment with antibiotics accounted for the therapy failures.", "PMID": 101028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4530", "title": "Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: new angiographic and ultrasonographic findings.", "content": "Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas (cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma) are rare tumors. Early diagnosis and differentiation from other pancreatic lesions are essential for appropriate management. Pancreatic angiography and gray scale ultrasonography facilitate rapid, accurate diagnosis and proper surgical therapy. In a 7 year period, eight patients were studied (one cystadenoma, seven cystadenocarcinoma); five had selective visceral angiography and six underwent abdominal ultrasonography. The ultrasonographic characteristics of these neoplasms and some new angiographic findings are presented. The sonographic findings for cystadenocarcinoma were similar to those of cystadenoma.", "contents": "Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: new angiographic and ultrasonographic findings. Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas (cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma) are rare tumors. Early diagnosis and differentiation from other pancreatic lesions are essential for appropriate management. Pancreatic angiography and gray scale ultrasonography facilitate rapid, accurate diagnosis and proper surgical therapy. In a 7 year period, eight patients were studied (one cystadenoma, seven cystadenocarcinoma); five had selective visceral angiography and six underwent abdominal ultrasonography. The ultrasonographic characteristics of these neoplasms and some new angiographic findings are presented. The sonographic findings for cystadenocarcinoma were similar to those of cystadenoma.", "PMID": 101030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4531", "title": "Lymphangiographic changes after radiation therapy.", "content": "Lymphangiographic appearance following radiotherapy is described in 21 patients with pre- and posttherapy lymphangiograms. Following radiotherapy to normal lymphatics, decrease in nodal size and lymph vessel caliber is noted uniformly after 12 months. Before 12 months the development of these changes is variable and may not be seen, especially during the first several months. Following irradiation of abnormal lymph nodes, dilatation of the lymph vessels distal to the abnormal nodes may occur. These lymphangiographic findings can be related to histologic changes seen in lymph nodes after radiation therapy.", "contents": "Lymphangiographic changes after radiation therapy. Lymphangiographic appearance following radiotherapy is described in 21 patients with pre- and posttherapy lymphangiograms. Following radiotherapy to normal lymphatics, decrease in nodal size and lymph vessel caliber is noted uniformly after 12 months. Before 12 months the development of these changes is variable and may not be seen, especially during the first several months. Following irradiation of abnormal lymph nodes, dilatation of the lymph vessels distal to the abnormal nodes may occur. These lymphangiographic findings can be related to histologic changes seen in lymph nodes after radiation therapy.", "PMID": 101031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4532", "title": "High-dose renal pharmacoangiography in the assessment of hypovascular renal neoplasms.", "content": "From 6% to 25% of primary renal carcinomas are either hypovascular or avascular and are the major source of false negative angiography. High-dose renal pharmacoangiography, a valuable adjunct to conventional angiography, combines a renal vasodilator, acetylcholine, with a high dose of contrast medium. High-dose renal pharmacoangiography improves the diagnosis of hypovascular mass by enhancement of tumor vessels, increase of tumor stain, and better opacification of main and collateral renal veins. During a 4 year period, 20 hypovascular renal neoplasms were studied and successfully diagnosed preoperatively by this method.", "contents": "High-dose renal pharmacoangiography in the assessment of hypovascular renal neoplasms. From 6% to 25% of primary renal carcinomas are either hypovascular or avascular and are the major source of false negative angiography. High-dose renal pharmacoangiography, a valuable adjunct to conventional angiography, combines a renal vasodilator, acetylcholine, with a high dose of contrast medium. High-dose renal pharmacoangiography improves the diagnosis of hypovascular mass by enhancement of tumor vessels, increase of tumor stain, and better opacification of main and collateral renal veins. During a 4 year period, 20 hypovascular renal neoplasms were studied and successfully diagnosed preoperatively by this method.", "PMID": 101032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4533", "title": "Optimal technique of renal arteriography in living renal transplant donors.", "content": "Sixty consecutive living related renal donors were evaluated retrospectively with regard to the adequacy of their preoperative angiograms. Comparison of the original radiologic reports and the surgical findings revealed no errors in the prediction of the number and length of renal arteries of the transplanted kidneys. The optimal arteriographic technique is defined in the context of the information required by the surgeon: it is concluded that selective renal arteriography, although often advocated, is seldom necessary if the standard anteroposterior view of the abdominal aortic injection is supplemented by oblique and occasionally other views in selected cases.", "contents": "Optimal technique of renal arteriography in living renal transplant donors. Sixty consecutive living related renal donors were evaluated retrospectively with regard to the adequacy of their preoperative angiograms. Comparison of the original radiologic reports and the surgical findings revealed no errors in the prediction of the number and length of renal arteries of the transplanted kidneys. The optimal arteriographic technique is defined in the context of the information required by the surgeon: it is concluded that selective renal arteriography, although often advocated, is seldom necessary if the standard anteroposterior view of the abdominal aortic injection is supplemented by oblique and occasionally other views in selected cases.", "PMID": 101033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4534", "title": "Complications in expanded polytetrafluoroethylene arteriovenous grafts: an angiographic study.", "content": "Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts were used for creation of arteriovenous shunts in 35 patients on chronic hemodialysis. When flow studies or mechanical factors indicated abnormal flow in the graft, angiography was performed. Detection of venous backflow or obstruction, arterial stenosis, aneurysm formation, or graft kinking facilitated correction and thus salvage of the grafts.", "contents": "Complications in expanded polytetrafluoroethylene arteriovenous grafts: an angiographic study. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts were used for creation of arteriovenous shunts in 35 patients on chronic hemodialysis. When flow studies or mechanical factors indicated abnormal flow in the graft, angiography was performed. Detection of venous backflow or obstruction, arterial stenosis, aneurysm formation, or graft kinking facilitated correction and thus salvage of the grafts.", "PMID": 101034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4535", "title": "Complication rate with supine phlebography.", "content": "The incidence of complications following supine phlebography was studied in 109 patients (142 legs) retrospectively and 89 patients (106 legs) prospectively. Virtually all patients had some discomfort during the procedure, while three patients had delayed pain for up to 4 days following examination. Three patients developed hives, one of whom also had bronchospasm. There were two cases with subcutaneous extravasation. The shorter endothelial contact time of supine phlebography compared to the semiupright technique might explain the reduced incidence of pain.", "contents": "Complication rate with supine phlebography. The incidence of complications following supine phlebography was studied in 109 patients (142 legs) retrospectively and 89 patients (106 legs) prospectively. Virtually all patients had some discomfort during the procedure, while three patients had delayed pain for up to 4 days following examination. Three patients developed hives, one of whom also had bronchospasm. There were two cases with subcutaneous extravasation. The shorter endothelial contact time of supine phlebography compared to the semiupright technique might explain the reduced incidence of pain.", "PMID": 101035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4536", "title": "Flow-directed balloon catheterization for aortofemoral arteriography using the axillary artery approach.", "content": "An axillary artery approach is occasionally necessary in the evaluation of the abdominal aorta and peripheral arteries in patients with severe and complicated arteriosclerotic disease. Difficulty may be encountered in directing the catheter into the descending aorta in patients with extremely tortuous and elongated aortic arches. Use of flow directed angiographic balloon catheters has made abdominal, pelvic, and lower extremity arteriography readily obtainable using an axillary approach when other methods failed and translumbar aortography was considered hazardous. This might be particularly useful in patients with high abdominal aortic occlusions, in anticoagulated patients, in patients with abdominal aortic grafts, and in some patients with small aortas displaced to the right.", "contents": "Flow-directed balloon catheterization for aortofemoral arteriography using the axillary artery approach. An axillary artery approach is occasionally necessary in the evaluation of the abdominal aorta and peripheral arteries in patients with severe and complicated arteriosclerotic disease. Difficulty may be encountered in directing the catheter into the descending aorta in patients with extremely tortuous and elongated aortic arches. Use of flow directed angiographic balloon catheters has made abdominal, pelvic, and lower extremity arteriography readily obtainable using an axillary approach when other methods failed and translumbar aortography was considered hazardous. This might be particularly useful in patients with high abdominal aortic occlusions, in anticoagulated patients, in patients with abdominal aortic grafts, and in some patients with small aortas displaced to the right.", "PMID": 101036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4537", "title": "A new noninvasive approach to peripheral vascular disease: thallium-201 leg scans.", "content": "A new noninvasive technique to evaluate blood flow distribution to the legs is described. Intravenous thallium-201 is used during rest and exercise followed by scanning and point counting of the lower extremities. The normal blood flow distribution recorded in 30 patients with no known peripheral vascular disease was primarily proportional to muscle mass. Using both scans and point counting, normal intra- and interextremity ratios were qualitatively and quantitatively defined, and significant increases in muscular to nonmuscular perfusion with exercise were documented. The symmetry in perfusion in the contralateral muscle groups was verified for the first time.", "contents": "A new noninvasive approach to peripheral vascular disease: thallium-201 leg scans. A new noninvasive technique to evaluate blood flow distribution to the legs is described. Intravenous thallium-201 is used during rest and exercise followed by scanning and point counting of the lower extremities. The normal blood flow distribution recorded in 30 patients with no known peripheral vascular disease was primarily proportional to muscle mass. Using both scans and point counting, normal intra- and interextremity ratios were qualitatively and quantitatively defined, and significant increases in muscular to nonmuscular perfusion with exercise were documented. The symmetry in perfusion in the contralateral muscle groups was verified for the first time.", "PMID": 101037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4538", "title": "Computed tomography in the detection of retroperitoneal hemorrhage after translumbar aortography.", "content": "Direct imaging of retroperitoneal hemorrhage following translumbar aortography was performed using computed tomography. Seven patients were scanned over the area of aortic entry immediately after undergoing angiographic examination. In five cases, there was definite evidence of periaortic hematoma, most commonly seen as a discrete soft tissue density with absorption coefficients between +20 and +35 EMI units. Other signs of retroperitoneal bleeding were less consistently present (e.g., loss of aortic contour, aortic displacement, and thickening of diaphragmatic crura). The clinical implications of detecting significant hemorrhage following translumbar aortography are also discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the detection of retroperitoneal hemorrhage after translumbar aortography. Direct imaging of retroperitoneal hemorrhage following translumbar aortography was performed using computed tomography. Seven patients were scanned over the area of aortic entry immediately after undergoing angiographic examination. In five cases, there was definite evidence of periaortic hematoma, most commonly seen as a discrete soft tissue density with absorption coefficients between +20 and +35 EMI units. Other signs of retroperitoneal bleeding were less consistently present (e.g., loss of aortic contour, aortic displacement, and thickening of diaphragmatic crura). The clinical implications of detecting significant hemorrhage following translumbar aortography are also discussed.", "PMID": 101038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4539", "title": "Detection of neoplastic involvement of the mesentery and omentum by computed tomography.", "content": "A total of 39 patients undergoing abdominal computed tomography and subsequent surgical biopsy of the mesentery or omentum were studied to evaluate the sensitivity of CT in detecting metastases to those areas. Twelve patients had negative biopsies; there were no false positive CT interpretations in that group. Of the 27 patients with positive biopsies, 18 showed positive findings on CT scan. Those patterns of involvement are described and illustrated. The nine false negative cases related to very small metastatic foci, contiguity with the primary tumor, or paucity of intraabdominal fat.", "contents": "Detection of neoplastic involvement of the mesentery and omentum by computed tomography. A total of 39 patients undergoing abdominal computed tomography and subsequent surgical biopsy of the mesentery or omentum were studied to evaluate the sensitivity of CT in detecting metastases to those areas. Twelve patients had negative biopsies; there were no false positive CT interpretations in that group. Of the 27 patients with positive biopsies, 18 showed positive findings on CT scan. Those patterns of involvement are described and illustrated. The nine false negative cases related to very small metastatic foci, contiguity with the primary tumor, or paucity of intraabdominal fat.", "PMID": 101039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4540", "title": "Computed tomography of necrotic hepatic metastases.", "content": "Seven patients with necrotic liver metastases were evaluated by computed tomography. The metastases demonstrated low attenuation areas varying from a small central portion to the entire lesion. Other findings included mural nodules and fluid-fluid levels. Possible etiologies for necrotic metastases are presented and their differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography of necrotic hepatic metastases. Seven patients with necrotic liver metastases were evaluated by computed tomography. The metastases demonstrated low attenuation areas varying from a small central portion to the entire lesion. Other findings included mural nodules and fluid-fluid levels. Possible etiologies for necrotic metastases are presented and their differential diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 101040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4541", "title": "CT diagnosis of tumor thrombosis of the renal vein and inferior vena cava.", "content": "Four cases of tumor thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and renal veins were diagnosed by computed tomography. In two, the thrombus itself was demonstrated within the vascular lumen after intravenous injection of urographic contrast material. The diagnosis was made in the other two patients by identification of massive enlargement of the vascular diameter.", "contents": "CT diagnosis of tumor thrombosis of the renal vein and inferior vena cava. Four cases of tumor thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and renal veins were diagnosed by computed tomography. In two, the thrombus itself was demonstrated within the vascular lumen after intravenous injection of urographic contrast material. The diagnosis was made in the other two patients by identification of massive enlargement of the vascular diameter.", "PMID": 101041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4542", "title": "Diminished radiopacity of contrast material: a urographic sign of ureteral calculus.", "content": "Eleven patients with unilateral ureteral calculus had excretory urography which showed the radiopacity of excreted contrast material to be diminished on the side of the calculus. This finding was of diagnostic importance in nine patients who demonstrated little or no dilatation of the urinary tract proximal to the calculus. Other forms of unilateral renal disease, such as acute pyelonephritis, can produce the same urographic finding.", "contents": "Diminished radiopacity of contrast material: a urographic sign of ureteral calculus. Eleven patients with unilateral ureteral calculus had excretory urography which showed the radiopacity of excreted contrast material to be diminished on the side of the calculus. This finding was of diagnostic importance in nine patients who demonstrated little or no dilatation of the urinary tract proximal to the calculus. Other forms of unilateral renal disease, such as acute pyelonephritis, can produce the same urographic finding.", "PMID": 101042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4543", "title": "Calcified bodies in popliteal cysts: a characteristic radiographic appearance.", "content": "Calcified bodies in popliteal cysts have a characteristic radiographic appearance which can be confirmed by arthrography. Calcified bodies may arise in the true joint due to trauma, arthropathy resulting in joint destruction, or synovial osteochondromatosis. These calcified loose bodies may pass into a popliteal cyst through posterior joint-bursal communications or can arise in a popliteal cyst by chondrometaplasia. Correct radiographic interpretation will exclude soft tissue tumors and vascular lesions as differential considerations. Management of these patients will be determined by the clinical circumstances since neither popliteal cysts nor synovial osteochondromatosis are necessarily symptomatic.", "contents": "Calcified bodies in popliteal cysts: a characteristic radiographic appearance. Calcified bodies in popliteal cysts have a characteristic radiographic appearance which can be confirmed by arthrography. Calcified bodies may arise in the true joint due to trauma, arthropathy resulting in joint destruction, or synovial osteochondromatosis. These calcified loose bodies may pass into a popliteal cyst through posterior joint-bursal communications or can arise in a popliteal cyst by chondrometaplasia. Correct radiographic interpretation will exclude soft tissue tumors and vascular lesions as differential considerations. Management of these patients will be determined by the clinical circumstances since neither popliteal cysts nor synovial osteochondromatosis are necessarily symptomatic.", "PMID": 101044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4544", "title": "Complications of catheter cerebral arteriography: analysis of 5,000 procedures. I. Criteria and incidence.", "content": "Computer analysis of complications of 5,000 catheter cerebral arteriograms performed at four hospitals (two training and two nontraining) revealed a total of 68 complications (1.4%). Eight (0.16%) of these complications were major: five patients required thrombectomy or embolectomy, two had permanent neurologic deficits, and one patient died. The complication rate for the training hospitals (3.9%) was significantly higher than that for the nontraining hospitals (0.9%), but the rates of permanent complications were identical in both groups (0.1%). Reporting criteria and complication types are described.", "contents": "Complications of catheter cerebral arteriography: analysis of 5,000 procedures. I. Criteria and incidence. Computer analysis of complications of 5,000 catheter cerebral arteriograms performed at four hospitals (two training and two nontraining) revealed a total of 68 complications (1.4%). Eight (0.16%) of these complications were major: five patients required thrombectomy or embolectomy, two had permanent neurologic deficits, and one patient died. The complication rate for the training hospitals (3.9%) was significantly higher than that for the nontraining hospitals (0.9%), but the rates of permanent complications were identical in both groups (0.1%). Reporting criteria and complication types are described.", "PMID": 101045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4545", "title": "Complications of catheter cerebral arteriography: analysis of 5,000 procedures. II. Relation of complication rates to clinical and arteriographic diagnoses.", "content": "Clinical (prearteriographic) and arteriographic diagnoses were grouped into six categories each for analysis of central nervous system and systemic complications of 5,000 catheter cerebral arteriograms. Within each category, there was no significant difference in complication rate between clinical and arteriographic diagnoses. The highest complication rates (1.2%-1.9%) were in patients with cerebrovascular occlusive disease, posttraumatic or postoperative conditions, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Significantly lower complication rates (0.2%-0.5%) were found in patients with tumor, seizure or headache, and patients with normal arteriographic findings.", "contents": "Complications of catheter cerebral arteriography: analysis of 5,000 procedures. II. Relation of complication rates to clinical and arteriographic diagnoses. Clinical (prearteriographic) and arteriographic diagnoses were grouped into six categories each for analysis of central nervous system and systemic complications of 5,000 catheter cerebral arteriograms. Within each category, there was no significant difference in complication rate between clinical and arteriographic diagnoses. The highest complication rates (1.2%-1.9%) were in patients with cerebrovascular occlusive disease, posttraumatic or postoperative conditions, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Significantly lower complication rates (0.2%-0.5%) were found in patients with tumor, seizure or headache, and patients with normal arteriographic findings.", "PMID": 101046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4546", "title": "Complications of catheter cerebral arteriography: analysis of 5,000 procedures. III. Assessment of arteries injected, contrast medium used, duration of procedure, and age of patient.", "content": "Complication rates in 5,000 consecutive catheter cerebral arteriograms were assessed with regard to arteries injected, contrast medium used, patient age, and duration of procedure. No statistically significant difference was found between the complication rate when the carotid artery alone was injected and that when the carotid artery was injected in combination with the vertebral artery, the aortic arch, or both. There was also no significant difference between the total complication rates using Conray-60 and Renografin-60. However, although Conray-60 demonstrated no change in complication rate with increased volume, Renografin-60 showed a consistent and significant increase in complication rate with increased volume. Complication rates were also significantly higher when the procedure lasted more than 80 min and in patients more than 40 years old. As might be expected, nontraining hospitals used significantly less contrast material and had significantly shorter procedures than training hospitals.", "contents": "Complications of catheter cerebral arteriography: analysis of 5,000 procedures. III. Assessment of arteries injected, contrast medium used, duration of procedure, and age of patient. Complication rates in 5,000 consecutive catheter cerebral arteriograms were assessed with regard to arteries injected, contrast medium used, patient age, and duration of procedure. No statistically significant difference was found between the complication rate when the carotid artery alone was injected and that when the carotid artery was injected in combination with the vertebral artery, the aortic arch, or both. There was also no significant difference between the total complication rates using Conray-60 and Renografin-60. However, although Conray-60 demonstrated no change in complication rate with increased volume, Renografin-60 showed a consistent and significant increase in complication rate with increased volume. Complication rates were also significantly higher when the procedure lasted more than 80 min and in patients more than 40 years old. As might be expected, nontraining hospitals used significantly less contrast material and had significantly shorter procedures than training hospitals.", "PMID": 101047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4547", "title": "Coronal computed tomography: indications and accuracy.", "content": "The application of wide aperture scanners to neuroradiology permits improved anatomic definition and localization of intracranial and intraorbital lesions. Coronal scans are most useful in demonstrating lesions of the skull base and apex, distinguishing between infra- and supratentorial lesions, and in determining if a lesion is intra- or extraaxial. Limitations of coronal scans include discomfort in positioning, high spatial frequency artifacts, and additional radiation exposure.", "contents": "Coronal computed tomography: indications and accuracy. The application of wide aperture scanners to neuroradiology permits improved anatomic definition and localization of intracranial and intraorbital lesions. Coronal scans are most useful in demonstrating lesions of the skull base and apex, distinguishing between infra- and supratentorial lesions, and in determining if a lesion is intra- or extraaxial. Limitations of coronal scans include discomfort in positioning, high spatial frequency artifacts, and additional radiation exposure.", "PMID": 101048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4548", "title": "CT contrast enhancement in cerebral infarction.", "content": "Computed tomography was used to study 100 patients with ischemic cerebral infarcts. All cases were documented by autopsy, radionuclide imaging, cerebral angiography, or clinical course. Vascular distribution of infarcts was varied and included infarcts of cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Distinct patterns of enhancement are seen following administration of intravenous contrast material: predominantly peripheral, central, homogeneous, or heterogeneous. Enhancement of the infarcted area usually occurs 1-4 weeks after the onset of clinical symptoms, but was seen as early as the first day or as late as several months after the onset of symptoms. Infarcts showing contrast enhancement may or may not revert to a nonenhanced pattern on follow-up examination for several months. Lesions demonstrating contrast enhancement in cerebrovascular disease may at times be indistinguishable from tumor. Contrast enhancement was the only manifestation of infarction in some instances, and an infarcted area may be completely missed if a postcontrast examination is not performed.", "contents": "CT contrast enhancement in cerebral infarction. Computed tomography was used to study 100 patients with ischemic cerebral infarcts. All cases were documented by autopsy, radionuclide imaging, cerebral angiography, or clinical course. Vascular distribution of infarcts was varied and included infarcts of cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Distinct patterns of enhancement are seen following administration of intravenous contrast material: predominantly peripheral, central, homogeneous, or heterogeneous. Enhancement of the infarcted area usually occurs 1-4 weeks after the onset of clinical symptoms, but was seen as early as the first day or as late as several months after the onset of symptoms. Infarcts showing contrast enhancement may or may not revert to a nonenhanced pattern on follow-up examination for several months. Lesions demonstrating contrast enhancement in cerebrovascular disease may at times be indistinguishable from tumor. Contrast enhancement was the only manifestation of infarction in some instances, and an infarcted area may be completely missed if a postcontrast examination is not performed.", "PMID": 101049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4549", "title": "Effect of propranolol and nitroglycerin plus methoxamine on transmural creatine kinase activity after acute coronary occlusion.", "content": "Transmural creatine kinase activity was determined 5 hours after acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in 27 open chest anesthetized dogs. In seven dogs, propranolol, 2 mg/kg, was given intravenously over a 10 minute period 10 minutes after occlusion. In 10 dogs, nitroglycerin, 300 microgram/min, was infused intravenously for 1 hour 10 minutes after occlusion. Methoxamine, 300 to 500 microgram, was administered to return blood pressure and heart rate to prenitroglycerin levels. In untreated dogs, there was a distinct transmural gradient of creatine kinase activity in the ischemic region from subepicardium to subendocardium: nonischemic subepicardium 1,187 +/- 50 international units (IU)/g versus ischemic subepicardium 1,054 +/- 46 IU/g and nonischemic subendocardium 1,170 +/- 53 IU/g versus ischemic subendocard;um 766 +/- 42 IU/g, respectively. Administration of propranolol did not affect the transmural creatine kinase gradient after 5 hours of occlusion. In contrast, nitroglycerin plus methoxamine significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased subendocardial creatine kinase depletion after 5 hours of occlusion (776 +/- 42 versus 978 +/- 47 IU/g). These findings demonstrate the unique capability of nitroglycerin plus methoxamine to protect the subendocardium during ischemic insult.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol and nitroglycerin plus methoxamine on transmural creatine kinase activity after acute coronary occlusion. Transmural creatine kinase activity was determined 5 hours after acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in 27 open chest anesthetized dogs. In seven dogs, propranolol, 2 mg/kg, was given intravenously over a 10 minute period 10 minutes after occlusion. In 10 dogs, nitroglycerin, 300 microgram/min, was infused intravenously for 1 hour 10 minutes after occlusion. Methoxamine, 300 to 500 microgram, was administered to return blood pressure and heart rate to prenitroglycerin levels. In untreated dogs, there was a distinct transmural gradient of creatine kinase activity in the ischemic region from subepicardium to subendocardium: nonischemic subepicardium 1,187 +/- 50 international units (IU)/g versus ischemic subepicardium 1,054 +/- 46 IU/g and nonischemic subendocardium 1,170 +/- 53 IU/g versus ischemic subendocard;um 766 +/- 42 IU/g, respectively. Administration of propranolol did not affect the transmural creatine kinase gradient after 5 hours of occlusion. In contrast, nitroglycerin plus methoxamine significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased subendocardial creatine kinase depletion after 5 hours of occlusion (776 +/- 42 versus 978 +/- 47 IU/g). These findings demonstrate the unique capability of nitroglycerin plus methoxamine to protect the subendocardium during ischemic insult.", "PMID": 101067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4550", "title": "Descending monoaminergic pathways in the primate spinal cord.", "content": "The distribution of monoamine axons and terminals within the spinal cord of a primate (Macaca mulatta) was studied with the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence technique for the demonstration of biogenic amines. Catecholamine and indoleamine varicosities appeared qualitatively similar to those previously reported for the rat although the indoleamine terminals were difficult to visualize and were not studied in great detail. Catecholamine fibers innervate the substantia gelatinosa, marginal layer, intermediolateral cell column, ventral horn and the region surrounding the central canal. The location of monoamine axons, as revealed by spinal cord ligation, corresponds to that in the rat and cat with the exception of the dorsolateral region of white matter where fluorescent axons are not visible in the primate.", "contents": "Descending monoaminergic pathways in the primate spinal cord. The distribution of monoamine axons and terminals within the spinal cord of a primate (Macaca mulatta) was studied with the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence technique for the demonstration of biogenic amines. Catecholamine and indoleamine varicosities appeared qualitatively similar to those previously reported for the rat although the indoleamine terminals were difficult to visualize and were not studied in great detail. Catecholamine fibers innervate the substantia gelatinosa, marginal layer, intermediolateral cell column, ventral horn and the region surrounding the central canal. The location of monoamine axons, as revealed by spinal cord ligation, corresponds to that in the rat and cat with the exception of the dorsolateral region of white matter where fluorescent axons are not visible in the primate.", "PMID": 101068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4551", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition in the management of acute renal failure.", "content": "Malnutrition is frequently present in patients with acute renal failure and may affect morbidity and mortality in this condition. When adequate nourishment cannot be given through the gastrointestinal tract, total parental nutrition with amino acids and hypertonic glucose may have beneficial results. Total parenteral nutrition has been reported to stabilize or reduce serum urea nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus levels, improve wound healing, enhance survival from acute renal failure, and possibly increase the rate of recovery of renal function. The optimal composition of the total parenteral nutrition infusate is unknown. Preliminary results of a double-blind study are reported in which one man received hypertonic glucose alone, two received glucose with essential amino acids (21 g/day), and three received glucose with essential (21 g/day) and nonessential (21 g/day) amino acids. All infusates were isocaloric. No differences were observed in serum urea nitrogen levels, serum urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios or urea appearance rates. Nitrogen balance was negative in all patients. The ratio of essential amino acids/nonessential amino acids were higher and the tyrosine/phenylalanine ratios were lower in plasma in the two patients receiving glucose with essential amino acids. No patient survived the hospitalization. In view of the markedly negative nitrogen balance frequently observed in these and earlier studies, the use of a different composition or quantity of amino acids, a higher energy intake, and anabolic hormones deserve further investigation.", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition in the management of acute renal failure. Malnutrition is frequently present in patients with acute renal failure and may affect morbidity and mortality in this condition. When adequate nourishment cannot be given through the gastrointestinal tract, total parental nutrition with amino acids and hypertonic glucose may have beneficial results. Total parenteral nutrition has been reported to stabilize or reduce serum urea nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus levels, improve wound healing, enhance survival from acute renal failure, and possibly increase the rate of recovery of renal function. The optimal composition of the total parenteral nutrition infusate is unknown. Preliminary results of a double-blind study are reported in which one man received hypertonic glucose alone, two received glucose with essential amino acids (21 g/day), and three received glucose with essential (21 g/day) and nonessential (21 g/day) amino acids. All infusates were isocaloric. No differences were observed in serum urea nitrogen levels, serum urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios or urea appearance rates. Nitrogen balance was negative in all patients. The ratio of essential amino acids/nonessential amino acids were higher and the tyrosine/phenylalanine ratios were lower in plasma in the two patients receiving glucose with essential amino acids. No patient survived the hospitalization. In view of the markedly negative nitrogen balance frequently observed in these and earlier studies, the use of a different composition or quantity of amino acids, a higher energy intake, and anabolic hormones deserve further investigation.", "PMID": 101071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4552", "title": "Criteria for choosing amino acid therapy in acute renal failure.", "content": "Metabolic studies were performed on 19 patients with acute renal failure. Therapy included intravenous hyperalimentation using 15 to 20 g of essential amino acids or 20 to 40 g of essential plus nonessential amino acids and hypertonic glucose (37 to 50%). The effect of this parenteral feeding appears to be primarily pharmacological. Hypertonic glucose promotes the hyperinsulinemia important to be membrane function, the operation of the sodium pump, and cell metabolism. Administration of high biological value crystalline amino acdis potentiates the effect of insulin by inhibiting protein breakdown and promoting protein synthesis, particularly in muscle. This reduces tissue catabolism and urea formation, and promotes potassium, magnesium, and phosphate homeostasis. The branched-chain ketogenic amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine may be of particular importance. When indicated, administration of renal failure hyperalimentation and peritoneal or hemodialysis can be expected to complement each other and accelerate recovery. This intravenous fluid therapy, in turn, must be coordinated with proper hemodynamics, usually requiring a colloidal solution to maintain intravascular volume, and cardiotrophic agents such as digitalis and dopamine. Early use of renal failure can be expected to demonstrate the most striking response in terms of survival, early recovery from acute renal failure, and the preservation of physiological homeostasis.", "contents": "Criteria for choosing amino acid therapy in acute renal failure. Metabolic studies were performed on 19 patients with acute renal failure. Therapy included intravenous hyperalimentation using 15 to 20 g of essential amino acids or 20 to 40 g of essential plus nonessential amino acids and hypertonic glucose (37 to 50%). The effect of this parenteral feeding appears to be primarily pharmacological. Hypertonic glucose promotes the hyperinsulinemia important to be membrane function, the operation of the sodium pump, and cell metabolism. Administration of high biological value crystalline amino acdis potentiates the effect of insulin by inhibiting protein breakdown and promoting protein synthesis, particularly in muscle. This reduces tissue catabolism and urea formation, and promotes potassium, magnesium, and phosphate homeostasis. The branched-chain ketogenic amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine may be of particular importance. When indicated, administration of renal failure hyperalimentation and peritoneal or hemodialysis can be expected to complement each other and accelerate recovery. This intravenous fluid therapy, in turn, must be coordinated with proper hemodynamics, usually requiring a colloidal solution to maintain intravascular volume, and cardiotrophic agents such as digitalis and dopamine. Early use of renal failure can be expected to demonstrate the most striking response in terms of survival, early recovery from acute renal failure, and the preservation of physiological homeostasis.", "PMID": 101072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4553", "title": "Influence of diet and age on fecal bacterial enzymes.", "content": "The bacterial enzymes beta-glucuronidase, azoreductase, and nitroreductase, all implicated in the etiology of colon cancer, were measured in the fecal microflora of rats and humans. The effect of a high-beef diet and advanced age on the activities of these microbial enzymes were determined in the rat. Rats shifted from a grain to a meat diet showed a 1.5- to 2.5-fold increase in activity of all three fecal enzymes. Animals over 20 months of age, consuming a meat diet, showed a further increase in fecal beta-glucuronidase activity, while the levels of all three microbial enzymes increased in old rats fed a grain diet. Fecal microbial enzyme activities were also measured in humans eating a diet supplemented with bran or wheat germ. Humans receiving fiber supplements consisting of 30 g of bran or wheat germ added to their customary diets did not show significant changes in fecal enzyme activity.", "contents": "Influence of diet and age on fecal bacterial enzymes. The bacterial enzymes beta-glucuronidase, azoreductase, and nitroreductase, all implicated in the etiology of colon cancer, were measured in the fecal microflora of rats and humans. The effect of a high-beef diet and advanced age on the activities of these microbial enzymes were determined in the rat. Rats shifted from a grain to a meat diet showed a 1.5- to 2.5-fold increase in activity of all three fecal enzymes. Animals over 20 months of age, consuming a meat diet, showed a further increase in fecal beta-glucuronidase activity, while the levels of all three microbial enzymes increased in old rats fed a grain diet. Fecal microbial enzyme activities were also measured in humans eating a diet supplemented with bran or wheat germ. Humans receiving fiber supplements consisting of 30 g of bran or wheat germ added to their customary diets did not show significant changes in fecal enzyme activity.", "PMID": 101073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4554", "title": "The effects of dietary fiber on gastrointestinal motor function.", "content": "For normal individuals and probably for persons with diverticular disease, dietary fiber affects stool bulk and decreases transit time. The unproven rationale for the use of fiber in irritable colon and diverticular disease assumes that these diseases are the result of increased intraluminal pressure caused by excessive segmentation over a period of years. In short-term experiments, certain fibrous materials do decrease intraluminal pressures, usually in response to a stimulus such as food but sometimes under resting conditions as well. It seems likely that the physical and probably chemical characteristics of fiber influence the motor responses of the alimentary tract. Anecdotal testimonials to the merits of fiber abound, but firm evidence that even wheat bran, the most commonly studied fiber, is effective is difficult to obtain. Controlled clinical trials have been attempted and to date have given conflicting results. Careful studies using a number of well-defined fibrous materials are urgently required to determine the physiological mechanisms of action of different fibers on gastrointestinal motor activity.", "contents": "The effects of dietary fiber on gastrointestinal motor function. For normal individuals and probably for persons with diverticular disease, dietary fiber affects stool bulk and decreases transit time. The unproven rationale for the use of fiber in irritable colon and diverticular disease assumes that these diseases are the result of increased intraluminal pressure caused by excessive segmentation over a period of years. In short-term experiments, certain fibrous materials do decrease intraluminal pressures, usually in response to a stimulus such as food but sometimes under resting conditions as well. It seems likely that the physical and probably chemical characteristics of fiber influence the motor responses of the alimentary tract. Anecdotal testimonials to the merits of fiber abound, but firm evidence that even wheat bran, the most commonly studied fiber, is effective is difficult to obtain. Controlled clinical trials have been attempted and to date have given conflicting results. Careful studies using a number of well-defined fibrous materials are urgently required to determine the physiological mechanisms of action of different fibers on gastrointestinal motor activity.", "PMID": 101074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4555", "title": "Fiber, lipids, and atherosclerosis.", "content": "The influence of dietary fiber on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis in animals and on lipid metabolism in man is reviewed. Pectin, guar gum, and lignin lower serum and liver cholesterol in cholesterol-fed rats. Agar increases liver cholesterol in rats. Bran has no effect on serum lipid levels in rats or monkeys. Vegetarians have long been known to exhibit cholesterol levels lower than those of comparable populations who subsist on a mixed diet. Pectin and guar gum lower cholesterol levels in man whereas cellulose and bran have no effect. Rabbits fed a semipurified diet containing saturated fat become atherosclerotic, but addition of the same fat to laboratory ration has no effect; it has been shown that the residue in laboratory ration is the cause of the difference. Semipurified diets containing cellulose are more atherogenic than those containing wheat straw or alfalfa. The semipurified diets also cause aortic sudanophilia or atherosclerosis in baboons and vervet monkeys. One possible mechanism of hypolipemic action of fiber involves the binding of bile acids, which would result in reduced absorption of cholesterol, resulting in lower levels of serum cholesterol.", "contents": "Fiber, lipids, and atherosclerosis. The influence of dietary fiber on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis in animals and on lipid metabolism in man is reviewed. Pectin, guar gum, and lignin lower serum and liver cholesterol in cholesterol-fed rats. Agar increases liver cholesterol in rats. Bran has no effect on serum lipid levels in rats or monkeys. Vegetarians have long been known to exhibit cholesterol levels lower than those of comparable populations who subsist on a mixed diet. Pectin and guar gum lower cholesterol levels in man whereas cellulose and bran have no effect. Rabbits fed a semipurified diet containing saturated fat become atherosclerotic, but addition of the same fat to laboratory ration has no effect; it has been shown that the residue in laboratory ration is the cause of the difference. Semipurified diets containing cellulose are more atherogenic than those containing wheat straw or alfalfa. The semipurified diets also cause aortic sudanophilia or atherosclerosis in baboons and vervet monkeys. One possible mechanism of hypolipemic action of fiber involves the binding of bile acids, which would result in reduced absorption of cholesterol, resulting in lower levels of serum cholesterol.", "PMID": 101075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4556", "title": "A comparison of genital infections caused by chlamydia trachomatis and by neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Patients with culture-proven infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis, or both, seen at the Olmsted County Health Department Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic were evaluated for the presence of dysuria and exudate. Eighty-four patients (21%) had neither symptom. N. gonorrhoeae infection alone was most frequent (47%), but C. trachomatis predominated in men. Dysuria was most often detected in men infected with C. trachomatis, but exudate was most frequently found in men infected with N. gonorrhoeae alone or in mixed infections with C. trachomatis. The presence of both symptoms was more common in men than in women infected with N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis. However, as the occurrence of dysuria and exudate was generally similar within the male and female groups, regardless of the organisms recovered, the type of infection cannot be accurately determined on the basis of symptomatology alone. The authors therefore believe that the diagnosis of genital infection by C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae, or both, by culture technics is essential because effective treatment with antimicrobial therapy often requires this information.", "contents": "A comparison of genital infections caused by chlamydia trachomatis and by neisseria gonorrhoeae. Patients with culture-proven infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis, or both, seen at the Olmsted County Health Department Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic were evaluated for the presence of dysuria and exudate. Eighty-four patients (21%) had neither symptom. N. gonorrhoeae infection alone was most frequent (47%), but C. trachomatis predominated in men. Dysuria was most often detected in men infected with C. trachomatis, but exudate was most frequently found in men infected with N. gonorrhoeae alone or in mixed infections with C. trachomatis. The presence of both symptoms was more common in men than in women infected with N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis. However, as the occurrence of dysuria and exudate was generally similar within the male and female groups, regardless of the organisms recovered, the type of infection cannot be accurately determined on the basis of symptomatology alone. The authors therefore believe that the diagnosis of genital infection by C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae, or both, by culture technics is essential because effective treatment with antimicrobial therapy often requires this information.", "PMID": 101076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4557", "title": "Inability of the standardized disk agar-diffusion test to measure susceptibility of the fluorescent group of pseudomonads to gentamicin.", "content": "Four hundred thirteen clinical isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads consisting of 286 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 127 organisms of the Pseudomonas fluorescent group were tested for susceptibilities to gentamicin by the broth-dilution method and by the standardized disk agar-diffusion test, using Mueller-Hinton agar from three sources. Different regression lines and significantly different mean inhibition zone diameters were found for the three Mueller-Hinton agars. Single zone-diameter breakpoints of either 13 or 16 mm for the standardized disk agar-diffusion test produced unacceptable rates of false-sensitive and false-resistant interpretations. When error rates were limited by using zone-diameter breakpoints determined by the method of error rate-bound analysis, the percentage of indeterminate interpretations became so large as to make the standardized disk agar-diffusion test impractical. It is concluded that the standardized disk agar-diffusion test should not be used for testing susceptibility of the fluorescent pseudomonads to gentamicin, and presumably other aminoglycosides.", "contents": "Inability of the standardized disk agar-diffusion test to measure susceptibility of the fluorescent group of pseudomonads to gentamicin. Four hundred thirteen clinical isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads consisting of 286 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 127 organisms of the Pseudomonas fluorescent group were tested for susceptibilities to gentamicin by the broth-dilution method and by the standardized disk agar-diffusion test, using Mueller-Hinton agar from three sources. Different regression lines and significantly different mean inhibition zone diameters were found for the three Mueller-Hinton agars. Single zone-diameter breakpoints of either 13 or 16 mm for the standardized disk agar-diffusion test produced unacceptable rates of false-sensitive and false-resistant interpretations. When error rates were limited by using zone-diameter breakpoints determined by the method of error rate-bound analysis, the percentage of indeterminate interpretations became so large as to make the standardized disk agar-diffusion test impractical. It is concluded that the standardized disk agar-diffusion test should not be used for testing susceptibility of the fluorescent pseudomonads to gentamicin, and presumably other aminoglycosides.", "PMID": 101077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4558", "title": "Measurement of serum folate by 75Se-selenofolate radioassay. Results of a multi-institutional clinical trial.", "content": "The authors report the multi-institutional evaluation of a radioassay for serum folate utilizing a gamma-labeled folate analog (75Se-pteroyl-L-methylselenocysteine). The assay is run as a one-step simultaneous addition at ambient temperature and is completed within 45 minutes. The assay data were reproducible within four study centers and correlated with both the Lactobacillus casei diagnostic groups and the clinical pictures.", "contents": "Measurement of serum folate by 75Se-selenofolate radioassay. Results of a multi-institutional clinical trial. The authors report the multi-institutional evaluation of a radioassay for serum folate utilizing a gamma-labeled folate analog (75Se-pteroyl-L-methylselenocysteine). The assay is run as a one-step simultaneous addition at ambient temperature and is completed within 45 minutes. The assay data were reproducible within four study centers and correlated with both the Lactobacillus casei diagnostic groups and the clinical pictures.", "PMID": 101078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4559", "title": "The Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey Program of the College of American Pathologists, 1976.", "content": "The Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey Program for 1976 still shows that the participants are performing well on ABO and Rh typing (accuracy greater than 96.6%), antibody detection (greater than 97.0%), and crossmatching (greater than 97.3%). The only problem with less accuracy than that stated involved a specimen with an extremely weak antibody. Some errors are still due to failure to fill out results. In the 1976 survey, four ungraded problems were included as attempts to study the \"state of the art.\" The problems consisted of an antibody whose titer was to be determined, a mixture of Rh+ and Rh-- cells to be detected, and two multiple-antibody problems. The results obtained in these studies are discussed. Finally, the participants were asked questions about the amount of Rh immune globulin used and the indications for its use, the incidence and types of transfusion reactions seen, and the notations used by laboratories to record results. The answers to these questions are also documented.", "contents": "The Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey Program of the College of American Pathologists, 1976. The Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey Program for 1976 still shows that the participants are performing well on ABO and Rh typing (accuracy greater than 96.6%), antibody detection (greater than 97.0%), and crossmatching (greater than 97.3%). The only problem with less accuracy than that stated involved a specimen with an extremely weak antibody. Some errors are still due to failure to fill out results. In the 1976 survey, four ungraded problems were included as attempts to study the \"state of the art.\" The problems consisted of an antibody whose titer was to be determined, a mixture of Rh+ and Rh-- cells to be detected, and two multiple-antibody problems. The results obtained in these studies are discussed. Finally, the participants were asked questions about the amount of Rh immune globulin used and the indications for its use, the incidence and types of transfusion reactions seen, and the notations used by laboratories to record results. The answers to these questions are also documented.", "PMID": 101079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4560", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity to herpes simplex virus type 2 infected target cells in the course of cervical carcinoma.", "content": "The antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay was used as a sensitive instrument to study if specific antibodies acting synergistically with lymphocytes to induce target cell destruction, could be detected in sera from patients with cervical carcinoma. Significant cytotoxicity to herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) infected target cells was observed in sera of 17 out of 23 (74%) surviving patients with cervical cancer who were followed with at least two serum samples. A rise in cytolytic activity was also observed in 11 out of 23 cases. Seven out of 14 tumor-bearing cervical cancer patients with progressing cervical lesions showed significant cytotoxicity, but four of the seven had lost activity in later sera. When 43 patients surviving the observation period of 24--60 months with no signs of residual tumors were compared with 23 severely ill cervical cancer patients, patients with less advanced cancer had significantly higher cytolytic activity.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity to herpes simplex virus type 2 infected target cells in the course of cervical carcinoma. The antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay was used as a sensitive instrument to study if specific antibodies acting synergistically with lymphocytes to induce target cell destruction, could be detected in sera from patients with cervical carcinoma. Significant cytotoxicity to herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) infected target cells was observed in sera of 17 out of 23 (74%) surviving patients with cervical cancer who were followed with at least two serum samples. A rise in cytolytic activity was also observed in 11 out of 23 cases. Seven out of 14 tumor-bearing cervical cancer patients with progressing cervical lesions showed significant cytotoxicity, but four of the seven had lost activity in later sera. When 43 patients surviving the observation period of 24--60 months with no signs of residual tumors were compared with 23 severely ill cervical cancer patients, patients with less advanced cancer had significantly higher cytolytic activity.", "PMID": 101081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4561", "title": "Monitoring bacterial resistance to restricted antibiotics.", "content": "Data on patterns of resistance of eight strains of bacteria toward various restricted antibiotics were collected from 18 public health laboratories in Czechoslovakia. Development of bacterial resistance to gentamicin and colistin did not appear to follow the resistance patterns of bacteria toward more commonly used antibiotics, but there did appear to be a tendency of mutual coresistance to those two drugs in E. coli and Pseudomonas strains. Similarly, oxacillin coresistance was found in lincomycin-resistant staphylococcal strains. Computer-assisted analysis of resistant bacterial strains revealed otherwise-hidden tendencies and mutual relationships among drugs newly marketed in Czechoslovakia.", "contents": "Monitoring bacterial resistance to restricted antibiotics. Data on patterns of resistance of eight strains of bacteria toward various restricted antibiotics were collected from 18 public health laboratories in Czechoslovakia. Development of bacterial resistance to gentamicin and colistin did not appear to follow the resistance patterns of bacteria toward more commonly used antibiotics, but there did appear to be a tendency of mutual coresistance to those two drugs in E. coli and Pseudomonas strains. Similarly, oxacillin coresistance was found in lincomycin-resistant staphylococcal strains. Computer-assisted analysis of resistant bacterial strains revealed otherwise-hidden tendencies and mutual relationships among drugs newly marketed in Czechoslovakia.", "PMID": 101082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4562", "title": "Plasma cortisol in the chronic rhesus monkey preparation (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "The short- and long-term effects of surgical procedures and chair restraint on total plasma cortisol were assessed in the chronic rhesus monkey preparation. Three nonpregnant and six pregnant animals were sampled daily, morning and evening. Fetal plasma specimens were obtained simultaneously from the pregnant animals. In the nonpregnant rhesus monkey, a circadian rhythm is present the day following venous catheterization and chair restraint, with individual values similar to those in trained, unanesthetized animals. In the pregnant animals, a postoperative rise in cortisol is followed by a gradual decline to a plateau and a return of circadian rhythm. No consistent daily fluctuations are seen in fetal cortisol, and although correlated with maternal cortisol, the exact relationship is uncertain. The data indicate that operation, as expected, is stressful but acclimation to the chair occurs.", "contents": "Plasma cortisol in the chronic rhesus monkey preparation (Macaca mulatta). The short- and long-term effects of surgical procedures and chair restraint on total plasma cortisol were assessed in the chronic rhesus monkey preparation. Three nonpregnant and six pregnant animals were sampled daily, morning and evening. Fetal plasma specimens were obtained simultaneously from the pregnant animals. In the nonpregnant rhesus monkey, a circadian rhythm is present the day following venous catheterization and chair restraint, with individual values similar to those in trained, unanesthetized animals. In the pregnant animals, a postoperative rise in cortisol is followed by a gradual decline to a plateau and a return of circadian rhythm. No consistent daily fluctuations are seen in fetal cortisol, and although correlated with maternal cortisol, the exact relationship is uncertain. The data indicate that operation, as expected, is stressful but acclimation to the chair occurs.", "PMID": 101086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4563", "title": "Use of a xenon flash tube as the excitation source in a new slit-lamp fluorophotometer.", "content": "A new objective fluorophotometer measures fluorescein mass or concentration in the cornea or anterior chamber. The excitation source is a xenon flash tube that allows the measurement of fluorescence to be made rapidly and conveniently. The instrument is designed for use in clinical studies requiring quantitative measurements of fluorescence in the tears, the cornea, and the aqueous humor.", "contents": "Use of a xenon flash tube as the excitation source in a new slit-lamp fluorophotometer. A new objective fluorophotometer measures fluorescein mass or concentration in the cornea or anterior chamber. The excitation source is a xenon flash tube that allows the measurement of fluorescence to be made rapidly and conveniently. The instrument is designed for use in clinical studies requiring quantitative measurements of fluorescence in the tears, the cornea, and the aqueous humor.", "PMID": 101087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4564", "title": "A marketplace model of consultation psychiatry in the general hospital.", "content": "The manner in which internists and surgeons view potential psychiatric consultations is analogous to the way in which consumers evalute a service or product in the marketplace. Factors that determine a purchase or a consultation request include 1) perception of need, 2) prior attitude and experience, 3) projected image, 4) availability, and 5) cost/benefit ratio. The author presents a model of psychiatric consultation, with similarities between research and development, manufacturing and merchandising phases on the one hand, and negotiation, investigation, and implementation phases on the other.", "contents": "A marketplace model of consultation psychiatry in the general hospital. The manner in which internists and surgeons view potential psychiatric consultations is analogous to the way in which consumers evalute a service or product in the marketplace. Factors that determine a purchase or a consultation request include 1) perception of need, 2) prior attitude and experience, 3) projected image, 4) availability, and 5) cost/benefit ratio. The author presents a model of psychiatric consultation, with similarities between research and development, manufacturing and merchandising phases on the one hand, and negotiation, investigation, and implementation phases on the other.", "PMID": 101088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4565", "title": "Disodium cromoglycate and food allergy. The effect of oral and inhaled disodium cromoglycate in a food allergic patient.", "content": "In a food allergic patient challenge evoked a dual asthmatic response. These reactions could be partly or completely blocked by pretreatment with disodium cromoglycate (Intal, Lomudal) orally, depending on the doses given. Pretreatment with inhalations of disodium cromoglycate gave no protection.", "contents": "Disodium cromoglycate and food allergy. The effect of oral and inhaled disodium cromoglycate in a food allergic patient. In a food allergic patient challenge evoked a dual asthmatic response. These reactions could be partly or completely blocked by pretreatment with disodium cromoglycate (Intal, Lomudal) orally, depending on the doses given. Pretreatment with inhalations of disodium cromoglycate gave no protection.", "PMID": 101093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4566", "title": "Repair of thelateral ligaments of the ankle.", "content": "A brief review of the literature has been accomplished. A report is given on 32 ankles in 31 patients who had reconstruction of their lateral ligaments. The operative technique is described. A criteria for selection of patients is given.", "contents": "Repair of thelateral ligaments of the ankle. A brief review of the literature has been accomplished. A report is given on 32 ankles in 31 patients who had reconstruction of their lateral ligaments. The operative technique is described. A criteria for selection of patients is given.", "PMID": 101089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4567", "title": "The organization of area 18 in the monkey. A Golgi study.", "content": "The organization of area 18 in monkey has been studied in Golgi preparations. In layer III large pyramidal cells with profusely ramified basal dendritic arbors are identified. They probably represent one of the major components originating association connections. Layer II and the upper part of layer III contain cells with spine-free dendrites having axons forming long bundles descending vertically to layers IV and V. Layer IV is characterized by the presence of granular cells with local axons and small pyramidal cells with ascending recurrent axons. Layer V contains various types of pyramidal cells including giant pyramidal neurons. The mean number and distribution of dendritic spines along apical shafts were computed in four varieties of pyramidal cells. Several neuronal parameters pertaining to the length of axons and dendrites were calculated. Three-dimensional aspects of cells were analyzed by means of a computer program which permits neurons to be displayed as perspective views from various positions. Attempts were made to correlate the present description with previous observations on this and other cortical visual areas.", "contents": "The organization of area 18 in the monkey. A Golgi study. The organization of area 18 in monkey has been studied in Golgi preparations. In layer III large pyramidal cells with profusely ramified basal dendritic arbors are identified. They probably represent one of the major components originating association connections. Layer II and the upper part of layer III contain cells with spine-free dendrites having axons forming long bundles descending vertically to layers IV and V. Layer IV is characterized by the presence of granular cells with local axons and small pyramidal cells with ascending recurrent axons. Layer V contains various types of pyramidal cells including giant pyramidal neurons. The mean number and distribution of dendritic spines along apical shafts were computed in four varieties of pyramidal cells. Several neuronal parameters pertaining to the length of axons and dendrites were calculated. Three-dimensional aspects of cells were analyzed by means of a computer program which permits neurons to be displayed as perspective views from various positions. Attempts were made to correlate the present description with previous observations on this and other cortical visual areas.", "PMID": 101094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4568", "title": "A quantitative approach to cytoarchiterctonics. II. The allocortex of Tupaia belangeri.", "content": "Fourteen allocortical areas of Tupaia belangeri are described after measuring the grey level index (Zilles et al., 1978b) with a new, automatic, high resolution measuring procedure. The laminar pattern of the cortical areas is quantitatively described after vertical changes in this index occurred from the pial surface to the white matter. The registered profiles show characteristic features for the different allocortical brain regions. The results are compared with lamination systems gained by comparative cytoarchitectonic studies using purely qualitative criteria.", "contents": "A quantitative approach to cytoarchiterctonics. II. The allocortex of Tupaia belangeri. Fourteen allocortical areas of Tupaia belangeri are described after measuring the grey level index (Zilles et al., 1978b) with a new, automatic, high resolution measuring procedure. The laminar pattern of the cortical areas is quantitatively described after vertical changes in this index occurred from the pial surface to the white matter. The registered profiles show characteristic features for the different allocortical brain regions. The results are compared with lamination systems gained by comparative cytoarchitectonic studies using purely qualitative criteria.", "PMID": 101095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4569", "title": "New approaches in the therapy of the peripheral vascular ulcer.", "content": "It can readily be seen that Debrisan represents a more effective mode of therapy for several groups of patients which tend to have chronic disabling ulcers of limbs of various etiologies, including venous stasis ulcers, chronic sickle-cell ulcers, decubiti, etc. The more effective treatment of this patient populations, which is provided by Debrisan, would provide a very significant decrease in the total cost of health care in the United States, approximating half a billion dollars per year.", "contents": "New approaches in the therapy of the peripheral vascular ulcer. It can readily be seen that Debrisan represents a more effective mode of therapy for several groups of patients which tend to have chronic disabling ulcers of limbs of various etiologies, including venous stasis ulcers, chronic sickle-cell ulcers, decubiti, etc. The more effective treatment of this patient populations, which is provided by Debrisan, would provide a very significant decrease in the total cost of health care in the United States, approximating half a billion dollars per year.", "PMID": 101101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4570", "title": "Reverse arterial blood flow as a pathway for central nervous system toxic responses following injection of local anesthetics.", "content": "In baboons, lidocaine HCl was injected into the lingual (3 mg/kg), brachial (7 mg/kg), or femoral (7 mg/kg) arteries. Blood samples were taken from the internal carotid artery (ICA), internal jugular (IJV), external jugular (EJV), brachial (BV), or femoral (FV) vein, depending on the injection site, 6, 30, and 180 seconds after injection. Subsequently, radioactive microspheres (20 micron in diameter) were injected into the lingual artery, and the brains were obtained 48 hours later at postmortem to locate the microspheres. Six seconds after injection into the lingual artery, lidocaine concentration in ICA was 28 microgram/ml, whereas peak levels in IJV and EJV occurred at 30 seconds, being 51 and 25.7 microgram/ml, respectively. After injection into the brachial artery, peak average ICA levels were 105.5 microgram/ml at 6 seconds, while only 20.6 microgram/ml concentration was noted in ICA after injection into the femoral artery. Seventy-four precent of the Sr90 labeled microspheres were found lodged in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. Local anesthetic drugs accidentally injected into arteries may reach the cerebral circulation following a centripetal pathway and thus produce central nervous system toxic responses.", "contents": "Reverse arterial blood flow as a pathway for central nervous system toxic responses following injection of local anesthetics. In baboons, lidocaine HCl was injected into the lingual (3 mg/kg), brachial (7 mg/kg), or femoral (7 mg/kg) arteries. Blood samples were taken from the internal carotid artery (ICA), internal jugular (IJV), external jugular (EJV), brachial (BV), or femoral (FV) vein, depending on the injection site, 6, 30, and 180 seconds after injection. Subsequently, radioactive microspheres (20 micron in diameter) were injected into the lingual artery, and the brains were obtained 48 hours later at postmortem to locate the microspheres. Six seconds after injection into the lingual artery, lidocaine concentration in ICA was 28 microgram/ml, whereas peak levels in IJV and EJV occurred at 30 seconds, being 51 and 25.7 microgram/ml, respectively. After injection into the brachial artery, peak average ICA levels were 105.5 microgram/ml at 6 seconds, while only 20.6 microgram/ml concentration was noted in ICA after injection into the femoral artery. Seventy-four precent of the Sr90 labeled microspheres were found lodged in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. Local anesthetic drugs accidentally injected into arteries may reach the cerebral circulation following a centripetal pathway and thus produce central nervous system toxic responses.", "PMID": 101097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4571", "title": "Characterization of antigens from Aspergillus fumigatus. I. Preparation of antigens from organisms grown in completely synthetic medium.", "content": "Aspergillus fumigatus was found to grow well in completely synthetic asparagine glycerol medium. Four-day-old mycelia were totally disrupted by vigorous mechanical shaking with 0.45-micrometer glass beads. Such mechanically produced extracts contained at least 52 precipitating antigens. The number of protein and carbohydrate components was maximal in 4-day-old organisms and decreased in older cultures. Conversely, the number of components in culture filtrates increased with longer incubation periods, but was only approximately one-half that produced by the 4-day-old mycelial extracts.", "contents": "Characterization of antigens from Aspergillus fumigatus. I. Preparation of antigens from organisms grown in completely synthetic medium. Aspergillus fumigatus was found to grow well in completely synthetic asparagine glycerol medium. Four-day-old mycelia were totally disrupted by vigorous mechanical shaking with 0.45-micrometer glass beads. Such mechanically produced extracts contained at least 52 precipitating antigens. The number of protein and carbohydrate components was maximal in 4-day-old organisms and decreased in older cultures. Conversely, the number of components in culture filtrates increased with longer incubation periods, but was only approximately one-half that produced by the 4-day-old mycelial extracts.", "PMID": 101103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4572", "title": "Characterization of antigens from Aspergillus fumigatus. II. Fractionation and electrophoretic, immunologic, and biologic activity.", "content": "Mycelial extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus grown in completely synthetic medium were fractionated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, by ion-exchange chromatography, and by gel filtration. The fractions were characterized chemically, by analytic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by tests for serologic and biologic activity. The distribution of the antigens in the fractions was determined by double diffusion in gel and fused-rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Activity greater than that of the parent mycelial extract serologically, in guinea pig skin tests, and in in vitro lymphocyte transformation was observed with one fraction that was found in the 75 per cent ammonium sulfate precipitable portion and was eluted early by gel filtration. Another ammonium sulfate-precipitable component and one that was not precipitable at 75 per cent ammonium sulfate, but was firmly bound by ion-exchange columns, was found to have activity equal to unfractionated mycelial extract. These fractions were also active by a radioallergosorbent test for IgE. A carbohydrate component comprising almost 40 per cent of mycelial extract was found to be devoid of any immunologic activity.", "contents": "Characterization of antigens from Aspergillus fumigatus. II. Fractionation and electrophoretic, immunologic, and biologic activity. Mycelial extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus grown in completely synthetic medium were fractionated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, by ion-exchange chromatography, and by gel filtration. The fractions were characterized chemically, by analytic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by tests for serologic and biologic activity. The distribution of the antigens in the fractions was determined by double diffusion in gel and fused-rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Activity greater than that of the parent mycelial extract serologically, in guinea pig skin tests, and in in vitro lymphocyte transformation was observed with one fraction that was found in the 75 per cent ammonium sulfate precipitable portion and was eluted early by gel filtration. Another ammonium sulfate-precipitable component and one that was not precipitable at 75 per cent ammonium sulfate, but was firmly bound by ion-exchange columns, was found to have activity equal to unfractionated mycelial extract. These fractions were also active by a radioallergosorbent test for IgE. A carbohydrate component comprising almost 40 per cent of mycelial extract was found to be devoid of any immunologic activity.", "PMID": 101104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4573", "title": "Possible mechanisms of emphysema in smokers. In vitro suppression of serum elastase-inhibitory capacity by fresh cigarette smoke and its prevention by antioxidants.", "content": "Freshly prepared, aqueous solutions of cigarette smoke suppressed the elastase-inhibitory capacity of human serum. Immunoelectrophoresis of mixtures of aqueous smoke solution, human serum, and pancreatic elastase showed decreased elastase/alpha1-proteinase inhibitor complexes and increased free, active protease. Phenolic antioxidants prevented the suppression of serum elastase-inhibition by cigarette smoke. By contrast, treatment of serum with model oxidants caused a similar suppression of elastase inhibition. These results suggested that emphysema in cigarette smokers might be due, in part, to the local suppression of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor in lung by oxidizing agents present in cigarette smoke.", "contents": "Possible mechanisms of emphysema in smokers. In vitro suppression of serum elastase-inhibitory capacity by fresh cigarette smoke and its prevention by antioxidants. Freshly prepared, aqueous solutions of cigarette smoke suppressed the elastase-inhibitory capacity of human serum. Immunoelectrophoresis of mixtures of aqueous smoke solution, human serum, and pancreatic elastase showed decreased elastase/alpha1-proteinase inhibitor complexes and increased free, active protease. Phenolic antioxidants prevented the suppression of serum elastase-inhibition by cigarette smoke. By contrast, treatment of serum with model oxidants caused a similar suppression of elastase inhibition. These results suggested that emphysema in cigarette smokers might be due, in part, to the local suppression of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor in lung by oxidizing agents present in cigarette smoke.", "PMID": 101105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4574", "title": "Mucociliary transport in allergic patients with antigen-induced bronchospasm.", "content": "Tracheal mucous velocity (TMV) and respiratory mechanics were measured in asymptomatic asthmatic patients with ragweed hypersensitivity before and after inhalation of specific antigen, and with or without cromolyn sodium pretreatment. TMV was measured radiographically, and the airway response to bronchial provocation was monitored by measurements of forced expiratory volume in one sec and specific airway conductance. TMV was significantly less (6.3 +/- 2.3 mm per min, mean +/- SD) in the 6 asymptomatic asthmatic patients than in 7 normal subjects (11.6 +/- 3.6 mm per min, mean +/- SD). In the asthmatic patients, mean TMV diminished to 72 per cent of baseline immediately after bronchial provocation when specific airway conductance was decreased to 65 per cent of baseline or less, with a further decrease in TMV to 47 per cent of baseline after one hour, at which time respiratory mechanics had returned to baseline values. Pretreatment with cromolyn sodium prevented the decrease in TMV after bronchial provocation. We concluded that in asymptomatic patients with allergic asthma, (1) baseline TMV is impaired, (2) inhalation of specific antigen causes a marked decrease in TMV independent of the degree of bronchospasm, and (3) the decrease in TMV may be related to the release of chemical mediators.", "contents": "Mucociliary transport in allergic patients with antigen-induced bronchospasm. Tracheal mucous velocity (TMV) and respiratory mechanics were measured in asymptomatic asthmatic patients with ragweed hypersensitivity before and after inhalation of specific antigen, and with or without cromolyn sodium pretreatment. TMV was measured radiographically, and the airway response to bronchial provocation was monitored by measurements of forced expiratory volume in one sec and specific airway conductance. TMV was significantly less (6.3 +/- 2.3 mm per min, mean +/- SD) in the 6 asymptomatic asthmatic patients than in 7 normal subjects (11.6 +/- 3.6 mm per min, mean +/- SD). In the asthmatic patients, mean TMV diminished to 72 per cent of baseline immediately after bronchial provocation when specific airway conductance was decreased to 65 per cent of baseline or less, with a further decrease in TMV to 47 per cent of baseline after one hour, at which time respiratory mechanics had returned to baseline values. Pretreatment with cromolyn sodium prevented the decrease in TMV after bronchial provocation. We concluded that in asymptomatic patients with allergic asthma, (1) baseline TMV is impaired, (2) inhalation of specific antigen causes a marked decrease in TMV independent of the degree of bronchospasm, and (3) the decrease in TMV may be related to the release of chemical mediators.", "PMID": 101106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4575", "title": "Primary antituberculous drug resistance in Hawaii, 1957 to 1977.", "content": "A study of primary antituberculous drug resistance in Hawaii was conducted from 1957 to 1977 to determine the incidence of primary resistance with respect to time. A total of 1,869 initial cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis submitted to Leahi Hospital in Honolulu were screened to identify drug resistance. Of 256 patients who excreted resistant bacilli, only 55 had no history of previous antituberculous chemotherapy. The frequencies of primary drug resistance from July 1957 to July 1977 were as follows: streptomycin, 0.86 per cent; isoniazid, 1.2 per cent; para-aminosalicylic acid, 1.5 per cent. No strains were resistant to ethambutol or rifampin. A slight decrease in the incidence of drug resistance during a 20-year period was observed. This was especially significant because Hawaii's tuberculosis problem is principally confined to its foreighn-born population. Although no serious primary drug resistance problem was discovered, Hawaii possesses both the highest immigration rate and the highest incidence of tuberculosis in the United states. Therefore, there is a need for continued periodic monitoring of drug resistance in Hawaii.", "contents": "Primary antituberculous drug resistance in Hawaii, 1957 to 1977. A study of primary antituberculous drug resistance in Hawaii was conducted from 1957 to 1977 to determine the incidence of primary resistance with respect to time. A total of 1,869 initial cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis submitted to Leahi Hospital in Honolulu were screened to identify drug resistance. Of 256 patients who excreted resistant bacilli, only 55 had no history of previous antituberculous chemotherapy. The frequencies of primary drug resistance from July 1957 to July 1977 were as follows: streptomycin, 0.86 per cent; isoniazid, 1.2 per cent; para-aminosalicylic acid, 1.5 per cent. No strains were resistant to ethambutol or rifampin. A slight decrease in the incidence of drug resistance during a 20-year period was observed. This was especially significant because Hawaii's tuberculosis problem is principally confined to its foreighn-born population. Although no serious primary drug resistance problem was discovered, Hawaii possesses both the highest immigration rate and the highest incidence of tuberculosis in the United states. Therefore, there is a need for continued periodic monitoring of drug resistance in Hawaii.", "PMID": 101107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4576", "title": "Preoperative parenteral feeding in Crohn's disease: preoperatively, to induce remission, and at home.", "content": "Extended courses of preoperative parenteral nutrition were used in eight cases of complicated Crohn's disease. Impressive gains in weight and strength were demonstrated, as well as radiologic improvement in the diseased bowel. It is recommended that preoperative parenteral feeding be carried out for a minimum of 20-30 days, in order that full nutritional benefits be realized, as well as the resolution of inflammatory changes in the bowel and supporting structures.", "contents": "Preoperative parenteral feeding in Crohn's disease: preoperatively, to induce remission, and at home. Extended courses of preoperative parenteral nutrition were used in eight cases of complicated Crohn's disease. Impressive gains in weight and strength were demonstrated, as well as radiologic improvement in the diseased bowel. It is recommended that preoperative parenteral feeding be carried out for a minimum of 20-30 days, in order that full nutritional benefits be realized, as well as the resolution of inflammatory changes in the bowel and supporting structures.", "PMID": 101108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4577", "title": "Aerosol therapy of influenza infections of mice and primates with rimantadine, ribavirin, and related compounds.", "content": "Ribavirin administered as small-article aerosols had significant therapeutic effect in the treatment of viral respiratory infections induced by influenza virus. The preliminary experiment using ribavirin to treat influenza infection in the squirrel monkey is encouraging. We expect to extend these experiments by initiating therapy at a later time to investigate the potential value of ribavirin in a clinical situation. Several derivatives of ribavirin are effective antiviral compounds. The tri-O-acetyl derivative appears to offer a potential advantage over ribavirin, although this cannot be stated with certainty since the data were obtained from separate experiments. Radiolabeling has been used as a means of measuring tissue concentration and clearance rates of various drugs. It is hoped that the use of labeled ribavirin and the tri-O-acetyl derivative will assist us in determining whether a depot of antiviral drug is created in pulmonary tissues after administration as a small-particle aerosol. These experiments are now in progress.", "contents": "Aerosol therapy of influenza infections of mice and primates with rimantadine, ribavirin, and related compounds. Ribavirin administered as small-article aerosols had significant therapeutic effect in the treatment of viral respiratory infections induced by influenza virus. The preliminary experiment using ribavirin to treat influenza infection in the squirrel monkey is encouraging. We expect to extend these experiments by initiating therapy at a later time to investigate the potential value of ribavirin in a clinical situation. Several derivatives of ribavirin are effective antiviral compounds. The tri-O-acetyl derivative appears to offer a potential advantage over ribavirin, although this cannot be stated with certainty since the data were obtained from separate experiments. Radiolabeling has been used as a means of measuring tissue concentration and clearance rates of various drugs. It is hoped that the use of labeled ribavirin and the tri-O-acetyl derivative will assist us in determining whether a depot of antiviral drug is created in pulmonary tissues after administration as a small-particle aerosol. These experiments are now in progress.", "PMID": 101109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4578", "title": "Interaction of chemical pollutants and virus in a crustacean: a novel bioassay system.", "content": "A large group of shrimp, 23.3% of which had light patent Baculovirus infections, was divided equally into two groups. One group was exposed to the chemical stressor Aroclor 1254 (a polychlorinated biphenyl) at 0.7 ppb  for 35 days in flowing seawater. The other group was maintained as a control group in flowing seawater. Viral prevalence in exposed shrimp samples increased with  time at a significantly greater rate than did viral frequency in control shrimp. Viral prevalence in Aroclor-exposed shrimp survivors was 75% after 35 days, whereas in control shrimp, only 45.7% had patent viral infections. This finding suggests an interaction among chemical stressor (Aroclor 1254), host, and virus. The nature or mechanism of this interaction has not been defined, but the shrimp-virus system shows, promise for future bioassays of influence of low concentrations of pollutants on natural pathogenhost interactions.", "contents": "Interaction of chemical pollutants and virus in a crustacean: a novel bioassay system. A large group of shrimp, 23.3% of which had light patent Baculovirus infections, was divided equally into two groups. One group was exposed to the chemical stressor Aroclor 1254 (a polychlorinated biphenyl) at 0.7 ppb  for 35 days in flowing seawater. The other group was maintained as a control group in flowing seawater. Viral prevalence in exposed shrimp samples increased with  time at a significantly greater rate than did viral frequency in control shrimp. Viral prevalence in Aroclor-exposed shrimp survivors was 75% after 35 days, whereas in control shrimp, only 45.7% had patent viral infections. This finding suggests an interaction among chemical stressor (Aroclor 1254), host, and virus. The nature or mechanism of this interaction has not been defined, but the shrimp-virus system shows, promise for future bioassays of influence of low concentrations of pollutants on natural pathogenhost interactions.", "PMID": 101112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4579", "title": "An assessment of hemispheric specialization in monkeys.", "content": "Split-brain monkeys learned several sets of visual discriminations with each hemisphere. Some stimuli, such as photographs of monkey's faces, were intended to favor mechanisms similar to those of man's nondominant hemisphere, while other tasks, requiring sequential comparison of visual stimuli, should favor mechanisms similar to ones in the dominant hemisphere of man. The tests uniformly demonstrated hemispheric equivalence for solving all types of problems, regardless of handedness, sex, or side of surgical retraction. A review of the literature also offers little support for the concept of hemispheric specialization in infra-human mammals although a few leads still need to be explored before abandoning the hope of finding the roots of human cerebral dominance in monkeys.", "contents": "An assessment of hemispheric specialization in monkeys. Split-brain monkeys learned several sets of visual discriminations with each hemisphere. Some stimuli, such as photographs of monkey's faces, were intended to favor mechanisms similar to those of man's nondominant hemisphere, while other tasks, requiring sequential comparison of visual stimuli, should favor mechanisms similar to ones in the dominant hemisphere of man. The tests uniformly demonstrated hemispheric equivalence for solving all types of problems, regardless of handedness, sex, or side of surgical retraction. A review of the literature also offers little support for the concept of hemispheric specialization in infra-human mammals although a few leads still need to be explored before abandoning the hope of finding the roots of human cerebral dominance in monkeys.", "PMID": 101113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4580", "title": "Sensory discriminability comparisons in human and monkey with implications for the study of central nervous correlates.", "content": "Psychophysical measurements of sensory discriminability were obtained from rhesus monkeys and humans to suprathreshold electrical cutaneous stimulation by employing a two-choice discrimination task and a signal detection theoretical analysis. Sensory discriminatory capacities were found to be similar for monkeys and humans. Choice-latency data permitted the construction of relative operating characteristic (ROC) functions for both groups. These functions provided similar descriptions of the hypothetical sensory process underlying the discrimination performance of both species. Theoretical predictions were made concerning characteristics of the underlying sensory activity and tested by a joint analysis of behavior and somatosensory evoked potentials obtained from monkeys. Results indicated that the magnitude of an average evoked component with peaks at 40 and 70 msec in one monkey, and 60 and 100 msec in the other, correlated well with behavioral choices and choice latencies. The evidence obtained in these studies was discussed in the context of neural coding of sensation in humans and monkeys.", "contents": "Sensory discriminability comparisons in human and monkey with implications for the study of central nervous correlates. Psychophysical measurements of sensory discriminability were obtained from rhesus monkeys and humans to suprathreshold electrical cutaneous stimulation by employing a two-choice discrimination task and a signal detection theoretical analysis. Sensory discriminatory capacities were found to be similar for monkeys and humans. Choice-latency data permitted the construction of relative operating characteristic (ROC) functions for both groups. These functions provided similar descriptions of the hypothetical sensory process underlying the discrimination performance of both species. Theoretical predictions were made concerning characteristics of the underlying sensory activity and tested by a joint analysis of behavior and somatosensory evoked potentials obtained from monkeys. Results indicated that the magnitude of an average evoked component with peaks at 40 and 70 msec in one monkey, and 60 and 100 msec in the other, correlated well with behavioral choices and choice latencies. The evidence obtained in these studies was discussed in the context of neural coding of sensation in humans and monkeys.", "PMID": 101114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4581", "title": "The role of early left-brain injury in determining lateralization of cerebral speech functions.", "content": "Preparatory to craniotomy for the relief of medically refractory focal epilepsy, the lateralization of cerebral speech functions was determined by the Wada intracarotid Amytal test in 134 patients with clinical and radiologic evidence of an early left-hemisphere lesion. Their results were compared with those for 262 patients (140 right-handed, 122 left-handed), who were tested in a similar way. One-third of the patients with early lesions were still right-handed, and 81% of these right-handers were left-hemisphere dominant for speech. In the non-right-handers, speech was represented in the left cerebral hemisphere in nearly a third of the group, in the right hemisphere in half the group, and bilaterally in the remainder. Bilateral speech representation was demonstrated in 15% of the non-right-handers without early left-brain injury and in 19% of those with evidence of such early injury, whereas it was extremely rare in the right-handed groups. In addition, nearly half the patients with bilateral speech representation exhibited a complete or partial dissociation between errors of naming and errors in the repetition of verbal sequences after Amytal injection into left or right hemispheres. This points to the possibility of a functionally asymmetric participation of the two hemispheres in the language processes of some normal left-handers. The results of the Amytal speech tests in this series of patients point to locus of lesion as one of the critical determinants in the lateralization of cerebral speech processes after early left-brain injury. It is argued that in such cases the continuing dominance of the left hemisphere for speech in largely contingent upon the integrity of the frontal and parietal speech zones.", "contents": "The role of early left-brain injury in determining lateralization of cerebral speech functions. Preparatory to craniotomy for the relief of medically refractory focal epilepsy, the lateralization of cerebral speech functions was determined by the Wada intracarotid Amytal test in 134 patients with clinical and radiologic evidence of an early left-hemisphere lesion. Their results were compared with those for 262 patients (140 right-handed, 122 left-handed), who were tested in a similar way. One-third of the patients with early lesions were still right-handed, and 81% of these right-handers were left-hemisphere dominant for speech. In the non-right-handers, speech was represented in the left cerebral hemisphere in nearly a third of the group, in the right hemisphere in half the group, and bilaterally in the remainder. Bilateral speech representation was demonstrated in 15% of the non-right-handers without early left-brain injury and in 19% of those with evidence of such early injury, whereas it was extremely rare in the right-handed groups. In addition, nearly half the patients with bilateral speech representation exhibited a complete or partial dissociation between errors of naming and errors in the repetition of verbal sequences after Amytal injection into left or right hemispheres. This points to the possibility of a functionally asymmetric participation of the two hemispheres in the language processes of some normal left-handers. The results of the Amytal speech tests in this series of patients point to locus of lesion as one of the critical determinants in the lateralization of cerebral speech processes after early left-brain injury. It is argued that in such cases the continuing dominance of the left hemisphere for speech in largely contingent upon the integrity of the frontal and parietal speech zones.", "PMID": 101116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4582", "title": "[Hydrolyzed lactose contained in the ultrafiltrate of milk or milk products in an enzymatic membrane reactor].", "content": "Milk and milk by-products with a low lactose content, very interesting from a nutritional and technological point of view, were obtained by the application of the enzymatic membrane reactor technique. A previous separation of the aqueous phase of milk or ultrafiltrate was necessary and realized by ultrafiltration. The enzyme, a commercial beta-galactosidase, was maintained in solution in the retentate part of the membrane reactor. The optimal conditions of the lactose hydrolysis in milk and whey ultrafiltrates were determined. The behaviour of the aqueous phase of milk in membrane reactor, specially of mineral salts, was studied. Three possibilities were proposed to avoid a calcium-phosphate deposit on the surface of (and in) the reactor membranes: a precipitation of calcium salts by heating, a partial demineralization by electrodialysis or ion exchange, a calcium complexation by addition of sodium citrate. A continuous process for the lactose hydrolysis of milk and demineralized whey or milk ultrafiltrate was proposed. The organoleptic quality of low lactose milk, before and after heat treatment, was evaluated by a tasting panel. High sweeting syrup, were obtained by concentration of lactose hydrolyzed and demineralized ultrafiltrates. Nutritional aspects of these products are discussed specially from the toxicological point of view of galactose.", "contents": "[Hydrolyzed lactose contained in the ultrafiltrate of milk or milk products in an enzymatic membrane reactor]. Milk and milk by-products with a low lactose content, very interesting from a nutritional and technological point of view, were obtained by the application of the enzymatic membrane reactor technique. A previous separation of the aqueous phase of milk or ultrafiltrate was necessary and realized by ultrafiltration. The enzyme, a commercial beta-galactosidase, was maintained in solution in the retentate part of the membrane reactor. The optimal conditions of the lactose hydrolysis in milk and whey ultrafiltrates were determined. The behaviour of the aqueous phase of milk in membrane reactor, specially of mineral salts, was studied. Three possibilities were proposed to avoid a calcium-phosphate deposit on the surface of (and in) the reactor membranes: a precipitation of calcium salts by heating, a partial demineralization by electrodialysis or ion exchange, a calcium complexation by addition of sodium citrate. A continuous process for the lactose hydrolysis of milk and demineralized whey or milk ultrafiltrate was proposed. The organoleptic quality of low lactose milk, before and after heat treatment, was evaluated by a tasting panel. High sweeting syrup, were obtained by concentration of lactose hydrolyzed and demineralized ultrafiltrates. Nutritional aspects of these products are discussed specially from the toxicological point of view of galactose.", "PMID": 101122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4583", "title": "[Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic techniques applied to psoriasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum and scales of skin obtained from normal and psoriatic subjects are tested and estimated by immune diffusion and immune electrophoresis technics. The authors relate technics to produce rabbit's antibodies towards psoriatic serums and extracts of skin. Results coroborate the quantitative modifications of immunoglobulins and show in addition the presence of multiple precipitations lines in the alpha and gamma regions. Lastly, in psoriatic scales a globulin is found, which is not present in normal scales or normal serums.", "contents": "[Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic techniques applied to psoriasis (author's transl)]. Serum and scales of skin obtained from normal and psoriatic subjects are tested and estimated by immune diffusion and immune electrophoresis technics. The authors relate technics to produce rabbit's antibodies towards psoriatic serums and extracts of skin. Results coroborate the quantitative modifications of immunoglobulins and show in addition the presence of multiple precipitations lines in the alpha and gamma regions. Lastly, in psoriatic scales a globulin is found, which is not present in normal scales or normal serums.", "PMID": 101123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4584", "title": "Antimalarial activities of various 9-phenanthrenemethanols with special attention to WR-122,455 and WR-171,669.", "content": "Pilot appraisals of the activities of 16 specially selected 9-phenanthrenemethanols against acute infections with Plasmodium falciparum in owl monkeys showed that all were more active than the reference compound, WR-33,063. WR-122,455, the most active derivative, and WR-171,669, ranked sixth, were selected for study in human volunteers. To assist this undertaking, appraisals of both compounds in owl monkeys infected with various strains of P. falciparum were expanded. These assessments showed: (i) that WR-122,455 was four times as active as chloroquine against infections with chloroquine-sensitive strains and that WR-171,669 equalled chloroquine in activity; (ii) that these compounds were fully active against infections with strains resistant to chloroquine, pyrimethamine, or quinine, or to all three standard drugs; (iii) that the activity of WR-122,455 was a function of total dose, single doses being as effective as the same amounts delivered in three or seven daily fractions; and (iv) that a single dose of WR-122,455 conferred extended, although only partial, protection against challenges with trophozoites. Complementary experiments in rhesus monkeys inoculated with sporozoites of P. cynomolgi showed that the activity of WR-122,455 was limited to blood schizonts and did not extend to early or late tissue schizonts. These evaluations were compatible with the results of preliminary studies of the activities of WR-122,455 and WR-171,669 in human volunteers.", "contents": "Antimalarial activities of various 9-phenanthrenemethanols with special attention to WR-122,455 and WR-171,669. Pilot appraisals of the activities of 16 specially selected 9-phenanthrenemethanols against acute infections with Plasmodium falciparum in owl monkeys showed that all were more active than the reference compound, WR-33,063. WR-122,455, the most active derivative, and WR-171,669, ranked sixth, were selected for study in human volunteers. To assist this undertaking, appraisals of both compounds in owl monkeys infected with various strains of P. falciparum were expanded. These assessments showed: (i) that WR-122,455 was four times as active as chloroquine against infections with chloroquine-sensitive strains and that WR-171,669 equalled chloroquine in activity; (ii) that these compounds were fully active against infections with strains resistant to chloroquine, pyrimethamine, or quinine, or to all three standard drugs; (iii) that the activity of WR-122,455 was a function of total dose, single doses being as effective as the same amounts delivered in three or seven daily fractions; and (iv) that a single dose of WR-122,455 conferred extended, although only partial, protection against challenges with trophozoites. Complementary experiments in rhesus monkeys inoculated with sporozoites of P. cynomolgi showed that the activity of WR-122,455 was limited to blood schizonts and did not extend to early or late tissue schizonts. These evaluations were compatible with the results of preliminary studies of the activities of WR-122,455 and WR-171,669 in human volunteers.", "PMID": 101127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4585", "title": "beta-lactamase stability of HR 756, a novel cephalosporin, compared to that of cefuroxime and cefoxitin.", "content": "The stability to beta-lactamase hydrolysis of HR 756, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, was compared to the beta-lactamase stability of cefoxitin and cefuroxime. HR 756, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime were not hydrolyzed by Richmond type I, III, IV, and V beta-lactamases. Antibacterial activity of HR 756 correlated well with resistance to beta-lactamase hydrolysis except against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. HR 756, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime inhibited type I beta-lactamases, but not type III, IV, or V enzymes. HR 756 was the most active inhibitor.", "contents": "beta-lactamase stability of HR 756, a novel cephalosporin, compared to that of cefuroxime and cefoxitin. The stability to beta-lactamase hydrolysis of HR 756, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, was compared to the beta-lactamase stability of cefoxitin and cefuroxime. HR 756, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime were not hydrolyzed by Richmond type I, III, IV, and V beta-lactamases. Antibacterial activity of HR 756 correlated well with resistance to beta-lactamase hydrolysis except against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. HR 756, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime inhibited type I beta-lactamases, but not type III, IV, or V enzymes. HR 756 was the most active inhibitor.", "PMID": 101128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4586", "title": "Patient variables associated with penicillin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "In an ongoing cooperative study of uncomplicated genital gonorrhea within the United States, 6,735 pretreatment gonococcal isolates were tested for their in vitro resistance to penicillin. By using a regression analysis technique, we examined 99 patient-associated variables which might be associated with penicillin resistance of the isolates. Patients were most likely to have relatively resistant isolates if they were black, had used antimicrobial agents within 2 weeks of treatment for gonorrhea, or were men with symptomatic urethritis.", "contents": "Patient variables associated with penicillin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In an ongoing cooperative study of uncomplicated genital gonorrhea within the United States, 6,735 pretreatment gonococcal isolates were tested for their in vitro resistance to penicillin. By using a regression analysis technique, we examined 99 patient-associated variables which might be associated with penicillin resistance of the isolates. Patients were most likely to have relatively resistant isolates if they were black, had used antimicrobial agents within 2 weeks of treatment for gonorrhea, or were men with symptomatic urethritis.", "PMID": 101129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4587", "title": "Effect of different lots of Mueller-Hinton agar on the interpretation of the gentamicin susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Population distributions and quality control data for strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa tested for gentamicin susceptibility on six lots of Mueller-Hinton agar were analyzed. The lots of agar were used in three University of Washington hospitals from April 1975 through October 1977. The analyses indicated that the performance of members of the P. aeruginosa populations in each hospital closely followed the performance of the quality control strain, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, when tested on each lot of Mueller-Hinton medium. The variability of zone diameters with the P. aeruginosa populations and the quality control strain indicated that a fixed indeterminate range (13 to 16 mm) of gentamicin susceptibility was not applicable to these organisms as it was with the Enterobacteriaceae. Variability in gentamicin susceptibility results was demonstrated in both minimal inhibitory concentration and disk diffusion tests when eight selected P. aeruginosa strains and the quality control strain were tested on each lot of medium. This variation in susceptibility to gentamicin was not related to the total Ca(2+), Mg(2+), or Zn(2+) content of each lot of medium. The data demonstrated that a moving indeterminate range of gentamicin susceptibility, 3 to 6 mm below the mean zone diameter of the quality control strain, was a suitable criterion for strains tested on a single medium lot. These results illustrate the importance of defining stringent performance standards for media used in the susceptibility testing of P. aeruginosa with gentamicin and other aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "contents": "Effect of different lots of Mueller-Hinton agar on the interpretation of the gentamicin susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Population distributions and quality control data for strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa tested for gentamicin susceptibility on six lots of Mueller-Hinton agar were analyzed. The lots of agar were used in three University of Washington hospitals from April 1975 through October 1977. The analyses indicated that the performance of members of the P. aeruginosa populations in each hospital closely followed the performance of the quality control strain, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, when tested on each lot of Mueller-Hinton medium. The variability of zone diameters with the P. aeruginosa populations and the quality control strain indicated that a fixed indeterminate range (13 to 16 mm) of gentamicin susceptibility was not applicable to these organisms as it was with the Enterobacteriaceae. Variability in gentamicin susceptibility results was demonstrated in both minimal inhibitory concentration and disk diffusion tests when eight selected P. aeruginosa strains and the quality control strain were tested on each lot of medium. This variation in susceptibility to gentamicin was not related to the total Ca(2+), Mg(2+), or Zn(2+) content of each lot of medium. The data demonstrated that a moving indeterminate range of gentamicin susceptibility, 3 to 6 mm below the mean zone diameter of the quality control strain, was a suitable criterion for strains tested on a single medium lot. These results illustrate the importance of defining stringent performance standards for media used in the susceptibility testing of P. aeruginosa with gentamicin and other aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "PMID": 101130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4588", "title": "In vitro activity of 5-episisomicin in bacteria resistant to other aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "Eighty-seven isolates of Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcus, chosen because of their resistance to other aminoglycosides, were tested for susceptibility to 5-episisomicin. Tests were performed in Mueller-Hinton agar and also, with 38 of these isolates, in Mueller-Hinton broth. Of Enterobacteriaceae, 85 and 95.5% were inhibited by 5 and 10 mug of 5-episisomicin per ml, respectively. Amikacin inhibited 74 and 91% of the strains at 10 and 20 mug/ml, respectively. Fifty-four percent of P. aeruginosa were inhibited by 5-episisomicin and amikacin. Eighty-three percent of S. aureus were inhibited by netilmicin and amikacin, whereas only 50% were inhibited by 5-episisomicin. Isolates resistant to 5-episisomicin were most often resistant to the other aminoglycosides and occurred in gram-negative bacilli that did not carry aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Five of 23 isolates that carried a 6'-N-acetyltransferase (AAC-6') and one of two that carried an aminoglycoside 3-acetyltransferase were resistant to and acetylate 5-episisomicin. Strains carrying other aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes were inhibited by 5-episisomicin. Thus, 5-episisomicin is a promising aminoglycoside not attacked by most aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Resistance will probably most often be based upon nonenzymatic mechanisms which will also affect other aminoglycosides.", "contents": "In vitro activity of 5-episisomicin in bacteria resistant to other aminoglycoside antibiotics. Eighty-seven isolates of Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcus, chosen because of their resistance to other aminoglycosides, were tested for susceptibility to 5-episisomicin. Tests were performed in Mueller-Hinton agar and also, with 38 of these isolates, in Mueller-Hinton broth. Of Enterobacteriaceae, 85 and 95.5% were inhibited by 5 and 10 mug of 5-episisomicin per ml, respectively. Amikacin inhibited 74 and 91% of the strains at 10 and 20 mug/ml, respectively. Fifty-four percent of P. aeruginosa were inhibited by 5-episisomicin and amikacin. Eighty-three percent of S. aureus were inhibited by netilmicin and amikacin, whereas only 50% were inhibited by 5-episisomicin. Isolates resistant to 5-episisomicin were most often resistant to the other aminoglycosides and occurred in gram-negative bacilli that did not carry aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Five of 23 isolates that carried a 6'-N-acetyltransferase (AAC-6') and one of two that carried an aminoglycoside 3-acetyltransferase were resistant to and acetylate 5-episisomicin. Strains carrying other aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes were inhibited by 5-episisomicin. Thus, 5-episisomicin is a promising aminoglycoside not attacked by most aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Resistance will probably most often be based upon nonenzymatic mechanisms which will also affect other aminoglycosides.", "PMID": 101131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4589", "title": "Antimalarial activities of various 4-pyridinemethanols with special attention to WR-172,435 and WR-180,409.", "content": "Pilot appraisals of the activities of 10 specially selected 2,6-substituted-4-pyridinemethanols against acute Plasmodium falciparum infections in owl monkeys identified three derivatives that were two to three times as active as chloroquine against infections with a 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strain and, at the same doses, were equally effective against infections with a strain fully resistant to treatment with maximally tolerated doses of chloroquine, quinine, and pyrimethamine. Two of these derivatives, WR-172,435 and WR-180,409, deemed worthy of evaluation in human volunteers, were studied in greater depth in owl monkeys infected with either the multidrug-resistant Smith strain of P. falciparum or the pyrimethamine-resistant Palo Alto strain of P. vivax. These studies showed (i) that at the same total oral dose, 3-day and 7-day treatment schedules were equally effective and slightly superior to a single-dose schedule; (ii) that WR-172,435 was slightly more active than WR-180,409 in each treatment regimen; (iii) that intravenous delivery of WR-180,409 phosphate was feasible and effective; (iv) that both compounds effected control of parasitemia more rapidly than any standard or newly discovered antimalarial drug; and (v) that WR-172,435 and WR-180,409 had therapeutic indexes at least four to eight times those exhibited by chloroquine in infections with 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strains, indexes retained by these pyridinemethanols against infections with various drug-resistant strains.", "contents": "Antimalarial activities of various 4-pyridinemethanols with special attention to WR-172,435 and WR-180,409. Pilot appraisals of the activities of 10 specially selected 2,6-substituted-4-pyridinemethanols against acute Plasmodium falciparum infections in owl monkeys identified three derivatives that were two to three times as active as chloroquine against infections with a 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strain and, at the same doses, were equally effective against infections with a strain fully resistant to treatment with maximally tolerated doses of chloroquine, quinine, and pyrimethamine. Two of these derivatives, WR-172,435 and WR-180,409, deemed worthy of evaluation in human volunteers, were studied in greater depth in owl monkeys infected with either the multidrug-resistant Smith strain of P. falciparum or the pyrimethamine-resistant Palo Alto strain of P. vivax. These studies showed (i) that at the same total oral dose, 3-day and 7-day treatment schedules were equally effective and slightly superior to a single-dose schedule; (ii) that WR-172,435 was slightly more active than WR-180,409 in each treatment regimen; (iii) that intravenous delivery of WR-180,409 phosphate was feasible and effective; (iv) that both compounds effected control of parasitemia more rapidly than any standard or newly discovered antimalarial drug; and (v) that WR-172,435 and WR-180,409 had therapeutic indexes at least four to eight times those exhibited by chloroquine in infections with 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strains, indexes retained by these pyridinemethanols against infections with various drug-resistant strains.", "PMID": 101132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4590", "title": "Surface immunoglobulin in immunoproliferative diseases.", "content": "Malignant B cells may originate from any of the stages of differentiation of B cells, primarily from IgM bearing B cells. The malignant B cells maintain a limited potential for differentiation. In addition to surface immunoglobulins, various markers may be present on the B cell surface; when surface Ig cannot be identified, these markers are used to identify B cells. However, for practical purposes, the detection of surface Ig is most important in the identification of B cells in immunoproliferative diseases, particularly when the malignant cell population displays only one immunoglobulin light chain. The procedures used so far to detect surface Ig have several drawbacks regarding their sensitivity or their specificity. The advantages of new procedures which involve the identification of B cells by their natural binding of B. melitensis or the detection of surface Ig by antibody-coated E. coli are presented. Detection of changes in the percentage of B lymphocytes and in the ratio of kappa- to gamma-bearing B cells in blood smears or in lymphocyte suspensions may be helpful in the early diagnosis of immunoproliferative diseases.", "contents": "Surface immunoglobulin in immunoproliferative diseases. Malignant B cells may originate from any of the stages of differentiation of B cells, primarily from IgM bearing B cells. The malignant B cells maintain a limited potential for differentiation. In addition to surface immunoglobulins, various markers may be present on the B cell surface; when surface Ig cannot be identified, these markers are used to identify B cells. However, for practical purposes, the detection of surface Ig is most important in the identification of B cells in immunoproliferative diseases, particularly when the malignant cell population displays only one immunoglobulin light chain. The procedures used so far to detect surface Ig have several drawbacks regarding their sensitivity or their specificity. The advantages of new procedures which involve the identification of B cells by their natural binding of B. melitensis or the detection of surface Ig by antibody-coated E. coli are presented. Detection of changes in the percentage of B lymphocytes and in the ratio of kappa- to gamma-bearing B cells in blood smears or in lymphocyte suspensions may be helpful in the early diagnosis of immunoproliferative diseases.", "PMID": 101125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4591", "title": "Analysis of the interactions between piperacillin, ticarcillin, or carbenicillin and aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "Enhanced activity against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was demonstrated with piperacillin, ticarcillin, and carbenicillin in combination with gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.", "contents": "Analysis of the interactions between piperacillin, ticarcillin, or carbenicillin and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Enhanced activity against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was demonstrated with piperacillin, ticarcillin, and carbenicillin in combination with gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.", "PMID": 101133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4592", "title": "Proposed ticarcillin disk control values for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: multicenter cooperative study.", "content": "In a multicenter cooperative controlled study, individual test, accuracy, and precision control values were determined for 75-mug ticarcillin disks with Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853.", "contents": "Proposed ticarcillin disk control values for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: multicenter cooperative study. In a multicenter cooperative controlled study, individual test, accuracy, and precision control values were determined for 75-mug ticarcillin disks with Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853.", "PMID": 101134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4593", "title": "In vitro comparison of kanamycin, kanendomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, sisomicin, and dibekacin against 200 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The antimicrobial activity of kanamycin, kanendomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, sisomicin, and dibekacin against 200 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was compared. Dibekacin was found to be the most active against the tested organisms, whereas the other aminoglycoside antibiotics fell in the following order of diminishing antibacterial potency: amikacin, sisomicin, gentamicin, kanendomycin, and kanamycin. Seven strains showed high-level resistance to gentamicin (minimal inhibitory concentration, 400 mug/ml), and two of them were also resistant to amikacin and sisomicin (minimal inhibitory concentration, 75 mug/ml). The minimal inhibitory concentration of dibekacin for these seven strains was 0.625 mug/ml.", "contents": "In vitro comparison of kanamycin, kanendomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, sisomicin, and dibekacin against 200 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial activity of kanamycin, kanendomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, sisomicin, and dibekacin against 200 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was compared. Dibekacin was found to be the most active against the tested organisms, whereas the other aminoglycoside antibiotics fell in the following order of diminishing antibacterial potency: amikacin, sisomicin, gentamicin, kanendomycin, and kanamycin. Seven strains showed high-level resistance to gentamicin (minimal inhibitory concentration, 400 mug/ml), and two of them were also resistant to amikacin and sisomicin (minimal inhibitory concentration, 75 mug/ml). The minimal inhibitory concentration of dibekacin for these seven strains was 0.625 mug/ml.", "PMID": 101135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4594", "title": "Microbial catabolism of vanillate: decarboxylation to guaiacol.", "content": "A novel catabolic transformation of vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) by microorganisms is reported. Several strains of Bacillus megaterium and a strain of Streptomyces are shown to convert vanillate to guaiacol (o-methoxyphenol) and CO2 by nonoxidative decarboxylation. Use of a modified most-probable-number procedure shows that numerous soils contain countable numbers (10(1) to 10(2) organisms per g of dry soil) of aerobic sporeformers able to convert vanillate to guaiacol. Conversion of vanillate to guaiacol by the microfloras of most-probable-number replicates was used as the criterion for scoring replicates positive or negative. Guaiacol was detected by thin-layer chromatography. These results indicate that the classic separations of catabolic pathways leading to specific ring-fashion substrates such as protocatechuate and catechol are often interconnectable by single enzymatic transformations, usually a decarboxylation.", "contents": "Microbial catabolism of vanillate: decarboxylation to guaiacol. A novel catabolic transformation of vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) by microorganisms is reported. Several strains of Bacillus megaterium and a strain of Streptomyces are shown to convert vanillate to guaiacol (o-methoxyphenol) and CO2 by nonoxidative decarboxylation. Use of a modified most-probable-number procedure shows that numerous soils contain countable numbers (10(1) to 10(2) organisms per g of dry soil) of aerobic sporeformers able to convert vanillate to guaiacol. Conversion of vanillate to guaiacol by the microfloras of most-probable-number replicates was used as the criterion for scoring replicates positive or negative. Guaiacol was detected by thin-layer chromatography. These results indicate that the classic separations of catabolic pathways leading to specific ring-fashion substrates such as protocatechuate and catechol are often interconnectable by single enzymatic transformations, usually a decarboxylation.", "PMID": 101140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4595", "title": "Effect of hydrostatic tensile stress on the growth of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus.", "content": "The specific growth rates of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus were measured for growth media in a flask, a lens-plate arrangement simulating an isolated capillary space, and a lens-plate arrangement under hydrostatic tensile stress. The specific growth rates of the bacteria were the same for the flask and lens-plate arrangement without hydrostatic tensile stress, but were enhanced when the growth media were subjected to hydrostatic tensile stress. The enhanced specific growth rates reached steady values at a tensile stress of 40 pascals. The effect was observed up to tensile stresses of around 100 pascals. The maximum increase in specific growth rate was 25% for E. coli and 22% for B. cereus.", "contents": "Effect of hydrostatic tensile stress on the growth of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. The specific growth rates of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus were measured for growth media in a flask, a lens-plate arrangement simulating an isolated capillary space, and a lens-plate arrangement under hydrostatic tensile stress. The specific growth rates of the bacteria were the same for the flask and lens-plate arrangement without hydrostatic tensile stress, but were enhanced when the growth media were subjected to hydrostatic tensile stress. The enhanced specific growth rates reached steady values at a tensile stress of 40 pascals. The effect was observed up to tensile stresses of around 100 pascals. The maximum increase in specific growth rate was 25% for E. coli and 22% for B. cereus.", "PMID": 101141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4596", "title": "Evaluation of electrode configurations in cerebellar implants.", "content": "Capacitively coupled currents of 100 Hz, 0.25 msec duration, were applied to multielectrode arrays implanted upon the superior and posterior surfaces of the chimpanzee cerebellum. The current required for 90% reduction in the amplitude of the evoked potential was inversely proportional to the number of electrodes upon the cerebellar surface. A study of various waveforms showed that z Hz, 0.25 msec pulse duration is near optimal for reduction of amplitude of the somatosensory evoked potential. The current densities per electrode were 5--11 mA/cm2 with a charge per pulse of 0.04--0.08 muC in humans with 15--20 electrodes on each superior surface and 10 electrodes on each posterior cerebellar surface.", "contents": "Evaluation of electrode configurations in cerebellar implants. Capacitively coupled currents of 100 Hz, 0.25 msec duration, were applied to multielectrode arrays implanted upon the superior and posterior surfaces of the chimpanzee cerebellum. The current required for 90% reduction in the amplitude of the evoked potential was inversely proportional to the number of electrodes upon the cerebellar surface. A study of various waveforms showed that z Hz, 0.25 msec pulse duration is near optimal for reduction of amplitude of the somatosensory evoked potential. The current densities per electrode were 5--11 mA/cm2 with a charge per pulse of 0.04--0.08 muC in humans with 15--20 electrodes on each superior surface and 10 electrodes on each posterior cerebellar surface.", "PMID": 101137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4597", "title": "Physiological and histological effects of cerebellar stimulation.", "content": "Cerebellar implants have been placed in 62 patients with postoperative follow-up of 4 months to 3 years. Initially currents were applied through electrodes of alternate polarity on the superior surface of the cerebellar hemispheres and subsequently through negative electrodes on the superior surface to positive electrodes on the posterior surface. The amount of current required for clinical improvement was approximately the same as that required to significantly reduce the amplitude of the somatosensory evoked potential. The clinical and electrophysiological effects were proportional to the intensity of current and to the number of electrodes through which the currents were applied. Currents applied through the cerebellum were more effective than those confined near the cerebellar surface. Histological examination of the cerebellum from the chimpanzees and from 1 patient who died of causes unrelated to stimulation failed to demonstrate any evidence of neuronal damage related to application of current.", "contents": "Physiological and histological effects of cerebellar stimulation. Cerebellar implants have been placed in 62 patients with postoperative follow-up of 4 months to 3 years. Initially currents were applied through electrodes of alternate polarity on the superior surface of the cerebellar hemispheres and subsequently through negative electrodes on the superior surface to positive electrodes on the posterior surface. The amount of current required for clinical improvement was approximately the same as that required to significantly reduce the amplitude of the somatosensory evoked potential. The clinical and electrophysiological effects were proportional to the intensity of current and to the number of electrodes through which the currents were applied. Currents applied through the cerebellum were more effective than those confined near the cerebellar surface. Histological examination of the cerebellum from the chimpanzees and from 1 patient who died of causes unrelated to stimulation failed to demonstrate any evidence of neuronal damage related to application of current.", "PMID": 101138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4598", "title": "Instrumentation, working hypotheses, and clinical aspects of neurostimulation.", "content": "The paper describes instrumentation developed in our laboratory for the therapy of neurological disorders, including (a) hybrid stimulator for chronic use which retains constant current characteristics, providing a low resistance path during the quiescent phase between pulses to minimize the postpulse charge; (b) brain radio stimulators, crystal controlled, with digital logic section and an optoelectric sensor for telemetry of the intensity used; (c) external stimoceiver for experimental and clinical use, combining multichannel stimulator and EEG telemetric instrument; (d) transdermal stimoceivers, totally implantable for two-way communication with the brain through the intact skin; and (e) implantable microprocessor for detection of EEG signals which are used to trigger contingent brain stimulation. Our working hypotheses for chronic brain stimulation include (a) electrical modification of the functional set point of specific cerebral areas; (b) feedback-controlled stimulation; and (c) establishment of artificial neuronal links with the aide of the computer. The paper concludes with a discussion of the indications for therapeutic use of brain stimulation and criteria for patient selection.", "contents": "Instrumentation, working hypotheses, and clinical aspects of neurostimulation. The paper describes instrumentation developed in our laboratory for the therapy of neurological disorders, including (a) hybrid stimulator for chronic use which retains constant current characteristics, providing a low resistance path during the quiescent phase between pulses to minimize the postpulse charge; (b) brain radio stimulators, crystal controlled, with digital logic section and an optoelectric sensor for telemetry of the intensity used; (c) external stimoceiver for experimental and clinical use, combining multichannel stimulator and EEG telemetric instrument; (d) transdermal stimoceivers, totally implantable for two-way communication with the brain through the intact skin; and (e) implantable microprocessor for detection of EEG signals which are used to trigger contingent brain stimulation. Our working hypotheses for chronic brain stimulation include (a) electrical modification of the functional set point of specific cerebral areas; (b) feedback-controlled stimulation; and (c) establishment of artificial neuronal links with the aide of the computer. The paper concludes with a discussion of the indications for therapeutic use of brain stimulation and criteria for patient selection.", "PMID": 101139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4599", "title": "Reverse triiodothyronine, thyroid hormone, and thyrotrophin concentrations in placental cord blood.", "content": "Reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroxine binding globulin (TBG), and thyrotrophin (TSH) were measured in sera from placental cord blood in an unselected series of 272 deliveries. In this series the concentrations of rT3 (mean 3.33 nmol/l, 95% confidence limits 1.6--7.0 nmol/l), were log normally distributed and did not overlap the adult normal range (0.11--0.44 nmol/l). There were no correlations between the cord blood concentrations of rT3, T3, T4, and TSH. The cord serum rT3 concentration was not influenced by maturity, birth-weight, or neonatal risk factors, whereas these factors did affect the concentrations of T3, T4, AND  TBG. There is no arteriovenous rT3 concentration difference across the placenta, therefore the cord rT3 reflects the systemic rT3 concentration in the baby at birth. As rT3 in the neonate largely, if not entirely, derives from thyroxine from the fetal thyroid, measurement of the cord rT3 concentration may be a good immediate screening test for neonatal hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Reverse triiodothyronine, thyroid hormone, and thyrotrophin concentrations in placental cord blood. Reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroxine binding globulin (TBG), and thyrotrophin (TSH) were measured in sera from placental cord blood in an unselected series of 272 deliveries. In this series the concentrations of rT3 (mean 3.33 nmol/l, 95% confidence limits 1.6--7.0 nmol/l), were log normally distributed and did not overlap the adult normal range (0.11--0.44 nmol/l). There were no correlations between the cord blood concentrations of rT3, T3, T4, and TSH. The cord serum rT3 concentration was not influenced by maturity, birth-weight, or neonatal risk factors, whereas these factors did affect the concentrations of T3, T4, AND  TBG. There is no arteriovenous rT3 concentration difference across the placenta, therefore the cord rT3 reflects the systemic rT3 concentration in the baby at birth. As rT3 in the neonate largely, if not entirely, derives from thyroxine from the fetal thyroid, measurement of the cord rT3 concentration may be a good immediate screening test for neonatal hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 101154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4600", "title": "Gastric antisecretory effects of propantheline bromide and metiamide in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The effects of propantheline bromide (PB) and metiamide (M), two dissimilar classes of gastric secretory inhibitors, were studied in chronic gastric fistula rhesus monkeys. Basal and stimulated gastric secretory studies were conducted in conscious monkeys. Multiple s.c. injections of either histamine or pentagastrin were given hourly for four consecutive hours. One hour after the injection of the stimulants a constant plateau of gastric secretion was reached, and the test compounds were then administered as a single i.v. bolus dose. Propantheline bromide at doses of 0.03--0.3 mg/kg inhibited basal and pentagastrin stimulated gastric secretion, but had no effect on histamine stimulation. Total acid output paralleled inhibition of volume of secretion, while there was little or no effect on acid concentration. Metiamide at the doses of 1--10 mg/kg inhibited basal, pentagastrin and histamine stimulated gastric secretion. Metiamide was equally effective in inhibiting the volume of secretion and acid concentration. The scope of the gastric secretory inhibition in the rhesus monkey achieved with these pharmacological agents is very similar to man. These results suggest that the rhesus monkey is an important animal model for predicting clinically useful gastric secretory inhibitors.", "contents": "Gastric antisecretory effects of propantheline bromide and metiamide in rhesus monkeys. The effects of propantheline bromide (PB) and metiamide (M), two dissimilar classes of gastric secretory inhibitors, were studied in chronic gastric fistula rhesus monkeys. Basal and stimulated gastric secretory studies were conducted in conscious monkeys. Multiple s.c. injections of either histamine or pentagastrin were given hourly for four consecutive hours. One hour after the injection of the stimulants a constant plateau of gastric secretion was reached, and the test compounds were then administered as a single i.v. bolus dose. Propantheline bromide at doses of 0.03--0.3 mg/kg inhibited basal and pentagastrin stimulated gastric secretion, but had no effect on histamine stimulation. Total acid output paralleled inhibition of volume of secretion, while there was little or no effect on acid concentration. Metiamide at the doses of 1--10 mg/kg inhibited basal, pentagastrin and histamine stimulated gastric secretion. Metiamide was equally effective in inhibiting the volume of secretion and acid concentration. The scope of the gastric secretory inhibition in the rhesus monkey achieved with these pharmacological agents is very similar to man. These results suggest that the rhesus monkey is an important animal model for predicting clinically useful gastric secretory inhibitors.", "PMID": 101158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4601", "title": "Studies on the effect of tolbutamide, glibenclamide, HB 699, and glucose on serum insulin and blood glucose in gastro-enterectomized dogs.", "content": "The influence of intravenously administered tolbutamide, glibenclamide, HB 699, and glucose on serum insulin and blood glucose kinetics was examined in 36 enterectomized dogs. The substances induced an immediate and long-lasting insulin release even in the absence of all insulinotropic intestinal mediators. Maximum and mean insulin concentrations after treatment, measured for 180 minutes, were markedly higher in resected dogs than in sham operated or non-operated animals. The data suggest that intestinal mediators might be of no importance in vivo for the insulin-releasing activity of the compounds examined, at least in dogs.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of tolbutamide, glibenclamide, HB 699, and glucose on serum insulin and blood glucose in gastro-enterectomized dogs. The influence of intravenously administered tolbutamide, glibenclamide, HB 699, and glucose on serum insulin and blood glucose kinetics was examined in 36 enterectomized dogs. The substances induced an immediate and long-lasting insulin release even in the absence of all insulinotropic intestinal mediators. Maximum and mean insulin concentrations after treatment, measured for 180 minutes, were markedly higher in resected dogs than in sham operated or non-operated animals. The data suggest that intestinal mediators might be of no importance in vivo for the insulin-releasing activity of the compounds examined, at least in dogs.", "PMID": 101159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4602", "title": "Exposure to dust-borne bacteria in agriculture. II. Immunological survey.", "content": "In order to investigate whether high exposure to Erwinia herbicola causes sensitization in grain handlers, immunological tests (agargel precipitation, complement fixation, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, and intradermal) with the extracts of these bacteria were performed in different groups of grain workers and in other groups of population. Tests with extracts of grain dust and other microorganisms were also performed. Grain workers showed in all the tests high incidence of positive reactions to E. herbicola, being significantly higher, as compared with unexposed subjects. Different actinomycetal and fungal extracts gave lower percentages of positive reactions. Skin reactions to E. herbicola were significantly correlated with the reactions to grain dust and showed a close relationship with the degree of exposure. The grain workers with respiratory symptoms reacted more frequently to E. herbicola than asymptomatic ones, both in intradermal and precipitation tests. Thus, these bacteria should be considered as a factor increasing risk of the respiratory disorders among grain handlers.", "contents": "Exposure to dust-borne bacteria in agriculture. II. Immunological survey. In order to investigate whether high exposure to Erwinia herbicola causes sensitization in grain handlers, immunological tests (agargel precipitation, complement fixation, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, and intradermal) with the extracts of these bacteria were performed in different groups of grain workers and in other groups of population. Tests with extracts of grain dust and other microorganisms were also performed. Grain workers showed in all the tests high incidence of positive reactions to E. herbicola, being significantly higher, as compared with unexposed subjects. Different actinomycetal and fungal extracts gave lower percentages of positive reactions. Skin reactions to E. herbicola were significantly correlated with the reactions to grain dust and showed a close relationship with the degree of exposure. The grain workers with respiratory symptoms reacted more frequently to E. herbicola than asymptomatic ones, both in intradermal and precipitation tests. Thus, these bacteria should be considered as a factor increasing risk of the respiratory disorders among grain handlers.", "PMID": 101155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4603", "title": "[Immunology of Chagas' disease].", "content": "American trypanosoniasis or Chagas' Disease is a serious health problem in Latin America. Schizotrypanum (Trypanosome) cruzi infection produce an inmune response, cellular and humoral well identified in all mammals so far studied, including man. The initial parasistemic disease is brought promptly under control, maybe as result of such inmune response. Chronical disease result of individual responses, through inmune aberration as main pathogenic factor. There is not, and there is no probability to develop it in a short time, suitable inmunoprophylaxis for Chagas' disease.", "contents": "[Immunology of Chagas' disease]. American trypanosoniasis or Chagas' Disease is a serious health problem in Latin America. Schizotrypanum (Trypanosome) cruzi infection produce an inmune response, cellular and humoral well identified in all mammals so far studied, including man. The initial parasistemic disease is brought promptly under control, maybe as result of such inmune response. Chronical disease result of individual responses, through inmune aberration as main pathogenic factor. There is not, and there is no probability to develop it in a short time, suitable inmunoprophylaxis for Chagas' disease.", "PMID": 101156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4604", "title": "[Valve replacement and aorto-coronary bypass].", "content": "Combined surgery on the valves and on the coronary arteries by bypass grafts has been carried out on 27 consecutive patients (1970 to 1976) and involved 18 aortic valve replacements, 8 mitral valve replacements, and one double mitro-aortic replacement; the mean duration of extra-corporeal circulation (145 mn) was significantly higher than that for valve replacements alone carried out during the same period (p less than 0.01). The five deaths occurring in hospital (18.5%) all occurred in the aortic valve group, and were amongst the first 15 cases operated on (1970 to 1974). The 4 post-mortem studies carried out showed similar findings, namely myocardial infarction and significant coronary lesions which had not been bypassed. Two secondary deaths due to infective complications occurred in the first six months. The 17 patients who were followed up after surgery and had a mean follow-up period of 24 months, were all substantially improved by comparison with their pre-operative state, despite certain complications affecting either the valves (1 requiring re-operation) or the coronary arteries (3 infarcts). The indications for coronary arteriography, which are related to the indications for surgery, are being enlarged so that they will include the majority of patients operated on excluding those of more than 65 to 70 years of age and also those aged less than 40 years who have no risk factors for atherosclerosis and no clinical or electrocardiographic signs suggesting a coronary lesion. A study of the operative risk factors has shown the importance of unsuspected coronary lesions, and would appear to indicate correction of all valvular and coronary lesions seen at the time of operation.", "contents": "[Valve replacement and aorto-coronary bypass]. Combined surgery on the valves and on the coronary arteries by bypass grafts has been carried out on 27 consecutive patients (1970 to 1976) and involved 18 aortic valve replacements, 8 mitral valve replacements, and one double mitro-aortic replacement; the mean duration of extra-corporeal circulation (145 mn) was significantly higher than that for valve replacements alone carried out during the same period (p less than 0.01). The five deaths occurring in hospital (18.5%) all occurred in the aortic valve group, and were amongst the first 15 cases operated on (1970 to 1974). The 4 post-mortem studies carried out showed similar findings, namely myocardial infarction and significant coronary lesions which had not been bypassed. Two secondary deaths due to infective complications occurred in the first six months. The 17 patients who were followed up after surgery and had a mean follow-up period of 24 months, were all substantially improved by comparison with their pre-operative state, despite certain complications affecting either the valves (1 requiring re-operation) or the coronary arteries (3 infarcts). The indications for coronary arteriography, which are related to the indications for surgery, are being enlarged so that they will include the majority of patients operated on excluding those of more than 65 to 70 years of age and also those aged less than 40 years who have no risk factors for atherosclerosis and no clinical or electrocardiographic signs suggesting a coronary lesion. A study of the operative risk factors has shown the importance of unsuspected coronary lesions, and would appear to indicate correction of all valvular and coronary lesions seen at the time of operation.", "PMID": 101161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4605", "title": "[Chagas' disease in Mexico. Report of 5 proven cases].", "content": "Seroepidemiologic studies demonstrated that American Trypanosomiasis is highly prevalent among rural communities in Mexico. However, Chagas' disease seems to be a rarity. That could be a wrong concept. In just a few months 5 patients with epidemiological, clinical and immunologic evidence for Chagasic miocardiopathy or miocarditis were identified in our Institution. Their cardiologic findings have been discussed, as well as diagnostic approaches in different stages of the disease.", "contents": "[Chagas' disease in Mexico. Report of 5 proven cases]. Seroepidemiologic studies demonstrated that American Trypanosomiasis is highly prevalent among rural communities in Mexico. However, Chagas' disease seems to be a rarity. That could be a wrong concept. In just a few months 5 patients with epidemiological, clinical and immunologic evidence for Chagasic miocardiopathy or miocarditis were identified in our Institution. Their cardiologic findings have been discussed, as well as diagnostic approaches in different stages of the disease.", "PMID": 101157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4606", "title": "[Electrocardiography of delayed potentials in post-excitation syndrome].", "content": "Electrophysiological investigation and pericardial mapping have succeeded in isolating a particular type of ventricular tachycardia occurring in young subjects with no coronary artery disease who have dysplasia of the right ventricle. When these patients are no longer controlled by medical treatment, they may benefit from surgery. This condition is characterised by the presence of delayed potentials which appear after the end of ventricular depolarisation as recorded by \u00e9picardial mapping. This post-excitation phenomenom may also be demonstrated either by an intracavitary electrode or sometimes on an amplified ECG. This study describes a new method using the techniques of signal averaging and summation technique to demonstrate the delayed potential in the post-excitation syndrome. It is non-invasive, and seems to give better results than those obtained from intracavitary exploration.", "contents": "[Electrocardiography of delayed potentials in post-excitation syndrome]. Electrophysiological investigation and pericardial mapping have succeeded in isolating a particular type of ventricular tachycardia occurring in young subjects with no coronary artery disease who have dysplasia of the right ventricle. When these patients are no longer controlled by medical treatment, they may benefit from surgery. This condition is characterised by the presence of delayed potentials which appear after the end of ventricular depolarisation as recorded by \u00e9picardial mapping. This post-excitation phenomenom may also be demonstrated either by an intracavitary electrode or sometimes on an amplified ECG. This study describes a new method using the techniques of signal averaging and summation technique to demonstrate the delayed potential in the post-excitation syndrome. It is non-invasive, and seems to give better results than those obtained from intracavitary exploration.", "PMID": 101162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4607", "title": "[Anterior and posterior myocardial infarct: clinical comparative study on its outcome].", "content": "A comparison of the short and long term outcome in two groups of patients admitted to hospital during the acute phase of their first myocardial infarction, an anterior group (123 cases) and a posterior group (147 cases) has produced the following results:--an immediate mortality which was significantly higher (identical cause of death) in the anterior infarct group (22.8%) than in the posterior infarct group (11.6%): p less than 0.02;--a very similar long term mortality (5 to 6% per year) in the two groups (the main causes for which cannot be equated) despite the fact that the initial destruction of muscle was usually greater when the infarct had been anterior. These results seem to lead to the following conclusion: a better overall prognosis seems to be related to efforts to limit the extent of an infarct, especially when it is anteriorly situated; sometime after the infarct, it is also linked to the improvement in vascularity of the regions which are not involved, especially in cases of posterior necrosis.", "contents": "[Anterior and posterior myocardial infarct: clinical comparative study on its outcome]. A comparison of the short and long term outcome in two groups of patients admitted to hospital during the acute phase of their first myocardial infarction, an anterior group (123 cases) and a posterior group (147 cases) has produced the following results:--an immediate mortality which was significantly higher (identical cause of death) in the anterior infarct group (22.8%) than in the posterior infarct group (11.6%): p less than 0.02;--a very similar long term mortality (5 to 6% per year) in the two groups (the main causes for which cannot be equated) despite the fact that the initial destruction of muscle was usually greater when the infarct had been anterior. These results seem to lead to the following conclusion: a better overall prognosis seems to be related to efforts to limit the extent of an infarct, especially when it is anteriorly situated; sometime after the infarct, it is also linked to the improvement in vascularity of the regions which are not involved, especially in cases of posterior necrosis.", "PMID": 101163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4608", "title": "[Criteria of prognosis in apparently primary hypokinetic myocardiopathies (prospective study of 60 cases)].", "content": "The fate of 60 cases of apparently primary cardiomyopathy were studied by angiocardiography and coronary arteriography over a 2 to 6 year period, with a mean of 4 years. Correlations were established between the clinical, paraclinical, haemodynamic and angiocardiographic findings on the one hand, and the quality and length of survival on the other. Among the criteria leading to an improved prognosis, the most precise was the left ventricular ejection fraction.", "contents": "[Criteria of prognosis in apparently primary hypokinetic myocardiopathies (prospective study of 60 cases)]. The fate of 60 cases of apparently primary cardiomyopathy were studied by angiocardiography and coronary arteriography over a 2 to 6 year period, with a mean of 4 years. Correlations were established between the clinical, paraclinical, haemodynamic and angiocardiographic findings on the one hand, and the quality and length of survival on the other. Among the criteria leading to an improved prognosis, the most precise was the left ventricular ejection fraction.", "PMID": 101164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4609", "title": "[Myocardial perfusion in myocardiopathies: study at rest and during induced tachycardia].", "content": "The authors have compared myocardial perfusion, i.e. the coronary blood flow per unit of myocardial mass, in 9 patients with cardiomyopathy and 5 normal subjects, both at rest and during coronary sinus pacing-induced tachycardia at a rate of 150 beats/mn. In the cardiomyopathies, myocardial perfusion was found to be decreased at rest, and to remain abnormally low during induced tachycardia despite the evidence for a significant coronary reserve. During pacing there were, in addition to induced chest pain, indirect signs of sub-endocardial ischaemia which could explain the angina of effort found in certain cardiomyopathies, especially those of the obstructive hypertrophic type.", "contents": "[Myocardial perfusion in myocardiopathies: study at rest and during induced tachycardia]. The authors have compared myocardial perfusion, i.e. the coronary blood flow per unit of myocardial mass, in 9 patients with cardiomyopathy and 5 normal subjects, both at rest and during coronary sinus pacing-induced tachycardia at a rate of 150 beats/mn. In the cardiomyopathies, myocardial perfusion was found to be decreased at rest, and to remain abnormally low during induced tachycardia despite the evidence for a significant coronary reserve. During pacing there were, in addition to induced chest pain, indirect signs of sub-endocardial ischaemia which could explain the angina of effort found in certain cardiomyopathies, especially those of the obstructive hypertrophic type.", "PMID": 101165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4610", "title": "[Hemodynamic and coronary effects of atrial stimulation in normal subject and patients with coronary disease: correlation with coronary arteriography].", "content": "Thirty-two patients (group I: 7 normal subjects; group II: 25 coronary subjects) underwent coronary arteriography, and measurements were made both in normal rhythm and under atrial stimulation of the pulmonary capillary pressure and the pressure in the femoral artery, of cardiac output, of coronary sinus flow (by continuous thermodilution), of the coronary arterio-venous oxygen difference, of oxygen consumption, and in 28 of the patients of the coefficient of extraction of K lactates. During stimulation, the only differences to appear between the subjects of group I and group II were an increase in capillary pressure (p less than 0.01) and a decrease in the coefficient of extraction of lactates (p less than 0.001) in the coronary patients. Similar differences were found between coronary patients with a stenosis greater than 70% in the anterior descending or circumflex artery (group IIa) and those without it (group 11b), and between the patients with pain during atrial stimulation (n = 9) and those without it. There was a good correlation between a double score (IVA + circumflex artery, Rowe's method) and the coefficient of extraction of lactates during atrial stimulation (n = 28, p less than 0.01).", "contents": "[Hemodynamic and coronary effects of atrial stimulation in normal subject and patients with coronary disease: correlation with coronary arteriography]. Thirty-two patients (group I: 7 normal subjects; group II: 25 coronary subjects) underwent coronary arteriography, and measurements were made both in normal rhythm and under atrial stimulation of the pulmonary capillary pressure and the pressure in the femoral artery, of cardiac output, of coronary sinus flow (by continuous thermodilution), of the coronary arterio-venous oxygen difference, of oxygen consumption, and in 28 of the patients of the coefficient of extraction of K lactates. During stimulation, the only differences to appear between the subjects of group I and group II were an increase in capillary pressure (p less than 0.01) and a decrease in the coefficient of extraction of lactates (p less than 0.001) in the coronary patients. Similar differences were found between coronary patients with a stenosis greater than 70% in the anterior descending or circumflex artery (group IIa) and those without it (group 11b), and between the patients with pain during atrial stimulation (n = 9) and those without it. There was a good correlation between a double score (IVA + circumflex artery, Rowe's method) and the coefficient of extraction of lactates during atrial stimulation (n = 28, p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 101166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4611", "title": "[Optimum flow of intravenous trinitrine during the acute stage of myocardial infarct with cardiac insufficiency: its effects on survival].", "content": "Twenty-one patients were treated during the acute stage of a myocardial infarction for failure of the left or right ventricle. The systematic use of varying rates of flow of intravenous trinitrin (between 0.6 and 4.8 mg/h) was designed to find out for each patient the optimal effect on the cardiac index. The fall in pulmonary capillary pressure, obtained within 10 to 15 minutes, is proportional to the flow rate of trinitrin, and reaches 48% of its original value at a perfusion rate of 4.8 mg/h. The lowering of systemic arterial pressure is also proportional to the flow rate, and reaches 13% at a flow of 4.8 mg/h. The cardiac index and systolic index were significantly improved at flow rates of 1.2 to 2.4 mg/h, and lowered the pulmonary capillary pressure to levels of 17.6 mm of mercury and 15.3 mm of mercury respectively. Trinitrin given intravenously is very well tolerated, but it often become less effective after 24 hours of treatment, which implies that haemodynamic measurements must be made several times a day, and the speed of infusion often increased. The improvement in immediate and late prognosis is discussed relative to the initial values and Weber's index of survival.", "contents": "[Optimum flow of intravenous trinitrine during the acute stage of myocardial infarct with cardiac insufficiency: its effects on survival]. Twenty-one patients were treated during the acute stage of a myocardial infarction for failure of the left or right ventricle. The systematic use of varying rates of flow of intravenous trinitrin (between 0.6 and 4.8 mg/h) was designed to find out for each patient the optimal effect on the cardiac index. The fall in pulmonary capillary pressure, obtained within 10 to 15 minutes, is proportional to the flow rate of trinitrin, and reaches 48% of its original value at a perfusion rate of 4.8 mg/h. The lowering of systemic arterial pressure is also proportional to the flow rate, and reaches 13% at a flow of 4.8 mg/h. The cardiac index and systolic index were significantly improved at flow rates of 1.2 to 2.4 mg/h, and lowered the pulmonary capillary pressure to levels of 17.6 mm of mercury and 15.3 mm of mercury respectively. Trinitrin given intravenously is very well tolerated, but it often become less effective after 24 hours of treatment, which implies that haemodynamic measurements must be made several times a day, and the speed of infusion often increased. The improvement in immediate and late prognosis is discussed relative to the initial values and Weber's index of survival.", "PMID": 101167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4612", "title": "[Effects of intravenous trinitrine on myocardial function in left ventricular insufficiency].", "content": "The effects of intravenous trinitrin on myocardial function have been studied in 40 patients with heart failure (26 cases of coronary artery disease and 14 of apparently primary cardiomyopathy). Each patient had measurements made of left ventricular pressure, of cardiac output by the dye dilution method, of volume, of the left ventricular ejection fraction, and of the segmental parietal kinetics by means of left side ventriculography both before and after trinitrin. The following results were obtained after injection of trinitrin:--no change in rhythm and cardiac index;--an almost constant decrease in left ventricular end diastolic pressure (38 cases out of 40);--a decrease in arterial pressure and ventricular volume in about two thirds of cases;--improvement of the ejection fraction (25 cases out of 40), and of segmental parietal kinetics (26 cases out of 40) in the left ventricle. These findings were equally true in the patients with coronary artery disease and in the cardiomyopathies. In the light of these results, it appears that when used in left ventricular failure, trinitrin almost always decreases the load, but improves ventricular kinetics only in two thirds of cases, while it has no influence on cardiac output. In addition, given the difficulties in establishing a standard dose of trinitrin, the authors discuss the methods of establishing the optimal dose.", "contents": "[Effects of intravenous trinitrine on myocardial function in left ventricular insufficiency]. The effects of intravenous trinitrin on myocardial function have been studied in 40 patients with heart failure (26 cases of coronary artery disease and 14 of apparently primary cardiomyopathy). Each patient had measurements made of left ventricular pressure, of cardiac output by the dye dilution method, of volume, of the left ventricular ejection fraction, and of the segmental parietal kinetics by means of left side ventriculography both before and after trinitrin. The following results were obtained after injection of trinitrin:--no change in rhythm and cardiac index;--an almost constant decrease in left ventricular end diastolic pressure (38 cases out of 40);--a decrease in arterial pressure and ventricular volume in about two thirds of cases;--improvement of the ejection fraction (25 cases out of 40), and of segmental parietal kinetics (26 cases out of 40) in the left ventricle. These findings were equally true in the patients with coronary artery disease and in the cardiomyopathies. In the light of these results, it appears that when used in left ventricular failure, trinitrin almost always decreases the load, but improves ventricular kinetics only in two thirds of cases, while it has no influence on cardiac output. In addition, given the difficulties in establishing a standard dose of trinitrin, the authors discuss the methods of establishing the optimal dose.", "PMID": 101168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4613", "title": "[Comparison of hemodynamic and coronary effects of 2 antianginal vasodilator drugs: nifedipine and trinitrine].", "content": "Twenty patients with coronary insufficiency had measurements taken while they were in normal rhythm (NR) and during atrial pacemaking (AP) before and after taking nifedipine (n: 12) or after intravenous perfusion of trinitrin (n: 8): measurements were taken of pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP), arterial femoral pressure (AFP), cardiac output (QC) and coronary sinus flow (QCS), coronary arterio-venous oxygen difference (DaVO2), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and the myocardial coefficient of extraction of lactates (K).--Under nifedipine in NR and AP, AFP was decreased and QC increased. QSC was increased in NR, but was not changed under AP. DaVO2 was shortened under both sets of conditions. MVO2 decreased only during AP. Nifedipine brought back to normal the lowering of K which occurred with pacemaking.--Under trinitrin, both in NR and under AP, AFP, PCP, QC, QSC and MVO2 were lowered. K and DaVO2 were unchanged.--A plethysmographic study in 13 patients showed that these haemodynamic effects could be explained by the arterial vasodilator action of nifedipine which occurred without changing the venous tone, and the mixed action of trinitrin.", "contents": "[Comparison of hemodynamic and coronary effects of 2 antianginal vasodilator drugs: nifedipine and trinitrine]. Twenty patients with coronary insufficiency had measurements taken while they were in normal rhythm (NR) and during atrial pacemaking (AP) before and after taking nifedipine (n: 12) or after intravenous perfusion of trinitrin (n: 8): measurements were taken of pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP), arterial femoral pressure (AFP), cardiac output (QC) and coronary sinus flow (QCS), coronary arterio-venous oxygen difference (DaVO2), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and the myocardial coefficient of extraction of lactates (K).--Under nifedipine in NR and AP, AFP was decreased and QC increased. QSC was increased in NR, but was not changed under AP. DaVO2 was shortened under both sets of conditions. MVO2 decreased only during AP. Nifedipine brought back to normal the lowering of K which occurred with pacemaking.--Under trinitrin, both in NR and under AP, AFP, PCP, QC, QSC and MVO2 were lowered. K and DaVO2 were unchanged.--A plethysmographic study in 13 patients showed that these haemodynamic effects could be explained by the arterial vasodilator action of nifedipine which occurred without changing the venous tone, and the mixed action of trinitrin.", "PMID": 101169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4614", "title": "[Incidence of hyperuricemia in atrioventricular block. Systematic study of 158 cases which required implantation of an isotopic cardiac pacemaker].", "content": "This is a study of 158 patients in whom the placement of an isotopic cardiac pacemaker was indicated; this procedure was carried out Broussais Hospital between 1970 and 1975. These patients, whose mean age was 39 (84 males, 47 females, 12 young men and 15 young women) were examined for uricaemia, and the levels compared with the mean for control population. The results were as follows: 91% had uricaemia at a level higher than the controls. Of these, 61% had uricaemia above 70 mg/l in the men and youths of over 15 years of age, and above 60 mg/l in the women and 50 mg/l in the adolescents. The highest uric acid levels were found in adults with post-operative atrio-ventricular block following surgical correction of a congenital cardiac abnormality, and also in children and adolescence with block which appeared to be congenital.", "contents": "[Incidence of hyperuricemia in atrioventricular block. Systematic study of 158 cases which required implantation of an isotopic cardiac pacemaker]. This is a study of 158 patients in whom the placement of an isotopic cardiac pacemaker was indicated; this procedure was carried out Broussais Hospital between 1970 and 1975. These patients, whose mean age was 39 (84 males, 47 females, 12 young men and 15 young women) were examined for uricaemia, and the levels compared with the mean for control population. The results were as follows: 91% had uricaemia at a level higher than the controls. Of these, 61% had uricaemia above 70 mg/l in the men and youths of over 15 years of age, and above 60 mg/l in the women and 50 mg/l in the adolescents. The highest uric acid levels were found in adults with post-operative atrio-ventricular block following surgical correction of a congenital cardiac abnormality, and also in children and adolescence with block which appeared to be congenital.", "PMID": 101170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4615", "title": "[The short PR syndrome: sino-atrial block with preservation of sino-nodal conduction].", "content": "From among the theories which have been advanced to explain the finding on ECG of a shorter than normal PR interval, in addition to the short circuit theory we should mention the explanation given by Condorelli before the first publication on the \"short PR-normal QRS\" syndrome appeared. While studying the mechanism of conduction of a stimulus in the atrial myocardium, he showed that a short PR may result from a conduction defect in the sino-atrial pathways, while sino-nodal conduction remains normal. In this report there is an example which supports the validity of Condorelli's hypothesis. It involves a female patient with mitral valve disease beginning to affect the tricuspid. Her rheumatic disease had just relapsed, and after this there was a long period of attacks of tachycardia with arrhythmia during the course of which the surface electrocardiogram showed a short PR and normal QRS. Electrophysiological investigations allowed us to interpret these findings in the light of Condorelli's hypothesis (sino-atrial block with normal sino-nodal conduction). This study suggests that it is useful to separate off those cases with a short PR and normal QRS to a clinical entity of their own, as this syndrome may have a different pathogenesis. Therefore, if there is no electrocardiographic evidence of an accessory pathway, far from indicating accelerated conduction, the short PR may be due to an isolated defect of conduction in the atrial myocardium, as Condorelli suggested. It is also correct that this author should be given credit for describing the first cases. To him also should go credit for first describing the short PR.", "contents": "[The short PR syndrome: sino-atrial block with preservation of sino-nodal conduction]. From among the theories which have been advanced to explain the finding on ECG of a shorter than normal PR interval, in addition to the short circuit theory we should mention the explanation given by Condorelli before the first publication on the \"short PR-normal QRS\" syndrome appeared. While studying the mechanism of conduction of a stimulus in the atrial myocardium, he showed that a short PR may result from a conduction defect in the sino-atrial pathways, while sino-nodal conduction remains normal. In this report there is an example which supports the validity of Condorelli's hypothesis. It involves a female patient with mitral valve disease beginning to affect the tricuspid. Her rheumatic disease had just relapsed, and after this there was a long period of attacks of tachycardia with arrhythmia during the course of which the surface electrocardiogram showed a short PR and normal QRS. Electrophysiological investigations allowed us to interpret these findings in the light of Condorelli's hypothesis (sino-atrial block with normal sino-nodal conduction). This study suggests that it is useful to separate off those cases with a short PR and normal QRS to a clinical entity of their own, as this syndrome may have a different pathogenesis. Therefore, if there is no electrocardiographic evidence of an accessory pathway, far from indicating accelerated conduction, the short PR may be due to an isolated defect of conduction in the atrial myocardium, as Condorelli suggested. It is also correct that this author should be given credit for describing the first cases. To him also should go credit for first describing the short PR.", "PMID": 101171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4616", "title": "[Crenelation of Beall's prostheses in mitral position: apropos of 21 reoperated cases].", "content": "The authors report their experience of 21 revision operations for malfunction of the Beall Surgitool 104 prosthesis used in the mitral position. The incidence and uniformity of the disorders found in the prostheses suggest that these changes are produced inevitably usually during the fourth year. The disc becomes kinked, the mountings eroded, and the teflon ring torn. The clinical features are the onset of heart failure, anaemia, or a thrombo-embolic episode. These three findings may occur individually or in association. The authors do not advise systematic revision surgery, but conclude that close follow-up is essential in the case of all patients who have had a Beall prosthesis. Early signs of failure should be revealed by clinical examination, the level of LDH, and by phonocardiogram and echocardiogram studies. Leaving aside thrombo-embolic episodes and severe anaemia which themselves constitute indications for revision surgery, the decision to replace the damaged prosthesis should be taken as soon as the first signs of cardiac failure are detected.", "contents": "[Crenelation of Beall's prostheses in mitral position: apropos of 21 reoperated cases]. The authors report their experience of 21 revision operations for malfunction of the Beall Surgitool 104 prosthesis used in the mitral position. The incidence and uniformity of the disorders found in the prostheses suggest that these changes are produced inevitably usually during the fourth year. The disc becomes kinked, the mountings eroded, and the teflon ring torn. The clinical features are the onset of heart failure, anaemia, or a thrombo-embolic episode. These three findings may occur individually or in association. The authors do not advise systematic revision surgery, but conclude that close follow-up is essential in the case of all patients who have had a Beall prosthesis. Early signs of failure should be revealed by clinical examination, the level of LDH, and by phonocardiogram and echocardiogram studies. Leaving aside thrombo-embolic episodes and severe anaemia which themselves constitute indications for revision surgery, the decision to replace the damaged prosthesis should be taken as soon as the first signs of cardiac failure are detected.", "PMID": 101172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4617", "title": "[Total anomalous pulmonary venous return: apropos of an unusual case].", "content": "A case is reported in which the entire pulmonary venous return was abnormal, being retro-cardiac. Unusual features were the age at which the abnormality was discovered (14 years), and the anatomical type of abnormality of pulmonary venous return. The return effectively emptied into a posterior cavity which was \"a diverticulum of the right atrium\" which had a wide communication with the \"normal\" right atrium, which in turn communicated with the left atrium by a highly placed Ostium Secundum. The muscular septum which separated the highly placed auricle of the left atrium and the \"diverticulum\" was removed, and vertical partitioning allowed a right and left atrial cavity to be reconstituted. The post-operative progress was uneventful.", "contents": "[Total anomalous pulmonary venous return: apropos of an unusual case]. A case is reported in which the entire pulmonary venous return was abnormal, being retro-cardiac. Unusual features were the age at which the abnormality was discovered (14 years), and the anatomical type of abnormality of pulmonary venous return. The return effectively emptied into a posterior cavity which was \"a diverticulum of the right atrium\" which had a wide communication with the \"normal\" right atrium, which in turn communicated with the left atrium by a highly placed Ostium Secundum. The muscular septum which separated the highly placed auricle of the left atrium and the \"diverticulum\" was removed, and vertical partitioning allowed a right and left atrial cavity to be reconstituted. The post-operative progress was uneventful.", "PMID": 101173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4618", "title": "[Myxoma of the right ventricle in monozygotic twins: surgical ablation].", "content": "Monozygotic twins aged 23 underwent surgery, at an interval of 4 months from each other, for a myxomatous tumour of the right ventricle which had been completely asymptomatic until then. The authors present the clinical, electrocardiographic and angiographic findings, together with details of the operation and of the histological findings. They recall how rare a site this is, and summarise some of the observations which have been made on familial myxomas.", "contents": "[Myxoma of the right ventricle in monozygotic twins: surgical ablation]. Monozygotic twins aged 23 underwent surgery, at an interval of 4 months from each other, for a myxomatous tumour of the right ventricle which had been completely asymptomatic until then. The authors present the clinical, electrocardiographic and angiographic findings, together with details of the operation and of the histological findings. They recall how rare a site this is, and summarise some of the observations which have been made on familial myxomas.", "PMID": 101174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4619", "title": "[Hypertensive cardiopathy: study of external tracings and noninvasive tests].", "content": "Hypertensive heart disease has been studied by means of the maximal exercise test, mechanographic techniques and echocardiography. The patients have been divided into three groups according to their electrocardiogram and the size of their heart as measured radiologically: I: normal ECG, normal size; II: ECG shows left atrial hypertrophy, heart of normal size; III: ECG shows left ventricular hypertrophy, heart is dilated. The total work on exercise decreases from group I to group III. The parameters of the pumping action (PEP/TEVG, VCF, FE) were identical in all three groups and were normal. The relationship A/H on the apexogram and the left ventricular mass/volume relationship on the echocardiogram increased from group I to group III. One possible interpretation of these findings suggests an alteration in diastolic compliance of the left ventricle in the early stages of hypertensive heart disease. The response to beta-blockers as measured on the echocardiogram also argue in favour of this theory.", "contents": "[Hypertensive cardiopathy: study of external tracings and noninvasive tests]. Hypertensive heart disease has been studied by means of the maximal exercise test, mechanographic techniques and echocardiography. The patients have been divided into three groups according to their electrocardiogram and the size of their heart as measured radiologically: I: normal ECG, normal size; II: ECG shows left atrial hypertrophy, heart of normal size; III: ECG shows left ventricular hypertrophy, heart is dilated. The total work on exercise decreases from group I to group III. The parameters of the pumping action (PEP/TEVG, VCF, FE) were identical in all three groups and were normal. The relationship A/H on the apexogram and the left ventricular mass/volume relationship on the echocardiogram increased from group I to group III. One possible interpretation of these findings suggests an alteration in diastolic compliance of the left ventricle in the early stages of hypertensive heart disease. The response to beta-blockers as measured on the echocardiogram also argue in favour of this theory.", "PMID": 101175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4620", "title": "[Arterial hypertension and maintenance hemodialysis: effects of specific inhibition of angiotensin II by saralasin acetate].", "content": "The \"effective\" contribution of angiotensin II in blood pressure regulation was investigated in 6 patients on maintenance hemodialysis who were hypertensive at the time of the study (MAP 133 +/- 5 mmHg). Saralasin, a specific angiotensin II inhibitor, was infused at 0.5 and 2.5 microgram/kg/mn three hours before andone hour after hemodialysis. Before hemodialysis, a mean arterial pressure decrease of 13.2 to 19 p. 100 was obtained in 5 patients, arterial pressure being normalized in three of them. After hemodialysis, saralasin induced a normalization of arterial pressure in these 5 subjects. One patient, who was resistant to the saralasin infusion before and after the hemodialysis procedure, can be considered as purely volume-dependent. The renin-angiotensin system is probably one of the primary determinant of dialysis-resistant hypertension. However, a negative response to saralasin should encourage to control hypertension by more vigorous ultrafiltration during dialysis.", "contents": "[Arterial hypertension and maintenance hemodialysis: effects of specific inhibition of angiotensin II by saralasin acetate]. The \"effective\" contribution of angiotensin II in blood pressure regulation was investigated in 6 patients on maintenance hemodialysis who were hypertensive at the time of the study (MAP 133 +/- 5 mmHg). Saralasin, a specific angiotensin II inhibitor, was infused at 0.5 and 2.5 microgram/kg/mn three hours before andone hour after hemodialysis. Before hemodialysis, a mean arterial pressure decrease of 13.2 to 19 p. 100 was obtained in 5 patients, arterial pressure being normalized in three of them. After hemodialysis, saralasin induced a normalization of arterial pressure in these 5 subjects. One patient, who was resistant to the saralasin infusion before and after the hemodialysis procedure, can be considered as purely volume-dependent. The renin-angiotensin system is probably one of the primary determinant of dialysis-resistant hypertension. However, a negative response to saralasin should encourage to control hypertension by more vigorous ultrafiltration during dialysis.", "PMID": 101176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4621", "title": "[Arterial hypertension and mortality due to cardiovascular complications in patients on chronic hemodialysis].", "content": "Cardiovascular accidents are the commonest cause of death in patients on intermittent haemodialysis. Our study concerns 158 adult patients in terminal renal failure who were treated by periodic dialysis; it was carried out at Necker Hospital between January 1967 and December 1970. Between these dates, 35 patients died, 17 of the deaths being due to unequivocal or probable cardiovascular complications. The diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident was made in 13 cases. The mean age of the patients who died was 38 years. Fatal cerebrovascular accidents occurred especially during the first 12 to 24 months of treatment. The incidence of fatal vascular accidents is greatest in patients who were hypertensive at the beginning of periodic dialysis, and who remained so after six months of dialysis. Our study has therefore shown that hypertension in patients on chronic haemodialysis is a major vascular risk factors; other risk factors, especially metabolic ones, may also play a part.", "contents": "[Arterial hypertension and mortality due to cardiovascular complications in patients on chronic hemodialysis]. Cardiovascular accidents are the commonest cause of death in patients on intermittent haemodialysis. Our study concerns 158 adult patients in terminal renal failure who were treated by periodic dialysis; it was carried out at Necker Hospital between January 1967 and December 1970. Between these dates, 35 patients died, 17 of the deaths being due to unequivocal or probable cardiovascular complications. The diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident was made in 13 cases. The mean age of the patients who died was 38 years. Fatal cerebrovascular accidents occurred especially during the first 12 to 24 months of treatment. The incidence of fatal vascular accidents is greatest in patients who were hypertensive at the beginning of periodic dialysis, and who remained so after six months of dialysis. Our study has therefore shown that hypertension in patients on chronic haemodialysis is a major vascular risk factors; other risk factors, especially metabolic ones, may also play a part.", "PMID": 101177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4622", "title": "[Arterial hypertension in pregnancy: current concepts].", "content": "Although the term hypertension in pregnancy is a simple and uncontroversial one, it unfortunately encompasses some ill defined clinical conditions as well as pre-eclampsia. The prime cause of pre-eclampsia is utero-placental ischaemia. Such utero-placental ischaemia is responsible for the hypothetical secretion of a vasopressor agent and for intravascular coagulation. An immunological cause should also be suspected: a study of the immune profile of the kidney has shown that the glomerular capillaries contain immunoglobulins G and M as well as the C3 fraction of complement. Renal biopsies carried out three months after delivery have shown deposits of C3 in the arteriolar walls. During normal pregnancy, there exists a state of stable equilibrium of hormonal, haemodynamic, haematological and immunological factors. It seems that all components of this equilibrium are disturbed in cases of hypertension in pregnancy.", "contents": "[Arterial hypertension in pregnancy: current concepts]. Although the term hypertension in pregnancy is a simple and uncontroversial one, it unfortunately encompasses some ill defined clinical conditions as well as pre-eclampsia. The prime cause of pre-eclampsia is utero-placental ischaemia. Such utero-placental ischaemia is responsible for the hypothetical secretion of a vasopressor agent and for intravascular coagulation. An immunological cause should also be suspected: a study of the immune profile of the kidney has shown that the glomerular capillaries contain immunoglobulins G and M as well as the C3 fraction of complement. Renal biopsies carried out three months after delivery have shown deposits of C3 in the arteriolar walls. During normal pregnancy, there exists a state of stable equilibrium of hormonal, haemodynamic, haematological and immunological factors. It seems that all components of this equilibrium are disturbed in cases of hypertension in pregnancy.", "PMID": 101178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4623", "title": "[Role of diuretics in arterial hypertension].", "content": "The place of diuretics in the treatment of hypertension (HT) no longer requires to be proved, but their mode of action remains uncertain. Blood volume measurements allow us to distinguish the cases of HT which are volume-dependent, and which constitute the major indication for this type of treatment. The various groups of diuretics have a specific action on the renal tubule, but may all lead to complications, which imply that their use should be rational and that biochemical follow-up should be close when they are administered for a prolonged period. Used singly, diuretics effectively suppress HT in 40 per cent of cases, and when used in association with a beta-blocker, they produce normal blood pressure in 70 per cent of cases.", "contents": "[Role of diuretics in arterial hypertension]. The place of diuretics in the treatment of hypertension (HT) no longer requires to be proved, but their mode of action remains uncertain. Blood volume measurements allow us to distinguish the cases of HT which are volume-dependent, and which constitute the major indication for this type of treatment. The various groups of diuretics have a specific action on the renal tubule, but may all lead to complications, which imply that their use should be rational and that biochemical follow-up should be close when they are administered for a prolonged period. Used singly, diuretics effectively suppress HT in 40 per cent of cases, and when used in association with a beta-blocker, they produce normal blood pressure in 70 per cent of cases.", "PMID": 101179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4624", "title": "[Reproducibility of measurements of arterial pressure and heart rate during exercise test: its significance and application].", "content": "The authors report their findings from a study of the reproductibility of measurements of blood pressure and heart rate both at rest and during exercise (work on a bicycle ergometer) in 19 patients who were tested on two occasions with a mean interval of 9.8 days. A study of the correlations, of variability, and of the findings on applying Student's \"t\" test, have led us to the conclusion that these parameters are more reproduceable on exercise than at rest, and become increasingly reproduceable as exercise increases. These conclusions support the use of an induced hypertension test under exercise.", "contents": "[Reproducibility of measurements of arterial pressure and heart rate during exercise test: its significance and application]. The authors report their findings from a study of the reproductibility of measurements of blood pressure and heart rate both at rest and during exercise (work on a bicycle ergometer) in 19 patients who were tested on two occasions with a mean interval of 9.8 days. A study of the correlations, of variability, and of the findings on applying Student's \"t\" test, have led us to the conclusion that these parameters are more reproduceable on exercise than at rest, and become increasingly reproduceable as exercise increases. These conclusions support the use of an induced hypertension test under exercise.", "PMID": 101180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4625", "title": "[Angina pectoris in a hypertensive patient with left ventricle hypertrophy: echo-angiographic comparisons].", "content": "Not every case of angina pectoris occurring in a hypertensive patient is indicative of coronary atherosclerosis. Nine patients with essential hypertension of moderate degree had attacks of angina of sufficient severity to require investigation by arteriography. In these patients, the coronary arteriogram was normal but ventriculography showed hypertrophy of the walls of the left ventricle of restrictive or obstructive type. These appearances were confirmed by echocardiography which also showed hypertrophy of the septum and, in certain cases, confirmed the involvement of the ventricle, while by contrast the electrocardiogram and radiological appearances of the heart were essentially normal. The beta-blockers may have an important part to play in such conditions, and echocardiography is suggested as part of the routine investigation in cases of hypertension.", "contents": "[Angina pectoris in a hypertensive patient with left ventricle hypertrophy: echo-angiographic comparisons]. Not every case of angina pectoris occurring in a hypertensive patient is indicative of coronary atherosclerosis. Nine patients with essential hypertension of moderate degree had attacks of angina of sufficient severity to require investigation by arteriography. In these patients, the coronary arteriogram was normal but ventriculography showed hypertrophy of the walls of the left ventricle of restrictive or obstructive type. These appearances were confirmed by echocardiography which also showed hypertrophy of the septum and, in certain cases, confirmed the involvement of the ventricle, while by contrast the electrocardiogram and radiological appearances of the heart were essentially normal. The beta-blockers may have an important part to play in such conditions, and echocardiography is suggested as part of the routine investigation in cases of hypertension.", "PMID": 101181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4626", "title": "[Antialdosterones and enzymes of the adrenal gland].", "content": "With subcellular fractions of animal adrenals, the authors have looked for the effect of antialdosterones on different aspects of adrenal metabolism (steroidogenesis, some enzymes of intermediary metabolism, mitochondrial respiration). Antialdosterones act on mitochondrial respiration by inducing an uncoupling effect. Nature of this uncoupling cannot yet by precised. Antialdosterones inhibit steroidogenesis with concentrations corresponding to blood concentrations observed during treatment with these compounds. This inhibition could explain the annulation of hyperaldosteronism secondary to sodium loss and kaliemic replenishment. This enhance the interest of antialdosterones over other diuretics.", "contents": "[Antialdosterones and enzymes of the adrenal gland]. With subcellular fractions of animal adrenals, the authors have looked for the effect of antialdosterones on different aspects of adrenal metabolism (steroidogenesis, some enzymes of intermediary metabolism, mitochondrial respiration). Antialdosterones act on mitochondrial respiration by inducing an uncoupling effect. Nature of this uncoupling cannot yet by precised. Antialdosterones inhibit steroidogenesis with concentrations corresponding to blood concentrations observed during treatment with these compounds. This inhibition could explain the annulation of hyperaldosteronism secondary to sodium loss and kaliemic replenishment. This enhance the interest of antialdosterones over other diuretics.", "PMID": 101182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4627", "title": "[Arterial and renal parenchymal histological data in the areas on polar and truncal arteries in arterial hypertension of adult patients].", "content": "The Cardiac Clinic reports its experience of 16 cases having unilateral curative renal surgery for hypertension in the adult, and has found a particularly high incidence (8 per cent of all cases). A study has been made of the lesions in the malformed and dysplastic renal arteries on the one hand, and of the correspondingly ischaemic and atrophic renal parenchyma on the other. Attention is drawn to the cases of unilateral renal atrophy (50 per cent of cases), the commonest involving gross lymphoplasia of congenital arterial origin. The other cases are of stenotic dysplasias, and special points to notice are the spread of the dysplasia towards the parenchyma, the presence of multiple aneurysms which militate towards nephrectomy, and the relative frequency of dysplasia of the intima (2 cases out of 8).", "contents": "[Arterial and renal parenchymal histological data in the areas on polar and truncal arteries in arterial hypertension of adult patients]. The Cardiac Clinic reports its experience of 16 cases having unilateral curative renal surgery for hypertension in the adult, and has found a particularly high incidence (8 per cent of all cases). A study has been made of the lesions in the malformed and dysplastic renal arteries on the one hand, and of the correspondingly ischaemic and atrophic renal parenchyma on the other. Attention is drawn to the cases of unilateral renal atrophy (50 per cent of cases), the commonest involving gross lymphoplasia of congenital arterial origin. The other cases are of stenotic dysplasias, and special points to notice are the spread of the dysplasia towards the parenchyma, the presence of multiple aneurysms which militate towards nephrectomy, and the relative frequency of dysplasia of the intima (2 cases out of 8).", "PMID": 101183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4628", "title": "Dynamic changes of optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) caused by brief visual fixation periods in monkey and in man.", "content": "Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) continues after the cessation of visual stimulation in complete darkness as primary optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN I). After variable periods of time, it is followed by secondary OKAN (OKAN II). Short periods of visual fixation during OKAN I in monkey and in man inhibit OKAN I, but enhance OKAN II. The enhanced OKAN II starts earlier, lasts longer, and often reaches higher slow-phase velocities than in control experiments. Therefore, OKAN II depends not on the ocurrence or strength of OKAN I, but mainly on parameters of the preceding optokinetic stimulus. Results suggest that OKAN I duration is partially determined by the development of OKAN II.", "contents": "Dynamic changes of optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) caused by brief visual fixation periods in monkey and in man. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) continues after the cessation of visual stimulation in complete darkness as primary optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN I). After variable periods of time, it is followed by secondary OKAN (OKAN II). Short periods of visual fixation during OKAN I in monkey and in man inhibit OKAN I, but enhance OKAN II. The enhanced OKAN II starts earlier, lasts longer, and often reaches higher slow-phase velocities than in control experiments. Therefore, OKAN II depends not on the ocurrence or strength of OKAN I, but mainly on parameters of the preceding optokinetic stimulus. Results suggest that OKAN I duration is partially determined by the development of OKAN II.", "PMID": 101185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4629", "title": "Treatment of childhood epilepsy with dipropylacetic acid (DPA).", "content": "Dipropylacetate (DPA) was used in the treatment of different types of epilepsy in 112 children aged 1--20 years, with a mean age of 9.2 years, for a period of 19.8 months, ranging from 1 to 49 months. Of this group, 64 children were therapy-resistant to other antiepileptic medications prior to the introduction of DPA; 31 were treated for the first time with an antiepileptic drug, which was DPA; 44 were treated with DPA alone; and 68 had one or more additional antiepileptic medication. The following results were found while DPA was administered in a relatively high dosage with a mean of 48 mg/kg body weight/day and ranging from 7 to 125 mg/kg/day. 1. Statistically, the results are significantly better in primary generalized epilepsy than in partial or in secondary generalized epilepsy. 2. Ninety-two percent of 51 patients who had absences were treated successfully. The same applies to 87% of 30 patients with primary generalized grand mal with spike wave, to all four patients who had impulsive petit mal, and to 47% of the 15 patients who had centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic petit mal. 3. Positive effect of DPA in partial epilepsy and secondary generalized epilepsy was seen only if the EEG pattern was 'centrencephalic' besides focal changes. During therapy with DPA, five patients with pure focal EEG showed an increase in seizure frequency, which demonstrated complete therapeutic failure. 4. Centrencephalic seizure activity (irregular spike wave, 3/s spike wave, and more than 3.5/s spike wave) were treated successfully (P less than 0.001). Focal changes or focal sharp wave with tendency to spread or generalization were treated unsucessfully.", "contents": "Treatment of childhood epilepsy with dipropylacetic acid (DPA). Dipropylacetate (DPA) was used in the treatment of different types of epilepsy in 112 children aged 1--20 years, with a mean age of 9.2 years, for a period of 19.8 months, ranging from 1 to 49 months. Of this group, 64 children were therapy-resistant to other antiepileptic medications prior to the introduction of DPA; 31 were treated for the first time with an antiepileptic drug, which was DPA; 44 were treated with DPA alone; and 68 had one or more additional antiepileptic medication. The following results were found while DPA was administered in a relatively high dosage with a mean of 48 mg/kg body weight/day and ranging from 7 to 125 mg/kg/day. 1. Statistically, the results are significantly better in primary generalized epilepsy than in partial or in secondary generalized epilepsy. 2. Ninety-two percent of 51 patients who had absences were treated successfully. The same applies to 87% of 30 patients with primary generalized grand mal with spike wave, to all four patients who had impulsive petit mal, and to 47% of the 15 patients who had centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic petit mal. 3. Positive effect of DPA in partial epilepsy and secondary generalized epilepsy was seen only if the EEG pattern was 'centrencephalic' besides focal changes. During therapy with DPA, five patients with pure focal EEG showed an increase in seizure frequency, which demonstrated complete therapeutic failure. 4. Centrencephalic seizure activity (irregular spike wave, 3/s spike wave, and more than 3.5/s spike wave) were treated successfully (P less than 0.001). Focal changes or focal sharp wave with tendency to spread or generalization were treated unsucessfully.", "PMID": 101186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4630", "title": "The cost of school dental care: a preliminary economic analysis.", "content": "The cost of school dental care provided by the South Australian School Dental Service is compared with the cost of funding similar care through an hypothetical alternative based on fee-for-service. The results of both cost-benefit and cost-effective analysis suggest that the school dental programme is an economically acceptable method of delivering school dental care.", "contents": "The cost of school dental care: a preliminary economic analysis. The cost of school dental care provided by the South Australian School Dental Service is compared with the cost of funding similar care through an hypothetical alternative based on fee-for-service. The results of both cost-benefit and cost-effective analysis suggest that the school dental programme is an economically acceptable method of delivering school dental care.", "PMID": 101188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4631", "title": "Cost of health care services in the treatment of cancer.", "content": "In the provision of cancer therapy, usage of expensive cancer facilities and deployment of cancer services to the full, the aims and performance of a comprehensive cancer centre have been discussed. Increasing utilization of cancer chemotherapy and its cost have been contrasted with that of radiotherapy. With the current expansion in oncology there is a limit to what the cancer centre can make available within the specific tumour clinic role and for general cancer treatment purposes at other hospitals. It is timely to attempt rationalization of the cancer arrangements peripheral to the centre.", "contents": "Cost of health care services in the treatment of cancer. In the provision of cancer therapy, usage of expensive cancer facilities and deployment of cancer services to the full, the aims and performance of a comprehensive cancer centre have been discussed. Increasing utilization of cancer chemotherapy and its cost have been contrasted with that of radiotherapy. With the current expansion in oncology there is a limit to what the cancer centre can make available within the specific tumour clinic role and for general cancer treatment purposes at other hospitals. It is timely to attempt rationalization of the cancer arrangements peripheral to the centre.", "PMID": 101189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4632", "title": "Substrate specificity and properties of uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase purified to apparent homogeneity from phenobarbital-treated rat liver.", "content": "1. The purification to homogeneity of stable highly active preparations of UDP-glucuronyltransferase from liver of phenobarbital-treated rats is briefly described. 2. A single polypeptide was visible after sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, of mol.wt.57000. 3. Antiserum raised against the pure enzyme produces a single sharp precipitin line after Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis. 4. The pure UDP-glucuronyltransferase isolated from livers of untreated and phenobarbital-pretreated rats appears to be the same enzyme. 5. The Km (UDP-glucuronic acid) of the pure enzyme is 5.4 mM. 6. The activity of the pure enzyme towards 2-aminophenol can still be activated 2-3-fold by diethylnitrosamine. 7. UDP-glucose and UDP-galacturonic acid are not substrates for the purified enzyme. 8. The final preparation catalysed the glucuronidation of 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol, 2-aminophenol, morphine and 2-aminobenzoate. 9. Activities towards 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol and 2-aminophenol were all copurified. The proposed heterogeneity of UDP-glucuronyltransferase is discussed.", "contents": "Substrate specificity and properties of uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase purified to apparent homogeneity from phenobarbital-treated rat liver. 1. The purification to homogeneity of stable highly active preparations of UDP-glucuronyltransferase from liver of phenobarbital-treated rats is briefly described. 2. A single polypeptide was visible after sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, of mol.wt.57000. 3. Antiserum raised against the pure enzyme produces a single sharp precipitin line after Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis. 4. The pure UDP-glucuronyltransferase isolated from livers of untreated and phenobarbital-pretreated rats appears to be the same enzyme. 5. The Km (UDP-glucuronic acid) of the pure enzyme is 5.4 mM. 6. The activity of the pure enzyme towards 2-aminophenol can still be activated 2-3-fold by diethylnitrosamine. 7. UDP-glucose and UDP-galacturonic acid are not substrates for the purified enzyme. 8. The final preparation catalysed the glucuronidation of 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol, 2-aminophenol, morphine and 2-aminobenzoate. 9. Activities towards 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol and 2-aminophenol were all copurified. The proposed heterogeneity of UDP-glucuronyltransferase is discussed.", "PMID": 101208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4633", "title": "Immunochemical characterization of casein from rabbit mammary gland.", "content": "1. Excellent precipitating antibodies to rabbit recombined casein polypeptides were obtained in a sheep after 8 weeks of immunization with rabbit recombined polypeptides coupled to Sepharose-albumin. 2. The antiserum was assessed for specificity by several immunochemical techniques and was monospecific when tested against acid-precipitated casein, recombined casein and extracts of lactating rabbit mammary tissue. 3. A specific anti-casein immunoglobulin fraction was prepared by immunoadsorption of the antiserum by using Sepharose-recombined casein as immunoadsorbent. 4. The specific anti-casein immunoglobulin was used to prepare a Sepharose-anti-casein immunoadsorbent for the isolation of casein from extracts of rabbit mammary tissue.", "contents": "Immunochemical characterization of casein from rabbit mammary gland. 1. Excellent precipitating antibodies to rabbit recombined casein polypeptides were obtained in a sheep after 8 weeks of immunization with rabbit recombined polypeptides coupled to Sepharose-albumin. 2. The antiserum was assessed for specificity by several immunochemical techniques and was monospecific when tested against acid-precipitated casein, recombined casein and extracts of lactating rabbit mammary tissue. 3. A specific anti-casein immunoglobulin fraction was prepared by immunoadsorption of the antiserum by using Sepharose-recombined casein as immunoadsorbent. 4. The specific anti-casein immunoglobulin was used to prepare a Sepharose-anti-casein immunoadsorbent for the isolation of casein from extracts of rabbit mammary tissue.", "PMID": 101209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4634", "title": "Superoxide dismutase and catalase in the protection of the proton-donating systems of nitrogen fixation in the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica.", "content": "1. Superoxide dismutase activity was present in the heterocysts and vegetative cells of Anabaena cylindrica, but was always lower in the heterocysts. 2. No qualitative differences were found in the superoxide dismutase from the two cellular types. 3. Catalase activity was also present in both cellular types. 4. Most of the NADP reductase activity, as assayed with menadione or ferredoxin as electron acceptor, was localized within the heterocysts. 5. Studies on H2 consumption showed that most of the hydrogenase activity was associated with the heterocysts. 6. The results are discussed in terms of the postulate that superoxide dismutase and catalase are involved in the protection of the proton-donating systems participating in N2 fixation and H2 metabolism of heterocysts.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase and catalase in the protection of the proton-donating systems of nitrogen fixation in the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica. 1. Superoxide dismutase activity was present in the heterocysts and vegetative cells of Anabaena cylindrica, but was always lower in the heterocysts. 2. No qualitative differences were found in the superoxide dismutase from the two cellular types. 3. Catalase activity was also present in both cellular types. 4. Most of the NADP reductase activity, as assayed with menadione or ferredoxin as electron acceptor, was localized within the heterocysts. 5. Studies on H2 consumption showed that most of the hydrogenase activity was associated with the heterocysts. 6. The results are discussed in terms of the postulate that superoxide dismutase and catalase are involved in the protection of the proton-donating systems participating in N2 fixation and H2 metabolism of heterocysts.", "PMID": 101210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4635", "title": "Functional heterogeneity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase as indicated by its differential development and inducibility by glucocorticoids. Demonstration of two groups within the enzyme's activity towards twelve substrates.", "content": "1. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity towards 12 substrates has been assessed in rat liver during the perinatal period. 2. Between days 16 and 20 of gestation, enzyme activities towards the substrates 2-aminophenol, 2-aminobenzoate, 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol, 4-methylumbelliferone and 5-hydroxytryptamine (the 'late foetal' group) surge to reach adult values, while activities towards bilirubin, testosterone, beta-oestradiol, morphine, phenolphthalein, and chloramphenicol (the 'neonatal' group) remain negligible or at less than 10% of adult values. 3. By the second postnatal day, enzyme activities towards the neonatal group have attained, or approached adult values. 4. Dexamethasone precociously stimulates in 17-day foetal liver in utero transferase activities in the late foetal, but not the neonatal group. A similar inductive pattern is found for 15-day foetal liver in organ culture. 5. It is suggested that foetal glucocorticoids, whose synthesis markedly increases between days 16 and 20 of gestation, are responsibile for triggering the simultaneous surge of all the hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities in the late foetal group. The neonatal group of activities apparently require a different or additional stimulus for their appearance. 6. The relationship of these two groups of transferase activities to other similar groups observed during induction by xenobiotics and enzyme purification is discussed.", "contents": "Functional heterogeneity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase as indicated by its differential development and inducibility by glucocorticoids. Demonstration of two groups within the enzyme's activity towards twelve substrates. 1. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity towards 12 substrates has been assessed in rat liver during the perinatal period. 2. Between days 16 and 20 of gestation, enzyme activities towards the substrates 2-aminophenol, 2-aminobenzoate, 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol, 4-methylumbelliferone and 5-hydroxytryptamine (the 'late foetal' group) surge to reach adult values, while activities towards bilirubin, testosterone, beta-oestradiol, morphine, phenolphthalein, and chloramphenicol (the 'neonatal' group) remain negligible or at less than 10% of adult values. 3. By the second postnatal day, enzyme activities towards the neonatal group have attained, or approached adult values. 4. Dexamethasone precociously stimulates in 17-day foetal liver in utero transferase activities in the late foetal, but not the neonatal group. A similar inductive pattern is found for 15-day foetal liver in organ culture. 5. It is suggested that foetal glucocorticoids, whose synthesis markedly increases between days 16 and 20 of gestation, are responsibile for triggering the simultaneous surge of all the hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities in the late foetal group. The neonatal group of activities apparently require a different or additional stimulus for their appearance. 6. The relationship of these two groups of transferase activities to other similar groups observed during induction by xenobiotics and enzyme purification is discussed.", "PMID": 101211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4636", "title": "Metabolism and the triggering of germination of Bacillus megaterium. Concentrations of amino acids, organic acids, adenine nucleotides and nicotinamide nucleotides during germination.", "content": "A considerable amount of evidence suggests that metabolism of germinants or metabolism stimulated by them is involved in triggering bacterial-spore germination. On the assumption that such a metabolic trigger might lead to relatively small biochemical changes in the first few minutes of germination, sensitive analytical techniques were used to detect any changes in spore components during the L-alanine-triggered germination of Bacillus megaterium KM spores. These experiments showed that no changes in spore free amino acids or ATP occurred until 2-3 min after L-alanine addition. Spores contained almost no oxo acids (pyruvate, alpha-oxoglutarate, oxaloacetate), malate or reduced NAD. These compounds were again not detectable until 2-3 min after addition of germinants. It is suggested, therefore, that metabolism associated with these intermediates is not involved in the triggering of germination of this organism.", "contents": "Metabolism and the triggering of germination of Bacillus megaterium. Concentrations of amino acids, organic acids, adenine nucleotides and nicotinamide nucleotides during germination. A considerable amount of evidence suggests that metabolism of germinants or metabolism stimulated by them is involved in triggering bacterial-spore germination. On the assumption that such a metabolic trigger might lead to relatively small biochemical changes in the first few minutes of germination, sensitive analytical techniques were used to detect any changes in spore components during the L-alanine-triggered germination of Bacillus megaterium KM spores. These experiments showed that no changes in spore free amino acids or ATP occurred until 2-3 min after L-alanine addition. Spores contained almost no oxo acids (pyruvate, alpha-oxoglutarate, oxaloacetate), malate or reduced NAD. These compounds were again not detectable until 2-3 min after addition of germinants. It is suggested, therefore, that metabolism associated with these intermediates is not involved in the triggering of germination of this organism.", "PMID": 101212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4637", "title": "Metabolism and the triggering of germination of Bacillus megaterium. Use of L-[3H]alanine and tritiated water to detect metabolism.", "content": "L-[2,3-3H]Alanine was used to probe for metabolism of alanine during triggering of germination of spores of Bacillus megaterium KM. No detectable incorporation of label into any compound, including water, was found, indicating that any metabolism involving the alanine germinant must be at a very low rate and also that alanine racemase is absent from spores of this strain. Spores were germinated in 3H2O to find if any of the many metabolic reactions causing irreversible incorporation of 3H into reaction products took place during triggering of germination. No incorporation was detected until 2-3 min after addition of germinants. It is therefore concluded that a wide variety of metabolic routes, including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway and amino acid metabolism are either not involved in the reactions causing the triggering of germination or operate at an extremely low rate during this process.", "contents": "Metabolism and the triggering of germination of Bacillus megaterium. Use of L-[3H]alanine and tritiated water to detect metabolism. L-[2,3-3H]Alanine was used to probe for metabolism of alanine during triggering of germination of spores of Bacillus megaterium KM. No detectable incorporation of label into any compound, including water, was found, indicating that any metabolism involving the alanine germinant must be at a very low rate and also that alanine racemase is absent from spores of this strain. Spores were germinated in 3H2O to find if any of the many metabolic reactions causing irreversible incorporation of 3H into reaction products took place during triggering of germination. No incorporation was detected until 2-3 min after addition of germinants. It is therefore concluded that a wide variety of metabolic routes, including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway and amino acid metabolism are either not involved in the reactions causing the triggering of germination or operate at an extremely low rate during this process.", "PMID": 101213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4638", "title": "Demonstration of functional heterogeneity of hepatic uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase activities after administration of 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital to rats.", "content": "After the administration of 3-methylcholanthrene to adult male rats, activities of hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase towards six from a group of 12 substrates were stimulated by 250-350%. Activities towards the remaining six substrates were unaffected. Conversely, after phenobarbital administration, activities formerly stimulated by 3-methylcholanthrene remained unchanged, and the other six activities were stimulated by 160-280%. The relationship of these two groups of transferase activities to other evidence suggesting the same heterogeneity of the enzyme is discussed.", "contents": "Demonstration of functional heterogeneity of hepatic uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase activities after administration of 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital to rats. After the administration of 3-methylcholanthrene to adult male rats, activities of hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase towards six from a group of 12 substrates were stimulated by 250-350%. Activities towards the remaining six substrates were unaffected. Conversely, after phenobarbital administration, activities formerly stimulated by 3-methylcholanthrene remained unchanged, and the other six activities were stimulated by 160-280%. The relationship of these two groups of transferase activities to other evidence suggesting the same heterogeneity of the enzyme is discussed.", "PMID": 101214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4639", "title": "Comparison of atenolol with propranolol in the treatment of angina pectoris with special reference to once daily administration of atenolol.", "content": "Fourteen patients with angina pectoris completed a double blind trial of atenolol 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg twice daily and propranolol 80 mg thrice daily. In comparison with placebo, all active treatments significantly reduced anginal attacks, consumption of glyceryl trinitrate, resting and exercise heart rate, resting and exercise systolic blood pressure, and significantly prolonged exercise time. There was no significant difference between the effects of propranolol and atenolol. Nine patients completed a further trial comparing atenolol given once or twice daily. Both regimens were effective and there was no significant difference between the reductions in anginal attacks, glyceryl trinitrate consumption, systolic blood pressure, or heart rate. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms showed that atenolol consistently reduced heart rate throughout the 24-hour period whether given once or twice daily. Atenolol is a potent antianginal agent which, in most patients, is likely to be effective once daily.", "contents": "Comparison of atenolol with propranolol in the treatment of angina pectoris with special reference to once daily administration of atenolol. Fourteen patients with angina pectoris completed a double blind trial of atenolol 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg twice daily and propranolol 80 mg thrice daily. In comparison with placebo, all active treatments significantly reduced anginal attacks, consumption of glyceryl trinitrate, resting and exercise heart rate, resting and exercise systolic blood pressure, and significantly prolonged exercise time. There was no significant difference between the effects of propranolol and atenolol. Nine patients completed a further trial comparing atenolol given once or twice daily. Both regimens were effective and there was no significant difference between the reductions in anginal attacks, glyceryl trinitrate consumption, systolic blood pressure, or heart rate. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms showed that atenolol consistently reduced heart rate throughout the 24-hour period whether given once or twice daily. Atenolol is a potent antianginal agent which, in most patients, is likely to be effective once daily.", "PMID": 101223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4640", "title": "Anaesthesia for studies of the cerebral circulation: a comparison of phencyclidine and althesin in the baboon.", "content": "The effects of phencyclidine on cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen and carbon dioxide reactivity were compared with those of Althesin in six baboons. Under similar and stable levels (Stage 1) of electroencephalographic activity cerebral blood flow and the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen were significantly less during the infusion of Althesin when compared with the values obtained during the infusion of phencyclidine. Reactivity to carbon dioxide was present and similar during the infusion of either drug.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for studies of the cerebral circulation: a comparison of phencyclidine and althesin in the baboon. The effects of phencyclidine on cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen and carbon dioxide reactivity were compared with those of Althesin in six baboons. Under similar and stable levels (Stage 1) of electroencephalographic activity cerebral blood flow and the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen were significantly less during the infusion of Althesin when compared with the values obtained during the infusion of phencyclidine. Reactivity to carbon dioxide was present and similar during the infusion of either drug.", "PMID": 101224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4641", "title": "E.E.G. monitoring for the control of anaesthesia produced by the infusion of althesin in primates.", "content": "The continuous infusion of Althesin under electroencephalographic (e.e.g.) control provided a constant level of light anaesthesia for periods of 1--5.5 h during experimental brain hypoxia in spontaneously breathing baboons and Rhesus monkeys. Polygraphic records (respiration, heart rate, arterial pressure, cerebral venous sinus pressure, end-tidal gas concentrations) and also estimation of blood-gas tensions, pH, and concentrations of pyruvate and lactate demonstrated a steady physiological state. Various methods of e.e.g. monitoring were tested to establish an optimal assessment of depth of anaesthesia as a guide to the control of the rate of infusion of Althesin. A purpose-built modification of the Cerebral Function Monitor was found to give unequivocal recognition of changing depths of anaesthesia.", "contents": "E.E.G. monitoring for the control of anaesthesia produced by the infusion of althesin in primates. The continuous infusion of Althesin under electroencephalographic (e.e.g.) control provided a constant level of light anaesthesia for periods of 1--5.5 h during experimental brain hypoxia in spontaneously breathing baboons and Rhesus monkeys. Polygraphic records (respiration, heart rate, arterial pressure, cerebral venous sinus pressure, end-tidal gas concentrations) and also estimation of blood-gas tensions, pH, and concentrations of pyruvate and lactate demonstrated a steady physiological state. Various methods of e.e.g. monitoring were tested to establish an optimal assessment of depth of anaesthesia as a guide to the control of the rate of infusion of Althesin. A purpose-built modification of the Cerebral Function Monitor was found to give unequivocal recognition of changing depths of anaesthesia.", "PMID": 101225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4642", "title": "Immunity to Brucella in mice vaccinated with a fraction (F8) or a killed vaccine (H38) with or without adjuvant. Level and duration of immunity in relation to dose of vaccine, recall injection and age of mice.", "content": "Immunity to Brucella in the mouse, assessed by bacterial spleen counts 15 days after intraperitoneal inoculation of a standard challenge of B. abortus 544, has been studied with two vaccines, one experimental, composed of a fraction of the bacterial cell-wall (F8) extracted from B. abortus 99, the other of killed whole bacteria, B. melitensis 53 H38, taken as reference (H38). The level of primary immunity depended on the dose of vaccine, the presence of oil adjuvant and the age of the mouse. The presence of adjuvant enabled the immunization to F8 to continue beyond the first month, to reach its maximum around the fourth month, and to remain stable for at least 7 months. A booster injection 3 or 6 months after the primary vaccination reinforced existing immunity but did not increase it beyond a certain level. The effect of the recall injection was clearly demonstrated with low doses which gave a lower level of primary immunity.", "contents": "Immunity to Brucella in mice vaccinated with a fraction (F8) or a killed vaccine (H38) with or without adjuvant. Level and duration of immunity in relation to dose of vaccine, recall injection and age of mice. Immunity to Brucella in the mouse, assessed by bacterial spleen counts 15 days after intraperitoneal inoculation of a standard challenge of B. abortus 544, has been studied with two vaccines, one experimental, composed of a fraction of the bacterial cell-wall (F8) extracted from B. abortus 99, the other of killed whole bacteria, B. melitensis 53 H38, taken as reference (H38). The level of primary immunity depended on the dose of vaccine, the presence of oil adjuvant and the age of the mouse. The presence of adjuvant enabled the immunization to F8 to continue beyond the first month, to reach its maximum around the fourth month, and to remain stable for at least 7 months. A booster injection 3 or 6 months after the primary vaccination reinforced existing immunity but did not increase it beyond a certain level. The effect of the recall injection was clearly demonstrated with low doses which gave a lower level of primary immunity.", "PMID": 101226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4643", "title": "Endometrial ossification associated with secondary infertility.", "content": "A patient with secondary infertility and endometrial ossification after a spontaneous is described. The aetiology and pathogenesis of endometrial ossification are discussed.", "contents": "Endometrial ossification associated with secondary infertility. A patient with secondary infertility and endometrial ossification after a spontaneous is described. The aetiology and pathogenesis of endometrial ossification are discussed.", "PMID": 101229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4644", "title": "Von Hippel's disease in association with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis.", "content": "Ten members of a large family who showed manifestations of either von Hippel-Lindau disease or von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis were examined. Three of 10 members were found to have retinal angiomas which had not been present on fundus examination 3 years previously. These angiomas were associated with ocular and systemic signs of neurofibromatosis. These cases show overlapping manifestations of different phakomatoses and provide support for the concept of a common aetiology for these diseases.", "contents": "Von Hippel's disease in association with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. Ten members of a large family who showed manifestations of either von Hippel-Lindau disease or von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis were examined. Three of 10 members were found to have retinal angiomas which had not been present on fundus examination 3 years previously. These angiomas were associated with ocular and systemic signs of neurofibromatosis. These cases show overlapping manifestations of different phakomatoses and provide support for the concept of a common aetiology for these diseases.", "PMID": 101230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4645", "title": "The procuticle of Drosophila: heterogeneity of urea-soluble proteins.", "content": "Proteins, soluble in 7 M urea, 4 M guanidine hydrochloride, or 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate, have been extracted from untanned larval cuticles of Drosophila melanogaster. A major protein fraction, apparent molecular weight 8000 - 10 000, is resolved into eight different components (five major, three minor) by gradient gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. Proteins extracted in 7 M urea have been resolved by diethylaminoethylcellulose chromatography into five fractions, three of which are greatly enriched for electrophoretically homogeneous proteins. The five fractions have different amino acid compositions. Electrophoretic variants involving four of the five major proteins have been obtained. Preliminary genetic analysis indicates that at least three of the five proteins are specified by separate structural genes.", "contents": "The procuticle of Drosophila: heterogeneity of urea-soluble proteins. Proteins, soluble in 7 M urea, 4 M guanidine hydrochloride, or 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate, have been extracted from untanned larval cuticles of Drosophila melanogaster. A major protein fraction, apparent molecular weight 8000 - 10 000, is resolved into eight different components (five major, three minor) by gradient gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. Proteins extracted in 7 M urea have been resolved by diethylaminoethylcellulose chromatography into five fractions, three of which are greatly enriched for electrophoretically homogeneous proteins. The five fractions have different amino acid compositions. Electrophoretic variants involving four of the five major proteins have been obtained. Preliminary genetic analysis indicates that at least three of the five proteins are specified by separate structural genes.", "PMID": 101231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4646", "title": "Structure of iturine A, a peptidolipid antibiotic from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A mixture of iturines extracted from Bacillus subtilis gave, on column chromatography, iturine A, iturine B, and iturine C. Iturine A has the entire antifungal activity. It is a mixture of two homologous peptidolipids C48,H74N12O14 and C49H76N12O14 (mp 177 degrees C, [alpha]D-1.7 degrees in methanol (c 0.05 g/mL); mol wt 1042 and 1056). The lipid moiety is a mixture of 3-amino-12-methyltridecanoic acid and 3-amino-12-methyltetradecanoic acid. The peptide moiety contains 7 mol of amino acids: D-Asn2, L-Asn, L-Gln, L-Pro, L-Ser, and D-Tyr. A cyclic structure for iturine A with the serine residue linked to the fatty amino acids through a peptide bond has been domonstrated. By mild HCl hydrolysis, lipid-soluble and water-soluble peptides were obtained. They were analyzed by chemical methods and by mass spectrometry. Permethylated and perdeuteriomethylated derivatives of iturine A were also subjected to mass spectrometric analysis. Both chemical analysis and mass spectrometry led to the cyclic structure I for iturine A.", "contents": "Structure of iturine A, a peptidolipid antibiotic from Bacillus subtilis. A mixture of iturines extracted from Bacillus subtilis gave, on column chromatography, iturine A, iturine B, and iturine C. Iturine A has the entire antifungal activity. It is a mixture of two homologous peptidolipids C48,H74N12O14 and C49H76N12O14 (mp 177 degrees C, [alpha]D-1.7 degrees in methanol (c 0.05 g/mL); mol wt 1042 and 1056). The lipid moiety is a mixture of 3-amino-12-methyltridecanoic acid and 3-amino-12-methyltetradecanoic acid. The peptide moiety contains 7 mol of amino acids: D-Asn2, L-Asn, L-Gln, L-Pro, L-Ser, and D-Tyr. A cyclic structure for iturine A with the serine residue linked to the fatty amino acids through a peptide bond has been domonstrated. By mild HCl hydrolysis, lipid-soluble and water-soluble peptides were obtained. They were analyzed by chemical methods and by mass spectrometry. Permethylated and perdeuteriomethylated derivatives of iturine A were also subjected to mass spectrometric analysis. Both chemical analysis and mass spectrometry led to the cyclic structure I for iturine A.", "PMID": 101232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4647", "title": "Retention of the oxygens at C-2 and C-3 of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate in the reaction catalyzed by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase.", "content": "Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase catalyzes the conversion of D ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and CO2 to 3-phospho-D-glycerate, with retention of the oxygen atoms at both C-2 and C-3 of the substrate. This observation is consistent with mechanistic pathways involving an enediol intermediate and eliminates suggested mechanisms that involve covalent intermediates between the enzyme and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate in which the substrate oxygen at C-2 or C-3 is compulsorily lost.", "contents": "Retention of the oxygens at C-2 and C-3 of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate in the reaction catalyzed by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase catalyzes the conversion of D ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and CO2 to 3-phospho-D-glycerate, with retention of the oxygen atoms at both C-2 and C-3 of the substrate. This observation is consistent with mechanistic pathways involving an enediol intermediate and eliminates suggested mechanisms that involve covalent intermediates between the enzyme and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate in which the substrate oxygen at C-2 or C-3 is compulsorily lost.", "PMID": 101236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4648", "title": "Mapping of transcribed regions of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA.", "content": "RNA transcription from defined regions of the Euglena gracilis chloroplast genome has been characterized by hybridization of total cell RNA to 3H-labeled chloroplast DNA restriction endonuclease fragments. Chloroplast DNA was digested into five fragments of 53, 35, 25, 10, and 6.9 kilobase pairs (kbp) with Pst1. The 53-kbp DNA was also subfractionated by BamHI digestion. The extent of transcription of the Pst1 fragments was found to be 30, 17, 15, 2.2, and 2.3 kb of RNA, respectively. The total amount of RNA transcription of 67 kb represents 26% to the double-strand information content of the genome. Transcribed regions are dispersed throughout the DNA. The RNA transcripts are present in two major abundance classes in the cell. High abundance transcripts of approximately 10(6) copies/cell were mapped in the rRNA gene region of the 53-kbp fragment and in the 35-kbp fragment. Low abundance transcripts of approximately 1000--4000 copies/cell were mapped in all five Pst fragments.", "contents": "Mapping of transcribed regions of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA. RNA transcription from defined regions of the Euglena gracilis chloroplast genome has been characterized by hybridization of total cell RNA to 3H-labeled chloroplast DNA restriction endonuclease fragments. Chloroplast DNA was digested into five fragments of 53, 35, 25, 10, and 6.9 kilobase pairs (kbp) with Pst1. The 53-kbp DNA was also subfractionated by BamHI digestion. The extent of transcription of the Pst1 fragments was found to be 30, 17, 15, 2.2, and 2.3 kb of RNA, respectively. The total amount of RNA transcription of 67 kb represents 26% to the double-strand information content of the genome. Transcribed regions are dispersed throughout the DNA. The RNA transcripts are present in two major abundance classes in the cell. High abundance transcripts of approximately 10(6) copies/cell were mapped in the rRNA gene region of the 53-kbp fragment and in the 35-kbp fragment. Low abundance transcripts of approximately 1000--4000 copies/cell were mapped in all five Pst fragments.", "PMID": 101238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4649", "title": "Sequence of a rabbit anti-Micrococcus lysodeikticus antibody light chain.", "content": "The complete sequence of rabbit antibody light-chain L 120 has been elucidated. The antibody was raised against Micrococcus lysodeikticus bacteria and is specific for the external part of the cell wall. All protein used in this work was obtained from a single 50-mL bleeding. The variable region of L 120 is compared to 13 other sequences of chains of different specificities. The constant region of this b4 k chain is identical to that of two other constant regions published earlier. The general structure of the rabbit light chain is compatible with the three-dimensional folding proposed for human myeloma chains.", "contents": "Sequence of a rabbit anti-Micrococcus lysodeikticus antibody light chain. The complete sequence of rabbit antibody light-chain L 120 has been elucidated. The antibody was raised against Micrococcus lysodeikticus bacteria and is specific for the external part of the cell wall. All protein used in this work was obtained from a single 50-mL bleeding. The variable region of L 120 is compared to 13 other sequences of chains of different specificities. The constant region of this b4 k chain is identical to that of two other constant regions published earlier. The general structure of the rabbit light chain is compatible with the three-dimensional folding proposed for human myeloma chains.", "PMID": 101240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4650", "title": "Particle aggregation in photosynthetic membranes of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "Freeze-fracture electron microscopy demonstrates that in photosynthetic membranes of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans quenched from a temperature below growth temperature, areas devoid of membrane particles occur. We suggest that this phenomenon is related to phase transitions in the photosynthetic membrane.", "contents": "Particle aggregation in photosynthetic membranes of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy demonstrates that in photosynthetic membranes of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans quenched from a temperature below growth temperature, areas devoid of membrane particles occur. We suggest that this phenomenon is related to phase transitions in the photosynthetic membrane.", "PMID": 101241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4651", "title": "Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase-deficient plastome mutants of Oenothera.", "content": "In spite of only slightly subnormal pigment contents, two plastome mutants of Oenothera (Valpha, Isigma) were practically incapable of photosynthetic CO2 fixation and another one exhibited considerably reduced photosynthesis (IVbeta). While other photosynthetic enzymes were present as far as investigated, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) activity was very low or missing altogether. As shown by gel electrophoresis, mutant IVbeta contained some, though little, fraction I protein. In the other two mutants fraction I protein could not be detected. Also, neither the small nor the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase could be found in these mutants. In immunodiffusion experiments with a monospecific antiserum against rye ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, only extracts from wild-type Oenothera produced visible precipitation lines. Still, the presence of very low levels of immunochemically reactive antigen was indicated for all three mutants. The highest level was observed in mutant IVbeta. The behaviour of the mutant extracts suggested that the antigens of mutant and wild type leaves reacting with the antiserum were not identical. All mutants appeared to have a coupled electron transport system as shown by ATP measurements, light scattering and 515 nm absorption changes. Linear electron transport was possible in the mutants. Still, the photoresponse of cytochrome f and fluorescence measurements suggested altered electron transport properties in the mutants. These are interpreted to be secondary lesions of the photosynthetic apparatus caused by primary deficiency in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity. From the absence in two mutants (Valpha, Isigna) of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, which is known to be coded for by nuclear DNA and to be synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes, it appears that the genetic system of the plastids is capable of interfering with the genome-controlled synthesis of plastid components.", "contents": "Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase-deficient plastome mutants of Oenothera. In spite of only slightly subnormal pigment contents, two plastome mutants of Oenothera (Valpha, Isigma) were practically incapable of photosynthetic CO2 fixation and another one exhibited considerably reduced photosynthesis (IVbeta). While other photosynthetic enzymes were present as far as investigated, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) activity was very low or missing altogether. As shown by gel electrophoresis, mutant IVbeta contained some, though little, fraction I protein. In the other two mutants fraction I protein could not be detected. Also, neither the small nor the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase could be found in these mutants. In immunodiffusion experiments with a monospecific antiserum against rye ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, only extracts from wild-type Oenothera produced visible precipitation lines. Still, the presence of very low levels of immunochemically reactive antigen was indicated for all three mutants. The highest level was observed in mutant IVbeta. The behaviour of the mutant extracts suggested that the antigens of mutant and wild type leaves reacting with the antiserum were not identical. All mutants appeared to have a coupled electron transport system as shown by ATP measurements, light scattering and 515 nm absorption changes. Linear electron transport was possible in the mutants. Still, the photoresponse of cytochrome f and fluorescence measurements suggested altered electron transport properties in the mutants. These are interpreted to be secondary lesions of the photosynthetic apparatus caused by primary deficiency in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity. From the absence in two mutants (Valpha, Isigna) of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, which is known to be coded for by nuclear DNA and to be synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes, it appears that the genetic system of the plastids is capable of interfering with the genome-controlled synthesis of plastid components.", "PMID": 101242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4652", "title": "Vesicle production of heated and stressed erythrocytes.", "content": "Human erythrocytes develop vesicles by budding when heated to temperatures close to the thermal transition for spectrin. Regularly spaced strings of vesicles also develop if cells heated to 51--54 degrees C are pulled into unstable shapes by flow of liquid between cover slips. These strings of vesicles develop when cells which had attached to the glass are restrained in the flow by a long membrane-bound tether which maintains a connection with the attachment site on the glass. Breakup into regularly spaced vesicles suggests the breakup of a liquid-like cylinder by growth of Rayleigh instabilities. The ratio of length:diameter of the fragments of cylinder on which each disturbance grew ranged from 2.2 to 5.4 to 1 with a peak of 3.2, as measured from scanning electron micrographs. The upper limit of the range is slightly less than the ratio for the disturbance most likely to grow if surface tension and viscosity alone controlled the vesicle formation. Similar vesicle formation when the form-maintaining structures were weakened has been reported in other systems.", "contents": "Vesicle production of heated and stressed erythrocytes. Human erythrocytes develop vesicles by budding when heated to temperatures close to the thermal transition for spectrin. Regularly spaced strings of vesicles also develop if cells heated to 51--54 degrees C are pulled into unstable shapes by flow of liquid between cover slips. These strings of vesicles develop when cells which had attached to the glass are restrained in the flow by a long membrane-bound tether which maintains a connection with the attachment site on the glass. Breakup into regularly spaced vesicles suggests the breakup of a liquid-like cylinder by growth of Rayleigh instabilities. The ratio of length:diameter of the fragments of cylinder on which each disturbance grew ranged from 2.2 to 5.4 to 1 with a peak of 3.2, as measured from scanning electron micrographs. The upper limit of the range is slightly less than the ratio for the disturbance most likely to grow if surface tension and viscosity alone controlled the vesicle formation. Similar vesicle formation when the form-maintaining structures were weakened has been reported in other systems.", "PMID": 101243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4653", "title": "Bilayer-gel membranes. Formation and some properties.", "content": "We developed a new procedure which induces multifunctional reagents to crosslink at one interface between a black bilayer and the adjacent water phase. This procedure yields \"bilayer-gel\" membranes, i.e. membranes consisting of a bilayer and a polymer layer. The bilayer-gel membrane may tentatively be considered to be a new membrane system, because the formation of the polymer layer changes some bilayer properties. We studied bilayer-gel membranes composed of a bilayer of oxidized cholesterol and of a polymer layer of poly-L-lysine crosslinked by glutardialdehyde. Compared to unmodified bilayers, this membrane system has an electrical conductance of the same magnitude, the same electrical capacity and similar shapes of current-voltage dependences. However, this system is asymmetrical and differs in ion selectivity and increased stability from an unmodified bilayer.", "contents": "Bilayer-gel membranes. Formation and some properties. We developed a new procedure which induces multifunctional reagents to crosslink at one interface between a black bilayer and the adjacent water phase. This procedure yields \"bilayer-gel\" membranes, i.e. membranes consisting of a bilayer and a polymer layer. The bilayer-gel membrane may tentatively be considered to be a new membrane system, because the formation of the polymer layer changes some bilayer properties. We studied bilayer-gel membranes composed of a bilayer of oxidized cholesterol and of a polymer layer of poly-L-lysine crosslinked by glutardialdehyde. Compared to unmodified bilayers, this membrane system has an electrical conductance of the same magnitude, the same electrical capacity and similar shapes of current-voltage dependences. However, this system is asymmetrical and differs in ion selectivity and increased stability from an unmodified bilayer.", "PMID": 101244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4654", "title": "The influence of branched-chain and omega-alicyclic fatty acids on the transition temperature of bacillus subtilis lipids.", "content": "The influence of branched-chain and omega-alicyclic fatty acids on the transition temperature of Bacillus subtilis lipids was studied by measuring the fluorescence depolarisation of the probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene incorporated into lipid bilayers. Only anteiso-C15 and C17 fatty acid-enriched lipids showed no transition in the observed temperature range. Compared to the transition of normal lipids iso-fatty acid-enriched lipids have a slightly higher transition temperature. The incorporation of omega-alicyclic fatty acids with increasing size of the alicycle leads to a decrease in the transition temperature. A possible role of omega-cyclohexane fatty acids in Bacillus acidocaldarius is proposed.", "contents": "The influence of branched-chain and omega-alicyclic fatty acids on the transition temperature of bacillus subtilis lipids. The influence of branched-chain and omega-alicyclic fatty acids on the transition temperature of Bacillus subtilis lipids was studied by measuring the fluorescence depolarisation of the probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene incorporated into lipid bilayers. Only anteiso-C15 and C17 fatty acid-enriched lipids showed no transition in the observed temperature range. Compared to the transition of normal lipids iso-fatty acid-enriched lipids have a slightly higher transition temperature. The incorporation of omega-alicyclic fatty acids with increasing size of the alicycle leads to a decrease in the transition temperature. A possible role of omega-cyclohexane fatty acids in Bacillus acidocaldarius is proposed.", "PMID": 101245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4655", "title": "Clustered and interspersed repetitive DNA sequences in four amphibian species with different genome size.", "content": "We have compared the amount of clustered and interspersed repetitive sequences in the genome of four Amphibia with different DNA contents per haploid nucleus: two Anura (Xenopus laevis, 3 pg and Bufo bufo, 7 pg) and two Urodela (Triturus cristatus, 23 pg and Necturus maculosus, 52 pg). High molecular weight DNA of the four species was denatured and reassociated to the same Cot in order to obtain duplex sequences with a similar reiteration frequency. Single-stranded DNA was digested off with the Aspergillus S1 nuclease. DNA was then fractionated according to the molecular weight through an agarose A-50 column. We found that the amount of long repetitive sequences is roughly proportional to the genome size in the four species, while the number of short (about 300 base pairs) repetitive sequences is increased many-fold in the species with the larger DNA content, both in Anura and in Urodela.", "contents": "Clustered and interspersed repetitive DNA sequences in four amphibian species with different genome size. We have compared the amount of clustered and interspersed repetitive sequences in the genome of four Amphibia with different DNA contents per haploid nucleus: two Anura (Xenopus laevis, 3 pg and Bufo bufo, 7 pg) and two Urodela (Triturus cristatus, 23 pg and Necturus maculosus, 52 pg). High molecular weight DNA of the four species was denatured and reassociated to the same Cot in order to obtain duplex sequences with a similar reiteration frequency. Single-stranded DNA was digested off with the Aspergillus S1 nuclease. DNA was then fractionated according to the molecular weight through an agarose A-50 column. We found that the amount of long repetitive sequences is roughly proportional to the genome size in the four species, while the number of short (about 300 base pairs) repetitive sequences is increased many-fold in the species with the larger DNA content, both in Anura and in Urodela.", "PMID": 101246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4656", "title": "Turnover of rat liver malic enzyme during induction by protein deprivation.", "content": "The half-lives of hepatic malic enzyme and total liver soluble proteins were determined in protein-sufficient and protein-deficient rats after injection of tracer doses of radioactively labeled leucine. The results obtained in these experiments have demonstrated that the increased levels of malic enzyme obtained under conditions of severe protein restriction are due to elevated rates of synthesis of the enzyme protein, with no apparent change in the rate of its degradation.", "contents": "Turnover of rat liver malic enzyme during induction by protein deprivation. The half-lives of hepatic malic enzyme and total liver soluble proteins were determined in protein-sufficient and protein-deficient rats after injection of tracer doses of radioactively labeled leucine. The results obtained in these experiments have demonstrated that the increased levels of malic enzyme obtained under conditions of severe protein restriction are due to elevated rates of synthesis of the enzyme protein, with no apparent change in the rate of its degradation.", "PMID": 101247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4657", "title": "Mouse fetal hemoglobin.", "content": "Using isoelectric focusing, a fetal hemoglobin was found in the peripheral blood of C57BL/6 fetal mouse during the 14 to 20 days gestational period. In acid-urea polyacrylamide gel the pattern of this fetal hemoglobin was different from that of the adult hemoglobin. The mouse fetal hemoglobin was differentiated from the mouse adult hemoglobin by immunodiffusion reaction. It suggests that there is a transient fetal hemoglobin in the C57BL/6 mouse during gestational age.", "contents": "Mouse fetal hemoglobin. Using isoelectric focusing, a fetal hemoglobin was found in the peripheral blood of C57BL/6 fetal mouse during the 14 to 20 days gestational period. In acid-urea polyacrylamide gel the pattern of this fetal hemoglobin was different from that of the adult hemoglobin. The mouse fetal hemoglobin was differentiated from the mouse adult hemoglobin by immunodiffusion reaction. It suggests that there is a transient fetal hemoglobin in the C57BL/6 mouse during gestational age.", "PMID": 101248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4658", "title": "Changes in conformation and immunological activity of ovalbumin during its modification with different acid anhydrides.", "content": "In order to probe the cause and nature of conformational changes induced by the chemical modification of amino groups in proteins, five acylated derivatives of ovalbumin namely 21% acetylated, 32% succinylated, 90% butyrated 92% succinylated, and 95% acetylated ovalbumins were prepared and their molecular and immunological properties were systematically investigated. As evidenced by the ultraviolet difference spectral, solvent perturbation, gel filtration, and viscosity data, acylation of the amino groups produced a definite conformational change in native ovalbumin whose extent was higher for higher degrees of chemical modification. The solvent pertubation data showed an exposure of 0.5 tryptophan and 3 tyrosine residues in native ovalbumin; the exposure increased to 1 tryptophan and about 5 tyrosine residues in the maximally modified proteins (i.e. 90% butyrated, 92% succinylated, and 95% acetylated ovalbumins). The Stokes radius (2.7 nm) and intrinsic viscosity (3.9 ml/g) of ovalbumin increased, respectively, to about 3.4 nm and 7.7 ml/g upon acylation of its 18 lysine residues; the intrinsic viscosity of 95% acetylated ovalbumin was 7.2 ml/g. The reduced viscosity of ovalbumin (4.2 ml/g) which remained unaltered on raising the pH to pH 11.2, increased to 7.9 ml/g on succinylation of 18 lysine residues. On raising the ionic strength from 0.15 to 1.0, the value decreased from 7.9 to 6.2 ml/g. These observations taken together with the fact that the intrinsic viscosities of 92% succinylated and 90% butyrated ovalbumins are identical, argue against the presently prevalent proposal that electrostatic effects alone are responsible for the disruption of native protein conformation during chemical modification. The immunological activity of ovalbumin towards rabbit anti-ovalbumin expectedly decreased with acylation of its amino groups but the three maximally modified ovalbumins retained 40% immunological activity. This taken along with the spectral and viscosity data showed substantial native structure (format) in the three maximally acylated derivatives. The rabbit antiserum against 95% acetylated ovalbumin did not cross-react with acetylated lysozyme and reacted poorly with the native and 92% succinylated ovalbumins suggesting that the antigenic make-up of the three maximally modified ovalbumins is different.", "contents": "Changes in conformation and immunological activity of ovalbumin during its modification with different acid anhydrides. In order to probe the cause and nature of conformational changes induced by the chemical modification of amino groups in proteins, five acylated derivatives of ovalbumin namely 21% acetylated, 32% succinylated, 90% butyrated 92% succinylated, and 95% acetylated ovalbumins were prepared and their molecular and immunological properties were systematically investigated. As evidenced by the ultraviolet difference spectral, solvent perturbation, gel filtration, and viscosity data, acylation of the amino groups produced a definite conformational change in native ovalbumin whose extent was higher for higher degrees of chemical modification. The solvent pertubation data showed an exposure of 0.5 tryptophan and 3 tyrosine residues in native ovalbumin; the exposure increased to 1 tryptophan and about 5 tyrosine residues in the maximally modified proteins (i.e. 90% butyrated, 92% succinylated, and 95% acetylated ovalbumins). The Stokes radius (2.7 nm) and intrinsic viscosity (3.9 ml/g) of ovalbumin increased, respectively, to about 3.4 nm and 7.7 ml/g upon acylation of its 18 lysine residues; the intrinsic viscosity of 95% acetylated ovalbumin was 7.2 ml/g. The reduced viscosity of ovalbumin (4.2 ml/g) which remained unaltered on raising the pH to pH 11.2, increased to 7.9 ml/g on succinylation of 18 lysine residues. On raising the ionic strength from 0.15 to 1.0, the value decreased from 7.9 to 6.2 ml/g. These observations taken together with the fact that the intrinsic viscosities of 92% succinylated and 90% butyrated ovalbumins are identical, argue against the presently prevalent proposal that electrostatic effects alone are responsible for the disruption of native protein conformation during chemical modification. The immunological activity of ovalbumin towards rabbit anti-ovalbumin expectedly decreased with acylation of its amino groups but the three maximally modified ovalbumins retained 40% immunological activity. This taken along with the spectral and viscosity data showed substantial native structure (format) in the three maximally acylated derivatives. The rabbit antiserum against 95% acetylated ovalbumin did not cross-react with acetylated lysozyme and reacted poorly with the native and 92% succinylated ovalbumins suggesting that the antigenic make-up of the three maximally modified ovalbumins is different.", "PMID": 101249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4659", "title": "Functional consequences of tryptophan modification in human fibrinogen.", "content": "When human fibrinogen was modified with H2O2, inter- and intra-molecular cross-links of fibrinogen were formed, accompanied with oxidation of tryptophan, methionine and tyrosine residues. These cross-links may be closely associated with oxidation of tryptophan residues. The polymerization activity of fibrinogen with thrombin was decreased markedly by this modification. Modification of tryptophan residues in fibrinogen was also performed with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide. Modification of two out of a total 78 tryptophan residues in the molecule with the reagent led to the intensification (1.7 times) of the polymerization activity with thrombin and further modification of the next two residues led to complete loss of the polymerization activity. The first two tryptophan residues to be modified are in Fragment D, and the next two occur in Fragment E.", "contents": "Functional consequences of tryptophan modification in human fibrinogen. When human fibrinogen was modified with H2O2, inter- and intra-molecular cross-links of fibrinogen were formed, accompanied with oxidation of tryptophan, methionine and tyrosine residues. These cross-links may be closely associated with oxidation of tryptophan residues. The polymerization activity of fibrinogen with thrombin was decreased markedly by this modification. Modification of tryptophan residues in fibrinogen was also performed with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide. Modification of two out of a total 78 tryptophan residues in the molecule with the reagent led to the intensification (1.7 times) of the polymerization activity with thrombin and further modification of the next two residues led to complete loss of the polymerization activity. The first two tryptophan residues to be modified are in Fragment D, and the next two occur in Fragment E.", "PMID": 101250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4660", "title": "Surface differences and similarities in two homologous proteins. Cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b2 core.", "content": "From previous work (Guiard, B., Groudinsky, O. and Lederer, F. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 71, 2539-2543) it is now clear that the overall secondary and tertiary structure of cytochrome b2 core is very similar to that of cytochrome b5. We present here a direct comparison of circular dichroism  spectra and low-temperature absorption spectra which bring further evidence about this structural similarity. Cytochrome b2 core reacts only sluggishly with cytochrome b5 reductase, showing a lack of correspondence with the reductase binding area in cytochrome b5. On the other hand, literature data indicate similar electron transfer rates between cytochrome c on one hand, cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b2 core on the other hand. A structural inspection of cytochrome b2 core suggests that the mouth of the heme crevice in the latter is the most likely region for interaction with cytochrome c, with perhaps ionic bonds slightly different from those proposed by Salemme (Salemme, F.R. (1976) J. Mol. Biol. 102, 563--568) for the cytochrome c-cytochrome b5 interaction. In view of this partial surface similarity, the lack of immunological cross-reactivity between the two hemoprotein cores is attributed to their close similarity with the cytochrome b5 of the antibody-producing rabbit.", "contents": "Surface differences and similarities in two homologous proteins. Cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b2 core. From previous work (Guiard, B., Groudinsky, O. and Lederer, F. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 71, 2539-2543) it is now clear that the overall secondary and tertiary structure of cytochrome b2 core is very similar to that of cytochrome b5. We present here a direct comparison of circular dichroism  spectra and low-temperature absorption spectra which bring further evidence about this structural similarity. Cytochrome b2 core reacts only sluggishly with cytochrome b5 reductase, showing a lack of correspondence with the reductase binding area in cytochrome b5. On the other hand, literature data indicate similar electron transfer rates between cytochrome c on one hand, cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b2 core on the other hand. A structural inspection of cytochrome b2 core suggests that the mouth of the heme crevice in the latter is the most likely region for interaction with cytochrome c, with perhaps ionic bonds slightly different from those proposed by Salemme (Salemme, F.R. (1976) J. Mol. Biol. 102, 563--568) for the cytochrome c-cytochrome b5 interaction. In view of this partial surface similarity, the lack of immunological cross-reactivity between the two hemoprotein cores is attributed to their close similarity with the cytochrome b5 of the antibody-producing rabbit.", "PMID": 101251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4661", "title": "Serum inhibitors of desialylated glycoprotein binding to hepatocyte membranes.", "content": "Identification of the material present in human serum which is responsible for inhibition of binding of desialylated glycoproteins to rat hepatocyte membranes was accomplished by means of affinity chromatography using Sephadex to which the galactose-specific lectin, Ricinus Communis Agglutinin (RCAI) was covalently bound. RCAI-Sephadex was capable of extraction of virtually all of the inhibitory activity from cirrhotic serum. The RCA I-bound inhibitory activity could be eluted with 0.05 M D-galactose. The D-galactose eluate when subjected to radioimmunoelectrophoresis against a number of specific antibodies to human serum glycoproteins produced arcs corresponding to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha2-macroglobulin, IgG, IgA, and IgM. In another experiment putative terminal galactosyl groups of desialylated glycoproteins in the D-galactose eluate from cirrhotic serum exposed to RCAI-Sephadex were labelled with tritiated borohydride after treatment with galactose oxidase. Subsequent gel electrophoresis showed peaks of radioactivity throughout the area of the gel corresponding to protein molecular weights of the 19 S, 7 S, and 4 S classes. It thus appears that a heterogeneous population of desialylated serum glycoproteins accounts for the inhibition of binding of desialylated glycoprotein to the hepatocyte membrane and that these desialylated glycoproteins are present in small amounts in normal human serum and in greatly increased quantities in serum from patients with cirrhosis.", "contents": "Serum inhibitors of desialylated glycoprotein binding to hepatocyte membranes. Identification of the material present in human serum which is responsible for inhibition of binding of desialylated glycoproteins to rat hepatocyte membranes was accomplished by means of affinity chromatography using Sephadex to which the galactose-specific lectin, Ricinus Communis Agglutinin (RCAI) was covalently bound. RCAI-Sephadex was capable of extraction of virtually all of the inhibitory activity from cirrhotic serum. The RCA I-bound inhibitory activity could be eluted with 0.05 M D-galactose. The D-galactose eluate when subjected to radioimmunoelectrophoresis against a number of specific antibodies to human serum glycoproteins produced arcs corresponding to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha2-macroglobulin, IgG, IgA, and IgM. In another experiment putative terminal galactosyl groups of desialylated glycoproteins in the D-galactose eluate from cirrhotic serum exposed to RCAI-Sephadex were labelled with tritiated borohydride after treatment with galactose oxidase. Subsequent gel electrophoresis showed peaks of radioactivity throughout the area of the gel corresponding to protein molecular weights of the 19 S, 7 S, and 4 S classes. It thus appears that a heterogeneous population of desialylated serum glycoproteins accounts for the inhibition of binding of desialylated glycoprotein to the hepatocyte membrane and that these desialylated glycoproteins are present in small amounts in normal human serum and in greatly increased quantities in serum from patients with cirrhosis.", "PMID": 101252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4662", "title": "Synthesis of actin by cultured guinea pig megakaryocytes. Complex formation with fibrin.", "content": "Guinea pig megakaryocytes were isolated from femoral marrow and cultured in the presence of radioactive amino acids. Radioactivity was incorporated into several proteins including a 42 000 dalton polypeptide identified as actin by DNAase agarose affinity chromatography. Quantitative immunoelectrophoresis of megakaryocyte extract revealed that 3.0% of the total solubilized cellular protein was fibrinogen. Immunoabsorption studies using anti guinea pig fibrinogen beads failed to reveal the presence of newly synthesized radioactive fibrinogen in the cellular extract, however, radioactive actin was detected in the eluates obtained from the immune beads. When guinea pig fibrinogen was clotted with thrombin in the presence of radioactive megakaryocyte extract, a complex formed between a high molecular weight species of fibrin and actin. No actin fibrinogen complex was detected. The results suggest that actin synthesized by megakaryocytes complexes with fibrin formed from a relatively large pool of non-radioactive intracellular fibrinogen.", "contents": "Synthesis of actin by cultured guinea pig megakaryocytes. Complex formation with fibrin. Guinea pig megakaryocytes were isolated from femoral marrow and cultured in the presence of radioactive amino acids. Radioactivity was incorporated into several proteins including a 42 000 dalton polypeptide identified as actin by DNAase agarose affinity chromatography. Quantitative immunoelectrophoresis of megakaryocyte extract revealed that 3.0% of the total solubilized cellular protein was fibrinogen. Immunoabsorption studies using anti guinea pig fibrinogen beads failed to reveal the presence of newly synthesized radioactive fibrinogen in the cellular extract, however, radioactive actin was detected in the eluates obtained from the immune beads. When guinea pig fibrinogen was clotted with thrombin in the presence of radioactive megakaryocyte extract, a complex formed between a high molecular weight species of fibrin and actin. No actin fibrinogen complex was detected. The results suggest that actin synthesized by megakaryocytes complexes with fibrin formed from a relatively large pool of non-radioactive intracellular fibrinogen.", "PMID": 101253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4663", "title": "[Redox processes during sensitization and allergic reaction to microbial antigens].", "content": "The effect of sensitization and delayed allergic response (DAR) to brucellosis antigen on the processes of glycolysis and dehydrogenase activity of Krebs' cycle was studied. The increasing sensitivity to Brucella was accompanied by inhibition of the dehydrogenase activity and increasing glycolysis. The changes were more pronounced in sensitization to living brucella. In DAR not only the dehydrogenase activity but also the processes of glycolysis were inhibited. Reduction of the aerobic fractions and excess of isoenzyme spectrum lactate dehydrogenase was observed both in sensitization and in DAR. Correction of biochemical shifts produced decreasing sensitization and inhibiting DAR symptoms.", "contents": "[Redox processes during sensitization and allergic reaction to microbial antigens]. The effect of sensitization and delayed allergic response (DAR) to brucellosis antigen on the processes of glycolysis and dehydrogenase activity of Krebs' cycle was studied. The increasing sensitivity to Brucella was accompanied by inhibition of the dehydrogenase activity and increasing glycolysis. The changes were more pronounced in sensitization to living brucella. In DAR not only the dehydrogenase activity but also the processes of glycolysis were inhibited. Reduction of the aerobic fractions and excess of isoenzyme spectrum lactate dehydrogenase was observed both in sensitization and in DAR. Correction of biochemical shifts produced decreasing sensitization and inhibiting DAR symptoms.", "PMID": 101256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4664", "title": "[Transplacental penetration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and its distribution in the organs of rat fetuses].", "content": "Rats were given 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) intravenously in a dose of 15 mg/kg on the 21st day of pregnancy; its content in the liver, placenta, and the fetus was determined by the fluorescent-spectral method. The maximal concentration was reached in 10--15 min in the liver and placenta of the pregnant rats (45 and 6.3 microgram/kg, respectively) in comparison with a slower (in one hour) elevation in the fetal tissues (2.4 microgram/kg). It took about 5 hours for all the tissues to be cleared of the carcinogen. One hour after the administration DMBA was unevenly distributed in various fetal organs--the maximal content in the liver, and the minimal--in the \"carcass\" in comparison with the content in other organs (the kidneys, lungs, brain, intestine). The results obtained failed to correlate with the data on the predominant origination of the tumours in the kidneys and the nervous system of rats in transplacental DMBA action.", "contents": "[Transplacental penetration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and its distribution in the organs of rat fetuses]. Rats were given 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) intravenously in a dose of 15 mg/kg on the 21st day of pregnancy; its content in the liver, placenta, and the fetus was determined by the fluorescent-spectral method. The maximal concentration was reached in 10--15 min in the liver and placenta of the pregnant rats (45 and 6.3 microgram/kg, respectively) in comparison with a slower (in one hour) elevation in the fetal tissues (2.4 microgram/kg). It took about 5 hours for all the tissues to be cleared of the carcinogen. One hour after the administration DMBA was unevenly distributed in various fetal organs--the maximal content in the liver, and the minimal--in the \"carcass\" in comparison with the content in other organs (the kidneys, lungs, brain, intestine). The results obtained failed to correlate with the data on the predominant origination of the tumours in the kidneys and the nervous system of rats in transplacental DMBA action.", "PMID": 101257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4665", "title": "Orbitocranial asymmetry.", "content": "Eleven cases are chosen to illustrate the differential diagnosis of deforming lesions of the bony orbit and its vicinity, which cause unilateral proptosis or other cranio-facial disfigurement. Three distinct varieties of orbito-cranial neurofibromatosis are distinguished, and they are contrasted with other deforming lesions of childhood--unilateral craniosynostosis, chronic juvenile subdural hygroma of the temporal fossa and congenital facial hemihypertrophy. Adult lesions are represented by intrinisic tumours of the orbit and paranasal sinuses, and by the commonest two processes deforming the sphenoid bone, meningioma and osseous fibrous dysplasia.", "contents": "Orbitocranial asymmetry. Eleven cases are chosen to illustrate the differential diagnosis of deforming lesions of the bony orbit and its vicinity, which cause unilateral proptosis or other cranio-facial disfigurement. Three distinct varieties of orbito-cranial neurofibromatosis are distinguished, and they are contrasted with other deforming lesions of childhood--unilateral craniosynostosis, chronic juvenile subdural hygroma of the temporal fossa and congenital facial hemihypertrophy. Adult lesions are represented by intrinisic tumours of the orbit and paranasal sinuses, and by the commonest two processes deforming the sphenoid bone, meningioma and osseous fibrous dysplasia.", "PMID": 101260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4666", "title": "The clinical and economic effects of early return to work after elective inguinal hernia repair.", "content": "Since 1 January 1976 male patients of four consultant surgeons undergoing elective repair of a unilateral inguinal hernia have been included in a trial to see if 'early' return to work or normal activity is associated with an increased recurrence rate and also to investigate any economic consequences. To date 295 patients have been entered into the trial and the first 150 have been reviewed at 1 year. There was a complete follow-up at 1 year. There was 1 recurrence (0.7 per cent) at 1 year, and this had occurred by the time the patient came to the clinic to be included in the trial. Patients supervised by their general practitioner were off work for 78.5 days, while those advised to return to work early were off work for 52.1 days. This difference of 25.4 days is significant at the 0.1 per cent level. Loss of earnings while off work was reported by 36.7 per cent of patients, and the average sum lost was 19.86 per week. Thus, patients lost 72.06 on average. If patients went back to work at 52 days instead of at 78 days, the benefit to the economy would be of the order of 7 m., and this 'early' return to work is not associated with an increase in the recurrence rate at 1 year.", "contents": "The clinical and economic effects of early return to work after elective inguinal hernia repair. Since 1 January 1976 male patients of four consultant surgeons undergoing elective repair of a unilateral inguinal hernia have been included in a trial to see if 'early' return to work or normal activity is associated with an increased recurrence rate and also to investigate any economic consequences. To date 295 patients have been entered into the trial and the first 150 have been reviewed at 1 year. There was a complete follow-up at 1 year. There was 1 recurrence (0.7 per cent) at 1 year, and this had occurred by the time the patient came to the clinic to be included in the trial. Patients supervised by their general practitioner were off work for 78.5 days, while those advised to return to work early were off work for 52.1 days. This difference of 25.4 days is significant at the 0.1 per cent level. Loss of earnings while off work was reported by 36.7 per cent of patients, and the average sum lost was 19.86 per week. Thus, patients lost 72.06 on average. If patients went back to work at 52 days instead of at 78 days, the benefit to the economy would be of the order of 7 m., and this 'early' return to work is not associated with an increase in the recurrence rate at 1 year.", "PMID": 101263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4667", "title": "A new method for the rapid measurement of body composition in critically ill surgical patients.", "content": "A rapid, non-invasive method for the measurement of absolute amounts of fat, protein, minerals and water in the body has been developed which is applicable to very ill patients. The patient is weighed and skinfold thickness is measured with calipers. The body contents of potassium, nitrogen, sodium, chlorine, calcium and phosphorus are measured in a whole-body radiation counter after irradiation with fast neutrons. From these values absolute amounts of body fat, protein, minerals and water are calculated. The procedure, which takes about 40 min, is carried out with the patient lying supine on a couch. The errors in the absolute measurement of the components expressed as percentages of body weight are: for fat, 4.5 per cent; for protein, 1.6 per cent; for minerals, 0.8 per cent; and for water, 4.9 per cent. The radiation dose is equivalent to that of a chest radiograph (50 mrem). We have used this technique (a) to determine the tissue composition of the weight lost in 16 patients after excision of the rectum; (b) to establish that the weight gained by 16 patients receiving intravenous nutrition was mainly water; and (c) to show that in 10 patients who received a simple solution of amino acids for 2 weeks after rectal excision body protein was preserved as efficiently as in 10 similar patients who received a full course of intravenous nutrition. This is the first time body weights of living persons have been broken down into terms of fat, protein, minerals and water, and the method should help to solve a number of metabolic and nutritional problems in clinical surgery.", "contents": "A new method for the rapid measurement of body composition in critically ill surgical patients. A rapid, non-invasive method for the measurement of absolute amounts of fat, protein, minerals and water in the body has been developed which is applicable to very ill patients. The patient is weighed and skinfold thickness is measured with calipers. The body contents of potassium, nitrogen, sodium, chlorine, calcium and phosphorus are measured in a whole-body radiation counter after irradiation with fast neutrons. From these values absolute amounts of body fat, protein, minerals and water are calculated. The procedure, which takes about 40 min, is carried out with the patient lying supine on a couch. The errors in the absolute measurement of the components expressed as percentages of body weight are: for fat, 4.5 per cent; for protein, 1.6 per cent; for minerals, 0.8 per cent; and for water, 4.9 per cent. The radiation dose is equivalent to that of a chest radiograph (50 mrem). We have used this technique (a) to determine the tissue composition of the weight lost in 16 patients after excision of the rectum; (b) to establish that the weight gained by 16 patients receiving intravenous nutrition was mainly water; and (c) to show that in 10 patients who received a simple solution of amino acids for 2 weeks after rectal excision body protein was preserved as efficiently as in 10 similar patients who received a full course of intravenous nutrition. This is the first time body weights of living persons have been broken down into terms of fat, protein, minerals and water, and the method should help to solve a number of metabolic and nutritional problems in clinical surgery.", "PMID": 101264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4668", "title": "Changes in behavioural characteristics of elderly populations of local authority homes and long-stay hospital wards, 1976-7.", "content": "Behavioural characteristics of the elderly populations of seven local authority residential homes and three long-stay hospital wards were assessed in 1976 and 1977 with the Crichton Royal behavioural rating scale. In 1977 the levels of behavioural problems had increased in the residential homes, but declined in the hospital wards. Differences between the homes had decreased as the overall level of problems increased. The findings suggested that the additional burden of caring for increasing numbers of severely disabled elderly people was affecting the balance of institutional care, and a radical reappraisal of present patterns of care may be necessary to meet their future needs.", "contents": "Changes in behavioural characteristics of elderly populations of local authority homes and long-stay hospital wards, 1976-7. Behavioural characteristics of the elderly populations of seven local authority residential homes and three long-stay hospital wards were assessed in 1976 and 1977 with the Crichton Royal behavioural rating scale. In 1977 the levels of behavioural problems had increased in the residential homes, but declined in the hospital wards. Differences between the homes had decreased as the overall level of problems increased. The findings suggested that the additional burden of caring for increasing numbers of severely disabled elderly people was affecting the balance of institutional care, and a radical reappraisal of present patterns of care may be necessary to meet their future needs.", "PMID": 101272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4669", "title": "In-vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Brussels.", "content": "The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 18 antimicrobial agents against 104 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in the Brussels area between January and October 1976 have been measured. The MICs for penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxycillin, carbenicillin, and cephalexin showed a bimodal distribution. The second modus strains of cephalexin (MIC = 6.25 microgram/ml) were relatively resistant to penicillin G (MIC greater than or equal to 0.08 microgram/ml). About 51% of all strains were relatively resistant to penicillin G, 40.5% to ampicillin (MIC greater than or equal to 0.16 microgram/ml), 46% to amoxycillin, and 47.5% to carbenicillin. For cephalexin and cephaloridine, 25% and 8.5% respectively of all strains were relatively resistant (MIC greater than 3.12 microgram/ml). For cefazolin all MICs fell into a range of 0.097--3.12 microgram/ml. Resistance to tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, erythromycin, and spiramycin (MIC greater than or equal to 1 microgram/ml) was found in 9.5%, 7%, 6%, 36.5%, and 71% respectively of all isolates. No strains were resistant to rifampicin. For chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol the MICs ranged from 0.39 to 12.5 microgram/ml and from 0.195 to 3.12 microgram/ml respectively. The results for sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and the combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim in a 20:1 ratio are given and discussed. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices have also been calculated. No beta-lactamase-producing strains were found, and a contingency coefficient C has been determined for all the pairs of antibiotics investigated.", "contents": "In-vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Brussels. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 18 antimicrobial agents against 104 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in the Brussels area between January and October 1976 have been measured. The MICs for penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxycillin, carbenicillin, and cephalexin showed a bimodal distribution. The second modus strains of cephalexin (MIC = 6.25 microgram/ml) were relatively resistant to penicillin G (MIC greater than or equal to 0.08 microgram/ml). About 51% of all strains were relatively resistant to penicillin G, 40.5% to ampicillin (MIC greater than or equal to 0.16 microgram/ml), 46% to amoxycillin, and 47.5% to carbenicillin. For cephalexin and cephaloridine, 25% and 8.5% respectively of all strains were relatively resistant (MIC greater than 3.12 microgram/ml). For cefazolin all MICs fell into a range of 0.097--3.12 microgram/ml. Resistance to tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, erythromycin, and spiramycin (MIC greater than or equal to 1 microgram/ml) was found in 9.5%, 7%, 6%, 36.5%, and 71% respectively of all isolates. No strains were resistant to rifampicin. For chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol the MICs ranged from 0.39 to 12.5 microgram/ml and from 0.195 to 3.12 microgram/ml respectively. The results for sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and the combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim in a 20:1 ratio are given and discussed. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices have also been calculated. No beta-lactamase-producing strains were found, and a contingency coefficient C has been determined for all the pairs of antibiotics investigated.", "PMID": 101275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4670", "title": "In-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in New Zealand.", "content": "Four hundred and forty-two isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were tested by an agar dilution method for their susceptibility to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cephaloridine, and spectinomycin. Of these isolates, 295 were tested for their susceptibility to sulphamethoxazole and to trimethoprim by the same method, using Oxoid diagnostic sensitivity test agar plus 7.5% laked horse blood instead of Proteose No. 3 agar plus 1% IsoVitaleX and 1% haemoglobin. One hundred (22.6%) of the isolates were found to be relatively resistant to penicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than 0.1 iu/ml), but only 1.1% had a MIC of 1 iu/ml or higher. Ampicillin was slightly more active than penicillin in that all isolates were inhibited by 0.5 microgram/ml or less. For 3.7% of isolates the MIC of tetracycline was 2 microgram/ml or higher. All isolates were sensitive to spectinomycin. By calculating the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rs), a high correlation (rs greater than 0.5) was found between susceptibility to penicillin and susceptibility to ampicillin, tetracycline, and cephaloridine. Low correlation (rs less than 0.2) was found between susceptibility to penicillin and susceptibility to spectinomycin, sulphamethoxazole, and trimethoprim.", "contents": "In-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in New Zealand. Four hundred and forty-two isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were tested by an agar dilution method for their susceptibility to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cephaloridine, and spectinomycin. Of these isolates, 295 were tested for their susceptibility to sulphamethoxazole and to trimethoprim by the same method, using Oxoid diagnostic sensitivity test agar plus 7.5% laked horse blood instead of Proteose No. 3 agar plus 1% IsoVitaleX and 1% haemoglobin. One hundred (22.6%) of the isolates were found to be relatively resistant to penicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than 0.1 iu/ml), but only 1.1% had a MIC of 1 iu/ml or higher. Ampicillin was slightly more active than penicillin in that all isolates were inhibited by 0.5 microgram/ml or less. For 3.7% of isolates the MIC of tetracycline was 2 microgram/ml or higher. All isolates were sensitive to spectinomycin. By calculating the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rs), a high correlation (rs greater than 0.5) was found between susceptibility to penicillin and susceptibility to ampicillin, tetracycline, and cephaloridine. Low correlation (rs less than 0.2) was found between susceptibility to penicillin and susceptibility to spectinomycin, sulphamethoxazole, and trimethoprim.", "PMID": 101276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4671", "title": "The neuroanatomy of amnesia. A critique of the hippocampal memory hypothesis.", "content": "The discovery that medial temporal lobe lesions produce amnesia in humans if the lesion extends sufficiently far posteriorly to include the hippocampus forms the keystone of the hippocampal memory hypothesis. Strong supporting evidence comes from the occurrence of mammillary body disease in Korsakoff's psychosis. Disease of the posterior cerebral artery confirmed the observations on the medial temporal lobectomies by showing that pathology in the ventromedial quadrant of the temporal lobe produces amnesia. The occasional piece of contradictory evidence was sufficiently ambiguous to be dismissed or re-interpreted. Although the contradictory evidence that emerged from animal research created severe difficulties, opinion had crystallized on the matter to the degree that the data were unable to force rejection of the hippocampal memory hypothesis. This necessarily led to the conclusion that the animal model is a poor one: either the human hippocampus is unique with respect to memory or the tests which are used in animals do not tap the same mnemonic processes that are impaired by the human lesions. Both these arguments are nearly impossible to refute. The brain of every species is different and there is no way in which monkeys and humans can be tested under identical conditions. There has never been much enthusiasm for the suggestion that the human hippocampus is so different from other animals that this uniqueness could account for the apparent differences between the behavioural effects of human and animal hippocampal lesions. However, many experimenters have devised clever tests of the possibility that the problem is in the animal behavioural measures. Given sufficient circularity of reasoning, the project must necessarily eventually be successful. The argument is that if the usual tests of learning and memory that are used with animals are not disrupted by hippocampal lesions, then these are not tests of the kinds of learning and memory defects displayed by human amnestics. One has only to search for tasks that are disrupted by hippocampal lesions in animals, and these then must tap the same memory processes that are disrupted by the human lesions. The possibility has rarely been seriously considered that it might be damage to some structure in the ventromedial quadrant of the temporal lobe other than the hippocampus that is responsible for the amnesia. The amygdala and entorhinal area have been ruled out by both the human and animal data. However, the temporal stem is a likely possibility. Its position makes it vulnerable to the surgical approach which was used in human medial temporal lobectomies, and its damage in animals produces deficits in learning and retention. When medial temporal lesions were made in monkeys in the same way that they were made in humans, inadvertent damage to the temporal stem occurred along with the intended amygdaloid and hippocampal injury. Symptoms characteristic of damage to the temporal cortex resulted from these lesions and they were probably caused by the damage to the stem...", "contents": "The neuroanatomy of amnesia. A critique of the hippocampal memory hypothesis. The discovery that medial temporal lobe lesions produce amnesia in humans if the lesion extends sufficiently far posteriorly to include the hippocampus forms the keystone of the hippocampal memory hypothesis. Strong supporting evidence comes from the occurrence of mammillary body disease in Korsakoff's psychosis. Disease of the posterior cerebral artery confirmed the observations on the medial temporal lobectomies by showing that pathology in the ventromedial quadrant of the temporal lobe produces amnesia. The occasional piece of contradictory evidence was sufficiently ambiguous to be dismissed or re-interpreted. Although the contradictory evidence that emerged from animal research created severe difficulties, opinion had crystallized on the matter to the degree that the data were unable to force rejection of the hippocampal memory hypothesis. This necessarily led to the conclusion that the animal model is a poor one: either the human hippocampus is unique with respect to memory or the tests which are used in animals do not tap the same mnemonic processes that are impaired by the human lesions. Both these arguments are nearly impossible to refute. The brain of every species is different and there is no way in which monkeys and humans can be tested under identical conditions. There has never been much enthusiasm for the suggestion that the human hippocampus is so different from other animals that this uniqueness could account for the apparent differences between the behavioural effects of human and animal hippocampal lesions. However, many experimenters have devised clever tests of the possibility that the problem is in the animal behavioural measures. Given sufficient circularity of reasoning, the project must necessarily eventually be successful. The argument is that if the usual tests of learning and memory that are used with animals are not disrupted by hippocampal lesions, then these are not tests of the kinds of learning and memory defects displayed by human amnestics. One has only to search for tasks that are disrupted by hippocampal lesions in animals, and these then must tap the same memory processes that are disrupted by the human lesions. The possibility has rarely been seriously considered that it might be damage to some structure in the ventromedial quadrant of the temporal lobe other than the hippocampus that is responsible for the amnesia. The amygdala and entorhinal area have been ruled out by both the human and animal data. However, the temporal stem is a likely possibility. Its position makes it vulnerable to the surgical approach which was used in human medial temporal lobectomies, and its damage in animals produces deficits in learning and retention. When medial temporal lesions were made in monkeys in the same way that they were made in humans, inadvertent damage to the temporal stem occurred along with the intended amygdaloid and hippocampal injury. Symptoms characteristic of damage to the temporal cortex resulted from these lesions and they were probably caused by the damage to the stem...", "PMID": 101278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4672", "title": "Electroencephalographic studies myoclonus.", "content": "Electroencephalographic studies were carried out in 30 patients with various kinds of myoclonus. It was confirmed that the technique of jerk-locked averaging with a backward averaging program was useful for detecting cortical spikes in association with the spontaneously occurring myoclonus, which are not recognized on the convential polygraph, and for evaluating the temporal and topographical relationship between the spike and the myoclonus. By this technique, cortical spikes were shown to precede the myoclonus of a contralateral upper extremity muscle by 7 to 15 ms ith progressive myoclonic epilepsy showed a high amplitude somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) in response to electrical stimulation of the median nerve. The N33 component of this high amplitude SEP was found to be similar to the myoclonus-related cortical spike in their wave form, time relationship and topographical distribution, suggesting an involvement of similar physiological mechanisms in the genesis of both phenomena. Myoclonus in these patients is compatible with \"pyramidal\" or \"cortical loop reflex\" type.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic studies myoclonus. Electroencephalographic studies were carried out in 30 patients with various kinds of myoclonus. It was confirmed that the technique of jerk-locked averaging with a backward averaging program was useful for detecting cortical spikes in association with the spontaneously occurring myoclonus, which are not recognized on the convential polygraph, and for evaluating the temporal and topographical relationship between the spike and the myoclonus. By this technique, cortical spikes were shown to precede the myoclonus of a contralateral upper extremity muscle by 7 to 15 ms ith progressive myoclonic epilepsy showed a high amplitude somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) in response to electrical stimulation of the median nerve. The N33 component of this high amplitude SEP was found to be similar to the myoclonus-related cortical spike in their wave form, time relationship and topographical distribution, suggesting an involvement of similar physiological mechanisms in the genesis of both phenomena. Myoclonus in these patients is compatible with \"pyramidal\" or \"cortical loop reflex\" type.", "PMID": 101279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4673", "title": "Familial myoclonic epilepsy with ataxia and neuropathy with additional features of Friedreich's ataxia and peroneal muscular atrophy.", "content": "A family is described in which a mother and three of her five children showed myoclonic epilepsy. The mother and one son were also ataxic; one other son had additional features of Friedreich's ataxia, and a daughter had peroneal muscular atrophy as well as myoclonic epilepsy and ataxia. Although some of these disorders have been associated in previously reported families, the occurrence of all three disorders in members of one family seems to be unique. It is concluded that this family shows the manifestations of one, probably dominant, gene. The differences in age of onset and manifestations may be explained by the action of one or more subsidiary genes.", "contents": "Familial myoclonic epilepsy with ataxia and neuropathy with additional features of Friedreich's ataxia and peroneal muscular atrophy. A family is described in which a mother and three of her five children showed myoclonic epilepsy. The mother and one son were also ataxic; one other son had additional features of Friedreich's ataxia, and a daughter had peroneal muscular atrophy as well as myoclonic epilepsy and ataxia. Although some of these disorders have been associated in previously reported families, the occurrence of all three disorders in members of one family seems to be unique. It is concluded that this family shows the manifestations of one, probably dominant, gene. The differences in age of onset and manifestations may be explained by the action of one or more subsidiary genes.", "PMID": 101280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4674", "title": "The intrinsic connections of the cortex of area 4 of the monkey.", "content": "The intrinsic connections of area 4 of the monkey have been investigated with axonal degeneration methods after the placement of microelectrode lesions within the cortex. The fibre degeneration is restricted to within a few millimetres of the damage and is asymmetrically distributed in the form of an ellipse with its long axis anteroposteriorly. The same pattern is found in all topographic subdivisions of the motor cortex. There are two distinct zones of degeneration, dense fine terminal degeneration for 200 to 300 micrometer all around the lesion, and a moderate degree of fibre terminal degeneration for a further 2 to 3 mm. The intrinsic connections are disposed predominantly in a horizontal or oblique direction and within the laminae of origin, but there are fibres passing between adjoining laminae and between layers III and V and VI. Two horizontal plexuses of degenerating fibres are present, at the boundary layers II and III and at the level of the Betz cells, and these fibres arise within the cortex. The afferent and efferent fibres of the cortex are arranged strictly perpendicular to the surface. The extent and pattern of the intrinsic connections of area 4 are very similar to those of area 17 of the visual cortex.", "contents": "The intrinsic connections of the cortex of area 4 of the monkey. The intrinsic connections of area 4 of the monkey have been investigated with axonal degeneration methods after the placement of microelectrode lesions within the cortex. The fibre degeneration is restricted to within a few millimetres of the damage and is asymmetrically distributed in the form of an ellipse with its long axis anteroposteriorly. The same pattern is found in all topographic subdivisions of the motor cortex. There are two distinct zones of degeneration, dense fine terminal degeneration for 200 to 300 micrometer all around the lesion, and a moderate degree of fibre terminal degeneration for a further 2 to 3 mm. The intrinsic connections are disposed predominantly in a horizontal or oblique direction and within the laminae of origin, but there are fibres passing between adjoining laminae and between layers III and V and VI. Two horizontal plexuses of degenerating fibres are present, at the boundary layers II and III and at the level of the Betz cells, and these fibres arise within the cortex. The afferent and efferent fibres of the cortex are arranged strictly perpendicular to the surface. The extent and pattern of the intrinsic connections of area 4 are very similar to those of area 17 of the visual cortex.", "PMID": 101281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4675", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the termination of intracortical axons upon Betz cells in area 4 of the monkey.", "content": "After small lesions within the cortex of area 4 of the monkey degenerating axon terminals have been seen with the electron microscopy to contact the cell bodies, proximal parts of the apical dendrites and initial segments of Betz cells 0.5 to 2.5 mm from the damage. The degenerating axon terminals make symmetrical synapses which are presumed to be inhibitory in function. The degenerating terminals are probably from the axons of the basket cells described in Golgi-impregnated material, and which correspond to the large stellate cell recognized in electron microscopic studies.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the termination of intracortical axons upon Betz cells in area 4 of the monkey. After small lesions within the cortex of area 4 of the monkey degenerating axon terminals have been seen with the electron microscopy to contact the cell bodies, proximal parts of the apical dendrites and initial segments of Betz cells 0.5 to 2.5 mm from the damage. The degenerating axon terminals make symmetrical synapses which are presumed to be inhibitory in function. The degenerating terminals are probably from the axons of the basket cells described in Golgi-impregnated material, and which correspond to the large stellate cell recognized in electron microscopic studies.", "PMID": 101282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4676", "title": "Neuronal plasticity in the limbic system during classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. II: Septum and mammillary bodies.", "content": "Neuronal unit activity was recorded from several limbic system structures during classical conditioning of the rabbit nictiating membrane response to a tone CS. Air puff to cornea was used as a UCS. The present and past investigations of hippocampal activity using this paradigm show a neuronal plasticity which develops early in training, increases rapidly and shifts forward in time as behavioral conditioning develops. Recordings from the lateral septal region demonstrate the same within-trial pattern of unit discharge seen in hippocampus, indicating a projection of hippocampal plasticity over precommissural fornix pathways. Medial septal neurons, on the other hand, respond in an excitatory manner to the onsets of tone and air puff stimulation. While unit discharges seen in hippocampus and lateral septum occur only during the paired (learning) paradigm, medial septal activity is identical under both paired and unpaired (control) conditions. The latter fact lends support for a sensory interpretation of medial septal responses, and is consistent with anatomical evidence of a major septohippocampal projection originating from this region. In contrast to results for lateral septum, recordings from medial and lateral mammillary nuclei indicate only small, diffuse excitation that exhibits no consistent changes over training, and is not related to activity seen in hippocampal or septal regions. The apparent lack of correspondence between learning dependent unit measures obtained from pre- and postcommissural fornix structures is entirely consistent with current modified descriptions of limbic system anatomy.", "contents": "Neuronal plasticity in the limbic system during classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. II: Septum and mammillary bodies. Neuronal unit activity was recorded from several limbic system structures during classical conditioning of the rabbit nictiating membrane response to a tone CS. Air puff to cornea was used as a UCS. The present and past investigations of hippocampal activity using this paradigm show a neuronal plasticity which develops early in training, increases rapidly and shifts forward in time as behavioral conditioning develops. Recordings from the lateral septal region demonstrate the same within-trial pattern of unit discharge seen in hippocampus, indicating a projection of hippocampal plasticity over precommissural fornix pathways. Medial septal neurons, on the other hand, respond in an excitatory manner to the onsets of tone and air puff stimulation. While unit discharges seen in hippocampus and lateral septum occur only during the paired (learning) paradigm, medial septal activity is identical under both paired and unpaired (control) conditions. The latter fact lends support for a sensory interpretation of medial septal responses, and is consistent with anatomical evidence of a major septohippocampal projection originating from this region. In contrast to results for lateral septum, recordings from medial and lateral mammillary nuclei indicate only small, diffuse excitation that exhibits no consistent changes over training, and is not related to activity seen in hippocampal or septal regions. The apparent lack of correspondence between learning dependent unit measures obtained from pre- and postcommissural fornix structures is entirely consistent with current modified descriptions of limbic system anatomy.", "PMID": 101283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4677", "title": "The production of toxic metabolites by Chaetomium spp. isolated from solis of permanent pasture.", "content": "One hundred and two isolates of Chaetomium spp. have been identified from 2563 soil samples collected from permanent pasture at Nappan, Nova Scotia. Chaetomium umbonatum was the Chaetomium species most commonly isolated. Fifty-six of the Chaetomium isolates were grown in the laboratory and the cultures examined for the production of toxic metabolites. The culture filtrates of 12, and extracts of mycelium of 18, of these isolates inhibited bacterial growth. Chetomin was detected in nine mycelium extracts and isolated from four of the mycelium extracts. Chaetoglobosins were isolated from three mycelium extracts.", "contents": "The production of toxic metabolites by Chaetomium spp. isolated from solis of permanent pasture. One hundred and two isolates of Chaetomium spp. have been identified from 2563 soil samples collected from permanent pasture at Nappan, Nova Scotia. Chaetomium umbonatum was the Chaetomium species most commonly isolated. Fifty-six of the Chaetomium isolates were grown in the laboratory and the cultures examined for the production of toxic metabolites. The culture filtrates of 12, and extracts of mycelium of 18, of these isolates inhibited bacterial growth. Chetomin was detected in nine mycelium extracts and isolated from four of the mycelium extracts. Chaetoglobosins were isolated from three mycelium extracts.", "PMID": 101287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4678", "title": "Regional and subcellular distribution of gold in brain of gold thioglucose obese mouse.", "content": "By employing neutron activation analysis, endogenous content of gold was estimated quantitatively in discrete brain areas and in subcellular fractions of the hypothalamus of gold thioglucose (GTG) induced obese mice. The highest concentration of gold was obtained in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) reaching approximately 100 ng/mg wet tissue. Significantly higher concentrations were observed in other hypothalamic subareas followed by certain limbic areas and the thalamus, while in the cerebral and the cerebellar cortex the gold concentration was very low. Subcellularly, the hypothalamic gold was principally recovered in the supernatant fraction particularly after a hyposmotic shock treatment of the crude mitochondrial fraction. Contrary to GTG, treatment with gold thiomalate (GTM) did not induce obesity in the mouse, although considerable amount of gold was observed in the VMH, a finding suggesting the existence in the VMH of at least a two step mechanisms for inducing GTG obesity. To identify the satiety neuron transmitter, an analysis of certain enzyme activities involved in the synthesis of known transmitters, such as acetylcholine or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was made in the GTG-obese mice. There were no significant changes in any of the areas functionally related to the VMH.", "contents": "Regional and subcellular distribution of gold in brain of gold thioglucose obese mouse. By employing neutron activation analysis, endogenous content of gold was estimated quantitatively in discrete brain areas and in subcellular fractions of the hypothalamus of gold thioglucose (GTG) induced obese mice. The highest concentration of gold was obtained in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) reaching approximately 100 ng/mg wet tissue. Significantly higher concentrations were observed in other hypothalamic subareas followed by certain limbic areas and the thalamus, while in the cerebral and the cerebellar cortex the gold concentration was very low. Subcellularly, the hypothalamic gold was principally recovered in the supernatant fraction particularly after a hyposmotic shock treatment of the crude mitochondrial fraction. Contrary to GTG, treatment with gold thiomalate (GTM) did not induce obesity in the mouse, although considerable amount of gold was observed in the VMH, a finding suggesting the existence in the VMH of at least a two step mechanisms for inducing GTG obesity. To identify the satiety neuron transmitter, an analysis of certain enzyme activities involved in the synthesis of known transmitters, such as acetylcholine or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was made in the GTG-obese mice. There were no significant changes in any of the areas functionally related to the VMH.", "PMID": 101285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4679", "title": "Serum thyroxin levels during hyperthermia evoked in the monkey by intrahypothalamic injection of PGE1, 5-HT or pyrogen.", "content": "Serotonin (5-HT), prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or a bacterial pyrogen (E. coli or S. typhosa) was microinjected in a volume of 1.0--1.5 microliter into the hypothalamus of the unanesthetized monkey to evoke a long-term hyperthermia. Samples of venous blood collected every 15 min, before, during and after each fever were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for plasma thyroxin levels. There was no statistically significant correlation between plasma thyroxin values and a given phase of the hyperthermic episode induced by the microinjections of 5--HT, PGE1 or bacteria. The possibility that an enhanced release of the thyroid hormone serves to sustain a long-term elevation in temperature evoked by a centrally acting pyrogenic substance is not supported.", "contents": "Serum thyroxin levels during hyperthermia evoked in the monkey by intrahypothalamic injection of PGE1, 5-HT or pyrogen. Serotonin (5-HT), prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or a bacterial pyrogen (E. coli or S. typhosa) was microinjected in a volume of 1.0--1.5 microliter into the hypothalamus of the unanesthetized monkey to evoke a long-term hyperthermia. Samples of venous blood collected every 15 min, before, during and after each fever were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for plasma thyroxin levels. There was no statistically significant correlation between plasma thyroxin values and a given phase of the hyperthermic episode induced by the microinjections of 5--HT, PGE1 or bacteria. The possibility that an enhanced release of the thyroid hormone serves to sustain a long-term elevation in temperature evoked by a centrally acting pyrogenic substance is not supported.", "PMID": 101286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4680", "title": "Psychiatric presentation of epilepsia cursiva.", "content": "Coarse brain disease can first present as a behavioural or psychiatric disorder. Partial seizures with complex symptomatology (psychomotor or temporal lobe epilepsy) may offer particular difficulties in differential diagnosis from the \"functional psychoses\". The authors report a case of \"running epilepsy\" (epilepsia cursiva), that first presented as a behavioural problem, and review the literature on this rare form of psychomotor epilepsy.", "contents": "Psychiatric presentation of epilepsia cursiva. Coarse brain disease can first present as a behavioural or psychiatric disorder. Partial seizures with complex symptomatology (psychomotor or temporal lobe epilepsy) may offer particular difficulties in differential diagnosis from the \"functional psychoses\". The authors report a case of \"running epilepsy\" (epilepsia cursiva), that first presented as a behavioural problem, and review the literature on this rare form of psychomotor epilepsy.", "PMID": 101292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4681", "title": "The clinical significance of carcinoembryonic antigen in the plasma and tumors of patients with gynecologic malignancies.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen is elevated in the plasma of approximately 30% of patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma, 50% of patients with ovarian carcinoma, and 60% of patients with cervical carcinoma. The incidence of elevated plasma CEA is directly related to stage of disease, and in ovarian cancer to cell type. Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic studies have indicated that CEA from ovarian and cervical cancers is similar to colonic cancer CEA. Tumor staining for CEA by the immunoperoxidase method (indicating a CEA concentration of greater than or equal to 3.0 microgram/g tissue) is positive in about one-half of the patients with elevated plasma CEA levels. However, there is no definite relationship between tumor and plasma antigen levels. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels charcteristically return to normal within 8 weeks following complete surgical removal of tumor. In contrast, antigenemia often persists up to 4 months following curative radiation therapy. A progressive rise in plasma CEA has preceded clinical diagnosis of recurrence in about half of the patients studied. Serial plasma CEA determinations in patients whose plasma or tumors initially contain elevated amounts of antigen provides information concerning the biologic behavior of malignancy which may be of clinical significance to the patient.", "contents": "The clinical significance of carcinoembryonic antigen in the plasma and tumors of patients with gynecologic malignancies. Carcinoembryonic antigen is elevated in the plasma of approximately 30% of patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma, 50% of patients with ovarian carcinoma, and 60% of patients with cervical carcinoma. The incidence of elevated plasma CEA is directly related to stage of disease, and in ovarian cancer to cell type. Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic studies have indicated that CEA from ovarian and cervical cancers is similar to colonic cancer CEA. Tumor staining for CEA by the immunoperoxidase method (indicating a CEA concentration of greater than or equal to 3.0 microgram/g tissue) is positive in about one-half of the patients with elevated plasma CEA levels. However, there is no definite relationship between tumor and plasma antigen levels. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels charcteristically return to normal within 8 weeks following complete surgical removal of tumor. In contrast, antigenemia often persists up to 4 months following curative radiation therapy. A progressive rise in plasma CEA has preceded clinical diagnosis of recurrence in about half of the patients studied. Serial plasma CEA determinations in patients whose plasma or tumors initially contain elevated amounts of antigen provides information concerning the biologic behavior of malignancy which may be of clinical significance to the patient.", "PMID": 101294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4682", "title": "Studies on an oncofetal antigen, POA.", "content": "This paper describes the purification and partial characteristics of a putative oncofetal antigen, POA, which appears to be associated with the pancreas. POA is a glycoprotein of molecular weight between 800,000 and 900,000 daltons. It is found in fetal pancreas and pancreas cancer tissue, but not in normal adult pancreas. It is clearly different from carcinoembryonic antigen, other known tumor associated antigens, acute phase reactants and normal serum proteins. A quantitative rocket immunoelectrophoresis assay was developed for POA. Its specificity was monitored routinely by double immunodiffusion against known fetal and adult standards. The assay was performed on sera from over 700 patients. The results demonstrate that POA is found in the sera of most individuals. However, by far the highest absolute levels and the highest frequency of elevated levels was found in sera of patients with carcinoma of the pancreas. Elevated levels of POA were also found in the serum of a proportion of patients with carcinomas of the lung, stomach, colon, biliary tract, and breast and in a few other individuals with benign conditions. The spectrum of patients who have elevated levels of POA in their serum is quite different from that found with CEA or other known tumor markers.", "contents": "Studies on an oncofetal antigen, POA. This paper describes the purification and partial characteristics of a putative oncofetal antigen, POA, which appears to be associated with the pancreas. POA is a glycoprotein of molecular weight between 800,000 and 900,000 daltons. It is found in fetal pancreas and pancreas cancer tissue, but not in normal adult pancreas. It is clearly different from carcinoembryonic antigen, other known tumor associated antigens, acute phase reactants and normal serum proteins. A quantitative rocket immunoelectrophoresis assay was developed for POA. Its specificity was monitored routinely by double immunodiffusion against known fetal and adult standards. The assay was performed on sera from over 700 patients. The results demonstrate that POA is found in the sera of most individuals. However, by far the highest absolute levels and the highest frequency of elevated levels was found in sera of patients with carcinoma of the pancreas. Elevated levels of POA were also found in the serum of a proportion of patients with carcinomas of the lung, stomach, colon, biliary tract, and breast and in a few other individuals with benign conditions. The spectrum of patients who have elevated levels of POA in their serum is quite different from that found with CEA or other known tumor markers.", "PMID": 101295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4683", "title": "Evaluation of intensification and maintenance programs in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "This cooperative prospective study was designed to answer the following questions in cases with acute lymphoblastic leukemia induced to achieve complete remission with the combination of vincristine and prednisone (if by day 29 the bone marrow was not M1, daunorubicin was added to the former regimen) and who received preventive CNS therapy with 2400 rad of cobalt-60 to craniocervical region and simultaneously intrathecal methotrexate and dexamethasone: 1) Is a short intensification with cytosine-arabinoside and cyclophosphamide immediately after complete remission useful? 2) Does the use of weekly doses of 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate have the same maintenance effect as daily 6-mercaptopurine and twice weekly methotrexate? and 3) Do further 3 month-doses of intrathecal methotrexate and dexamethasone help to decrease still more the incidence of meningeal leukemia? From October 1972 to December 1975, 473 previously untreated patients entered this study and 465 (390 children and 75 adults) are evaluated in this paper. Of them, 373 (80%) achieved complete remission (children 84% and adults 61%). Out of 109 \"high risk\" children (one or more of the following characteristics at diagnosis: marked organomegaly, mediastinal widening, leukocytosis above 50000/mm3 and CNS involvement) 83 (76%) and out of 281 \"standard risk\" children (all the others) 244 (87%) achieved complete remission. The median duration of complete remission according to different prognostic factors was as follows: \"high risk\" children 10 months, adults 24 months and \"standard risk\" children 25 months. Duration of complete remission of the \"standard risk\" children in relation to with or without intensification, daily or weekly maintenance and additional intrathecal therapy or none, showed no significant difference; however, those who received intensification, daily maintenance and further intrathecal therapy behaved slightly better. Median survival for all the cases of this study was as follows: adults 10 months, \"high risk\" children 12 months and \"standard risk\" children 26 months. At 36 months, 13% of \"high risk\" children, 25% of adults and 39% of \"standard risk\" children are still alive. We conclude that the variables studied in this protocol did not show significant extension of complete remission, however the sum of them seems to offer some advantage. Moreover, what appears clear is the importance of prognostic factors which must be taken into account in future studies.", "contents": "Evaluation of intensification and maintenance programs in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This cooperative prospective study was designed to answer the following questions in cases with acute lymphoblastic leukemia induced to achieve complete remission with the combination of vincristine and prednisone (if by day 29 the bone marrow was not M1, daunorubicin was added to the former regimen) and who received preventive CNS therapy with 2400 rad of cobalt-60 to craniocervical region and simultaneously intrathecal methotrexate and dexamethasone: 1) Is a short intensification with cytosine-arabinoside and cyclophosphamide immediately after complete remission useful? 2) Does the use of weekly doses of 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate have the same maintenance effect as daily 6-mercaptopurine and twice weekly methotrexate? and 3) Do further 3 month-doses of intrathecal methotrexate and dexamethasone help to decrease still more the incidence of meningeal leukemia? From October 1972 to December 1975, 473 previously untreated patients entered this study and 465 (390 children and 75 adults) are evaluated in this paper. Of them, 373 (80%) achieved complete remission (children 84% and adults 61%). Out of 109 \"high risk\" children (one or more of the following characteristics at diagnosis: marked organomegaly, mediastinal widening, leukocytosis above 50000/mm3 and CNS involvement) 83 (76%) and out of 281 \"standard risk\" children (all the others) 244 (87%) achieved complete remission. The median duration of complete remission according to different prognostic factors was as follows: \"high risk\" children 10 months, adults 24 months and \"standard risk\" children 25 months. Duration of complete remission of the \"standard risk\" children in relation to with or without intensification, daily or weekly maintenance and additional intrathecal therapy or none, showed no significant difference; however, those who received intensification, daily maintenance and further intrathecal therapy behaved slightly better. Median survival for all the cases of this study was as follows: adults 10 months, \"high risk\" children 12 months and \"standard risk\" children 26 months. At 36 months, 13% of \"high risk\" children, 25% of adults and 39% of \"standard risk\" children are still alive. We conclude that the variables studied in this protocol did not show significant extension of complete remission, however the sum of them seems to offer some advantage. Moreover, what appears clear is the importance of prognostic factors which must be taken into account in future studies.", "PMID": 101296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4684", "title": "The significance of intracytoplasmic proteins in Reed-Sternberg cells.", "content": "Lymphoid tissue of 42 patients with Hodgkin's disease was studied with immunohistological techniques on the light microscopic and ultrastructural level. The presence of IgG in some Reed-Sternberg (R-S) cells was confirmed, and in addition serial sections and a double staining technique revealed that these cells also contained both kappa and lambda light chains. Furthermore two serum proteins, human serum albumin and alpha-1-antitrypsin, were demonstrated in the same positive R-S cells. The ultrastructural localization of the immunoglobulin and of human serum albumin was not related to any protein synthesizing organelle or to structures related to endocytosis. It is suggested that the presence of immunoglobulin in R-S cells is the result of a disturbance of the cell wall integrity with subsequent nonspecific diffusion of immunoglobulin and other serum proteins into the cell. The presence of IgG therefore can not be taken as an argument for a B-cell origin of R-S cells. Possible mechanisms for the cell wall damage are discussed.", "contents": "The significance of intracytoplasmic proteins in Reed-Sternberg cells. Lymphoid tissue of 42 patients with Hodgkin's disease was studied with immunohistological techniques on the light microscopic and ultrastructural level. The presence of IgG in some Reed-Sternberg (R-S) cells was confirmed, and in addition serial sections and a double staining technique revealed that these cells also contained both kappa and lambda light chains. Furthermore two serum proteins, human serum albumin and alpha-1-antitrypsin, were demonstrated in the same positive R-S cells. The ultrastructural localization of the immunoglobulin and of human serum albumin was not related to any protein synthesizing organelle or to structures related to endocytosis. It is suggested that the presence of immunoglobulin in R-S cells is the result of a disturbance of the cell wall integrity with subsequent nonspecific diffusion of immunoglobulin and other serum proteins into the cell. The presence of IgG therefore can not be taken as an argument for a B-cell origin of R-S cells. Possible mechanisms for the cell wall damage are discussed.", "PMID": 101297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4685", "title": "Cryopathic gangrene with an IgM lambda cryoprecipitating cold agglutinin.", "content": "Immunochemical and serologic studies of cold agglutinis in patients with chronic cold agglutinin disease (CCAD) have shown the almost exclusive occurrence of IgM kappa antibodies with specificity for the I antigen of red cells. An unusual subgroup of patients has been delineated in which the cryoprotein is IgM lambda, frequently lacks I specificity and often cryoprecipitates. Studies of such a protein from a patient with an unusual array of immunoproliferative disorders including Grave's disease with exophthalmos and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia indicate that the cryoprecipitating and cold agglutinating properties probably derive from the sam protein. The occurrence of this type of antibody should suggest the presence of a more aggressive lymphoproliferative disorder than simple CCAD.", "contents": "Cryopathic gangrene with an IgM lambda cryoprecipitating cold agglutinin. Immunochemical and serologic studies of cold agglutinis in patients with chronic cold agglutinin disease (CCAD) have shown the almost exclusive occurrence of IgM kappa antibodies with specificity for the I antigen of red cells. An unusual subgroup of patients has been delineated in which the cryoprotein is IgM lambda, frequently lacks I specificity and often cryoprecipitates. Studies of such a protein from a patient with an unusual array of immunoproliferative disorders including Grave's disease with exophthalmos and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia indicate that the cryoprecipitating and cold agglutinating properties probably derive from the sam protein. The occurrence of this type of antibody should suggest the presence of a more aggressive lymphoproliferative disorder than simple CCAD.", "PMID": 101298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4686", "title": "Conservative management of operable breast cancer: ten years experience at the Foundation Curie.", "content": "514 patients were treated for a surgically operable (T1, T2, T3, N0, N1a, N1b) infiltrating breast carcinoma at the Foundation Curie, Paris, France, from 1960 to 1970 inclusive. Patients with tumors 3 cm or less and without axillary adenopathy had lumpectomy followed by radiotherapy. Patients with larger tumors and all patients with clinically significant lymph nodes (N1b) had exclusive radiotherapy (without lumpectomy). 120 had lumpectomy and 394 had exclusive radiotherapy. The five and ten years absolute survivals, free of disease (N.E.D.), for the lumpectomy are 85% and 75%, respectively. 12% had secondary surgery for local recurrence. The cosmetic results were satisfactory in 98%, with no severe radiation sequelae. The five and ten years, N.E.D., of the exclusive radiotherapy group are 68% and 43%. 55% had secondary surgery for persistent or recurrent disease. The cosmetic results were satisfactory in 85%. There were only three patients with severe radiation sequelae. The overall survival for 514 patients at five and ten years are 72% and 51%. Two-thirds of patients, alive at five years, had a preserved breast. Our conservative treatment resulted in survival at five and ten years comparable to those of radical surgery.", "contents": "Conservative management of operable breast cancer: ten years experience at the Foundation Curie. 514 patients were treated for a surgically operable (T1, T2, T3, N0, N1a, N1b) infiltrating breast carcinoma at the Foundation Curie, Paris, France, from 1960 to 1970 inclusive. Patients with tumors 3 cm or less and without axillary adenopathy had lumpectomy followed by radiotherapy. Patients with larger tumors and all patients with clinically significant lymph nodes (N1b) had exclusive radiotherapy (without lumpectomy). 120 had lumpectomy and 394 had exclusive radiotherapy. The five and ten years absolute survivals, free of disease (N.E.D.), for the lumpectomy are 85% and 75%, respectively. 12% had secondary surgery for local recurrence. The cosmetic results were satisfactory in 98%, with no severe radiation sequelae. The five and ten years, N.E.D., of the exclusive radiotherapy group are 68% and 43%. 55% had secondary surgery for persistent or recurrent disease. The cosmetic results were satisfactory in 85%. There were only three patients with severe radiation sequelae. The overall survival for 514 patients at five and ten years are 72% and 51%. Two-thirds of patients, alive at five years, had a preserved breast. Our conservative treatment resulted in survival at five and ten years comparable to those of radical surgery.", "PMID": 101299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4687", "title": "Primary management of operable breast cancer by minimal surgery and radiotherapy.", "content": "109 cases of breast cancer were treated by tumorectomy and radiotherapy or radiotherapy alone. Almost 30% with small tumors (T1, T2) were considered inoperable for medical reasons and 70% refused mastectomy. Over the past five years the number of patients refusing mastectomy has definitely increased. 59 cases of surgically resectable cancers (T1, T2, T3, N0, N1) had a minimum followup of two years (average 4 years +/- 3 months). Absolute and determinate survivals NED were 65% and 86%. There were four local recurrences (8%). Secondary mastectomy could be performed on three. Microscopic involvement of the surgical margin by cancer did not alter the local control rate. The cosmetic results were good in 98%. Gross removal of the tumor followed by radiotherapy may be offered as an alternative to mastectomy in patients with operable breast cancer.", "contents": "Primary management of operable breast cancer by minimal surgery and radiotherapy. 109 cases of breast cancer were treated by tumorectomy and radiotherapy or radiotherapy alone. Almost 30% with small tumors (T1, T2) were considered inoperable for medical reasons and 70% refused mastectomy. Over the past five years the number of patients refusing mastectomy has definitely increased. 59 cases of surgically resectable cancers (T1, T2, T3, N0, N1) had a minimum followup of two years (average 4 years +/- 3 months). Absolute and determinate survivals NED were 65% and 86%. There were four local recurrences (8%). Secondary mastectomy could be performed on three. Microscopic involvement of the surgical margin by cancer did not alter the local control rate. The cosmetic results were good in 98%. Gross removal of the tumor followed by radiotherapy may be offered as an alternative to mastectomy in patients with operable breast cancer.", "PMID": 101300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4688", "title": "Relation between time-dose and local control of operable breast cancer treated by tumorectomy and radiotherapy or by radical radiotherapy alone.", "content": "67 patients with tumors 3 cm or less and with negative axilla, who had lumpectomy and radiotherapy, and 122 patients with larger tumors or clinically positive axilla, who had radical radiotherapy without prior lumpectomy, were evaluated at five years to determine the optimum dose for local control. 7000 rad in seven to eight weeks controlled 85% of lumpectomy cases, whereas 8000 rad in 81/2 weeks were required to control two-thirds of cases treated by radical irradiation alone. Subclinical (N0, N1a) and clinical disease (N1b) in the axilla was controlled, in a very high percentage, when 6000 and 7000 rad were delivered, respectively. Dose response curves were obtained for clinical disease in the breast and axilla. No such response was elicited for subclinical disease. Undifferentiated cancers had higher recurrence rates than well differentiated tumors. Radiation fibrosis in lumpectomy cases was insignificant, whereas 10% of radically irradiated patients had fibrosis of the breast.", "contents": "Relation between time-dose and local control of operable breast cancer treated by tumorectomy and radiotherapy or by radical radiotherapy alone. 67 patients with tumors 3 cm or less and with negative axilla, who had lumpectomy and radiotherapy, and 122 patients with larger tumors or clinically positive axilla, who had radical radiotherapy without prior lumpectomy, were evaluated at five years to determine the optimum dose for local control. 7000 rad in seven to eight weeks controlled 85% of lumpectomy cases, whereas 8000 rad in 81/2 weeks were required to control two-thirds of cases treated by radical irradiation alone. Subclinical (N0, N1a) and clinical disease (N1b) in the axilla was controlled, in a very high percentage, when 6000 and 7000 rad were delivered, respectively. Dose response curves were obtained for clinical disease in the breast and axilla. No such response was elicited for subclinical disease. Undifferentiated cancers had higher recurrence rates than well differentiated tumors. Radiation fibrosis in lumpectomy cases was insignificant, whereas 10% of radically irradiated patients had fibrosis of the breast.", "PMID": 101301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4689", "title": "Management of operable breast cancer: the surgeon's view.", "content": "There is no ideal single operation for breast cancer. In planning the choice of surgery for breast cancer, one must be aware of its multicentric origin, and of the regional spread from the breast to the axillary and internal mammary lymph nodes. The scope of the surgical attack should be correlated with the clinical pathologic extent of disease in the individual patient with the aim of removing all disease present, while preserving appearance and function to the utmost. The main goal remains removal of all disease from the breast and its regional nodes. Three distinct operative procedures have been utilized--modified radical mastectomy--total mastectomy with axillary dissection, radical mastectomy, and extended radical mastectomy. In all instances, the appropriate operation is applied to the individual, with the concept of removing most efficiently all disease present in the breast and regional nodes. With this plan of therapy, a 10 year survival rate of 61% with a local recurrence rat of 7.7% has been attained in a group of 565 patients with 40% axillary node involvement. These data are crude and uncorrected for age, intercurrent disease and for those lost to follow-up. The best salvage has been attained in the so-called \"minimal\" breast cancers--95% well 10 years following modified radical mastectomy. The extended radical mastectomy has been superior to the radical mastectomy when axillary node disease is present. In the more complete operation, 54% 10 year survival has been attained in patients with axillary node metastases, compared with only 33% attained in those treated by the conventional radical mastectomy. Adjuvant radiation therapy is applied to the adjacent regional nodes, when indicated. Adjuvant multi-chemotherapy is in its infancy and still to be evaluated. It should be used as a supplement to adequate primary surgical treatment, and should not be used as a crutch for inadequate primary surgery.", "contents": "Management of operable breast cancer: the surgeon's view. There is no ideal single operation for breast cancer. In planning the choice of surgery for breast cancer, one must be aware of its multicentric origin, and of the regional spread from the breast to the axillary and internal mammary lymph nodes. The scope of the surgical attack should be correlated with the clinical pathologic extent of disease in the individual patient with the aim of removing all disease present, while preserving appearance and function to the utmost. The main goal remains removal of all disease from the breast and its regional nodes. Three distinct operative procedures have been utilized--modified radical mastectomy--total mastectomy with axillary dissection, radical mastectomy, and extended radical mastectomy. In all instances, the appropriate operation is applied to the individual, with the concept of removing most efficiently all disease present in the breast and regional nodes. With this plan of therapy, a 10 year survival rate of 61% with a local recurrence rat of 7.7% has been attained in a group of 565 patients with 40% axillary node involvement. These data are crude and uncorrected for age, intercurrent disease and for those lost to follow-up. The best salvage has been attained in the so-called \"minimal\" breast cancers--95% well 10 years following modified radical mastectomy. The extended radical mastectomy has been superior to the radical mastectomy when axillary node disease is present. In the more complete operation, 54% 10 year survival has been attained in patients with axillary node metastases, compared with only 33% attained in those treated by the conventional radical mastectomy. Adjuvant radiation therapy is applied to the adjacent regional nodes, when indicated. Adjuvant multi-chemotherapy is in its infancy and still to be evaluated. It should be used as a supplement to adequate primary surgical treatment, and should not be used as a crutch for inadequate primary surgery.", "PMID": 101302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4690", "title": "Correlation of tubulin-binding and antitumor activities of podophyllotoxin analogs.", "content": "The tubulin-binding affinities of podophyllotoxin and 12 related compounds have been compared with the effectiveness of these drugs in three assays of antitumor activity: (1) The mastocytoma assay of inhibited tumor cell growth in vitro; (2) the 37 sarcoma assay of tumor remission in vivo; and (3) the Stentor regeneration inhibition assay which detects a requirement for microtubule polymerization. The results indicate that there is a positive Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the inhibition constant for the binding of colchicine to tubulin in the presence of these compounds and the effectiveness of the compounds in the three assays of tumor growth inhibition. It is suggested that tubulin-binding assays may be a useful step in the screening of podophyllotoxin-like compounds suspected of disrupting mitosis by binding to microtubule protein.", "contents": "Correlation of tubulin-binding and antitumor activities of podophyllotoxin analogs. The tubulin-binding affinities of podophyllotoxin and 12 related compounds have been compared with the effectiveness of these drugs in three assays of antitumor activity: (1) The mastocytoma assay of inhibited tumor cell growth in vitro; (2) the 37 sarcoma assay of tumor remission in vivo; and (3) the Stentor regeneration inhibition assay which detects a requirement for microtubule polymerization. The results indicate that there is a positive Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the inhibition constant for the binding of colchicine to tubulin in the presence of these compounds and the effectiveness of the compounds in the three assays of tumor growth inhibition. It is suggested that tubulin-binding assays may be a useful step in the screening of podophyllotoxin-like compounds suspected of disrupting mitosis by binding to microtubule protein.", "PMID": 101303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4691", "title": "Confronting subsurface cisternae and desmosomes in HELA monolayer cultures.", "content": "Confronting subsurface cisternae (CSC) and desmosomes are abundant at sites of parallel apposition of plasma membranes in confluent epitheloid monolayers of HeLa cells. Both structures are absent in young and subconfluent cultures, where stable intercellular contacts do not occur. They first appear when the plane of intercellular contact approaches towards the vertical; they disappear when cells separate spontaneously at superconfluency or by treatment with EDTA. The structure of CSC, lacking ribosomes at their side facing the plasma membrane, might fit the production of glycoproteins involved in intercellular adhesion.", "contents": "Confronting subsurface cisternae and desmosomes in HELA monolayer cultures. Confronting subsurface cisternae (CSC) and desmosomes are abundant at sites of parallel apposition of plasma membranes in confluent epitheloid monolayers of HeLa cells. Both structures are absent in young and subconfluent cultures, where stable intercellular contacts do not occur. They first appear when the plane of intercellular contact approaches towards the vertical; they disappear when cells separate spontaneously at superconfluency or by treatment with EDTA. The structure of CSC, lacking ribosomes at their side facing the plasma membrane, might fit the production of glycoproteins involved in intercellular adhesion.", "PMID": 101306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4692", "title": "The formation of dihydrodiols by the chemical or enzymic oxidation of benz[a] anthracene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene.", "content": "When benz[a] anthracene was oxidised in a reaction mixture containing ascorbic acid, ferrous sulphate and EDTA, the non-K-region dihydrodiols, trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxybenz[a] anthracene and trans-3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxybenz[a] anthracene together with small amounts of the 8,9- and 10,11-dihydrodiols were formed. When oxidised in a similar system, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene yielded the K-region dihydrodiol, trans-5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene and the non-K-region dihydrodiols, trans-3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene, trans-8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene, trans-10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene and a trace of the 1,2-dihydrodiol. The structures and sterochemistry of the dihydrodiols were established by comparisons of their UV spectra and chromatographic characteristics using HPLC with those of authentic compounds or, when no authentic compounds were available, by UV, NMR and mass spectral analysis. An examination by HPLC of the dihydrodiols formed in the metabolism, by rat-liver microsomal fractions, of benz[a] anthracene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene was carried out. The metabolic dihydriols were identified by comparisons of their chromatographic and UV or fluorescence spectral characteristics with compounds of known structures. The principle metabolic dihydriols formed from both benz[a] anthracene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene were the trans-5,6- and trans-8,9-dihydrodiols. The 1,2- and 10,11-dihydrodiols were identified as minor products of the metabolism of benz [a] anthracene and the tentative identification of the trans-3,4-dihydriol as a metabolite was made from fluorescence and chromatographic data. The minor metabolic dihydriols formed from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene were the trans-3,4-dihydrodiol and the trans-10,11-dihydriol but the trans-1,2-dihydrodiol was not detected in the present study.", "contents": "The formation of dihydrodiols by the chemical or enzymic oxidation of benz[a] anthracene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene. When benz[a] anthracene was oxidised in a reaction mixture containing ascorbic acid, ferrous sulphate and EDTA, the non-K-region dihydrodiols, trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxybenz[a] anthracene and trans-3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxybenz[a] anthracene together with small amounts of the 8,9- and 10,11-dihydrodiols were formed. When oxidised in a similar system, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene yielded the K-region dihydrodiol, trans-5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene and the non-K-region dihydrodiols, trans-3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene, trans-8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene, trans-10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene and a trace of the 1,2-dihydrodiol. The structures and sterochemistry of the dihydrodiols were established by comparisons of their UV spectra and chromatographic characteristics using HPLC with those of authentic compounds or, when no authentic compounds were available, by UV, NMR and mass spectral analysis. An examination by HPLC of the dihydrodiols formed in the metabolism, by rat-liver microsomal fractions, of benz[a] anthracene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene was carried out. The metabolic dihydriols were identified by comparisons of their chromatographic and UV or fluorescence spectral characteristics with compounds of known structures. The principle metabolic dihydriols formed from both benz[a] anthracene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene were the trans-5,6- and trans-8,9-dihydrodiols. The 1,2- and 10,11-dihydrodiols were identified as minor products of the metabolism of benz [a] anthracene and the tentative identification of the trans-3,4-dihydriol as a metabolite was made from fluorescence and chromatographic data. The minor metabolic dihydriols formed from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene were the trans-3,4-dihydrodiol and the trans-10,11-dihydriol but the trans-1,2-dihydrodiol was not detected in the present study.", "PMID": 101308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4693", "title": "[Intraluminal diverticulum of the duodenum in a child 11 years old (author's transl)].", "content": "The intra luminal diverticulum of the duodenum is normally detected when the patient is adult. A better knowledge of that pathology allows an early diagnosis. The observation of a child 11 years old is here related. The clinics, roentgenographic and signs are stated precisely according to the survey of the observations already publiced.", "contents": "[Intraluminal diverticulum of the duodenum in a child 11 years old (author's transl)]. The intra luminal diverticulum of the duodenum is normally detected when the patient is adult. A better knowledge of that pathology allows an early diagnosis. The observation of a child 11 years old is here related. The clinics, roentgenographic and signs are stated precisely according to the survey of the observations already publiced.", "PMID": 101310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4694", "title": "Lymph and pulmonary response to isobaric reduction in plasma oncotic pressure in baboons.", "content": "Plasma colloid osmotic pressure was reduced by 76% (from 19.6 +/- 0.6 to 4.7 +/- 1.5 mm Hg) in five baboons while pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure was maintained at a normal level. This resulted in fluid retention, weight gain, peripheral edema and ascites, but no pulmonary edema. Thoracic duct lymph flow increased 6-fold and pulmonary lymph flow 7-fold. Thoracic duct lymph had a lower colloid osmotic pressure (2.0 +/- 0.7 mm Hg) than plasma (4.7 +/- 1.5 mm Hg), whereas the colloid osmotic pressure of pulmonary lymph (4.7 +/- 0.7 mm Hg) was the same as that of plasma. The lymph-plasma ratio for albumin fell in thoracic duct lymph but remained unchanged in pulmonary lymph. The difference between plasma colloid osmotic pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure decreased from 15.3 +/- 1.9 to -0.7 +/- 2.9 mm Hg. Despite this increase in filtration force, the lungs were protected from edema formation by a decrease of 11 mm Hg in pulmonary interstitial colloid osmotic pressure and a 7-fold increase in lymph flow.", "contents": "Lymph and pulmonary response to isobaric reduction in plasma oncotic pressure in baboons. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure was reduced by 76% (from 19.6 +/- 0.6 to 4.7 +/- 1.5 mm Hg) in five baboons while pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure was maintained at a normal level. This resulted in fluid retention, weight gain, peripheral edema and ascites, but no pulmonary edema. Thoracic duct lymph flow increased 6-fold and pulmonary lymph flow 7-fold. Thoracic duct lymph had a lower colloid osmotic pressure (2.0 +/- 0.7 mm Hg) than plasma (4.7 +/- 1.5 mm Hg), whereas the colloid osmotic pressure of pulmonary lymph (4.7 +/- 0.7 mm Hg) was the same as that of plasma. The lymph-plasma ratio for albumin fell in thoracic duct lymph but remained unchanged in pulmonary lymph. The difference between plasma colloid osmotic pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure decreased from 15.3 +/- 1.9 to -0.7 +/- 2.9 mm Hg. Despite this increase in filtration force, the lungs were protected from edema formation by a decrease of 11 mm Hg in pulmonary interstitial colloid osmotic pressure and a 7-fold increase in lymph flow.", "PMID": 101311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4695", "title": "Influence of right ventricular hemodynamics on left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations in man.", "content": "To clarify the mechanism of displacement of the left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume function with alteration of loading conditions, the effects of nitroglycerin on pressure-volume relations in 13 patients were compared with those of amyl nitrite in 13 other patients during cardiac catheterization. After nitroglycerin, average systemic mean arterial pressure declined by 15.1 mm Hg (17%) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure by 9.4 mm Hg (49%); right ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures fell 11.6 mm Hg (36%) and 5 mm Hg (41%), respectively. In all patients diastolic pressure-volume curves were significantly displaced downward and leftward. After amyl nitrite, average systemic mean arterial pressure fell 20.1 mm Hg (22%), but left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and right ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures were not significantly reduced. No significant displacement of diastolic pressure-volume curves occurred. Both the rate constant of the exponentially fit diastolic pressure-volume curve, and the rate of diastolic isovolumic relaxation (T) were unchanged after each drug. Thus downward displacement of diastolic pressure-volume functions after nitroglycerin appears to be dependent more upon reduction of right ventricular filling dynamics than coronary perfusion pressures. More favorable effects upon left ventricular function may be associated with reduction of both left ventricular filling pressures and systemic impedance (reflecting both \"preload\" and \"afterload\") than of systemic arterial pressures (\"afterload\") alone.", "contents": "Influence of right ventricular hemodynamics on left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations in man. To clarify the mechanism of displacement of the left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume function with alteration of loading conditions, the effects of nitroglycerin on pressure-volume relations in 13 patients were compared with those of amyl nitrite in 13 other patients during cardiac catheterization. After nitroglycerin, average systemic mean arterial pressure declined by 15.1 mm Hg (17%) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure by 9.4 mm Hg (49%); right ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures fell 11.6 mm Hg (36%) and 5 mm Hg (41%), respectively. In all patients diastolic pressure-volume curves were significantly displaced downward and leftward. After amyl nitrite, average systemic mean arterial pressure fell 20.1 mm Hg (22%), but left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and right ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures were not significantly reduced. No significant displacement of diastolic pressure-volume curves occurred. Both the rate constant of the exponentially fit diastolic pressure-volume curve, and the rate of diastolic isovolumic relaxation (T) were unchanged after each drug. Thus downward displacement of diastolic pressure-volume functions after nitroglycerin appears to be dependent more upon reduction of right ventricular filling dynamics than coronary perfusion pressures. More favorable effects upon left ventricular function may be associated with reduction of both left ventricular filling pressures and systemic impedance (reflecting both \"preload\" and \"afterload\") than of systemic arterial pressures (\"afterload\") alone.", "PMID": 101312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4696", "title": "Clinical investigation of agents with prophylactic anti-allergic effects in bronchial asthma.", "content": "To determine the efficacy of ketotifen as an oral anti-asthmatic agent, experimental and therapeutic long-term trials were carried out. Four models were used in the expirmental therapeutic trials nad the antihistaminic agent clemastine and disodium cromoglycate were used as comparative substances. It was demonstrated that ketotifen provides protection against bronchopasm induced by allergens, histamine and exercise, but not against that induced by acetylcholine. In the therapeutic long-term trials, the efficacy and tolerance of ketotifen were compared with that of clemastine and disodium cromoglycate for a period of 6 months. In another study ketotifen was administered for 1 year. Ketotifen proved very effective in decreasing the frequency and duration of asthmatic attacks, concomitant medication could be reduced and the patients improved subjectively. From these trials it can be concluded that ketotifen is a safe and effective oral anti-anaphylactic agent for use in the long-term treatment of bronchial asthma.", "contents": "Clinical investigation of agents with prophylactic anti-allergic effects in bronchial asthma. To determine the efficacy of ketotifen as an oral anti-asthmatic agent, experimental and therapeutic long-term trials were carried out. Four models were used in the expirmental therapeutic trials nad the antihistaminic agent clemastine and disodium cromoglycate were used as comparative substances. It was demonstrated that ketotifen provides protection against bronchopasm induced by allergens, histamine and exercise, but not against that induced by acetylcholine. In the therapeutic long-term trials, the efficacy and tolerance of ketotifen were compared with that of clemastine and disodium cromoglycate for a period of 6 months. In another study ketotifen was administered for 1 year. Ketotifen proved very effective in decreasing the frequency and duration of asthmatic attacks, concomitant medication could be reduced and the patients improved subjectively. From these trials it can be concluded that ketotifen is a safe and effective oral anti-anaphylactic agent for use in the long-term treatment of bronchial asthma.", "PMID": 101313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4697", "title": "Serum IgE levels in Chagas' disease.", "content": "Elevated levels of serum immunoglobulin E are found in many parasitic diseases caused by helminths. We have previously demonstrated that giardiasis was not associated with hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E. In order to determine the influence of Trypanosoma cruzi on IgE levels of clinically symptomatic patients, a controlled study was performed. There was no difference between the serum IgE values from Brazilian patients with Chagas' disease and those from matched healthy Brazilian controls. We suggest that protozoan parasitic infections do not increase serum IgE levels.", "contents": "Serum IgE levels in Chagas' disease. Elevated levels of serum immunoglobulin E are found in many parasitic diseases caused by helminths. We have previously demonstrated that giardiasis was not associated with hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E. In order to determine the influence of Trypanosoma cruzi on IgE levels of clinically symptomatic patients, a controlled study was performed. There was no difference between the serum IgE values from Brazilian patients with Chagas' disease and those from matched healthy Brazilian controls. We suggest that protozoan parasitic infections do not increase serum IgE levels.", "PMID": 101314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4698", "title": "The effect of orally administered sodium cromoglycate on allergic reactions caused by food allergens.", "content": "In five patients who exhibited allergic reactions, four with asthma and one with angioneurotic oedema, to orally administered soybean flour, the protective effect of orally administered sodium cromoglycate has been investigated. Protection from reactions in soybean provocation tests has been achieved with doses ranging from 400 mg to 600 mg given four times daily.", "contents": "The effect of orally administered sodium cromoglycate on allergic reactions caused by food allergens. In five patients who exhibited allergic reactions, four with asthma and one with angioneurotic oedema, to orally administered soybean flour, the protective effect of orally administered sodium cromoglycate has been investigated. Protection from reactions in soybean provocation tests has been achieved with doses ranging from 400 mg to 600 mg given four times daily.", "PMID": 101315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4699", "title": "Effects of orally administered sodium cromoglycate in asthma and urticaria due to foods.", "content": "Out of twenty patients with a history of asthma or urticaria attributed to food substances, ten reacted on oral challenge: seven with asthma, one with asthma and urticaria and two with urticaria alone. In five of the eight asthmatic reactors, the symptoms developed within a few sec and there was no associated rise in free venous plasma histamine. In those remaining, two with asthma, two with urticaria and one with both, the symptoms developed only after 20-30 min. A rise in free plasma histamine occurred only in the two subjects with urticaria alone. The third with urticaria and asthma did not have blood estimations performed. Sodium cromoglycate in a dosage of 800 mg a day for 1 week, or a single dose of 1.0 g by mouth, did not block any of the reactions. By inhalation it blocked the asthmatic reactions which developed within a few sec of challenge.", "contents": "Effects of orally administered sodium cromoglycate in asthma and urticaria due to foods. Out of twenty patients with a history of asthma or urticaria attributed to food substances, ten reacted on oral challenge: seven with asthma, one with asthma and urticaria and two with urticaria alone. In five of the eight asthmatic reactors, the symptoms developed within a few sec and there was no associated rise in free venous plasma histamine. In those remaining, two with asthma, two with urticaria and one with both, the symptoms developed only after 20-30 min. A rise in free plasma histamine occurred only in the two subjects with urticaria alone. The third with urticaria and asthma did not have blood estimations performed. Sodium cromoglycate in a dosage of 800 mg a day for 1 week, or a single dose of 1.0 g by mouth, did not block any of the reactions. By inhalation it blocked the asthmatic reactions which developed within a few sec of challenge.", "PMID": 101316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4700", "title": "A comparative study of an aqueous grass pollen extract and glutaraldehyde-treated grass pollen-tyrosine adsorbate in the treatment of pollenosis.", "content": "Hyposensitization therapy gave a subjective improvement in 84% of grass pollen-sensitive patients receiving an eighteen dose course of aqueous pollen extract (SDV) and in 69% of patients receiving a three dose course of glutaraldehyde-treated pollentyrosine adsorbate (Pollinex). Systemic reactions to treatment were considerably more frequent with the aqueous course, but virtually absent with the short adsorbate course, which seems therefore more convenient for the patient. The SDV treatment induced a more pronounced IgG antibody response both in patients and in guinea-pigs receiving the clinical dosage schedule. The Pollinex treatment showed a tendency to enhance the IgE antibody response in new patients.", "contents": "A comparative study of an aqueous grass pollen extract and glutaraldehyde-treated grass pollen-tyrosine adsorbate in the treatment of pollenosis. Hyposensitization therapy gave a subjective improvement in 84% of grass pollen-sensitive patients receiving an eighteen dose course of aqueous pollen extract (SDV) and in 69% of patients receiving a three dose course of glutaraldehyde-treated pollentyrosine adsorbate (Pollinex). Systemic reactions to treatment were considerably more frequent with the aqueous course, but virtually absent with the short adsorbate course, which seems therefore more convenient for the patient. The SDV treatment induced a more pronounced IgG antibody response both in patients and in guinea-pigs receiving the clinical dosage schedule. The Pollinex treatment showed a tendency to enhance the IgE antibody response in new patients.", "PMID": 101317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4701", "title": "Effect of diluent temperature on creatine kinase values found for lyophilized controls and reference sera.", "content": "We report the effect of temperature of diluent on creatine kinase activity in several lyophilized controls. Creatine kinase activity was significantly greater when the lyophilized control was reconstituted with diluent at 4 degrees C as compared to 25 degrees C. This is an additional source of variation in creatine kinase controls.", "contents": "Effect of diluent temperature on creatine kinase values found for lyophilized controls and reference sera. We report the effect of temperature of diluent on creatine kinase activity in several lyophilized controls. Creatine kinase activity was significantly greater when the lyophilized control was reconstituted with diluent at 4 degrees C as compared to 25 degrees C. This is an additional source of variation in creatine kinase controls.", "PMID": 101318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4702", "title": "An improved determination of total glycosaminoglycans in body fluids by formation of complexes with quinacrine: changes in amniotic fluid total glycosaminoglycans during normal pregnancies and in pregnancies at risk for mucopolysaccharidoses.", "content": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans form insoluble complexes with quinacrine and this has been exploited for their analysis in blood, urine and amniotic fluid. The method is specific for glycosaminoglycans including keratan sulphate and the samples do not have to be deproteinized. Values for normal urine, serum and amniotic fluid are presented. Urinary total glycosaminoglycans excreted by patients with mucopolysaccharidoses were also determined. The normal changes in amniotic fluid total glycosaminoglycans have been measured between 14 weeks' gestation and term, and values are given for amniotic fluid total glycosaminoglycans in several pregnancies at risk for mucopolysaccharidoses. It is suggested that this method is a potentially valuable analytical tool in the pre-natal diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses.", "contents": "An improved determination of total glycosaminoglycans in body fluids by formation of complexes with quinacrine: changes in amniotic fluid total glycosaminoglycans during normal pregnancies and in pregnancies at risk for mucopolysaccharidoses. Acidic glycosaminoglycans form insoluble complexes with quinacrine and this has been exploited for their analysis in blood, urine and amniotic fluid. The method is specific for glycosaminoglycans including keratan sulphate and the samples do not have to be deproteinized. Values for normal urine, serum and amniotic fluid are presented. Urinary total glycosaminoglycans excreted by patients with mucopolysaccharidoses were also determined. The normal changes in amniotic fluid total glycosaminoglycans have been measured between 14 weeks' gestation and term, and values are given for amniotic fluid total glycosaminoglycans in several pregnancies at risk for mucopolysaccharidoses. It is suggested that this method is a potentially valuable analytical tool in the pre-natal diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses.", "PMID": 101319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4703", "title": "Trihexosylceramide alpha-galactosidase of human leucocytes.", "content": "Trihexosylceramide, isolated from human kidney and labelled in the terminal galactose position by oxidation with galactose oxidase and reduction with sodium boro[3H]hydride, was used to study some of the properties of human leucocyte alpha-galactosidase. The enzyme was inactive in the absence of detergent. Of all the detergents tested a crude sodium taurocholate preparation displayed the greatest activity. The optimal detergent concentration varied from 2 to 4 mg/ml depending on the protein concentration and indicating that the enzyme activity was dependent on the protein/detergent ratio. Because of its influence in regulating enzyme activity, it is essential that care must be taken to ensure that the protein/detergent ratio of all incubation mixtures is kept relatively constant whenever the diagnosis of Fabry's disease is attempted.", "contents": "Trihexosylceramide alpha-galactosidase of human leucocytes. Trihexosylceramide, isolated from human kidney and labelled in the terminal galactose position by oxidation with galactose oxidase and reduction with sodium boro[3H]hydride, was used to study some of the properties of human leucocyte alpha-galactosidase. The enzyme was inactive in the absence of detergent. Of all the detergents tested a crude sodium taurocholate preparation displayed the greatest activity. The optimal detergent concentration varied from 2 to 4 mg/ml depending on the protein concentration and indicating that the enzyme activity was dependent on the protein/detergent ratio. Because of its influence in regulating enzyme activity, it is essential that care must be taken to ensure that the protein/detergent ratio of all incubation mixtures is kept relatively constant whenever the diagnosis of Fabry's disease is attempted.", "PMID": 101320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4704", "title": "Demonstration of antibody for glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in chronic hepatic disorders.", "content": "The present paper describes the detection of an autoantibody for glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in sera of patients with chronic hepatic disorders. In 16 out of 500 patients, the existence of an antibody for pig GPT was demonstrated by the double antibody method, gel filtration and radioimmunoelectrophoresis. The antibody was demonstrated as an immunoglobulin G (IgG) with either polyclonal or monoclonal type (kappa or lambda). The binding portion of IgG with GPT was determined as the fragment Fab, but not Fc of IgG. Because the binding of 125I-pig GPT with the patient's antibody was displaced by human GPT, this antibody may have the characteristic of cross reacting with both pig and human GPT. Although the mechanism of production of the antibody for GPT and the pathological significance of the antibody in chronic hepatic disorders remained obscure, possible inhibition of GPT activity in serum is suggested in the presence of this antibody.", "contents": "Demonstration of antibody for glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in chronic hepatic disorders. The present paper describes the detection of an autoantibody for glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in sera of patients with chronic hepatic disorders. In 16 out of 500 patients, the existence of an antibody for pig GPT was demonstrated by the double antibody method, gel filtration and radioimmunoelectrophoresis. The antibody was demonstrated as an immunoglobulin G (IgG) with either polyclonal or monoclonal type (kappa or lambda). The binding portion of IgG with GPT was determined as the fragment Fab, but not Fc of IgG. Because the binding of 125I-pig GPT with the patient's antibody was displaced by human GPT, this antibody may have the characteristic of cross reacting with both pig and human GPT. Although the mechanism of production of the antibody for GPT and the pathological significance of the antibody in chronic hepatic disorders remained obscure, possible inhibition of GPT activity in serum is suggested in the presence of this antibody.", "PMID": 101321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4705", "title": "Effect of psychosocial stimuli and limbic lesions on prolactin at rest and following stress.", "content": "Many of the factors altering corticosterone in the rat have similar effects on prolactin. Resting prolactin, like corticosterone, is higher in animals housed singly than in those multiply housed. Unlike corticosterone, gentling did not lower prolactin. An exquisite sensitivity to environmental stimuli which results in rapid elevations in prolactin levels has been indentified in the rat which is considerably greater than that for corticosterone. Like corticosterone, the pattern of prolactin stress responses varies according to time of day. This differential sensitivity may well account for the diurnal variation in prolactin reported by some investigators. The limbic system has an important influence on prolactin. Lesions of the septal region do not modify resting levels but alter the pattern of prolactin stress responses in ways which are only partly similar to the effects of such lesions on corticosterone. In rhesus monkeys, individual variation in resting prolactin levels was observed, similar to that seen in the human. Levels are stable over periods of up to 50 days and are characteristic of the individual animal. In response to the stress of electric shock or shaping to a bar press response, prolactin elevation occurs only in animals with high resting levels, suggesting that a common mechanism is responsible for controlling both resting levels and magnitude of stress responses.", "contents": "Effect of psychosocial stimuli and limbic lesions on prolactin at rest and following stress. Many of the factors altering corticosterone in the rat have similar effects on prolactin. Resting prolactin, like corticosterone, is higher in animals housed singly than in those multiply housed. Unlike corticosterone, gentling did not lower prolactin. An exquisite sensitivity to environmental stimuli which results in rapid elevations in prolactin levels has been indentified in the rat which is considerably greater than that for corticosterone. Like corticosterone, the pattern of prolactin stress responses varies according to time of day. This differential sensitivity may well account for the diurnal variation in prolactin reported by some investigators. The limbic system has an important influence on prolactin. Lesions of the septal region do not modify resting levels but alter the pattern of prolactin stress responses in ways which are only partly similar to the effects of such lesions on corticosterone. In rhesus monkeys, individual variation in resting prolactin levels was observed, similar to that seen in the human. Levels are stable over periods of up to 50 days and are characteristic of the individual animal. In response to the stress of electric shock or shaping to a bar press response, prolactin elevation occurs only in animals with high resting levels, suggesting that a common mechanism is responsible for controlling both resting levels and magnitude of stress responses.", "PMID": 101322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4706", "title": "Is there any association between the pharmacologic control of prolactin release and its action on mammary carcinogenesis in the rat?", "content": "Pretreatment of female Wistar rats with various compounds (coumarin, 4-methyl-phenobarbital, carbon tetrachloride) on mammary tumour production by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) has been studied. The test compounds brought about a variety of actions on DMBA tumours; their effect varied from none (phenobarbital, carbon tetrachloride) to decreased incidence and delayed appearance (coumarin, 4-methylcoumarin). In all cases studied increased prolactin level was found. The inhibitory action of coumarin on tumour incidence and multiplicity showed a dose-related association with elevated serum prolactin and reduced hepatic drug metabolism. These results indicate that the production of DMBA-induced mammary adenocarcinomas in the rat is not associated with serum levels of prolactin. Our results suggest that in this model for tumorigenesis, prolactin only plays the role of a promoter after the carcinogenic event.", "contents": "Is there any association between the pharmacologic control of prolactin release and its action on mammary carcinogenesis in the rat? Pretreatment of female Wistar rats with various compounds (coumarin, 4-methyl-phenobarbital, carbon tetrachloride) on mammary tumour production by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) has been studied. The test compounds brought about a variety of actions on DMBA tumours; their effect varied from none (phenobarbital, carbon tetrachloride) to decreased incidence and delayed appearance (coumarin, 4-methylcoumarin). In all cases studied increased prolactin level was found. The inhibitory action of coumarin on tumour incidence and multiplicity showed a dose-related association with elevated serum prolactin and reduced hepatic drug metabolism. These results indicate that the production of DMBA-induced mammary adenocarcinomas in the rat is not associated with serum levels of prolactin. Our results suggest that in this model for tumorigenesis, prolactin only plays the role of a promoter after the carcinogenic event.", "PMID": 101323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4707", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins in aborted and non-aborted bovine foetuses.", "content": "The concentration of immunoglobulin classes G, M and A (IgG, IgM and IgA) in the sera of 233 aborted and 201 non-aborted foetuses was measured. IgM was first detected in a foetus at day 90 of gestation while IgG and IgA were first detected on day 111 of gestation. Immunoglobulins were detected in 81.5% of aborted foetuses and 32.8% of non-aborted foetuses. Total immunoglobulin concentrations of 20 mg/100 ml or greater were found in 35.2% of aborted foetuses but only in 4.5% of non-aborted foetuses. It is suggested that factors resulting in antigenic stimulation of the foetus may play an important part in bovine abortion.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins in aborted and non-aborted bovine foetuses. The concentration of immunoglobulin classes G, M and A (IgG, IgM and IgA) in the sera of 233 aborted and 201 non-aborted foetuses was measured. IgM was first detected in a foetus at day 90 of gestation while IgG and IgA were first detected on day 111 of gestation. Immunoglobulins were detected in 81.5% of aborted foetuses and 32.8% of non-aborted foetuses. Total immunoglobulin concentrations of 20 mg/100 ml or greater were found in 35.2% of aborted foetuses but only in 4.5% of non-aborted foetuses. It is suggested that factors resulting in antigenic stimulation of the foetus may play an important part in bovine abortion.", "PMID": 101325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4708", "title": "Cytotoxicity of human and baboon mononuclear phagocytes against schistosomula in vitro: induction by immune complexes containing IgE and Schistosoma mansoni antigens.", "content": "Normal human blood monocytes, pre-incubated at 37 degrees C with sera from patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni, strongly adhered to S. mansoni schistosomula in vitro, whereas no significant adherence was induced by sera from uninfected individuals. Comparable adherence occurred with normal baboon blood monocytes or peritoneal macrophages when these cells were incubated with sera from S. mansoni-infected baboons. Adherence of macrophages to schistosomula was associated with damage to the larvae, as estimated by a 51Cr release technique. Neither adherence nor cytotoxicity was induced by pre-incubation of the schistosomula, instead of the monocytes, with immune serum. The relevant factor in immune serum was heat-labile, but was not a complement component. Absorption and ultracentrifugation experiments showed that immune complexes, containing S. mansoni-specific IgE antibody and soluble parasite antigens, produced monocyte or macrophage adherence and cytotoxicity. Similar observations have been reported previously in the rat model. Since the production of large amounts of IgE is a predominant feature of schistosome infections in man and experimental animals, it is possible that this new mode of mononuclear phagocyte activation could act as an immune effector mechanism against S. mansoni.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of human and baboon mononuclear phagocytes against schistosomula in vitro: induction by immune complexes containing IgE and Schistosoma mansoni antigens. Normal human blood monocytes, pre-incubated at 37 degrees C with sera from patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni, strongly adhered to S. mansoni schistosomula in vitro, whereas no significant adherence was induced by sera from uninfected individuals. Comparable adherence occurred with normal baboon blood monocytes or peritoneal macrophages when these cells were incubated with sera from S. mansoni-infected baboons. Adherence of macrophages to schistosomula was associated with damage to the larvae, as estimated by a 51Cr release technique. Neither adherence nor cytotoxicity was induced by pre-incubation of the schistosomula, instead of the monocytes, with immune serum. The relevant factor in immune serum was heat-labile, but was not a complement component. Absorption and ultracentrifugation experiments showed that immune complexes, containing S. mansoni-specific IgE antibody and soluble parasite antigens, produced monocyte or macrophage adherence and cytotoxicity. Similar observations have been reported previously in the rat model. Since the production of large amounts of IgE is a predominant feature of schistosome infections in man and experimental animals, it is possible that this new mode of mononuclear phagocyte activation could act as an immune effector mechanism against S. mansoni.", "PMID": 101326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4709", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responses in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) with trachoma to soluble antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis.", "content": "The first temporal study of the cell-mediated immune responses (CMI) following ocular infections with Chlamydia trachomatis is presented. We examined the CMI of owl monkeys infected with trachoma to soluble antigens of C. trachomatis by leucocyte migration inhibition (LIF) and delayed hypersensitivity skin testing. Delayed hypersensitivity of a systemic nature developed after a local eye infection in owl monkeys; clearance of inclusions from conjunctival cells coincided with the onset of this response. The association of eye secretion and circulating antibodies with recovery from primary infection was not so striking. Both cellular and humoral immune responses persisted for at least 2 months, at which time all test animals were completely resistant to re-infection. The elicitation of cell-mediated immune reactions with solubilized chlamydial antigens may permit the isolation of specific antigens involved in the generation of protective immunity in the owl monkey model.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responses in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) with trachoma to soluble antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis. The first temporal study of the cell-mediated immune responses (CMI) following ocular infections with Chlamydia trachomatis is presented. We examined the CMI of owl monkeys infected with trachoma to soluble antigens of C. trachomatis by leucocyte migration inhibition (LIF) and delayed hypersensitivity skin testing. Delayed hypersensitivity of a systemic nature developed after a local eye infection in owl monkeys; clearance of inclusions from conjunctival cells coincided with the onset of this response. The association of eye secretion and circulating antibodies with recovery from primary infection was not so striking. Both cellular and humoral immune responses persisted for at least 2 months, at which time all test animals were completely resistant to re-infection. The elicitation of cell-mediated immune reactions with solubilized chlamydial antigens may permit the isolation of specific antigens involved in the generation of protective immunity in the owl monkey model.", "PMID": 101327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4710", "title": "Studies on the use of Coulter Chemistry in the veterinary laboratory: day-to day reproducibility and the effects of storage, hemolysis, lipemia, hyperbilirubinemia and anticoagulants on test results.", "content": "A study was done to determine the variations in clinical chemistry test results that might be due to day-to-day changes in laboratory testing conditions or to variations in specimens submitted. Laboratory precision and specimen storage conditions had relatively little effect on the test results, except for a few specific instances. Other variables, such as the presence of anticoagulants in the specimen and sample discoloration due to hemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia or lipemia were more often responsible for inconsistencies in test results.", "contents": "Studies on the use of Coulter Chemistry in the veterinary laboratory: day-to day reproducibility and the effects of storage, hemolysis, lipemia, hyperbilirubinemia and anticoagulants on test results. A study was done to determine the variations in clinical chemistry test results that might be due to day-to-day changes in laboratory testing conditions or to variations in specimens submitted. Laboratory precision and specimen storage conditions had relatively little effect on the test results, except for a few specific instances. Other variables, such as the presence of anticoagulants in the specimen and sample discoloration due to hemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia or lipemia were more often responsible for inconsistencies in test results.", "PMID": 101346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4711", "title": "The effects of unilateral or bilateral removals of the second somatosensory cortex (area SII): a profound tactile disorder in monkeys.", "content": "Three groups of monkeys were studied; one with bilateral removals of the second somatosensory projection cortex (SII); another with similar unilateral removals; and an unoperated control group. Both lesion groups were significantly impaired on tasks of tactile learning and tactile retention. However, there were no differences between groups on the great majority of tasks of motor learning, nor on spatial alternation in the dark. The animals with unilateral removals were generally impaired whether using the hand contralateral to or ispilateral to the removal.", "contents": "The effects of unilateral or bilateral removals of the second somatosensory cortex (area SII): a profound tactile disorder in monkeys. Three groups of monkeys were studied; one with bilateral removals of the second somatosensory projection cortex (SII); another with similar unilateral removals; and an unoperated control group. Both lesion groups were significantly impaired on tasks of tactile learning and tactile retention. However, there were no differences between groups on the great majority of tasks of motor learning, nor on spatial alternation in the dark. The animals with unilateral removals were generally impaired whether using the hand contralateral to or ispilateral to the removal.", "PMID": 101347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4712", "title": "Disturbance of cage-finding in the monkey.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative observations were made on two monkeys with unilateral or bilateral removals of areas 5 and 7 of Brodmann. The task was to return to the home cage in the light or in the dark. Both animals were slower in the dark, and also qualitatively abnormal in the light.", "contents": "Disturbance of cage-finding in the monkey. Qualitative and quantitative observations were made on two monkeys with unilateral or bilateral removals of areas 5 and 7 of Brodmann. The task was to return to the home cage in the light or in the dark. Both animals were slower in the dark, and also qualitatively abnormal in the light.", "PMID": 101348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4713", "title": "Characterization of restriction nuclease prepared chromatin by electron microscopy.", "content": "Chromatin was solubilized from rat liver nuclei by digestion with the restriction nuclease EcoRI or HaeIII in the presence or absence of EDTA and sodium chloride. The samples were investigated by electron microscopy after positive and negative staining with uranyl acetate under a number of conditions. Depending on the salt concentration during solubilization the chromatin appeared as beads on the string or in more compact form. Solenoid- and superbead-like structures were seen as had been reported for chromatin solubilized with micrococcal nuclease.", "contents": "Characterization of restriction nuclease prepared chromatin by electron microscopy. Chromatin was solubilized from rat liver nuclei by digestion with the restriction nuclease EcoRI or HaeIII in the presence or absence of EDTA and sodium chloride. The samples were investigated by electron microscopy after positive and negative staining with uranyl acetate under a number of conditions. Depending on the salt concentration during solubilization the chromatin appeared as beads on the string or in more compact form. Solenoid- and superbead-like structures were seen as had been reported for chromatin solubilized with micrococcal nuclease.", "PMID": 101362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4714", "title": "Heat-shock DNA homology in distantly related species of Drosophila.", "content": "Polytene chromosomes of D. melanogaster and D. virilis were hybridized in situ with 125I labeled mRNA isolated from polysomes of D. melanogaster tissue culture cells incubated at 37 degrees C. 125I mRNA hybridized preferentially with subdivisions 87A and 87Cl of the D. melanogaster 3R chromosome; grains were also observed at regions 93D, 95D and over the chromocenter. A considerable cross hybridization of this mRNA with D. virilis polytene chromosomes was observed. The 29C region of the D. virilis second chromosome was the main site of hybridization. Significant grain numbers also appeared in region 20F of the same chromosome. The two regions mentioned belong to heat shock loci in the latter species. Based on label intensity we conclude that region 29C of D. virilis contains DNA sequences retaining molecular homology with those at subdivisions 87A and 87Cl of D. melanogaster. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed similar distributions of heat shock proteins in the two species studied.", "contents": "Heat-shock DNA homology in distantly related species of Drosophila. Polytene chromosomes of D. melanogaster and D. virilis were hybridized in situ with 125I labeled mRNA isolated from polysomes of D. melanogaster tissue culture cells incubated at 37 degrees C. 125I mRNA hybridized preferentially with subdivisions 87A and 87Cl of the D. melanogaster 3R chromosome; grains were also observed at regions 93D, 95D and over the chromocenter. A considerable cross hybridization of this mRNA with D. virilis polytene chromosomes was observed. The 29C region of the D. virilis second chromosome was the main site of hybridization. Significant grain numbers also appeared in region 20F of the same chromosome. The two regions mentioned belong to heat shock loci in the latter species. Based on label intensity we conclude that region 29C of D. virilis contains DNA sequences retaining molecular homology with those at subdivisions 87A and 87Cl of D. melanogaster. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed similar distributions of heat shock proteins in the two species studied.", "PMID": 101363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4715", "title": "Possible effects of normetabolites on the subjective and reinforcing characteristics of opioids in animals and man.", "content": "When an opioid capable of forming active metabolites is administered, the total pharmacology is the result of interactions of the opioid and such metabolites, especially normetabolites. Normetabolites may affect the morphine-like characteristics of certain opioids and thus influence their reinforcement in animals and man. Most opioids, when administered in single doses, are positively reinforcing in addicts. Oral administration, as compared with parenteral, facilitates the formation of normetabolites. When chronically administered, many opioids, including acetylmethadol, meperidine, morphine, codeine, propoxyphene, and levorphanol, show evidence of a longer half-life for their normetabolites. Normetabolites may have aversive characteristics and thus impair positive reinforcement of the parent drug in animals and man. For example, addicts do not like chronic oral morphine or chronic oral codeine. Conversely, methadone, the normetabolites of which are inactive, is well accepted during chronic oral administration. Drugs which inhibit N-demethylation will increase the agonist potency of opioids having inactive normetabolites (e.g., methadone) but will decrease the agonist potency of opioids having more potent normetabolites than the parent (e.g., acetylmethadol). The divergent responses of addicts to single doses of opiates as compared with chronic doses indicate that chronic addiction tests in man are needed befored relative abuse liability can be predicted.", "contents": "Possible effects of normetabolites on the subjective and reinforcing characteristics of opioids in animals and man. When an opioid capable of forming active metabolites is administered, the total pharmacology is the result of interactions of the opioid and such metabolites, especially normetabolites. Normetabolites may affect the morphine-like characteristics of certain opioids and thus influence their reinforcement in animals and man. Most opioids, when administered in single doses, are positively reinforcing in addicts. Oral administration, as compared with parenteral, facilitates the formation of normetabolites. When chronically administered, many opioids, including acetylmethadol, meperidine, morphine, codeine, propoxyphene, and levorphanol, show evidence of a longer half-life for their normetabolites. Normetabolites may have aversive characteristics and thus impair positive reinforcement of the parent drug in animals and man. For example, addicts do not like chronic oral morphine or chronic oral codeine. Conversely, methadone, the normetabolites of which are inactive, is well accepted during chronic oral administration. Drugs which inhibit N-demethylation will increase the agonist potency of opioids having inactive normetabolites (e.g., methadone) but will decrease the agonist potency of opioids having more potent normetabolites than the parent (e.g., acetylmethadol). The divergent responses of addicts to single doses of opiates as compared with chronic doses indicate that chronic addiction tests in man are needed befored relative abuse liability can be predicted.", "PMID": 101364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4716", "title": "[Autotransplantion of Langerhans islets after total duodeno-pancreatectomy in a patient with chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Total duodenopancreatectomy was performed in a 36-year-old man because of global chronic pancreatitis. Islets cells were isolated by collagenase digestion from the resected pancreas and re-implanted into the liver via the portal vein. Until the sixth postoperative day the amount of insulin required fell from 54 IU initially to 10 IU per day. Serial insulin determination demonstrated secretion by the implanted cells.", "contents": "[Autotransplantion of Langerhans islets after total duodeno-pancreatectomy in a patient with chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. Total duodenopancreatectomy was performed in a 36-year-old man because of global chronic pancreatitis. Islets cells were isolated by collagenase digestion from the resected pancreas and re-implanted into the liver via the portal vein. Until the sixth postoperative day the amount of insulin required fell from 54 IU initially to 10 IU per day. Serial insulin determination demonstrated secretion by the implanted cells.", "PMID": 101366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4717", "title": "Polychlorinated terphenyls as an environmental pollutant in Japan.", "content": "This paper summarizes the results of the studies made by our group and other investigators in Japan on the residue levels of polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) in a variety of items in the environment including the human body. In contrast to widespread distribution of PCBs in the environment, PCT residues were seldom found in samples from aquatic environments such as water and sludge and waterfowl and fish, and, if found, the levels of PCTs were so low as to be practically negligible. Similarly, no significant levels of PCTs were detectable in foodstuffs such as edible oils, vegetables, dairy products and meat and in prepared diets. These findings may be explained by the fact that PCTs are much less volatile and soluble than PCBs and the total industrial output of PCTs was as small as 2700 tonnes which is 1/20 of PCBs produced in Japan. However, the levels of PCTs in human fat and blood were shown to be almost equivalent to PCBs, despite a negligible amount of PCTs being found in food. No clear explanation of human contamination by PCTs has been proposed so far.", "contents": "Polychlorinated terphenyls as an environmental pollutant in Japan. This paper summarizes the results of the studies made by our group and other investigators in Japan on the residue levels of polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) in a variety of items in the environment including the human body. In contrast to widespread distribution of PCBs in the environment, PCT residues were seldom found in samples from aquatic environments such as water and sludge and waterfowl and fish, and, if found, the levels of PCTs were so low as to be practically negligible. Similarly, no significant levels of PCTs were detectable in foodstuffs such as edible oils, vegetables, dairy products and meat and in prepared diets. These findings may be explained by the fact that PCTs are much less volatile and soluble than PCBs and the total industrial output of PCTs was as small as 2700 tonnes which is 1/20 of PCBs produced in Japan. However, the levels of PCTs in human fat and blood were shown to be almost equivalent to PCBs, despite a negligible amount of PCTs being found in food. No clear explanation of human contamination by PCTs has been proposed so far.", "PMID": 101367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4718", "title": "The quaternary structure of the sheaths of defective phages similar to PBS X.", "content": "The contractile sheaths of five defective, PBS X-like bacteriophages from Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis were investigated by electron microscopy, dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis and immunodiffusion. Electron microscope images of the extended and contracted sheaths were of similar appearance, although their lengths were different. The surface lattices of both the extended and the contracted sheaths were determined by optical diffraction. This showed that the quaternary structure of the sheaths of all five defective phages originated from identical surface lattices, which could be approximately expressed by the selection rules L = -2n' + 3m and L = 9N' + 17M for the extended and contracted sheaths respectively, in which 6n' = n with n = 0 or an integer multiple of 6. These results indicated that the packing of the protein subunits in these sheaths differed from those of other bacteriophages, for example T4 and millimicron [Amos and Klug, J. Mol. Biol. 99, 51--73 (1975); Admiraal and Mellema, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 56, 48--64 (1976)]. The molecular weight of the main sheath protein of the defective phages, as determined by dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis, was approximately 50000. This value differed from that for T4, but was similar to that of millimicron [Admiraal and Mellema, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 56, 48--64 (1976); King and Laemmli, J. Mol. Biol, 75, 315--337 (1973)]. The results of immunodiffusion experiments, however, pointed to a chemical difference between the sheath proteins of the defective phages and millimicron, in addition to T4.", "contents": "The quaternary structure of the sheaths of defective phages similar to PBS X. The contractile sheaths of five defective, PBS X-like bacteriophages from Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis were investigated by electron microscopy, dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis and immunodiffusion. Electron microscope images of the extended and contracted sheaths were of similar appearance, although their lengths were different. The surface lattices of both the extended and the contracted sheaths were determined by optical diffraction. This showed that the quaternary structure of the sheaths of all five defective phages originated from identical surface lattices, which could be approximately expressed by the selection rules L = -2n' + 3m and L = 9N' + 17M for the extended and contracted sheaths respectively, in which 6n' = n with n = 0 or an integer multiple of 6. These results indicated that the packing of the protein subunits in these sheaths differed from those of other bacteriophages, for example T4 and millimicron [Amos and Klug, J. Mol. Biol. 99, 51--73 (1975); Admiraal and Mellema, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 56, 48--64 (1976)]. The molecular weight of the main sheath protein of the defective phages, as determined by dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis, was approximately 50000. This value differed from that for T4, but was similar to that of millimicron [Admiraal and Mellema, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 56, 48--64 (1976); King and Laemmli, J. Mol. Biol, 75, 315--337 (1973)]. The results of immunodiffusion experiments, however, pointed to a chemical difference between the sheath proteins of the defective phages and millimicron, in addition to T4.", "PMID": 101370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4719", "title": "Ribosomal subunits from Tetrahymena pyriformis. Isolation and properties of active 40-S and 60-S subunits.", "content": "Tetrahymena pyriformis ribosomal subunits were obtained by incubation of post-mitochondrial supernatant in the presence of 0.2 mM GTP and 0.1 mM puromycin for 45 min at 28 degrees C, followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Isolated 40-S subunits were able to reassociate in vitro in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2 and 50 mM KCl and to perform poly(U)-dependent protein synthesis. The 60-S subunit carries the peptidyl transferase activity. The number of proteins in T. pyriformis ribosomal subunits was determined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 40-S subunit contains 30 different protein species (including two acidic proteins). The 60-S subunit contains 35 different protein species (including two acidic proteins). The proteins were numbered following the system of Kaltschmidt and Wittmann.", "contents": "Ribosomal subunits from Tetrahymena pyriformis. Isolation and properties of active 40-S and 60-S subunits. Tetrahymena pyriformis ribosomal subunits were obtained by incubation of post-mitochondrial supernatant in the presence of 0.2 mM GTP and 0.1 mM puromycin for 45 min at 28 degrees C, followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Isolated 40-S subunits were able to reassociate in vitro in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2 and 50 mM KCl and to perform poly(U)-dependent protein synthesis. The 60-S subunit carries the peptidyl transferase activity. The number of proteins in T. pyriformis ribosomal subunits was determined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 40-S subunit contains 30 different protein species (including two acidic proteins). The 60-S subunit contains 35 different protein species (including two acidic proteins). The proteins were numbered following the system of Kaltschmidt and Wittmann.", "PMID": 101371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4720", "title": "Involvement of the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system in regulation of transcription of catabolic genes.", "content": "Synthesis of catabolite-sensitive enzymes is repressed in mutants defective in the general proteins (enzyme I and HPr) of the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (ptsI and ptsH mutations). To elucidate the mechanism of this phenomenon we constructed isogenic strains carrying pts mutations as well as different lesions of regulation of the lac operon or mutations affecting adenylate cyclase activity (cya mutation) and synthesis of cyclic AMP-receptor protein (crp mutation) Measurements of the differential rate of beta-galactosidase synthesis in these strains showed that the repressive effect of pts mutations was revealed in lac+, lacI, lacOc and cya bacteria, but it was lost in lacP and crp strains. It was concluded that mutational damage to the general components of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system diminishes activity of the lac promoter. The results obtained led to the conclusion that pts gene products (apparently phospho approximately HPr) are necessary for the initiation of transcription of catabolite-sensitive operons in E. coli.", "contents": "Involvement of the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system in regulation of transcription of catabolic genes. Synthesis of catabolite-sensitive enzymes is repressed in mutants defective in the general proteins (enzyme I and HPr) of the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (ptsI and ptsH mutations). To elucidate the mechanism of this phenomenon we constructed isogenic strains carrying pts mutations as well as different lesions of regulation of the lac operon or mutations affecting adenylate cyclase activity (cya mutation) and synthesis of cyclic AMP-receptor protein (crp mutation) Measurements of the differential rate of beta-galactosidase synthesis in these strains showed that the repressive effect of pts mutations was revealed in lac+, lacI, lacOc and cya bacteria, but it was lost in lacP and crp strains. It was concluded that mutational damage to the general components of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system diminishes activity of the lac promoter. The results obtained led to the conclusion that pts gene products (apparently phospho approximately HPr) are necessary for the initiation of transcription of catabolite-sensitive operons in E. coli.", "PMID": 101372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4721", "title": "Isolation and characterization of RNA polymerase B from the larval fat body of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase B has been extensively purified from the larval fat body of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) by employing chromatography on ion-exchange columns of DEAE-Sephadex, DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose and centrifugation on glycerol gradients. The isolated enzyme after electrophoresis on acrylamide gels shows one main band and one minor band, both having enzyme activity sensitive to alpha-amanitin. The catalytic and physicochemical properties of the enzyme are similar to those of other eucaryotic B-type RNA polymerases. The enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 530000, is inhibited 50% by alpha-amanitin at 0.04 microgram/ml and shows maximum activity on denatured DNA at 5 mM Mn2+ and 100 mM ammonium sulfate. An antibody was obtained that cross-reacts with the pure enzyme and forms a precipitin line. This antibody does not cross react with either Escherichia coli RNA polymerase or with wheat germ RNA polymerase but does react with one of the B polymerases isolated from wing tissue of the silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of RNA polymerase B from the larval fat body of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase B has been extensively purified from the larval fat body of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) by employing chromatography on ion-exchange columns of DEAE-Sephadex, DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose and centrifugation on glycerol gradients. The isolated enzyme after electrophoresis on acrylamide gels shows one main band and one minor band, both having enzyme activity sensitive to alpha-amanitin. The catalytic and physicochemical properties of the enzyme are similar to those of other eucaryotic B-type RNA polymerases. The enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 530000, is inhibited 50% by alpha-amanitin at 0.04 microgram/ml and shows maximum activity on denatured DNA at 5 mM Mn2+ and 100 mM ammonium sulfate. An antibody was obtained that cross-reacts with the pure enzyme and forms a precipitin line. This antibody does not cross react with either Escherichia coli RNA polymerase or with wheat germ RNA polymerase but does react with one of the B polymerases isolated from wing tissue of the silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi.", "PMID": 101373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4722", "title": "The phenoloxidases of the ascomycete Podospora anserina. Structural differences between laccases of high and low molecular weight.", "content": "In order to investigate the extent of the relationship between the three copper-containing glycoproteins, laccases I, II and III (Mr70000, 80000 and 390000 respectively) of Podospora anserina, the following experiments were carried out on laccases II and III: (a) determination of amino acid composition; (b) determination of N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid; (c) determination of sugar composition; (d) dissociation studies on native and denatured laccases and also after removal of copper from the enzymes; (e) digestion of the carbohydrate moieties with the aid of glycosylhydrolases. A comparison between the results of these experiments and data previously obtained with laccase I allows the following conclusions to be drawn. 1. Laccases II and III are not identical. 2. Neither of these low molecular weight laccases are as complete molecules subunits of the oligomeric laccase I. 3. The possibility of partial identity of amino acid sequences of laccases I and III can not be excluded. 4. Laccase II possibly consists of subunits of Mr37000 whereas laccase III does not. 5. Digestion of 50% of the carbohydrate content leads to complete loss of serological specificity (serological reaction and cross reaction). This finding is discussed with regard to the possible role of the carbohydrate moiety as antigenic determinants and thus as the reason for the immunological relationship. As a consequence, at least three independent structural genes for laccases must be assumed.", "contents": "The phenoloxidases of the ascomycete Podospora anserina. Structural differences between laccases of high and low molecular weight. In order to investigate the extent of the relationship between the three copper-containing glycoproteins, laccases I, II and III (Mr70000, 80000 and 390000 respectively) of Podospora anserina, the following experiments were carried out on laccases II and III: (a) determination of amino acid composition; (b) determination of N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid; (c) determination of sugar composition; (d) dissociation studies on native and denatured laccases and also after removal of copper from the enzymes; (e) digestion of the carbohydrate moieties with the aid of glycosylhydrolases. A comparison between the results of these experiments and data previously obtained with laccase I allows the following conclusions to be drawn. 1. Laccases II and III are not identical. 2. Neither of these low molecular weight laccases are as complete molecules subunits of the oligomeric laccase I. 3. The possibility of partial identity of amino acid sequences of laccases I and III can not be excluded. 4. Laccase II possibly consists of subunits of Mr37000 whereas laccase III does not. 5. Digestion of 50% of the carbohydrate content leads to complete loss of serological specificity (serological reaction and cross reaction). This finding is discussed with regard to the possible role of the carbohydrate moiety as antigenic determinants and thus as the reason for the immunological relationship. As a consequence, at least three independent structural genes for laccases must be assumed.", "PMID": 101375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4723", "title": "Anti-H-Y responses of H-2b mutant mice.", "content": "Two strains of H-2b mutant mice, H-2ba and H-2bf, in which the mutational event took place at H-2K, make anti-H-Y cytotoxic T cell responses which are H-2-restricted, Db-associated and indistinguishable in target cell specificity from those of H-2b mice. Thus, alteration of the H-2K molecule affects neither the Ir gene controlling the response, nor the associative antigen. On the other hand, one H-2Db mutant strain, H-2bo, although it makes a good anti-H-Y cytotoxic response, shows target cell specificity restricted to its own Dbo antigen(s), and neither H-2b, H-2ba or H-2bf anti-H-Y cytotoxic cells kill H-2bo male target cells. Thus, the alteration of the H-2Db molecule does not affect the Ir gene of H-2b mice, but it does alter the H-2Db-associative antigen.", "contents": "Anti-H-Y responses of H-2b mutant mice. Two strains of H-2b mutant mice, H-2ba and H-2bf, in which the mutational event took place at H-2K, make anti-H-Y cytotoxic T cell responses which are H-2-restricted, Db-associated and indistinguishable in target cell specificity from those of H-2b mice. Thus, alteration of the H-2K molecule affects neither the Ir gene controlling the response, nor the associative antigen. On the other hand, one H-2Db mutant strain, H-2bo, although it makes a good anti-H-Y cytotoxic response, shows target cell specificity restricted to its own Dbo antigen(s), and neither H-2b, H-2ba or H-2bf anti-H-Y cytotoxic cells kill H-2bo male target cells. Thus, the alteration of the H-2Db molecule does not affect the Ir gene of H-2b mice, but it does alter the H-2Db-associative antigen.", "PMID": 101378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4724", "title": "Differential sensitivity of memory cell subpopulations to anti-immunoglobulin and complement.", "content": "Evidence is presented for the unique sensitivity of memory cells bearing surface immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) to functional elimination with anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) sera and complement (C). Treatment of cells for adoptive transfer with C and anti-gamma1, anti-kappa, or anti-Ig significantly reduces the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) of only the IgG1 isotype found in adoptive recipients. An increase in PFC of other isotypes accompanies the decrease in IgG1 PFC; there is no net change in the total PFC response. The depletion of IgG1 PFC requires treatment of transferred cells with both specific antisera and C; antisera directed against other isotypes show no significant effects. The maintenance of the magnitude of PFC response, compensation, is discussed.", "contents": "Differential sensitivity of memory cell subpopulations to anti-immunoglobulin and complement. Evidence is presented for the unique sensitivity of memory cells bearing surface immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) to functional elimination with anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) sera and complement (C). Treatment of cells for adoptive transfer with C and anti-gamma1, anti-kappa, or anti-Ig significantly reduces the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) of only the IgG1 isotype found in adoptive recipients. An increase in PFC of other isotypes accompanies the decrease in IgG1 PFC; there is no net change in the total PFC response. The depletion of IgG1 PFC requires treatment of transferred cells with both specific antisera and C; antisera directed against other isotypes show no significant effects. The maintenance of the magnitude of PFC response, compensation, is discussed.", "PMID": 101379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4725", "title": "[Distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in experimentally infected mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of experimentally administered Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in germfree CF no. 1 mice, barrier-sustained DDD mice with or without oral treatment of aminobenzyl-penicillin and conventional DDD mice. On day 1 after oral administration of 8 X 10(7) organisms, more than 10(8) of organisms/g were recovered from the feces of ex-germfree mice and the number was maintained during the experiment. On the other hand, from barrier-sustained mice with antibiotic treatment and those without the treatment, 10(4-7) and 10(3) organisms were recovered, respectively. In all of monoassociated mice and some antibiotic-treated barrier-sustained ones the organisms were recovered also from the lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys. In conventional mice, however, no organisms were recovered from the internal organs throughout the experiment, while some were detectable from the intestinal tracts. The distribution of the organisms in naturally infected mice appears to be similar to that of experimentally infected animals with antibiotics.", "contents": "[Distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in experimentally infected mice (author's transl)]. The distribution of experimentally administered Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in germfree CF no. 1 mice, barrier-sustained DDD mice with or without oral treatment of aminobenzyl-penicillin and conventional DDD mice. On day 1 after oral administration of 8 X 10(7) organisms, more than 10(8) of organisms/g were recovered from the feces of ex-germfree mice and the number was maintained during the experiment. On the other hand, from barrier-sustained mice with antibiotic treatment and those without the treatment, 10(4-7) and 10(3) organisms were recovered, respectively. In all of monoassociated mice and some antibiotic-treated barrier-sustained ones the organisms were recovered also from the lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys. In conventional mice, however, no organisms were recovered from the internal organs throughout the experiment, while some were detectable from the intestinal tracts. The distribution of the organisms in naturally infected mice appears to be similar to that of experimentally infected animals with antibiotics.", "PMID": 101380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4726", "title": "Interceptive activity of azastene in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Azastene is an orally effective \"luteolytic\" agent in rhesus monkeys. In nonpregnant monkeys it reverses the human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated increase in progesterone production and delay in the onset of menstruation, and, in inseminated monkeys, it prevents pregnancy if given for 5 days beginning on day 24 of the menstrual cycle. The drug is also effective in terminating pregnancy if given for 5 days beginning on approximately day 26, day 50, or day 80 of gestation. Concurrent progesterone administration prevents the interceptive action of the drug. Although azastene inhibits gonadal and placental progesterone production, it has no effect on cortisol production in monkeys and is devoid of apparent hormonal activity.", "contents": "Interceptive activity of azastene in rhesus monkeys. Azastene is an orally effective \"luteolytic\" agent in rhesus monkeys. In nonpregnant monkeys it reverses the human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated increase in progesterone production and delay in the onset of menstruation, and, in inseminated monkeys, it prevents pregnancy if given for 5 days beginning on day 24 of the menstrual cycle. The drug is also effective in terminating pregnancy if given for 5 days beginning on approximately day 26, day 50, or day 80 of gestation. Concurrent progesterone administration prevents the interceptive action of the drug. Although azastene inhibits gonadal and placental progesterone production, it has no effect on cortisol production in monkeys and is devoid of apparent hormonal activity.", "PMID": 101392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4727", "title": "[Anterior pituitary function in patients with cerebrovascular diseases with special reference to TSH secretion in response to TRH administration (author's transl)].", "content": "TSH secretion in response to TRH was studied in patients with cerebrovascular diseases in order to elucidate the influence of cerebrovascular lesions on the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary function. Blood specimens were obtained before and at intervals of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the intravenous administration of 500 microgram of TRH. Serum TSH was measured using the RIA method. In 20 normal subjects, the serum TSH level before TRH administration was 1.0 +/- 1.4 microunits/ml (MEAN +/- SD). Following the intravenous administration of TRH, serum TSH increased and reached the maximum level of 9.0 +/- 2.3 microunits/mil at 30 minutes and returned near to the original level at 120 minutes. The response was the same for both male & female patients. In 17 patients with cerebral hemorrhage, the response of serum TSH to TRH was variable, including the types of excess, delayed or low response besides the normal response. In severe cases, cases of acute phase and male patients, a marked variability in the response was observed. In 8 patients with cerebral infarction, a low response of serum TSH to TRH was observed in all cases. There was no difference of the response with regard to severity of the diseases, duration after onset or sex difference of the patients.", "contents": "[Anterior pituitary function in patients with cerebrovascular diseases with special reference to TSH secretion in response to TRH administration (author's transl)]. TSH secretion in response to TRH was studied in patients with cerebrovascular diseases in order to elucidate the influence of cerebrovascular lesions on the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary function. Blood specimens were obtained before and at intervals of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the intravenous administration of 500 microgram of TRH. Serum TSH was measured using the RIA method. In 20 normal subjects, the serum TSH level before TRH administration was 1.0 +/- 1.4 microunits/ml (MEAN +/- SD). Following the intravenous administration of TRH, serum TSH increased and reached the maximum level of 9.0 +/- 2.3 microunits/mil at 30 minutes and returned near to the original level at 120 minutes. The response was the same for both male & female patients. In 17 patients with cerebral hemorrhage, the response of serum TSH to TRH was variable, including the types of excess, delayed or low response besides the normal response. In severe cases, cases of acute phase and male patients, a marked variability in the response was observed. In 8 patients with cerebral infarction, a low response of serum TSH to TRH was observed in all cases. There was no difference of the response with regard to severity of the diseases, duration after onset or sex difference of the patients.", "PMID": 101395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4728", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on the macronuclear development in the ciliate Chilodonella uncinata.", "content": "The development of macronuclear anlage in the ciliate Chilodonella uncinata has been studied through electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of macro- and micronuclei is described for comparison. During the first stage of development, when the DNA content of the macronuclear anage increases from 2 C to 32 C, chromosomes are visible as distinct osmiophilic bodies inside the anlage. At the end of the initial polyploidization phase, the chromosomes despiralize, giving rise to long filamentous structures 25 to 50 nm in diameter. The latter show a singular banding pattern, with dense bands 12 to 25 nm thick alternating regularly with less dense interbands. Such an organization has not yet been observed in any other type of nucleus. These filamentous structures have been interpreted as highly despiralized oligotenic chromosomes. During the final stage of macronuclear development, these structures condense into thin chromatin strands and small dense granules; the number of granules increases progressively as the chromatin strands disappear. These small granules very likely fuse amongst themselves to form the chromatin granules of the vegetative macronucleus. No evidence has yet been found for a fragmentation of chromatin in this ciliate, but this problem needs further study. The old macronucleus maintains a normal ultrastructure until a late stage of development of the macronuclear anlage, becoming pycnotic only towards the very end of the latter process.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on the macronuclear development in the ciliate Chilodonella uncinata. The development of macronuclear anlage in the ciliate Chilodonella uncinata has been studied through electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of macro- and micronuclei is described for comparison. During the first stage of development, when the DNA content of the macronuclear anage increases from 2 C to 32 C, chromosomes are visible as distinct osmiophilic bodies inside the anlage. At the end of the initial polyploidization phase, the chromosomes despiralize, giving rise to long filamentous structures 25 to 50 nm in diameter. The latter show a singular banding pattern, with dense bands 12 to 25 nm thick alternating regularly with less dense interbands. Such an organization has not yet been observed in any other type of nucleus. These filamentous structures have been interpreted as highly despiralized oligotenic chromosomes. During the final stage of macronuclear development, these structures condense into thin chromatin strands and small dense granules; the number of granules increases progressively as the chromatin strands disappear. These small granules very likely fuse amongst themselves to form the chromatin granules of the vegetative macronucleus. No evidence has yet been found for a fragmentation of chromatin in this ciliate, but this problem needs further study. The old macronucleus maintains a normal ultrastructure until a late stage of development of the macronuclear anlage, becoming pycnotic only towards the very end of the latter process.", "PMID": 101400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4729", "title": "Demonstration of membrane-associated and oriented microfilaments in Amoeba proteus by means of a Schiff base/glutaraldehyde fixative.", "content": "After fixation with a reaction product of glutaraldehyde and spermidine phosphate Amoeba proteus cells show a network of cortical microfilaments and oriented bundles of thick and thin filaments. The cortical filament network appears to be membrane-attached and extends beneath the whole cytoplasmic membrane surface. In the uroid region and in retracting pseudopods the cortical layer is thicker than in advancing cell regions. The filament bundles are located predominantly in the ectoplasmic tube within the cortical network. They strictly parallel the cell surface contours.", "contents": "Demonstration of membrane-associated and oriented microfilaments in Amoeba proteus by means of a Schiff base/glutaraldehyde fixative. After fixation with a reaction product of glutaraldehyde and spermidine phosphate Amoeba proteus cells show a network of cortical microfilaments and oriented bundles of thick and thin filaments. The cortical filament network appears to be membrane-attached and extends beneath the whole cytoplasmic membrane surface. In the uroid region and in retracting pseudopods the cortical layer is thicker than in advancing cell regions. The filament bundles are located predominantly in the ectoplasmic tube within the cortical network. They strictly parallel the cell surface contours.", "PMID": 101401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4730", "title": "Comparative effects of two doses of glibenclamide upon metabolic rhythms in maturity-onset diabetics.", "content": "Five maturity-onset diabetics have been studied during therapy with glibenclamide 2.5 mg and 5 mg by half-hourly blood sampling for twelve hours. All patients had lower mean blood glucose concentrations during therapy with 5 mg glibenclamide. There was no significant difference between serum insulin concentrations on the two doses, however, serum insulin/blood glucose ratio was higher during the larger dose of glibenclamide. Mean blood lactate, pyruvate and serum triglycerides were significantly lower, and blood glycerol, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and plasma non-esterified fatty acids were increased during therapy with 5 mg. In the individual patient the changes in blood glycerol and plasma non-esterified fatty acids were related to changes in circulating insulin concentration and did not appear to be a true extra-pancreatic effect of glibenclamide. The mechanism of any extra-pancreatic effect remains unclear.", "contents": "Comparative effects of two doses of glibenclamide upon metabolic rhythms in maturity-onset diabetics. Five maturity-onset diabetics have been studied during therapy with glibenclamide 2.5 mg and 5 mg by half-hourly blood sampling for twelve hours. All patients had lower mean blood glucose concentrations during therapy with 5 mg glibenclamide. There was no significant difference between serum insulin concentrations on the two doses, however, serum insulin/blood glucose ratio was higher during the larger dose of glibenclamide. Mean blood lactate, pyruvate and serum triglycerides were significantly lower, and blood glycerol, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and plasma non-esterified fatty acids were increased during therapy with 5 mg. In the individual patient the changes in blood glycerol and plasma non-esterified fatty acids were related to changes in circulating insulin concentration and did not appear to be a true extra-pancreatic effect of glibenclamide. The mechanism of any extra-pancreatic effect remains unclear.", "PMID": 101402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4731", "title": "Effect of oil-attached BCG cell-wall skeleton and thymectomy on the incidence of lung cancer and amyloidosis induced by chemical carcinogens in rabbits.", "content": "Intravenous injection of oil-attached BCG cell-wall skeleton showed potent preventive activity for induction of lung cancer by the intrabronchial instillation of chemical carcinogens (3-methylcholanthrene, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide) in rabbits. On the other hand, the thymectomized rabbits developed lung cancer by instillation of chemical carcinogens at an 80% incidence, compared to 47.2% in the controls. There were no differences in the appearance of amyloidosis between thymectomized and BCG cell-wall skeleton-treated rabbits and the controls.", "contents": "Effect of oil-attached BCG cell-wall skeleton and thymectomy on the incidence of lung cancer and amyloidosis induced by chemical carcinogens in rabbits. Intravenous injection of oil-attached BCG cell-wall skeleton showed potent preventive activity for induction of lung cancer by the intrabronchial instillation of chemical carcinogens (3-methylcholanthrene, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide) in rabbits. On the other hand, the thymectomized rabbits developed lung cancer by instillation of chemical carcinogens at an 80% incidence, compared to 47.2% in the controls. There were no differences in the appearance of amyloidosis between thymectomized and BCG cell-wall skeleton-treated rabbits and the controls.", "PMID": 101411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4732", "title": "Adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase activities in lymphocytes from patients with lung cancer.", "content": "The activity of adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4.) was significantly lower in lymphocytes from patients with lung cancer than in those from healthy subjects, whereas the activity of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1.) was significantly higher in lymphocytes from the patients than in those from normal controls. When the one activity was plotted against the other, the plots for patients with lung cancer were all outside the frame formed by the lower and higher limits of the standard deviation of the mean of normal activities of the two enzymes. The ratio of adenosine deaminase activity to purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity was lower in patients with lung cancer than in controls. The possible effect of this ratio on the function of lymphocytes was briefly discussed. These enzyme activities were suggested to be useful measures of the immune responsiveness of patients with lung cancer.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase activities in lymphocytes from patients with lung cancer. The activity of adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4.) was significantly lower in lymphocytes from patients with lung cancer than in those from healthy subjects, whereas the activity of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1.) was significantly higher in lymphocytes from the patients than in those from normal controls. When the one activity was plotted against the other, the plots for patients with lung cancer were all outside the frame formed by the lower and higher limits of the standard deviation of the mean of normal activities of the two enzymes. The ratio of adenosine deaminase activity to purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity was lower in patients with lung cancer than in controls. The possible effect of this ratio on the function of lymphocytes was briefly discussed. These enzyme activities were suggested to be useful measures of the immune responsiveness of patients with lung cancer.", "PMID": 101412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4733", "title": "Enhancing effect of coenzyme, Q10 on immunorestoration with Mycobacterium bovis BCG in tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "Effect of the additional treatment with coenzyme Q10 on immunorestoration with Mycobacterium bovis BCG in tumor-bearing mice was investigated. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in tumor-bearing mice against alloantigenic tumor cells was determined by 51Cr release assay using spleen cells of C57BL/6N mice which had been inoculated subcutaneously with syngeneic melanoma-B16 and immunized intraperitoneally with alloantigenic mastocytoma P815-X2 cells. The cell-mediated cytotoxicity against mastocytoma P815-X2 cells was gradually depressed with the growth of melanoma-B16. The depressed, cell-mediated cytotoxicity in tumor-bearing mice recovered slightly by the treatment with BCG. The recovery effect of BCG on the depressed, cell-mediated cytotoxicity was significantly enhanced by the additional treatment with coenzyme Q10. Coenzyme Q10 did not have an apparent effect on the depressed, cell-mediated cytotoxicity in tumor-bearing mice. These results show that coenzyme Q10 enhances the immunorestoration with BCG in tumor-bearing mice.", "contents": "Enhancing effect of coenzyme, Q10 on immunorestoration with Mycobacterium bovis BCG in tumor-bearing mice. Effect of the additional treatment with coenzyme Q10 on immunorestoration with Mycobacterium bovis BCG in tumor-bearing mice was investigated. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in tumor-bearing mice against alloantigenic tumor cells was determined by 51Cr release assay using spleen cells of C57BL/6N mice which had been inoculated subcutaneously with syngeneic melanoma-B16 and immunized intraperitoneally with alloantigenic mastocytoma P815-X2 cells. The cell-mediated cytotoxicity against mastocytoma P815-X2 cells was gradually depressed with the growth of melanoma-B16. The depressed, cell-mediated cytotoxicity in tumor-bearing mice recovered slightly by the treatment with BCG. The recovery effect of BCG on the depressed, cell-mediated cytotoxicity was significantly enhanced by the additional treatment with coenzyme Q10. Coenzyme Q10 did not have an apparent effect on the depressed, cell-mediated cytotoxicity in tumor-bearing mice. These results show that coenzyme Q10 enhances the immunorestoration with BCG in tumor-bearing mice.", "PMID": 101414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4734", "title": "Carcinogenicity of 4-nitrosoquinoline 1-oxide and its possible role in carcinogenesis by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide.", "content": "4-Nitrosoquinoline 1-oxide induced malignant tumors at the subcutaneous site of injection in mice. It affected Escherichia coli to induce the so-called UV-type lesion in cellular DNA. DNA base-quinoline adducts produced by the treatment of mammalian cellular DNA with this carcinogen were proved to be identical with those obtained by the action of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Although this carcinogen was reactive enough to modify DNA chemically by itself, a different DNA modification took place in a chemical process from thos obtained in the in vivo process.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of 4-nitrosoquinoline 1-oxide and its possible role in carcinogenesis by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. 4-Nitrosoquinoline 1-oxide induced malignant tumors at the subcutaneous site of injection in mice. It affected Escherichia coli to induce the so-called UV-type lesion in cellular DNA. DNA base-quinoline adducts produced by the treatment of mammalian cellular DNA with this carcinogen were proved to be identical with those obtained by the action of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Although this carcinogen was reactive enough to modify DNA chemically by itself, a different DNA modification took place in a chemical process from thos obtained in the in vivo process.", "PMID": 101415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4735", "title": "Difference in the induction of osteosarcoma in rabbit bone with single administration of three kinds of chemical carcinogens.", "content": "A single intramedullary administration of each dose (15 approximately 20 mg) of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 3-methylcholanthrene, or 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene was applied to the mandible, diaphysis, or distal metaphysis of the femur of rabbits. The highest incidence in production of osteosarcoma was obtained from the group in which 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide was applied to the distal metaphysis (75%, including one case of chondrosarcoma). Tumors hardly appeared in any of the groups when given 3-methylcholanthrene or 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene. Histologically, three kinds of entities were recognized from the quantitative difference of the reactive tissues which appeared around carcinogens. It is estimated that the condition of entity III induces the highest incidence of osteosarcoma if chemical carcinogens are given into the bone marrow of experimental animals.", "contents": "Difference in the induction of osteosarcoma in rabbit bone with single administration of three kinds of chemical carcinogens. A single intramedullary administration of each dose (15 approximately 20 mg) of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 3-methylcholanthrene, or 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene was applied to the mandible, diaphysis, or distal metaphysis of the femur of rabbits. The highest incidence in production of osteosarcoma was obtained from the group in which 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide was applied to the distal metaphysis (75%, including one case of chondrosarcoma). Tumors hardly appeared in any of the groups when given 3-methylcholanthrene or 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene. Histologically, three kinds of entities were recognized from the quantitative difference of the reactive tissues which appeared around carcinogens. It is estimated that the condition of entity III induces the highest incidence of osteosarcoma if chemical carcinogens are given into the bone marrow of experimental animals.", "PMID": 101416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4736", "title": "Effects of graded doses of alcohol upon esophageal motor function.", "content": "Twenty-nine normal volunteers were subjected to manometric studies before and after intraesophageal infusion of 100-proof alcohol at doses of 80, 120, 160, and 200 ml, corresponding to 31.6, 47.4, 63.2, and 79.0 g, respectively, administered over a 15-min interval on separate days. Corresponding mean serum concentrations of alcohol were 58.9 +/- 2.8, 77.0 +/- 4.8, 97.0 +/- 13.9, and 117.3 +/- 5.0 mg per dl, respectively. Both esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter function were unaffected at serum concentrations of alcohol less than 70 mg per dl. In contrast, when the serum alcohol concentration was 117 mg per dl, esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter function was altered significantly. The amplitudes of esophageal peristaltic waves were probably decreased in the proximal and distal segments. The maximal lower esophageal sphincter pressure response to pentagastrin was reduced from 35.4 +/- 4.6 to 17.3 +/- 6.1 mm Hg (P less than 0.01). In addition, the lower esophageal sphincter pressure response to a protein meal was inhibited significantly. Neither propagation velocities or esophageal contractions nor resting lower esophageal sphincter pressures were changed by the administration of alcohol at any of the doses tested.", "contents": "Effects of graded doses of alcohol upon esophageal motor function. Twenty-nine normal volunteers were subjected to manometric studies before and after intraesophageal infusion of 100-proof alcohol at doses of 80, 120, 160, and 200 ml, corresponding to 31.6, 47.4, 63.2, and 79.0 g, respectively, administered over a 15-min interval on separate days. Corresponding mean serum concentrations of alcohol were 58.9 +/- 2.8, 77.0 +/- 4.8, 97.0 +/- 13.9, and 117.3 +/- 5.0 mg per dl, respectively. Both esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter function were unaffected at serum concentrations of alcohol less than 70 mg per dl. In contrast, when the serum alcohol concentration was 117 mg per dl, esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter function was altered significantly. The amplitudes of esophageal peristaltic waves were probably decreased in the proximal and distal segments. The maximal lower esophageal sphincter pressure response to pentagastrin was reduced from 35.4 +/- 4.6 to 17.3 +/- 6.1 mm Hg (P less than 0.01). In addition, the lower esophageal sphincter pressure response to a protein meal was inhibited significantly. Neither propagation velocities or esophageal contractions nor resting lower esophageal sphincter pressures were changed by the administration of alcohol at any of the doses tested.", "PMID": 101419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4737", "title": "Determination of prostaglandin synthetase activity in rectal biopsy material and its significance in colonic disease.", "content": "A method is described for determining prostaglandin synthetase activity in milligram amounts of tissue. The procedure is based on the conversion of 14C-arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha-like substances. High levels of prostaglandin synthetase activity occurred in the inflamed mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis and fell during successful drug therapy, but it is not yet known whether the cause of the inflammation first involves increased PG synthetase activity, or whether inflammation caused increase of PG synthetase.", "contents": "Determination of prostaglandin synthetase activity in rectal biopsy material and its significance in colonic disease. A method is described for determining prostaglandin synthetase activity in milligram amounts of tissue. The procedure is based on the conversion of 14C-arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha-like substances. High levels of prostaglandin synthetase activity occurred in the inflamed mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis and fell during successful drug therapy, but it is not yet known whether the cause of the inflammation first involves increased PG synthetase activity, or whether inflammation caused increase of PG synthetase.", "PMID": 101423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4738", "title": "Disinfection of upper gastrointestinal fibreoptic endoscopy equipment: an evaluation of a cetrimide chlorhexidine solution and glutaraldehyde.", "content": "There is little information available on the bacteriological contamination of upper gastrointestinal fibreoptic endoscopes during routine use and the effects of 'disinfecting solutions'. A bacteriological evaluation was therefore made of cleaning an endoscope and its ancillary equipment with (1) water, (2) an aqueous solution of 1% cetrimide with 0.1% chlorhexidine, and (3) activated aqueous 2% glutaraldehyde. All equipment, but particularly the endoscope itself, was found to be heavily contaminated after use with a wide variety of organisms of which 53% were Gram positive. Cleaning the endoscope and ancillary equipment with water and the cetrimide/chlorhexidine solution alone or in combination was inadequate to produce disinfection but immersion in glutaraldehyde for two minutes consistently produced sterile cultures with our sampling technique. A rapid and simple method for disinfection of endoscopic equipment is therefore recommended and we think this is especially suitable for busy endoscopy units.", "contents": "Disinfection of upper gastrointestinal fibreoptic endoscopy equipment: an evaluation of a cetrimide chlorhexidine solution and glutaraldehyde. There is little information available on the bacteriological contamination of upper gastrointestinal fibreoptic endoscopes during routine use and the effects of 'disinfecting solutions'. A bacteriological evaluation was therefore made of cleaning an endoscope and its ancillary equipment with (1) water, (2) an aqueous solution of 1% cetrimide with 0.1% chlorhexidine, and (3) activated aqueous 2% glutaraldehyde. All equipment, but particularly the endoscope itself, was found to be heavily contaminated after use with a wide variety of organisms of which 53% were Gram positive. Cleaning the endoscope and ancillary equipment with water and the cetrimide/chlorhexidine solution alone or in combination was inadequate to produce disinfection but immersion in glutaraldehyde for two minutes consistently produced sterile cultures with our sampling technique. A rapid and simple method for disinfection of endoscopic equipment is therefore recommended and we think this is especially suitable for busy endoscopy units.", "PMID": 101424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4739", "title": "Role of bilirubin overproduction in revealing Gilbert's syndrome: is dyserythropoiesis an important factor?", "content": "Gilbert's syndrome was diagnosed in 37 patients with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia without overt haemolysis or structural liver abnormality, who had a marked reduction in hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity (B-GTA) (as compared with that of 23 normal subjects). No significant correlation existed in these patients between serum bilirubin level and the values of B-GTA, thus suggesting that factors other than a low B-GTA must influence the degree of hyperbilirubinaemia in Gilbert's syndrome. Studies of 51Cr erythrocyte survival and 59Fe kinetics in 10 unselected patients demonstrated slight haemolysis in eight, whereas mild ineffective erythropoiesis was suggested in all from a low 24-hour incorporation of radioactive iron into circulating red cells. This overproduction of bilirubin resulting from mild haemolysis and perhaps dyserythropoiesis might reflect only an extreme degree of the normal situation. It certainly contributes to the hyperbilirubinaemia of Gilbert's syndrome and may play a major role in the manifestation of this condition.", "contents": "Role of bilirubin overproduction in revealing Gilbert's syndrome: is dyserythropoiesis an important factor? Gilbert's syndrome was diagnosed in 37 patients with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia without overt haemolysis or structural liver abnormality, who had a marked reduction in hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity (B-GTA) (as compared with that of 23 normal subjects). No significant correlation existed in these patients between serum bilirubin level and the values of B-GTA, thus suggesting that factors other than a low B-GTA must influence the degree of hyperbilirubinaemia in Gilbert's syndrome. Studies of 51Cr erythrocyte survival and 59Fe kinetics in 10 unselected patients demonstrated slight haemolysis in eight, whereas mild ineffective erythropoiesis was suggested in all from a low 24-hour incorporation of radioactive iron into circulating red cells. This overproduction of bilirubin resulting from mild haemolysis and perhaps dyserythropoiesis might reflect only an extreme degree of the normal situation. It certainly contributes to the hyperbilirubinaemia of Gilbert's syndrome and may play a major role in the manifestation of this condition.", "PMID": 101425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4740", "title": "Primary repair of flexor tendons in the hand without immobilisation-preliminary report.", "content": "A new approach to the problem of flexor tendon repair within the fibro-osseous canal is presented. Using a technique of bevelling the tendon ends and suturing with a fine suture material, under magnificaiton, a sufficiently strong junction is obtained, which enables immediate active mobilisation without strangulation of the blood supply. The junction can resist gap formation up to tensions of 4 Kg. It is postulated that under these conditions tendon nutrition is minimally interfered with, adhesions do not form, and the tendon heals by its own intrinsic healing ability.", "contents": "Primary repair of flexor tendons in the hand without immobilisation-preliminary report. A new approach to the problem of flexor tendon repair within the fibro-osseous canal is presented. Using a technique of bevelling the tendon ends and suturing with a fine suture material, under magnificaiton, a sufficiently strong junction is obtained, which enables immediate active mobilisation without strangulation of the blood supply. The junction can resist gap formation up to tensions of 4 Kg. It is postulated that under these conditions tendon nutrition is minimally interfered with, adhesions do not form, and the tendon heals by its own intrinsic healing ability.", "PMID": 101426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4741", "title": "The diet and feeding behaviour of Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus.", "content": "The feeding behaviour of representative groups of tantalus monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus) was observed during 1974-1975 in three habitats in Cameroon. Observations took place during the wet and dry seasons in sahelian savannah, guinea savannah and farmed forest. The tantalus monkeys were similar to other races of C.aethiops that have been studied in that they were omnivorous and lacked any narrow specialisations of either diet or feeding techniques. The dietary range was similar in all three habitats, although considerable seasonal variation occurred. About one third of all feeding took place on the ground.", "contents": "The diet and feeding behaviour of Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus. The feeding behaviour of representative groups of tantalus monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus) was observed during 1974-1975 in three habitats in Cameroon. Observations took place during the wet and dry seasons in sahelian savannah, guinea savannah and farmed forest. The tantalus monkeys were similar to other races of C.aethiops that have been studied in that they were omnivorous and lacked any narrow specialisations of either diet or feeding techniques. The dietary range was similar in all three habitats, although considerable seasonal variation occurred. About one third of all feeding took place on the ground.", "PMID": 101428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4742", "title": "The nature of a primary feeding habit in different age-sex classes of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus).", "content": "Two feeding habits of 30 baboons selected equally from five age-sex classes were studied at Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. The finding, gathering, and preparing of sedge corms and of seeds of tamarind fruit were described in detail. Adults obtained these foods faster than younger animals, although even small juveniles and weaned infants were efficient in gathering and preparing them. While gathering sedges or tamarinds, adult males sat in one place longer than others and obtained more food per sitting. Adults ate more pieces of food per minute than juveniles, but adult rates of eating did not differ by sex. The adult rate of food intake was inconsistent with the assumption of different food requirements for males and females of a species with pronounced sexual dimorphism.", "contents": "The nature of a primary feeding habit in different age-sex classes of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Two feeding habits of 30 baboons selected equally from five age-sex classes were studied at Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. The finding, gathering, and preparing of sedge corms and of seeds of tamarind fruit were described in detail. Adults obtained these foods faster than younger animals, although even small juveniles and weaned infants were efficient in gathering and preparing them. While gathering sedges or tamarinds, adult males sat in one place longer than others and obtained more food per sitting. Adults ate more pieces of food per minute than juveniles, but adult rates of eating did not differ by sex. The adult rate of food intake was inconsistent with the assumption of different food requirements for males and females of a species with pronounced sexual dimorphism.", "PMID": 101429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4743", "title": "[Conservative treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases].", "content": "The therapeutical effect and tolerance of Defluina was studied in a selective open trial of 24 patients suffering from peripheral arterial diseases in Fontaine's stage I and II. All patients were treated with Defluina, 30 drops three times a day during a period of six weeks. From the statistically significant improvement of the different control parameters it can be concluded that peripheral arterial circulation has increased considerably in the course of the Defluina treatment. The preparation was always well tolerated, no side-effects were observed.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases]. The therapeutical effect and tolerance of Defluina was studied in a selective open trial of 24 patients suffering from peripheral arterial diseases in Fontaine's stage I and II. All patients were treated with Defluina, 30 drops three times a day during a period of six weeks. From the statistically significant improvement of the different control parameters it can be concluded that peripheral arterial circulation has increased considerably in the course of the Defluina treatment. The preparation was always well tolerated, no side-effects were observed.", "PMID": 101431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4744", "title": "[Molsidomin and intraocular pressure. No effect in healthy subjects and in glaucoma patients].", "content": "Molsidomine is a new agent in coronary therapy. It does not influence the intra-ocular pressure in healthy volunteers or in glaucoma patients. This was tested in double-blind studies in short trials and in a long term study of 3 months. The outflow facility or the visual fields were also unchanged. These results correspond closely to those obtained previously with other coronary therapeutics. Molsidomine is not dangerous for glaucoma patients.", "contents": "[Molsidomin and intraocular pressure. No effect in healthy subjects and in glaucoma patients]. Molsidomine is a new agent in coronary therapy. It does not influence the intra-ocular pressure in healthy volunteers or in glaucoma patients. This was tested in double-blind studies in short trials and in a long term study of 3 months. The outflow facility or the visual fields were also unchanged. These results correspond closely to those obtained previously with other coronary therapeutics. Molsidomine is not dangerous for glaucoma patients.", "PMID": 101432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4745", "title": "[Erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases in patients with hyperthyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B (CA-B) and C (CA-C) were measured by a specific and immunological method and erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentrations were measured using a kinetical method. The levels of CA-B and CA-C were determined in normal subjects, patients with hyperthyroidism and patients with hypothyroidism, using the method of single radial immunodiffusion. A decrease of CA-B levels and an elevation of 2,3-DPG concentrations were noted in hyperthyroidism. The CA-C levels appeared to be essentially unchanged. Closely negative correlations were observed between CA-B levels and T3 resin sponge uptake T4, protein bound iodine levels, or 2,3-DPG concentrations. Simultaneously, the specific activity of CA-B and CA-C was determined using the immunoadsorbent method. The specific activity of CA-B elevated in hyperthyroidism two times higher than that of normal subjects. The levels of rabbit erythrocyte CA-B, CA-C and 2,3-DPG were measured in experimental hyperthyroidism by the methods employed for human erythrocytes. Thyroxin and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine were administered orally for 30 days. A significant decrease in CA-B levels was observed after 30 days, although CA-C levels did not change significantly. These findings suggest that the steady state levels of CA-B is affected more readily than that of CA-C by thyroid hormone. An elevation of the specific activity of CA-B or the concentrations of 2,3-DPG was noted as seen in human hyperthyroidism. The effect of thyroid hormone on the biosynthesis of CA-B and CA-C was studied in vitro using rabbit reticulocyte lysates. The biosynthesis of CA-B was inhibited by the addition of thyroxin in this system, although no such an inhibitory effect was observed in the biosynthesis of CA-C. Th e clinical or pathological significances were discussed in relation to the changes in these isozymes and 2,3-DPG in red cells.", "contents": "[Erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases in patients with hyperthyroidism (author's transl)]. Human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B (CA-B) and C (CA-C) were measured by a specific and immunological method and erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentrations were measured using a kinetical method. The levels of CA-B and CA-C were determined in normal subjects, patients with hyperthyroidism and patients with hypothyroidism, using the method of single radial immunodiffusion. A decrease of CA-B levels and an elevation of 2,3-DPG concentrations were noted in hyperthyroidism. The CA-C levels appeared to be essentially unchanged. Closely negative correlations were observed between CA-B levels and T3 resin sponge uptake T4, protein bound iodine levels, or 2,3-DPG concentrations. Simultaneously, the specific activity of CA-B and CA-C was determined using the immunoadsorbent method. The specific activity of CA-B elevated in hyperthyroidism two times higher than that of normal subjects. The levels of rabbit erythrocyte CA-B, CA-C and 2,3-DPG were measured in experimental hyperthyroidism by the methods employed for human erythrocytes. Thyroxin and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine were administered orally for 30 days. A significant decrease in CA-B levels was observed after 30 days, although CA-C levels did not change significantly. These findings suggest that the steady state levels of CA-B is affected more readily than that of CA-C by thyroid hormone. An elevation of the specific activity of CA-B or the concentrations of 2,3-DPG was noted as seen in human hyperthyroidism. The effect of thyroid hormone on the biosynthesis of CA-B and CA-C was studied in vitro using rabbit reticulocyte lysates. The biosynthesis of CA-B was inhibited by the addition of thyroxin in this system, although no such an inhibitory effect was observed in the biosynthesis of CA-C. Th e clinical or pathological significances were discussed in relation to the changes in these isozymes and 2,3-DPG in red cells.", "PMID": 101433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4746", "title": "[Erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isozymes in patients with iron deficiency anemia and their clinical significances (author's transl)].", "content": "The levels of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isozymes (CA-B and CA-C) were determined by a quantitative immunochemical technique in order to elucidate their clinical significances in patients with iron deficiency anemia. The specific antibodies against rabbit CA-B and CA-C were also obtained, and the levels of rabbit erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B and C isozymes were assayed immunochemically in experimental hemolytic and bleeding anemia. Simultaneously carbonic anhydrase isozymes were synthesized in vitro using rabbit reticulocyte-lysate. 1 The levels of erythrocyte CA-B per gram hemoglobin, CA-B per ml erythrocyte and CA-C per gram hemoglobin all increased but CA-C per ml erythrocyte did not increased in iron deficiency anemia. Erythrocyte CA-B and CA-C expressed per gram hemoglobin were inversely correlated to hemoglobin levels. 2 In experimental bleeding anemia and hemolytic anemia of rabbits, erythrocyte CA-B increased with the progression of anemia and with increase in reticulocyte count. However the levels of CA-C did not increased with progression of anemia. 3 In experimental bleeding anemia, it was found that the level of erythrocyte CA-B was correlated to the esterase activity and erythrocyte zinc content. 4 Most of the rabbit erythrocyte CA-B was distributed in younger erythrocytes. 5 It was confirmed that CA isozymes were synthesized in rabbit reticulocyte-lysate. The content of CA-B synthesized in lysates was much higher than that of CA-C. 6 In iron deficiency anemia, the increase of erythrocyte CA is speculated to be compensatory mechanism, which brought about the transportation of CO2 and right shifts of O2 dissociation curve.", "contents": "[Erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isozymes in patients with iron deficiency anemia and their clinical significances (author's transl)]. The levels of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isozymes (CA-B and CA-C) were determined by a quantitative immunochemical technique in order to elucidate their clinical significances in patients with iron deficiency anemia. The specific antibodies against rabbit CA-B and CA-C were also obtained, and the levels of rabbit erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B and C isozymes were assayed immunochemically in experimental hemolytic and bleeding anemia. Simultaneously carbonic anhydrase isozymes were synthesized in vitro using rabbit reticulocyte-lysate. 1 The levels of erythrocyte CA-B per gram hemoglobin, CA-B per ml erythrocyte and CA-C per gram hemoglobin all increased but CA-C per ml erythrocyte did not increased in iron deficiency anemia. Erythrocyte CA-B and CA-C expressed per gram hemoglobin were inversely correlated to hemoglobin levels. 2 In experimental bleeding anemia and hemolytic anemia of rabbits, erythrocyte CA-B increased with the progression of anemia and with increase in reticulocyte count. However the levels of CA-C did not increased with progression of anemia. 3 In experimental bleeding anemia, it was found that the level of erythrocyte CA-B was correlated to the esterase activity and erythrocyte zinc content. 4 Most of the rabbit erythrocyte CA-B was distributed in younger erythrocytes. 5 It was confirmed that CA isozymes were synthesized in rabbit reticulocyte-lysate. The content of CA-B synthesized in lysates was much higher than that of CA-C. 6 In iron deficiency anemia, the increase of erythrocyte CA is speculated to be compensatory mechanism, which brought about the transportation of CO2 and right shifts of O2 dissociation curve.", "PMID": 101434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4747", "title": "Prenatal development of acid beta-glycosidases in the rat liver, effect of triiodothyronine or cortisone administered to pregnant rats.", "content": "We have found that acid beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in the rat fetal liver increase during the last week of pregnancy. These enzyme activities were influenced by treatment of pregnant rats (daily from day 16) with L-tri-iodothyronine (20 or 50 microgram/100 gm b.w.) or cortisone acetate (10 or 50 mg/100 gm b.w.) as studied in their fetuses obtained on day 22 by caesarian section.", "contents": "Prenatal development of acid beta-glycosidases in the rat liver, effect of triiodothyronine or cortisone administered to pregnant rats. We have found that acid beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in the rat fetal liver increase during the last week of pregnancy. These enzyme activities were influenced by treatment of pregnant rats (daily from day 16) with L-tri-iodothyronine (20 or 50 microgram/100 gm b.w.) or cortisone acetate (10 or 50 mg/100 gm b.w.) as studied in their fetuses obtained on day 22 by caesarian section.", "PMID": 101435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4748", "title": "Inhalation anthrax in a home craftsman.", "content": "Inhalation anthrax with complicating subarachnoid hemorrhage due to simultaneous infection with two capsular biotypes of Bacillus anthracis of different virulence for the mouse is reported. The patient, a home craftsman, acquired his infection from imported animal-origin yarn.", "contents": "Inhalation anthrax in a home craftsman. Inhalation anthrax with complicating subarachnoid hemorrhage due to simultaneous infection with two capsular biotypes of Bacillus anthracis of different virulence for the mouse is reported. The patient, a home craftsman, acquired his infection from imported animal-origin yarn.", "PMID": 101438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4749", "title": "Adjuvant effect of a peptidoglycan attached covalently to a synthetic antigen provoking anti-phage antibodies.", "content": "The synthetic antigen denoted P2-A--L, comprising the fragment P2 of the coat protein of MS-2 coliphage attached to multichain poly-DL-alanine, served for the immunization of guinea-pigs. Immunization was carried out either in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) in the presence or absence of a small molecular weight peptidoglycan prepared from Bacillus megaterium, which was checked for its adjuvant effect. The various antisera were assessed by their capacity to neutralize MS-2 bacteriophage viability. When injected in PBS or FIA, P2-A--L did not elicit any measurable anti-phage activity. Addition of the peptidoglycan by simple mixing did not bring about a significant increase in antibody production. However, when the peptidoglycan was chemically linked to the P2-A--L conjugate, it had a marked adjuvant effect when the material was administered in FIA, almost identical to the extent of the effect of Freund's complete adjuvant.", "contents": "Adjuvant effect of a peptidoglycan attached covalently to a synthetic antigen provoking anti-phage antibodies. The synthetic antigen denoted P2-A--L, comprising the fragment P2 of the coat protein of MS-2 coliphage attached to multichain poly-DL-alanine, served for the immunization of guinea-pigs. Immunization was carried out either in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) in the presence or absence of a small molecular weight peptidoglycan prepared from Bacillus megaterium, which was checked for its adjuvant effect. The various antisera were assessed by their capacity to neutralize MS-2 bacteriophage viability. When injected in PBS or FIA, P2-A--L did not elicit any measurable anti-phage activity. Addition of the peptidoglycan by simple mixing did not bring about a significant increase in antibody production. However, when the peptidoglycan was chemically linked to the P2-A--L conjugate, it had a marked adjuvant effect when the material was administered in FIA, almost identical to the extent of the effect of Freund's complete adjuvant.", "PMID": 101440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4750", "title": "[Clinical study on the concentration of free amino acids in plasma and urine during postaggression metabolism. I].", "content": "We studied the changes in the concentration pattern of free plasma amino acids in 30 surgical patients during standardized parenteral nutrition and exclusive water and electrolyte supply. Distinct reproducible differences were found in comparison to normal subjects. The concentration of branched-chain amino acids continuously increases during the post-operative period. The decrease of alanine is closely related. Phenylalanine also increases continuously due to insufficient transformation in the liver and increased release from the muscles. During post-aggression metabolism, cystine is probably not sufficiently formed from methionine and should be substituted. It may be that tyrosine is also essential for patients in the post-operative post-traumatic period. The glycine concentration of some amino acid mixtures is regarded as too high; the glycine content can be reduced in favour of serine supply.", "contents": "[Clinical study on the concentration of free amino acids in plasma and urine during postaggression metabolism. I]. We studied the changes in the concentration pattern of free plasma amino acids in 30 surgical patients during standardized parenteral nutrition and exclusive water and electrolyte supply. Distinct reproducible differences were found in comparison to normal subjects. The concentration of branched-chain amino acids continuously increases during the post-operative period. The decrease of alanine is closely related. Phenylalanine also increases continuously due to insufficient transformation in the liver and increased release from the muscles. During post-aggression metabolism, cystine is probably not sufficiently formed from methionine and should be substituted. It may be that tyrosine is also essential for patients in the post-operative post-traumatic period. The glycine concentration of some amino acid mixtures is regarded as too high; the glycine content can be reduced in favour of serine supply.", "PMID": 101446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4751", "title": "[Side effects of parenterally administered carbohydrates during the postoperative phase].", "content": "The frequency of side effects occurring when administering carbohydrates in postoperative parenteral nutrition has been examined in 72 adult intensive-care patients. By keeping the dosage of 0.5 carbohydrate/kg body-weight/h at a relation of 2:1:1 (G:F:X), no significant deviations from the usual pattern were observed.", "contents": "[Side effects of parenterally administered carbohydrates during the postoperative phase]. The frequency of side effects occurring when administering carbohydrates in postoperative parenteral nutrition has been examined in 72 adult intensive-care patients. By keeping the dosage of 0.5 carbohydrate/kg body-weight/h at a relation of 2:1:1 (G:F:X), no significant deviations from the usual pattern were observed.", "PMID": 101447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4752", "title": "[Development of a pediatric amino-acid solution for premature and newborn infants following pharmacokinetic principles].", "content": "The blood level kinetics of an amino-acid solution following short-term infusions was measured in 25 premature and 5 hypotrophic newborns. From the calculated transfer rates it was possible to compose an amino-acid solution capable of avoiding imbalances. Clinical tests showed that the solution was tolerated well. Balance studies in 10 premature infants demonstrated a positive nitrogen balance from the first day of life on with a 55% retention of administered amino-acid nitrogen.", "contents": "[Development of a pediatric amino-acid solution for premature and newborn infants following pharmacokinetic principles]. The blood level kinetics of an amino-acid solution following short-term infusions was measured in 25 premature and 5 hypotrophic newborns. From the calculated transfer rates it was possible to compose an amino-acid solution capable of avoiding imbalances. Clinical tests showed that the solution was tolerated well. Balance studies in 10 premature infants demonstrated a positive nitrogen balance from the first day of life on with a 55% retention of administered amino-acid nitrogen.", "PMID": 101448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4753", "title": "[Various metabolic effects in total parenteral feeding using a carbohydrate combination and amino-acid solution in the pre- and postoperative phase].", "content": "Ten metabolically healthy patients who had undergone gastric resection were fed intravenously from the preoperative to the 5th postoperative day. After the 24-hour preoperative infusion period the concentration of cholesterol, free fatty acids and alkaline phosphatase dropped significantly. So did the concentration of uric acid. During the postoperative period cholesterol and uric acid continued to fall. The concentration of free fatty acids remained low all the postoperative days. From the second postoperative day on the triglycerides rose continuously. Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and serum lactic dehydrogenase reached their highest level on the first postoperative day. On the same day the alkaline phosphatase dropped to the lowest level. Five patients had a rise of total bilirubin up to 1.1 mg/100 at the end of the infusion period.", "contents": "[Various metabolic effects in total parenteral feeding using a carbohydrate combination and amino-acid solution in the pre- and postoperative phase]. Ten metabolically healthy patients who had undergone gastric resection were fed intravenously from the preoperative to the 5th postoperative day. After the 24-hour preoperative infusion period the concentration of cholesterol, free fatty acids and alkaline phosphatase dropped significantly. So did the concentration of uric acid. During the postoperative period cholesterol and uric acid continued to fall. The concentration of free fatty acids remained low all the postoperative days. From the second postoperative day on the triglycerides rose continuously. Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and serum lactic dehydrogenase reached their highest level on the first postoperative day. On the same day the alkaline phosphatase dropped to the lowest level. Five patients had a rise of total bilirubin up to 1.1 mg/100 at the end of the infusion period.", "PMID": 101449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4754", "title": "[Behavior of prealbumin, retinol-binding protein, transferrin and haptoglobin in the postoperative and post-traumatic phase].", "content": "The plasma proteins pre-albumin, retinol-binding protein, transferrin, and haptoglobin were determined in 3 different groups of surgical patients (8 patients after inguinal or incisional hernia operation, 12 patients with peritonitis due to insufficient anastomoses, 17 patients with skull-brain injuries) according to the radial immune diffusion method. The decrease in concentration of nutrition-dependent plasma proteins, pre-albumin, retinol-binding protein and transferrin, varied depending on the extent of postoperative or posttraumatic catabolism and respective nutritional regimen. The increase in concentration of the acute phase protein haptoglobin was not significantly dependent on the severity of trauma. There was, however, a further haptoglobin increase of significance due to postoperative peritonitis complication.", "contents": "[Behavior of prealbumin, retinol-binding protein, transferrin and haptoglobin in the postoperative and post-traumatic phase]. The plasma proteins pre-albumin, retinol-binding protein, transferrin, and haptoglobin were determined in 3 different groups of surgical patients (8 patients after inguinal or incisional hernia operation, 12 patients with peritonitis due to insufficient anastomoses, 17 patients with skull-brain injuries) according to the radial immune diffusion method. The decrease in concentration of nutrition-dependent plasma proteins, pre-albumin, retinol-binding protein and transferrin, varied depending on the extent of postoperative or posttraumatic catabolism and respective nutritional regimen. The increase in concentration of the acute phase protein haptoglobin was not significantly dependent on the severity of trauma. There was, however, a further haptoglobin increase of significance due to postoperative peritonitis complication.", "PMID": 101450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4755", "title": "Acquired cellular resistance, delayed hypersensitivity, and altered macrophage migration in Listeria monocytogenes-infected guinea pigs.", "content": "A Listeria monocytogenes infection in guinea pigs was used to study the interrelationship between antigen-induced macrophage migration inhibition, delayed-type hypersensitivity, and acquired cellular resistance. Early after infection (at 2 and 7 days), very significant enhancement of macrophage migration was observed. Migration inhibition was detected beginning on day 14 and was uniformly observed only on day 21 of the infection, after which a shift again to enhancement was seen. The early detection (by day 2) of migration enhancement suggested that this assay may be more sensitive than assessment of delayed type hypersensitivity in vivo, which in this system was first detectable only on day 4. Acquired cellular resistance, as measured by enhanced survival following a high dose challenge with Listeria, was present from day 7 after infection until at least day 60. By splenic clearance studies, however, acquired cellular resistance was present only until day 14 after infection, suggesting that in this system splenic clearance was not a very reliable criterion for measuring acquired cellular resistance.", "contents": "Acquired cellular resistance, delayed hypersensitivity, and altered macrophage migration in Listeria monocytogenes-infected guinea pigs. A Listeria monocytogenes infection in guinea pigs was used to study the interrelationship between antigen-induced macrophage migration inhibition, delayed-type hypersensitivity, and acquired cellular resistance. Early after infection (at 2 and 7 days), very significant enhancement of macrophage migration was observed. Migration inhibition was detected beginning on day 14 and was uniformly observed only on day 21 of the infection, after which a shift again to enhancement was seen. The early detection (by day 2) of migration enhancement suggested that this assay may be more sensitive than assessment of delayed type hypersensitivity in vivo, which in this system was first detectable only on day 4. Acquired cellular resistance, as measured by enhanced survival following a high dose challenge with Listeria, was present from day 7 after infection until at least day 60. By splenic clearance studies, however, acquired cellular resistance was present only until day 14 after infection, suggesting that in this system splenic clearance was not a very reliable criterion for measuring acquired cellular resistance.", "PMID": 101454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4756", "title": "Suppression of lymphocyte transformation by plasma from owl monkeys acutely infected with Plasmodium falciparum.", "content": "Plasma collected from owl monkeys during the acute phase of Plasmodium falciparum infection was shown to adversely affect several in vitro responses which are considered to be correlates of cell-mediated immune functions of normal monkeys. In the presence of acute-phase plasma, response of normal monkey peripheral blood lymphocytes to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen was severely reduced, as was the ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond to allogenic and xenogenic histocompatible antigens. The transformation response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal humans to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A was also suppressed. Since acute-phase plasma was not cytotoxic for peripheral blood lymphocytes, decreased responsiveness did not result from cell destruction. Acute-phase plasma appears to block initial steps in lymphocyte transformation.", "contents": "Suppression of lymphocyte transformation by plasma from owl monkeys acutely infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Plasma collected from owl monkeys during the acute phase of Plasmodium falciparum infection was shown to adversely affect several in vitro responses which are considered to be correlates of cell-mediated immune functions of normal monkeys. In the presence of acute-phase plasma, response of normal monkey peripheral blood lymphocytes to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen was severely reduced, as was the ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond to allogenic and xenogenic histocompatible antigens. The transformation response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal humans to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A was also suppressed. Since acute-phase plasma was not cytotoxic for peripheral blood lymphocytes, decreased responsiveness did not result from cell destruction. Acute-phase plasma appears to block initial steps in lymphocyte transformation.", "PMID": 101455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4757", "title": "Antigenicity of purified glutaraldehyde-treated cholera toxoid administered orally.", "content": "The antigenicity of orally administered glutaraldehyde-treated cholera toxoid was investigated in healthy volunteers. Fourteen volunteers ingested two or three 2-mg doses of toxoid with saline, with the doses spaced at 28-day intervals. Thirteen other volunteers received comparable toxoid doses with NaHCO3 and milk to neutralize gastric acid. Increments in circulating antitoxin levels were used to assay the antigenicity of oral toxoid. Antitoxin was measured by adrenal cell, rabbit skin permeability factor, and passive hemagglutination assays in sera collected on days 0, 28, 35, 56, 63, and 84 after primary immunization. Adrenal cell and rabbit skin assays exhibited identical sensitivity in detecting antitoxin rises in the 27 vaccinees (19/27) and were significantly more sensitive than passive hemagglutination (11/27) (P less than 0.03). Volunteers who ingested toxoid with NaHCO3 and milk had a higher rate of seroconversion (77%) than those who received toxoid with saline (64%); they also had earlier rises in antitoxin titer and consistently higher geometric mean titers on all days tested. These studies demonstrate that purified cholera toxoid is antigenic in humans after oral administration. The possible role of oral toxoid in enhancing the protective effect of killed whole-cell vaccines can now be investigated.", "contents": "Antigenicity of purified glutaraldehyde-treated cholera toxoid administered orally. The antigenicity of orally administered glutaraldehyde-treated cholera toxoid was investigated in healthy volunteers. Fourteen volunteers ingested two or three 2-mg doses of toxoid with saline, with the doses spaced at 28-day intervals. Thirteen other volunteers received comparable toxoid doses with NaHCO3 and milk to neutralize gastric acid. Increments in circulating antitoxin levels were used to assay the antigenicity of oral toxoid. Antitoxin was measured by adrenal cell, rabbit skin permeability factor, and passive hemagglutination assays in sera collected on days 0, 28, 35, 56, 63, and 84 after primary immunization. Adrenal cell and rabbit skin assays exhibited identical sensitivity in detecting antitoxin rises in the 27 vaccinees (19/27) and were significantly more sensitive than passive hemagglutination (11/27) (P less than 0.03). Volunteers who ingested toxoid with NaHCO3 and milk had a higher rate of seroconversion (77%) than those who received toxoid with saline (64%); they also had earlier rises in antitoxin titer and consistently higher geometric mean titers on all days tested. These studies demonstrate that purified cholera toxoid is antigenic in humans after oral administration. The possible role of oral toxoid in enhancing the protective effect of killed whole-cell vaccines can now be investigated.", "PMID": 101456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4758", "title": "Experimental production of respiratory tract disease in cebus monkeys after intratracheal or intranasal infection with influenza A/Victoria/3/75 or influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus.", "content": "A total of 28 cebus monkeys were inoculated intratracheally or intranasally with 10(6) 50% tissue culture infective doses of A/New Jersey/76 virus or 10(7) 50% tissue culture infective doses of A/Victoria/75 virus, and 8 additional monkeys received sterile allantoic fluid. Each of the animals became infected as evidenced by a serological response and/or shedding of the virus. Of the 10 animals inoculated intratracheally with A/Victoria/75 virus, 8 developed a systemic illness, and pulmonary infiltration was detected by X-ray in 7 of the 8.  Administration of A/New Jersey/76 virus intratracheally to 10 monkeys produced a mild systemic illness in 2 animals and an upper respiratory tract illness in 6, but no illness developed in the remaining 2 monkeys; none of the animals developed X-ray evidence of lower respiratory tract disease. Intranasal administration of either virus failed to induce any illness or produced, at most, mild illness confined to the upper respiratory tract. These studies demonstrate that cebus monkeys are susceptible to respiratory tract infection with influenza A viruses and that the development of pulmonary disease is reflected in the appearance of easily recognizable radiological changes.", "contents": "Experimental production of respiratory tract disease in cebus monkeys after intratracheal or intranasal infection with influenza A/Victoria/3/75 or influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus. A total of 28 cebus monkeys were inoculated intratracheally or intranasally with 10(6) 50% tissue culture infective doses of A/New Jersey/76 virus or 10(7) 50% tissue culture infective doses of A/Victoria/75 virus, and 8 additional monkeys received sterile allantoic fluid. Each of the animals became infected as evidenced by a serological response and/or shedding of the virus. Of the 10 animals inoculated intratracheally with A/Victoria/75 virus, 8 developed a systemic illness, and pulmonary infiltration was detected by X-ray in 7 of the 8.  Administration of A/New Jersey/76 virus intratracheally to 10 monkeys produced a mild systemic illness in 2 animals and an upper respiratory tract illness in 6, but no illness developed in the remaining 2 monkeys; none of the animals developed X-ray evidence of lower respiratory tract disease. Intranasal administration of either virus failed to induce any illness or produced, at most, mild illness confined to the upper respiratory tract. These studies demonstrate that cebus monkeys are susceptible to respiratory tract infection with influenza A viruses and that the development of pulmonary disease is reflected in the appearance of easily recognizable radiological changes.", "PMID": 101457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4759", "title": "Murine macrophage-lymphocyte interactions: scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Light and scanning electron microscopic observations revealed murine macrophage-lymphocyte interactions involving the initial contact of peritoneal, spleen, or thymus lymphocytes with peritoneal macrophage processes or microprocesses followed by clustering of lymphocytes over the central nuclear area of the macrophages. Lymphocyte-lymphocyte clustering was not observed in the absence of macrophages. Attachment and subsequent clustering appeared not to require the presence of serum or antigen; the attachment of allogeneic or xenogeneic lymphocytes was comparable to that seen in the syngeneic system, but central clustering of these lymphocytes failed to occur. No attachment or clustering was observed when thymic lymphocytes were cultured with thymus derived fibroblasts rather than with peritoneal macrophages. Lymphocyte attachment to immune, antigen-activated, syngeneic macrophages occurred more rapidly than that to normal unstimulated syngeneic macrophages; however, lymphocytes attached to the \"activated\" macrophages appeared to be killed by a nonphagocytic mechanism. A similar increase in the rate of lymphocyte attachment to macrophages occurred in the presence of migration inhibitory factor. Subsequent lymphocyte clustering on macrophages was observed in the migration inhibitory factor-stimulated cultures. In addition, lymphocyte-macrophage interactions similar to those in vitro were observed to occur in vivo on intraperitoneally implanted cover slips.", "contents": "Murine macrophage-lymphocyte interactions: scanning electron microscopic study. Light and scanning electron microscopic observations revealed murine macrophage-lymphocyte interactions involving the initial contact of peritoneal, spleen, or thymus lymphocytes with peritoneal macrophage processes or microprocesses followed by clustering of lymphocytes over the central nuclear area of the macrophages. Lymphocyte-lymphocyte clustering was not observed in the absence of macrophages. Attachment and subsequent clustering appeared not to require the presence of serum or antigen; the attachment of allogeneic or xenogeneic lymphocytes was comparable to that seen in the syngeneic system, but central clustering of these lymphocytes failed to occur. No attachment or clustering was observed when thymic lymphocytes were cultured with thymus derived fibroblasts rather than with peritoneal macrophages. Lymphocyte attachment to immune, antigen-activated, syngeneic macrophages occurred more rapidly than that to normal unstimulated syngeneic macrophages; however, lymphocytes attached to the \"activated\" macrophages appeared to be killed by a nonphagocytic mechanism. A similar increase in the rate of lymphocyte attachment to macrophages occurred in the presence of migration inhibitory factor. Subsequent lymphocyte clustering on macrophages was observed in the migration inhibitory factor-stimulated cultures. In addition, lymphocyte-macrophage interactions similar to those in vitro were observed to occur in vivo on intraperitoneally implanted cover slips.", "PMID": 101458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4760", "title": "Studies on gonococcus infection. XIV. Cell wall protein differences among color/opacity colony variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Gonococci from colonies exhibiting optical opacity and dark coloration have surface proteins that are not visualized in isogenic transparent, light-colored colony forms. These \"colony opacity-associated proteins\" have apparent molecular weights varying from 24,000 to 30,000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate; their apparent molecular weights are independent of that for their major outer membrane protein. The opacity-associated proteins are more susceptible to hydrolysis by trypsin than is the major outer membrane protein, but gonococci possessing the opacity-associated protein(s) also show enhanced susceptibility of their major outer membrane proteins to the action of trypsin. These conclusions were reached by comparing the electrophoretic patterns of whole-cell lysates from both \"laboratory strains\" and several recent clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Studies on gonococcus infection. XIV. Cell wall protein differences among color/opacity colony variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gonococci from colonies exhibiting optical opacity and dark coloration have surface proteins that are not visualized in isogenic transparent, light-colored colony forms. These \"colony opacity-associated proteins\" have apparent molecular weights varying from 24,000 to 30,000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate; their apparent molecular weights are independent of that for their major outer membrane protein. The opacity-associated proteins are more susceptible to hydrolysis by trypsin than is the major outer membrane protein, but gonococci possessing the opacity-associated protein(s) also show enhanced susceptibility of their major outer membrane proteins to the action of trypsin. These conclusions were reached by comparing the electrophoretic patterns of whole-cell lysates from both \"laboratory strains\" and several recent clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 101459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4761", "title": "Strain-dependent cytotoxic effects of endotoxin for mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "The cytotoxic effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on mouse leukocytes have been examined in vivo and in vitro. Intraperitoneal injection of LPS into C57BL/6 mice greatly reduced the recovery of mononuclear cells; LPS was cytotoxic for macrophages, but had a mitogenic effect on lymphocytes. Similar effects of LPS on peritoneal leukocytes were observed in vitro. When monolayers of adherent peritoneal cells were studied in vitro, cytotoxicity was also observed, suggesting that the effect of LPS on macrophages is direct and does not require participation by lymphocytes. Entirely different results were obtained when peritoneal macrophages from LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ mice were studied. LPS failed to activate lymphocytes and was not cytotoxic for macrophages in vitro or in vivo. The effect of LPS on polymorphonuclear leukocytes appeared to be the same in all mouse stains studied. Lipid A was shown to be the most biologically active portion of the LPS molecule. Whereas polysaccharide-deficient endotoxins extracted from rough mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were cytotoxic for macrophages in vitro, polysaccharides that lacked esterified fatty acids did not exhibit this activity. Since LPS may mediate its effects through affinity for mammalian cell membranes, the cellular unresponsiveness of C3H/H3J mice to LPS may reflect an inability of cells from LPS-resistant strains to interact with LPS at the membrane level.", "contents": "Strain-dependent cytotoxic effects of endotoxin for mouse peritoneal macrophages. The cytotoxic effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on mouse leukocytes have been examined in vivo and in vitro. Intraperitoneal injection of LPS into C57BL/6 mice greatly reduced the recovery of mononuclear cells; LPS was cytotoxic for macrophages, but had a mitogenic effect on lymphocytes. Similar effects of LPS on peritoneal leukocytes were observed in vitro. When monolayers of adherent peritoneal cells were studied in vitro, cytotoxicity was also observed, suggesting that the effect of LPS on macrophages is direct and does not require participation by lymphocytes. Entirely different results were obtained when peritoneal macrophages from LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ mice were studied. LPS failed to activate lymphocytes and was not cytotoxic for macrophages in vitro or in vivo. The effect of LPS on polymorphonuclear leukocytes appeared to be the same in all mouse stains studied. Lipid A was shown to be the most biologically active portion of the LPS molecule. Whereas polysaccharide-deficient endotoxins extracted from rough mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were cytotoxic for macrophages in vitro, polysaccharides that lacked esterified fatty acids did not exhibit this activity. Since LPS may mediate its effects through affinity for mammalian cell membranes, the cellular unresponsiveness of C3H/H3J mice to LPS may reflect an inability of cells from LPS-resistant strains to interact with LPS at the membrane level.", "PMID": 101460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4762", "title": "Plaque-forming cells in mice after experimental infection with Brucella abortus.", "content": "Cells producing antibody to brucella lipopolysaccharide were detected in spleens of mice infected with Brucella abortus 19 by a hemolytic plaque assay. The appearance of immunoglobulin M-producing cells preceded humoral antibodies. The primary plaques were observed 5 days after inoculation, and they were still present by day 70.", "contents": "Plaque-forming cells in mice after experimental infection with Brucella abortus. Cells producing antibody to brucella lipopolysaccharide were detected in spleens of mice infected with Brucella abortus 19 by a hemolytic plaque assay. The appearance of immunoglobulin M-producing cells preceded humoral antibodies. The primary plaques were observed 5 days after inoculation, and they were still present by day 70.", "PMID": 101461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4763", "title": "Role of antibody and complement in opsonization of group B streptococci.", "content": "A requirement for the classic complement pathway in opsonization of group B streptococci was observed by using both a chemiluminescence and a radiolabeled bacterial uptake technique. The classic pathway increased levels of opsonization for types Ia and II stock and wild strains and for some type III wild strains. In contrast, other type III wild strains and the type III stock strain had accelerated kinetics of uptake in the presence of an intact classic pathway, but the level of opsonization was unchanged from that with antibody alone. We could not demonstrate a significant role for the alternative pathway in opsonizing stock or wild strains of group B streptococci. Futhermore, electrophoretic and complement consumption analysis by hemolytic titration failed to reveal alternative pathway activation by the majority of strains of this group. Therapy aimed at supplying opsonins for these organisms will require the presence of type-specific antibody.", "contents": "Role of antibody and complement in opsonization of group B streptococci. A requirement for the classic complement pathway in opsonization of group B streptococci was observed by using both a chemiluminescence and a radiolabeled bacterial uptake technique. The classic pathway increased levels of opsonization for types Ia and II stock and wild strains and for some type III wild strains. In contrast, other type III wild strains and the type III stock strain had accelerated kinetics of uptake in the presence of an intact classic pathway, but the level of opsonization was unchanged from that with antibody alone. We could not demonstrate a significant role for the alternative pathway in opsonizing stock or wild strains of group B streptococci. Futhermore, electrophoretic and complement consumption analysis by hemolytic titration failed to reveal alternative pathway activation by the majority of strains of this group. Therapy aimed at supplying opsonins for these organisms will require the presence of type-specific antibody.", "PMID": 101462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4764", "title": "Inhibition of mycoplasma-induced lymphocyte activation by sodium aurothiomalate.", "content": "Sodium aurothiomalate, at concentrations of 10 to 150 microgram/ml of culture, inhibited rat lymphocyte stimulation by Mycoplasma pulmonis mitogen in a dose-dependent manner.", "contents": "Inhibition of mycoplasma-induced lymphocyte activation by sodium aurothiomalate. Sodium aurothiomalate, at concentrations of 10 to 150 microgram/ml of culture, inhibited rat lymphocyte stimulation by Mycoplasma pulmonis mitogen in a dose-dependent manner.", "PMID": 101463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4765", "title": "Pseudomonas ribosomal vaccines: preparation, properties, and immunogenicity.", "content": "The preparation, properties, and immunogenicity of ribosomal vaccines from Pseudomonas aeruginosa are described. These preparations, containing protein and RNA, were tested for immunogenicity by active immunization of mice and subsequent challenge with homologous, live bacteria. The results demonstrated that vaccines prepared from a majority of serotypes used were immunogenic, i.e., afforded 60 to 100% mouse protection against a challenge inoculum containing 8 to 50 50% lethal doses. In some cases vaccine doses as low as 1 microgram of RNA provided 100% mouse protection. Molecular sieve chromatography of a highly immunogenic ribosomal preparation on Sepharose 4B demonstrated the presence of two molecular weight fractions: (i) peak A, an excluded peak (thus having a molecular weight of at least 2 times 10(7)), and (ii) peak B, considerably retarded, with an elution position corresponding to a molecular weight of about 2.2 X 10(6), approximating that of typical 70S ribosomes. Both peaks A and B were immunogenic; however, the immunogenicity of peak A was greater (i.e., a smaller immunizing dose was required) than that of peak B. Peak A was shown to contain components of lipopolysaccharide in addition to protein and RNA (which comprised 80% of the dry weight of peak A). On the other hand, peak B was shown to be free of lipopolysaccharide, and 100% of its dry weight consisted of protein and RNA.", "contents": "Pseudomonas ribosomal vaccines: preparation, properties, and immunogenicity. The preparation, properties, and immunogenicity of ribosomal vaccines from Pseudomonas aeruginosa are described. These preparations, containing protein and RNA, were tested for immunogenicity by active immunization of mice and subsequent challenge with homologous, live bacteria. The results demonstrated that vaccines prepared from a majority of serotypes used were immunogenic, i.e., afforded 60 to 100% mouse protection against a challenge inoculum containing 8 to 50 50% lethal doses. In some cases vaccine doses as low as 1 microgram of RNA provided 100% mouse protection. Molecular sieve chromatography of a highly immunogenic ribosomal preparation on Sepharose 4B demonstrated the presence of two molecular weight fractions: (i) peak A, an excluded peak (thus having a molecular weight of at least 2 times 10(7)), and (ii) peak B, considerably retarded, with an elution position corresponding to a molecular weight of about 2.2 X 10(6), approximating that of typical 70S ribosomes. Both peaks A and B were immunogenic; however, the immunogenicity of peak A was greater (i.e., a smaller immunizing dose was required) than that of peak B. Peak A was shown to contain components of lipopolysaccharide in addition to protein and RNA (which comprised 80% of the dry weight of peak A). On the other hand, peak B was shown to be free of lipopolysaccharide, and 100% of its dry weight consisted of protein and RNA.", "PMID": 101464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4766", "title": "Comparative ultrastructural study on the cell envelopes of Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia rickettsii, and Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.", "content": "Rickettsia tsutsugamushi differs from other rickettsiae in its cell envelope organization. The differences were made evident through a comparative study of the outer envelope of R. tsutsugamushi, R. prowazekii, and R. rickettsii by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Comparative ultrastructural study on the cell envelopes of Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia rickettsii, and Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi differs from other rickettsiae in its cell envelope organization. The differences were made evident through a comparative study of the outer envelope of R. tsutsugamushi, R. prowazekii, and R. rickettsii by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 101465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4767", "title": "Surface proteins of typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae.", "content": "Six proteins, previously established as major constituents of intact organisms, were identified in cell envelopes obtained from intrinsically radiolabeled Rickettsia prowazekii. Extrinsic radioiodination of intact organisms conducted at 0.5 micronM iodide indicated that protein 4 was the most peripheral, although protein 1 also had reactive groups exposed on the surface of the organisms. A 10-fold increase in iodide concentration resulted in labeling of protein 2, and at 50 micronM iodide, all six major proteins were radiolabeled. Similar selective labeling was not achieved with R. conorii. Analysis of both typhus and spotted fever group organisms radiolabeled with galactose suggested that carbohydrate was associated with proteins 1, 3, and 4. Typhus soluble antigen included all major proteins except protein 2, which remained attached to particulate rickettsiae after ether extraction. Protein 4 appeared to be prominent in the surface topography of R. prowazekii, was a component of soluble antigen and may have an important role in rickettsiae-host interactions.", "contents": "Surface proteins of typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae. Six proteins, previously established as major constituents of intact organisms, were identified in cell envelopes obtained from intrinsically radiolabeled Rickettsia prowazekii. Extrinsic radioiodination of intact organisms conducted at 0.5 micronM iodide indicated that protein 4 was the most peripheral, although protein 1 also had reactive groups exposed on the surface of the organisms. A 10-fold increase in iodide concentration resulted in labeling of protein 2, and at 50 micronM iodide, all six major proteins were radiolabeled. Similar selective labeling was not achieved with R. conorii. Analysis of both typhus and spotted fever group organisms radiolabeled with galactose suggested that carbohydrate was associated with proteins 1, 3, and 4. Typhus soluble antigen included all major proteins except protein 2, which remained attached to particulate rickettsiae after ether extraction. Protein 4 appeared to be prominent in the surface topography of R. prowazekii, was a component of soluble antigen and may have an important role in rickettsiae-host interactions.", "PMID": 101466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4768", "title": "Role of nonagglutinating antibody in the protracted immunity of vaccinated mice to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.", "content": "Effective immunization against infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is difficult to evaluate because agglutinin levels decline rapidly. Because fractionation of hyperimmune sera often yields more specific antibody than can be accounted for by direct agglutination tests, an immunoglobulin-specific assay based on antiglobulin augmentation was used to characterize antibody responses of C3H/HeJ mice vaccinated with P. aeruginosa type 2 lipopolysaccharide. Nonagglutinating antibodies, initially detected at 2 weeks post-primary vaccination, were predominantly immunoglobulin G after 5 weeks, and they remained elevated at levels usually 32-fold higher than the direct titer throughout the 4-month study period. The sequential production of immunoglobulin M, then immunoglobulin G, followed that found in orthodox immunological responses. Sera that contained nonagglutinating antibodies but not direct agglutinins (14 to 16 weeks) enhanced phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa type 2 by macrophages from unimmunized mice and passively immunized mice against lethal challenge doses; bactericidal activity of these sera was not demonstrated in the presence or absence of complement. When challenged with 1, 10, and 100 50% lethal doses at 16 weeks, survival rates of actively immunized mice were significantly higher than those of unvaccinated mice (P < 0.001). Thus, at a time when no direct agglutinins were detectable, the augmented system detected nonagglutinating antibodies that could confer protracted resistance in vaccinated mice to pseudomonas infection.", "contents": "Role of nonagglutinating antibody in the protracted immunity of vaccinated mice to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Effective immunization against infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is difficult to evaluate because agglutinin levels decline rapidly. Because fractionation of hyperimmune sera often yields more specific antibody than can be accounted for by direct agglutination tests, an immunoglobulin-specific assay based on antiglobulin augmentation was used to characterize antibody responses of C3H/HeJ mice vaccinated with P. aeruginosa type 2 lipopolysaccharide. Nonagglutinating antibodies, initially detected at 2 weeks post-primary vaccination, were predominantly immunoglobulin G after 5 weeks, and they remained elevated at levels usually 32-fold higher than the direct titer throughout the 4-month study period. The sequential production of immunoglobulin M, then immunoglobulin G, followed that found in orthodox immunological responses. Sera that contained nonagglutinating antibodies but not direct agglutinins (14 to 16 weeks) enhanced phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa type 2 by macrophages from unimmunized mice and passively immunized mice against lethal challenge doses; bactericidal activity of these sera was not demonstrated in the presence or absence of complement. When challenged with 1, 10, and 100 50% lethal doses at 16 weeks, survival rates of actively immunized mice were significantly higher than those of unvaccinated mice (P < 0.001). Thus, at a time when no direct agglutinins were detectable, the augmented system detected nonagglutinating antibodies that could confer protracted resistance in vaccinated mice to pseudomonas infection.", "PMID": 101467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4769", "title": "Effects of iron and culture filtrates on killing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by normal human serum.", "content": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae GC9, both colony types T2 and T4, were killed by normal human serum, although populations of colony type T4 were more susceptible. Ferric ammonium citrate prevented the killing of populations of both T2 and T4 colony types. Other iron compounds tested showed no protective effect, nor did ammonium citrate or the divalent cations magnesium or calcium. A filtrate from cultures of an N. gonorrhoeae strain grown in a liquid defined medium showed a similar protective effect in the serum assay. The filtrate appeared to chelate iron, as measured by decreased ability of iron-free transferin to bind iron in the presence of the filtrate. However, the two effects did not appear to be related. Neither ferric ammonium citrate nor the culture filtrate sufficiently inactivated complement to account for protection.", "contents": "Effects of iron and culture filtrates on killing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by normal human serum. Neisseria gonorrhoeae GC9, both colony types T2 and T4, were killed by normal human serum, although populations of colony type T4 were more susceptible. Ferric ammonium citrate prevented the killing of populations of both T2 and T4 colony types. Other iron compounds tested showed no protective effect, nor did ammonium citrate or the divalent cations magnesium or calcium. A filtrate from cultures of an N. gonorrhoeae strain grown in a liquid defined medium showed a similar protective effect in the serum assay. The filtrate appeared to chelate iron, as measured by decreased ability of iron-free transferin to bind iron in the presence of the filtrate. However, the two effects did not appear to be related. Neither ferric ammonium citrate nor the culture filtrate sufficiently inactivated complement to account for protection.", "PMID": 101468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4770", "title": "Comparison of antigens of pneumonia-associated mycoplasma species by gel diffusion.", "content": "Comparison of fluorocarbon-extracted antigens of six mycoplasma species by double immunodiffusion and counterimmunodiffusion techniques revealed a close reciprocal relationship among Mycoplasma dispar, M. ovipneumoniae, and M. hyopneumoniae. A lesser degree of cross-reaction was also demonstrated between these three species and M. hyorhinis and M. bovoculi. The interrelationships were more clearly demonstrated by double immunodiffusion than by counterimmunodiffusion.", "contents": "Comparison of antigens of pneumonia-associated mycoplasma species by gel diffusion. Comparison of fluorocarbon-extracted antigens of six mycoplasma species by double immunodiffusion and counterimmunodiffusion techniques revealed a close reciprocal relationship among Mycoplasma dispar, M. ovipneumoniae, and M. hyopneumoniae. A lesser degree of cross-reaction was also demonstrated between these three species and M. hyorhinis and M. bovoculi. The interrelationships were more clearly demonstrated by double immunodiffusion than by counterimmunodiffusion.", "PMID": 101469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4771", "title": "Antibody response to antigens distinct from smooth lipopolysaccharide complex in Brucella infection.", "content": "The smooth lipopolysaccharide complex of the outer surface of smooth Brucella abortus cells is believed to be the antigenic component involved in serological tests routinely used for the diagnosis of brucellosis. Sera from cattle vaccinated or infected with B. abortus generally contain antibody directed toward the smooth lipopolysaccharide complex. The brucella organism contains a large number of other antigenically distinct components. The biological significance of some of these antigens has been demonstrated by showing that sera from infected cattle have precipitins to these components. These sera revealed up to seven distinct lines in immunoelectrophoresis with a protein-rich antigen mixture prepared from rough strain B. abortus 45/20, whereas sera from strain 19-vaccinated cattle did not reveal these lines at 4 or more months after vaccination. Monospecific antisera were prepared against six antigens in this mixture, and the purification of two of them by antibody affinity chromatography is described.", "contents": "Antibody response to antigens distinct from smooth lipopolysaccharide complex in Brucella infection. The smooth lipopolysaccharide complex of the outer surface of smooth Brucella abortus cells is believed to be the antigenic component involved in serological tests routinely used for the diagnosis of brucellosis. Sera from cattle vaccinated or infected with B. abortus generally contain antibody directed toward the smooth lipopolysaccharide complex. The brucella organism contains a large number of other antigenically distinct components. The biological significance of some of these antigens has been demonstrated by showing that sera from infected cattle have precipitins to these components. These sera revealed up to seven distinct lines in immunoelectrophoresis with a protein-rich antigen mixture prepared from rough strain B. abortus 45/20, whereas sera from strain 19-vaccinated cattle did not reveal these lines at 4 or more months after vaccination. Monospecific antisera were prepared against six antigens in this mixture, and the purification of two of them by antibody affinity chromatography is described.", "PMID": 101470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4772", "title": "Three anorectic drugs: similar structures but different effects on brain and behavior.", "content": "Neurochemical probes are starting to tease apart several neurotransmitter systems that are involved in suppressing feeding. Instead of a classical medial hypothalamic lesion, neurotoxins or neurochemical inhibitors can be used to produced animal models of the obese. These models make it clear that amphetamine and fenfluramine do not act in the same way. In addition to actions on brain synapses, these drugs may act directly or indirectly on the receptors that monitor energy availability. Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) apparently has anorectic action within the lateral hypothalamus, but this could be due to a number of actions such as: (a) an adrenergic synaptic effect, (b) a direct receptor effect, (c) an indirect effect on glucoreceptors caused by increasing glucose utilization, or (d) some combination of these. In addition, these drugs taken systemically could activate similar mechanisms peripherally, thereby prompting a barrage of cues to and from the brain. Throughout this discussion it has been emphasized that the therapist who uses any of these drugs, needs to be aware of the possible changes in mood, behavior and physiological signs that are thought to occur in animals. Eventually the therapist will be able to take advantage of these side-effects to coordinate the drug's style with that of the patient.", "contents": "Three anorectic drugs: similar structures but different effects on brain and behavior. Neurochemical probes are starting to tease apart several neurotransmitter systems that are involved in suppressing feeding. Instead of a classical medial hypothalamic lesion, neurotoxins or neurochemical inhibitors can be used to produced animal models of the obese. These models make it clear that amphetamine and fenfluramine do not act in the same way. In addition to actions on brain synapses, these drugs may act directly or indirectly on the receptors that monitor energy availability. Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) apparently has anorectic action within the lateral hypothalamus, but this could be due to a number of actions such as: (a) an adrenergic synaptic effect, (b) a direct receptor effect, (c) an indirect effect on glucoreceptors caused by increasing glucose utilization, or (d) some combination of these. In addition, these drugs taken systemically could activate similar mechanisms peripherally, thereby prompting a barrage of cues to and from the brain. Throughout this discussion it has been emphasized that the therapist who uses any of these drugs, needs to be aware of the possible changes in mood, behavior and physiological signs that are thought to occur in animals. Eventually the therapist will be able to take advantage of these side-effects to coordinate the drug's style with that of the patient.", "PMID": 101472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4773", "title": "Improving the cost-effectiveness of obesity programs: three basic strategies for reducing the cost per pound.", "content": "Empirical support is provided for three basic strategies of improving the cost-effectiveness of treatments for obesity. The importance of analyzing both the effectiveness and cost of different program components when attempting to improve cost-effectiveness is illustrated in the first two studies. First, the strength of relationships between changes in different eating behaviors and changes in obesity was assessed for a small sample of obese individuals. Change in only one of eight behaviors investigated was significantly and strongly correlated with change in obesity. Data also were collected on the subjective costs and benefits of changing 36 eating behaviors that are commonly included in treatments for obesity. Some eating behaviors were found to differ greatly in subjective cost and perceived benefit, as measured by clients' ratings of component difficulty and component usefulness. A final, quasi-experimental study demonstrated the importance of developing cost-effective systems for translating principles of treatment for obesity into actual treatment. The impact on cost-effectiveness in mind is illustrated in a comparison of dollars paid by clients in relation to percent reduction in obesity for two weight reduction programs. The studies are discussed as highlighting the importance of measuring the cost and effectiveness of alternative delivery systems for, and different components of, treatments for obesity.", "contents": "Improving the cost-effectiveness of obesity programs: three basic strategies for reducing the cost per pound. Empirical support is provided for three basic strategies of improving the cost-effectiveness of treatments for obesity. The importance of analyzing both the effectiveness and cost of different program components when attempting to improve cost-effectiveness is illustrated in the first two studies. First, the strength of relationships between changes in different eating behaviors and changes in obesity was assessed for a small sample of obese individuals. Change in only one of eight behaviors investigated was significantly and strongly correlated with change in obesity. Data also were collected on the subjective costs and benefits of changing 36 eating behaviors that are commonly included in treatments for obesity. Some eating behaviors were found to differ greatly in subjective cost and perceived benefit, as measured by clients' ratings of component difficulty and component usefulness. A final, quasi-experimental study demonstrated the importance of developing cost-effective systems for translating principles of treatment for obesity into actual treatment. The impact on cost-effectiveness in mind is illustrated in a comparison of dollars paid by clients in relation to percent reduction in obesity for two weight reduction programs. The studies are discussed as highlighting the importance of measuring the cost and effectiveness of alternative delivery systems for, and different components of, treatments for obesity.", "PMID": 101473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4774", "title": "Mortality of monkeys after exposure to fission neutrons and the effect of autologous bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "In order to assess the risk of exposure to ionizing radiation in man, and to evaluate the results of therapeutic measures, the mortality of rhesus monkeys irradiated with X-rays and fission neutrons and the effect of autologous bone marrow transplantation have been investigated. The LD50/30d values for X- and neutron-irradiated monkeys amount to 525 and 260 rad respectively, resulting in an r.b.e. of approximately 2 for the occurrence of the bone marrow syndrome. Protection of the animals by autologous bone marrow transplantation was observed up to doses of 860 rad of X-rays and 440 rad of fission neutrons. After both fission-neutron irradiation and X-irradiation in the lowest range of lethal doses, the bone marrow syndrome was found to occur without the concurrent incidence of the intestinal syndrome. The studies indicate that, for humans accidentally exposed to what would otherwise be lethal doses of fast neutrons, bone marrow transplantation may be beneficial.", "contents": "Mortality of monkeys after exposure to fission neutrons and the effect of autologous bone marrow transplantation. In order to assess the risk of exposure to ionizing radiation in man, and to evaluate the results of therapeutic measures, the mortality of rhesus monkeys irradiated with X-rays and fission neutrons and the effect of autologous bone marrow transplantation have been investigated. The LD50/30d values for X- and neutron-irradiated monkeys amount to 525 and 260 rad respectively, resulting in an r.b.e. of approximately 2 for the occurrence of the bone marrow syndrome. Protection of the animals by autologous bone marrow transplantation was observed up to doses of 860 rad of X-rays and 440 rad of fission neutrons. After both fission-neutron irradiation and X-irradiation in the lowest range of lethal doses, the bone marrow syndrome was found to occur without the concurrent incidence of the intestinal syndrome. The studies indicate that, for humans accidentally exposed to what would otherwise be lethal doses of fast neutrons, bone marrow transplantation may be beneficial.", "PMID": 101475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4775", "title": "Hemolytic Streptococci in supramammary lymph nodes from healthy pigs from the Peruvian jungle.", "content": "Hemolytic streptococci were isolated from 53 percent (18) supramammary lymph nodes from healthy adult pigs raised at the Peruvian jungle. The isolates were identified as Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Streptococcus infrequens, Streptococcus faecalis and Groups P and S. The possible significance of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Hemolytic Streptococci in supramammary lymph nodes from healthy pigs from the Peruvian jungle. Hemolytic streptococci were isolated from 53 percent (18) supramammary lymph nodes from healthy adult pigs raised at the Peruvian jungle. The isolates were identified as Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Streptococcus infrequens, Streptococcus faecalis and Groups P and S. The possible significance of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 101478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4776", "title": "Experimental pyelonephritis in the monkey. VI. Infection of infants versus adults.", "content": "Pyelonephritis followed ureteral inoculation of bacteria in both infant and adult monkeys. Because of the frequency of reflux in infants this was done by bladder inoculation, although ureteral inoculation was necessary in adults. The longer duration of bacteriuria in infants may be attributable to a relative immunodeficiency.", "contents": "Experimental pyelonephritis in the monkey. VI. Infection of infants versus adults. Pyelonephritis followed ureteral inoculation of bacteria in both infant and adult monkeys. Because of the frequency of reflux in infants this was done by bladder inoculation, although ureteral inoculation was necessary in adults. The longer duration of bacteriuria in infants may be attributable to a relative immunodeficiency.", "PMID": 101479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4777", "title": "Construction of hemibladders and cutaneous vesicostomies for bilateral renal function studies. A new technique in Macaca arctoides.", "content": "A surgical technique for the construction of hemibladders and permanent cutaneous vesicostomies in Macaca arctoides is described. Serial studies of renal function were performed in sedated monkeys before and 1 or more months after division of the bladder. The results of the studies confirm our previous observation that renal function in monkeys is comparable to that in man and show that (i) the surgical procedure is successful in the majority of instances; (ii) simultaneous determinations of renal function of the right and left kidneys are comparable to function observed before dividing the bladder; and (iii) studies of function of the two kidneys may be repeated for 18 months or more and as often as three times a week. We conclude that the procedure provides an opportunity for prolonged observation of changes in renal function and morphology of a single experimentally manipulated kidney compared to (i) the normal function and morphology of the kidney before inducing disease and (ii) the function of a normal contralateral kidney.", "contents": "Construction of hemibladders and cutaneous vesicostomies for bilateral renal function studies. A new technique in Macaca arctoides. A surgical technique for the construction of hemibladders and permanent cutaneous vesicostomies in Macaca arctoides is described. Serial studies of renal function were performed in sedated monkeys before and 1 or more months after division of the bladder. The results of the studies confirm our previous observation that renal function in monkeys is comparable to that in man and show that (i) the surgical procedure is successful in the majority of instances; (ii) simultaneous determinations of renal function of the right and left kidneys are comparable to function observed before dividing the bladder; and (iii) studies of function of the two kidneys may be repeated for 18 months or more and as often as three times a week. We conclude that the procedure provides an opportunity for prolonged observation of changes in renal function and morphology of a single experimentally manipulated kidney compared to (i) the normal function and morphology of the kidney before inducing disease and (ii) the function of a normal contralateral kidney.", "PMID": 101480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4778", "title": "Chronic pyelonephritis. An electron microscopic study in nonhuman primates.", "content": "The rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) proved to be a successful model for the ultrastructural study of ascending nonobstructive pyelonephritis. The most severe kidney damage occurred where the inflammatory response was greatest, and these areas overlaid a dilated or clubbed calyx. The most prominent ultrastructural changes were in the renal tubular cells that showed swollen mitochondria with ruptured inner membranes, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and flocculent and irregular basal laminae. No recognizable bacterial structures were seen.", "contents": "Chronic pyelonephritis. An electron microscopic study in nonhuman primates. The rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) proved to be a successful model for the ultrastructural study of ascending nonobstructive pyelonephritis. The most severe kidney damage occurred where the inflammatory response was greatest, and these areas overlaid a dilated or clubbed calyx. The most prominent ultrastructural changes were in the renal tubular cells that showed swollen mitochondria with ruptured inner membranes, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and flocculent and irregular basal laminae. No recognizable bacterial structures were seen.", "PMID": 101481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4779", "title": "Methylene blue and other agents as inhibitors of calcium oxalithiasis in vivo.", "content": "Growth of calcium oxalate on an established calculus upon a zinc nucleus in the bladder of rats was studied. Animals were fed either a regular solid chow or chow containing a potential crystal inhibitor ad libitum, along with drinking water containing 0.75 per cent ethylene glycol. Chow containing 0.2 per cent methylene blue and 0.5 per cent vitamin C not only decreased the growth rate, but calculi were much softer than those in controls. Safranin O was the only other significant growth inhibitor identified. Ethylenediamonotetraacetic acid and ethylenebis (oxyethylenenitrilo)-tetraacetic acid transformed the additional growth from the mono- to the dihydrate form of calcium oxalate.", "contents": "Methylene blue and other agents as inhibitors of calcium oxalithiasis in vivo. Growth of calcium oxalate on an established calculus upon a zinc nucleus in the bladder of rats was studied. Animals were fed either a regular solid chow or chow containing a potential crystal inhibitor ad libitum, along with drinking water containing 0.75 per cent ethylene glycol. Chow containing 0.2 per cent methylene blue and 0.5 per cent vitamin C not only decreased the growth rate, but calculi were much softer than those in controls. Safranin O was the only other significant growth inhibitor identified. Ethylenediamonotetraacetic acid and ethylenebis (oxyethylenenitrilo)-tetraacetic acid transformed the additional growth from the mono- to the dihydrate form of calcium oxalate.", "PMID": 101482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4780", "title": "Unusually mild course of beta-glucuronidase deficiency in two brothers (mucopolysaccharidosis VII).", "content": "Two brothers with oligosymptomatic mucopolysaccharidosis VII were observed from age 11 8/12 to 16 years, and 15 1/2 to 19 years, respectively. Asymptomatic thoracic kyphosis and mild scoliosis were the prominent clinical features. Herniae, hepatosplenomegaly, corneal clouding and shortness of stature were absent. Both had Alder type granulations in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and to a lesser degree in monocytes. Ultrastructural analysis of blood leukocytes revealed polymorphous inclusions of probably more than one class of organic substances. Radiological signs were mild, confined to the spine and consisted of irregularities of upper and lower vertebral plates, of vertebral flattening and some osteophytic changes. Both patients excreted excessive amounts of acid mucopolysaccharides in urine and also globoside. Cultured skin fibroblasts of both patients contained metachromatic granules, had only approx. 10% of normal beta-glucuronidase activity and degraded sulfated mucopolysaccharides at a slower than normal rate. Sera of the patients had none or minimal beta-glucuronidase activity, the mother's serum had subnormal and the father's serum low-normal activity. The older brother is the oldest known case of mucopolysaccharidosis VII. As this hereditary disorder may take a remarkably mild clinical course, beta-glucuronidase-deficient juveniles may exist undetected in the general population.", "contents": "Unusually mild course of beta-glucuronidase deficiency in two brothers (mucopolysaccharidosis VII). Two brothers with oligosymptomatic mucopolysaccharidosis VII were observed from age 11 8/12 to 16 years, and 15 1/2 to 19 years, respectively. Asymptomatic thoracic kyphosis and mild scoliosis were the prominent clinical features. Herniae, hepatosplenomegaly, corneal clouding and shortness of stature were absent. Both had Alder type granulations in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and to a lesser degree in monocytes. Ultrastructural analysis of blood leukocytes revealed polymorphous inclusions of probably more than one class of organic substances. Radiological signs were mild, confined to the spine and consisted of irregularities of upper and lower vertebral plates, of vertebral flattening and some osteophytic changes. Both patients excreted excessive amounts of acid mucopolysaccharides in urine and also globoside. Cultured skin fibroblasts of both patients contained metachromatic granules, had only approx. 10% of normal beta-glucuronidase activity and degraded sulfated mucopolysaccharides at a slower than normal rate. Sera of the patients had none or minimal beta-glucuronidase activity, the mother's serum had subnormal and the father's serum low-normal activity. The older brother is the oldest known case of mucopolysaccharidosis VII. As this hereditary disorder may take a remarkably mild clinical course, beta-glucuronidase-deficient juveniles may exist undetected in the general population.", "PMID": 101485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4781", "title": "Influences of physical conditioning and deconditioning on coronary vasculature of dogs.", "content": "To investigate the effects of physical conditioning and deconditioning on the coronary vasculature, eight dogs were exercised by treadmill running. Five dogs were deconditioned by confinement in cages following the conditioning period. A technique was developed and validated for measuring circumflex coronary artery diameter from magnified projections of standardized coronary angiograms. Myocardial capillary density, perimeter, and basement membrane thickness were determined from electron microscopy of serial ventricular septal biopsy samples. Physical conditioning caused a small but statistically significant increase in cross-sectional area of the circumflex artery. Although physical conditioning caused no statistically significant changes in the myocardial capillaries, trends were apparent for increases in density and perimeter of myocardial capillaries and a decrease in basement membrane thickness. Physical deconditioning caused statistically significant reductions in cross-sectional area of the circumflex artery and in myocardial capillary density but little change in perimeter or basement membrane thickness of myocardial capillaries. The results suggest that physical conditioning may be associated with an improvement in coronary vascular capacity which may regress rapidly with deconditioning.", "contents": "Influences of physical conditioning and deconditioning on coronary vasculature of dogs. To investigate the effects of physical conditioning and deconditioning on the coronary vasculature, eight dogs were exercised by treadmill running. Five dogs were deconditioned by confinement in cages following the conditioning period. A technique was developed and validated for measuring circumflex coronary artery diameter from magnified projections of standardized coronary angiograms. Myocardial capillary density, perimeter, and basement membrane thickness were determined from electron microscopy of serial ventricular septal biopsy samples. Physical conditioning caused a small but statistically significant increase in cross-sectional area of the circumflex artery. Although physical conditioning caused no statistically significant changes in the myocardial capillaries, trends were apparent for increases in density and perimeter of myocardial capillaries and a decrease in basement membrane thickness. Physical deconditioning caused statistically significant reductions in cross-sectional area of the circumflex artery and in myocardial capillary density but little change in perimeter or basement membrane thickness of myocardial capillaries. The results suggest that physical conditioning may be associated with an improvement in coronary vascular capacity which may regress rapidly with deconditioning.", "PMID": 101496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4782", "title": "A plethysmograph for long-term measurements of ventilation in unrestrained animals.", "content": "An apparatus for quantitative measurement of ventilation in unrestrained small animals is described. The subject rests in an environmental chamber, and respiration is indicated by barometric pressure oscillations proportional to tidal volume. The chamber is purged continuously at a relatively high flow rate during studies. Thus, CO2 does not accumulate and long-term measurement can proceed without interruption. Respiratory control studies are especially facilitated since different gas mixtures can be rapidly passed through the chamber. An electronic device also is described which automatically calculates expired minute volumes (VE) from the pressure signal obtained from the plethysmograph.", "contents": "A plethysmograph for long-term measurements of ventilation in unrestrained animals. An apparatus for quantitative measurement of ventilation in unrestrained small animals is described. The subject rests in an environmental chamber, and respiration is indicated by barometric pressure oscillations proportional to tidal volume. The chamber is purged continuously at a relatively high flow rate during studies. Thus, CO2 does not accumulate and long-term measurement can proceed without interruption. Respiratory control studies are especially facilitated since different gas mixtures can be rapidly passed through the chamber. An electronic device also is described which automatically calculates expired minute volumes (VE) from the pressure signal obtained from the plethysmograph.", "PMID": 101497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4783", "title": "beta-lactam antibiotics. II. Structure-activity relationships of 6-[alpha-(alpha'-ureido-acylamino) acylamino] penicillanic acids.", "content": "The influence on the structure-activity relationships (S.A.R.) of the stereochemistry and various alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and heterocyclic substituents at the two chiral centres in the dipeptide side-chain of a new series of penicillins was examined. In many cases the effects of these changes had a pronounced influence on the degree of activity against Gram-positive and especially Gram-negative bacteria. Several compounds indicated that the size, shape and spatial disposition of a substituent were the parameters of importance in influencing activity, rather than it lipophilic or electronic character. The most active homologues in the series provided broad-spectrum penicillins which in terms of their in vitro antibacterial properties showed improvements over certain of the marketed penicillins. Thus 6-[D-alpha(alpha'-ureidoacyl-amino)acylamino]penicillanic acids were found which had a carbenicillin-like profile, with improvements against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes, sensitive and beta-lactamase-producing Gram-positive cocci.", "contents": "beta-lactam antibiotics. II. Structure-activity relationships of 6-[alpha-(alpha'-ureido-acylamino) acylamino] penicillanic acids. The influence on the structure-activity relationships (S.A.R.) of the stereochemistry and various alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and heterocyclic substituents at the two chiral centres in the dipeptide side-chain of a new series of penicillins was examined. In many cases the effects of these changes had a pronounced influence on the degree of activity against Gram-positive and especially Gram-negative bacteria. Several compounds indicated that the size, shape and spatial disposition of a substituent were the parameters of importance in influencing activity, rather than it lipophilic or electronic character. The most active homologues in the series provided broad-spectrum penicillins which in terms of their in vitro antibacterial properties showed improvements over certain of the marketed penicillins. Thus 6-[D-alpha(alpha'-ureidoacyl-amino)acylamino]penicillanic acids were found which had a carbenicillin-like profile, with improvements against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes, sensitive and beta-lactamase-producing Gram-positive cocci.", "PMID": 101499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4784", "title": "New antibiotics, enaminomycins A, B and C. II. Physico-chemical and biological properties.", "content": "Physico-chemical characterization of enaminomycins revealed that these antibiotics are new members of the epoxy quinone family. From elementary analysis and mass spectroscopic measurements the molecular formulae of enaminomycins A, B and C appear to be C7H5NO5, C10H11N06 and C7H7NO5, respectively. They are very unique in their chemical properties, possessing various functions, such as epoxy, primary amine and carboxylic acid, in their small structural units. Enaminomycin A, the most potent component, has activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and shows cytostatic effect on L1210 mouse leukemia cells in vitro, but enaminomycins B and C are only weakly active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "New antibiotics, enaminomycins A, B and C. II. Physico-chemical and biological properties. Physico-chemical characterization of enaminomycins revealed that these antibiotics are new members of the epoxy quinone family. From elementary analysis and mass spectroscopic measurements the molecular formulae of enaminomycins A, B and C appear to be C7H5NO5, C10H11N06 and C7H7NO5, respectively. They are very unique in their chemical properties, possessing various functions, such as epoxy, primary amine and carboxylic acid, in their small structural units. Enaminomycin A, the most potent component, has activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and shows cytostatic effect on L1210 mouse leukemia cells in vitro, but enaminomycins B and C are only weakly active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 101500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4785", "title": "Isolation of ekatetrone, a new metabolite of producing variants of Streptomyces aureofaciens.", "content": "From a mixture of substances formed by producing strains of Streptomyces aureofaciens under conditions of submerged fermentation a new metabolite, ekatetrone, was isolated. Its isolation and basic physical and chemical data are described. Ekatetrone is a quinone derivative with a carboxamide group. In tests in vitro with cells of Ehrlich's ascites tumour evidence was provided that ekatetrone inhibits proteo- and nucleosynthesis.", "contents": "Isolation of ekatetrone, a new metabolite of producing variants of Streptomyces aureofaciens. From a mixture of substances formed by producing strains of Streptomyces aureofaciens under conditions of submerged fermentation a new metabolite, ekatetrone, was isolated. Its isolation and basic physical and chemical data are described. Ekatetrone is a quinone derivative with a carboxamide group. In tests in vitro with cells of Ehrlich's ascites tumour evidence was provided that ekatetrone inhibits proteo- and nucleosynthesis.", "PMID": 101501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4786", "title": "The structure of ekatetrone, a metabolite of strains of Streptomyces aureofaciens.", "content": "The structure of ekatetrone has been determined from physico-chemical data obtained using the natural compound, its derivatives and products of degradation reactions. Ekatetrone was found to be the lactone of 1,8-dihydroxy-2-(1'-hydroxy-2'-carbamoyl)ethyl-9,10-anthraquinone-3-acetic acid (I). It is proposed that ekatetrone is related, biogenetically, to protetrone.", "contents": "The structure of ekatetrone, a metabolite of strains of Streptomyces aureofaciens. The structure of ekatetrone has been determined from physico-chemical data obtained using the natural compound, its derivatives and products of degradation reactions. Ekatetrone was found to be the lactone of 1,8-dihydroxy-2-(1'-hydroxy-2'-carbamoyl)ethyl-9,10-anthraquinone-3-acetic acid (I). It is proposed that ekatetrone is related, biogenetically, to protetrone.", "PMID": 101502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4787", "title": "Detergent-resistant variants of Bacillus subtilis with reduced cell diameter.", "content": "Variants of Bacillus subtilis resistant to the detergent Triton X-100 may exhibit: (i) normal cell morphology, (ii) reduced cell diameter, or (iii) helical cell shape. One variant of type ii was studied in some detail. Triton resistance, cell diameter reduction, and poor sporulation all may have resulted from a single mutation. High concentrations of Triton caused rapid lysis of wild-type cells. B. subtilis adapted to low Triton concentrations such that, upon subsequent exposure to higher concentrations, growth continued, although it bacame inhibited at very high concentrations. The variant studied retained its sensitivity to Triton-induced lysis but, after adaptation, grew at very high Triton levels. In this strain, cell diameter and cross-sectional area were reduced to about 73 and 50%, respectively, of those of wild type, yet the cells grew at normal rates, and DNA/protein/RNA ratios were largely unaltered. Peptidoglycan content per unit of cell surface area was higher in the variant than in the wild type under at least certain growth conditions.", "contents": "Detergent-resistant variants of Bacillus subtilis with reduced cell diameter. Variants of Bacillus subtilis resistant to the detergent Triton X-100 may exhibit: (i) normal cell morphology, (ii) reduced cell diameter, or (iii) helical cell shape. One variant of type ii was studied in some detail. Triton resistance, cell diameter reduction, and poor sporulation all may have resulted from a single mutation. High concentrations of Triton caused rapid lysis of wild-type cells. B. subtilis adapted to low Triton concentrations such that, upon subsequent exposure to higher concentrations, growth continued, although it bacame inhibited at very high concentrations. The variant studied retained its sensitivity to Triton-induced lysis but, after adaptation, grew at very high Triton levels. In this strain, cell diameter and cross-sectional area were reduced to about 73 and 50%, respectively, of those of wild type, yet the cells grew at normal rates, and DNA/protein/RNA ratios were largely unaltered. Peptidoglycan content per unit of cell surface area was higher in the variant than in the wild type under at least certain growth conditions.", "PMID": 101507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4788", "title": "Independence of Bacillus subtilis spore outgrowth from DNA synthesis.", "content": "The outgrowth of spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 proceeded normally in temperature-sensitive DNA mutants under restrictive conditions and in the absence of DNA synthesis. Two inhibitors of DNA synthesis, nalidoxic acid and 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil, inhibited spore outgrowth under some nutritional conditions; this inhibition of outgrowth however, though not that of DNA synthesis, could be reversed by glucose. The sensitivity of the outgrowing spores to nalidixic acid and 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil inhbition decreased as a function of outgrowth time. The cells became completely resistant to the inhibitors after 90 min. The development of this resistance occurred also in the absence of DNA synthesis. It was concluded that DNA synthesis is not needed for spore outgrowth, and that outgrowing cells and vegetative cells differ in their sensitivity to these inhibitors.", "contents": "Independence of Bacillus subtilis spore outgrowth from DNA synthesis. The outgrowth of spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 proceeded normally in temperature-sensitive DNA mutants under restrictive conditions and in the absence of DNA synthesis. Two inhibitors of DNA synthesis, nalidoxic acid and 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil, inhibited spore outgrowth under some nutritional conditions; this inhibition of outgrowth however, though not that of DNA synthesis, could be reversed by glucose. The sensitivity of the outgrowing spores to nalidixic acid and 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil inhbition decreased as a function of outgrowth time. The cells became completely resistant to the inhibitors after 90 min. The development of this resistance occurred also in the absence of DNA synthesis. It was concluded that DNA synthesis is not needed for spore outgrowth, and that outgrowing cells and vegetative cells differ in their sensitivity to these inhibitors.", "PMID": 101508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4789", "title": "Arginine biosynthesis in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: enzymes catalyzing the formation of ornithine and citrulline.", "content": "Many of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated from patients require arginine for growth in a defined medium. As a basis for genetic studies of these Arg- strains, we examined two biosynthetic enzymes of Arg+ (nonrequiring) gonococci. Cell-free extracts contained (i) glutamate acetyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of L-ornithine from alpha-N-acetyl-L-ornithine, and (ii) ornithine transcaramylase, which catalyzes the reaction between L-ornithine and carbamyl phosphate, yielding L-citrulline. Arg- strains were unable to utilze alpha-N-acetyl-L-ornithine for growth lacked significant activity of glutamate acetyltransferase, and activity was gained by Arg+ clones derived by DNA-mediated transformation. Some of the Arg- patient isolates were unable to use either alpha-N-acetyl-L-ornithine or L-ornithine in place of arginine, and two separate steps of genetic transformation were required to yield Arg+ cells. Extracts of these doubly auxotrophic cells lacked glutamate acetyltransferase activity, but, unexpectedly, they displayed normal ornithine transcarbamylase activity. This finding illustrates the importance of identifying the products specified by arg loci during genetic studies of arginine auxotrophy.", "contents": "Arginine biosynthesis in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: enzymes catalyzing the formation of ornithine and citrulline. Many of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated from patients require arginine for growth in a defined medium. As a basis for genetic studies of these Arg- strains, we examined two biosynthetic enzymes of Arg+ (nonrequiring) gonococci. Cell-free extracts contained (i) glutamate acetyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of L-ornithine from alpha-N-acetyl-L-ornithine, and (ii) ornithine transcaramylase, which catalyzes the reaction between L-ornithine and carbamyl phosphate, yielding L-citrulline. Arg- strains were unable to utilze alpha-N-acetyl-L-ornithine for growth lacked significant activity of glutamate acetyltransferase, and activity was gained by Arg+ clones derived by DNA-mediated transformation. Some of the Arg- patient isolates were unable to use either alpha-N-acetyl-L-ornithine or L-ornithine in place of arginine, and two separate steps of genetic transformation were required to yield Arg+ cells. Extracts of these doubly auxotrophic cells lacked glutamate acetyltransferase activity, but, unexpectedly, they displayed normal ornithine transcarbamylase activity. This finding illustrates the importance of identifying the products specified by arg loci during genetic studies of arginine auxotrophy.", "PMID": 101509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4790", "title": "Composition of the fractions separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the lipopolysaccharide of a marine bacterium.", "content": "The sugar composition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from whole cells of Alteromonas haloplanktis 214 (previously referred to as marine pseudomonas B-16, ATCC 19855), variant 3, of the lipid A, core, and side-chain fractions derived from it, and of the LPS fractions (LPS I, II, and III) obtained by subjecting it to preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been determined. Conditions optimum for the release of constituent monosaccharides by hydrolysis were established. Sugars were quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography of their alditol acetate derivatives. Lipid A was detected by gel electrophoresis and by the spectral shift obtained with a carbocyanin dye. A comparison of the molar ratios of the various fractions suggest that LPS III is an LPS molecule lacking an O-antigenic side chain, whereas LPS I and II are LPS molecules differing in side-chain composition. LPS I may be a mixture of two LPS species. In double immunodiffusion experiments using anti-whole-cell serum, LPS I and II showed a homologous cross-reaction with isolated whole-cell LPS. LPS III as well as lipid A, core, and side-chain fractions failed to give rise to precipitin lines.", "contents": "Composition of the fractions separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the lipopolysaccharide of a marine bacterium. The sugar composition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from whole cells of Alteromonas haloplanktis 214 (previously referred to as marine pseudomonas B-16, ATCC 19855), variant 3, of the lipid A, core, and side-chain fractions derived from it, and of the LPS fractions (LPS I, II, and III) obtained by subjecting it to preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been determined. Conditions optimum for the release of constituent monosaccharides by hydrolysis were established. Sugars were quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography of their alditol acetate derivatives. Lipid A was detected by gel electrophoresis and by the spectral shift obtained with a carbocyanin dye. A comparison of the molar ratios of the various fractions suggest that LPS III is an LPS molecule lacking an O-antigenic side chain, whereas LPS I and II are LPS molecules differing in side-chain composition. LPS I may be a mixture of two LPS species. In double immunodiffusion experiments using anti-whole-cell serum, LPS I and II showed a homologous cross-reaction with isolated whole-cell LPS. LPS III as well as lipid A, core, and side-chain fractions failed to give rise to precipitin lines.", "PMID": 101510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4791", "title": "Phospholipid composition of Rickettsia prowazeki grown in chicken embryo yolk sacs.", "content": "The phospholipid composition and phospholipid fatty acid composition of purified Rickettsia prowazeki were determined. The lipid phosphorous content was 6.8 +/- 1.3 microgram/mg of total rickettsial protein. The major phospholipid was phosphatidylethanolamine (60 to 70%); phosphatidylglycerol constituted 20%, and phosphatidylcholine constituted 15%. Small amounts of phosphatidylserine and cardiolipin were detected. The principal fatty acids were 18:1, 16:1, and 16:0. The fatty acid composition of the phosphatidylcholine in the rickettsial extracts was very different than that of the other rickettsial phosphatides and very similar to that of normal yolk sac phosphatidylcholine. The specific of the phosphatidylcholine of rickettsiae grown in the presence of 32P was markedly lower than that of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. It is suggested that the phosphatidylcholine in the rickettsial extract is yolk sac derived and either tightly absorbed or exchanged into the rickettsial membrane.", "contents": "Phospholipid composition of Rickettsia prowazeki grown in chicken embryo yolk sacs. The phospholipid composition and phospholipid fatty acid composition of purified Rickettsia prowazeki were determined. The lipid phosphorous content was 6.8 +/- 1.3 microgram/mg of total rickettsial protein. The major phospholipid was phosphatidylethanolamine (60 to 70%); phosphatidylglycerol constituted 20%, and phosphatidylcholine constituted 15%. Small amounts of phosphatidylserine and cardiolipin were detected. The principal fatty acids were 18:1, 16:1, and 16:0. The fatty acid composition of the phosphatidylcholine in the rickettsial extracts was very different than that of the other rickettsial phosphatides and very similar to that of normal yolk sac phosphatidylcholine. The specific of the phosphatidylcholine of rickettsiae grown in the presence of 32P was markedly lower than that of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. It is suggested that the phosphatidylcholine in the rickettsial extract is yolk sac derived and either tightly absorbed or exchanged into the rickettsial membrane.", "PMID": 101511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4792", "title": "Isolation of stable ribosomal subunits from spores of Bacillus cereus.", "content": "Analyses of ribosomes extracted from spores of Bacillus cereus T by a dryspore disruption technique indicated that previously reported defects in ribosomes from spores may arise during the ribosome extraction process. The population of ribosomes from spores is shown to cotain a variable quantity of free 50S subunits which are unstable, giving rise to slowly sedimenting particles in low-Mg2+ sucrose gradients and showing extremely low activity in in vitro protein synthesis. The majority of the ribosomal subunits in spores, obtained by dissociation of 70S ribosomes and polysomes, are shown to be as stable as subunits from vegetative cells, though the activity of spore polysomes was lower than that of vegetative ribosomes. In spite of the instability and inactivity of a fraction of the spore's ribosomal subunits, the activity of the total population obtained from spores by the dry disruption technique was 32% of vegetative ribosome activity, fivefold higher than previously obtained with this species. The improvement in activity and the observed variability of subunit destabilization are taken as evidence for partial degradation of spore ribosomes during extraction.", "contents": "Isolation of stable ribosomal subunits from spores of Bacillus cereus. Analyses of ribosomes extracted from spores of Bacillus cereus T by a dryspore disruption technique indicated that previously reported defects in ribosomes from spores may arise during the ribosome extraction process. The population of ribosomes from spores is shown to cotain a variable quantity of free 50S subunits which are unstable, giving rise to slowly sedimenting particles in low-Mg2+ sucrose gradients and showing extremely low activity in in vitro protein synthesis. The majority of the ribosomal subunits in spores, obtained by dissociation of 70S ribosomes and polysomes, are shown to be as stable as subunits from vegetative cells, though the activity of spore polysomes was lower than that of vegetative ribosomes. In spite of the instability and inactivity of a fraction of the spore's ribosomal subunits, the activity of the total population obtained from spores by the dry disruption technique was 32% of vegetative ribosome activity, fivefold higher than previously obtained with this species. The improvement in activity and the observed variability of subunit destabilization are taken as evidence for partial degradation of spore ribosomes during extraction.", "PMID": 101512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4793", "title": "Characterization of succinic dehydrogenase mutants of Bacillus subtilis by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Eleven succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) mutants in Bacillus subtilis were analyzed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with antiserum prepared against wild-type B. subtilis cytoplasmic membrane. A precipitate which stained for SDH was found in Triton X-100-solubilized wild-type membranes and in membranes from two of the SDH mutants. The remaining nine mutants did not show an SDH-staining precipitate. The respective mutations in these nine mutants all map in one locus, citF (Ohn\u00e9 et al., J. Bacteriol. 115:738-745, 1973). An SDH-specific antiserum was prepared by immunizing rabbits with the SDH precipitate obtained in crossed immunoelectrophoresis with solubilized wild-type membrane. Using this antiserum, it was shown that all of the nine citF mutants lack an SDH-specific antigen in the membrane but five of the citF mutants have a soluble SDH-specific antigen. No major differences were found in sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gels of membrane proteins from wild-type B. subtilis and from SDH mutants. A model for the organization of SDH in B. subtilis is proposed.", "contents": "Characterization of succinic dehydrogenase mutants of Bacillus subtilis by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Eleven succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) mutants in Bacillus subtilis were analyzed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with antiserum prepared against wild-type B. subtilis cytoplasmic membrane. A precipitate which stained for SDH was found in Triton X-100-solubilized wild-type membranes and in membranes from two of the SDH mutants. The remaining nine mutants did not show an SDH-staining precipitate. The respective mutations in these nine mutants all map in one locus, citF (Ohn\u00e9 et al., J. Bacteriol. 115:738-745, 1973). An SDH-specific antiserum was prepared by immunizing rabbits with the SDH precipitate obtained in crossed immunoelectrophoresis with solubilized wild-type membrane. Using this antiserum, it was shown that all of the nine citF mutants lack an SDH-specific antigen in the membrane but five of the citF mutants have a soluble SDH-specific antigen. No major differences were found in sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gels of membrane proteins from wild-type B. subtilis and from SDH mutants. A model for the organization of SDH in B. subtilis is proposed.", "PMID": 101513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4794", "title": "Deletion plasmids from transformants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa trp cells with the RSF1010-trp hybrid plasmid and high levels of enzyme activity from the gene on the plasmid.", "content": "A RSF1010-trp hybrid plasmid which contained the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli was introduced into Pseudomonas aeruginosa trp cells by transformation. From the Trp+ transformants several deletion plasmids were obtained, and their physical maps with restriction endonucleases were constructed. P. aeruginosa trp cells with these plasmids showed at first more than 100 times higher levels of tryptophan synthetase beta activity over that of the control P. aeruginosa wild-type cells, but these levels were drastically decreased by 1 week of successive transfers of cultures. This decrease in enzyme activity was found to be due to the change on the plasmids but not to the host cells. The production of E. coli tryptophan synthetase beta enzyme in P. aeruginosa cells was proved by immunological test.", "contents": "Deletion plasmids from transformants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa trp cells with the RSF1010-trp hybrid plasmid and high levels of enzyme activity from the gene on the plasmid. A RSF1010-trp hybrid plasmid which contained the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli was introduced into Pseudomonas aeruginosa trp cells by transformation. From the Trp+ transformants several deletion plasmids were obtained, and their physical maps with restriction endonucleases were constructed. P. aeruginosa trp cells with these plasmids showed at first more than 100 times higher levels of tryptophan synthetase beta activity over that of the control P. aeruginosa wild-type cells, but these levels were drastically decreased by 1 week of successive transfers of cultures. This decrease in enzyme activity was found to be due to the change on the plasmids but not to the host cells. The production of E. coli tryptophan synthetase beta enzyme in P. aeruginosa cells was proved by immunological test.", "PMID": 101514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4795", "title": "Purification and characterization of additional low-molecular-weight basic proteins degraded during germination of Bacillus megaterium spores.", "content": "Dormant spores Bacillus megaterium contained a group of low-molecular-weight (5,000 to 11,000) basic (pI greater than 9.4) proteins (termed D, E, F, and G proteins) which could be extracted from disrupted spores with strong acids. These proteins were distinct from the previously described A, B, and C proteins which are degraded during spore germination. However, the D, E, F, and G proteins were also rapidly degraded during spore germination, accounting for 10 to 15% of the protein degraded. Proteins similar to the D, E, F, and G species were also present in spores of other bacterial species. In B. megaterium, the D, E, F, and G proteins were low or absent (less than 15% of the spore level) in vegetative and young sporulating cells and appeared only late in sporulation. The D, E, F, and G proteins were purified to homogeneity, and all contained a high percentage of hydrophilic amino acids; one protein (G) contained 31% basic amino acids and also contained tryptophan. All four proteins were rapidly degraded in vitro by dormant spore extracts. Two proteins (D and F) were degraded in vitro by the previously described spore protease which initiates degradation of the A, B, and C proteins in vivo; the spore enzyme (s) degrading proteins E and G have not been identified.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of additional low-molecular-weight basic proteins degraded during germination of Bacillus megaterium spores. Dormant spores Bacillus megaterium contained a group of low-molecular-weight (5,000 to 11,000) basic (pI greater than 9.4) proteins (termed D, E, F, and G proteins) which could be extracted from disrupted spores with strong acids. These proteins were distinct from the previously described A, B, and C proteins which are degraded during spore germination. However, the D, E, F, and G proteins were also rapidly degraded during spore germination, accounting for 10 to 15% of the protein degraded. Proteins similar to the D, E, F, and G species were also present in spores of other bacterial species. In B. megaterium, the D, E, F, and G proteins were low or absent (less than 15% of the spore level) in vegetative and young sporulating cells and appeared only late in sporulation. The D, E, F, and G proteins were purified to homogeneity, and all contained a high percentage of hydrophilic amino acids; one protein (G) contained 31% basic amino acids and also contained tryptophan. All four proteins were rapidly degraded in vitro by dormant spore extracts. Two proteins (D and F) were degraded in vitro by the previously described spore protease which initiates degradation of the A, B, and C proteins in vivo; the spore enzyme (s) degrading proteins E and G have not been identified.", "PMID": 101515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4796", "title": "Iron in Neisseria meningitidis: minimum requirements, effects of limitation, and characteristics of uptake.", "content": "A simple defined medium (neisseria defined medium) was devised that does not require iron extraction to produce iron-limited growth of Neisseria meningitidis (SDIC). Comparison of this medium to Mueller-Hinton broth and agar showed nearly identical growth rates and yields. The defined medium was used in batch cultures to determine the disappearance of iron from the medium and its uptake by cells. To avoid a number of problems inherent in batch culture, continuous culture, in which iron and dissolved oxygen were varied independently, was used. Most of the cellular iron was found to be nonheme and associated with the particulate fraction in sonically disrupted cells. Nonheme and catalase-heme iron were reduced by iron starvation far more than cytochromes b and c and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine-oxidase. The respiration rate and efficiency also decreased under iron limitation, whereas generation times increased. The iron-starved meningococcus took up iron by an energy-independent system operating in the first minute after an iron pulse and a slower energy-dependent system inhibited by respiratory poisons and an uncoupler. The energy-dependent system showed saturation kinetics and was stimulated nearly fourfold by iron privation. In addition, to determine the availability to the meningococcus of the iron in selected compounds, a sensitive assay was devised in which an iron-limited continuous culture was pulsed with the iron-containing compound.", "contents": "Iron in Neisseria meningitidis: minimum requirements, effects of limitation, and characteristics of uptake. A simple defined medium (neisseria defined medium) was devised that does not require iron extraction to produce iron-limited growth of Neisseria meningitidis (SDIC). Comparison of this medium to Mueller-Hinton broth and agar showed nearly identical growth rates and yields. The defined medium was used in batch cultures to determine the disappearance of iron from the medium and its uptake by cells. To avoid a number of problems inherent in batch culture, continuous culture, in which iron and dissolved oxygen were varied independently, was used. Most of the cellular iron was found to be nonheme and associated with the particulate fraction in sonically disrupted cells. Nonheme and catalase-heme iron were reduced by iron starvation far more than cytochromes b and c and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine-oxidase. The respiration rate and efficiency also decreased under iron limitation, whereas generation times increased. The iron-starved meningococcus took up iron by an energy-independent system operating in the first minute after an iron pulse and a slower energy-dependent system inhibited by respiratory poisons and an uncoupler. The energy-dependent system showed saturation kinetics and was stimulated nearly fourfold by iron privation. In addition, to determine the availability to the meningococcus of the iron in selected compounds, a sensitive assay was devised in which an iron-limited continuous culture was pulsed with the iron-containing compound.", "PMID": 101516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4797", "title": "Microbial oxidation of methane and methanol: isolation of methane-utilizing bacteria and characterization of a facultative methane-utilizing isolate.", "content": "A methane-utilizing organism capable of growth both on methane and on more complex organic substrates as a sole source of carbon and energy, has been isolated and studied in detail. Suspensions of methane-grown cells of this organism oxidized C-1 compounds (methane, methanol, formaldehyde, formate); hydrocarbons (ethane, propane); primary alcohols (ethanol, propanol); primary aldehydes (acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde); alkenes (ethylene, propylene); dimethylether; and organic acids (acetate, malate, succinate, isocitrate). Suspensions of methanol-or succinate-grown cells did not oxidize methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, propylene, or dimethylether, suggesting that the enzymatic systems required for oxidation of these substrates are induced only during growth on methane. Extracts of methane-grown cells contained a particulate reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent methane monooxygenase activity. Oxidation of methanol, formaldehyde, and primary alcohols was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate-linked, ammonium ion-requiring methanol dehydrogenase. Oxidation of primary aldehydes was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate-linked, ammonium ion-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase. Formate was oxidized by a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific formate dehydrogenase. Extracts of methane-grown, but not succinate-grown, cells contained the key enzymes of the serine pathway, hydroxypyruvate reductase and malate lyase, indicating that the enzymes of C-1 assimilation are induced only during growth on C-1 compounds. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was induced during growth on glucose. Extracts of methane-grown cells contained low levels of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, including alpha-keto glutarate dehydrogenase, relative to the levels found during growth on succinate.", "contents": "Microbial oxidation of methane and methanol: isolation of methane-utilizing bacteria and characterization of a facultative methane-utilizing isolate. A methane-utilizing organism capable of growth both on methane and on more complex organic substrates as a sole source of carbon and energy, has been isolated and studied in detail. Suspensions of methane-grown cells of this organism oxidized C-1 compounds (methane, methanol, formaldehyde, formate); hydrocarbons (ethane, propane); primary alcohols (ethanol, propanol); primary aldehydes (acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde); alkenes (ethylene, propylene); dimethylether; and organic acids (acetate, malate, succinate, isocitrate). Suspensions of methanol-or succinate-grown cells did not oxidize methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, propylene, or dimethylether, suggesting that the enzymatic systems required for oxidation of these substrates are induced only during growth on methane. Extracts of methane-grown cells contained a particulate reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent methane monooxygenase activity. Oxidation of methanol, formaldehyde, and primary alcohols was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate-linked, ammonium ion-requiring methanol dehydrogenase. Oxidation of primary aldehydes was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate-linked, ammonium ion-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase. Formate was oxidized by a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific formate dehydrogenase. Extracts of methane-grown, but not succinate-grown, cells contained the key enzymes of the serine pathway, hydroxypyruvate reductase and malate lyase, indicating that the enzymes of C-1 assimilation are induced only during growth on C-1 compounds. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was induced during growth on glucose. Extracts of methane-grown cells contained low levels of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, including alpha-keto glutarate dehydrogenase, relative to the levels found during growth on succinate.", "PMID": 101517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4798", "title": "Outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria. XIX. Isolation from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and use in reconstitution and definition of the permeability barrier.", "content": "A method for separating the outer and inner membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in the absence of added ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was devised. The method yields two outer membrane fractions which show the same protein pattern on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but differ substantially in their relative contents of phospholipids. One of these outer membrane fractions and the inner membrane fraction are less than 4% cross-contaminated, as judged by the content of typical inner and outer membrane markers. The outer membrane contains four major protein bands with apparent molecular weights of 37,000, 35,000, 21,000 and 17,000. Vesicles reconstituted from lipopolysaccharide and phospholipids were impermeable to all saccharides included in the vesicles during vesicle formation. When the vesicles contained outer membrane proteins, they fully retained only those saccharides of greater than 9,000 molecular weight, suggesting that the exclusion limit of the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa for saccharides is substantially larger than the figure (500 to 600 daltons) obtained for certain enteric bacteria. The advantages and potential disadvantages of having an outer membrane with a higher exclusion limit for hydrophilic substances are discussed.", "contents": "Outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria. XIX. Isolation from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and use in reconstitution and definition of the permeability barrier. A method for separating the outer and inner membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in the absence of added ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was devised. The method yields two outer membrane fractions which show the same protein pattern on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but differ substantially in their relative contents of phospholipids. One of these outer membrane fractions and the inner membrane fraction are less than 4% cross-contaminated, as judged by the content of typical inner and outer membrane markers. The outer membrane contains four major protein bands with apparent molecular weights of 37,000, 35,000, 21,000 and 17,000. Vesicles reconstituted from lipopolysaccharide and phospholipids were impermeable to all saccharides included in the vesicles during vesicle formation. When the vesicles contained outer membrane proteins, they fully retained only those saccharides of greater than 9,000 molecular weight, suggesting that the exclusion limit of the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa for saccharides is substantially larger than the figure (500 to 600 daltons) obtained for certain enteric bacteria. The advantages and potential disadvantages of having an outer membrane with a higher exclusion limit for hydrophilic substances are discussed.", "PMID": 101518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4799", "title": "Cell envelope alterations in antibiotic-sensitive and-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The cell envelopes of antibiotic-resistant and -sensitive isogenic strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were analyzed to determine whether acquisition of genetic loci for altered antibiotic sensitivity was accompanied by alterations in cell envelope composition. No differences in the composition of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides were noted. Acquisition of mtr-2, which results in low-level, nonspecific increased resistance to multiple antibiotics, dyes, and detergents, was accompanied by a sevenfold increase in the amount of a minor, 52,000-molecular-weight outer membrane protein and a 32% increase in the extent of peptidoglycan cross-linking. Subsequent addition of the nonspecific hypersensitivity loci env-1 or env-2 to a strain carrying mtr-2 resulted in reversal of the phenotypic resistance determined by mtr-2 and marked reduction in both the amount of the 52,000-molecular-weight outer membrane protein and the extent of peptidoglycan cross-linking. Introduction of penB2, which results in a fourfold increase in resistance to penicillin and tetracycline, was accompanied by the disappearance of the principal outer membrane protein of the wild-type strain (molecular weight, 36,900) and the appearance of a new species of the principal outer membrane protein (molecular weight, 39,400) in the transformant.", "contents": "Cell envelope alterations in antibiotic-sensitive and-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The cell envelopes of antibiotic-resistant and -sensitive isogenic strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were analyzed to determine whether acquisition of genetic loci for altered antibiotic sensitivity was accompanied by alterations in cell envelope composition. No differences in the composition of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides were noted. Acquisition of mtr-2, which results in low-level, nonspecific increased resistance to multiple antibiotics, dyes, and detergents, was accompanied by a sevenfold increase in the amount of a minor, 52,000-molecular-weight outer membrane protein and a 32% increase in the extent of peptidoglycan cross-linking. Subsequent addition of the nonspecific hypersensitivity loci env-1 or env-2 to a strain carrying mtr-2 resulted in reversal of the phenotypic resistance determined by mtr-2 and marked reduction in both the amount of the 52,000-molecular-weight outer membrane protein and the extent of peptidoglycan cross-linking. Introduction of penB2, which results in a fourfold increase in resistance to penicillin and tetracycline, was accompanied by the disappearance of the principal outer membrane protein of the wild-type strain (molecular weight, 36,900) and the appearance of a new species of the principal outer membrane protein (molecular weight, 39,400) in the transformant.", "PMID": 101519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4800", "title": "Survey of extrachromosomal DNA found in the filamentous cyanobacteria.", "content": "Cleared lysates of 13 species of filamentous cyanobacteria were examined for the presence of extrachromosomal DNA by using agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. Seven of the 13 species contained extrachromosomal covalently closed circular DNA, and all but 1 species contained multiple elements. There was no correlation between the presence of extrachomosomal DNA and either the range of metabolic activities found in the cyanobacteria or the differentiated cell types or structures elaborated by the morphologically complex filamentous cyanobacteria.", "contents": "Survey of extrachromosomal DNA found in the filamentous cyanobacteria. Cleared lysates of 13 species of filamentous cyanobacteria were examined for the presence of extrachromosomal DNA by using agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. Seven of the 13 species contained extrachromosomal covalently closed circular DNA, and all but 1 species contained multiple elements. There was no correlation between the presence of extrachomosomal DNA and either the range of metabolic activities found in the cyanobacteria or the differentiated cell types or structures elaborated by the morphologically complex filamentous cyanobacteria.", "PMID": 101520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4801", "title": "Absence of hydrogen peroxide production by or catalase action in Rickettsia prowazeki.", "content": "Glutamic acid oxidation by Rickettsia prowazeki is not accompanied by hydrogen peroxide generation, nor is added hydrogen peroxide degraded, as measured by a manometric technique.", "contents": "Absence of hydrogen peroxide production by or catalase action in Rickettsia prowazeki. Glutamic acid oxidation by Rickettsia prowazeki is not accompanied by hydrogen peroxide generation, nor is added hydrogen peroxide degraded, as measured by a manometric technique.", "PMID": 101521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4802", "title": "One-carbon metabolism in methanogenic bacteria: analysis of short-term fixation products of 14CO2 and 14CH3OH incorporated into whole cells.", "content": "Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, M. ruminantium, and Methanosarcina barkeri were labeled with 14CO2 (14CO2 + H14CO3- + 14CO32-) for from 2 to 45 s. Radioactivity was recovered in coenzyme M derivatives, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and several unidentified compounds. The properties of one important structurally unidentified intermediate (yellow fluorescent compound) displayed UV absorbance maxima at pH 1 of 290 and 335 nm, no absorbance in the visible region, and a fluorescence maximum at 460 nm. Label did not appear in organic phosphates until after 1 min. 14CH3OH was converted by M. barkeri primarily into coenzyme M derivatives at 25 s. [2-14C]acetate was assimilated by M. thermoautotrophicum mainly into alanine and succinate during 2 to 240 s, but not into coenzyme M derivatives or yellow fluorescent compound. Cell-free extracts of M. thermoautotrophicum lacked ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity. The data indicated the absence of the Calvin, serine, and hexulose phosphate paths of C1 assimilation in the methanogens examined and indicated that pyruvate was an early intermediate product of net CO2 fixation. The in vivo importance of coenzyme M derivatives in methanogenesis was demonstrated.", "contents": "One-carbon metabolism in methanogenic bacteria: analysis of short-term fixation products of 14CO2 and 14CH3OH incorporated into whole cells. Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, M. ruminantium, and Methanosarcina barkeri were labeled with 14CO2 (14CO2 + H14CO3- + 14CO32-) for from 2 to 45 s. Radioactivity was recovered in coenzyme M derivatives, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and several unidentified compounds. The properties of one important structurally unidentified intermediate (yellow fluorescent compound) displayed UV absorbance maxima at pH 1 of 290 and 335 nm, no absorbance in the visible region, and a fluorescence maximum at 460 nm. Label did not appear in organic phosphates until after 1 min. 14CH3OH was converted by M. barkeri primarily into coenzyme M derivatives at 25 s. [2-14C]acetate was assimilated by M. thermoautotrophicum mainly into alanine and succinate during 2 to 240 s, but not into coenzyme M derivatives or yellow fluorescent compound. Cell-free extracts of M. thermoautotrophicum lacked ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity. The data indicated the absence of the Calvin, serine, and hexulose phosphate paths of C1 assimilation in the methanogens examined and indicated that pyruvate was an early intermediate product of net CO2 fixation. The in vivo importance of coenzyme M derivatives in methanogenesis was demonstrated.", "PMID": 101522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4803", "title": "In vivo regulation of glycolysis and characterization of sugar: phosphotransferase systems in Streptococcus lactis.", "content": "Two novel procedures have been used to regulate, in vivo, the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) from glycolysis in Streptococcus lactis ML3. In the first procedure, glucose metabolism was specifically inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate. Autoradiographic and enzymatic analyses showed that the cells contained glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, and triose phosphates. Dithiothreitol reversed the p-chloromercuribenzoate inhibition, and these intermediates were rapidly and quantitatively transformed into 3- and 2-phosphoglycerates plus PEP. The three intermediates were not further metabolized and constituted the intracellular PEP potential. The second procedure simply involved starvation of the organisms. The starved cells were devoid of glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, fructose- 1,6-diphosphate, and triose phosphates but contained high levels of 3- and 2-phosphoglycerates and PEP (ca. 40 mM in total). The capacity to regulate PEP formation in vivo permitted the characterization of glucose and lactose phosphotransferase systems in physiologically intact cells. Evidence has been obtained for \"feed forward\" activation of pyruvate kinase in vivo by phosphorylated intermediates formed before the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in the glycolytic sequence. The data suggest that pyruvate kinase (an allosteric enzyme) plays a key role in the regulation of glycolysis and phosphotransferase system functions in S. lactis ML3.", "contents": "In vivo regulation of glycolysis and characterization of sugar: phosphotransferase systems in Streptococcus lactis. Two novel procedures have been used to regulate, in vivo, the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) from glycolysis in Streptococcus lactis ML3. In the first procedure, glucose metabolism was specifically inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate. Autoradiographic and enzymatic analyses showed that the cells contained glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, and triose phosphates. Dithiothreitol reversed the p-chloromercuribenzoate inhibition, and these intermediates were rapidly and quantitatively transformed into 3- and 2-phosphoglycerates plus PEP. The three intermediates were not further metabolized and constituted the intracellular PEP potential. The second procedure simply involved starvation of the organisms. The starved cells were devoid of glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, fructose- 1,6-diphosphate, and triose phosphates but contained high levels of 3- and 2-phosphoglycerates and PEP (ca. 40 mM in total). The capacity to regulate PEP formation in vivo permitted the characterization of glucose and lactose phosphotransferase systems in physiologically intact cells. Evidence has been obtained for \"feed forward\" activation of pyruvate kinase in vivo by phosphorylated intermediates formed before the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in the glycolytic sequence. The data suggest that pyruvate kinase (an allosteric enzyme) plays a key role in the regulation of glycolysis and phosphotransferase system functions in S. lactis ML3.", "PMID": 101523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4804", "title": "Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis spore germination by various hydrophobic compounds: demonstration of hydrophobic character of the L-alanine receptor site.", "content": "L-Alanine-initiated germination of Bacillus subtilis spores was inhibited by various kinds of hydrophobic compounds. Good correlation of inhibitory effect with hydrophobicity of the compound was demonstrated by using regression analysis in which the hydrophobic character was expressed by the partition coefficient in an octyl alcohol-water system. The correlation coefficient for 20 alcohols was 0.959, and that for 19 miscellaneous compounds was 0.906. Regression lines of the alcohols and other hydrophobic compounds were almost identical, showing that hydrophobic interaction played an important role in inhibition. Diphenylamine was one of the most effective inhibitors examined. n-Octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl alcohols were the most effective alcohols. The mode of inhibition by diphenylamine and n-octyl alcohol was a \"mixed type\" (competitive plus noncompetitive type) with respect to L-alanine; that by D-alanine was competitive inhibition. Sites for diphenylamine, n-octyl alcohol, and D-alanine may have overlapped. Inhibition was reversible by washing; heat resistance, stainability, and germination rate of the washed spores remained unaltered. Thus, we confirmed that the inhibition may occur before the initial trigger reaction of germination and that it may be due to the interaction between a hydrophobic compound and a hydrophobic region closely associated with the L-alanine receptor site on the spore.", "contents": "Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis spore germination by various hydrophobic compounds: demonstration of hydrophobic character of the L-alanine receptor site. L-Alanine-initiated germination of Bacillus subtilis spores was inhibited by various kinds of hydrophobic compounds. Good correlation of inhibitory effect with hydrophobicity of the compound was demonstrated by using regression analysis in which the hydrophobic character was expressed by the partition coefficient in an octyl alcohol-water system. The correlation coefficient for 20 alcohols was 0.959, and that for 19 miscellaneous compounds was 0.906. Regression lines of the alcohols and other hydrophobic compounds were almost identical, showing that hydrophobic interaction played an important role in inhibition. Diphenylamine was one of the most effective inhibitors examined. n-Octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl alcohols were the most effective alcohols. The mode of inhibition by diphenylamine and n-octyl alcohol was a \"mixed type\" (competitive plus noncompetitive type) with respect to L-alanine; that by D-alanine was competitive inhibition. Sites for diphenylamine, n-octyl alcohol, and D-alanine may have overlapped. Inhibition was reversible by washing; heat resistance, stainability, and germination rate of the washed spores remained unaltered. Thus, we confirmed that the inhibition may occur before the initial trigger reaction of germination and that it may be due to the interaction between a hydrophobic compound and a hydrophobic region closely associated with the L-alanine receptor site on the spore.", "PMID": 101524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4805", "title": "Linkage map of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAT.", "content": "The locations of new markers relative to markers previously mapped on the chromosome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAT were defined by generalized transduction with phage F116L and F1083. Although the marker orders of the various marker groups were deduced mainly from the results of two-factor crosses, the locations of a number of markers were confirmed by three-factor crosses. A linkage map of the chromosome of P. aeruginosa PAT was constructed which shows the relative locations of 50 genes. From the available data, the linkage maps of P. aeruginosa strains PAO and PAT appear to be similar.", "contents": "Linkage map of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAT. The locations of new markers relative to markers previously mapped on the chromosome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAT were defined by generalized transduction with phage F116L and F1083. Although the marker orders of the various marker groups were deduced mainly from the results of two-factor crosses, the locations of a number of markers were confirmed by three-factor crosses. A linkage map of the chromosome of P. aeruginosa PAT was constructed which shows the relative locations of 50 genes. From the available data, the linkage maps of P. aeruginosa strains PAO and PAT appear to be similar.", "PMID": 101525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4806", "title": "Synthesis and salvage of purines during cellular morphogenesis of Myxococcus xanthus.", "content": "Intact cells of Myxococcus xanthus were examined for de novo purine synthesis and salvage utilization. The cellular uptake rates of radioactive glycine (de novo purine precursor), adenine, and guanine were measured, and thin-layer chromatography and radioautography were used to examine cell extracts for de novo synthesized purine nucleotides. Intact vegatative cells, glycerol-induced myxospores, and germinating cells of M. xanthus CW-1 were able to carry out de novo purine and salvage synthesis. Germinating cells and glycerol-induced myxospores were metabolically more active or as active as vegetative cells with respect to purine anabolism. We conclude that M. xanthus is capable of synthesizing purine nucleotides and salvaging purines throughout the glycerol version of its life cycle.", "contents": "Synthesis and salvage of purines during cellular morphogenesis of Myxococcus xanthus. Intact cells of Myxococcus xanthus were examined for de novo purine synthesis and salvage utilization. The cellular uptake rates of radioactive glycine (de novo purine precursor), adenine, and guanine were measured, and thin-layer chromatography and radioautography were used to examine cell extracts for de novo synthesized purine nucleotides. Intact vegatative cells, glycerol-induced myxospores, and germinating cells of M. xanthus CW-1 were able to carry out de novo purine and salvage synthesis. Germinating cells and glycerol-induced myxospores were metabolically more active or as active as vegetative cells with respect to purine anabolism. We conclude that M. xanthus is capable of synthesizing purine nucleotides and salvaging purines throughout the glycerol version of its life cycle.", "PMID": 101526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4807", "title": "Occurrence of squalene and sterols in Cellulomonas dehydrogenans (Arnaudi 1942) comb. nov. Hester 1971.", "content": "The neutral lipid fraction of the photochromogenic, coryneform bacterium Cellulomonas dehydrogenans (Arnaudi 1942) comb. nov. contains the sterol precursor squalene and at least two sterols, cholesterol and beta-sitosterol. The compounds were characterized by mass spectrometry and combination gas-liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry. De novo sterol biosynthetic ability was shown from incorporation of 14C from D-[U-14C]glucose into squalene and the sterol fraction. The squalene concentration approximated 0.002 to 0.005% of the total dry cell weight, and the sterols approximated 0.03 to 0.05%.", "contents": "Occurrence of squalene and sterols in Cellulomonas dehydrogenans (Arnaudi 1942) comb. nov. Hester 1971. The neutral lipid fraction of the photochromogenic, coryneform bacterium Cellulomonas dehydrogenans (Arnaudi 1942) comb. nov. contains the sterol precursor squalene and at least two sterols, cholesterol and beta-sitosterol. The compounds were characterized by mass spectrometry and combination gas-liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry. De novo sterol biosynthetic ability was shown from incorporation of 14C from D-[U-14C]glucose into squalene and the sterol fraction. The squalene concentration approximated 0.002 to 0.005% of the total dry cell weight, and the sterols approximated 0.03 to 0.05%.", "PMID": 101527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4808", "title": "Relationship between catabolism of glycerol and metabolism of hexosephosphate derivatives by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The relationship between catabolism of glycerol and metabolism of hexosephosphate derivatives in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied by comparing the growth on glycerol and enzymatic constitution of strain PAO with these characteristics of glucose-catabolic mutants and revertants. Growth of strain PAO on glycerol induced a catabolic oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase and seven glucose-catabolic enzymes. The results indicated that these enzymes were induced by a six-carbon metabolite of glucose. All strains possessed a constitutive anabolic Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway allowing limited conversion of glycerol-derived triosephosphate to hexosephosphate derivatives, which was consistent with induction of these enzymes by glycerol. Phosphogluconate dehydratase-deficient mutants grew on glycerol. However, mutants lacking both phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydratase were unable to grow on glycerol, although these strains possessed all of the enzymes needed for degradation of glycerol. These mutants apparently were inhibited by hexosephosphate derivatives, which originated from glycerol-derived triosephosphate and could not be dissimilated. This conclusion was supported by the fact that revertants regaining only a limited capacity to degrade 6-phosphogluconate were glycerol positive but remained glucose negative.", "contents": "Relationship between catabolism of glycerol and metabolism of hexosephosphate derivatives by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The relationship between catabolism of glycerol and metabolism of hexosephosphate derivatives in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied by comparing the growth on glycerol and enzymatic constitution of strain PAO with these characteristics of glucose-catabolic mutants and revertants. Growth of strain PAO on glycerol induced a catabolic oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase and seven glucose-catabolic enzymes. The results indicated that these enzymes were induced by a six-carbon metabolite of glucose. All strains possessed a constitutive anabolic Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway allowing limited conversion of glycerol-derived triosephosphate to hexosephosphate derivatives, which was consistent with induction of these enzymes by glycerol. Phosphogluconate dehydratase-deficient mutants grew on glycerol. However, mutants lacking both phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydratase were unable to grow on glycerol, although these strains possessed all of the enzymes needed for degradation of glycerol. These mutants apparently were inhibited by hexosephosphate derivatives, which originated from glycerol-derived triosephosphate and could not be dissimilated. This conclusion was supported by the fact that revertants regaining only a limited capacity to degrade 6-phosphogluconate were glycerol positive but remained glucose negative.", "PMID": 101528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4809", "title": "Classes of Anabaena variabilis mutants with oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase activity.", "content": "Mutants of Anabaena variabilis deficient in the envelope glycolipids of heterocysts have no or very low nitrogenase activity when assayed aerobically. Revertants capable of aerobic growth on N2 have increased quantities of these glycolipids. Among mutants which require fixed nitrogen for growth in air and which have a normal complement of glycolipids, one expresses high nitrogenase activity at low oxygen tension. Three others show high nitrogenase activity only in the presence of dithionite and are therefore impaired in electron transfer.", "contents": "Classes of Anabaena variabilis mutants with oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase activity. Mutants of Anabaena variabilis deficient in the envelope glycolipids of heterocysts have no or very low nitrogenase activity when assayed aerobically. Revertants capable of aerobic growth on N2 have increased quantities of these glycolipids. Among mutants which require fixed nitrogen for growth in air and which have a normal complement of glycolipids, one expresses high nitrogenase activity at low oxygen tension. Three others show high nitrogenase activity only in the presence of dithionite and are therefore impaired in electron transfer.", "PMID": 101529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4810", "title": "Restriction endonucleases: general survey procedure and survey of gliding bacteria.", "content": "Among 120 strains of gliding bacteria which were screened for restriction endonucleases, 27 were found positive. Additionally, three strains carried enzymes able to release the supercoiled state of closed circular DNA. By using a new rapid method, restriction endonuclease activity was released by stirring about 0.5 g of cells (fresh weight) in a motor-driven glass homogenizer in buffer containing Triton X-101, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and mercaptoethanol. A yield from 60 to 80% of the total activity present in the cells was obtained with minimal destruction of the cells. The enzyme activity in the crude extract was measured semi-quantitatively by digestion of DNA and subsequent separation of the fragments on an agarose slab gel. The method appears to be generally applicable for the extraction of restriction endonucleases from gram-negative bacteria on an analytical scale and in a modified form for large-scale preparation of restriction enzymes.", "contents": "Restriction endonucleases: general survey procedure and survey of gliding bacteria. Among 120 strains of gliding bacteria which were screened for restriction endonucleases, 27 were found positive. Additionally, three strains carried enzymes able to release the supercoiled state of closed circular DNA. By using a new rapid method, restriction endonuclease activity was released by stirring about 0.5 g of cells (fresh weight) in a motor-driven glass homogenizer in buffer containing Triton X-101, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and mercaptoethanol. A yield from 60 to 80% of the total activity present in the cells was obtained with minimal destruction of the cells. The enzyme activity in the crude extract was measured semi-quantitatively by digestion of DNA and subsequent separation of the fragments on an agarose slab gel. The method appears to be generally applicable for the extraction of restriction endonucleases from gram-negative bacteria on an analytical scale and in a modified form for large-scale preparation of restriction enzymes.", "PMID": 101530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4811", "title": "Physiological and morphological observations on Thiovulum sp.", "content": "Cell suspensions of Thiovulum sp., collected from enrichment cultures, were grown, maintained, and harvested for periods up to 7 months. In open-flow cultures run with aerated seawater, a continuous supply of hydrogen sulfide was provided by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane from either a live culture of Desulfovibrio esturaii, neutralized sodium sulfide, or a N2-H2S gas mixture. Attempts to grow Thiovulum in pure culture failed despite variation in concentrations of dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulfide in stratified as well as in completely mixed systems. Uptake of 14CO2 and some organic compounds by purified cell suspensions was measured, and values were corrected for the activity of heterotrophic as well as autotrophic contaminants as determined in control experiments. Cell populations exhibited maximum uptake activities during formation of the characteristic veils. Substantial uptake of CO2 in air-saturated seawater was coincident with an optimal concentration of hydrogen sulfide of about 1 mM. Glutamate and a selection of vitamins (B12M biotin, and thiamine) did not significantly affect the uptake of CO2. No substantial uptake of carbon from acetate, glutamate, mannitol, and Casamino Acids was found. Within the range of error indicated, the data are consistent with acceptance of a chemolithotrophic nature of Thiovulum.", "contents": "Physiological and morphological observations on Thiovulum sp. Cell suspensions of Thiovulum sp., collected from enrichment cultures, were grown, maintained, and harvested for periods up to 7 months. In open-flow cultures run with aerated seawater, a continuous supply of hydrogen sulfide was provided by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane from either a live culture of Desulfovibrio esturaii, neutralized sodium sulfide, or a N2-H2S gas mixture. Attempts to grow Thiovulum in pure culture failed despite variation in concentrations of dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulfide in stratified as well as in completely mixed systems. Uptake of 14CO2 and some organic compounds by purified cell suspensions was measured, and values were corrected for the activity of heterotrophic as well as autotrophic contaminants as determined in control experiments. Cell populations exhibited maximum uptake activities during formation of the characteristic veils. Substantial uptake of CO2 in air-saturated seawater was coincident with an optimal concentration of hydrogen sulfide of about 1 mM. Glutamate and a selection of vitamins (B12M biotin, and thiamine) did not significantly affect the uptake of CO2. No substantial uptake of carbon from acetate, glutamate, mannitol, and Casamino Acids was found. Within the range of error indicated, the data are consistent with acceptance of a chemolithotrophic nature of Thiovulum.", "PMID": 101531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4812", "title": "Chromosome-membrane association in Bacillus subtilis. IV. Further purification of DNA-membrane complex by using a combination of centrifugation and electrophoresis.", "content": "We have developed a simple procedure to purify a DNA-membrane complex from Bacillus subtilis by using a combination of centrifugation and electrophoresis. Several unique proteins were detected in the purified complex.", "contents": "Chromosome-membrane association in Bacillus subtilis. IV. Further purification of DNA-membrane complex by using a combination of centrifugation and electrophoresis. We have developed a simple procedure to purify a DNA-membrane complex from Bacillus subtilis by using a combination of centrifugation and electrophoresis. Several unique proteins were detected in the purified complex.", "PMID": 101532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4813", "title": "Tunicamycin-resistant mutants and chromosomal locations of mutational sites in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The types of tunicamycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis were analyzed, and their mutational sites on the chromosome were mapped. A type 1 mutation that simultaneously expressed hyperproductivity of extracellular alpha-amylase was located close to amy E. Type 2 mutations were near aroI.", "contents": "Tunicamycin-resistant mutants and chromosomal locations of mutational sites in Bacillus subtilis. The types of tunicamycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis were analyzed, and their mutational sites on the chromosome were mapped. A type 1 mutation that simultaneously expressed hyperproductivity of extracellular alpha-amylase was located close to amy E. Type 2 mutations were near aroI.", "PMID": 101533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4814", "title": "Cardiac syncope secondary to glossopharyngeal neuralgia--effectively treated with carbamazepine.", "content": "A 64-year-old male with glossopharyngeal neuralgia, cardiac asystole and grand mal seizures has been relieved of his attacks by intake of 400 mg of Carbamazepine per day over a 4-year period. Simultaneous EEG-EKG recordings before and after drinking water document the diagnosis.", "contents": "Cardiac syncope secondary to glossopharyngeal neuralgia--effectively treated with carbamazepine. A 64-year-old male with glossopharyngeal neuralgia, cardiac asystole and grand mal seizures has been relieved of his attacks by intake of 400 mg of Carbamazepine per day over a 4-year period. Simultaneous EEG-EKG recordings before and after drinking water document the diagnosis.", "PMID": 101534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4815", "title": "Monkey pepsinogens and pepsins. III. Carbohydrate moiety of Japanese monkey pepsinogens and the amino acid sequence around the site of its attachment to protein.", "content": "Purified Japanese monkey pepsinogens I and II contain carbohydrate as a part of the enzyme molecule. By gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, chromatography on DE-32 cellulose, and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, the carbohydrate moiety could not be separated from the enzyme protein, and the content did not decrease on repeated chromatography. Glycopeptides were obtained by successive digestion of pepsinogens with thermolysin and aminopeptidases and isolated by chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and G-50. Identification and determination of carbohydrate components was performed by paper and gas-liquid chromatographies. The presence of 4 glucosamines, 6 galactoses, 6--8 mannoses, and 8--11 fucoses per molecule of the glycopeptide of both pepsinogens was observed, of which the high content of fucose is especially unique. The molecular weight of the carbohydrate chains should be around 4,000--5,000. The amino acid sequence of a major glycopeptide was deduced to be Ile-Gly-Ile-Gly-Thr-Pro-Gln-Ala-Asn, in which the asparagine residue is the site of attachment of the carbohydrate chain.", "contents": "Monkey pepsinogens and pepsins. III. Carbohydrate moiety of Japanese monkey pepsinogens and the amino acid sequence around the site of its attachment to protein. Purified Japanese monkey pepsinogens I and II contain carbohydrate as a part of the enzyme molecule. By gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, chromatography on DE-32 cellulose, and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, the carbohydrate moiety could not be separated from the enzyme protein, and the content did not decrease on repeated chromatography. Glycopeptides were obtained by successive digestion of pepsinogens with thermolysin and aminopeptidases and isolated by chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and G-50. Identification and determination of carbohydrate components was performed by paper and gas-liquid chromatographies. The presence of 4 glucosamines, 6 galactoses, 6--8 mannoses, and 8--11 fucoses per molecule of the glycopeptide of both pepsinogens was observed, of which the high content of fucose is especially unique. The molecular weight of the carbohydrate chains should be around 4,000--5,000. The amino acid sequence of a major glycopeptide was deduced to be Ile-Gly-Ile-Gly-Thr-Pro-Gln-Ala-Asn, in which the asparagine residue is the site of attachment of the carbohydrate chain.", "PMID": 101535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4816", "title": "Crystallization and a 5 A X-ray diffraction study of Aphanothece sacrum ferredoxin.", "content": "A chloroplast-type ferredoxin containing two non-heme iron and two labile sulfur atoms per molecule was prepared from Aphanothece sacrum. Crystals were obtained by dialysis against 75% saturated a-monium sulfate solution, and belong to the tetragonal system with cell dimensions a = b = 92.2 A and c = 47.6 A, containing four molecules in an asymmetric unit. The electron density map at 5 A resolution was calculated by using the best phase angles determined by the single isomorphous replacement method coupled with the anomalous dispersion effect. An anomalous dispersion difference Fourier map for the native crystal clearly showed four humps corresponding to the iron atoms in an asymmetric unit. The electron densis surface.", "contents": "Crystallization and a 5 A X-ray diffraction study of Aphanothece sacrum ferredoxin. A chloroplast-type ferredoxin containing two non-heme iron and two labile sulfur atoms per molecule was prepared from Aphanothece sacrum. Crystals were obtained by dialysis against 75% saturated a-monium sulfate solution, and belong to the tetragonal system with cell dimensions a = b = 92.2 A and c = 47.6 A, containing four molecules in an asymmetric unit. The electron density map at 5 A resolution was calculated by using the best phase angles determined by the single isomorphous replacement method coupled with the anomalous dispersion effect. An anomalous dispersion difference Fourier map for the native crystal clearly showed four humps corresponding to the iron atoms in an asymmetric unit. The electron densis surface.", "PMID": 101536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4817", "title": "Detection of intermediates in protein folding of carbonic anhydrase with fluorescence emission and polarization.", "content": "The three-dimensional structure of carbonic anhydrase is a result of specific folding of the protein chain to form a compact, globular molecule. Fluorescence measurements on the nature of the rate-limiting steps in folding from the random coil to the native structure show that each step involves an actual folding reaction of the protein chain. Emission intensity and polarization of the intrinsic fluorescence due to tryptophan residues reach a maximum during the early period of the folding process. The changes occur in at least three kinetic phases (tau1 less than 3 S, tau2 = 1 min, tau3 = 10 min, 1 M guanidinium chloride, 2 M NaC1, pH 7, 20 degrees C). None of these phases are explained by configurational changes in the fully unfolded chain. The results are consistent with a kinetic scheme that involves stepwise acquisition of the specific folded structure of the native enzyme.", "contents": "Detection of intermediates in protein folding of carbonic anhydrase with fluorescence emission and polarization. The three-dimensional structure of carbonic anhydrase is a result of specific folding of the protein chain to form a compact, globular molecule. Fluorescence measurements on the nature of the rate-limiting steps in folding from the random coil to the native structure show that each step involves an actual folding reaction of the protein chain. Emission intensity and polarization of the intrinsic fluorescence due to tryptophan residues reach a maximum during the early period of the folding process. The changes occur in at least three kinetic phases (tau1 less than 3 S, tau2 = 1 min, tau3 = 10 min, 1 M guanidinium chloride, 2 M NaC1, pH 7, 20 degrees C). None of these phases are explained by configurational changes in the fully unfolded chain. The results are consistent with a kinetic scheme that involves stepwise acquisition of the specific folded structure of the native enzyme.", "PMID": 101537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4818", "title": "Cyanobacterial phycobilisomes. Characterization of the phycobilisomes of Synechococcus sp. 6301.", "content": "A procedure is described for the preparation of stable phycobilisomes from the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. 6301 (also known as Anacystis nidulans). Excitation of the phycocyanin in these particles at 580 nm leads to maximum fluorescence emission, from allophycocyanin and allophycocyanin B, at 673 nm. Electron microscopy shows that the phycobilisomes are clusters of rods. The rods are made up of stacks of discs which exhibit the dimensions of short stacks made up primarily of phycocyanin (Eiserling, F. A., and Glazer, A. N. (1974) J. Ultrastruct. Res. 47, 16-25). Loss of the clusters, by dissociation into rods under suitable conditions, is associated with loss of energy transfer as shown by a shift in fluorescence emission maximum to 652 nm. Synechococcus sp. 6301 phycobilisomes were shown to contain five nonpigmented polypeptides in addition to the colored subunits (which carry the covalently bound tetrapyrrole prosthetic groups) of the phycobiliproteins. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that these colorless polypeptides are genuine components of the phycobilisome. The nonpigmented polypeptides represent approximately 12% of the protein of the phycobilisomes; phycocyanin, approximately 75%, and allophycocyanin, approximately 12%. Spectroscopic studies that phycocyanin is in the hexamer form, (alpha beta)6, in intact phycobilisomes, and that the circular dichroism and absorbance of this aggregate are little affected by incorporation into the phycobilisome structure.", "contents": "Cyanobacterial phycobilisomes. Characterization of the phycobilisomes of Synechococcus sp. 6301. A procedure is described for the preparation of stable phycobilisomes from the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. 6301 (also known as Anacystis nidulans). Excitation of the phycocyanin in these particles at 580 nm leads to maximum fluorescence emission, from allophycocyanin and allophycocyanin B, at 673 nm. Electron microscopy shows that the phycobilisomes are clusters of rods. The rods are made up of stacks of discs which exhibit the dimensions of short stacks made up primarily of phycocyanin (Eiserling, F. A., and Glazer, A. N. (1974) J. Ultrastruct. Res. 47, 16-25). Loss of the clusters, by dissociation into rods under suitable conditions, is associated with loss of energy transfer as shown by a shift in fluorescence emission maximum to 652 nm. Synechococcus sp. 6301 phycobilisomes were shown to contain five nonpigmented polypeptides in addition to the colored subunits (which carry the covalently bound tetrapyrrole prosthetic groups) of the phycobiliproteins. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that these colorless polypeptides are genuine components of the phycobilisome. The nonpigmented polypeptides represent approximately 12% of the protein of the phycobilisomes; phycocyanin, approximately 75%, and allophycocyanin, approximately 12%. Spectroscopic studies that phycocyanin is in the hexamer form, (alpha beta)6, in intact phycobilisomes, and that the circular dichroism and absorbance of this aggregate are little affected by incorporation into the phycobilisome structure.", "PMID": 101538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4819", "title": "Characterization of the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS2-induced DNA polymerase and its associated exonuclease activity.", "content": "The DNA polymerase induced by Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS2 has a Stokes radius of 7.2 in buffers of high ioninc strength, suggesting a molecular weight in the range 145,000 to 195,000. The polypeptide bands observed on gel electrophoresis in dodecyl sulfate have apparent molecular weights of 78,000 and 69,000 (and possibly another 27,000) in equimolar amounts. In buffers of low ionic strength, the enzyme appears to form large aggregates and even precipitates, with about 90% loss of activity. A nuclease activity co-purifies with the PBS2 DNA polymerase and shows similar responses to changes in pH, MgCl2, N-ethylmaleimide, temperature, and dextran sulfate levels. The nuclease produces deoxyribonucleoside 5'monophosphates from denatured DNA containing thymine or uracil. No endonuclease activity is detectable on supercoiled DNA. The inhibition of nuclease activity by added deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, the DNA-dependent turnover of triphosphates, to free monophosphates during DNA polymerization, the inhibition of nuclease activity by 3'-phosphates on the DNA template-primer, and the pattern of digestion of 5'-[32P]phosphate-labeled DNA all indicate that the PBS2 DNA polymerase-associated hydrolytic activity is a 3' leads to 5'-exonuclease.", "contents": "Characterization of the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS2-induced DNA polymerase and its associated exonuclease activity. The DNA polymerase induced by Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS2 has a Stokes radius of 7.2 in buffers of high ioninc strength, suggesting a molecular weight in the range 145,000 to 195,000. The polypeptide bands observed on gel electrophoresis in dodecyl sulfate have apparent molecular weights of 78,000 and 69,000 (and possibly another 27,000) in equimolar amounts. In buffers of low ionic strength, the enzyme appears to form large aggregates and even precipitates, with about 90% loss of activity. A nuclease activity co-purifies with the PBS2 DNA polymerase and shows similar responses to changes in pH, MgCl2, N-ethylmaleimide, temperature, and dextran sulfate levels. The nuclease produces deoxyribonucleoside 5'monophosphates from denatured DNA containing thymine or uracil. No endonuclease activity is detectable on supercoiled DNA. The inhibition of nuclease activity by added deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, the DNA-dependent turnover of triphosphates, to free monophosphates during DNA polymerization, the inhibition of nuclease activity by 3'-phosphates on the DNA template-primer, and the pattern of digestion of 5'-[32P]phosphate-labeled DNA all indicate that the PBS2 DNA polymerase-associated hydrolytic activity is a 3' leads to 5'-exonuclease.", "PMID": 101539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4820", "title": "Sequence and location of large RNase T1 oligonucleotides in bacteriophage Qbeta RNA.", "content": "Twenty-nine oligonucleotides, 11 to 26 nucleotides in length, arising by complete RNase T1 digestion of bacteriophage Qbeta RNA and isolated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were sequenced. Their location within the genome was established with two methods. (a) In vitro synthesis of Qbeta RNA plus strands was started synchronously, using minus strands as template and nucleoside [alpha-32P]triphosphates as substrate; after various times, the reaction was stopped and the length of the products formed was correlated with their content of T1 oligonucleotides. (b) Qbeta [32P]RNA was elongated with poly(A) using terminal riboadenylate transferase; after mild treatment with alkali the fragments were fractionated by size and the poly(A)-containing molecules of each size class were isolated by chromatography on poly(U)-Sephadex and assayed for T1 oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides in the 5' region were localized more precisely with method a, those near the 3' end with method b; in the middle region, the results of the two sets of analyses confirmed each other. The use of these oligonucleotides in the sequence determination of Qbeta RNA is discussed.", "contents": "Sequence and location of large RNase T1 oligonucleotides in bacteriophage Qbeta RNA. Twenty-nine oligonucleotides, 11 to 26 nucleotides in length, arising by complete RNase T1 digestion of bacteriophage Qbeta RNA and isolated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were sequenced. Their location within the genome was established with two methods. (a) In vitro synthesis of Qbeta RNA plus strands was started synchronously, using minus strands as template and nucleoside [alpha-32P]triphosphates as substrate; after various times, the reaction was stopped and the length of the products formed was correlated with their content of T1 oligonucleotides. (b) Qbeta [32P]RNA was elongated with poly(A) using terminal riboadenylate transferase; after mild treatment with alkali the fragments were fractionated by size and the poly(A)-containing molecules of each size class were isolated by chromatography on poly(U)-Sephadex and assayed for T1 oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides in the 5' region were localized more precisely with method a, those near the 3' end with method b; in the middle region, the results of the two sets of analyses confirmed each other. The use of these oligonucleotides in the sequence determination of Qbeta RNA is discussed.", "PMID": 101540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4821", "title": "A hybridization procedure for the isolation of specific RNA segments applied to the analysis of bacteriophage Qbeta RNA.", "content": "A method for the isolation of RNA fragments originating from defined regions of bacteriophage Qbeta RNA minus strands is described. Large RNase T1 oligonucleotides were isolated on a preparative scale from Qbeta RNA. The nucleotide sequences (13 to 26 nucleotides) and map positions of these oligonucleotides were known from previous work (Billeter, M. A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8381-8389). After addition of AMP residues (50 in the average) using terminal adenylate transferase, these pure oligonucleotides were hybridized to 32P-labeled Qbeta RNA minus strands synthesized in vitro. Fragments in the size range of 100 to 500 nucleotides were then generated by partial digestion with RNase T1. Fragments hybridized to such oligonucleotides were recovered by chromatography on poly(U)-Sephadex and then resolved according to their size by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specificity and reproducibility of the method as well as its suitability for the sequence analysis of Qbeta RNA was verified by using in particular a linker oligonucleotide derived from a Qbeta RNA region near the 3' end. The sequence catalogues of the RNase T1 and RNase A oligonucleotides of two fragments isolated in this way, 202 and 310 nucleotides in length, were established and all fragments isolated were shown to contain a sequence complementary to the linker oligonucleotide.", "contents": "A hybridization procedure for the isolation of specific RNA segments applied to the analysis of bacteriophage Qbeta RNA. A method for the isolation of RNA fragments originating from defined regions of bacteriophage Qbeta RNA minus strands is described. Large RNase T1 oligonucleotides were isolated on a preparative scale from Qbeta RNA. The nucleotide sequences (13 to 26 nucleotides) and map positions of these oligonucleotides were known from previous work (Billeter, M. A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8381-8389). After addition of AMP residues (50 in the average) using terminal adenylate transferase, these pure oligonucleotides were hybridized to 32P-labeled Qbeta RNA minus strands synthesized in vitro. Fragments in the size range of 100 to 500 nucleotides were then generated by partial digestion with RNase T1. Fragments hybridized to such oligonucleotides were recovered by chromatography on poly(U)-Sephadex and then resolved according to their size by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specificity and reproducibility of the method as well as its suitability for the sequence analysis of Qbeta RNA was verified by using in particular a linker oligonucleotide derived from a Qbeta RNA region near the 3' end. The sequence catalogues of the RNase T1 and RNase A oligonucleotides of two fragments isolated in this way, 202 and 310 nucleotides in length, were established and all fragments isolated were shown to contain a sequence complementary to the linker oligonucleotide.", "PMID": 101541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4822", "title": "Reaction of the microsomal heme oxygenase with cobaltic protoporphyrin IX, and extremely poor substrate.", "content": "A reconstituted heme oxygenase system which was  composed of a purified heme oxygenase from pig spleen microsomes and a partially purified NADPH-cytochrome c reductase from pig liver microsomes could not catalyze the conversion of cobaltic protoporphyrin IX (Co-heme) to biliverdin, although Co-heme could bind with the heme oxygenase protein to form a complex. The heme oxygenase system in the microsomes from pig spleen, rat spleen, and rat kidney also failed to oxidize Co-heme to biliverdin. Properties of the complex of Co-heme and heme oxygenase closely resembled those of cobalt myoglobin and cobalt hemoglobin; the Co-heme bound to the heme oxygenase protein did not react with cyanide and azide, the Co-heme moiety was reduced but only slowly with sodium dithionite, and the reduced form of the Co-heme did not appear to bind carbon monoxide. The co-heme bound to heme oxygenase was not reduced with the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase system in air. These findings further support the views that heme oxygenase may have a heme-binding crevice similar to those of myoglobin and hemoglobin and that reduction of heme is the prerequisite for the oxidative degradation of heme in the heme oxygenase reaction.", "contents": "Reaction of the microsomal heme oxygenase with cobaltic protoporphyrin IX, and extremely poor substrate. A reconstituted heme oxygenase system which was  composed of a purified heme oxygenase from pig spleen microsomes and a partially purified NADPH-cytochrome c reductase from pig liver microsomes could not catalyze the conversion of cobaltic protoporphyrin IX (Co-heme) to biliverdin, although Co-heme could bind with the heme oxygenase protein to form a complex. The heme oxygenase system in the microsomes from pig spleen, rat spleen, and rat kidney also failed to oxidize Co-heme to biliverdin. Properties of the complex of Co-heme and heme oxygenase closely resembled those of cobalt myoglobin and cobalt hemoglobin; the Co-heme bound to the heme oxygenase protein did not react with cyanide and azide, the Co-heme moiety was reduced but only slowly with sodium dithionite, and the reduced form of the Co-heme did not appear to bind carbon monoxide. The co-heme bound to heme oxygenase was not reduced with the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase system in air. These findings further support the views that heme oxygenase may have a heme-binding crevice similar to those of myoglobin and hemoglobin and that reduction of heme is the prerequisite for the oxidative degradation of heme in the heme oxygenase reaction.", "PMID": 101544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4823", "title": "Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS2-induced DNA polymerase. Its purification and assay characteristics.", "content": "The DNA polymerase induced by Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS2 (whose DNA contains uracil instead of thymine) has been purified and characterized for its specificity. The enzyme requires a high ionic strength for optimal stability and activity and is sensitive to various anions and to sulfhdryl reagents. Both dUTP and dTTP are incorporated efficiently as substrates and are competitive inhibitors at the same active site. The apparent Km and Ki values are about 6 micrometers for dTTP and 15 micrometers for dUTP, when denatured, uracil-containing B. subtilis or salmon sperm DNA (3.9 micrometers for dUTP and 2.6 micrometers for dTTP). The PBS2 enzyme works best on denatured DNA, on double-stranded DNA activated by DNase to produce gaps, or on primed homopolymeric DNA. Using denatured DNA preparations of average molecular weight 6.2 million, the apparent Km values are 270 micrograms/ml for B. subtilis DNA and 360 micrograms/ml for PBS2 DNA; the Vmax value for denatured PBS2 DNA containing uracil is 7-fold greater than that for denatured B. subtilis DNA containing thymine. However, lower molecular weight DNAs have 10-fold lower apparent Km values and show similar Vmax values for both B. subtilis and PBS2 DNAs. Thus, the PBS2 phage-induced DNA polymerase (which likely replicates only uracil-containing phage DNA using dUTP in vivo) has little selectivity for uracil- versus thymine-containing deoxyribonucleotides or DNA in vitro.", "contents": "Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS2-induced DNA polymerase. Its purification and assay characteristics. The DNA polymerase induced by Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS2 (whose DNA contains uracil instead of thymine) has been purified and characterized for its specificity. The enzyme requires a high ionic strength for optimal stability and activity and is sensitive to various anions and to sulfhdryl reagents. Both dUTP and dTTP are incorporated efficiently as substrates and are competitive inhibitors at the same active site. The apparent Km and Ki values are about 6 micrometers for dTTP and 15 micrometers for dUTP, when denatured, uracil-containing B. subtilis or salmon sperm DNA (3.9 micrometers for dUTP and 2.6 micrometers for dTTP). The PBS2 enzyme works best on denatured DNA, on double-stranded DNA activated by DNase to produce gaps, or on primed homopolymeric DNA. Using denatured DNA preparations of average molecular weight 6.2 million, the apparent Km values are 270 micrograms/ml for B. subtilis DNA and 360 micrograms/ml for PBS2 DNA; the Vmax value for denatured PBS2 DNA containing uracil is 7-fold greater than that for denatured B. subtilis DNA containing thymine. However, lower molecular weight DNAs have 10-fold lower apparent Km values and show similar Vmax values for both B. subtilis and PBS2 DNAs. Thus, the PBS2 phage-induced DNA polymerase (which likely replicates only uracil-containing phage DNA using dUTP in vivo) has little selectivity for uracil- versus thymine-containing deoxyribonucleotides or DNA in vitro.", "PMID": 101547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4824", "title": "Purification and properties of a Bacillus subtilis endonuclease specific for apurinic sites in DNA.", "content": "An endonuclease which hydrolyzes depurinated DNA has been purified from extracts of Bacillus subtilis cells. The endonuclease is a monomeric protein and has a molecular weight of around 56,000. The enzyme is specific for apurinic sites in double-stranded DNA, has a pH optimum at 8.0, and is slightly stimulated with 50 mM NaCl but completely inhibited with 500 mM NaCl. It requires no divalent cations and is insensitive to EDTA; it has no associated exonuclease. These properties are very similar to those of Escherichia coli endonuclease IV, which is also insensitive to EDTA and has no exonuclease activity, and very different from those of the main endonuclease for apurinic sites (endonuclease IV) of the same bacterium.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a Bacillus subtilis endonuclease specific for apurinic sites in DNA. An endonuclease which hydrolyzes depurinated DNA has been purified from extracts of Bacillus subtilis cells. The endonuclease is a monomeric protein and has a molecular weight of around 56,000. The enzyme is specific for apurinic sites in double-stranded DNA, has a pH optimum at 8.0, and is slightly stimulated with 50 mM NaCl but completely inhibited with 500 mM NaCl. It requires no divalent cations and is insensitive to EDTA; it has no associated exonuclease. These properties are very similar to those of Escherichia coli endonuclease IV, which is also insensitive to EDTA and has no exonuclease activity, and very different from those of the main endonuclease for apurinic sites (endonuclease IV) of the same bacterium.", "PMID": 101548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4825", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a high molecular weight glycoprotein from human blood platelets.", "content": "A high molecular weight glycoprotein consisting of three disulfide-linked 142,000 molecular weight chains has been isolated from human blood platelets. The glycoprotein, designated thrombospondin, is released by platelets in response to thrombin treatment and is proteolyzed when left in the presence of platelets after liberation. It is relatively insensitive to degradation by thrombin. Thrombospondin is a filamentous protein of dimensions approximately 7 X 70 nm and contains 1.9% neutral sugars, 1.4% amino sugars, 0.7% sialic acid, and no hexuronic acid. Amino acid analysis reveals that the level of cysteine is approximately 260 residues per molecule. Thrombospondin binds to immobilized heparin but is released by 0.45 M sodium chloride. A single band is obtained by isoelectric focusing, indicating a pI of 4.7 as well as a relatively high degree of purity. Degradation of the intact molecule with trypsin yields a stable core particle of molecular weight 210,000 comprised of three 70,000 chains.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a high molecular weight glycoprotein from human blood platelets. A high molecular weight glycoprotein consisting of three disulfide-linked 142,000 molecular weight chains has been isolated from human blood platelets. The glycoprotein, designated thrombospondin, is released by platelets in response to thrombin treatment and is proteolyzed when left in the presence of platelets after liberation. It is relatively insensitive to degradation by thrombin. Thrombospondin is a filamentous protein of dimensions approximately 7 X 70 nm and contains 1.9% neutral sugars, 1.4% amino sugars, 0.7% sialic acid, and no hexuronic acid. Amino acid analysis reveals that the level of cysteine is approximately 260 residues per molecule. Thrombospondin binds to immobilized heparin but is released by 0.45 M sodium chloride. A single band is obtained by isoelectric focusing, indicating a pI of 4.7 as well as a relatively high degree of purity. Degradation of the intact molecule with trypsin yields a stable core particle of molecular weight 210,000 comprised of three 70,000 chains.", "PMID": 101549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4826", "title": "Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from sputum in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The success in the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus of different methods of sputum processing was investigated in 60 specimens collected from 14 patients with cystic fibrosis during a seven-month period. Fifty specimens (83%) from 11 patients yielded Staph. aureus by one or more methods. Direct plating of purulent portions of sputum on to media designed for general use in respiratory infections gave unsatisfactory results (35% yield of Staph. aureus). Some increase in isolations was obtained with preliminary liquefaction of sputum; but the best results were given by the addition of a medium selective for staphylococci (mannitol salt agar, BBL) or by initial sonication of sputum (each 83% yield). Seven of the 11 strains of Staph. aureus were thymidine-dependent and otherwise atypical in laboratory characteristics; these were isolated from patients who had received co-trimoxazole.", "contents": "Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from sputum in cystic fibrosis. The success in the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus of different methods of sputum processing was investigated in 60 specimens collected from 14 patients with cystic fibrosis during a seven-month period. Fifty specimens (83%) from 11 patients yielded Staph. aureus by one or more methods. Direct plating of purulent portions of sputum on to media designed for general use in respiratory infections gave unsatisfactory results (35% yield of Staph. aureus). Some increase in isolations was obtained with preliminary liquefaction of sputum; but the best results were given by the addition of a medium selective for staphylococci (mannitol salt agar, BBL) or by initial sonication of sputum (each 83% yield). Seven of the 11 strains of Staph. aureus were thymidine-dependent and otherwise atypical in laboratory characteristics; these were isolated from patients who had received co-trimoxazole.", "PMID": 101553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4827", "title": "A test for 'hygienic' hand disinfection.", "content": "A standardised test procedure is described in which finger-tips are inoculated with broth cultures of organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphyloccocus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa): counts are made from washings of hands after disinfection with various antiseptic-detergents, alcoholic solutions, or unmedicated soap. 70% alcohol, with or without chlorhexidine, was the most effective preparation. The two antiseptic detergents showed variable results, but against Gram-negative bacilli neither was significantly more effective than plain soap. Some tests were also made on the death rate of organisms dried on the skin without disinfection.", "contents": "A test for 'hygienic' hand disinfection. A standardised test procedure is described in which finger-tips are inoculated with broth cultures of organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphyloccocus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa): counts are made from washings of hands after disinfection with various antiseptic-detergents, alcoholic solutions, or unmedicated soap. 70% alcohol, with or without chlorhexidine, was the most effective preparation. The two antiseptic detergents showed variable results, but against Gram-negative bacilli neither was significantly more effective than plain soap. Some tests were also made on the death rate of organisms dried on the skin without disinfection.", "PMID": 101554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4828", "title": "A simple manganous chloride and Congo red disc method for differentiating Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Neisseria meningitidis.", "content": "Manganous chloride and Congo red incorporated into blotting paper discs have been used to differentiate gonococci from meningococci. The new technique is simple and reliable; the materials for the test are inexpensive. The method will increase the efficiency of distinguishing between the pathogenic Neisseria in any clinical bacteriology laboratory and especially in those in the tropical areas.", "contents": "A simple manganous chloride and Congo red disc method for differentiating Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Neisseria meningitidis. Manganous chloride and Congo red incorporated into blotting paper discs have been used to differentiate gonococci from meningococci. The new technique is simple and reliable; the materials for the test are inexpensive. The method will increase the efficiency of distinguishing between the pathogenic Neisseria in any clinical bacteriology laboratory and especially in those in the tropical areas.", "PMID": 101555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4829", "title": "Astrovirus-associated gastroenteritis in children.", "content": "In a small astrovirus-associated outbreak of gastroenteritis in a ward of a local children's hospital two out of five children with symptoms excreted astrovirus particles. No astrovirus particles were found in faeces from the remaining asymptomatic child, and no other viral or bacterial pathogens were found in any of the children. Virus excretion persisted for only a few days. Rising antibody titres to the astrovirus particles were demonstrated in one child, and IgM was also demonstrated in this patient's serum.", "contents": "Astrovirus-associated gastroenteritis in children. In a small astrovirus-associated outbreak of gastroenteritis in a ward of a local children's hospital two out of five children with symptoms excreted astrovirus particles. No astrovirus particles were found in faeces from the remaining asymptomatic child, and no other viral or bacterial pathogens were found in any of the children. Virus excretion persisted for only a few days. Rising antibody titres to the astrovirus particles were demonstrated in one child, and IgM was also demonstrated in this patient's serum.", "PMID": 101556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4830", "title": "Design considerations for a positron emission transverse tomograph (PETT V) for imaging of the brain.", "content": "Imaging of the brain by positron emission tomography can be optimized for sensitivity by dedicating the design of the tomograph to this application. We have designed a multislice positron emission tomograph (PETT V) for imaging the human brain and the whole body of small experimental animals. The detector system of PETT V consists of a circular array of 48 NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors, each fitted with two photomultiplier tubes, with one dimensional positioning capability. Suitable sampling is achieved by rotation of the circular array of detectors and by a wobbling motion of the detector circle. The proposed system is capable of providing seven slices simultaneously, with a spatial resolution in the plane of the slice from 7 to 15 mm and with slice thicknesses of 7 and 14 mm. The minimum scanning time is 1 sec. The estimated overall sensitivity of PETT V is 350,000 counts/sec/mCi in a 20 cm diameter phantom for a resolution of approximately 1.5 x 1.5 cm. The system is under construction.", "contents": "Design considerations for a positron emission transverse tomograph (PETT V) for imaging of the brain. Imaging of the brain by positron emission tomography can be optimized for sensitivity by dedicating the design of the tomograph to this application. We have designed a multislice positron emission tomograph (PETT V) for imaging the human brain and the whole body of small experimental animals. The detector system of PETT V consists of a circular array of 48 NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors, each fitted with two photomultiplier tubes, with one dimensional positioning capability. Suitable sampling is achieved by rotation of the circular array of detectors and by a wobbling motion of the detector circle. The proposed system is capable of providing seven slices simultaneously, with a spatial resolution in the plane of the slice from 7 to 15 mm and with slice thicknesses of 7 and 14 mm. The minimum scanning time is 1 sec. The estimated overall sensitivity of PETT V is 350,000 counts/sec/mCi in a 20 cm diameter phantom for a resolution of approximately 1.5 x 1.5 cm. The system is under construction.", "PMID": 101559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4831", "title": "Peptide hydrolases of Lactobacillus casei: isolation and general properties of various peptidase activities.", "content": "Discovery of an endopeptidase by gel chromatography and separation of 3 exopeptidases (a dipeptidase, an aminopeptidase and a specific carboxypeptidase) from Lactobacillus casei NCDO 151 by affinity chromatography is described. The 3 exopeptidases were strongly inhibited by the metal chelators EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline but were reactivated with Co2+ and Mn2+. The pH optima for aminopeptidase, dipeptidase and carboxypeptidase activities were 6.5, 7.6 and 7.2, respectively. Maximum activity was obtained at 45 degrees C for the aminopeptidase, at 30 degrees C for the dipeptidase and at 40 degrees C for the carboxypeptidase. The substrate specificities of the 3 enzymes were also studied. The properties of these 3 enzymes are compared with those of other bacteria.", "contents": "Peptide hydrolases of Lactobacillus casei: isolation and general properties of various peptidase activities. Discovery of an endopeptidase by gel chromatography and separation of 3 exopeptidases (a dipeptidase, an aminopeptidase and a specific carboxypeptidase) from Lactobacillus casei NCDO 151 by affinity chromatography is described. The 3 exopeptidases were strongly inhibited by the metal chelators EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline but were reactivated with Co2+ and Mn2+. The pH optima for aminopeptidase, dipeptidase and carboxypeptidase activities were 6.5, 7.6 and 7.2, respectively. Maximum activity was obtained at 45 degrees C for the aminopeptidase, at 30 degrees C for the dipeptidase and at 40 degrees C for the carboxypeptidase. The substrate specificities of the 3 enzymes were also studied. The properties of these 3 enzymes are compared with those of other bacteria.", "PMID": 101561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4832", "title": "Influence of heat treatment on antigenicity of bovine serum albumin in milk and model systems.", "content": "Electroimmunodiffusion on a cellulose acetate support medium was used to study the effect of heat treatment on the antigenic activity of bovine serum albumin suspended in water, simulated milk ultrafiltrate (J & K buffer), or saline (.85%) and of bovine serum albumin in milk per se. Heat treatments were at 70, 73, and 75 C for 0 to 30 min. The suspending medium influenced the loss of antigenicity of bovine serum albumin upon heat treatment. The loss in increasing order was J & K buffer, saline, and water. In milk, the loss of antigenicity of bovine serum albumin was 70 C for 30 min, none; 73 C for 30 min, 24.6%; and 75 C for 20 min, almost complete with no characteristic cone formation upon electroimmunodiffusion.", "contents": "Influence of heat treatment on antigenicity of bovine serum albumin in milk and model systems. Electroimmunodiffusion on a cellulose acetate support medium was used to study the effect of heat treatment on the antigenic activity of bovine serum albumin suspended in water, simulated milk ultrafiltrate (J & K buffer), or saline (.85%) and of bovine serum albumin in milk per se. Heat treatments were at 70, 73, and 75 C for 0 to 30 min. The suspending medium influenced the loss of antigenicity of bovine serum albumin upon heat treatment. The loss in increasing order was J & K buffer, saline, and water. In milk, the loss of antigenicity of bovine serum albumin was 70 C for 30 min, none; 73 C for 30 min, 24.6%; and 75 C for 20 min, almost complete with no characteristic cone formation upon electroimmunodiffusion.", "PMID": 101563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4833", "title": "Incorporation of amino acids by isolated submitochondrial fractions of lactating goat mammary gland in vitro.", "content": "Incorporation of amino acids by mitochondria and its subfractions from mammary gland of the goat during lactation was studied in vitro. Assessment of distribution of radioactivity incorporated by intact mitochondria into its subfractions revealed maximum specific activity in the inner membrane. During lactation the inner membrane of mitochondria exhibited further stimulation in such incorporation. Matrix was the next active fraction whereas outer membrane and peripheral space had negligible radioactivity. In isolated submitochondrial fractions from mammary gland incubated with radioactive amino acids under similar conditions of assay, the inner membrane was the most potent subfraction in incorporation. In mammary tissue during lactation this fraction was the most active site. The relative sequence of the subfractions appeared to remain unaltered in lactation and was in the order of inner membrane greater than matrix greater than outer membrane greater than peripheral space. The ratio of specific activity in inner to outer membrane appears to increase significantly during lactation.", "contents": "Incorporation of amino acids by isolated submitochondrial fractions of lactating goat mammary gland in vitro. Incorporation of amino acids by mitochondria and its subfractions from mammary gland of the goat during lactation was studied in vitro. Assessment of distribution of radioactivity incorporated by intact mitochondria into its subfractions revealed maximum specific activity in the inner membrane. During lactation the inner membrane of mitochondria exhibited further stimulation in such incorporation. Matrix was the next active fraction whereas outer membrane and peripheral space had negligible radioactivity. In isolated submitochondrial fractions from mammary gland incubated with radioactive amino acids under similar conditions of assay, the inner membrane was the most potent subfraction in incorporation. In mammary tissue during lactation this fraction was the most active site. The relative sequence of the subfractions appeared to remain unaltered in lactation and was in the order of inner membrane greater than matrix greater than outer membrane greater than peripheral space. The ratio of specific activity in inner to outer membrane appears to increase significantly during lactation.", "PMID": 101564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4834", "title": "Immunotherapy of chemically-induced tumors in the hamster cheek pouch with dinitrochlorobenzene.", "content": "Immune stimulation with an agent such as dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) may delay chemical carcinogenesis. Dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) was used to chemically induce tumors in the hamster buccal pouch. Hamsters were studied for the effect of DNCB sensitization in the buccal pouch prior to or after DMBA tumor induction. At appropriate time intervals the hamsters were sacrificed and each cheek pouch was examined histologically for the development of DMBA-induced tumors and for the presence of lymphoid cells infiltrating the tumor site. The results show that DNCB immunotherapy or immunoprophylaxis prior to or following DMBA tumor induction can alter the type of tumor produced and stimulate an infiltration of lymphoid cells into the tumor area probably invoking immune defense mechanisms.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of chemically-induced tumors in the hamster cheek pouch with dinitrochlorobenzene. Immune stimulation with an agent such as dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) may delay chemical carcinogenesis. Dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) was used to chemically induce tumors in the hamster buccal pouch. Hamsters were studied for the effect of DNCB sensitization in the buccal pouch prior to or after DMBA tumor induction. At appropriate time intervals the hamsters were sacrificed and each cheek pouch was examined histologically for the development of DMBA-induced tumors and for the presence of lymphoid cells infiltrating the tumor site. The results show that DNCB immunotherapy or immunoprophylaxis prior to or following DMBA tumor induction can alter the type of tumor produced and stimulate an infiltration of lymphoid cells into the tumor area probably invoking immune defense mechanisms.", "PMID": 101565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4835", "title": "The determination of antibody to Streptococcus mutans serotypes in saliva for children ages 3 to 7 years.", "content": "The saliva of 29 children ages 3 to 7 years was followed by indirect immunoflourescence to determine the antibody reacting with the 5 different serotypes of S mutans. Fluorescent antisera specific for alpha chain and gamma chain were used. Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated a significant negative correlation between antibody of immunoglobin class (IgA) to S mutans type b and the decayed, extracted and filled surfaces of deciduous teeth.", "contents": "The determination of antibody to Streptococcus mutans serotypes in saliva for children ages 3 to 7 years. The saliva of 29 children ages 3 to 7 years was followed by indirect immunoflourescence to determine the antibody reacting with the 5 different serotypes of S mutans. Fluorescent antisera specific for alpha chain and gamma chain were used. Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated a significant negative correlation between antibody of immunoglobin class (IgA) to S mutans type b and the decayed, extracted and filled surfaces of deciduous teeth.", "PMID": 101566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4836", "title": "Replantation of mature teeth without endodontics in monkeys.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histologic response after replantation of mature, developed teeth without endodontic treatment in monkeys. To serve as experimental controls, the other replanted teeth received endodontic treatment. No significant differences were noted in the rate and quality of periodontal tissues healing between the endodontically and the nonendodontically treated teeth in monkeys sacrificed at 5, 7, and 14 days, and at 1, 2, and 3 months after replantation. However, specimens obtained at 4, 6, 9, and 12 months showed that teeth replanted without endodontics developed periapical complications, whereas endodontically treated teeth did not.", "contents": "Replantation of mature teeth without endodontics in monkeys. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histologic response after replantation of mature, developed teeth without endodontic treatment in monkeys. To serve as experimental controls, the other replanted teeth received endodontic treatment. No significant differences were noted in the rate and quality of periodontal tissues healing between the endodontically and the nonendodontically treated teeth in monkeys sacrificed at 5, 7, and 14 days, and at 1, 2, and 3 months after replantation. However, specimens obtained at 4, 6, 9, and 12 months showed that teeth replanted without endodontics developed periapical complications, whereas endodontically treated teeth did not.", "PMID": 101567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4837", "title": "Choice of screening tests.", "content": "In this paper, we consider one of the decisions that have to be made about a screening programme: which type of test to use. Our study shows that knowledge of the sensitivities, specificities, and costs of alternative tests is an inadequate basis for the choice of test. The monetary values of the different possible results of the test must also be estimated, or judgements made about the likely magnitude of these values. If judgements have to be made, they should be explicit, because different individuals are likely to judge differently, and their opinions will critically affect the choice of test.", "contents": "Choice of screening tests. In this paper, we consider one of the decisions that have to be made about a screening programme: which type of test to use. Our study shows that knowledge of the sensitivities, specificities, and costs of alternative tests is an inadequate basis for the choice of test. The monetary values of the different possible results of the test must also be estimated, or judgements made about the likely magnitude of these values. If judgements have to be made, they should be explicit, because different individuals are likely to judge differently, and their opinions will critically affect the choice of test.", "PMID": 101568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4838", "title": "Screening for mild hypertension: costs and benefits.", "content": "It is important to understand the full implications of introducing a new screening and treatment programme into the National Health Service. In this paper, we calculate, for mild hypertension, the cost of community-based screening and the cost of case-finding in general practice. We show that case-finding in general practice is both less expensive and more efficient. We calculate the cost of running a programme in general practice for five years and divide that cost by an estimate of the number of deaths that might be prevented as a result of introducing such a programme. This calculation give a minimum cost for extending a life by the programme.", "contents": "Screening for mild hypertension: costs and benefits. It is important to understand the full implications of introducing a new screening and treatment programme into the National Health Service. In this paper, we calculate, for mild hypertension, the cost of community-based screening and the cost of case-finding in general practice. We show that case-finding in general practice is both less expensive and more efficient. We calculate the cost of running a programme in general practice for five years and divide that cost by an estimate of the number of deaths that might be prevented as a result of introducing such a programme. This calculation give a minimum cost for extending a life by the programme.", "PMID": 101569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4839", "title": "Admission and adjustment of residents in homes for the elderly.", "content": "This paper discusses the relationship between psychological variables, a brief cognitive measure and a behavioural rating scale, and the subsequent adjustment of a group of elderly people newly admitted to a social services home for the elderly. It shows that, in this sample, three groups can be identified: a fairly independent group of people who show no apparent deterioration in functioning during the first year of admission; a more dependent group who show loss of functioning during the same period; and a third group who show an immediate negative effect from admission, and who have a poor outcome. We comment on the lack of evidence in support of a general negative relocation effect, and on the value of the procedures used.", "contents": "Admission and adjustment of residents in homes for the elderly. This paper discusses the relationship between psychological variables, a brief cognitive measure and a behavioural rating scale, and the subsequent adjustment of a group of elderly people newly admitted to a social services home for the elderly. It shows that, in this sample, three groups can be identified: a fairly independent group of people who show no apparent deterioration in functioning during the first year of admission; a more dependent group who show loss of functioning during the same period; and a third group who show an immediate negative effect from admission, and who have a poor outcome. We comment on the lack of evidence in support of a general negative relocation effect, and on the value of the procedures used.", "PMID": 101570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4840", "title": "Some observations on cochlear mechanics.", "content": "A set of experiments was conducted using the M\u00f6ssbauer effect to determine the vibratory characteristics of the basilar membrane, Reissner's membrane, the malleus, incus, and oval window in squirrel monkey. A few measurements were also made in guinea pig in the basal cochlear region. The nonlinear vibration properties of the basilar membrane are described in detail for the midfrequency region in the squirrel monkey. Only in this region have nonlinear effects been observed. A comparison of mechanical and neural data indicates good qualitative agreement.", "contents": "Some observations on cochlear mechanics. A set of experiments was conducted using the M\u00f6ssbauer effect to determine the vibratory characteristics of the basilar membrane, Reissner's membrane, the malleus, incus, and oval window in squirrel monkey. A few measurements were also made in guinea pig in the basal cochlear region. The nonlinear vibration properties of the basilar membrane are described in detail for the midfrequency region in the squirrel monkey. Only in this region have nonlinear effects been observed. A comparison of mechanical and neural data indicates good qualitative agreement.", "PMID": 101571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4841", "title": "Squirrel monkey temporary threshold shift from 48-h exposures to low-frequency noise.", "content": "Five squirrel monkeys were exposed for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h to a 375--750-Hz band noise at an overall SPL of 95 dB. The TTS4.5 growth pattern for the 750-Hz test frequency was biphasic and did not reach an asymptote after 48 h of exposure. For all exposures, the mean thresholds of the five monkeys returned to within 5 dB of the preexposure mean 20 h after exposure. Recovery curves from all exposures at the 750-Hz test frequency appeared biphasic. Increasing SPL from 95 to 105 dB increased TTS4.5 by 4 dB at 750 Hz for a 1-h exposure. Recovery from the  105-dB exposure followed the same pattern as recovery from the 95-DB exposure. When compared with data collected from human subjects under similar conditions, these experiments indicate that the growth and recovery of TTS in squirrel monkeys are sufficiently similar to growth and recovery in man to justify further comparative investigation.", "contents": "Squirrel monkey temporary threshold shift from 48-h exposures to low-frequency noise. Five squirrel monkeys were exposed for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h to a 375--750-Hz band noise at an overall SPL of 95 dB. The TTS4.5 growth pattern for the 750-Hz test frequency was biphasic and did not reach an asymptote after 48 h of exposure. For all exposures, the mean thresholds of the five monkeys returned to within 5 dB of the preexposure mean 20 h after exposure. Recovery curves from all exposures at the 750-Hz test frequency appeared biphasic. Increasing SPL from 95 to 105 dB increased TTS4.5 by 4 dB at 750 Hz for a 1-h exposure. Recovery from the  105-dB exposure followed the same pattern as recovery from the 95-DB exposure. When compared with data collected from human subjects under similar conditions, these experiments indicate that the growth and recovery of TTS in squirrel monkeys are sufficiently similar to growth and recovery in man to justify further comparative investigation.", "PMID": 101572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4842", "title": "A study of the effect of slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis on the rhesus monkey airway.", "content": "Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) generated from rat peritoneal mast cells was aerosolized to the airways of a group of rhesus monkeys with established airway responses to ascaris antigen. A selective effect of SRS-A on pulmonary resistance and a lesser but significant effect on compliance was observed which differed from antigen, histamine, carbocholine, or prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha responses. The airway recovery from the PR change is slower than that from histamine and simulated PGF2alpha and some antigen experiments. The cutaneous reactions in rhesus monkeys due to SRS-A could be blocked in a dose response pattern by FPL55712 which did not affect histamine responses in rhesus skin.", "contents": "A study of the effect of slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis on the rhesus monkey airway. Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) generated from rat peritoneal mast cells was aerosolized to the airways of a group of rhesus monkeys with established airway responses to ascaris antigen. A selective effect of SRS-A on pulmonary resistance and a lesser but significant effect on compliance was observed which differed from antigen, histamine, carbocholine, or prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha responses. The airway recovery from the PR change is slower than that from histamine and simulated PGF2alpha and some antigen experiments. The cutaneous reactions in rhesus monkeys due to SRS-A could be blocked in a dose response pattern by FPL55712 which did not affect histamine responses in rhesus skin.", "PMID": 101573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4843", "title": "Review of laxative utilization in a skilled nursing facility.", "content": "Laxatives are the most frequently prescribed drugs in long-term care facilities. Of all nursing home patients, 58 percent receive laxatives--often more than one, and usually on a \"prn\" basis. This pattern of dosage is probably used in an effort to prevent constipation. Selection of a laxative should be based on careful evaluation of the cause of constipation, with due consideration being given to differences in drug effectiveness and the incidence of side effects. A review of laxative utilization among 73 elderly patients in a large metropolitan skilled nursing facility showed a rational use of these drugs. However, more attention should have been paid to the dietary management of constipation.", "contents": "Review of laxative utilization in a skilled nursing facility. Laxatives are the most frequently prescribed drugs in long-term care facilities. Of all nursing home patients, 58 percent receive laxatives--often more than one, and usually on a \"prn\" basis. This pattern of dosage is probably used in an effort to prevent constipation. Selection of a laxative should be based on careful evaluation of the cause of constipation, with due consideration being given to differences in drug effectiveness and the incidence of side effects. A review of laxative utilization among 73 elderly patients in a large metropolitan skilled nursing facility showed a rational use of these drugs. However, more attention should have been paid to the dietary management of constipation.", "PMID": 101574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4844", "title": "Macrophage sensitivity to endotoxin: genetic control by a single codominant gene.", "content": "The effects of LPS on macrophages in vitro have been examined. LPS triggers macrophages to produce LAF and PGE2 in vitro. LPS is also cytotoxic for macrophages derived from LPS-sensitive mice and will significantly inhibit their phagocytic ability. Both LAF production and cytotoxicity are due to the direct effects of LPS on the macrophage and do not require the particpation of lymphocytes. Each of these functions is abnormal in C3H/HeJ mice. The nature of the gene(s) controlling these macrophage responses to LPS has been determined. The response of (C3H/HeJ X C3H/HeN)F1 macrophages was intermediate when compared to the parental responses and no sex linkage was found. Backcross linkage analysis suggested that the same autosomal codominant gene controls both macrophage and B lymphocyte-LPS sensitivity.", "contents": "Macrophage sensitivity to endotoxin: genetic control by a single codominant gene. The effects of LPS on macrophages in vitro have been examined. LPS triggers macrophages to produce LAF and PGE2 in vitro. LPS is also cytotoxic for macrophages derived from LPS-sensitive mice and will significantly inhibit their phagocytic ability. Both LAF production and cytotoxicity are due to the direct effects of LPS on the macrophage and do not require the particpation of lymphocytes. Each of these functions is abnormal in C3H/HeJ mice. The nature of the gene(s) controlling these macrophage responses to LPS has been determined. The response of (C3H/HeJ X C3H/HeN)F1 macrophages was intermediate when compared to the parental responses and no sex linkage was found. Backcross linkage analysis suggested that the same autosomal codominant gene controls both macrophage and B lymphocyte-LPS sensitivity.", "PMID": 101590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4845", "title": "Localization of hepatitis A antigen in liver tissue by peroxidase-conjugated antibody method: light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Hepatitis A antigen (HAAG) was localized in liver tissue from marmosets inoculated with human hepatitis A virus (HAV) by light and electron microscopy by using a peroxidase-conjugated antibody method. The fine granular peroxidase staining was scattered throughout the cytoplasm of liver cells when viewed with the light microscope. The distribution of HAAg-positive cells was focal. Virus-like particles, 24 to 27 nm in diameter, were observed in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and smaller cells, resembling Kupffer cells, by standard thin-section electron microscopy (thin section EM). By immunoperoxidase electron microscopy (immunoperoxidase EM), HAAg was detected on the particles, which were aggregated within cytoplasmic vesicles of the hepatocyte. The surrounding membrane of the vesicles was also HAAg- positive. Similar HAAg particles were observed in the cytoplasm of smaller cells adjacent to hepatocytes as well. Thus, immunoperoxidase EM revealed that the 24- to 27-nm virus-like particles in the cytoplasm of liver cells obtained from marmosets were infected with HAV contained HAAg.", "contents": "Localization of hepatitis A antigen in liver tissue by peroxidase-conjugated antibody method: light and electron microscopic studies. Hepatitis A antigen (HAAG) was localized in liver tissue from marmosets inoculated with human hepatitis A virus (HAV) by light and electron microscopy by using a peroxidase-conjugated antibody method. The fine granular peroxidase staining was scattered throughout the cytoplasm of liver cells when viewed with the light microscope. The distribution of HAAg-positive cells was focal. Virus-like particles, 24 to 27 nm in diameter, were observed in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and smaller cells, resembling Kupffer cells, by standard thin-section electron microscopy (thin section EM). By immunoperoxidase electron microscopy (immunoperoxidase EM), HAAg was detected on the particles, which were aggregated within cytoplasmic vesicles of the hepatocyte. The surrounding membrane of the vesicles was also HAAg- positive. Similar HAAg particles were observed in the cytoplasm of smaller cells adjacent to hepatocytes as well. Thus, immunoperoxidase EM revealed that the 24- to 27-nm virus-like particles in the cytoplasm of liver cells obtained from marmosets were infected with HAV contained HAAg.", "PMID": 101591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4846", "title": "Regulation of immunoglobulin biosynthesis in the murine plasmacytoma MOPC 315.", "content": "We have examined certain aspects of IgG biosynthesis by constructing hybrids between MPC11 (gamma2b, kappa) and MOPC 315 (alpha,lambda2) that have lost the ability to synthesize one or the other heavy chain. Cells express the three chains in a stable fashion, and both autologous (parental) and heterologous (nonparental) H and L chain pairs form and are secreted. The alpha H chain was found in polymeric form when associated with the heterologous kappa L chain. The lambda2 L chain covalently assembled to the heterologous gamma2b H chain. Surprisingly, autologous pairing was always favored over heterologous pairing in vivo by 5 to 10:1 in terms of rate of assembly. Similar ratios were maintained in the secreted protein. These results suggest that co-expression of particular H and L chain pairs is predetermined. Evolution presumably operates to improve antigen recognition as well as rate of assembly of active molecules.", "contents": "Regulation of immunoglobulin biosynthesis in the murine plasmacytoma MOPC 315. We have examined certain aspects of IgG biosynthesis by constructing hybrids between MPC11 (gamma2b, kappa) and MOPC 315 (alpha,lambda2) that have lost the ability to synthesize one or the other heavy chain. Cells express the three chains in a stable fashion, and both autologous (parental) and heterologous (nonparental) H and L chain pairs form and are secreted. The alpha H chain was found in polymeric form when associated with the heterologous kappa L chain. The lambda2 L chain covalently assembled to the heterologous gamma2b H chain. Surprisingly, autologous pairing was always favored over heterologous pairing in vivo by 5 to 10:1 in terms of rate of assembly. Similar ratios were maintained in the secreted protein. These results suggest that co-expression of particular H and L chain pairs is predetermined. Evolution presumably operates to improve antigen recognition as well as rate of assembly of active molecules.", "PMID": 101592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4847", "title": "Preparation of an alloantiserum to murine C3 and demonstration of multiple alleles.", "content": "An antiserum was produced in C3H/He mice that can recognize the antigenic variations of murine C3. The alloantiserum is directed to the gene product of one of the alleles (C3-1a allele) of the C3-1 locus that controls genetic variations of murine C3 and is linked to H-2. The antiserum formed a single precipitin line in the Ouchterlony test with sera obtained from mice that carry the C3-1a/a or C3-1a/b genotype, but it did not react with sera from mice that do not have C3 coded for by the C3-1a allele. By the use of the alloantiserum, we detected a new C3 allotype (C3-1 CC) in SWR/J mice. The C3-1 CC is distinct from the other two allotypes on the basis of antigenicity and isoelectric point (pI). Therefore, at least three alleles have been identified for the C3-1 locus.", "contents": "Preparation of an alloantiserum to murine C3 and demonstration of multiple alleles. An antiserum was produced in C3H/He mice that can recognize the antigenic variations of murine C3. The alloantiserum is directed to the gene product of one of the alleles (C3-1a allele) of the C3-1 locus that controls genetic variations of murine C3 and is linked to H-2. The antiserum formed a single precipitin line in the Ouchterlony test with sera obtained from mice that carry the C3-1a/a or C3-1a/b genotype, but it did not react with sera from mice that do not have C3 coded for by the C3-1a allele. By the use of the alloantiserum, we detected a new C3 allotype (C3-1 CC) in SWR/J mice. The C3-1 CC is distinct from the other two allotypes on the basis of antigenicity and isoelectric point (pI). Therefore, at least three alleles have been identified for the C3-1 locus.", "PMID": 101594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4848", "title": "Pelage color cycles and hair follicle tyrosinase activity in the Siberian hamster.", "content": "Hair follicle tyrosinase levels and melanin content, together with serum tyrosine levels have been studied in relation to annual pelage color changes in the Siberian hamster. Tyrosinase levels were found to peak not only at the spring moult when pigmented hair is produced but also at the autumn moult when the hair produced is unpigmented. The melanin content of hair follicles was high in summer and low in winter but serum tyrosine levels did not differ at the spring and autumn moults. These results suggest that some factor must exist to prevent the raised tyrosinase levels of the autumn moult being expressed as melanogenesis and that this factor must be photoperiodically modifiable, being controlled through a neuroendocrine mechanism.", "contents": "Pelage color cycles and hair follicle tyrosinase activity in the Siberian hamster. Hair follicle tyrosinase levels and melanin content, together with serum tyrosine levels have been studied in relation to annual pelage color changes in the Siberian hamster. Tyrosinase levels were found to peak not only at the spring moult when pigmented hair is produced but also at the autumn moult when the hair produced is unpigmented. The melanin content of hair follicles was high in summer and low in winter but serum tyrosine levels did not differ at the spring and autumn moults. These results suggest that some factor must exist to prevent the raised tyrosinase levels of the autumn moult being expressed as melanogenesis and that this factor must be photoperiodically modifiable, being controlled through a neuroendocrine mechanism.", "PMID": 101597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4849", "title": "Demonstration of fibronectin in human cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Fibronectin is a glycoprotein found in plasma (cold-insoluble globulin), connective tissues, and cultures of fibroblasts and astroglial cells. This paper describes the identification of fibronectin in human CSF. Fibronectin in CSF was immunologically indistinguishable from the plasma form, as shown by double-diffusion analysis and by radioimmunoassay specific for fibronectin. Fibronectin was isolated from human CSF by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-coupled gelatin and was further analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It showed a polypeptide band similar to that of plasma fibronectin. The fibronectin concentration in CSF of 17 neurological outpatients without demonstrable organic lesion in the CNS was 3.0 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml (mean +/- S.D.) which is about 0.6% of total CSF protein. In CSF of 11 MS patients, the concentration was significantly (p less than 0.005) lower (1.6 +/- 0.2 microgram/ml). Of patients with brain tumors, seven had very low levels, three were normal, and two had very high levels. The cause for the low levels in MS and tumor patients is not known.", "contents": "Demonstration of fibronectin in human cerebrospinal fluid. Fibronectin is a glycoprotein found in plasma (cold-insoluble globulin), connective tissues, and cultures of fibroblasts and astroglial cells. This paper describes the identification of fibronectin in human CSF. Fibronectin in CSF was immunologically indistinguishable from the plasma form, as shown by double-diffusion analysis and by radioimmunoassay specific for fibronectin. Fibronectin was isolated from human CSF by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-coupled gelatin and was further analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It showed a polypeptide band similar to that of plasma fibronectin. The fibronectin concentration in CSF of 17 neurological outpatients without demonstrable organic lesion in the CNS was 3.0 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml (mean +/- S.D.) which is about 0.6% of total CSF protein. In CSF of 11 MS patients, the concentration was significantly (p less than 0.005) lower (1.6 +/- 0.2 microgram/ml). Of patients with brain tumors, seven had very low levels, three were normal, and two had very high levels. The cause for the low levels in MS and tumor patients is not known.", "PMID": 101631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4850", "title": "Specific change in the direction of prostaglandin synthesis by intra-uterine tissues of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) during late pregnancy.", "content": "The rates of production of prostaglandin E (PGE), prostaglandin F (PGF) and 13, 14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin F (PGFM) by intra-uterine tissues from pregnant monkeys in vitro have been determined using a method of tissue superfusion. The amnion, chorion, placenta, decidua basalis, decidua parietalis and myometrium were obtained at Caesarean section during late pregnancy. Production of PGE by all tissues was significantly lower at term than during late pregnancy, whereas production of PGF by the amnion, chorion, decidua parietalis and myometrium was significantly greater. All tissues produced significantly more PGE than PGF and also, excepting the decidua basalis and decidua parietalis, more PGFM than PGF. Close to parturition the amnion was quantitatively (per unit weight) the major source of prostaglandins. It is suggested that a specific change in the direction of prostaglandin synthesis by intra-uterine tissues occurs near parturition in the rhesus monkey.", "contents": "Specific change in the direction of prostaglandin synthesis by intra-uterine tissues of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) during late pregnancy. The rates of production of prostaglandin E (PGE), prostaglandin F (PGF) and 13, 14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin F (PGFM) by intra-uterine tissues from pregnant monkeys in vitro have been determined using a method of tissue superfusion. The amnion, chorion, placenta, decidua basalis, decidua parietalis and myometrium were obtained at Caesarean section during late pregnancy. Production of PGE by all tissues was significantly lower at term than during late pregnancy, whereas production of PGF by the amnion, chorion, decidua parietalis and myometrium was significantly greater. All tissues produced significantly more PGE than PGF and also, excepting the decidua basalis and decidua parietalis, more PGFM than PGF. Close to parturition the amnion was quantitatively (per unit weight) the major source of prostaglandins. It is suggested that a specific change in the direction of prostaglandin synthesis by intra-uterine tissues occurs near parturition in the rhesus monkey.", "PMID": 101638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4851", "title": "Concentrations of oestradiol-17beta and progesterone in the peripheral plasma of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) in relation to the length of the menstrual cycle and its component phases.", "content": "Ninety-three female cynomolgus monkeys were monitored throughout 647 menstrual cycles; 93.2% of these cycles were 22--37 days long and were normally distributed, with a mean of 29.2 days. Menstrual bleeding generally lasted for 3--5 days and was not related to the length of the cycle. The levels of progesterone and oestradiol-17beta in the plasma were measured during the menstrual cycle in 30 monkeys. The concentration of oestradiol-17beta reached a mid-cycle peak on day 11 or 12 of the cycle. The interval between the beginning of the cycle and the oestrogen peak was constant; the interval between the oestrogen peak and the end of the cycle increased or decreased with the cycle length. The level of progesterone began to rise at about the time of the oestrogen peak and remained raised for longer periods as the length of the cycle increased. The length of the menstrual cycle, therefore, appeared to be determined by the duration of the increase in the level of progesterone or by the life of the corpus luteum in the luteal phase. The relationship between the lengths of the cycle and the luteal phase can be defined by the expression: cycle length = 12.6 + 0.96 X length of luteal phase (correlation coefficient = 0.875).", "contents": "Concentrations of oestradiol-17beta and progesterone in the peripheral plasma of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) in relation to the length of the menstrual cycle and its component phases. Ninety-three female cynomolgus monkeys were monitored throughout 647 menstrual cycles; 93.2% of these cycles were 22--37 days long and were normally distributed, with a mean of 29.2 days. Menstrual bleeding generally lasted for 3--5 days and was not related to the length of the cycle. The levels of progesterone and oestradiol-17beta in the plasma were measured during the menstrual cycle in 30 monkeys. The concentration of oestradiol-17beta reached a mid-cycle peak on day 11 or 12 of the cycle. The interval between the beginning of the cycle and the oestrogen peak was constant; the interval between the oestrogen peak and the end of the cycle increased or decreased with the cycle length. The level of progesterone began to rise at about the time of the oestrogen peak and remained raised for longer periods as the length of the cycle increased. The length of the menstrual cycle, therefore, appeared to be determined by the duration of the increase in the level of progesterone or by the life of the corpus luteum in the luteal phase. The relationship between the lengths of the cycle and the luteal phase can be defined by the expression: cycle length = 12.6 + 0.96 X length of luteal phase (correlation coefficient = 0.875).", "PMID": 101640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4852", "title": "Production of thromboxane B2 by the intra-uterine tissues from late pregnant Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in vitro.", "content": "The rates of production of thromboxane B2 in vitro by intra-uterine tissues obtained from late pregnant monkeys by Caesarean section have been determined. The general quantitative order of rates of production was decidua basalis = decidua parietalis greater than placenta greater than chorion greater than amnion = myometrium. Myometrial production of thromboxane B2 was greater at term than during late pregnancy; no other tissue showed a significant trend with advancing gestation. These data demonstrate that the production of thromboxane B2 by intra-uterine tissues from late pregnant monkeys is both qualitatively and quantitatively different from the production of prostaglandins described previously. It is suggested that prostaglandins rather than thromboxanes are more intimately involved in the onset of labour in the rhesus monkey.", "contents": "Production of thromboxane B2 by the intra-uterine tissues from late pregnant Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in vitro. The rates of production of thromboxane B2 in vitro by intra-uterine tissues obtained from late pregnant monkeys by Caesarean section have been determined. The general quantitative order of rates of production was decidua basalis = decidua parietalis greater than placenta greater than chorion greater than amnion = myometrium. Myometrial production of thromboxane B2 was greater at term than during late pregnancy; no other tissue showed a significant trend with advancing gestation. These data demonstrate that the production of thromboxane B2 by intra-uterine tissues from late pregnant monkeys is both qualitatively and quantitatively different from the production of prostaglandins described previously. It is suggested that prostaglandins rather than thromboxanes are more intimately involved in the onset of labour in the rhesus monkey.", "PMID": 101641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4853", "title": "Genetic control of enzyme expression in Drosophila: a locus influencing tissue specificity of aldehyde oxidase.", "content": "A natural genetic variant in Drosophila melanogaster with a highly tissue specific effect on the level of an enzyme (aldehyde oxidase) is described. This variant causes overproduction of the enzyme by a factor of 2- to 3-fold in paragonia (male accessory sex glands) while having no significant effect on the enzyme level in other tissues. This difference is controlled by a single genetic element in the vicinity of the aldehyde oxidase structural gene that operates in a strictly cis-active mode. It is not associated with any change in enzyme primary structure detectable by a variety of physical, chemical and immunochemical tests. The most likely explanation for all of these observations is that the variant defines a cis-active regulatory element adjacent to the structural site.", "contents": "Genetic control of enzyme expression in Drosophila: a locus influencing tissue specificity of aldehyde oxidase. A natural genetic variant in Drosophila melanogaster with a highly tissue specific effect on the level of an enzyme (aldehyde oxidase) is described. This variant causes overproduction of the enzyme by a factor of 2- to 3-fold in paragonia (male accessory sex glands) while having no significant effect on the enzyme level in other tissues. This difference is controlled by a single genetic element in the vicinity of the aldehyde oxidase structural gene that operates in a strictly cis-active mode. It is not associated with any change in enzyme primary structure detectable by a variety of physical, chemical and immunochemical tests. The most likely explanation for all of these observations is that the variant defines a cis-active regulatory element adjacent to the structural site.", "PMID": 101642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4854", "title": "[Lesion of the lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome].", "content": "The authors report a clinico-pathological study dealing with the limbic nuclei of the thalamus in 11 cases of Korsakoff syndrome of alcoholic aetiology. There is no parallelism between the involvement of the latero-dorsal nucleus (L.D.), the medio-dorsal nucleus, the pulvinar and the importance of the retrograde amnesia. The mamillary bodies are always affected. The latero-dorsal nucleus was modified in 9 cases out of 11, the medio-dorsal in 7 cases and the pulvinar in 6 cases. In contrast, the anterior nucleus is normal. The frequency of the involvement of the L.D. is an argument to relate this nucleus with the limbic system. But the lesion of this nucleus is inconstant whereas that of the mamillary bodies is always observed.", "contents": "[Lesion of the lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome]. The authors report a clinico-pathological study dealing with the limbic nuclei of the thalamus in 11 cases of Korsakoff syndrome of alcoholic aetiology. There is no parallelism between the involvement of the latero-dorsal nucleus (L.D.), the medio-dorsal nucleus, the pulvinar and the importance of the retrograde amnesia. The mamillary bodies are always affected. The latero-dorsal nucleus was modified in 9 cases out of 11, the medio-dorsal in 7 cases and the pulvinar in 6 cases. In contrast, the anterior nucleus is normal. The frequency of the involvement of the L.D. is an argument to relate this nucleus with the limbic system. But the lesion of this nucleus is inconstant whereas that of the mamillary bodies is always observed.", "PMID": 101643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4855", "title": "Anti-riboflavin activity of 8N-alkyl analogues of roseoflavin in some Gram-positive bacteria.", "content": "Three new 8N-alkyl analogues of roseoflavin (MM), i.e., 8-ethylamino- (EH), 8-methylethylamino- (ME), 8-diethylamino-8-demethyl-D-riboflavin (EE), their tetraacetates, and 8-amino-8-demethyl-D-riboflavin (HH) tetraacetate, were synthesized. A relation between the anti-riboflavin activity and the chemical structure of 8N-alkyl analogues (8N-methyl, ethyl) was studied by a restoration by riboflavin (RF) of inhibitory effect of the analogues on a growth of Gram-positive bacteria, i.e., Sarcina lutea, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibitory effect of most of the analogues was restored by RF. But in some cases, i.e., 8-methylamino-8-demethyl-D-riboflavin (MH) in Sar. lutea and MM in Staph. aureus, the effect was not completely restored. Apparently, the inhibition in early phase of growth was restored, but the maximum growth was still suppressed. The non-alkylated amino analogue (HH) showed only unrestorable suppression of maximum growth in Sar. lutea. Of restorable effect by RF of N-alkyl analogues, approximate decreasing orders of anti-RF activity were as follows. Dialkylated analogue greater than monoalkylated. HH showed insignificant anti-RF activity. In each group, methylated analogue greater than ethylated. In B. cereus monoalkylated analogues, and in Staph. aureus monoalkylated and EE showed no significant inhibitory effect. Redox potentials of the N-alkyl analogues were measured, and a definite relation between the chemical structure and the potential was found (RF = EE greater than ME greater than MM greater than HH greater than EH greater than MH). But the anti-RF activity of the analogues was not completely explained by the difference of the redox potential from RF.", "contents": "Anti-riboflavin activity of 8N-alkyl analogues of roseoflavin in some Gram-positive bacteria. Three new 8N-alkyl analogues of roseoflavin (MM), i.e., 8-ethylamino- (EH), 8-methylethylamino- (ME), 8-diethylamino-8-demethyl-D-riboflavin (EE), their tetraacetates, and 8-amino-8-demethyl-D-riboflavin (HH) tetraacetate, were synthesized. A relation between the anti-riboflavin activity and the chemical structure of 8N-alkyl analogues (8N-methyl, ethyl) was studied by a restoration by riboflavin (RF) of inhibitory effect of the analogues on a growth of Gram-positive bacteria, i.e., Sarcina lutea, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibitory effect of most of the analogues was restored by RF. But in some cases, i.e., 8-methylamino-8-demethyl-D-riboflavin (MH) in Sar. lutea and MM in Staph. aureus, the effect was not completely restored. Apparently, the inhibition in early phase of growth was restored, but the maximum growth was still suppressed. The non-alkylated amino analogue (HH) showed only unrestorable suppression of maximum growth in Sar. lutea. Of restorable effect by RF of N-alkyl analogues, approximate decreasing orders of anti-RF activity were as follows. Dialkylated analogue greater than monoalkylated. HH showed insignificant anti-RF activity. In each group, methylated analogue greater than ethylated. In B. cereus monoalkylated analogues, and in Staph. aureus monoalkylated and EE showed no significant inhibitory effect. Redox potentials of the N-alkyl analogues were measured, and a definite relation between the chemical structure and the potential was found (RF = EE greater than ME greater than MM greater than HH greater than EH greater than MH). But the anti-RF activity of the analogues was not completely explained by the difference of the redox potential from RF.", "PMID": 101644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4856", "title": "Trauma from occlusion in monkeys.", "content": "Traumatic occlusion was induced in monkeys by insertion of bridges raising the bite. Both incisors and molars were used as abutments. Observation periods ranged from 7 to 24 months. No appreciable effect of the trauma on the apical proliferation of the crevicular epithelium was found. The results were the same in monkeys with or without marginal gingival inflammation before the trauma was induced.", "contents": "Trauma from occlusion in monkeys. Traumatic occlusion was induced in monkeys by insertion of bridges raising the bite. Both incisors and molars were used as abutments. Observation periods ranged from 7 to 24 months. No appreciable effect of the trauma on the apical proliferation of the crevicular epithelium was found. The results were the same in monkeys with or without marginal gingival inflammation before the trauma was induced.", "PMID": 101646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4857", "title": "Behavioral and dermatologic changes and low serum zinc and copper concentrations in two premature infants after parenteral alimentation.", "content": "Two premature infants were observed to develop behavioral and dermatologic changes and low serum zinc and copper concentrations following cessation of prolonged parenteral alimentation, while being fed exclusively with human milk. Following treatment with exogenous oral zinc supplementation, prompt relief of symptoms and increases of serum zinc and copper concentrations were observed in both infants. These patients comprise about 5% of our premature infants who are treated with parenteral alimentation for more than two weeks. We recommend that premature infants on prolonged parenteral alimentation should be monitored for changes in serum zinc and copper concentrations and, if a marked fall is observed, supplementation should be considered.", "contents": "Behavioral and dermatologic changes and low serum zinc and copper concentrations in two premature infants after parenteral alimentation. Two premature infants were observed to develop behavioral and dermatologic changes and low serum zinc and copper concentrations following cessation of prolonged parenteral alimentation, while being fed exclusively with human milk. Following treatment with exogenous oral zinc supplementation, prompt relief of symptoms and increases of serum zinc and copper concentrations were observed in both infants. These patients comprise about 5% of our premature infants who are treated with parenteral alimentation for more than two weeks. We recommend that premature infants on prolonged parenteral alimentation should be monitored for changes in serum zinc and copper concentrations and, if a marked fall is observed, supplementation should be considered.", "PMID": 101647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4858", "title": "Neutropenia associated with chrysotherapy for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Severe neutropenia, in the absence of generalized bone marrow depression, is a rare complication in adults receiving chrysotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis and has not been described in children. Isolated, severe neutropenia developed in five children with systemic onset JRA while they were receiving gold injections. This potentially fatal complication occurred within eight weeks of beginning therapy in four patients, and after 24 weeks of well-tolerated therapy in the fifth. Leukopenia preceded neutropenia in two children. Localized infection was successfully treated in one child; septicemia was fatal to a second child. Neutropenia resolved within eight to 14 days of its onset in the four survivors; chelation with dimercaprol in one child did not appear to alter the recovery time. It is suggested that a systemic onset of JRA in children less than 6 years of age identifies a higher risk group developing severe neutropenia during chrysotherapy. Cessation of gold therapy upon recognition of a decreasing neutrophil count may prevent or ameliorate a developing neutropenia; careful observation for, and early treatment of, infection may alter its outcome.", "contents": "Neutropenia associated with chrysotherapy for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Severe neutropenia, in the absence of generalized bone marrow depression, is a rare complication in adults receiving chrysotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis and has not been described in children. Isolated, severe neutropenia developed in five children with systemic onset JRA while they were receiving gold injections. This potentially fatal complication occurred within eight weeks of beginning therapy in four patients, and after 24 weeks of well-tolerated therapy in the fifth. Leukopenia preceded neutropenia in two children. Localized infection was successfully treated in one child; septicemia was fatal to a second child. Neutropenia resolved within eight to 14 days of its onset in the four survivors; chelation with dimercaprol in one child did not appear to alter the recovery time. It is suggested that a systemic onset of JRA in children less than 6 years of age identifies a higher risk group developing severe neutropenia during chrysotherapy. Cessation of gold therapy upon recognition of a decreasing neutrophil count may prevent or ameliorate a developing neutropenia; careful observation for, and early treatment of, infection may alter its outcome.", "PMID": 101649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4859", "title": "Effects of some psychotropic drugs on M-wave and operant behavior in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "The effects of low doses of nabilone, chlorpromazine, pentobarbital, meprobamate, diazepam, chlordiazepoxiOde and d-amphetamine on behavioral responding to cues signalling the availability of food rewards, and on the M-wave, an evoked cortical potential previously reported to reflect the conditioned incentive value of the cues were determined in the squirrel monkey. Nabilone and chlorpromazine simultaneously depressed both the M-wave and behavior. Pentobarbital, meprobamate, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide could depress the M-wave without depressing behavior. This effect was most marked with diazepam. The only augmentation of the M-wave observed was the d-amphetamine, and this occurred in only one of five animals. The benzodiazepines were the only drugs to augment behavioral output. However, diazepam occasionally increased the number of cures responded to while concomitantly decreasing both total behavioral output and the amplitude of the M-wave. It is concluded that the M-wave cannot directly reflect the incentive value of the cue, but must rather reflect something that tends to parallel this value.", "contents": "Effects of some psychotropic drugs on M-wave and operant behavior in the squirrel monkey. The effects of low doses of nabilone, chlorpromazine, pentobarbital, meprobamate, diazepam, chlordiazepoxiOde and d-amphetamine on behavioral responding to cues signalling the availability of food rewards, and on the M-wave, an evoked cortical potential previously reported to reflect the conditioned incentive value of the cues were determined in the squirrel monkey. Nabilone and chlorpromazine simultaneously depressed both the M-wave and behavior. Pentobarbital, meprobamate, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide could depress the M-wave without depressing behavior. This effect was most marked with diazepam. The only augmentation of the M-wave observed was the d-amphetamine, and this occurred in only one of five animals. The benzodiazepines were the only drugs to augment behavioral output. However, diazepam occasionally increased the number of cures responded to while concomitantly decreasing both total behavioral output and the amplitude of the M-wave. It is concluded that the M-wave cannot directly reflect the incentive value of the cue, but must rather reflect something that tends to parallel this value.", "PMID": 101654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4860", "title": "Selective modification of the renal and the hepatic toxicities of chloroform by induction of drug-metabolizing enzyme systems in kidney and liver.", "content": "Renal and hepatic microsomal enzyme activities were measured in ICR male mice treated with phenobarbital (PB), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). The effect of these agents on subsequently administered single doses of chloroform (CHCI3) were also determined. 3MC, TCDD and PCB increased renal as well as hepatic microsomal enzyme activities. PB increased hepatic but not renal microsomal enzyme activities. The hepatotoxicity of CHCI3 was increased by pretreatment with PB but decreased by pretreatment with TCDD. 3MC and PCB were without effect on CHCI3-induced liver damage. Pretreatment with 3MC, TCDD or PCB reduced the renal toxicity of CHCI3, but PB had no effect on CHCI3-induced kidney damage. Since at least one product of enzymatic metabolism of CHCI3 is believed to be a toxic, reactive intermediate the differential effects of inducers of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities on the renal and hepatic toxicities of CHCI3 strongly suggest that the CHCI3 metabolite(s) ultimately responsible for renal and hepatic damage are not generated at a common site. That is the metabolite responsible for hepatic is probably generated in the liver and the metabolite responsible for renal damage is probably generated in the kidney.", "contents": "Selective modification of the renal and the hepatic toxicities of chloroform by induction of drug-metabolizing enzyme systems in kidney and liver. Renal and hepatic microsomal enzyme activities were measured in ICR male mice treated with phenobarbital (PB), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). The effect of these agents on subsequently administered single doses of chloroform (CHCI3) were also determined. 3MC, TCDD and PCB increased renal as well as hepatic microsomal enzyme activities. PB increased hepatic but not renal microsomal enzyme activities. The hepatotoxicity of CHCI3 was increased by pretreatment with PB but decreased by pretreatment with TCDD. 3MC and PCB were without effect on CHCI3-induced liver damage. Pretreatment with 3MC, TCDD or PCB reduced the renal toxicity of CHCI3, but PB had no effect on CHCI3-induced kidney damage. Since at least one product of enzymatic metabolism of CHCI3 is believed to be a toxic, reactive intermediate the differential effects of inducers of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities on the renal and hepatic toxicities of CHCI3 strongly suggest that the CHCI3 metabolite(s) ultimately responsible for renal and hepatic damage are not generated at a common site. That is the metabolite responsible for hepatic is probably generated in the liver and the metabolite responsible for renal damage is probably generated in the kidney.", "PMID": 101655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4861", "title": "Influences of season and age on maturation in vitro of rhesus monkey oocytes.", "content": "Oocytes obtained from antral follicles of adult and adolescent rhesus monkeys during the annual breeding season extruded polar bodies in vitro at significantly higher rates (50--60%) than oocytes from animals of similar age during the non-breeding season ((20--30%) or from infant and prepubertal females at any time of the year (20--30%). The proportion of oocytes degenerating in culture was greatest in groups where maturation was highest.", "contents": "Influences of season and age on maturation in vitro of rhesus monkey oocytes. Oocytes obtained from antral follicles of adult and adolescent rhesus monkeys during the annual breeding season extruded polar bodies in vitro at significantly higher rates (50--60%) than oocytes from animals of similar age during the non-breeding season ((20--30%) or from infant and prepubertal females at any time of the year (20--30%). The proportion of oocytes degenerating in culture was greatest in groups where maturation was highest.", "PMID": 101658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4862", "title": "Inhibition of human seminal fluid DNA polymerase by an IgG fraction of seminal plasma from vasectomized men.", "content": "Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was isolated from ejaculates of intact and vasectomized men by precipitation with ammonium sulphate and DEAE-cellulose ionexchange chromatography. Velocity centrifugation revealed that all of the IgG from intact males was 7S protein while less than 40% of the seminal IgG of vasectomized men cosedimented with the 7S marker; the remaining, immunologically unidentifiable, protein was considerably smaller and heterogeneous in size. Only the 7S IgG from the post-vasectomy ejaculates inhibited the activity of a DNA polymerase from the seminal fluid of an intact male. These results suggest that formation of antibody reactive with the seminal fluid DNA polymerase is one manifestation of a vasectomy-associated autoimmune response in man.", "contents": "Inhibition of human seminal fluid DNA polymerase by an IgG fraction of seminal plasma from vasectomized men. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was isolated from ejaculates of intact and vasectomized men by precipitation with ammonium sulphate and DEAE-cellulose ionexchange chromatography. Velocity centrifugation revealed that all of the IgG from intact males was 7S protein while less than 40% of the seminal IgG of vasectomized men cosedimented with the 7S marker; the remaining, immunologically unidentifiable, protein was considerably smaller and heterogeneous in size. Only the 7S IgG from the post-vasectomy ejaculates inhibited the activity of a DNA polymerase from the seminal fluid of an intact male. These results suggest that formation of antibody reactive with the seminal fluid DNA polymerase is one manifestation of a vasectomy-associated autoimmune response in man.", "PMID": 101659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4863", "title": "[Ossification of the transverse ligament. Two observations (author's transl)].", "content": "The first two cases of ossification of the transverse ligament are reported. This abnormality is rare, but it is important to know of its existence to avoid confusion with lesions of the posterior surface of the tooth of the axis.", "contents": "[Ossification of the transverse ligament. Two observations (author's transl)]. The first two cases of ossification of the transverse ligament are reported. This abnormality is rare, but it is important to know of its existence to avoid confusion with lesions of the posterior surface of the tooth of the axis.", "PMID": 101656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4864", "title": "Unilateral forelimb deafferentation in the monkey: purposive movement.", "content": "Monkeys with unilateral dorsal rhizotomy C2-T3 used their denervated limbs to retrieve unseen food pellets when movements of the intact contralateral limb were rendered ineffective by enclosure of the hand within a container. Even after protracted use in this condition, however, the deafferented limb ceased to be used in the test situation when the intact arm was released. These findings cast doubt on interpretations of lack of use of a unilaterally dorsal rhizotomized limb as being due to cross-spinal inhibition or to learned disuse.", "contents": "Unilateral forelimb deafferentation in the monkey: purposive movement. Monkeys with unilateral dorsal rhizotomy C2-T3 used their denervated limbs to retrieve unseen food pellets when movements of the intact contralateral limb were rendered ineffective by enclosure of the hand within a container. Even after protracted use in this condition, however, the deafferented limb ceased to be used in the test situation when the intact arm was released. These findings cast doubt on interpretations of lack of use of a unilaterally dorsal rhizotomized limb as being due to cross-spinal inhibition or to learned disuse.", "PMID": 101662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4865", "title": "Transmission of hepatitis B to the rhesus monkey. Studies on the humoral and cell-mediated immune response.", "content": "The susceptibility of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) to hepatitis B virus was enhanced by the induction of chronic infection with Plasmodium inuei.", "contents": "Transmission of hepatitis B to the rhesus monkey. Studies on the humoral and cell-mediated immune response. The susceptibility of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) to hepatitis B virus was enhanced by the induction of chronic infection with Plasmodium inuei.", "PMID": 101663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4866", "title": "Chromosome banding patterns and nucleolar organizing regions in three species of Callithricidae (Saguinus oedipus, Saguinus fuscicollis, and Callithrix jacchus).", "content": "Chromosome complements of three species of Callithricidae, Saguinus oedipus, Saguinus fuscicollis and Callithrix jacchus, were analyzed by various banding techniques. Morphometric data are presented. A diploid chromosome number of 2n = 46 is reconfirmed for all three species. Several interesting interspecies chromosomal variations were demonstrated by G- and C-band patterns. Active nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) were revealed by the Ag-AS silver histochemical stain.", "contents": "Chromosome banding patterns and nucleolar organizing regions in three species of Callithricidae (Saguinus oedipus, Saguinus fuscicollis, and Callithrix jacchus). Chromosome complements of three species of Callithricidae, Saguinus oedipus, Saguinus fuscicollis and Callithrix jacchus, were analyzed by various banding techniques. Morphometric data are presented. A diploid chromosome number of 2n = 46 is reconfirmed for all three species. Several interesting interspecies chromosomal variations were demonstrated by G- and C-band patterns. Active nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) were revealed by the Ag-AS silver histochemical stain.", "PMID": 101664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4867", "title": "Perception of sounds used in species-specific communication: the auditory cortex and beyond.", "content": "The auditory cortex, located in the superior temporal gyrus, has been studied in squirrel monkeys with respect to its role in detecting species-specific vocalizations. Single neurons tested with selected vocalizations from the species' repertoire have been grouped into seven functional categories. Each category reflects a different level of processing with regard to vocalizations and artificial sounds. It is argued that, while the auditory cortex has the capability to detect and distinguish species-specific vocalizations, the interpretation of their biological significance likely takes place elsewhere.", "contents": "Perception of sounds used in species-specific communication: the auditory cortex and beyond. The auditory cortex, located in the superior temporal gyrus, has been studied in squirrel monkeys with respect to its role in detecting species-specific vocalizations. Single neurons tested with selected vocalizations from the species' repertoire have been grouped into seven functional categories. Each category reflects a different level of processing with regard to vocalizations and artificial sounds. It is argued that, while the auditory cortex has the capability to detect and distinguish species-specific vocalizations, the interpretation of their biological significance likely takes place elsewhere.", "PMID": 101665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4868", "title": "Possible errors in identification of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) from different South American points of export.", "content": "We conducted karyological studies on one colony consisting of 12 Colombian and 34 Bolivian squirrel monkeys and a second colony of 47 monkeys imported into the United States between 1968 and 1974 through six importers. All animals in the first colony showed six acrocentric pairs of chromosomes. Bolivian monkeys were phenotypically distinguishable by their large size and coloration. In the second colony, 19 Peruvian, seven Colombian, five Bolivian and six Guyanan monkeys were correctly identified phenotypically and had five, six, six, and seven acrocentric pairs of chromosomes, respectively. Among Peruvian monkeys, 34.5% of the phenotypic classifications were in error.", "contents": "Possible errors in identification of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) from different South American points of export. We conducted karyological studies on one colony consisting of 12 Colombian and 34 Bolivian squirrel monkeys and a second colony of 47 monkeys imported into the United States between 1968 and 1974 through six importers. All animals in the first colony showed six acrocentric pairs of chromosomes. Bolivian monkeys were phenotypically distinguishable by their large size and coloration. In the second colony, 19 Peruvian, seven Colombian, five Bolivian and six Guyanan monkeys were correctly identified phenotypically and had five, six, six, and seven acrocentric pairs of chromosomes, respectively. Among Peruvian monkeys, 34.5% of the phenotypic classifications were in error.", "PMID": 101666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4869", "title": "Blood groups of macaques:a comparative study.", "content": "Distribution of the human-type and of the simian-type blood groups in rhesus, crab-eating, bonnet, pig-tailed and stump-tailed macaques revealed significant similarities and differences among these species. Human-type A--B-O blood groups cut across taxonomic lines and seem less value for taxonomic purposes than the simian-type blood groups detected by cross-reacting isoimmune rhesus monkey sera.", "contents": "Blood groups of macaques:a comparative study. Distribution of the human-type and of the simian-type blood groups in rhesus, crab-eating, bonnet, pig-tailed and stump-tailed macaques revealed significant similarities and differences among these species. Human-type A--B-O blood groups cut across taxonomic lines and seem less value for taxonomic purposes than the simian-type blood groups detected by cross-reacting isoimmune rhesus monkey sera.", "PMID": 101667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4870", "title": "Banding patterns of the chromosomes of two new karyotypes of the owl monkey, Aotus, captured in Panama.", "content": "Two new chromosome complements of Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra are described making a total of five different karyotypes observed in this subspecies inhabiting Panama and the northwestern part of Colombia, South America. Detailed comparisons of the G-banded chromosomes of these five karyotypes suggest that the polymorphism of chromosome numbers 56 and 55 in Panamanian Aotus and 54, 53, and 52 in Colombian Aotus stems primarily from a Robertsonian translocation mechanism involving pairs B13 and B14 (or A1). A second Robertsonian translocation mechanism involving pairs B28 and B29 (or A2) constitutes the karyotypic differences between the two chromosomal races.", "contents": "Banding patterns of the chromosomes of two new karyotypes of the owl monkey, Aotus, captured in Panama. Two new chromosome complements of Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra are described making a total of five different karyotypes observed in this subspecies inhabiting Panama and the northwestern part of Colombia, South America. Detailed comparisons of the G-banded chromosomes of these five karyotypes suggest that the polymorphism of chromosome numbers 56 and 55 in Panamanian Aotus and 54, 53, and 52 in Colombian Aotus stems primarily from a Robertsonian translocation mechanism involving pairs B13 and B14 (or A1). A second Robertsonian translocation mechanism involving pairs B28 and B29 (or A2) constitutes the karyotypic differences between the two chromosomal races.", "PMID": 101668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4871", "title": "Growth and hematologic development of the patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) to one year of age.", "content": "Data from 338 blood samples of 31 patas monkeys is presented to show the normal hematolgoic development from birth to one year of age, and is compared to 120 samples from normal adults. Marked changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin, red cell numbers, and leukocyte distribution which occurred during the first month were followed by a slow progression to adult values. Body weight  data is also presented which shows a linear growth rate during the first year of life.", "contents": "Growth and hematologic development of the patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) to one year of age. Data from 338 blood samples of 31 patas monkeys is presented to show the normal hematolgoic development from birth to one year of age, and is compared to 120 samples from normal adults. Marked changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin, red cell numbers, and leukocyte distribution which occurred during the first month were followed by a slow progression to adult values. Body weight  data is also presented which shows a linear growth rate during the first year of life.", "PMID": 101669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4872", "title": "The course of development of glucose intolerance in the monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Longitudinal studies of the rhesus monkey reveal a syndrome of diabetes mellitus in those that become middle-aged and obese. The sequence of events in the development of the disease progresses from normoinsulinemia with normoglycemia through stages of hyperinsulinemia followed by below normal insulin levels with hyperglycemia and glycosuria. We believe the rhesus to be an excellent nonhuman primate model for maturity-onset diabetes in humans.", "contents": "The course of development of glucose intolerance in the monkey (Macaca mulatta). Longitudinal studies of the rhesus monkey reveal a syndrome of diabetes mellitus in those that become middle-aged and obese. The sequence of events in the development of the disease progresses from normoinsulinemia with normoglycemia through stages of hyperinsulinemia followed by below normal insulin levels with hyperglycemia and glycosuria. We believe the rhesus to be an excellent nonhuman primate model for maturity-onset diabetes in humans.", "PMID": 101670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4873", "title": "An antigen resembling HL-A7 on the leukocytes of vervet monkeys.", "content": "Human leukocyte typing sera of known specificities were used to test the leukocyte antigens of vervet monkeys. The results suggest that these leukocytes contained an antigen resembling the HL-A7 antigen of human leukocytes. This is similar to a previous observation with leukocytes from baboons. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the 4a/4b complex is the precursor substance from which the other specificities have evolved.", "contents": "An antigen resembling HL-A7 on the leukocytes of vervet monkeys. Human leukocyte typing sera of known specificities were used to test the leukocyte antigens of vervet monkeys. The results suggest that these leukocytes contained an antigen resembling the HL-A7 antigen of human leukocytes. This is similar to a previous observation with leukocytes from baboons. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the 4a/4b complex is the precursor substance from which the other specificities have evolved.", "PMID": 101671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4874", "title": "Reduction of respiratory tract binding of benzo[a]pyrene in mice by immunization.", "content": "Male inbred A/J mice immunized by combined ip and intranasal administration of a bovine serum albumin conjugate of 5-fluoro-12-methylbenzanthryl-7-acetic acid developed tracheal antibodies capable of binding the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BP). Immunized mice administered 92 ng of [3H]BP intranasally exhibited a one-third reduction in BP content in respiratory tract tissues (nose and trachea) when compared with control mice 20 hours after BP administration.", "contents": "Reduction of respiratory tract binding of benzo[a]pyrene in mice by immunization. Male inbred A/J mice immunized by combined ip and intranasal administration of a bovine serum albumin conjugate of 5-fluoro-12-methylbenzanthryl-7-acetic acid developed tracheal antibodies capable of binding the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BP). Immunized mice administered 92 ng of [3H]BP intranasally exhibited a one-third reduction in BP content in respiratory tract tissues (nose and trachea) when compared with control mice 20 hours after BP administration.", "PMID": 101677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4875", "title": "Preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates.", "content": "Necrotizing enterocolitis of newborn infants virtually vanished from our nurseries during the four years since the introduction of a slowly progressive feeding regimen. This cautions approach to feeding has been applied to selected infants whose condition during labor and delivery or whose neonatal problems indicate that they are at risk.", "contents": "Preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates. Necrotizing enterocolitis of newborn infants virtually vanished from our nurseries during the four years since the introduction of a slowly progressive feeding regimen. This cautions approach to feeding has been applied to selected infants whose condition during labor and delivery or whose neonatal problems indicate that they are at risk.", "PMID": 101680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4876", "title": "Recognition of impending ketoacidosis delayed by ketone reagent strip failure.", "content": "During a one-year period, six patients were admitted to the hospital in diabetic ketoacidosis following 12 to 24 hours of illness at home. Urine testing with strips impregnated with sodium nitroprusside had indicated that no ketone bodies were present. Nine of 11 bottles of reagent strips in use for less than three months by these and other patients contained totally unreactive strips. Nitroprusside tablets exposed more than three months continued to give accurate readings.", "contents": "Recognition of impending ketoacidosis delayed by ketone reagent strip failure. During a one-year period, six patients were admitted to the hospital in diabetic ketoacidosis following 12 to 24 hours of illness at home. Urine testing with strips impregnated with sodium nitroprusside had indicated that no ketone bodies were present. Nine of 11 bottles of reagent strips in use for less than three months by these and other patients contained totally unreactive strips. Nitroprusside tablets exposed more than three months continued to give accurate readings.", "PMID": 101681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4877", "title": "Effectiveness of immunization with single and multi-component vaccines prepared from a common antigen (OEP), protease and elastase toxoids of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on protection against hemorrhagic pneumonia in mink due to P. aeruginosa.", "content": "Toxoids of protease and elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were successfully prepared by treatment with 8% formalin plus 0.2 m lysine and by 4% formalin respectively. The two toxoids proved sufficiently potent to elicit high antibody titers as estimated by both the enzyme-neutralizing and passive hemagglutination tests. The effectiveness of immunizing minks with a single component-vaccine consisting of the common antigen (OEP) of P. aeruginosa or the protease toxoid (PT) or the elastase toxoid (ET) and with the two (PT and ET) or the three (OEP, PT and ET) component-mixed vaccines, on hemorrhagic pneumonia in minks due to the bacteria was investigated. Female Sapphire minks, 3.5 months old, were used in two experiments performed in 1975 and 1976. Minks were immunized three times in one month with a total of 1 mg of each of the three antigens in the case of a single component vaccine and with a total of 2 or 3 mg (equal amounts of each component) in the case of the two or three component vaccines. Two or three weeks after the last immunization, challenge exposure with strain No. 5 was carried out by intranasally inoculating an inoculum containing serial dilutions of 10(3) -10(10) of live bacteria. Summarizing the results of the two experiments, in the case of controls, nonimmunized minks and minks immunized with potassium aluminum sulfate (potash alum) alone, the LD50 values were approximately 10(3) -10(4) with no significant difference between the two. In the case of OEP-vaccinated minks, the LD50 value was about 10(6) and thus clearly differed from those of the controls. In minks immunized with the three-component-vaccine, however, the LD50 value was about 10(8) -10(9), which indicated that the three-component-mixed vaccine was remarkably more effective than the single OEP vaccine component. In minks immunized with either PT or ET or both, the LD50 values were about 10(8) -10(9). The effectiveness of the vaccine made with ET or PT alone is discussed in the text. The pathological findings of the minks which died or survived are described.", "contents": "Effectiveness of immunization with single and multi-component vaccines prepared from a common antigen (OEP), protease and elastase toxoids of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on protection against hemorrhagic pneumonia in mink due to P. aeruginosa. Toxoids of protease and elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were successfully prepared by treatment with 8% formalin plus 0.2 m lysine and by 4% formalin respectively. The two toxoids proved sufficiently potent to elicit high antibody titers as estimated by both the enzyme-neutralizing and passive hemagglutination tests. The effectiveness of immunizing minks with a single component-vaccine consisting of the common antigen (OEP) of P. aeruginosa or the protease toxoid (PT) or the elastase toxoid (ET) and with the two (PT and ET) or the three (OEP, PT and ET) component-mixed vaccines, on hemorrhagic pneumonia in minks due to the bacteria was investigated. Female Sapphire minks, 3.5 months old, were used in two experiments performed in 1975 and 1976. Minks were immunized three times in one month with a total of 1 mg of each of the three antigens in the case of a single component vaccine and with a total of 2 or 3 mg (equal amounts of each component) in the case of the two or three component vaccines. Two or three weeks after the last immunization, challenge exposure with strain No. 5 was carried out by intranasally inoculating an inoculum containing serial dilutions of 10(3) -10(10) of live bacteria. Summarizing the results of the two experiments, in the case of controls, nonimmunized minks and minks immunized with potassium aluminum sulfate (potash alum) alone, the LD50 values were approximately 10(3) -10(4) with no significant difference between the two. In the case of OEP-vaccinated minks, the LD50 value was about 10(6) and thus clearly differed from those of the controls. In minks immunized with the three-component-vaccine, however, the LD50 value was about 10(8) -10(9), which indicated that the three-component-mixed vaccine was remarkably more effective than the single OEP vaccine component. In minks immunized with either PT or ET or both, the LD50 values were about 10(8) -10(9). The effectiveness of the vaccine made with ET or PT alone is discussed in the text. The pathological findings of the minks which died or survived are described.", "PMID": 101698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4878", "title": "The role of OEP-antibodies in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.", "content": "When mice were challenged intraperitoneally with 2.2 X 10(4) Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 0.5 ml of 2.7% mucin solution, the bacteria markedly increased in the peritoneal cavity, rapidly entered the blood stream, and the mice died, probably of bacteremia, within a short time. However, when mice were injected subcutaneously 4 hours prior to the challenge with 0.2 ml of 0.75% IgG (OEP-HA = 12.8) or IgM (OEP-HA = 64) separated from human plasma or 3% S-IgA EP-HA = 19.2) from fresh human milk, the bacteria were inhibited from propagating and were eliminated from the cavity so that they could not enter the blood stream. As a result, the mice tolerated the challenge and survived. When 3% IgA (OEP-HA less than 0.8) from human plasma was given, a complete cure was not effected in a few mice despite a general tendency of healing. Determination of the number of viable intra- and extracellular bacteria in the peritoneal cavity revealed that the infecting bacteria were rapidly phagocytized and killed by the peritoneal phagocytes in the presence of OEP-antibodies. These findings indicate that the effect of bacterial clearance from the cavity results from the cooperative action of OEP-antibodies and peritoneal phagocytes. Marked enhancement of phagocytosis by the antibodies was observed in an in vitro study in the presence of a heat-labile, complement-like substance(s). This finding is interpreted as evidence of the cooperative activity.", "contents": "The role of OEP-antibodies in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. When mice were challenged intraperitoneally with 2.2 X 10(4) Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 0.5 ml of 2.7% mucin solution, the bacteria markedly increased in the peritoneal cavity, rapidly entered the blood stream, and the mice died, probably of bacteremia, within a short time. However, when mice were injected subcutaneously 4 hours prior to the challenge with 0.2 ml of 0.75% IgG (OEP-HA = 12.8) or IgM (OEP-HA = 64) separated from human plasma or 3% S-IgA EP-HA = 19.2) from fresh human milk, the bacteria were inhibited from propagating and were eliminated from the cavity so that they could not enter the blood stream. As a result, the mice tolerated the challenge and survived. When 3% IgA (OEP-HA less than 0.8) from human plasma was given, a complete cure was not effected in a few mice despite a general tendency of healing. Determination of the number of viable intra- and extracellular bacteria in the peritoneal cavity revealed that the infecting bacteria were rapidly phagocytized and killed by the peritoneal phagocytes in the presence of OEP-antibodies. These findings indicate that the effect of bacterial clearance from the cavity results from the cooperative action of OEP-antibodies and peritoneal phagocytes. Marked enhancement of phagocytosis by the antibodies was observed in an in vitro study in the presence of a heat-labile, complement-like substance(s). This finding is interpreted as evidence of the cooperative activity.", "PMID": 101701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4879", "title": "Weight and size of the placenta in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "A gross anatomical survey of the placental development was carried out in 24 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 and 20 weeks of gestational age. Eight of the 24 placentas examined were found to be single discoidal and the remaining 16 bidiscoidal. The weight and size of placentas of each animal were measured. The average weight of the 20th week placentas was about 94 times heavier than that of the 4th week ones; the average diameter of the former was about 5 times larger than that of the latter.", "contents": "Weight and size of the placenta in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). A gross anatomical survey of the placental development was carried out in 24 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 and 20 weeks of gestational age. Eight of the 24 placentas examined were found to be single discoidal and the remaining 16 bidiscoidal. The weight and size of placentas of each animal were measured. The average weight of the 20th week placentas was about 94 times heavier than that of the 4th week ones; the average diameter of the former was about 5 times larger than that of the latter.", "PMID": 101705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4880", "title": "Pharmacological mechanisms of analgesic nephropathy.", "content": "The situation in the experimental field is unresolved; too many factors require clarification before the critical experiment can be conducted to settle the matter once and for all. However, as there is now plentiful evidence to convince any reasonable physician that commonly available analgesics, when abused, carry a significant health risk, one may resonably ask whether any further experimental evidence is needed? The object of this review is in no sense divisive, i.e., by pointing out discrepancies in the available data to thereby cloud the issue rather than resolve them. The problem of abuse lies properly in the field of public health education, and the first step to this would surely be an appropriate worning on the packaging of all commonly used analgesics. For future research, however, government health authorities should be guided in their preclinical testing requirements for mild antiinflammatory analgesics, and enough is now known to draw up guidelines for good laboratory practice in this field.", "contents": "Pharmacological mechanisms of analgesic nephropathy. The situation in the experimental field is unresolved; too many factors require clarification before the critical experiment can be conducted to settle the matter once and for all. However, as there is now plentiful evidence to convince any reasonable physician that commonly available analgesics, when abused, carry a significant health risk, one may resonably ask whether any further experimental evidence is needed? The object of this review is in no sense divisive, i.e., by pointing out discrepancies in the available data to thereby cloud the issue rather than resolve them. The problem of abuse lies properly in the field of public health education, and the first step to this would surely be an appropriate worning on the packaging of all commonly used analgesics. For future research, however, government health authorities should be guided in their preclinical testing requirements for mild antiinflammatory analgesics, and enough is now known to draw up guidelines for good laboratory practice in this field.", "PMID": 101707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4881", "title": "Experimental renal infection: acute and chronic studies of histology and function.", "content": "Experimental renal infections have resulted in histologic lesions of acute and chronic pyelonephritis, but in most studies the urinary tract has been \"traumatized\" to induce persistent infection. Sequential functional alterations have been measured infrequently. The present studies were designed to separate the functional and histological changes caused by high pressure sterile reflux from reflux with pathogenic organisms. Reproducible disruption of the pelvic epithelium with extravasation of solution into the parenchyma and vasculature occurred with reflux of 2.0 ml of solution but not with 1.0 ml. Reflux with 2.0 ml of sterile broth failed to cause permanent histologic changes, but reflux with broth containing organisms resulted in minor inflammatory changes. There was no decrease in renal function in either group. In long-term studies, no histologic changes in the cortex or medulla were noted 21 weeks after reflux of 1.0 ml of broth containing organisms; however, there was failure of functional maturation in the infected animals commensurate with their growth, as compared to the shams and controls (P = 0.03). Sterile reflux did not cause cortical scars or changes in renal function, but persistent parenchymal infection was associated with arrest of functional growth.", "contents": "Experimental renal infection: acute and chronic studies of histology and function. Experimental renal infections have resulted in histologic lesions of acute and chronic pyelonephritis, but in most studies the urinary tract has been \"traumatized\" to induce persistent infection. Sequential functional alterations have been measured infrequently. The present studies were designed to separate the functional and histological changes caused by high pressure sterile reflux from reflux with pathogenic organisms. Reproducible disruption of the pelvic epithelium with extravasation of solution into the parenchyma and vasculature occurred with reflux of 2.0 ml of solution but not with 1.0 ml. Reflux with 2.0 ml of sterile broth failed to cause permanent histologic changes, but reflux with broth containing organisms resulted in minor inflammatory changes. There was no decrease in renal function in either group. In long-term studies, no histologic changes in the cortex or medulla were noted 21 weeks after reflux of 1.0 ml of broth containing organisms; however, there was failure of functional maturation in the infected animals commensurate with their growth, as compared to the shams and controls (P = 0.03). Sterile reflux did not cause cortical scars or changes in renal function, but persistent parenchymal infection was associated with arrest of functional growth.", "PMID": 101708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4882", "title": "[Isolated arterial blood vessel dysplasia in Sturge-Weber-Syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "An 18 year old patient is reported who suffered from cerebral convulsions, originating in the right hemisphere, beginning at age fourteen. Explorative trepanation of the scull was carried out after confirmation of (1) discreet neurologic disturbances on neurologic examination in the right hemisphere, (2) focal sign on the right side in the EEG (focal slowing and focal sharp wave), and (3) a right-parietal increase of radioactive activity in the scintigram. Cerebral angiographia, insufflation encephalographia, skull x-rays and the ophthalmologic examinations were without pathologic findings. During trepanation a macroscopically typical finding of Sturge-Weber-syndrome could be demonstrated (angioma capillare et venosum) covering almost the entire right posterior hemisphere.", "contents": "[Isolated arterial blood vessel dysplasia in Sturge-Weber-Syndrome (author's transl)]. An 18 year old patient is reported who suffered from cerebral convulsions, originating in the right hemisphere, beginning at age fourteen. Explorative trepanation of the scull was carried out after confirmation of (1) discreet neurologic disturbances on neurologic examination in the right hemisphere, (2) focal sign on the right side in the EEG (focal slowing and focal sharp wave), and (3) a right-parietal increase of radioactive activity in the scintigram. Cerebral angiographia, insufflation encephalographia, skull x-rays and the ophthalmologic examinations were without pathologic findings. During trepanation a macroscopically typical finding of Sturge-Weber-syndrome could be demonstrated (angioma capillare et venosum) covering almost the entire right posterior hemisphere.", "PMID": 101712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4883", "title": "[Muscle blood flow and capillary diffusion capacity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Capillary blood flow (Xenon-133) and diffusion capacity for Chrom-51-EDTA (PS-Product of Renkin) of striated muscle tissue were examined by double isotope method in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Xenon-Clearance and PS-Product were studied under normal conditions and following hyperemisation. There existed no significant difference between rheumatoid patients and normal subjects and there was no evidence of increased capillary permeability. Apparently, derangement of muscle capillaries is rare in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Muscle blood flow and capillary diffusion capacity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. Capillary blood flow (Xenon-133) and diffusion capacity for Chrom-51-EDTA (PS-Product of Renkin) of striated muscle tissue were examined by double isotope method in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Xenon-Clearance and PS-Product were studied under normal conditions and following hyperemisation. There existed no significant difference between rheumatoid patients and normal subjects and there was no evidence of increased capillary permeability. Apparently, derangement of muscle capillaries is rare in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 101713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4884", "title": "Experimental acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis: biochemical and electron microscopic study of cysteamine protection.", "content": "In an attempt to elucidate the biochemical mechanism of acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis, the present study in hamsters was undertaken to evaluate the possible changes in lipid peroxidation and microsomal enzyme activities. The protective action of cysteamine was likewise assessed in the light of these biochemical variables and the fine structural features of the liver were seen by electron microscopy. One group of golden Syrian hamsters was administered a toxic dosage of acetaminophen (600 mg . per kg . intraperitoneally) while another group was treated with the same dosage of acetaminophen, followed 1 hour later by cysteamine (200 mg . per kg . intraperitoneally). The animals were sacrificed at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. Microsomal fractions were isolated for biochemical assays, and liver sections were prepared for electron microscopy. Results showed that significant enhancement of lipid peroxidation occurred in the untreated acetaminophen-poisoned group, as compared to the cysteamine-treated group. Glucose 6-phosphatase activity was markedly suppressed at 6, 12, and 18 hours after acetaminophen administration. Cysteamine treatment completely prevented the curtailment of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and glucose 6-phosphatase activities in the protected group, and partially maintained aniline hydroxylase activity. Cytochrome P-450 level was unaffected in both the cysteamine-treated and the untreated groups at the respective time intervals. Electron microscopic examination showed progressive loss of the structural integrity of the endoplasmic reticulum, lipid infiltration, and vacuolation in the untreated acetaminophen-poisoned group. At 18 and 24 hours, sinusoidal congestion and myeloid figure formation were prominent. In the cysteamine-protected group, polysomes reassembled around the granular endoplasmic reticulum at 18 hours. It is postulated that lipid peroxide formed in vivo may facilitate the microsomal oxidation of acetaminophen to the toxic metabolite. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase is likely to be the locus within the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 electron transport chain susceptible to lipoperoxidation. The free radical-related lipoperoxidation may mediate the impairment of in vitro drug metabolism, as reflected by the depressed aniline hydroxylase activity. The abnormal phospholipid metabolism is manifested at the fine structural level by the myeloid body formation. The protective effects of cysteamine as seen in the attenuated lipid peroxidation and the consequent derangement of microsomal enzymes correlate well with the morphologic observations. Cysteamine protection is discussed in terms of its role as an inhibitor of the toxic metabolite formation.", "contents": "Experimental acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis: biochemical and electron microscopic study of cysteamine protection. In an attempt to elucidate the biochemical mechanism of acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis, the present study in hamsters was undertaken to evaluate the possible changes in lipid peroxidation and microsomal enzyme activities. The protective action of cysteamine was likewise assessed in the light of these biochemical variables and the fine structural features of the liver were seen by electron microscopy. One group of golden Syrian hamsters was administered a toxic dosage of acetaminophen (600 mg . per kg . intraperitoneally) while another group was treated with the same dosage of acetaminophen, followed 1 hour later by cysteamine (200 mg . per kg . intraperitoneally). The animals were sacrificed at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. Microsomal fractions were isolated for biochemical assays, and liver sections were prepared for electron microscopy. Results showed that significant enhancement of lipid peroxidation occurred in the untreated acetaminophen-poisoned group, as compared to the cysteamine-treated group. Glucose 6-phosphatase activity was markedly suppressed at 6, 12, and 18 hours after acetaminophen administration. Cysteamine treatment completely prevented the curtailment of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and glucose 6-phosphatase activities in the protected group, and partially maintained aniline hydroxylase activity. Cytochrome P-450 level was unaffected in both the cysteamine-treated and the untreated groups at the respective time intervals. Electron microscopic examination showed progressive loss of the structural integrity of the endoplasmic reticulum, lipid infiltration, and vacuolation in the untreated acetaminophen-poisoned group. At 18 and 24 hours, sinusoidal congestion and myeloid figure formation were prominent. In the cysteamine-protected group, polysomes reassembled around the granular endoplasmic reticulum at 18 hours. It is postulated that lipid peroxide formed in vivo may facilitate the microsomal oxidation of acetaminophen to the toxic metabolite. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase is likely to be the locus within the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 electron transport chain susceptible to lipoperoxidation. The free radical-related lipoperoxidation may mediate the impairment of in vitro drug metabolism, as reflected by the depressed aniline hydroxylase activity. The abnormal phospholipid metabolism is manifested at the fine structural level by the myeloid body formation. The protective effects of cysteamine as seen in the attenuated lipid peroxidation and the consequent derangement of microsomal enzymes correlate well with the morphologic observations. Cysteamine protection is discussed in terms of its role as an inhibitor of the toxic metabolite formation.", "PMID": 101718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4885", "title": "3. The laboratory investigation of monoclonal gammopathies.", "content": "The monoclonal gammopathies are a group of disorders characterized by proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells that produce a homogeneous, monoclonal (M) protein. The structure of immunoglobulins, relationship of normal (polyclonal) immunoglobulins to myeloma and macroglobulin (monoclonal) immunoglobulins, pattern of monoclonal immunoglobulin overproduction, and laboratory methods for the recognition and study of monoclonal proteins in the serum and urine are reviewed. Interpretation of these laboratory tests is emphasized. The demonstration of a monoclonal protein in the serum or urine of a patient suggests multiple myeloma or one of its variants (solitary plasmacytoma of bone, extramedullary plasmacytoma, or plasma cell leukemia); Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia or, occasionally, lymphoma; heavy-chain diseases (gamma, alpha, and mu); primary amyloidosis; and monoclonal gammopathies of undertermined significance. The electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic patterns found in the monoclonal gammopathies are discussed. Periodic electrophoresis of the serum and urine is essential in the follow-up and management of patients with a monoclonal gammopathy.", "contents": "3. The laboratory investigation of monoclonal gammopathies. The monoclonal gammopathies are a group of disorders characterized by proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells that produce a homogeneous, monoclonal (M) protein. The structure of immunoglobulins, relationship of normal (polyclonal) immunoglobulins to myeloma and macroglobulin (monoclonal) immunoglobulins, pattern of monoclonal immunoglobulin overproduction, and laboratory methods for the recognition and study of monoclonal proteins in the serum and urine are reviewed. Interpretation of these laboratory tests is emphasized. The demonstration of a monoclonal protein in the serum or urine of a patient suggests multiple myeloma or one of its variants (solitary plasmacytoma of bone, extramedullary plasmacytoma, or plasma cell leukemia); Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia or, occasionally, lymphoma; heavy-chain diseases (gamma, alpha, and mu); primary amyloidosis; and monoclonal gammopathies of undertermined significance. The electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic patterns found in the monoclonal gammopathies are discussed. Periodic electrophoresis of the serum and urine is essential in the follow-up and management of patients with a monoclonal gammopathy.", "PMID": 101720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4886", "title": "Priority setting in quality assurance: reliability of staff judgments in medical institutions.", "content": "A structured procedure using the judgments of a representative group of local providers for establishing priorities for quality assurance activity in diverse medical institutions was tested for reliability. Two independent matched teams of phy sicians, nurses, administrators, and other staff in eight separate medical facilities generated 320 topics which encompassed areas where quality assurance efforts would have either considerable or little impact in terms of improving health outcomes within reasonable costs. Concordance of judgment between teams in each facility was determined by analyzing the similarity of topics content, the agreement in scaling the health impact of similar topics generated by both teams independently, and the agreement by one team in scaling the health impact of topics generated by the other team. The findings revealed 44 per cent content agreement on topics independently generated, 93 per cent agreement on dichotomous scaling of similar topics, and 87 per cent agreement on five-point scaling of similar topics. Concordance of judgment by one team in scaling the other team's topics was highly significant (p less than .001). Preliminary analysis of topic content and scaling agreement among different facilities indicated low agreement both on the content areas and on the health impact of similar topics. It is concluded that the judgments of local providers in identifying cost-effective quality assurance priorities is highly relaible in the medical institutions studied.", "contents": "Priority setting in quality assurance: reliability of staff judgments in medical institutions. A structured procedure using the judgments of a representative group of local providers for establishing priorities for quality assurance activity in diverse medical institutions was tested for reliability. Two independent matched teams of phy sicians, nurses, administrators, and other staff in eight separate medical facilities generated 320 topics which encompassed areas where quality assurance efforts would have either considerable or little impact in terms of improving health outcomes within reasonable costs. Concordance of judgment between teams in each facility was determined by analyzing the similarity of topics content, the agreement in scaling the health impact of similar topics generated by both teams independently, and the agreement by one team in scaling the health impact of topics generated by the other team. The findings revealed 44 per cent content agreement on topics independently generated, 93 per cent agreement on dichotomous scaling of similar topics, and 87 per cent agreement on five-point scaling of similar topics. Concordance of judgment by one team in scaling the other team's topics was highly significant (p less than .001). Preliminary analysis of topic content and scaling agreement among different facilities indicated low agreement both on the content areas and on the health impact of similar topics. It is concluded that the judgments of local providers in identifying cost-effective quality assurance priorities is highly relaible in the medical institutions studied.", "PMID": 101722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4887", "title": "Quality assurance through automated monitoring and concurrent feedback using a computer-based medical information system.", "content": "A computer-based medical information system (COSTAR) has been used to support a quality assurance program where the data collection is an integral part of the patient care recording activity and, therefore, does not require a separate abstracting or encoding process. This program utilizes concurrent audit to detect deficiencies in patient care, and automatic rapid feedback to the responsible provider in time to allow the provider to correct the deficiency. This system has been demonstrated to improve follow-up of throat cultures, positive for Group A Beta hemolytic streptococcus. It is well accepted by the medical staff whose practice is being audited. Because the data are collected as part of the routine operation of COSTAR, the computer monitoring and feedback have only a small incremental cost.", "contents": "Quality assurance through automated monitoring and concurrent feedback using a computer-based medical information system. A computer-based medical information system (COSTAR) has been used to support a quality assurance program where the data collection is an integral part of the patient care recording activity and, therefore, does not require a separate abstracting or encoding process. This program utilizes concurrent audit to detect deficiencies in patient care, and automatic rapid feedback to the responsible provider in time to allow the provider to correct the deficiency. This system has been demonstrated to improve follow-up of throat cultures, positive for Group A Beta hemolytic streptococcus. It is well accepted by the medical staff whose practice is being audited. Because the data are collected as part of the routine operation of COSTAR, the computer monitoring and feedback have only a small incremental cost.", "PMID": 101723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4888", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the monounsaturated long chain fatty acids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.", "content": "The positions of double bond in the monounsaturated C15-C32 fatty acids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra were established by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the ozonized esters and their pyrrolidide derivatives. The monounsaturated C15-C21 fatty acids had the double bond primarily at the delta 9 position while the monounsaturated longer chain fatty acids (C22-C32) had the double bond in several positions. Many of the latter acids, especially the odd-numbered series, were very complex isomeric mixtures. Quantitation showed the most abundant even-numbered long chain fatty acid isomers to be as follows: C22, delta 4; C24, delta 5; C26, delta 7 and delta 9; C28, delta 9; C30, delta 11 and delta 13; C32, delta 13 and delta 15.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the monounsaturated long chain fatty acids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The positions of double bond in the monounsaturated C15-C32 fatty acids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra were established by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the ozonized esters and their pyrrolidide derivatives. The monounsaturated C15-C21 fatty acids had the double bond primarily at the delta 9 position while the monounsaturated longer chain fatty acids (C22-C32) had the double bond in several positions. Many of the latter acids, especially the odd-numbered series, were very complex isomeric mixtures. Quantitation showed the most abundant even-numbered long chain fatty acid isomers to be as follows: C22, delta 4; C24, delta 5; C26, delta 7 and delta 9; C28, delta 9; C30, delta 11 and delta 13; C32, delta 13 and delta 15.", "PMID": 101728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4889", "title": "Effect of certain sulphydryl compounds and dimethyl sulphoxide on potassium release by certain amines and proteins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Dithiothreitol, cysteine, and mercapto-ethanol inhibit K+ release from cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by amines and NH4Cl incubated at pH 8.5. The inhibitions are competitive for the monamines and NH4Cl but non-competitive for the diamines and spermidine. The percent inhibition is largest for tryptamine, least for spermidine and ethylene diamine. DMSO inhibits K+ release by monamines and certain proteins but not significantly by diamines and histamine. The inhibitions are competitive.", "contents": "Effect of certain sulphydryl compounds and dimethyl sulphoxide on potassium release by certain amines and proteins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dithiothreitol, cysteine, and mercapto-ethanol inhibit K+ release from cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by amines and NH4Cl incubated at pH 8.5. The inhibitions are competitive for the monamines and NH4Cl but non-competitive for the diamines and spermidine. The percent inhibition is largest for tryptamine, least for spermidine and ethylene diamine. DMSO inhibits K+ release by monamines and certain proteins but not significantly by diamines and histamine. The inhibitions are competitive.", "PMID": 101739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4890", "title": "Growth response of the marine blue-green alga, Gomphosphaeria aponina, to inorganic nutrients and significance to management of Florida red tide.", "content": "A bioactive isolate from the blue-green alga Gomphosphaeria aponina is cytolytic towards the dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve, Florida's red tide organism. Batch and continuous cultures of G. aponina were used to determine nutrient limitation and to optimize mass-culture conditions. Iron and inorganic carbon were growth limiting; first-order saturation kinetics were observed for both substrates. For Fe3+, kinetic parameters were: Ks = 62 +/- 9 microgram 1(-1), and Ke max = 2.14 days-1. Maximum growth was observed at 150 micrograms Fe3+1(-1), with minimal growth below 10 microgram 1(-1). Cells colonized with increasing Fe3+ supplements, and time to reach maximum culture populations was inversely related to the concentration. For HCO3-,Ks = 62 +/- 4 mg1(-1) and Ke max = 1.3 day-1. Additions of NH4+ up to 200 micrograms 1(-1) were not stimulatory, whereas at 1.0 mg 1(-1) levels, Ke was 50% greater than for NO3- enriched medium. Concentrations greater than 25 micrograms PO4(3-) 1(-1) were stimulatory. However, at 1 mg1(-1), growth was less than in controls. Comparison of similar data available for G. breve would suggest that the inorganic nutrient requirements of G. aponina were minimal. Potential for natural control of G. breve by G. aponina is perhaps related to the efficiency of contact of the two organisms.", "contents": "Growth response of the marine blue-green alga, Gomphosphaeria aponina, to inorganic nutrients and significance to management of Florida red tide. A bioactive isolate from the blue-green alga Gomphosphaeria aponina is cytolytic towards the dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve, Florida's red tide organism. Batch and continuous cultures of G. aponina were used to determine nutrient limitation and to optimize mass-culture conditions. Iron and inorganic carbon were growth limiting; first-order saturation kinetics were observed for both substrates. For Fe3+, kinetic parameters were: Ks = 62 +/- 9 microgram 1(-1), and Ke max = 2.14 days-1. Maximum growth was observed at 150 micrograms Fe3+1(-1), with minimal growth below 10 microgram 1(-1). Cells colonized with increasing Fe3+ supplements, and time to reach maximum culture populations was inversely related to the concentration. For HCO3-,Ks = 62 +/- 4 mg1(-1) and Ke max = 1.3 day-1. Additions of NH4+ up to 200 micrograms 1(-1) were not stimulatory, whereas at 1.0 mg 1(-1) levels, Ke was 50% greater than for NO3- enriched medium. Concentrations greater than 25 micrograms PO4(3-) 1(-1) were stimulatory. However, at 1 mg1(-1), growth was less than in controls. Comparison of similar data available for G. breve would suggest that the inorganic nutrient requirements of G. aponina were minimal. Potential for natural control of G. breve by G. aponina is perhaps related to the efficiency of contact of the two organisms.", "PMID": 101740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4891", "title": "Penicillin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae due to beta-lactamase production.", "content": "Two isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from two patients who did not respond to repeated treatment with penicillin were found to contain an active beta-lactamase. This enzyme has not been previously found in other gonococci isolated in the United States. Compared to other gonococci, these isolates had higher penicillin minimal inhibitory concentrations, and gave very small or no zones of inhibition in the disc agar diffusion test. The enzyme was demonstrated with three different rapid tests for beta-lactamase, by disc diffusion assay methods, and by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of penicilloic acid--the enzymatic end product from penicillin.", "contents": "Penicillin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae due to beta-lactamase production. Two isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from two patients who did not respond to repeated treatment with penicillin were found to contain an active beta-lactamase. This enzyme has not been previously found in other gonococci isolated in the United States. Compared to other gonococci, these isolates had higher penicillin minimal inhibitory concentrations, and gave very small or no zones of inhibition in the disc agar diffusion test. The enzyme was demonstrated with three different rapid tests for beta-lactamase, by disc diffusion assay methods, and by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of penicilloic acid--the enzymatic end product from penicillin.", "PMID": 101741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4892", "title": "[Sulfobacillus, a new genus of thermophilic sporulating bacteria].", "content": "An aerobic facultative thermophilic bacterium was isolated from the ore of the Nikolaev copper-zinc-pyrite deposit in the Eastern Kazakhstan. The bacterium is similar to Thiobacillus ferooxidans in the ability to use various energy subsrates (Fe2+, sulphide minerals and So) and in the acidophilic properties, but differs from it in the thermophilic nature, the structure of a cell wall, the ability to produce spores, and a lower GC content in DNA. Consequently, the organism has been identified as a new species of a new genus, Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans gen. nov., sp. nov. The organism is presumed to play an active role in oxidation of sulphide ores and their warming in deposits.", "contents": "[Sulfobacillus, a new genus of thermophilic sporulating bacteria]. An aerobic facultative thermophilic bacterium was isolated from the ore of the Nikolaev copper-zinc-pyrite deposit in the Eastern Kazakhstan. The bacterium is similar to Thiobacillus ferooxidans in the ability to use various energy subsrates (Fe2+, sulphide minerals and So) and in the acidophilic properties, but differs from it in the thermophilic nature, the structure of a cell wall, the ability to produce spores, and a lower GC content in DNA. Consequently, the organism has been identified as a new species of a new genus, Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans gen. nov., sp. nov. The organism is presumed to play an active role in oxidation of sulphide ores and their warming in deposits.", "PMID": 101742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4893", "title": "[Physiological and biochemical characteristics of Bacillus subtilis variants that form amylase].", "content": "Physiologo-biochemical properties of four Bacillus subtilis variants R-623 (R, S, P  and M) were studied; the variants were isolated by inoculation of the cell population. All the four variants were shown to belong to the studied species and to possess common and specific properties. They differed in 11 characters: the size of cells and spores, the ability to hydrolyse starch, the mode of growth on specific media, the spectrum of antibiotic action, etc. Three variants (R, S and P) produced alpha-amylase, the M variant did not produce the enzyme.", "contents": "[Physiological and biochemical characteristics of Bacillus subtilis variants that form amylase]. Physiologo-biochemical properties of four Bacillus subtilis variants R-623 (R, S, P  and M) were studied; the variants were isolated by inoculation of the cell population. All the four variants were shown to belong to the studied species and to possess common and specific properties. They differed in 11 characters: the size of cells and spores, the ability to hydrolyse starch, the mode of growth on specific media, the spectrum of antibiotic action, etc. Three variants (R, S and P) produced alpha-amylase, the M variant did not produce the enzyme.", "PMID": 101745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4894", "title": "[Characteristics of the cellular ultrastructural organization of the chemoheterotrophic blue-green alga, Chlorogloea fritschii].", "content": "Cellular ultrastructural organization was compared in photoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic cultures of the blue-green alga Chlorogloea fritschii Mitra. Cells at the fourth stage of the life cycle of the culture in the phase of growth were studied in both cases. The structure of thylakoids was the main object of investigation. The cells of investigation. The cells of Chl. fritschii had a peculiar organization when they were cultivated in the dark on a medium containing glucose as a source of carbon and energy. These cells differed from photosynthetic cells by the structure of the cell wall, cytoplasm, and thylakoids. The cell wall can be entirely or partly absent. The cytoplasm has a lower electron density. The cell wall can be entirely or partly absent. The cytoplasm has a lower electron density. The thylakoids are arranged more random and less compact than in the cells grown in the light. Membranes which form these thylakoids, under identical conditions of fixation, contrasting and microscopy of preparations, look usually as one-layered rather than three-layered. Apparently, the ultrastructure of thylakoids on Chl. fritschii reflects the specificity of energy mechanisms that function in cells in the light and in the dark.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the cellular ultrastructural organization of the chemoheterotrophic blue-green alga, Chlorogloea fritschii]. Cellular ultrastructural organization was compared in photoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic cultures of the blue-green alga Chlorogloea fritschii Mitra. Cells at the fourth stage of the life cycle of the culture in the phase of growth were studied in both cases. The structure of thylakoids was the main object of investigation. The cells of investigation. The cells of Chl. fritschii had a peculiar organization when they were cultivated in the dark on a medium containing glucose as a source of carbon and energy. These cells differed from photosynthetic cells by the structure of the cell wall, cytoplasm, and thylakoids. The cell wall can be entirely or partly absent. The cytoplasm has a lower electron density. The cell wall can be entirely or partly absent. The cytoplasm has a lower electron density. The thylakoids are arranged more random and less compact than in the cells grown in the light. Membranes which form these thylakoids, under identical conditions of fixation, contrasting and microscopy of preparations, look usually as one-layered rather than three-layered. Apparently, the ultrastructure of thylakoids on Chl. fritschii reflects the specificity of energy mechanisms that function in cells in the light and in the dark.", "PMID": 101746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4895", "title": "[Formation of the taxa of methane-oxidizing bacteria by numerical analysis methods].", "content": "Obligate methane oxidizing bacteria were classified within groups using numerical analysis and computer techniques. Employment of properties coinciding for all the species of the bacterial group under study was found to result in an insignificant (5--10%) change in the degree of similarity rather than in the redistribution of interrelationship; it had no effect on the formation of phenons. The Smirnov taxonomical analysis according to which the weight of a property is inversely proportional to its frequency has a number of advantages over other numerical methods where all the properties are assumed to be of equal value. Comparative evaluation of the data obtained by different methods which have been used by us to calculate the coefficients for coupled similarity of species (the coefficient of association, the coefficient of correlation, the index of distance, the coefficient of taxonomic ratio) shows that similar results are found in all the cases with respect to group division of the species belonging to the family Methylomonadaceae Leadbetter 1974. The species of methane oxidizing bacteria should be divided into the following genera: Methylosinus Whittenbury, Phillips a. Wilkinson 1970, Methylocystis Whittenbury, Phillips a. Wilkinson 1970, Methylococcus Foster a. Davis 1966, Methylomonas Leadbetter 1974.", "contents": "[Formation of the taxa of methane-oxidizing bacteria by numerical analysis methods]. Obligate methane oxidizing bacteria were classified within groups using numerical analysis and computer techniques. Employment of properties coinciding for all the species of the bacterial group under study was found to result in an insignificant (5--10%) change in the degree of similarity rather than in the redistribution of interrelationship; it had no effect on the formation of phenons. The Smirnov taxonomical analysis according to which the weight of a property is inversely proportional to its frequency has a number of advantages over other numerical methods where all the properties are assumed to be of equal value. Comparative evaluation of the data obtained by different methods which have been used by us to calculate the coefficients for coupled similarity of species (the coefficient of association, the coefficient of correlation, the index of distance, the coefficient of taxonomic ratio) shows that similar results are found in all the cases with respect to group division of the species belonging to the family Methylomonadaceae Leadbetter 1974. The species of methane oxidizing bacteria should be divided into the following genera: Methylosinus Whittenbury, Phillips a. Wilkinson 1970, Methylocystis Whittenbury, Phillips a. Wilkinson 1970, Methylococcus Foster a. Davis 1966, Methylomonas Leadbetter 1974.", "PMID": 101743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4896", "title": "[Effect of sulfur-containing nucleotide peptide on the morphology and nucleic acid content in Anabaena culindrica].", "content": "The exogenous action of a sulphur-containing nucleotidepeptide on Anabaena cylindrica caused an increase in the biomass of the alga by 76% as a result of acceleration of growth and larger dimensions of cells. The content of nucleic acids per cell also increased: that of DNA by 40%, that of RNA, by 11%.", "contents": "[Effect of sulfur-containing nucleotide peptide on the morphology and nucleic acid content in Anabaena culindrica]. The exogenous action of a sulphur-containing nucleotidepeptide on Anabaena cylindrica caused an increase in the biomass of the alga by 76% as a result of acceleration of growth and larger dimensions of cells. The content of nucleic acids per cell also increased: that of DNA by 40%, that of RNA, by 11%.", "PMID": 101744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4897", "title": "Testing the TRH hypothesis of pineal function.", "content": "In the Syrian hamster gonadal involution may be induced by exposure of the animal to darkness, short photoperiod, or blindness for several weeks. These conditions also influence body metabolism by inducing a substantial decrease in thyroxin concentrations. The role of the pineal gland in these phenomena has been demonstrated by experiments showing that if pinealectomized hamsters are subjected to darkness, short photoperiod, or blindness, their gonads do not involute and plasma thyroxin levels remain normal. Since thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) causes the release of both prolactin and thyrotrophin from the pituitary we can predict on theoretical grounds that TRH mediates both pineal-gonad and pineal-thyroid phenomena. Melatonin may be the pineal hormone regulating hypothalamic TRH levels.", "contents": "Testing the TRH hypothesis of pineal function. In the Syrian hamster gonadal involution may be induced by exposure of the animal to darkness, short photoperiod, or blindness for several weeks. These conditions also influence body metabolism by inducing a substantial decrease in thyroxin concentrations. The role of the pineal gland in these phenomena has been demonstrated by experiments showing that if pinealectomized hamsters are subjected to darkness, short photoperiod, or blindness, their gonads do not involute and plasma thyroxin levels remain normal. Since thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) causes the release of both prolactin and thyrotrophin from the pituitary we can predict on theoretical grounds that TRH mediates both pineal-gonad and pineal-thyroid phenomena. Melatonin may be the pineal hormone regulating hypothalamic TRH levels.", "PMID": 101748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4898", "title": "Design, devices, and discipline in operating room infection control.", "content": "The prevention of surgical infection in the operating theatre is a complex pursuit. Every facet of activity, whether it is part of the surgical act itself or a remote activity with indirect effects on the surgical operation, constitutes part of the whole realm of infection control. These many facets may be divided into four main components, all interdependent: (a) the surgeon and his team (surgical technique; adherence to surgical anatomic, physiologic, and aseptic principles; discipline); (b) education and communiction--a functioning infections committee, repeated tutorials for all prefessional and technical operating room personnel, constant review of methods and systems, effective reporting of offenses, enforcement of discipline; (c) dependable support services--sterilizing techniques, barrier materials, apparel, laundry methods; materials handling and processing methods; efficiency and personal hygiene of all techincal and support personnel; discipline; and (d) environmental factors--architecture, engineering, and air handling; electrical and mechanical requirements; communication; discipline).", "contents": "Design, devices, and discipline in operating room infection control. The prevention of surgical infection in the operating theatre is a complex pursuit. Every facet of activity, whether it is part of the surgical act itself or a remote activity with indirect effects on the surgical operation, constitutes part of the whole realm of infection control. These many facets may be divided into four main components, all interdependent: (a) the surgeon and his team (surgical technique; adherence to surgical anatomic, physiologic, and aseptic principles; discipline); (b) education and communiction--a functioning infections committee, repeated tutorials for all prefessional and technical operating room personnel, constant review of methods and systems, effective reporting of offenses, enforcement of discipline; (c) dependable support services--sterilizing techniques, barrier materials, apparel, laundry methods; materials handling and processing methods; efficiency and personal hygiene of all techincal and support personnel; discipline; and (d) environmental factors--architecture, engineering, and air handling; electrical and mechanical requirements; communication; discipline).", "PMID": 101749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4899", "title": "Utilization of the 16O(n,p) reaction for monitoring the output of 14 MeV neutron generators.", "content": "A system based upon the 16O(n,p) 16N reaction has been developed for monitoring 14-MeV neutron production. The system has proven to be quite applicable for monitoring the output of a disk-shaped neutron source and computer analysis has shown it equally suitable for monitoring the output of cone-shaped neutron sources from gas targets presently being considered for cancer therapy.", "contents": "Utilization of the 16O(n,p) reaction for monitoring the output of 14 MeV neutron generators. A system based upon the 16O(n,p) 16N reaction has been developed for monitoring 14-MeV neutron production. The system has proven to be quite applicable for monitoring the output of a disk-shaped neutron source and computer analysis has shown it equally suitable for monitoring the output of cone-shaped neutron sources from gas targets presently being considered for cancer therapy.", "PMID": 101757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4900", "title": "Magnetic field modification of electron-beam dose distributions in inhomogeneous media.", "content": "Modern curative radiotherapy requires higher doses to the tumor volume and, necessarily, minimal doses to the surrounding normal tissues. Attempts to use heavy charged particles to achieve such optimization are currently under investigation in many centers. Our data indicate that a static, superimposed magnetic field on a clinical electron-therapy beam also offers the capability of some \"tailoring\" of isodose distributions. Furthermore, a variable, superimposed magnetic field minimizes those tissue-generated dose heterogeneities which are inherent with all charged-particle beams. We suggest that magnetically modified, clinically available electron beams also offer a practical and less expensive means of achieving tailored, heterogeneity-corrected isodose distributions.", "contents": "Magnetic field modification of electron-beam dose distributions in inhomogeneous media. Modern curative radiotherapy requires higher doses to the tumor volume and, necessarily, minimal doses to the surrounding normal tissues. Attempts to use heavy charged particles to achieve such optimization are currently under investigation in many centers. Our data indicate that a static, superimposed magnetic field on a clinical electron-therapy beam also offers the capability of some \"tailoring\" of isodose distributions. Furthermore, a variable, superimposed magnetic field minimizes those tissue-generated dose heterogeneities which are inherent with all charged-particle beams. We suggest that magnetically modified, clinically available electron beams also offer a practical and less expensive means of achieving tailored, heterogeneity-corrected isodose distributions.", "PMID": 101758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4901", "title": "Magnetic modification of the electron-dose distribution in tissue and lung phantoms.", "content": "Moderately strong transverse-magnetic fields were used to modify conventional electron-dose distribution in tissue- and lung-equivalent phantoms. Magnetically modified symmetrical-isodose contours and central-axis depth-dose curves were measured for central fields in the range of 9--18 kG, field gradients of approximately 5 kG/cm, and accelerator energies of 10--45 MeV. To the extent that our experimental field strengths and gradients can be reproduced clinically, the measurements showed that magnetic distributions can be generated (in tissue) which are superior to conventional distributions for the treatment of tumors lying at depths less than approximately 7 cm provided that the tumor cross-section dimensions are equal to or greater than tumor depth. The surface dose in tissue is typically reduced by approximately 40% compared to the conventional surface dose for treating the same tumor volume. For the lung phantom data, a significant reduction (less than approximately 50%) in the integrated central-axis dose to healthy tissue was achieved for tumor depths of 10--14 cm. The possibility of reproducing our experimental magnetic fields and gradients inside a patient under realistic clinical conditions is discussed.", "contents": "Magnetic modification of the electron-dose distribution in tissue and lung phantoms. Moderately strong transverse-magnetic fields were used to modify conventional electron-dose distribution in tissue- and lung-equivalent phantoms. Magnetically modified symmetrical-isodose contours and central-axis depth-dose curves were measured for central fields in the range of 9--18 kG, field gradients of approximately 5 kG/cm, and accelerator energies of 10--45 MeV. To the extent that our experimental field strengths and gradients can be reproduced clinically, the measurements showed that magnetic distributions can be generated (in tissue) which are superior to conventional distributions for the treatment of tumors lying at depths less than approximately 7 cm provided that the tumor cross-section dimensions are equal to or greater than tumor depth. The surface dose in tissue is typically reduced by approximately 40% compared to the conventional surface dose for treating the same tumor volume. For the lung phantom data, a significant reduction (less than approximately 50%) in the integrated central-axis dose to healthy tissue was achieved for tumor depths of 10--14 cm. The possibility of reproducing our experimental magnetic fields and gradients inside a patient under realistic clinical conditions is discussed.", "PMID": 101759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4902", "title": "Wedge-shaped dose distributions by computer-controlled collimator motion.", "content": "We have recently installed a linear accelerator, modified to allow computer control of several machine parameters during irradiation of the patient. As an initial feasibility study of computer-controlled radiation therapy, its application to produce wedge-shaped dose distributions by moving the collimator jaws has been evaluated. The required collimator motions have been calculated with an iterative technique. When these routines were used during irradiations of phantoms containing radiographic film, a good correspondence between calculated and measured dose distributions was observed. It is concluded that computer-controlled motion of the collimator jaws to shape the dose distribution is technically feasible. Additionally, this technique has the advantage that the wedge angle can be continuously adjusted and the isodose curves optimized for a particular depth and field size.", "contents": "Wedge-shaped dose distributions by computer-controlled collimator motion. We have recently installed a linear accelerator, modified to allow computer control of several machine parameters during irradiation of the patient. As an initial feasibility study of computer-controlled radiation therapy, its application to produce wedge-shaped dose distributions by moving the collimator jaws has been evaluated. The required collimator motions have been calculated with an iterative technique. When these routines were used during irradiations of phantoms containing radiographic film, a good correspondence between calculated and measured dose distributions was observed. It is concluded that computer-controlled motion of the collimator jaws to shape the dose distribution is technically feasible. Additionally, this technique has the advantage that the wedge angle can be continuously adjusted and the isodose curves optimized for a particular depth and field size.", "PMID": 101760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4903", "title": "Elongation effects on the Therac 6 linear accelerator.", "content": "The effects of field elongation on the central-axis output at dmax and on the depth-dose curves for the 6-MV x rays from the Therac 6 linear accelerator are considered. These parameters are independent of the collimator angle for both square and elongated fields. The exchange of collimator pairs results in significant output differences but has a negligible effect on the depth-dose curves. Both the central-axis output at dmax and the depth-dose curves agree satisfactorily with the predictions of the equivalent-square technique. An alternative method of greater accuracy is also indicated for the prediction of central-axis outputs at dmax for elongated fields.", "contents": "Elongation effects on the Therac 6 linear accelerator. The effects of field elongation on the central-axis output at dmax and on the depth-dose curves for the 6-MV x rays from the Therac 6 linear accelerator are considered. These parameters are independent of the collimator angle for both square and elongated fields. The exchange of collimator pairs results in significant output differences but has a negligible effect on the depth-dose curves. Both the central-axis output at dmax and the depth-dose curves agree satisfactorily with the predictions of the equivalent-square technique. An alternative method of greater accuracy is also indicated for the prediction of central-axis outputs at dmax for elongated fields.", "PMID": 101761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4904", "title": "Evaluation of the Therac 6 linear accelerator for radiation therapy.", "content": "The Therac 6 is new generation of low-energy linear accelerator. It incorporates a PDP-11/05 computer for beam control, treatment-factor input, and beam shutdown in the event of failure of the system. The performance of the unit has not been hindered by computer or software malfunction, and the computer has provided an excellent means for preventive maintenance and repair. Dosimetry parameters are similar to other 6 MV x-ray beams, and comparison to 60Co therapy beams shows that this unit may be more like 60Co units in penumbra and absence of off-axis peaking than other low-energy accelerators.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Therac 6 linear accelerator for radiation therapy. The Therac 6 is new generation of low-energy linear accelerator. It incorporates a PDP-11/05 computer for beam control, treatment-factor input, and beam shutdown in the event of failure of the system. The performance of the unit has not been hindered by computer or software malfunction, and the computer has provided an excellent means for preventive maintenance and repair. Dosimetry parameters are similar to other 6 MV x-ray beams, and comparison to 60Co therapy beams shows that this unit may be more like 60Co units in penumbra and absence of off-axis peaking than other low-energy accelerators.", "PMID": 101762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4905", "title": "The localization of tRNAAsp2 genes from Drosophila melanogaster by \"in situ\" hybridization.", "content": "Transfer RNAAsp2delta was isolated from Drosophila melanogaster by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. The tRNA was iodinated \"in vitro\" with Na [125I] and hybridized \"in situ\" to salivary gland chromosomes from Drosophila. Subsequent autoradiography allowed the localization of the genes for tRNAAsp2 to the left arm of the second chromosome in the regions 29 D and E.", "contents": "The localization of tRNAAsp2 genes from Drosophila melanogaster by \"in situ\" hybridization. Transfer RNAAsp2delta was isolated from Drosophila melanogaster by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. The tRNA was iodinated \"in vitro\" with Na [125I] and hybridized \"in situ\" to salivary gland chromosomes from Drosophila. Subsequent autoradiography allowed the localization of the genes for tRNAAsp2 to the left arm of the second chromosome in the regions 29 D and E.", "PMID": 101767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4906", "title": "Bacillus subtilis dnaF: a mutation of the gene specifying the structure of DNA polymerase III.", "content": "The characteristics of Bacillus subtilis dnaF, a mutation specifying a temperature sensitive phenotype, were examined to determine its relationship to polC, the gene specifying the structure of DNA polymerase III (pol III). Exposure of growing cells bearing dnaF to non-permissive temperature inhibited replicative DNA synthesis and specifically depressed the expression of pol III activity in crude extracts. Highly purified pol III derived from cells bearing dnaF was temperature.sensitive in its polymerase activity, indicating that dnaF is a specific, polC mutation which specifies a structurally altered enzyme.", "contents": "Bacillus subtilis dnaF: a mutation of the gene specifying the structure of DNA polymerase III. The characteristics of Bacillus subtilis dnaF, a mutation specifying a temperature sensitive phenotype, were examined to determine its relationship to polC, the gene specifying the structure of DNA polymerase III (pol III). Exposure of growing cells bearing dnaF to non-permissive temperature inhibited replicative DNA synthesis and specifically depressed the expression of pol III activity in crude extracts. Highly purified pol III derived from cells bearing dnaF was temperature.sensitive in its polymerase activity, indicating that dnaF is a specific, polC mutation which specifies a structurally altered enzyme.", "PMID": 101768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4907", "title": "[Determination of biological individuality by blood group studies].", "content": "Author deals with the possibility of determination of the biological individuality by serological methods. Determination of HL-A tissue-compatibility antigens and system of MN/Ss and Rh seen to be the most suitable tools. Alloantigens, serum proteins and group of enzymes characterize the biological individual i. e. serological methods can be used as a tool of the identification of a person. Author deals with the possiblity of determination of various razes. For this purpose investigation of the following systems are necessary: ABO-, Rh-, MN/Ss-, Kell-, Duffy-, Lutheran, Kidd, Lewis and Diego. Nevertheless, this problem is not yet solved.", "contents": "[Determination of biological individuality by blood group studies]. Author deals with the possibility of determination of the biological individuality by serological methods. Determination of HL-A tissue-compatibility antigens and system of MN/Ss and Rh seen to be the most suitable tools. Alloantigens, serum proteins and group of enzymes characterize the biological individual i. e. serological methods can be used as a tool of the identification of a person. Author deals with the possiblity of determination of various razes. For this purpose investigation of the following systems are necessary: ABO-, Rh-, MN/Ss-, Kell-, Duffy-, Lutheran, Kidd, Lewis and Diego. Nevertheless, this problem is not yet solved.", "PMID": 101770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4908", "title": "[Autogenic training today (author's transl)].", "content": "Autogenic training (AT) creates an autonomic shift within the Hypnoid; in neurophysiological terms conceivable by a lower level of vigilance, synchronisation of EEG and modulation of afferent impulses. The said status differs clearly from wakefullness, drowsiness or sleep. AT however means more than just achievement of a hypnoidal state by ways of the classical six standard exercises, but to our opinion its use within a complex psychotherapy. We very much combine it with analytically orientated group therapy. Accordingly we oppose mass presciption of the standard exercises outside the medical sphere. Application of AT outside of psychotherapy within \"psychohygienic indication\" should carefully be considered only with strongly motivated persons, as otherwise the lack of motivation is likely to lead to failures.", "contents": "[Autogenic training today (author's transl)]. Autogenic training (AT) creates an autonomic shift within the Hypnoid; in neurophysiological terms conceivable by a lower level of vigilance, synchronisation of EEG and modulation of afferent impulses. The said status differs clearly from wakefullness, drowsiness or sleep. AT however means more than just achievement of a hypnoidal state by ways of the classical six standard exercises, but to our opinion its use within a complex psychotherapy. We very much combine it with analytically orientated group therapy. Accordingly we oppose mass presciption of the standard exercises outside the medical sphere. Application of AT outside of psychotherapy within \"psychohygienic indication\" should carefully be considered only with strongly motivated persons, as otherwise the lack of motivation is likely to lead to failures.", "PMID": 101773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4909", "title": "[Bone sarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Sarcogenesis essentially follows two laws: The frequency of sarcoma is distributed according to the mesenchymal cell content in the different sections of the body. The sites of predilection are found within the same tissue systems in zones of increased growth activity and cell division. Clinical oncogenic statistics show that other factors apart from quantity of sarcogenic noxae and latent period are important in producing the malignancy. The synopsis of histology, X-ray findings and clinical examination is significant for diagnosis and for prognosis the degree of spread (TNM classification), localization and therapy. Early operation is still the most successful and most decisive therapeutic measure. The necessity for a supervised cancer follow-up is also shown in these tumors.", "contents": "[Bone sarcoma (author's transl)]. Sarcogenesis essentially follows two laws: The frequency of sarcoma is distributed according to the mesenchymal cell content in the different sections of the body. The sites of predilection are found within the same tissue systems in zones of increased growth activity and cell division. Clinical oncogenic statistics show that other factors apart from quantity of sarcogenic noxae and latent period are important in producing the malignancy. The synopsis of histology, X-ray findings and clinical examination is significant for diagnosis and for prognosis the degree of spread (TNM classification), localization and therapy. Early operation is still the most successful and most decisive therapeutic measure. The necessity for a supervised cancer follow-up is also shown in these tumors.", "PMID": 101774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4910", "title": "[Results of operative treatment of acute perforating gastroduodenal ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "In this report of 264 operatively treated gastroduodenal perforations, differentiated, and where possible definitive, therapy is attempted. By omitting simple oversewing in favor of primary resection, bionomic operation or the combined procedure, primary lethality is reduced to one third and the late results of the survivors significantly improved. Resections are indicated in benign pyloric stenosis and gastric ulcer. The bionomic operation is particularly to be preferred in young patients.", "contents": "[Results of operative treatment of acute perforating gastroduodenal ulcer (author's transl)]. In this report of 264 operatively treated gastroduodenal perforations, differentiated, and where possible definitive, therapy is attempted. By omitting simple oversewing in favor of primary resection, bionomic operation or the combined procedure, primary lethality is reduced to one third and the late results of the survivors significantly improved. Resections are indicated in benign pyloric stenosis and gastric ulcer. The bionomic operation is particularly to be preferred in young patients.", "PMID": 101776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4911", "title": "[The diagnostic value of ejaculate cultures in acute unspecific epidiymitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Bacteriological cultures of the ejaculates of 28 patients with acute unspecific epididymitis yielded in 6 cases growth of organisms which were considered to be the cause of the disease. Tests with conventional clinical antibiotics showed organism resistance in half of these cases. Because of possible contamination of the ejaculate with organisms in the urethra and in the preputial area, the results of bacteriological cultures of the ejaculate must be evaluated critically. But a bacteriological ejaculate culture should be carried out in all cases of acute epididymitis at the first consultation so that the antibiotic treatment can be begun immediately afterwards with a tetracycline preparation. If the cultures prove to be tetracycline resistant an appropriate antibiotic can then be substituted.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of ejaculate cultures in acute unspecific epidiymitis (author's transl)]. Bacteriological cultures of the ejaculates of 28 patients with acute unspecific epididymitis yielded in 6 cases growth of organisms which were considered to be the cause of the disease. Tests with conventional clinical antibiotics showed organism resistance in half of these cases. Because of possible contamination of the ejaculate with organisms in the urethra and in the preputial area, the results of bacteriological cultures of the ejaculate must be evaluated critically. But a bacteriological ejaculate culture should be carried out in all cases of acute epididymitis at the first consultation so that the antibiotic treatment can be begun immediately afterwards with a tetracycline preparation. If the cultures prove to be tetracycline resistant an appropriate antibiotic can then be substituted.", "PMID": 101777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4912", "title": "[Recent findings in dermatophytic skin diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important current research centers on immunobiological questions. It is suggested that the delayed Trichophyton reaction is the immune mechanism which protects patients after a primary dermatophyte infection. Griseofulvin is the treatment of choice today. The questionnaire sent to all practising dermatologists in Germany investigated the frequency of certain possible serious side effects. The new once daily 500 mg griseofulvin tablet will have to be in clinical use for some time yet before its efficacy can be assessed.", "contents": "[Recent findings in dermatophytic skin diseases (author's transl)]. The most important current research centers on immunobiological questions. It is suggested that the delayed Trichophyton reaction is the immune mechanism which protects patients after a primary dermatophyte infection. Griseofulvin is the treatment of choice today. The questionnaire sent to all practising dermatologists in Germany investigated the frequency of certain possible serious side effects. The new once daily 500 mg griseofulvin tablet will have to be in clinical use for some time yet before its efficacy can be assessed.", "PMID": 101790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4913", "title": "[The uric acid-lowering action of benzbromarone effervescent granules and allopurinol. Comparative studies (author's transl)].", "content": "The daily administration of 25 mg effervescent granules is about equipotent with a daily dose of 200 mg allopurinol, giving due attention to the caution necessary for uricosuric therapy. The daily administration of 50 mg benzbromarone effervescent granules has a slight but significantly greater uric acid-lowering effect than treatment with 300 mg allopurinol per day. The tolerance of benzbromarone in the active form named was good in all cases. Side effects were not observed. Since benzbromarone as effervescent granules is taken with plenty of fluid this takes care of an increased fluid intake and introduces a motivation for doing so.", "contents": "[The uric acid-lowering action of benzbromarone effervescent granules and allopurinol. Comparative studies (author's transl)]. The daily administration of 25 mg effervescent granules is about equipotent with a daily dose of 200 mg allopurinol, giving due attention to the caution necessary for uricosuric therapy. The daily administration of 50 mg benzbromarone effervescent granules has a slight but significantly greater uric acid-lowering effect than treatment with 300 mg allopurinol per day. The tolerance of benzbromarone in the active form named was good in all cases. Side effects were not observed. Since benzbromarone as effervescent granules is taken with plenty of fluid this takes care of an increased fluid intake and introduces a motivation for doing so.", "PMID": 101792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4914", "title": "[Significance of clearance values in advanced renal insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Under physiological conditions there is satisfactory agreement between the clearance values of endogenous creatinine and inulin in humans. In chronic renal insufficiency the endogenous creatinine clearance cannot be considered as an index for glomerular filtrate because of considerable individual variations. In spite of this limitation endogenous creatinine clearance proves to be a sensitive test for hospital and general practice to estimate the loss of renal function in chronic progressive renal diseases if the loss of function has not yet led to an increase of the serum creatinine concentration.", "contents": "[Significance of clearance values in advanced renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. Under physiological conditions there is satisfactory agreement between the clearance values of endogenous creatinine and inulin in humans. In chronic renal insufficiency the endogenous creatinine clearance cannot be considered as an index for glomerular filtrate because of considerable individual variations. In spite of this limitation endogenous creatinine clearance proves to be a sensitive test for hospital and general practice to estimate the loss of renal function in chronic progressive renal diseases if the loss of function has not yet led to an increase of the serum creatinine concentration.", "PMID": 101802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4915", "title": "[Surgical and dietetic problems of subtotal resection of the small intestine in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The human body badly tolerates the extensive loss of the small intestine by resection. Malabsorption of various substances is followed by severe deficiency symptoms. In recent years a longer survival with a satisfactory general condition was achieved by intensive postoperative care and adequate diet--in our own cases even in adults and in old age.", "contents": "[Surgical and dietetic problems of subtotal resection of the small intestine in adults (author's transl)]. The human body badly tolerates the extensive loss of the small intestine by resection. Malabsorption of various substances is followed by severe deficiency symptoms. In recent years a longer survival with a satisfactory general condition was achieved by intensive postoperative care and adequate diet--in our own cases even in adults and in old age.", "PMID": 101816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4916", "title": "[Criminological aspects of the clarification of alkaloid intoxications (author's transl)].", "content": "At the turn of the century medical and suicidal alkaloid intoxications, especially with atropine, morphine and strychnine were relatively frequently observed. Apart from morphine, they have today largely disappeared from the view of the general practitioner so that the associations are difficult to interpret in spite of clinical observation. This is shown in 5 observations of which only three could be confirmed as atropine poisoning; one was fatal. The symptoms of intoxication by atropine (or scopolamine) may be misinterpreted as alcoholization, so that chemical analysis is not thought of soon enough. In the differential diagnosis more use should be made of the possibility of a blood alcohol determination in the hospital, but combined effects must, of course, be reckoned with.", "contents": "[Criminological aspects of the clarification of alkaloid intoxications (author's transl)]. At the turn of the century medical and suicidal alkaloid intoxications, especially with atropine, morphine and strychnine were relatively frequently observed. Apart from morphine, they have today largely disappeared from the view of the general practitioner so that the associations are difficult to interpret in spite of clinical observation. This is shown in 5 observations of which only three could be confirmed as atropine poisoning; one was fatal. The symptoms of intoxication by atropine (or scopolamine) may be misinterpreted as alcoholization, so that chemical analysis is not thought of soon enough. In the differential diagnosis more use should be made of the possibility of a blood alcohol determination in the hospital, but combined effects must, of course, be reckoned with.", "PMID": 101817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4917", "title": "[Defibrination with the snake venom enzyme arwin in peripheral arterial obstructive disease. Possibilities and limitations (author's transl)].", "content": "Defibrination with the snake venom enzyme Arwin is one of the numerous possibilities for the therapy of peripheral arterial obstructive disease. The number of complications is relatively small. In 58 patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease stages III to IVa treated with Arwin the success rate was 50--60%. The ultrasonic Doppler pressures in the arteries of the ankle can be helpful for indicating Arwin therapy. Complications were not observed in combined treatment with hemodilution, intraarterial injection or simultaneous administration of heparin.", "contents": "[Defibrination with the snake venom enzyme arwin in peripheral arterial obstructive disease. Possibilities and limitations (author's transl)]. Defibrination with the snake venom enzyme Arwin is one of the numerous possibilities for the therapy of peripheral arterial obstructive disease. The number of complications is relatively small. In 58 patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease stages III to IVa treated with Arwin the success rate was 50--60%. The ultrasonic Doppler pressures in the arteries of the ankle can be helpful for indicating Arwin therapy. Complications were not observed in combined treatment with hemodilution, intraarterial injection or simultaneous administration of heparin.", "PMID": 101819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4918", "title": "[The effect of bemetizide-triamterene on the serum and whole body potassium in hypertensive patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The hypotensive effect of Bemetizide (B)/Triamterene (T) and its action on the potassium balance was investigated in 10 patients with renovascular hypertension. Within 14 days treatment with 50 mg B and 100 mg T a significant fall in the mean blood pressure of 174/106 to 143/95 mm Hg occurred. Whereas the serum potassium concentration fell by an average of 4.2 +/- 0.5 to 3.9 +/- 0.6 mEq/1 the whole body potassium showed only a slight insignificant regression by 50 and 80 mEq after 2--4 weeks; however, the potassium content related to the body weight remained unchanged. In contrast to monotherapy with chlorthalidone or hydrochlorothiazide, treatment with a combination of B and T caused no significant alteration of the intracellular content of potassium.", "contents": "[The effect of bemetizide-triamterene on the serum and whole body potassium in hypertensive patients (author's transl)]. The hypotensive effect of Bemetizide (B)/Triamterene (T) and its action on the potassium balance was investigated in 10 patients with renovascular hypertension. Within 14 days treatment with 50 mg B and 100 mg T a significant fall in the mean blood pressure of 174/106 to 143/95 mm Hg occurred. Whereas the serum potassium concentration fell by an average of 4.2 +/- 0.5 to 3.9 +/- 0.6 mEq/1 the whole body potassium showed only a slight insignificant regression by 50 and 80 mEq after 2--4 weeks; however, the potassium content related to the body weight remained unchanged. In contrast to monotherapy with chlorthalidone or hydrochlorothiazide, treatment with a combination of B and T caused no significant alteration of the intracellular content of potassium.", "PMID": 101820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4919", "title": "Exogenous immunoglobulin and the macrophage origin of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "We studied Reed-Sternberg cells from 14 patients with Hodgkin's disease to learn whether they had monoclonal immunoglobulin synthesized by the cell or polyclonal immunoglobulin of external origin. Double-label immunofluorescence with F(ab')2 anti-serums to human light chains showed that cytoplasmic immunoglobulin of individual Reed-Sternberg cells is always polyclonal and usually associated with membrane-bound immunoglobulin of the same type. The predominant immunoglobulin was IgG; in one case IgM was also present. In vitro studies confirmed the internalization of exogenous IgG and phagocytosis of immune complexes by viable Reed-Sternberg cells. Their exclusion of trypan blue dye and lack of albumin and fibrinogen suggests relatively specific uptake of immunoglobulin, mediated by the Fc receptor or antigen (or antigens) associated with Hodgkin's disease at the cell membrane. Our studies support other recent evidence that the Reed-Sternberg cell is derived from a macrophage.", "contents": "Exogenous immunoglobulin and the macrophage origin of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's disease. We studied Reed-Sternberg cells from 14 patients with Hodgkin's disease to learn whether they had monoclonal immunoglobulin synthesized by the cell or polyclonal immunoglobulin of external origin. Double-label immunofluorescence with F(ab')2 anti-serums to human light chains showed that cytoplasmic immunoglobulin of individual Reed-Sternberg cells is always polyclonal and usually associated with membrane-bound immunoglobulin of the same type. The predominant immunoglobulin was IgG; in one case IgM was also present. In vitro studies confirmed the internalization of exogenous IgG and phagocytosis of immune complexes by viable Reed-Sternberg cells. Their exclusion of trypan blue dye and lack of albumin and fibrinogen suggests relatively specific uptake of immunoglobulin, mediated by the Fc receptor or antigen (or antigens) associated with Hodgkin's disease at the cell membrane. Our studies support other recent evidence that the Reed-Sternberg cell is derived from a macrophage.", "PMID": 101841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4920", "title": "Advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma. A prospective clinical trial of melphalan (L-PAM) versus combination chemotherapy.", "content": "Eighty patients with advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma were treated in a prospective, randomized trial comparing a four-drug combination--hexamethylmelamine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil--with the oral alkylating agent, melphalan. Treatment with the four-drug combination was associated with a significantly increased overall response rate (75 vs. 54 per cent) (P less than 0.05), more complete remissions (33 vs. 16 per cent) and longer median survival (29 vs. 17 months) (P less than 0.02) but more severe toxicity than occurred with melphalan. Patients with minimal residual disease had a significantly higher overall response rate than patients with extensive residual disease (84 vs. 53 per cent) (P less than 0.05). Patients with advanced disease who achieved a complete remission documented by peritoneoscopy or laparotomy (or both) have a median survival that will exceed three years. The four-drug regimen is more effective than melphalan in the management of advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma. A prospective clinical trial of melphalan (L-PAM) versus combination chemotherapy. Eighty patients with advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma were treated in a prospective, randomized trial comparing a four-drug combination--hexamethylmelamine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil--with the oral alkylating agent, melphalan. Treatment with the four-drug combination was associated with a significantly increased overall response rate (75 vs. 54 per cent) (P less than 0.05), more complete remissions (33 vs. 16 per cent) and longer median survival (29 vs. 17 months) (P less than 0.02) but more severe toxicity than occurred with melphalan. Patients with minimal residual disease had a significantly higher overall response rate than patients with extensive residual disease (84 vs. 53 per cent) (P less than 0.05). Patients with advanced disease who achieved a complete remission documented by peritoneoscopy or laparotomy (or both) have a median survival that will exceed three years. The four-drug regimen is more effective than melphalan in the management of advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 101843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4921", "title": "Factors contributing to the declining mortality rate in renal transplantation.", "content": "Recent modifications and refinements in the management of patients with renal allografts have diminished the mortality rate at our hospital to 2 per cent and 5 per cent at one year for patients receiving kidneys from related and cadaveric sources, respectively. Of 186 receiving transplants since 1974, seven (4 per cent) have died within one year of operation. The incidence of wound infections has been reduced from approximately 25 per cent in 1972 to 2 per cent since 1976 by the use of a single high dose of broad-spectrum antibiotics administered at the time of induction of anesthesia for any surgical procedure. Risk and limitations of immunosuppression have been better appreciated, ultrasound is used more often in the diagnosis of partial obstruction or perinephric fluid collections, and needle biopsy of the transplanted kidney has reduced the morbidity inherent in open biopsy. The contribution of sepsis as a cause of death has declined. The diminishing hazard of renal transplantation has made it an increasingly attractive treatment for end-stage kidney disease.", "contents": "Factors contributing to the declining mortality rate in renal transplantation. Recent modifications and refinements in the management of patients with renal allografts have diminished the mortality rate at our hospital to 2 per cent and 5 per cent at one year for patients receiving kidneys from related and cadaveric sources, respectively. Of 186 receiving transplants since 1974, seven (4 per cent) have died within one year of operation. The incidence of wound infections has been reduced from approximately 25 per cent in 1972 to 2 per cent since 1976 by the use of a single high dose of broad-spectrum antibiotics administered at the time of induction of anesthesia for any surgical procedure. Risk and limitations of immunosuppression have been better appreciated, ultrasound is used more often in the diagnosis of partial obstruction or perinephric fluid collections, and needle biopsy of the transplanted kidney has reduced the morbidity inherent in open biopsy. The contribution of sepsis as a cause of death has declined. The diminishing hazard of renal transplantation has made it an increasingly attractive treatment for end-stage kidney disease.", "PMID": 101845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4922", "title": "Individual variation in the production and survival of F cells in sickle-cell disease.", "content": "The protective role and underlying sources of the elevated levels of fetal hemoglobin associated with sickle-cell anemia were reassessed by microscopical immunodiffusion assays. Three variables that contribute to levels of fetal hemoglobin were examined: the percentage of fetal-hemoglobin-containing reticulocytes produced; the quantity of fetal hemoglobin synthesized within such cells; and the extent to which the fraction of fetal-hemoglobin-bearing erythrocytes is enriched beyond the level produced. Four general findings emerged from analysis of 29 patients: each variable is separately regulated; the expression of each is often distinctly different between individual patients; contrary to prior speculation, production of fetal hemoglobin may be as great in the absence of heterocellular hereditary persistence of the hemoglobin as in its presence; and fetal hemoglobin does not, as often supposed, guarantee preferential cell survival. We conclude that the differences encountered among patients must reflect heterogeneity among factors that modify production and survival of cells bearing fetal hemoglobin.", "contents": "Individual variation in the production and survival of F cells in sickle-cell disease. The protective role and underlying sources of the elevated levels of fetal hemoglobin associated with sickle-cell anemia were reassessed by microscopical immunodiffusion assays. Three variables that contribute to levels of fetal hemoglobin were examined: the percentage of fetal-hemoglobin-containing reticulocytes produced; the quantity of fetal hemoglobin synthesized within such cells; and the extent to which the fraction of fetal-hemoglobin-bearing erythrocytes is enriched beyond the level produced. Four general findings emerged from analysis of 29 patients: each variable is separately regulated; the expression of each is often distinctly different between individual patients; contrary to prior speculation, production of fetal hemoglobin may be as great in the absence of heterocellular hereditary persistence of the hemoglobin as in its presence; and fetal hemoglobin does not, as often supposed, guarantee preferential cell survival. We conclude that the differences encountered among patients must reflect heterogeneity among factors that modify production and survival of cells bearing fetal hemoglobin.", "PMID": 101847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4923", "title": "Defective long-term caloric regulation in obesity.", "content": "Whereas precise caloric intake occurs in normal and obese individuals on an acute basis, obese subjects do not maintain caloric regulation when there is a long overnight delay detween the preload and the subsequent meals.", "contents": "Defective long-term caloric regulation in obesity. Whereas precise caloric intake occurs in normal and obese individuals on an acute basis, obese subjects do not maintain caloric regulation when there is a long overnight delay detween the preload and the subsequent meals.", "PMID": 101852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4924", "title": "Patterns of phencyclidine use.", "content": "Use of phencyclidine is a diverse phenomenon with wide variations in both the amount taken and the frequency of use. There is a large group of persons who have tried PCP once or twice and discontinued using. One of the key distinctions pointed out by this exploratory study relates to the feelings of control persons have over the effects of the drug. The PCP user who is not bothered by the lack of control is more likely to feel good and party with others when using and is more likely to have high use patterns. Feelings of control over the effects of PCP indicate an important individual difference in understanding reactions to PCP use and further research should systematically examine this phenomenon. There has been a discrepancy between our conceptions of PCP use and the actual patterns of use found in the United States. It appears that at this time most persons in the drug abuse field are willing to accept the fact that PCP is a drug of choice among young people and that some as yet unspecified proportion of users is able to use PCP and avoid major problems. While there remains much speculation about the motivation for use and the effects of such use, it would apper that we are ready to engage in research which systematically looks at the spectrum of users.", "contents": "Patterns of phencyclidine use. Use of phencyclidine is a diverse phenomenon with wide variations in both the amount taken and the frequency of use. There is a large group of persons who have tried PCP once or twice and discontinued using. One of the key distinctions pointed out by this exploratory study relates to the feelings of control persons have over the effects of the drug. The PCP user who is not bothered by the lack of control is more likely to feel good and party with others when using and is more likely to have high use patterns. Feelings of control over the effects of PCP indicate an important individual difference in understanding reactions to PCP use and further research should systematically examine this phenomenon. There has been a discrepancy between our conceptions of PCP use and the actual patterns of use found in the United States. It appears that at this time most persons in the drug abuse field are willing to accept the fact that PCP is a drug of choice among young people and that some as yet unspecified proportion of users is able to use PCP and avoid major problems. While there remains much speculation about the motivation for use and the effects of such use, it would apper that we are ready to engage in research which systematically looks at the spectrum of users.", "PMID": 101867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4925", "title": "Phencyclidine use among youth: history, epidemiology, and acute and chronic intoxication.", "content": "Phencyclidine use appears to be in a growth phase nationally. Factors contributing to the increasing popularity include the user's ability to control the dosage, an understanding of the immediate effects, and its availability. Those most at risk appear to be young Caucasian males. Phencyclidine-related problems are often like tips of icebergs, the underlying causes of which are hidden from public view. The problems often surface in the form of speech difficulties, memory loss, thinking disorders, personality changes, paranoia, severe depression, violence, accidents, suicides and homicides. Of particular concern to law enforcement personnel is the upsurge in phencyclidine-related violent crimes and carrying of weapons by users to protect themselves from their imagined persecutors. The evidence currently available supports the assumption that if there is a solution to the problem of phencyclidine abuse, that solution is prevention. Therefore, medical personnel and others within the helping professions must be alerted to the fact that phencyclidine is not just another drug problem. The findings from users we have already studied strongly suggest that phencyclidine is not an \"upper\" or a \"downer,\" but perhaps an \"insideouter\", with longer term implications.", "contents": "Phencyclidine use among youth: history, epidemiology, and acute and chronic intoxication. Phencyclidine use appears to be in a growth phase nationally. Factors contributing to the increasing popularity include the user's ability to control the dosage, an understanding of the immediate effects, and its availability. Those most at risk appear to be young Caucasian males. Phencyclidine-related problems are often like tips of icebergs, the underlying causes of which are hidden from public view. The problems often surface in the form of speech difficulties, memory loss, thinking disorders, personality changes, paranoia, severe depression, violence, accidents, suicides and homicides. Of particular concern to law enforcement personnel is the upsurge in phencyclidine-related violent crimes and carrying of weapons by users to protect themselves from their imagined persecutors. The evidence currently available supports the assumption that if there is a solution to the problem of phencyclidine abuse, that solution is prevention. Therefore, medical personnel and others within the helping professions must be alerted to the fact that phencyclidine is not just another drug problem. The findings from users we have already studied strongly suggest that phencyclidine is not an \"upper\" or a \"downer,\" but perhaps an \"insideouter\", with longer term implications.", "PMID": 101877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4926", "title": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships in the 2,4,5-ring substituted phenylisopropylamines.", "content": "The potency of a series of 2,4,5-ring substituted phenylisopropylamines was examined using the rabbit hyperthermia assay. An excellent correlation (r = 0.99) was found between the rabbit hyperthermic and human psychotomimetic potencies. In the hyperthermic model, the 4-X-substituted-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines were found to be one to two orders of magnitude more potent than the 2-X- or 5-X-substituted positional isomers (X = -H, -CH3, -SCH3, -Br). Conformational perturbations induced by substituents ortho to the ethylamine side chain were studied with the PCILO and ab initio molecular orbital methods. The variations in the biological activities could not be rationalized in terms of the ability of the ortho substituents to stabilize conformations which mimic LSD. The electronic structures of the positional isomers were examined in the corresponding toluene analogues using the CNDO/2 method. A reasonable correlation (r = 0.98) was found between the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) energy and the ionization potentials reported from photoelectron spectroscopy studies. In the case of the positional isomers, the HOMO energies were ordered as follows: 4-X greater than 5-X greater than 2-X. However, the regression analysis of the relationship between these orbital energies and Log Biological Activity (B.A.) was not impressive. Examination of the partition coefficients (octanol/water) of the positional isomers indicated that the 4-X- and 5-X-substituted compounds have almost equivalent Log P's, but that the 2-X-substituted-4,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines are unusually hydrophilic. The regression of Log H.P. to the HOMO energies resulted in a marginally significant relationship; addition of the Log P's resulted in no significant improvement. Qualitative models based on both regiospecific lipophilicity or electron densities and also metabolic conversion to reactive intermediates are presented.", "contents": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships in the 2,4,5-ring substituted phenylisopropylamines. The potency of a series of 2,4,5-ring substituted phenylisopropylamines was examined using the rabbit hyperthermia assay. An excellent correlation (r = 0.99) was found between the rabbit hyperthermic and human psychotomimetic potencies. In the hyperthermic model, the 4-X-substituted-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines were found to be one to two orders of magnitude more potent than the 2-X- or 5-X-substituted positional isomers (X = -H, -CH3, -SCH3, -Br). Conformational perturbations induced by substituents ortho to the ethylamine side chain were studied with the PCILO and ab initio molecular orbital methods. The variations in the biological activities could not be rationalized in terms of the ability of the ortho substituents to stabilize conformations which mimic LSD. The electronic structures of the positional isomers were examined in the corresponding toluene analogues using the CNDO/2 method. A reasonable correlation (r = 0.98) was found between the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) energy and the ionization potentials reported from photoelectron spectroscopy studies. In the case of the positional isomers, the HOMO energies were ordered as follows: 4-X greater than 5-X greater than 2-X. However, the regression analysis of the relationship between these orbital energies and Log Biological Activity (B.A.) was not impressive. Examination of the partition coefficients (octanol/water) of the positional isomers indicated that the 4-X- and 5-X-substituted compounds have almost equivalent Log P's, but that the 2-X-substituted-4,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines are unusually hydrophilic. The regression of Log H.P. to the HOMO energies resulted in a marginally significant relationship; addition of the Log P's resulted in no significant improvement. Qualitative models based on both regiospecific lipophilicity or electron densities and also metabolic conversion to reactive intermediates are presented.", "PMID": 101881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4927", "title": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the alpha- and beta- isomers of methadol and acetylmethadol hydrochlorides.", "content": "The 13C-NMR spectra reported in these studies give direct evidence for the presence of two contributing conformers for alpha-methadol hydrochloride, alpha-acetylmethadol hydrochloride and beta-acetylmethadol hydrochloride. Indirect evidence is also available for the presence of more than one conformer for beta-methadol hydrochloride. However, in order to be more descriptive about the structures of the conformers, it is necessary to obtain 13C-NMR spectra that have a higher degree of resolution than is available from our present NMR system. Such systems are available, and plans are currently in progress to obtain 13C-NMR spectra or these compounds at high enough magnetic fields and low enough temperatures to give us the necessary data.", "contents": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the alpha- and beta- isomers of methadol and acetylmethadol hydrochlorides. The 13C-NMR spectra reported in these studies give direct evidence for the presence of two contributing conformers for alpha-methadol hydrochloride, alpha-acetylmethadol hydrochloride and beta-acetylmethadol hydrochloride. Indirect evidence is also available for the presence of more than one conformer for beta-methadol hydrochloride. However, in order to be more descriptive about the structures of the conformers, it is necessary to obtain 13C-NMR spectra that have a higher degree of resolution than is available from our present NMR system. Such systems are available, and plans are currently in progress to obtain 13C-NMR spectra or these compounds at high enough magnetic fields and low enough temperatures to give us the necessary data.", "PMID": 101886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4928", "title": "Fatal infantile form of muscle phosphorylase deficiency.", "content": "A girl had generalized, rapidly progressive weakness beginning at age 4 weeks, and causing severe respiratory insufficiency and death at age 13 weeks. Histochemical and biochemical investigations of a muscle biopsy showed increased glycogen concentration and complete lack of phosphorylase activity. The enzyme protein appeared to be absent by immunodiffusion, and the metabolic block was documented by studies of anaerobic glycolysis in vitro. The biochemical basis for the unusual clinical picture is obscure, but muscle phosphorylase deficiency has to be considered in the differential diagnosis of the \"floppy baby syndrome\".", "contents": "Fatal infantile form of muscle phosphorylase deficiency. A girl had generalized, rapidly progressive weakness beginning at age 4 weeks, and causing severe respiratory insufficiency and death at age 13 weeks. Histochemical and biochemical investigations of a muscle biopsy showed increased glycogen concentration and complete lack of phosphorylase activity. The enzyme protein appeared to be absent by immunodiffusion, and the metabolic block was documented by studies of anaerobic glycolysis in vitro. The biochemical basis for the unusual clinical picture is obscure, but muscle phosphorylase deficiency has to be considered in the differential diagnosis of the \"floppy baby syndrome\".", "PMID": 101896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4929", "title": "Gamma hydroxybutyrate in the monkey. III. Effect of intravenous anticonvulsant drugs.", "content": "Monkeys were treated intravenously with various anticonvulsant drugs before and after the intravenous administration of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB). Continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) and temperature monitoring was performed throughout all experiments. The GHB-induced EEG changes were abolished by ethosuximide and clonazepam, marginally improved by diazepam, and unaffected by phenobarbital. The GHB-induced myoclonic jerks were abolished by ethosuximide, significantly improved by diazepam, and worsened by clonazepam. Phenobarbital was effective in diminishing the frequency of GHB-induced myoclonic jerks only when given prior to administration of GHB. The GHB-induced stupor was improved only by ethosuximide. The GHB model of petit mal seizures is quite specific for drugs used in this disorder. GHB may play a role in the pathogenesis of absence seizures in children.", "contents": "Gamma hydroxybutyrate in the monkey. III. Effect of intravenous anticonvulsant drugs. Monkeys were treated intravenously with various anticonvulsant drugs before and after the intravenous administration of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB). Continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) and temperature monitoring was performed throughout all experiments. The GHB-induced EEG changes were abolished by ethosuximide and clonazepam, marginally improved by diazepam, and unaffected by phenobarbital. The GHB-induced myoclonic jerks were abolished by ethosuximide, significantly improved by diazepam, and worsened by clonazepam. Phenobarbital was effective in diminishing the frequency of GHB-induced myoclonic jerks only when given prior to administration of GHB. The GHB-induced stupor was improved only by ethosuximide. The GHB model of petit mal seizures is quite specific for drugs used in this disorder. GHB may play a role in the pathogenesis of absence seizures in children.", "PMID": 101897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4930", "title": "Gamma hydroxybutyrate in the monkey. IV. Dopaminergic mechanisms.", "content": "The electrical seizure activity and trancelike state induced in the rhesus monkey by gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) were abolished by dextroamphetamine. Dextroamphetamine blockade of this neurophysiologic effect was overcome with chlorpromazine, a dopamine receptor blocker. These results suggest that the electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral effects of GHB are related to effects on dopaminergic systems. Such a relationship, if substantiated by further studies, might indicate that anticonvulsant drugs used to treat petit mal epilepsy have a dopaminergic mode of action.", "contents": "Gamma hydroxybutyrate in the monkey. IV. Dopaminergic mechanisms. The electrical seizure activity and trancelike state induced in the rhesus monkey by gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) were abolished by dextroamphetamine. Dextroamphetamine blockade of this neurophysiologic effect was overcome with chlorpromazine, a dopamine receptor blocker. These results suggest that the electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral effects of GHB are related to effects on dopaminergic systems. Such a relationship, if substantiated by further studies, might indicate that anticonvulsant drugs used to treat petit mal epilepsy have a dopaminergic mode of action.", "PMID": 101898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4931", "title": "[Epilepsy with centrotemporal (Rolandic) spikes. A peculiar seizure disorder of childhood].", "content": "The study presents the results of a long term investigation of 60 epileptic children with Rolandic (centrotemporal) spikes in EEG. The results could be summarized as follows: the Rolandic epilepsy is relatively frequent entity (13.4% of the total number of epileptic children). The age span was from 3--13 years, with a peak of age incidence between the 7th and 8th year of life. More than half of children had nocturnal fits only. From the clinical point of view 60% of children had generalized crises, and the remaining 40% had partial attacks corresponding to the functional organization of the Rolandic cortical area. The evolution of the Rolandic epilepsy in childhood is favourable. More than 50% didn't have more attacks after the introduction of antiepileptic therapy, and 3/4 of them could be classified as practically cured after an long-term follow-up (criterion: an attack-free period of at least 5 years. Finally, in more than 80% of cases after three years of follow-up the spikes have disappeared from the EEG tracings which were completely normal.", "contents": "[Epilepsy with centrotemporal (Rolandic) spikes. A peculiar seizure disorder of childhood]. The study presents the results of a long term investigation of 60 epileptic children with Rolandic (centrotemporal) spikes in EEG. The results could be summarized as follows: the Rolandic epilepsy is relatively frequent entity (13.4% of the total number of epileptic children). The age span was from 3--13 years, with a peak of age incidence between the 7th and 8th year of life. More than half of children had nocturnal fits only. From the clinical point of view 60% of children had generalized crises, and the remaining 40% had partial attacks corresponding to the functional organization of the Rolandic cortical area. The evolution of the Rolandic epilepsy in childhood is favourable. More than 50% didn't have more attacks after the introduction of antiepileptic therapy, and 3/4 of them could be classified as practically cured after an long-term follow-up (criterion: an attack-free period of at least 5 years. Finally, in more than 80% of cases after three years of follow-up the spikes have disappeared from the EEG tracings which were completely normal.", "PMID": 101893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4932", "title": "Balancing needs with resources: a service-based approach.", "content": "A service-based analysis of public sector health expenditure in North Canterbury is presented. The results indicate that the largest share of the $61 million spent by the North Canterbury Hospital Board and the Christchurch District Health Office in 1975-76 was devoted to primary health care, followed by mental health, surgery and medicine. The implications of this approach for the planning and development of health services are discussed and it is suggested that this provides a framework for setting priorities both within and between services.", "contents": "Balancing needs with resources: a service-based approach. A service-based analysis of public sector health expenditure in North Canterbury is presented. The results indicate that the largest share of the $61 million spent by the North Canterbury Hospital Board and the Christchurch District Health Office in 1975-76 was devoted to primary health care, followed by mental health, surgery and medicine. The implications of this approach for the planning and development of health services are discussed and it is suggested that this provides a framework for setting priorities both within and between services.", "PMID": 101914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4933", "title": "Drug resistant tuberculosis in New Zealand.", "content": "Strains of M. tuberculosis resistant to one or more of the antituberculous drugs have not been common in New Zealand in the past. There is however, a high incidence of drug resistant tuberculosis in Western Samoa, 50 percent of cultures tested showing drug resistance and half of these are resistant to two or more drugs. A change from the usual initial treatment is suggested for Samoan patients with tuberculosis in New Zealand.", "contents": "Drug resistant tuberculosis in New Zealand. Strains of M. tuberculosis resistant to one or more of the antituberculous drugs have not been common in New Zealand in the past. There is however, a high incidence of drug resistant tuberculosis in Western Samoa, 50 percent of cultures tested showing drug resistance and half of these are resistant to two or more drugs. A change from the usual initial treatment is suggested for Samoan patients with tuberculosis in New Zealand.", "PMID": 101915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4934", "title": "[Effect of reserpine on the formation of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene induced tumors in pinealectomized and thymectomized rats].", "content": "After reserpine treatment the incidence of dimethylbenzanthracene-induced tumors was found to be significantly higher in pinealectomized rats than in intact or thymectomized ones. A very high rate of DMBA-leukemia was observed in immune-deficient pinealectomized rats after reserpine administration. It is therefore suggested that the neuroendocrine disturbances due to removal of the pineal gland in the newborn animals, are latent and become evident after reserpine administration as reflected in an increased tumor incidence.", "contents": "[Effect of reserpine on the formation of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene induced tumors in pinealectomized and thymectomized rats]. After reserpine treatment the incidence of dimethylbenzanthracene-induced tumors was found to be significantly higher in pinealectomized rats than in intact or thymectomized ones. A very high rate of DMBA-leukemia was observed in immune-deficient pinealectomized rats after reserpine administration. It is therefore suggested that the neuroendocrine disturbances due to removal of the pineal gland in the newborn animals, are latent and become evident after reserpine administration as reflected in an increased tumor incidence.", "PMID": 101920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4935", "title": "[General aspects of intravenous feeding of cancer patients].", "content": "In order to obtain or maintain a good nutritional status in cancer patients, it is often necessary to perform intravenous nutrition. In summary, several studies have indicated that intravenous nutrition may be beneficial in association with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy in patients with cancer. More controlled studies, however, are required. There is no indication at the present time of any adverse effects of this method of treatment in relation to tumor growth. The general nutritional improvement in patients on intravenous nutrition increases the immunocompetence, resistance to radiation and cytostatics as well as the mood and quality of life of the cancer patients. In very broad terms this new intravenous nutrition therapy means that a cancer patient should not be left without specific cancer therapy because of starvation and its serious or even fatal complications.", "contents": "[General aspects of intravenous feeding of cancer patients]. In order to obtain or maintain a good nutritional status in cancer patients, it is often necessary to perform intravenous nutrition. In summary, several studies have indicated that intravenous nutrition may be beneficial in association with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy in patients with cancer. More controlled studies, however, are required. There is no indication at the present time of any adverse effects of this method of treatment in relation to tumor growth. The general nutritional improvement in patients on intravenous nutrition increases the immunocompetence, resistance to radiation and cytostatics as well as the mood and quality of life of the cancer patients. In very broad terms this new intravenous nutrition therapy means that a cancer patient should not be left without specific cancer therapy because of starvation and its serious or even fatal complications.", "PMID": 101921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4936", "title": "[Detection of stage specific and organ specific human brain antigens during embryogenesis].", "content": "The rabbit antisera were obtained against the water soluble antigens of the brain of 8--10 weeks old human foetuses. Three groups of specific antigens were identified in the brain of human foetuses: 1) antigens common for the embryonic brain and other organs of the same age; 2) antigens common for the embryonic brain and some organs of the adult organism; 3) stage (phase)-specific brain antigens present only in the brain between the 8th and 10th weeks of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Detection of stage specific and organ specific human brain antigens during embryogenesis]. The rabbit antisera were obtained against the water soluble antigens of the brain of 8--10 weeks old human foetuses. Three groups of specific antigens were identified in the brain of human foetuses: 1) antigens common for the embryonic brain and other organs of the same age; 2) antigens common for the embryonic brain and some organs of the adult organism; 3) stage (phase)-specific brain antigens present only in the brain between the 8th and 10th weeks of pregnancy.", "PMID": 101922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4937", "title": "Clinical trial of topical disodium chromoglycate in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.", "content": "The clinical picture of Spring catarrh was studied in 96 cases. The duration of the disease was found to be 3.5 +/- 2.6 years. It exists all the year round with a higher frequency between April and August. Male children were affected about three times more frequently than females. The effect of DSCG was studied in 20 cases. It had a significant therapeutic effect. We advise a combined DSCG and corticosteroid treatment in the period of exacerbation.", "contents": "Clinical trial of topical disodium chromoglycate in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. The clinical picture of Spring catarrh was studied in 96 cases. The duration of the disease was found to be 3.5 +/- 2.6 years. It exists all the year round with a higher frequency between April and August. Male children were affected about three times more frequently than females. The effect of DSCG was studied in 20 cases. It had a significant therapeutic effect. We advise a combined DSCG and corticosteroid treatment in the period of exacerbation.", "PMID": 101923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4938", "title": "Lymphoid lesions of the conjunctiva: relation of histopathology to clinical outcome.", "content": "A retrospective clinicopathologic study of 40 patients with lymphoid lesions of the conjunctiva demonstrated the validity of current histologic criteria in predicting clinical outcome. Overall histologic architecture as well as cytologic detail must be used to differentiate benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia from lymphoma. Lesions verified clinically as being malignant had obvious malignant cytologic features. Clinical signs of surface follicularity, multifocality, and minimal elevation suggest benignancy. All the benign lesions, on histopathologic examination, were either follicular in architecture or composed of mature lymphocytes, and were generally restricted to the substantia propria. Bilaterality and clinical recurrence do not necessarily imply a malignant disease.", "contents": "Lymphoid lesions of the conjunctiva: relation of histopathology to clinical outcome. A retrospective clinicopathologic study of 40 patients with lymphoid lesions of the conjunctiva demonstrated the validity of current histologic criteria in predicting clinical outcome. Overall histologic architecture as well as cytologic detail must be used to differentiate benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia from lymphoma. Lesions verified clinically as being malignant had obvious malignant cytologic features. Clinical signs of surface follicularity, multifocality, and minimal elevation suggest benignancy. All the benign lesions, on histopathologic examination, were either follicular in architecture or composed of mature lymphocytes, and were generally restricted to the substantia propria. Bilaterality and clinical recurrence do not necessarily imply a malignant disease.", "PMID": 101924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4939", "title": "Observations on the pathology of canine microsporidiosis.", "content": "The available literature on canine microsporidiosis indicates that this disease, primarily of young dogs, is a distinct clinicopathological entity. It has been confused with canine distemper and rabies, and must be differentiated from toxoplasmosis. Information available on the spectrum of pathological change associated with this disease is incomplete but a distinct pattern emerges from a study of the reports. The aetiological agent appears to have a predilection for the central nervous system and kidneys, but other tissues and organs, and especially the liver, may also be infected. Vasculitis and perivasculitis, which may include fibrinoid necrosis, seem to be a basic lesion. Cellular inflammation ranges from polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in areas of necrosis to focal granulomas. There may be no cellular reaction to compact groups of organisms. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies of this case augment our knowledge of the pathological changes seen with canine microsporidiosis.", "contents": "Observations on the pathology of canine microsporidiosis. The available literature on canine microsporidiosis indicates that this disease, primarily of young dogs, is a distinct clinicopathological entity. It has been confused with canine distemper and rabies, and must be differentiated from toxoplasmosis. Information available on the spectrum of pathological change associated with this disease is incomplete but a distinct pattern emerges from a study of the reports. The aetiological agent appears to have a predilection for the central nervous system and kidneys, but other tissues and organs, and especially the liver, may also be infected. Vasculitis and perivasculitis, which may include fibrinoid necrosis, seem to be a basic lesion. Cellular inflammation ranges from polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in areas of necrosis to focal granulomas. There may be no cellular reaction to compact groups of organisms. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies of this case augment our knowledge of the pathological changes seen with canine microsporidiosis.", "PMID": 101926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4940", "title": "New chemotherapeutic agent for root canal treatment. A preliminary electron microscopic study on an in vivo and in vitro endodontically treated tooth.", "content": "A preliminary in vivo and in vitro electron microscopic study of root canals treated endodontically with EDTA-C and Salvizol proved the latter to be superior as a chemomechanical and irrigation solution, especially in the apical third of the roots. A further virtue of Salvizol, as has been demonstrated, is its capability to dissolve the organic matrix of dentin, thus exposing the mineralizing front and the patent tubules even in the apical third of the canal. The combined properties of Salvizol which introduce it as a chemotherapeutic agent for endodontics are: (1) broad spectrum of bactericidal activity, (2) ability to dissolve calcium, (3) neutral pH, (4) cleansing potency, and (5) biologic compatibility.", "contents": "New chemotherapeutic agent for root canal treatment. A preliminary electron microscopic study on an in vivo and in vitro endodontically treated tooth. A preliminary in vivo and in vitro electron microscopic study of root canals treated endodontically with EDTA-C and Salvizol proved the latter to be superior as a chemomechanical and irrigation solution, especially in the apical third of the roots. A further virtue of Salvizol, as has been demonstrated, is its capability to dissolve the organic matrix of dentin, thus exposing the mineralizing front and the patent tubules even in the apical third of the canal. The combined properties of Salvizol which introduce it as a chemotherapeutic agent for endodontics are: (1) broad spectrum of bactericidal activity, (2) ability to dissolve calcium, (3) neutral pH, (4) cleansing potency, and (5) biologic compatibility.", "PMID": 101927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4941", "title": "The response of the living organism to dead and fixed dead enclosed homologous tissue.", "content": "Polyethylene tubes at both ends and with four perforations in the side walls were filled with untreated homologous necrotic muscle tissue or formaldehyde-fixed or glutaraldehyde-fixed homologous necrotic tissue and implanted subcutaneously in rats. The cell reaction in the tissues surrounding the differently filled tubes was examined. It was found that the inflammatory reaction to untreated necrotic homologous tissue was the least severe.", "contents": "The response of the living organism to dead and fixed dead enclosed homologous tissue. Polyethylene tubes at both ends and with four perforations in the side walls were filled with untreated homologous necrotic muscle tissue or formaldehyde-fixed or glutaraldehyde-fixed homologous necrotic tissue and implanted subcutaneously in rats. The cell reaction in the tissues surrounding the differently filled tubes was examined. It was found that the inflammatory reaction to untreated necrotic homologous tissue was the least severe.", "PMID": 101928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4942", "title": "Functional rehabilitation of ankylosed temporomandibular joints.", "content": "Successful chrome-cobalt prostheses have been used to replace the condyle and glenoid fossa in six young Macaca irus monkeys. In one group of two animals the left temporomandibular joint was replaced; in the second group the right joint and in the third group both temporomandibular joints were replaced. Neither masticatory function nor ability to open or close the mouth was affected, and all the animals remained in excellent health, living in the colony for 9 to 10 months. A similar surgical procedure was carried out for treatment of three human patients with ankylosed temporomandibular joints.", "contents": "Functional rehabilitation of ankylosed temporomandibular joints. Successful chrome-cobalt prostheses have been used to replace the condyle and glenoid fossa in six young Macaca irus monkeys. In one group of two animals the left temporomandibular joint was replaced; in the second group the right joint and in the third group both temporomandibular joints were replaced. Neither masticatory function nor ability to open or close the mouth was affected, and all the animals remained in excellent health, living in the colony for 9 to 10 months. A similar surgical procedure was carried out for treatment of three human patients with ankylosed temporomandibular joints.", "PMID": 101929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4943", "title": "Histopathology and electron and immunofluorescence microscopy of gingivitis granulomatosa associated with glossitis and cheilitis in a case of Anderson-Fabry disease.", "content": "A 17-year-old white boy with signs, symptoms, and family history of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum universale, Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD), developed recurrent and then persistent swelling of both lips, erythematous hyperplastic gingivae, and a pebbled tongue. Positive blood findings were raised serum IgE, decreased T-cell level, and increased B-cell level. Histopathology of the gingiva showed noncaseating granulomas with multinucleate giant cells containing Schaumann bodies and large plasma-cell infiltrates in which immunofluorescence demonstrated immune globulins of several classes. Electron microscopy and histochemistry demonstrated ceramide in the vasculature. No glycolipid was found in the macrophages or giant cells of the granulomas which, in contrast, resembled sarcoid reactions. Plasma cells with Russell bodies and immune reaction-induced degranulation of mast cells were also identified. The pathogenesis of the oral findings possibly relates to altered immune reactivity associated with damage to the microvasculature analogous to that in Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.", "contents": "Histopathology and electron and immunofluorescence microscopy of gingivitis granulomatosa associated with glossitis and cheilitis in a case of Anderson-Fabry disease. A 17-year-old white boy with signs, symptoms, and family history of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum universale, Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD), developed recurrent and then persistent swelling of both lips, erythematous hyperplastic gingivae, and a pebbled tongue. Positive blood findings were raised serum IgE, decreased T-cell level, and increased B-cell level. Histopathology of the gingiva showed noncaseating granulomas with multinucleate giant cells containing Schaumann bodies and large plasma-cell infiltrates in which immunofluorescence demonstrated immune globulins of several classes. Electron microscopy and histochemistry demonstrated ceramide in the vasculature. No glycolipid was found in the macrophages or giant cells of the granulomas which, in contrast, resembled sarcoid reactions. Plasma cells with Russell bodies and immune reaction-induced degranulation of mast cells were also identified. The pathogenesis of the oral findings possibly relates to altered immune reactivity associated with damage to the microvasculature analogous to that in Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.", "PMID": 101930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4944", "title": "Histologic study of tooth transplantation in the rabbit.", "content": "Tooth transplantation between preimmunized unrelated mismatched animals appears to induce the same immunologic problems that appear in the grafting of other organs. Such transplants showed more inflammatory root resorption and ankylosis and less reattachment of periodontal ligaments than did allografts between compatible animals. It appears that transferring the teeth to the similar side, suturing the gingival soft tissue around the teeth, splinting the transplanted teeth, and antibiotic therapy improve results by minimizing the effects of surgical procedures and trauma. Surgical trauma is confirmed as an important factor, along with immunogenetic differences between donor and recipient, in determining the outcome of tooth transplantation.", "contents": "Histologic study of tooth transplantation in the rabbit. Tooth transplantation between preimmunized unrelated mismatched animals appears to induce the same immunologic problems that appear in the grafting of other organs. Such transplants showed more inflammatory root resorption and ankylosis and less reattachment of periodontal ligaments than did allografts between compatible animals. It appears that transferring the teeth to the similar side, suturing the gingival soft tissue around the teeth, splinting the transplanted teeth, and antibiotic therapy improve results by minimizing the effects of surgical procedures and trauma. Surgical trauma is confirmed as an important factor, along with immunogenetic differences between donor and recipient, in determining the outcome of tooth transplantation.", "PMID": 101931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4945", "title": "The effect of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on dimethylbenzathracene (DMBA) carcinogenesis on hamster buccal pouch.", "content": "DNCB is an antigen that stimulates the cell-mediated response in a sensitized host. The purpose of this study was to define the effect DNCB would have on a standard model system for oral carcinogenesis, theorizing that tumorgenesis would be delayed or inhibited. Fifty-six Syrian hamsters were divided into four groups. In group A (DNCB/DMBA), the right buccal pouch of twenty animals was treated with 2% DNCB in orabase, twice a week, and 0.5% DMBA, three times a week, for 10 weeks. In group B, twenty animals received DMBA only. In group C, six animals received DMBA in Orabase. In group D, ten animals received DNCB in Orabase only. The animals were killed at 6, 12, 16, and 20 weeks. The results indicate that there were no differences in the latent period or in the histologic characteristics of the epidermoid carcinomas that developed. However, there was sensitization of the buccal pouch in pouches painted with DNCB, in that gross and histologic evidence of a delayed sensitivity reaction was demonstrated.", "contents": "The effect of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on dimethylbenzathracene (DMBA) carcinogenesis on hamster buccal pouch. DNCB is an antigen that stimulates the cell-mediated response in a sensitized host. The purpose of this study was to define the effect DNCB would have on a standard model system for oral carcinogenesis, theorizing that tumorgenesis would be delayed or inhibited. Fifty-six Syrian hamsters were divided into four groups. In group A (DNCB/DMBA), the right buccal pouch of twenty animals was treated with 2% DNCB in orabase, twice a week, and 0.5% DMBA, three times a week, for 10 weeks. In group B, twenty animals received DMBA only. In group C, six animals received DMBA in Orabase. In group D, ten animals received DNCB in Orabase only. The animals were killed at 6, 12, 16, and 20 weeks. The results indicate that there were no differences in the latent period or in the histologic characteristics of the epidermoid carcinomas that developed. However, there was sensitization of the buccal pouch in pouches painted with DNCB, in that gross and histologic evidence of a delayed sensitivity reaction was demonstrated.", "PMID": 101932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4946", "title": "Pulpal and periodontal effects of electrosurgery involving cervical metallic restorations.", "content": "The pulpal and periodontal effects of electrosurgery involving teeth restored with Class V cervical amalgams and nonrestored teeth were evaluated in three cynomolgus monkeys. Electrosurgical current was delivered for 1 second with a fully rectified unit at an output intensity consistent with normal clinical usage. Experimental conditions included electrosurgery involving restored teeth, electrosurgery involving unrestored enamel, restored teeth not subjected to electrosurgery, and teeth which were neither restored nor subjected to electrosurgery. No pulpal or periodontal tissue changes were observed in the latter three groups of teeth. Electrosurgery involving cervical restorations consistently resulted in coagulation necrosis of the pulp and extensive resorption of cementum, dentin, and interradicular bone in the furcation area of multirooted teeth. The results suggest that inadvertent contact with cervical restorations during electrosurgical procedures may endanger both the pulp and the periodontal attachment apparatus.", "contents": "Pulpal and periodontal effects of electrosurgery involving cervical metallic restorations. The pulpal and periodontal effects of electrosurgery involving teeth restored with Class V cervical amalgams and nonrestored teeth were evaluated in three cynomolgus monkeys. Electrosurgical current was delivered for 1 second with a fully rectified unit at an output intensity consistent with normal clinical usage. Experimental conditions included electrosurgery involving restored teeth, electrosurgery involving unrestored enamel, restored teeth not subjected to electrosurgery, and teeth which were neither restored nor subjected to electrosurgery. No pulpal or periodontal tissue changes were observed in the latter three groups of teeth. Electrosurgery involving cervical restorations consistently resulted in coagulation necrosis of the pulp and extensive resorption of cementum, dentin, and interradicular bone in the furcation area of multirooted teeth. The results suggest that inadvertent contact with cervical restorations during electrosurgical procedures may endanger both the pulp and the periodontal attachment apparatus.", "PMID": 101933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4947", "title": "[Nitrogen balances in very premature newborns in the course of parenteral nutrition (author's transl)].", "content": "Nitrogen balance studies were performed in the course of parenteral nutrition during the first 5 days of life in 2 groups of premature newborns (I. group: 7 prematures, b.w. M = 1295g; II. group: 7 prematures, b.w. M = 1447g). Glucose and fat emulsion were administered intravenously in children of the first group, in the second one L- Aminoacids (250 mg N/kg body weight/24 hrs.) were added. In comparison with the first group nitrogen retention of 77 to 170 mg/kg body weight/24 hrs. was reached, but blood urea concentration increased significantly.", "contents": "[Nitrogen balances in very premature newborns in the course of parenteral nutrition (author's transl)]. Nitrogen balance studies were performed in the course of parenteral nutrition during the first 5 days of life in 2 groups of premature newborns (I. group: 7 prematures, b.w. M = 1295g; II. group: 7 prematures, b.w. M = 1447g). Glucose and fat emulsion were administered intravenously in children of the first group, in the second one L- Aminoacids (250 mg N/kg body weight/24 hrs.) were added. In comparison with the first group nitrogen retention of 77 to 170 mg/kg body weight/24 hrs. was reached, but blood urea concentration increased significantly.", "PMID": 101957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4948", "title": "Residues of pesticides and PCBs in estuarine fish,1972-76--National Pesticide Monitoring Program.", "content": "This report summarizes 1524 analyses of juvenile fish collected semiannually in 144 estuaries nationwide from July 1972 through June 1976. Pooled samples of 25 whole fish were screened for 20 common pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The three most common residues, DDT, PCBs, and dieldrin, were found in 39, 22, and 5 percent of the samples, respectively. Data indicate that estuarine pollution levels continue to decline.", "contents": "Residues of pesticides and PCBs in estuarine fish,1972-76--National Pesticide Monitoring Program. This report summarizes 1524 analyses of juvenile fish collected semiannually in 144 estuaries nationwide from July 1972 through June 1976. Pooled samples of 25 whole fish were screened for 20 common pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The three most common residues, DDT, PCBs, and dieldrin, were found in 39, 22, and 5 percent of the samples, respectively. Data indicate that estuarine pollution levels continue to decline.", "PMID": 101966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4949", "title": "Residues of organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in fish from Lakes Huron and Superior, Canada--1968-76.", "content": "Five species of fish from Lake Superior and 12 species from Lake Huron were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between 1968 and 1975. Mean residues of sigma DDT peaked at 1.72 ppm and 7.60 ppm in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lakes Superior and Huron, respectively. By 1975, the mean level of sigma DDT had decreased in lake trout and was highest in bloaters (Coregonus hoi) from both lakes: 1.06 ppm and 1.87 ppm, respectively. Dieldrin levels in fish from Lake Superior changed little over the same period. However, in 1969-70, dieldrin levels in fish from Lake Huron exceeded the 0.3 ppm tolerance level set by Health and Welfare Canada or the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 5 percent of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and 10 percent of bloaters. By 1975, 50 percent of bloaters caught in Georgian Bay and North Channel had dieldrin levels above 0.3 ppm. PCB residues declined in lake trout and lake whitefish caught in Lake Superior between 1971 and 1975, but increased slightly in bloaters and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni). Mean PCB residues in bloaters caught in Lake Huron in 1969-71 and 1975-76, and splake (Salvelinus fontinalis and S. namaycush) and cisco (Coregonus artedii) caught in 1975 exceeded the 2 ppm tolerance level.", "contents": "Residues of organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in fish from Lakes Huron and Superior, Canada--1968-76. Five species of fish from Lake Superior and 12 species from Lake Huron were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between 1968 and 1975. Mean residues of sigma DDT peaked at 1.72 ppm and 7.60 ppm in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lakes Superior and Huron, respectively. By 1975, the mean level of sigma DDT had decreased in lake trout and was highest in bloaters (Coregonus hoi) from both lakes: 1.06 ppm and 1.87 ppm, respectively. Dieldrin levels in fish from Lake Superior changed little over the same period. However, in 1969-70, dieldrin levels in fish from Lake Huron exceeded the 0.3 ppm tolerance level set by Health and Welfare Canada or the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 5 percent of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and 10 percent of bloaters. By 1975, 50 percent of bloaters caught in Georgian Bay and North Channel had dieldrin levels above 0.3 ppm. PCB residues declined in lake trout and lake whitefish caught in Lake Superior between 1971 and 1975, but increased slightly in bloaters and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni). Mean PCB residues in bloaters caught in Lake Huron in 1969-71 and 1975-76, and splake (Salvelinus fontinalis and S. namaycush) and cisco (Coregonus artedii) caught in 1975 exceeded the 2 ppm tolerance level.", "PMID": 101967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4950", "title": "Residues of organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in fish from Lakes Saint Clair and Erie, Canada--1968-76.", "content": "Eighteen species of fish from Lake Saint Clair and 19 species from Lake Erie were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between 1968 and 1976. Mean residues of sigma DDT peaked at 1.19 ppm in longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) caught in Lake Saint Clair in 1970-71, but had declined in all species by 1975-76. Dieldrin levels in fish tissues increased over the same period. White bass (Morone chrysops), caught in 1975 in Lake Erie, had the highest mean residue of dieldrin at 0.17 ppm. PCB residues increased in some species and decreased in others. PCB residues exceeding the tolerance level of Health and Welfare Canada were found in the following: from Lake Saint Clair, smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) in 1975 and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in 1971; from Lake Erie, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in 1970, smallmouth bass, alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) in 1971, and white bass in 1971 and 1976.", "contents": "Residues of organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in fish from Lakes Saint Clair and Erie, Canada--1968-76. Eighteen species of fish from Lake Saint Clair and 19 species from Lake Erie were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between 1968 and 1976. Mean residues of sigma DDT peaked at 1.19 ppm in longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) caught in Lake Saint Clair in 1970-71, but had declined in all species by 1975-76. Dieldrin levels in fish tissues increased over the same period. White bass (Morone chrysops), caught in 1975 in Lake Erie, had the highest mean residue of dieldrin at 0.17 ppm. PCB residues increased in some species and decreased in others. PCB residues exceeding the tolerance level of Health and Welfare Canada were found in the following: from Lake Saint Clair, smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) in 1975 and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in 1971; from Lake Erie, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in 1970, smallmouth bass, alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) in 1971, and white bass in 1971 and 1976.", "PMID": 101968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4951", "title": "Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls on sediments from a subarctic salt marsh, James Bay, Canada--1976.", "content": "Sediment samples were collected from a subarctic salt marsh on James Bay, Ontario in May 1976. Of 15 organochlorine compounds analyzed, trace amounts mainly of p,p-DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected, but could not be quantitated.", "contents": "Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls on sediments from a subarctic salt marsh, James Bay, Canada--1976. Sediment samples were collected from a subarctic salt marsh on James Bay, Ontario in May 1976. Of 15 organochlorine compounds analyzed, trace amounts mainly of p,p-DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected, but could not be quantitated.", "PMID": 101969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4952", "title": "[Preliminary results of a new radioimmunoassay for thyroxine binding globulin (T.B.G.) (author's transl)].", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the accurate measurement of T.B.G., developed by Crouzat-Reynes, was used to perform T.B.G. concentration in sera of euthyroid subjects in different clinical situations, in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients. In normal control, the T.B.G. concentration was not different from men and women, from young and old subjects (m = 21,1; sigma = 3,9). On the other hand, in women either pregnant (m = 51,2; sigma = 18,1) or receiving oral contraception (m = 30,1; sigma = 5,7), the T.B.G. levels were significantly higher than euthyro subjects. Cirrhosis of the liver and liver carcinoma were without apparent effect on T.B.G. levels because it was a too few number of patients and the group was too heterogeneous. In the group of hypothyroid (m = 25,9; sigma = 6,5) and hyperthyroid (m = 21,1; sigma = 5,5) patients, the T.B.G. serum concentrations were not significantly different from normal. The ratio T4/T.B.G., as I.T.L. (T4 X T3 uptake) permit to bring back in normal range T4 levels changed by extrathyroidal process; however, this ratio seems to us to be less interesting than standard I.T.L. The T.B.G. assay has not to be considered only as a substitution of T3 uptake because they do not study the same parameters.", "contents": "[Preliminary results of a new radioimmunoassay for thyroxine binding globulin (T.B.G.) (author's transl)]. A radioimmunoassay for the accurate measurement of T.B.G., developed by Crouzat-Reynes, was used to perform T.B.G. concentration in sera of euthyroid subjects in different clinical situations, in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients. In normal control, the T.B.G. concentration was not different from men and women, from young and old subjects (m = 21,1; sigma = 3,9). On the other hand, in women either pregnant (m = 51,2; sigma = 18,1) or receiving oral contraception (m = 30,1; sigma = 5,7), the T.B.G. levels were significantly higher than euthyro subjects. Cirrhosis of the liver and liver carcinoma were without apparent effect on T.B.G. levels because it was a too few number of patients and the group was too heterogeneous. In the group of hypothyroid (m = 25,9; sigma = 6,5) and hyperthyroid (m = 21,1; sigma = 5,5) patients, the T.B.G. serum concentrations were not significantly different from normal. The ratio T4/T.B.G., as I.T.L. (T4 X T3 uptake) permit to bring back in normal range T4 levels changed by extrathyroidal process; however, this ratio seems to us to be less interesting than standard I.T.L. The T.B.G. assay has not to be considered only as a substitution of T3 uptake because they do not study the same parameters.", "PMID": 101971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4953", "title": "Nutritional management of chronic renal failure.", "content": "Patients with renal failure often have wasting syndrome, owing both to poor dietary intake and to the rigors and consequences of the uremic syndrome. Dietary therapy aims to improve nutritional status and also to minimize uremic toxicity and the metabolic imbalances associated with failing kidney function. Excessive protein intake can increase uremic toxicity, but opinion is divided as to when protein intake should be restricted. Restriction rarely is necessary until the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is below 25 ml/min. When the GFR is between 4 and 10 ml/min, a diet containing 35 (for women and very small men) to 40 gm of high-quality protein will maintain good nutrition and relative freedom from symptoms. With a GFR below 4 to 5 ml/min, maintenance dialysis should be instituted or a supplemental diet containing essential amino acids may be used. Most patients should receive calories in the amount of at least 35 kcal/kg of body weight per day. Supplements of folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, ascorbic acid, and the water-soluble vitamins should be given. Sodium and water restriction may be necessary.", "contents": "Nutritional management of chronic renal failure. Patients with renal failure often have wasting syndrome, owing both to poor dietary intake and to the rigors and consequences of the uremic syndrome. Dietary therapy aims to improve nutritional status and also to minimize uremic toxicity and the metabolic imbalances associated with failing kidney function. Excessive protein intake can increase uremic toxicity, but opinion is divided as to when protein intake should be restricted. Restriction rarely is necessary until the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is below 25 ml/min. When the GFR is between 4 and 10 ml/min, a diet containing 35 (for women and very small men) to 40 gm of high-quality protein will maintain good nutrition and relative freedom from symptoms. With a GFR below 4 to 5 ml/min, maintenance dialysis should be instituted or a supplemental diet containing essential amino acids may be used. Most patients should receive calories in the amount of at least 35 kcal/kg of body weight per day. Supplements of folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, ascorbic acid, and the water-soluble vitamins should be given. Sodium and water restriction may be necessary.", "PMID": 101982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4954", "title": "Effects of combinations of phencyclidine and pentobarbital on schedule-controlled behavior in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "Three squirrel monkeys trained on a variable interval schedule of food presentation were used to examine the interaction between phencyclidine (PCP) and pentobarbital (PB). First, dose-response curves for each drug given alone were obtained. PCP caused small response rate increases at low doses, and a dose-dependent decrease in responding at higher doses. PB caused only dose-dependent decreases in responding. The PB dose-response curve was then redetermined in the presence of four doses of PCP. Little support was found for the hypothesis that PCP enhances the depressant properties of PB. In fact, most dose combinations caused less disruption of responding than expected from simple addition of the effects of each drug given alone. These results are discussed in terms of species differences, measurement of different dipendent variables and rate-dependency.", "contents": "Effects of combinations of phencyclidine and pentobarbital on schedule-controlled behavior in the squirrel monkey. Three squirrel monkeys trained on a variable interval schedule of food presentation were used to examine the interaction between phencyclidine (PCP) and pentobarbital (PB). First, dose-response curves for each drug given alone were obtained. PCP caused small response rate increases at low doses, and a dose-dependent decrease in responding at higher doses. PB caused only dose-dependent decreases in responding. The PB dose-response curve was then redetermined in the presence of four doses of PCP. Little support was found for the hypothesis that PCP enhances the depressant properties of PB. In fact, most dose combinations caused less disruption of responding than expected from simple addition of the effects of each drug given alone. These results are discussed in terms of species differences, measurement of different dipendent variables and rate-dependency.", "PMID": 101988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4955", "title": "Effects of passive immunization against morphine on heroin self-administration.", "content": "Antimorphine antibodies produced in Rhesus monkeys immunized with morphine-6-hemisuccinate-BSA were passively administered to recipient monkeys trained to self-administer heroin and cocaine. Following antibody administration, changes in heroin self-administration behavior were observed which were similar to those achieved with low doses of naloxone. Both manipulations increased heroin self-administration without affecting cocaine responding.", "contents": "Effects of passive immunization against morphine on heroin self-administration. Antimorphine antibodies produced in Rhesus monkeys immunized with morphine-6-hemisuccinate-BSA were passively administered to recipient monkeys trained to self-administer heroin and cocaine. Following antibody administration, changes in heroin self-administration behavior were observed which were similar to those achieved with low doses of naloxone. Both manipulations increased heroin self-administration without affecting cocaine responding.", "PMID": 101989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4956", "title": "Short-term memory in the rhesus monkey: effects of dopamine blockade via acute haloperidol administration.", "content": "The effects of dopaminergic blockade on recent or short-term memory (STM) were evaluated in test-sophisticated rhesus monkeys. Each monkey was tested under several doses of the antidopaminergic haloperidol (0.006 to 0.05 mg/kg), in an automated, delayed-response procedure. The same procedure and test apparatus had previously been used to demonstrate profound STM impairments in aged rhesus monkeys and strikingly similar deficits in young monkeys given the anticholinergic scopolamine. The results of this study do not support the notion that dopaminergic mechanisms play a critical role in primate STM. Although significant impairments in delayed-response accuracy were observed with the higher doses of haloperidol, this impairment was unrelated to the duration of the retention interval, implying a more general, non-mnemonic dysfunction. Since the qualitative nature of this deficit to dissimilar to, and not as specific as that previously found in aged rhesus monkeys (or young monkeys given scopolamine), it is suggested that age-related changes observed in the dopaminergic system are less likely to be responsible for the aged STM impairments than comparable age-related changes in the cholinergic system.", "contents": "Short-term memory in the rhesus monkey: effects of dopamine blockade via acute haloperidol administration. The effects of dopaminergic blockade on recent or short-term memory (STM) were evaluated in test-sophisticated rhesus monkeys. Each monkey was tested under several doses of the antidopaminergic haloperidol (0.006 to 0.05 mg/kg), in an automated, delayed-response procedure. The same procedure and test apparatus had previously been used to demonstrate profound STM impairments in aged rhesus monkeys and strikingly similar deficits in young monkeys given the anticholinergic scopolamine. The results of this study do not support the notion that dopaminergic mechanisms play a critical role in primate STM. Although significant impairments in delayed-response accuracy were observed with the higher doses of haloperidol, this impairment was unrelated to the duration of the retention interval, implying a more general, non-mnemonic dysfunction. Since the qualitative nature of this deficit to dissimilar to, and not as specific as that previously found in aged rhesus monkeys (or young monkeys given scopolamine), it is suggested that age-related changes observed in the dopaminergic system are less likely to be responsible for the aged STM impairments than comparable age-related changes in the cholinergic system.", "PMID": 101990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4957", "title": "A two-way scanning method for total body in vivo neutron activation analysis.", "content": "When determining the total body content of many elements by neutron activation analysis, irradiation and whole body counting by scanning along the length of the body has significant advantages. A neutron source of lower output and a whole body counter using smaller detectors and shielding (than otherwise needed) can provide a high, uniform response for many elements throughout the body. This was previously achieved by making the speed and direction of scanning identical in irradiation and counting (one-way scanning). A simple theoretical model for scanned irradiation and counting is described. The model is used to show that a scanning regime in which both scanning directions are used (two-way scanning) can provide acceptably uniform response for elements having induced activities of a wide range of half-life. This is supported by measurements made using an existing scanning facility for total body in vivo neutron activation analysis. The two-way scanning regime offers the advantages of increased patient comfort, simpler operation and more efficient use of the time available for counting induced activity.", "contents": "A two-way scanning method for total body in vivo neutron activation analysis. When determining the total body content of many elements by neutron activation analysis, irradiation and whole body counting by scanning along the length of the body has significant advantages. A neutron source of lower output and a whole body counter using smaller detectors and shielding (than otherwise needed) can provide a high, uniform response for many elements throughout the body. This was previously achieved by making the speed and direction of scanning identical in irradiation and counting (one-way scanning). A simple theoretical model for scanned irradiation and counting is described. The model is used to show that a scanning regime in which both scanning directions are used (two-way scanning) can provide acceptably uniform response for elements having induced activities of a wide range of half-life. This is supported by measurements made using an existing scanning facility for total body in vivo neutron activation analysis. The two-way scanning regime offers the advantages of increased patient comfort, simpler operation and more efficient use of the time available for counting induced activity.", "PMID": 101991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4958", "title": "Pulse propagation in muscle.", "content": "A technique is described for measuring the propagation velocity of a mechanical pulse along a muscle. The pulse is generated and detected by piezoelectric crystals (bimorph benders). Measurement of the time delay for a known crystal separation gives the propagation velocity v (of the order of 100 m s-1) from which the Young's modulus is calculated. Primary results for elastic moduli of frog and toad muscles at 5 degrees C are: 2.6 X 10(6) N m-2 at rest, 3.1 X 10(7) N m-2 in tetanus and 2.1 X 10(7) N m-2 in rigor. Exploratory experiments are also described showing the application of the technique to (i) the development of tetanus, (ii) variation with sarcomere length and (iii) the mechanics of rigor. The pulse technique gives an almost instantaneous measurement of the purely elastic response of a muscle and is thereby of value in basic studies of the mechanism of contraction. It is also a useful non-destructive probe in following the effects of such variables as temperature, fatigue or chemical treatments.", "contents": "Pulse propagation in muscle. A technique is described for measuring the propagation velocity of a mechanical pulse along a muscle. The pulse is generated and detected by piezoelectric crystals (bimorph benders). Measurement of the time delay for a known crystal separation gives the propagation velocity v (of the order of 100 m s-1) from which the Young's modulus is calculated. Primary results for elastic moduli of frog and toad muscles at 5 degrees C are: 2.6 X 10(6) N m-2 at rest, 3.1 X 10(7) N m-2 in tetanus and 2.1 X 10(7) N m-2 in rigor. Exploratory experiments are also described showing the application of the technique to (i) the development of tetanus, (ii) variation with sarcomere length and (iii) the mechanics of rigor. The pulse technique gives an almost instantaneous measurement of the purely elastic response of a muscle and is thereby of value in basic studies of the mechanism of contraction. It is also a useful non-destructive probe in following the effects of such variables as temperature, fatigue or chemical treatments.", "PMID": 101992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4959", "title": "Undersea psychophysiologic reactions of human organism.", "content": "The determinations carried out on 12 divers during the immersion into the sea to a depth between 7 and 29 m, as well as on controls in immersions at 4 m revealed a significant prolongation of the visual reaction time and a marked tachycardia. The changes were more marked at great depths and if exercise was superimposed over hyperbaric stress. A rise in the urinary excretion of 17-HOCS and vanillylmandelic acid and an impairment of the manual dexterity were also found during immersions. The results stress the importance of divers' monitoring during their underwater activity and the necessity of improving their physical training.", "contents": "Undersea psychophysiologic reactions of human organism. The determinations carried out on 12 divers during the immersion into the sea to a depth between 7 and 29 m, as well as on controls in immersions at 4 m revealed a significant prolongation of the visual reaction time and a marked tachycardia. The changes were more marked at great depths and if exercise was superimposed over hyperbaric stress. A rise in the urinary excretion of 17-HOCS and vanillylmandelic acid and an impairment of the manual dexterity were also found during immersions. The results stress the importance of divers' monitoring during their underwater activity and the necessity of improving their physical training.", "PMID": 101994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4960", "title": "Mechanisms and significance of QRS macrovoltage in the absence of cardiac hypertrophy.", "content": "The electric stimulation of the lateral ventricular walls carried out in experiments on dog heart (open-thorax), as well as the analysis of the clinical, radiological and electrocardiographic data recorded in 462 cases with QRS macrovoltage led to the following conclusions: a) in 22% of the cases (hospital cardiologic examinations) this anomaly cannot be accounted for either by age, blood pressure or cardiac hypertrophy; b) a temporarily perturbed development of the ventricular depolarization, i.e. a \"jerky\" depolarization, not stagnant enough to produce an intraventricular block, may generate great negativity and positivity myocardial masses responsible for the appearance of large dipoles, namely of the increased QRS voltage; c) the coincident ischemia and macrovoltage of the QRS major wave, as well as the subsequent evolution of incipient CHD in a series of patients point to the hypothesis according to which the regional myocardial ischemia may induce a QRS macrovoltage by means of the above mechanism.", "contents": "Mechanisms and significance of QRS macrovoltage in the absence of cardiac hypertrophy. The electric stimulation of the lateral ventricular walls carried out in experiments on dog heart (open-thorax), as well as the analysis of the clinical, radiological and electrocardiographic data recorded in 462 cases with QRS macrovoltage led to the following conclusions: a) in 22% of the cases (hospital cardiologic examinations) this anomaly cannot be accounted for either by age, blood pressure or cardiac hypertrophy; b) a temporarily perturbed development of the ventricular depolarization, i.e. a \"jerky\" depolarization, not stagnant enough to produce an intraventricular block, may generate great negativity and positivity myocardial masses responsible for the appearance of large dipoles, namely of the increased QRS voltage; c) the coincident ischemia and macrovoltage of the QRS major wave, as well as the subsequent evolution of incipient CHD in a series of patients point to the hypothesis according to which the regional myocardial ischemia may induce a QRS macrovoltage by means of the above mechanism.", "PMID": 101995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4961", "title": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha: preliminary observations on circulating concentrations.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha (6-keto-PGF1alpha) is reported. The mean least detectable mass of 6-keto-PGF1alpha is 1.45 pg and the mean mass of added 6-keto-PGF1alpha required to displace zero-point binding by 50% is 94.2 pg. Cross-reactivities of the antiserum with all the prostaglandins and related compounds tested are less than 0.1% except for PGE2 and PGF2alpha which are respectively 0.16% and 0.80%. The assay is both accurate and reproducible and measured levels are in good agreement following extraction of 0.25--4.0 ml of plasma. Mean circulating concentrations of 6-keto-PGF1alpha in five non-pregnant humans, rhesus monkeys and sheep were 115, 65 and 25 pg/ml respectively.", "contents": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha: preliminary observations on circulating concentrations. A radioimmunoassay for 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha (6-keto-PGF1alpha) is reported. The mean least detectable mass of 6-keto-PGF1alpha is 1.45 pg and the mean mass of added 6-keto-PGF1alpha required to displace zero-point binding by 50% is 94.2 pg. Cross-reactivities of the antiserum with all the prostaglandins and related compounds tested are less than 0.1% except for PGE2 and PGF2alpha which are respectively 0.16% and 0.80%. The assay is both accurate and reproducible and measured levels are in good agreement following extraction of 0.25--4.0 ml of plasma. Mean circulating concentrations of 6-keto-PGF1alpha in five non-pregnant humans, rhesus monkeys and sheep were 115, 65 and 25 pg/ml respectively.", "PMID": 102000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4962", "title": "Arachidonic acid distribution in lipids of mammary glands and DMBA-induced tumors of rats.", "content": "In the phospholipid fractions, arachidonic acid represented a several fold higher percentage of fatty acids from DMBA-induced tumors and in mammary glands from midpregnant rats when compared to mammary glands from virgin rats. Arachidonic acid was not present in measurable quantities in the neutral lipid fractions of mammary glands from virgin rats. The arachidonic acid in the neutral lipid fraction of mammary glands from midpregnant rats was only detectable in the triglyceride-sterol ester fraction, but in that fraction less than 1% of the fatty acids were arachidonic acid. In the neutral lipids of the DMBA-induced tumors, it was of particular interest that a high proportion (19%) of the fatty acids in the diglyceride fraction consisted of arachidonic acid; no arachidonic acid was detected in the diglycerides of the normal tissues.", "contents": "Arachidonic acid distribution in lipids of mammary glands and DMBA-induced tumors of rats. In the phospholipid fractions, arachidonic acid represented a several fold higher percentage of fatty acids from DMBA-induced tumors and in mammary glands from midpregnant rats when compared to mammary glands from virgin rats. Arachidonic acid was not present in measurable quantities in the neutral lipid fractions of mammary glands from virgin rats. The arachidonic acid in the neutral lipid fraction of mammary glands from midpregnant rats was only detectable in the triglyceride-sterol ester fraction, but in that fraction less than 1% of the fatty acids were arachidonic acid. In the neutral lipids of the DMBA-induced tumors, it was of particular interest that a high proportion (19%) of the fatty acids in the diglyceride fraction consisted of arachidonic acid; no arachidonic acid was detected in the diglycerides of the normal tissues.", "PMID": 102001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4963", "title": "Oxygen requirement for prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "content": "The formation of prostaglandins by vesicular gland cyclooxygenase can be regulated by O2 concentrations below 30 micron (20 mm Hg) with an apparent Km value of about 5 micron. This result suggests that most mammalian tissues might be expected normally to have sufficient O2 for some synthesis, and that only occasionally, would the level of oxygen available within some tissues become marginally inadequate to sustain a high rate of prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "contents": "Oxygen requirement for prostaglandin biosynthesis. The formation of prostaglandins by vesicular gland cyclooxygenase can be regulated by O2 concentrations below 30 micron (20 mm Hg) with an apparent Km value of about 5 micron. This result suggests that most mammalian tissues might be expected normally to have sufficient O2 for some synthesis, and that only occasionally, would the level of oxygen available within some tissues become marginally inadequate to sustain a high rate of prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "PMID": 102002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4964", "title": "Redistribution of intrarenal blood flow following ADH administration: lack of inhibition by blockade of prostaglandin in cyclooxygenase.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition on the redistribution of renal cortical blood flow in response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was examined using radioactive microspheres in water loaded, thiopental-anesthetized dogs. Microsphere injections were made during a control and an ADH infusion period (0.35 mU/kg/min following a 20 mU/kg bolus)  both before and after indomethacin pretreatment (8 mg/kg intravenously). Urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) excretion in each period was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ADH caused a marked redistribution of flow toward inner cortical zones from 19 +/- 1 to 25 +/- 2 ml/min (mean +/- SE, p less than 0.01). Fractional flow to inner zones was also significantly increased. Indomethacin pretreatment had no effect on the ADH-induced redistribution (17 +/- 2 vs. 24 +/- 2 ml/min, p less than 0.01), although urinary PGE2 excretion was suppressed by indomethacin by 60%. It is concluded that prostaglandins do not mediate the redistribution of intrarenal blood flow accompanying ADH administration.", "contents": "Redistribution of intrarenal blood flow following ADH administration: lack of inhibition by blockade of prostaglandin in cyclooxygenase. The effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition on the redistribution of renal cortical blood flow in response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was examined using radioactive microspheres in water loaded, thiopental-anesthetized dogs. Microsphere injections were made during a control and an ADH infusion period (0.35 mU/kg/min following a 20 mU/kg bolus)  both before and after indomethacin pretreatment (8 mg/kg intravenously). Urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) excretion in each period was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ADH caused a marked redistribution of flow toward inner cortical zones from 19 +/- 1 to 25 +/- 2 ml/min (mean +/- SE, p less than 0.01). Fractional flow to inner zones was also significantly increased. Indomethacin pretreatment had no effect on the ADH-induced redistribution (17 +/- 2 vs. 24 +/- 2 ml/min, p less than 0.01), although urinary PGE2 excretion was suppressed by indomethacin by 60%. It is concluded that prostaglandins do not mediate the redistribution of intrarenal blood flow accompanying ADH administration.", "PMID": 102003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4965", "title": "Role of prostaglandins and histamine in reactive hyperemia: in-vivo studies on single mesenteric arterioles.", "content": "Direct, in vivo microcirculatory experiments were undertaken with anesthetized rats to determine whether prostaglandin (PG)-like compounds and histamine may mediate post-occlusion hyperemia in single mesenteric arterioles. Superfusion of the mesenteric vasculature with two structurally different PG synthetase inhibitors, indomethacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETA), was found to markedly inhibit postocclusion vasodilator responses in arterioles 20-22 micrometer i.d. Superfusion of mesentery with an H2-histamine receptor antagonist, metiamide, resulted in a 40% inhibition of the postocclusion vasodilator responses in arterioles. Superfusion of the mesenteric vasculature with a combination of indomethacin and metiamide resulted in a 95% suppression of the postocclusion dilator responses. Administration of either the PG synthetase inhibitors, metiamide, or a combination of both types of drugs did not, however, influence resting arteriolar tone or responsiveness to PGE1 or epinephrine. Although the results of these experiments implicate a role for PG-like substances and histamine in reactive or postocclusion hypermia, they do not provide evidence for a role of these humoral substances in the normal moment-to-moment regulation of arteriolar tone.", "contents": "Role of prostaglandins and histamine in reactive hyperemia: in-vivo studies on single mesenteric arterioles. Direct, in vivo microcirculatory experiments were undertaken with anesthetized rats to determine whether prostaglandin (PG)-like compounds and histamine may mediate post-occlusion hyperemia in single mesenteric arterioles. Superfusion of the mesenteric vasculature with two structurally different PG synthetase inhibitors, indomethacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETA), was found to markedly inhibit postocclusion vasodilator responses in arterioles 20-22 micrometer i.d. Superfusion of mesentery with an H2-histamine receptor antagonist, metiamide, resulted in a 40% inhibition of the postocclusion vasodilator responses in arterioles. Superfusion of the mesenteric vasculature with a combination of indomethacin and metiamide resulted in a 95% suppression of the postocclusion dilator responses. Administration of either the PG synthetase inhibitors, metiamide, or a combination of both types of drugs did not, however, influence resting arteriolar tone or responsiveness to PGE1 or epinephrine. Although the results of these experiments implicate a role for PG-like substances and histamine in reactive or postocclusion hypermia, they do not provide evidence for a role of these humoral substances in the normal moment-to-moment regulation of arteriolar tone.", "PMID": 102004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4966", "title": "Drug-induced lung disease.", "content": "Since there are no diagnostic studies to confirm the presence of a drug-induced lung reaction the physician will make a correct diagnosis only if he is aware of the drugs which have been identified to cause pulmonary reactions and their specific manifestations. Failure to recognize a drug-induced lung disease can lead to significant morbidity and in some cases mortality. The major drug-induced lung diseases are reviewed, the drugs being presented in the context of their clinical use and the reactions on the basis of common pathogenetic mechanisms.", "contents": "Drug-induced lung disease. Since there are no diagnostic studies to confirm the presence of a drug-induced lung reaction the physician will make a correct diagnosis only if he is aware of the drugs which have been identified to cause pulmonary reactions and their specific manifestations. Failure to recognize a drug-induced lung disease can lead to significant morbidity and in some cases mortality. The major drug-induced lung diseases are reviewed, the drugs being presented in the context of their clinical use and the reactions on the basis of common pathogenetic mechanisms.", "PMID": 102005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4967", "title": "Clinical and laboratory studies of levamisole in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Two studies with levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis are reported. In the first study of 30 patients levamisole was superior to placebo in terms of pain relief, reduction in articular tenderness, duration of morning stiffness, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and radioisotope uptake in knee and wrist joints. There were no consistent differences in lymphocyte function, immunoglobin or complement concentration, or polymorphonuclear granulocytic function. In the second study forty patients were commenced on treatment with either gold or levamisole. At the end of one year there were significant improvements with both regimens in pain score, joint tenderness and ESR. The patients on levamisole showed significant improvement of duration of morning stiffness, while the patients on gold showed significant improvement of rheumatoid factor titre and left hand grip, but there were no significant differences between the two regimens.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory studies of levamisole in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Two studies with levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis are reported. In the first study of 30 patients levamisole was superior to placebo in terms of pain relief, reduction in articular tenderness, duration of morning stiffness, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and radioisotope uptake in knee and wrist joints. There were no consistent differences in lymphocyte function, immunoglobin or complement concentration, or polymorphonuclear granulocytic function. In the second study forty patients were commenced on treatment with either gold or levamisole. At the end of one year there were significant improvements with both regimens in pain score, joint tenderness and ESR. The patients on levamisole showed significant improvement of duration of morning stiffness, while the patients on gold showed significant improvement of rheumatoid factor titre and left hand grip, but there were no significant differences between the two regimens.", "PMID": 102008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4968", "title": "Absorption of phenoxymethylpenicillin in children. The influence of age, state of disease and pharmaceutical preparation.", "content": "The bioavailability of phenoxymethylpenicillin (pc V) was determined in children with upper respiratory infection (age 1 month-5 years) following the administration of different commercial preparations of pc V. Administration of potassium pc V in water solution resulted in a significantly higher plasma concentration than the same dose of potassium pc V in an oil vehicle. There was no difference in absorption between tablet and mixture (the water solution) when potassium pc V was given, but with calcium pc V lower plasma levels were found after the oil mixture form than after the tablets. The results indicate that the oil mixture form and not the type of salt is responsible for the decreased absorption observed after some preparations of pc V. The absorption of solutions of potassium and calcium pc V was also examined in two different age groups, 1--5 months and 6 months-5 years. For both preparations the younger children obtained higher plasma levels. In 4 children with coeliac disease a decreased absorption compared to control children was found of potassium pc V in solution and this was most pronounced when the oil vehicle was used.", "contents": "Absorption of phenoxymethylpenicillin in children. The influence of age, state of disease and pharmaceutical preparation. The bioavailability of phenoxymethylpenicillin (pc V) was determined in children with upper respiratory infection (age 1 month-5 years) following the administration of different commercial preparations of pc V. Administration of potassium pc V in water solution resulted in a significantly higher plasma concentration than the same dose of potassium pc V in an oil vehicle. There was no difference in absorption between tablet and mixture (the water solution) when potassium pc V was given, but with calcium pc V lower plasma levels were found after the oil mixture form than after the tablets. The results indicate that the oil mixture form and not the type of salt is responsible for the decreased absorption observed after some preparations of pc V. The absorption of solutions of potassium and calcium pc V was also examined in two different age groups, 1--5 months and 6 months-5 years. For both preparations the younger children obtained higher plasma levels. In 4 children with coeliac disease a decreased absorption compared to control children was found of potassium pc V in solution and this was most pronounced when the oil vehicle was used.", "PMID": 102021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4969", "title": "Abnormalities of the gait occurring during recovery from fractures of the lower limb and their improvement during rehabilitation.", "content": "The gait patterns of 19 patients recovering from fractures of the lower limb were analysed using a metal track on which patients walked in shoes fitted with metal contacts. The technique demonstrated marked abnormalities of the gait when patients were admitted to a rehabilitation unit, with an overall reduction of the extent of these abnormalities during treatment. Marked improvements of gait occurred whilst the patients were walking with the aid of crutches. However, little improvement occurred whilst the patients walked with sticks, but when sticks were discarded further marked improvements occurred.", "contents": "Abnormalities of the gait occurring during recovery from fractures of the lower limb and their improvement during rehabilitation. The gait patterns of 19 patients recovering from fractures of the lower limb were analysed using a metal track on which patients walked in shoes fitted with metal contacts. The technique demonstrated marked abnormalities of the gait when patients were admitted to a rehabilitation unit, with an overall reduction of the extent of these abnormalities during treatment. Marked improvements of gait occurred whilst the patients were walking with the aid of crutches. However, little improvement occurred whilst the patients walked with sticks, but when sticks were discarded further marked improvements occurred.", "PMID": 102024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4970", "title": "Oesophageal diverticula. A follow-up study of 34 patients.", "content": "Of the 34 patients treated surgically for oesophageal diverticula during a 17-year yperiod, 14 had Zenker's and 20 thoracic diverticula. In addition to three diverticular perforations, the selection of the patients for surgery was based on major symptomatology and roentgenological retention in the diverticulum. The most usual method was a simple diverticulectomy. One patient was lost because of an oesophagopleural fistula, while non-lethal complications occurred in 10 patients. Twenty-nine patients were available for the follow-up study, which was made, on an average, 5.5 years postoperatively. Four had died of other causes. Seventeen patients regarded the results as good and 11 as acceptable. A roentgenological recurrence was detected after six Zenker's and four thoracic diverticulectomies by using the hypotonic double contrast method. Most recurrences caused only minor symptoms, if any. Two new diverticula were found in addition to the recurrences. Only one patient was reoperated on, while the slight discomfort felt by the others was not considered an indication for surgery.", "contents": "Oesophageal diverticula. A follow-up study of 34 patients. Of the 34 patients treated surgically for oesophageal diverticula during a 17-year yperiod, 14 had Zenker's and 20 thoracic diverticula. In addition to three diverticular perforations, the selection of the patients for surgery was based on major symptomatology and roentgenological retention in the diverticulum. The most usual method was a simple diverticulectomy. One patient was lost because of an oesophagopleural fistula, while non-lethal complications occurred in 10 patients. Twenty-nine patients were available for the follow-up study, which was made, on an average, 5.5 years postoperatively. Four had died of other causes. Seventeen patients regarded the results as good and 11 as acceptable. A roentgenological recurrence was detected after six Zenker's and four thoracic diverticulectomies by using the hypotonic double contrast method. Most recurrences caused only minor symptoms, if any. Two new diverticula were found in addition to the recurrences. Only one patient was reoperated on, while the slight discomfort felt by the others was not considered an indication for surgery.", "PMID": 102025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4971", "title": "The re-use of previously implanted pacemakers.", "content": "Two methods were used to sterilize pacemakers recovered for reimplantation in other patients. In a series of 50 reimplantations there was no battery or pocket complication which could be attributed to these methods. We believe that reimplantation is justified especially as the economic factors will become much more important with the new long-lasting, hermetically sealed lithium pacemakers.", "contents": "The re-use of previously implanted pacemakers. Two methods were used to sterilize pacemakers recovered for reimplantation in other patients. In a series of 50 reimplantations there was no battery or pocket complication which could be attributed to these methods. We believe that reimplantation is justified especially as the economic factors will become much more important with the new long-lasting, hermetically sealed lithium pacemakers.", "PMID": 102026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4972", "title": "Afterload reduction in the treatment of cardiac failure.", "content": "The vasodilators produce disparate modifications of cardiac function depending on the differing alterations of preload versus impedance: nitrates principally cause venodilation; nitroprusside, phentolamine and prazosin produce balanced arterial and venous dilation; while hydralazine predominantly effects arterial dilation. Combined nitroprusside and dopamine or dobutamine synergistically enhance low cardiac output and decrease raised left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Ambulatory oral vasodilator therapy is provided by long-acting nitrates, hydralazine and prazosin alone, combined nitrate-hydralazine and combined prazosin-hydralazine. It is truly remarkable how quickly systemic vasodilators have become established as an important new medical advance in acute and chronic congestive heart failure treatment. In the future, as more experience is gained with the vasodilators and as newer such agents become available, the systemic vasodilators likely will be utilized as often as digitalis in the standard treatment of congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Afterload reduction in the treatment of cardiac failure. The vasodilators produce disparate modifications of cardiac function depending on the differing alterations of preload versus impedance: nitrates principally cause venodilation; nitroprusside, phentolamine and prazosin produce balanced arterial and venous dilation; while hydralazine predominantly effects arterial dilation. Combined nitroprusside and dopamine or dobutamine synergistically enhance low cardiac output and decrease raised left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Ambulatory oral vasodilator therapy is provided by long-acting nitrates, hydralazine and prazosin alone, combined nitrate-hydralazine and combined prazosin-hydralazine. It is truly remarkable how quickly systemic vasodilators have become established as an important new medical advance in acute and chronic congestive heart failure treatment. In the future, as more experience is gained with the vasodilators and as newer such agents become available, the systemic vasodilators likely will be utilized as often as digitalis in the standard treatment of congestive heart failure.", "PMID": 102028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4973", "title": "[Peroral nitrate therapy in severe cardiac insufficiency following acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "Ten patients with severe congestive heart failure after acute myocardial infarction were treated with 40 mg isosorbiddinitrate-retard every 4 hours and additional sublingual nitroglycerine. There was a prompt improvement of hemodynamic parameters which was maintained for 24 hours: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCW) decreased within 10 min from 26 +/- 5 (X +/- SEM) to 17 +/- 2 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) and mean arterial pressure from 109 +/- 7 to 98 +/- 6 mm Hg. The heart rate remained constant, and the cardiac index improved from 2.3 +/- 0.2 to 2.5 +/- 0.21/min/m2. The fall in blood pressure was dependent on the pretreatment pressure: it was significantly greater in patients with elevated blood pressure and only slight in those with a low pretreatment blood pressure. In the presented series of patients neither adverse effects or symptoms nor a critical reduction of blood pressure were observed. Combined oral treatment with isosorbiddinitrate and nitroglycerine can therefore be carried out without invasive blood pressure monitoring.", "contents": "[Peroral nitrate therapy in severe cardiac insufficiency following acute myocardial infarct]. Ten patients with severe congestive heart failure after acute myocardial infarction were treated with 40 mg isosorbiddinitrate-retard every 4 hours and additional sublingual nitroglycerine. There was a prompt improvement of hemodynamic parameters which was maintained for 24 hours: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCW) decreased within 10 min from 26 +/- 5 (X +/- SEM) to 17 +/- 2 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) and mean arterial pressure from 109 +/- 7 to 98 +/- 6 mm Hg. The heart rate remained constant, and the cardiac index improved from 2.3 +/- 0.2 to 2.5 +/- 0.21/min/m2. The fall in blood pressure was dependent on the pretreatment pressure: it was significantly greater in patients with elevated blood pressure and only slight in those with a low pretreatment blood pressure. In the presented series of patients neither adverse effects or symptoms nor a critical reduction of blood pressure were observed. Combined oral treatment with isosorbiddinitrate and nitroglycerine can therefore be carried out without invasive blood pressure monitoring.", "PMID": 102029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4974", "title": "[The accumulation of osteocementum around a dental implant under physical loading].", "content": "Hollow cylinder implants of titanium with a titanium spray surface were implanted in macaca speciosa, as previously described (Schweiz.Mschr.Zahnheilk.86: 713, 1976). This time, however, the implants were submitted to masticatory forces. Histologically it can be shown that the ankylotic contact between implant and bone, which is initially obtained, remains after 6-16 months. In one case the substance encasing the implant at its deepest part was identified as genuine osteocementum.", "contents": "[The accumulation of osteocementum around a dental implant under physical loading]. Hollow cylinder implants of titanium with a titanium spray surface were implanted in macaca speciosa, as previously described (Schweiz.Mschr.Zahnheilk.86: 713, 1976). This time, however, the implants were submitted to masticatory forces. Histologically it can be shown that the ankylotic contact between implant and bone, which is initially obtained, remains after 6-16 months. In one case the substance encasing the implant at its deepest part was identified as genuine osteocementum.", "PMID": 102030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4975", "title": "Neuronal plasticity in primate telencephalon: anomalous projections induced by prenatal removal of frontal cortex.", "content": "When the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in one hemisphere of a rhesus monkey is resected 6 weeks before birth and the fetus survives to postnatal ages, neurons of the corresponding cortex in the intact hemisphere issue a greatly expanded projection to the contralateral caudate nucleus in addition to a normal projection to the ipsilateral caudate. The enhancement of the crossed prefronto-caudate pathway after prenatal neurosurgery provides direct evidence for lesion-induced neuronal rearrangement in the primate telencephalon.", "contents": "Neuronal plasticity in primate telencephalon: anomalous projections induced by prenatal removal of frontal cortex. When the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in one hemisphere of a rhesus monkey is resected 6 weeks before birth and the fetus survives to postnatal ages, neurons of the corresponding cortex in the intact hemisphere issue a greatly expanded projection to the contralateral caudate nucleus in addition to a normal projection to the ipsilateral caudate. The enhancement of the crossed prefronto-caudate pathway after prenatal neurosurgery provides direct evidence for lesion-induced neuronal rearrangement in the primate telencephalon.", "PMID": 102031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4976", "title": "Australopithecine enamel prism patterns.", "content": "Following a recent suggestion that tooth enamel prism shape differs within Hominoidea, the teeth of a number of extinct and extant hominoid species were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The enamel prism patterns of some gracile and robust australopithecine specimens from Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai are recorded. The characteristic arrangements of enamel prisms in all modern and extinct hominoid species were found to be essentially similar. The implications of enamel prisms for phylogenetic deduction in Hominoidea are discussed.", "contents": "Australopithecine enamel prism patterns. Following a recent suggestion that tooth enamel prism shape differs within Hominoidea, the teeth of a number of extinct and extant hominoid species were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The enamel prism patterns of some gracile and robust australopithecine specimens from Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai are recorded. The characteristic arrangements of enamel prisms in all modern and extinct hominoid species were found to be essentially similar. The implications of enamel prisms for phylogenetic deduction in Hominoidea are discussed.", "PMID": 102032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4977", "title": "Spinothalamic tract neurons in the substantia gelatinosa.", "content": "The substantia gelatinosa of the mammalian spinal cord is generally believed to be a closed system; that is its neurons are thought to project only to the substantia gelatinosa of the same or the contralateral side. Experiments in monkeys, using injections of the marker enzyme horseradish peroxidase, show that at least some neurons of the substantia gelatinosa project to the thalamus and thus belong to the spinothalamic tract. Such neurons include two cell types intrinsic to the gelatinosa, the central cells and the limitrophe cells of Cajal.", "contents": "Spinothalamic tract neurons in the substantia gelatinosa. The substantia gelatinosa of the mammalian spinal cord is generally believed to be a closed system; that is its neurons are thought to project only to the substantia gelatinosa of the same or the contralateral side. Experiments in monkeys, using injections of the marker enzyme horseradish peroxidase, show that at least some neurons of the substantia gelatinosa project to the thalamus and thus belong to the spinothalamic tract. Such neurons include two cell types intrinsic to the gelatinosa, the central cells and the limitrophe cells of Cajal.", "PMID": 102034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4978", "title": "Rapid light-induced changes in near infrared transmission of rods in Bufo marinus.", "content": "Rapid transient changes in axial transmission of near infrared light through the outer segments of retinal rods of Bufo marinus are induced by illumination. The reasons for these changes are not clear. The changes in optical transmission may be useful in the study of photoreceptor function. However, the study of photoreceptor functions through the use of indicator dyes may be confounded by the intrinsic light-induced changes of optical properties of the photoreceptor cells.", "contents": "Rapid light-induced changes in near infrared transmission of rods in Bufo marinus. Rapid transient changes in axial transmission of near infrared light through the outer segments of retinal rods of Bufo marinus are induced by illumination. The reasons for these changes are not clear. The changes in optical transmission may be useful in the study of photoreceptor function. However, the study of photoreceptor functions through the use of indicator dyes may be confounded by the intrinsic light-induced changes of optical properties of the photoreceptor cells.", "PMID": 102035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4979", "title": "Characteristics of hospitalized tuberculous patients today.", "content": "The characteristics of 149 patients with tuberculosis consecutively discharged from the Tuberculosis Service of the University of Tennessee Hospital in 1975 and 1976 were evaluated. The results of this study indicate the presence in this group of advanced age, alcohol abuse, debility from multiple chronic diseases, drug resistance, and recalcitrance. Despite the unfavorable circumstances surrounding these patients, 118 patients showed bacteriologic and/or roentgenographic evidence of improvement during an average of two to four months of hospitalization. We are not advocating the reversal of the present trend toward brief hospitalization and ambulatory care for the majority of tuberculous patients. However, as a result of this study, we believe hard-core patients of the type described in this paper require significant hospitalization for proper management.", "contents": "Characteristics of hospitalized tuberculous patients today. The characteristics of 149 patients with tuberculosis consecutively discharged from the Tuberculosis Service of the University of Tennessee Hospital in 1975 and 1976 were evaluated. The results of this study indicate the presence in this group of advanced age, alcohol abuse, debility from multiple chronic diseases, drug resistance, and recalcitrance. Despite the unfavorable circumstances surrounding these patients, 118 patients showed bacteriologic and/or roentgenographic evidence of improvement during an average of two to four months of hospitalization. We are not advocating the reversal of the present trend toward brief hospitalization and ambulatory care for the majority of tuberculous patients. However, as a result of this study, we believe hard-core patients of the type described in this paper require significant hospitalization for proper management.", "PMID": 102036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4980", "title": "Percutaneous extraction of an embolized hyperalimentation catheter fragment.", "content": "Extraction of an embolized catheter fragment from an infant's heart was accomplished using a loop wire snare. At the time of extraction, a cutdown venotomy was necessary to avoid damaging the femoral vein. This is the eighth reported case of nonsurgical extraction in children under the age of 10 years.", "contents": "Percutaneous extraction of an embolized hyperalimentation catheter fragment. Extraction of an embolized catheter fragment from an infant's heart was accomplished using a loop wire snare. At the time of extraction, a cutdown venotomy was necessary to avoid damaging the femoral vein. This is the eighth reported case of nonsurgical extraction in children under the age of 10 years.", "PMID": 102037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4981", "title": "Private health insurance plans in 1976: an evaluation.", "content": "Private health insures collected a record $39.4 billion in premiums and returned $35 billion in benefits to their subscribers in 1976--a reflection of the steadily rising cost of health care, higher utilization, and the demand for expanded services. The industry experienced a net underwriting loss of $611 million, mainly because claims and operating expenses under insurance-company group business ran 3 percent above premium income. About 77 percent of the civilian population had some form of private hospital insurance, and about the same percentage had some form of surgical insurance. Lesser proportions were covered for other types of care. An estimated 12--13 percent of the population under age 65 had no economic protection against the costs of illness or health-related care--under either a private insurance plan or public program. Although virtually all of the aged were covered by Medicare, some 13--15 million bought private insurance, most of it under plans that covered some or all of the gaps in the Federal program.", "contents": "Private health insurance plans in 1976: an evaluation. Private health insures collected a record $39.4 billion in premiums and returned $35 billion in benefits to their subscribers in 1976--a reflection of the steadily rising cost of health care, higher utilization, and the demand for expanded services. The industry experienced a net underwriting loss of $611 million, mainly because claims and operating expenses under insurance-company group business ran 3 percent above premium income. About 77 percent of the civilian population had some form of private hospital insurance, and about the same percentage had some form of surgical insurance. Lesser proportions were covered for other types of care. An estimated 12--13 percent of the population under age 65 had no economic protection against the costs of illness or health-related care--under either a private insurance plan or public program. Although virtually all of the aged were covered by Medicare, some 13--15 million bought private insurance, most of it under plans that covered some or all of the gaps in the Federal program.", "PMID": 102042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4982", "title": "Evaluation of modified human umbilical vein as an arterial substitute in femoropopliteal reconstructive surgical procedures.", "content": "Modified human umbilical vein allografts tanned with glutaraldehyde and encased in a polyester mesh were used as arterial substitutes in 13 femoropopliteal reconstructive procedures. A cumulative patency rate of 91 per cent has been obtained for the two year follow-up period. Two grafts were lost due to patient death from myocardial infarction. The grafts were determined to be patent at the time of death, and no death was in any way associated with the graft material. One graft occluded immediately postoperatively due to the absence of any significant distal runoff to the arteries of the calf. There has been no incidence of aneurysmal formation, and based upon our previous experience with bovine artery heterograft, the modified human umbilical vein appears to be superior in this respect. Modified human umbilical vein allograft is superior to autogenous saphenous vein in that it is immediately available, valveless, branchless and may be specially constructed as to diameter and length. We have found the allograft to be flexible, easy to handle and suture, and of sufficient length, elasticity and compliance. Our cumulative patency rate for the two year follow-up period compares favorably with that of previously reported uses of autogenous saphenous vein in femoropopliteal arterial reconstruction. Those results show the modified human umbilical vein allograft to be well deserving as an alternative to autogenous saphenous vein in femoropopliteal arterial reconstructive procedures.", "contents": "Evaluation of modified human umbilical vein as an arterial substitute in femoropopliteal reconstructive surgical procedures. Modified human umbilical vein allografts tanned with glutaraldehyde and encased in a polyester mesh were used as arterial substitutes in 13 femoropopliteal reconstructive procedures. A cumulative patency rate of 91 per cent has been obtained for the two year follow-up period. Two grafts were lost due to patient death from myocardial infarction. The grafts were determined to be patent at the time of death, and no death was in any way associated with the graft material. One graft occluded immediately postoperatively due to the absence of any significant distal runoff to the arteries of the calf. There has been no incidence of aneurysmal formation, and based upon our previous experience with bovine artery heterograft, the modified human umbilical vein appears to be superior in this respect. Modified human umbilical vein allograft is superior to autogenous saphenous vein in that it is immediately available, valveless, branchless and may be specially constructed as to diameter and length. We have found the allograft to be flexible, easy to handle and suture, and of sufficient length, elasticity and compliance. Our cumulative patency rate for the two year follow-up period compares favorably with that of previously reported uses of autogenous saphenous vein in femoropopliteal arterial reconstruction. Those results show the modified human umbilical vein allograft to be well deserving as an alternative to autogenous saphenous vein in femoropopliteal arterial reconstructive procedures.", "PMID": 102043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4983", "title": "Cyclopia associated with triploidy and hydatidiform mole: a case report.", "content": "A live 22-week-old cyclops fetus with a 69 XYY chromosome pattern and partial hydatidiform mole of the placenta is reported. Although cyclopia and chromosomal triploidy have certain features in common they appear to be two quite distinct entities. As no other 69 XYY fetus has survived to 22 weeks gestation and no other case of cyclopia has been reported with a triploid set of chromosomes, the assumption that the two conditions occurred coincidently in this fetus will have to await the accumulation of additional case reports.", "contents": "Cyclopia associated with triploidy and hydatidiform mole: a case report. A live 22-week-old cyclops fetus with a 69 XYY chromosome pattern and partial hydatidiform mole of the placenta is reported. Although cyclopia and chromosomal triploidy have certain features in common they appear to be two quite distinct entities. As no other 69 XYY fetus has survived to 22 weeks gestation and no other case of cyclopia has been reported with a triploid set of chromosomes, the assumption that the two conditions occurred coincidently in this fetus will have to await the accumulation of additional case reports.", "PMID": 102046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4984", "title": "[Preoperative localization of myocardial areas requiring revascularization in coronary artery disease (author's transl)].", "content": "At the time of preoperative coronary angiography in 44 patients left ventricular angiograms immediately after high frequency stimulation and after administration of nitroglycerin were performed. For interpretation we used the shortening (in percentage) of 8 vertical semi-diameters and of longitudinal axis in biplane angiograms. The data found in 15 healthy persons were used for comparison. Looking at the rate of shortening after high frequency stimulation myocardial areas endangered by hypoxia could be unmasked. By giving nitroglycerin thereafter we were able to differentiate between reversibly and irreversibly damaged areas. In 7 patients this has already been proven by postoperative examination. In preoperatively reversibly damaged myocardial areas no hypokinesis could be observed any more after successful revascularization. In contrast there was no improvement seen in preoperatively irreversibly damaged areas in spite of graft patency. The described preoperative angiography-test allows: 1. to unmask myocardial areas endangered by hypoxia. 2. to differentiate preoperatively between reversibly and irreversibly damaged areas. 3. more precise indication as well as better control of the results of revascularization.", "contents": "[Preoperative localization of myocardial areas requiring revascularization in coronary artery disease (author's transl)]. At the time of preoperative coronary angiography in 44 patients left ventricular angiograms immediately after high frequency stimulation and after administration of nitroglycerin were performed. For interpretation we used the shortening (in percentage) of 8 vertical semi-diameters and of longitudinal axis in biplane angiograms. The data found in 15 healthy persons were used for comparison. Looking at the rate of shortening after high frequency stimulation myocardial areas endangered by hypoxia could be unmasked. By giving nitroglycerin thereafter we were able to differentiate between reversibly and irreversibly damaged areas. In 7 patients this has already been proven by postoperative examination. In preoperatively reversibly damaged myocardial areas no hypokinesis could be observed any more after successful revascularization. In contrast there was no improvement seen in preoperatively irreversibly damaged areas in spite of graft patency. The described preoperative angiography-test allows: 1. to unmask myocardial areas endangered by hypoxia. 2. to differentiate preoperatively between reversibly and irreversibly damaged areas. 3. more precise indication as well as better control of the results of revascularization.", "PMID": 102047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4985", "title": "A case of septo-optic dysplasia.", "content": "A child was reported here who has the hypoplastic optic nerve, absent septum pellucidum and endocrinological disorders. Growth hormone deficiency, antidiuretic hormone deficiency and mild hypothyroidism were observed. He has been treated with thyroid hormone and DDAVP.", "contents": "A case of septo-optic dysplasia. A child was reported here who has the hypoplastic optic nerve, absent septum pellucidum and endocrinological disorders. Growth hormone deficiency, antidiuretic hormone deficiency and mild hypothyroidism were observed. He has been treated with thyroid hormone and DDAVP.", "PMID": 102048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4986", "title": "Effect of trichlorophenols on xenobiotic metabolism in the rat.", "content": "Unlike halogenated benzenes, trichlorophenols did not induce xenobiotic metabolism in the rat. 2,3,5-, 2,3,6-, 2,4,5-, and 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol at doses as high as 400 mg/kg p.o. daily for 14 days did not alter EPN detoxification. Only 2,4,5-trichlorophenol at the highest dose decreased microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 content. In vitro, all 4 isomers inhibited EPN detoxification and the demethylation of p-nitroanisole. UDP-glucuronyltransferase was not altered in vivo and was only slightly inhibited in vitro by 2,3,5- and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. The compounds were not hepatotoxic as assessed by measurement of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and serum sorbitol dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Effect of trichlorophenols on xenobiotic metabolism in the rat. Unlike halogenated benzenes, trichlorophenols did not induce xenobiotic metabolism in the rat. 2,3,5-, 2,3,6-, 2,4,5-, and 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol at doses as high as 400 mg/kg p.o. daily for 14 days did not alter EPN detoxification. Only 2,4,5-trichlorophenol at the highest dose decreased microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 content. In vitro, all 4 isomers inhibited EPN detoxification and the demethylation of p-nitroanisole. UDP-glucuronyltransferase was not altered in vivo and was only slightly inhibited in vitro by 2,3,5- and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. The compounds were not hepatotoxic as assessed by measurement of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and serum sorbitol dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 102051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4987", "title": "[Exact reproduction of daily treatment fields using wedge filters (author's transl)].", "content": "With the use of more sophisticated techniques in megavoltage irradiation, the exact reproduction of the daily treatment fields is of utmost importance. In this short communication a relatively simple method is described which can be applied when wedge filters are used.", "contents": "[Exact reproduction of daily treatment fields using wedge filters (author's transl)]. With the use of more sophisticated techniques in megavoltage irradiation, the exact reproduction of the daily treatment fields is of utmost importance. In this short communication a relatively simple method is described which can be applied when wedge filters are used.", "PMID": 102052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4988", "title": "Disposition of ORF 9326, a novel contragestational steroid, in animals.", "content": "The disposition of ORF 9326 [17BETA-acetoxy-2alpha-chloro-3(p-nitrophenoxy) imino-5-androstane], an O-aryl oxime of 2beta-chlorodihydrotestosterone acetate, was studied in rats, dogs, monkeys and rabbits. Intravenous administration of 3H-ORF 9326 dissolved in PEG-400 to rats, dogs and monkeys resulted in a rapid decline of radioactivity in blood followed by  a terminal slope suggesting long retention of radioactivity. Apparent half lives of radioactivity in blood were calculated to be from 50--95 hours for the three species, which peak levels of radioactivity in whole blood occurring within 4--7 hours after administration of the compound. Tissue distribution studies in the rat and dog indicate that body fat is one of the major depot areas for the drug and/or its metabolites. The major route of excretion for ORF 9326 and/or its metabolites in dog and rat is biliary whereas in monkey and rabbit it appears to be renal. Greater than 90% of the radioactive compounds excreted in the urine of dogs and monkeys following intravenous administration of 3H-ORF 9326 appear to be in the form of conjugates.", "contents": "Disposition of ORF 9326, a novel contragestational steroid, in animals. The disposition of ORF 9326 [17BETA-acetoxy-2alpha-chloro-3(p-nitrophenoxy) imino-5-androstane], an O-aryl oxime of 2beta-chlorodihydrotestosterone acetate, was studied in rats, dogs, monkeys and rabbits. Intravenous administration of 3H-ORF 9326 dissolved in PEG-400 to rats, dogs and monkeys resulted in a rapid decline of radioactivity in blood followed by  a terminal slope suggesting long retention of radioactivity. Apparent half lives of radioactivity in blood were calculated to be from 50--95 hours for the three species, which peak levels of radioactivity in whole blood occurring within 4--7 hours after administration of the compound. Tissue distribution studies in the rat and dog indicate that body fat is one of the major depot areas for the drug and/or its metabolites. The major route of excretion for ORF 9326 and/or its metabolites in dog and rat is biliary whereas in monkey and rabbit it appears to be renal. Greater than 90% of the radioactive compounds excreted in the urine of dogs and monkeys following intravenous administration of 3H-ORF 9326 appear to be in the form of conjugates.", "PMID": 102053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4989", "title": "In vivo patterns of circulating steroids in adult male rats. IV. Evidence for rapid oscillations in testosterone in normal and totally parenterally nourished animals.", "content": "In vivo patterns of circulating testosterone (T) were investigated in stock fed controls and parenterally nourished (TPN) rats. Rats were sampled at 2 minute intervals for 30 minutes via a jugular cannula. Both groups exhibited a rapid oscillatory T pattern. In the control group, T concentrations at any specific time interval exhibited large differences with coefficients of variation (17-88%). In TPN rats this variation was 34-79%. Moreover, the mean T concentration of all samples obtained during the 30 minute period for each individual animal ranged from 1.3 +/- 0.1 (S.E.M.) to 3.5 +/- 0.3 (S.E.M.) ng/ml in controls and 1.3 +/- 0.1 (S.E.M.) to 2.0 +/- 0.2 (S.E.M.)ng/ml in controls and 1.3 +/- 0.1 (S.E.M.) to 2.0 +/- 0.2 (S.E.M.) ng/ml for TNP rats respectively. The mean coefficient of variation in control animals, however, was twice that of TPN rats, indicating that variation in basal T may be minimized during intravenous feeding. The occurrence of rapid oscillations in T  of both stock and parenterally fed animals shows that nutritional regimen does not affect this phenomenon.", "contents": "In vivo patterns of circulating steroids in adult male rats. IV. Evidence for rapid oscillations in testosterone in normal and totally parenterally nourished animals. In vivo patterns of circulating testosterone (T) were investigated in stock fed controls and parenterally nourished (TPN) rats. Rats were sampled at 2 minute intervals for 30 minutes via a jugular cannula. Both groups exhibited a rapid oscillatory T pattern. In the control group, T concentrations at any specific time interval exhibited large differences with coefficients of variation (17-88%). In TPN rats this variation was 34-79%. Moreover, the mean T concentration of all samples obtained during the 30 minute period for each individual animal ranged from 1.3 +/- 0.1 (S.E.M.) to 3.5 +/- 0.3 (S.E.M.) ng/ml in controls and 1.3 +/- 0.1 (S.E.M.) to 2.0 +/- 0.2 (S.E.M.)ng/ml in controls and 1.3 +/- 0.1 (S.E.M.) to 2.0 +/- 0.2 (S.E.M.) ng/ml for TNP rats respectively. The mean coefficient of variation in control animals, however, was twice that of TPN rats, indicating that variation in basal T may be minimized during intravenous feeding. The occurrence of rapid oscillations in T  of both stock and parenterally fed animals shows that nutritional regimen does not affect this phenomenon.", "PMID": 102054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4990", "title": "Methods of cost control in urologic care.", "content": "The urologist now has the capability of significantly reducing the cost of care for his patients. Major savings could occur by performing procedures, laboratory tests, and roentgenographic studies in proper sequence. The use of outpatient evaluations and surgery can save the patient expensive hospital room charges. Proper utilization of equipment would markedly decrease costly duplication of services. Quality of care cannot and will not be affected by these cost-saving measures. Furthermore, retrospective and prospective clinical studies should be instituted immediately to determine the pathophysiology of genitourinary disease, specifically answering the question of which laboratory tests have the highest diagnostic yield. Protocols could be started to eliminate wasteful low-yield procedures and to maximize diagnosis and therapy while minimizing cost. Finally, controls must be placed on the continuing trend toward an excess of physicians.", "contents": "Methods of cost control in urologic care. The urologist now has the capability of significantly reducing the cost of care for his patients. Major savings could occur by performing procedures, laboratory tests, and roentgenographic studies in proper sequence. The use of outpatient evaluations and surgery can save the patient expensive hospital room charges. Proper utilization of equipment would markedly decrease costly duplication of services. Quality of care cannot and will not be affected by these cost-saving measures. Furthermore, retrospective and prospective clinical studies should be instituted immediately to determine the pathophysiology of genitourinary disease, specifically answering the question of which laboratory tests have the highest diagnostic yield. Protocols could be started to eliminate wasteful low-yield procedures and to maximize diagnosis and therapy while minimizing cost. Finally, controls must be placed on the continuing trend toward an excess of physicians.", "PMID": 102056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4991", "title": "Baboon veno-arterial cardiopulmonary bypass without anticoagulants.", "content": "Four hr veno-arterial cardiopulmonary bypass via a median sternotomy utilizing a membrane oxygenator was done in 15 baboons. A comparison of perfusion with and without anticoagulants was made. From this study systemic heparin had no advantage over no anticoagulants. These findings, in a clinically-relevant primate model, suggest that the scientific basis for the use of systemic heparin in membrane oxygenation is unclear.", "contents": "Baboon veno-arterial cardiopulmonary bypass without anticoagulants. Four hr veno-arterial cardiopulmonary bypass via a median sternotomy utilizing a membrane oxygenator was done in 15 baboons. A comparison of perfusion with and without anticoagulants was made. From this study systemic heparin had no advantage over no anticoagulants. These findings, in a clinically-relevant primate model, suggest that the scientific basis for the use of systemic heparin in membrane oxygenation is unclear.", "PMID": 102058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4992", "title": "Long-term short hemodialysis-implications to dialysis index.", "content": "From this data, we conclude: 1) that dialysis therapy should be individualized to achieve optimal patient well-being; 2) that long-term hemodialysis for 8--12 hr/wk with 1.0--1.5 M2 coil dialyzers and 1.3--2.5 M2 Dow Cordis hollow fiber kidney is feasible and safe; 3) that most patients do well on hemodialysis, when DI is maintained at 0.9 to 1.1 with coil dialyzers and 0.75 to 0.85 with Dow Cordis hollow fiber; 4) that patients with creatinine clearance greater than or equal to 1.0 ml/min or with excessive interdialytic weight gain (greater than 3.0 kg) may acquire maintenance of a DI greater than 1.2 when utilizing coil dialyzers.", "contents": "Long-term short hemodialysis-implications to dialysis index. From this data, we conclude: 1) that dialysis therapy should be individualized to achieve optimal patient well-being; 2) that long-term hemodialysis for 8--12 hr/wk with 1.0--1.5 M2 coil dialyzers and 1.3--2.5 M2 Dow Cordis hollow fiber kidney is feasible and safe; 3) that most patients do well on hemodialysis, when DI is maintained at 0.9 to 1.1 with coil dialyzers and 0.75 to 0.85 with Dow Cordis hollow fiber; 4) that patients with creatinine clearance greater than or equal to 1.0 ml/min or with excessive interdialytic weight gain (greater than 3.0 kg) may acquire maintenance of a DI greater than 1.2 when utilizing coil dialyzers.", "PMID": 102059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4993", "title": "[Carotene and fluorometrically determined vitamin A levels in the blood plasma of cows in relation to gravidity and type of feeding].", "content": "From January to June we determined the concentration of vitamin A and carotene in the blood plasma of 66 high-pregnant cows and cows 23 to 54 days after calving. Seasonal changes and a decrease in the content of both substances before delivery were proved. In field conditions of three farms it was determined that the haylage type of winter feeding was better than the silage type of winter feeding in view of provitamin A supply. The concentration of carotene in blood was always higher with haylage feeding as well as that of vitamin A during the period of high lactation. Regardless of that the level of vitamin A in dairy cows in April and May was lower by almost a quarter compared with feeding fresh green forage in June. The results reveal that the suitable time for assessing the sufficiency of vitamin A supply in cows is the time starting one month after the beginning of lactation. The usability and accuracy of the fluorometric method for determining vitamin A, while respecting the interference caused by phytofluen and beta-carotene, have been proved.", "contents": "[Carotene and fluorometrically determined vitamin A levels in the blood plasma of cows in relation to gravidity and type of feeding]. From January to June we determined the concentration of vitamin A and carotene in the blood plasma of 66 high-pregnant cows and cows 23 to 54 days after calving. Seasonal changes and a decrease in the content of both substances before delivery were proved. In field conditions of three farms it was determined that the haylage type of winter feeding was better than the silage type of winter feeding in view of provitamin A supply. The concentration of carotene in blood was always higher with haylage feeding as well as that of vitamin A during the period of high lactation. Regardless of that the level of vitamin A in dairy cows in April and May was lower by almost a quarter compared with feeding fresh green forage in June. The results reveal that the suitable time for assessing the sufficiency of vitamin A supply in cows is the time starting one month after the beginning of lactation. The usability and accuracy of the fluorometric method for determining vitamin A, while respecting the interference caused by phytofluen and beta-carotene, have been proved.", "PMID": 102065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4994", "title": "[The course of mastitides in cows infected into the mammary gland with strains of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and M. bovis].", "content": "Six cows were inoculated into the mammary gland with eight mycoplasma strains isolated from the genital tract of bulls and two type strains. The milk of cows infected with Mycoplasma bovigenitalium strains isolated from the genital tracts of bulls showed a change in the appearance and contained large quantities of mycoplasmas and specific antibodies. The mastitis was most intense in about 9 days and began to subside in 17 days infection. The type strain of M. bovigenitalium PG11 failed to produce mastitis. On the other hand, the type strain of M. bovis PG45 produced severe mastitis after a 14-day latency period, with the infection spreading to the uninoculated quarters, causing atrophy of the mammary gland, and persisting till slaughter. The sera of all cows that developed mastitis after experimental infection contained high titres of specific antibodies. The two infecting mycoplasma species were recovered from the inner organs and mammary glands of these cows after slaughter.", "contents": "[The course of mastitides in cows infected into the mammary gland with strains of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and M. bovis]. Six cows were inoculated into the mammary gland with eight mycoplasma strains isolated from the genital tract of bulls and two type strains. The milk of cows infected with Mycoplasma bovigenitalium strains isolated from the genital tracts of bulls showed a change in the appearance and contained large quantities of mycoplasmas and specific antibodies. The mastitis was most intense in about 9 days and began to subside in 17 days infection. The type strain of M. bovigenitalium PG11 failed to produce mastitis. On the other hand, the type strain of M. bovis PG45 produced severe mastitis after a 14-day latency period, with the infection spreading to the uninoculated quarters, causing atrophy of the mammary gland, and persisting till slaughter. The sera of all cows that developed mastitis after experimental infection contained high titres of specific antibodies. The two infecting mycoplasma species were recovered from the inner organs and mammary glands of these cows after slaughter.", "PMID": 102066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4995", "title": "[Effect of hypodermyiasis in cattle on milk-production indicators in 1st-calvers].", "content": "We investigated the effect of hypodermosis on the quantitative and some qualitative indicators of milk from 20 experimental and 18 control first-calvers of the Pinzgau cattle breed. The experiment took place at two experimental localities in mountainous pastures of the Central-Slovakian region. In the experimental animals, treated with Hypocid, the production of milk per dairy cow increased on an average by 115.98 kg, i.e. 24.83%, over the experimental period of 61 days (May, June) with an average invasion intensity of 5.94 larvas in control animals. Milk fat production increased on an average by 7.20 kg, i.e. 34.97%. Production recalculated to FCM milk amounted on an average to 31.61%. The profitability of treating hypodermosis with the Hypocid preparation is expressed by the average savings of 0.40 Kcs per litre of milk per day.", "contents": "[Effect of hypodermyiasis in cattle on milk-production indicators in 1st-calvers]. We investigated the effect of hypodermosis on the quantitative and some qualitative indicators of milk from 20 experimental and 18 control first-calvers of the Pinzgau cattle breed. The experiment took place at two experimental localities in mountainous pastures of the Central-Slovakian region. In the experimental animals, treated with Hypocid, the production of milk per dairy cow increased on an average by 115.98 kg, i.e. 24.83%, over the experimental period of 61 days (May, June) with an average invasion intensity of 5.94 larvas in control animals. Milk fat production increased on an average by 7.20 kg, i.e. 34.97%. Production recalculated to FCM milk amounted on an average to 31.61%. The profitability of treating hypodermosis with the Hypocid preparation is expressed by the average savings of 0.40 Kcs per litre of milk per day.", "PMID": 102067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4996", "title": "[Economic evaluation of the method of gradual formation of groups of dairy cows from primiparae free of infectious mastitis].", "content": "Employing the turnover of a dairy-cow herd with primiparas to control infectious mastitis is beneficial because young dairy cows, as a rule free of inflammations of the mammary gland, are not included among dairy cows already infected or suspected of being infected and so it is possible to form groups of dairy cows free of mastitis. For this intention an agricultural enterprise was chosen in potato production region I. In the given period 316 to 336 dairy cows of Bohemian Spotted breed were followed. To express the impact of the infection on the milk efficiency and to draw economic conclusions on the efficiency of treating infectious mastitis we observed the total milk yield of the different dairy cows in one lactation. In the given enterprise unsuccessful treatment of an infected dairy cow in three lactations resulted in a total loss of 4,648 Kcs. Therefore from the economic aspect it appears to be profitable to replace productive, but ill, older dairy cows by healthy first-calvers because the negative effect of the mastitis on the production of milk increases with every successive lactation.", "contents": "[Economic evaluation of the method of gradual formation of groups of dairy cows from primiparae free of infectious mastitis]. Employing the turnover of a dairy-cow herd with primiparas to control infectious mastitis is beneficial because young dairy cows, as a rule free of inflammations of the mammary gland, are not included among dairy cows already infected or suspected of being infected and so it is possible to form groups of dairy cows free of mastitis. For this intention an agricultural enterprise was chosen in potato production region I. In the given period 316 to 336 dairy cows of Bohemian Spotted breed were followed. To express the impact of the infection on the milk efficiency and to draw economic conclusions on the efficiency of treating infectious mastitis we observed the total milk yield of the different dairy cows in one lactation. In the given enterprise unsuccessful treatment of an infected dairy cow in three lactations resulted in a total loss of 4,648 Kcs. Therefore from the economic aspect it appears to be profitable to replace productive, but ill, older dairy cows by healthy first-calvers because the negative effect of the mastitis on the production of milk increases with every successive lactation.", "PMID": 102068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4997", "title": "[Effect of dietary nitrogen compounds and urea on the GLDH and DS activities in broilers].", "content": "The influence of concentration of nitrogenous matters (N-matters) and urea supplement in diet for broilers was studied, as exerted on the activities of the enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in liver, kidney, tissue and contents of the cecum. If 2% urea had been substituted for a portion of N-matters, no significant differences in the activities of both enzymes in liver and cecum were found. Higher levels of GLDH were recorded in the kidney of broilers given diets with the urea supplement of 17 and 19% N-matters concentrations. The GLDH and GS activities were significantly high in the contents of the cecum, the GLDH activity being the highest with the diet of 19% N-matters concentration. No significant changes in the GLDH activity depending on the concentration of N-matters in the diet were observed in the liver. The GS activity increased moderately with the higher concentration of N-matters.", "contents": "[Effect of dietary nitrogen compounds and urea on the GLDH and DS activities in broilers]. The influence of concentration of nitrogenous matters (N-matters) and urea supplement in diet for broilers was studied, as exerted on the activities of the enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in liver, kidney, tissue and contents of the cecum. If 2% urea had been substituted for a portion of N-matters, no significant differences in the activities of both enzymes in liver and cecum were found. Higher levels of GLDH were recorded in the kidney of broilers given diets with the urea supplement of 17 and 19% N-matters concentrations. The GLDH and GS activities were significantly high in the contents of the cecum, the GLDH activity being the highest with the diet of 19% N-matters concentration. No significant changes in the GLDH activity depending on the concentration of N-matters in the diet were observed in the liver. The GS activity increased moderately with the higher concentration of N-matters.", "PMID": 102069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4998", "title": "[Distribution of erythromycin following intramuscular administration in laboratory animals].", "content": "Levels of erythromycin in the blood and organs of rabbits, rats and mice were determined after the i. m. implantation of the drug Erythromycin inj. ad usum vet. at doses of 10 mg kg-1 live weight (rabbits), and/or 25 mg kg-1 (rats) and 1 mg pro toto--approximately 40 mg kg-1 (mice). A diffusion plate method and the germ Sarcina lutea CCM 552 were used to find out the antibiotic in samples. Sensitivity of the method used was 0.025 microgram ml-1 (g). In rabbits the level of the antibiotic was maintained in the blood and examined organs and tissues (lungs, liver, kidney, muscles and the wall of the small intestine) by the above dose for more than 12 hours--except liver. The values obtained for the organs and tissues were mostly higher than those obtained for the blood. The highest levels were found in the kidneys and lungs. Neither did the dose of 20 mg kg-1 l. w. maintain the significant level of erythromycin in the blood serum in the course of 24 hours. The results obtained in rats and mice almost coincided with the distribution of erythromycin in the rabbit organisms, and the affinity of this antibiotic with the pulmonary tissue was proved.", "contents": "[Distribution of erythromycin following intramuscular administration in laboratory animals]. Levels of erythromycin in the blood and organs of rabbits, rats and mice were determined after the i. m. implantation of the drug Erythromycin inj. ad usum vet. at doses of 10 mg kg-1 live weight (rabbits), and/or 25 mg kg-1 (rats) and 1 mg pro toto--approximately 40 mg kg-1 (mice). A diffusion plate method and the germ Sarcina lutea CCM 552 were used to find out the antibiotic in samples. Sensitivity of the method used was 0.025 microgram ml-1 (g). In rabbits the level of the antibiotic was maintained in the blood and examined organs and tissues (lungs, liver, kidney, muscles and the wall of the small intestine) by the above dose for more than 12 hours--except liver. The values obtained for the organs and tissues were mostly higher than those obtained for the blood. The highest levels were found in the kidneys and lungs. Neither did the dose of 20 mg kg-1 l. w. maintain the significant level of erythromycin in the blood serum in the course of 24 hours. The results obtained in rats and mice almost coincided with the distribution of erythromycin in the rabbit organisms, and the affinity of this antibiotic with the pulmonary tissue was proved.", "PMID": 102070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_4999", "title": "[The etiology of foul brood].", "content": "Five hundred and thirty-six samples of honeycombs were examined in a laboratory in the years 1971-1974. In all the samples clinically determined as the foul brood, B. alvei was isolated as a pure culture, and enterococci, or both microorganisms were isolated in mixed form. Twenty-five strains of the isolated streptococci were analyzed microbiologically and biochemically; on the basis of their culture and biochemical characteristics five strains were designated as Streptococcus faecalis, 14 strains as Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens, five strains as Streptococcus faecium and one strain as Streptococcus durans. After checking the used taxonomic key of the culture and biochemical classification of B. alvei it may be stated that the culture and biochemical characteristics are stable. The strains of B. alvei (very dried strains), which persisted in the dried slant meat-peptone agar, were viable under the laboratory conditions, which proves the high resistance of the spores to the environment.", "contents": "[The etiology of foul brood]. Five hundred and thirty-six samples of honeycombs were examined in a laboratory in the years 1971-1974. In all the samples clinically determined as the foul brood, B. alvei was isolated as a pure culture, and enterococci, or both microorganisms were isolated in mixed form. Twenty-five strains of the isolated streptococci were analyzed microbiologically and biochemically; on the basis of their culture and biochemical characteristics five strains were designated as Streptococcus faecalis, 14 strains as Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens, five strains as Streptococcus faecium and one strain as Streptococcus durans. After checking the used taxonomic key of the culture and biochemical classification of B. alvei it may be stated that the culture and biochemical characteristics are stable. The strains of B. alvei (very dried strains), which persisted in the dried slant meat-peptone agar, were viable under the laboratory conditions, which proves the high resistance of the spores to the environment.", "PMID": 102071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5000", "title": "Congenital brucellosis in cattle associated with localisation in a hygroma.", "content": "A heifer born to a cow experimentally infected with Brucella abortus strain 544 and reared in isolation from its birth was found infected. Antibodies appeared when it was 10 months old. The heifer calved normally. Brucella abortus of the same characteristics as strain 544 was recovered from a hygroma and from lymph nodes and udder. Five heifers out of 55 (about 10 per cent) born to infected dams and reared in isolation from their birth were found to be infected.", "contents": "Congenital brucellosis in cattle associated with localisation in a hygroma. A heifer born to a cow experimentally infected with Brucella abortus strain 544 and reared in isolation from its birth was found infected. Antibodies appeared when it was 10 months old. The heifer calved normally. Brucella abortus of the same characteristics as strain 544 was recovered from a hygroma and from lymph nodes and udder. Five heifers out of 55 (about 10 per cent) born to infected dams and reared in isolation from their birth were found to be infected.", "PMID": 102074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5001", "title": "Bacterial and mycoplasma flora of a laboratory colony of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).", "content": "A survey was carried out to characterise the bacterial and mycoplasma flora of a closed colony of marmosets, Callithrix jacchus. Bordetella bronchiseptica and Staphylococcus aureus were the only potential bacterial pathogens isolated from the colony; Candida albicans was also identified. S aureus and C albicans were the only organisms which were associated with macroscopic lesions or overt disease. Post mortem examination of the animals proved only reliable method of establishing the presence of some bacterial species in the colony, eg, B bronchiseptica and of obtaining a reliable estimate of the incidence of the various organisms within the colony. The marmosets were all infected with ureaplasmas in the  upper respiratory tract. Mycoplasma salivarium was isolated from this site in several animals. There was no evidence to indicate that cross-infection had occurred between the animal technicians and the marmosets, except in one possible case of candidiasis.", "contents": "Bacterial and mycoplasma flora of a laboratory colony of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). A survey was carried out to characterise the bacterial and mycoplasma flora of a closed colony of marmosets, Callithrix jacchus. Bordetella bronchiseptica and Staphylococcus aureus were the only potential bacterial pathogens isolated from the colony; Candida albicans was also identified. S aureus and C albicans were the only organisms which were associated with macroscopic lesions or overt disease. Post mortem examination of the animals proved only reliable method of establishing the presence of some bacterial species in the colony, eg, B bronchiseptica and of obtaining a reliable estimate of the incidence of the various organisms within the colony. The marmosets were all infected with ureaplasmas in the  upper respiratory tract. Mycoplasma salivarium was isolated from this site in several animals. There was no evidence to indicate that cross-infection had occurred between the animal technicians and the marmosets, except in one possible case of candidiasis.", "PMID": 102075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5002", "title": "An improved method for gas chromatographic determination of urinary xylitol and glucuronic, glucaric gulonic and ascorbic acids, with their values in the rat, rabbit, guinea-pig and marmoset.", "content": "1. Urinary levels of xylitol and glucuronic, glucaric, gulonic and ascorbic acids were measured in the rat, rabbit, guinea-pig and marmoset by an improved g.l.c. technique. 2. Administration of a compound (2-methylbenzanilide) known to be conjugated and excreted as a beta-glucuronide had some effect on the output of these compounds of the glucuronic acid pathway in all four species, and caused a significant decrease in gulonic acid in the rat.", "contents": "An improved method for gas chromatographic determination of urinary xylitol and glucuronic, glucaric gulonic and ascorbic acids, with their values in the rat, rabbit, guinea-pig and marmoset. 1. Urinary levels of xylitol and glucuronic, glucaric, gulonic and ascorbic acids were measured in the rat, rabbit, guinea-pig and marmoset by an improved g.l.c. technique. 2. Administration of a compound (2-methylbenzanilide) known to be conjugated and excreted as a beta-glucuronide had some effect on the output of these compounds of the glucuronic acid pathway in all four species, and caused a significant decrease in gulonic acid in the rat.", "PMID": 102085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5003", "title": "Excretion and biotransformation of carboxymethyl-cysteine in rat, dog, monkey and man.", "content": "1. Following an oral dose of S-carboxymethyl [35S]cysteine monkey (rhesus and African green), rat, dog, and man excreted 77,88,95, and 100% respectively of the 35S radioactivity in urine and 7.0, 2.5, 0.7, and 0.3% in faeces during a 3 to 4 day period. 2. The principal drug-related components excreted were unchanged carboxymethylcysteine, dicarboxymethyl sulphide and inorganic sulphate. 3. Rat, dog, and man excreted primarily dicarboxymethyl sulphide and unchanged carboxymethylcysteine and no inorganic sulphate (rat, 7%). 4. Monkey excreted largely inorganic sulphate, moderate amounts of dicarboxymethyl sulphide and a trace of unchanged drug.", "contents": "Excretion and biotransformation of carboxymethyl-cysteine in rat, dog, monkey and man. 1. Following an oral dose of S-carboxymethyl [35S]cysteine monkey (rhesus and African green), rat, dog, and man excreted 77,88,95, and 100% respectively of the 35S radioactivity in urine and 7.0, 2.5, 0.7, and 0.3% in faeces during a 3 to 4 day period. 2. The principal drug-related components excreted were unchanged carboxymethylcysteine, dicarboxymethyl sulphide and inorganic sulphate. 3. Rat, dog, and man excreted primarily dicarboxymethyl sulphide and unchanged carboxymethylcysteine and no inorganic sulphate (rat, 7%). 4. Monkey excreted largely inorganic sulphate, moderate amounts of dicarboxymethyl sulphide and a trace of unchanged drug.", "PMID": 102086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5004", "title": "Evidence for repair of ultraviolet-induced damage in Cystobacter species (Myxobacterales).", "content": "Cystobacter species strain CK 1 does not grow with more than 0.2 microgram/ml acriflavine. Spontaneous two-step mutants growing with 2 microgram acriflavine per ml have been selected. One mutant (strain CK3) was used to investigate the effect of repair inhibitors. Both strains exhibit pronounced shoulders in their UV dose curves of inactivation. Acriflavine (AF), coumarin (CU), and caffeine (CA) when incorporated in the post-irradiation plating medium decreased survival of irradiated cells. Post-treatment with 2 microgram acriflavine/ml abolished the shoulder of the curve. Caffeine (1600 microgram/ml) and coumarin (350 microgram/ml) reduced it only to about 40%. It is concluded that probably two repair mechanisms are present. Pre-treatment of the cells with 2 microgram acriflavine/ml for two hours before UV-irradiation resulted in a constant dose enhancement factor of 1.9. The protective effect is increased with the time of treatment with acriflavine. This may indicate that pyrimidine dimers are responsible for UV-inactivation.", "contents": "Evidence for repair of ultraviolet-induced damage in Cystobacter species (Myxobacterales). Cystobacter species strain CK 1 does not grow with more than 0.2 microgram/ml acriflavine. Spontaneous two-step mutants growing with 2 microgram acriflavine per ml have been selected. One mutant (strain CK3) was used to investigate the effect of repair inhibitors. Both strains exhibit pronounced shoulders in their UV dose curves of inactivation. Acriflavine (AF), coumarin (CU), and caffeine (CA) when incorporated in the post-irradiation plating medium decreased survival of irradiated cells. Post-treatment with 2 microgram acriflavine/ml abolished the shoulder of the curve. Caffeine (1600 microgram/ml) and coumarin (350 microgram/ml) reduced it only to about 40%. It is concluded that probably two repair mechanisms are present. Pre-treatment of the cells with 2 microgram acriflavine/ml for two hours before UV-irradiation resulted in a constant dose enhancement factor of 1.9. The protective effect is increased with the time of treatment with acriflavine. This may indicate that pyrimidine dimers are responsible for UV-inactivation.", "PMID": 102087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5005", "title": "[Catalases of mycobacteria as antigens. I. Isolation, purification and characterization of catalases from different mycobacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "Preparations of catalase isolated from the strains M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii and M. bovis BCG are produced for testing their antigenic activity. After desintegration of the bacteria the highest activity remained in the precipitation with 50% saturated ammonium sulphate solution. The further purification of the catalase-fractions occurred with the aid of column chromatography on Sephadex G 200 and DEAE-Sephadex-A 50 after ultrafiltration. In this way the relative activity increased in M. tuberculosis 3- to 4-fold, in M. kansasii 12-fold and in M. bovis BCG 16-fold. The catalase preparations are uniform and nearly free from other protein compounds as indicated by the results of immunoelectrophoresis and Ouchterlony test.", "contents": "[Catalases of mycobacteria as antigens. I. Isolation, purification and characterization of catalases from different mycobacteria (author's transl)]. Preparations of catalase isolated from the strains M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii and M. bovis BCG are produced for testing their antigenic activity. After desintegration of the bacteria the highest activity remained in the precipitation with 50% saturated ammonium sulphate solution. The further purification of the catalase-fractions occurred with the aid of column chromatography on Sephadex G 200 and DEAE-Sephadex-A 50 after ultrafiltration. In this way the relative activity increased in M. tuberculosis 3- to 4-fold, in M. kansasii 12-fold and in M. bovis BCG 16-fold. The catalase preparations are uniform and nearly free from other protein compounds as indicated by the results of immunoelectrophoresis and Ouchterlony test.", "PMID": 102090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5006", "title": "[Experimental contribution to the theme of pharyngeal gonorrhea].", "content": "Experimental inoculations of the pharynx with gonococci were undertaken. In seven volunteers gonococci could be cultivated and identified from 16 hours to 8 weeks following infection. In three cases, it was tried to infect the female genital tract using positive pharyngeal smears. This was successful in one instance and the diagnosis was again confirmed by culture and sugar fermentation.", "contents": "[Experimental contribution to the theme of pharyngeal gonorrhea]. Experimental inoculations of the pharynx with gonococci were undertaken. In seven volunteers gonococci could be cultivated and identified from 16 hours to 8 weeks following infection. In three cases, it was tried to infect the female genital tract using positive pharyngeal smears. This was successful in one instance and the diagnosis was again confirmed by culture and sugar fermentation.", "PMID": 102091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5007", "title": "[Spontaneous formation of angiogenic woven bone within cancellous bones. Some observations on microfractures of isolated trabecula (author's transl)].", "content": "Femoral heads removed for subcapital fracture of the femur were embedded in methacrylate. Contact roentgen films of slabs of 1--2 mm thickness were screened for aggregates of woven bone. A variety of form exceeding that seen by other methods was found, not only in association with isolated trabecula. The distribution was found to confirm earlier findings by Todd et al. (1972), Freeman et al. (1974) and Watson (1975). The aggregates were seen more frequently in porotic areas than in the trajectorial groups of trabecula in the femoral heads. Aggregates of typical shapes were also found in one hemipelvis and in a humeral head. In embedded specimens discontinuities were seen in some trabecula with aggregates and not in other elements. There was no evidence of cracks where aggregates were attached to the edges of bone plates. Some trabecula with aggregates were ground down to 100 micrometer for microradiography. Cracks of the underlying trabecula could be shown, but neither signs of resorption nor of formation or osteocyte activation could be found. Aggregates of woven bone within cancellous bone have been found in subchondral bone of experimental animals being impact loaded and in connection with discontinuities. They are found near areas bypassed by the transmission of loads, too, in osteoporosis beside the groups of pricipal trabecula, and without association with discontinuities. It is concluded, that aggregates of woven bone are the product of mesenchymal activation or some defect in the regulation of mesenchymal activity and associated with causes of bone atrophy rather than with specific mechanical conditions.", "contents": "[Spontaneous formation of angiogenic woven bone within cancellous bones. Some observations on microfractures of isolated trabecula (author's transl)]. Femoral heads removed for subcapital fracture of the femur were embedded in methacrylate. Contact roentgen films of slabs of 1--2 mm thickness were screened for aggregates of woven bone. A variety of form exceeding that seen by other methods was found, not only in association with isolated trabecula. The distribution was found to confirm earlier findings by Todd et al. (1972), Freeman et al. (1974) and Watson (1975). The aggregates were seen more frequently in porotic areas than in the trajectorial groups of trabecula in the femoral heads. Aggregates of typical shapes were also found in one hemipelvis and in a humeral head. In embedded specimens discontinuities were seen in some trabecula with aggregates and not in other elements. There was no evidence of cracks where aggregates were attached to the edges of bone plates. Some trabecula with aggregates were ground down to 100 micrometer for microradiography. Cracks of the underlying trabecula could be shown, but neither signs of resorption nor of formation or osteocyte activation could be found. Aggregates of woven bone within cancellous bone have been found in subchondral bone of experimental animals being impact loaded and in connection with discontinuities. They are found near areas bypassed by the transmission of loads, too, in osteoporosis beside the groups of pricipal trabecula, and without association with discontinuities. It is concluded, that aggregates of woven bone are the product of mesenchymal activation or some defect in the regulation of mesenchymal activity and associated with causes of bone atrophy rather than with specific mechanical conditions.", "PMID": 102093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5008", "title": "[The importance of adhesive dry mats for the reduction of germ spreading in hospitals (author's transl)].", "content": "Footwear of hospital staff present a distinct problem for transmission of different germs. According to literature references footmats of synthetic fibres or spun rayons, which are soaked with disinfectants generally do not lead to the required reduction of germs. They should not be used for the prevention of germ dissemination.--Antimicrobial adhesive mats are able to reduce the number of infectional bacteria from the soles of clean staff shoes to almost 50 percent of the former amount. In addition they kill the adhesive bacteria by an impregnated disinfectant.--With normal soiled shoes, however, the mats show a rapid descrease of adhesive capacity. Moreover such contaminated mats could develop into a source of bacteria.--Therefore, adhesive mats should only be used in areas of marked cleanliness. Also, from an economical point of view, the regular use of these mats can be propagated in these areas only.", "contents": "[The importance of adhesive dry mats for the reduction of germ spreading in hospitals (author's transl)]. Footwear of hospital staff present a distinct problem for transmission of different germs. According to literature references footmats of synthetic fibres or spun rayons, which are soaked with disinfectants generally do not lead to the required reduction of germs. They should not be used for the prevention of germ dissemination.--Antimicrobial adhesive mats are able to reduce the number of infectional bacteria from the soles of clean staff shoes to almost 50 percent of the former amount. In addition they kill the adhesive bacteria by an impregnated disinfectant.--With normal soiled shoes, however, the mats show a rapid descrease of adhesive capacity. Moreover such contaminated mats could develop into a source of bacteria.--Therefore, adhesive mats should only be used in areas of marked cleanliness. Also, from an economical point of view, the regular use of these mats can be propagated in these areas only.", "PMID": 102095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5009", "title": "[Quantitative determination of glutaraldehyde in disinfectants (author's transl)].", "content": "Glutaraldehyde is oxidized by KMnO4 to glutaricacid. The separation of the glutaricacid from the reaction-mixture by use of extraction columns is followed by quantitative gas-chromatography.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of glutaraldehyde in disinfectants (author's transl)]. Glutaraldehyde is oxidized by KMnO4 to glutaricacid. The separation of the glutaricacid from the reaction-mixture by use of extraction columns is followed by quantitative gas-chromatography.", "PMID": 102096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5010", "title": "[Analysis of the biological effect of city smog extract. III. Comparative investigations on the effect of city smog extracts on cell replication and DNA-synthesis of kidney cells in vitro from the primate Cercopithecus aethiops (author's transl)].", "content": "We analysed the cytotoxic effect of city smog extracts from a heavy industrialized area using kidney cell cultures from the primate Cercopithecus aethiops.--Using logarithmically growing cell cultures we determined cell replication and the rate of DNA-synthesis after incorporation of 3H-thymidine.--In presence of city smog extracts we found a dose dependent reduction of cell replication and of DNA-synthesis. In presence of high concentrations (BP-aquivalent 0.25-0.5 microgram/ml) of city smog extract we found no increase in cell number over a period of 72 h. Under the same conditions hardly any DNA-synthesis was detected.--In presence of middle and low concentrations of city smog extract a dose- and time-dependent increase in cell number and rate of DNA-synthesis was detected.", "contents": "[Analysis of the biological effect of city smog extract. III. Comparative investigations on the effect of city smog extracts on cell replication and DNA-synthesis of kidney cells in vitro from the primate Cercopithecus aethiops (author's transl)]. We analysed the cytotoxic effect of city smog extracts from a heavy industrialized area using kidney cell cultures from the primate Cercopithecus aethiops.--Using logarithmically growing cell cultures we determined cell replication and the rate of DNA-synthesis after incorporation of 3H-thymidine.--In presence of city smog extracts we found a dose dependent reduction of cell replication and of DNA-synthesis. In presence of high concentrations (BP-aquivalent 0.25-0.5 microgram/ml) of city smog extract we found no increase in cell number over a period of 72 h. Under the same conditions hardly any DNA-synthesis was detected.--In presence of middle and low concentrations of city smog extract a dose- and time-dependent increase in cell number and rate of DNA-synthesis was detected.", "PMID": 102097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5011", "title": "Continuous infusion of insulin vs repeated S.C. injections in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in children.", "content": "Thirty-two episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis in 30 children treated with conventional repeated s.c. injections of insulin every 4 h are compared with 18 episodes in 14 children treated with continuous i.v. insulin infusion. Fluid therapy, bicarbonate and potassium supplementation were essentially the same for both groups. Recovery as reflected in serum glucose, bicarbonate and the rate of rehydration, was smoother and more rapid in the children receiving continuous i.v. insulin, though the difference just failed to attain statistical significance in this small series of cases. There was, however, a marked difference in insulin administered (0.58 U/kg +/- 0.05 SEM in the children treated with continuous i.v. insulin infusion vs 2.54 +/- 0.27 SEM in the children treated with repeated s.c. injections). Hypoglycemia was noted in 11 and hypokalemia in 10 children on conventional insulin therapy given every 4 h s.c. In contrast, there was no hypoglycemia and only one case of hypokalemia with the i.v. insulin infusion.", "contents": "Continuous infusion of insulin vs repeated S.C. injections in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Thirty-two episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis in 30 children treated with conventional repeated s.c. injections of insulin every 4 h are compared with 18 episodes in 14 children treated with continuous i.v. insulin infusion. Fluid therapy, bicarbonate and potassium supplementation were essentially the same for both groups. Recovery as reflected in serum glucose, bicarbonate and the rate of rehydration, was smoother and more rapid in the children receiving continuous i.v. insulin, though the difference just failed to attain statistical significance in this small series of cases. There was, however, a marked difference in insulin administered (0.58 U/kg +/- 0.05 SEM in the children treated with continuous i.v. insulin infusion vs 2.54 +/- 0.27 SEM in the children treated with repeated s.c. injections). Hypoglycemia was noted in 11 and hypokalemia in 10 children on conventional insulin therapy given every 4 h s.c. In contrast, there was no hypoglycemia and only one case of hypokalemia with the i.v. insulin infusion.", "PMID": 102098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5012", "title": "The value of continuous ECG monitoring during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. A computer study.", "content": "In order to confirm or refute the previously held view that electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are frequent in diabetic ketoacidosis, we have undertaken continuous ECG monitoring for 24 h, with subsequent computer analysis, in 14 diabetic patients admitted with severe ketoacidosis. There was a steady fall in heart rate during the 24-h except in 3 severely dehydrated patients. Depression of the ST-segment was minimal and ST-segment height correlated significantly with heart rate, whereas no consistent relationship was found between T-wave amplitude and either heart rate or plasma potassium. Two patients developed short periods of supraventricular ectopic beats. Although ECG monitoring has been claimed to be a useful aid in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis, this study clearly demonstrates that significant ECG changes are rare and ECG monitoring thereafter adds little to careful clinical observation and regular biochemical assessment.", "contents": "The value of continuous ECG monitoring during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. A computer study. In order to confirm or refute the previously held view that electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are frequent in diabetic ketoacidosis, we have undertaken continuous ECG monitoring for 24 h, with subsequent computer analysis, in 14 diabetic patients admitted with severe ketoacidosis. There was a steady fall in heart rate during the 24-h except in 3 severely dehydrated patients. Depression of the ST-segment was minimal and ST-segment height correlated significantly with heart rate, whereas no consistent relationship was found between T-wave amplitude and either heart rate or plasma potassium. Two patients developed short periods of supraventricular ectopic beats. Although ECG monitoring has been claimed to be a useful aid in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis, this study clearly demonstrates that significant ECG changes are rare and ECG monitoring thereafter adds little to careful clinical observation and regular biochemical assessment.", "PMID": 102099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5013", "title": "[Disorders in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin in patients with multiple myeloma].", "content": "A prolonged thrombin clotting time was found in 15 of 85 patients with multiple myeloma. Among those with abnormal clotting time in 9 cases (60.0%) the M protein was classified as IgG-lambda, in 1 (6.6%) as IgA-lambda, in 2 (13.3%) as IgG-kappa, and in 3 (20.3%) as IgA-kappa. There was no correlation between the prolongation of thrombin time and occurrence of bleeding. The reptilase clotting time was parallel to the thrombin time. The addition of calcium chloride partially corrected both clotting times. The isolated M proteins IgG-lambda and IgG-kappa from patients with prolonged thrombin time at the concentration of 25-50 mg/ml inhibited the polymerization of fibrin monomers but had no effect on the amidolytic and proteolytic action of thrombin.", "contents": "[Disorders in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin in patients with multiple myeloma]. A prolonged thrombin clotting time was found in 15 of 85 patients with multiple myeloma. Among those with abnormal clotting time in 9 cases (60.0%) the M protein was classified as IgG-lambda, in 1 (6.6%) as IgA-lambda, in 2 (13.3%) as IgG-kappa, and in 3 (20.3%) as IgA-kappa. There was no correlation between the prolongation of thrombin time and occurrence of bleeding. The reptilase clotting time was parallel to the thrombin time. The addition of calcium chloride partially corrected both clotting times. The isolated M proteins IgG-lambda and IgG-kappa from patients with prolonged thrombin time at the concentration of 25-50 mg/ml inhibited the polymerization of fibrin monomers but had no effect on the amidolytic and proteolytic action of thrombin.", "PMID": 102100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5014", "title": "Classification of the epilepsies. An investigation of 1,508 consecutive adult patients.", "content": "The relative frequency of different types of epilepsy in accordance with the International Classification of Epilepsies is reported, concerning 1,508 consecutive outpatients with epilepsy, who at the time of investigation were at age 15 years and above. The investigation showed a marked preponderance for partial epilepsies as against generalized epilepsies; partial epilepsies with complex symptomatology were especially frequent, contributing by more than one third of all cases.", "contents": "Classification of the epilepsies. An investigation of 1,508 consecutive adult patients. The relative frequency of different types of epilepsy in accordance with the International Classification of Epilepsies is reported, concerning 1,508 consecutive outpatients with epilepsy, who at the time of investigation were at age 15 years and above. The investigation showed a marked preponderance for partial epilepsies as against generalized epilepsies; partial epilepsies with complex symptomatology were especially frequent, contributing by more than one third of all cases.", "PMID": 102103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5015", "title": "[Correlation between epileptogenic nature of a lesional focus and presence of \"activated astrocytes\". Human and animal investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "Histoenzymologic analysis of human and animal epileptogenic foci has shown enzymatic changes in certain reactive astrocytes. Histochemical examination of these astrocytes in animals has led to clear differentiation between the classic, perilesional reactive astrocyte, constituting a medium for cicatrical glioses and the reactive astrocyte present in experimental epileptogenic foci. We have called the latter the \"activated astrocyte\". Analysis of 154 human cerebral tumours revealed activated astrocytes in the cortex of all patients with epileptic antecedents. No epileptic attacks were observed in patients where the cortex was invaded by the tumour but no activated astrocytes were present. Analysis of ten cases of non tumoral focal epilepsy confirmed the presence of activated astrocytes in the focus in all cases where the scar was resected surgically. The production of epileptogenic foci in animals shows the close relation between activated astrocytes and the epileptogenic focus. It even seems that the enzymatic changes in the astrocytes precedes the first electrical signs. The authors arguse against the hypothesis that the activated astrocytes are the result of attacks. Until the morphological criteria of the epilectic neuron have been defined the activated astrocyte constitutes the only morphological evidence of the epileptogenic focus.", "contents": "[Correlation between epileptogenic nature of a lesional focus and presence of \"activated astrocytes\". Human and animal investigation (author's transl)]. Histoenzymologic analysis of human and animal epileptogenic foci has shown enzymatic changes in certain reactive astrocytes. Histochemical examination of these astrocytes in animals has led to clear differentiation between the classic, perilesional reactive astrocyte, constituting a medium for cicatrical glioses and the reactive astrocyte present in experimental epileptogenic foci. We have called the latter the \"activated astrocyte\". Analysis of 154 human cerebral tumours revealed activated astrocytes in the cortex of all patients with epileptic antecedents. No epileptic attacks were observed in patients where the cortex was invaded by the tumour but no activated astrocytes were present. Analysis of ten cases of non tumoral focal epilepsy confirmed the presence of activated astrocytes in the focus in all cases where the scar was resected surgically. The production of epileptogenic foci in animals shows the close relation between activated astrocytes and the epileptogenic focus. It even seems that the enzymatic changes in the astrocytes precedes the first electrical signs. The authors arguse against the hypothesis that the activated astrocytes are the result of attacks. Until the morphological criteria of the epilectic neuron have been defined the activated astrocyte constitutes the only morphological evidence of the epileptogenic focus.", "PMID": 102102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5016", "title": "Two forms of cutis laxa presenting in the newborn period.", "content": "Two infants are described with congenital cutis laxa. They represent two distinct disorders. In the first, congenital cutis laxa is associated with a generalized disorder of elastic tissue in which there may be diaphragmatic or other hernias, diverticula of the gastrointestinal or urinary tract and infantile emphysema. The disease is fatal often within the first year. In the second, congenital cutis laxa is associated with widely patent anterior fontanel, a variety of malformations, and retarded growth and development. Recognition of these distinct syndromes in the newborn period and their recessive inheritance permit realistic discussion of the prognosis which is very different from the benign dominant forms of cutis laxa.", "contents": "Two forms of cutis laxa presenting in the newborn period. Two infants are described with congenital cutis laxa. They represent two distinct disorders. In the first, congenital cutis laxa is associated with a generalized disorder of elastic tissue in which there may be diaphragmatic or other hernias, diverticula of the gastrointestinal or urinary tract and infantile emphysema. The disease is fatal often within the first year. In the second, congenital cutis laxa is associated with widely patent anterior fontanel, a variety of malformations, and retarded growth and development. Recognition of these distinct syndromes in the newborn period and their recessive inheritance permit realistic discussion of the prognosis which is very different from the benign dominant forms of cutis laxa.", "PMID": 102106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5017", "title": "Immunochemical studies on the specific agglutinogens of Staphylococcus aureus. I. Isolation and characterization of antigen h1.", "content": "The specific Staphylococcus aureus agglutinogen h1 has been purified and shown to be a protein with a molecular weight of about 95,000. Chemical analysis revealed all the common amino acids, except tyrosine and the sulphur-containing ones. The purified h1 antigen was strongly immunogenic in rabbits. The antiserum produced one precipitation line on double diffusion in agar against a suspension of bacteria. It also agglutinated bacteria of the h1-containing strains, as well as tanned sheep erythrocytes sensitized with h1, in high dilutions. Antibodies to other known staphylococcal antigens were not detected. The identity between h1 and Pillet's type 9 antigen was confirmed.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on the specific agglutinogens of Staphylococcus aureus. I. Isolation and characterization of antigen h1. The specific Staphylococcus aureus agglutinogen h1 has been purified and shown to be a protein with a molecular weight of about 95,000. Chemical analysis revealed all the common amino acids, except tyrosine and the sulphur-containing ones. The purified h1 antigen was strongly immunogenic in rabbits. The antiserum produced one precipitation line on double diffusion in agar against a suspension of bacteria. It also agglutinated bacteria of the h1-containing strains, as well as tanned sheep erythrocytes sensitized with h1, in high dilutions. Antibodies to other known staphylococcal antigens were not detected. The identity between h1 and Pillet's type 9 antigen was confirmed.", "PMID": 102107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5018", "title": "In vitro sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans to chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "Strains of fresh clinical isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans have been tested in vitro for their sensitivity to eight drugs used in the therapy of monilial and trichomonal vaginitis. Three of the chemotherapeutic agents, chlorchinaldol, clotrimazole and broxyquinoline were effective against both organisms. Tinidazole and metronidazole were active against T. vaginalis. The strains of C. albicans were also sensitive to trichomycin, natamycin and nystatin. Tinidazole was the most effective trichomonacide, clotrimazole and chlorchinaldol were most effective against C. albicans, while chlorchinaldol had the best in vitro effect against both organisms. The ranges of the MICs are compared to values previously reported.", "contents": "In vitro sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans to chemotherapeutic agents. Strains of fresh clinical isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans have been tested in vitro for their sensitivity to eight drugs used in the therapy of monilial and trichomonal vaginitis. Three of the chemotherapeutic agents, chlorchinaldol, clotrimazole and broxyquinoline were effective against both organisms. Tinidazole and metronidazole were active against T. vaginalis. The strains of C. albicans were also sensitive to trichomycin, natamycin and nystatin. Tinidazole was the most effective trichomonacide, clotrimazole and chlorchinaldol were most effective against C. albicans, while chlorchinaldol had the best in vitro effect against both organisms. The ranges of the MICs are compared to values previously reported.", "PMID": 102108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5019", "title": "Liberation of endotoxin during growth of Neisseria meningitidis in a chemically-defined medium.", "content": "Modified medium 199 is well suited to the growth of meningococci if rich growth is not necessary. The bacteria were very sensitive to changes in pH and needed a good buffer capacity of the medium. Four strains of Neisseria meningitidis were studied. After the stationary phase had been reached, the vital cell count decreased relatively slowly. However, the total cell count remained unchanged for at least 12 hours. The standardized E. coli endotoxin could be detected easily by the Limulus lysate test in different protein-free, pH-adjusted and ion-balanced liquids, and the determination of endotoxin was reproducible. The Limulus lysate test was more sensitive than the rabbit pyrogen test as regards meningococcal endotoxin. Liberation of endotoxin during growth in modified medium 199 varied with strain and growth conditions. Repeated investigations showed the same pattern of growth and endotoxin liberation for each strain, also under other growth conditions. When sonicating the bacteria, high yields of endotoxin were obtained from each strain.", "contents": "Liberation of endotoxin during growth of Neisseria meningitidis in a chemically-defined medium. Modified medium 199 is well suited to the growth of meningococci if rich growth is not necessary. The bacteria were very sensitive to changes in pH and needed a good buffer capacity of the medium. Four strains of Neisseria meningitidis were studied. After the stationary phase had been reached, the vital cell count decreased relatively slowly. However, the total cell count remained unchanged for at least 12 hours. The standardized E. coli endotoxin could be detected easily by the Limulus lysate test in different protein-free, pH-adjusted and ion-balanced liquids, and the determination of endotoxin was reproducible. The Limulus lysate test was more sensitive than the rabbit pyrogen test as regards meningococcal endotoxin. Liberation of endotoxin during growth in modified medium 199 varied with strain and growth conditions. Repeated investigations showed the same pattern of growth and endotoxin liberation for each strain, also under other growth conditions. When sonicating the bacteria, high yields of endotoxin were obtained from each strain.", "PMID": 102109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5020", "title": "A modified Sperber technique for direct estimation of true renal tubular excretion fraction.", "content": "The Sperber technique in the hen is particularly suitable for the study of renal tubular secretion. However, results obtained with this technique vary considerably, due to an unpredictable and highly variable shunting of renal portal blood. In an attempt to get a total and stable renal perfusion by portal blood from the leg, appropriate shunt vessels were ligated. This procedure was found to force all portal blood from the leg to perfuse the ligated kidney, without affecting the symmetry of glomerular filtration or renal clearance of 125-I-Na-o-iodohippurate between the kidneys. In conclusion, the abolition of renal portal shunt flow allows use of the Sperber technique for a direct estimation of the true tubular excretion fraction (TTEF) of a substance. Thus, TTEFPAH, a measure of the tubular excretion efficiency of para-amino-hippuric acid, was found to be about 70%. The stable renal perfusion in ligated animals will also facilitate comparative studies of renal tubular excretion in the hen. Moreover, no animal has to be rejected due to a low renal perfusion of portal blood. Furthermore, the use of ligated hens makes it unnecessary to use markers for the renal perfusion of portal blood when steady-state experiments are performed. Finally, the total renal perfusion of portal blood in ligated animals will facilitate the demonstration of a secretory component in the renal handling of substances with a low affinity for the renal transport system.", "contents": "A modified Sperber technique for direct estimation of true renal tubular excretion fraction. The Sperber technique in the hen is particularly suitable for the study of renal tubular secretion. However, results obtained with this technique vary considerably, due to an unpredictable and highly variable shunting of renal portal blood. In an attempt to get a total and stable renal perfusion by portal blood from the leg, appropriate shunt vessels were ligated. This procedure was found to force all portal blood from the leg to perfuse the ligated kidney, without affecting the symmetry of glomerular filtration or renal clearance of 125-I-Na-o-iodohippurate between the kidneys. In conclusion, the abolition of renal portal shunt flow allows use of the Sperber technique for a direct estimation of the true tubular excretion fraction (TTEF) of a substance. Thus, TTEFPAH, a measure of the tubular excretion efficiency of para-amino-hippuric acid, was found to be about 70%. The stable renal perfusion in ligated animals will also facilitate comparative studies of renal tubular excretion in the hen. Moreover, no animal has to be rejected due to a low renal perfusion of portal blood. Furthermore, the use of ligated hens makes it unnecessary to use markers for the renal perfusion of portal blood when steady-state experiments are performed. Finally, the total renal perfusion of portal blood in ligated animals will facilitate the demonstration of a secretory component in the renal handling of substances with a low affinity for the renal transport system.", "PMID": 102110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5021", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing factor: distribution in neural and gastrointestinal tissues.", "content": "Specimens of several rat tissues were purified with methanol extraction, gel filtration and cation exchange chromatography and measured for thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) concentration by radioimmunoassay. TRF immunoreactivity of neural tissues (hypothalamus, spinal cord, medulla, cerebrum and cerebellum) and gastrointestinal tissues (pancreas, stomach, duodenum and colon) behaved as synthetic TRF during the purification. This dual distribution suggests that TRF-secreting cells have their origin in the embryonal neuroectoderm.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing factor: distribution in neural and gastrointestinal tissues. Specimens of several rat tissues were purified with methanol extraction, gel filtration and cation exchange chromatography and measured for thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) concentration by radioimmunoassay. TRF immunoreactivity of neural tissues (hypothalamus, spinal cord, medulla, cerebrum and cerebellum) and gastrointestinal tissues (pancreas, stomach, duodenum and colon) behaved as synthetic TRF during the purification. This dual distribution suggests that TRF-secreting cells have their origin in the embryonal neuroectoderm.", "PMID": 102111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5022", "title": "Simultaneous measurements of capillary diffusion and filtration exchange during shifts in filtration-absorption and at graded alterations in the capillary permeability surface area products (PS).", "content": "The diffusion exchange of Cr-EDTA, using the single injection indicator diffusion method, was followed simultaneously with estimations of the capillary filtration capacity (CFC) in an \"isogravimetric\" rat hindquarter preparation during artificial perfusion and maximal dilatation. Measurements were performed at constant flow and during 1) shifts in filtration-absorbtion, 2) alterations of perfused capillary wall area (graded rarification of capillary network by microsphere injection) and 3) during alterations of permeability (i.a. infusion of histamine). At maximal vasodilatation CFC was 0.037 +/- 0.001 ml/min X mmHg X 100 g and PS for Cr-EDTA 5.67 +/- 0.13 ml/min X 100 g. During filtration or absorbtion, Cr-EDTA transfer from vessels to interstitium changed only slightly but the situation may well be different for solute transfer from interstitium to vessels. Alterations in capillary wall area resulted in proportional changes in PS for Cr-EDTA while the CFC changes were always relatively smaller. Histamine increased CFC some threefold with a marked increase in protein transfer, while PS for Cr-EDTA increased only marginally. This histamine effect could be ascribed mainly to an increase in the number of large pores which, because of their relative paucity, are of little importance for small molecular diffusion exchange but highly important for convective and macromolecular exchange.", "contents": "Simultaneous measurements of capillary diffusion and filtration exchange during shifts in filtration-absorption and at graded alterations in the capillary permeability surface area products (PS). The diffusion exchange of Cr-EDTA, using the single injection indicator diffusion method, was followed simultaneously with estimations of the capillary filtration capacity (CFC) in an \"isogravimetric\" rat hindquarter preparation during artificial perfusion and maximal dilatation. Measurements were performed at constant flow and during 1) shifts in filtration-absorbtion, 2) alterations of perfused capillary wall area (graded rarification of capillary network by microsphere injection) and 3) during alterations of permeability (i.a. infusion of histamine). At maximal vasodilatation CFC was 0.037 +/- 0.001 ml/min X mmHg X 100 g and PS for Cr-EDTA 5.67 +/- 0.13 ml/min X 100 g. During filtration or absorbtion, Cr-EDTA transfer from vessels to interstitium changed only slightly but the situation may well be different for solute transfer from interstitium to vessels. Alterations in capillary wall area resulted in proportional changes in PS for Cr-EDTA while the CFC changes were always relatively smaller. Histamine increased CFC some threefold with a marked increase in protein transfer, while PS for Cr-EDTA increased only marginally. This histamine effect could be ascribed mainly to an increase in the number of large pores which, because of their relative paucity, are of little importance for small molecular diffusion exchange but highly important for convective and macromolecular exchange.", "PMID": 102112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5023", "title": "Effects of tricyclic antidepressants on human plasma levels of TSH, GH and prolactin.", "content": "Six healthy male volunteers were given chlorimipramine 25 mg t.i.d. or nortriptyline 25 mg t.i.d. in a randomized order of 7 days. Plasma samples were assayed for TSH, GH and prolactin before and after stimulation with TRH 200 microgram i.v. It was found that the tricyclic antidepressants did not exert any influence on plasma hormonal levels compared with no treatment conditions. Diminished TSH-responses following daily TRH injections were demonstrated in endogenously depressed and chronic schizophrenic patients. A decreased TSH-response was observed in healthy volunteers after a second TRH injection with an interval of 2 days between the TRH injections. A complete restoration of the TSH-response was obtained after an interval of 4 days.", "contents": "Effects of tricyclic antidepressants on human plasma levels of TSH, GH and prolactin. Six healthy male volunteers were given chlorimipramine 25 mg t.i.d. or nortriptyline 25 mg t.i.d. in a randomized order of 7 days. Plasma samples were assayed for TSH, GH and prolactin before and after stimulation with TRH 200 microgram i.v. It was found that the tricyclic antidepressants did not exert any influence on plasma hormonal levels compared with no treatment conditions. Diminished TSH-responses following daily TRH injections were demonstrated in endogenously depressed and chronic schizophrenic patients. A decreased TSH-response was observed in healthy volunteers after a second TRH injection with an interval of 2 days between the TRH injections. A complete restoration of the TSH-response was obtained after an interval of 4 days.", "PMID": 102115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5024", "title": "High versus low dose rate intracavitary irradiation of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A preliminary report.", "content": "Overall 2-year actuarial survival rates were 77 and 81 per cent in a high and a low dose rate group, respectively. In the high dose rate group 60 patients were controlled, 8 developed rectal bleeding, and 7 recurred. In the low dose rate group 54 were controlled, one developed rectal bleeding, and 9 recurred. Optimum TDF was 125 in both groups.", "contents": "High versus low dose rate intracavitary irradiation of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A preliminary report. Overall 2-year actuarial survival rates were 77 and 81 per cent in a high and a low dose rate group, respectively. In the high dose rate group 60 patients were controlled, 8 developed rectal bleeding, and 7 recurred. In the low dose rate group 54 were controlled, one developed rectal bleeding, and 9 recurred. Optimum TDF was 125 in both groups.", "PMID": 102116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5025", "title": "[Comparison between the AMDP system and other standardized systems and multifactorial scales for the evaluation of psychopathology (author's transl)].", "content": "The author compares the advantages and disadvantages of psychiatric documentation and rating systems (the AMDP and MSIS systems), and of major multiphasic rating scales (the CPRS, IMPS, PSE, SCI and WPRS scales). He briefly describes the history and content of the AMDP System, formerly known as AMP. This standardized system of alemanic origin is presently adapted or being adapted in nine languages (Croatian, English, Esthonian, French, Italian, Japanese, Portugese, Russian and Spanish). Of the four forms, only the two forms designed for the quantitative assessment of pychopathological and somatic symptoms have been included in the first edition of the French adaptation (1978). Similarities and dissimilarities between the German system and its first French adaptation are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparison between the AMDP system and other standardized systems and multifactorial scales for the evaluation of psychopathology (author's transl)]. The author compares the advantages and disadvantages of psychiatric documentation and rating systems (the AMDP and MSIS systems), and of major multiphasic rating scales (the CPRS, IMPS, PSE, SCI and WPRS scales). He briefly describes the history and content of the AMDP System, formerly known as AMP. This standardized system of alemanic origin is presently adapted or being adapted in nine languages (Croatian, English, Esthonian, French, Italian, Japanese, Portugese, Russian and Spanish). Of the four forms, only the two forms designed for the quantitative assessment of pychopathological and somatic symptoms have been included in the first edition of the French adaptation (1978). Similarities and dissimilarities between the German system and its first French adaptation are discussed.", "PMID": 102113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5026", "title": "TSH response pattern to TRH test and optimum time of blood sampling in sporadic euthyroid goitre.", "content": "Attempts were made to estimate the response pattern of thyrotrophin (TSH) to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and the optimum time of blood sampling in patients with sporadic euthyroid goitre. Of the 65 subjects studied, 21 served as a reference group and 44 were patients with sporadic euthyroid goitres, divided into diagnostic subgroups according to type of goitre. Patients with a single autonomous thyroid adenoma were excluded. The classification of goitre was based on clinical features, thyroid function tests, thyroid imaging studies using 99mTc pertechnetate uptake, and examination of thyroid specimens originating from selective goitre resection carried out after the laboratory investigations. A standardized i.v. TRH test was performed in all probands and the TSH response was followed for 60 min postinjection. There was a definite trend towards lack of response with increasing nodularity of the thyroid gland. Moreover, no further information concerning the TSH response pattern was achieved by extending the blood sampling period beyond the +20 min limit of the time axis. The study lends support to the view that increasing functional autonomy is a general trend in goitre evolution.", "contents": "TSH response pattern to TRH test and optimum time of blood sampling in sporadic euthyroid goitre. Attempts were made to estimate the response pattern of thyrotrophin (TSH) to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and the optimum time of blood sampling in patients with sporadic euthyroid goitre. Of the 65 subjects studied, 21 served as a reference group and 44 were patients with sporadic euthyroid goitres, divided into diagnostic subgroups according to type of goitre. Patients with a single autonomous thyroid adenoma were excluded. The classification of goitre was based on clinical features, thyroid function tests, thyroid imaging studies using 99mTc pertechnetate uptake, and examination of thyroid specimens originating from selective goitre resection carried out after the laboratory investigations. A standardized i.v. TRH test was performed in all probands and the TSH response was followed for 60 min postinjection. There was a definite trend towards lack of response with increasing nodularity of the thyroid gland. Moreover, no further information concerning the TSH response pattern was achieved by extending the blood sampling period beyond the +20 min limit of the time axis. The study lends support to the view that increasing functional autonomy is a general trend in goitre evolution.", "PMID": 102118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5027", "title": "Oesophageal disease revealed by endoscopy in 1,000 patients referred primarily for gastroscopy.", "content": "Of 1000 patients referred primarily for gastroscopy, almost 18% had endoscopic signs of clinically important oesophageal disease. Erosive oesophagitis, a disease that is notoriously difficult to diagnose on X-ray, was demonstrated in alsmot 10% and oesophageal varices in 3.6% of the patients. It is concluded that a thorough examination of the oesophagus should be included in every routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.", "contents": "Oesophageal disease revealed by endoscopy in 1,000 patients referred primarily for gastroscopy. Of 1000 patients referred primarily for gastroscopy, almost 18% had endoscopic signs of clinically important oesophageal disease. Erosive oesophagitis, a disease that is notoriously difficult to diagnose on X-ray, was demonstrated in alsmot 10% and oesophageal varices in 3.6% of the patients. It is concluded that a thorough examination of the oesophagus should be included in every routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.", "PMID": 102120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5028", "title": "Platelet survival determination in atherosclerosis.", "content": "Platelet survival presently represents a useful method for the study of atherosclerosis and its consequences in patients and in animal models. The currently used technique, while time consuming, appears to be reliable and reproducible for the measurement of platelet survival and turnover rate. The test offers promise to detect and perhaps quantify the degree of active vessel wall damage. In addition, it might prove useful to identify drugs with potential as platelet suppressants. Finally, the test might be used to compare with new techniques developed or used to identify vessel damage or thrombosis proneness.", "contents": "Platelet survival determination in atherosclerosis. Platelet survival presently represents a useful method for the study of atherosclerosis and its consequences in patients and in animal models. The currently used technique, while time consuming, appears to be reliable and reproducible for the measurement of platelet survival and turnover rate. The test offers promise to detect and perhaps quantify the degree of active vessel wall damage. In addition, it might prove useful to identify drugs with potential as platelet suppressants. Finally, the test might be used to compare with new techniques developed or used to identify vessel damage or thrombosis proneness.", "PMID": 102122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5029", "title": "Genetic control of the antibody response to sperm whale myoglobin in mice.", "content": "The antibody response to the main chromatographic component IV of sperm whale myoglobin in mice has been shown to be under the control of both H-2-linked and non-H-2-linked genes, using an assay which measures antibody concentration independent of affinity. The effect of non-H-2 background genes was such that for a given H-2 haplotype, mice of the A background were higher responders than those of the B10 background. Among congenic mice of all the same background, mice of haplotypes H-2d,s were high responders, while those of haplotypes H-2k,b,q were low responders. Use of intra-H-2 recombinant strains B10.A, B10.A(5R), A.TL, and D2.GD allowed mapping of at least two H-2-linked Ir genes, both within the I region, one tentatively mapping in I-A, designated Ir-Mb-1, and one mapping to the right of I-E and left of H-2D, designated Ir-Mb-2. Strains bearing both genes or only Ir-Mb-1 were high responders, while those bearing Ir-Mb-2 were intermediate responders. When the concentration of antimyoglobin antibodies which bound to [14C]-fragment (132-153) of myoglobin was measured in the same sera described above, levels in the B10.A sera were low like those of the B10.BR rather than intermediate between the levels of the B10.BR and the high responding B10.D2, as for myoglobin, whereas levels in the D2.GD sera were still high. It is therefore suggested that the 2 or more genetically defined H-2-linked Ir genes each control the response to a different chemically defined determinant or group of determinants on myoglobin. Further studies with other fragments are in progress to test this hypothesis.", "contents": "Genetic control of the antibody response to sperm whale myoglobin in mice. The antibody response to the main chromatographic component IV of sperm whale myoglobin in mice has been shown to be under the control of both H-2-linked and non-H-2-linked genes, using an assay which measures antibody concentration independent of affinity. The effect of non-H-2 background genes was such that for a given H-2 haplotype, mice of the A background were higher responders than those of the B10 background. Among congenic mice of all the same background, mice of haplotypes H-2d,s were high responders, while those of haplotypes H-2k,b,q were low responders. Use of intra-H-2 recombinant strains B10.A, B10.A(5R), A.TL, and D2.GD allowed mapping of at least two H-2-linked Ir genes, both within the I region, one tentatively mapping in I-A, designated Ir-Mb-1, and one mapping to the right of I-E and left of H-2D, designated Ir-Mb-2. Strains bearing both genes or only Ir-Mb-1 were high responders, while those bearing Ir-Mb-2 were intermediate responders. When the concentration of antimyoglobin antibodies which bound to [14C]-fragment (132-153) of myoglobin was measured in the same sera described above, levels in the B10.A sera were low like those of the B10.BR rather than intermediate between the levels of the B10.BR and the high responding B10.D2, as for myoglobin, whereas levels in the D2.GD sera were still high. It is therefore suggested that the 2 or more genetically defined H-2-linked Ir genes each control the response to a different chemically defined determinant or group of determinants on myoglobin. Further studies with other fragments are in progress to test this hypothesis.", "PMID": 102124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5030", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease in mice.", "content": "Genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease in mice is detectable at several levels. At least one H-2-linked Ir gene controls 1) the relative proportions of antibodies to different determinants on nuclease when whole nuclease is the immunogen; 2) the immunogenicity of isolated fragments of nuclease, corresponding to the same regions or determinants; and 3) the T-lymphocyte proliferative response to nuclease and to its fragments. It is concluded that a model in which Ir-gene control is determined by the recognition by T lymphocytes of a single \"carrier\" determinant for the whole molecule does not adequately explain this system. Evidence is presented for the existence of more than one such H-2-linked Ir gene in the T-cell proliferative response. In addition, a non-H-2-linked gene(s) is described which controls the overall level of antibodies to nuclease, i.e., the aggregate of all the antibodies of different subspecificities which have in common that they bind to some part of the nuclease molecule. Evidence is also presented that T lymphocytes, as well as the receptors involved in Ir-gene function (whether or not these are T-lymphocyte receptors), are less sensitive to conformational differences between native nuclease and its isolated fragments than are the antibodies ultimately made. This insensitivity to conformation may reflect the recognition of determinants which are shorter or more flexible in the native state than those recognized by antibodies.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease in mice. Genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease in mice is detectable at several levels. At least one H-2-linked Ir gene controls 1) the relative proportions of antibodies to different determinants on nuclease when whole nuclease is the immunogen; 2) the immunogenicity of isolated fragments of nuclease, corresponding to the same regions or determinants; and 3) the T-lymphocyte proliferative response to nuclease and to its fragments. It is concluded that a model in which Ir-gene control is determined by the recognition by T lymphocytes of a single \"carrier\" determinant for the whole molecule does not adequately explain this system. Evidence is presented for the existence of more than one such H-2-linked Ir gene in the T-cell proliferative response. In addition, a non-H-2-linked gene(s) is described which controls the overall level of antibodies to nuclease, i.e., the aggregate of all the antibodies of different subspecificities which have in common that they bind to some part of the nuclease molecule. Evidence is also presented that T lymphocytes, as well as the receptors involved in Ir-gene function (whether or not these are T-lymphocyte receptors), are less sensitive to conformational differences between native nuclease and its isolated fragments than are the antibodies ultimately made. This insensitivity to conformation may reflect the recognition of determinants which are shorter or more flexible in the native state than those recognized by antibodies.", "PMID": 102125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5031", "title": "Complexity of cell interactions: analysis using antigens under Ir gene control.", "content": "The properties of three I region associated immunoregulatory factors involved in cell interactions are described. These are antigen specific T helper factor, suppressor factor produced by metabolically active T cells and genetically restricted factor, which is produced by macrophages and is involved in T helper cell induction. The use of these factors to analyse cell interactions is discussed.", "contents": "Complexity of cell interactions: analysis using antigens under Ir gene control. The properties of three I region associated immunoregulatory factors involved in cell interactions are described. These are antigen specific T helper factor, suppressor factor produced by metabolically active T cells and genetically restricted factor, which is produced by macrophages and is involved in T helper cell induction. The use of these factors to analyse cell interactions is discussed.", "PMID": 102126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5032", "title": "L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT): A probe for regulatory mechanisms in antibody responses.", "content": "The synthetic random terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) has been used as a probe to investigate regulatory mechanisms in antibody responses in tissue culture systems. In this brief review, the mechanisms of H-2 linked Ir gene control of antibody responses to GAT and genetic restrictions governing Mphi-immune T cell interactions in antibody responses to GAT are summarized.", "contents": "L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT): A probe for regulatory mechanisms in antibody responses. The synthetic random terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) has been used as a probe to investigate regulatory mechanisms in antibody responses in tissue culture systems. In this brief review, the mechanisms of H-2 linked Ir gene control of antibody responses to GAT and genetic restrictions governing Mphi-immune T cell interactions in antibody responses to GAT are summarized.", "PMID": 102128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5033", "title": "The nature and functions of specific immune response genes and their products.", "content": "Antibodies produced by inbred mouse strains immunized with the random synthetic polypeptide poly (Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)--polyLys denoted (T,G)-A--L were found to be specific mainly to the ordered peptide Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu. Low responder H-2k mice, upon immunization with either the random (T,G)-A--L or the ordered (T-T-G-G)-A--L coupled to methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA), produce antibodies with comparable titers to those observed in high responder H-2b mice following immunization with the antigens alone or with their complexes with MBSA. A comparison of the above antibodies have led to the conclusion that low responder mice, upon immunization with the synthetic antigens complexed with MBSA, produce antibodies of the same specificity and quality as those of high responders (as shown by the isoelectric focusing technique) and they also have the same affinity and heterogeneity as antibodies of H-2b mice (measured by equilibrium dialysis and antigen binding capacity assay). Anti-idiotypic sera to anti-T,G)-A--L antibodies of C3H.SW (H-2b,Ig-1a) mice were raised in guinea pigs. C3H.SW anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies from different pools cross reacted idiotypically. Anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies of CWB (H-2b, Ig-1b) mice did not react with the anti-idiotypic serum suggesting linkage between the genes coding for idiotypes and allotypes. C3H/DiSn (H-2k, Ig-1a) anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies elicited by immunization with (T,G)-A--L complexed to MBSA reacted with the anti-idiotypic serum to the same degree as C3H.SW anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies, confirming the similarity between the high and low responder anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies. C3H.SW (H-2b) mice as well as C3H/DiSn (H-2k) mice were found to be capable of producing an antigen specific factor from \"educated\" T cells which replaces the helper effect of T cells in the process of antibody production. On the other hand B cells of H-2k mice were not triggered by a factor of either high or low responder specific T cells. The activity of a C3H.SW (T,G)-A--L specific T cell factor was removed after passage on a Sepharose column coupled to the anti-idiotypic serum prepared against C3H.SW anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies, suggesting similarity between the antigen specific T cell factor and the B cell recognition system. A (T,G)-A--L specific factor produced by C3H/DiSn (H-2k, Ig-1a) \"educated\" T cells reacted with the anti-idiotypic serum as well. Thus, C3H.SW high and C3H/DiSn low responder (T,G)-A--L specific T cell factors cross react at the level of their binding site for antigen.", "contents": "The nature and functions of specific immune response genes and their products. Antibodies produced by inbred mouse strains immunized with the random synthetic polypeptide poly (Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)--polyLys denoted (T,G)-A--L were found to be specific mainly to the ordered peptide Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu. Low responder H-2k mice, upon immunization with either the random (T,G)-A--L or the ordered (T-T-G-G)-A--L coupled to methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA), produce antibodies with comparable titers to those observed in high responder H-2b mice following immunization with the antigens alone or with their complexes with MBSA. A comparison of the above antibodies have led to the conclusion that low responder mice, upon immunization with the synthetic antigens complexed with MBSA, produce antibodies of the same specificity and quality as those of high responders (as shown by the isoelectric focusing technique) and they also have the same affinity and heterogeneity as antibodies of H-2b mice (measured by equilibrium dialysis and antigen binding capacity assay). Anti-idiotypic sera to anti-T,G)-A--L antibodies of C3H.SW (H-2b,Ig-1a) mice were raised in guinea pigs. C3H.SW anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies from different pools cross reacted idiotypically. Anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies of CWB (H-2b, Ig-1b) mice did not react with the anti-idiotypic serum suggesting linkage between the genes coding for idiotypes and allotypes. C3H/DiSn (H-2k, Ig-1a) anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies elicited by immunization with (T,G)-A--L complexed to MBSA reacted with the anti-idiotypic serum to the same degree as C3H.SW anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies, confirming the similarity between the high and low responder anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies. C3H.SW (H-2b) mice as well as C3H/DiSn (H-2k) mice were found to be capable of producing an antigen specific factor from \"educated\" T cells which replaces the helper effect of T cells in the process of antibody production. On the other hand B cells of H-2k mice were not triggered by a factor of either high or low responder specific T cells. The activity of a C3H.SW (T,G)-A--L specific T cell factor was removed after passage on a Sepharose column coupled to the anti-idiotypic serum prepared against C3H.SW anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies, suggesting similarity between the antigen specific T cell factor and the B cell recognition system. A (T,G)-A--L specific factor produced by C3H/DiSn (H-2k, Ig-1a) \"educated\" T cells reacted with the anti-idiotypic serum as well. Thus, C3H.SW high and C3H/DiSn low responder (T,G)-A--L specific T cell factors cross react at the level of their binding site for antigen.", "PMID": 102129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5034", "title": "Phosphopyridoxal cyclic compounds with histamine and histidine. 6: The formation of phosphopyridoxal cyclic compounds with histamine and histidine in the presence of biological material.", "content": "We have studied the dynamics of cyclic compound formation between histamine or histidine and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (Hi-PLP or His-PLP) in incubates of rat gastric mucosa histidine decarboxylase (HD), rat intestinal diamine oxidase (DAO) or homogenates of either rat liver, intestine or gastric mucosa. For gastric mucosa HD, liver and gastric mucosa homogenates, the rate of cyclization was slightly decreased; however, the rate was significantly inhibited with intestinal DAO or intestinal homogenate. Binding of PLP by tissue components was measured; free PLP was bound abundantly by rat intestinal DAO and by rat intestinal homogenate. A possible mechanism by which intestinal tissues inhibit cyclic compound formation is discussed.", "contents": "Phosphopyridoxal cyclic compounds with histamine and histidine. 6: The formation of phosphopyridoxal cyclic compounds with histamine and histidine in the presence of biological material. We have studied the dynamics of cyclic compound formation between histamine or histidine and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (Hi-PLP or His-PLP) in incubates of rat gastric mucosa histidine decarboxylase (HD), rat intestinal diamine oxidase (DAO) or homogenates of either rat liver, intestine or gastric mucosa. For gastric mucosa HD, liver and gastric mucosa homogenates, the rate of cyclization was slightly decreased; however, the rate was significantly inhibited with intestinal DAO or intestinal homogenate. Binding of PLP by tissue components was measured; free PLP was bound abundantly by rat intestinal DAO and by rat intestinal homogenate. A possible mechanism by which intestinal tissues inhibit cyclic compound formation is discussed.", "PMID": 102131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5035", "title": "Possible involvement of endogenous histamine in the myotropic effect of clonidine on the isolated rabbit aorta.", "content": "Clonidine has a contractile effect in the isolated rabbit aorta which can be blocked by alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine. Histamine H1-receptor blocker, mepyramine, partly antagonizes its myotropic effect and histamine H2-blocker, metiamide, potentiates it, implying a histaminergic component in the response. Inhibition of histamine synthesis by histidine decarboxylase inhibitor, GYKI 11.121, reduces clonidine-induced contraction in this preparation, while diamine oxidase inhibition by aminoguanidine potentiates it. This is indirect evidence of the possibility of de novo histamine synthesis by clonidine, which may take part on the contractile effect of the drug in the rabbit aorta.", "contents": "Possible involvement of endogenous histamine in the myotropic effect of clonidine on the isolated rabbit aorta. Clonidine has a contractile effect in the isolated rabbit aorta which can be blocked by alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine. Histamine H1-receptor blocker, mepyramine, partly antagonizes its myotropic effect and histamine H2-blocker, metiamide, potentiates it, implying a histaminergic component in the response. Inhibition of histamine synthesis by histidine decarboxylase inhibitor, GYKI 11.121, reduces clonidine-induced contraction in this preparation, while diamine oxidase inhibition by aminoguanidine potentiates it. This is indirect evidence of the possibility of de novo histamine synthesis by clonidine, which may take part on the contractile effect of the drug in the rabbit aorta.", "PMID": 102132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5036", "title": "A comparison of tissue gold levels in guinea-pigs after treatment with myocrisin injected intramuscularly and triethylphosphine gold chloride and myocrisin administered orally.", "content": "A comparative study of tissue gold levels produced in guinea-pigs after the oral administration of either triethylphosphine gold chloride or Myocrisin (sodium aurothiomalate) or after the injection of Myocrisin intramuscularly is reported. Gold concentrations were determined 5, 24 and 168 hours after administration in stomach, small intestine, large intestine, kidney, liver and spleen and 5 and 24 hours after administration in skin, adrenals, heart, lung and brain. In gastrointestinal tissues, tissue gold concentrations were highest with triethylphosphine gold chloride. The stomach gold level 5 hours after oral administration of triethylphosphine gold chloride is particularly high and, taken in conjunction with the other gastrointestinal gold levels measured, suggests that a stomach rather than an intestinal absorption mechanism may predominate. A more extensive time-course study on kidney and liver is reported and the possible relationship between tissue concentration and toxicity is discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of tissue gold levels in guinea-pigs after treatment with myocrisin injected intramuscularly and triethylphosphine gold chloride and myocrisin administered orally. A comparative study of tissue gold levels produced in guinea-pigs after the oral administration of either triethylphosphine gold chloride or Myocrisin (sodium aurothiomalate) or after the injection of Myocrisin intramuscularly is reported. Gold concentrations were determined 5, 24 and 168 hours after administration in stomach, small intestine, large intestine, kidney, liver and spleen and 5 and 24 hours after administration in skin, adrenals, heart, lung and brain. In gastrointestinal tissues, tissue gold concentrations were highest with triethylphosphine gold chloride. The stomach gold level 5 hours after oral administration of triethylphosphine gold chloride is particularly high and, taken in conjunction with the other gastrointestinal gold levels measured, suggests that a stomach rather than an intestinal absorption mechanism may predominate. A more extensive time-course study on kidney and liver is reported and the possible relationship between tissue concentration and toxicity is discussed.", "PMID": 102133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5037", "title": "The application and limitations of immunodiagnostic techniques in parasitic infections.", "content": "The application of immunodiagnostic techniques in the diagnosis of parasitic infections has been discussed in relation to the conditions operating in developing countries where multiple parasitism is common and diagnostic facilities are often limited. The uses and limitations of the tests for individual diagnosis and epidemiological studies have been highlighted. The filter-paper plasma modification of the IFA test has been identified as a technique that has an advantage over all the others and could be universally used with great success in many developing countries.", "contents": "The application and limitations of immunodiagnostic techniques in parasitic infections. The application of immunodiagnostic techniques in the diagnosis of parasitic infections has been discussed in relation to the conditions operating in developing countries where multiple parasitism is common and diagnostic facilities are often limited. The uses and limitations of the tests for individual diagnosis and epidemiological studies have been highlighted. The filter-paper plasma modification of the IFA test has been identified as a technique that has an advantage over all the others and could be universally used with great success in many developing countries.", "PMID": 102136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5038", "title": "Heterophile antibody to red cells in human trypanosomiasis.", "content": "The heterophile red cell antibodies formed in human trypanosomiasis have been investigated. It has been shown that infection with Trypanosoma rhodesiense induces agglutinins reactive with sheep and rabbit red cells, whilst Trypanosoma gambiense induces agglutinins which react only with rabbit red cells. Both types of antibody can be distinguished from similar antibodies produced by infectious mononucleosis and Forssman antigen, and the detection and characterization of the antibodies therefore provides a basis for clinical diagnostic tests in human trypanosomiasis.", "contents": "Heterophile antibody to red cells in human trypanosomiasis. The heterophile red cell antibodies formed in human trypanosomiasis have been investigated. It has been shown that infection with Trypanosoma rhodesiense induces agglutinins reactive with sheep and rabbit red cells, whilst Trypanosoma gambiense induces agglutinins which react only with rabbit red cells. Both types of antibody can be distinguished from similar antibodies produced by infectious mononucleosis and Forssman antigen, and the detection and characterization of the antibodies therefore provides a basis for clinical diagnostic tests in human trypanosomiasis.", "PMID": 102137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5039", "title": "Jaundice and infectious mononucleosis in Ghana.", "content": "A total of 715 sera from jaundiced cases were examined for Infectious Mononucleosis (IM) antibodies and 5.03% were found to be positive. It was further found that the incidence of IM antibodies in the study population increased with age, the incidence being most prevalent amongst the 11-20 year age-group. IM antibodies with jaundice were found to be most prevalent in the Volta and Eastern Regions, i.e. amongst populations of the coastal-lowland-swampy-shrubland zone of the country, particularly during the dry season which stretches from October through March. A preponderance of IM antibodies amongst females of the age-group 11-20 years was recorded. The possible mode of IM transmission in the tropical setting, with particular reference to Ghana, is proposed.", "contents": "Jaundice and infectious mononucleosis in Ghana. A total of 715 sera from jaundiced cases were examined for Infectious Mononucleosis (IM) antibodies and 5.03% were found to be positive. It was further found that the incidence of IM antibodies in the study population increased with age, the incidence being most prevalent amongst the 11-20 year age-group. IM antibodies with jaundice were found to be most prevalent in the Volta and Eastern Regions, i.e. amongst populations of the coastal-lowland-swampy-shrubland zone of the country, particularly during the dry season which stretches from October through March. A preponderance of IM antibodies amongst females of the age-group 11-20 years was recorded. The possible mode of IM transmission in the tropical setting, with particular reference to Ghana, is proposed.", "PMID": 102140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5040", "title": "Prognostic value of histological grading of hydatidiform moles.", "content": "Histological study of materials from 282 patients with hydratidiform moles showed no correlation between the degree of trophoblastic proliferation and the subsequent development of choriocarcinoma. A significant number of invasive moles, however, showed a marked degree of trophoblastic proliferation. All patients with molar pregnancy should continue to have adequate and mandatory clinical follow-up.", "contents": "Prognostic value of histological grading of hydatidiform moles. Histological study of materials from 282 patients with hydratidiform moles showed no correlation between the degree of trophoblastic proliferation and the subsequent development of choriocarcinoma. A significant number of invasive moles, however, showed a marked degree of trophoblastic proliferation. All patients with molar pregnancy should continue to have adequate and mandatory clinical follow-up.", "PMID": 102142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5041", "title": "Coronary, ventricular, and pulmonary abnormalities associated with rupture of the interventricular septum complicating myocardial infarction.", "content": "Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities, the extent and location of coronary artery stenoses, and the radiographic evidence of pulmonary venous hypertension were analyzed in a retrospective study of 40 patients who had surgically proven rupture of the interventricular septum after myocardial infarction. In 33 patients in whom chest films were available, interstitial or alveolar pulmonary edema was present in 78%, while left ventricular enlargement was present in 82%. Of 26 patients who had coronary angiography, complete occlusion of the right coronary artery, left anterior descending artery, or left circumflex artery was present in 92%, with few, if any, collateral vessels around the occlusion. The location of the rupture in the muscular septum was always in the region of akinesis or dyskinesis. Posterior defects were associated with posterobasal and diaphragmatic akinesis, and anterior defects with apical akinesis. Left ventricular aneurysms were adjacent to the septal rupture in 68%, and 74% had mitral regurgitation. The right ventricular diaphragmatic wall in posterior rupture was always akinetic, indicating right ventricular infarction. Thus ventricular septal defect after myocardial infarction (1) tends to occur with multiple coronary occlusions about which little collateral flow develops; (2) can accurately be localized anteriorly or posteriorly in the muscular septum by the location of the akinetic left ventricular wall segment; and (3) has an associated right ventricular infarct when rupture is posterior.", "contents": "Coronary, ventricular, and pulmonary abnormalities associated with rupture of the interventricular septum complicating myocardial infarction. Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities, the extent and location of coronary artery stenoses, and the radiographic evidence of pulmonary venous hypertension were analyzed in a retrospective study of 40 patients who had surgically proven rupture of the interventricular septum after myocardial infarction. In 33 patients in whom chest films were available, interstitial or alveolar pulmonary edema was present in 78%, while left ventricular enlargement was present in 82%. Of 26 patients who had coronary angiography, complete occlusion of the right coronary artery, left anterior descending artery, or left circumflex artery was present in 92%, with few, if any, collateral vessels around the occlusion. The location of the rupture in the muscular septum was always in the region of akinesis or dyskinesis. Posterior defects were associated with posterobasal and diaphragmatic akinesis, and anterior defects with apical akinesis. Left ventricular aneurysms were adjacent to the septal rupture in 68%, and 74% had mitral regurgitation. The right ventricular diaphragmatic wall in posterior rupture was always akinetic, indicating right ventricular infarction. Thus ventricular septal defect after myocardial infarction (1) tends to occur with multiple coronary occlusions about which little collateral flow develops; (2) can accurately be localized anteriorly or posteriorly in the muscular septum by the location of the akinetic left ventricular wall segment; and (3) has an associated right ventricular infarct when rupture is posterior.", "PMID": 102143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5042", "title": "Bilateral pleural thickening: a manifestation of asbestos dust exposure.", "content": "Bilateral pleural thickening in a relatively asymptomatic patient without evidence of pulmonary disease is frequently a manifestation of asbestos dust exposure, particularly when it is localized or in the form of a noncalcified pleural plaque. Bilateral pleural thickening will be discovered with increasing frequency if specifically searched for on every radiograph. This radiographic finding is suggested as a more realistic indication of asbestos dust exposure, particularly when correlated with a complete occupational history.", "contents": "Bilateral pleural thickening: a manifestation of asbestos dust exposure. Bilateral pleural thickening in a relatively asymptomatic patient without evidence of pulmonary disease is frequently a manifestation of asbestos dust exposure, particularly when it is localized or in the form of a noncalcified pleural plaque. Bilateral pleural thickening will be discovered with increasing frequency if specifically searched for on every radiograph. This radiographic finding is suggested as a more realistic indication of asbestos dust exposure, particularly when correlated with a complete occupational history.", "PMID": 102144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5043", "title": "Pulmonary manifestations of acute aspiration of gastric contents.", "content": "Radiographic manifestations of aspiration of gastric contents were reviewed in 60 patients. The findings were extremely variable, and there was no typical or characteristic appearance. Confluent and acinar infiltrates, as well as infiltrates composed of small irregular shadows, occurred singly or in a variety of combinations; the third pattern predominated in the majority of cases. Distribution was most commonly bilateral and multicentric and usually favored perihilar or basal regions, but localized or atypical densities were also observed. Patients with the most extensive radiographic abnormalities on initial studies tended to have the worst prognosis; however, mild early pulmonary infiltrates occasionally progressed to life-threatening abnormalities, and extensive initial involvement was frequently followed by a benign clinical and radiographic course. Radiographic changes often worsened for several days in uncomplicated cases, but improvement was generally manifested within the first week after aspiration. Worsening of infiltrates after initial improvement was associated with the development of bacterial pneumonia, the adult respiratory distress syndrome, and pulmonary embolism. In the appropriate clinical setting, aspiration of gastric contents should be an important diagnostic consideration in the presence of a wide variety of radiographic changes.", "contents": "Pulmonary manifestations of acute aspiration of gastric contents. Radiographic manifestations of aspiration of gastric contents were reviewed in 60 patients. The findings were extremely variable, and there was no typical or characteristic appearance. Confluent and acinar infiltrates, as well as infiltrates composed of small irregular shadows, occurred singly or in a variety of combinations; the third pattern predominated in the majority of cases. Distribution was most commonly bilateral and multicentric and usually favored perihilar or basal regions, but localized or atypical densities were also observed. Patients with the most extensive radiographic abnormalities on initial studies tended to have the worst prognosis; however, mild early pulmonary infiltrates occasionally progressed to life-threatening abnormalities, and extensive initial involvement was frequently followed by a benign clinical and radiographic course. Radiographic changes often worsened for several days in uncomplicated cases, but improvement was generally manifested within the first week after aspiration. Worsening of infiltrates after initial improvement was associated with the development of bacterial pneumonia, the adult respiratory distress syndrome, and pulmonary embolism. In the appropriate clinical setting, aspiration of gastric contents should be an important diagnostic consideration in the presence of a wide variety of radiographic changes.", "PMID": 102145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5044", "title": "Accuracy of chest film screening by technologists in the New York early lung cancer detection program.", "content": "A study of the feasibility of using specially trained radiologic technologists to screen chest radiographs was undertaken as part of an early lung cancer detection program. In their initial examination, 8,000 men had posteroanterior and lateral chest films which were prepared and evaluated by two specially trained technologists prior to interpretation by a radiologist. The technologists' accuracy in screening was subsequently assessed by comparison with the radiologist's interpretation and with clinical follow-up information. There were differences in the level of suspicion of the two technologists, but both were effective in selecting a subset of the screened population that contained the men with radiologically identifiable lung cancer.", "contents": "Accuracy of chest film screening by technologists in the New York early lung cancer detection program. A study of the feasibility of using specially trained radiologic technologists to screen chest radiographs was undertaken as part of an early lung cancer detection program. In their initial examination, 8,000 men had posteroanterior and lateral chest films which were prepared and evaluated by two specially trained technologists prior to interpretation by a radiologist. The technologists' accuracy in screening was subsequently assessed by comparison with the radiologist's interpretation and with clinical follow-up information. There were differences in the level of suspicion of the two technologists, but both were effective in selecting a subset of the screened population that contained the men with radiologically identifiable lung cancer.", "PMID": 102146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5045", "title": "The normal and abnormal left superior intercostal vein.", "content": "A study of 500 normal erect posteroanterior chest radiographs was undertaken to determine the incidence of visualization and size of the left superior intercostal vein in normal individuals. The vein produces a small \"nipple\" lateral to the aortic knob on 1.4% of normal erect posteroanterior chest films; its diameter can be up to 4.5 mm in normal patients. Dilatation of the vein beyond 4.5 mm is a useful sign of a circulatory abnormality warranting further study. Dilatation may be due to absence of the inferior vena cava, hypoplasia of the left innominate vein, congestive failure, portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or superior or inferior vena caval obstruction. The differential diagnosis of an enlarged left superior intercostal vein includes mediastinal mass, especially lymphadenopathy, and aneurysm of the arch of the aorta.", "contents": "The normal and abnormal left superior intercostal vein. A study of 500 normal erect posteroanterior chest radiographs was undertaken to determine the incidence of visualization and size of the left superior intercostal vein in normal individuals. The vein produces a small \"nipple\" lateral to the aortic knob on 1.4% of normal erect posteroanterior chest films; its diameter can be up to 4.5 mm in normal patients. Dilatation of the vein beyond 4.5 mm is a useful sign of a circulatory abnormality warranting further study. Dilatation may be due to absence of the inferior vena cava, hypoplasia of the left innominate vein, congestive failure, portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or superior or inferior vena caval obstruction. The differential diagnosis of an enlarged left superior intercostal vein includes mediastinal mass, especially lymphadenopathy, and aneurysm of the arch of the aorta.", "PMID": 102147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5046", "title": "Subglottic edema in acute epiglottitis in children.", "content": "Analysis of airway radiographs of 20 children with proven acute epiglottitis revealed that five (25%) had, in addition to supraglottic edema, localized subglottic edema radiographically indistinguishable from that seen in croup. In all five patients the etiologic organism was Hemophilus influenzae type B.", "contents": "Subglottic edema in acute epiglottitis in children. Analysis of airway radiographs of 20 children with proven acute epiglottitis revealed that five (25%) had, in addition to supraglottic edema, localized subglottic edema radiographically indistinguishable from that seen in croup. In all five patients the etiologic organism was Hemophilus influenzae type B.", "PMID": 102148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5047", "title": "Pneumopelvigraphy in childhood.", "content": "Pelvic pneumography was performed in 150 children, including those with precocious puberty, suspected pelvic masses, abdominal pain, virilization, ambiguous genitalia, gonadal dysgenesis, Stein-Leventhal syndrome, amenorrhea, and contralateral inguinal hernia detection. Pneumography proved safe, accurate, and easy to perform. However, advances in sonography have limited the use of pneumography primarily to the investigation of infant intersex problems and confirmation of idiopathic precocious puberty in the infant or very young girl.", "contents": "Pneumopelvigraphy in childhood. Pelvic pneumography was performed in 150 children, including those with precocious puberty, suspected pelvic masses, abdominal pain, virilization, ambiguous genitalia, gonadal dysgenesis, Stein-Leventhal syndrome, amenorrhea, and contralateral inguinal hernia detection. Pneumography proved safe, accurate, and easy to perform. However, advances in sonography have limited the use of pneumography primarily to the investigation of infant intersex problems and confirmation of idiopathic precocious puberty in the infant or very young girl.", "PMID": 102149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5048", "title": "Radiographic findings in ovarian teratomas in children.", "content": "Twenty-one infants and children with ovarian teratomas are reported. Calcification or ossification occurred in 68%, a higher figure than quoted in prior series. Teeth were recognized in 29% of these. A lucent fat-containing mass was appreciated in only two patients. In younger children the tumor was more frequently abdominal rather than pelvic. In two patients the tumor was malignant. A patient with an amputated freely mobile teratoma is reported in detail and the differential diagnosis of mobile abdominal calcifications discussed.", "contents": "Radiographic findings in ovarian teratomas in children. Twenty-one infants and children with ovarian teratomas are reported. Calcification or ossification occurred in 68%, a higher figure than quoted in prior series. Teeth were recognized in 29% of these. A lucent fat-containing mass was appreciated in only two patients. In younger children the tumor was more frequently abdominal rather than pelvic. In two patients the tumor was malignant. A patient with an amputated freely mobile teratoma is reported in detail and the differential diagnosis of mobile abdominal calcifications discussed.", "PMID": 102150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5049", "title": "Mailed thermoluminescent dosimeter determination of entrance skin exposure and half-value layer in mammography.", "content": "A method of providing in vivo measurement of entrance skin exposure for mammography using mailed thermoluminescent dosimeters has been developed. The dosimeters are calibrated to 137Cs (662 keV), and a correction is applied to account for energy response. A mailed dosimeter packet which can be used to measure the half-value layer at mammography energies is also described. The results for both systems agree well (to within 10%) with careful ion chamber determinations. These dosimeter measurements provide a simple. Inexpensive means to reliably determine exposure and to monitor machine parameters on a periodic basis.", "contents": "Mailed thermoluminescent dosimeter determination of entrance skin exposure and half-value layer in mammography. A method of providing in vivo measurement of entrance skin exposure for mammography using mailed thermoluminescent dosimeters has been developed. The dosimeters are calibrated to 137Cs (662 keV), and a correction is applied to account for energy response. A mailed dosimeter packet which can be used to measure the half-value layer at mammography energies is also described. The results for both systems agree well (to within 10%) with careful ion chamber determinations. These dosimeter measurements provide a simple. Inexpensive means to reliably determine exposure and to monitor machine parameters on a periodic basis.", "PMID": 102151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5050", "title": "Radiographic features of ureteral endometriosis.", "content": "The urographic findings in seven patients with ureteral endometriosis were reviewed. These consisted of short strictures (0.5-2.2 cm) located for the most part in that portion of the pelvic ureter projected within 3 cm of the inferior margin of the sacroiliac joint. Although the appearance is judged to be nonspecific, the diagnosis of ureteral endometriosis should be considered in any female patient of child-bearing age who has obstructive uropathy attributable to extrinsic obstruction of the pelvic portion of the ureter.", "contents": "Radiographic features of ureteral endometriosis. The urographic findings in seven patients with ureteral endometriosis were reviewed. These consisted of short strictures (0.5-2.2 cm) located for the most part in that portion of the pelvic ureter projected within 3 cm of the inferior margin of the sacroiliac joint. Although the appearance is judged to be nonspecific, the diagnosis of ureteral endometriosis should be considered in any female patient of child-bearing age who has obstructive uropathy attributable to extrinsic obstruction of the pelvic portion of the ureter.", "PMID": 102152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5051", "title": "Inflammatory cysts of the pelvic peritoneum.", "content": "Three young women with abdominal distension due to pelvic masses were investigated using ultrasound and conventional radiographic techniques. While the latter revealed masses of soft tissue density arising from the pelvis and displacing bowel, the sonogram indicated the morphologic features of thin-walled multiloculated cysts. They were located entirely within the peritoneal cavity and contained serous to serosanguineous fluid. The mesholelial lined walls were infiltrated with chronic inflammatory cells and were adherent to chronically inflamed fallopian tubes. Although these acquired cysts are familiar to pathologists and gynecologists, the literature contains little information about them.", "contents": "Inflammatory cysts of the pelvic peritoneum. Three young women with abdominal distension due to pelvic masses were investigated using ultrasound and conventional radiographic techniques. While the latter revealed masses of soft tissue density arising from the pelvis and displacing bowel, the sonogram indicated the morphologic features of thin-walled multiloculated cysts. They were located entirely within the peritoneal cavity and contained serous to serosanguineous fluid. The mesholelial lined walls were infiltrated with chronic inflammatory cells and were adherent to chronically inflamed fallopian tubes. Although these acquired cysts are familiar to pathologists and gynecologists, the literature contains little information about them.", "PMID": 102153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5052", "title": "Pitfalls of transhepatic portal venography and therapeutic coronary vein occlusion.", "content": "Coronary vein occlusions via transhepatic portography for bleeding esophageal varices was attempted in 24 patients. Problems occurred that either prevented the attempt or resulted in less than adequate occlusion. These included blood flow in the left gastric (coronary) vein toward the liver due to occluded or stenotic splenorenal shunts, spontaneous left gastric vein to inferior vena cava shunts, and failure of powdered Gelfoam and heat-treated autogenous clot to cause permanent occlusion. Of 89 total transhepatic portographies, 65 for diagnosis and 24 for occlusion, major complications occurred in two.", "contents": "Pitfalls of transhepatic portal venography and therapeutic coronary vein occlusion. Coronary vein occlusions via transhepatic portography for bleeding esophageal varices was attempted in 24 patients. Problems occurred that either prevented the attempt or resulted in less than adequate occlusion. These included blood flow in the left gastric (coronary) vein toward the liver due to occluded or stenotic splenorenal shunts, spontaneous left gastric vein to inferior vena cava shunts, and failure of powdered Gelfoam and heat-treated autogenous clot to cause permanent occlusion. Of 89 total transhepatic portographies, 65 for diagnosis and 24 for occlusion, major complications occurred in two.", "PMID": 102154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5053", "title": "Transcatheter gelfoam embolization of posttraumatic bleeding pseudoaneurysms.", "content": "Diagnostic angiography combined with transcatheter therapeutic embolization is a simple and effective means of treating complex clinical situations associated with posttraumatic hemorrhage. Bleeding pseudoaneurysms, even when large, can be readily managed by this combined modality with resultant decrease in morbidity and hospital stay. Five patients with posttraumatic pseudoaneurysms are presented. All five were treated by transcatheter therapeutic embolization with Gelfoam. Of these five cases, three involved extremities, one involved the retroperitoneal space, and the last was of renal origin. Two of the five cases still required surgical intervention after initial successful therapeutic embolization, one for recurrent bleeding from collaterals and the other for evacuation of a massive pseudoaneurysm which was causing distraction of fracture fragments. The early use of angiography in suspected cases of posttraumatic hemorrhage, together with careful evaluation of potential collateral supply, is stressed. The use of transcatheter therapeutic embolization in the extremities as presented here is yet another example of the ever-broadening applicability of this technique.", "contents": "Transcatheter gelfoam embolization of posttraumatic bleeding pseudoaneurysms. Diagnostic angiography combined with transcatheter therapeutic embolization is a simple and effective means of treating complex clinical situations associated with posttraumatic hemorrhage. Bleeding pseudoaneurysms, even when large, can be readily managed by this combined modality with resultant decrease in morbidity and hospital stay. Five patients with posttraumatic pseudoaneurysms are presented. All five were treated by transcatheter therapeutic embolization with Gelfoam. Of these five cases, three involved extremities, one involved the retroperitoneal space, and the last was of renal origin. Two of the five cases still required surgical intervention after initial successful therapeutic embolization, one for recurrent bleeding from collaterals and the other for evacuation of a massive pseudoaneurysm which was causing distraction of fracture fragments. The early use of angiography in suspected cases of posttraumatic hemorrhage, together with careful evaluation of potential collateral supply, is stressed. The use of transcatheter therapeutic embolization in the extremities as presented here is yet another example of the ever-broadening applicability of this technique.", "PMID": 102155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5054", "title": "Transcatheter embolization: prevention of embolic reflux using balloon catheters.", "content": "Reflux of embolic material during therapeutic transcatheter embolization is a potential complication which can result in occlusion of distal vascular beds. The conditions under which reflux was demonstrated in laboratory animals include (1) low flow states, (2) overvigorous flushing, (3) selective contrast injections, and (4) placement of embolic material too proximally. Balloon occlusion of the orifice of the vessel undergoing embolization protects against reflux and allows more homogenous embolization. Because of experience gained in the laboratory, therapeutic transcatheter embolization is now performed in patients with balloon catheter protection. Preliminary clinical experience is described.", "contents": "Transcatheter embolization: prevention of embolic reflux using balloon catheters. Reflux of embolic material during therapeutic transcatheter embolization is a potential complication which can result in occlusion of distal vascular beds. The conditions under which reflux was demonstrated in laboratory animals include (1) low flow states, (2) overvigorous flushing, (3) selective contrast injections, and (4) placement of embolic material too proximally. Balloon occlusion of the orifice of the vessel undergoing embolization protects against reflux and allows more homogenous embolization. Because of experience gained in the laboratory, therapeutic transcatheter embolization is now performed in patients with balloon catheter protection. Preliminary clinical experience is described.", "PMID": 102156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5055", "title": "Bleeding simulated by the distal internal pudendal artery stain.", "content": "A capillary and venous phase blush in the region of the distal branches of the internal pudendal artery that simulates bleeding can sometimes be seen on arteriograms of male patients who are not bleeding. We describe five such cases. Correct identification of this pooling of contrast material is important to avoid unnecessary treatment by transcatheter embolization or by infusion of vasoactive drugs.", "contents": "Bleeding simulated by the distal internal pudendal artery stain. A capillary and venous phase blush in the region of the distal branches of the internal pudendal artery that simulates bleeding can sometimes be seen on arteriograms of male patients who are not bleeding. We describe five such cases. Correct identification of this pooling of contrast material is important to avoid unnecessary treatment by transcatheter embolization or by infusion of vasoactive drugs.", "PMID": 102157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5056", "title": "Gas in the bile ducts (pneumobilia) in emphysematous cholecystitis.", "content": "Gas in the biliary ducts (pneumobilia) was demonstrated in three cases of emphysematous cholecystitis. Pneumobilia is usually secondary to a spontaneous internal biliary fistula or incompetent sphincter of Oddi, and is rarely considered a manifestation of emphysematous cholecystitis. The presence of gas in the biliary ducts in these cases suggests that the cystic duct is patent, allowing gas to escape from the gallbladder lumen. The pathophysiology of emphysematous cholecystitis is discussed and an ischemic etiology considered.", "contents": "Gas in the bile ducts (pneumobilia) in emphysematous cholecystitis. Gas in the biliary ducts (pneumobilia) was demonstrated in three cases of emphysematous cholecystitis. Pneumobilia is usually secondary to a spontaneous internal biliary fistula or incompetent sphincter of Oddi, and is rarely considered a manifestation of emphysematous cholecystitis. The presence of gas in the biliary ducts in these cases suggests that the cystic duct is patent, allowing gas to escape from the gallbladder lumen. The pathophysiology of emphysematous cholecystitis is discussed and an ischemic etiology considered.", "PMID": 102158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5057", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis and its variants: analysis of scintiphotographic, radiographic, and clinical examinations.", "content": "99mTc pyrophosphate radionuclide scans of the axial and appendicular skeletons in 23 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 15 patients with systemic arthritic conditions were compared to clinical and radiographic examinations. The nuclear scan was the most sensitive indicator of active disease and correlated extremely well with the other methods. A pattern of abnormal radionuclide activity in rheumatoid arthritis consisting of a symmetric peripheral joint process can be distinguished from that of the rheumatoid variants which tend to have more central skeletal involvement and asymmetric peripheral articular involvement. The nuclear scan is less specific than the radiograph in its ability to distinguish among the clinical entities. However, documentation of scintigraphic activity often antedated radiographic or clinical abnormalities.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis and its variants: analysis of scintiphotographic, radiographic, and clinical examinations. 99mTc pyrophosphate radionuclide scans of the axial and appendicular skeletons in 23 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 15 patients with systemic arthritic conditions were compared to clinical and radiographic examinations. The nuclear scan was the most sensitive indicator of active disease and correlated extremely well with the other methods. A pattern of abnormal radionuclide activity in rheumatoid arthritis consisting of a symmetric peripheral joint process can be distinguished from that of the rheumatoid variants which tend to have more central skeletal involvement and asymmetric peripheral articular involvement. The nuclear scan is less specific than the radiograph in its ability to distinguish among the clinical entities. However, documentation of scintigraphic activity often antedated radiographic or clinical abnormalities.", "PMID": 102159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5058", "title": "Accuracy of CT in detecting intraabdominal and pelvic lymph node metastases from pelvic cancers.", "content": "In 40 patients with pelvic cancers evaluated by computed tomography (CT), CT was less accurate in demonstrating lymph node metastasis compared to its high accuracy in detecting nodal involvement in lymphoma patients. This largely reflects the inability of CT to detect alterations in internal architecture in a normal-sized lymph node. While less sensitive, CT is a more specific method than lymphangiography in detecting nodal involvement by pelvic cancers. The role of CT in the staging of pelvic cancers is discussed.", "contents": "Accuracy of CT in detecting intraabdominal and pelvic lymph node metastases from pelvic cancers. In 40 patients with pelvic cancers evaluated by computed tomography (CT), CT was less accurate in demonstrating lymph node metastasis compared to its high accuracy in detecting nodal involvement in lymphoma patients. This largely reflects the inability of CT to detect alterations in internal architecture in a normal-sized lymph node. While less sensitive, CT is a more specific method than lymphangiography in detecting nodal involvement by pelvic cancers. The role of CT in the staging of pelvic cancers is discussed.", "PMID": 102160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5059", "title": "Effect of CT noise on detectability of test objects.", "content": "Three types of test objects were superimposed on noisy backgrounds and observed by 58 subjects: large low-contrast disks to simulate tumors, small disks to simulate calcifications, and bars to simulate blood vessels. Three types of noise were used: random noise, CT noise (reconstructed random noise), and an actual water scan taken with an EMI CT1010 scanner. In addition, each image was smoothed by a factor of two, giving six test patterns altogether. Photographic images were presented to 25 lay observers, while 25 other lay observers and eight radiologists used a viewing console. The photographs produced a slightly lower true positive rate than the console, although the degree of confidence in the identifications was slightly greater. The anticorrelation property of CT noise gives it a \"lumpy\" structure, which aided the identification of bars but impeded the identification of small disks. Smoothing did not significantly affect the detectability with random noise, but with CT noise, smoothing improved the detectability of bars and large disks.", "contents": "Effect of CT noise on detectability of test objects. Three types of test objects were superimposed on noisy backgrounds and observed by 58 subjects: large low-contrast disks to simulate tumors, small disks to simulate calcifications, and bars to simulate blood vessels. Three types of noise were used: random noise, CT noise (reconstructed random noise), and an actual water scan taken with an EMI CT1010 scanner. In addition, each image was smoothed by a factor of two, giving six test patterns altogether. Photographic images were presented to 25 lay observers, while 25 other lay observers and eight radiologists used a viewing console. The photographs produced a slightly lower true positive rate than the console, although the degree of confidence in the identifications was slightly greater. The anticorrelation property of CT noise gives it a \"lumpy\" structure, which aided the identification of bars but impeded the identification of small disks. Smoothing did not significantly affect the detectability with random noise, but with CT noise, smoothing improved the detectability of bars and large disks.", "PMID": 102161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5060", "title": "Optimal contrast dosage in cranial computed tomography.", "content": "Comparison of different contrast dosages in adult patients with malignant gliomas studied by computed tomography indicates that 28-42 g of iodine is required for clinically diagnostic results. This can be translated into a 10 min iodine blood level of 100 mg/100 ml. Contrast doses in the range of 14 g of iodine are not satisfactory.", "contents": "Optimal contrast dosage in cranial computed tomography. Comparison of different contrast dosages in adult patients with malignant gliomas studied by computed tomography indicates that 28-42 g of iodine is required for clinically diagnostic results. This can be translated into a 10 min iodine blood level of 100 mg/100 ml. Contrast doses in the range of 14 g of iodine are not satisfactory.", "PMID": 102162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5061", "title": "Progress in radiology: colorectal tumors: pathology and detection.", "content": "The prognosis in colorectal neoplasia has not improved in the past 20 years despite improved diagnostic techniques. The greatest promise lies in wider screening and earlier radiographic and endoscopic detection. To clarify the radiologist's role in finding large bowel tumors, the clinical, pathologic, and radiologic literature is reviewed. Since individuals over 40 years of age harbor the bulk of colon neoplasms, the most diligent efforts to detect these lesions should be made in this group. Controlled studies comparing single and double contrast barium enema techniques are lacking, but available data suggest that the double contrast examination is more sensitive for detection of the numerous small, but potentially malignant colon tumors. Careful radiographic technique, including a thoroughly clean colon, is critical for accurate detection regardless of which technique is used.", "contents": "Progress in radiology: colorectal tumors: pathology and detection. The prognosis in colorectal neoplasia has not improved in the past 20 years despite improved diagnostic techniques. The greatest promise lies in wider screening and earlier radiographic and endoscopic detection. To clarify the radiologist's role in finding large bowel tumors, the clinical, pathologic, and radiologic literature is reviewed. Since individuals over 40 years of age harbor the bulk of colon neoplasms, the most diligent efforts to detect these lesions should be made in this group. Controlled studies comparing single and double contrast barium enema techniques are lacking, but available data suggest that the double contrast examination is more sensitive for detection of the numerous small, but potentially malignant colon tumors. Careful radiographic technique, including a thoroughly clean colon, is critical for accurate detection regardless of which technique is used.", "PMID": 102163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5062", "title": "The Narangwal Nutrition Study: a summary review.", "content": "Between April 1968 and May 1973 the department of International Health of The Johns Hopkins University carried out investigations into the interactions of malnutrition and infection and their effects on preschool child growth, morbidity and mortality in 10 villages of Punjab, North India. Base line surveys before the introduction of services revealed a high prevalence of malnutrition and undernutrition and infectious disease morbidity, as well as lack of accessibility, underutilization and poor population coverage of governmental health services. Study villages were selected in separate clusters and allocated to a control group and three service groups in which nutrition care and medical care were provided singly and in combination by auxiliary health workers resident in each village. Outcome effects were measured through means of longitudinal and cross-sectional surveys. Service inputs and service costs were similarly monitored. Results showed significant improvement of growth (weight and height) and hemoglobin levels of children. Perinatal mortality was reduced by nutrition supplementation to pregnant women. Medical care significantly reduced postneonatal and 1 to 3 mortality, and decreased illness duration of all six conditions examined in this paper. The auxiliary health worker capably managed more than 90% of health needs on her own and referred the rest safely to the physician. Analysis of cost per child death averted showed that cost-effectiveness declined with increasing age of the child. Prenatal nutrition care to pregnant women was most cost-effective in preventing perinatal deaths followed by medical care for infants, and then medical care for the 1 to 3 year age group. The relevance of the field research to national or international endeavors to solve present health problems of developing nations and the timeliness of projects such as the Narangwal Nutrition Study is also evaluated.", "contents": "The Narangwal Nutrition Study: a summary review. Between April 1968 and May 1973 the department of International Health of The Johns Hopkins University carried out investigations into the interactions of malnutrition and infection and their effects on preschool child growth, morbidity and mortality in 10 villages of Punjab, North India. Base line surveys before the introduction of services revealed a high prevalence of malnutrition and undernutrition and infectious disease morbidity, as well as lack of accessibility, underutilization and poor population coverage of governmental health services. Study villages were selected in separate clusters and allocated to a control group and three service groups in which nutrition care and medical care were provided singly and in combination by auxiliary health workers resident in each village. Outcome effects were measured through means of longitudinal and cross-sectional surveys. Service inputs and service costs were similarly monitored. Results showed significant improvement of growth (weight and height) and hemoglobin levels of children. Perinatal mortality was reduced by nutrition supplementation to pregnant women. Medical care significantly reduced postneonatal and 1 to 3 mortality, and decreased illness duration of all six conditions examined in this paper. The auxiliary health worker capably managed more than 90% of health needs on her own and referred the rest safely to the physician. Analysis of cost per child death averted showed that cost-effectiveness declined with increasing age of the child. Prenatal nutrition care to pregnant women was most cost-effective in preventing perinatal deaths followed by medical care for infants, and then medical care for the 1 to 3 year age group. The relevance of the field research to national or international endeavors to solve present health problems of developing nations and the timeliness of projects such as the Narangwal Nutrition Study is also evaluated.", "PMID": 102180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5063", "title": "Microhemagglutination test for detection of antibodies to nuclear Sm and ribonucleoprotein antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus and related diseases.", "content": "A reproducible hemagglutination procedure to detect antibodies to Sm and ribonucleoprotein nuclear antigens is described. The application and interpretation is discussed. The hemagglutination test was found to be more sensitive than the immunodiffusion test; however, the hemagglutination test may not detect the presence of low titers of anti-ribonucleoprotein in the presence of a high level of anti-Sm antibody. Anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies in the presence of high titers of anti-Sm antibodies are best identified by gel precipitation methods where precipitin lines can be characterized by their interaction with precipitin lines produced by known prototype antisera.", "contents": "Microhemagglutination test for detection of antibodies to nuclear Sm and ribonucleoprotein antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus and related diseases. A reproducible hemagglutination procedure to detect antibodies to Sm and ribonucleoprotein nuclear antigens is described. The application and interpretation is discussed. The hemagglutination test was found to be more sensitive than the immunodiffusion test; however, the hemagglutination test may not detect the presence of low titers of anti-ribonucleoprotein in the presence of a high level of anti-Sm antibody. Anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies in the presence of high titers of anti-Sm antibodies are best identified by gel precipitation methods where precipitin lines can be characterized by their interaction with precipitin lines produced by known prototype antisera.", "PMID": 102182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5064", "title": "Increasing the predictive value positive of the precipitin test for the diagnosis of deep-seated candidiasis.", "content": "Three hundred fifty human sera were tested by double immunodiffusion, crossed-line electrophoresis, and crossed immuno-affinoelectrophoresis with a concanavalin A intermediate gel for precipitating antibodies to antigens present in cytoplasmic extracts of Candida albicans. Sera from 48 of 287 hospitalized patients at risk of invasive candidiasis contained precipitating antibodies to Candida antigens. Of these 48 sera, 27 had precipitating antibodies only to cell-wall antigens present in the cytoplasmic extract, and 21 sera had precipitating antibodies to both cytoplasmic and cell-wall antigens. The latter sera came from patients who were 2.5 times as likely to have deep-seated candidiasis as those patients with precipitins exclusively to cell-wall antigens. Sera from seven of 22 patients with vaginal candidiasis and 10 of 41 patients with other fungal infections had precipitating antibodies to C. albicans cell-wall antigens; only two of these sera also contained precipitating antibodies to the cytoplasmic antigens. Crossed immunoaffinoelectrophoresis with concanavalin A reduced the number of false-positive results and increased the predictive value positive of the precipitin test for deep-seated candidiasis from 31% to 71%.", "contents": "Increasing the predictive value positive of the precipitin test for the diagnosis of deep-seated candidiasis. Three hundred fifty human sera were tested by double immunodiffusion, crossed-line electrophoresis, and crossed immuno-affinoelectrophoresis with a concanavalin A intermediate gel for precipitating antibodies to antigens present in cytoplasmic extracts of Candida albicans. Sera from 48 of 287 hospitalized patients at risk of invasive candidiasis contained precipitating antibodies to Candida antigens. Of these 48 sera, 27 had precipitating antibodies only to cell-wall antigens present in the cytoplasmic extract, and 21 sera had precipitating antibodies to both cytoplasmic and cell-wall antigens. The latter sera came from patients who were 2.5 times as likely to have deep-seated candidiasis as those patients with precipitins exclusively to cell-wall antigens. Sera from seven of 22 patients with vaginal candidiasis and 10 of 41 patients with other fungal infections had precipitating antibodies to C. albicans cell-wall antigens; only two of these sera also contained precipitating antibodies to the cytoplasmic antigens. Crossed immunoaffinoelectrophoresis with concanavalin A reduced the number of false-positive results and increased the predictive value positive of the precipitin test for deep-seated candidiasis from 31% to 71%.", "PMID": 102183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5065", "title": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus ochraceus.", "content": "A case with the characteristics of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is described. The species of Aspergillus involved, A. ochraceus, has not previously been found in this disorder. The organism had antigenic properties distinct from five other species of Aspergillus most commonly associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The patient had immediate skin test, immunodiffusion, and radioallergosorbent reactivity to the species. Four per cent of 112 serum samples from others suspected of having allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis had precipitins to A. ochraceus only. It may be necessary in some cases to prepare and test extracts of the patient's Aspergillus isolate in order to confirm the diagnosis.", "contents": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus ochraceus. A case with the characteristics of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is described. The species of Aspergillus involved, A. ochraceus, has not previously been found in this disorder. The organism had antigenic properties distinct from five other species of Aspergillus most commonly associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The patient had immediate skin test, immunodiffusion, and radioallergosorbent reactivity to the species. Four per cent of 112 serum samples from others suspected of having allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis had precipitins to A. ochraceus only. It may be necessary in some cases to prepare and test extracts of the patient's Aspergillus isolate in order to confirm the diagnosis.", "PMID": 102184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5066", "title": "Abnormalities of in vitro lymphocyte response to mitogens in diabetic children during acute ketoacidosis.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in 11 children with diabetes mellitus; six children were evaluated during ketoacidosis and five were evaluated with ketonuria in the absence of acidosis. Five of the six ketoacidotic children had at least one positive delayed-hypersensitivity skin test. Lymphocytes from two ketoacidotic patients were unresponsive to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen, and lymphocytes from these two patients plus a third patient were unresponsive to concanavalin A. Lymphocytes from all six patients responded to these three mitogens after one week of therapy. In the five diabetic children without ketoacidosis, lymphocyte responses were normal to all three mitogens. Similarly, the addition of glucose to normal plasma did not alter the lymphocyte transformations of three healthy nondiabetic controls. These data suggest that cell-mediated immunity may be transiently defective in children with acute diabetic ketoacidosis.", "contents": "Abnormalities of in vitro lymphocyte response to mitogens in diabetic children during acute ketoacidosis. Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in 11 children with diabetes mellitus; six children were evaluated during ketoacidosis and five were evaluated with ketonuria in the absence of acidosis. Five of the six ketoacidotic children had at least one positive delayed-hypersensitivity skin test. Lymphocytes from two ketoacidotic patients were unresponsive to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen, and lymphocytes from these two patients plus a third patient were unresponsive to concanavalin A. Lymphocytes from all six patients responded to these three mitogens after one week of therapy. In the five diabetic children without ketoacidosis, lymphocyte responses were normal to all three mitogens. Similarly, the addition of glucose to normal plasma did not alter the lymphocyte transformations of three healthy nondiabetic controls. These data suggest that cell-mediated immunity may be transiently defective in children with acute diabetic ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 102185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5067", "title": "Studies in meconium. An approach to screening tests to detect cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) in newborns is desirable, and efforts should continue in establishing a system of easily available, reliable, simple, and inexpensive tests. In addition to the Boehringer-Mannheim (BM) test for the detection of albumin, we propose the assay for lactase and beta-D-fucosidase in meconium. These latter two enzymes are present in the meconium of babies with CF and absent in meconium of most healthy babies. In a mass screening program for CF involving 20,182 specimens of meconium using only the BM strip, we found 46 positive results. Twenty-nine specimens came from infants with CF, six of whom had meconium ileus. Seventeen specimens yielded false-positive results by the BM test. Eleven of these would have been excluded by the addition of the lactase and beta-D-fucoside assay, thus reducing the false-positive test results by nearly 61%. In a comparative study of the three methods, the lactase and beta-D-fucosidase yielded 1.2% false-positives when examined independently. Performance of these two assays may allow greater specificity in diagnosis when used in addition to the BM test.", "contents": "Studies in meconium. An approach to screening tests to detect cystic fibrosis. Screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) in newborns is desirable, and efforts should continue in establishing a system of easily available, reliable, simple, and inexpensive tests. In addition to the Boehringer-Mannheim (BM) test for the detection of albumin, we propose the assay for lactase and beta-D-fucosidase in meconium. These latter two enzymes are present in the meconium of babies with CF and absent in meconium of most healthy babies. In a mass screening program for CF involving 20,182 specimens of meconium using only the BM strip, we found 46 positive results. Twenty-nine specimens came from infants with CF, six of whom had meconium ileus. Seventeen specimens yielded false-positive results by the BM test. Eleven of these would have been excluded by the addition of the lactase and beta-D-fucoside assay, thus reducing the false-positive test results by nearly 61%. In a comparative study of the three methods, the lactase and beta-D-fucosidase yielded 1.2% false-positives when examined independently. Performance of these two assays may allow greater specificity in diagnosis when used in addition to the BM test.", "PMID": 102186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5068", "title": "A quarter Wheatstone bridge strain gage force transducer for recording gut motility.", "content": "Quarter and half Wheatstone bridge extraluminal force transducers for recording of gastrointestinal motility are compared. Modification of the transducer to a quarter bridge is economical, simplifies construction, and improves longevity by eliminating the crossover wire which frequently short circuits. The quarter bridge transducer was found to be as accurate and sensitive as the half bridge transducer.", "contents": "A quarter Wheatstone bridge strain gage force transducer for recording gut motility. Quarter and half Wheatstone bridge extraluminal force transducers for recording of gastrointestinal motility are compared. Modification of the transducer to a quarter bridge is economical, simplifies construction, and improves longevity by eliminating the crossover wire which frequently short circuits. The quarter bridge transducer was found to be as accurate and sensitive as the half bridge transducer.", "PMID": 102187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5069", "title": "Trace metal and essential fatty acid deficiency during total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "While deficiences of trace metals and essential fatty acids are rare in humans fed orally, the widespread use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has increased the likelihood of encountering these deficiences. A 14-year-old boy, with total villous atrophy of the small intestine, suffered from severe malnutrition and was placed on a conventional TPN regimen. Although not immediately recognized, he rapidly developed deficiencies of zinc, copper and essential fatty acids. Careful monitoring of the course of the illness and the responses to sequential treatments with zinc, lipid, and copper given intravenously allowed examination of the effects of the deficiencies on skin, intestine, liver, and hemopoietic systems and helped to establish normal requirements for the metals. The progress of the illness suggested that patients with intestinal malabsorption may be especially at risk of developing some of these lesser known complications of TPN.", "contents": "Trace metal and essential fatty acid deficiency during total parenteral nutrition. While deficiences of trace metals and essential fatty acids are rare in humans fed orally, the widespread use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has increased the likelihood of encountering these deficiences. A 14-year-old boy, with total villous atrophy of the small intestine, suffered from severe malnutrition and was placed on a conventional TPN regimen. Although not immediately recognized, he rapidly developed deficiencies of zinc, copper and essential fatty acids. Careful monitoring of the course of the illness and the responses to sequential treatments with zinc, lipid, and copper given intravenously allowed examination of the effects of the deficiencies on skin, intestine, liver, and hemopoietic systems and helped to establish normal requirements for the metals. The progress of the illness suggested that patients with intestinal malabsorption may be especially at risk of developing some of these lesser known complications of TPN.", "PMID": 102188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5070", "title": "Properties of beta-glucosidase in cultured skin fibroblasts from controls and patients with Gaucher disease.", "content": "Membrane-bound beta-glucosidase from cultured skin fibroblasts can be solubilized in an active form by treatment of membrane preparations with a mixture of Triton X-100 and sodium taurocholate. Several properties of the solubilized enzyme have been studied in fibroblasts from normal, healthy individuals and from 14 patients with different clinical forms of Gaucher disease. The patients studied were classified as follows: group 1 consisted of 10 chronic patients, all (with one exception) of Ashkenazi Jewish origin; group 2 consisted of three black American patients with severe visceral symptoms, manifest from early childhood, but with no apparent neurological involvement; and group 3 consisted of a single white patient with the classical infantile form of the disease. Specific beta-glucosidase activity ranged from 6.6% to 16.5% mean control value in group 1 patients and from 4.1% to 5.8% in groups 2 and 3. When compared with the enzyme from control fibroblasts, the enzyme from chronic Gaucher patients (group 1) was more rapidly inactivated at 50 degrees C, had an altered pH curve, was less effectively inhibited by deoxycorticosterone-beta-glucoside, and was more effectively inhibited by deoxycorticosterone. The enzyme from patients in groups 2 and 3 was qualitatively indistinguishable from the control enzyme in terms of these parameters. No differences in Km (4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-glucoside) or sedimentation coefficient were found between the beta-glucosidases from control and Gaucher cells. The results demonstrate that cells from Ashkenazi Jewish patients with the chronic form of Gaucher disease contain a structurally altered form of beta-glucosidase. This enzyme differs both from normal beta-glucosidase and from the residual enzyme in patients of different ethnic origin and with clinically more severe forms of the disease.", "contents": "Properties of beta-glucosidase in cultured skin fibroblasts from controls and patients with Gaucher disease. Membrane-bound beta-glucosidase from cultured skin fibroblasts can be solubilized in an active form by treatment of membrane preparations with a mixture of Triton X-100 and sodium taurocholate. Several properties of the solubilized enzyme have been studied in fibroblasts from normal, healthy individuals and from 14 patients with different clinical forms of Gaucher disease. The patients studied were classified as follows: group 1 consisted of 10 chronic patients, all (with one exception) of Ashkenazi Jewish origin; group 2 consisted of three black American patients with severe visceral symptoms, manifest from early childhood, but with no apparent neurological involvement; and group 3 consisted of a single white patient with the classical infantile form of the disease. Specific beta-glucosidase activity ranged from 6.6% to 16.5% mean control value in group 1 patients and from 4.1% to 5.8% in groups 2 and 3. When compared with the enzyme from control fibroblasts, the enzyme from chronic Gaucher patients (group 1) was more rapidly inactivated at 50 degrees C, had an altered pH curve, was less effectively inhibited by deoxycorticosterone-beta-glucoside, and was more effectively inhibited by deoxycorticosterone. The enzyme from patients in groups 2 and 3 was qualitatively indistinguishable from the control enzyme in terms of these parameters. No differences in Km (4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-glucoside) or sedimentation coefficient were found between the beta-glucosidases from control and Gaucher cells. The results demonstrate that cells from Ashkenazi Jewish patients with the chronic form of Gaucher disease contain a structurally altered form of beta-glucosidase. This enzyme differs both from normal beta-glucosidase and from the residual enzyme in patients of different ethnic origin and with clinically more severe forms of the disease.", "PMID": 102189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5071", "title": "Immunologically diagnosed malignancy in Sj\u00f6gren's pseudolymphoma.", "content": "Studies of lymphocyte markers in a patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome who exhibited histologically benign lymphoproliferation in the lung revealed a malignant cell clone. T and B cells were quantitated according to their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes and to fluoresce with fluorescein-conjugated antiserums, respectively. Circulating lymphocytes were 66 percent T cells (N = 58 +/- 2 per cent) and 14 percent B cells (N = 22+/- 1 percent), the latter exhibiting normal polyclonal distribution of membrane immunoglobulins. However, lymphocyte suspensions obtained from fresh lymph node and from biopsy specimens from a lymphoid lung nodule revealed 95 percent and 88 percent B cells, with 1 percent and 2 percent T cells, respectively. Moreover, when cryostat-frozen sections from both tissues were reacted with each of the heavy and light chain-specific antiserums, most cells demonstrated the presence of intracytoplasmic mu kappa immunoglobulin exclusively. Twenty-two months later, a clinically and histologically classic lymphoma developed. Repeat marker studies performed on cells freshly isolated and on frozen sections from the histologically malignant lymph node revealed persistence of the monoclonal marker on most cells.", "contents": "Immunologically diagnosed malignancy in Sj\u00f6gren's pseudolymphoma. Studies of lymphocyte markers in a patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome who exhibited histologically benign lymphoproliferation in the lung revealed a malignant cell clone. T and B cells were quantitated according to their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes and to fluoresce with fluorescein-conjugated antiserums, respectively. Circulating lymphocytes were 66 percent T cells (N = 58 +/- 2 per cent) and 14 percent B cells (N = 22+/- 1 percent), the latter exhibiting normal polyclonal distribution of membrane immunoglobulins. However, lymphocyte suspensions obtained from fresh lymph node and from biopsy specimens from a lymphoid lung nodule revealed 95 percent and 88 percent B cells, with 1 percent and 2 percent T cells, respectively. Moreover, when cryostat-frozen sections from both tissues were reacted with each of the heavy and light chain-specific antiserums, most cells demonstrated the presence of intracytoplasmic mu kappa immunoglobulin exclusively. Twenty-two months later, a clinically and histologically classic lymphoma developed. Repeat marker studies performed on cells freshly isolated and on frozen sections from the histologically malignant lymph node revealed persistence of the monoclonal marker on most cells.", "PMID": 102190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5072", "title": "Platelet antithrombin deficiency: a new clinical entity.", "content": "A kindred with a history of multiple thromboses was studied for coagulant abnormalities. A deficiency of serum antithrombin III was found in approximately half of the 13 family members by either coagulant or immunologic assay. No clear relationship between antithrombin III deficiency and a history of thrombosis was present. Platelet antithrombin assays were also studied in the same subjects. Ten of the 13 members were deficient. None of the remaining three had a history of thrombosis. On the basis of these findings, the hypothesis is proposed that in some cases familial hypercoagulability may be due to a platelet antithrombin deficiency and that the serum antithrombin III deficiency in some cases is a secondary rather than a primary effect.", "contents": "Platelet antithrombin deficiency: a new clinical entity. A kindred with a history of multiple thromboses was studied for coagulant abnormalities. A deficiency of serum antithrombin III was found in approximately half of the 13 family members by either coagulant or immunologic assay. No clear relationship between antithrombin III deficiency and a history of thrombosis was present. Platelet antithrombin assays were also studied in the same subjects. Ten of the 13 members were deficient. None of the remaining three had a history of thrombosis. On the basis of these findings, the hypothesis is proposed that in some cases familial hypercoagulability may be due to a platelet antithrombin deficiency and that the serum antithrombin III deficiency in some cases is a secondary rather than a primary effect.", "PMID": 102191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5073", "title": "A modified processing and sectioning technique for hard tissues.", "content": "A new procedure for embedding and sectioning hard tissues was developed to study bone regeneration in relation to carbon implants used in crown and bridge preparations of maxillas and mandibles of nonhuman primates. Tissues were fixed in 10 percent neutral buffered formalin, dehydrated in 95 percent and 100 percent ethyl alcohol, and embedded in a modified Spurr's low-viscosity embedding medium. Tissues were sectioned as thin as 50 to 100 micron with a Buehler Isomet Model 11-1180 low speed saw. Unstained sections, as well as tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Gomori's trichrome, were examined with a light microscope. The sections were of high quality without distortion. This new procedure expedited experimental work because decalcification of tissues was not needed and implants did not fragment.", "contents": "A modified processing and sectioning technique for hard tissues. A new procedure for embedding and sectioning hard tissues was developed to study bone regeneration in relation to carbon implants used in crown and bridge preparations of maxillas and mandibles of nonhuman primates. Tissues were fixed in 10 percent neutral buffered formalin, dehydrated in 95 percent and 100 percent ethyl alcohol, and embedded in a modified Spurr's low-viscosity embedding medium. Tissues were sectioned as thin as 50 to 100 micron with a Buehler Isomet Model 11-1180 low speed saw. Unstained sections, as well as tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Gomori's trichrome, were examined with a light microscope. The sections were of high quality without distortion. This new procedure expedited experimental work because decalcification of tissues was not needed and implants did not fragment.", "PMID": 102192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5074", "title": "Evaluation of the Microcult-GC kit as a screening method for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The Microcult-GC Kit was compared to the standard modified Thayer-Martin plate method for the isolation and presumptive identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Two hundred and thirty specimens representing urethral, endocervical, rectal, and pharyngeal sites were inoculated to both media. If only genital and rectal cultures were compared, the overall agreement was 98 percent, with a false positive rate of 1/145 (0.7 percent) and a false negative rate of 2/145 (1.4 percent). However, in the pharyngeal cultures, 16 of 32 gave false positives, thus emphasizing the manufacturer's instructions to limit the kit's use to genital and rectal cultures. The kit system gives rapid presumptive results, has a long shelf life at room temperature, and needs little laboratory equipment for proper use.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Microcult-GC kit as a screening method for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The Microcult-GC Kit was compared to the standard modified Thayer-Martin plate method for the isolation and presumptive identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Two hundred and thirty specimens representing urethral, endocervical, rectal, and pharyngeal sites were inoculated to both media. If only genital and rectal cultures were compared, the overall agreement was 98 percent, with a false positive rate of 1/145 (0.7 percent) and a false negative rate of 2/145 (1.4 percent). However, in the pharyngeal cultures, 16 of 32 gave false positives, thus emphasizing the manufacturer's instructions to limit the kit's use to genital and rectal cultures. The kit system gives rapid presumptive results, has a long shelf life at room temperature, and needs little laboratory equipment for proper use.", "PMID": 102193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5075", "title": "New concept: a lab manual that withstands changing times.", "content": "This paper describes the development of a laboratory manual that is concise, easily accessible, and most importantly can be updated with a minimal amount of time and effort. The manual is contained in a Rolodex card system which results in improved efficiency, more effective utilization of the laboratory, and improved relations between nurses, physicians, and laboratory personnel.", "contents": "New concept: a lab manual that withstands changing times. This paper describes the development of a laboratory manual that is concise, easily accessible, and most importantly can be updated with a minimal amount of time and effort. The manual is contained in a Rolodex card system which results in improved efficiency, more effective utilization of the laboratory, and improved relations between nurses, physicians, and laboratory personnel.", "PMID": 102195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5076", "title": "Experimental group B streptococcal infection in the rhesus monkey. I. Disease production in the neonate.", "content": "Group B streptococci (GBS) are responsible for serious infections of newborn infants. An experimental model for GBS infection was developed in the newborn rhesus monkey in order to obtain more information concerning the pathogenesis of such infections. A series of 29 newborn monkeys were inoculated with either type Ic or type III GBS or sterile broth. Fatal neonatal meningitis without associated pneumonia was produced consistently following intracerebral inoculation with either type Ic or type III; intracerebral inoculation with sterile broth produced no apparent disease. Variable disease production followed intravenous or intra-amniotic GBS inoculation, and clinical manifestations ranged from no apparent disease to fatal meningitis and pneumonia. This monkey model may be useful for further investigation of treatment and prevention of neonatal GBS infection.", "contents": "Experimental group B streptococcal infection in the rhesus monkey. I. Disease production in the neonate. Group B streptococci (GBS) are responsible for serious infections of newborn infants. An experimental model for GBS infection was developed in the newborn rhesus monkey in order to obtain more information concerning the pathogenesis of such infections. A series of 29 newborn monkeys were inoculated with either type Ic or type III GBS or sterile broth. Fatal neonatal meningitis without associated pneumonia was produced consistently following intracerebral inoculation with either type Ic or type III; intracerebral inoculation with sterile broth produced no apparent disease. Variable disease production followed intravenous or intra-amniotic GBS inoculation, and clinical manifestations ranged from no apparent disease to fatal meningitis and pneumonia. This monkey model may be useful for further investigation of treatment and prevention of neonatal GBS infection.", "PMID": 102197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5077", "title": "Investigation of mammalian ovulation with an in vitro perfused rabbit ovary preparation.", "content": "An in vitro perfused rabbit ovary preparation has been developed to study local factors responsible for the ovulatory process. This preparation enables: (1) isolation of the ovary from systemic influences, (2) direct serial observations of follicle development and ovulation, (3) addition to the perfusing medium of substances that may influence ovulation acting at the level of the ovary, and (4) correlation of the times of individual follicle rupture with ovarian contractile patterns. With this model the temporal requirements for human chorionic gonadotropin in the process of ovulation have been studied. The direct effects on ovulation of prostaglandin F3 alpha (PGF 2 alpha), the antihistamine chlorpheniramine, and calcium deprivation were also investigated. Chlorpheniramine and EDTA each led to inhibition of ovulation and depressed ovarian contractility. The use of the isolated in vitro ovary preparation permits characterization of the local requirements for ovulation.", "contents": "Investigation of mammalian ovulation with an in vitro perfused rabbit ovary preparation. An in vitro perfused rabbit ovary preparation has been developed to study local factors responsible for the ovulatory process. This preparation enables: (1) isolation of the ovary from systemic influences, (2) direct serial observations of follicle development and ovulation, (3) addition to the perfusing medium of substances that may influence ovulation acting at the level of the ovary, and (4) correlation of the times of individual follicle rupture with ovarian contractile patterns. With this model the temporal requirements for human chorionic gonadotropin in the process of ovulation have been studied. The direct effects on ovulation of prostaglandin F3 alpha (PGF 2 alpha), the antihistamine chlorpheniramine, and calcium deprivation were also investigated. Chlorpheniramine and EDTA each led to inhibition of ovulation and depressed ovarian contractility. The use of the isolated in vitro ovary preparation permits characterization of the local requirements for ovulation.", "PMID": 102198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5078", "title": "Neural control of gonadotropin secretion in primates.", "content": "In the rhesus monkey, there is abundant evidence to indicate that ovarian secretions, mainly estradiol-17beta, control \"tonic\" as well as \"cyclic\" secretion of gonadotropins during the menstrual cycle. This mechanism of control ensures coordination of ovarian morphology and anterior pituitary secretory patterns. The primary site of action of estradiol in controlling both \"tonic\" and \"cyclic\" secretion of gonadotropins has been circumscribed to the medial basal hypothalamic-pituitary unit. A modulatory role in \"cyclic\" secretion by neural structures situated within the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area or by efferent fibers in passage through this region also has been postulated. However, the accrued evidence indicates that in the primate, contrary to the rodent, the role of these rostral neural structures is not essential for menstrual cyclicity. Strong evidence also indicates that the isolated pituitary gland can respond to estrogen signals as well. Secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic decapeptide, into the long portal vessels is, however, essential to maintain function of the gonadotroph. Further, pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone is distinctly under the control of a similarly paced hypothalamic clock.", "contents": "Neural control of gonadotropin secretion in primates. In the rhesus monkey, there is abundant evidence to indicate that ovarian secretions, mainly estradiol-17beta, control \"tonic\" as well as \"cyclic\" secretion of gonadotropins during the menstrual cycle. This mechanism of control ensures coordination of ovarian morphology and anterior pituitary secretory patterns. The primary site of action of estradiol in controlling both \"tonic\" and \"cyclic\" secretion of gonadotropins has been circumscribed to the medial basal hypothalamic-pituitary unit. A modulatory role in \"cyclic\" secretion by neural structures situated within the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area or by efferent fibers in passage through this region also has been postulated. However, the accrued evidence indicates that in the primate, contrary to the rodent, the role of these rostral neural structures is not essential for menstrual cyclicity. Strong evidence also indicates that the isolated pituitary gland can respond to estrogen signals as well. Secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic decapeptide, into the long portal vessels is, however, essential to maintain function of the gonadotroph. Further, pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone is distinctly under the control of a similarly paced hypothalamic clock.", "PMID": 102199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5079", "title": "Analysis of corneal crystalline deposits in multiple myeloma.", "content": "A 46-year old woman and a 59-year-old man had corneal crystals, multiple myeloma, and IgG kappa hypergammaglobulinemia. In one case, crystalline deposits were also present in the lens. In both patients there was a marked decrease in the amount of crystals during chemotherapy. The crystals within the cornea of one case were identified by light and electron microscopy in material obtained during a lamellar keratoplasty. The crystalline deposits were located only in the corneal epithelium, and their regular repeating internal arrangement was confirmed by monochromatic optical diffraction of electron micrographs of sections through them. By immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase techniques, the crystals reacted positively for immunoglobulin and particularly IgG kappa chains.", "contents": "Analysis of corneal crystalline deposits in multiple myeloma. A 46-year old woman and a 59-year-old man had corneal crystals, multiple myeloma, and IgG kappa hypergammaglobulinemia. In one case, crystalline deposits were also present in the lens. In both patients there was a marked decrease in the amount of crystals during chemotherapy. The crystals within the cornea of one case were identified by light and electron microscopy in material obtained during a lamellar keratoplasty. The crystalline deposits were located only in the corneal epithelium, and their regular repeating internal arrangement was confirmed by monochromatic optical diffraction of electron micrographs of sections through them. By immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase techniques, the crystals reacted positively for immunoglobulin and particularly IgG kappa chains.", "PMID": 102200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5080", "title": "Retinal ganglion cell degeneration in experimental optic atrophy.", "content": "By ophthalmoscopic and histopathologic examinations at various intervals after retinal injury, we studied progressive ganglion cell atrophy following retinal photocoagulation in 25 owl monkey eyes. A reduced ganglion cell population was apparent within three to four weeks after the photocoagulation and was maximal by six weeks.", "contents": "Retinal ganglion cell degeneration in experimental optic atrophy. By ophthalmoscopic and histopathologic examinations at various intervals after retinal injury, we studied progressive ganglion cell atrophy following retinal photocoagulation in 25 owl monkey eyes. A reduced ganglion cell population was apparent within three to four weeks after the photocoagulation and was maximal by six weeks.", "PMID": 102201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5081", "title": "Malignant melanoma of the choroid in neurofibromatosis.", "content": "A 60-year-old white woman with generalized neurofibromatosis and multiple melanocytic hamartomas of the iris developed an unusual choroidal mass, with secondary sensory retinal separation in the left eye. Ophthalmoscopically the tumor had a peculiar donut configuration that was caused by a large focus of central necrosis within a spindle B melanoma.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of the choroid in neurofibromatosis. A 60-year-old white woman with generalized neurofibromatosis and multiple melanocytic hamartomas of the iris developed an unusual choroidal mass, with secondary sensory retinal separation in the left eye. Ophthalmoscopically the tumor had a peculiar donut configuration that was caused by a large focus of central necrosis within a spindle B melanoma.", "PMID": 102202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5082", "title": "Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis with a black hypopyon.", "content": "A 68-year-old woman had a marked decrease in visual acuity, increased intraocular pressure, and acute iridocyclitis. She developed a pigmented hypopyon simulating an occult intraocular melanoma. Two anterior chamber paracenteses showed growth of Listeria monocytogenes. The patient received systemic intravenous penicillin, topical fortified gentamicin sulfate drops, and intraocular injections of cephaloridine. On discharge from the hospital after a two-week stay, visual acuity had improved and intraocular pressure had decreased.", "contents": "Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis with a black hypopyon. A 68-year-old woman had a marked decrease in visual acuity, increased intraocular pressure, and acute iridocyclitis. She developed a pigmented hypopyon simulating an occult intraocular melanoma. Two anterior chamber paracenteses showed growth of Listeria monocytogenes. The patient received systemic intravenous penicillin, topical fortified gentamicin sulfate drops, and intraocular injections of cephaloridine. On discharge from the hospital after a two-week stay, visual acuity had improved and intraocular pressure had decreased.", "PMID": 102203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5083", "title": "Pathologic changes induced in respiratory tract mucosa by polycyclic hydrocarbons of differing carcinogenic activity.", "content": "Seven aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (PCHs) were investigated for their toxic effects on respiratory mucosa: benzo(e)pyrene (BeP), pyrene, anthracene, benz(a)anthracene(BaA), dibenz(a,c)anthracene(DBacA), benzo (a)pyrene (BaP), and dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). The compounds were chosen because they comprise a spectrum of PCHs ranging from noncarcinogens, to initiators, to weak and strong carcinogens. All of them except DMBA are environmentally relevant chemicals. The chemicals were tested over an 8-week period. Heterotopic tracheal transplants were continously exposed and the histopathologic effects induced by the various PCHs were periodically assessed semiquantitatively. All PCHs exhibited varying degrees of toxicity for respiratory epithelium and submucosa. BeP clearly showed the least toxicity followed by pyrene and anthracene. BaA and DBacA caused marked epithelial and submucosal changes. In addition to epithelial hyperplasia, undifferentiated epithelium and squamous metaplasia developed. Marked mononuclear infiltration occurred in the subepithelial connective tissue. With BaP the epithelial and submucosal changes were similar but were much stronger. DMBA was the most toxic substance, causing epithelial necrosis followed by generalized keratinizing squamous metaplasia; the subepithelial changes consisted of an early acellular exudate and, later (at 8 weeks), marked condensation and hyalinization of the lamina propria. The toxic response pattern of the tracheal mucosa to carcinogenic agents was characterized by the chronicity of epithelial and connective tissue damage, as opposed to the short-lived hyperplastic and inflammatory response elicited by the noncarcinogens and weak initiators.", "contents": "Pathologic changes induced in respiratory tract mucosa by polycyclic hydrocarbons of differing carcinogenic activity. Seven aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (PCHs) were investigated for their toxic effects on respiratory mucosa: benzo(e)pyrene (BeP), pyrene, anthracene, benz(a)anthracene(BaA), dibenz(a,c)anthracene(DBacA), benzo (a)pyrene (BaP), and dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). The compounds were chosen because they comprise a spectrum of PCHs ranging from noncarcinogens, to initiators, to weak and strong carcinogens. All of them except DMBA are environmentally relevant chemicals. The chemicals were tested over an 8-week period. Heterotopic tracheal transplants were continously exposed and the histopathologic effects induced by the various PCHs were periodically assessed semiquantitatively. All PCHs exhibited varying degrees of toxicity for respiratory epithelium and submucosa. BeP clearly showed the least toxicity followed by pyrene and anthracene. BaA and DBacA caused marked epithelial and submucosal changes. In addition to epithelial hyperplasia, undifferentiated epithelium and squamous metaplasia developed. Marked mononuclear infiltration occurred in the subepithelial connective tissue. With BaP the epithelial and submucosal changes were similar but were much stronger. DMBA was the most toxic substance, causing epithelial necrosis followed by generalized keratinizing squamous metaplasia; the subepithelial changes consisted of an early acellular exudate and, later (at 8 weeks), marked condensation and hyalinization of the lamina propria. The toxic response pattern of the tracheal mucosa to carcinogenic agents was characterized by the chronicity of epithelial and connective tissue damage, as opposed to the short-lived hyperplastic and inflammatory response elicited by the noncarcinogens and weak initiators.", "PMID": 102204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5084", "title": "Genetic control of resistance to tumors.", "content": "Hybrid resistance to a BALB/c plasmacytoma, MPC-11, has been investigated. The results indicate that heterozygosity within the H-2 complex is neither necessary nor sufficient for resistance to be observed. However, in the presence of a single gene or gene complex which segregates independently of H-2, differential effects of various H-2 haplotypes can be seen. Resistance is radiation-sensitive and silica-insensitive and probably depends on active immune responses. The data also suggest that production by a hybrid of endogenous viral antigens with certain type-specific determinants shared with viral antigens expressed on the tumor may interfere with resistance. The mechanism for this is not understood but might involve tolerance, suppression, or enhancing antibody.", "contents": "Genetic control of resistance to tumors. Hybrid resistance to a BALB/c plasmacytoma, MPC-11, has been investigated. The results indicate that heterozygosity within the H-2 complex is neither necessary nor sufficient for resistance to be observed. However, in the presence of a single gene or gene complex which segregates independently of H-2, differential effects of various H-2 haplotypes can be seen. Resistance is radiation-sensitive and silica-insensitive and probably depends on active immune responses. The data also suggest that production by a hybrid of endogenous viral antigens with certain type-specific determinants shared with viral antigens expressed on the tumor may interfere with resistance. The mechanism for this is not understood but might involve tolerance, suppression, or enhancing antibody.", "PMID": 102205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5085", "title": "Tumor-induced immunosuppression.", "content": "Three tumor systems, including a mastocytoma, plasmacytomas, and a leukemia-lymphoma were studied for their ability to modify humoral immunity to sheep erythrocytes both in vivo and in vitro. All tumors resulted in a depression of the hemolytic antibody plaque-forming cell response in susceptible mice. These studies indicated that the mechanism(s) of suppression, although not fully defined, were different for each model system investigated.", "contents": "Tumor-induced immunosuppression. Three tumor systems, including a mastocytoma, plasmacytomas, and a leukemia-lymphoma were studied for their ability to modify humoral immunity to sheep erythrocytes both in vivo and in vitro. All tumors resulted in a depression of the hemolytic antibody plaque-forming cell response in susceptible mice. These studies indicated that the mechanism(s) of suppression, although not fully defined, were different for each model system investigated.", "PMID": 102206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5086", "title": "Metric characteristics of the canine dental complex in prenatally androgenized female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Permanent maxillary canine teeth (C1) are appreciably larger in males than in females in most nonhominid Anthropoidea. Mandibular canines (C1) and mandibular first premolars (P3), against which C1 are sharpened in honing behavior, reflect commensurate sexual dimorphism. These three teeth constitute the canine dental complex. The canine complex crown metrics of seven mature genetically female rhesus Macaques, androgenized by prenatal exposure to testosterone propionate, were compared with a control sample (N = 12) for evidence of masculinization. The C1 and C1 were measured for clinical crown lengths (L) and mesiodistal and buccolingual widths. The functionally significant and highly dimorphic honing dimensions (HD), which approximate the honing surfaces of P3, were noted. In t-test comparisons, the C1 L and P3 HD in androgenized monkeys were significantly larger than those of the control group (P less than 0.05). Identical results were obtained with White's nonparametric ranking technique. Standardized lateral skull radiographs showing earlier dental formative stages were available for five of the seven animals, and these were compared with radiographs of control skulls. The developing C1 were longer and wider than in the controls. This was not reflected in the crown metrics of mature animals because of marked dental attrition. We concluded that androgens can masculinize the female rhesus canine complex, if given during critical periods of prenatal development. We hypothesize that genes encoding the male canine complex are normally activated by endogenous fetal androgens during such critical periods.", "contents": "Metric characteristics of the canine dental complex in prenatally androgenized female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Permanent maxillary canine teeth (C1) are appreciably larger in males than in females in most nonhominid Anthropoidea. Mandibular canines (C1) and mandibular first premolars (P3), against which C1 are sharpened in honing behavior, reflect commensurate sexual dimorphism. These three teeth constitute the canine dental complex. The canine complex crown metrics of seven mature genetically female rhesus Macaques, androgenized by prenatal exposure to testosterone propionate, were compared with a control sample (N = 12) for evidence of masculinization. The C1 and C1 were measured for clinical crown lengths (L) and mesiodistal and buccolingual widths. The functionally significant and highly dimorphic honing dimensions (HD), which approximate the honing surfaces of P3, were noted. In t-test comparisons, the C1 L and P3 HD in androgenized monkeys were significantly larger than those of the control group (P less than 0.05). Identical results were obtained with White's nonparametric ranking technique. Standardized lateral skull radiographs showing earlier dental formative stages were available for five of the seven animals, and these were compared with radiographs of control skulls. The developing C1 were longer and wider than in the controls. This was not reflected in the crown metrics of mature animals because of marked dental attrition. We concluded that androgens can masculinize the female rhesus canine complex, if given during critical periods of prenatal development. We hypothesize that genes encoding the male canine complex are normally activated by endogenous fetal androgens during such critical periods.", "PMID": 102208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5087", "title": "A proposed selective cell carcinogenesis in mammary tumors.", "content": "The present study was done to ascertain whether a specific carcinogenic agent has a causal effect on the initial proliferation of only one cell type or whether it acts indiscriminately on all cells in the breast secretory unit. Enzymes histochemistry and electron microscopy were performed on DMBA-induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats and on virus-associated spontaneous mammary tumors in C3H/HEJ mice. The results showed that the chemical carcinogen DMBA affects initial myoepithelial cell proliferation, while virus-associated mammary carcinoma originated from ductular epithelial cell proliferation. To determine whether a specific tumor is composed of a single cell type, tumors were grown in tissue culture. The monolayer was fixed in the usual manner for electron microscopy while in Falcon tissue culture plates. The plates were dissolved in xylene and the monolayer was cut into small pieces and embedded in the plastic media. Electron microscopy performed on the tissue culture and the original tissue from the virus-induced tumors showed the presence of viruses in large numbers. It also suggested the differentiation of basal membrane to form basal lamina and apical plasma membrane into microvilli. This study strongly suggests the presence of selective cell carcinogenesis in the mammary gland.", "contents": "A proposed selective cell carcinogenesis in mammary tumors. The present study was done to ascertain whether a specific carcinogenic agent has a causal effect on the initial proliferation of only one cell type or whether it acts indiscriminately on all cells in the breast secretory unit. Enzymes histochemistry and electron microscopy were performed on DMBA-induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats and on virus-associated spontaneous mammary tumors in C3H/HEJ mice. The results showed that the chemical carcinogen DMBA affects initial myoepithelial cell proliferation, while virus-associated mammary carcinoma originated from ductular epithelial cell proliferation. To determine whether a specific tumor is composed of a single cell type, tumors were grown in tissue culture. The monolayer was fixed in the usual manner for electron microscopy while in Falcon tissue culture plates. The plates were dissolved in xylene and the monolayer was cut into small pieces and embedded in the plastic media. Electron microscopy performed on the tissue culture and the original tissue from the virus-induced tumors showed the presence of viruses in large numbers. It also suggested the differentiation of basal membrane to form basal lamina and apical plasma membrane into microvilli. This study strongly suggests the presence of selective cell carcinogenesis in the mammary gland.", "PMID": 102207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5088", "title": "Is the concept of \"control group\" valid? A quantitative comparison of behavior of caged baboon groups.", "content": "Behavioral comparisons between six caged baboon groups indicate that the groups have consistent and similar behavioral attributes. At the same time it is possible to distinguish between classes of animals in each group such as males versus females and high status versus low status rank. Comparable results are obtained in both ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks. This investigation supports the assumption that baboon groups exhibit behaviors that are both consistent and predictable where environment and group composition are controlled. Thus there appears to be a strong species-appropriate set of behaviors. Behavioral plasticity and group variability might be due largely to a combination of environmental stimuli and the particular history of that group. Differential individual histories or idiosyncracies do not invalidate experimental designs which rely on randomization to structure control groups.", "contents": "Is the concept of \"control group\" valid? A quantitative comparison of behavior of caged baboon groups. Behavioral comparisons between six caged baboon groups indicate that the groups have consistent and similar behavioral attributes. At the same time it is possible to distinguish between classes of animals in each group such as males versus females and high status versus low status rank. Comparable results are obtained in both ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks. This investigation supports the assumption that baboon groups exhibit behaviors that are both consistent and predictable where environment and group composition are controlled. Thus there appears to be a strong species-appropriate set of behaviors. Behavioral plasticity and group variability might be due largely to a combination of environmental stimuli and the particular history of that group. Differential individual histories or idiosyncracies do not invalidate experimental designs which rely on randomization to structure control groups.", "PMID": 102209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5089", "title": "Palm trees and Chagas' disease in Panama.", "content": "An ecological survey of triatomines in the sylvan ecosystem of the Canal Zone and selected sites in Panama disclosed for the first time a close association of Rhodnius pullescens and Triatoma dimidiata, the two most important vector species of Chagas' disease in Panama, with a single species of a widely distributed palm tree, Scheelea zonensis. This association may explain why Chagas' disease is prevalent in certain rural communities in Central Panama and rare in others. An immense focus of zoonotic Trypanosoma cruzi infection exists in the forests of the Canal Zone with presence of large populations of triatomines, associated with scheelea zonensis and other yet undescribed microhabitats, and high (50--60%) trypanosome infections in all of the major triatomine species. Common opossums, anteaters, and spiny rats seem to be the principal animal reservoirs of T. cruzi in this complex and relatively undisturbed ecosystem.", "contents": "Palm trees and Chagas' disease in Panama. An ecological survey of triatomines in the sylvan ecosystem of the Canal Zone and selected sites in Panama disclosed for the first time a close association of Rhodnius pullescens and Triatoma dimidiata, the two most important vector species of Chagas' disease in Panama, with a single species of a widely distributed palm tree, Scheelea zonensis. This association may explain why Chagas' disease is prevalent in certain rural communities in Central Panama and rare in others. An immense focus of zoonotic Trypanosoma cruzi infection exists in the forests of the Canal Zone with presence of large populations of triatomines, associated with scheelea zonensis and other yet undescribed microhabitats, and high (50--60%) trypanosome infections in all of the major triatomine species. Common opossums, anteaters, and spiny rats seem to be the principal animal reservoirs of T. cruzi in this complex and relatively undisturbed ecosystem.", "PMID": 102210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5090", "title": "Renal amyloidosis with nephrotic syndrome in two patients with schistosomiasis mansoni and chronic salmonellosis.", "content": "This report describes two Egyptian patients who presented with the nephrotic syndrome and concurrent infections with Schistosoma mansoni and Salmonella paratyphi A. Unlike similar cases previously reported from this unit, these patients did not respond to antimicrobial and antischistosomal therapy, and their renal biopsies demonstrated amyloidosis. These two case reports and several experimental observations suggest that chronic schistosomiasis and salmonellosis may lead to secondary amyloidosis in susceptible individuals.", "contents": "Renal amyloidosis with nephrotic syndrome in two patients with schistosomiasis mansoni and chronic salmonellosis. This report describes two Egyptian patients who presented with the nephrotic syndrome and concurrent infections with Schistosoma mansoni and Salmonella paratyphi A. Unlike similar cases previously reported from this unit, these patients did not respond to antimicrobial and antischistosomal therapy, and their renal biopsies demonstrated amyloidosis. These two case reports and several experimental observations suggest that chronic schistosomiasis and salmonellosis may lead to secondary amyloidosis in susceptible individuals.", "PMID": 102211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5091", "title": "Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast. A therapeutic approach followed by improved survival.", "content": "Disappointing results of radical mastectomy for treatment of inflammatory breast carcinoma led to its abandonment and the use of alternative therapeutic methods without improvement of survival rates. Results of radical mastectomy combined with other therapeutic modalities have not been fully evaluated so far. In a series of nine patients with proven inflammatory breast carcinoma and no distant metastases, two underwent radiotherapy, oophorectomy, and adrenalectomy (group A) and seven underwent preoperative irradiation, radical mastectomy, postoperative irradiation, and chemotherapy (group B). There were no local recurrences in either group. Group A patients survived five and eight months (mean, 6.6+/-2.1) and patients of group B survived 45.5+/-26.2 months (p less than 0.05). Results show no rational basis for withholding radical mastectomy, but suggest that improved survival may be obtained when radical mastectomy is an integral part of a rational sequential therapeutic schedule.", "contents": "Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast. A therapeutic approach followed by improved survival. Disappointing results of radical mastectomy for treatment of inflammatory breast carcinoma led to its abandonment and the use of alternative therapeutic methods without improvement of survival rates. Results of radical mastectomy combined with other therapeutic modalities have not been fully evaluated so far. In a series of nine patients with proven inflammatory breast carcinoma and no distant metastases, two underwent radiotherapy, oophorectomy, and adrenalectomy (group A) and seven underwent preoperative irradiation, radical mastectomy, postoperative irradiation, and chemotherapy (group B). There were no local recurrences in either group. Group A patients survived five and eight months (mean, 6.6+/-2.1) and patients of group B survived 45.5+/-26.2 months (p less than 0.05). Results show no rational basis for withholding radical mastectomy, but suggest that improved survival may be obtained when radical mastectomy is an integral part of a rational sequential therapeutic schedule.", "PMID": 102213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5092", "title": "Intensive care--a medical audit.", "content": "A 4-year audit of one Intensive Care Unit, during which time 1718 patients were admitted, shows that allocating 1% of all acute beds for intensive care purposes is not adequate. This is reflected by the high mortality among the patients discharged from the unit. Sophisticated monitoring equipment led to a marked improvement in mortality rates in each group to which it was applied. Simple to use, automated, biochemical equipment was very cost effective for blood gas measurement but less so for electrolyte determinations. Intensive care is very labour intensive, but the cost benefit in terms of lives saved is large. It is suggested that audits of this type help to identify the consequences, including adverse consequences, of decisions by administrators.", "contents": "Intensive care--a medical audit. A 4-year audit of one Intensive Care Unit, during which time 1718 patients were admitted, shows that allocating 1% of all acute beds for intensive care purposes is not adequate. This is reflected by the high mortality among the patients discharged from the unit. Sophisticated monitoring equipment led to a marked improvement in mortality rates in each group to which it was applied. Simple to use, automated, biochemical equipment was very cost effective for blood gas measurement but less so for electrolyte determinations. Intensive care is very labour intensive, but the cost benefit in terms of lives saved is large. It is suggested that audits of this type help to identify the consequences, including adverse consequences, of decisions by administrators.", "PMID": 102215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5093", "title": "A quantitative estimation of the depletion of the granules of argyrophile cells in the gastrointestinal tract of reserpine treated Rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The depletion of the granules of argyrophile cells following administration of reserpine has been studied at various levels of the gastrointestinal tract of the Rhesus monkey. Granulation of the cells has been estimated by the photometric method of SINGH(1976). The argyrophile cells that persist after reserpine administration show a statistically significant reduction in their granulation as compared to cells of untreated controls (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "A quantitative estimation of the depletion of the granules of argyrophile cells in the gastrointestinal tract of reserpine treated Rhesus monkeys. The depletion of the granules of argyrophile cells following administration of reserpine has been studied at various levels of the gastrointestinal tract of the Rhesus monkey. Granulation of the cells has been estimated by the photometric method of SINGH(1976). The argyrophile cells that persist after reserpine administration show a statistically significant reduction in their granulation as compared to cells of untreated controls (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 102216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5094", "title": "Concentration of immunreactive FSH, LH and prolactin in seminal fluid following i.v. application of LH-RH and TRH.", "content": "Immunreactive FSH, LH and Prolactin are measured in seminal fluid and serum following i.v. injection of LH-RH and TRH. Levels of hormone levels in serum and seminal fluid are not correlated. Only LH levels, but not those of FSH and PRL depend on the interval between injection of releasing factors and ejaculation. Dilution curves and column chromatography of seminal fluid LH point that it might not be identical to serum LH. Since in the testis a HCG immunreactive substance has been described it is likely that it forms part of the LH concentrations measured in seminal fluid.", "contents": "Concentration of immunreactive FSH, LH and prolactin in seminal fluid following i.v. application of LH-RH and TRH. Immunreactive FSH, LH and Prolactin are measured in seminal fluid and serum following i.v. injection of LH-RH and TRH. Levels of hormone levels in serum and seminal fluid are not correlated. Only LH levels, but not those of FSH and PRL depend on the interval between injection of releasing factors and ejaculation. Dilution curves and column chromatography of seminal fluid LH point that it might not be identical to serum LH. Since in the testis a HCG immunreactive substance has been described it is likely that it forms part of the LH concentrations measured in seminal fluid.", "PMID": 102217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5095", "title": "Spermatophagy in the seminiferous tubules and excurrent ducts of the testis in Rhesus monkey and in man.", "content": "The fine structure of cells capable of phagocytosing spermatozoa in the testes and epididymes of monkeys and men was studied by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Both resident cells, such as Sertoli cells and epithelia of the rete testis, and free cells, such as macrophages (spermatophages) were found to phagocytose spermatozoa or fragments of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules and excurrent ducts. The spermatophages develop from precursor cells which invade the seminiferous tubules. After phagocytosis of spermatozoa they increase in size and sometimes possess more than one nucleus. Large spherically shaped spermatophages are found in the epididymis. In the rete spaces of Macaca fascicularis spermatophages are able to penetrate the rete epithelia and reside in the subepithelial connective tissue layers. Spermatophagy is frequently seen in the gonads of older men and in certain cases of oligozoospermia. In Macaca an increased number of spermatophages occurs at the end of the spermatogenetic season.", "contents": "Spermatophagy in the seminiferous tubules and excurrent ducts of the testis in Rhesus monkey and in man. The fine structure of cells capable of phagocytosing spermatozoa in the testes and epididymes of monkeys and men was studied by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Both resident cells, such as Sertoli cells and epithelia of the rete testis, and free cells, such as macrophages (spermatophages) were found to phagocytose spermatozoa or fragments of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules and excurrent ducts. The spermatophages develop from precursor cells which invade the seminiferous tubules. After phagocytosis of spermatozoa they increase in size and sometimes possess more than one nucleus. Large spherically shaped spermatophages are found in the epididymis. In the rete spaces of Macaca fascicularis spermatophages are able to penetrate the rete epithelia and reside in the subepithelial connective tissue layers. Spermatophagy is frequently seen in the gonads of older men and in certain cases of oligozoospermia. In Macaca an increased number of spermatophages occurs at the end of the spermatogenetic season.", "PMID": 102218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5096", "title": "Long-term therapy with sodium cromoglycate (intal, lomudal or aarane): effects and side effects.", "content": "Review of 72 atopic asthmatic children from the age of three years demonstrated that the long-term use of sodium cromoglycate (Intal, Lomudal or Aarane) produced no serious side effects clinically or on pathological testing. Almost all the children improved, especially in their heights and weights. There is some evidence that girls showed a better response than boys. A possible explanation of growth improvement is discussed and it is concluded that SCG not only prevents asthmatic symptoms but it gives asthmatic children the best chance of maturing normally.", "contents": "Long-term therapy with sodium cromoglycate (intal, lomudal or aarane): effects and side effects. Review of 72 atopic asthmatic children from the age of three years demonstrated that the long-term use of sodium cromoglycate (Intal, Lomudal or Aarane) produced no serious side effects clinically or on pathological testing. Almost all the children improved, especially in their heights and weights. There is some evidence that girls showed a better response than boys. A possible explanation of growth improvement is discussed and it is concluded that SCG not only prevents asthmatic symptoms but it gives asthmatic children the best chance of maturing normally.", "PMID": 102223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5097", "title": "Distribution of tissue water and electrolytes in normal rhesus macaques.", "content": "Techniques for the determination of water and electrolytes in individual tissues of normal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are described. Base-line values are presented for intracellular and extracellular distributions of water and electrolytes in 14 tissues, including skin, skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius), cardiac muscle (left ventricle), lung, diaphragm, liver, renal cortex, outer medulla and inner medulla, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, thalamus-hypothalamus complex, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord.", "contents": "Distribution of tissue water and electrolytes in normal rhesus macaques. Techniques for the determination of water and electrolytes in individual tissues of normal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are described. Base-line values are presented for intracellular and extracellular distributions of water and electrolytes in 14 tissues, including skin, skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius), cardiac muscle (left ventricle), lung, diaphragm, liver, renal cortex, outer medulla and inner medulla, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, thalamus-hypothalamus complex, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord.", "PMID": 102224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5098", "title": "Human infections: economic implications and prevention.", "content": "Morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases clearly remain high. Economic assessments should not be based soley on the costs of existing disease but should incorporate costs saved by preventive efforts as well as savings likely to be attained within several years by improved preventive measures. These factors can be used to assess the relative needs for research for specific infections and to compare the economic importance of infections with that of other health problems. Preventive activities for individuals and for larger groups are outlined, and the relation of research to prevention and control of infections is presented.", "contents": "Human infections: economic implications and prevention. Morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases clearly remain high. Economic assessments should not be based soley on the costs of existing disease but should incorporate costs saved by preventive efforts as well as savings likely to be attained within several years by improved preventive measures. These factors can be used to assess the relative needs for research for specific infections and to compare the economic importance of infections with that of other health problems. Preventive activities for individuals and for larger groups are outlined, and the relation of research to prevention and control of infections is presented.", "PMID": 102226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5099", "title": "Antimicrobial drug usage in general hospitals in Pennsylvania.", "content": "The Inter-Society Committee on Antimicrobial Drug Usage has conducted a survey of 20 randomly selected general hospitals in Pennsylvania. Records studied were of 5288 patients who either died or were discharged on 10 random days throughout 1974. About 28% of these patients received at least one antimicrobial drug during hospitalization. In 60% of the patients the drugs were given for treatment of infectious disease; in 30% they were given as prophylaxis for surgical or nonsurgical procedures. Prophylactic treatment was given for more than 2 days after a procedure in most cases, even though it is not considered effective after 48 h. Discontinuing prophylaxis after 48 h would reduce by 20% the use of antimicrobial drugs in hospitals. Overall, ampicillin and the cephalosporins were the most commonly prescribed drugs, with the more toxic drugs being used infrequently; over half of the patients given antimicrobial drugs had cultures taken. Both of these findings are consistent with accepted standards for antimicrobial drug usage.", "contents": "Antimicrobial drug usage in general hospitals in Pennsylvania. The Inter-Society Committee on Antimicrobial Drug Usage has conducted a survey of 20 randomly selected general hospitals in Pennsylvania. Records studied were of 5288 patients who either died or were discharged on 10 random days throughout 1974. About 28% of these patients received at least one antimicrobial drug during hospitalization. In 60% of the patients the drugs were given for treatment of infectious disease; in 30% they were given as prophylaxis for surgical or nonsurgical procedures. Prophylactic treatment was given for more than 2 days after a procedure in most cases, even though it is not considered effective after 48 h. Discontinuing prophylaxis after 48 h would reduce by 20% the use of antimicrobial drugs in hospitals. Overall, ampicillin and the cephalosporins were the most commonly prescribed drugs, with the more toxic drugs being used infrequently; over half of the patients given antimicrobial drugs had cultures taken. Both of these findings are consistent with accepted standards for antimicrobial drug usage.", "PMID": 102227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5100", "title": "Increased risk of lymphoma in sicca syndrome.", "content": "The risk of cancer was ascertained in 136 women with sicca syndrome followed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Seven patients developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from 6 months to 13 years after their first admission to NIH. This was 43.8 times (P less than 0.01) the incidence expected from the rates of cancer prevailing among women of the same age range in the general population during this time. In addition, three cases of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia occurred in this study group. Eight patients developed cancers other than lymphoma, similar to the number expected based on the rates prevailing in the general population. Patients with a history of parotid enlargement, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopahy had an increased risk of lymphoma. These clinical conditions did not appear to be early manifestations of undiagnosed lymphoma but rather seemed to identify a subgroup of patients with sicca syndrome with marked lymphoid reactivity, who had a particularly high risk of subsequently developing lymphoma.", "contents": "Increased risk of lymphoma in sicca syndrome. The risk of cancer was ascertained in 136 women with sicca syndrome followed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Seven patients developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from 6 months to 13 years after their first admission to NIH. This was 43.8 times (P less than 0.01) the incidence expected from the rates of cancer prevailing among women of the same age range in the general population during this time. In addition, three cases of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia occurred in this study group. Eight patients developed cancers other than lymphoma, similar to the number expected based on the rates prevailing in the general population. Patients with a history of parotid enlargement, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopahy had an increased risk of lymphoma. These clinical conditions did not appear to be early manifestations of undiagnosed lymphoma but rather seemed to identify a subgroup of patients with sicca syndrome with marked lymphoid reactivity, who had a particularly high risk of subsequently developing lymphoma.", "PMID": 102228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5101", "title": "Hyperchloremic acidosis during the recovery phase of diabetic ketosis.", "content": "We have studied 35 patients to find the occurrence of hyperchloremic acidosis during the recovery phase of diabetic ketoacidosis. At admission the patients had typical normochloremic acidosis, with increased anion gap exactly balancing decreased serum bicarbonate. In contrast, in 18 patients with phenformin-induced lactic acidosis, the increase in anion gap at admission was much greater than the decrease in bicarbonate. The difference between lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis may be explained by a slower rate of excretion of lactate than of ketone anions. After the patients with ketoacidosis were treated, the acidosis became predominantly hyperchloremic with normal anion gap. Failure to normalize serum bicarbonate is attributed to excretion of ketone anions in the urine.", "contents": "Hyperchloremic acidosis during the recovery phase of diabetic ketosis. We have studied 35 patients to find the occurrence of hyperchloremic acidosis during the recovery phase of diabetic ketoacidosis. At admission the patients had typical normochloremic acidosis, with increased anion gap exactly balancing decreased serum bicarbonate. In contrast, in 18 patients with phenformin-induced lactic acidosis, the increase in anion gap at admission was much greater than the decrease in bicarbonate. The difference between lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis may be explained by a slower rate of excretion of lactate than of ketone anions. After the patients with ketoacidosis were treated, the acidosis became predominantly hyperchloremic with normal anion gap. Failure to normalize serum bicarbonate is attributed to excretion of ketone anions in the urine.", "PMID": 102229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5102", "title": "Treatment of severe hypophosphatemia.", "content": "Aspects of phosphate biochemistry pertinent to therapy, the distribution of phosphorus in body compartments, therapeutic phosphorus preparations, prevention of hypophosphatemia, therapeutic guidelines, and side-effects of phosphorus therapy are reviewed. Severe hypophosphatemia (less than 0.32 mmol/litre or less than 1 mg/dl) can occur with normal or depleted body stores. Because a large amount of phosphorus may shift rapidly between the extracellular and intracellular or bone compartments, the size of a possible total body deficit cannot be estimated from the serum phosphorus level. Similar shifts may occur unpredictably during repair of hypophosphatemia. Therefore, correction of hypophosphatemia in any patient must be empiric and the response of serum levels to therapy should be followed closely. We discuss a method likely to correct hypophosphatemia while minimizing side-effects.", "contents": "Treatment of severe hypophosphatemia. Aspects of phosphate biochemistry pertinent to therapy, the distribution of phosphorus in body compartments, therapeutic phosphorus preparations, prevention of hypophosphatemia, therapeutic guidelines, and side-effects of phosphorus therapy are reviewed. Severe hypophosphatemia (less than 0.32 mmol/litre or less than 1 mg/dl) can occur with normal or depleted body stores. Because a large amount of phosphorus may shift rapidly between the extracellular and intracellular or bone compartments, the size of a possible total body deficit cannot be estimated from the serum phosphorus level. Similar shifts may occur unpredictably during repair of hypophosphatemia. Therefore, correction of hypophosphatemia in any patient must be empiric and the response of serum levels to therapy should be followed closely. We discuss a method likely to correct hypophosphatemia while minimizing side-effects.", "PMID": 102230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5103", "title": "Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines: recommendation of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.", "content": "Meningococcal disease is endemic in the United States, and sulfonamide-sensitive serogroup B strains currently cause most cases. More than two thirds of all cases occur in persons less than 20 years old. Three meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines are licensed for selective use in the United States: monovalent A, monovalent C, and bivalent A-C. This recommendation describes indications for their use, with particular attention to primary immunization, and use in pregnancy and in epidemic control.", "contents": "Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines: recommendation of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Meningococcal disease is endemic in the United States, and sulfonamide-sensitive serogroup B strains currently cause most cases. More than two thirds of all cases occur in persons less than 20 years old. Three meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines are licensed for selective use in the United States: monovalent A, monovalent C, and bivalent A-C. This recommendation describes indications for their use, with particular attention to primary immunization, and use in pregnancy and in epidemic control.", "PMID": 102231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5104", "title": "Influence of some factors on protein A production by human strains of Staphylococcus aureus. (author's transl).", "content": "Using passive haemagglutination test, 48 human strains of Staphylococcus aureus cultivated on trypticase soya have been shown to be non-producers, but after subcultures especially on gelified \"Oxoid broth n 2\", 46 strains (95%) produced protein A. This observation points out the troubles encountered during protein A detection on the field of routine work.", "contents": "Influence of some factors on protein A production by human strains of Staphylococcus aureus. (author's transl). Using passive haemagglutination test, 48 human strains of Staphylococcus aureus cultivated on trypticase soya have been shown to be non-producers, but after subcultures especially on gelified \"Oxoid broth n 2\", 46 strains (95%) produced protein A. This observation points out the troubles encountered during protein A detection on the field of routine work.", "PMID": 102232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5105", "title": "Effect of progestins on glucose and lipid metabolism.", "content": "Gestamimetic amounts of progesterone enhance basal and glucose-stimulated insulin production. Contraceptive doses of synthetic progestins cause a moderate increase or no change in glucose-stimulated insulin production, depending on route of administration and species tested. Estrogens potentiate the insulinotropic effects of progesterone and the synthetic progestins. Basal serum triglyceride concentrations are generally unaffected by progesterone or 17 alpha-acetoxyprogesterone treatment but may decrease during 19-nortestosterone administration. Glucose tolerance does not change during treatment with gestamimetic doses of progesterone alone but may improve in rats and monkeys during concurrent estrogen administration. By contrast, deterioration of glucose tolerance is observed in women treated concurrently with synthetic estrogen plus 19-nortestosterone derivatives and, occasionally, with 19-nortestosterone derivatives alone. No consistent changes in glucose metabolism have been observed after treatment with 17 alpha-acetoxyprogesterone derivatives alone. The cause of the species-related differences in glucose metabolism during 19-nortestosterone treatment is obscure.", "contents": "Effect of progestins on glucose and lipid metabolism. Gestamimetic amounts of progesterone enhance basal and glucose-stimulated insulin production. Contraceptive doses of synthetic progestins cause a moderate increase or no change in glucose-stimulated insulin production, depending on route of administration and species tested. Estrogens potentiate the insulinotropic effects of progesterone and the synthetic progestins. Basal serum triglyceride concentrations are generally unaffected by progesterone or 17 alpha-acetoxyprogesterone treatment but may decrease during 19-nortestosterone administration. Glucose tolerance does not change during treatment with gestamimetic doses of progesterone alone but may improve in rats and monkeys during concurrent estrogen administration. By contrast, deterioration of glucose tolerance is observed in women treated concurrently with synthetic estrogen plus 19-nortestosterone derivatives and, occasionally, with 19-nortestosterone derivatives alone. No consistent changes in glucose metabolism have been observed after treatment with 17 alpha-acetoxyprogesterone derivatives alone. The cause of the species-related differences in glucose metabolism during 19-nortestosterone treatment is obscure.", "PMID": 102234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5106", "title": "Endogenous endophthalmitis associated with bacillus cereus bacteremia in a cocaine addict.", "content": "A 22-year-old black female intravenous cocaine addict presented with an endophthalmitis of the right eye. Diagnostic evaluation included an immediate anterior chamber paracentesis and a delayed vitreous aspiration. Although cultures from the involved eye were negative, all 7 blood cultures grew Bacillus cereus suggesting that this organism was the responsible agent of an endogenous endophthalmitis. The patient was treated with appropriate systemic and local antibiotics with resolution of the acute inflammatory signs. However, a phthisical eye has been noted on follow-up examinations.", "contents": "Endogenous endophthalmitis associated with bacillus cereus bacteremia in a cocaine addict. A 22-year-old black female intravenous cocaine addict presented with an endophthalmitis of the right eye. Diagnostic evaluation included an immediate anterior chamber paracentesis and a delayed vitreous aspiration. Although cultures from the involved eye were negative, all 7 blood cultures grew Bacillus cereus suggesting that this organism was the responsible agent of an endogenous endophthalmitis. The patient was treated with appropriate systemic and local antibiotics with resolution of the acute inflammatory signs. However, a phthisical eye has been noted on follow-up examinations.", "PMID": 102235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5107", "title": "Acute measles encephalitis of the delayed type.", "content": "An acute measles encephalitis with epilepsia partialis continua occurred three months after measles in a previously healthy child with no detectable immunological defect. Levels of measles antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid were high, and tubular inclusions of the type seen in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were found in nerve cell nuclei. A communicating high-pressure hydrocephalus developed in the later stage of the disease. This case demonstrates that measles encephalitis of the delayed type should systematically be considered in children with acute encephalitis.", "contents": "Acute measles encephalitis of the delayed type. An acute measles encephalitis with epilepsia partialis continua occurred three months after measles in a previously healthy child with no detectable immunological defect. Levels of measles antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid were high, and tubular inclusions of the type seen in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were found in nerve cell nuclei. A communicating high-pressure hydrocephalus developed in the later stage of the disease. This case demonstrates that measles encephalitis of the delayed type should systematically be considered in children with acute encephalitis.", "PMID": 102239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5108", "title": "Epileptogenic mineralization: pathological variants with good prognosis.", "content": "Four examples of grossly mineralized lesions of the brain, causing seizures, are described; they include 2 hamartomas, a choristoma (novel associations), and an idiopathic \"brain stone.\" Each was detectable with routine roentgenograms, and the seizures were ameliorated by surgical therapy.", "contents": "Epileptogenic mineralization: pathological variants with good prognosis. Four examples of grossly mineralized lesions of the brain, causing seizures, are described; they include 2 hamartomas, a choristoma (novel associations), and an idiopathic \"brain stone.\" Each was detectable with routine roentgenograms, and the seizures were ameliorated by surgical therapy.", "PMID": 102240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5109", "title": "A behavioral analysis of complete unilateral section of the pyramidal tract at the medullary level in Macaca mulatta.", "content": "Ten Macaca mulatta monkeys were operantly conditioned to perform three motor paradigms designed to evaluate single and combination finger movements. Eight of these monkeys were retested after left medullary pyramidotomy; 2 monkeys underwent left medullary pyramidotomy prior to conditioning. All animals were tested for three years after operation. Monkeys with a completely sectioned medullary pyramid could, with time, perform difficult motor paradigms that required: (1) both individual and combination finger movements; (2) proximal upper extremity motor control; (3) thumb and index finger pincer grasp; and (4) the ability to preprogram and then execute a precision hand movement. The greater the extent of pyramidal tract destruction, the longer the time necessary for recovery of both discrete finger movement and pincer grasp, the greater the effort needed to attain recovery of hand function, and the weaker the affected musculature. The 2 animals in which pyramidotomy of at least 70% of the tract preceded efforts at operant conditioning learned and performed difficult motor paradigms. In all animals, neurological examination revealed that the most enduring and functionally most important deficit that interferes with hand function following pyramidotomy is loss of contactual hand orienting responses and failure of reflex sensorimotor adjustments.", "contents": "A behavioral analysis of complete unilateral section of the pyramidal tract at the medullary level in Macaca mulatta. Ten Macaca mulatta monkeys were operantly conditioned to perform three motor paradigms designed to evaluate single and combination finger movements. Eight of these monkeys were retested after left medullary pyramidotomy; 2 monkeys underwent left medullary pyramidotomy prior to conditioning. All animals were tested for three years after operation. Monkeys with a completely sectioned medullary pyramid could, with time, perform difficult motor paradigms that required: (1) both individual and combination finger movements; (2) proximal upper extremity motor control; (3) thumb and index finger pincer grasp; and (4) the ability to preprogram and then execute a precision hand movement. The greater the extent of pyramidal tract destruction, the longer the time necessary for recovery of both discrete finger movement and pincer grasp, the greater the effort needed to attain recovery of hand function, and the weaker the affected musculature. The 2 animals in which pyramidotomy of at least 70% of the tract preceded efforts at operant conditioning learned and performed difficult motor paradigms. In all animals, neurological examination revealed that the most enduring and functionally most important deficit that interferes with hand function following pyramidotomy is loss of contactual hand orienting responses and failure of reflex sensorimotor adjustments.", "PMID": 102241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5110", "title": "[Use of protein-free potato juice concentrates in the production of tetracycline].", "content": "The study on the use of potato juice concentrate in tetracycline production showed that the tetracycline-producing strain 3-NK of Actinomyces aureofaciens grown on seed and fermentation media containing 2--2.5 and 0.35--0.45 per cent (by dry substance) of the concentrate produced the same antibiotic yield as that on the media with corn steep liquor.", "contents": "[Use of protein-free potato juice concentrates in the production of tetracycline]. The study on the use of potato juice concentrate in tetracycline production showed that the tetracycline-producing strain 3-NK of Actinomyces aureofaciens grown on seed and fermentation media containing 2--2.5 and 0.35--0.45 per cent (by dry substance) of the concentrate produced the same antibiotic yield as that on the media with corn steep liquor.", "PMID": 102242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5111", "title": "[Simple qualitative methods of detecting beta-lactamase-producing strains of microorganisms].", "content": "Modifications of two microbiological qualitative methods for detection of beta-lactamase-producing microbial strains are described. The methods are based on the principle of Goths. One of the methods named \"contact\" significantly differs from the prototype and is more simple, convenient, easily reproducible and does not require the use of special equipment and special training of the staff.", "contents": "[Simple qualitative methods of detecting beta-lactamase-producing strains of microorganisms]. Modifications of two microbiological qualitative methods for detection of beta-lactamase-producing microbial strains are described. The methods are based on the principle of Goths. One of the methods named \"contact\" significantly differs from the prototype and is more simple, convenient, easily reproducible and does not require the use of special equipment and special training of the staff.", "PMID": 102243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5112", "title": "Amoxicillin entry into human cerebrospinal fluid: comparison with ampicillin.", "content": "The entry of amoxicillin and ampicillin into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of humans was studied in the absence of meningeal inflammation. Twelve volunteers received 33 mg of amoxicillin per kg intravenously over 30 min and nine volunteers received 33 mg of ampicillin per kg. The CSF specimens were sampled at 1, 2, and 4 h after the beginning of the infusion. Blood samples were obtained at the end of the infusion and at 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min after the beginning of the infusion. Amoxicillin and ampicillin were both detected in the CSF. Ampicillin tended to give higher CSF levels than amoxicillin, although the difference was small. Serum concentrations of ampicillin equaled those of amoxicillin.", "contents": "Amoxicillin entry into human cerebrospinal fluid: comparison with ampicillin. The entry of amoxicillin and ampicillin into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of humans was studied in the absence of meningeal inflammation. Twelve volunteers received 33 mg of amoxicillin per kg intravenously over 30 min and nine volunteers received 33 mg of ampicillin per kg. The CSF specimens were sampled at 1, 2, and 4 h after the beginning of the infusion. Blood samples were obtained at the end of the infusion and at 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min after the beginning of the infusion. Amoxicillin and ampicillin were both detected in the CSF. Ampicillin tended to give higher CSF levels than amoxicillin, although the difference was small. Serum concentrations of ampicillin equaled those of amoxicillin.", "PMID": 102244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5113", "title": "Comparison of the in vitro activity of Bay k 4999 and piperacillin, two new antipseudomonal broad-spectrum penicillins, with other beta-lactam drugs.", "content": "Bay k 4999 and piperacillin, two new substituted ampicillins, were compared with other beta-lactam antibiotics, including carbenicillin, azlocillin, mezlocillin, benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, and cefoxitin, against a wide range of gram-positive and -negative organisms. Bay k 4999 and piperacillin were extremely active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (50% inhibited by 2 mug/ml), being about 16-fold more active than carbenicillin. Bay k 4999 was the most active drug against Escherichia coli (50% inhibited by 0.5 mug/ml) and Klebsiella spp. (50% inhibited by 2 mug/ml). Piperacillin and Bay k 4999 were equally active against Proteus spp., and piperacillin had high activity against Bacteroides fragilis (50% inhibited by between 1 and 2 mug/ml).", "contents": "Comparison of the in vitro activity of Bay k 4999 and piperacillin, two new antipseudomonal broad-spectrum penicillins, with other beta-lactam drugs. Bay k 4999 and piperacillin, two new substituted ampicillins, were compared with other beta-lactam antibiotics, including carbenicillin, azlocillin, mezlocillin, benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, and cefoxitin, against a wide range of gram-positive and -negative organisms. Bay k 4999 and piperacillin were extremely active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (50% inhibited by 2 mug/ml), being about 16-fold more active than carbenicillin. Bay k 4999 was the most active drug against Escherichia coli (50% inhibited by 0.5 mug/ml) and Klebsiella spp. (50% inhibited by 2 mug/ml). Piperacillin and Bay k 4999 were equally active against Proteus spp., and piperacillin had high activity against Bacteroides fragilis (50% inhibited by between 1 and 2 mug/ml).", "PMID": 102245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5114", "title": "Quantitative assessment of bactericidal activities of beta-lactam antibiotics by agar plate method.", "content": "Quantitative bactericidal activities of beta-lactam antibiotics were determined by the agar plate method. Broth cultures, of which the colony-forming units were counted before the study, were inoculated on antibiotic-containing agar plates, utilizing a 10(-3), 10(-2), or 10(-1) dilution or undiluted culture plated with each 0.001-ml calibrated loop. These plates were incubated at 37 degrees C overnight, and the minimal drug concentration at which no bacterial growth was observed on the plates was defined as minimal inhibitory concentration. After this procedure, the agar surface was treated with beta-lactamase spray to inactivate the antibiotic. These plates were incubated again at 37 degrees C overnight. The minimal drug concentration at which no evidence of bacterial growth was visible on the plates (resulting in a 100% kill) was defined as minimal bactericidal concentration. The lowest concentration which reduced the number of colony-forming units to 1/1,000 that in the original inoculum (resulting in a 99.9% kill) was defined as minimal lethal concentration. When compared for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp., Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, alpha-hemolytic streptococcus (non-enterococcal), beta-hemolytic streptococcus, and enterococcus, the minimal bactericidal concentrations were generally several fold higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations. Minimal lethal concentrations were virtually the same as minimal inhibitory concentrations for gram-negative strains; however, for some gram-positive strains, minimal lethal concentrations were higher than minimal inhibitory concentrations.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of bactericidal activities of beta-lactam antibiotics by agar plate method. Quantitative bactericidal activities of beta-lactam antibiotics were determined by the agar plate method. Broth cultures, of which the colony-forming units were counted before the study, were inoculated on antibiotic-containing agar plates, utilizing a 10(-3), 10(-2), or 10(-1) dilution or undiluted culture plated with each 0.001-ml calibrated loop. These plates were incubated at 37 degrees C overnight, and the minimal drug concentration at which no bacterial growth was observed on the plates was defined as minimal inhibitory concentration. After this procedure, the agar surface was treated with beta-lactamase spray to inactivate the antibiotic. These plates were incubated again at 37 degrees C overnight. The minimal drug concentration at which no evidence of bacterial growth was visible on the plates (resulting in a 100% kill) was defined as minimal bactericidal concentration. The lowest concentration which reduced the number of colony-forming units to 1/1,000 that in the original inoculum (resulting in a 99.9% kill) was defined as minimal lethal concentration. When compared for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp., Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, alpha-hemolytic streptococcus (non-enterococcal), beta-hemolytic streptococcus, and enterococcus, the minimal bactericidal concentrations were generally several fold higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations. Minimal lethal concentrations were virtually the same as minimal inhibitory concentrations for gram-negative strains; however, for some gram-positive strains, minimal lethal concentrations were higher than minimal inhibitory concentrations.", "PMID": 102246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5115", "title": "New antipseudomonal penicillin, PC-904: affinity to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibition of the enzyme cross-linking peptidoglycan.", "content": "The mechanism of action of a new antipseudomonal penicillin, PC-904, was studied with respect to its binding affinities to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and its inhibitory activities on cross-linking enzymes of peptidoglycan synthesis in vitro. PC-904 showed especially high affinity (compared with that of penicillin G) to Escherichia coli PBP-3. It also had high affinities to PBP-2 and -1Bs and low affinities to PBP-1A, -4, -5, and -6. Similar results were obtained with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in which this antibiotic showed very high affinity (compared with that of penicillin G) to PBP-3, -1A (presumably corresponding to E. coli PBP-1Bs), and -2; there was especially high affinity to PBP-3 and much less affinity to PBP-1B (presumably corresponding to E. coli PBP-1A). These results are compatible with morphological observations that at concentrations near its minimal inhibitory concentration or less, this antibiotic induced the formation of filamentous cells of E. coli and P. aeruginosa. At higher concentrations or after prolonged incubation, it induced lysis of the cells. The remarkably high affinity of PC-904 to pseudomonal PBP-3, -1A, and -2 may partly explain the potent antipseudomonal activity of this antibiotic. In E. coli, the concentration of PC-904 required to inhibit the cross-linking reaction in enzymatic peptidoglycan synthesis, presumably carried out by PBP-1Bs, was as low as the inhibitory concentrations of penicillin G, ampicillin, and carbenicillin.", "contents": "New antipseudomonal penicillin, PC-904: affinity to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibition of the enzyme cross-linking peptidoglycan. The mechanism of action of a new antipseudomonal penicillin, PC-904, was studied with respect to its binding affinities to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and its inhibitory activities on cross-linking enzymes of peptidoglycan synthesis in vitro. PC-904 showed especially high affinity (compared with that of penicillin G) to Escherichia coli PBP-3. It also had high affinities to PBP-2 and -1Bs and low affinities to PBP-1A, -4, -5, and -6. Similar results were obtained with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in which this antibiotic showed very high affinity (compared with that of penicillin G) to PBP-3, -1A (presumably corresponding to E. coli PBP-1Bs), and -2; there was especially high affinity to PBP-3 and much less affinity to PBP-1B (presumably corresponding to E. coli PBP-1A). These results are compatible with morphological observations that at concentrations near its minimal inhibitory concentration or less, this antibiotic induced the formation of filamentous cells of E. coli and P. aeruginosa. At higher concentrations or after prolonged incubation, it induced lysis of the cells. The remarkably high affinity of PC-904 to pseudomonal PBP-3, -1A, and -2 may partly explain the potent antipseudomonal activity of this antibiotic. In E. coli, the concentration of PC-904 required to inhibit the cross-linking reaction in enzymatic peptidoglycan synthesis, presumably carried out by PBP-1Bs, was as low as the inhibitory concentrations of penicillin G, ampicillin, and carbenicillin.", "PMID": 102247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5116", "title": "Effect of beta-lactam antibiotics on in vitro peptidoglycan cross-linking by a particulate fraction from Escherichia coli K-12 and Bacillus megaterium KM.", "content": "The binding constants of several beta-lactam antibiotics towards penicillin-binding components in Escherichia coli K-12 (Spratt, Eur. J. Biochem. 72:341-352, 1977) and the antibiotic concentrations required to inhibit the peptidoglycan transpeptidase of E. coli 50% were compared. Penicillin-binding component 1B may have been the transpeptidase working in vitro. The structure-activity relationships of beta-lactam antibiotics and the mechanisms of action in E. coli and Bacillus megaterium are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of beta-lactam antibiotics on in vitro peptidoglycan cross-linking by a particulate fraction from Escherichia coli K-12 and Bacillus megaterium KM. The binding constants of several beta-lactam antibiotics towards penicillin-binding components in Escherichia coli K-12 (Spratt, Eur. J. Biochem. 72:341-352, 1977) and the antibiotic concentrations required to inhibit the peptidoglycan transpeptidase of E. coli 50% were compared. Penicillin-binding component 1B may have been the transpeptidase working in vitro. The structure-activity relationships of beta-lactam antibiotics and the mechanisms of action in E. coli and Bacillus megaterium are discussed.", "PMID": 102248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5117", "title": "Anthracene with near ultraviolet light inhibiting epidermal proliferation.", "content": "Anthracene plus near ultraviolet (UV) light (UV-A, 320 to 400 nm) suppresses DNA synthesis and mitosis in mouse epidermis. Ultraviolet-A light or anthracene alone does not have any effect. There is no photoactivation of anthracene to enhance depression of DNA synthesis by either UV-B (290 to 320 nm) or UV-C (254 nm) light. While methoxsalen with UV-A light inhibits DNA synthesis, the phototoxic drugs chlorpromazine hydrochloride and demethylchlortetracycline do not. The combination of anthracene plus UV-A light may have therapeutic effectiveness for psoriasis with less potential for photocarcinogenesis than psoralens plus UV-A light.", "contents": "Anthracene with near ultraviolet light inhibiting epidermal proliferation. Anthracene plus near ultraviolet (UV) light (UV-A, 320 to 400 nm) suppresses DNA synthesis and mitosis in mouse epidermis. Ultraviolet-A light or anthracene alone does not have any effect. There is no photoactivation of anthracene to enhance depression of DNA synthesis by either UV-B (290 to 320 nm) or UV-C (254 nm) light. While methoxsalen with UV-A light inhibits DNA synthesis, the phototoxic drugs chlorpromazine hydrochloride and demethylchlortetracycline do not. The combination of anthracene plus UV-A light may have therapeutic effectiveness for psoriasis with less potential for photocarcinogenesis than psoralens plus UV-A light.", "PMID": 102262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5118", "title": "[Restriction of washing and its effect to the normal human skin flora. Quantitative and qualitative investigations of the aerobic skin flora (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of the aerobic skin flora of the flexor sides of the forearms, under a three-week restriction of washing, was investigated in twenty-four patients for its quantitative and qualitative aspects. The combined scrabbing-washing method was used as described by Burtenshaw with Ringer's solution. After a three-week restriction of washing, using the Wilcoxon Test, statistically no significant changes in the total number of microorganisms were found in areas investigated in the intermittent sampling of the skin flora. A three-week restriction of washing in the region of the flexor sides of the forearms does not induce significant changes in the composition of the normal aerobic skin flora. The percentage of differences in the total number of bacteria fluctuates up to the mark in wide limits; statements about standard deviations are not permitted because of the technical and experimental conditions. There was no shifting of the Resident flora to other groups of bacteria in the patients under study. Pathogenic microorganisms could not be found in higher numbers after the second sampling.", "contents": "[Restriction of washing and its effect to the normal human skin flora. Quantitative and qualitative investigations of the aerobic skin flora (author's transl)]. The behaviour of the aerobic skin flora of the flexor sides of the forearms, under a three-week restriction of washing, was investigated in twenty-four patients for its quantitative and qualitative aspects. The combined scrabbing-washing method was used as described by Burtenshaw with Ringer's solution. After a three-week restriction of washing, using the Wilcoxon Test, statistically no significant changes in the total number of microorganisms were found in areas investigated in the intermittent sampling of the skin flora. A three-week restriction of washing in the region of the flexor sides of the forearms does not induce significant changes in the composition of the normal aerobic skin flora. The percentage of differences in the total number of bacteria fluctuates up to the mark in wide limits; statements about standard deviations are not permitted because of the technical and experimental conditions. There was no shifting of the Resident flora to other groups of bacteria in the patients under study. Pathogenic microorganisms could not be found in higher numbers after the second sampling.", "PMID": 102263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5119", "title": "[Viral acanthomas and specialized forms of keratinosome \"membrane coating granules\" (author's transl)].", "content": "In the case of viral acanthomas, the stratum spinosum and granulosum presents ballooned cells which contain all transitional stages from multivesicular bodies (MVB) to keratinosomes. A particularity in condylomata acuminata are the \"wagon-wheel\" bodies. These structures are typical for the non keratinazed squamous epithelium. The participation of intercellular extruded \"wagon-wheel\" bodies, MVB and atypical keratinosomes on an irregular baso-apical diffusion-barrier in the epidermis of cases with viral acanthomas has been discussed. On the basis of the relation seen between MVB and the Golgi-apparatus, their transition to partially atypical keratinosomes in cases of viral acanthomas and their \"expulsion\" into the intercellular space could indicate that in keratinozytes the enzymatically regulated feed-back between the cellular surface and the capability to synthesize is changed by viral agents. The interference appears to manifest itself in the Golgi-apparatus and also appears to be \"specified\" by the terrain present.", "contents": "[Viral acanthomas and specialized forms of keratinosome \"membrane coating granules\" (author's transl)]. In the case of viral acanthomas, the stratum spinosum and granulosum presents ballooned cells which contain all transitional stages from multivesicular bodies (MVB) to keratinosomes. A particularity in condylomata acuminata are the \"wagon-wheel\" bodies. These structures are typical for the non keratinazed squamous epithelium. The participation of intercellular extruded \"wagon-wheel\" bodies, MVB and atypical keratinosomes on an irregular baso-apical diffusion-barrier in the epidermis of cases with viral acanthomas has been discussed. On the basis of the relation seen between MVB and the Golgi-apparatus, their transition to partially atypical keratinosomes in cases of viral acanthomas and their \"expulsion\" into the intercellular space could indicate that in keratinozytes the enzymatically regulated feed-back between the cellular surface and the capability to synthesize is changed by viral agents. The interference appears to manifest itself in the Golgi-apparatus and also appears to be \"specified\" by the terrain present.", "PMID": 102264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5120", "title": "Thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin levels in breast cancer.", "content": "Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) levels were measured before and after intravenous administration of protirelin to 148 patients with breast carcinoma. There was a high prevalence (36%) of elevated basal TSH; however, most of the patients were euthyroid and had normal serum thyroxine and T3 resin uptake. The PRL level was elevated in 22% of the cases. Both the mean PRL and the mean TSH levels for the breast cancer patients were significantly elevated above the respective means in a control group. We could find no correlation between serum TSH and PRL levels, suggesting that the purported association between a decreased thyroid state and breast cancer is probably not mediated through an increased PRL level. The mean survival and mean disease-free interval were shorter for patients with either elevated TSH or elevated PRL levels, but in neither case was the difference statistically significant.", "contents": "Thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin levels in breast cancer. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) levels were measured before and after intravenous administration of protirelin to 148 patients with breast carcinoma. There was a high prevalence (36%) of elevated basal TSH; however, most of the patients were euthyroid and had normal serum thyroxine and T3 resin uptake. The PRL level was elevated in 22% of the cases. Both the mean PRL and the mean TSH levels for the breast cancer patients were significantly elevated above the respective means in a control group. We could find no correlation between serum TSH and PRL levels, suggesting that the purported association between a decreased thyroid state and breast cancer is probably not mediated through an increased PRL level. The mean survival and mean disease-free interval were shorter for patients with either elevated TSH or elevated PRL levels, but in neither case was the difference statistically significant.", "PMID": 102267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5121", "title": "Non-group D streptococcal meningitis misidentified as enterococcal meningitis. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of misdiagnosis by screening microbiology.", "content": "Two patients had nonhemolytic Gram-positive coccal meningitis. Both pathogens were initially misidentified as a group D enterococcus by growth in \"selective\" media, which led to the use of inappropriate and potentially toxic systemic and intrathecal aminoglycosides. Careful evaluation of the antibiotic sensitivity data and additional microbiological studies allowed correct identification of the organism. The important diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in differentiating true enterococcal infections, especially meningitis, from those caused by other alpha-hemolytic or nonhemolytic streptococci are emphasized. A simple laboratory schema for rapid recognition of such pathogens is reviewed.", "contents": "Non-group D streptococcal meningitis misidentified as enterococcal meningitis. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of misdiagnosis by screening microbiology. Two patients had nonhemolytic Gram-positive coccal meningitis. Both pathogens were initially misidentified as a group D enterococcus by growth in \"selective\" media, which led to the use of inappropriate and potentially toxic systemic and intrathecal aminoglycosides. Careful evaluation of the antibiotic sensitivity data and additional microbiological studies allowed correct identification of the organism. The important diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in differentiating true enterococcal infections, especially meningitis, from those caused by other alpha-hemolytic or nonhemolytic streptococci are emphasized. A simple laboratory schema for rapid recognition of such pathogens is reviewed.", "PMID": 102268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5122", "title": "[Calyceal ectopic diverticulum].", "content": "The authors present 15 cases of calicial ectopias. They then review some of the names frequently given to this illness and discuss certain theories which link this anomaly with other kidney cystoses, taking special care to point out the difficulties involved in the correct performing of a differential diagnosis with calculous hollows, particularly those situated in lower calices.", "contents": "[Calyceal ectopic diverticulum]. The authors present 15 cases of calicial ectopias. They then review some of the names frequently given to this illness and discuss certain theories which link this anomaly with other kidney cystoses, taking special care to point out the difficulties involved in the correct performing of a differential diagnosis with calculous hollows, particularly those situated in lower calices.", "PMID": 102265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5123", "title": "[A simplified arteriographic analysis of systolic pressure and of the pressure-time index].", "content": "Systolic stress has been measured in 20 ms periods during ventricular ejection by monoplanar angiographic method, both under basal conditions and after infusion of trinitro-glycerine (TNG) in 8 coronary patients. None of them showed significant segmental contraction abnormality. No correlation was found between the corresponding values of mean systolic stress sigma and mean systolic pressure P, either under basal conditions (r=0.48) or after reduction of the load (r=0.24). On the other hand, values of sigma correlated closely with the corresponding values of the stress sigmas at the end of the isovolumic contraction phase, both under basal conditions (r=0.95) and after TNG (r=0.98. A similar correlation was found between the corresponding values of the peak of systolic stress and of sigmas both under basal conditions (r=0.94) and after TNG (r=0.96). Determination of sigmas is technically simple, and only requires the calculation of ventricular end-diastolic volume, together with measurement of end-diastolic thickness and aortic diastolic pressure. This simplified angiographic method is useful to express the determinants of myocardial energy using parietal stress values instead of intracavitary pressure values.", "contents": "[A simplified arteriographic analysis of systolic pressure and of the pressure-time index]. Systolic stress has been measured in 20 ms periods during ventricular ejection by monoplanar angiographic method, both under basal conditions and after infusion of trinitro-glycerine (TNG) in 8 coronary patients. None of them showed significant segmental contraction abnormality. No correlation was found between the corresponding values of mean systolic stress sigma and mean systolic pressure P, either under basal conditions (r=0.48) or after reduction of the load (r=0.24). On the other hand, values of sigma correlated closely with the corresponding values of the stress sigmas at the end of the isovolumic contraction phase, both under basal conditions (r=0.95) and after TNG (r=0.98. A similar correlation was found between the corresponding values of the peak of systolic stress and of sigmas both under basal conditions (r=0.94) and after TNG (r=0.96). Determination of sigmas is technically simple, and only requires the calculation of ventricular end-diastolic volume, together with measurement of end-diastolic thickness and aortic diastolic pressure. This simplified angiographic method is useful to express the determinants of myocardial energy using parietal stress values instead of intracavitary pressure values.", "PMID": 102271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5124", "title": "[Auricular and left ventricular compliance in acute and chronic mitral insufficiency].", "content": "Left atrial and ventricular compliance has been studied in 25 cases of chronic mitral incompetence (CMI) and 9 cases of acute mitrale incompetence (AMI). Left atrial compliance was evaluated by the ratio between maximal variation in volume and corresponding maximal variation in pressure; it was found to be higher in cases of CMI than in cases of AMI. Left ventricular compliance was evaluated by various indices (Diamond, Mirsky, Gaasch, Laird), and was found to be increased equally in the chronic and acute types. It is possible that an explanation of this increase incompliance is to be found in the rearrangement of myocardial fibres which follows the dilatation. It constitutes a fundamental means of chronic adaptation, and shows that the diastolic elastic properties of the cavities of the atrium and ventricle are as important in the evaluation of mitral incompetence as the properties of systolic contraction.", "contents": "[Auricular and left ventricular compliance in acute and chronic mitral insufficiency]. Left atrial and ventricular compliance has been studied in 25 cases of chronic mitral incompetence (CMI) and 9 cases of acute mitrale incompetence (AMI). Left atrial compliance was evaluated by the ratio between maximal variation in volume and corresponding maximal variation in pressure; it was found to be higher in cases of CMI than in cases of AMI. Left ventricular compliance was evaluated by various indices (Diamond, Mirsky, Gaasch, Laird), and was found to be increased equally in the chronic and acute types. It is possible that an explanation of this increase incompliance is to be found in the rearrangement of myocardial fibres which follows the dilatation. It constitutes a fundamental means of chronic adaptation, and shows that the diastolic elastic properties of the cavities of the atrium and ventricle are as important in the evaluation of mitral incompetence as the properties of systolic contraction.", "PMID": 102272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5125", "title": "[Mitral commissurotomy under direct vision. 37 cases].", "content": "1 188 mitral commissurotomies were carried out between 1962 and 1976, 37 of them (3.1%) being under direct vision. The two operative deaths (5.4%) occurred early in the series. Longer term follow-up showed that 3 cases died secondarily, and 3 had revision surgery. The main complication was mitral incompetence (51% of operated cases had a systolic murmur). The varying indications and results are presented; these justify a prospective study, but not a recommendation for the systematic adoption of mitral commissurotomy by an open heart technique.", "contents": "[Mitral commissurotomy under direct vision. 37 cases]. 1 188 mitral commissurotomies were carried out between 1962 and 1976, 37 of them (3.1%) being under direct vision. The two operative deaths (5.4%) occurred early in the series. Longer term follow-up showed that 3 cases died secondarily, and 3 had revision surgery. The main complication was mitral incompetence (51% of operated cases had a systolic murmur). The varying indications and results are presented; these justify a prospective study, but not a recommendation for the systematic adoption of mitral commissurotomy by an open heart technique.", "PMID": 102273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5126", "title": "[Rupture of the mitral valve chordae. Electrocardiographic, clinical and angiographic findings].", "content": "This report concerns 9 patients in whom rupture of the cordae of the mitral valve was suspected from the echocardiogram. The authors recall the clinical, echocardiographic, arteriographic, haemodynamic and anatomical findings in patients with rupture of the chordae; they emphasise the importance of echocardiograpy in the pre-operative diagnosis of this condition. In this series, the most frequent clinical sign was a loud pan-systolic murmur at the apex. The electrocardiographic abnormalities were nonspecific. Cardiomegaly was present in most cases. The main echocardiographic findings were those of additional echoes between the two cusps of the mitral valve during diastole, or an abnormally posterior or anterior position of the posterior cusp during diastole, or the presence of mitral prolapse. Other nonspecific signs were frequently present. Left cineangioventriculography showed a significant degree of mitral leakage during diastole in all patients. All 9 patients had an operation or came to post mortem; rupture of the chordae was confirmed in 6 of them. As far as the other 3 cases were concerned, two of them had lengthening of the mitral cordae, and the last had mitral prolapse associated with endocardial vegetation. A further group of 60 patients undergoing surgery for mitral incompetence without rupture of the chordae allowed us to establish that there were no false negative results on the echocardiogram.", "contents": "[Rupture of the mitral valve chordae. Electrocardiographic, clinical and angiographic findings]. This report concerns 9 patients in whom rupture of the cordae of the mitral valve was suspected from the echocardiogram. The authors recall the clinical, echocardiographic, arteriographic, haemodynamic and anatomical findings in patients with rupture of the chordae; they emphasise the importance of echocardiograpy in the pre-operative diagnosis of this condition. In this series, the most frequent clinical sign was a loud pan-systolic murmur at the apex. The electrocardiographic abnormalities were nonspecific. Cardiomegaly was present in most cases. The main echocardiographic findings were those of additional echoes between the two cusps of the mitral valve during diastole, or an abnormally posterior or anterior position of the posterior cusp during diastole, or the presence of mitral prolapse. Other nonspecific signs were frequently present. Left cineangioventriculography showed a significant degree of mitral leakage during diastole in all patients. All 9 patients had an operation or came to post mortem; rupture of the chordae was confirmed in 6 of them. As far as the other 3 cases were concerned, two of them had lengthening of the mitral cordae, and the last had mitral prolapse associated with endocardial vegetation. A further group of 60 patients undergoing surgery for mitral incompetence without rupture of the chordae allowed us to establish that there were no false negative results on the echocardiogram.", "PMID": 102274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5127", "title": "[A treatable condition: parietal rupture of the heart during the acute phase of myocardial infarct. Apropos of a further case treated successfully with surgery].", "content": "A man aged 62 had an unexpected anterior myocardial infarction, complicated during the thirteenth hour after onset by parietal rupture and consequent acute tamponnade. The diagnosis was confirmed by echocardiography and then by pericardial puncture which allowed enough time for an operation to be undertaken under extra-corporeal circulation. The infarct was resected together with the weakened area of rupture, and the quality of the patient's life has been maintained at an excellent level after one year.", "contents": "[A treatable condition: parietal rupture of the heart during the acute phase of myocardial infarct. Apropos of a further case treated successfully with surgery]. A man aged 62 had an unexpected anterior myocardial infarction, complicated during the thirteenth hour after onset by parietal rupture and consequent acute tamponnade. The diagnosis was confirmed by echocardiography and then by pericardial puncture which allowed enough time for an operation to be undertaken under extra-corporeal circulation. The infarct was resected together with the weakened area of rupture, and the quality of the patient's life has been maintained at an excellent level after one year.", "PMID": 102275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5128", "title": "[Myocardial infarct before the age of 36: 20 cases].", "content": "Twenty cases of myocardial infarction in 16 males and 4 females and less than 36 are reported. The number of heavy smokers was greater than in other age groups (86%), and an association between tobacco consumption and lipid abnormalities was found in 3/4 of cases. All the females were on contraceptive treatment, one recurring during pregnancy. The clinical features of the infarctions were an onset which was usually unexpected (n=14), ar attack which was sometimes precipitated by exercise (n=3), and the infrequency of residual angina. The exercise test (n=16) showed up an associated abnormality in only one case out of four, but the fact that the rate-pressure product was normal suggests that the coronary artery networks were in a satisfactory state of function. Ventriculography (n=14) was normal in 35% of cases. Coronary arteriography (n=18) showed significant lesions in 12 cases, one trunk being affected in 6, two trunks in 5, and 3 trunks in one; the lesion index was 1.6. In 6 cases there were few changes in the coronary arteries, and the probable mechanism of the infarct is discussed: besides the possibility of a recanalised thrombus, which appears to be the likely one in two of our patients, spasm played a possible role even though the ergonovine provocation test was negative. The mortality during the first month was zero; as a secondary event over a follow-up period of 38 months, there were two deaths and four recurrences, one of which occurred in a healthy coronary vascular tree.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarct before the age of 36: 20 cases]. Twenty cases of myocardial infarction in 16 males and 4 females and less than 36 are reported. The number of heavy smokers was greater than in other age groups (86%), and an association between tobacco consumption and lipid abnormalities was found in 3/4 of cases. All the females were on contraceptive treatment, one recurring during pregnancy. The clinical features of the infarctions were an onset which was usually unexpected (n=14), ar attack which was sometimes precipitated by exercise (n=3), and the infrequency of residual angina. The exercise test (n=16) showed up an associated abnormality in only one case out of four, but the fact that the rate-pressure product was normal suggests that the coronary artery networks were in a satisfactory state of function. Ventriculography (n=14) was normal in 35% of cases. Coronary arteriography (n=18) showed significant lesions in 12 cases, one trunk being affected in 6, two trunks in 5, and 3 trunks in one; the lesion index was 1.6. In 6 cases there were few changes in the coronary arteries, and the probable mechanism of the infarct is discussed: besides the possibility of a recanalised thrombus, which appears to be the likely one in two of our patients, spasm played a possible role even though the ergonovine provocation test was negative. The mortality during the first month was zero; as a secondary event over a follow-up period of 38 months, there were two deaths and four recurrences, one of which occurred in a healthy coronary vascular tree.", "PMID": 102276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5129", "title": "[Analysis of factors which can influence results of aortocoronary bypass surgery].", "content": "The various factors influencing the result of treatment have been studied in a series of 100 consecutive patients undergoing aorto-coronary bypass graft surgery. There were three operative deaths and twelve cases of post-operative infarction. Longterm, 85% of them were three year survivors, clinical improvement being maintained in 84% of them. Post-operative tests showed that 70% of patients have no pain on the maximal exercise test, but 48% had ischaemic depression of the ST segment. From among the 47 patients who had follow-up arteriography, 78% of the grafts were patent, but no improvement of the contractility of the left ventricle could be demonstrated (pre-operative ejection fraction 47 +/- 3%, post-operative 49+/- 3%). The pre-operative clinical features rarely give any indication of the prognosis. The same is true in the present series of the condition of the left ventricle, bearing in mind the fact that patients with grossly impaired ventricular contractility (ejection fraction below 30%) were routinely excluded from surgery. It is essentially the state of the coronary arterial network, as assessed by a score made up from the degree and number of stenoses, the quality of the distal bed, and the anatomical distribution, which will pick out those patients more at risk both from the surgery and from post-operative death and in whom the longterm result is likely to be disappointing with no improvement in function, with obstruction of the grafts, or with secondary death.", "contents": "[Analysis of factors which can influence results of aortocoronary bypass surgery]. The various factors influencing the result of treatment have been studied in a series of 100 consecutive patients undergoing aorto-coronary bypass graft surgery. There were three operative deaths and twelve cases of post-operative infarction. Longterm, 85% of them were three year survivors, clinical improvement being maintained in 84% of them. Post-operative tests showed that 70% of patients have no pain on the maximal exercise test, but 48% had ischaemic depression of the ST segment. From among the 47 patients who had follow-up arteriography, 78% of the grafts were patent, but no improvement of the contractility of the left ventricle could be demonstrated (pre-operative ejection fraction 47 +/- 3%, post-operative 49+/- 3%). The pre-operative clinical features rarely give any indication of the prognosis. The same is true in the present series of the condition of the left ventricle, bearing in mind the fact that patients with grossly impaired ventricular contractility (ejection fraction below 30%) were routinely excluded from surgery. It is essentially the state of the coronary arterial network, as assessed by a score made up from the degree and number of stenoses, the quality of the distal bed, and the anatomical distribution, which will pick out those patients more at risk both from the surgery and from post-operative death and in whom the longterm result is likely to be disappointing with no improvement in function, with obstruction of the grafts, or with secondary death.", "PMID": 102277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5130", "title": "[Hyperventilation test in coronary disease: a comparison with a bicycle ergometer exercise test. Report of 100 cases].", "content": "A hundred cases have been studied and divided into three categories:--60 normal subjects;--30 coronary subjects with a positive exercise test;--10 subjects with defective nervous control of the circulation; using the exercise test, we studied the effects of hyperventilation on repolarisation of the ventricle. In the normal subjects there was no ischaemic depression of the ST segment, but there were minor changes in repolarisation which affected the T wave in 73% of subjects and were essentially posterior in distribution. In the coronary subjects, we found three with ischaemic depression of the ST segment and one with ST elevation of 2.5 mm (6.7% of the coronary subjects). This last finding is evidence against the commonly held hypothesis that reproduction of ST depression by hyperventilation during the exercise test indicates a false positive test. In the patients with defective nervous control of the circulation, 9 had an ischaemic type of ST depression, either as a new feature or as a more severe one compared with that found at rest. The mechanism by which these depressions are produced has not been totally explained:--in the cases with defective nervous control of the circulation, it appears that latent increased sympathetic activity is increased by the hyperventilation;--in the coronary subjects, it may be caused by true ischaemia or by an associated defect in nervous control of the circulation.", "contents": "[Hyperventilation test in coronary disease: a comparison with a bicycle ergometer exercise test. Report of 100 cases]. A hundred cases have been studied and divided into three categories:--60 normal subjects;--30 coronary subjects with a positive exercise test;--10 subjects with defective nervous control of the circulation; using the exercise test, we studied the effects of hyperventilation on repolarisation of the ventricle. In the normal subjects there was no ischaemic depression of the ST segment, but there were minor changes in repolarisation which affected the T wave in 73% of subjects and were essentially posterior in distribution. In the coronary subjects, we found three with ischaemic depression of the ST segment and one with ST elevation of 2.5 mm (6.7% of the coronary subjects). This last finding is evidence against the commonly held hypothesis that reproduction of ST depression by hyperventilation during the exercise test indicates a false positive test. In the patients with defective nervous control of the circulation, 9 had an ischaemic type of ST depression, either as a new feature or as a more severe one compared with that found at rest. The mechanism by which these depressions are produced has not been totally explained:--in the cases with defective nervous control of the circulation, it appears that latent increased sympathetic activity is increased by the hyperventilation;--in the coronary subjects, it may be caused by true ischaemia or by an associated defect in nervous control of the circulation.", "PMID": 102278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5131", "title": "[Recording of His potentials from surface chest leads using a computer].", "content": "Under certain circumstances it is possible to record His potentials using surface chest leads. These potentials have a very low intensity over the thorax, and must be separated from the \"background noise\" by an averaging technique. The desired activity occurs before the R wave and has a constant relationship to it; the potentials picked up by the chest leads are amplified, coded numerically, and presented to the memory store which accepts only those potentials which precede the R wave. It then summates the successive cycles, using a synchronising signal to ensure that they coincide. All this is carried out with an averager. In the 80 patients studied, a signal which seems very likely to reflect His activity was obtained in slightly more than a third of cases. The findings were correlated in 14 cases with those produced by invasive techniques, and showed that the main source of error was the after-potential of the P wave after a short PR interval--this occurred in one case; in the other 13 cases, the correlation was good. This method needs to be refined before it can be used clinically. It seems unlikely that it will replace the invasive technique which is so important for stimulation tests, and so necessary for studies of dynamic pharmacology.", "contents": "[Recording of His potentials from surface chest leads using a computer]. Under certain circumstances it is possible to record His potentials using surface chest leads. These potentials have a very low intensity over the thorax, and must be separated from the \"background noise\" by an averaging technique. The desired activity occurs before the R wave and has a constant relationship to it; the potentials picked up by the chest leads are amplified, coded numerically, and presented to the memory store which accepts only those potentials which precede the R wave. It then summates the successive cycles, using a synchronising signal to ensure that they coincide. All this is carried out with an averager. In the 80 patients studied, a signal which seems very likely to reflect His activity was obtained in slightly more than a third of cases. The findings were correlated in 14 cases with those produced by invasive techniques, and showed that the main source of error was the after-potential of the P wave after a short PR interval--this occurred in one case; in the other 13 cases, the correlation was good. This method needs to be refined before it can be used clinically. It seems unlikely that it will replace the invasive technique which is so important for stimulation tests, and so necessary for studies of dynamic pharmacology.", "PMID": 102279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5132", "title": "[Isolated left anterior hemiblock during attacks of angina pectoris].", "content": "The clinical significance and mechanism for changes in the axis of the QRS complex during attacks of angina pectoris (excluding cases of Prinzmetal's angina) are unknown. Previous work has suggested that left anterior hemiblock under these circumstances is a sign of unstable angina indicating a lesion in the anterior descending artery. Two cases with left anterior hemiblock associated with frequent attacks of angina have been the subject of careful study. In case one, atrial stimulation tests showed that the left axis deviation was not related to tachycardia. It only occurred when atrial stimulation was carried out for long enough to induce myocardial ischaemia as witnessed by precordial pain and disorders of repolarisation. In case two, the left anterior hemiblock came on at first at the same time as the attacks of angina, and then became permanent. Bypass graft of the anterior descending artery restored the QRS axis to normal, and corrected the repolarisation disorders which were of ischaemic origin. These findings argue in favour of an ischaemic origin of this conduction defect. Unlike ischaemia of the left anterosuperior subbranch, anterior left hemiblock is indicative of extensive ischaemia of the anterior wall of the left ventricle relative to an obstruction in the anterior descending artery or in the main trunk of the left coronary artery.", "contents": "[Isolated left anterior hemiblock during attacks of angina pectoris]. The clinical significance and mechanism for changes in the axis of the QRS complex during attacks of angina pectoris (excluding cases of Prinzmetal's angina) are unknown. Previous work has suggested that left anterior hemiblock under these circumstances is a sign of unstable angina indicating a lesion in the anterior descending artery. Two cases with left anterior hemiblock associated with frequent attacks of angina have been the subject of careful study. In case one, atrial stimulation tests showed that the left axis deviation was not related to tachycardia. It only occurred when atrial stimulation was carried out for long enough to induce myocardial ischaemia as witnessed by precordial pain and disorders of repolarisation. In case two, the left anterior hemiblock came on at first at the same time as the attacks of angina, and then became permanent. Bypass graft of the anterior descending artery restored the QRS axis to normal, and corrected the repolarisation disorders which were of ischaemic origin. These findings argue in favour of an ischaemic origin of this conduction defect. Unlike ischaemia of the left anterosuperior subbranch, anterior left hemiblock is indicative of extensive ischaemia of the anterior wall of the left ventricle relative to an obstruction in the anterior descending artery or in the main trunk of the left coronary artery.", "PMID": 102280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5133", "title": "[Electrophysiological effects of chloroacetyl ajmaline in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome].", "content": "The electrophysiological effects of chloro-acetyl-ajmaline in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome have been studied in 7 patients after an intravenous dose of 1.5 mg/kg of the drug. Preexcitation was abolished in 3 cases, while 3 other subjects showed a slight increase in effective refractory period of the abnormal route of excitation (a mean of 13 ms). The possibility of bringing about a reciprocal rhythm was removed in one case out of two. During tachycardia, chloro-acetyl-ajmaline produced significant lengthening of the ventriculo-atrial conduction time (p less than 0.05). These results show the usefulness of chloro-acetyl-ajmaline in the control of the arrhythmias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological effects of chloroacetyl ajmaline in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]. The electrophysiological effects of chloro-acetyl-ajmaline in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome have been studied in 7 patients after an intravenous dose of 1.5 mg/kg of the drug. Preexcitation was abolished in 3 cases, while 3 other subjects showed a slight increase in effective refractory period of the abnormal route of excitation (a mean of 13 ms). The possibility of bringing about a reciprocal rhythm was removed in one case out of two. During tachycardia, chloro-acetyl-ajmaline produced significant lengthening of the ventriculo-atrial conduction time (p less than 0.05). These results show the usefulness of chloro-acetyl-ajmaline in the control of the arrhythmias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "PMID": 102281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5134", "title": "[Pulmonary arterial hypertension caused by neoplastic thrombosis of the pulmonary artery].", "content": "Neoplastic thrombosis of the pulmonary artery is a rare and little known cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The clinical picture is one of acute respiratory failure and progressive right ventricular failure caused by pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension. In the living patient there is no way of distinguishing this condition from that of subacute cor pulmonale due to embolism, especially as the primary tumour is not always found either because it is too small or because it has already regressed by the time it has metastasised. The diagnosis usually rests on histological examination of the lungs, and two pathological types can be distinguished: carcinomatous lymphangitis with secondary invasion and thrombosis of the pulmonary arterioles on the one hand, and the neoplastic arterial emboli of a chorio-epithelioma on the other.", "contents": "[Pulmonary arterial hypertension caused by neoplastic thrombosis of the pulmonary artery]. Neoplastic thrombosis of the pulmonary artery is a rare and little known cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The clinical picture is one of acute respiratory failure and progressive right ventricular failure caused by pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension. In the living patient there is no way of distinguishing this condition from that of subacute cor pulmonale due to embolism, especially as the primary tumour is not always found either because it is too small or because it has already regressed by the time it has metastasised. The diagnosis usually rests on histological examination of the lungs, and two pathological types can be distinguished: carcinomatous lymphangitis with secondary invasion and thrombosis of the pulmonary arterioles on the one hand, and the neoplastic arterial emboli of a chorio-epithelioma on the other.", "PMID": 102282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5135", "title": "[Coronary spasm on exercise. Demonstration of a case by coronary angiography].", "content": "We have seen a case with spasm of the right coronary artery coming on during exercise ergometry in the course of a coronary arteriogram. The patient had angina pectoris spontaneously and on exercise. Bicycle ergometry was repeated four times by the same method, and was positive in three; in two of these there was angina and ST elevation in II, III, aVF, and ST depression in I, aVL and V2 to V5. On one occasion the test was negative, the patient having taken a trinitrin tablet one hour before the test. Repeating the exercise test during coronary arteriography showed spasm of the right coronary artery and elevation of the segment ST in II, III and aVF; this disappeared after trinitrin treatment.", "contents": "[Coronary spasm on exercise. Demonstration of a case by coronary angiography]. We have seen a case with spasm of the right coronary artery coming on during exercise ergometry in the course of a coronary arteriogram. The patient had angina pectoris spontaneously and on exercise. Bicycle ergometry was repeated four times by the same method, and was positive in three; in two of these there was angina and ST elevation in II, III, aVF, and ST depression in I, aVL and V2 to V5. On one occasion the test was negative, the patient having taken a trinitrin tablet one hour before the test. Repeating the exercise test during coronary arteriography showed spasm of the right coronary artery and elevation of the segment ST in II, III and aVF; this disappeared after trinitrin treatment.", "PMID": 102283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5136", "title": "[A rare cause of continuous thoracic murmur. A fistula between the internal mammary artery and the pulmonary circulation].", "content": "The authors present a case of a continuous right lateral sternal murmur which led to the discovery of a systemic-to-pulmonary fistula at the origin of the internal mammary artery. The fact that the patient had a right pulmonary abscess with pyopneumothorax drained several years previously has led them to discuss the possible etiology of this fistula. The murmur disappeared after surgical treatment.", "contents": "[A rare cause of continuous thoracic murmur. A fistula between the internal mammary artery and the pulmonary circulation]. The authors present a case of a continuous right lateral sternal murmur which led to the discovery of a systemic-to-pulmonary fistula at the origin of the internal mammary artery. The fact that the patient had a right pulmonary abscess with pyopneumothorax drained several years previously has led them to discuss the possible etiology of this fistula. The murmur disappeared after surgical treatment.", "PMID": 102284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5137", "title": "[Permanent atrial paralysis].", "content": "A case is described of permanent atrial paralysis in a 68 year old female with diabetes and cirrhosis of the liver. Absence of electrical atrial activity was expected on the standard electrocardiogram, and confirmed by intracavitary electrophysiological investigation which showed the ineffectiveness of stimulation of both the right atrium and the coronary sinus. Recording of the His potentials showed that the resultant rhythm was of supra-ventricular origin. The absence of mechanical atrial activity was confirmed radiographically, on the jugular venogram, on the apexogram, and on the tracings of right atrial and pulmonary capillary pressure. A search was made for muscular or neuromuscular dystrophy which has often been found in association with this arrhythmia, but none was found. There may be an etio-pathological relationship between carbohydrate metabolism and atrial paralysis, as certain authors have suggested.", "contents": "[Permanent atrial paralysis]. A case is described of permanent atrial paralysis in a 68 year old female with diabetes and cirrhosis of the liver. Absence of electrical atrial activity was expected on the standard electrocardiogram, and confirmed by intracavitary electrophysiological investigation which showed the ineffectiveness of stimulation of both the right atrium and the coronary sinus. Recording of the His potentials showed that the resultant rhythm was of supra-ventricular origin. The absence of mechanical atrial activity was confirmed radiographically, on the jugular venogram, on the apexogram, and on the tracings of right atrial and pulmonary capillary pressure. A search was made for muscular or neuromuscular dystrophy which has often been found in association with this arrhythmia, but none was found. There may be an etio-pathological relationship between carbohydrate metabolism and atrial paralysis, as certain authors have suggested.", "PMID": 102285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5138", "title": "[Surgical treatment by valve replacement and aorto-coronary bypass in mitral valve insufficiency caused by chronic dysfunction of the posterior papillary muscle].", "content": "Nine patients with cardiac failure which was refractory to medical treatment, and which was caused by chronic malfunction of the posterior papillary muscle, as a result of a myocardial infarction, were studied by cardiac catheterisation and coronary arteriography. The mean pulmonary capillary pressure was 31+/-16 mm of mercury with a nu wave at 51+/-27 mm of mercury. The end diastolic volume was increased (141+/-68 ml/m2) and the ejection fraction lowered (0.40+/-0.13). The left ventricle had overall hypokinesia in 5 patients and akinesia of the inferior wall, representing 21+/-24% of the end diastolic perimeter, in 3 others. All these patients had significant lesions of two or three of the main coronary trunks. At operation lengthening of the posterior papillary muscle and/or the cordae was found. All patients had a replacement mitral valve of the Starr-Edwards type, associated with an aorto-coronary bypass of the anterior descending artery. The operative mortality was zero. At a mean follow-up period of 21 months, there had been no late death, and all the patients were improved.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment by valve replacement and aorto-coronary bypass in mitral valve insufficiency caused by chronic dysfunction of the posterior papillary muscle]. Nine patients with cardiac failure which was refractory to medical treatment, and which was caused by chronic malfunction of the posterior papillary muscle, as a result of a myocardial infarction, were studied by cardiac catheterisation and coronary arteriography. The mean pulmonary capillary pressure was 31+/-16 mm of mercury with a nu wave at 51+/-27 mm of mercury. The end diastolic volume was increased (141+/-68 ml/m2) and the ejection fraction lowered (0.40+/-0.13). The left ventricle had overall hypokinesia in 5 patients and akinesia of the inferior wall, representing 21+/-24% of the end diastolic perimeter, in 3 others. All these patients had significant lesions of two or three of the main coronary trunks. At operation lengthening of the posterior papillary muscle and/or the cordae was found. All patients had a replacement mitral valve of the Starr-Edwards type, associated with an aorto-coronary bypass of the anterior descending artery. The operative mortality was zero. At a mean follow-up period of 21 months, there had been no late death, and all the patients were improved.", "PMID": 102289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5139", "title": "[Left ventricular aneurysms. Hemodynamic studies and surgical results].", "content": "The cardiac function of 37 cases of ventricular dyskinesia were studied by cineangiography. The amplitude and speed of contraction of the contracting parts was evaluated as well as the volume of the akinetic zone. A score of coronary artery obstruction was made for those patients who underwent coronary arteriography. All the patients had resection of their aneurysm. Four patients died in the immediate post-operative period. Six patients developed a temporary low output state requiring circulatory assistance. Twenty-seven patients were operated on successfully without posing any haemodynamic problem. Good immediate and late post-operative results were associated with an ejection fraction of the contracting part greated than 0,40, a dyskinetic area less than 40% and a coronary artery obstruction index of less than 6. Resection of the aneurysm, sometimes associated with aorto-coronary bypass grafting (5 cases), led to a marked improvement in heart failure and/or disappearance of ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "[Left ventricular aneurysms. Hemodynamic studies and surgical results]. The cardiac function of 37 cases of ventricular dyskinesia were studied by cineangiography. The amplitude and speed of contraction of the contracting parts was evaluated as well as the volume of the akinetic zone. A score of coronary artery obstruction was made for those patients who underwent coronary arteriography. All the patients had resection of their aneurysm. Four patients died in the immediate post-operative period. Six patients developed a temporary low output state requiring circulatory assistance. Twenty-seven patients were operated on successfully without posing any haemodynamic problem. Good immediate and late post-operative results were associated with an ejection fraction of the contracting part greated than 0,40, a dyskinetic area less than 40% and a coronary artery obstruction index of less than 6. Resection of the aneurysm, sometimes associated with aorto-coronary bypass grafting (5 cases), led to a marked improvement in heart failure and/or disappearance of ventricular arrhythmias.", "PMID": 102290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5140", "title": "[Effort electrocardiography and coronary arteriography following a 1st myocardial infarction. Critical study of the effort test].", "content": "Sixty-five patients, convalescent from a first myocardial infarction (anterior in 24 cases; inferior in 41 cases), underwent an effort electrocardiogram on a treadmill and coronary arteriography. In the anterior infarcts, coronary arteriography showed single vessel disease (anterior descending artery) in 54% of cases and double or triple vessel disease in the others. The effort test was positive in only 25% of patients with an anterior infarct. The presence of stenotic lesions of the circumflex artery and/or right coronary artery was unsuspected in 63% of patients. In the inferior infarcts, there was a significant stenosis of the anterior descending artery in 51% of the cases. The effort test was positive in 54% of patients and in 77% of those the anterior descending artery showed a significant stenosis. The appearance (or increase) of ST elevation greater than or equal to 1 mm in the leads facing the infarcted zone was an indication of more severe deterioration in left ventricular function as shown by a more marked reduction in ejection fraction and a more extensive akinetic region. The co-existence of ST elevation in the leads facing the infarcted zone and of ST depression greater than or equal to 1 mm in the reciprocal leads always indicated that another major vessel was involved, but this was only found in 25% of cases in this series.", "contents": "[Effort electrocardiography and coronary arteriography following a 1st myocardial infarction. Critical study of the effort test]. Sixty-five patients, convalescent from a first myocardial infarction (anterior in 24 cases; inferior in 41 cases), underwent an effort electrocardiogram on a treadmill and coronary arteriography. In the anterior infarcts, coronary arteriography showed single vessel disease (anterior descending artery) in 54% of cases and double or triple vessel disease in the others. The effort test was positive in only 25% of patients with an anterior infarct. The presence of stenotic lesions of the circumflex artery and/or right coronary artery was unsuspected in 63% of patients. In the inferior infarcts, there was a significant stenosis of the anterior descending artery in 51% of the cases. The effort test was positive in 54% of patients and in 77% of those the anterior descending artery showed a significant stenosis. The appearance (or increase) of ST elevation greater than or equal to 1 mm in the leads facing the infarcted zone was an indication of more severe deterioration in left ventricular function as shown by a more marked reduction in ejection fraction and a more extensive akinetic region. The co-existence of ST elevation in the leads facing the infarcted zone and of ST depression greater than or equal to 1 mm in the reciprocal leads always indicated that another major vessel was involved, but this was only found in 25% of cases in this series.", "PMID": 102291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5141", "title": "[Obstructive cardiomyopathy and associated coronary atherosclerosis. Review of the literature and report of 2 personal cases].", "content": "The association of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) with significant coronary atherosclerosis is little known, only 43 cases being available in the literature, 2 of which are personal ones. But the incidence of this association has certainly been underestimated. It is especially found from the sixth decade onwards, and at least 20% of patients with IHSS in and above the age group have stenosing lesions of the coronary artery. It is almost impossible to establish the presence of associated coronary abnormalities from the clinical features of from electrocardiogram. It does however seem worthwhile looking for this condition in IHSS when there is refractory chest pain, especially to beta-blockers, particularly if the patient is aged over 50 and has risk factors for ischaemic heart disease. It is also good to find IHSS associated with known coronary artery disease by using simple non-invasive techniques such as phonomechanocardiography and especially echo-cardiography; it is important not to miss the myocardial lesion and to treat concurrently if there is likely to be an indication for dealing with the coronary arteries surgically. The beta-blockers are the treatment of choice for both conditions, together with anticoagulents. If they fail, myectomy or myotomy together with aorto-coronary bypass graft should be considered.", "contents": "[Obstructive cardiomyopathy and associated coronary atherosclerosis. Review of the literature and report of 2 personal cases]. The association of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) with significant coronary atherosclerosis is little known, only 43 cases being available in the literature, 2 of which are personal ones. But the incidence of this association has certainly been underestimated. It is especially found from the sixth decade onwards, and at least 20% of patients with IHSS in and above the age group have stenosing lesions of the coronary artery. It is almost impossible to establish the presence of associated coronary abnormalities from the clinical features of from electrocardiogram. It does however seem worthwhile looking for this condition in IHSS when there is refractory chest pain, especially to beta-blockers, particularly if the patient is aged over 50 and has risk factors for ischaemic heart disease. It is also good to find IHSS associated with known coronary artery disease by using simple non-invasive techniques such as phonomechanocardiography and especially echo-cardiography; it is important not to miss the myocardial lesion and to treat concurrently if there is likely to be an indication for dealing with the coronary arteries surgically. The beta-blockers are the treatment of choice for both conditions, together with anticoagulents. If they fail, myectomy or myotomy together with aorto-coronary bypass graft should be considered.", "PMID": 102292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5142", "title": "[Intimal coronary fibrous dysplasia and Prinzmetal's angina].", "content": "It is currently considered as exceptional for there to be arterial pathology other than atheroma in Prinzmetal angina. The authors have found five cases of coronary fibrous dysplasia in the literature. They add a case, in a woman, of intimal fibrous dysplasia diffusely involving the three main coronary vessels. Coronary arteriography showed that spasm of the right coronary artery was the cause of attacks with the clinical and electrocardiographic features of Prinzmetal angina. The whole coronary tree was otherwise normal angiographically and also macroscopically at autopsy. The dysplasia was only discovered by histological study of serial sections of the three coronary vessels. Histological examination showed no evidence of an atheromatous lesion. The authors place these coronary artery lesions within the general classification of arterial fibrous dysplasias. It remains hypothetical whether there is a relationship between the occurrence of spasm and this very special histological feature of the coronary artery wall.", "contents": "[Intimal coronary fibrous dysplasia and Prinzmetal's angina]. It is currently considered as exceptional for there to be arterial pathology other than atheroma in Prinzmetal angina. The authors have found five cases of coronary fibrous dysplasia in the literature. They add a case, in a woman, of intimal fibrous dysplasia diffusely involving the three main coronary vessels. Coronary arteriography showed that spasm of the right coronary artery was the cause of attacks with the clinical and electrocardiographic features of Prinzmetal angina. The whole coronary tree was otherwise normal angiographically and also macroscopically at autopsy. The dysplasia was only discovered by histological study of serial sections of the three coronary vessels. Histological examination showed no evidence of an atheromatous lesion. The authors place these coronary artery lesions within the general classification of arterial fibrous dysplasias. It remains hypothetical whether there is a relationship between the occurrence of spasm and this very special histological feature of the coronary artery wall.", "PMID": 102293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5143", "title": "[Prognosis of adult angina pectoris by means of blood pressure and the electrocardiogram].", "content": "One hundred and fifty-three men with angina were studied to determine the risk of death over a 5-year period. Multivariate analysis using age, systolic and diastolic pressure, and six electrocardiographic variables (QRS axis, PR interval, the sum of S in V1 and R in V5, T-wave and ST segment anomalies and incomplete left bundle branch block) identified sub-groups having very different prognoses. An analysis using only six variables (omitting diastolic pressure, ST segment anomalies and PR interval) retained a good discriminatory value, and this same discriminant function calculated from half of the sample had good prognostic value in the other half. A prognostic index based on this function (designed to simplify the calculations in clinical use) identified a sub-group (24% of the total group) in which no mortality occurred, while another sub-group (16% of the total group) suffered a mortality of 67%. The logical use of the blood pressure and ECG leads to a more precise prognosis in angina and should help in determining the indications for myocardial revascularisation.", "contents": "[Prognosis of adult angina pectoris by means of blood pressure and the electrocardiogram]. One hundred and fifty-three men with angina were studied to determine the risk of death over a 5-year period. Multivariate analysis using age, systolic and diastolic pressure, and six electrocardiographic variables (QRS axis, PR interval, the sum of S in V1 and R in V5, T-wave and ST segment anomalies and incomplete left bundle branch block) identified sub-groups having very different prognoses. An analysis using only six variables (omitting diastolic pressure, ST segment anomalies and PR interval) retained a good discriminatory value, and this same discriminant function calculated from half of the sample had good prognostic value in the other half. A prognostic index based on this function (designed to simplify the calculations in clinical use) identified a sub-group (24% of the total group) in which no mortality occurred, while another sub-group (16% of the total group) suffered a mortality of 67%. The logical use of the blood pressure and ECG leads to a more precise prognosis in angina and should help in determining the indications for myocardial revascularisation.", "PMID": 102294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5144", "title": "[Cor triatriatum associated with a ventricular septal defect in infancy. 2 cases treated surgically].", "content": "Although rare, the diagnosis of cor triatriatum in its classical form is usually made pre-operatively. The association with a large ventricular septal defect, as in the two cases reported here, masks the clinical and haemodynamic signs. In one case it was the echocardiogram and cineangiography which led to pre-operative diagnosis. The surgical correction of the two lesions was done successfully in one stage. In our second case, lack of recognition of the cor triatriatum led to the death of the patient in a low output state, following closure of the ventricular septal defect.", "contents": "[Cor triatriatum associated with a ventricular septal defect in infancy. 2 cases treated surgically]. Although rare, the diagnosis of cor triatriatum in its classical form is usually made pre-operatively. The association with a large ventricular septal defect, as in the two cases reported here, masks the clinical and haemodynamic signs. In one case it was the echocardiogram and cineangiography which led to pre-operative diagnosis. The surgical correction of the two lesions was done successfully in one stage. In our second case, lack of recognition of the cor triatriatum led to the death of the patient in a low output state, following closure of the ventricular septal defect.", "PMID": 102295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5145", "title": "[Congenital arteriovenous fistula of the broad ligament. 1 case].", "content": "Following a case report of a congenital arterio-venous fistula of the broad ligament, the authors set out the different types of vascular malformation seen in the pelvic region and they attempt to define the place of treatment. The treatment of these lesions involves embolisation of the vascular pedicle and an attempt at surgical excision, alone or one after another.", "contents": "[Congenital arteriovenous fistula of the broad ligament. 1 case]. Following a case report of a congenital arterio-venous fistula of the broad ligament, the authors set out the different types of vascular malformation seen in the pelvic region and they attempt to define the place of treatment. The treatment of these lesions involves embolisation of the vascular pedicle and an attempt at surgical excision, alone or one after another.", "PMID": 102296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5146", "title": "[Recurrent ventricular tachycardia and parchment right ventricle in the adult. Anatomical and clinical report of 2 cases].", "content": "Two patients, aged 52 and 55 years, were admitted to hospital for attacks of recurrent ventricular tachycardia for which preventive treatment was difficult. The crises were of one type, with left-sided delay. The findings on clinical examination, electrocardiography, haemodynamic and arteriographic investigation and at post-mortem were those of the parchment right ventricle syndrome of the adult. Electrophysiological investigation in the 2 cases indicated that a re-entry mechanism underlay the attacks of tachycardia. Late activation of the pulmonary infundibulum was responsible for a post-excitation potential on the surface and intra-cavitary leads. Mapping carried out during ventricular tachycardia in one case demonstrated the pathway for re-entry at the level of the pulmonary infundibulum.", "contents": "[Recurrent ventricular tachycardia and parchment right ventricle in the adult. Anatomical and clinical report of 2 cases]. Two patients, aged 52 and 55 years, were admitted to hospital for attacks of recurrent ventricular tachycardia for which preventive treatment was difficult. The crises were of one type, with left-sided delay. The findings on clinical examination, electrocardiography, haemodynamic and arteriographic investigation and at post-mortem were those of the parchment right ventricle syndrome of the adult. Electrophysiological investigation in the 2 cases indicated that a re-entry mechanism underlay the attacks of tachycardia. Late activation of the pulmonary infundibulum was responsible for a post-excitation potential on the surface and intra-cavitary leads. Mapping carried out during ventricular tachycardia in one case demonstrated the pathway for re-entry at the level of the pulmonary infundibulum.", "PMID": 102298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5147", "title": "[Mitral valve insufficiency due to ballooning. A surgical series of 70 cases].", "content": "The authors report 70 cases of mitral regurgitation due to ballooning. For the surgeon this is the most frequent cause of degenerative mitral regurgitation in patients around 60-years-old. The aetiology still remains unknown. There are two opposing theories--the congenital and the acquired. The appearances at operation are characteristic--a localised or diffuse ballooning of one or both cusps with elongation of the chordae attached to the ballooned portion. Two histological features are noted--myxomatous degeneration of the cusp and the absence of any inflammatory process. Ballooning may be asymptomatic and bening for a long time before evolving progressively or suddenly into important mitral regurgitation. The pre-operative diagnosis is aided by left ventricular angiography and echocardiography. Surgical treatment, guided by the findings at operation, usually involves mitral valve replacement or, less frequently, mitral valve repair.", "contents": "[Mitral valve insufficiency due to ballooning. A surgical series of 70 cases]. The authors report 70 cases of mitral regurgitation due to ballooning. For the surgeon this is the most frequent cause of degenerative mitral regurgitation in patients around 60-years-old. The aetiology still remains unknown. There are two opposing theories--the congenital and the acquired. The appearances at operation are characteristic--a localised or diffuse ballooning of one or both cusps with elongation of the chordae attached to the ballooned portion. Two histological features are noted--myxomatous degeneration of the cusp and the absence of any inflammatory process. Ballooning may be asymptomatic and bening for a long time before evolving progressively or suddenly into important mitral regurgitation. The pre-operative diagnosis is aided by left ventricular angiography and echocardiography. Surgical treatment, guided by the findings at operation, usually involves mitral valve replacement or, less frequently, mitral valve repair.", "PMID": 102299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5148", "title": "[Echocardiography in the diagnosis of mitral valve insufficiency due to valve mutilations or chordal ruptures. 41 cases with anatomical findings].", "content": "This study analyses the echocardiographic findings in 41 cases of severe mitral regurgitation due to chordal rupture (33 cases), elongation of chordae (4 cases) or valve trauma (4 cases). The operative findings are given. It was possible to make the diagnosis of chordal rupture in 60% of cases by recording one or more of the following signs:--For the anterior cusp: amplitude of motion equal to or greater than 38 mm; co-existence of chaotic diastolic fluttering and multiple systolic echoes; recording of several diastolic wave forms of the anterior cusp, out of phase and crossing each other;--For the posterior cusp: paradoxical movement of the cusp in systole and diastole; presence of an echo in the left atrium in systole. The group studied was compared with a group of 40 normal subjects and 48 cases of other types of mitral regurgitation which were severe and received surgery. The various signs had good specificity. The sensitivity of the different signs varied from 33 to 50% of cases. It was greater when the number of chordal ruptures was greater. Whichever cusp was affected, it was sometimes the site of high frequency and large amplitude systolic vibrations, which were found in a quarter of the patients. The specificity of this sign is discussed. The diagnosis of rupture of chordae is possible in a large proportion of cases and the causes of error are analysed.", "contents": "[Echocardiography in the diagnosis of mitral valve insufficiency due to valve mutilations or chordal ruptures. 41 cases with anatomical findings]. This study analyses the echocardiographic findings in 41 cases of severe mitral regurgitation due to chordal rupture (33 cases), elongation of chordae (4 cases) or valve trauma (4 cases). The operative findings are given. It was possible to make the diagnosis of chordal rupture in 60% of cases by recording one or more of the following signs:--For the anterior cusp: amplitude of motion equal to or greater than 38 mm; co-existence of chaotic diastolic fluttering and multiple systolic echoes; recording of several diastolic wave forms of the anterior cusp, out of phase and crossing each other;--For the posterior cusp: paradoxical movement of the cusp in systole and diastole; presence of an echo in the left atrium in systole. The group studied was compared with a group of 40 normal subjects and 48 cases of other types of mitral regurgitation which were severe and received surgery. The various signs had good specificity. The sensitivity of the different signs varied from 33 to 50% of cases. It was greater when the number of chordal ruptures was greater. Whichever cusp was affected, it was sometimes the site of high frequency and large amplitude systolic vibrations, which were found in a quarter of the patients. The specificity of this sign is discussed. The diagnosis of rupture of chordae is possible in a large proportion of cases and the causes of error are analysed.", "PMID": 102300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5149", "title": "Scanning electron microscope observation of the seminal vesicle in the Japanese monkey with special reference to intraluminal spermiophagy by macrophages.", "content": "The seminal vesicle of the adult Japanese monkey was observed by scanning electron microscopy. A number of spermatozoa are found scattered on the luminal surface. Some of them are normal in appearance, while others disintegrated. The epithelial cells bulging slightly into the lumen are devoid of cilia, but provided with diffusely distributed microvilli. The fracture surface reveals that the epithelium of the seminal vesicle consists of columnar epithelial cells with secretory activity and occasional basal cells, in accordance with the finding obtained by transmission electron microscope in other mammals. The most striking observation of this study is the occurrence of a number of macrophages lying on the epithelium of the seminal vesicle. They also are seen to engulf the disintegrated spermatozoa in bulk. The intraluminal macrophages observed may serve to dispose of spermatozoa which have migrated into the seminal vesicle for some unknown reason.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope observation of the seminal vesicle in the Japanese monkey with special reference to intraluminal spermiophagy by macrophages. The seminal vesicle of the adult Japanese monkey was observed by scanning electron microscopy. A number of spermatozoa are found scattered on the luminal surface. Some of them are normal in appearance, while others disintegrated. The epithelial cells bulging slightly into the lumen are devoid of cilia, but provided with diffusely distributed microvilli. The fracture surface reveals that the epithelium of the seminal vesicle consists of columnar epithelial cells with secretory activity and occasional basal cells, in accordance with the finding obtained by transmission electron microscope in other mammals. The most striking observation of this study is the occurrence of a number of macrophages lying on the epithelium of the seminal vesicle. They also are seen to engulf the disintegrated spermatozoa in bulk. The intraluminal macrophages observed may serve to dispose of spermatozoa which have migrated into the seminal vesicle for some unknown reason.", "PMID": 102301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5150", "title": "Immunoperoxidase study in alpha-chain disease.", "content": "Peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique was applied to search for the presence of alpha-chain protein in cells of the infiltrate from six cases of alpha-chain disease (one immunoblastic sarcoma and five plasmacytosis cases). Cases of poorly differentiated lymphocytic and Burkitt's type lymphomas, IgA myeloma, and tuberculous enteritis served as controls. Infiltrate cells from alpha-chain disease showed heavy and diffuse staining with anti-alpha-chain and not light-chain antisera. The myeloma reacted with both anti-alpha and anti-kappa antisera. Plasma cells from tuberculous enteritis showed variable staining with anti-heavy- and anti-light-chain antisera, while control lymphomas did not stain at all. We suggest that immunoenzyme histochemistry is a useful tool in demonstrating intracellular alpha-chain protein.", "contents": "Immunoperoxidase study in alpha-chain disease. Peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique was applied to search for the presence of alpha-chain protein in cells of the infiltrate from six cases of alpha-chain disease (one immunoblastic sarcoma and five plasmacytosis cases). Cases of poorly differentiated lymphocytic and Burkitt's type lymphomas, IgA myeloma, and tuberculous enteritis served as controls. Infiltrate cells from alpha-chain disease showed heavy and diffuse staining with anti-alpha-chain and not light-chain antisera. The myeloma reacted with both anti-alpha and anti-kappa antisera. Plasma cells from tuberculous enteritis showed variable staining with anti-heavy- and anti-light-chain antisera, while control lymphomas did not stain at all. We suggest that immunoenzyme histochemistry is a useful tool in demonstrating intracellular alpha-chain protein.", "PMID": 102302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5151", "title": "Perioperative problems in the diabetic.", "content": "Diabetes mellitus and surgery interact in two separate but important ways. Surgery has hormonal and metabolic consequences which tend to worsen the diabetic state. Diabetes has effects on blood vessels, and resistance to infection and wound healing, that tend to complicate surgery. In this review, the pathophysiological bases for these two interactions will be discussed, and practical methods of minimizing their consequences will be suggested.", "contents": "Perioperative problems in the diabetic. Diabetes mellitus and surgery interact in two separate but important ways. Surgery has hormonal and metabolic consequences which tend to worsen the diabetic state. Diabetes has effects on blood vessels, and resistance to infection and wound healing, that tend to complicate surgery. In this review, the pathophysiological bases for these two interactions will be discussed, and practical methods of minimizing their consequences will be suggested.", "PMID": 102309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5152", "title": "External pancreatic fistula: a recent advance in management.", "content": "The management of six consecutive recent cases of external pancreatic fistula is reported in which the use of total parenteral nutrition resulted in rapid closure of the fistula. The fistulae closed from 11 to 28 days after the commencement of total parenteral nutrition, with an average of 19 days. Surgical intervention to close the fistula was not required in any of the cases.", "contents": "External pancreatic fistula: a recent advance in management. The management of six consecutive recent cases of external pancreatic fistula is reported in which the use of total parenteral nutrition resulted in rapid closure of the fistula. The fistulae closed from 11 to 28 days after the commencement of total parenteral nutrition, with an average of 19 days. Surgical intervention to close the fistula was not required in any of the cases.", "PMID": 102310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5153", "title": "Coronary and myocardial metabolic effects of combined glyceryl trinitrate and propranolol administration. Observations in patients with and without coronary disease.", "content": "Coronary haemodynamic and metabolic effects of propranolol and glyceryl trinitrate were studied in 12 patients with coronary artery disease and 5 without coronary heart disease, at rest and during tachycardia stress. Propranolol-associated reductions in indices of myocardial oxygen demand, left ventricle work, tension time, and left ventricle oxygen utilisation (LVVO2) were reversed when heart rate was controlled by atrial pacing. Adding glyceryl trinitrate at rest also restored heart rate but decreased the left ventricular work index and tension time index as coronary resistance declined paradoxically. Tachycardia-related increases in tension time index and LVVO2 were unchanged after propranolol, and ischaemia (angina, ST depression, and reduced lactate extraction) was not altered in most of the patients. During tachycardia, the addition of glyceryl trinitrate decreased the tension time index and LVVO2; angina recurred in only 4 patients, and ST depression and lactate extraction improved. Similar haemodynamic changes occurred in the patients with normal coronary arteries. In contrast with propranolol administered alone, propranolol plus glyceryl trinitrate enhances tachycardia tolerance and prevents tachycardia-induced manifestations of ischaemia. This action is attributed to glyceryl trinitrate-associated improvement in the adequacy of myocardial perfusion.", "contents": "Coronary and myocardial metabolic effects of combined glyceryl trinitrate and propranolol administration. Observations in patients with and without coronary disease. Coronary haemodynamic and metabolic effects of propranolol and glyceryl trinitrate were studied in 12 patients with coronary artery disease and 5 without coronary heart disease, at rest and during tachycardia stress. Propranolol-associated reductions in indices of myocardial oxygen demand, left ventricle work, tension time, and left ventricle oxygen utilisation (LVVO2) were reversed when heart rate was controlled by atrial pacing. Adding glyceryl trinitrate at rest also restored heart rate but decreased the left ventricular work index and tension time index as coronary resistance declined paradoxically. Tachycardia-related increases in tension time index and LVVO2 were unchanged after propranolol, and ischaemia (angina, ST depression, and reduced lactate extraction) was not altered in most of the patients. During tachycardia, the addition of glyceryl trinitrate decreased the tension time index and LVVO2; angina recurred in only 4 patients, and ST depression and lactate extraction improved. Similar haemodynamic changes occurred in the patients with normal coronary arteries. In contrast with propranolol administered alone, propranolol plus glyceryl trinitrate enhances tachycardia tolerance and prevents tachycardia-induced manifestations of ischaemia. This action is attributed to glyceryl trinitrate-associated improvement in the adequacy of myocardial perfusion.", "PMID": 102330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5154", "title": "Semi-automated detection of emesis in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The use of a video recorder and the inclusion of a marker dye in material fed to rhesus monkeys has eliminated the need for the constant presence of an observer to detect an emetic response.", "contents": "Semi-automated detection of emesis in the rhesus monkey. The use of a video recorder and the inclusion of a marker dye in material fed to rhesus monkeys has eliminated the need for the constant presence of an observer to detect an emetic response.", "PMID": 102332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5155", "title": "Inhibition of the growth of murine tumour cells in vitro by serum from non-immune syngeneic and allogeneic mice.", "content": "Sera from DBA/2 and Quackenbush mice (which are non-immune for mastocytoma and Sarcoma 180 respectively) contain a heat-labile (56 degrees for 30 min) component(s) that inhibits the in vitro growth of DBA Mastocytoma P-815 X-2 and Sarcoma 180. Adsorption of the sera with tumour cells at 4 degrees did not eliminate the factor(s), suggesting that it is not an antibody. In liquid suspension cultures inhibitory activity was observed at concentrations of mouse serum of 10--20% and in semisolid agar clonogenic cell assays at concentrations as low as 1%. The influences of the inhibitor(s) for both tumours and in both culture systems were parallel. However, there was a quantitative difference in susceptibility to other environmental factors (FCS concentration, bicarbonate concentration, and O2 tension) between the two tumours. These results parallel the in vivo findings where intravenously injected mastocytoma cells produced more tumours than did Sarcoma 180.", "contents": "Inhibition of the growth of murine tumour cells in vitro by serum from non-immune syngeneic and allogeneic mice. Sera from DBA/2 and Quackenbush mice (which are non-immune for mastocytoma and Sarcoma 180 respectively) contain a heat-labile (56 degrees for 30 min) component(s) that inhibits the in vitro growth of DBA Mastocytoma P-815 X-2 and Sarcoma 180. Adsorption of the sera with tumour cells at 4 degrees did not eliminate the factor(s), suggesting that it is not an antibody. In liquid suspension cultures inhibitory activity was observed at concentrations of mouse serum of 10--20% and in semisolid agar clonogenic cell assays at concentrations as low as 1%. The influences of the inhibitor(s) for both tumours and in both culture systems were parallel. However, there was a quantitative difference in susceptibility to other environmental factors (FCS concentration, bicarbonate concentration, and O2 tension) between the two tumours. These results parallel the in vivo findings where intravenously injected mastocytoma cells produced more tumours than did Sarcoma 180.", "PMID": 102333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5156", "title": "Neurofibromatosis and pregnancy.", "content": "Ten patients with neurofibromatosis were studied in 27 pregnancies. Two of the patients had evidence of pre-eclampsia in their first pregnancy but not in subsequent ones. In all other pregnancies, no adverse features were noted. It would seem that neurofibromatosis is not specifically associated with any obstetric complications. The need for further reporting of cases is stressed.", "contents": "Neurofibromatosis and pregnancy. Ten patients with neurofibromatosis were studied in 27 pregnancies. Two of the patients had evidence of pre-eclampsia in their first pregnancy but not in subsequent ones. In all other pregnancies, no adverse features were noted. It would seem that neurofibromatosis is not specifically associated with any obstetric complications. The need for further reporting of cases is stressed.", "PMID": 102334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5157", "title": "Pathogenesis and classification of massive periretinal proliferation.", "content": "Massive periretinal proliferation (MPP), a serious complication of retinal detachment, is caused by proliferation and fibrous metaplasia of cells mostly deriving from retinal pigment epithelium and retinal glial cells. Contracting fibrous membranes in the vitreous, and on and also under the retina, cause the intraocular changes of MPP. Early signs such as increased 'tobacco dust', pigmented and unpigmented clumps in the vitreous, and subtle preretinal and even retroretinal membranes are usually overlooked. The late signs such as starfolds, irregular retinal folds, circumferential folds, and funnel-shaped detachments are well known. The pathogenesis of the clinically visible signs is described, and a 4-stage classification of the disease is given.", "contents": "Pathogenesis and classification of massive periretinal proliferation. Massive periretinal proliferation (MPP), a serious complication of retinal detachment, is caused by proliferation and fibrous metaplasia of cells mostly deriving from retinal pigment epithelium and retinal glial cells. Contracting fibrous membranes in the vitreous, and on and also under the retina, cause the intraocular changes of MPP. Early signs such as increased 'tobacco dust', pigmented and unpigmented clumps in the vitreous, and subtle preretinal and even retroretinal membranes are usually overlooked. The late signs such as starfolds, irregular retinal folds, circumferential folds, and funnel-shaped detachments are well known. The pathogenesis of the clinically visible signs is described, and a 4-stage classification of the disease is given.", "PMID": 102335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5158", "title": "Kinetic study on the reaction mechanism of pantothenase: existence of an acyl-enzyme intermediate and role of general acid catalysis.", "content": "A kinetic study was performed on the reaction mechanism of pantothenase (EC 3.5.1.22) catalyzed hydrolysis of the pantothenic acid. A nonlinear progress curve is derived if the reaction occurs at low buffer concentrations. The nonlinearity is due to partial reversibility of the reaction; an acylenzyme (pantoyl-enzyme) is formed during the reaction, and beta-alanine, the other end product, is able to react with the acyl-enzyme and return back to pantothenate. The dependence of the beta-alanine return reaction on buffer concentration and on pH suggests a general acid catalysis during the reaction. A reaction mechanism is suggested, in which the -NH3+ form of beta-alanine participates in the return reaction, and the deacylation of the acyl-enzyme is acid catalyzed.", "contents": "Kinetic study on the reaction mechanism of pantothenase: existence of an acyl-enzyme intermediate and role of general acid catalysis. A kinetic study was performed on the reaction mechanism of pantothenase (EC 3.5.1.22) catalyzed hydrolysis of the pantothenic acid. A nonlinear progress curve is derived if the reaction occurs at low buffer concentrations. The nonlinearity is due to partial reversibility of the reaction; an acylenzyme (pantoyl-enzyme) is formed during the reaction, and beta-alanine, the other end product, is able to react with the acyl-enzyme and return back to pantothenate. The dependence of the beta-alanine return reaction on buffer concentration and on pH suggests a general acid catalysis during the reaction. A reaction mechanism is suggested, in which the -NH3+ form of beta-alanine participates in the return reaction, and the deacylation of the acyl-enzyme is acid catalyzed.", "PMID": 102337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5159", "title": "Partial purification and evidence for multiple molecular forms of the scrapie agent.", "content": "A procedure for the partial purification of the scrapie agent from mouse spleen was developed based on its sedimentation profile. Differential centrifugation and detergent treatment with sodium deoxycholate yielded a fraction designated \"P5\" which was enriched for scrapie infectivity approximately 20-fold with respect to cellular protein. The P5 fraction was devoid of cellular membranes but heavily contaminated with ribosomes as judged by electron microscopy. On centrifugation of the fraction P5 to near equilibrium in a sucrose gradient scrapie infectivity was distributed over a range of densities from 1.08 to 1.30 g/cm3. Parallel rate-zonal analysis showed that the infectivity was distributed over a range of particle sizes with s20.w values from approximately 40 S to greater than 500 S. Incubation of P5 at 37 or 80 degrees C, under conditions that disrupt ribosomes, dramatically altered the rate-zonal gradient profile of the agent. Under these conditions, the agent sedimented as particles with s20.w greater than 500 S. The apparent heterogeneity of the scrapie agent with respect to both size and density and its ability to shift from one form to another suggest that the agent may contain hydrophobic domains on its surface.", "contents": "Partial purification and evidence for multiple molecular forms of the scrapie agent. A procedure for the partial purification of the scrapie agent from mouse spleen was developed based on its sedimentation profile. Differential centrifugation and detergent treatment with sodium deoxycholate yielded a fraction designated \"P5\" which was enriched for scrapie infectivity approximately 20-fold with respect to cellular protein. The P5 fraction was devoid of cellular membranes but heavily contaminated with ribosomes as judged by electron microscopy. On centrifugation of the fraction P5 to near equilibrium in a sucrose gradient scrapie infectivity was distributed over a range of densities from 1.08 to 1.30 g/cm3. Parallel rate-zonal analysis showed that the infectivity was distributed over a range of particle sizes with s20.w values from approximately 40 S to greater than 500 S. Incubation of P5 at 37 or 80 degrees C, under conditions that disrupt ribosomes, dramatically altered the rate-zonal gradient profile of the agent. Under these conditions, the agent sedimented as particles with s20.w greater than 500 S. The apparent heterogeneity of the scrapie agent with respect to both size and density and its ability to shift from one form to another suggest that the agent may contain hydrophobic domains on its surface.", "PMID": 102338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5160", "title": "Properties of the nitrogenase system from a photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "Soluble nitrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum has been isolated and separated into its two components, the MoFe protein and the Fe protein. The MoFe protein has been purified to near homogeneity and has a molecular weight or 215 000. It contains two Mo, 25--30 Fe and 19--22 acid-labile sulphide and consists of four subunits, Mw 56 000. The Fe protein has a molecular weight 65 000. It contains approximately four Fe and four acid-labile sulphide and consists of two subunits, Mw 31 500. The highest specific activities for the purified components are 920 and 1260 nmol ethylene produced per min per mg protein, respectively. The purified components require the membrane component for activity (Nordlund, S., Eriksson, U. and Baltscheffsky, H. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 462, 187--195). Titration of the MoFe protein with the Fe protein shows saturation and excess MoFe protein over Fe protein is inhibitory. Addition of Fe2+ or Mn2+ to the reaction mixture increases the activity apparently through interaction with the membrane component.", "contents": "Properties of the nitrogenase system from a photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodospirillum rubrum. Soluble nitrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum has been isolated and separated into its two components, the MoFe protein and the Fe protein. The MoFe protein has been purified to near homogeneity and has a molecular weight or 215 000. It contains two Mo, 25--30 Fe and 19--22 acid-labile sulphide and consists of four subunits, Mw 56 000. The Fe protein has a molecular weight 65 000. It contains approximately four Fe and four acid-labile sulphide and consists of two subunits, Mw 31 500. The highest specific activities for the purified components are 920 and 1260 nmol ethylene produced per min per mg protein, respectively. The purified components require the membrane component for activity (Nordlund, S., Eriksson, U. and Baltscheffsky, H. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 462, 187--195). Titration of the MoFe protein with the Fe protein shows saturation and excess MoFe protein over Fe protein is inhibitory. Addition of Fe2+ or Mn2+ to the reaction mixture increases the activity apparently through interaction with the membrane component.", "PMID": 102339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5161", "title": "Fluorescence from sensitizing phycobilin chromophores in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "Regeneration of the pigment system of Anacystis nidulans was studied following nitrate starvation. Three new, distinct fluorescence bands, at 596, 615 and 636 nm attributed to sensitizing phycobilin chromophores were detected. They each possess a separate excitation band at 425, 395 and 410 nm, respectively.", "contents": "Fluorescence from sensitizing phycobilin chromophores in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. Regeneration of the pigment system of Anacystis nidulans was studied following nitrate starvation. Three new, distinct fluorescence bands, at 596, 615 and 636 nm attributed to sensitizing phycobilin chromophores were detected. They each possess a separate excitation band at 425, 395 and 410 nm, respectively.", "PMID": 102340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5162", "title": "Calcium and photosynthetic oxygen evolution in cyanobacteria.", "content": "Calcium activation of oxygen evolution from French-press preparations of Phormidium luridum is largely reversible upon removal of added Ca(2+). Activation occurs via a first-order binding with a dissociation constant of 2.8 mM. An 8-fold increase in oxygen evolution rate observed upon Ca(2+) addition is accounted for by a 4-fold increase in the number of active photosynthetic units, and a doubling of turnover rate. While both Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) stimulate turnover, unit activation is Ca(2+) specific. Under optimal conditions, 30% of the units functioning in the intact cell can be recovered in the Ca(2+) -activated preparation. The Ca(2+) requirement of P. luridum preparations is not relieved by proton-carrying uncouplers, or by rate-saturating concentrations of the Hill acceptor, ferricyanide. Taken together with the reported stimulation by Ca(2+) of oxygen evolution in the presence of DCMU (Piccioni, R.G. and Mauzerall, D.C. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 423, 605--609) these observations strongly suggest a site of Ca(2+) action within Photosystem II. The pronounced specificity of the Ca(2+) requirement appears in preparations of other cyanobacteria (Anabaena flos-aquae and Anacystis nidulans) but not in the eucaryote Chlorella vulgaris. While milder cell-disruption methods bring about some Ca(2+) dependence in P. luridum, French-press treatment is required for maximal expression of Ca(2+) -specific effects. French-press breakage causes a release of endogenous Ca(2+) from cells, supporting the view that added Ca(2+) restores oxygen evolution by satisfying a physiological requirement for the cation.", "contents": "Calcium and photosynthetic oxygen evolution in cyanobacteria. Calcium activation of oxygen evolution from French-press preparations of Phormidium luridum is largely reversible upon removal of added Ca(2+). Activation occurs via a first-order binding with a dissociation constant of 2.8 mM. An 8-fold increase in oxygen evolution rate observed upon Ca(2+) addition is accounted for by a 4-fold increase in the number of active photosynthetic units, and a doubling of turnover rate. While both Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) stimulate turnover, unit activation is Ca(2+) specific. Under optimal conditions, 30% of the units functioning in the intact cell can be recovered in the Ca(2+) -activated preparation. The Ca(2+) requirement of P. luridum preparations is not relieved by proton-carrying uncouplers, or by rate-saturating concentrations of the Hill acceptor, ferricyanide. Taken together with the reported stimulation by Ca(2+) of oxygen evolution in the presence of DCMU (Piccioni, R.G. and Mauzerall, D.C. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 423, 605--609) these observations strongly suggest a site of Ca(2+) action within Photosystem II. The pronounced specificity of the Ca(2+) requirement appears in preparations of other cyanobacteria (Anabaena flos-aquae and Anacystis nidulans) but not in the eucaryote Chlorella vulgaris. While milder cell-disruption methods bring about some Ca(2+) dependence in P. luridum, French-press treatment is required for maximal expression of Ca(2+) -specific effects. French-press breakage causes a release of endogenous Ca(2+) from cells, supporting the view that added Ca(2+) restores oxygen evolution by satisfying a physiological requirement for the cation.", "PMID": 102341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5163", "title": "A high-potential redox component located within cyanobacterial photosystem II.", "content": "The calcium-dependent oxygen evolution activity of preparations of Phormidium luridum shows a marked selectivity in favor of ferricyanide over benzoquinone as Hill oxidant. In addition, the rate of oxygen evolution increases with increasing solution redox potential over the range +350 to +550 mV vs. the standard hydrogen electrode. These properties pertain to both 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea-sensitive and -insensitive fractions of the total oxygen evolution activity. Neither changes in solution potential nor use of oxidants other than ferricyanide obviate the need for added Ca(2+). To explain these observations, two models are proposed, each of which invokes the existence of a redox component located within Photosystem II and having a midpoint potential greater than +450 mV. In one model, the postulated species is a donor which competes with water for oxidizing equivalents generated by System II. In the other model, the 450 mV species is a high-potential primary acceptor of System II electrons.", "contents": "A high-potential redox component located within cyanobacterial photosystem II. The calcium-dependent oxygen evolution activity of preparations of Phormidium luridum shows a marked selectivity in favor of ferricyanide over benzoquinone as Hill oxidant. In addition, the rate of oxygen evolution increases with increasing solution redox potential over the range +350 to +550 mV vs. the standard hydrogen electrode. These properties pertain to both 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea-sensitive and -insensitive fractions of the total oxygen evolution activity. Neither changes in solution potential nor use of oxidants other than ferricyanide obviate the need for added Ca(2+). To explain these observations, two models are proposed, each of which invokes the existence of a redox component located within Photosystem II and having a midpoint potential greater than +450 mV. In one model, the postulated species is a donor which competes with water for oxidizing equivalents generated by System II. In the other model, the 450 mV species is a high-potential primary acceptor of System II electrons.", "PMID": 102342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5164", "title": "Excitation energy transfer between pigment system II units in blue-green algae.", "content": "Efficiency in excitation energy transfer from closed to open reaction center II in blue-green and red algae was estimated by the method developed by Joliot and Joliot (C.R. Acad. Sci. (1964) 258, 4622--4625) after slight modification; the number of open reaction centers II was counted from the mean O2 yield of repetitive short flashes. The efficiency in energy transfer in Chlorella pyrenoidosa was the same in our measurement as that reported by Joliot and Joliot (0.55 +/- 0.02). However, the values obtained with four blue-green algae and one red alga were very small, in a range of 0.00--0.07. The low efficiency was always obtained independently of the size of the apparent photosynthetic unit which was varied by growth conditions. Results indicated that pigment system II forms a unit in which only one reaction center II is operative.", "contents": "Excitation energy transfer between pigment system II units in blue-green algae. Efficiency in excitation energy transfer from closed to open reaction center II in blue-green and red algae was estimated by the method developed by Joliot and Joliot (C.R. Acad. Sci. (1964) 258, 4622--4625) after slight modification; the number of open reaction centers II was counted from the mean O2 yield of repetitive short flashes. The efficiency in energy transfer in Chlorella pyrenoidosa was the same in our measurement as that reported by Joliot and Joliot (0.55 +/- 0.02). However, the values obtained with four blue-green algae and one red alga were very small, in a range of 0.00--0.07. The low efficiency was always obtained independently of the size of the apparent photosynthetic unit which was varied by growth conditions. Results indicated that pigment system II forms a unit in which only one reaction center II is operative.", "PMID": 102343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5165", "title": "Polymorphic phase behaviour of cardiolipin as detected by 31P NMR and freeze-fracture techniques. Effects of calcium, dibucaine and chlorpromazine.", "content": "1. The influence of Ca2+ on the polymorphic phase behaviour of cardiolipin has been investigated employing 31P NMR and freeze-fracture techniques. The close correlation between the results obtained here and previous X-ray studies (Rand, R.P. and Sengupta, S. (1972) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 255, 484--492) confirms 31P NMR as a useful analytical procedure for investigating the polymorphic phase behaviour of hydrated phospholipids. 2. Ca2+ induces formation of the hexagonal (H11) phase via an intermediary phase which is observed at Ca2+/cardiolipin ratios of less than 1 (mol/mol). This intermediary appears to consist of \"inverted' structure which lies adjacent to regions of bilayer structure. 3. The local anaesthetics dibucaine and chlorpromazine produce similar phase changes for cardiolipin as does Ca2+. It is suggested that the anaesthetics interact with the membrane in their charged form and induce their effects by charge neutralization.", "contents": "Polymorphic phase behaviour of cardiolipin as detected by 31P NMR and freeze-fracture techniques. Effects of calcium, dibucaine and chlorpromazine. 1. The influence of Ca2+ on the polymorphic phase behaviour of cardiolipin has been investigated employing 31P NMR and freeze-fracture techniques. The close correlation between the results obtained here and previous X-ray studies (Rand, R.P. and Sengupta, S. (1972) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 255, 484--492) confirms 31P NMR as a useful analytical procedure for investigating the polymorphic phase behaviour of hydrated phospholipids. 2. Ca2+ induces formation of the hexagonal (H11) phase via an intermediary phase which is observed at Ca2+/cardiolipin ratios of less than 1 (mol/mol). This intermediary appears to consist of \"inverted' structure which lies adjacent to regions of bilayer structure. 3. The local anaesthetics dibucaine and chlorpromazine produce similar phase changes for cardiolipin as does Ca2+. It is suggested that the anaesthetics interact with the membrane in their charged form and induce their effects by charge neutralization.", "PMID": 102344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5166", "title": "Interaction of Pseudomonas cytochrome cd1 with the cytoplasmic membrane.", "content": "Labelling with ferritin-conjugated antibody shows that Pseudomonas cytochrome cd1 is associated with the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. Cytochrome cd1 is however, enriched to the soluble fraction obtained after destruction of Pseudomonas spheroplasts. Comparison of the respiratory nitrite reductase activities, due to this cytochrome, between different cellular fractions and the purified enzyme shows that while the kinetic pattern and the temperature dependence of the activity remain almost the same the molecular activity is enhanced when the enzyme is released from cells. A new assay of respiratory nitrite reductase was developed in this study. The method is based on determination of the stoichiometrical proton consumption accompanying nitrite reduction.", "contents": "Interaction of Pseudomonas cytochrome cd1 with the cytoplasmic membrane. Labelling with ferritin-conjugated antibody shows that Pseudomonas cytochrome cd1 is associated with the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. Cytochrome cd1 is however, enriched to the soluble fraction obtained after destruction of Pseudomonas spheroplasts. Comparison of the respiratory nitrite reductase activities, due to this cytochrome, between different cellular fractions and the purified enzyme shows that while the kinetic pattern and the temperature dependence of the activity remain almost the same the molecular activity is enhanced when the enzyme is released from cells. A new assay of respiratory nitrite reductase was developed in this study. The method is based on determination of the stoichiometrical proton consumption accompanying nitrite reduction.", "PMID": 102345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5167", "title": "The nature and location of Acholeplasma laidlawii membrane proteins investigated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The high resolution, two-dimensional electrophoresis system for the separation of proteins described by O'Farrell, (O'Farrell, P.H. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4007--4021) has been modified for the separation of Acholeplasma laidlawii proteins. Reproducible protein patterns have been obtained from A. laidlawii cell, membrane and soluble protein preparations. The isoelectric focusing of membrane proteins was greatly improved by removing the bulk of the membrane lipid before solubilizing the protein. A. laidlawii peripheral membrane proteins were removed from the membrane by low ionic strength washing and by treatment with EDTA. The effect of an exhaustive EDTA treatment and a rapid, warm EDTA treatment were compared. By comparing the protein patterns obtained in these ways it was possible to distinguish two separate groups of peripheral membrane proteins and one integral membrane protein group. The peripheral membrane proteins which were removed from the membrane at low ionic strength (group I) were also insoluble in Triton X-100, whereas additional peripheral membrane proteins extractable by subsequent EDTA treatment (group II) were soluble in Triton X-100. Exterior-facing membrane proteins were distinguished from the interior-facing ones by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact cells and membranes. Group I peripheral membrane proteins faced the cell interior whereas group II proteins faced the cell exterior. We counted approximately 320 individual whole cell proteins. Of these, about 140 were membrane associated and a maximum of 40 proteins were iodinated after iodinating intact cells. A. laidlawii was also grown in the presence of NaH232PO4 and whole cell proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. One membrane protein and two soluble proteins were labelled.", "contents": "The nature and location of Acholeplasma laidlawii membrane proteins investigated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The high resolution, two-dimensional electrophoresis system for the separation of proteins described by O'Farrell, (O'Farrell, P.H. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4007--4021) has been modified for the separation of Acholeplasma laidlawii proteins. Reproducible protein patterns have been obtained from A. laidlawii cell, membrane and soluble protein preparations. The isoelectric focusing of membrane proteins was greatly improved by removing the bulk of the membrane lipid before solubilizing the protein. A. laidlawii peripheral membrane proteins were removed from the membrane by low ionic strength washing and by treatment with EDTA. The effect of an exhaustive EDTA treatment and a rapid, warm EDTA treatment were compared. By comparing the protein patterns obtained in these ways it was possible to distinguish two separate groups of peripheral membrane proteins and one integral membrane protein group. The peripheral membrane proteins which were removed from the membrane at low ionic strength (group I) were also insoluble in Triton X-100, whereas additional peripheral membrane proteins extractable by subsequent EDTA treatment (group II) were soluble in Triton X-100. Exterior-facing membrane proteins were distinguished from the interior-facing ones by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact cells and membranes. Group I peripheral membrane proteins faced the cell interior whereas group II proteins faced the cell exterior. We counted approximately 320 individual whole cell proteins. Of these, about 140 were membrane associated and a maximum of 40 proteins were iodinated after iodinating intact cells. A. laidlawii was also grown in the presence of NaH232PO4 and whole cell proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. One membrane protein and two soluble proteins were labelled.", "PMID": 102346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5168", "title": "Concanavalin A promotes the uptake of lysosomal hydrolases by human fibroblasts.", "content": "Human placental hexosaminidase B and beta-galactosidase are taken up very poorly by human fibroblasts in culture. However, if fibroblasts manifesting genetically determined deficiencies of these lysosomal hydrolases are first treated with concanavalin A, then enzyme uptake is markedly increased. Enzyme activity which becomes associated with concanavalin A-treated fibroblasts maintained at 4 degrees C can be greatly removed by treatment with haptene sugar, while enzyme activity which becomes associated with cells maintained at 37 degrees C is refractory to haptens treatment. These results are interpreted as an initial binding of enzyme to concanvalin A molecules located at the cell surface, followed by an active cellular process leading to internalization of the lectin-enzyme complexes.", "contents": "Concanavalin A promotes the uptake of lysosomal hydrolases by human fibroblasts. Human placental hexosaminidase B and beta-galactosidase are taken up very poorly by human fibroblasts in culture. However, if fibroblasts manifesting genetically determined deficiencies of these lysosomal hydrolases are first treated with concanavalin A, then enzyme uptake is markedly increased. Enzyme activity which becomes associated with concanavalin A-treated fibroblasts maintained at 4 degrees C can be greatly removed by treatment with haptene sugar, while enzyme activity which becomes associated with cells maintained at 37 degrees C is refractory to haptens treatment. These results are interpreted as an initial binding of enzyme to concanvalin A molecules located at the cell surface, followed by an active cellular process leading to internalization of the lectin-enzyme complexes.", "PMID": 102347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5169", "title": "Accessibility of phospholipids in the chromaffin granule membrane.", "content": "1. The accessibility of phospholipids in the membrane of the adrenomedullary storage vesicles (chromaffin granules) has been studied. 2. The reaction of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid with both intact granules and their ghosts, results in the labelling of 70% of the phosphatidylethanolamine. 3. The action of phospholipase A2 (from bee venom), phospholipase C (from Bacillus cereus) and sphingomyelinase C (from Staphylococcus aureus) on granules and their ghosts was followed as a function of time. No significant difference was observed between the intact granules and their ghosts. 4. In the intact granules the various treatments led to varying amounts of lysis although again no evidence was obtained that such lysis in any way increased the amount of accessible phospholipid. 5. Highly purified granule preparations were also compared with the so-called \"large granule\" fraction and no significant differences were detected. 6. Approx. 67% of phosphatidylethanolamine + phosphatidic acid, 50% of phosphatidylserine + phosphatidylinositol, 65% of phosphatidylcholine and 20% of sphingomyelin is accessible to enzymatic degradation. In total, approx. 50% of all the phospholipids reacted. 7. It is also shown that, unlike in enzymatic treatment, all the phosphatidylcholine can be exchanged in the presence of a phospholipid exchange protein (prepared from beef liver). 8. It is concluded that transmembrane movement of phosphatidylcholine is slow in isolated membranes of chromaffin granules. The presence of the exchange protein, however, in conjunction with membrane proteins and specific phospholipid arrangements may catalyse this transmembrane movement.", "contents": "Accessibility of phospholipids in the chromaffin granule membrane. 1. The accessibility of phospholipids in the membrane of the adrenomedullary storage vesicles (chromaffin granules) has been studied. 2. The reaction of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid with both intact granules and their ghosts, results in the labelling of 70% of the phosphatidylethanolamine. 3. The action of phospholipase A2 (from bee venom), phospholipase C (from Bacillus cereus) and sphingomyelinase C (from Staphylococcus aureus) on granules and their ghosts was followed as a function of time. No significant difference was observed between the intact granules and their ghosts. 4. In the intact granules the various treatments led to varying amounts of lysis although again no evidence was obtained that such lysis in any way increased the amount of accessible phospholipid. 5. Highly purified granule preparations were also compared with the so-called \"large granule\" fraction and no significant differences were detected. 6. Approx. 67% of phosphatidylethanolamine + phosphatidic acid, 50% of phosphatidylserine + phosphatidylinositol, 65% of phosphatidylcholine and 20% of sphingomyelin is accessible to enzymatic degradation. In total, approx. 50% of all the phospholipids reacted. 7. It is also shown that, unlike in enzymatic treatment, all the phosphatidylcholine can be exchanged in the presence of a phospholipid exchange protein (prepared from beef liver). 8. It is concluded that transmembrane movement of phosphatidylcholine is slow in isolated membranes of chromaffin granules. The presence of the exchange protein, however, in conjunction with membrane proteins and specific phospholipid arrangements may catalyse this transmembrane movement.", "PMID": 102348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5170", "title": "A cloned Drosophila DNA fragment which codes for a 4 S RNA species.", "content": "A collection of random Drosophila melanogaster DNA fragments cloned individually in Escherichia coli was screened for the presence of sequences complementary to the 4 S, 5 S and 5.8 S RNA species produced in the D. melanogaster Kc tissue culture line. Four D. melanogaster DNA fragments were found which possessed sequences complementary to the 4 S RNA species but not complementary to the 5 S or 5.8 S RNA. One such cloned fragment (6.81 kilobase in length) was characterized further. It hybridizes in situ to region 22A-C of the left arm of chromosome 2 and does not contain repetitive sequences detectable by renaturation (cot) analysis. This same region was reported earlier by Steffensen and Wimber (Genetics (1971) 69, 163--178) to hybridize in situ to bulk tRNA extracted from D. melanogaster.", "contents": "A cloned Drosophila DNA fragment which codes for a 4 S RNA species. A collection of random Drosophila melanogaster DNA fragments cloned individually in Escherichia coli was screened for the presence of sequences complementary to the 4 S, 5 S and 5.8 S RNA species produced in the D. melanogaster Kc tissue culture line. Four D. melanogaster DNA fragments were found which possessed sequences complementary to the 4 S RNA species but not complementary to the 5 S or 5.8 S RNA. One such cloned fragment (6.81 kilobase in length) was characterized further. It hybridizes in situ to region 22A-C of the left arm of chromosome 2 and does not contain repetitive sequences detectable by renaturation (cot) analysis. This same region was reported earlier by Steffensen and Wimber (Genetics (1971) 69, 163--178) to hybridize in situ to bulk tRNA extracted from D. melanogaster.", "PMID": 102349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5171", "title": "The use of standard and relaxed hybridization conditions to detect two classes of sequences related to type-D retroviruses in the DNAs of primates.", "content": "Using standard hybridization conditions (68 degrees C and 0.4 M sodium phosphate) and assaying for RNAase-resistant RNA . DNA duplexes in the presence of 2 X SSC (1 X SSC is 0.15 M NaCl and 0.015 M sodium citrate), sequences representing approx. 20% of the Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV) genome have previously been shown to be endogenous in DNAs of all Old World monkeys examined (Drohan, W., Colcher, D., Schochetman, G. and Schlom, J. (1977) J. Virol. 23, 36--43). We now report that titration of both the temperature at which hybridizations are carried out and the Na+ concentration at which 125I-labeled MPV RNA . DNA hybrids are scored, reveals a second class of sequences related to the MPV genome in the DNAs of primates. These MPV-related sequences, which are similar to an additional 40% of the MPV genome, are detected when the temperature of hybridization is reduced to 54 degrees C and when the resulting 125I-labeled RNA . DNA duplexes are scored for RNAase resistance in 8 X SSC. These sequences are found in the DNAs of all Old World monkeys examined, and the Tm values of the hybrid duplexes are approx. 6--7 degrees C lower than those of the hybrid duplexes formed using standard conditions. These studies further demonstrate the wide distribution of type-D retrovirus sequences in primates.", "contents": "The use of standard and relaxed hybridization conditions to detect two classes of sequences related to type-D retroviruses in the DNAs of primates. Using standard hybridization conditions (68 degrees C and 0.4 M sodium phosphate) and assaying for RNAase-resistant RNA . DNA duplexes in the presence of 2 X SSC (1 X SSC is 0.15 M NaCl and 0.015 M sodium citrate), sequences representing approx. 20% of the Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV) genome have previously been shown to be endogenous in DNAs of all Old World monkeys examined (Drohan, W., Colcher, D., Schochetman, G. and Schlom, J. (1977) J. Virol. 23, 36--43). We now report that titration of both the temperature at which hybridizations are carried out and the Na+ concentration at which 125I-labeled MPV RNA . DNA hybrids are scored, reveals a second class of sequences related to the MPV genome in the DNAs of primates. These MPV-related sequences, which are similar to an additional 40% of the MPV genome, are detected when the temperature of hybridization is reduced to 54 degrees C and when the resulting 125I-labeled RNA . DNA duplexes are scored for RNAase resistance in 8 X SSC. These sequences are found in the DNAs of all Old World monkeys examined, and the Tm values of the hybrid duplexes are approx. 6--7 degrees C lower than those of the hybrid duplexes formed using standard conditions. These studies further demonstrate the wide distribution of type-D retrovirus sequences in primates.", "PMID": 102351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5172", "title": "Induction of sporulation by inhibitory purines and related compounds.", "content": "Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis can be induced, in the presence of excess ammonia, glucose and phosphate, by many purine derivatives under conditions of partial growth inhibition. Some of the compounds are known inhibitors of purine nucleotide synthesis. For most compounds the effect is counteracted by adenine and guanine. Partial growth inhibition by amethopterin (methotrexate) causes sporulation in the absence of purines but not in their presence. Unable to induce sporulation at any concentration are inhibitors of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis as well as base or amino acid analogs that are incorporated into these polymers.", "contents": "Induction of sporulation by inhibitory purines and related compounds. Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis can be induced, in the presence of excess ammonia, glucose and phosphate, by many purine derivatives under conditions of partial growth inhibition. Some of the compounds are known inhibitors of purine nucleotide synthesis. For most compounds the effect is counteracted by adenine and guanine. Partial growth inhibition by amethopterin (methotrexate) causes sporulation in the absence of purines but not in their presence. Unable to induce sporulation at any concentration are inhibitors of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis as well as base or amino acid analogs that are incorporated into these polymers.", "PMID": 102352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5173", "title": "The organization of ribosomal RNA genes in the mitochondrial DNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST.", "content": "1. We have constructed a physical map of the mtDNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST using the restriction endonucleases EcoRI, PstI, SacI, HindIII and HhaI. 2. Hybridization of mitochondrial 21 S and 14 S ribosomal RNA to restriction fragments of strain ST mtDNA shows that this DNA contains two 21-S and only one 14-S ribosomal RNA genes. By S1 nuclease treatment of briefly renatured single-stranded DNA the terminal duplication-inversion previously detected in this DNA (Arnberg et al. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 383, 359--369) has been isolated and shown to contain both 21-S ribosomal RNA genes. 14 S ribosomal RNA hybridizes to a region in the central part of the DNA, about 8000 nucleotides or 20% of the total DNA length apart from the nearest 21 S ribosomal RNA gene. 3. We have confirmed this position of the three ribosomal RNA genes by electron microscopical analysis of DNA . RNA hybrid molecules and R-loop molecules. 4. Hybridization of 21 S ribosomal RNA with duplex mtDNA digested either with phage lambda-induced exonuclease or exonuclease III of Escherichia coli, shows that the 21-S ribosomal RNA genes are located on the 5'-ends of each DNA strand. Electron microscopy of denaturated mtDNA hybridized with a mixture of 14-S and 21-S ribosomal RNAs show that the 14 S ribosomal RNA gene has the same polarity as the nearest 21 S ribosomal RNA gene. 5. Tetrahymena mtDNA is (after Saccharomyces mtDNA) the second mtDNA in which the two ribosomal RNA cistrons are far apart and the first mtDNA in which one of the ribosomal RNA cistrons is duplicated.", "contents": "The organization of ribosomal RNA genes in the mitochondrial DNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST. 1. We have constructed a physical map of the mtDNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST using the restriction endonucleases EcoRI, PstI, SacI, HindIII and HhaI. 2. Hybridization of mitochondrial 21 S and 14 S ribosomal RNA to restriction fragments of strain ST mtDNA shows that this DNA contains two 21-S and only one 14-S ribosomal RNA genes. By S1 nuclease treatment of briefly renatured single-stranded DNA the terminal duplication-inversion previously detected in this DNA (Arnberg et al. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 383, 359--369) has been isolated and shown to contain both 21-S ribosomal RNA genes. 14 S ribosomal RNA hybridizes to a region in the central part of the DNA, about 8000 nucleotides or 20% of the total DNA length apart from the nearest 21 S ribosomal RNA gene. 3. We have confirmed this position of the three ribosomal RNA genes by electron microscopical analysis of DNA . RNA hybrid molecules and R-loop molecules. 4. Hybridization of 21 S ribosomal RNA with duplex mtDNA digested either with phage lambda-induced exonuclease or exonuclease III of Escherichia coli, shows that the 21-S ribosomal RNA genes are located on the 5'-ends of each DNA strand. Electron microscopy of denaturated mtDNA hybridized with a mixture of 14-S and 21-S ribosomal RNAs show that the 14 S ribosomal RNA gene has the same polarity as the nearest 21 S ribosomal RNA gene. 5. Tetrahymena mtDNA is (after Saccharomyces mtDNA) the second mtDNA in which the two ribosomal RNA cistrons are far apart and the first mtDNA in which one of the ribosomal RNA cistrons is duplicated.", "PMID": 102353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5174", "title": "Conservation of the sequence and position of the ribosomal RNA genes in Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "1. We have done cross-hybridizations between the mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs and DNAs from strains ST and PP of Tetrahymena pyriformis. DNA . ribosomal RNA hybrid formation can be completely prevented by an excess of the heterologous ribosomal RNA and the heterologous hybrids melt 6 degrees C below the homologous hybrids. This shows that the ribosomal RNA cistrons can account for the 5% cross-hybridization previously observed between the mtDNAs of strains PP and ST (Goldbach et al. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 477, 37--50). 2. By electron microscopy of DNA . ribosomal RNA hybrids we have determined the position of the ribosomal RNA cistrons on the mtDNA of strain GL, a mtDNA which we have shown to contain a sub-terminal 1 micron duplication-inversion and a terminal palindrome at one end which varies in length from 0 to 5 micron and which includes the 1 micron duplication-inversion (Arnberg et al. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 477, 51--69). The 21 S ribosomal RNA cistron overlaps the 1 micron duplication-inversion and as a result two or three cistrons are present, depending on the size of the terminal palindrome. Only one 14 S ribosomal RNA cistron is found, located about 10 000 base pairs away from the nearest 21 S cistron is found, located about 10 000 base pairs away from the nearest 21 S cistron and with the same polarity as this cistron. 3. We conclude from these results and those in the preceding paper that the sequence of the ribosomal RNAs and the position of the ribosomal RNA genes in the mtDNA is strongly conserved in Tetrahymena. Possible reasons for the duplication of 21-S ribosomal RNA genes and the terminal heterogeneity of Tetrahymena mtDNA are discussed.", "contents": "Conservation of the sequence and position of the ribosomal RNA genes in Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondrial DNA. 1. We have done cross-hybridizations between the mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs and DNAs from strains ST and PP of Tetrahymena pyriformis. DNA . ribosomal RNA hybrid formation can be completely prevented by an excess of the heterologous ribosomal RNA and the heterologous hybrids melt 6 degrees C below the homologous hybrids. This shows that the ribosomal RNA cistrons can account for the 5% cross-hybridization previously observed between the mtDNAs of strains PP and ST (Goldbach et al. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 477, 37--50). 2. By electron microscopy of DNA . ribosomal RNA hybrids we have determined the position of the ribosomal RNA cistrons on the mtDNA of strain GL, a mtDNA which we have shown to contain a sub-terminal 1 micron duplication-inversion and a terminal palindrome at one end which varies in length from 0 to 5 micron and which includes the 1 micron duplication-inversion (Arnberg et al. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 477, 51--69). The 21 S ribosomal RNA cistron overlaps the 1 micron duplication-inversion and as a result two or three cistrons are present, depending on the size of the terminal palindrome. Only one 14 S ribosomal RNA cistron is found, located about 10 000 base pairs away from the nearest 21 S cistron is found, located about 10 000 base pairs away from the nearest 21 S cistron and with the same polarity as this cistron. 3. We conclude from these results and those in the preceding paper that the sequence of the ribosomal RNAs and the position of the ribosomal RNA genes in the mtDNA is strongly conserved in Tetrahymena. Possible reasons for the duplication of 21-S ribosomal RNA genes and the terminal heterogeneity of Tetrahymena mtDNA are discussed.", "PMID": 102354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5175", "title": "Primary structure of bovine liver tRNATrp.", "content": "Purified tRNATrp from bovine liver, accepting 1700 pmol tryptophan per A260nm unit, was completely digested with pancreatic ribonuclease and T1 ribonuclease. The sequences of the resulting oligonucleotides were determined and the primary structure of the tRNA was deduced. These analyses showed numerous incomplete post-transcriptional modifications, and several positions heterogenously occupied by two different nucleotides, which lead us to think that in bovine liver there exist a mixture of several tRNATrp.", "contents": "Primary structure of bovine liver tRNATrp. Purified tRNATrp from bovine liver, accepting 1700 pmol tryptophan per A260nm unit, was completely digested with pancreatic ribonuclease and T1 ribonuclease. The sequences of the resulting oligonucleotides were determined and the primary structure of the tRNA was deduced. These analyses showed numerous incomplete post-transcriptional modifications, and several positions heterogenously occupied by two different nucleotides, which lead us to think that in bovine liver there exist a mixture of several tRNATrp.", "PMID": 102355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5176", "title": "Phenobarbitone-induced stimulation of protein synthesis in liver of diabetic rat.", "content": "The effect of phenobarbitone on liver weight, on the rate of protein synthesis and on the sedimentation profiles of polyribosomes from livers was studied in diabetic rats. The rate of protein synthesis by isolated postmitochondrial supernatants from diabetic rats is lower than that from normal animals. The analysis of polyribosome profiles and the effect of Sephadex chromatography on protein synthesis demonstrated that the reduction was dependent in part on polyribosomal disaggregation and in part on the presence in the cytosol of low molecular weight inhibitor(s). Phenobarbitone administration had the same effect in either diabetic or normal rats in that it increased, (a) the degree of polyribosomal aggregation, (b) the rate of protein synthesis by the isolated postmitochondrial supernatants, (c) liver weight and (d) the activity of the inducible enzyme, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. Both polyribosomal and soluble factors appear to be involved in the phenobarbitone effect. As the diabetic rats do not secret insulin the results suggest that insulin is not involved in the control of protein synthesis by phenobarbitone. It is suggested that the intracellular redox state has a major influence on the rate of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Phenobarbitone-induced stimulation of protein synthesis in liver of diabetic rat. The effect of phenobarbitone on liver weight, on the rate of protein synthesis and on the sedimentation profiles of polyribosomes from livers was studied in diabetic rats. The rate of protein synthesis by isolated postmitochondrial supernatants from diabetic rats is lower than that from normal animals. The analysis of polyribosome profiles and the effect of Sephadex chromatography on protein synthesis demonstrated that the reduction was dependent in part on polyribosomal disaggregation and in part on the presence in the cytosol of low molecular weight inhibitor(s). Phenobarbitone administration had the same effect in either diabetic or normal rats in that it increased, (a) the degree of polyribosomal aggregation, (b) the rate of protein synthesis by the isolated postmitochondrial supernatants, (c) liver weight and (d) the activity of the inducible enzyme, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. Both polyribosomal and soluble factors appear to be involved in the phenobarbitone effect. As the diabetic rats do not secret insulin the results suggest that insulin is not involved in the control of protein synthesis by phenobarbitone. It is suggested that the intracellular redox state has a major influence on the rate of protein synthesis.", "PMID": 102356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5177", "title": "Studies on extracellular proteases of Streptococcus sanguis. Purification and characterization of a human IgA1 specific protease.", "content": "Extracellular caseinolytic activity was found in the culture fluid of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556 grown in a dialyzed culture medium. This activity was due to multiple proteases that differed in their elution from hydroxyapatite, sensitivity to enzyme inhibitors, specificity and optimum pH. IgA protease, which splits human immunoglobulin A1 into intact Fc and Fab could be effectively separated from these relatively non-specific proteases and purified to apparent homogeneity in 20% yield by a five-step procedure. Although the bulk of the dextran sucrase activity was separated from the IgA protease, a small amount of sucrase activity remained with the final IgA protease preparation. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 9.5 both activities were located in the single protein band detected in this preparation. A quantitative method for the assay of IgA protease was developed, based on radial immunodiffusion to quantitate the Fab produced. This was used to follow the specific activity and yield during purification, and to characterize some of the catalytic properties of the enzyme. At an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1: 400 (w/w) the protease could effect 50% proteolysis of IgA in overnight incubation at 37 degrees C. The optimum activity was at pH 8.0, and 50% inhibition was achieved at 4 . 10(-4) M o-phenanthroline or 8 . 10(-4) M ethylene diamine tetraacetate. Concentrations of diisopropyl phosphofluoridate, phenylmethyl-sulfonyl fluoride, iodoacetate and p-chloromercuribenzoate up to 10(-2) M were without effect on the IgA protease activity. Full reactivation of the chelator inhibited enzyme could be achieved by the addition of Mg2+, Mn2+ or Ca2+.", "contents": "Studies on extracellular proteases of Streptococcus sanguis. Purification and characterization of a human IgA1 specific protease. Extracellular caseinolytic activity was found in the culture fluid of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556 grown in a dialyzed culture medium. This activity was due to multiple proteases that differed in their elution from hydroxyapatite, sensitivity to enzyme inhibitors, specificity and optimum pH. IgA protease, which splits human immunoglobulin A1 into intact Fc and Fab could be effectively separated from these relatively non-specific proteases and purified to apparent homogeneity in 20% yield by a five-step procedure. Although the bulk of the dextran sucrase activity was separated from the IgA protease, a small amount of sucrase activity remained with the final IgA protease preparation. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 9.5 both activities were located in the single protein band detected in this preparation. A quantitative method for the assay of IgA protease was developed, based on radial immunodiffusion to quantitate the Fab produced. This was used to follow the specific activity and yield during purification, and to characterize some of the catalytic properties of the enzyme. At an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1: 400 (w/w) the protease could effect 50% proteolysis of IgA in overnight incubation at 37 degrees C. The optimum activity was at pH 8.0, and 50% inhibition was achieved at 4 . 10(-4) M o-phenanthroline or 8 . 10(-4) M ethylene diamine tetraacetate. Concentrations of diisopropyl phosphofluoridate, phenylmethyl-sulfonyl fluoride, iodoacetate and p-chloromercuribenzoate up to 10(-2) M were without effect on the IgA protease activity. Full reactivation of the chelator inhibited enzyme could be achieved by the addition of Mg2+, Mn2+ or Ca2+.", "PMID": 102357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5178", "title": "Subunit interactions and immobilised dimers of human liver arginase.", "content": "Incubation of soluble human liver arginase (L-arginine amidinohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.1) with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate resulted in the dissociation of the enzyme into active dimers. Addition of 2-mercaptoethanol resulted in the regeneration of the tetrameric enzyme. When arginase, bound covalently to nylon, was incubated with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, matrix-bound dimers were obtained. Incubation of these species with 2-mercaptoethanol resulted in stable, unmodified dimers. Based on this dissociation of arginase, a model with D2-symmetry is suggested for this enzyme. The specific activity, the Km value for arginine, pH optimum and the inhibition constants for ornithine and lysine were determined for monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric forms. It is concluded that the behaviour of the active sites of the monomers is not substantially altered by the interaction of these species in the oligomeric molecule.", "contents": "Subunit interactions and immobilised dimers of human liver arginase. Incubation of soluble human liver arginase (L-arginine amidinohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.1) with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate resulted in the dissociation of the enzyme into active dimers. Addition of 2-mercaptoethanol resulted in the regeneration of the tetrameric enzyme. When arginase, bound covalently to nylon, was incubated with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, matrix-bound dimers were obtained. Incubation of these species with 2-mercaptoethanol resulted in stable, unmodified dimers. Based on this dissociation of arginase, a model with D2-symmetry is suggested for this enzyme. The specific activity, the Km value for arginine, pH optimum and the inhibition constants for ornithine and lysine were determined for monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric forms. It is concluded that the behaviour of the active sites of the monomers is not substantially altered by the interaction of these species in the oligomeric molecule.", "PMID": 102358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5179", "title": "Studies on the reaction intermediate of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase. Formation of enzyme-product complex.", "content": "The nature of the oxygenated intermediate observed (Fujisawa, H., Hiromi, K., Uyeda, M., Okuno, S., Nozaki, M. and Hayaishi, O. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 4422--4428) during the reaction of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (protocatechuate:oxygen 3,4-oxidoreductase (decyclizing), EC 1.13.11.3) was investigated. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were used as substrates of the enzyme to slow down the rate of the reaction. The enzyme reactions were performed under conditions where the concentration of the organic substrate was lower than those of the enzyme and oxygen in the reaction mixture. The reactions were stopped before completion by the addition of hydrochloric acid or guanidine hydrochloride and then the organic compounds were extracted from the reaction mixture to be analyzed. The qualitative analyses by thin-layer chromatography revealed that there was no species other than the organic substrate and the enzymatic reaction end-product during reaction. The quantitative spectrophotometric analyses revealed that the organic substrate which had participated in the formation of the oxygenated intermediate existed as a species indistinguishable from the reaction end-product, indicating that the oxygenated intermediate was not a simple complex of oxygen, substrate and the enzyme, i.e., a ternary complex, but a species rather close to a binary complex of product and the enzyme.", "contents": "Studies on the reaction intermediate of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase. Formation of enzyme-product complex. The nature of the oxygenated intermediate observed (Fujisawa, H., Hiromi, K., Uyeda, M., Okuno, S., Nozaki, M. and Hayaishi, O. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 4422--4428) during the reaction of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (protocatechuate:oxygen 3,4-oxidoreductase (decyclizing), EC 1.13.11.3) was investigated. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were used as substrates of the enzyme to slow down the rate of the reaction. The enzyme reactions were performed under conditions where the concentration of the organic substrate was lower than those of the enzyme and oxygen in the reaction mixture. The reactions were stopped before completion by the addition of hydrochloric acid or guanidine hydrochloride and then the organic compounds were extracted from the reaction mixture to be analyzed. The qualitative analyses by thin-layer chromatography revealed that there was no species other than the organic substrate and the enzymatic reaction end-product during reaction. The quantitative spectrophotometric analyses revealed that the organic substrate which had participated in the formation of the oxygenated intermediate existed as a species indistinguishable from the reaction end-product, indicating that the oxygenated intermediate was not a simple complex of oxygen, substrate and the enzyme, i.e., a ternary complex, but a species rather close to a binary complex of product and the enzyme.", "PMID": 102359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5180", "title": "Identification of pseudoisoenzymic subforms of muscle carbonic anhydrase.", "content": "Rabbit muscle carbonic anhydrase III, a recently discovered third isoenzyme (possibly muscle specific) of carbonic anhydrase (carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) (Register, A.M., Koester, M.K. and Noltmann, E.A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 4143--4152) has been subjected to isoelectric focusing. When monomer samples, shown to be homogeneous by both ion-exchange and molecular sieve chromatography, were analyzed by this technique, three subspecies were produced, which were similar in amino acid composition and specific CO2 hydratase activity. In addition to having either monomer or dimer status, the subspecies differed in the extent of oxidation of their sulhydryl groups and in their isoelectric pH values (9.3, 8.8, and 8.4, respectively). Also, the presence of dithiothreitol will affect their relative concentrations. These subforms are therefore designated as pseudoisoenzymes and are considered to be neither genetically nor functionally separate enzyme species.", "contents": "Identification of pseudoisoenzymic subforms of muscle carbonic anhydrase. Rabbit muscle carbonic anhydrase III, a recently discovered third isoenzyme (possibly muscle specific) of carbonic anhydrase (carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) (Register, A.M., Koester, M.K. and Noltmann, E.A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 4143--4152) has been subjected to isoelectric focusing. When monomer samples, shown to be homogeneous by both ion-exchange and molecular sieve chromatography, were analyzed by this technique, three subspecies were produced, which were similar in amino acid composition and specific CO2 hydratase activity. In addition to having either monomer or dimer status, the subspecies differed in the extent of oxidation of their sulhydryl groups and in their isoelectric pH values (9.3, 8.8, and 8.4, respectively). Also, the presence of dithiothreitol will affect their relative concentrations. These subforms are therefore designated as pseudoisoenzymes and are considered to be neither genetically nor functionally separate enzyme species.", "PMID": 102360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5181", "title": "A search for the function of human carbonic anhydrase B.", "content": "Because of the very high activity and abundance of human red cell carbonic anhydrase C (carbamate hydrolase, EC 4.2.1.1), it seemed likely that the second isozyme, B, might not be essential for CO2 metabolism. It was then found that physiological concentrations of Cl- inhibited catalysis of CO2 hydration by the B enzyme (but not by type C), suggesting further that type B does not function in vivo as a carbonic anhydrase. The versatility of the catalytic activity of carbonic anhydrase for a number of 'artificial' substrates suggested that enzyme B may be utilized in reactions of intermediary metabolism. A number of hydration, dehydration, decarboxylation, kinase, and phosphatase systems were tested to determine a possible physiological function for the enzyme. Results with eighteen possible substrates were negative and the possibility is discussed that mammalian carbonic anhydrase B is an evolutionary accident.", "contents": "A search for the function of human carbonic anhydrase B. Because of the very high activity and abundance of human red cell carbonic anhydrase C (carbamate hydrolase, EC 4.2.1.1), it seemed likely that the second isozyme, B, might not be essential for CO2 metabolism. It was then found that physiological concentrations of Cl- inhibited catalysis of CO2 hydration by the B enzyme (but not by type C), suggesting further that type B does not function in vivo as a carbonic anhydrase. The versatility of the catalytic activity of carbonic anhydrase for a number of 'artificial' substrates suggested that enzyme B may be utilized in reactions of intermediary metabolism. A number of hydration, dehydration, decarboxylation, kinase, and phosphatase systems were tested to determine a possible physiological function for the enzyme. Results with eighteen possible substrates were negative and the possibility is discussed that mammalian carbonic anhydrase B is an evolutionary accident.", "PMID": 102361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5182", "title": "1H NMR study of the conversion of 13(S)-hydroperoxy linoleic acid by soya bean lipoxygenase I.", "content": "The conversion of 13(S)-hydroperoxy linoleic acid by lipoxygenase I at 298 K was monitored by 1H NMR and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. The rate constant for the conversion of the hydroperoxide, k = 45.8 +/- 7.5 M-1 . s-1, depends on the concentrations of both enzyme and hydroperoxide. This constant is not affected by O2, nor by solvent isotope effects.", "contents": "1H NMR study of the conversion of 13(S)-hydroperoxy linoleic acid by soya bean lipoxygenase I. The conversion of 13(S)-hydroperoxy linoleic acid by lipoxygenase I at 298 K was monitored by 1H NMR and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. The rate constant for the conversion of the hydroperoxide, k = 45.8 +/- 7.5 M-1 . s-1, depends on the concentrations of both enzyme and hydroperoxide. This constant is not affected by O2, nor by solvent isotope effects.", "PMID": 102362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5183", "title": "The mechanism of activation of human prothrombin by an activator isolated from Dispholidus typus venom.", "content": "Purified human prothrombin was activated, both in the absence and in the presence of thrombin inhibitors (diisopropylfluorophosphate or hirudin), by a coagulant principle isolated from Dispholidus typus venom. The process of activation was monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the absence of thrombin inhibitor, prolonged incubation of prothrombin with the purified venom yielded thrombin, fragment 1 (F 1) and fragment 2 (F 2). In the presence of diisopropylfluorophosphate, which in the experimental conditions used inhibited only partially the thrombin generated activity, products obtained upon activation of prothrombin by venom were F 1 and a two-chain, disulfide-bridged protein of 58 000 daltons called meizothrombin (des F 1). In the presence of hirudin, which fully inhibited thrombin generated activity, prothrombin activation by the venom did not liberate any fragment, but prothrombin was converted to a derivative composed of two disulfide-bridged polypeptide chains of 48 000 and 37 000 daltons, called meizothrombin. These results are similar to those reported by others when studying the process of prothrombin activation by Echis carinatus venom and allow to conclude that Dispholidus typus venom cleaves a bond linking the A and B chains of thrombin, converting prothrombin into meizothrombin. This enzyme is then responsible for the cleavage of the bond linking F 1 and F 2 and the bond linking F2 the A chain of thrombin.", "contents": "The mechanism of activation of human prothrombin by an activator isolated from Dispholidus typus venom. Purified human prothrombin was activated, both in the absence and in the presence of thrombin inhibitors (diisopropylfluorophosphate or hirudin), by a coagulant principle isolated from Dispholidus typus venom. The process of activation was monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the absence of thrombin inhibitor, prolonged incubation of prothrombin with the purified venom yielded thrombin, fragment 1 (F 1) and fragment 2 (F 2). In the presence of diisopropylfluorophosphate, which in the experimental conditions used inhibited only partially the thrombin generated activity, products obtained upon activation of prothrombin by venom were F 1 and a two-chain, disulfide-bridged protein of 58 000 daltons called meizothrombin (des F 1). In the presence of hirudin, which fully inhibited thrombin generated activity, prothrombin activation by the venom did not liberate any fragment, but prothrombin was converted to a derivative composed of two disulfide-bridged polypeptide chains of 48 000 and 37 000 daltons, called meizothrombin. These results are similar to those reported by others when studying the process of prothrombin activation by Echis carinatus venom and allow to conclude that Dispholidus typus venom cleaves a bond linking the A and B chains of thrombin, converting prothrombin into meizothrombin. This enzyme is then responsible for the cleavage of the bond linking F 1 and F 2 and the bond linking F2 the A chain of thrombin.", "PMID": 102363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5184", "title": "Thyroxine-protein interactions. Binding constants for interaction of thyroxine analogues with the thyroxine binding site on human thyroxine-binding globulin.", "content": "The binding constants for interaction of various thryoxine analogues with the thyroxine binding site on human thyroxine-binding globulin have been determined. Equilibrium dialysis, at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C, was used to measure the competitive effects of different iodothyronine compounds on the binding of 125I-labeled thyroxine to highly purified thyroxine-binding globulin. Relative to L-thyroxine, K = 6 . 10(9) M-1, the association constants of some important analogues were D-thyroxine, 1.04 . 10(9) M-1, 3,5-diiodo-3'-isopropyl-L-thyronine, 4.9 . 10(8) M-1; L-triiodothyronine, 3.3 . 10(8) M-1, 3,3',5'-DL-triiodothyronine (reverse triiodothyronine), 3.1. 10(8) M-1; tetraiodothyropropionic acid, 2.7 . 10(8) M-1; tetraiodothyroacetic acid, 2.6 . 10(8) M-1; 3', 5'- diiodo-DL-thyronine, 8.3 . 10(7) M-1; and 3,5-diiodo-DL-thyronine, 7.1 . 10(7) M-1. Calculation of the deltaG0 values for binding of the analogues indicates that a major contribution to the free energy favoring binding is made by the alanine side chain of thyroxine. A change in configuration of the alpha-amino group from the L to D form causes an unfavorable change of 1 kcal/mol in the free energy of binding. Removal of the alpha-amino group as in tetraiodothyropropionic acid causes an unfavorable change of 1.9 kcal/mol in the free energy of binding. With regard to ring substituents, the results indicate that the two inner 3,5-iodines make about the same contribution to binding as the two outer 3', 5'-iodines.", "contents": "Thyroxine-protein interactions. Binding constants for interaction of thyroxine analogues with the thyroxine binding site on human thyroxine-binding globulin. The binding constants for interaction of various thryoxine analogues with the thyroxine binding site on human thyroxine-binding globulin have been determined. Equilibrium dialysis, at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C, was used to measure the competitive effects of different iodothyronine compounds on the binding of 125I-labeled thyroxine to highly purified thyroxine-binding globulin. Relative to L-thyroxine, K = 6 . 10(9) M-1, the association constants of some important analogues were D-thyroxine, 1.04 . 10(9) M-1, 3,5-diiodo-3'-isopropyl-L-thyronine, 4.9 . 10(8) M-1; L-triiodothyronine, 3.3 . 10(8) M-1, 3,3',5'-DL-triiodothyronine (reverse triiodothyronine), 3.1. 10(8) M-1; tetraiodothyropropionic acid, 2.7 . 10(8) M-1; tetraiodothyroacetic acid, 2.6 . 10(8) M-1; 3', 5'- diiodo-DL-thyronine, 8.3 . 10(7) M-1; and 3,5-diiodo-DL-thyronine, 7.1 . 10(7) M-1. Calculation of the deltaG0 values for binding of the analogues indicates that a major contribution to the free energy favoring binding is made by the alanine side chain of thyroxine. A change in configuration of the alpha-amino group from the L to D form causes an unfavorable change of 1 kcal/mol in the free energy of binding. Removal of the alpha-amino group as in tetraiodothyropropionic acid causes an unfavorable change of 1.9 kcal/mol in the free energy of binding. With regard to ring substituents, the results indicate that the two inner 3,5-iodines make about the same contribution to binding as the two outer 3', 5'-iodines.", "PMID": 102364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5185", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the human myeloma lambda chain Win.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the variable region of a human myeloma immunoglobulin light chain (Win) has been determined. The sequence of the constant region has been verified by compositional analysis of its tryptic peptides. The amino acid sequence of the light chain Win corresponds to sub group II and shows no unusual amino acid replacements in its constant or variable regions when compared to other human gamma chains.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the human myeloma lambda chain Win. The complete amino acid sequence of the variable region of a human myeloma immunoglobulin light chain (Win) has been determined. The sequence of the constant region has been verified by compositional analysis of its tryptic peptides. The amino acid sequence of the light chain Win corresponds to sub group II and shows no unusual amino acid replacements in its constant or variable regions when compared to other human gamma chains.", "PMID": 102365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5186", "title": "Regulation of lactate dehydrogenase synthesis in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The regulation of lactate dehydrogenase in Bacillus subtilis was determined under a variety of growth conditions and in mutants blocked in the citric acid cycle. The synthesis of lactate dehydrogenase increased sharply concomitantly upon the exhaustion of glucose from the medium and the onset of the stationary phase. The synthesis of lactate dehydrogenase may be under catabolite repression control. Studies with mutants blocked in the citric acid cycle showed that lactate dehydrogenase is regulated independently of either the oxidative or reductase branches of the cycle. Certain citric acid cycle mutants, e.g., aconitase or succinate dehydrogenase, exhibited very low levels of lactate dehydrogenase while others, e.g., malate dehydrogenase or isocitrate dehydrogenase, showed normal levels. A stage O sporulation mutant expressed levels of lactate dehydrogenase more than one thousand-fold higher than the low group of citric acid cycle mutants. The induction of lactate dehydrogenase was shown to be independent of the accumulation of its substrate, pyruvate.", "contents": "Regulation of lactate dehydrogenase synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. The regulation of lactate dehydrogenase in Bacillus subtilis was determined under a variety of growth conditions and in mutants blocked in the citric acid cycle. The synthesis of lactate dehydrogenase increased sharply concomitantly upon the exhaustion of glucose from the medium and the onset of the stationary phase. The synthesis of lactate dehydrogenase may be under catabolite repression control. Studies with mutants blocked in the citric acid cycle showed that lactate dehydrogenase is regulated independently of either the oxidative or reductase branches of the cycle. Certain citric acid cycle mutants, e.g., aconitase or succinate dehydrogenase, exhibited very low levels of lactate dehydrogenase while others, e.g., malate dehydrogenase or isocitrate dehydrogenase, showed normal levels. A stage O sporulation mutant expressed levels of lactate dehydrogenase more than one thousand-fold higher than the low group of citric acid cycle mutants. The induction of lactate dehydrogenase was shown to be independent of the accumulation of its substrate, pyruvate.", "PMID": 102366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5187", "title": "On the activities of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase in the liver of the rat.", "content": "A procedure was developed for determination of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activities in liver after various in vivo physiological treatments. Liver samples were obtained from anaesthetised rats by freeze-clamping in situ. Other procedures were shown to stimulate the activity of phosphorylase and depress the activity of glycogen in the liver. The direction of glycogen metabolism appears to be regulated by the relative proportions of the two enzymes, as shown by a strong positive correlation between total activities and active forms of phosphorylase and synthase. The enzyme activities responded as expected to stimuli such as insulin and glucose, which depressed phosphorylase and increased synthase activity, and glucagon, which increased phosphorylase and decreased synthase activity. In fasted animals approximately 50% of each enzyme was in the active form, which suggests the existence of a potential futile cycle for glycogen metabolism. The role for such a cycle in the regulation of glycogen synthesis and degradation is discussed.", "contents": "On the activities of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase in the liver of the rat. A procedure was developed for determination of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activities in liver after various in vivo physiological treatments. Liver samples were obtained from anaesthetised rats by freeze-clamping in situ. Other procedures were shown to stimulate the activity of phosphorylase and depress the activity of glycogen in the liver. The direction of glycogen metabolism appears to be regulated by the relative proportions of the two enzymes, as shown by a strong positive correlation between total activities and active forms of phosphorylase and synthase. The enzyme activities responded as expected to stimuli such as insulin and glucose, which depressed phosphorylase and increased synthase activity, and glucagon, which increased phosphorylase and decreased synthase activity. In fasted animals approximately 50% of each enzyme was in the active form, which suggests the existence of a potential futile cycle for glycogen metabolism. The role for such a cycle in the regulation of glycogen synthesis and degradation is discussed.", "PMID": 102367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5188", "title": "[In vitro study of glucuronoconjugation of the toxin from Penicillium roqueforti (P.R.T.) and its metabolites].", "content": "Rat liver microsome UDP-glucuronyltransferase and labelled UDP-glucuronic acid were incubated either with P.R.T. or the compounds obtained by the in vitro metabolism of the toxin. Under the same conditions, labelled P.R.T. or its labelled metabolites were incubated with UDP glucuronyltransferase. Radioactive metabolites were produced with Eremofortin C and Eremofortin C alcohol and in each case, were identified as the corresponding beta-glucuronide conjugate. No measurable glucuronidation of P.R.T. or P.R.T. alcohol was observed. The results outlined in this paper show a good correlation between the biological effects and the ability of forming a glucuronide conjugate.", "contents": "[In vitro study of glucuronoconjugation of the toxin from Penicillium roqueforti (P.R.T.) and its metabolites]. Rat liver microsome UDP-glucuronyltransferase and labelled UDP-glucuronic acid were incubated either with P.R.T. or the compounds obtained by the in vitro metabolism of the toxin. Under the same conditions, labelled P.R.T. or its labelled metabolites were incubated with UDP glucuronyltransferase. Radioactive metabolites were produced with Eremofortin C and Eremofortin C alcohol and in each case, were identified as the corresponding beta-glucuronide conjugate. No measurable glucuronidation of P.R.T. or P.R.T. alcohol was observed. The results outlined in this paper show a good correlation between the biological effects and the ability of forming a glucuronide conjugate.", "PMID": 102369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5189", "title": "[Reaction between tetranitromethane and deoxyribonucleoproteins].", "content": "A comparative kinetic study has been made of tetranitromethane nitration of tyrosine residues in deoxyribonucleoprotein preparation (DNP) treated with EDTA and/or UV light at lambda=253.7 nm, as well as obtained by enzymatic digestion of nucleosomes. UV-light-induced protein-DNA linkages stabilize the structure of the preparation, whereas the action of chelate agents causes DNP-200 angstrom leads to DNP-100 angstrom transfer. Comparison of kinetic data and the results of the amino acid analysis of individual fractions of nitrated histones allowed to conclude that the differences observed between the degree and the rate of nitration are due to internucleosomic interactions which form the supernucleosomic structure of DNP.", "contents": "[Reaction between tetranitromethane and deoxyribonucleoproteins]. A comparative kinetic study has been made of tetranitromethane nitration of tyrosine residues in deoxyribonucleoprotein preparation (DNP) treated with EDTA and/or UV light at lambda=253.7 nm, as well as obtained by enzymatic digestion of nucleosomes. UV-light-induced protein-DNA linkages stabilize the structure of the preparation, whereas the action of chelate agents causes DNP-200 angstrom leads to DNP-100 angstrom transfer. Comparison of kinetic data and the results of the amino acid analysis of individual fractions of nitrated histones allowed to conclude that the differences observed between the degree and the rate of nitration are due to internucleosomic interactions which form the supernucleosomic structure of DNP.", "PMID": 102370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5190", "title": "[The role of a protonmotive force in genetic transformation of Bacillus subtilis].", "content": "The hypothesis on the role of protonmotive force in the transport of DNA through the membrane of Bac. subtilis cell during initial stages of genetic transformation was tested. A genetic transformation of arsenate-treated cells was observed. Treatment of cells by the protonophorous uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation-carbonylcyanide dichlorophenyl--hydrazone-led to the inhibition of initial stages of genetic transformation having no significant effect on the level of intracellular ATP concentration and on the viability of cells. The dissipation of protonmotive force by means of K+ and H+ fluxes catalyzed by valinomycin and nigericin also caused the inhibition of initial stages of genetic transformation. The inhibitory effect of cationic penetrant tetraphenyl phosphonium was observed, the effect being potentiated by low concentrations of anionic penetrant phenyldicarbaundecaborate. The value of the membrane potential in the energized valinomycin-treated cells calculated from the distribution of K+ was within the range of 70--100 mV (inside minus). These results support the conception that a protonmotive force drives DNA transport through the membrane of Bac. subtilis cells.", "contents": "[The role of a protonmotive force in genetic transformation of Bacillus subtilis]. The hypothesis on the role of protonmotive force in the transport of DNA through the membrane of Bac. subtilis cell during initial stages of genetic transformation was tested. A genetic transformation of arsenate-treated cells was observed. Treatment of cells by the protonophorous uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation-carbonylcyanide dichlorophenyl--hydrazone-led to the inhibition of initial stages of genetic transformation having no significant effect on the level of intracellular ATP concentration and on the viability of cells. The dissipation of protonmotive force by means of K+ and H+ fluxes catalyzed by valinomycin and nigericin also caused the inhibition of initial stages of genetic transformation. The inhibitory effect of cationic penetrant tetraphenyl phosphonium was observed, the effect being potentiated by low concentrations of anionic penetrant phenyldicarbaundecaborate. The value of the membrane potential in the energized valinomycin-treated cells calculated from the distribution of K+ was within the range of 70--100 mV (inside minus). These results support the conception that a protonmotive force drives DNA transport through the membrane of Bac. subtilis cells.", "PMID": 102371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5191", "title": "[Enzymes of glycogen metabolism in chick embryo liver].", "content": "At all stages of ontogenesis glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) from liver chick embryos in represented by an isoenzyme whose properties are close to those of isoenzyme IL or F. Total enzyme activity (a+b forms) from the 8th day of development up to hatching gradually increases 1.5-fold, a practically complete activation of enzyme being observed by the end of embryogenesis. Phosphorylase b possesses high catalytic activity in the presence of 1 mM AMP and it activated by protamine and 0.2 M Na2SO4. Glycogen synthetase (EC 2.4.1.11) has a constant Km(UDFG) value during ontogenesis. This value is about 5.10(-4) M in the presence of 10 mM glucose-6-phosphate, both for I- and D-forms of enzyme. The total enzyme activity reaches its maximum on the 17th postembryonic day and is decreased more than 6-fold thereafter. In the course of embryogenesis the I/D ratio is increased from 0.2 on the 8th day of development up to 0,45 during extensive accumulation of glycogen and falls down to 0.33 before hatching. Glycogen biosynthesis in embryonic liver is wellcorrelated with the increase in the I/D ratio, i.e. the increase of the active form of enzyme. The proportion of granular glycogen in embryonic liver is increased from 15% up to 90% of total glycogen content between the 8th and 14th days of development. The activity of glycogen synthetase contained in granular glycogen is increased from 40% in the 8-day-old embryos up to 90% in the 18-day-old ones. The activity of phosphorylase is found in granular glycogen only on the 12th day of embryogenesis and reaches its maximum (80% of total enzyme activity) only on the 19th days of development. It is concluded that in  the adult chicken liver the embronic enzymes--glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthetase--are retained.", "contents": "[Enzymes of glycogen metabolism in chick embryo liver]. At all stages of ontogenesis glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) from liver chick embryos in represented by an isoenzyme whose properties are close to those of isoenzyme IL or F. Total enzyme activity (a+b forms) from the 8th day of development up to hatching gradually increases 1.5-fold, a practically complete activation of enzyme being observed by the end of embryogenesis. Phosphorylase b possesses high catalytic activity in the presence of 1 mM AMP and it activated by protamine and 0.2 M Na2SO4. Glycogen synthetase (EC 2.4.1.11) has a constant Km(UDFG) value during ontogenesis. This value is about 5.10(-4) M in the presence of 10 mM glucose-6-phosphate, both for I- and D-forms of enzyme. The total enzyme activity reaches its maximum on the 17th postembryonic day and is decreased more than 6-fold thereafter. In the course of embryogenesis the I/D ratio is increased from 0.2 on the 8th day of development up to 0,45 during extensive accumulation of glycogen and falls down to 0.33 before hatching. Glycogen biosynthesis in embryonic liver is wellcorrelated with the increase in the I/D ratio, i.e. the increase of the active form of enzyme. The proportion of granular glycogen in embryonic liver is increased from 15% up to 90% of total glycogen content between the 8th and 14th days of development. The activity of glycogen synthetase contained in granular glycogen is increased from 40% in the 8-day-old embryos up to 90% in the 18-day-old ones. The activity of phosphorylase is found in granular glycogen only on the 12th day of embryogenesis and reaches its maximum (80% of total enzyme activity) only on the 19th days of development. It is concluded that in  the adult chicken liver the embronic enzymes--glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthetase--are retained.", "PMID": 102372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5192", "title": "Size increase and form allometry during evolution of ciliate species in the genera Colpoda and Tillina (Ciliophora: Colpodida).", "content": "With the absence of a fossil record to provide direct evidence of evolutionary relationships, many researchers have inferred by circular reasoning that body size increase and form allometry have occurred during the evolution of ciliated protozoa. This study establishes ancestor-descendant relationships among five species of the related genera Colpoda and Tillina using ultrastructural characteristics which are not apparently dependent on size and form. This independent test suggests that phylogenetic size increase and phylogenetic form allometry have occurred during the evolution of these ciliates. Interrelationships of body size increase, increase in number of cortical organelles, and form allometry are discussed in reference to the divergence of these ciliate species.", "contents": "Size increase and form allometry during evolution of ciliate species in the genera Colpoda and Tillina (Ciliophora: Colpodida). With the absence of a fossil record to provide direct evidence of evolutionary relationships, many researchers have inferred by circular reasoning that body size increase and form allometry have occurred during the evolution of ciliated protozoa. This study establishes ancestor-descendant relationships among five species of the related genera Colpoda and Tillina using ultrastructural characteristics which are not apparently dependent on size and form. This independent test suggests that phylogenetic size increase and phylogenetic form allometry have occurred during the evolution of these ciliates. Interrelationships of body size increase, increase in number of cortical organelles, and form allometry are discussed in reference to the divergence of these ciliate species.", "PMID": 102376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5193", "title": "[Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on transformation of B. subtilis in vitro].", "content": "Bacillus subtilis transformation was conducted in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide and polyethyleneglycol. B. subtilis transformation was most frequent under the effect of 0.1% dimethylsulfoxide and was not altered significantly by polyethyleneglycol. As suggested, an increase of the transformation frequency was associated with the change of the membrane permeability under the influence of dimethylsulfoxide of with the altered activity of the membrane DNase.", "contents": "[Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on transformation of B. subtilis in vitro]. Bacillus subtilis transformation was conducted in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide and polyethyleneglycol. B. subtilis transformation was most frequent under the effect of 0.1% dimethylsulfoxide and was not altered significantly by polyethyleneglycol. As suggested, an increase of the transformation frequency was associated with the change of the membrane permeability under the influence of dimethylsulfoxide of with the altered activity of the membrane DNase.", "PMID": 102377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5194", "title": "[Changes in the surface morphology of normal and transformed mouse fibroblasts following disruption of cell-substrate adhesion].", "content": "By means of scanning electron microscopy surface morphology of cultured normal mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) and transformed mouse fibroblasts of L strain was studied in the course of alteration of cell-substrate adhesion with proteases, EDTA and urea. The morphology of cell rounding induced by the above agents in MEF and L cells was almost independent on the type of the agent. The rounding of MEF proceeded through three stages and was accompanied by substantial changes of cell surface relief. L cells lacked the intermediate stage (formation of thick processes) during their rounding which proceeded without any changes of cell surface relief. It is suggested that the observed differences are related to the poorer development of the lamelloplasm and microfilaments bundles in the transformed cells ascompared to the normal ones.", "contents": "[Changes in the surface morphology of normal and transformed mouse fibroblasts following disruption of cell-substrate adhesion]. By means of scanning electron microscopy surface morphology of cultured normal mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) and transformed mouse fibroblasts of L strain was studied in the course of alteration of cell-substrate adhesion with proteases, EDTA and urea. The morphology of cell rounding induced by the above agents in MEF and L cells was almost independent on the type of the agent. The rounding of MEF proceeded through three stages and was accompanied by substantial changes of cell surface relief. L cells lacked the intermediate stage (formation of thick processes) during their rounding which proceeded without any changes of cell surface relief. It is suggested that the observed differences are related to the poorer development of the lamelloplasm and microfilaments bundles in the transformed cells ascompared to the normal ones.", "PMID": 102378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5195", "title": "Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) synthesis in baboons, Papio cynocephalus. Analysis of fetal and adult hemoglobin synthesis during fetal development.", "content": "Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and adult hemoglobin (HbA) synthesis was studied in fetal baboons, Papio cynocephalus, to determine the normal pattern of hemoglobin production during fetal development. Fetuses ranging from 53 to 180 days gestation (term gestation 184 days) were used. Erythroid cells were incubated with 3H-L-leucine, and the rates of globin chain synthesis and the distribution of radioactivity into hemoglobin intermediates and completed hemoglobin molecules were determined. Gamma chain synthesis accounted for approximately 97% of the total nonalpha chain synthesis up to 140 days gestation; beta chain synthesis accounted for the remainder. After 140 days gestation, approximately equal quantities of gamma and beta chain were synthesized in the bone marrow. Prior to 140 days gestation, total alpha chain synthesis was 30% greater than total non-alpha chain synthesis, while there was balanced chain synthesis after 140 days gestation. During the period of excess alpha chain synthesis, fetal erythrocytes contained a large pool of alpha-hemoglobin (alpha chain with heme attached) molecules uncombined with beta or gamma chains. In view of the possibility that alpha chains may have a lower affinity for gamma chains than beta chains, excess alpha chain synthesis may be required to maintain low levels of free gamma chains.", "contents": "Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) synthesis in baboons, Papio cynocephalus. Analysis of fetal and adult hemoglobin synthesis during fetal development. Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and adult hemoglobin (HbA) synthesis was studied in fetal baboons, Papio cynocephalus, to determine the normal pattern of hemoglobin production during fetal development. Fetuses ranging from 53 to 180 days gestation (term gestation 184 days) were used. Erythroid cells were incubated with 3H-L-leucine, and the rates of globin chain synthesis and the distribution of radioactivity into hemoglobin intermediates and completed hemoglobin molecules were determined. Gamma chain synthesis accounted for approximately 97% of the total nonalpha chain synthesis up to 140 days gestation; beta chain synthesis accounted for the remainder. After 140 days gestation, approximately equal quantities of gamma and beta chain were synthesized in the bone marrow. Prior to 140 days gestation, total alpha chain synthesis was 30% greater than total non-alpha chain synthesis, while there was balanced chain synthesis after 140 days gestation. During the period of excess alpha chain synthesis, fetal erythrocytes contained a large pool of alpha-hemoglobin (alpha chain with heme attached) molecules uncombined with beta or gamma chains. In view of the possibility that alpha chains may have a lower affinity for gamma chains than beta chains, excess alpha chain synthesis may be required to maintain low levels of free gamma chains.", "PMID": 102380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5196", "title": "Two-stage (initiation-promotion) carcinogenesis in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "After a short review on the two-stage (initiation and promotion) chemical carcinogenesis in vivo, the conditions required for its demonstration have been reported with several experimental data, showing the role of two distince agents, the initiator and the promotor. The same phenomenon has also been demonstrated with cell cultures in vitro. Rat embryo cells treated with an initiator and then submitted to the continuous action of a promotor have been transformed more rapidly than the untreated cells. Transformation has been tested essentially by the tumorigenicity of the cells. The results indicate that tissue culture cells are an appropriate system to investigate the mechanism of two-stage chemical carcinogenesis and allow the detection of the initiating and promoting potentialities of various compounds.", "contents": "Two-stage (initiation-promotion) carcinogenesis in vivo and in vitro. After a short review on the two-stage (initiation and promotion) chemical carcinogenesis in vivo, the conditions required for its demonstration have been reported with several experimental data, showing the role of two distince agents, the initiator and the promotor. The same phenomenon has also been demonstrated with cell cultures in vitro. Rat embryo cells treated with an initiator and then submitted to the continuous action of a promotor have been transformed more rapidly than the untreated cells. Transformation has been tested essentially by the tumorigenicity of the cells. The results indicate that tissue culture cells are an appropriate system to investigate the mechanism of two-stage chemical carcinogenesis and allow the detection of the initiating and promoting potentialities of various compounds.", "PMID": 102382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5197", "title": "Transmaternal modification of the Berenblum/Mottram experiment in mice.", "content": "The classical 2-stage carcinogenesis experiment has been modified in that the carcinogen DMBA was applied to pregnant mother animals at different dose levels and different time intervals during pregnancy. Promotion with the phorbol ester TPA was performed as usual by application of the promoter on the back skin of mice of the F-1 generation. It can be shown that it is possible to initiate fetal epidermal cells by transmaternal route and to promote them to produce visible skin tumors post natum. Tumor promotion by TPA is not restricted to the epidermis, since a broad spectrum of tumors of internal organs can be demonstrated in the initiated and promoted animals. This more general promoting activity of TPA--which implies its absorption and distribution throughout the whole body--has not yet been described. In addition, especially sensitive phases during fetal life with regard to initiation of cells by the carcinogen can be demonstrated. These phases comprise the last third of pregnancy and coincide with a high proliferative activity and the onset of differentiation of the fetal epidermis. The results emphasize the important role of prenatal carcinogenesis and demonstrate the increased risk also to the human organism by either prenatal initiation or postnatal promotion.", "contents": "Transmaternal modification of the Berenblum/Mottram experiment in mice. The classical 2-stage carcinogenesis experiment has been modified in that the carcinogen DMBA was applied to pregnant mother animals at different dose levels and different time intervals during pregnancy. Promotion with the phorbol ester TPA was performed as usual by application of the promoter on the back skin of mice of the F-1 generation. It can be shown that it is possible to initiate fetal epidermal cells by transmaternal route and to promote them to produce visible skin tumors post natum. Tumor promotion by TPA is not restricted to the epidermis, since a broad spectrum of tumors of internal organs can be demonstrated in the initiated and promoted animals. This more general promoting activity of TPA--which implies its absorption and distribution throughout the whole body--has not yet been described. In addition, especially sensitive phases during fetal life with regard to initiation of cells by the carcinogen can be demonstrated. These phases comprise the last third of pregnancy and coincide with a high proliferative activity and the onset of differentiation of the fetal epidermis. The results emphasize the important role of prenatal carcinogenesis and demonstrate the increased risk also to the human organism by either prenatal initiation or postnatal promotion.", "PMID": 102383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5198", "title": "Characteristics of chemically transformed mouse epidermal cells in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Primary cultures of epidermal cells from newborn mouse skin have been established. These cultures proliferate and express typical epidermal functions for limited time in vitro. The cultured cells keratinize and exhibit strong reactivity with an epidermis specific membrane antiserum. These cells can be transformed with DMBA either in standard cultures or more easily in cultures using 3T3 feeder cells. Transformed cells have increased proliferation rate. They do not pile up or form multilayered cultures like normal counterparts. They also keratinize less. When transformed cells were grown in the air on collagen gels they formed irregular clumps with central (horn-pearl) keratinization whereas normal controls formed stratified structures. Transofmred cells exhibited reduced reactivity with tissue specific membrane antiserum. There was masking or rearrangement of tissue specific membrane antigens with simultaneous exposition of new fetal-like antigens. Their reactivity with histocompatibility antisera was only slightly reduced. Transformed cells had both numerical and structural chromosome aberrations. They grew in soft agar and they induced tumors upon transplantation in the convenient host. When transplanted as cultures (on collagen) or as suspensions into the host, transformed cells were able to form epithelial cell cords invading the underlying mesenchyme with histological aspect typical of carcinoma. Cell cultures derived from in vivo DMBA induced tumors behaved like in vitro transformed cells.", "contents": "Characteristics of chemically transformed mouse epidermal cells in vitro and in vivo. Primary cultures of epidermal cells from newborn mouse skin have been established. These cultures proliferate and express typical epidermal functions for limited time in vitro. The cultured cells keratinize and exhibit strong reactivity with an epidermis specific membrane antiserum. These cells can be transformed with DMBA either in standard cultures or more easily in cultures using 3T3 feeder cells. Transformed cells have increased proliferation rate. They do not pile up or form multilayered cultures like normal counterparts. They also keratinize less. When transformed cells were grown in the air on collagen gels they formed irregular clumps with central (horn-pearl) keratinization whereas normal controls formed stratified structures. Transofmred cells exhibited reduced reactivity with tissue specific membrane antiserum. There was masking or rearrangement of tissue specific membrane antigens with simultaneous exposition of new fetal-like antigens. Their reactivity with histocompatibility antisera was only slightly reduced. Transformed cells had both numerical and structural chromosome aberrations. They grew in soft agar and they induced tumors upon transplantation in the convenient host. When transplanted as cultures (on collagen) or as suspensions into the host, transformed cells were able to form epithelial cell cords invading the underlying mesenchyme with histological aspect typical of carcinoma. Cell cultures derived from in vivo DMBA induced tumors behaved like in vitro transformed cells.", "PMID": 102384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5199", "title": "Arsenic excretion by monkeys dosed with arsenic-containing fish or with inorganic arsenic.", "content": "Four adult female Cynomolagus monkeys were given single oral dose of fish arsenic. 67% of the arsenic was excreted with the urine and 10% with the feces, essentially within 5 days post exposure. The same monkeys were later dosed with inorganic arsenic and 76% of it was excreted with the urine, and practically nil with the feces.", "contents": "Arsenic excretion by monkeys dosed with arsenic-containing fish or with inorganic arsenic. Four adult female Cynomolagus monkeys were given single oral dose of fish arsenic. 67% of the arsenic was excreted with the urine and 10% with the feces, essentially within 5 days post exposure. The same monkeys were later dosed with inorganic arsenic and 76% of it was excreted with the urine, and practically nil with the feces.", "PMID": 102385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5200", "title": "Aspirin, protein transacetylation and inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase in the kidney.", "content": "1 The effect of aspirin on the kidney has been investigated in mice and rabbits. [Acetyl-(14)C]-aspirin was administered intraperitoneally in doses ranging from subtherapeutic to toxic. The degree of acetylation of protein was determined by the radioactivity remaining on protein precipitates of renal cortex and medulla after sequential washing designed to remove non-covalently bound material. Controls were established, by the use of [carboxyl-(14)C]-aspirin.2 The acetyl-(14)C residue was bound to renal proteins in a linear manner in increasing amounts with increasing dosage up to 100 mg/kg. The [carboxyl-(14)C]-aspirin was not bound and thus the salicylate portion of the molecule was not bound covalently to the renal protein. The time course of the acetylation was rapid, consistent with the rate of aspirin absorption. The disappearance of acetylated protein was slow, with a T(1/2) of 112.5 h in the renal cortex, and 129.5 h in the renal medulla.3 Differential centrifugation, Sephadex chromatography and gel electrophoresis were carried out on tissue homogenates to determine the site of acetylation. The acetylation was greatest in the microsomal fraction, although all protein fractions showed some degree of acetylation.4 The prostaglandin synthetase activity of a particulate preparation from rabbit kidney was determined by a spectrophotometric assay of malondialdehyde formation. Aspirin (10 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly inhibited prostaglandin synthetase in the renal cortex and medulla.5 Aspirin and renal proteins undergo a transacetylation reaction resulting in stable acetylated protein, with acetylation being greatest in the microsomal fraction. Aspirin has been shown to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase and this could lead to functional impairment of the tissue.", "contents": "Aspirin, protein transacetylation and inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase in the kidney. 1 The effect of aspirin on the kidney has been investigated in mice and rabbits. [Acetyl-(14)C]-aspirin was administered intraperitoneally in doses ranging from subtherapeutic to toxic. The degree of acetylation of protein was determined by the radioactivity remaining on protein precipitates of renal cortex and medulla after sequential washing designed to remove non-covalently bound material. Controls were established, by the use of [carboxyl-(14)C]-aspirin.2 The acetyl-(14)C residue was bound to renal proteins in a linear manner in increasing amounts with increasing dosage up to 100 mg/kg. The [carboxyl-(14)C]-aspirin was not bound and thus the salicylate portion of the molecule was not bound covalently to the renal protein. The time course of the acetylation was rapid, consistent with the rate of aspirin absorption. The disappearance of acetylated protein was slow, with a T(1/2) of 112.5 h in the renal cortex, and 129.5 h in the renal medulla.3 Differential centrifugation, Sephadex chromatography and gel electrophoresis were carried out on tissue homogenates to determine the site of acetylation. The acetylation was greatest in the microsomal fraction, although all protein fractions showed some degree of acetylation.4 The prostaglandin synthetase activity of a particulate preparation from rabbit kidney was determined by a spectrophotometric assay of malondialdehyde formation. Aspirin (10 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly inhibited prostaglandin synthetase in the renal cortex and medulla.5 Aspirin and renal proteins undergo a transacetylation reaction resulting in stable acetylated protein, with acetylation being greatest in the microsomal fraction. Aspirin has been shown to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase and this could lead to functional impairment of the tissue.", "PMID": 102389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5201", "title": "Postoperative external small bowel fistulas: a study of a consecutive series of patients treated with intravenous hyperalimentation.", "content": "A consecutive series of 25 patients who developed external small bowel fistula within 2 weeks of abdominal surgery is described. Half the patients had a primary diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease and the fistula arose usually as a result of direct trauma to the bowel or the breakdown of an anastomosis. All the patients were treated conservatively with total bowel rest and intravenous hyperalimentation. In 15 (60 per cent) spontaneous fistula closure occurred, in an average period of 32 days. In 8 patients the fistula failed to close and surgery was performed, but was effective in only 3 cases. Thus the fistula eventually closed in 18 patients. Five patients died, all from intra-abdominal sepsis. Of the 8 patients with a primary diagnosis of Crohn's disease, 3 died, 2 have a persistent fistula, 1 has a permanent ileostomy and spontaneous closure occurred in only 2.", "contents": "Postoperative external small bowel fistulas: a study of a consecutive series of patients treated with intravenous hyperalimentation. A consecutive series of 25 patients who developed external small bowel fistula within 2 weeks of abdominal surgery is described. Half the patients had a primary diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease and the fistula arose usually as a result of direct trauma to the bowel or the breakdown of an anastomosis. All the patients were treated conservatively with total bowel rest and intravenous hyperalimentation. In 15 (60 per cent) spontaneous fistula closure occurred, in an average period of 32 days. In 8 patients the fistula failed to close and surgery was performed, but was effective in only 3 cases. Thus the fistula eventually closed in 18 patients. Five patients died, all from intra-abdominal sepsis. Of the 8 patients with a primary diagnosis of Crohn's disease, 3 died, 2 have a persistent fistula, 1 has a permanent ileostomy and spontaneous closure occurred in only 2.", "PMID": 102392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5202", "title": "Changing patterns of resource allocation in a London teaching district.", "content": "The health plans of the Tower Hamlets district management team were studied to determine what effects the report of the Resource Allocation Working Party and the White Paper \"Priorities in the Health and Social Services\" have had on resource allocation in a teaching district. The study showed that at present acute services are allocated a greater proportion of the district budget than occurs nationally, while geriatrics, mental health, and community services receive proportionately less. In the next three years spending on acute services is expected to decrease, while spending on geriatric facilities and community services will increase. Nevertheless, cuts in acute services will take place mainly through a reduction in the number of beds serving a community function, concentrating all acute services in the teaching hospital. Services to the district might be better maintained by creating a community hospital to meet the needs of patients who would otherwise need to be accommodated in acute beds with unnecessarily expensive support services.", "contents": "Changing patterns of resource allocation in a London teaching district. The health plans of the Tower Hamlets district management team were studied to determine what effects the report of the Resource Allocation Working Party and the White Paper \"Priorities in the Health and Social Services\" have had on resource allocation in a teaching district. The study showed that at present acute services are allocated a greater proportion of the district budget than occurs nationally, while geriatrics, mental health, and community services receive proportionately less. In the next three years spending on acute services is expected to decrease, while spending on geriatric facilities and community services will increase. Nevertheless, cuts in acute services will take place mainly through a reduction in the number of beds serving a community function, concentrating all acute services in the teaching hospital. Services to the district might be better maintained by creating a community hospital to meet the needs of patients who would otherwise need to be accommodated in acute beds with unnecessarily expensive support services.", "PMID": 102396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5203", "title": "Clinical trial experience by simulation: a workshop report.", "content": "A new computer program for experimental design simulation was used in a three-day postgraduate workshop on clinical trials. Participants were given information on a fictitious new drug and asked to design a trial to evaluate it. On the first day they reviewed the data and designed a protocol, and results for these specifications were generated on the computer. The second day was spent analysing results, and on the last day the findings of the different studies were presented at a symposium. Flexibility of the program ensured a high degree of realism in all trials and emphasised the influence of design on results and conclusions.", "contents": "Clinical trial experience by simulation: a workshop report. A new computer program for experimental design simulation was used in a three-day postgraduate workshop on clinical trials. Participants were given information on a fictitious new drug and asked to design a trial to evaluate it. On the first day they reviewed the data and designed a protocol, and results for these specifications were generated on the computer. The second day was spent analysing results, and on the last day the findings of the different studies were presented at a symposium. Flexibility of the program ensured a high degree of realism in all trials and emphasised the influence of design on results and conclusions.", "PMID": 102399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5204", "title": "Intravenous insulin infusion in diabetic emergencies.", "content": "Continuous intravenous insulin and dextrose infusions were used in managing various diabetic emergencies. Standard and constant rates of insulin and dextrose infusion resulted in satisfactory control of blood glucose concentrations during labour, after major surgery, and in patients recovering from ketoacidosis (average insulin infusion rates 1, 2, and 3 U/h respectively). Higher infusion rates were used to correct or prevent ketoacidosis in pregnant diabetic women who had received steroids and sympathomimetic agents. The infusion method is simple, reliable, and flexible, and may help to simplify management of diverse types of diabetic emergencies.", "contents": "Intravenous insulin infusion in diabetic emergencies. Continuous intravenous insulin and dextrose infusions were used in managing various diabetic emergencies. Standard and constant rates of insulin and dextrose infusion resulted in satisfactory control of blood glucose concentrations during labour, after major surgery, and in patients recovering from ketoacidosis (average insulin infusion rates 1, 2, and 3 U/h respectively). Higher infusion rates were used to correct or prevent ketoacidosis in pregnant diabetic women who had received steroids and sympathomimetic agents. The infusion method is simple, reliable, and flexible, and may help to simplify management of diverse types of diabetic emergencies.", "PMID": 102400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5205", "title": "Hypothermia: a complication of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "During 1969-77, 20 episodes of severe hypothermia occurred in 19 diabetic patients in Nottingham. Thirteen were associated with ketotic hyperosmolar coma, two with lactic acidosis, and one with hypoglycaemia, while in four there was no loss of diabetic control. Ketoacidosis accounted for 11.8% of all admissions for severe accidental hypothermia and was a commoner cause than hypothyroidism (8%). Patients with ketoacidosis were younger and developed hypothermia as often during the summer as during the winter. The metabolic disturbance was characteristic, with severe acidosis (mean pH 7.04), a high blood glucose concentration (mean 56.6 mmol/l; 1020 mg/100 ml), and high plasma osmolality (mean 379.7 mmol (mosmol)/kg). Eight of the 13 episodes proved fatal. Hypothermia may aggravate ketoacidosis and complicate treatment and should be sought in all patients with severe diabetic coma.", "contents": "Hypothermia: a complication of diabetic ketoacidosis. During 1969-77, 20 episodes of severe hypothermia occurred in 19 diabetic patients in Nottingham. Thirteen were associated with ketotic hyperosmolar coma, two with lactic acidosis, and one with hypoglycaemia, while in four there was no loss of diabetic control. Ketoacidosis accounted for 11.8% of all admissions for severe accidental hypothermia and was a commoner cause than hypothyroidism (8%). Patients with ketoacidosis were younger and developed hypothermia as often during the summer as during the winter. The metabolic disturbance was characteristic, with severe acidosis (mean pH 7.04), a high blood glucose concentration (mean 56.6 mmol/l; 1020 mg/100 ml), and high plasma osmolality (mean 379.7 mmol (mosmol)/kg). Eight of the 13 episodes proved fatal. Hypothermia may aggravate ketoacidosis and complicate treatment and should be sought in all patients with severe diabetic coma.", "PMID": 102402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5206", "title": "The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) neuronal networks of the guinea pig brain. I. Intra- and extra-hypothalamic projections.", "content": "In the guinea pig brain, LH-RH-containing cell bodies are located not only within the classical hypophysiotrophic area but also in the medial preoptic area, septum and olfactory tubercle. LH-RH fiber tracts project not only to the primary portal plexus in the median eminence but also throughout the limbic forebrain and limbic midbrain regions. Using radiofrequency lesions in different brain regions, the projections of LH-RH cell bodies were determined. Cells in the medial preoptic area project ot the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the mammillary body complex and the ventral tegmental area. LH-RH neurons in both the medial septal nucleus and medial preoptic area project via the stria medullaris to the medial habenular nucleus and from there via the fasciculus retroflexus to the interpeduncular nucleus of the midbrain. Other LH-RH neurons in the medial septal nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca and olfactory tubercle are congregated in small clusters around large blood vessels which penetrate into this area, and they do not appear to send axons outside their immediate vicinity. The types of LH-RH axonal terminations and the roles of these peptide-containing neurons are discussed.", "contents": "The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) neuronal networks of the guinea pig brain. I. Intra- and extra-hypothalamic projections. In the guinea pig brain, LH-RH-containing cell bodies are located not only within the classical hypophysiotrophic area but also in the medial preoptic area, septum and olfactory tubercle. LH-RH fiber tracts project not only to the primary portal plexus in the median eminence but also throughout the limbic forebrain and limbic midbrain regions. Using radiofrequency lesions in different brain regions, the projections of LH-RH cell bodies were determined. Cells in the medial preoptic area project ot the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the mammillary body complex and the ventral tegmental area. LH-RH neurons in both the medial septal nucleus and medial preoptic area project via the stria medullaris to the medial habenular nucleus and from there via the fasciculus retroflexus to the interpeduncular nucleus of the midbrain. Other LH-RH neurons in the medial septal nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca and olfactory tubercle are congregated in small clusters around large blood vessels which penetrate into this area, and they do not appear to send axons outside their immediate vicinity. The types of LH-RH axonal terminations and the roles of these peptide-containing neurons are discussed.", "PMID": 102406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5207", "title": "Operant control of pyramidal tract neurons: the role of spinal dorsal columns.", "content": "A monkey was trained to control the firing patterns of precentral pyramidal tract neurons. The operant task was for the monkey to produce consecutive interspike intervals (ISI) within a requisite range, or target. The mean time off-target (error) is used to quantify the accuracy of control the monkey could assert over each PTN. Following partial destruction of the dorsal funiculi the number of PTNs driven by peripheral stimuli greatly decreased. Those PTNs which remained responsive to peripheral stimuli were as accurately controlled as those tested before column section, whereas, those PTNs unresponsive to peripheral stimuli were significantly less accurately controlled. The conclusion is that the monkey relies heavily upon proprioceptive feedback to operantly control precentral PTNs.", "contents": "Operant control of pyramidal tract neurons: the role of spinal dorsal columns. A monkey was trained to control the firing patterns of precentral pyramidal tract neurons. The operant task was for the monkey to produce consecutive interspike intervals (ISI) within a requisite range, or target. The mean time off-target (error) is used to quantify the accuracy of control the monkey could assert over each PTN. Following partial destruction of the dorsal funiculi the number of PTNs driven by peripheral stimuli greatly decreased. Those PTNs which remained responsive to peripheral stimuli were as accurately controlled as those tested before column section, whereas, those PTNs unresponsive to peripheral stimuli were significantly less accurately controlled. The conclusion is that the monkey relies heavily upon proprioceptive feedback to operantly control precentral PTNs.", "PMID": 102407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5208", "title": "Effect of amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) on focal penicillin seizures.", "content": "The biochemical and behavioral effects of the anticonvulsant amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) have been studied in a model of focal penicillin seizures in rats. At 20 mg/Kg AOAA treatment results in a progressive 11 fold increase in GABA levels in cortex over three hours. There is a decrease in aspartate, ketoglutarate, alanine and glutamine, and an initial decrease followed by an increase in pyruvate and glutamate. These results reflect a functional inhibition of several B-6 dependent aminotransferase enzymes. When rats are pretreated 30 min before the onset of focal penicillin seizures there is a 60% reduction in the number of discharges and a 34% reduction in seizure duration. Pretreatment beyond 75 min results in progressively less anticonvulsant effect, such that seizures eventually become more severe than control. There is an increase in the number and duration of discharges, seizure spikes become complex, and tonic-clonic events develop. Penicillin seizures do not cause a change in levels of GABA, but result in a decrease in glutamate within the focus. AOAA pretreatment initially prevents this decrease in glutamate but later accentuates it. The biochemical effects of AOAA are complex, but biphasic anticonvulsant properties coincide in time with a change in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the seizure focus.", "contents": "Effect of amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) on focal penicillin seizures. The biochemical and behavioral effects of the anticonvulsant amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) have been studied in a model of focal penicillin seizures in rats. At 20 mg/Kg AOAA treatment results in a progressive 11 fold increase in GABA levels in cortex over three hours. There is a decrease in aspartate, ketoglutarate, alanine and glutamine, and an initial decrease followed by an increase in pyruvate and glutamate. These results reflect a functional inhibition of several B-6 dependent aminotransferase enzymes. When rats are pretreated 30 min before the onset of focal penicillin seizures there is a 60% reduction in the number of discharges and a 34% reduction in seizure duration. Pretreatment beyond 75 min results in progressively less anticonvulsant effect, such that seizures eventually become more severe than control. There is an increase in the number and duration of discharges, seizure spikes become complex, and tonic-clonic events develop. Penicillin seizures do not cause a change in levels of GABA, but result in a decrease in glutamate within the focus. AOAA pretreatment initially prevents this decrease in glutamate but later accentuates it. The biochemical effects of AOAA are complex, but biphasic anticonvulsant properties coincide in time with a change in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the seizure focus.", "PMID": 102408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5209", "title": "Oculomotor nucleus afferents in the monkey demonstrated with horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The afferents to the oculomotor nucleus were examined in the macaque monkey by means of horseradish peroxidase. The demonstration of afferents from the contralateral interstitial nucleus of Cajal, and from the nearby rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, predominantly ipsilateral to the injection site, confirms the significant role of these two regions as premotor structures. HRP label in the pretectal area was strictly confined to the olivary nucleus and the corresponding pathway seems to concern the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in particular. A purely crossed internuclear pathway emanating from the abducens nucleus could be established, and evidence for the presence of intranuclear connections within the oculomotor complex itself was found. Ipsilateral afferents from the superior vestibular nucleus and bilateral connections from the medial vestibular nucleus and the y-group were prominent. A projection, showing some rostrocaudal organization within the oculomotor nucleus, arises from the ipsilateral perihypoglossal complex, and other afferents originated from the underlying medullary reticular formation. No evidence was found for the existence of afferents from the paramedian pontine reticular formation, the nucleus Darkschewitsch, the nuclei of the posterior commissure, the lateral tegmentum and the dentate nucleus.", "contents": "Oculomotor nucleus afferents in the monkey demonstrated with horseradish peroxidase. The afferents to the oculomotor nucleus were examined in the macaque monkey by means of horseradish peroxidase. The demonstration of afferents from the contralateral interstitial nucleus of Cajal, and from the nearby rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, predominantly ipsilateral to the injection site, confirms the significant role of these two regions as premotor structures. HRP label in the pretectal area was strictly confined to the olivary nucleus and the corresponding pathway seems to concern the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in particular. A purely crossed internuclear pathway emanating from the abducens nucleus could be established, and evidence for the presence of intranuclear connections within the oculomotor complex itself was found. Ipsilateral afferents from the superior vestibular nucleus and bilateral connections from the medial vestibular nucleus and the y-group were prominent. A projection, showing some rostrocaudal organization within the oculomotor nucleus, arises from the ipsilateral perihypoglossal complex, and other afferents originated from the underlying medullary reticular formation. No evidence was found for the existence of afferents from the paramedian pontine reticular formation, the nucleus Darkschewitsch, the nuclei of the posterior commissure, the lateral tegmentum and the dentate nucleus.", "PMID": 102412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5210", "title": "Demonstration of a specific localization of carbonic anhydrase C in the glial cells of rat CNS by an immunohistochemical method.", "content": "The localization of carbonic anhydrase C isoenzyme in the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat has been investigated using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique, at both optic and electron microscopic levels. Evidence is presented for a specific localization of the enzyme in the cytoplasm of the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Myelinated fibers show a weak staining. The positive reaction is restricted to the cytoplasmic areas of the myelin sheath and does not appear in the compact myelin. Neuronal cell bodies do not stain at all. A strong positive reaction to the antiserum was also observed in the choroid plexus.", "contents": "Demonstration of a specific localization of carbonic anhydrase C in the glial cells of rat CNS by an immunohistochemical method. The localization of carbonic anhydrase C isoenzyme in the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat has been investigated using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique, at both optic and electron microscopic levels. Evidence is presented for a specific localization of the enzyme in the cytoplasm of the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Myelinated fibers show a weak staining. The positive reaction is restricted to the cytoplasmic areas of the myelin sheath and does not appear in the compact myelin. Neuronal cell bodies do not stain at all. A strong positive reaction to the antiserum was also observed in the choroid plexus.", "PMID": 102414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5211", "title": "Hexamethylmelamine in alkylating agent-resistant ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with advanced ovarian cancer proven resistant to standard alkylating chemotherapy were evaluated in a prospective study of Hexamethylmelamine. All but three patients received 8 mg/kg daily with dose modifications appropriate to the degree of toxicity; the latter three patients were treated on an intermittent 14 day course of 8 mg/kg daily. Six patients (28%) experienced an objective response with a median duration of 2.5 months (range 1--5 months). The toxic effects requiring dose modification were gastrointestinal in 57%, hematologic in 62%, and neurologic in 28.5%. An average of 60.5% of the total projected dose was tolerated for a median of 44 days (range 7--113). Twelve patients (57%) experienced severe toxicity requiring discontinuation of therapy. It is apparent from this study that Hexamethylmelamine is an active agent in ovarian cancer and is not invariably cross-resistant to conventional alkylating agent therapy. These two characteristics make it an attractive agent for use in combination. Its toxicity in previously treated patients in the schedules used here, however, is substantial.", "contents": "Hexamethylmelamine in alkylating agent-resistant ovarian carcinoma. Twenty-one patients with advanced ovarian cancer proven resistant to standard alkylating chemotherapy were evaluated in a prospective study of Hexamethylmelamine. All but three patients received 8 mg/kg daily with dose modifications appropriate to the degree of toxicity; the latter three patients were treated on an intermittent 14 day course of 8 mg/kg daily. Six patients (28%) experienced an objective response with a median duration of 2.5 months (range 1--5 months). The toxic effects requiring dose modification were gastrointestinal in 57%, hematologic in 62%, and neurologic in 28.5%. An average of 60.5% of the total projected dose was tolerated for a median of 44 days (range 7--113). Twelve patients (57%) experienced severe toxicity requiring discontinuation of therapy. It is apparent from this study that Hexamethylmelamine is an active agent in ovarian cancer and is not invariably cross-resistant to conventional alkylating agent therapy. These two characteristics make it an attractive agent for use in combination. Its toxicity in previously treated patients in the schedules used here, however, is substantial.", "PMID": 102417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5212", "title": "Preventive central nervous system irradiation in children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "In this study of children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia an attempt was made to prevent central nervous system relapse and to determine whether this therapy, coupled with multiagent chemotherapy, would be successful in prolonging durations of complete remission. Central nervous system relapses were prevented by irradiation, although patients who received this therapy did no better than those who did not receive irradiation. A small group of patients received irradiation to the liver and spleen, but this modality also failed to improve the duration of remission. Control of extramedullary leukemia, in this study, failed to improve remission duration because bone marrow relapse was not prevented or delayed. It is unlikely that focal therapy will have a significant impact in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia until longer marrow remissions are achieved.", "contents": "Preventive central nervous system irradiation in children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. In this study of children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia an attempt was made to prevent central nervous system relapse and to determine whether this therapy, coupled with multiagent chemotherapy, would be successful in prolonging durations of complete remission. Central nervous system relapses were prevented by irradiation, although patients who received this therapy did no better than those who did not receive irradiation. A small group of patients received irradiation to the liver and spleen, but this modality also failed to improve the duration of remission. Control of extramedullary leukemia, in this study, failed to improve remission duration because bone marrow relapse was not prevented or delayed. It is unlikely that focal therapy will have a significant impact in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia until longer marrow remissions are achieved.", "PMID": 102418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5213", "title": "The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of pediatric non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "Between 1971 and 1976, 64 patients less than 18 years of age with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated at Boston's Children's Hospital Medical Center-Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. A multimodality approach was used, consisting of radiation therapy (3500--4500 rad), surgery, and chemotherapy. Since 1973, all patients have received a regimen initially comprising Adriamycin, Prednisone, 6-Mercaptopurine, Vincristine, and L-Asparaginase. Methotrexate was substituted for Adriamycin following a cumulative total dose of 450 mg/m2. The 5-year actuarial survival for all patients was 61% while relapse-free survival was 54%. The actuarial and relapse-free survival for patients presenting with localized disease was 75% and 72%, respectively. Median follow-up was 40 months and all relapses occurred within 24 months of initial therapy. A multidisicplinary approach, such as the current regimen, offers a good prognosis for this disease.", "contents": "The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of pediatric non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Between 1971 and 1976, 64 patients less than 18 years of age with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated at Boston's Children's Hospital Medical Center-Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. A multimodality approach was used, consisting of radiation therapy (3500--4500 rad), surgery, and chemotherapy. Since 1973, all patients have received a regimen initially comprising Adriamycin, Prednisone, 6-Mercaptopurine, Vincristine, and L-Asparaginase. Methotrexate was substituted for Adriamycin following a cumulative total dose of 450 mg/m2. The 5-year actuarial survival for all patients was 61% while relapse-free survival was 54%. The actuarial and relapse-free survival for patients presenting with localized disease was 75% and 72%, respectively. Median follow-up was 40 months and all relapses occurred within 24 months of initial therapy. A multidisicplinary approach, such as the current regimen, offers a good prognosis for this disease.", "PMID": 102419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5214", "title": "Radiation therapy for germinal tumors of the testes.", "content": "79 patients with germinal tumors of the testes were treated at the University of Maryland Radiation Therapy Clinic between January 1, 1957 and December 31, 1973. 32 of 33 patients with stage I seminoma had disease controlled for a minimum of three years for a 96.9% 3 year disease-free determinant survival. 4 of 4 patients with stage I carcinoma were treated, two after negative node dissection, and all survived. 15 of 21 patients with stage II seminoma survived for 3 year disease-free Berkson-Gage actuarial survival of 68.5%, 9 of 21 stage II carcinomas, 18 of whom had had positive node dis-sections, survived for a 3 year disease-free Berkson-Gage actuarial survival of 42.8%. Benefit of adjuvant irradiation of the mediastinum and supraclavicular regions is demonstrated for stage II seminomas where 7/8 patients receiving prophylaxis demonstrated a 100% 3 year disease-free Berkson-Gage actuarial survival as opposed to the 50.4% in the 7/13 patients surviving without adjuvant therapy. This benefit is reaffirmed, although more tenuously, by the 71.4% 3 year disease-free Berkson-Gage actuarial survival demonstrated by the 5 of 7 stage II carcinoma patients receiving adjuvant therapy as opposed to the 28.2% demonstrated by the 4 of 14 patients surviving who did not receive adjuvant therapy.", "contents": "Radiation therapy for germinal tumors of the testes. 79 patients with germinal tumors of the testes were treated at the University of Maryland Radiation Therapy Clinic between January 1, 1957 and December 31, 1973. 32 of 33 patients with stage I seminoma had disease controlled for a minimum of three years for a 96.9% 3 year disease-free determinant survival. 4 of 4 patients with stage I carcinoma were treated, two after negative node dissection, and all survived. 15 of 21 patients with stage II seminoma survived for 3 year disease-free Berkson-Gage actuarial survival of 68.5%, 9 of 21 stage II carcinomas, 18 of whom had had positive node dis-sections, survived for a 3 year disease-free Berkson-Gage actuarial survival of 42.8%. Benefit of adjuvant irradiation of the mediastinum and supraclavicular regions is demonstrated for stage II seminomas where 7/8 patients receiving prophylaxis demonstrated a 100% 3 year disease-free Berkson-Gage actuarial survival as opposed to the 50.4% in the 7/13 patients surviving without adjuvant therapy. This benefit is reaffirmed, although more tenuously, by the 71.4% 3 year disease-free Berkson-Gage actuarial survival demonstrated by the 5 of 7 stage II carcinoma patients receiving adjuvant therapy as opposed to the 28.2% demonstrated by the 4 of 14 patients surviving who did not receive adjuvant therapy.", "PMID": 102420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5215", "title": "Carcinoma of the vagina.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with Stage I through IV primary vaginal squamous cell carcinomas treated for cure with radiation therapy are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the relationship of dose to complications and local control. All but 2 patients received 4000 to 6000 rad whole pelvis irradiation plus at least one radium application. Local control was 91%, with an absolute 2-year disease-free survival of 82%. The degree of anaplasia was found to influence prognosis, with all local and distant failures resulting from high-grade lesions. The complication rate was modest, with no fistulae or serious bowel complications. An analysis of total dose (external plus radium) with respect to local failure and complications showed that no major complications occurred at a combined dose below 9000 rad. An analysis of the individual contributions of external irradiation and radium implants showed that all but one very minor complication occurred at a radium dose of 4000 rad or higher. From these data, overall treatment planning and total dose recommendations are made.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the vagina. Twenty-two patients with Stage I through IV primary vaginal squamous cell carcinomas treated for cure with radiation therapy are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the relationship of dose to complications and local control. All but 2 patients received 4000 to 6000 rad whole pelvis irradiation plus at least one radium application. Local control was 91%, with an absolute 2-year disease-free survival of 82%. The degree of anaplasia was found to influence prognosis, with all local and distant failures resulting from high-grade lesions. The complication rate was modest, with no fistulae or serious bowel complications. An analysis of total dose (external plus radium) with respect to local failure and complications showed that no major complications occurred at a combined dose below 9000 rad. An analysis of the individual contributions of external irradiation and radium implants showed that all but one very minor complication occurred at a radium dose of 4000 rad or higher. From these data, overall treatment planning and total dose recommendations are made.", "PMID": 102421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5216", "title": "Acquisition of angiogenic capacity and neoplastic transformation in the rat mammary gland.", "content": "The ability to induce formation of new vessels was tested in fragments of rat mammary tissue transplanted onto the rabbit iris and observed through the transparent cornea. Virgin, pregnant, and lactating glands showed an angiogenic capacity in about 5% of implants. In contrast mammary carcinomas induced angiogenesis in 75 to 100% of implants. Fragments of mammary gland previously treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene of N-nitrosomethylurea but without histological evidence of neoplastic transformation showed an angiogenic response in about 5% of implants. The same low angiogenic response was detected in primary hyperplastic alveolar nodules. However, angiogenesis was observed 2 to 3 times more frequently in implants from hyperplastic outgrowths that acquired of continuous transplantability and showed a high degree of neoplastic transformation. These data on the rat mammary gland confirm previous findings on mouse mammary gland, indicating that: (a) neoplastic epithelium has a higher angiogenic capacity than does normal epithelium; and (b) hyperplastic epithelium at high risk of undergoing neoplastic transformation induces angiogenesis more frequently than does hyperplastic epithelium with low tumor potential.", "contents": "Acquisition of angiogenic capacity and neoplastic transformation in the rat mammary gland. The ability to induce formation of new vessels was tested in fragments of rat mammary tissue transplanted onto the rabbit iris and observed through the transparent cornea. Virgin, pregnant, and lactating glands showed an angiogenic capacity in about 5% of implants. In contrast mammary carcinomas induced angiogenesis in 75 to 100% of implants. Fragments of mammary gland previously treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene of N-nitrosomethylurea but without histological evidence of neoplastic transformation showed an angiogenic response in about 5% of implants. The same low angiogenic response was detected in primary hyperplastic alveolar nodules. However, angiogenesis was observed 2 to 3 times more frequently in implants from hyperplastic outgrowths that acquired of continuous transplantability and showed a high degree of neoplastic transformation. These data on the rat mammary gland confirm previous findings on mouse mammary gland, indicating that: (a) neoplastic epithelium has a higher angiogenic capacity than does normal epithelium; and (b) hyperplastic epithelium at high risk of undergoing neoplastic transformation induces angiogenesis more frequently than does hyperplastic epithelium with low tumor potential.", "PMID": 102422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5217", "title": "Inhibition of DNA replicon initiation by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, adriamycin, and ethyleneimine.", "content": "The effects of three widely differing chemical carcinogens, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, Adriamycin, and ethyleneimine, on DNA replication were studied by pulse labeling of DNA with [3H]thymidine and sedimentation analysis with alkaline sucrose gradients. At doses that reduced the rate of DNA synthesis to 30 to 60% of control values, only ethyleneimine produced damage that resulted in lower molecular weights of parental DNA. All three chemicals inhibited replicon initiation, but to differing extents. Inhibition of replicon initiation was the first clearly identified effect of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and was the main cause of inhibition of DNA synthesis. Ethyleneimine caused severe inhibition of replicon initiation, but blocks to chain elongation also contributed significantly to the inhibition of overall DNA synthesis. Adriamycin affected replicon initiation to a small but significant extent; the primary cause of inhibition of DNA synthesis by this drug was a slowing of the rate of chain elongation. These results indicate that inhibition of replicon initiation is an important mechanism for the action of DNA-damaging agents in mammalian cells and strengthen the concept that control of DNA replication depends on the structural integrity of a chromosomal subunit that consists of several replicons.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA replicon initiation by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, adriamycin, and ethyleneimine. The effects of three widely differing chemical carcinogens, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, Adriamycin, and ethyleneimine, on DNA replication were studied by pulse labeling of DNA with [3H]thymidine and sedimentation analysis with alkaline sucrose gradients. At doses that reduced the rate of DNA synthesis to 30 to 60% of control values, only ethyleneimine produced damage that resulted in lower molecular weights of parental DNA. All three chemicals inhibited replicon initiation, but to differing extents. Inhibition of replicon initiation was the first clearly identified effect of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and was the main cause of inhibition of DNA synthesis. Ethyleneimine caused severe inhibition of replicon initiation, but blocks to chain elongation also contributed significantly to the inhibition of overall DNA synthesis. Adriamycin affected replicon initiation to a small but significant extent; the primary cause of inhibition of DNA synthesis by this drug was a slowing of the rate of chain elongation. These results indicate that inhibition of replicon initiation is an important mechanism for the action of DNA-damaging agents in mammalian cells and strengthen the concept that control of DNA replication depends on the structural integrity of a chromosomal subunit that consists of several replicons.", "PMID": 102423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5218", "title": "Expression of Ricinus communis receptors on epithelial cells in oral carcinomas and oral wounds.", "content": "The histological distribution of receptors for Ricinus communis Fraction 1 (RCA1) in oral carcinomas and in oral epithelial cells during wound healing has been studied by use of fluorescein-tagged RCA1. Biopsies from 15 human oral carcinomas and adjacent normal mucosa showed RCA1 receptors at the cell membranes in the basal and spinous layer of the normal epithelium, whereas receptors could not be demonstrated in invading islands of the tumors. In healing oral wounds from eight humans and three monkeys, RCA1 receptors were demonstrated both in normal epithelium adjacent to the wounds and in the epithelial outgrowth from the wound margin. Titrations, however, showed that the epithelial outgrowth reacted more weakly than did the normal adjacent epithelium. These results support previous in vitro studies showing changes in carbohydrate composition of moving normal cells and of malignant cells, a finding that may be of interest in relation to formation of metastases.", "contents": "Expression of Ricinus communis receptors on epithelial cells in oral carcinomas and oral wounds. The histological distribution of receptors for Ricinus communis Fraction 1 (RCA1) in oral carcinomas and in oral epithelial cells during wound healing has been studied by use of fluorescein-tagged RCA1. Biopsies from 15 human oral carcinomas and adjacent normal mucosa showed RCA1 receptors at the cell membranes in the basal and spinous layer of the normal epithelium, whereas receptors could not be demonstrated in invading islands of the tumors. In healing oral wounds from eight humans and three monkeys, RCA1 receptors were demonstrated both in normal epithelium adjacent to the wounds and in the epithelial outgrowth from the wound margin. Titrations, however, showed that the epithelial outgrowth reacted more weakly than did the normal adjacent epithelium. These results support previous in vitro studies showing changes in carbohydrate composition of moving normal cells and of malignant cells, a finding that may be of interest in relation to formation of metastases.", "PMID": 102424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5219", "title": "Ultrastructure of the different zones of the tectorial membrane.", "content": "The tectorial membrane (t.m.) of mammals, which lies over the organ of Corti, is made up of an agglomerate of protofibrils of varying degrees of hydration. Two types of protofibrils are clearly distinguishable in the mouse t.m. While type-A protofibrils are straight and unbranched (thickness: 110A) demonstrating a periodic structure (period = 70 A), type-B protofibrils are branched and coiled (thickness: 150-200 A). These protofibrils could be systematically ordered according to the different t.m. zones. Type-A protofibrils predominate in the basal layer and in the entire middle zone, where they are interlaced with strongly hydrated type-B protofibrils. Weakly hydrated type-B protofibrils essentially make up the marginal zone (with the marginal net), the covering net, Hensen's stripe and the immediate contact layer with the limbus.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the different zones of the tectorial membrane. The tectorial membrane (t.m.) of mammals, which lies over the organ of Corti, is made up of an agglomerate of protofibrils of varying degrees of hydration. Two types of protofibrils are clearly distinguishable in the mouse t.m. While type-A protofibrils are straight and unbranched (thickness: 110A) demonstrating a periodic structure (period = 70 A), type-B protofibrils are branched and coiled (thickness: 150-200 A). These protofibrils could be systematically ordered according to the different t.m. zones. Type-A protofibrils predominate in the basal layer and in the entire middle zone, where they are interlaced with strongly hydrated type-B protofibrils. Weakly hydrated type-B protofibrils essentially make up the marginal zone (with the marginal net), the covering net, Hensen's stripe and the immediate contact layer with the limbus.", "PMID": 102428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5220", "title": "Isolation, structural studies and chemical synthesis of a 'palmitone lipid' from Corynebacterium diphtheriae.", "content": "The isolation of a 'palmitone lipid' from Corynebacterium diphtheriae is described. The use of a temporary hydrophobic protecting group allows the obtaining of the lipid in free and pure form. Structural studies by chemical degradation and mass spectrometry allow one to propose structure Ic for this compound, namely 6-(2-tetradecyl 3-keto octadecanoyl)-alpha-D-trehalose. This structure was confirmed by chemical synthesis.", "contents": "Isolation, structural studies and chemical synthesis of a 'palmitone lipid' from Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The isolation of a 'palmitone lipid' from Corynebacterium diphtheriae is described. The use of a temporary hydrophobic protecting group allows the obtaining of the lipid in free and pure form. Structural studies by chemical degradation and mass spectrometry allow one to propose structure Ic for this compound, namely 6-(2-tetradecyl 3-keto octadecanoyl)-alpha-D-trehalose. This structure was confirmed by chemical synthesis.", "PMID": 102431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5221", "title": "Total synthesis of ceramide trihexoside accumulating with Fabry's disease.", "content": "We report the synthesis of natural ceramide trihexoside, viz. gal (alpha-1 leads to 4) gal (beta-1 leads to 4) gluc (beta-1 leads to 1) ceramide (XIII). It involves the Koenigs-Knorr reaction of the bromide II with the aglucon XIX, and of the chloride VII with the D-enantiomer of the ceramide ester XII. A positional isomer of XIII was obtained as a by-product. A novel technique in the Koenings-Knorr reaction is described.", "contents": "Total synthesis of ceramide trihexoside accumulating with Fabry's disease. We report the synthesis of natural ceramide trihexoside, viz. gal (alpha-1 leads to 4) gal (beta-1 leads to 4) gluc (beta-1 leads to 1) ceramide (XIII). It involves the Koenigs-Knorr reaction of the bromide II with the aglucon XIX, and of the chloride VII with the D-enantiomer of the ceramide ester XII. A positional isomer of XIII was obtained as a by-product. A novel technique in the Koenings-Knorr reaction is described.", "PMID": 102432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5222", "title": "Micelle and acid-soap formation of linoleic acid and 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid being substrates of lipoxygenase-1.", "content": "Surface tension measurements of linoleic acid solutions in 0.1 M sodiumborate buffer pH 10 at 23 degrees C showed that at increasing the linoleic acid concentration a sharp transition from monomers to micelles occurs at 167 micrometer. At pH 9 and 8 formation of acid-soap dimers from monomers starts at 60 micrometer and 21 micrometer respectively. The concentration range at which only monomers exist is therefore markedly reduced. For 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid at pH 10 acid-soap formation still takes place, starting at approx. 220 micrometer. The total lipid concentration at which acid-soap or micelle formation starts in mixtures of linoleic acid and 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid has been determined in relation to the molar ratio of both acids.", "contents": "Micelle and acid-soap formation of linoleic acid and 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid being substrates of lipoxygenase-1. Surface tension measurements of linoleic acid solutions in 0.1 M sodiumborate buffer pH 10 at 23 degrees C showed that at increasing the linoleic acid concentration a sharp transition from monomers to micelles occurs at 167 micrometer. At pH 9 and 8 formation of acid-soap dimers from monomers starts at 60 micrometer and 21 micrometer respectively. The concentration range at which only monomers exist is therefore markedly reduced. For 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid at pH 10 acid-soap formation still takes place, starting at approx. 220 micrometer. The total lipid concentration at which acid-soap or micelle formation starts in mixtures of linoleic acid and 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid has been determined in relation to the molar ratio of both acids.", "PMID": 102433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5223", "title": "[Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in French Guiana in relation to the existence of a new species of echimyid rodent, Proechimys cuvieri sp. n].", "content": "The rediscovery and reexamination of the skull of the type of Proechimys guyannensis (E. Geoffroy; 1803) allows us to give more details about this species. It appears that a new sympatric species, P. cuvieri, has to be distinguished, which could have great implications for the leishmaniosis epidemiology in French Guiana.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in French Guiana in relation to the existence of a new species of echimyid rodent, Proechimys cuvieri sp. n]. The rediscovery and reexamination of the skull of the type of Proechimys guyannensis (E. Geoffroy; 1803) allows us to give more details about this species. It appears that a new sympatric species, P. cuvieri, has to be distinguished, which could have great implications for the leishmaniosis epidemiology in French Guiana.", "PMID": 102437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5224", "title": "[Action of carbaryl on the electroretinogram of the white mouse].", "content": "Carbaryl intoxication results in important modifications of the Mouse ERG, with an increase of the latency and a decrease of the amplitude, then a suppression of b-wave. This action is supposed to be provoked by the anticholinesterasic properties of carbamates, which result in a section of retinian synapses.", "contents": "[Action of carbaryl on the electroretinogram of the white mouse]. Carbaryl intoxication results in important modifications of the Mouse ERG, with an increase of the latency and a decrease of the amplitude, then a suppression of b-wave. This action is supposed to be provoked by the anticholinesterasic properties of carbamates, which result in a section of retinian synapses.", "PMID": 102438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5225", "title": "[Action of somatostatin and 3 analogs on external pancreatic secretion in the rat].", "content": "The effect os somatostatin (SS) and of its analogs D Trp 8-SS and Asn 5-SS was studied upon the external pancreatic secretion of the Rat after stimulation by 2 deoxy-D-glucose. The secretion of sodium and bicarbonate was similarly inhibited by all four peptides. The analog D Trp 8-SS was more effective in inhibiting pancreatic protein excretion.", "contents": "[Action of somatostatin and 3 analogs on external pancreatic secretion in the rat]. The effect os somatostatin (SS) and of its analogs D Trp 8-SS and Asn 5-SS was studied upon the external pancreatic secretion of the Rat after stimulation by 2 deoxy-D-glucose. The secretion of sodium and bicarbonate was similarly inhibited by all four peptides. The analog D Trp 8-SS was more effective in inhibiting pancreatic protein excretion.", "PMID": 102439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5226", "title": "[Plasma estradiol levels in quail during sexual development and after different estrogenic treatments].", "content": "The comparison between estradiol levels in peripheral plasma of developing quails and of estradiol benzoate treated quails (0.01, 0.02, 0.1 and 1 mg/daily/6 days) shows that only the dose of 0.01 mg reproduces the conditions of a physiological estrogen stimulation.", "contents": "[Plasma estradiol levels in quail during sexual development and after different estrogenic treatments]. The comparison between estradiol levels in peripheral plasma of developing quails and of estradiol benzoate treated quails (0.01, 0.02, 0.1 and 1 mg/daily/6 days) shows that only the dose of 0.01 mg reproduces the conditions of a physiological estrogen stimulation.", "PMID": 102440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5227", "title": "[Adrenal gland growth of the ovine fetus in the end of gestation: evolution of DNA and of membrane proteins].", "content": "The adrenal weight of the ovine fetus increases dramatically during late pregnancy. This increase is achieved in three periods: one of DNA duplication between two phases of cellular hypertrophy. During cellular hypertrophy an important biosynthesis of membrane proteins is observed. This development concerns essentially the adrenal cortex.", "contents": "[Adrenal gland growth of the ovine fetus in the end of gestation: evolution of DNA and of membrane proteins]. The adrenal weight of the ovine fetus increases dramatically during late pregnancy. This increase is achieved in three periods: one of DNA duplication between two phases of cellular hypertrophy. During cellular hypertrophy an important biosynthesis of membrane proteins is observed. This development concerns essentially the adrenal cortex.", "PMID": 102441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5228", "title": "[Pseudomonas aeruginosa epidemiology in Egypt: study of 80 hospital strains isolated at Alexandria].", "content": "Eighty hospital strains of P. aeruginosa, isolated in Alexandria, were examined with the aid of three epidemiological markers (serotype, lysotype and O. N. P. G.-test). The most frequent serotypes in Alexandria are 0:11, 0:12, 0:2, 0:4, 0:6 et 0:1; this situation is different from those reported in European countries and in U. S. A. Sixty-five lysotypes were found and the strains of serotype 0:11 fall in fifteen lysotypes. One strain 0:12 was found O. N. P. G. positive.", "contents": "[Pseudomonas aeruginosa epidemiology in Egypt: study of 80 hospital strains isolated at Alexandria]. Eighty hospital strains of P. aeruginosa, isolated in Alexandria, were examined with the aid of three epidemiological markers (serotype, lysotype and O. N. P. G.-test). The most frequent serotypes in Alexandria are 0:11, 0:12, 0:2, 0:4, 0:6 et 0:1; this situation is different from those reported in European countries and in U. S. A. Sixty-five lysotypes were found and the strains of serotype 0:11 fall in fifteen lysotypes. One strain 0:12 was found O. N. P. G. positive.", "PMID": 102436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5229", "title": "[Speed of in vitro reassociation of gonadotropin subunits in a teleost fish, the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)].", "content": "Purified gonadotropin subunits of a teleost Fish, the Carp, reassociated in vitro, according to a second order rate reaction. The rate constant was temperature dependent. Compared to ovine LH, the Q10 was about three times less and the rate constant much greater (160 times for instance at 20 degrees C). The possible physiological significance of these differences is underlined.", "contents": "[Speed of in vitro reassociation of gonadotropin subunits in a teleost fish, the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)]. Purified gonadotropin subunits of a teleost Fish, the Carp, reassociated in vitro, according to a second order rate reaction. The rate constant was temperature dependent. Compared to ovine LH, the Q10 was about three times less and the rate constant much greater (160 times for instance at 20 degrees C). The possible physiological significance of these differences is underlined.", "PMID": 102442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5230", "title": "[Description of neurons immunoreactive to anti-beta-endorphin immune serum present in the infundibular nucleus in man].", "content": "Neurons containing peptide (s) immunologically related to beta-endorphin have been detected by immunochemistry in human adult and fetal hypothalami. Their perikarya are located in the infundibular nucleus. Some fibres terminate close to vessels in the median eminence, others form pericellular baskets around perikarya of non-immunoreactive neurons of the infundibular nucleus. These results suggest that the central nervous system elaborates beta-endorphin or immunologically related peptides.", "contents": "[Description of neurons immunoreactive to anti-beta-endorphin immune serum present in the infundibular nucleus in man]. Neurons containing peptide (s) immunologically related to beta-endorphin have been detected by immunochemistry in human adult and fetal hypothalami. Their perikarya are located in the infundibular nucleus. Some fibres terminate close to vessels in the median eminence, others form pericellular baskets around perikarya of non-immunoreactive neurons of the infundibular nucleus. These results suggest that the central nervous system elaborates beta-endorphin or immunologically related peptides.", "PMID": 102443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5231", "title": "[Presence of indoleamines in the pineal and parapineal organs of Lampetra planeri (Petromyzontidae)].", "content": "Using the Falck and Hillarp technique, the precursors of melatonin (5-HT and may be 5-HTP) have been identified in the pineal and parapineal organs of Lampetra planeri (Petromyzontidae). A particular kind of cell, the so-called \"cells with residual bodies\" (Collin, 1968), is responsible for this neurohormonal activity of the two organs.", "contents": "[Presence of indoleamines in the pineal and parapineal organs of Lampetra planeri (Petromyzontidae)]. Using the Falck and Hillarp technique, the precursors of melatonin (5-HT and may be 5-HTP) have been identified in the pineal and parapineal organs of Lampetra planeri (Petromyzontidae). A particular kind of cell, the so-called \"cells with residual bodies\" (Collin, 1968), is responsible for this neurohormonal activity of the two organs.", "PMID": 102444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5232", "title": "[Action of Corynebacterium parvum on the activity of glycosidases and proteases of peritoneal macrophages in the mice].", "content": "Glycosidase and peptidase of non-treated Mouse peritoneal macrophages were characterized. The enzymatic activities of Corynebacterium parvum stimulated Mouse macrophages were compared to those of macrophages obtained from non-treated animals. All the enzymatic activities, but beta-C-galactosidase, were higher in stimulated Mouse macrophages.", "contents": "[Action of Corynebacterium parvum on the activity of glycosidases and proteases of peritoneal macrophages in the mice]. Glycosidase and peptidase of non-treated Mouse peritoneal macrophages were characterized. The enzymatic activities of Corynebacterium parvum stimulated Mouse macrophages were compared to those of macrophages obtained from non-treated animals. All the enzymatic activities, but beta-C-galactosidase, were higher in stimulated Mouse macrophages.", "PMID": 102445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5233", "title": "[Mitotic activity in the rat palatal shelves during their fusion in vitro].", "content": "Rat palatal shelves explanted on gestational day 15 or 16 are cultivated with their medial-edge epithelial surface in contact. Observations of histological sections showed that, before and during the fusion of the processes, mitotic activity is always lower in the epithelium of the expected fusion zone (EFZ) than in the oral epithelium and progressively decreases during the processus of the fusion.", "contents": "[Mitotic activity in the rat palatal shelves during their fusion in vitro]. Rat palatal shelves explanted on gestational day 15 or 16 are cultivated with their medial-edge epithelial surface in contact. Observations of histological sections showed that, before and during the fusion of the processes, mitotic activity is always lower in the epithelium of the expected fusion zone (EFZ) than in the oral epithelium and progressively decreases during the processus of the fusion.", "PMID": 102446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5234", "title": "[Ultrastructural aspects of reconstitution of the basal membrane in associations of dental components cultured in vitro].", "content": "Separation of the enamel organ and pulp of mice tooth germs by trypsin removed the basal lamina. Within 18 hours in cultivated reassociations of enamel organ and pulp, a new lamina was deposited. When the epithelial component was cultivated alone, no basal lamina formed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural aspects of reconstitution of the basal membrane in associations of dental components cultured in vitro]. Separation of the enamel organ and pulp of mice tooth germs by trypsin removed the basal lamina. Within 18 hours in cultivated reassociations of enamel organ and pulp, a new lamina was deposited. When the epithelial component was cultivated alone, no basal lamina formed.", "PMID": 102447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5235", "title": "[Kinetics of decrease and apparent transformation of fluorescence spectra of benzo(a)pyrene absorbed by living cells: case of lymphocytes and macrophages].", "content": "A home made microspectrofluorimeter is used in order to follow the decrease of fluorescence intensity of Benzo(a)Pyrene after its absorption by single living cells. The kinetics look to be a first order one; fluorescent metabolite can be detected when peritoneal macrophages of Mice are used but not with human periferic lymphocytes pretreated with mitogens.", "contents": "[Kinetics of decrease and apparent transformation of fluorescence spectra of benzo(a)pyrene absorbed by living cells: case of lymphocytes and macrophages]. A home made microspectrofluorimeter is used in order to follow the decrease of fluorescence intensity of Benzo(a)Pyrene after its absorption by single living cells. The kinetics look to be a first order one; fluorescent metabolite can be detected when peritoneal macrophages of Mice are used but not with human periferic lymphocytes pretreated with mitogens.", "PMID": 102448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5236", "title": "[Excretion of sialoglycopeptides in mucolipidosis I].", "content": "Mucolipidosis I involves a tremendous increase of the urinary excretion of sialoglycopeptides and sialyloligosaccharides. This enhancement is due to the excretion of O- and N-glycosidic peptides and oligosaccharides, which normal urine is devoid of as shown by the chemical composition and electrophoresis or thin-layer analysis. This finding is in agreement with the recent finding of an alpha-neuraminidase deficiency for this disease.", "contents": "[Excretion of sialoglycopeptides in mucolipidosis I]. Mucolipidosis I involves a tremendous increase of the urinary excretion of sialoglycopeptides and sialyloligosaccharides. This enhancement is due to the excretion of O- and N-glycosidic peptides and oligosaccharides, which normal urine is devoid of as shown by the chemical composition and electrophoresis or thin-layer analysis. This finding is in agreement with the recent finding of an alpha-neuraminidase deficiency for this disease.", "PMID": 102449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5237", "title": "[Proliferation of adipose cells and their lipid accumulation in the rat at the perinatal stage; histoautoradiographic study].", "content": "After thymidine-3H injection into pregnant Rat, histoautoradiographic studies showed that adipose cell proliferation in different subcutaneous and visceral sites, was very important in Rat foetuses about 24 h before birth and that lipid accumulation in the labelled cells was very fast during perinatal 48 h.", "contents": "[Proliferation of adipose cells and their lipid accumulation in the rat at the perinatal stage; histoautoradiographic study]. After thymidine-3H injection into pregnant Rat, histoautoradiographic studies showed that adipose cell proliferation in different subcutaneous and visceral sites, was very important in Rat foetuses about 24 h before birth and that lipid accumulation in the labelled cells was very fast during perinatal 48 h.", "PMID": 102450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5238", "title": "[Effect of phthalic esters on lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase].", "content": "The in vitro effects of different esters of phthalic acid at increasing levels on the activity of LCAT have been studied using three currently known methods (Mickel and Foulds, Stokke and Norum, Alcindor). Inhibition from phthalates is high. It is proportional to the amounts used and in inverse ratio to the length of the carbon chains.", "contents": "[Effect of phthalic esters on lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase]. The in vitro effects of different esters of phthalic acid at increasing levels on the activity of LCAT have been studied using three currently known methods (Mickel and Foulds, Stokke and Norum, Alcindor). Inhibition from phthalates is high. It is proportional to the amounts used and in inverse ratio to the length of the carbon chains.", "PMID": 102451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5239", "title": "[Interference of hydrazine derivatives with the tyrosinase-tyrosine reaction].", "content": "A comparative study of the tyrosinase-tyrosine reaction, using both oxygen-consumption determination and spectrophotometric methods, shows that hydrazine derivatives inhibit melaninogenesis at different steps.", "contents": "[Interference of hydrazine derivatives with the tyrosinase-tyrosine reaction]. A comparative study of the tyrosinase-tyrosine reaction, using both oxygen-consumption determination and spectrophotometric methods, shows that hydrazine derivatives inhibit melaninogenesis at different steps.", "PMID": 102452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5240", "title": "[2,4-dinitro-(pyrimidine-2-yl) thiophenol, a new drug with antimitotic properties].", "content": "A new thiopyrimidine derivative has been synthesized. It can inhibit cell multiplication in Chick embryo fibroblasts, in Mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and in Rat hepatoma cells (line Rueber) cultivated in vitro.", "contents": "[2,4-dinitro-(pyrimidine-2-yl) thiophenol, a new drug with antimitotic properties]. A new thiopyrimidine derivative has been synthesized. It can inhibit cell multiplication in Chick embryo fibroblasts, in Mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and in Rat hepatoma cells (line Rueber) cultivated in vitro.", "PMID": 102453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5241", "title": "[Suppression by ascorbic acid of neuromuscular fatigue due to sound-alcohol synergy].", "content": "The interaction between effects of ethanol ingestion and those of infrasound on neuro-muscular fatigue in the animal is abolished by ascorbic acid. The relevant mechanism is in acetaldehyde detoxification.", "contents": "[Suppression by ascorbic acid of neuromuscular fatigue due to sound-alcohol synergy]. The interaction between effects of ethanol ingestion and those of infrasound on neuro-muscular fatigue in the animal is abolished by ascorbic acid. The relevant mechanism is in acetaldehyde detoxification.", "PMID": 102454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5242", "title": "[Acute inhalation toxicity of ammonia in rabbits].", "content": "The aggressivity of ammonia at the pulmonary alveole level (intoxications in controlled ventilation) leads to an acute pulmonary oedema and cardio-vascular disfunctioning. Bradycardia is an early symptome (2,500 X 10(-6) but the real syndrome appears at 5,000 X 10(-6). Arterial pressure variations and blood gases modifications are significant, acidosis is systematic.", "contents": "[Acute inhalation toxicity of ammonia in rabbits]. The aggressivity of ammonia at the pulmonary alveole level (intoxications in controlled ventilation) leads to an acute pulmonary oedema and cardio-vascular disfunctioning. Bradycardia is an early symptome (2,500 X 10(-6) but the real syndrome appears at 5,000 X 10(-6). Arterial pressure variations and blood gases modifications are significant, acidosis is systematic.", "PMID": 102455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5243", "title": "[Species specific esterase profiles in the genus Serratia].", "content": "Esterases of 62 Serratia marcescens, S. liquefaciens, S. plymuthica and S. marinorubra strains were analysed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-agarose gel. The comparative distribution of bands showed that the four Serratia species were characterized by distinct electrophoretic patterns of their esterases.", "contents": "[Species specific esterase profiles in the genus Serratia]. Esterases of 62 Serratia marcescens, S. liquefaciens, S. plymuthica and S. marinorubra strains were analysed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-agarose gel. The comparative distribution of bands showed that the four Serratia species were characterized by distinct electrophoretic patterns of their esterases.", "PMID": 102456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5244", "title": "[Attempt at activating mouse intracisternal type A particles by iododeoxyuridine and dexamethasone].", "content": "In this study we have compared the effects of Iododeoxyridine (IUdR) and dexamethasone on different Mouse cell lines to determine any differences in their actions on intracisternal A-type particles (IAP). Among the nine cell lines studied only four responded to IUdR stimulation by a subsequent augmentation of IAP. No similar activating effect was detected with dexamethasome treatment.", "contents": "[Attempt at activating mouse intracisternal type A particles by iododeoxyuridine and dexamethasone]. In this study we have compared the effects of Iododeoxyridine (IUdR) and dexamethasone on different Mouse cell lines to determine any differences in their actions on intracisternal A-type particles (IAP). Among the nine cell lines studied only four responded to IUdR stimulation by a subsequent augmentation of IAP. No similar activating effect was detected with dexamethasome treatment.", "PMID": 102457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5245", "title": "[Ultrastructural localization of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the glandular tissue cells of the testis of Pleurodeles waltlii Michach. (Amphibia, Urodela)].", "content": "With the potassium ferricyanide method, the localization of the sites of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity has been investigated in the glandular tissue cells, previously fixed, of the Pleurodeles testis. An abundant copper ferrocyanide precipitate, the final reaction product, is observed in the vicinity of the external faces of the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, or in contact with them. A very weak reaction occurs in mitochondrial cristae.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural localization of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the glandular tissue cells of the testis of Pleurodeles waltlii Michach. (Amphibia, Urodela)]. With the potassium ferricyanide method, the localization of the sites of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity has been investigated in the glandular tissue cells, previously fixed, of the Pleurodeles testis. An abundant copper ferrocyanide precipitate, the final reaction product, is observed in the vicinity of the external faces of the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, or in contact with them. A very weak reaction occurs in mitochondrial cristae.", "PMID": 102458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5246", "title": "[Autoradiographic study of proliferative activity and cell migration in the adrenal cortex in fetal and neonatal rats].", "content": "On the 20th day of fetal life the cell proliferation is higher in the zona glomerulosa. The fate of marked cells in each cell compartment shows centripetal migration. Their displacement, from the 20th day of pregnancy up to five days post-partum, while at that time the adrenal growth is slowered down, suggests a real migration.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic study of proliferative activity and cell migration in the adrenal cortex in fetal and neonatal rats]. On the 20th day of fetal life the cell proliferation is higher in the zona glomerulosa. The fate of marked cells in each cell compartment shows centripetal migration. Their displacement, from the 20th day of pregnancy up to five days post-partum, while at that time the adrenal growth is slowered down, suggests a real migration.", "PMID": 102459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5247", "title": "[Harmaline-induced tremor and cerebral activities: labeling with 14C-2-deoxyglucose in the rat].", "content": "The brain structures specifically involved in harmaline-induced tremor have been identified in the Rat by using the 14C-2-deoxyglucose marking Method. The results obtained in an animal treated with tremogenic doses of harmaline, but immobilized with Faxedil, have been compared with those of another animal, not treated, but submitted to the same experimental procedure. The most specifically marked structure was the inferior olive. Secondarily marked structures were the posterior part of the lateral reticular formation, the caudato-putamen area and the prefrontal and frontal cortex.", "contents": "[Harmaline-induced tremor and cerebral activities: labeling with 14C-2-deoxyglucose in the rat]. The brain structures specifically involved in harmaline-induced tremor have been identified in the Rat by using the 14C-2-deoxyglucose marking Method. The results obtained in an animal treated with tremogenic doses of harmaline, but immobilized with Faxedil, have been compared with those of another animal, not treated, but submitted to the same experimental procedure. The most specifically marked structure was the inferior olive. Secondarily marked structures were the posterior part of the lateral reticular formation, the caudato-putamen area and the prefrontal and frontal cortex.", "PMID": 102460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5248", "title": "[Effect of 2 inhibitors of glycoprotein synthesis, tunicamycin and 2-deoxyglucose, on development of the sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) egg].", "content": "Tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycoprotein synthesis, inhibits the development of the sea Urchin egg. Gastrulation is very sensitive to the Tunicamycin. Fertilization is not inhibited. 2-deoxy-D-glucose inhibits gastrulation and induces the hyperdevelopment of ectodermic structures.", "contents": "[Effect of 2 inhibitors of glycoprotein synthesis, tunicamycin and 2-deoxyglucose, on development of the sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) egg]. Tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycoprotein synthesis, inhibits the development of the sea Urchin egg. Gastrulation is very sensitive to the Tunicamycin. Fertilization is not inhibited. 2-deoxy-D-glucose inhibits gastrulation and induces the hyperdevelopment of ectodermic structures.", "PMID": 102461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5249", "title": "[Influence of the age of the mouse on the effectiveness of stimulation of its defenses by electromagnetic radiation].", "content": "Biological effects of microwaves on experimental trypanosomiase in the Mouse depends on the state of development of the animal. In fact such stimulation needs a mature immune system. Nevertheless, the increasing of the molecular immune response is only one of the aspects of protection mechanisms stimulated by such microwaves.", "contents": "[Influence of the age of the mouse on the effectiveness of stimulation of its defenses by electromagnetic radiation]. Biological effects of microwaves on experimental trypanosomiase in the Mouse depends on the state of development of the animal. In fact such stimulation needs a mature immune system. Nevertheless, the increasing of the molecular immune response is only one of the aspects of protection mechanisms stimulated by such microwaves.", "PMID": 102462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5250", "title": "Interference by tubing material in continuous-flow systems.", "content": "An anomalous behavior in the measurement of calcium with the smac multi-channel high-speed analyzer was eliminated by taking the diluted serum directly from the dilution loop of the instrument before it enters the stainless-steel riser.", "contents": "Interference by tubing material in continuous-flow systems. An anomalous behavior in the measurement of calcium with the smac multi-channel high-speed analyzer was eliminated by taking the diluted serum directly from the dilution loop of the instrument before it enters the stainless-steel riser.", "PMID": 102463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5251", "title": "Results with commercial radioassay kits compared with microbiological assay of folate in serum and whole-blood.", "content": "We compared results with three commercial folate radioassay kits [Bio-Rad, New England Nuclear (NEN), and RIA Products] with those by microbiological assay for more than 200 samples of human serum and whole blood. All but one kit (NEN) compared favorably with the microbiological assay for serum samples, although there were notable diagnostic discrepancies. Two kits (NEN and Bio-Rad) were tested on whole-blood samples; both yielded values significantly higher than those by microbiological assay. The frequency distributions of erythrocyte folate data differed strikingly between the two kits; the NEN method yielded a much narrower range of normal values than did either the Bio-Rad or the microbiological assay. Radioassay kits appear to be suitable diagnostic agents for serum folate, if the behavior of a particular kit is investigated thoroughly before its routine use. However, the diagnostic value of radioassays of erythrocyte folate needs to be validated.", "contents": "Results with commercial radioassay kits compared with microbiological assay of folate in serum and whole-blood. We compared results with three commercial folate radioassay kits [Bio-Rad, New England Nuclear (NEN), and RIA Products] with those by microbiological assay for more than 200 samples of human serum and whole blood. All but one kit (NEN) compared favorably with the microbiological assay for serum samples, although there were notable diagnostic discrepancies. Two kits (NEN and Bio-Rad) were tested on whole-blood samples; both yielded values significantly higher than those by microbiological assay. The frequency distributions of erythrocyte folate data differed strikingly between the two kits; the NEN method yielded a much narrower range of normal values than did either the Bio-Rad or the microbiological assay. Radioassay kits appear to be suitable diagnostic agents for serum folate, if the behavior of a particular kit is investigated thoroughly before its routine use. However, the diagnostic value of radioassays of erythrocyte folate needs to be validated.", "PMID": 102464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5252", "title": "Comparison of radioassay and microbiological assay for serum folate, with clinical assessment of discrepant results.", "content": "Folate assays by use of radiolabeled folate provide obvious practical advantages over the standard microbiological assay, but remain incompletely tested. We therefore compared results for 415 sera with a kit involving 3H-labeled folate and the Lactobacillus casei microbiological method. We examined the patients' data when there were discrepancies between the two methods. Although the correlation overall was satisfactory, results were discrepant in 25% of cases. In 74% of the latter, the radioassay result appeared to be the correct one, primarily because L. casei results were suppressed by antibiotics being taken by the patient. The radioassay occasionally gave falsely high values for patients with liver disease and falsely low ones for patients who had received isotopes for scanning purposes. Several assay kits that make use of 125I- or 75Se-labeled folate were also tested. Although these results correlated with the results of 3H-labeled folate assay, various problems appeared, including the possible need for serum-supernate control tubes in one kit. Answers to these and other questions and careful clinical correlation of results are needed for any folate radioassays before their adoption for routine clinical use.", "contents": "Comparison of radioassay and microbiological assay for serum folate, with clinical assessment of discrepant results. Folate assays by use of radiolabeled folate provide obvious practical advantages over the standard microbiological assay, but remain incompletely tested. We therefore compared results for 415 sera with a kit involving 3H-labeled folate and the Lactobacillus casei microbiological method. We examined the patients' data when there were discrepancies between the two methods. Although the correlation overall was satisfactory, results were discrepant in 25% of cases. In 74% of the latter, the radioassay result appeared to be the correct one, primarily because L. casei results were suppressed by antibiotics being taken by the patient. The radioassay occasionally gave falsely high values for patients with liver disease and falsely low ones for patients who had received isotopes for scanning purposes. Several assay kits that make use of 125I- or 75Se-labeled folate were also tested. Although these results correlated with the results of 3H-labeled folate assay, various problems appeared, including the possible need for serum-supernate control tubes in one kit. Answers to these and other questions and careful clinical correlation of results are needed for any folate radioassays before their adoption for routine clinical use.", "PMID": 102465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5253", "title": "Serum thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-degrading activity: a sensitive and rapid radiochemical assay procedure.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive method has been developed to assay thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-degrading activity in serum. In this assay, the formation of proline, a major serum degradation product of TRH (pGlu-His-Pro-NH2), is measured. The procedure is based on the finding that proline can be readily separated from TRH with Dowex 50 by a batchwise procedure in a test tube.", "contents": "Serum thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-degrading activity: a sensitive and rapid radiochemical assay procedure. A rapid and sensitive method has been developed to assay thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-degrading activity in serum. In this assay, the formation of proline, a major serum degradation product of TRH (pGlu-His-Pro-NH2), is measured. The procedure is based on the finding that proline can be readily separated from TRH with Dowex 50 by a batchwise procedure in a test tube.", "PMID": 102466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5254", "title": "A study of pancreatic secretory and intracellular enzymes in pancreatic cancer tissue, other gastrointestinal cancers, normal pancreas and serum.", "content": "Serum and tumour tissue extracts from patients with pancreatic exocrine adenocarcinoma and a number of other gastrointestinal tumours were examined for digestive and intracellular enzymes or tumour associated variants by cellogel electrophoresis. Enzymes were identified within the gel by their specific catalytic activities. Normal serum and extracts of normal pancreas were also studied. All the pancreatic secretory enzymes were present in extracts of normal pancreas; their levels were markedly reduced in tumour extracts and no characteristic isozymes were found. Alkaline phosphatase, carbonic anhydrase and a number of carbohydrate metabolising enzymes were present in all extracts; tumour associated isozymes were not consistently identified. These findings suggest that most human pancreatic exocrine cancers do not produce pancreatic secretory enzymes or intracellular isozyme variants, and that the identification of these enzymes or their isozymes is unlikely to be of practical diagnostic value.", "contents": "A study of pancreatic secretory and intracellular enzymes in pancreatic cancer tissue, other gastrointestinal cancers, normal pancreas and serum. Serum and tumour tissue extracts from patients with pancreatic exocrine adenocarcinoma and a number of other gastrointestinal tumours were examined for digestive and intracellular enzymes or tumour associated variants by cellogel electrophoresis. Enzymes were identified within the gel by their specific catalytic activities. Normal serum and extracts of normal pancreas were also studied. All the pancreatic secretory enzymes were present in extracts of normal pancreas; their levels were markedly reduced in tumour extracts and no characteristic isozymes were found. Alkaline phosphatase, carbonic anhydrase and a number of carbohydrate metabolising enzymes were present in all extracts; tumour associated isozymes were not consistently identified. These findings suggest that most human pancreatic exocrine cancers do not produce pancreatic secretory enzymes or intracellular isozyme variants, and that the identification of these enzymes or their isozymes is unlikely to be of practical diagnostic value.", "PMID": 102467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5255", "title": "Serum growth hormone and ultrastructural studies of adenohypophysial tissue in bromocriptine treated acromegalic patients.", "content": "The therapeutic effectiveness of bromocriptine as well as the post-operative ultrastructural aspects of treated pituitary adenomas were investigated in five acromegalic patients. Although concentrations of GH basal decreased and the glucose tolerance test and the TSH responses were significantly improved, the release of GH induced by TRH was not prevented by the dopaminergic agonist. Adenomatous cells were densely granulated and contained a dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Misplaced exocytosis was frequently observed. These findings clearly indicate that bromocriptine inhibits the spontaneous release of GH but does not interfere with the abnormal GH response to TRH. This suggests a separate site of action. The drug seems not to block the synthesizing activity of the adenomatous cell, a finding in accordance with clinical observations that warns against its use as a single therapeutic agent.", "contents": "Serum growth hormone and ultrastructural studies of adenohypophysial tissue in bromocriptine treated acromegalic patients. The therapeutic effectiveness of bromocriptine as well as the post-operative ultrastructural aspects of treated pituitary adenomas were investigated in five acromegalic patients. Although concentrations of GH basal decreased and the glucose tolerance test and the TSH responses were significantly improved, the release of GH induced by TRH was not prevented by the dopaminergic agonist. Adenomatous cells were densely granulated and contained a dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Misplaced exocytosis was frequently observed. These findings clearly indicate that bromocriptine inhibits the spontaneous release of GH but does not interfere with the abnormal GH response to TRH. This suggests a separate site of action. The drug seems not to block the synthesizing activity of the adenomatous cell, a finding in accordance with clinical observations that warns against its use as a single therapeutic agent.", "PMID": 102468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5256", "title": "Effects of oral testosterone undecanoate in hypogonadal male patients.", "content": "Effects on plasma T, DHT, A, FSH, LH and PRL concentrations and the pituitary responsiveness to the LHRH/TRH stimulation, as well as on libido and sexual, mental and physical activities were studied in ten hypogonadal male patients undergoing therapy with oral testosterone undecanoate (TU) for 9 weeks. The daily dose of TU needed for satisfactory clinical effect was 120 mg (6 cases) and 240 mg (4 cases). There was a significant rise in circulation androgen concentrations in all patients. Mean plasma T, DHT and A increased at 9 weeks from 1.20, 0.12 and 0.36 ng/ml to 4.34 (P less than 0.0004), 0.39 (P less than 0.0004) and 1.24 ng/ml (P less than 0.005), respectively. In hypergonadotrophic patients (N = 6) plasma FSH and LH fell progressively (P less than 0.05), while in hypogonadotrophic patients (N = 4) a marked rise in plasma FSH (P less than 0.05) was found, while LH tended to rise as well. Base-line plasma PRL remained unchanged. In three out of four patients with poor PRL response to TRH, normal responses were established after TU therapy. Increase in libido and sexual activity was reported by nine patients. An increase in mental and physical activity was found in seven and two patients, respectively. Tolerance was excellent. It was concluded that oral TU is an effective form of substitution therapy in male hypogonadal patients.", "contents": "Effects of oral testosterone undecanoate in hypogonadal male patients. Effects on plasma T, DHT, A, FSH, LH and PRL concentrations and the pituitary responsiveness to the LHRH/TRH stimulation, as well as on libido and sexual, mental and physical activities were studied in ten hypogonadal male patients undergoing therapy with oral testosterone undecanoate (TU) for 9 weeks. The daily dose of TU needed for satisfactory clinical effect was 120 mg (6 cases) and 240 mg (4 cases). There was a significant rise in circulation androgen concentrations in all patients. Mean plasma T, DHT and A increased at 9 weeks from 1.20, 0.12 and 0.36 ng/ml to 4.34 (P less than 0.0004), 0.39 (P less than 0.0004) and 1.24 ng/ml (P less than 0.005), respectively. In hypergonadotrophic patients (N = 6) plasma FSH and LH fell progressively (P less than 0.05), while in hypogonadotrophic patients (N = 4) a marked rise in plasma FSH (P less than 0.05) was found, while LH tended to rise as well. Base-line plasma PRL remained unchanged. In three out of four patients with poor PRL response to TRH, normal responses were established after TU therapy. Increase in libido and sexual activity was reported by nine patients. An increase in mental and physical activity was found in seven and two patients, respectively. Tolerance was excellent. It was concluded that oral TU is an effective form of substitution therapy in male hypogonadal patients.", "PMID": 102469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5257", "title": "Normal prolactin response following thyrotrophin releasing hormone in patients with autonomously functioning euthyroid multinodular goitre.", "content": "Twelve female patients (mean age 60 years, range 41--74) with euthyroid multinodular goitre and a flat TRH test (median delta TSH 0.9 muIU/ml, range 0--3.5) had normal prolactin responses to TRH (median data prolactin 48 ng/ml, range 6--115). The results are comparable with those in euthyroid patients receiving full substitution doses of thyroid hormone without increasing T3 and/or T4 levels beyond the normal range.", "contents": "Normal prolactin response following thyrotrophin releasing hormone in patients with autonomously functioning euthyroid multinodular goitre. Twelve female patients (mean age 60 years, range 41--74) with euthyroid multinodular goitre and a flat TRH test (median delta TSH 0.9 muIU/ml, range 0--3.5) had normal prolactin responses to TRH (median data prolactin 48 ng/ml, range 6--115). The results are comparable with those in euthyroid patients receiving full substitution doses of thyroid hormone without increasing T3 and/or T4 levels beyond the normal range.", "PMID": 102470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5258", "title": "Hormonal responses during treatment of acute diabetic ketoacidosis with constant insulin infusions.", "content": "Changes in glucagon, growth hormone (GH), cortisol, renin and aldosterone accompanying the metabolic disturbances and dehydration of severe diabetic ketoacidosis were studied over a 24 h period in eight patients treated with a constant intravenous insulin infusion. Mean steady state plasma-free insulin levels achieved were 28.6--49 mu/1 in patients receiving 2 u/h but a satisfactory rate of fall of glucose was not always obtained until the infusion dose was increased to 4 u/h or more. The total insulin dose administered was positively correlated with the level of plasma glucagon and cortisol on admission. During insulin infusion, both glucagon and cortisol fell but the rate of fall was not related to dose or plasma level of free insulin achieved. In six of eight patients studied increments in plasma GH above admission levels were observed during insulin treatment. Admission values of both plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were raised. The renin levels were highest in newly diagnosed diabetics, and two patients with long-established diabetes showed only small increments despite profound dehydration. Plasma renin activity, but not plasma aldosterone correlated with the fluid and sodium retention over the initial 24 h treatment period, but not with potassium requirements. The urinary excretion rates of the small molecular weight proteins GH and insulin, were considerably elevated over the treatment and convalescent periods.", "contents": "Hormonal responses during treatment of acute diabetic ketoacidosis with constant insulin infusions. Changes in glucagon, growth hormone (GH), cortisol, renin and aldosterone accompanying the metabolic disturbances and dehydration of severe diabetic ketoacidosis were studied over a 24 h period in eight patients treated with a constant intravenous insulin infusion. Mean steady state plasma-free insulin levels achieved were 28.6--49 mu/1 in patients receiving 2 u/h but a satisfactory rate of fall of glucose was not always obtained until the infusion dose was increased to 4 u/h or more. The total insulin dose administered was positively correlated with the level of plasma glucagon and cortisol on admission. During insulin infusion, both glucagon and cortisol fell but the rate of fall was not related to dose or plasma level of free insulin achieved. In six of eight patients studied increments in plasma GH above admission levels were observed during insulin treatment. Admission values of both plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were raised. The renin levels were highest in newly diagnosed diabetics, and two patients with long-established diabetes showed only small increments despite profound dehydration. Plasma renin activity, but not plasma aldosterone correlated with the fluid and sodium retention over the initial 24 h treatment period, but not with potassium requirements. The urinary excretion rates of the small molecular weight proteins GH and insulin, were considerably elevated over the treatment and convalescent periods.", "PMID": 102471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5259", "title": "Combined genetic deficiency of C6 and C7 in man.", "content": "By routine screening of sera, a subject was discovered who showed a sub-total deficiency of C6 and C7. No clinical disease was associated with this deficiency which was transmitted through the subject's family as a single genetic characteristic, the C6 deficiency being associated with a silent allele at the structural locus. The propositus was found to have low quantities of an abnormal C6 which was both antigenically deficient and smaller in size than normal C6 (110,000 daltons compared with 140,000 daltons) and small quantities of apparently normal C7. It is concluded that the most likely explanation for this defect is that the subject has a structural mutation in his C6 gene which produces hyopsynthesis not only of C6 but also of the closely linked gene for C7. These findings suggest the possibility that C6 and C7 may function as a single genetic unit and that the primary transcript copied from the genome includes information for both proteins.", "contents": "Combined genetic deficiency of C6 and C7 in man. By routine screening of sera, a subject was discovered who showed a sub-total deficiency of C6 and C7. No clinical disease was associated with this deficiency which was transmitted through the subject's family as a single genetic characteristic, the C6 deficiency being associated with a silent allele at the structural locus. The propositus was found to have low quantities of an abnormal C6 which was both antigenically deficient and smaller in size than normal C6 (110,000 daltons compared with 140,000 daltons) and small quantities of apparently normal C7. It is concluded that the most likely explanation for this defect is that the subject has a structural mutation in his C6 gene which produces hyopsynthesis not only of C6 but also of the closely linked gene for C7. These findings suggest the possibility that C6 and C7 may function as a single genetic unit and that the primary transcript copied from the genome includes information for both proteins.", "PMID": 102474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5260", "title": "Studies on the immunogenicity of protamines in humans and experimental animals by means of a micro-complement fixation test.", "content": "A complement fixation study with human, monkey and rabbit sera, using purified sperm nuclear basic proteins as antigens, led to the following conclusions. (1) Protamines, the sperm-specific basic nuclear proteins, may be immunogenic in mammalians. (2) Antibodies detected in the indirect immunofluorescence test on human swollen sperm heads in sera from infertile and vasectomized men, are directed primarily against human protamines. (3) The results obtained suggested that differences in the immunization site and/or in the configuration of the immunizing protamine, may lead to the formation of antibodies directed against different antigenic determinants. Autoimmunity to protamines, following vasectomy or in infertile men, is accompanied by the formation of antibodies cross-reacting with common antigenic determinants present in protamines of other species. Induction of immunity to protamines by means of immunization with protamines-RNA complexes (in rabbits), or protamine-insulin complexes (in humans), leads to the formation of antibodies reacting more specifically with the immunizing protamine, showing only slight cross-reaction with other protamines. (4) The histone-like fraction present in mature human spermatozoa is composed mainly of histone fraction H2B.", "contents": "Studies on the immunogenicity of protamines in humans and experimental animals by means of a micro-complement fixation test. A complement fixation study with human, monkey and rabbit sera, using purified sperm nuclear basic proteins as antigens, led to the following conclusions. (1) Protamines, the sperm-specific basic nuclear proteins, may be immunogenic in mammalians. (2) Antibodies detected in the indirect immunofluorescence test on human swollen sperm heads in sera from infertile and vasectomized men, are directed primarily against human protamines. (3) The results obtained suggested that differences in the immunization site and/or in the configuration of the immunizing protamine, may lead to the formation of antibodies directed against different antigenic determinants. Autoimmunity to protamines, following vasectomy or in infertile men, is accompanied by the formation of antibodies cross-reacting with common antigenic determinants present in protamines of other species. Induction of immunity to protamines by means of immunization with protamines-RNA complexes (in rabbits), or protamine-insulin complexes (in humans), leads to the formation of antibodies reacting more specifically with the immunizing protamine, showing only slight cross-reaction with other protamines. (4) The histone-like fraction present in mature human spermatozoa is composed mainly of histone fraction H2B.", "PMID": 102475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5261", "title": "Post-vasectomy autoimmunity to protamines in relation to the formation of granulomas and sperm agglutinating antibodies.", "content": "The development of antibodies reacting with nuclear antigens was studied in sera from vasectomized men and monkeys (obtained at intervals of up to 2 and 4 years, respectively, after the operation), by means of a comparative fluorescence study on swollen nuclei of somatic cells, human and salmon spermatozoa. About 30% of forty-seven vasectomized men developed antibodies to protamines. Also four out of fifteen monkeys, vasectomized with or without ligation, developed antibodies reacting with protamines. In general, when antibodies to the homologous protamines reached higher levels, cross-reactions with salmon protamine could be demonstrated as well. No significant reactions could be detected with somatic nuclear antigens in the sera. Comparison between the results obtained with the immunofluorescence test, the agglutination tests and the clinical findings confirmed the association between the development of immune responses to various sperm-antigens and revealed a coherence of anti-protamine activity and granuloma formation at the site of the operation.", "contents": "Post-vasectomy autoimmunity to protamines in relation to the formation of granulomas and sperm agglutinating antibodies. The development of antibodies reacting with nuclear antigens was studied in sera from vasectomized men and monkeys (obtained at intervals of up to 2 and 4 years, respectively, after the operation), by means of a comparative fluorescence study on swollen nuclei of somatic cells, human and salmon spermatozoa. About 30% of forty-seven vasectomized men developed antibodies to protamines. Also four out of fifteen monkeys, vasectomized with or without ligation, developed antibodies reacting with protamines. In general, when antibodies to the homologous protamines reached higher levels, cross-reactions with salmon protamine could be demonstrated as well. No significant reactions could be detected with somatic nuclear antigens in the sera. Comparison between the results obtained with the immunofluorescence test, the agglutination tests and the clinical findings confirmed the association between the development of immune responses to various sperm-antigens and revealed a coherence of anti-protamine activity and granuloma formation at the site of the operation.", "PMID": 102476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5262", "title": "Immune function in ankylosing spondylitics and their relatives: influence of disease and HLA B27.", "content": "So as to distinguish the separate influences of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and possible HLA B27 associated immune response genes on immune response patterns, a battery of immunological tests were performed on fourteen patients with AS and their first-degree relatives. Previously unrecognized AS was detected by clinical and radiological means. Individuals with ankylosing spondylitis had significantly higher serum IgG and IgA concentrations than both their B27 positive and B27 negative relatives. B27 positive relatives had significantly lower phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) lymphocyte transformations than B27 negative relatives (P less than 0.01), while there was no difference between the ankylosing spondylitic and B27 positive groups. Antibody titres to Streptokinase/Streptodornase were significantly higher in the B27 positive individuals, with or without AS, than their B27 negative relatives (P less than 0.005 and P less than 0.02 respectively). These results show that serum immunoglobulin differences were associated with disease, while differences in PHA stimulation and varidase antibody titres were associated with the B27 antigen. These findings may indicate the presence of HLA associated immune response genes including those involved with reactions to a particular antigenic component of Streptokinase/Streptodornase.", "contents": "Immune function in ankylosing spondylitics and their relatives: influence of disease and HLA B27. So as to distinguish the separate influences of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and possible HLA B27 associated immune response genes on immune response patterns, a battery of immunological tests were performed on fourteen patients with AS and their first-degree relatives. Previously unrecognized AS was detected by clinical and radiological means. Individuals with ankylosing spondylitis had significantly higher serum IgG and IgA concentrations than both their B27 positive and B27 negative relatives. B27 positive relatives had significantly lower phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) lymphocyte transformations than B27 negative relatives (P less than 0.01), while there was no difference between the ankylosing spondylitic and B27 positive groups. Antibody titres to Streptokinase/Streptodornase were significantly higher in the B27 positive individuals, with or without AS, than their B27 negative relatives (P less than 0.005 and P less than 0.02 respectively). These results show that serum immunoglobulin differences were associated with disease, while differences in PHA stimulation and varidase antibody titres were associated with the B27 antigen. These findings may indicate the presence of HLA associated immune response genes including those involved with reactions to a particular antigenic component of Streptokinase/Streptodornase.", "PMID": 102477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5263", "title": "Complement activity in middle ear effusions.", "content": "Evidence for complement utilization in middle ear fluids (MEF) from patients with otitis media with effusion was sought. It was found that cleavage products of C3, C4 and Factor B could be demonstrated immunochemically in MEF, and that native C3 was present in much lower concentrations than other proteins, relative to their serum concentrations. Haemolytic assays for C1-C5 showed that early complement components are inactivated in MEF. Potential mechanisms for complement utilization in MEF are discussed.", "contents": "Complement activity in middle ear effusions. Evidence for complement utilization in middle ear fluids (MEF) from patients with otitis media with effusion was sought. It was found that cleavage products of C3, C4 and Factor B could be demonstrated immunochemically in MEF, and that native C3 was present in much lower concentrations than other proteins, relative to their serum concentrations. Haemolytic assays for C1-C5 showed that early complement components are inactivated in MEF. Potential mechanisms for complement utilization in MEF are discussed.", "PMID": 102478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5264", "title": "Urinary acidic hydrolases in renal diseases in children.", "content": "Acidic hydrolases were assayed in urines of 19 normal children, 33 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood (INS), 21 children with glomerulonephritides (GN) and 7 children with persistent proteinuria/hematuria, and in plasma of 10 children each with INS or GN. Both plasma and urinary acidic hydrolases were studied in intermittent orthostatic proteinuria. Cbeta-galactosidase and Cbeta-N-hexosaminidase were done in normals and children with active renal disease. Significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated urinary acidic hydrolases excretion in active renal diseases, both in INS and GN, returned to a normal range with regression of the diseases. Increased postural proteinuria was associated with normal urinary acidic hydrolases. Both beta-galactosidase and beta-N-hexosaminidase excretion was higher than similar mol wt proteins in normals and increased further in active renal diseases. The data suggests that increased urinary acidic hydrolases is related to the activity of the renal disease, and not to urinary WBC, hematuria or proteinuria. The likely source of urinary acidic hydrolases thus appears to be the injured renal parenchyma itself.", "contents": "Urinary acidic hydrolases in renal diseases in children. Acidic hydrolases were assayed in urines of 19 normal children, 33 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood (INS), 21 children with glomerulonephritides (GN) and 7 children with persistent proteinuria/hematuria, and in plasma of 10 children each with INS or GN. Both plasma and urinary acidic hydrolases were studied in intermittent orthostatic proteinuria. Cbeta-galactosidase and Cbeta-N-hexosaminidase were done in normals and children with active renal disease. Significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated urinary acidic hydrolases excretion in active renal diseases, both in INS and GN, returned to a normal range with regression of the diseases. Increased postural proteinuria was associated with normal urinary acidic hydrolases. Both beta-galactosidase and beta-N-hexosaminidase excretion was higher than similar mol wt proteins in normals and increased further in active renal diseases. The data suggests that increased urinary acidic hydrolases is related to the activity of the renal disease, and not to urinary WBC, hematuria or proteinuria. The likely source of urinary acidic hydrolases thus appears to be the injured renal parenchyma itself.", "PMID": 102480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5265", "title": "Productivity and economic implication of a simulated practice using expanded duty dental assistants.", "content": "This investigation was concerned with determining the optimum team mix for a dental practice utilizing expanded duty dental assistants (EDDAs). A live, surrogate practice provided the basis for a computer-simulated private practice in which one dentist worked with various combinations of chairside assistants and expanded duty auxiliaries. This \"composite dentist\" was of average speed as an operator, functioning under conditions of an external quality control mechanism. Results indicated that the optimum team size, from the standpoint of both productivity and economic considerations, involved one dentist, one EDDA, and two assistants, as compared with the control team of one dentist and two assistants. Experimental teams involving two EDDA's, studied both with and without chairside assistants, were counterproductive from a financial standpoint. Various factors influencing team size are discussed, but dentist operator speed emerges as a major determinant of optimum team mix.", "contents": "Productivity and economic implication of a simulated practice using expanded duty dental assistants. This investigation was concerned with determining the optimum team mix for a dental practice utilizing expanded duty dental assistants (EDDAs). A live, surrogate practice provided the basis for a computer-simulated private practice in which one dentist worked with various combinations of chairside assistants and expanded duty auxiliaries. This \"composite dentist\" was of average speed as an operator, functioning under conditions of an external quality control mechanism. Results indicated that the optimum team size, from the standpoint of both productivity and economic considerations, involved one dentist, one EDDA, and two assistants, as compared with the control team of one dentist and two assistants. Experimental teams involving two EDDA's, studied both with and without chairside assistants, were counterproductive from a financial standpoint. Various factors influencing team size are discussed, but dentist operator speed emerges as a major determinant of optimum team mix.", "PMID": 102483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5266", "title": "Cost analysis of 3 years of topical fluoride application.", "content": "The article gives additional information about the 3-year study of caries reduction after topical application of 4% NaF-PO4 in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. The caries reduction obtained was about 20% after topical fluoride application once a year (Group 2) and about 30% after topical fluoride application twice a year (Group 3). Data on costs of treatment and dentist's working time required are given. The costs of repair and topical fluoride application during the 3-year experimental period were in Group 2 72% and in Group 3 158% higher than in the Control Group. The dentist's working time for repair and topical fluoride application during the experimental period was in Group 2 33% and in Group 3 80% higher than in the Control Group. It seems to be of special interest that the dentist's working time spent for total tooth repair per child at the beginning of the study was 3.3-4.9 times higher than the working time for repair in the years during the study.", "contents": "Cost analysis of 3 years of topical fluoride application. The article gives additional information about the 3-year study of caries reduction after topical application of 4% NaF-PO4 in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. The caries reduction obtained was about 20% after topical fluoride application once a year (Group 2) and about 30% after topical fluoride application twice a year (Group 3). Data on costs of treatment and dentist's working time required are given. The costs of repair and topical fluoride application during the 3-year experimental period were in Group 2 72% and in Group 3 158% higher than in the Control Group. The dentist's working time for repair and topical fluoride application during the experimental period was in Group 2 33% and in Group 3 80% higher than in the Control Group. It seems to be of special interest that the dentist's working time spent for total tooth repair per child at the beginning of the study was 3.3-4.9 times higher than the working time for repair in the years during the study.", "PMID": 102484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5267", "title": "Chemical occlusion of rhesus monkey oviducts with chloroquine.", "content": "Fertility control through chemical occlusion of the oviducts with chloroquine was investigated in rhesus monkeys (M.m.). Chloroquine was instilled retrograde through the tubal ostium after laparotomising the monkeys as a 10, 50 and 100% suspension (w/v) in aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solution which was used as a carrier vehicle. Complete occlusion of the Fallopian tubes at the uterotubal junction and also the intramural portions resulted in 15 days after a single instillation.", "contents": "Chemical occlusion of rhesus monkey oviducts with chloroquine. Fertility control through chemical occlusion of the oviducts with chloroquine was investigated in rhesus monkeys (M.m.). Chloroquine was instilled retrograde through the tubal ostium after laparotomising the monkeys as a 10, 50 and 100% suspension (w/v) in aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solution which was used as a carrier vehicle. Complete occlusion of the Fallopian tubes at the uterotubal junction and also the intramural portions resulted in 15 days after a single instillation.", "PMID": 102485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5268", "title": "Neoplastic complications of neurofibromatosis.", "content": "Neurofibromatosis associated with secondary neoplasms is discussed. Neurosarcomas are the most common and most malignant secondary tumors in neurofibromatosis. Any sudden growth in a peripheral tumor in this disease should alert the physician to the possibility of malignant change and the need for biopsy. Only by early diagnosis and adequate excision can some of these patients be saved.", "contents": "Neoplastic complications of neurofibromatosis. Neurofibromatosis associated with secondary neoplasms is discussed. Neurosarcomas are the most common and most malignant secondary tumors in neurofibromatosis. Any sudden growth in a peripheral tumor in this disease should alert the physician to the possibility of malignant change and the need for biopsy. Only by early diagnosis and adequate excision can some of these patients be saved.", "PMID": 102488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5269", "title": "Immunocytoma effect upon circadian variation in murine urinary excretion of beta-aminoisobutyric acid, beta-alanine, phenylalanine and tyrosine.", "content": "Under the conditions of disynchronization by the manipulation of both the alternation of light and darkness and the availability and unavailability of food, circadian rhythms characterize the excretion of several amino acids by inbred LOU rats bearing an immunocytoma. Large amplitude rhythms can be demonstrated for urinary beta-aminoisobutyric acid, beta-alanine, phenylalanine and tyrosine. Under the same conditions of disynchronization, control animals excrete the same compounds also with a marked circadian variation but at an invariably lower average rate. These excretory rhythms, along with those demonstrated earlier for polyamines and light-chains, are of interest as potential markers for the chronotherapy of cancer.", "contents": "Immunocytoma effect upon circadian variation in murine urinary excretion of beta-aminoisobutyric acid, beta-alanine, phenylalanine and tyrosine. Under the conditions of disynchronization by the manipulation of both the alternation of light and darkness and the availability and unavailability of food, circadian rhythms characterize the excretion of several amino acids by inbred LOU rats bearing an immunocytoma. Large amplitude rhythms can be demonstrated for urinary beta-aminoisobutyric acid, beta-alanine, phenylalanine and tyrosine. Under the same conditions of disynchronization, control animals excrete the same compounds also with a marked circadian variation but at an invariably lower average rate. These excretory rhythms, along with those demonstrated earlier for polyamines and light-chains, are of interest as potential markers for the chronotherapy of cancer.", "PMID": 102501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5270", "title": "Taurine and other free amino acids in milk of man and other mammals.", "content": "Taurine and other free amino acids have been determined in human milk of a number of other species. Taurine is the most abundant free amino acid in the milk of the gerbil, mouse, cat, dog and rhesus monkey. Taurine is the second most abundant amino acid in the milk of the rat, baboon, chimpanzee, sheep, Java monkey and man. Taurine is not a major constituent in the milk of the guinea pig, rabbit, cow and horse. The milk of each species has a characteristic free amino acid pattern which may be an indication of the relative nutritional importance of these compounds during early postnatal development.", "contents": "Taurine and other free amino acids in milk of man and other mammals. Taurine and other free amino acids have been determined in human milk of a number of other species. Taurine is the most abundant free amino acid in the milk of the gerbil, mouse, cat, dog and rhesus monkey. Taurine is the second most abundant amino acid in the milk of the rat, baboon, chimpanzee, sheep, Java monkey and man. Taurine is not a major constituent in the milk of the guinea pig, rabbit, cow and horse. The milk of each species has a characteristic free amino acid pattern which may be an indication of the relative nutritional importance of these compounds during early postnatal development.", "PMID": 102507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5271", "title": "Effects of calcium and magnesium ions on the interaction of corticosterone with rat brain cytosol receptor(s).", "content": "The apparent maximum corticosterone binding (B max) with rat brain cytosol and the apparent dissociation constant of this steroid-receptor binding (Kd) estimated with a Scatchard plot was 2.9 X 10(-13) moles/mg cytosol protein and 4.0 X 10(-9) M, respectively. When increasing amounts of CaCl2 or MgCl2 up to 5.0 mM were added, a specific [3H] corticosterone binding increased 4-fold by CaCl2 at concentrations of 1.0-2.0 mM and 1.5-fold by MgCl2 at concentrations of 0.5-5.0 mM. The addition of MnCl2 and KCl did not affect this binding. Binding of corticosterone with rat brain cytosol receptor(s) were decreased by increasing amounts of EGTA and complete inhibition was observed at concentrations equal to and greater than 2.5 mM. Inhibition of this binding by EDTA was less than by EGTA. Either theophylline or dibutyryl cyclic AMP had no effect on this binding.", "contents": "Effects of calcium and magnesium ions on the interaction of corticosterone with rat brain cytosol receptor(s). The apparent maximum corticosterone binding (B max) with rat brain cytosol and the apparent dissociation constant of this steroid-receptor binding (Kd) estimated with a Scatchard plot was 2.9 X 10(-13) moles/mg cytosol protein and 4.0 X 10(-9) M, respectively. When increasing amounts of CaCl2 or MgCl2 up to 5.0 mM were added, a specific [3H] corticosterone binding increased 4-fold by CaCl2 at concentrations of 1.0-2.0 mM and 1.5-fold by MgCl2 at concentrations of 0.5-5.0 mM. The addition of MnCl2 and KCl did not affect this binding. Binding of corticosterone with rat brain cytosol receptor(s) were decreased by increasing amounts of EGTA and complete inhibition was observed at concentrations equal to and greater than 2.5 mM. Inhibition of this binding by EDTA was less than by EGTA. Either theophylline or dibutyryl cyclic AMP had no effect on this binding.", "PMID": 102509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5272", "title": "Operant methodology in the study of learning.", "content": "A series of experiments is described in which operant methodology is used to study the effects of drugs on \"learning.\" Emphasis is placed on the technique of repeated acquisition as a behavioral baseline for studying this type of transition state. In this technique, each subject is required to learn a new discrimination each session. Multiple-schedule procedures are also described in which acquisition is compared to a \"performance\" task, where the discrimination is the same each session. The learning baseline is more sensitive to the disruptive effects of a variety of drugs (e.g., cocaine, d-amphetamine, haloperidol) than is the performance baseline. This general finding obtains across procedural variations and species (pigeons and monkeys). The potential usefulness of these procedures for studying both acute and chronic behavioral toxicity is discussed.", "contents": "Operant methodology in the study of learning. A series of experiments is described in which operant methodology is used to study the effects of drugs on \"learning.\" Emphasis is placed on the technique of repeated acquisition as a behavioral baseline for studying this type of transition state. In this technique, each subject is required to learn a new discrimination each session. Multiple-schedule procedures are also described in which acquisition is compared to a \"performance\" task, where the discrimination is the same each session. The learning baseline is more sensitive to the disruptive effects of a variety of drugs (e.g., cocaine, d-amphetamine, haloperidol) than is the performance baseline. This general finding obtains across procedural variations and species (pigeons and monkeys). The potential usefulness of these procedures for studying both acute and chronic behavioral toxicity is discussed.", "PMID": 102510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5273", "title": "Enterobacterial common antigen: isolation from Shigella sonnei, purification and immunochemical characterization.", "content": "In the studies presented the effective procedure of isolation and purification of enterobacterial common antigen from Shigella sonnei has been elaborated. The method is based on sonification of bacterial suspension in the presence of lysozyme and EDTA and subsequent extraction of the pellet with boiling water. The crude extract of common antigen was purified by fractionation with ethanol and chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. The comparison of several extraction procedures of enterobacterial common antigen from Shigella sonnei proved that the method described above is most effective. The purified enterobacterial common antigen preparation obtained preserved full biological activity: antigenicity (precipitation and activity in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), immunogenicity in rabbits, ability to coat erythrocytes (passive hemagglutination) and inhibitory activity in passive hemagglutination. The pure enterobacterial common antigen was identified to 90% as a polymer of N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (2:1, molar ratio), O-acetylated and containing 3.2% fatty acids (C16:0 and C18:1, not oleic). It contains 5.3% nitrogen, less than 4% protein, less than 0.5% phosphorus and less than 1.6% neutral sugar; glycerol and RNA were not found in the preparation.", "contents": "Enterobacterial common antigen: isolation from Shigella sonnei, purification and immunochemical characterization. In the studies presented the effective procedure of isolation and purification of enterobacterial common antigen from Shigella sonnei has been elaborated. The method is based on sonification of bacterial suspension in the presence of lysozyme and EDTA and subsequent extraction of the pellet with boiling water. The crude extract of common antigen was purified by fractionation with ethanol and chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. The comparison of several extraction procedures of enterobacterial common antigen from Shigella sonnei proved that the method described above is most effective. The purified enterobacterial common antigen preparation obtained preserved full biological activity: antigenicity (precipitation and activity in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), immunogenicity in rabbits, ability to coat erythrocytes (passive hemagglutination) and inhibitory activity in passive hemagglutination. The pure enterobacterial common antigen was identified to 90% as a polymer of N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (2:1, molar ratio), O-acetylated and containing 3.2% fatty acids (C16:0 and C18:1, not oleic). It contains 5.3% nitrogen, less than 4% protein, less than 0.5% phosphorus and less than 1.6% neutral sugar; glycerol and RNA were not found in the preparation.", "PMID": 102511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5274", "title": "Compensation of dietary induced reduction of tetracycline absorption by simultaneous administration of EDTA.", "content": "The absorption of tetracycline in man under the influence of concomitantly administered EDTA, milk and a combination of EDTA and milk has been investigated. Urinary excretion of the drug was measured for 30 h. The inhibitory effect of milk could be counteracted by simultaneous ingestion of EDTA, which resulted in almost equivalent urinary excretion of tetracycline compared to experiments done in the fasting state. Administration of EDTA alone, in a neutral dosage form, did not significantly change absorption of the drug, which contradicted previous findings. The possible use of EDTA during tetracycline therapy is discussed.", "contents": "Compensation of dietary induced reduction of tetracycline absorption by simultaneous administration of EDTA. The absorption of tetracycline in man under the influence of concomitantly administered EDTA, milk and a combination of EDTA and milk has been investigated. Urinary excretion of the drug was measured for 30 h. The inhibitory effect of milk could be counteracted by simultaneous ingestion of EDTA, which resulted in almost equivalent urinary excretion of tetracycline compared to experiments done in the fasting state. Administration of EDTA alone, in a neutral dosage form, did not significantly change absorption of the drug, which contradicted previous findings. The possible use of EDTA during tetracycline therapy is discussed.", "PMID": 102512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5275", "title": "Proteolytic cleavage of human IgG molecules by neutral proteases of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The effect on human IgG of the elastase-like (ELP) and chymotrypsin-like (CLP) neutral proteases derived from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was studied. By incubating ELP with monoclonal IgG proteins, two immunochemically and electrophoretically distinct components were formed which were similar, but not identical, to the Fc and Fab fragments produced by papain digestion. When an IgG protein was incubated under similar conditions with CLP enzyme, no proteolysis was observed. IgG proteins differed in their susceptibility to proteolysis by ELP. These differences were related to the subclasses IgG1-IgG4. The IgG1 and IgG3 proteins were readily cleaved by ELP, but the IgG2 and IgG4 proteins were more resistant. Although free light chains differ in susceptibility to proteolysis by ELP, our studies showed that neither the type (kappa or lambda) nor the subgroup of light chain affected the susceptibility of complete IgG molecules to cleavage by this enzyme.", "contents": "Proteolytic cleavage of human IgG molecules by neutral proteases of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The effect on human IgG of the elastase-like (ELP) and chymotrypsin-like (CLP) neutral proteases derived from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was studied. By incubating ELP with monoclonal IgG proteins, two immunochemically and electrophoretically distinct components were formed which were similar, but not identical, to the Fc and Fab fragments produced by papain digestion. When an IgG protein was incubated under similar conditions with CLP enzyme, no proteolysis was observed. IgG proteins differed in their susceptibility to proteolysis by ELP. These differences were related to the subclasses IgG1-IgG4. The IgG1 and IgG3 proteins were readily cleaved by ELP, but the IgG2 and IgG4 proteins were more resistant. Although free light chains differ in susceptibility to proteolysis by ELP, our studies showed that neither the type (kappa or lambda) nor the subgroup of light chain affected the susceptibility of complete IgG molecules to cleavage by this enzyme.", "PMID": 102513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5276", "title": "Maternal allotype dominance and allelic exclusion in the B lineage cells of the newborn rabbit.", "content": "Newborn rabbits from parents which differ at the b allotype locus (kappa chain), show a strong maternal allotype dominance, especially in the bone marrow. This concerns not only the membrane but also the cytoplasm, and it cannot be simply due to a passive uptake of maternal immunoglobulins. The spleen precedes the bone marrow for a high level of expression of the paternal allotype. In the thymus, cells which contain cytoplasmic immunoglobulin are found at low frequency, but their absolute number represent a substantial contribution to the B lineage cell pool. A small proportion of such thymus cells do not show allelic exclusion of kappa chain allotypes.", "contents": "Maternal allotype dominance and allelic exclusion in the B lineage cells of the newborn rabbit. Newborn rabbits from parents which differ at the b allotype locus (kappa chain), show a strong maternal allotype dominance, especially in the bone marrow. This concerns not only the membrane but also the cytoplasm, and it cannot be simply due to a passive uptake of maternal immunoglobulins. The spleen precedes the bone marrow for a high level of expression of the paternal allotype. In the thymus, cells which contain cytoplasmic immunoglobulin are found at low frequency, but their absolute number represent a substantial contribution to the B lineage cell pool. A small proportion of such thymus cells do not show allelic exclusion of kappa chain allotypes.", "PMID": 102514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5277", "title": "Potent depletion of 5HT from monkey whole blood by a new 5HT uptake inhibitor, paroxetine (FG 7051).", "content": "The potent 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) uptake inhibitor FG 7051 (paroxetine, INN) was administered to rhesus monkeys in doses of 1.0, 2.5 or 7.5 mg/kg by oral gavage once daily for 13 weeks. Blood samples for analysis of 5HT in whole blood and paroxetine in plasma were taken prior to and after 1, 4 and 13 weeks of treatment. The lowest dose 1 mg/kg caused 30% depletion of 5HT in whole blood with a level of paroxetine in plasma below 2 ng/ml. Doses of 2.5 mg/kg produced an 85% depletion of 5HT and a steady state plasma concentration of about 5 ng paroxetine/ml, while 7.5 mg/kg caused a 93% depletion of 5HT and a steady state plasma concentration of 100--450 ng paroxetine/ml. There was no concentration-dependent 5HT reduction with the highest dose level suggesting that maximal depletion was produced by concentrations below 100 ng/ml. The results showed that paroxetine is a strong depletor of 5HT from whole blood of monkeys conceivably because it inhibits 5HT uptake inhibition. The effect of the drug reached its maximum within 1 week and no tolerance developed during 13 weeks.", "contents": "Potent depletion of 5HT from monkey whole blood by a new 5HT uptake inhibitor, paroxetine (FG 7051). The potent 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) uptake inhibitor FG 7051 (paroxetine, INN) was administered to rhesus monkeys in doses of 1.0, 2.5 or 7.5 mg/kg by oral gavage once daily for 13 weeks. Blood samples for analysis of 5HT in whole blood and paroxetine in plasma were taken prior to and after 1, 4 and 13 weeks of treatment. The lowest dose 1 mg/kg caused 30% depletion of 5HT in whole blood with a level of paroxetine in plasma below 2 ng/ml. Doses of 2.5 mg/kg produced an 85% depletion of 5HT and a steady state plasma concentration of about 5 ng paroxetine/ml, while 7.5 mg/kg caused a 93% depletion of 5HT and a steady state plasma concentration of 100--450 ng paroxetine/ml. There was no concentration-dependent 5HT reduction with the highest dose level suggesting that maximal depletion was produced by concentrations below 100 ng/ml. The results showed that paroxetine is a strong depletor of 5HT from whole blood of monkeys conceivably because it inhibits 5HT uptake inhibition. The effect of the drug reached its maximum within 1 week and no tolerance developed during 13 weeks.", "PMID": 102515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5278", "title": "Bone growth aud development of secondary ossification centers of extremities in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "The development of so-called long bones in the extremity has been studied roentgenographically in forty-seven males and fifty-one females cynomolgus monkeys bred and reared at the National Institute of Health. The age of the females ranged from five months to eight years and nine months, and that of the males was from four months to seven years. In addition, the fetuses of six to twenty weeks of gestation age were examined for the time of appearance of ossification centers. As the biological parameters concerning body growth, the body weight and the bone length were measured and the secondary ossification centers were scrutinized and assessed the maturity process on the basis of the criteria that divided the state into eleven stages. Also the allometric analyses of body weight against bone length was conducted. Most of the secondary ossification centers except the proximal fibulal epiphysis appeared during the period from the prenatal stage (15-20 weeks of gestationage) to the postnatal one (several months of age). From four to five months of age, many ossification centers had developed to some extent. But, the appearance of proximal fibulal epiphysis was delayed and often lacking until 10 months of age in female and one year and three months of age in male. The earliest epiphyseal fusion was observed at the distal humeral epiphysis in both sexes. The latest epiphyseal fusion was observed at the distal ulnal epiphysis in both sexes and  at the distal ulnal and radial epiphyses in female. From this study, the time of fusion was at five and three guarters years of age in females and at six and a half years of age in males. As a result, it is suggested that the estimation of animal's age might be put to practical use by introducing the assessing method that the score was given from the observation of the secondary ossification center.", "contents": "Bone growth aud development of secondary ossification centers of extremities in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). The development of so-called long bones in the extremity has been studied roentgenographically in forty-seven males and fifty-one females cynomolgus monkeys bred and reared at the National Institute of Health. The age of the females ranged from five months to eight years and nine months, and that of the males was from four months to seven years. In addition, the fetuses of six to twenty weeks of gestation age were examined for the time of appearance of ossification centers. As the biological parameters concerning body growth, the body weight and the bone length were measured and the secondary ossification centers were scrutinized and assessed the maturity process on the basis of the criteria that divided the state into eleven stages. Also the allometric analyses of body weight against bone length was conducted. Most of the secondary ossification centers except the proximal fibulal epiphysis appeared during the period from the prenatal stage (15-20 weeks of gestationage) to the postnatal one (several months of age). From four to five months of age, many ossification centers had developed to some extent. But, the appearance of proximal fibulal epiphysis was delayed and often lacking until 10 months of age in female and one year and three months of age in male. The earliest epiphyseal fusion was observed at the distal humeral epiphysis in both sexes. The latest epiphyseal fusion was observed at the distal ulnal epiphysis in both sexes and  at the distal ulnal and radial epiphyses in female. From this study, the time of fusion was at five and three guarters years of age in females and at six and a half years of age in males. As a result, it is suggested that the estimation of animal's age might be put to practical use by introducing the assessing method that the score was given from the observation of the secondary ossification center.", "PMID": 102516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5279", "title": "N,N-diethyl-4-aminoazobenzene (DEAB): acute actions with respect to possible carcinogenicity as well as the role of solvents. Morphological and pharmacological investigations.", "content": "The acute action of the azo dye DEAB was investigated in Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar (Wi) rats. The substance was dissolved both in DMSO and sunflower oil and was administered once by stomach tube. Cytochrome P-450-DEPENDENT N-demethylation of ethylmorphine and dimethylnitrosamine are differentially altered depending on the solvent used. The excretion of DEAB as well as of N,N-dimethyl-4-amino-azobenzene (DAB) is delayed and diminished if the substances are dissolved in DMSO. Beside these effects the mitotic number in the adrenal cortex is significantly elevated in both strains of rats. But, in SD rats only DMSO-solution of DEAB is effective. In Wi rats both are effective, the oily solution more than that in DMSO. In this respect DEAB resembles DAB and various other carcinogens which are efficient in stimulating adrenocortical cell division. Considering the positive short-term assay after three other substances which revealed carcinogenic properties in long-term experiments we conclude that also DEAB may be carcinogenic in adequate long-term examination.", "contents": "N,N-diethyl-4-aminoazobenzene (DEAB): acute actions with respect to possible carcinogenicity as well as the role of solvents. Morphological and pharmacological investigations. The acute action of the azo dye DEAB was investigated in Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar (Wi) rats. The substance was dissolved both in DMSO and sunflower oil and was administered once by stomach tube. Cytochrome P-450-DEPENDENT N-demethylation of ethylmorphine and dimethylnitrosamine are differentially altered depending on the solvent used. The excretion of DEAB as well as of N,N-dimethyl-4-amino-azobenzene (DAB) is delayed and diminished if the substances are dissolved in DMSO. Beside these effects the mitotic number in the adrenal cortex is significantly elevated in both strains of rats. But, in SD rats only DMSO-solution of DEAB is effective. In Wi rats both are effective, the oily solution more than that in DMSO. In this respect DEAB resembles DAB and various other carcinogens which are efficient in stimulating adrenocortical cell division. Considering the positive short-term assay after three other substances which revealed carcinogenic properties in long-term experiments we conclude that also DEAB may be carcinogenic in adequate long-term examination.", "PMID": 102518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5280", "title": "Digitonin induced alterations of the erythrocyte membrane as visible by freeze-fracturing.", "content": "Treatment of erythrocytes by low concentrations of digitonin results in the formation of elongated, bulged membrane areas free from particles and intramembraneous tubular structures emerged from these domains. At higher concentrations the tubular structures are present also outside of the membrane. A second, not bulged type of particle-free areas is more or less rounded, but mostly of rectangular shape. The rate of this type of domains increases with the concentration of digitonin. Breaks in these areas lead to a formation of sheets which results in a breakdown of the membrane structure finally into a brittle mass of many small sheets lying irregularly one upon the other. Already during the first steps of this membrane breakdown hemolysis takes place. Cross-linking of the proteins with glutaraldehyde does not entirely block up the membrane alterations. In fixed erythrocytes the formation fo elongated domains is restricted, no tubular structures are present and no dislocations of particles can be observed. Nevertheless smooth sheets localized also outside of the membrane are formed. However the investigated ghosts are not stabilized by glutaraldehyde against the effects of digitonin. Particle dislocations as well as all the other membrane alterations are present. The implications of the obtained results are: 1. The elongated domains and the tubular structures are probably not digitonin-cholesterol-complexes. 2. The formation of crystalline regions by digitonin-cholesterol-complexes destroys the membrane structure.", "contents": "Digitonin induced alterations of the erythrocyte membrane as visible by freeze-fracturing. Treatment of erythrocytes by low concentrations of digitonin results in the formation of elongated, bulged membrane areas free from particles and intramembraneous tubular structures emerged from these domains. At higher concentrations the tubular structures are present also outside of the membrane. A second, not bulged type of particle-free areas is more or less rounded, but mostly of rectangular shape. The rate of this type of domains increases with the concentration of digitonin. Breaks in these areas lead to a formation of sheets which results in a breakdown of the membrane structure finally into a brittle mass of many small sheets lying irregularly one upon the other. Already during the first steps of this membrane breakdown hemolysis takes place. Cross-linking of the proteins with glutaraldehyde does not entirely block up the membrane alterations. In fixed erythrocytes the formation fo elongated domains is restricted, no tubular structures are present and no dislocations of particles can be observed. Nevertheless smooth sheets localized also outside of the membrane are formed. However the investigated ghosts are not stabilized by glutaraldehyde against the effects of digitonin. Particle dislocations as well as all the other membrane alterations are present. The implications of the obtained results are: 1. The elongated domains and the tubular structures are probably not digitonin-cholesterol-complexes. 2. The formation of crystalline regions by digitonin-cholesterol-complexes destroys the membrane structure.", "PMID": 102519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5281", "title": "Acetic acid pretreatment of initiated epidermis inhibits tumour promotion by a phorbol ester.", "content": "Mouse skin initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and then exposed to multiple treatments of acetic acid, shows a decreased papilloma yield on subsequent promotion with croton oil.", "contents": "Acetic acid pretreatment of initiated epidermis inhibits tumour promotion by a phorbol ester. Mouse skin initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and then exposed to multiple treatments of acetic acid, shows a decreased papilloma yield on subsequent promotion with croton oil.", "PMID": 102521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5282", "title": "Autoradiographic localization of the uptake of 3H-beta-alanine in rat nervous tissue cultures.", "content": "Autoradiographic studies on the uptake of 3H-beta-alanine have shown that, in spinal cord and brain stem cultures, both neurones and glial cells have accumulated the amino acid. In contrast, in cultures of cerebellum and dorsal root ganglia, 3H-beta-alanine was only t aken up by glial elements.", "contents": "Autoradiographic localization of the uptake of 3H-beta-alanine in rat nervous tissue cultures. Autoradiographic studies on the uptake of 3H-beta-alanine have shown that, in spinal cord and brain stem cultures, both neurones and glial cells have accumulated the amino acid. In contrast, in cultures of cerebellum and dorsal root ganglia, 3H-beta-alanine was only t aken up by glial elements.", "PMID": 102522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5283", "title": "High-affinity binding of beta-alanine to cerebral synaptosomes might involve glycine-receptors.", "content": "High-affinity, Na+-independent binding of beta-alanine to a synaptosomal fraction of rat brain was potently inhibited by glycine and by some other alpha-amino acids, but not by taurine or GABA. This binding mechanism, which was also sensitive to both bicuculline and strychnine, might involve synaptic receptors for both beta-alanine and glycine.", "contents": "High-affinity binding of beta-alanine to cerebral synaptosomes might involve glycine-receptors. High-affinity, Na+-independent binding of beta-alanine to a synaptosomal fraction of rat brain was potently inhibited by glycine and by some other alpha-amino acids, but not by taurine or GABA. This binding mechanism, which was also sensitive to both bicuculline and strychnine, might involve synaptic receptors for both beta-alanine and glycine.", "PMID": 102523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5284", "title": "Organization of the mammalian red nucleus and its interconnections with the cerebellum.", "content": "The red nucleus in monkeys and rats consists of a magnocellular, rubrospinal portion which receives its cerebellar information from the nucleus interpositus, and a parvocellular, rubroolivary portion which receives cerebellar afferents from the nucleus lateralis. Distinct interpositorubrospinal and dentatorubroolivary projections are therefore common to these 2 species.", "contents": "Organization of the mammalian red nucleus and its interconnections with the cerebellum. The red nucleus in monkeys and rats consists of a magnocellular, rubrospinal portion which receives its cerebellar information from the nucleus interpositus, and a parvocellular, rubroolivary portion which receives cerebellar afferents from the nucleus lateralis. Distinct interpositorubrospinal and dentatorubroolivary projections are therefore common to these 2 species.", "PMID": 102524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5285", "title": "Estimation of plasma thyroxine concentration in ducks in relation to different environmental and experimental conditions.", "content": "Plasma thyroxine concentration was measured in ducks by the thyroxine-binding globulin technique. The assay allowed us to detect annual variations in thyroid activity as well as significant changes after starvation or cold exposure. No detectable thyroxine was formed in surgically thyroidectomized ducks.", "contents": "Estimation of plasma thyroxine concentration in ducks in relation to different environmental and experimental conditions. Plasma thyroxine concentration was measured in ducks by the thyroxine-binding globulin technique. The assay allowed us to detect annual variations in thyroid activity as well as significant changes after starvation or cold exposure. No detectable thyroxine was formed in surgically thyroidectomized ducks.", "PMID": 102525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5286", "title": "Topographic localisation of insulinogenic and insulinoprival areas in the hypothalamus.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of hypothalamic areas through stereotaxically implanted electrodes were carried out in conscious male rhesus monkeys. There was a significant increase in immunoreactive insulin (IRI) following laterla hypothalamus (LHA) stimulation. An opposite response was obtained from ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Thus, insulinogenic and insulinoprival responses were obtained from feeding and satiety, suggesting a significant role of insulin in the regulation of food intake.", "contents": "Topographic localisation of insulinogenic and insulinoprival areas in the hypothalamus. Electrical stimulation of hypothalamic areas through stereotaxically implanted electrodes were carried out in conscious male rhesus monkeys. There was a significant increase in immunoreactive insulin (IRI) following laterla hypothalamus (LHA) stimulation. An opposite response was obtained from ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Thus, insulinogenic and insulinoprival responses were obtained from feeding and satiety, suggesting a significant role of insulin in the regulation of food intake.", "PMID": 102526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5287", "title": "A method to collect cervical smears from small breeds of monkeys.", "content": "A simple method is described to collect cervical smears and to have a clear view of cervix for small breed of monkeys. This method was found useful to collect adequate cytology smears with good preservation of cellular morphology.", "contents": "A method to collect cervical smears from small breeds of monkeys. A simple method is described to collect cervical smears and to have a clear view of cervix for small breed of monkeys. This method was found useful to collect adequate cytology smears with good preservation of cellular morphology.", "PMID": 102527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5288", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of thyroid functions in chronic hemodialysis patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to obtain more precise information on thyroid functions in renal failure, attempts were made to analyze the Hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis in the regulation of thyroid function. TRH levels and other thyroidal function tests were carried out on sera and urine from patients with renal failure and thyroid diseases. Analysis of TRH in serum and urine was performed by mass fragmentography using a GC-MS combined method. Fifteen out of 28 patients had enlarged thyroid glands, goiter in high prevalence. Thyroid function studies showed low serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and high serum thyrotropic hormone levels. Serum and urinary TRH in chronic renal failure were strikingly higher than the other thyroid diseases. There were negative correlations between RIA-T3, Resomat-T4 and serum and urinary TRH levels respectively. There was a negative correlation between serum TSH and serum TRH, but no significant correlation was noticed between serum TSH and urinary TRH levels. There was a high positive correlation between serum TRH and urinary TRH levels. From these findings, it is thought that serum and urinary TRH level values are a more reliable index for the clinical evaluation of thyroid functions in renal failure than the other sample under laboratory data. In patients with chronic hemodialysis, the prevalence of goiter is relatively high, and their thyroid functions are abnormal. However, the cause of the abnormalities is not clear. It is postulated that the possibility of a breakdown of compensation in the Hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis for the regulation of the thyroid function may be seen in chronic renal failure.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of thyroid functions in chronic hemodialysis patients (author's transl)]. In order to obtain more precise information on thyroid functions in renal failure, attempts were made to analyze the Hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis in the regulation of thyroid function. TRH levels and other thyroidal function tests were carried out on sera and urine from patients with renal failure and thyroid diseases. Analysis of TRH in serum and urine was performed by mass fragmentography using a GC-MS combined method. Fifteen out of 28 patients had enlarged thyroid glands, goiter in high prevalence. Thyroid function studies showed low serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and high serum thyrotropic hormone levels. Serum and urinary TRH in chronic renal failure were strikingly higher than the other thyroid diseases. There were negative correlations between RIA-T3, Resomat-T4 and serum and urinary TRH levels respectively. There was a negative correlation between serum TSH and serum TRH, but no significant correlation was noticed between serum TSH and urinary TRH levels. There was a high positive correlation between serum TRH and urinary TRH levels. From these findings, it is thought that serum and urinary TRH level values are a more reliable index for the clinical evaluation of thyroid functions in renal failure than the other sample under laboratory data. In patients with chronic hemodialysis, the prevalence of goiter is relatively high, and their thyroid functions are abnormal. However, the cause of the abnormalities is not clear. It is postulated that the possibility of a breakdown of compensation in the Hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis for the regulation of the thyroid function may be seen in chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 102540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5289", "title": "[A new method for the determination of serum human placental lactogen (HPL) by single radial immunodiffusion (author's transl)].", "content": "The general radioimmunoassay (RIA) currently employed for the determination of serum HPL requires a special apparatus and a complicated technique. Therefore, in order to simplify the assay we tried to develop a new method using single radial immunodiffusion (SRID). Basic examinations were made to establish a simplified HPL assay method by SRID. The optimal conditions finally decided for SRID were as follows: the thickness of the agar plate, 1.5 mm; the diameter of the well, 3 mm; the amount of antigen added, 10 microliter; antibody concentration, 1.0% for the measurement range from 1.0 microgram/ml to 16 microgram/ml and 0.5% for the measurement range from 0.25 microgram/ml to 1.0 microgram/ml. Under these conditions serum HPL was detectable after the 9th week of gestation, and antigen was measurable over 0.25 microgram/ml. Serum HPL values measured by RIA and SRID from the 9th to the 42nd week of gestation in 138 normal pregnant women were identical, and the correlation was highly significant (r = 0.842, p less than 0.001). This SRID method was as reliable and sensitive as the RIA and made it easier than the RIA to measure the serum HPL of pregnant women. Therefore, with regard to placental function its clinical application should prove to be certainly beneficial.", "contents": "[A new method for the determination of serum human placental lactogen (HPL) by single radial immunodiffusion (author's transl)]. The general radioimmunoassay (RIA) currently employed for the determination of serum HPL requires a special apparatus and a complicated technique. Therefore, in order to simplify the assay we tried to develop a new method using single radial immunodiffusion (SRID). Basic examinations were made to establish a simplified HPL assay method by SRID. The optimal conditions finally decided for SRID were as follows: the thickness of the agar plate, 1.5 mm; the diameter of the well, 3 mm; the amount of antigen added, 10 microliter; antibody concentration, 1.0% for the measurement range from 1.0 microgram/ml to 16 microgram/ml and 0.5% for the measurement range from 0.25 microgram/ml to 1.0 microgram/ml. Under these conditions serum HPL was detectable after the 9th week of gestation, and antigen was measurable over 0.25 microgram/ml. Serum HPL values measured by RIA and SRID from the 9th to the 42nd week of gestation in 138 normal pregnant women were identical, and the correlation was highly significant (r = 0.842, p less than 0.001). This SRID method was as reliable and sensitive as the RIA and made it easier than the RIA to measure the serum HPL of pregnant women. Therefore, with regard to placental function its clinical application should prove to be certainly beneficial.", "PMID": 102542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5290", "title": "Antibody binding of insulin in diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "This study investigates the effects of insulin antibody binding on free insulin levels measured in patients with acute diabetic ketoacidosis receiving insulin by constant infusion. In spite of antibody binding ranging from 10 to 90 per cent of the total circulating insulin, the steady state concentrations of free insulin were similar to those observed in individuals on identical infusion rates but without insulin-binding antibodies. However, the levels of free insulin in two patients were substantially lower than expected for the rate of insulin infusion, even though levels of bound insulin were not greatly elevated. An infusion rate of at least 4 U. per hour produced satisfactory rate of fall of plasma glucose, whereas lower dose regimens (2 U. per hour)--producing steady state free insulin concentrations ranging from 28 to 49 mU. per liter in different subjects--were unreliable in controlling the metabolic abnormalities of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "contents": "Antibody binding of insulin in diabetic ketoacidosis. This study investigates the effects of insulin antibody binding on free insulin levels measured in patients with acute diabetic ketoacidosis receiving insulin by constant infusion. In spite of antibody binding ranging from 10 to 90 per cent of the total circulating insulin, the steady state concentrations of free insulin were similar to those observed in individuals on identical infusion rates but without insulin-binding antibodies. However, the levels of free insulin in two patients were substantially lower than expected for the rate of insulin infusion, even though levels of bound insulin were not greatly elevated. An infusion rate of at least 4 U. per hour produced satisfactory rate of fall of plasma glucose, whereas lower dose regimens (2 U. per hour)--producing steady state free insulin concentrations ranging from 28 to 49 mU. per liter in different subjects--were unreliable in controlling the metabolic abnormalities of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 102556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5291", "title": "Microtubules and microfilaments as major components of a phagocytic apparatus: the cytopharyngeal basket of the ciliate Pseudomicrothorax dubius.", "content": "The cytopharyngeal basket of Pseudomicrothorax dubius, through which filamentous blue-green algae are ingested, consists of 22 (+/- 3) nemadesmata and nemadesmal lamellae, in the form of a tube. A cytostome, delimited by the cell membrane and surrounded by 22 (+/- 3) major and minor cortical corrugations, covers the end of the basket where the latter is attached to the cell cortex. Each nemadesm, at its greatest diameter, consists of about 200 microtubules which are joined together by sheet-like cross-bridges. The cross-bridges appear to be responsible for the high structural resilience of the nemadesmata. Each nemadesmal lamella is a ribbon of 20--30 microtubules, with two arm-like structures associated with one side of each microtubule. The arms are partially embedded in a fine filamentous layer. Except for a perforated zone, the wall of the basket is completely closed due to the presence of a filamentous sheath which extends between adjacent nemadesmata. Absence of the sheath allows movement of vesicles between the cytoplasm and the lumen of the basket in the perforated zone. The sheath is capable of elastic stretching during food uptake.", "contents": "Microtubules and microfilaments as major components of a phagocytic apparatus: the cytopharyngeal basket of the ciliate Pseudomicrothorax dubius. The cytopharyngeal basket of Pseudomicrothorax dubius, through which filamentous blue-green algae are ingested, consists of 22 (+/- 3) nemadesmata and nemadesmal lamellae, in the form of a tube. A cytostome, delimited by the cell membrane and surrounded by 22 (+/- 3) major and minor cortical corrugations, covers the end of the basket where the latter is attached to the cell cortex. Each nemadesm, at its greatest diameter, consists of about 200 microtubules which are joined together by sheet-like cross-bridges. The cross-bridges appear to be responsible for the high structural resilience of the nemadesmata. Each nemadesmal lamella is a ribbon of 20--30 microtubules, with two arm-like structures associated with one side of each microtubule. The arms are partially embedded in a fine filamentous layer. Except for a perforated zone, the wall of the basket is completely closed due to the presence of a filamentous sheath which extends between adjacent nemadesmata. Absence of the sheath allows movement of vesicles between the cytoplasm and the lumen of the basket in the perforated zone. The sheath is capable of elastic stretching during food uptake.", "PMID": 102557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5292", "title": "[Amplification of the riboflavin operon genes of Bacillus subtilis in Escherichia coli cells].", "content": "Amplification of Bacillus subtilis DNA fragments was performed in Escherichia coli using plasmid RSF2124. The main principle of isolation and cloning hybrid plasmids was described using genes of riboflavin operon as a model. Bac. subtilis DNA was treated with restriction endonuclease EcoR; followed by the agarose gel electrophoretic separation of the resulting fragments. Gels were sliced, DNA was eluted from the corresponding slices and used to transform Bac. subtilis auxotrophs rib A72, rib S110 and rib D107. DNA fraction with the molecular weight 7 . 10(6) daltons restored prototrophy of these mutants. DNA of this fraction was ligated with EcoRI treated plasmid RSF2124 DNA and used for transformation of E. coli rk-mk+. Ampicillin resistant transformants which had lost the colicin production ability, were selected. The presence of riboflavin genes within the hybrid plasmids was detected by transformation of B. subtilis auxotrophs. Three hybrid plasmids (pPR1, pPR2 and pPR3), containing a fragment of Bac. subtilis DNA with the molecular weight 6.8 . 10(-6) daltons including riboflavin operon, were selected. The analysis of the transformation activity of Bac. subtilis DNA and plasmid pPR1 DNA revealed, that there was no restriction activity of Bac. subtilis cells against plasmid DNA amplified in E. coli. Heteroduplex analysis has shown that plasmids pPR1 and pPR2 differ in the orientation of Bac. subtilis DNA fragment. DNA of these plasmids restored prototrophy of the several studied E. coli riboflavin auxotrophs.", "contents": "[Amplification of the riboflavin operon genes of Bacillus subtilis in Escherichia coli cells]. Amplification of Bacillus subtilis DNA fragments was performed in Escherichia coli using plasmid RSF2124. The main principle of isolation and cloning hybrid plasmids was described using genes of riboflavin operon as a model. Bac. subtilis DNA was treated with restriction endonuclease EcoR; followed by the agarose gel electrophoretic separation of the resulting fragments. Gels were sliced, DNA was eluted from the corresponding slices and used to transform Bac. subtilis auxotrophs rib A72, rib S110 and rib D107. DNA fraction with the molecular weight 7 . 10(6) daltons restored prototrophy of these mutants. DNA of this fraction was ligated with EcoRI treated plasmid RSF2124 DNA and used for transformation of E. coli rk-mk+. Ampicillin resistant transformants which had lost the colicin production ability, were selected. The presence of riboflavin genes within the hybrid plasmids was detected by transformation of B. subtilis auxotrophs. Three hybrid plasmids (pPR1, pPR2 and pPR3), containing a fragment of Bac. subtilis DNA with the molecular weight 6.8 . 10(-6) daltons including riboflavin operon, were selected. The analysis of the transformation activity of Bac. subtilis DNA and plasmid pPR1 DNA revealed, that there was no restriction activity of Bac. subtilis cells against plasmid DNA amplified in E. coli. Heteroduplex analysis has shown that plasmids pPR1 and pPR2 differ in the orientation of Bac. subtilis DNA fragment. DNA of these plasmids restored prototrophy of the several studied E. coli riboflavin auxotrophs.", "PMID": 102560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5293", "title": "[Effect of Bacillus subtilis A-50 \"streptomycin\" mutations on the formation of molecular forms of subtilisin, an extracellular alkaline proteinase].", "content": "The patterns of subtilisin molecular forms of streptomycin-resistant (Strr) and streptomycin-dependent (Strd) mutants of Bacillus subtilis A-50, as well as the revertants of Strd to streptomycin-independence (Str1) were studied. Strr mutants had different quantitative pattern of the same subtilisin molecular forms as compared with the initial strain A-50 (the forms with Rf 0.08, 0.16 and 0.3). In comparison with the initial strain A-50, Strd mutants and Str1 revertants revealed three additional forms of the active enzyme with Rf 0.02, 0.5 and 0.7 and the molecular weights less than 35,000, 28,000 and 20,000 respectively. It was suggested that the rate and character of the enzyme secretion of the degree of its post-translational modifications might result in the different pattern of subtilisin molecular forms produced by these streptomycin mutants.", "contents": "[Effect of Bacillus subtilis A-50 \"streptomycin\" mutations on the formation of molecular forms of subtilisin, an extracellular alkaline proteinase]. The patterns of subtilisin molecular forms of streptomycin-resistant (Strr) and streptomycin-dependent (Strd) mutants of Bacillus subtilis A-50, as well as the revertants of Strd to streptomycin-independence (Str1) were studied. Strr mutants had different quantitative pattern of the same subtilisin molecular forms as compared with the initial strain A-50 (the forms with Rf 0.08, 0.16 and 0.3). In comparison with the initial strain A-50, Strd mutants and Str1 revertants revealed three additional forms of the active enzyme with Rf 0.02, 0.5 and 0.7 and the molecular weights less than 35,000, 28,000 and 20,000 respectively. It was suggested that the rate and character of the enzyme secretion of the degree of its post-translational modifications might result in the different pattern of subtilisin molecular forms produced by these streptomycin mutants.", "PMID": 102561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5294", "title": "[Genetic limitations of erythrocyte lysis by bacteria of the genus Salmonella].", "content": "Lytic effect of Salmonella bacteria on the erythrocates of 1301 humans (including 150 twins), 1059 hens, 600 mice, 33 guinea pigs, 47 rabbits, 22 horses, 16 sheeps, 7 dogs, 2 cats and 2 monkeys was investigated. Erythrocytes of all horses, guinea pigs and rabbits tested appeared to be sensible. The same cells of humans, sheeps, hens, dogs, monkeys and cats turned to be either sensible, or stable. Human erythrocytes were the most stable. Erythrocytes of humans having had typhus or other Salmonella infections appeared to be more sensible. Homozygous twins developed complete two by two concordance of the sign of sensibility in all details investigated. Relation of erythrocytes to Salmonella hemolysins was not influences with time and specific immunization, did not correlate with blood groups and factors ABO, MN, P and rhesis systems, with age, sex and nationality of people tested. It also did not correlate with the presence of anti-salmonella agglutinins, with different osmotic and acid stability of erythrocytes. The display of hemolytic activity of Salmonella is limited by genetically predestinated species and individual properties of erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Genetic limitations of erythrocyte lysis by bacteria of the genus Salmonella]. Lytic effect of Salmonella bacteria on the erythrocates of 1301 humans (including 150 twins), 1059 hens, 600 mice, 33 guinea pigs, 47 rabbits, 22 horses, 16 sheeps, 7 dogs, 2 cats and 2 monkeys was investigated. Erythrocytes of all horses, guinea pigs and rabbits tested appeared to be sensible. The same cells of humans, sheeps, hens, dogs, monkeys and cats turned to be either sensible, or stable. Human erythrocytes were the most stable. Erythrocytes of humans having had typhus or other Salmonella infections appeared to be more sensible. Homozygous twins developed complete two by two concordance of the sign of sensibility in all details investigated. Relation of erythrocytes to Salmonella hemolysins was not influences with time and specific immunization, did not correlate with blood groups and factors ABO, MN, P and rhesis systems, with age, sex and nationality of people tested. It also did not correlate with the presence of anti-salmonella agglutinins, with different osmotic and acid stability of erythrocytes. The display of hemolytic activity of Salmonella is limited by genetically predestinated species and individual properties of erythrocytes.", "PMID": 102562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5295", "title": "[UV-light induction of \"true\" revertants to adenine independence in Bacillus subtilis cells].", "content": "The UV-irradiation of Bacillus subtilis Mu5u8u16 (met5 leu8 purA) induces with relatively high frequency the revertants to adenine independence (Ade+) which form the rapidly growing morphologically uniform colonies on the solid selective medium. The genetic analysis of a portion of UV-induced Ade+ revertants (crosses in transformation system) has cleared up that their DNA does not contain the original mutation ade16. This means that they arise as the result of \"true\" reversions. This reversion in purA gene can serve as a good model for the study of UV-induced mutagenesis in a proximal structural locus of Bac. subtilis chromosome.", "contents": "[UV-light induction of \"true\" revertants to adenine independence in Bacillus subtilis cells]. The UV-irradiation of Bacillus subtilis Mu5u8u16 (met5 leu8 purA) induces with relatively high frequency the revertants to adenine independence (Ade+) which form the rapidly growing morphologically uniform colonies on the solid selective medium. The genetic analysis of a portion of UV-induced Ade+ revertants (crosses in transformation system) has cleared up that their DNA does not contain the original mutation ade16. This means that they arise as the result of \"true\" reversions. This reversion in purA gene can serve as a good model for the study of UV-induced mutagenesis in a proximal structural locus of Bac. subtilis chromosome.", "PMID": 102563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5296", "title": "[Riboflavin biosynthesis operon of Bacillus subtilis. XIV. Operator-constitutive mutants].", "content": "Numerous operator-constitutive mutants of riboflavin biosynthesis were selected. All of them map in a short region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome. The yield of riboflavin synthetase from this mutant is different, but in most cases much lower than the maximal yield from a repressor minus strain. Our tentative explanation is a partial overlap of the sites for the adsorption of repressor and RNA-polymerase. Therefore the affinity to the transcribing enzyme is diminished in the operator constitutive strains. The affinity of the repressor-effector complex to the operator depends on the effector structure.", "contents": "[Riboflavin biosynthesis operon of Bacillus subtilis. XIV. Operator-constitutive mutants]. Numerous operator-constitutive mutants of riboflavin biosynthesis were selected. All of them map in a short region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome. The yield of riboflavin synthetase from this mutant is different, but in most cases much lower than the maximal yield from a repressor minus strain. Our tentative explanation is a partial overlap of the sites for the adsorption of repressor and RNA-polymerase. Therefore the affinity to the transcribing enzyme is diminished in the operator constitutive strains. The affinity of the repressor-effector complex to the operator depends on the effector structure.", "PMID": 102564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5297", "title": "Social organization and social behavior in two subspecies of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "Social organization and social behavior were examined in two subspecies of squirrel monkeys which differ markedly in the degree of sexual dimorphism. The Bolivian squirrel monkeys, the subspecies with greater sexual dimorphism, manifested a sexually segregated form of social organization, while the social organization of the Guyanese monkeys was sexually integrated. Dominance relationships were found to reflect these patterns of sexual segregation or integration; in the Bolivian social groups separate linear dominance hierarchies were established within each sex while the Guyanese monkeys established a single linear hierarchy which included both males and females. Relationships between males and females in the two subspecies appear to be regulated by two distinct mechanisms, dominance in the Guyanese monkeys and sexual segregation in the Bolivians.", "contents": "Social organization and social behavior in two subspecies of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Social organization and social behavior were examined in two subspecies of squirrel monkeys which differ markedly in the degree of sexual dimorphism. The Bolivian squirrel monkeys, the subspecies with greater sexual dimorphism, manifested a sexually segregated form of social organization, while the social organization of the Guyanese monkeys was sexually integrated. Dominance relationships were found to reflect these patterns of sexual segregation or integration; in the Bolivian social groups separate linear dominance hierarchies were established within each sex while the Guyanese monkeys established a single linear hierarchy which included both males and females. Relationships between males and females in the two subspecies appear to be regulated by two distinct mechanisms, dominance in the Guyanese monkeys and sexual segregation in the Bolivians.", "PMID": 102567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5298", "title": "Food transfer by wild titi monkeys (Callicebus torquatus torquatus).", "content": "The behaviours and food types associated with wild titi monkey food transfer are described and analyzed. Food transfer is not considered altruistic, and possible benefits are explored by examining the context and consequences of food transfer.", "contents": "Food transfer by wild titi monkeys (Callicebus torquatus torquatus). The behaviours and food types associated with wild titi monkey food transfer are described and analyzed. Food transfer is not considered altruistic, and possible benefits are explored by examining the context and consequences of food transfer.", "PMID": 102568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5299", "title": "Karyotype abnormalities in two primate species, Pygathrix nemaeus and Lemur coronatus.", "content": "The karyotypes of 7 douc langurs (Pygathrix nemaeus) and 3 crowned lemurs (Lemur coronatus) were examined. Abnormalities in 23.5% of the karyotypes of 1 male douc langur were associated with a history of fathering stillborns and abortuses (38%). Karyotype analysis of an apparently normal female lemur revealed three differing karyotypes, one normal and two abnormal.", "contents": "Karyotype abnormalities in two primate species, Pygathrix nemaeus and Lemur coronatus. The karyotypes of 7 douc langurs (Pygathrix nemaeus) and 3 crowned lemurs (Lemur coronatus) were examined. Abnormalities in 23.5% of the karyotypes of 1 male douc langur were associated with a history of fathering stillborns and abortuses (38%). Karyotype analysis of an apparently normal female lemur revealed three differing karyotypes, one normal and two abnormal.", "PMID": 102569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5300", "title": "The orbital mosaic in prosimians and the use of variable traits in systematics.", "content": "Study of 579 skulls, representing all 33 extant prosimian species and several anthropoids, shows that an orbital exposure of the ethmoid occurs in most Malagasy genera. A palatine-lacrimal contact is normal only in Lemur; the zygomatic-lacrimal contact occurs in most lorisiform species. Lepilemur shows possibly significant resemblances to lorisiforms. The vomer appears in the orbit of some ceboids. Cebids are distinguished by a canal running from the orbital apex through the basicranium. It is argued that skull shape and jaw musculature affect the size and shape of certain orbital-mosaic components. Frequencies of traits, rather than typologically 'normal' traits, may be taken as synpomorphies linking different species cladistically.", "contents": "The orbital mosaic in prosimians and the use of variable traits in systematics. Study of 579 skulls, representing all 33 extant prosimian species and several anthropoids, shows that an orbital exposure of the ethmoid occurs in most Malagasy genera. A palatine-lacrimal contact is normal only in Lemur; the zygomatic-lacrimal contact occurs in most lorisiform species. Lepilemur shows possibly significant resemblances to lorisiforms. The vomer appears in the orbit of some ceboids. Cebids are distinguished by a canal running from the orbital apex through the basicranium. It is argued that skull shape and jaw musculature affect the size and shape of certain orbital-mosaic components. Frequencies of traits, rather than typologically 'normal' traits, may be taken as synpomorphies linking different species cladistically.", "PMID": 102570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5301", "title": "Changes through the day in the food choice of wild gibbons.", "content": "Several studies of primates have found that they tend to eat different foods at different times of day. A detailed study of a small sample of siamang and lar gibbons shows that they select figs in the morning, young leaves in the afternoon and figs again for the last feed of the day. Various explanations of these choices are offered, centering on how the gibbons can best meet their energy demands overnight and at dawn.", "contents": "Changes through the day in the food choice of wild gibbons. Several studies of primates have found that they tend to eat different foods at different times of day. A detailed study of a small sample of siamang and lar gibbons shows that they select figs in the morning, young leaves in the afternoon and figs again for the last feed of the day. Various explanations of these choices are offered, centering on how the gibbons can best meet their energy demands overnight and at dawn.", "PMID": 102571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5302", "title": "The birth and early development of a captive sifaka, Propithecus verreauxi coquereli.", "content": "We report here our observations on parturition and infant development up to five months in a captive sifaka, Propithecus verreauxi coquereli. Comparisons are made with other reports of Propithecus. In describing the acquisition of developmental landmarks, a distinction is made between the first sighting of a behavior pattern and its regular occurrence in the infant's repertoire. We describe the development of locomotor abilities, grooming, feeding, play, and social interactions. In general, maturation of Propithecus is slow relative to species of the genus Lemur.", "contents": "The birth and early development of a captive sifaka, Propithecus verreauxi coquereli. We report here our observations on parturition and infant development up to five months in a captive sifaka, Propithecus verreauxi coquereli. Comparisons are made with other reports of Propithecus. In describing the acquisition of developmental landmarks, a distinction is made between the first sighting of a behavior pattern and its regular occurrence in the infant's repertoire. We describe the development of locomotor abilities, grooming, feeding, play, and social interactions. In general, maturation of Propithecus is slow relative to species of the genus Lemur.", "PMID": 102572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5303", "title": "Some effects of living conditions upon the pattern of growth in the stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides).", "content": "Somatometric and weight measurements of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) bred in various environmental conditions are presented. Environmental parameters may influence the pattern of growth in slowing down the 'growth rate' of monkeys bred in restricted laboratory environment as compared with monkeys bred in 'optimal' captive conditions: their subadult and adult linear dimensions are smaller.", "contents": "Some effects of living conditions upon the pattern of growth in the stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides). Somatometric and weight measurements of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) bred in various environmental conditions are presented. Environmental parameters may influence the pattern of growth in slowing down the 'growth rate' of monkeys bred in restricted laboratory environment as compared with monkeys bred in 'optimal' captive conditions: their subadult and adult linear dimensions are smaller.", "PMID": 102573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5304", "title": "[Long-term coverage of defect-wounds using synthetic skin substitute].", "content": "According our experiences non-infected defect wounds can be covered with Epigard even for a long time without problems. Changing the skin substitute is not necessary. Thus the danger of bacterial contamination is reduced and a reliable prevention of infection results. Weeks or months later an ideal base for autodermic grafting is obtained. Our method is indicated particularly for treatment of open fractures with skin defects. Long-term cover of infected tissue cannot always be achieved; in this case another therapeutic way should be attempted.", "contents": "[Long-term coverage of defect-wounds using synthetic skin substitute]. According our experiences non-infected defect wounds can be covered with Epigard even for a long time without problems. Changing the skin substitute is not necessary. Thus the danger of bacterial contamination is reduced and a reliable prevention of infection results. Weeks or months later an ideal base for autodermic grafting is obtained. Our method is indicated particularly for treatment of open fractures with skin defects. Long-term cover of infected tissue cannot always be achieved; in this case another therapeutic way should be attempted.", "PMID": 102574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5305", "title": "Human placenta alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase: purification, characterization and demonstration of multiple recognition forms.", "content": "alpha-N-Acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.50) was purified from human placenta by a four-step procedure including ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography with immobilized antibodies against urinary alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, gel chromatography and discontinuous gel electrophoresis with a 30% recovery and 26 300-fold purification. Immunological methods revealed the contamination with about 10% non-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase protein. Isoelectric focusing led to a distribution of activity between 4.3 and 6.5 with maxima at pH 5.1 and pH 5.7. After treatment with neuraminidase, alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity assembled at pH 5.7. The multiple isoelectric forms were endocytosed with different rates by cultured human skin fibroblasts. Placenta alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase has an apparent molecular weight of 304 000 and contains 23.4% carbohydrate consisting of glucose, galactose, mannose, hexosamines and neuraminic acid. Gel electrophoresis in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate separated placenta alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase into subunits with molecular weights of 86 500 and 81 000. The activity towards various substrates, the kinetics of hydrolysis, the pH optimum and the stability of the catalytic activity were assayed.", "contents": "Human placenta alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase: purification, characterization and demonstration of multiple recognition forms. alpha-N-Acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.50) was purified from human placenta by a four-step procedure including ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography with immobilized antibodies against urinary alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, gel chromatography and discontinuous gel electrophoresis with a 30% recovery and 26 300-fold purification. Immunological methods revealed the contamination with about 10% non-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase protein. Isoelectric focusing led to a distribution of activity between 4.3 and 6.5 with maxima at pH 5.1 and pH 5.7. After treatment with neuraminidase, alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity assembled at pH 5.7. The multiple isoelectric forms were endocytosed with different rates by cultured human skin fibroblasts. Placenta alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase has an apparent molecular weight of 304 000 and contains 23.4% carbohydrate consisting of glucose, galactose, mannose, hexosamines and neuraminic acid. Gel electrophoresis in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate separated placenta alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase into subunits with molecular weights of 86 500 and 81 000. The activity towards various substrates, the kinetics of hydrolysis, the pH optimum and the stability of the catalytic activity were assayed.", "PMID": 102578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5306", "title": "It works better when problems are shared. Interview by Mark Perlberg.", "content": "In an exclusive interview, Jeannette R. Kramer, a specialist in the provision of long-term care, discusses the concept of the therapeutic community that she and her husband have instituted in the skilled nursing care facility that they own and operate. By providing an environment in which patients, their families, and the staff can communicate easily, the nursing facility can pinpoint problems and solve them early.", "contents": "It works better when problems are shared. Interview by Mark Perlberg. In an exclusive interview, Jeannette R. Kramer, a specialist in the provision of long-term care, discusses the concept of the therapeutic community that she and her husband have instituted in the skilled nursing care facility that they own and operate. By providing an environment in which patients, their families, and the staff can communicate easily, the nursing facility can pinpoint problems and solve them early.", "PMID": 102581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5307", "title": "Criteria for internal auditing.", "content": "An effective, inclusive internal auditing endeavor should help assure hospital managements that (1) an adequate system of internal control exists to assure the safeguarding of assets and the reliability of data produced by the financial information system, (2) uneconomic operating practices are detected promptly so they can be remedied, and (3) program results and effectiveness levels are of sufficiently high quality to demonstrate managerial competence.", "contents": "Criteria for internal auditing. An effective, inclusive internal auditing endeavor should help assure hospital managements that (1) an adequate system of internal control exists to assure the safeguarding of assets and the reliability of data produced by the financial information system, (2) uneconomic operating practices are detected promptly so they can be remedied, and (3) program results and effectiveness levels are of sufficiently high quality to demonstrate managerial competence.", "PMID": 102583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5308", "title": "Explant culture of rat colon: a model system for studying metabolism of chemical carcinogens.", "content": "An explant culture system has been developed for the long-term maintenance of colonic tissue from the rat. Explants of 1 cm2 in size were placed in tissue-culture dishes to which was added 2 ml of CMRL-1066 medium supplemented with glucose, hydrocortisone, beta-retinyl acetate, and either 2.5% bovine albumin or 5% fetal bovine serum. The dishes were placed in a controlled-atmosphere chamber which was gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. The chamber then was placed on a rocker platform which rocked at 10 cycles per min causing the medium to flow intermittently over the epithelial surface. The explants were incubated at 30 degrees C. The viability of the tissue was measured both by incorporation of specific precursors into cellular macromolecules and by monitoring of tissue morphology with light and electron microscopy. Cultured rat colon was able to metabolize benzo[alpha]pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene, aflatoxin B1, dimethylnitrosamine, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, and methylazoxymethanol acetate into chemical species that bind to cellular DNA and protein.", "contents": "Explant culture of rat colon: a model system for studying metabolism of chemical carcinogens. An explant culture system has been developed for the long-term maintenance of colonic tissue from the rat. Explants of 1 cm2 in size were placed in tissue-culture dishes to which was added 2 ml of CMRL-1066 medium supplemented with glucose, hydrocortisone, beta-retinyl acetate, and either 2.5% bovine albumin or 5% fetal bovine serum. The dishes were placed in a controlled-atmosphere chamber which was gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. The chamber then was placed on a rocker platform which rocked at 10 cycles per min causing the medium to flow intermittently over the epithelial surface. The explants were incubated at 30 degrees C. The viability of the tissue was measured both by incorporation of specific precursors into cellular macromolecules and by monitoring of tissue morphology with light and electron microscopy. Cultured rat colon was able to metabolize benzo[alpha]pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene, aflatoxin B1, dimethylnitrosamine, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, and methylazoxymethanol acetate into chemical species that bind to cellular DNA and protein.", "PMID": 102584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5309", "title": "Binding of soluble immune complexes to Raji lymphocytes. Role of receptors for complement components, C1q and C3-C3b.", "content": "We have found that, although the binding of particulate antigen-antibody complement complexes such as EAC to lymphoblastoid Raji cells is mediated largely through receptors for C3b, the binding of complement-containing soluble complexes such as those prepared with aggregated human IgG (AHG) occurs also via receptors for C1q. Evidence supporting this conclusion included: (1) Binding of AHG to Raji cells takes place after incubation in EDTA serum; (2) Binding of AHG does not occur in C1q deficient EDTA serum but does take place after addition of C1q; (3) The extent of binding of AHG in EDTA serum is a function of the amount of C1q present; (4) Raji cells can bind up to 5-4 times 10(5) molecules of 125I C1q per cell which can be blocked by unlabelled C1q; (5) AHG pre-incubated with C can bind to a T-cell line MOLT, which lacks receptors for C3b but possesses receptors for C1q to the same extent as Raji cells; (6) Immunoassays for immune complexes in human sera yield similar results whether Raji cells, MOLT cells or C1q precipitation is used for assay; (7) EAC-Raji cell rosettes can be inhibited with inulin-treated, C1q deficient serum containing C3b or C3d whereas binding of AHG or immune complexes in patient samples to Raji or MOLT cells is not inhibited by this reagent. We conclude that receptors for C1q on certain B and T lymphocytes may play an important role in physiologic functions of lymphocytes depending on binding of soluble immune complexes to their surfaces.", "contents": "Binding of soluble immune complexes to Raji lymphocytes. Role of receptors for complement components, C1q and C3-C3b. We have found that, although the binding of particulate antigen-antibody complement complexes such as EAC to lymphoblastoid Raji cells is mediated largely through receptors for C3b, the binding of complement-containing soluble complexes such as those prepared with aggregated human IgG (AHG) occurs also via receptors for C1q. Evidence supporting this conclusion included: (1) Binding of AHG to Raji cells takes place after incubation in EDTA serum; (2) Binding of AHG does not occur in C1q deficient EDTA serum but does take place after addition of C1q; (3) The extent of binding of AHG in EDTA serum is a function of the amount of C1q present; (4) Raji cells can bind up to 5-4 times 10(5) molecules of 125I C1q per cell which can be blocked by unlabelled C1q; (5) AHG pre-incubated with C can bind to a T-cell line MOLT, which lacks receptors for C3b but possesses receptors for C1q to the same extent as Raji cells; (6) Immunoassays for immune complexes in human sera yield similar results whether Raji cells, MOLT cells or C1q precipitation is used for assay; (7) EAC-Raji cell rosettes can be inhibited with inulin-treated, C1q deficient serum containing C3b or C3d whereas binding of AHG or immune complexes in patient samples to Raji or MOLT cells is not inhibited by this reagent. We conclude that receptors for C1q on certain B and T lymphocytes may play an important role in physiologic functions of lymphocytes depending on binding of soluble immune complexes to their surfaces.", "PMID": 102587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5310", "title": "Specificity and genetic restrictions of the guinea-pig immune response to dinitrophenyl-lysyl-alanyl octapeptides.", "content": "A series of 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) octapeptides containing L-lysine and L-alanine were prepared to examine the specificity and genetic restrictions of both cellular and humoral immune responses in inbred guinea-pigs. Strains 2 and 13 guinea-pigs were therefore immunized with Lys4-Ala3-Lys(DNP), Lys3Ala4-Lys(DNP), Lys2-Ala5-Lys(DNP) and Lys-Ala6-Lys(DNP). Only Lys4-Ala3-Lys(DNP) was under Ir gene control and could induce both antibody and T-cell responses in strain 2 guinea-pigs. In contrast, Lys4-Ala3-Lys(DNP) injected in strain 13 guinea-pigs and the other DNP-octapeptides injected in strain 2 or 13 guinea-pigs elicited only antibody formation and no specific T-cell mediated response. Antibody formed in the absence of specific T-cell responsiveness in either strain 2 or 13 was hapten specific and lacked the capacity to discriminate the immunizing antigen from closely related DNP-peptides. Antibody produced by animals with specific T-cell responses, on the other hand, was exquisitely specific for the immunizing peptide and could discriminate it from closely related peptides.", "contents": "Specificity and genetic restrictions of the guinea-pig immune response to dinitrophenyl-lysyl-alanyl octapeptides. A series of 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) octapeptides containing L-lysine and L-alanine were prepared to examine the specificity and genetic restrictions of both cellular and humoral immune responses in inbred guinea-pigs. Strains 2 and 13 guinea-pigs were therefore immunized with Lys4-Ala3-Lys(DNP), Lys3Ala4-Lys(DNP), Lys2-Ala5-Lys(DNP) and Lys-Ala6-Lys(DNP). Only Lys4-Ala3-Lys(DNP) was under Ir gene control and could induce both antibody and T-cell responses in strain 2 guinea-pigs. In contrast, Lys4-Ala3-Lys(DNP) injected in strain 13 guinea-pigs and the other DNP-octapeptides injected in strain 2 or 13 guinea-pigs elicited only antibody formation and no specific T-cell mediated response. Antibody formed in the absence of specific T-cell responsiveness in either strain 2 or 13 was hapten specific and lacked the capacity to discriminate the immunizing antigen from closely related DNP-peptides. Antibody produced by animals with specific T-cell responses, on the other hand, was exquisitely specific for the immunizing peptide and could discriminate it from closely related peptides.", "PMID": 102589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5311", "title": "[Clinical studies on the concentration of free amino acids in plasma and urine during post-aggression metabolism. II].", "content": "Our first report concerned the changes in the concentration of free plasma amino acids within the framework of postaggression metabolism, resulting from surgical intervention and parenteral nutrition. This study with 23 operated patients is intended to show whether an amino acid mixture is suited for parenteral nutrition if the particular metabolic action mentioned above is taken into consideration in the composition of the solution. We have shown that the change in the concentration of free plasma amino acids is very small during continuous infusion for 4 postoperative days in steady state and insignificant in comparison to the normal pattern of healthy subjects, except for phenylalanine. With a quota of 2.75% of the supply, the renal loss of free amino acids is clinically unimportant. We believe that an amino acid solution of such composition is suited for infusion in the postoperative and posttraumatic phase whereby our recommendation is explicitly limited to this indication.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on the concentration of free amino acids in plasma and urine during post-aggression metabolism. II]. Our first report concerned the changes in the concentration of free plasma amino acids within the framework of postaggression metabolism, resulting from surgical intervention and parenteral nutrition. This study with 23 operated patients is intended to show whether an amino acid mixture is suited for parenteral nutrition if the particular metabolic action mentioned above is taken into consideration in the composition of the solution. We have shown that the change in the concentration of free plasma amino acids is very small during continuous infusion for 4 postoperative days in steady state and insignificant in comparison to the normal pattern of healthy subjects, except for phenylalanine. With a quota of 2.75% of the supply, the renal loss of free amino acids is clinically unimportant. We believe that an amino acid solution of such composition is suited for infusion in the postoperative and posttraumatic phase whereby our recommendation is explicitly limited to this indication.", "PMID": 102593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5312", "title": "[Aimed substitution of zinc, copper, magnesium and inorganic phosphates during postoperative parenteral feeding].", "content": "In 20 patients, the serum level and urinary output of zinc, magnesium, copper, calcium and anorganic phosphate were examined during postoperative parenteral feeding. The parenteral feeding was standardized. In addition, the above mentioned bioelements were systematically substituted. Effects of this substitution therapy on serum level and urinary output are discussed.", "contents": "[Aimed substitution of zinc, copper, magnesium and inorganic phosphates during postoperative parenteral feeding]. In 20 patients, the serum level and urinary output of zinc, magnesium, copper, calcium and anorganic phosphate were examined during postoperative parenteral feeding. The parenteral feeding was standardized. In addition, the above mentioned bioelements were systematically substituted. Effects of this substitution therapy on serum level and urinary output are discussed.", "PMID": 102594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5313", "title": "[Effect of postoperative infusion and transfusion therapy on the serum level and renal losses of zinc, magnesium, copper, calcium and phosphates].", "content": "In 52 adult patients, serum levels and renal loss of zinc, magnesium, calcium, copper and anorganic phosphate were examined during the period of parenteral postoperative nutrition. Simultaneously performed analyses of applied infusion and protein solutions, as well as of conserved blood, yielded a markedly differing content of these bioelements. Particularly pronounced are the differences in zinc concentrations of individual infusion solutions. A random substitution of zinc and anorganic phosphate is insufficient since it does not correspond with the demand. For this reason, anorganic phosphate and zinc should only be purposively substituted.", "contents": "[Effect of postoperative infusion and transfusion therapy on the serum level and renal losses of zinc, magnesium, copper, calcium and phosphates]. In 52 adult patients, serum levels and renal loss of zinc, magnesium, calcium, copper and anorganic phosphate were examined during the period of parenteral postoperative nutrition. Simultaneously performed analyses of applied infusion and protein solutions, as well as of conserved blood, yielded a markedly differing content of these bioelements. Particularly pronounced are the differences in zinc concentrations of individual infusion solutions. A random substitution of zinc and anorganic phosphate is insufficient since it does not correspond with the demand. For this reason, anorganic phosphate and zinc should only be purposively substituted.", "PMID": 102595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5314", "title": "[Quality and quantity of the amino acid pattern in protracted total parenteral hyperalimentation of newborns after surgery].", "content": "The determination of plasma amino acids is of utmost importance in the newborn, since there is little information about cumulation or chronic deficiency in long-term parenteral nutrition, in particular in the operated neonate. Two patients were investigated, the first of which was subject to total parenteral nutrition for 115, the second for 56 consecutive days. The plasma levels of amino acids are discussed in relation to clinical findings and nitrogen-balances. The importance of an adequate administration of trace minerals is stressed.", "contents": "[Quality and quantity of the amino acid pattern in protracted total parenteral hyperalimentation of newborns after surgery]. The determination of plasma amino acids is of utmost importance in the newborn, since there is little information about cumulation or chronic deficiency in long-term parenteral nutrition, in particular in the operated neonate. Two patients were investigated, the first of which was subject to total parenteral nutrition for 115, the second for 56 consecutive days. The plasma levels of amino acids are discussed in relation to clinical findings and nitrogen-balances. The importance of an adequate administration of trace minerals is stressed.", "PMID": 102596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5315", "title": "Surgical treatment of nasopalatine duct cysts. A follow-up study.", "content": "In a clinical-radiological study, 43 operated and histopathologically verified incisive canal cysts were subjected to follow-up investigation. The clinical investigation revealed no subjective symptoms. Abnormalities of the sensibility to the anterior part of the palate were noted in four cases, hyposensibility in three cases and hypersensibility in the fourth. The radiological investigation showed that bone regeneration occurred 1 year postoperatively at the earliest. After 3 years, two-thirds of the patients showed complete bone regeneration. Large cysts (diameter greater than 10 mm) showed the same tendency for bone regeneration as small cysts. The five patients in whom no bone regeneration had occurred were subjected to reoperation. The histologic investigation of these patients revealed scar tissue.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of nasopalatine duct cysts. A follow-up study. In a clinical-radiological study, 43 operated and histopathologically verified incisive canal cysts were subjected to follow-up investigation. The clinical investigation revealed no subjective symptoms. Abnormalities of the sensibility to the anterior part of the palate were noted in four cases, hyposensibility in three cases and hypersensibility in the fourth. The radiological investigation showed that bone regeneration occurred 1 year postoperatively at the earliest. After 3 years, two-thirds of the patients showed complete bone regeneration. Large cysts (diameter greater than 10 mm) showed the same tendency for bone regeneration as small cysts. The five patients in whom no bone regeneration had occurred were subjected to reoperation. The histologic investigation of these patients revealed scar tissue.", "PMID": 102597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5316", "title": "Evaluation of autotransplantations of completely developed maxillary canines.", "content": "Transplantation of 28 maxillary canines was followed up in 22 patients with an average age of 25.2 s.d. 9.9 years. The root was fully developed. The mean immobilization time was 6.6 weeks and the mean follow-up period 17.8 months. Results seemed to be better in the age group of 13--20 years than in 21--30 and 31--47 years. Statistically significant better results were found in the youngest than in the older groups in the return of vitality, vertical bone resorption, periodontal space in the lamina dura. Four of the 28 teeth were extracted because of great mobility caused by poor bone regeneration and vertical resorption of the alveolar bone: three in the middle age group and one in the oldest. Pulp extirpation was performed on nine teeth: six in the oldest group and three in the middle group. Vitality returned in only three teeth, all of which belonged to the youngest group. Root resorption was observed in all age groups; in 76% of the cases it occurred in the apical third, and was generally inflammatory. The causes of the failure of transplantation were considered to include damage of the transplant during removal from deep palatal malposition, poor regeneration of the bone around the transplant and chronic periodontal infection. The prognosis for transplantation was found to be fairly good for patients under 20 years of age but poorer for older age groups.", "contents": "Evaluation of autotransplantations of completely developed maxillary canines. Transplantation of 28 maxillary canines was followed up in 22 patients with an average age of 25.2 s.d. 9.9 years. The root was fully developed. The mean immobilization time was 6.6 weeks and the mean follow-up period 17.8 months. Results seemed to be better in the age group of 13--20 years than in 21--30 and 31--47 years. Statistically significant better results were found in the youngest than in the older groups in the return of vitality, vertical bone resorption, periodontal space in the lamina dura. Four of the 28 teeth were extracted because of great mobility caused by poor bone regeneration and vertical resorption of the alveolar bone: three in the middle age group and one in the oldest. Pulp extirpation was performed on nine teeth: six in the oldest group and three in the middle group. Vitality returned in only three teeth, all of which belonged to the youngest group. Root resorption was observed in all age groups; in 76% of the cases it occurred in the apical third, and was generally inflammatory. The causes of the failure of transplantation were considered to include damage of the transplant during removal from deep palatal malposition, poor regeneration of the bone around the transplant and chronic periodontal infection. The prognosis for transplantation was found to be fairly good for patients under 20 years of age but poorer for older age groups.", "PMID": 102598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5317", "title": "Concentrations of azidocillin, erythromycin, doxycycline and clindamycin in human mandibular bone.", "content": "Postoperative complications after surgery in the mandible are still a clinical problem. Levels of four antibiotics--azidocillin, erythromycin, doxycycline and clindamycin--were measured in serum, dental alveolar serum, saliva and mandibular bone in 24 patients undergoing surgical removal of mandibular third molars. The concentration in mandibular bone for azidocillin was 0.8 microgram/g +/- 0.4 microgram/g, erythromycin 0.2 microgram/g +/- 0.1 microgram/g, doxycycline 2.6 microgram/g +/- 2 microgram/g and clindamycin 0.6 microgram/g +/- 0.4 microgram/g. No saliva levels were achieved with azidocillin and erythromycin, whereas doxycycline and clindamycin gave measurable saliva levels.", "contents": "Concentrations of azidocillin, erythromycin, doxycycline and clindamycin in human mandibular bone. Postoperative complications after surgery in the mandible are still a clinical problem. Levels of four antibiotics--azidocillin, erythromycin, doxycycline and clindamycin--were measured in serum, dental alveolar serum, saliva and mandibular bone in 24 patients undergoing surgical removal of mandibular third molars. The concentration in mandibular bone for azidocillin was 0.8 microgram/g +/- 0.4 microgram/g, erythromycin 0.2 microgram/g +/- 0.1 microgram/g, doxycycline 2.6 microgram/g +/- 2 microgram/g and clindamycin 0.6 microgram/g +/- 0.4 microgram/g. No saliva levels were achieved with azidocillin and erythromycin, whereas doxycycline and clindamycin gave measurable saliva levels.", "PMID": 102599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5318", "title": "Prevention of postextraction bacteremia by local prophylaxis.", "content": "Four local prophylactic methods were studied in the prevention of postextraction bacteremia: 1) mouth rinsing with 1% iodine solution, postoperative bacteremia frequency 55%, 2) operative field isolation with cotton rolls and saliva ejector, bacteremia frequency 34%, 3) operative field isolation and disinfection with 10% iodine solution, bacteremia frequency 32%, 4) operative field isolation and disinfection with 0.5% chlorhexidine solution, bacteremia frequency 13%. The operative field isolation together with local disinfection with chlorhexidine was recommended for routine practice. However, when dealing with known or suspected risk group patients, a combined systemic and local prophylactic method was strongly recommended, as this was found in previous investigation to be the most effective method for reducing the frequency of bacteremia.", "contents": "Prevention of postextraction bacteremia by local prophylaxis. Four local prophylactic methods were studied in the prevention of postextraction bacteremia: 1) mouth rinsing with 1% iodine solution, postoperative bacteremia frequency 55%, 2) operative field isolation with cotton rolls and saliva ejector, bacteremia frequency 34%, 3) operative field isolation and disinfection with 10% iodine solution, bacteremia frequency 32%, 4) operative field isolation and disinfection with 0.5% chlorhexidine solution, bacteremia frequency 13%. The operative field isolation together with local disinfection with chlorhexidine was recommended for routine practice. However, when dealing with known or suspected risk group patients, a combined systemic and local prophylactic method was strongly recommended, as this was found in previous investigation to be the most effective method for reducing the frequency of bacteremia.", "PMID": 102600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5319", "title": "Melanoma of the face and mouth in Nigeria. A review and comment on three cases.", "content": "The absolute incidence of melanoma at all sites in blacks is higher than is commonly credited. There is a shift in site incidence to less pigmented areas including the mucosae but oral melanoma is still rarely reported in Africans. An unusual case of facial melanoma arising in a childhood naevus, and two oral melanomas, all in Nigerians, are described. The salient clinical features and the treatment of these cases are discussed, and the possible relationship between pigmented patches and melanomas in the mouths of blacks is examined.", "contents": "Melanoma of the face and mouth in Nigeria. A review and comment on three cases. The absolute incidence of melanoma at all sites in blacks is higher than is commonly credited. There is a shift in site incidence to less pigmented areas including the mucosae but oral melanoma is still rarely reported in Africans. An unusual case of facial melanoma arising in a childhood naevus, and two oral melanomas, all in Nigerians, are described. The salient clinical features and the treatment of these cases are discussed, and the possible relationship between pigmented patches and melanomas in the mouths of blacks is examined.", "PMID": 102601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5320", "title": "Progeston therapy for menstrually related aphthae.", "content": "Ten female patients with a history of recurrent aphthous lesions for at least 5 years with the lesions occurring regularly in the latter half at the menstrual cycle were treated with progestogen in the form of an intramuscular depot injection. Medroxyprogesterone acetate and gestronol hexanoate was used. All 10 patients were satisfied with the treatment; the side effects were few.", "contents": "Progeston therapy for menstrually related aphthae. Ten female patients with a history of recurrent aphthous lesions for at least 5 years with the lesions occurring regularly in the latter half at the menstrual cycle were treated with progestogen in the form of an intramuscular depot injection. Medroxyprogesterone acetate and gestronol hexanoate was used. All 10 patients were satisfied with the treatment; the side effects were few.", "PMID": 102602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5321", "title": "Ultrastructure of tissue in intrabony and subperiosteal porous ceramic implants.", "content": "Porous ceramic (Al2O3) implants with pore size of 100--750 micron were placed intrabony in the maxilla and subperiosteally in the mandible of three adult monkeys. After observation periods of 10, 11 and 12 months, the animals were perfused with 1.7% glutaraldehyde and the jaws processed for electron microscopy. Tissue ingrowth into the pores was observed in all the specimens. The implant pores facing the host bone contained bone tissue to a depth of approximately 1 mm, while only unmineralized tissue was found in the implant part adjacent to the periosteum. The unmineralized tissue was of a fibrous nature with collagen fibers arranged in a lamellar fashion. Cells, often with extremely long and slender cellular processes, were seen between the lamellae. The cells had the cytoplasmic features typical of protein-producing cells. The mineralized tissue exhibited ordinary bone tissue structure with plate-like crystallites in a collagenous matrix. Some lacunae and canaliculi with osteocytes were observed, though they were scarce.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of tissue in intrabony and subperiosteal porous ceramic implants. Porous ceramic (Al2O3) implants with pore size of 100--750 micron were placed intrabony in the maxilla and subperiosteally in the mandible of three adult monkeys. After observation periods of 10, 11 and 12 months, the animals were perfused with 1.7% glutaraldehyde and the jaws processed for electron microscopy. Tissue ingrowth into the pores was observed in all the specimens. The implant pores facing the host bone contained bone tissue to a depth of approximately 1 mm, while only unmineralized tissue was found in the implant part adjacent to the periosteum. The unmineralized tissue was of a fibrous nature with collagen fibers arranged in a lamellar fashion. Cells, often with extremely long and slender cellular processes, were seen between the lamellae. The cells had the cytoplasmic features typical of protein-producing cells. The mineralized tissue exhibited ordinary bone tissue structure with plate-like crystallites in a collagenous matrix. Some lacunae and canaliculi with osteocytes were observed, though they were scarce.", "PMID": 102603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5322", "title": "Alveolar atrophy and decreased skeletal mass of the radius.", "content": "Using absorptiometry, the bone calcium mass (BCM) at two different sites of the radius was measured in 12 male patients referred for vestibuloplasty of the mandible. The most distal site contained both cortical and cancellous bone while the other site contained cortical bone only. The BCM values were compared with those for normal patients of the same age. The patients with mandibular atrophy all had less bone in the radius than their age-matched controls (p less than 0.01). This is indicative of a systemic factor or factors operating both in the mandible and in the radius. The examination prior to oral surgery should therefore include an evaluation for diseases causing general bone loss.", "contents": "Alveolar atrophy and decreased skeletal mass of the radius. Using absorptiometry, the bone calcium mass (BCM) at two different sites of the radius was measured in 12 male patients referred for vestibuloplasty of the mandible. The most distal site contained both cortical and cancellous bone while the other site contained cortical bone only. The BCM values were compared with those for normal patients of the same age. The patients with mandibular atrophy all had less bone in the radius than their age-matched controls (p less than 0.01). This is indicative of a systemic factor or factors operating both in the mandible and in the radius. The examination prior to oral surgery should therefore include an evaluation for diseases causing general bone loss.", "PMID": 102604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5323", "title": "Use of a miniaturized detector in facial bone scanning.", "content": "A high resolution cadmium telluride probe was used in conjunction with standard bone imaging methods in two cases of facial asymmetry. The probe improved localization of the abnormalities and led to rational treatment.", "contents": "Use of a miniaturized detector in facial bone scanning. A high resolution cadmium telluride probe was used in conjunction with standard bone imaging methods in two cases of facial asymmetry. The probe improved localization of the abnormalities and led to rational treatment.", "PMID": 102605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5324", "title": "Disphosphonate dynamic imaging of experimental bone grafts and soft tissue injury. Radionuclide bone imaging.", "content": "Bone imaging provides two significant advantages over previously available methods for assessing bone processes. First, as scanning is non-invasive, it offers the operator the ability to sequentially follow any area of bone without altering it as would a biopsy. The second advantage is the ability of bone imaging to provide current information about the bone being scanned rather than having to deal with the delay that is inherent in conventional radiography. Recent developments in radiopharmaceuticals and instrumentation have made bone imaging a potentially practical clinical tool for the detection and assessment of benign as well as malignant processes affecting bone. This paper presents the results of the use of technetium 99m diphosphonate bone imaging in experimental canine mandibular autografts and surgical soft tissue injury. The implication of these results for the clinical situation will be discussed.", "contents": "Disphosphonate dynamic imaging of experimental bone grafts and soft tissue injury. Radionuclide bone imaging. Bone imaging provides two significant advantages over previously available methods for assessing bone processes. First, as scanning is non-invasive, it offers the operator the ability to sequentially follow any area of bone without altering it as would a biopsy. The second advantage is the ability of bone imaging to provide current information about the bone being scanned rather than having to deal with the delay that is inherent in conventional radiography. Recent developments in radiopharmaceuticals and instrumentation have made bone imaging a potentially practical clinical tool for the detection and assessment of benign as well as malignant processes affecting bone. This paper presents the results of the use of technetium 99m diphosphonate bone imaging in experimental canine mandibular autografts and surgical soft tissue injury. The implication of these results for the clinical situation will be discussed.", "PMID": 102606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5325", "title": "Intraosseous neurofibroma of the jaws.", "content": "Two cases of intraosseous neurofibromas of the mandible are presented. Only 25 cases of this tumor have been published previously. Of the present two cases, one was located at the upper border of the mandible, in the left second molar area where the tooth had been extracted 2 years previously. In the second case, the tumor presented itself as a 10 x 2 cm large destruction, mainly following the course of the alveolar nerve from the mandibular foramen to the mental foramen in the right side of the jaw. The mandibular first right molar was missing but the relationship between the extraction of the tooth and the development of the tumor could not be demonstrated. Histologically, the two tumors differed in the way that case 1 showed a conspicuous amount of delicate, wavy fibrils, some of which showed concentric lamellations resembling the pacinian corpuscle but without neurites containing nerve fiber bundles and also demonstrated a slight pleomorphism.", "contents": "Intraosseous neurofibroma of the jaws. Two cases of intraosseous neurofibromas of the mandible are presented. Only 25 cases of this tumor have been published previously. Of the present two cases, one was located at the upper border of the mandible, in the left second molar area where the tooth had been extracted 2 years previously. In the second case, the tumor presented itself as a 10 x 2 cm large destruction, mainly following the course of the alveolar nerve from the mandibular foramen to the mental foramen in the right side of the jaw. The mandibular first right molar was missing but the relationship between the extraction of the tooth and the development of the tumor could not be demonstrated. Histologically, the two tumors differed in the way that case 1 showed a conspicuous amount of delicate, wavy fibrils, some of which showed concentric lamellations resembling the pacinian corpuscle but without neurites containing nerve fiber bundles and also demonstrated a slight pleomorphism.", "PMID": 102607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5326", "title": "Giant ranula causing mandibular prognathism.", "content": "This is a case report of a 20-year-old man with ranula, the size of an orange, in the floor of the mouth causing mandibular prognathism with fan-shaped mandibular teeth anterior to the premolars. The tumor was extirpated. The pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and treatment of ranulas are discussed.", "contents": "Giant ranula causing mandibular prognathism. This is a case report of a 20-year-old man with ranula, the size of an orange, in the floor of the mouth causing mandibular prognathism with fan-shaped mandibular teeth anterior to the premolars. The tumor was extirpated. The pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and treatment of ranulas are discussed.", "PMID": 102608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5327", "title": "Transformation of ameloblastic fibroma to fibrosarcoma.", "content": "The direct transformation of an ameloblastic fibroma into a fibrosarcoma in a 16-year-old Caucasian male is reported. Although no ameloblastic epithelium was found in the recurrent tumor, the odontogenic origin of the fibrosarcoma was evident. The ameloblastic fibrosarcoma and the fibrosarcoma of identical odontogenic origin represent an entity which should be distinguished from conventional fibrosarcoma as these tumors demonstrate different clinical behaviors.", "contents": "Transformation of ameloblastic fibroma to fibrosarcoma. The direct transformation of an ameloblastic fibroma into a fibrosarcoma in a 16-year-old Caucasian male is reported. Although no ameloblastic epithelium was found in the recurrent tumor, the odontogenic origin of the fibrosarcoma was evident. The ameloblastic fibrosarcoma and the fibrosarcoma of identical odontogenic origin represent an entity which should be distinguished from conventional fibrosarcoma as these tumors demonstrate different clinical behaviors.", "PMID": 102609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5328", "title": "Chloroquine retinopathy in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Chloroquine was administered intramuscularly 5 days a week to rhesus monkeys for as long as 4 1/2 years. No clinical, fluorescein angiographic, or electrophysiological evidence of retinal damage was observed. Yet chloroquine/chloroquine byproduct analysis of the ocular tissues revealed an enormous binding capacity of the pigmented tissues of the eye (choroid plus RPE, ciliary body, and iris) with eventual accumulation observed in the retina. Despite the normal ophthalmic appearance and function, extensive pathological changes occurred in the retinas and choroids of these experimental monkeys. The chloroquine caused an initial dramatic effect on the ganglion cells, with the photoreceptors affected shortly thereafter. Patching degeneration of the ganglion cells and photoreceptors then progressed over several years, with the choroid and pigment epithelium ultimately deteriorating as well.", "contents": "Chloroquine retinopathy in the rhesus monkey. Chloroquine was administered intramuscularly 5 days a week to rhesus monkeys for as long as 4 1/2 years. No clinical, fluorescein angiographic, or electrophysiological evidence of retinal damage was observed. Yet chloroquine/chloroquine byproduct analysis of the ocular tissues revealed an enormous binding capacity of the pigmented tissues of the eye (choroid plus RPE, ciliary body, and iris) with eventual accumulation observed in the retina. Despite the normal ophthalmic appearance and function, extensive pathological changes occurred in the retinas and choroids of these experimental monkeys. The chloroquine caused an initial dramatic effect on the ganglion cells, with the photoreceptors affected shortly thereafter. Patching degeneration of the ganglion cells and photoreceptors then progressed over several years, with the choroid and pigment epithelium ultimately deteriorating as well.", "PMID": 102610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5329", "title": "[Antibiotic prophylaxis: definition and documentation].", "content": "Controlled, randomized and prospective studies were reviewed to evaluate the value of antibiotic prophylaxis in colonic and biliary tract surgery as well as in the treatment of open fractures. --Colorectal surgery: 7 studies using oral and 3 using parenteral antibiotics in addition to extensive bowel preparation have demonstrated the importance of a short term prophylaxis, instituted before surgery and discontinued soon thereafter. Different antibiotics with aerobic or anaerobic spectra reduced the incidence of wound infections significantly; further improvement could be expected from combinations covering both spectra. --Biliary surgery: cefazolin, gentamycin and rifamycin--used in four controlled studies--were effective in reducing infectious complications. No distinction was made between patients of different infectious risks. In low risk gallbladder surgery the real value of antimicrobial prophylaxis is unknown. Short term prophylaxis is recommendable in all high risk patients undergoing surgery and in the low risk case submitted to extensive interventions. --Open fractures: only three authors have submitted their patients to controlled studies. All protocols suffered from some bias. No definite conclusions can be made. The authors' personal recommendations are: no prophylaxis in first degree injuries; early preoperative administration of penicillinase-resistant drugs in second and third degree lesions.", "contents": "[Antibiotic prophylaxis: definition and documentation]. Controlled, randomized and prospective studies were reviewed to evaluate the value of antibiotic prophylaxis in colonic and biliary tract surgery as well as in the treatment of open fractures. --Colorectal surgery: 7 studies using oral and 3 using parenteral antibiotics in addition to extensive bowel preparation have demonstrated the importance of a short term prophylaxis, instituted before surgery and discontinued soon thereafter. Different antibiotics with aerobic or anaerobic spectra reduced the incidence of wound infections significantly; further improvement could be expected from combinations covering both spectra. --Biliary surgery: cefazolin, gentamycin and rifamycin--used in four controlled studies--were effective in reducing infectious complications. No distinction was made between patients of different infectious risks. In low risk gallbladder surgery the real value of antimicrobial prophylaxis is unknown. Short term prophylaxis is recommendable in all high risk patients undergoing surgery and in the low risk case submitted to extensive interventions. --Open fractures: only three authors have submitted their patients to controlled studies. All protocols suffered from some bias. No definite conclusions can be made. The authors' personal recommendations are: no prophylaxis in first degree injuries; early preoperative administration of penicillinase-resistant drugs in second and third degree lesions.", "PMID": 102615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5330", "title": "Aqueous aldehyde (Faglu) methods for the fluorescence histochemical localization of catecholamines and for ultrastructural studies of central nervous tissue.", "content": "Aqueous solutions combining a high concentration of formaldehyde (4%) with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde (0.5--01%) have been used to simultaneously localize amines by the formation of fluorescent products and to fix central nervous tissue for electron microscopy. The fluorescence reaction is produced by the aldehyde mixture at room temperature and the fluorescence is stable when the tissue is maintained in aqueous solution. This means that nerve cell bodies and terminal fields which contain catecholamines can be located accurately in vibratome sections at the light microscope level and, after further processing, can be examined under the electron microscope. With 1% glutaraldehyde in the aldehyde mixture, ultrastructural details are well preserved; there is no significant distortion of any component of the tissue. If vibratome or cryostat sections are dried against glass slides, the intensity of the fluorescence reaction is enhanced and the sections can be permanently mounted.", "contents": "Aqueous aldehyde (Faglu) methods for the fluorescence histochemical localization of catecholamines and for ultrastructural studies of central nervous tissue. Aqueous solutions combining a high concentration of formaldehyde (4%) with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde (0.5--01%) have been used to simultaneously localize amines by the formation of fluorescent products and to fix central nervous tissue for electron microscopy. The fluorescence reaction is produced by the aldehyde mixture at room temperature and the fluorescence is stable when the tissue is maintained in aqueous solution. This means that nerve cell bodies and terminal fields which contain catecholamines can be located accurately in vibratome sections at the light microscope level and, after further processing, can be examined under the electron microscope. With 1% glutaraldehyde in the aldehyde mixture, ultrastructural details are well preserved; there is no significant distortion of any component of the tissue. If vibratome or cryostat sections are dried against glass slides, the intensity of the fluorescence reaction is enhanced and the sections can be permanently mounted.", "PMID": 102616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5331", "title": "Fine structure of dense-cored vesicles in glomus cells of rat carotid body after fixation with permanganate or glutaraldehyde.", "content": "Glomus (Type I) cells of the carotid body of adult rats were studied electron microscopically after fixation with potassium permanganate or with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. Two permanganate fixation methods (using Krebs-Ringer-glucose, pH 7.0, or acetate buffer, pH 5.0) were compared. Numerous dense-cored vesicles were observed only in about one tenth of the glomus cells when neutral permanganate was used for fixation, although all glomus cells showed such vesicles after fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. Numerous vesicles with a dense core were observed in about one third of the cells after fixation with acid potassium permanganate. With this fixation, small dense-cored vesicles similar to those in adrenergic nerve terminals were occasionally seen in the cytoplasm of glomus cells. It is tentatively concluded that the amine-storing vesicles of the carotid body are different from those in the small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells and those in adrenergic nerve terminals.", "contents": "Fine structure of dense-cored vesicles in glomus cells of rat carotid body after fixation with permanganate or glutaraldehyde. Glomus (Type I) cells of the carotid body of adult rats were studied electron microscopically after fixation with potassium permanganate or with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. Two permanganate fixation methods (using Krebs-Ringer-glucose, pH 7.0, or acetate buffer, pH 5.0) were compared. Numerous dense-cored vesicles were observed only in about one tenth of the glomus cells when neutral permanganate was used for fixation, although all glomus cells showed such vesicles after fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. Numerous vesicles with a dense core were observed in about one third of the cells after fixation with acid potassium permanganate. With this fixation, small dense-cored vesicles similar to those in adrenergic nerve terminals were occasionally seen in the cytoplasm of glomus cells. It is tentatively concluded that the amine-storing vesicles of the carotid body are different from those in the small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells and those in adrenergic nerve terminals.", "PMID": 102617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5332", "title": "[Late results of surgery of the pharyngeal pouch (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgery of the posterior diverticulum of the hypopharynx is almost exclusively carried out today from an external approach. 19 patients, of whom 15 were surgically treated by invagination of the pouch, are presented and over a ten year period none have recurred. The indications and advantages of this surgical procedure are described and discussed.", "contents": "[Late results of surgery of the pharyngeal pouch (author's transl)]. Surgery of the posterior diverticulum of the hypopharynx is almost exclusively carried out today from an external approach. 19 patients, of whom 15 were surgically treated by invagination of the pouch, are presented and over a ten year period none have recurred. The indications and advantages of this surgical procedure are described and discussed.", "PMID": 102618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5333", "title": "The ultrastructural organization of the contractile peripheral protein layer of the human erythroycte membrane.", "content": "Erythroycte ghosts fixed in glutaraldehyde were dehydrated in (a) alcohol or acetone, (b) propylene glycol followed by Epon and embedded in an epoxy resin. A water-soluble urea/glutaraldehyde mixture was also used. The aim was to study the structure of the peripheral protein layer, which contains spectrin and actin, in the absence of OsO4 induced denaturation changes. Ghost membranes prepared in this way had an asymmetrical quadrilaminar structure. A layer of amorphous peripheral protein +/- 18 nm in width covered the entire inner face of the membrane in the form of a coarse meshwork in both Wash I (haemoglobin-containing) and haemoglobin-free ghosts. Cations (Mg2+ or Ca2+, or Mg2+ plus ATP) had no apparent effect on its fine structure. In contrast, the corresponding layer in OsO4-fixed membranes was represented by scanty, fuzzy material attached to the unit membrane only at irregular intervals. The results demonstrate the superior ability of glutaraldehyde to preserve the peripheral protein layer in thin sections, and afford further support for the view that much of this protein normally exists in an unpolymerized state.", "contents": "The ultrastructural organization of the contractile peripheral protein layer of the human erythroycte membrane. Erythroycte ghosts fixed in glutaraldehyde were dehydrated in (a) alcohol or acetone, (b) propylene glycol followed by Epon and embedded in an epoxy resin. A water-soluble urea/glutaraldehyde mixture was also used. The aim was to study the structure of the peripheral protein layer, which contains spectrin and actin, in the absence of OsO4 induced denaturation changes. Ghost membranes prepared in this way had an asymmetrical quadrilaminar structure. A layer of amorphous peripheral protein +/- 18 nm in width covered the entire inner face of the membrane in the form of a coarse meshwork in both Wash I (haemoglobin-containing) and haemoglobin-free ghosts. Cations (Mg2+ or Ca2+, or Mg2+ plus ATP) had no apparent effect on its fine structure. In contrast, the corresponding layer in OsO4-fixed membranes was represented by scanty, fuzzy material attached to the unit membrane only at irregular intervals. The results demonstrate the superior ability of glutaraldehyde to preserve the peripheral protein layer in thin sections, and afford further support for the view that much of this protein normally exists in an unpolymerized state.", "PMID": 102628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5334", "title": "The distribution of the chorda tympani in the middle ear area in man and two other primates.", "content": "A serial section study of the distribution of the chorda tympani in the middle ear area was carried out in man, baboon and monkey. The tissues innervated by the chorda tympani could be related to a branchiomeric pattern. The early branches distributed post-trematic facial nerve fibres to hyoid arch tissues, where they were joined by elements from glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. The rest of the distribution was to structures derived from mandibular arch tissue where branches of the auriculotemporal nerve were also present. Contributions to perivascular plexuses were noted as well as a connexion with the otic ganglion.", "contents": "The distribution of the chorda tympani in the middle ear area in man and two other primates. A serial section study of the distribution of the chorda tympani in the middle ear area was carried out in man, baboon and monkey. The tissues innervated by the chorda tympani could be related to a branchiomeric pattern. The early branches distributed post-trematic facial nerve fibres to hyoid arch tissues, where they were joined by elements from glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. The rest of the distribution was to structures derived from mandibular arch tissue where branches of the auriculotemporal nerve were also present. Contributions to perivascular plexuses were noted as well as a connexion with the otic ganglion.", "PMID": 102629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5335", "title": "Clavulanic acid inhibition of beta-lactamase I from Bacillus cereus 569/H.", "content": "Inactivation of beta-lactamase I by clavulanic acid was investigated. Clavulanic acid induced inhibition of the enzyme was found to be progressive with time. Benzylpenicillin provided protection against the adverse effects of the inhibitor initially, however, the enzyme was irreversibly inhibited in a progressive manner even in the presence of substrate. Reaction of beta-lactamase I with clavulanic acid, in the presence of ampicillin, led to a very rapid inactivation of the enzyme.", "contents": "Clavulanic acid inhibition of beta-lactamase I from Bacillus cereus 569/H. Inactivation of beta-lactamase I by clavulanic acid was investigated. Clavulanic acid induced inhibition of the enzyme was found to be progressive with time. Benzylpenicillin provided protection against the adverse effects of the inhibitor initially, however, the enzyme was irreversibly inhibited in a progressive manner even in the presence of substrate. Reaction of beta-lactamase I with clavulanic acid, in the presence of ampicillin, led to a very rapid inactivation of the enzyme.", "PMID": 102630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5336", "title": "In vitro activity of HR 756, a new cephalosporin compound.", "content": "The in vitro activity of HR 756, a new cephalosporin, has been determined against recent clinical isolates and compared with that of other beta-lactam antibiotics. The geometric means of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for different isolates of Escherichia coli (100 isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae (84), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (121), Proteus mirabilis (52), indole-positive Proteus species (9), Salmonella species (19), Staphylococcus aureus penicillin-sensitive (29) and penicillin-resistant (39) were: 0.095, 0.124, 11.1, 0.095, 0.0107, 0.078, 1 and 0.95 mcg/ml, respectively. Its activity was affected by rise in inoculum against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa but not against K. pneumoniae and E. coli. Bactericidal activity was determined by membrane filtration method. HR 756 was found to be bactericidal to E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and Proteus species. Although the MICs of the tested S. aureus strains were 1 mcg/ml, 5 mcg/ml of HR 756 failed to kill 99% of the inoculum within 24 hours.", "contents": "In vitro activity of HR 756, a new cephalosporin compound. The in vitro activity of HR 756, a new cephalosporin, has been determined against recent clinical isolates and compared with that of other beta-lactam antibiotics. The geometric means of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for different isolates of Escherichia coli (100 isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae (84), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (121), Proteus mirabilis (52), indole-positive Proteus species (9), Salmonella species (19), Staphylococcus aureus penicillin-sensitive (29) and penicillin-resistant (39) were: 0.095, 0.124, 11.1, 0.095, 0.0107, 0.078, 1 and 0.95 mcg/ml, respectively. Its activity was affected by rise in inoculum against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa but not against K. pneumoniae and E. coli. Bactericidal activity was determined by membrane filtration method. HR 756 was found to be bactericidal to E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and Proteus species. Although the MICs of the tested S. aureus strains were 1 mcg/ml, 5 mcg/ml of HR 756 failed to kill 99% of the inoculum within 24 hours.", "PMID": 102631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5337", "title": "Incorporation of 32Pi into nucleotides, polyphosphates, and other acid-soluble compounds by Myxococcus xanthus during myxospore formation.", "content": "When glycerol was used to induce myxospore formation in Myxococcu xanthus in the presence of 32Pi, the label was incorporated into a variety of acid-soluble compounds. Incorporation into ribonucleotides was approximately fivefold greater than in vegetative cells or noninducible mutants grown in glycerol. The label was also incorporated into some unknown compounds and material tentatively identified as guanosine tetraphosphate. Marked accumulation into polyphosphates, which were present mainly in culture supernatants, occurred relatively late during myxospore formation. The kinetics of accumulation of some of these compounds and their distribution into acid-soluble cell extracts and culture supernatants are described and compared with those in vegetative cells and noninducible mutants.", "contents": "Incorporation of 32Pi into nucleotides, polyphosphates, and other acid-soluble compounds by Myxococcus xanthus during myxospore formation. When glycerol was used to induce myxospore formation in Myxococcu xanthus in the presence of 32Pi, the label was incorporated into a variety of acid-soluble compounds. Incorporation into ribonucleotides was approximately fivefold greater than in vegetative cells or noninducible mutants grown in glycerol. The label was also incorporated into some unknown compounds and material tentatively identified as guanosine tetraphosphate. Marked accumulation into polyphosphates, which were present mainly in culture supernatants, occurred relatively late during myxospore formation. The kinetics of accumulation of some of these compounds and their distribution into acid-soluble cell extracts and culture supernatants are described and compared with those in vegetative cells and noninducible mutants.", "PMID": 102632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5338", "title": "Heat-modifiable outer membrane proteins of Neisseria meningitidis and their organization within the membrane.", "content": "Neisseria meningitidis group B serotype 2 strain M986 contains two predominant outer membrane proteins, with apparent molecular weights of 41,000 (protein b) and 28,000 (protein e). Heating of outer membrane vesicles at 56 degrees C for 20 min caused much of b** to disaggregate and denature into b (41,000 daltons). In contrast, protein e could be rapidly solubilized by SDS at room temperature into its monomeric state (e*), but it was not converted to its final higher apparent molecular weight of 28,000 (e) unless heated at 100 degrees C for 2 min. We propose that protein b exists in the membrane as trimers or tetramers in a transmembrane configuration and that protein e exists as subunits on the exterior surface of the outer membrane and has a highly ordered tertiary structure.", "contents": "Heat-modifiable outer membrane proteins of Neisseria meningitidis and their organization within the membrane. Neisseria meningitidis group B serotype 2 strain M986 contains two predominant outer membrane proteins, with apparent molecular weights of 41,000 (protein b) and 28,000 (protein e). Heating of outer membrane vesicles at 56 degrees C for 20 min caused much of b** to disaggregate and denature into b (41,000 daltons). In contrast, protein e could be rapidly solubilized by SDS at room temperature into its monomeric state (e*), but it was not converted to its final higher apparent molecular weight of 28,000 (e) unless heated at 100 degrees C for 2 min. We propose that protein b exists in the membrane as trimers or tetramers in a transmembrane configuration and that protein e exists as subunits on the exterior surface of the outer membrane and has a highly ordered tertiary structure.", "PMID": 102633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5339", "title": "An explanation for the apparent host specificity of Pseudomonas plasmid R91 expression.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 9169 has been reported to contain a plasmid that expresses resistance to carbenicillin (Cb), kanamycin (Km), and tetracycline (Tc) in Escherichia coli but resistance only to Cb in certain Pseudomonas recipients. The triply resistant plasmid in E. coli belonged to incompatibility (Inc) group P or P-1, whereas the singly resistant plasmid in P. aeruginosa was compatible with IncP-1 plasmids and other plasmids of established Inc specificity but incompatible with plasmid pSR1 that is here used to define a new Pseudomonas Inc group P-10. Additional physical and genetic studies showed that strain 9169 contained not one but two plasmids: IncP-1 plasmid R91a, determining the Cb Km Tc phenotype, and IncP-10 plasmid R91, determining Cb that differed in molecular weight and in EcoRI and BamHI restriction endonuclease recognition sites. Plasmid multiplicity rather than host effects on plasmid gene expression can account for differences in the phenotype of strain 9169 transconjugants to E. coli and P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "An explanation for the apparent host specificity of Pseudomonas plasmid R91 expression. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 9169 has been reported to contain a plasmid that expresses resistance to carbenicillin (Cb), kanamycin (Km), and tetracycline (Tc) in Escherichia coli but resistance only to Cb in certain Pseudomonas recipients. The triply resistant plasmid in E. coli belonged to incompatibility (Inc) group P or P-1, whereas the singly resistant plasmid in P. aeruginosa was compatible with IncP-1 plasmids and other plasmids of established Inc specificity but incompatible with plasmid pSR1 that is here used to define a new Pseudomonas Inc group P-10. Additional physical and genetic studies showed that strain 9169 contained not one but two plasmids: IncP-1 plasmid R91a, determining the Cb Km Tc phenotype, and IncP-10 plasmid R91, determining Cb that differed in molecular weight and in EcoRI and BamHI restriction endonuclease recognition sites. Plasmid multiplicity rather than host effects on plasmid gene expression can account for differences in the phenotype of strain 9169 transconjugants to E. coli and P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 102634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5340", "title": "Expression of Escherichia coli K-12 arginine genes in Pseudomonas fluorescens.", "content": "Escherichia coli argE and argH gene products were detected in Pseudomonas fluorescens argH122 carrying the E. coli F110 plasmid.", "contents": "Expression of Escherichia coli K-12 arginine genes in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Escherichia coli argE and argH gene products were detected in Pseudomonas fluorescens argH122 carrying the E. coli F110 plasmid.", "PMID": 102635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5341", "title": "Differential effect of hydroxyurea on the replication of plasmid and chromosomal DNA in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The replication in Bacillus subtilis of the staphylococcal R plasmids pE194, pBD15, pUB110, pSA0501, and pSA2100 has been studied in the presence of hydroxyurea. In all cases, an enrichment for covalently closed circular DNA compared with chromosomal DNA was observed. In this respect, hydroxyurea mimics the effect previously observed with pUB110, using strains carrying the conditional mutation dnaA13. This mutation has been reported to affect ribonucleotide reductase (G. W. Bazill and D. Karamata, Mol. Gen. Genet. 117:19-29, 1972). An explanation for these effects is offered, together with some supporting evidence.", "contents": "Differential effect of hydroxyurea on the replication of plasmid and chromosomal DNA in Bacillus subtilis. The replication in Bacillus subtilis of the staphylococcal R plasmids pE194, pBD15, pUB110, pSA0501, and pSA2100 has been studied in the presence of hydroxyurea. In all cases, an enrichment for covalently closed circular DNA compared with chromosomal DNA was observed. In this respect, hydroxyurea mimics the effect previously observed with pUB110, using strains carrying the conditional mutation dnaA13. This mutation has been reported to affect ribonucleotide reductase (G. W. Bazill and D. Karamata, Mol. Gen. Genet. 117:19-29, 1972). An explanation for these effects is offered, together with some supporting evidence.", "PMID": 102636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5342", "title": "Alterations in Bacillus subtilis transforming DNA induced by beta-propiolactone and 1,3-propane sultone, two mutagenic and carcinogenic alkylating agents.", "content": "Transforming DNA was exposed to either beta-propiolactone or 1,3-propane sultone and then used for transformation of competent bacteria to nutritional independence from tyrosine and tryptophan (linked markers) and leucine (an unlinked marker). The ability to transform was progressively lost by the DNA during incubation with either of these two chemicals. For all three markers the inactivation curve was biphasic, with a short period of rapid inactivation followed by one characterized by a much slower rate. The overall rate of inactivation was different for all three markers and presumably was related to the size of the marker. The decrease in the transforming activity was in part due to the slower rate of penetration of alkylated DNA through the cellular membrane and its inability to enter the recipient bacteria. This decrease in the rate of cellular uptake, even for DNA eventually destined to enter the cell, began almost immediately after its exposure to the chemical and ended up with an almost complete lack of recognition of the heavily alkylated DNA by the specific surface receptors of competent cells. Such DNA attached to sites on the surface of competent bacteria which were different from receptors specific for the untreated nucleic acid. This attachment was not followed by uptake of the altered DNA. Presence of albumin during the incubation with a carcinogen further increased the degree of inactivation, indicating that the artificial nucleoproteins produced under such conditions were less efficient in the transformation assay than was the naked DNA. Cotransfomration of close markers progressively decreased, beginning immediately after the start of incubation of DNA with the chemicals. Extensively alkylated DNA fractionated by sedimentation through sucrose density gradients showed a peculiar distribution of cotransforming activity for such markers; namely, molecules larger than the bulk of DNA (\"megamolecules\") showed less ability to transform the second marker than did some of the apparently smaller molecules which sedimented more slowly through the gradient. An increase in cotransformation of distant markers was evident in DNA molecules after a short exposure to an alkylating agent, but cotransformation of such markers was absent in DNA treated for longer periods. The observed changes in the transforming and cotransforming activities of the alkylated DNA can be explained by what is known about the physicochemistry of such DNA and in particular about the propensity of the alkylated and broken molecules to form complexes with themselves and with other macromolecules.", "contents": "Alterations in Bacillus subtilis transforming DNA induced by beta-propiolactone and 1,3-propane sultone, two mutagenic and carcinogenic alkylating agents. Transforming DNA was exposed to either beta-propiolactone or 1,3-propane sultone and then used for transformation of competent bacteria to nutritional independence from tyrosine and tryptophan (linked markers) and leucine (an unlinked marker). The ability to transform was progressively lost by the DNA during incubation with either of these two chemicals. For all three markers the inactivation curve was biphasic, with a short period of rapid inactivation followed by one characterized by a much slower rate. The overall rate of inactivation was different for all three markers and presumably was related to the size of the marker. The decrease in the transforming activity was in part due to the slower rate of penetration of alkylated DNA through the cellular membrane and its inability to enter the recipient bacteria. This decrease in the rate of cellular uptake, even for DNA eventually destined to enter the cell, began almost immediately after its exposure to the chemical and ended up with an almost complete lack of recognition of the heavily alkylated DNA by the specific surface receptors of competent cells. Such DNA attached to sites on the surface of competent bacteria which were different from receptors specific for the untreated nucleic acid. This attachment was not followed by uptake of the altered DNA. Presence of albumin during the incubation with a carcinogen further increased the degree of inactivation, indicating that the artificial nucleoproteins produced under such conditions were less efficient in the transformation assay than was the naked DNA. Cotransfomration of close markers progressively decreased, beginning immediately after the start of incubation of DNA with the chemicals. Extensively alkylated DNA fractionated by sedimentation through sucrose density gradients showed a peculiar distribution of cotransforming activity for such markers; namely, molecules larger than the bulk of DNA (\"megamolecules\") showed less ability to transform the second marker than did some of the apparently smaller molecules which sedimented more slowly through the gradient. An increase in cotransformation of distant markers was evident in DNA molecules after a short exposure to an alkylating agent, but cotransformation of such markers was absent in DNA treated for longer periods. The observed changes in the transforming and cotransforming activities of the alkylated DNA can be explained by what is known about the physicochemistry of such DNA and in particular about the propensity of the alkylated and broken molecules to form complexes with themselves and with other macromolecules.", "PMID": 102637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5343", "title": "Suppression of temperature-sensitive sporulation of a Bacillus subtilis elongation factor G mutant by RNA polymerase mutations.", "content": "A class of rifampin-resistant (rfm) mutations of Bacillus subtilis suppresses the temperature-sensitive sporulation of a fusidic acid-resistant mutant. FUS426, which has an altered elongation factor G. The rfm mutation suppressed only the sporulation defect caused by the elongation factor G mutation, but could not suppress other types of induced sporulation defects. Genetic and biochemical analyses showed that the sporulation suppression by the rfm mutation was caused by a single mutation in RNA polymerase. After the early sporulation phase, the apparent rate of RNA synthesis of FUS426, measured by [3H]uracil or [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA, became lower than that of the wild-type strain, and this decrease was reversed by the rfm mutation. However, when the total rate of RNA synthesis of FUS426 was calculated by measuring the specific activity of [3H]UTP and [3H]CTP, it was higher than that of the rfm mutant, RIF122FUS426. The possible mechanism of the functional interaction between elongation factor G and RNA polymerase during sporulation is discussed.", "contents": "Suppression of temperature-sensitive sporulation of a Bacillus subtilis elongation factor G mutant by RNA polymerase mutations. A class of rifampin-resistant (rfm) mutations of Bacillus subtilis suppresses the temperature-sensitive sporulation of a fusidic acid-resistant mutant. FUS426, which has an altered elongation factor G. The rfm mutation suppressed only the sporulation defect caused by the elongation factor G mutation, but could not suppress other types of induced sporulation defects. Genetic and biochemical analyses showed that the sporulation suppression by the rfm mutation was caused by a single mutation in RNA polymerase. After the early sporulation phase, the apparent rate of RNA synthesis of FUS426, measured by [3H]uracil or [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA, became lower than that of the wild-type strain, and this decrease was reversed by the rfm mutation. However, when the total rate of RNA synthesis of FUS426 was calculated by measuring the specific activity of [3H]UTP and [3H]CTP, it was higher than that of the rfm mutant, RIF122FUS426. The possible mechanism of the functional interaction between elongation factor G and RNA polymerase during sporulation is discussed.", "PMID": 102638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5344", "title": "Cell wall assembly in Bacillus subtilis: location of wall material incorporated during pulsed release of phosphate limitation, its accessibility to bacteriophages and concanavalin A, and its susceptibility to turnover.", "content": "Addition of a pulse of phosphate to a phosphate-limited chemostat culture of Bacillus subtilis W23 led to the synthesis of teichoic acid and the consequent development by the bacteria of the ability to bind phage SP50. In cultures growing at different rates, phage-binding properties became maximal approximately one generation time after addition of the pulse. Removal of the incorporated teichoic acid by turnover also reached its maximum rate after a similar interval. After pulsed release of phosphate limitation in B. subtilis NCTC 3610, the alpha-glucosyl residues of the incorporated teichoic acid, detected by their interaction with concanavalin A, became maximally exposed at the same time that phage binding was maximum. At that time the bacteria bound phage all over the cylindrical part of the surface and at about one-third of the polar caps. That fraction of the receptor material that is exposed soon after its incorporation was distributed along the cylindrical length of most of the bacteria, but few phages bound to the polar caps, except in the case of short bacteria; these bound phages in a markedly asymmetric manner at one pole and along their length. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the mode of assembly of the cell wall.", "contents": "Cell wall assembly in Bacillus subtilis: location of wall material incorporated during pulsed release of phosphate limitation, its accessibility to bacteriophages and concanavalin A, and its susceptibility to turnover. Addition of a pulse of phosphate to a phosphate-limited chemostat culture of Bacillus subtilis W23 led to the synthesis of teichoic acid and the consequent development by the bacteria of the ability to bind phage SP50. In cultures growing at different rates, phage-binding properties became maximal approximately one generation time after addition of the pulse. Removal of the incorporated teichoic acid by turnover also reached its maximum rate after a similar interval. After pulsed release of phosphate limitation in B. subtilis NCTC 3610, the alpha-glucosyl residues of the incorporated teichoic acid, detected by their interaction with concanavalin A, became maximally exposed at the same time that phage binding was maximum. At that time the bacteria bound phage all over the cylindrical part of the surface and at about one-third of the polar caps. That fraction of the receptor material that is exposed soon after its incorporation was distributed along the cylindrical length of most of the bacteria, but few phages bound to the polar caps, except in the case of short bacteria; these bound phages in a markedly asymmetric manner at one pole and along their length. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the mode of assembly of the cell wall.", "PMID": 102639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5345", "title": "Kinetic specificities of BPN' and Carlsberg subtilisins. Mapping the aromatic binding site.", "content": "The kinetic specificities of BPN' and Carlsberg subtilisins [EC 3.4.21.14] were examined with various nucleus-substituted derivatives of Nalpha-acetylated aromatic amino acid methyl esters for mapping their hydrophobic binding sites in comparison with that of alpha-chymotrypsin. The Carlsberg enzyme was generally much more reactive than the BPN' enzyme due to the larger kcat value. The fact that the two sutilisins hydrolyzed Ac-Tyr(PABz)-OMe, which is a derivative of tyrosine bearing a planar trans-p-phenylazobenzoyl group at the OH-function, with the smallest Km value showed that these enzymes possess a more extended aromatic binding site than has so far been demonstrated. Ac-Phe(4-NO2)-OMe was remarkable in being hydrolyzed with a particularly large kcat value (5,500 +/- 700 s-1 at pH 7.8 for Carlsberg subtilisin). Ac-Phe(4-NO2)-OMe and Ac-Tyr-OMe were distinguished by Carlsberg subtilisin in terms of kcat but not by BPN' subtilisin, suggesting that the specificity site of the former is more sensitive to a small change in size of substituent than that of the latter. Ac-Trp(NCps)-OMe and Ac-Trp(NCps)-OH were bound to the enzyme's active site but in a competitive manner. A difference in the standard free energies of binding between the two enzymes may indicate that the hydrophobic cleft of Carlsberg subtilisin is somewhat deeper and/or narrower than that of BPN' subtilisin.", "contents": "Kinetic specificities of BPN' and Carlsberg subtilisins. Mapping the aromatic binding site. The kinetic specificities of BPN' and Carlsberg subtilisins [EC 3.4.21.14] were examined with various nucleus-substituted derivatives of Nalpha-acetylated aromatic amino acid methyl esters for mapping their hydrophobic binding sites in comparison with that of alpha-chymotrypsin. The Carlsberg enzyme was generally much more reactive than the BPN' enzyme due to the larger kcat value. The fact that the two sutilisins hydrolyzed Ac-Tyr(PABz)-OMe, which is a derivative of tyrosine bearing a planar trans-p-phenylazobenzoyl group at the OH-function, with the smallest Km value showed that these enzymes possess a more extended aromatic binding site than has so far been demonstrated. Ac-Phe(4-NO2)-OMe was remarkable in being hydrolyzed with a particularly large kcat value (5,500 +/- 700 s-1 at pH 7.8 for Carlsberg subtilisin). Ac-Phe(4-NO2)-OMe and Ac-Tyr-OMe were distinguished by Carlsberg subtilisin in terms of kcat but not by BPN' subtilisin, suggesting that the specificity site of the former is more sensitive to a small change in size of substituent than that of the latter. Ac-Trp(NCps)-OMe and Ac-Trp(NCps)-OH were bound to the enzyme's active site but in a competitive manner. A difference in the standard free energies of binding between the two enzymes may indicate that the hydrophobic cleft of Carlsberg subtilisin is somewhat deeper and/or narrower than that of BPN' subtilisin.", "PMID": 102640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5346", "title": "Fluorometric measurement of urinary alpha-L-iduronidase activity.", "content": "A fluorogenic substrate for alpha-L-iduronidase, 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-L-iduronide, has been newly synthesized and the enzyme activity has been measured in urine samples obtained from normal persons and patients suffering from mucopolysaccharidosis. Urine samples derived from a patient with Scheie syndrome showed greatly reduced activity compared with a normal adult at a similar age. This patient exhibited a high level of urinary excretion of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate, which could be interpreted in terms of her low alpha-L-iduronidase activity. The use of the fluorogenic substrate has some advantages over existing methods because of the high sensitivity and the relative ease of handling, and it should be useful not only for diagnosis but also for following the purification process of the enzyme.", "contents": "Fluorometric measurement of urinary alpha-L-iduronidase activity. A fluorogenic substrate for alpha-L-iduronidase, 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-L-iduronide, has been newly synthesized and the enzyme activity has been measured in urine samples obtained from normal persons and patients suffering from mucopolysaccharidosis. Urine samples derived from a patient with Scheie syndrome showed greatly reduced activity compared with a normal adult at a similar age. This patient exhibited a high level of urinary excretion of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate, which could be interpreted in terms of her low alpha-L-iduronidase activity. The use of the fluorogenic substrate has some advantages over existing methods because of the high sensitivity and the relative ease of handling, and it should be useful not only for diagnosis but also for following the purification process of the enzyme.", "PMID": 102641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5347", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a novel fucoganglioside of human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "A slow migrating monosialosyl ganglioside with blood group H activity was isolated from human erythrocyte membranes and identified as monosialosylceramide decasaccharide. Its structure was determined by degradation with exo- and endoglycosidases, by mass spectrometric characterization of a nonasaccharide liberated by endo-beta-galactosidase, and by methylation analysis and mass spectrometry of permethylated glycolipids before and after enzymatic degradation. The ganglioside contains two oligosaccharide chains branched through GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 6(GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3) Gal structure, and the terminal Gal of the 1 leads to 6-linked oligosaccharide was fucosylated, whereas that of the 1 leads to 3-linked oligosaccharide was sialosylated as seen below.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a novel fucoganglioside of human erythrocyte membranes. A slow migrating monosialosyl ganglioside with blood group H activity was isolated from human erythrocyte membranes and identified as monosialosylceramide decasaccharide. Its structure was determined by degradation with exo- and endoglycosidases, by mass spectrometric characterization of a nonasaccharide liberated by endo-beta-galactosidase, and by methylation analysis and mass spectrometry of permethylated glycolipids before and after enzymatic degradation. The ganglioside contains two oligosaccharide chains branched through GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 6(GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3) Gal structure, and the terminal Gal of the 1 leads to 6-linked oligosaccharide was fucosylated, whereas that of the 1 leads to 3-linked oligosaccharide was sialosylated as seen below.", "PMID": 102644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5348", "title": "Tibial fractures involving the ankle in children. The so-called triplane epiphyseal fracture.", "content": "Triplane fractures of the distal end of the tibia in fifteen children (average age, thirteen years) represented 6 per cent of 237 consecutive epiphyseal fractures of the ankle. Thirteen children were treated by closed methods (including manipulation) and two had open reduction of the fractures. At an average of twenty-six months after injury, three of fourteen patients showed roentgenographic evidence of premature symmetrical epiphyseal closure with less than 0.5 centimeter of shortening and no angular deformity. Of twelve children examined clinically, three had a 5 to 10-degree external rotation deformity and one patient also had an articular incongruity due to inadequate reduction. In the five cases in which tomograms were used to the medial malleolus, and the anteromedial part of the epiphysis. The lateral fragment included the remainder of the epiphysis together with a piece of posterior metaphysis with attached fibula.", "contents": "Tibial fractures involving the ankle in children. The so-called triplane epiphyseal fracture. Triplane fractures of the distal end of the tibia in fifteen children (average age, thirteen years) represented 6 per cent of 237 consecutive epiphyseal fractures of the ankle. Thirteen children were treated by closed methods (including manipulation) and two had open reduction of the fractures. At an average of twenty-six months after injury, three of fourteen patients showed roentgenographic evidence of premature symmetrical epiphyseal closure with less than 0.5 centimeter of shortening and no angular deformity. Of twelve children examined clinically, three had a 5 to 10-degree external rotation deformity and one patient also had an articular incongruity due to inadequate reduction. In the five cases in which tomograms were used to the medial malleolus, and the anteromedial part of the epiphysis. The lateral fragment included the remainder of the epiphysis together with a piece of posterior metaphysis with attached fibula.", "PMID": 102648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5349", "title": "Expansion and apparent fluidity decrease of nuclear membranes induced by low Ca/Mg. Modulation of nuclear membrane lipid fluidity by the membrane-associated nuclear matrix proteins?", "content": "Macronuclei isolated from Tetrahymena are contracted in form (average diameter: 10.2 micron) at a final Ca/Mg (3:2)concentration of 5 mM. Lowering the ion concentration to 1 mM induces an expansion of the average nuclear diameter to 12.2 micron. Both contracted and expanded nuclei are surrounded by a largely intact nuclear envelope as revealed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy. Nuclear swelling is accompanied by an expansion of the nuclear envelope as indicated by the decrease in the frequency of nuclear pore complexes from 52.6 to 42.1 pores/micron2 determined by freeze-etch electron microscopy. Contracted nuclear membranes reveal particle-devoid areas (average size: 0.21 micron2) on 59% of their fracture faces at the optimal growth temperature of 28 degrees C. About three-fifths of the number of these smooth areas disappear upon nuclear membrane expansion. Electron spin resonance using 5-doxylstearic acid as a spin label indicates a higher lipid fluidity in contracted than in expa,ded nuclear membranes. Moreover, a thermotropic lipid clustering occurs at approximately 17 degrees C only in expanded nuclear membranes. In contrast to the nuclear membrane-bound lipids, free lipids extracted from the nuclei rigidify with increasing Ca/Mg concentrations. Our findings are compatible with the view that the peripheral layer of the fundamental nuclear protein-framework, the so-called nuclear matrix, can modulate, inter alia, the lipid distribution and fluidity, respectively, in nuclear membranes. We suggest that a contraction of the nuclear matrix's peripheral layer induces a contraction of the nuclear membranes which, in turn, leads to an isothermic lateral lipid segregation within nuclear membranes.", "contents": "Expansion and apparent fluidity decrease of nuclear membranes induced by low Ca/Mg. Modulation of nuclear membrane lipid fluidity by the membrane-associated nuclear matrix proteins? Macronuclei isolated from Tetrahymena are contracted in form (average diameter: 10.2 micron) at a final Ca/Mg (3:2)concentration of 5 mM. Lowering the ion concentration to 1 mM induces an expansion of the average nuclear diameter to 12.2 micron. Both contracted and expanded nuclei are surrounded by a largely intact nuclear envelope as revealed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy. Nuclear swelling is accompanied by an expansion of the nuclear envelope as indicated by the decrease in the frequency of nuclear pore complexes from 52.6 to 42.1 pores/micron2 determined by freeze-etch electron microscopy. Contracted nuclear membranes reveal particle-devoid areas (average size: 0.21 micron2) on 59% of their fracture faces at the optimal growth temperature of 28 degrees C. About three-fifths of the number of these smooth areas disappear upon nuclear membrane expansion. Electron spin resonance using 5-doxylstearic acid as a spin label indicates a higher lipid fluidity in contracted than in expa,ded nuclear membranes. Moreover, a thermotropic lipid clustering occurs at approximately 17 degrees C only in expanded nuclear membranes. In contrast to the nuclear membrane-bound lipids, free lipids extracted from the nuclei rigidify with increasing Ca/Mg concentrations. Our findings are compatible with the view that the peripheral layer of the fundamental nuclear protein-framework, the so-called nuclear matrix, can modulate, inter alia, the lipid distribution and fluidity, respectively, in nuclear membranes. We suggest that a contraction of the nuclear matrix's peripheral layer induces a contraction of the nuclear membranes which, in turn, leads to an isothermic lateral lipid segregation within nuclear membranes.", "PMID": 102650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5350", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of the major polypeptides of the nuclear pore complex-lamina fraction. Interphase and mitotic distribution.", "content": "This laboratory has previously isolated a fraction from rat liver nuclei consisting of nuclear pore complexes associated with the proteinaceous lamina which underlies the inner nuclear membrane. Using protein eluted from sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels, we have prepared antibodies in chickens to each of the three predominant pore complex-lamina bands. Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis shows that each of these individual bands cross-reacts strongly with all three antisera. In immunofluorescence localization performed on tissue culture cells with these antibodies, we obtain a pattern of intense staining at the periphery of the interphase nucleus, with little or no cytoplasmic reaction. Electron microscope immunoperoxidase staining of rat liver nuclei with these antibodies labels exclusively the nuclear periphery. Furthermore, reaction occurs in areas which contain the lamina, but not at the pore complexes. While our isolation procedure extracts the internal contents of nuclei completely, semiquantitative Ouchterlony analysis shows that it releases negligible amounts of these lamina antigens. Considered together, our results indicate that these three bands represent major components of a peripheral nuclear lamina, and are not structural elements of an internal \"nuclear protein matrix.\" Fluorescence microscopy shows that the perinuclear interphase localization of these lamina proteins undergoes dramatic changes during mitosis. Concomitant with nuclear envelope disassembly in prophase, these antigens assume a diffuse localization throughout the cell. This distribution persists until telophase, when the antigens become progressively and completely localized at the surface of the daughter chromosome masses. We propose that the lamina is a biological polymer which can undergo reversible disassembly during mitosis.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of the major polypeptides of the nuclear pore complex-lamina fraction. Interphase and mitotic distribution. This laboratory has previously isolated a fraction from rat liver nuclei consisting of nuclear pore complexes associated with the proteinaceous lamina which underlies the inner nuclear membrane. Using protein eluted from sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels, we have prepared antibodies in chickens to each of the three predominant pore complex-lamina bands. Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis shows that each of these individual bands cross-reacts strongly with all three antisera. In immunofluorescence localization performed on tissue culture cells with these antibodies, we obtain a pattern of intense staining at the periphery of the interphase nucleus, with little or no cytoplasmic reaction. Electron microscope immunoperoxidase staining of rat liver nuclei with these antibodies labels exclusively the nuclear periphery. Furthermore, reaction occurs in areas which contain the lamina, but not at the pore complexes. While our isolation procedure extracts the internal contents of nuclei completely, semiquantitative Ouchterlony analysis shows that it releases negligible amounts of these lamina antigens. Considered together, our results indicate that these three bands represent major components of a peripheral nuclear lamina, and are not structural elements of an internal \"nuclear protein matrix.\" Fluorescence microscopy shows that the perinuclear interphase localization of these lamina proteins undergoes dramatic changes during mitosis. Concomitant with nuclear envelope disassembly in prophase, these antigens assume a diffuse localization throughout the cell. This distribution persists until telophase, when the antigens become progressively and completely localized at the surface of the daughter chromosome masses. We propose that the lamina is a biological polymer which can undergo reversible disassembly during mitosis.", "PMID": 102651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5351", "title": "Rapid and sensitive determination of enzymatic degradation products of isomeric chondroitin sulfates by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "The separation and quantitative analysis of enzymatic degradation products of isomeric chondroitin sulfates by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are described. The substituted unsaturated disaccharides which result from digestion of chondroitin sulfates with chondroitinase are quickly separated on polar absorbents such as silica gel. The UV absorption properties of these unsaturated disaccharides permit UV measurement with detection limits of approximately 100 ng. Their separation by HPLC facilitates the use of enzymatic methods for the determination of chondroitin sulfates A, B and C. The potential of this method in clinical application is demonstrated by quantitative assays of glycosaminoglycans from a normal urine and urine from a patient with Hunter syndrome. The results are consistent with amount of isomeric chondroitin sulfates found in comparable urines by others.", "contents": "Rapid and sensitive determination of enzymatic degradation products of isomeric chondroitin sulfates by high-performance liquid chromatography. The separation and quantitative analysis of enzymatic degradation products of isomeric chondroitin sulfates by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are described. The substituted unsaturated disaccharides which result from digestion of chondroitin sulfates with chondroitinase are quickly separated on polar absorbents such as silica gel. The UV absorption properties of these unsaturated disaccharides permit UV measurement with detection limits of approximately 100 ng. Their separation by HPLC facilitates the use of enzymatic methods for the determination of chondroitin sulfates A, B and C. The potential of this method in clinical application is demonstrated by quantitative assays of glycosaminoglycans from a normal urine and urine from a patient with Hunter syndrome. The results are consistent with amount of isomeric chondroitin sulfates found in comparable urines by others.", "PMID": 102653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5352", "title": "Capillary column gas chromatography--mass spectrometry in studies on rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A method is described for determining the organic acid profile of synovial fluid. The method requires 50--100 microgram of sample and involves ion exchange for isolation of the acids followed by combined capillary column gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Normal synovial fluid and synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis show a similar qualitative pattern of acids (mainly fatty acids) resembling the pattern found in serum. The concentrations of the organic acids in the abnormal synovial fluids are 5--10 times higher than those in the fluid from the normal joints. In patients receiving treatment with gold thiomalate, free thiomalate was excreted in the urine. The release of this thiol upon gold therapy is of consequence for the further understanding of the mechanism of action of certain drugs against rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Capillary column gas chromatography--mass spectrometry in studies on rheumatoid arthritis. A method is described for determining the organic acid profile of synovial fluid. The method requires 50--100 microgram of sample and involves ion exchange for isolation of the acids followed by combined capillary column gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Normal synovial fluid and synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis show a similar qualitative pattern of acids (mainly fatty acids) resembling the pattern found in serum. The concentrations of the organic acids in the abnormal synovial fluids are 5--10 times higher than those in the fluid from the normal joints. In patients receiving treatment with gold thiomalate, free thiomalate was excreted in the urine. The release of this thiol upon gold therapy is of consequence for the further understanding of the mechanism of action of certain drugs against rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 102654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5353", "title": "Use of UV scanning techniques in the identification of serum constituents separated by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Serum constituents separated by the reversed-phase partition mode of high-performance liquid chromatography were identified by using a stopped-flow UV scanning technique. This method of peak identification eliminates post-chromatographic sample handling. Results from UV scanning were correlated with those obtained from absorbance ratios of reference compounds and the enzymatic peak-shift technique.", "contents": "Use of UV scanning techniques in the identification of serum constituents separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum constituents separated by the reversed-phase partition mode of high-performance liquid chromatography were identified by using a stopped-flow UV scanning technique. This method of peak identification eliminates post-chromatographic sample handling. Results from UV scanning were correlated with those obtained from absorbance ratios of reference compounds and the enzymatic peak-shift technique.", "PMID": 102655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5354", "title": "[Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of intraluminal duodenal diverticulum and compare it with those reported previously in the literature. They emphasise the diagnostic methods, the pathological characteristics and consider the proper identification of the papilla of the ampulla of Vater very important since this structure is often adjacent to the diverticulum.", "contents": "[Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of intraluminal duodenal diverticulum and compare it with those reported previously in the literature. They emphasise the diagnostic methods, the pathological characteristics and consider the proper identification of the papilla of the ampulla of Vater very important since this structure is often adjacent to the diverticulum.", "PMID": 102652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5355", "title": "Comparison of sensitivity and specificity of purified lymphocyte and whole-blood in vitro lymphocyte stimulation assays in detection of Brucella abortus infection in cattle.", "content": "A study was conducted to compare the sensitivity and specificity of purified lymphocyte and whole-blood in vitro lymphocyte stimulation assays in detection of Brucella abortus infection in cattle. Cattle used were infected with B. abortus field strains or strain 19. Peripheral blood was collected, and lymphocytes for the technique. The blood for the whole-blood lymphocyte stimulation assay was diluted 10-fold with RPMI 1640 medium (without additional serum supplement) and cultured. The two tests were run simultaneously, and B. abortus soluble antigen or concanavalin A was added to the cultures. The cultures were incubated for 6 days and assayed for [3H] thymidine incorporation into their DNA. Generally, cultures of the purified lymphocyte stimulation assay had higher counts per minute than those of the whole-blood lymphocyte stimulation assay, but the stimulation ratios for the two tests were comparable. The two assays were comparable in terms of their sensitivity and specificity as applied to detection of brucella infection in cattle.", "contents": "Comparison of sensitivity and specificity of purified lymphocyte and whole-blood in vitro lymphocyte stimulation assays in detection of Brucella abortus infection in cattle. A study was conducted to compare the sensitivity and specificity of purified lymphocyte and whole-blood in vitro lymphocyte stimulation assays in detection of Brucella abortus infection in cattle. Cattle used were infected with B. abortus field strains or strain 19. Peripheral blood was collected, and lymphocytes for the technique. The blood for the whole-blood lymphocyte stimulation assay was diluted 10-fold with RPMI 1640 medium (without additional serum supplement) and cultured. The two tests were run simultaneously, and B. abortus soluble antigen or concanavalin A was added to the cultures. The cultures were incubated for 6 days and assayed for [3H] thymidine incorporation into their DNA. Generally, cultures of the purified lymphocyte stimulation assay had higher counts per minute than those of the whole-blood lymphocyte stimulation assay, but the stimulation ratios for the two tests were comparable. The two assays were comparable in terms of their sensitivity and specificity as applied to detection of brucella infection in cattle.", "PMID": 102656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5356", "title": "Determination of immunoglobulin A concentrations in human nasal secretions with a serum immunoglobulin A standard.", "content": "By quantitative immunodiffusion tests, nasal secretion immunoglobulin A was underestimated by approximately 5.6-fold when the serum 7S immunoglobulin A standard was employed.", "contents": "Determination of immunoglobulin A concentrations in human nasal secretions with a serum immunoglobulin A standard. By quantitative immunodiffusion tests, nasal secretion immunoglobulin A was underestimated by approximately 5.6-fold when the serum 7S immunoglobulin A standard was employed.", "PMID": 102657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5357", "title": "Genetic control of retinal ganglion cell projections.", "content": "We have assessed the effects of 15 pigmentation mutations on the development of retinal ganglion cell projections in mice in two ways: (1) by analyzing the pattern of innervation of the ipsilateral lateral geniculate nucleus as mapped in autoradiograms of brains of animals killed 12 days after intravitreal injection of 3H-proline into one eye and (2) by determining the ratio of axonally transported radioactive protein in the contralateral and ipsilateral optic tracts after similar intravitreal injections. Analysis of the ratio of transported protein in the two optic tracts provides a new and useful assay of the degree of decussation in experimental animals. The effects of the mutations on eye pigmentation, whole eye melanin content and relative tyrosinase activity also were examined. The degree of ipsilateral innervation generally correlates with the degree of pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium and with tyrosinase activity. However, discrepancies have been found in ch and ce mutants. In these animals the pigment epithelium is well pigmented, and the area of ipsilateral innervation in the lateral geniculate nucleus is extensive, despite a high ratio of label in contralateral to ipsilateral optic tracts and low tyrosinase activity. Furthermore, mice heterozygous for the c2J allele have pigmentation and optic projections that are normal even though tyrosinase is reduced to 40% of normal. The few anomalous results suggest that alternative or additional factors may control optic axon projections.", "contents": "Genetic control of retinal ganglion cell projections. We have assessed the effects of 15 pigmentation mutations on the development of retinal ganglion cell projections in mice in two ways: (1) by analyzing the pattern of innervation of the ipsilateral lateral geniculate nucleus as mapped in autoradiograms of brains of animals killed 12 days after intravitreal injection of 3H-proline into one eye and (2) by determining the ratio of axonally transported radioactive protein in the contralateral and ipsilateral optic tracts after similar intravitreal injections. Analysis of the ratio of transported protein in the two optic tracts provides a new and useful assay of the degree of decussation in experimental animals. The effects of the mutations on eye pigmentation, whole eye melanin content and relative tyrosinase activity also were examined. The degree of ipsilateral innervation generally correlates with the degree of pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium and with tyrosinase activity. However, discrepancies have been found in ch and ce mutants. In these animals the pigment epithelium is well pigmented, and the area of ipsilateral innervation in the lateral geniculate nucleus is extensive, despite a high ratio of label in contralateral to ipsilateral optic tracts and low tyrosinase activity. Furthermore, mice heterozygous for the c2J allele have pigmentation and optic projections that are normal even though tyrosinase is reduced to 40% of normal. The few anomalous results suggest that alternative or additional factors may control optic axon projections.", "PMID": 102659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5358", "title": "The medial geniculate body of the tree shrew, Tupaia glis. I. Cytoarchitecture and midbrain connections.", "content": "In this study of the medial geniculate body in the tree shrew eight subdivisions are identified on the basis of differences recognized in Nissl-stained material. Experiments using the methods of anterograde and retrograde axonal transport and anterograde degeneration show that each subdivision has a unique pattern of connections with the midbrain. The ventral division of the medial geniculate body contains at least two subdivisions, the ventral nucleus and the caudomarginal nucleus. The ventral nucleus is characterized by densely-packed cells and receives topographically organized projections from the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. The caudomarginal nucleus, on the other hand, receives its major midbrain projections from the medial nucleus in the inferior colliculus. In the dorsal division four subdivisions are distinguished. The suprageniculate nucleus contains large, loosely-packed cells and receives projections from the deep layers of the superior colliculus and from the midbrain tegmentum. The dorsal nucleus receives projections from the midbrain tegmentum. The deep dorsal and anterodorsal nuclei have neurons which resemble those in the dorsal nucleus. Both receive projections from the roof nucleus of the inferior colliculus but the deep dorsal nucleus receives an additional projection from the parabrachial tegmentum. The medial division has a rostral and a caudal subdivision. The ascending projections to the rostral nucleus are from the lateral zone in the inferior colliculus and from the spinal cord. The caudal nucleus contains cells with large somas and receives projections from most of the midbrain areas which project to the other subdivisions of the medial geniculate body.", "contents": "The medial geniculate body of the tree shrew, Tupaia glis. I. Cytoarchitecture and midbrain connections. In this study of the medial geniculate body in the tree shrew eight subdivisions are identified on the basis of differences recognized in Nissl-stained material. Experiments using the methods of anterograde and retrograde axonal transport and anterograde degeneration show that each subdivision has a unique pattern of connections with the midbrain. The ventral division of the medial geniculate body contains at least two subdivisions, the ventral nucleus and the caudomarginal nucleus. The ventral nucleus is characterized by densely-packed cells and receives topographically organized projections from the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. The caudomarginal nucleus, on the other hand, receives its major midbrain projections from the medial nucleus in the inferior colliculus. In the dorsal division four subdivisions are distinguished. The suprageniculate nucleus contains large, loosely-packed cells and receives projections from the deep layers of the superior colliculus and from the midbrain tegmentum. The dorsal nucleus receives projections from the midbrain tegmentum. The deep dorsal and anterodorsal nuclei have neurons which resemble those in the dorsal nucleus. Both receive projections from the roof nucleus of the inferior colliculus but the deep dorsal nucleus receives an additional projection from the parabrachial tegmentum. The medial division has a rostral and a caudal subdivision. The ascending projections to the rostral nucleus are from the lateral zone in the inferior colliculus and from the spinal cord. The caudal nucleus contains cells with large somas and receives projections from most of the midbrain areas which project to the other subdivisions of the medial geniculate body.", "PMID": 102660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5359", "title": "The medial geniculate body of the tree shrew, Tupaia glis. II. Connections with the neocortex.", "content": "In this study the temporal cortex of the tree shrew was subdivided on the basis of cytoarchitectonic criteria, and the connections of each subdivision with the thalamus and midbrain were analyzed with retrograde and anterograde techniques. The results indicate that, with one exception, each subdivision of the medial geniculate body projects to a separate cortical area. The primary auditory cortex receives projections from the ventral nucleus. Surrounding the primary cortex are at least five additional cytoarchitectonically distinct areas which receive projections from the remaining medial geniculate subdivisions. The evidence suggests that there is very little overlap in the projections from each of these geniculate subdivisions. An exception is the projection of the caudal nucleus of the medial division. This subdivision apparently projects to most, if not all, of the cortical target of the medial geniculate body. Although the cortical projections of the caudal nucleus overlap those of the other medial geniculate subdivisions, the laminar distribution of its terminations in cortex is different. The caudal nucleus projects primarily to layer VI whereas the other subdivisions of the medial geniculate body project primarily to layer IV and the adjacent part of layer III. Anterograde techniques were also used to study the projections from the cortex back to the thalamus and to the midbrain. The projections to the thalamus precisely reciprocate the thalamocortical connections. The projections to the midbrain are to the same areas which the preceding study (Oliver and Hall, '78) showed give rise to ascending projections to the medial geniculate body. An exception is the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus which apparently does not receive a projection from the temporal cortex.", "contents": "The medial geniculate body of the tree shrew, Tupaia glis. II. Connections with the neocortex. In this study the temporal cortex of the tree shrew was subdivided on the basis of cytoarchitectonic criteria, and the connections of each subdivision with the thalamus and midbrain were analyzed with retrograde and anterograde techniques. The results indicate that, with one exception, each subdivision of the medial geniculate body projects to a separate cortical area. The primary auditory cortex receives projections from the ventral nucleus. Surrounding the primary cortex are at least five additional cytoarchitectonically distinct areas which receive projections from the remaining medial geniculate subdivisions. The evidence suggests that there is very little overlap in the projections from each of these geniculate subdivisions. An exception is the projection of the caudal nucleus of the medial division. This subdivision apparently projects to most, if not all, of the cortical target of the medial geniculate body. Although the cortical projections of the caudal nucleus overlap those of the other medial geniculate subdivisions, the laminar distribution of its terminations in cortex is different. The caudal nucleus projects primarily to layer VI whereas the other subdivisions of the medial geniculate body project primarily to layer IV and the adjacent part of layer III. Anterograde techniques were also used to study the projections from the cortex back to the thalamus and to the midbrain. The projections to the thalamus precisely reciprocate the thalamocortical connections. The projections to the midbrain are to the same areas which the preceding study (Oliver and Hall, '78) showed give rise to ascending projections to the medial geniculate body. An exception is the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus which apparently does not receive a projection from the temporal cortex.", "PMID": 102661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5360", "title": "Patterns of retinal terminations and laminar organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus of primates.", "content": "Autoradiographic tracing procedures have been used to study the organization of retinogeniculate axons in seven primates, i.e., four species of New World monkeys, one species of Old World monkeys and two species of prosimians. These data suggest that the basic primate pattern of geniculate lamination consists of two parvocellular layers, two magnocellular layers, and two poorly developed and highly variable superficial (S) layers which are ventrally located. Ocular input to each member of each of the three pairs differs. In the macaque, the squirrel, and the saki monkey, the parvocellular layers subdivide and interdigitate into four leaflets so as to give the appearance of four parvocellular \"layers.\" These leaflets are much less extensive in the owl and marmoset monkeys. In some individual macaque monkeys, there is further splitting of the parvocellular leaflets into subleaflets, giving the appearance of six parvocellular \"layers.\" The prosimians (galago and slow loris) have two additional layers that are not found in pithecoid primates, and only one superficial layer is apparent. The two additional layers are termed \"koniocellular\" since they consist of very small cells. Finally, New and Old World monkeys have both ipsilateral and contralateral retinal input to the interlaminar zones. We conclude that the basic pattern of lateral geniculate organization is six layers, but not the traditional six. Prosimians have evolved two additional layers, the koniocellular layers, and have possibly lost one superficial layer. Both New World and Old World monkeys have elaborated the parvocellular layers by forming leaflets to varying extents. With the possible exception of the single S layer in prosimians, layers form pairs that are similar in cell types, but different in ocular input.", "contents": "Patterns of retinal terminations and laminar organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus of primates. Autoradiographic tracing procedures have been used to study the organization of retinogeniculate axons in seven primates, i.e., four species of New World monkeys, one species of Old World monkeys and two species of prosimians. These data suggest that the basic primate pattern of geniculate lamination consists of two parvocellular layers, two magnocellular layers, and two poorly developed and highly variable superficial (S) layers which are ventrally located. Ocular input to each member of each of the three pairs differs. In the macaque, the squirrel, and the saki monkey, the parvocellular layers subdivide and interdigitate into four leaflets so as to give the appearance of four parvocellular \"layers.\" These leaflets are much less extensive in the owl and marmoset monkeys. In some individual macaque monkeys, there is further splitting of the parvocellular leaflets into subleaflets, giving the appearance of six parvocellular \"layers.\" The prosimians (galago and slow loris) have two additional layers that are not found in pithecoid primates, and only one superficial layer is apparent. The two additional layers are termed \"koniocellular\" since they consist of very small cells. Finally, New and Old World monkeys have both ipsilateral and contralateral retinal input to the interlaminar zones. We conclude that the basic pattern of lateral geniculate organization is six layers, but not the traditional six. Prosimians have evolved two additional layers, the koniocellular layers, and have possibly lost one superficial layer. Both New World and Old World monkeys have elaborated the parvocellular layers by forming leaflets to varying extents. With the possible exception of the single S layer in prosimians, layers form pairs that are similar in cell types, but different in ocular input.", "PMID": 102662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5361", "title": "The efferent connections of the anterior hypothalamic area of the rat, cat and monkey.", "content": "The general morphology and topographic relations of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) in the rat, cat and squirrel monkey have been described, and its efferent connections analyzed autoradiographically, after small injections of 3H-labeled amino acids into, or around, the area. In all three species the AHA is rather poorly separated from the surrounding preoptic and hypothalamic areas and nuclei but shows three distinct cellular condensations, located rostrally, centrally, and posterodorsally. Closely associated with the AHA are the retrochiasmatic area, the anterior periventricular nucleus and the scattered neurons usually referred to as the accessory supraoptic nucleus. The AHA has primarily short connections to the adjoining medial preoptic area, the lateral hypothalamic area, the periventricular nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus, and to the \"capsule\" of the ventromedial nucleus. However, it also has certain more distant projections, rostrally to a narrow zone centered in the ventral part of the lateral septal nucleus, and caudally to the dorsal premammillary nuclei, the posterior hypothalamic area and the central gray. There is some evidence to suggest that the various subdivisions of the AHA have different efferent connections. Thus the posterodorsal cell condensation appears to give rise to the bilateral projection to the dorsal premammillary nuclei, while the projections to the septum, the posterior hypothalamic area and the central gray seem to have their origin in the central condensation. Similarly, the retrochiasmatic area sends its efferents through the ventral supraoptic commissure to the amygdala, the anterior periventricular nucleus contributes to the periventricular fiber system and to the external lamina of the median eminence, and the accessory supraoptic neurons project to the internal lamina of the median eminence.", "contents": "The efferent connections of the anterior hypothalamic area of the rat, cat and monkey. The general morphology and topographic relations of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) in the rat, cat and squirrel monkey have been described, and its efferent connections analyzed autoradiographically, after small injections of 3H-labeled amino acids into, or around, the area. In all three species the AHA is rather poorly separated from the surrounding preoptic and hypothalamic areas and nuclei but shows three distinct cellular condensations, located rostrally, centrally, and posterodorsally. Closely associated with the AHA are the retrochiasmatic area, the anterior periventricular nucleus and the scattered neurons usually referred to as the accessory supraoptic nucleus. The AHA has primarily short connections to the adjoining medial preoptic area, the lateral hypothalamic area, the periventricular nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus, and to the \"capsule\" of the ventromedial nucleus. However, it also has certain more distant projections, rostrally to a narrow zone centered in the ventral part of the lateral septal nucleus, and caudally to the dorsal premammillary nuclei, the posterior hypothalamic area and the central gray. There is some evidence to suggest that the various subdivisions of the AHA have different efferent connections. Thus the posterodorsal cell condensation appears to give rise to the bilateral projection to the dorsal premammillary nuclei, while the projections to the septum, the posterior hypothalamic area and the central gray seem to have their origin in the central condensation. Similarly, the retrochiasmatic area sends its efferents through the ventral supraoptic commissure to the amygdala, the anterior periventricular nucleus contributes to the periventricular fiber system and to the external lamina of the median eminence, and the accessory supraoptic neurons project to the internal lamina of the median eminence.", "PMID": 102663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5362", "title": "The identification of relay neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of monkeys using horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Intraaxonal retrograde transport of the protein horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify relay neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of owl (Aotus trivirgatus) and rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys. In both species, from 94.1-98.6% of the neurons within columns extending through both parvocellular and magnocellular layers were labeled following injection of HRP into striate cortex. Labeled neurons were also identified in the thin ventral-most S(0) Layers. Although most of the cells within the thin interlaminar regions in the LGN of both species were labeled following injections of HRP, many unlabeled neurons were identified within the large cell-rich interlaminar region (IL) between the internal parvocellular and internal magnocellular layers in the LGN of the owl monkey, suggesting that IL may be a specialized region containing a large number of intrinsic neurons. Finally, measurement of the cell diameters of neurons within the densely labeled areas in relay layers revealed that labeled and unlabeled neurons could not be distinguished on the basis of cell body size alone and that some of the smallest cells of the LGN project to striate cortex. These findings indicate that nearly all of the neurons of the main relay layers of the LGN in these two primates are relay cells and that the organization of the LGN in primates may differ significantly from that of other mammals with respect to the percentage of interneurons.", "contents": "The identification of relay neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of monkeys using horseradish peroxidase. Intraaxonal retrograde transport of the protein horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify relay neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of owl (Aotus trivirgatus) and rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys. In both species, from 94.1-98.6% of the neurons within columns extending through both parvocellular and magnocellular layers were labeled following injection of HRP into striate cortex. Labeled neurons were also identified in the thin ventral-most S(0) Layers. Although most of the cells within the thin interlaminar regions in the LGN of both species were labeled following injections of HRP, many unlabeled neurons were identified within the large cell-rich interlaminar region (IL) between the internal parvocellular and internal magnocellular layers in the LGN of the owl monkey, suggesting that IL may be a specialized region containing a large number of intrinsic neurons. Finally, measurement of the cell diameters of neurons within the densely labeled areas in relay layers revealed that labeled and unlabeled neurons could not be distinguished on the basis of cell body size alone and that some of the smallest cells of the LGN project to striate cortex. These findings indicate that nearly all of the neurons of the main relay layers of the LGN in these two primates are relay cells and that the organization of the LGN in primates may differ significantly from that of other mammals with respect to the percentage of interneurons.", "PMID": 102664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5363", "title": "The central projections of the glossopharyngeal and vagus ganglia in the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos L.", "content": "The central projections of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves in the mallard have been studied with the Fink-Heimer I method and are compared to those of the trigeminal and facial nerves. The N. vagus projects ipsilaterally and contralaterally upon the central nuclei of the solitary complex, except the most rostral part of it, upon the n. sulcalis dorsalis, the parasolitary nuclei and the n. commissuralis. The glossopharyngeal nerve contributes to the rostral pole of the n. centralis anterior and to the n. ventrolateralis anterior of the solitary complex, but it has also terminal fields in a cellgroup sIX of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, in a small cellgroup sIXd on the dorsum of the descending trigeminal tract, in the n. interpolaris of this tract and in nuclei of the cuneate complex. There is hardly any overlap of the respective terminal fields. The convergence of projections from N VII and N IX can be connected with the presence of tastebuds in upper and lower bill and in the soft palate. The converging projections from N V and N IX in \"trigeminal\" nuclei may reflect the functional coherence of the mechanoreceptors in bill and tongue. It is suggested that these nuclei play a role in the feeding behavior.", "contents": "The central projections of the glossopharyngeal and vagus ganglia in the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos L. The central projections of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves in the mallard have been studied with the Fink-Heimer I method and are compared to those of the trigeminal and facial nerves. The N. vagus projects ipsilaterally and contralaterally upon the central nuclei of the solitary complex, except the most rostral part of it, upon the n. sulcalis dorsalis, the parasolitary nuclei and the n. commissuralis. The glossopharyngeal nerve contributes to the rostral pole of the n. centralis anterior and to the n. ventrolateralis anterior of the solitary complex, but it has also terminal fields in a cellgroup sIX of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, in a small cellgroup sIXd on the dorsum of the descending trigeminal tract, in the n. interpolaris of this tract and in nuclei of the cuneate complex. There is hardly any overlap of the respective terminal fields. The convergence of projections from N VII and N IX can be connected with the presence of tastebuds in upper and lower bill and in the soft palate. The converging projections from N V and N IX in \"trigeminal\" nuclei may reflect the functional coherence of the mechanoreceptors in bill and tongue. It is suggested that these nuclei play a role in the feeding behavior.", "PMID": 102665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5364", "title": "Projections to the visual cortex in the golden hamster.", "content": "Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to determine the origins of afferent connexions to the visual cortex (areas 17, 18a and 18b) in the hamster. The distribution of neurons projecting to the visual cortex from other cortical areas, from the thalamus and from the brainstem was studied using a computer technique for three-dimensional reconstruction. There is a topographically organized projection from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17, but probably to no other of the areas studied. The lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP) projects to area 18a and weakly to area 17. The lateral nucleus (L) projects to area 18b and also, probably, weakly to area 17. The cortical projections from LP and L are also organized topographically but relatively grossly compared with the geniculo-cortical pathway. There are reciprocal association projections between area 17 and areas 18a and 18b. Areas 18a projects weakly to 18b. The main commissural connexions of the posterior neocortex are between the area 17/18a boundary zones in the two hemispheres, with little between the bodies of area 17. Labelled neurons were found bilaterally in the locus coeruleus, more ipsilaterally than contralaterally, after multiple injections into the visual cortex: single, small injections sometimes resulted in the labelling of a single cell body in the locus coeruleus.", "contents": "Projections to the visual cortex in the golden hamster. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to determine the origins of afferent connexions to the visual cortex (areas 17, 18a and 18b) in the hamster. The distribution of neurons projecting to the visual cortex from other cortical areas, from the thalamus and from the brainstem was studied using a computer technique for three-dimensional reconstruction. There is a topographically organized projection from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17, but probably to no other of the areas studied. The lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP) projects to area 18a and weakly to area 17. The lateral nucleus (L) projects to area 18b and also, probably, weakly to area 17. The cortical projections from LP and L are also organized topographically but relatively grossly compared with the geniculo-cortical pathway. There are reciprocal association projections between area 17 and areas 18a and 18b. Areas 18a projects weakly to 18b. The main commissural connexions of the posterior neocortex are between the area 17/18a boundary zones in the two hemispheres, with little between the bodies of area 17. Labelled neurons were found bilaterally in the locus coeruleus, more ipsilaterally than contralaterally, after multiple injections into the visual cortex: single, small injections sometimes resulted in the labelling of a single cell body in the locus coeruleus.", "PMID": 102666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5365", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the rubroolivary tract in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Autoradiographic tracing methods were employed to study the course and distribution of the rubroolivary tract following unilateral injections of tritiated leucine into the rostral red nucleus of seven rhesus monkeys. A topographic organization of projections to the ipsilateral principal nucleus of the inferior olivary complex was demonstrated. Lateral and medial portions of the rostral red nucleus projected to medial parts of the dorsal and ventral laminae of the principal inferior olive respectively; neurons in intermediate lateralities emitted fibers which terminated in lateral parts of the principal olive. Injections involving the oral end of the rostral red nucleus elicited label overlying the medial accessory olive in addition to the principal nucleus. Projections to the medial accessory olive may have arisen from the rostral end of the red nucleus and/or the immediately adjacent tegmentum. There were no projections to the dorsal accessory olive. Fibers of rubral origin also were distributed ipsilaterally to several reticular nuclei including the pedunculopontine, pontis oralis, caudalis, and gigantocellularis.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the rubroolivary tract in the rhesus monkey. Autoradiographic tracing methods were employed to study the course and distribution of the rubroolivary tract following unilateral injections of tritiated leucine into the rostral red nucleus of seven rhesus monkeys. A topographic organization of projections to the ipsilateral principal nucleus of the inferior olivary complex was demonstrated. Lateral and medial portions of the rostral red nucleus projected to medial parts of the dorsal and ventral laminae of the principal inferior olive respectively; neurons in intermediate lateralities emitted fibers which terminated in lateral parts of the principal olive. Injections involving the oral end of the rostral red nucleus elicited label overlying the medial accessory olive in addition to the principal nucleus. Projections to the medial accessory olive may have arisen from the rostral end of the red nucleus and/or the immediately adjacent tegmentum. There were no projections to the dorsal accessory olive. Fibers of rubral origin also were distributed ipsilaterally to several reticular nuclei including the pedunculopontine, pontis oralis, caudalis, and gigantocellularis.", "PMID": 102667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5366", "title": "Ca2+-stimulated phosphorylation of muscle glycogen synthase by phosphorylase b kinase.", "content": "Phosphorylase b kinase from rabbit muscle phosphorylates glycogen synthase purified from the same tissue. The reaction is markedly stimulated by Ca2+ and results in a decrease in the synthase %I activity. Phosphorylase b kinase action leads to the incorporation of phosphate (0.6 to 0.8 mol/mol of subunit) preferentially into a single cyanogen bromide fragment of synthase (fragment III). Cyclic AMP-independent synthase kinase also shows a specificity for the site(s) contained in fragment III whereas the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase exerts a preference for the site(s) located in a distinct cyanogen bromide fragment (fragment II). A Ca2+-stimulated endogenous kinase also results in the phosphorylation of fragment III and can be attributed to the presence of phosphorylase b kinase. The finding of a Ca2+-stimulated phosphorylation of glycogen synthase has important implications for the regulation of glycogen metabolism and particularly those processes thought to be controlled by cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration.", "contents": "Ca2+-stimulated phosphorylation of muscle glycogen synthase by phosphorylase b kinase. Phosphorylase b kinase from rabbit muscle phosphorylates glycogen synthase purified from the same tissue. The reaction is markedly stimulated by Ca2+ and results in a decrease in the synthase %I activity. Phosphorylase b kinase action leads to the incorporation of phosphate (0.6 to 0.8 mol/mol of subunit) preferentially into a single cyanogen bromide fragment of synthase (fragment III). Cyclic AMP-independent synthase kinase also shows a specificity for the site(s) contained in fragment III whereas the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase exerts a preference for the site(s) located in a distinct cyanogen bromide fragment (fragment II). A Ca2+-stimulated endogenous kinase also results in the phosphorylation of fragment III and can be attributed to the presence of phosphorylase b kinase. The finding of a Ca2+-stimulated phosphorylation of glycogen synthase has important implications for the regulation of glycogen metabolism and particularly those processes thought to be controlled by cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration.", "PMID": 102668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5367", "title": "Lymphatic vessels of healthy and inflamed gingiva.", "content": "Lymphatic vessels were traced in healthy and early inflamed gingivae of various nonhuman primates. Lymphatic capillaries and primary collecting vessels originated in the connective tissue papillae and stroma near or adjacent to the attachment epithelium. They emptied into thin-walled irregular-shaped collecting vessels that drained into the periodontal ligament. In early inflammation, all the lymphatic vessels of luminal caliber were distended within and/or surrounding the inflammatory infiltrate.", "contents": "Lymphatic vessels of healthy and inflamed gingiva. Lymphatic vessels were traced in healthy and early inflamed gingivae of various nonhuman primates. Lymphatic capillaries and primary collecting vessels originated in the connective tissue papillae and stroma near or adjacent to the attachment epithelium. They emptied into thin-walled irregular-shaped collecting vessels that drained into the periodontal ligament. In early inflammation, all the lymphatic vessels of luminal caliber were distended within and/or surrounding the inflammatory infiltrate.", "PMID": 102669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5368", "title": "Effect of chewable fluoride tablets on dental caries in schoolchildren: results after six years of use.", "content": "Two groups of children, initially in the first  and second grades, chewed, rinsed with, and swallowed an acidulated phosphate-fluoride tablet containing 1 mg of fluoride either once or twice a day in school. A control group of children followed the procedure once a day using a placebo tablet. An evaluation after six years of treatments showed that both the once-a-day and the twice-a-day procedures with fluoride tablets effectively reduced the incidence of dental caries.", "contents": "Effect of chewable fluoride tablets on dental caries in schoolchildren: results after six years of use. Two groups of children, initially in the first  and second grades, chewed, rinsed with, and swallowed an acidulated phosphate-fluoride tablet containing 1 mg of fluoride either once or twice a day in school. A control group of children followed the procedure once a day using a placebo tablet. An evaluation after six years of treatments showed that both the once-a-day and the twice-a-day procedures with fluoride tablets effectively reduced the incidence of dental caries.", "PMID": 102674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5369", "title": "Reduced allergenicity of high molecular weight ragweed polymers.", "content": "Polymerized ragweed antigens of different molecular weight ranges were studied to determine if the degree of allergenicity was dependent on molecular size of the polymers. In this study, allergenicity is defined as the ability to elict IgE-mediated skin reactivity. Ragweed antigen treated with glutaraldehyde was fractionated into one preparation with a molecular weight range of 200,000 to 20,000,000 and another with molecular weights less than 200,000. Except for the difference in molecular sizes of the two molecular sizes of the two preparations, all ragweed polymers had been treated in an identical fashion. The low molecular weight fraction had cutaneous endpoint reactivity greater than 10(5) to 10(8) times that of the high molecular weight materials. In these and other studies, immunogenicity defined as the ability to induce an IgG antibody response was retained by the high molecular weight material. The results are consitent with the hypothesis that allergenicity decreases as the molecular weight of the polymerized allergen increases.", "contents": "Reduced allergenicity of high molecular weight ragweed polymers. Polymerized ragweed antigens of different molecular weight ranges were studied to determine if the degree of allergenicity was dependent on molecular size of the polymers. In this study, allergenicity is defined as the ability to elict IgE-mediated skin reactivity. Ragweed antigen treated with glutaraldehyde was fractionated into one preparation with a molecular weight range of 200,000 to 20,000,000 and another with molecular weights less than 200,000. Except for the difference in molecular sizes of the two molecular sizes of the two preparations, all ragweed polymers had been treated in an identical fashion. The low molecular weight fraction had cutaneous endpoint reactivity greater than 10(5) to 10(8) times that of the high molecular weight materials. In these and other studies, immunogenicity defined as the ability to induce an IgG antibody response was retained by the high molecular weight material. The results are consitent with the hypothesis that allergenicity decreases as the molecular weight of the polymerized allergen increases.", "PMID": 102675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5370", "title": "Human and macaque mastication: a quantitative study.", "content": "Significant differences exist between human and Macaca fascicularis patterns of mandibular movement during mastication. Macaque patterns display less asymmetry, more uniformity, and limited lateral excursions when compared to humans for mastication of the same food. Different anatomical structures between the two species offer explanations of the different patterns that were observed. Researchers should use caution when using macaques as models for human mastication.", "contents": "Human and macaque mastication: a quantitative study. Significant differences exist between human and Macaca fascicularis patterns of mandibular movement during mastication. Macaque patterns display less asymmetry, more uniformity, and limited lateral excursions when compared to humans for mastication of the same food. Different anatomical structures between the two species offer explanations of the different patterns that were observed. Researchers should use caution when using macaques as models for human mastication.", "PMID": 102670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5371", "title": "In vivo analysis of bone strain about the sagittal suture in macaca mulatta during masticatory movements.", "content": "In vivo strain gauge analysis demonstrated that tensile bone strain is transmitted along the cranial vault to the parasagittal region during isotonic temporalis contraction. This strain is sufficient to cause measurable separation of the sagittal suture, and thus could influence growth at the sutural margins.", "contents": "In vivo analysis of bone strain about the sagittal suture in macaca mulatta during masticatory movements. In vivo strain gauge analysis demonstrated that tensile bone strain is transmitted along the cranial vault to the parasagittal region during isotonic temporalis contraction. This strain is sufficient to cause measurable separation of the sagittal suture, and thus could influence growth at the sutural margins.", "PMID": 102671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5372", "title": "Glycosyltransferases in plant and animal tissues effects of fixation and lead on enzyme activity.", "content": "As the initial step toward the cytochemical localization of glycosyl-transferases in situ, biochemical determinations of these enzyme activities from onion root tips and L1210 cells were performed before and after fixation as well as in the presence of lead ions. Glycosyltransferase activity from roots fixed in buffered formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde before homogenization decreased as the concentration of the fixative or fixation time was increased. Formaldehyde fixation was less inhibitory than glutaraldehyde; 35% of the glycosyltransferase activity was retained after 30 min fixation in 2% formaldehyde while 25% of the enzyme activity remained after a similar fixation in glutaraldehyde. Substantially higher levels of L1210 cell glycosyltransferase activity were retained after a 30 min 2% formaldehyde fixation (60% sialyltransferase; 82% galactosyltransferase), but inhibition by glutaraldehyde was similar to that observed for onion root galactosyltransferase. Glycosyltransferase from formaldehyde-fixed roots was inhbited 35% by lead nitrate, but sialytransferase from formaldehyde-fixed L1210 cells was unaffected by lead ions. These findings are encouraging for further studies aimed at the development of cytochemical technique to localize glycosyltransferase in plant and animal tissues.", "contents": "Glycosyltransferases in plant and animal tissues effects of fixation and lead on enzyme activity. As the initial step toward the cytochemical localization of glycosyl-transferases in situ, biochemical determinations of these enzyme activities from onion root tips and L1210 cells were performed before and after fixation as well as in the presence of lead ions. Glycosyltransferase activity from roots fixed in buffered formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde before homogenization decreased as the concentration of the fixative or fixation time was increased. Formaldehyde fixation was less inhibitory than glutaraldehyde; 35% of the glycosyltransferase activity was retained after 30 min fixation in 2% formaldehyde while 25% of the enzyme activity remained after a similar fixation in glutaraldehyde. Substantially higher levels of L1210 cell glycosyltransferase activity were retained after a 30 min 2% formaldehyde fixation (60% sialyltransferase; 82% galactosyltransferase), but inhibition by glutaraldehyde was similar to that observed for onion root galactosyltransferase. Glycosyltransferase from formaldehyde-fixed roots was inhbited 35% by lead nitrate, but sialytransferase from formaldehyde-fixed L1210 cells was unaffected by lead ions. These findings are encouraging for further studies aimed at the development of cytochemical technique to localize glycosyltransferase in plant and animal tissues.", "PMID": 102686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5373", "title": "Immunofluorescent staining of histaminase (diamine oxidase) in human placenta.", "content": "An immunofluorescent procedure for the localization of histaminase in human tissue sections has been developed by using a specific antiserum against human placental histaminase. For localization of this enzyme in placental sections, fixation in equal volumes mixture of absolute ethanol and acetone provided the optimum visualization of this enzyme in both frozen sections and paraffin-embedded sections. The immunofluorescent staining of this enzyme in placenta is found to be localized in areas within the maternal decidua, both within the cytoplasm of the decidual cells and in tissue space between the cells. The chorionic villi are completely void of the immunofluorescent stain. Variations in patterns of histaminase localization have been found between term and premature placentas, with the former showing a predominantly intercellular localization and the latter a predominantly intracellular localization. The intercellular localization of this enzyme in the decidua may represent a nonspecific diffusion of the enzyme associated with delivery of the placenta or may reflex a specific functional role of the enzyme in the intercellular space during pregnancy.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent staining of histaminase (diamine oxidase) in human placenta. An immunofluorescent procedure for the localization of histaminase in human tissue sections has been developed by using a specific antiserum against human placental histaminase. For localization of this enzyme in placental sections, fixation in equal volumes mixture of absolute ethanol and acetone provided the optimum visualization of this enzyme in both frozen sections and paraffin-embedded sections. The immunofluorescent staining of this enzyme in placenta is found to be localized in areas within the maternal decidua, both within the cytoplasm of the decidual cells and in tissue space between the cells. The chorionic villi are completely void of the immunofluorescent stain. Variations in patterns of histaminase localization have been found between term and premature placentas, with the former showing a predominantly intercellular localization and the latter a predominantly intracellular localization. The intercellular localization of this enzyme in the decidua may represent a nonspecific diffusion of the enzyme associated with delivery of the placenta or may reflex a specific functional role of the enzyme in the intercellular space during pregnancy.", "PMID": 102687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5374", "title": "An attempt at immunotherapy of murine virus erythroleukemia.", "content": "It was demonstrated that the nonvirulent strain of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from vegetable matter prolonged significantly the survival time of mice inoculated with murine virus erythroleukemia. The most significant survival time was recorded when live listeriae were administered on the same day but into another site than the leukemia virus was.", "contents": "An attempt at immunotherapy of murine virus erythroleukemia. It was demonstrated that the nonvirulent strain of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from vegetable matter prolonged significantly the survival time of mice inoculated with murine virus erythroleukemia. The most significant survival time was recorded when live listeriae were administered on the same day but into another site than the leukemia virus was.", "PMID": 102689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5375", "title": "A new B cell differentiation antigen (BDA) on normal and leukemic human B lymphocytes that is distinct from known DR (Ia-like) antigens.", "content": "A newly defined human B cell differentiation antigen, designated as BDA, has been defined and partially characterized. BDA is expressed on normal human B cells and lymphocytic leukemia cells at all stages of known differentiation (pre-B cells to plasma cells). It is distinct from DR (Ia-like) determinants and other known B cell surface constituents.", "contents": "A new B cell differentiation antigen (BDA) on normal and leukemic human B lymphocytes that is distinct from known DR (Ia-like) antigens. A newly defined human B cell differentiation antigen, designated as BDA, has been defined and partially characterized. BDA is expressed on normal human B cells and lymphocytic leukemia cells at all stages of known differentiation (pre-B cells to plasma cells). It is distinct from DR (Ia-like) determinants and other known B cell surface constituents.", "PMID": 102693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5376", "title": "C3-mediated cytoadherence. II. Dependence of cell attachment on similar topographic distribution of the receptors (for C3) and the ligands (C3/C3b).", "content": "Particles carrying C3 in a random distribution (Etan-C3) bound to C3 receptor (Raji+) cells independent of temperature and irrespective of whether the Raji cells were fixed with glutardialdehyde. In contrast, the reactivity of EAC43b, having grouped C3b in clusters, was dependent on temperature. The interaction with Raji cells was inhibited if the latter were treated with a fixative. The reaction of both Etan-C3 and EAC43b was a function of the concentration of C3 and C3b, respectively. The conclusion is drawn that for the interaction between C3/C3b-carrying particles and C receptor cells the receptors and the ligands have to be grouped in a similar typographic distribution, irrespective if this arrangement is provided already from the beginning or if it is obtained only by lateral movement of one or both reaction partners.", "contents": "C3-mediated cytoadherence. II. Dependence of cell attachment on similar topographic distribution of the receptors (for C3) and the ligands (C3/C3b). Particles carrying C3 in a random distribution (Etan-C3) bound to C3 receptor (Raji+) cells independent of temperature and irrespective of whether the Raji cells were fixed with glutardialdehyde. In contrast, the reactivity of EAC43b, having grouped C3b in clusters, was dependent on temperature. The interaction with Raji cells was inhibited if the latter were treated with a fixative. The reaction of both Etan-C3 and EAC43b was a function of the concentration of C3 and C3b, respectively. The conclusion is drawn that for the interaction between C3/C3b-carrying particles and C receptor cells the receptors and the ligands have to be grouped in a similar typographic distribution, irrespective if this arrangement is provided already from the beginning or if it is obtained only by lateral movement of one or both reaction partners.", "PMID": 102696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5377", "title": "The structural heterogeneity among degraded gamma heavy chain disease proteins.", "content": "The amino terminal sequence of seven newly studied and three previously reported gamma Heavy Chain disease proteins show that they begin at several sites ranging from position 215--234 in the hinge region. The presence of more than one species of molecule in several of the sera and the susceptibility of this region to proteolytic cleavage, taken together with the finding of a blocked Heavy Chain disease protein in the serum of one and the cells of another patient support the concept that these molecules are the result of proteolytic cleavage of typical Heavy Chain disease proteins.", "contents": "The structural heterogeneity among degraded gamma heavy chain disease proteins. The amino terminal sequence of seven newly studied and three previously reported gamma Heavy Chain disease proteins show that they begin at several sites ranging from position 215--234 in the hinge region. The presence of more than one species of molecule in several of the sera and the susceptibility of this region to proteolytic cleavage, taken together with the finding of a blocked Heavy Chain disease protein in the serum of one and the cells of another patient support the concept that these molecules are the result of proteolytic cleavage of typical Heavy Chain disease proteins.", "PMID": 102697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5378", "title": "Hemolysis-in-gel (HIG) test for antibodies to influenza A, measles and mumps using liquid nitrogen freezed erythrocytes coupled with the respective viral antigen.", "content": "A drawback with the hemolysis-in-gel test is the constant need for fresh erythrocytes which must be treated with virus before incorporation in the gel. This problem was overcome by freezing small droplets containing erythrocytes to which antigen had been attached. The droplets were stored at -70 degrees C or in liquid nitrogen. This modification was applied in detecting antibodies to influenza, measles and mumps viruses and the results were shown to equal those obtained with fresh erythrocytes.", "contents": "Hemolysis-in-gel (HIG) test for antibodies to influenza A, measles and mumps using liquid nitrogen freezed erythrocytes coupled with the respective viral antigen. A drawback with the hemolysis-in-gel test is the constant need for fresh erythrocytes which must be treated with virus before incorporation in the gel. This problem was overcome by freezing small droplets containing erythrocytes to which antigen had been attached. The droplets were stored at -70 degrees C or in liquid nitrogen. This modification was applied in detecting antibodies to influenza, measles and mumps viruses and the results were shown to equal those obtained with fresh erythrocytes.", "PMID": 102699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5379", "title": "A simple method for quantifying IgM of low molecular weight.", "content": "A new and simple method for quantitation of IgM of low molecular weight in sera by radial immunodiffusion in 7% agar gel is described. The test is easy to perform and permits exact determination of low molecular weight IgM concentration down to very small quantities (1 mg%). Results obtained with the method described agree with previously used assay procedures and offer the advantage of convenience and rapidity.", "contents": "A simple method for quantifying IgM of low molecular weight. A new and simple method for quantitation of IgM of low molecular weight in sera by radial immunodiffusion in 7% agar gel is described. The test is easy to perform and permits exact determination of low molecular weight IgM concentration down to very small quantities (1 mg%). Results obtained with the method described agree with previously used assay procedures and offer the advantage of convenience and rapidity.", "PMID": 102700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5380", "title": "Rocket immunoelectrophoresis in the presence of denaturing agents.", "content": "Modifications of the Laurel rocket technique for assaying antigen antibody reactions are described. These procedures allow insoluble proteins to be dissolved in a variety of denaturing solvents (e.g., SDS and urea) and subjected to electroimmunoassay without loss of sensitivity or specificity. Methods are also presented for obtaining rockets using gel slices from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis either in the presence of urea or SDS. Results obtained using keratins, the insoluble proteins of epidermis, hair and nail are summarized.", "contents": "Rocket immunoelectrophoresis in the presence of denaturing agents. Modifications of the Laurel rocket technique for assaying antigen antibody reactions are described. These procedures allow insoluble proteins to be dissolved in a variety of denaturing solvents (e.g., SDS and urea) and subjected to electroimmunoassay without loss of sensitivity or specificity. Methods are also presented for obtaining rockets using gel slices from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis either in the presence of urea or SDS. Results obtained using keratins, the insoluble proteins of epidermis, hair and nail are summarized.", "PMID": 102701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5381", "title": "Xenogenic response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes against murine cells in vitro.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL) were sensitized to mitomycin-treated murine spleen cells and mitomycin-treated mastocytoma P-815. A DNA proliferative response occurred to both cell types. The sensitized HPBL lysed chromium-51-labelled mastocytoma P-815 cells in a cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay (CMC). Evidence is presented that this human-murine xenogeneic system involves T cell response with specificity in CMC mainly toward H-2 antigens. DBA/2 splenocytes were superior to mastocytoma cells as sensitizers in the xenogeneic DNA proliferative assay.", "contents": "Xenogenic response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes against murine cells in vitro. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL) were sensitized to mitomycin-treated murine spleen cells and mitomycin-treated mastocytoma P-815. A DNA proliferative response occurred to both cell types. The sensitized HPBL lysed chromium-51-labelled mastocytoma P-815 cells in a cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay (CMC). Evidence is presented that this human-murine xenogeneic system involves T cell response with specificity in CMC mainly toward H-2 antigens. DBA/2 splenocytes were superior to mastocytoma cells as sensitizers in the xenogeneic DNA proliferative assay.", "PMID": 102702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5382", "title": "Artefactual variations in the B and T subpopulations of rabbit blood lymphocytes depending on method of isolation, and blocking of C3 receptors due to in vitro activation of complement.", "content": "Marked differences were found in the proportions of lymphocyte subpopulations in rabbit peripheral blood depending on the techniques used for the purification of lymphocytes. Rosette-forming reactions were used to find the numbers of T lymphocytes, Ig-bearing cells and cells with receptors for C3 or IgG-Fc. Some of the methods used for lymphocyte separation altered the relative numbers of T and B lymphocytes, through a disproportionate loss of T cells. Other changes were due to in vitro activation of complement detectable by the presence of C3 on the lymphocyte cell-membrane and causing partial blocking of C3 receptors. Highest yields of lymphocytes were obtained from defibrinated blood treated with carbonyl iron to remove phagocytes and methyl cellulose to sediment erythrocytes. This procedure was accompanied by in vitro activation of complement, with the consequences mentioned. Complement activation was inhibited by taking the blood into either EDTA or citrate. As EDTA was cytotoxic for rabbit T lymphocytes, citrate was considered best although the resulting lymphocyte suspensions were contaminated with up to 25% granulocytes and monocytes owing to the inhibition of carbonyl iron uptake by the prior exposure to citrate.", "contents": "Artefactual variations in the B and T subpopulations of rabbit blood lymphocytes depending on method of isolation, and blocking of C3 receptors due to in vitro activation of complement. Marked differences were found in the proportions of lymphocyte subpopulations in rabbit peripheral blood depending on the techniques used for the purification of lymphocytes. Rosette-forming reactions were used to find the numbers of T lymphocytes, Ig-bearing cells and cells with receptors for C3 or IgG-Fc. Some of the methods used for lymphocyte separation altered the relative numbers of T and B lymphocytes, through a disproportionate loss of T cells. Other changes were due to in vitro activation of complement detectable by the presence of C3 on the lymphocyte cell-membrane and causing partial blocking of C3 receptors. Highest yields of lymphocytes were obtained from defibrinated blood treated with carbonyl iron to remove phagocytes and methyl cellulose to sediment erythrocytes. This procedure was accompanied by in vitro activation of complement, with the consequences mentioned. Complement activation was inhibited by taking the blood into either EDTA or citrate. As EDTA was cytotoxic for rabbit T lymphocytes, citrate was considered best although the resulting lymphocyte suspensions were contaminated with up to 25% granulocytes and monocytes owing to the inhibition of carbonyl iron uptake by the prior exposure to citrate.", "PMID": 102703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5383", "title": "Polyglutaraldehyde: a new reagent for coupling proteins to microspheres and for labeling cell-surface receptors.", "content": "Glutaraldehyde polymerized in basic aqueous solutions was found to react with low molecular weight amines, immunoglobulins and hemoglobin. The polyglutaraldehyde was covalently bound to hypdrophilic microspheres. The rate of addition of proteins to the polyglutaraldehyde-derivatized microspheres was investigated spectrophotometrically as a function of pH and temperature. The reaction of polyglutaraldehyde was found to be faster than that of the monomer. The findings led to successful labeling of human lymphocyte subpopulations.", "contents": "Polyglutaraldehyde: a new reagent for coupling proteins to microspheres and for labeling cell-surface receptors. Glutaraldehyde polymerized in basic aqueous solutions was found to react with low molecular weight amines, immunoglobulins and hemoglobin. The polyglutaraldehyde was covalently bound to hypdrophilic microspheres. The rate of addition of proteins to the polyglutaraldehyde-derivatized microspheres was investigated spectrophotometrically as a function of pH and temperature. The reaction of polyglutaraldehyde was found to be faster than that of the monomer. The findings led to successful labeling of human lymphocyte subpopulations.", "PMID": 102704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5384", "title": "A method for the preparation of protein-protein conjugates of predetermined composition.", "content": "A novel procedure for the synthesis of well-defined protein-protein conjugates is described using ovalbumin (OA) and IgG as test proteins. This procedure involves the highly selective and rapid reaction of alkyl halide and sulfhydryl groups, which have been grafted, respectively, onto the proteins to be conjugated. Accordingly, iodoacetylated IgG, (ICH2CO)nIgG, was prepared by the reaction of the epsilon-amino groups of IgG with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of iodoacetic acid (NHIA), the degree of iodoacetylation (n) being proportional to the concentration of NHIA. OA was reacted with S-acetylmercaptosuccinic anhydride (SAMSA) under conditions yielding, on the average, a monosubstituted derivative. Following removal of the protective S-acetyl group, the resulting -SH derivative of OA was reacted with (ICH2CO)nIgG. The OAx-IgG conjugates so produced were characterized by gel filtration, specific radioactivity (using tritiated OA) and immunodiffusion. It was found that the average number of OA molecules coupled per IgG molecule could be controlled by varying the degree of iodoacetylation of IgG.", "contents": "A method for the preparation of protein-protein conjugates of predetermined composition. A novel procedure for the synthesis of well-defined protein-protein conjugates is described using ovalbumin (OA) and IgG as test proteins. This procedure involves the highly selective and rapid reaction of alkyl halide and sulfhydryl groups, which have been grafted, respectively, onto the proteins to be conjugated. Accordingly, iodoacetylated IgG, (ICH2CO)nIgG, was prepared by the reaction of the epsilon-amino groups of IgG with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of iodoacetic acid (NHIA), the degree of iodoacetylation (n) being proportional to the concentration of NHIA. OA was reacted with S-acetylmercaptosuccinic anhydride (SAMSA) under conditions yielding, on the average, a monosubstituted derivative. Following removal of the protective S-acetyl group, the resulting -SH derivative of OA was reacted with (ICH2CO)nIgG. The OAx-IgG conjugates so produced were characterized by gel filtration, specific radioactivity (using tritiated OA) and immunodiffusion. It was found that the average number of OA molecules coupled per IgG molecule could be controlled by varying the degree of iodoacetylation of IgG.", "PMID": 102705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5385", "title": "Immunodiffusion using tissue sections.", "content": "A simple radial immunodiffusion technique is described for determining relative antigen content of frozen tissue sections. Its use is illustrated with frozen sections of chick intestine containing the vitamin D-induced calcium-binding protein (CaBP). Diffusion of the intestinal CaBP from the sections placed on agar containing specific anti-CaBP anti-serum produced a precipitin ring, whose diameter was proportional to the CaBP content of the intestine. The technique allowed the determination of the relative antigen content in sections of tissue adjacent to others in which immunocytochemical localization or other histochemical studies were to be performed.", "contents": "Immunodiffusion using tissue sections. A simple radial immunodiffusion technique is described for determining relative antigen content of frozen tissue sections. Its use is illustrated with frozen sections of chick intestine containing the vitamin D-induced calcium-binding protein (CaBP). Diffusion of the intestinal CaBP from the sections placed on agar containing specific anti-CaBP anti-serum produced a precipitin ring, whose diameter was proportional to the CaBP content of the intestine. The technique allowed the determination of the relative antigen content in sections of tissue adjacent to others in which immunocytochemical localization or other histochemical studies were to be performed.", "PMID": 102706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5386", "title": "Control of intestinal flora in animals and humans: implications for toxicology and health.", "content": "The importance of the intestinal flora in disease management is discussed, and apparent relationships noted in experimental and clinical reports are reviewed. It is suggested that investigation of the influence of the intestinal flora upon body organs and systems would productively lay the groundwork for abetter understanding of certain synergistic mechanisms.", "contents": "Control of intestinal flora in animals and humans: implications for toxicology and health. The importance of the intestinal flora in disease management is discussed, and apparent relationships noted in experimental and clinical reports are reviewed. It is suggested that investigation of the influence of the intestinal flora upon body organs and systems would productively lay the groundwork for abetter understanding of certain synergistic mechanisms.", "PMID": 102713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5387", "title": "Genetic analysis of vitellogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: the identification of a temperature-sensitive mutation affecting one of the yolk proteins.", "content": "A number of female sterile mutations on the first and third chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster have been screened for defects in the yolk proteins using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two new mutants were identified. 6m45 accumulates all three yolk proteins (YP1, YP2 and YP3) in the haemolymph but they are all absent from the ovaries suggesting it is a yolk-protein-uptake mutant. In contrast, 1163 is a temperature-sensitive mutation with a large reduction in the quantity of YP1 in the haemolymph and ovaries at 29 degrees C. Both mutants are autonomous in ovary transplant experiments.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of vitellogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: the identification of a temperature-sensitive mutation affecting one of the yolk proteins. A number of female sterile mutations on the first and third chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster have been screened for defects in the yolk proteins using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two new mutants were identified. 6m45 accumulates all three yolk proteins (YP1, YP2 and YP3) in the haemolymph but they are all absent from the ovaries suggesting it is a yolk-protein-uptake mutant. In contrast, 1163 is a temperature-sensitive mutation with a large reduction in the quantity of YP1 in the haemolymph and ovaries at 29 degrees C. Both mutants are autonomous in ovary transplant experiments.", "PMID": 102718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5388", "title": "Renal effects of repeated administration of calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate during excessive exposure to lead in rats.", "content": "The renal effects of repeated administration of EDTA were studied in rats given 0.5% lead as lead acetate in drinking water for 24 weeks. Repeated treatment of lead toxic rats with EDTA during continuous exposure to lead reduced blood lead levels and brain and bone lead but not to a statistically significant level (p greater than 0.05). Liver lead concentration in the EDTA treated, lead exposed rats changed only slightly upward, but kidney lead levels decreased greatly when compared to lead exposed, non-EDTA treated rats, (group IV vs. group III), (p less than 0.05). Light and electron microscopy of kidneys of lead treated rats showed evidence of an early interstitial nephropathy characterized by peritubular fibrosis and variation in size of tubular cells. Nuclei of renal tubular cells of lead exposed rats had inclusion bodies, but these were not present in lead exposed, EDTA treated rats. The present study suggests that repeated treatment of rats with EDTA during continuous exposure to lead reduces renal lead concentration but does not significantly influence the progression of lead induced nephropathy.", "contents": "Renal effects of repeated administration of calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate during excessive exposure to lead in rats. The renal effects of repeated administration of EDTA were studied in rats given 0.5% lead as lead acetate in drinking water for 24 weeks. Repeated treatment of lead toxic rats with EDTA during continuous exposure to lead reduced blood lead levels and brain and bone lead but not to a statistically significant level (p greater than 0.05). Liver lead concentration in the EDTA treated, lead exposed rats changed only slightly upward, but kidney lead levels decreased greatly when compared to lead exposed, non-EDTA treated rats, (group IV vs. group III), (p less than 0.05). Light and electron microscopy of kidneys of lead treated rats showed evidence of an early interstitial nephropathy characterized by peritubular fibrosis and variation in size of tubular cells. Nuclei of renal tubular cells of lead exposed rats had inclusion bodies, but these were not present in lead exposed, EDTA treated rats. The present study suggests that repeated treatment of rats with EDTA during continuous exposure to lead reduces renal lead concentration but does not significantly influence the progression of lead induced nephropathy.", "PMID": 102714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5389", "title": "Interaction of hydroxychlorobiphenyls--polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites--with the human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Effects of hydroxychlorobiphenyls (polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites) and chlorobiphenyls on membranes have been studied with the human erythrocyte membrane as a model. Many of the hydroxychlorobiphenyls are very effective hemolytic agents, whereas the parent chlorobiphenyls are generally quite ineffective at inducing hemolysis. The hemolytic potency of the hydroxychlorobiphenyls varies with the degree of chlorination and, more importantly, with the position of the chloro- and hydroxy- substituents. At lower concentrations, the hydroxychlorobiphenyls protect the erythrocyte against hypotonic hemolysis, while they induce hemolysis at higher concentrations. In the range of concentrations of each hydroxychlorobiphenyl required for maximum protection, the erythrocytes exist in altered morphological forms as opposed to normal discocytes. The chlorobiphenyls at lower concentrations also protect the erythrocytes from hypotonic hemolysis, but they do not induce hemolysis at higher concentrations. These studies suggest that products of the metabolism of chlorobiphenyls may be more biologically active than the parent compounds themselves. Effects on membranes may thus play a role in the mammalian toxicity of the hydroxychloro- and chlorobiphenyls.", "contents": "Interaction of hydroxychlorobiphenyls--polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites--with the human erythrocyte membrane. Effects of hydroxychlorobiphenyls (polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites) and chlorobiphenyls on membranes have been studied with the human erythrocyte membrane as a model. Many of the hydroxychlorobiphenyls are very effective hemolytic agents, whereas the parent chlorobiphenyls are generally quite ineffective at inducing hemolysis. The hemolytic potency of the hydroxychlorobiphenyls varies with the degree of chlorination and, more importantly, with the position of the chloro- and hydroxy- substituents. At lower concentrations, the hydroxychlorobiphenyls protect the erythrocyte against hypotonic hemolysis, while they induce hemolysis at higher concentrations. In the range of concentrations of each hydroxychlorobiphenyl required for maximum protection, the erythrocytes exist in altered morphological forms as opposed to normal discocytes. The chlorobiphenyls at lower concentrations also protect the erythrocytes from hypotonic hemolysis, but they do not induce hemolysis at higher concentrations. These studies suggest that products of the metabolism of chlorobiphenyls may be more biologically active than the parent compounds themselves. Effects on membranes may thus play a role in the mammalian toxicity of the hydroxychloro- and chlorobiphenyls.", "PMID": 102715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5390", "title": "Metabolic behaviour and cleavage capacity in the amphibian egg.", "content": "During the winter season the full grown Bufo arenarum oocyte shows the metabolic behaviour characteristic of differentiated tissues of the same species. Due to seasonal variations, during the amplexus period, it acquires the metabolic behaviour of the segmenting egg. Short-time-induced ovulations (5-6 h) determine germinal vesicle breakdown immediately before the expulsion of the oocyte, without modifying the ovarian metabolism of the same. The incidence of the operative type of metabolism upon their capacity to cleave after insemination and needle pricking, has been studied in coelomic oocytes, which have attained nuclear maturation and have not experienced oviducal secretion effects. The results obtained indicate that the segmenting capacity of the egg is attained only when, through biochemical modifications, the oocyte acquires the metabolic behaviour characterizing embryonic cells. It is postulated that the metabolic changes observed in the oocyte constitue a fundamental aspect of cytoplasmic maturation.", "contents": "Metabolic behaviour and cleavage capacity in the amphibian egg. During the winter season the full grown Bufo arenarum oocyte shows the metabolic behaviour characteristic of differentiated tissues of the same species. Due to seasonal variations, during the amplexus period, it acquires the metabolic behaviour of the segmenting egg. Short-time-induced ovulations (5-6 h) determine germinal vesicle breakdown immediately before the expulsion of the oocyte, without modifying the ovarian metabolism of the same. The incidence of the operative type of metabolism upon their capacity to cleave after insemination and needle pricking, has been studied in coelomic oocytes, which have attained nuclear maturation and have not experienced oviducal secretion effects. The results obtained indicate that the segmenting capacity of the egg is attained only when, through biochemical modifications, the oocyte acquires the metabolic behaviour characterizing embryonic cells. It is postulated that the metabolic changes observed in the oocyte constitue a fundamental aspect of cytoplasmic maturation.", "PMID": 102719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5391", "title": "Uptake of the tumor promoting agent 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate by HeLa cells.", "content": "The uptake of 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbal-13-acetate (TPA) by HeLa cells, cells of a line responsive to the action of this tumor promoting agent, was studied. Our results indicate that most of the uptake is due to a physical nonsaturable process which is not grossly affected by inhibitors of energy metabolism or macromolecular synthesis. Uptake occurs mainly in membranous fractions of the cell, is largely reversible, and is temperature dependent. These results suggest that 3H-TPA uptake is largely due to partitioning of this lipophilic substance into the lipid phase of the cell membranes.", "contents": "Uptake of the tumor promoting agent 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate by HeLa cells. The uptake of 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbal-13-acetate (TPA) by HeLa cells, cells of a line responsive to the action of this tumor promoting agent, was studied. Our results indicate that most of the uptake is due to a physical nonsaturable process which is not grossly affected by inhibitors of energy metabolism or macromolecular synthesis. Uptake occurs mainly in membranous fractions of the cell, is largely reversible, and is temperature dependent. These results suggest that 3H-TPA uptake is largely due to partitioning of this lipophilic substance into the lipid phase of the cell membranes.", "PMID": 102716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5392", "title": "On a regulatory gene controlling the expression of the murine lambda1 light chain.", "content": "We describe here two alleles, an allele of the lambda1 locus present in the SJL strain (rlambda1lo) and an allele of the lambda1 locus present in the BALB/c strain (rlambda1 +), of a regulatory gene locus which specifically influences the expression of the mouse lambda1 light chain structural gene. The rlambda1 regulatory gene is not linked to either the major histocompatibility complex or to the heavy-chain allogroup but appears to be linked to the lambda1 structural gene locus. In the homozygous state, the present of the rlambda1lo allele results in a 50-fold reduction in the number of lambda1 antigen-sensitive, bone-marrow derived lymphocytes (ASCs) compared to the presence of the rlambda1 + allele. However, those few lambda1ASCs present in rlambda1lo homozygotes can be induced normally to produce lambda1 light chains indistinguishable from those found in rlambda1 + homozygotes. The reduction in lambda1ASC's due to the rlambda1lo allele results both in a reduction in the amount of lambda1 Ig in the serum and also in a large variation in the magnitude of the lambda1 antibody response to alpha(1,3) dextran by individual animals. This variation permits the estimate that, on the average, 50 B cells of anti-alpha(1,3) specificity must be present per animal to permit a measurable response. Surprisingly, the expression of a gene locus regulating lambda1 light chain expression (rlambda1 locus) shows a clear gene dosage effect with rlambda1lo/rlambda1 + heterozygotes having 1/2 the number of lambda1ASCs and 1/2 the amount of serum lambda1 Ig as rlambda1 +/rlambda1 + homozygotes. This fact permits an analysis of the relationship between germ-line v-genes and their individual expression in serum Ig. The rlambda1 locus controls specifically a DNA-level event which occurs in stem cells as they become committed to lambda1 light chain expression. We postulate that the rlambda1 locus represents one of the DNA level recognition sites involved in the translocation event which places the vlambda1 and clambda1 structural genes in a transcriptional unit.", "contents": "On a regulatory gene controlling the expression of the murine lambda1 light chain. We describe here two alleles, an allele of the lambda1 locus present in the SJL strain (rlambda1lo) and an allele of the lambda1 locus present in the BALB/c strain (rlambda1 +), of a regulatory gene locus which specifically influences the expression of the mouse lambda1 light chain structural gene. The rlambda1 regulatory gene is not linked to either the major histocompatibility complex or to the heavy-chain allogroup but appears to be linked to the lambda1 structural gene locus. In the homozygous state, the present of the rlambda1lo allele results in a 50-fold reduction in the number of lambda1 antigen-sensitive, bone-marrow derived lymphocytes (ASCs) compared to the presence of the rlambda1 + allele. However, those few lambda1ASCs present in rlambda1lo homozygotes can be induced normally to produce lambda1 light chains indistinguishable from those found in rlambda1 + homozygotes. The reduction in lambda1ASC's due to the rlambda1lo allele results both in a reduction in the amount of lambda1 Ig in the serum and also in a large variation in the magnitude of the lambda1 antibody response to alpha(1,3) dextran by individual animals. This variation permits the estimate that, on the average, 50 B cells of anti-alpha(1,3) specificity must be present per animal to permit a measurable response. Surprisingly, the expression of a gene locus regulating lambda1 light chain expression (rlambda1 locus) shows a clear gene dosage effect with rlambda1lo/rlambda1 + heterozygotes having 1/2 the number of lambda1ASCs and 1/2 the amount of serum lambda1 Ig as rlambda1 +/rlambda1 + homozygotes. This fact permits an analysis of the relationship between germ-line v-genes and their individual expression in serum Ig. The rlambda1 locus controls specifically a DNA-level event which occurs in stem cells as they become committed to lambda1 light chain expression. We postulate that the rlambda1 locus represents one of the DNA level recognition sites involved in the translocation event which places the vlambda1 and clambda1 structural genes in a transcriptional unit.", "PMID": 102720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5393", "title": "The histocompatibility restrictions on macrophage T-helper cell interaction determine the histocompatibility restrictions on T-helper cell B-cell interaction.", "content": "To study the histocompatibility restriction between macrophages and helper T cells, carrier primed guinea pig T cells were positively selected in vitro with antigenpulsed macrophages for 7 days and the selected T cells were then mixed with hapten-primed B cells and stimulated with antigen in a modified Mishell-Dutton system. Helper T cells could only be selected with syngeneic, but not allogeneic, antigen-pulsed macrophages and would then collaborate only with syngeneic, but not allogeneic, hapten-primed spleen cells. When F1 T cells were selected with antigen-pulsed parental macrophages they would only collaborate with B cells of the same parental strain as the macrophages used in the selection culture. These results are strongly in support of the view that the primed T cell is activated by carrier determinants of the nominal antigen in association with Ia antigens on macrophages and the helper T cell, in turn, activates B cells which bear the same Ia antigens and determinants of the nominal antigen bound to immunoglobulin receptors on their surface. In addition, in experiments with antigens the response to which is controlled by I-linked genes, we demonstrated that primed (responder X nonresponder)F1 T cells would only collaborate with B cells of the responder parent. The defect appeared to be at the level of the B cell in that the addition to the cultures of antigen-presenting cells of the responder type did not restore the ability of F1 T cells to collaborate with non-responder B cells.", "contents": "The histocompatibility restrictions on macrophage T-helper cell interaction determine the histocompatibility restrictions on T-helper cell B-cell interaction. To study the histocompatibility restriction between macrophages and helper T cells, carrier primed guinea pig T cells were positively selected in vitro with antigenpulsed macrophages for 7 days and the selected T cells were then mixed with hapten-primed B cells and stimulated with antigen in a modified Mishell-Dutton system. Helper T cells could only be selected with syngeneic, but not allogeneic, antigen-pulsed macrophages and would then collaborate only with syngeneic, but not allogeneic, hapten-primed spleen cells. When F1 T cells were selected with antigen-pulsed parental macrophages they would only collaborate with B cells of the same parental strain as the macrophages used in the selection culture. These results are strongly in support of the view that the primed T cell is activated by carrier determinants of the nominal antigen in association with Ia antigens on macrophages and the helper T cell, in turn, activates B cells which bear the same Ia antigens and determinants of the nominal antigen bound to immunoglobulin receptors on their surface. In addition, in experiments with antigens the response to which is controlled by I-linked genes, we demonstrated that primed (responder X nonresponder)F1 T cells would only collaborate with B cells of the responder parent. The defect appeared to be at the level of the B cell in that the addition to the cultures of antigen-presenting cells of the responder type did not restore the ability of F1 T cells to collaborate with non-responder B cells.", "PMID": 102721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5394", "title": "Antigen-specific suppressor T-cell activity in genetically restricted immune spleen cells.", "content": "Virgin spleen cells develop comparable primary antibody responses in vitro to syngeneic or allogeneic macrophages (Mphi) bearing the terpolymer L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT), whereas immune spleen cells primed with syngeneic or allogeneic GAT-Mphi develop secondary responses preferentially when stimulated with GAT-Mphi syngeneic to the GAT-Mphi used for priming in vivo. These restrictions are mediated by products of the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex and are operative at the level of the GAT-Mphi-immune helper T-cell interactions. To investigate why these immune spleen cells fail to develop a significant antibody response to GAT-Mphi other than those used for in vivo immunization and determine the mechanism by which the restriction is maintained, spleen cells from virgin and syngeneic or allogeneic GAT-Mphi-primed mice were co-cultured in the presence of GAT-Mphi of various haplotypes. Antibody responses to GAT developed only in the presence of GAT-Mphi syngeneic to the Mphi used for in vivo priming; responses in cultures with GAT-Mphi allogeneic to the priming Mphi, whether these Mphi were syngeneic or allogeneic with respect to the responding spleen cells, were suppressed. The suppression was mediated by GAT-specific radiosensitive T cells. Thus, development of GAT-specific suppressor T cells appears to be a natural consequence of the immune response to GAT in responder as well as nonresponder mice. The implications of stimulation of genetically restricted immune helper T cells, and antigen-specific, but unrestricted, suppressor T cells after immunization with GAT-Mphi in vivo are discussed in the context of regulatory mechanisms in antibody responses.", "contents": "Antigen-specific suppressor T-cell activity in genetically restricted immune spleen cells. Virgin spleen cells develop comparable primary antibody responses in vitro to syngeneic or allogeneic macrophages (Mphi) bearing the terpolymer L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT), whereas immune spleen cells primed with syngeneic or allogeneic GAT-Mphi develop secondary responses preferentially when stimulated with GAT-Mphi syngeneic to the GAT-Mphi used for priming in vivo. These restrictions are mediated by products of the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex and are operative at the level of the GAT-Mphi-immune helper T-cell interactions. To investigate why these immune spleen cells fail to develop a significant antibody response to GAT-Mphi other than those used for in vivo immunization and determine the mechanism by which the restriction is maintained, spleen cells from virgin and syngeneic or allogeneic GAT-Mphi-primed mice were co-cultured in the presence of GAT-Mphi of various haplotypes. Antibody responses to GAT developed only in the presence of GAT-Mphi syngeneic to the Mphi used for in vivo priming; responses in cultures with GAT-Mphi allogeneic to the priming Mphi, whether these Mphi were syngeneic or allogeneic with respect to the responding spleen cells, were suppressed. The suppression was mediated by GAT-specific radiosensitive T cells. Thus, development of GAT-specific suppressor T cells appears to be a natural consequence of the immune response to GAT in responder as well as nonresponder mice. The implications of stimulation of genetically restricted immune helper T cells, and antigen-specific, but unrestricted, suppressor T cells after immunization with GAT-Mphi in vivo are discussed in the context of regulatory mechanisms in antibody responses.", "PMID": 102722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5395", "title": "Suppressor T-cell activity in responder X nonresponder (C57BL/10 X DBA/1)F1 spleen cells responsive to L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10.", "content": "The ability of spleen cells from (responder X nonresponder)F(1) mice immunized with various GAT-Mphi, GAT-MBSA, and soluble GAT to develop IgG GAT-specific PFC responses in vitro after stimulation with responder and nonresponder parental and F(1) GAT-Mphi, was investigated. F(1) spleen cells from mice immunized with F(1) GAT-Mphi or GAT-MBSA developed secondary responses to responder and nonresponder parental and F(1) GAT- Mphi, but not to unrelated third party GAT-Mphi. Spleen cells from F(1) mice immunized with either parental GAT-Mphi developed secondary responses to F(1) GAT-Mphi and only the parental GAT-Mphi used for immunization in vivo. Soluble GAT-primed F(1) spleen cells responded to F(1) and responder parental, but not nonresponder parental, GAT-Mphi. Simultaneous immunization in vivo with the various GAT-Mphi or GAT-MBSA plus soluble GAT modulated the response pattern of these F(1) spleen cells such that they developed secondary responses only to F(1) and parental responder GAT-Mphi regardless of the response pattern observed after immunization with the various GAT-Mphi or GAT-MBSA alone. These observations demonstrate the critical importance of the physical state of the GAT used for immunization in determining the subsequent response pattern of immune F(1) spleen cells to the parental and F(1) GAT-Mphi. Further, suppressor T cells, capable of inhibiting primary responses to GAT by virgin F(1) spleen cells stimulated by nonresponder parental GAT-Mphi, were demonstrated in spleens of F(1) mice immunized with soluble GAT, but not those primed with F(1) GAT-Mphi. Because responder parental mice develop both helper and suppressor T cells after immunization with GAT-Mphi, and soluble GAT preferentially stimulates suppressor T cells whereas GAT-Mphi stimulate helper T cells in nonresponder parental mice, these observations suggest that distinct subsets of T cells exist in F(1) mice which behave phenotypically as responder and nonresponder parental T cells after immunization with soluble GAT and GAT- Mphi.", "contents": "Suppressor T-cell activity in responder X nonresponder (C57BL/10 X DBA/1)F1 spleen cells responsive to L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10. The ability of spleen cells from (responder X nonresponder)F(1) mice immunized with various GAT-Mphi, GAT-MBSA, and soluble GAT to develop IgG GAT-specific PFC responses in vitro after stimulation with responder and nonresponder parental and F(1) GAT-Mphi, was investigated. F(1) spleen cells from mice immunized with F(1) GAT-Mphi or GAT-MBSA developed secondary responses to responder and nonresponder parental and F(1) GAT- Mphi, but not to unrelated third party GAT-Mphi. Spleen cells from F(1) mice immunized with either parental GAT-Mphi developed secondary responses to F(1) GAT-Mphi and only the parental GAT-Mphi used for immunization in vivo. Soluble GAT-primed F(1) spleen cells responded to F(1) and responder parental, but not nonresponder parental, GAT-Mphi. Simultaneous immunization in vivo with the various GAT-Mphi or GAT-MBSA plus soluble GAT modulated the response pattern of these F(1) spleen cells such that they developed secondary responses only to F(1) and parental responder GAT-Mphi regardless of the response pattern observed after immunization with the various GAT-Mphi or GAT-MBSA alone. These observations demonstrate the critical importance of the physical state of the GAT used for immunization in determining the subsequent response pattern of immune F(1) spleen cells to the parental and F(1) GAT-Mphi. Further, suppressor T cells, capable of inhibiting primary responses to GAT by virgin F(1) spleen cells stimulated by nonresponder parental GAT-Mphi, were demonstrated in spleens of F(1) mice immunized with soluble GAT, but not those primed with F(1) GAT-Mphi. Because responder parental mice develop both helper and suppressor T cells after immunization with GAT-Mphi, and soluble GAT preferentially stimulates suppressor T cells whereas GAT-Mphi stimulate helper T cells in nonresponder parental mice, these observations suggest that distinct subsets of T cells exist in F(1) mice which behave phenotypically as responder and nonresponder parental T cells after immunization with soluble GAT and GAT- Mphi.", "PMID": 102723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5396", "title": "Malaria immunization in Rhesus monkeys. A vaccine effective against both the sexual and asexual stages of Plasmodium knowlesi.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were immunized with a preparation of Plasmodium knowlesi parasites containing principally microgametes with lesser numbers of macrogametes and asexual trophozoites. The antigen mixture was emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and administered intramuscularly. After one or two inoculations of from 10(5) to 10(7) microgametes in FCA, monkeys showed high levels of circulating anti-gamete antibodies as demonstrated by various in vitro microgamete immobilization or transmission blocking tests. After challenge with P. knowlesi, immunized monkeys developed low level asexual parasitemias and were not infectious to feeding mosquitoes as measured by growth of the parasite on the mosquito gut. Control monkeys developed rapidly rising, usually fatal infections and were highly infectious to mosquitoes. Anti-gamete antibodies appear to neutralize the sexual parasites and prevent mosquito infection within the gut of the recently fed mosquito vector. Suppression of asexual parasitemia in immunized monkeys may be due to the presence of asexual trophozoites in the antigen mixture or to antigens common to both sexual and asexual stages of the parasite. A vaccine effective as a single injection capable of interrupting malaria transmission from man to man whereas reducing the severity of the disease in infected individuals offers a new approach to the control of one of the major diseases affecting man.", "contents": "Malaria immunization in Rhesus monkeys. A vaccine effective against both the sexual and asexual stages of Plasmodium knowlesi. Rhesus monkeys were immunized with a preparation of Plasmodium knowlesi parasites containing principally microgametes with lesser numbers of macrogametes and asexual trophozoites. The antigen mixture was emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and administered intramuscularly. After one or two inoculations of from 10(5) to 10(7) microgametes in FCA, monkeys showed high levels of circulating anti-gamete antibodies as demonstrated by various in vitro microgamete immobilization or transmission blocking tests. After challenge with P. knowlesi, immunized monkeys developed low level asexual parasitemias and were not infectious to feeding mosquitoes as measured by growth of the parasite on the mosquito gut. Control monkeys developed rapidly rising, usually fatal infections and were highly infectious to mosquitoes. Anti-gamete antibodies appear to neutralize the sexual parasites and prevent mosquito infection within the gut of the recently fed mosquito vector. Suppression of asexual parasitemia in immunized monkeys may be due to the presence of asexual trophozoites in the antigen mixture or to antigens common to both sexual and asexual stages of the parasite. A vaccine effective as a single injection capable of interrupting malaria transmission from man to man whereas reducing the severity of the disease in infected individuals offers a new approach to the control of one of the major diseases affecting man.", "PMID": 102724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5397", "title": "The involvement of suppressor T cells in Ir gene regulation of secondary antibody responses of primed (responder X nonresponder)F1 mice to macrophage-bound L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine.", "content": "(Responder [R] X nonresponder [NR])F1 mice give indistinguishable primary in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to either R or NR parental macrophages (Mphi) pulsed with the Ir-gene controlled antigen L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT). However, such (R X NR)F1 mice, if primed to GAT, retained in vitro responsiveness to GAT-R-Mphi, but no longer responded to GAT-NR-Mphi. This suggested (a) a possible Mphi-related locus for Ir gene activity in this model, and (b) the occurrence of active suppression after priming with GAT leading to a selective loss of the usual primary responsiveness of (R X NR)F1 mice to GAT-NR-Mphi. This latter interpretation was tested in the current study. [Responder C57BL/6 (H-2b) X nonresponder DBA/1 (H-2q)]F1 mice were primed with 100 microgram GAT in pertussis adjuvant. 4-8 wk later, spleen cells from such mice were tested alone or mixed with normal unprimed F1 spleen cells for PFC responses to GAT-R-Mphi and GAT-NR-Mphi. The primed cells failed to respond to GAT-NR-Mphi, and moreover, actively suppressed the normal response of unprimed F1 cells to GAT-NR-Mphi. If the primed spleen cell donor had been treated with 5 mg/kg cyclophosphamide 3 days before priming or with 5-10 microliter/day of an antiserum to the I-Jb subregion [B10.A(5R) anti B10.A(3R)] during the first 4 days postpriming (both procedures known to inhibit suppressor T-cell activity), cells from such mice responded in secondary culture to both GAT-R-Mphi and also GAT-NR-MPhi. In addition, such spleen cells no longer were capable of suppressing normal F1 cells in response to GAT-NR-Mphi. Similar data were obtained using [CBA (H-2k) X DBA/1 (H-2q)]F1. Further, it was shown that (a) primary responsiveness to GAT-NR-Mphi was not an artifact of in vitro Mphi pulsing, because in vivo GAT-pulsed Mphi showed the same activity and (b) the secondary restriction for Mphi-antigen presentation was controlled by H-2 linked genes. These data suggest an important role for suppressor T cells in H-2 restricted secondary PFC responses, and also provide additional support for the hypothesis that Ir-gene controlled differences in Mphi antigen presentation are related to both suppressor cell generation and overall responsiveness in the GAT model.", "contents": "The involvement of suppressor T cells in Ir gene regulation of secondary antibody responses of primed (responder X nonresponder)F1 mice to macrophage-bound L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine. (Responder [R] X nonresponder [NR])F1 mice give indistinguishable primary in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to either R or NR parental macrophages (Mphi) pulsed with the Ir-gene controlled antigen L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT). However, such (R X NR)F1 mice, if primed to GAT, retained in vitro responsiveness to GAT-R-Mphi, but no longer responded to GAT-NR-Mphi. This suggested (a) a possible Mphi-related locus for Ir gene activity in this model, and (b) the occurrence of active suppression after priming with GAT leading to a selective loss of the usual primary responsiveness of (R X NR)F1 mice to GAT-NR-Mphi. This latter interpretation was tested in the current study. [Responder C57BL/6 (H-2b) X nonresponder DBA/1 (H-2q)]F1 mice were primed with 100 microgram GAT in pertussis adjuvant. 4-8 wk later, spleen cells from such mice were tested alone or mixed with normal unprimed F1 spleen cells for PFC responses to GAT-R-Mphi and GAT-NR-Mphi. The primed cells failed to respond to GAT-NR-Mphi, and moreover, actively suppressed the normal response of unprimed F1 cells to GAT-NR-Mphi. If the primed spleen cell donor had been treated with 5 mg/kg cyclophosphamide 3 days before priming or with 5-10 microliter/day of an antiserum to the I-Jb subregion [B10.A(5R) anti B10.A(3R)] during the first 4 days postpriming (both procedures known to inhibit suppressor T-cell activity), cells from such mice responded in secondary culture to both GAT-R-Mphi and also GAT-NR-MPhi. In addition, such spleen cells no longer were capable of suppressing normal F1 cells in response to GAT-NR-Mphi. Similar data were obtained using [CBA (H-2k) X DBA/1 (H-2q)]F1. Further, it was shown that (a) primary responsiveness to GAT-NR-Mphi was not an artifact of in vitro Mphi pulsing, because in vivo GAT-pulsed Mphi showed the same activity and (b) the secondary restriction for Mphi-antigen presentation was controlled by H-2 linked genes. These data suggest an important role for suppressor T cells in H-2 restricted secondary PFC responses, and also provide additional support for the hypothesis that Ir-gene controlled differences in Mphi antigen presentation are related to both suppressor cell generation and overall responsiveness in the GAT model.", "PMID": 102725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5398", "title": "Pre-B and B cells in rabbits. Ontogeny and allelic exclusion of kappa light chain genes.", "content": "Pre-B cells in developing rabbits were identified by immunofluorescence as cells containing small amounts of cytoplasmic IgM (cIgM) but lacking surface immunoglobulin (sIg). During ontogeny the first pre-B cells appeared in fetal liver at 23 days gestation, 2 days before the appearance of sIgM+ B lymphocytes. Pre-B cells were relatively frequent in fetal and adult bone marrow, but were not found in other tissues except rarely in fetal spleen. Allelic exclusion is apparently established at this early stage of development, because individual pre-B cells and B lymphocytes from heterozygous rabbits expressed only one of the alternative alleles in amounts sufficient for detection. Development of isotype diversity among rabbit B lymphocytes followed the general pattern seen in mouse and man. sIgM+ cells were detected before birth. Expression of sIgG was detected in neonatal rabbits on cells which were also sIgM+ but in older animals most sIgG+ cells lacked sIgM. Cells bearing sIgA were not found until 5-6 days of age, and had no other isotype on their surface.", "contents": "Pre-B and B cells in rabbits. Ontogeny and allelic exclusion of kappa light chain genes. Pre-B cells in developing rabbits were identified by immunofluorescence as cells containing small amounts of cytoplasmic IgM (cIgM) but lacking surface immunoglobulin (sIg). During ontogeny the first pre-B cells appeared in fetal liver at 23 days gestation, 2 days before the appearance of sIgM+ B lymphocytes. Pre-B cells were relatively frequent in fetal and adult bone marrow, but were not found in other tissues except rarely in fetal spleen. Allelic exclusion is apparently established at this early stage of development, because individual pre-B cells and B lymphocytes from heterozygous rabbits expressed only one of the alternative alleles in amounts sufficient for detection. Development of isotype diversity among rabbit B lymphocytes followed the general pattern seen in mouse and man. sIgM+ cells were detected before birth. Expression of sIgG was detected in neonatal rabbits on cells which were also sIgM+ but in older animals most sIgG+ cells lacked sIgM. Cells bearing sIgA were not found until 5-6 days of age, and had no other isotype on their surface.", "PMID": 102726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5399", "title": "The natural abundance of lambda2-light chains in inbred mice.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the constant (C) domain of the light chain of the mouse myeloma protein M315 has not been identified so far in any other myeloma protein. In this study, serological analysis with antiserum to the C-domain of this light chain (L315) showed that approximately equal to 1% of Igs in normal mouse serum have L chains of the L315 type (called lambda2). Corroborative evidence was obtained by analysis of the carboxyterminal amino acid removed from normal light chains by carboxypeptidase A. A survey of 35 inbred mouse strains showed that all had lambda2; the serum level of Igs with lambda2-chains ranged from approximately equal to 140 microgram/ml in AL/N mice to approximately equal to 25 microgram/ml in SJL, BSVS, and eight other strains. In accord with the anti-Dnp activity of M315, sera from mice immunized with Dnp-KLH had three- to fivefold more lambda2 than sera from control mice immunized with KLH. It was also possible to measure serum immunoglobulin molecules bearing the lambda2 variable region of M315 (VL315). In BALB/c sera, the concentration of VL315 was about sixfold lower than that measured for lambda2. Thus, lambda2-chains are divided into at least two subsets: those whose V domain is indistinguishable from VL315 and those whose VL differs from VL315. A 10-fold increase in VL315 was obtained by immunizing BALB/c mice with Dnp-KLH. The relationship of the VL domains of normal immunoglobulin lambda2-chains to the embryonic Vlambda gene recently sequenced by Tonegawa et al., is discussed.", "contents": "The natural abundance of lambda2-light chains in inbred mice. The amino acid sequence of the constant (C) domain of the light chain of the mouse myeloma protein M315 has not been identified so far in any other myeloma protein. In this study, serological analysis with antiserum to the C-domain of this light chain (L315) showed that approximately equal to 1% of Igs in normal mouse serum have L chains of the L315 type (called lambda2). Corroborative evidence was obtained by analysis of the carboxyterminal amino acid removed from normal light chains by carboxypeptidase A. A survey of 35 inbred mouse strains showed that all had lambda2; the serum level of Igs with lambda2-chains ranged from approximately equal to 140 microgram/ml in AL/N mice to approximately equal to 25 microgram/ml in SJL, BSVS, and eight other strains. In accord with the anti-Dnp activity of M315, sera from mice immunized with Dnp-KLH had three- to fivefold more lambda2 than sera from control mice immunized with KLH. It was also possible to measure serum immunoglobulin molecules bearing the lambda2 variable region of M315 (VL315). In BALB/c sera, the concentration of VL315 was about sixfold lower than that measured for lambda2. Thus, lambda2-chains are divided into at least two subsets: those whose V domain is indistinguishable from VL315 and those whose VL differs from VL315. A 10-fold increase in VL315 was obtained by immunizing BALB/c mice with Dnp-KLH. The relationship of the VL domains of normal immunoglobulin lambda2-chains to the embryonic Vlambda gene recently sequenced by Tonegawa et al., is discussed.", "PMID": 102727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5400", "title": "The role of H-2 linked genes in helper T-cell function. IV. Importance of T-cell genotype and host environment in I-region and Ir gene expression.", "content": "We have studied the properties of helper T cells specific for sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), or poly-L-(Tyr,Glu)-poly-DL-Ala-poly-L-Lys [(T,G)-A--L]. These T cells differentiated and were primed in vivo in irradiation chimeras constructed of various combinations of F1 and parental bone marrow donors and irradiated recipients. Primed T cells were then tested for helper activity in the in vitro response of B cells and macrophages (Mphi) of parental or F1 origin to the hapten trinitrophenol coupled to the priming antigen. When testing either SRBC or KLH-specific T cells of parental H-2 type which had differentiated in F1 hosts, we found that they cooperated equally well with B cells and Mphi of either parental H-2 type. On the other hand, when testing F1 T cells which had differentiated in parental hosts, we found that they cooperated well only with B cells and Mphi which had the K-IA region type of the parental host. In similar experiments we found that (T,G)-A--L-specific T cells of low responder H-2 type which had differentiated in (high responder X low responder) F1 hosts induced high responses in high responder B cells and Mphi (T,G)-A--L-specific F1 T cells which differentiated in high responder but not those which differentiated in low responder hosts induced high responses in high responder B cells and Mphi. Low responder B cells and Mphi yielded low responses in all cases regardless of the source of (T,G)-A--L-specific T cells with what they were tested. Our results support the conclusion that I-region and Ir genes function via their expression in B cells and Mphi and in the host environment during helper T-cell differentiation, but not, at least under the conditions of these experiments, via their expression in the helper T cell itself. These findings place constraints upon models which attempt to explain the apparent dual recognition of antigen and I-region gene products by helper T cells.", "contents": "The role of H-2 linked genes in helper T-cell function. IV. Importance of T-cell genotype and host environment in I-region and Ir gene expression. We have studied the properties of helper T cells specific for sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), or poly-L-(Tyr,Glu)-poly-DL-Ala-poly-L-Lys [(T,G)-A--L]. These T cells differentiated and were primed in vivo in irradiation chimeras constructed of various combinations of F1 and parental bone marrow donors and irradiated recipients. Primed T cells were then tested for helper activity in the in vitro response of B cells and macrophages (Mphi) of parental or F1 origin to the hapten trinitrophenol coupled to the priming antigen. When testing either SRBC or KLH-specific T cells of parental H-2 type which had differentiated in F1 hosts, we found that they cooperated equally well with B cells and Mphi of either parental H-2 type. On the other hand, when testing F1 T cells which had differentiated in parental hosts, we found that they cooperated well only with B cells and Mphi which had the K-IA region type of the parental host. In similar experiments we found that (T,G)-A--L-specific T cells of low responder H-2 type which had differentiated in (high responder X low responder) F1 hosts induced high responses in high responder B cells and Mphi (T,G)-A--L-specific F1 T cells which differentiated in high responder but not those which differentiated in low responder hosts induced high responses in high responder B cells and Mphi. Low responder B cells and Mphi yielded low responses in all cases regardless of the source of (T,G)-A--L-specific T cells with what they were tested. Our results support the conclusion that I-region and Ir genes function via their expression in B cells and Mphi and in the host environment during helper T-cell differentiation, but not, at least under the conditions of these experiments, via their expression in the helper T cell itself. These findings place constraints upon models which attempt to explain the apparent dual recognition of antigen and I-region gene products by helper T cells.", "PMID": 102728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5401", "title": "Activation of mouse lymphocytes by anti-immunoglobulin. II. A thymus-independent response by a mature subset of B lymphocytes.", "content": "Mouse spleen cells can be stimulated to proliferate in vitro by purified anti-mu or anti-gamma,kappa antibodies. These responses can be obtained in cell populations bearing  membrane immunoglobulin (Ig), purified by the fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS), but they are not observed in FACS-purified Ig- cell populations. Furthermore, treatment of spleen cell populations with anti-Thy 1.2 and complement does not impair the response, nor does addition of nylon wool-purified T lymphocytes enhance it. These results indicate that B lymphocytes respond to anti-Ig and that their response does not require T cells. On the other hand, cells from athymic nude (nu/nu) mice respond slightly less well to anti-mu than do cells from heterozygous littermate (nu/+) controls; nu/nu cells are almost unresponsive to anti-gamm,kappa and addition of nylon wool-purified T cells from nu/+ controls does not restore the response. This suggests that T lymphocytes or the thymus may control the appearance of cells responsive to anti-gamma,kappa. Responsiveness of normal mice to anti-mu does not appear until 4 wk of age and does not reach maximum levels until 8 wk of age. Acquisition of full responsiveness to anti-gamma,kappa is even more delayed. This, together with the failure of mice with the CBA/N B-cell defect to respond to anti-Ig, suggests that cells stimulated to proliferate by anti-Ig are a mature subset of B cells. Depletion of adherent cells by Sephadex G-10 treatment or by treatment with carbonyl iron and exposure to a magnetic field does not diminish anti-mu or anti-gamma,kappa responses, suggesting that the responsiveness does not require the presence of macrophages. Thus, activation of B-cell proliferation by anti-Ig appears to be a T-cell independent, macrophage-independent process in which membrane Ig plays a direct role in signal generation.", "contents": "Activation of mouse lymphocytes by anti-immunoglobulin. II. A thymus-independent response by a mature subset of B lymphocytes. Mouse spleen cells can be stimulated to proliferate in vitro by purified anti-mu or anti-gamma,kappa antibodies. These responses can be obtained in cell populations bearing  membrane immunoglobulin (Ig), purified by the fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS), but they are not observed in FACS-purified Ig- cell populations. Furthermore, treatment of spleen cell populations with anti-Thy 1.2 and complement does not impair the response, nor does addition of nylon wool-purified T lymphocytes enhance it. These results indicate that B lymphocytes respond to anti-Ig and that their response does not require T cells. On the other hand, cells from athymic nude (nu/nu) mice respond slightly less well to anti-mu than do cells from heterozygous littermate (nu/+) controls; nu/nu cells are almost unresponsive to anti-gamm,kappa and addition of nylon wool-purified T cells from nu/+ controls does not restore the response. This suggests that T lymphocytes or the thymus may control the appearance of cells responsive to anti-gamma,kappa. Responsiveness of normal mice to anti-mu does not appear until 4 wk of age and does not reach maximum levels until 8 wk of age. Acquisition of full responsiveness to anti-gamma,kappa is even more delayed. This, together with the failure of mice with the CBA/N B-cell defect to respond to anti-Ig, suggests that cells stimulated to proliferate by anti-Ig are a mature subset of B cells. Depletion of adherent cells by Sephadex G-10 treatment or by treatment with carbonyl iron and exposure to a magnetic field does not diminish anti-mu or anti-gamma,kappa responses, suggesting that the responsiveness does not require the presence of macrophages. Thus, activation of B-cell proliferation by anti-Ig appears to be a T-cell independent, macrophage-independent process in which membrane Ig plays a direct role in signal generation.", "PMID": 102729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5402", "title": "The surface properties of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: determinants of susceptibility to antibody complement killing.", "content": "Monovalent rabbit antisera were prepared to highly purified gonococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to pili and to two major purified outer envelope proteins. All these antisera were free from significant specific IgM antibody and were standardized to 4 microgram specific IgG antibody per test, permitting accurate comparisons between the different gonococcal surface antigens as triggers of the complement-dependent bactericidal reaction. LPS was the most effective antigen at inducing a bactericidal response to homologous and heterologous gonococci, followed by the two individual outer envelope proteins. Pili were relatively ineffective. Strain P9 gonococci grown in vivo or which possessed a 'capsule' in vitro were more resistant to serum killing than the non-capsulated parent strain. One highly susceptible strain, F62, which was killed by complement in the absence of any LPS antibody, was able to directly activate complement by the alternative pathway.", "contents": "The surface properties of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: determinants of susceptibility to antibody complement killing. Monovalent rabbit antisera were prepared to highly purified gonococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to pili and to two major purified outer envelope proteins. All these antisera were free from significant specific IgM antibody and were standardized to 4 microgram specific IgG antibody per test, permitting accurate comparisons between the different gonococcal surface antigens as triggers of the complement-dependent bactericidal reaction. LPS was the most effective antigen at inducing a bactericidal response to homologous and heterologous gonococci, followed by the two individual outer envelope proteins. Pili were relatively ineffective. Strain P9 gonococci grown in vivo or which possessed a 'capsule' in vitro were more resistant to serum killing than the non-capsulated parent strain. One highly susceptible strain, F62, which was killed by complement in the absence of any LPS antibody, was able to directly activate complement by the alternative pathway.", "PMID": 102732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5403", "title": "The surface properties of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: topographical distribution of the outer membrane protein antigens.", "content": "Gonococci were labelled with 125I using the lactoperoxidase system. The amount of label incorporated was similar with all strains including those which appeared capsulated. Electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels revealed that the major proteins labelled were those found in outer membrane preparations. Comparison of variants of one strain showed that the major outer membrane protein (protein I) was always present and heavily labelled. The second major protein (protein II) was present in variable amounts but labelling was proportional to the amount present. A third protein (III) was only present in outer membranes from a freshly isolated variant but was present in whole cells of each strain. Protein III was not labelled in whole cells but was labelled in outer membrane preparations suggesting that many membranes have their inner surface exposed. The labelling of a strain adapted to growth in guinea-pig chambers failed to reveal any new major surface proteins. The results demonstrate the variation in surface topography possible with variants of one strain of gonococcus but show that one major protein antigen is always expressed on the surface.", "contents": "The surface properties of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: topographical distribution of the outer membrane protein antigens. Gonococci were labelled with 125I using the lactoperoxidase system. The amount of label incorporated was similar with all strains including those which appeared capsulated. Electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels revealed that the major proteins labelled were those found in outer membrane preparations. Comparison of variants of one strain showed that the major outer membrane protein (protein I) was always present and heavily labelled. The second major protein (protein II) was present in variable amounts but labelling was proportional to the amount present. A third protein (III) was only present in outer membranes from a freshly isolated variant but was present in whole cells of each strain. Protein III was not labelled in whole cells but was labelled in outer membrane preparations suggesting that many membranes have their inner surface exposed. The labelling of a strain adapted to growth in guinea-pig chambers failed to reveal any new major surface proteins. The results demonstrate the variation in surface topography possible with variants of one strain of gonococcus but show that one major protein antigen is always expressed on the surface.", "PMID": 102733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5404", "title": "Degeneration and regeneration of autonomic nerve endings in the anterior part of rhesus monkey ciliary muscle.", "content": "The autonomic nerve plexus of the ciliary muscle was examined with the electron microscope in normal rhesus monkeys of different ages. In the anterior region of the muscle, at the boundary with the poorly innervated scleral spur and trabecular meshwork, 3.8-7.1% of the axons exhibit either degenerative or regenerative features. The cytoplasm of degenerating axons contains lamellated, dense and multivesicular bodies, vesicles, whorls of filaments, and membranous debris. The plasma membrane is often discontinuous and, on occasion, axonal debris and degenerative organelles are freely dispersed in the connective tissue spaces of the muscle. Degenerating axons contain a granular reaction product when stained for acid phosphatase activity. Regenerating axons are characterized by tightly packed mitochondria, glycogen particles, and aggregates of synaptic vesicles; they synapse with muscle cells and are negative to the acid phosphatase reaction. A quantitative analysis showed that in the anterior region of the ciliary muscle degenerating and regenerating axons increase in number with age, although the total number of axonal profiles remains constant. In the age groups examined, degenerating axons occurred with the same frequency as regenerating axons, thus, the age-dependent increase in axonal degeneration is accompanied by a parallel increase in axonal regeneration. We conclude that autonomic nerve endings in the anterior part of the ciliary muscle undergo a continuous process of renewal that is more prominent in old age.", "contents": "Degeneration and regeneration of autonomic nerve endings in the anterior part of rhesus monkey ciliary muscle. The autonomic nerve plexus of the ciliary muscle was examined with the electron microscope in normal rhesus monkeys of different ages. In the anterior region of the muscle, at the boundary with the poorly innervated scleral spur and trabecular meshwork, 3.8-7.1% of the axons exhibit either degenerative or regenerative features. The cytoplasm of degenerating axons contains lamellated, dense and multivesicular bodies, vesicles, whorls of filaments, and membranous debris. The plasma membrane is often discontinuous and, on occasion, axonal debris and degenerative organelles are freely dispersed in the connective tissue spaces of the muscle. Degenerating axons contain a granular reaction product when stained for acid phosphatase activity. Regenerating axons are characterized by tightly packed mitochondria, glycogen particles, and aggregates of synaptic vesicles; they synapse with muscle cells and are negative to the acid phosphatase reaction. A quantitative analysis showed that in the anterior region of the ciliary muscle degenerating and regenerating axons increase in number with age, although the total number of axonal profiles remains constant. In the age groups examined, degenerating axons occurred with the same frequency as regenerating axons, thus, the age-dependent increase in axonal degeneration is accompanied by a parallel increase in axonal regeneration. We conclude that autonomic nerve endings in the anterior part of the ciliary muscle undergo a continuous process of renewal that is more prominent in old age.", "PMID": 102735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5405", "title": "The role of calcium ions in the synthesis and transport of noradrenaline carrier vesicles in guinea-pig sympathetic neurons in vitro.", "content": "Guinea-pig inferior mesenteric ganglia (IMG)/hypogastric nerve preparations were incubated in tissue culture media containing ethylene glycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) or colchicine and examined either by fluorescence microscopy or by transmission electron microscopy. Two millimolar EGTA inhibited the accumulation of noradrenaline (NA) fluophore proximal to a crush, but did not produce an increase in the fluorescent intensity of, or the number of dense-cored vesicles (DCVs) within the neuronal perikarya. Calcium ions, but not magnesium ions, were able to block this effect of EGTA. Preparations incubated in the presence of colchicine (2.5 microgram/ml) showed a reduction in the amount of fluorescent material accumulating proximal to a crush, but an increase in both the fluorescent intensity and the number of DCVs within the neuronal perikarya. The suggestion that calcium ions are required for the synthesis of some part of the NA-containing vesicle rather than for their loading onto the axoplasmic transport mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "The role of calcium ions in the synthesis and transport of noradrenaline carrier vesicles in guinea-pig sympathetic neurons in vitro. Guinea-pig inferior mesenteric ganglia (IMG)/hypogastric nerve preparations were incubated in tissue culture media containing ethylene glycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) or colchicine and examined either by fluorescence microscopy or by transmission electron microscopy. Two millimolar EGTA inhibited the accumulation of noradrenaline (NA) fluophore proximal to a crush, but did not produce an increase in the fluorescent intensity of, or the number of dense-cored vesicles (DCVs) within the neuronal perikarya. Calcium ions, but not magnesium ions, were able to block this effect of EGTA. Preparations incubated in the presence of colchicine (2.5 microgram/ml) showed a reduction in the amount of fluorescent material accumulating proximal to a crush, but an increase in both the fluorescent intensity and the number of DCVs within the neuronal perikarya. The suggestion that calcium ions are required for the synthesis of some part of the NA-containing vesicle rather than for their loading onto the axoplasmic transport mechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 102736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5406", "title": "Hemangioma calcificans. Case report of an intraparenchymatous calcified vascular hematoma with epileptogenic potential.", "content": "A middle-aged woman, with a previous history of medically suppressed absence attacks, presented with mild changes in mental status and a skull film demonstrating several areas of mottled, granular, intracranial calcifications. These lesions, although readily visible on computerized tomography, appeared avascular during the course of cerebral angiography. At the time of surgery the masses, which were densely calcified and generally circular, demonstrated numerous areas of superficial, white, verrucous excrescences. Microscopic, pathological evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of hemangioma calcificans. The literature describing this rare entity is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Hemangioma calcificans. Case report of an intraparenchymatous calcified vascular hematoma with epileptogenic potential. A middle-aged woman, with a previous history of medically suppressed absence attacks, presented with mild changes in mental status and a skull film demonstrating several areas of mottled, granular, intracranial calcifications. These lesions, although readily visible on computerized tomography, appeared avascular during the course of cerebral angiography. At the time of surgery the masses, which were densely calcified and generally circular, demonstrated numerous areas of superficial, white, verrucous excrescences. Microscopic, pathological evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of hemangioma calcificans. The literature describing this rare entity is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 102737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5407", "title": "Collection of blood from the pituitary stalk and portal veins in monkeys, and from the pituitary sinusoidal system of monkey and man.", "content": "A transorbital, transsphenoidal microsurgical approach to the pituitary stalk and gland was used to collect blood from the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system in monkeys. Specimens may be obtained from the entire pituitary stalk, individual long portal veins, or the pituitary sinusoidal bed, with little risk of mortality. Continuous stalk blood sampling was carried out for periods of up to 10 hours. Pituitary sinusoidal-system blood was also collected during transsphenoidal surgery in man. The uses of data concerning hypothalamic-hypophyseal regulation obtained by these methods are illustrated.", "contents": "Collection of blood from the pituitary stalk and portal veins in monkeys, and from the pituitary sinusoidal system of monkey and man. A transorbital, transsphenoidal microsurgical approach to the pituitary stalk and gland was used to collect blood from the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system in monkeys. Specimens may be obtained from the entire pituitary stalk, individual long portal veins, or the pituitary sinusoidal bed, with little risk of mortality. Continuous stalk blood sampling was carried out for periods of up to 10 hours. Pituitary sinusoidal-system blood was also collected during transsphenoidal surgery in man. The uses of data concerning hypothalamic-hypophyseal regulation obtained by these methods are illustrated.", "PMID": 102738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5408", "title": "Evidence for the promotion of bone mineralization by 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the rat unrelated to the correction of deficiencies in serum calcium and phosphorus.", "content": "Concurrent administration of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1alpha,25-(OH)2-CC] to intact and thyroparathyroidectomized rats treated with ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) prevented or reversed the EHDP-induced inhibition of bone mineralization as measured by changes in epiphyseal plate width and ash content of bone. An analog, 1alpha-droxycholecalciferol, was also effective. Recovery of bone after EHDP treatment was also significantly improved by administration of 1alpha,25-(OH)2-CC as evidenced by enhanced uptake of 45Ca by epiphyseal plates and decreased plate widths. Cholecalciferol (CC), ergocalciferol, dihydrotachysterol2, 5,6-trans-CC, 25-OH-CC, 5,6-Trans-25-OH-CC, and 1alpha24R,25-(OH)3-CC also blocked EHDP-induced epiphyseal plate widening, but required high, pharmacological dose levels. 24R,25- (OH)2-CC was inactive at doses up to 10 microgram/day. Since EHDP-treated rats are not deficient in calcium or phosphate, these data suggest that 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol promoted bone mineralization independently of effects upon the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate.", "contents": "Evidence for the promotion of bone mineralization by 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the rat unrelated to the correction of deficiencies in serum calcium and phosphorus. Concurrent administration of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1alpha,25-(OH)2-CC] to intact and thyroparathyroidectomized rats treated with ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) prevented or reversed the EHDP-induced inhibition of bone mineralization as measured by changes in epiphyseal plate width and ash content of bone. An analog, 1alpha-droxycholecalciferol, was also effective. Recovery of bone after EHDP treatment was also significantly improved by administration of 1alpha,25-(OH)2-CC as evidenced by enhanced uptake of 45Ca by epiphyseal plates and decreased plate widths. Cholecalciferol (CC), ergocalciferol, dihydrotachysterol2, 5,6-trans-CC, 25-OH-CC, 5,6-Trans-25-OH-CC, and 1alpha24R,25-(OH)3-CC also blocked EHDP-induced epiphyseal plate widening, but required high, pharmacological dose levels. 24R,25- (OH)2-CC was inactive at doses up to 10 microgram/day. Since EHDP-treated rats are not deficient in calcium or phosphate, these data suggest that 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol promoted bone mineralization independently of effects upon the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate.", "PMID": 102741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5409", "title": "The relationship between the dose of dentogingival plaque and the in vitro lymphoproliferative response in subjects with periodontal disease.", "content": "The in vitro lymphoblastic response to autologous dentogingival plaque (DGP) extract at nine concentrations was measured in 28 individuals (Periodontal Index [Russell 1956] 0.8-7.4). Significantly elevated responses were obtained in 25 of the patients but the levels of the peak responses were unrelated to the severity of the diseases. There was a significant (n = 28, r = -.734) negative linear relationship between the PI of the individuals studied and the logarithmic concentration of DGP producing the peak lymphoblastic response. Lower concentrations of DGP extract would appear to be required to achieve peak responses in patients with severe periodontal disease.", "contents": "The relationship between the dose of dentogingival plaque and the in vitro lymphoproliferative response in subjects with periodontal disease. The in vitro lymphoblastic response to autologous dentogingival plaque (DGP) extract at nine concentrations was measured in 28 individuals (Periodontal Index [Russell 1956] 0.8-7.4). Significantly elevated responses were obtained in 25 of the patients but the levels of the peak responses were unrelated to the severity of the diseases. There was a significant (n = 28, r = -.734) negative linear relationship between the PI of the individuals studied and the logarithmic concentration of DGP producing the peak lymphoblastic response. Lower concentrations of DGP extract would appear to be required to achieve peak responses in patients with severe periodontal disease.", "PMID": 102743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5410", "title": "Electron microscopy of cells displaced into the dentinal tubules due to dry cavity preparation.", "content": "Using dogs' teeth, cells displaced into the dentinal tubules due to dry cavity preparation were observed using electron microscopy. In order to obtain adequate fixation a new local-perfusion method was employed. Most of the cells which moved into the dentinal tubules were odontoblast nuclei and partly neutrophilic leukocytes and erythrocytes. Not only odontoblast nuclei but also cytoplasmic organelles, such as mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, and lysosomes were displaced into the tubules. The weavings of dentinal fibers in the tubules were observed in some areas.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of cells displaced into the dentinal tubules due to dry cavity preparation. Using dogs' teeth, cells displaced into the dentinal tubules due to dry cavity preparation were observed using electron microscopy. In order to obtain adequate fixation a new local-perfusion method was employed. Most of the cells which moved into the dentinal tubules were odontoblast nuclei and partly neutrophilic leukocytes and erythrocytes. Not only odontoblast nuclei but also cytoplasmic organelles, such as mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, and lysosomes were displaced into the tubules. The weavings of dentinal fibers in the tubules were observed in some areas.", "PMID": 102744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5411", "title": "Colitis cystica superficialis: a report of a case in a Barbary ape (Macaca sylvana).", "content": "A case of colitis cystica superficialis is described in a Barbary ape. Early mucosal herniations through the muscularis mucosae were identified, suggesting a possible relationship between this condition and colitis cystica profunda.", "contents": "Colitis cystica superficialis: a report of a case in a Barbary ape (Macaca sylvana). A case of colitis cystica superficialis is described in a Barbary ape. Early mucosal herniations through the muscularis mucosae were identified, suggesting a possible relationship between this condition and colitis cystica profunda.", "PMID": 102745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5412", "title": "The bone inducing capacity of syngeneic thyroid tissue in guinea-pig muscle.", "content": "Syngeneic thyroid extract injected into the rectus femoris muscle of guinea-pigs resulted in the appearance within the muscle of osteoblasts and the formation of bone. Injection of irritant failed to do so. It is thought that thyroid extracts exert their effect by inducing osteoblast transporation in muscle fibroblasts.", "contents": "The bone inducing capacity of syngeneic thyroid tissue in guinea-pig muscle. Syngeneic thyroid extract injected into the rectus femoris muscle of guinea-pigs resulted in the appearance within the muscle of osteoblasts and the formation of bone. Injection of irritant failed to do so. It is thought that thyroid extracts exert their effect by inducing osteoblast transporation in muscle fibroblasts.", "PMID": 102746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5413", "title": "The pathology of experimental Ebola virus infection in monkeys.", "content": "Six rhesus and two vervet monkeys were infected intraperitoneally with Ebola virus. They developed an acute haemorrhagic fever with skin rash 4 days later and died 6--12 days after infection. Histopathological lesions of acute necrosis were present in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, lungs and testes. The presence of fibrin thrombi in several organs was suggestive of the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation during the infection.", "contents": "The pathology of experimental Ebola virus infection in monkeys. Six rhesus and two vervet monkeys were infected intraperitoneally with Ebola virus. They developed an acute haemorrhagic fever with skin rash 4 days later and died 6--12 days after infection. Histopathological lesions of acute necrosis were present in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, lungs and testes. The presence of fibrin thrombi in several organs was suggestive of the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation during the infection.", "PMID": 102747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5414", "title": "Partial characterisation of an elastase-like enzyme secreted by human and monkey alveolar macrophages.", "content": "An elastinolytic activity on soluble and insoluble elastin has been demonstrated in the culture medium of human and monkey alveolar macrophages. This activity is potentiated by latex particles in the medium. An enzyme resembling some other elastases was partially purified and characterised. It differs from other elastases in its affinity for elastin and a synthetic substrate, its susceptibility to various kinds of inhibitors and by its metal ion requirement.", "contents": "Partial characterisation of an elastase-like enzyme secreted by human and monkey alveolar macrophages. An elastinolytic activity on soluble and insoluble elastin has been demonstrated in the culture medium of human and monkey alveolar macrophages. This activity is potentiated by latex particles in the medium. An enzyme resembling some other elastases was partially purified and characterised. It differs from other elastases in its affinity for elastin and a synthetic substrate, its susceptibility to various kinds of inhibitors and by its metal ion requirement.", "PMID": 102748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5415", "title": "Long-term effects of myochrysine on the synovial membrane and aurosomes.", "content": "Mysochrysine injected into the rabbit knee joint produced regressive and destructive changes in the synovial membrane, ultimately leading to fibrosis. Aurosomes, containing characteristic electron-dense deposits indicating the presence of gold, formed in the synovial intimal cells and subsynovial macrophages. The number of aurosomes decreased with the passage of time but some were found even 2 yr after the injection of Myochrysine. Electron-probe X-ray analysis showed that the aurosomes contain gold, sulphur and phosphorus. A comparison was made between the atomic ratios of these elements in 3-day and 18-mth-old aurosomes but no significant difference was detected.", "contents": "Long-term effects of myochrysine on the synovial membrane and aurosomes. Mysochrysine injected into the rabbit knee joint produced regressive and destructive changes in the synovial membrane, ultimately leading to fibrosis. Aurosomes, containing characteristic electron-dense deposits indicating the presence of gold, formed in the synovial intimal cells and subsynovial macrophages. The number of aurosomes decreased with the passage of time but some were found even 2 yr after the injection of Myochrysine. Electron-probe X-ray analysis showed that the aurosomes contain gold, sulphur and phosphorus. A comparison was made between the atomic ratios of these elements in 3-day and 18-mth-old aurosomes but no significant difference was detected.", "PMID": 102749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5416", "title": "Immunoglobulin in Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells.", "content": "In eight cases of Hodgkin's disease of various types, Ig was found within approximately one-third of the RS and HD cells. The Ig within each RS and HD cell consisted of gamma heavy chains and both k and lambda light chains. The most probable origin of the Ig would appear to be uptake of IgG-containing immune complexes. The presence of both types of light chain in individual RS and HD cells is inconsistent with an origin of these types of cell from B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin in Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells. In eight cases of Hodgkin's disease of various types, Ig was found within approximately one-third of the RS and HD cells. The Ig within each RS and HD cell consisted of gamma heavy chains and both k and lambda light chains. The most probable origin of the Ig would appear to be uptake of IgG-containing immune complexes. The presence of both types of light chain in individual RS and HD cells is inconsistent with an origin of these types of cell from B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 102750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5417", "title": "Oral iron absorption in infantile protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "The ability of infants with protein-energy malnutrition to absorb iron was assessed using the serum iron response to a dose of ferrous sulfate providing 3 mg elemental iron per kg body weight. Responses were grouped as flat (delta serum Fe less than 30 microgram/dl), intermediate (30 to 100 microgram/dl), and normal (greater the 100 microgram/dl). Of 25 consecutively admitted children studied, seven had a flat, five an intermediate, and 13 a normal curve (mean delta serum Fe: 10 microgram/dl, 66 microgram/dl, and 175 microgram/dl, respectively). There were no differences among the three groups in hematocrit, fasting serum iron or transferrin saturation, severity of malnutrition, or evidence of other malabsorption sufficient to explain these differences. Although hematocrits, fasting serum iron, and transferrin saturations did not change appreciably during nutritional rehabilitation, all children with initially abnormal responses subsequently had normal tests.", "contents": "Oral iron absorption in infantile protein-energy malnutrition. The ability of infants with protein-energy malnutrition to absorb iron was assessed using the serum iron response to a dose of ferrous sulfate providing 3 mg elemental iron per kg body weight. Responses were grouped as flat (delta serum Fe less than 30 microgram/dl), intermediate (30 to 100 microgram/dl), and normal (greater the 100 microgram/dl). Of 25 consecutively admitted children studied, seven had a flat, five an intermediate, and 13 a normal curve (mean delta serum Fe: 10 microgram/dl, 66 microgram/dl, and 175 microgram/dl, respectively). There were no differences among the three groups in hematocrit, fasting serum iron or transferrin saturation, severity of malnutrition, or evidence of other malabsorption sufficient to explain these differences. Although hematocrits, fasting serum iron, and transferrin saturations did not change appreciably during nutritional rehabilitation, all children with initially abnormal responses subsequently had normal tests.", "PMID": 102753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5418", "title": "Ventricular involvement in experimental Hemophilus influenzae meningitis.", "content": "We determined the frequency of ventricular involvement during Hemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in ten bacteremic infant rhesus monkeys. Meningitis was defined as cerebrospinal fluid obtained from the lumbar subarachnoid space or cisterna magna containing bacteria and ten or more leukocytes per mm3. HIB were cultured from 22 of 22 ventricular CSF samples. In 17 of 18 comparisons of bacterial density in ventricular and cisternal CSF, the values were within one log10: similarly, 5 of 8 quantitative ventricular-lumbar comparisons were within one log10. This concordance was present at bacterial densities of 2 x 10(1) to 1 x 10(9) CFU/ml. When discordance was present, the ventricular CSF contained more bacteria. In 15 of 20 comparisons of leukocyte density in ventricular and cisternal CSF, the ventricular pleocytosis was lower (mean ventricular/cisternal ratio 0.08). We conclude that infection of the lateral cerebral ventricle is a uniform feature of HIB meningitis in infant monkeys, but the cellular inflammatory component is less.", "contents": "Ventricular involvement in experimental Hemophilus influenzae meningitis. We determined the frequency of ventricular involvement during Hemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in ten bacteremic infant rhesus monkeys. Meningitis was defined as cerebrospinal fluid obtained from the lumbar subarachnoid space or cisterna magna containing bacteria and ten or more leukocytes per mm3. HIB were cultured from 22 of 22 ventricular CSF samples. In 17 of 18 comparisons of bacterial density in ventricular and cisternal CSF, the values were within one log10: similarly, 5 of 8 quantitative ventricular-lumbar comparisons were within one log10. This concordance was present at bacterial densities of 2 x 10(1) to 1 x 10(9) CFU/ml. When discordance was present, the ventricular CSF contained more bacteria. In 15 of 20 comparisons of leukocyte density in ventricular and cisternal CSF, the ventricular pleocytosis was lower (mean ventricular/cisternal ratio 0.08). We conclude that infection of the lateral cerebral ventricle is a uniform feature of HIB meningitis in infant monkeys, but the cellular inflammatory component is less.", "PMID": 102754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5419", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of cocaine analogs I: N-alkylated norcocaine derivatives.", "content": "N-Allylnorcocaine, N-dimethylallylnorcocaine, and N-cyclopropylmethylnorcocaine were prepared and examined for cocaine-like activity. The compounds were prepared by alkylation of norcocaine, which was obtained by demethylation of cocaine with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate followed by zinc--acetic acid reduction. The compounds were evaluated by comparison with cocaine in causing disruption of milk intake in rats, behavioral modification in squirrel monkeys, and inhibition of 3H-serotonin uptake by rat synaptosomes. The compounds showed cocaine-like activity less potent than cocaine in the latter two tests and were inactive in the milk intake test.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of cocaine analogs I: N-alkylated norcocaine derivatives. N-Allylnorcocaine, N-dimethylallylnorcocaine, and N-cyclopropylmethylnorcocaine were prepared and examined for cocaine-like activity. The compounds were prepared by alkylation of norcocaine, which was obtained by demethylation of cocaine with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate followed by zinc--acetic acid reduction. The compounds were evaluated by comparison with cocaine in causing disruption of milk intake in rats, behavioral modification in squirrel monkeys, and inhibition of 3H-serotonin uptake by rat synaptosomes. The compounds showed cocaine-like activity less potent than cocaine in the latter two tests and were inactive in the milk intake test.", "PMID": 102759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5420", "title": "Calcium fluxes in single muscle fibres measured with a glass scintillator probe.", "content": "1. An intracellular glass scintillator (Caldwell & Lea, 1973) has been used to obtain a continuous record of the influx of 45Ca into single muscle fibres of the barnacle, Balanus nubilus. 2. In the presence of intracellular EGTA (final concentration greater than 3 mM/kg), the scintillator detected an initial fast phase to the influx (half-time = 18.3 min, compartment size = 4.1% fibre volume) followed by a slow, linear phase which gave a value for the Ca influx of 1.2 p-mole . cm-2 . sec-1. The efflux of 45Ca was also measured with the scintillator by transferring a 45Ca-loaded fibre into 45Ca-free saline. Two exponential phases of efflux were detected with half-times of 16.2 and 500 min. 3. The characterisitics of the fast phase of the influx and efflux are similar to those of the influx of the impermeant sucrose and inulin, suggesting that the fast phase represents exchange with the extracellular 'cleft space'. This phase was insensitive to external La3+ (2 mM). 4. The slow phase is considered to represent the flux of Ca across the surface membrane. It was inhibited by external La3+ (2 mM) and stimulated by replacing external Na+ with Li+. 5. When EGTA-injected fibres were depolarized using an axial, intracellular electrode the Ca influx, measured from the slow phase, was increased. At higher concentrations of intracellular EGTA (6--22 mM/kg), the extra Ca influx due to a rectangular, depolarizing current pulse was proportional to the number of Ca spikes it produced. A single Ca spike gave an extra Ca influx of 19--48 p-mole . cm-2. External D600 (5 x 10(-4)M) inhibited both Ca spike and the extra Ca influx. 6. At lower intracellular EGTA concentrations (3.6--11 mM/kg), a 50 mV depolarization of 250 msec duration gave a mean extra Ca influx of 80 p-mole . cm-2. The upper value was 145 p-mole . cm-2 and this would increase the total internal Ca by 4.1 micrometer/kg. It is calculated that if all this extra Ca was bound to the myofibrillar sites for tension, it would only produce 6.2% of the force expected for a similar depolarization in a fibre with no intracellular EGTA.", "contents": "Calcium fluxes in single muscle fibres measured with a glass scintillator probe. 1. An intracellular glass scintillator (Caldwell & Lea, 1973) has been used to obtain a continuous record of the influx of 45Ca into single muscle fibres of the barnacle, Balanus nubilus. 2. In the presence of intracellular EGTA (final concentration greater than 3 mM/kg), the scintillator detected an initial fast phase to the influx (half-time = 18.3 min, compartment size = 4.1% fibre volume) followed by a slow, linear phase which gave a value for the Ca influx of 1.2 p-mole . cm-2 . sec-1. The efflux of 45Ca was also measured with the scintillator by transferring a 45Ca-loaded fibre into 45Ca-free saline. Two exponential phases of efflux were detected with half-times of 16.2 and 500 min. 3. The characterisitics of the fast phase of the influx and efflux are similar to those of the influx of the impermeant sucrose and inulin, suggesting that the fast phase represents exchange with the extracellular 'cleft space'. This phase was insensitive to external La3+ (2 mM). 4. The slow phase is considered to represent the flux of Ca across the surface membrane. It was inhibited by external La3+ (2 mM) and stimulated by replacing external Na+ with Li+. 5. When EGTA-injected fibres were depolarized using an axial, intracellular electrode the Ca influx, measured from the slow phase, was increased. At higher concentrations of intracellular EGTA (6--22 mM/kg), the extra Ca influx due to a rectangular, depolarizing current pulse was proportional to the number of Ca spikes it produced. A single Ca spike gave an extra Ca influx of 19--48 p-mole . cm-2. External D600 (5 x 10(-4)M) inhibited both Ca spike and the extra Ca influx. 6. At lower intracellular EGTA concentrations (3.6--11 mM/kg), a 50 mV depolarization of 250 msec duration gave a mean extra Ca influx of 80 p-mole . cm-2. The upper value was 145 p-mole . cm-2 and this would increase the total internal Ca by 4.1 micrometer/kg. It is calculated that if all this extra Ca was bound to the myofibrillar sites for tension, it would only produce 6.2% of the force expected for a similar depolarization in a fibre with no intracellular EGTA.", "PMID": 102762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5421", "title": "The physiological effects of monocular deprivation and their reversal in the monkey's visual cortex.", "content": "1. 1127 single units were recorded during oblique penetrations in area 17 of one normal, three monocularly deprived and four reverse sutured monkeys. 2. In all animals most cells outside layer IV c were orientation-selective, and preferred orientation usually shifted from cell to cell in a regular progressive sequence. 3. The presence in layer IV c of non-oriented, monocularly driven units, organized in alternating right-eye and left-eye 'stripes' (LeVay, Hubel & Wiesel, 1975) was confirmed. 4. Early monocular deprivation (2--5 1/2 weeks) caused a strong shift of ocular dominance towards the non-deprived eye. However, even outside layer IV c, neural background and some isolated cells could still be driven from the deprived eye in regularly spaced, narrow columnar regions. In layer IV c the non-deprived eye's stripes were almost three times wider, on average, than the deprived. 5. Later monocular deprivation (11--16 months) had no detectable influence on layer IV c but seemed to cause a small shift in ocular dominance outside IV c. Deprivation for 6 1/4 months in an adult had no such effect. 6. After early reverse suturing (at 5 1/2 weeks) the originally deprived eye gained dominance over cells outside layer IV c just as complete as that originally exercised by the eye that was first non-deprived. 7. The later reverse suturing was delayed, the less effective was recapture by the originally deprived eye. Reversal at 8 weeks led to roughly equal numbers of cells being dominated by each eye; fewer cells became dominated by the newly open eye after reverse suturing at 9 weeks and most of them were non-oriented; reversal at 38 1/2 weeks had no effect. 8. Binocular cells, though rare in reverse sutured animals, always had very similar preferred orientations in the two eyes. The columnar sequences of preferred orientation were not interrupted at the borders of ocular dominance columns. 9. Even within layer IV c there was evidence for re-expansion of physiologically determined ocular dominance stripes. After early reverse suture, stripes for the two eyes became roughly equal in width. Possible mechanisms for these changes are discussed.", "contents": "The physiological effects of monocular deprivation and their reversal in the monkey's visual cortex. 1. 1127 single units were recorded during oblique penetrations in area 17 of one normal, three monocularly deprived and four reverse sutured monkeys. 2. In all animals most cells outside layer IV c were orientation-selective, and preferred orientation usually shifted from cell to cell in a regular progressive sequence. 3. The presence in layer IV c of non-oriented, monocularly driven units, organized in alternating right-eye and left-eye 'stripes' (LeVay, Hubel & Wiesel, 1975) was confirmed. 4. Early monocular deprivation (2--5 1/2 weeks) caused a strong shift of ocular dominance towards the non-deprived eye. However, even outside layer IV c, neural background and some isolated cells could still be driven from the deprived eye in regularly spaced, narrow columnar regions. In layer IV c the non-deprived eye's stripes were almost three times wider, on average, than the deprived. 5. Later monocular deprivation (11--16 months) had no detectable influence on layer IV c but seemed to cause a small shift in ocular dominance outside IV c. Deprivation for 6 1/4 months in an adult had no such effect. 6. After early reverse suturing (at 5 1/2 weeks) the originally deprived eye gained dominance over cells outside layer IV c just as complete as that originally exercised by the eye that was first non-deprived. 7. The later reverse suturing was delayed, the less effective was recapture by the originally deprived eye. Reversal at 8 weeks led to roughly equal numbers of cells being dominated by each eye; fewer cells became dominated by the newly open eye after reverse suturing at 9 weeks and most of them were non-oriented; reversal at 38 1/2 weeks had no effect. 8. Binocular cells, though rare in reverse sutured animals, always had very similar preferred orientations in the two eyes. The columnar sequences of preferred orientation were not interrupted at the borders of ocular dominance columns. 9. Even within layer IV c there was evidence for re-expansion of physiologically determined ocular dominance stripes. After early reverse suture, stripes for the two eyes became roughly equal in width. Possible mechanisms for these changes are discussed.", "PMID": 102764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5422", "title": "Chloride dependence of active sodium transport in frog skin: the role of intercellular spaces.", "content": "1. In agreement with previous observations the replacement of Cl by a nonpenetrating anion in the solution bathing either the outside or both sides of the frog skin causes a fall in the short-circuit current. 2. When Cl is replaced by a non-penetrating anion in the solution bathing the outside of the frog skin the Isc is still a correct measure of the net Na transport. 3. Under the same conditions both active and shunt paths seem to be affected since there is a decrease in Isc, Na influx, amiloride-dependent conductance, and initial Na uptake across the external barrier, together with a decrease in Cl-backfluxes and amiloride-independent conductance. There is also a decrease in water permeability and a reduction in size of the intercellular spaces. 4. The removal of Cl does not appear to affect the entry step of Na but may have an effect on the shunt path. This in turn may change the active Na transport.", "contents": "Chloride dependence of active sodium transport in frog skin: the role of intercellular spaces. 1. In agreement with previous observations the replacement of Cl by a nonpenetrating anion in the solution bathing either the outside or both sides of the frog skin causes a fall in the short-circuit current. 2. When Cl is replaced by a non-penetrating anion in the solution bathing the outside of the frog skin the Isc is still a correct measure of the net Na transport. 3. Under the same conditions both active and shunt paths seem to be affected since there is a decrease in Isc, Na influx, amiloride-dependent conductance, and initial Na uptake across the external barrier, together with a decrease in Cl-backfluxes and amiloride-independent conductance. There is also a decrease in water permeability and a reduction in size of the intercellular spaces. 4. The removal of Cl does not appear to affect the entry step of Na but may have an effect on the shunt path. This in turn may change the active Na transport.", "PMID": 102765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5423", "title": "Relaxation of mammalian single cardiac cells after pretreatment with the detergent Brij-58.", "content": "1. The influence of load and activation on relaxation of heart muscle has been studied. 2. Cardiac cells devoid of functioning sarcolemma were isolated from rat and cat ventricular myocardium. Pretreatment with the detergent Brij-58 destroyed residual sarcoplasmic reticulum function. In order to analyse the mechanical properties of relaxation in these cells, a new miniature transducer was designed which could measure force by feedback sensing (resolution of 1 microgram). Contraction was induced by ionophoretically released calcium ions. Activation, sequestration of calcium and loading conditions could be controlled independently. 3. The time course of relaxation was shown to be governed by the amount of calcium released, and unlike intact preparations from rat or cat heart (but like those from frog), to be independent of load and of alterations in load. 4. We conclude that relaxation of the cardiac contractile system is determined basically by an activation-dependent mechanism, which is masked by load dependence in intact muscle preparations with a well developed calcium sequestering membraneous system.", "contents": "Relaxation of mammalian single cardiac cells after pretreatment with the detergent Brij-58. 1. The influence of load and activation on relaxation of heart muscle has been studied. 2. Cardiac cells devoid of functioning sarcolemma were isolated from rat and cat ventricular myocardium. Pretreatment with the detergent Brij-58 destroyed residual sarcoplasmic reticulum function. In order to analyse the mechanical properties of relaxation in these cells, a new miniature transducer was designed which could measure force by feedback sensing (resolution of 1 microgram). Contraction was induced by ionophoretically released calcium ions. Activation, sequestration of calcium and loading conditions could be controlled independently. 3. The time course of relaxation was shown to be governed by the amount of calcium released, and unlike intact preparations from rat or cat heart (but like those from frog), to be independent of load and of alterations in load. 4. We conclude that relaxation of the cardiac contractile system is determined basically by an activation-dependent mechanism, which is masked by load dependence in intact muscle preparations with a well developed calcium sequestering membraneous system.", "PMID": 102766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5424", "title": "Movement-sensitive and direction and orientation-selective cutaneous receptive fields in the hand area of the post-central gyrus in monkeys.", "content": "1. In the hand area of the post-central gyrus of three alert Macaca speciosa monkeys neurones related to cutaneous receptors but not activated by simple touch on the receptive field were recorded using the transdural micro-electrode recording technique. Thirty-six cells were found to have complex cutaneous receptive field properties. These neurones were subdivided into the following three groups. 2. Nine neurones were not activated by punctate stimuli on the receptive fields but responded well to movement along the skin. The activity of these neurones was not affected by the direction of movement; nor was it sensitive to different textures of the moving surface. 3. Eighteen neurones responded to cutaneous movement along the skin surface in a particular direction giving no response to stimulation in the opposite direction and intermediate responses to intermediate directions. Similar responses were evoked from different subparts of the receptive field. 4. Nine neurones responded well to an edge placed on the skin in an optimal orientation or moved along the skin in a direction perpendicular to the edge. A maximal response was produced by stimuli of the same optimal orientation in different parts of the receptive field. The significance of the stimuli to the monkey had only a minor influence on the magnitude of the responses of these neurones and no influence on the receptive field properties. 5. The occurrence of the complex cutaneous cells increased from anterior to posterior within the post-central gyrus and most of them were found in Brodmann's area 2. Thus we postulate that the complex receptive field properties arise as a consequence of cortical processing in a network in which postsynaptic one-way lateral inhibition generates the directional properties of the neurones. 6. The complex cutaneous neurones constituted only 6% of the neurones studied in the hand area of the post-central gyrus. Thus the prevalence of neurones with elongated and direction-selective receptive fields is low in the primary somatosensory cortex in comparison with the visual cortex. These neurones may, however, serve the sterognostic capcity of the hand by contributing information about stimulus motion, orientation and direction of movement on the skin.", "contents": "Movement-sensitive and direction and orientation-selective cutaneous receptive fields in the hand area of the post-central gyrus in monkeys. 1. In the hand area of the post-central gyrus of three alert Macaca speciosa monkeys neurones related to cutaneous receptors but not activated by simple touch on the receptive field were recorded using the transdural micro-electrode recording technique. Thirty-six cells were found to have complex cutaneous receptive field properties. These neurones were subdivided into the following three groups. 2. Nine neurones were not activated by punctate stimuli on the receptive fields but responded well to movement along the skin. The activity of these neurones was not affected by the direction of movement; nor was it sensitive to different textures of the moving surface. 3. Eighteen neurones responded to cutaneous movement along the skin surface in a particular direction giving no response to stimulation in the opposite direction and intermediate responses to intermediate directions. Similar responses were evoked from different subparts of the receptive field. 4. Nine neurones responded well to an edge placed on the skin in an optimal orientation or moved along the skin in a direction perpendicular to the edge. A maximal response was produced by stimuli of the same optimal orientation in different parts of the receptive field. The significance of the stimuli to the monkey had only a minor influence on the magnitude of the responses of these neurones and no influence on the receptive field properties. 5. The occurrence of the complex cutaneous cells increased from anterior to posterior within the post-central gyrus and most of them were found in Brodmann's area 2. Thus we postulate that the complex receptive field properties arise as a consequence of cortical processing in a network in which postsynaptic one-way lateral inhibition generates the directional properties of the neurones. 6. The complex cutaneous neurones constituted only 6% of the neurones studied in the hand area of the post-central gyrus. Thus the prevalence of neurones with elongated and direction-selective receptive fields is low in the primary somatosensory cortex in comparison with the visual cortex. These neurones may, however, serve the sterognostic capcity of the hand by contributing information about stimulus motion, orientation and direction of movement on the skin.", "PMID": 102767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5425", "title": "Receptive field integration and submodality convergence in the hand area of the post-central gyrus of the alert monkey.", "content": "1. An exploration of the occurrence of different functional cell types was made in the three cytoarchitectural subdivisions (areas 3, 1 and 2) of the hand area of the post-central gyrus of the monkey. The functional properties of 632 cells were studied using the transdural micro-electrode recording method. 2. Over half of the neurones studied (57%) belonged to the class of simple skin neurones that were related either to rapidly adapting (272 neurones) or slowly adapting (seventeen neurones) cutaneous receptors or to both (seventy-one neurones). The simple skin neurones were particularly common in the anterior part of S I where they constituted 60% of the cells. More complicated cutaneous neurones made up 10% of the total sample. They were more common in the posterior part of the gyrus. 3. Altogether ninety-two neurones (15%) were related to subcutaneous or deeper receptors. Another seventy-one neurones (11%) exhibited convergence of skin input and input from deep receptors. A smaller group of forty-seven undamaged neurones (7%) were unrelated to stimuli of the types described above. 4. In tangential electrode penetrations made along the anterior and posterior banks of the gyrus, functional columns were found to be 500 micrometers wide on the average; this width is comparable with that of ocular dominance columns and visual orientation hypercolumns. 5. Correlation of the functional types of cells with cytoarchitecture showed that the complexity of the functional properties of the neurones increased posteriorly. The receptive field size also increased toward posterior. The changes that take place in the functional properties of cells when moving across different cytoarchitectural areas suggests intracortical information processing which leads to handling of larger body regions and more complex combinations of information in the cellular elements of the posterior part of the post-central gyrus.", "contents": "Receptive field integration and submodality convergence in the hand area of the post-central gyrus of the alert monkey. 1. An exploration of the occurrence of different functional cell types was made in the three cytoarchitectural subdivisions (areas 3, 1 and 2) of the hand area of the post-central gyrus of the monkey. The functional properties of 632 cells were studied using the transdural micro-electrode recording method. 2. Over half of the neurones studied (57%) belonged to the class of simple skin neurones that were related either to rapidly adapting (272 neurones) or slowly adapting (seventeen neurones) cutaneous receptors or to both (seventy-one neurones). The simple skin neurones were particularly common in the anterior part of S I where they constituted 60% of the cells. More complicated cutaneous neurones made up 10% of the total sample. They were more common in the posterior part of the gyrus. 3. Altogether ninety-two neurones (15%) were related to subcutaneous or deeper receptors. Another seventy-one neurones (11%) exhibited convergence of skin input and input from deep receptors. A smaller group of forty-seven undamaged neurones (7%) were unrelated to stimuli of the types described above. 4. In tangential electrode penetrations made along the anterior and posterior banks of the gyrus, functional columns were found to be 500 micrometers wide on the average; this width is comparable with that of ocular dominance columns and visual orientation hypercolumns. 5. Correlation of the functional types of cells with cytoarchitecture showed that the complexity of the functional properties of the neurones increased posteriorly. The receptive field size also increased toward posterior. The changes that take place in the functional properties of cells when moving across different cytoarchitectural areas suggests intracortical information processing which leads to handling of larger body regions and more complex combinations of information in the cellular elements of the posterior part of the post-central gyrus.", "PMID": 102768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5426", "title": "An electrophysiological study of the regulation of ciliary beating frequency in Paramecium.", "content": "1. The role of the surface membrane in the control of ciliary beat frequency in Paramecium was examined by intracellular electrophysiological techniques and pressure injection of Ca2+ and EGTA. Experiments were done on wild type P. caudatum and on both the wild type and a pawn mutant of P. tetraurelia. 2. The increased frequency of beating that accompanies reversal of power stroke orientation in response to depolarization in the wild type fails to occur during depolarization in the mutant pawn, which also fails to exhibit ciliary reversal upon depolarization. 3. Injection of moderate amounts of EGTA blocked the frequency increase without interfering with reversal of the beat in response to depolarization of the wild type. Larger injection of EGTA also prevented reversed beating. 4. The beat frequency in the normal (forward-swimming) direction increased during hyperpolarization in pawn. The hyperpolarizing frequency-voltage relations were quantitatively similar to those of the wild type. 5. Injection of EGTA to a final concentration of 10 mM into wild type cells neither modified the resting frequency nor blocked the frequency increase which normally accompanies hyperpolarization. 6. Transient ciliary reversal in both pawn and wild type produced by injection of Ca2+  could be terminated by the passage of inward current. The power stroke returned to the normal forward-swimming direction and the ciliary beating frequency increased. Upon termination of the inward current the cilia of Ca2+-injected cells again beat in reverse for many seconds. 7. The results support previous reports that increased frequency of beating and ciliary reversal seen in response to depolarization both require the entry of Ca2+ through the surface membrane. On the other hand, the results indicate that frequency increase with hyperpolarization is independent of an altered rate of Ca2+ entry. 8. Increased frequency during hyperpolarization appears to be related more closely to electrotonic membrane current than to membrane potential. It is proposed that inward current might activate high frequency beating by altering the ionic environment of the axoneme within the restricted volume of the cilium by electrophoretic means.", "contents": "An electrophysiological study of the regulation of ciliary beating frequency in Paramecium. 1. The role of the surface membrane in the control of ciliary beat frequency in Paramecium was examined by intracellular electrophysiological techniques and pressure injection of Ca2+ and EGTA. Experiments were done on wild type P. caudatum and on both the wild type and a pawn mutant of P. tetraurelia. 2. The increased frequency of beating that accompanies reversal of power stroke orientation in response to depolarization in the wild type fails to occur during depolarization in the mutant pawn, which also fails to exhibit ciliary reversal upon depolarization. 3. Injection of moderate amounts of EGTA blocked the frequency increase without interfering with reversal of the beat in response to depolarization of the wild type. Larger injection of EGTA also prevented reversed beating. 4. The beat frequency in the normal (forward-swimming) direction increased during hyperpolarization in pawn. The hyperpolarizing frequency-voltage relations were quantitatively similar to those of the wild type. 5. Injection of EGTA to a final concentration of 10 mM into wild type cells neither modified the resting frequency nor blocked the frequency increase which normally accompanies hyperpolarization. 6. Transient ciliary reversal in both pawn and wild type produced by injection of Ca2+  could be terminated by the passage of inward current. The power stroke returned to the normal forward-swimming direction and the ciliary beating frequency increased. Upon termination of the inward current the cilia of Ca2+-injected cells again beat in reverse for many seconds. 7. The results support previous reports that increased frequency of beating and ciliary reversal seen in response to depolarization both require the entry of Ca2+ through the surface membrane. On the other hand, the results indicate that frequency increase with hyperpolarization is independent of an altered rate of Ca2+ entry. 8. Increased frequency during hyperpolarization appears to be related more closely to electrotonic membrane current than to membrane potential. It is proposed that inward current might activate high frequency beating by altering the ionic environment of the axoneme within the restricted volume of the cilium by electrophoretic means.", "PMID": 102769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5427", "title": "Some problems of projections and actions of cortico- and rubro-spinal fibres.", "content": "A review of a number of known, partly known and to be established properties of the cortico- and rubro-spinal tract systems in relation to: (1) multiple projections of individual neurones, or functional subgroups of neurones in the motor cortex and in the red nucleus, (2) identification of spinal target cells of these neurones, and (3) the mechanisms of interactions between the two systems.", "contents": "Some problems of projections and actions of cortico- and rubro-spinal fibres. A review of a number of known, partly known and to be established properties of the cortico- and rubro-spinal tract systems in relation to: (1) multiple projections of individual neurones, or functional subgroups of neurones in the motor cortex and in the red nucleus, (2) identification of spinal target cells of these neurones, and (3) the mechanisms of interactions between the two systems.", "PMID": 102770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5428", "title": "Properties of the pyramidal tract neuron system within the precentral wrist and hand area of primate motor cortex.", "content": "1. To obtain basic anatomical data that will be useful in interpreting the results of studies of primate pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs), extracellular, single-unit recording techniques were used to determine a number of the properties of the PTN population within the electrically defined, precentral wrist zone of the monkey's motor cortex. 2. Recordings were obtained from a total of 1,375 antidromically identified PT and corticospinal tract (CST) cells. A mathematical model was then used to correct the statistics of the sample for variations in the probability of unit detection, which arise from variations in neuronal size and extracellular field dimensions. 3. Both the experimentally observed and theoretically corrected results suggest that the PT projection from this cortical zone is derived principally from slowly conducting, and presumably small to medium-sized cells (an estimated 85% of the resident PTN population). 4. Both the fast and slow cell subpopulations were found to be concentrated within cortical layer V, where they tend to congregate in small, mixed clusters of 2 to 5 neurons. Estimates of the total packing density of PTNs within layer V of this cortical zone suggest that they account for only 10-20% of the neurons within this major efferent layer. 5. 70% of the slow and 82% of the fast PT neurons within this cortical area were found to send their axons into the contralateral, lateral corticospinal tract. Thus, in futur functional studies of PTNs in this cortical area, it can be assumed that three of every four neurons will in fact influence segmental cells of one category or another directly. 6. Extensive data are also presented on the incidence of axon collateral branching from PT and CST cells to the red nucleus, the medial medullary reticular formation and the cuneate nucleus. 7. Some general implications of these findings for the design of future functional studies of anatomically identified motor cortex cell systems are then discussed.", "contents": "Properties of the pyramidal tract neuron system within the precentral wrist and hand area of primate motor cortex. 1. To obtain basic anatomical data that will be useful in interpreting the results of studies of primate pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs), extracellular, single-unit recording techniques were used to determine a number of the properties of the PTN population within the electrically defined, precentral wrist zone of the monkey's motor cortex. 2. Recordings were obtained from a total of 1,375 antidromically identified PT and corticospinal tract (CST) cells. A mathematical model was then used to correct the statistics of the sample for variations in the probability of unit detection, which arise from variations in neuronal size and extracellular field dimensions. 3. Both the experimentally observed and theoretically corrected results suggest that the PT projection from this cortical zone is derived principally from slowly conducting, and presumably small to medium-sized cells (an estimated 85% of the resident PTN population). 4. Both the fast and slow cell subpopulations were found to be concentrated within cortical layer V, where they tend to congregate in small, mixed clusters of 2 to 5 neurons. Estimates of the total packing density of PTNs within layer V of this cortical zone suggest that they account for only 10-20% of the neurons within this major efferent layer. 5. 70% of the slow and 82% of the fast PT neurons within this cortical area were found to send their axons into the contralateral, lateral corticospinal tract. Thus, in futur functional studies of PTNs in this cortical area, it can be assumed that three of every four neurons will in fact influence segmental cells of one category or another directly. 6. Extensive data are also presented on the incidence of axon collateral branching from PT and CST cells to the red nucleus, the medial medullary reticular formation and the cuneate nucleus. 7. Some general implications of these findings for the design of future functional studies of anatomically identified motor cortex cell systems are then discussed.", "PMID": 102771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5429", "title": "An intracortical microstimulation study of output organization in precentral cortex of awake primates.", "content": "We investigated the output organization of the forelimb control area in primate precentral cortex by using low-current (less than 30 microamperemeter) intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). Movement about a joint was selected as the index of response. Penetrations perpendicular to the cortical surface and deep into the rostral bank of the central sulcus were made in two awake unanesthetized monkeys (Macaca arctoides). Cortical areas were designated by the joint about which movements occurred. 1. ICMS loci which produced movements about finger joints were found to tightly cluster in a central zone, and were surrounded by loci controlling movement about the wrist. This wrist zone was in turn approximately encircled by an elbow zone, which itself was enclosed by a shoulder zone. 2. Appreciable overlap between these zones controlling movements about contiguous joints was observed. 3. The observations indicate a nested-ring organization of the forelimb output zones of precentral cortex, such that a cortical zone controlling movement of a more distal joint is partly encircled by the zone controlling a more proximal joint.", "contents": "An intracortical microstimulation study of output organization in precentral cortex of awake primates. We investigated the output organization of the forelimb control area in primate precentral cortex by using low-current (less than 30 microamperemeter) intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). Movement about a joint was selected as the index of response. Penetrations perpendicular to the cortical surface and deep into the rostral bank of the central sulcus were made in two awake unanesthetized monkeys (Macaca arctoides). Cortical areas were designated by the joint about which movements occurred. 1. ICMS loci which produced movements about finger joints were found to tightly cluster in a central zone, and were surrounded by loci controlling movement about the wrist. This wrist zone was in turn approximately encircled by an elbow zone, which itself was enclosed by a shoulder zone. 2. Appreciable overlap between these zones controlling movements about contiguous joints was observed. 3. The observations indicate a nested-ring organization of the forelimb output zones of precentral cortex, such that a cortical zone controlling movement of a more distal joint is partly encircled by the zone controlling a more proximal joint.", "PMID": 102772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5430", "title": "Activity of pre-entral neurones in conscious monkeys: effects of deafferentation and cerebellar ablation.", "content": "After limb deafferentation, there was no gross alteration in the initiation and performance of a sound-triggered ballistic movement. The pattern of neuronal discharge in the arm area of the motor cortex was not significantly modified. In the absence of cerebellum, the reaction time of motor cortex cells was about 150 msec longer than the reaction time observed in normal and deafferented animals. This was associated with an equal retardation in the onset of ENG changes in the limb muscles. This observation is compatible with the idea that the motor cortex is normally situated downstream to the cerebellum in the initiation of some movements. However, the motor cortex is necessary for the initiation and execution of simple sound-triggered movements since its removal results in a permanent inability to perform the task. Finally, in the absence of peripheral feedback, the pattern of motor output to the agonistic and antagonistic muscles was initiated normally and thus appeared to be preprogrammed centrally. The importance of the motor cortex as a \"reflex center\" in the control of slower movements is obviously not challenged by these observations since the motor task that we have used depends very little or not at all on sensory feedback (Stark, 1968). What these results indicate, however, is that the execution of some voluntary fast ballistic movements can be entirely preprogrammed independently of peripheral and cerebellar influences, and that the program, which is mainly concerned with generating velocity signals, appears to require the integrity of the motor cortex for its execution.", "contents": "Activity of pre-entral neurones in conscious monkeys: effects of deafferentation and cerebellar ablation. After limb deafferentation, there was no gross alteration in the initiation and performance of a sound-triggered ballistic movement. The pattern of neuronal discharge in the arm area of the motor cortex was not significantly modified. In the absence of cerebellum, the reaction time of motor cortex cells was about 150 msec longer than the reaction time observed in normal and deafferented animals. This was associated with an equal retardation in the onset of ENG changes in the limb muscles. This observation is compatible with the idea that the motor cortex is normally situated downstream to the cerebellum in the initiation of some movements. However, the motor cortex is necessary for the initiation and execution of simple sound-triggered movements since its removal results in a permanent inability to perform the task. Finally, in the absence of peripheral feedback, the pattern of motor output to the agonistic and antagonistic muscles was initiated normally and thus appeared to be preprogrammed centrally. The importance of the motor cortex as a \"reflex center\" in the control of slower movements is obviously not challenged by these observations since the motor task that we have used depends very little or not at all on sensory feedback (Stark, 1968). What these results indicate, however, is that the execution of some voluntary fast ballistic movements can be entirely preprogrammed independently of peripheral and cerebellar influences, and that the program, which is mainly concerned with generating velocity signals, appears to require the integrity of the motor cortex for its execution.", "PMID": 102774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5431", "title": "Relation of slowly conducting pyramidal tract neurons to specific aspects of forearm movement.", "content": "PT neurons were recorded from monkeys performing a trained motor task that included tonic maintenance of a limb position, slow and controlled and then quick wrist movements. The results suggest that many of slowly conducting PTNs have preferential relations with specific aspects of slow or tonic motor acts.", "contents": "Relation of slowly conducting pyramidal tract neurons to specific aspects of forearm movement. PT neurons were recorded from monkeys performing a trained motor task that included tonic maintenance of a limb position, slow and controlled and then quick wrist movements. The results suggest that many of slowly conducting PTNs have preferential relations with specific aspects of slow or tonic motor acts.", "PMID": 102776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5432", "title": "Visual tracking and neuron activity in the post-arcuate area in monkeys.", "content": "1. A visual tracking task from a predetermined zone to another predetermined zone with use of a hand was trained in 3 macaque monkeys. They rotated the handle at the wrist joint by flexing or extending. A total of 88 neurons in the posterior bank of the arcuate sulcus, contralateral to the hand used, was related to the task. These neurons were designated as (post-arcuate-) FB neurons, following von Bonin and Bailey's terminology. 2. The FB neurons were classified into 4 types according to their discharge patterns during the task; (1) non-reciprocally, visually coupled neurons (6 neurons); (2) non-reciprocally movement-coupled neurons (41 neurons); (3) reciprocally movement-coupled neurons (17 flexion type and 8 extension type); and (4) finally, non reciprocally movement-coupled depression type neurons (15 neurons). These activations started before the movement onset, as detected in the displacement trace, and were not correlated to the EOG. 3. A possible functional significance of these neurons was discussed. A suggestion was made that in the FB area, after receiving the visual cue information, a function for the later movement direction and tis initiation are produced and sent to the motor apparatus within the brain so that effective tracking task can be performed.", "contents": "Visual tracking and neuron activity in the post-arcuate area in monkeys. 1. A visual tracking task from a predetermined zone to another predetermined zone with use of a hand was trained in 3 macaque monkeys. They rotated the handle at the wrist joint by flexing or extending. A total of 88 neurons in the posterior bank of the arcuate sulcus, contralateral to the hand used, was related to the task. These neurons were designated as (post-arcuate-) FB neurons, following von Bonin and Bailey's terminology. 2. The FB neurons were classified into 4 types according to their discharge patterns during the task; (1) non-reciprocally, visually coupled neurons (6 neurons); (2) non-reciprocally movement-coupled neurons (41 neurons); (3) reciprocally movement-coupled neurons (17 flexion type and 8 extension type); and (4) finally, non reciprocally movement-coupled depression type neurons (15 neurons). These activations started before the movement onset, as detected in the displacement trace, and were not correlated to the EOG. 3. A possible functional significance of these neurons was discussed. A suggestion was made that in the FB area, after receiving the visual cue information, a function for the later movement direction and tis initiation are produced and sent to the motor apparatus within the brain so that effective tracking task can be performed.", "PMID": 102777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5433", "title": "Supplementary motor area of the monkey: activity of neurones during performance of a learned motor task.", "content": "1. Recordings were made of the natural dischages of neurones in the supplementary motor area (SMA) of conscious monkeys trained to perform a stereotyped motor task with either hand. 2. Eighty % of the total population of cells showed modulation of their activity during particular movements of either limb. Two thirds of this group had a similar pattern of modulation regardless of whether the contralateral or ipsilateral hand was used. 3. The number of cells whose activity was related to movements of distal joints was approximately equal to that whose discharges occurred with proximal movements. 4. Only 5% of cells tested sent their axons into the pyramidal tract, and only 15% of units investigated showed responses to passive manipulation of the limbs. The effective afferent input usually was of a rather complex kind. 5. The findings suggest that the discharges of a large number of neurones in SMA are changing during particular movements of either arm, and that only a small number of cells receive afferent sensory input. These results contrast with those obtained in the primary motor area and suggest a different role for SMA the control of movement.", "contents": "Supplementary motor area of the monkey: activity of neurones during performance of a learned motor task. 1. Recordings were made of the natural dischages of neurones in the supplementary motor area (SMA) of conscious monkeys trained to perform a stereotyped motor task with either hand. 2. Eighty % of the total population of cells showed modulation of their activity during particular movements of either limb. Two thirds of this group had a similar pattern of modulation regardless of whether the contralateral or ipsilateral hand was used. 3. The number of cells whose activity was related to movements of distal joints was approximately equal to that whose discharges occurred with proximal movements. 4. Only 5% of cells tested sent their axons into the pyramidal tract, and only 15% of units investigated showed responses to passive manipulation of the limbs. The effective afferent input usually was of a rather complex kind. 5. The findings suggest that the discharges of a large number of neurones in SMA are changing during particular movements of either arm, and that only a small number of cells receive afferent sensory input. These results contrast with those obtained in the primary motor area and suggest a different role for SMA the control of movement.", "PMID": 102778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5434", "title": "Does the supplementary motor area play a part in modifying motor cortex reflexes?", "content": "Neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area was recorded from a monkey performing a trained motor task that required readiness for proper usage of sensory inputs. Thirty-two neurons exhibited activity changes, which supports the hypothesis that the SMA is part of the system involved in modulating responsiveness of the motor cortex to sensory inputs in association with learned movements.", "contents": "Does the supplementary motor area play a part in modifying motor cortex reflexes? Neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area was recorded from a monkey performing a trained motor task that required readiness for proper usage of sensory inputs. Thirty-two neurons exhibited activity changes, which supports the hypothesis that the SMA is part of the system involved in modulating responsiveness of the motor cortex to sensory inputs in association with learned movements.", "PMID": 102779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5435", "title": "Precentral neuron activity associated with ipsilateral forelimb movements in monkeys.", "content": "Unit activity was recorded in motor cortex on one side, while monkeys were moving left or right fingers, wrists, or arms. On hundred and eighty five movement-related neurons were obtained from two monkeys. Of these, 122 were related to contralateral movements, 50 were to movements of both sides, and the remaining 13 to ipsilateral movements. It was found that ipsilateral-movement-related neurons tended to appear in groups of neurons that were related more to arm movements than to finger and/or wrist movements.", "contents": "Precentral neuron activity associated with ipsilateral forelimb movements in monkeys. Unit activity was recorded in motor cortex on one side, while monkeys were moving left or right fingers, wrists, or arms. On hundred and eighty five movement-related neurons were obtained from two monkeys. Of these, 122 were related to contralateral movements, 50 were to movements of both sides, and the remaining 13 to ipsilateral movements. It was found that ipsilateral-movement-related neurons tended to appear in groups of neurons that were related more to arm movements than to finger and/or wrist movements.", "PMID": 102780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5436", "title": "Wenyonella baghdadensis sp. n. from the bandicoot rat Nesokia indica in the Baghdad area.", "content": "Oocysts of Wenyonella baghdadensis sp. n. were found in the feces of 2 of 12 bandicoot rats Nesokia indica Gray & Harwicke from the Baghdad area. Sporulated oocysts were subspherical to broadly ellipsoidal, 25.4 (18-22) x 20.8 (15-28) micrometer, with a 2-layered wall, the outer wall being mammillated, without micropyle, micropylar cap, residuum, or polar granule. Sporozoites were ovoid, 11.8 (9-15) x 8.4 (6-10) micrometer, with Stieda body and residuum. Two sporozoites in each sporocyst were elongate, with granular cytoplasm and  a refractile globule, the other 2 were bean-shaped, without granules or refractile globule. Sporulation time equalled 3 days at 22-24 C. Entamoeba coli and Giardia sp. cysts were also found in 3 rats each.", "contents": "Wenyonella baghdadensis sp. n. from the bandicoot rat Nesokia indica in the Baghdad area. Oocysts of Wenyonella baghdadensis sp. n. were found in the feces of 2 of 12 bandicoot rats Nesokia indica Gray & Harwicke from the Baghdad area. Sporulated oocysts were subspherical to broadly ellipsoidal, 25.4 (18-22) x 20.8 (15-28) micrometer, with a 2-layered wall, the outer wall being mammillated, without micropyle, micropylar cap, residuum, or polar granule. Sporozoites were ovoid, 11.8 (9-15) x 8.4 (6-10) micrometer, with Stieda body and residuum. Two sporozoites in each sporocyst were elongate, with granular cytoplasm and  a refractile globule, the other 2 were bean-shaped, without granules or refractile globule. Sporulation time equalled 3 days at 22-24 C. Entamoeba coli and Giardia sp. cysts were also found in 3 rats each.", "PMID": 102783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5437", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on renal schizogony of Leucocytozoon dubreuili in the American robin.", "content": "The schizogonic development of Leucocytozoon dubreuili in the kidney proximal tubule cells of the American robin, Turdus migratorius,  was studied by electron microscopy. Renal schizogony is initiated by the entry of certain hepatic merozoites into cells of the proximal tubules. Development  of the schizont consists of coordinated sequence of events including extensive mitotic nuclear division, multiplication of mitochondria, increase in endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes, differentiation of membranes, microtubules, micronemes and rhoptries, and cytoplasmic segmentation (cytomere formation). Merozoites form by budding around numerous centers in the schizont and, when mature, are bounded by a single plasma membrane subtended by microtubules. Each merozoite contains a large nucleus, a mitochondrion, and well developed apical complex consisting of 3 polar rings, paired rhoptries, and numerous micronemes. An atypical nuclear division observed in some maturing schizonts was characterized by the multiple fission of a nucleus within a persistent outer nuclear membrane and the absence of mitotic spindle apparatus. Alterations in infected renal cells consisted of disorganization and loss of cytoplasmic organelles and the accumulation of lipofuscin-like inclusions.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on renal schizogony of Leucocytozoon dubreuili in the American robin. The schizogonic development of Leucocytozoon dubreuili in the kidney proximal tubule cells of the American robin, Turdus migratorius,  was studied by electron microscopy. Renal schizogony is initiated by the entry of certain hepatic merozoites into cells of the proximal tubules. Development  of the schizont consists of coordinated sequence of events including extensive mitotic nuclear division, multiplication of mitochondria, increase in endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes, differentiation of membranes, microtubules, micronemes and rhoptries, and cytoplasmic segmentation (cytomere formation). Merozoites form by budding around numerous centers in the schizont and, when mature, are bounded by a single plasma membrane subtended by microtubules. Each merozoite contains a large nucleus, a mitochondrion, and well developed apical complex consisting of 3 polar rings, paired rhoptries, and numerous micronemes. An atypical nuclear division observed in some maturing schizonts was characterized by the multiple fission of a nucleus within a persistent outer nuclear membrane and the absence of mitotic spindle apparatus. Alterations in infected renal cells consisted of disorganization and loss of cytoplasmic organelles and the accumulation of lipofuscin-like inclusions.", "PMID": 102784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5438", "title": "Ultrastruct of red-sore lesions on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): associattion of the ciliate Epistylis sp. and the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila.", "content": "Epizootic outbreaks of red-sore disease in several reservoirs in the southeastern United States have been reported to cause heavy mortality among several species of fish having sport and commercial value. The etiologic agent is said to be the peritrich ciliate Epistylis sp.; secondary infection by the gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila produces hemorrhagic septicemia which results in death. However, in recent studies on the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, Epistylis sp. could be isolated from only 35% of 114 lesions from 114 fish, while A. hydrophila was found in  96% of the same lesions. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of lesions associated with red-sore disease indicate that neither the stalk nor the attachment structure of Epistylis sp. have organelles capable of producing lytic enzymes. Since other investigators have shown that A. hydrophila produces strong lytic toxins, and in absence of evidence to the contrary, it is concluded that Epistylis sp. is a benign ectocommensal and that A. hydrophila is the primary etiologic agent of red-sore disease.", "contents": "Ultrastruct of red-sore lesions on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): associattion of the ciliate Epistylis sp. and the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Epizootic outbreaks of red-sore disease in several reservoirs in the southeastern United States have been reported to cause heavy mortality among several species of fish having sport and commercial value. The etiologic agent is said to be the peritrich ciliate Epistylis sp.; secondary infection by the gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila produces hemorrhagic septicemia which results in death. However, in recent studies on the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, Epistylis sp. could be isolated from only 35% of 114 lesions from 114 fish, while A. hydrophila was found in  96% of the same lesions. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of lesions associated with red-sore disease indicate that neither the stalk nor the attachment structure of Epistylis sp. have organelles capable of producing lytic enzymes. Since other investigators have shown that A. hydrophila produces strong lytic toxins, and in absence of evidence to the contrary, it is concluded that Epistylis sp. is a benign ectocommensal and that A. hydrophila is the primary etiologic agent of red-sore disease.", "PMID": 102785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5439", "title": "Particle-based axenic media for tetrahymenids.", "content": "Autoclavable, natural particulate media simplify axenic cultivation of tetrahymenid ciliates and presumably favor selection for phagotrophy. Viability is at least 2 months at room temperature (24-26 C) for the lipid-sensitive tetrahymenids Tetrahymena setosa, T. corlissi, T. paravorax, T. limacis, and T. patula, also for T. rostrata and (at 12 C), for strains of the T. pyriformis complex and Glaucoma chattoni. A typical medium consists of crude soy \"lecithin\" + skim milk powder + Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Other useful particules readily available commercially are: whole liver powder, cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Escherichia coli, and powdered residue of liver which had been extracted with 70% ethanol (\"liver No. 2). Preliminary experiments indicate that some of these media are suitable for the maintenance of Paramecium octaurelia stock 299S and Colpidium campylum. Such mixtures may serve as points of departure for devising media for more fastidious phagotrophs.", "contents": "Particle-based axenic media for tetrahymenids. Autoclavable, natural particulate media simplify axenic cultivation of tetrahymenid ciliates and presumably favor selection for phagotrophy. Viability is at least 2 months at room temperature (24-26 C) for the lipid-sensitive tetrahymenids Tetrahymena setosa, T. corlissi, T. paravorax, T. limacis, and T. patula, also for T. rostrata and (at 12 C), for strains of the T. pyriformis complex and Glaucoma chattoni. A typical medium consists of crude soy \"lecithin\" + skim milk powder + Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Other useful particules readily available commercially are: whole liver powder, cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Escherichia coli, and powdered residue of liver which had been extracted with 70% ethanol (\"liver No. 2). Preliminary experiments indicate that some of these media are suitable for the maintenance of Paramecium octaurelia stock 299S and Colpidium campylum. Such mixtures may serve as points of departure for devising media for more fastidious phagotrophs.", "PMID": 102786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5440", "title": "The effect of glucose on the biochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of developing Euglena chloroplasts.", "content": "Chloroplast development is inhibited in Euglena gracilis strain Z, when greened in a medium containing glucose. This inhibition is reflected not only in the pattern of chlorophyll accumulation but also in the chloroplast ultrastructure and activities of the 2 light reactions of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts of cells greening in the presence of glucose are delayed in developing certain structures. Photosystem I activity develops at about the same rate as that of the controls during the first 48 h of greening, after which it develops at a slower rate. The rate of development of photosystem II activity in cells greening in a glucose medium lags considerably behing that of the controls until the later hours of greening. There are similarities between glucose inhibition and chloramphenicol inhibition of chloroplast development. Glucose may inhibit a step in chloroplast development ultimately controlled by the chloroplast genome.", "contents": "The effect of glucose on the biochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of developing Euglena chloroplasts. Chloroplast development is inhibited in Euglena gracilis strain Z, when greened in a medium containing glucose. This inhibition is reflected not only in the pattern of chlorophyll accumulation but also in the chloroplast ultrastructure and activities of the 2 light reactions of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts of cells greening in the presence of glucose are delayed in developing certain structures. Photosystem I activity develops at about the same rate as that of the controls during the first 48 h of greening, after which it develops at a slower rate. The rate of development of photosystem II activity in cells greening in a glucose medium lags considerably behing that of the controls until the later hours of greening. There are similarities between glucose inhibition and chloramphenicol inhibition of chloroplast development. Glucose may inhibit a step in chloroplast development ultimately controlled by the chloroplast genome.", "PMID": 102787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5441", "title": "A stimulatory effect of the fluid from preimplantation rabbit blastocysts upon luteinization of monkey granulosa cell cultures.", "content": "Blastocyst fluid was aspirated from Day 6 1/2--7 rabbit blastocysts and was added to cultures of granulosa cells obtained from preovulatory follicles of untreated rhesus monkeys or from follicles of monkeys or from follicles of monkeys treated with PMSG. The stimulation of progesterone secretion was measured and equated with that produced by hCG. The hCG-like activity was also measured in a radioreceptor assay using 125I-labelled hCG and porcine granulosa cells. In 8 out of 10 experiments with cultured cells from untreated monkeys, addition of 20% blastocyst fluid from Days 6--9 of culture stimulated progesterone secretion by 2- to 6-fold. Similar findings were obtained in 5 experiments with cultures from PMSG-treated monkeys except that the blastocyst fluid was added from Days 0 to 6 of culture. The granulosa cells in such cultures underwent morphological luteinization. Compared to a standard of purified hCG the blastocyst fluid contained about 0.76--2.5 ng hCG-like activity/ml which was non-dialysable. The radioreceptor assay indicated the presence of 0.5--2.5 ng hCG-like material/ml.", "contents": "A stimulatory effect of the fluid from preimplantation rabbit blastocysts upon luteinization of monkey granulosa cell cultures. Blastocyst fluid was aspirated from Day 6 1/2--7 rabbit blastocysts and was added to cultures of granulosa cells obtained from preovulatory follicles of untreated rhesus monkeys or from follicles of monkeys or from follicles of monkeys treated with PMSG. The stimulation of progesterone secretion was measured and equated with that produced by hCG. The hCG-like activity was also measured in a radioreceptor assay using 125I-labelled hCG and porcine granulosa cells. In 8 out of 10 experiments with cultured cells from untreated monkeys, addition of 20% blastocyst fluid from Days 6--9 of culture stimulated progesterone secretion by 2- to 6-fold. Similar findings were obtained in 5 experiments with cultures from PMSG-treated monkeys except that the blastocyst fluid was added from Days 0 to 6 of culture. The granulosa cells in such cultures underwent morphological luteinization. Compared to a standard of purified hCG the blastocyst fluid contained about 0.76--2.5 ng hCG-like activity/ml which was non-dialysable. The radioreceptor assay indicated the presence of 0.5--2.5 ng hCG-like material/ml.", "PMID": 102788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5442", "title": "The oestrous cycle of the brown lemur, Lemur fulvus.", "content": "Examination of vaginal smears and observations of the colour and tumescence of the genitalia and discharge of mucus of 9 brown lemurs indicated that the oestrous cycle lasted for 30 days and that cycles occurred between September and July. The timing of cycles of females housed in visual isolation differed from that of females able to see other lemurs, indicating that the oestrous cycle in this species can be influenced by different housing conditions.", "contents": "The oestrous cycle of the brown lemur, Lemur fulvus. Examination of vaginal smears and observations of the colour and tumescence of the genitalia and discharge of mucus of 9 brown lemurs indicated that the oestrous cycle lasted for 30 days and that cycles occurred between September and July. The timing of cycles of females housed in visual isolation differed from that of females able to see other lemurs, indicating that the oestrous cycle in this species can be influenced by different housing conditions.", "PMID": 102789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5443", "title": "Administration of extra-amniotic arachidonic acid and the suppression of uterine prostaglandin synthesis during pregnancy in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "After extra-amniotic treatment of pregnant rhesus monkeys premature parturition was induced in 4 given 2.5 mg PGE-2; none of the 4 monkeys given 100 mg arachidonic acid were affected. The concentrations of PGE, PGF, or 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-PGF did not change after arachidonic acid treatment, but all increased after PGE-2. It is suggested that the availability of substrate, arachidonic acid, is not a major factor governing the control of PG synthesis but that the latter is suppressed during pregnancy.", "contents": "Administration of extra-amniotic arachidonic acid and the suppression of uterine prostaglandin synthesis during pregnancy in the rhesus monkey. After extra-amniotic treatment of pregnant rhesus monkeys premature parturition was induced in 4 given 2.5 mg PGE-2; none of the 4 monkeys given 100 mg arachidonic acid were affected. The concentrations of PGE, PGF, or 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-PGF did not change after arachidonic acid treatment, but all increased after PGE-2. It is suggested that the availability of substrate, arachidonic acid, is not a major factor governing the control of PG synthesis but that the latter is suppressed during pregnancy.", "PMID": 102790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5444", "title": "A structure-carcinogenicity study of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxides using the SIMCA method of pattern recognition.", "content": "Structure-carcinogenicity data for a series of 4-nitro- and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxides were analyzed using the SIMCA method of pattern recognition. Using physicochemically based substituent constants to describe each compound, a principal components model was derived for the carcinogens. This model was 82% successful in predicting the carcinogenic potential of the compounds. For the 6-substituted compounds, a significant relationship between those structural parameters associated with carcinogenic potential and ability to stimulate unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed. In addition, other problems unique to the classification of carcinogens were discussed.", "contents": "A structure-carcinogenicity study of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxides using the SIMCA method of pattern recognition. Structure-carcinogenicity data for a series of 4-nitro- and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxides were analyzed using the SIMCA method of pattern recognition. Using physicochemically based substituent constants to describe each compound, a principal components model was derived for the carcinogens. This model was 82% successful in predicting the carcinogenic potential of the compounds. For the 6-substituted compounds, a significant relationship between those structural parameters associated with carcinogenic potential and ability to stimulate unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed. In addition, other problems unique to the classification of carcinogens were discussed.", "PMID": 102791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5445", "title": "Folate antagonists. 13. 2,4-Diamino-6-](alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)thio]quinazoline and related 2,4-diamino-6-[(phenyl- and naphthyl)thio]quinazolines, a unique class of antimetabolites with extraordinary antimalarial and antibacterial effects.", "content": "An array of nonclassical thioquinazoline analogues (VIII) of methotrexate was prepared by cyclization of the requisite 2-amino-5-(arylthio)benzonitrile with chloroformamidine hydrochloride (28--79%). The aminonitrile precursors were obtained by SnCl2-HCl reduction (28--99%) of the corresponding 2-nitro-5-(arylthio)benzonitriles, which were synthesized by the condensation of the appropriate 5-chloro-2-nitrobenzonitriles with various arylthiols (36--83%). Many of the thioquinazolines (VIII) showed suppressive antimalarial activity comparable with or superior to chloroquine, cycloguanil, and pyrimethamine against drug-sensitive lines of Plasmodium berghei in mice and Plasmodium gallinaceum in chicks, and several displayed potent prophylactic activity with P. gallinaceum. Moreover, the thioquinazolines retained potent antimalarial effects against chloroquine-, cycloguanil-, pyrimethamine- and DDS-resistant lines of P. berghei in mice and against chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in owl monkeys. The most active compound, namely, 2,4-diamino-6-[alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)thio]quinazoline, was designated for preclinical toxicological studies. Numerous substances exhibited in vitro activity against a broad spectrum of pathogenic bacteria at concentrations of less than 0.25 microgram/mL. The thioquinazolines also prove to be potent folate antagonists, causing 50% inhibition of Streptococcus faecalis R (ATCC 8043) at drug concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 ng/mL. Structure--activity relationships are discussed.", "contents": "Folate antagonists. 13. 2,4-Diamino-6-](alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)thio]quinazoline and related 2,4-diamino-6-[(phenyl- and naphthyl)thio]quinazolines, a unique class of antimetabolites with extraordinary antimalarial and antibacterial effects. An array of nonclassical thioquinazoline analogues (VIII) of methotrexate was prepared by cyclization of the requisite 2-amino-5-(arylthio)benzonitrile with chloroformamidine hydrochloride (28--79%). The aminonitrile precursors were obtained by SnCl2-HCl reduction (28--99%) of the corresponding 2-nitro-5-(arylthio)benzonitriles, which were synthesized by the condensation of the appropriate 5-chloro-2-nitrobenzonitriles with various arylthiols (36--83%). Many of the thioquinazolines (VIII) showed suppressive antimalarial activity comparable with or superior to chloroquine, cycloguanil, and pyrimethamine against drug-sensitive lines of Plasmodium berghei in mice and Plasmodium gallinaceum in chicks, and several displayed potent prophylactic activity with P. gallinaceum. Moreover, the thioquinazolines retained potent antimalarial effects against chloroquine-, cycloguanil-, pyrimethamine- and DDS-resistant lines of P. berghei in mice and against chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in owl monkeys. The most active compound, namely, 2,4-diamino-6-[alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)thio]quinazoline, was designated for preclinical toxicological studies. Numerous substances exhibited in vitro activity against a broad spectrum of pathogenic bacteria at concentrations of less than 0.25 microgram/mL. The thioquinazolines also prove to be potent folate antagonists, causing 50% inhibition of Streptococcus faecalis R (ATCC 8043) at drug concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 ng/mL. Structure--activity relationships are discussed.", "PMID": 102792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5446", "title": "Synthesis and carcinogenic activity of 5-fluoro-7-(oxygenated methyl)-12-methylvenz[a]anthracenes.", "content": "Treatment of 7,12-benz[a]anthraquinone (2) with methylmagnesium iodide or methyllithium yields mixtures of cis- and trans-7,12-dihydro-7,12-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracenes (3a,b), in which the ratio of cis to trans lies in the 3--4:1 region. Each isomer afforded high yields of 7-chloromethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (5) on treatment with hydrogen chloride in ethyl acetate. Similarly, 5-fluoro-7,12-benz[a]anthraquinone (8) afforded a mixture of cis- and trans-5-fluoro-7,12-dihydro-7,12-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracenes (9) which yielded 7-chloromethyl-5-fluoro-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (10) on treatment with HCl. The chloromethyl compounds, 5 and 10, yielded 7-acetoxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (6) and 7-acetoxymethyl-5-fluoro-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (11) on treatment with acetate ion. Hydrolysis of 6 and 11 yielded 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7) and 5-fluoro-7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (12), respectively. Since neither 11 nor 12 is appreciably carcinogenic, the carcinogenic metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) probably does not involve attack at the 7-methyl group.", "contents": "Synthesis and carcinogenic activity of 5-fluoro-7-(oxygenated methyl)-12-methylvenz[a]anthracenes. Treatment of 7,12-benz[a]anthraquinone (2) with methylmagnesium iodide or methyllithium yields mixtures of cis- and trans-7,12-dihydro-7,12-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracenes (3a,b), in which the ratio of cis to trans lies in the 3--4:1 region. Each isomer afforded high yields of 7-chloromethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (5) on treatment with hydrogen chloride in ethyl acetate. Similarly, 5-fluoro-7,12-benz[a]anthraquinone (8) afforded a mixture of cis- and trans-5-fluoro-7,12-dihydro-7,12-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracenes (9) which yielded 7-chloromethyl-5-fluoro-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (10) on treatment with HCl. The chloromethyl compounds, 5 and 10, yielded 7-acetoxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (6) and 7-acetoxymethyl-5-fluoro-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (11) on treatment with acetate ion. Hydrolysis of 6 and 11 yielded 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7) and 5-fluoro-7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (12), respectively. Since neither 11 nor 12 is appreciably carcinogenic, the carcinogenic metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) probably does not involve attack at the 7-methyl group.", "PMID": 102793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5447", "title": "2-(Substituted phenyl)oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridines and 2-(substituted phenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridines as nonacidic antiinflammatory agents.", "content": "Some 2-(substituted phenyl)oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridines and 2-(substituted phenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridines have good antiinflammatory and analgesic activity. A few possess activity comparable to phenylbutazone or indomethacin without producing the irritation in the gastrointestinal tract that acidic antiinflammatory compounds cause.", "contents": "2-(Substituted phenyl)oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridines and 2-(substituted phenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridines as nonacidic antiinflammatory agents. Some 2-(substituted phenyl)oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridines and 2-(substituted phenyl)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridines have good antiinflammatory and analgesic activity. A few possess activity comparable to phenylbutazone or indomethacin without producing the irritation in the gastrointestinal tract that acidic antiinflammatory compounds cause.", "PMID": 102794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5448", "title": "Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of 5-thio-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid derivatives.", "content": "Synthesis of various substituted 5-thio-2-pyridinecarboxylic acids and their derivatives is described by three methods, i.e., displacement of nitrite from methyl 5-nitro-2-pyridinecarboxylate (10) by a thiol anion, alkylation of methyl 5-thio-2-pyridinecarboxylate derived from reaction of the diazotized methyl-5-amino-2-pyridinecarboxylate (5) with thiocyanate followed by borohydride reduction of the product, and alkylation of 5-thio-2-pyridinecarbonitrile followed by hydrolysis. 5-Thio-2-pyridinecarbonitrile was obtained from butyl 6-methyl-3-pyridyl sulfoxide (2) by nitrosation and dehydration of the oxime. Many of these 5-thio-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid derivatives were orally active antihypertensive agents in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Optimization of the structural parameters for this activity yiedled 5-[m-trifluorobenzyl) thio]-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (41) and its sulfoxide, 42. Further biological studies with these compounds are described.", "contents": "Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of 5-thio-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid derivatives. Synthesis of various substituted 5-thio-2-pyridinecarboxylic acids and their derivatives is described by three methods, i.e., displacement of nitrite from methyl 5-nitro-2-pyridinecarboxylate (10) by a thiol anion, alkylation of methyl 5-thio-2-pyridinecarboxylate derived from reaction of the diazotized methyl-5-amino-2-pyridinecarboxylate (5) with thiocyanate followed by borohydride reduction of the product, and alkylation of 5-thio-2-pyridinecarbonitrile followed by hydrolysis. 5-Thio-2-pyridinecarbonitrile was obtained from butyl 6-methyl-3-pyridyl sulfoxide (2) by nitrosation and dehydration of the oxime. Many of these 5-thio-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid derivatives were orally active antihypertensive agents in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Optimization of the structural parameters for this activity yiedled 5-[m-trifluorobenzyl) thio]-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (41) and its sulfoxide, 42. Further biological studies with these compounds are described.", "PMID": 102795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5449", "title": "N,N'-(Phenylene)dioxamic acids and their esters as antiallergy agents.", "content": "A series of dialkyl N,N'-(m-phenylene)dioxamates was synthesized by treatment of the requisite m-phenylenediamines with an alkyloxalyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine. Hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide solution gave the corresponding N,N'-(m-phenylene)dioxamic acids. Several N,N'-(p-phenylene)dioxamic acids were synthesized also in the same manner starting with the requisite p-phenylenediamines. These compounds were tested in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay. When tested iv, activity was found in the N,N'-(m-phenylene) dioxamic acids up to 2500 times that shown by disodium cromoglycate [50% inhibition at 0.001 mg/kg for N,N'-(2-chloro-5-cyano-m-phenylene)dioxamic acid (compound 61)]. Oral activity was seen in this series of compounds with duration of activity up to 120 min. Oral activity was detected in diethyl N,N'-(2-chloro-5-cyano-m-phenylene)dioxamate (compound 38) at levels of drug as low as 0.1 mg/kg.", "contents": "N,N'-(Phenylene)dioxamic acids and their esters as antiallergy agents. A series of dialkyl N,N'-(m-phenylene)dioxamates was synthesized by treatment of the requisite m-phenylenediamines with an alkyloxalyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine. Hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide solution gave the corresponding N,N'-(m-phenylene)dioxamic acids. Several N,N'-(p-phenylene)dioxamic acids were synthesized also in the same manner starting with the requisite p-phenylenediamines. These compounds were tested in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay. When tested iv, activity was found in the N,N'-(m-phenylene) dioxamic acids up to 2500 times that shown by disodium cromoglycate [50% inhibition at 0.001 mg/kg for N,N'-(2-chloro-5-cyano-m-phenylene)dioxamic acid (compound 61)]. Oral activity was seen in this series of compounds with duration of activity up to 120 min. Oral activity was detected in diethyl N,N'-(2-chloro-5-cyano-m-phenylene)dioxamate (compound 38) at levels of drug as low as 0.1 mg/kg.", "PMID": 102796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5450", "title": "Antiallergic activity of tetracyclic derivatives of quinoline-2-carboxylic acid. 2. Some benzothienoquinolinecarboxylic acids.", "content": "Some benzothienoquinolinecarboxylic acids were synthesized and tested in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay as potential antiallergic agents. Many of the compounds showed activity comparable to that shown by disodium cromoglycate (DSFG); two of them, 1,4-dihydro-4,6,6-trioxo-5-chloro[1]benzothieno[2,3-g]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid and 1,4-dihydro-1,7-dioxo[1]benzothieno[3,2-f]quinoline-3-carboxylic acid, showed potency approximately eightfold greater than that of DSCG in the PCA assay.", "contents": "Antiallergic activity of tetracyclic derivatives of quinoline-2-carboxylic acid. 2. Some benzothienoquinolinecarboxylic acids. Some benzothienoquinolinecarboxylic acids were synthesized and tested in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay as potential antiallergic agents. Many of the compounds showed activity comparable to that shown by disodium cromoglycate (DSFG); two of them, 1,4-dihydro-4,6,6-trioxo-5-chloro[1]benzothieno[2,3-g]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid and 1,4-dihydro-1,7-dioxo[1]benzothieno[3,2-f]quinoline-3-carboxylic acid, showed potency approximately eightfold greater than that of DSCG in the PCA assay.", "PMID": 102797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5451", "title": "Synthesis of 2-substituted primaquine analogues as potential antimalarials.", "content": "A series of 2-substituted primaquine analogues has been synthesized and evaluated against Plasmodium berghei in the mouse and Leishmania donovani in the hamster. Three members (3a,d,e) of the series were evaluated against Plasmodium cynomolgi in the rhesus monkey. One analogue (3d) was evaluated against Trypanosoma rhodesiense in the mouse, and two (3b,e) were evaluated against Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse. Several analogues possessed significant activity against P. berghei (3e,f) and L. donovani (3a,e).", "contents": "Synthesis of 2-substituted primaquine analogues as potential antimalarials. A series of 2-substituted primaquine analogues has been synthesized and evaluated against Plasmodium berghei in the mouse and Leishmania donovani in the hamster. Three members (3a,d,e) of the series were evaluated against Plasmodium cynomolgi in the rhesus monkey. One analogue (3d) was evaluated against Trypanosoma rhodesiense in the mouse, and two (3b,e) were evaluated against Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse. Several analogues possessed significant activity against P. berghei (3e,f) and L. donovani (3a,e).", "PMID": 102798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5452", "title": "Quantitative studies on competitive activities of skin bacteria growing on solid media.", "content": "Earlier quantitative investigations of antagonism between skin bacteria were based on the use of liquid cultures, but a more realistic model has now been devised, based on the use of the surfaces of solid media. Pure or mixed inocula were spread evenly over suitable agar media in Petri dishes marked out with a standard grid. Growth curves were constructed from viable counts of the surface bacteria after they had been removed from excised squares of the agar media and dispersed. The method was highly reproducible, and competitive interactions were revealed more clearly than in studies with liquid media. An antibiotic-producing strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S6+) readily suppressed strains of Micrococcus, Corynebacterium and Streptococcus species. However, a Staphylococcus aureus strain which was less sensitive to the antibiotic effect of S6+ interacted in a complex manner, depending on the absolute and relative size of the S6+ inoculum.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on competitive activities of skin bacteria growing on solid media. Earlier quantitative investigations of antagonism between skin bacteria were based on the use of liquid cultures, but a more realistic model has now been devised, based on the use of the surfaces of solid media. Pure or mixed inocula were spread evenly over suitable agar media in Petri dishes marked out with a standard grid. Growth curves were constructed from viable counts of the surface bacteria after they had been removed from excised squares of the agar media and dispersed. The method was highly reproducible, and competitive interactions were revealed more clearly than in studies with liquid media. An antibiotic-producing strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S6+) readily suppressed strains of Micrococcus, Corynebacterium and Streptococcus species. However, a Staphylococcus aureus strain which was less sensitive to the antibiotic effect of S6+ interacted in a complex manner, depending on the absolute and relative size of the S6+ inoculum.", "PMID": 102799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5453", "title": "Isolation of small viruses resembling astroviruses and caliciviruses from acute enteritis of calves.", "content": "Small round viruses (SRV) were isolated from the faeces of diarrhoeic calves from three farms. All three SRV preparations caused diarrhoea experimentally in gnotobiotic calves. Each preparation contained viral particles of two morphological types, \"astrovirus-like\" and \"calicivirus-like\", and from one preparation the two particle types were separated from each other. The calicivirus-like agent (\"Newbury agent\") was 33 nm in diameter, and caused diarrhoea in gnotobiotic calves with villous atrophy and D-xylose malabsorption. This virus did not infect cell cultures. The astrovirus-like agent did not cause diarrhoea in two gnotobiotic calves; however, it infected cell cultures (primary calf kidney) and the infected cells immunofluoresced with convalescent gnotobiotic-calf antiserum. The astrovirus-like agents in the three preparations were antigenically related. Experiments in calves showed that there was a degree of cross-protection between the three SRV preparations, as judged by the presence or absence of diarrhoea, but that at least three unrelated pathogens were present.", "contents": "Isolation of small viruses resembling astroviruses and caliciviruses from acute enteritis of calves. Small round viruses (SRV) were isolated from the faeces of diarrhoeic calves from three farms. All three SRV preparations caused diarrhoea experimentally in gnotobiotic calves. Each preparation contained viral particles of two morphological types, \"astrovirus-like\" and \"calicivirus-like\", and from one preparation the two particle types were separated from each other. The calicivirus-like agent (\"Newbury agent\") was 33 nm in diameter, and caused diarrhoea in gnotobiotic calves with villous atrophy and D-xylose malabsorption. This virus did not infect cell cultures. The astrovirus-like agent did not cause diarrhoea in two gnotobiotic calves; however, it infected cell cultures (primary calf kidney) and the infected cells immunofluoresced with convalescent gnotobiotic-calf antiserum. The astrovirus-like agents in the three preparations were antigenically related. Experiments in calves showed that there was a degree of cross-protection between the three SRV preparations, as judged by the presence or absence of diarrhoea, but that at least three unrelated pathogens were present.", "PMID": 102800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5454", "title": "Studies of the specificity of ureaplasmas for marmosets.", "content": "Marmosets, from which endogenous ureaplasmas had been eradicated by treatment with minocycline, were tested for susceptibility to infection by ureaplasmas from the genital and respiratory tracts of other animal species. They could be infected with ureaplasmas of human and simian origin, but were resistant to bovine and canine ureaplasmas. The results indicated that human, marmoset and squirrel-monkey ureaplasmas may form a biological subgroup, distinct from bovine and canine ureaplasmas, and that host range should not be ignored as a parameter for classification.", "contents": "Studies of the specificity of ureaplasmas for marmosets. Marmosets, from which endogenous ureaplasmas had been eradicated by treatment with minocycline, were tested for susceptibility to infection by ureaplasmas from the genital and respiratory tracts of other animal species. They could be infected with ureaplasmas of human and simian origin, but were resistant to bovine and canine ureaplasmas. The results indicated that human, marmoset and squirrel-monkey ureaplasmas may form a biological subgroup, distinct from bovine and canine ureaplasmas, and that host range should not be ignored as a parameter for classification.", "PMID": 102801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5455", "title": "Anomalous blood typing from impersonation.", "content": "Biological factitious, and technical reasons have previously been reported for real or apparent changes in blood type. In two cases, an apparent change in blood type resulted from a previous impersonation of the patient by a different person.", "contents": "Anomalous blood typing from impersonation. Biological factitious, and technical reasons have previously been reported for real or apparent changes in blood type. In two cases, an apparent change in blood type resulted from a previous impersonation of the patient by a different person.", "PMID": 102804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5456", "title": "Tuberculous meningitis.", "content": "To evaluate modern treatment and identify important factors influencing the outcome of tuberculous meningitis, clinical and laboratory findings in 52 patients aged from 9 months to 68 years have been reviewed. Patients were classified by clinical criterions at admission and at the start of treatment. Delay in commencing treatment was associated with deterioration and consequently poorer prognosis, but some severely ill patients made a good recovery. Forty-four survivors (85%) recovered, and only two patients (4%) had severe residual disability; eight (15%) of the patients died. Treatment should commence as soon as possible on clinical grounds without necessarily waiting for demonstration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as the organism can often be demonstrated in CSF withdrawn after the start of drug therapy.", "contents": "Tuberculous meningitis. To evaluate modern treatment and identify important factors influencing the outcome of tuberculous meningitis, clinical and laboratory findings in 52 patients aged from 9 months to 68 years have been reviewed. Patients were classified by clinical criterions at admission and at the start of treatment. Delay in commencing treatment was associated with deterioration and consequently poorer prognosis, but some severely ill patients made a good recovery. Forty-four survivors (85%) recovered, and only two patients (4%) had severe residual disability; eight (15%) of the patients died. Treatment should commence as soon as possible on clinical grounds without necessarily waiting for demonstration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as the organism can often be demonstrated in CSF withdrawn after the start of drug therapy.", "PMID": 102806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5457", "title": "Pott's disease in heroin addicts.", "content": "Five cases of tuberculous vertebral osteomyelitis occurred in heroin addicts at St Luke's Hospital Center between 1955 and 1975. All patients were men, and four were between 19 and 33 years of age. In contrast with the indolent onset typical to pyogenic or fungal vertebral osteomyelitis in heroin addicts, patients with Pott's disease had an acute toxic reaction, with fever, back pain, weight loss, and night sweats. Neurologic abnormalities, uncommon with pyogenic or fungal vertebral infection, occurred in all patients with tuberculous involvement of the spine. Roentgenograms of the spine were atypical in four patients, including two with an \"ivory vertebra.\" All patients had involvement of extravertebral sites, and one patient had infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M avium.", "contents": "Pott's disease in heroin addicts. Five cases of tuberculous vertebral osteomyelitis occurred in heroin addicts at St Luke's Hospital Center between 1955 and 1975. All patients were men, and four were between 19 and 33 years of age. In contrast with the indolent onset typical to pyogenic or fungal vertebral osteomyelitis in heroin addicts, patients with Pott's disease had an acute toxic reaction, with fever, back pain, weight loss, and night sweats. Neurologic abnormalities, uncommon with pyogenic or fungal vertebral infection, occurred in all patients with tuberculous involvement of the spine. Roentgenograms of the spine were atypical in four patients, including two with an \"ivory vertebra.\" All patients had involvement of extravertebral sites, and one patient had infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M avium.", "PMID": 102808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5458", "title": "The mode of action of contractile effects induced by external calcium and its related bivalent cations in the KCl-depolarized rat uterus.", "content": "The cumulative log dose-response curve (DRC) isometrically produced by CaCl2 on depolarized uteri of rats in Ca2+-free KCl Ringer's solution (pH 7.8) showed a plateau-shaped type, when responses were plotted as a percent of the maximal tension of 50 micrometer acetylcholine, whereas those produced by BaCl2 or SrCl2 were a simple sigmoid type with the maximal response near the height of the plateau induced by Ca2+. The plateau phase of Ca2+ was inhibited competitively by Mg2+ (0.5--50 mM) and non-competitively by Mn2+ (30 micrometer--1 mM), whereas the maximal contraction of Ca2+ was not inhibited by either ion. Dantrolene (0.1 mM) inhibited both the plateau and the maximal contraction of Ca 2+ and retained the plateau-shaped type. EGTA (2mM) potentiated the plateau to the maximal response level and changed the DRC induced by Ca2+ to the simple sigmoid type. From these results, the plateau of DRC induced by Ca2+ seems to be mainly due to actions of external Ca2+ on the calcium binding of internal surface of cell membrane, suggesting that the internal surface is the site of the bivalent cations tested.", "contents": "The mode of action of contractile effects induced by external calcium and its related bivalent cations in the KCl-depolarized rat uterus. The cumulative log dose-response curve (DRC) isometrically produced by CaCl2 on depolarized uteri of rats in Ca2+-free KCl Ringer's solution (pH 7.8) showed a plateau-shaped type, when responses were plotted as a percent of the maximal tension of 50 micrometer acetylcholine, whereas those produced by BaCl2 or SrCl2 were a simple sigmoid type with the maximal response near the height of the plateau induced by Ca2+. The plateau phase of Ca2+ was inhibited competitively by Mg2+ (0.5--50 mM) and non-competitively by Mn2+ (30 micrometer--1 mM), whereas the maximal contraction of Ca2+ was not inhibited by either ion. Dantrolene (0.1 mM) inhibited both the plateau and the maximal contraction of Ca 2+ and retained the plateau-shaped type. EGTA (2mM) potentiated the plateau to the maximal response level and changed the DRC induced by Ca2+ to the simple sigmoid type. From these results, the plateau of DRC induced by Ca2+ seems to be mainly due to actions of external Ca2+ on the calcium binding of internal surface of cell membrane, suggesting that the internal surface is the site of the bivalent cations tested.", "PMID": 102850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5459", "title": "Developmental stage of the rat mammary gland as determinant of its susceptibility to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.", "content": "Postnatal development of the mammary gland was studied in 80 noninbred Sprague-Dawley virgin rats ranging in age from 2 to 112 days, and the changes induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) were studied in 60 noninbred Sprague-Dawley virgin rats that, at the age of 55 days, were inoculated intragastrically with 10 mg DMBA/100 g body weight. To correlate the sequential structural changes in the two groups, animals of both groups were killed weekly and their mammary glands removed and processed for wholemount. Terminal endbuds (TEB), terminal ducts (TD), alveolar buds (AB), and lobules per square millimeter were counted in wholemount preparations under a stereomicroscope. During postnatal development, the mammary gland tree grew by sprouting numerous ducts ending in club-shaped TEB. The density of TEB reached a peak when the rats were 21 days old (25 +/- 2 TEB/mm2), decreased sharply until the animals were 63 days old, and then decreased slowly until they were 84 days of age. The number of TEB decreased because of their differentiation mainly into AB or their evolution to TD. AB later differentiated into lobules. AB increased in number steadily to a plateau when the animals were 70--84 days old. After DMBA was administered to the rats at 55 days of age, the number of TEB remained higher than that in the control animals and the TEB became larger and had higher mitotic activities. Such TEB were called intraductal proliferations (IDP); they evolved to adenocarcinomas. DMBA increased the number of TD and decreased the number of AB and lobules in relation to the control animals. These findings led to the conclusion that DMBA administration to 55-day-old rats alters the differentiation of TEB leads to AB leads to lobules, inducing instead the sequence TEB leads to IDP leads to adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Developmental stage of the rat mammary gland as determinant of its susceptibility to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Postnatal development of the mammary gland was studied in 80 noninbred Sprague-Dawley virgin rats ranging in age from 2 to 112 days, and the changes induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) were studied in 60 noninbred Sprague-Dawley virgin rats that, at the age of 55 days, were inoculated intragastrically with 10 mg DMBA/100 g body weight. To correlate the sequential structural changes in the two groups, animals of both groups were killed weekly and their mammary glands removed and processed for wholemount. Terminal endbuds (TEB), terminal ducts (TD), alveolar buds (AB), and lobules per square millimeter were counted in wholemount preparations under a stereomicroscope. During postnatal development, the mammary gland tree grew by sprouting numerous ducts ending in club-shaped TEB. The density of TEB reached a peak when the rats were 21 days old (25 +/- 2 TEB/mm2), decreased sharply until the animals were 63 days old, and then decreased slowly until they were 84 days of age. The number of TEB decreased because of their differentiation mainly into AB or their evolution to TD. AB later differentiated into lobules. AB increased in number steadily to a plateau when the animals were 70--84 days old. After DMBA was administered to the rats at 55 days of age, the number of TEB remained higher than that in the control animals and the TEB became larger and had higher mitotic activities. Such TEB were called intraductal proliferations (IDP); they evolved to adenocarcinomas. DMBA increased the number of TD and decreased the number of AB and lobules in relation to the control animals. These findings led to the conclusion that DMBA administration to 55-day-old rats alters the differentiation of TEB leads to AB leads to lobules, inducing instead the sequence TEB leads to IDP leads to adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 102856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5460", "title": "Resistance to tumor graft in mice treated with inactivated Brucella abortus cultured in smooth or rough phase.", "content": "Because killed Brucella abortus organisms cultured in smooth (S) or rough (R) phase were known to differentially influence humoral and cellular immune responses and to differ in their effects on T-dependent responses, the antitumor properties of killed B. abortus organisms, cultured in S- or R-phase and then inactivated, were compared in (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 female mice with the use of 6 different transplantable tumors. In solid tumors, the antitumor effects produced by S-preparations were never improved by R-preparations. However, in ascites tumors, R-preparations gave the best antitumor results. These findings suggested that the defense mechanisms acrivated by immunostimulants may differ according to the site of tumor implantation. Among the other experimental factors studied, the route of B. abortus administration had a prominent role. Local injection at the site of tumor implantation before or after the graft gave better results than did systemic treatment. Systemic treatment could enhance the growth of Lewis tumor when applied 5 or 10 days before tumor graft but generally had an antitumor effect when given 1 day after the graft.", "contents": "Resistance to tumor graft in mice treated with inactivated Brucella abortus cultured in smooth or rough phase. Because killed Brucella abortus organisms cultured in smooth (S) or rough (R) phase were known to differentially influence humoral and cellular immune responses and to differ in their effects on T-dependent responses, the antitumor properties of killed B. abortus organisms, cultured in S- or R-phase and then inactivated, were compared in (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 female mice with the use of 6 different transplantable tumors. In solid tumors, the antitumor effects produced by S-preparations were never improved by R-preparations. However, in ascites tumors, R-preparations gave the best antitumor results. These findings suggested that the defense mechanisms acrivated by immunostimulants may differ according to the site of tumor implantation. Among the other experimental factors studied, the route of B. abortus administration had a prominent role. Local injection at the site of tumor implantation before or after the graft gave better results than did systemic treatment. Systemic treatment could enhance the growth of Lewis tumor when applied 5 or 10 days before tumor graft but generally had an antitumor effect when given 1 day after the graft.", "PMID": 102858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5461", "title": "Bicarbonaturic effect of lysine in the dog.", "content": "The infusion of 55 mumoles/kg/min of L-lysine monohydrochloride increased mean fractional bicarbonate excretion (CHCO3/GFR) from 0.01 to 0.29. This massive bicarbonaturia was observed in the absence of any significant fall in GFR or kidney cortex ATP content. Kaliuresis and urinary PCO2 also increased markedly while phosphaturia remained minimal. CHCO3/GFR reached 0.52 during the infusion of 110 mumoles/kg/min of L-lysine monohydrochloride and 0.65 when carbonic anhydrase inhibition was superimposed. Bicarbonaturia remained minimal during the infusion of 55 mumoles/kg/min of L-lysine dihydrochloride. However the same amount of isoelectric L-lysine and sodium L-lysinate increased CHCO3/GFR to 0.68 and 0.76, respectively. In dogs with ligated renal pedicles, a 1:1 relationship was observed between cellular entry of lysine and the combined shift of sodium and potassium from cell to extracellular fluid. Marked accumulation of lysine was observed in the kidney following the infusion of either L-lysine monohydrochloride or L-lysine dihydrochloride. This study demonstrates that lysine inhibits in the proximal tubule the fraction of bicarbonate reabsorption which is not mediated by carbonic anhydrase activity. This effect is best explained by trapping of hydrogen ions in the tubular cell following luminal and antiluminal entry of lysine in unionized form. The possible role of lysine as a poorly reabsorbable cation is also recognized.", "contents": "Bicarbonaturic effect of lysine in the dog. The infusion of 55 mumoles/kg/min of L-lysine monohydrochloride increased mean fractional bicarbonate excretion (CHCO3/GFR) from 0.01 to 0.29. This massive bicarbonaturia was observed in the absence of any significant fall in GFR or kidney cortex ATP content. Kaliuresis and urinary PCO2 also increased markedly while phosphaturia remained minimal. CHCO3/GFR reached 0.52 during the infusion of 110 mumoles/kg/min of L-lysine monohydrochloride and 0.65 when carbonic anhydrase inhibition was superimposed. Bicarbonaturia remained minimal during the infusion of 55 mumoles/kg/min of L-lysine dihydrochloride. However the same amount of isoelectric L-lysine and sodium L-lysinate increased CHCO3/GFR to 0.68 and 0.76, respectively. In dogs with ligated renal pedicles, a 1:1 relationship was observed between cellular entry of lysine and the combined shift of sodium and potassium from cell to extracellular fluid. Marked accumulation of lysine was observed in the kidney following the infusion of either L-lysine monohydrochloride or L-lysine dihydrochloride. This study demonstrates that lysine inhibits in the proximal tubule the fraction of bicarbonate reabsorption which is not mediated by carbonic anhydrase activity. This effect is best explained by trapping of hydrogen ions in the tubular cell following luminal and antiluminal entry of lysine in unionized form. The possible role of lysine as a poorly reabsorbable cation is also recognized.", "PMID": 102863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5462", "title": "Establishment of small breeding colony of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "A breeding colony of 22 female and 4 male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was established in a controlled-environment building with an outdoor run. The animals were quarantined for 2 years prior to their release into the unit. The housing, release and management of the colony are described. During the first year 19 young were born of which 17 have survived to 6 months of age. The cost of production and maintenance of the colony when compared with the cost of importing rhesus monkeys would appear to be acceptable.", "contents": "Establishment of small breeding colony of rhesus monkeys. A breeding colony of 22 female and 4 male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was established in a controlled-environment building with an outdoor run. The animals were quarantined for 2 years prior to their release into the unit. The housing, release and management of the colony are described. During the first year 19 young were born of which 17 have survived to 6 months of age. The cost of production and maintenance of the colony when compared with the cost of importing rhesus monkeys would appear to be acceptable.", "PMID": 102865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5463", "title": "Provocation of pseudomoniasis with cyclophosphamide in mice.", "content": "After treatment with cyclophosphamide, a fatal syndrome was found in mice contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The syndrome seems to be caused by P. aeruginosa from the intestine, and the liver is suspected to be the most important target organ.", "contents": "Provocation of pseudomoniasis with cyclophosphamide in mice. After treatment with cyclophosphamide, a fatal syndrome was found in mice contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The syndrome seems to be caused by P. aeruginosa from the intestine, and the liver is suspected to be the most important target organ.", "PMID": 102866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5464", "title": "The influence of anaesthetics on the haematology of the patas monkey, Erythrocebus patas.", "content": "The effects of phencyclidine, ketamine and an alphaxalone-alphadolone mixture on the haematology of the patas monkeys have been compared. In animals sedated with phencyclidine or ketamine the only significant difference detected was in the mean cell volume. Statistically significant differences in white-cell count and blood coagulation and fibrinolytic activity were found in monkeys which had received alphaxalone-alphadolone. It is suggested that ketamine is a suitable alternative to phencyclidine for haematological studies in these monkeys.", "contents": "The influence of anaesthetics on the haematology of the patas monkey, Erythrocebus patas. The effects of phencyclidine, ketamine and an alphaxalone-alphadolone mixture on the haematology of the patas monkeys have been compared. In animals sedated with phencyclidine or ketamine the only significant difference detected was in the mean cell volume. Statistically significant differences in white-cell count and blood coagulation and fibrinolytic activity were found in monkeys which had received alphaxalone-alphadolone. It is suggested that ketamine is a suitable alternative to phencyclidine for haematological studies in these monkeys.", "PMID": 102867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5465", "title": "Effect of anticoagulants and glucose on refractometric estimation of protein in canine and rabbit plasma.", "content": "The effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) compounds on the refractometric estimation of plasma protein concentration was attributed largely to osmotic fluid shifts, as reflected in changes in hematocrit, and to addition of total solids to the plasma. With H4EDTA, these two mechanisms were additive and caused increased plasma protein readings of significant magnitude even at recommended (1--2 mg/ml) anticoagulant concentrations. For the potassium and sodium salts, the two mechanisms were partly compensatory, which ameliorated the effect at 1--2 mg/ml concentration. At higher concentrations, such as might occur if a blood collecting tube were incompletely filled, all of the EDTA compounds caused technically significant over-estimation of plasma protein. When dextrose (d-glucose) was added in-vitro to canine blood, in amounts analogous to clinical hyperglycemia, the effect upon plasma protein estimation was minimal.", "contents": "Effect of anticoagulants and glucose on refractometric estimation of protein in canine and rabbit plasma. The effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) compounds on the refractometric estimation of plasma protein concentration was attributed largely to osmotic fluid shifts, as reflected in changes in hematocrit, and to addition of total solids to the plasma. With H4EDTA, these two mechanisms were additive and caused increased plasma protein readings of significant magnitude even at recommended (1--2 mg/ml) anticoagulant concentrations. For the potassium and sodium salts, the two mechanisms were partly compensatory, which ameliorated the effect at 1--2 mg/ml concentration. At higher concentrations, such as might occur if a blood collecting tube were incompletely filled, all of the EDTA compounds caused technically significant over-estimation of plasma protein. When dextrose (d-glucose) was added in-vitro to canine blood, in amounts analogous to clinical hyperglycemia, the effect upon plasma protein estimation was minimal.", "PMID": 102868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5466", "title": "Reproductive performance in a breeding colony of Brazilian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "In a captive colony of Brazilian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) a discrete birth season has been retained for 5 years although its duration increased from 3 months in 1972 to 6 months in 1976. The ages of breeder females in this colony ranged from 3 to 14 years, and within this range reproductive performance was not affected by age, although it was significantly better in feral than in colony-born females. The latter had a lower pregnancy rate and a higher incidence of neonatal and fetal deaths than did the feral monkeys. It is our belief that the reproductive and maternal capabilities of the colony-born females were adversely affected by the practice of removing neonates from their mothers at weaning and raising them with age-mates.", "contents": "Reproductive performance in a breeding colony of Brazilian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). In a captive colony of Brazilian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) a discrete birth season has been retained for 5 years although its duration increased from 3 months in 1972 to 6 months in 1976. The ages of breeder females in this colony ranged from 3 to 14 years, and within this range reproductive performance was not affected by age, although it was significantly better in feral than in colony-born females. The latter had a lower pregnancy rate and a higher incidence of neonatal and fetal deaths than did the feral monkeys. It is our belief that the reproductive and maternal capabilities of the colony-born females were adversely affected by the practice of removing neonates from their mothers at weaning and raising them with age-mates.", "PMID": 102869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5467", "title": "Comparative mitogen responses of lymphocytes from Colombian Panamanian, and Peruvian owl monkeys.", "content": "A comparative study of lymphocyte responses to various mitogens, an index of cell-mediated immune competency, was made under various culture conditions using peripheral blood lymphocytes from Colombian, Panamanian, and Peruvian Aotus monkeys. Dose response curves were determined for each primate group to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen stimulation. Considerable variation in mitogen response was observed. The influence of culture media supplemented with fetal calf serum or autologous plasma, the number of cells per culture, and the duration of incubation on mitogen responsiveness was also evaluated. Optimal lymphocyte culture conditions also differed among the three groups. Owl monkeys from the same location in South and Central America showed similar responses to physical condition and free of detectable disease, these differences probably reflect fundamental inherent biological differences between subpopulations of owl monkeys.", "contents": "Comparative mitogen responses of lymphocytes from Colombian Panamanian, and Peruvian owl monkeys. A comparative study of lymphocyte responses to various mitogens, an index of cell-mediated immune competency, was made under various culture conditions using peripheral blood lymphocytes from Colombian, Panamanian, and Peruvian Aotus monkeys. Dose response curves were determined for each primate group to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen stimulation. Considerable variation in mitogen response was observed. The influence of culture media supplemented with fetal calf serum or autologous plasma, the number of cells per culture, and the duration of incubation on mitogen responsiveness was also evaluated. Optimal lymphocyte culture conditions also differed among the three groups. Owl monkeys from the same location in South and Central America showed similar responses to physical condition and free of detectable disease, these differences probably reflect fundamental inherent biological differences between subpopulations of owl monkeys.", "PMID": 102870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5468", "title": "The influence of chemical restraining agents on cardiovascular function: a review.", "content": "A review of selected experimental reports indicated that chemical restraining agents commonly used in experimental animals affected basal cardiovascular function and could influence the response of the cardiovascular system to physiologic-pharmacologic stimuli. Drugs that were considered included pentobarbital, halothane, alpha-chloralose, droperidol, fentanyl, and ketamine. In relation to effects on hemodynamics, anesthetic restraint produced by one drug was not necessarily equivalent to that produced by another.", "contents": "The influence of chemical restraining agents on cardiovascular function: a review. A review of selected experimental reports indicated that chemical restraining agents commonly used in experimental animals affected basal cardiovascular function and could influence the response of the cardiovascular system to physiologic-pharmacologic stimuli. Drugs that were considered included pentobarbital, halothane, alpha-chloralose, droperidol, fentanyl, and ketamine. In relation to effects on hemodynamics, anesthetic restraint produced by one drug was not necessarily equivalent to that produced by another.", "PMID": 102871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5469", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin E1 on platelet loss during in vivo and in vitro extracorporeal circulation with a bubble oxygenator.", "content": "Temporary inhibition of platelet function with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) prevents platelets loss and functional alterations during extracorporeal circulation with a membrane oxygenator. This study evaluated the ability of PGE1 to prevent platelet injury in circuits containing a bubble oxygenator. During in vitro recirculation of human blood, the circulating platelet count, expressed as a percent of initial levels, decreased to 29%; platelets became insensitive to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and to epinephrine; and plasma levels of low-affinity platelet factor 4 (LA-PF4) progressively rose to 7.4 microgram per milliliter. With PGE1 (1.2 micron), platelet counts remained stable at 92%; platelet reactivity remained normal for 1 hour; and plasma levels of LA-PF4 rose to only 3.3 microgram per milliliter. In rhesus monkeys that underwent cardiopulmonary bypass using a bubble oxygenator without PGE1, platelet counts, expressed as a percent of the prebypass platelet count, declined to 38%; platelets became insensitive to ADP; plasma levels of LA-PF4 progressively rose to 8.4 microgram per milliliter; and the mean postoperative bleeding time was 4.6 minutes. In monkeys that received PGE1, platelet counts declined to only 65%; platelets remained threefold more sensitive to ADP; platelets demonstrated delayed release of LA-PF4 and the mean postoperative bleeding time was 2.7 minutes. This report demonstrates that in a bubble oxygenator system, PGE1 reduces platelet loss, mitigates platelet injury, and shortens postoperative bleeding times following extracorporeal circulation.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin E1 on platelet loss during in vivo and in vitro extracorporeal circulation with a bubble oxygenator. Temporary inhibition of platelet function with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) prevents platelets loss and functional alterations during extracorporeal circulation with a membrane oxygenator. This study evaluated the ability of PGE1 to prevent platelet injury in circuits containing a bubble oxygenator. During in vitro recirculation of human blood, the circulating platelet count, expressed as a percent of initial levels, decreased to 29%; platelets became insensitive to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and to epinephrine; and plasma levels of low-affinity platelet factor 4 (LA-PF4) progressively rose to 7.4 microgram per milliliter. With PGE1 (1.2 micron), platelet counts remained stable at 92%; platelet reactivity remained normal for 1 hour; and plasma levels of LA-PF4 rose to only 3.3 microgram per milliliter. In rhesus monkeys that underwent cardiopulmonary bypass using a bubble oxygenator without PGE1, platelet counts, expressed as a percent of the prebypass platelet count, declined to 38%; platelets became insensitive to ADP; plasma levels of LA-PF4 progressively rose to 8.4 microgram per milliliter; and the mean postoperative bleeding time was 4.6 minutes. In monkeys that received PGE1, platelet counts declined to only 65%; platelets remained threefold more sensitive to ADP; platelets demonstrated delayed release of LA-PF4 and the mean postoperative bleeding time was 2.7 minutes. This report demonstrates that in a bubble oxygenator system, PGE1 reduces platelet loss, mitigates platelet injury, and shortens postoperative bleeding times following extracorporeal circulation.", "PMID": 102876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5470", "title": "[Juvenile xanthogranuloma].", "content": "The clinical and histopathological picture of a case of Juvenile Xanthogranuloma present in a new-born, in which all the investigations and analytic results were normal, is commented upon. The patient presents a case of exclusive skin affectation.", "contents": "[Juvenile xanthogranuloma]. The clinical and histopathological picture of a case of Juvenile Xanthogranuloma present in a new-born, in which all the investigations and analytic results were normal, is commented upon. The patient presents a case of exclusive skin affectation.", "PMID": 102883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5471", "title": "Acidemia and insulin resistance in the diabetic ketoacidotic rat.", "content": "Insulin sensitivity with respect to changes in blood glucose, lactate, and ketone body concentrations has been studied in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Insulin was infused at doses ranging from 0.03 to 100 U/kg/hr and dose response curves established. Maximal responsiveness was achieved at 1 U/kg/hr for glucose and 0.3 U/kg/hr for ketone bodies in normal rats. In diabetic rats, responsiveness and sensitivity were directly proportional to pH. When pH was less than 6.9, there was little or no response. Ammonium chloride administration to normal rats or to mildly acidotic diabetic rats caused almost total loss of responsiveness to insulin. The insulin insensitivity found in severely acidemic diabetic rats could be reversed by sodium bicarbonate administration. Liver and muscle metabolite patterns suggested that loss of responsiveness and sensitivity was due both to effects at the insulin receptor and direct effects on glycolysis, presumptively at phosphofructokinase. Reversal of these changes with bicarbonate was associated with a fall in hepatic ATP content. It is suggested that the insulin resistance of severe diabetic ketoacidosis in the rat is secondary to inhibitory effects of hydrogen ion; the exact mechanism remains to be established.", "contents": "Acidemia and insulin resistance in the diabetic ketoacidotic rat. Insulin sensitivity with respect to changes in blood glucose, lactate, and ketone body concentrations has been studied in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Insulin was infused at doses ranging from 0.03 to 100 U/kg/hr and dose response curves established. Maximal responsiveness was achieved at 1 U/kg/hr for glucose and 0.3 U/kg/hr for ketone bodies in normal rats. In diabetic rats, responsiveness and sensitivity were directly proportional to pH. When pH was less than 6.9, there was little or no response. Ammonium chloride administration to normal rats or to mildly acidotic diabetic rats caused almost total loss of responsiveness to insulin. The insulin insensitivity found in severely acidemic diabetic rats could be reversed by sodium bicarbonate administration. Liver and muscle metabolite patterns suggested that loss of responsiveness and sensitivity was due both to effects at the insulin receptor and direct effects on glycolysis, presumptively at phosphofructokinase. Reversal of these changes with bicarbonate was associated with a fall in hepatic ATP content. It is suggested that the insulin resistance of severe diabetic ketoacidosis in the rat is secondary to inhibitory effects of hydrogen ion; the exact mechanism remains to be established.", "PMID": 102903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5472", "title": "Inhibition by potassium ion of the pregerminative response to L-alanine of unactivated spores of Bacillus cereus T.", "content": "The effect of potassium ion on L-alanine-inosine-induced germination of unactivated spores of Bacillus cereus T was studied. Unactivated spores germinated in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (NaPB), but not 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (KPB), at pH 8.0 and at 30 C. Inhibition of germination was also observed on incubation of unactivated spores in NaPB containing potassium chloride. Previously it was demonstrated that germination of unactivated spores involves at least two steps, one induced by L-alanine, and the other by inosine. Potassium ion seems to inhibit the response of the spores to inosine, because: (1) Spores that had been preincubated with L-alanine in NaPB or KPB, germinated in NaPB but not KPB in the presence of inosine. (2) During germination in NaPB, incorporation of L-[14C]alanine showed bimodal kinetics with a rapid first phase and a second continuous phase, but in KPB the second phase of incorporation did not occur. The events occurring before germination of unactivated spores are discussed with reference to the initiation of germination.", "contents": "Inhibition by potassium ion of the pregerminative response to L-alanine of unactivated spores of Bacillus cereus T. The effect of potassium ion on L-alanine-inosine-induced germination of unactivated spores of Bacillus cereus T was studied. Unactivated spores germinated in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (NaPB), but not 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (KPB), at pH 8.0 and at 30 C. Inhibition of germination was also observed on incubation of unactivated spores in NaPB containing potassium chloride. Previously it was demonstrated that germination of unactivated spores involves at least two steps, one induced by L-alanine, and the other by inosine. Potassium ion seems to inhibit the response of the spores to inosine, because: (1) Spores that had been preincubated with L-alanine in NaPB or KPB, germinated in NaPB but not KPB in the presence of inosine. (2) During germination in NaPB, incorporation of L-[14C]alanine showed bimodal kinetics with a rapid first phase and a second continuous phase, but in KPB the second phase of incorporation did not occur. The events occurring before germination of unactivated spores are discussed with reference to the initiation of germination.", "PMID": 102904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5473", "title": "[Hospital infections with pseudomonas aeruginosa. II. Intensive care units (author's transl)].", "content": "72 newly admitted patients of three surgical intensive care units of the Medical School Hannover were examined bacteriologically for pseudomonas aeruginosa for a period of 7 months. A total of 810 specimens was examined during therapy. 95 strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated in 32 of 72 patients, taken either at the time of admission or during the stay of the patients in the hospital. The frequency of contamination increased with the duration of the stay of the patients in the hospital as follows: 20 per cent at the time of admission, 71 per cent after 8 to 10-day stay and up to 100 per cent for a duration of stay exceeding 14 days. The germs were mainly localized in the nose-throat region and in the respiratory tract. The results of phage typing suggested a hospital infection in about 50 per cent of the patients. The relationship between infection and infectious disease was discussed with respect to the epidemiologic characteristics of intensive care units. Furthermore, it was attempted to formulate recommendations for interrupting or abolishing the infection chains.", "contents": "[Hospital infections with pseudomonas aeruginosa. II. Intensive care units (author's transl)]. 72 newly admitted patients of three surgical intensive care units of the Medical School Hannover were examined bacteriologically for pseudomonas aeruginosa for a period of 7 months. A total of 810 specimens was examined during therapy. 95 strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated in 32 of 72 patients, taken either at the time of admission or during the stay of the patients in the hospital. The frequency of contamination increased with the duration of the stay of the patients in the hospital as follows: 20 per cent at the time of admission, 71 per cent after 8 to 10-day stay and up to 100 per cent for a duration of stay exceeding 14 days. The germs were mainly localized in the nose-throat region and in the respiratory tract. The results of phage typing suggested a hospital infection in about 50 per cent of the patients. The relationship between infection and infectious disease was discussed with respect to the epidemiologic characteristics of intensive care units. Furthermore, it was attempted to formulate recommendations for interrupting or abolishing the infection chains.", "PMID": 102910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5474", "title": "[Detection of pathogenic mycobacteria in the environment of the medical units and of the slaughter-house of an African town (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have made investigations about the presence of pathogen mycobacteria in puddles of rain water and in rill waters of sanitary formations and municipal slaughter-house of Yaound\u00e9. 19 strains of pathogen mycobacteria have been isolated from 84 water samples : 15 M. tuberculosis strains, especially present in the environment of sanitary formations, 4 M. bovis strains, especially present in the environment of the slaughterhouse. The third part of isolated M. tuberculosis strains belongs to the africanum variety of this species, although this variety is prevalent in the human pathologic products. 13 from 19 strains are I.N.H. susceptible.", "contents": "[Detection of pathogenic mycobacteria in the environment of the medical units and of the slaughter-house of an African town (author's transl)]. The authors have made investigations about the presence of pathogen mycobacteria in puddles of rain water and in rill waters of sanitary formations and municipal slaughter-house of Yaound\u00e9. 19 strains of pathogen mycobacteria have been isolated from 84 water samples : 15 M. tuberculosis strains, especially present in the environment of sanitary formations, 4 M. bovis strains, especially present in the environment of the slaughterhouse. The third part of isolated M. tuberculosis strains belongs to the africanum variety of this species, although this variety is prevalent in the human pathologic products. 13 from 19 strains are I.N.H. susceptible.", "PMID": 102900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5475", "title": "[Experiences with the uripret-system in pediatric practice (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study reports on the application of the Uripret-System for identification and susceptibility testing of microbial agents causing urinary tract infections carried out in a pediatric outpatient clinic. The findings were compared with those determined with the conventional methods in an institute of medical microbiology. For the detected mono- and mixed-cultures, in 85% of the cases a concurrent result of both methods was found. Only in one case a different microbial agent genus was determined with Uripret from that found in the institute. The quota of concurrence of the antibiograms for the mono-cultures was highest at 100% for gentamicin and lowest at 85.07% for tetracycline. With the mixed-cultures the concurrence ranged between 81.25% for tetracycline and 96.88% for sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim. With proteus in mono- and mixed-culture the antibiograms showed concurrence to a lesser degree compared to the other microbial agent geni. The application of the Uripret-System in pediatric practice can be recommended on the basis of the present results.", "contents": "[Experiences with the uripret-system in pediatric practice (author's transl)]. The present study reports on the application of the Uripret-System for identification and susceptibility testing of microbial agents causing urinary tract infections carried out in a pediatric outpatient clinic. The findings were compared with those determined with the conventional methods in an institute of medical microbiology. For the detected mono- and mixed-cultures, in 85% of the cases a concurrent result of both methods was found. Only in one case a different microbial agent genus was determined with Uripret from that found in the institute. The quota of concurrence of the antibiograms for the mono-cultures was highest at 100% for gentamicin and lowest at 85.07% for tetracycline. With the mixed-cultures the concurrence ranged between 81.25% for tetracycline and 96.88% for sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim. With proteus in mono- and mixed-culture the antibiograms showed concurrence to a lesser degree compared to the other microbial agent geni. The application of the Uripret-System in pediatric practice can be recommended on the basis of the present results.", "PMID": 102911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5476", "title": "[A study of serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in man in Saigon (Vietnam) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors study the serological distribution of 143 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in hospital Grall (Saigon-Vietnam) according to the country (South Vietnam), the kind of pathological specimens and the various departments of the hospial. They describe a special distribution of serological groups in Vietnam with a large predominance of groups 0 = 6 and 0 = 11. They consider the possibility of adapting a polyvalent vaccine including the 10 serological groups now prevailing in Vietnam.", "contents": "[A study of serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in man in Saigon (Vietnam) (author's transl)]. The authors study the serological distribution of 143 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in hospital Grall (Saigon-Vietnam) according to the country (South Vietnam), the kind of pathological specimens and the various departments of the hospial. They describe a special distribution of serological groups in Vietnam with a large predominance of groups 0 = 6 and 0 = 11. They consider the possibility of adapting a polyvalent vaccine including the 10 serological groups now prevailing in Vietnam.", "PMID": 102901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5477", "title": "[Antibody response to somatic and flagellar antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique, the production of antiflagellar and antisomatic antibodies in rabbits immunized with different P. aeruginosa strains is measured. After 6 injections of formalinized cultures in graded doses over 3 weeks, the antiflagellar antibodies reach the peak in the 4th to 5th week, followed by a rapid fall. The antisomatic antibodies reacting with native and boiled cells show a plateau-shaped maximum from the 3rd to 5th/6th week and fell slightly up to the 11th week. A significant dissociation of antiflagellar and antisomatic antibodies, however, is not observed. The antisomatic antibodies are less absorbed by protein A (Staph. aureus) than are the antiflagellar antibodies.", "contents": "[Antibody response to somatic and flagellar antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)]. Using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique, the production of antiflagellar and antisomatic antibodies in rabbits immunized with different P. aeruginosa strains is measured. After 6 injections of formalinized cultures in graded doses over 3 weeks, the antiflagellar antibodies reach the peak in the 4th to 5th week, followed by a rapid fall. The antisomatic antibodies reacting with native and boiled cells show a plateau-shaped maximum from the 3rd to 5th/6th week and fell slightly up to the 11th week. A significant dissociation of antiflagellar and antisomatic antibodies, however, is not observed. The antisomatic antibodies are less absorbed by protein A (Staph. aureus) than are the antiflagellar antibodies.", "PMID": 102912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5478", "title": "Evaluation of assay methods for hepatitis B surface (HBsAg) antigen and its antibody (anti-HBs) in viral hepatitis B (VHB)-HBsAg-positive.", "content": "The sensitivity of methods for the detection of HBsAg and its anti-HBs was compared in serial 1200 sera samples from 30 patients with VHB-HBsAg-positive. HBsAg was tested by gel-diffusion (GD), counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), reversed haemogglutination (rHA), redioimmunoassay (RIA), and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RIA and EIA methods are statistically significantly more sensitive compared with the other methods (P less than 0.0005). By these methods the minimal concentrations of HBsAg in sera can be proved. Although there is no statistically significant difference in the sensitivity between RIA and EIA, the latter is more sensitive if the subtype ay-HBsAg is considered (12 sera samples). In 24 patients the subtype was ay, in two ad, and in four it could not be differentiated. In 70% of patients anti-HBs was proved by RIA and in 10% by CIE, i.e., in 73% and 9% of sera samples, respectively. In 117 sera samples of these patients the sensitivity of RIA and EIA was compared for determination of anti-HBs. No statistically significant difference between the methods for determination of anti-HBs was found (50.42%: 40.17%). No immune response to HBsAg has been observed in 9 cases, but 6 of them have remained permanent carriers of this antigen.", "contents": "Evaluation of assay methods for hepatitis B surface (HBsAg) antigen and its antibody (anti-HBs) in viral hepatitis B (VHB)-HBsAg-positive. The sensitivity of methods for the detection of HBsAg and its anti-HBs was compared in serial 1200 sera samples from 30 patients with VHB-HBsAg-positive. HBsAg was tested by gel-diffusion (GD), counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), reversed haemogglutination (rHA), redioimmunoassay (RIA), and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RIA and EIA methods are statistically significantly more sensitive compared with the other methods (P less than 0.0005). By these methods the minimal concentrations of HBsAg in sera can be proved. Although there is no statistically significant difference in the sensitivity between RIA and EIA, the latter is more sensitive if the subtype ay-HBsAg is considered (12 sera samples). In 24 patients the subtype was ay, in two ad, and in four it could not be differentiated. In 70% of patients anti-HBs was proved by RIA and in 10% by CIE, i.e., in 73% and 9% of sera samples, respectively. In 117 sera samples of these patients the sensitivity of RIA and EIA was compared for determination of anti-HBs. No statistically significant difference between the methods for determination of anti-HBs was found (50.42%: 40.17%). No immune response to HBsAg has been observed in 9 cases, but 6 of them have remained permanent carriers of this antigen.", "PMID": 102913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5479", "title": "Astrovirus gastroenteritis age distribution of antibody.", "content": "Astrovirus antibody was detected by immunofluorescence using infected primary human embryo kidney cultures as antigen. Of 87 Oxford children aged 0--10 years, only 7% in the 6 to 12-month-old group had antibody. The percentage of children having evidence of past infection rose progressively in the 1--4 age range and 75% of the 5 to 10-year-old group possessed astrovirus antibody. Fifty-four (77%) of a group of 70 young adults likewise had antibody.", "contents": "Astrovirus gastroenteritis age distribution of antibody. Astrovirus antibody was detected by immunofluorescence using infected primary human embryo kidney cultures as antigen. Of 87 Oxford children aged 0--10 years, only 7% in the 6 to 12-month-old group had antibody. The percentage of children having evidence of past infection rose progressively in the 1--4 age range and 75% of the 5 to 10-year-old group possessed astrovirus antibody. Fifty-four (77%) of a group of 70 young adults likewise had antibody.", "PMID": 102914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5480", "title": "Threshold spectral sensitivity of single neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus and of performing monkeys.", "content": "A technique is described for controlling fixation within central mascular fields and locating and determining thresholds for single neural units in the afferent pathways on the same awake, performing monkey for the same stimuli and at the same retinal loci from which behavioral thresholds are obtained. Comparison of preliminary neural unit and behavioral thresholds appears to reject the hypothesis that the color-opponent LGN units can serve threshold detection. A type of broad-band LGN unit is described which could serve that function, having its absolute threshold within the variability of the behavioral threshold (+/- 1 standard deviation) for all wavelengths successfully tested.", "contents": "Threshold spectral sensitivity of single neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus and of performing monkeys. A technique is described for controlling fixation within central mascular fields and locating and determining thresholds for single neural units in the afferent pathways on the same awake, performing monkey for the same stimuli and at the same retinal loci from which behavioral thresholds are obtained. Comparison of preliminary neural unit and behavioral thresholds appears to reject the hypothesis that the color-opponent LGN units can serve threshold detection. A type of broad-band LGN unit is described which could serve that function, having its absolute threshold within the variability of the behavioral threshold (+/- 1 standard deviation) for all wavelengths successfully tested.", "PMID": 102917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5481", "title": "Is the rhesus protanomalous?", "content": "Comparison of rhesus, human trichromat, and human protanomalous subjects were made for measurements of spectral sensitivity involving Landolt ring acuity criteria from 0.11 to 1.11 min-1. At 0.11 min-1, rhesus spectral sensitivity was more similar to that of the normal human trichromats than that of the human protanomalous observers. However, as acuity criterion became finer (thereby involving more central retinal function), rhesus spectral sensitivity became markedly more similar to that of the human protanomalous observers than that of the normal human trichromats.", "contents": "Is the rhesus protanomalous? Comparison of rhesus, human trichromat, and human protanomalous subjects were made for measurements of spectral sensitivity involving Landolt ring acuity criteria from 0.11 to 1.11 min-1. At 0.11 min-1, rhesus spectral sensitivity was more similar to that of the normal human trichromats than that of the human protanomalous observers. However, as acuity criterion became finer (thereby involving more central retinal function), rhesus spectral sensitivity became markedly more similar to that of the human protanomalous observers than that of the normal human trichromats.", "PMID": 102918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5482", "title": "The ultrastructure of defective human platelets.", "content": "Much of our current knowledge about the physiology of hemostasis has come from intensive study of platelets from patients with inherited and acquired bleeding disorders or an increased risk of thrombotic disease. Appreciation of the role of plasma proteins in platelet stickiness, of platelet surface membrane glyco-proteins in aggregation, of the substances stored in platelet organelles in cell-cell interaction, vascular injury and atherosclerosis, and of endoperoxides and thromboxanes in platelet intercellular communication have resulted largely from investigations on various types of defective platelets. While the techniques of physiology and biochemistry have generated critical details about abnormal platelets, electron microscopy and ultrastructural cytochemistry have provided an improved morphological framework in which to integrate the new discoveries. The present review has attempted to correlate physiological, biochemical and ultrastructural concepts as they relate to the current understanding of inherited platelet disorders.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of defective human platelets. Much of our current knowledge about the physiology of hemostasis has come from intensive study of platelets from patients with inherited and acquired bleeding disorders or an increased risk of thrombotic disease. Appreciation of the role of plasma proteins in platelet stickiness, of platelet surface membrane glyco-proteins in aggregation, of the substances stored in platelet organelles in cell-cell interaction, vascular injury and atherosclerosis, and of endoperoxides and thromboxanes in platelet intercellular communication have resulted largely from investigations on various types of defective platelets. While the techniques of physiology and biochemistry have generated critical details about abnormal platelets, electron microscopy and ultrastructural cytochemistry have provided an improved morphological framework in which to integrate the new discoveries. The present review has attempted to correlate physiological, biochemical and ultrastructural concepts as they relate to the current understanding of inherited platelet disorders.", "PMID": 102916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5483", "title": "Long-term changes in spectral sensitivity after low-level laser (514 nm) exposure.", "content": "Changes in rhesus spectral sensitivity were induced at low-level (2.1 log td) repetitive exposure to a visible (514 nm) coherent source. Irradiation involved the entire retina. Long-term suppression of intermediate cones was evident in spectral sensitivity functions measured for a very fine photopic (1.85 min-1) acuity criterion. At slightly coarser acuity criteria (1.42 min-1) but still photopic, evidence of rod intrusion was obtained. Recovery from these effects was not obtainable 14 months post-exposure. Possible morphological correlates at photoreceptor ultrastructural levels are discussed. Optical coherency is implicated in these effects.", "contents": "Long-term changes in spectral sensitivity after low-level laser (514 nm) exposure. Changes in rhesus spectral sensitivity were induced at low-level (2.1 log td) repetitive exposure to a visible (514 nm) coherent source. Irradiation involved the entire retina. Long-term suppression of intermediate cones was evident in spectral sensitivity functions measured for a very fine photopic (1.85 min-1) acuity criterion. At slightly coarser acuity criteria (1.42 min-1) but still photopic, evidence of rod intrusion was obtained. Recovery from these effects was not obtainable 14 months post-exposure. Possible morphological correlates at photoreceptor ultrastructural levels are discussed. Optical coherency is implicated in these effects.", "PMID": 102919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5484", "title": "[The morphogenesis of chronic hepatitis].", "content": "The concept of chronic hepatitis is very complex. There is no generally recognized definition and no agreement on the nomenclature. In more recent times a subdivision into chronic persisting (CPH) and chronic active (aggressive or progressive) hepatitis (cah) has been proposed. Morphologically CPH has a mononuclear inflammatory infiltration of the portal fields with preservation of the lobules. In positive hepatitis B CPH, orcein-positive milkglass-shaped hepatocytes and washed-out nuclei have recently been established by immunofluorescence. Periportal inflammation (piecemeal necrosis) is characteristic of CAH. Severe forms show hepatocytolysis and confluent necroses in addition. Since there is not always a sharp division between CPH and CAH, an unequivocal diagnosis of clinical, biochemical, serologic and immunological data is required.", "contents": "[The morphogenesis of chronic hepatitis]. The concept of chronic hepatitis is very complex. There is no generally recognized definition and no agreement on the nomenclature. In more recent times a subdivision into chronic persisting (CPH) and chronic active (aggressive or progressive) hepatitis (cah) has been proposed. Morphologically CPH has a mononuclear inflammatory infiltration of the portal fields with preservation of the lobules. In positive hepatitis B CPH, orcein-positive milkglass-shaped hepatocytes and washed-out nuclei have recently been established by immunofluorescence. Periportal inflammation (piecemeal necrosis) is characteristic of CAH. Severe forms show hepatocytolysis and confluent necroses in addition. Since there is not always a sharp division between CPH and CAH, an unequivocal diagnosis of clinical, biochemical, serologic and immunological data is required.", "PMID": 102939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5485", "title": "[Clinical enzyme diagnosis in chronic hepatitis. Possibilities and limitations (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of enzyme activity in serum for the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis has become increasingly popular. According to the author's experience serum aminotransferase is raised in about 100% of cases of chronic active hepatitis and also in active cirrhosis, but in only about 70--80% of persisting hepatitis or in moderately active chronic hepatitis. They are frequently normal in inactive cirrhosis. After aminotransferases the alkaline phosphatase is of great importance for the differential diagnosis of icterus. If aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase are determined at the same time, every cholestatic icterus can be diagnosed with certainty.", "contents": "[Clinical enzyme diagnosis in chronic hepatitis. Possibilities and limitations (author's transl)]. The determination of enzyme activity in serum for the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis has become increasingly popular. According to the author's experience serum aminotransferase is raised in about 100% of cases of chronic active hepatitis and also in active cirrhosis, but in only about 70--80% of persisting hepatitis or in moderately active chronic hepatitis. They are frequently normal in inactive cirrhosis. After aminotransferases the alkaline phosphatase is of great importance for the differential diagnosis of icterus. If aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase are determined at the same time, every cholestatic icterus can be diagnosed with certainty.", "PMID": 102940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5486", "title": "[Chronic hepatitis B. Relationships between virus in the liver and immune response (author's transl)].", "content": "A combined histological examination with detection of virus antigens in liver tissue and blood and the corresponding antibodies in blood can give information on the following problems: Standardization of a hepatitis virus B infection, with diagnostic and prognostic information; determination of infectivity; effects of therapy can be monitored, possibly glimpses may be obtained into the mechanism of cancerization.", "contents": "[Chronic hepatitis B. Relationships between virus in the liver and immune response (author's transl)]. A combined histological examination with detection of virus antigens in liver tissue and blood and the corresponding antibodies in blood can give information on the following problems: Standardization of a hepatitis virus B infection, with diagnostic and prognostic information; determination of infectivity; effects of therapy can be monitored, possibly glimpses may be obtained into the mechanism of cancerization.", "PMID": 102941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5487", "title": "[Epidemiology of struma in ambulant patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The number of regional claims was obtained from data on 2408 patients. By the number of regional claims we mean the number of claims for a defined performance in relation to the population living in a certain region; in the present investigation the first claims for in vivo diagnostic thyroid examinations within the administrative area. We found a great reduction of the regional claims in the country administrative areas surrounding Marburg, which was accompanied by a relative increase in advanced disease findings which included some who should have sought medical advice earlier. The disparities demonstrated also show that conclusions should only be drawn on taking into account the area of origin of the disease statistics from the patient data from the facilities of the Department of Health.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of struma in ambulant patients (author's transl)]. The number of regional claims was obtained from data on 2408 patients. By the number of regional claims we mean the number of claims for a defined performance in relation to the population living in a certain region; in the present investigation the first claims for in vivo diagnostic thyroid examinations within the administrative area. We found a great reduction of the regional claims in the country administrative areas surrounding Marburg, which was accompanied by a relative increase in advanced disease findings which included some who should have sought medical advice earlier. The disparities demonstrated also show that conclusions should only be drawn on taking into account the area of origin of the disease statistics from the patient data from the facilities of the Department of Health.", "PMID": 102954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5488", "title": "[Atypical paraproteinemic hemoblastoses (author's transl)].", "content": "The symptomatology of typical paraproteinemic hemoblastoses (plasma cell myeloma, Wadenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia) are well known. Once suspected, diagnosis of these disorders can easily be established in the majority of cases. Differentiation of benign paraproteinemias requiring no treatment is likewise possible by careful observation of the course of disease and relevant clinical criteria. Very seldom, cases of paraproteinemic hemoblastoses are seen which differ from the usual immunoelectrophoretic analysis and clinical picture. Two very unusual cases of paraproteinemia are presented.", "contents": "[Atypical paraproteinemic hemoblastoses (author's transl)]. The symptomatology of typical paraproteinemic hemoblastoses (plasma cell myeloma, Wadenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia) are well known. Once suspected, diagnosis of these disorders can easily be established in the majority of cases. Differentiation of benign paraproteinemias requiring no treatment is likewise possible by careful observation of the course of disease and relevant clinical criteria. Very seldom, cases of paraproteinemic hemoblastoses are seen which differ from the usual immunoelectrophoretic analysis and clinical picture. Two very unusual cases of paraproteinemia are presented.", "PMID": 102955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5489", "title": "[Prevention of the caries through the application of fluoride].", "content": "About 90% of the populations of North and Central Europe and North America suffer from dental caries. A change of nutrition and intensive oral hygiene would make it possible to limit the attack of caries decisively. All measures which have been directed to this end have so far failed. It must be noted that our population will apparently not be re-educated in the foreseeable future. However, since it is entitled to the exhaustion of all possibilities for the preservation of health, the increased use of fluorides for caries prevention is to be encouraged. Until the introduction of fluoridated drinking water the administration of fluoride tablets, especially in kindergartens and schools, should be promoted to the fullest extent. Alternatively it should be considered how far fluoridation of salt would be possible. Furthermore the local use of fluorides for caries prophylaxis to the fullest extent should be recommended.", "contents": "[Prevention of the caries through the application of fluoride]. About 90% of the populations of North and Central Europe and North America suffer from dental caries. A change of nutrition and intensive oral hygiene would make it possible to limit the attack of caries decisively. All measures which have been directed to this end have so far failed. It must be noted that our population will apparently not be re-educated in the foreseeable future. However, since it is entitled to the exhaustion of all possibilities for the preservation of health, the increased use of fluorides for caries prevention is to be encouraged. Until the introduction of fluoridated drinking water the administration of fluoride tablets, especially in kindergartens and schools, should be promoted to the fullest extent. Alternatively it should be considered how far fluoridation of salt would be possible. Furthermore the local use of fluorides for caries prophylaxis to the fullest extent should be recommended.", "PMID": 102967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5490", "title": "[Oral hygiene (author's transl)].", "content": "Appropriate oral hygiene is an essential and effective prophylactic measure against caries and periodontal disease. The most important aids for this purpose are suitable multi-tufted short-headed tooth brushes with suitable plastic bristles and suitable tooth-pastes. By means of a rational technique, as for instance the rotation method, teeth and gum margin should be systematically cleaned for at least three minutes if at all possible after every meal. A certain massage effect is exerted on the gingivae at the same time. All other aids to oral hygiene such as toothpicks, dental floss, interdental stimulators, mouthwashes etc. are only additional aids which certainly have their special indications.", "contents": "[Oral hygiene (author's transl)]. Appropriate oral hygiene is an essential and effective prophylactic measure against caries and periodontal disease. The most important aids for this purpose are suitable multi-tufted short-headed tooth brushes with suitable plastic bristles and suitable tooth-pastes. By means of a rational technique, as for instance the rotation method, teeth and gum margin should be systematically cleaned for at least three minutes if at all possible after every meal. A certain massage effect is exerted on the gingivae at the same time. All other aids to oral hygiene such as toothpicks, dental floss, interdental stimulators, mouthwashes etc. are only additional aids which certainly have their special indications.", "PMID": 102968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5491", "title": "[Burning tongue (author's transl)].", "content": "Burning tongue mostly does not occur as a disease per se, but as a symptom primarily of internal but also of neurological, dermatological, psychiatric and dental diseases. To facilitate differential diagnostic considerations, a short description is given of the individual clinical pictures as well as of the pertinent findings. The knowledge of these diseases is a prerequisite to the causal and lasting treatment of patients affected by the obstinate and occasionally even painful symptom of the burning tongue.", "contents": "[Burning tongue (author's transl)]. Burning tongue mostly does not occur as a disease per se, but as a symptom primarily of internal but also of neurological, dermatological, psychiatric and dental diseases. To facilitate differential diagnostic considerations, a short description is given of the individual clinical pictures as well as of the pertinent findings. The knowledge of these diseases is a prerequisite to the causal and lasting treatment of patients affected by the obstinate and occasionally even painful symptom of the burning tongue.", "PMID": 102969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5492", "title": "[Swellings in the maxillofacial region (author's transl)].", "content": "The most frequent swellings in the maxillofacial region can be traced to odontogenic inflammations. Chronic dental foci exacerbate and break through the soft tissue layer surrounding the jaw. There the purulent material quickly spreads along the muscular pocket and simulates a phlegomonous inflammation. Inflammations of the individual soft part niches have characteristic symptoms. Because of the loose interconnections the infectious material can spread very quickly into the parapharyngeal space and from there downwards into the mediastinum or upwards into the base of the skull. Because of the danger of an advance in these spaces, it will be necessary to incise the swellings on time.", "contents": "[Swellings in the maxillofacial region (author's transl)]. The most frequent swellings in the maxillofacial region can be traced to odontogenic inflammations. Chronic dental foci exacerbate and break through the soft tissue layer surrounding the jaw. There the purulent material quickly spreads along the muscular pocket and simulates a phlegomonous inflammation. Inflammations of the individual soft part niches have characteristic symptoms. Because of the loose interconnections the infectious material can spread very quickly into the parapharyngeal space and from there downwards into the mediastinum or upwards into the base of the skull. Because of the danger of an advance in these spaces, it will be necessary to incise the swellings on time.", "PMID": 102970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5493", "title": "[Symptom: changes at the corners of the mouth (author's transl)].", "content": "The multiplicity of the pathological changes discussed have already been called many names: rhagades, perl\u00e8che, angular cheilosis, interlabial mycosis. It is often a poly-etiologic disease picture the causes of which must be recognized and then if necessary be clarified in greater detail by close interdisciplinary cooperation. Beside the common internal and dermatological diseases which may lead to changes at the angles of the mouth it is intended to show which dental and stomatological considerations are to be included in the differential diagnosis and therapy of this symptom complex.", "contents": "[Symptom: changes at the corners of the mouth (author's transl)]. The multiplicity of the pathological changes discussed have already been called many names: rhagades, perl\u00e8che, angular cheilosis, interlabial mycosis. It is often a poly-etiologic disease picture the causes of which must be recognized and then if necessary be clarified in greater detail by close interdisciplinary cooperation. Beside the common internal and dermatological diseases which may lead to changes at the angles of the mouth it is intended to show which dental and stomatological considerations are to be included in the differential diagnosis and therapy of this symptom complex.", "PMID": 102971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5494", "title": "[Cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction. Pathophysiology and clinical aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "The starting point of cardiogenic shock is an extensive myocardial infarction. Through a backward and forward failure of the left ventricle a shock-specific disturbance of the microcirculation occurs with a reduction of the circulation in the periphery of the body and development of a tissue acidosis (metabolic acidosis). Fall in blood pressure and cardiac volume, congestion of blood in the region of the pulmonary vessels and signs of reduced circulation in the body periphery (severe physical weakness, apathy, cold and clammy skin, oliguria) determine the clinical picture of cardiogenic shock. Therapeutically, intra-aortal balloon counter-pulsation, possibly combined with a cardiosurgical intervention, has reduced the mortality of cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction from 90--100% to 60--70%.", "contents": "[Cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction. Pathophysiology and clinical aspects (author's transl)]. The starting point of cardiogenic shock is an extensive myocardial infarction. Through a backward and forward failure of the left ventricle a shock-specific disturbance of the microcirculation occurs with a reduction of the circulation in the periphery of the body and development of a tissue acidosis (metabolic acidosis). Fall in blood pressure and cardiac volume, congestion of blood in the region of the pulmonary vessels and signs of reduced circulation in the body periphery (severe physical weakness, apathy, cold and clammy skin, oliguria) determine the clinical picture of cardiogenic shock. Therapeutically, intra-aortal balloon counter-pulsation, possibly combined with a cardiosurgical intervention, has reduced the mortality of cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction from 90--100% to 60--70%.", "PMID": 102980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5495", "title": "[Acute pancreatitis following gastric secretion analysis by pentagastrin stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "A picture of acute abdomen developed in a 25-year-old patient with recurrent duodenal ulcers after subcutaneous injection of pentagastrin for a gastric secretion test. Laparotomy undertaken for suspected perforated ulcer revealed an acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Healing and freedom from complaint occurred rapidly with drug therapy. The following are to be considered as possible causes for pancreatitis after subcutaneous application of pentagastrin: exacerbation of the ulcer, an acute exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, a direct effect of pentagastrin on the pancreas, increased pancreatic secretion due to the stimulation of gastric acid, reflux of duodenal contents or bile, arterial hypotension with local acidosis in the pancreas. Attention must always be paid to contra-indications of gastric juice analysis.", "contents": "[Acute pancreatitis following gastric secretion analysis by pentagastrin stimulation (author's transl)]. A picture of acute abdomen developed in a 25-year-old patient with recurrent duodenal ulcers after subcutaneous injection of pentagastrin for a gastric secretion test. Laparotomy undertaken for suspected perforated ulcer revealed an acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Healing and freedom from complaint occurred rapidly with drug therapy. The following are to be considered as possible causes for pancreatitis after subcutaneous application of pentagastrin: exacerbation of the ulcer, an acute exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, a direct effect of pentagastrin on the pancreas, increased pancreatic secretion due to the stimulation of gastric acid, reflux of duodenal contents or bile, arterial hypotension with local acidosis in the pancreas. Attention must always be paid to contra-indications of gastric juice analysis.", "PMID": 102981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5496", "title": "[Dupuytren's palmar fibromatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of a total of 500 patients with Dupuytren's contracture is reported. In agreement with the literature it was found that 90% of the patients are men. 29.9% are in the 5th decade of life at the time of the operation. The disease usually begins on one side. But after up to 3 years the second hand is also affected in 51%. The preferred location, both in its entirety and also in relation to the initial manifestation, is the ulnar portion of the hand. Because of the progressive nature of the complaint, relapses are to be expected even after a successful operation. At the time of the follow-up, 26.2% of the patients had recurrences. A correlation between the clinical picture and the histological phase classifications is not possible with certainty.", "contents": "[Dupuytren's palmar fibromatosis (author's transl)]. The analysis of a total of 500 patients with Dupuytren's contracture is reported. In agreement with the literature it was found that 90% of the patients are men. 29.9% are in the 5th decade of life at the time of the operation. The disease usually begins on one side. But after up to 3 years the second hand is also affected in 51%. The preferred location, both in its entirety and also in relation to the initial manifestation, is the ulnar portion of the hand. Because of the progressive nature of the complaint, relapses are to be expected even after a successful operation. At the time of the follow-up, 26.2% of the patients had recurrences. A correlation between the clinical picture and the histological phase classifications is not possible with certainty.", "PMID": 102982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5497", "title": "[The indications for operative revascularization of acute and chronic renal artery embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal artery embolism, which in our patients accounts for 0.4% of all arterial emboli and 6.5% of all operations on the renal arteries, demands rapid diagnosis and immediate operative revascularization. Three of our own cases of complete renal artery embolism which were successfully operated on and 5 with total chronic embolism of the renal arteries, also successfully operated, verify this indication. The importance of the collateral circulation in complete embolism of the renal artery for the maintenance of the organ is pointed out. This collateral circulation can prolong the revival time of the organ so that surgical restoration of the flow can be successful even after a long time. Intraoperative renal biopsy permits the prognosis to be assessed.", "contents": "[The indications for operative revascularization of acute and chronic renal artery embolism (author's transl)]. Renal artery embolism, which in our patients accounts for 0.4% of all arterial emboli and 6.5% of all operations on the renal arteries, demands rapid diagnosis and immediate operative revascularization. Three of our own cases of complete renal artery embolism which were successfully operated on and 5 with total chronic embolism of the renal arteries, also successfully operated, verify this indication. The importance of the collateral circulation in complete embolism of the renal artery for the maintenance of the organ is pointed out. This collateral circulation can prolong the revival time of the organ so that surgical restoration of the flow can be successful even after a long time. Intraoperative renal biopsy permits the prognosis to be assessed.", "PMID": 102983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5498", "title": "[The persistence of pathogens and its immunepathological consequences].", "content": "In principle the persistence of pathogens is favored by disturbances of the interplay between specific humoral and cellular defence mechanisms in the particular individual characteristic. Clinical secondary reactions in persistence of infection are in many cases not characterized by the infection as such but more decisively by the \"terrain\" which a particular organism encounters. This terrain is characterized by immunopathological secondary reactions which now become in turn the basis of the clinical secondary disease. In the individual case the manifestations are due to: acquired disturbances of immunotolerance; formation of neoantigens or induced autoimmune reactions; frequent immune complex reactions due to infectious or secondary antigens with corresponding antibody formation and complement activation.", "contents": "[The persistence of pathogens and its immunepathological consequences]. In principle the persistence of pathogens is favored by disturbances of the interplay between specific humoral and cellular defence mechanisms in the particular individual characteristic. Clinical secondary reactions in persistence of infection are in many cases not characterized by the infection as such but more decisively by the \"terrain\" which a particular organism encounters. This terrain is characterized by immunopathological secondary reactions which now become in turn the basis of the clinical secondary disease. In the individual case the manifestations are due to: acquired disturbances of immunotolerance; formation of neoantigens or induced autoimmune reactions; frequent immune complex reactions due to infectious or secondary antigens with corresponding antibody formation and complement activation.", "PMID": 102991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5499", "title": "[Nature and significance of persistent infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"persistent\" viral infections, besides \"subclinical\" infections, pertain to the vast group of \"clinically inapparent\" infections. They differ from subclinical infections by a temporally unlimited \"co-existence\" with the pathogen. Pathogenetically, three forms of development are possible: 1. latent infections, 2. tolerated infections, 3. occult infections. Persistent viral infections are the inexhaustible reservoir for many viruses. To the organism affected they may be of benefit (infection immunity, interference, paraimmunity) or of disadvantage (activation of the infection with conversion into a disease, cause of many chronic, slowly developing disease processes, immunopathogenic consequences), the disadvantages prevailing. To the environment, persistent infections are invisible sources of danger as they produce carriers and chronic carriers.", "contents": "[Nature and significance of persistent infections (author's transl)]. The \"persistent\" viral infections, besides \"subclinical\" infections, pertain to the vast group of \"clinically inapparent\" infections. They differ from subclinical infections by a temporally unlimited \"co-existence\" with the pathogen. Pathogenetically, three forms of development are possible: 1. latent infections, 2. tolerated infections, 3. occult infections. Persistent viral infections are the inexhaustible reservoir for many viruses. To the organism affected they may be of benefit (infection immunity, interference, paraimmunity) or of disadvantage (activation of the infection with conversion into a disease, cause of many chronic, slowly developing disease processes, immunopathogenic consequences), the disadvantages prevailing. To the environment, persistent infections are invisible sources of danger as they produce carriers and chronic carriers.", "PMID": 102992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5500", "title": "[Particular features of mycotic carriers (author's transl)].", "content": "Although we are all carriers of fungi, an infection is rare. Therefore, the following questions are discussed: Why do these actually saprophytic germs become pathogenic at all? Why have opportunistic fungus infections increased? The diagnosis of a fungus infection due to saprophytic pathogens is difficult, as the demonstration of a fungus does not necessarily imply disease. The case history with relevant predisposing factors is an essential clue to the diagnosis. As a matter of principle, the diagnosis of a systemic mycosis should only be established by exclusion.", "contents": "[Particular features of mycotic carriers (author's transl)]. Although we are all carriers of fungi, an infection is rare. Therefore, the following questions are discussed: Why do these actually saprophytic germs become pathogenic at all? Why have opportunistic fungus infections increased? The diagnosis of a fungus infection due to saprophytic pathogens is difficult, as the demonstration of a fungus does not necessarily imply disease. The case history with relevant predisposing factors is an essential clue to the diagnosis. As a matter of principle, the diagnosis of a systemic mycosis should only be established by exclusion.", "PMID": 102993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5501", "title": "A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila.", "content": "The bithorax gene complex in Drosophila contains a minimum of eight genes that seem to code for substances controlling levels of thoracic and abdominal development. The state of repression of at least four of these genes is controlled by cis-regulatory elements and a separate locus (Polycomb) seems to code for a repressor of the complex. The wild-type and mutant segmentation patterns are consistent with an antero-posterior gradient in repressor concentration along the embryo and a proximo-distal gradient along the chromosome in the affinities for repressor of each gene's cis-regulatory element.", "contents": "A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila. The bithorax gene complex in Drosophila contains a minimum of eight genes that seem to code for substances controlling levels of thoracic and abdominal development. The state of repression of at least four of these genes is controlled by cis-regulatory elements and a separate locus (Polycomb) seems to code for a repressor of the complex. The wild-type and mutant segmentation patterns are consistent with an antero-posterior gradient in repressor concentration along the embryo and a proximo-distal gradient along the chromosome in the affinities for repressor of each gene's cis-regulatory element.", "PMID": 103000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5502", "title": "Multiplicity of germline genes specifying a group of related mouse kappa chains with implications for the generation of immunoglobulin diversity.", "content": "The number of germline genes specifying the variable sequences of the Vkappa21 group of light chains was determined by saturation hybridisation analysis to be four to six. This gene multiplicity is considerably less than the total variability in the group, indicating that kappa-chain diversity is generated by somatic mutations in both framework and complementarity-determining (hypervariable) regions.", "contents": "Multiplicity of germline genes specifying a group of related mouse kappa chains with implications for the generation of immunoglobulin diversity. The number of germline genes specifying the variable sequences of the Vkappa21 group of light chains was determined by saturation hybridisation analysis to be four to six. This gene multiplicity is considerably less than the total variability in the group, indicating that kappa-chain diversity is generated by somatic mutations in both framework and complementarity-determining (hypervariable) regions.", "PMID": 103002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5503", "title": "Rearrangement of genetic information may produce immunoglobulin diversity.", "content": "The nearly complete amino-acid sequences of 22 closely related immunoglobulin kappa variable (Vkappa) regions from the inbred NZB mouse are presented. This group of Vkappa regions is encoded by at least six germline Vkappa genes. These data also suggest that the mouse kappa gene is divided into three segments termed V or variable (residues 1 to 98 or 99), J or joining (residues 99 or 100 to 112) and C or constant (residues 113--219). Tonegawa et la. have recently described a similar J segment for mouse lambda chains. Inbred mice contain multiple Vkappa and Jkappa gene segments. Therefore, different combinations of V and J gene segments may be joined at the DNA level during the differentiation of individual lymphocytes to contribute to antibody diversity.", "contents": "Rearrangement of genetic information may produce immunoglobulin diversity. The nearly complete amino-acid sequences of 22 closely related immunoglobulin kappa variable (Vkappa) regions from the inbred NZB mouse are presented. This group of Vkappa regions is encoded by at least six germline Vkappa genes. These data also suggest that the mouse kappa gene is divided into three segments termed V or variable (residues 1 to 98 or 99), J or joining (residues 99 or 100 to 112) and C or constant (residues 113--219). Tonegawa et la. have recently described a similar J segment for mouse lambda chains. Inbred mice contain multiple Vkappa and Jkappa gene segments. Therefore, different combinations of V and J gene segments may be joined at the DNA level during the differentiation of individual lymphocytes to contribute to antibody diversity.", "PMID": 103003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5504", "title": "The arrangement and rearrangement of antibody genes.", "content": "Cloned segments of mouse chromosomal DNA provide direct evidence for the somatic rearrangement of kappa variable and constant region genes in antibody producing cells. This rearrangement apparently affects only one member of an allelic pair of light chain genes.", "contents": "The arrangement and rearrangement of antibody genes. Cloned segments of mouse chromosomal DNA provide direct evidence for the somatic rearrangement of kappa variable and constant region genes in antibody producing cells. This rearrangement apparently affects only one member of an allelic pair of light chain genes.", "PMID": 103004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5505", "title": "[Colo-vesical fistulas in acute pathology of the colon].", "content": "A survey of the relevant literature and a statement of the acute diseases of the colon giving rise to urological complications are followed by a short account of the subjective and objective symptoms of colo-vesical fistulae. An assessment is also made of the advantages of careful diagnostic, clinical and instrumental appraisal. The classic management of such fistulae is described, and the main features of the surgical technique required are illustrated. Successful employment of total parenteral therapy in 13 cases of enteric fistula (including 2 colo-vesical cases) at the University of Genoa \"R\" Surgical Clinic is reported. The indications, contraindications and complications associated with this method are explained. The modalities whereby a gradual transition is made to feeding per os are described and the results obtained are evaluated.", "contents": "[Colo-vesical fistulas in acute pathology of the colon]. A survey of the relevant literature and a statement of the acute diseases of the colon giving rise to urological complications are followed by a short account of the subjective and objective symptoms of colo-vesical fistulae. An assessment is also made of the advantages of careful diagnostic, clinical and instrumental appraisal. The classic management of such fistulae is described, and the main features of the surgical technique required are illustrated. Successful employment of total parenteral therapy in 13 cases of enteric fistula (including 2 colo-vesical cases) at the University of Genoa \"R\" Surgical Clinic is reported. The indications, contraindications and complications associated with this method are explained. The modalities whereby a gradual transition is made to feeding per os are described and the results obtained are evaluated.", "PMID": 103011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5506", "title": "[Jejunostomy for feeding purposes. Considerations on 100 cases].", "content": "Personal experience with 100 cases of jejunostomy for feeding purposes is reported. Stress is laid on the advantages of this feeding technique which include simple, surgical technique, easy administration of diet, speedy metabolic response and the moderate nature of the complications.", "contents": "[Jejunostomy for feeding purposes. Considerations on 100 cases]. Personal experience with 100 cases of jejunostomy for feeding purposes is reported. Stress is laid on the advantages of this feeding technique which include simple, surgical technique, easy administration of diet, speedy metabolic response and the moderate nature of the complications.", "PMID": 103012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5507", "title": "[Use of releasing hormones in endocrinological diagnosis].", "content": "The identification and synthesis of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) has widened our knowledge of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-thyroid and hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonad diseases. More precisely, administration of these two releasing factors, by permitting the evaluation of pituitary TSH, LH, and FSH reserves, reveals otherwise undefinable changes in hypophyseal function. An account of the manner of execution and measurement, the administration route, and side-effects related to TRH and LHRH tests is followed by a description of the main diseases in which they offer the greatest degree of diagnostic assistance.", "contents": "[Use of releasing hormones in endocrinological diagnosis]. The identification and synthesis of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) has widened our knowledge of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-thyroid and hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonad diseases. More precisely, administration of these two releasing factors, by permitting the evaluation of pituitary TSH, LH, and FSH reserves, reveals otherwise undefinable changes in hypophyseal function. An account of the manner of execution and measurement, the administration route, and side-effects related to TRH and LHRH tests is followed by a description of the main diseases in which they offer the greatest degree of diagnostic assistance.", "PMID": 103013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5508", "title": "[Sea-blue histiocytosis. Clinical and immunological study of a familial case].", "content": "This case (a young man) presented a clinical picture of a hard periorbital edema, hepatosplenomegaly and a mild bilateral pulmonary fibrosis. The histopatological pattern of our case (as well as his sister affected with the same syndrome) was characterized by the presence of macrophages full of blue staining granules and bone marrow macrophagic infiltrations. In the pulmonary function tests the volumes and compliance test and diffusing capacity were normal. The enzymatic deficit of the macrophage leads to the increase storage of phosphoglicerides and phosphosphingolipids responsibles for the blue staining with Wright-Giemsa stain. Our case fit into the specific pathology of the macrophage cell in accordance with the more recent views of the autonomy of the MPS (Mononuclear Phagocytic System). The known relationship between macrophages and T and B lymphocites have prompted us to study the cellular and humoral immunological behaviour of our case. We have observed an increased IgM immunoglobulins and an increase of IgM surface membrane receptors. Our results will be illustrated and compared with the until known 70 publicated cases.", "contents": "[Sea-blue histiocytosis. Clinical and immunological study of a familial case]. This case (a young man) presented a clinical picture of a hard periorbital edema, hepatosplenomegaly and a mild bilateral pulmonary fibrosis. The histopatological pattern of our case (as well as his sister affected with the same syndrome) was characterized by the presence of macrophages full of blue staining granules and bone marrow macrophagic infiltrations. In the pulmonary function tests the volumes and compliance test and diffusing capacity were normal. The enzymatic deficit of the macrophage leads to the increase storage of phosphoglicerides and phosphosphingolipids responsibles for the blue staining with Wright-Giemsa stain. Our case fit into the specific pathology of the macrophage cell in accordance with the more recent views of the autonomy of the MPS (Mononuclear Phagocytic System). The known relationship between macrophages and T and B lymphocites have prompted us to study the cellular and humoral immunological behaviour of our case. We have observed an increased IgM immunoglobulins and an increase of IgM surface membrane receptors. Our results will be illustrated and compared with the until known 70 publicated cases.", "PMID": 103014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5509", "title": "The biochemical effects of a maternal hyperalimentation during pregnancy.", "content": "Six patients each with a very low 24-hour urine oestriol excretion were infused with hypertonic dextrose and amino acids for 48 hours prior to delivery. Amniotic fluid samples were studied before and after infusion. Lecithin sphingomyelin ratios and insulin levels were increased following infusions in all patients. There was usually a fall in amniotic fluid glucose and an increase in ammonia, amino acid nitrogen and osmolality following infusions. Maternal plasma oestriol, human placental lactogen, cystyl aminopeptidase and urine oestriol excretion were unchanged during the infusions.", "contents": "The biochemical effects of a maternal hyperalimentation during pregnancy. Six patients each with a very low 24-hour urine oestriol excretion were infused with hypertonic dextrose and amino acids for 48 hours prior to delivery. Amniotic fluid samples were studied before and after infusion. Lecithin sphingomyelin ratios and insulin levels were increased following infusions in all patients. There was usually a fall in amniotic fluid glucose and an increase in ammonia, amino acid nitrogen and osmolality following infusions. Maternal plasma oestriol, human placental lactogen, cystyl aminopeptidase and urine oestriol excretion were unchanged during the infusions.", "PMID": 103018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5510", "title": "Effects of the epipodophyllotoxin derivative VM 26 in mitosis and in interphase.", "content": "The epipodophyllotoxin derivative VM 26 inhibits entry of mouse mastocytoma cells into mitosis in cell cultures at drug concentrations of 0.01--1 microgram/ml, the cells being arrested in G2 phase of the cell cycle. At higher concentrations, the compound exhibits spindle poison activity which manifests itself in a shortlasting rise in the number of cells arrested in metaphase of mitosis. These cells then disintegrate after a short period of time.", "contents": "Effects of the epipodophyllotoxin derivative VM 26 in mitosis and in interphase. The epipodophyllotoxin derivative VM 26 inhibits entry of mouse mastocytoma cells into mitosis in cell cultures at drug concentrations of 0.01--1 microgram/ml, the cells being arrested in G2 phase of the cell cycle. At higher concentrations, the compound exhibits spindle poison activity which manifests itself in a shortlasting rise in the number of cells arrested in metaphase of mitosis. These cells then disintegrate after a short period of time.", "PMID": 103022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5511", "title": "Serum haptoglobin levels in mice with 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced tumors.", "content": "Serum haptoglobin (Hp) levels were determined periodically in mice treated with the carcinogen 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). The magnitude and duration of the Hp response to tumors induced by DMBA were dependent on the tumor type; lymphocytic lymphomas elicted a minimal response, whereas mice bearing mammary carcinomas and stomach squamous cell carcinomas had high Hp levels which remained elevated throughout most of the period of tumor development. In the majority of mice with mammary carcinomas, the initial rise in serum Hp coincided fairly closely with the first appearance of palpable masses. Some variation in the magnitude of the Hp response was observed between individual mice bearing chemically-induced tumors of similar histological types.", "contents": "Serum haptoglobin levels in mice with 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced tumors. Serum haptoglobin (Hp) levels were determined periodically in mice treated with the carcinogen 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). The magnitude and duration of the Hp response to tumors induced by DMBA were dependent on the tumor type; lymphocytic lymphomas elicted a minimal response, whereas mice bearing mammary carcinomas and stomach squamous cell carcinomas had high Hp levels which remained elevated throughout most of the period of tumor development. In the majority of mice with mammary carcinomas, the initial rise in serum Hp coincided fairly closely with the first appearance of palpable masses. Some variation in the magnitude of the Hp response was observed between individual mice bearing chemically-induced tumors of similar histological types.", "PMID": 103023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5512", "title": "Brain disorders don't disqualify workers from job.", "content": "A variety of neurological disorders afflict people in the workforce and the occupational physician faces tough decisions about them. Sometimes the afflicted individual is an applicant for a job. In other cases, he or she suffers a neurological disorder, ranging from epilepsy to senility, while an employee, often after long and valued service. Whether the decision pertains to hiring or to approval of a return to work, it's usually up to the occupational physician to make it. Often he or she is under strong pressure to make an expedient decision.", "contents": "Brain disorders don't disqualify workers from job. A variety of neurological disorders afflict people in the workforce and the occupational physician faces tough decisions about them. Sometimes the afflicted individual is an applicant for a job. In other cases, he or she suffers a neurological disorder, ranging from epilepsy to senility, while an employee, often after long and valued service. Whether the decision pertains to hiring or to approval of a return to work, it's usually up to the occupational physician to make it. Often he or she is under strong pressure to make an expedient decision.", "PMID": 103021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5513", "title": "Intraspinal alumina injection: the relationship between epileptiform focus, root scarring and chronic pain.", "content": "Intramedullary or subarachnoid injections of alumina cream were made in the lumbar region of 38 adult cats. The animals were observed for 3 to 12 months and then subjected to acute neurophysiologic and histologic analysis. Neuronal hyperactivity in the dorsal horns was reliably produced by either subarachnoid or intramedullary alumina; behavioral abnormalities were not produced unless some of the alumina was present adjacent to dorsal root fibers in the subarachnoid space. Neuronal hyperactivity does not predict cutaneous hyperesthesia or motor abnormality; alumina produces scarring in the subarachnoid space and probably causes pain by making the dorsal root fibers mechanosensitive. Subarachnoid alumina may be a good model for human arachnoiditis.", "contents": "Intraspinal alumina injection: the relationship between epileptiform focus, root scarring and chronic pain. Intramedullary or subarachnoid injections of alumina cream were made in the lumbar region of 38 adult cats. The animals were observed for 3 to 12 months and then subjected to acute neurophysiologic and histologic analysis. Neuronal hyperactivity in the dorsal horns was reliably produced by either subarachnoid or intramedullary alumina; behavioral abnormalities were not produced unless some of the alumina was present adjacent to dorsal root fibers in the subarachnoid space. Neuronal hyperactivity does not predict cutaneous hyperesthesia or motor abnormality; alumina produces scarring in the subarachnoid space and probably causes pain by making the dorsal root fibers mechanosensitive. Subarachnoid alumina may be a good model for human arachnoiditis.", "PMID": 103060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5514", "title": "Persistent bacteriuria in the rat after reflux challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "An experiment based upon reflux of culture suspensions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into the rat kidney was set up to examine possible factors of importance in the development of ascending renal infection. We monitored the persistence of challenge bacteria in the rat urinary tract by quantitative culture of urine collected by spontaneous micturition, despite heavy contamination with commensal microflora. In most animals challenged, pseudomonads gave rise to bacteriuria of only limited duration. During bacterial persistence in urine, colony counts fluctuated widely from day to day.", "contents": "Persistent bacteriuria in the rat after reflux challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An experiment based upon reflux of culture suspensions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into the rat kidney was set up to examine possible factors of importance in the development of ascending renal infection. We monitored the persistence of challenge bacteria in the rat urinary tract by quantitative culture of urine collected by spontaneous micturition, despite heavy contamination with commensal microflora. In most animals challenged, pseudomonads gave rise to bacteriuria of only limited duration. During bacterial persistence in urine, colony counts fluctuated widely from day to day.", "PMID": 103062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5515", "title": "Renal infection in the rat after reflux challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A rat-pseudomonad reflux model was employed to examine the effect of the size of inoculum on the emergence of renal infection. Widely varying degrees of renal disease observed in challenged animals indicated that a number of variables influenced the outcome of the host-parasite interaction. In this regard, animals in which there was a reduction of the colony counts below a threshold figure rarely gave evidence of renal infection when examined at autopsy on the eighth day following reflux. These results suggest that a threshold level of bacteriuria may also have to be exceeded if renal infection is to become established in patients with vesico-ureteric reflux.", "contents": "Renal infection in the rat after reflux challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A rat-pseudomonad reflux model was employed to examine the effect of the size of inoculum on the emergence of renal infection. Widely varying degrees of renal disease observed in challenged animals indicated that a number of variables influenced the outcome of the host-parasite interaction. In this regard, animals in which there was a reduction of the colony counts below a threshold figure rarely gave evidence of renal infection when examined at autopsy on the eighth day following reflux. These results suggest that a threshold level of bacteriuria may also have to be exceeded if renal infection is to become established in patients with vesico-ureteric reflux.", "PMID": 103063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5516", "title": "Renal phosphate clearance in fetal lambs.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible role of diminished phosphate clearance by the fetal kidney in production of relative fetal hyperphosphatemia. Stimuli known to affect renal phosphate clearance in adults were investigated in young fetal lambs. Our studies confirm that the fetal lamb kidney responds to exogenous and endogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) with inhibition of tubular phosphate reabsorption. Renal tubular phosphate reabsorption in the fetus is in part related to sodium reabsorption. These studies indicate that so-called \"immaturity\" of renal phosphate clearance in utero is not a significant factor in production of fetal hyperphosphatemia.", "contents": "Renal phosphate clearance in fetal lambs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible role of diminished phosphate clearance by the fetal kidney in production of relative fetal hyperphosphatemia. Stimuli known to affect renal phosphate clearance in adults were investigated in young fetal lambs. Our studies confirm that the fetal lamb kidney responds to exogenous and endogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) with inhibition of tubular phosphate reabsorption. Renal tubular phosphate reabsorption in the fetus is in part related to sodium reabsorption. These studies indicate that so-called \"immaturity\" of renal phosphate clearance in utero is not a significant factor in production of fetal hyperphosphatemia.", "PMID": 103064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5517", "title": "Analgesic sensitivity in children with asthma.", "content": "First described as a component of a triad seen among adults with nonallergic asthma and nasal polyps, aspirin sensitivity has subsequently been documented as a frequent concomitant of a wide range of patients with chronic asthma. Recent reports suggest that its incidence among children with asthma is higher than previously suspected. Among aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, indomethacin and newer, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents precipitate airway obstruction with a high frequency while phenylbutazone has a lesser effect. Reports related to acetaminophen among these patients have been inconsistent. Salicylic acid and salicylamide appear to be tolerated. A correlation between the potential for causing airway obstruction among asthmatic patients and the drug's in vitro prostaglandin synthetase activity has been suggested, and elevation of plasma histamine level at the time of the pulmonary reaction has been described. Aspirin and other analgesics may therefore mediate bronchospasm by means of their effects on prostaglandin production and the resultant effects on intracellular cyclic nucleotide activity, which modulates histamine release from mast cells in lung tissue.", "contents": "Analgesic sensitivity in children with asthma. First described as a component of a triad seen among adults with nonallergic asthma and nasal polyps, aspirin sensitivity has subsequently been documented as a frequent concomitant of a wide range of patients with chronic asthma. Recent reports suggest that its incidence among children with asthma is higher than previously suspected. Among aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, indomethacin and newer, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents precipitate airway obstruction with a high frequency while phenylbutazone has a lesser effect. Reports related to acetaminophen among these patients have been inconsistent. Salicylic acid and salicylamide appear to be tolerated. A correlation between the potential for causing airway obstruction among asthmatic patients and the drug's in vitro prostaglandin synthetase activity has been suggested, and elevation of plasma histamine level at the time of the pulmonary reaction has been described. Aspirin and other analgesics may therefore mediate bronchospasm by means of their effects on prostaglandin production and the resultant effects on intracellular cyclic nucleotide activity, which modulates histamine release from mast cells in lung tissue.", "PMID": 103067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5518", "title": "Pursuit eye movements and their neural control in the monkey.", "content": "1. Single units in the 3. and 6. nerve nuclei were recorded, together with the stimulus and eye movements in trained macaques during pursuit eye movements. 2. The relationship between the impulse rate of an oculomotor motoneuron and the corresponding eye movements can be described by a first order differential equation only, if distinctions are made between the modes of the oculomotor system (e.g., fixation or pursuit) and between the agonist phase and the antagonist phase of the corresponding eye muscle. 3. The trained monkeys showed a frequency response during pursuit eye movements, which was comparable to that of humans and which clearly indicates the existence of a predictor mechanism. 4. After sudden stimulus disappearance in the pursuit mode, both the neural impulse rate and the eye movement performed smooth changes for more than 1s. These slow post-pursuit eye movements were related to the time course before stimulus disappearance. 5. Our findings lead to the hypothesis, that pursuit eye movements in primates, if elicited by small moving visual stimuli, are generated by means of a feedback system consisting of a predictor mechanism, the parameters of which are continuously corrected by an updating process in the afferent visual system.", "contents": "Pursuit eye movements and their neural control in the monkey. 1. Single units in the 3. and 6. nerve nuclei were recorded, together with the stimulus and eye movements in trained macaques during pursuit eye movements. 2. The relationship between the impulse rate of an oculomotor motoneuron and the corresponding eye movements can be described by a first order differential equation only, if distinctions are made between the modes of the oculomotor system (e.g., fixation or pursuit) and between the agonist phase and the antagonist phase of the corresponding eye muscle. 3. The trained monkeys showed a frequency response during pursuit eye movements, which was comparable to that of humans and which clearly indicates the existence of a predictor mechanism. 4. After sudden stimulus disappearance in the pursuit mode, both the neural impulse rate and the eye movement performed smooth changes for more than 1s. These slow post-pursuit eye movements were related to the time course before stimulus disappearance. 5. Our findings lead to the hypothesis, that pursuit eye movements in primates, if elicited by small moving visual stimuli, are generated by means of a feedback system consisting of a predictor mechanism, the parameters of which are continuously corrected by an updating process in the afferent visual system.", "PMID": 103071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5519", "title": "[Ocular herpes. Therapeutic aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "The range of treatment proposed for ocular herpes regularly widens. In addition to the harmful effects of the herpes virus itself, there are local immunological mechanisms which render the use of antiviral substances all the more difficult. Those currently available (5 iodo 2'deoxyuridine, vidarabine, trifluorothymidine) are certainly of the greatest value in superficial forms but have little effect upon deep seated stromal and uveal involvement. In addition, they are toxic to the corneal epithelium. At all events, they offer treatment during acute exacerbations and cannot prevent recurrences. Treatment should thus often consist of corticosteroids and antiviral agents in alternation and the solution is sometimes to be found in the combined use of these two substances. Surgery is above all indicated in the treatment of the sequelae of ocular herpes, the results of operations performed during acute phases being less definite.", "contents": "[Ocular herpes. Therapeutic aspects (author's transl)]. The range of treatment proposed for ocular herpes regularly widens. In addition to the harmful effects of the herpes virus itself, there are local immunological mechanisms which render the use of antiviral substances all the more difficult. Those currently available (5 iodo 2'deoxyuridine, vidarabine, trifluorothymidine) are certainly of the greatest value in superficial forms but have little effect upon deep seated stromal and uveal involvement. In addition, they are toxic to the corneal epithelium. At all events, they offer treatment during acute exacerbations and cannot prevent recurrences. Treatment should thus often consist of corticosteroids and antiviral agents in alternation and the solution is sometimes to be found in the combined use of these two substances. Surgery is above all indicated in the treatment of the sequelae of ocular herpes, the results of operations performed during acute phases being less definite.", "PMID": 103072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5520", "title": "[The \"e\" antigen system in HBs antigen carriers (author's transl)].", "content": "Antigen e and its antibody were sought by radial immunodiffusion in 86 carriers of HBs antigen observed over a period of one year. The antigen was found in 3 cases out of 30 with acute viral hepatitis, 11 cases out of 33 with chronic active hepatitis, 1 case out of 6 with chronic persistent hepatitis and 1 out of 6 healthy carriers. It was not found in the serum of 6 patients with fulminating hepatitis. The presence of antigen e is associated with high titers of circulating HBs antigens (p less than 0,001). In this group, no difference in the course of the disease was found in cases of chronic active hepatitis with HBs antigen, according to the presence or absence of antigen e or its antibody.", "contents": "[The \"e\" antigen system in HBs antigen carriers (author's transl)]. Antigen e and its antibody were sought by radial immunodiffusion in 86 carriers of HBs antigen observed over a period of one year. The antigen was found in 3 cases out of 30 with acute viral hepatitis, 11 cases out of 33 with chronic active hepatitis, 1 case out of 6 with chronic persistent hepatitis and 1 out of 6 healthy carriers. It was not found in the serum of 6 patients with fulminating hepatitis. The presence of antigen e is associated with high titers of circulating HBs antigens (p less than 0,001). In this group, no difference in the course of the disease was found in cases of chronic active hepatitis with HBs antigen, according to the presence or absence of antigen e or its antibody.", "PMID": 103075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5521", "title": "Formation and characterization of antibody against 2'-(5\"-phosphoribosyl)-5' AMP, the monomer form of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose).", "content": "Specific antibody against 2'-(5\"-phosphoribosyl)-5'AMP (PR-AMP), a monomer of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) (poly(ADP-Rib)), was produced by immunizing a rabbit with PR-AMP coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Antibody against PR-AMP was purified 53-fold from serum by (NH4) 2SO4 precipitation, and BSA-Sepharose 4B, DEAE-cellulose and (PR-AMP)-BSA-Sepharose 4B column chromatographies. Inhibition experiments show that the adenine ring, 5'-phosphate residue and ribose-ribose bond of PR-AMP were essential for the antigenic determinant of PR-AMP. Anti PR-AMP antibody bound, not only with PR-AMP, but also with poly(ADP-Rib) of various chain lengths, while anti poly(ADP-Rib) antibody bound with poly(ADP-Rib) but not with PR-AMP.", "contents": "Formation and characterization of antibody against 2'-(5\"-phosphoribosyl)-5' AMP, the monomer form of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose). Specific antibody against 2'-(5\"-phosphoribosyl)-5'AMP (PR-AMP), a monomer of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) (poly(ADP-Rib)), was produced by immunizing a rabbit with PR-AMP coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Antibody against PR-AMP was purified 53-fold from serum by (NH4) 2SO4 precipitation, and BSA-Sepharose 4B, DEAE-cellulose and (PR-AMP)-BSA-Sepharose 4B column chromatographies. Inhibition experiments show that the adenine ring, 5'-phosphate residue and ribose-ribose bond of PR-AMP were essential for the antigenic determinant of PR-AMP. Anti PR-AMP antibody bound, not only with PR-AMP, but also with poly(ADP-Rib) of various chain lengths, while anti poly(ADP-Rib) antibody bound with poly(ADP-Rib) but not with PR-AMP.", "PMID": 103076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5522", "title": "Creutzfeldt--Jakob disease.", "content": "The laboratory transmission to animals of an apparently degenerative disease of the nervous system, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), is now well established. Important questions arising from this observation are the possibility of natural transmission or infectivity and the existence of other similarly transmissible diseases. Epidemiological studies have revealed some possible clusters of CJD and also an association with previous craniotomy, but there is no definite evidence of natural infection. A few instances have been reported of experimental CJD in animals following inoculation with material from Alzheimer's disease, but apart from this there is so far no evidence of transmission of any other form of degenerative nervous disease.", "contents": "Creutzfeldt--Jakob disease. The laboratory transmission to animals of an apparently degenerative disease of the nervous system, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), is now well established. Important questions arising from this observation are the possibility of natural transmission or infectivity and the existence of other similarly transmissible diseases. Epidemiological studies have revealed some possible clusters of CJD and also an association with previous craniotomy, but there is no definite evidence of natural infection. A few instances have been reported of experimental CJD in animals following inoculation with material from Alzheimer's disease, but apart from this there is so far no evidence of transmission of any other form of degenerative nervous disease.", "PMID": 103082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5523", "title": "Demeclocycline in the treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone release: with measurement of plasma ADH.", "content": "A patient with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone release (SIADH) following head injury and meningitis was studied during treatment with demeclocycline, a drug known to produce a reversible nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. No changes were observed during six days of demeclocycline 1200 mg/24 hr but urine output increased significantly, with the production of a dilute urine, when the dose was increased to 2400 mg/24 hr. The patient lost weight, and all biochemical features of the syndrome were rapidly corrected despite an unchanged fluid intake and despite the persistence of high plasma levels of ADH. The rise in serum sodium was accompanied by mild sodium retention, as measured by external balance and exchangeable sodium. A complication of treatment was the development of acute renal failure possibly induced by a nephrotoxic effect of high circulating levels of demeclocyline. On stopping demeclocyline renal function returned to normal and, after some delay, SIADH returned, and was still present 9 months after initial presentation. This confirms earlier reports of the efficacy of demeclocycline in SIADH; but the authors advise caution against increasing the dose above 1200 mg/24 hr.", "contents": "Demeclocycline in the treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone release: with measurement of plasma ADH. A patient with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone release (SIADH) following head injury and meningitis was studied during treatment with demeclocycline, a drug known to produce a reversible nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. No changes were observed during six days of demeclocycline 1200 mg/24 hr but urine output increased significantly, with the production of a dilute urine, when the dose was increased to 2400 mg/24 hr. The patient lost weight, and all biochemical features of the syndrome were rapidly corrected despite an unchanged fluid intake and despite the persistence of high plasma levels of ADH. The rise in serum sodium was accompanied by mild sodium retention, as measured by external balance and exchangeable sodium. A complication of treatment was the development of acute renal failure possibly induced by a nephrotoxic effect of high circulating levels of demeclocyline. On stopping demeclocyline renal function returned to normal and, after some delay, SIADH returned, and was still present 9 months after initial presentation. This confirms earlier reports of the efficacy of demeclocycline in SIADH; but the authors advise caution against increasing the dose above 1200 mg/24 hr.", "PMID": 103083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5524", "title": "[Serum aminoacid levels during aminoacid-free parenteral feeding (author's transl)].", "content": "19 patients in a surgical intensive care unit were fed parenterally on an aminoacid-free diet and the serum aminoacid levels were determined chromatographically on ion exchange resins. The results were compared with those obtained in 150 normal persons. The significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "[Serum aminoacid levels during aminoacid-free parenteral feeding (author's transl)]. 19 patients in a surgical intensive care unit were fed parenterally on an aminoacid-free diet and the serum aminoacid levels were determined chromatographically on ion exchange resins. The results were compared with those obtained in 150 normal persons. The significance of the findings is discussed.", "PMID": 103084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5525", "title": "[Biosynthesis of cellulolytic enzymes and xylanase during submerged cultivation of the fungus Aspergillus terreus 17P].", "content": "The fungus Aspergillus terreus 17P--producer of cellulolytic enzymes--was cultivated in the Biotec 10 l fermenter on the medium containing minced and heated (at 200 degrees) wheat straw aerated with a different rate. At the mixing rate of 350 rpm and aeration rate of 0.7 r/rpm on the fourth day the culture liquid was obtained whose filtrate contained an active complex of cellulolytic enzymes and xylanase: CI--3.4; APB--1.1, Cx--35.7, cellobiase--0.23, xylanase--73.8 units/ml. The fractionation of the culture liquid filtrate with ammonium sulphate showed that the fraction precipitated at an interval of saturation of 0.3--0.7 contained the largest portion of cellulolytic enzymes and xylanase. The isolated enzymic preparations had a cellulolytic and xylanase activity and contained lipase, pectinase, laminarinase. They also contained low quantities of amylase, protease, beta-1,4- and beta-1,6-glucanase. Enzymic hylrolysis by the Asp. terreus 17P preparation of straw yielded glucose and xylose, of cotton, Na-KMC, cellobiose--glucose, Xylane hydrolyzate contained xylose and arabinose.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of cellulolytic enzymes and xylanase during submerged cultivation of the fungus Aspergillus terreus 17P]. The fungus Aspergillus terreus 17P--producer of cellulolytic enzymes--was cultivated in the Biotec 10 l fermenter on the medium containing minced and heated (at 200 degrees) wheat straw aerated with a different rate. At the mixing rate of 350 rpm and aeration rate of 0.7 r/rpm on the fourth day the culture liquid was obtained whose filtrate contained an active complex of cellulolytic enzymes and xylanase: CI--3.4; APB--1.1, Cx--35.7, cellobiase--0.23, xylanase--73.8 units/ml. The fractionation of the culture liquid filtrate with ammonium sulphate showed that the fraction precipitated at an interval of saturation of 0.3--0.7 contained the largest portion of cellulolytic enzymes and xylanase. The isolated enzymic preparations had a cellulolytic and xylanase activity and contained lipase, pectinase, laminarinase. They also contained low quantities of amylase, protease, beta-1,4- and beta-1,6-glucanase. Enzymic hylrolysis by the Asp. terreus 17P preparation of straw yielded glucose and xylose, of cotton, Na-KMC, cellobiose--glucose, Xylane hydrolyzate contained xylose and arabinose.", "PMID": 103086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5526", "title": "[Use of blockers and stimulators of prolactin secretion in the syndrome of persistent lactorrhea--amenorrhea].", "content": "The results of use of rifathyroin (the Soviet preparation thyroliberin), a stimulant of prolactin secretion, and of L-DOPA and cholstylbegit, blockers of prolactin secretion, in patients with various forms of the persisting lactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome are presented in this work. Reaction of rifathyroin proved to be disturbed in these patients, i.e. decreased in adenomas and hypothalamic disturbances and exceedingly increased in combination of primary hypothyroidism and lactorrhea. L-DOPA and chlostylbegit were capable of reducing prolactin level in patients with the persisting lactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome, this being accompanied by restoration of biphasic menstrual cycle in some of the patients. The use of estrogens led to increase of the serum prolactin level. Problems of diagnostic value of the test with rifathyroin, and of the efficacy of various therapeutic methods applied in lactorrhea-amenorrhea are discussed.", "contents": "[Use of blockers and stimulators of prolactin secretion in the syndrome of persistent lactorrhea--amenorrhea]. The results of use of rifathyroin (the Soviet preparation thyroliberin), a stimulant of prolactin secretion, and of L-DOPA and cholstylbegit, blockers of prolactin secretion, in patients with various forms of the persisting lactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome are presented in this work. Reaction of rifathyroin proved to be disturbed in these patients, i.e. decreased in adenomas and hypothalamic disturbances and exceedingly increased in combination of primary hypothyroidism and lactorrhea. L-DOPA and chlostylbegit were capable of reducing prolactin level in patients with the persisting lactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome, this being accompanied by restoration of biphasic menstrual cycle in some of the patients. The use of estrogens led to increase of the serum prolactin level. Problems of diagnostic value of the test with rifathyroin, and of the efficacy of various therapeutic methods applied in lactorrhea-amenorrhea are discussed.", "PMID": 103087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5527", "title": "A major serine protease in rat skeletal muscle: evidence for its mast cell origin.", "content": "The physical, chemical, and immunologic properties of a protease from rat skeletal muscle, proposed to function in the degradation of certain intracellular enzymes, are identical to those of a chymotrypsin-like serine protease isolated from peritoneal mast cells. The results of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and 8 M urea indicate that the two rat proteases have identical mobilities corresponding to a molecular weight of 26,000. The relative amino acid compositions of the proteases are nearly identical. Immunodiffusion tests for crossreaction between the muscle protease and antisera directed toward mast cell protease indicate that the former is immunologically identical to mast cell protease. The first 35 amino-terminal residues of the two enzymes are identical and indicate homology of these proteins to other mammalian serine proteases. The sequence analysis of the protease from muscle was extended for an additional 16 positions, and comparison of this amino-terminal sequence with that of a similar enzyme from small intestine showed approximately 75% sequence identity. In contrast, only 40% of the residues in this region of bovine chymotrypsin A were found at corresponding loci in rat muscle protease. It is concluded that the protease from muscle or mast cells is closely related to the enzyme from small intestine which recently was localized in the \"atypical\" mast cells of gut mucosa [Woodbury, R. G., Gruzenski, G. M. & Lagunoff, D. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 2785-2789].", "contents": "A major serine protease in rat skeletal muscle: evidence for its mast cell origin. The physical, chemical, and immunologic properties of a protease from rat skeletal muscle, proposed to function in the degradation of certain intracellular enzymes, are identical to those of a chymotrypsin-like serine protease isolated from peritoneal mast cells. The results of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and 8 M urea indicate that the two rat proteases have identical mobilities corresponding to a molecular weight of 26,000. The relative amino acid compositions of the proteases are nearly identical. Immunodiffusion tests for crossreaction between the muscle protease and antisera directed toward mast cell protease indicate that the former is immunologically identical to mast cell protease. The first 35 amino-terminal residues of the two enzymes are identical and indicate homology of these proteins to other mammalian serine proteases. The sequence analysis of the protease from muscle was extended for an additional 16 positions, and comparison of this amino-terminal sequence with that of a similar enzyme from small intestine showed approximately 75% sequence identity. In contrast, only 40% of the residues in this region of bovine chymotrypsin A were found at corresponding loci in rat muscle protease. It is concluded that the protease from muscle or mast cells is closely related to the enzyme from small intestine which recently was localized in the \"atypical\" mast cells of gut mucosa [Woodbury, R. G., Gruzenski, G. M. & Lagunoff, D. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 2785-2789].", "PMID": 103093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5528", "title": "Identification of four trans-3,4-dihydrodiol metabolites of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and their in vitro DNA-binding activities upon further metabolism.", "content": "Trans-3,4-dihydrodiols of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (7,12-Me2BA), 7-methyl-12-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene (7-Me-12-OHMeBA), 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7-OHMe-12-MeBA), and 7,12-di(hydroxymethyl)benz[a]anthracene [7,12-(OHMe)2BA] have been identified as metabolites of the potent carcinogenic and adrenocorticolytic agent 7,12-MeBA. The four trans-3,4-dihydrodiols were identified by their (i) ultraviolet-visible absorption and fluorescence properties, (ii) different retention times on both reversed-phase and normal-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, (iii) mass spectral analysis, and (iv) inability to form vicinal cis-acetonides. Upon further metabolism by liver microsomes, the trans-3,4-dihydrodiols of 7,12-Me2BA, 7-Me-12OHMeBA, and 7-OHMe-12-MeBA were found to give rise to products that bind more strongly to DNA in vitro than do the products of 7,12-Me2BA. The evidence suggests that one or more of the four trans-3,4-dihydrodiols may be the proximate carcinogenic and adrenocorticolytic metabolites.", "contents": "Identification of four trans-3,4-dihydrodiol metabolites of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and their in vitro DNA-binding activities upon further metabolism. Trans-3,4-dihydrodiols of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (7,12-Me2BA), 7-methyl-12-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene (7-Me-12-OHMeBA), 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7-OHMe-12-MeBA), and 7,12-di(hydroxymethyl)benz[a]anthracene [7,12-(OHMe)2BA] have been identified as metabolites of the potent carcinogenic and adrenocorticolytic agent 7,12-MeBA. The four trans-3,4-dihydrodiols were identified by their (i) ultraviolet-visible absorption and fluorescence properties, (ii) different retention times on both reversed-phase and normal-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, (iii) mass spectral analysis, and (iv) inability to form vicinal cis-acetonides. Upon further metabolism by liver microsomes, the trans-3,4-dihydrodiols of 7,12-Me2BA, 7-Me-12OHMeBA, and 7-OHMe-12-MeBA were found to give rise to products that bind more strongly to DNA in vitro than do the products of 7,12-Me2BA. The evidence suggests that one or more of the four trans-3,4-dihydrodiols may be the proximate carcinogenic and adrenocorticolytic metabolites.", "PMID": 103094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5529", "title": "Introduction of antigenic phospholipids into the plasma membrane of mammalian cells: organization and antibody-induced lipid redistribution.", "content": "Phosphatidylethanolamine bearing the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl hapten was introduced into the surface membrane of mammalian fibroblasts by incubating the cells with small unilamellar vesicles containing this hapten-conjugated lipid. Consistent with integration of the antigen into the plasma membrane lipid bilayer, the exogenously supplied lipid was observed by immunofluorescence to diffuse rapidly (D greater than or equal to 0.6 X 10(-8) cm2/sec) over the surface of polykaryons formed between vesicle- and non-vesicle-treated cells. Association of the exogenous lipids with cells via adsorption of vesicles to the plasma membrane was rigorously excluded by a combination of ultrastructural and immunofluorescence studies. The distribution of the integrated antigenic lipid in the plasma membranes of vesicle-treated cells was followed by immunofluorescence microscopy. The exogenously supplied hapten-conjugated phospholipid was observed to be uniformly distributed and remained so for up to 1 hr at 37 degrees C. However, upon the addition of bivalent, but not monovalent, antihapten antibodies, the phospholipid underwent a rapid temperature-dependent redistribution, forming small patches that eventually coalesced into one or more large aggregates. This unexpected finding is discussed in terms of the mode of insertion of the lipid into the cell surface and the possible mechanisms by which bivalent ligands might alter the mobility and distribution of cell surface phospholipids.", "contents": "Introduction of antigenic phospholipids into the plasma membrane of mammalian cells: organization and antibody-induced lipid redistribution. Phosphatidylethanolamine bearing the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl hapten was introduced into the surface membrane of mammalian fibroblasts by incubating the cells with small unilamellar vesicles containing this hapten-conjugated lipid. Consistent with integration of the antigen into the plasma membrane lipid bilayer, the exogenously supplied lipid was observed by immunofluorescence to diffuse rapidly (D greater than or equal to 0.6 X 10(-8) cm2/sec) over the surface of polykaryons formed between vesicle- and non-vesicle-treated cells. Association of the exogenous lipids with cells via adsorption of vesicles to the plasma membrane was rigorously excluded by a combination of ultrastructural and immunofluorescence studies. The distribution of the integrated antigenic lipid in the plasma membranes of vesicle-treated cells was followed by immunofluorescence microscopy. The exogenously supplied hapten-conjugated phospholipid was observed to be uniformly distributed and remained so for up to 1 hr at 37 degrees C. However, upon the addition of bivalent, but not monovalent, antihapten antibodies, the phospholipid underwent a rapid temperature-dependent redistribution, forming small patches that eventually coalesced into one or more large aggregates. This unexpected finding is discussed in terms of the mode of insertion of the lipid into the cell surface and the possible mechanisms by which bivalent ligands might alter the mobility and distribution of cell surface phospholipids.", "PMID": 103095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5530", "title": "Fibronectin synthesis by epithelial crypt cells of rat small intestine.", "content": "Synthesis of fibronectin in an epithelial cell line (IEC-6) established from rat small intestine was demonstrated by using immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and collagen-binding. Internally labeled radioactive fibronectin isolated from the IEC-6 cells gave a single main band in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. Fibronectin isolated from rat plasma gave two closely spaced bands. The slower one had the same mobility as the epithelial cell fibronectin. The distribution of fibronectin in IEC-6 cells as detected by immunofluorescence was different from that described for fibroblasts and other cell types; fibronectin was present exclusively in regions of cell-to-cell contact. No fluorescence was detected on the surface membrane facing the culture medium or underneath the cells. This suggests that fibronectin may not be involved in the adhesion of the epithelial cells to the growth surface but could mediate cell-to-cell contacts. In microscopic sections of the small intestine, immunofluorescent staining with antifibronectin serum was strong in the basement membrane underlying the epithelial cells in the crypts. The in vitro synthesis of fibronectin by the crypt cells and its abundant presence in the basement membrane underlying the same cells in vivo suggests that fibronectin is a structural component of the basement membrane, and that it may be, at least in part, synthesized and deposited by the intestinal epithelium.", "contents": "Fibronectin synthesis by epithelial crypt cells of rat small intestine. Synthesis of fibronectin in an epithelial cell line (IEC-6) established from rat small intestine was demonstrated by using immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and collagen-binding. Internally labeled radioactive fibronectin isolated from the IEC-6 cells gave a single main band in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. Fibronectin isolated from rat plasma gave two closely spaced bands. The slower one had the same mobility as the epithelial cell fibronectin. The distribution of fibronectin in IEC-6 cells as detected by immunofluorescence was different from that described for fibroblasts and other cell types; fibronectin was present exclusively in regions of cell-to-cell contact. No fluorescence was detected on the surface membrane facing the culture medium or underneath the cells. This suggests that fibronectin may not be involved in the adhesion of the epithelial cells to the growth surface but could mediate cell-to-cell contacts. In microscopic sections of the small intestine, immunofluorescent staining with antifibronectin serum was strong in the basement membrane underlying the epithelial cells in the crypts. The in vitro synthesis of fibronectin by the crypt cells and its abundant presence in the basement membrane underlying the same cells in vivo suggests that fibronectin is a structural component of the basement membrane, and that it may be, at least in part, synthesized and deposited by the intestinal epithelium.", "PMID": 103096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5531", "title": "Ecdysone-inducible functions of larval fat bodies in Drosophila.", "content": "Late in the third instar larval stage of Drosophila melanogaster, the titer of the steroid hormone ecdysone increases sharply. This increase is blocked in the temperature-sensitive mutant ecd(1) after a temperature shift from 20 degrees C to 29 degrees C. The mutant was used to prepare three samples of late third instar larvae with different titers of ecdysone; the titer was low in one sample because of an earlier temperature shift, high in a second sample because the larvae were subsequently transferred to ecdysone-supplemented food, and also high in a third sample that was kept at 20 degrees C, providing a control for normal development. The effect of the high titer of ecdysone on proteins of the larval fat bodies was examined by comparing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis patterns of total proteins in stained gels. There were proteins at five positions in the gels for the high-ecdysone samples that were not detected at the corresponding positions in the gel for the low-ecdysone sample. The effect of ecdysone on these proteins was further studied by injecting [(35)S]methionine into the larvae at both early and late third instar stages, in order to label proteins synthesized before and after the increase in ecdysone titer. The results indicate that ecdysone induces two major responses in the fat bodies; certain proteins that were synthesized earlier in the fat bodies and secreted into the hemolymph are incorporated back into the fat bodies, and other proteins are newly synthesized. Attempts to induce prematurely the synthesis of the new proteins by exposing early third instar larvae to exogenous ecdysone were unsuccessful, suggesting that development must proceed further before the fat bodies can respond to ecdysone. By in vitro translation of RNA isolated from fat bodies of low-and high-ecdysone samples of larvae, it was shown that ecdysone greatly increases the amount of translatable messenger RNA for one of the newly synthesized proteins. A clone of DNA complementary to the induced messenger RNA has been isolated from a population of lambda bacteriophage carrying segments of the Drosophila genome. Using the cloned DNA to measure amounts of complementary poly(A)-RNA in the fat bodies by DNA.RNA hybridization, we detected about 50 times more complementary poly(A)-RNA in the high-ecdysone sample of larvae than in the low-ecdysone sample. This finding provides direct evidence that ecdysone induces an increase in the amount of the messenger RNA. The ecdysone-induced appearance of a major messenger RNA in late third instar larval fat bodies represents a developmental response to ecdysone that appears to be gene-specific, tissue-specific, and stage-specific, and it has exceptionally favorable features for further molecular studies of the control of gene expression by a steroid hormone.", "contents": "Ecdysone-inducible functions of larval fat bodies in Drosophila. Late in the third instar larval stage of Drosophila melanogaster, the titer of the steroid hormone ecdysone increases sharply. This increase is blocked in the temperature-sensitive mutant ecd(1) after a temperature shift from 20 degrees C to 29 degrees C. The mutant was used to prepare three samples of late third instar larvae with different titers of ecdysone; the titer was low in one sample because of an earlier temperature shift, high in a second sample because the larvae were subsequently transferred to ecdysone-supplemented food, and also high in a third sample that was kept at 20 degrees C, providing a control for normal development. The effect of the high titer of ecdysone on proteins of the larval fat bodies was examined by comparing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis patterns of total proteins in stained gels. There were proteins at five positions in the gels for the high-ecdysone samples that were not detected at the corresponding positions in the gel for the low-ecdysone sample. The effect of ecdysone on these proteins was further studied by injecting [(35)S]methionine into the larvae at both early and late third instar stages, in order to label proteins synthesized before and after the increase in ecdysone titer. The results indicate that ecdysone induces two major responses in the fat bodies; certain proteins that were synthesized earlier in the fat bodies and secreted into the hemolymph are incorporated back into the fat bodies, and other proteins are newly synthesized. Attempts to induce prematurely the synthesis of the new proteins by exposing early third instar larvae to exogenous ecdysone were unsuccessful, suggesting that development must proceed further before the fat bodies can respond to ecdysone. By in vitro translation of RNA isolated from fat bodies of low-and high-ecdysone samples of larvae, it was shown that ecdysone greatly increases the amount of translatable messenger RNA for one of the newly synthesized proteins. A clone of DNA complementary to the induced messenger RNA has been isolated from a population of lambda bacteriophage carrying segments of the Drosophila genome. Using the cloned DNA to measure amounts of complementary poly(A)-RNA in the fat bodies by DNA.RNA hybridization, we detected about 50 times more complementary poly(A)-RNA in the high-ecdysone sample of larvae than in the low-ecdysone sample. This finding provides direct evidence that ecdysone induces an increase in the amount of the messenger RNA. The ecdysone-induced appearance of a major messenger RNA in late third instar larval fat bodies represents a developmental response to ecdysone that appears to be gene-specific, tissue-specific, and stage-specific, and it has exceptionally favorable features for further molecular studies of the control of gene expression by a steroid hormone.", "PMID": 103097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5532", "title": "Structural analysis of the ADHS electromorph of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Population geneticists have often determined the fitness differences that account for the dynamics of naturally occurring genetic polymorphisms. However, to understand causal aspects of evolutionary processes requires, in addition, investigation of the physiological and molecular structural differences underlying adaptively significant genetic polymorphisms. The characteristics of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene--enzyme system in Drosophila melanogaster make it well suited for this kind of study. Natural populations of this species are polymorphic for two electrophoretically detectable variants, ADHF and ADHS, of the enzyme. Structural studies reported here reveal that the two variants differ by (at least) a single amino acid replacement, threonine in ADHF for lysine in ADHS.", "contents": "Structural analysis of the ADHS electromorph of Drosophila melanogaster. Population geneticists have often determined the fitness differences that account for the dynamics of naturally occurring genetic polymorphisms. However, to understand causal aspects of evolutionary processes requires, in addition, investigation of the physiological and molecular structural differences underlying adaptively significant genetic polymorphisms. The characteristics of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene--enzyme system in Drosophila melanogaster make it well suited for this kind of study. Natural populations of this species are polymorphic for two electrophoretically detectable variants, ADHF and ADHS, of the enzyme. Structural studies reported here reveal that the two variants differ by (at least) a single amino acid replacement, threonine in ADHF for lysine in ADHS.", "PMID": 103098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5533", "title": "Sequence organization and transcription at two heat shock loci in Drosophila.", "content": "The heat shock loci of Drosophila melanogaster chromosome subdivisions 87A and 87C have been studied by using cloned DNA. Both sites contain a number of copies of a 2,4-kilobase (kb) region homologous to mRNA for the 70,000-dalton heat shock protein. In situ hybridization to chromosomal RNA shows that transcripts of this sequence accumulate at both sites after temperature elevation. At 87C there is a 1.5-kb repeated sequence homologous to another heat shock RNA. One cloned segment includes two to three tandem copies of this sequence located 0.8 kb from the beginning of a 2.4-kb message region. RNA complementary to the 1.5-kb repeat acccumulates at 87C after temperature elevation, but does not code for any known heat shock protein. In the sibling species D. simulans, there are sequences located and transcribed at 87A and 87C that are homologous to the melanogaster 2.4-kb message sequence. The 1.5-kb repeat, however, is absent from 87C in simulans and no heat shock RNA homologous to it can be detected.", "contents": "Sequence organization and transcription at two heat shock loci in Drosophila. The heat shock loci of Drosophila melanogaster chromosome subdivisions 87A and 87C have been studied by using cloned DNA. Both sites contain a number of copies of a 2,4-kilobase (kb) region homologous to mRNA for the 70,000-dalton heat shock protein. In situ hybridization to chromosomal RNA shows that transcripts of this sequence accumulate at both sites after temperature elevation. At 87C there is a 1.5-kb repeated sequence homologous to another heat shock RNA. One cloned segment includes two to three tandem copies of this sequence located 0.8 kb from the beginning of a 2.4-kb message region. RNA complementary to the 1.5-kb repeat acccumulates at 87C after temperature elevation, but does not code for any known heat shock protein. In the sibling species D. simulans, there are sequences located and transcribed at 87A and 87C that are homologous to the melanogaster 2.4-kb message sequence. The 1.5-kb repeat, however, is absent from 87C in simulans and no heat shock RNA homologous to it can be detected.", "PMID": 103099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5534", "title": "Immunization against malaria with antigen from Plasmodium falciparum cultivated in vitro.", "content": "Aotus monkeys, which are generally killed when infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, have been identified and grouped by karyotype. These animals were immunized with parasite material obtained from P. falciparum cultivated in vitro which had been maintained in culture for over a year. When sufficient amounts of this antigenic material were used with a synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP), protective immunity was induced without presenting the antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant.", "contents": "Immunization against malaria with antigen from Plasmodium falciparum cultivated in vitro. Aotus monkeys, which are generally killed when infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, have been identified and grouped by karyotype. These animals were immunized with parasite material obtained from P. falciparum cultivated in vitro which had been maintained in culture for over a year. When sufficient amounts of this antigenic material were used with a synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP), protective immunity was induced without presenting the antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant.", "PMID": 103100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5535", "title": "Histochemically distinct compartments in the striatum of human, monkeys, and cat demonstrated by acetylthiocholinesterase staining.", "content": "We here report observations on the distribution of acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) in the striatum of the adult human, the rhesus monkey, and the cat. By the histochemical staining methods of Geneser-Jensen and Blackstad and of Karnovsky and Roots, compartments of low cholinesterase activity were identified in parts of the striatum in all three species. In frontal sections, these enzyme-poor zones appeared as a variable number of weakly stained approximately 0.5-mm-wide zones embedded in a darkly stained background. The zones varied in cross-sectional shape from round to elongated and were sometimes branched. They were most prominent in the head of the caudate nucleus. Three-dimensional reconstructions of serial sections through the caudate nucleus in the human and cat suggest that over distances of at least several millimeters, the zones of low enzyme activity form nearly continuous labyrinths.", "contents": "Histochemically distinct compartments in the striatum of human, monkeys, and cat demonstrated by acetylthiocholinesterase staining. We here report observations on the distribution of acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) in the striatum of the adult human, the rhesus monkey, and the cat. By the histochemical staining methods of Geneser-Jensen and Blackstad and of Karnovsky and Roots, compartments of low cholinesterase activity were identified in parts of the striatum in all three species. In frontal sections, these enzyme-poor zones appeared as a variable number of weakly stained approximately 0.5-mm-wide zones embedded in a darkly stained background. The zones varied in cross-sectional shape from round to elongated and were sometimes branched. They were most prominent in the head of the caudate nucleus. Three-dimensional reconstructions of serial sections through the caudate nucleus in the human and cat suggest that over distances of at least several millimeters, the zones of low enzyme activity form nearly continuous labyrinths.", "PMID": 103101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5536", "title": "Phosphatidic acid releases calcium from a platelet membrane fraction in vitro.", "content": "A platelet membrane fraction which actively sequesters calcium in the presence of ATP was prepared and the influence of phosphatidic acid evaluated. At 10--60 micrograms/ml phosphatidic acid caused a concentration dependent release of calcium from the membrane fraction. The calcium was released from inside the vesicles, since release occurred in the presence of EGTA used to bind calcium outside the membrane vesicles. Aspirin failed to inhibit release of calcium by phosphatidic acid. Our results may explain, in part, the prostaglandin and thromboxane independent calcium release which occurs in response to certain aggregating agents. Thus, phosphatidic acid, or a metabolite, may have an important role intracellularly in platelets in promoting calcium movement.", "contents": "Phosphatidic acid releases calcium from a platelet membrane fraction in vitro. A platelet membrane fraction which actively sequesters calcium in the presence of ATP was prepared and the influence of phosphatidic acid evaluated. At 10--60 micrograms/ml phosphatidic acid caused a concentration dependent release of calcium from the membrane fraction. The calcium was released from inside the vesicles, since release occurred in the presence of EGTA used to bind calcium outside the membrane vesicles. Aspirin failed to inhibit release of calcium by phosphatidic acid. Our results may explain, in part, the prostaglandin and thromboxane independent calcium release which occurs in response to certain aggregating agents. Thus, phosphatidic acid, or a metabolite, may have an important role intracellularly in platelets in promoting calcium movement.", "PMID": 103107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5537", "title": "[Casuistic contribution to the differential diagnosis of the myoclonic syndrome].", "content": "Involuntary muscle twitches, which are accompanied by a more or less pronounced effect of motion and which may last for several hours, are a common guiding symptom of a number of neurological syndromes. This paper reports the case of a 24-year-old male who had been suffering since his sixth year from episodic muscular spasms accompanied by attacks of petit mal. These are regarded as representing a myoclonic-epileptic syndrome. In this connection, a distinction has to be made, by differential diagnosis, between the \"true\" myoclonic syndrome which is characterized by the absence of complications due to attacks of grand mal or petit mal, Kojewnikoff's epilepsy, and the myoclonic-epileptic dementia form of syndrome.", "contents": "[Casuistic contribution to the differential diagnosis of the myoclonic syndrome]. Involuntary muscle twitches, which are accompanied by a more or less pronounced effect of motion and which may last for several hours, are a common guiding symptom of a number of neurological syndromes. This paper reports the case of a 24-year-old male who had been suffering since his sixth year from episodic muscular spasms accompanied by attacks of petit mal. These are regarded as representing a myoclonic-epileptic syndrome. In this connection, a distinction has to be made, by differential diagnosis, between the \"true\" myoclonic syndrome which is characterized by the absence of complications due to attacks of grand mal or petit mal, Kojewnikoff's epilepsy, and the myoclonic-epileptic dementia form of syndrome.", "PMID": 103109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5538", "title": "The activities of brain dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and catechol-O-methyl transferase in schizophrenics and controls.", "content": "It has been suggested that deterioration of central noradrenergic pathways may be responsible for the production of certain schizophrenic symptoms, and that such a degeneration might be reflected in lowered dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in the brains of schizophrenics. The present study revealed that in rats lowered DBH activity was a sensitive index of noradrenergic degeneration. In the postmortem brains of 12 controls and 12 schizophrenics, however, no significant difference in DBH activity between controls and schizophrenics was found. DBH activity was relatively unstable postmortem and adversely affected by neuroleptic drugs, and these factors may have contributed to the previous finding of lowered DBH activity in the brains of schizophrenics. The activity of catechol-O-methyl transferase, which has also been previously reported as low in the brains of schizophrenics, was found to be no different in the controls of the present study.", "contents": "The activities of brain dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and catechol-O-methyl transferase in schizophrenics and controls. It has been suggested that deterioration of central noradrenergic pathways may be responsible for the production of certain schizophrenic symptoms, and that such a degeneration might be reflected in lowered dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in the brains of schizophrenics. The present study revealed that in rats lowered DBH activity was a sensitive index of noradrenergic degeneration. In the postmortem brains of 12 controls and 12 schizophrenics, however, no significant difference in DBH activity between controls and schizophrenics was found. DBH activity was relatively unstable postmortem and adversely affected by neuroleptic drugs, and these factors may have contributed to the previous finding of lowered DBH activity in the brains of schizophrenics. The activity of catechol-O-methyl transferase, which has also been previously reported as low in the brains of schizophrenics, was found to be no different in the controls of the present study.", "PMID": 103111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5539", "title": "The effects of atropine on the tolerance and the convulsions seen after withdrawal from forced barbital drinking in the rat.", "content": "Male rats were forced to drink a barbital solution as their only drinking fluid for 33 weeks. During the last part of the treatment the average dose of barbital was around 200 mg/kg/day. In the abstinence period after barbital treatment, tolerance was recorded with a hexobarbital anaesthesia threshold utilizing an EEG criterium. Convulsions were recorded in jiggle cages. On days 3 and 28 of the abstinence period, i.p. pretreatment with atropine (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg) was given 1.5 h before threshold determinations. The barbital treatment induced a clear tolerance to the hexobarbital, which still could be detected on day 28 of abstinence. Atropine (8 mg/kg) reduced the hexobarbital threshold in tolerant and in control animals at both the time of maximum tolerance (day 3) and later during abstinence (day 28). The magnitude of the response was greater in tolerant animals, but no parallel shift in the dose-response curve was seen. The convulsions during abstinence were reduced for at least 8 h after atropine treatment (8mg/kg) on day 3. These results support the hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms are involved in the changes induced by chronic barbiturate treatments.", "contents": "The effects of atropine on the tolerance and the convulsions seen after withdrawal from forced barbital drinking in the rat. Male rats were forced to drink a barbital solution as their only drinking fluid for 33 weeks. During the last part of the treatment the average dose of barbital was around 200 mg/kg/day. In the abstinence period after barbital treatment, tolerance was recorded with a hexobarbital anaesthesia threshold utilizing an EEG criterium. Convulsions were recorded in jiggle cages. On days 3 and 28 of the abstinence period, i.p. pretreatment with atropine (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg) was given 1.5 h before threshold determinations. The barbital treatment induced a clear tolerance to the hexobarbital, which still could be detected on day 28 of abstinence. Atropine (8 mg/kg) reduced the hexobarbital threshold in tolerant and in control animals at both the time of maximum tolerance (day 3) and later during abstinence (day 28). The magnitude of the response was greater in tolerant animals, but no parallel shift in the dose-response curve was seen. The convulsions during abstinence were reduced for at least 8 h after atropine treatment (8mg/kg) on day 3. These results support the hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms are involved in the changes induced by chronic barbiturate treatments.", "PMID": 103112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5540", "title": "Parkinsonism by haloperidol and piribedil.", "content": "Three groups of schizophrenic patients were treated with haloperidol, with a low dose of piribedil (a dopamine agonist), and with a combination of the two treatments, respectively. After a few days, all 7 patients treated with the drug combination showed marked rigidity and akinesia, while patients treated with haloperidol alone (4) and piribedil alone (4) showed either mild or no symptoms of parkinsonism. The drug combination induced mainly an akinetic-hypertonic syndrome, while tremors were absent or mild. The results suggest that low doses of the DA-agonist potentiate the extrapyramidal side effects of haloperidol by acting on self-inhibitory DA receptors, thereby blocking the compensatory increase in dopaminergic firing elicited by the neuroleptic agent.", "contents": "Parkinsonism by haloperidol and piribedil. Three groups of schizophrenic patients were treated with haloperidol, with a low dose of piribedil (a dopamine agonist), and with a combination of the two treatments, respectively. After a few days, all 7 patients treated with the drug combination showed marked rigidity and akinesia, while patients treated with haloperidol alone (4) and piribedil alone (4) showed either mild or no symptoms of parkinsonism. The drug combination induced mainly an akinetic-hypertonic syndrome, while tremors were absent or mild. The results suggest that low doses of the DA-agonist potentiate the extrapyramidal side effects of haloperidol by acting on self-inhibitory DA receptors, thereby blocking the compensatory increase in dopaminergic firing elicited by the neuroleptic agent.", "PMID": 103114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5541", "title": "Interaction between d-amphetamine and ethanol with respect to locomotion, stereotypies, ethanol sleeping time, and the kinetics of drug elimination.", "content": "The interaction between d-amphetamine and ethanol with respect to locomotor activity, stereotyped behavior, and sleeping time was investigated in rats. Ethanol 0.8 g/kg i.p. enhanced and prolonged locomotor activity produced by d-amphetamine 1 mg/kg s.c. The increased motility after 5 mg/kg d-amphetamine was not influenced by alcohol 0.8 g/kg i.p. or 3.2 g/kg orally, but slightly protracted. Stereotyped head and paw movements, as well as stereotyped licking, were distinctly strengthened and protracted by 3.2 g/kg ethanol orally. The modified d-amphetamine motility and stereotypies can be explained by alcohol-induced proloneation of the life of d-amphetomine. The effect is produced by alcohol's inhibition d-amphetamine p-hydroxylation in rat liver. After 3.2 g/kg ethanol i.p., the sleeping time of male rats amounted to 153 min. Simultaneous administration of 5 mg/kg d-amphetamine s.c. reduced the sleeping time to 84 min. This is obviously based on a central antagonism.", "contents": "Interaction between d-amphetamine and ethanol with respect to locomotion, stereotypies, ethanol sleeping time, and the kinetics of drug elimination. The interaction between d-amphetamine and ethanol with respect to locomotor activity, stereotyped behavior, and sleeping time was investigated in rats. Ethanol 0.8 g/kg i.p. enhanced and prolonged locomotor activity produced by d-amphetamine 1 mg/kg s.c. The increased motility after 5 mg/kg d-amphetamine was not influenced by alcohol 0.8 g/kg i.p. or 3.2 g/kg orally, but slightly protracted. Stereotyped head and paw movements, as well as stereotyped licking, were distinctly strengthened and protracted by 3.2 g/kg ethanol orally. The modified d-amphetamine motility and stereotypies can be explained by alcohol-induced proloneation of the life of d-amphetomine. The effect is produced by alcohol's inhibition d-amphetamine p-hydroxylation in rat liver. After 3.2 g/kg ethanol i.p., the sleeping time of male rats amounted to 153 min. Simultaneous administration of 5 mg/kg d-amphetamine s.c. reduced the sleeping time to 84 min. This is obviously based on a central antagonism.", "PMID": 103115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5542", "title": "Effects of chlordiazepoxide, amitriptyline, imipramine, and their combinations on avoidance behaviour in mice.", "content": "Chlordiazepoxide, imipramine, and amitriptyline, given alone or in combination, were tested in mice subjected to 5 daily 100-trial avoidance sessions in the shuttle-box. When the drugs were given alone, chlordiazepoxide and the lower doses of imipramine facilitated avoidance behaviour. The higher doses of the two antidepressants impaired avoidance behaviour. Mixtures of chlordiazepoxide and imipramine produced some facilitating effects, while depressant effects prevailed in the chlordiazepoxide-amitriptyline combinations.", "contents": "Effects of chlordiazepoxide, amitriptyline, imipramine, and their combinations on avoidance behaviour in mice. Chlordiazepoxide, imipramine, and amitriptyline, given alone or in combination, were tested in mice subjected to 5 daily 100-trial avoidance sessions in the shuttle-box. When the drugs were given alone, chlordiazepoxide and the lower doses of imipramine facilitated avoidance behaviour. The higher doses of the two antidepressants impaired avoidance behaviour. Mixtures of chlordiazepoxide and imipramine produced some facilitating effects, while depressant effects prevailed in the chlordiazepoxide-amitriptyline combinations.", "PMID": 103116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5543", "title": "Facilitating effects of chlordiazepoxide on locomotor activity and avoidance behaviour of reserpinized mice.", "content": "Chlordiazepoxide increased the spontaneous locomotor activity of both normal and reserpinized mice and facilitated the avoidance behaviour of mice pretreated with reserpine. These effects of chlorodiazepoxide on reserpinized animals were unexpected, since they are usually considered characteristic of antidepressant drugs.", "contents": "Facilitating effects of chlordiazepoxide on locomotor activity and avoidance behaviour of reserpinized mice. Chlordiazepoxide increased the spontaneous locomotor activity of both normal and reserpinized mice and facilitated the avoidance behaviour of mice pretreated with reserpine. These effects of chlorodiazepoxide on reserpinized animals were unexpected, since they are usually considered characteristic of antidepressant drugs.", "PMID": 103117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5544", "title": "Facilitating effects of chlordiazepoxide on the performance of mice in an inhibitory avoidance task.", "content": "Inhibitory avoidance behaviour of mice was studied by using an automated procedure. Animals were subjected to five 15-min sessions. Facilitation of the inhibitory avoidance behaviour was observed following the administration of chlordiazepoxide at doses which did not produce significant effects on spontaneous locomotor activity.", "contents": "Facilitating effects of chlordiazepoxide on the performance of mice in an inhibitory avoidance task. Inhibitory avoidance behaviour of mice was studied by using an automated procedure. Animals were subjected to five 15-min sessions. Facilitation of the inhibitory avoidance behaviour was observed following the administration of chlordiazepoxide at doses which did not produce significant effects on spontaneous locomotor activity.", "PMID": 103118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5545", "title": "Instinctive predatory behavior of the ferret (Putorius putorius furo L.) modified by chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (Librium).", "content": "The predatory behavior of ferrets (Putorius putorius furo L.) consists mainly of instinctive behavioral patterns that are elicited by simple external stimuli. For the ferret, the time needed to catch and kill rats depends on the size of the rats in relation to that of the ferret. Killing success decreases with a relative increase in prey size. Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride injections (1 mg/kg, i.m.) modified this behavior. Drugged ferrets needed less time and less bites to kill relatively large rats; killing success was also increased. Chlordiazepoxide seemed to disinhibit the ferrets when they were presented with large rats, which they normally attack more cautiously.", "contents": "Instinctive predatory behavior of the ferret (Putorius putorius furo L.) modified by chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (Librium). The predatory behavior of ferrets (Putorius putorius furo L.) consists mainly of instinctive behavioral patterns that are elicited by simple external stimuli. For the ferret, the time needed to catch and kill rats depends on the size of the rats in relation to that of the ferret. Killing success decreases with a relative increase in prey size. Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride injections (1 mg/kg, i.m.) modified this behavior. Drugged ferrets needed less time and less bites to kill relatively large rats; killing success was also increased. Chlordiazepoxide seemed to disinhibit the ferrets when they were presented with large rats, which they normally attack more cautiously.", "PMID": 103120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5546", "title": "Effects of benzazepine (Sch-12679) on shock-induced fighting and locomotor behavior in rats.", "content": "Benzazepine (Sch-12679) reduced the shock-induced fighting behavior of rats in a dose-dependent fashion. However, the drug also impaired both locomotor behavior and rotorod performance. These results suggest that the aggression suppressive effects of Sch-12679 may be mediated by drug-induced sedation.", "contents": "Effects of benzazepine (Sch-12679) on shock-induced fighting and locomotor behavior in rats. Benzazepine (Sch-12679) reduced the shock-induced fighting behavior of rats in a dose-dependent fashion. However, the drug also impaired both locomotor behavior and rotorod performance. These results suggest that the aggression suppressive effects of Sch-12679 may be mediated by drug-induced sedation.", "PMID": 103121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5547", "title": "Monoamine oxidase activity in different density gradient fractions of human platelets.", "content": "Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity measured in human platelets is reportedly altered by such drugs as epinephrine, lithium carbonate, and imipramine, and also reduced in a number of clinical disorders. To evaluate whether MAO activity might differ in platelet subpopulations, density gradient centrifugation with arabino-galactan was used to prepare four platelet fractions that differed in weight and volume. MAO activity in the lightest and smallest platelet subpopulation was approximately one-half that in the heaviest and largest subpopulation. Because platelet weight and size are thought to be related to platelet age, it is possible that some drug effects on platelet MAO activity might represent changes in platelet turnover. Factors other than platelet turnover rates may contribute to individual differences in platelet MAO activity, however, since one group of individuals with markedly reduced platelet MAO activity exhibited no shift in the proportion of lighter versus heavier platelets nor in the relative amount of MAO activity in each density gradient subfraction.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase activity in different density gradient fractions of human platelets. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity measured in human platelets is reportedly altered by such drugs as epinephrine, lithium carbonate, and imipramine, and also reduced in a number of clinical disorders. To evaluate whether MAO activity might differ in platelet subpopulations, density gradient centrifugation with arabino-galactan was used to prepare four platelet fractions that differed in weight and volume. MAO activity in the lightest and smallest platelet subpopulation was approximately one-half that in the heaviest and largest subpopulation. Because platelet weight and size are thought to be related to platelet age, it is possible that some drug effects on platelet MAO activity might represent changes in platelet turnover. Factors other than platelet turnover rates may contribute to individual differences in platelet MAO activity, however, since one group of individuals with markedly reduced platelet MAO activity exhibited no shift in the proportion of lighter versus heavier platelets nor in the relative amount of MAO activity in each density gradient subfraction.", "PMID": 103122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5548", "title": "A genetic analysis of the hyperthermic response to d-amphetamine in two inbred strains of mice.", "content": "A genetic analysis of amphetamine-induced hyperthermia was conducted in inbred mice of the strains Balb/c and C3H and in their F1F2 and backcross generations. The results of biometric analysis indicate that the effect of amphetamine on body temperature is genetically determined. The mode of inheritance characterized by a partial dominance (Balb/C over C3H strain). However, a possible maternal effect of C3H can overcome the dominant effect in male progenies and inhibit amphetamine hyperthermic effect.", "contents": "A genetic analysis of the hyperthermic response to d-amphetamine in two inbred strains of mice. A genetic analysis of amphetamine-induced hyperthermia was conducted in inbred mice of the strains Balb/c and C3H and in their F1F2 and backcross generations. The results of biometric analysis indicate that the effect of amphetamine on body temperature is genetically determined. The mode of inheritance characterized by a partial dominance (Balb/C over C3H strain). However, a possible maternal effect of C3H can overcome the dominant effect in male progenies and inhibit amphetamine hyperthermic effect.", "PMID": 103123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5549", "title": "Pentobarbital, promazine, d-amphetamine, and scopolamine effects on behavior under multiple and primed schedules of reinforcement.", "content": "Pigeons responded under compound fixed-interval (FI) fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of food presentation. Distinctive discrimininative stimuli were either continuously present during each component schedule (multiple FI FR) or were present only for a brief period at the beginning of each component (primed FI FR). Similar rates and patterns of responding were maintained under the multiple and primed schedules. Pentobarbital, scopolamine, and d-amphetamine decreased FR responding, but promazine had little effect at the doses studied. d-Amphetamine and promazine increased FI responding at certain doses, pentobarbital had little effect, and scopolamine decreased responding. There were no systematic differences in the effects of drugs under the multiple and primed schedules, in spite of the differences in discriminative stimuli under the conditions.", "contents": "Pentobarbital, promazine, d-amphetamine, and scopolamine effects on behavior under multiple and primed schedules of reinforcement. Pigeons responded under compound fixed-interval (FI) fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of food presentation. Distinctive discrimininative stimuli were either continuously present during each component schedule (multiple FI FR) or were present only for a brief period at the beginning of each component (primed FI FR). Similar rates and patterns of responding were maintained under the multiple and primed schedules. Pentobarbital, scopolamine, and d-amphetamine decreased FR responding, but promazine had little effect at the doses studied. d-Amphetamine and promazine increased FI responding at certain doses, pentobarbital had little effect, and scopolamine decreased responding. There were no systematic differences in the effects of drugs under the multiple and primed schedules, in spite of the differences in discriminative stimuli under the conditions.", "PMID": 103124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5550", "title": "Mandibulogram as a measure of stereotyped behavior in the rat.", "content": "A proposal of a device for continuous monitoring of the movements of the rat's mandible is outlined. Its utility in experimental psychopharmacology is suggested for monitoring of the effect of neuroleptics and antidepressants on oral stereotypies as induced by CNS stimulants.", "contents": "Mandibulogram as a measure of stereotyped behavior in the rat. A proposal of a device for continuous monitoring of the movements of the rat's mandible is outlined. Its utility in experimental psychopharmacology is suggested for monitoring of the effect of neuroleptics and antidepressants on oral stereotypies as induced by CNS stimulants.", "PMID": 103125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5551", "title": "Contrast agents for myelography: clinical and radiological evaluation of Amipaque and Pantopaque.", "content": "The diagnostic quality and side effects of Amipaque and Pantopaque as myelographic contrast agents were compared prospectively using the identical protocol in 167 cases (117 Amipaque, 50 Pantopaque). Good ratings were attained in 74% of Amipaque and 76% of Pantopaque examinations. Demonstration of nerve rootlets in the cauda equina and filling of lumbar root sleeves were superior with Amipaque. Amipaque more easily demonstrated the high posterior cervical subarachnoid space and the anterior and posterior margins of the cervical spinal cord. The incidence of postmyelographic headache was 38% with Amipaque and 32% with Pantopaque. Nausea and vomiting were more common with Amipaque. Two patients experienced grand mal seizures after examination sith Amipaque.", "contents": "Contrast agents for myelography: clinical and radiological evaluation of Amipaque and Pantopaque. The diagnostic quality and side effects of Amipaque and Pantopaque as myelographic contrast agents were compared prospectively using the identical protocol in 167 cases (117 Amipaque, 50 Pantopaque). Good ratings were attained in 74% of Amipaque and 76% of Pantopaque examinations. Demonstration of nerve rootlets in the cauda equina and filling of lumbar root sleeves were superior with Amipaque. Amipaque more easily demonstrated the high posterior cervical subarachnoid space and the anterior and posterior margins of the cervical spinal cord. The incidence of postmyelographic headache was 38% with Amipaque and 32% with Pantopaque. Nausea and vomiting were more common with Amipaque. Two patients experienced grand mal seizures after examination sith Amipaque.", "PMID": 103130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5552", "title": "The effect of hydration on the acute and chronic complications of aqueous myelography. An experimental study.", "content": "The effect of hydration on the incidence of complications from myelography with aqueous media was studied. Myelography was performed with methylglucamine iocarmate in dehydrated and vigorously hydrated monkeys. The incidence of seizures and the severity of arachnoiditis were significantly greater in the dehydrated animals. The authors suggest that patients be permitted fluids ad lib. prior to myelography with aqueous media, or in some cases be given fluids intravenously.", "contents": "The effect of hydration on the acute and chronic complications of aqueous myelography. An experimental study. The effect of hydration on the incidence of complications from myelography with aqueous media was studied. Myelography was performed with methylglucamine iocarmate in dehydrated and vigorously hydrated monkeys. The incidence of seizures and the severity of arachnoiditis were significantly greater in the dehydrated animals. The authors suggest that patients be permitted fluids ad lib. prior to myelography with aqueous media, or in some cases be given fluids intravenously.", "PMID": 103131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5553", "title": "Systematic patient-dose errors for 4- and 10-MeV microwave linear accelerators associated with rectangular collimator settings.", "content": "Systematic patient-dose errors relating to standard equivalent-square approximations and movable collimator-exchange effect were evaluated for rectangular fields of photon beams from 4- and 10-MeV microwave electron accelerators (Varian Clinac 4 and Clinac 18). Errors approached 2.5% at nominal treatment depths for highly elongated rectangular fields. The collimator-exchange effect should be considered when (a) evaluating ionization-chamber stem effect, (b) specifying relative output factors for rectangular fields, and (c) evaluating equivalent-square-field algorithms.", "contents": "Systematic patient-dose errors for 4- and 10-MeV microwave linear accelerators associated with rectangular collimator settings. Systematic patient-dose errors relating to standard equivalent-square approximations and movable collimator-exchange effect were evaluated for rectangular fields of photon beams from 4- and 10-MeV microwave electron accelerators (Varian Clinac 4 and Clinac 18). Errors approached 2.5% at nominal treatment depths for highly elongated rectangular fields. The collimator-exchange effect should be considered when (a) evaluating ionization-chamber stem effect, (b) specifying relative output factors for rectangular fields, and (c) evaluating equivalent-square-field algorithms.", "PMID": 103132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5554", "title": "A simple method of protecting the eye from scattered radiations during mantle-field therapy.", "content": "The intensity and quality of scattered radiations incident on the eye during mantle-field therapy were measured for 4-MV x rays. Beam-shaping appliances were found to introduce considerable soft scatter. Eye shields reduce radiation exposure from the anterior field approximately threefold.", "contents": "A simple method of protecting the eye from scattered radiations during mantle-field therapy. The intensity and quality of scattered radiations incident on the eye during mantle-field therapy were measured for 4-MV x rays. Beam-shaping appliances were found to introduce considerable soft scatter. Eye shields reduce radiation exposure from the anterior field approximately threefold.", "PMID": 103133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5555", "title": "Neurologic computed tomography in a defined population group.", "content": "A total of 766 residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, underwent neurologic computed tomography (CT) from June 1973 through 1976; 981 scans were performed. The number of CT scans per 1,000 population increased each year and, during the period studied, the average rate based on the initial scan in each case was 2.4 and the rate based on all scans was 3.1. The age-specific rates were greatest among patients 65 years old or older. If CT use plateaus at about 6 scans per 1,000 population, then under conditions similar to those in this community, a population of approximately 400,000 would be required to assure adequate use of a CT scanner for investigating neurologic disease.", "contents": "Neurologic computed tomography in a defined population group. A total of 766 residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, underwent neurologic computed tomography (CT) from June 1973 through 1976; 981 scans were performed. The number of CT scans per 1,000 population increased each year and, during the period studied, the average rate based on the initial scan in each case was 2.4 and the rate based on all scans was 3.1. The age-specific rates were greatest among patients 65 years old or older. If CT use plateaus at about 6 scans per 1,000 population, then under conditions similar to those in this community, a population of approximately 400,000 would be required to assure adequate use of a CT scanner for investigating neurologic disease.", "PMID": 103134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5556", "title": "Scattered radiation from beam modifiers used with megavoltage therapy units.", "content": "The magnitude and distribution of scattered radiation produced by scatterers inserted into megavoltage therapy beams, including the beams from an 8MV medical linear accelerator and a 60Co teletherapy unit, were investigated. The intensity distribution of scatter depends on the distance from the scatterer to the measurement plane (retraction distance) and also, to a lesser extent, on the atomic number of the scattering material. The effective energy of the scattered radiation was determined by depth dose measurements in tissue equivalent material using thermoluminescent dosimeters and was found to increase with photon beam energy.", "contents": "Scattered radiation from beam modifiers used with megavoltage therapy units. The magnitude and distribution of scattered radiation produced by scatterers inserted into megavoltage therapy beams, including the beams from an 8MV medical linear accelerator and a 60Co teletherapy unit, were investigated. The intensity distribution of scatter depends on the distance from the scatterer to the measurement plane (retraction distance) and also, to a lesser extent, on the atomic number of the scattering material. The effective energy of the scattered radiation was determined by depth dose measurements in tissue equivalent material using thermoluminescent dosimeters and was found to increase with photon beam energy.", "PMID": 103135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5557", "title": "Cost analysis of aggressive breast cancer screening.", "content": "It is estimated that mammographic and physical examination (PE) screening would cost $3,866 per person year gained; screening with PE alone would cost $4,550. Sixty thousand person years are gained with combined screening, and 24,000 with PE alone per million women screened. The cost per cancer found is $9,046; for each highly curable cancer $26,961, and for each death averted $61,100. An estimated 16 years are added to each life saved. The cost per patient screening examination, using all techniques, is $20.04.", "contents": "Cost analysis of aggressive breast cancer screening. It is estimated that mammographic and physical examination (PE) screening would cost $3,866 per person year gained; screening with PE alone would cost $4,550. Sixty thousand person years are gained with combined screening, and 24,000 with PE alone per million women screened. The cost per cancer found is $9,046; for each highly curable cancer $26,961, and for each death averted $61,100. An estimated 16 years are added to each life saved. The cost per patient screening examination, using all techniques, is $20.04.", "PMID": 103136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5558", "title": "Benign duodenocolic fistula due to duodenal diverticulum: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of benign duodenocolic fistula resulting from duodenal diverticula are presented. In both cases, the diverticula were located on the outer border of the second portion of the duodenum. The upper gastrointestinal study is the easiest and most useful examination for diagnosis. Hypotonic duodenography and the barium enema complement the upper series and serve to differentiate benign from malignant fistulas.", "contents": "Benign duodenocolic fistula due to duodenal diverticulum: report of two cases. Two cases of benign duodenocolic fistula resulting from duodenal diverticula are presented. In both cases, the diverticula were located on the outer border of the second portion of the duodenum. The upper gastrointestinal study is the easiest and most useful examination for diagnosis. Hypotonic duodenography and the barium enema complement the upper series and serve to differentiate benign from malignant fistulas.", "PMID": 103138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5559", "title": "Differences in prostaglandin formation between thymocyte subpopulations.", "content": "The concentration of prostaglandin E and the activity of prostaglandin synthetase were determined in mature and immature mouse thymocytes. Hydrocortisone resistant thymocytes, or thymocytes separated from the immature cell population after agglutination of the latter by peanut agglutinin served as a source of mature thymocytes. It was found that mature thymocytes contain a much higher concentration of prostaglandin E and have an increased activity of prostaglandin synthetase than immature cells.", "contents": "Differences in prostaglandin formation between thymocyte subpopulations. The concentration of prostaglandin E and the activity of prostaglandin synthetase were determined in mature and immature mouse thymocytes. Hydrocortisone resistant thymocytes, or thymocytes separated from the immature cell population after agglutination of the latter by peanut agglutinin served as a source of mature thymocytes. It was found that mature thymocytes contain a much higher concentration of prostaglandin E and have an increased activity of prostaglandin synthetase than immature cells.", "PMID": 103140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5560", "title": "1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone: an inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways in lung and platelets.", "content": "1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone (phenidone) is a commercially available reagent used in the photographic industry. When tested as an inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolsim in platelets and lungs it was found to be effective against both the cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It is suggested that this compound may be a useful pharmacological tool.", "contents": "1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone: an inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways in lung and platelets. 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone (phenidone) is a commercially available reagent used in the photographic industry. When tested as an inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolsim in platelets and lungs it was found to be effective against both the cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It is suggested that this compound may be a useful pharmacological tool.", "PMID": 103141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5561", "title": "About the existence and endings of nerve fibres in the Cebus apella monkey's upper lip.", "content": "In the present research, fibres and nerve endings of upper lip of the Cebus apella monkey have been studied. Upper lip of 8 Cebus apella were analysed. The pieces were prepared according to the technic of Castro's silver impregnation and submitted to serial sections 8 micra thick. Our results permit to conclude that the Cebus apella monkey's upper lip has a great number of free nerve endings, between connective and epithelial layers in the mucosa and in the skin. The aspects of nerve fibres and their free and organized endings, like Meissner's corpuscles, in the upper lip mucosa of the monkey, allow comparison of similarity with those of man. The nerve endings in the lip skin of the Cebus monkey are also abundant, characterizing the hair follicles and sebaceous glands innervation and the free nerve endings encountered in the connective tissue as well as in the sub-epithelial layer.", "contents": "About the existence and endings of nerve fibres in the Cebus apella monkey's upper lip. In the present research, fibres and nerve endings of upper lip of the Cebus apella monkey have been studied. Upper lip of 8 Cebus apella were analysed. The pieces were prepared according to the technic of Castro's silver impregnation and submitted to serial sections 8 micra thick. Our results permit to conclude that the Cebus apella monkey's upper lip has a great number of free nerve endings, between connective and epithelial layers in the mucosa and in the skin. The aspects of nerve fibres and their free and organized endings, like Meissner's corpuscles, in the upper lip mucosa of the monkey, allow comparison of similarity with those of man. The nerve endings in the lip skin of the Cebus monkey are also abundant, characterizing the hair follicles and sebaceous glands innervation and the free nerve endings encountered in the connective tissue as well as in the sub-epithelial layer.", "PMID": 103143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5562", "title": "[Low doses of insulin--comparison between hyperosmolar nonketotic coma and diabetic ketoacidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a comparison between the results achieved in the treatment of 11 cases of nonketotic hyperosmolar \"coma\" and 13 cases of diabetic ketoacidosis using low doses of intramuscular insulin hourly. Surprisingly both, larger amounts of insulin and longer periods were needed to compensate the metabolic disturbance of the nonketotic hyperosmolar \"coma\" cases when compared to the ketoacidosis ones. The data obtained in this study suggest a possible direct relationship between the initial urea levels and the total amount of insulin needed to reduce the initial glycemia to a normal glycemic level.", "contents": "[Low doses of insulin--comparison between hyperosmolar nonketotic coma and diabetic ketoacidosis (author's transl)]. The authors present a comparison between the results achieved in the treatment of 11 cases of nonketotic hyperosmolar \"coma\" and 13 cases of diabetic ketoacidosis using low doses of intramuscular insulin hourly. Surprisingly both, larger amounts of insulin and longer periods were needed to compensate the metabolic disturbance of the nonketotic hyperosmolar \"coma\" cases when compared to the ketoacidosis ones. The data obtained in this study suggest a possible direct relationship between the initial urea levels and the total amount of insulin needed to reduce the initial glycemia to a normal glycemic level.", "PMID": 103144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5563", "title": "On the process of activation and inactivation of dog skeletal muscle glycogen synthase.", "content": "The presence of additional forms of glycogen synthase (UDPG: alpha-1,4-glucan alpha-4-glucosyltransferase) besides the I form (independent on glucose-6-P for activity) and the D form (dependent on glucose-6-P for activity) long ago described, is inferred from patterns of their interconversions obtained by processes of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. An intermediate form more phosphorylated than the I form and less than the D form, which is completely inactive in these assay conditions, and a superphosphorylated form, more phosphorylated than the D form and also inactive even in presence of 0.01 M glucose-6-P are described.", "contents": "On the process of activation and inactivation of dog skeletal muscle glycogen synthase. The presence of additional forms of glycogen synthase (UDPG: alpha-1,4-glucan alpha-4-glucosyltransferase) besides the I form (independent on glucose-6-P for activity) and the D form (dependent on glucose-6-P for activity) long ago described, is inferred from patterns of their interconversions obtained by processes of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. An intermediate form more phosphorylated than the I form and less than the D form, which is completely inactive in these assay conditions, and a superphosphorylated form, more phosphorylated than the D form and also inactive even in presence of 0.01 M glucose-6-P are described.", "PMID": 103150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5564", "title": "Presence of glucuronyltransferase activity in human lymphocytes.", "content": "Human lymphocytes contain glucuronyltransferase activity. This enzyme requires a high concentration of uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid and can be measured with testosterone as a substrate. This finding is of interest because glucuronidation is a deactivating process for many pharmacologically active compounds that are substrates of glucuronyltransferase.", "contents": "Presence of glucuronyltransferase activity in human lymphocytes. Human lymphocytes contain glucuronyltransferase activity. This enzyme requires a high concentration of uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid and can be measured with testosterone as a substrate. This finding is of interest because glucuronidation is a deactivating process for many pharmacologically active compounds that are substrates of glucuronyltransferase.", "PMID": 103152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5565", "title": "Synthesis of immunoglobulin by normal and antigenically stimulated fetal sheep.", "content": "The rate of appearance, quantity and immunochemical character of serum immunoglobulins which appear normally during the development of fetal sheep and following the injection of antigens at different stages of gestation have been studied. After 70 days' gestation a percentage of normal fetal sheep synthesise IgM. Although the concentration of IgM in the circulation of these animals was very low, the precentage with IgM increased with fetal age. A few late term fetuses were detected which also had IgG1 in their circulation, although none were detected with IgG2 or IgA. Fetuses injected with antigens before 71 days' gestation only synthesised IgM, while fetuses injected after 79 days' gestation synthesised both IgM and IgG1. Neither IgG2 nor IgA were detected by single-radial immunodiffusion analyses during the first 14 days of primary immune responses to a variety of antigens, although trace amounts of IgG2 were detected late in responses occurring in older fetuses. The immunoglobulins synthesised by antigenically stimulated fetal sheep appeared identical to adult sheep 19S IgM, 7S IgG1 and 7S IgG2 respectively, when analysed by immunoelectrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and G200 Sephadex column chromatography.", "contents": "Synthesis of immunoglobulin by normal and antigenically stimulated fetal sheep. The rate of appearance, quantity and immunochemical character of serum immunoglobulins which appear normally during the development of fetal sheep and following the injection of antigens at different stages of gestation have been studied. After 70 days' gestation a percentage of normal fetal sheep synthesise IgM. Although the concentration of IgM in the circulation of these animals was very low, the precentage with IgM increased with fetal age. A few late term fetuses were detected which also had IgG1 in their circulation, although none were detected with IgG2 or IgA. Fetuses injected with antigens before 71 days' gestation only synthesised IgM, while fetuses injected after 79 days' gestation synthesised both IgM and IgG1. Neither IgG2 nor IgA were detected by single-radial immunodiffusion analyses during the first 14 days of primary immune responses to a variety of antigens, although trace amounts of IgG2 were detected late in responses occurring in older fetuses. The immunoglobulins synthesised by antigenically stimulated fetal sheep appeared identical to adult sheep 19S IgM, 7S IgG1 and 7S IgG2 respectively, when analysed by immunoelectrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and G200 Sephadex column chromatography.", "PMID": 103153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5566", "title": "Virus-like particles associated with porcine epidemic diarrhoea.", "content": "Porcine epidemic diarrhoea type II was reproduced in experimental pigs of various ages by oral dosing with minced intestine from a naturally occurring case of the disease. Virus-like particles which probably represent an unidentified coronavirus were seen by electron microscopy in the faeces and intestinal epithelium of infected animals.", "contents": "Virus-like particles associated with porcine epidemic diarrhoea. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea type II was reproduced in experimental pigs of various ages by oral dosing with minced intestine from a naturally occurring case of the disease. Virus-like particles which probably represent an unidentified coronavirus were seen by electron microscopy in the faeces and intestinal epithelium of infected animals.", "PMID": 103154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5567", "title": "Do penicillamine and Myocrisin act the same way in rheumatoid arthritis?", "content": "Our observations, as well as similarities between penicillamine and Myocrisin in clinical action and side effects in RA make it not unreasonable to think that thiomalate may have a penicillamine-like effect. Only a controlled clinical trial with thiomalate in RA can provide an answer to this question.", "contents": "Do penicillamine and Myocrisin act the same way in rheumatoid arthritis? Our observations, as well as similarities between penicillamine and Myocrisin in clinical action and side effects in RA make it not unreasonable to think that thiomalate may have a penicillamine-like effect. Only a controlled clinical trial with thiomalate in RA can provide an answer to this question.", "PMID": 103179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5568", "title": "Gold treatment at an early stage of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The progression of erosive X-ray changes over a period of 5--6 years was evaluated in 39 patients exposed to a mean dose of 2030 mg aurothiomalate during the maintenance period. The cause for the low dose was the initial high incidence of side-effects. The progression of erosions was highest in patients with the low dose of gold in the initial stages of the disease. The best result in preventing development of erosions was achieved in patients with the high dose of gold in the early phase of the disease. It appears that gold treatment prevents the progression of the erosoins. The earlier the inception of treatment, the better the result.", "contents": "Gold treatment at an early stage of rheumatoid arthritis. The progression of erosive X-ray changes over a period of 5--6 years was evaluated in 39 patients exposed to a mean dose of 2030 mg aurothiomalate during the maintenance period. The cause for the low dose was the initial high incidence of side-effects. The progression of erosions was highest in patients with the low dose of gold in the initial stages of the disease. The best result in preventing development of erosions was achieved in patients with the high dose of gold in the early phase of the disease. It appears that gold treatment prevents the progression of the erosoins. The earlier the inception of treatment, the better the result.", "PMID": 103180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5569", "title": "Comparison of two maintenance schedules of chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis: preliminary report.", "content": "Comparison of maintenance injections of sodium aurothiomalate given at two-week or four-week intervals revealed no significant clinical or radiological differences over a six-month period. Higher serum gold levels were achieved with the more frequent injections and these were associated with a more pronounced fall of ESR during maintenance therapy. Whether this has any special implications for the subsequent progress of patients treated by the two regimes remains to be determined.", "contents": "Comparison of two maintenance schedules of chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis: preliminary report. Comparison of maintenance injections of sodium aurothiomalate given at two-week or four-week intervals revealed no significant clinical or radiological differences over a six-month period. Higher serum gold levels were achieved with the more frequent injections and these were associated with a more pronounced fall of ESR during maintenance therapy. Whether this has any special implications for the subsequent progress of patients treated by the two regimes remains to be determined.", "PMID": 103181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5570", "title": "Perennial rhinitis - its causation and treatment, a trial of a new formulation of sodium cromoglycate.", "content": "A double blind cross over study on the effect on 2% aqueous solution of sodium cromoglycate in perennial rhinitis has been performed in 37 patients. It is concluded that SCG solution is a useful and effective therapy irrespective of whether the disease is due to exogen allergy or vasomotoric (intrinsic) type.", "contents": "Perennial rhinitis - its causation and treatment, a trial of a new formulation of sodium cromoglycate. A double blind cross over study on the effect on 2% aqueous solution of sodium cromoglycate in perennial rhinitis has been performed in 37 patients. It is concluded that SCG solution is a useful and effective therapy irrespective of whether the disease is due to exogen allergy or vasomotoric (intrinsic) type.", "PMID": 103182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5571", "title": "Phlebography in long-term catheterization of the subclavian vein. A retrospective study in patients with severe gastrointestinal disorders.", "content": "The frequency of superior central venous thrombosis was studied in a consecutive retrospective series of 27 patients with severe gastrointestinal disorders in whom long-term catheterization of the subclavian vein for parenteral nutrition was carried out. The patients had 35 periods of catheterization ranging from 14 to 766, mean 86, days and a total of 51 catheter periods. Only one patient showed clinical signs of thrombosis in spite of phlebographic findings revealing seven cases of central venous thrombosis. Recanalization was not seen. Exchange of catheter was performed 17 times in 10 patients using the Seldinger technique. This did not influence thrombosis rate. Septicaemia was found in five patients subsiding after catheter exchange. No fatalities occurred, and no correlation between the septicaemia and thrombosis rate was found. Catheters used for more than 100 days showed changes of mechanical properties. It is therefore advisable to exchange catheters after 3 months' use by the Seldinger technique. The discrepancy between the clinical and phlebographic findings emphasizes that repeated subclavian catheterization should be preceded by bilateral phlebography.", "contents": "Phlebography in long-term catheterization of the subclavian vein. A retrospective study in patients with severe gastrointestinal disorders. The frequency of superior central venous thrombosis was studied in a consecutive retrospective series of 27 patients with severe gastrointestinal disorders in whom long-term catheterization of the subclavian vein for parenteral nutrition was carried out. The patients had 35 periods of catheterization ranging from 14 to 766, mean 86, days and a total of 51 catheter periods. Only one patient showed clinical signs of thrombosis in spite of phlebographic findings revealing seven cases of central venous thrombosis. Recanalization was not seen. Exchange of catheter was performed 17 times in 10 patients using the Seldinger technique. This did not influence thrombosis rate. Septicaemia was found in five patients subsiding after catheter exchange. No fatalities occurred, and no correlation between the septicaemia and thrombosis rate was found. Catheters used for more than 100 days showed changes of mechanical properties. It is therefore advisable to exchange catheters after 3 months' use by the Seldinger technique. The discrepancy between the clinical and phlebographic findings emphasizes that repeated subclavian catheterization should be preceded by bilateral phlebography.", "PMID": 103185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5572", "title": "Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia with Ig E M-component.", "content": "A case of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia with Ig E M-component was presented. A 76-year-old Japanese woman had a history of the operation for mammary carcinoma. Although neither lymphadenopathy nor hepatosplenomegaly was present, the immunohaematological findings typical for Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia were observed in this patient. Coexistence of the Ig M and Ig E M-components was recognized in the patient's serum protein. Positive reaction for FITC-conjugated anti-epsilon or rhodamine-conjugated anti-mu was noted in proliferating lymphoplasmacytic cells of the patient's bone marrow, but these reactions were not simultaneously observed in a single cell. The finding suggests that two separate populations of M-component-producing cells were present.", "contents": "Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia with Ig E M-component. A case of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia with Ig E M-component was presented. A 76-year-old Japanese woman had a history of the operation for mammary carcinoma. Although neither lymphadenopathy nor hepatosplenomegaly was present, the immunohaematological findings typical for Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia were observed in this patient. Coexistence of the Ig M and Ig E M-components was recognized in the patient's serum protein. Positive reaction for FITC-conjugated anti-epsilon or rhodamine-conjugated anti-mu was noted in proliferating lymphoplasmacytic cells of the patient's bone marrow, but these reactions were not simultaneously observed in a single cell. The finding suggests that two separate populations of M-component-producing cells were present.", "PMID": 103186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5573", "title": "Myelomatosis after phenytoin therapy: a chance association?", "content": "The occurrence of a monoclonal gammopathy followed by IgG-lambda multiple myeloma is described in a patient receiving diphenylhydantoin therapy for 20 years for epilepsy. Despite the known association between the drug and the development of immunosuppression and lymphoma, we regard the association recorded in this case to be coincidence. It is suggested that periodic examination of the serum proteins in patients receiving the drug may be useful in detecting early aberrations of the immune system in these individuals.", "contents": "Myelomatosis after phenytoin therapy: a chance association? The occurrence of a monoclonal gammopathy followed by IgG-lambda multiple myeloma is described in a patient receiving diphenylhydantoin therapy for 20 years for epilepsy. Despite the known association between the drug and the development of immunosuppression and lymphoma, we regard the association recorded in this case to be coincidence. It is suggested that periodic examination of the serum proteins in patients receiving the drug may be useful in detecting early aberrations of the immune system in these individuals.", "PMID": 103187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5574", "title": "Recurrent Pseudomonas infection associated with neutrophil dysfunction.", "content": "A 72-year-old male is described with a history of 4 episodes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis and chronic otitis media caused by pseudomonas species. In vitro testing of the patient's polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) revealed profoundly abnormal chemotactic responses and defective intracellular killing of Ps. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Chemiluminescence production by the patient's PMNs in response to opsonized zymosan as well as endotoxin stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction were markedly depressed. These data indicate the presence of a profound, apparently acquired, defect in PMN function in an elderly male. Detailed evaluation of adult patients with recurrent infections may reveal similar, apparently acquired defects in PMN function.", "contents": "Recurrent Pseudomonas infection associated with neutrophil dysfunction. A 72-year-old male is described with a history of 4 episodes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis and chronic otitis media caused by pseudomonas species. In vitro testing of the patient's polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) revealed profoundly abnormal chemotactic responses and defective intracellular killing of Ps. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Chemiluminescence production by the patient's PMNs in response to opsonized zymosan as well as endotoxin stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction were markedly depressed. These data indicate the presence of a profound, apparently acquired, defect in PMN function in an elderly male. Detailed evaluation of adult patients with recurrent infections may reveal similar, apparently acquired defects in PMN function.", "PMID": 103188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5575", "title": "Gold serum levels in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Serum gold levels were monitored in 66 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, treated with different i.m. dosage schedules of sodium aurothiomalate (Myocrisin, Pharma Rhodia). The ages of the children varied from 1 to 15 years. Gold serum levels in children were related to the dose of Myocrisin calculated per kg of body weight or per square metre of body surface area. The results of our study indicate that in order to achieve a peak serum level at about 500--600 microgram/100 ml (25--30 micromol/l) with weekly injections, the dose of Myocrisin should be about 0.7 mg/kg, or 20 mg/m2. In order to avoid excessively high gold serum concentrations, the maximum single dose should not exceed 27 mg/m2 of body surface area.", "contents": "Gold serum levels in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Serum gold levels were monitored in 66 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, treated with different i.m. dosage schedules of sodium aurothiomalate (Myocrisin, Pharma Rhodia). The ages of the children varied from 1 to 15 years. Gold serum levels in children were related to the dose of Myocrisin calculated per kg of body weight or per square metre of body surface area. The results of our study indicate that in order to achieve a peak serum level at about 500--600 microgram/100 ml (25--30 micromol/l) with weekly injections, the dose of Myocrisin should be about 0.7 mg/kg, or 20 mg/m2. In order to avoid excessively high gold serum concentrations, the maximum single dose should not exceed 27 mg/m2 of body surface area.", "PMID": 103189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5576", "title": "Comparison of penicillamine and gold treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In a series of 100 adult patients with definite rheumatoid arthritis of at most 3 years' duration and with no previous penicillamine, gold or systemic corticosteroid treatment, 50 patients were treated with D-penicillamine and 50 with gold for one yar. The dose of penicillamine was 600 mg daily. Sodium aurothiomalate was given 50 mg weekly up to a total of 13 mg/kg and thereafter 50 mg once a month. In both treatment groups a statistically significant decrease in the number of painful and/or swollen joints, an increase in haemoglobin and a decrease in ESR, serum ceruloplasmin-, alpha1-acid glycoprotein-, IgG-, IgM- and IgA levels was observed. All the changes in these clinical and laboratory tests were of the same degree in both treatment groups. In the penicillamine group 12 out of 20 seropositive patients became seronegative and in another 5 the Waaler-Rose titre dropped clearly. In the gold group, 7 out of 16 seropositive patients became seronegative, and the Waaler-Rose titre dropped in another 5. An equal increase in the number of eroded joints in hands and toes was seen in the penicillamine and the gold group. Penicillamine was discontinued because of side effects in 13 patients (26%), and gold treatment in 15 (30%). Proteinuria and/or haematuria were the most common causes of discontinuation in the penicillamine group.", "contents": "Comparison of penicillamine and gold treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis. In a series of 100 adult patients with definite rheumatoid arthritis of at most 3 years' duration and with no previous penicillamine, gold or systemic corticosteroid treatment, 50 patients were treated with D-penicillamine and 50 with gold for one yar. The dose of penicillamine was 600 mg daily. Sodium aurothiomalate was given 50 mg weekly up to a total of 13 mg/kg and thereafter 50 mg once a month. In both treatment groups a statistically significant decrease in the number of painful and/or swollen joints, an increase in haemoglobin and a decrease in ESR, serum ceruloplasmin-, alpha1-acid glycoprotein-, IgG-, IgM- and IgA levels was observed. All the changes in these clinical and laboratory tests were of the same degree in both treatment groups. In the penicillamine group 12 out of 20 seropositive patients became seronegative and in another 5 the Waaler-Rose titre dropped clearly. In the gold group, 7 out of 16 seropositive patients became seronegative, and the Waaler-Rose titre dropped in another 5. An equal increase in the number of eroded joints in hands and toes was seen in the penicillamine and the gold group. Penicillamine was discontinued because of side effects in 13 patients (26%), and gold treatment in 15 (30%). Proteinuria and/or haematuria were the most common causes of discontinuation in the penicillamine group.", "PMID": 103190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5577", "title": "Costs and benefits of measles vaccination in Finland.", "content": "Measles vaccination is fairly beneficial. During the third year after launching of the vaccination programme, cumulative benefits accuring from vaccination outweigh the cumulative costs of vaccination. This conclusion is based on a study of the vaccination programme in Finland. According to the vaccination programme, all 1-year-old infants in Finland are vaccinated. The duration of the period under survey has been set at 25 years, the measuring unit is the Finnish mark and the price level is that of the year 1975. When comparing costs and benefits, these are converted to present day monetary values. Vaccination costs per vaccinated infant amount to 32 marks, and in total during the period 1975--1999 they will amount to about 34 million marks according to an interest rate of 9% and to about 41 million marks according to an interest rate of 6% in current monetary value. Benefits gained by vaccination, compared with costs, are manifold. The benefits of one vaccination have been estimated at 230 marks. In total, benefits during the period 1975--99 constitute ca 117 million marks at an interest rate of 9%, and ca 159 million marks at an interest rate of 6% in current monetary value, without any deduction for vaccination costs. The net gain of vaccination--with a deduction of vaccination costs--is ca 84 million marks at an interest rate of 9%, and ca 118 million marks at an interest rate of 6% in current monetary value.", "contents": "Costs and benefits of measles vaccination in Finland. Measles vaccination is fairly beneficial. During the third year after launching of the vaccination programme, cumulative benefits accuring from vaccination outweigh the cumulative costs of vaccination. This conclusion is based on a study of the vaccination programme in Finland. According to the vaccination programme, all 1-year-old infants in Finland are vaccinated. The duration of the period under survey has been set at 25 years, the measuring unit is the Finnish mark and the price level is that of the year 1975. When comparing costs and benefits, these are converted to present day monetary values. Vaccination costs per vaccinated infant amount to 32 marks, and in total during the period 1975--1999 they will amount to about 34 million marks according to an interest rate of 9% and to about 41 million marks according to an interest rate of 6% in current monetary value. Benefits gained by vaccination, compared with costs, are manifold. The benefits of one vaccination have been estimated at 230 marks. In total, benefits during the period 1975--99 constitute ca 117 million marks at an interest rate of 9%, and ca 159 million marks at an interest rate of 6% in current monetary value, without any deduction for vaccination costs. The net gain of vaccination--with a deduction of vaccination costs--is ca 84 million marks at an interest rate of 9%, and ca 118 million marks at an interest rate of 6% in current monetary value.", "PMID": 103198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5578", "title": "Calcium entry leads to inactivation of calcium channel in Paramecium.", "content": "Under depolarizing voltage clamp of Paramecium an inward calcium current developed and subsequently relaxed within 10 milliseconds. The relaxation was substantially slowed when most of the extracellular calcium was replaced by either strontium or barium. Evidence is presented that the relaxation is not accounted for by a drop in electromotive force acting on calcium, or by activation of a delayed potassium current. Relaxation of the current must, therefore, result from an inactivation of the calcium channel. This inactivation persisted after a pulse, as manifested by a reduced calcium current during subsequent depolarization. Inactivation was retarded by procedures that reduce net entry of calcium, and was independent of membrane potential. The calcium channel undergoes inactivation as a consequence of calcium entry during depolarization. In this respect, inactivation of the calcium channel departs qualitatively from the behavior described in the Hodgkin-Huxley model of the sodium channel.", "contents": "Calcium entry leads to inactivation of calcium channel in Paramecium. Under depolarizing voltage clamp of Paramecium an inward calcium current developed and subsequently relaxed within 10 milliseconds. The relaxation was substantially slowed when most of the extracellular calcium was replaced by either strontium or barium. Evidence is presented that the relaxation is not accounted for by a drop in electromotive force acting on calcium, or by activation of a delayed potassium current. Relaxation of the current must, therefore, result from an inactivation of the calcium channel. This inactivation persisted after a pulse, as manifested by a reduced calcium current during subsequent depolarization. Inactivation was retarded by procedures that reduce net entry of calcium, and was independent of membrane potential. The calcium channel undergoes inactivation as a consequence of calcium entry during depolarization. In this respect, inactivation of the calcium channel departs qualitatively from the behavior described in the Hodgkin-Huxley model of the sodium channel.", "PMID": 103199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5579", "title": "Transient synapses in the embryonic primate spinal cord.", "content": "Electron microscopic and tritiated thymidine autoradiographic analysis of the embryonic spinal cord in the rhesus monkey reveals considerable rearrangement of cellular and synaptic relationships in the posterior (sensory) quadrant during early developmental stages. This remodeling involves the death of an entire population of neurons that received synapses from sensory afferent axons and the possible relocation of these afferents upon subsequently generated viable substantia gelatinosa neurons.", "contents": "Transient synapses in the embryonic primate spinal cord. Electron microscopic and tritiated thymidine autoradiographic analysis of the embryonic spinal cord in the rhesus monkey reveals considerable rearrangement of cellular and synaptic relationships in the posterior (sensory) quadrant during early developmental stages. This remodeling involves the death of an entire population of neurons that received synapses from sensory afferent axons and the possible relocation of these afferents upon subsequently generated viable substantia gelatinosa neurons.", "PMID": 103200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5580", "title": "Primary hypothyroidism and pituitary insufficiency.", "content": "A 40-year-old man with primary hypothyroidism and sellar enlargement is described. There was deficiency of all pituitary tropic hormones except TSH which was elevated. TRH stimulation revealed responsiveness of pituitary thyrotropic cells, and thyroxine administration suppressed the elevated TSH. These findings are compatible with either a TSH-producing chromophobe adenoma resulting from primary hypothyroidism or, because of the suppressibility of the TSH secretion, thyrotropic hyperplasia secondary to hypothyroidism maintaining TSH secretion in the face of a non-TSH-secreting pituitary tumor.", "contents": "Primary hypothyroidism and pituitary insufficiency. A 40-year-old man with primary hypothyroidism and sellar enlargement is described. There was deficiency of all pituitary tropic hormones except TSH which was elevated. TRH stimulation revealed responsiveness of pituitary thyrotropic cells, and thyroxine administration suppressed the elevated TSH. These findings are compatible with either a TSH-producing chromophobe adenoma resulting from primary hypothyroidism or, because of the suppressibility of the TSH secretion, thyrotropic hyperplasia secondary to hypothyroidism maintaining TSH secretion in the face of a non-TSH-secreting pituitary tumor.", "PMID": 103204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5581", "title": "Parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Parenteral nutrition therapy was born 35 to 40 years ago when the first steps were taken to perform a protein nutrition by the intravenous supply of amino acids in man. Since that time, many efforts have been made to supply adequate amounts of energy intravenously. These efforts have resulted in the two available systems for parenteral nutrition: the lipid-carbohydrate system and the glucose system. The lipid-carbohydrate system, which corresponds to the nutrient content of normal food, may be given either in a peripheral vein or through a central vein catheter. The glucose system is administered through a central venous catheter. Many problems concerning the parenteral nutrition need to be solved and further elucidated. However, our present knowledge and technique in this field are far advanced over earlier methods. Now all patients who cannot take food in adequate amounts orally or enterally may be kept in good nutritional status by parenteral nutrition. In this way it is possible to prevent starvation and its complications in these patients.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition. Parenteral nutrition therapy was born 35 to 40 years ago when the first steps were taken to perform a protein nutrition by the intravenous supply of amino acids in man. Since that time, many efforts have been made to supply adequate amounts of energy intravenously. These efforts have resulted in the two available systems for parenteral nutrition: the lipid-carbohydrate system and the glucose system. The lipid-carbohydrate system, which corresponds to the nutrient content of normal food, may be given either in a peripheral vein or through a central vein catheter. The glucose system is administered through a central venous catheter. Many problems concerning the parenteral nutrition need to be solved and further elucidated. However, our present knowledge and technique in this field are far advanced over earlier methods. Now all patients who cannot take food in adequate amounts orally or enterally may be kept in good nutritional status by parenteral nutrition. In this way it is possible to prevent starvation and its complications in these patients.", "PMID": 103210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5582", "title": "Destructive aortic valve endocarditis from Brucella abortus: survival with emergency aortic valve replacement.", "content": "Brucella abortus infection of the aortic valve caused acute aortic regurgitation leading to severe left ventricular failure in a 62-year-old man. He made an excellent recovery after emergency aortic valve replacement. This is the third reported case of successful heart valve replacement for Brucella endocarditis and the second such case involving the aortic valve.", "contents": "Destructive aortic valve endocarditis from Brucella abortus: survival with emergency aortic valve replacement. Brucella abortus infection of the aortic valve caused acute aortic regurgitation leading to severe left ventricular failure in a 62-year-old man. He made an excellent recovery after emergency aortic valve replacement. This is the third reported case of successful heart valve replacement for Brucella endocarditis and the second such case involving the aortic valve.", "PMID": 103238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5583", "title": "Meseclazone, 5-chlorosalicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid. Comparison of their effects on in vitro and ex vivo platelet aggregation.", "content": "Meseclazone and its major metabolite, 5-chlorosalicylic acid (5-CSA) have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. The comparative effects of these compounds on pletelet aggregation were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). In vitro, meseclazone and ASA exhibited almost identical inhibitory potency of secondary phase ADP aggregation while 5-CSA was less effective. Moreover, collagen aggregation was inhibited by all three agents: ASA greater than meseclazone greater than 5-CSA. Thrombin-induced aggregation was inhibited to approximately the same extent by 5-CSA and ASA while meseclazone was inactive. The in vitro effects on the release-inducing aggregants were confirmed by ex vivo experiments in rats. These demonstrated that ASA and meseclazone inhibited collagen-induced aggregation 1 and 4 hr after oral administration although ASA was three to four times more active. ASA, but not meseclazone, was still effective 24 hr after administration. Bleeding times in rats 1 and 4 hr following oral administration of meseclazone and ASA were not altered. It is concluded that meseclazone and/or 5-CSA inhibit in vitro and ex vivo platelet aggregation initiated by the release reaction similar to ASA and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Meseclazone, 5-chlorosalicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid. Comparison of their effects on in vitro and ex vivo platelet aggregation. Meseclazone and its major metabolite, 5-chlorosalicylic acid (5-CSA) have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. The comparative effects of these compounds on pletelet aggregation were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). In vitro, meseclazone and ASA exhibited almost identical inhibitory potency of secondary phase ADP aggregation while 5-CSA was less effective. Moreover, collagen aggregation was inhibited by all three agents: ASA greater than meseclazone greater than 5-CSA. Thrombin-induced aggregation was inhibited to approximately the same extent by 5-CSA and ASA while meseclazone was inactive. The in vitro effects on the release-inducing aggregants were confirmed by ex vivo experiments in rats. These demonstrated that ASA and meseclazone inhibited collagen-induced aggregation 1 and 4 hr after oral administration although ASA was three to four times more active. ASA, but not meseclazone, was still effective 24 hr after administration. Bleeding times in rats 1 and 4 hr following oral administration of meseclazone and ASA were not altered. It is concluded that meseclazone and/or 5-CSA inhibit in vitro and ex vivo platelet aggregation initiated by the release reaction similar to ASA and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "PMID": 103240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5584", "title": "The effects cytochalasin B on the surface morphology of the toad urinary bladder epithelium: a scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Cytochalasin B depresses the hydroosmotic response of the toad urinary bladder to vasopressin without affecting basal (bulk flow) permeability, diffusional permeability, or the hormone induced increase in short circuit current. Fine structural studies demonstrated that this macrolide fungal metabolite, in the presence of both an osmotic gradient and vasopressin, induces the formation of large intracellular vacuoles or 'lakes' in epitelial cells lining the bladder mucosa. Some surface changes (shortening and irregularity of microvilli, clumping of the glycocalyx, etc.) were reported by transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates that cytochalasin B drastically alters the mucosal surface morphology of the hormone stimulated bladder. Lesser changes were seen in the absence of vasopressin. In the presence of arginine vasopressin, excessive cellular swelling and possible rupturing, as well as surface membrane infolding and rippling, were seen in the cytochalasin treated tissues, The specific entity most affected by this treatment is the granular cell.", "contents": "The effects cytochalasin B on the surface morphology of the toad urinary bladder epithelium: a scanning electron microscopic study. Cytochalasin B depresses the hydroosmotic response of the toad urinary bladder to vasopressin without affecting basal (bulk flow) permeability, diffusional permeability, or the hormone induced increase in short circuit current. Fine structural studies demonstrated that this macrolide fungal metabolite, in the presence of both an osmotic gradient and vasopressin, induces the formation of large intracellular vacuoles or 'lakes' in epitelial cells lining the bladder mucosa. Some surface changes (shortening and irregularity of microvilli, clumping of the glycocalyx, etc.) were reported by transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates that cytochalasin B drastically alters the mucosal surface morphology of the hormone stimulated bladder. Lesser changes were seen in the absence of vasopressin. In the presence of arginine vasopressin, excessive cellular swelling and possible rupturing, as well as surface membrane infolding and rippling, were seen in the cytochalasin treated tissues, The specific entity most affected by this treatment is the granular cell.", "PMID": 103244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5585", "title": "Ovarian estradiol secretion during early pregnancy in monkeys: luteal versus extra-luteal secretion and effect of chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "To determine the locus of ovarian estradiol secretion during early pregnancy, six monkeys were luteectomized (CLx) on days 22 to 24 of pregnancy. Daily peripheral serum concentrations of progesterone were maintained or slightly elevated despite removal of the corpus luteum (CL), while serum estradiol concentrations fell precipitiously (P less than 0.05). It is concluded that the CL of early pregnancy in these monkeys is the primary source of serum estradiol, but that ovarian tissues other than the primary luteal body secrete estradiol at low levels. Further, preliminary results suggest that mCG may be an important stimulus of ovarian estrogen secretion, by both luteal and extra-luteal compartments, in these primates. MCG may stimulate the CL to sustain estradiol secretion even after luteal cells are no longer responsive to this endogenous gonadotropin as regards progesterone secretion.", "contents": "Ovarian estradiol secretion during early pregnancy in monkeys: luteal versus extra-luteal secretion and effect of chorionic gonadotropin. To determine the locus of ovarian estradiol secretion during early pregnancy, six monkeys were luteectomized (CLx) on days 22 to 24 of pregnancy. Daily peripheral serum concentrations of progesterone were maintained or slightly elevated despite removal of the corpus luteum (CL), while serum estradiol concentrations fell precipitiously (P less than 0.05). It is concluded that the CL of early pregnancy in these monkeys is the primary source of serum estradiol, but that ovarian tissues other than the primary luteal body secrete estradiol at low levels. Further, preliminary results suggest that mCG may be an important stimulus of ovarian estrogen secretion, by both luteal and extra-luteal compartments, in these primates. MCG may stimulate the CL to sustain estradiol secretion even after luteal cells are no longer responsive to this endogenous gonadotropin as regards progesterone secretion.", "PMID": 103249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5586", "title": "The Montgomery lecture, 1977. Curious colobomata.", "content": "The humble coloboma has been taken as a model in an attempt to illustrate the benefit of continued observation and the application of increasingly sophisticated methods of investigation in the genetic and biochemical areas. The recent literature is reviewed with particular reference to publications dealing with colobomata and systemic malformations. Polycystic renal disease has been produced in animals and the application of the method used to a study of the eye may help to explain some of the unusual systemic clinical combinations which may occur in human cases. A simple factor may yet emerge to account for these anomalies rather than the multifactorial explanations previously postulated.", "contents": "The Montgomery lecture, 1977. Curious colobomata. The humble coloboma has been taken as a model in an attempt to illustrate the benefit of continued observation and the application of increasingly sophisticated methods of investigation in the genetic and biochemical areas. The recent literature is reviewed with particular reference to publications dealing with colobomata and systemic malformations. Polycystic renal disease has been produced in animals and the application of the method used to a study of the eye may help to explain some of the unusual systemic clinical combinations which may occur in human cases. A simple factor may yet emerge to account for these anomalies rather than the multifactorial explanations previously postulated.", "PMID": 103250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5587", "title": "The activity of serum ribonuclease in protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "Serum alkaline ribonuclease activity and serum albumin concentration were determined in 25 normal children and 59 children with protein-energy malnutrition. The increase in serum ribonuclease was marked in marasmus and marasmic kwashiorkor. The ribonuclease activity dropped significantly after two weeks of treatment and returned to normal by four weeks. In kwashiorkor, serum ribonuclease activity was significantly lower than control and returned to normal after four weeks of treatment. These findings support previous observations that the serum ribonuclease is a good criterion of the nutritional status and indicates that the enzyme activity, particularly when related to serum albumin, is a good prognostic index in this respect.", "contents": "The activity of serum ribonuclease in protein-energy malnutrition. Serum alkaline ribonuclease activity and serum albumin concentration were determined in 25 normal children and 59 children with protein-energy malnutrition. The increase in serum ribonuclease was marked in marasmus and marasmic kwashiorkor. The ribonuclease activity dropped significantly after two weeks of treatment and returned to normal by four weeks. In kwashiorkor, serum ribonuclease activity was significantly lower than control and returned to normal after four weeks of treatment. These findings support previous observations that the serum ribonuclease is a good criterion of the nutritional status and indicates that the enzyme activity, particularly when related to serum albumin, is a good prognostic index in this respect.", "PMID": 103257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5588", "title": "Treatment of schistosomiasis. Factors affecting chemotherapy and reflections on ideal drug treatment.", "content": "The blood concentration of certain known schistosomicides or their active metabolites never reaches levels high enough to prove lethal to the parasite. The chemotherapeutic response is a function of the relations of the triad-drug, parasite and host. This article reviews the multiple factors which influence the chemotherapeutic response in schistosomiasis with references to researchers in this wide field. An understanding of these complex interactions is a basis for the design of drug trials in the search for the ideal schistosomicide.", "contents": "Treatment of schistosomiasis. Factors affecting chemotherapy and reflections on ideal drug treatment. The blood concentration of certain known schistosomicides or their active metabolites never reaches levels high enough to prove lethal to the parasite. The chemotherapeutic response is a function of the relations of the triad-drug, parasite and host. This article reviews the multiple factors which influence the chemotherapeutic response in schistosomiasis with references to researchers in this wide field. An understanding of these complex interactions is a basis for the design of drug trials in the search for the ideal schistosomicide.", "PMID": 103260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5589", "title": "Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia in South African Negroes.", "content": "Waldenstr\u00f6m's or primary macroglobulinaemia has rarely been documented in Black Africans. Six South African Negro patients with Waldenstr\u00f6ms macroglobulinaemia were assessed and followed during a 10-year period from 1966 to 1976. The hyperviscosity syndrome was the presenting feature in four patients and one patient each presented with the nephrotic syndrome and a lacrimal mass respectively. On initial evaluation of the six patients, the serum IgM varied from 1.3 to 4.8 g% and in two patients cryoglobulinaemia was found. The patients received supportive treatment, chemotherapy, and when necessary, plasmaphoresis. One patient was lost to follow-up, one patient died 7 years after the onset of his illness, but the remaining four patients are alive 18 months to 5 years after presenting with their disease. Although the disease occurred in a younger age group (mean age 43 years) than in Caucasians it did not differ in clinical features or response to treatment from other parts of the world.", "contents": "Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia in South African Negroes. Waldenstr\u00f6m's or primary macroglobulinaemia has rarely been documented in Black Africans. Six South African Negro patients with Waldenstr\u00f6ms macroglobulinaemia were assessed and followed during a 10-year period from 1966 to 1976. The hyperviscosity syndrome was the presenting feature in four patients and one patient each presented with the nephrotic syndrome and a lacrimal mass respectively. On initial evaluation of the six patients, the serum IgM varied from 1.3 to 4.8 g% and in two patients cryoglobulinaemia was found. The patients received supportive treatment, chemotherapy, and when necessary, plasmaphoresis. One patient was lost to follow-up, one patient died 7 years after the onset of his illness, but the remaining four patients are alive 18 months to 5 years after presenting with their disease. Although the disease occurred in a younger age group (mean age 43 years) than in Caucasians it did not differ in clinical features or response to treatment from other parts of the world.", "PMID": 103261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5590", "title": "The incidence of theilerial parasites in East African buffalo (Syncerus caffer).", "content": "245 buffalo from 13 areas of East Africa were examined for theilerial infections. The vast majority of buffalo (97.1%) examined had piroplasms in their erythrocytes. Theileria lawrencei was isolated from the buffalo by tick feeding and cell culture and was found to be common in most of these buffalo populations. Also over 50% of the buffalo had indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) titres to T. lawrencei. T. mutans was only isolated from 3 buffalo populations but is probably common. Haematoxenus sp. was detected in the blood of 56% of the buffalo sampled. In the light of these results the role of buffalo as a reservoir of cattle pathogenic theilerioses in East Africa is discussed.", "contents": "The incidence of theilerial parasites in East African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). 245 buffalo from 13 areas of East Africa were examined for theilerial infections. The vast majority of buffalo (97.1%) examined had piroplasms in their erythrocytes. Theileria lawrencei was isolated from the buffalo by tick feeding and cell culture and was found to be common in most of these buffalo populations. Also over 50% of the buffalo had indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) titres to T. lawrencei. T. mutans was only isolated from 3 buffalo populations but is probably common. Haematoxenus sp. was detected in the blood of 56% of the buffalo sampled. In the light of these results the role of buffalo as a reservoir of cattle pathogenic theilerioses in East Africa is discussed.", "PMID": 103262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5591", "title": "Ultrastructural study of Sarcocystis fusiformis (Railliet, 1897) infecting the Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) of Egypt.", "content": "Sarcocysts from the muscular layer of the oesophagus of 20 Indian water buffaloes (about 7--10 years old) have been collected in Egypt and studied by means of electron microscopy in Bonn (West Germany). Large and small cysts have been observed. The large type ranged from 7--30 X 3--7 mm, and the small cysts measured 1.3--5.1 X 0.7--2.2 mm. The metrocytes of both types of cysts as well as the merozoites were very similar concerning their shape, size and ultrastructural characteristics. The metrocytes of the large and small cysts were mostly located at the peripheral region of the cysts and multiplied by endodyogeny. They were variable in shape and size. They ranged from 7.6 X 4.8 micrometer to 9.2 X 5.4 micrometer. Most of them exhibited deep invaginations of their pellicle. Their cytoplasm was electron pale and often extremely vacuolated. The merozoites of both types of cysts were elongated with a length ranging from 14.6--17.0 micrometer and showed all characteristic organelles of these cells (conoid, rhoptries, micronemes, subpellicular microtubules etc.) The wall of the large and small cysts showed no distinct morphological differences. The great similarities between the walls of the two types of cysts as well as between the micromorphology of the developmental stages (metrocytes and merozoites) lead to the conclusion that the two types of cysts examined may belong to one species of Sarcocystis.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of Sarcocystis fusiformis (Railliet, 1897) infecting the Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) of Egypt. Sarcocysts from the muscular layer of the oesophagus of 20 Indian water buffaloes (about 7--10 years old) have been collected in Egypt and studied by means of electron microscopy in Bonn (West Germany). Large and small cysts have been observed. The large type ranged from 7--30 X 3--7 mm, and the small cysts measured 1.3--5.1 X 0.7--2.2 mm. The metrocytes of both types of cysts as well as the merozoites were very similar concerning their shape, size and ultrastructural characteristics. The metrocytes of the large and small cysts were mostly located at the peripheral region of the cysts and multiplied by endodyogeny. They were variable in shape and size. They ranged from 7.6 X 4.8 micrometer to 9.2 X 5.4 micrometer. Most of them exhibited deep invaginations of their pellicle. Their cytoplasm was electron pale and often extremely vacuolated. The merozoites of both types of cysts were elongated with a length ranging from 14.6--17.0 micrometer and showed all characteristic organelles of these cells (conoid, rhoptries, micronemes, subpellicular microtubules etc.) The wall of the large and small cysts showed no distinct morphological differences. The great similarities between the walls of the two types of cysts as well as between the micromorphology of the developmental stages (metrocytes and merozoites) lead to the conclusion that the two types of cysts examined may belong to one species of Sarcocystis.", "PMID": 103263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5592", "title": "Catabolism of adenosine 5'-monophosphate in promastigotes of Leishmania tropica.", "content": "The specific activities of enzymes participating in AMP-catabolizing reactions in promastigotes of Leishmania tropica were determined. The following sequence of reactions is suggested: AMP leads to adenosine leads to adenine leads to hypoxanthine. The initial enzyme of this sequence, AMP nucleotidase, is apparently membrane-bound. The significance of AMP catabolism with respect to adenylate energy charge and a signal transfering mechanism is discussed. Adenine deaminase has been partially purified and characterized. Several purine analogues, inter alia allopurinol, proved to be inhibitors of the adenine deaminase catalyzed reaction.", "contents": "Catabolism of adenosine 5'-monophosphate in promastigotes of Leishmania tropica. The specific activities of enzymes participating in AMP-catabolizing reactions in promastigotes of Leishmania tropica were determined. The following sequence of reactions is suggested: AMP leads to adenosine leads to adenine leads to hypoxanthine. The initial enzyme of this sequence, AMP nucleotidase, is apparently membrane-bound. The significance of AMP catabolism with respect to adenylate energy charge and a signal transfering mechanism is discussed. Adenine deaminase has been partially purified and characterized. Several purine analogues, inter alia allopurinol, proved to be inhibitors of the adenine deaminase catalyzed reaction.", "PMID": 103264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5593", "title": "Histopathology of experimental Chagas disease in NMRI-mice. A long term study following paw infection.", "content": "NMRI-mice were infected subcutaneously with T. cruzi Brazil and the pathohistological findings in 17 organs at different times after infection are described. The paw was chosen as injection site, for, due to the great variety of tissues found in a single histological section, the first reactions between host and parasite are best studied here. For this purpose the complete paw was embedded in plastic and sectioned longitudinally. After infection with 5 X 10(4) parasites a shift of parasitism from the initial host cells (macrophages) to the neighbouring muscle cells was observed. This occurred on the 9th day after infection. On the 18th day a generalized parasitism of organs containing muscle had developed, especially of myocardium and alimentary tract. Destruction and inflammation of heart muscle was the most important consequence with respect to mortality. The autonomous nervous system of heart and alimentary tract was involved, although not selectively. Liver and spleen played no role as host tissues. After infection with 10(2) or 10(3) parasites specific alterations in the animals surviving the acute phase were not observed from the 60th to 201st day. A perivenous encephalitis without cerebral parasitism was found in about one half of the experimental animals. It does not correspond to the known 'Chagas encephalitis' and is for the present defined as parainfectious.", "contents": "Histopathology of experimental Chagas disease in NMRI-mice. A long term study following paw infection. NMRI-mice were infected subcutaneously with T. cruzi Brazil and the pathohistological findings in 17 organs at different times after infection are described. The paw was chosen as injection site, for, due to the great variety of tissues found in a single histological section, the first reactions between host and parasite are best studied here. For this purpose the complete paw was embedded in plastic and sectioned longitudinally. After infection with 5 X 10(4) parasites a shift of parasitism from the initial host cells (macrophages) to the neighbouring muscle cells was observed. This occurred on the 9th day after infection. On the 18th day a generalized parasitism of organs containing muscle had developed, especially of myocardium and alimentary tract. Destruction and inflammation of heart muscle was the most important consequence with respect to mortality. The autonomous nervous system of heart and alimentary tract was involved, although not selectively. Liver and spleen played no role as host tissues. After infection with 10(2) or 10(3) parasites specific alterations in the animals surviving the acute phase were not observed from the 60th to 201st day. A perivenous encephalitis without cerebral parasitism was found in about one half of the experimental animals. It does not correspond to the known 'Chagas encephalitis' and is for the present defined as parainfectious.", "PMID": 103265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5594", "title": "[Effect of substances that disrupt cell adhesion to the substrate on the glycoprotein spectrum of normal fibroblasts in culture].", "content": "Alterations of glycoproteins pattern of normal mouse and chick embryo fibroblasts, caused by chemicals impairing cell-substrate adhesion were studied in culture. The chemicals used were proteases (trysin, pronase and papain), EDTA and urea. Using sodium dodecyl sulfat polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was shown that mouse fibroblasts contained four major high-molecular mass glycoproteins that were removed from cells when the adhesion was impaired. Their apparent molecular masses were estimated to be 268 000 (GP-268), 260 000 (GP-260), 211 000 (GP-211) and 196 000 (GP-196). Each glycoprotein proved to be senitive only to one treatment: GP-268 - to very low doses of proteases (1--10 microgram/ml, 10 min), GP-260 - to long treatment with urea (1 M, 2h), GP-211 and GP-196 - to cell rounding and detachment from the substrate caused by long treatment with EDTA (200 microgram/ml, 30 min). In contrast to mouse cells, chick fibroblasts contained only one major high-molecular mass glycoprotein with an apparent molecular mass 266 000 (GP-266) sensitive to all the treatments tested, but to a different degree. The role of glycoproteins studied in the process of cell-substrate adhesion as well as the dependence of certain glycoproteins (GP-211 and GP-196) on the cell shape is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of substances that disrupt cell adhesion to the substrate on the glycoprotein spectrum of normal fibroblasts in culture]. Alterations of glycoproteins pattern of normal mouse and chick embryo fibroblasts, caused by chemicals impairing cell-substrate adhesion were studied in culture. The chemicals used were proteases (trysin, pronase and papain), EDTA and urea. Using sodium dodecyl sulfat polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was shown that mouse fibroblasts contained four major high-molecular mass glycoproteins that were removed from cells when the adhesion was impaired. Their apparent molecular masses were estimated to be 268 000 (GP-268), 260 000 (GP-260), 211 000 (GP-211) and 196 000 (GP-196). Each glycoprotein proved to be senitive only to one treatment: GP-268 - to very low doses of proteases (1--10 microgram/ml, 10 min), GP-260 - to long treatment with urea (1 M, 2h), GP-211 and GP-196 - to cell rounding and detachment from the substrate caused by long treatment with EDTA (200 microgram/ml, 30 min). In contrast to mouse cells, chick fibroblasts contained only one major high-molecular mass glycoprotein with an apparent molecular mass 266 000 (GP-266) sensitive to all the treatments tested, but to a different degree. The role of glycoproteins studied in the process of cell-substrate adhesion as well as the dependence of certain glycoproteins (GP-211 and GP-196) on the cell shape is discussed.", "PMID": 103267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5595", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the nuclei of Euglena gracilis].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the Euglena gracilis nucleus has been studied with electron microscopy and prefential staining of ribonucleoproteins. The interphase nucleus chromatin is mainly concentrated in chromonemata - i.e. elongated threads of condensed chromatin. Part of them is directed to the nuclear envelope, with which they are in contact. The number of these contacts is approximately equal to the chromosome number. The Euglena gracilis nucleoplasm is rich in various RNP-components, which points to the transcriptional activity of chromatin, although the majority of chromatin is condensed.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the nuclei of Euglena gracilis]. The ultrastructure of the Euglena gracilis nucleus has been studied with electron microscopy and prefential staining of ribonucleoproteins. The interphase nucleus chromatin is mainly concentrated in chromonemata - i.e. elongated threads of condensed chromatin. Part of them is directed to the nuclear envelope, with which they are in contact. The number of these contacts is approximately equal to the chromosome number. The Euglena gracilis nucleoplasm is rich in various RNP-components, which points to the transcriptional activity of chromatin, although the majority of chromatin is condensed.", "PMID": 103268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5596", "title": "Integrated therapy for invasive bladder carcinoma. Experience with 108 patients.", "content": "One hundred eight patients with invasive bladder carcinoma, clinically staged T3, who underwent preoperative irradiation followed by radical cystectomy and ileal conduit urinary diversion without pelvic lymphadenectomy at this Center between January 1, 1969, and December 30, 1975, were reviewed. Sixty-two patients are alive and free of disease twelve to ninety-six months after treatment. The incidence of recurrent pelvic disease is 8%. With protracted radiotherapy (5,000 rads TD/five weeks), pelvic lymphadenectomy is not necessary and has the benefit of distinguishing high-risk population who may benefit from adjuvant therapy.", "contents": "Integrated therapy for invasive bladder carcinoma. Experience with 108 patients. One hundred eight patients with invasive bladder carcinoma, clinically staged T3, who underwent preoperative irradiation followed by radical cystectomy and ileal conduit urinary diversion without pelvic lymphadenectomy at this Center between January 1, 1969, and December 30, 1975, were reviewed. Sixty-two patients are alive and free of disease twelve to ninety-six months after treatment. The incidence of recurrent pelvic disease is 8%. With protracted radiotherapy (5,000 rads TD/five weeks), pelvic lymphadenectomy is not necessary and has the benefit of distinguishing high-risk population who may benefit from adjuvant therapy.", "PMID": 103270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5597", "title": "Experimental acute renal failure in primates. Clinical and histopathologic evaluation in light and electron microscopy.", "content": "Acute renal failure or its equivalent, acute tubular necrosis, was induced in rhesus monkeys by a combination of dehydration, hemorrhagic hypovolemia, and packed cell transfusion. Clinicopathologic changes were studied at different time intervals. Increasing edematous swelling and disintegration of the epithelial cells in the convoluted tubules, thick loops of Henle, and collecting tubules during the first four hours were conspicuous. As a result, intratubular cellular detritus, red blood cells, and various types of casts were increased progressively between one and four hours, and decreased thereafter. As the time progressed, edema was subsiding but the absorption granules and fat droplets were increased in size and number from one to twenty-four hours. These findings would indicate widespread cellular degeneration and necrosis. Consequently, tubular integrity was impaired leading to necrosis, denuded tubular basement membranes, and occasional tubulorrhexis. Concurrently, some dilated peritubular or interstitial capillaries were ruptured releasing red blood cells and cellular debris, which eventually were picked up by the damaged tubules. Although the regeneration of the renal parenchyma was in progress after sixteen hours, groups of subcapsular tubules were dilated showing flattened epithelial cells. The glomerular capillaries were either dilated or engorged, empty or collapsed during the experiment. Bowman's spaces contained red blood cells and varying amounts of cellular debris. Although the clinicopathologic changes reported here may be attributed to one or more of the following factors, hypoxia, toxic effects and dehydration, most of the changes were apparently due to hypoxia.", "contents": "Experimental acute renal failure in primates. Clinical and histopathologic evaluation in light and electron microscopy. Acute renal failure or its equivalent, acute tubular necrosis, was induced in rhesus monkeys by a combination of dehydration, hemorrhagic hypovolemia, and packed cell transfusion. Clinicopathologic changes were studied at different time intervals. Increasing edematous swelling and disintegration of the epithelial cells in the convoluted tubules, thick loops of Henle, and collecting tubules during the first four hours were conspicuous. As a result, intratubular cellular detritus, red blood cells, and various types of casts were increased progressively between one and four hours, and decreased thereafter. As the time progressed, edema was subsiding but the absorption granules and fat droplets were increased in size and number from one to twenty-four hours. These findings would indicate widespread cellular degeneration and necrosis. Consequently, tubular integrity was impaired leading to necrosis, denuded tubular basement membranes, and occasional tubulorrhexis. Concurrently, some dilated peritubular or interstitial capillaries were ruptured releasing red blood cells and cellular debris, which eventually were picked up by the damaged tubules. Although the regeneration of the renal parenchyma was in progress after sixteen hours, groups of subcapsular tubules were dilated showing flattened epithelial cells. The glomerular capillaries were either dilated or engorged, empty or collapsed during the experiment. Bowman's spaces contained red blood cells and varying amounts of cellular debris. Although the clinicopathologic changes reported here may be attributed to one or more of the following factors, hypoxia, toxic effects and dehydration, most of the changes were apparently due to hypoxia.", "PMID": 103271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5598", "title": "[Properties of adenylate cyclase of rabbit skeletal muscle sarcolemma].", "content": "The sarcolemma fraction with a considerable adenylate cyclase activity sensitive to adrenalin is isolated from the rabbit skeletal muscles. Some its properties are established: pH-optimum of the activity, stability in storage and resistance to the effect of different pH and temperature. Acetylcholine and ruthenium red do not affect the adenylate cyclase activity of the sarcolemma. EGTA activates and Ca2+ inhibits it having no effect on sensitivity to adrenalin.", "contents": "[Properties of adenylate cyclase of rabbit skeletal muscle sarcolemma]. The sarcolemma fraction with a considerable adenylate cyclase activity sensitive to adrenalin is isolated from the rabbit skeletal muscles. Some its properties are established: pH-optimum of the activity, stability in storage and resistance to the effect of different pH and temperature. Acetylcholine and ruthenium red do not affect the adenylate cyclase activity of the sarcolemma. EGTA activates and Ca2+ inhibits it having no effect on sensitivity to adrenalin.", "PMID": 103269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5599", "title": "[Microbial contamination of dust in minimum-morbidity housings for pig rearing].", "content": "The range of the microbial contamination of 1 g of dust in minimum-morbidity pig rearing houses is from 2.9 . 10(7) to 7.6 . 10(9) in the microbes growing on meat-peptone agar (MPA), from 4.6 . 10(7) to 4.6 . 10(8) in moulds growing on the Czapek-Dox agar, from 1.4 . 10(2) to 7.0 . 10(4) in the total number of microbes growing on End's agar, and from 3.1 . 10(2) to 5.7 . 10(3) in the typically lactose-positive microbes growing on End's agar. The numbers of microbes in 1 g of dust in the conventional pig houses are close to the numbers found in pig rearing houses with minimum morbidity. However, in the moulds on the Czapek-Dox agar, the range of the microbial contamination of dust in the minimum-morbidity pig houses was much higher. The highest level of the contamination of dust with microbes was found on all types of media from houses with continual operation. It was revealed by the control of the effectiveness of disinfection in the minimum-morbidity piglet rearing section, operated on the all-in all-out basis, that in a half of the cases studied the disinfection had low effectiveness. The total number of microbes per 1 sq. cm was lower than required on the basis of research published in literature, but the occurrence rate of positive smears with lactose-positive microbes after disinfection was higher in percentual expression.", "contents": "[Microbial contamination of dust in minimum-morbidity housings for pig rearing]. The range of the microbial contamination of 1 g of dust in minimum-morbidity pig rearing houses is from 2.9 . 10(7) to 7.6 . 10(9) in the microbes growing on meat-peptone agar (MPA), from 4.6 . 10(7) to 4.6 . 10(8) in moulds growing on the Czapek-Dox agar, from 1.4 . 10(2) to 7.0 . 10(4) in the total number of microbes growing on End's agar, and from 3.1 . 10(2) to 5.7 . 10(3) in the typically lactose-positive microbes growing on End's agar. The numbers of microbes in 1 g of dust in the conventional pig houses are close to the numbers found in pig rearing houses with minimum morbidity. However, in the moulds on the Czapek-Dox agar, the range of the microbial contamination of dust in the minimum-morbidity pig houses was much higher. The highest level of the contamination of dust with microbes was found on all types of media from houses with continual operation. It was revealed by the control of the effectiveness of disinfection in the minimum-morbidity piglet rearing section, operated on the all-in all-out basis, that in a half of the cases studied the disinfection had low effectiveness. The total number of microbes per 1 sq. cm was lower than required on the basis of research published in literature, but the occurrence rate of positive smears with lactose-positive microbes after disinfection was higher in percentual expression.", "PMID": 103275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5600", "title": "[Induction of labor and its synchronization in hogs].", "content": "The authors describe the synchronization of farrowing by the induction of parturition with a prostaglandin F2alpha analogue (Cloprostenol). The time sequence of the beginning of parturitions was recorded in 147 sows after administration of 175 microgram Cloprostenol. 93.7% of the parturitions take place between the 14th and 39th hour after administration, the peak time being between the 24th and 27th hour (31.2%). The schedule of the farrowing days is described as a prerequisite for a qualitative change in the organization of work in large pig herds.", "contents": "[Induction of labor and its synchronization in hogs]. The authors describe the synchronization of farrowing by the induction of parturition with a prostaglandin F2alpha analogue (Cloprostenol). The time sequence of the beginning of parturitions was recorded in 147 sows after administration of 175 microgram Cloprostenol. 93.7% of the parturitions take place between the 14th and 39th hour after administration, the peak time being between the 24th and 27th hour (31.2%). The schedule of the farrowing days is described as a prerequisite for a qualitative change in the organization of work in large pig herds.", "PMID": 103276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5601", "title": "[Agglutination and acrosome reaction of ram spermatozoa incubated in the bovine folicular fluid].", "content": "Fresh-ejaculated sperm of ram was incubated at a temperature of 38 degrees C in the bovine follicular fluid and homologous blood serum (blood plasma). The spermatozoa were studied in native state under a microscope with phase contrast and as ultra-thin sections under a transmission electron microscope. In the follicular fluid and in the blood serum, strong agglutination of spermatozoa occurred, with its maximum after about two hours. Only the heads of spermatozoa agglutinated, the flagella being loose were arranged parallelly. Although the progressive motility of spermatozoa was not observed, the motility of flagella was not affected. The investigation under the electron microscope showed that the agglutination occurred only in acrosomes of intact spermatozoa. It was also found out that the follicular fluid induced the acrosome reaction of spermatozoa. The course of the acrosome reaction is similar to that in the other mammals: first of all plasma membrane becomes undulated, then it fuses with the outer acrosome membrane, giving origin to vesicles within the entire acrosome, except the equatorial segment. The acrosome reaction was found in about 5% spermatozoa, and therefore it may be assumed that secretions of the oviduct and uterus play their role to induce the acrosome reaction.", "contents": "[Agglutination and acrosome reaction of ram spermatozoa incubated in the bovine folicular fluid]. Fresh-ejaculated sperm of ram was incubated at a temperature of 38 degrees C in the bovine follicular fluid and homologous blood serum (blood plasma). The spermatozoa were studied in native state under a microscope with phase contrast and as ultra-thin sections under a transmission electron microscope. In the follicular fluid and in the blood serum, strong agglutination of spermatozoa occurred, with its maximum after about two hours. Only the heads of spermatozoa agglutinated, the flagella being loose were arranged parallelly. Although the progressive motility of spermatozoa was not observed, the motility of flagella was not affected. The investigation under the electron microscope showed that the agglutination occurred only in acrosomes of intact spermatozoa. It was also found out that the follicular fluid induced the acrosome reaction of spermatozoa. The course of the acrosome reaction is similar to that in the other mammals: first of all plasma membrane becomes undulated, then it fuses with the outer acrosome membrane, giving origin to vesicles within the entire acrosome, except the equatorial segment. The acrosome reaction was found in about 5% spermatozoa, and therefore it may be assumed that secretions of the oviduct and uterus play their role to induce the acrosome reaction.", "PMID": 103278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5602", "title": "[The effect of the antidiuretic hormone on the renal excretion of urea and electrolytes in fed and fasting sheep].", "content": "The effects of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the renal excretion of urea and electrolytes were studied in sheep, subjected to water stress, before and after 36-hour fasting. The intravenous administration of synthetic lysine-vasopressin (L-VP) at the dose of 100 microgram per kg induced only a temporary, statistically insignificant, drop of the urinary urea outputs by the fed as well as fasting sheep. L-VP did not influence the excretion of sodium and potassium electrolytes either. It follows from the results that there are no differences in the renal response to ADH between the fed sheep and sheep that have fasted for 36 hours.", "contents": "[The effect of the antidiuretic hormone on the renal excretion of urea and electrolytes in fed and fasting sheep]. The effects of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the renal excretion of urea and electrolytes were studied in sheep, subjected to water stress, before and after 36-hour fasting. The intravenous administration of synthetic lysine-vasopressin (L-VP) at the dose of 100 microgram per kg induced only a temporary, statistically insignificant, drop of the urinary urea outputs by the fed as well as fasting sheep. L-VP did not influence the excretion of sodium and potassium electrolytes either. It follows from the results that there are no differences in the renal response to ADH between the fed sheep and sheep that have fasted for 36 hours.", "PMID": 103279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5603", "title": "[Diagnosis of infectious anemia in horses using the Coggins test].", "content": "Coggins' immune diffusion test was modified, and was applied as a screening one in the study of the epizootic status. The positive reactions were characterized by the production of a precipitation line between the antigen and the respective serum that was tested. The appearance of such a line was associated with that formed with the use of the positive control serum, pointing to a reaction of identity. With the weakly positive reactions the ends of the precipitin lines, formed with the use of the positive control serum, were found to deviate slightly toward the site where the antigen had been placed. The specificity of the test was confirmed through biological experiments and clinical, morphological, and hematological investigations.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of infectious anemia in horses using the Coggins test]. Coggins' immune diffusion test was modified, and was applied as a screening one in the study of the epizootic status. The positive reactions were characterized by the production of a precipitation line between the antigen and the respective serum that was tested. The appearance of such a line was associated with that formed with the use of the positive control serum, pointing to a reaction of identity. With the weakly positive reactions the ends of the precipitin lines, formed with the use of the positive control serum, were found to deviate slightly toward the site where the antigen had been placed. The specificity of the test was confirmed through biological experiments and clinical, morphological, and hematological investigations.", "PMID": 103281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5604", "title": "Ultrastructural nuclear changes in human lymphocytes following arabinosylcytosine treatment in vitro.", "content": "Human lymphocytes were separated by centrifugation and grown for 48--72 h in TC 199 medium. Synchronous cells, obtained by the addition of colchicine, were treated with arabinosylcytosine (Ara-C), an antimitotic substance which is known to produce nuclear changes in vivo and in vitro. In this case, alterations in the nuclear envelope closely resembling the malignancy associated changes described in human leukaemic cells were observed. The results allow us to suggest that such alterations may be due to a cellular derangement involving the renewal of the nuclear envelope in th G1 phase of the mitotic cycle.", "contents": "Ultrastructural nuclear changes in human lymphocytes following arabinosylcytosine treatment in vitro. Human lymphocytes were separated by centrifugation and grown for 48--72 h in TC 199 medium. Synchronous cells, obtained by the addition of colchicine, were treated with arabinosylcytosine (Ara-C), an antimitotic substance which is known to produce nuclear changes in vivo and in vitro. In this case, alterations in the nuclear envelope closely resembling the malignancy associated changes described in human leukaemic cells were observed. The results allow us to suggest that such alterations may be due to a cellular derangement involving the renewal of the nuclear envelope in th G1 phase of the mitotic cycle.", "PMID": 103295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5605", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of rat Masugi nephritis.", "content": "Changes in the glomerular capillaries in the first phase of rat Masugi nephritis were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The changes developed immediately after the injection of nephrotoxic rabbit IgG and early endothelial lesions (2 to 6 h) were characterized by an increase in microvilli and a decrease in endothelial pores. The microvilli were fused and produced abundant pored projections (cytofolds). The peripheral endothelium was then lifted off from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), leaving scattered endothelial fragments on the GBM. The denuded GBM exhibited a rather uniform, thick carpet-like appearance with occasional crater formation. Depositon of fibrin strands was seen associated with endothelial exfoliation. These later dissolved and were converted to a fibrinoid material, consisting of a complex of fragmented, thin fibrils. A parallel study using the electron microscope revealed that the fibrinoid material was removed by emigrating monocytic macrophages. At the stage of resolution (24 to 72 h), the denuded GBM was covered mostly with a regenerating endothelial layer. A possible process of reorganization of the endothelial pores is discussed.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of rat Masugi nephritis. Changes in the glomerular capillaries in the first phase of rat Masugi nephritis were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The changes developed immediately after the injection of nephrotoxic rabbit IgG and early endothelial lesions (2 to 6 h) were characterized by an increase in microvilli and a decrease in endothelial pores. The microvilli were fused and produced abundant pored projections (cytofolds). The peripheral endothelium was then lifted off from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), leaving scattered endothelial fragments on the GBM. The denuded GBM exhibited a rather uniform, thick carpet-like appearance with occasional crater formation. Depositon of fibrin strands was seen associated with endothelial exfoliation. These later dissolved and were converted to a fibrinoid material, consisting of a complex of fragmented, thin fibrils. A parallel study using the electron microscope revealed that the fibrinoid material was removed by emigrating monocytic macrophages. At the stage of resolution (24 to 72 h), the denuded GBM was covered mostly with a regenerating endothelial layer. A possible process of reorganization of the endothelial pores is discussed.", "PMID": 103296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5606", "title": "An ultrastructural investigation of nephrotoxicity in rats induced by feeding cultures of Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium.", "content": "A renal tubular lesion was induced in male rats by giving them a culture homogenate or culture filtrate of Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium by gastric gavage for 20 days. The fungus was obtained from stored maize in an area of endemic nephropathy in Bulgaria. Changes in the proximal convoluted tubules were studied by light and electron microscopy. The lesion was confined to the pars recta in the outer stripe of the outer zone of the medulla. It consisted of degeneration and necrosis of epithelial cells, prominent karyomegaly, arrested mitotic divisions and production of binucleate and tetranucleate tubular cells. Two patterns of degeneration occurred with comparable frequency: a vesicular form with pyknotic nucleus and electron lucent degeneration. Nuclei of the epithelial cells in affected tubules contained segregated nucleoli. The necrotic cells were replaced by actively regenerating cells derived from adjacent viable epithelium. The similarity between the tubular lesions induced in rats and the changes found in patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy is discussed.", "contents": "An ultrastructural investigation of nephrotoxicity in rats induced by feeding cultures of Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium. A renal tubular lesion was induced in male rats by giving them a culture homogenate or culture filtrate of Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium by gastric gavage for 20 days. The fungus was obtained from stored maize in an area of endemic nephropathy in Bulgaria. Changes in the proximal convoluted tubules were studied by light and electron microscopy. The lesion was confined to the pars recta in the outer stripe of the outer zone of the medulla. It consisted of degeneration and necrosis of epithelial cells, prominent karyomegaly, arrested mitotic divisions and production of binucleate and tetranucleate tubular cells. Two patterns of degeneration occurred with comparable frequency: a vesicular form with pyknotic nucleus and electron lucent degeneration. Nuclei of the epithelial cells in affected tubules contained segregated nucleoli. The necrotic cells were replaced by actively regenerating cells derived from adjacent viable epithelium. The similarity between the tubular lesions induced in rats and the changes found in patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy is discussed.", "PMID": 103297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5607", "title": "The effect of single and of multiple doses of prednisolone tertiary butyl acetate on cell population kinetics in the small bowel mucosa of the rat.", "content": "The effect of single and of multiple doses of prednisolone upon cell population kinetics in the rat jejunal crypt was investigated, using autoradiography and stathmokinetic techniques with vincristine. Single injections of prednisolone (2.5 mg/kg body weight) induced a depression both flash thymidine labelling and mitotic indices; this change was shown to be due to a decreased cell production rate. Recovery of these proliferative indices occurred over seven days after injection; measurement of crypt size parameters showed a transient decrease in crypt population. Multiple daily injections of prednisolone (1 mg/kg body weight) produced a more sustained decrease in labelling and mitotic indices, which lasted as long as injections were continued (7 days); stathmokinetic techniques showed decreases in cell production rates, and the crypt population was also depressed throughout this period. It is concluded that prednisolone depresses cell proliferative rates in rat jejunal mucosa.", "contents": "The effect of single and of multiple doses of prednisolone tertiary butyl acetate on cell population kinetics in the small bowel mucosa of the rat. The effect of single and of multiple doses of prednisolone upon cell population kinetics in the rat jejunal crypt was investigated, using autoradiography and stathmokinetic techniques with vincristine. Single injections of prednisolone (2.5 mg/kg body weight) induced a depression both flash thymidine labelling and mitotic indices; this change was shown to be due to a decreased cell production rate. Recovery of these proliferative indices occurred over seven days after injection; measurement of crypt size parameters showed a transient decrease in crypt population. Multiple daily injections of prednisolone (1 mg/kg body weight) produced a more sustained decrease in labelling and mitotic indices, which lasted as long as injections were continued (7 days); stathmokinetic techniques showed decreases in cell production rates, and the crypt population was also depressed throughout this period. It is concluded that prednisolone depresses cell proliferative rates in rat jejunal mucosa.", "PMID": 103298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5608", "title": "Cell junctions in dyserythropoiesis.", "content": "Erythroid cell junctions have previously been reported in some cases of dyserythropoietic anaemia. This study has demonstrated that they are a relatively common occurrence in dyserythropoiesis. They range from apposition of cellular membranes with preservation of the intercellular space, to membrane confluence, to interdigitation and septate-like junctions. By special staining with colloidal lanthanum, ruthenium red and tannic acid, together with studies of the effect of proteolytic enzymes, their structural composition has been identified and it was confirmed that they are not artefact. The role of cell junctions in dyserythropoiesis is discussed.", "contents": "Cell junctions in dyserythropoiesis. Erythroid cell junctions have previously been reported in some cases of dyserythropoietic anaemia. This study has demonstrated that they are a relatively common occurrence in dyserythropoiesis. They range from apposition of cellular membranes with preservation of the intercellular space, to membrane confluence, to interdigitation and septate-like junctions. By special staining with colloidal lanthanum, ruthenium red and tannic acid, together with studies of the effect of proteolytic enzymes, their structural composition has been identified and it was confirmed that they are not artefact. The role of cell junctions in dyserythropoiesis is discussed.", "PMID": 103299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5609", "title": "Cytogenetics in malignant lymphoma.", "content": "There appear to be four primary areas of interest in the application of cytogenetic techniques to the study of malignant lymphomas: (1) the role of cytogenetics in the diagnosis of lymphoma in problem cases, (2) as an aid to the classification of malignant lymphomas, (3) whether specific chromosomal patterns will have prognostic significance for response to therapy or survival, and (4) the role of cytogenetics in staging of malignant lymphomas. A case of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia is reported in which cytogenetic studies demonstrated an aneuploid clone suggesting that cytogenetic abnormalities of lymphoma may precede the diagnostic histopathologic picture. The occurrence of 14q+ marker chromosomes in plasmacytic myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, malignant lymphomas, Burkitt's lymphoma, and ataxia-telangiectasia suggest that a common etiologic or pathogenetic mechanism may be present in some of these disorders. A preliminary pilot study of spleens removed at staging laparotomy for Hdgkin's disease suggests that cytogenetic studies may be able to detect Hodgkin's disease that is not apparent histologically. Further studies are required to provide answers to these areas of interest in cytogenetics in malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "Cytogenetics in malignant lymphoma. There appear to be four primary areas of interest in the application of cytogenetic techniques to the study of malignant lymphomas: (1) the role of cytogenetics in the diagnosis of lymphoma in problem cases, (2) as an aid to the classification of malignant lymphomas, (3) whether specific chromosomal patterns will have prognostic significance for response to therapy or survival, and (4) the role of cytogenetics in staging of malignant lymphomas. A case of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia is reported in which cytogenetic studies demonstrated an aneuploid clone suggesting that cytogenetic abnormalities of lymphoma may precede the diagnostic histopathologic picture. The occurrence of 14q+ marker chromosomes in plasmacytic myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, malignant lymphomas, Burkitt's lymphoma, and ataxia-telangiectasia suggest that a common etiologic or pathogenetic mechanism may be present in some of these disorders. A preliminary pilot study of spleens removed at staging laparotomy for Hdgkin's disease suggests that cytogenetic studies may be able to detect Hodgkin's disease that is not apparent histologically. Further studies are required to provide answers to these areas of interest in cytogenetics in malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 103301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5610", "title": "Hairy cell leukemia: an analysis of the chromosomes of 26 patients.", "content": "We studied the chromosomes from 26 patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) to ascertain the frequency and types of consistent chromosomal abnormalities. Samples from 21 patients were obtained from peripheral blood cultures grown 24 and 48 h without phytohemagglutinin, or from bone marrow samples. Two male patients had similar, consistent abnormalities; one patient's karyotype was 46, X, +12; that of the second was 46, X, +C marker. In the latter case, the distal long arm of the C marker most closely resembled chromosome No. 12 from band q14 to q terminal, but the short arm and proximal long arm were of undetermined origin. Both karyotypes lacked the Y chromosome. Nine of the 21 patients had abnormalities in single cells. One patient had, in one sample, a single abnormal cell with an extra No. 3 and an extra No. 12 (48, XY, +3, +12), and in a later sample, a second cell of poor morphology which also could have been trisomic for No. 12. Another patient had one cell with an unusually bright short arm, as well as two cells, with different abnormalities, both involving the short arm of chromosome No. 1. The two patients with consistent chromosome abnormalities had rapidly progressive disease in spite of splenectomy, and their clinical course from the time of diagnosis was relatively short (5 and 7 months, respectively).", "contents": "Hairy cell leukemia: an analysis of the chromosomes of 26 patients. We studied the chromosomes from 26 patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) to ascertain the frequency and types of consistent chromosomal abnormalities. Samples from 21 patients were obtained from peripheral blood cultures grown 24 and 48 h without phytohemagglutinin, or from bone marrow samples. Two male patients had similar, consistent abnormalities; one patient's karyotype was 46, X, +12; that of the second was 46, X, +C marker. In the latter case, the distal long arm of the C marker most closely resembled chromosome No. 12 from band q14 to q terminal, but the short arm and proximal long arm were of undetermined origin. Both karyotypes lacked the Y chromosome. Nine of the 21 patients had abnormalities in single cells. One patient had, in one sample, a single abnormal cell with an extra No. 3 and an extra No. 12 (48, XY, +3, +12), and in a later sample, a second cell of poor morphology which also could have been trisomic for No. 12. Another patient had one cell with an unusually bright short arm, as well as two cells, with different abnormalities, both involving the short arm of chromosome No. 1. The two patients with consistent chromosome abnormalities had rapidly progressive disease in spite of splenectomy, and their clinical course from the time of diagnosis was relatively short (5 and 7 months, respectively).", "PMID": 103302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5611", "title": "Cytogenetics of chronic T cell leukemia, including two patients with a 14q+ translocation.", "content": "Chromosome studies were done on 7 patients with chronic T cell leukemia. Their lymphocytes responded in culture to one or more T cell mitogens: PHA, Con A, or the calcium ionophore A23187. Clones of cytogenetically-abnormal cells were present in all seven patients, but on occasion the frequency of such cells varied greatly in cultures stimulated with different mitogens. There was no consistent chromosome change, but alterations of chromosome 2 were noted in four individuals and of chromosome 14 in three. In two patients, there was a translocation to the long arm of chromosome 14, producing a 14q+, with the break point in the terminal portion, an abnormality previously observed in B cell lymphomas. One of these patients also showed evidence of clonal evolution in sequential cytogenetic studies, but more data are needed to determine whether such investigations are of prognostic value with respect to the clinical course of the disease.", "contents": "Cytogenetics of chronic T cell leukemia, including two patients with a 14q+ translocation. Chromosome studies were done on 7 patients with chronic T cell leukemia. Their lymphocytes responded in culture to one or more T cell mitogens: PHA, Con A, or the calcium ionophore A23187. Clones of cytogenetically-abnormal cells were present in all seven patients, but on occasion the frequency of such cells varied greatly in cultures stimulated with different mitogens. There was no consistent chromosome change, but alterations of chromosome 2 were noted in four individuals and of chromosome 14 in three. In two patients, there was a translocation to the long arm of chromosome 14, producing a 14q+, with the break point in the terminal portion, an abnormality previously observed in B cell lymphomas. One of these patients also showed evidence of clonal evolution in sequential cytogenetic studies, but more data are needed to determine whether such investigations are of prognostic value with respect to the clinical course of the disease.", "PMID": 103303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5612", "title": "Chromosomes in solid tumors.", "content": "Systematic chromosomal studies in solid tumors have been scanty (excepting meningiomas), because of the fact that it is difficult to obtain tumor material at desired times and only in about 10--15% of the cases adequate chromosome preparations are suitable with a direct technique or short term culture. A few facts that emerge from the study of various solid tumors are as follows: 1. modal number of chromosomes in parimary tumors tends to be lower that of metastatic; 2. certain chromosomes and chromosome regions are more susceptible for breakage to oncogenic conditions, hence, there is non-random involvement of certain chromosomes in human neoplasia and 3. certain chromosome changes are more often associated with metastatic spread than others.", "contents": "Chromosomes in solid tumors. Systematic chromosomal studies in solid tumors have been scanty (excepting meningiomas), because of the fact that it is difficult to obtain tumor material at desired times and only in about 10--15% of the cases adequate chromosome preparations are suitable with a direct technique or short term culture. A few facts that emerge from the study of various solid tumors are as follows: 1. modal number of chromosomes in parimary tumors tends to be lower that of metastatic; 2. certain chromosomes and chromosome regions are more susceptible for breakage to oncogenic conditions, hence, there is non-random involvement of certain chromosomes in human neoplasia and 3. certain chromosome changes are more often associated with metastatic spread than others.", "PMID": 103304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5613", "title": "Abnormalities of chromosome No. 1: significance in malignant transformation.", "content": "Studies of human hematologic malignancies have provided sufficient data not only for the identification of nonrandom abnormalities of whole chromosomes, but also for determination of the specific chromosome regions involved. In clonal aberrations leading to an excess of chromosome No. 1, or a partial excess of No. 1, trisomy for bands 1q25 to 1q32 was noted in the myeloid cells obtained from every one of 35 patients who had various disorders, such as acute leukemia, polycythemia vera, or myelofibrosis. Similar chromosome changes were a consistent finding in various solid tumors as well. This rearrangement was not the result of a particularly fragile site in that region of the chromosome, since the break points in reciprocal translocations that involve No. 1 occurred almost exclusively in the short arm. The nonrandom chromosome changes found in neoplastic cells can now be correlated with the gene loci on these chromosomes or chromosome segments as an attempt is made to identify specific genes that might be related to malignancy.", "contents": "Abnormalities of chromosome No. 1: significance in malignant transformation. Studies of human hematologic malignancies have provided sufficient data not only for the identification of nonrandom abnormalities of whole chromosomes, but also for determination of the specific chromosome regions involved. In clonal aberrations leading to an excess of chromosome No. 1, or a partial excess of No. 1, trisomy for bands 1q25 to 1q32 was noted in the myeloid cells obtained from every one of 35 patients who had various disorders, such as acute leukemia, polycythemia vera, or myelofibrosis. Similar chromosome changes were a consistent finding in various solid tumors as well. This rearrangement was not the result of a particularly fragile site in that region of the chromosome, since the break points in reciprocal translocations that involve No. 1 occurred almost exclusively in the short arm. The nonrandom chromosome changes found in neoplastic cells can now be correlated with the gene loci on these chromosomes or chromosome segments as an attempt is made to identify specific genes that might be related to malignancy.", "PMID": 103305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5614", "title": "Tumors as clonal proliferation.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies indicate that most tumors are clonal (i.e. unicellular in origin) and have karyotypic alterations. These are not consistent, but non-random abnormalities are being increasingly identified by banding techniques, pointing to the sites on human chromosomes where genes important in neoplastic development are located. It is postulated that tumor progression occurs as a result of genetic lability within the neoplastic clone, leading to emergence of increasingly mutant subpopulations (often recognizable cytogenetically) with more malignant properties. In the context of this hypothesis, acute leukemia, chronic leukemia, and preleukemia can be viewed as differing only in the rate at which an abnormal hemic clone is expanding, with progression to a more aggressive phase (e.g. the \"blast crisis\" of chronic granulocytic leukemia) reflecting emergence of a new predominant subpopulation as the result of an additional genetic change. These concepts, and the cytogenetic data from which they have been derived, may help our understanding of basic tumor biology, and have some practical applications in the diagnosis of human neoplasms.", "contents": "Tumors as clonal proliferation. Cytogenetic studies indicate that most tumors are clonal (i.e. unicellular in origin) and have karyotypic alterations. These are not consistent, but non-random abnormalities are being increasingly identified by banding techniques, pointing to the sites on human chromosomes where genes important in neoplastic development are located. It is postulated that tumor progression occurs as a result of genetic lability within the neoplastic clone, leading to emergence of increasingly mutant subpopulations (often recognizable cytogenetically) with more malignant properties. In the context of this hypothesis, acute leukemia, chronic leukemia, and preleukemia can be viewed as differing only in the rate at which an abnormal hemic clone is expanding, with progression to a more aggressive phase (e.g. the \"blast crisis\" of chronic granulocytic leukemia) reflecting emergence of a new predominant subpopulation as the result of an additional genetic change. These concepts, and the cytogenetic data from which they have been derived, may help our understanding of basic tumor biology, and have some practical applications in the diagnosis of human neoplasms.", "PMID": 103306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5615", "title": "Some comments regarding chromosome pulverization (premature chromosome condensation or PCC, prophasing).", "content": "Premature chromosome pulverization (PCC) or prophasing is a much misunderstood cytological entity. It must be separated from chromosome damage caused by a number of chemical, physical and biological agents. Prophasing is observed in fused cells in which one of the constituent cells must be in metaphase and another in interphase. The morphology of the \"pulverized\" interphase nucleus will depend on the phase of the cell cycle in which the interphase cell was in when exposed to a substance present in the cytoplasm of the metaphase cell leading to \"prophasing\". Prophasing is a normal cellular phenomenon occurring prematurely or under abnormal conditions (fusion of cells) and its demonstration in human cells or tumors may be indicative of the presence of a virus (or its products) which leads to cell fusion, but does not play a role in prophasing.", "contents": "Some comments regarding chromosome pulverization (premature chromosome condensation or PCC, prophasing). Premature chromosome pulverization (PCC) or prophasing is a much misunderstood cytological entity. It must be separated from chromosome damage caused by a number of chemical, physical and biological agents. Prophasing is observed in fused cells in which one of the constituent cells must be in metaphase and another in interphase. The morphology of the \"pulverized\" interphase nucleus will depend on the phase of the cell cycle in which the interphase cell was in when exposed to a substance present in the cytoplasm of the metaphase cell leading to \"prophasing\". Prophasing is a normal cellular phenomenon occurring prematurely or under abnormal conditions (fusion of cells) and its demonstration in human cells or tumors may be indicative of the presence of a virus (or its products) which leads to cell fusion, but does not play a role in prophasing.", "PMID": 103307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5616", "title": "Preleukemic syndromes.", "content": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) is preceded by a hematologic illness representing the \"preclinical\" stages of the disease in many patients. This \"preclinical stage\" or preleukemic stage is difficult to recognize by conventional hematologic morphologic techniques. A prospective study was carried out to determine whether cytogenetic studies would be helpful in the recognition of preleukemic states and whether the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities would have prognostic significance. A study of 284 patients with suspected preleukemia has yielded 62 patients with progression to overt ANLL. Cytogenetic abnormalities were found in 30% of suspected preleukemic patients, whereas 53% of the patients progressing to acute leukemia had cytogenetic abnormalities. These studies show that the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities aid in the recognition of preleukemia but are not specific for early leukemia. Patients with cytogenetic abnormalities are more likely to develop overt ANLL. Banded chromosome studies demonstrated cytogenetic abnormalities in the preleukemic phase in 13 of 26 patients. A variety of clonal chromosomal abnormalities were observed.", "contents": "Preleukemic syndromes. Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) is preceded by a hematologic illness representing the \"preclinical\" stages of the disease in many patients. This \"preclinical stage\" or preleukemic stage is difficult to recognize by conventional hematologic morphologic techniques. A prospective study was carried out to determine whether cytogenetic studies would be helpful in the recognition of preleukemic states and whether the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities would have prognostic significance. A study of 284 patients with suspected preleukemia has yielded 62 patients with progression to overt ANLL. Cytogenetic abnormalities were found in 30% of suspected preleukemic patients, whereas 53% of the patients progressing to acute leukemia had cytogenetic abnormalities. These studies show that the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities aid in the recognition of preleukemia but are not specific for early leukemia. Patients with cytogenetic abnormalities are more likely to develop overt ANLL. Banded chromosome studies demonstrated cytogenetic abnormalities in the preleukemic phase in 13 of 26 patients. A variety of clonal chromosomal abnormalities were observed.", "PMID": 103308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5617", "title": "Chromosome studies in polycythemia vera.", "content": "Polycythemia vera (PV) represents an apparent monoclonal stem cell proliferation with a frequent transition to full neoplastic behavior. Up to 26% of untreated PV patients can be expected to have some chromosome abnormalities in the marrow at the time of diagnosis, and 10--15% have an abnormal cell line or clone. Both structural and numerical aberrations occur. Aneuploidy is the most common type of chromosome abnormality, however, with hyperdiploid clones occurring more frequently than hypodiploid clones. Chromosomes 1, 8, 9 and 20 are involved in a non-random pattern, and aberrations of all the F group, or at least the No. 20 chromosome seem to be associated to some extent with diseases involving erythroid hyperplasia. Leukemia develops in a certain percentage of patients regardless of the type of treatment they have received, but the relationship, if any, between the chromosome abnormalities and the development of leukemia is still uncertain. The abnormal clones that occur in PV appear to be quite stable and there is no indication at this time that they correlate with a prognosis of leukemic transformation.", "contents": "Chromosome studies in polycythemia vera. Polycythemia vera (PV) represents an apparent monoclonal stem cell proliferation with a frequent transition to full neoplastic behavior. Up to 26% of untreated PV patients can be expected to have some chromosome abnormalities in the marrow at the time of diagnosis, and 10--15% have an abnormal cell line or clone. Both structural and numerical aberrations occur. Aneuploidy is the most common type of chromosome abnormality, however, with hyperdiploid clones occurring more frequently than hypodiploid clones. Chromosomes 1, 8, 9 and 20 are involved in a non-random pattern, and aberrations of all the F group, or at least the No. 20 chromosome seem to be associated to some extent with diseases involving erythroid hyperplasia. Leukemia develops in a certain percentage of patients regardless of the type of treatment they have received, but the relationship, if any, between the chromosome abnormalities and the development of leukemia is still uncertain. The abnormal clones that occur in PV appear to be quite stable and there is no indication at this time that they correlate with a prognosis of leukemic transformation.", "PMID": 103310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5618", "title": "Cytogenetics of acute and chronic myelofibrosis.", "content": "In myelofibrosis, acute or chronic, as well as in other myeloproliferative disorders which carry an increased risk of developing leukemia, a clone of hemic cells with a chromosome abnormality is a relatively common occurrence. To date, however, the presence or absence of a cytogenetic alteration has not been of prognostic value with respect to subsequent clinical course. No particular karyotypic change is specific for myelofibrosis, but many of the same non-random abnormalities occur as in other leukemic and preleukemic states. Both cytogenetic and isoenzyme data indicate that the fibrous tissue in the marrow is not part of the myeloproliferative clone.", "contents": "Cytogenetics of acute and chronic myelofibrosis. In myelofibrosis, acute or chronic, as well as in other myeloproliferative disorders which carry an increased risk of developing leukemia, a clone of hemic cells with a chromosome abnormality is a relatively common occurrence. To date, however, the presence or absence of a cytogenetic alteration has not been of prognostic value with respect to subsequent clinical course. No particular karyotypic change is specific for myelofibrosis, but many of the same non-random abnormalities occur as in other leukemic and preleukemic states. Both cytogenetic and isoenzyme data indicate that the fibrous tissue in the marrow is not part of the myeloproliferative clone.", "PMID": 103311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5619", "title": "Cytogenetic patterns in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Analysis of chromosomal banding patterns in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) reveals that approximately 50% of patients have an abnormal karyotype. Although there is substantial variability, certain nonrandom abnormalities occur, e.g., +8, -7, and the 8;21 translocation (often accompanied by loss of an X or Y chromosome). The 15;17 translocation appears to be highly specific for acute promyelocytic leukemia. These abnormalities usually are not seen in remission, but reappear in relapse, sometimes exhibiting further clonal evolution; a +8 is the most frequently observed evolutionary change. Patients with ANLL following treatment of a malignant lymphoma tend to have hypodiploid modal numbers and frequently show loss of a chromosome No. 5 or No. 7.", "contents": "Cytogenetic patterns in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Analysis of chromosomal banding patterns in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) reveals that approximately 50% of patients have an abnormal karyotype. Although there is substantial variability, certain nonrandom abnormalities occur, e.g., +8, -7, and the 8;21 translocation (often accompanied by loss of an X or Y chromosome). The 15;17 translocation appears to be highly specific for acute promyelocytic leukemia. These abnormalities usually are not seen in remission, but reappear in relapse, sometimes exhibiting further clonal evolution; a +8 is the most frequently observed evolutionary change. Patients with ANLL following treatment of a malignant lymphoma tend to have hypodiploid modal numbers and frequently show loss of a chromosome No. 5 or No. 7.", "PMID": 103313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5620", "title": "Clinical implications of chromosome abnormalities in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia: current status.", "content": "Data currently available on banded chromosome studies on patients with ANLL suggest that the presence of a chromosome abnormality in such patients indicates a poor prognosis, and that different treatment strategies need to be developed for these patients. However, patients with at least one normal metaphase survive nearly as long as those with only normal metaphases. A specific chromosome abnormality in APL [t(15;17)], an unusual association of a translocation [t(8;21)] in association with loss of a sex chromosome, and a rare association of thrombocytosis and a chromosome insertion (3;3 ins), suggest that some chromosome changes in ANLL are specific.", "contents": "Clinical implications of chromosome abnormalities in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia: current status. Data currently available on banded chromosome studies on patients with ANLL suggest that the presence of a chromosome abnormality in such patients indicates a poor prognosis, and that different treatment strategies need to be developed for these patients. However, patients with at least one normal metaphase survive nearly as long as those with only normal metaphases. A specific chromosome abnormality in APL [t(15;17)], an unusual association of a translocation [t(8;21)] in association with loss of a sex chromosome, and a rare association of thrombocytosis and a chromosome insertion (3;3 ins), suggest that some chromosome changes in ANLL are specific.", "PMID": 103314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5621", "title": "The Philadelphia chromosome in acute leukemia.", "content": "The cytogenetics, cytology and cytochemistry, clinical findings, therapeutic response and survival of patients presenting with acute leukemia and the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) are briefly reviewed based upon a survey of the world literature and 16 cases seen at the University of Minnesota during the last 10 years. Details regarding the 16 cases from the University of Minnesota series are presented and two appendices listing the majority of reports of Ph1 + acute leukemia are included. Comparison of adults with Ph1+ and Ph1- acute leukemia demonstrate important clinical, therapeutic and prognostic differences. In general, patients with Ph1+ acute leukemia respond less well to treatment and survive significantly shorter periods of time. Since the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome in acute leukemia has therapeutic and prognostic significance, marrow chromosome studies should be performed in adults presenting with acute leukemia, especially acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "contents": "The Philadelphia chromosome in acute leukemia. The cytogenetics, cytology and cytochemistry, clinical findings, therapeutic response and survival of patients presenting with acute leukemia and the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) are briefly reviewed based upon a survey of the world literature and 16 cases seen at the University of Minnesota during the last 10 years. Details regarding the 16 cases from the University of Minnesota series are presented and two appendices listing the majority of reports of Ph1 + acute leukemia are included. Comparison of adults with Ph1+ and Ph1- acute leukemia demonstrate important clinical, therapeutic and prognostic differences. In general, patients with Ph1+ acute leukemia respond less well to treatment and survive significantly shorter periods of time. Since the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome in acute leukemia has therapeutic and prognostic significance, marrow chromosome studies should be performed in adults presenting with acute leukemia, especially acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 103315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5622", "title": "Chromosome studies in myelomatosis.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies of patients with multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukemia have shown that chromosome abnormalities occur in the bone marrow and/or the PHA-stimulated blood of at least half the patients. The abnormalities include numerical and structural aberrations and are highly variable. Hypodiploid modes occur fairly frequently. Addition of material to the long arm of the No. 14 chromosome (14q+ marker) occurs in about 17% of the small series of patients that have been studied with banding so far.", "contents": "Chromosome studies in myelomatosis. Cytogenetic studies of patients with multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukemia have shown that chromosome abnormalities occur in the bone marrow and/or the PHA-stimulated blood of at least half the patients. The abnormalities include numerical and structural aberrations and are highly variable. Hypodiploid modes occur fairly frequently. Addition of material to the long arm of the No. 14 chromosome (14q+ marker) occurs in about 17% of the small series of patients that have been studied with banding so far.", "PMID": 103316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5623", "title": "Significance of 14q translocations in non-Hodgkin lymphomas.", "content": "Chromosome studies were performed on malignant cells obtained from 22 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas. A marker chromosome resulting from a translocation that affected the long arm of No. 14 (14q+) was the single most frequent abnormality and was noted in 14 of these patients. The frequency of the 14q+ marker chromosome varied with the type of lymphoma as defined by Rappaport. When the Lukes and Collins classification was used, the 14q+ marker was consistently associated with lymphomas having a clone of large noncleaved cells, small cleaved cells, and small noncleaved cells, but was absent in lymphomas composed of a clone of large cleaved cells and small lymphocytes. The findings suggest that, in certain groups of lymphoid malignancies, cells with a 14q translocation have a proliferative advantage compared with cells having other chromosome rearrangements, and that these malignant cells could be derived from a common progenitor.", "contents": "Significance of 14q translocations in non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Chromosome studies were performed on malignant cells obtained from 22 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas. A marker chromosome resulting from a translocation that affected the long arm of No. 14 (14q+) was the single most frequent abnormality and was noted in 14 of these patients. The frequency of the 14q+ marker chromosome varied with the type of lymphoma as defined by Rappaport. When the Lukes and Collins classification was used, the 14q+ marker was consistently associated with lymphomas having a clone of large noncleaved cells, small cleaved cells, and small noncleaved cells, but was absent in lymphomas composed of a clone of large cleaved cells and small lymphocytes. The findings suggest that, in certain groups of lymphoid malignancies, cells with a 14q translocation have a proliferative advantage compared with cells having other chromosome rearrangements, and that these malignant cells could be derived from a common progenitor.", "PMID": 103317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5624", "title": "Sulphur-containing metabolites of beta-bromostyrene formed by the marmoset, rabbit and rat.", "content": "1. The administration of beta-bromostyrene to the rat results in a fall in the level of hepatic glutathione. 2. Marmosets, rabbits and rats dosed with beta-bromostyrene excrete two mercapturic acids. One of these, N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1-bromoethyl)-cysteine is readily converted into N-acetyl-S-(1-phenyl-2-bromo-2-ethenyl)-cysteine, the structure of which was established by mass spectrometry. 3. Mass spectrometric evidence suggests that the second mercapturic acid is N-acetyl-S-(1-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)cysteine. 4. Mandelic acid was detected as a metabolite in all three species.", "contents": "Sulphur-containing metabolites of beta-bromostyrene formed by the marmoset, rabbit and rat. 1. The administration of beta-bromostyrene to the rat results in a fall in the level of hepatic glutathione. 2. Marmosets, rabbits and rats dosed with beta-bromostyrene excrete two mercapturic acids. One of these, N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1-bromoethyl)-cysteine is readily converted into N-acetyl-S-(1-phenyl-2-bromo-2-ethenyl)-cysteine, the structure of which was established by mass spectrometry. 3. Mass spectrometric evidence suggests that the second mercapturic acid is N-acetyl-S-(1-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)cysteine. 4. Mandelic acid was detected as a metabolite in all three species.", "PMID": 103330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5625", "title": "The disposition and metabolism of flurbiprofen in several species including man.", "content": "Flurbiprofen was rapidly absorbed in all species studied. 2. Half-lives of elimination measured 0 to 12 h after a single dose were: mouse 3.4 h, rat 2.5 h, dog 10.1 h, baboon 3.1 h and man 3.9 h. A second phase of elimination was seen in the dog. Flurbiprofen accumulated in the circulation of the dog on repeated dosing. 3. After dosing with [14C]flurbiprofen, tissue levels of radioactivity in dog and baboon were similar to that in plasma. In the rat, levels were slightly elevated in liver, kidney, large intestine and thyroid after repeated dosing. 4. The dog excreted equal amounts of radioactivity in urine and faeces. In other species renal excretion was the more important route. 5. Six metabolites have been detected, the most important being: 2-(2-fluoro-4'-hydroxy-4-biphenylyl)propionic acid (metabolite 1), 2-(i-fluoro-3',4'-dihydroxy-4-biphenylyl)propionic acid (metabolite 2) and 2-(2-fluoro-3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-4-biphenylyl)propionic acid (metabolite 3). The proportions of the metabolites and the extents of their conjugation varied among the species. 6. Metabolites were detected in the circulation of rat, mouse and baboon but not in dog and man. 7. Flurbiprofen did not affect the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme system of rat. 8. Flurbiprofen was extensively bound to serum protein of rat, dog, baboon and man.", "contents": "The disposition and metabolism of flurbiprofen in several species including man. Flurbiprofen was rapidly absorbed in all species studied. 2. Half-lives of elimination measured 0 to 12 h after a single dose were: mouse 3.4 h, rat 2.5 h, dog 10.1 h, baboon 3.1 h and man 3.9 h. A second phase of elimination was seen in the dog. Flurbiprofen accumulated in the circulation of the dog on repeated dosing. 3. After dosing with [14C]flurbiprofen, tissue levels of radioactivity in dog and baboon were similar to that in plasma. In the rat, levels were slightly elevated in liver, kidney, large intestine and thyroid after repeated dosing. 4. The dog excreted equal amounts of radioactivity in urine and faeces. In other species renal excretion was the more important route. 5. Six metabolites have been detected, the most important being: 2-(2-fluoro-4'-hydroxy-4-biphenylyl)propionic acid (metabolite 1), 2-(i-fluoro-3',4'-dihydroxy-4-biphenylyl)propionic acid (metabolite 2) and 2-(2-fluoro-3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-4-biphenylyl)propionic acid (metabolite 3). The proportions of the metabolites and the extents of their conjugation varied among the species. 6. Metabolites were detected in the circulation of rat, mouse and baboon but not in dog and man. 7. Flurbiprofen did not affect the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme system of rat. 8. Flurbiprofen was extensively bound to serum protein of rat, dog, baboon and man.", "PMID": 103331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5626", "title": "Effects of crops on the humus accumulation process in the grey forest soils of Priangarye.", "content": "The influence of a number of agricultural plants in the crop rotation on the grey forest soils in the Irkutsk Region upon the intensity of the humification process was investigated by means of microbiological and biochemical tests. The synthesis, decomposition, and the accumulation ratio of humus were concluded from the phenoloxidase activity. The cellulose-decomposing microflora and algaeflora were taken into consideration as well. The humus synthesis processes were most active in the wheat and lucerne plots, they were less effective in the fallow and virgin soils. The lack of organic matter in the permanent fallow soil cuts down the humus accumulation ratio and the counts of microorganisms. The soil cultivation intensifies the humus synthesis processes and changes the composition of microorganisms in the soil. Algae which are mainly represented by green and blue-green species are an additional source of organic substance in the soil. Decomposition of organic substances in the soil proceeds with an active participation of cellulose decomposers which are mainly represented by fungal and bacterial flora. In rare cases actinomycetes can be found. Application of mineral fertilizers intensifies the humus accumulation process and improves the qualitative and quantitative composition of microflora in all the plots under investigation.", "contents": "Effects of crops on the humus accumulation process in the grey forest soils of Priangarye. The influence of a number of agricultural plants in the crop rotation on the grey forest soils in the Irkutsk Region upon the intensity of the humification process was investigated by means of microbiological and biochemical tests. The synthesis, decomposition, and the accumulation ratio of humus were concluded from the phenoloxidase activity. The cellulose-decomposing microflora and algaeflora were taken into consideration as well. The humus synthesis processes were most active in the wheat and lucerne plots, they were less effective in the fallow and virgin soils. The lack of organic matter in the permanent fallow soil cuts down the humus accumulation ratio and the counts of microorganisms. The soil cultivation intensifies the humus synthesis processes and changes the composition of microorganisms in the soil. Algae which are mainly represented by green and blue-green species are an additional source of organic substance in the soil. Decomposition of organic substances in the soil proceeds with an active participation of cellulose decomposers which are mainly represented by fungal and bacterial flora. In rare cases actinomycetes can be found. Application of mineral fertilizers intensifies the humus accumulation process and improves the qualitative and quantitative composition of microflora in all the plots under investigation.", "PMID": 103337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5627", "title": "Mechanism of action of bilharcid and tartar-emetic.", "content": "An investigation on the mechanism of action of bilharcid and tartar-emetic produced the following results. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis by cell of E. coli B from either the maximum stationary phase or the exponential phase are inhibited by 3.62 mM of bilharcid or 16.81 mM of tartar-emetic immediately upon addition of the inhibitor. These drugs cause a downshift of the Tm of native DNA. They displace MG from the DNA-MG complex. They increase the specific viscosity of DNA solution. Also the synthesis of constitutive enzyme (alkaline phosphatase) was stopped, as was the induction of the synthesis of new enzyme (beta-galactosidase). Bilharcid and tartar-emetic act primarily on cell membrane and cause the release of 260 mM absorbing substances from E. coli B. Moreover, they lyse not only protoplasts of B. subtilis, but also spheroplasts of E. coli B.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of bilharcid and tartar-emetic. An investigation on the mechanism of action of bilharcid and tartar-emetic produced the following results. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis by cell of E. coli B from either the maximum stationary phase or the exponential phase are inhibited by 3.62 mM of bilharcid or 16.81 mM of tartar-emetic immediately upon addition of the inhibitor. These drugs cause a downshift of the Tm of native DNA. They displace MG from the DNA-MG complex. They increase the specific viscosity of DNA solution. Also the synthesis of constitutive enzyme (alkaline phosphatase) was stopped, as was the induction of the synthesis of new enzyme (beta-galactosidase). Bilharcid and tartar-emetic act primarily on cell membrane and cause the release of 260 mM absorbing substances from E. coli B. Moreover, they lyse not only protoplasts of B. subtilis, but also spheroplasts of E. coli B.", "PMID": 103338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5628", "title": "[Post partum rubella vaccination and anti-D prevention].", "content": "The effectiveness of a routinely performed puerperal rubella vaccination was tested. Additional a possible adverse influence of simultaneously administered anti-D immunoglobulin on the effectiveness of the rubella vaccination was examined. Rubella antibody titers (HHT) in pregnant women were determined; after delivery puerperal women with titers of less or equal 1:16 were selected for rubella vaccination. 2 1/2 to 3 months later rubella antibody titers were done again. 15% of 130 vaccinated women did not show a conversion of the former negative titer or a low titer of 1:8 remained. Also reductions of the antibody titers were seen. When simultaneously rubella vaccination and anti-D immunoglobulin was administered only in 1 case out of 27 patients a negative titer remained after vaccination. The used anti-D immunoglobulin contained rubella antibodies of a titer 1:256 to 1:512; according to experimental studies, this concentration should not have any influence to the immunologic response of rubella vaccination. Our practic results could not confirm the reservations concerning simultaneous rubella vaccination and anti-D prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Post partum rubella vaccination and anti-D prevention]. The effectiveness of a routinely performed puerperal rubella vaccination was tested. Additional a possible adverse influence of simultaneously administered anti-D immunoglobulin on the effectiveness of the rubella vaccination was examined. Rubella antibody titers (HHT) in pregnant women were determined; after delivery puerperal women with titers of less or equal 1:16 were selected for rubella vaccination. 2 1/2 to 3 months later rubella antibody titers were done again. 15% of 130 vaccinated women did not show a conversion of the former negative titer or a low titer of 1:8 remained. Also reductions of the antibody titers were seen. When simultaneously rubella vaccination and anti-D immunoglobulin was administered only in 1 case out of 27 patients a negative titer remained after vaccination. The used anti-D immunoglobulin contained rubella antibodies of a titer 1:256 to 1:512; according to experimental studies, this concentration should not have any influence to the immunologic response of rubella vaccination. Our practic results could not confirm the reservations concerning simultaneous rubella vaccination and anti-D prophylaxis.", "PMID": 103339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5629", "title": "[Light and electron microscopic studies to the development of muscle cysts of Sarcocystis suicanis in experimentally infected pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "Six young pigs were experimentally infected with 100000 sporocysts of Sarcocystis suicanis and killed on the 32nd, 47th, 55th, 64th, 81th and 90th day p.i. The ultrastructure of sarcocysts in the muscle cells was studied. Light microscopical preliminary examination on the 32nd day p.i. showed cysts which lay in muscle fibres and were surrounded by a fine membran. On the 55th day p.i. the cyst wall showed radial light and dark stripes of 2.6 micrometer thickness, which reached a thickness of 3.2 micrometer on the 90th day p.i. The electron microscopic study of the cyst wall on the 32nd day p.i. showed a unit membran the numerous small outward projections of which are underlined by osmiophilic material that is absent in the inwardly directed invaginations. During the growth of the cyst, this primary cyst wall became regularly folded, forming many protrusions on the 55th day p.i. These appeared palisade-like and contained 57--62 filamentous elements in a single layer under the primary wall at a distance of 10 nm. In the centre of the protrusions there were 5--8 groups, comprising 2--5 filaments each. They have their origin in the ground-substance. As these filaments maintain their arrangement also in old cysts, they can be regarded as characteristic of Sarcocystis suicanis. The groundsubstance is homogenous; on the 32nd day p.i. it contained only metrocytes, and developed septa towards the interior of the cyst on the 47th day p.i. The parasites were reproduced by endodyogeny and appeared very similar to the structure of all cyst forming coccidians. Some old cysts degenerated fattily and the host cells were destroyed. The cysts of Sarcocystis suicanis with complete development of the protrusions of the primary wall can thus be differentiated from cysts of Sarcocystis suihominis with certainty.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopic studies to the development of muscle cysts of Sarcocystis suicanis in experimentally infected pigs (author's transl)]. Six young pigs were experimentally infected with 100000 sporocysts of Sarcocystis suicanis and killed on the 32nd, 47th, 55th, 64th, 81th and 90th day p.i. The ultrastructure of sarcocysts in the muscle cells was studied. Light microscopical preliminary examination on the 32nd day p.i. showed cysts which lay in muscle fibres and were surrounded by a fine membran. On the 55th day p.i. the cyst wall showed radial light and dark stripes of 2.6 micrometer thickness, which reached a thickness of 3.2 micrometer on the 90th day p.i. The electron microscopic study of the cyst wall on the 32nd day p.i. showed a unit membran the numerous small outward projections of which are underlined by osmiophilic material that is absent in the inwardly directed invaginations. During the growth of the cyst, this primary cyst wall became regularly folded, forming many protrusions on the 55th day p.i. These appeared palisade-like and contained 57--62 filamentous elements in a single layer under the primary wall at a distance of 10 nm. In the centre of the protrusions there were 5--8 groups, comprising 2--5 filaments each. They have their origin in the ground-substance. As these filaments maintain their arrangement also in old cysts, they can be regarded as characteristic of Sarcocystis suicanis. The groundsubstance is homogenous; on the 32nd day p.i. it contained only metrocytes, and developed septa towards the interior of the cyst on the 47th day p.i. The parasites were reproduced by endodyogeny and appeared very similar to the structure of all cyst forming coccidians. Some old cysts degenerated fattily and the host cells were destroyed. The cysts of Sarcocystis suicanis with complete development of the protrusions of the primary wall can thus be differentiated from cysts of Sarcocystis suihominis with certainty.", "PMID": 103340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5630", "title": "[Detection of antibodies to Rickketsia prowazekii by using the antigen neutralization test].", "content": "The authors studied a possibility of using the antigen neutralization test with dry immunoglobulin typhus erythrocytic diagnostic agent for the purpose of detection of Rickettsia prowazeki antibodies. Blood sera of 315 healthy persons, 24 patients with sporadic typhus, and 18 laboratory animals immunized with R. sibirica and R. burneti, as well as with Proteus OX19 were examined. The results obtained pointed to the high specificity and sensitivity of the given serological test. A possibility of its use for antibody detection both in the typhus patients and in persons who sustained this infection in the past was demonstrated. In difference from the complement fixation test it permits to study anticomplementary sera.", "contents": "[Detection of antibodies to Rickketsia prowazekii by using the antigen neutralization test]. The authors studied a possibility of using the antigen neutralization test with dry immunoglobulin typhus erythrocytic diagnostic agent for the purpose of detection of Rickettsia prowazeki antibodies. Blood sera of 315 healthy persons, 24 patients with sporadic typhus, and 18 laboratory animals immunized with R. sibirica and R. burneti, as well as with Proteus OX19 were examined. The results obtained pointed to the high specificity and sensitivity of the given serological test. A possibility of its use for antibody detection both in the typhus patients and in persons who sustained this infection in the past was demonstrated. In difference from the complement fixation test it permits to study anticomplementary sera.", "PMID": 103341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5631", "title": "[Model of meningococcal sepsis in mice].", "content": "The authors studied a possibility of obtaining experimental meningococcus sepsis model on mice. The use of cyclophosphane, iron compounds, yolk medium produced no significant organism. When 4--5% mucine was injected intraperitoneally together with meningococcus culture mice died with sepsis phenomena. Differences were revealed in the sensitivity of linear and mongrel mice to meningococcus infection--AKR mice proved to be more sensitive. At the same time it was found that mongrel mice weighing from 10 to 12 g could be used to induce meningococcus sepsis.", "contents": "[Model of meningococcal sepsis in mice]. The authors studied a possibility of obtaining experimental meningococcus sepsis model on mice. The use of cyclophosphane, iron compounds, yolk medium produced no significant organism. When 4--5% mucine was injected intraperitoneally together with meningococcus culture mice died with sepsis phenomena. Differences were revealed in the sensitivity of linear and mongrel mice to meningococcus infection--AKR mice proved to be more sensitive. At the same time it was found that mongrel mice weighing from 10 to 12 g could be used to induce meningococcus sepsis.", "PMID": 103342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5632", "title": "[Analysis of the dynamics of typho-paratyphoid infection morbidity over the years in the USSR].", "content": "Statistical materials of recording the number of patients and of the typhoid-paratyphoid infections morbidity level in Russia and the USSR from 1891 to 1976 was studied. A stable tendency to reduction of this morbidity was noted. In analysing the empirical and flattened--by 3 and 5 points--curves of the number of patients and the morbidity level a regularity of declining morbidity rises was revealed. Elevation periodicity persisted, despite the reduction of morbidity level. The mean duration of the whole cycle constituted 12 years. The period of increasing morbidity from minimal to maximal in each cycle constituted 4 years, and of the declination period--8 years. Formalized empirical series of the number of patients and of the morbidity level deviated from 1908 to 1956 not more than by 1 year from the formalized basic curve. Cyclic changes of typhoid-paratyphoid infections morbidity should be taken into consideration in determining the efficacy of prophylatic measures, particularly of mass vaccination.", "contents": "[Analysis of the dynamics of typho-paratyphoid infection morbidity over the years in the USSR]. Statistical materials of recording the number of patients and of the typhoid-paratyphoid infections morbidity level in Russia and the USSR from 1891 to 1976 was studied. A stable tendency to reduction of this morbidity was noted. In analysing the empirical and flattened--by 3 and 5 points--curves of the number of patients and the morbidity level a regularity of declining morbidity rises was revealed. Elevation periodicity persisted, despite the reduction of morbidity level. The mean duration of the whole cycle constituted 12 years. The period of increasing morbidity from minimal to maximal in each cycle constituted 4 years, and of the declination period--8 years. Formalized empirical series of the number of patients and of the morbidity level deviated from 1908 to 1956 not more than by 1 year from the formalized basic curve. Cyclic changes of typhoid-paratyphoid infections morbidity should be taken into consideration in determining the efficacy of prophylatic measures, particularly of mass vaccination.", "PMID": 103343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5633", "title": "[Parathyphoid B-antigen containing a complex of protective surface antigens].", "content": "The authors obtained a complex antigen from paratyphoid B bacilli containing complete O-, K- and H-antigens. The preparation was nontoxic and was characterised by marked antigenic properties. In intravenous and oral administration it stimulated production of specific O-, K-, and H-antibodies in high titres. Complex paratyphoid B antigen possessed a marked protective activity and provided intense immunity in subcutaneous and oral administration to experimental animals.", "contents": "[Parathyphoid B-antigen containing a complex of protective surface antigens]. The authors obtained a complex antigen from paratyphoid B bacilli containing complete O-, K- and H-antigens. The preparation was nontoxic and was characterised by marked antigenic properties. In intravenous and oral administration it stimulated production of specific O-, K-, and H-antibodies in high titres. Complex paratyphoid B antigen possessed a marked protective activity and provided intense immunity in subcutaneous and oral administration to experimental animals.", "PMID": 103345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5634", "title": "[Subclasses of human IgG. I. Production of antisera to IgG subclasses].", "content": "Guinea pigs were used for preparing antisera to human IgG subclasses for anti-IgG1, and rabbits--for anti-IgG2, anti-IgG3, and anti-IgG4. Schemes of laboratory animals immunization with myeloma paraproteins of four IgG subclasses were determined. Methods of antisera absorption for bringing them up to strict monospecificity were worked out. Antisera specificity were determined by the precipitation test after Ouchterlony with standard myeloma proteins in the concentration of 1 mg/ml, and in the passive hemagglutination test with erythrocytic antigenic diagnostic agents. Precipitating antisera to four human IgG subclasses were obtained.", "contents": "[Subclasses of human IgG. I. Production of antisera to IgG subclasses]. Guinea pigs were used for preparing antisera to human IgG subclasses for anti-IgG1, and rabbits--for anti-IgG2, anti-IgG3, and anti-IgG4. Schemes of laboratory animals immunization with myeloma paraproteins of four IgG subclasses were determined. Methods of antisera absorption for bringing them up to strict monospecificity were worked out. Antisera specificity were determined by the precipitation test after Ouchterlony with standard myeloma proteins in the concentration of 1 mg/ml, and in the passive hemagglutination test with erythrocytic antigenic diagnostic agents. Precipitating antisera to four human IgG subclasses were obtained.", "PMID": 103346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5635", "title": "[Ovarian morphology during experimental blastomogenesis in the cerebellum].", "content": "A morphological and histochemical study of the ovaries in 79 rats with cerebellar blastomogenesis due to DMBA in comparison with the ovaries of intact rats, rats with trauma of the cerebellum, rats with a paraffin pill implanted into the cerebellum, as well as with the ovaries of rats with a chemical cancerogenesis of the intestine, permitted to claim, that the most characteristic changes of the ovaries in cerebellar blastomogenesis consist in reduced amount of premordial follicules, athresia of the growing follicles and a formation of multiple follicular cysts. These processes are underlain by destruction of premordial follicles and a degeneration of the ovule in the growing follicles.", "contents": "[Ovarian morphology during experimental blastomogenesis in the cerebellum]. A morphological and histochemical study of the ovaries in 79 rats with cerebellar blastomogenesis due to DMBA in comparison with the ovaries of intact rats, rats with trauma of the cerebellum, rats with a paraffin pill implanted into the cerebellum, as well as with the ovaries of rats with a chemical cancerogenesis of the intestine, permitted to claim, that the most characteristic changes of the ovaries in cerebellar blastomogenesis consist in reduced amount of premordial follicules, athresia of the growing follicles and a formation of multiple follicular cysts. These processes are underlain by destruction of premordial follicles and a degeneration of the ovule in the growing follicles.", "PMID": 103347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5636", "title": "Induction of laccase in Basidiomycetes: the laccase-coding messenger.", "content": "Formation of the mRNA specific for the inducible forms of laccase was evidenced in Coriolus versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota mutabilis. The half-life time of these mRNAs in the fungi species studied were, respectively, 30, 37 and 24 min. Molecular weight of the newly synthesized mRNA in Pleurotus ostreatus was about 4.5X10(5), consistently with the size of the inducible laccase protein. The polysome obtained from the ferulic acid-treated mycelium, synthesized in vitro a polypeptide with the electrophoretic mobility similar to that of laccase.", "contents": "Induction of laccase in Basidiomycetes: the laccase-coding messenger. Formation of the mRNA specific for the inducible forms of laccase was evidenced in Coriolus versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota mutabilis. The half-life time of these mRNAs in the fungi species studied were, respectively, 30, 37 and 24 min. Molecular weight of the newly synthesized mRNA in Pleurotus ostreatus was about 4.5X10(5), consistently with the size of the inducible laccase protein. The polysome obtained from the ferulic acid-treated mycelium, synthesized in vitro a polypeptide with the electrophoretic mobility similar to that of laccase.", "PMID": 103348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5637", "title": "Binding of protoporphyrin and haemin to human spectrin.", "content": "Haemin and protoporphyrin IX, but not bilirubin, are extensively bound by human spectrin. The absorption spectrum of the bound haemin is indicative of coordination of the iron by nitrogenous ligands in the protein. The protoporphyrin IX generates difference spectra on binding, which change with ligand:protein ratio, showing the existence of at least two structurally distinct types of site. The binding of both ligands is complex, and may be cooperative. Binding isotherms, based on spectrophotometric titrations, are given. Haemin and protoporphyrin IX also bind strongly to erythrocyte ghosts. At ionic strengths near physiological we can find no evidence of binding of haemoglobin to spectrin, as judged by sedimentation velocity, and it appears that reported interactions of this nature represent only non-specific binding at low ionic strength.", "contents": "Binding of protoporphyrin and haemin to human spectrin. Haemin and protoporphyrin IX, but not bilirubin, are extensively bound by human spectrin. The absorption spectrum of the bound haemin is indicative of coordination of the iron by nitrogenous ligands in the protein. The protoporphyrin IX generates difference spectra on binding, which change with ligand:protein ratio, showing the existence of at least two structurally distinct types of site. The binding of both ligands is complex, and may be cooperative. Binding isotherms, based on spectrophotometric titrations, are given. Haemin and protoporphyrin IX also bind strongly to erythrocyte ghosts. At ionic strengths near physiological we can find no evidence of binding of haemoglobin to spectrin, as judged by sedimentation velocity, and it appears that reported interactions of this nature represent only non-specific binding at low ionic strength.", "PMID": 103352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5638", "title": "Studies on red cell flexibility in spherocytosis using a polycarbonate membrane filtration method.", "content": "A method for studying red cell flexibility as reflected by red cell rigidity and fragility is described. Using an infusion pump, suspended red cells are filtered through a polycarbonate membrane with 3 micron pores. The filtration pressure, which is continuously monitored, is considered to reflect red cell rigidity. The hemoglobin released by the disruption of red cells passing through the membrane is regarded as an indirect measure of red cell fragility. In all of the patients with hereditary spherocytosis studied and in some of their symptomless relatives, the decreased flexibility observed was associable with increased rigidity of the red cell. In vitro effects of chlorpromazine and vinca alkaloid on red cell flexibility were also studied. High concentrations of chlorpromazine and vinblastine induced formation of spherocytes displaying altered cell flexibility.", "contents": "Studies on red cell flexibility in spherocytosis using a polycarbonate membrane filtration method. A method for studying red cell flexibility as reflected by red cell rigidity and fragility is described. Using an infusion pump, suspended red cells are filtered through a polycarbonate membrane with 3 micron pores. The filtration pressure, which is continuously monitored, is considered to reflect red cell rigidity. The hemoglobin released by the disruption of red cells passing through the membrane is regarded as an indirect measure of red cell fragility. In all of the patients with hereditary spherocytosis studied and in some of their symptomless relatives, the decreased flexibility observed was associable with increased rigidity of the red cell. In vitro effects of chlorpromazine and vinca alkaloid on red cell flexibility were also studied. High concentrations of chlorpromazine and vinblastine induced formation of spherocytes displaying altered cell flexibility.", "PMID": 103353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5639", "title": "Atypical nuclear structures in the buccal mucosal cells of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "During evaluation of cytologic buccal samples obtained from nine female rhesus monkeys over a period corresponding to three menstrual cycles, unusual nuclear changes were observed in the exfoliated cells. The changes ranged from small nuclear protrusions to bi-lobed and multi-lobed structures.", "contents": "Atypical nuclear structures in the buccal mucosal cells of the rhesus monkey. During evaluation of cytologic buccal samples obtained from nine female rhesus monkeys over a period corresponding to three menstrual cycles, unusual nuclear changes were observed in the exfoliated cells. The changes ranged from small nuclear protrusions to bi-lobed and multi-lobed structures.", "PMID": 103349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5640", "title": "Folic acid binding protein in chronic granulocytic leukaemia: the effect of methotrexate.", "content": "Folic acid binding protein (FABP) has been measured in the supernatant of leukocytes of 12 patients affected with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL). The folate binding capacity ranged from 1.37 to 697.52 pg/mg protein, showing a considerable heterogeneity. When the supernatant was preincubated with methotrexate (MTX), the inhibition of folic acid binding was complete in some cases whereas in others it was negligible: these findings have been confirmed by studying the 3H-MTX binding capacity by the same supernatants. In this case the range of bound 3H-HTX varied from 0.00 to 927 pg/mg protein. The presence of a binder in the cytoplasm of leukocytes might represent a new step in the regulation of endogenous folate metabolism. The MTX, widely used as an antifolate drug, may also be bound by FABP of CGL leukocytes, although in different amounts from case to case: this finding suggests a new point of interference of MTX in the folate metabolism. It has also been demonstrated that FABP, which is present in serum, may reduce the uptake of folate by leukocytes opening a new field of investigation on the megaloblastic transformation.", "contents": "Folic acid binding protein in chronic granulocytic leukaemia: the effect of methotrexate. Folic acid binding protein (FABP) has been measured in the supernatant of leukocytes of 12 patients affected with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL). The folate binding capacity ranged from 1.37 to 697.52 pg/mg protein, showing a considerable heterogeneity. When the supernatant was preincubated with methotrexate (MTX), the inhibition of folic acid binding was complete in some cases whereas in others it was negligible: these findings have been confirmed by studying the 3H-MTX binding capacity by the same supernatants. In this case the range of bound 3H-HTX varied from 0.00 to 927 pg/mg protein. The presence of a binder in the cytoplasm of leukocytes might represent a new step in the regulation of endogenous folate metabolism. The MTX, widely used as an antifolate drug, may also be bound by FABP of CGL leukocytes, although in different amounts from case to case: this finding suggests a new point of interference of MTX in the folate metabolism. It has also been demonstrated that FABP, which is present in serum, may reduce the uptake of folate by leukocytes opening a new field of investigation on the megaloblastic transformation.", "PMID": 103354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5641", "title": "Blood group phenotypes and the origin of sickle cell hemoglobin in Sicilians.", "content": "As an approach to investigating the origin of sickle cell hemoglobin (hemoglobin S) in white persons of Sicilian ancestry, two groups of native Sicilians were tested for blood group evidence of African admixture. Among 100 unrelated Sicilians, the phenotypes cDe(Rho) and Fy(a-b-), and the antigens V(hrv) and Jsa, which are considered to be African genetic markers, were detected in 12 individuals. Among 64 individuals from 21 families with at least one known hemoglobin S carrier, African blood group markers were detected in 7 (11%). These findings indicate that hemoglobin S is only one of multiple African genes present in contemporary Sicilian populations. The occurrence of hemoglobin S in white persons of Sicilian ancestry is considered to be a manifestation of the continuing dissemination of the original African mutation.", "contents": "Blood group phenotypes and the origin of sickle cell hemoglobin in Sicilians. As an approach to investigating the origin of sickle cell hemoglobin (hemoglobin S) in white persons of Sicilian ancestry, two groups of native Sicilians were tested for blood group evidence of African admixture. Among 100 unrelated Sicilians, the phenotypes cDe(Rho) and Fy(a-b-), and the antigens V(hrv) and Jsa, which are considered to be African genetic markers, were detected in 12 individuals. Among 64 individuals from 21 families with at least one known hemoglobin S carrier, African blood group markers were detected in 7 (11%). These findings indicate that hemoglobin S is only one of multiple African genes present in contemporary Sicilian populations. The occurrence of hemoglobin S in white persons of Sicilian ancestry is considered to be a manifestation of the continuing dissemination of the original African mutation.", "PMID": 103355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5642", "title": "Cytologic comparison of a human fibroblast culture chemically transformed in vitro with its non-neoplastic parent cell strain.", "content": "Paired cultures of glutaraldehyde-fixed, nontransformed and chemically-transformed human fibroblasts were examined by quantitative microscopy. Significant differences were found to exist between the two cell types with respect to projected cell and nuclear area, dry weight distribution, cell cytoplasmic thickness and intracellular distribution of protein. Quantitative measurements of nuclear DNA failed to reveal a major difference between the two cell populations.", "contents": "Cytologic comparison of a human fibroblast culture chemically transformed in vitro with its non-neoplastic parent cell strain. Paired cultures of glutaraldehyde-fixed, nontransformed and chemically-transformed human fibroblasts were examined by quantitative microscopy. Significant differences were found to exist between the two cell types with respect to projected cell and nuclear area, dry weight distribution, cell cytoplasmic thickness and intracellular distribution of protein. Quantitative measurements of nuclear DNA failed to reveal a major difference between the two cell populations.", "PMID": 103351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5643", "title": "Screening coagulation tests and clotting factors in homozygous beta-thalassemia.", "content": "In 30 children with homozygous beta-thalassemia the hemostasis screening tests (bleeding time, PT, PTT), platelet count and specific assays of clotting factors were carried out 25 days after their last transfusion. PT, PTT, and bleeding time showed minor variations; considerable thrombocytosis was found in splenectomized patients. Factors IX and XII were decreased in a high proportion of patients, the vitamin K-dependent factors (II, VII, IX, X) were slightly reduced and factors I, V and VIII remained within the normal range in a majority of patients. Hepatic failure resulting in defective protein synthesis does not explain the more marked impairment of factors XI and XII, which might be secondary to activation of the intrinsic coagulation and/or kallikrein systems following intravascular haemolysis and multiple blood transfusions.", "contents": "Screening coagulation tests and clotting factors in homozygous beta-thalassemia. In 30 children with homozygous beta-thalassemia the hemostasis screening tests (bleeding time, PT, PTT), platelet count and specific assays of clotting factors were carried out 25 days after their last transfusion. PT, PTT, and bleeding time showed minor variations; considerable thrombocytosis was found in splenectomized patients. Factors IX and XII were decreased in a high proportion of patients, the vitamin K-dependent factors (II, VII, IX, X) were slightly reduced and factors I, V and VIII remained within the normal range in a majority of patients. Hepatic failure resulting in defective protein synthesis does not explain the more marked impairment of factors XI and XII, which might be secondary to activation of the intrinsic coagulation and/or kallikrein systems following intravascular haemolysis and multiple blood transfusions.", "PMID": 103356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5644", "title": "Electrophoretic separation of alkaline and acid phosphatase isoenzymes from the pulp of monkey teeth.", "content": "Monkey pulps were homogenized in a Triton tris solution. After three centrifugation steps (800, 20000, and 105000 g) the supernatant was applied on acryl amide columns at pH 7.5 in a tris-diethyl barbituric acid buffer. Electrophoresis was performed at a constant current of 2.5 mA per gel column at 18--20 degrees C. Incubations for alkaline phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1) were carried out at pH 8.3 using naphthol-AS-MX-phosphate as substrate and Fast Red Violet LB salt as coupler. Incubations for acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2) were undertaken at pH 5.0 using alpha-naphtyl phosphate as substrate and hexazotized pararosanilin as coupling agent. After the incubations for alkaline phosphatase as well as acid phosphatase two bands showing enzyme activity were demonstrated. By means of treatment with heat (56 degrees C) prior to incubation or addition of vanadate or pyrophosphate to the incubation medium it was shown that the main part of the fast moving alkaline phosphatase band was sensitive to these procedures. The alkaline phosphatase of the slow moving band appeared to be resistant to heat or the addition of inhibitors.", "contents": "Electrophoretic separation of alkaline and acid phosphatase isoenzymes from the pulp of monkey teeth. Monkey pulps were homogenized in a Triton tris solution. After three centrifugation steps (800, 20000, and 105000 g) the supernatant was applied on acryl amide columns at pH 7.5 in a tris-diethyl barbituric acid buffer. Electrophoresis was performed at a constant current of 2.5 mA per gel column at 18--20 degrees C. Incubations for alkaline phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1) were carried out at pH 8.3 using naphthol-AS-MX-phosphate as substrate and Fast Red Violet LB salt as coupler. Incubations for acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2) were undertaken at pH 5.0 using alpha-naphtyl phosphate as substrate and hexazotized pararosanilin as coupling agent. After the incubations for alkaline phosphatase as well as acid phosphatase two bands showing enzyme activity were demonstrated. By means of treatment with heat (56 degrees C) prior to incubation or addition of vanadate or pyrophosphate to the incubation medium it was shown that the main part of the fast moving alkaline phosphatase band was sensitive to these procedures. The alkaline phosphatase of the slow moving band appeared to be resistant to heat or the addition of inhibitors.", "PMID": 103357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5645", "title": "Treatment of primary dysmenorrhea with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors--a promising therapeutic alternative.", "content": "Three groups of patients with primary dysmenorrhea were treated with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Thirty-one women received indomethacin at a dose of 25 mg x 3--4 per day usually starting one to two days before the onset of menstruation and 38 women received naproxen 250 mg x 3--4 per day usually starting on the first day of bleeding (open studies). Seventy-one per cent of the patients experienced moderate or good relief of pain following indomethacin and 67% following naproxen. In a third series a double-blind crossover study using the sodium salt of naproxen versus placebo in 26 patients showed that naproxen-sodium was significantly more effective than the placebo (p less than 0.05). At the doses employed, the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors were not associated with any side effects of major concern. The study indicates that this form of therapy offers an effective alternative in patients who for some reason do not accept hormonal treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of primary dysmenorrhea with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors--a promising therapeutic alternative. Three groups of patients with primary dysmenorrhea were treated with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Thirty-one women received indomethacin at a dose of 25 mg x 3--4 per day usually starting one to two days before the onset of menstruation and 38 women received naproxen 250 mg x 3--4 per day usually starting on the first day of bleeding (open studies). Seventy-one per cent of the patients experienced moderate or good relief of pain following indomethacin and 67% following naproxen. In a third series a double-blind crossover study using the sodium salt of naproxen versus placebo in 26 patients showed that naproxen-sodium was significantly more effective than the placebo (p less than 0.05). At the doses employed, the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors were not associated with any side effects of major concern. The study indicates that this form of therapy offers an effective alternative in patients who for some reason do not accept hormonal treatment.", "PMID": 103358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5646", "title": "Ultrastructural organization of the retinal pigment epithelium of the Cynomolgus monkey.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the retinal pigment epithelium of the Cynomolgus monkey is described. Particular interest is focused on the morphological basis for the functions of the pigment epithelium as part of the blood-retina barrier, as a metabolically active cell layer and as a participant in photoreceptor outer segment renewal.", "contents": "Ultrastructural organization of the retinal pigment epithelium of the Cynomolgus monkey. The ultrastructure of the retinal pigment epithelium of the Cynomolgus monkey is described. Particular interest is focused on the morphological basis for the functions of the pigment epithelium as part of the blood-retina barrier, as a metabolically active cell layer and as a participant in photoreceptor outer segment renewal.", "PMID": 103359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5647", "title": "Pressure effects on flow channels in the lining endothelium of Schlemm's canal. A quantitative study by transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "A quantitative investigation, using transmission electron microscopy, was conducted to determine the relative incidence of nuclei, giant vacuoles and their pores, non-vacuolar transcellular channels and minipores in the endothelium lining the trabecular aspect of Schlemm's canal at various levels of intraocular pressure in the range 0--50 mmHg. The eyes of twelve rhesus monkeys were used and prior to intracameral fixation, the intraocular pressure was maintained at the appropriate level for one hour. The results obtained from a single section analysis showed that the incidence of giant vacuoles, vacuolar and non-vacuolar transcellular channels and minipores could be related to pressure. An analysis of serial reconstructions of samples of the vacuoles indicated that vacuolar transcellular channels became more numerous and more enlarged as pressure was increased. We concluded that the transcellular pore system serves as a major outflow route for aqueous humour.", "contents": "Pressure effects on flow channels in the lining endothelium of Schlemm's canal. A quantitative study by transmission electron microscopy. A quantitative investigation, using transmission electron microscopy, was conducted to determine the relative incidence of nuclei, giant vacuoles and their pores, non-vacuolar transcellular channels and minipores in the endothelium lining the trabecular aspect of Schlemm's canal at various levels of intraocular pressure in the range 0--50 mmHg. The eyes of twelve rhesus monkeys were used and prior to intracameral fixation, the intraocular pressure was maintained at the appropriate level for one hour. The results obtained from a single section analysis showed that the incidence of giant vacuoles, vacuolar and non-vacuolar transcellular channels and minipores could be related to pressure. An analysis of serial reconstructions of samples of the vacuoles indicated that vacuolar transcellular channels became more numerous and more enlarged as pressure was increased. We concluded that the transcellular pore system serves as a major outflow route for aqueous humour.", "PMID": 103360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5648", "title": "The role of zinc in total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Zinc deficiency was observed in an infant receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for chronic untractable diarrhoea. Clinical findings included low zinc plasma levels, skin lesions and loss of all the advantages of TPN such as weight gain, serum proteins and albumin increase and normalization of intestinal mucosa. Oral administration of zinc sulphate was the decisive factor making possible both the improvement of clinical and laboratory findings and alimentation by natural route.", "contents": "The role of zinc in total parenteral nutrition. Zinc deficiency was observed in an infant receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for chronic untractable diarrhoea. Clinical findings included low zinc plasma levels, skin lesions and loss of all the advantages of TPN such as weight gain, serum proteins and albumin increase and normalization of intestinal mucosa. Oral administration of zinc sulphate was the decisive factor making possible both the improvement of clinical and laboratory findings and alimentation by natural route.", "PMID": 103361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5649", "title": "Comparisons between serum concentrations of thyroxine and thyroxine-binding proteins in samples simultaneously obtained from capillary, peripheral vein, central vein and aorta in newborn infants.", "content": "A total number of 40 newborn infants with various maturity were studied: 13 babies without perinatal events, 19 infants recovered from transient diseases, 6 infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and 2 infants with asphyxia indicating artificial ventilation. Comparisons were performed between serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), prealbumin (TBPA) and albumin (Alb) in capillary versus peripheral vein, aorta versus central vein and, finally, in peripheral versus central veins. In healthy infants serum T4 concentrations in capillary blood and peripheral vein did not differ significantly. Although serum concentrations of thyroid hormone-binding proteins tended to be increased in aortic compared to central venous specimens no statistically significant differences appeared. In infants in good clinical conditions serum T4, TBG, TBPA, and Alb levels were 6--8% higher in peripheral than in central veins, possibly primarily due to a hemo-concentrating effect of venous stasis. Therefore, in evaluation of the thyroid variables in newborn infants the technique of blood sampling must be considered. In most infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and in one asphyxiated baby a remarkable tendency to a low serum TBG and T4 concentration in peripheral compared to central vein samples were observed.", "contents": "Comparisons between serum concentrations of thyroxine and thyroxine-binding proteins in samples simultaneously obtained from capillary, peripheral vein, central vein and aorta in newborn infants. A total number of 40 newborn infants with various maturity were studied: 13 babies without perinatal events, 19 infants recovered from transient diseases, 6 infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and 2 infants with asphyxia indicating artificial ventilation. Comparisons were performed between serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), prealbumin (TBPA) and albumin (Alb) in capillary versus peripheral vein, aorta versus central vein and, finally, in peripheral versus central veins. In healthy infants serum T4 concentrations in capillary blood and peripheral vein did not differ significantly. Although serum concentrations of thyroid hormone-binding proteins tended to be increased in aortic compared to central venous specimens no statistically significant differences appeared. In infants in good clinical conditions serum T4, TBG, TBPA, and Alb levels were 6--8% higher in peripheral than in central veins, possibly primarily due to a hemo-concentrating effect of venous stasis. Therefore, in evaluation of the thyroid variables in newborn infants the technique of blood sampling must be considered. In most infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and in one asphyxiated baby a remarkable tendency to a low serum TBG and T4 concentration in peripheral compared to central vein samples were observed.", "PMID": 103362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5650", "title": "Serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin, prealbumin and albumin in healthy fullterm, small-for-gestational age and preterm newborn infants.", "content": "Simultaneous serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), prealbumin (TBPA) and albumin (Alb) were measured in 130 fullterm, 32 small-for-gestational age and 25 preterm infants during their first six days of life. In all infants serum concentrations of TBG were higher and serum TBPA and Alb were lower than in male adults. Even higher serum TBG levels were found in the mothers. There was no correlation between serum concentrations in paired maternal and cord sera. In infants with birth weights appropriate for gestation serum TBG, TBPA, and Alb concentrations increased progressively with gestational age. In small-for-gestational age infants born at term serum concentrations of TBG and Alb were lower than those in fullterm, but higher than those in premature newborns. Serum TBPA in small-for-gestational age babies was even lower than seen in prematures. A positive correlation was found between thyroid hormones and TBG concentrations, not between serum TBPA and thyroid hormones. The ratios between serum concentration of thyroid hormones and proteins might indicate that more thyroid hormonebinding sites are occupied in fullterm than in low birth-weight newborns. However, the main reason for the different serum levels of thyroid hormones in fullterm, small-for-gestational age and preterm babies is probably the various serum TBG concentrations demonstrated in these infants.", "contents": "Serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin, prealbumin and albumin in healthy fullterm, small-for-gestational age and preterm newborn infants. Simultaneous serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), prealbumin (TBPA) and albumin (Alb) were measured in 130 fullterm, 32 small-for-gestational age and 25 preterm infants during their first six days of life. In all infants serum concentrations of TBG were higher and serum TBPA and Alb were lower than in male adults. Even higher serum TBG levels were found in the mothers. There was no correlation between serum concentrations in paired maternal and cord sera. In infants with birth weights appropriate for gestation serum TBG, TBPA, and Alb concentrations increased progressively with gestational age. In small-for-gestational age infants born at term serum concentrations of TBG and Alb were lower than those in fullterm, but higher than those in premature newborns. Serum TBPA in small-for-gestational age babies was even lower than seen in prematures. A positive correlation was found between thyroid hormones and TBG concentrations, not between serum TBPA and thyroid hormones. The ratios between serum concentration of thyroid hormones and proteins might indicate that more thyroid hormonebinding sites are occupied in fullterm than in low birth-weight newborns. However, the main reason for the different serum levels of thyroid hormones in fullterm, small-for-gestational age and preterm babies is probably the various serum TBG concentrations demonstrated in these infants.", "PMID": 103363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5651", "title": "Serum retinol-binding protein and vitamin A levels in malnourished children.", "content": "Serum levels of vitamin A and retinol-binding protein (RBP) were measured in children with vitamin A deficiency, in children with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and in normal children, before and after administration of 100 000 IU of water-miscible vitamin A. Serum vitamin A and RBP levels were significantly low in children with vitamin A deficiency and in children with severe PEM, whereas the values in milder grades of PEM were similar to those of normal subjects. In severely malnourished children with corneal lesions, serum vitamin A concentration was reduced to a much greater extent than the level of serum RBP. Administration of vitamin A resulted in a significant increase in serum levels of both the components within 4 hours in all the 3 groups of children. The increase in RBP concentration observed in children with PEM was similar to that in vitamin A deficient children. These results indicate that in malnourished children, particularly in those who are at risk of developing keratomalacia, vitamin A is the main limiting factor. It is, therefore, recommended that children with PEM should be treated with vitamin A in addition to dietary protein and calories.", "contents": "Serum retinol-binding protein and vitamin A levels in malnourished children. Serum levels of vitamin A and retinol-binding protein (RBP) were measured in children with vitamin A deficiency, in children with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and in normal children, before and after administration of 100 000 IU of water-miscible vitamin A. Serum vitamin A and RBP levels were significantly low in children with vitamin A deficiency and in children with severe PEM, whereas the values in milder grades of PEM were similar to those of normal subjects. In severely malnourished children with corneal lesions, serum vitamin A concentration was reduced to a much greater extent than the level of serum RBP. Administration of vitamin A resulted in a significant increase in serum levels of both the components within 4 hours in all the 3 groups of children. The increase in RBP concentration observed in children with PEM was similar to that in vitamin A deficient children. These results indicate that in malnourished children, particularly in those who are at risk of developing keratomalacia, vitamin A is the main limiting factor. It is, therefore, recommended that children with PEM should be treated with vitamin A in addition to dietary protein and calories.", "PMID": 103364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5652", "title": "Laboratory identification of pathogenic Neisseria with special regard to atypical strains: an evaluation of sugar degradation, immunofluorescence and co-agglutination tests.", "content": "Sugar degradation tests (SDT) were compared with immunofluorescence (IFL) and co-agglutination (COA) tests for the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and Neisseria meningitidis (MC). Somewhat more than 5% of the GC strains and 8% of the MC strains were misinterpreted by SDT. On most occasions the disagreement between SDT and serological tests was due to the inability of the MC strains (less so for GC strains) to degrade sugars correctly. Because of this, three out of 15 strains (20%) from pharyngeal specimens were primarily considered to be GC by SDT but were identified as MC by COA tests. Deficiencies in sugar degradations were also found in a group of clinical problem strains. Many of them were unable or had a decreased ability to degrade glucose or maltose but were diagnosed distinctly as MC by the COA test. There were no false positives with the IFL or COA tests, but 2% of the GC strains and 26% of the MC carrier strains (non-groupable) were not identified by COA. Both IFL and COA tests are good adjuncts to SDT for the diagnosis of GC and clinically significant MC, since the results are reliable and the tests rapid and simple to perform.", "contents": "Laboratory identification of pathogenic Neisseria with special regard to atypical strains: an evaluation of sugar degradation, immunofluorescence and co-agglutination tests. Sugar degradation tests (SDT) were compared with immunofluorescence (IFL) and co-agglutination (COA) tests for the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and Neisseria meningitidis (MC). Somewhat more than 5% of the GC strains and 8% of the MC strains were misinterpreted by SDT. On most occasions the disagreement between SDT and serological tests was due to the inability of the MC strains (less so for GC strains) to degrade sugars correctly. Because of this, three out of 15 strains (20%) from pharyngeal specimens were primarily considered to be GC by SDT but were identified as MC by COA tests. Deficiencies in sugar degradations were also found in a group of clinical problem strains. Many of them were unable or had a decreased ability to degrade glucose or maltose but were diagnosed distinctly as MC by the COA test. There were no false positives with the IFL or COA tests, but 2% of the GC strains and 26% of the MC carrier strains (non-groupable) were not identified by COA. Both IFL and COA tests are good adjuncts to SDT for the diagnosis of GC and clinically significant MC, since the results are reliable and the tests rapid and simple to perform.", "PMID": 103365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5653", "title": "Purification of the first component of guinea-pig complement by gel chromatography.", "content": "A method has been described for the purification of the first component (C1) of complement from guinea-pig serum. The procedure consists in euglobulin precipitation followed by gel filtration on agarose columns. The final product has low protein content and high specific activity. The protein obtained by this procedure has a molecular weight of about one million and has been further characterized using immunochemical and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis techniques. The protein reacts with anti-C1 antiserum and forms the EAC1, 4-intermediate. The experiments indicated the existence of electrophoretic variants of C1. The dissociation of the C1 molecule by increasing the ionic strength is confirmed. The described procedure appears to be a useful method of obtaining functionally purified C1.", "contents": "Purification of the first component of guinea-pig complement by gel chromatography. A method has been described for the purification of the first component (C1) of complement from guinea-pig serum. The procedure consists in euglobulin precipitation followed by gel filtration on agarose columns. The final product has low protein content and high specific activity. The protein obtained by this procedure has a molecular weight of about one million and has been further characterized using immunochemical and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis techniques. The protein reacts with anti-C1 antiserum and forms the EAC1, 4-intermediate. The experiments indicated the existence of electrophoretic variants of C1. The dissociation of the C1 molecule by increasing the ionic strength is confirmed. The described procedure appears to be a useful method of obtaining functionally purified C1.", "PMID": 103366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5654", "title": "The copper induced modification of duodenal biotransformation reactions in rats during fat deficiency.", "content": "The effect of ingested copper on the composition of duodenal postmitochondrial supernatnat fraction (PMS), the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and UDPglucuronosyltransferase (GT) activities was analyzed in rats given normal or fat free diets. There were only minor changes in the composition of PMS or in the activities of the measured enzymes when rats received a normal diet. During fat deficiency the phospholipid-protein ratio and the GT activity were markedly increased following 10 mM copper concentration in the drinking water. It is concluded that during fat deficiency copper modifies the structure of the microsomes, as analyzed in the PMS, and that this is reflected in the membrane bound GT activity.", "contents": "The copper induced modification of duodenal biotransformation reactions in rats during fat deficiency. The effect of ingested copper on the composition of duodenal postmitochondrial supernatnat fraction (PMS), the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and UDPglucuronosyltransferase (GT) activities was analyzed in rats given normal or fat free diets. There were only minor changes in the composition of PMS or in the activities of the measured enzymes when rats received a normal diet. During fat deficiency the phospholipid-protein ratio and the GT activity were markedly increased following 10 mM copper concentration in the drinking water. It is concluded that during fat deficiency copper modifies the structure of the microsomes, as analyzed in the PMS, and that this is reflected in the membrane bound GT activity.", "PMID": 103367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5655", "title": "Inhibition of compound 48/80-induced intradental sensory nerve activity by disodium cromoglycate and serotonin antagonists.", "content": "Local application of compound 48/80 induced long lasting nerve activity in intradental sensory nerves in the teeth of cats and dogs. This effect was inhibited by pretreatment with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) given locally (2 X 10(-2) M) or i.a. (20 mg/min). DSCG did not have any effect on the nerve excitability per se, as judged from the responses to hypertonic NaCl and air blasta applied to exposed dentin before and after administration of DSCG. Local treatment with lysergic acid diethylamide (0.1--1 mg/ml) and methysergide (0.05--0.5 mg/ml) selectively reduced or inhibited the compound 48/80 induced nerve activity. Systemic administration of methysergide (12.5 microgram/kg) prevented the excitatory effects of compound 48/80 but was without effect when administrated during a state of established activity. The present findings support the hypothesis that compound 48/80 has an indirect effect on intradental sensory nerves and indicate that vascular reactions take part in intradental sensory nerve excitation.", "contents": "Inhibition of compound 48/80-induced intradental sensory nerve activity by disodium cromoglycate and serotonin antagonists. Local application of compound 48/80 induced long lasting nerve activity in intradental sensory nerves in the teeth of cats and dogs. This effect was inhibited by pretreatment with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) given locally (2 X 10(-2) M) or i.a. (20 mg/min). DSCG did not have any effect on the nerve excitability per se, as judged from the responses to hypertonic NaCl and air blasta applied to exposed dentin before and after administration of DSCG. Local treatment with lysergic acid diethylamide (0.1--1 mg/ml) and methysergide (0.05--0.5 mg/ml) selectively reduced or inhibited the compound 48/80 induced nerve activity. Systemic administration of methysergide (12.5 microgram/kg) prevented the excitatory effects of compound 48/80 but was without effect when administrated during a state of established activity. The present findings support the hypothesis that compound 48/80 has an indirect effect on intradental sensory nerves and indicate that vascular reactions take part in intradental sensory nerve excitation.", "PMID": 103368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5656", "title": "Neurologic complications after irradiation of malignant tumors of the testis.", "content": "Of 156 consecutive patients with malignant tumor of the testis 99 were alive two years after treatment. Of these, 12 had radiation-induced neurologic complications which, in 5 instances, consisted of persisting, wholly or partially disabling paresis in the lower limbs. Five had mild, transient symptoms and had persisting symptoms which were not incapacitating. In all those with disabling symptoms the irradiation dose had been higher than 1 600 reu, corresponding to 54.5 Gy over 6 weeks with daily fractions 5 days a week.", "contents": "Neurologic complications after irradiation of malignant tumors of the testis. Of 156 consecutive patients with malignant tumor of the testis 99 were alive two years after treatment. Of these, 12 had radiation-induced neurologic complications which, in 5 instances, consisted of persisting, wholly or partially disabling paresis in the lower limbs. Five had mild, transient symptoms and had persisting symptoms which were not incapacitating. In all those with disabling symptoms the irradiation dose had been higher than 1 600 reu, corresponding to 54.5 Gy over 6 weeks with daily fractions 5 days a week.", "PMID": 103369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5657", "title": "Dose distribution in 42 MV roentgen irradiation of cervical carcinoma.", "content": "The dose distribution obtained with two different techniques for external irradiation of cervical carcinoma is described. The dose to the central area is somewhat higher with the multiple beam technique compared with the newly introduced shielding block technique. The difference between the calculated CRE values for the two techniques is small. When the shielding block is not placed over the area corresponding to the position of the applicators from the previous intracavitary treatment the considerable difference in absorbed dose between the two techniques does not correspond to the difference in the calculated CRE values. A comparison of the relative distributions laterally, in total dose and CRE, shows that for central volumes the relative CRE is much higher than the relative dose, when the normalization is made at the pelvic wall.", "contents": "Dose distribution in 42 MV roentgen irradiation of cervical carcinoma. The dose distribution obtained with two different techniques for external irradiation of cervical carcinoma is described. The dose to the central area is somewhat higher with the multiple beam technique compared with the newly introduced shielding block technique. The difference between the calculated CRE values for the two techniques is small. When the shielding block is not placed over the area corresponding to the position of the applicators from the previous intracavitary treatment the considerable difference in absorbed dose between the two techniques does not correspond to the difference in the calculated CRE values. A comparison of the relative distributions laterally, in total dose and CRE, shows that for central volumes the relative CRE is much higher than the relative dose, when the normalization is made at the pelvic wall.", "PMID": 103370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5658", "title": "Nutritional consequences of excess amino acid intake.", "content": "Various mechanisms respond to intakes of amino acids in excess of those required for normal tissue function. When excessive amounts of amino acids are taken, catabolism by enzymes in the liver and elsewhere is accelerated when intake exceeds requirements. In addition, changes in the free amino acid levels in the brain signal the nervous system centers regulating food consumption, and eating patterns are affected. This central nervous system mechanism may even determine the proportions of protein and of energy--yielding nutrients chosen in the diet through a mechanism regulated by the entry of tryptophan and other neurotransmitter precursors into the brain. These observations on protective mechanisms are considered in relation to effects obtained by feeding disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Intakes of large amounts of amino acids can produce toxicities, in which plasma concentrations of the administered amino acid rise to very high levels. Antagonisms arise from feeding excess of one amino acid that can be relieved by feeding a structurally related amino acid. Finally, amino acid imbalances are produced by adding surpluses of essential amino acids other than the essential amino acid most limiting for growth; the growth depression caused by this addition can be relieved by adding more of the most limiting amino acid to the diet. In all circumstances involving feeding with disproportionate amounts of amino acids, there is evidence of changes in brain amino acid levels. It is suggested that these changes play an important role in initiating protective responses against abnormal amino acid intakes.", "contents": "Nutritional consequences of excess amino acid intake. Various mechanisms respond to intakes of amino acids in excess of those required for normal tissue function. When excessive amounts of amino acids are taken, catabolism by enzymes in the liver and elsewhere is accelerated when intake exceeds requirements. In addition, changes in the free amino acid levels in the brain signal the nervous system centers regulating food consumption, and eating patterns are affected. This central nervous system mechanism may even determine the proportions of protein and of energy--yielding nutrients chosen in the diet through a mechanism regulated by the entry of tryptophan and other neurotransmitter precursors into the brain. These observations on protective mechanisms are considered in relation to effects obtained by feeding disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Intakes of large amounts of amino acids can produce toxicities, in which plasma concentrations of the administered amino acid rise to very high levels. Antagonisms arise from feeding excess of one amino acid that can be relieved by feeding a structurally related amino acid. Finally, amino acid imbalances are produced by adding surpluses of essential amino acids other than the essential amino acid most limiting for growth; the growth depression caused by this addition can be relieved by adding more of the most limiting amino acid to the diet. In all circumstances involving feeding with disproportionate amounts of amino acids, there is evidence of changes in brain amino acid levels. It is suggested that these changes play an important role in initiating protective responses against abnormal amino acid intakes.", "PMID": 103372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5659", "title": "The current status of breeding for protein quality in corn.", "content": "The current rapid expansion of the human population on earth, particularly in the less developed countries, raises the possibility of widespread, serious malnutrition and starvation for many unless agricultural technology can intervene with appropriate answers to these problems. Plant breeders have been charged with developing varieties that will yield larger quantities of improved quality protein. Since the realization that maize having the opaque-2 gene has markedly improved protein quality, much work has been done in many areas of research to apply this discovery as well as to learn more about alternative methods to attain the same goals. This discussion will be a review of the advances so far attained by plant breeders in their efforts to develop maize with improved protein quantity and quality. Work concerning the utilization of mutant genes that improve protein quality and efforts at exploiting the naturally occurring variation for protein quality and quantity will be examined. Work that has been done in other related fields that has relevance  to the protein improvement problem will also be examined. Screening and subsequent regeneration of tissue cultures as well as work concerning the biochemical energetics of yield and protein improvement will be examined in order to bring the problem of breeding for protein improvement into perspective. Finally, the corn industry's experience with improving protein quality and quantity will provide a basis for discussing the economic considerations of such improvement.", "contents": "The current status of breeding for protein quality in corn. The current rapid expansion of the human population on earth, particularly in the less developed countries, raises the possibility of widespread, serious malnutrition and starvation for many unless agricultural technology can intervene with appropriate answers to these problems. Plant breeders have been charged with developing varieties that will yield larger quantities of improved quality protein. Since the realization that maize having the opaque-2 gene has markedly improved protein quality, much work has been done in many areas of research to apply this discovery as well as to learn more about alternative methods to attain the same goals. This discussion will be a review of the advances so far attained by plant breeders in their efforts to develop maize with improved protein quantity and quality. Work concerning the utilization of mutant genes that improve protein quality and efforts at exploiting the naturally occurring variation for protein quality and quantity will be examined. Work that has been done in other related fields that has relevance  to the protein improvement problem will also be examined. Screening and subsequent regeneration of tissue cultures as well as work concerning the biochemical energetics of yield and protein improvement will be examined in order to bring the problem of breeding for protein improvement into perspective. Finally, the corn industry's experience with improving protein quality and quantity will provide a basis for discussing the economic considerations of such improvement.", "PMID": 103373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5660", "title": "Bioavailability of acetylated derivatives of methionine, threonine, and lysine.", "content": "Supplementation of vegetable proteins with various essential amino acids is an effective means of improving proteins quality. Unfortunately, simple amino acid additions to foods which must be heat processed and cooked is not without consequences. Under these conditions, methionine interacts with reducing sugars yielding methional through the Strecker degradation reaction. This generation of methional during heat treatment imparts undesirable sulfur odors and flavors to the food rendering it organoleptically unacceptable. Similarly, threonine and lysine are also susceptible to interaction with reducing sugars rendering them nutritionally unavailable. Acetylated derivatives of methionine, threonine and lysine have been studied to determine their utility in overcoming the inherent problems associated with each amino acid. To this end, N-acetyl-L-methionine and N-acetyl-L-threonine were found to be fully available to promote growth of rats. To the contrary, neither the alpha nor the epsilon, monoacetylated derivative of L-Lysine nor the alpha, epsilon diacetyl derivative of L-Lysine were effective in significantly promoting the growth of rats. Utilization of N-acetyl-L-methionine by humans has also been studied and shown to be as effective as methionine in improving the quality of vegetable proteins deficient in sulfur amino acids.", "contents": "Bioavailability of acetylated derivatives of methionine, threonine, and lysine. Supplementation of vegetable proteins with various essential amino acids is an effective means of improving proteins quality. Unfortunately, simple amino acid additions to foods which must be heat processed and cooked is not without consequences. Under these conditions, methionine interacts with reducing sugars yielding methional through the Strecker degradation reaction. This generation of methional during heat treatment imparts undesirable sulfur odors and flavors to the food rendering it organoleptically unacceptable. Similarly, threonine and lysine are also susceptible to interaction with reducing sugars rendering them nutritionally unavailable. Acetylated derivatives of methionine, threonine and lysine have been studied to determine their utility in overcoming the inherent problems associated with each amino acid. To this end, N-acetyl-L-methionine and N-acetyl-L-threonine were found to be fully available to promote growth of rats. To the contrary, neither the alpha nor the epsilon, monoacetylated derivative of L-Lysine nor the alpha, epsilon diacetyl derivative of L-Lysine were effective in significantly promoting the growth of rats. Utilization of N-acetyl-L-methionine by humans has also been studied and shown to be as effective as methionine in improving the quality of vegetable proteins deficient in sulfur amino acids.", "PMID": 103374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5661", "title": "Yeast proteins: recovery, nutritional and functional properties.", "content": "The future need for supplementary sources of food grade functional proteins is emphasized and the potential role of yeasts as a source of proteins is discussed. The problems of proteolysis and nucleic acid contamination can be circumvented by succinylation or derivatization of the yeast protein during extraction. Succinylated yeast proteins demonstrate improved functional properties though their nutritional value needs to be investigated.", "contents": "Yeast proteins: recovery, nutritional and functional properties. The future need for supplementary sources of food grade functional proteins is emphasized and the potential role of yeasts as a source of proteins is discussed. The problems of proteolysis and nucleic acid contamination can be circumvented by succinylation or derivatization of the yeast protein during extraction. Succinylated yeast proteins demonstrate improved functional properties though their nutritional value needs to be investigated.", "PMID": 103375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5662", "title": "Nutritional status of long-stay geriatric in-patients: effects of a food supplement (Complan).", "content": "In a detailed nutritional study of 50 long-stay elderly patients, intakes of vitamins C and D and nicotinic acid were found to be sub-optimal compared to D.H.S.S. recommendations. Whole-food supplementation did not increase calorie, fat or carbohydrate intake, although it did increase protein, vitamins and minerals. However, it did not correct the intake of vitamins C and D and of nicotinic acid to those recommended by D.H.S.S. Supplementation affected neither serum albumin nor transferrin. No positive correlation could be established between physical disabilities and total dietary intake among these patients. However, the appearance of the skin improved and skin thickness increased in the supplemented patients and the blood urea diminished in them also.", "contents": "Nutritional status of long-stay geriatric in-patients: effects of a food supplement (Complan). In a detailed nutritional study of 50 long-stay elderly patients, intakes of vitamins C and D and nicotinic acid were found to be sub-optimal compared to D.H.S.S. recommendations. Whole-food supplementation did not increase calorie, fat or carbohydrate intake, although it did increase protein, vitamins and minerals. However, it did not correct the intake of vitamins C and D and of nicotinic acid to those recommended by D.H.S.S. Supplementation affected neither serum albumin nor transferrin. No positive correlation could be established between physical disabilities and total dietary intake among these patients. However, the appearance of the skin improved and skin thickness increased in the supplemented patients and the blood urea diminished in them also.", "PMID": 103378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5663", "title": "Radiographic manifestations of Burkitt's lymphoma in American patients.", "content": "Radiographic manifestations of Burkitt's lymphoma in 40 American patients are presented. Pleural effusions were the most common intrathoracic abnormality and were correlated with abdominal ascites more often than with intrathoracic tumor. Tumor involved bone in four patients had intrinsic bowel involvement; nine instances were in the ileum. Intrinsic renal tumor was seen in only two patients. Both ultrasound and computed tomography were useful.", "contents": "Radiographic manifestations of Burkitt's lymphoma in American patients. Radiographic manifestations of Burkitt's lymphoma in 40 American patients are presented. Pleural effusions were the most common intrathoracic abnormality and were correlated with abdominal ascites more often than with intrathoracic tumor. Tumor involved bone in four patients had intrinsic bowel involvement; nine instances were in the ileum. Intrinsic renal tumor was seen in only two patients. Both ultrasound and computed tomography were useful.", "PMID": 103382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5664", "title": "Preoperative localization of nonpalpable breast lesions.", "content": "Surgeons are increasingly required to resect nonpalpable breast lesions only detected by mammography. Methods for preoperative localization of such lesions were reviewed with emphasis on invasive radiologic techniques using injection, needle, and wire markers. Invasive localization of nonpalpable breast lesions is a relatively simple procedure that should be available wherever breast biopsies and mammography are performed. Its precision and success relate to the radiologist's experience in marker placement and to close cooperation between the radiologist and surgeon.", "contents": "Preoperative localization of nonpalpable breast lesions. Surgeons are increasingly required to resect nonpalpable breast lesions only detected by mammography. Methods for preoperative localization of such lesions were reviewed with emphasis on invasive radiologic techniques using injection, needle, and wire markers. Invasive localization of nonpalpable breast lesions is a relatively simple procedure that should be available wherever breast biopsies and mammography are performed. Its precision and success relate to the radiologist's experience in marker placement and to close cooperation between the radiologist and surgeon.", "PMID": 103383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5665", "title": "Primary mediastinal seminoma.", "content": "Four new cases of primary mediastinal seminoma are presented, and the 103 previously reported cases reviewed. All of the tumors occurred in the anterior mediastinum, and generally appeared as lobulated noncalcified masses on chest radiography. Most patients were in the third and fourth decades, and about 30% were asymptomatic at the time of initial diagnosis. Although mediastinal seminoma is not commonly considered a cause of superior vena caval obstruction, about 10% of patients experience it. The tumors are radiosensitive and potentially radiocurable. A striking reduction in size of the tumor may be noted after radiation therapy. Prognosis is generally good, with a 5-year survival rate of 75%. The controversy surrounding histogenesis of this tumor is reviewed, and the pathologic criteria for making the diagnosis presented.", "contents": "Primary mediastinal seminoma. Four new cases of primary mediastinal seminoma are presented, and the 103 previously reported cases reviewed. All of the tumors occurred in the anterior mediastinum, and generally appeared as lobulated noncalcified masses on chest radiography. Most patients were in the third and fourth decades, and about 30% were asymptomatic at the time of initial diagnosis. Although mediastinal seminoma is not commonly considered a cause of superior vena caval obstruction, about 10% of patients experience it. The tumors are radiosensitive and potentially radiocurable. A striking reduction in size of the tumor may be noted after radiation therapy. Prognosis is generally good, with a 5-year survival rate of 75%. The controversy surrounding histogenesis of this tumor is reviewed, and the pathologic criteria for making the diagnosis presented.", "PMID": 103398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5666", "title": "Computed tomography diagnosis of mesenteric masses.", "content": "The computed tomographic findings of 30 mesenteric masses are presented. To delineate the mesentery accurately, oral contrast material must fill the entire small bowel. Of the masses, 23 were secondary to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. These masses were irregular in shape and homogeneous in their tissue attentuation. Two of the 23 had a normal lymphangiogram in the upper paraaortic area. Both lymphangiography and CT were necessary to define the extent of disease in such patients. The six mesenteric metastases were irregular in shape. Four of these had areas of decreased attentuation eccentrically located within the mass which may be secondary to necrosis. One mesenteric cyst had a circular shape with smooth, sharp borders, and a centrally located area of decreased attenuation.", "contents": "Computed tomography diagnosis of mesenteric masses. The computed tomographic findings of 30 mesenteric masses are presented. To delineate the mesentery accurately, oral contrast material must fill the entire small bowel. Of the masses, 23 were secondary to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. These masses were irregular in shape and homogeneous in their tissue attentuation. Two of the 23 had a normal lymphangiogram in the upper paraaortic area. Both lymphangiography and CT were necessary to define the extent of disease in such patients. The six mesenteric metastases were irregular in shape. Four of these had areas of decreased attentuation eccentrically located within the mass which may be secondary to necrosis. One mesenteric cyst had a circular shape with smooth, sharp borders, and a centrally located area of decreased attenuation.", "PMID": 103399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5667", "title": "Bilateral concurrent renal neoplasms: report of eleven cases.", "content": "Eleven patients with concurrent bilateral renal neoplasms are presented, including one case with dissimilar tumor histogenesis. In four cases urography showed only unilateral expansive lesions. The importance of high-dose nephrotomography and bilateral selective renal angiography is stressed. Literature review revealed 57 patients with concurrent bilateral renal cell carcinoma, indicating that this entity may be more frequent than previously believed.", "contents": "Bilateral concurrent renal neoplasms: report of eleven cases. Eleven patients with concurrent bilateral renal neoplasms are presented, including one case with dissimilar tumor histogenesis. In four cases urography showed only unilateral expansive lesions. The importance of high-dose nephrotomography and bilateral selective renal angiography is stressed. Literature review revealed 57 patients with concurrent bilateral renal cell carcinoma, indicating that this entity may be more frequent than previously believed.", "PMID": 103400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5668", "title": "Computed tomography in adrenal tumors.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) was used to evaluate 26 patients with a variety of adrenal lesions. Surgical proof was available in 22 patients and clinical confirmation with a variety of other studies in the other four patients. Nine patients ahd aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas and CT correctly identified seven. Four patients had cortisol-producing adenomas and five patients had cortisol-producing carcinomas; CT identified each of these tumors. Prominent but normal shaped glands were seen in each of the four patients with adrenal hyperplasia. Adrenal metastases from malignant melanoma in two patients were identified. Only one of two pheochromocytomas in two patients could be seen on CT. CT is a noninvasive method of localizing adrenal tumors and may be helpful in distinguishing adenomas from adrenal hyperplasia.", "contents": "Computed tomography in adrenal tumors. Computed tomography (CT) was used to evaluate 26 patients with a variety of adrenal lesions. Surgical proof was available in 22 patients and clinical confirmation with a variety of other studies in the other four patients. Nine patients ahd aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas and CT correctly identified seven. Four patients had cortisol-producing adenomas and five patients had cortisol-producing carcinomas; CT identified each of these tumors. Prominent but normal shaped glands were seen in each of the four patients with adrenal hyperplasia. Adrenal metastases from malignant melanoma in two patients were identified. Only one of two pheochromocytomas in two patients could be seen on CT. CT is a noninvasive method of localizing adrenal tumors and may be helpful in distinguishing adenomas from adrenal hyperplasia.", "PMID": 103401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5669", "title": "Ultrasonic characteristics of chronic atrophic pyelonephritis.", "content": "Six cases of chronic atrophic pyelonephritis were studied with gray scale ultrasound. The findings are analogous to those seen pathologically, namely a focal or multifocal process with loss of renal parenchyma, retraction of one or more calyces, decrease in renal size, and increased echoes from fibrosis. In the proper clinical setting, the diagnosis of chronic atrophic pyelonephritis can be made using ultrasound technique.", "contents": "Ultrasonic characteristics of chronic atrophic pyelonephritis. Six cases of chronic atrophic pyelonephritis were studied with gray scale ultrasound. The findings are analogous to those seen pathologically, namely a focal or multifocal process with loss of renal parenchyma, retraction of one or more calyces, decrease in renal size, and increased echoes from fibrosis. In the proper clinical setting, the diagnosis of chronic atrophic pyelonephritis can be made using ultrasound technique.", "PMID": 103402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5670", "title": "Persistent gallbladder opacification after iopanoic acid cholecystography: diagnostic implications for acalculous cholecystitis.", "content": "Recent reports in the surgical literature state that persistent dense visualization of an otherwise normal-appearing gallbladder 36 hr after the administration of iopanoic acid is highly suggestive of acalculous cholecystitis. To determine the incidence and significance of persistent gallbladder visualization, 324 patients and 66 asymptomatic controls were evaluated. An equal percentage (about 10%) of both groups showed persistent dense gallbladder opacification 36 hr after iopanoic acid ingestion. The results do not support the contention that patients with acalculous cholecystitis can be identified by simply obtaining an additional abdominal radiograph the day after oral cholecystography.", "contents": "Persistent gallbladder opacification after iopanoic acid cholecystography: diagnostic implications for acalculous cholecystitis. Recent reports in the surgical literature state that persistent dense visualization of an otherwise normal-appearing gallbladder 36 hr after the administration of iopanoic acid is highly suggestive of acalculous cholecystitis. To determine the incidence and significance of persistent gallbladder visualization, 324 patients and 66 asymptomatic controls were evaluated. An equal percentage (about 10%) of both groups showed persistent dense gallbladder opacification 36 hr after iopanoic acid ingestion. The results do not support the contention that patients with acalculous cholecystitis can be identified by simply obtaining an additional abdominal radiograph the day after oral cholecystography.", "PMID": 103403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5671", "title": "Double blind comparison of meglumine iotroxate (Biliscopin), meglumine iodoxamate (Endobil), and meglumine ioglycamate (Biligram).", "content": "Two new intravenous cholegraphic agents, iotroxate and iodoxamate, hold a lower general toxicity, lower protein binding, and claim a higher rate of biliary excretion. Both compounds proved to be equally effective in opacifying the gallbladder and the bile ducts in a double-blind clinical study comprising 400 cases. Iotroxate gave significantly earlier good or adequate visualization as a result of its higher excretion rate by the liver (P less than 0.05). Side effects were observed in fewer patients in the iotroxate group (11.6%) compared with the iodoxamate group (16.4%, P greater than 0.05). In a second double-blind study, an iotroxage group of 97 patients who received two thirds of the overall content of iodine (3.6 g) was compared with a group of 98 patients, who received ioglycamate (5.3 g). Visualization was equal in the two groups, while side effects were significantly reduced to 10.3% in the iotroxate group against 20.4% (P less than 0.05). The higher biliary clearance of iotroxate permits a reduction of the amount of iodine.", "contents": "Double blind comparison of meglumine iotroxate (Biliscopin), meglumine iodoxamate (Endobil), and meglumine ioglycamate (Biligram). Two new intravenous cholegraphic agents, iotroxate and iodoxamate, hold a lower general toxicity, lower protein binding, and claim a higher rate of biliary excretion. Both compounds proved to be equally effective in opacifying the gallbladder and the bile ducts in a double-blind clinical study comprising 400 cases. Iotroxate gave significantly earlier good or adequate visualization as a result of its higher excretion rate by the liver (P less than 0.05). Side effects were observed in fewer patients in the iotroxate group (11.6%) compared with the iodoxamate group (16.4%, P greater than 0.05). In a second double-blind study, an iotroxage group of 97 patients who received two thirds of the overall content of iodine (3.6 g) was compared with a group of 98 patients, who received ioglycamate (5.3 g). Visualization was equal in the two groups, while side effects were significantly reduced to 10.3% in the iotroxate group against 20.4% (P less than 0.05). The higher biliary clearance of iotroxate permits a reduction of the amount of iodine.", "PMID": 103404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5672", "title": "Significance of intrapancreatic gas demonstrated by CT: a review of nine cases.", "content": "Nine patients with intrapancreatic air were encountered among 450 patients evaluated for pancreatic pathology. Eight of these patients had surgically proven pancreatic abscesses. The ninth had spontaneous perforation of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the gastrointestinal tract as an explanation of the intrapancreatic air. Computer tomography has been found to be very helpful, not only in the initial diagnosis of pancreatic abscessses, but also in the evaluation of distant spread of the infection. The presence of intrapancreatic air in our experience is the most reliable sign of a pancreatic abscess.", "contents": "Significance of intrapancreatic gas demonstrated by CT: a review of nine cases. Nine patients with intrapancreatic air were encountered among 450 patients evaluated for pancreatic pathology. Eight of these patients had surgically proven pancreatic abscesses. The ninth had spontaneous perforation of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the gastrointestinal tract as an explanation of the intrapancreatic air. Computer tomography has been found to be very helpful, not only in the initial diagnosis of pancreatic abscessses, but also in the evaluation of distant spread of the infection. The presence of intrapancreatic air in our experience is the most reliable sign of a pancreatic abscess.", "PMID": 103405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5673", "title": "Neonatal intestinal opacification secondary to transplacental passage of urographic contrast medium.", "content": "Neonatal intestinal opacification in five infants (one set each of triplets and twins) after maternal excretory urography is described, and mechanisms leading to this phenomenon are discussed. Transplacental passage of urographic contrast medium with subsequent excretion by the fetal kidneys and possibly liver and small bowel seems to explain the radiographic appearance. Although the contrast medium probably does not harm the fetus, it should be distinguished from other more sinister causes of colonic opacification in the neonate.", "contents": "Neonatal intestinal opacification secondary to transplacental passage of urographic contrast medium. Neonatal intestinal opacification in five infants (one set each of triplets and twins) after maternal excretory urography is described, and mechanisms leading to this phenomenon are discussed. Transplacental passage of urographic contrast medium with subsequent excretion by the fetal kidneys and possibly liver and small bowel seems to explain the radiographic appearance. Although the contrast medium probably does not harm the fetus, it should be distinguished from other more sinister causes of colonic opacification in the neonate.", "PMID": 103406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5674", "title": "Scintiangiographic diagnosis of acute mesenteric venous thrombosis.", "content": "Scintiangiographic findings of prolonged mesenteric activity in a case of acute mesenteric thrombosis is described and 105 cases with abdominal scintiangiography are reviewed. Usual peak mesenteric blush occurred 5--15 sec after initial visualization of the aorta. Normal clearance of this activity was 15--30 sec. Future cases should confirm the importance of this observation in early diagnosis of mesenteric venous thrombosis.", "contents": "Scintiangiographic diagnosis of acute mesenteric venous thrombosis. Scintiangiographic findings of prolonged mesenteric activity in a case of acute mesenteric thrombosis is described and 105 cases with abdominal scintiangiography are reviewed. Usual peak mesenteric blush occurred 5--15 sec after initial visualization of the aorta. Normal clearance of this activity was 15--30 sec. Future cases should confirm the importance of this observation in early diagnosis of mesenteric venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 103407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5675", "title": "Chronic impairment of leg muscle blood flow following cardiac catheterization in childhood.", "content": "In 99 patients with congenital heart defects of chronic respiratory disease without clinical symptoms of disturbances in peripheral circulation, resting and maximal blood flow in the anterior tibial muscle of both extremities were investigated 2.7 years (average) after cardiac catheterization. The method used involved 133Xe clearance. Resting blood flow was normal and no difference could be demonstrated between the extremity originally used for catheterization and the contralateral control extremity. No disturbance in maximal blood flow could be proved in the extremity used for catheterization by the venous route only. Maximal blood flow was significantly lower in that extremity where the femoral artery had been catheterized or cannulated for pressure measurement and blood sampling. The disturbance in maximal flow was shown regardless of whether the arterial catheterization involved the Seldinger percutaneous technique, arteriotomy, or mere cannulation of the femoral artery. The values in the involved extremity did not differ significantly from the values in a healthy population.", "contents": "Chronic impairment of leg muscle blood flow following cardiac catheterization in childhood. In 99 patients with congenital heart defects of chronic respiratory disease without clinical symptoms of disturbances in peripheral circulation, resting and maximal blood flow in the anterior tibial muscle of both extremities were investigated 2.7 years (average) after cardiac catheterization. The method used involved 133Xe clearance. Resting blood flow was normal and no difference could be demonstrated between the extremity originally used for catheterization and the contralateral control extremity. No disturbance in maximal blood flow could be proved in the extremity used for catheterization by the venous route only. Maximal blood flow was significantly lower in that extremity where the femoral artery had been catheterized or cannulated for pressure measurement and blood sampling. The disturbance in maximal flow was shown regardless of whether the arterial catheterization involved the Seldinger percutaneous technique, arteriotomy, or mere cannulation of the femoral artery. The values in the involved extremity did not differ significantly from the values in a healthy population.", "PMID": 103408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5676", "title": "Role of radionuclide imaging in osteoid osteoma.", "content": "Radiophosphate bone scans readily disclosed osteoid osteomas in 20 symptomatic patients, including nine patients whose radiographic findings had been negative. In five of the nine patients adjuvant radiogallium imaging was performed, and four showed a disproportionately low uptake relative to radiophosphate. When this occurs, osteoid osteoma can be distinguished from subacute osteomyelitis, which is particularly helpful if the radiograph is equivocal. Radiophosphate bone imaging's generally accepted excellent sensitivity in disclosing obscure symptom-producing focal bone disorders makes it the screening procedure of choice, especially if osteoid osteoma is considered in the differential diagnosis. Only abnormal areas need to be radiographed to add specificity and more precise delineation.", "contents": "Role of radionuclide imaging in osteoid osteoma. Radiophosphate bone scans readily disclosed osteoid osteomas in 20 symptomatic patients, including nine patients whose radiographic findings had been negative. In five of the nine patients adjuvant radiogallium imaging was performed, and four showed a disproportionately low uptake relative to radiophosphate. When this occurs, osteoid osteoma can be distinguished from subacute osteomyelitis, which is particularly helpful if the radiograph is equivocal. Radiophosphate bone imaging's generally accepted excellent sensitivity in disclosing obscure symptom-producing focal bone disorders makes it the screening procedure of choice, especially if osteoid osteoma is considered in the differential diagnosis. Only abnormal areas need to be radiographed to add specificity and more precise delineation.", "PMID": 103409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5677", "title": "\"Step-off\" vertebral body: Gaucher's disease versus sickle cell hemoglobinopathy.", "content": "Two patients with Gaucher's disease and radiographic findings in the spine similar to sickle cell hemoglobinopathy are reported, making a total of four known patients with Gaucher's disease who have these steplike vertebral endplate deformities. Serial films of a patient having Gaucher's disease compared with patients having sickle cell hemoglobinopathy suggest that different events lead to formation of the vertebral deformities. In Gaucher's disease, there is an initial collapse of the entire vertebral body with subsequent growth recovery peripherally. In sickle cell hemoglobinopathy, the endplate deformity is nontraumatic and is caused by an underlying growth arrest.", "contents": "\"Step-off\" vertebral body: Gaucher's disease versus sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. Two patients with Gaucher's disease and radiographic findings in the spine similar to sickle cell hemoglobinopathy are reported, making a total of four known patients with Gaucher's disease who have these steplike vertebral endplate deformities. Serial films of a patient having Gaucher's disease compared with patients having sickle cell hemoglobinopathy suggest that different events lead to formation of the vertebral deformities. In Gaucher's disease, there is an initial collapse of the entire vertebral body with subsequent growth recovery peripherally. In sickle cell hemoglobinopathy, the endplate deformity is nontraumatic and is caused by an underlying growth arrest.", "PMID": 103410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5678", "title": "Gray scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of endometriosis and adenomyosis.", "content": "Ultrasound findings in 25 patients with surgically proven endometriosis are presented. Of the 31 lesions characterized at ultrasound examination, 17 were described as cystic, four as polycystic, five as mixed, and four as solid. Nine patients had a diagnostic pattern of sonolucent zones within the uterus representing blood lakes (adenomyosis) associated with extrauterine masses. In the remaining 16 patients, ultrasound alone could not differentiate endometriosis from diseases such as tubovarian abscess, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cyst(s), or tumor. Clinical history contributed to proper diagnosis in these patients.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of endometriosis and adenomyosis. Ultrasound findings in 25 patients with surgically proven endometriosis are presented. Of the 31 lesions characterized at ultrasound examination, 17 were described as cystic, four as polycystic, five as mixed, and four as solid. Nine patients had a diagnostic pattern of sonolucent zones within the uterus representing blood lakes (adenomyosis) associated with extrauterine masses. In the remaining 16 patients, ultrasound alone could not differentiate endometriosis from diseases such as tubovarian abscess, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cyst(s), or tumor. Clinical history contributed to proper diagnosis in these patients.", "PMID": 103411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5679", "title": "Doppler evaluation of extracranial cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "The carotid Doppler examination is an accurate means of screening the extracranial carotid system for stenotic lesions. Comparison of 100 patients (200 vessels) examined by the Doppler method and arteriography showed agreement in 90% of the vessels and a significant error rate in only 3.5%.", "contents": "Doppler evaluation of extracranial cerebrovascular disease. The carotid Doppler examination is an accurate means of screening the extracranial carotid system for stenotic lesions. Comparison of 100 patients (200 vessels) examined by the Doppler method and arteriography showed agreement in 90% of the vessels and a significant error rate in only 3.5%.", "PMID": 103412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5680", "title": "A second look at the utility of radiographic skull examination for trauma.", "content": "A prospective study tested the hypothesis of Bell and Loop (1971) that 21 high yield findings are significantly associated with the presence of a skull fracture and can be used to decide which patients need skull radiography. In our study, 17 fractures were detected in 594 patients who had skull radiography because of trauma to the head. Six of these fractures occurred in children who had none of the 21 Bell and Loop high yield findings. These six patients were asymptomatic except for superficial injury at the site of trauma. Had the Bell and Loop criteria been used to decide which patients had skull radiography, 35% (all in children) of the fractures would have gone undetected. Thus, in our study population, the Bell and Loop high yield findings were not satisfactory criteria for the decision about obtaining skull films in children.", "contents": "A second look at the utility of radiographic skull examination for trauma. A prospective study tested the hypothesis of Bell and Loop (1971) that 21 high yield findings are significantly associated with the presence of a skull fracture and can be used to decide which patients need skull radiography. In our study, 17 fractures were detected in 594 patients who had skull radiography because of trauma to the head. Six of these fractures occurred in children who had none of the 21 Bell and Loop high yield findings. These six patients were asymptomatic except for superficial injury at the site of trauma. Had the Bell and Loop criteria been used to decide which patients had skull radiography, 35% (all in children) of the fractures would have gone undetected. Thus, in our study population, the Bell and Loop high yield findings were not satisfactory criteria for the decision about obtaining skull films in children.", "PMID": 103413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5681", "title": "Effects of ether anesthesia and surface-induced hypothermia on regional blood flow.", "content": "Regional blood flow and distribution of cardiac output (CO) were evaluated by the radioactive microsphere technique in seven rhesus monkeys prior to anesthesia, following the induction of deep ether anesthesia and throughout the cooling course during surface-induced hypothermia to temperatures of 20 degrees C. As given, deep ether anesthesia alone significantly decreased CO 10% to 15% and output fraction (Qt) was decreased to the carcass, increased to the splanchnic circulation (although not statistically significant), and unchanged to other organs, while total vascular (TVR) and organ resistances were reduced. With the addition of cooling, CO progressively decreased. Individual organ Qt's, however, did not change from anesthetized normothermic values; thus organ flows decreased parallel to the reduction of CO as cooling progressed. TVR and organ vascular resistances increased to levels in excess of 150% of anesthetized precooling values, apparently as the result of viscosity rather than vascular changes.", "contents": "Effects of ether anesthesia and surface-induced hypothermia on regional blood flow. Regional blood flow and distribution of cardiac output (CO) were evaluated by the radioactive microsphere technique in seven rhesus monkeys prior to anesthesia, following the induction of deep ether anesthesia and throughout the cooling course during surface-induced hypothermia to temperatures of 20 degrees C. As given, deep ether anesthesia alone significantly decreased CO 10% to 15% and output fraction (Qt) was decreased to the carcass, increased to the splanchnic circulation (although not statistically significant), and unchanged to other organs, while total vascular (TVR) and organ resistances were reduced. With the addition of cooling, CO progressively decreased. Individual organ Qt's, however, did not change from anesthetized normothermic values; thus organ flows decreased parallel to the reduction of CO as cooling progressed. TVR and organ vascular resistances increased to levels in excess of 150% of anesthetized precooling values, apparently as the result of viscosity rather than vascular changes.", "PMID": 103415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5682", "title": "Acute coronary occlusion in the pig: effect of nitroglycerin on regional myocardial blood flow.", "content": "Myocardial blood flow was studied in 10 closed chest, anesthetized pigs after an acute balloon catheter occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. With use of radioactive microspheres (15 mu), myocardial blood flow was measured before and during an intravenous nitroglycerin infusion and during a combined nitroglycerin-phenylephrine infusion. A significant zone of ischemis (myocardial blood flow less than 50 percent of normal zone flow) was produced by the occlusion and involved 15 percent of the combined left ventricular and interventricular septal mass. More than 50 percent of this ischemic zone was intensely ischemic (myocardial blood flow 0 to 3 percent of normal). Nitroglycerin resulted in a 20 to 30 mm Hg decrease in systolic blood pressure. Myocardial blood flow was unchanged in intensely ischemic areas but varied directly with the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure in the moderately ischemic area (myocardial blood flow 26 to 50 percent of normal). S-T segment elevation was significantly increased during nitroglycerin infusion and returned to control level with the added infusion of phenylephrine sufficient to restore the systemic blood pressure to prenitroglycerin values. No improvement in ischemic zone perfusion could be demonstrated  during the infusion of nitroglycerin alone or with phenylephrine. The endocardial-epicardial flow ratio in moderately ischemic areas was slightly lower than the normal zone flow ratio and decreased slightly during infusion of nitroglycerin. With the addition of phenylephrine, the ratios rose slightly and no longer differed from prenitroglycerin values. Blood flow distribution in acutely ischemic pig myocardium differs considerably from that observed in the dog. Nitroglycerin was not shown to have any beneficial effects with or without its relative hypotensive effect. More extensive study in animal models other than the dog is needed.", "contents": "Acute coronary occlusion in the pig: effect of nitroglycerin on regional myocardial blood flow. Myocardial blood flow was studied in 10 closed chest, anesthetized pigs after an acute balloon catheter occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. With use of radioactive microspheres (15 mu), myocardial blood flow was measured before and during an intravenous nitroglycerin infusion and during a combined nitroglycerin-phenylephrine infusion. A significant zone of ischemis (myocardial blood flow less than 50 percent of normal zone flow) was produced by the occlusion and involved 15 percent of the combined left ventricular and interventricular septal mass. More than 50 percent of this ischemic zone was intensely ischemic (myocardial blood flow 0 to 3 percent of normal). Nitroglycerin resulted in a 20 to 30 mm Hg decrease in systolic blood pressure. Myocardial blood flow was unchanged in intensely ischemic areas but varied directly with the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure in the moderately ischemic area (myocardial blood flow 26 to 50 percent of normal). S-T segment elevation was significantly increased during nitroglycerin infusion and returned to control level with the added infusion of phenylephrine sufficient to restore the systemic blood pressure to prenitroglycerin values. No improvement in ischemic zone perfusion could be demonstrated  during the infusion of nitroglycerin alone or with phenylephrine. The endocardial-epicardial flow ratio in moderately ischemic areas was slightly lower than the normal zone flow ratio and decreased slightly during infusion of nitroglycerin. With the addition of phenylephrine, the ratios rose slightly and no longer differed from prenitroglycerin values. Blood flow distribution in acutely ischemic pig myocardium differs considerably from that observed in the dog. Nitroglycerin was not shown to have any beneficial effects with or without its relative hypotensive effect. More extensive study in animal models other than the dog is needed.", "PMID": 103419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5683", "title": "Parenteral vitamin requirements during intravenous feeding.", "content": "Serum vitamin levels of 40 patients undergoing parenteral nutrition over a 5-to 42-day period were studied while the subjects received daily water-soluble and once weekly fat soluble vitamin formulations intravenously. Initial serum deficiencies of vitamins A, C, and folate were noted in a large portion of the severely malnourished population. At the replacement levels used in this study a small number of patients developed subnormal levels of vitamins A and D. Improvement in levels for vitamin C and folate were noted for most patients. Vitamin B12 deficiencies were not noted in any patient. Currently available commercial vitamin preparations can be used with safety in the parenterally nourished population and recommended guidelines for weekly infusion of both water and fat soluble vitamins are presented.", "contents": "Parenteral vitamin requirements during intravenous feeding. Serum vitamin levels of 40 patients undergoing parenteral nutrition over a 5-to 42-day period were studied while the subjects received daily water-soluble and once weekly fat soluble vitamin formulations intravenously. Initial serum deficiencies of vitamins A, C, and folate were noted in a large portion of the severely malnourished population. At the replacement levels used in this study a small number of patients developed subnormal levels of vitamins A and D. Improvement in levels for vitamin C and folate were noted for most patients. Vitamin B12 deficiencies were not noted in any patient. Currently available commercial vitamin preparations can be used with safety in the parenterally nourished population and recommended guidelines for weekly infusion of both water and fat soluble vitamins are presented.", "PMID": 103422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5684", "title": "Preparing for the next round: convalescent care after acute infection.", "content": "Infections pose a nutritional stress on the growing child. No therapeutic goal is as important as the rapid recovery of preillness weight after acute infections. Successful convalescence, with supernormal growth rates, can be achieved with relatively brief periods of intensive refeeding, offsetting any tendency toward reduced immune defenses or other nutritionally determined susceptibilities to further infection. Since the mother is the only person who can effectively manage convalescent care, she must be given specific tasks with measurable targets in order to reliably oversee the child's rehabilitation. Not generally considered in the realm of preventive medicine, effective home-based convalencent care is the first crucial step in preventing the next round of illness. An approach to the widespread mobilization of mothers to monitor and sustain their children's growth is proposed in this paper. Rather than a passive recipient of health services, the mother becomes the basic health worker, providing diagnostic and therapeutic primary care for her child. Only the mother can break the malnutrition-infection cycle.", "contents": "Preparing for the next round: convalescent care after acute infection. Infections pose a nutritional stress on the growing child. No therapeutic goal is as important as the rapid recovery of preillness weight after acute infections. Successful convalescence, with supernormal growth rates, can be achieved with relatively brief periods of intensive refeeding, offsetting any tendency toward reduced immune defenses or other nutritionally determined susceptibilities to further infection. Since the mother is the only person who can effectively manage convalescent care, she must be given specific tasks with measurable targets in order to reliably oversee the child's rehabilitation. Not generally considered in the realm of preventive medicine, effective home-based convalencent care is the first crucial step in preventing the next round of illness. An approach to the widespread mobilization of mothers to monitor and sustain their children's growth is proposed in this paper. Rather than a passive recipient of health services, the mother becomes the basic health worker, providing diagnostic and therapeutic primary care for her child. Only the mother can break the malnutrition-infection cycle.", "PMID": 103424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5685", "title": "A study of lymphoproliferative diseases comparing immunofluorescence with immunohistochemistry.", "content": "Sections of lymph nodes from patients with lymphoproliferative disorders were stained by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods. Staining with anti-kappa and anti-lambda antibodies employed F(ab')2 fragments of purified antibodies to avoid binding via Fc receptors. Frozen-section immunofluorescence revealed that B-cell lymphomas were composed of monoclonal populations of Ig-bearing cells. With immunohistochemical technics, however, a significant number of B-cell lymphomas either did not stain for Ig or showed spurious staining. The possible reasons for lack of staining in some cases and spurious staining in others are discussed. As currently applied to lymphoproliferative disorders, immunofluorescence appears to be more senitive and more speific than immunohistochemistry.", "contents": "A study of lymphoproliferative diseases comparing immunofluorescence with immunohistochemistry. Sections of lymph nodes from patients with lymphoproliferative disorders were stained by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods. Staining with anti-kappa and anti-lambda antibodies employed F(ab')2 fragments of purified antibodies to avoid binding via Fc receptors. Frozen-section immunofluorescence revealed that B-cell lymphomas were composed of monoclonal populations of Ig-bearing cells. With immunohistochemical technics, however, a significant number of B-cell lymphomas either did not stain for Ig or showed spurious staining. The possible reasons for lack of staining in some cases and spurious staining in others are discussed. As currently applied to lymphoproliferative disorders, immunofluorescence appears to be more senitive and more speific than immunohistochemistry.", "PMID": 103428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5686", "title": "Efficiency of serologic tests in the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis.", "content": "Candida antibody tests for systemic candidiasis were conducted on 53 sera from patients with the disease and 170 sera from control patients by agar gel diffusion, counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), latex agglutination, and whole-cell agglutination. The agar gel diffusion test and CIE had sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of approximately 90%. The whole-cell agglutination test scored significantly lower, whereas the latex test scored in between. The agar gel diffusion test had the highest reproducibility and the whole-cell agglutination test the lowest in tests of identical sera by six independent laboratories. The agar gel diffusion and CIE tests make significant contributions to the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis.", "contents": "Efficiency of serologic tests in the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. Candida antibody tests for systemic candidiasis were conducted on 53 sera from patients with the disease and 170 sera from control patients by agar gel diffusion, counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), latex agglutination, and whole-cell agglutination. The agar gel diffusion test and CIE had sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of approximately 90%. The whole-cell agglutination test scored significantly lower, whereas the latex test scored in between. The agar gel diffusion test had the highest reproducibility and the whole-cell agglutination test the lowest in tests of identical sera by six independent laboratories. The agar gel diffusion and CIE tests make significant contributions to the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis.", "PMID": 103429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5687", "title": "American Burkitt's lymphoma-hand-mirror variant. A detailed investigation of cytologic, ultrastructural, and immunologic features.", "content": "Previous studies of patients with lymphoid malignancies have suggested a relationship between survival and the presence of more than 40% hard-mirror cells in the bone marrow. This report represents the first detailed study of a patient with American Burkitt's lymphoma with numerous hand-mirror cells in the bone marrow during the course of the disease. The Burkitt cells were atypical because of their hand-mirror configuration in the bone marrow, the presence of cytoplasmic glycogen, the finding of an IgG surface marker, and a strongly positive acid phosphatase staining reaction. The presence of increased numbers of hand-mirror forms in the bone marrow during the course of the patient's illness may have clinical significance, because they were replaced by non-hand-mirror Burkitt cells in the terminal phase. More reports and investigations of patients with large numbers of hand-mirror forms in the bone marrow are needed to elucidate the full significance of this unusual cellular phenomenon.", "contents": "American Burkitt's lymphoma-hand-mirror variant. A detailed investigation of cytologic, ultrastructural, and immunologic features. Previous studies of patients with lymphoid malignancies have suggested a relationship between survival and the presence of more than 40% hard-mirror cells in the bone marrow. This report represents the first detailed study of a patient with American Burkitt's lymphoma with numerous hand-mirror cells in the bone marrow during the course of the disease. The Burkitt cells were atypical because of their hand-mirror configuration in the bone marrow, the presence of cytoplasmic glycogen, the finding of an IgG surface marker, and a strongly positive acid phosphatase staining reaction. The presence of increased numbers of hand-mirror forms in the bone marrow during the course of the patient's illness may have clinical significance, because they were replaced by non-hand-mirror Burkitt cells in the terminal phase. More reports and investigations of patients with large numbers of hand-mirror forms in the bone marrow are needed to elucidate the full significance of this unusual cellular phenomenon.", "PMID": 103430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5688", "title": "Pseudomonas colonization in patients with spinal cord injury.", "content": "Pseudomonas has been an important cause of urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injuries. To determine the possible reservoirs of Pseudomonas, colonization with Pseudomonas was studied in 52 inpatients and 28 outpatients with spinal cord injuries. Body sites, the environment, and hospital staff were cultured. There was a high prevalence of colonization of the urethra, perineum, and rectum. Pseudomonas was isolated from one or more of these sites in 85% of male inpatients and in 71% of male outpatients. Significant bacteriuria with Pseudomonas was found in 37% of inpatients and 13% of male outpatients. Urethral colonization in men was significantly associated with the use of the external urethral catheter. Culturing the patient's perineum was a sensitive indicator of patient colonization. The urinary drainage bag was another frequent reservoir of Pseudomonas. More than one-half of these patients did not have significant bacteriuria and presumably the drainage bag was colonized from the urethra or perineum. The rates of urethral, perineal, and rectal carriage were higher than those described previously. These rates may be accounted for by the use of the external urethral catheters. Other factors, such as rectal manipulation, and fecal incontinence may be important in these groups of patients.", "contents": "Pseudomonas colonization in patients with spinal cord injury. Pseudomonas has been an important cause of urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injuries. To determine the possible reservoirs of Pseudomonas, colonization with Pseudomonas was studied in 52 inpatients and 28 outpatients with spinal cord injuries. Body sites, the environment, and hospital staff were cultured. There was a high prevalence of colonization of the urethra, perineum, and rectum. Pseudomonas was isolated from one or more of these sites in 85% of male inpatients and in 71% of male outpatients. Significant bacteriuria with Pseudomonas was found in 37% of inpatients and 13% of male outpatients. Urethral colonization in men was significantly associated with the use of the external urethral catheter. Culturing the patient's perineum was a sensitive indicator of patient colonization. The urinary drainage bag was another frequent reservoir of Pseudomonas. More than one-half of these patients did not have significant bacteriuria and presumably the drainage bag was colonized from the urethra or perineum. The rates of urethral, perineal, and rectal carriage were higher than those described previously. These rates may be accounted for by the use of the external urethral catheters. Other factors, such as rectal manipulation, and fecal incontinence may be important in these groups of patients.", "PMID": 103431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5689", "title": "Savings achieved through use of a less concentrated amino acid solution.", "content": "The administrative process of adding a 5.5% crystalline amino acid solution to the formulary of two affiliated hospitals and the results of the addition are discussed. A formulary change was sought after it was found that many patients on parenteral nutrient therapy were receiving more amino acids than they needed. Nearly all patients on parenteral nutrient therapy were receiving 8.5% crystalline amino acid solution. The approach to achieving the pharmacy and therapeutics committee's approval of the formulary change included documenting amino acid needs from the literature, securing a multidisciplinary base of support and providing economic impact information. A standard TPN order form for physicians, education through the pharmacy newsletter, and presentations at surgery and medical conferences and grand rounds were implemented to assure that the change was effective. During the 12 months following approval of the formulary addition, 66% of the more than 20,000 total parenteral nutrient solutions were prepared using 5.5% amino acid solutions. This resulted in an annual savings of $41,028", "contents": "Savings achieved through use of a less concentrated amino acid solution. The administrative process of adding a 5.5% crystalline amino acid solution to the formulary of two affiliated hospitals and the results of the addition are discussed. A formulary change was sought after it was found that many patients on parenteral nutrient therapy were receiving more amino acids than they needed. Nearly all patients on parenteral nutrient therapy were receiving 8.5% crystalline amino acid solution. The approach to achieving the pharmacy and therapeutics committee's approval of the formulary change included documenting amino acid needs from the literature, securing a multidisciplinary base of support and providing economic impact information. A standard TPN order form for physicians, education through the pharmacy newsletter, and presentations at surgery and medical conferences and grand rounds were implemented to assure that the change was effective. During the 12 months following approval of the formulary addition, 66% of the more than 20,000 total parenteral nutrient solutions were prepared using 5.5% amino acid solutions. This resulted in an annual savings of $41,028", "PMID": 103434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5690", "title": "Postnatal growth of the cranial base in Macaca nemestrina.", "content": "Postnatal growth of the cranial base was longitudinally studied in 21 male and 11 female Macaca nemestrina. The basicranium of each animal was marked with tantulum implants in order that the tracings of each serial roentgenogram could be superimposed. Between the ages of 3.0 and 5.0 years the degree of sexual demorphism in both angular and linear dimensions increased. The cranial base flattened as a result of the upward and forward migration of nasion and the upward and backward relocation of basion. The movement of basion was primarily due to differential growth recorded at the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. Sexual difference in the relative growth of this synchondrosis resulted in a longer and somewhat flatter male cranial base. Male and female velocity curves showed accelerations that coincide with their estimated age for the onset of puberty.", "contents": "Postnatal growth of the cranial base in Macaca nemestrina. Postnatal growth of the cranial base was longitudinally studied in 21 male and 11 female Macaca nemestrina. The basicranium of each animal was marked with tantulum implants in order that the tracings of each serial roentgenogram could be superimposed. Between the ages of 3.0 and 5.0 years the degree of sexual demorphism in both angular and linear dimensions increased. The cranial base flattened as a result of the upward and forward migration of nasion and the upward and backward relocation of basion. The movement of basion was primarily due to differential growth recorded at the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. Sexual difference in the relative growth of this synchondrosis resulted in a longer and somewhat flatter male cranial base. Male and female velocity curves showed accelerations that coincide with their estimated age for the onset of puberty.", "PMID": 103436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5691", "title": "Mandibular biomechanics and temporomandibular joint function in primates.", "content": "There is disagreement as to whether the mandibular condyles are stress-bearing or stress-free during mastication. In support of alternative models, analogies have been drawn with Class III levers, links, and couple systems. Physiological data are reviewed which indicate that maximum masticatory forces are generated when maxillary and mandibular teeth are in contact, and that this phase lasts for over 100 msec during many chewing strokes. During this period, the mandible can be modeled as a beam with multiple supports. Equations of simple beam theory suggest that large condylar reaction forces are present during mastication. With unilateral molar biting in man, the total condylar reaction force may be over 75% of the bite force. Analysis of a frontal projection demonstrates that up to 80% of the total condylar reaction force is borne by the contralateral (balancing side) condyle during unilateral molar biting. A comparison of human, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes), spider monkey (A. belzebuth), and macaque (Macaca sp.) morphology indicates that the frugivorous chimpanzee and spider monkey have a relatively lower condylar reaction force than the omnivorous macaque or man during molar biting. The percentage reaction force during incisal biting is lower in man than in the other primates, and lower in the frugivorous primates than in the macaque.", "contents": "Mandibular biomechanics and temporomandibular joint function in primates. There is disagreement as to whether the mandibular condyles are stress-bearing or stress-free during mastication. In support of alternative models, analogies have been drawn with Class III levers, links, and couple systems. Physiological data are reviewed which indicate that maximum masticatory forces are generated when maxillary and mandibular teeth are in contact, and that this phase lasts for over 100 msec during many chewing strokes. During this period, the mandible can be modeled as a beam with multiple supports. Equations of simple beam theory suggest that large condylar reaction forces are present during mastication. With unilateral molar biting in man, the total condylar reaction force may be over 75% of the bite force. Analysis of a frontal projection demonstrates that up to 80% of the total condylar reaction force is borne by the contralateral (balancing side) condyle during unilateral molar biting. A comparison of human, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes), spider monkey (A. belzebuth), and macaque (Macaca sp.) morphology indicates that the frugivorous chimpanzee and spider monkey have a relatively lower condylar reaction force than the omnivorous macaque or man during molar biting. The percentage reaction force during incisal biting is lower in man than in the other primates, and lower in the frugivorous primates than in the macaque.", "PMID": 103437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5692", "title": "The effect of nitroglycerin on gas exchange, hemodynamics, and oxygen transport in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "The present study was designed to investigate pharmacological vasodilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This may have long-term therapeutic implications. Sublingual nitroglycerin (GTN) was administered to 16 patients with COPD and no evidence of organic heart disease (except one patient) in an attempt to determine severity of the decrease in arterial oxygenation. Gas exchange and hemodynamic studies were performed before and after GTN. Alverolar-arterial O2 tension gradient increased 5 mm Hg, arterial PO2 decreased 2 mm Hg, and cardiac output decreased from 4.36 to 3.85 liters/min. There was a decrease in pulmonary artery pressures, but pulmonary vascular resistance did not change. Total O2 transport (the product of cardiac output and arterial O2 content) decreased, due mainly to a decrease in cardiac output. From these studies we conclude that GTN significantly decreases O2 transport in patients with COPD and normal left ventricular function; this decrease is due mainly to a reduction in cardiac output. Impairment of gas exchange is slight. Based on these considerations pharmacological vasodilation with nitroglycerine in COPD is probably not warranted.", "contents": "The effect of nitroglycerin on gas exchange, hemodynamics, and oxygen transport in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The present study was designed to investigate pharmacological vasodilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This may have long-term therapeutic implications. Sublingual nitroglycerin (GTN) was administered to 16 patients with COPD and no evidence of organic heart disease (except one patient) in an attempt to determine severity of the decrease in arterial oxygenation. Gas exchange and hemodynamic studies were performed before and after GTN. Alverolar-arterial O2 tension gradient increased 5 mm Hg, arterial PO2 decreased 2 mm Hg, and cardiac output decreased from 4.36 to 3.85 liters/min. There was a decrease in pulmonary artery pressures, but pulmonary vascular resistance did not change. Total O2 transport (the product of cardiac output and arterial O2 content) decreased, due mainly to a decrease in cardiac output. From these studies we conclude that GTN significantly decreases O2 transport in patients with COPD and normal left ventricular function; this decrease is due mainly to a reduction in cardiac output. Impairment of gas exchange is slight. Based on these considerations pharmacological vasodilation with nitroglycerine in COPD is probably not warranted.", "PMID": 103435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5693", "title": "Plasma concentrations of total and free corticosterone during development in the rat.", "content": "A sensitive protein-binding assay has been used to measure plasma concentrations of total corticosterone during postnatal development in the rat. These concentrations were extremely low on days 6--12, showed a significant rise by day 14, and then continued to rise until peaking on day 24. Plasma titers of corticosteroid-binding globulin rose even more dramatically from day 12 onward. Consequently, the percentage of total plasma corticosterone, which was protein-bound, showed a gradual rise from 78% on day 12 to 98% on day 24. Despite this trend, when concentrations of free corticosterone were calculated, they were found to have a developmental profile very similar to that of total corticosterone. Assay of jejunal lactase and sucrase in the same animals that were used for the corticosterone studies showed that the ontogenic rise of both total and free corticosterone preceded the developmental changes in the activities of these enzymes by approximately 2 days. The data suggest that the rise in free corticosterone that begins on day 14 acts as a cue for enzymic changes in both liver and intestine.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of total and free corticosterone during development in the rat. A sensitive protein-binding assay has been used to measure plasma concentrations of total corticosterone during postnatal development in the rat. These concentrations were extremely low on days 6--12, showed a significant rise by day 14, and then continued to rise until peaking on day 24. Plasma titers of corticosteroid-binding globulin rose even more dramatically from day 12 onward. Consequently, the percentage of total plasma corticosterone, which was protein-bound, showed a gradual rise from 78% on day 12 to 98% on day 24. Despite this trend, when concentrations of free corticosterone were calculated, they were found to have a developmental profile very similar to that of total corticosterone. Assay of jejunal lactase and sucrase in the same animals that were used for the corticosterone studies showed that the ontogenic rise of both total and free corticosterone preceded the developmental changes in the activities of these enzymes by approximately 2 days. The data suggest that the rise in free corticosterone that begins on day 14 acts as a cue for enzymic changes in both liver and intestine.", "PMID": 103438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5694", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of the prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase in renal cortex.", "content": "An immunohistofluorescence procedure for detecting prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase has been used to localize the enzyme in the renal cortex of the cow, guinea pig, rabbit, rat, and sheep. Cyclooxygenase antigenicity was found in endothelial cells lining all arteries and arterioles and in cortical collecting tubules in each species examined. The enzyme was also detected in epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule in the rabbit and in mesangial cells in both ovine and bovine glomerular tufts. That prostaglandins can be formed in renal resistance vessels suggests that it is the synthesis occurring in these vessels which is responsible for the effects of prostaglandins on renal blood flow. Of further note is the correlation that exists between the location of the cyclooxygenase and that of the antidiuretic hormone-responsive adenyl cyclase in the distal nephron.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of the prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase in renal cortex. An immunohistofluorescence procedure for detecting prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase has been used to localize the enzyme in the renal cortex of the cow, guinea pig, rabbit, rat, and sheep. Cyclooxygenase antigenicity was found in endothelial cells lining all arteries and arterioles and in cortical collecting tubules in each species examined. The enzyme was also detected in epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule in the rabbit and in mesangial cells in both ovine and bovine glomerular tufts. That prostaglandins can be formed in renal resistance vessels suggests that it is the synthesis occurring in these vessels which is responsible for the effects of prostaglandins on renal blood flow. Of further note is the correlation that exists between the location of the cyclooxygenase and that of the antidiuretic hormone-responsive adenyl cyclase in the distal nephron.", "PMID": 103439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5695", "title": "Dual effects of amphotericin B on ion permeation in toad urinary bladder epithelium.", "content": "The mechanisms of action of amphotericin B on the electrical properties of the toad urinary bladder epithelium were studied with microelectrode techniques. Cell membrane and transepithelial electrical potentials and resistances were measured in the absence and in the presence of the drug during exposure to bathing mediums of different ionic compositions. As observed previously by other investigators, amphotericin B produces a dramatic decrease of transepithelial electrical resistance (Rt) and an increase of the rate of sodium transport. Our results indicate that the effect of the drug on Rt depends in part on an increase in Na conductance across the luminal cell membrane (amiloride-insensitive), but is caused mainly by an increase of ionic conductances (with the sequence GK greater than GNa greater than G choline greater than GCI) at a site in parallel with the impaled cells (i.e., across a cell type not investigated by the microelectrode measurements or across the paracellular pathway.", "contents": "Dual effects of amphotericin B on ion permeation in toad urinary bladder epithelium. The mechanisms of action of amphotericin B on the electrical properties of the toad urinary bladder epithelium were studied with microelectrode techniques. Cell membrane and transepithelial electrical potentials and resistances were measured in the absence and in the presence of the drug during exposure to bathing mediums of different ionic compositions. As observed previously by other investigators, amphotericin B produces a dramatic decrease of transepithelial electrical resistance (Rt) and an increase of the rate of sodium transport. Our results indicate that the effect of the drug on Rt depends in part on an increase in Na conductance across the luminal cell membrane (amiloride-insensitive), but is caused mainly by an increase of ionic conductances (with the sequence GK greater than GNa greater than G choline greater than GCI) at a site in parallel with the impaled cells (i.e., across a cell type not investigated by the microelectrode measurements or across the paracellular pathway.", "PMID": 103440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5696", "title": "Effects of sympathetic nerves on cerebral vessels in dog, cat, and monkey.", "content": "Cerebral vascular responses to sympathetic stimulation and denervation were examined in three species during acute severe hypertension as well as normal conditions. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with microspheres after the superior cervical sympathetic trunk was cut and during electrical stimulation of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. Sympathetic denervation did not increase CBF in anesthetized cats or monkeys. Under normal conditions, sympathetic stimulation decreased CBF significantly in monkeys (-26 +/- 3%) (mean +/- SE) but not in cats. During acute severe hypertension, decreases in CBF due to sympathetic stimulation were greatly augmented in cats (-29 +/- 7%, compared to -3 +/- 3%), only modestly augmented in dogs (-9 +/- 3%, compared to -1 +/- 2%), and not augmented in monkeys (-17 +/- 3%, compared to -23 +/- 4%). Disruption of the blood-brain barrier during hypertension was reduced by sympathetic stimulation. We conclude that 1) sympathetic tone to cerebral vessels is minimal because denervation does not increase CBF; 2) sympathetic stimulation decreases CBF under normal conditions in monkeys and during severe hypertension in cats, dogs, and monkeys, and it reduces disruption of the blood-brain barrier; and 3) there is an important species difference in responses to sympathetic stimulation under normal conditions and during acute hypertension.", "contents": "Effects of sympathetic nerves on cerebral vessels in dog, cat, and monkey. Cerebral vascular responses to sympathetic stimulation and denervation were examined in three species during acute severe hypertension as well as normal conditions. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with microspheres after the superior cervical sympathetic trunk was cut and during electrical stimulation of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. Sympathetic denervation did not increase CBF in anesthetized cats or monkeys. Under normal conditions, sympathetic stimulation decreased CBF significantly in monkeys (-26 +/- 3%) (mean +/- SE) but not in cats. During acute severe hypertension, decreases in CBF due to sympathetic stimulation were greatly augmented in cats (-29 +/- 7%, compared to -3 +/- 3%), only modestly augmented in dogs (-9 +/- 3%, compared to -1 +/- 2%), and not augmented in monkeys (-17 +/- 3%, compared to -23 +/- 4%). Disruption of the blood-brain barrier during hypertension was reduced by sympathetic stimulation. We conclude that 1) sympathetic tone to cerebral vessels is minimal because denervation does not increase CBF; 2) sympathetic stimulation decreases CBF under normal conditions in monkeys and during severe hypertension in cats, dogs, and monkeys, and it reduces disruption of the blood-brain barrier; and 3) there is an important species difference in responses to sympathetic stimulation under normal conditions and during acute hypertension.", "PMID": 103441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5697", "title": "Measurement of multiple simultaneous small dimensions and study of arterial pressure-dimension relations in conscious animals.", "content": "This paper describes the development of several important modifications that were incorporated into the ultrasonic, transit-time dimension system in order to obtain multiple simultaneous, instantaneous, and continuous measurements of the external dimensions of the aorta and its major branches in conscious, unrestrained animals. At operation a pair of small piezoelectric crystals was sutured to arterial adventitia, and a miniature pressure gauge was implanted in the vessel at the same cross-sectional plane. After recovery from surgery, wall motion was not altered appreciably and scarring was minimal. This technique allows long-term monitoring of aortic pressure-dimension relations and is applicable for small (fetal and neonatal) as well as large (adult dogs and sheep) animals. When vessel wall thickness is measured, stress-radius analysis can be performed so as to compute vascular elastic stiffness as a function of stress. Moreover, the suitability for radiotelemetry of the pressure and dimension signals measured with this technique enables the study of these parameters in unrestrained animals, e.g., during spontaneous severe exercise.", "contents": "Measurement of multiple simultaneous small dimensions and study of arterial pressure-dimension relations in conscious animals. This paper describes the development of several important modifications that were incorporated into the ultrasonic, transit-time dimension system in order to obtain multiple simultaneous, instantaneous, and continuous measurements of the external dimensions of the aorta and its major branches in conscious, unrestrained animals. At operation a pair of small piezoelectric crystals was sutured to arterial adventitia, and a miniature pressure gauge was implanted in the vessel at the same cross-sectional plane. After recovery from surgery, wall motion was not altered appreciably and scarring was minimal. This technique allows long-term monitoring of aortic pressure-dimension relations and is applicable for small (fetal and neonatal) as well as large (adult dogs and sheep) animals. When vessel wall thickness is measured, stress-radius analysis can be performed so as to compute vascular elastic stiffness as a function of stress. Moreover, the suitability for radiotelemetry of the pressure and dimension signals measured with this technique enables the study of these parameters in unrestrained animals, e.g., during spontaneous severe exercise.", "PMID": 103442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5698", "title": "Transplacental transmission and fetal parasitosis of Trypanosoma cruzi in outbred white Swiss mice.", "content": "Two strains of Trypanosoma cruzi, isolated from humans and assayed for their biological capacity to kill outbred white Swiss mice (HaM/CR-CD) following reticuloendothelial system blockade with thorium dioxide, were used in these experiments: the Maria Cristina strain, which killed all blocked mice at a rate following a rectangular dose-response curve, and the Jos\u00e9 Cardoso strain, which did not kill blocked mice at comparable dosages. When inoculated into pregnant HaM/CR-CD mice, the non-pathogenic Jos\u00e9 Cardoso strain did not cross the placental barrier, in either blocked or unblocked mice, to cause fetal parasitosis. The pathogenic Maria Cristina strain did not cross the barrier in non-blocked mice, but in thorium-dioxide blocked mice it produced an incidence of fetal parasitosis of 8.9% (7 of 79 fetuses). These results indicate that the transplacental transmission of T. cruzi was dependent on two restrictions: pathogenicity of the strain of T. cruzi, and blockade of phagocytic activity by thorium dioxide, suggesting that transplacental transmission of T. cruzi is related to interference with the phagocytic activity of the placenta.", "contents": "Transplacental transmission and fetal parasitosis of Trypanosoma cruzi in outbred white Swiss mice. Two strains of Trypanosoma cruzi, isolated from humans and assayed for their biological capacity to kill outbred white Swiss mice (HaM/CR-CD) following reticuloendothelial system blockade with thorium dioxide, were used in these experiments: the Maria Cristina strain, which killed all blocked mice at a rate following a rectangular dose-response curve, and the Jos\u00e9 Cardoso strain, which did not kill blocked mice at comparable dosages. When inoculated into pregnant HaM/CR-CD mice, the non-pathogenic Jos\u00e9 Cardoso strain did not cross the placental barrier, in either blocked or unblocked mice, to cause fetal parasitosis. The pathogenic Maria Cristina strain did not cross the barrier in non-blocked mice, but in thorium-dioxide blocked mice it produced an incidence of fetal parasitosis of 8.9% (7 of 79 fetuses). These results indicate that the transplacental transmission of T. cruzi was dependent on two restrictions: pathogenicity of the strain of T. cruzi, and blockade of phagocytic activity by thorium dioxide, suggesting that transplacental transmission of T. cruzi is related to interference with the phagocytic activity of the placenta.", "PMID": 103444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5699", "title": "House construction, triatomine distribution, and household distribution of seroreactivity to Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural community in northeast Brazil.", "content": "Household distribution of seroreactivity to Trypanosoma cruzi in inhabitants was analyzed in relation to house construction and the distribution of Panstrongylus megistus, the principal domestic vector of Chagas' disease in a rural area in northeast Brazil. No children residing in mud-brick houses were seroreactive to T. cruzi. The highest rates of seroreactivity occurred in residents of unplastered mud-stick houses, and were twice as high as those found in persons living in mud-brick houses or plastered mud-stick houses. Two-thirds of seroreactive children in this area resided in unplastered mud-stick houses. Over 90% of the P. megistus infestations were found in mud-stick houses. Mud-brick houses had the lowest infestation rates of P. megistus and the lowest household rates of seroreactivity to T. cruzi.", "contents": "House construction, triatomine distribution, and household distribution of seroreactivity to Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural community in northeast Brazil. Household distribution of seroreactivity to Trypanosoma cruzi in inhabitants was analyzed in relation to house construction and the distribution of Panstrongylus megistus, the principal domestic vector of Chagas' disease in a rural area in northeast Brazil. No children residing in mud-brick houses were seroreactive to T. cruzi. The highest rates of seroreactivity occurred in residents of unplastered mud-stick houses, and were twice as high as those found in persons living in mud-brick houses or plastered mud-stick houses. Two-thirds of seroreactive children in this area resided in unplastered mud-stick houses. Over 90% of the P. megistus infestations were found in mud-stick houses. Mud-brick houses had the lowest infestation rates of P. megistus and the lowest household rates of seroreactivity to T. cruzi.", "PMID": 103445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5700", "title": "Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs and cats and household seroreactivity to T. cruzi in a rural community in northeast Brazil.", "content": "The prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia as determined by xenodiagnosis on domestic dogs and cats was correlated with household rates of seroreactivity to T. cruzi and household Panstrongylus megistus infestation in a rural area in northeast Brazil where P. megistus was the only domiciliary triatomine vector. T. cruzi infection was present in about 18% of domestic dogs and cats. Two-thirds of seroreactive children below age 10 resided in houses with T. cruzi-infected animals. In houses with a T. cruzi-infected dog or cat, as well as at least one infected P. megistus, the household rate of seroreactivity to T. cruzi was five times greater than in houses with non-infected domestic animals and no infected triatomine vectors. Domestic dogs and cats are important reservoirs of T. cruzi in an endemic area where P. megistus is the only domiciliary triatomine vector.", "contents": "Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs and cats and household seroreactivity to T. cruzi in a rural community in northeast Brazil. The prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia as determined by xenodiagnosis on domestic dogs and cats was correlated with household rates of seroreactivity to T. cruzi and household Panstrongylus megistus infestation in a rural area in northeast Brazil where P. megistus was the only domiciliary triatomine vector. T. cruzi infection was present in about 18% of domestic dogs and cats. Two-thirds of seroreactive children below age 10 resided in houses with T. cruzi-infected animals. In houses with a T. cruzi-infected dog or cat, as well as at least one infected P. megistus, the household rate of seroreactivity to T. cruzi was five times greater than in houses with non-infected domestic animals and no infected triatomine vectors. Domestic dogs and cats are important reservoirs of T. cruzi in an endemic area where P. megistus is the only domiciliary triatomine vector.", "PMID": 103446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5701", "title": "Studies of the coagulation system and blood pressure during experimental Bolivian hemorrhagic fever in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Experimental infection of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with Machupo virus produced a hemorrhagic disease similar to that of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever in humans. The disease in infected animals was also characterized by the development of hypotension and coagulation abnormalities as indicated by severe thrombocytopenia and prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time. Evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation was inconclusive due to the presence of normal to elevated fibrinogen levels, relatively low levels of circulating fibrin split products, and the lack of widespread fibrin thrombus deposition. The most likely causes of the hemorrhagic tendencies of this disease in infected monkeys were thrombocytopenia and decreased synthesis of coagulation and other plasma proteins due to severe hepatocellular necrosis. Hypotension may also have been due to decreased plasma protein synthesis.", "contents": "Studies of the coagulation system and blood pressure during experimental Bolivian hemorrhagic fever in rhesus monkeys. Experimental infection of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with Machupo virus produced a hemorrhagic disease similar to that of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever in humans. The disease in infected animals was also characterized by the development of hypotension and coagulation abnormalities as indicated by severe thrombocytopenia and prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time. Evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation was inconclusive due to the presence of normal to elevated fibrinogen levels, relatively low levels of circulating fibrin split products, and the lack of widespread fibrin thrombus deposition. The most likely causes of the hemorrhagic tendencies of this disease in infected monkeys were thrombocytopenia and decreased synthesis of coagulation and other plasma proteins due to severe hepatocellular necrosis. Hypotension may also have been due to decreased plasma protein synthesis.", "PMID": 103447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5702", "title": "Distribution and prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from South Carolina, with an epidemiological survey of persons bitten by infected ticks.", "content": "Live ticks removed from human hosts were tested for the presence of spotted fever group rickettsiae from 1974 through 1976. Spotted fever group rickettsiae were detected in Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, and Ixodes scapularis. Persons from whom positive ticks were removed in 1974 and 1975 were questioned about ensuing illness. Eleven of 51 persons from whom rickettsia-positive D. variabilis were removed reported some unexplained combination of symptoms compatible with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Persons with positive ticks other than D. variabilis reported no illness in the 2 weeks following exposure. D. variabilis from the Coastal Plain of South Carolina have a higher percentage of infection than those from the Piedmont region. Conversely, most reported human cases of spotted fever are from the Piedmont.", "contents": "Distribution and prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from South Carolina, with an epidemiological survey of persons bitten by infected ticks. Live ticks removed from human hosts were tested for the presence of spotted fever group rickettsiae from 1974 through 1976. Spotted fever group rickettsiae were detected in Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, and Ixodes scapularis. Persons from whom positive ticks were removed in 1974 and 1975 were questioned about ensuing illness. Eleven of 51 persons from whom rickettsia-positive D. variabilis were removed reported some unexplained combination of symptoms compatible with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Persons with positive ticks other than D. variabilis reported no illness in the 2 weeks following exposure. D. variabilis from the Coastal Plain of South Carolina have a higher percentage of infection than those from the Piedmont region. Conversely, most reported human cases of spotted fever are from the Piedmont.", "PMID": 103448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5703", "title": "Identification and antigenic typing of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in naturally infected chiggers (Acarina: Trombiculidae) by direct immunofluorescence.", "content": "Rickettsia tsutsugamushi organisms were detected and typed antigenically by direct immunofluorescence in mites from laboratory-maintained infected colonies of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) fletcheri and L. (L.) arenicola. Rickettsiae were identified most readily in unengorged larvae, but were also discernable in engorged larvae and all post-larval stages of the vectors.", "contents": "Identification and antigenic typing of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in naturally infected chiggers (Acarina: Trombiculidae) by direct immunofluorescence. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi organisms were detected and typed antigenically by direct immunofluorescence in mites from laboratory-maintained infected colonies of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) fletcheri and L. (L.) arenicola. Rickettsiae were identified most readily in unengorged larvae, but were also discernable in engorged larvae and all post-larval stages of the vectors.", "PMID": 103449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5704", "title": "Partial protection of Plasmodium falciparum-vaccinated Aotus trivirgatus against a challenge of a heterologous strain.", "content": "Two Aotus trivirgatus griseimenbra monkeys which had been immunized with the merozoite-enriched FUP strain of Plasmodium falciparum were protected against a primary challenge with the homologous strain. The results described here show that these two monkeys were protected against a subsequent challenge with a heterologous strain (FVO) of P. falciparum. The unimmunized control monkey died of FVO infection by day 18.", "contents": "Partial protection of Plasmodium falciparum-vaccinated Aotus trivirgatus against a challenge of a heterologous strain. Two Aotus trivirgatus griseimenbra monkeys which had been immunized with the merozoite-enriched FUP strain of Plasmodium falciparum were protected against a primary challenge with the homologous strain. The results described here show that these two monkeys were protected against a subsequent challenge with a heterologous strain (FVO) of P. falciparum. The unimmunized control monkey died of FVO infection by day 18.", "PMID": 103450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5705", "title": "Cost-effectiveness of operative cholangiography.", "content": "(1) Three hundred seventy-seven of 1,616 patients undergoing cholecystectomy between January 1, 1971 and December 31, 1975 had intraoperative cholangiograms and form the basis for this study. (2) The cholangiograms of thirty-seven patients were interpreted as positive for ductal disease, but only twenty-three had confirmed disease on common bile duct exploration. The average false-positive rate was 38 per cent per year. (3) One hundred nine patients had cholangiograms because of small stones in the gallbladder, and only one study was true-positive. (4) One hundred nineteen patients had cholangiograms without any clinical indication for the study. Only one was true-positive for intraductal disease. (5) Operative cholangiograms done routinely or for multiple small stones rarely reveal intraductal disease (2 of 228, or 0.9 per cent). (6) Of 149 cholangiograms in patients with clinical indications other than multiple small stones, twenty-one of twenty-six positive cholangiograms were true-positive, for an 81 per cent accuracy. (7) Operative time was prolonged an average of 31 minutes when cholangiography was performed. (8) The 377 cholangiograms cost $21,866. Of the 228 studies done routinely or for only multiple small stones, two were positive, for a cost of $6,612 per positive examination. (9) Therefore, to be cost-effective, the use of intraoperative cholangiography is indicated only when standard criteria for ductal exploration, with the exception of the presence of small calculi, are present.", "contents": "Cost-effectiveness of operative cholangiography. (1) Three hundred seventy-seven of 1,616 patients undergoing cholecystectomy between January 1, 1971 and December 31, 1975 had intraoperative cholangiograms and form the basis for this study. (2) The cholangiograms of thirty-seven patients were interpreted as positive for ductal disease, but only twenty-three had confirmed disease on common bile duct exploration. The average false-positive rate was 38 per cent per year. (3) One hundred nine patients had cholangiograms because of small stones in the gallbladder, and only one study was true-positive. (4) One hundred nineteen patients had cholangiograms without any clinical indication for the study. Only one was true-positive for intraductal disease. (5) Operative cholangiograms done routinely or for multiple small stones rarely reveal intraductal disease (2 of 228, or 0.9 per cent). (6) Of 149 cholangiograms in patients with clinical indications other than multiple small stones, twenty-one of twenty-six positive cholangiograms were true-positive, for an 81 per cent accuracy. (7) Operative time was prolonged an average of 31 minutes when cholangiography was performed. (8) The 377 cholangiograms cost $21,866. Of the 228 studies done routinely or for only multiple small stones, two were positive, for a cost of $6,612 per positive examination. (9) Therefore, to be cost-effective, the use of intraoperative cholangiography is indicated only when standard criteria for ductal exploration, with the exception of the presence of small calculi, are present.", "PMID": 103451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5706", "title": "Electromotor feeding responses of primate ileum and colon.", "content": "Serosal bipolar electrodes to record spike discharges and strain gauge force transducers to record circular muscle contractions were placed in pairs on the terminal ileum, cecum, right colon at the ileocecal valve, ascending colon, and proximal transverse colon of sixteen primates. After an overnight fast, electromotor responses to continued fasting or to ingestion of a meal (randomized order) were recorded in awake animals. Feeding led to increased spike discharges and increased frequency of muscle contractions at all sites. The onset of these responses usually was within 6 minutes after feeding; the responses increased progressively during 30 to 45 minutes and then remained more or less at a constant plateau of increased activity. Atropine completely blocked the postcibal responses of ileum and proximal colon for up to 30 minutes. Transit time data of labeled meals excluded direct stimulation by a food bolus as the mechanism of the observed postcibal colonic response. The pattern of response was consistent with humoral mediation.", "contents": "Electromotor feeding responses of primate ileum and colon. Serosal bipolar electrodes to record spike discharges and strain gauge force transducers to record circular muscle contractions were placed in pairs on the terminal ileum, cecum, right colon at the ileocecal valve, ascending colon, and proximal transverse colon of sixteen primates. After an overnight fast, electromotor responses to continued fasting or to ingestion of a meal (randomized order) were recorded in awake animals. Feeding led to increased spike discharges and increased frequency of muscle contractions at all sites. The onset of these responses usually was within 6 minutes after feeding; the responses increased progressively during 30 to 45 minutes and then remained more or less at a constant plateau of increased activity. Atropine completely blocked the postcibal responses of ileum and proximal colon for up to 30 minutes. Transit time data of labeled meals excluded direct stimulation by a food bolus as the mechanism of the observed postcibal colonic response. The pattern of response was consistent with humoral mediation.", "PMID": 103452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5707", "title": "Corneal nerve access in monkeys.", "content": "Electron microscopical examination of corneal nerves in rhesus and cynomolgous monkeys revealed that limbal, subepithelial nerves gained direct access to the corneal epithelium. Epithelial axons occurred singly and infrequently and they were confined to the basal layer of cells. All nerves of the stroma terminated within the layer and rami perforans were not found. The apparent barrier to nerve passage presented by Bowman's layer in monkeys was discussed in relation to primates in general. The isolation of stromal and epithelial nerve fibres confirms that terminals occur in both layers and their respective potential for excitation was briefly discussed.", "contents": "Corneal nerve access in monkeys. Electron microscopical examination of corneal nerves in rhesus and cynomolgous monkeys revealed that limbal, subepithelial nerves gained direct access to the corneal epithelium. Epithelial axons occurred singly and infrequently and they were confined to the basal layer of cells. All nerves of the stroma terminated within the layer and rami perforans were not found. The apparent barrier to nerve passage presented by Bowman's layer in monkeys was discussed in relation to primates in general. The isolation of stromal and epithelial nerve fibres confirms that terminals occur in both layers and their respective potential for excitation was briefly discussed.", "PMID": 103455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5708", "title": "Associations between the cells of the walls of Schlemm's canal.", "content": "The associations between the cells of the corneoscleral and trabecular walls of Schlemm's canal from the three primate species human, baboon and rhesus monkeys were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Small gap junctions and occluding junctions modify the lateral borders between the canalicular endothelial cells. The endothelial monolayer on the corneoscleral aspect of Schlemm's canal is separated from several layers of fibrobasts by a continuous basement membrane. The fibroblasts are embedded in a dense collagenous matrix and at the regions of cellular association, modifications are restricted to simple maculae adhaerentes. The endothelial monolayer on the trabecular aspect of Schlemm's canal does not have a continuous basement membrane but maintains its association with the underlying endothelial meshwork by means of process connections. In the endothelial meshwork, the native meshwork cells link with each other by gap junctions and maculae adhaerentes.", "contents": "Associations between the cells of the walls of Schlemm's canal. The associations between the cells of the corneoscleral and trabecular walls of Schlemm's canal from the three primate species human, baboon and rhesus monkeys were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Small gap junctions and occluding junctions modify the lateral borders between the canalicular endothelial cells. The endothelial monolayer on the corneoscleral aspect of Schlemm's canal is separated from several layers of fibrobasts by a continuous basement membrane. The fibroblasts are embedded in a dense collagenous matrix and at the regions of cellular association, modifications are restricted to simple maculae adhaerentes. The endothelial monolayer on the trabecular aspect of Schlemm's canal does not have a continuous basement membrane but maintains its association with the underlying endothelial meshwork by means of process connections. In the endothelial meshwork, the native meshwork cells link with each other by gap junctions and maculae adhaerentes.", "PMID": 103456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5709", "title": "Development of Dickie's small eye, a mutation in the house mouse.", "content": "A new semidominant mutation in the laboratory mouse, Dickie's small eye (Dey), is described. It is localized on chromosome 2. Heterozygotes show reduced body size, small eyes with coloboma, small or lacking lens with cataract, abnormal folding of the retina and reduction of the pigment layer. The anterior chamber is usually missing. Homozygotes apparently die early in pregnancy.", "contents": "Development of Dickie's small eye, a mutation in the house mouse. A new semidominant mutation in the laboratory mouse, Dickie's small eye (Dey), is described. It is localized on chromosome 2. Heterozygotes show reduced body size, small eyes with coloboma, small or lacking lens with cataract, abnormal folding of the retina and reduction of the pigment layer. The anterior chamber is usually missing. Homozygotes apparently die early in pregnancy.", "PMID": 103464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5710", "title": "Double-blind trial of oral papaverine in chronic cerebrovascular ischemia.", "content": "A preliminary analysis of the effect of long-term therapy with oral papaverine has been made in 11 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia due to cerebral arteriosclerosis. The cases were classified as remote cerebral infarction (6 patients) or vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency (5 patients). The patients received 225 mg or 450 mg daily, assigned in a double-blind manner. Most showed clinical improvement and improvement on the EEG. There was a statistically significant increase in regional cerebral blood flow in the vertebrobasilar arterial distribution, including the brain stem and cerebellar and posterior cerebral regions, particularly in the right hemisphere. Evidence appears to indicate that zones of severe remote cerebral infarction are refractory to pharmacologically induced vasodilation.", "contents": "Double-blind trial of oral papaverine in chronic cerebrovascular ischemia. A preliminary analysis of the effect of long-term therapy with oral papaverine has been made in 11 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia due to cerebral arteriosclerosis. The cases were classified as remote cerebral infarction (6 patients) or vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency (5 patients). The patients received 225 mg or 450 mg daily, assigned in a double-blind manner. Most showed clinical improvement and improvement on the EEG. There was a statistically significant increase in regional cerebral blood flow in the vertebrobasilar arterial distribution, including the brain stem and cerebellar and posterior cerebral regions, particularly in the right hemisphere. Evidence appears to indicate that zones of severe remote cerebral infarction are refractory to pharmacologically induced vasodilation.", "PMID": 103467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5711", "title": "Comparisons among HC 20-211 (Ketotifen), clemastine, DSCG and beclomethasone dipropionate in nasal challenge.", "content": "Nasal challenge tests were used to compare the protective effect of pre-treatment with HC 20-511 (Ketotifen), a new antiallergic compound, clemastine, DSCG and beclomethasone dipropionate in 14 patients with hay fever. HC 20-511 and clemastine were tested in a double-blind fashion and DSCG and beclomethasone openly. Most of the patients experienced an intense nasal reaction when challenged with pollens without pre-treatment. The intensity of nasal reactions was determined by subjective symptoms, clinical findings and nasal peak expiratory flow values. All the drugs tested relieved the symptoms and signs induced by pollens in nasal challenge tests. This tendency was not, however, statistically significant for any of the drugs. When using the changes in nasal expiratory flow rate as a criterion of protectiveness, the differences among the compounds tested were also slight. HC 20-511 seems to be a promising antiallergic agent. However, long term clinical trials still are needed to establish its efficacy in various allergic disorders.", "contents": "Comparisons among HC 20-211 (Ketotifen), clemastine, DSCG and beclomethasone dipropionate in nasal challenge. Nasal challenge tests were used to compare the protective effect of pre-treatment with HC 20-511 (Ketotifen), a new antiallergic compound, clemastine, DSCG and beclomethasone dipropionate in 14 patients with hay fever. HC 20-511 and clemastine were tested in a double-blind fashion and DSCG and beclomethasone openly. Most of the patients experienced an intense nasal reaction when challenged with pollens without pre-treatment. The intensity of nasal reactions was determined by subjective symptoms, clinical findings and nasal peak expiratory flow values. All the drugs tested relieved the symptoms and signs induced by pollens in nasal challenge tests. This tendency was not, however, statistically significant for any of the drugs. When using the changes in nasal expiratory flow rate as a criterion of protectiveness, the differences among the compounds tested were also slight. HC 20-511 seems to be a promising antiallergic agent. However, long term clinical trials still are needed to establish its efficacy in various allergic disorders.", "PMID": 103469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5712", "title": "Cell-mediated immune response after Brucella abortus S19 vaccination.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity to Brucella abortus S19 vaccine was measured in young heifers by the microassay for stimulation of protein synthesis (SPS) with [3H]leucine and the skin test for delayed hypersensitivity. Brucella melitensis protein allergen and a crude B abortus S19-soluble antigen were compared in the SPS test. The SPS test was negative in 5 unvaccinated heifers and strongly positive in 3 twice-vaccinated steers. However, the SPS test was positive only in 13 of 30 S19-vaccinated heifers and the delayed hypersensitivity in 9 of 29 S19-vaccinated heifers. The 2 tests gave good agreement. Vaccination-induced residual antibody titers were partly correlated with the outcome of the tests used to measure cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune response after Brucella abortus S19 vaccination. Cell-mediated immunity to Brucella abortus S19 vaccine was measured in young heifers by the microassay for stimulation of protein synthesis (SPS) with [3H]leucine and the skin test for delayed hypersensitivity. Brucella melitensis protein allergen and a crude B abortus S19-soluble antigen were compared in the SPS test. The SPS test was negative in 5 unvaccinated heifers and strongly positive in 3 twice-vaccinated steers. However, the SPS test was positive only in 13 of 30 S19-vaccinated heifers and the delayed hypersensitivity in 9 of 29 S19-vaccinated heifers. The 2 tests gave good agreement. Vaccination-induced residual antibody titers were partly correlated with the outcome of the tests used to measure cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 103470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5713", "title": "Light and electron microscopic study of the livers of pregnant mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "Listeria monocytogenes cells were observed in the hepatic cell cytoplasm or in the phagosome at 24 and 48 hours but not at 72 hours after inoculation in pregnant mice. The presence of bacteria initially in a membrane-bound vesicle indicates that the bacteria enter the hepatic cells by endocytosis, resulting in eventual destruction of hepatic cells. Characteristic lesions of the liver at 24 and 48 hours after inoculation consist of multiple focal areas of necrosis. The initial neutrophilic reaction seems to give way to a mononuclear reaction (listeriomas) at 72 hours after inoculation. Dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and release of many of the bound ribosomes with a relative increase in the number of free ribosomes was observed. Hepatic lesions were not observed in control (nonpregnant) mice.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic study of the livers of pregnant mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria monocytogenes cells were observed in the hepatic cell cytoplasm or in the phagosome at 24 and 48 hours but not at 72 hours after inoculation in pregnant mice. The presence of bacteria initially in a membrane-bound vesicle indicates that the bacteria enter the hepatic cells by endocytosis, resulting in eventual destruction of hepatic cells. Characteristic lesions of the liver at 24 and 48 hours after inoculation consist of multiple focal areas of necrosis. The initial neutrophilic reaction seems to give way to a mononuclear reaction (listeriomas) at 72 hours after inoculation. Dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and release of many of the bound ribosomes with a relative increase in the number of free ribosomes was observed. Hepatic lesions were not observed in control (nonpregnant) mice.", "PMID": 103471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5714", "title": "[Salmonellosis in children. II: management and follow-up (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical records of 185 cases of Salmonellosis have been reviewed retrospectively, in order to study a relation between the evolution and the treatment given, so as to be able to determine the therapeutic criteria. 139 cases showed as gastroenteritis, 48 of which received antibiotic treatment and 91 did not. Statistic differences were observed in favour of the non treated cases where, the average time of hospitalization, the negative copro-cultive and the onset of complications were more favourable. All the cases with Tipho-Paratific fever were treated with antibiotics without finding any significant differences in the clinical evolution not withstanding the antibiotic used. The data here obtained is compared with that previously reported. According to the results a treatment planning is suggested.", "contents": "[Salmonellosis in children. II: management and follow-up (author's transl)]. The clinical records of 185 cases of Salmonellosis have been reviewed retrospectively, in order to study a relation between the evolution and the treatment given, so as to be able to determine the therapeutic criteria. 139 cases showed as gastroenteritis, 48 of which received antibiotic treatment and 91 did not. Statistic differences were observed in favour of the non treated cases where, the average time of hospitalization, the negative copro-cultive and the onset of complications were more favourable. All the cases with Tipho-Paratific fever were treated with antibiotics without finding any significant differences in the clinical evolution not withstanding the antibiotic used. The data here obtained is compared with that previously reported. According to the results a treatment planning is suggested.", "PMID": 103473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5715", "title": "Multiple systemic and periocular malformations associated with the fetal hydantoin syndrome.", "content": "Anticonvulsants remain necessary during pregnancy and the removal of such drugs is not recommended. However, on the available evidence, the physician may expect an increased risk of malformation including eye abnormalities as has been outlined. The abnormalities include growth deficiencies and delayed motor/mental development together with dysmorphic features, the most common of which seems to be cleft lip/cleft palate. Additionally, many of these children suffer from eye abnormalities including hypertelorism, ptosis, strabismus, epicanthal folds, and in this case abnormalities of the lacrimal apparatus.", "contents": "Multiple systemic and periocular malformations associated with the fetal hydantoin syndrome. Anticonvulsants remain necessary during pregnancy and the removal of such drugs is not recommended. However, on the available evidence, the physician may expect an increased risk of malformation including eye abnormalities as has been outlined. The abnormalities include growth deficiencies and delayed motor/mental development together with dysmorphic features, the most common of which seems to be cleft lip/cleft palate. Additionally, many of these children suffer from eye abnormalities including hypertelorism, ptosis, strabismus, epicanthal folds, and in this case abnormalities of the lacrimal apparatus.", "PMID": 103474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5716", "title": "Solitary plasmacytoma of the larynx and upper trachea associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Solitary plasmacytoma rarely involves the larynx and trachea. This tumor caused severe laryngeal and tracheal obstruction in an adolescent female with systemic lupus erythematosus of nine years' duration. Her systemic disease had been in remission at the time she developed symptoms of laryngeal and tracheal obstruction by plasmacytoma invasion. A complete survey failed to reveal any other focus of tumor. Because steroid therapy failed to clear the plasma cell infiltrate, she was treated with irradiation after the tumor was surgically debulked endoscopically. Postirradiation biopsy showed no evidence of tumor, but the patient continued to experience moderate airway obstruction from fibrosis in the irradiated trachea. The patient has been followed, and is free of disease nine years after establishing the diagnosis.", "contents": "Solitary plasmacytoma of the larynx and upper trachea associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Solitary plasmacytoma rarely involves the larynx and trachea. This tumor caused severe laryngeal and tracheal obstruction in an adolescent female with systemic lupus erythematosus of nine years' duration. Her systemic disease had been in remission at the time she developed symptoms of laryngeal and tracheal obstruction by plasmacytoma invasion. A complete survey failed to reveal any other focus of tumor. Because steroid therapy failed to clear the plasma cell infiltrate, she was treated with irradiation after the tumor was surgically debulked endoscopically. Postirradiation biopsy showed no evidence of tumor, but the patient continued to experience moderate airway obstruction from fibrosis in the irradiated trachea. The patient has been followed, and is free of disease nine years after establishing the diagnosis.", "PMID": 103475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5717", "title": "Wegener's granulomatosis causing laryngeal and tracheobronchial obstruction in an adolescent girl.", "content": "A 12-year-old girl presenting with a painful neck mass and ulcerated gingival lesions was found to have Wegener's granulomatosis involving the gingivae, paranasal sinuses, ears, mastoids, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs, kidneys and joints. The initial illness and two subsequent exacerbations were treated with intravenous and oral cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Secondary infections have been managed with establishment of good drainage and use of appropriate antibiotics. The patient is well with a normal sedimentation rate 4 1/2 years after the onset of her disease.", "contents": "Wegener's granulomatosis causing laryngeal and tracheobronchial obstruction in an adolescent girl. A 12-year-old girl presenting with a painful neck mass and ulcerated gingival lesions was found to have Wegener's granulomatosis involving the gingivae, paranasal sinuses, ears, mastoids, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs, kidneys and joints. The initial illness and two subsequent exacerbations were treated with intravenous and oral cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Secondary infections have been managed with establishment of good drainage and use of appropriate antibiotics. The patient is well with a normal sedimentation rate 4 1/2 years after the onset of her disease.", "PMID": 103476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5718", "title": "Primary lymphosarcoma of the larynx in a child.", "content": "A 4 7/12-year-old Caucasian female with a history of \"croup-like symptoms\" and persistent airway obstruction, was found to have a primary lymphosarcoma by biopsy at the time of laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy. No metastatic disease was found. After an induction course of vincristine, prednisone and local irradiation, she received CNS prophylaxis with intrathecal methotrexate and cranial irradiation. Maintenance therapy, administered over a 2 3/4 year period, consisted of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 6-mercaptopurine. Excluding the diagnostic evaluation, she was hospitalized only once for the management of suspected sepsis, gastrointestinal ulceration and severe bone marrow depression. Since discontinuing treatment 27 months ago, she has remained free of disease.", "contents": "Primary lymphosarcoma of the larynx in a child. A 4 7/12-year-old Caucasian female with a history of \"croup-like symptoms\" and persistent airway obstruction, was found to have a primary lymphosarcoma by biopsy at the time of laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy. No metastatic disease was found. After an induction course of vincristine, prednisone and local irradiation, she received CNS prophylaxis with intrathecal methotrexate and cranial irradiation. Maintenance therapy, administered over a 2 3/4 year period, consisted of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 6-mercaptopurine. Excluding the diagnostic evaluation, she was hospitalized only once for the management of suspected sepsis, gastrointestinal ulceration and severe bone marrow depression. Since discontinuing treatment 27 months ago, she has remained free of disease.", "PMID": 103477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5719", "title": "Epidermolysis bullosa associated with laryngeal stenosis.", "content": "A boy with epidermolysis bullosa developed progressive laryngeal obstruction after age six months, with tracheotomy necessary at age three years. By eight years, the larynx was completely occluded by web and scar. Stenosis recurred repeatedly over the next seven years, three to six months after each corrective procedure, but laryngeal patency has been better-maintained since age 15. Laryngeal stenosis, presumably secondary to epithelial detachment, although a rare complication of epidermolysis bullosa, can be serious and life-threatening.", "contents": "Epidermolysis bullosa associated with laryngeal stenosis. A boy with epidermolysis bullosa developed progressive laryngeal obstruction after age six months, with tracheotomy necessary at age three years. By eight years, the larynx was completely occluded by web and scar. Stenosis recurred repeatedly over the next seven years, three to six months after each corrective procedure, but laryngeal patency has been better-maintained since age 15. Laryngeal stenosis, presumably secondary to epithelial detachment, although a rare complication of epidermolysis bullosa, can be serious and life-threatening.", "PMID": 103478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5720", "title": "Differential craniofacial skeletal changes after postnatal experimental surgery in young and adult animals.", "content": "To find answers to the many questions about abnormal postnatal growth and change of the craniofacial skeleton, a series of surgical experiments was carried out in both young and adult animals. The purpose of this review is to relate this information to basic ideas about bone change and some local factors which may or may not affect skeletal changes. No gross regional deformity was noted after resection of sutures in young animals. The growth of bone at sutures was secondary or compensatory to other factors. In young animals, increase in size of the nasal or orbital cavities decelerated considerably after resection of either nasal septum or orbital tissues. With an increase in volume of orbital contents, orbital volume increased. These prominent gross changes in young animals were not noted in adult animals after resection of nasal septum, enucleation of the eye, or intrabulbar injection of silicone. After unilateral resection of the mandibular condyle in both young and adult monkeys, an extreme unilateral facial skeletal deformity developed. The important factor apparently was loss of integrity of the temporomandibular joint rather than loss of a growth site. The craniofacial skeleton, a three-dimensional mosaic of bones and cavities, develops as a result of the synchronous coordination of the differential activities at various sites. The dynamics of the growth and change are a fascinating, complex, incomplete chapter of biology. An understanding of factors that may or may not influence the craniofacial skeleton in both young and adult animals can aid diagnosis and surgical treatment.", "contents": "Differential craniofacial skeletal changes after postnatal experimental surgery in young and adult animals. To find answers to the many questions about abnormal postnatal growth and change of the craniofacial skeleton, a series of surgical experiments was carried out in both young and adult animals. The purpose of this review is to relate this information to basic ideas about bone change and some local factors which may or may not affect skeletal changes. No gross regional deformity was noted after resection of sutures in young animals. The growth of bone at sutures was secondary or compensatory to other factors. In young animals, increase in size of the nasal or orbital cavities decelerated considerably after resection of either nasal septum or orbital tissues. With an increase in volume of orbital contents, orbital volume increased. These prominent gross changes in young animals were not noted in adult animals after resection of nasal septum, enucleation of the eye, or intrabulbar injection of silicone. After unilateral resection of the mandibular condyle in both young and adult monkeys, an extreme unilateral facial skeletal deformity developed. The important factor apparently was loss of integrity of the temporomandibular joint rather than loss of a growth site. The craniofacial skeleton, a three-dimensional mosaic of bones and cavities, develops as a result of the synchronous coordination of the differential activities at various sites. The dynamics of the growth and change are a fascinating, complex, incomplete chapter of biology. An understanding of factors that may or may not influence the craniofacial skeleton in both young and adult animals can aid diagnosis and surgical treatment.", "PMID": 103482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5721", "title": "Neurofibroma of the larynx in a child.", "content": "Laryngeal obstruction due to neurofibromatosis in a girl with von Recklinghausen's disease first occurred in the neonatal period, and recurred by age seven years. She has done well for four years following laryngofissure surgery. Pharyngeal and laryngeal neurofibromatosis are rare manifestations of von Recklinghausen's disease. The dominant hereditary pattern of this disease requires that the condition be considered when respiratory distress occurs in the child of an affected parent, whether or not skin tumors or other features are present.", "contents": "Neurofibroma of the larynx in a child. Laryngeal obstruction due to neurofibromatosis in a girl with von Recklinghausen's disease first occurred in the neonatal period, and recurred by age seven years. She has done well for four years following laryngofissure surgery. Pharyngeal and laryngeal neurofibromatosis are rare manifestations of von Recklinghausen's disease. The dominant hereditary pattern of this disease requires that the condition be considered when respiratory distress occurs in the child of an affected parent, whether or not skin tumors or other features are present.", "PMID": 103479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5722", "title": "Distribution of cerebral blood flow in the dominant hemisphere during motor ideation and motor performance.", "content": "Distribution of activity in the dominant (left) hemisphere was studied with a multidetector instrument during diagnostic measurements of regional cerebral blood flow in 6 patients, 4 of them neurologically normal. Computercalculated charts, in color, of the flow/activity distribution--\"cerebral ideograms\"-- were obtained in three situations: at rest, during motor ideation (attempts to conceive of rhythmic clenching movements of the right hand), and during actual movements of the right hand. Motor ideation changed the normal \"hyperfrontal\" resting flow distribution, and an increase of the hemisphere mean flow was recorded. The increase was especially marked in frontal and temporal structures. This pattern differed from the one during actual hand movements, when a rolandic flow increase was seen. The result suggests that centers for motor ideation have a different cerebral location than those which control the actual hand movement.", "contents": "Distribution of cerebral blood flow in the dominant hemisphere during motor ideation and motor performance. Distribution of activity in the dominant (left) hemisphere was studied with a multidetector instrument during diagnostic measurements of regional cerebral blood flow in 6 patients, 4 of them neurologically normal. Computercalculated charts, in color, of the flow/activity distribution--\"cerebral ideograms\"-- were obtained in three situations: at rest, during motor ideation (attempts to conceive of rhythmic clenching movements of the right hand), and during actual movements of the right hand. Motor ideation changed the normal \"hyperfrontal\" resting flow distribution, and an increase of the hemisphere mean flow was recorded. The increase was especially marked in frontal and temporal structures. This pattern differed from the one during actual hand movements, when a rolandic flow increase was seen. The result suggests that centers for motor ideation have a different cerebral location than those which control the actual hand movement.", "PMID": 103483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5723", "title": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a child with acute lymphatic leukemia in remission.", "content": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, a tumor-like process of unknown etiology, produced progressively destructive disease of the larynx, trachea and bronchi in an eight-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia of five years duration. The leukemia had been in remission for 4 1/2 years at the clinical onset of the lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Whether this occurrence suggests that lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a type of neoplasm, or is associated with immunologic depression, cannot be stated. Fortunately rare, and of poor prognosis, the disorder may become more frequent with improved survival rate of patients with leukemia and other neoplasms.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a child with acute lymphatic leukemia in remission. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, a tumor-like process of unknown etiology, produced progressively destructive disease of the larynx, trachea and bronchi in an eight-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia of five years duration. The leukemia had been in remission for 4 1/2 years at the clinical onset of the lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Whether this occurrence suggests that lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a type of neoplasm, or is associated with immunologic depression, cannot be stated. Fortunately rare, and of poor prognosis, the disorder may become more frequent with improved survival rate of patients with leukemia and other neoplasms.", "PMID": 103480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5724", "title": "A divided mind: observations on the conscious properties of the separated hemispheres.", "content": "Each cerebral hemisphere in Patient O.S., a callosum-sectioned patient, appears to possess mental properties deserving of conscious status. The observations seem to answer many questions concerning the issue of whether the mechanisms of consciousness can be split and doubled by split-brain surgery. As P.S. is the first split-brain patient clearly to possess double conscious processes as well as the first with extensive bilateral linguistic skills, the observations suggest that the special nature of human conscious experience is closely tied to linguistic processes.", "contents": "A divided mind: observations on the conscious properties of the separated hemispheres. Each cerebral hemisphere in Patient O.S., a callosum-sectioned patient, appears to possess mental properties deserving of conscious status. The observations seem to answer many questions concerning the issue of whether the mechanisms of consciousness can be split and doubled by split-brain surgery. As P.S. is the first split-brain patient clearly to possess double conscious processes as well as the first with extensive bilateral linguistic skills, the observations suggest that the special nature of human conscious experience is closely tied to linguistic processes.", "PMID": 103484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5725", "title": "Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol [Suppl].", "content": "Mandibular replacement subsequent to major extirpative head and neck surgery is predisposed to complications in the best of hands. The most suitable prosthesis appears to be the previously resected mandible, both from the standpoint of antigenicity and configuration. This study establishes that in the canine mandible a healthy, revitalized osseous network is reestablished subsequent to resection, freezing and replacement of the mandibular body when the graft is immobilized. The neoosteogenesis is borne out by in vivo (technetium 99, methylene diphosphonate scanning) and histopathological (tetracycline fluorescence and polarizing microscopy) studies. This early work in the canine suggests the potential for application in the human when the procedure is further refined and perfected.", "contents": "Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol [Suppl]. Mandibular replacement subsequent to major extirpative head and neck surgery is predisposed to complications in the best of hands. The most suitable prosthesis appears to be the previously resected mandible, both from the standpoint of antigenicity and configuration. This study establishes that in the canine mandible a healthy, revitalized osseous network is reestablished subsequent to resection, freezing and replacement of the mandibular body when the graft is immobilized. The neoosteogenesis is borne out by in vivo (technetium 99, methylene diphosphonate scanning) and histopathological (tetracycline fluorescence and polarizing microscopy) studies. This early work in the canine suggests the potential for application in the human when the procedure is further refined and perfected.", "PMID": 103481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5726", "title": "Multiple sclerosis: diagnostic usefulness of cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Early, atypical, or progressive cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) may be hard to diagnose. Until recently, assays of the most common abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid were not available in clinical diagnostic laboratories, but now they can be done with relative ease and adequate standardization. With the newer techniques the CSF is abnormal in more than 90% of clinically definite cases of MS, and determination of such changes can be a major aid in diagnosis. The most common CSF abnormalities are discussed: elevation of immunoglobulin G(IgG), expressed as percentage of total protein; elevation of the IgG/albumin index; and presence of oligoclonal IgG bands. Not only does assessment of these CSF proteins provide an improved aid to diagnosis, but their study may furnish important clues to the cause and pathogenesis of MS as well.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis: diagnostic usefulness of cerebrospinal fluid. Early, atypical, or progressive cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) may be hard to diagnose. Until recently, assays of the most common abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid were not available in clinical diagnostic laboratories, but now they can be done with relative ease and adequate standardization. With the newer techniques the CSF is abnormal in more than 90% of clinically definite cases of MS, and determination of such changes can be a major aid in diagnosis. The most common CSF abnormalities are discussed: elevation of immunoglobulin G(IgG), expressed as percentage of total protein; elevation of the IgG/albumin index; and presence of oligoclonal IgG bands. Not only does assessment of these CSF proteins provide an improved aid to diagnosis, but their study may furnish important clues to the cause and pathogenesis of MS as well.", "PMID": 103485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5727", "title": "Juvenile neuroaxonal dystrophy: clinical, electrophysiological, and neuropathological features.", "content": "We describe 2 brothers with progressive myoclonus epilepsy that began in the second decade and was associated with cerebellar ataxia and intellectual deterioration. Electroencephalographic and cerebral evoked potential studies showed findings associated with myoclonus epilepsy. Neuropathological examination of 1 of the brothers, who died at age 23 years, revealed widespread changes of neuroaxonal dystrophy without pigment deposition in the basal ganglia. We propose the term juvenile neuroaxonal dystrophy (JNAD) to distinguish this condition on clinical grounds from infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy on the one hand, and on clinical and pathological grounds from Hallervorden-Spatz disease on the other hand. JNAD, while exceedinly rare, must be considered in the differential diagnosis of the progressive myoclonus epilepsies.", "contents": "Juvenile neuroaxonal dystrophy: clinical, electrophysiological, and neuropathological features. We describe 2 brothers with progressive myoclonus epilepsy that began in the second decade and was associated with cerebellar ataxia and intellectual deterioration. Electroencephalographic and cerebral evoked potential studies showed findings associated with myoclonus epilepsy. Neuropathological examination of 1 of the brothers, who died at age 23 years, revealed widespread changes of neuroaxonal dystrophy without pigment deposition in the basal ganglia. We propose the term juvenile neuroaxonal dystrophy (JNAD) to distinguish this condition on clinical grounds from infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy on the one hand, and on clinical and pathological grounds from Hallervorden-Spatz disease on the other hand. JNAD, while exceedinly rare, must be considered in the differential diagnosis of the progressive myoclonus epilepsies.", "PMID": 103487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5728", "title": "Local cerebral glucose utilization in the normal conscious macaque monkey.", "content": "The [14C]deoxyglucose method for quantitative determination of local cerebral glucose utilization was extended to the macaque monkey. The necessary constants required by its operational equation were evaluated. The lumped constant, measured in 7 normal conscious monkeys, was found to equal 0.344 (SEM, +/- 0.036). The rate constants were also estimated and found to be very similar to those obtained previously in the rat. With these essential constants evaluated, the method was applied to normal conscious monkeys. Local cerebral glucose utilization was found to vary marked throughout the brain but to fall within two distributions, a higher one in gray matter and lower one in white matter. In general, the values fell in a range to be expected from previous measurements of average energy metabolism in the brain as a whole. The values were considerably lower than those observed previously in the conscious rat. Marked heterogeneity of rates of glucose utilization were observed in a number of anatomical structures. In some cases the patterns of heterogeneity were consistent with known histological cytoarchitecture; in others the heterogeneity did not conform with known cytoarchitectural features but corresponded to patterns previously demonstrated by electrophysiological techniques. Many of the regions of the cerebral cortex showed columnar patterns of distribution of higher and lower rates of glucose utilization. These may be a metabolic reflection of the columnar organization of function within the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Local cerebral glucose utilization in the normal conscious macaque monkey. The [14C]deoxyglucose method for quantitative determination of local cerebral glucose utilization was extended to the macaque monkey. The necessary constants required by its operational equation were evaluated. The lumped constant, measured in 7 normal conscious monkeys, was found to equal 0.344 (SEM, +/- 0.036). The rate constants were also estimated and found to be very similar to those obtained previously in the rat. With these essential constants evaluated, the method was applied to normal conscious monkeys. Local cerebral glucose utilization was found to vary marked throughout the brain but to fall within two distributions, a higher one in gray matter and lower one in white matter. In general, the values fell in a range to be expected from previous measurements of average energy metabolism in the brain as a whole. The values were considerably lower than those observed previously in the conscious rat. Marked heterogeneity of rates of glucose utilization were observed in a number of anatomical structures. In some cases the patterns of heterogeneity were consistent with known histological cytoarchitecture; in others the heterogeneity did not conform with known cytoarchitectural features but corresponded to patterns previously demonstrated by electrophysiological techniques. Many of the regions of the cerebral cortex showed columnar patterns of distribution of higher and lower rates of glucose utilization. These may be a metabolic reflection of the columnar organization of function within the cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 103488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5729", "title": "Recurrent seizures induced by cortical iron injection: a model of posttraumatic epilepsy.", "content": "A single injection of 5 or 10 microliters of ferrous or ferric chloride into rat or cat sensorimotor cortex resulted in chronic recurrent focal paroxysmal electroencephalographic discharges as well as behavioral convulsions and electrical seizures. Iron-filled macrophages, ferruginated neurons, and astroglical cells surrounded the focus of seizure discharge. Recurrent focal epileptiform discharges caused by cortical injection of iron salts suggests that the development of human posttraumatic epilepsy may depend, in part, on neurochemical alterations induced by the principal metallic ions found in whole blood.", "contents": "Recurrent seizures induced by cortical iron injection: a model of posttraumatic epilepsy. A single injection of 5 or 10 microliters of ferrous or ferric chloride into rat or cat sensorimotor cortex resulted in chronic recurrent focal paroxysmal electroencephalographic discharges as well as behavioral convulsions and electrical seizures. Iron-filled macrophages, ferruginated neurons, and astroglical cells surrounded the focus of seizure discharge. Recurrent focal epileptiform discharges caused by cortical injection of iron salts suggests that the development of human posttraumatic epilepsy may depend, in part, on neurochemical alterations induced by the principal metallic ions found in whole blood.", "PMID": 103489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5730", "title": "A serological study among two endogamous groups of chamars.", "content": "On a sample of n = 320 unrelated Kureel Chamars (Lucknow district) and n = 314 unrelated Jaiswar Chamars (Jaunpur district) ABO- and Rh(D)-typings have been carried out. The two Chamar groups occupy the lowest position in caste hierarchy. In this paper the question is examined, whether the geographical fission of the both Chamar groups, followed by isolation, has had genetical effects.", "contents": "A serological study among two endogamous groups of chamars. On a sample of n = 320 unrelated Kureel Chamars (Lucknow district) and n = 314 unrelated Jaiswar Chamars (Jaunpur district) ABO- and Rh(D)-typings have been carried out. The two Chamar groups occupy the lowest position in caste hierarchy. In this paper the question is examined, whether the geographical fission of the both Chamar groups, followed by isolation, has had genetical effects.", "PMID": 103490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5731", "title": "Susceptibility of the anaerobic bacteria, group D streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas to semisynthetic penicillins: carbenicillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin.", "content": "Sodium piperacillin T-1220, a new semisynthetic penicillin, was tested in vitro against 297 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria and 669 aerobic bacteria by the conventional agar dilution method and compared with carbenicillin and ticarcillin. At a 100-mug/ml concentration the three drugs showed comparable effectiveness against the anaerobes tested. However, at 20 mug/ml, piperacillin was the most effective drug against Bacteroides fragilis, peptostreptococci, and group D streptococci. At this drug concentration only 48% of the B. fragilis strains exhibited susceptibility to carbenicillin only, 64% exhibited susceptibility to ticarcillin but 90% exhibited susceptibility to piperacillin. Similar findings were observed with peptostreptococci and group D streptococci. On a weight basis piperacillin was statistically shown to be the most effective antibiotic of the three tested against these anaerobes. At 20 mug/ml, piperacillin exhibited a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) over carbenicillin and ticarcillin for Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas isolates, and Citrobacter diversus. At both 20- and 100-mug/ml concentrations, piperacillin appeared to be the most effective (calculated P < 0.01) upon Klebsiella species, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, and C. freundii in activity over ticarcillin and carbenicillin.", "contents": "Susceptibility of the anaerobic bacteria, group D streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas to semisynthetic penicillins: carbenicillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin. Sodium piperacillin T-1220, a new semisynthetic penicillin, was tested in vitro against 297 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria and 669 aerobic bacteria by the conventional agar dilution method and compared with carbenicillin and ticarcillin. At a 100-mug/ml concentration the three drugs showed comparable effectiveness against the anaerobes tested. However, at 20 mug/ml, piperacillin was the most effective drug against Bacteroides fragilis, peptostreptococci, and group D streptococci. At this drug concentration only 48% of the B. fragilis strains exhibited susceptibility to carbenicillin only, 64% exhibited susceptibility to ticarcillin but 90% exhibited susceptibility to piperacillin. Similar findings were observed with peptostreptococci and group D streptococci. On a weight basis piperacillin was statistically shown to be the most effective antibiotic of the three tested against these anaerobes. At 20 mug/ml, piperacillin exhibited a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) over carbenicillin and ticarcillin for Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas isolates, and Citrobacter diversus. At both 20- and 100-mug/ml concentrations, piperacillin appeared to be the most effective (calculated P < 0.01) upon Klebsiella species, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, and C. freundii in activity over ticarcillin and carbenicillin.", "PMID": 103491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5732", "title": "Antimalarial activities of WR-194,965, an alpha-amino-o-cresol derivative.", "content": "Pilot appraisals of the activities of WR-194,965 and WR-204,165, two closely related o-cresol derivatives (both Mannich bases), in owl monkeys infected with the multidrug-resistant Vietnam Smith strain of Plasmodium falciparum showed that these compounds had similar levels of efficacy. Total course doses effecting 90% cures (CD(90)s) were 27 and 37 mg/kg of body weight for the respective compounds, values almost identical to the CD(90) of mefloquine (a highly promising 4-quinolinemethanol) against infections with the same strain, and the CD(90)s of chloroquine against infections with 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strains. Expanded studies of the activities of WR-194,965 against infections with the Smith strain of P. falciparum and Vietnam Palo Alto strain of P. vivax, designed to guide projected evaluations in human volunteers, showed: (i) that the activity of this compound was a function of total dose administered, with single doses as effective as the same amount delivered in three or seven successive daily fractions; (ii) that all regimens effected rapid clearance of parasitemia; and (iii) that based on CD(90)s, this agent was twice as active against infections with the Palo Alto strain of P. vivax as against the Smith strain of P. falciparum. These findings, together with results of preclinical pharmacological studies pursued elsewhere, provided support for studies in human volunteers now underway.", "contents": "Antimalarial activities of WR-194,965, an alpha-amino-o-cresol derivative. Pilot appraisals of the activities of WR-194,965 and WR-204,165, two closely related o-cresol derivatives (both Mannich bases), in owl monkeys infected with the multidrug-resistant Vietnam Smith strain of Plasmodium falciparum showed that these compounds had similar levels of efficacy. Total course doses effecting 90% cures (CD(90)s) were 27 and 37 mg/kg of body weight for the respective compounds, values almost identical to the CD(90) of mefloquine (a highly promising 4-quinolinemethanol) against infections with the same strain, and the CD(90)s of chloroquine against infections with 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strains. Expanded studies of the activities of WR-194,965 against infections with the Smith strain of P. falciparum and Vietnam Palo Alto strain of P. vivax, designed to guide projected evaluations in human volunteers, showed: (i) that the activity of this compound was a function of total dose administered, with single doses as effective as the same amount delivered in three or seven successive daily fractions; (ii) that all regimens effected rapid clearance of parasitemia; and (iii) that based on CD(90)s, this agent was twice as active against infections with the Palo Alto strain of P. vivax as against the Smith strain of P. falciparum. These findings, together with results of preclinical pharmacological studies pursued elsewhere, provided support for studies in human volunteers now underway.", "PMID": 103492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5733", "title": "Antimalarial activities of the 4-quinolinemethanols WR-184,806 and WR-226,253.", "content": "WR-184,806 and WR-226,253, two 4-quinolinemethanols structurally similar to WR-142,490 (mefloquine), have been studied in depth in owl monkeys infected with various drug-resistant and drug-susceptible strains of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in an effort to provide support and guidance for projected evaluations in human volunteers. The results of these studies, confirmatory of preliminary appraisals, showed that WR-184,806 was approximately one-third as active as WR-142,490 against infections with a multidrug-resistant strain of P. falciparum, whereas WR-226,253 was twice as active. Additionally, the current studies showed: (i) that both WR-184,806 and WR-226,253 were significantly more active against infections with blood schizonts of P. vivax than against those of P. falciparum; (ii) that their activities against established infections with either Plasmodium species were functions of the total doses delivered, single doses being as effective as three or seven fractional doses given on successive days; (iii) that WR-184,806 could be administered intravenously as the phosphate salt and was curative via this route in single doses; and (iv) that based on comparative curative doses, WR-184,806 was slightly more active and WR-226,253 was seven times more active against infections with a multidrug-resistant strain of P. falciparum than was chloroquine against infections with a 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strain.", "contents": "Antimalarial activities of the 4-quinolinemethanols WR-184,806 and WR-226,253. WR-184,806 and WR-226,253, two 4-quinolinemethanols structurally similar to WR-142,490 (mefloquine), have been studied in depth in owl monkeys infected with various drug-resistant and drug-susceptible strains of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in an effort to provide support and guidance for projected evaluations in human volunteers. The results of these studies, confirmatory of preliminary appraisals, showed that WR-184,806 was approximately one-third as active as WR-142,490 against infections with a multidrug-resistant strain of P. falciparum, whereas WR-226,253 was twice as active. Additionally, the current studies showed: (i) that both WR-184,806 and WR-226,253 were significantly more active against infections with blood schizonts of P. vivax than against those of P. falciparum; (ii) that their activities against established infections with either Plasmodium species were functions of the total doses delivered, single doses being as effective as three or seven fractional doses given on successive days; (iii) that WR-184,806 could be administered intravenously as the phosphate salt and was curative via this route in single doses; and (iv) that based on comparative curative doses, WR-184,806 was slightly more active and WR-226,253 was seven times more active against infections with a multidrug-resistant strain of P. falciparum than was chloroquine against infections with a 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strain.", "PMID": 103493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5734", "title": "Effect of two cancer chemotherapeutic agents on the antibacterial activity of three antimicrobial agents.", "content": "Cancer chemotherapeutic agents and antibacterial antibiotics are often given concomitantly. Daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, and three antibiotics (gentamicin, amikacin, and ticarcillin) were tested individually and in combinations to determine their antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. These cytotoxic agents are commonly employed in the therapy of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia for remission induction therapy, and these antimicrobial agents are used in infection therapy. The maximum concentrations of the two cytotoxic drugs were chosen to be twice the known peak plasma levels of commonly employed dosage schedules. Neither of the cancer chemotherapeutic agents, alone or in combination, demonstrated bactericidal activity at the levels tested. However, in the presence of these agents, the antimicrobial activity of gentamicin and amikacin, although not that of ticarcillin, was depressed for 11 of 15 K. pneumoniae strains and 8 of 15 P. aeruginosa strains, but for none of the strains of E. coli. This level of decreased activity occasionally resulted in a minimal inhibitory concentration of the tested aminoglycoside well above the standard serum levels. Daunorubicin was more likely to antagonize gentamicin than was cytosine arabinoside.", "contents": "Effect of two cancer chemotherapeutic agents on the antibacterial activity of three antimicrobial agents. Cancer chemotherapeutic agents and antibacterial antibiotics are often given concomitantly. Daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, and three antibiotics (gentamicin, amikacin, and ticarcillin) were tested individually and in combinations to determine their antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. These cytotoxic agents are commonly employed in the therapy of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia for remission induction therapy, and these antimicrobial agents are used in infection therapy. The maximum concentrations of the two cytotoxic drugs were chosen to be twice the known peak plasma levels of commonly employed dosage schedules. Neither of the cancer chemotherapeutic agents, alone or in combination, demonstrated bactericidal activity at the levels tested. However, in the presence of these agents, the antimicrobial activity of gentamicin and amikacin, although not that of ticarcillin, was depressed for 11 of 15 K. pneumoniae strains and 8 of 15 P. aeruginosa strains, but for none of the strains of E. coli. This level of decreased activity occasionally resulted in a minimal inhibitory concentration of the tested aminoglycoside well above the standard serum levels. Daunorubicin was more likely to antagonize gentamicin than was cytosine arabinoside.", "PMID": 103494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5735", "title": "Effects of thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol in inhibiting Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates.", "content": "Thiamphenicol was compared with penicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol for its ability to inhibit 530 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including 13 penicillinase-producing isolates. Thiamphenicol proved to be as active as chloramphenicol in inhibiting all of the isolates.", "contents": "Effects of thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol in inhibiting Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates. Thiamphenicol was compared with penicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol for its ability to inhibit 530 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including 13 penicillinase-producing isolates. Thiamphenicol proved to be as active as chloramphenicol in inhibiting all of the isolates.", "PMID": 103495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5736", "title": "Inhibition of beta-lactamase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae by sodium clavulanate.", "content": "Sodium clavulanate at subinhibitory concentrations affected the activity of penicillin G, ampicillin, or amoxicillin on beta-lactamase-positive strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae as demonstrated by marked reduction in the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the drugs for the organisms. The compound did not affect the activity of these penicillins on beta-lactamase-negative strains of N. gonorrhoeae. It also had no effect on the activity of cefoxitin against either beta-lactamase-negative or -positive strains. The reduction in minimal inhibitory concentrations of the penicillins for the beta-lactamase-positive organisms brought about by sodium clavulanate is probably due to inhibition of the beta-lactamase by the compound.", "contents": "Inhibition of beta-lactamase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae by sodium clavulanate. Sodium clavulanate at subinhibitory concentrations affected the activity of penicillin G, ampicillin, or amoxicillin on beta-lactamase-positive strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae as demonstrated by marked reduction in the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the drugs for the organisms. The compound did not affect the activity of these penicillins on beta-lactamase-negative strains of N. gonorrhoeae. It also had no effect on the activity of cefoxitin against either beta-lactamase-negative or -positive strains. The reduction in minimal inhibitory concentrations of the penicillins for the beta-lactamase-positive organisms brought about by sodium clavulanate is probably due to inhibition of the beta-lactamase by the compound.", "PMID": 103496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5737", "title": "Further observations on the syndrome of chronic encephalitis and epilepsy.", "content": "This report is a sequel to our 1958, 1960 and 1968 reports on a series of patients operated upon for focal epilepsy whose surgical specimens unexpectedly showed histological lesions typical of active encephalitis. None of these patients, now 27 in number, exhibited the clinical picture ordinarily associated with encephalitis. With one exception, all showed a severe focal seizure tendency beginning in infancy or childhood, often associated with episodes of epilepsia partialis continua. In addition, all except 2 showed slowly progressive neurological deterioration, usually hemiparesis and mental retardation, which advanced over periods of months or years before the progression became arrested. No infectious agent has yet been identified by standard viral studies carried out in the most recent 14 patients or by investigation for slow viruses in 6 patients operated upon between 1966 and 1971. The clinical course of this condition is outlined and the role, the timing and the results of treatment by craniotomy and cortical excision are discussed.", "contents": "Further observations on the syndrome of chronic encephalitis and epilepsy. This report is a sequel to our 1958, 1960 and 1968 reports on a series of patients operated upon for focal epilepsy whose surgical specimens unexpectedly showed histological lesions typical of active encephalitis. None of these patients, now 27 in number, exhibited the clinical picture ordinarily associated with encephalitis. With one exception, all showed a severe focal seizure tendency beginning in infancy or childhood, often associated with episodes of epilepsia partialis continua. In addition, all except 2 showed slowly progressive neurological deterioration, usually hemiparesis and mental retardation, which advanced over periods of months or years before the progression became arrested. No infectious agent has yet been identified by standard viral studies carried out in the most recent 14 patients or by investigation for slow viruses in 6 patients operated upon between 1966 and 1971. The clinical course of this condition is outlined and the role, the timing and the results of treatment by craniotomy and cortical excision are discussed.", "PMID": 103497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5738", "title": "Discussion on the causes of failure of surgical treatment of partial epilepsies.", "content": "Despite continuous improvement in diagnosis and surgery, persistence of seizures following surgical treatment of partial epilepsies still occurs in a relevant number of cases (30--40%). The analysis of personal material and of data from the literature appears to indicate that relevant causes of surgical failure are difficulties in delimitation of the epileptogenic zone and therefore of complete surgical removal. These difficulties are illustrated and discussed.", "contents": "Discussion on the causes of failure of surgical treatment of partial epilepsies. Despite continuous improvement in diagnosis and surgery, persistence of seizures following surgical treatment of partial epilepsies still occurs in a relevant number of cases (30--40%). The analysis of personal material and of data from the literature appears to indicate that relevant causes of surgical failure are difficulties in delimitation of the epileptogenic zone and therefore of complete surgical removal. These difficulties are illustrated and discussed.", "PMID": 103498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5739", "title": "Anaerobic fecal bacteria of the baboon.", "content": "The predominant bacterial genera of baboon feces were enumerated and identified by established procedures. The predominant genera isolated were Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, Streptococcus, and Bacteroides.", "contents": "Anaerobic fecal bacteria of the baboon. The predominant bacterial genera of baboon feces were enumerated and identified by established procedures. The predominant genera isolated were Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, Streptococcus, and Bacteroides.", "PMID": 103499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5740", "title": "Characterization of methanol-oxidizing bacteria by their growth response to various chemicals.", "content": "\"Fingerprints\" of strains of methanol-oxidizing bacteria were obtained by exposing them to a set of chemicals which could stimulate or inhibit the growth. The chemicals gave quantitative results, which were used to calculate the similarities between the strains. The method has been used for establishing identity or nonidentity between isolates, and its use in a search for random mutants is also outlined.", "contents": "Characterization of methanol-oxidizing bacteria by their growth response to various chemicals. \"Fingerprints\" of strains of methanol-oxidizing bacteria were obtained by exposing them to a set of chemicals which could stimulate or inhibit the growth. The chemicals gave quantitative results, which were used to calculate the similarities between the strains. The method has been used for establishing identity or nonidentity between isolates, and its use in a search for random mutants is also outlined.", "PMID": 103500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5741", "title": "Microbial degradation of glycerol nitrates.", "content": "The fate of glycerol trinitrate when exposed to microbial attack has been investigated. Contrary to some earlier reports, this compound was readily biodegraded by employing batch or continuous techniques under a variety of cultural conditions. Breakdown of glycerol trinitrate took place stepwise via the dinitrate and mononitrate isomers, with each succeeding step proceeding at a slower rate. After a residence time of 8 to 15 h, none of the glycerol nitrates could be detected in the effluent from a continuous-culture apparatus (chemostat) supplied with an influent containing 30 mg of glycerol trinitrate per liter.", "contents": "Microbial degradation of glycerol nitrates. The fate of glycerol trinitrate when exposed to microbial attack has been investigated. Contrary to some earlier reports, this compound was readily biodegraded by employing batch or continuous techniques under a variety of cultural conditions. Breakdown of glycerol trinitrate took place stepwise via the dinitrate and mononitrate isomers, with each succeeding step proceeding at a slower rate. After a residence time of 8 to 15 h, none of the glycerol nitrates could be detected in the effluent from a continuous-culture apparatus (chemostat) supplied with an influent containing 30 mg of glycerol trinitrate per liter.", "PMID": 103501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5742", "title": "Dry-heat destruction of lipopolysaccharide: dry-heat destruction kinetics.", "content": "Dry-heat destruction kinetics of lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Salmonella typhosa at 170 to 250 degrees C are described. The destruction rate seems to follow the second order and can be linearized by the equation, log y = a + b . -10cx. Because c is the slope, 1/c = D3. Both a and b are constant at a given temperature and are linear functions of temperature. The D(3)170, D(3)190, D(3)210, D(3)230, and D(3)250 values for E. coli lipopolysaccharide are 251, 99.4, 33.3, 12.3, and 4.99 min, respectively, with a z value of 46.4 min. The D values for lipopolysaccharides from S. marcescens and S. typhosa are not significantly different from those from E. coli lipopolysaccharide.", "contents": "Dry-heat destruction of lipopolysaccharide: dry-heat destruction kinetics. Dry-heat destruction kinetics of lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Salmonella typhosa at 170 to 250 degrees C are described. The destruction rate seems to follow the second order and can be linearized by the equation, log y = a + b . -10cx. Because c is the slope, 1/c = D3. Both a and b are constant at a given temperature and are linear functions of temperature. The D(3)170, D(3)190, D(3)210, D(3)230, and D(3)250 values for E. coli lipopolysaccharide are 251, 99.4, 33.3, 12.3, and 4.99 min, respectively, with a z value of 46.4 min. The D values for lipopolysaccharides from S. marcescens and S. typhosa are not significantly different from those from E. coli lipopolysaccharide.", "PMID": 103502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5743", "title": "Frequency of F116-mediated transduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a freshwater environment.", "content": "Transduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa streptomycin resistance by a generalized transducing phage, F116, was shown to occur during a 10-day incubation in a flow-through environmental test chamber suspended in a freshwater reservoir. Mean F116 transduction frequencies ranged from 1.4 X 10(-5) to 8.3 X 10(-2) transductants per recipient during the in situ incubation. These transduction frequencies were comparable to transduction frequencies determined in preliminary laboratory transduction experiments. The results demonstrate the potential for naturally occurring transduction in aquatic environments and concurrent environmental and ecological ramifications.", "contents": "Frequency of F116-mediated transduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a freshwater environment. Transduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa streptomycin resistance by a generalized transducing phage, F116, was shown to occur during a 10-day incubation in a flow-through environmental test chamber suspended in a freshwater reservoir. Mean F116 transduction frequencies ranged from 1.4 X 10(-5) to 8.3 X 10(-2) transductants per recipient during the in situ incubation. These transduction frequencies were comparable to transduction frequencies determined in preliminary laboratory transduction experiments. The results demonstrate the potential for naturally occurring transduction in aquatic environments and concurrent environmental and ecological ramifications.", "PMID": 103503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5744", "title": "Improved identification of methanogenic bacteria by fluorescence microscopy.", "content": "Methanogenic bacteria can be tentatively identified by fluorescence microscopy. This technique was improved by carefully selecting a series of excitation and barrier filters that matched the excitation and emission spectra of some unique coenzymes viz., F420 and F350, in methanogenic bacteria.", "contents": "Improved identification of methanogenic bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Methanogenic bacteria can be tentatively identified by fluorescence microscopy. This technique was improved by carefully selecting a series of excitation and barrier filters that matched the excitation and emission spectra of some unique coenzymes viz., F420 and F350, in methanogenic bacteria.", "PMID": 103504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5745", "title": "Liver mixed function oxidases in chickens: induction by polychlorinated biphenyls and lack of induction by DDT.", "content": "Microsomal hydroxylase and demethylase activities were compared in livers from White Leghorn cockerels fed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) containing 21 to 68% chlorine, or p,p'-DDT. The higher chlorinated PCBs, Aroclor 1254 and 1268, were potent inducers of hepatic enzyme activity while DDT did not induce these enzymes. Aroclor 1254 was the most potent inducer because feeding 5 ppm increased liver aminopyrine demethylase activity 1.5X but did not affect liver weight. Feeding 50 and 500 ppm of Aroclor 1254 and 1268 increased liver weight and demethylase activity per mg of protein. A differential response in the two enzymes occurred. Only 500 ppm of Aroclor 1268 increased hydroxylase activity. Aroclor 1242 had no effect on liver enzyme concentration but 50 and 500 ppm of Aroclor 1242 increased liver weights and consequently increased total enzyme activity. Our data demonstrated that in the avian species DDT and PCB did not have the same effect on hepatic microsomal enzyme activity.", "contents": "Liver mixed function oxidases in chickens: induction by polychlorinated biphenyls and lack of induction by DDT. Microsomal hydroxylase and demethylase activities were compared in livers from White Leghorn cockerels fed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) containing 21 to 68% chlorine, or p,p'-DDT. The higher chlorinated PCBs, Aroclor 1254 and 1268, were potent inducers of hepatic enzyme activity while DDT did not induce these enzymes. Aroclor 1254 was the most potent inducer because feeding 5 ppm increased liver aminopyrine demethylase activity 1.5X but did not affect liver weight. Feeding 50 and 500 ppm of Aroclor 1254 and 1268 increased liver weight and demethylase activity per mg of protein. A differential response in the two enzymes occurred. Only 500 ppm of Aroclor 1268 increased hydroxylase activity. Aroclor 1242 had no effect on liver enzyme concentration but 50 and 500 ppm of Aroclor 1242 increased liver weights and consequently increased total enzyme activity. Our data demonstrated that in the avian species DDT and PCB did not have the same effect on hepatic microsomal enzyme activity.", "PMID": 103505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5746", "title": "Abnormalities of zinc and copper during total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Changes in serum zinc and copper levels were studied in 19 tumor bearing patients undergoing parenteral nutrition (TPN) for five to 42 days. Before initiation of intravenous feeding mean serum zinc and copper concentrations were within normal limits but during TPN levels decreased significantly below those measured prior to parenteral nutrition. During TPN nitrogen, zinc, and copper intake, urinary output and serum levels were studied prospectively in nine of these patients. These nine patients exhibited positive nitrogen retention based upon urinary nitrogen excretion, but elevated urinary zinc and copper excretion and lowered serum zinc and copper concentrations. Neither blood administration nor limited oral intake was consistently able to maintain normal serum levels of zinc or copper. Zinc and copper supplementation of hyperalimentation fluids in four patients studied for five to 16 days was successful in increasing serum zinc and copper levels in only two. The data obtained suggest that patients undergoing parenteral nutrition may require supplementation of zinc and copper to prevent deficiencies of these elements.", "contents": "Abnormalities of zinc and copper during total parenteral nutrition. Changes in serum zinc and copper levels were studied in 19 tumor bearing patients undergoing parenteral nutrition (TPN) for five to 42 days. Before initiation of intravenous feeding mean serum zinc and copper concentrations were within normal limits but during TPN levels decreased significantly below those measured prior to parenteral nutrition. During TPN nitrogen, zinc, and copper intake, urinary output and serum levels were studied prospectively in nine of these patients. These nine patients exhibited positive nitrogen retention based upon urinary nitrogen excretion, but elevated urinary zinc and copper excretion and lowered serum zinc and copper concentrations. Neither blood administration nor limited oral intake was consistently able to maintain normal serum levels of zinc or copper. Zinc and copper supplementation of hyperalimentation fluids in four patients studied for five to 16 days was successful in increasing serum zinc and copper levels in only two. The data obtained suggest that patients undergoing parenteral nutrition may require supplementation of zinc and copper to prevent deficiencies of these elements.", "PMID": 103506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5747", "title": "Intimal thickening and hyperlipidemia in experimental primate vascular autografts.", "content": "Intimal thickening is a significant cause of late failure of aorto-coronary vein grafts. The microscopic appearance of this thickening has some similarities to the microscopic appearance of arterial atherosclerosis, and it has been suggested that hyperlipidemia may play a role in its pathogenesis. This study examines the morphology and lipid composition of autologous vein and artery grafts in normal and hyperlipidemic rhesus monkeys. Grafts were examined six months after insertion by light and electron microscopy and tissue lipids were determined quantitatively. Intimal thickening occurred in all grafts. Specific morphological and lipid compositional features of the grafts were influenced by the type of tissue used for grafting and the presence or absence of hyperlipidemia. However, the degree of intimal thickening per se could not be related to either of these two factors. It is concluded that surgical transplantation in this model provides the most powerful stimulus for intimal thickening and any additional effect on this process by hyperlipidemia is small.", "contents": "Intimal thickening and hyperlipidemia in experimental primate vascular autografts. Intimal thickening is a significant cause of late failure of aorto-coronary vein grafts. The microscopic appearance of this thickening has some similarities to the microscopic appearance of arterial atherosclerosis, and it has been suggested that hyperlipidemia may play a role in its pathogenesis. This study examines the morphology and lipid composition of autologous vein and artery grafts in normal and hyperlipidemic rhesus monkeys. Grafts were examined six months after insertion by light and electron microscopy and tissue lipids were determined quantitatively. Intimal thickening occurred in all grafts. Specific morphological and lipid compositional features of the grafts were influenced by the type of tissue used for grafting and the presence or absence of hyperlipidemia. However, the degree of intimal thickening per se could not be related to either of these two factors. It is concluded that surgical transplantation in this model provides the most powerful stimulus for intimal thickening and any additional effect on this process by hyperlipidemia is small.", "PMID": 103507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5748", "title": "ABO and Rho(D) blood groups in IMSS population in the State of Nuevo Le\u00f3n (estimation of simple and double incompatibility frequency in married couples and their offspring).", "content": "ABO and Rho (D) blood groups were studied in  61,023 people receiving medical care at the medical units or blood banks of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in the metropolitan area in the city of Monterrey, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, so as to determine the genetical inheritance patterns that control these blood antigens, and that were used in the stimation of ABO and Rho (D) incompatibility in married couples and in births with maternal fetal incompatibility. It was found that IMSS populations, regardless of the medical units, can be considered as part of the same one and are different to those observed in blood banks. From the married couples, 28.58 percent were found to be incompatible with ABO and 7.15 percent with Rho (D); in 2.04 percent of cases, maternal fetal incompatibility had a ratio of 15.63 percent in the ABO group and 5.60 percent in the Rho (D) group. Double incompatibility was found in 0.88 percent of cases. The importance of these facts is stressed, considered as significant data for neonatologists and for those working in maternal fetal isoimmunization clinics.", "contents": "ABO and Rho(D) blood groups in IMSS population in the State of Nuevo Le\u00f3n (estimation of simple and double incompatibility frequency in married couples and their offspring). ABO and Rho (D) blood groups were studied in  61,023 people receiving medical care at the medical units or blood banks of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in the metropolitan area in the city of Monterrey, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, so as to determine the genetical inheritance patterns that control these blood antigens, and that were used in the stimation of ABO and Rho (D) incompatibility in married couples and in births with maternal fetal incompatibility. It was found that IMSS populations, regardless of the medical units, can be considered as part of the same one and are different to those observed in blood banks. From the married couples, 28.58 percent were found to be incompatible with ABO and 7.15 percent with Rho (D); in 2.04 percent of cases, maternal fetal incompatibility had a ratio of 15.63 percent in the ABO group and 5.60 percent in the Rho (D) group. Double incompatibility was found in 0.88 percent of cases. The importance of these facts is stressed, considered as significant data for neonatologists and for those working in maternal fetal isoimmunization clinics.", "PMID": 103508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5749", "title": "Pyruvate fermentation in light-grown cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum during adaptation to anaerobic dark conditions.", "content": "Pyruvate fermentation in Rhodospirillum rubrum (strains F1, S1, and Ha) was investigated using cells precultured on different substrates anaerobically in the light and than transferred to anaerobic dark conditions. Pyruvate formate lyase was always the key enzyme in pyruvate fermentation but its activity was lower than in cells which have been precultured aerobically in darkness. The preculture substrate also had a clear influence on the pyruvate formate lyase activity. Strains F1 and S1 metabolized the produced formate further to H2 and CO2. A slight production of CO2 from pyruvate, without additional H2-production, could also be detected. It was concluded from this that under anaerobic dark conditions a pyruvate dehydrogenase was also functioning. On inhibition of pyruvate formate lyase the main part of pyruvate breakdown was taken over by pyruvate dehydrogenase. When enzyme synthesis was inhibited by chloramphenicol, propionate production in contrast to formate production was not affected. Protein synthesis was not significant during anaerobic dark culture. Bacteriochlorophyll, however, showed, after a lag phase, a clear rise.", "contents": "Pyruvate fermentation in light-grown cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum during adaptation to anaerobic dark conditions. Pyruvate fermentation in Rhodospirillum rubrum (strains F1, S1, and Ha) was investigated using cells precultured on different substrates anaerobically in the light and than transferred to anaerobic dark conditions. Pyruvate formate lyase was always the key enzyme in pyruvate fermentation but its activity was lower than in cells which have been precultured aerobically in darkness. The preculture substrate also had a clear influence on the pyruvate formate lyase activity. Strains F1 and S1 metabolized the produced formate further to H2 and CO2. A slight production of CO2 from pyruvate, without additional H2-production, could also be detected. It was concluded from this that under anaerobic dark conditions a pyruvate dehydrogenase was also functioning. On inhibition of pyruvate formate lyase the main part of pyruvate breakdown was taken over by pyruvate dehydrogenase. When enzyme synthesis was inhibited by chloramphenicol, propionate production in contrast to formate production was not affected. Protein synthesis was not significant during anaerobic dark culture. Bacteriochlorophyll, however, showed, after a lag phase, a clear rise.", "PMID": 103509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5750", "title": "Effects of imipramine treatment of separation-induced social disorders in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Two groups of young rhesus monkeys were subjected to repetitive peer separations, a procedure that has been shown to produce depressivelike reactions in infant monkeys. Midway through the procedure one group was treated with the antidepressant imipramine hydrochloride, the other with a saline placebo. In comparison with placebo treatment, the imipramine treatment yielded significant behavioral improvement in a form and with a time course similar to that seen when the drug is given clinically to human depressives. We discuss the implications of the findings.", "contents": "Effects of imipramine treatment of separation-induced social disorders in rhesus monkeys. Two groups of young rhesus monkeys were subjected to repetitive peer separations, a procedure that has been shown to produce depressivelike reactions in infant monkeys. Midway through the procedure one group was treated with the antidepressant imipramine hydrochloride, the other with a saline placebo. In comparison with placebo treatment, the imipramine treatment yielded significant behavioral improvement in a form and with a time course similar to that seen when the drug is given clinically to human depressives. We discuss the implications of the findings.", "PMID": 103510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5751", "title": "Differentiation of malignant myoblasts in 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)-anthracene-induced rhabdomyoblastomas. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "The differentiation of DMBA-induced rhabdomyoblastomas was studied during the early stages of tumour growth. Two cell populations were found to constitute the tumour tissue: small cells (SC) and long spindle-shaped cells (LSSC). The SC were the only tumor cells at the earliest detectable stage of tumour growth 10 weeks after intramuscular injection of DMBA. They had small heterochromatic nuclei with a compact nucleolus containing only fibrillar components. The cytoplasm was very rich in SER of tubular type, dense bodies and Golgi apparatus. Centrioles at all stages of the replicative cycle were very frequently observed. The cells did not fuse and showed no tendency to differentiate. The LSSC had large euchromatic nuclei with multiple irregular nucleoli containing both fibrillar and granular components. The cytoplasm had an abundant GER and well-developed Golgi apparatus. These cells formed 100 Angstrom thick cytofilaments the increase of which paralleled reduction of GER. The cells tended to fuse but did not form myofibrils. A rare variant of these cells neither possessed Golgi apparatus nor formed cytofilaments but accumulated dense protein substance in the cisternae of the GER. Myotubes with cross-striated myofibrils were but occasionally observed. The ultrastructural characteristics of both cell types revealed essential differences in the biosynthetic activity and the degree of differentiation. The SC were considered to belong to the myogenic cell line and to be most probably the malignant counterpart of proliferating satellite cells (presumptive myoblasts) and precursors of the LSSC. Morphologically and developmentally the LSSC bore close resemblance to normal myoblasts but the proliferative capacity of some of them seemed to be lost. The differentiation of the malignant myoblasts in the DMBA-induced rhabdomyoblastomas was similar to the early differentiation of the normal muscle tissue.", "contents": "Differentiation of malignant myoblasts in 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)-anthracene-induced rhabdomyoblastomas. An electron microscopic study. The differentiation of DMBA-induced rhabdomyoblastomas was studied during the early stages of tumour growth. Two cell populations were found to constitute the tumour tissue: small cells (SC) and long spindle-shaped cells (LSSC). The SC were the only tumor cells at the earliest detectable stage of tumour growth 10 weeks after intramuscular injection of DMBA. They had small heterochromatic nuclei with a compact nucleolus containing only fibrillar components. The cytoplasm was very rich in SER of tubular type, dense bodies and Golgi apparatus. Centrioles at all stages of the replicative cycle were very frequently observed. The cells did not fuse and showed no tendency to differentiate. The LSSC had large euchromatic nuclei with multiple irregular nucleoli containing both fibrillar and granular components. The cytoplasm had an abundant GER and well-developed Golgi apparatus. These cells formed 100 Angstrom thick cytofilaments the increase of which paralleled reduction of GER. The cells tended to fuse but did not form myofibrils. A rare variant of these cells neither possessed Golgi apparatus nor formed cytofilaments but accumulated dense protein substance in the cisternae of the GER. Myotubes with cross-striated myofibrils were but occasionally observed. The ultrastructural characteristics of both cell types revealed essential differences in the biosynthetic activity and the degree of differentiation. The SC were considered to belong to the myogenic cell line and to be most probably the malignant counterpart of proliferating satellite cells (presumptive myoblasts) and precursors of the LSSC. Morphologically and developmentally the LSSC bore close resemblance to normal myoblasts but the proliferative capacity of some of them seemed to be lost. The differentiation of the malignant myoblasts in the DMBA-induced rhabdomyoblastomas was similar to the early differentiation of the normal muscle tissue.", "PMID": 103512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5752", "title": "Insulin and glucagon responses of transplanted intrasplenic pancreatic islets.", "content": "Two transplant procedures have been investigated in which one third of the pancreas was autotransplanted into the splenic pulp of dogs. The two procedures consist of simple mechanical dissociation of the pancreas or mechanical dissociation followed by collagenase digestion. The ability of the endocrine segment of the transplant to survive and function was assessed by stimulation with arginine and measurement of insulin and glucagon response. The results demonstrate that both transplant procedures result in functioning beta and alpha cells that rapidly secrete both insulin and glucagon in response to arginine stimulation. However, greater insulin responses were obtained when mechanically dissociated but nonenzyme digested pancreatic tissue was used for transplantation. The spleen appears to be an excellent transplant site for the reception of endocrine pancreatic tissue and allowed both beta and alpha cells to survive following transplantation.", "contents": "Insulin and glucagon responses of transplanted intrasplenic pancreatic islets. Two transplant procedures have been investigated in which one third of the pancreas was autotransplanted into the splenic pulp of dogs. The two procedures consist of simple mechanical dissociation of the pancreas or mechanical dissociation followed by collagenase digestion. The ability of the endocrine segment of the transplant to survive and function was assessed by stimulation with arginine and measurement of insulin and glucagon response. The results demonstrate that both transplant procedures result in functioning beta and alpha cells that rapidly secrete both insulin and glucagon in response to arginine stimulation. However, greater insulin responses were obtained when mechanically dissociated but nonenzyme digested pancreatic tissue was used for transplantation. The spleen appears to be an excellent transplant site for the reception of endocrine pancreatic tissue and allowed both beta and alpha cells to survive following transplantation.", "PMID": 103513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5753", "title": "[Phylo- and ontogenetic development of the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus].", "content": "In recent neuromorphological investigations and in studying the passage, as an addition to nuclei of the auditory system so called \"parabrachial area\" was subjected to a special comparative cytoarchitectonic investigation and terminological definition, since the term \"parabrachial nucleus\" has already been reserved in neuromorphology to designate other brain formations. The investigation has demonstrated that the term \"nucleus of the inferior quadrigemina brachium\" is more suitable to the form studied. This nucleus has been stated to penetrate deeply into the inferior tuberculum corpori quadrigemina, unlike the previous notion according to which it was believed to be situated between the internal geniculate body and the inferior tuberculum corpori quadrigemina. Therefore, two parts have been distinguished in the formation in question, inherent to all the mammalia studied, including the man. One of them--extracollicular portion, though it has not been previously studied from the view of comparative architectonics, nevertheless, it has been described in literature. The other--intracollicular portion is described for the first time in the work. In spite of a close topographic-anatomical proximity with the inferior corpora quadrigemina, the intracollicular portion of the nucleus cannot be a derivative from the latter.", "contents": "[Phylo- and ontogenetic development of the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus]. In recent neuromorphological investigations and in studying the passage, as an addition to nuclei of the auditory system so called \"parabrachial area\" was subjected to a special comparative cytoarchitectonic investigation and terminological definition, since the term \"parabrachial nucleus\" has already been reserved in neuromorphology to designate other brain formations. The investigation has demonstrated that the term \"nucleus of the inferior quadrigemina brachium\" is more suitable to the form studied. This nucleus has been stated to penetrate deeply into the inferior tuberculum corpori quadrigemina, unlike the previous notion according to which it was believed to be situated between the internal geniculate body and the inferior tuberculum corpori quadrigemina. Therefore, two parts have been distinguished in the formation in question, inherent to all the mammalia studied, including the man. One of them--extracollicular portion, though it has not been previously studied from the view of comparative architectonics, nevertheless, it has been described in literature. The other--intracollicular portion is described for the first time in the work. In spite of a close topographic-anatomical proximity with the inferior corpora quadrigemina, the intracollicular portion of the nucleus cannot be a derivative from the latter.", "PMID": 103514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5754", "title": "Posterior corneal crystalline deposits in benign monoclonal gammopathy: a clinicopathologic case report.", "content": "A 74-year-old woman had bilateral, deep stromal, patchy crystalline corneal deposits with the greatest density in the midperiphery. Visual acuity was 6/120 in the right eye and finger counting at 1 m in the left eye. Histological examination of the corneal button showed large, irregular amorphous masses in the posterior stroma. The deposits stained red with Masson's trichrome and were positive for protein with the Danielli stain. Stains for amyloid, copper, and lipid were negative. The immunoperoxidase stain was positive for polyvalent IgG and kappa light chains. Transmission electron microscopy disclosed electron-dense deposits with linear and honeycomb profiles. Laboratory investigations disclosed elevated serum and urinary IgG kappa light chain (Bence Jones protein) levels. Urinary amino acids were normal. The serum copper level was elevated. Antinuclear antibody was positive at a titer of 1:80. A bone marrow aspirate was normal, as were roentgenograms of the skull.", "contents": "Posterior corneal crystalline deposits in benign monoclonal gammopathy: a clinicopathologic case report. A 74-year-old woman had bilateral, deep stromal, patchy crystalline corneal deposits with the greatest density in the midperiphery. Visual acuity was 6/120 in the right eye and finger counting at 1 m in the left eye. Histological examination of the corneal button showed large, irregular amorphous masses in the posterior stroma. The deposits stained red with Masson's trichrome and were positive for protein with the Danielli stain. Stains for amyloid, copper, and lipid were negative. The immunoperoxidase stain was positive for polyvalent IgG and kappa light chains. Transmission electron microscopy disclosed electron-dense deposits with linear and honeycomb profiles. Laboratory investigations disclosed elevated serum and urinary IgG kappa light chain (Bence Jones protein) levels. Urinary amino acids were normal. The serum copper level was elevated. Antinuclear antibody was positive at a titer of 1:80. A bone marrow aspirate was normal, as were roentgenograms of the skull.", "PMID": 103517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5755", "title": "Mean circulation time of fluorescein in retinal vascular segments.", "content": "Mean circulation time (MCT) of sodium fluorescein in retinal vascular segments was determined in healthy human volunteers, using the dye dilution technique. The fluorescein dilution curves were recorded with a two-point fluorophotometer. Average MCT was 3.9 seconds. The accuracy of the method was determined from repeated measurements in owl monkeys and human volunteers. No significant linear correlation was found between the MCT and the cross section of the vessels feeding and those draining the segment. The application of this technique to clinical work is discussed, and is illustrated by three clinical cases.", "contents": "Mean circulation time of fluorescein in retinal vascular segments. Mean circulation time (MCT) of sodium fluorescein in retinal vascular segments was determined in healthy human volunteers, using the dye dilution technique. The fluorescein dilution curves were recorded with a two-point fluorophotometer. Average MCT was 3.9 seconds. The accuracy of the method was determined from repeated measurements in owl monkeys and human volunteers. No significant linear correlation was found between the MCT and the cross section of the vessels feeding and those draining the segment. The application of this technique to clinical work is discussed, and is illustrated by three clinical cases.", "PMID": 103518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5756", "title": "Isolation, characterization and pathology of the toxin from a Microcystis aeruginosa (= Anacystis cyanea) bloom.", "content": "The nature of the toxicity of a bloom of blue-green alga, M. aeruginosa (= Anacystis cyanea), that occurred in a man-made lake was investigated. Crude algal bloom extracts were toxic to laboratory mice when injected intraperitoneally. The lethal dose (LD100) of these extracts was 15-30 mg of lyophilized algal bloom per kilogram body weight. The toxin was purified by a procedure that included ammonium sulphate fractionation, solvent extraction, acid precipitation, Sephadex G25 and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, and high-voltage electrophoresis at pH 6.5. The preparation gave a single spot on high-voltage electrophoresis at pH 9.0, had no free amino group, and was characterized by a simple amino acid composition of equimolar quantities of L-methionine, L-tyrosine, D-alanine, D-glutamic acid, erythro beta-methyl aspartic acid and methylamine. The LD50 for the purified toxin was estimated to be 0.056 mg/kg of mice, and the approximate LD100 is 0.070 mg/kg, based on the total material found from amino acid analysis. Parenteral administration of the purified toxin to mice produced extensive liver lobular haemorrhage and death within 1-3 h. Repeated inoculation of sublethal doses daily over some weeks produced progressive hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis and the development of fine hepatic fibrosis.", "contents": "Isolation, characterization and pathology of the toxin from a Microcystis aeruginosa (= Anacystis cyanea) bloom. The nature of the toxicity of a bloom of blue-green alga, M. aeruginosa (= Anacystis cyanea), that occurred in a man-made lake was investigated. Crude algal bloom extracts were toxic to laboratory mice when injected intraperitoneally. The lethal dose (LD100) of these extracts was 15-30 mg of lyophilized algal bloom per kilogram body weight. The toxin was purified by a procedure that included ammonium sulphate fractionation, solvent extraction, acid precipitation, Sephadex G25 and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, and high-voltage electrophoresis at pH 6.5. The preparation gave a single spot on high-voltage electrophoresis at pH 9.0, had no free amino group, and was characterized by a simple amino acid composition of equimolar quantities of L-methionine, L-tyrosine, D-alanine, D-glutamic acid, erythro beta-methyl aspartic acid and methylamine. The LD50 for the purified toxin was estimated to be 0.056 mg/kg of mice, and the approximate LD100 is 0.070 mg/kg, based on the total material found from amino acid analysis. Parenteral administration of the purified toxin to mice produced extensive liver lobular haemorrhage and death within 1-3 h. Repeated inoculation of sublethal doses daily over some weeks produced progressive hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis and the development of fine hepatic fibrosis.", "PMID": 103520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5757", "title": "Distribution of surface IgM and IgD on single cells from lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "The surface immunoglobulin heavy chains on individual spleen cells fractionated by velocity sedimentation were studied using fluorescent antisera. In adult mice, cells bearing both mu and delta chains were found in all fractions. While there was an increase in the proportion of cells bearing mu only in the medium to large cell fractions, the majority of cells bearing mu only were small lymphocytes. Results obtained using 3-week-old mice were basically similar, but showed both a marked decrease in small mu + delta + cells and a marked increase in small mu + delta - cells when compared with adult animals.", "contents": "Distribution of surface IgM and IgD on single cells from lymphocyte subpopulations. The surface immunoglobulin heavy chains on individual spleen cells fractionated by velocity sedimentation were studied using fluorescent antisera. In adult mice, cells bearing both mu and delta chains were found in all fractions. While there was an increase in the proportion of cells bearing mu only in the medium to large cell fractions, the majority of cells bearing mu only were small lymphocytes. Results obtained using 3-week-old mice were basically similar, but showed both a marked decrease in small mu + delta + cells and a marked increase in small mu + delta - cells when compared with adult animals.", "PMID": 103521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5758", "title": "Influence of beta-alanine on mating and territorialism in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Effects of beta-alanine on mating behavior and aggression were studied in Drosophila melanogaster using the following competitive pairs: (1) homozygous black (b/b) flies, in which beta-alanine synthesis is decreased, vs. alanine is blocked vs. wild-type (e+/e+) flies; (2) dark flies, in which beta-alanine incorporation is reduced, owing mainly to chromosome 3, vs. light flies collected from the same population as were the dark flies; (3) homozygous black (b/b) flies, in which beta-alanine synthesis is decreased, vs. beta-alanine-infected b/b flies, which are phenocopies of wild-type flies. The behavior of mixed-sex groups was studied in a large, illumination-graded observation chamber containing food and in small uniformly illuminated cells also containing food. The relative competitive mating abilities of these types were measured in both experimental conditions. Uninjected black flies, but not injected ones, showed weak and unsteady gait and weak wing extension. In ebony these abnormalities were more extreme. Dark flies did not show these abnormalities. Accelerated sexual maturation was indicated in males by early onset of courtship and enhanced territorial aggression and in females by earliness of mating. Such acceleration was observed in ebony and dark flies, compared with light flies, and among beta-alanine-injected b/b flies competing with uninjected black flies. Ebony males, although maturing earlier than wild-type males, were less successful than wild-type males in mating. This difference was even greater when the flies were all allowed to mature before competing. Ebony females outmated wild-type females. Dark flies outmated light flies, and beta-alanine-injected b/b males outmated uninjected black males, especially in bright light. Ebony flies mated much longer than wild-type flies, and black flies mated slightly longer than injected b/b flies. There was some spatial isolation of ebony from wild type, dark from light, and beta-alanine-injected from uninjected b/b flies in the illumination-graded observation chamber. Ebony flies more than wild type concentrated near food. Flies were attracted to the current of moist inlet air. They were also attracted to deposited excrement, and males defended such deposits as a mating area, thus showing rudiments of arena behavior in which a mating area away from the oviposition site is defended. Usually, however, the defended area focused on food.", "contents": "Influence of beta-alanine on mating and territorialism in Drosophila melanogaster. Effects of beta-alanine on mating behavior and aggression were studied in Drosophila melanogaster using the following competitive pairs: (1) homozygous black (b/b) flies, in which beta-alanine synthesis is decreased, vs. alanine is blocked vs. wild-type (e+/e+) flies; (2) dark flies, in which beta-alanine incorporation is reduced, owing mainly to chromosome 3, vs. light flies collected from the same population as were the dark flies; (3) homozygous black (b/b) flies, in which beta-alanine synthesis is decreased, vs. beta-alanine-infected b/b flies, which are phenocopies of wild-type flies. The behavior of mixed-sex groups was studied in a large, illumination-graded observation chamber containing food and in small uniformly illuminated cells also containing food. The relative competitive mating abilities of these types were measured in both experimental conditions. Uninjected black flies, but not injected ones, showed weak and unsteady gait and weak wing extension. In ebony these abnormalities were more extreme. Dark flies did not show these abnormalities. Accelerated sexual maturation was indicated in males by early onset of courtship and enhanced territorial aggression and in females by earliness of mating. Such acceleration was observed in ebony and dark flies, compared with light flies, and among beta-alanine-injected b/b flies competing with uninjected black flies. Ebony males, although maturing earlier than wild-type males, were less successful than wild-type males in mating. This difference was even greater when the flies were all allowed to mature before competing. Ebony females outmated wild-type females. Dark flies outmated light flies, and beta-alanine-injected b/b males outmated uninjected black males, especially in bright light. Ebony flies mated much longer than wild-type flies, and black flies mated slightly longer than injected b/b flies. There was some spatial isolation of ebony from wild type, dark from light, and beta-alanine-injected from uninjected b/b flies in the illumination-graded observation chamber. Ebony flies more than wild type concentrated near food. Flies were attracted to the current of moist inlet air. They were also attracted to deposited excrement, and males defended such deposits as a mating area, thus showing rudiments of arena behavior in which a mating area away from the oviposition site is defended. Usually, however, the defended area focused on food.", "PMID": 103533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5759", "title": "Hemodynamic and myocardial effects of long-lasting venodilation in the conscious dog: analysis of molsidomine in comparison with nitrates.", "content": "The effect of molsidomine-induced venodilation on cardiac preload was studied in conscious resting dogs, instrumented to analyze left ventricular function and myocardial perfusion. Direct effects on veins were studied during chloralose anesthesia by measuring regional venous capacitance changes with an induction angiometer. Kinetics of molsidomine-induced effects were compared to those induced by nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate. This comparison was restricted to low i.v. dosages, causing only transient threshold effects on peripheral resistance and heart rate. During molsidomine-induced venous pooling, neither any direct effect on the coronary circulation nor any direct cardiac depressant activity of the drug was detected. 100 microgram/kg molsidomine caused a reduction of left ventricular preload by 5 mm Hg, lasting at least 4 hours. This effect was significantly more pronounced than that induced by 1 microgram/kg nitroglycerin or by 25 microgram/kg isosorbide dinitrate, lasting 2 min or 20 min, respectively. However, in raising regional venous capacitance, these nitrate dosages were equi-effective to 100 microgram/kg molsidomine, the effect of which was persistent and with a greater delay in onset. These results indicate that the lasting persistance of venodilation is a decisive factor for the amount of volume pooled in the capacitance system and, consequently, for the extent of preload reduction obtained. It is concluded, that lasting vasodilation, restricted to the veins, is beneficial for ventricular performance in ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and myocardial effects of long-lasting venodilation in the conscious dog: analysis of molsidomine in comparison with nitrates. The effect of molsidomine-induced venodilation on cardiac preload was studied in conscious resting dogs, instrumented to analyze left ventricular function and myocardial perfusion. Direct effects on veins were studied during chloralose anesthesia by measuring regional venous capacitance changes with an induction angiometer. Kinetics of molsidomine-induced effects were compared to those induced by nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate. This comparison was restricted to low i.v. dosages, causing only transient threshold effects on peripheral resistance and heart rate. During molsidomine-induced venous pooling, neither any direct effect on the coronary circulation nor any direct cardiac depressant activity of the drug was detected. 100 microgram/kg molsidomine caused a reduction of left ventricular preload by 5 mm Hg, lasting at least 4 hours. This effect was significantly more pronounced than that induced by 1 microgram/kg nitroglycerin or by 25 microgram/kg isosorbide dinitrate, lasting 2 min or 20 min, respectively. However, in raising regional venous capacitance, these nitrate dosages were equi-effective to 100 microgram/kg molsidomine, the effect of which was persistent and with a greater delay in onset. These results indicate that the lasting persistance of venodilation is a decisive factor for the amount of volume pooled in the capacitance system and, consequently, for the extent of preload reduction obtained. It is concluded, that lasting vasodilation, restricted to the veins, is beneficial for ventricular performance in ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 103534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5760", "title": "Genetics of esterases in Drosophila. VI. Gene system regulating the phenotypic expression of the organ-specific esterase in Drosophila virilis.", "content": "It is shown that the gene controlling the synthesis of the organ-specific S-esterase of Drosophila virilis ejaculatory bulbs is located on the second chromosome (at approximate position 192.1 +/- map units). The cells of the genital imaginal disks are determined for the synthesis of S-esterase 10-12 hr after the second molt. The organ-specific esterase can be detected after adult emergence only. It is preceded by an increase in RNA content and by enhancement of RNA synthesis in the cells of the ejaculatory bulbs. Interstock differences were found in the level of the activity of S-esterase, which is under the control of the X chromosome, as well as in the time of expression of enzyme activity, which is controlled by the fifth chromosome. It is suggested that the specific phenotypic expression of this enzyme depends on the system of genes with regulatory expression at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. The genetic control of the synthesis of the S-esterase described is a convenient model for studying mechanisms of gene activity regulation in eukaryotes.", "contents": "Genetics of esterases in Drosophila. VI. Gene system regulating the phenotypic expression of the organ-specific esterase in Drosophila virilis. It is shown that the gene controlling the synthesis of the organ-specific S-esterase of Drosophila virilis ejaculatory bulbs is located on the second chromosome (at approximate position 192.1 +/- map units). The cells of the genital imaginal disks are determined for the synthesis of S-esterase 10-12 hr after the second molt. The organ-specific esterase can be detected after adult emergence only. It is preceded by an increase in RNA content and by enhancement of RNA synthesis in the cells of the ejaculatory bulbs. Interstock differences were found in the level of the activity of S-esterase, which is under the control of the X chromosome, as well as in the time of expression of enzyme activity, which is controlled by the fifth chromosome. It is suggested that the specific phenotypic expression of this enzyme depends on the system of genes with regulatory expression at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. The genetic control of the synthesis of the S-esterase described is a convenient model for studying mechanisms of gene activity regulation in eukaryotes.", "PMID": 103540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5761", "title": "Effects of nitroglycerin and dipyridamole on regional myocardial blood flow.", "content": "The effects of intravenous administration of nitroglycerin or dipyridamole on distribution of myocardial blood flow in the heart after coronary underperfusion were investigated. In 18 open chest, anesthetized dogs, flow of the tubing supplying the left circumflex coronary artery (LCA) was reduced and kept constant, and then the drug was given intravenously. Before and after an administration of saline, nitroglycerin (0.04 mg/kg) and dipyridamole (0.2 mg/kg), myocardial blood flow was measured by tracer microspheres (TM). The first and second carbonized 15 mu spheres (TM1 and TM2) were injected into the left atrium and the cannulated LCA perfusion system respectively before medication. Similarly, the third and fourth spheres were given after drug. Thus, by using four different TMs (141Ce, 51Cr, 85Sr, 46Sc) regional myocardial blood flow from the LCA perfusion route (TM2 and TM4) was measured separately from that of the other normally perfused coronary route (TM1 and TM3). The effect of drugs on flow distribution of these two independent routes was measured. The LCA underperfusion produced a significant diminution of regional flow and its end/epi ratio in the LCA territory. Nitroglycerin increased end/epi ratio in the ischemic myocardium in the LCA perfusion route, but dipyridamole increased the normally perfused coronary flow but caused a shift of flow from the ischemic left ventricle to the atria and right ventricle within the LCA territory.", "contents": "Effects of nitroglycerin and dipyridamole on regional myocardial blood flow. The effects of intravenous administration of nitroglycerin or dipyridamole on distribution of myocardial blood flow in the heart after coronary underperfusion were investigated. In 18 open chest, anesthetized dogs, flow of the tubing supplying the left circumflex coronary artery (LCA) was reduced and kept constant, and then the drug was given intravenously. Before and after an administration of saline, nitroglycerin (0.04 mg/kg) and dipyridamole (0.2 mg/kg), myocardial blood flow was measured by tracer microspheres (TM). The first and second carbonized 15 mu spheres (TM1 and TM2) were injected into the left atrium and the cannulated LCA perfusion system respectively before medication. Similarly, the third and fourth spheres were given after drug. Thus, by using four different TMs (141Ce, 51Cr, 85Sr, 46Sc) regional myocardial blood flow from the LCA perfusion route (TM2 and TM4) was measured separately from that of the other normally perfused coronary route (TM1 and TM3). The effect of drugs on flow distribution of these two independent routes was measured. The LCA underperfusion produced a significant diminution of regional flow and its end/epi ratio in the LCA territory. Nitroglycerin increased end/epi ratio in the ischemic myocardium in the LCA perfusion route, but dipyridamole increased the normally perfused coronary flow but caused a shift of flow from the ischemic left ventricle to the atria and right ventricle within the LCA territory.", "PMID": 103535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5762", "title": "The effect of nitroglycerin on myocardial release of inosine, hypoxanthine and lactate during pacing-induced angina.", "content": "The efficacy of nitroglycerin as an antianginal drug has been evaluated by calculation of myocardial extraction and production values of lactate and the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) catabolites inosine and hypoxanthine. Coronary venous and arterial blood was sampled at rest, during pacing-induced angina and 4--6 min after nitroglycerin at identical paced heart rates for enzymatic assay of inosine and hypoxanthine after separation by column chromatography and for determination of lactate. Sublingual nitroglycerin given to 10 patients with coronary artery disease decreased coronary venous lactate values from 1175 +/- 320 mumol/l during pacing-induced angina to 950 +/- 240 mumol/l (p less than 0.05). The calculated myocardial lactate production during angina (-31 +/- 19%) diminished after nitroglycerin (-1.7 +/- 22%) (p less than 0.0025). Coronary venous inosine values during angina (1275 +/- 865 nmol/l) decreased after nitroglycerin (795 +/- 555 nmol/l) (p = n.s.), the arterial values (885 +/- 610 nmol/l) increased (960 +/- 580 nmol/l) (p = n.s.), the myocardial inosine release (-26 +/- 20%) changed to extraction values (19 +/- 19%) (p less than 0.0005). Coronary venous hypoxanthine values during angina (1540 +/- 1035 nmol/l) were reduced (1110 +/- 675 nmol/l) (p = n.s.); the arterial values (1625 +/- 1050 nmol/l) decreased (1510 +/- 935 nmol/l) (p = n.s.), the myocardial hypoxanthine extraction (0.3 +/- 29%) with a wide individual variability increased after nitroglycerin (24 +/- 13%) (p less than 0.025). The myocardial release of inosine and lactate during severe angina with significant positive correlation (r = 0.66, p less than 0.0025) demonstrates that anaerobic glycolysis is accompanied by ATP breakdown. The unchanged myocardial inosine and hypoxanthine extraction after nitroglycerin indicates that nitroglycerin is capable of attenuating this effect. In spite of reduced mean myocardial lactate production after nitroglycerin ischemic myocardial energy deficiency may be less marked. Thus, the enhanced myocardial inosine uptake may be one factor contributing the beneficial effects of nitroglycerin including the improvement of myocardial oxygen balance.", "contents": "The effect of nitroglycerin on myocardial release of inosine, hypoxanthine and lactate during pacing-induced angina. The efficacy of nitroglycerin as an antianginal drug has been evaluated by calculation of myocardial extraction and production values of lactate and the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) catabolites inosine and hypoxanthine. Coronary venous and arterial blood was sampled at rest, during pacing-induced angina and 4--6 min after nitroglycerin at identical paced heart rates for enzymatic assay of inosine and hypoxanthine after separation by column chromatography and for determination of lactate. Sublingual nitroglycerin given to 10 patients with coronary artery disease decreased coronary venous lactate values from 1175 +/- 320 mumol/l during pacing-induced angina to 950 +/- 240 mumol/l (p less than 0.05). The calculated myocardial lactate production during angina (-31 +/- 19%) diminished after nitroglycerin (-1.7 +/- 22%) (p less than 0.0025). Coronary venous inosine values during angina (1275 +/- 865 nmol/l) decreased after nitroglycerin (795 +/- 555 nmol/l) (p = n.s.), the arterial values (885 +/- 610 nmol/l) increased (960 +/- 580 nmol/l) (p = n.s.), the myocardial inosine release (-26 +/- 20%) changed to extraction values (19 +/- 19%) (p less than 0.0005). Coronary venous hypoxanthine values during angina (1540 +/- 1035 nmol/l) were reduced (1110 +/- 675 nmol/l) (p = n.s.); the arterial values (1625 +/- 1050 nmol/l) decreased (1510 +/- 935 nmol/l) (p = n.s.), the myocardial hypoxanthine extraction (0.3 +/- 29%) with a wide individual variability increased after nitroglycerin (24 +/- 13%) (p less than 0.025). The myocardial release of inosine and lactate during severe angina with significant positive correlation (r = 0.66, p less than 0.0025) demonstrates that anaerobic glycolysis is accompanied by ATP breakdown. The unchanged myocardial inosine and hypoxanthine extraction after nitroglycerin indicates that nitroglycerin is capable of attenuating this effect. In spite of reduced mean myocardial lactate production after nitroglycerin ischemic myocardial energy deficiency may be less marked. Thus, the enhanced myocardial inosine uptake may be one factor contributing the beneficial effects of nitroglycerin including the improvement of myocardial oxygen balance.", "PMID": 103536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5763", "title": "Alcohol-oxidizing enzymes in 13 Drosophila species.", "content": "Starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to ascertain the substrate specificities of alcohol-oxidizing enzymes in 13 Drosophila species. The substrates used were a variety of long- and short-chain aliphatic alcohols, one aromatic alcohol, and benzaldehyde. Only one enzyme (product of a single-gene locus) showed significant NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase activity with short-chain aliphatic alcohols. The 13 species, belonging to four different Drosophila groups, all showed a similar complement of alcohol-oxidizing enzymes, although differences in electrophoretic mobility and in levels of activity existed from species to species. These findings are relevant to the adaptation of Drosophila to alcohol environments.", "contents": "Alcohol-oxidizing enzymes in 13 Drosophila species. Starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to ascertain the substrate specificities of alcohol-oxidizing enzymes in 13 Drosophila species. The substrates used were a variety of long- and short-chain aliphatic alcohols, one aromatic alcohol, and benzaldehyde. Only one enzyme (product of a single-gene locus) showed significant NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase activity with short-chain aliphatic alcohols. The 13 species, belonging to four different Drosophila groups, all showed a similar complement of alcohol-oxidizing enzymes, although differences in electrophoretic mobility and in levels of activity existed from species to species. These findings are relevant to the adaptation of Drosophila to alcohol environments.", "PMID": 103541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5764", "title": "Heat stability studies at the alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase locus in populations of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The level of hidden variation in populations of Drosophila melanogaster at the Gpdh+ locus was determined by thermal stability studies of the protein. The results indicate a lack of variation using these methods both in and between the two common electrophoretic variants. It is suggested that alpha-GPDH is conserved in primary structure, which may be related to its critical role in flight muscle metabolism.", "contents": "Heat stability studies at the alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase locus in populations of Drosophila melanogaster. The level of hidden variation in populations of Drosophila melanogaster at the Gpdh+ locus was determined by thermal stability studies of the protein. The results indicate a lack of variation using these methods both in and between the two common electrophoretic variants. It is suggested that alpha-GPDH is conserved in primary structure, which may be related to its critical role in flight muscle metabolism.", "PMID": 103542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5765", "title": "Calcium accumulation during sporulation of Bacillus megaterium KM.", "content": "Accumulation of Ca2+ in Bacilli occurs during stages IV to VI of sporulation. Ca2+ uptake into the sporangium was investigated in Bacillus megaterium KM in protoplasts prepared in stage III of sporulation and cultured to continue sporulation. These protoplasts and whole cells exhibit essentially identical Ca2+ uptake, which is compared with that of forespores isolated in stage V of sporulation. Ca2+, uptake into both sporangial protoplasts and isolated forespores occurs by Ca2+-specific carrier-mediated processes. However, protoplasts exhibit a Km value of 31 micrometer, and forespores have a Km value of 2.1 mM. Sporangial protoplasts accumulate Ca2+ against a concentration gradient. In contrast, Ca2+ uptake into isolated forespores is consistent with downhill transfer in which both rate and extent of uptake are affected by the external Ca2+ concontration. Dipicolinic acid has no effect on Ca2+ uptake by isolated forespores, apart from decreasing the external Ca2+ concentration by chelation. A model for sporulation-specific Ca2+ accumulation is proposed, in which Ca2+ is transported into the sporangium, resulting in a concentration of 3--9 mM in the mother-cell cytoplasm. This high concentration of Ca2+ enables carrier-mediated transfer down a concentration gradient into the forespore compartment, where a low free Ca2+ concentration is maintained by complexing with dipicolinic acid.", "contents": "Calcium accumulation during sporulation of Bacillus megaterium KM. Accumulation of Ca2+ in Bacilli occurs during stages IV to VI of sporulation. Ca2+ uptake into the sporangium was investigated in Bacillus megaterium KM in protoplasts prepared in stage III of sporulation and cultured to continue sporulation. These protoplasts and whole cells exhibit essentially identical Ca2+ uptake, which is compared with that of forespores isolated in stage V of sporulation. Ca2+, uptake into both sporangial protoplasts and isolated forespores occurs by Ca2+-specific carrier-mediated processes. However, protoplasts exhibit a Km value of 31 micrometer, and forespores have a Km value of 2.1 mM. Sporangial protoplasts accumulate Ca2+ against a concentration gradient. In contrast, Ca2+ uptake into isolated forespores is consistent with downhill transfer in which both rate and extent of uptake are affected by the external Ca2+ concontration. Dipicolinic acid has no effect on Ca2+ uptake by isolated forespores, apart from decreasing the external Ca2+ concentration by chelation. A model for sporulation-specific Ca2+ accumulation is proposed, in which Ca2+ is transported into the sporangium, resulting in a concentration of 3--9 mM in the mother-cell cytoplasm. This high concentration of Ca2+ enables carrier-mediated transfer down a concentration gradient into the forespore compartment, where a low free Ca2+ concentration is maintained by complexing with dipicolinic acid.", "PMID": 103543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5766", "title": "Functional involvement of carbonic anhydrase in calcium transport of the chick chorioallantoic membrane.", "content": "Carbonic anhydrase activity was demonstrated in the chick-embryonic chorioallantoic membrane and was correlated with the Ca2+-transport activity of the membrane. It is inhibited by sulphonamides and is expressed in the chorioallantoic membrane in an age-dependent fashion during embryonic development. Ca2+ uptake by the chorioallantoic membrane in vivo also increases in a similar age-dependent manner. The temporal increase in these activities is coincident with calcium deposition in the embryonic skeleton. Incubation of the chorioallantoic membrane in ovo with sulphonamides specifically inhibits both the carbonic anhydrase and the Ca2+ uptake activities of the membrane in vivo. Enzyme histochemistry revealed the carbonic anhydrase activity is localized in the Ca2+-transporting ectodermal cells of the chorioallantoic membrane. These results, taken together, indicate that carbonic anhydrase may be functionally important in the Ca2+-transport activity of the chorioallantoic membrane.", "contents": "Functional involvement of carbonic anhydrase in calcium transport of the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Carbonic anhydrase activity was demonstrated in the chick-embryonic chorioallantoic membrane and was correlated with the Ca2+-transport activity of the membrane. It is inhibited by sulphonamides and is expressed in the chorioallantoic membrane in an age-dependent fashion during embryonic development. Ca2+ uptake by the chorioallantoic membrane in vivo also increases in a similar age-dependent manner. The temporal increase in these activities is coincident with calcium deposition in the embryonic skeleton. Incubation of the chorioallantoic membrane in ovo with sulphonamides specifically inhibits both the carbonic anhydrase and the Ca2+ uptake activities of the membrane in vivo. Enzyme histochemistry revealed the carbonic anhydrase activity is localized in the Ca2+-transporting ectodermal cells of the chorioallantoic membrane. These results, taken together, indicate that carbonic anhydrase may be functionally important in the Ca2+-transport activity of the chorioallantoic membrane.", "PMID": 103544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5767", "title": "Serum amyloid A protein in amyloidosis, rheumatic, and enoplastic diseases.", "content": "Serum levels of amyloid protein A (SAA) have been shown to be elevated in different types of amyloidosis and in rheumatic diseases by radioimmunoassay using 125 iodine labeled AA and anti-AA. SAA levels were elevated in both primary and secondary amyloidosis, but there were highly significant differences between these levels. In heredofamilial amyloid, SAA levels were within normal limits. While the mean SAA level was elevated in persons over 70 years, the fact that some persons in this age group had normal levels suggested that marked elevation after age 70 may be due to occult inflammatory or neoplastic disease. High SAA levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis correlated, in most cases, with physician evaluation of disease activity and Westergren ESR. SAA levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were lower than those in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and most patients with degenerative joint disease had normal levels. Very high levels of SAA were found in patients with neoplastic diseases. Patients with carcinoma of the lung and bowel had much higher levels than patients with carcinoma of the breast. Determination of SAA levels may be of value in evaluating different forms of systemic amyloidosis, assessing the activity of rheumatic disease, and screening for occult inflammatory or neoplastic disease.", "contents": "Serum amyloid A protein in amyloidosis, rheumatic, and enoplastic diseases. Serum levels of amyloid protein A (SAA) have been shown to be elevated in different types of amyloidosis and in rheumatic diseases by radioimmunoassay using 125 iodine labeled AA and anti-AA. SAA levels were elevated in both primary and secondary amyloidosis, but there were highly significant differences between these levels. In heredofamilial amyloid, SAA levels were within normal limits. While the mean SAA level was elevated in persons over 70 years, the fact that some persons in this age group had normal levels suggested that marked elevation after age 70 may be due to occult inflammatory or neoplastic disease. High SAA levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis correlated, in most cases, with physician evaluation of disease activity and Westergren ESR. SAA levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were lower than those in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and most patients with degenerative joint disease had normal levels. Very high levels of SAA were found in patients with neoplastic diseases. Patients with carcinoma of the lung and bowel had much higher levels than patients with carcinoma of the breast. Determination of SAA levels may be of value in evaluating different forms of systemic amyloidosis, assessing the activity of rheumatic disease, and screening for occult inflammatory or neoplastic disease.", "PMID": 103558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5768", "title": "Significance of serum C-reactive protein elevation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration was determined by a radial immunodiffusion method in serum samples collected over a mean period of 19 months from a group of 17 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Thirty-two episodes of CRP elevation were detected. Twenty of these were associated with active SLE, and 9 with proven or possible infection or bone fracture. In 3 cases no explanation for CRP elevation was readily apparent. There were 8 instances of onset or exacerbation of lupus activity without accompanying CRP elevation. These data indicate that CRP elevation in the course of SLE is frequently associated with activation of lupus, and that detection of such elevation does not differentiate between lupus activity and infection.", "contents": "Significance of serum C-reactive protein elevation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration was determined by a radial immunodiffusion method in serum samples collected over a mean period of 19 months from a group of 17 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Thirty-two episodes of CRP elevation were detected. Twenty of these were associated with active SLE, and 9 with proven or possible infection or bone fracture. In 3 cases no explanation for CRP elevation was readily apparent. There were 8 instances of onset or exacerbation of lupus activity without accompanying CRP elevation. These data indicate that CRP elevation in the course of SLE is frequently associated with activation of lupus, and that detection of such elevation does not differentiate between lupus activity and infection.", "PMID": 103559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5769", "title": "Antibodies reacting with ribosomal ribonucleoprotein in connective tissue diseases.", "content": "Precipitating antibody to an antigen present in cytoplasm was detected in the sera of 7 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 1 patient with an overlap toid arthritis, and 1 patient with mixed connective tissue disease. By physicochemical and enzymatic studies, the antigen was shown to have the properties of ribosomal ribonucleoprotein (gamma-RNP). Cytoplasmic staining in immunofluorescence was observed with all the 9 sera containing antibodies to gamma-RNP. In certain cases, cytoplasmic staining was associated with nucleolar staining. Antibody to gamma-RNP is different in immunologic specificity and clinical significance from antibody to nuclear RNP and is present primarily in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Antibodies reacting with ribosomal ribonucleoprotein in connective tissue diseases. Precipitating antibody to an antigen present in cytoplasm was detected in the sera of 7 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 1 patient with an overlap toid arthritis, and 1 patient with mixed connective tissue disease. By physicochemical and enzymatic studies, the antigen was shown to have the properties of ribosomal ribonucleoprotein (gamma-RNP). Cytoplasmic staining in immunofluorescence was observed with all the 9 sera containing antibodies to gamma-RNP. In certain cases, cytoplasmic staining was associated with nucleolar staining. Antibody to gamma-RNP is different in immunologic specificity and clinical significance from antibody to nuclear RNP and is present primarily in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 103560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5770", "title": "Treatment of established atherosclerosis during cholesterol feeding in monkeys.", "content": "A semipurified diet containing 43% of the calories as fat and 1.2 mg of cholesterol/cal was fed to cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) for 6 months; the cholesterol content was reduced to 0.34 mg/cal for the next 18 months. During the latter period, the monkeys were assigned to 4 groups of 18 animals each and received the following dietary additions: A, none (controls); B, cholestyramine (5%, w/w); C, dextrothyroxine (0.003%); and D, Wy-14,643 (0.45%). Cholestyramine normalized plasma lipid levels and reduced the size of aortic and coronary atherosclerotic lesions in spite of the high-fat, high-cholesterol intake. Dextrothyroxine reduced cholesterolemia but did not modify the extent of arterial lesions. Wy-14,643 changed neither plasma cholesterol levels nor the extent of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Treatment of established atherosclerosis during cholesterol feeding in monkeys. A semipurified diet containing 43% of the calories as fat and 1.2 mg of cholesterol/cal was fed to cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) for 6 months; the cholesterol content was reduced to 0.34 mg/cal for the next 18 months. During the latter period, the monkeys were assigned to 4 groups of 18 animals each and received the following dietary additions: A, none (controls); B, cholestyramine (5%, w/w); C, dextrothyroxine (0.003%); and D, Wy-14,643 (0.45%). Cholestyramine normalized plasma lipid levels and reduced the size of aortic and coronary atherosclerotic lesions in spite of the high-fat, high-cholesterol intake. Dextrothyroxine reduced cholesterolemia but did not modify the extent of arterial lesions. Wy-14,643 changed neither plasma cholesterol levels nor the extent of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 103561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5771", "title": "The relation of hypercholesterolemic fatty streaks to intimal permeability changes shown by Evans blue.", "content": "The aortic localization of diet-induced fatty streaks in relation to focal increases in intimal permeability was evaluated in cynomoglus monkeys. Animals fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and studied at 10, 15, and 100 days had increasing intensity of Evans blue dye uptake. The overlap of fatty streaks with areas of dye intake increased as the areas of dye uptake enlarged, but all hypercholesterolemic groups showed some fatty streaks not topographically related to areas of dye uptake or flow instability. Because the upper thoracic aorta tended to show more advanced fatty streak formation dissociated from evident permeability change or hydraulic instability, it is suggested that mechanical factors associated with the geometric configuration of the descending thoracic aorta may have a significant role in the localization of some hypercholesterolemic fatty streaks.", "contents": "The relation of hypercholesterolemic fatty streaks to intimal permeability changes shown by Evans blue. The aortic localization of diet-induced fatty streaks in relation to focal increases in intimal permeability was evaluated in cynomoglus monkeys. Animals fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and studied at 10, 15, and 100 days had increasing intensity of Evans blue dye uptake. The overlap of fatty streaks with areas of dye intake increased as the areas of dye uptake enlarged, but all hypercholesterolemic groups showed some fatty streaks not topographically related to areas of dye uptake or flow instability. Because the upper thoracic aorta tended to show more advanced fatty streak formation dissociated from evident permeability change or hydraulic instability, it is suggested that mechanical factors associated with the geometric configuration of the descending thoracic aorta may have a significant role in the localization of some hypercholesterolemic fatty streaks.", "PMID": 103562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5772", "title": "[Immunodeficiencies and enzyme deficiencies].", "content": "The first part of the paper outlines the actual situation of the recent investigations on the interpretative problem of the immunological deficits combined with enzymatic deficits. ADA deficit associated with combined immunodeficiency is an autosomal recessive form. Low enzyme levels, which is produced by a structural gene located on chromosome 20, were detected in chronic lymphatic leukemias where ADA decrease is correlated to low levels of T lymphocytes and the prevalence of an atypical B lymphocyte population. Particularly high levels of ADA were detected in acute lymphoblastic leukemias, in transplant rejection, in blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia... NP deficit is associated with a T branch immunodeficiency, with high levels of inosine, guanosine, hypouricemia, hypochromic microcythemia and hematopoietic tissue megaloblastosis. This enzyme, with trimeric structure, whose structural gene is located on chromosome 14, shows a cytoplasmic location, and its maximum activity is to be found in T lymphocytes separated by rosetting. IGPT deficit is to be held responsible for the neurological Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. This deficit is associated with a depression of B lymphocyte function evaluated as response to the mitogens (PWM, Protein A) or as specific immunoglobulins production. At last the Authors report some personal investigations performed on hemolysates and lymphocytes of subjects with impaired immunity, as well as on some children at birth to establish the correlation between ADA and NP behaviour and immunosurveillance. Lastly, the data on the variations of the enzymatic and immunological parameters of subjects with immunodeficiency associated to enzymopenia after red cell transfusion are reported.", "contents": "[Immunodeficiencies and enzyme deficiencies]. The first part of the paper outlines the actual situation of the recent investigations on the interpretative problem of the immunological deficits combined with enzymatic deficits. ADA deficit associated with combined immunodeficiency is an autosomal recessive form. Low enzyme levels, which is produced by a structural gene located on chromosome 20, were detected in chronic lymphatic leukemias where ADA decrease is correlated to low levels of T lymphocytes and the prevalence of an atypical B lymphocyte population. Particularly high levels of ADA were detected in acute lymphoblastic leukemias, in transplant rejection, in blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia... NP deficit is associated with a T branch immunodeficiency, with high levels of inosine, guanosine, hypouricemia, hypochromic microcythemia and hematopoietic tissue megaloblastosis. This enzyme, with trimeric structure, whose structural gene is located on chromosome 14, shows a cytoplasmic location, and its maximum activity is to be found in T lymphocytes separated by rosetting. IGPT deficit is to be held responsible for the neurological Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. This deficit is associated with a depression of B lymphocyte function evaluated as response to the mitogens (PWM, Protein A) or as specific immunoglobulins production. At last the Authors report some personal investigations performed on hemolysates and lymphocytes of subjects with impaired immunity, as well as on some children at birth to establish the correlation between ADA and NP behaviour and immunosurveillance. Lastly, the data on the variations of the enzymatic and immunological parameters of subjects with immunodeficiency associated to enzymopenia after red cell transfusion are reported.", "PMID": 103563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5773", "title": "Immunological heterogeneity of haemophilia B: a multicentre study of 98 kindreds.", "content": "An electroimmunoassay with a precipitating rabbit anti-human factor IX antiserum and an inhibitor neutralization assay with a non-precipitating homologous antibody were used to measure factor IX antigen (IX:Ag) in 117 patients from 98 kindreds with haemophilia B; and to investigate in a mixed population the incidence of different immunological types of the disease. Although the two assays showed an excellent correlation, the electroimmunoassay was selected for its simplicity as a criterion for classification. 52 kindreds, referred to as haemophilia B-, were characterized by severe deficiency of factor IX coagulant activity (less than 0.01--0.03 u/ml) and unmeasurable IX:Ag (less than 0.12 u/ml): this genetic variant of the disease appears to be related to a complete or marked suppression of factor IX synthesis. In 16 kindreds, a severe or moderately severe IX:C deficiency was associated with normal or increased levels of IX:Ag (haemophilia B+): among them, a subgroup of five kindreds could be identified by the additional abnormality of a prolonged Thrombotest clotting time (haemophilia BM). These patients are likely to be the expression of normal or increased synthesis of a factor IX molecule markedly defective in the site(s) responsible for coagulant activity. Reduced levels of IX:Ag (0.12--0.65 u/ml, characterized the remaining 30 kindreds, presenting with IX:C levels ranging from less than 0.01 to 0.21 mu/ml. In 28 there was a significant excess of IX:Ag over IX:C, suggesting a reduced capacity to synthesize the factor IX molecule accompanied by a variable defect in the coagulant site; the remaining two kindreds, which showed a concomitant reduction of IX:C and IX:Ag, are likely to be examples of a true reduction of factor IX synthesis.", "contents": "Immunological heterogeneity of haemophilia B: a multicentre study of 98 kindreds. An electroimmunoassay with a precipitating rabbit anti-human factor IX antiserum and an inhibitor neutralization assay with a non-precipitating homologous antibody were used to measure factor IX antigen (IX:Ag) in 117 patients from 98 kindreds with haemophilia B; and to investigate in a mixed population the incidence of different immunological types of the disease. Although the two assays showed an excellent correlation, the electroimmunoassay was selected for its simplicity as a criterion for classification. 52 kindreds, referred to as haemophilia B-, were characterized by severe deficiency of factor IX coagulant activity (less than 0.01--0.03 u/ml) and unmeasurable IX:Ag (less than 0.12 u/ml): this genetic variant of the disease appears to be related to a complete or marked suppression of factor IX synthesis. In 16 kindreds, a severe or moderately severe IX:C deficiency was associated with normal or increased levels of IX:Ag (haemophilia B+): among them, a subgroup of five kindreds could be identified by the additional abnormality of a prolonged Thrombotest clotting time (haemophilia BM). These patients are likely to be the expression of normal or increased synthesis of a factor IX molecule markedly defective in the site(s) responsible for coagulant activity. Reduced levels of IX:Ag (0.12--0.65 u/ml, characterized the remaining 30 kindreds, presenting with IX:C levels ranging from less than 0.01 to 0.21 mu/ml. In 28 there was a significant excess of IX:Ag over IX:C, suggesting a reduced capacity to synthesize the factor IX molecule accompanied by a variable defect in the coagulant site; the remaining two kindreds, which showed a concomitant reduction of IX:C and IX:Ag, are likely to be examples of a true reduction of factor IX synthesis.", "PMID": 103564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5774", "title": "Enzymatic and chemical properties of an endopeptidase from the larva of the hornet Vespa crabro.", "content": "An endopeptidase from the larvae of the hornet Vespa crabro has been purified to homogeneity. The enzyme has been characterized with respect to molecular weight, amino acid compositon, and amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequences. The catalytic properties of the hornet protease are similar to those of bovine chymotrypsin with respect to inactivation by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and carbobenzoxyphenylalanine chloro ketone and preferential peptide bond cleavage at aromatic amino acid residues. In contrast to bovine chymotrypsin, the hornet protease is not inhibited by the basic pancreatic Kunitz inhibitor, soybean inhibitor, or chicken ovomucoid. The molecular weight, as determined by several independent methods, was found to be 14 500. The protease is a single-chain protein containing two disulfide bonds. The terminal sequences are: NH2-Ile-Val-Gly-Gly-Ile-Asp.....Gly-Lys-Tyr-Pro-Tyr-Gln-Val-Ser-Leu-Arg-COOH.", "contents": "Enzymatic and chemical properties of an endopeptidase from the larva of the hornet Vespa crabro. An endopeptidase from the larvae of the hornet Vespa crabro has been purified to homogeneity. The enzyme has been characterized with respect to molecular weight, amino acid compositon, and amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequences. The catalytic properties of the hornet protease are similar to those of bovine chymotrypsin with respect to inactivation by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and carbobenzoxyphenylalanine chloro ketone and preferential peptide bond cleavage at aromatic amino acid residues. In contrast to bovine chymotrypsin, the hornet protease is not inhibited by the basic pancreatic Kunitz inhibitor, soybean inhibitor, or chicken ovomucoid. The molecular weight, as determined by several independent methods, was found to be 14 500. The protease is a single-chain protein containing two disulfide bonds. The terminal sequences are: NH2-Ile-Val-Gly-Gly-Ile-Asp.....Gly-Lys-Tyr-Pro-Tyr-Gln-Val-Ser-Leu-Arg-COOH.", "PMID": 103567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5775", "title": "Isolation of a high specific activity 35S ribosomal RNA precursor from Tetrahymena pyriformis and identification of its 5' terminus, pppAp.", "content": "RNA isolated from starved and refed Tetrahymena pyriformis GL, pulse labeled with H3(32)PO4, contains an RNA molecule of 2.4 x 10(6) molecular weight which can be identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This RNA has been shown to be a precursor of the mature 25S rRNA and 17S rRNA by a kinetic analysis of its synthesis, by hybridization competition with pure 25S rRNA and 17s rRNA, and by two-dimensional fingerprint analysis. The 5'-terminal nucleotide was isolated from the total digestion products of the 35S rRNA precusor and shown to be pppAp by analysis of the products of snake venom phosphodiesterase digestion. Low, but significant yields of the 5' terminus pppAp were also isolated from the 17S rRNA demonstrating that the primary transcript of the rRNA gene in T. pyriformis contains the 17S rRNA at its 5' end.", "contents": "Isolation of a high specific activity 35S ribosomal RNA precursor from Tetrahymena pyriformis and identification of its 5' terminus, pppAp. RNA isolated from starved and refed Tetrahymena pyriformis GL, pulse labeled with H3(32)PO4, contains an RNA molecule of 2.4 x 10(6) molecular weight which can be identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This RNA has been shown to be a precursor of the mature 25S rRNA and 17S rRNA by a kinetic analysis of its synthesis, by hybridization competition with pure 25S rRNA and 17s rRNA, and by two-dimensional fingerprint analysis. The 5'-terminal nucleotide was isolated from the total digestion products of the 35S rRNA precusor and shown to be pppAp by analysis of the products of snake venom phosphodiesterase digestion. Low, but significant yields of the 5' terminus pppAp were also isolated from the 17S rRNA demonstrating that the primary transcript of the rRNA gene in T. pyriformis contains the 17S rRNA at its 5' end.", "PMID": 103568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5776", "title": "Probes of beta-galactosidase structure with antibodies. Reaction of anti-peptide antibodies against native enzyme.", "content": "Antibodies were prepared against 18 tryptic and cyanogen bromide peptides from beta-galactosidase ranging in size from 15 to 96 amino acid residues representing more than 80% of the polypeptide chain. They were tested for binding capacity and affinity toward their homologous antigens and toward the whole native protein. Nine antisera bound to beta-galactosidase; these had been raised against certain peptides from the central and carboxyl-terminal regions of the poly-peptide chain. Based on these results a preliminary model of the three-dimensional structure of the folded protein is suggested.", "contents": "Probes of beta-galactosidase structure with antibodies. Reaction of anti-peptide antibodies against native enzyme. Antibodies were prepared against 18 tryptic and cyanogen bromide peptides from beta-galactosidase ranging in size from 15 to 96 amino acid residues representing more than 80% of the polypeptide chain. They were tested for binding capacity and affinity toward their homologous antigens and toward the whole native protein. Nine antisera bound to beta-galactosidase; these had been raised against certain peptides from the central and carboxyl-terminal regions of the poly-peptide chain. Based on these results a preliminary model of the three-dimensional structure of the folded protein is suggested.", "PMID": 103569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5777", "title": "Probe of beta-galactosidase structure with iodoacetate. Differential reactivity of thiol groups in wild-type and mutant forms of beta-galactosidase.", "content": "Carboxymethylation with 14 C-labeled iodoacetate of cysteine residues in wild-type beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli and in a defective beta-galactosidase from deletion mutant strain M15 was investigated in order to determine accessible positions in the tetrameric wild-type form and the dimeric mutant M15 protein. The extent of carboxymethylation, the effects on biological activity, antibody activation, physical stability, and the labeling of particular residues were studied. The results distinguish three groups of spatial relationships for cysteine residues in the protein, define possible regions for subunit interactions, and confirm that no cysteine residue is specifically involved in catalysis. Residue 1019 and to a lesser extent 498 are accessible in the tetrameric protein and probably represent exposed areas. In the M15 protein, these two, and three additional residues, at 76,387 and 600, were found to react significantly with reagent. One or more of the latter are suggested to be in the dimer-dimer interface. Complementation and activation by antibody are inhibited by carboxymethylation of M15 protein.", "contents": "Probe of beta-galactosidase structure with iodoacetate. Differential reactivity of thiol groups in wild-type and mutant forms of beta-galactosidase. Carboxymethylation with 14 C-labeled iodoacetate of cysteine residues in wild-type beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli and in a defective beta-galactosidase from deletion mutant strain M15 was investigated in order to determine accessible positions in the tetrameric wild-type form and the dimeric mutant M15 protein. The extent of carboxymethylation, the effects on biological activity, antibody activation, physical stability, and the labeling of particular residues were studied. The results distinguish three groups of spatial relationships for cysteine residues in the protein, define possible regions for subunit interactions, and confirm that no cysteine residue is specifically involved in catalysis. Residue 1019 and to a lesser extent 498 are accessible in the tetrameric protein and probably represent exposed areas. In the M15 protein, these two, and three additional residues, at 76,387 and 600, were found to react significantly with reagent. One or more of the latter are suggested to be in the dimer-dimer interface. Complementation and activation by antibody are inhibited by carboxymethylation of M15 protein.", "PMID": 103570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5778", "title": "Temporal relationship of translation and glycosylation of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains.", "content": "The initial glycosylation of MPC 11 gamma 2b heavy chains occurs quantitatively in vivo when the nascent heavy chains reach a size of approximately 38 000 daltons. Nonglycosylated, completed MPC 11 heavy chains cannot be glycosylated in these cells. Other classes of mouse heavy chains (i.e., mu, alpha, and gamma 1) also appear to be glycosylated as nascent chains; nonglycosylated, completed heavy chains cannot be glycosylated by the cell in any of these cases. In contrast, variant MPC 11 cells synthesizing a heavy chain with a carboxy-terminal deletion appear to glycosylate some heavy chains prior to chain completion and some heavy chains after chain completion and release from the polysomes. Similar to the variant MPC 11 cells, MOPC 46B cells (which synthesize a kappa light chain containing an oligosaccharide attached to an asparagine located 28 residues from the amino terminus) glycosylate the majority of light chains after prior to chain completion but also some light chains after chain completion and release from the polysomes. In addition, it appears that, although completed MOPC 46B light chains can be glycosylated if they are present in a monomeric form, they cannot be glycosylated if they are present in a covalent dimeric form.", "contents": "Temporal relationship of translation and glycosylation of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. The initial glycosylation of MPC 11 gamma 2b heavy chains occurs quantitatively in vivo when the nascent heavy chains reach a size of approximately 38 000 daltons. Nonglycosylated, completed MPC 11 heavy chains cannot be glycosylated in these cells. Other classes of mouse heavy chains (i.e., mu, alpha, and gamma 1) also appear to be glycosylated as nascent chains; nonglycosylated, completed heavy chains cannot be glycosylated by the cell in any of these cases. In contrast, variant MPC 11 cells synthesizing a heavy chain with a carboxy-terminal deletion appear to glycosylate some heavy chains prior to chain completion and some heavy chains after chain completion and release from the polysomes. Similar to the variant MPC 11 cells, MOPC 46B cells (which synthesize a kappa light chain containing an oligosaccharide attached to an asparagine located 28 residues from the amino terminus) glycosylate the majority of light chains after prior to chain completion but also some light chains after chain completion and release from the polysomes. In addition, it appears that, although completed MOPC 46B light chains can be glycosylated if they are present in a monomeric form, they cannot be glycosylated if they are present in a covalent dimeric form.", "PMID": 103571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5779", "title": "Acyldiglucosyldiacylglycerol-containing lipoteichoic acid with a poly(3-O-galabiosyl-2-O-galactosyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphate) chain from Streptococcus lactis Kiel 42172.", "content": "The lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus lactis Kiel 42172 was isolated. The lipid portions were released by HF and were established to be 3-O-[O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl]-2-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphate, they are joined by phosphodiester bonds nosyl)]glycerol. The repeating units of the hydrophilic chain were established to be 3-O-[O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl]-2-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphate; they are joined by phosphodiester bonds at carbon atom 6 of the galabiosyl residues. The innermost unit is linked to the glycolipid by a phosphodiester presumably at C-6 of the outer glucosyl moiety. The hydrophilic chain is 7.4--11.8 units in length, measuring 12--19 nm is extended conformation. The content of 2.7--2.96 acyl groups per 2 glucosyl residues indicates that 70--96% of the glycolipid consists of acyldiglucosyldiacylglycerol. The novel poly(glycosylgly-cerophosphate) structure provided for the first time the oplipoteichoic acids are the sn-1 isomer which has previously been suggested from biosynthetic studies (Glaser, L., & Lindsay, B. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59, 1131--1136).", "contents": "Acyldiglucosyldiacylglycerol-containing lipoteichoic acid with a poly(3-O-galabiosyl-2-O-galactosyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphate) chain from Streptococcus lactis Kiel 42172. The lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus lactis Kiel 42172 was isolated. The lipid portions were released by HF and were established to be 3-O-[O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl]-2-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphate, they are joined by phosphodiester bonds nosyl)]glycerol. The repeating units of the hydrophilic chain were established to be 3-O-[O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl]-2-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphate; they are joined by phosphodiester bonds at carbon atom 6 of the galabiosyl residues. The innermost unit is linked to the glycolipid by a phosphodiester presumably at C-6 of the outer glucosyl moiety. The hydrophilic chain is 7.4--11.8 units in length, measuring 12--19 nm is extended conformation. The content of 2.7--2.96 acyl groups per 2 glucosyl residues indicates that 70--96% of the glycolipid consists of acyldiglucosyldiacylglycerol. The novel poly(glycosylgly-cerophosphate) structure provided for the first time the oplipoteichoic acids are the sn-1 isomer which has previously been suggested from biosynthetic studies (Glaser, L., & Lindsay, B. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59, 1131--1136).", "PMID": 103572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5780", "title": "k Chain variable regions from three galactan binding myeloma proteins.", "content": "A series of seven BALB/c myeloma proteins has been identified with binding specificity for antigens containing beta(1 leads to 6)-D-galactopyranosyl moieties. We have determined the primary amino acid sequence of the first 108 residues from the light chains of three of these proteins. The framework portions of the variable regions of these three light chains are identical with residue 100 at which position three different amino acids are found in the three chains. An additional interchange was found at position 106 in one of the proteins. Based on recent DNA sequence studies suggesting that the variable region ends at residue 97, these substitutions indicate the possible existance of multiple genes coding for the region beginning at residue 98 and continuing toward the carboxy terminus. A single amino acid interchange was observed in complementarity determining regions occurring in L3. This substitution (Ile-Trp) would require changes in all three codon bases to produce the respective amino acids if one were derived from the other. Two of these chains are thus indistinguishable for their first 100 amino acids and are the first pair of k chains to exhibit complete identity over their variable regions.", "contents": "k Chain variable regions from three galactan binding myeloma proteins. A series of seven BALB/c myeloma proteins has been identified with binding specificity for antigens containing beta(1 leads to 6)-D-galactopyranosyl moieties. We have determined the primary amino acid sequence of the first 108 residues from the light chains of three of these proteins. The framework portions of the variable regions of these three light chains are identical with residue 100 at which position three different amino acids are found in the three chains. An additional interchange was found at position 106 in one of the proteins. Based on recent DNA sequence studies suggesting that the variable region ends at residue 97, these substitutions indicate the possible existance of multiple genes coding for the region beginning at residue 98 and continuing toward the carboxy terminus. A single amino acid interchange was observed in complementarity determining regions occurring in L3. This substitution (Ile-Trp) would require changes in all three codon bases to produce the respective amino acids if one were derived from the other. Two of these chains are thus indistinguishable for their first 100 amino acids and are the first pair of k chains to exhibit complete identity over their variable regions.", "PMID": 103573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5781", "title": "Human alpha-1-antichymotrypsin: purification and properties.", "content": "Human alpha-1-antichymotrypsin has been purified to homogeneity by the following sequential steps--(a) ammonium sulfate fractionation; (b) chromatography on Cibacron Blue Sepharose at pH 7.0; and (c) chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-50 at pH 5.5. The inhibitor has a molecular weight near 68,000 and contains approximately 26% carbohydrate alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin has an amino-terminal arginine and a carboxy-terminal glycine. It also has some homology with alpha-1-PI based on amino-terminal sequence analysis of both proteins. Complexes of alpha-1-antichymotrypsin with human chymotrypsin and human leukocyte cathepsin G are stable in sodium dodecyl sulfate and have molecular weights near 90,000 suggesting 1:1 complex formation on a molar basis between inhibitor and enzyme.", "contents": "Human alpha-1-antichymotrypsin: purification and properties. Human alpha-1-antichymotrypsin has been purified to homogeneity by the following sequential steps--(a) ammonium sulfate fractionation; (b) chromatography on Cibacron Blue Sepharose at pH 7.0; and (c) chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-50 at pH 5.5. The inhibitor has a molecular weight near 68,000 and contains approximately 26% carbohydrate alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin has an amino-terminal arginine and a carboxy-terminal glycine. It also has some homology with alpha-1-PI based on amino-terminal sequence analysis of both proteins. Complexes of alpha-1-antichymotrypsin with human chymotrypsin and human leukocyte cathepsin G are stable in sodium dodecyl sulfate and have molecular weights near 90,000 suggesting 1:1 complex formation on a molar basis between inhibitor and enzyme.", "PMID": 103576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5782", "title": "Involvement of the mature domain in the in vitro maturation of Bacillus subtilis precursor 5S ribosomal RNA.", "content": "A precursor of 5S ribosomal RNA from Bacillus subtilis (p5A rRNA, 179 nucleotides in length) is cleaved by RNase M5, a specific maturation endonuclease which releases the mature 5S rRNA (m5, 116 nucleotides) and precursor fragments derived from the 5' (21 nucleotides) and 3' (42 nucleotides) termini of p5A rRNA. Previous results (Meyhack, B., et al. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 3045) led to the conclusion that recognition elements in potential RNase M5 substrates mainly reside in the mature moiety of the precursor. Limited digestion of p5A rRNA with RNase T1 permitted the isolation of a number of test substrates which contained both precursor-specific segments and were unaltered in the immediate vicinity of the cleavage sites, but which differed in that more or less extensive regions of the mature moiety of the p5A rRNA were deleted. Tests of the capacity of these partial molecules to serve as substrates for RNase M5 indicate clearly that the enzyme recognizes the overall conformation of potential substrates, neglecting only the double-helical \"prokaryotic loop\" (Fox, G.E., & Woese, C.R. (1975) Nature (London) 256, 505).", "contents": "Involvement of the mature domain in the in vitro maturation of Bacillus subtilis precursor 5S ribosomal RNA. A precursor of 5S ribosomal RNA from Bacillus subtilis (p5A rRNA, 179 nucleotides in length) is cleaved by RNase M5, a specific maturation endonuclease which releases the mature 5S rRNA (m5, 116 nucleotides) and precursor fragments derived from the 5' (21 nucleotides) and 3' (42 nucleotides) termini of p5A rRNA. Previous results (Meyhack, B., et al. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 3045) led to the conclusion that recognition elements in potential RNase M5 substrates mainly reside in the mature moiety of the precursor. Limited digestion of p5A rRNA with RNase T1 permitted the isolation of a number of test substrates which contained both precursor-specific segments and were unaltered in the immediate vicinity of the cleavage sites, but which differed in that more or less extensive regions of the mature moiety of the p5A rRNA were deleted. Tests of the capacity of these partial molecules to serve as substrates for RNase M5 indicate clearly that the enzyme recognizes the overall conformation of potential substrates, neglecting only the double-helical \"prokaryotic loop\" (Fox, G.E., & Woese, C.R. (1975) Nature (London) 256, 505).", "PMID": 103577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5783", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a pulmonary glycoprotein from human amniotic fluid.", "content": "A glycoprotein of the molecular weight of 36 000 has been isolated from human amniotic fluid. The glycoprotein was found to contain sialic acid, galactose, mannose, fucose, glucosamine, hydroxyproline and relatively high amounts of glycine. End-group analyses resulted in a single NH2-terminal residue indicating that the glycoprotein was homogeneous. The data indicate that this unique collagen-like glycoprotein, which is immunologically identical to a major alveolar glycoprotein found in alveoli of patients with alveolar proteinosis, is also a major protein in the human amniotic fluid. The idea that the pulmonary constituents enter the amniotic fluid cavity during fetal lung development is also confirmed by this report.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a pulmonary glycoprotein from human amniotic fluid. A glycoprotein of the molecular weight of 36 000 has been isolated from human amniotic fluid. The glycoprotein was found to contain sialic acid, galactose, mannose, fucose, glucosamine, hydroxyproline and relatively high amounts of glycine. End-group analyses resulted in a single NH2-terminal residue indicating that the glycoprotein was homogeneous. The data indicate that this unique collagen-like glycoprotein, which is immunologically identical to a major alveolar glycoprotein found in alveoli of patients with alveolar proteinosis, is also a major protein in the human amniotic fluid. The idea that the pulmonary constituents enter the amniotic fluid cavity during fetal lung development is also confirmed by this report.", "PMID": 103578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5784", "title": "Studies on the characterization of the Rho(D) antigen.", "content": "The Rho(D) antigen of red cell membranes was solubilized using ethylene-diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 2-mercaptoethanol. The solubilized antigen was partially separated from other solubilized membrane components using molecular filtration. The antigen was treated with various enzymes to learn some of the chemical characteristics. It was found that the activity of the antigen, as measured by hemagglutination inhibition, was not affected by bee venom phospholipase A, Clostridium welchii phospholipase C, calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase, Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase, pig kidney leucine aminopeptidase, bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A, and pig pancreatic carboxypeptidase B. However, the proteolytic enzymes, pronase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain, did destroy Rho(D) activity as measured by hemagglutination inhibition. These results indicate that protein is an important part of the active determinant of the Rho(D) antigen. The experiments by other investigators have shown that lipid is important to maintain the Rho(D) activity in the intact membrane; lipid probably helps to maintain the structural conformation of the Rho(D) molecule in its natural environment. The solubilized Rho(D) molecules are apparently not dependent on lipid for their Rho(D) activity.", "contents": "Studies on the characterization of the Rho(D) antigen. The Rho(D) antigen of red cell membranes was solubilized using ethylene-diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 2-mercaptoethanol. The solubilized antigen was partially separated from other solubilized membrane components using molecular filtration. The antigen was treated with various enzymes to learn some of the chemical characteristics. It was found that the activity of the antigen, as measured by hemagglutination inhibition, was not affected by bee venom phospholipase A, Clostridium welchii phospholipase C, calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase, Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase, pig kidney leucine aminopeptidase, bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A, and pig pancreatic carboxypeptidase B. However, the proteolytic enzymes, pronase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain, did destroy Rho(D) activity as measured by hemagglutination inhibition. These results indicate that protein is an important part of the active determinant of the Rho(D) antigen. The experiments by other investigators have shown that lipid is important to maintain the Rho(D) activity in the intact membrane; lipid probably helps to maintain the structural conformation of the Rho(D) molecule in its natural environment. The solubilized Rho(D) molecules are apparently not dependent on lipid for their Rho(D) activity.", "PMID": 103579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5785", "title": "Insulin counteraction of alpha-adrenergic effects on liver glycogen metabolism.", "content": "Insulin counteracted the effects of a pure alpha-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine, on hepatocyte glycogen synthase and phosphorylase. These results argue against current concepts of insulin increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration.", "contents": "Insulin counteraction of alpha-adrenergic effects on liver glycogen metabolism. Insulin counteracted the effects of a pure alpha-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine, on hepatocyte glycogen synthase and phosphorylase. These results argue against current concepts of insulin increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration.", "PMID": 103580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5786", "title": "Pinocytosis in the rat visceral yolk sac. Effects of temperature, metabolic inhibitors and some other modifiers.", "content": "Low temperature,2,4-dinitrophenol and moniodoacetate could each completely abolish the pinocytic uptake of 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone, 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin or colloidal 198 Au by 17.5-day rat visceral yolk sac cultured in vitro. Cytochalasin B and colchicine caused a partial and dose-dependent inhibition. It is concluded that the mechanism of pinocytic uptake of these substrates is not micropinocytosis as conventionally defined. Removal of extracellular calcium or the presence of theophylline inhibited liquid-phase pinocytosis by the rat yolk sac, whereas addition of ouabain caused a biphasic response: a slight stimulation of pinosome formation at a low concentration, and an inhibitory effect at a higher concentration.", "contents": "Pinocytosis in the rat visceral yolk sac. Effects of temperature, metabolic inhibitors and some other modifiers. Low temperature,2,4-dinitrophenol and moniodoacetate could each completely abolish the pinocytic uptake of 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone, 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin or colloidal 198 Au by 17.5-day rat visceral yolk sac cultured in vitro. Cytochalasin B and colchicine caused a partial and dose-dependent inhibition. It is concluded that the mechanism of pinocytic uptake of these substrates is not micropinocytosis as conventionally defined. Removal of extracellular calcium or the presence of theophylline inhibited liquid-phase pinocytosis by the rat yolk sac, whereas addition of ouabain caused a biphasic response: a slight stimulation of pinosome formation at a low concentration, and an inhibitory effect at a higher concentration.", "PMID": 103581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5787", "title": "Oxonol dyes as monitors of membrane potential. Their behavior in photosynthetic bacteria.", "content": "The reponses of oxonol dyes to single and multiple single turnovers of the photosynthetic apparatus of photosynthetic bacteria have been studied, and compared with the responses of the endogenous carotenoid pigments. The absorbance changes of the oxonols can be conveniently measured at 587 nm, because this is an isosbestic point in the 'light-minus-dark' difference spectrum of the chromatophores. The oxonols appear to respond to the light-induced 'energization' by shifting their absorption maxima. In the presence of K+, valinomycin abolished and nigericin enhanced such shifts, suggesting that the dyes, respond to the light-induced membrane potential. Since the dyes are anions at neutral pH values, they probably distribute across the membrane in accordance with the potential, which is positive inside the chromatophores. The accumulation of dye, which is indicated by a decrease in the carotenoid bandshift, poises the dye-membrane equilibrium in favor of increased dye binding and this might be the cause of the spectral shift. The dye response has an apparent second-order rate constant of approx. 2 . 10(6) M-1 . s-1 and so is always slower than the carotenoid bandshift. Thus the dyes cannot be used to monitor membrane potential on submillisecond timescales. Nevertheless, on a timescale of seconds the logarithm of the absorbance change at 587 nm is linear with respect to the membrane potential calibrated with the carotenoid bandshift. This suggests that under appropriate conditions the dyes can be used with confidence as indicators of membrane potential in energy-transducing membranes that do not possess intrinsic probes of potential.", "contents": "Oxonol dyes as monitors of membrane potential. Their behavior in photosynthetic bacteria. The reponses of oxonol dyes to single and multiple single turnovers of the photosynthetic apparatus of photosynthetic bacteria have been studied, and compared with the responses of the endogenous carotenoid pigments. The absorbance changes of the oxonols can be conveniently measured at 587 nm, because this is an isosbestic point in the 'light-minus-dark' difference spectrum of the chromatophores. The oxonols appear to respond to the light-induced 'energization' by shifting their absorption maxima. In the presence of K+, valinomycin abolished and nigericin enhanced such shifts, suggesting that the dyes, respond to the light-induced membrane potential. Since the dyes are anions at neutral pH values, they probably distribute across the membrane in accordance with the potential, which is positive inside the chromatophores. The accumulation of dye, which is indicated by a decrease in the carotenoid bandshift, poises the dye-membrane equilibrium in favor of increased dye binding and this might be the cause of the spectral shift. The dye response has an apparent second-order rate constant of approx. 2 . 10(6) M-1 . s-1 and so is always slower than the carotenoid bandshift. Thus the dyes cannot be used to monitor membrane potential on submillisecond timescales. Nevertheless, on a timescale of seconds the logarithm of the absorbance change at 587 nm is linear with respect to the membrane potential calibrated with the carotenoid bandshift. This suggests that under appropriate conditions the dyes can be used with confidence as indicators of membrane potential in energy-transducing membranes that do not possess intrinsic probes of potential.", "PMID": 103582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5788", "title": "Effects of lipid-phase separation on the filipin action on membranes of ergosterol-replaced Tetrahymena cells, as studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy.", "content": "The effects of lipid-phase separation on the filipin action on pellicle membranes of ergosterol-replaced Tetrahymena pyriformis cells were studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The pellicle membranes with phase separations induced by chilling from 34 degrees C (growth temperature) to lower temperatures (30, 22 and 15 degrees C) were treated with filipin. This produced filipin-induced lesions (\"pits\") only in the particulated (liquid) regions along the margin between solid and liquid domains, while they were produced in the particle-free (solid) areas when membranes were chilled to 15 degrees C. The pellicle membranes with lesions induced by filipin at 34 degrees C were chilled to 22 degrees C. This chilling raised larger particle-free areas and more condensed particle-aggregations on the membranes than on the membranes without the filipin treatment. These results suggest that the membrane fluidity affects induction and development of the ergosterol-filipin complex in the membrane.", "contents": "Effects of lipid-phase separation on the filipin action on membranes of ergosterol-replaced Tetrahymena cells, as studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The effects of lipid-phase separation on the filipin action on pellicle membranes of ergosterol-replaced Tetrahymena pyriformis cells were studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The pellicle membranes with phase separations induced by chilling from 34 degrees C (growth temperature) to lower temperatures (30, 22 and 15 degrees C) were treated with filipin. This produced filipin-induced lesions (\"pits\") only in the particulated (liquid) regions along the margin between solid and liquid domains, while they were produced in the particle-free (solid) areas when membranes were chilled to 15 degrees C. The pellicle membranes with lesions induced by filipin at 34 degrees C were chilled to 22 degrees C. This chilling raised larger particle-free areas and more condensed particle-aggregations on the membranes than on the membranes without the filipin treatment. These results suggest that the membrane fluidity affects induction and development of the ergosterol-filipin complex in the membrane.", "PMID": 103584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5789", "title": "Interaction between NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and cytochrome P-450 in the membrane of phosphatidylcholine vesicles.", "content": "Cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 REDUctase, both purified from liver microsomes of phenobarbital-pretreated rabbits, have been incorporated into the membrane of phosphoaditylcholine vesicles by the cholate dialysis method. The reduction of cytochrome P-450 by NADPH in this system is biphasic, consisting of two first-order reactions. The rate constant of the fast phase, in which 80--90% of the total cytochrome is reduced, increases as the molar ratio of the reductase to the cytochrome is increased at a fixed ratio of the cytochrome to phosphatidylcholine, suggesting that the rate-limiting step of the fast phase is the interaction between the reductase and the cytochrome. The rate constant of the fast phase also increases when the amount of phosphatidylcholine, relative to those of the two proteins, is decreased. This latter observation suggests that the interaction between the two proteins is effected by their random collision caused by their lateral mobilities on the plane of the membrane of phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The rate constant of the slow phase as well as the fraction of cytochrome P-450 reducible in the slow phase, on the other hand, remains essentially constant even upon alteration in the ratio of the reductase to the cytochrome or in that of the two proteins to phosphatidylcholine. No satisfactory explanation is as yet available for the cause of the slow-phase reduction of cytochrome P-450. The overall activity of benzphetamine N-demethylation catalyzed by the reconstituted vesicles responds to changes in the composition of the sysTEM IN A SIMILAR WAY TO THE FAST-PHASE REDUCTION OF CYTOCHROME P-450, though the latter is not the rate-limiting step of the overall reaction.", "contents": "Interaction between NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and cytochrome P-450 in the membrane of phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 REDUctase, both purified from liver microsomes of phenobarbital-pretreated rabbits, have been incorporated into the membrane of phosphoaditylcholine vesicles by the cholate dialysis method. The reduction of cytochrome P-450 by NADPH in this system is biphasic, consisting of two first-order reactions. The rate constant of the fast phase, in which 80--90% of the total cytochrome is reduced, increases as the molar ratio of the reductase to the cytochrome is increased at a fixed ratio of the cytochrome to phosphatidylcholine, suggesting that the rate-limiting step of the fast phase is the interaction between the reductase and the cytochrome. The rate constant of the fast phase also increases when the amount of phosphatidylcholine, relative to those of the two proteins, is decreased. This latter observation suggests that the interaction between the two proteins is effected by their random collision caused by their lateral mobilities on the plane of the membrane of phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The rate constant of the slow phase as well as the fraction of cytochrome P-450 reducible in the slow phase, on the other hand, remains essentially constant even upon alteration in the ratio of the reductase to the cytochrome or in that of the two proteins to phosphatidylcholine. No satisfactory explanation is as yet available for the cause of the slow-phase reduction of cytochrome P-450. The overall activity of benzphetamine N-demethylation catalyzed by the reconstituted vesicles responds to changes in the composition of the sysTEM IN A SIMILAR WAY TO THE FAST-PHASE REDUCTION OF CYTOCHROME P-450, though the latter is not the rate-limiting step of the overall reaction.", "PMID": 103585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5790", "title": "The mechanism of object fixation and its relation to spontaneous pattern preferences in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The orientation behavior of walking flies, Drosophila melanogaster, towards a single 6 degrees wide black vertical stripe (elementary stripe) can be explained by use of the turning tendency function H(beta). This function is characterized by maximal values at an angular distance of beta = 25 degrees from the stable zero position (= orienting direction), a sharp decline from this maximum to beta = 60 degrees, and a very slow approach to the unstable zero position (Horn and Wehner, 1975). The shape of this function is influenced by both translatory and rotatory components of movement. If the translatory component is minimized by measuring the turning function W(beta) (see 2.3) at a distance of 10 mm (C1) from the center of the arena, a change in the strength of this decline is caused. But with increasing translatory component, i.e. at a greater distance from the center of the arena, W(beta) approximates the heuristical function H(beta) (Fig. 12). The turning functions W(beta) are pattern-specific; the angular positions of the maximum responses shift to greater angles with increasing width of the patterns (Fig. 2). In the two-pattern configuration with double or single stripes, there is always a coincidence between the stable zero positions of Wsigma(beta), the mean of the frequency distributions P(beta) of the flies' positions and ng(beta) of the straight courses, and the stable zero positions of Hsigma(beta) obtained from an additive superposition of two or more angular shifted turning tendency functions H(beta) (Fig. 5, 7). Therefore, the mean positions of the flies in a multi-stripe experiment composed of elementary stripes can be predicted from the addition of many angular shifted turning tendency functions H(beta). Between H(beta) and the frequency distribution P(beta) of the flies' positions beta, the following formula holds: P(beta) = C.intregal of H(beta)dbeta (Fig. 13). With this equation, the spontaneous preference of the broader of two double stripes can be explained presuming lateral interactions between the components of the patterns (Fig. 8, 10). The strength chii of this lateral interaction depends on the width delta of the double stripes. The greater delta, the smaller is chii. chii is a pattern-specific value (Table 1, 2).", "contents": "The mechanism of object fixation and its relation to spontaneous pattern preferences in Drosophila melanogaster. The orientation behavior of walking flies, Drosophila melanogaster, towards a single 6 degrees wide black vertical stripe (elementary stripe) can be explained by use of the turning tendency function H(beta). This function is characterized by maximal values at an angular distance of beta = 25 degrees from the stable zero position (= orienting direction), a sharp decline from this maximum to beta = 60 degrees, and a very slow approach to the unstable zero position (Horn and Wehner, 1975). The shape of this function is influenced by both translatory and rotatory components of movement. If the translatory component is minimized by measuring the turning function W(beta) (see 2.3) at a distance of 10 mm (C1) from the center of the arena, a change in the strength of this decline is caused. But with increasing translatory component, i.e. at a greater distance from the center of the arena, W(beta) approximates the heuristical function H(beta) (Fig. 12). The turning functions W(beta) are pattern-specific; the angular positions of the maximum responses shift to greater angles with increasing width of the patterns (Fig. 2). In the two-pattern configuration with double or single stripes, there is always a coincidence between the stable zero positions of Wsigma(beta), the mean of the frequency distributions P(beta) of the flies' positions and ng(beta) of the straight courses, and the stable zero positions of Hsigma(beta) obtained from an additive superposition of two or more angular shifted turning tendency functions H(beta) (Fig. 5, 7). Therefore, the mean positions of the flies in a multi-stripe experiment composed of elementary stripes can be predicted from the addition of many angular shifted turning tendency functions H(beta). Between H(beta) and the frequency distribution P(beta) of the flies' positions beta, the following formula holds: P(beta) = C.intregal of H(beta)dbeta (Fig. 13). With this equation, the spontaneous preference of the broader of two double stripes can be explained presuming lateral interactions between the components of the patterns (Fig. 8, 10). The strength chii of this lateral interaction depends on the width delta of the double stripes. The greater delta, the smaller is chii. chii is a pattern-specific value (Table 1, 2).", "PMID": 103588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5791", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the cerebral cortex following transcranial micropolarization].", "content": "Electron microscopy of the cerebral cortex in cats and monkeys following transcranial micropolarization (TCMP) demonstrated ultrastructural changes whose degree was dependent on the electric current intensity and the stimulation period. In the focus of stimulation the current affected the brain tissue directly, different elements of the cerebral cortex showing unegual sensitivity to various TCMP regimens. The glia was the first to respond, then the neuronal bodies, and the last -- the synaptic structures. In the areas distant from the TCMP focus synaptic components altered first. The ultrastructural changes revealed were not of pathological character.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the cerebral cortex following transcranial micropolarization]. Electron microscopy of the cerebral cortex in cats and monkeys following transcranial micropolarization (TCMP) demonstrated ultrastructural changes whose degree was dependent on the electric current intensity and the stimulation period. In the focus of stimulation the current affected the brain tissue directly, different elements of the cerebral cortex showing unegual sensitivity to various TCMP regimens. The glia was the first to respond, then the neuronal bodies, and the last -- the synaptic structures. In the areas distant from the TCMP focus synaptic components altered first. The ultrastructural changes revealed were not of pathological character.", "PMID": 103591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5792", "title": "[Study of the \"continuous cell antigen\" and the human gastric mucosa].", "content": "The antigen common for continuous epithelial cell lines and gastric mucosa of humans described earlier was studied. This antigen was revealed in one more cell line, namely in that prepared from human mammary carcinoma MDA-MB-231, noncontaminated with HeLa cells. The antigen described can be detected in the exophytely growing adenocarcinomas of the stomach and in the mucosa of the carcinoma affected stomach at a distance of 10--12 cm from the site of affection; no such antigen was revealed in the endophytely growing carcinoma of the stomach and in mucosa areas surrounding gastric ulcer. The antigen is not a glycoprotein since glycoprotein fractions obtained by means of 1.2 M perchloric acid from the normal stomach mucosa homogenate and the E 16b extract were inactive in immunodiffusion with a sensitive serum. The electrophoretic mobility of the antigen was similar to that of globulin alpha1-beta2. This antigen is of interest since its detection or absence would possibly aid in determination of the initial type of cells from which development of carcinoma occurred, and in more precise recognition of the histological form of carcinoma of the stomach.", "contents": "[Study of the \"continuous cell antigen\" and the human gastric mucosa]. The antigen common for continuous epithelial cell lines and gastric mucosa of humans described earlier was studied. This antigen was revealed in one more cell line, namely in that prepared from human mammary carcinoma MDA-MB-231, noncontaminated with HeLa cells. The antigen described can be detected in the exophytely growing adenocarcinomas of the stomach and in the mucosa of the carcinoma affected stomach at a distance of 10--12 cm from the site of affection; no such antigen was revealed in the endophytely growing carcinoma of the stomach and in mucosa areas surrounding gastric ulcer. The antigen is not a glycoprotein since glycoprotein fractions obtained by means of 1.2 M perchloric acid from the normal stomach mucosa homogenate and the E 16b extract were inactive in immunodiffusion with a sensitive serum. The electrophoretic mobility of the antigen was similar to that of globulin alpha1-beta2. This antigen is of interest since its detection or absence would possibly aid in determination of the initial type of cells from which development of carcinoma occurred, and in more precise recognition of the histological form of carcinoma of the stomach.", "PMID": 103592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5793", "title": "Afferent and efferent subcortical projections of behaviorally defined sectors of prefrontal granular cortex.", "content": "Although the functional significance of the midprincipalis region is well known, the afferent and efferent connections of this zone, in comparison to the anterior and posterior portions of the cortex lining the principal sulcus, are poorly understood. In 3 animals the retrograde tracer HRP and the anterograde tracers, tritiated proline, lysine and leucine, were injected into the sulcal cortex lining the principal sulcus. The cortex forming the banks of the principal sulcus was divided into anterior, middle and posterior sectors with one animal used for each zone. As expected from previous studies, the heaviest afferents to the cortex forming the principal sulcus were from the parvocellular portions of the medical dorsal nucleus. The medial pulvinar nucleus and the nucleus limitans projected to only the anterior and posterior portions of the cortex lining the principal sulcus. Projections were seen to all 3 sectors from the anterior, midline, intralaminar and lateral thalamic nuclei. Although cells were seen in the hypothalamus following injections in all 3 sectors of the cortex lining the principal sulcus, the heaviest hypothalamic projections were noted after injections into the mid-sector of the cortex. These HRP-positive cells were in the dorsal and lateral hypothalamic area, dorsal medial nucleus and in the lateral mammillary nucleus. These findings link the midprincipalis region with the prefrontolimbic circuit, and suggest that the midprincipalis region, n. medialis dorsalis, the mammillary bodies and perhaps the cingulate gyrus constitute part of an anatomical circuit concerned with memory processes.", "contents": "Afferent and efferent subcortical projections of behaviorally defined sectors of prefrontal granular cortex. Although the functional significance of the midprincipalis region is well known, the afferent and efferent connections of this zone, in comparison to the anterior and posterior portions of the cortex lining the principal sulcus, are poorly understood. In 3 animals the retrograde tracer HRP and the anterograde tracers, tritiated proline, lysine and leucine, were injected into the sulcal cortex lining the principal sulcus. The cortex forming the banks of the principal sulcus was divided into anterior, middle and posterior sectors with one animal used for each zone. As expected from previous studies, the heaviest afferents to the cortex forming the principal sulcus were from the parvocellular portions of the medical dorsal nucleus. The medial pulvinar nucleus and the nucleus limitans projected to only the anterior and posterior portions of the cortex lining the principal sulcus. Projections were seen to all 3 sectors from the anterior, midline, intralaminar and lateral thalamic nuclei. Although cells were seen in the hypothalamus following injections in all 3 sectors of the cortex lining the principal sulcus, the heaviest hypothalamic projections were noted after injections into the mid-sector of the cortex. These HRP-positive cells were in the dorsal and lateral hypothalamic area, dorsal medial nucleus and in the lateral mammillary nucleus. These findings link the midprincipalis region with the prefrontolimbic circuit, and suggest that the midprincipalis region, n. medialis dorsalis, the mammillary bodies and perhaps the cingulate gyrus constitute part of an anatomical circuit concerned with memory processes.", "PMID": 103596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5794", "title": "Single-unit activity in the auditory cortex of monkeys selectively attending left vs. right ear stimuli.", "content": "Single-unit responses were recorded from the auditory cortex of rhesus monkeys that were performing an auditory selective attention task. Acoustic stimuli were presented randomly to either the left or right ear through headphones. In a given block of trials one ear was selected as the ear to be attended, and was indicated by lighting either a left or right response key. The animal's task was to press the lighted key whenever stimuli were presented to the attended ear, but to make no response to stimuli presented to the other ear. The attended ear was alternated on successive blocks of trials. Fourteen of 77 units showed significantly greater rates of evoked discharges for an attended stimulus than for an identical non-attended stimulus. The increase in stimulus-evoked activity was not accompanied by any increase in spontaneous activity or by any changes in the pattern of a unit's response. Changes in firing rate occurred at latencies as early as 20 msec.", "contents": "Single-unit activity in the auditory cortex of monkeys selectively attending left vs. right ear stimuli. Single-unit responses were recorded from the auditory cortex of rhesus monkeys that were performing an auditory selective attention task. Acoustic stimuli were presented randomly to either the left or right ear through headphones. In a given block of trials one ear was selected as the ear to be attended, and was indicated by lighting either a left or right response key. The animal's task was to press the lighted key whenever stimuli were presented to the attended ear, but to make no response to stimuli presented to the other ear. The attended ear was alternated on successive blocks of trials. Fourteen of 77 units showed significantly greater rates of evoked discharges for an attended stimulus than for an identical non-attended stimulus. The increase in stimulus-evoked activity was not accompanied by any increase in spontaneous activity or by any changes in the pattern of a unit's response. Changes in firing rate occurred at latencies as early as 20 msec.", "PMID": 103597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5795", "title": "Restricted posterior parietal lesions in the rhesus monkey and performance on visuospatial tasks.", "content": "Monkeys with lesions restricted to the inferior parietal lobule or the banks and depths of the superior temporal sulcus were tested on a route-following task. These areas are considered on neuroanatomical grounds to be homologous to parts of the human posterior parietal cortex, where lesions produce profound spatial disorientation. The operated monkeys were impaired on the route task, thus confirming at the behavioural level the anatomical predictions of comparability between parietal cortex in monkey and that in man. The monkeys were not impaired, however, on a visual pattern discrimination or on a visual-spatial task with cue and response separation, a task that was considered on the basis of previous investigations with extensive posterior lesions in the monkey to be sensitive to parietal lesions.", "contents": "Restricted posterior parietal lesions in the rhesus monkey and performance on visuospatial tasks. Monkeys with lesions restricted to the inferior parietal lobule or the banks and depths of the superior temporal sulcus were tested on a route-following task. These areas are considered on neuroanatomical grounds to be homologous to parts of the human posterior parietal cortex, where lesions produce profound spatial disorientation. The operated monkeys were impaired on the route task, thus confirming at the behavioural level the anatomical predictions of comparability between parietal cortex in monkey and that in man. The monkeys were not impaired, however, on a visual pattern discrimination or on a visual-spatial task with cue and response separation, a task that was considered on the basis of previous investigations with extensive posterior lesions in the monkey to be sensitive to parietal lesions.", "PMID": 103604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5796", "title": "Response of human lymphocytes to mitogen: at what stage is there a requirement for Ca2+?", "content": "In order for significant DNA synthesis to be observed in the case of human lymphocytes stimulated for 36 h in presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Ca2+ must be present in the medium continuously for at least 20 h; access to Ca2+ for 10-h periods during the first 30 h was not sufficient to permit DNA synthesis to occur. Addition of the chelator EGTA from 0 to 60 h after stimulation caused severe inhibition of incorporation of labelled thymidine when this was measured after 36 to 144 h of culture. Equimolar calcium reversed the inhibition caused by EGTA. Incorporation of labelled uridine and leucine showed a temporal pattern of dependence on the presence of Ca2+ in the medium similar to that of thymidine. Ca2+ appears not to be required in the medium during the last half (i.e., 20-36 h) of the presynthetic G1 phase nor during S phase since removal of Ca2+ from the medium after 20 h did not prevent a subpopulation of lymphocytes from entering S phase 16 h later.", "contents": "Response of human lymphocytes to mitogen: at what stage is there a requirement for Ca2+? In order for significant DNA synthesis to be observed in the case of human lymphocytes stimulated for 36 h in presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Ca2+ must be present in the medium continuously for at least 20 h; access to Ca2+ for 10-h periods during the first 30 h was not sufficient to permit DNA synthesis to occur. Addition of the chelator EGTA from 0 to 60 h after stimulation caused severe inhibition of incorporation of labelled thymidine when this was measured after 36 to 144 h of culture. Equimolar calcium reversed the inhibition caused by EGTA. Incorporation of labelled uridine and leucine showed a temporal pattern of dependence on the presence of Ca2+ in the medium similar to that of thymidine. Ca2+ appears not to be required in the medium during the last half (i.e., 20-36 h) of the presynthetic G1 phase nor during S phase since removal of Ca2+ from the medium after 20 h did not prevent a subpopulation of lymphocytes from entering S phase 16 h later.", "PMID": 103606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5797", "title": "Chromosome age and segregation during sporulation of Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "The effect of chromosome age on segregation during sporulation was investigated. Vegetative cells of Bacillus megaterium were labeled with [Me-3H]thymine and then were grown at 30 degrees C in nonradioactive medium for various times before being allowed to sporulate. The ratio of the amount of label in sporal DNA to that in sporangial DNA, obtained after minor correction for the sporulation frequency, remained essentially constant as the postlabeling growth period was increased from one to seven generations. The spores were preferentially located at the older poles of sporangia, i.e. the poles formed by divisions occurring prior to those forming the sporangia. Therefore, it seems that old (labeled) chromosomes segregate randomly with respect to both the morphological and genealogical polarities of sporangia. Examination of total cell lysates by dye-buoyant density gradient centrifugation revealed the presence of covalently closed circular DNA from cells grown at 37 degrees C, but none was obtained from cells grown at 30 degrees C. Thus, possible interference by large amounts of extrachromosomal DNA in the determination of the chromosomal segregation pattern is unlikely.", "contents": "Chromosome age and segregation during sporulation of Bacillus megaterium. The effect of chromosome age on segregation during sporulation was investigated. Vegetative cells of Bacillus megaterium were labeled with [Me-3H]thymine and then were grown at 30 degrees C in nonradioactive medium for various times before being allowed to sporulate. The ratio of the amount of label in sporal DNA to that in sporangial DNA, obtained after minor correction for the sporulation frequency, remained essentially constant as the postlabeling growth period was increased from one to seven generations. The spores were preferentially located at the older poles of sporangia, i.e. the poles formed by divisions occurring prior to those forming the sporangia. Therefore, it seems that old (labeled) chromosomes segregate randomly with respect to both the morphological and genealogical polarities of sporangia. Examination of total cell lysates by dye-buoyant density gradient centrifugation revealed the presence of covalently closed circular DNA from cells grown at 37 degrees C, but none was obtained from cells grown at 30 degrees C. Thus, possible interference by large amounts of extrachromosomal DNA in the determination of the chromosomal segregation pattern is unlikely.", "PMID": 103607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5798", "title": "Isolation of tuberculin peptides from tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD).", "content": "Tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) obtained from the filtrate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was hydrolysed with proteinase, trypsin, or chymotrypsin. Each hydrolysate consisted of a tuberculin peptides mixture (TPM). From each TPM 16 fractions were obtained by ion-exchange chromatography on Dowex 50W-X8 but only one fraction was isolated from each of the 16 fractions which showed tuberculin activity in guinea pigs sensitized with M. bovis (bcg) or M. tuberculosis. This fraction was designated \"purified tuberculin peptide\" (PTP). The PTP fraction from the proteinase hydrolysate (PTP-proteinase) was rechromatographed on Dowex 1-X2 and two tuberculin peptide fractions having molecular weights of 3200 and 12,000 were isolated. The potency of these two fractions was assessed in guinea pigs sensitized with M. bovis (BCG) and with M. tuberculosis and they were approximately 4 to 7 times more potent than either the international standaCG and of at least equal potency to either PPD-S or Connaught PPD in guinea pigs sensitized with either M. kansasii, M. scrofulaceum, M. intracellulare, or M. avium whereas very little if any cross-reactivity was elicited by these two fractions. This lack of response indicates that either fraction could be used as an aid to differentiate between sensitization due to M. tuberculosis or M. bovis and sensitization attributed to other mycobacteria.", "contents": "Isolation of tuberculin peptides from tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD). Tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) obtained from the filtrate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was hydrolysed with proteinase, trypsin, or chymotrypsin. Each hydrolysate consisted of a tuberculin peptides mixture (TPM). From each TPM 16 fractions were obtained by ion-exchange chromatography on Dowex 50W-X8 but only one fraction was isolated from each of the 16 fractions which showed tuberculin activity in guinea pigs sensitized with M. bovis (bcg) or M. tuberculosis. This fraction was designated \"purified tuberculin peptide\" (PTP). The PTP fraction from the proteinase hydrolysate (PTP-proteinase) was rechromatographed on Dowex 1-X2 and two tuberculin peptide fractions having molecular weights of 3200 and 12,000 were isolated. The potency of these two fractions was assessed in guinea pigs sensitized with M. bovis (BCG) and with M. tuberculosis and they were approximately 4 to 7 times more potent than either the international standaCG and of at least equal potency to either PPD-S or Connaught PPD in guinea pigs sensitized with either M. kansasii, M. scrofulaceum, M. intracellulare, or M. avium whereas very little if any cross-reactivity was elicited by these two fractions. This lack of response indicates that either fraction could be used as an aid to differentiate between sensitization due to M. tuberculosis or M. bovis and sensitization attributed to other mycobacteria.", "PMID": 103608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5799", "title": "An evaluation of fast neutron beam teletherapy of metastatic cervical adenopathy from squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck region.", "content": "One hundred thirteen patients with metastatic cervical adenopathy (MCA) from advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck completed fast neutron beam irradiation between September 1976 and March 1977. With a maximum follow-up time of 49.9 months (mean 14.5 months), 54% of the total group remain disease-free at the sites of their cervical adenopathy. Control of adenopathy measuring 3 cm or less in maximum dimension was 75% with neutrons only and 87.5% with mixed beams. Nodes measuring 3-6 cm were controlled 38.1% of the time with neutrons only and 59% of the time with mixed beams. Clinical control of adenopathy measuring greater than 6 cm was obtained in 12.5% with neutrons only and 29.4% with mixed beams. For patients with controlled primary tumors, the overall control rate in the neck was 72%; 100% of nodes 3 cm or less were controlled, 82% of nodes measuring from 3-6 cm were controlled, and 42% of nodes greater than 6 cm were controlled. Patients with controlled primary tumors treated with mixed beams had 100% control of nodes measuring 3 cm or less, 96% control of nodes measuring 3-6 cm, and 50% control of nodes measuring greater than 6 cm. Overall, the control rate for mixed beams was significantly better than for treatment with neutrons only. Morbidity was less (both acute and late) in the mixed beam-irradiated group.", "contents": "An evaluation of fast neutron beam teletherapy of metastatic cervical adenopathy from squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck region. One hundred thirteen patients with metastatic cervical adenopathy (MCA) from advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck completed fast neutron beam irradiation between September 1976 and March 1977. With a maximum follow-up time of 49.9 months (mean 14.5 months), 54% of the total group remain disease-free at the sites of their cervical adenopathy. Control of adenopathy measuring 3 cm or less in maximum dimension was 75% with neutrons only and 87.5% with mixed beams. Nodes measuring 3-6 cm were controlled 38.1% of the time with neutrons only and 59% of the time with mixed beams. Clinical control of adenopathy measuring greater than 6 cm was obtained in 12.5% with neutrons only and 29.4% with mixed beams. For patients with controlled primary tumors, the overall control rate in the neck was 72%; 100% of nodes 3 cm or less were controlled, 82% of nodes measuring from 3-6 cm were controlled, and 42% of nodes greater than 6 cm were controlled. Patients with controlled primary tumors treated with mixed beams had 100% control of nodes measuring 3 cm or less, 96% control of nodes measuring 3-6 cm, and 50% control of nodes measuring greater than 6 cm. Overall, the control rate for mixed beams was significantly better than for treatment with neutrons only. Morbidity was less (both acute and late) in the mixed beam-irradiated group.", "PMID": 103609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5800", "title": "Vinblastine, adriamycin, thiotepa, and halotestin (VATH): therapy for advanced breast cancer refractory to prior chemotherapy.", "content": "Nineteen postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer refractory to conventional combination chemotherapy were treated with monthly cycles with the combinations of vinblastine, adriamycin, thiotepa and halotestin. Ten patients (52%) responded with a greater than 50% regression of measurable tumor. The median duration of response was 11.5 months, with 5/10 patients still responding at a mean follow-up of 10 months. Only 2/10 responders have died with a mean follow-up of 13.8 months. In contrast, 8/9 nonresponders have died (median survival 6.0 months). Response to therapy was neither influenced by site of disease, time interval from diagnosis to primary chemotherapy nor duration of response to primary chemotherapy. No patient was hospitalized because of drug induced toxicity. This combination of drugs is a tolerable effective regimen for patients relapsing after adjuvant chemotherapy or after primary combination chemotherapy for grossly metastatic disease.", "contents": "Vinblastine, adriamycin, thiotepa, and halotestin (VATH): therapy for advanced breast cancer refractory to prior chemotherapy. Nineteen postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer refractory to conventional combination chemotherapy were treated with monthly cycles with the combinations of vinblastine, adriamycin, thiotepa and halotestin. Ten patients (52%) responded with a greater than 50% regression of measurable tumor. The median duration of response was 11.5 months, with 5/10 patients still responding at a mean follow-up of 10 months. Only 2/10 responders have died with a mean follow-up of 13.8 months. In contrast, 8/9 nonresponders have died (median survival 6.0 months). Response to therapy was neither influenced by site of disease, time interval from diagnosis to primary chemotherapy nor duration of response to primary chemotherapy. No patient was hospitalized because of drug induced toxicity. This combination of drugs is a tolerable effective regimen for patients relapsing after adjuvant chemotherapy or after primary combination chemotherapy for grossly metastatic disease.", "PMID": 103610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5801", "title": "Limited epithelial carcinoma of the ovary treated with curative intent by the intraperitoneal installation of radiocolloids.", "content": "Between January 1960 and September 1972, 104 patients with limited epithelial carcinoma of the ovary received intraperitoneal radiocolloid. Fifty-six of these patients also received external beam radiation therapy to the pelvis (pelvic RT). Five-year actuarial no-evidence-of-disease survival rates were 95% for stage Iai, 82% for Iaii, 73% for Ib, 67% for Ic, 67% for IIa, 67% for IIb without gross residual tumor (GRT), 25% for IIb with GRT, and 50% for III with minimal or no GRT. The addition of pelvic RT following radiocolloid could not be shown to affect survival of patients with Stage I and IIa tumors. Small bowel complications were related to the use of pelvic RT, however, occurring in 2.2% of patients treated with radiocolloid alone and 24% of patients treated with colloid and pelvic RT (p less than 0.005). In patients who underwent abdominal surgery following treatment of ovarian cancer, no excessive complication rate was observed. We conclude that for patients with stages Iaii through IIa, postoperative radiocolloid appears to provide the greatest chance of survival with the least chance of complication. For patients with Stage IIb and III lesions in whom there is minimal or no GRT, radiocolloid followed by pelvic RT produced survival rates comparable or superior to any other form of postoperative therapy.", "contents": "Limited epithelial carcinoma of the ovary treated with curative intent by the intraperitoneal installation of radiocolloids. Between January 1960 and September 1972, 104 patients with limited epithelial carcinoma of the ovary received intraperitoneal radiocolloid. Fifty-six of these patients also received external beam radiation therapy to the pelvis (pelvic RT). Five-year actuarial no-evidence-of-disease survival rates were 95% for stage Iai, 82% for Iaii, 73% for Ib, 67% for Ic, 67% for IIa, 67% for IIb without gross residual tumor (GRT), 25% for IIb with GRT, and 50% for III with minimal or no GRT. The addition of pelvic RT following radiocolloid could not be shown to affect survival of patients with Stage I and IIa tumors. Small bowel complications were related to the use of pelvic RT, however, occurring in 2.2% of patients treated with radiocolloid alone and 24% of patients treated with colloid and pelvic RT (p less than 0.005). In patients who underwent abdominal surgery following treatment of ovarian cancer, no excessive complication rate was observed. We conclude that for patients with stages Iaii through IIa, postoperative radiocolloid appears to provide the greatest chance of survival with the least chance of complication. For patients with Stage IIb and III lesions in whom there is minimal or no GRT, radiocolloid followed by pelvic RT produced survival rates comparable or superior to any other form of postoperative therapy.", "PMID": 103611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5802", "title": "Effect of Cobalt-60 radiation on response to endodontic therapy in monkeys.", "content": "Response of teeth that had received therapeutic doses of Cobalt-60 radiation to endodontic therapy were investigated in three monkeys. The results indicated no appreciable effect of the irradiation on the response to root canal treatment aside from reduction in osteoblastic activity.", "contents": "Effect of Cobalt-60 radiation on response to endodontic therapy in monkeys. Response of teeth that had received therapeutic doses of Cobalt-60 radiation to endodontic therapy were investigated in three monkeys. The results indicated no appreciable effect of the irradiation on the response to root canal treatment aside from reduction in osteoblastic activity.", "PMID": 103612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5803", "title": "Juvenile ossifying fibroma: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "The ultrastructural features of a juvenile ossifying fibroma of the maxilla are described. The stromal portion of the tumor was composed of osteoblasts and to a lesser extent of fibroblasts. The bone spicules were rimmed by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Calcification was seen to occur along the collagen fiber matrix, corresponding to calcification of osteoid, and also in the form of intracellular and extracellular crystallization. The latter form of calcification corresponded to so-called psammoma-like bodies, and was considered characteristic of this subtype of ossifying fibroma.", "contents": "Juvenile ossifying fibroma: an ultrastructural study. The ultrastructural features of a juvenile ossifying fibroma of the maxilla are described. The stromal portion of the tumor was composed of osteoblasts and to a lesser extent of fibroblasts. The bone spicules were rimmed by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Calcification was seen to occur along the collagen fiber matrix, corresponding to calcification of osteoid, and also in the form of intracellular and extracellular crystallization. The latter form of calcification corresponded to so-called psammoma-like bodies, and was considered characteristic of this subtype of ossifying fibroma.", "PMID": 103613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5804", "title": "Cryocrystalglobulinemia in hairy cell leukemia.", "content": "A patient with hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis) was noted to have a spurious leukocytosis caused by a spontaneously crystallizing cryoglobulin. The cryoprotein was identified as IgG lambda. An intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin demonstrable within the hairy cell was also IgG lambda. The cryoglobulin spontaneously disappeared over a four day period. A reliable automated count on the Coulter Model S could be obtained by prewarming the blood specimen to 37 C.", "contents": "Cryocrystalglobulinemia in hairy cell leukemia. A patient with hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis) was noted to have a spurious leukocytosis caused by a spontaneously crystallizing cryoglobulin. The cryoprotein was identified as IgG lambda. An intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin demonstrable within the hairy cell was also IgG lambda. The cryoglobulin spontaneously disappeared over a four day period. A reliable automated count on the Coulter Model S could be obtained by prewarming the blood specimen to 37 C.", "PMID": 103614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5805", "title": "Correlation of UDP-galactose glycoprotein:galactosyltransferase levels in the sera with the clinical status of ovarian cancer patients.", "content": "Uridine diphosphate-galactose : glycoprotein galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22) was measured serially prior to and after surgery in 4 patients with ovarian epithelial cancer. The levels of this enzyme in the sera correlated well with the clinical status of the patients. In 2 other patients, the follow-up was designed to detect recurrence, and the enzyme assay was started when the patients were clinically disease free. Elevation of galactosyltransferase preceded the clinical appearance of disease by 3-7 months. Serial determination of glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in serum may be useful for evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic programs.", "contents": "Correlation of UDP-galactose glycoprotein:galactosyltransferase levels in the sera with the clinical status of ovarian cancer patients. Uridine diphosphate-galactose : glycoprotein galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22) was measured serially prior to and after surgery in 4 patients with ovarian epithelial cancer. The levels of this enzyme in the sera correlated well with the clinical status of the patients. In 2 other patients, the follow-up was designed to detect recurrence, and the enzyme assay was started when the patients were clinically disease free. Elevation of galactosyltransferase preceded the clinical appearance of disease by 3-7 months. Serial determination of glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in serum may be useful for evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic programs.", "PMID": 103615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5806", "title": "Pharmacologic factors and manipulation of immunity systemic adjuvants in cancer therapy.", "content": "Because of the experimental and clinical studies which have been extensively conducted with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) as a systemic adjuvant in cancer immunotherapy, we have analyzed the main factors and conditions which determine its beneficial action and have underlined some of these (eg, the dose factor which controls the amplification of suppressor cells which is probably responsible for failures and even the possible tumor-enhancing effect of immunotherapy). Knowing those factors and conditions, we have been able to establish a systematic immunopharmacologic study of systemic immunity adjuvants, which has resulted in the discovery of agents whose actions are more rapid than that of BCG on one or a few populations of cells involved in immunity and which, unlike BCG, do not induce suppressor cell amplification. This amplification may explain the difference in the results obtained with this mycobacterium in various clinical immunotherapy trials in which it was applied differently. It is proposed to combine these mono- or pauc-functional adjuvants in order to try to obtain all of the beneficial effects of BCG without the amplification of suppressor cells.", "contents": "Pharmacologic factors and manipulation of immunity systemic adjuvants in cancer therapy. Because of the experimental and clinical studies which have been extensively conducted with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) as a systemic adjuvant in cancer immunotherapy, we have analyzed the main factors and conditions which determine its beneficial action and have underlined some of these (eg, the dose factor which controls the amplification of suppressor cells which is probably responsible for failures and even the possible tumor-enhancing effect of immunotherapy). Knowing those factors and conditions, we have been able to establish a systematic immunopharmacologic study of systemic immunity adjuvants, which has resulted in the discovery of agents whose actions are more rapid than that of BCG on one or a few populations of cells involved in immunity and which, unlike BCG, do not induce suppressor cell amplification. This amplification may explain the difference in the results obtained with this mycobacterium in various clinical immunotherapy trials in which it was applied differently. It is proposed to combine these mono- or pauc-functional adjuvants in order to try to obtain all of the beneficial effects of BCG without the amplification of suppressor cells.", "PMID": 103616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5807", "title": "Effect of levamisole on metabolism of phagocytic cells.", "content": "The effect of levamisole (LMS) on glucose metabolism was studied using a protozoan phagocytic model and human leukocytes. At concentrations of greater than 10 microgram/ml, LMS inhibited glucose metabolism in the protozoan phagocytic model. Glucose metabolism in both the phagocytic model and normal peripheral blood leukocytes was, however, minimally altered when exposed to levels of LMS of less than 10 microgram/ml. In contrast, myeloblasts from a child with leukemia seemed to have increased metabolic activity and 5 microgram/ml of LMS markedly reduced the glucose metabolism. These preliminary studies suggest that LMS can alter glucose metabolism of certain cells and that some malignant cells may be directly inhibited metabolically by LMS.", "contents": "Effect of levamisole on metabolism of phagocytic cells. The effect of levamisole (LMS) on glucose metabolism was studied using a protozoan phagocytic model and human leukocytes. At concentrations of greater than 10 microgram/ml, LMS inhibited glucose metabolism in the protozoan phagocytic model. Glucose metabolism in both the phagocytic model and normal peripheral blood leukocytes was, however, minimally altered when exposed to levels of LMS of less than 10 microgram/ml. In contrast, myeloblasts from a child with leukemia seemed to have increased metabolic activity and 5 microgram/ml of LMS markedly reduced the glucose metabolism. These preliminary studies suggest that LMS can alter glucose metabolism of certain cells and that some malignant cells may be directly inhibited metabolically by LMS.", "PMID": 103617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5808", "title": "Relationship of molecular weight to antiviral and antitumor activities and toxic effects of maleic anhydride-divinyl ether (MVE) polyanions.", "content": "The molecular weight (MW) and dose dependency of several of the toxic effects and antitumor and antiviral activities of a new series of five maleic anhydride-divinyl ether copolymers (MVE) were established. Each polyanion preparation was relatively homogeneous and exhibited a narrow MW range, from 12,500 (MVE-1) to greater than 52,000 (MVE-5). All of the polyanions were effective as adjuvants to surgery against the metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma, and also exhibited marked antitumor activity against the P815 mastocytoma. MVE-1 retained antitumor activity while losing considerable antiviral activity. This polyanion also exhibited the least toxicity with regard to criteria such as sensitization to the lethal effects of endotoxin, inhibition of reticuloendothelial function, and depression of the microsomal mixed functional oxidase system. The MVE-4 (MW, 32,000) and MVE-5 (MW, 52,600) polyanions exhibited potent antitumor and antiviral activity, but also demonstrated dose-dependent toxic effects.", "contents": "Relationship of molecular weight to antiviral and antitumor activities and toxic effects of maleic anhydride-divinyl ether (MVE) polyanions. The molecular weight (MW) and dose dependency of several of the toxic effects and antitumor and antiviral activities of a new series of five maleic anhydride-divinyl ether copolymers (MVE) were established. Each polyanion preparation was relatively homogeneous and exhibited a narrow MW range, from 12,500 (MVE-1) to greater than 52,000 (MVE-5). All of the polyanions were effective as adjuvants to surgery against the metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma, and also exhibited marked antitumor activity against the P815 mastocytoma. MVE-1 retained antitumor activity while losing considerable antiviral activity. This polyanion also exhibited the least toxicity with regard to criteria such as sensitization to the lethal effects of endotoxin, inhibition of reticuloendothelial function, and depression of the microsomal mixed functional oxidase system. The MVE-4 (MW, 32,000) and MVE-5 (MW, 52,600) polyanions exhibited potent antitumor and antiviral activity, but also demonstrated dose-dependent toxic effects.", "PMID": 103618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5809", "title": "Macrophage activation and antitumor activity of a Brucella abortus ether extract, Bru-Pel.", "content": "Bru-Pel and Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were tested for both macrophage activation and antitumor activity in an artificial metastasis model. Resting macrophages were rendered nonspecifically tumoricidal for MBL-2 lymphoblastic leukemia target cells by exposure to Bru-Pel at greater than or equal to 1 ng/ml of culture medium. B. abortus LPS failed to activate macrophages in vitro at all concentrations tested. Ip treatment of homozygous nude mice with Bru-Pel induced cytotoxic macrophages, indicating that Bru-Pel activated macrophages through a thymic-independent process. An artificial metastasis model was developed where single-cell suspensions of Madison 109 lung carcinoma were inoculated iv into syngeneic BALB/c mice. Bru-Pel, but not B. abortus LPS, strikingly inhibited tumor-colony formation in the lungs. Although Bru-Pel contains endotoxin, the data demonstrate that endotoxin is apparently not the active component by which Bru-Pel activates macrophages and enhances host resistance to cancer.", "contents": "Macrophage activation and antitumor activity of a Brucella abortus ether extract, Bru-Pel. Bru-Pel and Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were tested for both macrophage activation and antitumor activity in an artificial metastasis model. Resting macrophages were rendered nonspecifically tumoricidal for MBL-2 lymphoblastic leukemia target cells by exposure to Bru-Pel at greater than or equal to 1 ng/ml of culture medium. B. abortus LPS failed to activate macrophages in vitro at all concentrations tested. Ip treatment of homozygous nude mice with Bru-Pel induced cytotoxic macrophages, indicating that Bru-Pel activated macrophages through a thymic-independent process. An artificial metastasis model was developed where single-cell suspensions of Madison 109 lung carcinoma were inoculated iv into syngeneic BALB/c mice. Bru-Pel, but not B. abortus LPS, strikingly inhibited tumor-colony formation in the lungs. Although Bru-Pel contains endotoxin, the data demonstrate that endotoxin is apparently not the active component by which Bru-Pel activates macrophages and enhances host resistance to cancer.", "PMID": 103619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5810", "title": "Ultastructural localization of polysaccharides in the vacuolar system of an established cell line.", "content": "Polysaccharides in the vacuolar system of an established line of monkey kidney epithelial cells, were investigated by high resolution radioautography following incorporation of 3H-fucose and by the periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate staining method. Significant amounts of glycogen and glycoproteins were found in different lysosomes and prelysosomes. The radioautographic labeling of these substances correlated with the cytochemical observations. Analysis of the 3H-fucose pattern of labeling suggests that glycoproteins are transported through the different components of the vacuolar system of the cell in a sequential fashion rather than via independent pathways. The possible functional significance of polysaccharides in lysosomes is discussed. It is suggested that glycogen is taken up by lysosomes through autophagic segregation and through infolding and vesiculation of the lysosomal surface, and that the majority of glycoprotein in the lysosomal membranes does not have acid hydrolase activity.", "contents": "Ultastructural localization of polysaccharides in the vacuolar system of an established cell line. Polysaccharides in the vacuolar system of an established line of monkey kidney epithelial cells, were investigated by high resolution radioautography following incorporation of 3H-fucose and by the periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate staining method. Significant amounts of glycogen and glycoproteins were found in different lysosomes and prelysosomes. The radioautographic labeling of these substances correlated with the cytochemical observations. Analysis of the 3H-fucose pattern of labeling suggests that glycoproteins are transported through the different components of the vacuolar system of the cell in a sequential fashion rather than via independent pathways. The possible functional significance of polysaccharides in lysosomes is discussed. It is suggested that glycogen is taken up by lysosomes through autophagic segregation and through infolding and vesiculation of the lysosomal surface, and that the majority of glycoprotein in the lysosomal membranes does not have acid hydrolase activity.", "PMID": 103620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5811", "title": "Fine structural and cytochemical study of the innervation of smooth muscle in an amphibian (Bufo marinus) lung before and after denervation.", "content": "The innervation of the toad (Bufo marinus) lung was studied with transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence techniques, both before and after 12 or 20 days close vagosympathetic denervation. Four cytologically distinct types of neuronal processes were recognised, in relation to the visceral muscles of the lung. These were described as cholinergic, adrenergic, non-adrenergic/non-cholinergic (NANC) and sensory on the basis of the characteristics of their vesicular content and cytochemical reactions. An apparent efferent innervation of visceral smooth muscle was achieved by NANC (50%), cholinergic (25%) and adrenergic (25%) fibres. A few sensory fibres were also present. After denervation only NANC fibres persisted, showing that the cell bodies of these fibres were intrapulmonary. The vascular smooth muscle was supplied by cholinergic, adrenergic and sensory fibres. In the walls of the proximal branches of the pulmonary artery were fibres containing large dense-cored vesicles. These profiles, which were associated with the vasa vasorum, were similar to neurosecretory fibres. After denervation all neural profiles associated with the vasculature had degenerated. The observations suggest that vagal vasodepressor effects in the toad lung are mediated indirectly through relaxation of visceral muscle strands which in their contracted state compress vascular channels.", "contents": "Fine structural and cytochemical study of the innervation of smooth muscle in an amphibian (Bufo marinus) lung before and after denervation. The innervation of the toad (Bufo marinus) lung was studied with transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence techniques, both before and after 12 or 20 days close vagosympathetic denervation. Four cytologically distinct types of neuronal processes were recognised, in relation to the visceral muscles of the lung. These were described as cholinergic, adrenergic, non-adrenergic/non-cholinergic (NANC) and sensory on the basis of the characteristics of their vesicular content and cytochemical reactions. An apparent efferent innervation of visceral smooth muscle was achieved by NANC (50%), cholinergic (25%) and adrenergic (25%) fibres. A few sensory fibres were also present. After denervation only NANC fibres persisted, showing that the cell bodies of these fibres were intrapulmonary. The vascular smooth muscle was supplied by cholinergic, adrenergic and sensory fibres. In the walls of the proximal branches of the pulmonary artery were fibres containing large dense-cored vesicles. These profiles, which were associated with the vasa vasorum, were similar to neurosecretory fibres. After denervation all neural profiles associated with the vasculature had degenerated. The observations suggest that vagal vasodepressor effects in the toad lung are mediated indirectly through relaxation of visceral muscle strands which in their contracted state compress vascular channels.", "PMID": 103621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5812", "title": "Organization of the sympathetic innervation in liver tissue from monkey and man.", "content": "The sympathetic innervation of the liver of monkey and man has been investigated in a combined fluorescence histochemical, chemical and electron microscopical study. By means of the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence method a dense network of monoamine-containing nerve fibers was visualized in liver tissue of monkey and man. The nerve fibers ran in close contact to both hepatocytes and blood vessels. Chemical quantitations showed high concentrations of noradrenaline in both human and monkey liver. Microspectrofluorometry of the intraneuronal monoamine resulted in spectra characteristic of  a catecholamine. For the electron microscopical study the dopamine analogue, 5-hydroxydopamine, was used to \"label\" the catecholamine terminals in both human and monkey liver. The nerve profiles, identified as catecholamine-containing, were demonstrated in a perivascular location and in close contact to hepatocytes. No synaptic membrane specializations were present between nerve fibers and hepatocytes. The general ultramorphology and intralobular distribution pattern of nerves in the liver of monkey and man were similar. The present results prove the existence of a sympathetic innervation of hepatocytes and blood vessels in the liver of man and monkey.", "contents": "Organization of the sympathetic innervation in liver tissue from monkey and man. The sympathetic innervation of the liver of monkey and man has been investigated in a combined fluorescence histochemical, chemical and electron microscopical study. By means of the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence method a dense network of monoamine-containing nerve fibers was visualized in liver tissue of monkey and man. The nerve fibers ran in close contact to both hepatocytes and blood vessels. Chemical quantitations showed high concentrations of noradrenaline in both human and monkey liver. Microspectrofluorometry of the intraneuronal monoamine resulted in spectra characteristic of  a catecholamine. For the electron microscopical study the dopamine analogue, 5-hydroxydopamine, was used to \"label\" the catecholamine terminals in both human and monkey liver. The nerve profiles, identified as catecholamine-containing, were demonstrated in a perivascular location and in close contact to hepatocytes. No synaptic membrane specializations were present between nerve fibers and hepatocytes. The general ultramorphology and intralobular distribution pattern of nerves in the liver of monkey and man were similar. The present results prove the existence of a sympathetic innervation of hepatocytes and blood vessels in the liver of man and monkey.", "PMID": 103622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5813", "title": "Innervation and cytochemistry of the neuroepithelial bodies in the ciliated epithelium of the toad lung (Bufo marinus).", "content": "Neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) were identified in the lung of Bufo marinus. The characteristics of the cells and their innervation were studied with electron and fluorescence microscopy before and after close vagosympathetic denervation. The bodies consist of low columnar cells which rest on the epithelial basal lamina. The majority of the cells do not reach the lumen of the lung (basal cells); the few which do (apical cells) are bordered by microvilli and possess a single cilium. The neuroepithelial cell cytoplasm contains a variety of organelles the most characteristic of which are dense cored vesicles. Microspectrofluorometry and electron microscopic cytochemistry indicate significant quantities of 5-hydroxytryptamine in these cells. The neuroepithelial bodies could be divided into three groups on the basis of their innervation: 1) About 60% of the NEBs are innervated solely by nerve fibers containing agranular vesicles which form reciprocal synapses; 2) about 20% are innervated solely by adrenergic nerve fibres which from distinct synaptic contacts; and 3) the remaining 20% are innervated by both types of nerve fibres. It is proposed that the NEBs are receptors monitoring intrapulmonary P CO2 and so leading to modulation of activity in afferent nerve fibres (type containing a granular vesicles). The presence of NEBs soley with an adrenergic (efferent) innervation poses a problem with this interpretation.", "contents": "Innervation and cytochemistry of the neuroepithelial bodies in the ciliated epithelium of the toad lung (Bufo marinus). Neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) were identified in the lung of Bufo marinus. The characteristics of the cells and their innervation were studied with electron and fluorescence microscopy before and after close vagosympathetic denervation. The bodies consist of low columnar cells which rest on the epithelial basal lamina. The majority of the cells do not reach the lumen of the lung (basal cells); the few which do (apical cells) are bordered by microvilli and possess a single cilium. The neuroepithelial cell cytoplasm contains a variety of organelles the most characteristic of which are dense cored vesicles. Microspectrofluorometry and electron microscopic cytochemistry indicate significant quantities of 5-hydroxytryptamine in these cells. The neuroepithelial bodies could be divided into three groups on the basis of their innervation: 1) About 60% of the NEBs are innervated solely by nerve fibers containing agranular vesicles which form reciprocal synapses; 2) about 20% are innervated solely by adrenergic nerve fibres which from distinct synaptic contacts; and 3) the remaining 20% are innervated by both types of nerve fibres. It is proposed that the NEBs are receptors monitoring intrapulmonary P CO2 and so leading to modulation of activity in afferent nerve fibres (type containing a granular vesicles). The presence of NEBs soley with an adrenergic (efferent) innervation poses a problem with this interpretation.", "PMID": 103623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5814", "title": "The innervation and fine structure of paraneuronic cells in an amphibian pulmonary artery.", "content": "The pulmonary artery of Bufo marinus contains large numbers of bipolar cells situated in the tunica adventitia and in the outer layers of the media. These cells show a bright green-yellow fluorescence (emission spectra 485 nm) after formaldehyde pre-treatment suggesting that they contain a primary monoamine. The most characteristic fine-structural feature of these cells is the presence of numerous dense-cored vesicles (80--300 nm diameter) in their cytopalsm. The cells are in close contact (20 nm gap) with both agranular and granular nerve fibres. Both EM-cytochemical and formaldehyde-induced fluorescence tests indicate that the granule-containing nerve fibres are adrenergic. The agranular nerve fibres form discrete synaptic contacts with pre and post-synaptic membrane thickenings on the cells. This was never observed with respect to the adrenergic fibres. Each process of the cells is about 45 micrometer long. The processes do not bear any special relationship to either vessels of the arterial vasa vasorum or medial smooth muscle cells. Their location in the wall of the artery suggests that they are functionally significant with respect to activity of the arterial media.", "contents": "The innervation and fine structure of paraneuronic cells in an amphibian pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery of Bufo marinus contains large numbers of bipolar cells situated in the tunica adventitia and in the outer layers of the media. These cells show a bright green-yellow fluorescence (emission spectra 485 nm) after formaldehyde pre-treatment suggesting that they contain a primary monoamine. The most characteristic fine-structural feature of these cells is the presence of numerous dense-cored vesicles (80--300 nm diameter) in their cytopalsm. The cells are in close contact (20 nm gap) with both agranular and granular nerve fibres. Both EM-cytochemical and formaldehyde-induced fluorescence tests indicate that the granule-containing nerve fibres are adrenergic. The agranular nerve fibres form discrete synaptic contacts with pre and post-synaptic membrane thickenings on the cells. This was never observed with respect to the adrenergic fibres. Each process of the cells is about 45 micrometer long. The processes do not bear any special relationship to either vessels of the arterial vasa vasorum or medial smooth muscle cells. Their location in the wall of the artery suggests that they are functionally significant with respect to activity of the arterial media.", "PMID": 103624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5815", "title": "Complete sequence of constant and 3' noncoding regions of an immunoglobulin mRNA using the dideoxynucleotide method of RNA sequencing.", "content": "Three synthetic oligonucleotides were prepared to be complementary to known regions of the mouse immunoglublin light chain mRNA, and their ability to prime the transcription of complementary DNA (cDNA) was studied. The sequence of the cDNA was determined by adapting for mRNA the DNA sequencing method of Sanger, Nicklen and Coulson (1977) which uses 2'3' dideoxy ribonucleotides. A continuous sequence of 532 nucleotides was obtained, 321 corresponding to the whole of the constant region of the mRNA and the remaining 211 being the complete 3' noncoding region of the mRNA. The termination codon U-A-G occurs at the expected position in the mRNA corresponding to the triplet following the C terminal cystine. The nucleotide sequence is partially corroborated by the sequence of fragments obtained previously from 32P-mRNA fingerprints and endonuclease IV digests of 32P-cDNA, and is in agreement with the amino acid sequence of the constant region, except for a rearrangement of four amino acids (between amino acid positions 163 and 166). A revision of the amino acid sequence confirms the nucleic acid sequence.", "contents": "Complete sequence of constant and 3' noncoding regions of an immunoglobulin mRNA using the dideoxynucleotide method of RNA sequencing. Three synthetic oligonucleotides were prepared to be complementary to known regions of the mouse immunoglublin light chain mRNA, and their ability to prime the transcription of complementary DNA (cDNA) was studied. The sequence of the cDNA was determined by adapting for mRNA the DNA sequencing method of Sanger, Nicklen and Coulson (1977) which uses 2'3' dideoxy ribonucleotides. A continuous sequence of 532 nucleotides was obtained, 321 corresponding to the whole of the constant region of the mRNA and the remaining 211 being the complete 3' noncoding region of the mRNA. The termination codon U-A-G occurs at the expected position in the mRNA corresponding to the triplet following the C terminal cystine. The nucleotide sequence is partially corroborated by the sequence of fragments obtained previously from 32P-mRNA fingerprints and endonuclease IV digests of 32P-cDNA, and is in agreement with the amino acid sequence of the constant region, except for a rearrangement of four amino acids (between amino acid positions 163 and 166). A revision of the amino acid sequence confirms the nucleic acid sequence.", "PMID": 103625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5816", "title": "Genetic and molecular organization of the 5S locus and mutants in D. melanogaster.", "content": "The topography of an entire redundant locus was analyzed by both genetic and molecular means. Three mutants (min0, min1, min2) allelic to the 5S rRNA genetic locus on chromosome 2 of D. melanogaster were isolated. Flies exhibit a mutant phenotype when hemizygous for a min allele, but flies having two doses are wild-type. Saturation hybridization experiments show that the alleles are gross defieciencies each deleting an equal amount of 5S DNA. Each of the three mutant min alleles produces a distinct temperature-sensitive viability phene, and thus they are suggested to be pseudoalleles within the same redundant locus. Using the segmental aneuploid method (Lindsley et al., 1972), the 5S gene cluster was subdivided into proximal and distal halves. Both saturation hybridization experiments and genetic tests show that each half contains about eighty 5S genes. The complementation of the min alleles with the proximal and distal halves of the cluster indicates that both halves function independently. We present evidence which supports the model that all of the 160 5S genes are arranged as a single continuous cluster of tandem repeats with no large interdispersive DNA segments not complementary to 5S rRNA.", "contents": "Genetic and molecular organization of the 5S locus and mutants in D. melanogaster. The topography of an entire redundant locus was analyzed by both genetic and molecular means. Three mutants (min0, min1, min2) allelic to the 5S rRNA genetic locus on chromosome 2 of D. melanogaster were isolated. Flies exhibit a mutant phenotype when hemizygous for a min allele, but flies having two doses are wild-type. Saturation hybridization experiments show that the alleles are gross defieciencies each deleting an equal amount of 5S DNA. Each of the three mutant min alleles produces a distinct temperature-sensitive viability phene, and thus they are suggested to be pseudoalleles within the same redundant locus. Using the segmental aneuploid method (Lindsley et al., 1972), the 5S gene cluster was subdivided into proximal and distal halves. Both saturation hybridization experiments and genetic tests show that each half contains about eighty 5S genes. The complementation of the min alleles with the proximal and distal halves of the cluster indicates that both halves function independently. We present evidence which supports the model that all of the 160 5S genes are arranged as a single continuous cluster of tandem repeats with no large interdispersive DNA segments not complementary to 5S rRNA.", "PMID": 103626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5817", "title": "One of the copia genes is adjacent to satellite DNA in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A method for purifying sequences adjacent to satellite DNA in the heterochromatin of D. melanogaster is described. A cloned DNA segment containing part of a copia gene adjacent to 1.688 g/cm3 satellite DNA has been isolated. The copia genes compose a repeated gene family which codes for abundant cytoplasmic poly(a)-containing RNA (Young and Hogness, 1977; Finnegan et al., 1978). We have identified two major poly (A)-containing RNA species [5.2 and 2.1 kilobases (kb)] produced by the copia gene family. The cloned segment contains copia sequences homologous to the 5' end of RNA within 0.65 kb of the 1.688 satellite DNA sequences. Seven different cloned copia genes from elsewhere in the genome have also been isolated, and a 5.2 kb region present in five of the clones was identified as copia by heteroduplex analysis. In addition, three ususual copies of copia were found: a \"partial\" copy of the gene (3.7 kb) which has one endpoint in common with the 5.2 kb unit; a copia gene flanked on one side by a 1.6 kb sequence and on the other by the same 1.6 kb sequence in the inverted orientation; and a copia gene flanked only on one side by the same sequence.", "contents": "One of the copia genes is adjacent to satellite DNA in Drosophila melanogaster. A method for purifying sequences adjacent to satellite DNA in the heterochromatin of D. melanogaster is described. A cloned DNA segment containing part of a copia gene adjacent to 1.688 g/cm3 satellite DNA has been isolated. The copia genes compose a repeated gene family which codes for abundant cytoplasmic poly(a)-containing RNA (Young and Hogness, 1977; Finnegan et al., 1978). We have identified two major poly (A)-containing RNA species [5.2 and 2.1 kilobases (kb)] produced by the copia gene family. The cloned segment contains copia sequences homologous to the 5' end of RNA within 0.65 kb of the 1.688 satellite DNA sequences. Seven different cloned copia genes from elsewhere in the genome have also been isolated, and a 5.2 kb region present in five of the clones was identified as copia by heteroduplex analysis. In addition, three ususual copies of copia were found: a \"partial\" copy of the gene (3.7 kb) which has one endpoint in common with the 5.2 kb unit; a copia gene flanked on one side by a 1.6 kb sequence and on the other by the same 1.6 kb sequence in the inverted orientation; and a copia gene flanked only on one side by the same sequence.", "PMID": 103627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5818", "title": "Heat shock and phenocopy induction in Drosophila.", "content": "Differentiation of the single cells that yield bristles and hairs in Drosophila has been examined by studies of phenocopies induced by heat shock. Phenocopies that resemble the mutants hook and javelin are produced by application of the stress within narrow and specific time ranges during metamorphosis. Double phenocopies can be induced by successive heat shocks at appropriate time intervals. Phenocopy production may be related to heat shock effects on RNA synthesis through a feedback inhibition of transcription by heat shock proteins.", "contents": "Heat shock and phenocopy induction in Drosophila. Differentiation of the single cells that yield bristles and hairs in Drosophila has been examined by studies of phenocopies induced by heat shock. Phenocopies that resemble the mutants hook and javelin are produced by application of the stress within narrow and specific time ranges during metamorphosis. Double phenocopies can be induced by successive heat shocks at appropriate time intervals. Phenocopy production may be related to heat shock effects on RNA synthesis through a feedback inhibition of transcription by heat shock proteins.", "PMID": 103628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5819", "title": "Sequences of mouse immunoglobulin light chain genes before and after somatic changes.", "content": "We have determined the nucleotide sequences of the germ line gene as well as a corresponding somatically mutated and rearranged gene coding for a mouse immunoglobulin lambdaI type light chain. These sequencing studies were carried out on three Eco RI-DNA fragments which had been cloned from BALB/c mouse embryos or a lambdaI chainsecreting myeloma, H2020. The embryonic DNA clone Ig 99lambda contains two protein-encoding segments, one for the majority of the hydrophobic leader (L) and the other for the rest of the leader and the variable (V) region of the lambda0 chain (Cohn et al., 1974); these segments are separated by a 93 base pair (bp) intervening sequence (I-small). The coding of the V region ends with His at residue 97. The second embryonic DNA clone Ig 25lambda includes a 39 bp DNA segment (J) coding for the rest of the conventionally defined V region (that is, up to residue 110), and also contains the sequence coding for the constant (C) region approximately 1250 untranslated bp (I-large) away from the J sequence. The J sequence is directly linked with the V-coding sequence in the myeloma DNA clone, Ig 303lambda, which has the various DNA segments arranged in the following order: 5' untranslated region, L, l-small, V linked with J, l-large, C, 3' untranslated sequence. The lg 303lambda V DNA sequence codes for the V region synthesized by the H2020 myeloma and is different from the lg 99lambda V DNA sequence by only two bases. No silent base change was observed between the two DNA clones for the entire sequence spanning the 5' untranslated regions and the V-coding segments. These results confirm the previously drawn conclusion that an active complete lambdaI gene arises by somatic recombination that takes place at the ends of the V-coding DNA segment and the J sequence. No sequence homology was observed at or near the sites of the recombination.", "contents": "Sequences of mouse immunoglobulin light chain genes before and after somatic changes. We have determined the nucleotide sequences of the germ line gene as well as a corresponding somatically mutated and rearranged gene coding for a mouse immunoglobulin lambdaI type light chain. These sequencing studies were carried out on three Eco RI-DNA fragments which had been cloned from BALB/c mouse embryos or a lambdaI chainsecreting myeloma, H2020. The embryonic DNA clone Ig 99lambda contains two protein-encoding segments, one for the majority of the hydrophobic leader (L) and the other for the rest of the leader and the variable (V) region of the lambda0 chain (Cohn et al., 1974); these segments are separated by a 93 base pair (bp) intervening sequence (I-small). The coding of the V region ends with His at residue 97. The second embryonic DNA clone Ig 25lambda includes a 39 bp DNA segment (J) coding for the rest of the conventionally defined V region (that is, up to residue 110), and also contains the sequence coding for the constant (C) region approximately 1250 untranslated bp (I-large) away from the J sequence. The J sequence is directly linked with the V-coding sequence in the myeloma DNA clone, Ig 303lambda, which has the various DNA segments arranged in the following order: 5' untranslated region, L, l-small, V linked with J, l-large, C, 3' untranslated sequence. The lg 303lambda V DNA sequence codes for the V region synthesized by the H2020 myeloma and is different from the lg 99lambda V DNA sequence by only two bases. No silent base change was observed between the two DNA clones for the entire sequence spanning the 5' untranslated regions and the V-coding segments. These results confirm the previously drawn conclusion that an active complete lambdaI gene arises by somatic recombination that takes place at the ends of the V-coding DNA segment and the J sequence. No sequence homology was observed at or near the sites of the recombination.", "PMID": 103630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5820", "title": "The synthesis and processing of the messenger RNAs specifying heavy and light chain immunoglobulins in MPC-11 cells.", "content": "The nuclear precursors of the immunoglobulin messenger RNAs of MPC-11 cells were characterized with respect to size, amount per cell and extent of polyadenylation. These cells produce three Ig mRNAs: a 1.8 kb component coding for a gamma2b heavy chain (H mRNA), a 1.2 kb mRNA coding for a k light chain (L mRNA) and a 0.8 kb mRNA coding for the constant region portion of the k light chain (Lf mRNA). To identify the pre-mRNAs without ambiguity, we constructed recombinant DNA plasmids containing H and L cDNA sequences, and used the cloned cDNAs as hybridization probes for analysis of steady state nuclear RNA and in DNA excess hybridization experiments with pulse-labeled nuclear RNA. The nuclear molecules containing Ig sequences consist of an 11 kb component (H1), which we believe to be the primary transcript of the H gene, 5.3 kb (L1), and 3.3 kb (L2) components, which seem to be primary transcripts of the L and L1 genes, components corresponding to mature size H, L and Lf mRNAs, and several intermediate-sized components which include the processing derivatives. The precursor role of these nuclear molecules was established by studies of their labeling kinetics and by appropriate pulse-chase experiments. All the pre-mRNA species including H1, L1 and L2 contain poly(A), thus suggesting that polyadenylation is an early event in the processing of these mRNAs. The MPC-11 cell contains about 30,000 and 40,000 cytoplasmic H and L mRNA molecules, respectively, which must be produced within one cell generation (approximately 24 hr). In comparison, the nucleus contains about 100-150 molecules of total pre-mRNA and only about 10-15 molecules of presumptive primary transcripts for each of these Ig species. These values indicate very rapid transcription rates (greater than 20 transcripts per min) and exceptionally fast processing rates (approximately 0.5 min for the primary transcripts and approximately 5 min for overall nuclear processing) for the Ig mRNAs. Thus rapid transcription and processing, together with high cytoplasmic stability, account for the high abundance of Ig mRNAs in the myeloma cell.", "contents": "The synthesis and processing of the messenger RNAs specifying heavy and light chain immunoglobulins in MPC-11 cells. The nuclear precursors of the immunoglobulin messenger RNAs of MPC-11 cells were characterized with respect to size, amount per cell and extent of polyadenylation. These cells produce three Ig mRNAs: a 1.8 kb component coding for a gamma2b heavy chain (H mRNA), a 1.2 kb mRNA coding for a k light chain (L mRNA) and a 0.8 kb mRNA coding for the constant region portion of the k light chain (Lf mRNA). To identify the pre-mRNAs without ambiguity, we constructed recombinant DNA plasmids containing H and L cDNA sequences, and used the cloned cDNAs as hybridization probes for analysis of steady state nuclear RNA and in DNA excess hybridization experiments with pulse-labeled nuclear RNA. The nuclear molecules containing Ig sequences consist of an 11 kb component (H1), which we believe to be the primary transcript of the H gene, 5.3 kb (L1), and 3.3 kb (L2) components, which seem to be primary transcripts of the L and L1 genes, components corresponding to mature size H, L and Lf mRNAs, and several intermediate-sized components which include the processing derivatives. The precursor role of these nuclear molecules was established by studies of their labeling kinetics and by appropriate pulse-chase experiments. All the pre-mRNA species including H1, L1 and L2 contain poly(A), thus suggesting that polyadenylation is an early event in the processing of these mRNAs. The MPC-11 cell contains about 30,000 and 40,000 cytoplasmic H and L mRNA molecules, respectively, which must be produced within one cell generation (approximately 24 hr). In comparison, the nucleus contains about 100-150 molecules of total pre-mRNA and only about 10-15 molecules of presumptive primary transcripts for each of these Ig species. These values indicate very rapid transcription rates (greater than 20 transcripts per min) and exceptionally fast processing rates (approximately 0.5 min for the primary transcripts and approximately 5 min for overall nuclear processing) for the Ig mRNAs. Thus rapid transcription and processing, together with high cytoplasmic stability, account for the high abundance of Ig mRNAs in the myeloma cell.", "PMID": 103631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5821", "title": "[Decrease in stimulation and allogeneic response following experimental infection of mice with human adenovirus 5].", "content": "15 days after experimental infection with human adenovirus 5, C57 Bl/6 murine spleen cells were found to have altered in vitro properties. Proliferative response to phytohemagglutinine was slightly increased while the allogeneic response was decreased and the capability to stimulate allogeneic cells was significantly diminished. The degree of expression of surface antigens responsible for allogeneic stimulation is influenced by many regulatory factors, still poorly defined; alteration of some factors of antigenicity may result, directly or indirectly, from certain viral infections.", "contents": "[Decrease in stimulation and allogeneic response following experimental infection of mice with human adenovirus 5]. 15 days after experimental infection with human adenovirus 5, C57 Bl/6 murine spleen cells were found to have altered in vitro properties. Proliferative response to phytohemagglutinine was slightly increased while the allogeneic response was decreased and the capability to stimulate allogeneic cells was significantly diminished. The degree of expression of surface antigens responsible for allogeneic stimulation is influenced by many regulatory factors, still poorly defined; alteration of some factors of antigenicity may result, directly or indirectly, from certain viral infections.", "PMID": 103640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5822", "title": "[The existence in Europe of four groups of mice (genus Mus L.) of species and subspecies rank, demonstrated by biochemical genetics].", "content": "Analysis at 20 genetic loci by starch gel electrophoresis of a population from Greece shows that contrary to most accepted views, the outdoor Eastern Mediterranean Short-tailed Mouse (i) does not belong to the same species as the House Mouse (Mus musculus), (ii) is not less distant from the Eastern European semi-species of House Mouse (biochemical group 2) than from the Western and Mediterranean European semi-species (group 1), and (iii) is not more closely related to the outdoor Western Mediterranean Short-tailed Mouse Mus spretus (group 3), than to M. musculus. It represents a new biochemical group (group 4) and deserves a species rank (Mus spicilegus).", "contents": "[The existence in Europe of four groups of mice (genus Mus L.) of species and subspecies rank, demonstrated by biochemical genetics]. Analysis at 20 genetic loci by starch gel electrophoresis of a population from Greece shows that contrary to most accepted views, the outdoor Eastern Mediterranean Short-tailed Mouse (i) does not belong to the same species as the House Mouse (Mus musculus), (ii) is not less distant from the Eastern European semi-species of House Mouse (biochemical group 2) than from the Western and Mediterranean European semi-species (group 1), and (iii) is not more closely related to the outdoor Western Mediterranean Short-tailed Mouse Mus spretus (group 3), than to M. musculus. It represents a new biochemical group (group 4) and deserves a species rank (Mus spicilegus).", "PMID": 103641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5823", "title": "[Microspectrophotometric study of biogenic amines in ganglions of the central nervous system of Crepidula fornicata (Phil.)].", "content": "The fluorescent products formed from biogenic amines treated with formaldehyde according to the method of Falck and Owman have been studied in the brain of Crepidula fornicata. The microspectrophotometric analysis of cellular indolamines shows excitation emission maxima at 385--525 nm (serotonine) and catecholamine at 410--475 nm upon HCl treatment catecholamine products show a shift of the excitation peak from 410 to 370 nm (dopamine).", "contents": "[Microspectrophotometric study of biogenic amines in ganglions of the central nervous system of Crepidula fornicata (Phil.)]. The fluorescent products formed from biogenic amines treated with formaldehyde according to the method of Falck and Owman have been studied in the brain of Crepidula fornicata. The microspectrophotometric analysis of cellular indolamines shows excitation emission maxima at 385--525 nm (serotonine) and catecholamine at 410--475 nm upon HCl treatment catecholamine products show a shift of the excitation peak from 410 to 370 nm (dopamine).", "PMID": 103642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5824", "title": "[Presence of substances immunoreactively related to enkephalin in an insect, Locusta migratoria].", "content": "Application of specific radioimmunoassays to various extracts of the locust showed that nervous tissues and specially the optic lobes contain enkephaline-like material. However these immunoreactive substances present an apparent higher molecular weight (700--1 000 dalton) than those of the controls, as tested by chromatography on Sephadex G 25.", "contents": "[Presence of substances immunoreactively related to enkephalin in an insect, Locusta migratoria]. Application of specific radioimmunoassays to various extracts of the locust showed that nervous tissues and specially the optic lobes contain enkephaline-like material. However these immunoreactive substances present an apparent higher molecular weight (700--1 000 dalton) than those of the controls, as tested by chromatography on Sephadex G 25.", "PMID": 103643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5825", "title": "[Molecular weight of lipovitellins during egg development in the crustacean amphipod Orchestia gammarella (Pallas)].", "content": "Egg lipovitellins of Orchestia gammarella tested by electrophoresis on gels of different acrylamide concentrations, following the procedure of Hedrick and Smith (1968), display a migration pattern identical to that of proteins with molecular weights of congruent to 3.2 x 10(5) (lipovitellin I) and congruent to 5.5 x 10(5) (lipovitellin II) respectively. Since their molecular weight remains constant during embryogenesis, the changes of their relative mobility in disc gels indicates alterations in their ionic charges.", "contents": "[Molecular weight of lipovitellins during egg development in the crustacean amphipod Orchestia gammarella (Pallas)]. Egg lipovitellins of Orchestia gammarella tested by electrophoresis on gels of different acrylamide concentrations, following the procedure of Hedrick and Smith (1968), display a migration pattern identical to that of proteins with molecular weights of congruent to 3.2 x 10(5) (lipovitellin I) and congruent to 5.5 x 10(5) (lipovitellin II) respectively. Since their molecular weight remains constant during embryogenesis, the changes of their relative mobility in disc gels indicates alterations in their ionic charges.", "PMID": 103644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5826", "title": "[Initiation of germination of Clostridium difficile spores by lysozyme].", "content": "The germination rate of spores of C. difficile which is usually lower than 10(-5) is raised to about 5.10(-3) in presence of lysozyme. All spores are initiated by lysozyme when previously treated by sodium thioglycolate. These spores are indeed lysozyme-dependent for germination.", "contents": "[Initiation of germination of Clostridium difficile spores by lysozyme]. The germination rate of spores of C. difficile which is usually lower than 10(-5) is raised to about 5.10(-3) in presence of lysozyme. All spores are initiated by lysozyme when previously treated by sodium thioglycolate. These spores are indeed lysozyme-dependent for germination.", "PMID": 103645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5827", "title": "[Effect of lymphokines produced in a grafted system on production of prostaglandins by macrophages].", "content": "Mice peritoneal macrophages cultured in vitro release a prostaglandin-like activity as evaluated by a bio-assay using Rat stomach fundus. The prostaglandin release is greatly increased when macrophages are incubated with the supernatant of mixed lymphocyte cultures between recipient and donor of a skin allograft. This phenomenon was found in all strains of Mice tested except C3H/HeJ Mice, a strain already known for its defective responsiveness to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).", "contents": "[Effect of lymphokines produced in a grafted system on production of prostaglandins by macrophages]. Mice peritoneal macrophages cultured in vitro release a prostaglandin-like activity as evaluated by a bio-assay using Rat stomach fundus. The prostaglandin release is greatly increased when macrophages are incubated with the supernatant of mixed lymphocyte cultures between recipient and donor of a skin allograft. This phenomenon was found in all strains of Mice tested except C3H/HeJ Mice, a strain already known for its defective responsiveness to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).", "PMID": 103646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5828", "title": "[The microvascularity of human placental villi].", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic observation of plastic casts of human chorionic villi vasculature has demonstrated that in the area of placental exchange two blood capillary networks are present: the paravascular and the villous capillary networks. S.E.M. provides precise information on the shape and anatomical relations of these blood capillary networks.", "contents": "[The microvascularity of human placental villi]. Scanning electron microscopic observation of plastic casts of human chorionic villi vasculature has demonstrated that in the area of placental exchange two blood capillary networks are present: the paravascular and the villous capillary networks. S.E.M. provides precise information on the shape and anatomical relations of these blood capillary networks.", "PMID": 103647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5829", "title": "[Seasonal plasma testosterone variations in the stone marten].", "content": "Plasma testosterone levels change with annual sexual cycle of the stone marten. Very low during the decrease and the quiescence of the testis, it rises during the testis onset and reaches a maximal peak during the co\u00eft period (May to July).", "contents": "[Seasonal plasma testosterone variations in the stone marten]. Plasma testosterone levels change with annual sexual cycle of the stone marten. Very low during the decrease and the quiescence of the testis, it rises during the testis onset and reaches a maximal peak during the co\u00eft period (May to July).", "PMID": 103648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5830", "title": "[Absorption of double labeled (glycerol 3H-linoleic acid 14C) native bile by phosphatidylcholines].", "content": "Double-labeled bile ([U. 3H glycerol] [1. 14C linoleic acid])--in which about 70% of labeling 14C and 80% of labeling 3H of total lipids were borne by phosphatidylcholines (PC), (isotopic ratio of these PC was equal to 1)--was introduced into the duodenum of test Rats, some of them with a bile fistula. As low amounts of the hydrolysis products of biliary PC were found in the intestinal lumen, a higher hydrolysis must occur further (brush border, enterocyte ?) because, in the mucosa, the highest labeling 14C was present as triglycerides and PC have an isotopic ratio 3H/14C higher than 1. As in the lumen the isotopic ratio 3H/14C of PC was higher than 1 and increased with the time elapsed, this finding suggests that mucosal PC were added to biliary PC (secretion or desquamation ?) unless these modifications were due to luminal micro-organisms. As test Rat bile was poorly labeled a very weak enterohepatic circulation of biliary diunsaturated PC may exist.", "contents": "[Absorption of double labeled (glycerol 3H-linoleic acid 14C) native bile by phosphatidylcholines]. Double-labeled bile ([U. 3H glycerol] [1. 14C linoleic acid])--in which about 70% of labeling 14C and 80% of labeling 3H of total lipids were borne by phosphatidylcholines (PC), (isotopic ratio of these PC was equal to 1)--was introduced into the duodenum of test Rats, some of them with a bile fistula. As low amounts of the hydrolysis products of biliary PC were found in the intestinal lumen, a higher hydrolysis must occur further (brush border, enterocyte ?) because, in the mucosa, the highest labeling 14C was present as triglycerides and PC have an isotopic ratio 3H/14C higher than 1. As in the lumen the isotopic ratio 3H/14C of PC was higher than 1 and increased with the time elapsed, this finding suggests that mucosal PC were added to biliary PC (secretion or desquamation ?) unless these modifications were due to luminal micro-organisms. As test Rat bile was poorly labeled a very weak enterohepatic circulation of biliary diunsaturated PC may exist.", "PMID": 103649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5831", "title": "[Nicotinamide desamidase in the culture medium of neuroblastoma cells].", "content": "Important amounts of nicotinic acid appear in the growth medium of neuroblastoma cell cultures. It is shown that an enzyme released by the cells into the growth medium deamidates the nicotinamide supplied by the growth medium to nicotinic acid.", "contents": "[Nicotinamide desamidase in the culture medium of neuroblastoma cells]. Important amounts of nicotinic acid appear in the growth medium of neuroblastoma cell cultures. It is shown that an enzyme released by the cells into the growth medium deamidates the nicotinamide supplied by the growth medium to nicotinic acid.", "PMID": 103650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5832", "title": "[Effect of platinum derivatives on the inducible and repressible liver microsomal enzyme systems in the rat: inhibition of zoxazolamine-hydroxylase and induction of dimethyl-nitrosamine demethylase isoenzymes by cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (cis-PtCl2(NH3)2) and ammonium hexachloroplatinum (PtC16(NH4)2)].", "content": "Two platinum derivatives, cis-PtCl2(NH3)2 and PtCl6(NH4)2 have been studied for their effects on the Rat on cytochrome P450 in hepatic parenchyma on zoxazolamine-hydroxylase, a typical inducible system and on the two isoenzymes of dimethyl-nitrosamine demethylase, typical repressible systems. The inhibitory effect of PtCl6(NH4)2 on zoxazolamine-hydroxylase activity, previously shown by the authors, has been confirmed. The cis-PtCl2(NH3)2 also significantly inhibits zoxazolamine-hydroxylase activity. On the other hand, both of the platinum derivatives decrease cytochrome P450 level and enhance the dimethyl-nitrosamine metabolism. These various effects and their relationship are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of platinum derivatives on the inducible and repressible liver microsomal enzyme systems in the rat: inhibition of zoxazolamine-hydroxylase and induction of dimethyl-nitrosamine demethylase isoenzymes by cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (cis-PtCl2(NH3)2) and ammonium hexachloroplatinum (PtC16(NH4)2)]. Two platinum derivatives, cis-PtCl2(NH3)2 and PtCl6(NH4)2 have been studied for their effects on the Rat on cytochrome P450 in hepatic parenchyma on zoxazolamine-hydroxylase, a typical inducible system and on the two isoenzymes of dimethyl-nitrosamine demethylase, typical repressible systems. The inhibitory effect of PtCl6(NH4)2 on zoxazolamine-hydroxylase activity, previously shown by the authors, has been confirmed. The cis-PtCl2(NH3)2 also significantly inhibits zoxazolamine-hydroxylase activity. On the other hand, both of the platinum derivatives decrease cytochrome P450 level and enhance the dimethyl-nitrosamine metabolism. These various effects and their relationship are discussed.", "PMID": 103651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5833", "title": "[Epileptogenic action of intra-amygdaloid injection of kainic acid].", "content": "Intra-amygdaloid unilateral application of low doses of kainic acid rapidly elicits, in both chronic and acute conditions, secondarily generalized convulsive seizures which often culminate in fatal true status epilepticus unless appropriate anti-epileptic drugs are provided. Spontaneous recurrent seizures are observed for several hours starting approximately 10 min. after the application of kainic acid. In addition to the primary degeneration in the amygdaloid complex, a secondary cell loss is seen in CA3 area of the dorsal hippocampus. It is suggested that this procedure may constitute a particularly suitable model for the study of true focalized status epilepticus.", "contents": "[Epileptogenic action of intra-amygdaloid injection of kainic acid]. Intra-amygdaloid unilateral application of low doses of kainic acid rapidly elicits, in both chronic and acute conditions, secondarily generalized convulsive seizures which often culminate in fatal true status epilepticus unless appropriate anti-epileptic drugs are provided. Spontaneous recurrent seizures are observed for several hours starting approximately 10 min. after the application of kainic acid. In addition to the primary degeneration in the amygdaloid complex, a secondary cell loss is seen in CA3 area of the dorsal hippocampus. It is suggested that this procedure may constitute a particularly suitable model for the study of true focalized status epilepticus.", "PMID": 103652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5834", "title": "[Role of the infundibular complex and its neural afferents in the photosexual reflex in the quail].", "content": "The photosexual reflex was suppressed in quail after bilateral preoptic lesions. However an anterior-lateral de-afferentation of the hypothalamus of previously preoptic-lesioned quail resulted in partial photo-induced testis growth. As a working hypothesis, it is suggested that the preoptic area may control some unknown extrahypothalamic influences in order to modulate the gonadotropin controlling function of the infundibular area.", "contents": "[Role of the infundibular complex and its neural afferents in the photosexual reflex in the quail]. The photosexual reflex was suppressed in quail after bilateral preoptic lesions. However an anterior-lateral de-afferentation of the hypothalamus of previously preoptic-lesioned quail resulted in partial photo-induced testis growth. As a working hypothesis, it is suggested that the preoptic area may control some unknown extrahypothalamic influences in order to modulate the gonadotropin controlling function of the infundibular area.", "PMID": 103653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5835", "title": "[Action of cadmium on a free dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans E: growth, cadmium absorption and cell modifications].", "content": "The study of the growth of Prorocentrum micans E. submitted to sublethal doses of cadmium demonstrated a high sensitivity of this Dinoflagellate to the polluant starting with concentration of 5 microgram/l. The uptake of cadmium was measured by pulse polarographic analysis of the filtered culture medium. Structural modifications, not apparent in living cells, are visible after fixation. The high sensitivity of Prorocentrum micans to cadmium, also its easy culture, makes it a suitable pollution indicator of this heavy metal.", "contents": "[Action of cadmium on a free dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans E: growth, cadmium absorption and cell modifications]. The study of the growth of Prorocentrum micans E. submitted to sublethal doses of cadmium demonstrated a high sensitivity of this Dinoflagellate to the polluant starting with concentration of 5 microgram/l. The uptake of cadmium was measured by pulse polarographic analysis of the filtered culture medium. Structural modifications, not apparent in living cells, are visible after fixation. The high sensitivity of Prorocentrum micans to cadmium, also its easy culture, makes it a suitable pollution indicator of this heavy metal.", "PMID": 103655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5836", "title": "[Spatial conformation of human serotransferrin glycans].", "content": "The construction of molecular models for the human serotransferrin glycans shows that they present one compact section linked to the protein and constituted by the pentasaccharide alpha-Man-(1 leads to 3)-[alpha-Man-(1 leads to 6)]-beta-Man-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to)-Asn to which are attached two \"antennae\" consisting of the trisaccharide alpha-NANA-(2 leads to 6)-beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc. The trisaccharide sequence beta-Man-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc adopts a flat and rigid conformation, stabilised by hydrogen bonds. In contrast, the sequence alpha-NANA-(1 leads to 6)-beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-Man takes up a helical configuration. The two \"antennae\" can be disposed on the pentasaccharide core to give two possible configurations, one Y-shaped and the other T-shaped. In both cases, the general conformation of the glycans is perfectly compatible with their postulated role as a recognition signal.", "contents": "[Spatial conformation of human serotransferrin glycans]. The construction of molecular models for the human serotransferrin glycans shows that they present one compact section linked to the protein and constituted by the pentasaccharide alpha-Man-(1 leads to 3)-[alpha-Man-(1 leads to 6)]-beta-Man-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to)-Asn to which are attached two \"antennae\" consisting of the trisaccharide alpha-NANA-(2 leads to 6)-beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc. The trisaccharide sequence beta-Man-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc adopts a flat and rigid conformation, stabilised by hydrogen bonds. In contrast, the sequence alpha-NANA-(1 leads to 6)-beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-Man takes up a helical configuration. The two \"antennae\" can be disposed on the pentasaccharide core to give two possible configurations, one Y-shaped and the other T-shaped. In both cases, the general conformation of the glycans is perfectly compatible with their postulated role as a recognition signal.", "PMID": 103656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5837", "title": "[Nucleotide sequence determination of yeast mitochondrial phenylalanine-tRNA].", "content": "The primary structure of mitochondrial tRNAPhe from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, purified by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was determined using, standard procedures on in vivo 32P-labeled tRNA, as well as the new 5'-end postlabeling techniques. We propose a cloverleaf model which allows for tertiary interaction between cytosine in position 46 and guanine in position 15 and maximizes base pairing in the psi C stem, thus excluding the uracile in position 50 from base pairing in the psi C stem. Comparison of the primary structure of this tRNA with all other known procaryotic, chloroplastic or cytoplasmic tRNAsPhe sequences does not lead to any conclusion about the endosymbiotic theory of mitochondria evolution.", "contents": "[Nucleotide sequence determination of yeast mitochondrial phenylalanine-tRNA]. The primary structure of mitochondrial tRNAPhe from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, purified by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was determined using, standard procedures on in vivo 32P-labeled tRNA, as well as the new 5'-end postlabeling techniques. We propose a cloverleaf model which allows for tertiary interaction between cytosine in position 46 and guanine in position 15 and maximizes base pairing in the psi C stem, thus excluding the uracile in position 50 from base pairing in the psi C stem. Comparison of the primary structure of this tRNA with all other known procaryotic, chloroplastic or cytoplasmic tRNAsPhe sequences does not lead to any conclusion about the endosymbiotic theory of mitochondria evolution.", "PMID": 103657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5838", "title": "Similarities of ergonovine-induced and spontaneous attacks of variant angina.", "content": "Ergonovine has been shown to provoke attacks of variant angina, but a question remains whether spontaneous and ergonovine-induced attacks of variant angina are similar. Seven patients with variant angina undergoing cardiac catheterization were studied during transient episodes of spontaneous and ergonovine-induced rest angina with ST-segment elevation. Clinical, electrocardiographic, left ventricular hemodynamic and coronary angiographic observations were made before and repeated after ergonovine (0.05-0.2 mg I.V.). The character and duration of chest pain were similar during both spontaneous and ergonovine-induced episodes. ST-segment elevation (greater than 1 mm) was present inferiorly in three patients, anteriorly in three patients, and both inferiorly and anteriorly in one patient during both episodes. Mean heart rate and systolic arterial pressure changed little, while left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased significantly during spontaneous or ergonovine-induced attacks. We observed subtotal or total dynamic obstruction in the left anterior descending (three patients), right coronary arteries (three patients) and both arteries in one patient during both attacks. Thus, in selected patients ergonovine-induced attacks of variant angina were remarkably similar to spontaneous episodes.", "contents": "Similarities of ergonovine-induced and spontaneous attacks of variant angina. Ergonovine has been shown to provoke attacks of variant angina, but a question remains whether spontaneous and ergonovine-induced attacks of variant angina are similar. Seven patients with variant angina undergoing cardiac catheterization were studied during transient episodes of spontaneous and ergonovine-induced rest angina with ST-segment elevation. Clinical, electrocardiographic, left ventricular hemodynamic and coronary angiographic observations were made before and repeated after ergonovine (0.05-0.2 mg I.V.). The character and duration of chest pain were similar during both spontaneous and ergonovine-induced episodes. ST-segment elevation (greater than 1 mm) was present inferiorly in three patients, anteriorly in three patients, and both inferiorly and anteriorly in one patient during both episodes. Mean heart rate and systolic arterial pressure changed little, while left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased significantly during spontaneous or ergonovine-induced attacks. We observed subtotal or total dynamic obstruction in the left anterior descending (three patients), right coronary arteries (three patients) and both arteries in one patient during both attacks. Thus, in selected patients ergonovine-induced attacks of variant angina were remarkably similar to spontaneous episodes.", "PMID": 103658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5839", "title": "The T4/TBG ratio and the investigation of thyroid function.", "content": "The relationship between serum thyroxine (T4) and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) has been studied in \"euthyroid\" subjects. The T4/TBG ratios in these subjects has been calculated and compared with those found in patients suffering from myxoedema and thyrotoxicosis. The ratio allows a more precise selection of the borderline cases requiring Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and triiodothyronine assays, particularly when the serum TBG is raised or lowered.", "contents": "The T4/TBG ratio and the investigation of thyroid function. The relationship between serum thyroxine (T4) and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) has been studied in \"euthyroid\" subjects. The T4/TBG ratios in these subjects has been calculated and compared with those found in patients suffering from myxoedema and thyrotoxicosis. The ratio allows a more precise selection of the borderline cases requiring Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and triiodothyronine assays, particularly when the serum TBG is raised or lowered.", "PMID": 103659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5840", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent choriomammotropin assay.", "content": "We have devloped an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determining choriomammotropin (human placental lactogen) in serum. Unlabeled hormone competes with choriomammotropin-beta-galactosidase conjugate for antibody bound to polystyrene tubes. The entire assay can be performed in 2.5 h with good precision. The coefficient of variation for one sample with a mean concentration of 5.6 mg/L, assayed 10 times on the same day, was 5.7%. The coefficient of variation for nine samples (3.5 to 9.0 mg/L) assayed on five different days was 7.9%. Forty-eight clinical samples were assayed (y) and compared with results obtained by radial immunodiffusion (x). The resulting regression equation was: y = 1.05x + 0.78; r = 0.91.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent choriomammotropin assay. We have devloped an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determining choriomammotropin (human placental lactogen) in serum. Unlabeled hormone competes with choriomammotropin-beta-galactosidase conjugate for antibody bound to polystyrene tubes. The entire assay can be performed in 2.5 h with good precision. The coefficient of variation for one sample with a mean concentration of 5.6 mg/L, assayed 10 times on the same day, was 5.7%. The coefficient of variation for nine samples (3.5 to 9.0 mg/L) assayed on five different days was 7.9%. Forty-eight clinical samples were assayed (y) and compared with results obtained by radial immunodiffusion (x). The resulting regression equation was: y = 1.05x + 0.78; r = 0.91.", "PMID": 103660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5841", "title": "The influence of citrate and phosphate on the Mancini single radial immunodiffusion technique and suggested improvements for the determination of urinary albumin.", "content": "When adapting the immediate bromcresol green method for urinary albumin determination a correlation study with the Mancini single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) method was performed. This study showed large disparities between the two methods, SRID giving the higher results. The unsuitability of the currently used SRID methods is demonstrated and improvements to the method are suggested. Known amounts of albumin were added to urine samples as well as to a \"synthetic urine\", both giving falsely elevated results with the SRID method. On investigating the different components of the \"synthetic urine\", it was found that the disparities were due to the influence of citrate and phosphate. On addition of citric acid or phosphate to the dilution buffer and/or the gel buffer, the results of the SRID method agreed with those of other methods and with the expected values. The findings presented in this paper can probably be extended to other immunological methods too since it seems to be the antigen-antibody reaction which is affected.", "contents": "The influence of citrate and phosphate on the Mancini single radial immunodiffusion technique and suggested improvements for the determination of urinary albumin. When adapting the immediate bromcresol green method for urinary albumin determination a correlation study with the Mancini single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) method was performed. This study showed large disparities between the two methods, SRID giving the higher results. The unsuitability of the currently used SRID methods is demonstrated and improvements to the method are suggested. Known amounts of albumin were added to urine samples as well as to a \"synthetic urine\", both giving falsely elevated results with the SRID method. On investigating the different components of the \"synthetic urine\", it was found that the disparities were due to the influence of citrate and phosphate. On addition of citric acid or phosphate to the dilution buffer and/or the gel buffer, the results of the SRID method agreed with those of other methods and with the expected values. The findings presented in this paper can probably be extended to other immunological methods too since it seems to be the antigen-antibody reaction which is affected.", "PMID": 103661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5842", "title": "Changes in serum lysosomal hydrolases in marasmus.", "content": "The activities of several lysosomal hydrolases including beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and hexosaminidase were compared in serum from 19 well-nourished subjects and 13 children (age 5--24 months) who were suffering from marasmus. The marasmic children exhibited growth retardation and muscle wastage but had normal serum protein values and absence of psychomotor retardation or oedema. Significant changes were observed in serum beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase activities. Compared to the control group, serum beta-glucuronidase (determined at pH 4.5 using the fluorogenic substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide) was 2.3-fold higher (p less than 0.001) in the marasmic children. In contrast, serum acid phosphatase values were approximately 50% lower (p less than 0.01) in the marasmic population. Serum hexosaminidase values in the two groups under study were not significantly different. Determination of the beta-glucuronidase to acid phosphatase ratio permitted effective discrimination (p less than 0.001) of serum from normal and protein-calorie malnourished children. The finding that the elevated value of the beta-glucuronidase : acid phosphatase ratio (0.64--1.37) decreased to within the normal range of values (0.10--0.43) after nutritional rehabilitation of several marasmic cases indicates that the determination of serum lysosomal hydrolases using fluorogenic substrates might provide a rapid and sensitive quantitative method for objectively evaluating the status of protein-calorie malnourished children and their responsiveness to nutritional therapy.", "contents": "Changes in serum lysosomal hydrolases in marasmus. The activities of several lysosomal hydrolases including beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and hexosaminidase were compared in serum from 19 well-nourished subjects and 13 children (age 5--24 months) who were suffering from marasmus. The marasmic children exhibited growth retardation and muscle wastage but had normal serum protein values and absence of psychomotor retardation or oedema. Significant changes were observed in serum beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase activities. Compared to the control group, serum beta-glucuronidase (determined at pH 4.5 using the fluorogenic substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide) was 2.3-fold higher (p less than 0.001) in the marasmic children. In contrast, serum acid phosphatase values were approximately 50% lower (p less than 0.01) in the marasmic population. Serum hexosaminidase values in the two groups under study were not significantly different. Determination of the beta-glucuronidase to acid phosphatase ratio permitted effective discrimination (p less than 0.001) of serum from normal and protein-calorie malnourished children. The finding that the elevated value of the beta-glucuronidase : acid phosphatase ratio (0.64--1.37) decreased to within the normal range of values (0.10--0.43) after nutritional rehabilitation of several marasmic cases indicates that the determination of serum lysosomal hydrolases using fluorogenic substrates might provide a rapid and sensitive quantitative method for objectively evaluating the status of protein-calorie malnourished children and their responsiveness to nutritional therapy.", "PMID": 103662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5843", "title": "ABO and Rh phenotyping of foetal blood obtained by foetoscopy.", "content": "Blood samples taken from the foetus by foetoscopy early in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy can be used for reliable blood grouping. However, the sampling technique is not perfect. In 5 out of 15 pregnant women, no foetal blood was obtained, although between 1 and 10 samples were taken on each occasion. One-third of 56 samples from the 10 women contained foetal blood. Contamination of samples with amniotic fluid varied, but did not interfere with the blood grouping. ABO and Rh typing of the foetus was possible even if the samples were contaminated with large amounts of maternal blood. In nine cases, blood grouping of the foetus was performed on red cells from foetoscopy samples. Control blood samples from the foetus following abortion were obtained in seven of these cases, and the foetoscopic results were confirmed.", "contents": "ABO and Rh phenotyping of foetal blood obtained by foetoscopy. Blood samples taken from the foetus by foetoscopy early in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy can be used for reliable blood grouping. However, the sampling technique is not perfect. In 5 out of 15 pregnant women, no foetal blood was obtained, although between 1 and 10 samples were taken on each occasion. One-third of 56 samples from the 10 women contained foetal blood. Contamination of samples with amniotic fluid varied, but did not interfere with the blood grouping. ABO and Rh typing of the foetus was possible even if the samples were contaminated with large amounts of maternal blood. In nine cases, blood grouping of the foetus was performed on red cells from foetoscopy samples. Control blood samples from the foetus following abortion were obtained in seven of these cases, and the foetoscopic results were confirmed.", "PMID": 103664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5844", "title": "Genetic structure of the Greek gypsies.", "content": "Data are presented on several polymorphic genetic markers in 200 Greek gypsies. Polymorphic loci studied were: the ABO, MN, Rhesus, Kell and Duffy blood groups, hemoglobin, and ceruloplasmin. A survey for congenital malformations and hereditary diseases was also carried out on this group. The ABO, Rhesus, MN and Duffy system frequencies varied significantly from the figures obtained for the Greek population. However, there is a characteristic similarity between various gypsy groups studied in other nations and the distribution of polymorphic traits in the Punjab region of India. Cystic fibrosis, renal tubular acidosis, 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Hoty-Oram syndrome and homozygous beta-thalassemia were diagnosed within the gypsy group studied.", "contents": "Genetic structure of the Greek gypsies. Data are presented on several polymorphic genetic markers in 200 Greek gypsies. Polymorphic loci studied were: the ABO, MN, Rhesus, Kell and Duffy blood groups, hemoglobin, and ceruloplasmin. A survey for congenital malformations and hereditary diseases was also carried out on this group. The ABO, Rhesus, MN and Duffy system frequencies varied significantly from the figures obtained for the Greek population. However, there is a characteristic similarity between various gypsy groups studied in other nations and the distribution of polymorphic traits in the Punjab region of India. Cystic fibrosis, renal tubular acidosis, 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Hoty-Oram syndrome and homozygous beta-thalassemia were diagnosed within the gypsy group studied.", "PMID": 103665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5845", "title": "Reduced red blood cell carbonic anhydrase activity in a patient with nephrolithiasis.", "content": "Low levels of red blood cell (RBC) carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in hemoglobin-free hemolyzate (HFH) were found in 2 children with nephrolithiasis when compared to age-matched controls. The lowest levels were consistently found over a two year period in a 6 1/2 year old boy (U.P.) whose renal calculi contained uric acid, ammonia, calcium carbonate and oxalate. His RBC CA values ranged from 1.4-2.7 U/g Hb compared with levels of 3.9-5.3 U/g Hb in control subjects. Statistical comparisons of the mean values for U.P., 2.06 U/g Hb, and his age-matched control subjects, 4.46 U/g Hb, revealed a significant difference (P = less than 0.001). Similar reductions in RBC CA activity were found in his father--2.0 and 2.1 U/g Hb compared with 3.3 and 3.9 U/g Hb in adult controls. HFH CA activity was not decreased in the mother or sister. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of HFH from 4 of the children and the father of U.P. was abnormal. However, this abnormal electrophoretic pattern could only be demonstrated when the gel was run for 120 minutes and not when it was run for 80 or 160 minutes. We have identified a patient and his father with low levels of RBC CA activity.", "contents": "Reduced red blood cell carbonic anhydrase activity in a patient with nephrolithiasis. Low levels of red blood cell (RBC) carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in hemoglobin-free hemolyzate (HFH) were found in 2 children with nephrolithiasis when compared to age-matched controls. The lowest levels were consistently found over a two year period in a 6 1/2 year old boy (U.P.) whose renal calculi contained uric acid, ammonia, calcium carbonate and oxalate. His RBC CA values ranged from 1.4-2.7 U/g Hb compared with levels of 3.9-5.3 U/g Hb in control subjects. Statistical comparisons of the mean values for U.P., 2.06 U/g Hb, and his age-matched control subjects, 4.46 U/g Hb, revealed a significant difference (P = less than 0.001). Similar reductions in RBC CA activity were found in his father--2.0 and 2.1 U/g Hb compared with 3.3 and 3.9 U/g Hb in adult controls. HFH CA activity was not decreased in the mother or sister. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of HFH from 4 of the children and the father of U.P. was abnormal. However, this abnormal electrophoretic pattern could only be demonstrated when the gel was run for 120 minutes and not when it was run for 80 or 160 minutes. We have identified a patient and his father with low levels of RBC CA activity.", "PMID": 103668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5846", "title": "The contraction induced by ethylenediaminetetracetic acid-4 sodium (EDTA-4Na) in guinea-pig isolated vas deferens kept in isotonic sucrose medium.", "content": "1. Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid--4 sodium (EDTA--4Na) induced a contraction in guinea-pig isolated vas deferens kept in isotonic sucrose medium containing 0.07% Nahco3 and 0.1% glucose after preincubation in Locke's solution. The maximum contraction was 82.1 +/- 6.7% of that induced by added KCl. 2. EDTA--Ca--2Na (10(-7) to 10(-3) g/ml) induced no contraction in preparations kept in the sucrose medium. 3. The EDTA--4Na-induced contraction was also obtained when sucrose in the sucrose medium was replaced by glucose but not when the preparation was kept in Locke's solution. 4. The EDTA--4Na-induced contraction was decreased by reduction of the CaCl2 of KCl concentration of the Locke's solution in which the preparation had been preincubated before placing in the sucrose medium. 5. The EDTA--4Na-induced contraction was suppressed with increasing concentrations of NaCl used to partially replace sucrose in the sucrose medium. 6. When the preparation was kept in EDTA-free sucrose medium after pretreatment with 10(-4) g/ml of EDTA--4Na in the sucrose medium for 20 min, a contraction was induced by added CaCl2. The maximum contraction induced by CaCl2 was 30.1 +/- 11.8% of that of the EDTA--4Na-induced contraction, when CaCl2 was added at 20 min after the exchange of medium.", "contents": "The contraction induced by ethylenediaminetetracetic acid-4 sodium (EDTA-4Na) in guinea-pig isolated vas deferens kept in isotonic sucrose medium. 1. Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid--4 sodium (EDTA--4Na) induced a contraction in guinea-pig isolated vas deferens kept in isotonic sucrose medium containing 0.07% Nahco3 and 0.1% glucose after preincubation in Locke's solution. The maximum contraction was 82.1 +/- 6.7% of that induced by added KCl. 2. EDTA--Ca--2Na (10(-7) to 10(-3) g/ml) induced no contraction in preparations kept in the sucrose medium. 3. The EDTA--4Na-induced contraction was also obtained when sucrose in the sucrose medium was replaced by glucose but not when the preparation was kept in Locke's solution. 4. The EDTA--4Na-induced contraction was decreased by reduction of the CaCl2 of KCl concentration of the Locke's solution in which the preparation had been preincubated before placing in the sucrose medium. 5. The EDTA--4Na-induced contraction was suppressed with increasing concentrations of NaCl used to partially replace sucrose in the sucrose medium. 6. When the preparation was kept in EDTA-free sucrose medium after pretreatment with 10(-4) g/ml of EDTA--4Na in the sucrose medium for 20 min, a contraction was induced by added CaCl2. The maximum contraction induced by CaCl2 was 30.1 +/- 11.8% of that of the EDTA--4Na-induced contraction, when CaCl2 was added at 20 min after the exchange of medium.", "PMID": 103666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5847", "title": "Heterotopic ossification in the lumbar region. Report of a case.", "content": "Delayed appearance of heterotopic ossification in the lumbar region occurred in a 34-year-old man with a high thoracic paraplegia. The occurrence of lumbar heterotopic ossification seems not to have been previously reported in the literature.", "contents": "Heterotopic ossification in the lumbar region. Report of a case. Delayed appearance of heterotopic ossification in the lumbar region occurred in a 34-year-old man with a high thoracic paraplegia. The occurrence of lumbar heterotopic ossification seems not to have been previously reported in the literature.", "PMID": 103671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5848", "title": "Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of carotid body stimulation in the monkey.", "content": "1. The carotid bodies were stimulated in the anaesthetized pig-tailed macaque monkey (M. nemestrina) using (i) brief injections of cyanide or CO2-equilibrated bicarbonate solution into a common carotid artery, and (ii) longer perfusion with hypoxic hypercapnic blood in vascularly isolated chemoreceptor preparations. 2. In spontaneously breathing animals brief stimuli (thirty-one tests, seven monkeys) consistently increased pulmonary ventilation (by 97 +/- 10% of control), slowed the heart rate (the pulse interval increasing by 36 +/- 7.5%), and increased femoral vascular resistance (by 44 +/- 7%). 3. More sustained chemoreceptor stimulation with asphyxial blood (nineteen tests, five monkeys) increased ventilation by 187 +/- 23%, but transient bradycardia occurred in only eight of nineteen tests and was followed by tachycardia; in the remaining tests, only tachycardia occurred. After 20--40s, the pulse interval was 5.8 +/- 0.9% below the control level. Femoral vascular resistance either increased (five tests, two animals) or decreased (six tests, two animals). 4. Evidence is presented that in the monkey the autonomic effects of chemoreceptor stimulation are influenced by the level of respiratory activity with bradycardia and vasoconstriction occurring when the level is low, and tachycardia and vasodilatation when it is high. 5. The interaction of autonomic responses resulting from carotid body stimulation and from mechanisms initiated by the concomitant hyperventilation are qualitatively similar in the monkey and in subprimate species, although there may be quantitative differences such as would account for the species differences to distrubances produced, for instance, by arterial hypoxia.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of carotid body stimulation in the monkey. 1. The carotid bodies were stimulated in the anaesthetized pig-tailed macaque monkey (M. nemestrina) using (i) brief injections of cyanide or CO2-equilibrated bicarbonate solution into a common carotid artery, and (ii) longer perfusion with hypoxic hypercapnic blood in vascularly isolated chemoreceptor preparations. 2. In spontaneously breathing animals brief stimuli (thirty-one tests, seven monkeys) consistently increased pulmonary ventilation (by 97 +/- 10% of control), slowed the heart rate (the pulse interval increasing by 36 +/- 7.5%), and increased femoral vascular resistance (by 44 +/- 7%). 3. More sustained chemoreceptor stimulation with asphyxial blood (nineteen tests, five monkeys) increased ventilation by 187 +/- 23%, but transient bradycardia occurred in only eight of nineteen tests and was followed by tachycardia; in the remaining tests, only tachycardia occurred. After 20--40s, the pulse interval was 5.8 +/- 0.9% below the control level. Femoral vascular resistance either increased (five tests, two animals) or decreased (six tests, two animals). 4. Evidence is presented that in the monkey the autonomic effects of chemoreceptor stimulation are influenced by the level of respiratory activity with bradycardia and vasoconstriction occurring when the level is low, and tachycardia and vasodilatation when it is high. 5. The interaction of autonomic responses resulting from carotid body stimulation and from mechanisms initiated by the concomitant hyperventilation are qualitatively similar in the monkey and in subprimate species, although there may be quantitative differences such as would account for the species differences to distrubances produced, for instance, by arterial hypoxia.", "PMID": 103667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5849", "title": "Physeal injuries of the ankle in children: classification.", "content": "Seventy-one cases of ankle fractures in children were studied. An analysis of the fracture lines involving the distal tibial and fibular epiphyses were done. A new classification is proposed based on the position of the foot at the moment of trauma and the direction of the abnormal force. Four mechanisms were considered, grades were described for each mechanism and each grade always occurred in the same order. In almost half of the cases, the supination-inversion mechanism was responsible for the injury. A correlation with the physeal injury classification of Salter and Harris is imperative, since complications such as varus deformity of the ankle are common when a Salter-Harris III or IV injury is present. The proposed classification has an important practical use. It facilitates closed reduction, because once the mechanism of injury is known, reduction is obtained by reversing the direction of abnormal force and immobilizing the foot in the opposite position given by the mechanism.", "contents": "Physeal injuries of the ankle in children: classification. Seventy-one cases of ankle fractures in children were studied. An analysis of the fracture lines involving the distal tibial and fibular epiphyses were done. A new classification is proposed based on the position of the foot at the moment of trauma and the direction of the abnormal force. Four mechanisms were considered, grades were described for each mechanism and each grade always occurred in the same order. In almost half of the cases, the supination-inversion mechanism was responsible for the injury. A correlation with the physeal injury classification of Salter and Harris is imperative, since complications such as varus deformity of the ankle are common when a Salter-Harris III or IV injury is present. The proposed classification has an important practical use. It facilitates closed reduction, because once the mechanism of injury is known, reduction is obtained by reversing the direction of abnormal force and immobilizing the foot in the opposite position given by the mechanism.", "PMID": 103673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5850", "title": "Surface replacement arthroplasty of the hip.", "content": "The principle of hip joint resurfacing is replacement of diseased joint surfaces and simultaneous restoration of the normal anatomy and biomechanical function to the maximal degree possible. This concept offers several theoretical advantages over conventional total hip joint replacement and the clinical results in this series of 426 cases appears to confirm the value of both the method and the concept. Successful joint resurfacing surgery with attention to detail. Most problems can be anticipated and handled appropriately. Complications are few. The operation should only be done in cases of severe hip disability, when the patient's level of suffering demands operative intervention and when the only reasonable alternatives are fusion, total joint replacement or head and neck resection. It is an operation designed and recommended as an \"in-between\" procedure to gain time against the progressive disease. Resurfacing should not be performed if conservative measures or classic hip osteotomies offer significant benefit. The principal advantages of this procedure relate directly to the prosthetic design. Only the joint surfaces are removed during surgery, most of the normal bone is preserved, the medullary canal is not opened, and the implants utilized are of small volume. As a result the risk of infection is low compared to other implant arthroplasty techniques and clinical statistics confirm this anticipated advantage. The operation is designed to interfere minimally with the normal joint mechanics so it is also anticipated that prosthesis longevity will be greater than when rigid stem prostheses are placed in elastic bone. As yet follow-up is too short to make valid judgments on this point. The technique is applicable to younger patients, however, because if it should, in time, fail and other surgical treatment becomes necessary the original alternatives of total hip replacement, arthrodesis, or head and neck resection remain available. Relief of pain is predictable and almost all patients have experienced significant improvement in function. The procedure has a broader indication in cases of prior bone or joint infection and is definitely a preferable procedure in young individuals with severe hip disability.", "contents": "Surface replacement arthroplasty of the hip. The principle of hip joint resurfacing is replacement of diseased joint surfaces and simultaneous restoration of the normal anatomy and biomechanical function to the maximal degree possible. This concept offers several theoretical advantages over conventional total hip joint replacement and the clinical results in this series of 426 cases appears to confirm the value of both the method and the concept. Successful joint resurfacing surgery with attention to detail. Most problems can be anticipated and handled appropriately. Complications are few. The operation should only be done in cases of severe hip disability, when the patient's level of suffering demands operative intervention and when the only reasonable alternatives are fusion, total joint replacement or head and neck resection. It is an operation designed and recommended as an \"in-between\" procedure to gain time against the progressive disease. Resurfacing should not be performed if conservative measures or classic hip osteotomies offer significant benefit. The principal advantages of this procedure relate directly to the prosthetic design. Only the joint surfaces are removed during surgery, most of the normal bone is preserved, the medullary canal is not opened, and the implants utilized are of small volume. As a result the risk of infection is low compared to other implant arthroplasty techniques and clinical statistics confirm this anticipated advantage. The operation is designed to interfere minimally with the normal joint mechanics so it is also anticipated that prosthesis longevity will be greater than when rigid stem prostheses are placed in elastic bone. As yet follow-up is too short to make valid judgments on this point. The technique is applicable to younger patients, however, because if it should, in time, fail and other surgical treatment becomes necessary the original alternatives of total hip replacement, arthrodesis, or head and neck resection remain available. Relief of pain is predictable and almost all patients have experienced significant improvement in function. The procedure has a broader indication in cases of prior bone or joint infection and is definitely a preferable procedure in young individuals with severe hip disability.", "PMID": 103669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5851", "title": "Nutrition of flexor tendons in monkeys.", "content": "The hydrogen washout technique was used to investigate the role of synovial diffusion versus vascular perfusion in the nutrition of monkey flexor tendons within the digital sheath. There was no significant difference in the uptake and washout of hydrogen tracer by tendons in contact with synovium but detached from the surrounding vasculature, compared to control tendons. However, there was insignificant uptake of tracer by tendons with intact vasculature, but separated from synovium. Synovial diffusion is a primary nutrient pathway of monkey flexor tendons within the digital sheath.", "contents": "Nutrition of flexor tendons in monkeys. The hydrogen washout technique was used to investigate the role of synovial diffusion versus vascular perfusion in the nutrition of monkey flexor tendons within the digital sheath. There was no significant difference in the uptake and washout of hydrogen tracer by tendons in contact with synovium but detached from the surrounding vasculature, compared to control tendons. However, there was insignificant uptake of tracer by tendons with intact vasculature, but separated from synovium. Synovial diffusion is a primary nutrient pathway of monkey flexor tendons within the digital sheath.", "PMID": 103674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5852", "title": "THARIES surface replacements: a review of the first 100 cases.", "content": "The first 100 cases of the 135 THARIES surface replacement procedures with 4--32 months follow-up, are evaluated in terms of clinical results, radiographic information and complications. The short but detailed follow-up suggests that this procedure was an excellent alternative for the younger and more active population. The overall hip ratings (pain, walking and function) and range of motion are comparable to that of stem-type total hip replacements. When the THARIES and conventional hip results are further compared in 34 patients matched by sex and age for 3 major etiological groups (osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis and congenital hip dysplasia), the interim results are essentially comparable for both types. Three cases in the first 100 have required revision. One patient (no. 1) with osteoporosis, chondrolysis and arthrofibrosis following slipped capital femoral epiphysis had loose femoral and acetabular components 24 months postoperatively. He was revised to a T-28 hip replacement. The polyethylene socket in another patient (no. 4), the first dysplastic hip in this series, was 20 nm uncovered superiorly, became loose and was revised 9 months postoperatively. Now 15 months postoperative with a more medial THARIES acetabulum, the patient continues to have a good result. Another patient (no. 12) with bilateral dysplastic hips became progressively more disabled due to heterotopic bone, which was then excised 18 months postoperatively. Radiographic studies of the THARIES sockets demonstrate radiolucent zones at the cement-bone interfaces of the acetabulum in 88 cases, partial in 51 and complete in 37. Three hips were currently considered to have evidence of progressive socket loosening but are active and asymptomatic. There have been no femoral neck fractures in this series which we attribute to the custom fitting ability inherent in the range of components, the reaming protocol and the various remodelling guides. There have been no prosthetic breakages, subluxations, dislocations or sepsis. The complications observed in this series are minor and comparable to that of many other total hip arthroplasty operations. Nerve palsy and trochanteric separation have not been major problems although one existing peroneal nerve dysfunction and one trochanteric migration emphasize the need to minimize these complications by careful handling of the operative leg, and an accurate trochanteric reattachment technique.", "contents": "THARIES surface replacements: a review of the first 100 cases. The first 100 cases of the 135 THARIES surface replacement procedures with 4--32 months follow-up, are evaluated in terms of clinical results, radiographic information and complications. The short but detailed follow-up suggests that this procedure was an excellent alternative for the younger and more active population. The overall hip ratings (pain, walking and function) and range of motion are comparable to that of stem-type total hip replacements. When the THARIES and conventional hip results are further compared in 34 patients matched by sex and age for 3 major etiological groups (osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis and congenital hip dysplasia), the interim results are essentially comparable for both types. Three cases in the first 100 have required revision. One patient (no. 1) with osteoporosis, chondrolysis and arthrofibrosis following slipped capital femoral epiphysis had loose femoral and acetabular components 24 months postoperatively. He was revised to a T-28 hip replacement. The polyethylene socket in another patient (no. 4), the first dysplastic hip in this series, was 20 nm uncovered superiorly, became loose and was revised 9 months postoperatively. Now 15 months postoperative with a more medial THARIES acetabulum, the patient continues to have a good result. Another patient (no. 12) with bilateral dysplastic hips became progressively more disabled due to heterotopic bone, which was then excised 18 months postoperatively. Radiographic studies of the THARIES sockets demonstrate radiolucent zones at the cement-bone interfaces of the acetabulum in 88 cases, partial in 51 and complete in 37. Three hips were currently considered to have evidence of progressive socket loosening but are active and asymptomatic. There have been no femoral neck fractures in this series which we attribute to the custom fitting ability inherent in the range of components, the reaming protocol and the various remodelling guides. There have been no prosthetic breakages, subluxations, dislocations or sepsis. The complications observed in this series are minor and comparable to that of many other total hip arthroplasty operations. Nerve palsy and trochanteric separation have not been major problems although one existing peroneal nerve dysfunction and one trochanteric migration emphasize the need to minimize these complications by careful handling of the operative leg, and an accurate trochanteric reattachment technique.", "PMID": 103670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5853", "title": "Endogenous prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor in the renal cortex. Effects on production of prostacyclin by renal blood vessels.", "content": "1. The capacity of various tissues of the porcine kidney to convert [1-14C]arachidonic acid into radiolabelled prostaglandins was studied. 2. Only after removal from the cortical matrix, were renal blood vessels able to convert arachidonic acid into prostaglandins (primarily prostacyclin). In contrast, convoluted tubules showed a low capacity to metabolize arachidonic acid. 3. The failure to demonstrate prostaglandin synthesis by renal cortical slices is related to the presence of an inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase. Thus the addition of renal cortical incubate to isolated vascular tissues and ram seminal vesicles inhibited their ability to synthesize prostaglandins. 4. Slices of renal medulla metabolized arachidonic acid primarily to prostaglandin F2alpha; lesser amounts of prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin were generated. 5. The large capacity of the renal vasculature to generate prostacyclin is consistent with an important role for this prostaglandin in regulation of renin release and renal haemodynamics.", "contents": "Endogenous prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor in the renal cortex. Effects on production of prostacyclin by renal blood vessels. 1. The capacity of various tissues of the porcine kidney to convert [1-14C]arachidonic acid into radiolabelled prostaglandins was studied. 2. Only after removal from the cortical matrix, were renal blood vessels able to convert arachidonic acid into prostaglandins (primarily prostacyclin). In contrast, convoluted tubules showed a low capacity to metabolize arachidonic acid. 3. The failure to demonstrate prostaglandin synthesis by renal cortical slices is related to the presence of an inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase. Thus the addition of renal cortical incubate to isolated vascular tissues and ram seminal vesicles inhibited their ability to synthesize prostaglandins. 4. Slices of renal medulla metabolized arachidonic acid primarily to prostaglandin F2alpha; lesser amounts of prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin were generated. 5. The large capacity of the renal vasculature to generate prostacyclin is consistent with an important role for this prostaglandin in regulation of renin release and renal haemodynamics.", "PMID": 103675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5854", "title": "Evaluation of polymer flock and metal alloy intra-tubal device in pigtail monkeys.", "content": "Two intratubal devices, one covered with a flock made from ethylene vinyl acetate and the other constructed of titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy with an etched surface were evaluated after being placed in the Fallopian tubes of pigtail monkeys. In some instances, the devices were medicated with 10% silver nitrate or 50% quinacrine hydrochloride. The microflock device anchored in the tube mechanically, but there is no evidence that either the polymeric or metal alloy device formed an actual attachment with Fallopian tube epithelium. It is suggested that a mechanical design approach to ITDs might be more productive than one which assumes a tissue-device bond.", "contents": "Evaluation of polymer flock and metal alloy intra-tubal device in pigtail monkeys. Two intratubal devices, one covered with a flock made from ethylene vinyl acetate and the other constructed of titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy with an etched surface were evaluated after being placed in the Fallopian tubes of pigtail monkeys. In some instances, the devices were medicated with 10% silver nitrate or 50% quinacrine hydrochloride. The microflock device anchored in the tube mechanically, but there is no evidence that either the polymeric or metal alloy device formed an actual attachment with Fallopian tube epithelium. It is suggested that a mechanical design approach to ITDs might be more productive than one which assumes a tissue-device bond.", "PMID": 103682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5855", "title": "In vivo evaluation of cholesterol as a matrix for the controlled-release of progesterone.", "content": "Twelve adult, female baboons were used to test the rate and duration of progesterone (P4) release from cholesterol (C) pellets implanted subcutaneously. Four different preparations were tested (3 baboons per group). Each group was treated with pellets containing a different sized distribution and P4-cholesterol ratio (P4:C). Group 1 = 0.25--0.5 mm, 59% P4:41% C; Group 2 = 0.25--0.5 mm, 65% P4:35% C; Group 3 = 0.5 -1.0 mm, 59% P4:41% C; and Group 4 = 0.5 -1.0 mm, 65% P4:35% C. All baboons received the identical quantity of P4 (500 mg). Following treatment, blood samples were obtained at selected intervals, and the levels of progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. Serum-progesterone clearance curves were parallel for each experimental group. The rate of release of progesterone calculated from the serum clearance curves for groups 1--4 were: 42; 55; 29; and 38 mg P4/week. The mean duration of release for experimental groups 1--4 were 12, 9, 17, and 13 weeks respectively. The continuous progesterone treatment inhibited normal baboon ovarian function during the period of progesterone release.", "contents": "In vivo evaluation of cholesterol as a matrix for the controlled-release of progesterone. Twelve adult, female baboons were used to test the rate and duration of progesterone (P4) release from cholesterol (C) pellets implanted subcutaneously. Four different preparations were tested (3 baboons per group). Each group was treated with pellets containing a different sized distribution and P4-cholesterol ratio (P4:C). Group 1 = 0.25--0.5 mm, 59% P4:41% C; Group 2 = 0.25--0.5 mm, 65% P4:35% C; Group 3 = 0.5 -1.0 mm, 59% P4:41% C; and Group 4 = 0.5 -1.0 mm, 65% P4:35% C. All baboons received the identical quantity of P4 (500 mg). Following treatment, blood samples were obtained at selected intervals, and the levels of progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. Serum-progesterone clearance curves were parallel for each experimental group. The rate of release of progesterone calculated from the serum clearance curves for groups 1--4 were: 42; 55; 29; and 38 mg P4/week. The mean duration of release for experimental groups 1--4 were 12, 9, 17, and 13 weeks respectively. The continuous progesterone treatment inhibited normal baboon ovarian function during the period of progesterone release.", "PMID": 103683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5856", "title": "[Studies on staphylococcal enterotoxin B. 1. Quantitative assay by capillary tube single diffusion test (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for rapidly identifying and quantitating small amount of staphylococcal enterotoxin B was developed on capillary tube single diffusion test. The high sensitivity of method has the advantages to save antiserum and incubation period. Some factors such as concentration of antigen and antiserum, incubation temperature, buffer systems, and position of capillary tube all might affect the test accuracy. If all those affecting factors were concerned, the toxin would probably be standardized. The most accessible quantitative estimation was accomplished by means of (1) plotting a precipitation curve from the different concentrations of standardized staphylococcal enterotoxin B; (2) the sample to be test was diluted by serial two-fold method with the same buffer system; (3) select suitable 3--5 dilutions to perform capillary tube diffusion test, taking the values of precipitation bands as abcissa and sample dilutions as longitudinal axis, rendered the precipitation curve of sample exquisitely paralled to that of the standard; (4) calibrate the figure values of sample exactly on the precipitation curve, and reading the toxin content of specimen to be tested from standard curve.", "contents": "[Studies on staphylococcal enterotoxin B. 1. Quantitative assay by capillary tube single diffusion test (author's transl)]. A method for rapidly identifying and quantitating small amount of staphylococcal enterotoxin B was developed on capillary tube single diffusion test. The high sensitivity of method has the advantages to save antiserum and incubation period. Some factors such as concentration of antigen and antiserum, incubation temperature, buffer systems, and position of capillary tube all might affect the test accuracy. If all those affecting factors were concerned, the toxin would probably be standardized. The most accessible quantitative estimation was accomplished by means of (1) plotting a precipitation curve from the different concentrations of standardized staphylococcal enterotoxin B; (2) the sample to be test was diluted by serial two-fold method with the same buffer system; (3) select suitable 3--5 dilutions to perform capillary tube diffusion test, taking the values of precipitation bands as abcissa and sample dilutions as longitudinal axis, rendered the precipitation curve of sample exquisitely paralled to that of the standard; (4) calibrate the figure values of sample exactly on the precipitation curve, and reading the toxin content of specimen to be tested from standard curve.", "PMID": 103693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5857", "title": "Mixed acid-base abnormalities in diabetes.", "content": "This study is a description of a patient who exhibited diabetic ketosis associated with an alkalosis rather than acidosis and a review of eight previously reported cases. Precipitating factors for this syndrome are severe vomiting with loss of hydrogen, potassium, and chloride ions, and dehydration. The ingestion of alkali may also result in this mixed acid-base disturbance. Treatment consists primarily of replacement of potassium and chloride. All reported patients had received large doses of insulin for initial therapy; however, limited insulin (20 U) therapy in this patient almost completely reversed the metabolic abnormality with 12 hours.", "contents": "Mixed acid-base abnormalities in diabetes. This study is a description of a patient who exhibited diabetic ketosis associated with an alkalosis rather than acidosis and a review of eight previously reported cases. Precipitating factors for this syndrome are severe vomiting with loss of hydrogen, potassium, and chloride ions, and dehydration. The ingestion of alkali may also result in this mixed acid-base disturbance. Treatment consists primarily of replacement of potassium and chloride. All reported patients had received large doses of insulin for initial therapy; however, limited insulin (20 U) therapy in this patient almost completely reversed the metabolic abnormality with 12 hours.", "PMID": 103696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5858", "title": "Toxicity tests on ciliates--a short review.", "content": "A variety of methods has been proposed to study the toxicity of chemicals or polluted waters on ciliates as representative test organisms of the microfauna of aquatic ecosystems. These methods are based on morphological, ultrastructural, ethological, or metabolic criteria. The techniques proposed are mostly species dependent and so are their applications and restrictions. In view of a future standardization of protozoan toxicity tests a selection has been made by the authors on the basis of the applicability of the tests for routine analysis. The methods withheld are briefly described and comments are made on their advantages and limitations. The equipment involved, the operational complexity, and the accuracy of the results and their interpretation are listed in a synoptic table.", "contents": "Toxicity tests on ciliates--a short review. A variety of methods has been proposed to study the toxicity of chemicals or polluted waters on ciliates as representative test organisms of the microfauna of aquatic ecosystems. These methods are based on morphological, ultrastructural, ethological, or metabolic criteria. The techniques proposed are mostly species dependent and so are their applications and restrictions. In view of a future standardization of protozoan toxicity tests a selection has been made by the authors on the basis of the applicability of the tests for routine analysis. The methods withheld are briefly described and comments are made on their advantages and limitations. The equipment involved, the operational complexity, and the accuracy of the results and their interpretation are listed in a synoptic table.", "PMID": 103704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5859", "title": "Endocrine effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "After the rhesus monkey was demonstrated to be a suitable model for man in both metabolic and endocrinological studies, effects of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) on the pattern of sexual hormones in cycling female rhesus monkeys were investigated. After confirmed ovulation, four adult female rhesus monkeys were treated during the following cycle with 4 mg/kg/day of HCB, and four other monkeys were treated with the same dose of Clophen A 30. Ovulation was blocked in three PCB-treated and one HCB-treated monkeys. Whereas the levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone did not seem to be changed directly by the treatment, low estrogen levels were found during the anovulatory cycles. Studies with PCB- and HCB-treated superovulated rats indicated interaction of the chemicals with ovarian steroidogenesis. Altered hepatic steroid metabolism may also cause low estrogen levels in treated animals.", "contents": "Endocrine effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons in rhesus monkeys. After the rhesus monkey was demonstrated to be a suitable model for man in both metabolic and endocrinological studies, effects of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) on the pattern of sexual hormones in cycling female rhesus monkeys were investigated. After confirmed ovulation, four adult female rhesus monkeys were treated during the following cycle with 4 mg/kg/day of HCB, and four other monkeys were treated with the same dose of Clophen A 30. Ovulation was blocked in three PCB-treated and one HCB-treated monkeys. Whereas the levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone did not seem to be changed directly by the treatment, low estrogen levels were found during the anovulatory cycles. Studies with PCB- and HCB-treated superovulated rats indicated interaction of the chemicals with ovarian steroidogenesis. Altered hepatic steroid metabolism may also cause low estrogen levels in treated animals.", "PMID": 103705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5860", "title": "Environmental chemical-induced immune dysfunction.", "content": "Antibody formation, endotoxin sensitivity, and resistance to a challenge malarial infection were evaluated in mice fed a diet containing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) (Aroclor 1242) or hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Antibody synthesis to the antigen sheep RBC (SRBC) was significantly depressed in the PCB- and HCB-treated (167 ppm) animals as evidenced by the fact that control mice elicited an approximate twofold increase in antibody formation over the chemical-treated mice. Serum IgA concentrations in the PCB- and HCB-treated mice were consistently 40--80 mg/dl lower than control values. Gram-negative endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa) sensitivity in PCB- and HCB-treated mice was increased 5.2- and 32-fold, respectively, following the dietary administration of 167 ppm of Aroclor 1242 or HCB for 6 weeks. An endotoxin hypersusceptibility was also noted at 3 weeks after dietary administration. Decreased resistance to a malaria challenge was also demonstrated in the xenobiotic-treated mice. A 20% decrease in mean survival time of mice fed Aroclor 1242 for 3 to 6 weeks and inoculated with Plasmodium berghei (NYU-2) was observed. Infected mice which had received HCB for 3 or 6 weeks manifested reductions in mean survival time of 24 and 31%, respectively. The data indicated that environmental chemical contaminants impair host resistance and, since no concomitant histopathological alterations were observed in the treated mice, the evaluation of immune parameters may possibly be a sensitive indicator of toxicity.", "contents": "Environmental chemical-induced immune dysfunction. Antibody formation, endotoxin sensitivity, and resistance to a challenge malarial infection were evaluated in mice fed a diet containing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) (Aroclor 1242) or hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Antibody synthesis to the antigen sheep RBC (SRBC) was significantly depressed in the PCB- and HCB-treated (167 ppm) animals as evidenced by the fact that control mice elicited an approximate twofold increase in antibody formation over the chemical-treated mice. Serum IgA concentrations in the PCB- and HCB-treated mice were consistently 40--80 mg/dl lower than control values. Gram-negative endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa) sensitivity in PCB- and HCB-treated mice was increased 5.2- and 32-fold, respectively, following the dietary administration of 167 ppm of Aroclor 1242 or HCB for 6 weeks. An endotoxin hypersusceptibility was also noted at 3 weeks after dietary administration. Decreased resistance to a malaria challenge was also demonstrated in the xenobiotic-treated mice. A 20% decrease in mean survival time of mice fed Aroclor 1242 for 3 to 6 weeks and inoculated with Plasmodium berghei (NYU-2) was observed. Infected mice which had received HCB for 3 or 6 weeks manifested reductions in mean survival time of 24 and 31%, respectively. The data indicated that environmental chemical contaminants impair host resistance and, since no concomitant histopathological alterations were observed in the treated mice, the evaluation of immune parameters may possibly be a sensitive indicator of toxicity.", "PMID": 103706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5861", "title": "Prolonged psychic epileptic seizures: a study of the absence status.", "content": "Long-lived epileptic seizures associated with spike-and-wave complexes are presently considered to be the absence status, i.e., the generalized nonconvulsive status. EEG radiotelemetry allowed us to record three prolonged seizures of 3 epileptic patients. Clinical manifestations included selective rather than global impairment of higher cortical functions. Clinical impairment appeared only when patients were in a state of activity and if those altered functions were used. EEG abnormalities were diffuse, but among them spike-and-wave complexes were never diffuse. It was impossible to establish close electroclinical correlation. However, the clinical and electrical evolution was roughly isomorphic, i.e., cyclic. Major clinical manifestations were associated with spikes rather than with slow waves. Lastly, patients showed common ictal psychopathological symptoms. The problem of classifying such seizures in either the generalized or partial status is discussed. The role of selective impairment of mental functions in psychopathological symptoms is also dealth with.", "contents": "Prolonged psychic epileptic seizures: a study of the absence status. Long-lived epileptic seizures associated with spike-and-wave complexes are presently considered to be the absence status, i.e., the generalized nonconvulsive status. EEG radiotelemetry allowed us to record three prolonged seizures of 3 epileptic patients. Clinical manifestations included selective rather than global impairment of higher cortical functions. Clinical impairment appeared only when patients were in a state of activity and if those altered functions were used. EEG abnormalities were diffuse, but among them spike-and-wave complexes were never diffuse. It was impossible to establish close electroclinical correlation. However, the clinical and electrical evolution was roughly isomorphic, i.e., cyclic. Major clinical manifestations were associated with spikes rather than with slow waves. Lastly, patients showed common ictal psychopathological symptoms. The problem of classifying such seizures in either the generalized or partial status is discussed. The role of selective impairment of mental functions in psychopathological symptoms is also dealth with.", "PMID": 103707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5862", "title": "Chronic epileptic foci in monkeys: correlation between seizure frequency and proportion of pacemaker epileptic neurons.", "content": "A total of 1,802 neurons from 15 alert, undrugged Macaca mulatta monkeys were studied. Thirteen monkeys had chronic epilepsy induced by subpial alumina injections in precentral cortex. Precentral neurons were judged epileptic by the magnitude and variability of the percentage of interspike intervals less than 5 msec during periods when the monkeys were awake. This method of quantifying epileptic single neuron activity appears highly reliable in distinguishing epileptic neurons from precentral neurons in either normal cortex, cortex contralateral to, or within the focus. For the 13 epileptic monkeys, the relative proportion of strongly epileptic neurons found within foci was logarithmically correlated with the mean number of daily seizures. Because of the similarity between the physiology of the alumina focus in monkeys and epileptic foci in humans, these data imply that the severity of focal human epilepsy is a function of epileptic neuronal mass.", "contents": "Chronic epileptic foci in monkeys: correlation between seizure frequency and proportion of pacemaker epileptic neurons. A total of 1,802 neurons from 15 alert, undrugged Macaca mulatta monkeys were studied. Thirteen monkeys had chronic epilepsy induced by subpial alumina injections in precentral cortex. Precentral neurons were judged epileptic by the magnitude and variability of the percentage of interspike intervals less than 5 msec during periods when the monkeys were awake. This method of quantifying epileptic single neuron activity appears highly reliable in distinguishing epileptic neurons from precentral neurons in either normal cortex, cortex contralateral to, or within the focus. For the 13 epileptic monkeys, the relative proportion of strongly epileptic neurons found within foci was logarithmically correlated with the mean number of daily seizures. Because of the similarity between the physiology of the alumina focus in monkeys and epileptic foci in humans, these data imply that the severity of focal human epilepsy is a function of epileptic neuronal mass.", "PMID": 103708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5863", "title": "Neostigmine activated epileptiform discharge in the amygdala: electrographic-behavioral correlations.", "content": "This investigation was carried out to test the hypothesis that amygdaloid epileptiform activity is due to cholinergic hyperactivity. It was designed to study the underlying physiopathology of, and to act as an experimental model for, psychomotor epilepsy. Neostigmine was injected intracerebrally into the amygdala of the cebus monkey with chronically implanted \"chemitrodes\" fitted with EEG recording electrodes. The injections were made in the basal amygdaloid nucleus which normally shows very high acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymatic activity in histochemical preparations. Neostigmine injection resulted in very high amplitude spike activity in the amygdala only. Other brain areas, including the neighboring temporal cortex, did not show any marked EEG changes. In the first day or two, these EEG changes were associated with myoclonus localized in the ipsilateral muscles of facial expression and also associated with masticatory seizures. Subsequently the animal became aggressive and remained so several months after the injection of neostigmine. The EEG changes continued for approximately 6 weeks. Intramuscular injections of atropine diminished the amplitude of the epileptiform EEG discharges and modified slightly the animal's behavior.", "contents": "Neostigmine activated epileptiform discharge in the amygdala: electrographic-behavioral correlations. This investigation was carried out to test the hypothesis that amygdaloid epileptiform activity is due to cholinergic hyperactivity. It was designed to study the underlying physiopathology of, and to act as an experimental model for, psychomotor epilepsy. Neostigmine was injected intracerebrally into the amygdala of the cebus monkey with chronically implanted \"chemitrodes\" fitted with EEG recording electrodes. The injections were made in the basal amygdaloid nucleus which normally shows very high acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymatic activity in histochemical preparations. Neostigmine injection resulted in very high amplitude spike activity in the amygdala only. Other brain areas, including the neighboring temporal cortex, did not show any marked EEG changes. In the first day or two, these EEG changes were associated with myoclonus localized in the ipsilateral muscles of facial expression and also associated with masticatory seizures. Subsequently the animal became aggressive and remained so several months after the injection of neostigmine. The EEG changes continued for approximately 6 weeks. Intramuscular injections of atropine diminished the amplitude of the epileptiform EEG discharges and modified slightly the animal's behavior.", "PMID": 103709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5864", "title": "Studies on the structure and I-blood-group activity of poly(glycosyl)ceramides.", "content": "Employing a modified technique of acetolysis, which allows almost a complete recovery of constituent sugars from poly(glycosyl)ceramides, the glycolipids were found to contain an excess of N-acetylglucosamine over galactose. On the basis of Smith degradation, methylation study, chromium trioxide degradation and the structures of oligosaccharides released from the glycolipids by partial acid hydrolysis, the presence of two types of sugar sequences has been established in poly(glycosyl)ceramides: a) Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 6Gal3 comes from R1 b) Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc1 leads to R2. The repeating unit of poly(glycosyl)ceramides seems to be the GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Gal sequence. The specificity of one anti-I serum (Woj) is directed against the non-reducing ending of the first kind of chain. Three other anti-I sera reacted with inner portions of the oligosaccharide chains of the glycolipids.", "contents": "Studies on the structure and I-blood-group activity of poly(glycosyl)ceramides. Employing a modified technique of acetolysis, which allows almost a complete recovery of constituent sugars from poly(glycosyl)ceramides, the glycolipids were found to contain an excess of N-acetylglucosamine over galactose. On the basis of Smith degradation, methylation study, chromium trioxide degradation and the structures of oligosaccharides released from the glycolipids by partial acid hydrolysis, the presence of two types of sugar sequences has been established in poly(glycosyl)ceramides: a) Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 6Gal3 comes from R1 b) Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc1 leads to R2. The repeating unit of poly(glycosyl)ceramides seems to be the GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Gal sequence. The specificity of one anti-I serum (Woj) is directed against the non-reducing ending of the first kind of chain. Three other anti-I sera reacted with inner portions of the oligosaccharide chains of the glycolipids.", "PMID": 103710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5865", "title": "Translation of MS2 RNA in vitro in the absence of initiation factor IF-3.", "content": "An Escherichia coli cell-free translational system, deprived of initiation factor IF-3, has been used to study the role of the factor in protein synthesis. In this system, 30-S ribosomal subunits are preincubated together with MS2 phage RNA in a small volume in the presence of 10 mM Mg(Ac)2; the missing components required for protein synthesis are then added and assembly of elongating ribosomes is allowed to occur. This stepwise assembly process permits formation of functional complexes which can carry out protein synthesis in the complete absence of IF-3. The translational products, obtained in the absence of IF-3, have been analysed and shown to be similar to those synthesized in the presence of the factor. The main product observed is the phage coat protein.", "contents": "Translation of MS2 RNA in vitro in the absence of initiation factor IF-3. An Escherichia coli cell-free translational system, deprived of initiation factor IF-3, has been used to study the role of the factor in protein synthesis. In this system, 30-S ribosomal subunits are preincubated together with MS2 phage RNA in a small volume in the presence of 10 mM Mg(Ac)2; the missing components required for protein synthesis are then added and assembly of elongating ribosomes is allowed to occur. This stepwise assembly process permits formation of functional complexes which can carry out protein synthesis in the complete absence of IF-3. The translational products, obtained in the absence of IF-3, have been analysed and shown to be similar to those synthesized in the presence of the factor. The main product observed is the phage coat protein.", "PMID": 103712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5866", "title": "Plant microbody proteins. Purification and glycoprotein nature of glyoxysomal isocitrate lyase from cucumber cotyledons.", "content": "1. Isocitrate lyase from cotyledons of cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus) has been purified 100-fold. Two methods of preparing the soluble glyoxylate cycle enzyme are described: an elaborated method which used crude extracts of cucumber cotyledons, and another procedure which started with purified glyoxysomes from 4-day-old cotyledons and included a separation of glyoxysomal matrix enzymes by zonal centrifugation. The product behaved as a single species when tested by (a) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulfate, (b) zonal centrifugation, and (c) double immunodiffusion against rabbit antibody to isocitrate lyase. 2. Isocitrate lyase of cucumber glyoxysomes exhibited a molecular weight of 255,000 and was composed of four apparently identical subunits of Mr 64,000. An isoelectric point of 5.9 was determined. 3. It was shown that isocitrate lyase is a glycoprotein, (a) by Schiff stain on polyacrylamide gels, (b) by periodate oxidation of the enzyme, subsequent reduction with NaB[3H]4 and electrophoretic analysis of the labelled glycoprotein, and (c) by incorporation of [3H]glucosamine in vivo into a protein which could be precipitated with antibodies to isocitrate lyase and revealed a 64,000-Mr band upon electrophoresis.", "contents": "Plant microbody proteins. Purification and glycoprotein nature of glyoxysomal isocitrate lyase from cucumber cotyledons. 1. Isocitrate lyase from cotyledons of cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus) has been purified 100-fold. Two methods of preparing the soluble glyoxylate cycle enzyme are described: an elaborated method which used crude extracts of cucumber cotyledons, and another procedure which started with purified glyoxysomes from 4-day-old cotyledons and included a separation of glyoxysomal matrix enzymes by zonal centrifugation. The product behaved as a single species when tested by (a) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulfate, (b) zonal centrifugation, and (c) double immunodiffusion against rabbit antibody to isocitrate lyase. 2. Isocitrate lyase of cucumber glyoxysomes exhibited a molecular weight of 255,000 and was composed of four apparently identical subunits of Mr 64,000. An isoelectric point of 5.9 was determined. 3. It was shown that isocitrate lyase is a glycoprotein, (a) by Schiff stain on polyacrylamide gels, (b) by periodate oxidation of the enzyme, subsequent reduction with NaB[3H]4 and electrophoretic analysis of the labelled glycoprotein, and (c) by incorporation of [3H]glucosamine in vivo into a protein which could be precipitated with antibodies to isocitrate lyase and revealed a 64,000-Mr band upon electrophoresis.", "PMID": 103713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5867", "title": "Pituitary-testicular function in patients with chronic alcoholism.", "content": "Testis and liver histology, and pituitary-testicular function were studied in thirty chronic alcoholics. Severe reduction of spermatogenesis was found in 30% and in these patients serum follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin concentrations were significantly higher. There was no correlation between abnormalities in the liver and testis. The serum testosterone was normal in most cases. Sexual dysfunction and testicular atrophy occurred in more than half of the patients and were not related to liver disease. Testicular disorder in chronic alcoholism may be independent of liver disease.", "contents": "Pituitary-testicular function in patients with chronic alcoholism. Testis and liver histology, and pituitary-testicular function were studied in thirty chronic alcoholics. Severe reduction of spermatogenesis was found in 30% and in these patients serum follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin concentrations were significantly higher. There was no correlation between abnormalities in the liver and testis. The serum testosterone was normal in most cases. Sexual dysfunction and testicular atrophy occurred in more than half of the patients and were not related to liver disease. Testicular disorder in chronic alcoholism may be independent of liver disease.", "PMID": 103716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5868", "title": "Sex steroids and sex-hormone binding globulin in males with chronic alcoholism.", "content": "Thirty men with chronic alcoholism were studied. Biopsies of the liver and testis were performed in all. Serum concentrations of total and non-protein bound (free) testosterone and oestradiol, dihydrotestosterone and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were determined. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations were normal in most patients, whereas oestradiol and free oestradiol were above normal in approximately 50% of the patients. None of the hormones measured differed significantly between patients with and without cirrhosis. SGBG was significantly higher in men with severely reduced spermatogenesis compared to those with intact germinal epithelium, but there was no difference between men with and without cirrhosis. No relation could be demonstrated between clinical signs of hypogonadism and any of the hormones measured. The results support the view that hormonal and sexual disturbances may occur in chronic alcoholism independent of the presence of liver disease.", "contents": "Sex steroids and sex-hormone binding globulin in males with chronic alcoholism. Thirty men with chronic alcoholism were studied. Biopsies of the liver and testis were performed in all. Serum concentrations of total and non-protein bound (free) testosterone and oestradiol, dihydrotestosterone and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were determined. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations were normal in most patients, whereas oestradiol and free oestradiol were above normal in approximately 50% of the patients. None of the hormones measured differed significantly between patients with and without cirrhosis. SGBG was significantly higher in men with severely reduced spermatogenesis compared to those with intact germinal epithelium, but there was no difference between men with and without cirrhosis. No relation could be demonstrated between clinical signs of hypogonadism and any of the hormones measured. The results support the view that hormonal and sexual disturbances may occur in chronic alcoholism independent of the presence of liver disease.", "PMID": 103717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5869", "title": "Influence of chenodeoxycholic acid on the kinetics of endogenous triglyceride transport in man.", "content": "Plasma lipids and triglycerides kinetics were studied in ten subjects before and after 6-8 weeks treatment with 1 g/day chenodeoxycholic acid for radiolucent gallstones. Plasma triglyceride concentration fell by 20% and phospholipid concentration rose by 5% on average; there was no change in cholesterol or free fatty acids. Body weight remained constant. Triglyceride kinetics, studied by a precursor-labelling technique, revealed a reduction both of triglyceride plasma pool and turnover rate, accompanied by a decline of more than 35% both of plasma triglyceride precursor pool and of incorporation of plasma free fatty acids into newly synthesized plasma triglycerides. Fractional turnover rates in both pools remained unaltered. The appearance-time for newly synthesized plasma triglycerides after injection of label did not change. These results indicate that chenodeoxycholic acid lowers plasma triglyceride by reducing its synthesis, thereby precluding alternative, and possibly undesired, modes of action, such as impaired secretion or increased peripheral catabolism of endogenous triglyceride. Several biochemical mechanisms may be responsible for this effect, among which stimulation of phospholipid synthesis by bile acids could play a role.", "contents": "Influence of chenodeoxycholic acid on the kinetics of endogenous triglyceride transport in man. Plasma lipids and triglycerides kinetics were studied in ten subjects before and after 6-8 weeks treatment with 1 g/day chenodeoxycholic acid for radiolucent gallstones. Plasma triglyceride concentration fell by 20% and phospholipid concentration rose by 5% on average; there was no change in cholesterol or free fatty acids. Body weight remained constant. Triglyceride kinetics, studied by a precursor-labelling technique, revealed a reduction both of triglyceride plasma pool and turnover rate, accompanied by a decline of more than 35% both of plasma triglyceride precursor pool and of incorporation of plasma free fatty acids into newly synthesized plasma triglycerides. Fractional turnover rates in both pools remained unaltered. The appearance-time for newly synthesized plasma triglycerides after injection of label did not change. These results indicate that chenodeoxycholic acid lowers plasma triglyceride by reducing its synthesis, thereby precluding alternative, and possibly undesired, modes of action, such as impaired secretion or increased peripheral catabolism of endogenous triglyceride. Several biochemical mechanisms may be responsible for this effect, among which stimulation of phospholipid synthesis by bile acids could play a role.", "PMID": 103719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5870", "title": "Hepatic and extrahepatic triglyceride lipase activity in uraemic patients on chronic haemodialysis.", "content": "In eleven patients with chronic renal insufficiency treated by intermittent haemodialysis and in ten normal subjects, hepatic and extrahepatic triglyceride lipase activity of post heparin plasma was selectively measured, utilizing the different sensitivity of both enzymes to inhibition by protamine sulphate. In uraemic patients, hepatic triglyceride lipase activity was significantly decreased and extrahepatic triglyceride lipase activity was normal when compared with the control group. The uraemic subjects showed a moderate hypetriglyceridaemia; their serum cholesterol level, however, was normal. The high triglyceride concentration was due to an increase of very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins of the density between 1.006 and 1.019 g/ml (LDL1). The concentration of low density lipoproteins of the density between 1.019 and 1.063 g/ml (LDL2) was decreased. LDL2 were relatively rich in triglycerides when compared with LDL2 from the control group.", "contents": "Hepatic and extrahepatic triglyceride lipase activity in uraemic patients on chronic haemodialysis. In eleven patients with chronic renal insufficiency treated by intermittent haemodialysis and in ten normal subjects, hepatic and extrahepatic triglyceride lipase activity of post heparin plasma was selectively measured, utilizing the different sensitivity of both enzymes to inhibition by protamine sulphate. In uraemic patients, hepatic triglyceride lipase activity was significantly decreased and extrahepatic triglyceride lipase activity was normal when compared with the control group. The uraemic subjects showed a moderate hypetriglyceridaemia; their serum cholesterol level, however, was normal. The high triglyceride concentration was due to an increase of very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins of the density between 1.006 and 1.019 g/ml (LDL1). The concentration of low density lipoproteins of the density between 1.019 and 1.063 g/ml (LDL2) was decreased. LDL2 were relatively rich in triglycerides when compared with LDL2 from the control group.", "PMID": 103720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5871", "title": "Interactions of calcium, magnesium and atropine on exocrine pancreatic secretion in man.", "content": "The effects of the intravenous administration of atropine or magnesium on pancreatic secretion which has been stimulated by secretin and induced hypercalcaemia have been studied in man. In the presence of secretin (0.5 CU/kg.h) the infusion of Ca2+ (0.3 mmol/kg.105 min) resulted in an increase in secretion of enzymes by 100-200%, and in that of Ca2+ and Mg2+ by 50-100% without affecting fluid and bicarbonate secretion. The additional injection of atropine (0.5 mg i.v. and 0.5 mg s.c.) were followed by a prompt fall in enzymes but not in Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the secretin-stimulated values. The additional infusion of Mg2+ (0.12 mmol/kg.45 min) to the Ca2+-infusion did not alter the secretion of enzymes, Ca2+ or Mg2+ compared with the calcium infusion alone. It is suggested that the hypercalcaemic stimulus depends on an intact innervation of the acinar cells. In these experiments the secretion of Ca2+ and Mg2+ seem to originate mainly from extracellular fluxes.", "contents": "Interactions of calcium, magnesium and atropine on exocrine pancreatic secretion in man. The effects of the intravenous administration of atropine or magnesium on pancreatic secretion which has been stimulated by secretin and induced hypercalcaemia have been studied in man. In the presence of secretin (0.5 CU/kg.h) the infusion of Ca2+ (0.3 mmol/kg.105 min) resulted in an increase in secretion of enzymes by 100-200%, and in that of Ca2+ and Mg2+ by 50-100% without affecting fluid and bicarbonate secretion. The additional injection of atropine (0.5 mg i.v. and 0.5 mg s.c.) were followed by a prompt fall in enzymes but not in Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the secretin-stimulated values. The additional infusion of Mg2+ (0.12 mmol/kg.45 min) to the Ca2+-infusion did not alter the secretion of enzymes, Ca2+ or Mg2+ compared with the calcium infusion alone. It is suggested that the hypercalcaemic stimulus depends on an intact innervation of the acinar cells. In these experiments the secretion of Ca2+ and Mg2+ seem to originate mainly from extracellular fluxes.", "PMID": 103722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5872", "title": "Effects of increased left ventricular work, hypoxia, or coronary ligation on hearts from rats at high altitude.", "content": "Isolated perfused hearts from rats acclimatized to Jungfraujoch (altitude 3454 m) were less resistant to the effects of high levels of heart work or mild hypoxia than hearts from litter mates reared at Geneva (340 m). However, in response to coronary artery ligation hearts from acclimatized rats were better able to maintain tissue contents of adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine and glycogen. A projected explanation for the increased biochemical resistance to ischaemia was a relative increase in the coronary flow rate. The data support the hypothesis that exposure to high altitude helps to protect the heart against coronary occlusion by an increased resistance developing as a result of increased sensitivity to high levels of heart work and hypoxia.", "contents": "Effects of increased left ventricular work, hypoxia, or coronary ligation on hearts from rats at high altitude. Isolated perfused hearts from rats acclimatized to Jungfraujoch (altitude 3454 m) were less resistant to the effects of high levels of heart work or mild hypoxia than hearts from litter mates reared at Geneva (340 m). However, in response to coronary artery ligation hearts from acclimatized rats were better able to maintain tissue contents of adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine and glycogen. A projected explanation for the increased biochemical resistance to ischaemia was a relative increase in the coronary flow rate. The data support the hypothesis that exposure to high altitude helps to protect the heart against coronary occlusion by an increased resistance developing as a result of increased sensitivity to high levels of heart work and hypoxia.", "PMID": 103723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5873", "title": "The galactose elimination capacity as a quantitative measure of liver function in acute carbon tetrachloride intoxication of rats.", "content": "In rats given rising single doses of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intragastrically the relation between dose and mortality, between time after injection and the quantitative liver function measured by the galactose elimination capacity (GEC), and between the dose and the GEC, was examined. The change in hepatic contents of galactose metabolites after CCl4 was measured. There was a linear relation between the dose and mortality. No rat died later than 36 h after injection. Following injection of a dose lethal to 15% of rats the GEC fell to 40% of control after 36 h and was normalized after 72 h. There was a dose dependent decrease in the GEC with rising doses given 36 h earlier up to a dose lethal to 15%. Galactose metabolites other than UDP-galactose, which was decreased, were not affected by CCl4, suggesting a general enzyme depression. The results are compatible with the concept of proportionality between the GEC and 'the functioning liver mass' and indicate that the GEC presents prognostically valuable information during acute hepatic insufficiency.", "contents": "The galactose elimination capacity as a quantitative measure of liver function in acute carbon tetrachloride intoxication of rats. In rats given rising single doses of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intragastrically the relation between dose and mortality, between time after injection and the quantitative liver function measured by the galactose elimination capacity (GEC), and between the dose and the GEC, was examined. The change in hepatic contents of galactose metabolites after CCl4 was measured. There was a linear relation between the dose and mortality. No rat died later than 36 h after injection. Following injection of a dose lethal to 15% of rats the GEC fell to 40% of control after 36 h and was normalized after 72 h. There was a dose dependent decrease in the GEC with rising doses given 36 h earlier up to a dose lethal to 15%. Galactose metabolites other than UDP-galactose, which was decreased, were not affected by CCl4, suggesting a general enzyme depression. The results are compatible with the concept of proportionality between the GEC and 'the functioning liver mass' and indicate that the GEC presents prognostically valuable information during acute hepatic insufficiency.", "PMID": 103724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5874", "title": "Human colonic adenylate cyclase: effects of bile acids.", "content": "Three different bile acids--deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid--were tested for their capacity to stimulate the adenylate cyclase in human colonic mucosa. This enzyme system was found to be sensitive towards vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and prostaglandin E2. These three bile acids were ineffective in activating the human cyclase system over a wide concentration range tested. Concentrations above 1 X 10(-5) mmol/l induced a dose-dependent inhibition of basal enzyme activity. These results suggest that bile-acid induced diarrhoea is not associated with activation of the membrane-bound adenylate cyclase system at least in man.", "contents": "Human colonic adenylate cyclase: effects of bile acids. Three different bile acids--deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid--were tested for their capacity to stimulate the adenylate cyclase in human colonic mucosa. This enzyme system was found to be sensitive towards vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and prostaglandin E2. These three bile acids were ineffective in activating the human cyclase system over a wide concentration range tested. Concentrations above 1 X 10(-5) mmol/l induced a dose-dependent inhibition of basal enzyme activity. These results suggest that bile-acid induced diarrhoea is not associated with activation of the membrane-bound adenylate cyclase system at least in man.", "PMID": 103725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5875", "title": "Determination of microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase in needle-biopsy specimens of human liver.", "content": "Sensitive, reliable and convenient assays are described for the study of human liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Using 14C-1-naphthol as substrate about 2 mg of a liver biopsy specimen and for 14C-morphine about 20 mg of tissue will suffice for enzyme estimation. Lack of inhibition of 1-naphthol glucuronidation by morphine suggests that the substrates are glucuronidated by different forms of the enzyme. Enzyme levels in the native and activated state were studied in biopsies from patients grouped according to histopathological and clinical criteria. The enzyme assays may help to characterize UDP-glucuronyltransferases in human tissues and their induction by drugs and environmental chemicals, as well as their alteration in various diseases.", "contents": "Determination of microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase in needle-biopsy specimens of human liver. Sensitive, reliable and convenient assays are described for the study of human liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Using 14C-1-naphthol as substrate about 2 mg of a liver biopsy specimen and for 14C-morphine about 20 mg of tissue will suffice for enzyme estimation. Lack of inhibition of 1-naphthol glucuronidation by morphine suggests that the substrates are glucuronidated by different forms of the enzyme. Enzyme levels in the native and activated state were studied in biopsies from patients grouped according to histopathological and clinical criteria. The enzyme assays may help to characterize UDP-glucuronyltransferases in human tissues and their induction by drugs and environmental chemicals, as well as their alteration in various diseases.", "PMID": 103726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5876", "title": "Selective participation of immunoglobulin V region and major histocompatibility complex products in antigen binding by T cells.", "content": "Antigen-binding inhibition studies using microscopic autoradiography were performed on T or B cell-enriched lymphocyte populations. Antibodies specific for the \"framework\" of immunoglobulin heavy or light chain variable domains (VH or VL), or anti-H-2 and anti-Ia antisera were used. T cell subclasses were separated with anti-Lyt antisera and complement. It was found that antigen-binding T cells of different subclasses can be inhibited selectively with only one of the two anti-V region antibodies. Antigen binding to Lyt-1+ cells was inhibited by anti-VH, while Lyt-2+,3+ cells were inhibited by anti-VL specifically. Anti-Ia antisera inhibited unprimed Lyt-1+ antigen-binding cells, whereas anti-H-2K or anti-H-2D anti-sera inhibited unprimed Lyt-2+,3+ antigen-binding cells, and both classes of immune T antigen-binding cells.", "contents": "Selective participation of immunoglobulin V region and major histocompatibility complex products in antigen binding by T cells. Antigen-binding inhibition studies using microscopic autoradiography were performed on T or B cell-enriched lymphocyte populations. Antibodies specific for the \"framework\" of immunoglobulin heavy or light chain variable domains (VH or VL), or anti-H-2 and anti-Ia antisera were used. T cell subclasses were separated with anti-Lyt antisera and complement. It was found that antigen-binding T cells of different subclasses can be inhibited selectively with only one of the two anti-V region antibodies. Antigen binding to Lyt-1+ cells was inhibited by anti-VH, while Lyt-2+,3+ cells were inhibited by anti-VL specifically. Anti-Ia antisera inhibited unprimed Lyt-1+ antigen-binding cells, whereas anti-H-2K or anti-H-2D anti-sera inhibited unprimed Lyt-2+,3+ antigen-binding cells, and both classes of immune T antigen-binding cells.", "PMID": 103727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5877", "title": "B lymphocytes contain three species of mu chains.", "content": "The murine B cell line cloned from a single cell, 38C-13, synthesizes three species of mu chains, that of cell surface membrane IgM (m-mu), that of secreted IgM (s-mu) and that of intracellular IgM (i-mu). They differ in their mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Sequence analysis of the different mu chains suggests that they are identical in the N-terminal as well as in their C-terminal positions. The ratio between incorporated radioactive monosaccharides to radioactive amino acids into the three different mu chains was higher in s-mu than in m-mu, but nevertheless m-mu migrated more slowly than s-mu on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, since this ratio may also be influenced by the rate of synthesis, it may not represent a real molar ratio of carbohydrate to protein. Studies with normal spleen cells clearly indicated the presence of the same three types of mu chains.", "contents": "B lymphocytes contain three species of mu chains. The murine B cell line cloned from a single cell, 38C-13, synthesizes three species of mu chains, that of cell surface membrane IgM (m-mu), that of secreted IgM (s-mu) and that of intracellular IgM (i-mu). They differ in their mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Sequence analysis of the different mu chains suggests that they are identical in the N-terminal as well as in their C-terminal positions. The ratio between incorporated radioactive monosaccharides to radioactive amino acids into the three different mu chains was higher in s-mu than in m-mu, but nevertheless m-mu migrated more slowly than s-mu on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, since this ratio may also be influenced by the rate of synthesis, it may not represent a real molar ratio of carbohydrate to protein. Studies with normal spleen cells clearly indicated the presence of the same three types of mu chains.", "PMID": 103728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5878", "title": "Guinea pig immunoglobulin light chain isotypes. I. Separation of kappa and lambda chains and the identification of three isotypes of the lambda chain constant homology region.", "content": "The separation of intact kappa chain and two fragments comprising lambda (lambda) chain from immunoglobulin light chain pools isolated from strain 13 guinea pigs is achieved by cyanogen bromide digestion and gel filtration before and after reductive clevage of disulfide bonds. The smaller lambda chain fragment derives from the original carboxyl-terminus of lambda chain. The partial sequence of component tryptic and thermolytic peptides of this thirty-nine residue fragment allowed its complete sequence to be deduced. Three isotypic forms of this lambda chain constant region fragment, distinguished by four residue positions showing alternative amino acids, are found expressed by guinea pigs. Each of these three isotypes is more homologous to the other two than to lambda chains of any other species. The distribution of amino acid substitutions differentiating these isotypes further supports the view that lambda chain isotypes arose in guinea pigs, and in several other species, independently by gene duplication.", "contents": "Guinea pig immunoglobulin light chain isotypes. I. Separation of kappa and lambda chains and the identification of three isotypes of the lambda chain constant homology region. The separation of intact kappa chain and two fragments comprising lambda (lambda) chain from immunoglobulin light chain pools isolated from strain 13 guinea pigs is achieved by cyanogen bromide digestion and gel filtration before and after reductive clevage of disulfide bonds. The smaller lambda chain fragment derives from the original carboxyl-terminus of lambda chain. The partial sequence of component tryptic and thermolytic peptides of this thirty-nine residue fragment allowed its complete sequence to be deduced. Three isotypic forms of this lambda chain constant region fragment, distinguished by four residue positions showing alternative amino acids, are found expressed by guinea pigs. Each of these three isotypes is more homologous to the other two than to lambda chains of any other species. The distribution of amino acid substitutions differentiating these isotypes further supports the view that lambda chain isotypes arose in guinea pigs, and in several other species, independently by gene duplication.", "PMID": 103729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5879", "title": "Guinea pig immunoglobulin light chain isotypes. II. The preferential expression of lambda chain-bearing anti-phenyltrimethylammonium antibodies is associated with restricted variable region expression, but not with any alteration in the proportion of lambda chain constant region isotypes, relative to normal immunoglobulins.", "content": "The inbred strain 13 guinea pig expresses at least three isotypes of immunoglobulin (Ig) lambda chain. The proportion of these isotypes in normal Ig can be estimated by isolating a constant (C) region cyanogen bromide peptide from lambda chains and quantitatively analyzing its component tryptic peptides. Anti-phenyltrimethylammonium antibody, when analyzed in this way, was found to contain the same proportion of each lambda chain C region isotype as did normal Ig. The specific antibody light (L) chain pools were found to contain predominantly lambda chains, although these are the minority type in guinea pig normal Ig L chain pools. Moreover, amino-terminal, 5-pyrrolidone-2-carboxylic acid-containing peptides isolated from antibody lambda chains show no demonstrable sequence heterogeneity, while their homologs isolated from normal lambda chains are markedly heterogeneous. That a restriction in heterogeneity of variable region framework residue positions is not associated with any alteration in the proportion of C region isotypes in these antibody lambda chains, implies that translocation of all guinea pig lambda chain variable region genes to the isotypic C region genes occurs in a random way.", "contents": "Guinea pig immunoglobulin light chain isotypes. II. The preferential expression of lambda chain-bearing anti-phenyltrimethylammonium antibodies is associated with restricted variable region expression, but not with any alteration in the proportion of lambda chain constant region isotypes, relative to normal immunoglobulins. The inbred strain 13 guinea pig expresses at least three isotypes of immunoglobulin (Ig) lambda chain. The proportion of these isotypes in normal Ig can be estimated by isolating a constant (C) region cyanogen bromide peptide from lambda chains and quantitatively analyzing its component tryptic peptides. Anti-phenyltrimethylammonium antibody, when analyzed in this way, was found to contain the same proportion of each lambda chain C region isotype as did normal Ig. The specific antibody light (L) chain pools were found to contain predominantly lambda chains, although these are the minority type in guinea pig normal Ig L chain pools. Moreover, amino-terminal, 5-pyrrolidone-2-carboxylic acid-containing peptides isolated from antibody lambda chains show no demonstrable sequence heterogeneity, while their homologs isolated from normal lambda chains are markedly heterogeneous. That a restriction in heterogeneity of variable region framework residue positions is not associated with any alteration in the proportion of C region isotypes in these antibody lambda chains, implies that translocation of all guinea pig lambda chain variable region genes to the isotypic C region genes occurs in a random way.", "PMID": 103730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5880", "title": "Phencyclidine-induced stereotyped behavior in monkeys: antagonism by pimozide.", "content": "The psychotomimetic substance, phencyclidine (PCP), was administered chronically to selected members of a primate social colony. PCP induced stereotyped behavior in all treated monkeys at each of three test doses. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the amount of stereotypy seen during the second and third weeks of treatment compared to the first week. The dopamine receptor blocking agent pimozide antagonized PCP stereotypy. The results are discussed in terms of dopamine mediation of these responses.", "contents": "Phencyclidine-induced stereotyped behavior in monkeys: antagonism by pimozide. The psychotomimetic substance, phencyclidine (PCP), was administered chronically to selected members of a primate social colony. PCP induced stereotyped behavior in all treated monkeys at each of three test doses. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the amount of stereotypy seen during the second and third weeks of treatment compared to the first week. The dopamine receptor blocking agent pimozide antagonized PCP stereotypy. The results are discussed in terms of dopamine mediation of these responses.", "PMID": 103731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5881", "title": "Histamine-induced release of thyrotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamic slices.", "content": "In vitro release of TRH from mediobasal hypothalamic (MBH) slices was increased in the presence of 56 mM K+ in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Addition of histamine (HA) induced a concentration-dependent release of TRH; concentrations of 3 x 10(-7) M and 10(-6) M elicited maximal and maximal stimulation respectively. Cimetidine 10(-6) M, a potent antagonist of HA H2-receptors, inhibited the effect of HA. The present results suggest that HA can trigger the release of TRH from neurosecretory nerve endings and that MBH slices are a useful preparation for studying neurohormone release.", "contents": "Histamine-induced release of thyrotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamic slices. In vitro release of TRH from mediobasal hypothalamic (MBH) slices was increased in the presence of 56 mM K+ in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Addition of histamine (HA) induced a concentration-dependent release of TRH; concentrations of 3 x 10(-7) M and 10(-6) M elicited maximal and maximal stimulation respectively. Cimetidine 10(-6) M, a potent antagonist of HA H2-receptors, inhibited the effect of HA. The present results suggest that HA can trigger the release of TRH from neurosecretory nerve endings and that MBH slices are a useful preparation for studying neurohormone release.", "PMID": 103732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5882", "title": "A study of the changes in motor behaviour caused by TRH on intracerebral injection.", "content": "20 microgram TRH injected bilaterally into the caudate-putamen, tuberculum olfactorium, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, lateral ventricles, midbrain or cerebral cortex failed to induce any increase in locomotor activity (measured using photocells), although other behavioural changes were observed after each injection, and included body shakes, limb tremor, repetitive head and limb movements, biting, scratching and an alert appearance. These behavioural changes could result in positive readings from equipment used to measure locomotor activity, but careful investigations focussing on the nucleus accumbens used photocell boxes, activity wheels and Animex recorders to emphasise the inability of intracerebral TRH (10--40 microgram) to enhance locomotor activity. Intraaccumbens TRH also failed to enhance amphetamine hyperactivity or reduce the motor depression caused by haloperidol and analeptic drugs. The data do not support a central locomotor stimulant action of TRH.", "contents": "A study of the changes in motor behaviour caused by TRH on intracerebral injection. 20 microgram TRH injected bilaterally into the caudate-putamen, tuberculum olfactorium, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, lateral ventricles, midbrain or cerebral cortex failed to induce any increase in locomotor activity (measured using photocells), although other behavioural changes were observed after each injection, and included body shakes, limb tremor, repetitive head and limb movements, biting, scratching and an alert appearance. These behavioural changes could result in positive readings from equipment used to measure locomotor activity, but careful investigations focussing on the nucleus accumbens used photocell boxes, activity wheels and Animex recorders to emphasise the inability of intracerebral TRH (10--40 microgram) to enhance locomotor activity. Intraaccumbens TRH also failed to enhance amphetamine hyperactivity or reduce the motor depression caused by haloperidol and analeptic drugs. The data do not support a central locomotor stimulant action of TRH.", "PMID": 103733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5883", "title": "Anterior pituitary adenylate cyclase: stimulation by dopamine and other monoamines.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase activity of homogenates of anterior pituitary from rat, rabbit and monkey was stimulated by dopamine, other amine neurotransmitters and Gpp(NH)p. The concentration of dopamine for half-maximal stimulation of activity was 2--5 micrometer. Studies with selective agonists and antagonists indicated the presence of dopamine receptors and beta-adrenergic receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase in anterior pituitary. In addition, histamine stimulated activity in rabbit and monkey, but not in rat, anterior pituitary.", "contents": "Anterior pituitary adenylate cyclase: stimulation by dopamine and other monoamines. Adenylate cyclase activity of homogenates of anterior pituitary from rat, rabbit and monkey was stimulated by dopamine, other amine neurotransmitters and Gpp(NH)p. The concentration of dopamine for half-maximal stimulation of activity was 2--5 micrometer. Studies with selective agonists and antagonists indicated the presence of dopamine receptors and beta-adrenergic receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase in anterior pituitary. In addition, histamine stimulated activity in rabbit and monkey, but not in rat, anterior pituitary.", "PMID": 103734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5884", "title": "Characteristics of interhemispheric impulse conduction between prelunate gyri of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Cells of origin of the corpus callosum (callosal efferent neurons) in prelunate gyrus (area OA) of the rhesus monkey were studied using electrophysiological techniques. Monkeys were chronically prepared and callosal efferent neurons were identified by their antidromic activation following electrical stimulation of the contralateral prelunate gyrus and/or the splenium of the corpus callosum. Interhemispheric antidromic latencies ranged from 2.6--18.0 ms (median = 7.0 ms) while the conduction velocity along the length of the axon ranged from 2.8 to 22.5 M/s (median = 7.4 M/s) while the conduction velocity along the length of the axon ranged from 2.8 to 22.5 M/s (median = 7.4 M/s. Following the relative refractory period of a single prior impulse, all but one of 61 callosal efferent neurons studied showed a supernormal period of increased axonal conduction velocity and excitability. Following several prior impulses, the supernormal period was followed by a subnormal period of decreased axonal conduction velocity and excitability, which, depending on the number of prior impulses, lasted from several hundred ms to nearly 2 min.", "contents": "Characteristics of interhemispheric impulse conduction between prelunate gyri of the rhesus monkey. Cells of origin of the corpus callosum (callosal efferent neurons) in prelunate gyrus (area OA) of the rhesus monkey were studied using electrophysiological techniques. Monkeys were chronically prepared and callosal efferent neurons were identified by their antidromic activation following electrical stimulation of the contralateral prelunate gyrus and/or the splenium of the corpus callosum. Interhemispheric antidromic latencies ranged from 2.6--18.0 ms (median = 7.0 ms) while the conduction velocity along the length of the axon ranged from 2.8 to 22.5 M/s (median = 7.4 M/s) while the conduction velocity along the length of the axon ranged from 2.8 to 22.5 M/s (median = 7.4 M/s. Following the relative refractory period of a single prior impulse, all but one of 61 callosal efferent neurons studied showed a supernormal period of increased axonal conduction velocity and excitability. Following several prior impulses, the supernormal period was followed by a subnormal period of decreased axonal conduction velocity and excitability, which, depending on the number of prior impulses, lasted from several hundred ms to nearly 2 min.", "PMID": 103739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5885", "title": "The retino-geniculo-cortical pathway in Callithrix. I. Intraspecific variations in the lamination pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus.", "content": "Injections of tritiated tracer precursors into one eye revealed a highly variable lamination pattern of the LGN in the marmoset Callithrix. In one specimen, only four cell layers were apparent with some indication of further differentiation. In a second specimen, six almost complete relay layers were found in the occipital portion of the LGN. Three other animals showed stages between these two extremes. The lamination pattern of Callithrix thun represents an intermediate stage between a four-layered LGN suggested as the basic primate pattern, and the advanced six-layered LGN of most other anthropoid monkeys. In addition, bilateral retinal terminations were found consistently in layer 0, and contralateral terminations in a narrow band between the magnocellular and parvocellular portions of the nucleus, and within the interlaminar zone which separates the two magnocellular layers.", "contents": "The retino-geniculo-cortical pathway in Callithrix. I. Intraspecific variations in the lamination pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Injections of tritiated tracer precursors into one eye revealed a highly variable lamination pattern of the LGN in the marmoset Callithrix. In one specimen, only four cell layers were apparent with some indication of further differentiation. In a second specimen, six almost complete relay layers were found in the occipital portion of the LGN. Three other animals showed stages between these two extremes. The lamination pattern of Callithrix thun represents an intermediate stage between a four-layered LGN suggested as the basic primate pattern, and the advanced six-layered LGN of most other anthropoid monkeys. In addition, bilateral retinal terminations were found consistently in layer 0, and contralateral terminations in a narrow band between the magnocellular and parvocellular portions of the nucleus, and within the interlaminar zone which separates the two magnocellular layers.", "PMID": 103740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5886", "title": "Spinal branching of pyramidal tract neurons in the monkey.", "content": "The branching pattern of individual pyramidal tract (PT) neurons of the monkey motor cortex was studied by activating these neurons antidromically from within the cervical motor nuclei and also from other regions of the spinal cord. 1. Fifty-four neurons were activated from motor nuclei in the cervical cord. Twenty-eight of these were activated from one segment and six (11%) were activated from motor nuclei of different segments. The remaining 20 neurons were activated from motor nuclei and also from unspecified region(s) of the gray matter. 2. Another 156 neurons were activated from unspecified regions(s) of cervical gray matter which could have been motor nuclei or outside the nuclei, and 64 of these were activated from more than one segment. 3. The branching patterns of PT neurons sending axons directly to motor nuclei innervating distal forelimb muscles suggested that they branch less than the rest of PT neurons.", "contents": "Spinal branching of pyramidal tract neurons in the monkey. The branching pattern of individual pyramidal tract (PT) neurons of the monkey motor cortex was studied by activating these neurons antidromically from within the cervical motor nuclei and also from other regions of the spinal cord. 1. Fifty-four neurons were activated from motor nuclei in the cervical cord. Twenty-eight of these were activated from one segment and six (11%) were activated from motor nuclei of different segments. The remaining 20 neurons were activated from motor nuclei and also from unspecified region(s) of the gray matter. 2. Another 156 neurons were activated from unspecified regions(s) of cervical gray matter which could have been motor nuclei or outside the nuclei, and 64 of these were activated from more than one segment. 3. The branching patterns of PT neurons sending axons directly to motor nuclei innervating distal forelimb muscles suggested that they branch less than the rest of PT neurons.", "PMID": 103741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5887", "title": "Projection of individual pyramidal tract neurons to lumbar motor nuclei of the monkey.", "content": "The projection of individual pyramidal tract (PT) neurons from the hindlimb area in the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex to the lumbar spinal cord was studied in the monkey by systematically searching for sites within identified regions of the spinal gray from which the PT neurons could be antidromically activated by local stimulation. All investigated neurons belonged to the fast conducting fraction of PT neurons. The following results were obtained. 1. Each PT neuron could be activated from more than one region of the spinal gray matter, including identified spinal motor nuclei and areas dorsomedial to these nuclei, but do not the intermediate nucleus or regions dorsal to it. \"Passage areas\" and \"termination areas\" were defined. 2. Half of the PT neurons with termination areas within motor nuclei had these areas in more than one nucleus. There were thus strong suggestions for synaptic contacts of some PT neurons with motoneurons of more than one muscle. 3. Four groups of three or four neurons were recorded simultaneously by the same cortical electrode. Comparisons of passage and termination areas within groups revealed both similarities and differences in projections of neighboring neurons. Every neuron was activated from some region(s) where others of the group were not. Common passage areas, or passage and termination areas, for two or three neurons of a group within at least one motor nucleus were found for all groups. Termination areas in the same motor nucleus have been found for the majority of the neurons of only one group. These common projection areas are compatible with, but not prove, that group of adjacent PT neurons has common target cells in the spinal cord.", "contents": "Projection of individual pyramidal tract neurons to lumbar motor nuclei of the monkey. The projection of individual pyramidal tract (PT) neurons from the hindlimb area in the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex to the lumbar spinal cord was studied in the monkey by systematically searching for sites within identified regions of the spinal gray from which the PT neurons could be antidromically activated by local stimulation. All investigated neurons belonged to the fast conducting fraction of PT neurons. The following results were obtained. 1. Each PT neuron could be activated from more than one region of the spinal gray matter, including identified spinal motor nuclei and areas dorsomedial to these nuclei, but do not the intermediate nucleus or regions dorsal to it. \"Passage areas\" and \"termination areas\" were defined. 2. Half of the PT neurons with termination areas within motor nuclei had these areas in more than one nucleus. There were thus strong suggestions for synaptic contacts of some PT neurons with motoneurons of more than one muscle. 3. Four groups of three or four neurons were recorded simultaneously by the same cortical electrode. Comparisons of passage and termination areas within groups revealed both similarities and differences in projections of neighboring neurons. Every neuron was activated from some region(s) where others of the group were not. Common passage areas, or passage and termination areas, for two or three neurons of a group within at least one motor nucleus were found for all groups. Termination areas in the same motor nucleus have been found for the majority of the neurons of only one group. These common projection areas are compatible with, but not prove, that group of adjacent PT neurons has common target cells in the spinal cord.", "PMID": 103742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5888", "title": "Compartmentalization of prostaglandins and prostacyclin within the kidney: implications for renal function.", "content": "When renal function is compromised, the circulation to the kidney is sustained by a major prostaglandin component, withdrawal of which results in significant hemodynamic effects, particularly reduction in blood flow to the inner cortex and medulla. Prostaglandins modulate the effects of vasoactive hormones by attenuating the renal actions of the renin-angiotensin system and contributing to and, perhaps, mediating some of those of the kallikreinkinin system. In addition, a prostaglandin mechanism, presumably located in the renal arterioles, participates in the regulation of renin release. Although cyclooxygenase is present in several renal tissues, the major products of arachidonic acid metabolism may be tissue specific and, consequently, their effects may be primarily restricted to one compartment, e.g., the proposed interaction of prostacyclin and renin within the vascular pole of the glomerulus; and PGE2/PGF2a with the kallikrein-kinin system within the urinary compartment. The former is related to the regulation of renin release and renal vascular resistance and the latter to the excretion of water and perhaps salt.", "contents": "Compartmentalization of prostaglandins and prostacyclin within the kidney: implications for renal function. When renal function is compromised, the circulation to the kidney is sustained by a major prostaglandin component, withdrawal of which results in significant hemodynamic effects, particularly reduction in blood flow to the inner cortex and medulla. Prostaglandins modulate the effects of vasoactive hormones by attenuating the renal actions of the renin-angiotensin system and contributing to and, perhaps, mediating some of those of the kallikreinkinin system. In addition, a prostaglandin mechanism, presumably located in the renal arterioles, participates in the regulation of renin release. Although cyclooxygenase is present in several renal tissues, the major products of arachidonic acid metabolism may be tissue specific and, consequently, their effects may be primarily restricted to one compartment, e.g., the proposed interaction of prostacyclin and renin within the vascular pole of the glomerulus; and PGE2/PGF2a with the kallikrein-kinin system within the urinary compartment. The former is related to the regulation of renin release and renal vascular resistance and the latter to the excretion of water and perhaps salt.", "PMID": 103756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5889", "title": "Calcium as a second messenger in the stimulation of luteinizing hormone secretion.", "content": "In cells dissociated from porcine anterior pituitary glands and maintained in culture for 48 h the specific secretagogue luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) induces a biphasic pattern of luteinizing hormone (LH) release. A biphasic pattern of release is also induced by 57 X 10(-3) M K+ and the ionophore A-23187. By reducing the availability of Ca2+, either by omission from the medium, chelation or interfering with Ca2+ transport across the plasma membrane, it is shown that LH release stimulated by LH-RH is much less dependent upon the availability of extracellular Ca2+ than that stimulated by either high K+ or A-23187. Nevertheless, by using a lanthanum displacement protocol to follow the influx of 45Ca2+ it is shown that LH-RH stimulation does induce an influx of extracellular Ca2+. Parallel experiments in which the stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux from preloaded cells is followed confirm the influx data but suggest, in addition, that when the influx of extracellular Ca2+ is inhibited, the peptide is able to mobilize Ca2+ from an intracellular location. It is thus concluded that while LH release can be initiated by an increase in the intracellular level of Ca2+, and although LH-RH stimulation does increase the permeability of the plasma membrane to Ca2+, the stimulation of LH release by LH-RH is not dependent upon extracellular Ca2+.", "contents": "Calcium as a second messenger in the stimulation of luteinizing hormone secretion. In cells dissociated from porcine anterior pituitary glands and maintained in culture for 48 h the specific secretagogue luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) induces a biphasic pattern of luteinizing hormone (LH) release. A biphasic pattern of release is also induced by 57 X 10(-3) M K+ and the ionophore A-23187. By reducing the availability of Ca2+, either by omission from the medium, chelation or interfering with Ca2+ transport across the plasma membrane, it is shown that LH release stimulated by LH-RH is much less dependent upon the availability of extracellular Ca2+ than that stimulated by either high K+ or A-23187. Nevertheless, by using a lanthanum displacement protocol to follow the influx of 45Ca2+ it is shown that LH-RH stimulation does induce an influx of extracellular Ca2+. Parallel experiments in which the stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux from preloaded cells is followed confirm the influx data but suggest, in addition, that when the influx of extracellular Ca2+ is inhibited, the peptide is able to mobilize Ca2+ from an intracellular location. It is thus concluded that while LH release can be initiated by an increase in the intracellular level of Ca2+, and although LH-RH stimulation does increase the permeability of the plasma membrane to Ca2+, the stimulation of LH release by LH-RH is not dependent upon extracellular Ca2+.", "PMID": 103759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5890", "title": "A new look at the assessment of mental development in young children recovering from severe malnutrition.", "content": "Previous studies of malnourished children in hospital have shown that their developmental quotients (DQS) improve as their nutritional status improves, but they have not taken into account the possible effects of being in hospital and of test practice. The present study assessed development of malnourished and adequately nourished children in hospital and found that mean DQS of each group rose to a similar extent during recovery from illness. It is concluded that DQS on admission to hospital were lowered by the children's discomfort and unhappiness at being in hospital, and/or by illness, and that rises in DQ shown by children recovering from malnutrition are not necessarily attributable to improving nutritional status.", "contents": "A new look at the assessment of mental development in young children recovering from severe malnutrition. Previous studies of malnourished children in hospital have shown that their developmental quotients (DQS) improve as their nutritional status improves, but they have not taken into account the possible effects of being in hospital and of test practice. The present study assessed development of malnourished and adequately nourished children in hospital and found that mean DQS of each group rose to a similar extent during recovery from illness. It is concluded that DQS on admission to hospital were lowered by the children's discomfort and unhappiness at being in hospital, and/or by illness, and that rises in DQ shown by children recovering from malnutrition are not necessarily attributable to improving nutritional status.", "PMID": 103763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5891", "title": "Cerebrovascular changes in neurofibromatosis.", "content": "Vascular changes in neurofibromatosis are most commonly described in the renal arteries. In the present study, two children with neurofibromatosis and cerebral vascular occlusive changes demonstrated by cerebral angiography are reported. Although focal neurological findings in children with neurofibromatosis are often due to tumours, the sudden development of neurological symptoms in such cases should alert paediatricians to the possibility of cerebral vascular disease.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular changes in neurofibromatosis. Vascular changes in neurofibromatosis are most commonly described in the renal arteries. In the present study, two children with neurofibromatosis and cerebral vascular occlusive changes demonstrated by cerebral angiography are reported. Although focal neurological findings in children with neurofibromatosis are often due to tumours, the sudden development of neurological symptoms in such cases should alert paediatricians to the possibility of cerebral vascular disease.", "PMID": 103764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5892", "title": "Alrestatin: gastric acid antisecretory-antiulcer activity in the rat.", "content": "Alrestatin sodium (AY-22,284-A) inhibited gastric acid secretion and decreased the volume of gastric juice produced in the pylorus-ligated rat when administered intraperitoneally or perorally. Pentagastrin-induced gastric acid output in the unanesthetized rat was antagonized. The pyloric ligation-induced ulcer formation in the rat was inhibited. Alrestatin sodium did not exhibit an anticholinergic profile. The drug did not block the norepinephrine neuronal uptake mechanism in rat brain or heart; it did not alter the endogenous norepinephrine concentration in the heart and decreased endogeneous brain norepinephrine concentration. Alrestatin sodium is an effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion and ulcer formation in the rat.", "contents": "Alrestatin: gastric acid antisecretory-antiulcer activity in the rat. Alrestatin sodium (AY-22,284-A) inhibited gastric acid secretion and decreased the volume of gastric juice produced in the pylorus-ligated rat when administered intraperitoneally or perorally. Pentagastrin-induced gastric acid output in the unanesthetized rat was antagonized. The pyloric ligation-induced ulcer formation in the rat was inhibited. Alrestatin sodium did not exhibit an anticholinergic profile. The drug did not block the norepinephrine neuronal uptake mechanism in rat brain or heart; it did not alter the endogenous norepinephrine concentration in the heart and decreased endogeneous brain norepinephrine concentration. Alrestatin sodium is an effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion and ulcer formation in the rat.", "PMID": 103765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5893", "title": "Effect of starvation on small intestinal enzyme activity in germ-free rats.", "content": "Starvation overnight and starvation for 48 h reduced the weight and the protein content of mucosal scrapings, but only minimally reduced the DNA content of the mucosal scrapings. The activity of sucrase and maltase was reduced by both periods of starvation. The activity of lactase and of acid and alkaline phosphatase, however, was less subject to starvation. There were striking differences in the response to starvation between the proximal, mid and distal third of the small intestine. The importance of the proper reference system was discussed.", "contents": "Effect of starvation on small intestinal enzyme activity in germ-free rats. Starvation overnight and starvation for 48 h reduced the weight and the protein content of mucosal scrapings, but only minimally reduced the DNA content of the mucosal scrapings. The activity of sucrase and maltase was reduced by both periods of starvation. The activity of lactase and of acid and alkaline phosphatase, however, was less subject to starvation. There were striking differences in the response to starvation between the proximal, mid and distal third of the small intestine. The importance of the proper reference system was discussed.", "PMID": 103766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5894", "title": "Plasma arginine vasopressin in diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "Plasma Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) was measured serially in 10 patients during the first 24 hours of treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. AVP was elevated in all cases initially, ranging from 4.0--122.0 pmol/l, the basal level in healthy hydrated subjects being 1.57 +/- 0.59 pmol/l (+/- 1 SD). The levels fell progressively during the course of treatment. While there was no evidence that the massive increases in AVP noted in this study were associated with water overload it remains to be determined whether the high levels observed have any significant metabolic or haemodynamic role in this disorder.", "contents": "Plasma arginine vasopressin in diabetic ketoacidosis. Plasma Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) was measured serially in 10 patients during the first 24 hours of treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. AVP was elevated in all cases initially, ranging from 4.0--122.0 pmol/l, the basal level in healthy hydrated subjects being 1.57 +/- 0.59 pmol/l (+/- 1 SD). The levels fell progressively during the course of treatment. While there was no evidence that the massive increases in AVP noted in this study were associated with water overload it remains to be determined whether the high levels observed have any significant metabolic or haemodynamic role in this disorder.", "PMID": 103767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5895", "title": "Atypical esophageal diverticula associated with progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "Five cases of unusual esophageal diverticula associated with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) or collagen vascular disease are presented. These wide-mouthed saccular diverticula were infrequently seen in a group of PSS patients with the typical motility disturbance of esophageal involvement and are reminiscent of the diverticula of the colon involved by PSS.", "contents": "Atypical esophageal diverticula associated with progressive systemic sclerosis. Five cases of unusual esophageal diverticula associated with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) or collagen vascular disease are presented. These wide-mouthed saccular diverticula were infrequently seen in a group of PSS patients with the typical motility disturbance of esophageal involvement and are reminiscent of the diverticula of the colon involved by PSS.", "PMID": 103770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5896", "title": "Modern operative fluorocholangiography: utopia or overlooked entity?", "content": "A system of image amplification with television fluoroscopy and 100 X 100 mm cut film technique is presented for use in the operating room. Biliary surgery has benefited from this equipment as operative cholangiography has been improved and unnecessary extension of operating time avoided. Applications of the equipment for other procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Modern operative fluorocholangiography: utopia or overlooked entity? A system of image amplification with television fluoroscopy and 100 X 100 mm cut film technique is presented for use in the operating room. Biliary surgery has benefited from this equipment as operative cholangiography has been improved and unnecessary extension of operating time avoided. Applications of the equipment for other procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 103771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5897", "title": "Association of congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct and congenital diverticulum of the hepatic duct with concomitant ascariasis.", "content": "A case with association of congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct and congenital diverticulum of the hepatic duct is reported. The etiology and classification are briefly discussed and a radiological approach is recommended.", "contents": "Association of congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct and congenital diverticulum of the hepatic duct with concomitant ascariasis. A case with association of congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct and congenital diverticulum of the hepatic duct is reported. The etiology and classification are briefly discussed and a radiological approach is recommended.", "PMID": 103772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5898", "title": "Effect or oral administration of propylene glycol on the induction of enzymes and proteins in microsomes and cytosol of the rat liver.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, receiving water, propylene glycol (PG), sodium phenobarbital (PB) and PB + PG, respectively. After oral administration of these materials for 7 days, various enzymes in hepatic microsomes and the binding capacity of Y and Z fractions in the cytosol were assayed. As compared with the water group, the aniline hydroxylase activity, the cytochrome b5 content and the amount of Z fraction increased in the PG group. As compared with the PB group, the microsomal protein increased but the activities of paranitrophenol-UDP-glucuronyltransferase (pNP-GT) and aminopyrine demethylase (AD) decreased in the PB + PG group. When the PB + PG group and the PG group were compared with the PB group and the water group respectively, there was no parallel change. Even though PG added to hepatic microsomes of untreated rats in vitro, there was no change in the difference spectrum produced by binding of cytochrome p-450 and aniline and also in the activities of AH and pNP-GT. Based on these observations, it can be concluded that PG affected the in vitro assay data of drug-metabolizing enzyme without changing the cytochrome P-450 content by its certain in vivo action rather than by its direct interaction with microsomes, and modified the effect of PB on the microsomal enzymes and the cytosol proteins. Therefore, it is not appropriate to investigate the effect of the drugs on enzymes and proteins of the liver cell by the use of PG as a solvent.", "contents": "Effect or oral administration of propylene glycol on the induction of enzymes and proteins in microsomes and cytosol of the rat liver. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, receiving water, propylene glycol (PG), sodium phenobarbital (PB) and PB + PG, respectively. After oral administration of these materials for 7 days, various enzymes in hepatic microsomes and the binding capacity of Y and Z fractions in the cytosol were assayed. As compared with the water group, the aniline hydroxylase activity, the cytochrome b5 content and the amount of Z fraction increased in the PG group. As compared with the PB group, the microsomal protein increased but the activities of paranitrophenol-UDP-glucuronyltransferase (pNP-GT) and aminopyrine demethylase (AD) decreased in the PB + PG group. When the PB + PG group and the PG group were compared with the PB group and the water group respectively, there was no parallel change. Even though PG added to hepatic microsomes of untreated rats in vitro, there was no change in the difference spectrum produced by binding of cytochrome p-450 and aniline and also in the activities of AH and pNP-GT. Based on these observations, it can be concluded that PG affected the in vitro assay data of drug-metabolizing enzyme without changing the cytochrome P-450 content by its certain in vivo action rather than by its direct interaction with microsomes, and modified the effect of PB on the microsomal enzymes and the cytosol proteins. Therefore, it is not appropriate to investigate the effect of the drugs on enzymes and proteins of the liver cell by the use of PG as a solvent.", "PMID": 103773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5899", "title": "A receptor for polymerized human and chimpanzee albumins on hepatitis B virus particles co-occurring with HBeAg.", "content": "A receptor for polymerized human serum albumin was demonstrated on Dane particles as well as on 20-nm hepatitis B surface antigen particles, isolated from asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B virus who were positive for HBeAg. In contrast, such receptor was not born by 20-nm hepatitis B surface antigen particles obtained from carriers positive for antibody to HBeAg. Hepatitis B surface antigen particles with the receptor were heavier than those without, and when treated with pronase, they became lighter and lost the receptor. The receptor is responsible for the agglutination of erythrocytes coated with polymerized human serum albumin by the serum of patients with Type B hepatitis and asymptomatic carriers, which have been attributed to autoantibodies directed to denatured albumin molecules. When albumin fractions of chimpanzees were polymerized with glutaraldehyde, they also bound with the receptor on hepatitis B surface antigen. Polymerized albumin fractions of all the other experimental animals without susceptibility to hepatitis B virus, however, failed to bind with the receptor. These results seem to suggest a possible role of the receptor on Dane particles (presently accepted hepatitis B virions) for polymerized albumin molecules in infecting hepatocytes both in humans and chimpanzees.", "contents": "A receptor for polymerized human and chimpanzee albumins on hepatitis B virus particles co-occurring with HBeAg. A receptor for polymerized human serum albumin was demonstrated on Dane particles as well as on 20-nm hepatitis B surface antigen particles, isolated from asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B virus who were positive for HBeAg. In contrast, such receptor was not born by 20-nm hepatitis B surface antigen particles obtained from carriers positive for antibody to HBeAg. Hepatitis B surface antigen particles with the receptor were heavier than those without, and when treated with pronase, they became lighter and lost the receptor. The receptor is responsible for the agglutination of erythrocytes coated with polymerized human serum albumin by the serum of patients with Type B hepatitis and asymptomatic carriers, which have been attributed to autoantibodies directed to denatured albumin molecules. When albumin fractions of chimpanzees were polymerized with glutaraldehyde, they also bound with the receptor on hepatitis B surface antigen. Polymerized albumin fractions of all the other experimental animals without susceptibility to hepatitis B virus, however, failed to bind with the receptor. These results seem to suggest a possible role of the receptor on Dane particles (presently accepted hepatitis B virions) for polymerized albumin molecules in infecting hepatocytes both in humans and chimpanzees.", "PMID": 103774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5900", "title": "Chronic persistent hepatitis and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.", "content": "The authors studied 12 patients with chronic persistent hepatitis and persistent or intermittent mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Maximum serum total bilirubin concentration ranged from 2.1 to 3.6 mg/dl. Hemolysis was not evident. Hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity assayed in each patient ranged from 0.16 to 0.39 U (mean +/- SEM = 0.27 +/- 0.02) compared to 0.68-1.99 (1.35 +/- 0.08) in 23 normals, 0.78-2.28 (1.41 +/- 0.05) in 53 patients with acute hepatitis, 0.34-1.74 (0.81 +/- 0.09) in 16 patients with anicteric chronic persistent hepatitis, and 0-0.62 (0.24 +/- 0.03) in 33 patients with Gilbert's syndrome. The mean UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity was significantly lower in anicteric chronic persistent hepatitis compared to normals, but higher than in Gilbert's syndrome. The incidence of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia among first degree relatives was 0:32 in icteric chronic persistent hepatitis compared to 24:85 (28%) in Gilbert's syndrome. These results show that the likely cause for the unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia associated with chronic persistent hepatitis is an acquired depression of hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity. The data suggest that the enzyme defect is related to chronic persistent hepatitis.", "contents": "Chronic persistent hepatitis and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The authors studied 12 patients with chronic persistent hepatitis and persistent or intermittent mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Maximum serum total bilirubin concentration ranged from 2.1 to 3.6 mg/dl. Hemolysis was not evident. Hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity assayed in each patient ranged from 0.16 to 0.39 U (mean +/- SEM = 0.27 +/- 0.02) compared to 0.68-1.99 (1.35 +/- 0.08) in 23 normals, 0.78-2.28 (1.41 +/- 0.05) in 53 patients with acute hepatitis, 0.34-1.74 (0.81 +/- 0.09) in 16 patients with anicteric chronic persistent hepatitis, and 0-0.62 (0.24 +/- 0.03) in 33 patients with Gilbert's syndrome. The mean UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity was significantly lower in anicteric chronic persistent hepatitis compared to normals, but higher than in Gilbert's syndrome. The incidence of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia among first degree relatives was 0:32 in icteric chronic persistent hepatitis compared to 24:85 (28%) in Gilbert's syndrome. These results show that the likely cause for the unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia associated with chronic persistent hepatitis is an acquired depression of hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity. The data suggest that the enzyme defect is related to chronic persistent hepatitis.", "PMID": 103775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5901", "title": "Detection of carcinogen-induced stimulation of cytochrome P-448-associated enzymes by 14CO2 breath analysis studies using dimethylaminoazobenzene.", "content": "Rats pretreated with three agents known to stimulate cytochrome P-448-associated enzymes, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), and Aroclor 1254 were studied with a 14CO2 breath analysis technique after administration of [14C-dimethyl]aminoazobenzene (DMAB). The half-life of breath 14CO2 after [14C]DMAB administration was significantly decreased in the TCDD-, 3MC-, and Aroclor 1254-treated rats compared with controls. In vitro studies indicated that DMAB N-demethylase was increased by these three agents. Phenobarbital, an inducer of cytochrome P-450-associated enzymes, had no effect on 14CO2 half-life or on DMAB N-demethylase. Studies with [14C]aminopyrine, a cytochrome P-450 substrate, showed that TCDD and 3MC had no effect on 14CO2 half-life or aminopyrine N-demethylase; Aroclor 1254 and phenobarbital decreased 14CO2 half-life and stimulated aminopyrine N-demethylase. The data suggest that a [14C]DMAB breath analysis technique may be useful for in vivo studies of inducers of cytochrome P-448.", "contents": "Detection of carcinogen-induced stimulation of cytochrome P-448-associated enzymes by 14CO2 breath analysis studies using dimethylaminoazobenzene. Rats pretreated with three agents known to stimulate cytochrome P-448-associated enzymes, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), and Aroclor 1254 were studied with a 14CO2 breath analysis technique after administration of [14C-dimethyl]aminoazobenzene (DMAB). The half-life of breath 14CO2 after [14C]DMAB administration was significantly decreased in the TCDD-, 3MC-, and Aroclor 1254-treated rats compared with controls. In vitro studies indicated that DMAB N-demethylase was increased by these three agents. Phenobarbital, an inducer of cytochrome P-450-associated enzymes, had no effect on 14CO2 half-life or on DMAB N-demethylase. Studies with [14C]aminopyrine, a cytochrome P-450 substrate, showed that TCDD and 3MC had no effect on 14CO2 half-life or aminopyrine N-demethylase; Aroclor 1254 and phenobarbital decreased 14CO2 half-life and stimulated aminopyrine N-demethylase. The data suggest that a [14C]DMAB breath analysis technique may be useful for in vivo studies of inducers of cytochrome P-448.", "PMID": 103777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5902", "title": "Dynamics of correlated genetic systems. IV. Multilocus effects of ethanol stress environments.", "content": "Four replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster, two reared on medium supplemented with ethanol and two reared on standard medium, were electrophoretically monitored for 28 generations. During the first 12 generations, allelic, genotypic and gametic frequencies were determined for eight polymorphic enzymes: GOT, alpha-GPDH, MDH, ADH, TO, E6, Ec and ODH. Samples from generation 18 and 28 were electrophoretically typed for ADH and alpha-GPDH. In addition, samples from generation 27 were analyzed for the presence of inversion heterozygotes. The experimental results showed rapid gene-frequency divergence between control and treatment populations at the Adh locus in a direction consistent with the activity hierarchy of Adh genotypes. Gene-frequency divergence between control and treatment populations also occurred at the alpha-Gpdh locus, although the agreement among replicates appeared to have broken down by generation 28. No differential gene-frequency change occurred at any of the six remaining marker loci. Furthermore, values of linkage disequilibria among all linked pairs of genes were initially small and remained small throughout the course of the experiment. Taking these facts into account, it is argued that the gene-frequency response observed at ADH is most probably caused by selection at the Adh locus. The gene frequency response at alpha-Gpdh can also be be accounted for in terms of the effect of ethanol on energy metabolism, although other explanations cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Dynamics of correlated genetic systems. IV. Multilocus effects of ethanol stress environments. Four replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster, two reared on medium supplemented with ethanol and two reared on standard medium, were electrophoretically monitored for 28 generations. During the first 12 generations, allelic, genotypic and gametic frequencies were determined for eight polymorphic enzymes: GOT, alpha-GPDH, MDH, ADH, TO, E6, Ec and ODH. Samples from generation 18 and 28 were electrophoretically typed for ADH and alpha-GPDH. In addition, samples from generation 27 were analyzed for the presence of inversion heterozygotes. The experimental results showed rapid gene-frequency divergence between control and treatment populations at the Adh locus in a direction consistent with the activity hierarchy of Adh genotypes. Gene-frequency divergence between control and treatment populations also occurred at the alpha-Gpdh locus, although the agreement among replicates appeared to have broken down by generation 28. No differential gene-frequency change occurred at any of the six remaining marker loci. Furthermore, values of linkage disequilibria among all linked pairs of genes were initially small and remained small throughout the course of the experiment. Taking these facts into account, it is argued that the gene-frequency response observed at ADH is most probably caused by selection at the Adh locus. The gene frequency response at alpha-Gpdh can also be be accounted for in terms of the effect of ethanol on energy metabolism, although other explanations cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 103779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5903", "title": "Rabbit variable kappa light chain regions: subgroups contain polypeptides encoded by multiple genes.", "content": "Two identical light chain variable regions were identified in anti-streptococcal Group A-variant antibodies elicited in litter-mate rabbits by hyperimmunization with vaccine. In addition, one rabbit produced two additional clonally restricted antibodies to this polysaccharide antigen. The partial amino acid sequence of the light chain of one of these antibodies was identical with the dominant antibody light chain sequence, while the light chain of the other antibody, also partially established, showed significant variations in the framework-associated regions with identical CDRI and II. Since all of these light chains were from a small subset of rabbit kappa light chain pools (b4 allotype) the data suggest, together with other light chains reported in the literature, that more than one copy of variable region genes are present in the germ-line per subgroup. Furthermore, framework associated amino acid substitutions are not random; this suggests the existence of some \"ordered\" mechanism for linked amino acid substitutions (presumably recombination). Furthermore one light chain can pair with more than one heavy chain to yield functional antibodies.", "contents": "Rabbit variable kappa light chain regions: subgroups contain polypeptides encoded by multiple genes. Two identical light chain variable regions were identified in anti-streptococcal Group A-variant antibodies elicited in litter-mate rabbits by hyperimmunization with vaccine. In addition, one rabbit produced two additional clonally restricted antibodies to this polysaccharide antigen. The partial amino acid sequence of the light chain of one of these antibodies was identical with the dominant antibody light chain sequence, while the light chain of the other antibody, also partially established, showed significant variations in the framework-associated regions with identical CDRI and II. Since all of these light chains were from a small subset of rabbit kappa light chain pools (b4 allotype) the data suggest, together with other light chains reported in the literature, that more than one copy of variable region genes are present in the germ-line per subgroup. Furthermore, framework associated amino acid substitutions are not random; this suggests the existence of some \"ordered\" mechanism for linked amino acid substitutions (presumably recombination). Furthermore one light chain can pair with more than one heavy chain to yield functional antibodies.", "PMID": 103793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5904", "title": "The complete amino acid sequence of both subunits of C-phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of both subunits of the C-phycocyanin from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus have been determined. The alpha-chain consists of 162 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 18000, whereas the beta-chain consists of 172 residues and has a molecular weight of 19400. For the first three quarters of their length the polypeptide chains are 31% homologous, whereas there is no significant homology in the final quarter up to the C-terminus. This could mean that the introduction of an additional chromophore binding site in the last quarter of the beta-chain during evolution was achieved via a large number of point mutations or by exchange of the whole C-terminal part in an ancestral gene.", "contents": "The complete amino acid sequence of both subunits of C-phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus. The amino acid sequences of both subunits of the C-phycocyanin from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus have been determined. The alpha-chain consists of 162 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 18000, whereas the beta-chain consists of 172 residues and has a molecular weight of 19400. For the first three quarters of their length the polypeptide chains are 31% homologous, whereas there is no significant homology in the final quarter up to the C-terminus. This could mean that the introduction of an additional chromophore binding site in the last quarter of the beta-chain during evolution was achieved via a large number of point mutations or by exchange of the whole C-terminal part in an ancestral gene.", "PMID": 103794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5905", "title": "A hospital must study cost, codes, alternatives to decide on reuse or new building.", "content": "To cope with the impact of codes, design, and attitudes in a renovation project, a hospital may have to make compromises and consider many alternatives to its plan.", "contents": "A hospital must study cost, codes, alternatives to decide on reuse or new building. To cope with the impact of codes, design, and attitudes in a renovation project, a hospital may have to make compromises and consider many alternatives to its plan.", "PMID": 103795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5906", "title": "Medical center applies financial strategies to renovation project.", "content": "A Chicago-based medical center abandons the classical approach to preconstruction planning to save both time and money.", "contents": "Medical center applies financial strategies to renovation project. A Chicago-based medical center abandons the classical approach to preconstruction planning to save both time and money.", "PMID": 103797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5907", "title": "Could two-level process eliminate costly planning problems?", "content": "Lack of concurrent review and incompatibility with cost containment objectives are serious problems with the present certificate-of-need approval process.", "contents": "Could two-level process eliminate costly planning problems? Lack of concurrent review and incompatibility with cost containment objectives are serious problems with the present certificate-of-need approval process.", "PMID": 103798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5908", "title": "To reuse or reconstruct: that is the question.", "content": "With cost containment being a vital concern, health care facilities must carefully assess differences  in the cost between new construction and renovation.", "contents": "To reuse or reconstruct: that is the question. With cost containment being a vital concern, health care facilities must carefully assess differences  in the cost between new construction and renovation.", "PMID": 103799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5909", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of GM1-gangliosidosis: biochemical manifestations in fetal tissues.", "content": "A prenatal diagnosis of GM1-gangliosidosis was made in a pregnancy at risk, on the basis of a deficiency of beta-galactosidase activity demonstrated in cultured amniotic fluid cells. Biochemical analyses were performed in the aborted fetus. GM1-ganglioside beta-galactosidase activity was reduced to 1% of the control value in both the brain and liver of the affected fetus. Lamellar bodies suggestive of membranous cytoplasmic bodies were found in cells of basal ganglions, while the accumulation of GM1-ganglioside in the brain was not remarkable.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of GM1-gangliosidosis: biochemical manifestations in fetal tissues. A prenatal diagnosis of GM1-gangliosidosis was made in a pregnancy at risk, on the basis of a deficiency of beta-galactosidase activity demonstrated in cultured amniotic fluid cells. Biochemical analyses were performed in the aborted fetus. GM1-ganglioside beta-galactosidase activity was reduced to 1% of the control value in both the brain and liver of the affected fetus. Lamellar bodies suggestive of membranous cytoplasmic bodies were found in cells of basal ganglions, while the accumulation of GM1-ganglioside in the brain was not remarkable.", "PMID": 103801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5910", "title": "[Routine test for sensitivity (author's transl)].", "content": "The agar diffusion test is a simple but in most instances reliable method for the determination of the sensitivity of pathogenic bacteria, if it is performed under controlled standardised conditions and evaluated by defined criteria. The accuracy of the test results can be achieved by a permanent control of the test with control strains during routine testing.", "contents": "[Routine test for sensitivity (author's transl)]. The agar diffusion test is a simple but in most instances reliable method for the determination of the sensitivity of pathogenic bacteria, if it is performed under controlled standardised conditions and evaluated by defined criteria. The accuracy of the test results can be achieved by a permanent control of the test with control strains during routine testing.", "PMID": 103803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5911", "title": "[Relationship between MIC and Zone Size (author's transl)].", "content": "The one antibiotic-one disk agar diffusion test for susceptibility testing of clinical isolates, though technically similar to that used for determining antibiotic concentrations in body fluids, lacks the exactness of the latter. In correlating zone diameters to MICs, stochastic linearity should be evaluated besides the regression lines and the correlation coefficient.", "contents": "[Relationship between MIC and Zone Size (author's transl)]. The one antibiotic-one disk agar diffusion test for susceptibility testing of clinical isolates, though technically similar to that used for determining antibiotic concentrations in body fluids, lacks the exactness of the latter. In correlating zone diameters to MICs, stochastic linearity should be evaluated besides the regression lines and the correlation coefficient.", "PMID": 103804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5912", "title": "[A method for testing susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to co-trimoxazole (author's transl)].", "content": "Various methods for determining the activity of co-trimoxazole against haemophilus influenzae have been compared. The results were cortically influenced by antagonistic substances in the medium. The content of p-aminobenzoeacid and thymidine in the medium should be as low as possible. The antagonistic influences are compensated by lysed horseblood, which contains thymidine-phosphorylase. Haeminchloride and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) are better growth-factors than other poorly defined preparations (Supplement C, Fil-des-Enrichment, Iso-VitaleX). For the determination of the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) we propose the microtiter technique. Likewise a modified agar diffusion test can be recommended for screening purposes. Of the 143 haemophilus influenzae strains tested against co-trimoxazole 134 (94%) were sensitive.", "contents": "[A method for testing susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to co-trimoxazole (author's transl)]. Various methods for determining the activity of co-trimoxazole against haemophilus influenzae have been compared. The results were cortically influenced by antagonistic substances in the medium. The content of p-aminobenzoeacid and thymidine in the medium should be as low as possible. The antagonistic influences are compensated by lysed horseblood, which contains thymidine-phosphorylase. Haeminchloride and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) are better growth-factors than other poorly defined preparations (Supplement C, Fil-des-Enrichment, Iso-VitaleX). For the determination of the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) we propose the microtiter technique. Likewise a modified agar diffusion test can be recommended for screening purposes. Of the 143 haemophilus influenzae strains tested against co-trimoxazole 134 (94%) were sensitive.", "PMID": 103805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5913", "title": "[Susceptibility testing with the autobac system (author's transl)].", "content": "The Autobac I provides an automated method for the rapid measurement of antimicrobial susceptibility of fast growing pathogenic microorganisms. To check instrument accuracy, 477 cultures were tested by the Bauer-Kirby method for comparison. According to the DIN limits, the results were comparable in 81.8%, whereas within the NCCLS limits the agreement was 86.5%. The discrepancy was found to be due to incorrect disc mass and different limits of inhibitory zone diameters. Another reason for disagreement seemed to be the incubation time, since its influence on the results varied when different bacterium/antibiotic combinations were used.", "contents": "[Susceptibility testing with the autobac system (author's transl)]. The Autobac I provides an automated method for the rapid measurement of antimicrobial susceptibility of fast growing pathogenic microorganisms. To check instrument accuracy, 477 cultures were tested by the Bauer-Kirby method for comparison. According to the DIN limits, the results were comparable in 81.8%, whereas within the NCCLS limits the agreement was 86.5%. The discrepancy was found to be due to incorrect disc mass and different limits of inhibitory zone diameters. Another reason for disagreement seemed to be the incubation time, since its influence on the results varied when different bacterium/antibiotic combinations were used.", "PMID": 103806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5914", "title": "Fracture of an ossified Achilles tendon.", "content": "A case of rupture of an ossified Achilles tendon is described. It is suggested that the management of this condition is surgical. Previously undescribed histological appearances demonstrate osteogenic potential. The significance of subcutaneous Achilles tenotomy is discussed.", "contents": "Fracture of an ossified Achilles tendon. A case of rupture of an ossified Achilles tendon is described. It is suggested that the management of this condition is surgical. Previously undescribed histological appearances demonstrate osteogenic potential. The significance of subcutaneous Achilles tenotomy is discussed.", "PMID": 103822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5915", "title": "Immunological method to differentiate between antigens of tubercle bacilli, other mycobacterial species, and non-acid-fast bacteria.", "content": "Sera from rabbits immunized with sonicates of Mycobacterium bovis BCG were passed through an immunoadsorbent made of a soluble BCG extract to make partially purified antibodies to BCG. These antibodies were in turn used to prepare an immunoadsorbent through which the BCG extract was passed. The partially purified antigenic material was radiolabeled and subjected to electrophoresis in acrylamide gels. One of the radiolabeled fractions isolated (BCG-C) was found to bind to antibodies to BCG and H37Rv, but not to antibodies in sera from rabbits immunized with other mycobacterial species or Nocardia asteroides. The reaction between BCG-C and the partially purified antibodies to BCG was inhibited by small amounts of different BCG antigens. Cultures obtained from 25 patients with tuberculous diseases, other bacterial cultures, and various bacterial extracts were tested for their capacity to inhibit this reaction. Each of 13 mycobacteria identified as M. tuberculosis inhibited this reaction. Equivalent numbers of 12 strains of mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis and high concentrations of other bacterial extracts did not inhibit, indicating that determinants of BCG present in M. tuberculosis were not detected in the other mycobacteria or in non-acid-fast bacteria. The use of sequential purification procedures could be of potential clinical value in quickly differentiating between M. tuberculosis and a variety of other mycobacteria.", "contents": "Immunological method to differentiate between antigens of tubercle bacilli, other mycobacterial species, and non-acid-fast bacteria. Sera from rabbits immunized with sonicates of Mycobacterium bovis BCG were passed through an immunoadsorbent made of a soluble BCG extract to make partially purified antibodies to BCG. These antibodies were in turn used to prepare an immunoadsorbent through which the BCG extract was passed. The partially purified antigenic material was radiolabeled and subjected to electrophoresis in acrylamide gels. One of the radiolabeled fractions isolated (BCG-C) was found to bind to antibodies to BCG and H37Rv, but not to antibodies in sera from rabbits immunized with other mycobacterial species or Nocardia asteroides. The reaction between BCG-C and the partially purified antibodies to BCG was inhibited by small amounts of different BCG antigens. Cultures obtained from 25 patients with tuberculous diseases, other bacterial cultures, and various bacterial extracts were tested for their capacity to inhibit this reaction. Each of 13 mycobacteria identified as M. tuberculosis inhibited this reaction. Equivalent numbers of 12 strains of mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis and high concentrations of other bacterial extracts did not inhibit, indicating that determinants of BCG present in M. tuberculosis were not detected in the other mycobacteria or in non-acid-fast bacteria. The use of sequential purification procedures could be of potential clinical value in quickly differentiating between M. tuberculosis and a variety of other mycobacteria.", "PMID": 103823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5916", "title": "Suppression of humoral responses during Trypanosoma cruzi infections in mice.", "content": "C57BL/6 mice exhibit low parasitemias and often survive Trypanosoma cruzi infections, whereas C3H(He) mice die during the acute phase with relatively high parasitemias. The present study showed that both strains of mice develop nonspecific immunosuppression to challenge with sheep erythrocytes during the course of infection. Several major differences in immunosuppression-related phenomena between the two strains of mice were determined, yet there is no apparent relationship between immunosuppression and resistance to T. cruzi. Both the number of direct plaque-forming cells and the titer of 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive agglutinating antibody were significantly lower on day 11 for C57BL/6 mice and day 9 for C3H(He) mice. The number of indirect plaque-forming cells and the titer of mercaptoethanol-resistant agglutinating antibody were reduced by day 36 of infection in C57BL/6 mice and 13 days postinfection in C3H(He) mice. In both strains the degree of humoral response suppression of mice increased concomitant with the period of infection, but was not correlated with the changes in spleen cell numbers. Preliminary experiments designed to explore the mechanism underlying the induction and maintenance of immunosuppression in this hostparasite model disclosed the presence of suppressor substance in the serum of T. cruzi-infected mice. The passive transfer of serum from infected mice to syngeneic recipients elicited a state of immunosuppression to sheep erythrocytes, but did not diminish anti-erythrocyte activity in allogeneic recipients. The induction of immunosuppression in normal mice was further found to be dependent on the interval between serum transfer and challenge with antigen. No quantitative differences existed between the magnitude of suppressed humoral responses in mice infected for varying lengths of time and recipients of serum collected from similarly infected mice.", "contents": "Suppression of humoral responses during Trypanosoma cruzi infections in mice. C57BL/6 mice exhibit low parasitemias and often survive Trypanosoma cruzi infections, whereas C3H(He) mice die during the acute phase with relatively high parasitemias. The present study showed that both strains of mice develop nonspecific immunosuppression to challenge with sheep erythrocytes during the course of infection. Several major differences in immunosuppression-related phenomena between the two strains of mice were determined, yet there is no apparent relationship between immunosuppression and resistance to T. cruzi. Both the number of direct plaque-forming cells and the titer of 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive agglutinating antibody were significantly lower on day 11 for C57BL/6 mice and day 9 for C3H(He) mice. The number of indirect plaque-forming cells and the titer of mercaptoethanol-resistant agglutinating antibody were reduced by day 36 of infection in C57BL/6 mice and 13 days postinfection in C3H(He) mice. In both strains the degree of humoral response suppression of mice increased concomitant with the period of infection, but was not correlated with the changes in spleen cell numbers. Preliminary experiments designed to explore the mechanism underlying the induction and maintenance of immunosuppression in this hostparasite model disclosed the presence of suppressor substance in the serum of T. cruzi-infected mice. The passive transfer of serum from infected mice to syngeneic recipients elicited a state of immunosuppression to sheep erythrocytes, but did not diminish anti-erythrocyte activity in allogeneic recipients. The induction of immunosuppression in normal mice was further found to be dependent on the interval between serum transfer and challenge with antigen. No quantitative differences existed between the magnitude of suppressed humoral responses in mice infected for varying lengths of time and recipients of serum collected from similarly infected mice.", "PMID": 103824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5917", "title": "K-1 antigen of Escherichia coli: epidemiology and serum sensitivity of pathogenic strains.", "content": "K-1 Escherichia coli are far more frequent in neonatal sepsis (36% of E. coli sepsis) and meningitis (80% of E. coli meningitis) than would be expected by the frequency of K-1 E. coli colonization in neonates (11 to 25%). There is no apparent parallel in cases of sepsis in adults. To study further this apparent age-related difference in virulence, E. coli K-1 clinical isolates were tested for their sensitivity to sera. Strains isolated from cases of neonatal meningitis were more sensitive to serum bactericidal activity than those from cases of neonatal or adult sepsis or adult meningitis (P < 0.01). Serum sensitivity did not appear to be determined by K or O antigens. Four isolates sensitive to serum bactericidal activity obtained from neonatal cerebrospinal fluid were killed by adult serum chelated with 0.05 M Mg(2+) ethyleneglycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), suggesting that the alternative pathway was activated. Although untreated neonatal sera killed these strains as well as adult sera did, EGTA-treated neonatal sera were less effective than EGTA-treated adult sera. This suggests that the alternative pathway function was not activated in neonatal sera. The bactericidal defect of neonatal EGTA-treated serum was partially corrected by addition of either A or B hyperimmune equine meningococcal antiserum.", "contents": "K-1 antigen of Escherichia coli: epidemiology and serum sensitivity of pathogenic strains. K-1 Escherichia coli are far more frequent in neonatal sepsis (36% of E. coli sepsis) and meningitis (80% of E. coli meningitis) than would be expected by the frequency of K-1 E. coli colonization in neonates (11 to 25%). There is no apparent parallel in cases of sepsis in adults. To study further this apparent age-related difference in virulence, E. coli K-1 clinical isolates were tested for their sensitivity to sera. Strains isolated from cases of neonatal meningitis were more sensitive to serum bactericidal activity than those from cases of neonatal or adult sepsis or adult meningitis (P < 0.01). Serum sensitivity did not appear to be determined by K or O antigens. Four isolates sensitive to serum bactericidal activity obtained from neonatal cerebrospinal fluid were killed by adult serum chelated with 0.05 M Mg(2+) ethyleneglycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), suggesting that the alternative pathway was activated. Although untreated neonatal sera killed these strains as well as adult sera did, EGTA-treated neonatal sera were less effective than EGTA-treated adult sera. This suggests that the alternative pathway function was not activated in neonatal sera. The bactericidal defect of neonatal EGTA-treated serum was partially corrected by addition of either A or B hyperimmune equine meningococcal antiserum.", "PMID": 103825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5918", "title": "Nonhuman primate model for the study of respiratory Klebsiella pneumoniae infection.", "content": "Squirrel monkeys were inoculated by the intratracheal inoculation of 700 Klebsiella pneumoniae organisms and developed lobar pneumonia in about 24 h. Characteristic clinical findings were fever, anorexia, and coughing. Laboratory findings included leukocytosis or leukopenia (with the latter more prominent in ultimately fatal infections), bacteremia, and shedding of bacteria into the pharynx. Infected monkeys showed increased plasma lysozyme activity as well as increased plasma ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and alpha1-antitrypsin. The mortality rate was 60%, and the mean time of death was 50.5 h. Pathologically, the disease spread by means of Kohn's pores and other pathways that generally did not involve airways as a means of dissemination until about 30 h. Squirrel monkeys seem to be better models for human respiratory K. pneumoniae infection than rats or mice.", "contents": "Nonhuman primate model for the study of respiratory Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Squirrel monkeys were inoculated by the intratracheal inoculation of 700 Klebsiella pneumoniae organisms and developed lobar pneumonia in about 24 h. Characteristic clinical findings were fever, anorexia, and coughing. Laboratory findings included leukocytosis or leukopenia (with the latter more prominent in ultimately fatal infections), bacteremia, and shedding of bacteria into the pharynx. Infected monkeys showed increased plasma lysozyme activity as well as increased plasma ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and alpha1-antitrypsin. The mortality rate was 60%, and the mean time of death was 50.5 h. Pathologically, the disease spread by means of Kohn's pores and other pathways that generally did not involve airways as a means of dissemination until about 30 h. Squirrel monkeys seem to be better models for human respiratory K. pneumoniae infection than rats or mice.", "PMID": 103826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5919", "title": "Effects of temperature on the stability of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens.", "content": "Unirradiated Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and a component of gamma-irradiated Karp immunogen required for homologous immunity were more stable than the immunogen component that elicited heterologous (Kato strain) protection.", "contents": "Effects of temperature on the stability of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens. Unirradiated Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and a component of gamma-irradiated Karp immunogen required for homologous immunity were more stable than the immunogen component that elicited heterologous (Kato strain) protection.", "PMID": 103827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5920", "title": "Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: development and duration of immunity.", "content": "The development and duration of immunity to lethal scrub typhus infection was studied in BALB/c mice vaccinated with gamma-irradiated Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, strain Karp. One intraperitoneal injection containing approximately 10(8) 50% mouse lethal doses (MLD(50)) of irradiated organisms elicited an immune response protective against challenge with 10(5) MLD(50) of viable Karp. The same mass of immunogen given in three injections at 5-day intervals increased homologous (Karp strain) protection 25-fold and heterologous (Kato strain) protection 60-fold. Further temporal expansion of the immunization regimen did not increase protection. Subcutaneous vaccination provided significant, but lower, levels of protection than were achieved by intraperitoneal immunization, but the levels of cell-transferable immunity elicited by the two routes were approximately the same. Immunologically specific protection after intraperitoneal vaccination developed rapidly enough to provide resistance against simultaneous challenge with 200 MLD(50) of Karp. Homologous immunity was protective against a 10(6)-MLD(50) challenge 7 days after completion of the three-injection regimen, remained at that level for 3 months, dropped to 10(4) MLD(50) by 9 months, and was effective against a 50-MLD(50) Karp challenge at 12 months. Protection against heterologous challenge was first observed on day 17 and peaked on day 38, when the mice resisted a 10(5)-MLD(50) Kato challenge. Thereafter, heterologous protection waned rapidly and was not significant at 6 months.", "contents": "Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: development and duration of immunity. The development and duration of immunity to lethal scrub typhus infection was studied in BALB/c mice vaccinated with gamma-irradiated Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, strain Karp. One intraperitoneal injection containing approximately 10(8) 50% mouse lethal doses (MLD(50)) of irradiated organisms elicited an immune response protective against challenge with 10(5) MLD(50) of viable Karp. The same mass of immunogen given in three injections at 5-day intervals increased homologous (Karp strain) protection 25-fold and heterologous (Kato strain) protection 60-fold. Further temporal expansion of the immunization regimen did not increase protection. Subcutaneous vaccination provided significant, but lower, levels of protection than were achieved by intraperitoneal immunization, but the levels of cell-transferable immunity elicited by the two routes were approximately the same. Immunologically specific protection after intraperitoneal vaccination developed rapidly enough to provide resistance against simultaneous challenge with 200 MLD(50) of Karp. Homologous immunity was protective against a 10(6)-MLD(50) challenge 7 days after completion of the three-injection regimen, remained at that level for 3 months, dropped to 10(4) MLD(50) by 9 months, and was effective against a 50-MLD(50) Karp challenge at 12 months. Protection against heterologous challenge was first observed on day 17 and peaked on day 38, when the mice resisted a 10(5)-MLD(50) Kato challenge. Thereafter, heterologous protection waned rapidly and was not significant at 6 months.", "PMID": 103828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5921", "title": "Studies on gonococcus infection. XVI. Purification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae immunoglobulin A1 protease.", "content": "A protease which cleaves human immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) has been purified from broth cultures of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This IgA1 protease is produced by pilated and nonpilated gonococci throughout their growth cycles. A combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, column chromatography, and either isoelectric focusing or affinity chromatography was utilized to obtain an enzyme preparation that showed approximately 3,800-fold purification and exhibited two bands (65,000 and 70,000 daltons) by analytical polyacrylamide electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and reducing conditions. IgA1 protease activity is dependent on divalent cations and is heat labile. Detection and quantitation of IgA protease activity utilized an assay in which [125I]IgA1 is incubated with protease preparations and the cleavage products are analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Studies on gonococcus infection. XVI. Purification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae immunoglobulin A1 protease. A protease which cleaves human immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) has been purified from broth cultures of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This IgA1 protease is produced by pilated and nonpilated gonococci throughout their growth cycles. A combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, column chromatography, and either isoelectric focusing or affinity chromatography was utilized to obtain an enzyme preparation that showed approximately 3,800-fold purification and exhibited two bands (65,000 and 70,000 daltons) by analytical polyacrylamide electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and reducing conditions. IgA1 protease activity is dependent on divalent cations and is heat labile. Detection and quantitation of IgA protease activity utilized an assay in which [125I]IgA1 is incubated with protease preparations and the cleavage products are analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 103829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5922", "title": "Gonococcal color and opacity variants: virulence for chicken embryos.", "content": "Previous studies have noted that the prevalence of certain gonococcal colony types is influenced by the physiological state of the human host. Consequently eight different gonococcal strains were passed on clear typing medium, and opaque (Op) and transparent (Tr) variants of heavily pilated (P++) bacteria were selected. P++Op and P++Tr were injected into 11-day-old chicken embryos, and the resulting mortality was determined. In every case the Tr variants were more lethal to the embryos than were the Op variants (P = 0.01). P++Tr were stable in vivo, but chicken embryos injected with P++Op strains developed bacteremia with P++Tr organisms. However, chicken blood was not bactericidal for either colonial variant. These results indicate that transparent pilated bacteria may be more virulent than opaque pilated bacteria and that in vivo selection of transparent forms occurs.", "contents": "Gonococcal color and opacity variants: virulence for chicken embryos. Previous studies have noted that the prevalence of certain gonococcal colony types is influenced by the physiological state of the human host. Consequently eight different gonococcal strains were passed on clear typing medium, and opaque (Op) and transparent (Tr) variants of heavily pilated (P++) bacteria were selected. P++Op and P++Tr were injected into 11-day-old chicken embryos, and the resulting mortality was determined. In every case the Tr variants were more lethal to the embryos than were the Op variants (P = 0.01). P++Tr were stable in vivo, but chicken embryos injected with P++Op strains developed bacteremia with P++Tr organisms. However, chicken blood was not bactericidal for either colonial variant. These results indicate that transparent pilated bacteria may be more virulent than opaque pilated bacteria and that in vivo selection of transparent forms occurs.", "PMID": 103830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5923", "title": "Brucella antigen preparations for in vitro lymphocyte immunostimulation assays in bovine brucellosis.", "content": "Three Brucella antigen preparations, Brucella abortus soluble antigen, B. abortus strain 45/20 enriched protein antigen, and B. melitensis enriched protein antigen, were compared in terms of their ability to induce specific in vitro lymphocyte immunostimulation responses. Lymphocytes were prepared from peripheral blood of cattle with different exposure experiences to B. abortus organisms. Lymphocytes were processed by the Ficoll-diatrizoate technique, and results were assayed for [3H]tymidine incorporation into DNA by liquid scintillation spectrometry. The three Brucella antigen preparations were compared both at the optimal concentrations of protein and on an equal-dry-weight basis. The results were evaluated in terms of specific lymphocyte immunostimulation responses induced by each preparation and the degree of correlation with infection. B. abortus soluble antigen-induced lymphocyte immunostimulation response correlated best with infection status followed by B. abortus 45/20 and B. melitensis enriched protein antigens. The implications of these findings are discussed and a hypothesis is proposed.", "contents": "Brucella antigen preparations for in vitro lymphocyte immunostimulation assays in bovine brucellosis. Three Brucella antigen preparations, Brucella abortus soluble antigen, B. abortus strain 45/20 enriched protein antigen, and B. melitensis enriched protein antigen, were compared in terms of their ability to induce specific in vitro lymphocyte immunostimulation responses. Lymphocytes were prepared from peripheral blood of cattle with different exposure experiences to B. abortus organisms. Lymphocytes were processed by the Ficoll-diatrizoate technique, and results were assayed for [3H]tymidine incorporation into DNA by liquid scintillation spectrometry. The three Brucella antigen preparations were compared both at the optimal concentrations of protein and on an equal-dry-weight basis. The results were evaluated in terms of specific lymphocyte immunostimulation responses induced by each preparation and the degree of correlation with infection. B. abortus soluble antigen-induced lymphocyte immunostimulation response correlated best with infection status followed by B. abortus 45/20 and B. melitensis enriched protein antigens. The implications of these findings are discussed and a hypothesis is proposed.", "PMID": 103831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5924", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in cattle: activity against 51Cr-labeled chicken erythrocytes coated with protozoal antigens.", "content": "Bovine mononuclear cells in the presence of bovine anti-chicken erythrocyte sera at high dilutions induce release of chromium-51 from labeled chicken erythrocytes. Bovine effector cells are capable of recognizing both bovine immunoglobulin G(1) and bovine immunoglobulin G(2); in contrast, human effector cells only recognize immunoglobulin G(1). Effector cell activity of bovine mononuclear cells is equally distributed between peripheral blood and spleen. As in other species, thymus and lymph node cells exert no antibody-dependent effect, although some direct cytotoxicity by lymph node cells may be observed. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against a bovine cell line can also be detected. By using a tannic acid technique, it was found that chicken erythrocytes coated with Theileria parva piroplasm antigen or with Trypanosoma rhodesiense variant-specific coat antigen form suitable targets for bovine antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays. By using such targets, a moderate degree of direct cytotoxicity by bovine mononuclear cells, in the absence of antibody, is always observed; this may be reduced by choosing optimal conditions of tannic acid treatment and antigen sensitization and by the use of short incubation periods for the cytotoxicity assay. Observations have been made on the variant specificity, time course of appearance, and association with immunoglobulin G(1) of the antibody activity responsible for cell-dependent cytotoxicity against chicken erythrocytes coated with T. rhodesiense antigens. The potential usefulness of this technique in the analysis of protective immune responses against protozoal infections is discussed.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in cattle: activity against 51Cr-labeled chicken erythrocytes coated with protozoal antigens. Bovine mononuclear cells in the presence of bovine anti-chicken erythrocyte sera at high dilutions induce release of chromium-51 from labeled chicken erythrocytes. Bovine effector cells are capable of recognizing both bovine immunoglobulin G(1) and bovine immunoglobulin G(2); in contrast, human effector cells only recognize immunoglobulin G(1). Effector cell activity of bovine mononuclear cells is equally distributed between peripheral blood and spleen. As in other species, thymus and lymph node cells exert no antibody-dependent effect, although some direct cytotoxicity by lymph node cells may be observed. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against a bovine cell line can also be detected. By using a tannic acid technique, it was found that chicken erythrocytes coated with Theileria parva piroplasm antigen or with Trypanosoma rhodesiense variant-specific coat antigen form suitable targets for bovine antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays. By using such targets, a moderate degree of direct cytotoxicity by bovine mononuclear cells, in the absence of antibody, is always observed; this may be reduced by choosing optimal conditions of tannic acid treatment and antigen sensitization and by the use of short incubation periods for the cytotoxicity assay. Observations have been made on the variant specificity, time course of appearance, and association with immunoglobulin G(1) of the antibody activity responsible for cell-dependent cytotoxicity against chicken erythrocytes coated with T. rhodesiense antigens. The potential usefulness of this technique in the analysis of protective immune responses against protozoal infections is discussed.", "PMID": 103832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5925", "title": "Experimental urinary tract infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice.", "content": "Urinary tract infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was induced in mice by transurethral inoculation of the organism into the bladder, followed by urethral obstruction for 6 h. The infection was mostly localized in the urinary organs. P. aeruginosa P9 was selected as the challenge organism from 10 laboratory strains of P. aeruginosa. After the inoculation of 10(7) colony-forming units of P. aeruginosa P9, transient bacteremia was observed in some of the mice from 6 h to 1 day after the inoculation. The number of organisms in the bladder tissue gradually decreased, whereas that in the kidneys increased to levels of 10(6) to 10(7) colony-forming units in 3 days, and these levels remained up to 2 weeks after the inoculation. The organisms gradually disappeared thereafter, and spontaneous recovery took place. The organisms could be recovered from the kidneys of 95% of the mice, and the gross lesions in the kidneys were observed in 77% of the mice 1 week after inoculation. The method developed here is simple and may be useful in the study of urinary tract infections due to P. aeruginosa and other species of bacteria.20", "contents": "Experimental urinary tract infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice. Urinary tract infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was induced in mice by transurethral inoculation of the organism into the bladder, followed by urethral obstruction for 6 h. The infection was mostly localized in the urinary organs. P. aeruginosa P9 was selected as the challenge organism from 10 laboratory strains of P. aeruginosa. After the inoculation of 10(7) colony-forming units of P. aeruginosa P9, transient bacteremia was observed in some of the mice from 6 h to 1 day after the inoculation. The number of organisms in the bladder tissue gradually decreased, whereas that in the kidneys increased to levels of 10(6) to 10(7) colony-forming units in 3 days, and these levels remained up to 2 weeks after the inoculation. The organisms gradually disappeared thereafter, and spontaneous recovery took place. The organisms could be recovered from the kidneys of 95% of the mice, and the gross lesions in the kidneys were observed in 77% of the mice 1 week after inoculation. The method developed here is simple and may be useful in the study of urinary tract infections due to P. aeruginosa and other species of bacteria.20", "PMID": 103833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5926", "title": "R-factor inheritance and plasmid content in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Eighteen strains of alginate-producing mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated with respect to plasmid content and the ability to maintain well-characterized R plasmids. The spontaneous loss of alginate production in these strains varied from 0.01 to 0.7% and was not significantly increased by plasmid curing regimens. Examination of cleared lysates of these strains and their isogenic nonmucoid derivatives by agarose gel electrophoresis failed to reveal plasmid DNA. R-plasmid (P-incompatibility-group) transfer to mucoid P. aeruginosa was unaffected by the presence of the alginate capsule. Maintenance and expression of such plasmids in the mucoid strains were confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis and by verification of plasmid-linked drug resistance and pilus-specific bacteriophage sensitivity. These studies demonstrate that alginate production does not appear to be plasmid linked and that mucoid P. aeruginosa are capable of receiving and donating certain drug resistance plasmids. Since some of the plasmids used here have been shown to mobilize chromosomal DNA, strains constructed in this study should afford the means for exploring the genetic basis of the mucoid phenotype.", "contents": "R-factor inheritance and plasmid content in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eighteen strains of alginate-producing mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated with respect to plasmid content and the ability to maintain well-characterized R plasmids. The spontaneous loss of alginate production in these strains varied from 0.01 to 0.7% and was not significantly increased by plasmid curing regimens. Examination of cleared lysates of these strains and their isogenic nonmucoid derivatives by agarose gel electrophoresis failed to reveal plasmid DNA. R-plasmid (P-incompatibility-group) transfer to mucoid P. aeruginosa was unaffected by the presence of the alginate capsule. Maintenance and expression of such plasmids in the mucoid strains were confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis and by verification of plasmid-linked drug resistance and pilus-specific bacteriophage sensitivity. These studies demonstrate that alginate production does not appear to be plasmid linked and that mucoid P. aeruginosa are capable of receiving and donating certain drug resistance plasmids. Since some of the plasmids used here have been shown to mobilize chromosomal DNA, strains constructed in this study should afford the means for exploring the genetic basis of the mucoid phenotype.", "PMID": 103834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5927", "title": "Contact sensitivity responses in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "Mechanisms of depression of contact sensitivity responses in C57BL/10 mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi were studied. Cellular involvement during sensitization with oxazolone was investigated in mice acutely infected with T. cruzi. Contact sensitivity was not expressed in mice during the latter stages of the acute infection. Spleen cells from sensitized, infected mice which were unable to respond to oxazolone could confer contact sensitivity upon normal syngenic mice as effectively as spleen cells from uninfected, sensitized donors. The ability of mice infected with T. cruzi to respond to an eliciting dose of oxazolone was significantly improved when macrophages from normal syngenic donors were administered to them at the time of skin test. When either normal or infected mice were used as recipients of lymphocytes from sensitized donors, the normal mice responded significantly better than did infected mice after administration of an eliciting dose of oxazolone. An increase in pyroninophilic cells was observed in draining lymph nodes after application of a sensitizing dose of oxaxolone to the ears of either normal or acutely infected mice. These results indicate that suppression of contact sensitivity during acute T. cruzi infection is directed toward the efferent arm rather than the afferent arm of the response.", "contents": "Contact sensitivity responses in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Mechanisms of depression of contact sensitivity responses in C57BL/10 mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi were studied. Cellular involvement during sensitization with oxazolone was investigated in mice acutely infected with T. cruzi. Contact sensitivity was not expressed in mice during the latter stages of the acute infection. Spleen cells from sensitized, infected mice which were unable to respond to oxazolone could confer contact sensitivity upon normal syngenic mice as effectively as spleen cells from uninfected, sensitized donors. The ability of mice infected with T. cruzi to respond to an eliciting dose of oxazolone was significantly improved when macrophages from normal syngenic donors were administered to them at the time of skin test. When either normal or infected mice were used as recipients of lymphocytes from sensitized donors, the normal mice responded significantly better than did infected mice after administration of an eliciting dose of oxazolone. An increase in pyroninophilic cells was observed in draining lymph nodes after application of a sensitizing dose of oxaxolone to the ears of either normal or acutely infected mice. These results indicate that suppression of contact sensitivity during acute T. cruzi infection is directed toward the efferent arm rather than the afferent arm of the response.", "PMID": 103835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5928", "title": "Immunity to antigenically related salmonellae: effects of humoral factors on the bactericidal activity of normal and immune peritoneal exudate cells.", "content": "Immunity against Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes was studied by measuring in vitro the bactericidal activity of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of control (normal PEC) and S. typhi Ty2-immune (immune PEC) mice. Specific immune serum, anti-S. tyhphi Ty2, heat inactivated at 56 degrees C for 30 min, significantly inhibited the growth of S. enteritidis only with immune PEC. These opsonic factors had no effect upon the activity of normal PEC. That such inhibition could not be demonstrated in Listeria experiments, either with immune or normal PEC, suggests that S. enteritidis was specifically recognized, in vitro, by the thermostable opsonin anti-S. typhi Ty2 and that macrophages from immune PEC were more efficient in inhibiting bacterial growth than those from normal PEC. Thus, the interaction between macrophages and the microorganism seems to play an essential role in cell-mediated as well as humoral immunity.", "contents": "Immunity to antigenically related salmonellae: effects of humoral factors on the bactericidal activity of normal and immune peritoneal exudate cells. Immunity against Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes was studied by measuring in vitro the bactericidal activity of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of control (normal PEC) and S. typhi Ty2-immune (immune PEC) mice. Specific immune serum, anti-S. tyhphi Ty2, heat inactivated at 56 degrees C for 30 min, significantly inhibited the growth of S. enteritidis only with immune PEC. These opsonic factors had no effect upon the activity of normal PEC. That such inhibition could not be demonstrated in Listeria experiments, either with immune or normal PEC, suggests that S. enteritidis was specifically recognized, in vitro, by the thermostable opsonin anti-S. typhi Ty2 and that macrophages from immune PEC were more efficient in inhibiting bacterial growth than those from normal PEC. Thus, the interaction between macrophages and the microorganism seems to play an essential role in cell-mediated as well as humoral immunity.", "PMID": 103836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5929", "title": "Heat-labile B-cell mitogen obtained from Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "A water-soluble extract of Listeria monocytogenes strain 10403 acts as a mitogen on cultured mouse spleen lymphocytes. This mitogen induced a response six to nine times that of controls, as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. The mitogen extract was derived from washed bacterial cells which were mechanically disrupted with a French press. The extract was centrifuged at 105,000 X g and filtered through a 0.22-micrometer filter. Similar levels of lymphocyte stimulation were observed in lymphocyte cultures prepared from spleens of nude mice, indicating the effect of this mitogen on B-cells. The mitogenic property of this extract was destroyed by heating to 56 degrees C. This heat treatment does not destroy the antigens in the extract, which stimulate spleen cell cultures obtained from specifically immune mice. Similarly prepared extracts from Staphylococcus epidermidis and Salmonella typhimurium did not show similar levels of mitogenic activity. The mitogenic property of the L. monocytogenes extract was present in two strains of Listeria tested and was not associated with mouse virulence.", "contents": "Heat-labile B-cell mitogen obtained from Listeria monocytogenes. A water-soluble extract of Listeria monocytogenes strain 10403 acts as a mitogen on cultured mouse spleen lymphocytes. This mitogen induced a response six to nine times that of controls, as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. The mitogen extract was derived from washed bacterial cells which were mechanically disrupted with a French press. The extract was centrifuged at 105,000 X g and filtered through a 0.22-micrometer filter. Similar levels of lymphocyte stimulation were observed in lymphocyte cultures prepared from spleens of nude mice, indicating the effect of this mitogen on B-cells. The mitogenic property of this extract was destroyed by heating to 56 degrees C. This heat treatment does not destroy the antigens in the extract, which stimulate spleen cell cultures obtained from specifically immune mice. Similarly prepared extracts from Staphylococcus epidermidis and Salmonella typhimurium did not show similar levels of mitogenic activity. The mitogenic property of the L. monocytogenes extract was present in two strains of Listeria tested and was not associated with mouse virulence.", "PMID": 103837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5930", "title": "Purification of heat-labile enterotoxin from four Escherichia coli strains by affinity immunoadsorbent: evidence for similar subunit structure.", "content": "A single-step method for the purification of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli is described. The method involves an affinity immunoadsorbent made with antiserum to cholera toxin. Crude toxin preparations of three human and one porcine enterotoxinogenic strains of E. coli were purified on this immunoadsorbent, and the elution products suggest that the toxin molecule is composed of subunits. One kind of subunit shared by these four strains showed similar mobility of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, close antigenic relationship, and an antigen in common with cholera enterotoxin.", "contents": "Purification of heat-labile enterotoxin from four Escherichia coli strains by affinity immunoadsorbent: evidence for similar subunit structure. A single-step method for the purification of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli is described. The method involves an affinity immunoadsorbent made with antiserum to cholera toxin. Crude toxin preparations of three human and one porcine enterotoxinogenic strains of E. coli were purified on this immunoadsorbent, and the elution products suggest that the toxin molecule is composed of subunits. One kind of subunit shared by these four strains showed similar mobility of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, close antigenic relationship, and an antigen in common with cholera enterotoxin.", "PMID": 103838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5931", "title": "Biological activities of pyochelins: iron-chelating agents of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa able to grow readily in serum (serum resistant) produce siderophores in large quantity, enabling them to extract iron from transferrins. The term pyochelin has been proposed for this group of compounds. Pyochelin extractable with ethyl acetate and designated pyochelin A appears to be a mixture of catechols and other phenolates. The structures of water-soluble siderophores, designated pyochelin B, have not been determined. Pyochelins enabled growth in serum of strains of serum-sensitive P. aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacilli. Serum-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa tended to be more virulent than equally toxigenic strains of the serum-sensitive group. However, incorporation of pyochelins into the inocula of serum-sensitive strains could reduce, rather than enhance, their virulence. Utilization of pyochelins by serum-sensitive strains of P. aeruginosa rendered some of these organisms resistant to pyocins which were otherwise lethal to them.", "contents": "Biological activities of pyochelins: iron-chelating agents of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa able to grow readily in serum (serum resistant) produce siderophores in large quantity, enabling them to extract iron from transferrins. The term pyochelin has been proposed for this group of compounds. Pyochelin extractable with ethyl acetate and designated pyochelin A appears to be a mixture of catechols and other phenolates. The structures of water-soluble siderophores, designated pyochelin B, have not been determined. Pyochelins enabled growth in serum of strains of serum-sensitive P. aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacilli. Serum-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa tended to be more virulent than equally toxigenic strains of the serum-sensitive group. However, incorporation of pyochelins into the inocula of serum-sensitive strains could reduce, rather than enhance, their virulence. Utilization of pyochelins by serum-sensitive strains of P. aeruginosa rendered some of these organisms resistant to pyocins which were otherwise lethal to them.", "PMID": 103839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5932", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from the slime of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A procedure is described for isolating a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide (PS) from the slime of Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 1. The resultant material, obtained from the void volume of a Sephadex G-100 column, was composed of carbohydrate and water. No lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonoate, heptose, phosphate, or protein was detectable, and nucleic acid contamination was generally below 1%. The carbohydrate composition of the PS was glucose, rhamnose, galactose, arabinose, and mannose. PS had a molecular weight of between 100,000 and 350,000 and did not disaggregate when chromatographed in the presence of sodium deoxycholate. An antigen immunologically indistinguishable from PS could be obtained from LPS by either acetic acid hydrolysis and column chromatography or by allowing solutions of LPS to stand at room temperature for 3 days. Some of this LPS-associated polysaccharide eluted as the void volume of a G-100 column but differed from PS by its lack of galactose and arabinose. LPS also contained an immunodeterminant not shared with PS that was detected by its stability to dilute alkali treatment (0.1 N NaOH, 37 degrees C, 2 h). PS was destroyed by alkali treatment. PS appeared to represent a form of LPS polysaccharide side chain that contains galactose and arabinose and is of a high molecular weight.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from the slime of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A procedure is described for isolating a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide (PS) from the slime of Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 1. The resultant material, obtained from the void volume of a Sephadex G-100 column, was composed of carbohydrate and water. No lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonoate, heptose, phosphate, or protein was detectable, and nucleic acid contamination was generally below 1%. The carbohydrate composition of the PS was glucose, rhamnose, galactose, arabinose, and mannose. PS had a molecular weight of between 100,000 and 350,000 and did not disaggregate when chromatographed in the presence of sodium deoxycholate. An antigen immunologically indistinguishable from PS could be obtained from LPS by either acetic acid hydrolysis and column chromatography or by allowing solutions of LPS to stand at room temperature for 3 days. Some of this LPS-associated polysaccharide eluted as the void volume of a G-100 column but differed from PS by its lack of galactose and arabinose. LPS also contained an immunodeterminant not shared with PS that was detected by its stability to dilute alkali treatment (0.1 N NaOH, 37 degrees C, 2 h). PS was destroyed by alkali treatment. PS appeared to represent a form of LPS polysaccharide side chain that contains galactose and arabinose and is of a high molecular weight.", "PMID": 103840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5933", "title": "Protective immunity induced in mice by immunization with high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A high-molecular-weight alkali-labile polysaccharide (PS) isolated from the slime of immunotype 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa was tested for its ability to protect mice from lethal challenge with the live, homologous organism. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 10 to 25 microgram of the PS protected 60 to 70% of the mice against challenge with up to 50 50% lethal dose units. Although single immunization of mice with up to 250 microgram of PS effected protective levels of only 70%, two successive immunizations provided 100% protection. Subcutaneous and intravenous immunization with PS also provided protection to i.p. challenges with immunotype 1 P. aeruginosa, but not to i.p. challenge with immunotype 4 P. aeruginosa. Although lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was found to be more immunogenic than PS in out studies, contamination of the alkali-labile PS with LPS did not account for the protection seen. Alkali treatment (0.1 N NaOH, 37 degrees C, 2 h) of the PS destroyed its protective effectiveness, while similarly treated LPS retained its capacity for inducing immunity in mice. Adsorption and passive protection studies with sera raised to either PS or a mixture of PS and LPS indicated that antibody directed to the alkali-labile PS antigen was capable of contributing to the protection of mice against challenge with P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Protective immunity induced in mice by immunization with high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A high-molecular-weight alkali-labile polysaccharide (PS) isolated from the slime of immunotype 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa was tested for its ability to protect mice from lethal challenge with the live, homologous organism. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 10 to 25 microgram of the PS protected 60 to 70% of the mice against challenge with up to 50 50% lethal dose units. Although single immunization of mice with up to 250 microgram of PS effected protective levels of only 70%, two successive immunizations provided 100% protection. Subcutaneous and intravenous immunization with PS also provided protection to i.p. challenges with immunotype 1 P. aeruginosa, but not to i.p. challenge with immunotype 4 P. aeruginosa. Although lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was found to be more immunogenic than PS in out studies, contamination of the alkali-labile PS with LPS did not account for the protection seen. Alkali treatment (0.1 N NaOH, 37 degrees C, 2 h) of the PS destroyed its protective effectiveness, while similarly treated LPS retained its capacity for inducing immunity in mice. Adsorption and passive protection studies with sera raised to either PS or a mixture of PS and LPS indicated that antibody directed to the alkali-labile PS antigen was capable of contributing to the protection of mice against challenge with P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 103841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5934", "title": "Soluble antigens of virulent and attenuated biotypes of Brucella abortus.", "content": "Several methods were used to characterize three Brucella abortus biotypes (1, 5, and 7), including the attenuated vaccine strain S-19. Chemical analysis did not reveal remarkable differences among these strains, and only minor differences were noted in elution patterns of soluble extracts subjected to column chromatography. Qualitative and quantitative differences in extract components were demonstrated, however, by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing. A distinctive difference was the presence of components in extracts from one or more of the virulent biotypes that were absent in similar preparations from the attenuated strain. In addition, one component common to all virulent strains was absent in strain S-19. Results of immunodiffusion experiments employing adsorbed and unadsorbed antisera also suggested that the quantity, quality, and surface distribution of various cellular antigens differed among the biotypes studied.", "contents": "Soluble antigens of virulent and attenuated biotypes of Brucella abortus. Several methods were used to characterize three Brucella abortus biotypes (1, 5, and 7), including the attenuated vaccine strain S-19. Chemical analysis did not reveal remarkable differences among these strains, and only minor differences were noted in elution patterns of soluble extracts subjected to column chromatography. Qualitative and quantitative differences in extract components were demonstrated, however, by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing. A distinctive difference was the presence of components in extracts from one or more of the virulent biotypes that were absent in similar preparations from the attenuated strain. In addition, one component common to all virulent strains was absent in strain S-19. Results of immunodiffusion experiments employing adsorbed and unadsorbed antisera also suggested that the quantity, quality, and surface distribution of various cellular antigens differed among the biotypes studied.", "PMID": 103842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5935", "title": "[Beta-lactamase producing gonococci in Munich (author's transl)].", "content": "Two more penicillinase-producing gonococci strains have been isolated in Munich. The source of infection could not be traced in a 20 year old prostitute. A 45 year old patient contracted the infection during a stay in Bangkok.", "contents": "[Beta-lactamase producing gonococci in Munich (author's transl)]. Two more penicillinase-producing gonococci strains have been isolated in Munich. The source of infection could not be traced in a 20 year old prostitute. A 45 year old patient contracted the infection during a stay in Bangkok.", "PMID": 103843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5936", "title": "[Efficacy, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of sisomicin in urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1973 30 patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) or pyelonephritis have been treated with sisomicin, a new aminoglycoside, in a daily dose of 2 mg/kg for a period of seven to nine days. From a clinical point of view the result of treatment was good. Complete resolution was achieved in 17 patients, improvement in nine, and there was no effect in four patients. Thirty-five causative organisms (Escherichia coli = 23, Proteus sp. = 7, Klebsiella sp. = 3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa = 1, Citrobacter = 1) were isolated before treatment. Thirty of the organisms were eliminated during treatment, but seven reappeared during the follow-up period; five strains persisted. Side effects observed consisted of reversible increase of serum creatinine in four patients, excretion of granular casts in 14 patients, and a transient rise of alkaline phosphatase, SGOT and/or SGPT in five patients. No signs of ototoxicity or any other adverse reactions were found and local tolerance was good. In 20 patients blood samples for assay were obtained daily one hour after i. m. injection of 1.0 mg/kg. No evidence of drug accumulation in the serum was found: the mean serum concentrations one hour after injection remained between 3.4 and 3,9 microgram/ml during the entire treatment period. Sisomicin is a highly effective antibiotic for the treatment of UTI caused by gramnegative pathogens. On account of its potential toxicity however, it should be used, like other aminoglycosides, only in selected cases.", "contents": "[Efficacy, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of sisomicin in urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. Since 1973 30 patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) or pyelonephritis have been treated with sisomicin, a new aminoglycoside, in a daily dose of 2 mg/kg for a period of seven to nine days. From a clinical point of view the result of treatment was good. Complete resolution was achieved in 17 patients, improvement in nine, and there was no effect in four patients. Thirty-five causative organisms (Escherichia coli = 23, Proteus sp. = 7, Klebsiella sp. = 3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa = 1, Citrobacter = 1) were isolated before treatment. Thirty of the organisms were eliminated during treatment, but seven reappeared during the follow-up period; five strains persisted. Side effects observed consisted of reversible increase of serum creatinine in four patients, excretion of granular casts in 14 patients, and a transient rise of alkaline phosphatase, SGOT and/or SGPT in five patients. No signs of ototoxicity or any other adverse reactions were found and local tolerance was good. In 20 patients blood samples for assay were obtained daily one hour after i. m. injection of 1.0 mg/kg. No evidence of drug accumulation in the serum was found: the mean serum concentrations one hour after injection remained between 3.4 and 3,9 microgram/ml during the entire treatment period. Sisomicin is a highly effective antibiotic for the treatment of UTI caused by gramnegative pathogens. On account of its potential toxicity however, it should be used, like other aminoglycosides, only in selected cases.", "PMID": 103844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5937", "title": "The effects of hyalurodinase upon tumor formation in BALB/c mice painted with 7,12-dimethylbenz-(a)anthracene.", "content": "Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of hyaluronidase on chemical carcinogenesis. Two experiments were carried out using BALB/c mice. In the first experiment the mice were divided into three groups, viz. (1) painted with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), (2) injected with hyaluronidase and painted with DMBA and (3) injected with saline and painted with DMBA. In the second experiment the mice were divided into three groups: (1) painted with DMBA, (2) injected with hyaluronidase and painted with DMBA and (3) injected with heat-inactivated hyaluronidase and painted with DMBA. The tumor incidence and size of tumors were significantly lower in the group treated with hyaluronidase than in the other groups. The latent period was increased. The mitotic index of the skin adjacent to the tumors at the end of the experiment was decreased. These studies show that hyaluronidase can act as an anticarcinogenic agent.", "contents": "The effects of hyalurodinase upon tumor formation in BALB/c mice painted with 7,12-dimethylbenz-(a)anthracene. Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of hyaluronidase on chemical carcinogenesis. Two experiments were carried out using BALB/c mice. In the first experiment the mice were divided into three groups, viz. (1) painted with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), (2) injected with hyaluronidase and painted with DMBA and (3) injected with saline and painted with DMBA. In the second experiment the mice were divided into three groups: (1) painted with DMBA, (2) injected with hyaluronidase and painted with DMBA and (3) injected with heat-inactivated hyaluronidase and painted with DMBA. The tumor incidence and size of tumors were significantly lower in the group treated with hyaluronidase than in the other groups. The latent period was increased. The mitotic index of the skin adjacent to the tumors at the end of the experiment was decreased. These studies show that hyaluronidase can act as an anticarcinogenic agent.", "PMID": 103845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5938", "title": "Multinationals and health: reflections on the Seveso catastrophe.", "content": "On July 10, 1976, a cloud of vaporized products containing dioxin escaped from a deposit of a plant of the Icmesa firm in the northern suburbs of Milan. The fallout was deposited on a vast zone in the municipalities of Desio, Seveso, Meda, and Cesano. Dioxin was not the desired product of the industrial process, but rather an impurity which generally accompanies trichlorophenol, and, to a smaller extent, the products synthesized from trichlorophenol. Among these there are hexachlorophene and the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, which was used as a defoliant in the Vietnam War. After describing toxicological properties of dioxin, this paper examines the role of multinational corporations and of capitalist governments in exploiting not only the people of underdeveloped lands, but also workers of developed countries, transforming into capital not only the increased value of man, but also the conditions, harmfulness, and risks of work.", "contents": "Multinationals and health: reflections on the Seveso catastrophe. On July 10, 1976, a cloud of vaporized products containing dioxin escaped from a deposit of a plant of the Icmesa firm in the northern suburbs of Milan. The fallout was deposited on a vast zone in the municipalities of Desio, Seveso, Meda, and Cesano. Dioxin was not the desired product of the industrial process, but rather an impurity which generally accompanies trichlorophenol, and, to a smaller extent, the products synthesized from trichlorophenol. Among these there are hexachlorophene and the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, which was used as a defoliant in the Vietnam War. After describing toxicological properties of dioxin, this paper examines the role of multinational corporations and of capitalist governments in exploiting not only the people of underdeveloped lands, but also workers of developed countries, transforming into capital not only the increased value of man, but also the conditions, harmfulness, and risks of work.", "PMID": 103846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5939", "title": "Angiokeratoma serpiginosum.", "content": "Angiokeratoma, a vascular dermatosis, is currently recognized as having six clinical presentations. A woman with extensive skin lesions compatible with the clinical diagnosis of angioma serpiginosum was found to have biopsy changes consistent with angiokeratoma. Her case emphasizes the histologic similarities between these entities and suggests an additional clinical presentation for angiokeratoma--angiokeratoma serpiginosum.", "contents": "Angiokeratoma serpiginosum. Angiokeratoma, a vascular dermatosis, is currently recognized as having six clinical presentations. A woman with extensive skin lesions compatible with the clinical diagnosis of angioma serpiginosum was found to have biopsy changes consistent with angiokeratoma. Her case emphasizes the histologic similarities between these entities and suggests an additional clinical presentation for angiokeratoma--angiokeratoma serpiginosum.", "PMID": 103847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5940", "title": "Mandibular reconstruction with bone grafts.", "content": "A total of 23 patients with partly resected mandible were repaired with autogenous bone grafts from the iliac crest and ribs. The reasons for reconstruction are presented in Table 1. The grafts healed without complications in 21 cases. With the exception of two of the cases with gunshot wounds, all patients recovered good mobility of the jaw and satisfactory mandibular contours. The patients had been folloed up for 6 months to 11 years. Radiographic examination at the last examination showed that resorption of the graft had been only slight or moderate. Through marrow-spongious bone grafts are regarded as best from an osteogenetic point of view, our cases showed that good results can be achieved also with solid block grafts. The authors discuss the use of plate osteosynthesis without IMF instead of other types of graft fixation and IMF. In six cases where the area of the graft was loaded with a prosthesis, resorption was not more extensive than in the other cases.", "contents": "Mandibular reconstruction with bone grafts. A total of 23 patients with partly resected mandible were repaired with autogenous bone grafts from the iliac crest and ribs. The reasons for reconstruction are presented in Table 1. The grafts healed without complications in 21 cases. With the exception of two of the cases with gunshot wounds, all patients recovered good mobility of the jaw and satisfactory mandibular contours. The patients had been folloed up for 6 months to 11 years. Radiographic examination at the last examination showed that resorption of the graft had been only slight or moderate. Through marrow-spongious bone grafts are regarded as best from an osteogenetic point of view, our cases showed that good results can be achieved also with solid block grafts. The authors discuss the use of plate osteosynthesis without IMF instead of other types of graft fixation and IMF. In six cases where the area of the graft was loaded with a prosthesis, resorption was not more extensive than in the other cases.", "PMID": 103849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5941", "title": "Osteomyelitis of the jaws.", "content": "Material consisting of 16 patients examined and/or treated under the diagnosis osteomyelitis is reported. A description is given of the history, etiology, clinical and radiographic findings, results of histologic and microbiologic examinations, blood chemistry, diagnostic subgroups, findings at operation and the surgical and antibiotic therapy used. The results of treatment at short-term follow-up are given. Of nine patients observed 5 months or longer, six showed signs of healing, while the result was judged as uncertain in two cases and unsuccessful in one.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis of the jaws. Material consisting of 16 patients examined and/or treated under the diagnosis osteomyelitis is reported. A description is given of the history, etiology, clinical and radiographic findings, results of histologic and microbiologic examinations, blood chemistry, diagnostic subgroups, findings at operation and the surgical and antibiotic therapy used. The results of treatment at short-term follow-up are given. Of nine patients observed 5 months or longer, six showed signs of healing, while the result was judged as uncertain in two cases and unsuccessful in one.", "PMID": 103850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5942", "title": "Bone scintigraphy of benign jaw lesions.", "content": "Bone scintigraphy has been performed two or more times within a year on 12 patients: four with cherubism, four with fibrous dysplasia, and four with osteomyelitis of the mandible. In cherubism abnormal scintigrams were found only in the regressive period with new bone formation, while in fibrous dysplasia, abnormal scintigrams were found in all cases, even in patients where the disease was expected to be stationary. In osteomyelitis the changes in the scintigrams corresponded to clinical and radiological changes. Bone scintigraphy may be used as a differential diagnostic aid in doubtful cases of cherubism and fibrous dysplasia, or to reveal any lesions of other bones. The method cannot be used for differentiating between fibrous dysplasia and osteomyelitis, but bone scintigraphy may be useful in the early diagnosis or the late control of osteomyelitis in the jaws.", "contents": "Bone scintigraphy of benign jaw lesions. Bone scintigraphy has been performed two or more times within a year on 12 patients: four with cherubism, four with fibrous dysplasia, and four with osteomyelitis of the mandible. In cherubism abnormal scintigrams were found only in the regressive period with new bone formation, while in fibrous dysplasia, abnormal scintigrams were found in all cases, even in patients where the disease was expected to be stationary. In osteomyelitis the changes in the scintigrams corresponded to clinical and radiological changes. Bone scintigraphy may be used as a differential diagnostic aid in doubtful cases of cherubism and fibrous dysplasia, or to reveal any lesions of other bones. The method cannot be used for differentiating between fibrous dysplasia and osteomyelitis, but bone scintigraphy may be useful in the early diagnosis or the late control of osteomyelitis in the jaws.", "PMID": 103851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5943", "title": "Antifibrinolytic prevention of alveolitis sicca dolorosa.", "content": "In a double-blind study dental cones containing the antifibrinolytically active propylic ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PEPH), sulfanilamide and sulfathiazol or placebo were placed in dental sockets following removal of impacted mandibular third molars on 95 consecutive patients, 50 women and 45 men. The duration of the operation, the type of surgeon, preoperative symptoms and the use of peroral anticonception were recorded. The patients were asked to return to the clinic on the seventh postoperative day, and it was then noted whether the healing was disturbed by Alveolitis Sicca Dolorosa (ASD) or not. Statistical analysis showed a significantly prophylactic effect of PEPH against ASD. The prophylactic effect was most pronounced in the group of male patients without preoperative symptoms and in the group of patients operated by dental students. It could not be demonstrated that the sulfa drugs in the cones were of any benefit to the healing of the socket.", "contents": "Antifibrinolytic prevention of alveolitis sicca dolorosa. In a double-blind study dental cones containing the antifibrinolytically active propylic ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PEPH), sulfanilamide and sulfathiazol or placebo were placed in dental sockets following removal of impacted mandibular third molars on 95 consecutive patients, 50 women and 45 men. The duration of the operation, the type of surgeon, preoperative symptoms and the use of peroral anticonception were recorded. The patients were asked to return to the clinic on the seventh postoperative day, and it was then noted whether the healing was disturbed by Alveolitis Sicca Dolorosa (ASD) or not. Statistical analysis showed a significantly prophylactic effect of PEPH against ASD. The prophylactic effect was most pronounced in the group of male patients without preoperative symptoms and in the group of patients operated by dental students. It could not be demonstrated that the sulfa drugs in the cones were of any benefit to the healing of the socket.", "PMID": 103852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5944", "title": "Extractions of impacted mandibular wisdom teeth in the presence of acute infection.", "content": "The removal of 720 impacted mandibular third molars in the presence of acute pericoronitis, employing as atraumatic an operative technique as possible, did not give rise to serious complications, such as osteomyelitis, brain abscess, septicemia or facial space abscess. The results have been compared with a control group of 1,000 impacted mandibular third molars extracted without presence of acute infection.", "contents": "Extractions of impacted mandibular wisdom teeth in the presence of acute infection. The removal of 720 impacted mandibular third molars in the presence of acute pericoronitis, employing as atraumatic an operative technique as possible, did not give rise to serious complications, such as osteomyelitis, brain abscess, septicemia or facial space abscess. The results have been compared with a control group of 1,000 impacted mandibular third molars extracted without presence of acute infection.", "PMID": 103853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5945", "title": "Focal osteosclerosis and apical periodontal pathoses in \"European\" and Cape coloured dental outpatients.", "content": "Standardized panoramic radiographs were used to determine and compare the prevalences of focal osteosclerosis (including condensing osteitis) and apical periodontal pathoses in a sequential presenting sample of 600 European and 600 Cape Coloured dental outpatients. Most cases of focal osteosclerosis were found in edentulous zones or associated with carious or inadequately restored teeth; however, some were subjacent to apparently sound teeth. Focal osteosclerosis of definite dental origin was just as common in participants aged 25 years and older as in younger individuals. While focal osteosclerosis occurred predominantly in the mandible, apical periodontal pathoses were distributed more evenly between both jaws.", "contents": "Focal osteosclerosis and apical periodontal pathoses in \"European\" and Cape coloured dental outpatients. Standardized panoramic radiographs were used to determine and compare the prevalences of focal osteosclerosis (including condensing osteitis) and apical periodontal pathoses in a sequential presenting sample of 600 European and 600 Cape Coloured dental outpatients. Most cases of focal osteosclerosis were found in edentulous zones or associated with carious or inadequately restored teeth; however, some were subjacent to apparently sound teeth. Focal osteosclerosis of definite dental origin was just as common in participants aged 25 years and older as in younger individuals. While focal osteosclerosis occurred predominantly in the mandible, apical periodontal pathoses were distributed more evenly between both jaws.", "PMID": 103854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5946", "title": "Miconazole in the treatment of oral candidosis.", "content": "Miconazole was used as sucking tablets in the treatment of oral candidosis in 11 patients in whom other antimycotics had been without effect for at least a preceding 3-month period. Seven out of the 11 patients were cured within 3 weeks, three after 6 and 7 weeks and 3 1/2 months, respectively. In one patient treatment was withdrawn without cure after 3 1/4 months. The taste of the tablets was characterized by four patients as extremely unpleasant. No side effects were seen in any of the patients.", "contents": "Miconazole in the treatment of oral candidosis. Miconazole was used as sucking tablets in the treatment of oral candidosis in 11 patients in whom other antimycotics had been without effect for at least a preceding 3-month period. Seven out of the 11 patients were cured within 3 weeks, three after 6 and 7 weeks and 3 1/2 months, respectively. In one patient treatment was withdrawn without cure after 3 1/4 months. The taste of the tablets was characterized by four patients as extremely unpleasant. No side effects were seen in any of the patients.", "PMID": 103855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5947", "title": "Experimental bacteremia to demonstrate the barrier function of epithelium and connective tissue surrounding oral endosseous implants.", "content": "The barrier function of the peri-pillary epithelial-connective tissue cuff was experimentally tested with 12 endosseous metal blade vents in four beagles. An identified Staphylococcus aureus test strain was suspended in 0.5 ml saline. This bacterial suspension was then instilled into the sulcus of each implant. For stimulation of bacteremia the animals were fed with pelleted dry food. After 5 minutes, venous blood was drawn and incubated. After 72 hours of incubation none of the cultures showed bacterial growth of the test bacteria. In a second experiment 0.5 ml of the bacterial suspension was inoculated intravenously. After 1 h a bacteriological smear and peri-pillary tissue were taken. The specified Staphylococcus aureus was identified with phage typing in only on tissue specimen. This study demonstrates that the pseudo-attachment of the epithelial-connective tissue complex to the  post of metal endosteal implants is functionable. Functionability, however, is endangered if biomechanical imbalance or infection occurs.", "contents": "Experimental bacteremia to demonstrate the barrier function of epithelium and connective tissue surrounding oral endosseous implants. The barrier function of the peri-pillary epithelial-connective tissue cuff was experimentally tested with 12 endosseous metal blade vents in four beagles. An identified Staphylococcus aureus test strain was suspended in 0.5 ml saline. This bacterial suspension was then instilled into the sulcus of each implant. For stimulation of bacteremia the animals were fed with pelleted dry food. After 5 minutes, venous blood was drawn and incubated. After 72 hours of incubation none of the cultures showed bacterial growth of the test bacteria. In a second experiment 0.5 ml of the bacterial suspension was inoculated intravenously. After 1 h a bacteriological smear and peri-pillary tissue were taken. The specified Staphylococcus aureus was identified with phage typing in only on tissue specimen. This study demonstrates that the pseudo-attachment of the epithelial-connective tissue complex to the  post of metal endosteal implants is functionable. Functionability, however, is endangered if biomechanical imbalance or infection occurs.", "PMID": 103856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5948", "title": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia.", "content": "Two cases of necrotizing sialometaplasia are reported together with a review of the literature. This self-limiting benign lesion is easily confused with malignant tumors. The lesions are characterized histologically by an extensive necrosis of the salivary gland tissue together with squamous metaplasia of the ducts. The present report of two females who had intense pain in the initial phase differs from previous reports concerning age and symptoms. The importance of rather extensive biopsy specimens is stressed. Antibiotic treatment appears to be insignificant. A clinical history of allergy and a dominance of eosinophilic granulocytes in the inflammatory exudate in both cases may indicate an allergic etiology.", "contents": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia. Two cases of necrotizing sialometaplasia are reported together with a review of the literature. This self-limiting benign lesion is easily confused with malignant tumors. The lesions are characterized histologically by an extensive necrosis of the salivary gland tissue together with squamous metaplasia of the ducts. The present report of two females who had intense pain in the initial phase differs from previous reports concerning age and symptoms. The importance of rather extensive biopsy specimens is stressed. Antibiotic treatment appears to be insignificant. A clinical history of allergy and a dominance of eosinophilic granulocytes in the inflammatory exudate in both cases may indicate an allergic etiology.", "PMID": 103857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5949", "title": "Lymphosarcoma of the mandible associated with macroglobulinemia of Waldenstr\u00f6m.", "content": "Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia is a rare progressive immunoproliferative disorder involving lymphocytes and occasionally plasma cells. Unlike the multiple myeloma, this disease has minimal osseous lesions. Lesions in the jaws are very rare. This paper presents a case of lymphosarcoma in the mandible in a 68-year-old woman, who was diagnosed as suffering from Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia. The possibility of immunosuppression by Leukeran as an aetiologic factor causing the bone lesions is suggested.", "contents": "Lymphosarcoma of the mandible associated with macroglobulinemia of Waldenstr\u00f6m. Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia is a rare progressive immunoproliferative disorder involving lymphocytes and occasionally plasma cells. Unlike the multiple myeloma, this disease has minimal osseous lesions. Lesions in the jaws are very rare. This paper presents a case of lymphosarcoma in the mandible in a 68-year-old woman, who was diagnosed as suffering from Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia. The possibility of immunosuppression by Leukeran as an aetiologic factor causing the bone lesions is suggested.", "PMID": 103858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5950", "title": "Pressure-dependent changes in nuclei and the process origins of the endothelial cells lining Schlemm's canal.", "content": "Monkeys eyes were fixed with glutaraldehyde in vivo at positive intraocular pressure of 35 or 25 mm Hg and compared with eyes fixed without a positive pressure gradient, with the use of light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The entire endothelial lining of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal ballooned or distended toward the external wall of the canal at positive intraocular pressure. Characteristic nuclear shapes were identified and appeared to result from the increased pressure forcing the lining away from the meshwork opposed by a restraining or anchoring effect of cytoplasmic processes attached to the subendothelial cells and trabecular meshwork. Without positive intraocular pressure endothelial cell nuclei were rounded, with many folds and notches in the nuclear membrane and were not deformed by their cytoplasmic processes. These findings suggest that the cells may be capable of elastic recoil or contraction.", "contents": "Pressure-dependent changes in nuclei and the process origins of the endothelial cells lining Schlemm's canal. Monkeys eyes were fixed with glutaraldehyde in vivo at positive intraocular pressure of 35 or 25 mm Hg and compared with eyes fixed without a positive pressure gradient, with the use of light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The entire endothelial lining of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal ballooned or distended toward the external wall of the canal at positive intraocular pressure. Characteristic nuclear shapes were identified and appeared to result from the increased pressure forcing the lining away from the meshwork opposed by a restraining or anchoring effect of cytoplasmic processes attached to the subendothelial cells and trabecular meshwork. Without positive intraocular pressure endothelial cell nuclei were rounded, with many folds and notches in the nuclear membrane and were not deformed by their cytoplasmic processes. These findings suggest that the cells may be capable of elastic recoil or contraction.", "PMID": 103860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5951", "title": "The regulation of hazards and hazardous behaviors.", "content": "Risks to individuals engaged in \"high risk\" behaviors may be present because of the individual's own actions, as in the case of smoking. Alternatively, the risks may be present either because of factors in the environment such as carcinogens, or because of the causal actions of others, such as pollution by industries. Traditionally, justifications for policies that would control hazards and restrict hazardous behaviors have been based on paternalistic principles or on a theory of social justice. Arguments for both are criticized and rejected in favor of a third alternative rooted in utilitarian moral theory. It is argued that: (1) paternalism leads to unacceptable consequences because it would allow too much limitation of individual liberty by policy makers; (2) justice-based arguments are too abstract for public policy problems and often rest on questionable empirical assumptions; and (3) utilitarian suggestions about the use of cost-benefit analysis for the resolution of these health policy problems are more promising than available alternatives, because they provide a solid moral basis for allocating scarce resources and for controlling hazardous behaviors.", "contents": "The regulation of hazards and hazardous behaviors. Risks to individuals engaged in \"high risk\" behaviors may be present because of the individual's own actions, as in the case of smoking. Alternatively, the risks may be present either because of factors in the environment such as carcinogens, or because of the causal actions of others, such as pollution by industries. Traditionally, justifications for policies that would control hazards and restrict hazardous behaviors have been based on paternalistic principles or on a theory of social justice. Arguments for both are criticized and rejected in favor of a third alternative rooted in utilitarian moral theory. It is argued that: (1) paternalism leads to unacceptable consequences because it would allow too much limitation of individual liberty by policy makers; (2) justice-based arguments are too abstract for public policy problems and often rest on questionable empirical assumptions; and (3) utilitarian suggestions about the use of cost-benefit analysis for the resolution of these health policy problems are more promising than available alternatives, because they provide a solid moral basis for allocating scarce resources and for controlling hazardous behaviors.", "PMID": 103865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5952", "title": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase in lymphocytes of various mammalian species.", "content": "The distribution of purine nucleoside phosphorylase has been assessed by light and electron microscopy in peripheral lymphocytes of man, the rabbit, rat, mouse, guinea-pig, pig and dog. The enzyme activity was detected in the cytosol of the majority of lymphocytes in all species. The amount of reaction product was high in the rabbit, man, guinea-pig and dog, mpderate in the rat and very low in the pig and mouse. Other blood cell types are reactive as well, although there is a variation between species. A possible relationship of purine nucleoside phosphorylase with particular subpopulations of lymphocytes is suggested.", "contents": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase in lymphocytes of various mammalian species. The distribution of purine nucleoside phosphorylase has been assessed by light and electron microscopy in peripheral lymphocytes of man, the rabbit, rat, mouse, guinea-pig, pig and dog. The enzyme activity was detected in the cytosol of the majority of lymphocytes in all species. The amount of reaction product was high in the rabbit, man, guinea-pig and dog, mpderate in the rat and very low in the pig and mouse. Other blood cell types are reactive as well, although there is a variation between species. A possible relationship of purine nucleoside phosphorylase with particular subpopulations of lymphocytes is suggested.", "PMID": 103866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5953", "title": "A histochemical study about the influence of lytic enzymes on plasma membrane enzyme activities in rat liver and kidney.", "content": "1. The effect of lipolytic, glycolytic and proteolytic enzymes on the activities of plasma membrane enzyme activities in rat liver and kidney has been investigated by a pretreatment of tissue sections with the lytic enzymes. 2. The action of the proteolytic enzymes causes a very strong decrease of leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase activity, whereas the activities of ATP-ase, 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase show a lesser decrease. This indicates a different membrane anchorage of leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase as compared to that of the phosphatases. 3. Treatment with glycolytic enzymes results in a decrease of 5'-nucleotidase and ATP-ase activity, whereas liver alkaline phosphatase and leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase show an increase in activity. 4. Treatment with phospholipase C gives about the same results. The very strong decrease of 5'-nucleotidase activity indicates a great dependence on phospholipids.", "contents": "A histochemical study about the influence of lytic enzymes on plasma membrane enzyme activities in rat liver and kidney. 1. The effect of lipolytic, glycolytic and proteolytic enzymes on the activities of plasma membrane enzyme activities in rat liver and kidney has been investigated by a pretreatment of tissue sections with the lytic enzymes. 2. The action of the proteolytic enzymes causes a very strong decrease of leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase activity, whereas the activities of ATP-ase, 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase show a lesser decrease. This indicates a different membrane anchorage of leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase as compared to that of the phosphatases. 3. Treatment with glycolytic enzymes results in a decrease of 5'-nucleotidase and ATP-ase activity, whereas liver alkaline phosphatase and leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase show an increase in activity. 4. Treatment with phospholipase C gives about the same results. The very strong decrease of 5'-nucleotidase activity indicates a great dependence on phospholipids.", "PMID": 103867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5954", "title": "Aggressive approach to intravenous feeding of the critically ill patient.", "content": "Intravenous nutrition has become a necessary part of comprehensive critical care. The guidelines that surround the technique render it both safe and effective, but are not always practical in the patient with sepsis or multisystem failure who has a shortage of sites for catheter insertion. After an 8 year experience in a multidisciplinary ICU in which 40 per cent of patients admitted are fed parenterally, modified techniques have been developed so a more aggressive and liberal approach can be used for treating acutely ill patients. Additional crystalloid fluids and medications can be administered through the TPN catheter, high calorie levels can be used initially, and TPN can be stopped abruptly and insulin dosages as high as 28 U. per hour administered safely. When critically ill patients undergo major surgery TPN may be continued. This is made possible by a well oriented and well trained staff, competent to both follow and act on the results of very close monitoring in a special care area with efficient stat laboratory backing. Complication rates have to be kept low by rigorous supervision of both catheter insertion and aftercare. This has made frequent catheter changes a practical safety measure. Management and monitoring protocols are presented. The well established protocols for the management of TPN are adhered to for the routine support of nutrition.", "contents": "Aggressive approach to intravenous feeding of the critically ill patient. Intravenous nutrition has become a necessary part of comprehensive critical care. The guidelines that surround the technique render it both safe and effective, but are not always practical in the patient with sepsis or multisystem failure who has a shortage of sites for catheter insertion. After an 8 year experience in a multidisciplinary ICU in which 40 per cent of patients admitted are fed parenterally, modified techniques have been developed so a more aggressive and liberal approach can be used for treating acutely ill patients. Additional crystalloid fluids and medications can be administered through the TPN catheter, high calorie levels can be used initially, and TPN can be stopped abruptly and insulin dosages as high as 28 U. per hour administered safely. When critically ill patients undergo major surgery TPN may be continued. This is made possible by a well oriented and well trained staff, competent to both follow and act on the results of very close monitoring in a special care area with efficient stat laboratory backing. Complication rates have to be kept low by rigorous supervision of both catheter insertion and aftercare. This has made frequent catheter changes a practical safety measure. Management and monitoring protocols are presented. The well established protocols for the management of TPN are adhered to for the routine support of nutrition.", "PMID": 103864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5955", "title": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of carbonic anhydrase.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized using human erythroxyte carbonic anhydrase B (HCA B) purified by the modified methods of Armstrong et al. (1966) and Bernstein and Schraer (1972). The globulin fraction was isolated by ammonium sulphate precipitation. The anti-HCA B globulin was specific, when judged using the double diffusion technique of Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoresis. No cross reaction with human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase C was found, but cross reactions with erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase from rat, mouse and guinea pig were observed. Flurorescein isothiocyanate conjugated goat anti-rabbit globulin was used for the localization of HCA B in tissue sections and erythrocytes on slides.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of carbonic anhydrase. Rabbits were immunized using human erythroxyte carbonic anhydrase B (HCA B) purified by the modified methods of Armstrong et al. (1966) and Bernstein and Schraer (1972). The globulin fraction was isolated by ammonium sulphate precipitation. The anti-HCA B globulin was specific, when judged using the double diffusion technique of Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoresis. No cross reaction with human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase C was found, but cross reactions with erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase from rat, mouse and guinea pig were observed. Flurorescein isothiocyanate conjugated goat anti-rabbit globulin was used for the localization of HCA B in tissue sections and erythrocytes on slides.", "PMID": 103868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5956", "title": "[Tetrazolium methods for the histochemical investigation of hydrolases (author's transl)].", "content": "Using freeze-dried or sections from fresh-frozen or aldehyde-fixed material nitro BT (NBT), tetranito BT (TNBT), distyryl nitro BT (DS-NBT), thiocarbamyl nitro BT (TC-NBT) or benzothiazolylstyrylphthalhydrazidyl tetrazolium chloride (BSPT) were tested as auxiliary reagents for the localization of glycosidases, phosphatases and non-specific esterases with indoxyl substrates in rat tissues. By means of NBT or TNBT as a tetrazolium salt acid beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, neuraminidase and non-specific esterase can only be localized at the cellular level; a more precise localization is possible for lactase-beta-D-glucosidase in the intestinal brush border, and the best results are obtained in the demonstration of alkaline phosphatase; among all methods described previously the tetrazolium procedure with TNBT is the method of choice for the light microscopic localization of this enzyme. Reverse data are observed with BSPT as a tetrazolium salt; then, all acid and neutral hydrolases can be exactly localized in lysosomes, secretion granules, cytoplasm and/or microvilli of many cells and tissues provided BSPT-formazan is stabilized by osmification. Furthermore, this procedure enables the reliable ultracytochemical demonstration of these enzymes. However, in the case of alkaline phosphatase only sites with high enzyme activity reveal a positive reaction. -DS- and TC-NBT are inferior to NBT, TNBT or BSPT.", "contents": "[Tetrazolium methods for the histochemical investigation of hydrolases (author's transl)]. Using freeze-dried or sections from fresh-frozen or aldehyde-fixed material nitro BT (NBT), tetranito BT (TNBT), distyryl nitro BT (DS-NBT), thiocarbamyl nitro BT (TC-NBT) or benzothiazolylstyrylphthalhydrazidyl tetrazolium chloride (BSPT) were tested as auxiliary reagents for the localization of glycosidases, phosphatases and non-specific esterases with indoxyl substrates in rat tissues. By means of NBT or TNBT as a tetrazolium salt acid beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, neuraminidase and non-specific esterase can only be localized at the cellular level; a more precise localization is possible for lactase-beta-D-glucosidase in the intestinal brush border, and the best results are obtained in the demonstration of alkaline phosphatase; among all methods described previously the tetrazolium procedure with TNBT is the method of choice for the light microscopic localization of this enzyme. Reverse data are observed with BSPT as a tetrazolium salt; then, all acid and neutral hydrolases can be exactly localized in lysosomes, secretion granules, cytoplasm and/or microvilli of many cells and tissues provided BSPT-formazan is stabilized by osmification. Furthermore, this procedure enables the reliable ultracytochemical demonstration of these enzymes. However, in the case of alkaline phosphatase only sites with high enzyme activity reveal a positive reaction. -DS- and TC-NBT are inferior to NBT, TNBT or BSPT.", "PMID": 103869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5957", "title": "The use of Rhodamin B for the identification of injected horseradish peroxidase in the brain.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase injected into the brain of the marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy following histochemical reaction with homovanillic acid and Rhodamin B. Usefulness and efficiency of the method are discussed in comparison with other procedures for the demonstration of HRP.", "contents": "The use of Rhodamin B for the identification of injected horseradish peroxidase in the brain. Horseradish peroxidase injected into the brain of the marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy following histochemical reaction with homovanillic acid and Rhodamin B. Usefulness and efficiency of the method are discussed in comparison with other procedures for the demonstration of HRP.", "PMID": 103870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5958", "title": "Airway responses to histamine and methocholine in Ascaris suum-allergic rhesus monkeys.", "content": "We performed dose-response curves to inhaled histamine (H) and methacholine (MC) in a group of eight rhesus monkeys, with and without natural allergy to Ascaris suum antigen (AA). The animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, 25 mg/kg im and studied in a volume-displacement body plethysmograph. The dose of H or MC producing a 50% increase in pulmonary resistance (RL) was used to determine sensitivity to these agents and the increase in RL at a given dose was employed as a measure of reactivity. Sensitivity and reactivity to H and MC were then compared with AA responsiveness. A wide range of responses was observed but allergic animals were not more sensitive or reactive to H or MC than nonallergic animals. In addition, we studied the changes in breathing pattern that occurred during the inhalation of AA, H, and MC in four AA-sensitive animals. AA and H produced rapid shallow breathing within 30 s of starting inhalation, but MC, despite causing an equal degree of bronchoconstriction, did not produce alterations in breathing pattern.", "contents": "Airway responses to histamine and methocholine in Ascaris suum-allergic rhesus monkeys. We performed dose-response curves to inhaled histamine (H) and methacholine (MC) in a group of eight rhesus monkeys, with and without natural allergy to Ascaris suum antigen (AA). The animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, 25 mg/kg im and studied in a volume-displacement body plethysmograph. The dose of H or MC producing a 50% increase in pulmonary resistance (RL) was used to determine sensitivity to these agents and the increase in RL at a given dose was employed as a measure of reactivity. Sensitivity and reactivity to H and MC were then compared with AA responsiveness. A wide range of responses was observed but allergic animals were not more sensitive or reactive to H or MC than nonallergic animals. In addition, we studied the changes in breathing pattern that occurred during the inhalation of AA, H, and MC in four AA-sensitive animals. AA and H produced rapid shallow breathing within 30 s of starting inhalation, but MC, despite causing an equal degree of bronchoconstriction, did not produce alterations in breathing pattern.", "PMID": 103872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5959", "title": "Induced synthesis of immunoglobulin messenger RNA accompanies induction of immunoglobulin production in cultured mouse spleen cells.", "content": "Immunoglobulin kappa type light chain mRNA (Lkappa mRNA) accumulated in parallel with secretion of immunoglobulin M in cultured mouse spleen cells activated by lipopolysaccharide. Actinomycin D suppressed the accumulation of kappa chain mRNA completely without affecting the degradation rate of kappa chain mRNA. The half life of kappa chain mRNA was about 9 h. Available evidence indicates that lipopolysaccharide stimulates de novo synthesis of kappa chain mRNA. The accumulation of kappa chain mRNA was markedly suppressed by inhibitors of DNA or protein synthesis such as hydroxyurea, cytosine arabinoside and cycloheximide.", "contents": "Induced synthesis of immunoglobulin messenger RNA accompanies induction of immunoglobulin production in cultured mouse spleen cells. Immunoglobulin kappa type light chain mRNA (Lkappa mRNA) accumulated in parallel with secretion of immunoglobulin M in cultured mouse spleen cells activated by lipopolysaccharide. Actinomycin D suppressed the accumulation of kappa chain mRNA completely without affecting the degradation rate of kappa chain mRNA. The half life of kappa chain mRNA was about 9 h. Available evidence indicates that lipopolysaccharide stimulates de novo synthesis of kappa chain mRNA. The accumulation of kappa chain mRNA was markedly suppressed by inhibitors of DNA or protein synthesis such as hydroxyurea, cytosine arabinoside and cycloheximide.", "PMID": 103878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5960", "title": "Binding of [125I] wheat germ agglutinin to Chinese hamster ovary cells under conditions which affect the mobility of membrane components.", "content": "The binding of [125I]wheat germ agglutinin ([125I]WGA) of high specific activity to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has been examined over a millionfold range of WGA concentrations and correlated with the phenomena of agglutination and capping by WGA. Analysis of the binding data by the method of Scatchard gives a complex curve indicative of positive cooperativity amongst high-affinity binding sites. Binding assays performed under conditions which inhibit capping and/or agglutination, such as low temperature or glutaraldehyde fixation, give similarly complex binding curves. Thus, the gross mobility of WGA receptors in the membrane does not appear to be responsible for the cooperative binding of WGA to CHO cells.", "contents": "Binding of [125I] wheat germ agglutinin to Chinese hamster ovary cells under conditions which affect the mobility of membrane components. The binding of [125I]wheat germ agglutinin ([125I]WGA) of high specific activity to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has been examined over a millionfold range of WGA concentrations and correlated with the phenomena of agglutination and capping by WGA. Analysis of the binding data by the method of Scatchard gives a complex curve indicative of positive cooperativity amongst high-affinity binding sites. Binding assays performed under conditions which inhibit capping and/or agglutination, such as low temperature or glutaraldehyde fixation, give similarly complex binding curves. Thus, the gross mobility of WGA receptors in the membrane does not appear to be responsible for the cooperative binding of WGA to CHO cells.", "PMID": 103881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5961", "title": "Mediation of pinocytosis in cultured arterial smooth muscle and endothelial cells by platelet-derived growth factor.", "content": "Pinocytosis was measured in monkey aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC), bovine aortic endothelial cells, and Swiss 3T3 cells in culture as cellular uptake of [U-(14)C]sucrose and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from the tissue culture medium. Monkey arterial SMC and Swiss 3T3 cells were maintained in a quiescent state of growth at low cells density in medium containing 5 percent monkey plasma-derived serum (PDS). Replacement of PDS with 5 percent monkey whole blood serum (WBS) from the same donor, or addition to PDS of partially purified platelet-derived growth factor(s) (PF), resulted in a marked stimulation of pinocytosis as well as of cellular proliferation. In SMC, enhancement of the rate of pinocytosis occurred 4-6 h after exposure to WBS or PF, and the rate was up to twofold higher than the rate in medium containing PDS. In contrast, [(3)H]thymidine uptake by SMC did not increase until 12-16 h after exposure to PF. In endothelial cells the presence of PF or WBS did not enhance either the rate of pinocytosis or the rate of proliferation over that in PDS. Thus, endothelial cells did not become quiescent at subconfluent densities in PDS but maintained rates of proliferation and pinocytosis that were equivalent to those in WBS. By autoradiography, the fraction of labeled nuclei in SMC cultures 24 h after change of medium increased from 0.061 +/- 0.004 in quiescent cultures to 0.313 +/- 0.028 after exposure to WBS or PF. In contrast, labeling indices of endothelial cells were similar for cultures grown in PDS, WBS, or PF at any single time point after change of medium. These findings suggest that the rate of pinocytosis maybe be coupled in some fashion to growth regulation, which may be mediated in part by specific growth factors, such as that derived from the thrombocyte.", "contents": "Mediation of pinocytosis in cultured arterial smooth muscle and endothelial cells by platelet-derived growth factor. Pinocytosis was measured in monkey aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC), bovine aortic endothelial cells, and Swiss 3T3 cells in culture as cellular uptake of [U-(14)C]sucrose and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from the tissue culture medium. Monkey arterial SMC and Swiss 3T3 cells were maintained in a quiescent state of growth at low cells density in medium containing 5 percent monkey plasma-derived serum (PDS). Replacement of PDS with 5 percent monkey whole blood serum (WBS) from the same donor, or addition to PDS of partially purified platelet-derived growth factor(s) (PF), resulted in a marked stimulation of pinocytosis as well as of cellular proliferation. In SMC, enhancement of the rate of pinocytosis occurred 4-6 h after exposure to WBS or PF, and the rate was up to twofold higher than the rate in medium containing PDS. In contrast, [(3)H]thymidine uptake by SMC did not increase until 12-16 h after exposure to PF. In endothelial cells the presence of PF or WBS did not enhance either the rate of pinocytosis or the rate of proliferation over that in PDS. Thus, endothelial cells did not become quiescent at subconfluent densities in PDS but maintained rates of proliferation and pinocytosis that were equivalent to those in WBS. By autoradiography, the fraction of labeled nuclei in SMC cultures 24 h after change of medium increased from 0.061 +/- 0.004 in quiescent cultures to 0.313 +/- 0.028 after exposure to WBS or PF. In contrast, labeling indices of endothelial cells were similar for cultures grown in PDS, WBS, or PF at any single time point after change of medium. These findings suggest that the rate of pinocytosis maybe be coupled in some fashion to growth regulation, which may be mediated in part by specific growth factors, such as that derived from the thrombocyte.", "PMID": 103882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5962", "title": "Comparative studies of intracellular transport of secretory proteins.", "content": "The physiology of protein intracellular transport and secretion by cell types thought to be free from short-term control has been compared with that of the pancreatic acinar cell, using pulse-chase protocols to follow biosynthetically-labeled secretory products. Data previously obtained (Tartakoff, A.M., and P. Vassalli. J. Exp. Med. 146:1332-1345) has shown that plasma-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion is inhibited by respiratory inhibitors, by partial Na/K equilibration effected by the carboxylic ionophore monensin, and by calcium withdrawal effected by the carboxylic ionophore A 23187 in the presence of ethylene glycol bis (beta-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and absence of calcium. We report here that both inhibition of respiration and treatment with monensin slow secretion by fibroblasts, and also macrophages and slow intracellular transport (though not discharge per se) by the exocrine pancreatic cells. Attempted calcium withdrawal is inhibitory for fibroblasts but not for macrophages. The elimination of extracellular calcium or addition of 50 mM KCl has no major effect on secretory rate of either fibroblasts or macrophages. Electron microscopic examination of all cell types shows that monensin causes a rapid and impressive dilation of Golgi elements. Combined cell fractionation and autoradiographic studies of the pancreas show that the effect of monensin is exerted at the point of the exit of secretory protein from the Golgi apparatus. Other steps in intracellular transport proceed at normal rates. These observations suggest a common effect of the cytoplasmic Na/K balance at the Golgi level and lead to a model of intracellular transport in which secretory product obligatorily passes through Golgi elements (cisternae?) that are sensitive to monensin. Thus, intracellular transport follows a similar course in both regulated and nonregulated secretory cells up to the level of distal Golgi elements.", "contents": "Comparative studies of intracellular transport of secretory proteins. The physiology of protein intracellular transport and secretion by cell types thought to be free from short-term control has been compared with that of the pancreatic acinar cell, using pulse-chase protocols to follow biosynthetically-labeled secretory products. Data previously obtained (Tartakoff, A.M., and P. Vassalli. J. Exp. Med. 146:1332-1345) has shown that plasma-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion is inhibited by respiratory inhibitors, by partial Na/K equilibration effected by the carboxylic ionophore monensin, and by calcium withdrawal effected by the carboxylic ionophore A 23187 in the presence of ethylene glycol bis (beta-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and absence of calcium. We report here that both inhibition of respiration and treatment with monensin slow secretion by fibroblasts, and also macrophages and slow intracellular transport (though not discharge per se) by the exocrine pancreatic cells. Attempted calcium withdrawal is inhibitory for fibroblasts but not for macrophages. The elimination of extracellular calcium or addition of 50 mM KCl has no major effect on secretory rate of either fibroblasts or macrophages. Electron microscopic examination of all cell types shows that monensin causes a rapid and impressive dilation of Golgi elements. Combined cell fractionation and autoradiographic studies of the pancreas show that the effect of monensin is exerted at the point of the exit of secretory protein from the Golgi apparatus. Other steps in intracellular transport proceed at normal rates. These observations suggest a common effect of the cytoplasmic Na/K balance at the Golgi level and lead to a model of intracellular transport in which secretory product obligatorily passes through Golgi elements (cisternae?) that are sensitive to monensin. Thus, intracellular transport follows a similar course in both regulated and nonregulated secretory cells up to the level of distal Golgi elements.", "PMID": 103883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5963", "title": "Scalar constraints in Tetrahymena evolution. Quantitative basal body variations within and between species.", "content": "Tetrahymenas of 17 species of the T. pyriformis complex have been stained with protargol and analyzed for numbers of basal bodies in half cells just before cell division. At this stage, cells of all strains manifest considerable variation in numbers of basal bodies; the coefficient of variation (sigma/m) is usually between 0.05 and 0.10. Much of this variability is observed in cells in the same nutritional state, at the same stage of the growth cycle, and in the same part of the life cycle. The basal body variability may be related to the variation in macronuclear DNA content that results from the imprecise amitotic macronuclear division. With a few exceptions, strains of different species are difficult to distinguish on the basis of basal body numbers. The species means in the samples examined show a range only from 234 (T. furgasoni) to 481 (T. capricornis), about a twofold difference. This limited variation in the means suggests that these organisms are constrained within narrow limited by some scalar function of their organismic design, which prevents an evolutionary size dispersion--even though molecular scrambling has occurred in the complex at an appreciable rate for a very long evolutionary interval.", "contents": "Scalar constraints in Tetrahymena evolution. Quantitative basal body variations within and between species. Tetrahymenas of 17 species of the T. pyriformis complex have been stained with protargol and analyzed for numbers of basal bodies in half cells just before cell division. At this stage, cells of all strains manifest considerable variation in numbers of basal bodies; the coefficient of variation (sigma/m) is usually between 0.05 and 0.10. Much of this variability is observed in cells in the same nutritional state, at the same stage of the growth cycle, and in the same part of the life cycle. The basal body variability may be related to the variation in macronuclear DNA content that results from the imprecise amitotic macronuclear division. With a few exceptions, strains of different species are difficult to distinguish on the basis of basal body numbers. The species means in the samples examined show a range only from 234 (T. furgasoni) to 481 (T. capricornis), about a twofold difference. This limited variation in the means suggests that these organisms are constrained within narrow limited by some scalar function of their organismic design, which prevents an evolutionary size dispersion--even though molecular scrambling has occurred in the complex at an appreciable rate for a very long evolutionary interval.", "PMID": 103884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5964", "title": "Physiological quiescence in plasma-derived serum: influence of platelet-derived growth factor on cell growth in culture.", "content": "A platelet-derived growth factor can be shown to be the principal stimulant of DNA synthesis in whole blood serum for those cells that require serum for maintenance and growth in culture. Cell free plasma-derived serum lacks such platelet-derived material. 3T3 cells and primate arterial smooth muscle cells can be maintained in a quiescent state in culture for as long as six weeks in plasma-derived serum. Such cells can grow logarithmically after exposure to  5% whole blood serum or as little as 100 ng/ml of partially purified platelet factor. The cell cycle of smooth muscle cells has been studied in the quiescent (5% plasma-derived serum) and growing state (5% whole blood serum or 5% plasma-derived serum plus platelet factor). The generation time of smooth muscle cells is 16 to 18 hours as shown by autoradiographic frequency of labelled mitoses. The generation time is the same for cells in the growth fraction in either 5% whole blood serum or 5% plasma-derived serum. Thus, platelet factor acts by recruiting cells into the growth fraction rather than effecting a change in the duration of the cell cycle. Flow microfluorimetry studies on cells growing logarithmically in 5% whole blood serum give the following phase durations: G1 = 5.6 hours; S = 7.6 hours; and G2 + M = 3.8 hours. Based on these studies the argument is presented that cells cultured in 5% plasma-derived serum provide a more physiological base for the study of quiescence than do cells in low concentrations of whole blood serum or confluent, density inhibited cells at high (5% or greater) concentrations of whole blood serum. Furthermore, 5% plasma-derived serum represents an appropriate state to examine the perturbation of quiescent cells.", "contents": "Physiological quiescence in plasma-derived serum: influence of platelet-derived growth factor on cell growth in culture. A platelet-derived growth factor can be shown to be the principal stimulant of DNA synthesis in whole blood serum for those cells that require serum for maintenance and growth in culture. Cell free plasma-derived serum lacks such platelet-derived material. 3T3 cells and primate arterial smooth muscle cells can be maintained in a quiescent state in culture for as long as six weeks in plasma-derived serum. Such cells can grow logarithmically after exposure to  5% whole blood serum or as little as 100 ng/ml of partially purified platelet factor. The cell cycle of smooth muscle cells has been studied in the quiescent (5% plasma-derived serum) and growing state (5% whole blood serum or 5% plasma-derived serum plus platelet factor). The generation time of smooth muscle cells is 16 to 18 hours as shown by autoradiographic frequency of labelled mitoses. The generation time is the same for cells in the growth fraction in either 5% whole blood serum or 5% plasma-derived serum. Thus, platelet factor acts by recruiting cells into the growth fraction rather than effecting a change in the duration of the cell cycle. Flow microfluorimetry studies on cells growing logarithmically in 5% whole blood serum give the following phase durations: G1 = 5.6 hours; S = 7.6 hours; and G2 + M = 3.8 hours. Based on these studies the argument is presented that cells cultured in 5% plasma-derived serum provide a more physiological base for the study of quiescence than do cells in low concentrations of whole blood serum or confluent, density inhibited cells at high (5% or greater) concentrations of whole blood serum. Furthermore, 5% plasma-derived serum represents an appropriate state to examine the perturbation of quiescent cells.", "PMID": 103885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5965", "title": "Isolation of 57Co-cobalamin coenzymes at high specific activity from Streptomyces griseus.", "content": "The distribution of radio-labelled cobalamins in Streptomyces griseus grown in medium containing 57Co-cobalt chloride has been estimated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and bioautography. 57Co-Methylocobalamin (Me[57Co]Cbl) was the major form in the mycelium together with smaller amounts of 57Co-adenosylcobalamin (Ado[57Co]Cbl) and 57Co-hydroxocobalamin (OH[57Co]Cbl). The OH[57Co]Cbl was detected in three forms having, respectively, anionic, cationic and neutral properties. A simple technique has been developed to isolate and purify Me[57Co]Cbl and Ado[57Co]Cbl from the mycelium using column chromatography on ion-exchange celluloses. Small quantities of each cobalamin coenzyme have been obtained at 90--96% purity and specific activities of 190--230 muCi/microgram.", "contents": "Isolation of 57Co-cobalamin coenzymes at high specific activity from Streptomyces griseus. The distribution of radio-labelled cobalamins in Streptomyces griseus grown in medium containing 57Co-cobalt chloride has been estimated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and bioautography. 57Co-Methylocobalamin (Me[57Co]Cbl) was the major form in the mycelium together with smaller amounts of 57Co-adenosylcobalamin (Ado[57Co]Cbl) and 57Co-hydroxocobalamin (OH[57Co]Cbl). The OH[57Co]Cbl was detected in three forms having, respectively, anionic, cationic and neutral properties. A simple technique has been developed to isolate and purify Me[57Co]Cbl and Ado[57Co]Cbl from the mycelium using column chromatography on ion-exchange celluloses. Small quantities of each cobalamin coenzyme have been obtained at 90--96% purity and specific activities of 190--230 muCi/microgram.", "PMID": 103886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5966", "title": "Type-specific indirect hemagglutinating antibody in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide antigens were extracted from heated cell extracts of several serotypes of Pseudonomas aeruginosa. Indirect hemagglutination with the extracts indicated specific reactivity with sera from rabbits immunized with homologous serotypes of P. aeruginosa. Sera from healthy adults and patients infected with P. aeruginosa were studied subsequently and shown to possess antibodies against P. aeurginosa. In patients infected with P. aeruginosa type E, indirect hemagglutination antibody against type E was resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and classified as immunoglobulin G. In patients infected with any other type of P. aeruginosa and in healthy adults, it was sensitive to 2-ME and classified as immunoglobulin M. The antibody in the seven patients infected with P. aeruginosa was titrated during the course of infection with lipopolysaccharide antigen prepared from the infecting strain. As a result, all patients either possessed 2-ME-resistant antibody or showed antibody rise to homotypic antigen during the infection. However, no patient showed 2-ME-resistant antibody against hetero-typic lipopolysaccharide antigens. In hospitalized patients, the incidence of anti body against type E, G, and I Pseudomonas strains was greater than that against type A. In particular, 2-ME-resistant antibody to all four serotypes was detected at a higher rate in hospitalized patients than in healthy adults.", "contents": "Type-specific indirect hemagglutinating antibody in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. Lipopolysaccharide antigens were extracted from heated cell extracts of several serotypes of Pseudonomas aeruginosa. Indirect hemagglutination with the extracts indicated specific reactivity with sera from rabbits immunized with homologous serotypes of P. aeruginosa. Sera from healthy adults and patients infected with P. aeruginosa were studied subsequently and shown to possess antibodies against P. aeurginosa. In patients infected with P. aeruginosa type E, indirect hemagglutination antibody against type E was resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and classified as immunoglobulin G. In patients infected with any other type of P. aeruginosa and in healthy adults, it was sensitive to 2-ME and classified as immunoglobulin M. The antibody in the seven patients infected with P. aeruginosa was titrated during the course of infection with lipopolysaccharide antigen prepared from the infecting strain. As a result, all patients either possessed 2-ME-resistant antibody or showed antibody rise to homotypic antigen during the infection. However, no patient showed 2-ME-resistant antibody against hetero-typic lipopolysaccharide antigens. In hospitalized patients, the incidence of anti body against type E, G, and I Pseudomonas strains was greater than that against type A. In particular, 2-ME-resistant antibody to all four serotypes was detected at a higher rate in hospitalized patients than in healthy adults.", "PMID": 103887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5967", "title": "Utilization of a specific in vitro lymphocyte immunostimulation assay as an aid in detection of brucella-infected cattle not detected by serological tests.", "content": "Studies using the in vitro lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) were conducted with cattle in a dairy herd with a high percentage of reactors to several serological tests for brucellosis. Lymphocytes were prepared from peripheral bovine blood by the Ficoll-diatrizoate technique. Lymphocytes were cultured using microtitration culture plates. Brucella abortus soluble antigen, at a concentration of 4.4 microgram/culture, was added to the appropriate wells of microtitration culture plates and incubated for 6 days. The lymphocyte stimulation responses were measured by assaying for [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. Seroagglutination tests were conducted simultaneously with the LST, and tissues were collected after slaughter of the cattle for bacteriological culture to isolate B. abortus. All 21 animals studied were serologically negative for anti-brucella antibodies. Two of the 21 animals were classified as infected with Brucella by the LST, and B. abortus biotype 1 was isolated from tissues of these same two animals. The LST exhibited significant sensitivity and specificity in this study, and more observations of this nature might strengthen the application of this assay as an aid in the diagnosis of brucellosis.", "contents": "Utilization of a specific in vitro lymphocyte immunostimulation assay as an aid in detection of brucella-infected cattle not detected by serological tests. Studies using the in vitro lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) were conducted with cattle in a dairy herd with a high percentage of reactors to several serological tests for brucellosis. Lymphocytes were prepared from peripheral bovine blood by the Ficoll-diatrizoate technique. Lymphocytes were cultured using microtitration culture plates. Brucella abortus soluble antigen, at a concentration of 4.4 microgram/culture, was added to the appropriate wells of microtitration culture plates and incubated for 6 days. The lymphocyte stimulation responses were measured by assaying for [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. Seroagglutination tests were conducted simultaneously with the LST, and tissues were collected after slaughter of the cattle for bacteriological culture to isolate B. abortus. All 21 animals studied were serologically negative for anti-brucella antibodies. Two of the 21 animals were classified as infected with Brucella by the LST, and B. abortus biotype 1 was isolated from tissues of these same two animals. The LST exhibited significant sensitivity and specificity in this study, and more observations of this nature might strengthen the application of this assay as an aid in the diagnosis of brucellosis.", "PMID": 103888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5968", "title": "Immunodiagnosis of histoplasmosis in a compromised host.", "content": "Three serological tests for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis were compared for sensitivity and specificity in serum from blood bank donors, patients with histoplasmosis, and infected or noninfected immunosuppressed patients. The histoplasmin latex agglutination test was positive in 9% of the normal patients, 33% of the histoplasmosis patients, and 61% of the noninfected immunosuppressed patients. Since the test is prone to many false-positive results in patients with inflammatory diseases or non-Histoplasma infections, it has limited potential as a screening test among compromised patients. Immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis using a mycelial antigen were found to be more sensitive than either test using a combined yeast and mycelial antigen or a pure yeast phase antigen. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis at pH 7.2 proved to be the test of choice for serodiagnosis of histoplasmosis, resolving 85% of the immunocompetent infected patients and 100% of the infected immunosuppressed patients. Results indicated that counterimmunoelectrophoresis in conjunction with immunodiffusion could be used as a screening protocol to determine infection in incoming patients in a cancer hospital.", "contents": "Immunodiagnosis of histoplasmosis in a compromised host. Three serological tests for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis were compared for sensitivity and specificity in serum from blood bank donors, patients with histoplasmosis, and infected or noninfected immunosuppressed patients. The histoplasmin latex agglutination test was positive in 9% of the normal patients, 33% of the histoplasmosis patients, and 61% of the noninfected immunosuppressed patients. Since the test is prone to many false-positive results in patients with inflammatory diseases or non-Histoplasma infections, it has limited potential as a screening test among compromised patients. Immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis using a mycelial antigen were found to be more sensitive than either test using a combined yeast and mycelial antigen or a pure yeast phase antigen. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis at pH 7.2 proved to be the test of choice for serodiagnosis of histoplasmosis, resolving 85% of the immunocompetent infected patients and 100% of the infected immunosuppressed patients. Results indicated that counterimmunoelectrophoresis in conjunction with immunodiffusion could be used as a screening protocol to determine infection in incoming patients in a cancer hospital.", "PMID": 103889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5969", "title": "Counterimmunoelectrophoretic detection of a high incidence of precipitin reactions in normal human sera against staphylococcal teichoic acids and protein A.", "content": "The use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) for detection of serum antibodies to staphylococcal teichoic acids was evaluated against teichoic acids prepared by sonic treatment or lysostaphin extraction of Staphylococcus aureus (Lafferty strain). Of 54 patient sera from suspected cases of staphylococcal endocarditis, osteomyelitis, or septicemia, 33 (61.1%) were positive by CIE analysis; however, 128 of 291 sera (44.0%) from normal adult donors were also positive. Selected CIE-positive sera from patient and control groups were titered by Ouchterlony gel diffusion. In the control group of normal sera, 65% were also positive by gel diffusion, but only 15% had titers of >/=1:2. Of the patient sera, 44.4% had gel diffusion titers of >/=1:2. In addition to the specific teichoic acid band, a second precipitation band could be demonstrated with both patient or normal sera by CIE or gel diffusion. This second precipitin band was shown to involve interactions of test sera with staphylococcal protein A present in the teichoic acid extracts. The protein A precipitins were detected at high concentrations of the antigen extracts, whereas the anti-teichoic acid precipitins were optimally detected at lower antigen concentrations. The formation of protein A precipitin bands did not correlate with the presence of anti-teichoic acid antibodies, as most sera tested were positive for protein A regardless of anti-teichoic acid activity. This study suggests that a high incidence of normal people have levels of antibodies to teichoic acids which are detectable by the highly sensitive, but nonspecific, technique of CIE.", "contents": "Counterimmunoelectrophoretic detection of a high incidence of precipitin reactions in normal human sera against staphylococcal teichoic acids and protein A. The use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) for detection of serum antibodies to staphylococcal teichoic acids was evaluated against teichoic acids prepared by sonic treatment or lysostaphin extraction of Staphylococcus aureus (Lafferty strain). Of 54 patient sera from suspected cases of staphylococcal endocarditis, osteomyelitis, or septicemia, 33 (61.1%) were positive by CIE analysis; however, 128 of 291 sera (44.0%) from normal adult donors were also positive. Selected CIE-positive sera from patient and control groups were titered by Ouchterlony gel diffusion. In the control group of normal sera, 65% were also positive by gel diffusion, but only 15% had titers of >/=1:2. Of the patient sera, 44.4% had gel diffusion titers of >/=1:2. In addition to the specific teichoic acid band, a second precipitation band could be demonstrated with both patient or normal sera by CIE or gel diffusion. This second precipitin band was shown to involve interactions of test sera with staphylococcal protein A present in the teichoic acid extracts. The protein A precipitins were detected at high concentrations of the antigen extracts, whereas the anti-teichoic acid precipitins were optimally detected at lower antigen concentrations. The formation of protein A precipitin bands did not correlate with the presence of anti-teichoic acid antibodies, as most sera tested were positive for protein A regardless of anti-teichoic acid activity. This study suggests that a high incidence of normal people have levels of antibodies to teichoic acids which are detectable by the highly sensitive, but nonspecific, technique of CIE.", "PMID": 103890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5970", "title": "Plaque assay for measuring serum bactericidal activity against gonococci.", "content": "A new semiquantitative plaque assay was developed to measure killing of gonococci by serum. Results compare well with an established quantitative method, but the plaque assay is faster, simpler, and less expensive.", "contents": "Plaque assay for measuring serum bactericidal activity against gonococci. A new semiquantitative plaque assay was developed to measure killing of gonococci by serum. Results compare well with an established quantitative method, but the plaque assay is faster, simpler, and less expensive.", "PMID": 103891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5971", "title": "Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup 135.", "content": "The first descriptions of meningitis in childhood caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup 135 are presented. Difficulties with identification of unusual serogroups of N. meningitidis are discussed.", "contents": "Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup 135. The first descriptions of meningitis in childhood caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup 135 are presented. Difficulties with identification of unusual serogroups of N. meningitidis are discussed.", "PMID": 103892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5972", "title": "Adult polycystic kidney disease: ultrasonographic and computed tomographic appearance.", "content": "Sixteen patients with adult polycystic kidney disease (PKD) were studied by gray scale B mode ultrasonography. The nephrosonographic appearance of adult PKD is a spectrum ranging from kidneys of normal size to enlarged kidneys with multiple variable-sized cysts. Strong focal cortical echoes were present in patients with only small cysts in the renal cortex. Hepatic cysts, which appeared as sharply marginated anechoic regions within the liver parenchyma, were detected by ultrasound in 50% of our patients. Hepatic and renal cysts appeared on computed tomograms as sharply defined, ovoid areas of low attenuation. There was good diagnostic correlation between ultrasonography and computed tomograms as sharply defined, ovoid areas of low attenuation. There was good diagnostic correlation between ultrasonography and computed tomography. Ultrasound and computed tomography are accurate methods for diagnosis of adult PKD; however, the ability to diagnose quickly and noninvasively both renal involvement and associated extrarenal involvement makes ultrasound the procedure of choice for diagnosis, screening, and followup.", "contents": "Adult polycystic kidney disease: ultrasonographic and computed tomographic appearance. Sixteen patients with adult polycystic kidney disease (PKD) were studied by gray scale B mode ultrasonography. The nephrosonographic appearance of adult PKD is a spectrum ranging from kidneys of normal size to enlarged kidneys with multiple variable-sized cysts. Strong focal cortical echoes were present in patients with only small cysts in the renal cortex. Hepatic cysts, which appeared as sharply marginated anechoic regions within the liver parenchyma, were detected by ultrasound in 50% of our patients. Hepatic and renal cysts appeared on computed tomograms as sharply defined, ovoid areas of low attenuation. There was good diagnostic correlation between ultrasonography and computed tomograms as sharply defined, ovoid areas of low attenuation. There was good diagnostic correlation between ultrasonography and computed tomography. Ultrasound and computed tomography are accurate methods for diagnosis of adult PKD; however, the ability to diagnose quickly and noninvasively both renal involvement and associated extrarenal involvement makes ultrasound the procedure of choice for diagnosis, screening, and followup.", "PMID": 103893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5973", "title": "On the measurement and specification of acoustic output generated by pulsed ultrasonic diagnostic equipment.", "content": "The method of describing acoustic output generated by pulsed equipment has not been fully formalized and is often inadequately specified. This paper discusses the terms that we have found useful to specify the acoustic output generated by pulsed diagnostic equipment and proposes additional terms that allow a more complete description of irradiation dosage. The application of the proposed specification is illustrated by measurements made on a typical contact echoscope.", "contents": "On the measurement and specification of acoustic output generated by pulsed ultrasonic diagnostic equipment. The method of describing acoustic output generated by pulsed equipment has not been fully formalized and is often inadequately specified. This paper discusses the terms that we have found useful to specify the acoustic output generated by pulsed diagnostic equipment and proposes additional terms that allow a more complete description of irradiation dosage. The application of the proposed specification is illustrated by measurements made on a typical contact echoscope.", "PMID": 103894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5974", "title": "The liquid-filled stomach--an ultrasonic window to the upper abdomen.", "content": "An ultrasonic window to the upper abdomen is creasted by (a) filling the fasting stomach with methylcellulose suspension, (b) administering glucagon intravenously, and (c) examining the patient prone. Glucagon relaxes the gastric musculature and the prone position allows the stomach gas to rise to the fundus. This enables assessment of the relationships of the stomach to adjacent structures and permits display of structures forming the stomach bed. The equipment used was a commercially available water-delay system with wide-aperture focused transducers. The system gives good resolution and allows the gastric musculature to be distinguished from the mucosa and its overlying mucus.", "contents": "The liquid-filled stomach--an ultrasonic window to the upper abdomen. An ultrasonic window to the upper abdomen is creasted by (a) filling the fasting stomach with methylcellulose suspension, (b) administering glucagon intravenously, and (c) examining the patient prone. Glucagon relaxes the gastric musculature and the prone position allows the stomach gas to rise to the fundus. This enables assessment of the relationships of the stomach to adjacent structures and permits display of structures forming the stomach bed. The equipment used was a commercially available water-delay system with wide-aperture focused transducers. The system gives good resolution and allows the gastric musculature to be distinguished from the mucosa and its overlying mucus.", "PMID": 103895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5975", "title": "Ultrasonography in renal lymphoma.", "content": "Ultrasonographic findings in malignant lymphoma of the kidneys in four patients are described. In three patients the kidneys were diffusely infiltrated by anechoic masses showing good acoustic transmission. One solitary lymphoma had the ultrasonographic characteristics of any other kidney tumor. Ultrasonographic differential diagnosis of renal masses should include malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "Ultrasonography in renal lymphoma. Ultrasonographic findings in malignant lymphoma of the kidneys in four patients are described. In three patients the kidneys were diffusely infiltrated by anechoic masses showing good acoustic transmission. One solitary lymphoma had the ultrasonographic characteristics of any other kidney tumor. Ultrasonographic differential diagnosis of renal masses should include malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 103896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5976", "title": "The ultrasonic appearance of the umbilical cord.", "content": "We have used a combination of linear-array real time and contact sector scanning to image the umbilical veins and arteries. The best images are made perpendicular to the cord. The arteries spiral the vein and the cord is a tortuous structure. Thus there is considerable variability of the appearance of the arteries and veins depending upon the plane of the section.", "contents": "The ultrasonic appearance of the umbilical cord. We have used a combination of linear-array real time and contact sector scanning to image the umbilical veins and arteries. The best images are made perpendicular to the cord. The arteries spiral the vein and the cord is a tortuous structure. Thus there is considerable variability of the appearance of the arteries and veins depending upon the plane of the section.", "PMID": 103897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5977", "title": "Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of epignathus.", "content": "This case demonstrated a mass seen on an ultrasound scan performed prior to amniocentesis to determine fetal maturity. It emphasizes the importance of scanning the entire contents of the amniotic sac rather than simply looking at the portion for which the examination was ordered. It is important to recognize such lesions to prepare for adequate management of the airway in the neonate, to prepare for surgical excision as soon as feasible, and to prepare the family for the birth of a baby with a congenital abnormality.", "contents": "Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of epignathus. This case demonstrated a mass seen on an ultrasound scan performed prior to amniocentesis to determine fetal maturity. It emphasizes the importance of scanning the entire contents of the amniotic sac rather than simply looking at the portion for which the examination was ordered. It is important to recognize such lesions to prepare for adequate management of the airway in the neonate, to prepare for surgical excision as soon as feasible, and to prepare the family for the birth of a baby with a congenital abnormality.", "PMID": 103899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5978", "title": "Malfunction of a Bjork-Shiley prosthetic heart valve in the mitral position producing an abnormal echocardiographic pattern.", "content": "This report presents an echocardiographic study of a patient with fibrous ingrowth about the sewing ring and hinges of a Bjork-Shiley valve in the mitral position. The valve was obstructed and produced a distinct motion pattern. In addition to having a rounded diastolic motion, the disk excursion was decreased.", "contents": "Malfunction of a Bjork-Shiley prosthetic heart valve in the mitral position producing an abnormal echocardiographic pattern. This report presents an echocardiographic study of a patient with fibrous ingrowth about the sewing ring and hinges of a Bjork-Shiley valve in the mitral position. The valve was obstructed and produced a distinct motion pattern. In addition to having a rounded diastolic motion, the disk excursion was decreased.", "PMID": 103901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5979", "title": "Biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma: gray scale ultrasound appearance.", "content": "The gray scale echographic appearance of biliary cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma is described. The characteristic findings are a cystic, multiloculated intrahepatic mass with thick, highly echogenic internal septations. Findings are similar to those in pancreatic and ovarian cystadenomas/cystadenocarcinomas.", "contents": "Biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma: gray scale ultrasound appearance. The gray scale echographic appearance of biliary cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma is described. The characteristic findings are a cystic, multiloculated intrahepatic mass with thick, highly echogenic internal septations. Findings are similar to those in pancreatic and ovarian cystadenomas/cystadenocarcinomas.", "PMID": 103902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5980", "title": "Hematocolpos: diagnosis made by ultrasound.", "content": "A 14 year old girl presented with acute urinary retention. Ultrasonography made an important contribution in the diagnosis of hematocolpos. This is the first case reported in the literature.", "contents": "Hematocolpos: diagnosis made by ultrasound. A 14 year old girl presented with acute urinary retention. Ultrasonography made an important contribution in the diagnosis of hematocolpos. This is the first case reported in the literature.", "PMID": 103903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5981", "title": "Neonatal detection and evaluation of infantile polycystic disease by gray scale echography.", "content": "Infantile polycystic disease (IPCD) is an uncommon pathologic entity involving the kidneys and liver. Gray scale echography can detect this pathologic process within the kidneys, despite the presence of renal failure. In addition, the sonic study may detect associated hepatic abnormalities even though isotopic liver scan is normal. These capabilities make the ultrasonic examination uniquely suited for evaluating patients with IPCD.", "contents": "Neonatal detection and evaluation of infantile polycystic disease by gray scale echography. Infantile polycystic disease (IPCD) is an uncommon pathologic entity involving the kidneys and liver. Gray scale echography can detect this pathologic process within the kidneys, despite the presence of renal failure. In addition, the sonic study may detect associated hepatic abnormalities even though isotopic liver scan is normal. These capabilities make the ultrasonic examination uniquely suited for evaluating patients with IPCD.", "PMID": 103904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5982", "title": "Photographic techniques for retrieving echocardiographic images from substandard recordings.", "content": "A technique is described for photographing damaged echocardiograms with a lithographic film. This is a high contrast film that reproduces either black or white, without intermediate gray tones, depending on exposure time. Standard photographic manipulations were used to improve the quality of the final print.", "contents": "Photographic techniques for retrieving echocardiographic images from substandard recordings. A technique is described for photographing damaged echocardiograms with a lithographic film. This is a high contrast film that reproduces either black or white, without intermediate gray tones, depending on exposure time. Standard photographic manipulations were used to improve the quality of the final print.", "PMID": 103908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5983", "title": "Radiolucent holder for echocardiographic recordings during fluoroscopy and exercise.", "content": "The design and function of a device that holds an ultrasound transducer against the chest wall in a stationary position is described. This holder is useful for obtaining echocardiograms during cinefluoroscopic procedures, various positional maneuvers, and exercise testing.", "contents": "Radiolucent holder for echocardiographic recordings during fluoroscopy and exercise. The design and function of a device that holds an ultrasound transducer against the chest wall in a stationary position is described. This holder is useful for obtaining echocardiograms during cinefluoroscopic procedures, various positional maneuvers, and exercise testing.", "PMID": 103910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5984", "title": "Electronic area and perimeter measurement of ultrasonic images.", "content": "An electronic system for measuring area and perimeter directly on cross-sectional ultrasonic images is described. The resulting values are unaffected by the distortions common to display monitors or errors in the display scale factor. The results of accuracy tests are given, including a comparison with measurements by planimeter and map-measurer.", "contents": "Electronic area and perimeter measurement of ultrasonic images. An electronic system for measuring area and perimeter directly on cross-sectional ultrasonic images is described. The resulting values are unaffected by the distortions common to display monitors or errors in the display scale factor. The results of accuracy tests are given, including a comparison with measurements by planimeter and map-measurer.", "PMID": 103914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5985", "title": "Principles and applications of a dynamically focused phased array real time ultrasound system.", "content": "The physical principles and clinical applications of a high-resolution, dynamically focused phased-array real time ultrasound are described. Advantages of the real time technique include rapid survey capability, efficient selection of an appropriate tomographic plane, identification of pulsating structures, and dynamic studies. The capabilities of a high resolution phased array with extended dynamic focusing to a range of 15-20 cm are demonstrated in vascular, abdominal, and obstetric imaging. Appropriate clinical examples showing normal and pathological anatomy are presented. Comparisons with conventional B scans are illustrated.", "contents": "Principles and applications of a dynamically focused phased array real time ultrasound system. The physical principles and clinical applications of a high-resolution, dynamically focused phased-array real time ultrasound are described. Advantages of the real time technique include rapid survey capability, efficient selection of an appropriate tomographic plane, identification of pulsating structures, and dynamic studies. The capabilities of a high resolution phased array with extended dynamic focusing to a range of 15-20 cm are demonstrated in vascular, abdominal, and obstetric imaging. Appropriate clinical examples showing normal and pathological anatomy are presented. Comparisons with conventional B scans are illustrated.", "PMID": 103915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5986", "title": "The echocardiographic correlate of a systolic click appearing after open mitral commissurotomy.", "content": "An echocardiographic correlate for a post-valvulotomy mid-systolic click is described. Simultaneous echocardiographic and phonocardiographic studies demonstrated that the click was temporally related to a sudden midsystolic posterior motion of part of the mitral valve apparatus. This temporal relationship suggests that the sudden change in position of portions of the mitral valve resulted in the loud midsystolic click. In our patient the sudden leaflet movement associated with the click was apparently a localized abnormality.", "contents": "The echocardiographic correlate of a systolic click appearing after open mitral commissurotomy. An echocardiographic correlate for a post-valvulotomy mid-systolic click is described. Simultaneous echocardiographic and phonocardiographic studies demonstrated that the click was temporally related to a sudden midsystolic posterior motion of part of the mitral valve apparatus. This temporal relationship suggests that the sudden change in position of portions of the mitral valve resulted in the loud midsystolic click. In our patient the sudden leaflet movement associated with the click was apparently a localized abnormality.", "PMID": 103917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5987", "title": "Differential diagnosis of intrahepatic shadowing on ultrasound examination.", "content": "Significant sonic shadowing originating from a structure within the hepatic parenchyma is unusual and often denotes pathology. The differential diagnosis (choledocholithiasis, air in the biliary tree, calcified tissue, foreign bodies, and shadowing from normal structures) is reviewed and examples are presented.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of intrahepatic shadowing on ultrasound examination. Significant sonic shadowing originating from a structure within the hepatic parenchyma is unusual and often denotes pathology. The differential diagnosis (choledocholithiasis, air in the biliary tree, calcified tissue, foreign bodies, and shadowing from normal structures) is reviewed and examples are presented.", "PMID": 103918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5988", "title": "The complete echographic evaluation of solid renal masses.", "content": "In the presence of a solid intrarenal mass, ultrasound scans should not be limited to the mass itself. Modern commercial gray scale equipment is capable of demonstrating both tumor extension into the inferior vena cava and the metastatic disease to the liver. The presence of multiple solid intrarenal masses favors the diagnosis of metastatic disease to the kidney or multiple angiomyolipomas. Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy or an adrenal mass coincidental with an intrarenal mass suggests metastatic disease. These possibilities can be detected by echography if prone scans are performed over the suprarenal region and the contralateral kidney, and supine scans are performed for evaluation of the inferior vena cava, liver, and retroperitoneum.", "contents": "The complete echographic evaluation of solid renal masses. In the presence of a solid intrarenal mass, ultrasound scans should not be limited to the mass itself. Modern commercial gray scale equipment is capable of demonstrating both tumor extension into the inferior vena cava and the metastatic disease to the liver. The presence of multiple solid intrarenal masses favors the diagnosis of metastatic disease to the kidney or multiple angiomyolipomas. Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy or an adrenal mass coincidental with an intrarenal mass suggests metastatic disease. These possibilities can be detected by echography if prone scans are performed over the suprarenal region and the contralateral kidney, and supine scans are performed for evaluation of the inferior vena cava, liver, and retroperitoneum.", "PMID": 103919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5989", "title": "Real time observation of left ventricular aneurysm by B mode echocardiography.", "content": "This paper describes two cases of left ventricular aneurysm following myocardial infarction by real time B mode echocardiography with a mechanical sector scan. The most distinctive feature was the paradoxical movement of the aneurysmal wall; in systole, it moved posteriorly to form a bulge, whereas the remaining noinfarcted area was oriented toward the left ventricular cavity in contraction. The final diagnosis was verified by aneurysmectomy.", "contents": "Real time observation of left ventricular aneurysm by B mode echocardiography. This paper describes two cases of left ventricular aneurysm following myocardial infarction by real time B mode echocardiography with a mechanical sector scan. The most distinctive feature was the paradoxical movement of the aneurysmal wall; in systole, it moved posteriorly to form a bulge, whereas the remaining noinfarcted area was oriented toward the left ventricular cavity in contraction. The final diagnosis was verified by aneurysmectomy.", "PMID": 103920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5990", "title": "Pitfalls in ultrasonic detection of pleural fluid.", "content": "This is a report of proven massive infiltration of Hodgkin's disease of the lung with correlative sonographic, roentgenographic, and pathologic findings. Special emphasis is placed on the difficulties in distinguishing pleural fluid from massive tumor infiltration of the lung by Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Pitfalls in ultrasonic detection of pleural fluid. This is a report of proven massive infiltration of Hodgkin's disease of the lung with correlative sonographic, roentgenographic, and pathologic findings. Special emphasis is placed on the difficulties in distinguishing pleural fluid from massive tumor infiltration of the lung by Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 103926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5991", "title": "Ultrasonic demonstration of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.", "content": "An ultrasound examination performed on a young woman with a long history of urinary tract infection demonstrated multiple subcapsular sonolucencies suggestive of multiple abscesses. The combination of the ultrasonic appearance, the clinical history, and a large nonfunctioning kidney with calculi on intravenous pyelography allowed us to suggest the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Ultrasound plays an even greater role in patients who are allergic to iodinated contrast material in whom intravenous pyelograms and arteriograms may be contraindicated.", "contents": "Ultrasonic demonstration of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. An ultrasound examination performed on a young woman with a long history of urinary tract infection demonstrated multiple subcapsular sonolucencies suggestive of multiple abscesses. The combination of the ultrasonic appearance, the clinical history, and a large nonfunctioning kidney with calculi on intravenous pyelography allowed us to suggest the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Ultrasound plays an even greater role in patients who are allergic to iodinated contrast material in whom intravenous pyelograms and arteriograms may be contraindicated.", "PMID": 103927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5992", "title": "Ultrasonographic appearance of gastric lymphosarcoma.", "content": "The ultrasonographic appearance of a diffusely infiltrating gastric lymphosarcoma is presented. The stomach appeared as a large mass with sonolucent periphery and central sonodensity. This appearance should suggest a lesion arising from the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic appearance of gastric lymphosarcoma. The ultrasonographic appearance of a diffusely infiltrating gastric lymphosarcoma is presented. The stomach appeared as a large mass with sonolucent periphery and central sonodensity. This appearance should suggest a lesion arising from the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 103928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5993", "title": "Ultrasonographic demonstration of a simple ureterocele and dilated ureter in an adult.", "content": "A 54 year old man was found to have a simple ureterocele with a dilated ureter. Ultrasonography demonstrated the ureterocele as an echo-free structure at the base of the bladder without involvement of the bladder wall. The course of the dilated ureter and its entrance into the bladder were clearly defined.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic demonstration of a simple ureterocele and dilated ureter in an adult. A 54 year old man was found to have a simple ureterocele with a dilated ureter. Ultrasonography demonstrated the ureterocele as an echo-free structure at the base of the bladder without involvement of the bladder wall. The course of the dilated ureter and its entrance into the bladder were clearly defined.", "PMID": 103929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5994", "title": "Papillary adenoma of the gall bladder: ultrasonic demonstration.", "content": "A papillary adenoma of the gall bladder was demonstrated by gray scale echography. The pathology of the tumor was described and the ultrasonic characteristics which distinguish it from a calculus were discussed.", "contents": "Papillary adenoma of the gall bladder: ultrasonic demonstration. A papillary adenoma of the gall bladder was demonstrated by gray scale echography. The pathology of the tumor was described and the ultrasonic characteristics which distinguish it from a calculus were discussed.", "PMID": 103930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5995", "title": "Ultrasonic features of Gartner's duct cyst.", "content": "Gartner's duct cysts will usually be incidental findings during pelvic sonography. Of developmental origin, they may present anywhere along the lateral aspect of the female genital tract. When the cysts are of parovarian origin, they will mimic other fluid-filled adnexal masses, and no specific diagnosis can be made. When alongside the vagina or cervix, however, their ultrasonographic appearance is probably characteristic.", "contents": "Ultrasonic features of Gartner's duct cyst. Gartner's duct cysts will usually be incidental findings during pelvic sonography. Of developmental origin, they may present anywhere along the lateral aspect of the female genital tract. When the cysts are of parovarian origin, they will mimic other fluid-filled adnexal masses, and no specific diagnosis can be made. When alongside the vagina or cervix, however, their ultrasonographic appearance is probably characteristic.", "PMID": 103932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5996", "title": "Enhanced ultrasonic visualization of kidneys via an abdominal compression pillow.", "content": "In order to improve the visualization of kidneys in patients who are scanned prone, a compression pillow is placed under the anterior abdomen at the approximate level of the kidneys. We hypothesize that the improved imaging occurs because the compression reduces the thickness of soft tissues overlying the kidneys and, therefore, lessens the amount of attenuation, scattering, and absorption the ultrasound beam undergoes. The benefits of this technique are illustrated in a patient with a renal cyst.", "contents": "Enhanced ultrasonic visualization of kidneys via an abdominal compression pillow. In order to improve the visualization of kidneys in patients who are scanned prone, a compression pillow is placed under the anterior abdomen at the approximate level of the kidneys. We hypothesize that the improved imaging occurs because the compression reduces the thickness of soft tissues overlying the kidneys and, therefore, lessens the amount of attenuation, scattering, and absorption the ultrasound beam undergoes. The benefits of this technique are illustrated in a patient with a renal cyst.", "PMID": 103933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5997", "title": "Development of the diencephalon in the rat. I. Autoradiographic study of the time of origin and settling patterns of neurons of the hypothalamus.", "content": "Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational day 13 (E13 + 14) until the day before birth (E21 + 22). This double labelling procedure was combined with an injection schedule of a single day delay between groups (E13 + 14; E14 + 15; E15 + 16 . .). The two injections assured the comprehensive labelling of practically all neurons of a given structure prior to the onset of their differentiation (comprehensive labelling), whereas the progressive daily delay in injections made it possible to estimate the proportion of neurons formed in various regions of the hypothalamus on a single day. Hypothalamic areas or nuclei were assigned into four classes on the basis of their cytogenetic isochronicity. Structures composed of the earliest arising (class 1) neurons constitute a lateral tier that includes the lateral preoptic and lateral hypothalamic areas, and the lateral mammillary nucleus. Structures composed of early arising (class 2) neurons form a heterogeneous collection of nuclear systems, including the paraventricular, internuclear and supraoptic magnocellular neurons, and several intermediate tier nuclei of the anterior and posterior hypothalamus. The late arising (class 3) and latest arising (class 4) nuclei constitute a periventricular system anteriorly and a more extensive region posteriorly. The latter two nuclear systems may constitute the hypophysiotropic area of the hypothalamus. The nuclei of the mammillary system, which are produced sequentially, are distinguished from other hypothalamic structures by their more rapid generation time. Internuclear labelling gradients were used to infer the neuroepithelial site of origin and settling pattern of neurons. Common sites of origin were indicated for the following structures: the magnocellular neurohypophysial neurons; the neurons of the dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei; and the neurons of the tubermammillary and arcuate nuclei. The sites of origin of these groups of nuclei were related to specialized ventricular linings in the mature hypothalamus.", "contents": "Development of the diencephalon in the rat. I. Autoradiographic study of the time of origin and settling patterns of neurons of the hypothalamus. Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational day 13 (E13 + 14) until the day before birth (E21 + 22). This double labelling procedure was combined with an injection schedule of a single day delay between groups (E13 + 14; E14 + 15; E15 + 16 . .). The two injections assured the comprehensive labelling of practically all neurons of a given structure prior to the onset of their differentiation (comprehensive labelling), whereas the progressive daily delay in injections made it possible to estimate the proportion of neurons formed in various regions of the hypothalamus on a single day. Hypothalamic areas or nuclei were assigned into four classes on the basis of their cytogenetic isochronicity. Structures composed of the earliest arising (class 1) neurons constitute a lateral tier that includes the lateral preoptic and lateral hypothalamic areas, and the lateral mammillary nucleus. Structures composed of early arising (class 2) neurons form a heterogeneous collection of nuclear systems, including the paraventricular, internuclear and supraoptic magnocellular neurons, and several intermediate tier nuclei of the anterior and posterior hypothalamus. The late arising (class 3) and latest arising (class 4) nuclei constitute a periventricular system anteriorly and a more extensive region posteriorly. The latter two nuclear systems may constitute the hypophysiotropic area of the hypothalamus. The nuclei of the mammillary system, which are produced sequentially, are distinguished from other hypothalamic structures by their more rapid generation time. Internuclear labelling gradients were used to infer the neuroepithelial site of origin and settling pattern of neurons. Common sites of origin were indicated for the following structures: the magnocellular neurohypophysial neurons; the neurons of the dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei; and the neurons of the tubermammillary and arcuate nuclei. The sites of origin of these groups of nuclei were related to specialized ventricular linings in the mature hypothalamus.", "PMID": 103939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5998", "title": "Development of the diencephalon in the rat. II. Correlation of the embryonic development of the hypothalamus with the time of origin of its neurons.", "content": "The development of the nuclei of the hypothalamus was examined in normal and X-irradiated embryos from day 13 (E13) to the day before birth (E22). The diencephalic neuroepithelium was subdivided into three lobes (dorsal, medial, and ventral) and two lobules (superior and inferior). The hypothalamus is derived from the ventral lobe and the inferior lobule. The ventral neuroepithelial lobe generates the neurons of most of the early arising hypothalamic structures, including those of the lateral tier nuclei associated with the medial forebrain bundle, and the heterogeneous intermediate tier nuclei. A specialized neuroepithelial region lining the diamond shaped ventricle produces the early neurohypophysial magnocellular neurons; the neurons of the paraventricular nucleus remain at this site, whereas the neurons of the supraoptic nucleus could be traced migrating laterally. The neurons of the late arising hypophysiotropic area of the posterior hypothalamus are derived from components of the inferior neuroepithelial lobule: the dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei apparently from a shared matrix in the main portion of the inferior lobule; the tuberomammillary-arcuate complex from its posteroventral recess. The triple-decked and sequentially produced components of the mammillary system may arise from separate neuroepithelial sites. The autoradiographic results of the previous study (Altman and Bayer, '78a) showed that the structural and functional heterogeneity of the mature hypothalamus is paralleled by cytogenetic heterochronicity; the present embryonic observations indicate that many of the distinguishable components of the hypothalamus arise from a mosaic of heterogeneous neuroepithelial sites.", "contents": "Development of the diencephalon in the rat. II. Correlation of the embryonic development of the hypothalamus with the time of origin of its neurons. The development of the nuclei of the hypothalamus was examined in normal and X-irradiated embryos from day 13 (E13) to the day before birth (E22). The diencephalic neuroepithelium was subdivided into three lobes (dorsal, medial, and ventral) and two lobules (superior and inferior). The hypothalamus is derived from the ventral lobe and the inferior lobule. The ventral neuroepithelial lobe generates the neurons of most of the early arising hypothalamic structures, including those of the lateral tier nuclei associated with the medial forebrain bundle, and the heterogeneous intermediate tier nuclei. A specialized neuroepithelial region lining the diamond shaped ventricle produces the early neurohypophysial magnocellular neurons; the neurons of the paraventricular nucleus remain at this site, whereas the neurons of the supraoptic nucleus could be traced migrating laterally. The neurons of the late arising hypophysiotropic area of the posterior hypothalamus are derived from components of the inferior neuroepithelial lobule: the dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei apparently from a shared matrix in the main portion of the inferior lobule; the tuberomammillary-arcuate complex from its posteroventral recess. The triple-decked and sequentially produced components of the mammillary system may arise from separate neuroepithelial sites. The autoradiographic results of the previous study (Altman and Bayer, '78a) showed that the structural and functional heterogeneity of the mature hypothalamus is paralleled by cytogenetic heterochronicity; the present embryonic observations indicate that many of the distinguishable components of the hypothalamus arise from a mosaic of heterogeneous neuroepithelial sites.", "PMID": 103940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_5999", "title": "Menstrual cycle influences on operant behavior of female rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Nine female rhesus monkeys were paired with males throughout 63 menstrual cycles. The females' motivation to approach males was studied with an operant conditioning paradigm that required the female to press a lever 250 times to gain access to the male. Sexual behavior was scored during standard 60-min tests that followed the attainment of access (17 pairs, 1,440 tests). In the overall data, mean times to access were shortest at mid-cycle and longest just before and after the onset of menstruation, and a model-fitting method showed that 45% of cycles from individual pairs were significantly correlated with a V-shaped model of the overall pattern. Male sexual activity was highest at mid-cycle and lowest in the last quarter of the cycle, but the changes in access times could not be attributed entirely to the rewarding effects of the ejaculations. In the combined data from five females (9 pairs, 33 cycles), high estradiol levels and low progesterone levels were statistically associated with short access times and short ejaculation times. The overall effect was for operant performance and sexual activity to be synchronized and maximized in the periovulatory period of the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Menstrual cycle influences on operant behavior of female rhesus monkeys. Nine female rhesus monkeys were paired with males throughout 63 menstrual cycles. The females' motivation to approach males was studied with an operant conditioning paradigm that required the female to press a lever 250 times to gain access to the male. Sexual behavior was scored during standard 60-min tests that followed the attainment of access (17 pairs, 1,440 tests). In the overall data, mean times to access were shortest at mid-cycle and longest just before and after the onset of menstruation, and a model-fitting method showed that 45% of cycles from individual pairs were significantly correlated with a V-shaped model of the overall pattern. Male sexual activity was highest at mid-cycle and lowest in the last quarter of the cycle, but the changes in access times could not be attributed entirely to the rewarding effects of the ejaculations. In the combined data from five females (9 pairs, 33 cycles), high estradiol levels and low progesterone levels were statistically associated with short access times and short ejaculation times. The overall effect was for operant performance and sexual activity to be synchronized and maximized in the periovulatory period of the menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 103942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6000", "title": "Serological properties of Streptococcus mutans from humans and some animals.", "content": "The development of a simple but reliable diagnostic method of identifying and grouping S. mutans was undertaken. There were three specific antigens of S. mutans, and the slide agglutination test was found to be a good method using three specific antisera. The distribution of S. mutans groups in the Japanese and some animals was studied.", "contents": "Serological properties of Streptococcus mutans from humans and some animals. The development of a simple but reliable diagnostic method of identifying and grouping S. mutans was undertaken. There were three specific antigens of S. mutans, and the slide agglutination test was found to be a good method using three specific antisera. The distribution of S. mutans groups in the Japanese and some animals was studied.", "PMID": 103949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6001", "title": "A preliminary scanning electron microscope examination of wear striation direction on primate teeth.", "content": "Wear striations experimentally produced on initially unworn teeth were examined at high magnification using a scanning electron microscope. Certain characteristics of individual wear striations on these teeth indicate the direction of motion that produced them. Other striations on worn teeth of American Indians and the Paleocene primate Phenocolemur show similar characteristics and correspond to mandibular movement during mastication.", "contents": "A preliminary scanning electron microscope examination of wear striation direction on primate teeth. Wear striations experimentally produced on initially unworn teeth were examined at high magnification using a scanning electron microscope. Certain characteristics of individual wear striations on these teeth indicate the direction of motion that produced them. Other striations on worn teeth of American Indians and the Paleocene primate Phenocolemur show similar characteristics and correspond to mandibular movement during mastication.", "PMID": 103950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6002", "title": "Pulpal response in rhesus monkeys to cementation agents and cleaners.", "content": "The purpose of these studies was to compare pulpal inflammatory responses induced by cementation of precision amalgam inlays with zinc phosphate cement, with and without a Hydroxyline liner, Durelon cement, and ZOE controls. Hydraulic force was induced by the inlay insertion procedure. Cavilax, water, and polyacrylic acid were compared with ZOE controls. Both studies also used untreated teeth for comparison. The use of zinc phosphate luting cement in the 48-hour inlay study was the only condition provoking moderate to severe responses. Zinc phosphate cement over Hydroxyline liner and Durelon cement in the study of inlays and Cavilax cleaner, water, and polyacrylic acid in the study of cleaners showed mild responses comparable to the ZOE control in the 48-hour and in the 45-day periods.", "contents": "Pulpal response in rhesus monkeys to cementation agents and cleaners. The purpose of these studies was to compare pulpal inflammatory responses induced by cementation of precision amalgam inlays with zinc phosphate cement, with and without a Hydroxyline liner, Durelon cement, and ZOE controls. Hydraulic force was induced by the inlay insertion procedure. Cavilax, water, and polyacrylic acid were compared with ZOE controls. Both studies also used untreated teeth for comparison. The use of zinc phosphate luting cement in the 48-hour inlay study was the only condition provoking moderate to severe responses. Zinc phosphate cement over Hydroxyline liner and Durelon cement in the study of inlays and Cavilax cleaner, water, and polyacrylic acid in the study of cleaners showed mild responses comparable to the ZOE control in the 48-hour and in the 45-day periods.", "PMID": 103953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6003", "title": "Geriatric medicine: model for computer-oriented research analysis.", "content": "It is important to have accurate information derived from basic data about geriatric patients, not only for clinical management but to anticipate changes in the demand for services and the taking of preventive action. A model is presented for computer-oriented analysis. The collection of data is designed to cover the specific physical, physiologic and social needs of the patients both in the hospital and in the community. It must also support effective action about these needs which involve not only usage of existing facilities but the planning of preventive measures and adjustment of the provision for care. In addition, it must support clinical research when necessary. Geriatric records have specific problems, not only those of the patient's identity and clinical data but also the maintenance of psychologic and social information so that the requirements for long-term care can be assessed. This type of record facilitates comparison between groups of patients and allows measurement of inter-hospital performance relating to medical care and the planning of social programs in the community. Such records furnish the background of a more detailed statistical analysis for indicating the direction of national policy. By this means the prevalence of medical, psychologic and social demand can be studied and various preventive actions taken, including the monitoring of geriatric facilities.", "contents": "Geriatric medicine: model for computer-oriented research analysis. It is important to have accurate information derived from basic data about geriatric patients, not only for clinical management but to anticipate changes in the demand for services and the taking of preventive action. A model is presented for computer-oriented analysis. The collection of data is designed to cover the specific physical, physiologic and social needs of the patients both in the hospital and in the community. It must also support effective action about these needs which involve not only usage of existing facilities but the planning of preventive measures and adjustment of the provision for care. In addition, it must support clinical research when necessary. Geriatric records have specific problems, not only those of the patient's identity and clinical data but also the maintenance of psychologic and social information so that the requirements for long-term care can be assessed. This type of record facilitates comparison between groups of patients and allows measurement of inter-hospital performance relating to medical care and the planning of social programs in the community. Such records furnish the background of a more detailed statistical analysis for indicating the direction of national policy. By this means the prevalence of medical, psychologic and social demand can be studied and various preventive actions taken, including the monitoring of geriatric facilities.", "PMID": 103954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6004", "title": "Quantitative decision techniques for the health/public sector policy-maker: an analysis and classification of resources.", "content": "Policy problems in the health and public sectors are quickly assuming a new level of complexity. Thus, the health/public sector analyst is being confronted with the task of identifying, formulating, evaluating, and making choices among larger and more complicated sets of decision alternatives. Given the context of such decisions, less-than-effective choices could adversely affect the health and social well-being of whole sections of a population. What seems to be needed, therefore, is an approach that would provide system and objectivity to the policy-making process. The use of quantitative techniques, so long applied to problems in the private and industrial sectors, would be the mainstay of such an approach. It is the goal of this article, therefore, to identify, classify, and briefly describe elements of the emerging set of materials (texts, edited readings, and monographs) which offer discussions of these techniques as they apply to problems in the health and public sectors. It is hoped that such a presentation will hasten the application of available analytic decision tools to the policy/decision problems of the public sector.", "contents": "Quantitative decision techniques for the health/public sector policy-maker: an analysis and classification of resources. Policy problems in the health and public sectors are quickly assuming a new level of complexity. Thus, the health/public sector analyst is being confronted with the task of identifying, formulating, evaluating, and making choices among larger and more complicated sets of decision alternatives. Given the context of such decisions, less-than-effective choices could adversely affect the health and social well-being of whole sections of a population. What seems to be needed, therefore, is an approach that would provide system and objectivity to the policy-making process. The use of quantitative techniques, so long applied to problems in the private and industrial sectors, would be the mainstay of such an approach. It is the goal of this article, therefore, to identify, classify, and briefly describe elements of the emerging set of materials (texts, edited readings, and monographs) which offer discussions of these techniques as they apply to problems in the health and public sectors. It is hoped that such a presentation will hasten the application of available analytic decision tools to the policy/decision problems of the public sector.", "PMID": 103955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6005", "title": "The relative immunogenicity in mice of whole and split influenza virus.", "content": "The relative immunogenicity in mice of whole influenza virus, and virus split with different disrupting agents, was compared. Using the single radial immunodiffusion test to estimate the haemagglutinin antigen concentration in different virus preparations, it was found that, in general, split virus preparations induced substantially lower titres of HI antibody in mice than whole virus after one or two injections of the antigen.", "contents": "The relative immunogenicity in mice of whole and split influenza virus. The relative immunogenicity in mice of whole influenza virus, and virus split with different disrupting agents, was compared. Using the single radial immunodiffusion test to estimate the haemagglutinin antigen concentration in different virus preparations, it was found that, in general, split virus preparations induced substantially lower titres of HI antibody in mice than whole virus after one or two injections of the antigen.", "PMID": 103968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6006", "title": "Interrelations between the physiology of sodium, potassium and water, and nutrition.", "content": "The relationships between altered nutrition and body composition of sodium, potassium and water are reviewed. The physiological mechanisms involved in cellular homeostasis of sodium and potassium are also discussed with particular reference to energy costs. Alterations in mineral metabolism in protein energy malnutrition, oedema, potassium adaptation, fasting and hypertension are described.", "contents": "Interrelations between the physiology of sodium, potassium and water, and nutrition. The relationships between altered nutrition and body composition of sodium, potassium and water are reviewed. The physiological mechanisms involved in cellular homeostasis of sodium and potassium are also discussed with particular reference to energy costs. Alterations in mineral metabolism in protein energy malnutrition, oedema, potassium adaptation, fasting and hypertension are described.", "PMID": 103969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6007", "title": "Immunoglobulin evolution: chemical study of clawed toad (Xenopus laevis) heavy and light chains.", "content": "NH2 terminal amino acid sequence determinations of clawed toad (Xenopus laevis) immunoglobulins indicate that approximately 30% of the heavy chains and less than 5% of the light chains have unblocked NH2 termini. The major amino acid sequence of the X. laevis 7S immunoglobulin heavy chains is the same as that of the 19S immunoglobulin heavy chains. Thus in the synthesis of the heavy chains, the VH genes coding for unblocked heavy chains can associate with CH genes of both the 19S and 7S classes. This association is particularly important in amphibians because, in contrast to mammals and birds, the majority of amphibian antibody-producing cells synthesize both 19S and 7S immunoglobulins and do not participate in the 'genetic switch' characteristic of lymphocyte differentiation in higher organisms. In X. laevis, the major amino acid sequence at the first twenty-four positions of the unblocked heavy chains shows approximately 54% difference from the prototype amino acid sequence of the mammalian VHIII subgroup. Thus, the VHIII gene(s) must have started to appear after the evolutionary divergence of the common ancestor of mammals and birds from the amphibian line. The amino acid composition of the X. Laevis 7S immunoglobulin heavy chains differs from that of its 19S immunoglobulins as well as those of human IgG and IgA. These data support the concepts (a) that amphibian 7S and 19S immunoglobins belong to distinct classes and (b) that amphibian 7S immunoglobulin does not resemble mammalian IgG or IgA.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin evolution: chemical study of clawed toad (Xenopus laevis) heavy and light chains. NH2 terminal amino acid sequence determinations of clawed toad (Xenopus laevis) immunoglobulins indicate that approximately 30% of the heavy chains and less than 5% of the light chains have unblocked NH2 termini. The major amino acid sequence of the X. laevis 7S immunoglobulin heavy chains is the same as that of the 19S immunoglobulin heavy chains. Thus in the synthesis of the heavy chains, the VH genes coding for unblocked heavy chains can associate with CH genes of both the 19S and 7S classes. This association is particularly important in amphibians because, in contrast to mammals and birds, the majority of amphibian antibody-producing cells synthesize both 19S and 7S immunoglobulins and do not participate in the 'genetic switch' characteristic of lymphocyte differentiation in higher organisms. In X. laevis, the major amino acid sequence at the first twenty-four positions of the unblocked heavy chains shows approximately 54% difference from the prototype amino acid sequence of the mammalian VHIII subgroup. Thus, the VHIII gene(s) must have started to appear after the evolutionary divergence of the common ancestor of mammals and birds from the amphibian line. The amino acid composition of the X. Laevis 7S immunoglobulin heavy chains differs from that of its 19S immunoglobulins as well as those of human IgG and IgA. These data support the concepts (a) that amphibian 7S and 19S immunoglobins belong to distinct classes and (b) that amphibian 7S immunoglobulin does not resemble mammalian IgG or IgA.", "PMID": 103971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6008", "title": "A sex-transformation gene in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A sex-transformation gene, tra-2OTF, of Drosophila melanogaster is described. The gene is an allele of tra-2 (transformer-2, 7--70+/-), acts only on XX individuals and transforms them into morphologically nearly normal but sterile males. Neither a male-specific lethal gene mle nor the male-killing maternally transmitted infectious SR-agent have any effect on the tra-2OTF transformed flies. External as well as internal reproductive organs of tra-2OTF transformed flies, except for the gonads, are male. The gonads, which are yellowish-colored rudimentary testis-like structures in tra-2 transformed flies, are rudimentary ovaries without yellowish coloration that sometimes develop to near maturity. Numbers of bristles in each of the female pattern in tra-2OTF and tra-2OTF/tra-2 transformed flies, while these bristles are of the male pattern in tra-2 transformed flies. Furthermore, the sixth abdominal sternite, which in normal males as well as in tra-2 transformed males lacks bristles, bears numbers of bristles in tra-2OTF and tra-2OTF/tra-2 transformed flies.", "contents": "A sex-transformation gene in Drosophila melanogaster. A sex-transformation gene, tra-2OTF, of Drosophila melanogaster is described. The gene is an allele of tra-2 (transformer-2, 7--70+/-), acts only on XX individuals and transforms them into morphologically nearly normal but sterile males. Neither a male-specific lethal gene mle nor the male-killing maternally transmitted infectious SR-agent have any effect on the tra-2OTF transformed flies. External as well as internal reproductive organs of tra-2OTF transformed flies, except for the gonads, are male. The gonads, which are yellowish-colored rudimentary testis-like structures in tra-2 transformed flies, are rudimentary ovaries without yellowish coloration that sometimes develop to near maturity. Numbers of bristles in each of the female pattern in tra-2OTF and tra-2OTF/tra-2 transformed flies, while these bristles are of the male pattern in tra-2 transformed flies. Furthermore, the sixth abdominal sternite, which in normal males as well as in tra-2 transformed males lacks bristles, bears numbers of bristles in tra-2OTF and tra-2OTF/tra-2 transformed flies.", "PMID": 103957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6009", "title": "Reaction of linoleic acid hydroperoxide with thiobarbituric acid.", "content": "The linoleic acid hydroperoxide obtained by enzymatic peroxidation of linoleic acid was found to react with thiobarbituric acid to yield a red pigment. The optimum pH for the reaction was found to be 4.0. In the early stages of peroxidation of linoleic acid, thiobarbituric acid value, the amount of conjugated diene, oxygen consumption, and peroxide value were in parallel with one another. The data were compared with those on peroxidation of linolenic acid and arachidonic acid.", "contents": "Reaction of linoleic acid hydroperoxide with thiobarbituric acid. The linoleic acid hydroperoxide obtained by enzymatic peroxidation of linoleic acid was found to react with thiobarbituric acid to yield a red pigment. The optimum pH for the reaction was found to be 4.0. In the early stages of peroxidation of linoleic acid, thiobarbituric acid value, the amount of conjugated diene, oxygen consumption, and peroxide value were in parallel with one another. The data were compared with those on peroxidation of linolenic acid and arachidonic acid.", "PMID": 103988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6010", "title": "Deoxyribonucleoside-requiring mutants of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A number of deoxyribonucleoside-requiring mutants (dns) of Bacillus subtilis were isolated and their growth characteristics and ribonucleotide reductase activities were compared with those of the wild type and of a dna mutant (tsA13). Both tsA13 and dns mutants required the presence of a mixture of deoxyribonucleosides for growth at 45 degrees C but not at 25 degrees C. All the mutant strains tested contained ribonucleotide reductase activity which showed heat sensitivity similar to that of the enzyme from a wild-type strain. The reductase in B. subtilis seemed to reduce ribonucleoside triphosphates in a similar manner to the enzyme in Lactobacillus leichmannii.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleoside-requiring mutants of Bacillus subtilis. A number of deoxyribonucleoside-requiring mutants (dns) of Bacillus subtilis were isolated and their growth characteristics and ribonucleotide reductase activities were compared with those of the wild type and of a dna mutant (tsA13). Both tsA13 and dns mutants required the presence of a mixture of deoxyribonucleosides for growth at 45 degrees C but not at 25 degrees C. All the mutant strains tested contained ribonucleotide reductase activity which showed heat sensitivity similar to that of the enzyme from a wild-type strain. The reductase in B. subtilis seemed to reduce ribonucleoside triphosphates in a similar manner to the enzyme in Lactobacillus leichmannii.", "PMID": 103994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6011", "title": "Control of lactate production by Selenomonas ruminantium: homotropic activation of lactate dehydrogenase by pyruvate.", "content": "Selenomonas ruminantium produced one mole of D(-)-lactate per mole of glucose used at all dilution rates in ammonia-limited continuous culture. In contrast, lactate production varied according to the dilution rate when glucose was the limiting nutrient. At dilution rates of less than 0.2 h-1, acetate and propionate were the main fermentation products and lactate production was low. At dilution rates above 0.2 h-1, the pattern changed to one of high lactate production similar to that under ammonia limitation. Experiments with cell-free extracts of S. ruminantium showed that D(-)-lactate dehydrogenase had sigmoidal kinetics consistent with homotropic activation of the enzyme by its substrate, pyruvate. This feature allows S. ruminantium to amplify the effects of relatively small changes in the intracellular concentration of pyruvate to cause much larger changes in the rate of production of lactate. Some confirmation that this mechanism of control occurs under physiological conditions was obtained in glucose-limited culture, in which the sigmoidal increase in lactate production was accompanied by a linear increase in pyruvate excretion as the dilution rate increased.", "contents": "Control of lactate production by Selenomonas ruminantium: homotropic activation of lactate dehydrogenase by pyruvate. Selenomonas ruminantium produced one mole of D(-)-lactate per mole of glucose used at all dilution rates in ammonia-limited continuous culture. In contrast, lactate production varied according to the dilution rate when glucose was the limiting nutrient. At dilution rates of less than 0.2 h-1, acetate and propionate were the main fermentation products and lactate production was low. At dilution rates above 0.2 h-1, the pattern changed to one of high lactate production similar to that under ammonia limitation. Experiments with cell-free extracts of S. ruminantium showed that D(-)-lactate dehydrogenase had sigmoidal kinetics consistent with homotropic activation of the enzyme by its substrate, pyruvate. This feature allows S. ruminantium to amplify the effects of relatively small changes in the intracellular concentration of pyruvate to cause much larger changes in the rate of production of lactate. Some confirmation that this mechanism of control occurs under physiological conditions was obtained in glucose-limited culture, in which the sigmoidal increase in lactate production was accompanied by a linear increase in pyruvate excretion as the dilution rate increased.", "PMID": 103995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6012", "title": "Transduction of Myxococcus virescens by coliphage P1CM: generation of plasmids containing both phage and Myxococcus genes.", "content": "Chloramphenicol-resistant Myxococcus virescens were obtained by infecting myxococci with Escherichia coli specialized transducing phage P1CM. The drug-resistant myxococci were phenotypically unstable. They contained more than one type of plasmid; these plasmids were not found in the parent strain. Chloramphenicol-resistant E. coli were obtained by transformation with either a fraction of myxococcal DNA containing the plasmids or with P1CM prophage DNA. These transformants contained plasmids. Escherichia coli transformed by DNA from the myxococci contained both P1CM and myxococcal genes. Individual transformant clones differed in the genetic make-up of their plasmids. Among the myxococcal genes expressed in these plasmid-harbouring E. coli strains were a capacity for self-transmissibility and a pattern of phage sensitivity characteristic of R factor incompatibility group W. Escherichia coli transformed with P1CM prophage contained incomplete P1CM genomes; none of the chloramphenicol-resistant transformants produced P1CM phage particles. The significance of these findings for an understanding of mechanisms for the generation of R factors is discussed.", "contents": "Transduction of Myxococcus virescens by coliphage P1CM: generation of plasmids containing both phage and Myxococcus genes. Chloramphenicol-resistant Myxococcus virescens were obtained by infecting myxococci with Escherichia coli specialized transducing phage P1CM. The drug-resistant myxococci were phenotypically unstable. They contained more than one type of plasmid; these plasmids were not found in the parent strain. Chloramphenicol-resistant E. coli were obtained by transformation with either a fraction of myxococcal DNA containing the plasmids or with P1CM prophage DNA. These transformants contained plasmids. Escherichia coli transformed by DNA from the myxococci contained both P1CM and myxococcal genes. Individual transformant clones differed in the genetic make-up of their plasmids. Among the myxococcal genes expressed in these plasmid-harbouring E. coli strains were a capacity for self-transmissibility and a pattern of phage sensitivity characteristic of R factor incompatibility group W. Escherichia coli transformed with P1CM prophage contained incomplete P1CM genomes; none of the chloramphenicol-resistant transformants produced P1CM phage particles. The significance of these findings for an understanding of mechanisms for the generation of R factors is discussed.", "PMID": 103996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6013", "title": "Polychlorinated biphenyls: in vivo and in vitro modifications of phospholipid and glyceride biosynthesis.", "content": "In vivo administration of Aroclor 1254 (PCB) alters the biosynthesis of glycerides and phospholipids. Different percentages of total radioactivity distribution patterns were observed in microsome, mitochondria, and homogenate preparations from rat liver. (14C)palmitate and (U-14C)sn-glycerol-3-phosphate were differently incorporated when assayed in the same preparation, suggesting compartmentation of the substrates. Acyl CoA sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase was inhibited by PCB in vitro. Inhibition was noncompetitive. After 30 days of dietary pretreatment with PCB, acyl CoA sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase activity was increased in the liver. In vitro, the total radioactivity incorporated into phospholipids and glycerides was decreased in the presence of PCB. There was, however, no significant change in the percent of total distribution of radioactivity when either (U-14C)sn-glycerol-3-phosphate or (1-14C)palmitate was the substrate. PCB had no significant effect on glycerol kinase activity. PCB initially did not inhibit phosphatidate, but after prolonged incubation there was a small increase or decrease under in vitro and in vivo conditions respectively. Phosphorylase b, but not phosphorylase a, was inhibited by PCB. 2,4,5,2'4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl inhibited sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase, phospholipid biosynthesis, and glyceride biosynthesis. The results indicate that PCB alters biosynthesis of phospholipids and glycerides in vitro and in vivo. Apparent differences between the results obtained under the two conditions are probably due to qualitative and/or quantitative variations in metabolic products formed from PCB in vivo.", "contents": "Polychlorinated biphenyls: in vivo and in vitro modifications of phospholipid and glyceride biosynthesis. In vivo administration of Aroclor 1254 (PCB) alters the biosynthesis of glycerides and phospholipids. Different percentages of total radioactivity distribution patterns were observed in microsome, mitochondria, and homogenate preparations from rat liver. (14C)palmitate and (U-14C)sn-glycerol-3-phosphate were differently incorporated when assayed in the same preparation, suggesting compartmentation of the substrates. Acyl CoA sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase was inhibited by PCB in vitro. Inhibition was noncompetitive. After 30 days of dietary pretreatment with PCB, acyl CoA sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase activity was increased in the liver. In vitro, the total radioactivity incorporated into phospholipids and glycerides was decreased in the presence of PCB. There was, however, no significant change in the percent of total distribution of radioactivity when either (U-14C)sn-glycerol-3-phosphate or (1-14C)palmitate was the substrate. PCB had no significant effect on glycerol kinase activity. PCB initially did not inhibit phosphatidate, but after prolonged incubation there was a small increase or decrease under in vitro and in vivo conditions respectively. Phosphorylase b, but not phosphorylase a, was inhibited by PCB. 2,4,5,2'4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl inhibited sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase, phospholipid biosynthesis, and glyceride biosynthesis. The results indicate that PCB alters biosynthesis of phospholipids and glycerides in vitro and in vivo. Apparent differences between the results obtained under the two conditions are probably due to qualitative and/or quantitative variations in metabolic products formed from PCB in vivo.", "PMID": 103993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6014", "title": "Regulation of enzyme synthesis in the arginine biosynthetic pathway of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "In Pseudomonas aeruginosa the synthesis of only two out of eight arginine biosynthetic enzymes tested was regulated. Comparisons were made between the specific activities of these enzymes in bacteria grown on arginine or on its precursor, glutamate. N2-Acetylornithine 5-aminotransferase (ACOAT), an enzyme involved in both the biosynthesis and catabolism of arginine, was induced about 14-fold during growth of the organism on arginine as the only carbon and nitrogen source, and the anabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase (aOTC), a strictly biosynthetic enzyme, was repressed 18-fold. Addition of various carbon sources to the arginine medium led to repression of ACOAT and to derepression of aOTC. Fructose, which supported only slow growth of P. aeruginosa, had a weak regulatory effect on the synthesis of the two arginine enzymes while citrate, a good carbon source for this organism, had a strong effect. The repression of ACOAT by citrate was not relieved by adding cyclic AMP to the medium. Under a variety of growth conditions leading to different enzyme activities, a linear relationship between the reciprocal of the specific activity of ACOAT and the specific activity of aOTC was observed. This inverse regulation of the formation of the two enzymes suggested that a single regulatory system governs their synthesis. Such a view was supported by the isolation of citrate-resistant regulatory mutants which constitutively formed ACOAT at the induced level and aOTC at the repressed level.", "contents": "Regulation of enzyme synthesis in the arginine biosynthetic pathway of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa the synthesis of only two out of eight arginine biosynthetic enzymes tested was regulated. Comparisons were made between the specific activities of these enzymes in bacteria grown on arginine or on its precursor, glutamate. N2-Acetylornithine 5-aminotransferase (ACOAT), an enzyme involved in both the biosynthesis and catabolism of arginine, was induced about 14-fold during growth of the organism on arginine as the only carbon and nitrogen source, and the anabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase (aOTC), a strictly biosynthetic enzyme, was repressed 18-fold. Addition of various carbon sources to the arginine medium led to repression of ACOAT and to derepression of aOTC. Fructose, which supported only slow growth of P. aeruginosa, had a weak regulatory effect on the synthesis of the two arginine enzymes while citrate, a good carbon source for this organism, had a strong effect. The repression of ACOAT by citrate was not relieved by adding cyclic AMP to the medium. Under a variety of growth conditions leading to different enzyme activities, a linear relationship between the reciprocal of the specific activity of ACOAT and the specific activity of aOTC was observed. This inverse regulation of the formation of the two enzymes suggested that a single regulatory system governs their synthesis. Such a view was supported by the isolation of citrate-resistant regulatory mutants which constitutively formed ACOAT at the induced level and aOTC at the repressed level.", "PMID": 103997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6015", "title": "Pathogenesis of scrapie: agent multiplication in brain at the first and second passage of hamster scrapie in mice.", "content": "The intracerebral (i.c.) injection of mice with a particular source of hamster passaged scrapie produced disease after an incubation period of 325 +/- 6 days (mean +/- s.e.). The incubation period at the second i.e. passage in mice was reduced to 149 +/- 2 days. Studies were made of the dynamics of agent replication at 1st and 2nd passages in mice. At first passage, there was a 'zero phase' lasting about 175 days, when no infectious agent was detected in brain (or spleen), followed by a period of agent replication which lasted 150 days. At second passage, there was no significant 'zero phase' and agent replication occupied the whole of the incubation period. The occurrence of a 'zero phase' on interspecies passage of scrapie is discussed in relation to other reports of a 'zero phase' in mouse passaged scrapie.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of scrapie: agent multiplication in brain at the first and second passage of hamster scrapie in mice. The intracerebral (i.c.) injection of mice with a particular source of hamster passaged scrapie produced disease after an incubation period of 325 +/- 6 days (mean +/- s.e.). The incubation period at the second i.e. passage in mice was reduced to 149 +/- 2 days. Studies were made of the dynamics of agent replication at 1st and 2nd passages in mice. At first passage, there was a 'zero phase' lasting about 175 days, when no infectious agent was detected in brain (or spleen), followed by a period of agent replication which lasted 150 days. At second passage, there was no significant 'zero phase' and agent replication occupied the whole of the incubation period. The occurrence of a 'zero phase' on interspecies passage of scrapie is discussed in relation to other reports of a 'zero phase' in mouse passaged scrapie.", "PMID": 103999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6016", "title": "Adenosine triphosphate content in Lactobacillus casei and the blender-resistant phage-cell complex-forming ability of cells on infection with PL-1 phage.", "content": "The intracellular ATP content of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 27092 grown in a glucose-containing medium was almost constant (2 to 3 microgram/mg dry wt. cells) through the early to middle stage of logarithmic phase, but it was lowered to less than 0.1 microgram/mg after cessation of growth owing to the exhaustion of available glucose. All the cells in the early stage of stationary phase were still viable and thus considered to be in a starved state. When such starved cells were infected with PL-1 phages in a tris-maleate buffer of pH 6.0, the process of forming blender-resistant phage-cell complexes signifying the complete injection of phage genomes into the cells was much inhibited. There was a good correlation between the ATP content of cells and the extent of the formation of blender-resistant phage-cell complexes and the correlation coefficient between them was 0.89 + 0.09 at the 95% confidence limit. On the other hand, the process of forming both the phage-adsorbed cells and the anti-phage serum-resistant phage-cell complexes were not affected by the ATP content of cells. Feeding of glucose to such starved cell cultures caused the cells to restore both the ATP content and the ability to form blender-resistant phage-cell complexes. Such restoration was also observed when the starved cells collected by centrifugation were incubated in a glucose-containing medium. The significance of the intracellular level of high energy compounds such as ATP for the mechanism of the injection of phage genomes into the cells is discussed.", "contents": "Adenosine triphosphate content in Lactobacillus casei and the blender-resistant phage-cell complex-forming ability of cells on infection with PL-1 phage. The intracellular ATP content of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 27092 grown in a glucose-containing medium was almost constant (2 to 3 microgram/mg dry wt. cells) through the early to middle stage of logarithmic phase, but it was lowered to less than 0.1 microgram/mg after cessation of growth owing to the exhaustion of available glucose. All the cells in the early stage of stationary phase were still viable and thus considered to be in a starved state. When such starved cells were infected with PL-1 phages in a tris-maleate buffer of pH 6.0, the process of forming blender-resistant phage-cell complexes signifying the complete injection of phage genomes into the cells was much inhibited. There was a good correlation between the ATP content of cells and the extent of the formation of blender-resistant phage-cell complexes and the correlation coefficient between them was 0.89 + 0.09 at the 95% confidence limit. On the other hand, the process of forming both the phage-adsorbed cells and the anti-phage serum-resistant phage-cell complexes were not affected by the ATP content of cells. Feeding of glucose to such starved cell cultures caused the cells to restore both the ATP content and the ability to form blender-resistant phage-cell complexes. Such restoration was also observed when the starved cells collected by centrifugation were incubated in a glucose-containing medium. The significance of the intracellular level of high energy compounds such as ATP for the mechanism of the injection of phage genomes into the cells is discussed.", "PMID": 104000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6017", "title": "Enzyme-immunoassay in diagnosis of hepatitis with emphasis on the detection of \"e\" antigen (HBeAg).", "content": "A brief survey of the application of enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis A, and their corresponding antibodies is given. The preliminary results of a similar EIA for detection of hepatitis B-related \"e\" antigen (HBeAg) and its antibody (anti-HBe) are reported. This EIA is much more sensitive than immunodiffusion: at least 128 times for HBeAg and at least 512 times for anti-HBe. HBsAg and its antibody do not interfere with the test. Only a few sera strongly positive for rheumatoid factor gave rise to false-positive results, as was demonstrated by a confirmatory test.", "contents": "Enzyme-immunoassay in diagnosis of hepatitis with emphasis on the detection of \"e\" antigen (HBeAg). A brief survey of the application of enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis A, and their corresponding antibodies is given. The preliminary results of a similar EIA for detection of hepatitis B-related \"e\" antigen (HBeAg) and its antibody (anti-HBe) are reported. This EIA is much more sensitive than immunodiffusion: at least 128 times for HBeAg and at least 512 times for anti-HBe. HBsAg and its antibody do not interfere with the test. Only a few sera strongly positive for rheumatoid factor gave rise to false-positive results, as was demonstrated by a confirmatory test.", "PMID": 104001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6018", "title": "Testing for e antigen and e antibody by immunodiffusion.", "content": "A rapid and reproducible micro e-ID test is described which allows two out of three HBsAg carriers to be classified as e-Ag or e-Ab. The majority of the remaining one-third of carriers are e-Ab as shown by e-RIA though a few will be e-Ag positive carriers by e-RIA.", "contents": "Testing for e antigen and e antibody by immunodiffusion. A rapid and reproducible micro e-ID test is described which allows two out of three HBsAg carriers to be classified as e-Ag or e-Ab. The majority of the remaining one-third of carriers are e-Ab as shown by e-RIA though a few will be e-Ag positive carriers by e-RIA.", "PMID": 104002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6019", "title": "Evaluation of five temperature-sensitive mutants of respiratory syncytial virus in primates: II. Genetic analysis of virus recovered during infection.", "content": "Five temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus (ts-1, ts-1 NG-1, ts-1 NG-16, ts-2, and ts-7), previously evaluated forinfectivity and virulence in chimpanzees and owl monkeys, were also assayed for in vivo genetic stability. None of the five mutants tested was completely stable genetically. Thus, virus which had lost some or all of the ts property was recovered from each infected chimpanzee. Significantly, each ts-1 NG-1 isolate retained some degree of temperature sensitivity and hence was not true wild-type virus. Clonal analysis of viruses shed by ts-1, ts-1 NG-1, ts-1 NG-16, or ts-7 infected chimpanzees indicated that in most instances only a minority of the virus shed was altered genetically. Of five chimpanzees infected with the ts-2 mutant, three shed only ts virus, and the remaining two chimpanzees shed only ts+ virus. Such ts+ virus proved to be avirulent when evaluated in chimpanzees or owl monkeys, indicating that loss of the ts property did not restore virulence. Based upon these findings, the ts-2 mutant appears to be a suitable candidate for clinical trials in man.", "contents": "Evaluation of five temperature-sensitive mutants of respiratory syncytial virus in primates: II. Genetic analysis of virus recovered during infection. Five temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus (ts-1, ts-1 NG-1, ts-1 NG-16, ts-2, and ts-7), previously evaluated forinfectivity and virulence in chimpanzees and owl monkeys, were also assayed for in vivo genetic stability. None of the five mutants tested was completely stable genetically. Thus, virus which had lost some or all of the ts property was recovered from each infected chimpanzee. Significantly, each ts-1 NG-1 isolate retained some degree of temperature sensitivity and hence was not true wild-type virus. Clonal analysis of viruses shed by ts-1, ts-1 NG-1, ts-1 NG-16, or ts-7 infected chimpanzees indicated that in most instances only a minority of the virus shed was altered genetically. Of five chimpanzees infected with the ts-2 mutant, three shed only ts virus, and the remaining two chimpanzees shed only ts+ virus. Such ts+ virus proved to be avirulent when evaluated in chimpanzees or owl monkeys, indicating that loss of the ts property did not restore virulence. Based upon these findings, the ts-2 mutant appears to be a suitable candidate for clinical trials in man.", "PMID": 104003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6020", "title": "Dream phenomena induced by chronic levodopa therapy.", "content": "Twenty-seven of eighty-eight (30.7%) Parkinsonian patients on chronic levodopa or levodopa/carbidopa therapy developed drug related dream phenomena. The patients reported three separate types of new dreams which we have classified as vivid dreams, night terrors and nightmares. These dreams are correlated to the duration of levodopa therapy although the mechanism of their production is unclear.", "contents": "Dream phenomena induced by chronic levodopa therapy. Twenty-seven of eighty-eight (30.7%) Parkinsonian patients on chronic levodopa or levodopa/carbidopa therapy developed drug related dream phenomena. The patients reported three separate types of new dreams which we have classified as vivid dreams, night terrors and nightmares. These dreams are correlated to the duration of levodopa therapy although the mechanism of their production is unclear.", "PMID": 104005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6021", "title": "Endocrine aspects of bromocriptine therapy in Parkinsonism.", "content": "Plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations in Parkinsonian patients following 3 months optimum therapy with bromocriptine showed no significant change from pretreatment values, whilst plasma prolactin concentrations were uniformly suppressed. Pretreatment GH and prolactin levels were unrelated to clinical disability, and no correlation between hormonal changes and therapeutic response was found. These results suggest the presence of different dopaminergic receptor mechanisms for GH and prolactin release as well as between the extrapyramidal and neuroendocrine systems.", "contents": "Endocrine aspects of bromocriptine therapy in Parkinsonism. Plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations in Parkinsonian patients following 3 months optimum therapy with bromocriptine showed no significant change from pretreatment values, whilst plasma prolactin concentrations were uniformly suppressed. Pretreatment GH and prolactin levels were unrelated to clinical disability, and no correlation between hormonal changes and therapeutic response was found. These results suggest the presence of different dopaminergic receptor mechanisms for GH and prolactin release as well as between the extrapyramidal and neuroendocrine systems.", "PMID": 104006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6022", "title": "Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys and its modification by treatment.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were immunized with low doses of encephalitogenic mixture. Twenty two of 24 monkeys developed experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) lasting from 3 to 252 days. Fifteen of 22 monkeys developed chronic progressive EAE with remissions and relapses. In the early stages of EAE multiple perivascular foci of demyelination and lymphoid histiocytic infiltration were found within the central nervous system (CNS). In advanced disease these foci became confluent, developing foci of plaque type with demyelination and gliofibrosis. Eight affected monkeys received an emulsion of spinal cord with incomplete adjuvant; 6 of them showed a good therapeutic response. In the CNS of those monkeys 514 to 667 days later plaques of demyelination and gliofibrosis and minimal inflammatory lesions were detected. Two monkeys without clinical evidence of EAE had plaques of demyelination and gliofibrosis in the CNS 2 years after immunization. It is suggested that chronic EAE in monkeys may be considered an adequate model for multiple sclerosis (MS).", "contents": "Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys and its modification by treatment. Rhesus monkeys were immunized with low doses of encephalitogenic mixture. Twenty two of 24 monkeys developed experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) lasting from 3 to 252 days. Fifteen of 22 monkeys developed chronic progressive EAE with remissions and relapses. In the early stages of EAE multiple perivascular foci of demyelination and lymphoid histiocytic infiltration were found within the central nervous system (CNS). In advanced disease these foci became confluent, developing foci of plaque type with demyelination and gliofibrosis. Eight affected monkeys received an emulsion of spinal cord with incomplete adjuvant; 6 of them showed a good therapeutic response. In the CNS of those monkeys 514 to 667 days later plaques of demyelination and gliofibrosis and minimal inflammatory lesions were detected. Two monkeys without clinical evidence of EAE had plaques of demyelination and gliofibrosis in the CNS 2 years after immunization. It is suggested that chronic EAE in monkeys may be considered an adequate model for multiple sclerosis (MS).", "PMID": 104009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6023", "title": "The effect of sciatic nerve stimulation on spinal cord blood flow.", "content": "Focal spinal cord blood flow was measured in the left dorsal column during left sciatic nerve stimulation, and compared to blood flow in the same area during sciatic nerve inactivity. Blood flow was found to be significantly increased during stimulation. It is suggested that this increased blood flow is a reflection of increased metabolic demands of the neurons and synaptic systems within the internuncial neural pools, activated by stimulation of all components of the sciatic nerve, rather than a reflection of increased non-synaptic axonal conduction in the dorsal column.", "contents": "The effect of sciatic nerve stimulation on spinal cord blood flow. Focal spinal cord blood flow was measured in the left dorsal column during left sciatic nerve stimulation, and compared to blood flow in the same area during sciatic nerve inactivity. Blood flow was found to be significantly increased during stimulation. It is suggested that this increased blood flow is a reflection of increased metabolic demands of the neurons and synaptic systems within the internuncial neural pools, activated by stimulation of all components of the sciatic nerve, rather than a reflection of increased non-synaptic axonal conduction in the dorsal column.", "PMID": 104010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6024", "title": "The fine structure of innervated myotendinous cylinders in extraocular muscles of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Many of the myelinated nerve fibres of the distal myotendinous region of rectus muscles terminate on muscle fibre tips. The terminal expansions contain aggregated, small clear vesicles and mitochondria. Neuromuscular clefts at the contacts measure 20--40 nm and are uninterrupted by a basal lamina; the sarcoplasm opposite the contacts is unmodified. Some terminals invaginate the muscle fibre tips and others contact the sides of processes formed by splitting of the tips. The muscle fibre termination, its tendon and the nerve fibre branches are encapsulated to form an end-organ averaging 125 micrometer in length and described as a myotendinous cylinder. Approximately 350 innervated myotendinous cylinders were estimated to be present in the horizontal recti with rather fewer in the vertical rectus muscles. Many of them occur shortly before the main myotendinous junction. All muscle fibres contributing to myotendinous cylinders were identified as the compact, felderstruktur, multi-innervated variety with directly apposed myofibrils that are known to be non-twitch fibres. All felderstruktur fibre terminations examined were encapsulated but 19% of them were not innervated. The nerve terminals of myotendinous cylinders are similar to those described by Dogiel (1906) as palisade endings and it is argued that they meet the morphological criteria of sensory neuromuscular endings. Their disposition suggests a capacity to monitor felderstruktur muscle fibre contraction.", "contents": "The fine structure of innervated myotendinous cylinders in extraocular muscles of rhesus monkeys. Many of the myelinated nerve fibres of the distal myotendinous region of rectus muscles terminate on muscle fibre tips. The terminal expansions contain aggregated, small clear vesicles and mitochondria. Neuromuscular clefts at the contacts measure 20--40 nm and are uninterrupted by a basal lamina; the sarcoplasm opposite the contacts is unmodified. Some terminals invaginate the muscle fibre tips and others contact the sides of processes formed by splitting of the tips. The muscle fibre termination, its tendon and the nerve fibre branches are encapsulated to form an end-organ averaging 125 micrometer in length and described as a myotendinous cylinder. Approximately 350 innervated myotendinous cylinders were estimated to be present in the horizontal recti with rather fewer in the vertical rectus muscles. Many of them occur shortly before the main myotendinous junction. All muscle fibres contributing to myotendinous cylinders were identified as the compact, felderstruktur, multi-innervated variety with directly apposed myofibrils that are known to be non-twitch fibres. All felderstruktur fibre terminations examined were encapsulated but 19% of them were not innervated. The nerve terminals of myotendinous cylinders are similar to those described by Dogiel (1906) as palisade endings and it is argued that they meet the morphological criteria of sensory neuromuscular endings. Their disposition suggests a capacity to monitor felderstruktur muscle fibre contraction.", "PMID": 104011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6025", "title": "Properties of concentrically organized X and Y ganglion cells of macaque retina.", "content": "1. Macaque retinal ganglion cells having concentrically organized receptive fields were classified as X- or Y-cells on the basis of the linearity or nonlinearity of their spatial summation to a \"null\" test of alternating contrast and drifting gratings. 2. When an alternating-phase, bipartite field positioned at the middle of the receptive field was used as a stimulus, X-cells had a null position, whereas Y-cells showed a doubling of the response frequency. When drifting sine-wave gratings of low contrast were used as a stimulus, X-cells showed a periodic modulation of their discharge having the same mean value for different spatial frequencies, whereas Y-cells showed a large increase in the mean value of their discharges. 3. X-cells had opponent-color responses that received cone-specific signals, i.e., center and surround responses were mediated by input from spectrally different types of cone, whereas Y-cells had broad-band spectral responses receiving mixed-cone signals, i.e., center and surround responses were totally or partly mediated by input from the same type(s) of cone. In most Y-cells, the spatially opponent responses from the center and the surround were mediated by the same types of cone and were thus spectrally nonopponent; other Y-cells showed spectral opponency, since one of the types of cone mediating responses of one region of the receptive field (e.g., center) was absent in the responses of the other region (e.g., surround). 4. X- and Y-cells projected to the lateral geniculate body. Opponent-color X- and Y-cells did not project to the superior colliculus, whereas a fraction of spectrally non-opponent Y-cells projected to this structure. 5. X-cells tended to have longer conduction latencies, less transient responses to small stimuli, and a more central retinal distribution than Y-cells; these differences, however, represented tendencies and not invariant properties. 6. The results show that the X/Y dichotomy of ganglion cells is present in the retina of macaques and indicate that the degree of the linearity of spatial summation of incoming cone signals to the cells is related to the degree of cone specificity of spectral inputs to the receptive-field mechanisms.", "contents": "Properties of concentrically organized X and Y ganglion cells of macaque retina. 1. Macaque retinal ganglion cells having concentrically organized receptive fields were classified as X- or Y-cells on the basis of the linearity or nonlinearity of their spatial summation to a \"null\" test of alternating contrast and drifting gratings. 2. When an alternating-phase, bipartite field positioned at the middle of the receptive field was used as a stimulus, X-cells had a null position, whereas Y-cells showed a doubling of the response frequency. When drifting sine-wave gratings of low contrast were used as a stimulus, X-cells showed a periodic modulation of their discharge having the same mean value for different spatial frequencies, whereas Y-cells showed a large increase in the mean value of their discharges. 3. X-cells had opponent-color responses that received cone-specific signals, i.e., center and surround responses were mediated by input from spectrally different types of cone, whereas Y-cells had broad-band spectral responses receiving mixed-cone signals, i.e., center and surround responses were totally or partly mediated by input from the same type(s) of cone. In most Y-cells, the spatially opponent responses from the center and the surround were mediated by the same types of cone and were thus spectrally nonopponent; other Y-cells showed spectral opponency, since one of the types of cone mediating responses of one region of the receptive field (e.g., center) was absent in the responses of the other region (e.g., surround). 4. X- and Y-cells projected to the lateral geniculate body. Opponent-color X- and Y-cells did not project to the superior colliculus, whereas a fraction of spectrally non-opponent Y-cells projected to this structure. 5. X-cells tended to have longer conduction latencies, less transient responses to small stimuli, and a more central retinal distribution than Y-cells; these differences, however, represented tendencies and not invariant properties. 6. The results show that the X/Y dichotomy of ganglion cells is present in the retina of macaques and indicate that the degree of the linearity of spatial summation of incoming cone signals to the cells is related to the degree of cone specificity of spectral inputs to the receptive-field mechanisms.", "PMID": 104012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6026", "title": "Center and surround mechanisms of opponent-color X and Y ganglion cells of retina of macaques.", "content": "1. Opponent-color ganglion cells of macaques can be classed as X or Y. Cells with a cone-specific receptive-field organization (center and surround receiving input from spectrally different cone types) have a linear summation, whereas cells with a cone-mixed organization (center and surround partly mediated by input from the same cone type) have a nonlinear summation. 2. Pure center and pure surround responses of Y-cells have a fast decay and show conspicuous transients at stimulus offset and onset; pure responses of X-cells have a slow decay and show fewer transients, especially at stimulus offset. 3. Sensitivity profiles based on pure responses elicited in conditions of chromatic adaptation of the opponent responses show that Y-cells have unimodal center and unimodal surround profiles, whereas X-cells have unimodal center and bimodal surround profiles. 4. Responses receiving contribution from both opponent mechanisms (mixed) have different time course and pattern in X- and Y-cells. Mixed response of Y-cells show a discontinuity in cell firing during the transient (on) component of cell activity, which has a higher sensitivity than other waveform changes produced by concurrent stimulation of the opponent mechanism. This discontinuity occurs with stimulus conditions that also elicit proximal negative responses in the local electroretinogram and appears to be due to a centrally located process having some degree of rectification.", "contents": "Center and surround mechanisms of opponent-color X and Y ganglion cells of retina of macaques. 1. Opponent-color ganglion cells of macaques can be classed as X or Y. Cells with a cone-specific receptive-field organization (center and surround receiving input from spectrally different cone types) have a linear summation, whereas cells with a cone-mixed organization (center and surround partly mediated by input from the same cone type) have a nonlinear summation. 2. Pure center and pure surround responses of Y-cells have a fast decay and show conspicuous transients at stimulus offset and onset; pure responses of X-cells have a slow decay and show fewer transients, especially at stimulus offset. 3. Sensitivity profiles based on pure responses elicited in conditions of chromatic adaptation of the opponent responses show that Y-cells have unimodal center and unimodal surround profiles, whereas X-cells have unimodal center and bimodal surround profiles. 4. Responses receiving contribution from both opponent mechanisms (mixed) have different time course and pattern in X- and Y-cells. Mixed response of Y-cells show a discontinuity in cell firing during the transient (on) component of cell activity, which has a higher sensitivity than other waveform changes produced by concurrent stimulation of the opponent mechanism. This discontinuity occurs with stimulus conditions that also elicit proximal negative responses in the local electroretinogram and appears to be due to a centrally located process having some degree of rectification.", "PMID": 104013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6027", "title": "Properties of ganglion cells with atypical receptive-field organization in retina of macaques.", "content": "1. About 10% of a sample of 436 cells recorded in the retina of macaques had receptive fields lacking a center-surround organization. These cells had a diffuse extrafoveal distribution, they were less frequently found in the foveal region, and their conduction latencies overlapped with those of cells (types I, III, and IV) having a center-surround organization. Three groups were distinguished. 2. Type II cells had spectrally opponent responses mediated by mechanisms having similar or identical distributions and response latency; these cells did not respond to white light. They predominated in the central retina, they usually received input from all three types of cone, they had a linear spatial summation of incomming photo-receptor signals, they lacked rod input, they had conduction latencies that were intermediate between those of the other two groups, and they could be antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of the lateral geniculate body but not of the superior colliculus. 3. Type V cells were neurons whose common characteristic was the presence of on-off responses to both small and large stimuli. One subgroup had either excitatory or inhibitory on-off responses and a silent inhibitory surround that tended to suppress cell responses and maintained activity. They were observed throughout the central retina, including the fovea; they received input from green- and red-sensitive cones, but not from blue-sensitive cones; they had a non-linear spatial summation; they had comparatively long conduction latencies; and they could be antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of either the lateral geniculate body or superior colliculus. Another subgroup lacked spontaneous activity and any type of surround. They were encountered at a retinal depth more sclerad than that of other neurons and could not be antidromically driven from the optic tract or more central structures; these cells also lacked input from blue-sensitive cones and had a nonlinear spatial summation. 4. Type VI cells were predominantly inhibited by moving stinuli in any direction of motion and failed to respond to stationary flashing stimuli; they appeared to predominate toward the perifovea and had comparatively short conduction latencies.", "contents": "Properties of ganglion cells with atypical receptive-field organization in retina of macaques. 1. About 10% of a sample of 436 cells recorded in the retina of macaques had receptive fields lacking a center-surround organization. These cells had a diffuse extrafoveal distribution, they were less frequently found in the foveal region, and their conduction latencies overlapped with those of cells (types I, III, and IV) having a center-surround organization. Three groups were distinguished. 2. Type II cells had spectrally opponent responses mediated by mechanisms having similar or identical distributions and response latency; these cells did not respond to white light. They predominated in the central retina, they usually received input from all three types of cone, they had a linear spatial summation of incomming photo-receptor signals, they lacked rod input, they had conduction latencies that were intermediate between those of the other two groups, and they could be antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of the lateral geniculate body but not of the superior colliculus. 3. Type V cells were neurons whose common characteristic was the presence of on-off responses to both small and large stimuli. One subgroup had either excitatory or inhibitory on-off responses and a silent inhibitory surround that tended to suppress cell responses and maintained activity. They were observed throughout the central retina, including the fovea; they received input from green- and red-sensitive cones, but not from blue-sensitive cones; they had a non-linear spatial summation; they had comparatively long conduction latencies; and they could be antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of either the lateral geniculate body or superior colliculus. Another subgroup lacked spontaneous activity and any type of surround. They were encountered at a retinal depth more sclerad than that of other neurons and could not be antidromically driven from the optic tract or more central structures; these cells also lacked input from blue-sensitive cones and had a nonlinear spatial summation. 4. Type VI cells were predominantly inhibited by moving stinuli in any direction of motion and failed to respond to stationary flashing stimuli; they appeared to predominate toward the perifovea and had comparatively short conduction latencies.", "PMID": 104014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6028", "title": "Transfer characteristics of neurons in vestibular nuclei of the alert monkey.", "content": "1. In the alert monkey, 74 neurons in the vestibular nuclei were investigated during sinusoidal rotation about a vertical axis at frequencies between 0.003 and 0.5 Hz. Phase and gain were determined by a fast Fourier analysis program. 2. Phase advance, relative to turntable velocity, was small between 0.05 and 0.5 Hz. At lower frequencies phase advance increased to 45 degrees at 0.007--0.02 Hz, and 90 degrees at 0.003--0.005 Hz. In agreement with the phase characteristics, a gain decrease of -3 dB was determined between 0.007 and 0.02 Hz. Assuming a linear system, time constants of 9.5, 11.9, and 24.5 s were calculated for three different monkeys. 3. Simultaneously recorded nystagmus exhibited similar time constants as the central vestibular neurons for each monkey. 4. Frequency responses of 11 neurons were recorded from the same monkeys while they were under general anesthesia and the time constants were reduced to 4--7 s. This is the range of time constants seen in the peripheral nerve. 5. The longer time constants in the alert state are due to an integration process, which provides a low-frequency compensation, and is thought to be achieved through a feedback loop involving the reticular formation. 6. In the alert and anesthetized state, monkeys were also exposed to velocity trapezoids. Time constants of decay of neuronal activity were in good agreement with the data obtained during sinusoidal stimulation. 7. A transfer function of the primary vestibular afferents is expanded to include the described low-frequency compensation found in central vestibular neurons in the alert animals.", "contents": "Transfer characteristics of neurons in vestibular nuclei of the alert monkey. 1. In the alert monkey, 74 neurons in the vestibular nuclei were investigated during sinusoidal rotation about a vertical axis at frequencies between 0.003 and 0.5 Hz. Phase and gain were determined by a fast Fourier analysis program. 2. Phase advance, relative to turntable velocity, was small between 0.05 and 0.5 Hz. At lower frequencies phase advance increased to 45 degrees at 0.007--0.02 Hz, and 90 degrees at 0.003--0.005 Hz. In agreement with the phase characteristics, a gain decrease of -3 dB was determined between 0.007 and 0.02 Hz. Assuming a linear system, time constants of 9.5, 11.9, and 24.5 s were calculated for three different monkeys. 3. Simultaneously recorded nystagmus exhibited similar time constants as the central vestibular neurons for each monkey. 4. Frequency responses of 11 neurons were recorded from the same monkeys while they were under general anesthesia and the time constants were reduced to 4--7 s. This is the range of time constants seen in the peripheral nerve. 5. The longer time constants in the alert state are due to an integration process, which provides a low-frequency compensation, and is thought to be achieved through a feedback loop involving the reticular formation. 6. In the alert and anesthetized state, monkeys were also exposed to velocity trapezoids. Time constants of decay of neuronal activity were in good agreement with the data obtained during sinusoidal stimulation. 7. A transfer function of the primary vestibular afferents is expanded to include the described low-frequency compensation found in central vestibular neurons in the alert animals.", "PMID": 104015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6029", "title": "Bone scintigraphy in renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "Bone scintigraphy with Tc-99m HEDP was performed in 30 patients on maintenance hemodialysis, and the results of quantitative analysis were compared with those of a normal group. To permit this comparison, elevated background activity due to the absence of renal radiotracer excretion was reduced by hemodialysis to levels found in the normals. Histologic proof of renal osteodystrophy had been obtained in all patients. The incidence of radiographic abnormalities was 46%, whereas abnormal scans were found in 25 patients (83%); skeletal lesions were also more pronounced and detected earlier. However, even when the scans appeared normal, the quantitative analysis showed increased skeletal activity in all patients. The total skeletal activity proved to be a good index of the severity of renal osteodystrophy and appeared dependent on both osteomalacia and hyperparathyroidism. These findings show that bone scintigraphy is a sensitive method to detect skeletal involvement in renal osteodystrophy.", "contents": "Bone scintigraphy in renal osteodystrophy. Bone scintigraphy with Tc-99m HEDP was performed in 30 patients on maintenance hemodialysis, and the results of quantitative analysis were compared with those of a normal group. To permit this comparison, elevated background activity due to the absence of renal radiotracer excretion was reduced by hemodialysis to levels found in the normals. Histologic proof of renal osteodystrophy had been obtained in all patients. The incidence of radiographic abnormalities was 46%, whereas abnormal scans were found in 25 patients (83%); skeletal lesions were also more pronounced and detected earlier. However, even when the scans appeared normal, the quantitative analysis showed increased skeletal activity in all patients. The total skeletal activity proved to be a good index of the severity of renal osteodystrophy and appeared dependent on both osteomalacia and hyperparathyroidism. These findings show that bone scintigraphy is a sensitive method to detect skeletal involvement in renal osteodystrophy.", "PMID": 104017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6030", "title": "[18F]-labeled 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose: synthesis and preliminary biodistribution data.", "content": "A cyclotron target system for the production of anhydrous [18F] fluoride ion has been developed and used for the synthesis of carrier-free [18F]-3-deoxy-3fluoro-D-glucose (3-FDG). The synthesis is sufficiently rapid and efficient to allow production of usable amounts of 3-FDG with a 6-MeV cyclotron. Preliminary animal studies show that 3-FDG is in fact a glucose analog.", "contents": "[18F]-labeled 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose: synthesis and preliminary biodistribution data. A cyclotron target system for the production of anhydrous [18F] fluoride ion has been developed and used for the synthesis of carrier-free [18F]-3-deoxy-3fluoro-D-glucose (3-FDG). The synthesis is sufficiently rapid and efficient to allow production of usable amounts of 3-FDG with a 6-MeV cyclotron. Preliminary animal studies show that 3-FDG is in fact a glucose analog.", "PMID": 104019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6031", "title": "The effect of denervation on trauma from occlusion.", "content": "Trauma from occlusion was induced by inserting cantilever bridges bilaterally in the mandibles of two monkeys. In one monkey the mandibular nerve was cut on one side; in the other on both sides. By this procedure possible protective action of nerve receptors in the periodontal membrane was reduced. The occlusal trauma resulted in severe damage to the pulp and resorption of the roots, but no appreciable downgrowth of the crevicular epithelium.", "contents": "The effect of denervation on trauma from occlusion. Trauma from occlusion was induced by inserting cantilever bridges bilaterally in the mandibles of two monkeys. In one monkey the mandibular nerve was cut on one side; in the other on both sides. By this procedure possible protective action of nerve receptors in the periodontal membrane was reduced. The occlusal trauma resulted in severe damage to the pulp and resorption of the roots, but no appreciable downgrowth of the crevicular epithelium.", "PMID": 104021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6032", "title": "Identification, quantification, and significance of bacterial growth within the biliary tract after Kasai's operation.", "content": "Cholangitis is a universal complication of successful hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia. In this study 283 bacteriologic cultures were obtained from 19 patients during a 23-mo period. All bilioenteric conduits were colonized with colonic flora by 1 mo after operation. Cholangitis was characterized by fever and a decrease in bilirubin clearance, but not by a change in the number of different types of bacteria nor a change in the total bacteriologic concentration within the conduit. No overall antibiotic effect on the flora could be found. Cholangitis remains a condition that is necessarily treated empirically.", "contents": "Identification, quantification, and significance of bacterial growth within the biliary tract after Kasai's operation. Cholangitis is a universal complication of successful hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia. In this study 283 bacteriologic cultures were obtained from 19 patients during a 23-mo period. All bilioenteric conduits were colonized with colonic flora by 1 mo after operation. Cholangitis was characterized by fever and a decrease in bilirubin clearance, but not by a change in the number of different types of bacteria nor a change in the total bacteriologic concentration within the conduit. No overall antibiotic effect on the flora could be found. Cholangitis remains a condition that is necessarily treated empirically.", "PMID": 104022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6033", "title": "Total management of short gut secondary to midgut volvulus without prolonged total parenteral alimentation.", "content": "Absorption studies in rats have shown that intestinal adaptation after catastrophic injury can be stimulated by early enteral feeding. Using this concept, we have devised a technique of early initiation and advancement of oral feedings that begins with Cho-Free and Polycose and gradually adds sucrose and MCT in increasing proportions. The increasing complexity and caloric density of this diet provide sufficient nutrition to allow weaning from total parenteral alimentation within 2--3 wk. Our preliminary experience in babies with midgut volvulus, necrotizing enterocolitis, and gastroschisis has been successful and uncomplicated. These patients have demonstrated consistent weight gain and have been spared the complications associated with prolonged parenteral alimentation.", "contents": "Total management of short gut secondary to midgut volvulus without prolonged total parenteral alimentation. Absorption studies in rats have shown that intestinal adaptation after catastrophic injury can be stimulated by early enteral feeding. Using this concept, we have devised a technique of early initiation and advancement of oral feedings that begins with Cho-Free and Polycose and gradually adds sucrose and MCT in increasing proportions. The increasing complexity and caloric density of this diet provide sufficient nutrition to allow weaning from total parenteral alimentation within 2--3 wk. Our preliminary experience in babies with midgut volvulus, necrotizing enterocolitis, and gastroschisis has been successful and uncomplicated. These patients have demonstrated consistent weight gain and have been spared the complications associated with prolonged parenteral alimentation.", "PMID": 104024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6034", "title": "Technical considerations in performing total colectomy and Soave endorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Total colectomy, mucosal proctectomy, and ileoanal endorectal anastomosis have been successful in 17 of 19 children with chronic ulcerative colitis. No significant complications were encountered in our recent 9 cases. The technique of the operation as it is now performed in our institution is described.", "contents": "Technical considerations in performing total colectomy and Soave endorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Total colectomy, mucosal proctectomy, and ileoanal endorectal anastomosis have been successful in 17 of 19 children with chronic ulcerative colitis. No significant complications were encountered in our recent 9 cases. The technique of the operation as it is now performed in our institution is described.", "PMID": 104025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6035", "title": "The action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, substance P and related peptides on frog spinal motoneurons.", "content": "The isolated, hemisected spinal cord of the frog has been used to examine the action of peptides on frogs motoneurons. Both sucrose gap recording from the ventral roots and intracellular microelectrode recording were used. Substance P (SP), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), neurotensin and bombesin all had a depolarizing action. The responses to neurotensin and bombesin were blocked by tetrodotoxin suggesting that their action was indirectly mediated through interneurons. SP and TRH had a direct depolarizing action on motoneurons. SP was slightly more active and TRH slightly less active than glutamate. The responses to both peptides had a slower time course than the responses to glutamate. The maximum depolarizations produced by the peptides rarely surpassed the firing threshold of the motoneurons. However, their excitability was increased, since subthreshold synaptic potentials and responses to current injection surpassed threshold during the peptide responses. In approximately half of the cells tested, a small decrease in membrane resistance could be detected during the peptide responses. These results suggest that if SP and TRH were released from synapses impinging on frog motoneurons they would exert a background excitatory action.", "contents": "The action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, substance P and related peptides on frog spinal motoneurons. The isolated, hemisected spinal cord of the frog has been used to examine the action of peptides on frogs motoneurons. Both sucrose gap recording from the ventral roots and intracellular microelectrode recording were used. Substance P (SP), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), neurotensin and bombesin all had a depolarizing action. The responses to neurotensin and bombesin were blocked by tetrodotoxin suggesting that their action was indirectly mediated through interneurons. SP and TRH had a direct depolarizing action on motoneurons. SP was slightly more active and TRH slightly less active than glutamate. The responses to both peptides had a slower time course than the responses to glutamate. The maximum depolarizations produced by the peptides rarely surpassed the firing threshold of the motoneurons. However, their excitability was increased, since subthreshold synaptic potentials and responses to current injection surpassed threshold during the peptide responses. In approximately half of the cells tested, a small decrease in membrane resistance could be detected during the peptide responses. These results suggest that if SP and TRH were released from synapses impinging on frog motoneurons they would exert a background excitatory action.", "PMID": 104026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6036", "title": "The distribution of sodium, potassium and chloride in the nucleus and cytoplasm of Bufo bufo oocytes measured by electron microprobe analysis.", "content": "1. Measurements of cytoplasmic and nuclear Na, K and Cl have been made by electron microprobe analysis on freeze-dried sections of oocytes of Bufo bufo, using standards of bovine plasma albumin and gamma-globulin. Concentrations were obtained per kilogram of dry mass, were converted to concentrations per litre of water content using known figures for water and solid concentration of nucleus and cytoplasm, and were then compared with measurements on cells from the same animal obtained by flame photometry. 2. In fresh oocytes concentrations were (mean +/- S.E. of mean in m-mole/l. H2O) in cytoplasm Na 10.9 +/- 1.95, K 70.2 +/- 3.22, Cl 98.8 +/- 11.0, and in nucleus Na 10.4 +/- 1.79, K 266.4 +/- 22.8, Cl 91.3 +/- 9.0. 3. After treatment with Na-free Ringer (Li substituted for Na) for 5 hr, concentrations were in cytoplasm Na 11.1 +/- 2.44, K 64.4 +/- 5.7, Cl 88.7 +/- 8.8, and in nucleus Na 2.4 +/- 0.73, K 141 +/- 13.9, Cl 75.0 +/- 6.7. Na inexchangeable with Li therefore lay in the cytoplasm but not in the nucleus as previously shown by autoradiography. 4. For K electron microscopic analysis measurements agreed well with those obtained by flame photometry but the former measured only 35% of Na measured by flame photometry. This discrepancy may be due either to technical difficulties with the electron microprobe analysis or to localization of Na in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "The distribution of sodium, potassium and chloride in the nucleus and cytoplasm of Bufo bufo oocytes measured by electron microprobe analysis. 1. Measurements of cytoplasmic and nuclear Na, K and Cl have been made by electron microprobe analysis on freeze-dried sections of oocytes of Bufo bufo, using standards of bovine plasma albumin and gamma-globulin. Concentrations were obtained per kilogram of dry mass, were converted to concentrations per litre of water content using known figures for water and solid concentration of nucleus and cytoplasm, and were then compared with measurements on cells from the same animal obtained by flame photometry. 2. In fresh oocytes concentrations were (mean +/- S.E. of mean in m-mole/l. H2O) in cytoplasm Na 10.9 +/- 1.95, K 70.2 +/- 3.22, Cl 98.8 +/- 11.0, and in nucleus Na 10.4 +/- 1.79, K 266.4 +/- 22.8, Cl 91.3 +/- 9.0. 3. After treatment with Na-free Ringer (Li substituted for Na) for 5 hr, concentrations were in cytoplasm Na 11.1 +/- 2.44, K 64.4 +/- 5.7, Cl 88.7 +/- 8.8, and in nucleus Na 2.4 +/- 0.73, K 141 +/- 13.9, Cl 75.0 +/- 6.7. Na inexchangeable with Li therefore lay in the cytoplasm but not in the nucleus as previously shown by autoradiography. 4. For K electron microscopic analysis measurements agreed well with those obtained by flame photometry but the former measured only 35% of Na measured by flame photometry. This discrepancy may be due either to technical difficulties with the electron microprobe analysis or to localization of Na in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 104029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6037", "title": "Levamisole in infectious diseases--a review of the literature.", "content": "Levamisole is toxic to a range of nematodes with gastrointestinal and systemic localization. Since nematodes are characterized by an immunologically determined pattern of predilections for hosts and tissues, pharmacological, biochemical, and immunological properties must be considered when the mechanism of action of levamisole is discussed. Levamisole causes a reversible stimulation of ganglia and neuromuscular inhibition of the depolarizing type, inhibits nematode-specific succinate dehydrogenase and increases delayed hypersensitivity reactions. The latter effect is mediated by immune cells and may explain why levamisole alleviates chronic and recurrent infections, particularly in patients with immunodeficiency syndromes.", "contents": "Levamisole in infectious diseases--a review of the literature. Levamisole is toxic to a range of nematodes with gastrointestinal and systemic localization. Since nematodes are characterized by an immunologically determined pattern of predilections for hosts and tissues, pharmacological, biochemical, and immunological properties must be considered when the mechanism of action of levamisole is discussed. Levamisole causes a reversible stimulation of ganglia and neuromuscular inhibition of the depolarizing type, inhibits nematode-specific succinate dehydrogenase and increases delayed hypersensitivity reactions. The latter effect is mediated by immune cells and may explain why levamisole alleviates chronic and recurrent infections, particularly in patients with immunodeficiency syndromes.", "PMID": 104036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6038", "title": "A parasitological study on the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) from the Northern Transvaal.", "content": "Baboons imported into Rhodesia from the Northern Transvaal proved to be heavily infected with intestinal protozoa and helminths. In fact, six protozoan species, one cestode and eight nematode species were recorded. A new concept in \"identification graphs\" is included in the paper which allows one to read off directly the species of strongyle eggs being passed by baboons in Southern Africa based upon length and breadth measurements of the eggs. Treatment of Balantidium coli and nematode infections of baboons is discussed as is the implication of some of these intestinal parasite infections in terms of potential human infection under natural conditions.", "contents": "A parasitological study on the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) from the Northern Transvaal. Baboons imported into Rhodesia from the Northern Transvaal proved to be heavily infected with intestinal protozoa and helminths. In fact, six protozoan species, one cestode and eight nematode species were recorded. A new concept in \"identification graphs\" is included in the paper which allows one to read off directly the species of strongyle eggs being passed by baboons in Southern Africa based upon length and breadth measurements of the eggs. Treatment of Balantidium coli and nematode infections of baboons is discussed as is the implication of some of these intestinal parasite infections in terms of potential human infection under natural conditions.", "PMID": 104037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6039", "title": "Effect of amiloride on chloride transport across amphibian epithelia.", "content": "Amiloride is found to inhibit chloride exchange diffusion in toad skin and passive chloride transport in frog skin. In both tissues, chloride transport is reactivated by substituting with KCl-Ringer's on the inside, so the effect of amiloride on chloride transport is secondary to its well-known inhibition of sodium transport. Removal of chloride from the outside bathing solution inhibits chloride outflux in both tissues. This is easy to explain in the case of the toad skin where chloride transport under short-circuit conditions occurs as exchange diffusion. In the frog skin this transeffect indicates that the chloride concentration at a location very near the outer surface is of significance for chloride permeability. The possibility is discussed that the chloride concentration in the outward facing membrane, or in compartments near to it, regulates chloride fluxes across frog skin.", "contents": "Effect of amiloride on chloride transport across amphibian epithelia. Amiloride is found to inhibit chloride exchange diffusion in toad skin and passive chloride transport in frog skin. In both tissues, chloride transport is reactivated by substituting with KCl-Ringer's on the inside, so the effect of amiloride on chloride transport is secondary to its well-known inhibition of sodium transport. Removal of chloride from the outside bathing solution inhibits chloride outflux in both tissues. This is easy to explain in the case of the toad skin where chloride transport under short-circuit conditions occurs as exchange diffusion. In the frog skin this transeffect indicates that the chloride concentration at a location very near the outer surface is of significance for chloride permeability. The possibility is discussed that the chloride concentration in the outward facing membrane, or in compartments near to it, regulates chloride fluxes across frog skin.", "PMID": 104038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6040", "title": "Membrane structural specialization of the toad urinary bladder revealed by the freeze-fracture technique. III. Location, structure and vasopressin dependence of intramembrane particle arrays.", "content": "Examination of the toad urinary bladder by freeze-fracture electron microscopy reveals intramembrane particle arrays at a number of membrane sites. An array in which particles are aggregated into closely apposed parallel rows is found in the granular cell luminal membrane of dehydrated toads fixed in situ. These aggregates are structurally indistinguishable from those previously associated with vasopressin exposure in vitro. Aggregates are not found in granular cell luminal membrane in the case of hydrated toads fixed in situ. However, structurally similar arrays are found at low frequency in the membrane of cytoplasmic vacuoles in granular cells and in the plasma membrane of basal cells in both hydrated and dehydrated toads. Aggregates are also present at these sites in control and vasopressin-treated bladders from in vitro experiments. Particle arrays characteristic of gap junctions, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes also occur in the plasma membrane of basal cells. In addition, distinctive square arrays of particles exist in the plasma membrane of the bladder's mesothelium. Although a variety of intramembrane particle arrays exist in the toad urinary bladder, only the occurrence of organized particle aggregates in the luminal membrane of granular cells appears to be associated with vasopressin exposure.", "contents": "Membrane structural specialization of the toad urinary bladder revealed by the freeze-fracture technique. III. Location, structure and vasopressin dependence of intramembrane particle arrays. Examination of the toad urinary bladder by freeze-fracture electron microscopy reveals intramembrane particle arrays at a number of membrane sites. An array in which particles are aggregated into closely apposed parallel rows is found in the granular cell luminal membrane of dehydrated toads fixed in situ. These aggregates are structurally indistinguishable from those previously associated with vasopressin exposure in vitro. Aggregates are not found in granular cell luminal membrane in the case of hydrated toads fixed in situ. However, structurally similar arrays are found at low frequency in the membrane of cytoplasmic vacuoles in granular cells and in the plasma membrane of basal cells in both hydrated and dehydrated toads. Aggregates are also present at these sites in control and vasopressin-treated bladders from in vitro experiments. Particle arrays characteristic of gap junctions, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes also occur in the plasma membrane of basal cells. In addition, distinctive square arrays of particles exist in the plasma membrane of the bladder's mesothelium. Although a variety of intramembrane particle arrays exist in the toad urinary bladder, only the occurrence of organized particle aggregates in the luminal membrane of granular cells appears to be associated with vasopressin exposure.", "PMID": 104039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6041", "title": "Evidence for a transcellular component to the transepithelial sodium efflux in toad skin.", "content": "The transepithelial efflux of sodium, from the inner to the outer surface was measured across the isolated toad skin, mostly after abolition of the electrochemical gradient. The effects on this efflux of several agents and manipulations were studied in order to make a distinction between the paracellular component and a hypothetical transcellular one. Amiloride decreased the transepithelial efflux, while ouabain and cyanide increased it. From the known mode of action of those agents, it was inferred that part of the efflux occurred across the cell. Removal of sodium from the external solution interfered apparently with both components of the transepithelial efflux, while the action of external hypertonicity seemed to be restricted to the paracellular shunt pathway. Access of sodium from the internal solution to the active transport pool is thus suggested, with consequent increase in metabolic cost of transport. Yet, compared with the net influx, the amounts involved are very small; consequently, they escape detection by oxygen consumption measurements.", "contents": "Evidence for a transcellular component to the transepithelial sodium efflux in toad skin. The transepithelial efflux of sodium, from the inner to the outer surface was measured across the isolated toad skin, mostly after abolition of the electrochemical gradient. The effects on this efflux of several agents and manipulations were studied in order to make a distinction between the paracellular component and a hypothetical transcellular one. Amiloride decreased the transepithelial efflux, while ouabain and cyanide increased it. From the known mode of action of those agents, it was inferred that part of the efflux occurred across the cell. Removal of sodium from the external solution interfered apparently with both components of the transepithelial efflux, while the action of external hypertonicity seemed to be restricted to the paracellular shunt pathway. Access of sodium from the internal solution to the active transport pool is thus suggested, with consequent increase in metabolic cost of transport. Yet, compared with the net influx, the amounts involved are very small; consequently, they escape detection by oxygen consumption measurements.", "PMID": 104040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6042", "title": "Vasopressin-like effects of psychotropic drugs in amphibian epithelia.", "content": "Amphibian epithelia have been used as models for studying the effects of psychotropic drugs on membrane transport. Several of these agents added to the internal or to the external media, at concentrations greater than 10(-3) M, had inhibitory, \"ouabain-like\" effects on Na transport. In contrast, stimulatory, \"vasopressin-like\" effects were seen at lower concentrations. The stimulation was additive to that of oxytocin if the drug was present in the external solution but nonadditive if in the internal solution. On water transport, harmala alkaloids had a vasopressinomimetic action in toad skin, while inhibition was seen with Li and amitriptyline. To account for these multiple effects, it is hypothesized that psychotropic drugs act on the following cell targets: the Na pump, the cyclic nucleotide system, microtubules, and membrane calcium sites at the outer barrier of the epithelium. Direct, biochemical evidence is needed to substantiate this hypothesis.", "contents": "Vasopressin-like effects of psychotropic drugs in amphibian epithelia. Amphibian epithelia have been used as models for studying the effects of psychotropic drugs on membrane transport. Several of these agents added to the internal or to the external media, at concentrations greater than 10(-3) M, had inhibitory, \"ouabain-like\" effects on Na transport. In contrast, stimulatory, \"vasopressin-like\" effects were seen at lower concentrations. The stimulation was additive to that of oxytocin if the drug was present in the external solution but nonadditive if in the internal solution. On water transport, harmala alkaloids had a vasopressinomimetic action in toad skin, while inhibition was seen with Li and amitriptyline. To account for these multiple effects, it is hypothesized that psychotropic drugs act on the following cell targets: the Na pump, the cyclic nucleotide system, microtubules, and membrane calcium sites at the outer barrier of the epithelium. Direct, biochemical evidence is needed to substantiate this hypothesis.", "PMID": 104041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6043", "title": "Direct visualization of epithelial morphology in the living amphibian urinary bladder.", "content": "Differential interference-contrast microscopy has been applied to the study of amphibian urinary bladders, in vitro. It is demonstrated that well-resolved images can be obtained with little loss of tissue viability. Direct observations have been made on the structure of microvilli, the distribution of mitochondria in the mitochondria-rich cells, and the patency of lateral intercellular spaces. It is noted that the effective viscosity of cytoplasm is very high--that it is apparently a gel in which there is no Brownian movement of organelles. The frequency, shape, and pattern of distribution of granular and mitochondria-rich cells is determined for the commonly studied varieties of Bufo marinus. Bladders from Colombian toads contain more and larger mitochondria-rich cells than do those of the Dominican variety. There is no specific arrangement of cell-cell contacts to suggest a structural basis for cooperativeness of action. Finally, a longitudinal study of osmotically-induced changes in the structure of the \"tight\" or \"limiting\" junctions establishes the validity of previous findings by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Direct visualization of epithelial morphology in the living amphibian urinary bladder. Differential interference-contrast microscopy has been applied to the study of amphibian urinary bladders, in vitro. It is demonstrated that well-resolved images can be obtained with little loss of tissue viability. Direct observations have been made on the structure of microvilli, the distribution of mitochondria in the mitochondria-rich cells, and the patency of lateral intercellular spaces. It is noted that the effective viscosity of cytoplasm is very high--that it is apparently a gel in which there is no Brownian movement of organelles. The frequency, shape, and pattern of distribution of granular and mitochondria-rich cells is determined for the commonly studied varieties of Bufo marinus. Bladders from Colombian toads contain more and larger mitochondria-rich cells than do those of the Dominican variety. There is no specific arrangement of cell-cell contacts to suggest a structural basis for cooperativeness of action. Finally, a longitudinal study of osmotically-induced changes in the structure of the \"tight\" or \"limiting\" junctions establishes the validity of previous findings by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 104042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6044", "title": "Biochemical response of squirrel monkeys to ozone.", "content": "Biochemical studies were performed on blood and lung tissue of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) following acute exposure to 0.75 ppm ozone (O3) for 4 h/d for 4 consecutive days. One group of animals was sacrificed at the end of the last exposure day and another group was sacrificed 4 d later after the last exposure. Evidence was sought for oxidation-induced changes known to occur in rodents when high levels of O3 are inhaled. A significant increase in red blood cell membrane fragility was observed, as well as significant decreases in red blood cell glutathione and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase; however, the red blood cell enzymes, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were not changed significantly. Lung tissue analysis showed that lipid peroxidation was markedly increased and tissue vitamin E levels were significantly decreased. The tissue enzymes G6PDH, glutathione reductase, and LDH significantly increased in activity. No significant changes were seen in either superoxide dismutase or malic acid dehydrogenase. The results of this experiment indicate that O3, or reaction products resulting from O3-tissue interaction in the lung, pass the air-blood barrier and are capable of producing biochemical changes in blood as well as in lung tissue.", "contents": "Biochemical response of squirrel monkeys to ozone. Biochemical studies were performed on blood and lung tissue of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) following acute exposure to 0.75 ppm ozone (O3) for 4 h/d for 4 consecutive days. One group of animals was sacrificed at the end of the last exposure day and another group was sacrificed 4 d later after the last exposure. Evidence was sought for oxidation-induced changes known to occur in rodents when high levels of O3 are inhaled. A significant increase in red blood cell membrane fragility was observed, as well as significant decreases in red blood cell glutathione and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase; however, the red blood cell enzymes, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were not changed significantly. Lung tissue analysis showed that lipid peroxidation was markedly increased and tissue vitamin E levels were significantly decreased. The tissue enzymes G6PDH, glutathione reductase, and LDH significantly increased in activity. No significant changes were seen in either superoxide dismutase or malic acid dehydrogenase. The results of this experiment indicate that O3, or reaction products resulting from O3-tissue interaction in the lung, pass the air-blood barrier and are capable of producing biochemical changes in blood as well as in lung tissue.", "PMID": 104043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6045", "title": "Early detection of childhood hearing impairment - problems and possible solutions.", "content": "The identification of infants with profound hearing loss is a complex task, and one that is beset with problems. This paper discusses some of these problems and points out a few of the ways by which, hopefully, they are coming closer to solution. The first problem results from the nature of the beast, which seems to have so many social, medical, educational, and political implications. There are also some problems with the high risk register and with screening for hearing loss; but probably the most disturbing are the conflicts that arise between professionals when their aims, objectives, and methods don't quite match. Current progress in the linking up of high risk and screening methodologies is discussed, as well as ways in which existing health care systems can be utilized in deafness detection.", "contents": "Early detection of childhood hearing impairment - problems and possible solutions. The identification of infants with profound hearing loss is a complex task, and one that is beset with problems. This paper discusses some of these problems and points out a few of the ways by which, hopefully, they are coming closer to solution. The first problem results from the nature of the beast, which seems to have so many social, medical, educational, and political implications. There are also some problems with the high risk register and with screening for hearing loss; but probably the most disturbing are the conflicts that arise between professionals when their aims, objectives, and methods don't quite match. Current progress in the linking up of high risk and screening methodologies is discussed, as well as ways in which existing health care systems can be utilized in deafness detection.", "PMID": 104049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6046", "title": "Concentrations of circulating steroids in normal prepubertal and adult male and female humans, chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, rats, mice, and hamsters: a literature survey.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay (RIA) data on concentrations of circulating steroids in normal prepubertal and adult male and female humans, chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, rats, mice, and hamsters have been collated from the literature. Few reports include data for both sexes, for age groups, or for more than one species. In selecting references for inclusion in the tables, efforts were made to choose data only from RIA procedures that were adequately validated. A number of similarities can be found by reviewing the tables. Levels of estradiol appear somewhat similar for humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus monkeys of both sexes. Among the notable differences are the levels of estradiol and progesterone in primates and rodents, the apparently high level of aldosterone in mice, and the patterns of progesterone secretion in mice and rats. All values in the tables have been converted to picograms for easy comparison between steroids and species. Data for humans are fairly complete, but there is a significant lack of information for several other species.", "contents": "Concentrations of circulating steroids in normal prepubertal and adult male and female humans, chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, rats, mice, and hamsters: a literature survey. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) data on concentrations of circulating steroids in normal prepubertal and adult male and female humans, chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, rats, mice, and hamsters have been collated from the literature. Few reports include data for both sexes, for age groups, or for more than one species. In selecting references for inclusion in the tables, efforts were made to choose data only from RIA procedures that were adequately validated. A number of similarities can be found by reviewing the tables. Levels of estradiol appear somewhat similar for humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus monkeys of both sexes. Among the notable differences are the levels of estradiol and progesterone in primates and rodents, the apparently high level of aldosterone in mice, and the patterns of progesterone secretion in mice and rats. All values in the tables have been converted to picograms for easy comparison between steroids and species. Data for humans are fairly complete, but there is a significant lack of information for several other species.", "PMID": 104044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6047", "title": "Effect of ethanol on the retention of americium-241 in the baboon liver.", "content": "The oral administration of ethyl alcohol enhanced the excretion of 241Am from the liver of a baboon by 2.5 times that of a control animal. After ethanol administration, increases in the total content of 241Am excreted in feces were accompanied by corresponding increases in fecal volumes, although administration of nonalcoholic cathartics would not be expected to produce a similar effect. The effectiveness of ethanol as a decorporating agent may result from its ability to mobilize intracellularly bound 241Am from the liver, thereby making the nuclide more available for metabolic secretory mechanisms occurring via liver-bile-fecal route.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on the retention of americium-241 in the baboon liver. The oral administration of ethyl alcohol enhanced the excretion of 241Am from the liver of a baboon by 2.5 times that of a control animal. After ethanol administration, increases in the total content of 241Am excreted in feces were accompanied by corresponding increases in fecal volumes, although administration of nonalcoholic cathartics would not be expected to produce a similar effect. The effectiveness of ethanol as a decorporating agent may result from its ability to mobilize intracellularly bound 241Am from the liver, thereby making the nuclide more available for metabolic secretory mechanisms occurring via liver-bile-fecal route.", "PMID": 104045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6048", "title": "Effects of NO2 on the response of baboon alveolar macrophages to migration inhibitory factor.", "content": "Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) were obtained by lavage from baboons exposed for 6 mo to 2 ppm NO2 for 8 h/d, 5 d/wk, and the response of these cells to autologous migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was determined. PAM from two of three antigen-sensitized, NO2-exposed animals failed to respond to MIF derived from antigen-stimulated autologous lymphocytes. Similarly, PAM from three of the four NO2-exposed animals had diminished responsiveness to MIF obtained by phytohemagglutinin stimulation of their own lymphocytes. The altered responsiveness resulted from an effect on the macrophages and not on the lymphocytes used to prepare the MIF, as shown by the normal blastogenic responsiveness of the lymphocytes and the normal activity of the MIF thus produced on guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. These results demonstrate that inhalation of 2 ppm NO2 may have important subtle effects on pulmonary cells, which may result in altered immune capabilities within the lung.", "contents": "Effects of NO2 on the response of baboon alveolar macrophages to migration inhibitory factor. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) were obtained by lavage from baboons exposed for 6 mo to 2 ppm NO2 for 8 h/d, 5 d/wk, and the response of these cells to autologous migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was determined. PAM from two of three antigen-sensitized, NO2-exposed animals failed to respond to MIF derived from antigen-stimulated autologous lymphocytes. Similarly, PAM from three of the four NO2-exposed animals had diminished responsiveness to MIF obtained by phytohemagglutinin stimulation of their own lymphocytes. The altered responsiveness resulted from an effect on the macrophages and not on the lymphocytes used to prepare the MIF, as shown by the normal blastogenic responsiveness of the lymphocytes and the normal activity of the MIF thus produced on guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. These results demonstrate that inhalation of 2 ppm NO2 may have important subtle effects on pulmonary cells, which may result in altered immune capabilities within the lung.", "PMID": 104046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6049", "title": "Relationship of Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III to bacteriophage PBS2-induced DNA polymerase and to the replication of uracil-containing DNA.", "content": "In vivo studies of PBS2 phage replication in a temperature-sensitive Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III (Pol III) mutant and a temperature-resistant revertant of this mutant have suggested the possible involvement of Pol III in PBS2 DNA synthesis. Previous results with 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil (HPUra), a specific inhibitor of Pol III and DNA replication in uninfected cells, suggest that Pol III is not involved in phage DNA replication, due to its resistance to this drug. Experiments were designed to examine possible explanations for this apparent contradiction. First, assays of the host Pol III and the phage-induced DNA polymerase activities in extracts indicated that a labile Pol III did not result in a labile phage-induced enzyme, suggesting that this new polymerase is not a modified HPUra-resistant form of Pol III. Indeed the purified phage-induced enzyme was resistant to the active, reduced form of HPUra under all assay conditions tested. Since in vitro Pol III was capable of replicating the uracil-containing DNA found in this phage, the sensitivity of the purified enzyme to reduced HPUra was examined using phage DNA as template-primer and dUTP as substrate; these new substrates did not affect the sensitivity of the host enzyme to the drug.", "contents": "Relationship of Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III to bacteriophage PBS2-induced DNA polymerase and to the replication of uracil-containing DNA. In vivo studies of PBS2 phage replication in a temperature-sensitive Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III (Pol III) mutant and a temperature-resistant revertant of this mutant have suggested the possible involvement of Pol III in PBS2 DNA synthesis. Previous results with 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil (HPUra), a specific inhibitor of Pol III and DNA replication in uninfected cells, suggest that Pol III is not involved in phage DNA replication, due to its resistance to this drug. Experiments were designed to examine possible explanations for this apparent contradiction. First, assays of the host Pol III and the phage-induced DNA polymerase activities in extracts indicated that a labile Pol III did not result in a labile phage-induced enzyme, suggesting that this new polymerase is not a modified HPUra-resistant form of Pol III. Indeed the purified phage-induced enzyme was resistant to the active, reduced form of HPUra under all assay conditions tested. Since in vitro Pol III was capable of replicating the uracil-containing DNA found in this phage, the sensitivity of the purified enzyme to reduced HPUra was examined using phage DNA as template-primer and dUTP as substrate; these new substrates did not affect the sensitivity of the host enzyme to the drug.", "PMID": 104052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6050", "title": "DNA of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPP1: physical mapping and localization of the origin of replication.", "content": "The genome of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPP1, a linear, 28.5-megadalton DNA duplex, was mapped by analysis with the restriction endonucleases endo R.Sal I, Sma I, Xba I, Bgl I, Bgl II, and EcoRI. The SPP1 genome, like that of the Salmonella typhimurium phage, P22, was found to be a terminally repetitious, circularly permuted molecule. 6-(p-Hydroxyphenylazo)uracil, a selective, reversible inhibitor of SPP1 DNA synthesis, was exploited to synchronize the initiation of genome replication and to selectively label the site of its initiation with radioactive thymidine. Restriction endonuclease analysis of the distribution of the label located the origin of replicative synthesis at an area approximately 0.2 genome length from one molecular terminus.", "contents": "DNA of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPP1: physical mapping and localization of the origin of replication. The genome of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPP1, a linear, 28.5-megadalton DNA duplex, was mapped by analysis with the restriction endonucleases endo R.Sal I, Sma I, Xba I, Bgl I, Bgl II, and EcoRI. The SPP1 genome, like that of the Salmonella typhimurium phage, P22, was found to be a terminally repetitious, circularly permuted molecule. 6-(p-Hydroxyphenylazo)uracil, a selective, reversible inhibitor of SPP1 DNA synthesis, was exploited to synchronize the initiation of genome replication and to selectively label the site of its initiation with radioactive thymidine. Restriction endonuclease analysis of the distribution of the label located the origin of replicative synthesis at an area approximately 0.2 genome length from one molecular terminus.", "PMID": 104053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6051", "title": "Characterization of a variant of human adenovirus type 2 which multiples efficiently in simian cells.", "content": "In a previous report (Klessig, J. Virol. 21:1243--1246, 1977), the isolation of a variant (H2hr400) of adenovirus serotype 2 (Ad2) that overcomes the block to multiplication of wild-type Ad2 in simian cells was described. H2hr400 replicates efficiently on both human and simian cells, resulting in virus yields that are comparable to those found when wild-type Ad2 infects permissive, human cells. An extensive comparison of the genome of H2hr400 with that of its parent by restriction endonuclease, electron microscopic, and hybridization analyses failed to detect any differences and excludes the possibility that simian virus 40 sequences, which in certain Ad2-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses (e.g., Ad2+ND1) allow adenovirus to multiply efficiently in simian cells, are present in H2hr400. In contrast to Ad2, H2hr400 can fully express its late genes in both simian and human cells. The mutation has been mapped by a modified marker rescue technique to the segment of the viral genome located between coordinates 59 and 80.", "contents": "Characterization of a variant of human adenovirus type 2 which multiples efficiently in simian cells. In a previous report (Klessig, J. Virol. 21:1243--1246, 1977), the isolation of a variant (H2hr400) of adenovirus serotype 2 (Ad2) that overcomes the block to multiplication of wild-type Ad2 in simian cells was described. H2hr400 replicates efficiently on both human and simian cells, resulting in virus yields that are comparable to those found when wild-type Ad2 infects permissive, human cells. An extensive comparison of the genome of H2hr400 with that of its parent by restriction endonuclease, electron microscopic, and hybridization analyses failed to detect any differences and excludes the possibility that simian virus 40 sequences, which in certain Ad2-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses (e.g., Ad2+ND1) allow adenovirus to multiply efficiently in simian cells, are present in H2hr400. In contrast to Ad2, H2hr400 can fully express its late genes in both simian and human cells. The mutation has been mapped by a modified marker rescue technique to the segment of the viral genome located between coordinates 59 and 80.", "PMID": 104054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6052", "title": "Neurofibromatous ureteral obstruction relieved by sigmoid conduit cystoplasty.", "content": "Neurofibromatosis is a neural disease of hereditary nature affecting both sexes of all races. Visceral and central nervous system involvement can cause serious interference with normal function of affected structures. Under these circumstances, lifelong observation and individualized treatment of the patient are essential to proper management. This report is an account of nearly 2 decades of conservative management of neurofibromatosis of the pelvis in a young woman. Progressive, bilateral ureteral obstruction developed but normal function of the urinary tract has been maintained for the last 10 years with a sigmoid conduit cystoplasty. It is anticipated that continued progression of the disease will require cutaneous transfer of the sigmoid conduit. Also, a colostomy might become necessary because of recent evidence of rectal obstruction noted on computed tomography.", "contents": "Neurofibromatous ureteral obstruction relieved by sigmoid conduit cystoplasty. Neurofibromatosis is a neural disease of hereditary nature affecting both sexes of all races. Visceral and central nervous system involvement can cause serious interference with normal function of affected structures. Under these circumstances, lifelong observation and individualized treatment of the patient are essential to proper management. This report is an account of nearly 2 decades of conservative management of neurofibromatosis of the pelvis in a young woman. Progressive, bilateral ureteral obstruction developed but normal function of the urinary tract has been maintained for the last 10 years with a sigmoid conduit cystoplasty. It is anticipated that continued progression of the disease will require cutaneous transfer of the sigmoid conduit. Also, a colostomy might become necessary because of recent evidence of rectal obstruction noted on computed tomography.", "PMID": 104056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6053", "title": "Chromium deficiency during total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Chromium is required for maintenance of normal glucose tolerance. After complete bowel resection and five months of total parenteral nutrition, severe glucose intolerance, weight loss, and a metabolic encephalopathy-like confusional state developed in a patient. Serum chromium levels were at the lowest normal level. Supplementation of 150 microgram of chromium per day reversed the glucose intolerance, reduced insulin requirements, and resulted in weight gain and the disappearance of encephalopathy. The low levels of chromium and response to chromium supplementation suggest that chromium deficiency can arise in long-term total parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Chromium deficiency during total parenteral nutrition. Chromium is required for maintenance of normal glucose tolerance. After complete bowel resection and five months of total parenteral nutrition, severe glucose intolerance, weight loss, and a metabolic encephalopathy-like confusional state developed in a patient. Serum chromium levels were at the lowest normal level. Supplementation of 150 microgram of chromium per day reversed the glucose intolerance, reduced insulin requirements, and resulted in weight gain and the disappearance of encephalopathy. The low levels of chromium and response to chromium supplementation suggest that chromium deficiency can arise in long-term total parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 104057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6054", "title": "Protein-sparing therapy during pneumococcal infection in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "A model was developed in the rhesus monkey to determine if the marked wasting of body proteins associated with sepsis could be prevented by an intravenous supply of various nutritional substrates. All monkeys were given a basic infusion of 0.5 gm of amino acid nitrogen/kg body weight via an indwelling catheter in the jugular vein. Three groups were given diets with no added calories, 85 calories/kg from dextrose or 85 calories from lipid. In each group, six monkeys were inoculated with 3 x 10(8) Streptococcus pneumoniae and four with heatkilled organisms. In the monkeys infused with the amino acids alone, pneumococcal sepsis resulted in a fourfold increase in loss of body proteins compared with calorie-restricted controls. Addition of 85 calories/kg/day of either dextrose or lipid reduced body wasting associated with infectious disease. The calories from lipid were utilized bythe septic host as a source of energy, with a slightly reduced efficiency when compared with the isocaloric infusion of dextrose. The nitrogen sparing of the fat emulsion could not be accounted for by its glycerol content. Therefore, the septic monkey seemed to utilize fatty acids as an energy substrate. It appears that the carbohydrate calories tend to favor the synthesis of peripheral proteins (associated mainly with skeletal muscle), while lipid calories favor synthesis of visceral proteins such as plasma albumin and acute-phase proteins.", "contents": "Protein-sparing therapy during pneumococcal infection in rhesus monkeys. A model was developed in the rhesus monkey to determine if the marked wasting of body proteins associated with sepsis could be prevented by an intravenous supply of various nutritional substrates. All monkeys were given a basic infusion of 0.5 gm of amino acid nitrogen/kg body weight via an indwelling catheter in the jugular vein. Three groups were given diets with no added calories, 85 calories/kg from dextrose or 85 calories from lipid. In each group, six monkeys were inoculated with 3 x 10(8) Streptococcus pneumoniae and four with heatkilled organisms. In the monkeys infused with the amino acids alone, pneumococcal sepsis resulted in a fourfold increase in loss of body proteins compared with calorie-restricted controls. Addition of 85 calories/kg/day of either dextrose or lipid reduced body wasting associated with infectious disease. The calories from lipid were utilized bythe septic host as a source of energy, with a slightly reduced efficiency when compared with the isocaloric infusion of dextrose. The nitrogen sparing of the fat emulsion could not be accounted for by its glycerol content. Therefore, the septic monkey seemed to utilize fatty acids as an energy substrate. It appears that the carbohydrate calories tend to favor the synthesis of peripheral proteins (associated mainly with skeletal muscle), while lipid calories favor synthesis of visceral proteins such as plasma albumin and acute-phase proteins.", "PMID": 104060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6055", "title": "Protein-sparing in cystectomy patients.", "content": "Forty-four patients undergoing radical cystectomy and urinary diversion for invasive bladder cancer were studied prospectively in order to evaluate the substitution of crystalline amino acids (A3W) for dextrose (D5W) in their postoperative fluid management. Nutritional assessment revealed 17 (39%) patients to be malnourished prior to operation; the postoperative complication rate in Group I (D5W) was 33% vs 17% in Group II (A3W). Nitrogen losses in both groups were low, secondary to the large amounts of albumin used postoperatively; however, more exogenous albumin was needed after operation to maintain serum albumin levels in Group I compared with Group II (77.5 +/- 3.1 gm vs 65 +/- 5.2gm). Cell-mediated immunity, determined by reactivity to a battery of recall antigens, revealed that 56% (5) of Group I patients were able to maintain their skin test reactivity throughout the postoperative course compared with 94% (17) in Group II. Four nutritionally depleted patients in Group I required conversion to a forced feeding regimen (IVH), while none of those in Group II required a change in nutritional regimen. Invasive bladder cancer represents a major injury, and preoperative x-ray therapy along with surgical extirpation is associated with considerable nutritional depletion. Early nutritional support in the management of these patients is mandatory, and where hypocaloric feeding regimens are appropriate, the use of A3W in place of D5W solutions would appear to be indicated.", "contents": "Protein-sparing in cystectomy patients. Forty-four patients undergoing radical cystectomy and urinary diversion for invasive bladder cancer were studied prospectively in order to evaluate the substitution of crystalline amino acids (A3W) for dextrose (D5W) in their postoperative fluid management. Nutritional assessment revealed 17 (39%) patients to be malnourished prior to operation; the postoperative complication rate in Group I (D5W) was 33% vs 17% in Group II (A3W). Nitrogen losses in both groups were low, secondary to the large amounts of albumin used postoperatively; however, more exogenous albumin was needed after operation to maintain serum albumin levels in Group I compared with Group II (77.5 +/- 3.1 gm vs 65 +/- 5.2gm). Cell-mediated immunity, determined by reactivity to a battery of recall antigens, revealed that 56% (5) of Group I patients were able to maintain their skin test reactivity throughout the postoperative course compared with 94% (17) in Group II. Four nutritionally depleted patients in Group I required conversion to a forced feeding regimen (IVH), while none of those in Group II required a change in nutritional regimen. Invasive bladder cancer represents a major injury, and preoperative x-ray therapy along with surgical extirpation is associated with considerable nutritional depletion. Early nutritional support in the management of these patients is mandatory, and where hypocaloric feeding regimens are appropriate, the use of A3W in place of D5W solutions would appear to be indicated.", "PMID": 104061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6056", "title": "Titration of tetanus antitoxin by passive hemagglutination. II. Serological characteristics of antitoxin production in rabbits and monkeys.", "content": "1) Production of tetanus antitoxin in rabbits and monkeys was followed by passive hemagglutination (HA) and toxin-neutralization (TN) tests. The HA activity was observed in both IgM and IgG in both animal species. 2) In rabbits, IgM antitoxin was detected as early as in 7 days, reached the maximum titer in 10--14 days, and disappeared in 3 weeks after the primary immunization. Antitoxin of IgG class was detected in 10 days, and increased gradually. The ratio of HA/TN titers (\"serum ratio\") was high at an early stage of primary immunization and approached the unity in 3--4 weeks. Unlike the case of guinea pigs, IgM was found to contribute greatly to this high level of ratio. Besides, most rabbits produced IgG antitoxin of high ratios at early stages of immunization. 3) The immune response of monkeys showed a pattern very similar to that of rabbits except a few days' delay in the time course of antitoxin titers. No IgG antitoxin with a high serum ratio was demonstrated. Therefore, the high serum ratio of early sera could be accounted for mainly by IgM. 4) In response to the secondary immunization, no IgM antitoxin was detected in either animal species. 5) No definite correlation between serum ratio and avidity in terms of \"dilution ratio\" was demonstrated. However, both the dilution ratio and serum ratio were high at an early stage of immunization and gradually decreased, though the magnitudes of the ratios were variable depending on individual animals.", "contents": "Titration of tetanus antitoxin by passive hemagglutination. II. Serological characteristics of antitoxin production in rabbits and monkeys. 1) Production of tetanus antitoxin in rabbits and monkeys was followed by passive hemagglutination (HA) and toxin-neutralization (TN) tests. The HA activity was observed in both IgM and IgG in both animal species. 2) In rabbits, IgM antitoxin was detected as early as in 7 days, reached the maximum titer in 10--14 days, and disappeared in 3 weeks after the primary immunization. Antitoxin of IgG class was detected in 10 days, and increased gradually. The ratio of HA/TN titers (\"serum ratio\") was high at an early stage of primary immunization and approached the unity in 3--4 weeks. Unlike the case of guinea pigs, IgM was found to contribute greatly to this high level of ratio. Besides, most rabbits produced IgG antitoxin of high ratios at early stages of immunization. 3) The immune response of monkeys showed a pattern very similar to that of rabbits except a few days' delay in the time course of antitoxin titers. No IgG antitoxin with a high serum ratio was demonstrated. Therefore, the high serum ratio of early sera could be accounted for mainly by IgM. 4) In response to the secondary immunization, no IgM antitoxin was detected in either animal species. 5) No definite correlation between serum ratio and avidity in terms of \"dilution ratio\" was demonstrated. However, both the dilution ratio and serum ratio were high at an early stage of immunization and gradually decreased, though the magnitudes of the ratios were variable depending on individual animals.", "PMID": 104073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6057", "title": "Breeding of cynomolgus monkeys through successive generations by indoor cage system.", "content": "Vital statistics on the breeding through successive generations were presented for the cynomolgus monkey colony of NIH, Tokyo. The results of this retrospective survey clearly demonstrated the third (F2) and the fourth (F3) generations could be bred and reared successfully by the indoor caged-breeding system in which either individual timed-mating or group mating procedure was adopted. Several important and difficult problems involved in the production of successive generations of the cynomolgus monkey by our breeding system were discussed from the standpoint of laboratory animal science.", "contents": "Breeding of cynomolgus monkeys through successive generations by indoor cage system. Vital statistics on the breeding through successive generations were presented for the cynomolgus monkey colony of NIH, Tokyo. The results of this retrospective survey clearly demonstrated the third (F2) and the fourth (F3) generations could be bred and reared successfully by the indoor caged-breeding system in which either individual timed-mating or group mating procedure was adopted. Several important and difficult problems involved in the production of successive generations of the cynomolgus monkey by our breeding system were discussed from the standpoint of laboratory animal science.", "PMID": 104074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6058", "title": "[Clinical aspects of deprivation amblyopia (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments in animal models revealed that unilateral lidclosure, artificial esotropia or anisometropia cause amblyopia comparable to that occuring in humans and produces morphological and functional anomalies in the visual centers. Form vision deprivation and abnormal binocular interaction have been identified as amblyopiogenic factors. The age of susceptibility for amblyopia in humams needs better definition. Uncontrolled occlusion in infants must be avoided and congenital or traumatic cataracts occuring in infancy should be operated upon as early as possible and the aphakic eye(s) optically corrected without delay to prevent deprivation amblyopia.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of deprivation amblyopia (author's transl)]. Experiments in animal models revealed that unilateral lidclosure, artificial esotropia or anisometropia cause amblyopia comparable to that occuring in humans and produces morphological and functional anomalies in the visual centers. Form vision deprivation and abnormal binocular interaction have been identified as amblyopiogenic factors. The age of susceptibility for amblyopia in humams needs better definition. Uncontrolled occlusion in infants must be avoided and congenital or traumatic cataracts occuring in infancy should be operated upon as early as possible and the aphakic eye(s) optically corrected without delay to prevent deprivation amblyopia.", "PMID": 104083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6059", "title": "[Trifluorothymidin-prophylaxis of dendritic keratitis in steroid-treated herpetic keratouveitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In a randomized double-blind study trifluorothymidine was tested for its ability to prevent dendritic keratitis at a dose of 5 drops daily in patients with steroid-treated herpetic keratouveitis. The corneal epithelium of all 56 patients in the study was free of viral foci prior to initiation of therapy. In the placebo- \"protected\" group, 6 of 28 patients developed virologically confirmed dendritic keratitis while they were under steroids, whereas all 28 trifluorothymidine-protected patients showed uneventful courses of their steroid regimes. No clinically relevant side-effects of trifluorothymidine prophylaxis were observed in this study.", "contents": "[Trifluorothymidin-prophylaxis of dendritic keratitis in steroid-treated herpetic keratouveitis (author's transl)]. In a randomized double-blind study trifluorothymidine was tested for its ability to prevent dendritic keratitis at a dose of 5 drops daily in patients with steroid-treated herpetic keratouveitis. The corneal epithelium of all 56 patients in the study was free of viral foci prior to initiation of therapy. In the placebo- \"protected\" group, 6 of 28 patients developed virologically confirmed dendritic keratitis while they were under steroids, whereas all 28 trifluorothymidine-protected patients showed uneventful courses of their steroid regimes. No clinically relevant side-effects of trifluorothymidine prophylaxis were observed in this study.", "PMID": 104084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6060", "title": "[Vital staining of the endothelium of preserved corneae with Trypan Blue (author's transl)].", "content": "As a development of Capella's and Kaufman's procedure we examined on four series each with 20 pig corneae the four antifreezing solutions described by the authors singly with regard to their protective effect against freezing. After thawing at +60 degrees within 50 seconds and rehydration with 25% Serum albumin (in the fourth series 10 corneae were rehydrated with polyvinylpyrrolidone) the endothelium was stained with Trypan blue. Microphotographs were made of the endothelial surface, stained nuclei counted and the results were analysed statistically and compared one with other. Hence we could show that with increasing concentration of the antifreeze solution the vitality of the cornea increases.", "contents": "[Vital staining of the endothelium of preserved corneae with Trypan Blue (author's transl)]. As a development of Capella's and Kaufman's procedure we examined on four series each with 20 pig corneae the four antifreezing solutions described by the authors singly with regard to their protective effect against freezing. After thawing at +60 degrees within 50 seconds and rehydration with 25% Serum albumin (in the fourth series 10 corneae were rehydrated with polyvinylpyrrolidone) the endothelium was stained with Trypan blue. Microphotographs were made of the endothelial surface, stained nuclei counted and the results were analysed statistically and compared one with other. Hence we could show that with increasing concentration of the antifreeze solution the vitality of the cornea increases.", "PMID": 104085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6061", "title": "[Cherry red spot without secure evidence of sphingolipidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurence of bilateral cherry red spot without neurological disorders is a rare event. The reported case is a girl aged 14 years, whose only complaint was slight deterioration of vision. No secure enzymatic defects was found on examination of leucocytes. Though the cherry red spot is hardly to be explained in another way than by storage in optic ganglion cells. Static perimetry revealed a paracentral depression of contrast sensitivity.", "contents": "[Cherry red spot without secure evidence of sphingolipidosis (author's transl)]. The occurence of bilateral cherry red spot without neurological disorders is a rare event. The reported case is a girl aged 14 years, whose only complaint was slight deterioration of vision. No secure enzymatic defects was found on examination of leucocytes. Though the cherry red spot is hardly to be explained in another way than by storage in optic ganglion cells. Static perimetry revealed a paracentral depression of contrast sensitivity.", "PMID": 104086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6062", "title": "The incidence, pathogenesis and treatment of helminth infections in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "In a survey of 259 newly-imported rhesus monkeys, 5 species of nematode parasites were commonly found. Of these 5 species, Oesophagostomum spp. and Strongyloides fulleborni were implicated in the deaths of 3 monkeys. 5 other nematode species, 2 cestode species and 1 trematode species were also found; their pathogenicity is discussed. The results of treatment of parasitic infections with 6 different drugs is reported. Thiabendazole at an initial dose of 100 or 133 mg/kg and repeated at 50 mg/kg was found to be the most effective treatment against Oesophagostomum spp.", "contents": "The incidence, pathogenesis and treatment of helminth infections in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In a survey of 259 newly-imported rhesus monkeys, 5 species of nematode parasites were commonly found. Of these 5 species, Oesophagostomum spp. and Strongyloides fulleborni were implicated in the deaths of 3 monkeys. 5 other nematode species, 2 cestode species and 1 trematode species were also found; their pathogenicity is discussed. The results of treatment of parasitic infections with 6 different drugs is reported. Thiabendazole at an initial dose of 100 or 133 mg/kg and repeated at 50 mg/kg was found to be the most effective treatment against Oesophagostomum spp.", "PMID": 104087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6063", "title": "Trends in the use of nonhuman primates in biomedical programmes.", "content": "Recent surveys of the use of primates in biomedical laboratories indicate that the demand, especially for imported animals, is declining. Reasons for this trend are not clear, although restrictions on export by countries of origin undoubtedly have a significant effect. More precise survey techniques and terminology would aid comparisons and help to identify the factors involved in changes in demand.", "contents": "Trends in the use of nonhuman primates in biomedical programmes. Recent surveys of the use of primates in biomedical laboratories indicate that the demand, especially for imported animals, is declining. Reasons for this trend are not clear, although restrictions on export by countries of origin undoubtedly have a significant effect. More precise survey techniques and terminology would aid comparisons and help to identify the factors involved in changes in demand.", "PMID": 104088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6064", "title": "Variations in the blood clotting time and lipid patterns of the Nigerian monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus, during captivity.", "content": "The blood clotting time and serum lipid values of newly-captured Nigerian monkeys were determined during the period of adaptation. Large fluctuations in serum free and total cholesterol and phospholipid values were observed throughout the 12-week period of investigation. The variations in blood clotting time were not significant (p greater than 0.05). These wide variations in lipid values suggest the need for caution in interpreting data from newly-captured subhuman primates.", "contents": "Variations in the blood clotting time and lipid patterns of the Nigerian monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus, during captivity. The blood clotting time and serum lipid values of newly-captured Nigerian monkeys were determined during the period of adaptation. Large fluctuations in serum free and total cholesterol and phospholipid values were observed throughout the 12-week period of investigation. The variations in blood clotting time were not significant (p greater than 0.05). These wide variations in lipid values suggest the need for caution in interpreting data from newly-captured subhuman primates.", "PMID": 104089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6065", "title": "Polycation-induced dislocation of slit diaphragms and formation of cell junctions in rat kidney glomeruli: the effects of low temperature, divalent cations, colchicine, and cytochalasin B.", "content": "Neutralization of negatively charged groups in the glomerular capillary wall by polycations causes extensive loss of podocyte footplates, formation of tight and gap junctions, and dislocation of slit diaphragms within a few minutes (M. W. Seiler, M. A. Venkatachalam, and R. S. Cotran: Science 189:390, 1975). This study attempts to elucidate further the development of podocyte abnormalities by quantitating the effects of inhibitors of microfilaments, microtubules, and cellular metabolism. The decrease in the number of footplates per micrometer of basement membrane caused by the polycationic chemical protamine sulfate (PS) was determined after in situ perfusion of the left kidney of rats. An approximate 50 per cent amelioration of this effect of PS was observed when in addition to perfusion with PS: (1) perfusion was performed in the cold (6 degrees C.); (2) the perfusate contained cytochalasin B; (3) the perfusate lacked Ca2+; and (4) the perfusate contained ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. In contrast, colchicine did not affect PS-induced footplate loss. It was concluded that the PS-induced footplate retraction observed in scanning micrographs, is partially an active process involving podocyte actin filaments. Intact microtubuli are obviously not necessary. Formation of tight and gap junctions between foot processes and dislocation of slit diaphragms were not influenced by any of the inhibitory conditions listed above.", "contents": "Polycation-induced dislocation of slit diaphragms and formation of cell junctions in rat kidney glomeruli: the effects of low temperature, divalent cations, colchicine, and cytochalasin B. Neutralization of negatively charged groups in the glomerular capillary wall by polycations causes extensive loss of podocyte footplates, formation of tight and gap junctions, and dislocation of slit diaphragms within a few minutes (M. W. Seiler, M. A. Venkatachalam, and R. S. Cotran: Science 189:390, 1975). This study attempts to elucidate further the development of podocyte abnormalities by quantitating the effects of inhibitors of microfilaments, microtubules, and cellular metabolism. The decrease in the number of footplates per micrometer of basement membrane caused by the polycationic chemical protamine sulfate (PS) was determined after in situ perfusion of the left kidney of rats. An approximate 50 per cent amelioration of this effect of PS was observed when in addition to perfusion with PS: (1) perfusion was performed in the cold (6 degrees C.); (2) the perfusate contained cytochalasin B; (3) the perfusate lacked Ca2+; and (4) the perfusate contained ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. In contrast, colchicine did not affect PS-induced footplate loss. It was concluded that the PS-induced footplate retraction observed in scanning micrographs, is partially an active process involving podocyte actin filaments. Intact microtubuli are obviously not necessary. Formation of tight and gap junctions between foot processes and dislocation of slit diaphragms were not influenced by any of the inhibitory conditions listed above.", "PMID": 104090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6066", "title": "School nursing services--some current justifications and cost-benefit implications.", "content": "A variety of justifications for maintenance of adequate school nursing services within the school health program, especially in view of current health problems prevalent among school-age children in this nation, is described. In this process, the main emphasis of the article is centered on the cost-benefit implications of school nursing.", "contents": "School nursing services--some current justifications and cost-benefit implications. A variety of justifications for maintenance of adequate school nursing services within the school health program, especially in view of current health problems prevalent among school-age children in this nation, is described. In this process, the main emphasis of the article is centered on the cost-benefit implications of school nursing.", "PMID": 104091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6067", "title": "Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow during alcohol infusion.", "content": "Vascular changes, in the absence of respiratory complications, were observed in monkeys and dogs after infusion of 20% ethanol solutions.", "contents": "Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow during alcohol infusion. Vascular changes, in the absence of respiratory complications, were observed in monkeys and dogs after infusion of 20% ethanol solutions.", "PMID": 104094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6068", "title": "The economic returns to employment-based alcoholism programs: a methodology.", "content": "A model for the estimation of the economic returns to a firm's investment in an occupational-based alcoholism rehabilitation program is described.", "contents": "The economic returns to employment-based alcoholism programs: a methodology. A model for the estimation of the economic returns to a firm's investment in an occupational-based alcoholism rehabilitation program is described.", "PMID": 104095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6069", "title": "Age dependent reaction of mouse thymus cells with autologous and syngeneic erythrocytes.", "content": "The age dependent events influencing the rosette forming capacity of Balb/c thymus and spleen cells against autologous or syngeneic erythrocytes were examined. A large number of autologous and syngeneic rosette forming cells (RFC) were observed in normal Balb/c mice in vitro. RFC were significantly greater in the thymus than in the spleen. The rosette forming T-cells (T-RFC) have the following characteristics: newborn Balb/c thymus has T-cells which react syngeneic erythrocytes from older donors. The T-RFC showed broad cross-reactivity with erythrocytes from other mouse strains but low reactivity with human or sheep erythrocytes. The auto and syngeneic T-RFC could be enhanced by non-specific serum proteins (FCS or BSA) or EDTA but was effectively inhibited by normal mouse serum. T-RFC resided in the cortisone sensitive population. The data indicate that the development of autologous and syngeneic rosette formation of thymus cells is dependent on the age of the erythrocyte donor. The age dependent change on the erythrocyte surface occurred relatively early in the life of the animal. The results also imply that certain subpopulations of thymus lymphocytes are capable of recognizing possible surface antigenic changes of the erythrocytes.", "contents": "Age dependent reaction of mouse thymus cells with autologous and syngeneic erythrocytes. The age dependent events influencing the rosette forming capacity of Balb/c thymus and spleen cells against autologous or syngeneic erythrocytes were examined. A large number of autologous and syngeneic rosette forming cells (RFC) were observed in normal Balb/c mice in vitro. RFC were significantly greater in the thymus than in the spleen. The rosette forming T-cells (T-RFC) have the following characteristics: newborn Balb/c thymus has T-cells which react syngeneic erythrocytes from older donors. The T-RFC showed broad cross-reactivity with erythrocytes from other mouse strains but low reactivity with human or sheep erythrocytes. The auto and syngeneic T-RFC could be enhanced by non-specific serum proteins (FCS or BSA) or EDTA but was effectively inhibited by normal mouse serum. T-RFC resided in the cortisone sensitive population. The data indicate that the development of autologous and syngeneic rosette formation of thymus cells is dependent on the age of the erythrocyte donor. The age dependent change on the erythrocyte surface occurred relatively early in the life of the animal. The results also imply that certain subpopulations of thymus lymphocytes are capable of recognizing possible surface antigenic changes of the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 104096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6070", "title": "Serological evidence for the alteration of enolase during aging.", "content": "Pure enolase isolated from young and old Turbatrix aceti has been compared using immunologic techniques. Antiserum prepared to \"young\" and \"old\" enolase, respectively, will completely precipitate either enzyme. However, antiserum prepared to \"young\" enolase reacts more efficiency with \"young\" than with \"old\" than with \"old\" enzyme and vice versa. A third form of enolase (inactive enolase) is found in homogenates of old organisms. This material yields a pattern of identity with \"young\" enolase and partial identity with \"old\" enolase. It also gives rise to specific antibodies which do not react with \"young\" or \"old\" enolase. The material appears to accumulate with age. The results indicate a close structural relationship between \"young\", \"old\" and inactive enolase.", "contents": "Serological evidence for the alteration of enolase during aging. Pure enolase isolated from young and old Turbatrix aceti has been compared using immunologic techniques. Antiserum prepared to \"young\" and \"old\" enolase, respectively, will completely precipitate either enzyme. However, antiserum prepared to \"young\" enolase reacts more efficiency with \"young\" than with \"old\" than with \"old\" enzyme and vice versa. A third form of enolase (inactive enolase) is found in homogenates of old organisms. This material yields a pattern of identity with \"young\" enolase and partial identity with \"old\" enolase. It also gives rise to specific antibodies which do not react with \"young\" or \"old\" enolase. The material appears to accumulate with age. The results indicate a close structural relationship between \"young\", \"old\" and inactive enolase.", "PMID": 104097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6071", "title": "[Results of replantations, organizational and financial problems (author's transl)].", "content": "After 363 replantations of fingers, thumbs, and hands with 87.9% successful revascularizations, conditions for optimal results and reasons for failure are discussed in terms of surgical management, organization, and costs. Several case studies document the importance of preoperative handling, the time span between accident and treatment, and the postoperative control of thrombosis. Finally, microsurgery is regarded as a first step toward a future routine technique in reconstructive surgery.", "contents": "[Results of replantations, organizational and financial problems (author's transl)]. After 363 replantations of fingers, thumbs, and hands with 87.9% successful revascularizations, conditions for optimal results and reasons for failure are discussed in terms of surgical management, organization, and costs. Several case studies document the importance of preoperative handling, the time span between accident and treatment, and the postoperative control of thrombosis. Finally, microsurgery is regarded as a first step toward a future routine technique in reconstructive surgery.", "PMID": 104100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6072", "title": "[Hyperthyroidism: diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In hyperthyroidism we differentiate two main forms: (1) hyperthyroidism due to Basedow's (Graves') disease, always characterized by endocrine eye signs, frequently with goiter; (2) hyperthyroidism due to nodular goiter or to Plummers' disease, without endocrine exophthalmos. The clinical diagnosis includes typical complaints (e.g., weight loss, heat intolerance, sweating) and findings (e.g., tachycardia, tremor, soft-warm skin). The technical diagnosis includes in vivo (scintigraphy, RI-uptake, X-ray examination) and in vitro (T3-RIA, T4-assay, TRH response to TRH) tests.", "contents": "[Hyperthyroidism: diagnosis (author's transl)]. In hyperthyroidism we differentiate two main forms: (1) hyperthyroidism due to Basedow's (Graves') disease, always characterized by endocrine eye signs, frequently with goiter; (2) hyperthyroidism due to nodular goiter or to Plummers' disease, without endocrine exophthalmos. The clinical diagnosis includes typical complaints (e.g., weight loss, heat intolerance, sweating) and findings (e.g., tachycardia, tremor, soft-warm skin). The technical diagnosis includes in vivo (scintigraphy, RI-uptake, X-ray examination) and in vitro (T3-RIA, T4-assay, TRH response to TRH) tests.", "PMID": 104101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6073", "title": "[The seat belt: effect on the consequences of traffic accidents (author's transl)].", "content": "At the present time, more than 90% of the motor vehicles in the Federal Republic of Germany are equipped with seat belts. On the average, however, only one out of two drivers uses his belt. It has been established that the seat belt, considering the present rate of use, annually protects about 1700 car occupants from fatality and about 30,000 from injuries (resulting in economic savings of approx. DM 1.8 X 10(9)). If all car occupants were to observe seat-belt regulations, this gain in safety might be doubled. Experience of other countries indicates that the introduction of the fine would result in much better compliance with the regulation than has been observed thus far.", "contents": "[The seat belt: effect on the consequences of traffic accidents (author's transl)]. At the present time, more than 90% of the motor vehicles in the Federal Republic of Germany are equipped with seat belts. On the average, however, only one out of two drivers uses his belt. It has been established that the seat belt, considering the present rate of use, annually protects about 1700 car occupants from fatality and about 30,000 from injuries (resulting in economic savings of approx. DM 1.8 X 10(9)). If all car occupants were to observe seat-belt regulations, this gain in safety might be doubled. Experience of other countries indicates that the introduction of the fine would result in much better compliance with the regulation than has been observed thus far.", "PMID": 104102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6074", "title": "[Indications and possibilities for parenteral nutrition (author's transl)].", "content": "Parenteral nutrition is a basic therapy. It is necessary to have a preoperative definition of the nutritional condition and metabolism of the surgical patient. All disturbances such as catabolism and hypoproteinemia must be analyzed and treated. Patients in good general condition who need parenteral nutrition for more than two days receive a \"basic nutrition\" with 0.8-1.0 g amino acids and 4-5 mg carbohydrates/kg body weight/day, which may be given via peripheral veins. A \"total parenteral nutrition\" is always indicated if the patient is in a marked catabolic condition pre-operatively, or if it is anticipated from the extent of the operation procedure that parenteral replacement must continue beyond four days.", "contents": "[Indications and possibilities for parenteral nutrition (author's transl)]. Parenteral nutrition is a basic therapy. It is necessary to have a preoperative definition of the nutritional condition and metabolism of the surgical patient. All disturbances such as catabolism and hypoproteinemia must be analyzed and treated. Patients in good general condition who need parenteral nutrition for more than two days receive a \"basic nutrition\" with 0.8-1.0 g amino acids and 4-5 mg carbohydrates/kg body weight/day, which may be given via peripheral veins. A \"total parenteral nutrition\" is always indicated if the patient is in a marked catabolic condition pre-operatively, or if it is anticipated from the extent of the operation procedure that parenteral replacement must continue beyond four days.", "PMID": 104103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6075", "title": "[Practical management of parenteral nutrition (author's transl)].", "content": "Three different plans of parenteral nutrition are available: (1) postoperative water and electrolyte substitution; (2) basic parenteral nutrion; (3) total parenteral nutrition. The decision for one of these plans depends on the duration of necessary parenteral support and on the patient's situation. ad 1: solution with electrolytes, 40 ml/kg body weight/day ad 2: solution with electrolytes, amino acids (25 g/day) and carbohydrates (125 g/day) in a 75 kg patient ad 3: solution with electrolytes, amino acids (1 g/kg body weight/day) and carbohydrates (5 g/kg body weight/day).", "contents": "[Practical management of parenteral nutrition (author's transl)]. Three different plans of parenteral nutrition are available: (1) postoperative water and electrolyte substitution; (2) basic parenteral nutrion; (3) total parenteral nutrition. The decision for one of these plans depends on the duration of necessary parenteral support and on the patient's situation. ad 1: solution with electrolytes, 40 ml/kg body weight/day ad 2: solution with electrolytes, amino acids (25 g/day) and carbohydrates (125 g/day) in a 75 kg patient ad 3: solution with electrolytes, amino acids (1 g/kg body weight/day) and carbohydrates (5 g/kg body weight/day).", "PMID": 104104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6076", "title": "[Special questions in connection with the energy supply in extensive burns (author's transl)].", "content": "There is no other trauma that gives such a high increase in resting metabolic rate as an extensive burn. Treatment in a very warm, dry environment minimizes body heat loss by radiation, convection, and conduction. Covering the burned wounds with homograft or heterograft skin reduces the evaporative loss. Despite these treatments, the burn patients needed at least 3000 kcal (12 MJ) per day to be in energy balance. Carbohydrates, crystalline amino acid solution, Vamin, and Intralipid were infused; 345 patients with burns over 20% have been treated with good results.", "contents": "[Special questions in connection with the energy supply in extensive burns (author's transl)]. There is no other trauma that gives such a high increase in resting metabolic rate as an extensive burn. Treatment in a very warm, dry environment minimizes body heat loss by radiation, convection, and conduction. Covering the burned wounds with homograft or heterograft skin reduces the evaporative loss. Despite these treatments, the burn patients needed at least 3000 kcal (12 MJ) per day to be in energy balance. Carbohydrates, crystalline amino acid solution, Vamin, and Intralipid were infused; 345 patients with burns over 20% have been treated with good results.", "PMID": 104105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6077", "title": "[Complications of caval catherization (author's transl)].", "content": "The following approaches to the caval vein are applicable: Vena saphena, basilica, subclavia, and jugularis. Based on collective studies from the literature and our own experience, the puncture of the internal jugular vein is recommended. The approach via the veins of the lower extremities should no longer be used in adult. Many complications--independent of the approach--are caused by the catheter model applied or by poor application technique or care. A model of our own was developed presenting siliconized polyethylene and a removable needle. As compared to PVC, the rate of inflammation and thrombosis was significantly decreased.", "contents": "[Complications of caval catherization (author's transl)]. The following approaches to the caval vein are applicable: Vena saphena, basilica, subclavia, and jugularis. Based on collective studies from the literature and our own experience, the puncture of the internal jugular vein is recommended. The approach via the veins of the lower extremities should no longer be used in adult. Many complications--independent of the approach--are caused by the catheter model applied or by poor application technique or care. A model of our own was developed presenting siliconized polyethylene and a removable needle. As compared to PVC, the rate of inflammation and thrombosis was significantly decreased.", "PMID": 104106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6078", "title": "Symptoms, findings, and methods of diagnosis in patients with acoustic neuroma.", "content": "The records of 225 patients with surgically documented acoustic neuromas seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1966 and 1976 were studied. Included in this group were 4 patients who had von Recklinghausen's disease with bilateral ear involvement, 7 patients with recurrence of acoustic neuroma, and 8 patients who were referred because of recurrent acoustic neuroma. Symptoms, clinical findings, and results of audiologic, vestibular, and roentgenographic studies were analyzed. Nine patients had a history of sudden onset of hearing loss, and 11 had a history of vertigo. A correlation between the size of the lesion and the symptoms, physical findings, and roentgenographic accuracy was made in an attempt to gain further knowledge of the natural course of the pathologic processes involved.", "contents": "Symptoms, findings, and methods of diagnosis in patients with acoustic neuroma. The records of 225 patients with surgically documented acoustic neuromas seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1966 and 1976 were studied. Included in this group were 4 patients who had von Recklinghausen's disease with bilateral ear involvement, 7 patients with recurrence of acoustic neuroma, and 8 patients who were referred because of recurrent acoustic neuroma. Symptoms, clinical findings, and results of audiologic, vestibular, and roentgenographic studies were analyzed. Nine patients had a history of sudden onset of hearing loss, and 11 had a history of vertigo. A correlation between the size of the lesion and the symptoms, physical findings, and roentgenographic accuracy was made in an attempt to gain further knowledge of the natural course of the pathologic processes involved.", "PMID": 104108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6079", "title": "Reduced chromium retention in patients with hemochromatosis, a possible basis of hemochromatotic diabetes.", "content": "Chromium (III) has recently been shown to be an essential trace mineral in rats, being required for normal function of insulin in controlling glucose metabolism. Chromium is transported in the body bound to transferrin, where it binds competitively with iron. Hemochromatosis is an iron storage disease in humans characterized by highly saturated transferrin levels and sometimes by diabetes. We postulated that the diabetes may be due to exclusion of chromium by iron at metabolic binding sites. 51Cr(III) was administered i.v. to 5 normal males, 6 patients with hemochromatosis prior to therapeutic removal of iron, and 5 patients with varying levels of iron loading. The retention of 51Cr was measured with a whole-body counter for 8 mo and blood levels were measured for 40--80 days. Analysis of the whole-body retention curves revealed 3 exponential components with T1/2s of .56 days, 12.7 days, and 192 days; the blood curves had 4 components with T1/2s of 13 min; 6.3 hr, 1.9 days, and 8.3 days. The T1/2s were not significantly different between the normals and patients. The coefficients of these components however, were significantly lower for the long T1/2 components in the iron-loaded patients, demonstrating reduced retention of 51Cr as postulated. Whether this reduced retention of chromium is causally related to diabetes in hemochromatosis and whether abnormal chromium metabolism is involved in endogenous diabetes, thus, becomes an important question for future study.", "contents": "Reduced chromium retention in patients with hemochromatosis, a possible basis of hemochromatotic diabetes. Chromium (III) has recently been shown to be an essential trace mineral in rats, being required for normal function of insulin in controlling glucose metabolism. Chromium is transported in the body bound to transferrin, where it binds competitively with iron. Hemochromatosis is an iron storage disease in humans characterized by highly saturated transferrin levels and sometimes by diabetes. We postulated that the diabetes may be due to exclusion of chromium by iron at metabolic binding sites. 51Cr(III) was administered i.v. to 5 normal males, 6 patients with hemochromatosis prior to therapeutic removal of iron, and 5 patients with varying levels of iron loading. The retention of 51Cr was measured with a whole-body counter for 8 mo and blood levels were measured for 40--80 days. Analysis of the whole-body retention curves revealed 3 exponential components with T1/2s of .56 days, 12.7 days, and 192 days; the blood curves had 4 components with T1/2s of 13 min; 6.3 hr, 1.9 days, and 8.3 days. The T1/2s were not significantly different between the normals and patients. The coefficients of these components however, were significantly lower for the long T1/2 components in the iron-loaded patients, demonstrating reduced retention of 51Cr as postulated. Whether this reduced retention of chromium is causally related to diabetes in hemochromatosis and whether abnormal chromium metabolism is involved in endogenous diabetes, thus, becomes an important question for future study.", "PMID": 104124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6080", "title": "The chemical composition of the lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO and a spontaneously derived rough mutant.", "content": "The chemical composition of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the smooth strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 307 and a spontaneously derived rough mutant, obtained by selection for resistance to the LPS-specific phage E79, are compared. The rough LPS was shown to contain lipid A, heptose, 2-keto 3-deoxyoctonic acid, galactosamine, alanine and phosphate but lacked glucose, rhamnose and fucosamine which were important constituents, on a weight basis, of the smooth LPS. These results, and chromatographic analysis of the polysaccharide fraction indicate that the rough strain lacked side chain material and was defective in its inner core region. The chemical date obtained were consistent with a core in the PAO strain similar to that of strain NCTC 1999, enhancing the evidence for a common core polysaccharide in the LPS of P. aeruginosa strains.", "contents": "The chemical composition of the lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO and a spontaneously derived rough mutant. The chemical composition of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the smooth strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 307 and a spontaneously derived rough mutant, obtained by selection for resistance to the LPS-specific phage E79, are compared. The rough LPS was shown to contain lipid A, heptose, 2-keto 3-deoxyoctonic acid, galactosamine, alanine and phosphate but lacked glucose, rhamnose and fucosamine which were important constituents, on a weight basis, of the smooth LPS. These results, and chromatographic analysis of the polysaccharide fraction indicate that the rough strain lacked side chain material and was defective in its inner core region. The chemical date obtained were consistent with a core in the PAO strain similar to that of strain NCTC 1999, enhancing the evidence for a common core polysaccharide in the LPS of P. aeruginosa strains.", "PMID": 104126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6081", "title": "Bacterial attack on phenolic ethers. Purification and characterization of the components of the meta O-dealkylase of Pseudomonas fluorescens Tp.", "content": "The meta O-dealkylase of Pseudomonas fluorescens Tp has been resolved into two protein components, neither of which is a cytochrome. The substrate binding terminal oxidase has been purified and shown to be a non-haem iron protein of approximate molecular weight 118,000, consisting of two seemingly identical subunits, each of molecular weight 55,000. Binding of substrate by the terminal oxidase has been established by difference spectroscopy. The amino acid composition of the protein has also been determined. The NADH-dependent reductase of the system has been partly purified and appears to have a molecular weight of 80,000. The similarity between this and other bacterial O-dealkylases is discussed.", "contents": "Bacterial attack on phenolic ethers. Purification and characterization of the components of the meta O-dealkylase of Pseudomonas fluorescens Tp. The meta O-dealkylase of Pseudomonas fluorescens Tp has been resolved into two protein components, neither of which is a cytochrome. The substrate binding terminal oxidase has been purified and shown to be a non-haem iron protein of approximate molecular weight 118,000, consisting of two seemingly identical subunits, each of molecular weight 55,000. Binding of substrate by the terminal oxidase has been established by difference spectroscopy. The amino acid composition of the protein has also been determined. The NADH-dependent reductase of the system has been partly purified and appears to have a molecular weight of 80,000. The similarity between this and other bacterial O-dealkylases is discussed.", "PMID": 104127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6082", "title": "Immunological relations of proteins from four salmonellae sharing an \"O\" factor 8.", "content": "The proteins from S. virginia, with the sole 8 \"O\" factor, precipitated against homologous and related heterologous sera by a conspicuous, homogenous line of serological identity, with proteins from: S. newport (6.8), S. blockley (6.8), S. emek (8.20). The proteins, however, were not involved in the bacterial agglutinations since the absorptions, which removed the common precipitins from the sera, did not modify the homologous agglutinations. The results with anti-S. newport and anti-S. blockley sera sharing identical \"O\" factors while displaying different immunochemical compositions as well as the strong immunochemical relations found between S. virginia and S. newport belonging to the different subgroups C2 and C3 underline the non-relatedness of agglutinins and precipitins.", "contents": "Immunological relations of proteins from four salmonellae sharing an \"O\" factor 8. The proteins from S. virginia, with the sole 8 \"O\" factor, precipitated against homologous and related heterologous sera by a conspicuous, homogenous line of serological identity, with proteins from: S. newport (6.8), S. blockley (6.8), S. emek (8.20). The proteins, however, were not involved in the bacterial agglutinations since the absorptions, which removed the common precipitins from the sera, did not modify the homologous agglutinations. The results with anti-S. newport and anti-S. blockley sera sharing identical \"O\" factors while displaying different immunochemical compositions as well as the strong immunochemical relations found between S. virginia and S. newport belonging to the different subgroups C2 and C3 underline the non-relatedness of agglutinins and precipitins.", "PMID": 104128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6083", "title": "Long term fixation for histological studies.", "content": "It was found that a glutaraldehyde-formalin-phosphate buffered fixative could preserve retinal tissue for light microscopy, even if the tissue remained in the fixative for a month. Retinal tissue that previously was difficult and expensive to procure could now be obtained.", "contents": "Long term fixation for histological studies. It was found that a glutaraldehyde-formalin-phosphate buffered fixative could preserve retinal tissue for light microscopy, even if the tissue remained in the fixative for a month. Retinal tissue that previously was difficult and expensive to procure could now be obtained.", "PMID": 104129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6084", "title": "Consequences of ileal dysfunction: an approach to management.", "content": "Fourteen patients with ileal dysfunction due to resection or bypass were encountered over an 18-month period. Symptoms had been present for a mean period of 1.8 years. Diarrhoea was a universal symptom, and varied from mild to incapacitating. Weight loss, due in part to malabsorption and in part to the patients' fear of eating, occurred in 10 of 14 patients. The chief metabolic abnormalities were steatorrhoea and hypokalaemia. Vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hyperoxaluria, and an abnormal prothrombin ratio were less frequently seen. Treatment with cholestyramine and/or long-chain fat restriction effectively reduced diarrhoea in every case, and this was supplemented by replacement of specific deficiencies. There was little added benefit from non-specific antidiarrhoeal agents. It was found that the major symptoms of ileal dysfunction are readily treated, but that attention should also be given to a number of nutritional deficiencies.", "contents": "Consequences of ileal dysfunction: an approach to management. Fourteen patients with ileal dysfunction due to resection or bypass were encountered over an 18-month period. Symptoms had been present for a mean period of 1.8 years. Diarrhoea was a universal symptom, and varied from mild to incapacitating. Weight loss, due in part to malabsorption and in part to the patients' fear of eating, occurred in 10 of 14 patients. The chief metabolic abnormalities were steatorrhoea and hypokalaemia. Vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hyperoxaluria, and an abnormal prothrombin ratio were less frequently seen. Treatment with cholestyramine and/or long-chain fat restriction effectively reduced diarrhoea in every case, and this was supplemented by replacement of specific deficiencies. There was little added benefit from non-specific antidiarrhoeal agents. It was found that the major symptoms of ileal dysfunction are readily treated, but that attention should also be given to a number of nutritional deficiencies.", "PMID": 104134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6085", "title": "Relationship between mutant amidases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and hydroxyurea as an inhibitor.", "content": "Hydroxyurea inhibited growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain AI 3 on media containing either acetanilide (N-phenyl acetamide) or acetamide as sole carbon sources. Mutants resistant to hydroxyurea inhibition of growth on acetanilide (OUCH strains) and acetamide (AmOUCH strains) displayed altered growth properties on various amide media compared with the parent strain AI3. AI3 amidase, which catalyses the initial step in the metabolism of acetanilide and acetamide, was inhibited by hydroxyurea in a time-dependent reaction that was slowly reversible at pH 7.2. Compared with AI3 amidase, amidases from the OUCH mutants were much less sensitive to inhibition by hydroxyurea and showed altered substrate specificities and pH/activity profiles; amidases from the AmOUCH mutants were more sensitive to hydroxyurea inhibition but showed increased activity towards acetamide. Association of resistance to hydroxyurea inhibition with a mutation in the amidase structural gene of strain OUCH 4 was confirmed by transduction.", "contents": "Relationship between mutant amidases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and hydroxyurea as an inhibitor. Hydroxyurea inhibited growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain AI 3 on media containing either acetanilide (N-phenyl acetamide) or acetamide as sole carbon sources. Mutants resistant to hydroxyurea inhibition of growth on acetanilide (OUCH strains) and acetamide (AmOUCH strains) displayed altered growth properties on various amide media compared with the parent strain AI3. AI3 amidase, which catalyses the initial step in the metabolism of acetanilide and acetamide, was inhibited by hydroxyurea in a time-dependent reaction that was slowly reversible at pH 7.2. Compared with AI3 amidase, amidases from the OUCH mutants were much less sensitive to inhibition by hydroxyurea and showed altered substrate specificities and pH/activity profiles; amidases from the AmOUCH mutants were more sensitive to hydroxyurea inhibition but showed increased activity towards acetamide. Association of resistance to hydroxyurea inhibition with a mutation in the amidase structural gene of strain OUCH 4 was confirmed by transduction.", "PMID": 104140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6086", "title": "Argon/propane ionization-chamber dosimetry for mixed x-ray/neutron fields.", "content": "The photoneutrons produced by high-energy x-ray machines can diffuse through the mazes usually employed at the treatment-room entrance and readily penetrate the lead-lined doors used for x-ray shielding. The measurement of these neutrons in the presence of x-rays and the determination of dose equivalent poses a problem for which there is currently no standard method of solution. In order to separate x-ray dose from neutron dose, the author employed an ionization chamber alternately filled with argon or propane. The response characteristics of this chamber to x-ray and neutrons are described. Quality factors were determined from a calculated neutron spectrum. As a result of these measurements, a 10-in. polyethylene door was added to the entranceway of a 25-MV linear accelerator.", "contents": "Argon/propane ionization-chamber dosimetry for mixed x-ray/neutron fields. The photoneutrons produced by high-energy x-ray machines can diffuse through the mazes usually employed at the treatment-room entrance and readily penetrate the lead-lined doors used for x-ray shielding. The measurement of these neutrons in the presence of x-rays and the determination of dose equivalent poses a problem for which there is currently no standard method of solution. In order to separate x-ray dose from neutron dose, the author employed an ionization chamber alternately filled with argon or propane. The response characteristics of this chamber to x-ray and neutrons are described. Quality factors were determined from a calculated neutron spectrum. As a result of these measurements, a 10-in. polyethylene door was added to the entranceway of a 25-MV linear accelerator.", "PMID": 104137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6087", "title": "Improvement of linear accelerator depth-dose curves.", "content": "A semiempirical analytic description of the accelerator depth-dose curve is described along with its physical explanation. The results of Monte Carlo calculations are presented and compared with experimental data to test this model. Calculations were made for different atomic number (Z) materials used as x-ray targets and flatteners, with the results showing that medium-Z materials are the logical choice. It is demonstrated empirically that Dmax is a simple function of the average energy (E) of the x-ray spectrum. The variation of E with Z of the target and flattener is demonstrated. As a practical example, Monte Carlo calculations and experimental data for old and new Clinac 35 accelerators are presented.", "contents": "Improvement of linear accelerator depth-dose curves. A semiempirical analytic description of the accelerator depth-dose curve is described along with its physical explanation. The results of Monte Carlo calculations are presented and compared with experimental data to test this model. Calculations were made for different atomic number (Z) materials used as x-ray targets and flatteners, with the results showing that medium-Z materials are the logical choice. It is demonstrated empirically that Dmax is a simple function of the average energy (E) of the x-ray spectrum. The variation of E with Z of the target and flattener is demonstrated. As a practical example, Monte Carlo calculations and experimental data for old and new Clinac 35 accelerators are presented.", "PMID": 104136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6088", "title": "SPP1 DNA replicative forms: growth of phage SPP1 in Bacillus subtilis mutants temperature-sensitive in DNA synthesis.", "content": "The development of bacteriophages SPP1 and phi 29 has been studied in several B. sutilis mutants defective in host DNA replication, under non permissive conditions. Several gene products, involved in the synthesis of host DNA, are required for phi 29 replication, while SPP1 seems to require only the host DNA polymerase III. In addition both phages are unable to grow in a dna A mutant (ribonucleotide reductase). Taking advantage of the fact that SPP1 DNA is actively replicated in several dna mutants at non-permissive temperature, we have studied the structure of the replicative intermediates of this phage in the absence of interfering host DNA synthesis. Fast sedimenting forms of SPP1 DNA can be isolated from phage infected cells and evidence of covalently joined concatemers has been obtained, suggesting the presence of terminally repeated sequences.", "contents": "SPP1 DNA replicative forms: growth of phage SPP1 in Bacillus subtilis mutants temperature-sensitive in DNA synthesis. The development of bacteriophages SPP1 and phi 29 has been studied in several B. sutilis mutants defective in host DNA replication, under non permissive conditions. Several gene products, involved in the synthesis of host DNA, are required for phi 29 replication, while SPP1 seems to require only the host DNA polymerase III. In addition both phages are unable to grow in a dna A mutant (ribonucleotide reductase). Taking advantage of the fact that SPP1 DNA is actively replicated in several dna mutants at non-permissive temperature, we have studied the structure of the replicative intermediates of this phage in the absence of interfering host DNA synthesis. Fast sedimenting forms of SPP1 DNA can be isolated from phage infected cells and evidence of covalently joined concatemers has been obtained, suggesting the presence of terminally repeated sequences.", "PMID": 104141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6089", "title": "A review of the reliability of chamber factors used clinically in the United States (1968--1976).", "content": "One of the principal concerns of a physicist responsible for calibrating megavoltage radiotherapy equipment is the validity and stability of the 60Co exposure correction factor assigned to his ionization-chamber and electrometer system. It is the practice of the AAPM Radiological Physics Center (RPC) to perform an intercomparison between the RPC chamber and electrometer system and the chamber and electrometer in use at each of the various institutions visited by the RPC. The results of 202 such intercomparisons are reviewed to determine (1) the consistency in the assignment of exposure correction factors by a calibrating agency with itself and with other calibrating agencies, and (2) the dependence of the reliability of the exposure correction factors upon the type of field instrument and the time since calibration.", "contents": "A review of the reliability of chamber factors used clinically in the United States (1968--1976). One of the principal concerns of a physicist responsible for calibrating megavoltage radiotherapy equipment is the validity and stability of the 60Co exposure correction factor assigned to his ionization-chamber and electrometer system. It is the practice of the AAPM Radiological Physics Center (RPC) to perform an intercomparison between the RPC chamber and electrometer system and the chamber and electrometer in use at each of the various institutions visited by the RPC. The results of 202 such intercomparisons are reviewed to determine (1) the consistency in the assignment of exposure correction factors by a calibrating agency with itself and with other calibrating agencies, and (2) the dependence of the reliability of the exposure correction factors upon the type of field instrument and the time since calibration.", "PMID": 104138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6090", "title": "An analysis of discrepancies encountered by the AAPM radiological physics center.", "content": "The AAPM Radiological Physics Center has reviewed 188 institutions and has evaluated such parameters as coincidence of radiation field and light field, timer error (end effect), beam flatness and symmetry, transmission through blocking trays, wedges and compensators, and central-axis depth-dose data. In previous papers these data had been presented in combination as they resulted in discrepancies in tumor dose. The individual sources of discrepancies were listed only as frequency and maximum deviation. A detailed analysis is now presented which may help define criteria of recommended practice.", "contents": "An analysis of discrepancies encountered by the AAPM radiological physics center. The AAPM Radiological Physics Center has reviewed 188 institutions and has evaluated such parameters as coincidence of radiation field and light field, timer error (end effect), beam flatness and symmetry, transmission through blocking trays, wedges and compensators, and central-axis depth-dose data. In previous papers these data had been presented in combination as they resulted in discrepancies in tumor dose. The individual sources of discrepancies were listed only as frequency and maximum deviation. A detailed analysis is now presented which may help define criteria of recommended practice.", "PMID": 104139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6091", "title": "Chromosomal location of genes participating in the degradation of purines in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Genetic mapping of the genes (puu) that encode the enzymes catalysing degradation of purines in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO has been carried out. Mutants that are deficient in adenine deaminase (puuA), guanine deaminase (puuB), xanthine dehydrogenase (puuC), uricase (puuD), allantoinase (puuE), and/or allantoicase (puuF) were isolated and used for the genetic study. Conjugation by FP5 factor and generalized transduction by phage G101 gave the following map locations of these six genes on the chromosome: hisI--puuB--hisII; trpA,B--puuA--ilv202; met9011--catA1--tyu--nar9011--(puuC, puuD, puuE)--puuF. A close linkage among the puuC, puuD and puuE was demonstrated by the transduction.", "contents": "Chromosomal location of genes participating in the degradation of purines in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genetic mapping of the genes (puu) that encode the enzymes catalysing degradation of purines in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO has been carried out. Mutants that are deficient in adenine deaminase (puuA), guanine deaminase (puuB), xanthine dehydrogenase (puuC), uricase (puuD), allantoinase (puuE), and/or allantoicase (puuF) were isolated and used for the genetic study. Conjugation by FP5 factor and generalized transduction by phage G101 gave the following map locations of these six genes on the chromosome: hisI--puuB--hisII; trpA,B--puuA--ilv202; met9011--catA1--tyu--nar9011--(puuC, puuD, puuE)--puuF. A close linkage among the puuC, puuD and puuE was demonstrated by the transduction.", "PMID": 104142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6092", "title": "Enzymatic fragmentation of tetanus toxin. Identification and characterization of an atoxic, immunogenic fragment.", "content": "Purified filtrate tetanus toxin was subjected to limited digestion with papain and the resulting fragments were separated by gel exclusion chromatography and characterized. One atoxic fragment was shown to react with antiserum against tetanus toxoid and was capable of inducing antibodies in rabbits that neutralized native tetanus toxin, The fragment had an estimated molecular weight of 56,000 by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 62,000 by sedimentation equilibrium. In the presence of a reducing agent, the fragment yielded two components with approximatec molecular weights of 23,000 and 32,000. Thus, it appears that the atoxic, immunogenic fragment is composed of two peptides joined by at least one disulfide bond. The fragment was examined by circular dichroism and data analysis indicated the presence of considerable beta-structure, but little, if any, alpha-helicity. This is significantly different from the estimates for filtrate toxin. 29% alpha-helicity and 23% beta-structure. Above 250 nm, the circular dichroic spectrum of the fragment was also distinct from that of intact toxin.", "contents": "Enzymatic fragmentation of tetanus toxin. Identification and characterization of an atoxic, immunogenic fragment. Purified filtrate tetanus toxin was subjected to limited digestion with papain and the resulting fragments were separated by gel exclusion chromatography and characterized. One atoxic fragment was shown to react with antiserum against tetanus toxoid and was capable of inducing antibodies in rabbits that neutralized native tetanus toxin, The fragment had an estimated molecular weight of 56,000 by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 62,000 by sedimentation equilibrium. In the presence of a reducing agent, the fragment yielded two components with approximatec molecular weights of 23,000 and 32,000. Thus, it appears that the atoxic, immunogenic fragment is composed of two peptides joined by at least one disulfide bond. The fragment was examined by circular dichroism and data analysis indicated the presence of considerable beta-structure, but little, if any, alpha-helicity. This is significantly different from the estimates for filtrate toxin. 29% alpha-helicity and 23% beta-structure. Above 250 nm, the circular dichroic spectrum of the fragment was also distinct from that of intact toxin.", "PMID": 104144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6093", "title": "[Modern internal therapy of skin diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Modern internal therapy of skin diseases is based on a knowledge of pharmacology and biochemical pharmacology. The importance of the cytochrome P 450 system and its changes during treatment are referred to. Standard treatment in dermatology is not discussed but the literature is mentioned here. Treatment with glucocorticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory substances are discussed in detail. The treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda with chloroquine shows good success. The results of carotinoid therapy of erythropoietic protoporphyria and non-porphyrin induced photodermatoses are debated.", "contents": "[Modern internal therapy of skin diseases (author's transl)]. Modern internal therapy of skin diseases is based on a knowledge of pharmacology and biochemical pharmacology. The importance of the cytochrome P 450 system and its changes during treatment are referred to. Standard treatment in dermatology is not discussed but the literature is mentioned here. Treatment with glucocorticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory substances are discussed in detail. The treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda with chloroquine shows good success. The results of carotinoid therapy of erythropoietic protoporphyria and non-porphyrin induced photodermatoses are debated.", "PMID": 104160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6094", "title": "[How much of classical topical therapy is still current today? (author's transl)].", "content": "Classical topical therapy has been largely displaced by the development of up-to-date drugs and advances in the galenic field. Serious objections have even been leveled against some older drugs and others are no longer current in spite of their good efficacy (e.g. dyes) because less discriminatory drugs can be substituted for them. The fundamental principles of classical topical therapy are still as valid as ever (inherent action of the base). However, many of the active principles of the prechemotherapeutic era have meanwhile been superseded as for example boric acid, mercury, desquamative pastes, sulfur among others. In contrast to this, topical applications such as dithranol, salicylic acid, coal tar and a few others still belong to the permanent stock of dermatological topical therapy.", "contents": "[How much of classical topical therapy is still current today? (author's transl)]. Classical topical therapy has been largely displaced by the development of up-to-date drugs and advances in the galenic field. Serious objections have even been leveled against some older drugs and others are no longer current in spite of their good efficacy (e.g. dyes) because less discriminatory drugs can be substituted for them. The fundamental principles of classical topical therapy are still as valid as ever (inherent action of the base). However, many of the active principles of the prechemotherapeutic era have meanwhile been superseded as for example boric acid, mercury, desquamative pastes, sulfur among others. In contrast to this, topical applications such as dithranol, salicylic acid, coal tar and a few others still belong to the permanent stock of dermatological topical therapy.", "PMID": 104161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6095", "title": "[Inclusion of clinical-dermatological therapy into general practice? (author's transl)].", "content": "The ever increasing expenditures in health service urgently call for a critical revision of the therapy habitually practiced so far. This also includes the complete utilization of ambulatory therapeutic approaches. Moreover, after many years of clinical practice, the dermatologist in general practice should not forego the manifold therapeutic methods in which he had been trained and by the application of which he has gained particular experience. The dermatologist's small office consisting of a desk and couch must be a matter of the past once and for all. It is just the dermatologist who has the opportunity to try many forms of clinical treatment in general practice.", "contents": "[Inclusion of clinical-dermatological therapy into general practice? (author's transl)]. The ever increasing expenditures in health service urgently call for a critical revision of the therapy habitually practiced so far. This also includes the complete utilization of ambulatory therapeutic approaches. Moreover, after many years of clinical practice, the dermatologist in general practice should not forego the manifold therapeutic methods in which he had been trained and by the application of which he has gained particular experience. The dermatologist's small office consisting of a desk and couch must be a matter of the past once and for all. It is just the dermatologist who has the opportunity to try many forms of clinical treatment in general practice.", "PMID": 104162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6096", "title": "[Boutonneuse fever in tourists as a model for clinical diagnosis of rickettsioses (author's transl)].", "content": "Case histories of boutonneuse fever are described in order to exemplify major characteristics of most rickettsioses: recent travel history, feverish illness with severe headache, skin eruptions and histological findings. Up-to-date informations concerning the epidemiologic situation of typhus, scrub typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are given. The characteristics of Q fever and the possibility of rickettsial laboratory infections are pointed out.", "contents": "[Boutonneuse fever in tourists as a model for clinical diagnosis of rickettsioses (author's transl)]. Case histories of boutonneuse fever are described in order to exemplify major characteristics of most rickettsioses: recent travel history, feverish illness with severe headache, skin eruptions and histological findings. Up-to-date informations concerning the epidemiologic situation of typhus, scrub typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are given. The characteristics of Q fever and the possibility of rickettsial laboratory infections are pointed out.", "PMID": 104166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6097", "title": "Study of MFD in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The frequency of UV-induced extragenic suppressor reversions to leucine independence in B. subtilis carrying a leu8 mutation decreased when irradiated cells were temporarily incubated in medium deprived of nitrogen sources. This mutation frequency decline (MFD) was inhibited by acriflavine and was poorly expressed in a uvr1 mutant. Consequently, MFD may be considered as the manifestation of an anti-mutagenic activity of excision repair. MFD was decelerated and even vanished in cells subjected to prolonged starvation of nitrogen sources before irradiation. MFD was accelerated in bacteria that were first irradiated and incubated in nutritional medium for at least 30 min. The stimulation of MFD by UV exposure was observed only in the uvr+ strain and depended on protein synthesis after irradiation. It is assumed that different rates of MFD in cells of various pre-radiation histories reflect different levels of the excision-repair activity inherent in these cells.", "contents": "Study of MFD in Bacillus subtilis. The frequency of UV-induced extragenic suppressor reversions to leucine independence in B. subtilis carrying a leu8 mutation decreased when irradiated cells were temporarily incubated in medium deprived of nitrogen sources. This mutation frequency decline (MFD) was inhibited by acriflavine and was poorly expressed in a uvr1 mutant. Consequently, MFD may be considered as the manifestation of an anti-mutagenic activity of excision repair. MFD was decelerated and even vanished in cells subjected to prolonged starvation of nitrogen sources before irradiation. MFD was accelerated in bacteria that were first irradiated and incubated in nutritional medium for at least 30 min. The stimulation of MFD by UV exposure was observed only in the uvr+ strain and depended on protein synthesis after irradiation. It is assumed that different rates of MFD in cells of various pre-radiation histories reflect different levels of the excision-repair activity inherent in these cells.", "PMID": 104170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6098", "title": "Determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration of amphotericin B and miconazole for 21 strains of Aspergillus.", "content": "The susceptibility of 21 strains of Aspergillus (11 of A. fumigatus, 8 of A, niger, and 2 of A. flavus) isolated from human pathologic specimens to Amphotericin B and Miconazole has been comparatively studied. Determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration of both drugs in a liquid medium showed a noticeably variability for the different strains. The values obtained for Amphotericin B varied between 0.25 microgram/ml (2 strains) and 1.25 microgram/ml (5 strains) after 48 hours, and between 1,25 microgram/ml (1 strain) and 50 microgram/ml (1 strain) after 10 days. For Miconazole the results varied between 0.1 microgram/ml (1 strain) and 25 microgram/ml (1 strain) after 48 hours of incubation, and between 0.5 microgram/ml (5 strains) and greater than 100 microgram/ml after 10 days. The variability of these results indicates the usefulness of carrying our in vitro sensitivity studies whenever it is possible.", "contents": "Determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration of amphotericin B and miconazole for 21 strains of Aspergillus. The susceptibility of 21 strains of Aspergillus (11 of A. fumigatus, 8 of A, niger, and 2 of A. flavus) isolated from human pathologic specimens to Amphotericin B and Miconazole has been comparatively studied. Determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration of both drugs in a liquid medium showed a noticeably variability for the different strains. The values obtained for Amphotericin B varied between 0.25 microgram/ml (2 strains) and 1.25 microgram/ml (5 strains) after 48 hours, and between 1,25 microgram/ml (1 strain) and 50 microgram/ml (1 strain) after 10 days. For Miconazole the results varied between 0.1 microgram/ml (1 strain) and 25 microgram/ml (1 strain) after 48 hours of incubation, and between 0.5 microgram/ml (5 strains) and greater than 100 microgram/ml after 10 days. The variability of these results indicates the usefulness of carrying our in vitro sensitivity studies whenever it is possible.", "PMID": 104180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6099", "title": "[Candidiasis and obstructive intestinal tumor in a captive baboon 'Papio papio' (Desm.)].", "content": "Report of a case of candidiasis of the digestive tract associated to an obstructive epithelial tumor, with great invasive ability, in a captive Baboon, Papio papio (Desm.). Included is a discussion of the incidence of some intestinal disturbances involving candidiasis of subhuman Primates.", "contents": "[Candidiasis and obstructive intestinal tumor in a captive baboon 'Papio papio' (Desm.)]. Report of a case of candidiasis of the digestive tract associated to an obstructive epithelial tumor, with great invasive ability, in a captive Baboon, Papio papio (Desm.). Included is a discussion of the incidence of some intestinal disturbances involving candidiasis of subhuman Primates.", "PMID": 104181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6100", "title": "Identification of inhibitory and stimulatory control of prolactin secretion in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "In the unanesthetized, ovariectomized rhesus monkey, gonadotropin secretion is episodic while prolactin (Prl) release is relatively constant. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, however, Prl secretion also becomes pulsatile in synchrony with the discharges of LH. This finding suggests that the anesthesia has unmasked normally inhibited Prl releasing stimuli which are driven by the circhoral 'clock' that also times the discharges of GnRH.", "contents": "Identification of inhibitory and stimulatory control of prolactin secretion in the rhesus monkey. In the unanesthetized, ovariectomized rhesus monkey, gonadotropin secretion is episodic while prolactin (Prl) release is relatively constant. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, however, Prl secretion also becomes pulsatile in synchrony with the discharges of LH. This finding suggests that the anesthesia has unmasked normally inhibited Prl releasing stimuli which are driven by the circhoral 'clock' that also times the discharges of GnRH.", "PMID": 104185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6101", "title": "Effects of centrally acting drugs on serum prolactin levels in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Prolactin (Prl) responses to anesthetics, stress of immobilization, and agents that block adrenergic receptors were determined in 13 female rhesus monkeys. The local anesthetic (lidocaine HCl) had no effect, but the general anesthetics (ketamine HCl and sodium pentobarbital) significantly increased serum Prl levels in intact animals. There was no indication of a pentobarbital-induced inhibition of Prl secretion as reported for other species. A combination of halothane anesthesia and immobilization for 30 or 60 min produced significantly greater increases in Prl levels than immobilization alone for similar periods of time. Prl responses to blockers of adrenergic receptors varied in chair-adapted ovariectomized monkeys. The increase in serum Prl concentrations produced by the beta-receptor blocker propranolol was less marked than that induced by the alpha-receptor blockers phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine. Prl elevations of the highest magnitude and longest duration were produced by haloperidol, which blocks both adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors. Pretreatment of these animals with estradiol-17beta had no effect on Prl responses to phentolamine and haloperidol. These results indicate involvement of an adrenergic neurotransmitter system in the control of Prl secretion in primates.", "contents": "Effects of centrally acting drugs on serum prolactin levels in rhesus monkeys. Prolactin (Prl) responses to anesthetics, stress of immobilization, and agents that block adrenergic receptors were determined in 13 female rhesus monkeys. The local anesthetic (lidocaine HCl) had no effect, but the general anesthetics (ketamine HCl and sodium pentobarbital) significantly increased serum Prl levels in intact animals. There was no indication of a pentobarbital-induced inhibition of Prl secretion as reported for other species. A combination of halothane anesthesia and immobilization for 30 or 60 min produced significantly greater increases in Prl levels than immobilization alone for similar periods of time. Prl responses to blockers of adrenergic receptors varied in chair-adapted ovariectomized monkeys. The increase in serum Prl concentrations produced by the beta-receptor blocker propranolol was less marked than that induced by the alpha-receptor blockers phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine. Prl elevations of the highest magnitude and longest duration were produced by haloperidol, which blocks both adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors. Pretreatment of these animals with estradiol-17beta had no effect on Prl responses to phentolamine and haloperidol. These results indicate involvement of an adrenergic neurotransmitter system in the control of Prl secretion in primates.", "PMID": 104186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6102", "title": "The annual Pap test: a dubious policy success.", "content": "The annual Pap test became a recommended standard for American women without ever having been subjected to controlled trials to estimate its efficacy and effectiveness. After more than 30 years of routine use, the Pap test fails to meet most of the generally accepted criteria for a mass screening program. The policy persists, however, because the nation's ideology supports the maximum utilization of new technologies; and special interest groups have promoted the test as the major weapon in the \"War on Cancer.\" With some exceptions, this is a questionable allocation of public and private health resources.", "contents": "The annual Pap test: a dubious policy success. The annual Pap test became a recommended standard for American women without ever having been subjected to controlled trials to estimate its efficacy and effectiveness. After more than 30 years of routine use, the Pap test fails to meet most of the generally accepted criteria for a mass screening program. The policy persists, however, because the nation's ideology supports the maximum utilization of new technologies; and special interest groups have promoted the test as the major weapon in the \"War on Cancer.\" With some exceptions, this is a questionable allocation of public and private health resources.", "PMID": 104191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6103", "title": "Anatomical localization of corneal afferent cells in the trigeminal ganglion.", "content": "Corneal afferent cells were identified in the trigeminal ganglion in the cat and monkey by the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The corneal cells were found only in the ophthalmic portion of the ganglion and were scattered randomly within that division. These data are compatible with clinical and other experimental descriptions of the organization of the trigeminal ganglion and sensory root.", "contents": "Anatomical localization of corneal afferent cells in the trigeminal ganglion. Corneal afferent cells were identified in the trigeminal ganglion in the cat and monkey by the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The corneal cells were found only in the ophthalmic portion of the ganglion and were scattered randomly within that division. These data are compatible with clinical and other experimental descriptions of the organization of the trigeminal ganglion and sensory root.", "PMID": 104187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6104", "title": "[Diverticula of the esophagus. Etiopathogenetic aspects and principles of surgical treatment].", "content": "On the basis of the new knowledges recently acquired with the manometry on the esophageal physiology, the Authors first consider both etiologic and pathologic problems then emphasize the essential principles for correct surgical treatment of esophageal diverticula. With this purpose is confirmed the importance of careful and systematic preoperative study of esophageal pressure. In this way the etiologic role of functional disorders is cleared and a correct surgical treatment, particularly as regards the indication of extramucosal esophagomyotomy, can be performed. Nevertheless the diverticulectomy, performed alone or combined with myotomy, still maintains its role in the treatment of large-size diverticular pouches.", "contents": "[Diverticula of the esophagus. Etiopathogenetic aspects and principles of surgical treatment]. On the basis of the new knowledges recently acquired with the manometry on the esophageal physiology, the Authors first consider both etiologic and pathologic problems then emphasize the essential principles for correct surgical treatment of esophageal diverticula. With this purpose is confirmed the importance of careful and systematic preoperative study of esophageal pressure. In this way the etiologic role of functional disorders is cleared and a correct surgical treatment, particularly as regards the indication of extramucosal esophagomyotomy, can be performed. Nevertheless the diverticulectomy, performed alone or combined with myotomy, still maintains its role in the treatment of large-size diverticular pouches.", "PMID": 104203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6105", "title": "[Preoperative renutrition in patients with esophageal stenosis].", "content": "50 patients suffering from dysphagia and oesophageal stenosis were treated in the period 1975-77. Of these 31 had renutrition of longer than two weeks and are the subject of the present study. Three nutrition systems were employed: 1) total parenteral feeding (7 patients), 2) feeding by naso-gastric tube or gastric fistula (15 patients), 3) feeding per os with semiliquid foods (9 patients). The patients were suffering from benign cicatricial stenosis (5), tumours of the cardia (7), tumours of the oesophagus (19). Short-term survival, weight behaviour and the course of certain blood parameters (Hb, GR, cholesterol, albumin, total proteins) are reported. --in benign cicatricial stenosis and tumours of the cardia, a normal protein-caloric amount (2000-3500 KCal., 80-120 g/24 h of proteins) is sufficient to obtain weight increase and stabilization of blood examinations. The administration route is unimportant; --in malignant stenosis, 4000-6000 KCal. and 100-130 g of protein/24 h must be provided to obtain the same result. In patients treated with total parenteral nutrition the weight loss persists. The reason for this behaviour is not known; it is likely that enzymatic blocks exist in substrate utilization; --further study is needed to improve results obtained and to clarify the reasons for such behaviour.", "contents": "[Preoperative renutrition in patients with esophageal stenosis]. 50 patients suffering from dysphagia and oesophageal stenosis were treated in the period 1975-77. Of these 31 had renutrition of longer than two weeks and are the subject of the present study. Three nutrition systems were employed: 1) total parenteral feeding (7 patients), 2) feeding by naso-gastric tube or gastric fistula (15 patients), 3) feeding per os with semiliquid foods (9 patients). The patients were suffering from benign cicatricial stenosis (5), tumours of the cardia (7), tumours of the oesophagus (19). Short-term survival, weight behaviour and the course of certain blood parameters (Hb, GR, cholesterol, albumin, total proteins) are reported. --in benign cicatricial stenosis and tumours of the cardia, a normal protein-caloric amount (2000-3500 KCal., 80-120 g/24 h of proteins) is sufficient to obtain weight increase and stabilization of blood examinations. The administration route is unimportant; --in malignant stenosis, 4000-6000 KCal. and 100-130 g of protein/24 h must be provided to obtain the same result. In patients treated with total parenteral nutrition the weight loss persists. The reason for this behaviour is not known; it is likely that enzymatic blocks exist in substrate utilization; --further study is needed to improve results obtained and to clarify the reasons for such behaviour.", "PMID": 104204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6106", "title": "Chlamydia trachomatis cervicitis in gynecologic outpatients.", "content": "Symptoms suggestive of a lower genital tract infection (LGTI) are common complaints in women who consult gynecologists. Sexually transmitted microorganisms, such as Chlamydia trachomatis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis, are responsible for a substantial proportion of LGTI. This study was performed to establish the frequency of LGTI caused by C trachomatis in women attending a gynecologic outpatient clinic. Of 170 women with LGTI, 32.9% harbored one or more of these organisms: C trachomatis was found in 19.3%, N gonorrhoeae in 4.7%, and T vaginalis in 25.9%. The results of the isolation studies were correlated with clinical signs and symptoms. In women under 25 years of age, chlamydial cervicitis was found significantly more often in users of oral contraceptives than in nonusers. In women not taking such drugs, cervical erosion was found more often in Chlamydia-positive than  Chlamydia-negative women. Since clinical examination failed to reveal any characteristic signs in cases of chlamydial infection, it was not possible to distinguish a chlamydial from a gonococcal infection. This study also reports the successful treatment of 15 women affected by chlamydial cervicitis with doxycycline or trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole.", "contents": "Chlamydia trachomatis cervicitis in gynecologic outpatients. Symptoms suggestive of a lower genital tract infection (LGTI) are common complaints in women who consult gynecologists. Sexually transmitted microorganisms, such as Chlamydia trachomatis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis, are responsible for a substantial proportion of LGTI. This study was performed to establish the frequency of LGTI caused by C trachomatis in women attending a gynecologic outpatient clinic. Of 170 women with LGTI, 32.9% harbored one or more of these organisms: C trachomatis was found in 19.3%, N gonorrhoeae in 4.7%, and T vaginalis in 25.9%. The results of the isolation studies were correlated with clinical signs and symptoms. In women under 25 years of age, chlamydial cervicitis was found significantly more often in users of oral contraceptives than in nonusers. In women not taking such drugs, cervical erosion was found more often in Chlamydia-positive than  Chlamydia-negative women. Since clinical examination failed to reveal any characteristic signs in cases of chlamydial infection, it was not possible to distinguish a chlamydial from a gonococcal infection. This study also reports the successful treatment of 15 women affected by chlamydial cervicitis with doxycycline or trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole.", "PMID": 104212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6107", "title": "Intraoperative radiation of the paraaortic nodes in cancer of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Intraoperative electron beam irradiation is being used for the therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of the paraaortic nodes in cancer of the uterine cervix. A Varian 18 meV accelerator is employed at an electron energy setting of 6--18 meV. Special aluminum and lucite collimators allow visualization of treatment area and keep the uninvolved small bowel out of the treatment beam. A one-time dose of 2000 rads is delivered in 4 minutes. The procedure presents no special surgical problems, is well tolerated, and appears as a promising supplement in cases where abdominal exploration for surgical staging of cervical carcinoma is carried out.", "contents": "Intraoperative radiation of the paraaortic nodes in cancer of the uterine cervix. Intraoperative electron beam irradiation is being used for the therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of the paraaortic nodes in cancer of the uterine cervix. A Varian 18 meV accelerator is employed at an electron energy setting of 6--18 meV. Special aluminum and lucite collimators allow visualization of treatment area and keep the uninvolved small bowel out of the treatment beam. A one-time dose of 2000 rads is delivered in 4 minutes. The procedure presents no special surgical problems, is well tolerated, and appears as a promising supplement in cases where abdominal exploration for surgical staging of cervical carcinoma is carried out.", "PMID": 104213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6108", "title": "Pituitary and ovarian function in women with congenitally absent uterus.", "content": "Pituitary-ovarian function was studied in 2 women with congenital absence of the uterus and the vagina. Daily serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, estradiol-17beta, and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay for 1 month. Gonadotropins and ovarian steroids showed normal cyclic variations in both patients. Prolactin was persistently elevated in one of them, who also demonstrated 2 abnormally high testosterone values among 6 determinations. The pituitary gland was stimulated by intravenous leasing hormone (LRH-TRY). Gonadotropin and prolactin responses to LRH-TRH were normal. The lifelong absence of the uterus does not alter the function of the pituitary-ovarian axis. The relation of hyperprolactinemia to this syndrome must be ascertained in a greater number of patients.", "contents": "Pituitary and ovarian function in women with congenitally absent uterus. Pituitary-ovarian function was studied in 2 women with congenital absence of the uterus and the vagina. Daily serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, estradiol-17beta, and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay for 1 month. Gonadotropins and ovarian steroids showed normal cyclic variations in both patients. Prolactin was persistently elevated in one of them, who also demonstrated 2 abnormally high testosterone values among 6 determinations. The pituitary gland was stimulated by intravenous leasing hormone (LRH-TRY). Gonadotropin and prolactin responses to LRH-TRH were normal. The lifelong absence of the uterus does not alter the function of the pituitary-ovarian axis. The relation of hyperprolactinemia to this syndrome must be ascertained in a greater number of patients.", "PMID": 104214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6109", "title": "[Artificial gastrointestinal tract in gastrointestinal neoplasms].", "content": "From 1970 to 1977 an artificial gut was used in 1350 patients suffering from gastrointestinal cancer. This type of prolonged intestinal assistance was recognized to be an important adjuvant in anticancer therapy with indications prior to, during and following the traditional course of treatment. Prolonged intestinal assistance makes it possible to reestablish or maintain a biological and clinical status in patients who must undergo aggressive anticancer therapy. The indications for its use are multiplying. In 54% of the cases parenteral nutrition is associated with therapy of the curative type and this percentage is continuously increasing.", "contents": "[Artificial gastrointestinal tract in gastrointestinal neoplasms]. From 1970 to 1977 an artificial gut was used in 1350 patients suffering from gastrointestinal cancer. This type of prolonged intestinal assistance was recognized to be an important adjuvant in anticancer therapy with indications prior to, during and following the traditional course of treatment. Prolonged intestinal assistance makes it possible to reestablish or maintain a biological and clinical status in patients who must undergo aggressive anticancer therapy. The indications for its use are multiplying. In 54% of the cases parenteral nutrition is associated with therapy of the curative type and this percentage is continuously increasing.", "PMID": 104215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6110", "title": "Alcohol and hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.", "content": "Alcohol was shown to enhance the carcinogenic effect of DMBA applied to hamster buccal pouch. DMBA animals given alcohol developed dysplastic leukoplakic lesions and epidermoid carcinomas 2 weeks ahead of water-drinking control animals. The tumors also grew to larger size, were more invasive, and were more anaplastic histologically. Forty young adult Syrian hamsters were divided into four groups (alcohol-DMBA, DMBA control, untreated control, and alcohol control) and were killed after 10, 12, and 14 weeks of DMBA applications three times weekly. Alcohol was given as a 10 percent solution instead of drinking water.", "contents": "Alcohol and hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Alcohol was shown to enhance the carcinogenic effect of DMBA applied to hamster buccal pouch. DMBA animals given alcohol developed dysplastic leukoplakic lesions and epidermoid carcinomas 2 weeks ahead of water-drinking control animals. The tumors also grew to larger size, were more invasive, and were more anaplastic histologically. Forty young adult Syrian hamsters were divided into four groups (alcohol-DMBA, DMBA control, untreated control, and alcohol control) and were killed after 10, 12, and 14 weeks of DMBA applications three times weekly. Alcohol was given as a 10 percent solution instead of drinking water.", "PMID": 104217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6111", "title": "Short-term tissue reactions to enclosed glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue.", "content": "Polyethylene tubes closed at both ends and with four perforations in the sidewalls were filled with glutaraldehyde-fixed isologous tissue and implanted subcutaneously in rats. The cell reaction during the first 12 days in the tissues adjacent to the tubes was histologically examined. The reaction was compared to the reaction around tubes implanted empty. The examination showed a severe inflammatory reaction with probably immunologic aspects in the tissues adjacent to the filled tubes. The reaction around the empty tubes was slight and transient.", "contents": "Short-term tissue reactions to enclosed glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue. Polyethylene tubes closed at both ends and with four perforations in the sidewalls were filled with glutaraldehyde-fixed isologous tissue and implanted subcutaneously in rats. The cell reaction during the first 12 days in the tissues adjacent to the tubes was histologically examined. The reaction was compared to the reaction around tubes implanted empty. The examination showed a severe inflammatory reaction with probably immunologic aspects in the tissues adjacent to the filled tubes. The reaction around the empty tubes was slight and transient.", "PMID": 104218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6112", "title": "Cancellous bone marrow grafts in irradiated dog and monkey mandibles.", "content": "A pilot study was conducted to investigate the osteogenic potential of autogenous cancellous marrow grafts placed in irradiated tissue. Five dogs and three monkeys received either 4,100 or 6,520 rads of cobalt-60 irradiation during a 5- or 8-week period. Postirradiation discontinuity mandibular defects were created surgically and restored with autogenous cancellous bone marrow grafts held in position by a titanium mesh basket. Bony union occurred in all the mandibles. Intraoral ulceration was common in the dogs, and extraoral wound dehiscence was found in the monkeys. Hematopoietic marrow was present in the graft sites of both species 6 months to 1 year after surgery.", "contents": "Cancellous bone marrow grafts in irradiated dog and monkey mandibles. A pilot study was conducted to investigate the osteogenic potential of autogenous cancellous marrow grafts placed in irradiated tissue. Five dogs and three monkeys received either 4,100 or 6,520 rads of cobalt-60 irradiation during a 5- or 8-week period. Postirradiation discontinuity mandibular defects were created surgically and restored with autogenous cancellous bone marrow grafts held in position by a titanium mesh basket. Bony union occurred in all the mandibles. Intraoral ulceration was common in the dogs, and extraoral wound dehiscence was found in the monkeys. Hematopoietic marrow was present in the graft sites of both species 6 months to 1 year after surgery.", "PMID": 104219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6113", "title": "Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Report of two oral surgical cases using a new microfibrillar collagen preparation and EACA for hemostasis.", "content": "Glanzmann's thromboasthenia is a rare congenital platelet disorder characterized by a prolonged bleeding time, a qualitative platelet defect, and severe hemorrhagic episodes. Patients with this disorder have been managed by administration of blood and blood components (most recently, platelet-rich plasma and platelet concentrates) to control hemorrhage resulting from trauma or surgical procedures. The two case reports presented here illustrate the use of a local hemostatic agent (microfibrillar bovine collagen, Avitene) and a systemic fibrinolytic inhibitor (epsilon aminocaproic acid, Amicar) to control postoperative hemorrhage secondary to elective extraction of teeth. The clinical results demonstrate excellent postoperative hemostasis and support recent in vitro observation of platelet adherence to the collagen preparation. This provides an alternate therapeutic modality in the management of patients with Glanzmann's disease and possibly other disorders of platelet function.", "contents": "Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Report of two oral surgical cases using a new microfibrillar collagen preparation and EACA for hemostasis. Glanzmann's thromboasthenia is a rare congenital platelet disorder characterized by a prolonged bleeding time, a qualitative platelet defect, and severe hemorrhagic episodes. Patients with this disorder have been managed by administration of blood and blood components (most recently, platelet-rich plasma and platelet concentrates) to control hemorrhage resulting from trauma or surgical procedures. The two case reports presented here illustrate the use of a local hemostatic agent (microfibrillar bovine collagen, Avitene) and a systemic fibrinolytic inhibitor (epsilon aminocaproic acid, Amicar) to control postoperative hemorrhage secondary to elective extraction of teeth. The clinical results demonstrate excellent postoperative hemostasis and support recent in vitro observation of platelet adherence to the collagen preparation. This provides an alternate therapeutic modality in the management of patients with Glanzmann's disease and possibly other disorders of platelet function.", "PMID": 104220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6114", "title": "Blurred vision: problems of auditing elective surgery, as seen in an audit of lens extraction for cataract.", "content": "Failure to limit the topic can complicate the audit process by producing too many variations and data not relevant to all patients in the study. Because assessment of the need for lens extraction is subjective, formulating justification criteria is difficult; objective evidence that the patient actually needed the surgery may be lacking. Outpatient records showing the results of surgery, ie, whether a patient's vision has been improved, are usually not available to the audit committee. Consequently, the patient's true outcome after surgery cannot be properly evaluated unless specific follow-up criteria are developed and outpatient records are available to the audit committee. An ideal audit of lens extraction for cataract might combine outpatient records noting results of preoperative workup, the hospital chart, and the clinic record of postoperative care and results. Only with all pertinent information can a complete assessment of the quality of care be made. Because audits rely heavily on the use of data from inpatient records, other methodologies may be more appropriate for review of elective procedures. Audit committees should consider this possibility and beware.", "contents": "Blurred vision: problems of auditing elective surgery, as seen in an audit of lens extraction for cataract. Failure to limit the topic can complicate the audit process by producing too many variations and data not relevant to all patients in the study. Because assessment of the need for lens extraction is subjective, formulating justification criteria is difficult; objective evidence that the patient actually needed the surgery may be lacking. Outpatient records showing the results of surgery, ie, whether a patient's vision has been improved, are usually not available to the audit committee. Consequently, the patient's true outcome after surgery cannot be properly evaluated unless specific follow-up criteria are developed and outpatient records are available to the audit committee. An ideal audit of lens extraction for cataract might combine outpatient records noting results of preoperative workup, the hospital chart, and the clinic record of postoperative care and results. Only with all pertinent information can a complete assessment of the quality of care be made. Because audits rely heavily on the use of data from inpatient records, other methodologies may be more appropriate for review of elective procedures. Audit committees should consider this possibility and beware.", "PMID": 104233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6115", "title": "Sight on social work: the social worker's involvement with the patient undergoing cataract surgery.", "content": "A commintment to the concept of total patient care requires consideration of the social and emotional, as well as the physical, problems of the patient. Assessing the quality of the social work service--including adequate attention to problem evaluation, social treatment, and outcome--can help to assure that patients will return to as high a level of social functioning as possible.", "contents": "Sight on social work: the social worker's involvement with the patient undergoing cataract surgery. A commintment to the concept of total patient care requires consideration of the social and emotional, as well as the physical, problems of the patient. Assessing the quality of the social work service--including adequate attention to problem evaluation, social treatment, and outcome--can help to assure that patients will return to as high a level of social functioning as possible.", "PMID": 104238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6116", "title": "Six flaws revealed: how to make your audit/MCE studies more meaningful.", "content": "A study that lacks a definite design lacks direction and is defeated before it starts. Careful study design, however, is not the only indication of a successful audit. Approaching variation analysis in a positive rather than punitive manner enhances the committee's ability to recognize important findings and discover imaginative uses for audit data. When problems in care are revealed through evaluation activities, the committee must make recommendations that are appropriate to the causes of the problem and that can be readily implemented. An audit committee that discharges these responsibilities will produce a study that should surely yield informative data. The committee's ultimate goal--improved patient care--can not be far behind.", "contents": "Six flaws revealed: how to make your audit/MCE studies more meaningful. A study that lacks a definite design lacks direction and is defeated before it starts. Careful study design, however, is not the only indication of a successful audit. Approaching variation analysis in a positive rather than punitive manner enhances the committee's ability to recognize important findings and discover imaginative uses for audit data. When problems in care are revealed through evaluation activities, the committee must make recommendations that are appropriate to the causes of the problem and that can be readily implemented. An audit committee that discharges these responsibilities will produce a study that should surely yield informative data. The committee's ultimate goal--improved patient care--can not be far behind.", "PMID": 104249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6117", "title": "Our surgical approach towards the treatment of urethrocele and urethral fistula.", "content": "A new technique, described in the text, has been elaborated inspired by that of Monseur (1968) for urethral techniques. It has been performed with success in three paraplegics and in one incomplete tetraparesis. The plastic reconstruction of the diseased part of the urethra after excision of the stenosis and a fistula or diverticula by rotation and fixation to the subcavernal groove creates, in fact, an enlarged neo-urethra rendering the recurrence of the primary lesion practically impossible. This technique, first applied to spinal cord injuries, has been extended with permanent success to other lesions, such as tuberculosis stenosis and malformations.", "contents": "Our surgical approach towards the treatment of urethrocele and urethral fistula. A new technique, described in the text, has been elaborated inspired by that of Monseur (1968) for urethral techniques. It has been performed with success in three paraplegics and in one incomplete tetraparesis. The plastic reconstruction of the diseased part of the urethra after excision of the stenosis and a fistula or diverticula by rotation and fixation to the subcavernal groove creates, in fact, an enlarged neo-urethra rendering the recurrence of the primary lesion practically impossible. This technique, first applied to spinal cord injuries, has been extended with permanent success to other lesions, such as tuberculosis stenosis and malformations.", "PMID": 104265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6118", "title": "The para-articular ossifications in our paraplegics and tetraplegics: a survey of 704 patients.", "content": "The X-ray examination of 704 spinal cord injured patients have showed that in 20 per cent of the cases para-articular ossifications were present most frequently in the hips. They were less frequently found in non-traumatic and incomplete cases. No other clear relationship was found.", "contents": "The para-articular ossifications in our paraplegics and tetraplegics: a survey of 704 patients. The X-ray examination of 704 spinal cord injured patients have showed that in 20 per cent of the cases para-articular ossifications were present most frequently in the hips. They were less frequently found in non-traumatic and incomplete cases. No other clear relationship was found.", "PMID": 104266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6119", "title": "Rickets as a complication of intravenous hyperalimentation in infants.", "content": "Fifteen newborn infants developed roentgenographic evidence of rickets while on long-term intravenous hyperalimentation. In each instance, the initial diagnosis of rickets was suggested on the chest roentgenogram, where characteristic cupped and frayed upper humeral metaphyses were noted; subsequent knee and wrist roentgenograms substantiated these findings. Factors which may have predisposed to the development of rickets include inadequate doses of vitamin D, prematurity and a rapid change in body weight during hyperalimentation therapy.", "contents": "Rickets as a complication of intravenous hyperalimentation in infants. Fifteen newborn infants developed roentgenographic evidence of rickets while on long-term intravenous hyperalimentation. In each instance, the initial diagnosis of rickets was suggested on the chest roentgenogram, where characteristic cupped and frayed upper humeral metaphyses were noted; subsequent knee and wrist roentgenograms substantiated these findings. Factors which may have predisposed to the development of rickets include inadequate doses of vitamin D, prematurity and a rapid change in body weight during hyperalimentation therapy.", "PMID": 104270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6120", "title": "Spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia with ocular changes: report of two \"new\" variants in two different families.", "content": "Two families with \"new\" types of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias are reported. The disease(s) are characterised by spinal changes, capital femoral epiphyseal involvement and minor changes in the first family and shortening of the hands and feet in the second.", "contents": "Spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia with ocular changes: report of two \"new\" variants in two different families. Two families with \"new\" types of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias are reported. The disease(s) are characterised by spinal changes, capital femoral epiphyseal involvement and minor changes in the first family and shortening of the hands and feet in the second.", "PMID": 104271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6121", "title": "Phasic registration of venous diameter changes in-situ with the induction angiometer.", "content": "The method of induction angiometry has been used for observation of active and passive venous vasomotion, without surgical exposure of the blood vessel. The diameter sensor is a resilient loop introduced into the vasculature through a fine No. 5 French (1 mm i.d.) angiographic catheter or a needle of comparable internal diameter. An extracorporeal a. c. magnet induces an electromotive force (e.m.f.) in the loop which acts as the secondary of a transformer, the electromagnet being the primary. Pulsations in the blood vessel diameter vary the loop area and with it the induced e.m.f. thus providing a linear measure of relative changes in vascular diameter. Changes in the order of 2 micra in a venous diameter of 5 mm can be resolved in-situ. Examples are given of registration of phasic venous diameter changes at the frequencies of the heart beat, respiration and Mayer waves. Pharmacological tests illustrate the ability to detect venous vasomotion in response to a dose below 0.1 microgram/kg of nitroglycerin in dogs.", "contents": "Phasic registration of venous diameter changes in-situ with the induction angiometer. The method of induction angiometry has been used for observation of active and passive venous vasomotion, without surgical exposure of the blood vessel. The diameter sensor is a resilient loop introduced into the vasculature through a fine No. 5 French (1 mm i.d.) angiographic catheter or a needle of comparable internal diameter. An extracorporeal a. c. magnet induces an electromotive force (e.m.f.) in the loop which acts as the secondary of a transformer, the electromagnet being the primary. Pulsations in the blood vessel diameter vary the loop area and with it the induced e.m.f. thus providing a linear measure of relative changes in vascular diameter. Changes in the order of 2 micra in a venous diameter of 5 mm can be resolved in-situ. Examples are given of registration of phasic venous diameter changes at the frequencies of the heart beat, respiration and Mayer waves. Pharmacological tests illustrate the ability to detect venous vasomotion in response to a dose below 0.1 microgram/kg of nitroglycerin in dogs.", "PMID": 104275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6122", "title": "The flow resistance of the spiral artery and the related intervillous space in the rhesus monkey placenta.", "content": "Uteroplacental arteries of 4 rhesus monkeys were cannulated at their myometrical portions and perfused with dextran solutions and blood. Pressure-flow curves were obtained for the spiral artery and the related intervillous space, i.e. for the functional cotyledonary unit of the haemochorial villous placenta. For a flow of 3 ml.min-1, which is probably the normal rate of flow through the spiral artery, the pressure at the entry of the spiral artery was found to be 13--18 mm Hg (1.7--2.4kPa) during uterine relaxation (uterine diastole). There was a direct proportional relationship between the spiral artery flow and the pressure difference between the spiral artery and the amniotic fluid; the pressure difference per flow (the resistance of the cotyledonary unit) was found to be 1--3 mm Hg . ml-1 . min (8--24kPa . ml-1 . s). It is concluded that the spiral artery and the related intervillous space do not offer a limiting resistance to maternal blood flow in the absence of uterine contractions.", "contents": "The flow resistance of the spiral artery and the related intervillous space in the rhesus monkey placenta. Uteroplacental arteries of 4 rhesus monkeys were cannulated at their myometrical portions and perfused with dextran solutions and blood. Pressure-flow curves were obtained for the spiral artery and the related intervillous space, i.e. for the functional cotyledonary unit of the haemochorial villous placenta. For a flow of 3 ml.min-1, which is probably the normal rate of flow through the spiral artery, the pressure at the entry of the spiral artery was found to be 13--18 mm Hg (1.7--2.4kPa) during uterine relaxation (uterine diastole). There was a direct proportional relationship between the spiral artery flow and the pressure difference between the spiral artery and the amniotic fluid; the pressure difference per flow (the resistance of the cotyledonary unit) was found to be 1--3 mm Hg . ml-1 . min (8--24kPa . ml-1 . s). It is concluded that the spiral artery and the related intervillous space do not offer a limiting resistance to maternal blood flow in the absence of uterine contractions.", "PMID": 104276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6123", "title": "[Zinc in digestive diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The present review is concerned by the main features of zinc metabolism (requirements, intestinal absorption, tissue distribution, excretion). The relationships between zinc variations and gut pathology are discussed with respect to the following points: criteria for the diagnostic of zinc deficiency, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical consequences, therapeutic implications. Evidence for zinc malabsorption is present in Acrodermatitis enteropathica and in chronic zinc deficiency observed in Middle-East. During last decade zinc deficiency has been frequently reported in total parenteral feeding. Alterations in plasma zinc concentrations have been described in coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease but a true deficiency remains to be established in this pathological states.", "contents": "[Zinc in digestive diseases (author's transl)]. The present review is concerned by the main features of zinc metabolism (requirements, intestinal absorption, tissue distribution, excretion). The relationships between zinc variations and gut pathology are discussed with respect to the following points: criteria for the diagnostic of zinc deficiency, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical consequences, therapeutic implications. Evidence for zinc malabsorption is present in Acrodermatitis enteropathica and in chronic zinc deficiency observed in Middle-East. During last decade zinc deficiency has been frequently reported in total parenteral feeding. Alterations in plasma zinc concentrations have been described in coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease but a true deficiency remains to be established in this pathological states.", "PMID": 104278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6124", "title": "[The value of potassium phosphate supplements in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Effects upon 2.3-diphosphoglycerate and tissue oxygenation (author's transl)].", "content": "Amongst 8 diabetics with severe ketoacidosis and treated identically, 4 received intravenous supplements of potassium phosphate (25 mmol PO4/I) for 24 hours. This resulted in blood 2.3-diphosphoglycerate and in vivo P50 levels which were invariably higher than in the control subjects and a fall in lactate/pyruvate ratio. These results reflect improved tissue oxygenation.", "contents": "[The value of potassium phosphate supplements in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Effects upon 2.3-diphosphoglycerate and tissue oxygenation (author's transl)]. Amongst 8 diabetics with severe ketoacidosis and treated identically, 4 received intravenous supplements of potassium phosphate (25 mmol PO4/I) for 24 hours. This resulted in blood 2.3-diphosphoglycerate and in vivo P50 levels which were invariably higher than in the control subjects and a fall in lactate/pyruvate ratio. These results reflect improved tissue oxygenation.", "PMID": 104280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6125", "title": "Hematologic toxicity of drugs used in cardiovascular disease.", "content": "Many diuretic, antiarrhythmic, and antihypertensive drugs have potential hematologic toxicity. Any patient with cardiovascular disease receiving long-term drug therapy or massive doses of a drug should be watched carefully for early detection of hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, or other toxic effects.", "contents": "Hematologic toxicity of drugs used in cardiovascular disease. Many diuretic, antiarrhythmic, and antihypertensive drugs have potential hematologic toxicity. Any patient with cardiovascular disease receiving long-term drug therapy or massive doses of a drug should be watched carefully for early detection of hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, or other toxic effects.", "PMID": 104288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6126", "title": "Mutations altering the cellular localization of the phage lambda receptor, an Escherichia coli outer membrane protein.", "content": "Two mutant strains of Escherichia coli have been isolated in which the cellular location of an outer membrane protein, the phage lambda receptor (the lamB gene product), is altered. These mutations were initially selected in a strain containing a lamB-lacZ fusion. In the parent strain the protein coded for by the hybrid gene is located, at least in part, in the outer membrane. In the mutants it is located in the cytoplasm. The mutations responsible for the alteration of cellular location lie very early in the lamB gene, in a region corresponding to the NH2-terminus of the lambda receptor protein. One of these mutations is a small deletion internal to the lamB gene. When this mutation is present in an otherwise wild-type lamB gene, the protein produced is of lower molecular weight than normal receptor. The other mutation behaves as a point mutation; when it is present in an otherwise normal lamB gene, reversion can be demonstrated. The molecular weight of this mutant protein, which is located in the cytoplasm, is larger than that of the wild-type gene product by approximately 2000. It is suggested that these two mutations are in the portion of the lamB gene coding for a signal sequence and thereby block export of the protein.", "contents": "Mutations altering the cellular localization of the phage lambda receptor, an Escherichia coli outer membrane protein. Two mutant strains of Escherichia coli have been isolated in which the cellular location of an outer membrane protein, the phage lambda receptor (the lamB gene product), is altered. These mutations were initially selected in a strain containing a lamB-lacZ fusion. In the parent strain the protein coded for by the hybrid gene is located, at least in part, in the outer membrane. In the mutants it is located in the cytoplasm. The mutations responsible for the alteration of cellular location lie very early in the lamB gene, in a region corresponding to the NH2-terminus of the lambda receptor protein. One of these mutations is a small deletion internal to the lamB gene. When this mutation is present in an otherwise wild-type lamB gene, the protein produced is of lower molecular weight than normal receptor. The other mutation behaves as a point mutation; when it is present in an otherwise normal lamB gene, reversion can be demonstrated. The molecular weight of this mutant protein, which is located in the cytoplasm, is larger than that of the wild-type gene product by approximately 2000. It is suggested that these two mutations are in the portion of the lamB gene coding for a signal sequence and thereby block export of the protein.", "PMID": 104291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6127", "title": "Dose-dependent preferential binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to reiterated DNA of murine skin cells in culture.", "content": "The distribution of active metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound to reiterated or unique regions of murine DNA has been studied by a DNA-DNA renaturation technique. Murine skin cells were exposed to different doses of radioactive polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for 24 hr; then the hydrocarbon-labeled DNA was isolated, fragmented, and denatured. Renaturation kinetics and thermal stabilities of DNA-DNA duplexes were studied. At high carcinogen doses, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon adducts seem to be distributed equally among the DNA of all reiteration frequencies. At low carcinogen doses, however, a dose-dependent preferential binding to reiterated DNA sequences occurs. An inverse linear relationship appears to exist between the enrichment of hydrocarbon adducts in reiterated DNA sequences and the logarithm of the amount of total hydrocarbon bound to DNA.", "contents": "Dose-dependent preferential binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to reiterated DNA of murine skin cells in culture. The distribution of active metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound to reiterated or unique regions of murine DNA has been studied by a DNA-DNA renaturation technique. Murine skin cells were exposed to different doses of radioactive polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for 24 hr; then the hydrocarbon-labeled DNA was isolated, fragmented, and denatured. Renaturation kinetics and thermal stabilities of DNA-DNA duplexes were studied. At high carcinogen doses, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon adducts seem to be distributed equally among the DNA of all reiteration frequencies. At low carcinogen doses, however, a dose-dependent preferential binding to reiterated DNA sequences occurs. An inverse linear relationship appears to exist between the enrichment of hydrocarbon adducts in reiterated DNA sequences and the logarithm of the amount of total hydrocarbon bound to DNA.", "PMID": 104292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6128", "title": "Isolation and characterization of ColE1-derived plasmid copy-number mutant.", "content": "The plasmid pBGP120 is a ColE1 derivative that contains elements of the Escherichia coli lac operon and the Tn3 transposon. We have selected and isolated a copy-number mutant of pBGP120. In exponentially growing cultures, the copy-number mutant, pOP1, represents approximately 30% of total intracellular DNA compared to about 5% for pBGP120. Plasmid-encoded beta-galactosidase monomer can represent 50% of newly synthesized protein in cells carrying pOP1. pOP1 is structurally unstable in certain genetic backgrounds and under certain growth conditions, breaking down to a smaller sized plasmid that retains the DNA overproducer phenotype and the Tn3 transposon. The smaller overproducer plasmid, pOP1delta6, is generated by a continuous deletion of sequences located between one end of the Tn3 transposon and a site about 630 nucleotides from the EcoRI site in the beta-galactosidase structural gene of pOP1. pOP1delta6 retains the ColE1 origin of replication but has lost the lac promotor and operator and most of the beta-galactosidase structural gene. pOP1delta6 exists at approximately 210 copies per chromosome in exponentially growing cells.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of ColE1-derived plasmid copy-number mutant. The plasmid pBGP120 is a ColE1 derivative that contains elements of the Escherichia coli lac operon and the Tn3 transposon. We have selected and isolated a copy-number mutant of pBGP120. In exponentially growing cultures, the copy-number mutant, pOP1, represents approximately 30% of total intracellular DNA compared to about 5% for pBGP120. Plasmid-encoded beta-galactosidase monomer can represent 50% of newly synthesized protein in cells carrying pOP1. pOP1 is structurally unstable in certain genetic backgrounds and under certain growth conditions, breaking down to a smaller sized plasmid that retains the DNA overproducer phenotype and the Tn3 transposon. The smaller overproducer plasmid, pOP1delta6, is generated by a continuous deletion of sequences located between one end of the Tn3 transposon and a site about 630 nucleotides from the EcoRI site in the beta-galactosidase structural gene of pOP1. pOP1delta6 retains the ColE1 origin of replication but has lost the lac promotor and operator and most of the beta-galactosidase structural gene. pOP1delta6 exists at approximately 210 copies per chromosome in exponentially growing cells.", "PMID": 104293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6129", "title": "A gene adjacent to satellite DNA in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Several copies of a sequence adjacent to 1.688 g/cm3 satellite DNA in the Drosophila melanogaster genome have been isolated by molecular cloning. This sequence, called the Dm142 gene, is homologous to a 1.6-kilobase RNA found in both D. melanogaster embryos and tissue culture cells. One cloned DNA segment includes two copies of the Dm142 gene and 1.688 g/cm3 satellite DNA sequences, which are located between and flanking both gene copies. The Dm142 gene is repeated many times in the D. melanogaster genome, and some copies are not flanked by 1,688 g/cm3 satellite DNA.", "contents": "A gene adjacent to satellite DNA in Drosophila melanogaster. Several copies of a sequence adjacent to 1.688 g/cm3 satellite DNA in the Drosophila melanogaster genome have been isolated by molecular cloning. This sequence, called the Dm142 gene, is homologous to a 1.6-kilobase RNA found in both D. melanogaster embryos and tissue culture cells. One cloned DNA segment includes two copies of the Dm142 gene and 1.688 g/cm3 satellite DNA sequences, which are located between and flanking both gene copies. The Dm142 gene is repeated many times in the D. melanogaster genome, and some copies are not flanked by 1,688 g/cm3 satellite DNA.", "PMID": 104294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6130", "title": "Interaction of secreted nascent chains with surrounding membrane in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "To determine the length of secreted nascent polypeptide chain that is surrounded by membrane, we digested labeled nascent chains protruding from protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis with Pronase and isolated the residual ribosome-attached chains from the membrane-polysome fraction. Gel chromatography revealed a sharp major peak that had been protected by membrane plus bound ribosomes. The ribosomes themselves protected half as great a length. Because no free chain between the ribosome and the membrane was detected by Pronase treatment, the difference between the two protected lengths should measure the length protected by the membrane. More accurate measurements of these lengths, obtained by dansylation of the exposed NH2 terminus of the isolated fragments, yielded a difference of 21 amino acids. This value corresponds to an extended chain of 75 A, which is approximately the thickness of the bacterial cell membrane. We earlier presented evidence that bacterial ribosomes are attached to membrane solely by their secreted chain. The present results further show that after loss of the extracellular segment of the chain its attachment persists, at 37 degrees as well as 0 degrees C. These findings suggest that the chain does not slip through a passive membrane but is actively held within a channel.", "contents": "Interaction of secreted nascent chains with surrounding membrane in Bacillus subtilis. To determine the length of secreted nascent polypeptide chain that is surrounded by membrane, we digested labeled nascent chains protruding from protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis with Pronase and isolated the residual ribosome-attached chains from the membrane-polysome fraction. Gel chromatography revealed a sharp major peak that had been protected by membrane plus bound ribosomes. The ribosomes themselves protected half as great a length. Because no free chain between the ribosome and the membrane was detected by Pronase treatment, the difference between the two protected lengths should measure the length protected by the membrane. More accurate measurements of these lengths, obtained by dansylation of the exposed NH2 terminus of the isolated fragments, yielded a difference of 21 amino acids. This value corresponds to an extended chain of 75 A, which is approximately the thickness of the bacterial cell membrane. We earlier presented evidence that bacterial ribosomes are attached to membrane solely by their secreted chain. The present results further show that after loss of the extracellular segment of the chain its attachment persists, at 37 degrees as well as 0 degrees C. These findings suggest that the chain does not slip through a passive membrane but is actively held within a channel.", "PMID": 104295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6131", "title": "Chicken ovalbumin is synthesized and secreted by Escherichia coli.", "content": "By recombinant DNA methods, the chicken ovalbumin structural gene has been fused to Escherichia coli lac transcriptional and translational control regions. When a plasmid containing the hybrid gene was introduced into E. coli, a protein identified as ovalbumin by immunoreactivity and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was synthesized. The chicken ovalbumin made in bacteria was full length (43,000 daltons) and constituted 1.5% of the cellular protein. In addition, the microbially synthesized ovalbumin was secreted through the cell membrane into the periplasmic space of E. coli. The ability of the E. coli secretory apparatus to recognize chicken ovalbumin, which is normally synthesized and secreted in hen oviducts, suggests that common features exist in the secretion-recognition mechanisms found in these two organisms. The bacterial synthesis of significant amounts of chicken ovalbumin demonstrates that the E. coli cellular machinery may be utilized to synthesize a higher eukaryotic protein which is relatively stable in the bacterial intracellular environment.", "contents": "Chicken ovalbumin is synthesized and secreted by Escherichia coli. By recombinant DNA methods, the chicken ovalbumin structural gene has been fused to Escherichia coli lac transcriptional and translational control regions. When a plasmid containing the hybrid gene was introduced into E. coli, a protein identified as ovalbumin by immunoreactivity and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was synthesized. The chicken ovalbumin made in bacteria was full length (43,000 daltons) and constituted 1.5% of the cellular protein. In addition, the microbially synthesized ovalbumin was secreted through the cell membrane into the periplasmic space of E. coli. The ability of the E. coli secretory apparatus to recognize chicken ovalbumin, which is normally synthesized and secreted in hen oviducts, suggests that common features exist in the secretion-recognition mechanisms found in these two organisms. The bacterial synthesis of significant amounts of chicken ovalbumin demonstrates that the E. coli cellular machinery may be utilized to synthesize a higher eukaryotic protein which is relatively stable in the bacterial intracellular environment.", "PMID": 104296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6132", "title": "Thiostrepton-resistant mutants exhibit relaxed synthesis of RNA.", "content": "Spontaneous mutants of Bacillus subtilis resistant to thiostrepton (TSP) exhibit relaxed synthesis of RNA when starved for required amino acids. Intact cells of tsp mutants cannot synthesize the regulatory nucleotides, ppGpp and pppGpp, after amino acid deprivation. Because ribosomes isolated from spontaneous revertants to thiostrepton sensitivity and from wild-type stringent strains can synthesize (p)ppGpp whereas ribosomes isolated from tsp strains cannot synthesize these regulatory nucleotides in the presence of stringent factor, it appears that the lesion is expressed at the level of the ribosome. Genetic mapping, via three-factor transformational crosses, has shown that tsp is closely linked to rif, in the order cysA14, tsp, rif-I, strA. The phenotype of the tsp mutants indicates that they are of the relC type. Their map position indicates that they are different from a previously described B subtilis rel mutation. Ribosomes from the latter strain can synthesize (p)ppGpp in cell-free extracts.", "contents": "Thiostrepton-resistant mutants exhibit relaxed synthesis of RNA. Spontaneous mutants of Bacillus subtilis resistant to thiostrepton (TSP) exhibit relaxed synthesis of RNA when starved for required amino acids. Intact cells of tsp mutants cannot synthesize the regulatory nucleotides, ppGpp and pppGpp, after amino acid deprivation. Because ribosomes isolated from spontaneous revertants to thiostrepton sensitivity and from wild-type stringent strains can synthesize (p)ppGpp whereas ribosomes isolated from tsp strains cannot synthesize these regulatory nucleotides in the presence of stringent factor, it appears that the lesion is expressed at the level of the ribosome. Genetic mapping, via three-factor transformational crosses, has shown that tsp is closely linked to rif, in the order cysA14, tsp, rif-I, strA. The phenotype of the tsp mutants indicates that they are of the relC type. Their map position indicates that they are different from a previously described B subtilis rel mutation. Ribosomes from the latter strain can synthesize (p)ppGpp in cell-free extracts.", "PMID": 104297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6133", "title": "Variable and constant regions are separated in the 10-kbase transcription unit coding for immunoglobulin kappa light chains.", "content": "UV transcription mapping with recombinant DNA probes containing immunoglobulin kappa light chain mRNA sequences has been used to determine the size of the transcription unit coding for kappa light chain m RNA and to establish the arrangement of variable and constant regions in this transcription unit. In relation to ribosomal RNA standards, the transcription of kappa light chain constant region sequences into nuclear RNA exhibits a UV target size of 9.6 kbases (kb). The kappa light chain variable region exhibits a UV target size of 7.6 kb indicating that it is separated by approximately 2.0 kb from the constant region in the kappa light chain transcription unit. The size of the primary transcript (i.e., the direct, unprocessed RNA product of transcription) predicted from the constant region target size concurs with our previous pulse-labeling results which showed that the largest presumptive nuclear RNA precursor to kappa light chain mRNA is approximately 10 kb. In addition, the UV target size of cytoplasmic kappa mRNA is indistinguishable from the target size of constant region sequences in nuclear RNA. These results suggest that the kappa light chain transcription unit is copied directly into a 10-kb nuclear RNA precursor in which the kappa variable and constant regions are separated by approximately 2 kb. Accordingly, it is proposed that the joining of immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable and constant regions occurs in the post-transcriptional processing of this large nuclear RNA precursor into kappa light chain mRNA.", "contents": "Variable and constant regions are separated in the 10-kbase transcription unit coding for immunoglobulin kappa light chains. UV transcription mapping with recombinant DNA probes containing immunoglobulin kappa light chain mRNA sequences has been used to determine the size of the transcription unit coding for kappa light chain m RNA and to establish the arrangement of variable and constant regions in this transcription unit. In relation to ribosomal RNA standards, the transcription of kappa light chain constant region sequences into nuclear RNA exhibits a UV target size of 9.6 kbases (kb). The kappa light chain variable region exhibits a UV target size of 7.6 kb indicating that it is separated by approximately 2.0 kb from the constant region in the kappa light chain transcription unit. The size of the primary transcript (i.e., the direct, unprocessed RNA product of transcription) predicted from the constant region target size concurs with our previous pulse-labeling results which showed that the largest presumptive nuclear RNA precursor to kappa light chain mRNA is approximately 10 kb. In addition, the UV target size of cytoplasmic kappa mRNA is indistinguishable from the target size of constant region sequences in nuclear RNA. These results suggest that the kappa light chain transcription unit is copied directly into a 10-kb nuclear RNA precursor in which the kappa variable and constant regions are separated by approximately 2 kb. Accordingly, it is proposed that the joining of immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable and constant regions occurs in the post-transcriptional processing of this large nuclear RNA precursor into kappa light chain mRNA.", "PMID": 104298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6134", "title": "beta-Galactosidase is induced by hormone in Drosophila melanogaster cell cultures.", "content": "Drosophila melanogaster cell lines Kc and Ca and clones FC and RF6, cultured in vitro, have no detectable beta-galactosidase (beta-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) activity (as measured by hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galoctoside). Ecdysterone, a hormonal steroid of critical importance in insect physiology, clearly induces beta-galactosidase activity in D. melanogaster cells cultured in vitro. Induction occurs in cell lines or clones known to be sensitive to ecdysterone (K, Ca, and Fc) and does not occur in clones known to be resistant to the hormone (RF6). Some properties of the hormone-induced beta-galactosidase activity were studied. The Km for o-nitrophenyl galactoside is 0.35 mM and the Ki for lactose is 12 mM (similar to those of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase); the activity can be recovered after sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment; the enzyme is a tetramer (Mr of the monomer is 64,000).", "contents": "beta-Galactosidase is induced by hormone in Drosophila melanogaster cell cultures. Drosophila melanogaster cell lines Kc and Ca and clones FC and RF6, cultured in vitro, have no detectable beta-galactosidase (beta-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) activity (as measured by hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galoctoside). Ecdysterone, a hormonal steroid of critical importance in insect physiology, clearly induces beta-galactosidase activity in D. melanogaster cells cultured in vitro. Induction occurs in cell lines or clones known to be sensitive to ecdysterone (K, Ca, and Fc) and does not occur in clones known to be resistant to the hormone (RF6). Some properties of the hormone-induced beta-galactosidase activity were studied. The Km for o-nitrophenyl galactoside is 0.35 mM and the Ki for lactose is 12 mM (similar to those of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase); the activity can be recovered after sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment; the enzyme is a tetramer (Mr of the monomer is 64,000).", "PMID": 104299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6135", "title": "Mechanism of dexamethasone inhibition of plasminogen activator in rat hepatoma cells.", "content": "Glucocorticoids rapidly and completely inhibit intracellular plasminogen activator activity in rat hepatoma cells, as assayed by the solubilization of 125I-labeled fibrin. Experiments in which extracts of dexamethasone-treated cells are mixed with extracts of control cells demonstrate an inhibitor of protease activity. Plasminogen activator is found primarily in the particulate fraction of cell lysates, whereas the inhibitor is localized in the soluble fraction. Variant cells have been isolated previously that are fully resistant to the dexamethoasone inhibition of plasminogen activator activity. These variants have no demonstrable inhibitor activity, whereas plasminogen activator in these cells is fully sensitive to inhibitor from wild-type cells. Thus, the basis for hormone resistance appears to be the failure of dexamethasone to induce an inhibitor.", "contents": "Mechanism of dexamethasone inhibition of plasminogen activator in rat hepatoma cells. Glucocorticoids rapidly and completely inhibit intracellular plasminogen activator activity in rat hepatoma cells, as assayed by the solubilization of 125I-labeled fibrin. Experiments in which extracts of dexamethasone-treated cells are mixed with extracts of control cells demonstrate an inhibitor of protease activity. Plasminogen activator is found primarily in the particulate fraction of cell lysates, whereas the inhibitor is localized in the soluble fraction. Variant cells have been isolated previously that are fully resistant to the dexamethoasone inhibition of plasminogen activator activity. These variants have no demonstrable inhibitor activity, whereas plasminogen activator in these cells is fully sensitive to inhibitor from wild-type cells. Thus, the basis for hormone resistance appears to be the failure of dexamethasone to induce an inhibitor.", "PMID": 104300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6136", "title": "Unusual resistance to ionizing radiation of the viruses of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie.", "content": "The titers of several preparations of kuru. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, and scrapie viruses were reduced by only 1/10th or less by high doses of gamma radiation of 50 kGy and by only 1/10th-1/1000th or less for 200 kGy. This unusual radiation resistance of the two human viruses further links them with the scrapie virus and suggests that the genetic information of all three viruses is considerably smaller than that of any other known viruses of mammals.", "contents": "Unusual resistance to ionizing radiation of the viruses of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie. The titers of several preparations of kuru. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, and scrapie viruses were reduced by only 1/10th or less by high doses of gamma radiation of 50 kGy and by only 1/10th-1/1000th or less for 200 kGy. This unusual radiation resistance of the two human viruses further links them with the scrapie virus and suggests that the genetic information of all three viruses is considerably smaller than that of any other known viruses of mammals.", "PMID": 104301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6137", "title": "Self-administration of an enkephalin analog by rhesus monkey.", "content": "Intravenous injections of a synthetic enkephalin analog, FK-33-824 were found to maintain operant responding under second-order schedule control (FR 4[VR 16:S]) in five, morphine-dependent rhesus monkeys. All monkeys self-administered enkephalin in amounts equivalent to morphine at comparable doses per injection. Each of five doses of enkephalin (0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.05 and 0.01 mg/kg/inj) were substituted for morphine during 10 consecutive sessions over a 56 hr period. No monkey developed opiate withdrawal signs during enkephalin substitution except at the lowest enkephalin dose (0.01 mg/kg/inj). Although the number of enkephalin injections self-administered increased as the dose per injection progressively decreased, there was a significant linear decrease (p less than 0.05) in mg/kg/enkephalin per session at doses of 0.25 mg/kg/inj and below. Reductions in morphine dose per injection, over a range of 0.5 to 0.125 mg/kg/inj produced comparable increases in number of injections per session, but no significant changes in morphine intake. The number of food pellets earned on a second order FR 4 (VR 16:S) schedule decreased during enkephalin substitution. These decreases were significant at the highest doses of enkephalin (0.5 to 0.125 mg/kg/inj). These data attest to the reinforcing characteristics of an enkephalin analog in rhesus monkey and suggest that natural polypeptides may contribute to the reinforcing properties of opiate drugs.", "contents": "Self-administration of an enkephalin analog by rhesus monkey. Intravenous injections of a synthetic enkephalin analog, FK-33-824 were found to maintain operant responding under second-order schedule control (FR 4[VR 16:S]) in five, morphine-dependent rhesus monkeys. All monkeys self-administered enkephalin in amounts equivalent to morphine at comparable doses per injection. Each of five doses of enkephalin (0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.05 and 0.01 mg/kg/inj) were substituted for morphine during 10 consecutive sessions over a 56 hr period. No monkey developed opiate withdrawal signs during enkephalin substitution except at the lowest enkephalin dose (0.01 mg/kg/inj). Although the number of enkephalin injections self-administered increased as the dose per injection progressively decreased, there was a significant linear decrease (p less than 0.05) in mg/kg/enkephalin per session at doses of 0.25 mg/kg/inj and below. Reductions in morphine dose per injection, over a range of 0.5 to 0.125 mg/kg/inj produced comparable increases in number of injections per session, but no significant changes in morphine intake. The number of food pellets earned on a second order FR 4 (VR 16:S) schedule decreased during enkephalin substitution. These decreases were significant at the highest doses of enkephalin (0.5 to 0.125 mg/kg/inj). These data attest to the reinforcing characteristics of an enkephalin analog in rhesus monkey and suggest that natural polypeptides may contribute to the reinforcing properties of opiate drugs.", "PMID": 104309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6138", "title": "Cocaine reinforced progressive ratio performance in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "A series of experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of a progressive ratio (PR) procedure in measuring the relative reinforcing efficacy of several intravenous doses of cocaine. In Experiment 1, utilizing much smaller increases in the ratio requirement than previously reported, the animals generally displayed increases in breaking point with increases in the cocaine unit dose up to 0.4 mg/kg/inj. The highest dose studied (0.8 mg/kg/inj.) engendered breaking points lower than the 0.4 mg/kg dose but higher than the remaining lower doses. Experiment 2 was conducted utilizing the same reinforcement schedule as in Experiment 1 but with liquid Tang as the reward. The results demonstrated that this procedure would function to discriminate reinforcing strength with a more traditional reward. Experiment 3 examined a more expedient procedure to see if results similar to those seen in Experiment 1 could be obtained in a shorter period of time. However, the shorter procedure engendered excessive intrasubject variability, suggesting that some intermediate level of baseline experience between the 5-7 days used in Experiment 1 and the 50 reinforced responses used in Experiment 3 would be necessary to obtain consistent breaking point-unit dose functions.", "contents": "Cocaine reinforced progressive ratio performance in the rhesus monkey. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of a progressive ratio (PR) procedure in measuring the relative reinforcing efficacy of several intravenous doses of cocaine. In Experiment 1, utilizing much smaller increases in the ratio requirement than previously reported, the animals generally displayed increases in breaking point with increases in the cocaine unit dose up to 0.4 mg/kg/inj. The highest dose studied (0.8 mg/kg/inj.) engendered breaking points lower than the 0.4 mg/kg dose but higher than the remaining lower doses. Experiment 2 was conducted utilizing the same reinforcement schedule as in Experiment 1 but with liquid Tang as the reward. The results demonstrated that this procedure would function to discriminate reinforcing strength with a more traditional reward. Experiment 3 examined a more expedient procedure to see if results similar to those seen in Experiment 1 could be obtained in a shorter period of time. However, the shorter procedure engendered excessive intrasubject variability, suggesting that some intermediate level of baseline experience between the 5-7 days used in Experiment 1 and the 50 reinforced responses used in Experiment 3 would be necessary to obtain consistent breaking point-unit dose functions.", "PMID": 104310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6139", "title": "Behavioral effects of D-Ala2-beta-endorphin in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "The effects of D-Ala2-beta-endorphin administered either intravenously (IV) or intracisternally (IC) in squirrel monkeys were tested using a number of behavioral measures: general activity, eating, social behavior, aggression/distress, analgesia, and startle/escape. There were 10 groups (N = 5) consisting of 4 dose levels administered IC (0.4, 40, 400 microgram/kg) and 6 dose levels injected IV (0, 4, 40, 80, 400, 800 microgram/kg). Every monkey was tested with all tasks on each of 5 identical repeated trials, one pre-injection baseline trial and 4 post-injection trials. After IC administration, the 2 largest doses exerted toxic effects, which were partially reversed with naloxone, producing in 2 cases muscular rigidity and profound sedation. The smaller 4 microgram/kg dose produced significant decreases in activity over trials but increased reactivity to noxious stimulation after the initial post-injection trial. With IV injection reliable changes in activity and approach to food were found. The results demonstrate significant behavioral effects of an endorphin analog in the squirrel monkeys after both central and peripheral injection.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of D-Ala2-beta-endorphin in squirrel monkeys. The effects of D-Ala2-beta-endorphin administered either intravenously (IV) or intracisternally (IC) in squirrel monkeys were tested using a number of behavioral measures: general activity, eating, social behavior, aggression/distress, analgesia, and startle/escape. There were 10 groups (N = 5) consisting of 4 dose levels administered IC (0.4, 40, 400 microgram/kg) and 6 dose levels injected IV (0, 4, 40, 80, 400, 800 microgram/kg). Every monkey was tested with all tasks on each of 5 identical repeated trials, one pre-injection baseline trial and 4 post-injection trials. After IC administration, the 2 largest doses exerted toxic effects, which were partially reversed with naloxone, producing in 2 cases muscular rigidity and profound sedation. The smaller 4 microgram/kg dose produced significant decreases in activity over trials but increased reactivity to noxious stimulation after the initial post-injection trial. With IV injection reliable changes in activity and approach to food were found. The results demonstrate significant behavioral effects of an endorphin analog in the squirrel monkeys after both central and peripheral injection.", "PMID": 104311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6140", "title": "A method for measurement of platelet regeneration in man.", "content": "Platelet suspensions obtained at different time intervals following a single dose of oral aspirin were incubated with [1-(14)C]-arachidonic acid and the amount of [1-(14)C]thromboxane B2 formed was determined by a double isotope technique. Since aspirin is an irreversible inhibitor of platelet cyclooxygenase and since circulating platelets do not synthesize cyclooxygenase the rate of reappearance of active cyclooxygenase determined in this way was a measure of the rate of regeneration of functioning platelets. In two subjects the regeneration half-times were 4.2 and 4.8 days.", "contents": "A method for measurement of platelet regeneration in man. Platelet suspensions obtained at different time intervals following a single dose of oral aspirin were incubated with [1-(14)C]-arachidonic acid and the amount of [1-(14)C]thromboxane B2 formed was determined by a double isotope technique. Since aspirin is an irreversible inhibitor of platelet cyclooxygenase and since circulating platelets do not synthesize cyclooxygenase the rate of reappearance of active cyclooxygenase determined in this way was a measure of the rate of regeneration of functioning platelets. In two subjects the regeneration half-times were 4.2 and 4.8 days.", "PMID": 104315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6141", "title": "[An economical modification of radial immunodiffusion for the determination of immunoglobulins in the cerebrospinal fluid].", "content": "In a total of fifty cerebrospinal fluids, such immunoglobulins as IgG, IgA, and IgM were quantitatively determined in a parallel manner on LC partigen plates and on slides (SEVAC set of means of testing). The comparability of the two methods of test proved excellent with good precision. The sensitivity of IgA determination on slides was made higher, the measurability of all precipitates was improved, and the economic advantage increased by cutting the cost of one determination fifteen times.", "contents": "[An economical modification of radial immunodiffusion for the determination of immunoglobulins in the cerebrospinal fluid]. In a total of fifty cerebrospinal fluids, such immunoglobulins as IgG, IgA, and IgM were quantitatively determined in a parallel manner on LC partigen plates and on slides (SEVAC set of means of testing). The comparability of the two methods of test proved excellent with good precision. The sensitivity of IgA determination on slides was made higher, the measurability of all precipitates was improved, and the economic advantage increased by cutting the cost of one determination fifteen times.", "PMID": 104316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6142", "title": "Stimulus properties of thyrotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a two-lever operant discrimination task using 20 mg/kg thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and saline as cues. Following completion of 40 daily training sessions, 22 of 25 subjects demonstrated a high level of discriminative responding based on the TRH and saline cues. An evaluation of the time course of TRH indicated that the stimulus properties peak between 5 and 15 min and dissipate substantially by 55--65 min. During additional testing, rats showed dose-dependent generalization between the training treatments (20 mg/kg TRH and saline) and novel doses of TRH (1, 5, 10, and 40 MG/KG). However, animals failed to show generalization between the training drug (20 mg/kg TRH) and d-amphetamine sulfate (0.8, 1.6, or 2.4 mg/kg); likewise, animals trained to discriminate d-amphetamine (0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg) from saline failed to show generalization between d-amphetamine and TRH (10, 20, OR 30 MG/KG). Microgram quanitites of TRH (2.5--25 microgram administered into either the lateral or third ventricle elicited dose-dependent generalization to the training drug (TRH 20 mg/kg, i.p.), suggesting a CNS mechanism of action for this effect of TRH.", "contents": "Stimulus properties of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a two-lever operant discrimination task using 20 mg/kg thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and saline as cues. Following completion of 40 daily training sessions, 22 of 25 subjects demonstrated a high level of discriminative responding based on the TRH and saline cues. An evaluation of the time course of TRH indicated that the stimulus properties peak between 5 and 15 min and dissipate substantially by 55--65 min. During additional testing, rats showed dose-dependent generalization between the training treatments (20 mg/kg TRH and saline) and novel doses of TRH (1, 5, 10, and 40 MG/KG). However, animals failed to show generalization between the training drug (20 mg/kg TRH) and d-amphetamine sulfate (0.8, 1.6, or 2.4 mg/kg); likewise, animals trained to discriminate d-amphetamine (0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg) from saline failed to show generalization between d-amphetamine and TRH (10, 20, OR 30 MG/KG). Microgram quanitites of TRH (2.5--25 microgram administered into either the lateral or third ventricle elicited dose-dependent generalization to the training drug (TRH 20 mg/kg, i.p.), suggesting a CNS mechanism of action for this effect of TRH.", "PMID": 104325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6143", "title": "Behavioural effects of amphetamine in a small primate: relative potencies of the d- and l-isomers.", "content": "Acute administration of d-amphetamine (up to 8 mg/kg) or l-amphetamine (up to 12 mg/kg) in the marmoset results in a dose-dependent increase in small head movements (checking), an almost total suppression of activities including eating, grooming, playing, and social interaction, but little change in the amount of movement. Severe stereotypy is seen at high doses of both isomers. The d-isomer has approximately twice the potency of the l-isomer in increasing checking behaviour.", "contents": "Behavioural effects of amphetamine in a small primate: relative potencies of the d- and l-isomers. Acute administration of d-amphetamine (up to 8 mg/kg) or l-amphetamine (up to 12 mg/kg) in the marmoset results in a dose-dependent increase in small head movements (checking), an almost total suppression of activities including eating, grooming, playing, and social interaction, but little change in the amount of movement. Severe stereotypy is seen at high doses of both isomers. The d-isomer has approximately twice the potency of the l-isomer in increasing checking behaviour.", "PMID": 104327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6144", "title": "A putative multipartite model of haloperidol interaction in apomorphine-disturbed behavior of the dog.", "content": "The interaction between various doses of apomorphine and haloperidol on intracranial self-stimulation in the dog was studied using a pradigm in which reinforcing brain-stimulation was controlled by a discriminative auditory stimulus. Reinforced lever-pressing was decreased by low doses of apomorphine and completely suppressed by stereotypogenic doses. At various doses of apomorphine, low doses of haloperidol either increased response inhibition by enhancing stereotypy, or increased lever pressing by reducing stereotypy while concomitantly increasing the number of nonreinforced responses. Intermediate to relatively high doses of haloperidol antagonized stereotypy and the response inhibition produced by apomorphine. High doses of haloperidol antagonized stereotypy but also suppressed self-stimulation. Thus, haloperidol is not only able to restore performance capability, but also disturbed reinforcing and discriminative stimulus control.", "contents": "A putative multipartite model of haloperidol interaction in apomorphine-disturbed behavior of the dog. The interaction between various doses of apomorphine and haloperidol on intracranial self-stimulation in the dog was studied using a pradigm in which reinforcing brain-stimulation was controlled by a discriminative auditory stimulus. Reinforced lever-pressing was decreased by low doses of apomorphine and completely suppressed by stereotypogenic doses. At various doses of apomorphine, low doses of haloperidol either increased response inhibition by enhancing stereotypy, or increased lever pressing by reducing stereotypy while concomitantly increasing the number of nonreinforced responses. Intermediate to relatively high doses of haloperidol antagonized stereotypy and the response inhibition produced by apomorphine. High doses of haloperidol antagonized stereotypy but also suppressed self-stimulation. Thus, haloperidol is not only able to restore performance capability, but also disturbed reinforcing and discriminative stimulus control.", "PMID": 104328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6145", "title": "Lithium prevention of amphetamine-induced 'manic' excitement and of reserpine-induced 'depression' in mice: possible role of 2-phenylethylamine.", "content": "Repeated treatment of mice with lithium chloride (45 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 8 days) reduced the jumping, fighting, stereotypies, and hyperactivity induced by d-amphetamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Lithium also reduced the hypoactivity observed 1--3 h after reserpine (0.75 mg/kg, i.p.). In biochemical studies we found that 8-day treatment with lithium markedly reduced (to 45% of control) the recovery from brain of labelled 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) following i.p. injection of labelled  L-phenylalanine, while decreasing recovery from brain of labelled PEA following its i.p. injection of 63% of control. In saline-treated mice, d-amphetamine appeared to increase PEA synthesis and to accelerate its disposition, whereas reserpine enhanced PEA synthesis and reduced disposition; all of these effects were antagonized by lithium pretreatments. Since PEA appears to be one of the most powerful behavioral stimulants among endogenous neuroamines, and because its deaminated metabolites are behavioral depressants, such antagonism of brain PEA metabolism may significantly contribute to the prophylactic action of lithium against both manic and depressive behavior.", "contents": "Lithium prevention of amphetamine-induced 'manic' excitement and of reserpine-induced 'depression' in mice: possible role of 2-phenylethylamine. Repeated treatment of mice with lithium chloride (45 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 8 days) reduced the jumping, fighting, stereotypies, and hyperactivity induced by d-amphetamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Lithium also reduced the hypoactivity observed 1--3 h after reserpine (0.75 mg/kg, i.p.). In biochemical studies we found that 8-day treatment with lithium markedly reduced (to 45% of control) the recovery from brain of labelled 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) following i.p. injection of labelled  L-phenylalanine, while decreasing recovery from brain of labelled PEA following its i.p. injection of 63% of control. In saline-treated mice, d-amphetamine appeared to increase PEA synthesis and to accelerate its disposition, whereas reserpine enhanced PEA synthesis and reduced disposition; all of these effects were antagonized by lithium pretreatments. Since PEA appears to be one of the most powerful behavioral stimulants among endogenous neuroamines, and because its deaminated metabolites are behavioral depressants, such antagonism of brain PEA metabolism may significantly contribute to the prophylactic action of lithium against both manic and depressive behavior.", "PMID": 104329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6146", "title": "The effect of antidepressant drugs on plasma kynurenine in depressed patients.", "content": "The concentration of kynurenine in plasma from depressed patients and control subjects has been measured using a sensitive and specific method. The levels of kynurenine in the plasma of depressed patients and controls are not significantly different and are not influenced by age or sex. The severity of affective disturbance was not related to plasma kynurenine levels in depressed patients. Clinical outcome could not be accurately predicted by measurement of plasma kynurenine levels. Amitriptyline did not significantly increase plasma kynurenine concentration in vivo, whereas lithium and mianserin did have a significant effect. These results are discussed with reference to known abnormalities of tryptophan metabolism in depressive illness and in particular to the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake characteristics of blood platelets in depressive patients.", "contents": "The effect of antidepressant drugs on plasma kynurenine in depressed patients. The concentration of kynurenine in plasma from depressed patients and control subjects has been measured using a sensitive and specific method. The levels of kynurenine in the plasma of depressed patients and controls are not significantly different and are not influenced by age or sex. The severity of affective disturbance was not related to plasma kynurenine levels in depressed patients. Clinical outcome could not be accurately predicted by measurement of plasma kynurenine levels. Amitriptyline did not significantly increase plasma kynurenine concentration in vivo, whereas lithium and mianserin did have a significant effect. These results are discussed with reference to known abnormalities of tryptophan metabolism in depressive illness and in particular to the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake characteristics of blood platelets in depressive patients.", "PMID": 104330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6147", "title": "Influence of polyphloretin phosphate on the central effects of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha in rats.", "content": "The possibility that polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) antagonizes the central effects elicited by prostaglandin (PG) E2 and F2alpha was investigated. PPP was administered i.c.v. to male Wistar rats (10 or 25 microgram) 10 or 30 min before i.c.v. injection of PGF2 or PGF2alpha (1 or 10 microgram). The duration of several component of behavior, the degree of irritability, and the rectal temperature of rats were measured; the levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured spectrophoto-fluorometrically in discrete brain areas. PPP antagonized temperature and behaviroal changes induced in rats by PGF2alpha, but not those induced by PGE2. The magnitude of antagonism depended on the dose of PPP and on the time of the pretreatment before PGF2alpha administration. Changes in the level of biogenic amines in discrete brain areas evoked by PGs were not affected by PPP. We found that PPP antagonizes the central effects of PGF2alpha but not those of PGE2, and that changes of biogenic amines in discrete brain areas elicited by PGs are not specific.", "contents": "Influence of polyphloretin phosphate on the central effects of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha in rats. The possibility that polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) antagonizes the central effects elicited by prostaglandin (PG) E2 and F2alpha was investigated. PPP was administered i.c.v. to male Wistar rats (10 or 25 microgram) 10 or 30 min before i.c.v. injection of PGF2 or PGF2alpha (1 or 10 microgram). The duration of several component of behavior, the degree of irritability, and the rectal temperature of rats were measured; the levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured spectrophoto-fluorometrically in discrete brain areas. PPP antagonized temperature and behaviroal changes induced in rats by PGF2alpha, but not those induced by PGE2. The magnitude of antagonism depended on the dose of PPP and on the time of the pretreatment before PGF2alpha administration. Changes in the level of biogenic amines in discrete brain areas evoked by PGs were not affected by PPP. We found that PPP antagonizes the central effects of PGF2alpha but not those of PGE2, and that changes of biogenic amines in discrete brain areas elicited by PGs are not specific.", "PMID": 104331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6148", "title": "Involvement of norepinephrine in startle arousal after acute and chronic d-amphetamine administration.", "content": "Treatment with d-amphetamine produced a dose-dependent increase in startle amplitude in response to a buzzer. This increase appeared to be a reflection of a sensitization effect, i.e., enhanced responsivity as a function of repeated stimulus presentations. Treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, which reduced whole brain concentrations of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), or treatment with FLA-63, which reduced only NE, antagonized the effects of d-amphetamine on the startle reflex, suggesting a role of NE in this behavior. Startle amplitude was also reduced following chronic d-amphetamine treatment. The effect of d-amphetamine on startle was found to be independent of changes in drug-induced locomotor excitation. The data of the present investigation, together with earlier reports, suggests that tolerance occurs to those behaviors that involve a noradrenergic component.", "contents": "Involvement of norepinephrine in startle arousal after acute and chronic d-amphetamine administration. Treatment with d-amphetamine produced a dose-dependent increase in startle amplitude in response to a buzzer. This increase appeared to be a reflection of a sensitization effect, i.e., enhanced responsivity as a function of repeated stimulus presentations. Treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, which reduced whole brain concentrations of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), or treatment with FLA-63, which reduced only NE, antagonized the effects of d-amphetamine on the startle reflex, suggesting a role of NE in this behavior. Startle amplitude was also reduced following chronic d-amphetamine treatment. The effect of d-amphetamine on startle was found to be independent of changes in drug-induced locomotor excitation. The data of the present investigation, together with earlier reports, suggests that tolerance occurs to those behaviors that involve a noradrenergic component.", "PMID": 104332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6149", "title": "Anticonvulsant action of cannabis in the rat: role of brain monoamines.", "content": "The role of brain monoamines in the anticonvulsant action of Cannabis indica resin (CI), against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in albino rats, was investigated by using pharmacologic agents that influence brain monoamine activity. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol content of cannabis resin was estimated to be 17%. The anticonvulsant action of CI (200 mg/kg, i.p.) was significantly inhibited after pretreatment with drugs that reduce brain serotonin activity but not by drugs that reduce brain catecholamine activity. Similarly, the anticonvulsant action of a subanticonvulsant dose (50 mg/kg, i.p.) of CI was potentiated by serotonin precursors but not by catecholamine precursors. Potentiation of the anticonvulsant action of CI by nialamide or by imipramine was inhibited after pretreatment with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. The results suggest that the anticonvulsant action of CI in the rat is serotonin- and not catecholamine-mediated.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant action of cannabis in the rat: role of brain monoamines. The role of brain monoamines in the anticonvulsant action of Cannabis indica resin (CI), against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in albino rats, was investigated by using pharmacologic agents that influence brain monoamine activity. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol content of cannabis resin was estimated to be 17%. The anticonvulsant action of CI (200 mg/kg, i.p.) was significantly inhibited after pretreatment with drugs that reduce brain serotonin activity but not by drugs that reduce brain catecholamine activity. Similarly, the anticonvulsant action of a subanticonvulsant dose (50 mg/kg, i.p.) of CI was potentiated by serotonin precursors but not by catecholamine precursors. Potentiation of the anticonvulsant action of CI by nialamide or by imipramine was inhibited after pretreatment with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. The results suggest that the anticonvulsant action of CI in the rat is serotonin- and not catecholamine-mediated.", "PMID": 104333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6150", "title": "Barbiturate withdrawal and magnesium deficiency in mice.", "content": "C57BL/6J male mice rendered physically dependent on phenobarbital exhibited significantly lower whole-brain and serum-magnesium concentrations than did control mice. The symptoms of phenobarbital withdrawal were remarkably similar to those seen in magnesium-deficient mice exposed to a low-magnesium diet without drug exposure. These findings suggest that brain magnesium deficits produced by chronic phenobarbital withdrawal could contribute to the observed phenobarbital withdrawal syndrome. Administration of MgSO4 during withdrawal significantly reduced the incidence of tonicclonic and lethal tonic seizures.", "contents": "Barbiturate withdrawal and magnesium deficiency in mice. C57BL/6J male mice rendered physically dependent on phenobarbital exhibited significantly lower whole-brain and serum-magnesium concentrations than did control mice. The symptoms of phenobarbital withdrawal were remarkably similar to those seen in magnesium-deficient mice exposed to a low-magnesium diet without drug exposure. These findings suggest that brain magnesium deficits produced by chronic phenobarbital withdrawal could contribute to the observed phenobarbital withdrawal syndrome. Administration of MgSO4 during withdrawal significantly reduced the incidence of tonicclonic and lethal tonic seizures.", "PMID": 104334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6151", "title": "Naloxone-reversible analgesic action of SKF 525-A in mice.", "content": "SKF 525-A, given i.p. to mice at doses from 50 to 100 mg/kg, had analgesic activity approximately 40% the analgesic potency of d-propoxyphene HCl, a chemically similar narcotic. While the analgesia produced by propoxyphene was totally antagonized by naloxone, however, that produced by SKF 525-A was only partly reversed. We suspect that SKF 525-A may exert its antinociceptive actions partly by an interaction with CNS narcotic receptors and partly by a nonspecific sedating action.", "contents": "Naloxone-reversible analgesic action of SKF 525-A in mice. SKF 525-A, given i.p. to mice at doses from 50 to 100 mg/kg, had analgesic activity approximately 40% the analgesic potency of d-propoxyphene HCl, a chemically similar narcotic. While the analgesia produced by propoxyphene was totally antagonized by naloxone, however, that produced by SKF 525-A was only partly reversed. We suspect that SKF 525-A may exert its antinociceptive actions partly by an interaction with CNS narcotic receptors and partly by a nonspecific sedating action.", "PMID": 104335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6152", "title": "Effects of furosemide and spironolactone on the behavior of morphine-tolerant rats.", "content": "In morphine-tolerant rats, a reappearance of morphine catalepsy and a disappearance of the turning behavior characteristic of brain-lesioned tolerant animals were observed under the influence of furosemide and spironolactone. The administration of spironolactone together with daily morphine treatment resulted first in an intensification of the morphine symptoms as measured by catalepsy and a retarded appearance of tolerance, typically characterized by a shift from catalepsy to turning movements in animals with single-sided brain lesions. Nontoxic doses of spironolactone raised the sensitivity of morphine-tolerant rats so that previously tolarated morphine doses become lethal.", "contents": "Effects of furosemide and spironolactone on the behavior of morphine-tolerant rats. In morphine-tolerant rats, a reappearance of morphine catalepsy and a disappearance of the turning behavior characteristic of brain-lesioned tolerant animals were observed under the influence of furosemide and spironolactone. The administration of spironolactone together with daily morphine treatment resulted first in an intensification of the morphine symptoms as measured by catalepsy and a retarded appearance of tolerance, typically characterized by a shift from catalepsy to turning movements in animals with single-sided brain lesions. Nontoxic doses of spironolactone raised the sensitivity of morphine-tolerant rats so that previously tolarated morphine doses become lethal.", "PMID": 104336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6153", "title": "Test for oral and postingestional factors mediating differential acceptability of morphine, methamphetamine, and chlordiazepoxide drinking solutions.", "content": "The relative degrees to which aversive oral (presumably gustatory) and postingestional variables attenuate the voluntary drinking of morphine, methamphetamine, and chlordiazepoxide solutions by rats were assessed by comparing immediate acceptability with subsequent acceptability. Results indicated that morphine solutions (0.01--0.05%) are avoided primarily because of unpalatability, while methamphetamine (0.005--0.02%) and chlordiazepoxide solutions (0.02--0.08%) are avoided primarily because of aversive postingestional effects.", "contents": "Test for oral and postingestional factors mediating differential acceptability of morphine, methamphetamine, and chlordiazepoxide drinking solutions. The relative degrees to which aversive oral (presumably gustatory) and postingestional variables attenuate the voluntary drinking of morphine, methamphetamine, and chlordiazepoxide solutions by rats were assessed by comparing immediate acceptability with subsequent acceptability. Results indicated that morphine solutions (0.01--0.05%) are avoided primarily because of unpalatability, while methamphetamine (0.005--0.02%) and chlordiazepoxide solutions (0.02--0.08%) are avoided primarily because of aversive postingestional effects.", "PMID": 104338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6154", "title": "Generalization study with some narcotic and nonnarcotic drugs in rats trained for morphine-saline discrimination.", "content": "Rats were trained to lever-press on an FR-10 schedule for food reinforcement, and to respond differentially on two levers while discriminating the effects of morphine (10 mg/kg) injection from those of saline (1 ml/kg). Following discrimination training, the morphine stimulus was generalized to propoxyphene, methadone, fentanyl, and sulfentanyl in a dose-dependent manner, and saline was generalized to alcohol, pentobarbital, azaperone, clonidine, naloxone, and p-chloroamphetamine. p-Chloroamphetamine failed to block the morphine stimulus.", "contents": "Generalization study with some narcotic and nonnarcotic drugs in rats trained for morphine-saline discrimination. Rats were trained to lever-press on an FR-10 schedule for food reinforcement, and to respond differentially on two levers while discriminating the effects of morphine (10 mg/kg) injection from those of saline (1 ml/kg). Following discrimination training, the morphine stimulus was generalized to propoxyphene, methadone, fentanyl, and sulfentanyl in a dose-dependent manner, and saline was generalized to alcohol, pentobarbital, azaperone, clonidine, naloxone, and p-chloroamphetamine. p-Chloroamphetamine failed to block the morphine stimulus.", "PMID": 104339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6155", "title": "Effect of a specific 5-HT uptake inhibitor, citalopram (Lu 10-171), on 3H-5-HT uptake in rat brain synaptosomes in vitro.", "content": "The uptake of 3H-5-HT in synaptosomes from rat brains was investigated. Addition of DA or NA had only a slight or no effect on the uptake. When the uptake into NA and DA neurons was inhibited by the addition of high concentrations of NA and DA, the uptake of 3H-5-HT was unchanged. This was also found after destruction of NA and DA neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Furthermore, the uptake of 3H-5-HT was almost equal in different brain parts containing NA and DA in very different amounts. These observations show that the uptake measured with 3H-5-HT is specific for 5-HT neurons. The present study revealed that citalopram and chlorimipramine inhibited uptake competitively, and in this respect the two drugs were equipotent. Compared with a series of tricyclic thymoleptics, the two drugs were the most potent inhibitors of 5-HT uptake, about 20 to 35 times more active than imipramine and amitriptyline. The metabolites of citalopram were also rather potent. The results obtained in the present study correlate closely with those obtained using inhibition of 14C-5-HT uptake in blood platelets, or using the inhibition of H 75/12-induced 5-HT depletion in rat brain. When rats were treated orally with citalopram or chlorimipramine, the inhibition of 3H-5-HT uptake in synaptosomes derived from these rats was two times greater after citalopram than after chlorimipramine.", "contents": "Effect of a specific 5-HT uptake inhibitor, citalopram (Lu 10-171), on 3H-5-HT uptake in rat brain synaptosomes in vitro. The uptake of 3H-5-HT in synaptosomes from rat brains was investigated. Addition of DA or NA had only a slight or no effect on the uptake. When the uptake into NA and DA neurons was inhibited by the addition of high concentrations of NA and DA, the uptake of 3H-5-HT was unchanged. This was also found after destruction of NA and DA neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Furthermore, the uptake of 3H-5-HT was almost equal in different brain parts containing NA and DA in very different amounts. These observations show that the uptake measured with 3H-5-HT is specific for 5-HT neurons. The present study revealed that citalopram and chlorimipramine inhibited uptake competitively, and in this respect the two drugs were equipotent. Compared with a series of tricyclic thymoleptics, the two drugs were the most potent inhibitors of 5-HT uptake, about 20 to 35 times more active than imipramine and amitriptyline. The metabolites of citalopram were also rather potent. The results obtained in the present study correlate closely with those obtained using inhibition of 14C-5-HT uptake in blood platelets, or using the inhibition of H 75/12-induced 5-HT depletion in rat brain. When rats were treated orally with citalopram or chlorimipramine, the inhibition of 3H-5-HT uptake in synaptosomes derived from these rats was two times greater after citalopram than after chlorimipramine.", "PMID": 104340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6156", "title": "A comparison of the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol, barbital, and phenobarbital in rats.", "content": "Five different groups of rats were trained in a food-motivated, bar-pressing task to discriminate from the nondrug condition (physiologic saline, i.p.) the effects produced by i.p. injections of ethanol (330, 660, or 990 mg/kg), sodium barbital (80 mg/kg), or sodium phenobarbital (25 mg/kg). The establishment of highly effective discriminations required 20--40 training sessions for all drugs, with the exception that rats trained with 330 mg/kg of ethanol required 80--100 training sessions. After the drug-nondrug discriminations were well established, cross tests revealed that ethanol did not elicit drug-appropriate responding in the groups trained with sodium barbital or sodium phenobarbital. However, both barbiturates elicited drug-approppriate responding to some extent in rats trained with ethanol as the discriminative stimulus. With barbital, the greatest generalization was observed in rats trained with the low dose of ethanol (330 mg/kg). The findings emphasize the need for the use of several training doses and for transfer tests in both directions when the stimulus effects of drugs are compared.", "contents": "A comparison of the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol, barbital, and phenobarbital in rats. Five different groups of rats were trained in a food-motivated, bar-pressing task to discriminate from the nondrug condition (physiologic saline, i.p.) the effects produced by i.p. injections of ethanol (330, 660, or 990 mg/kg), sodium barbital (80 mg/kg), or sodium phenobarbital (25 mg/kg). The establishment of highly effective discriminations required 20--40 training sessions for all drugs, with the exception that rats trained with 330 mg/kg of ethanol required 80--100 training sessions. After the drug-nondrug discriminations were well established, cross tests revealed that ethanol did not elicit drug-appropriate responding in the groups trained with sodium barbital or sodium phenobarbital. However, both barbiturates elicited drug-approppriate responding to some extent in rats trained with ethanol as the discriminative stimulus. With barbital, the greatest generalization was observed in rats trained with the low dose of ethanol (330 mg/kg). The findings emphasize the need for the use of several training doses and for transfer tests in both directions when the stimulus effects of drugs are compared.", "PMID": 104341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6157", "title": "Toward the development of a potent, nonsedating, oral analgesic.", "content": "The separate and combined analgesic effects of 10 mg of oral amphetamine sulfate and 25 mg of oral anileridine dihydrochloride were studied in 24 healthy, adult, male volunteers. Tolerance of progressively increasing pain produced by the Submaximum Effort Tourniquet Technique was tested four times in each subject: after amphetamine, after anileridine, after the combination, and after a matching placebo. Treatments were administered double blind and in counterbalanced order. Elapsed time to report of slight, moderately distressing, very distressing, and unbearable pain was recorded on each trial. The four oral treatments differed significantly for very distressing and for unbearable pain. At each of the three upper pain levels, the mean tolerance times for anileridine and amphetamine were similar; each was longer than placebo but shorter than the combination; and the effect of the combination was approximately the sum of the effects of the two components.", "contents": "Toward the development of a potent, nonsedating, oral analgesic. The separate and combined analgesic effects of 10 mg of oral amphetamine sulfate and 25 mg of oral anileridine dihydrochloride were studied in 24 healthy, adult, male volunteers. Tolerance of progressively increasing pain produced by the Submaximum Effort Tourniquet Technique was tested four times in each subject: after amphetamine, after anileridine, after the combination, and after a matching placebo. Treatments were administered double blind and in counterbalanced order. Elapsed time to report of slight, moderately distressing, very distressing, and unbearable pain was recorded on each trial. The four oral treatments differed significantly for very distressing and for unbearable pain. At each of the three upper pain levels, the mean tolerance times for anileridine and amphetamine were similar; each was longer than placebo but shorter than the combination; and the effect of the combination was approximately the sum of the effects of the two components.", "PMID": 104342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6158", "title": "Tolerance to alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine in rats: studies on the antagonism of amphetamine-induced motor activity and excitatory behaviour.", "content": "Rats were treated chronically with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl-ester HCl (alpha-MT) twice daily for 0--14 days. At 1 h after the (last) alpha-MT injection, d-amphetamine sulphate was given and motor activity was measured in an ANIMEX activity meter for 4 h. Amphetamine-induced excitatory and stereotyped behaviour was scored according to a rating scale in a separate experiment. A single dose of alpha-MT markedly reduced the activity response after amphetamine. After 1--3 days of alpha-MT treatment, tolerance to its amphetamine-antagonistic affect started to develop, reaching a maximal degree after 7--14 days. The pattern of the amphetamine response, monophasic in control rats, became biphasic in the alpha-MT tolerant rats with an early (at 0--1 h) and a late (2--4 h) peak of motor activity. The late peak appeared within 3 days, while the early peak appeared after 7 days of alpha-MT treatment. The results on amphetamine-induced excitatory and stereotyped behaviour in essence agreed with the motor-activity data. It is concluded that tolerance to the amphetamine-antagonistic action of alpha-MT is not complete. Its rate of development varies in a complex pattern, indicating the presence of more than one mechanism of tolerance.", "contents": "Tolerance to alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine in rats: studies on the antagonism of amphetamine-induced motor activity and excitatory behaviour. Rats were treated chronically with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl-ester HCl (alpha-MT) twice daily for 0--14 days. At 1 h after the (last) alpha-MT injection, d-amphetamine sulphate was given and motor activity was measured in an ANIMEX activity meter for 4 h. Amphetamine-induced excitatory and stereotyped behaviour was scored according to a rating scale in a separate experiment. A single dose of alpha-MT markedly reduced the activity response after amphetamine. After 1--3 days of alpha-MT treatment, tolerance to its amphetamine-antagonistic affect started to develop, reaching a maximal degree after 7--14 days. The pattern of the amphetamine response, monophasic in control rats, became biphasic in the alpha-MT tolerant rats with an early (at 0--1 h) and a late (2--4 h) peak of motor activity. The late peak appeared within 3 days, while the early peak appeared after 7 days of alpha-MT treatment. The results on amphetamine-induced excitatory and stereotyped behaviour in essence agreed with the motor-activity data. It is concluded that tolerance to the amphetamine-antagonistic action of alpha-MT is not complete. Its rate of development varies in a complex pattern, indicating the presence of more than one mechanism of tolerance.", "PMID": 104344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6159", "title": "Increased feeding in rats treated with chlordimeform and related formamidines: a new class of appetite stimulants.", "content": "Low doses of the formamidine pesticide, chlordimeform (CDM) induce voracious daytime feeding in non-food deprived rats. Following CDM (10 mg/kg), food intakes were five times control intakes after 3 h and 1.1 times control intakes after 24 h. Other selected formamidines, such as the N-demethylated metabolite of CDM, and amitraz, increased 3-h food intake by two and five times control intake, respectively. Anorexia accompanied by excessive CNS stimulation was noted with higher doses of CDM (above 40 mg/kg) and other formamidines. This contrasts with the sedation usually observed with high doses of other structurally diverse appetite stimulants. In addition, hyperphagia was not observed with other CNS stimulants or local anesthetics such as amphetamine, cocaine, and holocaine. Thus the formamidines constitute a new class of appetite stimulants, which should prove to be useful agents for the study of feeding behavior.", "contents": "Increased feeding in rats treated with chlordimeform and related formamidines: a new class of appetite stimulants. Low doses of the formamidine pesticide, chlordimeform (CDM) induce voracious daytime feeding in non-food deprived rats. Following CDM (10 mg/kg), food intakes were five times control intakes after 3 h and 1.1 times control intakes after 24 h. Other selected formamidines, such as the N-demethylated metabolite of CDM, and amitraz, increased 3-h food intake by two and five times control intake, respectively. Anorexia accompanied by excessive CNS stimulation was noted with higher doses of CDM (above 40 mg/kg) and other formamidines. This contrasts with the sedation usually observed with high doses of other structurally diverse appetite stimulants. In addition, hyperphagia was not observed with other CNS stimulants or local anesthetics such as amphetamine, cocaine, and holocaine. Thus the formamidines constitute a new class of appetite stimulants, which should prove to be useful agents for the study of feeding behavior.", "PMID": 104345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6160", "title": "Noradrenergic influences on catalepsy.", "content": "Widespread depletion of forebrain noradrenaline, produced by the intracerebral injection of 4 microgram of 6-hydroxydopamine into the fibres of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle, potentiated the catalepsy induced by 20 mg/kg of morphine and severely attenuated the catalepsy induced by two separate cholinergic agonists, arecoline and pilocarpine. It did not, however, affect haloperidol catalepsy at any of the four doses tested. These results suggest that cholinergic catalepsy may be critically dependent on an intact noradrenergic substrate, perhaps through cholinergic receptors located either presynaptically on noradrenergic terminals or on the cell bodies of origin in the locus coeruleus. Noradrenaline appears to play a modulatory role in morphine catalepsy, although other sites of action must also be involved. Ascending noradrenergic systems do not appear to influence haloperidol catalepsy.", "contents": "Noradrenergic influences on catalepsy. Widespread depletion of forebrain noradrenaline, produced by the intracerebral injection of 4 microgram of 6-hydroxydopamine into the fibres of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle, potentiated the catalepsy induced by 20 mg/kg of morphine and severely attenuated the catalepsy induced by two separate cholinergic agonists, arecoline and pilocarpine. It did not, however, affect haloperidol catalepsy at any of the four doses tested. These results suggest that cholinergic catalepsy may be critically dependent on an intact noradrenergic substrate, perhaps through cholinergic receptors located either presynaptically on noradrenergic terminals or on the cell bodies of origin in the locus coeruleus. Noradrenaline appears to play a modulatory role in morphine catalepsy, although other sites of action must also be involved. Ascending noradrenergic systems do not appear to influence haloperidol catalepsy.", "PMID": 104346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6161", "title": "Accelerated development of tolerance during repeated cycles of ethanol exposure.", "content": "Adult male rats were subjected to 1--4 cycles of daily gastric intubation with ethanol (6 g/kg) for 16 days, separated by 17-day alcohol-free periods. Tolerance produced by this treatment (designated 'physiological tolerance') was measured by change in effect of a 2.2 g/kg i.p. dose of ethanol on the moving-belt test. It occurred in each cycle, disappeared completely in the drug-free periods, and developed more rapidly in the second and later cycles than in the first. Tolerance produced by the 'behavioral augmentation' technique (daily test practice under the influence of ethanol) also developed more rapidly on a second than on a first cycle. The progression from within-session to between-session tolerance was still evident, but accelerated. With 25-day alcohol cycles, separated by a one-month drug-free period, the 'carry-over' effect (i.e., more rapid acquisition of tolerance in the second cycle) applied equally, regardless of whether or not tolerance was produced by the same technique in both cycles, or by a crossover in either direction between the two techniques.", "contents": "Accelerated development of tolerance during repeated cycles of ethanol exposure. Adult male rats were subjected to 1--4 cycles of daily gastric intubation with ethanol (6 g/kg) for 16 days, separated by 17-day alcohol-free periods. Tolerance produced by this treatment (designated 'physiological tolerance') was measured by change in effect of a 2.2 g/kg i.p. dose of ethanol on the moving-belt test. It occurred in each cycle, disappeared completely in the drug-free periods, and developed more rapidly in the second and later cycles than in the first. Tolerance produced by the 'behavioral augmentation' technique (daily test practice under the influence of ethanol) also developed more rapidly on a second than on a first cycle. The progression from within-session to between-session tolerance was still evident, but accelerated. With 25-day alcohol cycles, separated by a one-month drug-free period, the 'carry-over' effect (i.e., more rapid acquisition of tolerance in the second cycle) applied equally, regardless of whether or not tolerance was produced by the same technique in both cycles, or by a crossover in either direction between the two techniques.", "PMID": 104347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6162", "title": "The effect of gamma-butyrolactone on locomotor activity in the rat.", "content": "The effect of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) on locomotor activity in the rat was studied. Low doses of GBL (100 and 200 mg/kg) had a biphasic effect on activity. Initially, the activity of the rats was reduced, and this reduction was then followed by a period of hyperactivity. The effect of alpha-flupenthixol (50 microgram/kg alpha-FPT), atropine (10 mg/kg), benztroine (25 mg/kg), protriptyline (15 mg/kg), and clomipramine (25 mg/kg) was investigated on this biphasic effect. alpha-FPT reduced the hyperactivity while benztropine potentiated it; atropine, clomipramine, and protriptyline had little effect. It is concluded that the increase in activity could be due to a release of dopamine.", "contents": "The effect of gamma-butyrolactone on locomotor activity in the rat. The effect of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) on locomotor activity in the rat was studied. Low doses of GBL (100 and 200 mg/kg) had a biphasic effect on activity. Initially, the activity of the rats was reduced, and this reduction was then followed by a period of hyperactivity. The effect of alpha-flupenthixol (50 microgram/kg alpha-FPT), atropine (10 mg/kg), benztroine (25 mg/kg), protriptyline (15 mg/kg), and clomipramine (25 mg/kg) was investigated on this biphasic effect. alpha-FPT reduced the hyperactivity while benztropine potentiated it; atropine, clomipramine, and protriptyline had little effect. It is concluded that the increase in activity could be due to a release of dopamine.", "PMID": 104348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6163", "title": "Empirical separation of physiologic and expected effects of alcohol on complex perceptual motor performance.", "content": "The role of expectancy in producing perceptual motor-performance deficits following alcohol consumption was investigated in a 2 X 2 factorial experiment. Forty male normal drinkers (1) either were or were not administered 0.414 g ethanol/kg body weight and (2) either were or were not instructed they were consuming an alcoholic beverage (regardless of actual beverage content). Performance on a divided-attention task requiring simultaneous pursuit rotor tracking and choice reaction-time responding provided the main dependent measures. Alcohol disrupted tracking performance and interacted with instructions regarding beverage content to influence choice reaction-time performance. Results confirmed previous reports of divided-attention task performance deficits induced by a low alcohol dose, but, more importantly, indicated that subjects' expectancies also influence performance levels. These findings demonstrate the importance of controlling for expectancy effects in alcohol research, and suggest that alcohol and expectancy may influence perceptual motor performance through different processes.", "contents": "Empirical separation of physiologic and expected effects of alcohol on complex perceptual motor performance. The role of expectancy in producing perceptual motor-performance deficits following alcohol consumption was investigated in a 2 X 2 factorial experiment. Forty male normal drinkers (1) either were or were not administered 0.414 g ethanol/kg body weight and (2) either were or were not instructed they were consuming an alcoholic beverage (regardless of actual beverage content). Performance on a divided-attention task requiring simultaneous pursuit rotor tracking and choice reaction-time responding provided the main dependent measures. Alcohol disrupted tracking performance and interacted with instructions regarding beverage content to influence choice reaction-time performance. Results confirmed previous reports of divided-attention task performance deficits induced by a low alcohol dose, but, more importantly, indicated that subjects' expectancies also influence performance levels. These findings demonstrate the importance of controlling for expectancy effects in alcohol research, and suggest that alcohol and expectancy may influence perceptual motor performance through different processes.", "PMID": 104349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6164", "title": "Acute effect of small doses of alcohol on the NSD parameters (normalized slope descriptors) of human EEG.", "content": "The acute effect of ethanol upon the NSD (normalized slope descriptors) or Hjorth parameters of EEG were analyzed in 11 students. The maximal blood-alcohol concentration ranged from 1.0--1.7 mg/l. The activity (mean amplitude) increased and the complexity (frequency spread) decreased significantly as a function of time. The same effect was seen in control subjects, but to a lesser degree. The difference between the test and the control group was, however, significant only for the change in complexity. Changes in the mobility parameter (mean frequency) showed most prominently the interindividual differences: in some a transient increase during increasing blood-alcohol concentration, in others a steady falling tendency. It is concluded that changes in the NSD parameters reflect (1) the depressing effect of both alcohol and the test situation, which was more or less evident in most subjects, and (2) the individual degree of and type of CNS reaction to alcohol consumption. From a social and psychologic point of view, the individual reactions are at least as important as the reactions common to all.", "contents": "Acute effect of small doses of alcohol on the NSD parameters (normalized slope descriptors) of human EEG. The acute effect of ethanol upon the NSD (normalized slope descriptors) or Hjorth parameters of EEG were analyzed in 11 students. The maximal blood-alcohol concentration ranged from 1.0--1.7 mg/l. The activity (mean amplitude) increased and the complexity (frequency spread) decreased significantly as a function of time. The same effect was seen in control subjects, but to a lesser degree. The difference between the test and the control group was, however, significant only for the change in complexity. Changes in the mobility parameter (mean frequency) showed most prominently the interindividual differences: in some a transient increase during increasing blood-alcohol concentration, in others a steady falling tendency. It is concluded that changes in the NSD parameters reflect (1) the depressing effect of both alcohol and the test situation, which was more or less evident in most subjects, and (2) the individual degree of and type of CNS reaction to alcohol consumption. From a social and psychologic point of view, the individual reactions are at least as important as the reactions common to all.", "PMID": 104350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6165", "title": "The effect of dose, novelty, and exploration on amphetamine-produced stereotyped behavior.", "content": "Four experiments are presented. The first experiment demonstrated that the incidence of steretyped behavior was a monotonic increasing function of amphetamine dose. Variations in the form of the response to dose are described. The next two studies examined the relationship between environmental novelty and amphetamine-produced stereotypy. This behavior was observed less among subjects placed into novel environments than among subjects placed into familiar environments. The ability of novel stimuli to evoke exploratory responses incompatible with stereotypy was suggested as the basis for this effect. This interpretation was supported in a final experiment, which observed exploratory behavior and general activity, as well as amphetamine-produced stereotypy in subjects exposed to a novel stimulus in an otherwise familiar environment. All four experiments were interpreted as supporting a unified conception of amphetamine-produced and pathological sterotyped behaviors.", "contents": "The effect of dose, novelty, and exploration on amphetamine-produced stereotyped behavior. Four experiments are presented. The first experiment demonstrated that the incidence of steretyped behavior was a monotonic increasing function of amphetamine dose. Variations in the form of the response to dose are described. The next two studies examined the relationship between environmental novelty and amphetamine-produced stereotypy. This behavior was observed less among subjects placed into novel environments than among subjects placed into familiar environments. The ability of novel stimuli to evoke exploratory responses incompatible with stereotypy was suggested as the basis for this effect. This interpretation was supported in a final experiment, which observed exploratory behavior and general activity, as well as amphetamine-produced stereotypy in subjects exposed to a novel stimulus in an otherwise familiar environment. All four experiments were interpreted as supporting a unified conception of amphetamine-produced and pathological sterotyped behaviors.", "PMID": 104351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6166", "title": "The selection of patients for excretory urography.", "content": "Symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings that indicated excretory urography in 1,622 patients, were compared with the radiographs. The chance that an indication would be associated with demonstrable disease was calculated. No \"low-likelihood\" indications could be identified. Elimination of the urograms obtained for any of the indications would not have been possible without simultaneously precluding detection of many diseased patients. The monetary cost of case-finding was low, and the efficacy of patient referral high.", "contents": "The selection of patients for excretory urography. Symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings that indicated excretory urography in 1,622 patients, were compared with the radiographs. The chance that an indication would be associated with demonstrable disease was calculated. No \"low-likelihood\" indications could be identified. Elimination of the urograms obtained for any of the indications would not have been possible without simultaneously precluding detection of many diseased patients. The monetary cost of case-finding was low, and the efficacy of patient referral high.", "PMID": 104357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6167", "title": "The barium enema; evidence for proper utilization.", "content": "A group of 1,041 patients was studied in an attempt to identify symptoms, signs, or laboratory findings (disease indicators) associated with either a high or low yield of abnormal barium enemas. A specific search was undertaken for subgroups with one or more statistically significant indicators of large bowel disease. If enemas were performed only for statistically significant indicators (fever, positive stool benzidine, rectal or abdominal mass, low hematocrit) or indicators of clinical importance (weight loss, constipation, diarrhea, etc.) only 13% of examinations would be eliminated. At the same time, however, 10% of patients with gastrointestinal disease would be missed.", "contents": "The barium enema; evidence for proper utilization. A group of 1,041 patients was studied in an attempt to identify symptoms, signs, or laboratory findings (disease indicators) associated with either a high or low yield of abnormal barium enemas. A specific search was undertaken for subgroups with one or more statistically significant indicators of large bowel disease. If enemas were performed only for statistically significant indicators (fever, positive stool benzidine, rectal or abdominal mass, low hematocrit) or indicators of clinical importance (weight loss, constipation, diarrhea, etc.) only 13% of examinations would be eliminated. At the same time, however, 10% of patients with gastrointestinal disease would be missed.", "PMID": 104358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6168", "title": "Inhalation bronchography using powdered calcium ioglycamic acid.", "content": "In 16 baboons, reproducible bronchograms could be achieved by inhalation of 400--800 mg of powdered calcium ioglycamic acid. Anesthesia, tracheal intubation, or premedication were not necessary. In patients and volunteers, the inhalation of the contrast medium dust caused strong cough. Local anesthesia allowed inhalation for about 10 minutes, which resulted in successful demonstration of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea with bifurcation. Lobular and segmental bronchi were demonstrated only after a longer inhalation time. The contrast medium was completely eliminated and did not cause any recognizable adverse reaction. Nonspecific inflammatory reaction of the bronchial mucosa was seen microscopically in baboons.", "contents": "Inhalation bronchography using powdered calcium ioglycamic acid. In 16 baboons, reproducible bronchograms could be achieved by inhalation of 400--800 mg of powdered calcium ioglycamic acid. Anesthesia, tracheal intubation, or premedication were not necessary. In patients and volunteers, the inhalation of the contrast medium dust caused strong cough. Local anesthesia allowed inhalation for about 10 minutes, which resulted in successful demonstration of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea with bifurcation. Lobular and segmental bronchi were demonstrated only after a longer inhalation time. The contrast medium was completely eliminated and did not cause any recognizable adverse reaction. Nonspecific inflammatory reaction of the bronchial mucosa was seen microscopically in baboons.", "PMID": 104359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6169", "title": "Whole body surface electron irradiation in the treatment of mycosis fungoides. An evaluation of 200 patients.", "content": "The records of 200 patients with generalized cutaneous mycosis fungoides treated with whole body surface electron irradiation were reviewed. Type of skin lesion appeared to be the most important factor with respect to both survival and generalized skin disease-free interval. High-dose irradiation did not seem to influence prognosis significantly compared with a relatively conservative dose. The \"cure\" rate for the entire group was 7%. For a more homogeneous dose distribution, the eight-field technique is now used instead of the original four-field method. A new formula is proposed to standardize the reporting of doses.", "contents": "Whole body surface electron irradiation in the treatment of mycosis fungoides. An evaluation of 200 patients. The records of 200 patients with generalized cutaneous mycosis fungoides treated with whole body surface electron irradiation were reviewed. Type of skin lesion appeared to be the most important factor with respect to both survival and generalized skin disease-free interval. High-dose irradiation did not seem to influence prognosis significantly compared with a relatively conservative dose. The \"cure\" rate for the entire group was 7%. For a more homogeneous dose distribution, the eight-field technique is now used instead of the original four-field method. A new formula is proposed to standardize the reporting of doses.", "PMID": 104360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6170", "title": "Radiation therapy for metastases to the base of the skull.", "content": "The clinical features and management of 46 patients with metastatic involvement of the base of the skull were retrospectively analyzed. Diagnosis could often be made on clinical grounds, with a limited number of investigations necessary. Local treatment with megavoltage radiotherapy relieved symptoms in 78% of patients, with improvement lasting until death in most. Field size and dosage are discussed. The likelihood of response dropped sharply the longer treatment was delayed. Therefore, if the clinical picture is suggestive, treatment should not be withheld even if radiographic investigations are negative.", "contents": "Radiation therapy for metastases to the base of the skull. The clinical features and management of 46 patients with metastatic involvement of the base of the skull were retrospectively analyzed. Diagnosis could often be made on clinical grounds, with a limited number of investigations necessary. Local treatment with megavoltage radiotherapy relieved symptoms in 78% of patients, with improvement lasting until death in most. Field size and dosage are discussed. The likelihood of response dropped sharply the longer treatment was delayed. Therefore, if the clinical picture is suggestive, treatment should not be withheld even if radiographic investigations are negative.", "PMID": 104361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6171", "title": "Assessment of renal function following irradiation of the intact spleen for Hodgkin disease.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with clinical Stage IA-IIIB Hodgkin disease underwent extended-field radiotherapy, including the intact spleen. In 17 of those patients, there was little evidence of renal dysfunction resulting from partial irradiation of the left kidney, which is inherent in such treatment. While isotopic images revealed an anatomic defect in the upper pole of the left kidney in one-third of the patients, dynamic studies showed that this anatomic alteration was not accompanied by any demonstrable dysfunction. Consistently normal serum BUN and creatinine levels in all patients tended to affirm that conclusion.", "contents": "Assessment of renal function following irradiation of the intact spleen for Hodgkin disease. Twenty-three patients with clinical Stage IA-IIIB Hodgkin disease underwent extended-field radiotherapy, including the intact spleen. In 17 of those patients, there was little evidence of renal dysfunction resulting from partial irradiation of the left kidney, which is inherent in such treatment. While isotopic images revealed an anatomic defect in the upper pole of the left kidney in one-third of the patients, dynamic studies showed that this anatomic alteration was not accompanied by any demonstrable dysfunction. Consistently normal serum BUN and creatinine levels in all patients tended to affirm that conclusion.", "PMID": 104362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6172", "title": "Total-body superficial electron-beam therapy using a multiple-field pendulum-arc technique.", "content": "A technique using pendulum-arc rotation is presented for electron-beam treatment of generalized superficial malignancies. The technique consists of six arcing fields symmetrically dispersed around the body surface for circumferential coverage. The arc angle is selected to scan the height of the body fully. Beam uniformity within 10% over a height of 180 cm is achieved at a treatment distance of 385 cm. Randophantom dosimetry, using an 8 MeV electron beam degraded by 3/8 in. Plexiglas, indicates a surface dose uniformity within +/- 7% over most of the body surface. Underdosages occur at regions obstructed by adjacent body parts.", "contents": "Total-body superficial electron-beam therapy using a multiple-field pendulum-arc technique. A technique using pendulum-arc rotation is presented for electron-beam treatment of generalized superficial malignancies. The technique consists of six arcing fields symmetrically dispersed around the body surface for circumferential coverage. The arc angle is selected to scan the height of the body fully. Beam uniformity within 10% over a height of 180 cm is achieved at a treatment distance of 385 cm. Randophantom dosimetry, using an 8 MeV electron beam degraded by 3/8 in. Plexiglas, indicates a surface dose uniformity within +/- 7% over most of the body surface. Underdosages occur at regions obstructed by adjacent body parts.", "PMID": 104363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6173", "title": "Adjustable compensators for whole-brain irradiation.", "content": "A compensator for use in irradiating the whole brain with parellel opposed lateral fields was made from a stack of thin tempered aluminum plates. This configuration gives a wide latitude of degrees of compensation and can accommodate a broad range of head sizes. Dosimetry studies indicate that overcompensation may be desirable to reduce the dose to the mid-coronal plane of the skull and scalp without seriously affecting the dose uniformity in the treatment volume.", "contents": "Adjustable compensators for whole-brain irradiation. A compensator for use in irradiating the whole brain with parellel opposed lateral fields was made from a stack of thin tempered aluminum plates. This configuration gives a wide latitude of degrees of compensation and can accommodate a broad range of head sizes. Dosimetry studies indicate that overcompensation may be desirable to reduce the dose to the mid-coronal plane of the skull and scalp without seriously affecting the dose uniformity in the treatment volume.", "PMID": 104364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6174", "title": "Neoplastic proliferation and natural history of B-cell neoplasia.", "content": "In this analysis, I have concentrated on advances in immunology, kinetics, and clinical oncology which have provided a substantial basis for identifying major common features in the natural history and pathophysiology of B-cell neoplasia as diverse as MM, MG, BMG, and NL. Observations on the natural history of both experimental and clinical myeloma as well as studies of kinetics of proliferation of MM and BMG in man provide the basis for reasonable hypotheses. Firstly, malignant variants of B-cell neoplasms may result from a two-hit evolution. In this scheme, the first hit is a triggering by specific antigen which leads to a required monoclonal expansion, while the second hit is the oncogenic event. Some cases of BMG seem to be examples of an unusually prolific response to the first hit, while others appear to be minimal deviation malignancies after the second hit. In this latter circumstance, the neoplastic clone in BMG usually retains a significant degree of sensitivity to tumor mass-related feedback inhibition. This may occasionally be lost during subsequent subcloning. Significant future testing of these hypotheses may prove feasible through the application of the in vitro tumor colony-forming assay system as it lends itself to study of a number of the salient features of these disorders.", "contents": "Neoplastic proliferation and natural history of B-cell neoplasia. In this analysis, I have concentrated on advances in immunology, kinetics, and clinical oncology which have provided a substantial basis for identifying major common features in the natural history and pathophysiology of B-cell neoplasia as diverse as MM, MG, BMG, and NL. Observations on the natural history of both experimental and clinical myeloma as well as studies of kinetics of proliferation of MM and BMG in man provide the basis for reasonable hypotheses. Firstly, malignant variants of B-cell neoplasms may result from a two-hit evolution. In this scheme, the first hit is a triggering by specific antigen which leads to a required monoclonal expansion, while the second hit is the oncogenic event. Some cases of BMG seem to be examples of an unusually prolific response to the first hit, while others appear to be minimal deviation malignancies after the second hit. In this latter circumstance, the neoplastic clone in BMG usually retains a significant degree of sensitivity to tumor mass-related feedback inhibition. This may occasionally be lost during subsequent subcloning. Significant future testing of these hypotheses may prove feasible through the application of the in vitro tumor colony-forming assay system as it lends itself to study of a number of the salient features of these disorders.", "PMID": 104371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6175", "title": "Effect of deoxycholic acid on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced, two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis.", "content": "The effect of deoxycholic acid on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracenecroton oil carcinogenesis in mouse skin was tested. Painting deoxycholic acid in addition to croton oil during promotion resulted in the earlier appearance of tumors, a greater tumor incidence, and a larger number of tumors per animal. DMBA initiation followed by either deoxycholic acid or solvents during the promotion period produced no tumors. Animals receiving deoxycholic acid or solvents alone developed no tumors.", "contents": "Effect of deoxycholic acid on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced, two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis. The effect of deoxycholic acid on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracenecroton oil carcinogenesis in mouse skin was tested. Painting deoxycholic acid in addition to croton oil during promotion resulted in the earlier appearance of tumors, a greater tumor incidence, and a larger number of tumors per animal. DMBA initiation followed by either deoxycholic acid or solvents during the promotion period produced no tumors. Animals receiving deoxycholic acid or solvents alone developed no tumors.", "PMID": 104372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6176", "title": "[Genetic analysis of a population with abnormalities of gene frequencies].", "content": "Nineteen out of the 53 blood donors of french village with 241 inhabitants (Cezay Loire) are Rh negative (D--). This discrepancy in the distribution is analysed. 1.--The study of the genetic erythrocyte markers (ABO and Rh system for 158 inhabitants, Kell, Rautenberg, Duffy, Kidd, MNSs, P1 Lutheran, PGM1, PGM2, 6 PGD, AK, ADA, Acid phosphatase systems for 104 inhabitants) show significant abnormal gene frequencies (No. 10%) compared with a control population from Saint-Etienne, for A1, Ms, r, P1 alleles; conversely rare alleles do not seem to exist. HLA system was not tested. 2.--The genetic study led to: a) a demographic study which implied 7840 registrar's certificates and the building up of 1364 families to which the 5096 subjects belonged identified and having lived in Cezay since 1607 (this date corresponds to the earliest registrar's certificate). b) it also led to the analysis of the origin and evolution of the genetic inheritance throughout the 13 generations of known inhabitants. The calculation of the chances of each generation having passed on its genetic material to following generations shows that: Cezay has an integrated population; 30% of the genes are renewed for each generation the average value of each founder can vary according to the various generations but there seems to exist a \"founder effect\" of the Rh--(D--) having been and lived in the village before 1860. Although they represent 68% of the total population, the tested samples can be contested for certain systems, in its constitution (formation, choice) which prevents from ascertaining the foundation effect observed. The authors underligne the contribution of immunogenetics to the genetics of populations, and show the incidence of the choice of samples in the method used.", "contents": "[Genetic analysis of a population with abnormalities of gene frequencies]. Nineteen out of the 53 blood donors of french village with 241 inhabitants (Cezay Loire) are Rh negative (D--). This discrepancy in the distribution is analysed. 1.--The study of the genetic erythrocyte markers (ABO and Rh system for 158 inhabitants, Kell, Rautenberg, Duffy, Kidd, MNSs, P1 Lutheran, PGM1, PGM2, 6 PGD, AK, ADA, Acid phosphatase systems for 104 inhabitants) show significant abnormal gene frequencies (No. 10%) compared with a control population from Saint-Etienne, for A1, Ms, r, P1 alleles; conversely rare alleles do not seem to exist. HLA system was not tested. 2.--The genetic study led to: a) a demographic study which implied 7840 registrar's certificates and the building up of 1364 families to which the 5096 subjects belonged identified and having lived in Cezay since 1607 (this date corresponds to the earliest registrar's certificate). b) it also led to the analysis of the origin and evolution of the genetic inheritance throughout the 13 generations of known inhabitants. The calculation of the chances of each generation having passed on its genetic material to following generations shows that: Cezay has an integrated population; 30% of the genes are renewed for each generation the average value of each founder can vary according to the various generations but there seems to exist a \"founder effect\" of the Rh--(D--) having been and lived in the village before 1860. Although they represent 68% of the total population, the tested samples can be contested for certain systems, in its constitution (formation, choice) which prevents from ascertaining the foundation effect observed. The authors underligne the contribution of immunogenetics to the genetics of populations, and show the incidence of the choice of samples in the method used.", "PMID": 104373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6177", "title": "[Incidence of monoclonal gammopathies in blood donors].", "content": "A routine screening of monoclonal gammopathies (M.G.) was performed in the serum from 36, 015 blood donors by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The incidence of M.G. was estimated to 0.14 per cent. About 86 per cent of cases can be classified as asymptomatic M.G. and 14 per cent as malignant M.G. (myeloma or Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia). In asymptomatic forms, heavy chain classes are only IgG or IgM with a large predominance of IgG (86,4%). It is suggested that donors in whom M.G. have been detected should not be allowed to give blood. A yearly clinical, hematological and an immunoglobulin check-up is recommended to these patients in order to defect the first sign of a malignant process.", "contents": "[Incidence of monoclonal gammopathies in blood donors]. A routine screening of monoclonal gammopathies (M.G.) was performed in the serum from 36, 015 blood donors by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The incidence of M.G. was estimated to 0.14 per cent. About 86 per cent of cases can be classified as asymptomatic M.G. and 14 per cent as malignant M.G. (myeloma or Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia). In asymptomatic forms, heavy chain classes are only IgG or IgM with a large predominance of IgG (86,4%). It is suggested that donors in whom M.G. have been detected should not be allowed to give blood. A yearly clinical, hematological and an immunoglobulin check-up is recommended to these patients in order to defect the first sign of a malignant process.", "PMID": 104374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6178", "title": "Serum sulfhydryl levels in rheumatoid patients treated with gold thiomalate and penicillamine.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated with sodium aurothiomalate (16 patients) and penicillamine (10 patients) for 9 months. During both treatment periods the content of serum sulfhydryl groups increased and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor titre and number of swollen joints decreased.", "contents": "Serum sulfhydryl levels in rheumatoid patients treated with gold thiomalate and penicillamine. Twenty-six patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated with sodium aurothiomalate (16 patients) and penicillamine (10 patients) for 9 months. During both treatment periods the content of serum sulfhydryl groups increased and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor titre and number of swollen joints decreased.", "PMID": 104378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6179", "title": "Trace elements in serum and urine of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Patients with rheumatoid arthritis were found to have elevated urinary copper excretion rates. They also had increased serum levels of coeruloplasmin and presumably also of a non-coeruloplasmin copper fraction. The zinc levels in serum and urine did not differ significantly from control values. Serum selenium and serum iron were decreased as compared with those of the healthy controls. It is suggested that an increased copper-to-selenium ratio may be of pathogenetic signficance. Biochemical changes induced by copper may be antagonized (at least partly) by the treatment with gold thiomalate and D-penicillamine. If serum selenium deficiency in RA can be confirmed in larger materials, selenium supplementation as a therapeutic measure should be considered.", "contents": "Trace elements in serum and urine of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis were found to have elevated urinary copper excretion rates. They also had increased serum levels of coeruloplasmin and presumably also of a non-coeruloplasmin copper fraction. The zinc levels in serum and urine did not differ significantly from control values. Serum selenium and serum iron were decreased as compared with those of the healthy controls. It is suggested that an increased copper-to-selenium ratio may be of pathogenetic signficance. Biochemical changes induced by copper may be antagonized (at least partly) by the treatment with gold thiomalate and D-penicillamine. If serum selenium deficiency in RA can be confirmed in larger materials, selenium supplementation as a therapeutic measure should be considered.", "PMID": 104379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6180", "title": "Risk of infection from heavily contaminated air.", "content": "In a factory processing shea nuts the dust concentrations were found to be up to 145 mg/m3 [80% respirable (1--5 micrometer)]. Bacterial examination of the dust revealed that under the worst conditions observed a worker might inhale 350,000 bacteria per 8 h. Of these, 3,000 were Ps. aeruginosa and 1,500 Salmonella spp. of nine different types. The possible health effects of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Risk of infection from heavily contaminated air. In a factory processing shea nuts the dust concentrations were found to be up to 145 mg/m3 [80% respirable (1--5 micrometer)]. Bacterial examination of the dust revealed that under the worst conditions observed a worker might inhale 350,000 bacteria per 8 h. Of these, 3,000 were Ps. aeruginosa and 1,500 Salmonella spp. of nine different types. The possible health effects of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 104380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6181", "title": "[Usefulness of the immunoglobulin-albumin ratio compared to electrophoresis in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The results obtained with gel electrophoresis on CSF samples of multiple sclerosis patients are compared with measurements of CSF IgG indexes (IgG/alb and IgG/total protein). The correlation between these parameters is good, provided the upper normal limit of the IgG/alb index is over 35% and an \"overlapping\" zone between 21 and 35% is introduced where the IgG/alb index has not the same diagnostic value.", "contents": "[Usefulness of the immunoglobulin-albumin ratio compared to electrophoresis in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis]. The results obtained with gel electrophoresis on CSF samples of multiple sclerosis patients are compared with measurements of CSF IgG indexes (IgG/alb and IgG/total protein). The correlation between these parameters is good, provided the upper normal limit of the IgG/alb index is over 35% and an \"overlapping\" zone between 21 and 35% is introduced where the IgG/alb index has not the same diagnostic value.", "PMID": 104382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6182", "title": "[Fetal hydantoin syndrome in siblings].", "content": "The two children of an epileptic woman who underwent therapy with hydantoin during both pregnancies showed the characteristic findings of the fetal hydantoin syndrome: growth retardation, microcephaly, mental retardation, and a distinct hysmorphic pattern. Both exhibited a ridged metopic suture, hypertelorism, a short nose with a broad base, hypoplasia of the distal phalanges and nails of the toes, and inguinal hernias. In addition the 18-month-old girl exhibited epicanthal folds, strabismus, ptosis, and a small ventricular septal defect; she had been exposed in utero to 300 mg mesantoin daily. Her 6 1/2-year-old brother was more severely retarded, lacking speech and presenting with infantile autism. During pregnancy the mother had taken 400 mg mesantoin daily. About half of the offspring of epileptic women treated with hydantoin during pregnancy are mentally retarded, and 11% exhibit in addition the pattern of dysmorphic findings known as the fetal hydantoin syndrome. Hydantoin should therefore be strictly avoided in epileptic women of child-bearing age unless safe contraceptive measures are taken. In the event of pregnancy, therapeutic abortion should be considered if hydantoin therapy must be maintained.", "contents": "[Fetal hydantoin syndrome in siblings]. The two children of an epileptic woman who underwent therapy with hydantoin during both pregnancies showed the characteristic findings of the fetal hydantoin syndrome: growth retardation, microcephaly, mental retardation, and a distinct hysmorphic pattern. Both exhibited a ridged metopic suture, hypertelorism, a short nose with a broad base, hypoplasia of the distal phalanges and nails of the toes, and inguinal hernias. In addition the 18-month-old girl exhibited epicanthal folds, strabismus, ptosis, and a small ventricular septal defect; she had been exposed in utero to 300 mg mesantoin daily. Her 6 1/2-year-old brother was more severely retarded, lacking speech and presenting with infantile autism. During pregnancy the mother had taken 400 mg mesantoin daily. About half of the offspring of epileptic women treated with hydantoin during pregnancy are mentally retarded, and 11% exhibit in addition the pattern of dysmorphic findings known as the fetal hydantoin syndrome. Hydantoin should therefore be strictly avoided in epileptic women of child-bearing age unless safe contraceptive measures are taken. In the event of pregnancy, therapeutic abortion should be considered if hydantoin therapy must be maintained.", "PMID": 104383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6183", "title": "A systematic assessment of early African hominids.", "content": "A large sample of Pliocene fossil hominid remains has been recovered from the African sites of Hadar in Ethiopia and Laetolil in Tanzania. These collections, dating approximately between 2.9 and 3.8 million years ago, constitute the earliest substantial record of the family Hominidae. This article assesses the phylogenetic relationships of the newly discovered fossil hominids and provides a taxonomy consistent with that assessment. A new taxon, Australopithecus afarensis, has been created to accommodate these Pliocene hominid fossils.", "contents": "A systematic assessment of early African hominids. A large sample of Pliocene fossil hominid remains has been recovered from the African sites of Hadar in Ethiopia and Laetolil in Tanzania. These collections, dating approximately between 2.9 and 3.8 million years ago, constitute the earliest substantial record of the family Hominidae. This article assesses the phylogenetic relationships of the newly discovered fossil hominids and provides a taxonomy consistent with that assessment. A new taxon, Australopithecus afarensis, has been created to accommodate these Pliocene hominid fossils.", "PMID": 104384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6184", "title": "Electromagnetic muscle stretch strongly excites sensorimotor cortex neurons in behaving primates.", "content": "Responses of single units in primary motor and sensory cortex of behaving primates to electromagnetic stretch of the muscle flexor carpi ulnaris are comparable in latency and intensity to responses to wrist extension. Thus, muscle stretch appears to be a major factor in cortical response to limb displacement during performance and probably has an important role in motor control at the cortical level.", "contents": "Electromagnetic muscle stretch strongly excites sensorimotor cortex neurons in behaving primates. Responses of single units in primary motor and sensory cortex of behaving primates to electromagnetic stretch of the muscle flexor carpi ulnaris are comparable in latency and intensity to responses to wrist extension. Thus, muscle stretch appears to be a major factor in cortical response to limb displacement during performance and probably has an important role in motor control at the cortical level.", "PMID": 104385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6185", "title": "The major histocompatibility complex of the mouse.", "content": "Like physicists striving to develop a unified field theory, immunologists are attempting to bring order to the microcosmos of defense reactions. Indications are that one of the most important constants in this microcosmos is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the species. A test of any interpretation of the MHC's role in immunity is how well it explains this system's polymorphism. One of the most crucial questions an MHC hypothesis must answer is: Why are there so many alleles at this complex?", "contents": "The major histocompatibility complex of the mouse. Like physicists striving to develop a unified field theory, immunologists are attempting to bring order to the microcosmos of defense reactions. Indications are that one of the most important constants in this microcosmos is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the species. A test of any interpretation of the MHC's role in immunity is how well it explains this system's polymorphism. One of the most crucial questions an MHC hypothesis must answer is: Why are there so many alleles at this complex?", "PMID": 104386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6186", "title": "Eye malformations in rats: induction by prenatal exposure to nickel carbonyl.", "content": "Exposure of pregnant rats to inhalation of nickel carbonyl on days 7 or 8 of gestation frequently causes the progeny to develop ocular anomalies, including anophthalmia and microphthalmia. The incidence of extraocular anomalies is very low. The specificity of nickel carbonyl for induction of ocular anomalies in rats appears to be unique among known teratogenic agents.", "contents": "Eye malformations in rats: induction by prenatal exposure to nickel carbonyl. Exposure of pregnant rats to inhalation of nickel carbonyl on days 7 or 8 of gestation frequently causes the progeny to develop ocular anomalies, including anophthalmia and microphthalmia. The incidence of extraocular anomalies is very low. The specificity of nickel carbonyl for induction of ocular anomalies in rats appears to be unique among known teratogenic agents.", "PMID": 104388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6187", "title": "Survival associated with hepatorenal syndrome.", "content": "We have described an advanced case of type A2 hepatorenal syndrome with subsequent recovery. The renal failure in this syndrome is secondary to the hepatic failure. In this patient, renal support was afforded by peritoneal dialysis, while hepatic recovery was facilitated by takedown of a jejunoileal shunt and by intravenous hyperalimentation. As liver function returned toward the normal range, renal function improved. Reversal of hepatic dysfunction is critical for reversal of hepatorenal syndrome of the type A2 variety.", "contents": "Survival associated with hepatorenal syndrome. We have described an advanced case of type A2 hepatorenal syndrome with subsequent recovery. The renal failure in this syndrome is secondary to the hepatic failure. In this patient, renal support was afforded by peritoneal dialysis, while hepatic recovery was facilitated by takedown of a jejunoileal shunt and by intravenous hyperalimentation. As liver function returned toward the normal range, renal function improved. Reversal of hepatic dysfunction is critical for reversal of hepatorenal syndrome of the type A2 variety.", "PMID": 104394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6188", "title": "Failure of routine methods in the diagnosis of chronic brucellosis.", "content": "A young man who was raised on a farm and developed recurrent subcutaneous abscesses is described. Multiple cultures revealed either no growth or normal skin flora. Routine serologic evaluation for Brucella agglutinins was negative, including serial dilution to greater than 1:1,000 of the patient's sera. Brucella abortus infection was documented by the use of a binding antibody assay to measure the patient's class-specific serologic response and obtaining a positive culture by incorporating methicillin into the culture media to suppress overgrowth of staphylococci. Thus, the potential difficulty in making the diagnosis of brucellosis is demonstrated, and the use of extraordinary means, namely, specific selective media and a binding antibody assay, to make the diagnosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Failure of routine methods in the diagnosis of chronic brucellosis. A young man who was raised on a farm and developed recurrent subcutaneous abscesses is described. Multiple cultures revealed either no growth or normal skin flora. Routine serologic evaluation for Brucella agglutinins was negative, including serial dilution to greater than 1:1,000 of the patient's sera. Brucella abortus infection was documented by the use of a binding antibody assay to measure the patient's class-specific serologic response and obtaining a positive culture by incorporating methicillin into the culture media to suppress overgrowth of staphylococci. Thus, the potential difficulty in making the diagnosis of brucellosis is demonstrated, and the use of extraordinary means, namely, specific selective media and a binding antibody assay, to make the diagnosis is emphasized.", "PMID": 104395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6189", "title": "Epidemic listeriosis. Report of 14 cases detected in 9 months.", "content": "During the period August 1977 to April 1978, 14 Black patients in Johannesburg area had systemic infections caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Nine of these patients were neonates who presented with septicaemia (5 cases) or septicaemia and meningitis (4 cases) and 5 were adults, all of whom had meningitis. The mortality rate was 43% (6/14), with 4 neonatal and 2 adult deaths. All isolates of L. monocytogenes were type 4b. Only sporadic cases of human listeriosis have previously been reported in South Africa, and the cases reported here constitute the first epidemic in this country.", "contents": "Epidemic listeriosis. Report of 14 cases detected in 9 months. During the period August 1977 to April 1978, 14 Black patients in Johannesburg area had systemic infections caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Nine of these patients were neonates who presented with septicaemia (5 cases) or septicaemia and meningitis (4 cases) and 5 were adults, all of whom had meningitis. The mortality rate was 43% (6/14), with 4 neonatal and 2 adult deaths. All isolates of L. monocytogenes were type 4b. Only sporadic cases of human listeriosis have previously been reported in South Africa, and the cases reported here constitute the first epidemic in this country.", "PMID": 104398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6190", "title": "Enteric fever caused by Salmonella paratyphi C in South and South West Africa.", "content": "This article documents 53 cases of Salmonella paratyphi C infections in humans in the Eastern Transvaal (47 cases) and South West Africa (6 cases). Ninety-two percent of patients (49 cases) had enteric fever, 1 patient was asymptomatic, and 3 had localized urinary infections or were carriers. Most patients were successfully treated with chloramphenicol and only 1 relapsed. The South West African strains were identified as S. paratyphi C var. east africa. The organism is probably spread by water, and 70% of patients who had enteric fever were under the age of 20 years.", "contents": "Enteric fever caused by Salmonella paratyphi C in South and South West Africa. This article documents 53 cases of Salmonella paratyphi C infections in humans in the Eastern Transvaal (47 cases) and South West Africa (6 cases). Ninety-two percent of patients (49 cases) had enteric fever, 1 patient was asymptomatic, and 3 had localized urinary infections or were carriers. Most patients were successfully treated with chloramphenicol and only 1 relapsed. The South West African strains were identified as S. paratyphi C var. east africa. The organism is probably spread by water, and 70% of patients who had enteric fever were under the age of 20 years.", "PMID": 104399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6191", "title": "Nutritional support of the burned patient.", "content": "Patients with major thermal injury exhibit hypermetabolism as a result of neurohormonal alterations. Thus caloric requirements are exaggerated. Failure to provide supranormal caloric intake by both enteral and parenteral routes is associated with pronounced weight loss, delayed wound healing, decreased host resistance, and cellular dysfunction. Special dietary programs delivered early in the course of treatment must be utilized to prevent these complications of acute postburn malnutrition.", "contents": "Nutritional support of the burned patient. Patients with major thermal injury exhibit hypermetabolism as a result of neurohormonal alterations. Thus caloric requirements are exaggerated. Failure to provide supranormal caloric intake by both enteral and parenteral routes is associated with pronounced weight loss, delayed wound healing, decreased host resistance, and cellular dysfunction. Special dietary programs delivered early in the course of treatment must be utilized to prevent these complications of acute postburn malnutrition.", "PMID": 104400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6192", "title": "Alterations in the coagulation and fibrinolysis system in pregnancy, labour and puerperium, with special reference to a possible transitory state of intravascular coagulation during labour.", "content": "Various tests of hemostasis were carried out during pregancy, labour and the puerperium in a group of 259 women. Determinations were carried out in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters, in the period of dilatation, the expulsion period, the period of expulsion of the placenta and the immediate postpartum period of labour and on each of the first 5 days of the puerperium. It was confirmed that during pregnancy there is an elevation of the fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) levels with a proportional increase in the numbers of positive protamine sulfate and ethanol tests. The proportion of positive protamine sulfate and ethanol tests reaches a maximum in the expulsion of the placenta coinciding with the presence of soluble complexes heavier than fibrinogen as detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by column chromatography. All this indicates that there is a transitory intravascular coagulation produced during labour reaching its maximum at the time of birth and tending to become normalized in the first few days of the puerperium.", "contents": "Alterations in the coagulation and fibrinolysis system in pregnancy, labour and puerperium, with special reference to a possible transitory state of intravascular coagulation during labour. Various tests of hemostasis were carried out during pregancy, labour and the puerperium in a group of 259 women. Determinations were carried out in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters, in the period of dilatation, the expulsion period, the period of expulsion of the placenta and the immediate postpartum period of labour and on each of the first 5 days of the puerperium. It was confirmed that during pregnancy there is an elevation of the fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) levels with a proportional increase in the numbers of positive protamine sulfate and ethanol tests. The proportion of positive protamine sulfate and ethanol tests reaches a maximum in the expulsion of the placenta coinciding with the presence of soluble complexes heavier than fibrinogen as detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by column chromatography. All this indicates that there is a transitory intravascular coagulation produced during labour reaching its maximum at the time of birth and tending to become normalized in the first few days of the puerperium.", "PMID": 104402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6193", "title": "Abnormal growth hormone responses to CB-154 and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in patients with acromegaly.", "content": "CB-154 (2-Br-alpha-ergocriptine) stimulates growth hormone (GH) release in normal subjects. In acromegaly, however, this agent often decreases plasma GH level paradoxically. In order to examine the mechanism of the so-called \"paradoxical decrease\" in plasma GH with CB-154, GH responses to CB-154 were compared with GH responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), arginine, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in 20 cases of acromegaly. CB-154, as well as L-dopa, elicited decrease in GH in those patients whose GH secretion was more responsive to TRH and less responsive to arginine. These results suggest that, like L-dopa, CB-154 has similar dual actions of TRH antagonistic GH decrease and GH-RF (GH-releasing factor) facilitative GH increase. Moreover, it was speculated from this study that CB-154 has no significant effect on LH-RH release. The value of (increase ratio of GH on TRH)/(increase ratio of GH on arginine) can be used as an index for the indication of chronic CB-154 therapy in patients with acromegaly.", "contents": "Abnormal growth hormone responses to CB-154 and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in patients with acromegaly. CB-154 (2-Br-alpha-ergocriptine) stimulates growth hormone (GH) release in normal subjects. In acromegaly, however, this agent often decreases plasma GH level paradoxically. In order to examine the mechanism of the so-called \"paradoxical decrease\" in plasma GH with CB-154, GH responses to CB-154 were compared with GH responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), arginine, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in 20 cases of acromegaly. CB-154, as well as L-dopa, elicited decrease in GH in those patients whose GH secretion was more responsive to TRH and less responsive to arginine. These results suggest that, like L-dopa, CB-154 has similar dual actions of TRH antagonistic GH decrease and GH-RF (GH-releasing factor) facilitative GH increase. Moreover, it was speculated from this study that CB-154 has no significant effect on LH-RH release. The value of (increase ratio of GH on TRH)/(increase ratio of GH on arginine) can be used as an index for the indication of chronic CB-154 therapy in patients with acromegaly.", "PMID": 104407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6194", "title": "Toxicology studies of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) in rhesus monkeys. I. Simultaneous oral and subcutaneous administration for 28 days.", "content": "A toxicological investigation was performed with the linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) using 4 groups of 3 male and 3 female monkeys. Dosages were 0, 30, 150, 300 and 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg/day by simultaneous oral (p.o.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration respectively, for 28 days. At 300 p.o. and 1.0 s.c. mg/kg/day, the monkeys vomited frequently and usually within 3 hours of administration. An increased frequency of loose or liquid faeces was recorded for animals receiving 150 p.o. and 0.5 s.c. and 300 p.o. and 1.0 s.c. mg/kg/day. Fibrosis of the injection sites was found among all the test groups, the incidence and severity being dose related. Ophthalmoscopy, laboratory examination of blood and urine, organ-weight analysis and histopathological investigation did not detect any further treatment related responses. Previous reports concerning oral administration of tetrapropylene benzene sulphonates (ABS) to dogs record prompt emesis ascribed to local gastro-intestinal effects. Vomiting observed during this investigation was considered to be of possible central origin.", "contents": "Toxicology studies of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) in rhesus monkeys. I. Simultaneous oral and subcutaneous administration for 28 days. A toxicological investigation was performed with the linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) using 4 groups of 3 male and 3 female monkeys. Dosages were 0, 30, 150, 300 and 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg/day by simultaneous oral (p.o.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration respectively, for 28 days. At 300 p.o. and 1.0 s.c. mg/kg/day, the monkeys vomited frequently and usually within 3 hours of administration. An increased frequency of loose or liquid faeces was recorded for animals receiving 150 p.o. and 0.5 s.c. and 300 p.o. and 1.0 s.c. mg/kg/day. Fibrosis of the injection sites was found among all the test groups, the incidence and severity being dose related. Ophthalmoscopy, laboratory examination of blood and urine, organ-weight analysis and histopathological investigation did not detect any further treatment related responses. Previous reports concerning oral administration of tetrapropylene benzene sulphonates (ABS) to dogs record prompt emesis ascribed to local gastro-intestinal effects. Vomiting observed during this investigation was considered to be of possible central origin.", "PMID": 104409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6195", "title": "[Contribution to combined therapy of the Ewing-sarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The techniques and results from the treatment of 15 own cases with Ewing-sarcoma having undergone different therapeutic schemes are reviewed with the help of universal literature. These tumors are shown to need individual treatment which has to be adapted to the present data in each case.", "contents": "[Contribution to combined therapy of the Ewing-sarcoma (author's transl)]. The techniques and results from the treatment of 15 own cases with Ewing-sarcoma having undergone different therapeutic schemes are reviewed with the help of universal literature. These tumors are shown to need individual treatment which has to be adapted to the present data in each case.", "PMID": 104410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6196", "title": "The course of infection of trypanosoma cruzi in gamma-irradiated rats.", "content": "The course of infection of both blood and tissues by the Sonya strain of Trypanosoma cruzi in gamma-irradiated rats has been investigated. The blood infection was dimorphic; slender and broad forms were present throughout, though broad forms predominated at high parasitaemias. Both total blood parasitaemia and numbers of slender forms increased progressively in a series of waves with a periodicity of about four days. The rate of increase in the numbers of intracellular parasites corresponded with this, suggesting that the intracellular development cycle is also about four days. Tissue infection appeared to originate at the site of subcutaneous infection but subsequently occurred in the heart, and then later in the muscle of the hind limbs and alimentary tract.", "contents": "The course of infection of trypanosoma cruzi in gamma-irradiated rats. The course of infection of both blood and tissues by the Sonya strain of Trypanosoma cruzi in gamma-irradiated rats has been investigated. The blood infection was dimorphic; slender and broad forms were present throughout, though broad forms predominated at high parasitaemias. Both total blood parasitaemia and numbers of slender forms increased progressively in a series of waves with a periodicity of about four days. The rate of increase in the numbers of intracellular parasites corresponded with this, suggesting that the intracellular development cycle is also about four days. Tissue infection appeared to originate at the site of subcutaneous infection but subsequently occurred in the heart, and then later in the muscle of the hind limbs and alimentary tract.", "PMID": 104411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6197", "title": "Heavy metal nephropathy of rodents.", "content": "Heavy metal nephropathy is a pathologic entity of the renal tubular epithelium of rats, evoked by lead, gold, and other heavy metals. It is characterized acutely by coagulative necrosis, subacutely by cortical fibrosis, and chronically by cytomegaly and karyomegaly. Finally, adenomas develop, some of which become malignant.", "contents": "Heavy metal nephropathy of rodents. Heavy metal nephropathy is a pathologic entity of the renal tubular epithelium of rats, evoked by lead, gold, and other heavy metals. It is characterized acutely by coagulative necrosis, subacutely by cortical fibrosis, and chronically by cytomegaly and karyomegaly. Finally, adenomas develop, some of which become malignant.", "PMID": 104422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6198", "title": "Pulsed pattern of proliferation in liver parenchyma of young mice. Natural synchronization of DNA-synthesizing hepatocytes.", "content": "The present investigation is concerned with natural synchronization of DNA-synthesizing hepatocytes in the growing liver of young mice. It has been found that in individual specimens, 30--40% of all the parenchymal liver cells pass through the S phase within about 22 h. These cells are grouped into two large synchronous fractions, so-called \"S-pulses\". The time interval between the formation of these \"S-pulses\" is assigned by the duration of the S phase. It is shown that the maximum separate \"S-pulse\" involves 20% of the total hepatocyte population.", "contents": "Pulsed pattern of proliferation in liver parenchyma of young mice. Natural synchronization of DNA-synthesizing hepatocytes. The present investigation is concerned with natural synchronization of DNA-synthesizing hepatocytes in the growing liver of young mice. It has been found that in individual specimens, 30--40% of all the parenchymal liver cells pass through the S phase within about 22 h. These cells are grouped into two large synchronous fractions, so-called \"S-pulses\". The time interval between the formation of these \"S-pulses\" is assigned by the duration of the S phase. It is shown that the maximum separate \"S-pulse\" involves 20% of the total hepatocyte population.", "PMID": 104427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6199", "title": "Studies of erythrocyte sequestration. I. Spleen homing of heat altered erythrocytes.", "content": "Heat altered erythrocytes are taken up by spleen macrophages without any signs of mechanical strain as revealed by light and scanning electron microscopy. There was no scintigraphic evidence for changed flow rates within the spleen after sequestration of erythrocytes.", "contents": "Studies of erythrocyte sequestration. I. Spleen homing of heat altered erythrocytes. Heat altered erythrocytes are taken up by spleen macrophages without any signs of mechanical strain as revealed by light and scanning electron microscopy. There was no scintigraphic evidence for changed flow rates within the spleen after sequestration of erythrocytes.", "PMID": 104428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6200", "title": "Studies of erythrocyte sequestration. II. Liver homing.", "content": "Xenogeneic and enzyme-treated erythrocytes rapidly home to the rat liver as measured by scintigraphic procedures. Histology and scanning electron microscopy revealed that pronase digested erythrocytes are taken up as whole cells by liver histiocytes.", "contents": "Studies of erythrocyte sequestration. II. Liver homing. Xenogeneic and enzyme-treated erythrocytes rapidly home to the rat liver as measured by scintigraphic procedures. Histology and scanning electron microscopy revealed that pronase digested erythrocytes are taken up as whole cells by liver histiocytes.", "PMID": 104429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6201", "title": "Pathological features of the colonic tumours induced in rats by the administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "The parenteral administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine to rats caused the development of colonic neoplasms in about 90% of animals by 24--30 weeks of treatment. Usually there were multiple tumours with a mean of 2.7 per rat. The lesions have been classified histologically into adenomata (26% of all tumours) and carcinomata, the latter showing varying degrees of differentiation. No completely anaplastic tumours were seen, and there were none originating in connective tissue. The distributions of the different tumour types along the length of the colon varied. The more benign lesions were situated predominantly in the distal half of the colon, while the poorly differentiated adenocarcinomata were concentrated in the proximal third of the colon. There was good evidence to suggest that adenomata often progressed to frank malignancy in the distal colon. In the proximal part, however, it appeared that tumours frequently developed de novo as poorly differentiated carcinomata. Perhaps regional variations in the kinetic organisation of the normal colonic mucosa somehow influence the nature of the neoplastic change induced by DMH, thus accounting for the differences in tumor distribution. After 24 weeks of DMH treatment there was only a small increase in the mean number of tumours per rat.", "contents": "Pathological features of the colonic tumours induced in rats by the administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. The parenteral administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine to rats caused the development of colonic neoplasms in about 90% of animals by 24--30 weeks of treatment. Usually there were multiple tumours with a mean of 2.7 per rat. The lesions have been classified histologically into adenomata (26% of all tumours) and carcinomata, the latter showing varying degrees of differentiation. No completely anaplastic tumours were seen, and there were none originating in connective tissue. The distributions of the different tumour types along the length of the colon varied. The more benign lesions were situated predominantly in the distal half of the colon, while the poorly differentiated adenocarcinomata were concentrated in the proximal third of the colon. There was good evidence to suggest that adenomata often progressed to frank malignancy in the distal colon. In the proximal part, however, it appeared that tumours frequently developed de novo as poorly differentiated carcinomata. Perhaps regional variations in the kinetic organisation of the normal colonic mucosa somehow influence the nature of the neoplastic change induced by DMH, thus accounting for the differences in tumor distribution. After 24 weeks of DMH treatment there was only a small increase in the mean number of tumours per rat.", "PMID": 104430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6202", "title": "Amyloid P component--a special type of collagen?", "content": "The localization of amyloid P-components is demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy in normal human tissue (kidney, spleen, liver). The relation to collagen and to amyloidosis is discussed.", "contents": "Amyloid P component--a special type of collagen? The localization of amyloid P-components is demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy in normal human tissue (kidney, spleen, liver). The relation to collagen and to amyloidosis is discussed.", "PMID": 104431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6203", "title": "[Regional intra-arterial chemotherapy of malignant tumors of the maxillofacial region].", "content": "The writers treated 36 cases of maxillofacial malignant tumors in stage III--IV, cancer--in 35 cases, osteosarcoma--in 1, confirmed histologically, and 31 of them were treated through art. temporalis superfacialis, others--were treated by partial chemotherapy by thiophosphamide (260--320 mg) through art. caroticus externa. The results of the treatment are described. In 27 of 36 patients an antitumor effect was gained, in 3 cases a complete regression was noted, in 17--a 50% regression, in 6--from 25 to 50%, in 1--less than 25%. No effect was observed in 9 cases.", "contents": "[Regional intra-arterial chemotherapy of malignant tumors of the maxillofacial region]. The writers treated 36 cases of maxillofacial malignant tumors in stage III--IV, cancer--in 35 cases, osteosarcoma--in 1, confirmed histologically, and 31 of them were treated through art. temporalis superfacialis, others--were treated by partial chemotherapy by thiophosphamide (260--320 mg) through art. caroticus externa. The results of the treatment are described. In 27 of 36 patients an antitumor effect was gained, in 3 cases a complete regression was noted, in 17--a 50% regression, in 6--from 25 to 50%, in 1--less than 25%. No effect was observed in 9 cases.", "PMID": 104436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6204", "title": "[Stucture of PhiKZ bacteriophage particles].", "content": "The structure of the particle of a new bacteriophage Pseudomonas phiKZ was studied. The particle of phiKZ bacteriophage was shown to have some features distinguishing this phage from all those known heretofore: a large size of the head and DNA and the presence in the head of a special structural formation named the central body. The central has a cylindrical shape and may be isolated from the head of the phage by repeated freezing-thawing the phage preparation. The structure of the central body is complicated. Possible functions of the central body are discussed.", "contents": "[Stucture of PhiKZ bacteriophage particles]. The structure of the particle of a new bacteriophage Pseudomonas phiKZ was studied. The particle of phiKZ bacteriophage was shown to have some features distinguishing this phage from all those known heretofore: a large size of the head and DNA and the presence in the head of a special structural formation named the central body. The central has a cylindrical shape and may be isolated from the head of the phage by repeated freezing-thawing the phage preparation. The structure of the central body is complicated. Possible functions of the central body are discussed.", "PMID": 104437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6205", "title": "Metabolic disposition of 6-ethyl-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-chromone, a new antiallergic agent, in the rat, guinea-pig, rabbit, dog and monkey.", "content": "1. [14C]Ethyltetrazolylchromone ([14C]ETC) was promptly absorbed from the rat small intestine by the portal route. 2. The maximum plasma concn. of unchanged drug after oral administration (10 mg/kg) was highest in dogs (456 microgram/ml), followed by monkeys (287 microgram/ml), guinea-pigs (146 microgram/ml) and rats (55 microgram/ml), and lowest in rabbits (09 microgram/ml). The half-life of the drug in plasma varied with the species, ranging from 13 to 133 h. The drug was highly bound to plasma protein. In dogs and rats, the plasma 14C was predominantly the unchanged drug, whereas in guinea-pigs, rabbits and monkeys it was mainly metabolites. 3. At 10 min after oral administration of the drug to rats there was a wide distribution of the 14C in the tissues. At this time, the 14C concn. were the highest in stomach, followed by kidney, liver, plasma, heart and lung, and lowest in brain. 4. Almost all administered 14C was eliminated from the body in 72 h. The major route of excretion was via the urine except with guinea-pigs, in which animal the 14C was almost equally divided between urine and faeces. 5. only trace amounts of the unchanged drug were found in urine and bile. The major urinary metabolites were as follows: I (1-hydroxyethyl ETC), II (acetyl ETC), III (IIIa, 2-hydroxyethyl ETC) and IV (1,2-dihydroxyethyl ETC) in rats, I and VI (5-carboxymethylsalicylic acid) in guinea-pigs, I, III (IIIb, carboxymethyl ETC) and VII (ETC-N-1-glucuronide) in rabbits, I and VII in dogs, and I and IV in monkeys.", "contents": "Metabolic disposition of 6-ethyl-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-chromone, a new antiallergic agent, in the rat, guinea-pig, rabbit, dog and monkey. 1. [14C]Ethyltetrazolylchromone ([14C]ETC) was promptly absorbed from the rat small intestine by the portal route. 2. The maximum plasma concn. of unchanged drug after oral administration (10 mg/kg) was highest in dogs (456 microgram/ml), followed by monkeys (287 microgram/ml), guinea-pigs (146 microgram/ml) and rats (55 microgram/ml), and lowest in rabbits (09 microgram/ml). The half-life of the drug in plasma varied with the species, ranging from 13 to 133 h. The drug was highly bound to plasma protein. In dogs and rats, the plasma 14C was predominantly the unchanged drug, whereas in guinea-pigs, rabbits and monkeys it was mainly metabolites. 3. At 10 min after oral administration of the drug to rats there was a wide distribution of the 14C in the tissues. At this time, the 14C concn. were the highest in stomach, followed by kidney, liver, plasma, heart and lung, and lowest in brain. 4. Almost all administered 14C was eliminated from the body in 72 h. The major route of excretion was via the urine except with guinea-pigs, in which animal the 14C was almost equally divided between urine and faeces. 5. only trace amounts of the unchanged drug were found in urine and bile. The major urinary metabolites were as follows: I (1-hydroxyethyl ETC), II (acetyl ETC), III (IIIa, 2-hydroxyethyl ETC) and IV (1,2-dihydroxyethyl ETC) in rats, I and VI (5-carboxymethylsalicylic acid) in guinea-pigs, I, III (IIIb, carboxymethyl ETC) and VII (ETC-N-1-glucuronide) in rabbits, I and VII in dogs, and I and IV in monkeys.", "PMID": 104449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6206", "title": "Effects of some inorganic elements on nitrogen-fixation in blue-green algae and some ecological aspects of pollution.", "content": "Nitrogen-fixation by two species of Nostoc, one of them a lichen phycobiont, was generally stimulated by low concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, nickel, lead, palladium, and zinc. Higher concentrations (0.025 to 0.125 ppm) of arsenic, nickel, and palladium were also stimulatory; however, higher concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc tended to inhibit fixation. With the exception of palladium and zinc at low concentrations these six tested elements tended to inhibit nitrogen-fixation in Chlorogloea fritschii and Westiellopsis sp.", "contents": "Effects of some inorganic elements on nitrogen-fixation in blue-green algae and some ecological aspects of pollution. Nitrogen-fixation by two species of Nostoc, one of them a lichen phycobiont, was generally stimulated by low concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, nickel, lead, palladium, and zinc. Higher concentrations (0.025 to 0.125 ppm) of arsenic, nickel, and palladium were also stimulatory; however, higher concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc tended to inhibit fixation. With the exception of palladium and zinc at low concentrations these six tested elements tended to inhibit nitrogen-fixation in Chlorogloea fritschii and Westiellopsis sp.", "PMID": 104450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6207", "title": "Effect of rifampicin (3-(4-methylpiperazinyl-iminomethyl)rifamycin) on heterocyst differentiation in the blue-green algae Anabaena and Calothrix.", "content": "Chains of multiple heterocysts form in Anabaena und Calothrix filaments on treatment with rifampicin. The multiple heterocysts form irrespective of whether the rifampicin treatment is given in combined nitrogen-free or supplemented medium. This suggests the possibility of involvement of a species of RNA or of protein as intracellular heterocyst inhibitor and indicates that some latent pattern-determining mechanism may operate in the combined nitrogen medium.", "contents": "Effect of rifampicin (3-(4-methylpiperazinyl-iminomethyl)rifamycin) on heterocyst differentiation in the blue-green algae Anabaena and Calothrix. Chains of multiple heterocysts form in Anabaena und Calothrix filaments on treatment with rifampicin. The multiple heterocysts form irrespective of whether the rifampicin treatment is given in combined nitrogen-free or supplemented medium. This suggests the possibility of involvement of a species of RNA or of protein as intracellular heterocyst inhibitor and indicates that some latent pattern-determining mechanism may operate in the combined nitrogen medium.", "PMID": 104451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6208", "title": "[Search for nucleic acid influencing, as well as membrane active, potential cancerostatic fungal metabolites using microbiological and cytological screening methods].", "content": "A prescreening program including microbiological and cytological assays was employed in search of potential cancerostatic antibiotics in crude extracts of mushrooms. The microbiological tests based on agar diffusion techniques consist of prophage induction test and BIP-test. All active compounds selected by these microbiological models are potential inhibitors of nucleic acid metabolism. Cytological assays on leukemia L 1210 cells have been carried out by microscopic examination and by evaluation using an electronic particle counter. Activity was expressed as decrease of the number of single cells caused by agglutination or lysis of cells, changes in cell surface area, dye exclusion, and increase of cell volume. A wide variety of mushrooms was demonstrated to exhibit interesting activities in some of these screening systems. The influence of primary metabolic products of mushrooms on microbiological models was studied additionally. In vivo assays have not yet been accomplished.", "contents": "[Search for nucleic acid influencing, as well as membrane active, potential cancerostatic fungal metabolites using microbiological and cytological screening methods]. A prescreening program including microbiological and cytological assays was employed in search of potential cancerostatic antibiotics in crude extracts of mushrooms. The microbiological tests based on agar diffusion techniques consist of prophage induction test and BIP-test. All active compounds selected by these microbiological models are potential inhibitors of nucleic acid metabolism. Cytological assays on leukemia L 1210 cells have been carried out by microscopic examination and by evaluation using an electronic particle counter. Activity was expressed as decrease of the number of single cells caused by agglutination or lysis of cells, changes in cell surface area, dye exclusion, and increase of cell volume. A wide variety of mushrooms was demonstrated to exhibit interesting activities in some of these screening systems. The influence of primary metabolic products of mushrooms on microbiological models was studied additionally. In vivo assays have not yet been accomplished.", "PMID": 104454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6209", "title": "Some aspects on liver enzymes in protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "Liver enzymes alkaline phosphatase and transaminases (GPT & GOT) were studied in cases of protein-depleted rats. Alkaline phosphatase activities were determined with and without Mg addition to the incumedia, since it is the essential metal for this enzyme. The liver transaminases were also determined before and after pyridoxine injection, which is the coenzyme for this group. Both liver alkaline phosphatase and transaminases activities were increased on protein depletion. The study indicates that the increased activities of liver alkaline phosphatase in protein-depleted animals is suggestive of increased enzyme protein synthesis. On the contrary, high activities of liver transaminases are suggestive to be a result of some regulation mechanisms between the enzyme protein and its coenzyme.", "contents": "Some aspects on liver enzymes in protein-energy malnutrition. Liver enzymes alkaline phosphatase and transaminases (GPT & GOT) were studied in cases of protein-depleted rats. Alkaline phosphatase activities were determined with and without Mg addition to the incumedia, since it is the essential metal for this enzyme. The liver transaminases were also determined before and after pyridoxine injection, which is the coenzyme for this group. Both liver alkaline phosphatase and transaminases activities were increased on protein depletion. The study indicates that the increased activities of liver alkaline phosphatase in protein-depleted animals is suggestive of increased enzyme protein synthesis. On the contrary, high activities of liver transaminases are suggestive to be a result of some regulation mechanisms between the enzyme protein and its coenzyme.", "PMID": 104456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6210", "title": "[Lymph node tuberculosis--today].", "content": "The peripheral tuberculosis of the lymph nodes on the neck, in the axilla and on the groin is described in its present epidemiological situation, its pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. Nowadays the tuberculosis of the lymph nodes most frequently occurs at older age and in women. In most cases the M. tuberculosis is the causative organism. The differential diagnosis must take into consideration many possibilities and sources of error--also for the following therapy and expert opinion--, in most cases it demands a histological and bacteriological examination of the exstirpated lymph nodes. This is at the same time the first step to therapy which consists in the removal of all enlarged lymph nodes in the area of the disease and in a 2-phase-chemotherapy for the duration of one year.", "contents": "[Lymph node tuberculosis--today]. The peripheral tuberculosis of the lymph nodes on the neck, in the axilla and on the groin is described in its present epidemiological situation, its pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. Nowadays the tuberculosis of the lymph nodes most frequently occurs at older age and in women. In most cases the M. tuberculosis is the causative organism. The differential diagnosis must take into consideration many possibilities and sources of error--also for the following therapy and expert opinion--, in most cases it demands a histological and bacteriological examination of the exstirpated lymph nodes. This is at the same time the first step to therapy which consists in the removal of all enlarged lymph nodes in the area of the disease and in a 2-phase-chemotherapy for the duration of one year.", "PMID": 104459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6211", "title": "A model of experimental endotoxin shock in monkeys and its therapeutic control.", "content": "The course and therapy of endotoxin shock were studied in 34 monkeys Macaca mulatta. E. coli endotoxin was infused intravenously to conscious animals. The individual responses to a dose of 3 mg . kg-1 exhibited a considerable variability. A part of shocked animals were successfully rescued by a combined infusion of dopamine, hydrocortisone, and dextran; untreated animals died of endotoxin shock. Morphological changes in their parenchymatous organs were little marked in the acute experiment.", "contents": "A model of experimental endotoxin shock in monkeys and its therapeutic control. The course and therapy of endotoxin shock were studied in 34 monkeys Macaca mulatta. E. coli endotoxin was infused intravenously to conscious animals. The individual responses to a dose of 3 mg . kg-1 exhibited a considerable variability. A part of shocked animals were successfully rescued by a combined infusion of dopamine, hydrocortisone, and dextran; untreated animals died of endotoxin shock. Morphological changes in their parenchymatous organs were little marked in the acute experiment.", "PMID": 104460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6212", "title": "[Additional tocolysis via inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase with indometacin (author's transl)].", "content": "Indometacin was administered as additional tocolyticum in 42 women between the 27. and 36. week of pregnancy. Patients received indometacin oral, of a complete tocolysis could not be achieved by application of beta-sympathicomimetica. A complete tocolysis always could be achieved with a daily dose of 200 mg indometacin. The mean time of therapy was 7,5 days, the mean total dose 1100 mg.", "contents": "[Additional tocolysis via inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase with indometacin (author's transl)]. Indometacin was administered as additional tocolyticum in 42 women between the 27. and 36. week of pregnancy. Patients received indometacin oral, of a complete tocolysis could not be achieved by application of beta-sympathicomimetica. A complete tocolysis always could be achieved with a daily dose of 200 mg indometacin. The mean time of therapy was 7,5 days, the mean total dose 1100 mg.", "PMID": 104461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6213", "title": "Studies of Sarcocystis in Malaysia. II. Comparative ultrastructure of the cyst wall and zoites of Sarcocystis levinei and Sarcocystis fusiformis from the water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis.", "content": "The two species of Sarcocystis--S. levinei and S. fusiformis from the water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, show some ultrastructural similarities in their cyst wall and zoites. The zoites of both species are of about the same size, banana-shaped and have 22 subpellicular microtubules, numerous micronemes, eight rhoptries, a micropore in the region of the micronemes, an elongated mitochondrion, and a nucleus. S. levinei has 200--300 micronemes and S. fusiformis has about 400. The sarcocysts of both species are trabeculated and their cyst walls have cytophaneres containing annulated fibrils and coarse, electron dense granules. The cytophaneres of S. levinei are sloping, with irregular, wavy outlines, whereas S. fusiformis has the cauliflower-type of cytophaneres. This difference in the appearance of the cytophaneres, together with the difference in size of the sarcocysts and their definitive hosts, further confirms that S. levinei and S. fusiformis are two distinct species in the water buffalo.", "contents": "Studies of Sarcocystis in Malaysia. II. Comparative ultrastructure of the cyst wall and zoites of Sarcocystis levinei and Sarcocystis fusiformis from the water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis. The two species of Sarcocystis--S. levinei and S. fusiformis from the water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, show some ultrastructural similarities in their cyst wall and zoites. The zoites of both species are of about the same size, banana-shaped and have 22 subpellicular microtubules, numerous micronemes, eight rhoptries, a micropore in the region of the micronemes, an elongated mitochondrion, and a nucleus. S. levinei has 200--300 micronemes and S. fusiformis has about 400. The sarcocysts of both species are trabeculated and their cyst walls have cytophaneres containing annulated fibrils and coarse, electron dense granules. The cytophaneres of S. levinei are sloping, with irregular, wavy outlines, whereas S. fusiformis has the cauliflower-type of cytophaneres. This difference in the appearance of the cytophaneres, together with the difference in size of the sarcocysts and their definitive hosts, further confirms that S. levinei and S. fusiformis are two distinct species in the water buffalo.", "PMID": 104463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6214", "title": "Haemoproteus columbae: course of infection, relapse and immunity to reinfection in the pigeon.", "content": "Studies were performed on the course of infection, relapse, and immunity to reinfection in 11 young pigeons infected with the avian malaria parasite Haemoproteus columbae Kruse. The prepatent period in our experiments varied between 22 and 37 days. The intensity and length of the initial infection period showed wide variations. During this period an initial periodicity of gametocyte production of about 12 days with peaks at about 6-8 and 18-20 days after patency was observed. The various modes of infection (fly bite, intramuscular, intravenous, or intraperitoneal inoculation of sporozoites) did not influence the intensity of the initial infection. No pathogenicity due to heavy infection with the parasite was observed. There was no periodicity of relapse occurrence, nor any correlation between the frequency of relapse and the intensity of the initial infection, and the phenomenon was not influenced by seasonal changes. Pigeons (Columba livia) that had recovered from previous infections were susceptible to reinfection, whereas pigeons with chronic infection acquired immunity (premunition).", "contents": "Haemoproteus columbae: course of infection, relapse and immunity to reinfection in the pigeon. Studies were performed on the course of infection, relapse, and immunity to reinfection in 11 young pigeons infected with the avian malaria parasite Haemoproteus columbae Kruse. The prepatent period in our experiments varied between 22 and 37 days. The intensity and length of the initial infection period showed wide variations. During this period an initial periodicity of gametocyte production of about 12 days with peaks at about 6-8 and 18-20 days after patency was observed. The various modes of infection (fly bite, intramuscular, intravenous, or intraperitoneal inoculation of sporozoites) did not influence the intensity of the initial infection. No pathogenicity due to heavy infection with the parasite was observed. There was no periodicity of relapse occurrence, nor any correlation between the frequency of relapse and the intensity of the initial infection, and the phenomenon was not influenced by seasonal changes. Pigeons (Columba livia) that had recovered from previous infections were susceptible to reinfection, whereas pigeons with chronic infection acquired immunity (premunition).", "PMID": 104464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6215", "title": "[Comparative review of the developmental biology of the genera Sarcocystis, Frenkelia, Isospora, Cystoisospora, Hammondia, Toxoplasma and Besnoitia (author's transl)].", "content": "A review is given of the advances in our knowledge of the developmental biology of the so-called cyst-forming coccidia in the years from 1974 to 1978. Until 1970 only 6 Isospora species were known to occur in cats, dogs and men. After the discovery of the coccidian nature of the genera Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Besnoitia and Frenkelia, and after the discovery of the new genus Hammondia the number of known species rose to over 30. In addition it could be shown that also birds of prey, owls and reptiles serve as final hosts for several Sarcocystis and Frenkelia species. The coccidia with isosporoid oocysts can be classified into two major groups: Species with gamogony and sporogony in the final host (Sarcocystis, Frenkelia) and species with schizogony and gamogony in the final host and sporogony on the ground (Isospora, Cystoisospora, Hammondia, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia). The subdivision of the first group into the genera Sarcocystis and Frenkelia based on the localization of their cysts in the musculature and in the brain, respectively, cannot be upheld in the future. Their classification into organisms with small cystozoites of about 7 microm with birds or reptiles as final hosts (Sarcocystis and Frenkelia species of rodents) and those with large cystozoites of about 15 microm and mammals as final hosts (Sarcocystis spp. of domestic animals and rodents) would be more significative. The second group can be subdivided into monoxenous species (Isospora), species with an optional intermediate host in which no or only slight multiplication occurs (Cystoisospora) and in genera with a multiplication in two phases in the intermediate host (Hammondia, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia). The nomenclature of single species is very controversial. As an example the controversial apprehension of the taxonomy of the Sarcocystis species of cattle is discussed. An application has been submitted to the International Commission for the Zoological Nomenclature to delcare a number of names as nomina dubia and to introduce unambiguous names for those organisms for which type specimens are available.", "contents": "[Comparative review of the developmental biology of the genera Sarcocystis, Frenkelia, Isospora, Cystoisospora, Hammondia, Toxoplasma and Besnoitia (author's transl)]. A review is given of the advances in our knowledge of the developmental biology of the so-called cyst-forming coccidia in the years from 1974 to 1978. Until 1970 only 6 Isospora species were known to occur in cats, dogs and men. After the discovery of the coccidian nature of the genera Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Besnoitia and Frenkelia, and after the discovery of the new genus Hammondia the number of known species rose to over 30. In addition it could be shown that also birds of prey, owls and reptiles serve as final hosts for several Sarcocystis and Frenkelia species. The coccidia with isosporoid oocysts can be classified into two major groups: Species with gamogony and sporogony in the final host (Sarcocystis, Frenkelia) and species with schizogony and gamogony in the final host and sporogony on the ground (Isospora, Cystoisospora, Hammondia, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia). The subdivision of the first group into the genera Sarcocystis and Frenkelia based on the localization of their cysts in the musculature and in the brain, respectively, cannot be upheld in the future. Their classification into organisms with small cystozoites of about 7 microm with birds or reptiles as final hosts (Sarcocystis and Frenkelia species of rodents) and those with large cystozoites of about 15 microm and mammals as final hosts (Sarcocystis spp. of domestic animals and rodents) would be more significative. The second group can be subdivided into monoxenous species (Isospora), species with an optional intermediate host in which no or only slight multiplication occurs (Cystoisospora) and in genera with a multiplication in two phases in the intermediate host (Hammondia, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia). The nomenclature of single species is very controversial. As an example the controversial apprehension of the taxonomy of the Sarcocystis species of cattle is discussed. An application has been submitted to the International Commission for the Zoological Nomenclature to delcare a number of names as nomina dubia and to introduce unambiguous names for those organisms for which type specimens are available.", "PMID": 104465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6216", "title": "[Lipoxygenases from pears, strawberries and gooseberries: partial purification and properties (author's transl)].", "content": "Membrane-bound lipoxygenases (EC 1.13.11.12) were partially purified from the fruits by centrifugation and gel chromatography. The enzymes have a pH-optimum at 6.0 (pear) resp. 6.5 (strawberry, gooseberry). Linoleic acid is oxidised to 9- and 13-hydroperoxides in a ratio of 3:7 (pear), 2:8 (strawberry) and 1:1 (gooseberry). The enzymes from gooseberries and from strawberries co-oxidise canthaxanthine with a higher specific activity than the lipoxygenases from pears and apples.", "contents": "[Lipoxygenases from pears, strawberries and gooseberries: partial purification and properties (author's transl)]. Membrane-bound lipoxygenases (EC 1.13.11.12) were partially purified from the fruits by centrifugation and gel chromatography. The enzymes have a pH-optimum at 6.0 (pear) resp. 6.5 (strawberry, gooseberry). Linoleic acid is oxidised to 9- and 13-hydroperoxides in a ratio of 3:7 (pear), 2:8 (strawberry) and 1:1 (gooseberry). The enzymes from gooseberries and from strawberries co-oxidise canthaxanthine with a higher specific activity than the lipoxygenases from pears and apples.", "PMID": 104470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6217", "title": "[Political aspects. Prevention and political realities].", "content": "Present health legislation in Switzerland is largely concerned with the protection of our inhabitants from biological, chemical and physical risk of the environment. More and more it extends to economic aspects and to the behavior of the individual. Also in this respect a legal basis not only for the coverage of the consequences but also for the prevention of ill health is needed. Responsible citizens of our nation devoted to freedom and democracy merit that such a basis does rely as little as possible on bureaucratic enforcement but mainly on information and health education, controlled by science and experience and oriented towards the human needs and values of our society.", "contents": "[Political aspects. Prevention and political realities]. Present health legislation in Switzerland is largely concerned with the protection of our inhabitants from biological, chemical and physical risk of the environment. More and more it extends to economic aspects and to the behavior of the individual. Also in this respect a legal basis not only for the coverage of the consequences but also for the prevention of ill health is needed. Responsible citizens of our nation devoted to freedom and democracy merit that such a basis does rely as little as possible on bureaucratic enforcement but mainly on information and health education, controlled by science and experience and oriented towards the human needs and values of our society.", "PMID": 104471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6218", "title": "[Economic instruments for promotion of prevention].", "content": "The classical economic instruments for influencing individual behaviour are regulatory and sumptuary taxes as well as subsidies. Regulatory taxes are forced payments, which are fixed exclusively to influence a group of individuals in the manner required by the government. Sumptuary taxes are levied in order to eliminate differences between private and societal costs (e.g. with smoking). Here the externality tax takes first place. Subsidies, finally, are a special aid, which should motivate the recipient to behave in a certain way. They can--in the same way as regulatory and sumptuary taxes--, by influencing the price structure, be employed in various ways to partronize preventative behaviour.", "contents": "[Economic instruments for promotion of prevention]. The classical economic instruments for influencing individual behaviour are regulatory and sumptuary taxes as well as subsidies. Regulatory taxes are forced payments, which are fixed exclusively to influence a group of individuals in the manner required by the government. Sumptuary taxes are levied in order to eliminate differences between private and societal costs (e.g. with smoking). Here the externality tax takes first place. Subsidies, finally, are a special aid, which should motivate the recipient to behave in a certain way. They can--in the same way as regulatory and sumptuary taxes--, by influencing the price structure, be employed in various ways to partronize preventative behaviour.", "PMID": 104472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6219", "title": "Hemolysin of Myxococcus fulvus NK 35 i. production and isolation.", "content": "Myxococcus fulvus NK 35 has been shown to produce a soluble hemolysin which lysed rabbit, human, horse, and sheep erythrocytes. A medium (Varghese's medium) was devised in which a maximum of hemolysin was produced in 6 days at 28 degrees C under static conditions. The lysin was precipitated by complete saturation of the culture filtrate with ammonium sulphate, followed by dialysis against saline. Other enzyme systems were destroyed by heating at 100 degrees C. Further purification was achieved by passing through a Sephadex G-25 column, giving a single peak with 0.01 M of phosphate buffer, pH 6.6. Like the hemolysin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, this hemolysin is non-proteinic and withstands 100 degrees C for 30 minutes.", "contents": "Hemolysin of Myxococcus fulvus NK 35 i. production and isolation. Myxococcus fulvus NK 35 has been shown to produce a soluble hemolysin which lysed rabbit, human, horse, and sheep erythrocytes. A medium (Varghese's medium) was devised in which a maximum of hemolysin was produced in 6 days at 28 degrees C under static conditions. The lysin was precipitated by complete saturation of the culture filtrate with ammonium sulphate, followed by dialysis against saline. Other enzyme systems were destroyed by heating at 100 degrees C. Further purification was achieved by passing through a Sephadex G-25 column, giving a single peak with 0.01 M of phosphate buffer, pH 6.6. Like the hemolysin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, this hemolysin is non-proteinic and withstands 100 degrees C for 30 minutes.", "PMID": 104473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6220", "title": "[Haemorrhage from the upper gastro-intestinal tract; rare causes (author's transl)].", "content": "839 patients with acute haemorrhage from the upper gastro-intestinal tract were treated in the last 14 years. In 72 cases the cause of bleeding was extremely rare. To find the correct diagnosis in acute situations the best is, to do emergency fiberoptic gastroscopy and in some special cases selective angiography. Without clear diagnosis the mortality rate in such cases will be too high.", "contents": "[Haemorrhage from the upper gastro-intestinal tract; rare causes (author's transl)]. 839 patients with acute haemorrhage from the upper gastro-intestinal tract were treated in the last 14 years. In 72 cases the cause of bleeding was extremely rare. To find the correct diagnosis in acute situations the best is, to do emergency fiberoptic gastroscopy and in some special cases selective angiography. Without clear diagnosis the mortality rate in such cases will be too high.", "PMID": 104474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6221", "title": "Isolation of tubercle bacteria using Ogawa egg medium modified by addition of Tween 80.", "content": "A modified medium was developed by altering the composition of 3 per cent Ogawa egg medium and adding Tween 80. Isolation of tubercle bacilli using this medium, in general, showed better growth and colines became visible earlier than the original medium, but there was no improvement in the positive rate.", "contents": "Isolation of tubercle bacteria using Ogawa egg medium modified by addition of Tween 80. A modified medium was developed by altering the composition of 3 per cent Ogawa egg medium and adding Tween 80. Isolation of tubercle bacilli using this medium, in general, showed better growth and colines became visible earlier than the original medium, but there was no improvement in the positive rate.", "PMID": 104475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6222", "title": "Induced chain formation in Bacillus megaterium by suramin (Bayer 205).", "content": "B. megaterium NCTC 5637 has been shown to grow into long chains in 1% glucose and 1% suramin (w/v). This effect was not noticeable in lower concentration of the inhibitor. The effect diminished in suramin free medium, indicating the change to be phenotypic.", "contents": "Induced chain formation in Bacillus megaterium by suramin (Bayer 205). B. megaterium NCTC 5637 has been shown to grow into long chains in 1% glucose and 1% suramin (w/v). This effect was not noticeable in lower concentration of the inhibitor. The effect diminished in suramin free medium, indicating the change to be phenotypic.", "PMID": 104476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6223", "title": "On the interactions of Yersinia strains and cell cultures.", "content": "Comparative investigations were carried out on the dynamics of invasion of cell cultures by strains Yersinia pestis EV and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis treated vitally with petroleum ether. It was established that the invasiveness of the strains studied was related to the presence of chemical structures of the bacterial surface sensitive to the action of either and whose synthesis was temperature dependent. The penetration and initial stages of intracellular multiplication of the Yersinia were accompanied with a certain activation of the RNA- and protein-syntheses in the host cells. That was clearly expressed in cell populations inoculated with Yersinia variants of high invasiveness. After the 24th hour of inoculation of the cell cultures a decrease of the rate of metabolic processes in invaded cells was observed due to the destructive changes in their cytoplasm. At the end of the investigation it reached values considerably lower than those of the controls.", "contents": "On the interactions of Yersinia strains and cell cultures. Comparative investigations were carried out on the dynamics of invasion of cell cultures by strains Yersinia pestis EV and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis treated vitally with petroleum ether. It was established that the invasiveness of the strains studied was related to the presence of chemical structures of the bacterial surface sensitive to the action of either and whose synthesis was temperature dependent. The penetration and initial stages of intracellular multiplication of the Yersinia were accompanied with a certain activation of the RNA- and protein-syntheses in the host cells. That was clearly expressed in cell populations inoculated with Yersinia variants of high invasiveness. After the 24th hour of inoculation of the cell cultures a decrease of the rate of metabolic processes in invaded cells was observed due to the destructive changes in their cytoplasm. At the end of the investigation it reached values considerably lower than those of the controls.", "PMID": 104477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6224", "title": "Findings of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains in scarlet fever.", "content": "From 48 out of 143 scarlet fever patients in the age range of 3-15 years, Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated in the course of hospitalization or convalescence (isolation rate 33.6%). Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) was produced by 19 (39.6%) of these isolates. The most frequent SE types detected were A (47.4%) and C (36.8%); type B was produced by 2 strains, type E by 1, while type D, or a combination of SE types, was not detected at all (by means of immunodiffusion in a micromodification). So far no significant correlation has been found between the clinical course of scarlet fever or accompanying complaints and presence of SE-positive S. aureus strains. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Findings of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains in scarlet fever. From 48 out of 143 scarlet fever patients in the age range of 3-15 years, Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated in the course of hospitalization or convalescence (isolation rate 33.6%). Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) was produced by 19 (39.6%) of these isolates. The most frequent SE types detected were A (47.4%) and C (36.8%); type B was produced by 2 strains, type E by 1, while type D, or a combination of SE types, was not detected at all (by means of immunodiffusion in a micromodification). So far no significant correlation has been found between the clinical course of scarlet fever or accompanying complaints and presence of SE-positive S. aureus strains. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 104478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6225", "title": "[Studies about monocines (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of mitomycin induction monocine preparations were made from 162 Listeria monocytogenes strains. From tested strains of different serovars and antigen combinations altogether 76% were monocinogenic. Examination of efficiency was performed against 15 indicator strains of Listeria monocytogenes. Concluding from spectra of reaction 6 groups of monocines (A-F) could be differentiated. Serovar 5 (Ivanov) proved as an indicator strain particularly sensitive for all monocines.", "contents": "[Studies about monocines (author's transl)]. By means of mitomycin induction monocine preparations were made from 162 Listeria monocytogenes strains. From tested strains of different serovars and antigen combinations altogether 76% were monocinogenic. Examination of efficiency was performed against 15 indicator strains of Listeria monocytogenes. Concluding from spectra of reaction 6 groups of monocines (A-F) could be differentiated. Serovar 5 (Ivanov) proved as an indicator strain particularly sensitive for all monocines.", "PMID": 104479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6226", "title": "Characterization of plasmids in bacteriocin producing strains of Streptococcus faecium.", "content": "Four bacteriocin (enterocin) producing strains of Streptococcus faecium were examined for extrachromosomal DNA. Three strains proved to harbor minicircular plasmid DNA of uniform length as evidenced by CsCl ethidium bromide density centrifugation and electron microscopy. Molecular weight determination obtained through contour length measurements showed 2.4 X 10(6) dalton for S. faecium 25, 3.4 X 10(6) dalton for S. faecium 3 and 3.8 X 10(6) dalton for S. faecium 59. Elimination experiments for bacteriocin production with intercalating dyes proved sterile. The role of these plasmids remains for the time being unknown.", "contents": "Characterization of plasmids in bacteriocin producing strains of Streptococcus faecium. Four bacteriocin (enterocin) producing strains of Streptococcus faecium were examined for extrachromosomal DNA. Three strains proved to harbor minicircular plasmid DNA of uniform length as evidenced by CsCl ethidium bromide density centrifugation and electron microscopy. Molecular weight determination obtained through contour length measurements showed 2.4 X 10(6) dalton for S. faecium 25, 3.4 X 10(6) dalton for S. faecium 3 and 3.8 X 10(6) dalton for S. faecium 59. Elimination experiments for bacteriocin production with intercalating dyes proved sterile. The role of these plasmids remains for the time being unknown.", "PMID": 104480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6227", "title": "[Flagella specific H antigenic schema of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)].", "content": "Serogrouping of P. aeruginosa on the basis of heat-stable somatic (O-)agglutinogens is well established, but H-typing on the basis of heat-labile agglutinogens is not accepted generally because of uncertain flagella specificity. In contrast to the agglutination reaction, the indirect fluorescent antibody technique allows the differentiation of soma and flagellum of P. aeruginosa cells at the morphological and serological level simultaneously, and thereby the specific analysis of flagellar (H-)antigens, even with OH-antisera. Using this technique the complex flagella-antigen a with the partial antigens a0, a1, a2, a3, a4 and the uniform flagella-antigen b are differentiated by cross absorption experiments. As the partial factors a1-a4 are independent determinants, a flagellar antigenic schema containing 17 H-types is devised. Type strains, immunization and absorption procedures for preparing diagnostic antisera are described. O-group and H-type show free combination. Completing the extended O antigenic schema of Habs (slide agglutination) with the flagella specific H antigenic schema (indirect fluorescent antibody technique), a detailed OH typing system of P. aeruginosa is obtained, by which clinical isolates are subdivided into 99 serovars.", "contents": "[Flagella specific H antigenic schema of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)]. Serogrouping of P. aeruginosa on the basis of heat-stable somatic (O-)agglutinogens is well established, but H-typing on the basis of heat-labile agglutinogens is not accepted generally because of uncertain flagella specificity. In contrast to the agglutination reaction, the indirect fluorescent antibody technique allows the differentiation of soma and flagellum of P. aeruginosa cells at the morphological and serological level simultaneously, and thereby the specific analysis of flagellar (H-)antigens, even with OH-antisera. Using this technique the complex flagella-antigen a with the partial antigens a0, a1, a2, a3, a4 and the uniform flagella-antigen b are differentiated by cross absorption experiments. As the partial factors a1-a4 are independent determinants, a flagellar antigenic schema containing 17 H-types is devised. Type strains, immunization and absorption procedures for preparing diagnostic antisera are described. O-group and H-type show free combination. Completing the extended O antigenic schema of Habs (slide agglutination) with the flagella specific H antigenic schema (indirect fluorescent antibody technique), a detailed OH typing system of P. aeruginosa is obtained, by which clinical isolates are subdivided into 99 serovars.", "PMID": 104481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6228", "title": "Computer survey of antibiotic resistance--developments during 1973 to 1977.", "content": "Results of antibiotic resistance of strains belonging to 9 species of so-called Problem bacteria, recorded by 10 District Public Health Laboratories in Slovakia during 6 months of 1977 (altogether 32641 strains) have been compared with results, obtained with identical computer-assisted system in 1973. The position of \"Reserve antibiotics\" (gentamicin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, oxacillin, lincomycin, spiramycin) remained favourable during precedent 4 years and even improved (with exception of gentamicin in P. aeruginosa). In classical antibiotics a typical steady-state situation was establishedin that period. Beta-lactam antibiotics in general deteriorated in gramnegatives, with certain improvements in special cases. In \"specific pathogens\", i.e. enteropathogenic strains of E. coli and in strains of P. aeruginosa, resistance to antibiotics generally increased. On the other hand, in S. aureus strains a better susceptibility to almost all antibiotics could be recorded. Surgical services still seem to use the bacteriological services infrequently and this should improve on an all-nation basis.", "contents": "Computer survey of antibiotic resistance--developments during 1973 to 1977. Results of antibiotic resistance of strains belonging to 9 species of so-called Problem bacteria, recorded by 10 District Public Health Laboratories in Slovakia during 6 months of 1977 (altogether 32641 strains) have been compared with results, obtained with identical computer-assisted system in 1973. The position of \"Reserve antibiotics\" (gentamicin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, oxacillin, lincomycin, spiramycin) remained favourable during precedent 4 years and even improved (with exception of gentamicin in P. aeruginosa). In classical antibiotics a typical steady-state situation was establishedin that period. Beta-lactam antibiotics in general deteriorated in gramnegatives, with certain improvements in special cases. In \"specific pathogens\", i.e. enteropathogenic strains of E. coli and in strains of P. aeruginosa, resistance to antibiotics generally increased. On the other hand, in S. aureus strains a better susceptibility to almost all antibiotics could be recorded. Surgical services still seem to use the bacteriological services infrequently and this should improve on an all-nation basis.", "PMID": 104482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6229", "title": "[Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in patients with malignant diseases: frequency of occurrence and immunological characterization (author's transl)].", "content": "We report about the occurrence and importance of antinuclear antibodies in patients with malignant diseases. - We analyzed 110 sera of patients with tumors and found in 42% ANA. In contrast a corresponding control group contained ANA in 1.8%. - Patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and those of the digestive tract possessed ANA in a comparable percentage of 36 and 39, respectively. - Sera of patients with mamma- and uteruscarcinoma contained ANA in nearly 50%. - A connection between the type of the tumor and occurrence of ANA can be assumed. - Antibodies were directed against different antigens of the nucleus, often simultaneously occurring. Antibodies which we have detected, belong to different classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA). In most cases we found a combination of antibodies. In 51% of positive cases antibodies were able to fix complement.", "contents": "[Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in patients with malignant diseases: frequency of occurrence and immunological characterization (author's transl)]. We report about the occurrence and importance of antinuclear antibodies in patients with malignant diseases. - We analyzed 110 sera of patients with tumors and found in 42% ANA. In contrast a corresponding control group contained ANA in 1.8%. - Patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and those of the digestive tract possessed ANA in a comparable percentage of 36 and 39, respectively. - Sera of patients with mamma- and uteruscarcinoma contained ANA in nearly 50%. - A connection between the type of the tumor and occurrence of ANA can be assumed. - Antibodies were directed against different antigens of the nucleus, often simultaneously occurring. Antibodies which we have detected, belong to different classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA). In most cases we found a combination of antibodies. In 51% of positive cases antibodies were able to fix complement.", "PMID": 104483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6230", "title": "[Analysis of the biological effect of city smog extract IV. Growth inhibition of kidney cell cultures (cercopithecus aethiops) under the influence of a city smog extract and its polyaromatic fractions (author's transl)].", "content": "The cell growth of exponentially growing kidney cell cultures of Cercopithecus aethiops was determined by estimation of protein content. The effect of city smog extracts and its polyaromatic fractions on cell growth was examined. Based on the benzo(a)pyren-content the crude extract of city smog exerted the strongest inhibition of cell growth, followed by non purified and purified fraction of polyaromates. The inhibition of cell growth was dose dependent. Results indicate, that for cell growth inhibition are of importance concentrations of toxic substances and exposition time.", "contents": "[Analysis of the biological effect of city smog extract IV. Growth inhibition of kidney cell cultures (cercopithecus aethiops) under the influence of a city smog extract and its polyaromatic fractions (author's transl)]. The cell growth of exponentially growing kidney cell cultures of Cercopithecus aethiops was determined by estimation of protein content. The effect of city smog extracts and its polyaromatic fractions on cell growth was examined. Based on the benzo(a)pyren-content the crude extract of city smog exerted the strongest inhibition of cell growth, followed by non purified and purified fraction of polyaromates. The inhibition of cell growth was dose dependent. Results indicate, that for cell growth inhibition are of importance concentrations of toxic substances and exposition time.", "PMID": 104484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6231", "title": "[Hygienic analyses carried out in a public sauna (author's transl)].", "content": "In a public sauna a considerable germ level was found to exist in all areas during rush hours. Although no specifically pathogenic germs were detected on the surfaces, the existence of E. coli would suggest that particular attention must be given to the hygiene of this type of bathing establishment. It is particularly important that the relatively high temperatures in the heated area of the sauna do not cause a hygienically decisive germ reduction. Apart from this, especially the foot-warming basins appear to be undesirable germ reservoirs, even for pathogenic germs (Staph, aureus, P. aeruginosa). Systematic daily disinfection, which is recommended as a basic requirement but which in practice is mostly omitted, proves indispensable. Proper use of the relatively harmless hydrogen peroxide allows the hygienic conditions to be clearly improved, shortly.", "contents": "[Hygienic analyses carried out in a public sauna (author's transl)]. In a public sauna a considerable germ level was found to exist in all areas during rush hours. Although no specifically pathogenic germs were detected on the surfaces, the existence of E. coli would suggest that particular attention must be given to the hygiene of this type of bathing establishment. It is particularly important that the relatively high temperatures in the heated area of the sauna do not cause a hygienically decisive germ reduction. Apart from this, especially the foot-warming basins appear to be undesirable germ reservoirs, even for pathogenic germs (Staph, aureus, P. aeruginosa). Systematic daily disinfection, which is recommended as a basic requirement but which in practice is mostly omitted, proves indispensable. Proper use of the relatively harmless hydrogen peroxide allows the hygienic conditions to be clearly improved, shortly.", "PMID": 104485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6232", "title": "[Tele-electrosubcorticogram study of reactions to vestibular stimulation in neurosurgical clinical practice].", "content": "In connection with stereotactic examinations and operations, mainly in certain forms of epilepsy, the electro-subcorticogram under, vestibular stimulations was recorded by telemetry. The amount of informat ion obtained was analysed by electronic data processing. A number of vegetative parameters and the electro-oculogram could be recorded at the same time. Regular bioelectric reaction of the desynchronisation type or of the oscillation depression type were found. In the presence of focal or generalised convulsions, a weakening of the epileptic discharges were observed under labyrinthine stimulation. Also the sense of rotation leads to special influences. The method is also of importance for the postoperative phase as it represents an adaptation of the requirements of modern living conditions (acute accelerations, breaking and changes in direction). Finally, information about the dominance of interfocal relations can also be obtained.", "contents": "[Tele-electrosubcorticogram study of reactions to vestibular stimulation in neurosurgical clinical practice]. In connection with stereotactic examinations and operations, mainly in certain forms of epilepsy, the electro-subcorticogram under, vestibular stimulations was recorded by telemetry. The amount of informat ion obtained was analysed by electronic data processing. A number of vegetative parameters and the electro-oculogram could be recorded at the same time. Regular bioelectric reaction of the desynchronisation type or of the oscillation depression type were found. In the presence of focal or generalised convulsions, a weakening of the epileptic discharges were observed under labyrinthine stimulation. Also the sense of rotation leads to special influences. The method is also of importance for the postoperative phase as it represents an adaptation of the requirements of modern living conditions (acute accelerations, breaking and changes in direction). Finally, information about the dominance of interfocal relations can also be obtained.", "PMID": 104486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6233", "title": "Hyperprolactinaemia in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "A hypothalamic role in the aetiology of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been suggested by prior observations. In an attempt to determine whether the central control of prolactin (PRL) release is altered in the SHR we have compared the PRL response to immobilization stress, thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH), haloperidol, and L-DOPA in the SHR and in normotensive Wistar control rats. Carotid artery catheters were inserted 48 h prior to the PRL response studies and the catheters were maintained patent with heparinized saline. Timed blood samples were obtained in SHR and control rats weighing 180-225 g. The SHR demonstrated elevated basal serum levels of PRL and greater PRL responses to stress. However, administration of L-DOPA resulted in a similar suppression of serum PRL in the SHR and in the normotensive controls. These findings suggest alteration in the central control of PRL release in the SHR. Observations of elevated basal PRL, exaggerated PRL in response to L-DOPA in SHR are consistent with normal pituitary responsiveness to dopamine suppression of PRL release, but defective hypothalamic metabolism of dopamine. Alterations in central dopamine control mechanisms in the SHR may play a role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension in these animals.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinaemia in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. A hypothalamic role in the aetiology of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been suggested by prior observations. In an attempt to determine whether the central control of prolactin (PRL) release is altered in the SHR we have compared the PRL response to immobilization stress, thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH), haloperidol, and L-DOPA in the SHR and in normotensive Wistar control rats. Carotid artery catheters were inserted 48 h prior to the PRL response studies and the catheters were maintained patent with heparinized saline. Timed blood samples were obtained in SHR and control rats weighing 180-225 g. The SHR demonstrated elevated basal serum levels of PRL and greater PRL responses to stress. However, administration of L-DOPA resulted in a similar suppression of serum PRL in the SHR and in the normotensive controls. These findings suggest alteration in the central control of PRL release in the SHR. Observations of elevated basal PRL, exaggerated PRL in response to L-DOPA in SHR are consistent with normal pituitary responsiveness to dopamine suppression of PRL release, but defective hypothalamic metabolism of dopamine. Alterations in central dopamine control mechanisms in the SHR may play a role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension in these animals.", "PMID": 104513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6234", "title": "Failure of the TRH test to predict the clinical course of patients in remission after antithyroid drug therapy for Graves' disease.", "content": "In an attempt to assess the predictive value of the TRH test in patients in remission after stopping antithyroid drugs for thyrotoxicosis, 11 euthyroid patients with a subnormal (group I) and 23 euthyroid patients with a normal serum TSH response to TRH (group II) were followed-up for one year. The mean +/- SE intervals since the withdrawal of drug therapy were 23.2 +/- 1.6 and 20.4 +/- 0.7 months, respectively, at the outset of the study. Five patients (45%) from group I and 7 patients (30%) from group II relapsed during the period of observation. In addition, a change from a subnormal TSH response to TRH and vice versa occurred in some patients. It is not possible to predict by means of the TRH test the subsequent clinical course of patients in remission following antithyroid drug therapy.", "contents": "Failure of the TRH test to predict the clinical course of patients in remission after antithyroid drug therapy for Graves' disease. In an attempt to assess the predictive value of the TRH test in patients in remission after stopping antithyroid drugs for thyrotoxicosis, 11 euthyroid patients with a subnormal (group I) and 23 euthyroid patients with a normal serum TSH response to TRH (group II) were followed-up for one year. The mean +/- SE intervals since the withdrawal of drug therapy were 23.2 +/- 1.6 and 20.4 +/- 0.7 months, respectively, at the outset of the study. Five patients (45%) from group I and 7 patients (30%) from group II relapsed during the period of observation. In addition, a change from a subnormal TSH response to TRH and vice versa occurred in some patients. It is not possible to predict by means of the TRH test the subsequent clinical course of patients in remission following antithyroid drug therapy.", "PMID": 104514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6235", "title": "Effect of clomifene on thyroid function in normal men.", "content": "To study the effect on thyroid function 100 mg of clomifene citrate was given once a day to two groups of healthy male volunteers for 5 and 12 consecutive days, respectively. In both groups serum concentrations of TSH, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, T3 resin uptake test and thyroid hormone binding proteins were measured before, during and after oral administration of clomifene. The effect of clomifene treatment was evaluated in Group 1 by means of serum FSH and LH measurements. Further in Group 2 the serum TSH response to iv TRH (200 microgram) was also investigated. The mean per cent elevations in serum concentrations of FSH and LH were 145 and 200, respectively. In Group 1 a small but statistically significant decrease within reference limits in triiodothyronine (P less than 0.01) and free thyroxine index (P less than 0.02) was found on day 4 of clomifene. On day 5 a slight increase in TSH was observed (P less than 0.05). In Group 2 the response of TSH to TRH showed a non-significant increase after 5 days and a significant increase (P less than 0.01) after 12 days of clomifene. Eight days after discontinuation of the drug the response was restored to normal. No changes in the thyroid hormone binding proteins in serum could be demonstrated. Though the observed changes were slight, they indicate that clomifene exerts an influence directly on the thyroid function.", "contents": "Effect of clomifene on thyroid function in normal men. To study the effect on thyroid function 100 mg of clomifene citrate was given once a day to two groups of healthy male volunteers for 5 and 12 consecutive days, respectively. In both groups serum concentrations of TSH, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, T3 resin uptake test and thyroid hormone binding proteins were measured before, during and after oral administration of clomifene. The effect of clomifene treatment was evaluated in Group 1 by means of serum FSH and LH measurements. Further in Group 2 the serum TSH response to iv TRH (200 microgram) was also investigated. The mean per cent elevations in serum concentrations of FSH and LH were 145 and 200, respectively. In Group 1 a small but statistically significant decrease within reference limits in triiodothyronine (P less than 0.01) and free thyroxine index (P less than 0.02) was found on day 4 of clomifene. On day 5 a slight increase in TSH was observed (P less than 0.05). In Group 2 the response of TSH to TRH showed a non-significant increase after 5 days and a significant increase (P less than 0.01) after 12 days of clomifene. Eight days after discontinuation of the drug the response was restored to normal. No changes in the thyroid hormone binding proteins in serum could be demonstrated. Though the observed changes were slight, they indicate that clomifene exerts an influence directly on the thyroid function.", "PMID": 104516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6236", "title": "Morphologic effects of thio-TEPA on mammalian urothelium. Changes in abnormal cells.", "content": "Morphologic changes induced by thio-TEPA were examined in animals with chemically induced neoplasms. Both toxic and metabolic effects were documented. Degeneration, vacuolization and increased exfoliation (toxic) were most prominent, occurred within 48 hours of exposure, and tended to subside after removal of the drug. Nuclear changes (metabolic) were rare and occurred late. Neither toxic nor metabolic effects were specific for thio-TEPA: both could be detected in control animals receiving saline. The metabolic effects of thio-TEPA are not sufficiently widespread to prevent tumor growth.", "contents": "Morphologic effects of thio-TEPA on mammalian urothelium. Changes in abnormal cells. Morphologic changes induced by thio-TEPA were examined in animals with chemically induced neoplasms. Both toxic and metabolic effects were documented. Degeneration, vacuolization and increased exfoliation (toxic) were most prominent, occurred within 48 hours of exposure, and tended to subside after removal of the drug. Nuclear changes (metabolic) were rare and occurred late. Neither toxic nor metabolic effects were specific for thio-TEPA: both could be detected in control animals receiving saline. The metabolic effects of thio-TEPA are not sufficiently widespread to prevent tumor growth.", "PMID": 104512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6237", "title": "Appearance of histochemically detectable ionic calcium in degenerating primary sensory neurons.", "content": "The effect of neonatal capsaicin treatment on the fine structure and localization of ionic calcium in sensory ganglion cells has been investigated in rats. Neonatal capsaicin treatment resulted in the degeneration of certain type B sensory neurons. At the same time ionic calcium was demonstrated histochemically in the perikarya of numerous small-sized ganglion cells. The appearance of histochemically detectable ionic calcium in these cells in relation to the pharmacologically evoked degeneration of certain primary sensory neurons is discussed.", "contents": "Appearance of histochemically detectable ionic calcium in degenerating primary sensory neurons. The effect of neonatal capsaicin treatment on the fine structure and localization of ionic calcium in sensory ganglion cells has been investigated in rats. Neonatal capsaicin treatment resulted in the degeneration of certain type B sensory neurons. At the same time ionic calcium was demonstrated histochemically in the perikarya of numerous small-sized ganglion cells. The appearance of histochemically detectable ionic calcium in these cells in relation to the pharmacologically evoked degeneration of certain primary sensory neurons is discussed.", "PMID": 104522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6238", "title": "[Calcium utilization in the neuromuscular junction after acetylcholin treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "In the site of the myoneural junction a liberation of Ca++ ions, which is similar to that described previously after an electric stimulation or use of cholinesterase inhibitor, can be revealed by histochemical methods (heavy metal substitution, tetracycline fluorescence technique and glyoxal-bis-(2-hydroxyanil) complex formation) using repeated acetylcholine and SCh administration. The possible aspecific reaction due to the presence of Mg++ ions can be excluded by means of the glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil) method. It can be suggested that there is a correlation between the liberation of Ca++ ions an the function dependent mitochondrial energetic processes.", "contents": "[Calcium utilization in the neuromuscular junction after acetylcholin treatment (author's transl)]. In the site of the myoneural junction a liberation of Ca++ ions, which is similar to that described previously after an electric stimulation or use of cholinesterase inhibitor, can be revealed by histochemical methods (heavy metal substitution, tetracycline fluorescence technique and glyoxal-bis-(2-hydroxyanil) complex formation) using repeated acetylcholine and SCh administration. The possible aspecific reaction due to the presence of Mg++ ions can be excluded by means of the glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil) method. It can be suggested that there is a correlation between the liberation of Ca++ ions an the function dependent mitochondrial energetic processes.", "PMID": 104523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6239", "title": "Glycogen changes in the liver cells of young rats following isoprenaline treatment. (Histochemical and ultrastructural investigations).", "content": "Glycogen changes were investigated by light and electron microscopy in the liver cells of newborn rats following isoprenaline (IPR) treatment either for 1 day (2 intraperitoneal injections at 12 h interval), or for 8 days (2 intraperitoneal injections daily). On the day following the interruption of both treatments glycogen depletion was observed as compared to control rats, as evaluated by PAS reaction and confirmed by higher total phosphorylase activity. During this stage electron microscopy revealed mainly alpha-particles of glycogen associated to highly dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) after 1-day-treatment, and to mostly increased SER after prolonged treatment. In the animals submitted to prolonged IPR administration and sacrificed at later times, glycogen masses intensely PAS-positive were strongly increased, while the activity of total phosphorylase proved accordingly lower than in the rats sacrificed at earlier times. Electron microscopy examination confirmed an increased amount of glycogen (alpha- and beta-particles) differently distributed: beta-particles were more numerous in the liver of the rats sacrificed on the last day of the experiment. At this time SER didn't appear modified as compared to control rats.", "contents": "Glycogen changes in the liver cells of young rats following isoprenaline treatment. (Histochemical and ultrastructural investigations). Glycogen changes were investigated by light and electron microscopy in the liver cells of newborn rats following isoprenaline (IPR) treatment either for 1 day (2 intraperitoneal injections at 12 h interval), or for 8 days (2 intraperitoneal injections daily). On the day following the interruption of both treatments glycogen depletion was observed as compared to control rats, as evaluated by PAS reaction and confirmed by higher total phosphorylase activity. During this stage electron microscopy revealed mainly alpha-particles of glycogen associated to highly dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) after 1-day-treatment, and to mostly increased SER after prolonged treatment. In the animals submitted to prolonged IPR administration and sacrificed at later times, glycogen masses intensely PAS-positive were strongly increased, while the activity of total phosphorylase proved accordingly lower than in the rats sacrificed at earlier times. Electron microscopy examination confirmed an increased amount of glycogen (alpha- and beta-particles) differently distributed: beta-particles were more numerous in the liver of the rats sacrificed on the last day of the experiment. At this time SER didn't appear modified as compared to control rats.", "PMID": 104524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6240", "title": "Comparative formaldehyde-induced and glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical studies on the intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the intestine and the liver of normal and vagotomized cats.", "content": "The inbuilt intrinsic adrenergic nervous apparatus of the intestine and liver of the cat was studied using 1. the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence histochemical method and 2. the glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical method for serial microtome sections and whole mount tissue layers or smear preparations. In addition, the effect of I) total abdominal infra-diaphragmatic vagotomy with or without associated Finney-type gastro-duodenostomy and II) unilateral (left or right) and bilateral cervical vagotomy with or without tracheostomy on the intrinsic adrenergic innervation was tested. Fluorescing varicose axons, both \"free\" (i.e. unrelated to the blood vessels) and gathered to typical perivascular nerve plexuses were observed in all segments and all layers of the wall of the intestine. The density of the adrenergic innervation varied remarkably from an area to another, even in the same segment and tissue layer, which makes comparative estimations of the density of the innervation very difficult. However, the intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the circular muscle layer of the colon and the rectum seems to be consistently quite rich, and in the rectum, also the longitudinal muscle layer is relatively heavily innervated. It thus seems obvious that (in the cat) also the direct adrenergic innervation of the external smooth muscle layers is of considerable importance, specially in the rectum. In contrast, the results of the present study clearly indicate that the liver parenchyma (of the cat) is devoid of functional intrinsic adrenergic innervation. Vagotomies did not cause any changes in the intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the intestine and liver: even after complete vagotomy no reduction was observed in the number of fluorescing axons or in the intensity of the fluorescence. Consequently, the vagal contribution of adrenergic axons to the liver and the intestine must be negligible, at least in the cat. The use of the glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical method and whole-mount tissue layers was found most suitable for mapping and comparative estimation of the density of the intrinsic adrenergic nerve net, and is therefore recommended for other similar or related studies.", "contents": "Comparative formaldehyde-induced and glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical studies on the intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the intestine and the liver of normal and vagotomized cats. The inbuilt intrinsic adrenergic nervous apparatus of the intestine and liver of the cat was studied using 1. the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence histochemical method and 2. the glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical method for serial microtome sections and whole mount tissue layers or smear preparations. In addition, the effect of I) total abdominal infra-diaphragmatic vagotomy with or without associated Finney-type gastro-duodenostomy and II) unilateral (left or right) and bilateral cervical vagotomy with or without tracheostomy on the intrinsic adrenergic innervation was tested. Fluorescing varicose axons, both \"free\" (i.e. unrelated to the blood vessels) and gathered to typical perivascular nerve plexuses were observed in all segments and all layers of the wall of the intestine. The density of the adrenergic innervation varied remarkably from an area to another, even in the same segment and tissue layer, which makes comparative estimations of the density of the innervation very difficult. However, the intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the circular muscle layer of the colon and the rectum seems to be consistently quite rich, and in the rectum, also the longitudinal muscle layer is relatively heavily innervated. It thus seems obvious that (in the cat) also the direct adrenergic innervation of the external smooth muscle layers is of considerable importance, specially in the rectum. In contrast, the results of the present study clearly indicate that the liver parenchyma (of the cat) is devoid of functional intrinsic adrenergic innervation. Vagotomies did not cause any changes in the intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the intestine and liver: even after complete vagotomy no reduction was observed in the number of fluorescing axons or in the intensity of the fluorescence. Consequently, the vagal contribution of adrenergic axons to the liver and the intestine must be negligible, at least in the cat. The use of the glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical method and whole-mount tissue layers was found most suitable for mapping and comparative estimation of the density of the intrinsic adrenergic nerve net, and is therefore recommended for other similar or related studies.", "PMID": 104525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6241", "title": "[Thiotepa in the treatment of central nervous system leukemia in children].", "content": "The authors report beneficial effects of thiotepa on leukaemic involvement of the central nervous system. The drug was given to 4 children with central nervous system leukaemia refractory to methotrexate and cytarabine. Intrathecal thiotepa caused regression of changes in the cerebrospinal fluid and in the neurological status of these children. No side effects were observed during this treatment.", "contents": "[Thiotepa in the treatment of central nervous system leukemia in children]. The authors report beneficial effects of thiotepa on leukaemic involvement of the central nervous system. The drug was given to 4 children with central nervous system leukaemia refractory to methotrexate and cytarabine. Intrathecal thiotepa caused regression of changes in the cerebrospinal fluid and in the neurological status of these children. No side effects were observed during this treatment.", "PMID": 104521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6242", "title": "[The immunohistochemical demonstration of the Thiol: proteindisulfid oxidoreductase (TPO) in pancreas and isolated Langerhans'islets. A light-, fluorescent- and electron microscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "Thiole: Protein disulfide Oxidoreductase (E. C. 1.8.4.2) is capable of catalyzing thiole-disulfid exchange reactions and might have an important function in both protein biosynthesis and degradation. By using histochemical methods we were able to demonstrate the localization of this enzyme in the Langerhans'islets and in the acinus cells of rat pancreas. The reaction of the acinus cells, however, was much weaker than that of the islets. Electron microscopic experiments revealed the enzyme to be located in the outer membrane of the nucleus, in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and B-cell granules, and in the plasmalemma also. All these structures are known to be involved in the insulin biosynthesis and secretion. There is a good correlation between morphological and biochemical findings. In acinus cells there are a few reaction in the outer nucleus membrane, the membranes of the endoplasmatic reticulum, and the plasmalemm.", "contents": "[The immunohistochemical demonstration of the Thiol: proteindisulfid oxidoreductase (TPO) in pancreas and isolated Langerhans'islets. A light-, fluorescent- and electron microscopic study (author's transl)]. Thiole: Protein disulfide Oxidoreductase (E. C. 1.8.4.2) is capable of catalyzing thiole-disulfid exchange reactions and might have an important function in both protein biosynthesis and degradation. By using histochemical methods we were able to demonstrate the localization of this enzyme in the Langerhans'islets and in the acinus cells of rat pancreas. The reaction of the acinus cells, however, was much weaker than that of the islets. Electron microscopic experiments revealed the enzyme to be located in the outer membrane of the nucleus, in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and B-cell granules, and in the plasmalemma also. All these structures are known to be involved in the insulin biosynthesis and secretion. There is a good correlation between morphological and biochemical findings. In acinus cells there are a few reaction in the outer nucleus membrane, the membranes of the endoplasmatic reticulum, and the plasmalemm.", "PMID": 104526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6243", "title": "Occurrence of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the uropygial gland of domestic fowls.", "content": "Histochemical studies on the uropygial gland of domestic fowls have shown the presence of sterols (among which cholesterol and its esters) in the lipidic fraction of the gland secret. beta-Glucuronidase activity beside A5 3beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities suggests that uropygial gland might be involved in sterols metabolism. By thin layer chromatography cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol can be separated from the uropygial extracts and these compounds can be identified in gas liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Occurrence of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the uropygial gland of domestic fowls. Histochemical studies on the uropygial gland of domestic fowls have shown the presence of sterols (among which cholesterol and its esters) in the lipidic fraction of the gland secret. beta-Glucuronidase activity beside A5 3beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities suggests that uropygial gland might be involved in sterols metabolism. By thin layer chromatography cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol can be separated from the uropygial extracts and these compounds can be identified in gas liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 104527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6244", "title": "Computer assessment of chromatin patterns on some germ line cells of the hemipteran, Triatoma infestans Klug.", "content": "The digitized nuclear images of some Feulgen-stained primary and secondary spermatocytes of Triatoma infestans were analyzed with computer programs. Different cell types could be mathematically discriminated in terms of distance of the condensed chromatin areas from the center of the nucleus, relative circumference of these areas, and staining intensity ratio of the condensed chromatin areas with respect to the whole nucleus. The method appears promising for further comparative studies involving the whole spermatogenetic process of T. infestans. It is probably advantageous for the analysis of other hemipteran (and even non-hemipteran) spermatogeneses.", "contents": "Computer assessment of chromatin patterns on some germ line cells of the hemipteran, Triatoma infestans Klug. The digitized nuclear images of some Feulgen-stained primary and secondary spermatocytes of Triatoma infestans were analyzed with computer programs. Different cell types could be mathematically discriminated in terms of distance of the condensed chromatin areas from the center of the nucleus, relative circumference of these areas, and staining intensity ratio of the condensed chromatin areas with respect to the whole nucleus. The method appears promising for further comparative studies involving the whole spermatogenetic process of T. infestans. It is probably advantageous for the analysis of other hemipteran (and even non-hemipteran) spermatogeneses.", "PMID": 104529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6245", "title": "DNA content of cells in human buccal smears. A preliminary study.", "content": "The DNA content of the cells from human buccal smears, stained by the Feulgen method, was estimated by absorbtion microdensitometry using a Quantimet 720 D image analyser. It was concluded from measurements that most of the cells in buccal smears contained 2C DNA; however, among the cells from male donors a substantial proportion of cells (about 17%) contained less than 2C DNA. This difference between population of male cells versus female cells was statistically significant. The mean value of DNA content was estimated to be 7.7% lower for male cells than for female cells. The conclusions are preliminary because relatively small samples of cells have been measured.", "contents": "DNA content of cells in human buccal smears. A preliminary study. The DNA content of the cells from human buccal smears, stained by the Feulgen method, was estimated by absorbtion microdensitometry using a Quantimet 720 D image analyser. It was concluded from measurements that most of the cells in buccal smears contained 2C DNA; however, among the cells from male donors a substantial proportion of cells (about 17%) contained less than 2C DNA. This difference between population of male cells versus female cells was statistically significant. The mean value of DNA content was estimated to be 7.7% lower for male cells than for female cells. The conclusions are preliminary because relatively small samples of cells have been measured.", "PMID": 104530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6246", "title": "[Electron microscopical and ultrahistochemical investigations of erythrocytes from eel (Anguilla angiulla) and rainbow-trout (Salmo giardneri) under the specific consideration of the segregation apparatus and the marginal band (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out on the fine structure of the erythrocytes of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) using electron microscopy and ultrahistochemistry. The cell organelles, the marginal band and the segregation apparatus were investigated. The 2 organelles revealed specific differences. An alkaline phosphatase activity was revealed by ultrahistochemistry at the cell surface only, while alternating activities between the nuclear membranes, in the Golgi complex and in the segregation apparatus were observed in the acid phosphatase depending on the differentiation stage of the erythrocytes. The results are being discussed relating to a function of the segregation apparatus and the marginal band.", "contents": "[Electron microscopical and ultrahistochemical investigations of erythrocytes from eel (Anguilla angiulla) and rainbow-trout (Salmo giardneri) under the specific consideration of the segregation apparatus and the marginal band (author's transl)]. Comparative studies were carried out on the fine structure of the erythrocytes of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) using electron microscopy and ultrahistochemistry. The cell organelles, the marginal band and the segregation apparatus were investigated. The 2 organelles revealed specific differences. An alkaline phosphatase activity was revealed by ultrahistochemistry at the cell surface only, while alternating activities between the nuclear membranes, in the Golgi complex and in the segregation apparatus were observed in the acid phosphatase depending on the differentiation stage of the erythrocytes. The results are being discussed relating to a function of the segregation apparatus and the marginal band.", "PMID": 104531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6247", "title": "Electron histochemical study on synthesis and breakdown of glycogen in the rabbit cornea.", "content": "Glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase activity was studied in the rabbit cornea electron histochemically. Glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase were located in the cytoplasmic matrices of the corneal epithelium, but glycogen synthetase was found to be mainly in the superficial half of the epithelium, and phosphorylase mainly in the deep layer. Since the cells in the deep layer of the corneal epithelium contain rich cytoplasmic organelles which have carbohydrate metabolism from glycogen or glucose through the Embden-Meyerhof pathway to the TCA cycle, glycogen synthesized in the superficial half of the corneal epithelium by glycogen synthetase may be transferred to the deep layer of the epithelium and broken down by phosphorylase. Phosphorylase in the superficial half of the corneal epithelium may break down overproduced glycogen  so as to avoid the deposition of a large number of glycogen particles for maintenance of corneal transparency.", "contents": "Electron histochemical study on synthesis and breakdown of glycogen in the rabbit cornea. Glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase activity was studied in the rabbit cornea electron histochemically. Glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase were located in the cytoplasmic matrices of the corneal epithelium, but glycogen synthetase was found to be mainly in the superficial half of the epithelium, and phosphorylase mainly in the deep layer. Since the cells in the deep layer of the corneal epithelium contain rich cytoplasmic organelles which have carbohydrate metabolism from glycogen or glucose through the Embden-Meyerhof pathway to the TCA cycle, glycogen synthesized in the superficial half of the corneal epithelium by glycogen synthetase may be transferred to the deep layer of the epithelium and broken down by phosphorylase. Phosphorylase in the superficial half of the corneal epithelium may break down overproduced glycogen  so as to avoid the deposition of a large number of glycogen particles for maintenance of corneal transparency.", "PMID": 104532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6248", "title": "Histophysical and histochemical investigations on muscle arterioles in hypertensive arteriolosclerosis; an interference microscopical, polarization optical and histophotometrical study.", "content": "In 50 formol fixed biopsies from the m. quadriceps femoris normal and hypertensive arteriolosclerotic arterioles were characterized by quantitative histophysical and histochemical methods. The interference microscopical measurements showed a real increase of dry mass concentration in the pathologically changed vessels. Additional histophotometrical results are interpreted as an increase of proteins with higher isoelectric point (globulins, actomyosin). An augmentation of actomyosin is compatible with the medial hyperplasia demonstrated histologically. Likewise a positive correlation was found between the fibrin incorporation proved histochemically and the quantitatively evaluated protein reaction with Fast green; Glycosaminglycans do not carry weight quantitatively. The polarization optical measurements yielded an alteration of the submicroscopical structure in arteriolosclerosis. It consists in a diminution of the submicroscopical volum of gaps and in a diminished orientated dye binding of Congo red. Thereby the pathogenesis of hypertensive arteriolosclerosis of skeleton muscle is above all characterized by an increase of heterogeneous proteins (blood plasma proteins, actomyosin) in the arteriolar wall, leading to a diminution of the submicroscopical volume of gaps and to an elevation of the dry mass concentration.", "contents": "Histophysical and histochemical investigations on muscle arterioles in hypertensive arteriolosclerosis; an interference microscopical, polarization optical and histophotometrical study. In 50 formol fixed biopsies from the m. quadriceps femoris normal and hypertensive arteriolosclerotic arterioles were characterized by quantitative histophysical and histochemical methods. The interference microscopical measurements showed a real increase of dry mass concentration in the pathologically changed vessels. Additional histophotometrical results are interpreted as an increase of proteins with higher isoelectric point (globulins, actomyosin). An augmentation of actomyosin is compatible with the medial hyperplasia demonstrated histologically. Likewise a positive correlation was found between the fibrin incorporation proved histochemically and the quantitatively evaluated protein reaction with Fast green; Glycosaminglycans do not carry weight quantitatively. The polarization optical measurements yielded an alteration of the submicroscopical structure in arteriolosclerosis. It consists in a diminution of the submicroscopical volum of gaps and in a diminished orientated dye binding of Congo red. Thereby the pathogenesis of hypertensive arteriolosclerosis of skeleton muscle is above all characterized by an increase of heterogeneous proteins (blood plasma proteins, actomyosin) in the arteriolar wall, leading to a diminution of the submicroscopical volume of gaps and to an elevation of the dry mass concentration.", "PMID": 104533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6249", "title": "[Conformational alteration of the Antennulae microvillares (author's transl)].", "content": "Brush border cells of the rectal mucosa of the rat previously fixed with glutaraldehyde and OsO4 exhibit branched antennulae microvillares. This regular type of antennulae changes to become a cap-like layer at the tip of the microvilli following the incubation in 100 mM EDTA and 1 M guanidinium hydrochloride, respectively, of the native mucosa. During an incubation in isotonic sucrose the antennulae are transformed to moderately branched rod-like forms. The findings suggest a collaps of antennulae whose anchoring at the membrane of the microvilli appears to be resistant and, presumably, may prevent the loss of this mucosubstance.", "contents": "[Conformational alteration of the Antennulae microvillares (author's transl)]. Brush border cells of the rectal mucosa of the rat previously fixed with glutaraldehyde and OsO4 exhibit branched antennulae microvillares. This regular type of antennulae changes to become a cap-like layer at the tip of the microvilli following the incubation in 100 mM EDTA and 1 M guanidinium hydrochloride, respectively, of the native mucosa. During an incubation in isotonic sucrose the antennulae are transformed to moderately branched rod-like forms. The findings suggest a collaps of antennulae whose anchoring at the membrane of the microvilli appears to be resistant and, presumably, may prevent the loss of this mucosubstance.", "PMID": 104534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6250", "title": "Stimulating effect of leucine on the growth of M. leprae.", "content": "M-Y 16j agar slant was prepared by modifying M-Y 14b which has hitherto been used most widely in our experiments by increasing the amount of Na pantothenate and adding leucine, and the growth stimulating effect was investigated referring to the foregoing subculture experiments. The results revealed that the growth of M. leprae was stimulated remarkably in the primary isolation quite similarly to the subculture. This seemed to be resulted from stimulated biosynthesis of fatty acids by the leucine metabolism. The authors are greatly indebted to the World Health Organization and the Comit\u00e9 Ex\u00e9cutif International pour l'Assistance aux L\u00e9preux for their financial support and to Dr. S. Ishihara, the Director of the National Suruga Leprosarium, for his kind supply of the materials to be cultured and for the lepromin test in leprosy patients carried out by himself. The main point of this study was presented to the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Leprosy Association.", "contents": "Stimulating effect of leucine on the growth of M. leprae. M-Y 16j agar slant was prepared by modifying M-Y 14b which has hitherto been used most widely in our experiments by increasing the amount of Na pantothenate and adding leucine, and the growth stimulating effect was investigated referring to the foregoing subculture experiments. The results revealed that the growth of M. leprae was stimulated remarkably in the primary isolation quite similarly to the subculture. This seemed to be resulted from stimulated biosynthesis of fatty acids by the leucine metabolism. The authors are greatly indebted to the World Health Organization and the Comit\u00e9 Ex\u00e9cutif International pour l'Assistance aux L\u00e9preux for their financial support and to Dr. S. Ishihara, the Director of the National Suruga Leprosarium, for his kind supply of the materials to be cultured and for the lepromin test in leprosy patients carried out by himself. The main point of this study was presented to the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Leprosy Association.", "PMID": 104535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6251", "title": "Isolation of M. leprae using semi-synthetic solid agar medium.", "content": "The primary isolation of M. leprae from leprous nodules was carried out using agar slant prepared by solidifying the basic compositions of M-Y series to confirm the reproducibility of the preliminary studies. Results revealed that L-Feb-75 strain represented thin membraneous growth from about 20th week and it crept up the culture tube wall at about 30th week of incubation at 37 degrees C. L-Jun-75 strain, on the other hand, exhibited numerous, white and rough colonies of submiliary size on various places of the lustreless, thin membraneous structure at the inoculation site. Thus, it was clearly demonstrated again that M. leprae could be isolated very well on the surface of agar slant of M-Y series. It is very interesting bacteriologically to note that L-Feb-75 strain formed wrinkled thin pellicle floating on the surface of liquid medium. Further, the fact that L-Jun-75 strain was isolated from a leprous nodule preserved for more than 3 months at -20 degrees C was very suggestive indicating a standard for the preservation conditions of pathological materials for at least 3 months from removal to cultivation without destroying the viability of M. leprae contained.", "contents": "Isolation of M. leprae using semi-synthetic solid agar medium. The primary isolation of M. leprae from leprous nodules was carried out using agar slant prepared by solidifying the basic compositions of M-Y series to confirm the reproducibility of the preliminary studies. Results revealed that L-Feb-75 strain represented thin membraneous growth from about 20th week and it crept up the culture tube wall at about 30th week of incubation at 37 degrees C. L-Jun-75 strain, on the other hand, exhibited numerous, white and rough colonies of submiliary size on various places of the lustreless, thin membraneous structure at the inoculation site. Thus, it was clearly demonstrated again that M. leprae could be isolated very well on the surface of agar slant of M-Y series. It is very interesting bacteriologically to note that L-Feb-75 strain formed wrinkled thin pellicle floating on the surface of liquid medium. Further, the fact that L-Jun-75 strain was isolated from a leprous nodule preserved for more than 3 months at -20 degrees C was very suggestive indicating a standard for the preservation conditions of pathological materials for at least 3 months from removal to cultivation without destroying the viability of M. leprae contained.", "PMID": 104536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6252", "title": "Grand mal-provoked hyperuricemia.", "content": "A significant increase in S-urate was found postictally in 17 patients with two or more grand mal seizures within 24 h. In six patients S-urate was above the level at which hyperuricemic renal failure may develop. Impaired renal function was observed in two patients who had extremely high S-urates. It is proposed that prophylactic procedures against hyperuricemic renal failure should be carried out in all patients with repetitive convulsions.", "contents": "Grand mal-provoked hyperuricemia. A significant increase in S-urate was found postictally in 17 patients with two or more grand mal seizures within 24 h. In six patients S-urate was above the level at which hyperuricemic renal failure may develop. Impaired renal function was observed in two patients who had extremely high S-urates. It is proposed that prophylactic procedures against hyperuricemic renal failure should be carried out in all patients with repetitive convulsions.", "PMID": 104541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6253", "title": "Studies on acute and late stages of experimental central retinal artery occlusion in the Cynomolgus monkey. I. Intensity-amplitude relations of the D.C. recorded ERG with special reference to the c-wave.", "content": "The main positive component of the c-wave of the ERG is generated by the pigment epithelium-receptor complex, which is supplied from the choroidal circulation. Occlusion of the central retinal artery (OCRA) causes serious morphological damage only to the inner retina. An effect on the c-wave is therefore not primarily to be expected. In this study on five Cynomolgus monkeys with unilateral, laser-induced OCRA the c-wave was decreased, slightly in the early stage and markedly in the late stage. A hypothetical explanation of the reduced c-wave amplitude, involving changes in potassium ion concentration, is discussed. The conflicting results in other reports may be explained by uncontrolled influence of slow c-wave amplitude oscillations, by differences between acute and late stages, and by possible surgical damage to the choroidal circulation in some cases.", "contents": "Studies on acute and late stages of experimental central retinal artery occlusion in the Cynomolgus monkey. I. Intensity-amplitude relations of the D.C. recorded ERG with special reference to the c-wave. The main positive component of the c-wave of the ERG is generated by the pigment epithelium-receptor complex, which is supplied from the choroidal circulation. Occlusion of the central retinal artery (OCRA) causes serious morphological damage only to the inner retina. An effect on the c-wave is therefore not primarily to be expected. In this study on five Cynomolgus monkeys with unilateral, laser-induced OCRA the c-wave was decreased, slightly in the early stage and markedly in the late stage. A hypothetical explanation of the reduced c-wave amplitude, involving changes in potassium ion concentration, is discussed. The conflicting results in other reports may be explained by uncontrolled influence of slow c-wave amplitude oscillations, by differences between acute and late stages, and by possible surgical damage to the choroidal circulation in some cases.", "PMID": 104542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6254", "title": "Studies on acute and late stages of experimental central retinal artery occlusion in the Cynomolgus monkey. II. Influence on the cyclic changes in the amplitude of the c-wave of the ERG and in the standing potential of the eye.", "content": "The slow (2-3/h) oscillations of the c-wave amplitude and of the standing potential of the eye (SP) were studied in the Cynomolgus monkey during the acute and late stages after experimentally induced (laser photocoagulation) occlusion of the central retinal artery (OCRA). Whereas the healthy control eyes showed large cyclic variations in both the c-wave amplitude and the SP, no oscillations in the c-wave amplitude were observed in the OCRA eyes at any stage, and the SP oscillations were barely detectable in these eyes. OCRA causes morphological damage to the inner retina but not to the pigment epithelium-photoreceptor complex, which generates the positive component of the c-wave, and where the SP is also believed to originate. The findings of the present study strongly indicate that the SP and c-wave oscillations are related, and that they are either dependent on an intact inner retina or that the pigment epithelium-photoreceptor complex is functionally affected by OCRA. If not taken into consideration, the marked difference in oscillations between the OCRA eye and the healthy eye may be a major source of error when comparing c-waves from the two eyes, and it seems that some of the conflicting results reported by others can be explained in this way.", "contents": "Studies on acute and late stages of experimental central retinal artery occlusion in the Cynomolgus monkey. II. Influence on the cyclic changes in the amplitude of the c-wave of the ERG and in the standing potential of the eye. The slow (2-3/h) oscillations of the c-wave amplitude and of the standing potential of the eye (SP) were studied in the Cynomolgus monkey during the acute and late stages after experimentally induced (laser photocoagulation) occlusion of the central retinal artery (OCRA). Whereas the healthy control eyes showed large cyclic variations in both the c-wave amplitude and the SP, no oscillations in the c-wave amplitude were observed in the OCRA eyes at any stage, and the SP oscillations were barely detectable in these eyes. OCRA causes morphological damage to the inner retina but not to the pigment epithelium-photoreceptor complex, which generates the positive component of the c-wave, and where the SP is also believed to originate. The findings of the present study strongly indicate that the SP and c-wave oscillations are related, and that they are either dependent on an intact inner retina or that the pigment epithelium-photoreceptor complex is functionally affected by OCRA. If not taken into consideration, the marked difference in oscillations between the OCRA eye and the healthy eye may be a major source of error when comparing c-waves from the two eyes, and it seems that some of the conflicting results reported by others can be explained in this way.", "PMID": 104543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6255", "title": "Pathological studies on a long-term survived case of gamma heavy chain disease--a brief review of 30 reported cases and a proposal for histological typing.", "content": "A pathological and brief clinical study on the eleventh case of gamma heavy chain (gamma-chain) disease who died at the age of 44 after a long course of 12 years from the assumed onset of the disease was presented. Clinicopathological observations of the case showed a neoplastic nature which caused her death complicated by asthmatic attacks. Autopsy findings were characterized by diffuse infiltration of lymphoplasmacytoid cells and a few large immunoblastic cells into various organs. Literatures of 30 cases reported in the past, and the modern concept of lymphoma strongly suggest that the classificatory position of gamma-chain disease as well as Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia should be placed between multiple myeloma and classic malignant lymphoma as an independent disease entity belonging to the same category. A proposal of histological typing of the disease was made in order to simplify various diagnostic designations in the literatures:--gamma-chain disease, 1) reticular type, 2) lymphocytic predominance, 3) plasmacytic predominance, 4) lymphoplasmacytoid cell type, 5) immunoblastic type. The present case belongs to type 4.", "contents": "Pathological studies on a long-term survived case of gamma heavy chain disease--a brief review of 30 reported cases and a proposal for histological typing. A pathological and brief clinical study on the eleventh case of gamma heavy chain (gamma-chain) disease who died at the age of 44 after a long course of 12 years from the assumed onset of the disease was presented. Clinicopathological observations of the case showed a neoplastic nature which caused her death complicated by asthmatic attacks. Autopsy findings were characterized by diffuse infiltration of lymphoplasmacytoid cells and a few large immunoblastic cells into various organs. Literatures of 30 cases reported in the past, and the modern concept of lymphoma strongly suggest that the classificatory position of gamma-chain disease as well as Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia should be placed between multiple myeloma and classic malignant lymphoma as an independent disease entity belonging to the same category. A proposal of histological typing of the disease was made in order to simplify various diagnostic designations in the literatures:--gamma-chain disease, 1) reticular type, 2) lymphocytic predominance, 3) plasmacytic predominance, 4) lymphoplasmacytoid cell type, 5) immunoblastic type. The present case belongs to type 4.", "PMID": 104544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6256", "title": "Chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate mucopolysaccharidosis--a morphological study.", "content": "A 17-year-old patient clinically manifesting gargoyle face, dwarfism, skeletal bone deformity, mild mental retardation and benign course was presented. Biochemically, increased urinary excretion of acidic glycosaminoglycans was confirmed and chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate were substantiated to be the major components of the acid mucopolysacchariduria. Light microscopically, variable numbers of foam cells were observed in the biopsy materials of the lymph nodes, liver and skin, as well as in the smears of bone marrow aspirates. In the liver, the parenchymal cells appeared vacuolated. Histochemically, accumulation of sulfated acid glycosaminoglycans was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the foam cells proliferating in these tissues, as well as in the liver cells. Electron microscopically, all of these storage cells were found to contain numerous, membrane-bound, vacuolar inclusions filled with flocculent, finely reticulogranular materials of low electron density similar to those seen in the storage cells of Hurler, Hunter or Sanfilippo's syndrome. Empty vacuoles were often coexistent. Accordingly, this case should be termed \"chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate mucopolysaccharidosis\", with emphasis on the possibility of a new type of genetic mucopolysaccharidosis.", "contents": "Chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate mucopolysaccharidosis--a morphological study. A 17-year-old patient clinically manifesting gargoyle face, dwarfism, skeletal bone deformity, mild mental retardation and benign course was presented. Biochemically, increased urinary excretion of acidic glycosaminoglycans was confirmed and chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate were substantiated to be the major components of the acid mucopolysacchariduria. Light microscopically, variable numbers of foam cells were observed in the biopsy materials of the lymph nodes, liver and skin, as well as in the smears of bone marrow aspirates. In the liver, the parenchymal cells appeared vacuolated. Histochemically, accumulation of sulfated acid glycosaminoglycans was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the foam cells proliferating in these tissues, as well as in the liver cells. Electron microscopically, all of these storage cells were found to contain numerous, membrane-bound, vacuolar inclusions filled with flocculent, finely reticulogranular materials of low electron density similar to those seen in the storage cells of Hurler, Hunter or Sanfilippo's syndrome. Empty vacuoles were often coexistent. Accordingly, this case should be termed \"chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate mucopolysaccharidosis\", with emphasis on the possibility of a new type of genetic mucopolysaccharidosis.", "PMID": 104545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6257", "title": "Pilot study on the growth inhibition by estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) of rat mammary tumours sensitive and insensitive of oestrogen.", "content": "Rat mammary tumours induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene had a higher concentration of 3H and 14C than muscle after injection of estramustine phosphate labelled with 3H in the oestrogen moiety and 14C in the alkylating moiety. Thin-layer chromatography showed that dephosphorylated estramustine phosphate was present in the tumours but no free oestradiol-17beta. The uptake of the drug in the tumours was parallelled by a dose dependant retardation of tumour growth and a prevention of tumour number increase. Estramustine phosphate also retarded growth of mammary tumours resistant to treatment with oestradiol-17 beta. It is concluded that estramustine phosphate has a greater effect on tumour growth than oestrogen.", "contents": "Pilot study on the growth inhibition by estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) of rat mammary tumours sensitive and insensitive of oestrogen. Rat mammary tumours induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene had a higher concentration of 3H and 14C than muscle after injection of estramustine phosphate labelled with 3H in the oestrogen moiety and 14C in the alkylating moiety. Thin-layer chromatography showed that dephosphorylated estramustine phosphate was present in the tumours but no free oestradiol-17beta. The uptake of the drug in the tumours was parallelled by a dose dependant retardation of tumour growth and a prevention of tumour number increase. Estramustine phosphate also retarded growth of mammary tumours resistant to treatment with oestradiol-17 beta. It is concluded that estramustine phosphate has a greater effect on tumour growth than oestrogen.", "PMID": 104546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6258", "title": "Carbon disulphide induced activation of liver UDP glucuronosyltransferase in rats pretreated with phenobarbitone.", "content": "Carbon disulphide (CS2) exposure has been shown to activate the UDP glucuronosyltransferase of liver microsomes in rats pretreated with phenobarbitone. Now the nature of CS2 induced activation of the enzymes has been studied further. Phenobarbitone pretreated rats were exposed to 0.15% CS2 for 2 hrs on two successive days. The activity of UDP glucuronosyltransferase was measured from the liver microsomes after the enzymes was activated by incubation of the microsomes with various concentrations of the detergents Triton X-100, digitonin and cetylpyridinium chloride. The exposed animals showed an increased enzyme activity at all applied concentrations of the detergents; therefore in addition to membrane destruction by CS2 exposure, some other mechanism must also be involved in the CS2 induced activation of liver microsomal UDP glucuronosyltransferase. The changes in membrane lipid-protein interactions with l-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate (ANS) were also probed. The CS2 exposed animals had more high-affinity binding sites for ANS in their liver microsomal membranes, and in addition the quantum yield of ANS fluorescence was enhanced by CS2. The changes differed from those found after carbon tetrachloride exposure and suggest that, even if the two drugs have some common effects on microsomes, e.g. UDP glucuronosyltransferase activation, P-450 destruction and lipid peroxidation induction, the changes they cause in the microsomal micro-environment differ.", "contents": "Carbon disulphide induced activation of liver UDP glucuronosyltransferase in rats pretreated with phenobarbitone. Carbon disulphide (CS2) exposure has been shown to activate the UDP glucuronosyltransferase of liver microsomes in rats pretreated with phenobarbitone. Now the nature of CS2 induced activation of the enzymes has been studied further. Phenobarbitone pretreated rats were exposed to 0.15% CS2 for 2 hrs on two successive days. The activity of UDP glucuronosyltransferase was measured from the liver microsomes after the enzymes was activated by incubation of the microsomes with various concentrations of the detergents Triton X-100, digitonin and cetylpyridinium chloride. The exposed animals showed an increased enzyme activity at all applied concentrations of the detergents; therefore in addition to membrane destruction by CS2 exposure, some other mechanism must also be involved in the CS2 induced activation of liver microsomal UDP glucuronosyltransferase. The changes in membrane lipid-protein interactions with l-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate (ANS) were also probed. The CS2 exposed animals had more high-affinity binding sites for ANS in their liver microsomal membranes, and in addition the quantum yield of ANS fluorescence was enhanced by CS2. The changes differed from those found after carbon tetrachloride exposure and suggest that, even if the two drugs have some common effects on microsomes, e.g. UDP glucuronosyltransferase activation, P-450 destruction and lipid peroxidation induction, the changes they cause in the microsomal micro-environment differ.", "PMID": 104547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6259", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin in rats: effects of antirheumatic drugs.", "content": "The effects of different antirheumatic drugs administered according to various dosing regimes on tuberculin hypersensitivity in rats have been assessed quantitating the changes of exudate volume and mononuclear cells immigration at the site of challenge. Dosing at the time of sensitization with aurothiomalate and D-penicillamine enhanced the cell immigration which was decreased by similar treatment with levamisole. Cyclophosphamide increased the exudate formation. Indomethacin had no effect. Dosing at the time of challenge caused a marked reduction of both the parameters by aurothiomalate and cyclophosphamide and enhancement by levamisole. D-penicillamine increased only the cellular immigration and indomethacin the exudate formation. Long treatment with aurothiomalate and cyclophosphamide suppressed the responses. Similar treatment with D-penicillamine and levamisole produced a significant enhancement. Indomethacin had no effect. The relevance of these findings to the testing and mode of action of antirheumatic drugs is discussed.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin in rats: effects of antirheumatic drugs. The effects of different antirheumatic drugs administered according to various dosing regimes on tuberculin hypersensitivity in rats have been assessed quantitating the changes of exudate volume and mononuclear cells immigration at the site of challenge. Dosing at the time of sensitization with aurothiomalate and D-penicillamine enhanced the cell immigration which was decreased by similar treatment with levamisole. Cyclophosphamide increased the exudate formation. Indomethacin had no effect. Dosing at the time of challenge caused a marked reduction of both the parameters by aurothiomalate and cyclophosphamide and enhancement by levamisole. D-penicillamine increased only the cellular immigration and indomethacin the exudate formation. Long treatment with aurothiomalate and cyclophosphamide suppressed the responses. Similar treatment with D-penicillamine and levamisole produced a significant enhancement. Indomethacin had no effect. The relevance of these findings to the testing and mode of action of antirheumatic drugs is discussed.", "PMID": 104548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6260", "title": "Blood-brain barrier opening by isotonic saline infusion in normotensive and hypertensive animals.", "content": "The blood-brain barrier to intravascular Evans blue-albumin was opened in monkeys and rabbits by infusing isotonic saline for 15 s into the common carotid artery, when the external carotid was clamped temporarily and the lingual was catheterized for measuring pressure. Barrier opening correlated better with infusion pressure than with infusion rate, and occurred at carotid artery pressures above 170 mmHg. Systemic hypertension induced by Aramine increased barrier vulnerability by causing a higher net carotid artery pressure to be attained at a given infusion rate.", "contents": "Blood-brain barrier opening by isotonic saline infusion in normotensive and hypertensive animals. The blood-brain barrier to intravascular Evans blue-albumin was opened in monkeys and rabbits by infusing isotonic saline for 15 s into the common carotid artery, when the external carotid was clamped temporarily and the lingual was catheterized for measuring pressure. Barrier opening correlated better with infusion pressure than with infusion rate, and occurred at carotid artery pressures above 170 mmHg. Systemic hypertension induced by Aramine increased barrier vulnerability by causing a higher net carotid artery pressure to be attained at a given infusion rate.", "PMID": 104549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6261", "title": "Non-secretory or low-secretory myeloma with intracellular kappa chains. Report of six cases and review of the literature.", "content": "This report concerns six cases of multiple myeloma characterized by either no demonstrable monoclonal immunoglobulin in plasma or urine or by trace amounts (less than or equal to 0.1 g/l) of monoclonal kappa chains in the urine. In all cases there was an infiltration of the bone marrow by plasma cells containing kappa chains but no heavy chains. A retrospective analysis was made of 126 consecutive cases of Bence Jones myeloma. The number of kappa and lambda cases was approximately the same. All cases secreting less than or equal to 0.1 g light chains per 1 urine were of kappa type. This contrasts with a kappa/lambda ratio of 1.4-1.9 among reported series of M-components containing both heavy and light chains. A review of reported cases of non-secretory myeloma revealed a preserved capacity for Ig synthesis in the majority of cases and among these a preponderance of kappa chain producing clones. These observations might be explained by a higher tendency for kappa chain producing cells to mutate to low secretors or to cells producing abnormal light chains which are catabolized rapidly. The clinical data from our patients do not indicate a more pessimistic prognosis in non- or low-secretory myeloma, than in other cases of multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Non-secretory or low-secretory myeloma with intracellular kappa chains. Report of six cases and review of the literature. This report concerns six cases of multiple myeloma characterized by either no demonstrable monoclonal immunoglobulin in plasma or urine or by trace amounts (less than or equal to 0.1 g/l) of monoclonal kappa chains in the urine. In all cases there was an infiltration of the bone marrow by plasma cells containing kappa chains but no heavy chains. A retrospective analysis was made of 126 consecutive cases of Bence Jones myeloma. The number of kappa and lambda cases was approximately the same. All cases secreting less than or equal to 0.1 g light chains per 1 urine were of kappa type. This contrasts with a kappa/lambda ratio of 1.4-1.9 among reported series of M-components containing both heavy and light chains. A review of reported cases of non-secretory myeloma revealed a preserved capacity for Ig synthesis in the majority of cases and among these a preponderance of kappa chain producing clones. These observations might be explained by a higher tendency for kappa chain producing cells to mutate to low secretors or to cells producing abnormal light chains which are catabolized rapidly. The clinical data from our patients do not indicate a more pessimistic prognosis in non- or low-secretory myeloma, than in other cases of multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 104550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6262", "title": "Quantitation of J chain in human biological fluids by a simple immunochemical procedure.", "content": "The molecular form and immunochemical properties of the J chain populations released on reduction and carboxymethylation of normal human plasma, milk, saliva and of plasma containing IgA or IgM M-components were investigated. A procedure was devised to release the entire J chain population from these various sources and to produce immunochemically identical J chain populations containing only J chain monomers. An identical standard J chain population was purified and quantitated by physiochemical means. A specific rabbit anti-J chain antiserum was raised against this pure J chain population. A simple and rapid immunochemical method for J chain quantitation in complex biological fluids as well as in solutions of pure polymeric immunoglobulins was constructed on these grounds. The J chain concentration was found to be (mean +/- S.D.) 1.74 +/- 0.65 micron in normal human plasma, 1.94 +/- 1.21 micron in human milk and 0.48 +/- 0.26 micron in human saliva. The J chain/IgA molar ratio was found to be (mean +/- S.D.) 0.45 +/- 0.07 in human milk and 0.52 +/- 0.09 in human saliva when the IgA concentration was expressed as monomeric units per volume unit. The range of the J chain/IgA molar ratios in plasma samples with highly concentrated IgA M-components was 0-0.64. The J chain/IgM molar ratio in plasma samples with highly concentrated IgM M-components was between 1 and 2 when the IgM concentration was expressed as pentameric units per volume unit.", "contents": "Quantitation of J chain in human biological fluids by a simple immunochemical procedure. The molecular form and immunochemical properties of the J chain populations released on reduction and carboxymethylation of normal human plasma, milk, saliva and of plasma containing IgA or IgM M-components were investigated. A procedure was devised to release the entire J chain population from these various sources and to produce immunochemically identical J chain populations containing only J chain monomers. An identical standard J chain population was purified and quantitated by physiochemical means. A specific rabbit anti-J chain antiserum was raised against this pure J chain population. A simple and rapid immunochemical method for J chain quantitation in complex biological fluids as well as in solutions of pure polymeric immunoglobulins was constructed on these grounds. The J chain concentration was found to be (mean +/- S.D.) 1.74 +/- 0.65 micron in normal human plasma, 1.94 +/- 1.21 micron in human milk and 0.48 +/- 0.26 micron in human saliva. The J chain/IgA molar ratio was found to be (mean +/- S.D.) 0.45 +/- 0.07 in human milk and 0.52 +/- 0.09 in human saliva when the IgA concentration was expressed as monomeric units per volume unit. The range of the J chain/IgA molar ratios in plasma samples with highly concentrated IgA M-components was 0-0.64. The J chain/IgM molar ratio in plasma samples with highly concentrated IgM M-components was between 1 and 2 when the IgM concentration was expressed as pentameric units per volume unit.", "PMID": 104551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6263", "title": "Clinical aspects on 64 cases of juvenile and adult listeriosis in Sweden.", "content": "In 1958-74 altogether 64 cases of bacteriologically verified infections of Listeria monocytogenes were diagnosed in Sweden in children, aged more than 27 days, and in adults. Immunosuppression predisposed to the disease. Thus, many patients had co-existing disorders, such as leukemia and alcoholism. Sixteen patients had been treated with corticosteroids, which were combined with cytostatic drugs in nine. Meningoencephalitis was diagnosed in 52 patients and was fatal in 16. The clinical symptoms did not differ from those in purulent meningitis caused by other bacteria. In the cerebrospinal fluid the cellular response was dominated by polymorphonuclear cells in 29 patients and by mononuclear cells in 20. Ten patients had septicemia, which was fatal in four. Clinical symptoms were dominated by chills, high fever and general prostration. One patient had pleurisy and one an abscess of the neck; both recovered. Serotypes 1 and 4b prevailed and were equally common. Many patients developed raised antibody titers in both the O-agglutination test and the complement fixation test. The titers were often not positive until after a month. Moderate granulocytosis was the rule and monocytosis was rarely seen. Ampicillin alone or combined with an aminoglycoside seemed to be the drug of choice in the treatment of listeriosis. An alternative drug was tetracycline. Most deaths occurred within six days of onset of the illness. Early diagnosis and treatment were imperative. Most patients recovered and serious sequelae were rare.", "contents": "Clinical aspects on 64 cases of juvenile and adult listeriosis in Sweden. In 1958-74 altogether 64 cases of bacteriologically verified infections of Listeria monocytogenes were diagnosed in Sweden in children, aged more than 27 days, and in adults. Immunosuppression predisposed to the disease. Thus, many patients had co-existing disorders, such as leukemia and alcoholism. Sixteen patients had been treated with corticosteroids, which were combined with cytostatic drugs in nine. Meningoencephalitis was diagnosed in 52 patients and was fatal in 16. The clinical symptoms did not differ from those in purulent meningitis caused by other bacteria. In the cerebrospinal fluid the cellular response was dominated by polymorphonuclear cells in 29 patients and by mononuclear cells in 20. Ten patients had septicemia, which was fatal in four. Clinical symptoms were dominated by chills, high fever and general prostration. One patient had pleurisy and one an abscess of the neck; both recovered. Serotypes 1 and 4b prevailed and were equally common. Many patients developed raised antibody titers in both the O-agglutination test and the complement fixation test. The titers were often not positive until after a month. Moderate granulocytosis was the rule and monocytosis was rarely seen. Ampicillin alone or combined with an aminoglycoside seemed to be the drug of choice in the treatment of listeriosis. An alternative drug was tetracycline. Most deaths occurred within six days of onset of the illness. Early diagnosis and treatment were imperative. Most patients recovered and serious sequelae were rare.", "PMID": 104552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6264", "title": "The effect of cimetidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on renal function.", "content": "Serum creatinine, endogenous creatinine clearance, (51Cr)EDTA plasma clearance and the concentration of beta2-microglobulin in serum and urine were determined in 19 patients before and during treatment with cimetidine for peptic ulcer disease. The mean concentrations of creatinine and beta2-microglobulin in serum increased significantly within normal limits after 2 and 6 weeks' treatment. However, creatinine clearance and (51Cr)EDTA plasma clearance were unchanged during the treatment. Thus, the observed increases in serum creatinine and beta2-microglobulin could not be explained by a diminished glomerular filtration rate. Inhibited tubular secretion of creatinine may explain the observed increase in serum creatinine during cimetidine treatment. Another hypothetical possibility is that a small increase in tubular reabsorption of both creatinine and beta2-microglobulin would account for the observed increases in creatinine and beta2-microglobulin in serum. It is concluded that, although statistically significant, the increases in serum creatinine and beta2-microglobulin are small and therefore of little relevance for the patient's treatment with cimetidine.", "contents": "The effect of cimetidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on renal function. Serum creatinine, endogenous creatinine clearance, (51Cr)EDTA plasma clearance and the concentration of beta2-microglobulin in serum and urine were determined in 19 patients before and during treatment with cimetidine for peptic ulcer disease. The mean concentrations of creatinine and beta2-microglobulin in serum increased significantly within normal limits after 2 and 6 weeks' treatment. However, creatinine clearance and (51Cr)EDTA plasma clearance were unchanged during the treatment. Thus, the observed increases in serum creatinine and beta2-microglobulin could not be explained by a diminished glomerular filtration rate. Inhibited tubular secretion of creatinine may explain the observed increase in serum creatinine during cimetidine treatment. Another hypothetical possibility is that a small increase in tubular reabsorption of both creatinine and beta2-microglobulin would account for the observed increases in creatinine and beta2-microglobulin in serum. It is concluded that, although statistically significant, the increases in serum creatinine and beta2-microglobulin are small and therefore of little relevance for the patient's treatment with cimetidine.", "PMID": 104553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6265", "title": "Clinical and biochemical pathophysiology of ataxia in the sphingolipidoses.", "content": "The sphingolipidoses are best defined as lysosomal storage disorders. Their manifestations can be explained on the basis of a few key principles that should all be verified before making a diagnosis. A genetic mutation may reduce the activity of a lysosomal hydrolase. Mutations of the hydrolases, respecting the active site, would not compromise their activity as tested in vitro but might interfere with the lysosomal functions. The undegraded substrates accumulate in the tissues where they are normally synthesized or taken up. The site and rate of storage define the clinical expression of the defect, which may include ataxia. Detailed, comprehensive, multidisciplinary studies emphasize the great complexity of the lysosomal storage disorders and the nonspecificity of single clinical, pathological, ultrastructural, or biochemical criteria. The possibility of inducing storage by chemical means points to aspects of the lysosomal physiology that have been neglected so far but that might also have genetic expression. Lysosomal hydrolases function in a controlled environment dependent on the lysosomal membrane, pH, and hypothetical dispersing agents. Any of these factors conceivably may be genetically impaired and give rise to apparently nonspecific storage.", "contents": "Clinical and biochemical pathophysiology of ataxia in the sphingolipidoses. The sphingolipidoses are best defined as lysosomal storage disorders. Their manifestations can be explained on the basis of a few key principles that should all be verified before making a diagnosis. A genetic mutation may reduce the activity of a lysosomal hydrolase. Mutations of the hydrolases, respecting the active site, would not compromise their activity as tested in vitro but might interfere with the lysosomal functions. The undegraded substrates accumulate in the tissues where they are normally synthesized or taken up. The site and rate of storage define the clinical expression of the defect, which may include ataxia. Detailed, comprehensive, multidisciplinary studies emphasize the great complexity of the lysosomal storage disorders and the nonspecificity of single clinical, pathological, ultrastructural, or biochemical criteria. The possibility of inducing storage by chemical means points to aspects of the lysosomal physiology that have been neglected so far but that might also have genetic expression. Lysosomal hydrolases function in a controlled environment dependent on the lysosomal membrane, pH, and hypothetical dispersing agents. Any of these factors conceivably may be genetically impaired and give rise to apparently nonspecific storage.", "PMID": 104554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6266", "title": "Evidence for a primary defect of lipoamide dehydrogenase in Friedreich's ataxia.", "content": "There is now a great deal of evidence to link genetic defects of pyruvate metabolism to brain disease. Experimental evidence is reviewed in Chapter 12, and clinical evidence has been reviewed above. Severe lesions of components of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are associated with severe generalized brain disease, and milder defects with inherited ataxias. Nearly half of one series of our ataxic patients had deficient activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, and 40% of another series have deficient activity of the lipoamide dehydrogenase component. This last group corresponds to 60% of the patients with Friedreich's ataxia and its clinical variants at UCLA. There is an association between defective activity of lipoamide dehydrogenase and disease, and the data suggest there is a structural mutation of the gene for the enzyme. Preliminary studies suggest that obligate heterozygotes as a group have enzyme activities between those for controls and those for patients. Moreover, the obligate heterozygotes from families in which there are kinetic defects of lipoamide dehydrogenase also appear to have kinetic abnormalities of the enzyme. The ataxic patients with reduced lipoamide dehydrogenase activity currently fall into two clinical groups. One is ragged-red ataxia, and the other is a disorder that is a subgroup of the classic Friedreich's ataxia syndrome. Studies need to be undertaken on a larger group of patients, with more diverse inherited ataxias, to test the present clinical associations of the enzyme defect. A dietary treatment derived from a knowledge of the presumed defect has modified the ataxia that is associated with defects of pyruvate decarboxylase, but the diet has not yet been tested with defects of lipoamide dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Evidence for a primary defect of lipoamide dehydrogenase in Friedreich's ataxia. There is now a great deal of evidence to link genetic defects of pyruvate metabolism to brain disease. Experimental evidence is reviewed in Chapter 12, and clinical evidence has been reviewed above. Severe lesions of components of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are associated with severe generalized brain disease, and milder defects with inherited ataxias. Nearly half of one series of our ataxic patients had deficient activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, and 40% of another series have deficient activity of the lipoamide dehydrogenase component. This last group corresponds to 60% of the patients with Friedreich's ataxia and its clinical variants at UCLA. There is an association between defective activity of lipoamide dehydrogenase and disease, and the data suggest there is a structural mutation of the gene for the enzyme. Preliminary studies suggest that obligate heterozygotes as a group have enzyme activities between those for controls and those for patients. Moreover, the obligate heterozygotes from families in which there are kinetic defects of lipoamide dehydrogenase also appear to have kinetic abnormalities of the enzyme. The ataxic patients with reduced lipoamide dehydrogenase activity currently fall into two clinical groups. One is ragged-red ataxia, and the other is a disorder that is a subgroup of the classic Friedreich's ataxia syndrome. Studies need to be undertaken on a larger group of patients, with more diverse inherited ataxias, to test the present clinical associations of the enzyme defect. A dietary treatment derived from a knowledge of the presumed defect has modified the ataxia that is associated with defects of pyruvate decarboxylase, but the diet has not yet been tested with defects of lipoamide dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 104555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6267", "title": "Congenital pulmonary atresia: photographic subtraction as an aid in recognizing hypoplastic pulmonary arteries.", "content": "Photographic subtraction is a valuable adjunct for studying patients with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and systemic pulmonary collateral vessels. In about 9% of 282 patients, it helped identify the true central pulmonary arteries and whether or not they were confluent. This technique, used retrospectively in evaluating patients previously considered inoperable, has permitted recall of several patients for repeat study and probable corrective or palliative surgery.", "contents": "Congenital pulmonary atresia: photographic subtraction as an aid in recognizing hypoplastic pulmonary arteries. Photographic subtraction is a valuable adjunct for studying patients with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and systemic pulmonary collateral vessels. In about 9% of 282 patients, it helped identify the true central pulmonary arteries and whether or not they were confluent. This technique, used retrospectively in evaluating patients previously considered inoperable, has permitted recall of several patients for repeat study and probable corrective or palliative surgery.", "PMID": 104562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6268", "title": "Radiographic and echocardiographic evaluation of newborns treated with indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus.", "content": "A series of 33 consecutive preterm newborns who were treated with indomethacin, a drug which acts to close the patent ductus arteriosus, were studied retrospectively to examine the efficacy of chest radiography and echocardiography in diagnosing the presence of a significant patent ductus arteriosus. Radiographic changes in pulmonary vascular engorgement, pulmonary edema, and cardiac size on the anteroposterior film tended to precede the clinical changes of shunt appearance and resolution. The echocardiographic left atrial to aortic ratio (LA/Ao) supplemented the radiographic findings. The time of disappearance of the ductus arteriosus shunt, as judged by clinical findings, was identified accurately by radiographic and echocardiographic findings in the majority of cases; errors of under- and overestimation occurred in a minority of patients. In assessing both the presence and the resolution of the shunt, greater reliability was possible by using both radiographic and echocardiographic findings than by using either method alone.", "contents": "Radiographic and echocardiographic evaluation of newborns treated with indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus. A series of 33 consecutive preterm newborns who were treated with indomethacin, a drug which acts to close the patent ductus arteriosus, were studied retrospectively to examine the efficacy of chest radiography and echocardiography in diagnosing the presence of a significant patent ductus arteriosus. Radiographic changes in pulmonary vascular engorgement, pulmonary edema, and cardiac size on the anteroposterior film tended to precede the clinical changes of shunt appearance and resolution. The echocardiographic left atrial to aortic ratio (LA/Ao) supplemented the radiographic findings. The time of disappearance of the ductus arteriosus shunt, as judged by clinical findings, was identified accurately by radiographic and echocardiographic findings in the majority of cases; errors of under- and overestimation occurred in a minority of patients. In assessing both the presence and the resolution of the shunt, greater reliability was possible by using both radiographic and echocardiographic findings than by using either method alone.", "PMID": 104563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6269", "title": "Intermittent bleeding from minute to minute in acute massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage: arteriographic demonstration.", "content": "Acute massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage can be intermittent from minute to minute. This phenomenon is documented by arteriography in three patients. Failure to demonstrate active bleeding by angiography therefore may not prove cessation of bleeding or indicate an inadequate examination.", "contents": "Intermittent bleeding from minute to minute in acute massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage: arteriographic demonstration. Acute massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage can be intermittent from minute to minute. This phenomenon is documented by arteriography in three patients. Failure to demonstrate active bleeding by angiography therefore may not prove cessation of bleeding or indicate an inadequate examination.", "PMID": 104564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6270", "title": "Protean manifestations of mycotic aneurysms.", "content": "Nine patients examined by arteriography were shown to have mycotic aneurysms involving the thoracic aorta, subclavian artery, renal artery, middle cerebral artery, hepatic artery, and splenic artery. Patients presented with sepsis, chest pain, mediastinal mass, headache, hypertension, and intraperitoneal bleeding. Etiologic factors included endocarditis, septicemia, drug abuse, and poorly controlled soft-tissue infection. Most mycotic aneurysms were virulent processes with rapid progression and only three of the nine patients (33%) survived. Since mycotic aneurysms may be associated with rapid progression and poor prognosis, early recognition is mandatory.", "contents": "Protean manifestations of mycotic aneurysms. Nine patients examined by arteriography were shown to have mycotic aneurysms involving the thoracic aorta, subclavian artery, renal artery, middle cerebral artery, hepatic artery, and splenic artery. Patients presented with sepsis, chest pain, mediastinal mass, headache, hypertension, and intraperitoneal bleeding. Etiologic factors included endocarditis, septicemia, drug abuse, and poorly controlled soft-tissue infection. Most mycotic aneurysms were virulent processes with rapid progression and only three of the nine patients (33%) survived. Since mycotic aneurysms may be associated with rapid progression and poor prognosis, early recognition is mandatory.", "PMID": 104565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6271", "title": "Transcatheter occlusion of the arterial supply to arteriovenous fistulas with Gianturco coils.", "content": "Transcatheter occlusive therapy is finding widespread clinical application. Numerous types of occlusive devices have been described. This report details the first three cases of occlusion of the arterial supply to arteriovenous fistulas with Gianturco stainless steel coils. Patients benefiting from this approach include those who refuse or cannot tolerate surgery, those in whom previous surgery failed, and those with chronic fistulas in whom surgery is likely to fail. The angiographer should make sure the coil is completely within the desired vessel, the feeding vessel is smaller than the coil to prevent passage through the fistula, and there is adequate collateral flow to distal organs to prevent infarction after occlusion of a major artery. This technique is useful as a nonsurgical treatment for a variety of arteriovenous fistulas and is within the capability of any experienced angiographer.", "contents": "Transcatheter occlusion of the arterial supply to arteriovenous fistulas with Gianturco coils. Transcatheter occlusive therapy is finding widespread clinical application. Numerous types of occlusive devices have been described. This report details the first three cases of occlusion of the arterial supply to arteriovenous fistulas with Gianturco stainless steel coils. Patients benefiting from this approach include those who refuse or cannot tolerate surgery, those in whom previous surgery failed, and those with chronic fistulas in whom surgery is likely to fail. The angiographer should make sure the coil is completely within the desired vessel, the feeding vessel is smaller than the coil to prevent passage through the fistula, and there is adequate collateral flow to distal organs to prevent infarction after occlusion of a major artery. This technique is useful as a nonsurgical treatment for a variety of arteriovenous fistulas and is within the capability of any experienced angiographer.", "PMID": 104566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6272", "title": "Mammographic parenchymal patterns as risk indicators for incident cancer in a screening program: an extended analysis.", "content": "In a screening program of self-referred women, different mammographic parenchymal patterns were related to significantly different rates for developing breast cancer. The risk of cancer detection subsequent to a negative mammographic examination was 7.6 times greater for women in the highest parenchymal risk class compared with the lowest, an increase in risk comparable to that of a personal history of breast cancer and greater than that reported for any other combination of historical risk factors. These differences are qualitatively similar to, but of a lesser magnitude than, those in previous reports which were based on symptomatic women with previous negative mammograms. Data suggest this difference in risk is inherent between parenchymal patterns, rather than indicating difficulty in identifying small cancers in dense breasts. Findings of differential parenchymal risk, coupled with other risk factors, may lead to concentrating mammographic screening on a smaller segment of the population, thus improving the benefit-to-cost ratio.", "contents": "Mammographic parenchymal patterns as risk indicators for incident cancer in a screening program: an extended analysis. In a screening program of self-referred women, different mammographic parenchymal patterns were related to significantly different rates for developing breast cancer. The risk of cancer detection subsequent to a negative mammographic examination was 7.6 times greater for women in the highest parenchymal risk class compared with the lowest, an increase in risk comparable to that of a personal history of breast cancer and greater than that reported for any other combination of historical risk factors. These differences are qualitatively similar to, but of a lesser magnitude than, those in previous reports which were based on symptomatic women with previous negative mammograms. Data suggest this difference in risk is inherent between parenchymal patterns, rather than indicating difficulty in identifying small cancers in dense breasts. Findings of differential parenchymal risk, coupled with other risk factors, may lead to concentrating mammographic screening on a smaller segment of the population, thus improving the benefit-to-cost ratio.", "PMID": 104567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6273", "title": "Radiology of the jugular tubercles.", "content": "The jugular tubercles are two small protuberances that arise from the inferolateral margins of the clivus and project posterosuperiorly over the hypoglossal canals. The jugular tubercles are clearly seen on routine anteroposterior temporal bone tomograms and may be identified on axial or coronat CT scans. Varying widely in size and configuration, these structures are usually somewhat ovoid but can be elongated, gently squared, or asymmetric. Despite this variation in size and appearance, no normal instances were found in which the superior surface of the jugular tubercles appeared either flattened or concave. The radiology of the normal and pathologic jugular tubercle is described. The material outlined was derived from radiographic studies of both dried skulls and a variety of normal and abnormal clinical cases.", "contents": "Radiology of the jugular tubercles. The jugular tubercles are two small protuberances that arise from the inferolateral margins of the clivus and project posterosuperiorly over the hypoglossal canals. The jugular tubercles are clearly seen on routine anteroposterior temporal bone tomograms and may be identified on axial or coronat CT scans. Varying widely in size and configuration, these structures are usually somewhat ovoid but can be elongated, gently squared, or asymmetric. Despite this variation in size and appearance, no normal instances were found in which the superior surface of the jugular tubercles appeared either flattened or concave. The radiology of the normal and pathologic jugular tubercle is described. The material outlined was derived from radiographic studies of both dried skulls and a variety of normal and abnormal clinical cases.", "PMID": 104568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6274", "title": "Technetium-99m pertechnetate as an indicator of gastric mucosal proliferation.", "content": "Gastric mucosa was removed from five dogs and allowed to regenerate. Serial scintiscans after administration of 99mTc pertechnetate revealed gradual increase in gastric radioactivity, so that by 4 weeks it appeared as intense as preoperatively. By this means it was possible to follow the progress of gastric mucosal regeneration. The authors suggest that serial 99mTc scintiscanning might prove useful in evaluating the hypothesis that Barrett esophagus is due to replacement of esophageal squamous epithelium by gastric columnar epithelium.", "contents": "Technetium-99m pertechnetate as an indicator of gastric mucosal proliferation. Gastric mucosa was removed from five dogs and allowed to regenerate. Serial scintiscans after administration of 99mTc pertechnetate revealed gradual increase in gastric radioactivity, so that by 4 weeks it appeared as intense as preoperatively. By this means it was possible to follow the progress of gastric mucosal regeneration. The authors suggest that serial 99mTc scintiscanning might prove useful in evaluating the hypothesis that Barrett esophagus is due to replacement of esophageal squamous epithelium by gastric columnar epithelium.", "PMID": 104569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6275", "title": "Drip infusion urography with meglumine iodamide.", "content": "In a double-blind study of 283 patients (140 given iodamide and 143 diatrizoate), meglumine iodamide 24% produced a significantly greater degree of opacification than meglumine diatrizoate 30% (P less than 0.01 to P less than 0.001) in the renal calyces during the early phase of drip infusion pyelography. The agents were infused at a dose of 4.5 ml/kg, up to a maximum volume of 300 ml, over a period of about 10 min. The incidence and nature of laboratory abnormalities and clinical adverse reactions produced by the drugs were similar. No severe reactions occurred. The apparent superiority of the iodamide solution in the early stage of excretion, despite its lower iodine content, may be due to the partial secretion of iodamide by the renal tubules, as observed in other studies.", "contents": "Drip infusion urography with meglumine iodamide. In a double-blind study of 283 patients (140 given iodamide and 143 diatrizoate), meglumine iodamide 24% produced a significantly greater degree of opacification than meglumine diatrizoate 30% (P less than 0.01 to P less than 0.001) in the renal calyces during the early phase of drip infusion pyelography. The agents were infused at a dose of 4.5 ml/kg, up to a maximum volume of 300 ml, over a period of about 10 min. The incidence and nature of laboratory abnormalities and clinical adverse reactions produced by the drugs were similar. No severe reactions occurred. The apparent superiority of the iodamide solution in the early stage of excretion, despite its lower iodine content, may be due to the partial secretion of iodamide by the renal tubules, as observed in other studies.", "PMID": 104570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6276", "title": "Shoulder arthrography as a treatment modality.", "content": "Some patients undergoing shoulder arthrography with a stiff and painful joint have a small volume capsule or a frozen shoulder. In certain cases when the rotator cuff is intact, the arthrographic procedure has been therapeutic and joint distention has effected a return to normal function. Four such cases are presented.", "contents": "Shoulder arthrography as a treatment modality. Some patients undergoing shoulder arthrography with a stiff and painful joint have a small volume capsule or a frozen shoulder. In certain cases when the rotator cuff is intact, the arthrographic procedure has been therapeutic and joint distention has effected a return to normal function. Four such cases are presented.", "PMID": 104571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6277", "title": "Association of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and calcification and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.", "content": "Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a common ossifying diathesis in middle-aged and elderly patients characterized by bone proliferation along the anterior aspect of the spine and at extraspinal sites of ligament and tendon attachment to bone. Four patients with DISH revealed extensive calcification and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine. Review of cervical spine radiographs in 74 additional patients with DISH demonstrated bony hyperostosis of the posterior aspect of the vertebrae in 41%, posterior spinal osteophytosis in 34%, and posterior longitudinal ligament calcification and ossification in 50%. These ligamentous findings, which have previously been described almost exclusively in Japanese people, appear to be an additional skeletal manifestation of DISH.", "contents": "Association of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and calcification and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a common ossifying diathesis in middle-aged and elderly patients characterized by bone proliferation along the anterior aspect of the spine and at extraspinal sites of ligament and tendon attachment to bone. Four patients with DISH revealed extensive calcification and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine. Review of cervical spine radiographs in 74 additional patients with DISH demonstrated bony hyperostosis of the posterior aspect of the vertebrae in 41%, posterior spinal osteophytosis in 34%, and posterior longitudinal ligament calcification and ossification in 50%. These ligamentous findings, which have previously been described almost exclusively in Japanese people, appear to be an additional skeletal manifestation of DISH.", "PMID": 104572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6278", "title": "Intraarticular methyl methacrylate: a complication of hip surgery.", "content": "Methyl methacrylate, used as a grout during hip arthroplasty, can inadvertently become lodged between acetabular and femoral components during surgery. After resumption of ambulation, crescentic fragments may extrude into the pseudocapsule. If mobile methyl methacrylate fragments lodge within the joint, late surgical failure may result because of methyl methacrylate's abrasive character. Two cases of total hip replacement and one case of femoral arthroplasty are reported in which intraarticular methyl methacrylate was identified retrospectively; all three patients remain asymptomatic at the time of the report.", "contents": "Intraarticular methyl methacrylate: a complication of hip surgery. Methyl methacrylate, used as a grout during hip arthroplasty, can inadvertently become lodged between acetabular and femoral components during surgery. After resumption of ambulation, crescentic fragments may extrude into the pseudocapsule. If mobile methyl methacrylate fragments lodge within the joint, late surgical failure may result because of methyl methacrylate's abrasive character. Two cases of total hip replacement and one case of femoral arthroplasty are reported in which intraarticular methyl methacrylate was identified retrospectively; all three patients remain asymptomatic at the time of the report.", "PMID": 104573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6279", "title": "Postoperative bony stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal: evaluation of 164 symptomatic patients with axial radiography.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) and transverse axial tomography (TAT) were used to study the lumbar spines of 164 patients with persistent or recurrent low back pain and/or radiculopathy. Of those patients with previous spinal fusion and of those with previous disectomy, 43% and 28%, respectively, demonstrated bony stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal. Of the patients who underwent surgery for this narrowed canal, 91% showed clinical improvement.", "contents": "Postoperative bony stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal: evaluation of 164 symptomatic patients with axial radiography. Computed tomography (CT) and transverse axial tomography (TAT) were used to study the lumbar spines of 164 patients with persistent or recurrent low back pain and/or radiculopathy. Of those patients with previous spinal fusion and of those with previous disectomy, 43% and 28%, respectively, demonstrated bony stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal. Of the patients who underwent surgery for this narrowed canal, 91% showed clinical improvement.", "PMID": 104574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6280", "title": "Prospective comparison of ultrasound and computed tomography in the evaluation of gynecologic pelvic masses.", "content": "A prospective evaluation of computed tomography and ultrasound was performed on 24 consecutive patients with suspected pelvic masses. Of the 24 patients, 22 had subsequent surgical identification of abnormalities; two were considered normal on clinical follow-up. Ultrasound provided important clinical information in 17 of 24 patients; CT in 15 of 24 patients. There were three false negative examinations with each method and no false positives. Differentiation between benign and malignant disease could not be made in four of 24 patients by ultrasound and five of 24 patients by CT. Because both imaging techniques depict similar pathology and use similar diagnostic criteria, the two methods tend not to be complementary.", "contents": "Prospective comparison of ultrasound and computed tomography in the evaluation of gynecologic pelvic masses. A prospective evaluation of computed tomography and ultrasound was performed on 24 consecutive patients with suspected pelvic masses. Of the 24 patients, 22 had subsequent surgical identification of abnormalities; two were considered normal on clinical follow-up. Ultrasound provided important clinical information in 17 of 24 patients; CT in 15 of 24 patients. There were three false negative examinations with each method and no false positives. Differentiation between benign and malignant disease could not be made in four of 24 patients by ultrasound and five of 24 patients by CT. Because both imaging techniques depict similar pathology and use similar diagnostic criteria, the two methods tend not to be complementary.", "PMID": 104597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6281", "title": "Sonolucent areas in the placenta: sonographic and pathologic correlation.", "content": "With the advent of gray scale ultrasonography, the internal structure of the placenta can be defined in great detail. Subchorionic sonolucent areas visualized on antepartum sonograms correlate with areas of subchorionic fibrin deposition, hematoma, and cystic degeneration in the term placenta. These lesions are apparently of no clinical significance. However, diffuse intraplacental sonolucent cystic lesions are abnormal and are seen in both hydatidiform mole and hydropic swelling of the placenta.", "contents": "Sonolucent areas in the placenta: sonographic and pathologic correlation. With the advent of gray scale ultrasonography, the internal structure of the placenta can be defined in great detail. Subchorionic sonolucent areas visualized on antepartum sonograms correlate with areas of subchorionic fibrin deposition, hematoma, and cystic degeneration in the term placenta. These lesions are apparently of no clinical significance. However, diffuse intraplacental sonolucent cystic lesions are abnormal and are seen in both hydatidiform mole and hydropic swelling of the placenta.", "PMID": 104598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6282", "title": "Analysis of ultrasonographic criteria in the evaluation for ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "To assess the usefulness of ultrasound in diagnosing ectopic pregnancy, the ultrasonographic findings, pregnancy test results, and proven diagnoses in 148 patients referred for evaluation for ectopic pregnancy were reviewed. Of these patients, 33 were subsequently proven to have ectopic gestations. The ultrasonograms were coded for uterine size, intrauterine gestation sac, adnexal mass, adnexal ring, cul-de-sac fluid, or normal findings. With a positive pregnancy test, the presence of an intrauterine gestation sac excludes the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Of those patients with positive pregnancy tests and no intrauterine gestation sac, 73% had ectopic pregnancy. All patients with normal ultrasonograms had other diagnoses. With a negative pregnancy test, the intrauterine findings are not helpful, and evaluation of the adnexa is more important. An adnexal ring is a significant, though not absolute, indicator of ectopic pregnancy. A normal scan excludes this diagnosis. Other criteria were not significant. A clinical approach to the evaluation for ectopic pregnancy, based on the data accumulated in this study, is suggested.", "contents": "Analysis of ultrasonographic criteria in the evaluation for ectopic pregnancy. To assess the usefulness of ultrasound in diagnosing ectopic pregnancy, the ultrasonographic findings, pregnancy test results, and proven diagnoses in 148 patients referred for evaluation for ectopic pregnancy were reviewed. Of these patients, 33 were subsequently proven to have ectopic gestations. The ultrasonograms were coded for uterine size, intrauterine gestation sac, adnexal mass, adnexal ring, cul-de-sac fluid, or normal findings. With a positive pregnancy test, the presence of an intrauterine gestation sac excludes the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Of those patients with positive pregnancy tests and no intrauterine gestation sac, 73% had ectopic pregnancy. All patients with normal ultrasonograms had other diagnoses. With a negative pregnancy test, the intrauterine findings are not helpful, and evaluation of the adnexa is more important. An adnexal ring is a significant, though not absolute, indicator of ectopic pregnancy. A normal scan excludes this diagnosis. Other criteria were not significant. A clinical approach to the evaluation for ectopic pregnancy, based on the data accumulated in this study, is suggested.", "PMID": 104599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6283", "title": "Uterine anomalies associated with renal agenesis: role of gray scale ultrasonography.", "content": "Anomalies of the female genital tract were successfully characterized by gray scale ultrasonography in three cases; all three were found in association with unilateral renal agenesis. Findings at intravenous urography prompted ultrasound studies. The high incidence of genital tract anomalies associated with unilateral renal agenesis, particularly in females, indicates ultrasonography be used to examine the pelvis (as well as the renal bed). Further diagnostic procedures can then be assessed on a more informed basis.", "contents": "Uterine anomalies associated with renal agenesis: role of gray scale ultrasonography. Anomalies of the female genital tract were successfully characterized by gray scale ultrasonography in three cases; all three were found in association with unilateral renal agenesis. Findings at intravenous urography prompted ultrasound studies. The high incidence of genital tract anomalies associated with unilateral renal agenesis, particularly in females, indicates ultrasonography be used to examine the pelvis (as well as the renal bed). Further diagnostic procedures can then be assessed on a more informed basis.", "PMID": 104600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6284", "title": "Comparison of whole lung tomography and computed tomography for detecting pulmonary nodules.", "content": "Detecting pulmonary metastasis is important when planning surgical therapy, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy in patients with known malignancy. A series of 91 patients was studied by both whole lung tomography and computed tomography (CT) of the lungs. More pulmonary nodules were detected with CT than with whole lung tomography in 32 (35%) of the patients. Of the 91 patients in the study, 31 had resection of some or all of the pulmonary nodules. In 27 patients, the nodules were primary or metastatic malignant lesions. Bilateral pulmonary nodules were detected with CT in 13 patients when whole lung tomography had demonstrated nodules in only one lung. CT has replaced whole lung tomography as the method preferred by the authors for detecting pulmonary nodules in selected patients at risk to develop pulmonary metastasis.", "contents": "Comparison of whole lung tomography and computed tomography for detecting pulmonary nodules. Detecting pulmonary metastasis is important when planning surgical therapy, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy in patients with known malignancy. A series of 91 patients was studied by both whole lung tomography and computed tomography (CT) of the lungs. More pulmonary nodules were detected with CT than with whole lung tomography in 32 (35%) of the patients. Of the 91 patients in the study, 31 had resection of some or all of the pulmonary nodules. In 27 patients, the nodules were primary or metastatic malignant lesions. Bilateral pulmonary nodules were detected with CT in 13 patients when whole lung tomography had demonstrated nodules in only one lung. CT has replaced whole lung tomography as the method preferred by the authors for detecting pulmonary nodules in selected patients at risk to develop pulmonary metastasis.", "PMID": 104601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6285", "title": "Radiographic manifestations of pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii infections.", "content": "The radiographic characteristics of 187 pristine cases of pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii infection are reviewed. The cases were selected from a total of 309 patients with two positive sputum cultures. All but three of the 187 patients had pulmonary disease. The progenitive focus of disease almost always involved the upper lobes, the right side (72%) more often than the left (50%). Upper lobe disease began posterior to the trachea in every case. Only one patient had disease that originated in an atypical location, that is, in the superior segment of the right lower lobe. The most frequent radiographic abnormality was cavitation (96% of diseased patients). The classical description of a thin walled cavity (or cavities) occurred in 33% of patients. A cicatricial reaction  was common (two-thirds of cases). About 63% of patients had endobronchial spread. The likelihood of endobronchial disease decreased as the distance from the progenitive focus increased. Pleural effusions and adenopathy were rare. In an individual case, it is not possible to differentiate between pulmonary M. tuberculosis and M. kansasii infections.", "contents": "Radiographic manifestations of pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii infections. The radiographic characteristics of 187 pristine cases of pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii infection are reviewed. The cases were selected from a total of 309 patients with two positive sputum cultures. All but three of the 187 patients had pulmonary disease. The progenitive focus of disease almost always involved the upper lobes, the right side (72%) more often than the left (50%). Upper lobe disease began posterior to the trachea in every case. Only one patient had disease that originated in an atypical location, that is, in the superior segment of the right lower lobe. The most frequent radiographic abnormality was cavitation (96% of diseased patients). The classical description of a thin walled cavity (or cavities) occurred in 33% of patients. A cicatricial reaction  was common (two-thirds of cases). About 63% of patients had endobronchial spread. The likelihood of endobronchial disease decreased as the distance from the progenitive focus increased. Pleural effusions and adenopathy were rare. In an individual case, it is not possible to differentiate between pulmonary M. tuberculosis and M. kansasii infections.", "PMID": 104602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6286", "title": "An electrodiagnostic study of the neurotoxicity of methyl n-amyl ketone.", "content": "The neurotoxicity of methyl n-amyl ketone was investigated in a chronic inhalation study lasting 9 months. Rats and monkeys were exposed 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week, to mean MAK levels of 0, 131, and 1025 ppm. Electrodiagnostic measures of nervous system function revealed no neurotoxic impairment at either MAK exposure. Body weights were similarly unaffected. Gross and histopathology also indicated no adverse effects of MAK. It was concluded that MAK does not possess neurotoxic properties similar to those possessed by methyl n-butyl ketone.", "contents": "An electrodiagnostic study of the neurotoxicity of methyl n-amyl ketone. The neurotoxicity of methyl n-amyl ketone was investigated in a chronic inhalation study lasting 9 months. Rats and monkeys were exposed 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week, to mean MAK levels of 0, 131, and 1025 ppm. Electrodiagnostic measures of nervous system function revealed no neurotoxic impairment at either MAK exposure. Body weights were similarly unaffected. Gross and histopathology also indicated no adverse effects of MAK. It was concluded that MAK does not possess neurotoxic properties similar to those possessed by methyl n-butyl ketone.", "PMID": 104607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6287", "title": "Effect of nitroglycerin on vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.", "content": "The effect of nitroglycerin on vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation was examined in 44 chloralose-anesthetized dogs. In 19 animals ventricular fibrillation threshold was measured before and during a 10 minute period of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by abrupt release of occlusion. Fibrillation threshold was determined using the single stimulus and train of stimuli methods. The influence of nitroglycerin on vulnerability was assessed with and without prevention of the drug's hypotensive effect by intravenous injection of phenylephrine. In the nonischemic myocardium, infusion of nitroglycerin alone or in combination with phenylephrine did not alter the ventricular fibrillation threshold. However, during both coronary occlusion and reperfusion, administration of nitroglycerin alone afforded partial protection against vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation. Nearly complete protection was imparted by combined administration of nitroglycerin and phenylephrine. The incidence of spontaneous ventricular fibrillation during reperfusion was significantly reduced by combined administration of nitroglycerin and phenylephrine. It is concluded that infusion of nitroglycerin decreases susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation during both acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion and that this beneficial action is substantially enhanced when the drug's hypotensive effect is prevented.", "contents": "Effect of nitroglycerin on vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. The effect of nitroglycerin on vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation was examined in 44 chloralose-anesthetized dogs. In 19 animals ventricular fibrillation threshold was measured before and during a 10 minute period of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by abrupt release of occlusion. Fibrillation threshold was determined using the single stimulus and train of stimuli methods. The influence of nitroglycerin on vulnerability was assessed with and without prevention of the drug's hypotensive effect by intravenous injection of phenylephrine. In the nonischemic myocardium, infusion of nitroglycerin alone or in combination with phenylephrine did not alter the ventricular fibrillation threshold. However, during both coronary occlusion and reperfusion, administration of nitroglycerin alone afforded partial protection against vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation. Nearly complete protection was imparted by combined administration of nitroglycerin and phenylephrine. The incidence of spontaneous ventricular fibrillation during reperfusion was significantly reduced by combined administration of nitroglycerin and phenylephrine. It is concluded that infusion of nitroglycerin decreases susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation during both acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion and that this beneficial action is substantially enhanced when the drug's hypotensive effect is prevented.", "PMID": 104608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6288", "title": "Coronary spasm with ventricular fibrillation during thyrotoxicosis: response to attaining euthyroid state.", "content": "Although myocardial ischemia may occur in thyrotoxic patients with normal coronary arteries, the mechanism remains unclear. This report describes a woman with hyperthyroidism who had ventricular fibrillation during an apisode of myocardial ischemia. The event was documented with continuous ambulatory electrocardiography. Subsequent angiography revealed normal coronary anatomy with spasm of the right coronary artery that disappeared after ingestion of one sublingual nitroglycerin tablet. The angina, electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia, ventricular arrhythmias and the patient's need for nitroglycerin were eliminated after she became euthyroid. These findings suggest that coronary spasm may be associated with myocardial ischemia and arrhythmias in a hyperthyroid patient.", "contents": "Coronary spasm with ventricular fibrillation during thyrotoxicosis: response to attaining euthyroid state. Although myocardial ischemia may occur in thyrotoxic patients with normal coronary arteries, the mechanism remains unclear. This report describes a woman with hyperthyroidism who had ventricular fibrillation during an apisode of myocardial ischemia. The event was documented with continuous ambulatory electrocardiography. Subsequent angiography revealed normal coronary anatomy with spasm of the right coronary artery that disappeared after ingestion of one sublingual nitroglycerin tablet. The angina, electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia, ventricular arrhythmias and the patient's need for nitroglycerin were eliminated after she became euthyroid. These findings suggest that coronary spasm may be associated with myocardial ischemia and arrhythmias in a hyperthyroid patient.", "PMID": 104611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6289", "title": "Microfilaments, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and synaptic ribbon fields in the pinealocytes of the baboon (Papio ursinus).", "content": "Microfilaments (MF, 5-8 nm in diameter) are a prominent feature of the pinealocyte cytoplasm of baboons (Papio ursinus) kept under controlled lighting conditions. MF occurred as a filamentous network in these cells during the light phase of the diurnal light-dark cycle, while a close structural association was noted between MF and the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). This association was especially evident during the dark period. Increased numbers of single synaptic ribbons (SR, vesicle-crowned rodlets), together with large aggregations of SR, i.e., ribbon fields (RF), were seen in the pinealocyte cytoplasm of baboons killed during the dark phase. It is suggested that the vesicles of RF may arise from those of the SER and that MF may play a role in the movement of SER-vesicles to those areas of the cytoplasm where new RF are being formed.", "contents": "Microfilaments, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and synaptic ribbon fields in the pinealocytes of the baboon (Papio ursinus). Microfilaments (MF, 5-8 nm in diameter) are a prominent feature of the pinealocyte cytoplasm of baboons (Papio ursinus) kept under controlled lighting conditions. MF occurred as a filamentous network in these cells during the light phase of the diurnal light-dark cycle, while a close structural association was noted between MF and the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). This association was especially evident during the dark period. Increased numbers of single synaptic ribbons (SR, vesicle-crowned rodlets), together with large aggregations of SR, i.e., ribbon fields (RF), were seen in the pinealocyte cytoplasm of baboons killed during the dark phase. It is suggested that the vesicles of RF may arise from those of the SER and that MF may play a role in the movement of SER-vesicles to those areas of the cytoplasm where new RF are being formed.", "PMID": 104612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6290", "title": "Properties and production characteristics of vomiting, diarrheal, and necrotizing toxins of Bacillus cereus.", "content": "Evidence is provided that the enterotoxin of Bacillus cereus variously described in the literature as diarrheagenic toxin, diarrheal agent, fluid accumulation factor, vascular permeability factor, dermonecrotic toxin, and intestinonecrotic toxin is a single relatively unstable protein of molecular weight approximately 50,000 and isoelectric point of the order of 4.9. It is presumed to be the enterotoxin responsible for the diarrheal-type B. cereus food poisoning syndrome and it may also be the pyogenic and pyrogenic factor in nongastrointestinal B. cereus infections of man and animals. The enterotoxin is a vegetative growth metabolite produced to one degree or another by almost all B. cereus strains and is readily separated from phospholipase and heat-labile cereolysin but less readily differentiated from a heat-stable hemolysin. It is lethal to mice but may also be separable from another mouse lethal factor by electrofocusing. The emetic toxin responsible for the vomiting-type B. cereus food poisoning syndrome is clearly distinguishable from the diarrheal and other toxic factors and appears to be a highly stable compound of molecular size less than 5000.", "contents": "Properties and production characteristics of vomiting, diarrheal, and necrotizing toxins of Bacillus cereus. Evidence is provided that the enterotoxin of Bacillus cereus variously described in the literature as diarrheagenic toxin, diarrheal agent, fluid accumulation factor, vascular permeability factor, dermonecrotic toxin, and intestinonecrotic toxin is a single relatively unstable protein of molecular weight approximately 50,000 and isoelectric point of the order of 4.9. It is presumed to be the enterotoxin responsible for the diarrheal-type B. cereus food poisoning syndrome and it may also be the pyogenic and pyrogenic factor in nongastrointestinal B. cereus infections of man and animals. The enterotoxin is a vegetative growth metabolite produced to one degree or another by almost all B. cereus strains and is readily separated from phospholipase and heat-labile cereolysin but less readily differentiated from a heat-stable hemolysin. It is lethal to mice but may also be separable from another mouse lethal factor by electrofocusing. The emetic toxin responsible for the vomiting-type B. cereus food poisoning syndrome is clearly distinguishable from the diarrheal and other toxic factors and appears to be a highly stable compound of molecular size less than 5000.", "PMID": 104614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6291", "title": "Shigellosis and Escherichia coli diarrhea: relative importance of invasive and toxigenic mechanisms.", "content": "Shigellae and dysentery-like Escherichia coli must invade the epithelium of the colon to cause disease which can present as dysentery, diarrhea, or both. This paper addresses the possible role of a Shigella dysenteriae-like (Shiga-like) toxin in the pathogenesis of shigellosis and E. coli diarrheal diseases. The possibility for such a role is suggested by the following observations: 1) diarrhea, considered to be a result of secretion of water by the small bowel, is frequently observed in shigellosis, a large bowel disease. 2) Even though shigellae do not invade the jejunum of monkeys fed Shigella flexneri, jejunal secretion is seen in animals with diarrhea. 3) The Shiga toxin of S. dysenteriae has enterotoxic activity and other serotypes of shigellae produce Shiga-like toxins. 4) E. coli 015 RDEC-1 causes a diarrheal disease and frequently death in young rabbits. This organism neither produces E. coli enterotoxins nor is it invasive, but it may produce low levels of a Shiga-like toxin.", "contents": "Shigellosis and Escherichia coli diarrhea: relative importance of invasive and toxigenic mechanisms. Shigellae and dysentery-like Escherichia coli must invade the epithelium of the colon to cause disease which can present as dysentery, diarrhea, or both. This paper addresses the possible role of a Shigella dysenteriae-like (Shiga-like) toxin in the pathogenesis of shigellosis and E. coli diarrheal diseases. The possibility for such a role is suggested by the following observations: 1) diarrhea, considered to be a result of secretion of water by the small bowel, is frequently observed in shigellosis, a large bowel disease. 2) Even though shigellae do not invade the jejunum of monkeys fed Shigella flexneri, jejunal secretion is seen in animals with diarrhea. 3) The Shiga toxin of S. dysenteriae has enterotoxic activity and other serotypes of shigellae produce Shiga-like toxins. 4) E. coli 015 RDEC-1 causes a diarrheal disease and frequently death in young rabbits. This organism neither produces E. coli enterotoxins nor is it invasive, but it may produce low levels of a Shiga-like toxin.", "PMID": 104615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6292", "title": "Biochemical evidence of thiamin deficiency in young Ghanian children.", "content": "Detailed biochemical studies for nutritional status were carried out on 146 Ghanaian children ages 6 months to 6 years over a 2-year period. Study children comprised three main groups: severe protein-calorie malnutrition; mild to moderate protein-calorie malnutrition and apparently healthy children. Erythrocyte transketolase activity and the percentage of erythrocyte transketolase pyrophosphate effect were also determined. In the first year of the study elevated percentage of transketolase pyrophosphate effect indicative of thiamin deficiency was found in all three of the above-mentioned groups, with the most widespread deficiency in the normal groups. In year 2, repeat studies of the severely malnourished group after 2 weeks of nutritional therapy with the administration of vitamin capsules, which included thiamin, resulted in the normalization of transketolase pyrophosphate effect. Apoenzyme activity was comparable in all groups studied. There were no obvious clinical signs of thiamin deficiency, although sensory testing was not performed. A relatively large number of children with high percentage of transketolase pyrosphosphate effect also had serum folic acid deficiency. This evidence of widespread biochemical thiamin deficiency is indicative of an at-risk population among young children for clinical thiamin deficiency. Further studies are needed to identify whether the problem is inadequate thiamin intake, destruction of thiamin by thiaminases or food preparation methods, or malabsorption of thiamin.", "contents": "Biochemical evidence of thiamin deficiency in young Ghanian children. Detailed biochemical studies for nutritional status were carried out on 146 Ghanaian children ages 6 months to 6 years over a 2-year period. Study children comprised three main groups: severe protein-calorie malnutrition; mild to moderate protein-calorie malnutrition and apparently healthy children. Erythrocyte transketolase activity and the percentage of erythrocyte transketolase pyrophosphate effect were also determined. In the first year of the study elevated percentage of transketolase pyrophosphate effect indicative of thiamin deficiency was found in all three of the above-mentioned groups, with the most widespread deficiency in the normal groups. In year 2, repeat studies of the severely malnourished group after 2 weeks of nutritional therapy with the administration of vitamin capsules, which included thiamin, resulted in the normalization of transketolase pyrophosphate effect. Apoenzyme activity was comparable in all groups studied. There were no obvious clinical signs of thiamin deficiency, although sensory testing was not performed. A relatively large number of children with high percentage of transketolase pyrosphosphate effect also had serum folic acid deficiency. This evidence of widespread biochemical thiamin deficiency is indicative of an at-risk population among young children for clinical thiamin deficiency. Further studies are needed to identify whether the problem is inadequate thiamin intake, destruction of thiamin by thiaminases or food preparation methods, or malabsorption of thiamin.", "PMID": 104617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6293", "title": "Gold nephropathy in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A 2-year-old girl was treated with gold salts for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment had to be discontinued when persistent proteinuria was detected. As this case report indicates, close monitoring of the urine is mandatory during treatment with gold salts to detect early signs of toxicity: hematuria followed by casts and then proteinuria as therapy is continued. Histologic examination with electron microscopy will help to differentiate the different forms of gold toxicity. When the findings are consistent with gold-induced renal involvement, therapy should be discontinued. The gold nephropathy usually resolves in time, with no permanent renal damage.", "contents": "Gold nephropathy in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A 2-year-old girl was treated with gold salts for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment had to be discontinued when persistent proteinuria was detected. As this case report indicates, close monitoring of the urine is mandatory during treatment with gold salts to detect early signs of toxicity: hematuria followed by casts and then proteinuria as therapy is continued. Histologic examination with electron microscopy will help to differentiate the different forms of gold toxicity. When the findings are consistent with gold-induced renal involvement, therapy should be discontinued. The gold nephropathy usually resolves in time, with no permanent renal damage.", "PMID": 104619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6294", "title": "Adequacy of endoscopic biopsy specimens for disaccharidase assays.", "content": "Intestinal mucosa from 40 patients obtained by fiber-endoscopic biopsy was assayed for disaccharidases to determine suitability of this tissue for assay. The combined specimens from each patient provided 4.7-38.7 mg of tissue, adequate in all instances for duplicate determinations of protein, lactase, sucrase, and maltase. Tissue remained for assays of palatinase in 39 instances, trehalase and cellobiase in 37, and alkaline phosphatase in 22 cases. Twenty-four subjects had normal lactose tolerance tests and normal sucrase/lactase ratios. Thirteen patients with abnormal oral lactose tolerance tests were identified as having a primary low lactase activity on the basis of elevated sucrase/lactase ratios. This ratio was most helpful in making the diagnosis of a primary low lactase, since the mucosal specimens were not obtained from comparable areas. Tissue from three subjects with an abnormally low maltase was unsuitable for diagnosis. Endoscopic biopsy of mucosa appears to be satisfactory for disaccharidase assays in most instances.", "contents": "Adequacy of endoscopic biopsy specimens for disaccharidase assays. Intestinal mucosa from 40 patients obtained by fiber-endoscopic biopsy was assayed for disaccharidases to determine suitability of this tissue for assay. The combined specimens from each patient provided 4.7-38.7 mg of tissue, adequate in all instances for duplicate determinations of protein, lactase, sucrase, and maltase. Tissue remained for assays of palatinase in 39 instances, trehalase and cellobiase in 37, and alkaline phosphatase in 22 cases. Twenty-four subjects had normal lactose tolerance tests and normal sucrase/lactase ratios. Thirteen patients with abnormal oral lactose tolerance tests were identified as having a primary low lactase activity on the basis of elevated sucrase/lactase ratios. This ratio was most helpful in making the diagnosis of a primary low lactase, since the mucosal specimens were not obtained from comparable areas. Tissue from three subjects with an abnormally low maltase was unsuitable for diagnosis. Endoscopic biopsy of mucosa appears to be satisfactory for disaccharidase assays in most instances.", "PMID": 104620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6295", "title": "Post-transfusion alloimmunization in patients with sickle cell disease.", "content": "The transfusion histories over a 33-month period of 50 patients with sickle cell disease were reviewed to determine the frequency of alloimmunization to red cell antigens following transfusion in these patients. There were 30 females and 20 males, aged 19--49 years. Eighteen (36%) were immunized of which thirteen were females. Five of the patients have formed only one antibody so far, while the other 13 have formed two or more. Thirty-six antibodies were identified: 16 against various Rh antigens, 12 anti-Lewis, 5 anti-Kell and one each of anti-Jka, -Fya and -M. The immunized patients received, on the average, more transfusions although there was a considerable degree of overlap between the immunized and nonimmunized groups. An approach to the hemotherapy of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) is discussed.", "contents": "Post-transfusion alloimmunization in patients with sickle cell disease. The transfusion histories over a 33-month period of 50 patients with sickle cell disease were reviewed to determine the frequency of alloimmunization to red cell antigens following transfusion in these patients. There were 30 females and 20 males, aged 19--49 years. Eighteen (36%) were immunized of which thirteen were females. Five of the patients have formed only one antibody so far, while the other 13 have formed two or more. Thirty-six antibodies were identified: 16 against various Rh antigens, 12 anti-Lewis, 5 anti-Kell and one each of anti-Jka, -Fya and -M. The immunized patients received, on the average, more transfusions although there was a considerable degree of overlap between the immunized and nonimmunized groups. An approach to the hemotherapy of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) is discussed.", "PMID": 104621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6296", "title": "Permanent preparations of granulocyte-macrophage cultures in agar gel.", "content": "A simple method for the permanent preservation of agar cultures is described. The technique involves fixation of agar cultures after incubation, drying, and subsequent remounting and staining on glass slides. The technique permits differential counting of colony type, approximate quantitation of cell numbers within individual colonies or clusters, and permanent preservation of cultures for purposes of interlaboratory standardization, and for routine reference in patient records.", "contents": "Permanent preparations of granulocyte-macrophage cultures in agar gel. A simple method for the permanent preservation of agar cultures is described. The technique involves fixation of agar cultures after incubation, drying, and subsequent remounting and staining on glass slides. The technique permits differential counting of colony type, approximate quantitation of cell numbers within individual colonies or clusters, and permanent preservation of cultures for purposes of interlaboratory standardization, and for routine reference in patient records.", "PMID": 104622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6297", "title": "Ophthalmic features of chromosome deletion 4p- (Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome).", "content": "By using the Giemsa banding technique we identified three patients with chromosome deletion 4p-. All had anterior segment anomalies, exotropia, blepharoptosis, antimongoloid palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, and disk abnormalities. One patient (Case 1) had Rieger's anomaly. Some clinical features in patients with 4p- are similar to those in patients with chromosome deletion 5p-, cri-du-chat syndrome, although 4p- individuals do not have the distinctive cry. The ocular features which distinguish 4p- from other deletions include normal tearing, some degree of blepharoptosis, and the preponderance of anterior segment signs.", "contents": "Ophthalmic features of chromosome deletion 4p- (Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome). By using the Giemsa banding technique we identified three patients with chromosome deletion 4p-. All had anterior segment anomalies, exotropia, blepharoptosis, antimongoloid palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, and disk abnormalities. One patient (Case 1) had Rieger's anomaly. Some clinical features in patients with 4p- are similar to those in patients with chromosome deletion 5p-, cri-du-chat syndrome, although 4p- individuals do not have the distinctive cry. The ocular features which distinguish 4p- from other deletions include normal tearing, some degree of blepharoptosis, and the preponderance of anterior segment signs.", "PMID": 104624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6298", "title": "The fate of transplanted pancreatic islets in the rat.", "content": "Syngeneic pancreatic islets transplanted into the liver or the spleen reverse streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat, but allogeneic islets function only briefly and are rejected. Shortly after transplantation, thrombi often form around transplanted tissue, particularly around nonislet tissue that contaminates islet preparations. These thrombi are a source of transient liver injury in recipients of intrahepatic grafts. A few days after transplantation, syngeneic islets injected into the portal vein are found at the periphery of portal tracts in direct contact with periportal hepatocytes, some of which become hypertrophied. Isografts remain situated in the portal tracts for prolonged periods without adverse effect on the surrounding liver. In contrast, allogeneic islets injected into the portal vein are infiltrated by small lymphocytes within 2 days of transplantation and are rapidly destroyed by the host. Syngeneic islets injected into the splenic pulp localize in the sinusoids and, 1 month or more after transplantation, are often surrounded by connective tissue or local collections of hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Allogeneic islets injected into the spleen are rejected with the same intensity and at approximately the same rate as allogeneic islets injected into the portal vein. Transplant rejection leaves no significant lasting morphologic effect on the host liver or spleen.", "contents": "The fate of transplanted pancreatic islets in the rat. Syngeneic pancreatic islets transplanted into the liver or the spleen reverse streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat, but allogeneic islets function only briefly and are rejected. Shortly after transplantation, thrombi often form around transplanted tissue, particularly around nonislet tissue that contaminates islet preparations. These thrombi are a source of transient liver injury in recipients of intrahepatic grafts. A few days after transplantation, syngeneic islets injected into the portal vein are found at the periphery of portal tracts in direct contact with periportal hepatocytes, some of which become hypertrophied. Isografts remain situated in the portal tracts for prolonged periods without adverse effect on the surrounding liver. In contrast, allogeneic islets injected into the portal vein are infiltrated by small lymphocytes within 2 days of transplantation and are rapidly destroyed by the host. Syngeneic islets injected into the splenic pulp localize in the sinusoids and, 1 month or more after transplantation, are often surrounded by connective tissue or local collections of hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Allogeneic islets injected into the spleen are rejected with the same intensity and at approximately the same rate as allogeneic islets injected into the portal vein. Transplant rejection leaves no significant lasting morphologic effect on the host liver or spleen.", "PMID": 104625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6299", "title": "Social group fission and the origin of intergroup genetic differentiation among the rhesus monkeys of Cayo Santiago.", "content": "The serum transferrin locus is used to investigate the roles of the lineal effect of fission, male migration effect of fission, and genetic drift in causing intergroup genetic differentiation among the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. These three mechanisms prove sufficient to explain the degrees of differentiation between the newly formed social groups A, K, and L as of July 1, 1971. The lineal effect of fission provides a baseline of intergroup differentiation which is altered by forces leading to intragroup genetic change, the male migration effect and genetic drift. The importance of population dynamics for the distribution of alleles among subgroups of a population is recognized.", "contents": "Social group fission and the origin of intergroup genetic differentiation among the rhesus monkeys of Cayo Santiago. The serum transferrin locus is used to investigate the roles of the lineal effect of fission, male migration effect of fission, and genetic drift in causing intergroup genetic differentiation among the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. These three mechanisms prove sufficient to explain the degrees of differentiation between the newly formed social groups A, K, and L as of July 1, 1971. The lineal effect of fission provides a baseline of intergroup differentiation which is altered by forces leading to intragroup genetic change, the male migration effect and genetic drift. The importance of population dynamics for the distribution of alleles among subgroups of a population is recognized.", "PMID": 104626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6300", "title": "The femur in early human evolution.", "content": "Uni- and multivariate analyses of 5 fossil and 215 extant hominoid femora show that two morphological patterns of hominid femora existed about two million years ago. Femora classified as Homo sp. indet. (KNMER 1472 and 1481) are more like Homo sapiens although not identical. Those classified as Australopithecus robustus (SK 82 and 97) and A. boisei (KNM-ER 1503) are similar to one another but uniquely different from any living hominoid. The strong mophological constrasts imply biomechanical and possible locomotor differences, although these are as yet unknown.", "contents": "The femur in early human evolution. Uni- and multivariate analyses of 5 fossil and 215 extant hominoid femora show that two morphological patterns of hominid femora existed about two million years ago. Femora classified as Homo sp. indet. (KNMER 1472 and 1481) are more like Homo sapiens although not identical. Those classified as Australopithecus robustus (SK 82 and 97) and A. boisei (KNM-ER 1503) are similar to one another but uniquely different from any living hominoid. The strong mophological constrasts imply biomechanical and possible locomotor differences, although these are as yet unknown.", "PMID": 104627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6301", "title": "Treatment of bacterial endocarditis with vancomycin.", "content": "Five patients with bacterial endocarditis who were allergic to penicillin were treated successfully with vancomycin. The causative microorganisms were Streptococcus bovis, S faecalis, S agalactiae, S intermedius, and Staphylococcus aureus. Except for the strain of S faecalis, vancomycin was bactericidal against these organisms at easily achievable serum concentrations. To insure a bactericidal serum titer of 1:8 or greater, streptomycin was added in the therapy of the case caused by S faecalis. There was no toxicity from vancomycin therapy in our patients except for mild phlebitis at the infusion site. Vancomycin appears to be an effective alternative to penicillin in individuals with endocarditis due to susceptible organisms. Vancomycin in combination with an aminoglycoside may be appropriate therapy for enterococcal endocarditis.", "contents": "Treatment of bacterial endocarditis with vancomycin. Five patients with bacterial endocarditis who were allergic to penicillin were treated successfully with vancomycin. The causative microorganisms were Streptococcus bovis, S faecalis, S agalactiae, S intermedius, and Staphylococcus aureus. Except for the strain of S faecalis, vancomycin was bactericidal against these organisms at easily achievable serum concentrations. To insure a bactericidal serum titer of 1:8 or greater, streptomycin was added in the therapy of the case caused by S faecalis. There was no toxicity from vancomycin therapy in our patients except for mild phlebitis at the infusion site. Vancomycin appears to be an effective alternative to penicillin in individuals with endocarditis due to susceptible organisms. Vancomycin in combination with an aminoglycoside may be appropriate therapy for enterococcal endocarditis.", "PMID": 104623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6302", "title": "An analysis of cercopithecoid odontometrics. I. The scaling of the maxillary dentition.", "content": "The relations between two tooth indices, post-canine area and incisor width in the upper jaw, and three variables, diet, body weight and body weight dimorphism, were examined separately for the males and females of 29 cercopithecoid species. Each species was assigned to one of  three diet classes (folivore, frugivore, omnivore). Data on the other variable consisted of species means (log-transformed) obtained from published sources. The analytic techniques used were bivariate and multiple regression, the tooth indices being the dependent variables. All tooth indices scaled isometrically within diet classes, and all except female incisor width scaled with positive allometry across diet classes. In both sexes, the body weight adjusted mean incisor width of folivores was significantly smaller than that of either frugivores or omnivores. In the females, the body weight adjusted mean post-canine areas did not differ significantly across diet classes, while in the males the omnivores had a larger body weight adjusted mean post-canine area than either the folivores or frugivores. Female post-canine area was the only tooth index for which body weight dimorphism was a significant predictor. Extrapolations of these findings to other extant and to fossil primate species are discussed.", "contents": "An analysis of cercopithecoid odontometrics. I. The scaling of the maxillary dentition. The relations between two tooth indices, post-canine area and incisor width in the upper jaw, and three variables, diet, body weight and body weight dimorphism, were examined separately for the males and females of 29 cercopithecoid species. Each species was assigned to one of  three diet classes (folivore, frugivore, omnivore). Data on the other variable consisted of species means (log-transformed) obtained from published sources. The analytic techniques used were bivariate and multiple regression, the tooth indices being the dependent variables. All tooth indices scaled isometrically within diet classes, and all except female incisor width scaled with positive allometry across diet classes. In both sexes, the body weight adjusted mean incisor width of folivores was significantly smaller than that of either frugivores or omnivores. In the females, the body weight adjusted mean post-canine areas did not differ significantly across diet classes, while in the males the omnivores had a larger body weight adjusted mean post-canine area than either the folivores or frugivores. Female post-canine area was the only tooth index for which body weight dimorphism was a significant predictor. Extrapolations of these findings to other extant and to fossil primate species are discussed.", "PMID": 104628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6303", "title": "An analysis of cercopithecoid odontometrics. II. Relations between dental dimorphism, body size dimorphism and diet.", "content": "Odontometric, dietary, and body weight data were collected for a sample of 29 cercopithecoid species. Each species was assigned to one of three diet classes (frugivore, folivore, and omnivore) , and indices  were constructed to estimate the extent of sexual dimorphism in body weight, postcanine area and incisor width in each of the species. Analysis proceeded by means of the analysis of covariance with the dental dimorphism indices as the dependent variables. Body weight dimorphism was not significantly related to either measure of dental dimorphism across the sample, and an analysis by diet alone revealed that omnivores show significantly higher dental dimorphism than do either of the other two diet classes. The relationship between this result and theories of sexual subniche differentiation is discussed.", "contents": "An analysis of cercopithecoid odontometrics. II. Relations between dental dimorphism, body size dimorphism and diet. Odontometric, dietary, and body weight data were collected for a sample of 29 cercopithecoid species. Each species was assigned to one of three diet classes (frugivore, folivore, and omnivore) , and indices  were constructed to estimate the extent of sexual dimorphism in body weight, postcanine area and incisor width in each of the species. Analysis proceeded by means of the analysis of covariance with the dental dimorphism indices as the dependent variables. Body weight dimorphism was not significantly related to either measure of dental dimorphism across the sample, and an analysis by diet alone revealed that omnivores show significantly higher dental dimorphism than do either of the other two diet classes. The relationship between this result and theories of sexual subniche differentiation is discussed.", "PMID": 104629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6304", "title": "A functional analysis of the primate masticatory system and the origin of the anthropoid post-orbital septum.", "content": "Study of the dry weights of primate and non-promate masticatory musculature reveals a significant relationship between the Anterior Temporalis/Masseter ratio and the relative development of the anterior dentition. Available dietary information demonstrates that species emphasizing incisal preparation of food have a high AT/M index; species emphasizing molar occlusion have a low AT/M index. Utilizing this information, a model is presented of the origin of the anthropoid post-orbital septum. Frugivory or extensive incisal preparation of food is causally related to the development of the post-orbital septum, because diet can then create selection pressures for an increasingly tendinous and enlarging anterior segment of the temporalis muscle which requires additional bony areas of orgin in the anterior temporal fossa. Cenozoic climatic oscillations leading to increasing seasonality may have been the triggering element in this model, because seasonality creates periods in which the availability of fruit is relatively predictable.", "contents": "A functional analysis of the primate masticatory system and the origin of the anthropoid post-orbital septum. Study of the dry weights of primate and non-promate masticatory musculature reveals a significant relationship between the Anterior Temporalis/Masseter ratio and the relative development of the anterior dentition. Available dietary information demonstrates that species emphasizing incisal preparation of food have a high AT/M index; species emphasizing molar occlusion have a low AT/M index. Utilizing this information, a model is presented of the origin of the anthropoid post-orbital septum. Frugivory or extensive incisal preparation of food is causally related to the development of the post-orbital septum, because diet can then create selection pressures for an increasingly tendinous and enlarging anterior segment of the temporalis muscle which requires additional bony areas of orgin in the anterior temporal fossa. Cenozoic climatic oscillations leading to increasing seasonality may have been the triggering element in this model, because seasonality creates periods in which the availability of fruit is relatively predictable.", "PMID": 104630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6305", "title": "Masses, centers-of-gravity, and moments-of-inertia of the body segments of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Segmental parameters (mass, center-of-gravity, and moment-of-inertia) are necessary for biomechanical analyses of a species' locomotor behavior. Seven male and eight female adult rhesus monkey cadavers were dismembered in order to determine segmental parameters. Mean values for the segment masses and moments-of-inertia are presented for males and females, separately and together. Statistical tests revealed significant differences between the sexes for these parameters. Regression equations for predicting segment masses and moments-on-inertia were developed for the sexes separately and pooled. For most segments the male and female equations did not differ significantly in slope or y-intercept. The center-of-gravity for each segment is presented as a mean percentage of the distance between the proximal and distal joint centers. The regression equations and center-of-gravity locations presented here permit biomechanical investigations of rhesus monkey locomotion without the necessity of subsequent sacrifice. The segmental parameter values determined for the rhesus monkey are compared with available data for other primate and mammalian species and the biomechanical and adaptive implications of such comparisons are discussed.", "contents": "Masses, centers-of-gravity, and moments-of-inertia of the body segments of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Segmental parameters (mass, center-of-gravity, and moment-of-inertia) are necessary for biomechanical analyses of a species' locomotor behavior. Seven male and eight female adult rhesus monkey cadavers were dismembered in order to determine segmental parameters. Mean values for the segment masses and moments-of-inertia are presented for males and females, separately and together. Statistical tests revealed significant differences between the sexes for these parameters. Regression equations for predicting segment masses and moments-on-inertia were developed for the sexes separately and pooled. For most segments the male and female equations did not differ significantly in slope or y-intercept. The center-of-gravity for each segment is presented as a mean percentage of the distance between the proximal and distal joint centers. The regression equations and center-of-gravity locations presented here permit biomechanical investigations of rhesus monkey locomotion without the necessity of subsequent sacrifice. The segmental parameter values determined for the rhesus monkey are compared with available data for other primate and mammalian species and the biomechanical and adaptive implications of such comparisons are discussed.", "PMID": 104631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6306", "title": "Inhibitory effect of hypertonic mannitol on vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses of isolated coronary arteries.", "content": "The effect of hypertonic mannitol on pressor responses to vasoactive agents was studied in isolated canine coronary arteries perfused with physiologic salt solution at a constant flow. When perfusion pressure was increased with 60 mM KCl, mannitol (50 mosM) consistently caused a decrease in perfusion pressure that lasted for at least 1 h. Withdrawal of mannitol from the perfusion media was associated with a vasoconstrictor response that was not prevented by alpha- or beta-adrenoceptor blockade or by the presence of either nitroglycerin or norepinephrine. Hypertonic mannitol also reduced the responsiveness of the isolated smooth muscle preparations to several different mechanistically unrelated vasodilator agents. The mechanism(s) responsible for the paradoxical ability of hypertonic mannitol to reduce vascular responsiveness to both vasoconstrictor and vasodilator interventions in isolated canine coronary arteries is not known, but future studies should be directed at elucidating it as well as determining whether similar phenomena occur in vivo.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of hypertonic mannitol on vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses of isolated coronary arteries. The effect of hypertonic mannitol on pressor responses to vasoactive agents was studied in isolated canine coronary arteries perfused with physiologic salt solution at a constant flow. When perfusion pressure was increased with 60 mM KCl, mannitol (50 mosM) consistently caused a decrease in perfusion pressure that lasted for at least 1 h. Withdrawal of mannitol from the perfusion media was associated with a vasoconstrictor response that was not prevented by alpha- or beta-adrenoceptor blockade or by the presence of either nitroglycerin or norepinephrine. Hypertonic mannitol also reduced the responsiveness of the isolated smooth muscle preparations to several different mechanistically unrelated vasodilator agents. The mechanism(s) responsible for the paradoxical ability of hypertonic mannitol to reduce vascular responsiveness to both vasoconstrictor and vasodilator interventions in isolated canine coronary arteries is not known, but future studies should be directed at elucidating it as well as determining whether similar phenomena occur in vivo.", "PMID": 104632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6307", "title": "Hyperprolactinemia and thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRH) responses in men with alcoholic liver disease.", "content": "Prolactin responses to provocative thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRH) stimulation were evaluated in 43 chronic alcoholic men were divided into groups for analysis based on the presence or absence of gynecomastia and the histologic appearance of their livers as determined by percutaneous liver biopsy. Compared to the normal volunteers, alcoholics with reversible liver disease (fatty liver) had reduced basal prolactin levels and exaggerated TRH responses. In contrast, alcoholics with cirrhosis and gynecomastia had markedly elevated basal prolactin levels and reduced responses to TRH. The results of this study combined with previously reported findings in cirrhotic men provide a basis for a possible explanation for the signs of feminization frequently found in alcoholic men.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinemia and thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRH) responses in men with alcoholic liver disease. Prolactin responses to provocative thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRH) stimulation were evaluated in 43 chronic alcoholic men were divided into groups for analysis based on the presence or absence of gynecomastia and the histologic appearance of their livers as determined by percutaneous liver biopsy. Compared to the normal volunteers, alcoholics with reversible liver disease (fatty liver) had reduced basal prolactin levels and exaggerated TRH responses. In contrast, alcoholics with cirrhosis and gynecomastia had markedly elevated basal prolactin levels and reduced responses to TRH. The results of this study combined with previously reported findings in cirrhotic men provide a basis for a possible explanation for the signs of feminization frequently found in alcoholic men.", "PMID": 104634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6308", "title": "The Navy alcoholism prevention program--worldwide.", "content": "Where we used to separate alcoholic members, we are now able to keep over 70% on active duty longer, which contributes to stability of the force, reductions in recruitment and training costs, and overall improved personnel readiness to support the Navy mission.", "contents": "The Navy alcoholism prevention program--worldwide. Where we used to separate alcoholic members, we are now able to keep over 70% on active duty longer, which contributes to stability of the force, reductions in recruitment and training costs, and overall improved personnel readiness to support the Navy mission.", "PMID": 104635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6309", "title": "Calcium, phosphate and parathyroid disturbances in acute renal failure.", "content": "Thirteen of sixteen patients with acute renal failure and requiring respiratory and other supportive treatment in an intensive care area became hypercalcaemic whilst still receiving haemodialysis. Results of calcium, phosphate and parathyroid hormone estimations are presented and their disturbances in acute renal failure are discussed.", "contents": "Calcium, phosphate and parathyroid disturbances in acute renal failure. Thirteen of sixteen patients with acute renal failure and requiring respiratory and other supportive treatment in an intensive care area became hypercalcaemic whilst still receiving haemodialysis. Results of calcium, phosphate and parathyroid hormone estimations are presented and their disturbances in acute renal failure are discussed.", "PMID": 104636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6310", "title": "Haematological and biochemical abnormalities associated with intralipid hyperalimentation.", "content": "Haematological and biochemical parameters were monitored in six patients during Intralipid hyperalimentation. A mild anaemia was consistently observed, accompanied by morphological changes in red cells, granulocytes, and platelets. All patients demonstrated an abnormally high percentage of plasma cholesterol in the unesterified form and altered plasma cholesterol esterification, but red cells were not uniformly enriched in cholesterol. These findings stress the need for careful monitoring during Intralipid therapy.", "contents": "Haematological and biochemical abnormalities associated with intralipid hyperalimentation. Haematological and biochemical parameters were monitored in six patients during Intralipid hyperalimentation. A mild anaemia was consistently observed, accompanied by morphological changes in red cells, granulocytes, and platelets. All patients demonstrated an abnormally high percentage of plasma cholesterol in the unesterified form and altered plasma cholesterol esterification, but red cells were not uniformly enriched in cholesterol. These findings stress the need for careful monitoring during Intralipid therapy.", "PMID": 104637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6311", "title": "Ultrastructural features of the distended pulmonary arteries of the normal rat.", "content": "Detailed study has been made of the structure of the normal pulmonary artery of rat by both light (1-micrometer sections) and electron microscopy. After tying the pulmonary veins at the hilum, the lungs were fixed by simultaneous injection of glutaraldehyde into the pulmonary trunk and trachea. Study of distended arteries allows precise measurement and assessment of normal lung structure. Four regions of the pulmonary artery can be identified by wall structure and are described here--muscular, partially muscular, non-muscular and the newly described thick-walled oblique muscular. Electron microscopid examination has demonstrated in the non-muscular regions of the partially muscular arteries, an \"intermediate\" cell and in the non-muscular arteries, a pericyte. The intermediate cell lies internal to the single elastic lamina but external to the endothelial cell, is surrounded by its own basement membrane and contains filaments mainly along the adluminal region of the cell. The pericyte also lies internal to the single elastic lamina, is within the basement membrane of the adjacent endothelial cell and has previously been reported in the lung only in the walls of alveolar capillaries. The structure of the intermediate cell and its position suggest it is a transitional stage between the pericyte and smooth muscle cell.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of the distended pulmonary arteries of the normal rat. Detailed study has been made of the structure of the normal pulmonary artery of rat by both light (1-micrometer sections) and electron microscopy. After tying the pulmonary veins at the hilum, the lungs were fixed by simultaneous injection of glutaraldehyde into the pulmonary trunk and trachea. Study of distended arteries allows precise measurement and assessment of normal lung structure. Four regions of the pulmonary artery can be identified by wall structure and are described here--muscular, partially muscular, non-muscular and the newly described thick-walled oblique muscular. Electron microscopid examination has demonstrated in the non-muscular regions of the partially muscular arteries, an \"intermediate\" cell and in the non-muscular arteries, a pericyte. The intermediate cell lies internal to the single elastic lamina but external to the endothelial cell, is surrounded by its own basement membrane and contains filaments mainly along the adluminal region of the cell. The pericyte also lies internal to the single elastic lamina, is within the basement membrane of the adjacent endothelial cell and has previously been reported in the lung only in the walls of alveolar capillaries. The structure of the intermediate cell and its position suggest it is a transitional stage between the pericyte and smooth muscle cell.", "PMID": 104638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6312", "title": "Assessment of adrenocortical function in asthmatic patients on long-term triamcinolone acetonide treatment.", "content": "The adrenocortical function of 48 adult asthmatic patients on long-term corticoid therapy was studied. All were treated with triamcinolone acetonide (TA) for from two to six (average 3.5 years). The adrenocortical function was assessed using a short Synacthen test as a screening procedure and a five-hour Synacthen test for TA exclusively treated patients with abnormal response in the short test. Among patients on long-term TA were nine with abnormally short Synacthen tests. The five-hour test revealed six abnormal responses (12% of the entire group of TA treated patients). Contrary to previously expressed opinions the authors feel that TA long-term treatment only occasionally causes steady adrenal suppression.", "contents": "Assessment of adrenocortical function in asthmatic patients on long-term triamcinolone acetonide treatment. The adrenocortical function of 48 adult asthmatic patients on long-term corticoid therapy was studied. All were treated with triamcinolone acetonide (TA) for from two to six (average 3.5 years). The adrenocortical function was assessed using a short Synacthen test as a screening procedure and a five-hour Synacthen test for TA exclusively treated patients with abnormal response in the short test. Among patients on long-term TA were nine with abnormally short Synacthen tests. The five-hour test revealed six abnormal responses (12% of the entire group of TA treated patients). Contrary to previously expressed opinions the authors feel that TA long-term treatment only occasionally causes steady adrenal suppression.", "PMID": 104641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6313", "title": "[Comparison of two methods of antibiotic sensitivity tests: gel diffusion and automatic method using ABAC apparatus. I. Variation and dispersion of the two methods (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied comparatively the sensitivity of 3 bacterial strains (P. Aeruginosa and two E. coli) with regard to antibiotics using an automatic method (ABAC) compared with a gel diffusion technic with impregnated disks. Each strain was tested by both methods 50 to 55 times. The diffusion method was easily reproducible with an average standard deviation of 2.23 mm. Its results were in agreement compared with the average diameter of measurements in 93.3% of cases. The automatic method gave results which agreed together in 95.7% of cases. It is thus reproducible. If one compares it with the results of the diffusion method, considered here as the reference method, we obtained the same response in 86.3% of cases. In 13.7% there was disagreement in interpretation (in most cases, the strain found intermediate in gel diffusion was considered sensitive on autoanalysis).", "contents": "[Comparison of two methods of antibiotic sensitivity tests: gel diffusion and automatic method using ABAC apparatus. I. Variation and dispersion of the two methods (author's transl)]. The authors studied comparatively the sensitivity of 3 bacterial strains (P. Aeruginosa and two E. coli) with regard to antibiotics using an automatic method (ABAC) compared with a gel diffusion technic with impregnated disks. Each strain was tested by both methods 50 to 55 times. The diffusion method was easily reproducible with an average standard deviation of 2.23 mm. Its results were in agreement compared with the average diameter of measurements in 93.3% of cases. The automatic method gave results which agreed together in 95.7% of cases. It is thus reproducible. If one compares it with the results of the diffusion method, considered here as the reference method, we obtained the same response in 86.3% of cases. In 13.7% there was disagreement in interpretation (in most cases, the strain found intermediate in gel diffusion was considered sensitive on autoanalysis).", "PMID": 104642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6314", "title": "Antibody response of horses to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp capri.", "content": "In horses given whole cultures or cells of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp capri (by subcutaneous and intravenous injections), antibody responses were measured by serologic procedures. During an immunization period of 22 weeks, horses produced an antiserum that was used to identify M mycoides subsp capri by agglutination, complement-fixation, and fluorescent antibody (FA) tests, but not by the growth-inhibition test. Horses that were injected with whole cultures of M mycoides subsp capri responded better than horses that were injected with only cells, ie, antibodies were detectable sooner by agar gel diffusion and FA tests and the serums displayed more bands of precipitation. The FA reagent was stable during lyophilization and storage at 5 C for 60 days.", "contents": "Antibody response of horses to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp capri. In horses given whole cultures or cells of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp capri (by subcutaneous and intravenous injections), antibody responses were measured by serologic procedures. During an immunization period of 22 weeks, horses produced an antiserum that was used to identify M mycoides subsp capri by agglutination, complement-fixation, and fluorescent antibody (FA) tests, but not by the growth-inhibition test. Horses that were injected with whole cultures of M mycoides subsp capri responded better than horses that were injected with only cells, ie, antibodies were detectable sooner by agar gel diffusion and FA tests and the serums displayed more bands of precipitation. The FA reagent was stable during lyophilization and storage at 5 C for 60 days.", "PMID": 104644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6315", "title": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses of cattle to Brucella abortus, Mycobacterium bovis, and tetanus toxoid: evaluation of immunization and assay techniques.", "content": "A concentration of 2.5 X 10(-5) M 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) added to the medium in lymphocyte blastogenesis assays increased both the uptake of [3H]thymidine in unstimulated lymphocyte cultures and the probability of detecting antigen-sensitized cattle. The use of 2-ME did not cause lymphocytes from unsensitized cattle to react positively in blastogenesis assays. A crude brucella lysate prepared from Brucella abortus strain 19 was compared with a well-characterized brucella protein allergen prepared from B melitensis and was found to be equally suitable for use in blastogenesis assays. Cell-mediated immunity was produced most effectively in 4-month-old calves by tetanus toxoid, then by Mycobacterium bovis, and least effectively by B abortus.", "contents": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses of cattle to Brucella abortus, Mycobacterium bovis, and tetanus toxoid: evaluation of immunization and assay techniques. A concentration of 2.5 X 10(-5) M 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) added to the medium in lymphocyte blastogenesis assays increased both the uptake of [3H]thymidine in unstimulated lymphocyte cultures and the probability of detecting antigen-sensitized cattle. The use of 2-ME did not cause lymphocytes from unsensitized cattle to react positively in blastogenesis assays. A crude brucella lysate prepared from Brucella abortus strain 19 was compared with a well-characterized brucella protein allergen prepared from B melitensis and was found to be equally suitable for use in blastogenesis assays. Cell-mediated immunity was produced most effectively in 4-month-old calves by tetanus toxoid, then by Mycobacterium bovis, and least effectively by B abortus.", "PMID": 104645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6316", "title": "[Breeding of a biotype of the aphia Myzus persicae on a synthetic medium. IV. Influence of vitamins, especially vitamin C and pyridoxine, on the nutritional value of nutritive fluids].", "content": "The nutritive value of synthetic diets for Myzus persicae was evaluated by measuring reproduction of the third generation on each medium: 1. In the presence of a double dose of pyridoxin, the nutritional value of the basic diet was improved. This improvement disappeared when all the vitamins of the B group were also at double dose; 2. In the presence of a double dose of ascorbic acid, the nutritional value of all the diets was improved. This improvement was observed for a single or a double dose of pyridoxin and a single or a double dose of all the vitamins of the B group. The beneficial effect of a double dose of pyridoxin was not adding with the beneficial effect of a double dose of ascorbic acid; 3. A double dose of EDTA was detrimental to the aphid but a double dose of ascorbic acid was sparing this detrimental effect. The results are discussed in relation with the nutritional needs in vitamins and the action of the vitamins in the mineral nutrition of the aphid.", "contents": "[Breeding of a biotype of the aphia Myzus persicae on a synthetic medium. IV. Influence of vitamins, especially vitamin C and pyridoxine, on the nutritional value of nutritive fluids]. The nutritive value of synthetic diets for Myzus persicae was evaluated by measuring reproduction of the third generation on each medium: 1. In the presence of a double dose of pyridoxin, the nutritional value of the basic diet was improved. This improvement disappeared when all the vitamins of the B group were also at double dose; 2. In the presence of a double dose of ascorbic acid, the nutritional value of all the diets was improved. This improvement was observed for a single or a double dose of pyridoxin and a single or a double dose of all the vitamins of the B group. The beneficial effect of a double dose of pyridoxin was not adding with the beneficial effect of a double dose of ascorbic acid; 3. A double dose of EDTA was detrimental to the aphid but a double dose of ascorbic acid was sparing this detrimental effect. The results are discussed in relation with the nutritional needs in vitamins and the action of the vitamins in the mineral nutrition of the aphid.", "PMID": 104648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6317", "title": "Distribution of gold in blood during chrysotherapy.", "content": "Measurements have been made using electrophoresis and neutron activation analysis of the distribution of gold in the blood of four patients who have responded well to chrysotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis. It has been shown that in these patients there is litte, if any, binding to the fibrinogen. The majority of protein-bound gold is associated with the albumin but significant amounts are bound to the other proteins. There is a small amount of gold associated with the blood cells.", "contents": "Distribution of gold in blood during chrysotherapy. Measurements have been made using electrophoresis and neutron activation analysis of the distribution of gold in the blood of four patients who have responded well to chrysotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis. It has been shown that in these patients there is litte, if any, binding to the fibrinogen. The majority of protein-bound gold is associated with the albumin but significant amounts are bound to the other proteins. There is a small amount of gold associated with the blood cells.", "PMID": 104649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6318", "title": "Swelling of the upper extremity, function and muscle strength of shoulder joint following mastectomy combined with radiotherapy.", "content": "Swelling of the arm, mobility of the shoulder joint and muscle strength were examined in 76 patients with breast cancer 4.5 to 14 years (mean 8 years) after primary therapy. Marked arm swelling was found on the operated side in 31% of the patients operated by radical mastectomy and in 18% of those having undergone total mastectomy. The swelling was more marked in the upper arm than in the forearm. Patients irradiated postoperatively with a megavoltage technique showed more often and more oedema than those treated with a kilovoltage technique. Obese patients had more swelling than patients of normal weight. Of the various movements of the shoulder joint, abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, horizontal extension and internal rotation were significantly reduced on the operated side in comparison with the non-operated side, but the differences were not great. Neither swelling of the arm nor the patient's weight had any effect on the function of the shoulder joint, as expressed in terms of abduction. Of the muscle groups in the shoulder joint adductors, flexors and extensors were significantly weaker on the operated than on the non-operated side. The muscle strength of the operated side averaged 25% weaker than that of the control side. Swelling of the arm did not reduce the muscle strength of the shoulder joint.", "contents": "Swelling of the upper extremity, function and muscle strength of shoulder joint following mastectomy combined with radiotherapy. Swelling of the arm, mobility of the shoulder joint and muscle strength were examined in 76 patients with breast cancer 4.5 to 14 years (mean 8 years) after primary therapy. Marked arm swelling was found on the operated side in 31% of the patients operated by radical mastectomy and in 18% of those having undergone total mastectomy. The swelling was more marked in the upper arm than in the forearm. Patients irradiated postoperatively with a megavoltage technique showed more often and more oedema than those treated with a kilovoltage technique. Obese patients had more swelling than patients of normal weight. Of the various movements of the shoulder joint, abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, horizontal extension and internal rotation were significantly reduced on the operated side in comparison with the non-operated side, but the differences were not great. Neither swelling of the arm nor the patient's weight had any effect on the function of the shoulder joint, as expressed in terms of abduction. Of the muscle groups in the shoulder joint adductors, flexors and extensors were significantly weaker on the operated than on the non-operated side. The muscle strength of the operated side averaged 25% weaker than that of the control side. Swelling of the arm did not reduce the muscle strength of the shoulder joint.", "PMID": 104650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6319", "title": "Non-uniformity of blood ethanol elimination: its exaggeration after chronic consumption.", "content": "In baboons blood ethanol disappearance was 11.6% faster at high ethanol (HE) concentrations (45-20 mM) than at low ethanol concentrations (LE) (15-5 mM). The feeding of alcohol in a liquid diet for three months or up to five years augmented the difference between HE and LE to 14 and 28.6% respectively. These results were confirmed in a preliminary experiment with a human volunteer given ethanol for four weeks under metabolic ward conditions. The findings are in favour of the existence and induction of a non-ADH high Km pathway for ethanol oxidation. The common medicolegal practice of calculation previous blood-ethanol levels by linear extrapolation should be re-considered.", "contents": "Non-uniformity of blood ethanol elimination: its exaggeration after chronic consumption. In baboons blood ethanol disappearance was 11.6% faster at high ethanol (HE) concentrations (45-20 mM) than at low ethanol concentrations (LE) (15-5 mM). The feeding of alcohol in a liquid diet for three months or up to five years augmented the difference between HE and LE to 14 and 28.6% respectively. These results were confirmed in a preliminary experiment with a human volunteer given ethanol for four weeks under metabolic ward conditions. The findings are in favour of the existence and induction of a non-ADH high Km pathway for ethanol oxidation. The common medicolegal practice of calculation previous blood-ethanol levels by linear extrapolation should be re-considered.", "PMID": 104651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6320", "title": "Inheritance of the enzyme defect in a new hexosaminidase deficiency disease.", "content": "A new form of hexosaminidase deficiency disease is characterized clinically by mild, juvenile-onset, very slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia with macular cherry-red spots and absence of other findings. Biochemically there is striking hexosaminidase deficiency in serum, leukocytes, and fibroblasts. Hexosaminidase B appears absent, but hexosaminidase A-like and S-like activity is present on starch-gel electrophoresis. We studied hexosaminidase in leukocytes and serum from members of an affected patient's family and traced the enzyme defect through four generations. Leukocyte heat-stabile hexosaminidase in obligate and presumptive carriers was depressed both in specific activity (nanomoles per milligram of protein per hour) and as a percentage of total hexosaminidase. The carrier state was expressed in serum, but overlap with controls made this test unreliable. The similarity of these carriers to carriers of Sandhoff disease suggests that the disorders may be closely related, perhaps as allelic mutations of the hexosaminidase beta subunit. Those involve with screening for Tay-Sachs disease should be aware that persons with an increased percentage of hexosaminidase A--that is, a decreased heat-stabile fraction--may be carriers of hexosaminidase deficiency diseases.", "contents": "Inheritance of the enzyme defect in a new hexosaminidase deficiency disease. A new form of hexosaminidase deficiency disease is characterized clinically by mild, juvenile-onset, very slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia with macular cherry-red spots and absence of other findings. Biochemically there is striking hexosaminidase deficiency in serum, leukocytes, and fibroblasts. Hexosaminidase B appears absent, but hexosaminidase A-like and S-like activity is present on starch-gel electrophoresis. We studied hexosaminidase in leukocytes and serum from members of an affected patient's family and traced the enzyme defect through four generations. Leukocyte heat-stabile hexosaminidase in obligate and presumptive carriers was depressed both in specific activity (nanomoles per milligram of protein per hour) and as a percentage of total hexosaminidase. The carrier state was expressed in serum, but overlap with controls made this test unreliable. The similarity of these carriers to carriers of Sandhoff disease suggests that the disorders may be closely related, perhaps as allelic mutations of the hexosaminidase beta subunit. Those involve with screening for Tay-Sachs disease should be aware that persons with an increased percentage of hexosaminidase A--that is, a decreased heat-stabile fraction--may be carriers of hexosaminidase deficiency diseases.", "PMID": 104655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6321", "title": "Growth characteristics of atypical mycobacteria in water and their comparative resistance to disinfectants.", "content": "With the increasing significance of group IV atypical mycobacteria as etiological agents in a variety of infections, studies were conducted to determine their growth capabilities in water and their comparative resistance to disinfectants used to decontaminate hospital equipment. Isolates of Mycobaterium chelonei (TM strains) from peritoneal fluids of patients and peritoneal dialysis machines were able to multiply in commercial distilled water, with generation times at 25 degrees C ranging from 8 to 15 h. Levels of 10(5) to 10(6) cells per ml were attained, and these stationary-phase populations declined only slightly over a 1-year period. Results of studies to determine resistance to disinfectants showed the following. (i) TM strains of M. chelonei cultured in commercial distilled water showed survivors in 2% aqueous formaldehyde (HCHO) solutions up to 24 h; in 8% HCHO, only a 2-log reduction in viable counts was observed over a 2-h sampling period. Reference ATCC strains of M. chelonei and M. fortuitum were rapidly inactivated, with no survivors after 2 h of exposure to 2% HCHO or 15 min of exposure to 8% HCHO. (ii) In 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde, TM strains survived 60 min. whereas ATCC strains showed no survivors after 2 min of contact time. (iii) All M. chelonei and M. fortuitum strains survived 60 min of exposure to concentrations of 0.3 and 0.7 microgram of free chlorine per ml at pH 7.", "contents": "Growth characteristics of atypical mycobacteria in water and their comparative resistance to disinfectants. With the increasing significance of group IV atypical mycobacteria as etiological agents in a variety of infections, studies were conducted to determine their growth capabilities in water and their comparative resistance to disinfectants used to decontaminate hospital equipment. Isolates of Mycobaterium chelonei (TM strains) from peritoneal fluids of patients and peritoneal dialysis machines were able to multiply in commercial distilled water, with generation times at 25 degrees C ranging from 8 to 15 h. Levels of 10(5) to 10(6) cells per ml were attained, and these stationary-phase populations declined only slightly over a 1-year period. Results of studies to determine resistance to disinfectants showed the following. (i) TM strains of M. chelonei cultured in commercial distilled water showed survivors in 2% aqueous formaldehyde (HCHO) solutions up to 24 h; in 8% HCHO, only a 2-log reduction in viable counts was observed over a 2-h sampling period. Reference ATCC strains of M. chelonei and M. fortuitum were rapidly inactivated, with no survivors after 2 h of exposure to 2% HCHO or 15 min of exposure to 8% HCHO. (ii) In 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde, TM strains survived 60 min. whereas ATCC strains showed no survivors after 2 min of contact time. (iii) All M. chelonei and M. fortuitum strains survived 60 min of exposure to concentrations of 0.3 and 0.7 microgram of free chlorine per ml at pH 7.", "PMID": 104656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6322", "title": "Response of high and low antibody producer to Brucella.", "content": "Biozzi's high and low lines of antibody producers have been applied to an analysis of murine in vivo responses to Brucella. High responders (H/Ab) are better producers of anti-Brucella antibodies and of Brucella induced interferon than low responders (L/Ab). There is no interstrain difference between H/Ab and L/Ab mice as regards to cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to melitin. Non-immunized L/Ab mice are more resistant to infection with live Brucella than H/Ab. Immunization with formalin killed Brucella leads to a specific protection of both H/Ab and L/Ab mice but magnifies their inter-strain differences: L/Ab are much better protected by preimmunization than H/Ab. The difference between H/Ab and L/Ab mice is not related to an earlier clearance of intravenously inoculated bacteria from the blood stream but to later events affecting the balance between multiplication and digestion of the injected bacteria in the spleen. The lower resistance of H/Ab mice is not due to negative, facilitating-like, activities of immune antibodies: on the contrary, these are shown to have protective properties. These results are discussed in terms of their contribution to present knowledge on Biozzi's mice and their macrophagic functions, on the relations between interferon synthesis and the immune system, and on the mechanism of natural and post-vaccinal protection toward Brucella.", "contents": "Response of high and low antibody producer to Brucella. Biozzi's high and low lines of antibody producers have been applied to an analysis of murine in vivo responses to Brucella. High responders (H/Ab) are better producers of anti-Brucella antibodies and of Brucella induced interferon than low responders (L/Ab). There is no interstrain difference between H/Ab and L/Ab mice as regards to cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to melitin. Non-immunized L/Ab mice are more resistant to infection with live Brucella than H/Ab. Immunization with formalin killed Brucella leads to a specific protection of both H/Ab and L/Ab mice but magnifies their inter-strain differences: L/Ab are much better protected by preimmunization than H/Ab. The difference between H/Ab and L/Ab mice is not related to an earlier clearance of intravenously inoculated bacteria from the blood stream but to later events affecting the balance between multiplication and digestion of the injected bacteria in the spleen. The lower resistance of H/Ab mice is not due to negative, facilitating-like, activities of immune antibodies: on the contrary, these are shown to have protective properties. These results are discussed in terms of their contribution to present knowledge on Biozzi's mice and their macrophagic functions, on the relations between interferon synthesis and the immune system, and on the mechanism of natural and post-vaccinal protection toward Brucella.", "PMID": 104653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6323", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to the GAT terpolymer. I. Interstrain and interspecies cross-reactive idiotype.", "content": "An antiidiotypic antiserum specific for the GAT antibodies of BALB/c mice has been obtained in rabbits. This serum recognizes the GAT idiotype of 13 inbred strains of mice as well as the GAT idiotype present in sera of guinea-pigs, rats and rabbits immunized with GAT. Such an antiidiotypic antiserum should serve as a good reagent to detect putative idiotypic determinants on GAT-specific suppressor factor.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to the GAT terpolymer. I. Interstrain and interspecies cross-reactive idiotype. An antiidiotypic antiserum specific for the GAT antibodies of BALB/c mice has been obtained in rabbits. This serum recognizes the GAT idiotype of 13 inbred strains of mice as well as the GAT idiotype present in sera of guinea-pigs, rats and rabbits immunized with GAT. Such an antiidiotypic antiserum should serve as a good reagent to detect putative idiotypic determinants on GAT-specific suppressor factor.", "PMID": 104654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6324", "title": "Validity of fecal coliforms, total coliforms, and fecal streptococci as indicators of viruses in chlorinated primary sewage effluents.", "content": "Quantities of combined chlorine that usually destroyed more than 99.999% of the indigenous fecal coliforms, total coliforms, and fecal streptococci in primary sewage effluents destroyed only 85 to 99% of the indigenous viruses present. Viruses were recovered from five of eight chlorinated primary effluents from which fecal coliforms were not recovered by standard most-probable-number procedures. The limited volumes of such chlorinated effluents that can be tested for indicator bacteria with currently available multiple-tube and membrane filter techniques restrict the value of fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and even total coliforms as indicators of viruses in these effluents. Although fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci are useful indicators of viruses in effluents from which these bacteria are recovered, the absence of these bacteria and even total coliforms from disinfected effluents (in standard tests) does not assure that viruses are also absent.", "contents": "Validity of fecal coliforms, total coliforms, and fecal streptococci as indicators of viruses in chlorinated primary sewage effluents. Quantities of combined chlorine that usually destroyed more than 99.999% of the indigenous fecal coliforms, total coliforms, and fecal streptococci in primary sewage effluents destroyed only 85 to 99% of the indigenous viruses present. Viruses were recovered from five of eight chlorinated primary effluents from which fecal coliforms were not recovered by standard most-probable-number procedures. The limited volumes of such chlorinated effluents that can be tested for indicator bacteria with currently available multiple-tube and membrane filter techniques restrict the value of fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and even total coliforms as indicators of viruses in these effluents. Although fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci are useful indicators of viruses in effluents from which these bacteria are recovered, the absence of these bacteria and even total coliforms from disinfected effluents (in standard tests) does not assure that viruses are also absent.", "PMID": 104657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6325", "title": "Diurnal changes and effect of ration on concentrations of the rumen ciliate Charon ventriculi.", "content": "Charon ventriculi comprised over 30% of the total protozoa observed in rumen contents of a Flamenga cow fed Rhodes grass hay (Chloris gayana). Both percentage of composition and concentration decreased markedly when concentrate was added to the ration or the animal was fed in pasture. Although C. ventriculi is classified as a holotrich, concentrations of this species in the rumen appear to follow a diurnal cycle more closely related to be entodiniomorph protozoa.", "contents": "Diurnal changes and effect of ration on concentrations of the rumen ciliate Charon ventriculi. Charon ventriculi comprised over 30% of the total protozoa observed in rumen contents of a Flamenga cow fed Rhodes grass hay (Chloris gayana). Both percentage of composition and concentration decreased markedly when concentrate was added to the ration or the animal was fed in pasture. Although C. ventriculi is classified as a holotrich, concentrations of this species in the rumen appear to follow a diurnal cycle more closely related to be entodiniomorph protozoa.", "PMID": 104658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6326", "title": "Microbial impact of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and whistling swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) on aquatic ecosystems.", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the intestinal bacterial flora of Canada geese and whistling swans were carried out with the finding that wild birds harbor significantly more fecal coliforms than fecal streptococci. The reverse was typical of captive and fasting birds. Neither Salmonella spp. nor Shigella spp. were isolated from 44 migratory waterfowl that were wintering in the Chesapeake Bay region. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli were detected in seven birds. Geese eliminated 10(7) and swans 10(9) fecal coliforms per day. Results of in situ studies showed that large flocks of waterfowl can cause elevated fecal coliform densities in the water column. From the data obtained in this study, it is possible to predict the microbial impact of migratory waterfowl upon aquatic roosting sites.", "contents": "Microbial impact of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and whistling swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) on aquatic ecosystems. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the intestinal bacterial flora of Canada geese and whistling swans were carried out with the finding that wild birds harbor significantly more fecal coliforms than fecal streptococci. The reverse was typical of captive and fasting birds. Neither Salmonella spp. nor Shigella spp. were isolated from 44 migratory waterfowl that were wintering in the Chesapeake Bay region. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli were detected in seven birds. Geese eliminated 10(7) and swans 10(9) fecal coliforms per day. Results of in situ studies showed that large flocks of waterfowl can cause elevated fecal coliform densities in the water column. From the data obtained in this study, it is possible to predict the microbial impact of migratory waterfowl upon aquatic roosting sites.", "PMID": 104659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6327", "title": "High-resolution gas chromatographic profiles of volatile organic compounds produced by microorganisms at refrigerated temperatures.", "content": "Three different strains of bacteria isolated from spoiled, uncooked chicken were grown in pure culture on Trypticase soy agar supplemented with yeast extract. The volatile organic compounds produced by each culture were concentrated on a porous polymer precolumn and analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. Twenty different compounds were identified. Both qualitative and quantitative differences in the chromatographic profiles from each culture were found.", "contents": "High-resolution gas chromatographic profiles of volatile organic compounds produced by microorganisms at refrigerated temperatures. Three different strains of bacteria isolated from spoiled, uncooked chicken were grown in pure culture on Trypticase soy agar supplemented with yeast extract. The volatile organic compounds produced by each culture were concentrated on a porous polymer precolumn and analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. Twenty different compounds were identified. Both qualitative and quantitative differences in the chromatographic profiles from each culture were found.", "PMID": 104660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6328", "title": "Effects of tetracycline on the absorption of 65zinc in rats.", "content": "The effects of tetracycline on the absorption of orally ingested 65Zn was studied on rats by whole body counting assay. 65Zn was given as a single dose to groups of rats, five in each, which were started on tetracycline. Tetracycline was given in daily doses of 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg for 10 days. From the 6th day of the study, 65Zn retention when plotted against time in a semilog plot, approximated linearity. The net absorption of 65Zn in the various groups was determined by extrapolating to zero time the linear curve segment of individual retention curves. Except for the lowest tetracycline dosage, tetracycline significantly impaired 65Zn absorption. The elimination rate of retained 65Zn from the 6th day was significantly higher in the group receiving 200 mg tetracycline as compared with the control group.", "contents": "Effects of tetracycline on the absorption of 65zinc in rats. The effects of tetracycline on the absorption of orally ingested 65Zn was studied on rats by whole body counting assay. 65Zn was given as a single dose to groups of rats, five in each, which were started on tetracycline. Tetracycline was given in daily doses of 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg for 10 days. From the 6th day of the study, 65Zn retention when plotted against time in a semilog plot, approximated linearity. The net absorption of 65Zn in the various groups was determined by extrapolating to zero time the linear curve segment of individual retention curves. Except for the lowest tetracycline dosage, tetracycline significantly impaired 65Zn absorption. The elimination rate of retained 65Zn from the 6th day was significantly higher in the group receiving 200 mg tetracycline as compared with the control group.", "PMID": 104665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6329", "title": "Effects of protein depletion and repletion on cell-mediated immunity in experimental animals.", "content": "Protein-calorie malnutrition leads to depression of host cell-mediated immunity. Nutritional repletion initially results in rapid weight gain followed by a more gradual return of immunocompetence. Administration of a synthetic amino acid diet to normal animals did not preserve body weight or cell-mediated immunity any better than did a high carbohydrate, protein-free diet. Administration of a synthetic amino acid diet to malnourished animals maintained body weight, but did not restore immunocompetence. Proper nutritional repletion should provide both adequate protein and nonprotein calories if a return of immunocompetence is to be anticipated.", "contents": "Effects of protein depletion and repletion on cell-mediated immunity in experimental animals. Protein-calorie malnutrition leads to depression of host cell-mediated immunity. Nutritional repletion initially results in rapid weight gain followed by a more gradual return of immunocompetence. Administration of a synthetic amino acid diet to normal animals did not preserve body weight or cell-mediated immunity any better than did a high carbohydrate, protein-free diet. Administration of a synthetic amino acid diet to malnourished animals maintained body weight, but did not restore immunocompetence. Proper nutritional repletion should provide both adequate protein and nonprotein calories if a return of immunocompetence is to be anticipated.", "PMID": 104668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6330", "title": "In vitro studies on the action of menoctone and other compounds on Theileria parva and T. annulata.", "content": "Bovine lymphoblastoid cell cultures permanently infected with Theileria parva and T. annulata were used in an in vitro screen to test a wide range of compounds for chemotherapeutic activity against these parasites. Only two compounds, menoctone and methotrexate, showed significant activity, which has subsequently been confirmed by tests in infected cattle. Menoctone was about 100 times more active than methotrexate. Mixtures of menoctone and various other other compounds were tested, but showed no potentiation. The activity of menoctone was antagonized by cycloguanil and methotrexate. The in vitro test represents a rapid, cheap, and apparently reliable method of screening compounds for activity against Theileria.", "contents": "In vitro studies on the action of menoctone and other compounds on Theileria parva and T. annulata. Bovine lymphoblastoid cell cultures permanently infected with Theileria parva and T. annulata were used in an in vitro screen to test a wide range of compounds for chemotherapeutic activity against these parasites. Only two compounds, menoctone and methotrexate, showed significant activity, which has subsequently been confirmed by tests in infected cattle. Menoctone was about 100 times more active than methotrexate. Mixtures of menoctone and various other other compounds were tested, but showed no potentiation. The activity of menoctone was antagonized by cycloguanil and methotrexate. The in vitro test represents a rapid, cheap, and apparently reliable method of screening compounds for activity against Theileria.", "PMID": 104669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6331", "title": "Human hydatidosis: evaluation of three serodiagnostic methods, the principal subclass of specific immunoglobulin and the detection of circulating immune complexes.", "content": "Three serological methods were examined for the diagnosis of hydatid disease: indirect haemagglutination, immuno-electrodiffusion and radioimmunoassay. The sensitivity of the three methods was similar. The principal subclass of specific anti-hydatid immunoglobulin was IgG and high levels of specific anti-IgE were found in two out of the five patients studied. The hypothesis that false negative reactions seen in patients with clinically confirmed hydatidosis may be due to the presence of circulating immune complexes was explored. Immune complexes were demonstrated in only two out of 13 patients studied and these patients did not have negative sera. It is concluded that for a satisfactory serodiagnosis of hydatid disease the radioimmunoassay and immuno-electrodiffusion should both be used and that further work should be done on the purification of hydatid antigens to improve the sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay without loss of specificity.", "contents": "Human hydatidosis: evaluation of three serodiagnostic methods, the principal subclass of specific immunoglobulin and the detection of circulating immune complexes. Three serological methods were examined for the diagnosis of hydatid disease: indirect haemagglutination, immuno-electrodiffusion and radioimmunoassay. The sensitivity of the three methods was similar. The principal subclass of specific anti-hydatid immunoglobulin was IgG and high levels of specific anti-IgE were found in two out of the five patients studied. The hypothesis that false negative reactions seen in patients with clinically confirmed hydatidosis may be due to the presence of circulating immune complexes was explored. Immune complexes were demonstrated in only two out of 13 patients studied and these patients did not have negative sera. It is concluded that for a satisfactory serodiagnosis of hydatid disease the radioimmunoassay and immuno-electrodiffusion should both be used and that further work should be done on the purification of hydatid antigens to improve the sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay without loss of specificity.", "PMID": 104670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6332", "title": "Sex hormone binding globulin and transcortin in human and baboon males.", "content": "TeBG and transcortin were identified in serum from adult male baboons. TeBG values were higher than the TeBG concentration in adult men. The relative competitive abilities of three natural steroids, a synthetic androgen and two synthetic estrogens, for binding sites on TeBG occupied by radioactive DHT were compared. At a 10-fold molar excess, using both baboon and human TeBG, DHT and T were the most effective competitors; E2 was intermediate and DES a very poor one. Using gel filtration, the transcortin concentrations (mg/L) in two baboons were 16.8 and 27.4; the normal range for men is 23--45. The serum transcortin value of a third baboon, determined by equilibrium dialysis, was 0.41 micron/L (21.5 mg/L). Competition studies, using both techniques, showed that progesterone has a slightly higher affinity for baboon transcortin than cortisol and that a synthetic progestin does not bind to transcortin. Plasma binding capacity for synthetic steroids should be tested before they are used for studies on specific tissue receptors contaminated with serum.", "contents": "Sex hormone binding globulin and transcortin in human and baboon males. TeBG and transcortin were identified in serum from adult male baboons. TeBG values were higher than the TeBG concentration in adult men. The relative competitive abilities of three natural steroids, a synthetic androgen and two synthetic estrogens, for binding sites on TeBG occupied by radioactive DHT were compared. At a 10-fold molar excess, using both baboon and human TeBG, DHT and T were the most effective competitors; E2 was intermediate and DES a very poor one. Using gel filtration, the transcortin concentrations (mg/L) in two baboons were 16.8 and 27.4; the normal range for men is 23--45. The serum transcortin value of a third baboon, determined by equilibrium dialysis, was 0.41 micron/L (21.5 mg/L). Competition studies, using both techniques, showed that progesterone has a slightly higher affinity for baboon transcortin than cortisol and that a synthetic progestin does not bind to transcortin. Plasma binding capacity for synthetic steroids should be tested before they are used for studies on specific tissue receptors contaminated with serum.", "PMID": 104672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6333", "title": "Effect of ultrasound on testicular electrolytes (sodium and potassium).", "content": "The testes of 50 rats were placed in a cup filled with water and received 1 W/cm2 of ultrasound for 15 min. Fluid was collected from the seminiferous tubules and rete testis of the treated and control groups at 1, 8, 12, and 24 hr intervals. Ultrasound increased the sodium concentration in the fluid of the seminiferous tubules, decreased the sodium concentration in the fluid of the rete testis, increased the potassium concentration in the fluid of the rete testis, and decreased the potassium concentration in the fluid of the seminiferous tubules. Fourteen, slightly sedated, monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were treated with 1/2 W/cm2 of ultrasound for 30 min. Water was used as the coupling agent for seven monkeys and 3% NaCl was used as the coupling agent for the other seven monkeys. The efficacy of ultrasound treatment in reducing sperm count to zero and achieving zero motility was increased when 3% NaCl was used. Sperm count was at the level of presonication after 20 weeks when water was used as a coupling agent.", "contents": "Effect of ultrasound on testicular electrolytes (sodium and potassium). The testes of 50 rats were placed in a cup filled with water and received 1 W/cm2 of ultrasound for 15 min. Fluid was collected from the seminiferous tubules and rete testis of the treated and control groups at 1, 8, 12, and 24 hr intervals. Ultrasound increased the sodium concentration in the fluid of the seminiferous tubules, decreased the sodium concentration in the fluid of the rete testis, increased the potassium concentration in the fluid of the rete testis, and decreased the potassium concentration in the fluid of the seminiferous tubules. Fourteen, slightly sedated, monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were treated with 1/2 W/cm2 of ultrasound for 30 min. Water was used as the coupling agent for seven monkeys and 3% NaCl was used as the coupling agent for the other seven monkeys. The efficacy of ultrasound treatment in reducing sperm count to zero and achieving zero motility was increased when 3% NaCl was used. Sperm count was at the level of presonication after 20 weeks when water was used as a coupling agent.", "PMID": 104674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6334", "title": "Activity of bepridil and other anti-anginals on cardiovascular modifications engendered by conditioned anxiety in the dog.", "content": "The action of bepridil (5 mg/kg), perhexilene (5 mg/kg) propranolol (0.5 mg/kg), dipyridamole (0.5 mg/kg), amiodarone (10 mg/kg), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (40 microgram/kg) and nitroglycerine (40 microgram/kg) on cardiovascular manifestations of auditory-inducted emotional stress has been investigated in the conscious dog. Bepridil, perhexilene and propranolol considerably reduce tachycardia provoked by the anxiogenic stimulus, with nitroglycerin exerting an attenuated effect and the others with no significant effect on this parameter. Beppridil, nitroglycerin, perhexilene, propranolol and pentaerythritol all significantly reduce the elevation of the Robinson index, the first four with the same intensity. Only amiodarone and dipyridamole are without effect on this parameter of cardiac workload. Finally, none of the products under investigation significantly reduces systolic hypertension, associated with the induction of conditioned anxiety.", "contents": "Activity of bepridil and other anti-anginals on cardiovascular modifications engendered by conditioned anxiety in the dog. The action of bepridil (5 mg/kg), perhexilene (5 mg/kg) propranolol (0.5 mg/kg), dipyridamole (0.5 mg/kg), amiodarone (10 mg/kg), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (40 microgram/kg) and nitroglycerine (40 microgram/kg) on cardiovascular manifestations of auditory-inducted emotional stress has been investigated in the conscious dog. Bepridil, perhexilene and propranolol considerably reduce tachycardia provoked by the anxiogenic stimulus, with nitroglycerin exerting an attenuated effect and the others with no significant effect on this parameter. Beppridil, nitroglycerin, perhexilene, propranolol and pentaerythritol all significantly reduce the elevation of the Robinson index, the first four with the same intensity. Only amiodarone and dipyridamole are without effect on this parameter of cardiac workload. Finally, none of the products under investigation significantly reduces systolic hypertension, associated with the induction of conditioned anxiety.", "PMID": 104675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6335", "title": "Effect of atropine upon the cerebrovascular system during soman-induced respiratory depression.", "content": "The effect of soman-induced respiratory depression upon cerebral vascular physiology was studied in monkeys. There was a significant decrease in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure during the onset of respiratory depression, which terminated as apnea. Administration of atropine resulted in an immediate increase in all of the above mentioned parameters which coincided with improvement in respiration. It was concluded that soman impaired cerebral autoregulation, caused a decrease in cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure. It was suggested that respiratory depression resulted, in part, from anoxia. Administration of atropine increased the cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure, which in turn, possibly reversed the anoxic conditions resulting in the improvement of respiration.", "contents": "Effect of atropine upon the cerebrovascular system during soman-induced respiratory depression. The effect of soman-induced respiratory depression upon cerebral vascular physiology was studied in monkeys. There was a significant decrease in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure during the onset of respiratory depression, which terminated as apnea. Administration of atropine resulted in an immediate increase in all of the above mentioned parameters which coincided with improvement in respiration. It was concluded that soman impaired cerebral autoregulation, caused a decrease in cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure. It was suggested that respiratory depression resulted, in part, from anoxia. Administration of atropine increased the cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure, which in turn, possibly reversed the anoxic conditions resulting in the improvement of respiration.", "PMID": 104676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6336", "title": "The role of coronary adrenergic receptors in the response to nitroglycerine and the regulation of large and small vessel resistance.", "content": "The role of coronary adrenergic receptors in response to nitroglycerine and in the regulation of large and small coronary vascular resistance was evaluated in two separate studies involving fifteen anesthetized mongrel dog preparations, before and after alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade, respectively. Coronary blood flow (CBF) was measured through the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery by a non-cannulating electromagnetic flow probe. Pressure catheters were inserted into the arch of the aorta and into a distal apical branch of the LAD coronary artery to measure, respectively, aortic pressure (coronary perfusion pressure (PA), peripheral coronary pressure )PC), and coronary artery pressure gradient (PG = PA -PC). End-diastolic resistances to flow were computed as: (a) large coronary end-diastolic resistance (RL = PG/CBF), and (B) small coronary end-diastolic resistance (RS = PC/CBF). Nitroglycerine (NG) alone increased RL to approximately 180--220% of control and reduced RS to about 60% of control, respectively. Following pharmacologic blockade with propranolol (PRO), NG increased RL to about 180% of control and reduced RS to about 60% of control. Following alpha blockade with phenoxybenzamine (PBZ), NG decreased RL to about 78% of control and decreased RS to about 56% of control. It is concluded that while the overall effect of NG on the coronary vascular resistance is one of vasodilation, RL appears to be increased transiently and RS transiently decreased. Alpha adrenergic blockade appears to abolish this response. The increase in RL in response to NG appears to be associated with the systemic hypotensive effect in response to NG. It is proposed that the observed increase in RL is produced by the increase in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity which is initiated by the systemic hypotensive effect of NG.", "contents": "The role of coronary adrenergic receptors in the response to nitroglycerine and the regulation of large and small vessel resistance. The role of coronary adrenergic receptors in response to nitroglycerine and in the regulation of large and small coronary vascular resistance was evaluated in two separate studies involving fifteen anesthetized mongrel dog preparations, before and after alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade, respectively. Coronary blood flow (CBF) was measured through the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery by a non-cannulating electromagnetic flow probe. Pressure catheters were inserted into the arch of the aorta and into a distal apical branch of the LAD coronary artery to measure, respectively, aortic pressure (coronary perfusion pressure (PA), peripheral coronary pressure )PC), and coronary artery pressure gradient (PG = PA -PC). End-diastolic resistances to flow were computed as: (a) large coronary end-diastolic resistance (RL = PG/CBF), and (B) small coronary end-diastolic resistance (RS = PC/CBF). Nitroglycerine (NG) alone increased RL to approximately 180--220% of control and reduced RS to about 60% of control, respectively. Following pharmacologic blockade with propranolol (PRO), NG increased RL to about 180% of control and reduced RS to about 60% of control. Following alpha blockade with phenoxybenzamine (PBZ), NG decreased RL to about 78% of control and decreased RS to about 56% of control. It is concluded that while the overall effect of NG on the coronary vascular resistance is one of vasodilation, RL appears to be increased transiently and RS transiently decreased. Alpha adrenergic blockade appears to abolish this response. The increase in RL in response to NG appears to be associated with the systemic hypotensive effect in response to NG. It is proposed that the observed increase in RL is produced by the increase in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity which is initiated by the systemic hypotensive effect of NG.", "PMID": 104677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6337", "title": "Effect of nitroglycerine on coronary circulation and cardiac metabolism.", "content": "Nitroglycerine administered intravenously to dogs under chloralose anesthesia elicits a biphasic effect. During the first phase, it causes an increase in heart rate, a decrease in mean arterial bloodpressure and a rise in cardiac output, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption. During the second phase, the heart rate remains elevated and the arterial bloodpressure remains below control, but cardiac output, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption decrease to or below control values. During both phases, the myocardial oxygen arteriovenous difference is decreased below its control value because of a rise in the oxygen content of the coronary sinus blood. It is concluded that nitroglycerine first increases the myocardial oxygen consumption less than the coronary blood flow, then may decrease the oxygen consumption more than the coronary flow.", "contents": "Effect of nitroglycerine on coronary circulation and cardiac metabolism. Nitroglycerine administered intravenously to dogs under chloralose anesthesia elicits a biphasic effect. During the first phase, it causes an increase in heart rate, a decrease in mean arterial bloodpressure and a rise in cardiac output, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption. During the second phase, the heart rate remains elevated and the arterial bloodpressure remains below control, but cardiac output, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption decrease to or below control values. During both phases, the myocardial oxygen arteriovenous difference is decreased below its control value because of a rise in the oxygen content of the coronary sinus blood. It is concluded that nitroglycerine first increases the myocardial oxygen consumption less than the coronary blood flow, then may decrease the oxygen consumption more than the coronary flow.", "PMID": 104678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6338", "title": "Outpatient oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A review of 13 years' experience and an evaluation of modes of therapy.", "content": "Thirteen years' experience with home oxygen for patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are reviewed. Home oxygen is safe and relieves pulmonary hypertension and elevated RBC mass in some, but not all patients. Marked clinical improvement is the most important result of long-term home oxygen use, including reduced hospitalizations and return to gainful employment for a few patients. Chronic compensated carbon dioxide retention is well tolerated and adaptive in cases of severe chronic airflow obstruction. New oxygen concentrators are effective in correcting hypoxemia and may make home oxygen administration more convenient and less expensive.", "contents": "Outpatient oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A review of 13 years' experience and an evaluation of modes of therapy. Thirteen years' experience with home oxygen for patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are reviewed. Home oxygen is safe and relieves pulmonary hypertension and elevated RBC mass in some, but not all patients. Marked clinical improvement is the most important result of long-term home oxygen use, including reduced hospitalizations and return to gainful employment for a few patients. Chronic compensated carbon dioxide retention is well tolerated and adaptive in cases of severe chronic airflow obstruction. New oxygen concentrators are effective in correcting hypoxemia and may make home oxygen administration more convenient and less expensive.", "PMID": 104679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6339", "title": "Combined hypothalamic hypothyroidism and secondary adrenal insufficiency. Misdiagnosed as primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "A case of combined, selective, hypothalamic hypothyroidism and secondary adrenal insufficiency is described. Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), before and after thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) administration, were in the range generally considered to be indicative of primary, rather than secondary, hypothyroidism. Hence, the clinical usefulness of serum TSH levels to unequivocally provide an accurate distinction between primary and secondary hypothyroidism must be questioned. The paucity of clinical findings suggestive of adrenal insufficiency in this case is emphasized, and the usefulness of adrenal screening tests in hypothyroid subjects seems clear.", "contents": "Combined hypothalamic hypothyroidism and secondary adrenal insufficiency. Misdiagnosed as primary hypothyroidism. A case of combined, selective, hypothalamic hypothyroidism and secondary adrenal insufficiency is described. Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), before and after thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) administration, were in the range generally considered to be indicative of primary, rather than secondary, hypothyroidism. Hence, the clinical usefulness of serum TSH levels to unequivocally provide an accurate distinction between primary and secondary hypothyroidism must be questioned. The paucity of clinical findings suggestive of adrenal insufficiency in this case is emphasized, and the usefulness of adrenal screening tests in hypothyroid subjects seems clear.", "PMID": 104680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6340", "title": "[Application of echocardiography to the diagnosis of tricuspid valve diseases. Apropos of 103 cases].", "content": "In a series of 103 consecutive surgical patients, the normal and pathological echocardiographic appearances of the tricuspid valve were analysed and compared with the anatomical findings. It was possible to define the nature of the lesions by echocardiography, which was superior to angiography in this field. The right ventricular index (right ventricular dimension body surface area) correlated well with the mean pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.75; p less than 0.001). The index may be useful in the long term follow-up of post-operative patients.", "contents": "[Application of echocardiography to the diagnosis of tricuspid valve diseases. Apropos of 103 cases]. In a series of 103 consecutive surgical patients, the normal and pathological echocardiographic appearances of the tricuspid valve were analysed and compared with the anatomical findings. It was possible to define the nature of the lesions by echocardiography, which was superior to angiography in this field. The right ventricular index (right ventricular dimension body surface area) correlated well with the mean pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.75; p less than 0.001). The index may be useful in the long term follow-up of post-operative patients.", "PMID": 104681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6341", "title": "[Mitral commissurotomy in children. Apropos of 100 cases].", "content": "We report 100 cases of mitral commissurotomy in children, 15-years-old or less, suffering from rheumatic mitral stenosis. Mitral stenosis in children is characterised by the severity of functional impairment and the considerable radiological, electocardiological and haemodynamic changes, with pulmonary arterial hypertension which is always present and often well marked. The early results of mitral commissurotomy are very satisfactory with clinical improvement and a low mortality. But, in the long term, we have seen progressive deterioration in the clinical state of these patients resulting from re-stenosis or from the progression of another valve lesion. Three problems have been discussed. First, the progression of the rheumatic process which seems to account to a large extent for the late failures of mitral commissurotomy in children. Secondly, the problem of tricuspid insufficiency, which is often associated with mitral stenosis in childhood and which usually disappears during the post-operative period. Finally, the problem of pre-capillary pulmonary arterial hypertension which always showed a tendency towards regression.", "contents": "[Mitral commissurotomy in children. Apropos of 100 cases]. We report 100 cases of mitral commissurotomy in children, 15-years-old or less, suffering from rheumatic mitral stenosis. Mitral stenosis in children is characterised by the severity of functional impairment and the considerable radiological, electocardiological and haemodynamic changes, with pulmonary arterial hypertension which is always present and often well marked. The early results of mitral commissurotomy are very satisfactory with clinical improvement and a low mortality. But, in the long term, we have seen progressive deterioration in the clinical state of these patients resulting from re-stenosis or from the progression of another valve lesion. Three problems have been discussed. First, the progression of the rheumatic process which seems to account to a large extent for the late failures of mitral commissurotomy in children. Secondly, the problem of tricuspid insufficiency, which is often associated with mitral stenosis in childhood and which usually disappears during the post-operative period. Finally, the problem of pre-capillary pulmonary arterial hypertension which always showed a tendency towards regression.", "PMID": 104682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6342", "title": "[The fate of patients with stenosis of the trunk of the left coronary artery].", "content": "We have studied the fate of 49 patients with stenosis of the trunk of the left coronary artery of more than 50%. The follow-up period extends from 1,5 years to 5 years (with a mean of 33.83 +/- 13.55 months). The clinical picture was not characteristic. Unstable angina was found in 59% of cases. The exercice test (29 patients) was positive in 100%, with a mean depression of 3.3 mm. Stenosis of the trunk, which is rarely an isolated condition (8% of cases), is usually associated with disorders of the other main coronary vessels. Twenty six patients underwent surgery. Thirteen patients who were operable were treated medically. The performance of the left ventricle and the degree of involvement of the coronary arteries were comparable in these two groups. Seven inoperable patients were treated medically. Actuarial survival curves show a significant difference (p less than 0.01) in survival after two years between the operated cases (88%), the operable cases treated medically (60%), and the inoperable cases (57%). The decreased mortality of the operated cases corresponds also with a greater functional capacity in the survivors compared with that of the cases treated medically.", "contents": "[The fate of patients with stenosis of the trunk of the left coronary artery]. We have studied the fate of 49 patients with stenosis of the trunk of the left coronary artery of more than 50%. The follow-up period extends from 1,5 years to 5 years (with a mean of 33.83 +/- 13.55 months). The clinical picture was not characteristic. Unstable angina was found in 59% of cases. The exercice test (29 patients) was positive in 100%, with a mean depression of 3.3 mm. Stenosis of the trunk, which is rarely an isolated condition (8% of cases), is usually associated with disorders of the other main coronary vessels. Twenty six patients underwent surgery. Thirteen patients who were operable were treated medically. The performance of the left ventricle and the degree of involvement of the coronary arteries were comparable in these two groups. Seven inoperable patients were treated medically. Actuarial survival curves show a significant difference (p less than 0.01) in survival after two years between the operated cases (88%), the operable cases treated medically (60%), and the inoperable cases (57%). The decreased mortality of the operated cases corresponds also with a greater functional capacity in the survivors compared with that of the cases treated medically.", "PMID": 104683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6343", "title": "[Evaluation of cardiac performance in the hypertensive patient. Effect of a beta-blocking agent: atenolol].", "content": "Cardiac output (isotopic dilution method) and systolic time intervals were studied in 11 sustained and 8 borderline essential hypertensive patients, before and after intravenous administration of atenolol, a potent beta-blocking agent. Atenolol decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) cardiac output and heart rate. In borderline hypertensives, the preejection periods were significantly reduced. Atenolol prolonged the preejection periods more significantly (p less than 0.01) in borderline than in permanent hypertensives. Non invasive hemodynamic technics enabled the cardiac performance to be evaluated in hypertensives and the contribution of neurogenic factors in borderline hypertension to be estimated.", "contents": "[Evaluation of cardiac performance in the hypertensive patient. Effect of a beta-blocking agent: atenolol]. Cardiac output (isotopic dilution method) and systolic time intervals were studied in 11 sustained and 8 borderline essential hypertensive patients, before and after intravenous administration of atenolol, a potent beta-blocking agent. Atenolol decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) cardiac output and heart rate. In borderline hypertensives, the preejection periods were significantly reduced. Atenolol prolonged the preejection periods more significantly (p less than 0.01) in borderline than in permanent hypertensives. Non invasive hemodynamic technics enabled the cardiac performance to be evaluated in hypertensives and the contribution of neurogenic factors in borderline hypertension to be estimated.", "PMID": 104684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6344", "title": "[Use of digitalis glycosides in severe disorders of intra-ventricular conduction].", "content": "The use of digitalis in severe disorders of intra-ventricular conduction is debatable, and some consider it contra-indicated. Once it had been shown that the latter attitude is at best based on contraversial theoretical arguments, two types of study were undertaken: 1. Nine patients with bilateral bundle branch block had intracavitary recordings made of the HV interval both before and for one hour after the administration of lanatoside C (0.8 to 1.6 mg). In no case was this interval found to be increased, indicating that there was no increase in the original conduction defect. 2. Thirty four patients with complete right bundle branch block and associated left antero-superior hemiblock were digitalised, and followed up for an average of 16 months; only 2 complete atrio-ventricular blocks occurred (5.9%). The risk of complete atrio-ventribular block occurring within a year (4.5% in our series) does not differ significantly from that in an identical control group of 38 patients with the same conduction defect, but who were not digitalised (6%). Three patients had a therapeutic overdose of digitalis with no observed increase in their atrio-ventricular block. The authors conclude that it is perfectly in order to digitalise a patient with a severe intra-ventricular conduction defect.", "contents": "[Use of digitalis glycosides in severe disorders of intra-ventricular conduction]. The use of digitalis in severe disorders of intra-ventricular conduction is debatable, and some consider it contra-indicated. Once it had been shown that the latter attitude is at best based on contraversial theoretical arguments, two types of study were undertaken: 1. Nine patients with bilateral bundle branch block had intracavitary recordings made of the HV interval both before and for one hour after the administration of lanatoside C (0.8 to 1.6 mg). In no case was this interval found to be increased, indicating that there was no increase in the original conduction defect. 2. Thirty four patients with complete right bundle branch block and associated left antero-superior hemiblock were digitalised, and followed up for an average of 16 months; only 2 complete atrio-ventricular blocks occurred (5.9%). The risk of complete atrio-ventribular block occurring within a year (4.5% in our series) does not differ significantly from that in an identical control group of 38 patients with the same conduction defect, but who were not digitalised (6%). Three patients had a therapeutic overdose of digitalis with no observed increase in their atrio-ventricular block. The authors conclude that it is perfectly in order to digitalise a patient with a severe intra-ventricular conduction defect.", "PMID": 104685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6345", "title": "[Hemolysis and platelet function in patients with prosthetic heart valves. Changes during exercise and with propranolol].", "content": "10 control subjects and 27 patients with prosthetic valves (15 with Bj\u00f6rk aortic valves, 6 with mitral prostheses, 4 with aortic and mitral valves, 1 with a Bj\u00f6rk mitral and a Starr aortic valve, and 1 with a Beall mitral valve) underwent, at intervals of 24 hours, two maximal exercise tests, initially without (day J) and subsequently with (day J + 2) propranolol in a dose of 80 mg/24 h, haemolysis and platelet function being assessed immediately before and immediately after each test. Exercise tolerance was not altered by propranolol in this dose, provided the heart size was not more than 1500 ml. Haemolysis, as assessed by the level of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH1) was increased by exercise, especially in the aortic prosthesis cases in which the LDH1 was increased by 21.6% (p less than 0.025). The increase was less marked under propranolol treatment, when it was 12.3% (p less than 0.05). Propranolol did not correct the platelet clumping caused by the prosthetic mitral valves, but did decrease platelet stickiness on exercise in the patients with prostheses (delta = -11.7%; p less than 0.05). Propranolol can not therefore be recommended for increased haemolysis if there is no demonstrable dysfunction of the prosthetic valve. Neither would we advise its use at present with the aim of reducing thrombotic accidents.", "contents": "[Hemolysis and platelet function in patients with prosthetic heart valves. Changes during exercise and with propranolol]. 10 control subjects and 27 patients with prosthetic valves (15 with Bj\u00f6rk aortic valves, 6 with mitral prostheses, 4 with aortic and mitral valves, 1 with a Bj\u00f6rk mitral and a Starr aortic valve, and 1 with a Beall mitral valve) underwent, at intervals of 24 hours, two maximal exercise tests, initially without (day J) and subsequently with (day J + 2) propranolol in a dose of 80 mg/24 h, haemolysis and platelet function being assessed immediately before and immediately after each test. Exercise tolerance was not altered by propranolol in this dose, provided the heart size was not more than 1500 ml. Haemolysis, as assessed by the level of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH1) was increased by exercise, especially in the aortic prosthesis cases in which the LDH1 was increased by 21.6% (p less than 0.025). The increase was less marked under propranolol treatment, when it was 12.3% (p less than 0.05). Propranolol did not correct the platelet clumping caused by the prosthetic mitral valves, but did decrease platelet stickiness on exercise in the patients with prostheses (delta = -11.7%; p less than 0.05). Propranolol can not therefore be recommended for increased haemolysis if there is no demonstrable dysfunction of the prosthetic valve. Neither would we advise its use at present with the aim of reducing thrombotic accidents.", "PMID": 104686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6346", "title": "[Electrophysiological effects of the combined administration of digoxin and propranolol in man].", "content": "The electrophysiological effects of the combined administration of digoxin and propranolol were studied in 40 patients, compared with the effects of digoxin alone and considered in relation to anomalies of the conduction pathways. The cycle of the sinus node was only lengthened by digoxin in patients who had an anomaly of sinus node function. In contrast the addition of propranolol always increased it (from 1 109 +/- 53 ms to 1 232 +/- 58 ms). Sinus node recovery time was only increased by combined administration (from 1 331 +/- 101 ms to 1 450 +/- 68 ms). Changes in sino-atrial conduction intervals were not very marked. The AH interval was increased by digoxin (from 97 +/- 4 ms to 109 +/- 6 ms), with propranolol exerting a synergistic effect (119 +/- 6 ms). When there was pre-existing supra-His block only combined administration increased the conduction defect. The HV interval and QRS duration were not altered. The effective atrial refractory period was increased by combined administration (from 264 +/- 10 ms to 304 +/- 14 ms) except in subjects who had supra-His block. The effective refractory period of the AV node (385 +/- 26 ms) was increased by digoxin (450 +/- 37 ms). This effect was potentiated by propranolol (478 +/- 34 ms) except in those subjects who had supra-His block. In three cases in which there were two conduction pathways at A V node level the refractory periods of the rapid and slow pathways were increased by digoxin, with a synergistic effect from propranolol. The ventriculo-atrial conduction time changed from 151 +/- 24 ms to 172 +/- 22 ms following digoxin, then to 193 +/- 34 ms after the addition of propranolol.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological effects of the combined administration of digoxin and propranolol in man]. The electrophysiological effects of the combined administration of digoxin and propranolol were studied in 40 patients, compared with the effects of digoxin alone and considered in relation to anomalies of the conduction pathways. The cycle of the sinus node was only lengthened by digoxin in patients who had an anomaly of sinus node function. In contrast the addition of propranolol always increased it (from 1 109 +/- 53 ms to 1 232 +/- 58 ms). Sinus node recovery time was only increased by combined administration (from 1 331 +/- 101 ms to 1 450 +/- 68 ms). Changes in sino-atrial conduction intervals were not very marked. The AH interval was increased by digoxin (from 97 +/- 4 ms to 109 +/- 6 ms), with propranolol exerting a synergistic effect (119 +/- 6 ms). When there was pre-existing supra-His block only combined administration increased the conduction defect. The HV interval and QRS duration were not altered. The effective atrial refractory period was increased by combined administration (from 264 +/- 10 ms to 304 +/- 14 ms) except in subjects who had supra-His block. The effective refractory period of the AV node (385 +/- 26 ms) was increased by digoxin (450 +/- 37 ms). This effect was potentiated by propranolol (478 +/- 34 ms) except in those subjects who had supra-His block. In three cases in which there were two conduction pathways at A V node level the refractory periods of the rapid and slow pathways were increased by digoxin, with a synergistic effect from propranolol. The ventriculo-atrial conduction time changed from 151 +/- 24 ms to 172 +/- 22 ms following digoxin, then to 193 +/- 34 ms after the addition of propranolol.", "PMID": 104687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6347", "title": "[Hemifacial microsomia and cardiac malformations. Apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "The authors report two cases of infants with complex heart disease comprising transposition of the great vessels, and a major unilateral facial anomaly involving the ear and the mandible, conforming to the description of hemifacial microsomia. The facial anomalies seen are defined and placed in the classification of known syndromes. The incidence of heart disease associated with facial microsomia is about 20% and in 2/3 of cases it is a ventricular septal defect or a tetralogy of Fallot. An analysis of aetiological factors shows that syndromes of the first two branchial arches are usually sporadic and that they may be the result of intra-uterine disease. The mechanism of the facial lesions is probably vascular.", "contents": "[Hemifacial microsomia and cardiac malformations. Apropos of 2 cases]. The authors report two cases of infants with complex heart disease comprising transposition of the great vessels, and a major unilateral facial anomaly involving the ear and the mandible, conforming to the description of hemifacial microsomia. The facial anomalies seen are defined and placed in the classification of known syndromes. The incidence of heart disease associated with facial microsomia is about 20% and in 2/3 of cases it is a ventricular septal defect or a tetralogy of Fallot. An analysis of aetiological factors shows that syndromes of the first two branchial arches are usually sporadic and that they may be the result of intra-uterine disease. The mechanism of the facial lesions is probably vascular.", "PMID": 104688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6348", "title": "[Dwarfism and constrictive pericarditis. Apropos of a case of so-called Mulibrey dwarfism with hypereosinophilia].", "content": "A child of 10 was admitted to a cardiology unit with adiastole. The marked degree of dwarfism and anatomical features were characteristic of the so-called 'Mulibrey' dwarfism. Surgical intervention confirmed the constrictive pericarditis which is normally found in this condition. Unfortunately, the adiastole persisted which, taking into account the marked eosinophilia, made an associated endomyocardial fibrosis seem likely. The distinctive features of constrictive pericarditis and of the constrictive type of cardiomyopathy are recalled.", "contents": "[Dwarfism and constrictive pericarditis. Apropos of a case of so-called Mulibrey dwarfism with hypereosinophilia]. A child of 10 was admitted to a cardiology unit with adiastole. The marked degree of dwarfism and anatomical features were characteristic of the so-called 'Mulibrey' dwarfism. Surgical intervention confirmed the constrictive pericarditis which is normally found in this condition. Unfortunately, the adiastole persisted which, taking into account the marked eosinophilia, made an associated endomyocardial fibrosis seem likely. The distinctive features of constrictive pericarditis and of the constrictive type of cardiomyopathy are recalled.", "PMID": 104689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6349", "title": "[Paroxysmal junctional tachycardia with simultaneous supra-nodal and infra-nodal 2/1 block].", "content": "It is rare to find 2:1 second degree block in paroxysmal junctional tachycardia. In the case described, atrial stimulation at 200/mn during supra-ventricular tachycardia triggered off simultaneous atrio-ventricular and ventriculo-atrial block. This unusual occurrence was very useful because it localised the re-entry circuit to the junctional region by excluding possible accessory pathways.", "contents": "[Paroxysmal junctional tachycardia with simultaneous supra-nodal and infra-nodal 2/1 block]. It is rare to find 2:1 second degree block in paroxysmal junctional tachycardia. In the case described, atrial stimulation at 200/mn during supra-ventricular tachycardia triggered off simultaneous atrio-ventricular and ventriculo-atrial block. This unusual occurrence was very useful because it localised the re-entry circuit to the junctional region by excluding possible accessory pathways.", "PMID": 104690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6350", "title": "[Moderate aortic incompetence due to traumatic rupture of a cusp].", "content": "The authors recall a case of moderate aortic incompetence caused by traumatic rupture of an aortic cusp occurring in a man of 36 years of age. Anatomical lesions of the aortic valve usually lead to severe incompetence for which surgical treatment is required. In this case, the lesion was well tolerated from the clinical and haemodynamic points of view, and surgery was not required; this tolerance has extended into the mid term. The authors emphasise the importance of echocardiography in the diagnosis of disturbance of an aortic valve, and also in following up the progress of the subsequent aortic incompetence.", "contents": "[Moderate aortic incompetence due to traumatic rupture of a cusp]. The authors recall a case of moderate aortic incompetence caused by traumatic rupture of an aortic cusp occurring in a man of 36 years of age. Anatomical lesions of the aortic valve usually lead to severe incompetence for which surgical treatment is required. In this case, the lesion was well tolerated from the clinical and haemodynamic points of view, and surgery was not required; this tolerance has extended into the mid term. The authors emphasise the importance of echocardiography in the diagnosis of disturbance of an aortic valve, and also in following up the progress of the subsequent aortic incompetence.", "PMID": 104691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6351", "title": "Purification and effects of fulvocin C, a bacteriocin from Myxococcus fulvus Mx f16.", "content": "Fulvocin C is a bacteriocin from Myxococcus fulvus Mx f16. It has a molecular weight of 4672 and is one of the smallest bacteriocins known. Four disulfide bonds give the molecule a tight structure, so that its native form was not attacked by chymotrypsin or pronase. Fulvocin C was stable in various organic solvents and could tolerate 80 degrees C in aqueous solution without loss of activity. The killing effect of fulvocin C was observed only at concentrations higher than 0.25 mumol/1. Macromolecular synthesis (DNA, RNA, protein) was affected very gradually. Viability in growing cultures decreased slowly from 100 to 25% during one generation (8 h). Cell division was affected early. After one generation v-shaped cell pairs had accumulated in the culture. Electron microscopic pictures revealed extended membrane systems connected with the inner membrane. The most striking effect was that often the outer membranes of neighbouring cells seemed to have fused laterally. With further incubation many cells lost their rod shape and empty bags became predominant.", "contents": "Purification and effects of fulvocin C, a bacteriocin from Myxococcus fulvus Mx f16. Fulvocin C is a bacteriocin from Myxococcus fulvus Mx f16. It has a molecular weight of 4672 and is one of the smallest bacteriocins known. Four disulfide bonds give the molecule a tight structure, so that its native form was not attacked by chymotrypsin or pronase. Fulvocin C was stable in various organic solvents and could tolerate 80 degrees C in aqueous solution without loss of activity. The killing effect of fulvocin C was observed only at concentrations higher than 0.25 mumol/1. Macromolecular synthesis (DNA, RNA, protein) was affected very gradually. Viability in growing cultures decreased slowly from 100 to 25% during one generation (8 h). Cell division was affected early. After one generation v-shaped cell pairs had accumulated in the culture. Electron microscopic pictures revealed extended membrane systems connected with the inner membrane. The most striking effect was that often the outer membranes of neighbouring cells seemed to have fused laterally. With further incubation many cells lost their rod shape and empty bags became predominant.", "PMID": 104692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6352", "title": "On the appearance of Bacillus subtilis intracellular serine protease in the cell membrane and culture medium. Comparison of the enzyme and other Bacillus subtilis serine proteases.", "content": "While about 80% of the cell-bound intracellular serine protease of Bacillus subtilis A-50 have been recovered in the soluble fraction upon disruption of cells, the rest of the enzyme was found to be associated with the membrane fraction. Soluble cytoplasmic intracellular serine protease, as well as membrane-bound serine protease liberated by non-ionic detergent treatment, have been isolated in a pure state and shown to be identical. The same protease might also be found extracellularly, due presumably to cell lysis or altered membrane permeability. Intracellular serine protease of Bacillus subtilis A-50 was clearly related to Bacillus subtilis serine proteases W1 and bacillopeptidase F described as extracellular enzymes.", "contents": "On the appearance of Bacillus subtilis intracellular serine protease in the cell membrane and culture medium. Comparison of the enzyme and other Bacillus subtilis serine proteases. While about 80% of the cell-bound intracellular serine protease of Bacillus subtilis A-50 have been recovered in the soluble fraction upon disruption of cells, the rest of the enzyme was found to be associated with the membrane fraction. Soluble cytoplasmic intracellular serine protease, as well as membrane-bound serine protease liberated by non-ionic detergent treatment, have been isolated in a pure state and shown to be identical. The same protease might also be found extracellularly, due presumably to cell lysis or altered membrane permeability. Intracellular serine protease of Bacillus subtilis A-50 was clearly related to Bacillus subtilis serine proteases W1 and bacillopeptidase F described as extracellular enzymes.", "PMID": 104693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6353", "title": "[Microbiological studies on bacterial spectra of milk samples from healthy udder quarters and from those with increased cell counts and/or conductivity values].", "content": "The germ levels of 2,182 milk samples obtained from udder quarters with subclinical mastitis were compared to milk sampled from 2,061 udder quarters with physiological cell counts or conductivity values. Three cattle herds were involved in the test programme. No germ growth was established from 9.5 per cent of all samples taken from udder quarters with increased cell counts and conductivities and from 4.1 per cent of those samples taken from intact udder quarters. Samples taken from udder quarters with subclinical mastitis exhibited the following rises in bacteria, as compared to samples from intact quarters: staphylococci by 3.1 per cent, staphylocci in germ mixtures by 3.0 per cent, CAMP-positive streptococci by 2.2 per cent, alpha-haemolytic CAMP-negative streptococci by 0.8 per cent, anhaemolytic streptococci in germ mixtures by 0.4 per cent, beta-haemolytic streptococci by 0.5 per cent, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by 1.4 per cent. Other germ species and mixtures exhibited declining trends along with growing subclinical affection of udder quarters. All findings so far obtained in the presence of subclinical mastitis are likely to suggest that 11.4 per cent of detected bacteria were of pathogenicity to udders. However, attempts to localise those 11.4 per cent were unsuccessful, since no significant difference could be calculated by comparison of intact with affected udder quarters. Reference is made in the discussion to primary and secondary germ levels of milk samples and their relevance to the problem and its elucidation.", "contents": "[Microbiological studies on bacterial spectra of milk samples from healthy udder quarters and from those with increased cell counts and/or conductivity values]. The germ levels of 2,182 milk samples obtained from udder quarters with subclinical mastitis were compared to milk sampled from 2,061 udder quarters with physiological cell counts or conductivity values. Three cattle herds were involved in the test programme. No germ growth was established from 9.5 per cent of all samples taken from udder quarters with increased cell counts and conductivities and from 4.1 per cent of those samples taken from intact udder quarters. Samples taken from udder quarters with subclinical mastitis exhibited the following rises in bacteria, as compared to samples from intact quarters: staphylococci by 3.1 per cent, staphylocci in germ mixtures by 3.0 per cent, CAMP-positive streptococci by 2.2 per cent, alpha-haemolytic CAMP-negative streptococci by 0.8 per cent, anhaemolytic streptococci in germ mixtures by 0.4 per cent, beta-haemolytic streptococci by 0.5 per cent, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by 1.4 per cent. Other germ species and mixtures exhibited declining trends along with growing subclinical affection of udder quarters. All findings so far obtained in the presence of subclinical mastitis are likely to suggest that 11.4 per cent of detected bacteria were of pathogenicity to udders. However, attempts to localise those 11.4 per cent were unsuccessful, since no significant difference could be calculated by comparison of intact with affected udder quarters. Reference is made in the discussion to primary and secondary germ levels of milk samples and their relevance to the problem and its elucidation.", "PMID": 104694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6354", "title": "Transfer of 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl),1,1,1-trichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) from maternal to newborn and suckling rats.", "content": "Pregnant rats were given a small dose of 14C-2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) and 3H-DDT intraperitoneally. The transfer of HCB and DDT through the placenta and milk was then investigated. Transfer through the placenta was 2.7 and 1.5% (respectively) of the initial doses; transfer through milk was 39.2 and 21.5%. HCB is obviously more transferable than DDT through the placenta and milk, the ratio of the amount of HCB transferred through milk to the amount transferred through the placenta agrees with that for DDT. Concentrations of HCB and DDT in the whole suckling rat increases rapidly and is similar to the sigmoidal growth curve and change in lipid concentration. Therefore, the concentrations of the chemicals in the maternal tissue generally decrease in comparison with those of nonpregnant rats.", "contents": "Transfer of 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl),1,1,1-trichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) from maternal to newborn and suckling rats. Pregnant rats were given a small dose of 14C-2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) and 3H-DDT intraperitoneally. The transfer of HCB and DDT through the placenta and milk was then investigated. Transfer through the placenta was 2.7 and 1.5% (respectively) of the initial doses; transfer through milk was 39.2 and 21.5%. HCB is obviously more transferable than DDT through the placenta and milk, the ratio of the amount of HCB transferred through milk to the amount transferred through the placenta agrees with that for DDT. Concentrations of HCB and DDT in the whole suckling rat increases rapidly and is similar to the sigmoidal growth curve and change in lipid concentration. Therefore, the concentrations of the chemicals in the maternal tissue generally decrease in comparison with those of nonpregnant rats.", "PMID": 104695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6355", "title": "Antigenic relationship between influenza C viruses.", "content": "The object of this study was to determine whether antigenic groupings exist among influenza C viruses. Altogether seven influenza type C strains were examined by reciprocal haemagglutination-inhibition and serum neutralization tests with sera produced in ferrets. Some biological properties were also compared and differences were found in their ability to agglutinate erythrocytes from various species, in their ability to adsorb onto rat and fowl erythrocytes, and in their rates of elution from the cells. The results obtained using these techniques confirmed that antigenic variation exists among influenza C viruses although it is not as clear cut as among influenza A viruses. This was supported by the results of a serological survey of antibody in different age groups.", "contents": "Antigenic relationship between influenza C viruses. The object of this study was to determine whether antigenic groupings exist among influenza C viruses. Altogether seven influenza type C strains were examined by reciprocal haemagglutination-inhibition and serum neutralization tests with sera produced in ferrets. Some biological properties were also compared and differences were found in their ability to agglutinate erythrocytes from various species, in their ability to adsorb onto rat and fowl erythrocytes, and in their rates of elution from the cells. The results obtained using these techniques confirmed that antigenic variation exists among influenza C viruses although it is not as clear cut as among influenza A viruses. This was supported by the results of a serological survey of antibody in different age groups.", "PMID": 104696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6356", "title": "Histopathology in giardiasis: a correlation with diarrhoea.", "content": "There is controversy both in regard to the severity of small bowel mucosal damage attributable to giardiasis and to the causal relationship of these changes to the associated diarrhoea. In this series of 17 consecutive patients with giardiasis, small bowel histology and diarrhoea were independently assessed and compared. Disaccharidase assays were performed in 16 of these patients and a repeat biopsy obtained in seven cases. On histological examination the villous architecture varied from normal to sub-total villous atrophy. When these changes were compared with the severity of diarrhoea, a direct correlation was obtained, the more severe symptoms being associated with the more severe villous changes. Repeat biopsy after treatment demonstrated improvement in the histology which correlated with improvement in diarrhoea. Lactase activity was low in all patients with moderate or severe diarrhoea as well as in some patients with mild diarrhoea, two of whom had normal histology. This series demonstrates the occurrence of a spectrum of mucosal changes in giardiasis and supports the concept that these changes mediate the diarrhoea associated with this gut parasite.", "contents": "Histopathology in giardiasis: a correlation with diarrhoea. There is controversy both in regard to the severity of small bowel mucosal damage attributable to giardiasis and to the causal relationship of these changes to the associated diarrhoea. In this series of 17 consecutive patients with giardiasis, small bowel histology and diarrhoea were independently assessed and compared. Disaccharidase assays were performed in 16 of these patients and a repeat biopsy obtained in seven cases. On histological examination the villous architecture varied from normal to sub-total villous atrophy. When these changes were compared with the severity of diarrhoea, a direct correlation was obtained, the more severe symptoms being associated with the more severe villous changes. Repeat biopsy after treatment demonstrated improvement in the histology which correlated with improvement in diarrhoea. Lactase activity was low in all patients with moderate or severe diarrhoea as well as in some patients with mild diarrhoea, two of whom had normal histology. This series demonstrates the occurrence of a spectrum of mucosal changes in giardiasis and supports the concept that these changes mediate the diarrhoea associated with this gut parasite.", "PMID": 104699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6357", "title": "Neurofibromatosis in childhood.", "content": "A study of 78 children with neurofibromatosis showed that 40% had an autosomal dominant form of inheritence and a wide variety of manifestations which developed at varying stages during childhood. The pattern of these manifestations differed in many respects from the pattern seen in adults with neurofibromatosis. As a result of our inability to predict the future appearance of these manifestations and the difficulty encountered in treating advanced lesions, it is suggested that a policy of early detection and treatment is advisable. This applies particularly to intrathoracic neurofibromas, tumours of the optic nerves, spinal cord and brain, and kyphoscoliosis.", "contents": "Neurofibromatosis in childhood. A study of 78 children with neurofibromatosis showed that 40% had an autosomal dominant form of inheritence and a wide variety of manifestations which developed at varying stages during childhood. The pattern of these manifestations differed in many respects from the pattern seen in adults with neurofibromatosis. As a result of our inability to predict the future appearance of these manifestations and the difficulty encountered in treating advanced lesions, it is suggested that a policy of early detection and treatment is advisable. This applies particularly to intrathoracic neurofibromas, tumours of the optic nerves, spinal cord and brain, and kyphoscoliosis.", "PMID": 104700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6358", "title": "Behavior genetics of olfactory responses in Drosophila. II. An odorant-specific variant in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Homozygous second chromosome lines were extracted from a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster and tested for their olfactory responses to ethyl acetate. The chromosome lines were highly heterogeneous for this behavior, and the variability was also specific to other esters and ketones such as ethyl propionate, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, and 3-pentanone. The responses to these odorants negatively correlated with the response to another odorant, lactic acid. A large part of this odorant-specific variation seemed to be controlled by genes located on the right arm of the second chromosome.", "contents": "Behavior genetics of olfactory responses in Drosophila. II. An odorant-specific variant in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. Homozygous second chromosome lines were extracted from a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster and tested for their olfactory responses to ethyl acetate. The chromosome lines were highly heterogeneous for this behavior, and the variability was also specific to other esters and ketones such as ethyl propionate, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, and 3-pentanone. The responses to these odorants negatively correlated with the response to another odorant, lactic acid. A large part of this odorant-specific variation seemed to be controlled by genes located on the right arm of the second chromosome.", "PMID": 104703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6359", "title": "Selection for digging behavior in Drosophila melanogaster larvae.", "content": "The genetics of the digging behavior of Drosophila melanogaster larvae was studied through selective breeding. Selection for low digging activity was successful, but selection for high digging activity was not. Selection for low and high digging activity affected another behavior, namely the choice of a pupation site. Digging behavior appears to be under polygenic control.", "contents": "Selection for digging behavior in Drosophila melanogaster larvae. The genetics of the digging behavior of Drosophila melanogaster larvae was studied through selective breeding. Selection for low digging activity was successful, but selection for high digging activity was not. Selection for low and high digging activity affected another behavior, namely the choice of a pupation site. Digging behavior appears to be under polygenic control.", "PMID": 104704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6360", "title": "Biochemical genetics of macaques. I. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase polymorphisms in Macaca mulatta and Macaca speciosa.", "content": "Starch gel electrophoresis of erythrocytes from 1812 Macaca mulatta has unequivocally demonstrated that the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) isozymes are controlled by two autosomal codominant alleles. Limited data on erythrocytes from 89 Macaca speciosa were also consistent with autosomal codominance.", "contents": "Biochemical genetics of macaques. I. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase polymorphisms in Macaca mulatta and Macaca speciosa. Starch gel electrophoresis of erythrocytes from 1812 Macaca mulatta has unequivocally demonstrated that the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) isozymes are controlled by two autosomal codominant alleles. Limited data on erythrocytes from 89 Macaca speciosa were also consistent with autosomal codominance.", "PMID": 104707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6361", "title": "Dietary rescue of a lethal \"null\" activity allele of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The genetic rescue of Pgdn lethal alleles, accomplished by combining them with mutations lacking glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, has led to the hypothesis that Pgdn lethality may be due to the accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate. In this article we report the rescue of Pgdn/Y males by dietary supplements (fructose and linolenate) designed to minimize 6-phosphogluconate production.", "contents": "Dietary rescue of a lethal \"null\" activity allele of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster. The genetic rescue of Pgdn lethal alleles, accomplished by combining them with mutations lacking glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, has led to the hypothesis that Pgdn lethality may be due to the accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate. In this article we report the rescue of Pgdn/Y males by dietary supplements (fructose and linolenate) designed to minimize 6-phosphogluconate production.", "PMID": 104708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6362", "title": "Genetic control of alcohol dehydrogenase levels in Drosophila.", "content": "Among the progeny of Drosophila flies heterozygous for two noncomplementing Adh-negative alleles, two individuals were found that had recovered appreciable alcohol dehydrogenase activity, thereby surviving the ethanol medium used as a screen. The most likely explanation is that these Adh-positive flies are the product of intracistronic recombination within the Adh locus. Judging by the distribution of outside markers, one of the crossovers would have been a conventional reciprocal exchange while the other appears to have been an instance of nonreciprocal recombination. The enzymes produced in strains derived from the original survivors can be easily distinguished from wild-type enzymes ADH-S and ADH-F on the basis of their sensitivity to denaturing agents. None of various physical and catalytic properties tested revealed differences between the enzymes of the survivor strains except that in one of them the level of activity is 55--65% of the other. Quantitative immunological determinations of ADH gave estimates of enzyme protein which are proportional to the measured activity levels. These results are interpreted to indicate that different amounts of ADH protein are being accumulated in the two strains.", "contents": "Genetic control of alcohol dehydrogenase levels in Drosophila. Among the progeny of Drosophila flies heterozygous for two noncomplementing Adh-negative alleles, two individuals were found that had recovered appreciable alcohol dehydrogenase activity, thereby surviving the ethanol medium used as a screen. The most likely explanation is that these Adh-positive flies are the product of intracistronic recombination within the Adh locus. Judging by the distribution of outside markers, one of the crossovers would have been a conventional reciprocal exchange while the other appears to have been an instance of nonreciprocal recombination. The enzymes produced in strains derived from the original survivors can be easily distinguished from wild-type enzymes ADH-S and ADH-F on the basis of their sensitivity to denaturing agents. None of various physical and catalytic properties tested revealed differences between the enzymes of the survivor strains except that in one of them the level of activity is 55--65% of the other. Quantitative immunological determinations of ADH gave estimates of enzyme protein which are proportional to the measured activity levels. These results are interpreted to indicate that different amounts of ADH protein are being accumulated in the two strains.", "PMID": 104709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6363", "title": "Alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in populations of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Relation between ADH activity and adult mortality.", "content": "Eight Drosophila melanogaster strains, seven homozygous for AdhF alleles and one for an Adh-null mutant, were compared for ADH activity in males and adult mortality on ethanol-supplemented food. The strains differed considerably in these qualities. A positive correlation was found between ADH activity and LD50. The relevance of this finding is discussed in relation to the differential selection acting on Adh genotypes kept on ethanol-supplemented food.", "contents": "Alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in populations of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Relation between ADH activity and adult mortality. Eight Drosophila melanogaster strains, seven homozygous for AdhF alleles and one for an Adh-null mutant, were compared for ADH activity in males and adult mortality on ethanol-supplemented food. The strains differed considerably in these qualities. A positive correlation was found between ADH activity and LD50. The relevance of this finding is discussed in relation to the differential selection acting on Adh genotypes kept on ethanol-supplemented food.", "PMID": 104710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6364", "title": "The phospholipid-dependence of uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase. Temperature-dependence of microsomal enzyme activity and thermotropic changes in membrane structure.", "content": "Arrhenius plots of the non-latent UDP-glucuronyltransferase (p-nitrophenol acceptor) activity of guinea-pig microsomal membranes prepared with 154 mM-KCl were linear from 5 to 40 degrees C. Arrhenius plots for other microsomal preparations from guinea pig and rat liver that show various degrees of transferase latency, exhibited two linear regions intersecting at a sharp transition point near 20-25 degrees C. This discontinuity was abolished or greatly decreased when transferase latency was removed by treating the membranes with perturbants of phospholipid bilayer strucutre. The fluorescent probe N-phenyl-1-naphthyl-amine detected a thermotropic change in the fluidity of the phospholipid acyl chains of all the microsomal membrane preparations studied, at temperatures close to those of the Arrhenius-plot transitions. It is concluded that the thermotropic change in the structure of the membrane bilayer probably is a 'phase separation' or clustering of phospholipids, which affects a permeability barrier that restricts access of substrate to the transferase molecules.", "contents": "The phospholipid-dependence of uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase. Temperature-dependence of microsomal enzyme activity and thermotropic changes in membrane structure. Arrhenius plots of the non-latent UDP-glucuronyltransferase (p-nitrophenol acceptor) activity of guinea-pig microsomal membranes prepared with 154 mM-KCl were linear from 5 to 40 degrees C. Arrhenius plots for other microsomal preparations from guinea pig and rat liver that show various degrees of transferase latency, exhibited two linear regions intersecting at a sharp transition point near 20-25 degrees C. This discontinuity was abolished or greatly decreased when transferase latency was removed by treating the membranes with perturbants of phospholipid bilayer strucutre. The fluorescent probe N-phenyl-1-naphthyl-amine detected a thermotropic change in the fluidity of the phospholipid acyl chains of all the microsomal membrane preparations studied, at temperatures close to those of the Arrhenius-plot transitions. It is concluded that the thermotropic change in the structure of the membrane bilayer probably is a 'phase separation' or clustering of phospholipids, which affects a permeability barrier that restricts access of substrate to the transferase molecules.", "PMID": 104711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6365", "title": "Characterization of purified human liver acid beta-D-galactosidases A2 and A3.", "content": "1. Human liver acid beta-galactosidase A2 and A3 were isolated by chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B, Sepharose 6B, and Sepharose 4B-6-aminohexyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside. beta-Galactosidase A2 and A3 were purified to final specific activities of 45.5 and 20.6 mumol/min per mg respectively with 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactopyranoside as substrate. 2. Form A2 had a mol.wt. of 150000 +/- 15000 (gel filtration) and appeared as a single band of protein (mol.wt 65000 +/- 1000) on electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. 3. Form A3 had a mol.wt. (gel filtration) of 660000 +/- 66000. On electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, form A3 appeared as a major band of protein (72% of total) of mol.wt. 65000 +/- 1000 and minor protein bands of mol.wt. 44000 +/- 1000 and 26,000 +/- 1000 and 22000 +/- 1000. 4. Gel-filtration chromatography of purified beta-galactosidase A3 generated approximately equal amounts of forms A3 and A2. beta-Galactosidase A1 was not detected by gel-filtration chromatography of partially or highly purified preparations of forms A2 and A3. 5. Both forms A2 and A3 had identical isoelectric points of 4.42 +/- 0.02. The data suggest that forms A2 and A3 are dimeric and multimeric forms of beta-galactosidase A1. 6. Amino acid analysis of beta-galactosidase A2 gave a ratio of acidic to basic amino acids of 2.6:1. 7. beta-Galactosidase A2 contained 7.5% carbohydrate by weight and sialic acid, D-galactose, D-glucosamine and D-mannose were present in the molar proportions 1.1:1.0:1.7:2.7.", "contents": "Characterization of purified human liver acid beta-D-galactosidases A2 and A3. 1. Human liver acid beta-galactosidase A2 and A3 were isolated by chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B, Sepharose 6B, and Sepharose 4B-6-aminohexyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside. beta-Galactosidase A2 and A3 were purified to final specific activities of 45.5 and 20.6 mumol/min per mg respectively with 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactopyranoside as substrate. 2. Form A2 had a mol.wt. of 150000 +/- 15000 (gel filtration) and appeared as a single band of protein (mol.wt 65000 +/- 1000) on electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. 3. Form A3 had a mol.wt. (gel filtration) of 660000 +/- 66000. On electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, form A3 appeared as a major band of protein (72% of total) of mol.wt. 65000 +/- 1000 and minor protein bands of mol.wt. 44000 +/- 1000 and 26,000 +/- 1000 and 22000 +/- 1000. 4. Gel-filtration chromatography of purified beta-galactosidase A3 generated approximately equal amounts of forms A3 and A2. beta-Galactosidase A1 was not detected by gel-filtration chromatography of partially or highly purified preparations of forms A2 and A3. 5. Both forms A2 and A3 had identical isoelectric points of 4.42 +/- 0.02. The data suggest that forms A2 and A3 are dimeric and multimeric forms of beta-galactosidase A1. 6. Amino acid analysis of beta-galactosidase A2 gave a ratio of acidic to basic amino acids of 2.6:1. 7. beta-Galactosidase A2 contained 7.5% carbohydrate by weight and sialic acid, D-galactose, D-glucosamine and D-mannose were present in the molar proportions 1.1:1.0:1.7:2.7.", "PMID": 104712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6366", "title": "Purification and properties of nitrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum, and evidence for phosphate, ribose and an adenine-like unit covalently bound to the iron protein.", "content": "1. The molybdenum-iron (Mo-Fe) protein, iron (Fe) protein and the activating factor of nitrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum were purified. 2. The Mo-Fe protein has properties similar to those of the Mo-Fe proteins of other nitrogen-fixing organisms. 3. The Fe protein is similar to other Fe proteins with respect to its molecular weight, metal composition and e.p.r. signal. 4. The Fe protein is different from other Fe proteins in that it apparently has two types of subunits rather than one, its u.v. spectrum has an extra peak, and phosphate, ribose and an adenine-like unit are covalently bound to the protein. The presence of these non-protein groups on the protein may explain the requirement for activation of R. rubrum Fe protein.", "contents": "Purification and properties of nitrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum, and evidence for phosphate, ribose and an adenine-like unit covalently bound to the iron protein. 1. The molybdenum-iron (Mo-Fe) protein, iron (Fe) protein and the activating factor of nitrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum were purified. 2. The Mo-Fe protein has properties similar to those of the Mo-Fe proteins of other nitrogen-fixing organisms. 3. The Fe protein is similar to other Fe proteins with respect to its molecular weight, metal composition and e.p.r. signal. 4. The Fe protein is different from other Fe proteins in that it apparently has two types of subunits rather than one, its u.v. spectrum has an extra peak, and phosphate, ribose and an adenine-like unit are covalently bound to the protein. The presence of these non-protein groups on the protein may explain the requirement for activation of R. rubrum Fe protein.", "PMID": 104713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6367", "title": "The immobilization of adenine nucleotides on polysaccharides by using glutaraldehyde coupling and borohydride reduction.", "content": "Adenine nucleotides were immobilized on modified Sepharose 4B or Dextran T40 with glutaraldehyde and reduced with KBH4. Binding was dependent on pH and the nature of the amino group on the modified polysaccharide. ATP bound to soluble dextran retained coenzyme activity with glycerol kinase. Binding is proposed to occur via a Schiff base.", "contents": "The immobilization of adenine nucleotides on polysaccharides by using glutaraldehyde coupling and borohydride reduction. Adenine nucleotides were immobilized on modified Sepharose 4B or Dextran T40 with glutaraldehyde and reduced with KBH4. Binding was dependent on pH and the nature of the amino group on the modified polysaccharide. ATP bound to soluble dextran retained coenzyme activity with glycerol kinase. Binding is proposed to occur via a Schiff base.", "PMID": 104714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6368", "title": "The effect of sodium 2-mercapto-ethane sulphonate and hypertonic saline aerosols on bronchial clearance in chronic bronchitis.", "content": "1  The efficacy of a mucolytic agent, 2-mercapto-ethane sulphonate, administered in the form of an aerosol was evaluated in a group of eleven patients with chronic bronchitis in a controlled, double-blind, crossover study. 2  Saline aerosol isotonic (1.21M, 7.1%) to the drug was used as a placebo. 3  Approximately 1 ml drug/placebo was inhaled by the patients twice a day for 3 days and a final dose was given on the mornings of the drug/placebo trial runs. 4  There was no improvement in this group of patients in lung function or subjective well being attributable to the drug. 5  The viscosity of sputum, dry macromolecular weight and N-acetyl neuraminic acid/fucose ratio remained unaltered throughout the study. 6  An enhancement of tracheobronchial clearance was obtained following the administration of either placebo (31%) or drug aerosols (24%) Statistical significance (P less than 0.01) was only achieved for the placebo and was attributed to an increase in sputum volume.", "contents": "The effect of sodium 2-mercapto-ethane sulphonate and hypertonic saline aerosols on bronchial clearance in chronic bronchitis. 1  The efficacy of a mucolytic agent, 2-mercapto-ethane sulphonate, administered in the form of an aerosol was evaluated in a group of eleven patients with chronic bronchitis in a controlled, double-blind, crossover study. 2  Saline aerosol isotonic (1.21M, 7.1%) to the drug was used as a placebo. 3  Approximately 1 ml drug/placebo was inhaled by the patients twice a day for 3 days and a final dose was given on the mornings of the drug/placebo trial runs. 4  There was no improvement in this group of patients in lung function or subjective well being attributable to the drug. 5  The viscosity of sputum, dry macromolecular weight and N-acetyl neuraminic acid/fucose ratio remained unaltered throughout the study. 6  An enhancement of tracheobronchial clearance was obtained following the administration of either placebo (31%) or drug aerosols (24%) Statistical significance (P less than 0.01) was only achieved for the placebo and was attributed to an increase in sputum volume.", "PMID": 104724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6369", "title": "Detection of antibodies after immune complex splitting in serum of patients with bullous pemphigoid and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "No free anti-basement membrane antibodies were found in the sera of four patients with bullous pemphigoid, and no free anti-DNA antibodies in the sera of two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The sera treated with 3 mol/l urea and by gel chromatography to separate these antibodies from any circulating complexes, and antibodies to basement membrane were detected by immunofluorescence and to DNA by the Farr technique. The appropriate antibodies were found in all the sera, indicating that failure to detect antibodies by routine procedures may be due to binding of the antibodies to soluble antigens forming complexes in the sera.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies after immune complex splitting in serum of patients with bullous pemphigoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. No free anti-basement membrane antibodies were found in the sera of four patients with bullous pemphigoid, and no free anti-DNA antibodies in the sera of two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The sera treated with 3 mol/l urea and by gel chromatography to separate these antibodies from any circulating complexes, and antibodies to basement membrane were detected by immunofluorescence and to DNA by the Farr technique. The appropriate antibodies were found in all the sera, indicating that failure to detect antibodies by routine procedures may be due to binding of the antibodies to soluble antigens forming complexes in the sera.", "PMID": 104725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6370", "title": "Ribosomal proteins in growing and starved Tetrahymena pyriformis. Starvation-induced phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins.", "content": "The complements of ribosomal proteins in growing and starved cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In growing cells, the 40-S ribosomal subunit contained 30 proteins, 4 of which migrated toward the anode at pH 8.6, while the 60-S ribosomal subunit contained 46 proteins, 9 of which migrated toward the anode at pH 8.6. When exponentially growing cells were transferred into a non-nutrient medium pronounced phosphorylation of a single 40-S ribosomal subunit protein, S6, was induced. The phosphorylation was very specific; more than 99.5% of the [32P]phosphate incorporated into ribosomal proteins was associated with S6. Phosphate was incorporated into S6 as O-phosphoserine and O-phosphothreonine. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated that the complement of proteins associated with the ribosomes isolated from starved cells differed from that of growing cells. Careful examination, however, suggested that except for the phosphorylation of certain ribosomal proteins in starved cells, the observed differences did not reflect starvation-induced changes in vivo, but most probably different levels of artifactual modifications (limited proteolysis) during the preparation of the ribosomes.", "contents": "Ribosomal proteins in growing and starved Tetrahymena pyriformis. Starvation-induced phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins. The complements of ribosomal proteins in growing and starved cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In growing cells, the 40-S ribosomal subunit contained 30 proteins, 4 of which migrated toward the anode at pH 8.6, while the 60-S ribosomal subunit contained 46 proteins, 9 of which migrated toward the anode at pH 8.6. When exponentially growing cells were transferred into a non-nutrient medium pronounced phosphorylation of a single 40-S ribosomal subunit protein, S6, was induced. The phosphorylation was very specific; more than 99.5% of the [32P]phosphate incorporated into ribosomal proteins was associated with S6. Phosphate was incorporated into S6 as O-phosphoserine and O-phosphothreonine. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated that the complement of proteins associated with the ribosomes isolated from starved cells differed from that of growing cells. Careful examination, however, suggested that except for the phosphorylation of certain ribosomal proteins in starved cells, the observed differences did not reflect starvation-induced changes in vivo, but most probably different levels of artifactual modifications (limited proteolysis) during the preparation of the ribosomes.", "PMID": 104727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6371", "title": "Transformation in Bacillus subtilis with nitrogen mustard crosslinked DNA. Effect on cotransformation and mutation frequencies.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis DNA was treated in vitro with nitrogen mustard and the crosslinked molecules were purified, after alkali denaturation, by hydroxyapatite chromatography. When tested for the ability to transform the trpC2-hisB2 segment, these molecules exhibited a decrease in the cotransformation index (r) as compared to native or renatured DNA. The decrease in r was not accompanied by an increase in mutagenicity.", "contents": "Transformation in Bacillus subtilis with nitrogen mustard crosslinked DNA. Effect on cotransformation and mutation frequencies. Bacillus subtilis DNA was treated in vitro with nitrogen mustard and the crosslinked molecules were purified, after alkali denaturation, by hydroxyapatite chromatography. When tested for the ability to transform the trpC2-hisB2 segment, these molecules exhibited a decrease in the cotransformation index (r) as compared to native or renatured DNA. The decrease in r was not accompanied by an increase in mutagenicity.", "PMID": 104728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6372", "title": "The role of ATP in the transport of rapidly-labeled RNA from isolated nuclei of rat liver in vitro.", "content": "To understand the mechanism of the action of ATP on the in vitro transport of the rapidly-labeled RNA from isolated nuclei, the fate of ATP during the incubation as well as the effect of ATP, its analogues and other ribonucleoside triphosphates on the transport was examined and the following results were obtained. (1) More than 97% of added ATP remained acid soluble. No polyadenylation of the rapidly-labeled RNA in the released fraction by added ATP occurred although new polyadenylate segments smaller than 10 S were synthesized. (2) The addition of an ATP-generating system to the reaction mixture restored the initial rate of the release of the rapidly-labeled RNA from isolated nuclei. (3) Among the ribonucleoside triphosphates tested, ATP was most effective in stimulating the release. GTP was about 2/3 as effective as ATP. UTP showed some effect, but CTP showed no effect. EDTA was also non-effective. (4) When no ATP-generating system was added to the reaction mixture, AMP failed to mimic the effect of ATP. However, the combination of AMP and pyrophosphate could take the place of ATP. (5) Both AMP-CPP and AMP-PCP, the ATP analogues, showed the equal degree of their effect on the release, regardless of the position of the methylene bond. From these results, the principal role of ATP in the in vitro transport systems seemed to be its interaction with isolated nuclei to dissociate a structure which retains the rapidly-labeled RNA in the nucleus.", "contents": "The role of ATP in the transport of rapidly-labeled RNA from isolated nuclei of rat liver in vitro. To understand the mechanism of the action of ATP on the in vitro transport of the rapidly-labeled RNA from isolated nuclei, the fate of ATP during the incubation as well as the effect of ATP, its analogues and other ribonucleoside triphosphates on the transport was examined and the following results were obtained. (1) More than 97% of added ATP remained acid soluble. No polyadenylation of the rapidly-labeled RNA in the released fraction by added ATP occurred although new polyadenylate segments smaller than 10 S were synthesized. (2) The addition of an ATP-generating system to the reaction mixture restored the initial rate of the release of the rapidly-labeled RNA from isolated nuclei. (3) Among the ribonucleoside triphosphates tested, ATP was most effective in stimulating the release. GTP was about 2/3 as effective as ATP. UTP showed some effect, but CTP showed no effect. EDTA was also non-effective. (4) When no ATP-generating system was added to the reaction mixture, AMP failed to mimic the effect of ATP. However, the combination of AMP and pyrophosphate could take the place of ATP. (5) Both AMP-CPP and AMP-PCP, the ATP analogues, showed the equal degree of their effect on the release, regardless of the position of the methylene bond. From these results, the principal role of ATP in the in vitro transport systems seemed to be its interaction with isolated nuclei to dissociate a structure which retains the rapidly-labeled RNA in the nucleus.", "PMID": 104729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6373", "title": "Asymmetric transcription during post-germinative development of Bacillus subtilis spores.", "content": "The relative transcription from L and H strands of Bacillus subtilis DNA during consecutive stages of spore outgrowth was determined and compared to the transcription pattern during log-phase growth of vegetative cells. Pulses of [3H] uridine were administered during early, middle and late outgrowth phases of germination and the RNAs isolated. The asymmetry ratio of H/L as determined by hybridization at saturating RNA/DNA inputs showed a gradual decrease. During the period studied (10-90 and 90-160 min post-induction), about 50 and 35%, respectively, of the radioactive RNA consisted of ribosomal RNA transcripts. The decrease in the H/L asymmetry ratio was due predominantly to the appearance and accumulation of L strand transcripts and not to either changes in the quantity of H strand transcripts nor to fluctuation in the rate of rRNA synthesis.", "contents": "Asymmetric transcription during post-germinative development of Bacillus subtilis spores. The relative transcription from L and H strands of Bacillus subtilis DNA during consecutive stages of spore outgrowth was determined and compared to the transcription pattern during log-phase growth of vegetative cells. Pulses of [3H] uridine were administered during early, middle and late outgrowth phases of germination and the RNAs isolated. The asymmetry ratio of H/L as determined by hybridization at saturating RNA/DNA inputs showed a gradual decrease. During the period studied (10-90 and 90-160 min post-induction), about 50 and 35%, respectively, of the radioactive RNA consisted of ribosomal RNA transcripts. The decrease in the H/L asymmetry ratio was due predominantly to the appearance and accumulation of L strand transcripts and not to either changes in the quantity of H strand transcripts nor to fluctuation in the rate of rRNA synthesis.", "PMID": 104730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6374", "title": "Asymmetric transcription during post-germinative development of Bacillus subtilis spores. II. Hybrid competition analyses.", "content": "Hybrid-competition analyses were done to estimate the relatedness of 3H-labeled mRNA species synthesized during spore germination and log-phase growth. The competitions showed that early in the germination process 10--15 and 1--3% of the RNA transcribed from the H and from the L strand, respectively, were unique and absent during log-phase growth. At later stages, the amounts of the germination-specific H transcripts decreased more rapidly than the L transcripts. The competitions with pulse-labeled log-phase RNAs showed that vegetative genes were transcribed more rapidly from the H strand than from the L strand. Most of the results could be correlated with the observed decrease in the H/L asymmetry ration during spore germination.", "contents": "Asymmetric transcription during post-germinative development of Bacillus subtilis spores. II. Hybrid competition analyses. Hybrid-competition analyses were done to estimate the relatedness of 3H-labeled mRNA species synthesized during spore germination and log-phase growth. The competitions showed that early in the germination process 10--15 and 1--3% of the RNA transcribed from the H and from the L strand, respectively, were unique and absent during log-phase growth. At later stages, the amounts of the germination-specific H transcripts decreased more rapidly than the L transcripts. The competitions with pulse-labeled log-phase RNAs showed that vegetative genes were transcribed more rapidly from the H strand than from the L strand. Most of the results could be correlated with the observed decrease in the H/L asymmetry ration during spore germination.", "PMID": 104731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6375", "title": "Evaluation of the rate of basal oxygen consumption in the isolated frog skin and toad bladder.", "content": "In the study of active transport it is important to distinguish between oxygen consumption sustaining transepithelial transport and that responsible for other tissue functions (basal metabolism). Since amiloride blocks transepithelial active sodium transport and the associated oxygen consumption in the frog skin and toad bladder, we and others have employed this agent to evaluate the rate of basal metabolism. This technique has recently been criticized in a report that amiloride (and ouabain) increased oxygen consumption when no sodium was available for transport. We have been unable to corroborate these observations. With magnesium-Ringer as external bathing solutions, amiloride and ouabain failed to stimulate oxygen consumption. With sodium-Ringer as external bathing solution amiloride reduced oxygen consumption about 30%, to a level indistinguishable from that found on external substitution of magnesium-Ringer for sodium-Ringer. We conclude that the use of amiloride permits evaluation of the rate of basal metabolism with acceptable accuracy; a possible slight depressant effect of ouabain on basal metabolism remains to be investigated.", "contents": "Evaluation of the rate of basal oxygen consumption in the isolated frog skin and toad bladder. In the study of active transport it is important to distinguish between oxygen consumption sustaining transepithelial transport and that responsible for other tissue functions (basal metabolism). Since amiloride blocks transepithelial active sodium transport and the associated oxygen consumption in the frog skin and toad bladder, we and others have employed this agent to evaluate the rate of basal metabolism. This technique has recently been criticized in a report that amiloride (and ouabain) increased oxygen consumption when no sodium was available for transport. We have been unable to corroborate these observations. With magnesium-Ringer as external bathing solutions, amiloride and ouabain failed to stimulate oxygen consumption. With sodium-Ringer as external bathing solution amiloride reduced oxygen consumption about 30%, to a level indistinguishable from that found on external substitution of magnesium-Ringer for sodium-Ringer. We conclude that the use of amiloride permits evaluation of the rate of basal metabolism with acceptable accuracy; a possible slight depressant effect of ouabain on basal metabolism remains to be investigated.", "PMID": 104732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6376", "title": "Further evidence for changes in the level of palmitoyl-CoA desaturase during thermal adaptation in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "Palmitoyl-CoA desaturase activity in microsomes was increased up to about 4-fold within 2 h after temperature shift from 39.5 to 15 degrees C. Compared with control cells, cycloheximide-treated cells indicated no induction of palmitoyl-CoA desaturase by a decrease in temperature. The results suggest that temperature acclimation requires an increase in the level of the desaturase enzyme content.", "contents": "Further evidence for changes in the level of palmitoyl-CoA desaturase during thermal adaptation in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Palmitoyl-CoA desaturase activity in microsomes was increased up to about 4-fold within 2 h after temperature shift from 39.5 to 15 degrees C. Compared with control cells, cycloheximide-treated cells indicated no induction of palmitoyl-CoA desaturase by a decrease in temperature. The results suggest that temperature acclimation requires an increase in the level of the desaturase enzyme content.", "PMID": 104733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6377", "title": "Effect of growth temperature on lipid and fatty acid compositions in the blue-green algae, Anabaena variabilis and Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "The lipid composition was affected by growth temperature in Anacystis nidulans, but was not in Anabaena variabilis. A. variabilis contained fatty acids of 18 and 16 carbon atoms, which were localized at 1- and 2-positions, respectively, of the glycerol moiety of lipids. Desaturation of C18 acids was affected by the growth temperature. A. nidulans contained fatty acids of 14, 16 and 18 carbon atoms. Monounsaturated and saturated acids were esterified mainly to 1- and 2-position, respectively. Desaturation and chain length of fatty acids were influenced by the growth temperature. The variations in lipid and fatty acid compositions with the growth temperature are discussed in relation to the growth temperature-dependent shift of thermotropic phase transition temperature of the membrane lipids in the blue-green algae.", "contents": "Effect of growth temperature on lipid and fatty acid compositions in the blue-green algae, Anabaena variabilis and Anacystis nidulans. The lipid composition was affected by growth temperature in Anacystis nidulans, but was not in Anabaena variabilis. A. variabilis contained fatty acids of 18 and 16 carbon atoms, which were localized at 1- and 2-positions, respectively, of the glycerol moiety of lipids. Desaturation of C18 acids was affected by the growth temperature. A. nidulans contained fatty acids of 14, 16 and 18 carbon atoms. Monounsaturated and saturated acids were esterified mainly to 1- and 2-position, respectively. Desaturation and chain length of fatty acids were influenced by the growth temperature. The variations in lipid and fatty acid compositions with the growth temperature are discussed in relation to the growth temperature-dependent shift of thermotropic phase transition temperature of the membrane lipids in the blue-green algae.", "PMID": 104734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6378", "title": "On the haemoprotein character of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase.", "content": "Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase is a membrane-bound glycoprotein isolated as a dimer of molecular weight of approximately 129 000 consisting of two identical polypeptide chains. Several research workers have reported that haemin (ferri-protoporphyrin-IX) is required to restore the full enzymic activity of the pure apoprotein. Difference spectroscopy shows association of haemin up to two molecules per polypeptide chain of molecular weight 70 000. Both the cyclooxygenase and the peroxidase activity displayed by the enzyme can be optimally stimulated by similar quantities of haemin. The restored haemin-enzyme complex has a millimolar absorption coefficient at 408 nm of 61 mM-1 . cm-1 per haem. Using this value, the presence of non-haem iron in the enzyme is virtually excluded. These findings and the spectra of the reassociated enzyme-haemin complex point to a haemoprotein character. The availability of haemin to the enzyme might play a regulating r\u00f4le in its action.", "contents": "On the haemoprotein character of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase is a membrane-bound glycoprotein isolated as a dimer of molecular weight of approximately 129 000 consisting of two identical polypeptide chains. Several research workers have reported that haemin (ferri-protoporphyrin-IX) is required to restore the full enzymic activity of the pure apoprotein. Difference spectroscopy shows association of haemin up to two molecules per polypeptide chain of molecular weight 70 000. Both the cyclooxygenase and the peroxidase activity displayed by the enzyme can be optimally stimulated by similar quantities of haemin. The restored haemin-enzyme complex has a millimolar absorption coefficient at 408 nm of 61 mM-1 . cm-1 per haem. Using this value, the presence of non-haem iron in the enzyme is virtually excluded. These findings and the spectra of the reassociated enzyme-haemin complex point to a haemoprotein character. The availability of haemin to the enzyme might play a regulating r\u00f4le in its action.", "PMID": 104735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6379", "title": "Studies on human gastric mucosal immunoglobulin A.", "content": "Immunoglobulin A (IgA) was found in mucus scraped from the surface of the human antrum. Fresh human gastric mucosa removed at operation was washed free of loosely adhering material and the gelatinous mucus lining the tissue scraped. The scrapings were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and on Sepharose 4B into two carbohydrate-containing fractions. One of these fractions was shown by immunodiffusion to contain IgA which differs from human colostral secretory IgA by being devoid of secretory component activity. Moreover, secretory component was not detected in our unfractionated gastric mucosal scrapings. It is concluded that, contrary to the general belief, the predominant immunoglobulin A of human gastric mucus is not associated with the secretory component. Our results do not exclude the possibility that, as in serum, small amounts of secretory IgA and of the secretory component may be present in gastric secretions, however if so, the levels of these compounds would fall below the level of sensitivity of our methods.", "contents": "Studies on human gastric mucosal immunoglobulin A. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) was found in mucus scraped from the surface of the human antrum. Fresh human gastric mucosa removed at operation was washed free of loosely adhering material and the gelatinous mucus lining the tissue scraped. The scrapings were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and on Sepharose 4B into two carbohydrate-containing fractions. One of these fractions was shown by immunodiffusion to contain IgA which differs from human colostral secretory IgA by being devoid of secretory component activity. Moreover, secretory component was not detected in our unfractionated gastric mucosal scrapings. It is concluded that, contrary to the general belief, the predominant immunoglobulin A of human gastric mucus is not associated with the secretory component. Our results do not exclude the possibility that, as in serum, small amounts of secretory IgA and of the secretory component may be present in gastric secretions, however if so, the levels of these compounds would fall below the level of sensitivity of our methods.", "PMID": 104736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6380", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of a guinea pig serum apolipoprotein comigrating with apo-E on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electropherograms.", "content": "Study of guinea pig plasma lipoproteins has shown that they contain a polypeptide that comigrates with the arginine-rich polypeptide (apo-E) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This comigrating polypeptide differs from apo-E in its amino acid composition, immunological cross-reactivities, electrophoretic mobility in urea polyacrylamide gel, and elution volume from Sephadex gel columns. It is present in very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins from both control and cholesterol-fed guinea pigs.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of a guinea pig serum apolipoprotein comigrating with apo-E on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electropherograms. Study of guinea pig plasma lipoproteins has shown that they contain a polypeptide that comigrates with the arginine-rich polypeptide (apo-E) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This comigrating polypeptide differs from apo-E in its amino acid composition, immunological cross-reactivities, electrophoretic mobility in urea polyacrylamide gel, and elution volume from Sephadex gel columns. It is present in very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins from both control and cholesterol-fed guinea pigs.", "PMID": 104737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6381", "title": "Studies on calcium ion-induced conformation changes in the actin-tropomyosin-troponin system by fluorimetry. IV. Conformational changes in the region containing fluorescence-labeled sulfhydryl group(s) of troponin.", "content": "Conformational changes associated with the functional states of the molecule of troponin were studied using SH-direct fluorogenic reagents, N-(p-(2-benzimidazolyl)phenyl) maleimide (BIPM) and N-(1-anilinonaphthyl-4) maleimide (ANM). 1. The fluorescence parameters of ANM-troponin, intensity, and polarization, did not change on combining it with tropomyosin alone, but markedly changed when F-actin was further added to the system. 2. The conformation around the dye-labeled sulfhydryl group(s) was shown to be susceptible to Ca2+ in terms of fluorescence intensity of the label, thermal transition of the conformation, and the microenvironment near the label. 3. On addition of Ca2+, the fluorescence characteristics of the two systems, ANM-troponin . tropomyosin and ANM-troponin . tropomyosin . F-actin complexes, were altered in opposite directions. When BIPM was used in place of ANM, similar changes were observed: a simple decrease in the intensity when pCa was decreased from 7.4 to 5.5 in the system without F-actin and a sigmoidal increase in the range from pCa 7 to 6 in the system with F-actin. Heavy meromyosin, when added to the latter complex (the reconstituted thin filaments), made the profile of its Ca2+ concentration dependence of fluorescence similar to that of the former complex. When tropomyosin was labeled in place of troponin, similar results were obtained. The data obtained imply that the Ca2+-induced conformational changes of troponin are markedly modified when detached from actin, and that heavy meromyosin weakens the interaction of the troponin . tropomyosin complex with F-actin.", "contents": "Studies on calcium ion-induced conformation changes in the actin-tropomyosin-troponin system by fluorimetry. IV. Conformational changes in the region containing fluorescence-labeled sulfhydryl group(s) of troponin. Conformational changes associated with the functional states of the molecule of troponin were studied using SH-direct fluorogenic reagents, N-(p-(2-benzimidazolyl)phenyl) maleimide (BIPM) and N-(1-anilinonaphthyl-4) maleimide (ANM). 1. The fluorescence parameters of ANM-troponin, intensity, and polarization, did not change on combining it with tropomyosin alone, but markedly changed when F-actin was further added to the system. 2. The conformation around the dye-labeled sulfhydryl group(s) was shown to be susceptible to Ca2+ in terms of fluorescence intensity of the label, thermal transition of the conformation, and the microenvironment near the label. 3. On addition of Ca2+, the fluorescence characteristics of the two systems, ANM-troponin . tropomyosin and ANM-troponin . tropomyosin . F-actin complexes, were altered in opposite directions. When BIPM was used in place of ANM, similar changes were observed: a simple decrease in the intensity when pCa was decreased from 7.4 to 5.5 in the system without F-actin and a sigmoidal increase in the range from pCa 7 to 6 in the system with F-actin. Heavy meromyosin, when added to the latter complex (the reconstituted thin filaments), made the profile of its Ca2+ concentration dependence of fluorescence similar to that of the former complex. When tropomyosin was labeled in place of troponin, similar results were obtained. The data obtained imply that the Ca2+-induced conformational changes of troponin are markedly modified when detached from actin, and that heavy meromyosin weakens the interaction of the troponin . tropomyosin complex with F-actin.", "PMID": 104738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6382", "title": "Development of ocularity domains and growth behaviour of axon terminals.", "content": "Ontogenetic development of ocularity domains--stripes, patches and layers in cortex, colliculus superior and lateral geniculate nucleus--is the result of organization that may either be intrinsic to the postsynaptic structure or induced to it by the afferents. A specific type of axonal growth behaviour that was recently proposed as a basis for ontogenetic development of retinotopy is sufficient to account also for ocularity domains. No intrinsic organization in the postsynaptic structure is required. The latter merely serves as a propagating medium for markers carried by the presynaptic terminals. Computer simulations demonstrate the mechanism to be complete and consistent.", "contents": "Development of ocularity domains and growth behaviour of axon terminals. Ontogenetic development of ocularity domains--stripes, patches and layers in cortex, colliculus superior and lateral geniculate nucleus--is the result of organization that may either be intrinsic to the postsynaptic structure or induced to it by the afferents. A specific type of axonal growth behaviour that was recently proposed as a basis for ontogenetic development of retinotopy is sufficient to account also for ocularity domains. No intrinsic organization in the postsynaptic structure is required. The latter merely serves as a propagating medium for markers carried by the presynaptic terminals. Computer simulations demonstrate the mechanism to be complete and consistent.", "PMID": 104744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6383", "title": "Prematurity and perinatal mortality in the Rhesus (Macaca mulatta): relationship to birth weight and gestational age.", "content": "While the relative influence of birth weight and gestational age in determining perinatal mortality has not been definitively established, it has been assumed that birth weight makes the predominant contribution to perinatal mortality. The joint effects of birth weight and gestational age were examined by analyzing approximately 2,500 births from timed pregnancies in two rhesus (Macaca mulatta) breeding colonies. Perinatal events in the rhesus are described and shown to be similar to the human. The results demonstrate that gestational age is as important as birth weight in determining perinatal mortality. Since the degree of accuracy in the estimation of rhesus gestational age was much greater than is usually attained in human studies, the estimation of gestational age from the last menses may be too crude to determine the importance of this variable in human perinatal mortality.", "contents": "Prematurity and perinatal mortality in the Rhesus (Macaca mulatta): relationship to birth weight and gestational age. While the relative influence of birth weight and gestational age in determining perinatal mortality has not been definitively established, it has been assumed that birth weight makes the predominant contribution to perinatal mortality. The joint effects of birth weight and gestational age were examined by analyzing approximately 2,500 births from timed pregnancies in two rhesus (Macaca mulatta) breeding colonies. Perinatal events in the rhesus are described and shown to be similar to the human. The results demonstrate that gestational age is as important as birth weight in determining perinatal mortality. Since the degree of accuracy in the estimation of rhesus gestational age was much greater than is usually attained in human studies, the estimation of gestational age from the last menses may be too crude to determine the importance of this variable in human perinatal mortality.", "PMID": 104745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6384", "title": "Measurements of Euglena motion parameters by laser light scattering.", "content": "Measurements of Euglena gracilis motion parameters have been performed by the spectral analysis of the scattered laser light. Samples were oriented by a radiofrequency field to obtain easily interpretable spectra. Cell rotation frequency and flagellar beating frequency distributions were obtained from the homodyne spectra, whereas the Doppler lines obtained at small observation angles by heterodyne detection yielded the swimming speed distributions. We discuss the broadening of the heterodyne spectra at large angles of observation. An application of this method to the study of the photo-kinetic effect is also described.", "contents": "Measurements of Euglena motion parameters by laser light scattering. Measurements of Euglena gracilis motion parameters have been performed by the spectral analysis of the scattered laser light. Samples were oriented by a radiofrequency field to obtain easily interpretable spectra. Cell rotation frequency and flagellar beating frequency distributions were obtained from the homodyne spectra, whereas the Doppler lines obtained at small observation angles by heterodyne detection yielded the swimming speed distributions. We discuss the broadening of the heterodyne spectra at large angles of observation. An application of this method to the study of the photo-kinetic effect is also described.", "PMID": 104747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6385", "title": "Effects of electromagnetic fields on the motion of Euglena gracilis.", "content": "The orientation behavior of Euglena gracilis cultures in electromagnetic fields is shown to agree with the predictions of a model involving only a passive mechanism. The increase in Euglena motor activity with increasing field intensity is demonstrated by measuring various motion parameters by the laser scattering technique. The effect of electric field on the speed of Euglenas is compared with that of temperature. We conclude that the electric field warms up the culture, thus inducing an increase in cell motility.", "contents": "Effects of electromagnetic fields on the motion of Euglena gracilis. The orientation behavior of Euglena gracilis cultures in electromagnetic fields is shown to agree with the predictions of a model involving only a passive mechanism. The increase in Euglena motor activity with increasing field intensity is demonstrated by measuring various motion parameters by the laser scattering technique. The effect of electric field on the speed of Euglenas is compared with that of temperature. We conclude that the electric field warms up the culture, thus inducing an increase in cell motility.", "PMID": 104748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6386", "title": "[Characteristics of DNA during binding with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vitro].", "content": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were covalently bound to DNA by means of various activating systems. The following systems were used: the microsomal fraction of the rat liver, the system with I2, the system with ascorbic acid and FeSO4. Breaks in DNA due to the activating systems action appeared in all of these systems. Plateau of the PAH binding system curve in the microsomal system cannot be attributed either to the fall of the PAH metabolism rate to zero, or to the PAH binding sites in DNA. This plateau is the result of equalization of the rates of the two contrary-directed processes: the binding of metabolites and their removal due to DNA degradation. Because of the breaks in DNA caused by the activating systems, the authors failed to discover the changes in sedimentation data of DNA due to the covalently bound PAH.", "contents": "[Characteristics of DNA during binding with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vitro]. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were covalently bound to DNA by means of various activating systems. The following systems were used: the microsomal fraction of the rat liver, the system with I2, the system with ascorbic acid and FeSO4. Breaks in DNA due to the activating systems action appeared in all of these systems. Plateau of the PAH binding system curve in the microsomal system cannot be attributed either to the fall of the PAH metabolism rate to zero, or to the PAH binding sites in DNA. This plateau is the result of equalization of the rates of the two contrary-directed processes: the binding of metabolites and their removal due to DNA degradation. Because of the breaks in DNA caused by the activating systems, the authors failed to discover the changes in sedimentation data of DNA due to the covalently bound PAH.", "PMID": 104749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6387", "title": "Familial occurrence of monoclonal gammapathies.", "content": "The purpose of this work was to evaluate the genetic propensity importance in the monoclonal gammapathies occurrence. Systematic serum-electrophoreses were performed on 172 relatives of 37 reported patients and on 10,784 controls over 30. The 4 families including one or more \"paraproteinemia\" other than the proband's were investigated. Experimental, epidemiologic, immunologic and genetic arguments are discussed.", "contents": "Familial occurrence of monoclonal gammapathies. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the genetic propensity importance in the monoclonal gammapathies occurrence. Systematic serum-electrophoreses were performed on 172 relatives of 37 reported patients and on 10,784 controls over 30. The 4 families including one or more \"paraproteinemia\" other than the proband's were investigated. Experimental, epidemiologic, immunologic and genetic arguments are discussed.", "PMID": 104746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6388", "title": "Effect of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on the activity of some enzymes from Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "Tetrahymena pyriformis Wh 14 was grown in Erlenmeyer flasks under continuous stirring at 30 degrees C for three days . After the culture had produced dry matter of about 100 mg HCB was added in acetone at a dose level of 0, 0.001, 0.1 and 1.0 ppm to the culture and incubated for another 7 days. At a dose level of 0.001 ppm the activity of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase, hexokinase, and pyruvate kinase remained unaffected but was increased for glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase while 0.1 ppm HCB increased the activity of all enzymes studied, the only exception being glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, the activity of which was depressed by HCB exposure. A concentration of 1.0 ppm HCB depressed the activity of most of the enzymes below control values with the exception of the two mitochondrial enzymes, MDH and ICDH, studied here.", "contents": "Effect of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on the activity of some enzymes from Tetrahymena pyriformis. Tetrahymena pyriformis Wh 14 was grown in Erlenmeyer flasks under continuous stirring at 30 degrees C for three days . After the culture had produced dry matter of about 100 mg HCB was added in acetone at a dose level of 0, 0.001, 0.1 and 1.0 ppm to the culture and incubated for another 7 days. At a dose level of 0.001 ppm the activity of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase, hexokinase, and pyruvate kinase remained unaffected but was increased for glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase while 0.1 ppm HCB increased the activity of all enzymes studied, the only exception being glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, the activity of which was depressed by HCB exposure. A concentration of 1.0 ppm HCB depressed the activity of most of the enzymes below control values with the exception of the two mitochondrial enzymes, MDH and ICDH, studied here.", "PMID": 104753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6389", "title": "Toxicity of carbofuran to blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum.", "content": "Effect of commercial grade pesticide furadan (3% a.i. as carbofuran) was studied on the survival, growth and nitrogen fixation of blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum. The lower concentration of furadan i.e. 25 microgram/ml enhanced survival, growth and nitrogen fixation in the alga whereas these were gradually inhibited in higher concentrations (50--1000 microgram/ml) and the presence of more than 1200 microgram/ml was algicidal. The preliminary observations revelaed that pesticide is biodegraded by the alga.", "contents": "Toxicity of carbofuran to blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum. Effect of commercial grade pesticide furadan (3% a.i. as carbofuran) was studied on the survival, growth and nitrogen fixation of blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum. The lower concentration of furadan i.e. 25 microgram/ml enhanced survival, growth and nitrogen fixation in the alga whereas these were gradually inhibited in higher concentrations (50--1000 microgram/ml) and the presence of more than 1200 microgram/ml was algicidal. The preliminary observations revelaed that pesticide is biodegraded by the alga.", "PMID": 104755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6390", "title": "Venereal syphilis in tropical Africa.", "content": "A steady decline in the incidence of positive results to the Kahn test is reported in Malawian patients during the period 1968-75. Other studies have shown that the incidence of early and late syphilis in sub-Saharan Africa has dropped considerably over the past few decades. The number of reported cases of early syphilis in certain urban areas, however, appears to be high. It is suggested that the downward trend in the incidence of syphilis in Africa is related to the increased and often indiscriminate use of penicillin.", "contents": "Venereal syphilis in tropical Africa. A steady decline in the incidence of positive results to the Kahn test is reported in Malawian patients during the period 1968-75. Other studies have shown that the incidence of early and late syphilis in sub-Saharan Africa has dropped considerably over the past few decades. The number of reported cases of early syphilis in certain urban areas, however, appears to be high. It is suggested that the downward trend in the incidence of syphilis in Africa is related to the increased and often indiscriminate use of penicillin.", "PMID": 104768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6391", "title": "Method for studying the role of indigenous cervical flora in colonisation by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "A method for quantitating cervical flora has been evaluated statistically and used to study the bacterial flora of the cervix in 14 women sexually exposed to men with gonococcal urethritis. A comparison was made between those women who subsequently became colonised with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and those who did not to determine whether either total microbial populations or the different species present could be related to colonisation by N. gonorrhoeae. Two control groups of healthy women, one of patients from a public clinic and the other of patients from a private practice, were studied in the same way. Normal flora isolates were tested in vitro for antagonism or synergism toward N. gonorrhoeae or both. Cervical flora was characterised in all patient groups by wide variations between individuals, both in type and numbers of organisms. No significant differences were found in total bacterial populations or in the number of species isolated from the cervix between patient groups. Populations of N. gonorrhoeae ranged from less than 10 bacteria to log104.36. Only one normal flora isolate, a strain of Streptococcus viridans isolated from a woman exposed to but not infected by N. gonorrhoeae, demonstrated inhibition of growth towards N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Method for studying the role of indigenous cervical flora in colonisation by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A method for quantitating cervical flora has been evaluated statistically and used to study the bacterial flora of the cervix in 14 women sexually exposed to men with gonococcal urethritis. A comparison was made between those women who subsequently became colonised with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and those who did not to determine whether either total microbial populations or the different species present could be related to colonisation by N. gonorrhoeae. Two control groups of healthy women, one of patients from a public clinic and the other of patients from a private practice, were studied in the same way. Normal flora isolates were tested in vitro for antagonism or synergism toward N. gonorrhoeae or both. Cervical flora was characterised in all patient groups by wide variations between individuals, both in type and numbers of organisms. No significant differences were found in total bacterial populations or in the number of species isolated from the cervix between patient groups. Populations of N. gonorrhoeae ranged from less than 10 bacteria to log104.36. Only one normal flora isolate, a strain of Streptococcus viridans isolated from a woman exposed to but not infected by N. gonorrhoeae, demonstrated inhibition of growth towards N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 104769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6392", "title": "Bulk growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae type 1 in a biphasic system.", "content": "A biphasic system for the bulk growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is described. It appears to combine the convenience of liquid media with the growth qualities of solid media. By using the agar in dialysis tubes rather than as slabs the surface-to-volume ratio was improved and harvesting made easier. The system is also useful in isolating gonococci from blood and joint fluids in patients with disseminated infection.", "contents": "Bulk growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae type 1 in a biphasic system. A biphasic system for the bulk growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is described. It appears to combine the convenience of liquid media with the growth qualities of solid media. By using the agar in dialysis tubes rather than as slabs the surface-to-volume ratio was improved and harvesting made easier. The system is also useful in isolating gonococci from blood and joint fluids in patients with disseminated infection.", "PMID": 104770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6393", "title": "Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from Bartholin's ducts.", "content": "Exudate from Bartholin's ducts from 30 selected patients was investigated for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from the duct exudate in 24 patients and C. trachomatis in nine. Concurrent infection of the ducts was present in seven (29.2%); the remaining two patients were sexual contacts of men with non-specific urethritis. The duct exudate was mucopus in seven patients, cloudy mucus in one, and clear mucus in the other. Although contamination of the vulva by C. trachomatis derived from cervical or urethral infection cannot be excluded, three cases are described which suggest that a true infection of the duct occurs and may persist after gonococcal infection has been cured.", "contents": "Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from Bartholin's ducts. Exudate from Bartholin's ducts from 30 selected patients was investigated for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from the duct exudate in 24 patients and C. trachomatis in nine. Concurrent infection of the ducts was present in seven (29.2%); the remaining two patients were sexual contacts of men with non-specific urethritis. The duct exudate was mucopus in seven patients, cloudy mucus in one, and clear mucus in the other. Although contamination of the vulva by C. trachomatis derived from cervical or urethral infection cannot be excluded, three cases are described which suggest that a true infection of the duct occurs and may persist after gonococcal infection has been cured.", "PMID": 104771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6394", "title": "The role of frontal and parietal cortex in cognitive processing: tests of spatial and sequence functions.", "content": "Normal monkeys and monkeys with resection of anterior frontal or posterior parietal cortex were trained to press a panel next to a green panel as a test of extrapersonal spatial orientation and to press a panel next to their own prior press as a test of personal spatial orientation. All monkeys also learned two sets of sequence problems in which the solutions were made independent of spatial location by randomly shifting the locations of the stimuli after each response within a trial. The Parietal Group was significantly impaired on the extrapersonal 'next-to' task but not the more difficult personal 'next-to' task. The Frontal Group was impaired on both the personal and the extrapersonal 'next-to' tasks but only when the relevant cues shifted spatial locations from trial to trial. The performance of the Parietal Group completely overlapped that of the Normal Group on the sequence problems regardless of the level of testing sophistication the monkeys had attained. In contrast, the Frontal Group demonstrated a significant impairment in learning sequences but only when the monkeys were naive. Once they became sophisticated they learned each sequence at a normal rate. Their poor performance was attributed to the lack of stability in the spatial location of the stimuli. The data support the view that a distinction between personal and extrapersonal spatial orientation is relevant to posterior parietal function but indicate that neither sequencing per se nor personal spatial orientation or spatial memory per se is dependent on intact frontal functioning. Rather, the frontal cortex is involved with a higher-order control essential to allow the monkey to perceive the reliable aspects of stimuli contained in a stimulus context full of unreliable noise and to further allow for flexible response pattern appropriate to the demands of a variable context.", "contents": "The role of frontal and parietal cortex in cognitive processing: tests of spatial and sequence functions. Normal monkeys and monkeys with resection of anterior frontal or posterior parietal cortex were trained to press a panel next to a green panel as a test of extrapersonal spatial orientation and to press a panel next to their own prior press as a test of personal spatial orientation. All monkeys also learned two sets of sequence problems in which the solutions were made independent of spatial location by randomly shifting the locations of the stimuli after each response within a trial. The Parietal Group was significantly impaired on the extrapersonal 'next-to' task but not the more difficult personal 'next-to' task. The Frontal Group was impaired on both the personal and the extrapersonal 'next-to' tasks but only when the relevant cues shifted spatial locations from trial to trial. The performance of the Parietal Group completely overlapped that of the Normal Group on the sequence problems regardless of the level of testing sophistication the monkeys had attained. In contrast, the Frontal Group demonstrated a significant impairment in learning sequences but only when the monkeys were naive. Once they became sophisticated they learned each sequence at a normal rate. Their poor performance was attributed to the lack of stability in the spatial location of the stimuli. The data support the view that a distinction between personal and extrapersonal spatial orientation is relevant to posterior parietal function but indicate that neither sequencing per se nor personal spatial orientation or spatial memory per se is dependent on intact frontal functioning. Rather, the frontal cortex is involved with a higher-order control essential to allow the monkey to perceive the reliable aspects of stimuli contained in a stimulus context full of unreliable noise and to further allow for flexible response pattern appropriate to the demands of a variable context.", "PMID": 104772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6395", "title": "Effect of ethanol on neuronal activity in the parietal association cortex of alert monkeys.", "content": "The effect of alcohol was studied in alert monkeys on the cellular mechanisms of the posterior parietal association cortex, a region that normally participates in visuo-spatial co-ordination of hand movements. In thirty-two experiments, the effects of intracardiac administration of ethanol were monitored by the intracortical multiple-unit recording technique. Alcohol produced rhythmic groupings of the spontaneous impulse activity; the rhythm was accentuated by closing the eyes. The dominant frequency of this rhythm (3.5 to 1 Hz) correlated inversely with the blood alcohol level. Three groups of response types were studied in Brodmann's area 7. At 8 of 12 recording sites, a close correlation was observed between the monkey's reaching accuracy and the magnitude of integrate multineuronal responses to reaching with the contralateral arm under visual guidance, or to grasping an object. Half of the 10 recording sites which were activated by complex visual stimulation also showed a close correlation with the behavioural action of alcohol. Least sensitive to alcohol were somatosensory responses; only 3 of 10 of such recording sites were influenced by moderate doses of alcohol. Larger doses producing coma increased the proportion of responses blocked by alcohol, whereas no effects were observed in the adjacent primary somatosensory cortex. Our results show that the posterior parietal association cortex is very sensitive to the action of alcohol. Moreover, these findings support the theory that the action of alcohol in various parts of the central nervous system depends on the complexity of synaptic contacts to the location under study.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on neuronal activity in the parietal association cortex of alert monkeys. The effect of alcohol was studied in alert monkeys on the cellular mechanisms of the posterior parietal association cortex, a region that normally participates in visuo-spatial co-ordination of hand movements. In thirty-two experiments, the effects of intracardiac administration of ethanol were monitored by the intracortical multiple-unit recording technique. Alcohol produced rhythmic groupings of the spontaneous impulse activity; the rhythm was accentuated by closing the eyes. The dominant frequency of this rhythm (3.5 to 1 Hz) correlated inversely with the blood alcohol level. Three groups of response types were studied in Brodmann's area 7. At 8 of 12 recording sites, a close correlation was observed between the monkey's reaching accuracy and the magnitude of integrate multineuronal responses to reaching with the contralateral arm under visual guidance, or to grasping an object. Half of the 10 recording sites which were activated by complex visual stimulation also showed a close correlation with the behavioural action of alcohol. Least sensitive to alcohol were somatosensory responses; only 3 of 10 of such recording sites were influenced by moderate doses of alcohol. Larger doses producing coma increased the proportion of responses blocked by alcohol, whereas no effects were observed in the adjacent primary somatosensory cortex. Our results show that the posterior parietal association cortex is very sensitive to the action of alcohol. Moreover, these findings support the theory that the action of alcohol in various parts of the central nervous system depends on the complexity of synaptic contacts to the location under study.", "PMID": 104773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6396", "title": "Interaction of LSD and other hallucinogens with dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in primate brain: regional differences.", "content": "The influence of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and mescaline on adenylate cyclase activity was studied in homogenates of Cebus and rhesus monkey anterior limbic cortex (ALC), frontal cortex (FC), caudate nucleus and retina. Previous studies have shown these tissues to contain dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase (AC). In addition, we are now reporting the presence of a dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the auditory cortex. AC of ALC and auditory cortex was stimulated by LSD and mescaline, whereas activity of FC, caudate nucleus and retina was not stimulated by the same agents. In contrast to regional specificity for stimulation, LSD was capable of antagonizing dopamine-stimulated activity in all brain regions examined. LSD and mescaline produced similar maximal stimulation (about 70%) of AC of ALC homogenates, but the EC50 for LSD (0.43 micrometer) was about one-tenth that for mescaline (4.5 micrometer). Similar relative potencies were also observed for the auditory cortex enzyme. Although much weaker than LSD, methamphetamine also produced a dose-dependent stimulation of ALC AC. Both agonist and antagonist effects of the hallucinogens appear to involve interaction with dopamine receptors; LSD- or methamphetamine-stimulated activity in ALC was blocked by haloperidol and fluphenazine, which are dopamine antagonists, but not by phentolamine, an alpha-receptor blocker. Antagonism of dopamine by LSD in both ALC and FC was found to be competitive and mescaline was an effective but weaker antagonist than was LSD. In addition, neither histamine--nor Gpp(NH)p--stimulated activity of FC was inhibited by LSD. It is proposed that the occurrence of dopamine agonistic action of hallucinogens in only certain regions of primate brain may provide a basis for at least some of the behavioral effects of LSD, mescaline and methamphetamine in primates.", "contents": "Interaction of LSD and other hallucinogens with dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in primate brain: regional differences. The influence of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and mescaline on adenylate cyclase activity was studied in homogenates of Cebus and rhesus monkey anterior limbic cortex (ALC), frontal cortex (FC), caudate nucleus and retina. Previous studies have shown these tissues to contain dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase (AC). In addition, we are now reporting the presence of a dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the auditory cortex. AC of ALC and auditory cortex was stimulated by LSD and mescaline, whereas activity of FC, caudate nucleus and retina was not stimulated by the same agents. In contrast to regional specificity for stimulation, LSD was capable of antagonizing dopamine-stimulated activity in all brain regions examined. LSD and mescaline produced similar maximal stimulation (about 70%) of AC of ALC homogenates, but the EC50 for LSD (0.43 micrometer) was about one-tenth that for mescaline (4.5 micrometer). Similar relative potencies were also observed for the auditory cortex enzyme. Although much weaker than LSD, methamphetamine also produced a dose-dependent stimulation of ALC AC. Both agonist and antagonist effects of the hallucinogens appear to involve interaction with dopamine receptors; LSD- or methamphetamine-stimulated activity in ALC was blocked by haloperidol and fluphenazine, which are dopamine antagonists, but not by phentolamine, an alpha-receptor blocker. Antagonism of dopamine by LSD in both ALC and FC was found to be competitive and mescaline was an effective but weaker antagonist than was LSD. In addition, neither histamine--nor Gpp(NH)p--stimulated activity of FC was inhibited by LSD. It is proposed that the occurrence of dopamine agonistic action of hallucinogens in only certain regions of primate brain may provide a basis for at least some of the behavioral effects of LSD, mescaline and methamphetamine in primates.", "PMID": 104775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6397", "title": "Columnar cortico-cortical interconnections within the visual system of the squirrel and macaque monkeys.", "content": "Cortico-cortical interconnections within the visual cortex of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were studied by means of single or multiple injections of [3H]leucine or combined [3H]leucine and horseradish peroxidase into the dorsolateral striate and prestriate cortices. Injections of [3H]leucine were also made into the dorsolateral striate cortex of a Macaca speciosa for comparison. The results indicated that in Saimiri the dorsolateral prestriate cortex is precisely and reciprocally connected with the striate and peristriate cortex, and with the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus, including the middle temporal area (MT). The dorsolateral striate area is precisely and reciprocally connected with the prestriate and MT area, but does not project to the perstriate cortex as in the case of the macaque. At each target site, the radioactively labelled terminal fields are distributed in a distinctly columnar fashion, with labelled columns (120-480 microm in diameter, commonly 240 microm) interdigitating with sparsely labelled or unlabelled columns of lesser widths. The HRP-labelled neurons invariably exist within the radioactively labelled columns. For all of the cortical areas examined except area 17, lamina IV is the principal 'receptive' layer for associational fibers, while layers III and II, as well as V and VI within the same column, receive progressively less input. As for area 17, associational fibers from the prestriate cortex terminate mainly within lamina I, with laminae II, III, V and VI receiving decreasing amounts of input. The present results indicate that the major visual cortical areas are interconnected in precise, topographical and reciprocal fashion. The columnar arrangement is found to be the basis of both extra- and intercortical connections.", "contents": "Columnar cortico-cortical interconnections within the visual system of the squirrel and macaque monkeys. Cortico-cortical interconnections within the visual cortex of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were studied by means of single or multiple injections of [3H]leucine or combined [3H]leucine and horseradish peroxidase into the dorsolateral striate and prestriate cortices. Injections of [3H]leucine were also made into the dorsolateral striate cortex of a Macaca speciosa for comparison. The results indicated that in Saimiri the dorsolateral prestriate cortex is precisely and reciprocally connected with the striate and peristriate cortex, and with the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus, including the middle temporal area (MT). The dorsolateral striate area is precisely and reciprocally connected with the prestriate and MT area, but does not project to the perstriate cortex as in the case of the macaque. At each target site, the radioactively labelled terminal fields are distributed in a distinctly columnar fashion, with labelled columns (120-480 microm in diameter, commonly 240 microm) interdigitating with sparsely labelled or unlabelled columns of lesser widths. The HRP-labelled neurons invariably exist within the radioactively labelled columns. For all of the cortical areas examined except area 17, lamina IV is the principal 'receptive' layer for associational fibers, while layers III and II, as well as V and VI within the same column, receive progressively less input. As for area 17, associational fibers from the prestriate cortex terminate mainly within lamina I, with laminae II, III, V and VI receiving decreasing amounts of input. The present results indicate that the major visual cortical areas are interconnected in precise, topographical and reciprocal fashion. The columnar arrangement is found to be the basis of both extra- and intercortical connections.", "PMID": 104776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6398", "title": "Scanning electron microscope study of separated calcospherites from the matrices of different mineralizing systems.", "content": "Mineral particle clusters, corresponding to calcospherites or matrix vesicle-initiated clusters in calcifying cartilage and dentin and to collagen bundle-related mineralization in lamellar bone, have been isolated from NaOCl solutions used to dissolve the organic matrix in preparation of anorganic mineralizing fronts for scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope study of separated calcospherites from the matrices of different mineralizing systems. Mineral particle clusters, corresponding to calcospherites or matrix vesicle-initiated clusters in calcifying cartilage and dentin and to collagen bundle-related mineralization in lamellar bone, have been isolated from NaOCl solutions used to dissolve the organic matrix in preparation of anorganic mineralizing fronts for scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 104778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6399", "title": "Symposium on nutritional requirements of the surgical patient. 1. Nutrition and body composition.", "content": "Body composition measurements were determined by a multiple isotope dilution technique to assess nutritional status of patients and to determine the efficacy of nutritional support. The body composition of 75 patients with severe malnutrition was characterized by a contracted body cell mass with a relatively expanded extracellular mass. An elective operation of moderate severity resulted in a 14% decrease in the body cell mass while the extracellular mass increased by 10%. The 4% postoperative decrease in body weight did not accurately reflect the change in the body cell mass. The efficacy of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with lipid as the major caloric source was compared with TPN with hypertonic dextrose. With lipid a daily infusion of 44.2 Cal/kg (185 kJ/kg) was required to maintain the body cell mass while with the solution containing hypertonic dextrose 34.7 Cal/kg (155 kJ/kg) was required--a 27% difference. Total parenteral nutrition with hypertonic dextrose is therefore more efficacious than TPN with lipid as the major caloric source.", "contents": "Symposium on nutritional requirements of the surgical patient. 1. Nutrition and body composition. Body composition measurements were determined by a multiple isotope dilution technique to assess nutritional status of patients and to determine the efficacy of nutritional support. The body composition of 75 patients with severe malnutrition was characterized by a contracted body cell mass with a relatively expanded extracellular mass. An elective operation of moderate severity resulted in a 14% decrease in the body cell mass while the extracellular mass increased by 10%. The 4% postoperative decrease in body weight did not accurately reflect the change in the body cell mass. The efficacy of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with lipid as the major caloric source was compared with TPN with hypertonic dextrose. With lipid a daily infusion of 44.2 Cal/kg (185 kJ/kg) was required to maintain the body cell mass while with the solution containing hypertonic dextrose 34.7 Cal/kg (155 kJ/kg) was required--a 27% difference. Total parenteral nutrition with hypertonic dextrose is therefore more efficacious than TPN with lipid as the major caloric source.", "PMID": 104780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6400", "title": "Symposium on nutritional requirements of the surgical patient. 2. Peripheral parenteral nutrition.", "content": "During total parenteral nutrition hypertonic (25%) dextrose combined with 5% amino acid solutions must be used to achieve the necessary non-protein calorie/nitrogen ratio of 150:1. The resultant hyperosmolarity prohibits utilization of peripheral veins and makes cannulation of the subclavian vein mandatory. This exposes the patient to the risks of infection and technical complications, but these are uncommon and less important than the deleterious effects of chronic starvation. However, under certain clinical conditions it is possible to supply partial parenteral nutrition through peripheral veins, thereby avoiding the dangers of subclavian catheterization. Three such techniques--the intralipid system, protein sparing and infusion of the \"P-900\" solution--have been used with moderate success. The composition of the solutions and the techniques used are described.", "contents": "Symposium on nutritional requirements of the surgical patient. 2. Peripheral parenteral nutrition. During total parenteral nutrition hypertonic (25%) dextrose combined with 5% amino acid solutions must be used to achieve the necessary non-protein calorie/nitrogen ratio of 150:1. The resultant hyperosmolarity prohibits utilization of peripheral veins and makes cannulation of the subclavian vein mandatory. This exposes the patient to the risks of infection and technical complications, but these are uncommon and less important than the deleterious effects of chronic starvation. However, under certain clinical conditions it is possible to supply partial parenteral nutrition through peripheral veins, thereby avoiding the dangers of subclavian catheterization. Three such techniques--the intralipid system, protein sparing and infusion of the \"P-900\" solution--have been used with moderate success. The composition of the solutions and the techniques used are described.", "PMID": 104781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6401", "title": "Case report: Macroglobulinemia in a dog.", "content": "This report describes a case of macroglobulinemia in a six year old castrate male Collie cross dog with clinical signs of epistaxis, anemia, retinopathy and high serum viscosity. The highest total serum protein was 12 g/dl with approximately 60% monoclonal beta globulin. Proteinuria, Bence Jones protein and osteolytic lesions were not detected.Chemotherapy and partial removal of the plasma protein by withdrawal of whole blood and transfusion with packed red cells from a DEA negative donor resulted in transient clinical remission.", "contents": "Case report: Macroglobulinemia in a dog. This report describes a case of macroglobulinemia in a six year old castrate male Collie cross dog with clinical signs of epistaxis, anemia, retinopathy and high serum viscosity. The highest total serum protein was 12 g/dl with approximately 60% monoclonal beta globulin. Proteinuria, Bence Jones protein and osteolytic lesions were not detected.Chemotherapy and partial removal of the plasma protein by withdrawal of whole blood and transfusion with packed red cells from a DEA negative donor resulted in transient clinical remission.", "PMID": 104783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6402", "title": "Cerebellar medulloblastoma: results of a new method of radiation treatment.", "content": "Nine patients with medulloblastoma were referred to the Radiation Oncology Section at the University of Chicago from 1966 to 1976. In all patients, the tumor was situated in the posterior cranial fossa, projecting from the cerebellum into the fourth ventricle. After partial tumor resection and histological diagnosis, radiation treatment was instituted: a localized dose of 1000 rad to the posterior fossa through lateral opposing ports and a total dose of 4000-5000 rad through the \"hockey-stick\" port to the entire CNS. With this treatment, 9 patients yielded actuarial 3- and 5-year survival rates of 88% and 73%, respectively. Five of the patients possessed no history of neurologic or spinal growth deficits after treatment. Two patients had a slight retardation of spinal growth. The remaining patients had presented symptoms of a tumor mass in the posterior fossa for a period of over 8 months prior to treatment. They were found at craniectomy to have diffuse intracranial tumor involvement, and their survival times deteriorated rapidly. The \"hockey-stick\" port provided a uniform distribution of radiation exposure to the entire brain and spine. It was simple to use and posed little inconvenience to patients in the pediatric age group.", "contents": "Cerebellar medulloblastoma: results of a new method of radiation treatment. Nine patients with medulloblastoma were referred to the Radiation Oncology Section at the University of Chicago from 1966 to 1976. In all patients, the tumor was situated in the posterior cranial fossa, projecting from the cerebellum into the fourth ventricle. After partial tumor resection and histological diagnosis, radiation treatment was instituted: a localized dose of 1000 rad to the posterior fossa through lateral opposing ports and a total dose of 4000-5000 rad through the \"hockey-stick\" port to the entire CNS. With this treatment, 9 patients yielded actuarial 3- and 5-year survival rates of 88% and 73%, respectively. Five of the patients possessed no history of neurologic or spinal growth deficits after treatment. Two patients had a slight retardation of spinal growth. The remaining patients had presented symptoms of a tumor mass in the posterior fossa for a period of over 8 months prior to treatment. They were found at craniectomy to have diffuse intracranial tumor involvement, and their survival times deteriorated rapidly. The \"hockey-stick\" port provided a uniform distribution of radiation exposure to the entire brain and spine. It was simple to use and posed little inconvenience to patients in the pediatric age group.", "PMID": 104784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6403", "title": "Computerized body tomography in breast cancer. I. Internal mammary nodes and radiation treatment planning.", "content": "The internal mammary area has been reviewed on CBT scans from 46 postmastectomy patients, and chest wall thicknesses computed there from the scan. Thicknesses ranged from 10 to 43 mm and 16 to 70 mm on the operated and nonoperated sides, and were weight-related in 38 modified mastectomy patients. Direct Cobalt and 15 MeV electron portals delivered 97-98% of the dose prescribed at 3 cm to a depth of 35 mm, the maximum average thickness on the operated side, while 12 and 10 MeV electrons gave 10 and 20% less at that depth. At 70 mm, underdosage with Cobalt and 15 MeV was 22% and 72%; insignificant doses were delivered with 10 and 12 MeV electrons. Routine determination of chest wall thickness is recommended in patients planned for electron beam treatment, in obese patients, and in patients treated with tangential photon techniques, to avoid underdosage to the internal mammary area. Internal mammary nodes were not routinely visualized, but abnormalities consistent with enlarged nodes were seen in six patients and gross recurrence in another.", "contents": "Computerized body tomography in breast cancer. I. Internal mammary nodes and radiation treatment planning. The internal mammary area has been reviewed on CBT scans from 46 postmastectomy patients, and chest wall thicknesses computed there from the scan. Thicknesses ranged from 10 to 43 mm and 16 to 70 mm on the operated and nonoperated sides, and were weight-related in 38 modified mastectomy patients. Direct Cobalt and 15 MeV electron portals delivered 97-98% of the dose prescribed at 3 cm to a depth of 35 mm, the maximum average thickness on the operated side, while 12 and 10 MeV electrons gave 10 and 20% less at that depth. At 70 mm, underdosage with Cobalt and 15 MeV was 22% and 72%; insignificant doses were delivered with 10 and 12 MeV electrons. Routine determination of chest wall thickness is recommended in patients planned for electron beam treatment, in obese patients, and in patients treated with tangential photon techniques, to avoid underdosage to the internal mammary area. Internal mammary nodes were not routinely visualized, but abnormalities consistent with enlarged nodes were seen in six patients and gross recurrence in another.", "PMID": 104785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6404", "title": "Anticoagulation and high dose liver radiation: a preliminary report.", "content": "Two groups of patients were observed for evidence of acute radiation hepatitis during \"high dose\" radiation to the liver. The first group of 18 patients with metastatic liver disease received an average of 4,050 rad to the whole liver. Half received anticoagulation with warfarin. One patient on anticoagulation developed evidence of acute radiation hepatitis while 2 patients did so without anticoagulation. Eleven patients with Hodgkin's disease received 4,000 rad to the left lobe of the liver during extended field radiation. Four of these 11 patients were anticoagulated to therapeutic range. Only one of the fully anticoagulated patients showed changes on liver scan consistent with radiation hepatitis whereas three did so without anticoagulation. No serious sequelae from anticoagulation occurred in either group. These preliminary data suggest that anticoagulation may be safely administered with high dose hepatic radiation and that further trials with anticoagulation are warranted.", "contents": "Anticoagulation and high dose liver radiation: a preliminary report. Two groups of patients were observed for evidence of acute radiation hepatitis during \"high dose\" radiation to the liver. The first group of 18 patients with metastatic liver disease received an average of 4,050 rad to the whole liver. Half received anticoagulation with warfarin. One patient on anticoagulation developed evidence of acute radiation hepatitis while 2 patients did so without anticoagulation. Eleven patients with Hodgkin's disease received 4,000 rad to the left lobe of the liver during extended field radiation. Four of these 11 patients were anticoagulated to therapeutic range. Only one of the fully anticoagulated patients showed changes on liver scan consistent with radiation hepatitis whereas three did so without anticoagulation. No serious sequelae from anticoagulation occurred in either group. These preliminary data suggest that anticoagulation may be safely administered with high dose hepatic radiation and that further trials with anticoagulation are warranted.", "PMID": 104786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6405", "title": "Nodular lymphocytic lymphoma eventuating into diffuse histiocytic lymphoma: immunoperoxidase demonstration of monoclonality.", "content": "The patient described here had a nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma associated with a serum monoclonal protein, IgG lambda. Following a three year period of radiation-induced clinical remission she developed generalized diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Direct immunoperoxidase staining of the tissue sections demonstrated that the neoplastic cells of each biopsy only contained IgG lambda immunoglobulin, identical to the serum monoclonal protein. This is presumptive evidence that these two histopathologically distinctive malignant lymphomas, occurring consecutively in the same patient, were responsible for the synthesis and secretion of the same serum M component. This strongly suggests that both lymphoid neoplasms arose from the same malignant clone. The results 1) confirm the light microscopic observation that nodular lymphocytic lymphoma may progress to diffuse histiocytic lymphoma and 2) offer further evidence that histiocytic lymphomas arising in patients with previous B cell malignancies are most probably related to the original B cell proliferation and do not represent the emergence of a second, separate malignant clone.", "contents": "Nodular lymphocytic lymphoma eventuating into diffuse histiocytic lymphoma: immunoperoxidase demonstration of monoclonality. The patient described here had a nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma associated with a serum monoclonal protein, IgG lambda. Following a three year period of radiation-induced clinical remission she developed generalized diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Direct immunoperoxidase staining of the tissue sections demonstrated that the neoplastic cells of each biopsy only contained IgG lambda immunoglobulin, identical to the serum monoclonal protein. This is presumptive evidence that these two histopathologically distinctive malignant lymphomas, occurring consecutively in the same patient, were responsible for the synthesis and secretion of the same serum M component. This strongly suggests that both lymphoid neoplasms arose from the same malignant clone. The results 1) confirm the light microscopic observation that nodular lymphocytic lymphoma may progress to diffuse histiocytic lymphoma and 2) offer further evidence that histiocytic lymphomas arising in patients with previous B cell malignancies are most probably related to the original B cell proliferation and do not represent the emergence of a second, separate malignant clone.", "PMID": 104787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6406", "title": "Promotion by dietary phenobarbital of hepatocarcinogenesis by 2-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene in the rat.", "content": "The hepatocarcinogenicity of 2-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene, previously shown to be noncarcinogenic in adult rats in the absence of further treatment, was observed by following a 1- to 6-week period of feeding this dye to weanling rats with the dietary administration of 0.05% phenobarbital for up to 70 weeks. Many large hepatocellular carcinomas developed in the phenobarbital-treated animals by 72 weeks, whereas a very small number of tiny neoplastic nodules, including one carcinoma, were seen in the rats not given this drug. This study suggests that the use of promoting agents, following the short-term administration of weak carcinogens for the liver, can be useful in demonstrating the initiating activity of such compounds. This system may be useful in the identification of such agents in the environment.", "contents": "Promotion by dietary phenobarbital of hepatocarcinogenesis by 2-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene in the rat. The hepatocarcinogenicity of 2-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene, previously shown to be noncarcinogenic in adult rats in the absence of further treatment, was observed by following a 1- to 6-week period of feeding this dye to weanling rats with the dietary administration of 0.05% phenobarbital for up to 70 weeks. Many large hepatocellular carcinomas developed in the phenobarbital-treated animals by 72 weeks, whereas a very small number of tiny neoplastic nodules, including one carcinoma, were seen in the rats not given this drug. This study suggests that the use of promoting agents, following the short-term administration of weak carcinogens for the liver, can be useful in demonstrating the initiating activity of such compounds. This system may be useful in the identification of such agents in the environment.", "PMID": 104788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6407", "title": "Role of membrane permeabilities (calcium, chloride, and potassium) in the genesis of the notch observed on simian and prosimian cardiac action potentials.", "content": "The effect of temperature reduction on monkey ventricular action potentials has been studied. Under this condition the genesis of a notch separating the AP spike from the AP plateau has been related either to a conduction phenomenon or to a delay in the activation of the slow inward current. It is observed that the development of a notch at the beginning of the plateau depends both on the presence of a large outward, repolarising current, carried by chloride and/or potassium ions, and on the presence of a slow inward calcium current large enough to depolarise the membrane as the chloride current deactivates.", "contents": "Role of membrane permeabilities (calcium, chloride, and potassium) in the genesis of the notch observed on simian and prosimian cardiac action potentials. The effect of temperature reduction on monkey ventricular action potentials has been studied. Under this condition the genesis of a notch separating the AP spike from the AP plateau has been related either to a conduction phenomenon or to a delay in the activation of the slow inward current. It is observed that the development of a notch at the beginning of the plateau depends both on the presence of a large outward, repolarising current, carried by chloride and/or potassium ions, and on the presence of a slow inward calcium current large enough to depolarise the membrane as the chloride current deactivates.", "PMID": 104791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6408", "title": "Relief of coronary artery spasm by nitroglycerin: time-dependent variability in drug action.", "content": "The arteriographic distinction between a fixed atheromatous obstruction and localized vasospasm in the coronary artery is often decided by the response of the lesion to nitroglycerin. We studied the time course of nitroglycerin in four patients with coronary artery spasm as revealed by selective angiography. Following complete dissolution of a 0.6 mg tablet of nitroglycerin sublingually a slight increase in heart rate occurred as early as two minutes, variable changes in overall vessel diameter were observed within four minutes, but the localized spasm remained fixed. It was not until six minutes had elasped that reinjection showed disappearance of spasm and uniform patency of the vessel in all cases. These observations stress the importance of waiting an appropriate period of time (at least six minutes) following complete absorption of sublingual nitroglycerin before any conclusion can be rationally drawn regarding the nature of a stenotic lesion as seen angiographically.", "contents": "Relief of coronary artery spasm by nitroglycerin: time-dependent variability in drug action. The arteriographic distinction between a fixed atheromatous obstruction and localized vasospasm in the coronary artery is often decided by the response of the lesion to nitroglycerin. We studied the time course of nitroglycerin in four patients with coronary artery spasm as revealed by selective angiography. Following complete dissolution of a 0.6 mg tablet of nitroglycerin sublingually a slight increase in heart rate occurred as early as two minutes, variable changes in overall vessel diameter were observed within four minutes, but the localized spasm remained fixed. It was not until six minutes had elasped that reinjection showed disappearance of spasm and uniform patency of the vessel in all cases. These observations stress the importance of waiting an appropriate period of time (at least six minutes) following complete absorption of sublingual nitroglycerin before any conclusion can be rationally drawn regarding the nature of a stenotic lesion as seen angiographically.", "PMID": 104792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6409", "title": "Determination of meningococcal antibodies by microassay.", "content": "A modified microassay procedure, using triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a germination indicator, was compared with a macroassay method proposed by the World Health Organization for determining the level of antibodies before and after immunization with Group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. There was excellent agreement between the results obtained by the two methods. The vaccine used appeared to be safe and immunogenic.", "contents": "Determination of meningococcal antibodies by microassay. A modified microassay procedure, using triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a germination indicator, was compared with a macroassay method proposed by the World Health Organization for determining the level of antibodies before and after immunization with Group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. There was excellent agreement between the results obtained by the two methods. The vaccine used appeared to be safe and immunogenic.", "PMID": 104795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6410", "title": "[Identification of GABA accumulating neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus].", "content": "A possible GABAergic innervation of the nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD) was investigated by measuring glutamate decarboxylase activity in the NRD after lesioning the afferents of this nucleus. The slight decrease found in the enzymatic activity suggests that these afferents have a minor participation in the GABA innervation of the NRD and implies the existence of an intrinsic GABAergic system in this nucleus. This local innervation was demonstrated by radio-autography and shows fibers, axonal varicosities and cell bodies which accumulate 3H GABA in the caudal part of this nucleus.", "contents": "[Identification of GABA accumulating neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus]. A possible GABAergic innervation of the nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD) was investigated by measuring glutamate decarboxylase activity in the NRD after lesioning the afferents of this nucleus. The slight decrease found in the enzymatic activity suggests that these afferents have a minor participation in the GABA innervation of the NRD and implies the existence of an intrinsic GABAergic system in this nucleus. This local innervation was demonstrated by radio-autography and shows fibers, axonal varicosities and cell bodies which accumulate 3H GABA in the caudal part of this nucleus.", "PMID": 104796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6411", "title": "[Inhibition of LH-RH induced release of gonadotropins by substance P in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells].", "content": "Using anterior pituitary cells cultured for 7 days and then incubated for 4 hrs, substance P, an undecapeptide, inhibited the stimulatory effect of LH-RH on the release of LH-RH on the release of LH and FSH. This inhibitory effect, which was similar for both gonadotropins was only observed when the adenopituitary cells were put in culture at DI and Proestrus stages of the oestrous cycle. Furthermore substance P partly inhibited the basal release of FSH at DI and DII stages but did never affected that of LH.", "contents": "[Inhibition of LH-RH induced release of gonadotropins by substance P in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells]. Using anterior pituitary cells cultured for 7 days and then incubated for 4 hrs, substance P, an undecapeptide, inhibited the stimulatory effect of LH-RH on the release of LH-RH on the release of LH and FSH. This inhibitory effect, which was similar for both gonadotropins was only observed when the adenopituitary cells were put in culture at DI and Proestrus stages of the oestrous cycle. Furthermore substance P partly inhibited the basal release of FSH at DI and DII stages but did never affected that of LH.", "PMID": 104797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6412", "title": "[Prediction of glycan structures of human N-glycoproteins].", "content": "By adding the sequence beta-(1 leads to 4)-GlcNAc-beta-(1 leads to)-Asn or alpha Fuc-(1 leads to 6 or 3)-beta-(1 leads to 4)-GlcNAc-beta-(1 leads to)-Asn to the oligosaccharides isolated from human urines of mannosidosis, fucosidosis and sialidosis, we are able to reconstitute numerous structures of asparaginyl-glycans. We postulate i) that these structures which have not yet been characterized pre-exist in glycans of human glycoproteins, probably in the cytoplasm or/and the cell membrane; ii) that they are products of the action of endo-beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidases which are protected because of the lack of exoglycosidases and accumulate in the cells, and then in the urine.", "contents": "[Prediction of glycan structures of human N-glycoproteins]. By adding the sequence beta-(1 leads to 4)-GlcNAc-beta-(1 leads to)-Asn or alpha Fuc-(1 leads to 6 or 3)-beta-(1 leads to 4)-GlcNAc-beta-(1 leads to)-Asn to the oligosaccharides isolated from human urines of mannosidosis, fucosidosis and sialidosis, we are able to reconstitute numerous structures of asparaginyl-glycans. We postulate i) that these structures which have not yet been characterized pre-exist in glycans of human glycoproteins, probably in the cytoplasm or/and the cell membrane; ii) that they are products of the action of endo-beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidases which are protected because of the lack of exoglycosidases and accumulate in the cells, and then in the urine.", "PMID": 104798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6413", "title": "[Short term tests of carcinogenesis. Evaluation, predictive values, and diverse strategies].", "content": "The concepts of validation, evaluation and predictive values of short term tests for carcinogenicity are rigorously defined. The relationships between the parameters measuring these concepts are established. This allows and estimation of the practical efficiency of Ames Salmonella test (1). A new strategy for the evaluation of tests is proposed.", "contents": "[Short term tests of carcinogenesis. Evaluation, predictive values, and diverse strategies]. The concepts of validation, evaluation and predictive values of short term tests for carcinogenicity are rigorously defined. The relationships between the parameters measuring these concepts are established. This allows and estimation of the practical efficiency of Ames Salmonella test (1). A new strategy for the evaluation of tests is proposed.", "PMID": 104799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6414", "title": "Long-term changes in mitral valve area after successful mitral commissurotomy.", "content": "We examined the long-term effects of closed instrumental mitral commissurotomy on mitral valve area (MVA) in 18 patients, followed for as long as 14 years after successful operation. Each patient had preoperative and early postoperative cardiac catheterization; late postoperative determination of MVA was obtained 10-14 years (mean 12.2 years) after commissurotomy. In 17 patients, the MVA was determined by cross-sectional echocardiography and in one patient by repeat cardiac catheterization. Thirteen of 18 patients had no change in MVA between early postoperative study (mean MVA = 2.7 cm2) and late postoperative study (mean MVA = 2.9 CM2). MVA in five patients decreased 0.7-2.2 cm2 (mean 1.4 cm2) during the follow-up period. In these five patients, the mean MVA at early postoperative study was 2.7 cm2 and at late postoperative study was 1.3 cm2 (p less than 0.001). At late postoperative evaluation, cardiac symptoms were associated with severity of mitral stenosis but did not predict restenosis. A successful, closed, instrumental mitral commisurotomy can provide substantial long-term improvement in MVA.", "contents": "Long-term changes in mitral valve area after successful mitral commissurotomy. We examined the long-term effects of closed instrumental mitral commissurotomy on mitral valve area (MVA) in 18 patients, followed for as long as 14 years after successful operation. Each patient had preoperative and early postoperative cardiac catheterization; late postoperative determination of MVA was obtained 10-14 years (mean 12.2 years) after commissurotomy. In 17 patients, the MVA was determined by cross-sectional echocardiography and in one patient by repeat cardiac catheterization. Thirteen of 18 patients had no change in MVA between early postoperative study (mean MVA = 2.7 cm2) and late postoperative study (mean MVA = 2.9 CM2). MVA in five patients decreased 0.7-2.2 cm2 (mean 1.4 cm2) during the follow-up period. In these five patients, the mean MVA at early postoperative study was 2.7 cm2 and at late postoperative study was 1.3 cm2 (p less than 0.001). At late postoperative evaluation, cardiac symptoms were associated with severity of mitral stenosis but did not predict restenosis. A successful, closed, instrumental mitral commisurotomy can provide substantial long-term improvement in MVA.", "PMID": 104802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6415", "title": "Blood levels after sublingual nitroglycerin.", "content": "Pharmacokinetic analysis of nitroglycerin (GTN) has been hampered by the lack of a sensitive and specific method for measuring GTN in blood. Therefore, we examined the appearance of GTN in blood after administering 0.6 mg sublingually in 10 studies of normal volunteers. We used a gas-liquid chromatographic method with electron-capture detection and isosorbide dinitrate as the internal standard. GTN appeared in blood at 0.5 minutes, reached a peak of 2.3 +/- 0.36 ng/ml at 2 minutes, fell to 50% of peak value at 7.5 minutes and was barely detectable at 20 minutes. These blood levels paralleled the changes in heart rate and systolic blood pressure. These data show rapid appearance and disappearance of GTN from blood after sublingual administration, a large volume of distribution, and a rapid rate of total body clearance that precludes the liver from being the sole elimination site. This method for analysis of GTN and isosorbide dinitrate should be helpful in defining the role of chronic nitrate therapy.", "contents": "Blood levels after sublingual nitroglycerin. Pharmacokinetic analysis of nitroglycerin (GTN) has been hampered by the lack of a sensitive and specific method for measuring GTN in blood. Therefore, we examined the appearance of GTN in blood after administering 0.6 mg sublingually in 10 studies of normal volunteers. We used a gas-liquid chromatographic method with electron-capture detection and isosorbide dinitrate as the internal standard. GTN appeared in blood at 0.5 minutes, reached a peak of 2.3 +/- 0.36 ng/ml at 2 minutes, fell to 50% of peak value at 7.5 minutes and was barely detectable at 20 minutes. These blood levels paralleled the changes in heart rate and systolic blood pressure. These data show rapid appearance and disappearance of GTN from blood after sublingual administration, a large volume of distribution, and a rapid rate of total body clearance that precludes the liver from being the sole elimination site. This method for analysis of GTN and isosorbide dinitrate should be helpful in defining the role of chronic nitrate therapy.", "PMID": 104803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6416", "title": "Quantitative determination of trinitroglycerin in human plasma.", "content": "We developed a simplified method for quantitative measurement of trinitroglycerin in human plasma using hexane extraction and analysis by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. This assay was linear from 0.5-60 ng/ml. Sensitivity and reproducibility were +/- 0.5 ng/ml. We used this assay to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of trinitroglycerin in 14 patients. Maximum plasma levels were similar with trinitroglycerin given by constant intravenous infusion (1.6 +/- 0.4 ng/ml (SEM)), transcutaneously (2.3 +/- 0.6 ng/ml), or sublingually (1.6 +/- 0.6 ng/ml). Despite similar levels and hemodynamic responses after intravenous trinitroglycerin, the dose range was wide (37.5-175 microg/min, n = 5), emphasizing the need to individualize therapy. In normal volunteers on no other drugs, the plasma level time course followed changes in heart rate better than blood pressure changes. Use of the trinitroglycerin assay may enhance optimization of trinitroglycerin therapy when administered by different methods.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of trinitroglycerin in human plasma. We developed a simplified method for quantitative measurement of trinitroglycerin in human plasma using hexane extraction and analysis by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. This assay was linear from 0.5-60 ng/ml. Sensitivity and reproducibility were +/- 0.5 ng/ml. We used this assay to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of trinitroglycerin in 14 patients. Maximum plasma levels were similar with trinitroglycerin given by constant intravenous infusion (1.6 +/- 0.4 ng/ml (SEM)), transcutaneously (2.3 +/- 0.6 ng/ml), or sublingually (1.6 +/- 0.6 ng/ml). Despite similar levels and hemodynamic responses after intravenous trinitroglycerin, the dose range was wide (37.5-175 microg/min, n = 5), emphasizing the need to individualize therapy. In normal volunteers on no other drugs, the plasma level time course followed changes in heart rate better than blood pressure changes. Use of the trinitroglycerin assay may enhance optimization of trinitroglycerin therapy when administered by different methods.", "PMID": 104804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6417", "title": "An assessment under routine conditions of an immunoelectrophoretic assay for thyroxine-binding globulin.", "content": "The correct clinical interpretation of serum total thyroxine requires a knowledge of the thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) concentration. An immunoelectrophoretic method for TBG assay has been assessed under routine conditions for precision, sensitivity and recovery. TBG has been compared with T3 Resin Uptake for euthyroid subjects, and patients with myxoedema and thyrotoxicosis. The relationship between TBG and age has also been studied. The method proved to be reliable, sensitive and a technically simple method for the routine determination of TBG and an excellent replacement for the indirect T3 Resin Uptake Test.", "contents": "An assessment under routine conditions of an immunoelectrophoretic assay for thyroxine-binding globulin. The correct clinical interpretation of serum total thyroxine requires a knowledge of the thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) concentration. An immunoelectrophoretic method for TBG assay has been assessed under routine conditions for precision, sensitivity and recovery. TBG has been compared with T3 Resin Uptake for euthyroid subjects, and patients with myxoedema and thyrotoxicosis. The relationship between TBG and age has also been studied. The method proved to be reliable, sensitive and a technically simple method for the routine determination of TBG and an excellent replacement for the indirect T3 Resin Uptake Test.", "PMID": 104805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6418", "title": "Effects of Ca, Mg, and EDTA on creatine kinase activity in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "For one to obtain a precise estimate of creatine kinase (CK) activity in cerebrospinal fluid, the sample fraction is increased by about 10-fold over that used for serum. This increases the concentration of interfering substances, Ca being especially important. Therefore, the relationship between Ca, Mg, and EDTA was examined. Enzyme activity was maximal with 15 mmol of Mg per liter in the presence of 3 mmol of EDTA per liter, otherwise according to the (Scandinavian) recommended conditions for determination of CK activity in serum. These modifications increased the activity of CK by 35% for CK-MM and by 60% for CK-BB. Counteraction of Ca-induced inhibition was the main reason to this increase. We describe a practical and sensitive method for determining CK in cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Effects of Ca, Mg, and EDTA on creatine kinase activity in cerebrospinal fluid. For one to obtain a precise estimate of creatine kinase (CK) activity in cerebrospinal fluid, the sample fraction is increased by about 10-fold over that used for serum. This increases the concentration of interfering substances, Ca being especially important. Therefore, the relationship between Ca, Mg, and EDTA was examined. Enzyme activity was maximal with 15 mmol of Mg per liter in the presence of 3 mmol of EDTA per liter, otherwise according to the (Scandinavian) recommended conditions for determination of CK activity in serum. These modifications increased the activity of CK by 35% for CK-MM and by 60% for CK-BB. Counteraction of Ca-induced inhibition was the main reason to this increase. We describe a practical and sensitive method for determining CK in cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 104806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6419", "title": "Evaluation of two commercially available laser nephelometers and their recommended methods for measurement of serum immunoglobulin G.", "content": "The Hyland and Behring laser nephelometer systems for assay of specific proteins are described. Immunoglobulin G was measured to assess the overall performance of the two systems. Intra-batch precision figures were comparable to those for the radial immunodiffusion method run routinely in our laboratory. There was no significant interference from turbid or lipemic specimens. Accuracy, ease of instrument operation, standard curve stability, linearity, and accessory equipment are discussed. Immunoglobulin G is measured rapidly, accurately, and precisely by either system.", "contents": "Evaluation of two commercially available laser nephelometers and their recommended methods for measurement of serum immunoglobulin G. The Hyland and Behring laser nephelometer systems for assay of specific proteins are described. Immunoglobulin G was measured to assess the overall performance of the two systems. Intra-batch precision figures were comparable to those for the radial immunodiffusion method run routinely in our laboratory. There was no significant interference from turbid or lipemic specimens. Accuracy, ease of instrument operation, standard curve stability, linearity, and accessory equipment are discussed. Immunoglobulin G is measured rapidly, accurately, and precisely by either system.", "PMID": 104807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6420", "title": "Double light-chain disease: a case report.", "content": "A patient with massive proteinuria was discovered to have double light-chain disease. Immunological studies demonstrated monoclonal light chains of both the lambda and kappa type in urine. The light chains were separate and distinct and were not found to be a part of any of the whole molecule immunoglobulins such as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, or IgE. Uniqueness of the proteins was confirmed by column chromatography. Clinical studies showed that the patient had multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Double light-chain disease: a case report. A patient with massive proteinuria was discovered to have double light-chain disease. Immunological studies demonstrated monoclonal light chains of both the lambda and kappa type in urine. The light chains were separate and distinct and were not found to be a part of any of the whole molecule immunoglobulins such as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, or IgE. Uniqueness of the proteins was confirmed by column chromatography. Clinical studies showed that the patient had multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 104808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6421", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay for human ferritin.", "content": "We describe an enzyme immunoassay with use of beta-D-galactosidase for quantitation of ferritin in human serum. The minimum detectable ferritin concentration is 0.25 microgram/L of serum, which is comparable to results obtained by radioimmunoassay. The correlation coefficient between values determined by enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay was 0.95 (n - 1 = 85, p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay for human ferritin. We describe an enzyme immunoassay with use of beta-D-galactosidase for quantitation of ferritin in human serum. The minimum detectable ferritin concentration is 0.25 microgram/L of serum, which is comparable to results obtained by radioimmunoassay. The correlation coefficient between values determined by enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay was 0.95 (n - 1 = 85, p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 104809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6422", "title": "Urinary lysosomal enzyme excretion after renal allotransplantation.", "content": "Three urinary lysosomal enzymes, beta-glucuronidase (beta-Gluc), beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), were measured in twenty-one renal allograft recipients to evaluate their role in the diagnosis and prediction of rejection episodes, and in the prediction of eventual graft outcome. A fluorometric assay using methylumbelliferone substrates was used to measure the three enzymes in morning urine samples and enzyme activity was defined in terms of urine creatinine concentration. Urinary NAG levels increased significantly in 13/16 first rejection episodes and 4/4 instances of acute tubular necrosis and graft infarction. In 5 of the 16 first rejection episodes the NAG was predictive of the rejection. NAG was not useful in diagnosing second or subsequent rejections and beta-Gluc and beta-Gal were of little value in assessing any component of renal transplant pathology. As a prognostic index of eventual graft outcome, the peak urinary NAG was particularly encouraging. It correlated strongly with deterioration in graft function as time passed such that only 2/10 patients with peak NAG greater than 1400 Units had normal serum creatinines at 6 months post transplantation. Conversely 4/4 patients with peak NAG levels less than 700 Units had normal serum creatinine at that time. In our series the measurement of urinary NAG was a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of first rejections but appears to be more valuable in predicting graft outcome.", "contents": "Urinary lysosomal enzyme excretion after renal allotransplantation. Three urinary lysosomal enzymes, beta-glucuronidase (beta-Gluc), beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), were measured in twenty-one renal allograft recipients to evaluate their role in the diagnosis and prediction of rejection episodes, and in the prediction of eventual graft outcome. A fluorometric assay using methylumbelliferone substrates was used to measure the three enzymes in morning urine samples and enzyme activity was defined in terms of urine creatinine concentration. Urinary NAG levels increased significantly in 13/16 first rejection episodes and 4/4 instances of acute tubular necrosis and graft infarction. In 5 of the 16 first rejection episodes the NAG was predictive of the rejection. NAG was not useful in diagnosing second or subsequent rejections and beta-Gluc and beta-Gal were of little value in assessing any component of renal transplant pathology. As a prognostic index of eventual graft outcome, the peak urinary NAG was particularly encouraging. It correlated strongly with deterioration in graft function as time passed such that only 2/10 patients with peak NAG greater than 1400 Units had normal serum creatinines at 6 months post transplantation. Conversely 4/4 patients with peak NAG levels less than 700 Units had normal serum creatinine at that time. In our series the measurement of urinary NAG was a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of first rejections but appears to be more valuable in predicting graft outcome.", "PMID": 104810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6423", "title": "Variable expression in a dominantly inherited skeletal dysplasia with similarities to brachydactyly E and spondyloepiphyseal-spondyloperipheral dysplasia.", "content": "Variable expression and penetrance of dominantly inherited disorders present problems in diagnosis and counseling. The variation in clinical findings within a family with an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia is presented. In some members only shortened metacarpals were found, as seen in classic Brachydactyly E. Others presented with more severe and generalized skeletal involvement, such as is found in some of the spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias. This family may represent the true spectrum of Brachydactyly E; they may be affected with a specific spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia; or they may represent a new syndrome. The authors favor the first possibility and feel that this family serves to emphasize the importance of examining all affected members in a kindred with an autosomal dominant disease.", "contents": "Variable expression in a dominantly inherited skeletal dysplasia with similarities to brachydactyly E and spondyloepiphyseal-spondyloperipheral dysplasia. Variable expression and penetrance of dominantly inherited disorders present problems in diagnosis and counseling. The variation in clinical findings within a family with an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia is presented. In some members only shortened metacarpals were found, as seen in classic Brachydactyly E. Others presented with more severe and generalized skeletal involvement, such as is found in some of the spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias. This family may represent the true spectrum of Brachydactyly E; they may be affected with a specific spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia; or they may represent a new syndrome. The authors favor the first possibility and feel that this family serves to emphasize the importance of examining all affected members in a kindred with an autosomal dominant disease.", "PMID": 104811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6424", "title": "Immunological control of fertility: measurement of affinity of antibodies to human chorionic gonadotrophin.", "content": "Four baboons were primed with diazotized beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and boosted with diazotized C-terminal beta human chorionic gonadotrophin peptide, and the changes in antibody amount and affinity determined using a double isotope modified Farr assay, using labelled human chorionic gonadotrophin as the antigen. The degree of cross-reaction with human luteinizing hormone was also determined. Although appreciable reactivity with luteinizing hormone was observed soon after immunization, this declined rapidly during the response. At the time intervals studied, there was a progressive increase in affinity of antibodies to human chorionic gonadotrophin until day 248 after priming. At day 313, in two of the animals, there was a decrease in affinity from 1.04 X 10(11) to 6.80 X 10(10) and 1.05 X 10(11) to 4.93 X 10(10) l/mol, whereas in the other two baboons there was a further increase in antibody affinity. At corresponding time intervals, there was a steady decrease in values of total antibody binding sites. To determine the overall effect of the maturation of affinity with a decrease in antibody amount on biological efficacy, the theoretical amount of chorionic gonadotrophin that would be neutralized was calculated. We computed that in all instances, over 99% of a peak concentration of chorionic gonadotrophin that could be in circulation in a pregnant baboon would be neutralized. This was in excellent agreement with results of mating experiments in these baboons. In over forty cycles studied, none of the matings resulted in a sustained pregnancy.", "contents": "Immunological control of fertility: measurement of affinity of antibodies to human chorionic gonadotrophin. Four baboons were primed with diazotized beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and boosted with diazotized C-terminal beta human chorionic gonadotrophin peptide, and the changes in antibody amount and affinity determined using a double isotope modified Farr assay, using labelled human chorionic gonadotrophin as the antigen. The degree of cross-reaction with human luteinizing hormone was also determined. Although appreciable reactivity with luteinizing hormone was observed soon after immunization, this declined rapidly during the response. At the time intervals studied, there was a progressive increase in affinity of antibodies to human chorionic gonadotrophin until day 248 after priming. At day 313, in two of the animals, there was a decrease in affinity from 1.04 X 10(11) to 6.80 X 10(10) and 1.05 X 10(11) to 4.93 X 10(10) l/mol, whereas in the other two baboons there was a further increase in antibody affinity. At corresponding time intervals, there was a steady decrease in values of total antibody binding sites. To determine the overall effect of the maturation of affinity with a decrease in antibody amount on biological efficacy, the theoretical amount of chorionic gonadotrophin that would be neutralized was calculated. We computed that in all instances, over 99% of a peak concentration of chorionic gonadotrophin that could be in circulation in a pregnant baboon would be neutralized. This was in excellent agreement with results of mating experiments in these baboons. In over forty cycles studied, none of the matings resulted in a sustained pregnancy.", "PMID": 104813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6425", "title": "Identification of nephritic factor as an immunoglobulin.", "content": "C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF) activity in sera from three patients with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, one of whom had partial lipodystrophy, was found on chromatography to be associated with fractions containing IgG and no other detectable proteins. Immunoadsorption of IgG from these fractions with a highly purified anti-IgG removed the C3NeF, and the IgG, eluted after combination with the anti-IgG, retained C3NeF activity. In each case the isolated IgG with C3NeF activity was found to contain more than one subclass of IgG and both kappa and lambda chains, indicating that the immunoglobulin comprising C3NeF in these patients is heterogeneous and not monoclonal. The identification of C3NeF as an immunoglobulin suggests that it may be an autoantibody against antigenic determinants of complement components present in the C3 convertase of the alternative pathway.", "contents": "Identification of nephritic factor as an immunoglobulin. C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF) activity in sera from three patients with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, one of whom had partial lipodystrophy, was found on chromatography to be associated with fractions containing IgG and no other detectable proteins. Immunoadsorption of IgG from these fractions with a highly purified anti-IgG removed the C3NeF, and the IgG, eluted after combination with the anti-IgG, retained C3NeF activity. In each case the isolated IgG with C3NeF activity was found to contain more than one subclass of IgG and both kappa and lambda chains, indicating that the immunoglobulin comprising C3NeF in these patients is heterogeneous and not monoclonal. The identification of C3NeF as an immunoglobulin suggests that it may be an autoantibody against antigenic determinants of complement components present in the C3 convertase of the alternative pathway.", "PMID": 104814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6426", "title": "Stimulation of human B lymphocytes by Listeria cell wall fraction.", "content": "Cell wall fraction of Listeria monocytogenes (LCWF), a B cell mitogen for mouse spleen cells, is also mitogenic for human adult and cord peripheral blood lymphocytes. Purified B-cell suspensions responded to LCWF in vitro proliferation, to a similar extent as the unfractionated suspensions. Furthermore, LCWF-induced B cell differentiation into IgM-containing cells and their percentage correlated significantly with the extent of lymphocyte proliferation.", "contents": "Stimulation of human B lymphocytes by Listeria cell wall fraction. Cell wall fraction of Listeria monocytogenes (LCWF), a B cell mitogen for mouse spleen cells, is also mitogenic for human adult and cord peripheral blood lymphocytes. Purified B-cell suspensions responded to LCWF in vitro proliferation, to a similar extent as the unfractionated suspensions. Furthermore, LCWF-induced B cell differentiation into IgM-containing cells and their percentage correlated significantly with the extent of lymphocyte proliferation.", "PMID": 104815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6427", "title": "Free immunoglobulin light chain synthesis by lymphocytes from patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia.", "content": "Lymphocytes from six individuals with reduced or deficient serum immunoglobulins of one or more class were assessed for immunoglobulin production in vitro. There was no clinical evidence of a secondary cause for hypogammaglobulinaemia and three of the cases were receiving immunoglobulin therapy. The predominant immunoglobulin product in the culture supernatants form four cases was free light chain. In contrast, peripheral lymphocytes from two cases with partial IgA deficiency and from normal individuals exhibited a balanced synthesis of heavy and light chains. These findings are discussed with particular reference to free light chain synthesis by immature neoplastic B lymphocytes and to normal B lymphocyte differentiation.", "contents": "Free immunoglobulin light chain synthesis by lymphocytes from patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia. Lymphocytes from six individuals with reduced or deficient serum immunoglobulins of one or more class were assessed for immunoglobulin production in vitro. There was no clinical evidence of a secondary cause for hypogammaglobulinaemia and three of the cases were receiving immunoglobulin therapy. The predominant immunoglobulin product in the culture supernatants form four cases was free light chain. In contrast, peripheral lymphocytes from two cases with partial IgA deficiency and from normal individuals exhibited a balanced synthesis of heavy and light chains. These findings are discussed with particular reference to free light chain synthesis by immature neoplastic B lymphocytes and to normal B lymphocyte differentiation.", "PMID": 104817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6428", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on salt and water homeostasis.", "content": "The effects of indomethacin-induced prostaglandin inhibition on sodium and chloride homeostasis in normal man were assessed. Seven normal subjects were on a 150-mEq sodium diet for 3 days prior to receiving indomethacin or no drug. Indomethacin decreased fractional excretions of sodium and chloride without affecting fractional excretion of potassium, creatinine clearance, or percent fractional reabsorption of free water. Cumulative sodium excretion at 8 hr fell from 49.8 +/- 7.2 to 16.1 +/- 4.8 mEq (p less than 0.005) after indomethacin. Chloride fell at 8 hr from 49.7 +/- 6.4 to 21.3 +/- 5.1 mEq (p less than 0.005). Urinary volume and osmolal clearance decreased in similar magnitudes such that free water reabsorption was not changed by indomethacin. This study showed that indomethacin decreased renal sodium and chloride excretion, implying that endogenous prostaglandins may be modulators of renal sodium excretion.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on salt and water homeostasis. The effects of indomethacin-induced prostaglandin inhibition on sodium and chloride homeostasis in normal man were assessed. Seven normal subjects were on a 150-mEq sodium diet for 3 days prior to receiving indomethacin or no drug. Indomethacin decreased fractional excretions of sodium and chloride without affecting fractional excretion of potassium, creatinine clearance, or percent fractional reabsorption of free water. Cumulative sodium excretion at 8 hr fell from 49.8 +/- 7.2 to 16.1 +/- 4.8 mEq (p less than 0.005) after indomethacin. Chloride fell at 8 hr from 49.7 +/- 6.4 to 21.3 +/- 5.1 mEq (p less than 0.005). Urinary volume and osmolal clearance decreased in similar magnitudes such that free water reabsorption was not changed by indomethacin. This study showed that indomethacin decreased renal sodium and chloride excretion, implying that endogenous prostaglandins may be modulators of renal sodium excretion.", "PMID": 104818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6429", "title": "A computer program for Wiener filtering of evoked potential data.", "content": "We have developed a computer program for Wiener filtering of evoked potential data. The basic algorithm involves computation of the difference berween the power spectrum of the sweep sum and the sum of power spectra of individual sweeps. Power spectra are computed by means of the discrete Fourier transform. The program is now being run on a LSI-11 computer in a neurophysiology research laboratory to analyze somatic evoked potential data from monkeys.", "contents": "A computer program for Wiener filtering of evoked potential data. We have developed a computer program for Wiener filtering of evoked potential data. The basic algorithm involves computation of the difference berween the power spectrum of the sweep sum and the sum of power spectra of individual sweeps. Power spectra are computed by means of the discrete Fourier transform. The program is now being run on a LSI-11 computer in a neurophysiology research laboratory to analyze somatic evoked potential data from monkeys.", "PMID": 104821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6430", "title": "Lateralized preferences and right-left discrimination in the monkey: choice of mirror-image shape, position of recovered food and hand usage.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were tested for lateral preferences during mirror-image shape discrimination and food recovery from a row of pellets. Position of recovered food was unrelated to hand preference or mirror-image preference. There was no significant difference in the number of individuals preferring right and left lateral mirror-image shapes. Individuals tended to retain the same mirror-image preference to the same degree upon repeated testing. Animals of greater weight had stronger preferences. In all these respects, the features of mirror-image preference resembled those previously described for hand preference during a simple reaching task. The strength of different lateral preferences expressed by each animal were not significantly related thus failing to support the concept that asymmetric bodily responses can serve as cues for right-left discrimination in the environment. However, when the direction as well as strength of preference was considered, there appeared to be a tendency for animals to prefer the mirror-image shape whose reward bias was opposite to that of the preferred hand. This finding might have been due to a positional bias though there was evidence against this possibility.", "contents": "Lateralized preferences and right-left discrimination in the monkey: choice of mirror-image shape, position of recovered food and hand usage. Rhesus monkeys were tested for lateral preferences during mirror-image shape discrimination and food recovery from a row of pellets. Position of recovered food was unrelated to hand preference or mirror-image preference. There was no significant difference in the number of individuals preferring right and left lateral mirror-image shapes. Individuals tended to retain the same mirror-image preference to the same degree upon repeated testing. Animals of greater weight had stronger preferences. In all these respects, the features of mirror-image preference resembled those previously described for hand preference during a simple reaching task. The strength of different lateral preferences expressed by each animal were not significantly related thus failing to support the concept that asymmetric bodily responses can serve as cues for right-left discrimination in the environment. However, when the direction as well as strength of preference was considered, there appeared to be a tendency for animals to prefer the mirror-image shape whose reward bias was opposite to that of the preferred hand. This finding might have been due to a positional bias though there was evidence against this possibility.", "PMID": 104822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6431", "title": "Linear discriminant function analysis in neuropsychological research: some uses and abuses.", "content": "The present paper addressed the continued misinterpretation and misapplication of linear discriminant function analysis in neuropsychological research. Methodological problems concerning the influence of shrinkage and stepwise selection procedures on LDFA are virtually ignored and affect both the classification and inferential application of LDFA. Throughout the paper examples of potential abuses of LDFA were cited and data from a familiar research problem was employed to demonstrate procedures which enable more accurate interpretation of LDFA results. Linear discriminant function analysis and its multivariate equivalents are powerful and flexible tools for exploring group differences provided appropriate applications and interpretations of results are made.", "contents": "Linear discriminant function analysis in neuropsychological research: some uses and abuses. The present paper addressed the continued misinterpretation and misapplication of linear discriminant function analysis in neuropsychological research. Methodological problems concerning the influence of shrinkage and stepwise selection procedures on LDFA are virtually ignored and affect both the classification and inferential application of LDFA. Throughout the paper examples of potential abuses of LDFA were cited and data from a familiar research problem was employed to demonstrate procedures which enable more accurate interpretation of LDFA results. Linear discriminant function analysis and its multivariate equivalents are powerful and flexible tools for exploring group differences provided appropriate applications and interpretations of results are made.", "PMID": 104823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6432", "title": "The inverse relationship between cost and survival in the critically ill cancer patient.", "content": "The enormous cost of intensive multiple organ system support is apparent from patient or third party charges of $1500--$2000 per day exclusive of physician fees sampled during a retrospective review of 700 consecutive recent admissions to the Critical Care Facility of Memorial Cancer Center. Mortality rates of 49% for general medical, 54% for lymphoma or leukemia, and 20% for surgery patients suggest the need for a selective admission and discharge policy which concentrates financial and personnel resources on those for whom there remains a reasonable chance of worthwhile palliation, if not cure, of their malignancy. An informal policy of this kind may have contributed to a 10% increase in hospital discharges and a reduction of in-unit mortality from 22--18% when compared to 1035 earlier unselected admissions. A modified version of the classification suggested by the Critical Care Committee of the Massachusetts General Hospital has been adopted for use at this institution. A similar approach by other cancer centers is urged so that predictive indices based on prognosis of the underlying disease as well as physiological status may be developed. Otherwise, cost-benefit analysis by third party payers or government will become an unavoidable, and less satisfactory, alternative.", "contents": "The inverse relationship between cost and survival in the critically ill cancer patient. The enormous cost of intensive multiple organ system support is apparent from patient or third party charges of $1500--$2000 per day exclusive of physician fees sampled during a retrospective review of 700 consecutive recent admissions to the Critical Care Facility of Memorial Cancer Center. Mortality rates of 49% for general medical, 54% for lymphoma or leukemia, and 20% for surgery patients suggest the need for a selective admission and discharge policy which concentrates financial and personnel resources on those for whom there remains a reasonable chance of worthwhile palliation, if not cure, of their malignancy. An informal policy of this kind may have contributed to a 10% increase in hospital discharges and a reduction of in-unit mortality from 22--18% when compared to 1035 earlier unselected admissions. A modified version of the classification suggested by the Critical Care Committee of the Massachusetts General Hospital has been adopted for use at this institution. A similar approach by other cancer centers is urged so that predictive indices based on prognosis of the underlying disease as well as physiological status may be developed. Otherwise, cost-benefit analysis by third party payers or government will become an unavoidable, and less satisfactory, alternative.", "PMID": 104824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6433", "title": "Experience with a sustained-release formulation of oxprenolol in the management of angina pectoris in hospital out-patient departments.", "content": "One hundred and two patients with angina pectoris under treatment with beta-receptor antagonists prescribed on a multi-dose basis were openly switched to treatment with once-daily sustained-release oxprenolol (160 mg per tablet). Eighty-eight patients were successfully managed on once-daily oxprenolol and 70% achieved significant benefit with a single morning dose of 160 mg. The mean number of anginal attacks and the mean glyceryl trinitrate consumption were both significantly reduced. It is concluded that once-daily treatment with oxprenolol in sustained-release form offers the advantage of reduced tablet ingestion without symptomatic detriment in the management of angina pectoris.", "contents": "Experience with a sustained-release formulation of oxprenolol in the management of angina pectoris in hospital out-patient departments. One hundred and two patients with angina pectoris under treatment with beta-receptor antagonists prescribed on a multi-dose basis were openly switched to treatment with once-daily sustained-release oxprenolol (160 mg per tablet). Eighty-eight patients were successfully managed on once-daily oxprenolol and 70% achieved significant benefit with a single morning dose of 160 mg. The mean number of anginal attacks and the mean glyceryl trinitrate consumption were both significantly reduced. It is concluded that once-daily treatment with oxprenolol in sustained-release form offers the advantage of reduced tablet ingestion without symptomatic detriment in the management of angina pectoris.", "PMID": 104825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6434", "title": "Inhibition of growth and cell wall morphogenesis of Bacillus subtilis by extracellular slime produced by Physarum flavicomum.", "content": "Slime secreted by microplasmodia of the myxomycete Physarum flavicomum inhibited the uptake of glucose and amino acids, as well as growth and cell division of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Morphological changes such as production of chains, swollen cells, and/or cell lysis, occurred coincident with these physiological inhibitory events. These phenomena were all dependent on the concentration of slime present in the growth medium. Electron microscopy revealed that the cell walls of slime-inhibited cells were undergoing degradation and the process was most pronounced in the swollen cells. Isolated cell walls of B. subtilis were also found to undergo degradation upon incubation with slime. Boiled slime did not exhibit lytic activity on native cell walls, but boiled cell walls were degraded by native slime. The inhibitory effect of slime seemed to be, at least in part, due to an inherent peptidase (protease) activity. B. subtilis eventually overcomes the inhibition exhibited by slime due to the production of an antagonist of slime.", "contents": "Inhibition of growth and cell wall morphogenesis of Bacillus subtilis by extracellular slime produced by Physarum flavicomum. Slime secreted by microplasmodia of the myxomycete Physarum flavicomum inhibited the uptake of glucose and amino acids, as well as growth and cell division of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Morphological changes such as production of chains, swollen cells, and/or cell lysis, occurred coincident with these physiological inhibitory events. These phenomena were all dependent on the concentration of slime present in the growth medium. Electron microscopy revealed that the cell walls of slime-inhibited cells were undergoing degradation and the process was most pronounced in the swollen cells. Isolated cell walls of B. subtilis were also found to undergo degradation upon incubation with slime. Boiled slime did not exhibit lytic activity on native cell walls, but boiled cell walls were degraded by native slime. The inhibitory effect of slime seemed to be, at least in part, due to an inherent peptidase (protease) activity. B. subtilis eventually overcomes the inhibition exhibited by slime due to the production of an antagonist of slime.", "PMID": 104827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6435", "title": "Activity of thymidine kinase during the cell cycle in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "The presence of thymidine kinase has recently been reported in Tetrahymena pyriformis. The activity pattern for this enzyme was investigated during the cell cycle in both the one heat-shock per cell generation and the starvation-refeed system. Thymidine kinase was found to be a peak enzyme during S-phase in both situations. Nucleoside phosphotransferase was a continuous enzyme in the one heat-shock per cycle system, however, it closely paralleled the thymidine kinase curve during starvation and refeeding.", "contents": "Activity of thymidine kinase during the cell cycle in Tetrahymena pyriformis. The presence of thymidine kinase has recently been reported in Tetrahymena pyriformis. The activity pattern for this enzyme was investigated during the cell cycle in both the one heat-shock per cell generation and the starvation-refeed system. Thymidine kinase was found to be a peak enzyme during S-phase in both situations. Nucleoside phosphotransferase was a continuous enzyme in the one heat-shock per cycle system, however, it closely paralleled the thymidine kinase curve during starvation and refeeding.", "PMID": 104828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6436", "title": "Patterns of pulmonary involvement in systemic amyloidosis.", "content": "The clinical and histopathologic features of pulmonary amyloidosis were reviewed in 22 patients with systemic amyloidosis who came to autopsy. Eleven of 12 patients (92 percent) with primary amyloidosis had prominent interalveolar amyloid deposits. Symptoms attributable to these deposits were found in four cases (33 percent), while severe lung involvement was the apparent cause of death in one. Extensive deposition was noted in all three cases of amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma or Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Five of seven patients (71 percent) with secondary amyloidosis showed histologic lung involvement, which was perivascular or tracheobronchial in location, but not associated with symptoms. Histologic lung involvement is frequent in all forms of amyloidosis and lung tissue obtained from any patient with unexplained interstitial or reticular-alveolar pulmonary disease should be stained with Congo-red and viewed for green birefringence under polarizing microscopy for the presence of amyloid.", "contents": "Patterns of pulmonary involvement in systemic amyloidosis. The clinical and histopathologic features of pulmonary amyloidosis were reviewed in 22 patients with systemic amyloidosis who came to autopsy. Eleven of 12 patients (92 percent) with primary amyloidosis had prominent interalveolar amyloid deposits. Symptoms attributable to these deposits were found in four cases (33 percent), while severe lung involvement was the apparent cause of death in one. Extensive deposition was noted in all three cases of amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma or Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Five of seven patients (71 percent) with secondary amyloidosis showed histologic lung involvement, which was perivascular or tracheobronchial in location, but not associated with symptoms. Histologic lung involvement is frequent in all forms of amyloidosis and lung tissue obtained from any patient with unexplained interstitial or reticular-alveolar pulmonary disease should be stained with Congo-red and viewed for green birefringence under polarizing microscopy for the presence of amyloid.", "PMID": 104830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6437", "title": "Pulmonary function and morbidity in 40 adult patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Pulmonary function and cardiopulmonary complications were studied in a group of 40 patients with cystic fibrosis who reached the age of 25 years. Mean values for vital capacity (VC), functional residual capacity, residual volume (RV), the ratio of RV over total lung capacity (RV/TLC), conductance, and the ratio of the forced expiratory volume in one second over VC were abnormal. There was a variable pattern of progression from patient to patient. The men differed from the women only in that they had a significantly larger TLC and inspiratory capacity than the women. The resultant preservation of VC may have an advantage for survival in those patients in whom it is observed. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was encountered with increasing frequency with age. Massive hemoptysis did not result in early death. The occurrence of rightsided heart failure secondary to cor pulmonale, with or without respiratory failure, was a poor prognostic sign.", "contents": "Pulmonary function and morbidity in 40 adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Pulmonary function and cardiopulmonary complications were studied in a group of 40 patients with cystic fibrosis who reached the age of 25 years. Mean values for vital capacity (VC), functional residual capacity, residual volume (RV), the ratio of RV over total lung capacity (RV/TLC), conductance, and the ratio of the forced expiratory volume in one second over VC were abnormal. There was a variable pattern of progression from patient to patient. The men differed from the women only in that they had a significantly larger TLC and inspiratory capacity than the women. The resultant preservation of VC may have an advantage for survival in those patients in whom it is observed. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was encountered with increasing frequency with age. Massive hemoptysis did not result in early death. The occurrence of rightsided heart failure secondary to cor pulmonale, with or without respiratory failure, was a poor prognostic sign.", "PMID": 104832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6438", "title": "Free genes for rRNAs in the macronuclear genome of the ciliate Stylonychia mytilus.", "content": "When separated on an agarose gel, macronuclear DNA of the hypotrichous ciliate Stylonychia mytilus gives rise to many well-defined bands ranging in molecular weight from 0.3 x 10(6) to 14 x 10(6) dalton. Hybridization of 25 S rRNA, 17S rRNA or 5 S RNA to such a gel revealed sharp hybridization bands. This suggests that this banding pattern is not an artefact due to nonspecific degradation of macronuclear DNA but that the DNA in the macronucleus of Stylonychia occurs in discrete fragments, each coding for at least one gene. The size of the DNA fragment coding for rRNA was found to be 4.5 x 10(6) dalton, the fragment coding for 5 S RNA has a molecular weight of 150,000-250,000 dalton.", "contents": "Free genes for rRNAs in the macronuclear genome of the ciliate Stylonychia mytilus. When separated on an agarose gel, macronuclear DNA of the hypotrichous ciliate Stylonychia mytilus gives rise to many well-defined bands ranging in molecular weight from 0.3 x 10(6) to 14 x 10(6) dalton. Hybridization of 25 S rRNA, 17S rRNA or 5 S RNA to such a gel revealed sharp hybridization bands. This suggests that this banding pattern is not an artefact due to nonspecific degradation of macronuclear DNA but that the DNA in the macronucleus of Stylonychia occurs in discrete fragments, each coding for at least one gene. The size of the DNA fragment coding for rRNA was found to be 4.5 x 10(6) dalton, the fragment coding for 5 S RNA has a molecular weight of 150,000-250,000 dalton.", "PMID": 104846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6439", "title": "Reiterated genes with varying location in intercalary heterochromatin regions of Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes.", "content": "The localization of two cloned D. melanogaster DNA fragments in polytene chromosomes was determined by means of in situ hybridization. These different fragments (Dm 225 and Dm 234B) are present in the genome in hundreds copies and contain genes whose transcription yields two different classes in abundant mRNA (Ilyin et al., 1976, 1977; Tchurikov et al., 1978). About 20--30 sites of these genes are demonstrable in the polytene chromosomes of a given stock. There are small but significant variations in the number and localization of these sites among individuals of the same stock. On the other hand, different stocks of D. melanogaster have an utterly different distribution of revealed hybridization sites in the polytene chromosomes. The location of both fragments (Dm 225 and Dm 234) was found to be virtually identical within any given stock of D. melanogaster. 69 sites for localization of Dm 225 or Dm 234 genes were detected in the chromosomes of 11 individuals studied. At least 50 (and up to 62) of them coincide with intercalary heterochromatin regions which are known to be characterized by ectopic pairing, late replication and the presence of \"weak spots\" in the chromosome. The ability of Dm225 and Dm 234 to code for the \"abundant\" classes of messenger RNA (Ilyin et al., 1976) and the fact that their location may coincide with the histone and ribosomal genes suggest that intercalary heterochromatin regions are \"nests\" containing various types of actively transcribable tandem-repeated genes coding for common \"household\" cell functions.", "contents": "Reiterated genes with varying location in intercalary heterochromatin regions of Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes. The localization of two cloned D. melanogaster DNA fragments in polytene chromosomes was determined by means of in situ hybridization. These different fragments (Dm 225 and Dm 234B) are present in the genome in hundreds copies and contain genes whose transcription yields two different classes in abundant mRNA (Ilyin et al., 1976, 1977; Tchurikov et al., 1978). About 20--30 sites of these genes are demonstrable in the polytene chromosomes of a given stock. There are small but significant variations in the number and localization of these sites among individuals of the same stock. On the other hand, different stocks of D. melanogaster have an utterly different distribution of revealed hybridization sites in the polytene chromosomes. The location of both fragments (Dm 225 and Dm 234) was found to be virtually identical within any given stock of D. melanogaster. 69 sites for localization of Dm 225 or Dm 234 genes were detected in the chromosomes of 11 individuals studied. At least 50 (and up to 62) of them coincide with intercalary heterochromatin regions which are known to be characterized by ectopic pairing, late replication and the presence of \"weak spots\" in the chromosome. The ability of Dm225 and Dm 234 to code for the \"abundant\" classes of messenger RNA (Ilyin et al., 1976) and the fact that their location may coincide with the histone and ribosomal genes suggest that intercalary heterochromatin regions are \"nests\" containing various types of actively transcribable tandem-repeated genes coding for common \"household\" cell functions.", "PMID": 104847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6440", "title": "The location of highly repetitious DNA in the somatic chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "In situ hybridization of Drosophila melanogaster somatic chromosomes has been used to demonstrate the near exact correspondence between the location of highly repetitious DNA and classically defined constitutive heterochromatin. The Y chromosome, in particular, is heavily labeled even by cRNA transcribed from female (XX) DNA templates (i.e., DNA from female Drosophila with 2 Xs and 2 sets of autosomes). This observation confirmes earlier reports that the Y chromosome contains repeated DNA sequences that are shared by other chromosomes. In grain counting experiments the Y chromosome shows significantly heavier label than any other chromosome when hybridized with cRNA from XY DNA templates (i.e., DNA from male Drosophila with 1 X and 1 Y plus 2 sets of autosomes). However, the preferential labeling of the Y is abolished if the cRNA is derived from XX DNA. We interpret these results as indicating the presence of a class of Y chromosome specific repeated DNA in D. melanogaster. The relative inefficiency of the X chromosome in binding cRNA from XY and XYY DNA templates, coupled with its ability to bind XX derived cRNA, may also indicate the presence of an X chromosome specific repeated DNA.", "contents": "The location of highly repetitious DNA in the somatic chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. In situ hybridization of Drosophila melanogaster somatic chromosomes has been used to demonstrate the near exact correspondence between the location of highly repetitious DNA and classically defined constitutive heterochromatin. The Y chromosome, in particular, is heavily labeled even by cRNA transcribed from female (XX) DNA templates (i.e., DNA from female Drosophila with 2 Xs and 2 sets of autosomes). This observation confirmes earlier reports that the Y chromosome contains repeated DNA sequences that are shared by other chromosomes. In grain counting experiments the Y chromosome shows significantly heavier label than any other chromosome when hybridized with cRNA from XY DNA templates (i.e., DNA from male Drosophila with 1 X and 1 Y plus 2 sets of autosomes). However, the preferential labeling of the Y is abolished if the cRNA is derived from XX DNA. We interpret these results as indicating the presence of a class of Y chromosome specific repeated DNA in D. melanogaster. The relative inefficiency of the X chromosome in binding cRNA from XY and XYY DNA templates, coupled with its ability to bind XX derived cRNA, may also indicate the presence of an X chromosome specific repeated DNA.", "PMID": 104848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6441", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition as primary therapy for inflammatory disease of the bowel.", "content": "Of the series of 21 patients with Crohn's disease who were treated with TPN as primary therapy, there were only four (19 per cent) who did not eventually need surgical intervention. The mean follow-up period for this group of patients was 27.25 months. The remaining 14 patients were operated on an average of 9.9 months after their course of TPN. Of the five patients with mucosal ulcerative colitis who were treated with primary TPN, three are now doing well in response to medical therapy after a mean follow-up period of 27.3 months.", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition as primary therapy for inflammatory disease of the bowel. Of the series of 21 patients with Crohn's disease who were treated with TPN as primary therapy, there were only four (19 per cent) who did not eventually need surgical intervention. The mean follow-up period for this group of patients was 27.25 months. The remaining 14 patients were operated on an average of 9.9 months after their course of TPN. Of the five patients with mucosal ulcerative colitis who were treated with primary TPN, three are now doing well in response to medical therapy after a mean follow-up period of 27.3 months.", "PMID": 104849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6442", "title": "Protein-calorie malnutrition in patients with colorectal cancer.", "content": "Protein-calorie malnutrition, as determined by anthropometric measures and laboratory tests, was assessed in 17 preoperative patients with colorectal cancer and 47 control patients. The cancer patients had significant deficits in visceral protein and skeletal muscle and no deficit in fat stores. Greater attention should be given to preoperative nutritional assessment and to the correction of protein deficits.", "contents": "Protein-calorie malnutrition in patients with colorectal cancer. Protein-calorie malnutrition, as determined by anthropometric measures and laboratory tests, was assessed in 17 preoperative patients with colorectal cancer and 47 control patients. The cancer patients had significant deficits in visceral protein and skeletal muscle and no deficit in fat stores. Greater attention should be given to preoperative nutritional assessment and to the correction of protein deficits.", "PMID": 104851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6443", "title": "[Age dependence of the P2 latency of visually evoked cortical responses to checkerboard pattern reversal (author's transl)].", "content": "The age dependence of the P2 latency of visually evoked cortical responses to checkerboard pattern reversal was examined in 60 healthy individuals of between 10 and 69 years of age. Separate examination of the right and left eye yielded no statistically significant difference in P2 latency. A certain age dependence of P2 latency was discovered inasmuch as healthy individuals under 15 years and over 65 are--with high statistically significance--apt to show longer P2 latency than healthy individuals in the remaining life span.", "contents": "[Age dependence of the P2 latency of visually evoked cortical responses to checkerboard pattern reversal (author's transl)]. The age dependence of the P2 latency of visually evoked cortical responses to checkerboard pattern reversal was examined in 60 healthy individuals of between 10 and 69 years of age. Separate examination of the right and left eye yielded no statistically significant difference in P2 latency. A certain age dependence of P2 latency was discovered inasmuch as healthy individuals under 15 years and over 65 are--with high statistically significance--apt to show longer P2 latency than healthy individuals in the remaining life span.", "PMID": 104862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6444", "title": "[Reactions in the brainactivity during increased carbondioxyde concentration (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of two kinds of respiration (normal air and mixed with 4% CO2) was carried out in 8 healthy students. During the three experiments, each one lasting over 120 min, CO2 or air was inhaled using a mask. Blood samples were taken from the fingers, an average increase of pCO2 of 1.9 mm (p less than 0.01) and pO2 of 7.3 mm (p less than 0.01) was found during CO2-inhalation. The ECG and EEG were recorded and reaction times to tone stimuli in a foreperiod reaction time experiment were measured. During CO2-inhalation a clear reduction of the power in the alpha-band was found in frontal, central and occipital region in the order of 23% (p less than 0.05) and 12% (p less than 0.05) and 22% (p less than 0.01). The heart rate interval decreased significantly by 2.3% (p less than 0.05). No significant changes were found in CNV, reaction time and percentage event-related alpha-desynchronization.", "contents": "[Reactions in the brainactivity during increased carbondioxyde concentration (author's transl)]. A comparative study of two kinds of respiration (normal air and mixed with 4% CO2) was carried out in 8 healthy students. During the three experiments, each one lasting over 120 min, CO2 or air was inhaled using a mask. Blood samples were taken from the fingers, an average increase of pCO2 of 1.9 mm (p less than 0.01) and pO2 of 7.3 mm (p less than 0.01) was found during CO2-inhalation. The ECG and EEG were recorded and reaction times to tone stimuli in a foreperiod reaction time experiment were measured. During CO2-inhalation a clear reduction of the power in the alpha-band was found in frontal, central and occipital region in the order of 23% (p less than 0.05) and 12% (p less than 0.05) and 22% (p less than 0.01). The heart rate interval decreased significantly by 2.3% (p less than 0.05). No significant changes were found in CNV, reaction time and percentage event-related alpha-desynchronization.", "PMID": 104863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6445", "title": "[Effect of hypnosis and suggestion on the EEG-powerspectrum in the preparatory interval (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourier-analysis of the EEG (P4 02, P3 O1, CZ A1) in the stimulation period (1 sec) before acoustic stimulation showed significant differences between hypnosis and waking. Diminished power was found in the slower spectrum (0-3 and 4-7 c/sec) over the right hemisphere (P4O2) during hypnosis. Increased power was found in the alpha-spectrum (8-13 c/sec) over the Vertex (CZA1) during suggestion. We interpreted this effect as inhibition of exteroceptive perception during suggestion. Powerspectrum was averaged over 30 stimulation periods before acoustic stimulation with identic tones (sinus of 500 c/sec, 70 dB, duration 40 msec, stimulus interval 3--10 sec). The combination of experimental conditions (Hypnosis/Waking and Suggestions) were given in a balanced order to control seriel effects. We examined 12 persons in a repeated measurement design.", "contents": "[Effect of hypnosis and suggestion on the EEG-powerspectrum in the preparatory interval (author's transl)]. Fourier-analysis of the EEG (P4 02, P3 O1, CZ A1) in the stimulation period (1 sec) before acoustic stimulation showed significant differences between hypnosis and waking. Diminished power was found in the slower spectrum (0-3 and 4-7 c/sec) over the right hemisphere (P4O2) during hypnosis. Increased power was found in the alpha-spectrum (8-13 c/sec) over the Vertex (CZA1) during suggestion. We interpreted this effect as inhibition of exteroceptive perception during suggestion. Powerspectrum was averaged over 30 stimulation periods before acoustic stimulation with identic tones (sinus of 500 c/sec, 70 dB, duration 40 msec, stimulus interval 3--10 sec). The combination of experimental conditions (Hypnosis/Waking and Suggestions) were given in a balanced order to control seriel effects. We examined 12 persons in a repeated measurement design.", "PMID": 104864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6446", "title": "On the correlation between FSH, LH and prolactin serum levels.", "content": "In 188 males FSH, LH, and prolactin serum levels determined from a single blood sample were found to be closely correlated. No correlation appeared to testosterone levels. The same correlation is observed, if serum levels of FSH, LH, and prolactin are measured after stimulation with LH-RH and TRH. In order to explain the close correlation, in five young men hormone levels were measured at 2-min-intervals over a period of 2 hours. Peaks of prolactin often correspond to those of FSH and LH, and a statistical correlation was found in two cases between FSH and prolactin. Results suggest a common releasing mechanism, which is superposed to the main mediating mechanism.", "contents": "On the correlation between FSH, LH and prolactin serum levels. In 188 males FSH, LH, and prolactin serum levels determined from a single blood sample were found to be closely correlated. No correlation appeared to testosterone levels. The same correlation is observed, if serum levels of FSH, LH, and prolactin are measured after stimulation with LH-RH and TRH. In order to explain the close correlation, in five young men hormone levels were measured at 2-min-intervals over a period of 2 hours. Peaks of prolactin often correspond to those of FSH and LH, and a statistical correlation was found in two cases between FSH and prolactin. Results suggest a common releasing mechanism, which is superposed to the main mediating mechanism.", "PMID": 104865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6447", "title": "[Steroid metabolism in  primates. XX. Excretion of C21-steroids in urine of women and baboons (Papio hamadryas) during pregnancy].", "content": "Urinary excretion of 10 C21 steroids was investigated in women and baboons (Papio hamadryas) in various stages of pregnancy, in comparison to controls. In pregnant women, excretion of total C21 steroids is slightly increased, whereas in pregnant baboons it is slightly decreased. In women, excretion of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone is diminished, that of 20 beta-OH-F (11-beta,17alpha,20beta,21-tetrahydroxy-4-pregnen-3,20-dione) and of 11-deoxycortisol is increased. In pregnant baboons no significant alterations in corticosteroid metabolism were established.", "contents": "[Steroid metabolism in  primates. XX. Excretion of C21-steroids in urine of women and baboons (Papio hamadryas) during pregnancy]. Urinary excretion of 10 C21 steroids was investigated in women and baboons (Papio hamadryas) in various stages of pregnancy, in comparison to controls. In pregnant women, excretion of total C21 steroids is slightly increased, whereas in pregnant baboons it is slightly decreased. In women, excretion of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone is diminished, that of 20 beta-OH-F (11-beta,17alpha,20beta,21-tetrahydroxy-4-pregnen-3,20-dione) and of 11-deoxycortisol is increased. In pregnant baboons no significant alterations in corticosteroid metabolism were established.", "PMID": 104866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6448", "title": "Ethosuximide pharmacokinetics in a pregnant patient and her newborn.", "content": "Ethosuximide concentration in serum was monitored during the last trimester of pregnancy in a patient. After delivery, the decline in serum concentration of ethosuximide was observed in the nonnursing neonate. The half-life of elimination of transplacentally acquired ethosuximide in this neonate was 41.3 hr. The ratio of breast milk to maternal serum concentration of ethosuximide was approximately 1. A total daily exposure to ethosuximide of 12.8 to 38.4 mg (3.6 to 11.0 mg/kg) as a result of nursing was predicted.", "contents": "Ethosuximide pharmacokinetics in a pregnant patient and her newborn. Ethosuximide concentration in serum was monitored during the last trimester of pregnancy in a patient. After delivery, the decline in serum concentration of ethosuximide was observed in the nonnursing neonate. The half-life of elimination of transplacentally acquired ethosuximide in this neonate was 41.3 hr. The ratio of breast milk to maternal serum concentration of ethosuximide was approximately 1. A total daily exposure to ethosuximide of 12.8 to 38.4 mg (3.6 to 11.0 mg/kg) as a result of nursing was predicted.", "PMID": 104867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6449", "title": "Effects of chronic epileptic foci on control of pyramidal tract neurons in monkeys.", "content": "Five Macaca mulatta monkeys were operantly conditioned to control the firing patterns of single precentral pyramidal tract neurons. The accuracy with which the monkeys could control normal PTNs from within the focus was significantly poorer than PTNs from contralateral, homotopic cortex. In comparison to nonepileptic monkeys, there was no significant difference in the accuracy with which PTNs from cortex contralateral to interictal foci were controlled. By contrast, comparison of the time necessary to gain accurate control over individual PTNs from contralateral cortex showed the epileptic monkeys to be significantly encumbered when compared to nonepileptic monkeys. These data suggest that interictal foci produce \"noise\" in remote regions of brain that are involved in an operant task requiring a high degree of discrimination.", "contents": "Effects of chronic epileptic foci on control of pyramidal tract neurons in monkeys. Five Macaca mulatta monkeys were operantly conditioned to control the firing patterns of single precentral pyramidal tract neurons. The accuracy with which the monkeys could control normal PTNs from within the focus was significantly poorer than PTNs from contralateral, homotopic cortex. In comparison to nonepileptic monkeys, there was no significant difference in the accuracy with which PTNs from cortex contralateral to interictal foci were controlled. By contrast, comparison of the time necessary to gain accurate control over individual PTNs from contralateral cortex showed the epileptic monkeys to be significantly encumbered when compared to nonepileptic monkeys. These data suggest that interictal foci produce \"noise\" in remote regions of brain that are involved in an operant task requiring a high degree of discrimination.", "PMID": 104868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6450", "title": "Identification of metabolites of valproic acid in serum of humans, dog, rat, and mouse.", "content": "In kinetic studies of VPA in humans, dogs, rats, and mice, as well as in clinical routine analysis of serum concentrations of VPA in epileptic patients, 2--4 peaks (depending on the species examined) were regularly found in the gas chromatograms in addition to VPA. Comparison with control serum indicated that these peaks resulted from metabolism of VPA. By GC--MS, two of these metabolites could be identified as 5-hydroxy-2-propyl-pentanoic acid (5-OH-VPA) and 4-hydroxy-2-propyl-pentanoic acid (4-OH-VPA), using synthesized reference substances. Both metabolites results from omega (omega1, omega2) oxidation of VPA, 5-OH-VPA only occurring in serum of mice, and 4-OH-VPA in serum of mice and humans. With the aid of low- and high-resolution mass spectra, likely structures of the two remaining metabolites, both of which were found in serum of all the species examined, were proposed. One of these, 3-hydroxy-2-propyl-pentanoic acid (3-OH-VPA) confirms the involvement of beta-oxidation in the metabolism of VPA. The fourth metabolite, whose identity is uncertain, indicates a substance not described previously as a metabolite of VPA.", "contents": "Identification of metabolites of valproic acid in serum of humans, dog, rat, and mouse. In kinetic studies of VPA in humans, dogs, rats, and mice, as well as in clinical routine analysis of serum concentrations of VPA in epileptic patients, 2--4 peaks (depending on the species examined) were regularly found in the gas chromatograms in addition to VPA. Comparison with control serum indicated that these peaks resulted from metabolism of VPA. By GC--MS, two of these metabolites could be identified as 5-hydroxy-2-propyl-pentanoic acid (5-OH-VPA) and 4-hydroxy-2-propyl-pentanoic acid (4-OH-VPA), using synthesized reference substances. Both metabolites results from omega (omega1, omega2) oxidation of VPA, 5-OH-VPA only occurring in serum of mice, and 4-OH-VPA in serum of mice and humans. With the aid of low- and high-resolution mass spectra, likely structures of the two remaining metabolites, both of which were found in serum of all the species examined, were proposed. One of these, 3-hydroxy-2-propyl-pentanoic acid (3-OH-VPA) confirms the involvement of beta-oxidation in the metabolism of VPA. The fourth metabolite, whose identity is uncertain, indicates a substance not described previously as a metabolite of VPA.", "PMID": 104869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6451", "title": "Pesticide use in agriculture.", "content": "During the last three decades, the use of modern organic synthetic pesticides has increased about 40-fold. Total U.S. production, for domestic and expert use, in 1976 was about 1.4 million pounds. Crops receiving the most intensive application of various pesticides were cotton for insecticides, corn for herbicides, and fruits and vegetables for fungicides. Examination of use trends of pesticides indicates that the volume in pounds of herbicides used on crops is increasing, whereas the quantities of insecticides and fungicides remain stable. New chemical classes of compounds such as the synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are being introduced, but are not yet significant in terms of their share of the market. The increased usage of pesticides, together with knowledge of some of their adverse effects, has alerted the public to the need for regulation. To assist in the regulatory decision-making process, emphasis is being placed on benefit-cost analyses. Additional and improved biological inputs and methodologies are needed to provide accurate analyses.", "contents": "Pesticide use in agriculture. During the last three decades, the use of modern organic synthetic pesticides has increased about 40-fold. Total U.S. production, for domestic and expert use, in 1976 was about 1.4 million pounds. Crops receiving the most intensive application of various pesticides were cotton for insecticides, corn for herbicides, and fruits and vegetables for fungicides. Examination of use trends of pesticides indicates that the volume in pounds of herbicides used on crops is increasing, whereas the quantities of insecticides and fungicides remain stable. New chemical classes of compounds such as the synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are being introduced, but are not yet significant in terms of their share of the market. The increased usage of pesticides, together with knowledge of some of their adverse effects, has alerted the public to the need for regulation. To assist in the regulatory decision-making process, emphasis is being placed on benefit-cost analyses. Additional and improved biological inputs and methodologies are needed to provide accurate analyses.", "PMID": 104870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6452", "title": "Comparison of the effect of various doses of thyroxine on jejunal disaccharidases in intact and adrenalectomized rats during the first 3 weeks of life.", "content": "Administration of D,L-thyroxine (T4) daily (25 or 250 nmol/100 g body weight/24 h) for 4 days increased jejunal activity in 15-day-old rats; no effect was seen in 8-day-old rats. Maltase activity was increased in 15-day-old rats only when a 250-nmol dose was used. Similar results were obtained in unoperated and adrenalectomized rats. Specific activity of lactase was not influenced in unoperated 8- and 15-day-old rats; it was decreased in adrenalectomized 8- and 15-day-old rats when treated with a 250-nmol dose of T4; in 15-day-old rats, it also responded to 25-nmol doses. The lowest dose used (2.5 nmol/100 g body weight) had no effect at all.", "contents": "Comparison of the effect of various doses of thyroxine on jejunal disaccharidases in intact and adrenalectomized rats during the first 3 weeks of life. Administration of D,L-thyroxine (T4) daily (25 or 250 nmol/100 g body weight/24 h) for 4 days increased jejunal activity in 15-day-old rats; no effect was seen in 8-day-old rats. Maltase activity was increased in 15-day-old rats only when a 250-nmol dose was used. Similar results were obtained in unoperated and adrenalectomized rats. Specific activity of lactase was not influenced in unoperated 8- and 15-day-old rats; it was decreased in adrenalectomized 8- and 15-day-old rats when treated with a 250-nmol dose of T4; in 15-day-old rats, it also responded to 25-nmol doses. The lowest dose used (2.5 nmol/100 g body weight) had no effect at all.", "PMID": 104871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6453", "title": "Inbreeding effect: embryonic development and fecundity of Drosophila melanogaster offspring.", "content": "Inbreeding depression observed on fecundity of adult Drosophila depends on the effect observed during development of the eggs laid by their parents. This depression does not then depend on the homozygosity per se of the adult genome. It is mainly due to the deleterious effect observed primarily during embryogenesis.", "contents": "Inbreeding effect: embryonic development and fecundity of Drosophila melanogaster offspring. Inbreeding depression observed on fecundity of adult Drosophila depends on the effect observed during development of the eggs laid by their parents. This depression does not then depend on the homozygosity per se of the adult genome. It is mainly due to the deleterious effect observed primarily during embryogenesis.", "PMID": 104884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6454", "title": "Species-dependent stereospecific serum protein binding of the oral anticoagulant drug phenprocoumon.", "content": "13 mammalian species are classified into 3 clearcut groups with respect to the stereospecific serum protein-binding of phenprocoumon: 2 groups showing opposed stereospecific binding characteristics and a 3rd group exhibiting no stereospecific binding. Structural differences in the albumin molecule account for these stereospecific differences in serum protein-binding.", "contents": "Species-dependent stereospecific serum protein binding of the oral anticoagulant drug phenprocoumon. 13 mammalian species are classified into 3 clearcut groups with respect to the stereospecific serum protein-binding of phenprocoumon: 2 groups showing opposed stereospecific binding characteristics and a 3rd group exhibiting no stereospecific binding. Structural differences in the albumin molecule account for these stereospecific differences in serum protein-binding.", "PMID": 104885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6455", "title": "Bronchial mucosal permeability.", "content": "The tracheobronchial epithelium has well-developed tight junctions which on a morphologic basis should be markedly resistant to penetration by protein molecules. Despite this, antigen inhalation in monkeys allergic to Ascaris suum results in the rapid onset of pulmonary physiologic changes. Recent studies in man and animals have shown that a substantial number of mast cells exist in the bronchial lumen and epithelium. We suggest that antigen-antibody interaction initially occurs on these superficial mast cells leading to mediator release and the stimulation of airway irritant receptors. Antigen challenge also results in increased epithelial permeability to protein in the Ascaris-allergic monkey, and from studies on guinea pigs we suggest that this is due to alterations in the tight junctions. Antigen challenge in the monkey also produces increased permeability to labeled histamine and hyperresponsiveness to low concentrations of histamine. We suggest that the apparent airway hyperreactivity to inhaled histamine seen after inhalation of ozone, and NO2, or after upper respiratory infections could be due to damage to epithelial tight junctions. The resultant increase in mucosal permeability would result in an increased amount of histamine reaching airway smooth muscle for a given inhaled concentration.", "contents": "Bronchial mucosal permeability. The tracheobronchial epithelium has well-developed tight junctions which on a morphologic basis should be markedly resistant to penetration by protein molecules. Despite this, antigen inhalation in monkeys allergic to Ascaris suum results in the rapid onset of pulmonary physiologic changes. Recent studies in man and animals have shown that a substantial number of mast cells exist in the bronchial lumen and epithelium. We suggest that antigen-antibody interaction initially occurs on these superficial mast cells leading to mediator release and the stimulation of airway irritant receptors. Antigen challenge also results in increased epithelial permeability to protein in the Ascaris-allergic monkey, and from studies on guinea pigs we suggest that this is due to alterations in the tight junctions. Antigen challenge in the monkey also produces increased permeability to labeled histamine and hyperresponsiveness to low concentrations of histamine. We suggest that the apparent airway hyperreactivity to inhaled histamine seen after inhalation of ozone, and NO2, or after upper respiratory infections could be due to damage to epithelial tight junctions. The resultant increase in mucosal permeability would result in an increased amount of histamine reaching airway smooth muscle for a given inhaled concentration.", "PMID": 104888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6456", "title": "Induced varicoceles in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Varicoceles were surgically induced unilaterally in seveh rhesus monkeys. Effects of the varicoceles were documented by quantitative and qualitative changes in the semen analysis and testicular biopsies. Testicular temperatures appeared to be higher bilaterally in animals with varicoceles. Testosterone and estradiol levels in the testicular vein were somewhat higher on the experimental side. We found no evidence for adrenal retrograde flow.", "contents": "Induced varicoceles in rhesus monkeys. Varicoceles were surgically induced unilaterally in seveh rhesus monkeys. Effects of the varicoceles were documented by quantitative and qualitative changes in the semen analysis and testicular biopsies. Testicular temperatures appeared to be higher bilaterally in animals with varicoceles. Testosterone and estradiol levels in the testicular vein were somewhat higher on the experimental side. We found no evidence for adrenal retrograde flow.", "PMID": 104889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6457", "title": "Effects of immunization with the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone on corpus luteum function in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys immunized with the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone (oLHbeta) developed circulating antibodies which cross-reacted strongly with rhesus monkey chorionic gonadotropin. Normal ovulatory cycles continued, but the fertility of immunized monkeys as compared with that of controls was significantly reduced. Thus, the rhesus monkey represented a useful animal model for the study of certain aspects of an \"antifertility vaccine.\" We investigated the effects of circulating antibodies to oLHbeta on corpus luteum function by measuring production rates (PRs) and peripheral concentrations of progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Both parameters were significantly lower in immunized animals than in control animals. The length of the menstrual cycle was also significantly reduced. Progesterone PRs were also determined on days 10 and 15 after mating to test the assumption that the antifertility vaccine prevents pregnancy by interfering with \"corpus luteum rescue\" (the increase in PRs of progesterone usually occurring on day 15 after mating in fertilized animals). PRs increased from days 10 to 15 in pregnant controls, were unchanged in nonpregnant controls, and were significantly lower on day 15 in immunized monkeys as compared with nonpregnant and pregnant controls. These results suggest that \"corpus luteum rescue\" is suppressed in immunized animals.", "contents": "Effects of immunization with the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone on corpus luteum function in the rhesus monkey. Rhesus monkeys immunized with the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone (oLHbeta) developed circulating antibodies which cross-reacted strongly with rhesus monkey chorionic gonadotropin. Normal ovulatory cycles continued, but the fertility of immunized monkeys as compared with that of controls was significantly reduced. Thus, the rhesus monkey represented a useful animal model for the study of certain aspects of an \"antifertility vaccine.\" We investigated the effects of circulating antibodies to oLHbeta on corpus luteum function by measuring production rates (PRs) and peripheral concentrations of progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Both parameters were significantly lower in immunized animals than in control animals. The length of the menstrual cycle was also significantly reduced. Progesterone PRs were also determined on days 10 and 15 after mating to test the assumption that the antifertility vaccine prevents pregnancy by interfering with \"corpus luteum rescue\" (the increase in PRs of progesterone usually occurring on day 15 after mating in fertilized animals). PRs increased from days 10 to 15 in pregnant controls, were unchanged in nonpregnant controls, and were significantly lower on day 15 in immunized monkeys as compared with nonpregnant and pregnant controls. These results suggest that \"corpus luteum rescue\" is suppressed in immunized animals.", "PMID": 104890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6458", "title": "Non-immunological regression of dimethylbenz(A) anthracene-induced experimental keratoacanthomas in the rabbit.", "content": "In 9 rabbits, with a total of 17 experimental keratoacanthomas, a search has been made for immune-mediated mechanisms which could possibly be involved in the spontaneous regression of these tumours. Immunofluorescence studies did not reveal significant staining patterns. With skin tests, using autologous extracts prepared in three different ways, no delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were observed.", "contents": "Non-immunological regression of dimethylbenz(A) anthracene-induced experimental keratoacanthomas in the rabbit. In 9 rabbits, with a total of 17 experimental keratoacanthomas, a search has been made for immune-mediated mechanisms which could possibly be involved in the spontaneous regression of these tumours. Immunofluorescence studies did not reveal significant staining patterns. With skin tests, using autologous extracts prepared in three different ways, no delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were observed.", "PMID": 104893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6459", "title": "Modulation of gastrin release by acute changes in plasma calcium.", "content": "Gastrin release was studied in 5 hypergastrinemic patients, both during calcium infusion and EDTA infusion. In each patient, gastrin decreased in conjunction with the fall in plasma calcium, and increased during calcium infusion. Plasma gastrin and calcium levels were strongly correlated.", "contents": "Modulation of gastrin release by acute changes in plasma calcium. Gastrin release was studied in 5 hypergastrinemic patients, both during calcium infusion and EDTA infusion. In each patient, gastrin decreased in conjunction with the fall in plasma calcium, and increased during calcium infusion. Plasma gastrin and calcium levels were strongly correlated.", "PMID": 104896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6460", "title": "Radiographic findings in patients with esophageal involvement by mediastinal granuloma.", "content": "Of 97 patients with mediastinal granuloma, 13 had involvement of the esophagus by extension from adjacent lymph nodes or pleura. A knowledge of the anatomic relationships of these structures is important in understanding the distribution and radiologic features of these lesions. The most common manifestation was extrinsic compression, being present in 7 (54%) of the 13 patients. Three patients (31%) had either a fistula or a sinus tract. Esophageal stricture and diverticulum formation also occurred. Mediastinal granuloma should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with any of these findings.", "contents": "Radiographic findings in patients with esophageal involvement by mediastinal granuloma. Of 97 patients with mediastinal granuloma, 13 had involvement of the esophagus by extension from adjacent lymph nodes or pleura. A knowledge of the anatomic relationships of these structures is important in understanding the distribution and radiologic features of these lesions. The most common manifestation was extrinsic compression, being present in 7 (54%) of the 13 patients. Three patients (31%) had either a fistula or a sinus tract. Esophageal stricture and diverticulum formation also occurred. Mediastinal granuloma should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with any of these findings.", "PMID": 104899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6461", "title": "[Rule of antibody structure: the primary structure of a human monoclonal IgA1-immunoglobulin (myeloma protein Tro), I. Purification and characterization of the protein and its L- and H-chains (author's transl)].", "content": "Myeloma protein Tro was prepared from the serum of a myeloma patient by ammonium sulfate precipitation. It was purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography or by Pevikon block electrophoresis. The purity of the preparation was tested by several electrophoretic or immunoelectrophoretic methods. L- and H-chains of the purified protein after reduction and alkylation were separated by gel chromatography. The protein and its L- and H-chains were characterized by amino acid analyses and end-group determinations.", "contents": "[Rule of antibody structure: the primary structure of a human monoclonal IgA1-immunoglobulin (myeloma protein Tro), I. Purification and characterization of the protein and its L- and H-chains (author's transl)]. Myeloma protein Tro was prepared from the serum of a myeloma patient by ammonium sulfate precipitation. It was purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography or by Pevikon block electrophoresis. The purity of the preparation was tested by several electrophoretic or immunoelectrophoretic methods. L- and H-chains of the purified protein after reduction and alkylation were separated by gel chromatography. The protein and its L- and H-chains were characterized by amino acid analyses and end-group determinations.", "PMID": 104912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6462", "title": "[Rule of antibody structure: the primary structure of a human monoclonal IgA1-immunoglobulin (myeloma protein Tro), II. Cleavage of the monomer IgA-molecule and the reduced and alkylated H- and L-chains by cyanogen bromide (author's transl)].", "content": "The monomer of myeloma protein Tro as well as the reduced and alkylated H- and L-chains were cleaved by cyanogen bromide. All cyanogen-bromide fragments were isolated and characterized by amino acid analyses, end-group and molecular weight determinations. The 4 smaller fragments of the 5 H-chain fragments were split with trypsin. The peptides were isolated and their primary structure was determined.", "contents": "[Rule of antibody structure: the primary structure of a human monoclonal IgA1-immunoglobulin (myeloma protein Tro), II. Cleavage of the monomer IgA-molecule and the reduced and alkylated H- and L-chains by cyanogen bromide (author's transl)]. The monomer of myeloma protein Tro as well as the reduced and alkylated H- and L-chains were cleaved by cyanogen bromide. All cyanogen-bromide fragments were isolated and characterized by amino acid analyses, end-group and molecular weight determinations. The 4 smaller fragments of the 5 H-chain fragments were split with trypsin. The peptides were isolated and their primary structure was determined.", "PMID": 104913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6463", "title": "[Rule of antibody structure: the primary structure of a human monoclonal IgA1-immunoglobulin (myeloma protein Tro), III. Isolation and characterization of the tryptic peptides of the H-chain (author's transl)].", "content": "The reduced and either aminothylated or carboxymethylated H-chain of the monoclonal IgA1 immunoglobulin Tro was digested with trypsin. The tryptic peptides were isolated by gel and ion-exchange chromatography. Because of different methods of alkylation, the cysteine-containing peptides could be obtained in two forms and showed additional overlaps. Sequence studies performed with these fragments elucidated the primary structure of the protein.", "contents": "[Rule of antibody structure: the primary structure of a human monoclonal IgA1-immunoglobulin (myeloma protein Tro), III. Isolation and characterization of the tryptic peptides of the H-chain (author's transl)]. The reduced and either aminothylated or carboxymethylated H-chain of the monoclonal IgA1 immunoglobulin Tro was digested with trypsin. The tryptic peptides were isolated by gel and ion-exchange chromatography. Because of different methods of alkylation, the cysteine-containing peptides could be obtained in two forms and showed additional overlaps. Sequence studies performed with these fragments elucidated the primary structure of the protein.", "PMID": 104914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6464", "title": "[Rule of antibody structure: the primary structure of a human monoclonal IgA1-immunoglobulin (Myeloma protein Tro). IV. Isolation and characterization of the chymotryptic peptides of the H-chain (author's transl)].", "content": "The preceeding papers dealth with the purification and characterization of IgA immunoglobulin Tro and its H- and L-chains, the separation and characterization of the cyanogen bromide fragments and the isolation of the tryptic splitting products of the H-chain. In this paper the chymotryptic peptides of the H-chain are presented. All chymotryptic peptides were isolated and purified parallel to the isolation of tryptic peptides. On the basis of these overlapping splitting products the arrangement of the tryptic peptides in the protein could be determined. These and other splitting products listed in this paper contributed to the complete sequence determination of of the H-chain.", "contents": "[Rule of antibody structure: the primary structure of a human monoclonal IgA1-immunoglobulin (Myeloma protein Tro). IV. Isolation and characterization of the chymotryptic peptides of the H-chain (author's transl)]. The preceeding papers dealth with the purification and characterization of IgA immunoglobulin Tro and its H- and L-chains, the separation and characterization of the cyanogen bromide fragments and the isolation of the tryptic splitting products of the H-chain. In this paper the chymotryptic peptides of the H-chain are presented. All chymotryptic peptides were isolated and purified parallel to the isolation of tryptic peptides. On the basis of these overlapping splitting products the arrangement of the tryptic peptides in the protein could be determined. These and other splitting products listed in this paper contributed to the complete sequence determination of of the H-chain.", "PMID": 104915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6465", "title": "[Rule of antibody structure: the primary structure of a human monoclonal IgA1-immunoglobulin (myeloma protein Tro), V. The arrangement of the tryptic peptides and a discussion of the complete primary structure of the H-chain (author's transl)].", "content": "This communication deals with the sequence work done with tryptic and chymotryptic peptides and some cyanogen bromide splitting products. With these peptides, and if necessary with their splitting peptides, the whole primary structure of the alpha1-H-chain of myeloma protein Tro is established. The position of the amides is determined by electrophoresis and digestion with aminopeptidase M. The alpha1-chain Tro comprises 475 amino acid residues. Because of its specific exchanges and deletions the variable part of alpha1-chain Tro belongs to subgroup III of variable parts of H-chains. The switch from the variable to the constant part occurs at position 119/120 and is analogous to other chains which have been sequenced up to now. The large number of cysteine residues in the alpha-chain which may influence the tertiary structure, especially in the hinge and the subsequent CH2-region, is noteworthy. Furthermore, myeloma protein Tro is compared with the other alpha1-chain Bur[5] sequenced in the meantime, and protein But[6], which is an IgA2 molecule of the allotype A2m(2).", "contents": "[Rule of antibody structure: the primary structure of a human monoclonal IgA1-immunoglobulin (myeloma protein Tro), V. The arrangement of the tryptic peptides and a discussion of the complete primary structure of the H-chain (author's transl)]. This communication deals with the sequence work done with tryptic and chymotryptic peptides and some cyanogen bromide splitting products. With these peptides, and if necessary with their splitting peptides, the whole primary structure of the alpha1-H-chain of myeloma protein Tro is established. The position of the amides is determined by electrophoresis and digestion with aminopeptidase M. The alpha1-chain Tro comprises 475 amino acid residues. Because of its specific exchanges and deletions the variable part of alpha1-chain Tro belongs to subgroup III of variable parts of H-chains. The switch from the variable to the constant part occurs at position 119/120 and is analogous to other chains which have been sequenced up to now. The large number of cysteine residues in the alpha-chain which may influence the tertiary structure, especially in the hinge and the subsequent CH2-region, is noteworthy. Furthermore, myeloma protein Tro is compared with the other alpha1-chain Bur[5] sequenced in the meantime, and protein But[6], which is an IgA2 molecule of the allotype A2m(2).", "PMID": 104916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6466", "title": "Geriatric complex offers options from housing to skilled nursing.", "content": "A not-for-profit geriatric complex offers comprehensive services and care ranging from independent living, with limited supportive services, in apartment units, to an intermediate level of care in a health-related facility, to skilled nursing and intensive care in an accredited long-term care facility. Thus, the elderly residents and patients are provided with ready access to progressive patient care in either direction whenever needed. The complex includes newly constructed and recycled apartment and medical care buildings.", "contents": "Geriatric complex offers options from housing to skilled nursing. A not-for-profit geriatric complex offers comprehensive services and care ranging from independent living, with limited supportive services, in apartment units, to an intermediate level of care in a health-related facility, to skilled nursing and intensive care in an accredited long-term care facility. Thus, the elderly residents and patients are provided with ready access to progressive patient care in either direction whenever needed. The complex includes newly constructed and recycled apartment and medical care buildings.", "PMID": 104917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6467", "title": "Identity of euchromatic bands from man to cercopithecidae (Cercopithecus aethiops, Cercopithecus sabaeus, Erythrocebus patas, and Miopithecus talapoin).", "content": "The karyotypes of four species of Cercopithecidae: Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus, C. sabaeus, Erythrocebus patas, and Miopithecus talapoin are analysed with nearly all the banding techniques. They are compared with each other, and with the karyotypes of the Baboon P. papio and with that of man. It can be concluded that the quasi-totality or the totality of the euchromatin is common to all, but has undergone structural rearrangements, generally detectable. The heterochromatin, defined by C-band staining, and late-replicating DNA, in contrast, appears very variable: In particular, E. patas has acquired very large heterochromatic segments. The significance of these modifications is discussed.", "contents": "Identity of euchromatic bands from man to cercopithecidae (Cercopithecus aethiops, Cercopithecus sabaeus, Erythrocebus patas, and Miopithecus talapoin). The karyotypes of four species of Cercopithecidae: Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus, C. sabaeus, Erythrocebus patas, and Miopithecus talapoin are analysed with nearly all the banding techniques. They are compared with each other, and with the karyotypes of the Baboon P. papio and with that of man. It can be concluded that the quasi-totality or the totality of the euchromatin is common to all, but has undergone structural rearrangements, generally detectable. The heterochromatin, defined by C-band staining, and late-replicating DNA, in contrast, appears very variable: In particular, E. patas has acquired very large heterochromatic segments. The significance of these modifications is discussed.", "PMID": 104920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6468", "title": "Possible mechanisms of the first step of the classical complement activation pathway: binding and activation of C1.", "content": "Different immunoglobulin preparations of human monoclonal IgM, normal human and rat IgG, as well as purified rabbit antibodies were treated by various methods, fragmentation, aggregation and complexing with antigen. The ability of the treated and untreated preparations to fix isolated human C1, to activate the classical complement pathway (to consume C4 in normal human serum) were compared. It was found that the different methods affected the conformation of the immunoglobulin molecules in different ways and induced changes to a greater or lesser extent in the two capacities of the preparations tested. In the case of the monoclonal IgM preparation a strong C1-fixation was observed without measurable complement activation. Other preparations, interfacially aggregated human IgG, BSA-anti-BSA and OA-anti-OA immune complexes had a very weak C1-fixing but a marked complement activating capacity. Some preparations, e.g. heat-aggregated IgG, both fixed and activated C1 effectively, aggregates with a complement-activating capacity without C1-fixing effect were separated by gel-filtration. It was demonstrated further, that at a given time only a part of the activated C1 molecules could be found fixed to the immunoglobulins, the other part was released into the fluid phase after activation. On the basis of the results of this and previous studies a hypothesis is proposed suggesting three possible results of the interaction between C1 and the different preparations: (1) firm fixation and activation; (2) binding not followed by activation and (3) a transient binding leading to activation. The possible application of this hypothesis for the interpretation of the results of the different methods for detecting immune complexes is discussed.", "contents": "Possible mechanisms of the first step of the classical complement activation pathway: binding and activation of C1. Different immunoglobulin preparations of human monoclonal IgM, normal human and rat IgG, as well as purified rabbit antibodies were treated by various methods, fragmentation, aggregation and complexing with antigen. The ability of the treated and untreated preparations to fix isolated human C1, to activate the classical complement pathway (to consume C4 in normal human serum) were compared. It was found that the different methods affected the conformation of the immunoglobulin molecules in different ways and induced changes to a greater or lesser extent in the two capacities of the preparations tested. In the case of the monoclonal IgM preparation a strong C1-fixation was observed without measurable complement activation. Other preparations, interfacially aggregated human IgG, BSA-anti-BSA and OA-anti-OA immune complexes had a very weak C1-fixing but a marked complement activating capacity. Some preparations, e.g. heat-aggregated IgG, both fixed and activated C1 effectively, aggregates with a complement-activating capacity without C1-fixing effect were separated by gel-filtration. It was demonstrated further, that at a given time only a part of the activated C1 molecules could be found fixed to the immunoglobulins, the other part was released into the fluid phase after activation. On the basis of the results of this and previous studies a hypothesis is proposed suggesting three possible results of the interaction between C1 and the different preparations: (1) firm fixation and activation; (2) binding not followed by activation and (3) a transient binding leading to activation. The possible application of this hypothesis for the interpretation of the results of the different methods for detecting immune complexes is discussed.", "PMID": 104923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6469", "title": "Passage of immunoglobulins from plasma to the oral cavity in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The passage of immunoglobulin from plasma to the oral cavity was studied in rhesus monkeys. Immunoglobulins G, A and M were purified from pooled rhesus monkey serum, radiolabelled with 125I and injected intravenously into twelve monkeys. Sequential samples of oral fluids were taken over a 24 h period and were assayed for radioactivity. Radioactivity could be detected in crevicular fluid washings after 0.5 h in monkeys injected with IgG and IgA, and after 2 h in monkeys given IgM. Maximal levels were found after 4 h with each immunoglobulin. Radioactivity in parotid and mixed saliva could be detected in all animals after 30 min, reaching a maximal level after 4 h. Ultracentrifugation on sucrose density gradients revealed that most of the radioactivity in crevicular fluid washings was in the 7S zone in the animals given IgG and IgA, and in a 19S zone in animals given IgM. The radioactivity in partoid saliva did not represent intact immunoglobulin molecules, since all the activity was present in zones of low molecular weight in animals given IgG, IgA or IgM. In mixed saliva a small amount of radioactivity was found in the immunoglobulin zones. The results suggest that intact molecules of IgG, IgA and IgM can pass from plasma to the oral cavity via crevicular fluid, and could contribute to oral defence mechanisms particularly in the crevicular domain. The volume of crevicular fluid in the approximal space of deciduous molars of rhesus monkeys was estimated to be approximately 0.3 microliter.", "contents": "Passage of immunoglobulins from plasma to the oral cavity in rhesus monkeys. The passage of immunoglobulin from plasma to the oral cavity was studied in rhesus monkeys. Immunoglobulins G, A and M were purified from pooled rhesus monkey serum, radiolabelled with 125I and injected intravenously into twelve monkeys. Sequential samples of oral fluids were taken over a 24 h period and were assayed for radioactivity. Radioactivity could be detected in crevicular fluid washings after 0.5 h in monkeys injected with IgG and IgA, and after 2 h in monkeys given IgM. Maximal levels were found after 4 h with each immunoglobulin. Radioactivity in parotid and mixed saliva could be detected in all animals after 30 min, reaching a maximal level after 4 h. Ultracentrifugation on sucrose density gradients revealed that most of the radioactivity in crevicular fluid washings was in the 7S zone in the animals given IgG and IgA, and in a 19S zone in animals given IgM. The radioactivity in partoid saliva did not represent intact immunoglobulin molecules, since all the activity was present in zones of low molecular weight in animals given IgG, IgA or IgM. In mixed saliva a small amount of radioactivity was found in the immunoglobulin zones. The results suggest that intact molecules of IgG, IgA and IgM can pass from plasma to the oral cavity via crevicular fluid, and could contribute to oral defence mechanisms particularly in the crevicular domain. The volume of crevicular fluid in the approximal space of deciduous molars of rhesus monkeys was estimated to be approximately 0.3 microliter.", "PMID": 104924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6470", "title": "Inhibition of lysosomal enzyme release from rat leukocytes by auranofin. A new chrysotherapeutic agent.", "content": "Auranofin (SK&F D-39162), a new antiarthritic gold compound reported to be orally effective in animal (adjuvant rat) and human (rheumatoid) arthritic conditions, is a potent in vitro inhibitor of the release of lysosomal enzymes from phagocytizing rat leukocytes. Auranofin, at micromolar concentrations (1-10 microM), produced a dose-dependent reduction in extracellular levels of lysosomal enzyme markers (beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme) which are selectively released from rat leukocytes during phagocytosis of zymosan particles. The reduction in extracellular levels of lysosomal enzymes appears to be caused by inhibition of their selective cellular release, since effective concentrations of auranofin did not produce leukocyte cytotoxicity or inhibition of cell-free lysosomal enzyme activity. Morphologic and biochemical evidence indicated that auranofin also interferes with phagocytosis of zymosan particles. The potent in vitro activity of auranofin appears to result from its unique gold complex, since neither structurally related nongold compounds nor clinically used gold compounds (gold sodium thiomalate and gold thioglucose) were potent inhibitors of lysosomal enzyme release. The results of this investigation suggest that the antiarthritic activity of auranofin may be caused at least in part, by inhibition of lysosomal enzyme release and/or cellular processing of antigens.", "contents": "Inhibition of lysosomal enzyme release from rat leukocytes by auranofin. A new chrysotherapeutic agent. Auranofin (SK&F D-39162), a new antiarthritic gold compound reported to be orally effective in animal (adjuvant rat) and human (rheumatoid) arthritic conditions, is a potent in vitro inhibitor of the release of lysosomal enzymes from phagocytizing rat leukocytes. Auranofin, at micromolar concentrations (1-10 microM), produced a dose-dependent reduction in extracellular levels of lysosomal enzyme markers (beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme) which are selectively released from rat leukocytes during phagocytosis of zymosan particles. The reduction in extracellular levels of lysosomal enzymes appears to be caused by inhibition of their selective cellular release, since effective concentrations of auranofin did not produce leukocyte cytotoxicity or inhibition of cell-free lysosomal enzyme activity. Morphologic and biochemical evidence indicated that auranofin also interferes with phagocytosis of zymosan particles. The potent in vitro activity of auranofin appears to result from its unique gold complex, since neither structurally related nongold compounds nor clinically used gold compounds (gold sodium thiomalate and gold thioglucose) were potent inhibitors of lysosomal enzyme release. The results of this investigation suggest that the antiarthritic activity of auranofin may be caused at least in part, by inhibition of lysosomal enzyme release and/or cellular processing of antigens.", "PMID": 104927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6471", "title": "Effect of auranofin, a new antiarthritic agent, on immune complex-induced release of lysosomal enzymes from human leukocytes.", "content": "Auranofin, an oral chrysotherapeutic agent effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), was found to be a potent, noncytotoxic inhibitor of IgG-RF immune complex-induced lysosomal enzyme release (LER) from human leukocytes. At a concentration of 1 microg Au/ml (5 microM), auranofin produced a marked reduction in beta-glucuronidase (100%), acid phosphatase (88%), and lysozyme (72%) release. In contrast, gold sodium thiosulfate (GST, an injectable gold compound) had no inhibitory activity on LER at equivalent gold concentrations (i.e., 1 microg Au/ml) and only modest activity (less than 36% inhibition) at concentrations as high as 40 microg Au/ml. The 50% inhibitory dose (LD50) of auranofin on LER was calculated to be 3-4 microM (0.6-0.8 microg Au/ml). Blood gold levels in auranofin-treated RA patients were found to be within the range required for in vitro inhibition of LER, and correlated with decreases in IgG, RF titers, and IgG-RF immune-complex formation in vitro. These results suggest that the therapeutic action of auranofin may be caused, at least in part, by inhibition of LER and/or decreases in immune-complex formation.", "contents": "Effect of auranofin, a new antiarthritic agent, on immune complex-induced release of lysosomal enzymes from human leukocytes. Auranofin, an oral chrysotherapeutic agent effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), was found to be a potent, noncytotoxic inhibitor of IgG-RF immune complex-induced lysosomal enzyme release (LER) from human leukocytes. At a concentration of 1 microg Au/ml (5 microM), auranofin produced a marked reduction in beta-glucuronidase (100%), acid phosphatase (88%), and lysozyme (72%) release. In contrast, gold sodium thiosulfate (GST, an injectable gold compound) had no inhibitory activity on LER at equivalent gold concentrations (i.e., 1 microg Au/ml) and only modest activity (less than 36% inhibition) at concentrations as high as 40 microg Au/ml. The 50% inhibitory dose (LD50) of auranofin on LER was calculated to be 3-4 microM (0.6-0.8 microg Au/ml). Blood gold levels in auranofin-treated RA patients were found to be within the range required for in vitro inhibition of LER, and correlated with decreases in IgG, RF titers, and IgG-RF immune-complex formation in vitro. These results suggest that the therapeutic action of auranofin may be caused, at least in part, by inhibition of LER and/or decreases in immune-complex formation.", "PMID": 104928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6472", "title": "Immunopharmacology of gold sodium thiomalate and auranofin (SK&F D-39162): effects on cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "The effects of gold sodium thiomalate (GST) and auranofin (SK&F D-39162) on cell-mediated immunity were investigated using oxazolone-induced contact sensitivity and delayed hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells. C57Bl mice were sensitized to oxazolone on day 0 and challenged either 45 or 72 h later. The resulting paw edema was read plethysmographically 24 h after challenge. GST and auranofin both were capable of stimulating oxazollone-induced contact sensitivity which was compromised by using a shortened sensitization period (45 h). Auranofin but not GST stimulated the response to oxazolone in immunosuppressed mice, but neither agent significantly altered the uncompromised response in normal mice. The stimulatory effect of auranofin and GST on cell-mediated immunity was corroborated using SRBC to induce delayed hypersensitivity. Comparison of blood Au levels revealed that gold in the form of auranofin was approximately 4x more effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity than was gold in the form of GST. These results were suggested to be due to the possible stimulation by gold of T effector as well as T suppressor lymphocytes, thus explaining the condition dependency of the immunoregulation.", "contents": "Immunopharmacology of gold sodium thiomalate and auranofin (SK&F D-39162): effects on cell-mediated immunity. The effects of gold sodium thiomalate (GST) and auranofin (SK&F D-39162) on cell-mediated immunity were investigated using oxazolone-induced contact sensitivity and delayed hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells. C57Bl mice were sensitized to oxazolone on day 0 and challenged either 45 or 72 h later. The resulting paw edema was read plethysmographically 24 h after challenge. GST and auranofin both were capable of stimulating oxazollone-induced contact sensitivity which was compromised by using a shortened sensitization period (45 h). Auranofin but not GST stimulated the response to oxazolone in immunosuppressed mice, but neither agent significantly altered the uncompromised response in normal mice. The stimulatory effect of auranofin and GST on cell-mediated immunity was corroborated using SRBC to induce delayed hypersensitivity. Comparison of blood Au levels revealed that gold in the form of auranofin was approximately 4x more effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity than was gold in the form of GST. These results were suggested to be due to the possible stimulation by gold of T effector as well as T suppressor lymphocytes, thus explaining the condition dependency of the immunoregulation.", "PMID": 104929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6473", "title": "The effect of cortisone on the accumulation, activation, and necrosis of macrophages in tuberculous lesions.", "content": "Rabbits were injected intramuscularly with cortisone acetate (2 mg/kg) on alternate days. Six days after the first injection these rabbits and controls were injected intradermally in multiple sites with BCG (the vaccine strain of tubercle bacillus). Periodically, over the next 2 months, the resulting lesions were measured and surgically biopsied, and the animals were tuberculin-tested. Macrophage activation in the BCG lesions was evaluated histochemically by staining for beta-galactosidase activity. Both BCG lesions (and tuberculin reactions) in the cortisone-treated group were considerably smaller than those in the control group. Cortisone was highly effective in reducing the number of infiltrating mononuclear cells (MN), the amount of caseous necrosis and ulceration, and the percent of NM that were beta-galactosidase-positive. The decreased activation and reduced number of macrophages readily explains the increased susceptibility to tuberculosis found amoung patients receiving glucocorticosteroids. In the BCG lesions, the local decrease in the number and function of leukocytes probably explains the decreased tissue necrosis. Such antiinflammatory effects of corticosteroids may offset, in selected antimicrobial-treated cases, the hormone's detrimental effect on host resistance to infectious agents.", "contents": "The effect of cortisone on the accumulation, activation, and necrosis of macrophages in tuberculous lesions. Rabbits were injected intramuscularly with cortisone acetate (2 mg/kg) on alternate days. Six days after the first injection these rabbits and controls were injected intradermally in multiple sites with BCG (the vaccine strain of tubercle bacillus). Periodically, over the next 2 months, the resulting lesions were measured and surgically biopsied, and the animals were tuberculin-tested. Macrophage activation in the BCG lesions was evaluated histochemically by staining for beta-galactosidase activity. Both BCG lesions (and tuberculin reactions) in the cortisone-treated group were considerably smaller than those in the control group. Cortisone was highly effective in reducing the number of infiltrating mononuclear cells (MN), the amount of caseous necrosis and ulceration, and the percent of NM that were beta-galactosidase-positive. The decreased activation and reduced number of macrophages readily explains the increased susceptibility to tuberculosis found amoung patients receiving glucocorticosteroids. In the BCG lesions, the local decrease in the number and function of leukocytes probably explains the decreased tissue necrosis. Such antiinflammatory effects of corticosteroids may offset, in selected antimicrobial-treated cases, the hormone's detrimental effect on host resistance to infectious agents.", "PMID": 104930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6474", "title": "Ascorbate metabolism in the trained monkey.", "content": "The metabolic fate of 14C-1-ascorbate was studied in trained monkeys (Macacca fasicularis) by measurement of the 14C in the expired breath, urine, and feces. To minimize stress, each monkey was placed in a restraining primate chair and trained to all experimental procedures prior to the isotope studies. The majority of the 14C-1-ascorbate was absorbed by the trained monkeys and ascorbate turnover increased with increasing plasma levels. The urine of trained monkeys was the major excretion route of 14C-1-ascorbate and its metabolites. less than 2.5% of the 14C-1-ascorbate was oxidized in 24 hr to 14CO2. The 14CO2 production was not changed by diet or the ascorbate nutritional status in the trained monkey. A significant increase in 14CO2 production was measured in an untrained monkey. The metabolic fate of 14C-1-ascorbate in man and the trained monkey was similar. Therefore, the trained monkey could be a study model for ascorbate metabolism in man.", "contents": "Ascorbate metabolism in the trained monkey. The metabolic fate of 14C-1-ascorbate was studied in trained monkeys (Macacca fasicularis) by measurement of the 14C in the expired breath, urine, and feces. To minimize stress, each monkey was placed in a restraining primate chair and trained to all experimental procedures prior to the isotope studies. The majority of the 14C-1-ascorbate was absorbed by the trained monkeys and ascorbate turnover increased with increasing plasma levels. The urine of trained monkeys was the major excretion route of 14C-1-ascorbate and its metabolites. less than 2.5% of the 14C-1-ascorbate was oxidized in 24 hr to 14CO2. The 14CO2 production was not changed by diet or the ascorbate nutritional status in the trained monkey. A significant increase in 14CO2 production was measured in an untrained monkey. The metabolic fate of 14C-1-ascorbate in man and the trained monkey was similar. Therefore, the trained monkey could be a study model for ascorbate metabolism in man.", "PMID": 104932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6475", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic studies of the zonular apparatus in human and monkey eyes.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic studies of the zonular apparatus in 10 human and 17 monkey eyes revealed two functionally different sets of zonular fibers: the \"main fiber\" and the \"tension fiber\" system. The two systems are connected, forming a broad, sagittally oriented \"zonular plexus\" within the pars plicata of the ciliary body. The zonular plexus is attached to the ciliary epithelium by the tension fibers, which leave the main system and run obliquely forward to the epithelium deep in the valleys of the ciliary processes. Anteriorly, the zonular plexus splits into the two branches of the \"zonular fork,\" which run respectively to the anterior and posterior aspect of the lens. Thus the zonular plexus can act as a fulcrum. The three-dimensional architecture of the zonular apparatus is consistent with a new concept of accommodation.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic studies of the zonular apparatus in human and monkey eyes. Scanning electron microscopic studies of the zonular apparatus in 10 human and 17 monkey eyes revealed two functionally different sets of zonular fibers: the \"main fiber\" and the \"tension fiber\" system. The two systems are connected, forming a broad, sagittally oriented \"zonular plexus\" within the pars plicata of the ciliary body. The zonular plexus is attached to the ciliary epithelium by the tension fibers, which leave the main system and run obliquely forward to the epithelium deep in the valleys of the ciliary processes. Anteriorly, the zonular plexus splits into the two branches of the \"zonular fork,\" which run respectively to the anterior and posterior aspect of the lens. Thus the zonular plexus can act as a fulcrum. The three-dimensional architecture of the zonular apparatus is consistent with a new concept of accommodation.", "PMID": 104933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6476", "title": "Early lens changes in Macaca fascicularis monkeys under topical treatment with echothiophate or carbachol studied by slit-image photography.", "content": "Cynomolgus monkeys were given topical treatment with echothiophate or carbachol, and the lens changes were followed by slit-image photography. Both drugs caused an early retrodisplacement of the anterior zone of disjunction due to swelling of the most superficial lens cortex. Deeper layers of the cortex did not swell. The exact cause of the swelling is not known, but there must be a true cholinergic link. Accommodation as such is not the cause, since (1) the effect was seen also in a monkey eye which had its ciliary muscle disinserted from the scleral spur and therefore had little accommodation left and (2) acute accommodation produced by systemic pilocarpine did not cause the effect. Anterior subcapsular opacities were quantified and appeared very early in the echothiophate-treated eyes but were not seen with the doses of carbachol used.", "contents": "Early lens changes in Macaca fascicularis monkeys under topical treatment with echothiophate or carbachol studied by slit-image photography. Cynomolgus monkeys were given topical treatment with echothiophate or carbachol, and the lens changes were followed by slit-image photography. Both drugs caused an early retrodisplacement of the anterior zone of disjunction due to swelling of the most superficial lens cortex. Deeper layers of the cortex did not swell. The exact cause of the swelling is not known, but there must be a true cholinergic link. Accommodation as such is not the cause, since (1) the effect was seen also in a monkey eye which had its ciliary muscle disinserted from the scleral spur and therefore had little accommodation left and (2) acute accommodation produced by systemic pilocarpine did not cause the effect. Anterior subcapsular opacities were quantified and appeared very early in the echothiophate-treated eyes but were not seen with the doses of carbachol used.", "PMID": 104934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6477", "title": "The effect of dopamine on renal cortical blood flow in baboons with experimentally induced obstructive jaundice.", "content": "The effect of dopamine hydrochloride on renal blood flow in  bile duct ligated baboons was assessed using the 133Xe washout technique. Intrarenal infusions of dopamine in different concentrations did not significantly increase renal cortical blood flow. On the contrary, over the lower dose range, the normal dopamine-induced renal vasodilatation was abolished in the jaundiced state. An in vitro experiment that measured the perfusion pressure of an isolated rabbit kidney perfused with normal and jaundiced baboon plasma confirmed the in vivo results. These observations suggest that dopamine would not be of value in treating the renal failure that may develop in patients with obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "The effect of dopamine on renal cortical blood flow in baboons with experimentally induced obstructive jaundice. The effect of dopamine hydrochloride on renal blood flow in  bile duct ligated baboons was assessed using the 133Xe washout technique. Intrarenal infusions of dopamine in different concentrations did not significantly increase renal cortical blood flow. On the contrary, over the lower dose range, the normal dopamine-induced renal vasodilatation was abolished in the jaundiced state. An in vitro experiment that measured the perfusion pressure of an isolated rabbit kidney perfused with normal and jaundiced baboon plasma confirmed the in vivo results. These observations suggest that dopamine would not be of value in treating the renal failure that may develop in patients with obstructive jaundice.", "PMID": 104935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6478", "title": "Is GIP a glucagon cell constituent?", "content": "\"Gastric inhibitory peptide\" or \"glucose-dependent insulin-releasing peptide\" (GIP) is a member of the gut hormone family. Its physiological action is thought to be related to its insulinotrophic effect. The occurrence and distribution of GIP was studied by immunohistochemistry. In all species examined including man, GIP immunoreactivity was found to reside in the glucagon cells of the pancrease and gut. Three pancreatic glucagonomas were found to contain numerous cells displaying GIP and glucagon immunoreactivity. The GIP antiserum used did not cross react with either pancreatic-type or gut-type glucagon (GLI).", "contents": "Is GIP a glucagon cell constituent? \"Gastric inhibitory peptide\" or \"glucose-dependent insulin-releasing peptide\" (GIP) is a member of the gut hormone family. Its physiological action is thought to be related to its insulinotrophic effect. The occurrence and distribution of GIP was studied by immunohistochemistry. In all species examined including man, GIP immunoreactivity was found to reside in the glucagon cells of the pancrease and gut. Three pancreatic glucagonomas were found to contain numerous cells displaying GIP and glucagon immunoreactivity. The GIP antiserum used did not cross react with either pancreatic-type or gut-type glucagon (GLI).", "PMID": 104936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6479", "title": "Hematotropic parasites of translocated raccoons in the southeast.", "content": "Ninety-four raccoons (Procyon lotor) from 6 southeastern states were examined for hematotropic parasites, to evaluate the carrier potential of these animals as they relate to translocation and release for hunting purposes. Four species of hematotropic parasites were identified, viz, Babesia procyonis, Haemobartonella procyoni, Hepatozoon procyonis, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Lesions in infected raccoons were associated only with H procyonis. Babesia procyonis was enzootic in populations of raccoons used as sources for exportation and in raccoons resident in typical release areas. Haemobartonella procyoni, H procyonis, and T cruzi were prevalent only in locales of raccoon origin. Due to the potential pathogenicity of H procyonis and T cruzi in raccoons or other hosts, the practice of translocating raccoons from enzootic to nonenzootic areas was considered biologically hazardous.", "contents": "Hematotropic parasites of translocated raccoons in the southeast. Ninety-four raccoons (Procyon lotor) from 6 southeastern states were examined for hematotropic parasites, to evaluate the carrier potential of these animals as they relate to translocation and release for hunting purposes. Four species of hematotropic parasites were identified, viz, Babesia procyonis, Haemobartonella procyoni, Hepatozoon procyonis, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Lesions in infected raccoons were associated only with H procyonis. Babesia procyonis was enzootic in populations of raccoons used as sources for exportation and in raccoons resident in typical release areas. Haemobartonella procyoni, H procyonis, and T cruzi were prevalent only in locales of raccoon origin. Due to the potential pathogenicity of H procyonis and T cruzi in raccoons or other hosts, the practice of translocating raccoons from enzootic to nonenzootic areas was considered biologically hazardous.", "PMID": 104938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6480", "title": "CC-1065 (NSC-298223), a new antitumor antibiotic. Production, in vitro biological activity, microbiological assays and taxonomy of the producing microorganism.", "content": "A new antitumor antibiotic is produced in fermentation liquors of Streptomyces zelensis sp.n. The antibiotic is biologically active at extremely low concentrations. At 40 pg/ml, it inhibited 90% of the growth of L1210 cells in culture in tube dilution assays. The minimal inhibitory concentrations against Gram-positive bacteria is between 1 approximately 10 ng/ml, while these values for Gram-negative bacteria and fungi are mostly under 1 microgram/ml. A microbiological assay with Bacillus subtilis can detect concentrations of 1 approximately 2 ng/ml.", "contents": "CC-1065 (NSC-298223), a new antitumor antibiotic. Production, in vitro biological activity, microbiological assays and taxonomy of the producing microorganism. A new antitumor antibiotic is produced in fermentation liquors of Streptomyces zelensis sp.n. The antibiotic is biologically active at extremely low concentrations. At 40 pg/ml, it inhibited 90% of the growth of L1210 cells in culture in tube dilution assays. The minimal inhibitory concentrations against Gram-positive bacteria is between 1 approximately 10 ng/ml, while these values for Gram-negative bacteria and fungi are mostly under 1 microgram/ml. A microbiological assay with Bacillus subtilis can detect concentrations of 1 approximately 2 ng/ml.", "PMID": 104946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6481", "title": "The synthesis of highly phosphorylated nucleotides, RNA and protein by Streptomyces aureofaciens.", "content": "During the sudden decrease in RNA synthesis in Streptomyces aureofaciens, i.e. around the 6th hour of cultivation, synthesis of adenosine and guanosine tetraphosphates and pentaphosphates begins. The synthesis of these nucleotides is highest during the onset of chlortetracycline production, around the 20th hour of cultivation and continues. During this phase of growth of S. aureofaciens, RNA and protein synthesis are reduced by about one order of magnitude as compared to the rate which can be observed at the beginning of cultivation, but the synthesis is not inhibited by exogenous CTC.", "contents": "The synthesis of highly phosphorylated nucleotides, RNA and protein by Streptomyces aureofaciens. During the sudden decrease in RNA synthesis in Streptomyces aureofaciens, i.e. around the 6th hour of cultivation, synthesis of adenosine and guanosine tetraphosphates and pentaphosphates begins. The synthesis of these nucleotides is highest during the onset of chlortetracycline production, around the 20th hour of cultivation and continues. During this phase of growth of S. aureofaciens, RNA and protein synthesis are reduced by about one order of magnitude as compared to the rate which can be observed at the beginning of cultivation, but the synthesis is not inhibited by exogenous CTC.", "PMID": 104948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6482", "title": "Effect of 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil on the homologous and heterologous transduction processes in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "We have studied the effect of 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil on the recombination processes that operate in the homologous and heterologous transduction mediated by PBS1 and SP10 phages of Bacillus subtilis. The results obtained demonstrate that the process of heterologous genetic exchange is sensitive to this compound, whereas the homologous process is not. The present data, along with those of our previous work (U. Canosi, A. G. Siccardi, A. Falaschi, and G. Mazza, J. Bacteriol. 126:108--121, 1976), suggest that the DNA polymerase III is involved in the recombination process that operates in transformation and heterologous transduction, whereas homologous transduction follows a partially independent pathway not involving this protein.", "contents": "Effect of 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil on the homologous and heterologous transduction processes in Bacillus subtilis. We have studied the effect of 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil on the recombination processes that operate in the homologous and heterologous transduction mediated by PBS1 and SP10 phages of Bacillus subtilis. The results obtained demonstrate that the process of heterologous genetic exchange is sensitive to this compound, whereas the homologous process is not. The present data, along with those of our previous work (U. Canosi, A. G. Siccardi, A. Falaschi, and G. Mazza, J. Bacteriol. 126:108--121, 1976), suggest that the DNA polymerase III is involved in the recombination process that operates in transformation and heterologous transduction, whereas homologous transduction follows a partially independent pathway not involving this protein.", "PMID": 104954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6483", "title": "Tight-binding repressors of the lac operon: selection system and in vitro analysis.", "content": "The isolation and characterization of altered repressors of the lac operon which have an increased affinity for an operator should give useful clues about the molecular basis for the very tight and specific interaction between repressor and operator. A selection system has been devised which allows the isolation of such repressor mutants. This system selects for mutant repressors which can overcome lac operator-constitutive (Oc) mutations. By using in vivo assays, 24 candidates were obtained which, compared with wild type, have an increased trans effect of their repressor on one or several Oc operators. Three of these candidates have been investigated in vitro; the affinity of their repressor for inducer was unchanged, whereas the affinity for wild-type operator was increased 15-, 86-, and 262-fold, respectively.", "contents": "Tight-binding repressors of the lac operon: selection system and in vitro analysis. The isolation and characterization of altered repressors of the lac operon which have an increased affinity for an operator should give useful clues about the molecular basis for the very tight and specific interaction between repressor and operator. A selection system has been devised which allows the isolation of such repressor mutants. This system selects for mutant repressors which can overcome lac operator-constitutive (Oc) mutations. By using in vivo assays, 24 candidates were obtained which, compared with wild type, have an increased trans effect of their repressor on one or several Oc operators. Three of these candidates have been investigated in vitro; the affinity of their repressor for inducer was unchanged, whereas the affinity for wild-type operator was increased 15-, 86-, and 262-fold, respectively.", "PMID": 104955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6484", "title": "Effect of levulinic acid on pigment biosynthesis in Agmenellum quadruplicatum.", "content": "When levulinic acid was added to a growing culture of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6, delta-aminoelevulinic acid accumulated in the medium and chlorophyll a synthesis and cell growth were inhibited, but there was a small amount of c-phycocyanin synthesis. The amount of delta-aminolevulinic acid produced in the treated culture did not fully account for the amount of pigment synthesized in the untreated control. Levulinic acid and either sodium nitrate or ammonium chloride were added to nitrogen-starved cultures of PR-6, and delta-aminolevulinic acid production and chlorophyll a and c-phycocyanin content were monitored. When ammonium chloride was added as a nitrogen source after nitrogen starvation, the cells recovered more rapidly than when sodium nitrate was added as a nitrogen source. In cultures recovering from nitrogen starvation, synthesis of c-phycocyanin occurred before synthesis of chlorophyll a.", "contents": "Effect of levulinic acid on pigment biosynthesis in Agmenellum quadruplicatum. When levulinic acid was added to a growing culture of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6, delta-aminoelevulinic acid accumulated in the medium and chlorophyll a synthesis and cell growth were inhibited, but there was a small amount of c-phycocyanin synthesis. The amount of delta-aminolevulinic acid produced in the treated culture did not fully account for the amount of pigment synthesized in the untreated control. Levulinic acid and either sodium nitrate or ammonium chloride were added to nitrogen-starved cultures of PR-6, and delta-aminolevulinic acid production and chlorophyll a and c-phycocyanin content were monitored. When ammonium chloride was added as a nitrogen source after nitrogen starvation, the cells recovered more rapidly than when sodium nitrate was added as a nitrogen source. In cultures recovering from nitrogen starvation, synthesis of c-phycocyanin occurred before synthesis of chlorophyll a.", "PMID": 104956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6485", "title": "Carbon and nitrogen repression of arginine catabolic enzymes in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Specific activities of arginase and ornithine aminotransferase, inducible enzymes of arginine catabolism in Bacillus subtilis 168, were examined in cells grown with various carbon and nitrogen sources. Levels of these enzymes were similar in arginine-induced cultures whether glucose or citrate was the carbon source (in contrast to histidase), suggesting that carbon source catabolite repression has only limited effect. In media with combinations of nitrogen sources, glutamine strongly repressed induction of these enzymes by proline or arginine. Ammonium, however, only repressed induction by proline and had no effect on induction by arginine. These effects correlate with generation times in media containing these substances as sole nitrogen sources: growth rates decreased in the order glutamine-arginine-ammonium-proline. Similar phenomena were observed when glutamine or ammonium were added to arginine- or proline-grown cultures, or when arginine or proline were added to glutamine- or ammonium-grown cultures. In the latter cases, an additional feature was apparent, namely a surprisingly long transition between steady-state enzyme levels. The results are compared with those for other bacteria and for eucaryotic microorganisms.", "contents": "Carbon and nitrogen repression of arginine catabolic enzymes in Bacillus subtilis. Specific activities of arginase and ornithine aminotransferase, inducible enzymes of arginine catabolism in Bacillus subtilis 168, were examined in cells grown with various carbon and nitrogen sources. Levels of these enzymes were similar in arginine-induced cultures whether glucose or citrate was the carbon source (in contrast to histidase), suggesting that carbon source catabolite repression has only limited effect. In media with combinations of nitrogen sources, glutamine strongly repressed induction of these enzymes by proline or arginine. Ammonium, however, only repressed induction by proline and had no effect on induction by arginine. These effects correlate with generation times in media containing these substances as sole nitrogen sources: growth rates decreased in the order glutamine-arginine-ammonium-proline. Similar phenomena were observed when glutamine or ammonium were added to arginine- or proline-grown cultures, or when arginine or proline were added to glutamine- or ammonium-grown cultures. In the latter cases, an additional feature was apparent, namely a surprisingly long transition between steady-state enzyme levels. The results are compared with those for other bacteria and for eucaryotic microorganisms.", "PMID": 104957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6486", "title": "Transcription and translation in a pleiotropic streptomycin-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The role of the ribosomal protein S12 (streptomycin protein) in ribosome function and in other metabolic processes in the cell has been investigated. A spontaneous streptomycin-resistant strain of Escherichia coli (SM3) carrying a mutation in the rpsL gene is deficient in its ability to induce the synthesis of the enzyme bets-galactosidase. It was demonstrated that the reduced rate of enzyme synthesis results from deficiencies in both the transcription of the lactose operon and translation of the lactose operon mRNA. The transcription deficiency was in part due to increased catabolite repression and could therefore be partially suppressed by the addition of cyclic AMP. Streptomycin also appeared to partially suppress catabolite repression. In the SM3 mutant strain, the translation of the lactose operon mRNA was only about 60% as efficient as in the parental control, and addition of streptomycin did not alter the translation efficiency. In contrast, both transcription and translation of ribosomal protein mRNA were equally efficient in the two strains. These observations imply that mutational alterations in the ribosomal protein S12 either directly or indirectly alter (i) the extent of catabolite repression, (ii) the efficiency of transcription of the lactose operon even in the absence of catabolite repression, and (iii) the efficiency of translation of some but not all mRNA species in the cell.", "contents": "Transcription and translation in a pleiotropic streptomycin-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli. The role of the ribosomal protein S12 (streptomycin protein) in ribosome function and in other metabolic processes in the cell has been investigated. A spontaneous streptomycin-resistant strain of Escherichia coli (SM3) carrying a mutation in the rpsL gene is deficient in its ability to induce the synthesis of the enzyme bets-galactosidase. It was demonstrated that the reduced rate of enzyme synthesis results from deficiencies in both the transcription of the lactose operon and translation of the lactose operon mRNA. The transcription deficiency was in part due to increased catabolite repression and could therefore be partially suppressed by the addition of cyclic AMP. Streptomycin also appeared to partially suppress catabolite repression. In the SM3 mutant strain, the translation of the lactose operon mRNA was only about 60% as efficient as in the parental control, and addition of streptomycin did not alter the translation efficiency. In contrast, both transcription and translation of ribosomal protein mRNA were equally efficient in the two strains. These observations imply that mutational alterations in the ribosomal protein S12 either directly or indirectly alter (i) the extent of catabolite repression, (ii) the efficiency of transcription of the lactose operon even in the absence of catabolite repression, and (iii) the efficiency of translation of some but not all mRNA species in the cell.", "PMID": 104958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6487", "title": "Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis growth and sporulation by threonine.", "content": "A 1-mg/ml amount of threonine (8.4 mM) inhibited growth and sporulation of Bacillus subtilis 168. Inhibition of sporulation was efficiently reversed by valine and less efficiently by pyruvate, arginine, glutamine, and isoleucine. Inhibition of vegetative growth was reversed by asparate and glutamate as well as by valine, arginine, or glutamine. Cells in minimal growth medium were inhibited only transiently by very high concentrations of threonine, whereas inhibition of sporulation was permanent. Addition of threonine prevented the normal increase in alkaline phosphatase and reduced the production of extracellular protease by about 50%, suggesting that threonine blocked the sporulation process relatively early. 2-Ketobutyrate was able to mimic the effect of threonine on sporulation. Sporulation in a strain selected for resistance to azaleucine was partially resistant. Seventy-five percent of the mutants selected for the ability to grow vegetatively in the presence of high threonine concentrations were found to be simultaneously isoleucine auxotrophs. In at least one of these mutants, the threonine resistance phenotpye could not be dissociated from the isoleucine requirement by transformation. This mutation was closely linked to a known ilvA mutation (recombination index, 0.16). This strain also had reduced intracellular threonine deaminase activity. These results suggest that threonine inhibits B. subtilis by causing valine starvation.", "contents": "Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis growth and sporulation by threonine. A 1-mg/ml amount of threonine (8.4 mM) inhibited growth and sporulation of Bacillus subtilis 168. Inhibition of sporulation was efficiently reversed by valine and less efficiently by pyruvate, arginine, glutamine, and isoleucine. Inhibition of vegetative growth was reversed by asparate and glutamate as well as by valine, arginine, or glutamine. Cells in minimal growth medium were inhibited only transiently by very high concentrations of threonine, whereas inhibition of sporulation was permanent. Addition of threonine prevented the normal increase in alkaline phosphatase and reduced the production of extracellular protease by about 50%, suggesting that threonine blocked the sporulation process relatively early. 2-Ketobutyrate was able to mimic the effect of threonine on sporulation. Sporulation in a strain selected for resistance to azaleucine was partially resistant. Seventy-five percent of the mutants selected for the ability to grow vegetatively in the presence of high threonine concentrations were found to be simultaneously isoleucine auxotrophs. In at least one of these mutants, the threonine resistance phenotpye could not be dissociated from the isoleucine requirement by transformation. This mutation was closely linked to a known ilvA mutation (recombination index, 0.16). This strain also had reduced intracellular threonine deaminase activity. These results suggest that threonine inhibits B. subtilis by causing valine starvation.", "PMID": 104959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6488", "title": "Specificity and biological distribution of coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid).", "content": "The specificity of the growth requirement of Methanobacterium ruminantium strain M1 for a new coenzyme, 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid (HS--CoM), was examined. A variety of derivatives, analogs, and potential biosynthetic precursors of coenzyme M were tested; only a restricted range of thioether, thioester, and thiocarbonate derivatives of the cofactor were found to replace the HS--CoM requirement. Bromoethanesulfonic acid (BrCH2CH2SO3-), a halogenated analog of HS--CoM, potently inhibited the growth response. No coenzyme was detectable in a wide range of nonmethanogenic eucaryotic tissues and procaryotic organisms. However, all methanogens available in pure culture exhibited high levels of coenzyme M which ranged from 0.3 to 16 nmol/mg of dry weight.", "contents": "Specificity and biological distribution of coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid). The specificity of the growth requirement of Methanobacterium ruminantium strain M1 for a new coenzyme, 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid (HS--CoM), was examined. A variety of derivatives, analogs, and potential biosynthetic precursors of coenzyme M were tested; only a restricted range of thioether, thioester, and thiocarbonate derivatives of the cofactor were found to replace the HS--CoM requirement. Bromoethanesulfonic acid (BrCH2CH2SO3-), a halogenated analog of HS--CoM, potently inhibited the growth response. No coenzyme was detectable in a wide range of nonmethanogenic eucaryotic tissues and procaryotic organisms. However, all methanogens available in pure culture exhibited high levels of coenzyme M which ranged from 0.3 to 16 nmol/mg of dry weight.", "PMID": 104960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6489", "title": "Chemotaxis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Chemotaxis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa RM46 has been studied, and conditions required for chemotaxis have been defined, by using the Adler capillary assay technique. Several amino acids, organic acids, and glucose were shown to be attractants of varying effectiveness for this organism. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was absolutely required for chemotaxis, and magnesium was also necessary for a maximum response. Serine taxis was greatest when the chemotaxis medium contained 1.5 X 10(-5) M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 0.005 M magnesium chloride. It was not necessary to include methionine in the chemotaxis medium. The strength of the chemotactic responses to glucose and to citrate was dependent on prior growth of the bacteria on glucose and citrate, respectively. Accumulation in response to serine was inhibited by the addition of succinate, citrate, malate, glucose, pyruvate, or methionine to the chemotaxis medium. Inhibition by succinate was not dependent on the concentration of attractant in the capillary. However, the degree to which glucose and citrate inhibited serine taxis was dependent on the carbon source utilized for growth. Further investigation of this inhibition may provide information about the mechanisms of chemotaxis in P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Chemotaxis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chemotaxis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa RM46 has been studied, and conditions required for chemotaxis have been defined, by using the Adler capillary assay technique. Several amino acids, organic acids, and glucose were shown to be attractants of varying effectiveness for this organism. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was absolutely required for chemotaxis, and magnesium was also necessary for a maximum response. Serine taxis was greatest when the chemotaxis medium contained 1.5 X 10(-5) M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 0.005 M magnesium chloride. It was not necessary to include methionine in the chemotaxis medium. The strength of the chemotactic responses to glucose and to citrate was dependent on prior growth of the bacteria on glucose and citrate, respectively. Accumulation in response to serine was inhibited by the addition of succinate, citrate, malate, glucose, pyruvate, or methionine to the chemotaxis medium. Inhibition by succinate was not dependent on the concentration of attractant in the capillary. However, the degree to which glucose and citrate inhibited serine taxis was dependent on the carbon source utilized for growth. Further investigation of this inhibition may provide information about the mechanisms of chemotaxis in P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 104961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6490", "title": "Rifampin-resistant mutants of Myxococcus xanthus defective in development.", "content": "Rifampin, an antibiotic which is known to bind to and inhibit RNA polymerase, was used to probe the molecular regulation of development in Myxococcus xanthus. Rifampin-resistant mutants were screened for defects in fruiting-body formation. About 20% of the isolates in the initial screenings showed major defects in developmental aggregation or sporulation. Eleven independent mutants with wild-type growth rates and stable phenotypes were analyzed by transduction. In these strains, the rifampin-resistant and nonfruiting phenotypes showed cotransduction frequencies equal to or greater than 99.0 to 99.9%. The RNA polymerase activities were resistant to rifampin in vitro, indicating that the RNA polymerase is altered in these strains. Although their fruiting phenotypes are heterogeneous, these strains can be divided into two classes based on the level of aggregation. The results suggest that RNA polymerase plays a significant role in the regulation of development in M. xanthus since mutations which cause no apparent changes in vegetative growth result in striking defects in fruiting-body formation.", "contents": "Rifampin-resistant mutants of Myxococcus xanthus defective in development. Rifampin, an antibiotic which is known to bind to and inhibit RNA polymerase, was used to probe the molecular regulation of development in Myxococcus xanthus. Rifampin-resistant mutants were screened for defects in fruiting-body formation. About 20% of the isolates in the initial screenings showed major defects in developmental aggregation or sporulation. Eleven independent mutants with wild-type growth rates and stable phenotypes were analyzed by transduction. In these strains, the rifampin-resistant and nonfruiting phenotypes showed cotransduction frequencies equal to or greater than 99.0 to 99.9%. The RNA polymerase activities were resistant to rifampin in vitro, indicating that the RNA polymerase is altered in these strains. Although their fruiting phenotypes are heterogeneous, these strains can be divided into two classes based on the level of aggregation. The results suggest that RNA polymerase plays a significant role in the regulation of development in M. xanthus since mutations which cause no apparent changes in vegetative growth result in striking defects in fruiting-body formation.", "PMID": 104962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6491", "title": "Control of heterocyst and nitrogenase synthesis in cyanobacteria.", "content": "The development of the heterocyst by filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria provides an attractive model system for studying cellular differentiation. Heterocyst synthesis is repressed by the presence of exogenous combined nitrogen. In this report, it is shown that the tryptophan analog, D,L-7-azatryptophan (Aza-T), is capable of relieving the repressive effect of exogenous NH4NO3 on heterocyst and nitrogenase synthesis. In nitrogen-fixing cultures, the presence of 20 micron Aza-T increases the heterocyst frequency twofold. The glutamate analog, L-methionine-D,L-sulfoximine (MSX), has also been shown to cause a derepression in the synthesis of heterocysts and nitrogenase. However, unlike MSX, Aza-T does not appear to exert its effects by inhibiting the activity of glutamine synthetase. Therefore, glutamine synthetase may not be the sole key to the derepression of heterocyst and nitrogenase development in the cyanobacteria. It is hoped that a study of Aza-T action may lead to the elucidation of a novel control mechanism.", "contents": "Control of heterocyst and nitrogenase synthesis in cyanobacteria. The development of the heterocyst by filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria provides an attractive model system for studying cellular differentiation. Heterocyst synthesis is repressed by the presence of exogenous combined nitrogen. In this report, it is shown that the tryptophan analog, D,L-7-azatryptophan (Aza-T), is capable of relieving the repressive effect of exogenous NH4NO3 on heterocyst and nitrogenase synthesis. In nitrogen-fixing cultures, the presence of 20 micron Aza-T increases the heterocyst frequency twofold. The glutamate analog, L-methionine-D,L-sulfoximine (MSX), has also been shown to cause a derepression in the synthesis of heterocysts and nitrogenase. However, unlike MSX, Aza-T does not appear to exert its effects by inhibiting the activity of glutamine synthetase. Therefore, glutamine synthetase may not be the sole key to the derepression of heterocyst and nitrogenase development in the cyanobacteria. It is hoped that a study of Aza-T action may lead to the elucidation of a novel control mechanism.", "PMID": 104963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6492", "title": "Control of teichoic acid synthesis during phosphate limitation.", "content": "The synthesis of teichoic acids was examined in Bacillus subtilis Marburg grown under conditions of phosphate limitation. The results indicate that the inhibition of polyglycerolphosphate synthesis observed under these conditions is the result of two processes. The first process is reversible and is independent of new protein synthesis; the second process is irreversible and requires the synthesis of new protein. During growth, under conditions of phosphate limitation, there is a slow decrease in the level of CDP glycerol pyrophosphorylase activity which is by itself not sufficient to account for the decrease in the rate of polyglycerolphosphate synthesis.", "contents": "Control of teichoic acid synthesis during phosphate limitation. The synthesis of teichoic acids was examined in Bacillus subtilis Marburg grown under conditions of phosphate limitation. The results indicate that the inhibition of polyglycerolphosphate synthesis observed under these conditions is the result of two processes. The first process is reversible and is independent of new protein synthesis; the second process is irreversible and requires the synthesis of new protein. During growth, under conditions of phosphate limitation, there is a slow decrease in the level of CDP glycerol pyrophosphorylase activity which is by itself not sufficient to account for the decrease in the rate of polyglycerolphosphate synthesis.", "PMID": 104964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6493", "title": "Isolation and characterization of an endogenous inhibitor of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A low-molecular-weight factor was isolated from cell extracts of Escherichia coli K-12. The concentration of the factor in cells was dependent upon nutritional conditions, the concentration being higher in faster growing cells. Treatment of cells with colicin K caused an increase in concentration of the factor. The factor inhibited protein synthesis in E. coli. This inhibition was reversible, apparently because of metabolism of the factor. The inhibition of synthesis of beta-galactosidase lasted longer than the inhibition of protein synthesis; cyclic AMP eliminated this difference. The factor inhibited the synthesis of beta-galactosidase from preformed lac mRNA, indicating an inhibition of translation. Kinetic studies of the onset of inhibition of beta-galactosidase synthesis by the factor suggested that the factor may inhibit protein synthesis at the initiation of translation.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of an endogenous inhibitor of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12. A low-molecular-weight factor was isolated from cell extracts of Escherichia coli K-12. The concentration of the factor in cells was dependent upon nutritional conditions, the concentration being higher in faster growing cells. Treatment of cells with colicin K caused an increase in concentration of the factor. The factor inhibited protein synthesis in E. coli. This inhibition was reversible, apparently because of metabolism of the factor. The inhibition of synthesis of beta-galactosidase lasted longer than the inhibition of protein synthesis; cyclic AMP eliminated this difference. The factor inhibited the synthesis of beta-galactosidase from preformed lac mRNA, indicating an inhibition of translation. Kinetic studies of the onset of inhibition of beta-galactosidase synthesis by the factor suggested that the factor may inhibit protein synthesis at the initiation of translation.", "PMID": 104965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6494", "title": "Cell wall teichoic acid as a reserve phosphate source in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Although exponential growth of Bacillus subtilis 168 in a phosphate-limited medium halted with the exhaustion of inorganic phosphate, the bacteria continued to grow at a slower rate for a further 3 to 4 h at 37 degrees C. This postexponential growth in the absence of an exogenous phosphate supply was accompanied by a loss of teichoic acid from the cell walls of the bacteria. Quantitative analysis of walls and culture fluids showed that the phosphate loss from the walls could not be accounted for by an increase in phosphate-containing compounds in the medium, which implied that the cells were using their own wall teichoic acids to supply phosphate necessary for growth. Addition of exogenous teichoic acid to phosphate-starved cultures resulted in stimulation of growth and in the simultaneous disappearance of teichoic acid phosphate from the medium. It is proposed that teichoic acids, which can contain more than 30% of the total phosphorus of exponential-phase cells, can be used as a reserve phosphate source when the bacteria are starved for inorganic phosphate.", "contents": "Cell wall teichoic acid as a reserve phosphate source in Bacillus subtilis. Although exponential growth of Bacillus subtilis 168 in a phosphate-limited medium halted with the exhaustion of inorganic phosphate, the bacteria continued to grow at a slower rate for a further 3 to 4 h at 37 degrees C. This postexponential growth in the absence of an exogenous phosphate supply was accompanied by a loss of teichoic acid from the cell walls of the bacteria. Quantitative analysis of walls and culture fluids showed that the phosphate loss from the walls could not be accounted for by an increase in phosphate-containing compounds in the medium, which implied that the cells were using their own wall teichoic acids to supply phosphate necessary for growth. Addition of exogenous teichoic acid to phosphate-starved cultures resulted in stimulation of growth and in the simultaneous disappearance of teichoic acid phosphate from the medium. It is proposed that teichoic acids, which can contain more than 30% of the total phosphorus of exponential-phase cells, can be used as a reserve phosphate source when the bacteria are starved for inorganic phosphate.", "PMID": 104966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6495", "title": "ATP sulfurylase from Penicillium chrysogenum: is the internal level of the enzyme sufficient to account for the rate of sulfate utilization?", "content": "The in vivo rate of sulfate activation in Penicillium chrysogenum (wild-type strain ATCC 24791) was determined to be 0.19 +/- 0.09 mumol g(-1) (dry weight) min(-1) by the following methods. (i) The maximum growth of the organism in synthetic medium was a linear function of the initial Na(2)SO(4) concentration between 0 and 8 x 10(-4) Na(2)SO(4). The growth yield was 1.64 x 10(-2) g (dry weight) of mycelium per mumol of added sulfate, corresponding to a minimum sulfur requirement of 61 mumol/g (dry weight). Under these conditions (limiting sulfate) the minimum doubling time of P. chrysogenum in submerged culture was about 3.8 h, corresponding to a maximum exponential growth rate constant of 3.0 x 10(-3) min(-1). If all the sulfur in this mycelium passed through adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, the rate of sulfate activation in vivo must have been 0.183 mumol min(-1) g(-1) (dry weight). (ii) In the presence of excess (35)SO(4) (2-), the total organic (35)S produced varied with the mycelial growth rate. However, until the culture approached maximum density, the product of [(growth rate constant) x (organic (35)S content)] was nearly constant at 0.24 to 0.28 mumol min(-1) g(-1) (dry weight). (iii) A sulfur-starved mycelium pulsed with 10(-4) M (35)SO(4) (2-) produced organic (35)S at a rate of about 0.10 mumol min(-1) g(-1) (dry weight) under conditions where the internal concentrations of ATP and sulfate would permit ATP sulfurylase to operate at about 70% of its V(max). Cell-free extracts of P. chrysogenum growing rapidly on excess sulfate contained 0.22 U of ATP sulfurylase per g (dry weight). Thus, in spite of the relatively low specific activity of homogeneous ATP sulfurylase (0.13 U/mg of protein, corresponding to an active site turnover of 7.15 min(-1)), the mycelial content of the enzyme was sufficient to account for the observed growth rate of the organism on inorganic sulfate as the sole sulfur source.", "contents": "ATP sulfurylase from Penicillium chrysogenum: is the internal level of the enzyme sufficient to account for the rate of sulfate utilization? The in vivo rate of sulfate activation in Penicillium chrysogenum (wild-type strain ATCC 24791) was determined to be 0.19 +/- 0.09 mumol g(-1) (dry weight) min(-1) by the following methods. (i) The maximum growth of the organism in synthetic medium was a linear function of the initial Na(2)SO(4) concentration between 0 and 8 x 10(-4) Na(2)SO(4). The growth yield was 1.64 x 10(-2) g (dry weight) of mycelium per mumol of added sulfate, corresponding to a minimum sulfur requirement of 61 mumol/g (dry weight). Under these conditions (limiting sulfate) the minimum doubling time of P. chrysogenum in submerged culture was about 3.8 h, corresponding to a maximum exponential growth rate constant of 3.0 x 10(-3) min(-1). If all the sulfur in this mycelium passed through adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, the rate of sulfate activation in vivo must have been 0.183 mumol min(-1) g(-1) (dry weight). (ii) In the presence of excess (35)SO(4) (2-), the total organic (35)S produced varied with the mycelial growth rate. However, until the culture approached maximum density, the product of [(growth rate constant) x (organic (35)S content)] was nearly constant at 0.24 to 0.28 mumol min(-1) g(-1) (dry weight). (iii) A sulfur-starved mycelium pulsed with 10(-4) M (35)SO(4) (2-) produced organic (35)S at a rate of about 0.10 mumol min(-1) g(-1) (dry weight) under conditions where the internal concentrations of ATP and sulfate would permit ATP sulfurylase to operate at about 70% of its V(max). Cell-free extracts of P. chrysogenum growing rapidly on excess sulfate contained 0.22 U of ATP sulfurylase per g (dry weight). Thus, in spite of the relatively low specific activity of homogeneous ATP sulfurylase (0.13 U/mg of protein, corresponding to an active site turnover of 7.15 min(-1)), the mycelial content of the enzyme was sufficient to account for the observed growth rate of the organism on inorganic sulfate as the sole sulfur source.", "PMID": 104967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6496", "title": "Isolation of an iron-binding compound from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "An iron-binding compound was isolated from ethyl acetate extracts of culture supernatant fluids of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and was purified by successive paper and thin-layer chromatographic procedures. The purified compound was characterized by UV, visible, infrared, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The compound possesses phenolic characteristics, with little or no similarity to dihydroxybenzoates and no indication of a hydroxamate group. P. aeruginosa synthesized the compound during active growth in culture media containing less than 5 X 10(-6) M added FeCl3. When added to iron-poor cultures of P. aeruginosa, the compound promoted the growth of the bacterium and also reversed growth inhibition by the iron chelator ethylenediamine-di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid).", "contents": "Isolation of an iron-binding compound from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An iron-binding compound was isolated from ethyl acetate extracts of culture supernatant fluids of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and was purified by successive paper and thin-layer chromatographic procedures. The purified compound was characterized by UV, visible, infrared, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The compound possesses phenolic characteristics, with little or no similarity to dihydroxybenzoates and no indication of a hydroxamate group. P. aeruginosa synthesized the compound during active growth in culture media containing less than 5 X 10(-6) M added FeCl3. When added to iron-poor cultures of P. aeruginosa, the compound promoted the growth of the bacterium and also reversed growth inhibition by the iron chelator ethylenediamine-di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid).", "PMID": 104968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6497", "title": "DNA repair in Bacillus subtilis: excision repair capacity of competent cells.", "content": "Competent Bacillus subtilis were investigated for their ability to support the repair of UV-irradiated bacteriophage and bacteriophage DNA. UV-irradiated bacteriophage DNA cannot be repaired to the same level as UV-irradiated bacteriophage, suggesting a deficiency in the ability of competent cells to repair UV damage. However, competent cells were as repair proficient as noncompetent cells in their ability to repair irradiated bacteriophage in marker rescue experiments. The increased sensitivity of irradiated DNA is shown to be due to the inability of excision repair to function on transfecting DNA in competent bacteria. Furthermore, competent cells show no evidence of possessing an inducible BsuR restriction system to complement their inducible BsuR modification enzyme.", "contents": "DNA repair in Bacillus subtilis: excision repair capacity of competent cells. Competent Bacillus subtilis were investigated for their ability to support the repair of UV-irradiated bacteriophage and bacteriophage DNA. UV-irradiated bacteriophage DNA cannot be repaired to the same level as UV-irradiated bacteriophage, suggesting a deficiency in the ability of competent cells to repair UV damage. However, competent cells were as repair proficient as noncompetent cells in their ability to repair irradiated bacteriophage in marker rescue experiments. The increased sensitivity of irradiated DNA is shown to be due to the inability of excision repair to function on transfecting DNA in competent bacteria. Furthermore, competent cells show no evidence of possessing an inducible BsuR restriction system to complement their inducible BsuR modification enzyme.", "PMID": 104969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6498", "title": "Effects of local anesthetics on bacterial cells.", "content": "The membrane effects of chlorpromazine, nupercain, tetracain, and procain were studied using Bacillus cereus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, and Streptococcus faecalis, protoplasts from S. faecalis, and isolated membranes from B. subtilis. Chlorpromazin, nupercain, and tetracain produced characteristic micromorphological alterations after treatment for 5 to 30 min at pH 7.0 and 20 degrees C; the membrane staining pattern changed from asymmetric to symmetric, complex mesosome-like structures appeared, and membrane fractures and solubilization occurred. Procain at concentrations up to 100 mM did not induce detectable alterations. Protoplasts were quickly lysed by 10 mM tetracain. A rapid and extensive leakage of K+ was induced by chlorpromazin, nupercain, and tetracain. Procain (100 mM) induced a slight K+ leakage. The membrane respiratory activity of intact B. cereus cells (as measured by the triphenyl tetrazolium reduction) and the succinic dehydrogenase activity of B. subtilis isolated membranes were found to be inhibited by the four local anesthetics. The concentrations that produced 50% inhibition of those activities are correlated with the hydrophobicities of the anesthetic molecules.", "contents": "Effects of local anesthetics on bacterial cells. The membrane effects of chlorpromazine, nupercain, tetracain, and procain were studied using Bacillus cereus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, and Streptococcus faecalis, protoplasts from S. faecalis, and isolated membranes from B. subtilis. Chlorpromazin, nupercain, and tetracain produced characteristic micromorphological alterations after treatment for 5 to 30 min at pH 7.0 and 20 degrees C; the membrane staining pattern changed from asymmetric to symmetric, complex mesosome-like structures appeared, and membrane fractures and solubilization occurred. Procain at concentrations up to 100 mM did not induce detectable alterations. Protoplasts were quickly lysed by 10 mM tetracain. A rapid and extensive leakage of K+ was induced by chlorpromazin, nupercain, and tetracain. Procain (100 mM) induced a slight K+ leakage. The membrane respiratory activity of intact B. cereus cells (as measured by the triphenyl tetrazolium reduction) and the succinic dehydrogenase activity of B. subtilis isolated membranes were found to be inhibited by the four local anesthetics. The concentrations that produced 50% inhibition of those activities are correlated with the hydrophobicities of the anesthetic molecules.", "PMID": 104970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6499", "title": "Ultrastructure and cytochemical localization of laccase in two strains of Leptosphaerulina briosiana (Pollaci) Graham and Luttrell.", "content": "Substrate specificity tests were used to identify the presence of laccase in two strains of Leptosphaerulina briosiana (Poll.) Graham and Luttrell, an ascomycete which causes leaf spot in alfalfa. Cytochemical localization of monophenol monooxygenase (laccase) as well as the ultrastructures of the two strains were investigated. Laccase was observed in the outer layers of the cell walls of both strains. The ultrastructures of vegetative hyphae of both strains were typical of those found in most ascomycetes.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and cytochemical localization of laccase in two strains of Leptosphaerulina briosiana (Pollaci) Graham and Luttrell. Substrate specificity tests were used to identify the presence of laccase in two strains of Leptosphaerulina briosiana (Poll.) Graham and Luttrell, an ascomycete which causes leaf spot in alfalfa. Cytochemical localization of monophenol monooxygenase (laccase) as well as the ultrastructures of the two strains were investigated. Laccase was observed in the outer layers of the cell walls of both strains. The ultrastructures of vegetative hyphae of both strains were typical of those found in most ascomycetes.", "PMID": 104971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6500", "title": "Homology of the gene coding for outer membrane lipoprotein within various Gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "The mRNA for a major outer membrane lipoprotein from Escherichia coli was found to hybridize specifically with one of the EcoRI and one of the HindIII restriction endonuclease-generated fragments of total DNA from nine bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae: E. coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterobacter aerogenes, Edwardsiella tarda, Serratia marcescens, and Erwinia amylovora. However, among the Enterobacteriaceae, DNA from two species of Proteus (P. mirabilis and P. morganii) did not contain any restriction endonuclease fragments that hybridized with the E. coli lipoprotein mRNA. Furthermore, no hybrid bands were detected in four other gram-negative bacteria outside the family Enterobacteriaceae: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N, Caulobacter crescentus, and Myxococcus xanthus. Envelope fractions from all bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae tested above cross-reacted with antiserum against the purified E. coli free-form lipoprotein in the Ouchterlony immunodiffusion test. Both species of Proteus, however, gave considerably weaker precipitation lines, in comparison with the intense lines produced by the other members of the family. All of the above four bacteria outside the family Enterobacteriaceae did not cross-react with anti-E. coli lipoprotein serum. From these results, the rate of evolutionary changes in the lipoprotein gene seems to be closely related to that observed for various soluble enzymes of the Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Homology of the gene coding for outer membrane lipoprotein within various Gram-negative bacteria. The mRNA for a major outer membrane lipoprotein from Escherichia coli was found to hybridize specifically with one of the EcoRI and one of the HindIII restriction endonuclease-generated fragments of total DNA from nine bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae: E. coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterobacter aerogenes, Edwardsiella tarda, Serratia marcescens, and Erwinia amylovora. However, among the Enterobacteriaceae, DNA from two species of Proteus (P. mirabilis and P. morganii) did not contain any restriction endonuclease fragments that hybridized with the E. coli lipoprotein mRNA. Furthermore, no hybrid bands were detected in four other gram-negative bacteria outside the family Enterobacteriaceae: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N, Caulobacter crescentus, and Myxococcus xanthus. Envelope fractions from all bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae tested above cross-reacted with antiserum against the purified E. coli free-form lipoprotein in the Ouchterlony immunodiffusion test. Both species of Proteus, however, gave considerably weaker precipitation lines, in comparison with the intense lines produced by the other members of the family. All of the above four bacteria outside the family Enterobacteriaceae did not cross-react with anti-E. coli lipoprotein serum. From these results, the rate of evolutionary changes in the lipoprotein gene seems to be closely related to that observed for various soluble enzymes of the Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 104972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6501", "title": "Transfer of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance from streptococci to lactobacilli.", "content": "The transmissible plasmid pAMbeta1, which codes for erythromycin and lincomycin resistance, was conjugally transferred from a Lancefield group F Streptococcus to a strain of Streptococcus avium. Both organisms served as pAMbeta1 donors for three strains of Lactobacillus casei. Introduction of pAMbeta1 into one of the L. casei strains caused the organism to lose its native 6.7 X 10(6)-dalton plasmid. Loss of the native plasmid produced no alterations in the organism's growth characteristics or fermentation pattern.", "contents": "Transfer of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance from streptococci to lactobacilli. The transmissible plasmid pAMbeta1, which codes for erythromycin and lincomycin resistance, was conjugally transferred from a Lancefield group F Streptococcus to a strain of Streptococcus avium. Both organisms served as pAMbeta1 donors for three strains of Lactobacillus casei. Introduction of pAMbeta1 into one of the L. casei strains caused the organism to lose its native 6.7 X 10(6)-dalton plasmid. Loss of the native plasmid produced no alterations in the organism's growth characteristics or fermentation pattern.", "PMID": 104973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6502", "title": "Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate on phospholipids and outer membrane function in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Treatment of Escherichia coli K-12 strain S15, containing a normal amount of phospholipase A, with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) resulted in an increase in sensitivity of the organism to actinomycin D. Strain S17, a mutant deficient in both detergent-resistant phospholipase A and detergent-sensitive phospholipase A, was considerably less sensitive to the antibiotic after the treatment. Both strains released lipopolysaccharide after EDTA treatment, indicating that this outer membrane component alone is not the barrier to actinomycin in these organisms. The phospholipase A-deficient strain released less alkaline phosphatase, a periplasmic enzyme. EDTA treatment of S15 resulted in the accumulation of free fatty acids, indicative of phospholipase A activation. Cells briefly treated with EDTA regained the barrier to actinomycin when incubated in growth media, and the cessation of the accumulation of free fatty acids was in approximate temporal agreement with restoration of the barrier. Cells in which phospholipase A was activated by brief exposure to EDTA synthesized relatively more phosphatidylethanolamine than did untreated cells in the initial period after dilution into growth media. These experiments suggest that the EDTA-induced loss of outer membrane barrier function of E. coli K-12 is mediated through the activation of phospholipase A.", "contents": "Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate on phospholipids and outer membrane function in Escherichia coli. Treatment of Escherichia coli K-12 strain S15, containing a normal amount of phospholipase A, with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) resulted in an increase in sensitivity of the organism to actinomycin D. Strain S17, a mutant deficient in both detergent-resistant phospholipase A and detergent-sensitive phospholipase A, was considerably less sensitive to the antibiotic after the treatment. Both strains released lipopolysaccharide after EDTA treatment, indicating that this outer membrane component alone is not the barrier to actinomycin in these organisms. The phospholipase A-deficient strain released less alkaline phosphatase, a periplasmic enzyme. EDTA treatment of S15 resulted in the accumulation of free fatty acids, indicative of phospholipase A activation. Cells briefly treated with EDTA regained the barrier to actinomycin when incubated in growth media, and the cessation of the accumulation of free fatty acids was in approximate temporal agreement with restoration of the barrier. Cells in which phospholipase A was activated by brief exposure to EDTA synthesized relatively more phosphatidylethanolamine than did untreated cells in the initial period after dilution into growth media. These experiments suggest that the EDTA-induced loss of outer membrane barrier function of E. coli K-12 is mediated through the activation of phospholipase A.", "PMID": 104974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6503", "title": "Plasmid copy number control: isolation and characterization of high-copy-number mutants of plasmid pE194.", "content": "A plasmid, pE194, obtained from Staphylococcus aureus confers resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin type B (\"MLS\") antibiotics. For full expression, the resistance phenotype requires a period of induction by subinhibitory concentrations of erythromycin. A copy number in the range of 10 to 25 copies per cell is maintained during cultivation at 32 degrees C. It is possible to transfer pE194 to Bacillus subtilis by transformation. In B. subtilis, the plasmid is maintained at a copy number of approximately 10 per cell at 37 degrees C, and resistance is inducible. Tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic which resembles erythromycin structurally and to which erythromycin induces resistance, lacks inducing activity. Two types of plasmid mutants were obtained and characterized after selection on medium containing 10 microgram of tylosin per ml. One mutant class appeared to express resistance constitutively and maintained a copy number indistinguishable from that of the parent plasmid. The other mutant type had a 5- to 10-fold-elevated plasmid copy number (i.e., 50 to 100 copies per cell) and expressed resistance inducibly. Both classes of tylosin-resistant mutants were shown to be due to alterations in the plasmid and not to modifications of the host genome.", "contents": "Plasmid copy number control: isolation and characterization of high-copy-number mutants of plasmid pE194. A plasmid, pE194, obtained from Staphylococcus aureus confers resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin type B (\"MLS\") antibiotics. For full expression, the resistance phenotype requires a period of induction by subinhibitory concentrations of erythromycin. A copy number in the range of 10 to 25 copies per cell is maintained during cultivation at 32 degrees C. It is possible to transfer pE194 to Bacillus subtilis by transformation. In B. subtilis, the plasmid is maintained at a copy number of approximately 10 per cell at 37 degrees C, and resistance is inducible. Tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic which resembles erythromycin structurally and to which erythromycin induces resistance, lacks inducing activity. Two types of plasmid mutants were obtained and characterized after selection on medium containing 10 microgram of tylosin per ml. One mutant class appeared to express resistance constitutively and maintained a copy number indistinguishable from that of the parent plasmid. The other mutant type had a 5- to 10-fold-elevated plasmid copy number (i.e., 50 to 100 copies per cell) and expressed resistance inducibly. Both classes of tylosin-resistant mutants were shown to be due to alterations in the plasmid and not to modifications of the host genome.", "PMID": 104975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6504", "title": "Covalently closed circular DNAs in closely related unicellular cyanobacteria.", "content": "Plasmids of Synechococcus cedrorum and two Anacytsis nidulans strains were characterized physically, and a probable instance of spontaneous \"curing\" is described.", "contents": "Covalently closed circular DNAs in closely related unicellular cyanobacteria. Plasmids of Synechococcus cedrorum and two Anacytsis nidulans strains were characterized physically, and a probable instance of spontaneous \"curing\" is described.", "PMID": 104976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6505", "title": "Effect of light on the attachment of cyanophage AS-1 to Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "The effect of illumination on the extent and kinetics of the adsorption of cyanophage AS-1 to the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Anacystis nidulans was studied by using 32P-labeled phage. The initial rate of adsorption was not significantly affected by light. However, at Na+ levels used ordinarily to culture the alga ([Na+] = 11.7 mM), the total amount of phage adsorbed was doubled in the illuminated cultures, as compared with the dark-grown ones, over a wide range of multiplicities of infection (0.05 to 20). Upon a 10-fold increase in Na+ concentration in the medium ([Na+] = 0.11 M), the dark adsorption of the phage increased to the level of light adsorption found in low Na+ medium. The effects on phage adsorption of high Na+ concentration and light were not additive.", "contents": "Effect of light on the attachment of cyanophage AS-1 to Anacystis nidulans. The effect of illumination on the extent and kinetics of the adsorption of cyanophage AS-1 to the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Anacystis nidulans was studied by using 32P-labeled phage. The initial rate of adsorption was not significantly affected by light. However, at Na+ levels used ordinarily to culture the alga ([Na+] = 11.7 mM), the total amount of phage adsorbed was doubled in the illuminated cultures, as compared with the dark-grown ones, over a wide range of multiplicities of infection (0.05 to 20). Upon a 10-fold increase in Na+ concentration in the medium ([Na+] = 0.11 M), the dark adsorption of the phage increased to the level of light adsorption found in low Na+ medium. The effects on phage adsorption of high Na+ concentration and light were not additive.", "PMID": 104977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6506", "title": "Localization of membrane-derived oligosaccharides in the outer envelope of Escherichia coli and their occurrence in other Gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "The glucose-containing, membrane-derived oligosaccharides of Escherichia coli are localized in the external envelope of that organism, most probably in the periplasmic space. The membrane-derived oligosaccharides appear to be generally occurring cell constituents of gram-negative (but not gram-positive) bacteria.", "contents": "Localization of membrane-derived oligosaccharides in the outer envelope of Escherichia coli and their occurrence in other Gram-negative bacteria. The glucose-containing, membrane-derived oligosaccharides of Escherichia coli are localized in the external envelope of that organism, most probably in the periplasmic space. The membrane-derived oligosaccharides appear to be generally occurring cell constituents of gram-negative (but not gram-positive) bacteria.", "PMID": 104978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6507", "title": "Monkey brain arylamidase. II. Further characterization and studies on mode of hydrolysis of physiologically active peptides.", "content": "A large-scale purification of monkey brain arylamidase was carried out. Amino acid analyses indicate that the enzyme is rich in acidic amino acids and is poor in cystine. The amino terminal residue was determined to be alanine by dansylation. The enzyme was activated by sulfhydryl compounds. Dithiothreitol was more effective than beta-mercaptoethanol. Bestatin competitively inhibited the enzyme activity and the Ki value was calculated to be 2.5 x 10(-7) M, which was of the same order as that of puromycin. The inhibitions by puromycin and bestatin were reversible. The enzyme hydrolyzed di-, tri-, and oligopeptides including physiologically active peptides. Of physiologically active peptides, enkephalins and Met-Lys-bradykinin, which possess a neutral amino acid at the N-terminal position, were more rapidly hydrolyzed by the enzyme. Peptides such as LH-RH and TRH, which possess a pyrrolidonecarboxylyl group at the N-terminal position, and substance P and bradykinin, which possess a proline residue adjacent to the N-terminal residue, were not hydrolyzed by the enzyme. The Km values for various peptides indicate that the enzyme has higher affinity for oligopeptides than di- and tripeptides. The aminopeptidase activity of the enzyme was also competitively inhibited by puromycin and bestatin. Analyses of the hydrolysis products of various peptides by the dansylation method indicate that the enzyme has both kinin-converting activity and angiotensinase activity.", "contents": "Monkey brain arylamidase. II. Further characterization and studies on mode of hydrolysis of physiologically active peptides. A large-scale purification of monkey brain arylamidase was carried out. Amino acid analyses indicate that the enzyme is rich in acidic amino acids and is poor in cystine. The amino terminal residue was determined to be alanine by dansylation. The enzyme was activated by sulfhydryl compounds. Dithiothreitol was more effective than beta-mercaptoethanol. Bestatin competitively inhibited the enzyme activity and the Ki value was calculated to be 2.5 x 10(-7) M, which was of the same order as that of puromycin. The inhibitions by puromycin and bestatin were reversible. The enzyme hydrolyzed di-, tri-, and oligopeptides including physiologically active peptides. Of physiologically active peptides, enkephalins and Met-Lys-bradykinin, which possess a neutral amino acid at the N-terminal position, were more rapidly hydrolyzed by the enzyme. Peptides such as LH-RH and TRH, which possess a pyrrolidonecarboxylyl group at the N-terminal position, and substance P and bradykinin, which possess a proline residue adjacent to the N-terminal residue, were not hydrolyzed by the enzyme. The Km values for various peptides indicate that the enzyme has higher affinity for oligopeptides than di- and tripeptides. The aminopeptidase activity of the enzyme was also competitively inhibited by puromycin and bestatin. Analyses of the hydrolysis products of various peptides by the dansylation method indicate that the enzyme has both kinin-converting activity and angiotensinase activity.", "PMID": 104979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6508", "title": "Effect of pyocin R1 on the glucose metabolism of sensitive cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The effect of pyocin R1 on the glucose metabolism of sensitive Pseudomonas cells was investigated. Upon treatment with pyocin R1, although the rate of O2 uptake of the sensitive cells for glucose or gluconate was not very much affected at first, the final level of O2 uptake was greatly reduced. When 2-oxogluconate was used as a substrate, O2 uptake was immediately halted by pyocin. By determining the amounts of glucose, gluconate, and 2-oxogluconate before and after the reaction and the amount of O2 consumed, it was concluded that glucose was exclusively metabolized via the following pathway with quantitative accumulation of 2-oxogluconate after pyocin treatment. (Formula: see text). The possible mechanism of this change is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of pyocin R1 on the glucose metabolism of sensitive cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The effect of pyocin R1 on the glucose metabolism of sensitive Pseudomonas cells was investigated. Upon treatment with pyocin R1, although the rate of O2 uptake of the sensitive cells for glucose or gluconate was not very much affected at first, the final level of O2 uptake was greatly reduced. When 2-oxogluconate was used as a substrate, O2 uptake was immediately halted by pyocin. By determining the amounts of glucose, gluconate, and 2-oxogluconate before and after the reaction and the amount of O2 consumed, it was concluded that glucose was exclusively metabolized via the following pathway with quantitative accumulation of 2-oxogluconate after pyocin treatment. (Formula: see text). The possible mechanism of this change is discussed.", "PMID": 104980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6509", "title": "Adenylate cyclase in silkworm. Properties of the enzyme in pupal fat body.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase was assayed in a sonicated preparation of silkworm pupal fat body. The adenylate cyclase was found mostly in the particulate fraction. The activity depended upon either Mg2+ or Mn2+, and the degree of stimulation by Mn2+ was 2 times greater than that by Mg2+ compared at the saturating concentrations. In the presence of Mg2+, the enzyme was inhibited by both EGTA and high concentrations of Ca2+, showing biphasical response to Ca2+. The enzyme was stimulated several-fold by NaF. The enzyme exhibited typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics and Km values were 0.13 mM for MgATP and 0.086 mM for MnATP.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase in silkworm. Properties of the enzyme in pupal fat body. Adenylate cyclase was assayed in a sonicated preparation of silkworm pupal fat body. The adenylate cyclase was found mostly in the particulate fraction. The activity depended upon either Mg2+ or Mn2+, and the degree of stimulation by Mn2+ was 2 times greater than that by Mg2+ compared at the saturating concentrations. In the presence of Mg2+, the enzyme was inhibited by both EGTA and high concentrations of Ca2+, showing biphasical response to Ca2+. The enzyme was stimulated several-fold by NaF. The enzyme exhibited typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics and Km values were 0.13 mM for MgATP and 0.086 mM for MnATP.", "PMID": 104981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6510", "title": "X-ray analysis of ferredoxin from Spirulina platensis. II. Chelate structure of active center.", "content": "A chloroplast-type ferredoxin from Spirulina platenis crystallized in an orthorhombic system, space group C2221, with cell dimensions a=62.32, b=28.51, and c=108.08 A. The electron density map at 2.8 A resolution was prepared by using the best phase angles determined by the single isomorphous replacement method coupled with the anomalous dispersion method. The chelating structure of the acitve center was revealed as follows. Of the six cysteinyl residues in the molecule, Cys 41, Cys 4k, Cys 49, and Cys 79 are involved in the active center. Cys 41 and Cys 46 are coordinated to one iron atom, and Cys 49 and Cys 79 to the other iron atom. Only one of these cysteinyl residues, Cys 79, is comparatively apart from the other three in the amino acids sequence of the molecule, as found in the case of bacterial ferredoxin. It appears that the NH....S hydrogen bonds are around the active center, as in other non-heme iron sulfur proteins.", "contents": "X-ray analysis of ferredoxin from Spirulina platensis. II. Chelate structure of active center. A chloroplast-type ferredoxin from Spirulina platenis crystallized in an orthorhombic system, space group C2221, with cell dimensions a=62.32, b=28.51, and c=108.08 A. The electron density map at 2.8 A resolution was prepared by using the best phase angles determined by the single isomorphous replacement method coupled with the anomalous dispersion method. The chelating structure of the acitve center was revealed as follows. Of the six cysteinyl residues in the molecule, Cys 41, Cys 4k, Cys 49, and Cys 79 are involved in the active center. Cys 41 and Cys 46 are coordinated to one iron atom, and Cys 49 and Cys 79 to the other iron atom. Only one of these cysteinyl residues, Cys 79, is comparatively apart from the other three in the amino acids sequence of the molecule, as found in the case of bacterial ferredoxin. It appears that the NH....S hydrogen bonds are around the active center, as in other non-heme iron sulfur proteins.", "PMID": 104982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6511", "title": "Complete stabilization of water-soluble hydrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum under air atmosphere with a high concentration of chloride ions.", "content": "Hydrogenase was easily solubilized from light-grown cells of R. rubrum with 10 mM Na ethylenediaminetetraacetate. The enzyme thus obtained was so stable that loss of its activity was undetectable during storage at room temperature for 6 months under air atmosphere, provided that NaCl, KCl or CsCl was present at greater than or equal to 0.7 M.", "contents": "Complete stabilization of water-soluble hydrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum under air atmosphere with a high concentration of chloride ions. Hydrogenase was easily solubilized from light-grown cells of R. rubrum with 10 mM Na ethylenediaminetetraacetate. The enzyme thus obtained was so stable that loss of its activity was undetectable during storage at room temperature for 6 months under air atmosphere, provided that NaCl, KCl or CsCl was present at greater than or equal to 0.7 M.", "PMID": 104983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6512", "title": "Isolation of characterization of a major outer membrane protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Evidence for the occurrence of a lipoprotein.", "content": "In the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa, a protein of apparent molecular weight 8,000 (protein I) is present as a major protein. Purification and chemical analysis of protein I were carried out. This protein was purified by essentially the same procedure as for the purification of the E. coli lipoprotein, which was developed by Inouye et al. (J. Bacteriol. (1976) 127, 555--563). The amino acid composition of protein I was determined. Protein I lacks proline, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and half-cystine. Fatty acid analysis of the protein revealed that it contained 0.89 mol of fatty acids per mol of protein. Among the fatty acids hexadecanoic acid (C16:0) was predominant. In an in vivo labeling experiment, [2-3H]glycerol was incorporated into protein I. A protein with similar mobility to protein I on urea-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was isolated from the purified peptidoglycan of P. aeruginosa by trypsin digestion. The amino acid composition of this protein was essentially the same as that of protein I. These results indicate that the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa contains a protein analogous to the E. coli lipoprotein, although considerable differences were observed in the amino acid composition and the fatty acid content.", "contents": "Isolation of characterization of a major outer membrane protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Evidence for the occurrence of a lipoprotein. In the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa, a protein of apparent molecular weight 8,000 (protein I) is present as a major protein. Purification and chemical analysis of protein I were carried out. This protein was purified by essentially the same procedure as for the purification of the E. coli lipoprotein, which was developed by Inouye et al. (J. Bacteriol. (1976) 127, 555--563). The amino acid composition of protein I was determined. Protein I lacks proline, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and half-cystine. Fatty acid analysis of the protein revealed that it contained 0.89 mol of fatty acids per mol of protein. Among the fatty acids hexadecanoic acid (C16:0) was predominant. In an in vivo labeling experiment, [2-3H]glycerol was incorporated into protein I. A protein with similar mobility to protein I on urea-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was isolated from the purified peptidoglycan of P. aeruginosa by trypsin digestion. The amino acid composition of this protein was essentially the same as that of protein I. These results indicate that the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa contains a protein analogous to the E. coli lipoprotein, although considerable differences were observed in the amino acid composition and the fatty acid content.", "PMID": 104984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6513", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of three forms of alpha-glucosidase from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Three forms of alpha-glucosidase, I, II, and III, have been purified from the whole body extract of adult flies of Drosophila melanogaster in yields of 2.1, 5.3, and 6.7%, respectively. The purification procedures involved ammonium sulfate fractionation, Con A-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange chromatography, Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration, and preparative gel electrophoresis. Each purified enzyme showed a single band on polyacrylamide gel on both protein and enzyme activity staining. The molecular weights of alpha-glucosidases I, II, and III were estimated to be 200,000, 56,000, and 76,000, respectively, by gel filtration. SDS gels indicated that alpha-glucosidases II and III were each composed of a single polypeptide chain, whereas alpha-glucosidase I was composed of two identical subunits. Both alpha-glucosidases II and III hydrolyzed sucrose and p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucoside (PNPG), but alpha-glucosidase I hydrolyzed PNPG to a much lesser extent than sucrose. For sucrose the pH optima of alpha-glucosidases I, II, and III were pH 6.0, 5.0, and 6.0 and the Km values were 13.1, 8.9, and 10 mM, respectively. For PNPG the pH optima of alpha-glucosidases II and III were pH 5.5 and 6.5 and the Km values were 0.77 and 0.21 mM, respectively.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of three forms of alpha-glucosidase from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Three forms of alpha-glucosidase, I, II, and III, have been purified from the whole body extract of adult flies of Drosophila melanogaster in yields of 2.1, 5.3, and 6.7%, respectively. The purification procedures involved ammonium sulfate fractionation, Con A-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange chromatography, Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration, and preparative gel electrophoresis. Each purified enzyme showed a single band on polyacrylamide gel on both protein and enzyme activity staining. The molecular weights of alpha-glucosidases I, II, and III were estimated to be 200,000, 56,000, and 76,000, respectively, by gel filtration. SDS gels indicated that alpha-glucosidases II and III were each composed of a single polypeptide chain, whereas alpha-glucosidase I was composed of two identical subunits. Both alpha-glucosidases II and III hydrolyzed sucrose and p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucoside (PNPG), but alpha-glucosidase I hydrolyzed PNPG to a much lesser extent than sucrose. For sucrose the pH optima of alpha-glucosidases I, II, and III were pH 6.0, 5.0, and 6.0 and the Km values were 13.1, 8.9, and 10 mM, respectively. For PNPG the pH optima of alpha-glucosidases II and III were pH 5.5 and 6.5 and the Km values were 0.77 and 0.21 mM, respectively.", "PMID": 104985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6514", "title": "Purification and characterization of two lectins from Aloe arborescens Mill.", "content": "Two lectins have been isolated from leaves of Aloe arborescens Mill by salt precipitation, pH-dependent fractionation and gel filtration. One lectin (P-2) has a molecular weight of approximately 18,000, consists of two subunits (alphabeta) and contains more than 18% by weight of neutral carbohydrate. The smaller subunit (alpha) has a molecular weight of approximately 7,500 and the larger subunit (beta) a molecular weight of approximately 10,500. The other lectin (S-1) has a molecular weight of approximately 24,000, consists of two subunits (gamma2) with a molecular weight of approximately 12,000 and contains more than 50% by weight of neutral carbohydrate. An interesting feature of the amino acid compositions of these lectins is the high proportion of acidic amino acids, such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid, and the low proportion of methionine and histidine. S-1 has a strong hemagglutinating activity. On the other hand, P-2 has not only hemagglutinating activity but also mitogenic activity on lymphocytes, precipitate-forming reactivity with serum proteins, one of which is alpha2-macroglobulin, and complement C3 activating activity via the alternate pathway.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of two lectins from Aloe arborescens Mill. Two lectins have been isolated from leaves of Aloe arborescens Mill by salt precipitation, pH-dependent fractionation and gel filtration. One lectin (P-2) has a molecular weight of approximately 18,000, consists of two subunits (alphabeta) and contains more than 18% by weight of neutral carbohydrate. The smaller subunit (alpha) has a molecular weight of approximately 7,500 and the larger subunit (beta) a molecular weight of approximately 10,500. The other lectin (S-1) has a molecular weight of approximately 24,000, consists of two subunits (gamma2) with a molecular weight of approximately 12,000 and contains more than 50% by weight of neutral carbohydrate. An interesting feature of the amino acid compositions of these lectins is the high proportion of acidic amino acids, such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid, and the low proportion of methionine and histidine. S-1 has a strong hemagglutinating activity. On the other hand, P-2 has not only hemagglutinating activity but also mitogenic activity on lymphocytes, precipitate-forming reactivity with serum proteins, one of which is alpha2-macroglobulin, and complement C3 activating activity via the alternate pathway.", "PMID": 104986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6515", "title": "Physicochemical properties of pyocin F1.", "content": "The physiochemical properties of pyocin F1 were studied. Pyocin F1 consists of flexuous rod-like particles homogenous in size. Each particle was composed of rod and fiber parts. The rod part was 105.5 +/- 9.5 nm long and 10.0 +/- 1.4 nm wide, and showed regular striations amounting to 23 layers. The fiber part was composed of several filaments; the length of the longest filament was 43.0 +/- 12.0 nm. The amino acid composition, the partial specific volume (0.720 ml/g), the sedimentation coefficient (S020,W = 35.1S), and the translational diffusion constant (0.94 +/- 0.01 x 10(-7) cm2/s) were determined. The particle weight was calculated to be 3.23 x 10(6) daltons.", "contents": "Physicochemical properties of pyocin F1. The physiochemical properties of pyocin F1 were studied. Pyocin F1 consists of flexuous rod-like particles homogenous in size. Each particle was composed of rod and fiber parts. The rod part was 105.5 +/- 9.5 nm long and 10.0 +/- 1.4 nm wide, and showed regular striations amounting to 23 layers. The fiber part was composed of several filaments; the length of the longest filament was 43.0 +/- 12.0 nm. The amino acid composition, the partial specific volume (0.720 ml/g), the sedimentation coefficient (S020,W = 35.1S), and the translational diffusion constant (0.94 +/- 0.01 x 10(-7) cm2/s) were determined. The particle weight was calculated to be 3.23 x 10(6) daltons.", "PMID": 104987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6516", "title": "Studies on human kininogens. I. Isolation, characterization, and cleavage by plasma kallikrein of high molecular weight (HMW)-kininogen.", "content": "1. Human high molecular weight (HMW)-kininogen was highly purified from human plasma by chromatographies on QAE-Sephadex A-50 and CM-Sephadex C-50. Human HMW-kininogen thus purified was a mixture of a single chain and a disulfide-linked pair of chains. Human HMW-kininogen is an acidic glycoprotein having a molecular weight of 120,000. The amino acid composition of human HMW-kininogen is quite similar to that of bovine HMW-kininogen. 2. We investigated whether the liberation of kinin from human HMW-kininogen by human plasma kallikrein was accompanied by liberation of histidine-rich fragments, as observed with bovine HMW-kininogen (Han et al. (1975) J. Biochem. 77, 55--68). After prolonged incubation of human HMW-kininogen and human plasma kallikrein followed by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-50, a fragment of molecular weight 8,000 was isolated together with bradykinin. However, the histidine content of the fragment was not as high as that in the bovine fragments. Most of the histidine in human HMW-kininogen was recovered in the kinin-free protein, and the light chain of kinin-free protein was found to be rich in histidine compared with the heavy chain. These results suggest that the histidine-rich sequence in human HMW-kininogen is not released by the action of human plasma kallikrein, but remains bound to the light chain of kinin-free protein.", "contents": "Studies on human kininogens. I. Isolation, characterization, and cleavage by plasma kallikrein of high molecular weight (HMW)-kininogen. 1. Human high molecular weight (HMW)-kininogen was highly purified from human plasma by chromatographies on QAE-Sephadex A-50 and CM-Sephadex C-50. Human HMW-kininogen thus purified was a mixture of a single chain and a disulfide-linked pair of chains. Human HMW-kininogen is an acidic glycoprotein having a molecular weight of 120,000. The amino acid composition of human HMW-kininogen is quite similar to that of bovine HMW-kininogen. 2. We investigated whether the liberation of kinin from human HMW-kininogen by human plasma kallikrein was accompanied by liberation of histidine-rich fragments, as observed with bovine HMW-kininogen (Han et al. (1975) J. Biochem. 77, 55--68). After prolonged incubation of human HMW-kininogen and human plasma kallikrein followed by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-50, a fragment of molecular weight 8,000 was isolated together with bradykinin. However, the histidine content of the fragment was not as high as that in the bovine fragments. Most of the histidine in human HMW-kininogen was recovered in the kinin-free protein, and the light chain of kinin-free protein was found to be rich in histidine compared with the heavy chain. These results suggest that the histidine-rich sequence in human HMW-kininogen is not released by the action of human plasma kallikrein, but remains bound to the light chain of kinin-free protein.", "PMID": 104988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6517", "title": "Synthesis of levan by levansucrase. Some factors affecting the rate of synthesis and degree of polymerization of levan.", "content": "The addition of levan as a so-called \"acceptor\" accelerated the rate of polymerization of levan catalyzed by levansucrase [EC 2.4.1.10]. However, this effect was seen only under conditions of low ionic strength. Under conditions of high ionic strength, only levan with an average degree of polymerization (DP) of 120 was synthesized with a reasonable yield. Incorporation of [14C]fructose residues into levan of high molecular weight (DP 1,200) added as an \"acceptor\" at high ionic strength was slight. It is suggested that the DP of levan synthesized is generally regulated by ionic strength, and that enzymic synthesis of levan occurs in the absence of an \"acceptor.\"", "contents": "Synthesis of levan by levansucrase. Some factors affecting the rate of synthesis and degree of polymerization of levan. The addition of levan as a so-called \"acceptor\" accelerated the rate of polymerization of levan catalyzed by levansucrase [EC 2.4.1.10]. However, this effect was seen only under conditions of low ionic strength. Under conditions of high ionic strength, only levan with an average degree of polymerization (DP) of 120 was synthesized with a reasonable yield. Incorporation of [14C]fructose residues into levan of high molecular weight (DP 1,200) added as an \"acceptor\" at high ionic strength was slight. It is suggested that the DP of levan synthesized is generally regulated by ionic strength, and that enzymic synthesis of levan occurs in the absence of an \"acceptor.\"", "PMID": 104989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6518", "title": "Effects of alpha- and beta-D-glucose on germination of spores of Bacillus megaterium QM B1551.", "content": "The effects of D-glucose anomers on the germination of dormant spores of Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 were studied, alpha-D-Glucose (1 mM) slightly initiated the germination of the dormant spores during 10 min incubation at 37 degrees C, while about 60% of the dormant spores became germinated with beta-D-glucose (1 mM) in the same conditions. From the above observations and the finding that only a trace amount of alpha- or beta-D-glucose may bind with the dormant spores, it is speculated that the beta-D-glucose-stereospecific receptor site for the germination exists on the surface of the dormant spores of the bacillus.", "contents": "Effects of alpha- and beta-D-glucose on germination of spores of Bacillus megaterium QM B1551. The effects of D-glucose anomers on the germination of dormant spores of Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 were studied, alpha-D-Glucose (1 mM) slightly initiated the germination of the dormant spores during 10 min incubation at 37 degrees C, while about 60% of the dormant spores became germinated with beta-D-glucose (1 mM) in the same conditions. From the above observations and the finding that only a trace amount of alpha- or beta-D-glucose may bind with the dormant spores, it is speculated that the beta-D-glucose-stereospecific receptor site for the germination exists on the surface of the dormant spores of the bacillus.", "PMID": 104990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6519", "title": "Biochemical properties of a new flexuous bacteriocin, pyocin F1, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain P15 produces not only pyocin R1 and phage PS10, but also a substance having a flexuous rod structure, the nature of which is so far unknown. A variant strain (P15--40) was obtained which produced these flexuous particles more effectively than the original strain, and the particles were purified to homogeneity and investigated. Several strains of P. aeruginosa were found to be killed by the particles. It was concluded that the flexuous rod-like particles are not related to pyocin R1 or phage PS10, but represent a new pyocin, which we have designated as pyocin F1. Pyocin F1 showed a different action spectrum and a different pattern on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from either pyocin R1 or phage PS10. The killing activity of pyocin F1 was of single-hit type. The activity was not affected by anti-R1, anti-R1-core or anti-PS10, or by DNase, RNase, pronase or trypsin, but was completely destroyed by treatment at 70 degrees C for 10 min. Some cofactor was required for the adsorption of this pyocin on sensitive bacteria. Another flexuous bacteriocin was also found and named pyocin F2.", "contents": "Biochemical properties of a new flexuous bacteriocin, pyocin F1, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain P15 produces not only pyocin R1 and phage PS10, but also a substance having a flexuous rod structure, the nature of which is so far unknown. A variant strain (P15--40) was obtained which produced these flexuous particles more effectively than the original strain, and the particles were purified to homogeneity and investigated. Several strains of P. aeruginosa were found to be killed by the particles. It was concluded that the flexuous rod-like particles are not related to pyocin R1 or phage PS10, but represent a new pyocin, which we have designated as pyocin F1. Pyocin F1 showed a different action spectrum and a different pattern on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from either pyocin R1 or phage PS10. The killing activity of pyocin F1 was of single-hit type. The activity was not affected by anti-R1, anti-R1-core or anti-PS10, or by DNase, RNase, pronase or trypsin, but was completely destroyed by treatment at 70 degrees C for 10 min. Some cofactor was required for the adsorption of this pyocin on sensitive bacteria. Another flexuous bacteriocin was also found and named pyocin F2.", "PMID": 104991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6520", "title": "Stimulation of glycogen synthase phosphorylation by calcium-dependent regulator protein.", "content": "Phosphorylation of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase catalyzed by a protein kinase is stimulated up to 10-fold by the calcium-dependent regulator (CDR) protein. Half-maximal stimulation requires about 1 microgram of CDR/ml. Phosphorylation by the CDR-dependent synthase kinase is more rapid at pH 8.6 than at pH 6.8 and is blocked by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl-ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid and trifuloperazine. Approximately 60 to 70% of the phosphate is incorporated into the trypsin-insensitive region of glycogen synthase resulting in conversion of the a form to the b form of the enzyme. The CDR-dependent synthase kinase is not myosin light chain kinase, as this enzyme does not phosphorylate glycogen synthase. Furthermore, synthase phosphorylation by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit is not affected by CDR. The possibility that CDR-dependent synthase kinase may be phosphorylase kinase is being investigated.", "contents": "Stimulation of glycogen synthase phosphorylation by calcium-dependent regulator protein. Phosphorylation of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase catalyzed by a protein kinase is stimulated up to 10-fold by the calcium-dependent regulator (CDR) protein. Half-maximal stimulation requires about 1 microgram of CDR/ml. Phosphorylation by the CDR-dependent synthase kinase is more rapid at pH 8.6 than at pH 6.8 and is blocked by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl-ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid and trifuloperazine. Approximately 60 to 70% of the phosphate is incorporated into the trypsin-insensitive region of glycogen synthase resulting in conversion of the a form to the b form of the enzyme. The CDR-dependent synthase kinase is not myosin light chain kinase, as this enzyme does not phosphorylate glycogen synthase. Furthermore, synthase phosphorylation by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit is not affected by CDR. The possibility that CDR-dependent synthase kinase may be phosphorylase kinase is being investigated.", "PMID": 104993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6521", "title": "The polysaccharides from heterocyst and spore envelopes of a blue-green alga. Structure of the basic repeating unit.", "content": "The polysaccharides from the envelopes of heterocysts and spores of Anabaena cylindrica consist of repeating units containing 1 mannosyl and 3 glucosyl residues, all linked by beta(1 yields 3) glycosidic bonds, with glycosidic bonds, with glucose, xylose, galactose, and mannose present in side branches. Degradation of the polysaccharides with specific glycosidases has permitted identification of the linkages to almost all of the branches. When the polysaccharides, from which all but two types of side branches had been cleaved, were digested with a beta(1 yields 3) endoglucanase, glucose, a tri-, and a pentasaccharide were produced. The oligosaccharide products were identified as (see article of journal). The backbones of the polysaccharides were sequenced from the reducing terminus by a modified Smith degradation. Analysis with NaB3H4 at each stage of the degradation showed that the backbones terminate in the sequence Man-Glc-Glc-Glc and are therefore presumed to have the structure (Man-Glc-Glc-Glc)n, and that they contain an average of from 128 to 150 sugar residues. From the information obtained, the repeating sequences of the original polysaccharides from the two types of differentiated cells of A. cylindrica could be largely deduced and appeared to be identical.", "contents": "The polysaccharides from heterocyst and spore envelopes of a blue-green alga. Structure of the basic repeating unit. The polysaccharides from the envelopes of heterocysts and spores of Anabaena cylindrica consist of repeating units containing 1 mannosyl and 3 glucosyl residues, all linked by beta(1 yields 3) glycosidic bonds, with glycosidic bonds, with glucose, xylose, galactose, and mannose present in side branches. Degradation of the polysaccharides with specific glycosidases has permitted identification of the linkages to almost all of the branches. When the polysaccharides, from which all but two types of side branches had been cleaved, were digested with a beta(1 yields 3) endoglucanase, glucose, a tri-, and a pentasaccharide were produced. The oligosaccharide products were identified as (see article of journal). The backbones of the polysaccharides were sequenced from the reducing terminus by a modified Smith degradation. Analysis with NaB3H4 at each stage of the degradation showed that the backbones terminate in the sequence Man-Glc-Glc-Glc and are therefore presumed to have the structure (Man-Glc-Glc-Glc)n, and that they contain an average of from 128 to 150 sugar residues. From the information obtained, the repeating sequences of the original polysaccharides from the two types of differentiated cells of A. cylindrica could be largely deduced and appeared to be identical.", "PMID": 104995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6522", "title": "Preparation of homogenous NADPH cytochrome c (P-450) reductase from house flies using affinity chromatography techniques.", "content": "NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase (EC 1.6.2.4) was purified to apparent homogeneity from microsomes of house flies, Musca domestica L. The purification procedure involves column chromatography on three different resins. The key step in the purification scheme is the chromatography of the enzyme mixture on an affinity column of agarose-hexane-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. The enzyme has an estimated molecular weight of 83,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and contains 1 mol each of FAD and FMN per mol of enzyme. The enzyme exhibited a Bi Bi ping-pong kinetic mechanism with NADPH and cytochrome c. The Vmax and Km for cytochrome c were 42.3 mumol min-1 mg-1 and 12.7 muM, respectively. Turnover numbers based on micromoles of enzyme were 2,600 min-1. NADP+ and 2'-AMP both inhibited the reductases with apparent Ki values of 6.9 and 187 muM, respectively. These preparations of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase were found to reduce purified house fly cytochrome P-450 in the presence of NADPH.", "contents": "Preparation of homogenous NADPH cytochrome c (P-450) reductase from house flies using affinity chromatography techniques. NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase (EC 1.6.2.4) was purified to apparent homogeneity from microsomes of house flies, Musca domestica L. The purification procedure involves column chromatography on three different resins. The key step in the purification scheme is the chromatography of the enzyme mixture on an affinity column of agarose-hexane-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. The enzyme has an estimated molecular weight of 83,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and contains 1 mol each of FAD and FMN per mol of enzyme. The enzyme exhibited a Bi Bi ping-pong kinetic mechanism with NADPH and cytochrome c. The Vmax and Km for cytochrome c were 42.3 mumol min-1 mg-1 and 12.7 muM, respectively. Turnover numbers based on micromoles of enzyme were 2,600 min-1. NADP+ and 2'-AMP both inhibited the reductases with apparent Ki values of 6.9 and 187 muM, respectively. These preparations of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase were found to reduce purified house fly cytochrome P-450 in the presence of NADPH.", "PMID": 104996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6523", "title": "Structure of the high mannose oligosaccharides of a human IgM myeloma protein. I. The major oligosaccharides of the two high mannose glycopeptides.", "content": "The structures of the predominant high mannose oligosaccharides present in a human IgM myeloma protein (Patient Wa) have been determined. The IgM glycopeptides, produced by pronase digestion, were fractionated on DEAE-cellulonalysis shows that glycopeptide I contains Asn, Pro, Ala, Thr, and His and glycopeptide II contains Asn, Val, and Ser, which are the same amino acids found in the sequences around Asn 402 and Asn 563 respectively, to which high mannose oligosaccharides are attached in IgM (Patient Ou) (Putnman, F.W., Florent, G., Paul, C., Shinoda, T., and Shimizu, A. (1973) Science 182, 287-290). The high mannose glycopeptides in IgM (Wa) exhibit heterogeneity in the oligosaccharide portion. Structural analysis of the major oligosaccharides indicates that the simplest structure is: (see article of journal). The larger oligosaccharides present have additional mannose residues linked alpha 1 yields 2 to terminal mannose residues in the above structure. Glycopeptide I contains primarily Man5 and Man6 species, while glycopeptide II contains Man6 and Man8 species. The two Man6 oligosaccharides have different branching patterns.", "contents": "Structure of the high mannose oligosaccharides of a human IgM myeloma protein. I. The major oligosaccharides of the two high mannose glycopeptides. The structures of the predominant high mannose oligosaccharides present in a human IgM myeloma protein (Patient Wa) have been determined. The IgM glycopeptides, produced by pronase digestion, were fractionated on DEAE-cellulonalysis shows that glycopeptide I contains Asn, Pro, Ala, Thr, and His and glycopeptide II contains Asn, Val, and Ser, which are the same amino acids found in the sequences around Asn 402 and Asn 563 respectively, to which high mannose oligosaccharides are attached in IgM (Patient Ou) (Putnman, F.W., Florent, G., Paul, C., Shinoda, T., and Shimizu, A. (1973) Science 182, 287-290). The high mannose glycopeptides in IgM (Wa) exhibit heterogeneity in the oligosaccharide portion. Structural analysis of the major oligosaccharides indicates that the simplest structure is: (see article of journal). The larger oligosaccharides present have additional mannose residues linked alpha 1 yields 2 to terminal mannose residues in the above structure. Glycopeptide I contains primarily Man5 and Man6 species, while glycopeptide II contains Man6 and Man8 species. The two Man6 oligosaccharides have different branching patterns.", "PMID": 104997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6524", "title": "Prostaglandin hydroperoxidase, an integral part of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from bovine vesicular gland microsomes.", "content": "The highly purified prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from bovine vesicular gland microsomes had two still unresolved enzyme activities; the oxygenative cyclization of 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid to produce prostaglandin G1 and the conversion of the 15-hydro-peroxide of prostaglandin G1 to a 15-hydroxyl group, producing prostaglandin H1. The latter enzymatic reaction required heme and was stimulated by a variety of compounds, including tryptophan, epinephrine, and guaiacol, but not by glutathione. A peroxidatic dehydrogenation was demonstrated with epinephrine or guaiacol in the presence of various hydroperoxides, including hydrogen peroxide and prostaglandin G1. Higher activity and affinity were observed with the 15-hydroperoxide of eicosapolyenoic acid, especially those with the prostaglandin structure. Both the dehydrogenation of epinephrine or guaiacol and the 15-hydroperoxide reduction of prostaglandin G1 were demonstrated in nearly stoichiometric quantities. With tryptophan, however, such a stoichiometric transformation was not observed. The peroxidase activity as followed with guaiacol and hydrogen peroxide and the tryptophan-stimulated conversion of prostaglandin G1 to H1 were not dissociable as examined by isoelectric focusing, heat treatment, pH profile, and heme specificity. The results suggest that the peroxidase with a broad substrate specificity is an integral part of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase which is responsible for the conversion of prostaglandin G1 to H1.", "contents": "Prostaglandin hydroperoxidase, an integral part of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from bovine vesicular gland microsomes. The highly purified prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from bovine vesicular gland microsomes had two still unresolved enzyme activities; the oxygenative cyclization of 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid to produce prostaglandin G1 and the conversion of the 15-hydro-peroxide of prostaglandin G1 to a 15-hydroxyl group, producing prostaglandin H1. The latter enzymatic reaction required heme and was stimulated by a variety of compounds, including tryptophan, epinephrine, and guaiacol, but not by glutathione. A peroxidatic dehydrogenation was demonstrated with epinephrine or guaiacol in the presence of various hydroperoxides, including hydrogen peroxide and prostaglandin G1. Higher activity and affinity were observed with the 15-hydroperoxide of eicosapolyenoic acid, especially those with the prostaglandin structure. Both the dehydrogenation of epinephrine or guaiacol and the 15-hydroperoxide reduction of prostaglandin G1 were demonstrated in nearly stoichiometric quantities. With tryptophan, however, such a stoichiometric transformation was not observed. The peroxidase activity as followed with guaiacol and hydrogen peroxide and the tryptophan-stimulated conversion of prostaglandin G1 to H1 were not dissociable as examined by isoelectric focusing, heat treatment, pH profile, and heme specificity. The results suggest that the peroxidase with a broad substrate specificity is an integral part of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase which is responsible for the conversion of prostaglandin G1 to H1.", "PMID": 104998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6525", "title": "Phaseolus vulgaris isolectin binding to human erythrocytes.", "content": "The Phaseolus vulgaris isolectins L4,L3E1, L2E2, L1E3, and E4 were isolated by affinity and ion exchange chromatography. Pure isolectins were radiolabeled by the chloramine-T method with Na125IO4 and their binding to human erythrocytes was studied. A normal erythrocyte has approximately 8 times 10(5) receptor sites for each isolectin; however, the association constants (Ka) of binding increased from 1.1 times 10(7) M-1 to 3.8 times 10(8) M-1, with increasing number of E subunits per tetrameric isolectin molecule. Isolectin to erythrocyte binding reached equilibrium rapidly and was reversed by fetuin. All isolectins competed with 125I-E4 for erythrocyte binding sites, with a constant (KI) similar to the Ka calculated for each respective radiolabeled isolectin. When isolectin binding at 0 degrees C, 4 degrees C, or 8 degrees C was compared to that at 25 degrees C, there was no reduction in the number of binding sites per cell, but the Ka of E4 was reduced to 3 times 10(7) M-1. Fixed erythrocytes displayed similar isolectin binding characteristics.", "contents": "Phaseolus vulgaris isolectin binding to human erythrocytes. The Phaseolus vulgaris isolectins L4,L3E1, L2E2, L1E3, and E4 were isolated by affinity and ion exchange chromatography. Pure isolectins were radiolabeled by the chloramine-T method with Na125IO4 and their binding to human erythrocytes was studied. A normal erythrocyte has approximately 8 times 10(5) receptor sites for each isolectin; however, the association constants (Ka) of binding increased from 1.1 times 10(7) M-1 to 3.8 times 10(8) M-1, with increasing number of E subunits per tetrameric isolectin molecule. Isolectin to erythrocyte binding reached equilibrium rapidly and was reversed by fetuin. All isolectins competed with 125I-E4 for erythrocyte binding sites, with a constant (KI) similar to the Ka calculated for each respective radiolabeled isolectin. When isolectin binding at 0 degrees C, 4 degrees C, or 8 degrees C was compared to that at 25 degrees C, there was no reduction in the number of binding sites per cell, but the Ka of E4 was reduced to 3 times 10(7) M-1. Fixed erythrocytes displayed similar isolectin binding characteristics.", "PMID": 104999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6526", "title": "Characterization of the extracellular lipase of Bacillus subtilis and its relationship to a membrane-bound lipase found in a mutant strain.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis CMK33 is a mutant that is more osmotically fragile than the wild type when it is converted to the protoplast form. The protoplasts of this mutant contain a membrane-bound lipase, which is not found in protoplasts of the wild type. Hydrolysis of the membrane lipid of mutant protoplasts by the lipase is the cause of their fragility. A protein found in the wild type organism specifically inhibits the lipase (Kent, C., and Lennarz, W. J. (1972) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 69, 2793-2797). This paper reports that cultures of both mutant and wild type cells contain an extracellular lipase which accumulates during the logarithmic phase of growth. The extracellular activity appears to be induced by a component of the growth medium. The membrane-bound lipase of the mutant has been partially purified and its properties have been compared to those of the extracellular lipase of the wild type. Their properties and sensitivity to the wild type inhibitor are similar, which suggests that the two molecules are closely related. The subcellular location of the lipase in the mutant has been investigated and compared to the location of the membrane-bound portion of the lipase inhibitor in the wild type. The lipase is located almost exclusively in the cytoplasmic membrane and not in mesosomal vesicles. In contrast, the lipase inhibitor is located in both types of membranes and is more concentrated in mesosomal vesicles. Under appropriate conditions, the appearance of new extracellular lipase activity in mutant cultures is paralleled by the loss of an equivalent amount of lipase activity from protoplasts prepared from the cells. This suggests that the membrane-bound lipase may be an intermediate in the secretion of the extracellular lipase. Because of the mutation in B. subtilis CMK33, which results in the absence of the lipase inhibitor, this intermediate can be found in protoplasts of the mutant, although it is not detectable in the wild type. Consequently, the mutant may be useful in studies of the mechanism of secretion of exoenzymes by Bacilli.", "contents": "Characterization of the extracellular lipase of Bacillus subtilis and its relationship to a membrane-bound lipase found in a mutant strain. Bacillus subtilis CMK33 is a mutant that is more osmotically fragile than the wild type when it is converted to the protoplast form. The protoplasts of this mutant contain a membrane-bound lipase, which is not found in protoplasts of the wild type. Hydrolysis of the membrane lipid of mutant protoplasts by the lipase is the cause of their fragility. A protein found in the wild type organism specifically inhibits the lipase (Kent, C., and Lennarz, W. J. (1972) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 69, 2793-2797). This paper reports that cultures of both mutant and wild type cells contain an extracellular lipase which accumulates during the logarithmic phase of growth. The extracellular activity appears to be induced by a component of the growth medium. The membrane-bound lipase of the mutant has been partially purified and its properties have been compared to those of the extracellular lipase of the wild type. Their properties and sensitivity to the wild type inhibitor are similar, which suggests that the two molecules are closely related. The subcellular location of the lipase in the mutant has been investigated and compared to the location of the membrane-bound portion of the lipase inhibitor in the wild type. The lipase is located almost exclusively in the cytoplasmic membrane and not in mesosomal vesicles. In contrast, the lipase inhibitor is located in both types of membranes and is more concentrated in mesosomal vesicles. Under appropriate conditions, the appearance of new extracellular lipase activity in mutant cultures is paralleled by the loss of an equivalent amount of lipase activity from protoplasts prepared from the cells. This suggests that the membrane-bound lipase may be an intermediate in the secretion of the extracellular lipase. Because of the mutation in B. subtilis CMK33, which results in the absence of the lipase inhibitor, this intermediate can be found in protoplasts of the mutant, although it is not detectable in the wild type. Consequently, the mutant may be useful in studies of the mechanism of secretion of exoenzymes by Bacilli.", "PMID": 105000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6527", "title": "Purification and characterization of urinary choriogonadotropin from patients with hydatidiform mole.", "content": "Human choriogonadotropin was isolated from urine of patients with hydatidiform mole by acid and salt precipitation, immunoaffinity, and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and NH2-terminal amino acid analysis showed that the product obtained is essentially homogeneous. This choriogonadotropin was found to resemble the choriogonadotropin from urine of normal pregnant women in amino acid composition but to differ from it in having a lower content of N-acetylglucosamine and mannose.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of urinary choriogonadotropin from patients with hydatidiform mole. Human choriogonadotropin was isolated from urine of patients with hydatidiform mole by acid and salt precipitation, immunoaffinity, and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and NH2-terminal amino acid analysis showed that the product obtained is essentially homogeneous. This choriogonadotropin was found to resemble the choriogonadotropin from urine of normal pregnant women in amino acid composition but to differ from it in having a lower content of N-acetylglucosamine and mannose.", "PMID": 105001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6528", "title": "The primary structure of Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase. I. The isolation of cyanogen bromide peptides 1 through 5 and the complete amino acid sequence of CNBr 1, 2, 3, and 5.", "content": "Thymidylate synthetase from Lactobacillus casei was S-carboxymethylated and degraded by treatment with cyanogen bromide. Although the protein contains 6 methionine residues, only 5 cyanogen bromide peptides were obtained due to the presence of 1 methionine on the NH2 terminus and another adjacent to a threonine residue which was resistant to cleavage. The peptides were isolated by differential extraction, first with ammonium acetate, then pyridine acetate, and finally the residue was solubilized with 50% acetic acid. Each peptide was further purified to homogeneity by Bio-Gel chromatography. The size of the peptides from the amino to carboxyl end of the enzyme subunit was CNBr 1, 4,100; CNBr 2, 10,300; CNBr 3, 8,100; CNBr 4, 11,800; CNBr 5, 2,200. The sum of the amino acid residues of the peptides is equal to the sum of the residues in an enzyme subunit, indicating that all of the CNBr peptides have been isolated. The CNBr-resistant methionine was located in CNBr 2 and the 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate binding site in CNBr 4. The holoenzyme molecular weight, based on the residue weights of the amino acids in the two equivalent subunits, is equal to 73,176. The complete sequence of each of the CNBr peptides, except for CNBr 4, which is presented in the following paper, is described.", "contents": "The primary structure of Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase. I. The isolation of cyanogen bromide peptides 1 through 5 and the complete amino acid sequence of CNBr 1, 2, 3, and 5. Thymidylate synthetase from Lactobacillus casei was S-carboxymethylated and degraded by treatment with cyanogen bromide. Although the protein contains 6 methionine residues, only 5 cyanogen bromide peptides were obtained due to the presence of 1 methionine on the NH2 terminus and another adjacent to a threonine residue which was resistant to cleavage. The peptides were isolated by differential extraction, first with ammonium acetate, then pyridine acetate, and finally the residue was solubilized with 50% acetic acid. Each peptide was further purified to homogeneity by Bio-Gel chromatography. The size of the peptides from the amino to carboxyl end of the enzyme subunit was CNBr 1, 4,100; CNBr 2, 10,300; CNBr 3, 8,100; CNBr 4, 11,800; CNBr 5, 2,200. The sum of the amino acid residues of the peptides is equal to the sum of the residues in an enzyme subunit, indicating that all of the CNBr peptides have been isolated. The CNBr-resistant methionine was located in CNBr 2 and the 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate binding site in CNBr 4. The holoenzyme molecular weight, based on the residue weights of the amino acids in the two equivalent subunits, is equal to 73,176. The complete sequence of each of the CNBr peptides, except for CNBr 4, which is presented in the following paper, is described.", "PMID": 105003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6529", "title": "The primary structure of Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase. II. The complete amino acid sequence of the active site peptide, CNBr 4.", "content": "The 102 amino acid residues of CNBr 4, the largest of 5 cyanogen bromide peptides from the Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase were completely sequenced by means of limited tryptic, tryptic, chymotryptic, and staphylococcal protease peptides. CNBr 4 contains both of the cysteines in an enzyme subunit, with the 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate-reactive cysteine at residue 198 and the other at residue 244.", "contents": "The primary structure of Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase. II. The complete amino acid sequence of the active site peptide, CNBr 4. The 102 amino acid residues of CNBr 4, the largest of 5 cyanogen bromide peptides from the Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase were completely sequenced by means of limited tryptic, tryptic, chymotryptic, and staphylococcal protease peptides. CNBr 4 contains both of the cysteines in an enzyme subunit, with the 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate-reactive cysteine at residue 198 and the other at residue 244.", "PMID": 105004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6530", "title": "Vitamin K-dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity in the chick embryonic chorioallantoic membrane.", "content": "During embryonic development of the chick, the onset of calcium transport by the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is concomitant with the appearance of a calcium-binding protein (CaBP). The development-specific expression of the CaBP in the CAM is inhibited by vitamin K antagonism in ovo with the anticoagulant, warfarin. However, the CaBP remains immunologically detectable in the CAM of warfarin-treated embryos, suggesting the presence of a precursor form of the CaBP. Previously, we have demonstrated that CaBP expression in CAM organ cultures is inducible by vitamin K. Furthermore, the CaBP contains several residues of the modified amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (gamma-CGlu), which has been shown to be formed by vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of glutamic acid in several plasma clotting proteins. This study reports the presence of a post-translational, vitamin K-dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity in the CAM. Our results show that explants of CAM incorporate H14CO3 in an age-specific and vitamin K-dependent manner. Incorporation of H14CO3 by the CAM is further potentiated by warfarin treatment of the embryos, presumably owing to an elevation of the amount of endogenous uncarboxylated protein precursor(s). Among the subcellular (nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and soluble) fractions of the CAM, only microsomes exhibit specific incorporation of of H14CO3 into gamma-CGlu. The CAM microsomal carboxylation activity is post-translational, vitamin K-dependent, specific for prenylated homologs of vitamin K, sensitive to warfarin, and appears to be unrelated to the activities of biotin-dependent carboxylases or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Optimal carboxylation activity occurs after incubation of the microsomes with H14CO3 for 60 min at 37 degrees C in the presence of over 100 microgram of vitamin K1/ml.", "contents": "Vitamin K-dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity in the chick embryonic chorioallantoic membrane. During embryonic development of the chick, the onset of calcium transport by the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is concomitant with the appearance of a calcium-binding protein (CaBP). The development-specific expression of the CaBP in the CAM is inhibited by vitamin K antagonism in ovo with the anticoagulant, warfarin. However, the CaBP remains immunologically detectable in the CAM of warfarin-treated embryos, suggesting the presence of a precursor form of the CaBP. Previously, we have demonstrated that CaBP expression in CAM organ cultures is inducible by vitamin K. Furthermore, the CaBP contains several residues of the modified amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (gamma-CGlu), which has been shown to be formed by vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of glutamic acid in several plasma clotting proteins. This study reports the presence of a post-translational, vitamin K-dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity in the CAM. Our results show that explants of CAM incorporate H14CO3 in an age-specific and vitamin K-dependent manner. Incorporation of H14CO3 by the CAM is further potentiated by warfarin treatment of the embryos, presumably owing to an elevation of the amount of endogenous uncarboxylated protein precursor(s). Among the subcellular (nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and soluble) fractions of the CAM, only microsomes exhibit specific incorporation of of H14CO3 into gamma-CGlu. The CAM microsomal carboxylation activity is post-translational, vitamin K-dependent, specific for prenylated homologs of vitamin K, sensitive to warfarin, and appears to be unrelated to the activities of biotin-dependent carboxylases or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Optimal carboxylation activity occurs after incubation of the microsomes with H14CO3 for 60 min at 37 degrees C in the presence of over 100 microgram of vitamin K1/ml.", "PMID": 105006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6531", "title": "Purification and characterization of monkey salivary mucin.", "content": "Highly purified mucin was prepared from monkey (Macaca arctoides) extraparotid saliva by sequential chromatography on Sephadex G-200 (followed by reduction and alkylation of void volume materials), Sepharose CL-2B with 6 M urea, and CM52 cellulose with 6 M urea. Purity was critically ascertained by anion exchange chromatography, ultracentrifugal analysis, isoelectric focusing, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Use of crossed immunoelectrophoresis to examine mucin preparations has not been previously reported. This technique was useful for assessing purity and displaying charge and size microheterogeneity in the purified S-carboxymethylated mucin. Threonine and serine comprised 37.8% of the total amino acids while the oligosaccharide moiety contained N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, galactose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and sulfate. Following alkaline borohydride treatment, the carbohydrate chains were found to be linked O-glycosidically between N-acetylgalactosamine and threonine (serine).", "contents": "Purification and characterization of monkey salivary mucin. Highly purified mucin was prepared from monkey (Macaca arctoides) extraparotid saliva by sequential chromatography on Sephadex G-200 (followed by reduction and alkylation of void volume materials), Sepharose CL-2B with 6 M urea, and CM52 cellulose with 6 M urea. Purity was critically ascertained by anion exchange chromatography, ultracentrifugal analysis, isoelectric focusing, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Use of crossed immunoelectrophoresis to examine mucin preparations has not been previously reported. This technique was useful for assessing purity and displaying charge and size microheterogeneity in the purified S-carboxymethylated mucin. Threonine and serine comprised 37.8% of the total amino acids while the oligosaccharide moiety contained N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, galactose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and sulfate. Following alkaline borohydride treatment, the carbohydrate chains were found to be linked O-glycosidically between N-acetylgalactosamine and threonine (serine).", "PMID": 105008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6532", "title": "Rapid, sensitive and specific electron capture-gas chromatographic method for the quantitation of 6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl) pyrazine in biological fluids.", "content": "A highly specific and sensitive gas chromatographic method for the determination of 6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine (MK-212), a central serotonin-like agent, in biological fluids is described. MK-212 and a related internal standard are extracted into benzene from an alkaline solution, back-extracted into acid and then re-extracted into benzene at an alkaline pH. The amines are converted to the trifluoroacetyl derivatives (characterized by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry), chromatographed and detected with a 63Ni electron capture detector. The sensitivity of the method is such that 10 ng of drug can be measured per aliquot of biological fluid. The precision and accuracy of the method are well within acceptable limits. Specificity of analysis was established by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques.", "contents": "Rapid, sensitive and specific electron capture-gas chromatographic method for the quantitation of 6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl) pyrazine in biological fluids. A highly specific and sensitive gas chromatographic method for the determination of 6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine (MK-212), a central serotonin-like agent, in biological fluids is described. MK-212 and a related internal standard are extracted into benzene from an alkaline solution, back-extracted into acid and then re-extracted into benzene at an alkaline pH. The amines are converted to the trifluoroacetyl derivatives (characterized by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry), chromatographed and detected with a 63Ni electron capture detector. The sensitivity of the method is such that 10 ng of drug can be measured per aliquot of biological fluid. The precision and accuracy of the method are well within acceptable limits. Specificity of analysis was established by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques.", "PMID": 105011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6533", "title": "A study of human leukocyte D locus related antigens in Graves' disease.", "content": "An association between Graves' disease and the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system has previously been reported. The disease was more strongly associated with the HLA D locus antigen Dw3 than with HLA B8. Products of the HLA D locus are determined by the interaction of test cells with standard typing lymphocytes, a technically difficult procedure. Recently, it has been possible to type serologically for D locus related (DRw) specificities on peripheral bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes. Blood B lymphocytes from 50 unrelated controls and 41 patients with Graves' disease were typed for seven HLA DRw specificities. 28 patients with Graves' disease (68%) were positive for DRw3, in contrast to 14 controls (28%); whereas only 21 patients (50%) were HLA B8 positive, compared with 13 (26%) controls. Thus, positivity for DRw3 afforded a relative risk for Graves' disease of 5.5, whereas that for HLA B8 amounted to 3.0. Additionally, a family with multiple cases of Graves' disease in which the disease was previously shown to be inherited with the haplotype, was linked to DRw2, which suggests that the susceptibility to the disease was inherited in association with that antigen. Two HLA B/glyoxalase recombination events were observed in this family; in both instances HLA DRw followed HLA B. This study thus demonstrates that the disease susceptibility gene for Graves' disease is in strong linkage disequilibrium with DRw3; however, it may be associated with other DRw specificities and inherited within family units in association with them.", "contents": "A study of human leukocyte D locus related antigens in Graves' disease. An association between Graves' disease and the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system has previously been reported. The disease was more strongly associated with the HLA D locus antigen Dw3 than with HLA B8. Products of the HLA D locus are determined by the interaction of test cells with standard typing lymphocytes, a technically difficult procedure. Recently, it has been possible to type serologically for D locus related (DRw) specificities on peripheral bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes. Blood B lymphocytes from 50 unrelated controls and 41 patients with Graves' disease were typed for seven HLA DRw specificities. 28 patients with Graves' disease (68%) were positive for DRw3, in contrast to 14 controls (28%); whereas only 21 patients (50%) were HLA B8 positive, compared with 13 (26%) controls. Thus, positivity for DRw3 afforded a relative risk for Graves' disease of 5.5, whereas that for HLA B8 amounted to 3.0. Additionally, a family with multiple cases of Graves' disease in which the disease was previously shown to be inherited with the haplotype, was linked to DRw2, which suggests that the susceptibility to the disease was inherited in association with that antigen. Two HLA B/glyoxalase recombination events were observed in this family; in both instances HLA DRw followed HLA B. This study thus demonstrates that the disease susceptibility gene for Graves' disease is in strong linkage disequilibrium with DRw3; however, it may be associated with other DRw specificities and inherited within family units in association with them.", "PMID": 105012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6534", "title": "Enzyme replacement therapy by fibroblast transplantation: long-term biochemical study in three cases of Hunter's syndrome.", "content": "We have assessed the effectiveness of transplanted histocompatible fibroblasts as a long-lived source of lysosomal enzymes for replacement therapy in three patients with Hunter's syndrome, over periods ranging from 2.5 to 3.75 yr. The level of Hunter corrective factor excreted by all three patients increased after transplantation, as did the activity of alpha-L-idurono-2-sulfate sulfatase in serum, when measured directly with a radioactive disulfated disaccharide substrate. Sulfatase activity was also raised in leukocyte homogenates from the two patients that we were able to assess. These increases in enzyme activity were accompanied by corresponding increases in catabolism of heparan and dermatan sulfates, as shown by (a) a decrease in sulfate:uronic ratios of urinary oligosaccharides, (b) an increase in iduronic acid monosaccharide, and (c) a normalization of Bio-Gel P-2 gel filtration profiles. Both the increase in enzyme activity and increased catabolism were maintained during the period of study and were not affected by either a gradual decrease or total withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "Enzyme replacement therapy by fibroblast transplantation: long-term biochemical study in three cases of Hunter's syndrome. We have assessed the effectiveness of transplanted histocompatible fibroblasts as a long-lived source of lysosomal enzymes for replacement therapy in three patients with Hunter's syndrome, over periods ranging from 2.5 to 3.75 yr. The level of Hunter corrective factor excreted by all three patients increased after transplantation, as did the activity of alpha-L-idurono-2-sulfate sulfatase in serum, when measured directly with a radioactive disulfated disaccharide substrate. Sulfatase activity was also raised in leukocyte homogenates from the two patients that we were able to assess. These increases in enzyme activity were accompanied by corresponding increases in catabolism of heparan and dermatan sulfates, as shown by (a) a decrease in sulfate:uronic ratios of urinary oligosaccharides, (b) an increase in iduronic acid monosaccharide, and (c) a normalization of Bio-Gel P-2 gel filtration profiles. Both the increase in enzyme activity and increased catabolism were maintained during the period of study and were not affected by either a gradual decrease or total withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy.", "PMID": 105013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6535", "title": "Aspirin inhibits development of coronary atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) fed an atherogenic diet.", "content": "The effect of aspirin in the primary prevention of diet-induced atherogenesis in cynomolgus monkeys was studied. The diet consisted of 2% cholesterol and 10% butter by weight for 24 wk. Six monkeys received only the atherogenic diet and five monkeys received the diet plus aspirin, 81 mg/monkey per day. Aspirin did not affect plasma cholesterol levels or aortic atherosclerosis. Platelet aggregation to arachidonic acid was almost completely suppressed. Aspirin decreased significantly the number of coronary vessels with atherosclerotic involvement, and the number of coronary vessels narrowed by 20% or more. Thus, aspirin appears to exert a protective effect in the primary prevention of diet-induced coronary atherosclerosis in a primate model.", "contents": "Aspirin inhibits development of coronary atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) fed an atherogenic diet. The effect of aspirin in the primary prevention of diet-induced atherogenesis in cynomolgus monkeys was studied. The diet consisted of 2% cholesterol and 10% butter by weight for 24 wk. Six monkeys received only the atherogenic diet and five monkeys received the diet plus aspirin, 81 mg/monkey per day. Aspirin did not affect plasma cholesterol levels or aortic atherosclerosis. Platelet aggregation to arachidonic acid was almost completely suppressed. Aspirin decreased significantly the number of coronary vessels with atherosclerotic involvement, and the number of coronary vessels narrowed by 20% or more. Thus, aspirin appears to exert a protective effect in the primary prevention of diet-induced coronary atherosclerosis in a primate model.", "PMID": 105014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6536", "title": "Turnover of human and monkey plasma kininogens in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The normal metabolic turnover of plasma kininogens was studied by measuring the disappearance of intravenously administered radiolabeled human and monkey plasma kininogens from the circulation of healthy adult rhesus monkeys. Curves obtained by plotting log radioactivity against time could be expressed as double exponential equations, with the first term representing diffusion, and the second, catabolism. No significant difference between the turnovers of human and monkey kininogens was observed. The difference between the t1/2 of high molecular weight kininogen (25.95 +/- 1.60 h) (mean +/- SEM) and that of low molecular weight kininogen (18.94 +/- 1.93 h) was only marginally significant (P  less than 0.05). In contrast, a highly significant (P less than 0.001) difference in their mean catabolic rates (1.12 +/- 0.08 d-1 for high molecular weight kininogen vs. 2.07 +/- 0.09 d-1 for low molecular weight kininogen) was observed.  These differences between the two kininogens were attributed to differences in their distribution between the intra- and extravascular pools. Studies of kininogen turnover will be useful in elucidating the in vivo functions of the various kininogens in health as well as during clinical illness.", "contents": "Turnover of human and monkey plasma kininogens in rhesus monkeys. The normal metabolic turnover of plasma kininogens was studied by measuring the disappearance of intravenously administered radiolabeled human and monkey plasma kininogens from the circulation of healthy adult rhesus monkeys. Curves obtained by plotting log radioactivity against time could be expressed as double exponential equations, with the first term representing diffusion, and the second, catabolism. No significant difference between the turnovers of human and monkey kininogens was observed. The difference between the t1/2 of high molecular weight kininogen (25.95 +/- 1.60 h) (mean +/- SEM) and that of low molecular weight kininogen (18.94 +/- 1.93 h) was only marginally significant (P  less than 0.05). In contrast, a highly significant (P less than 0.001) difference in their mean catabolic rates (1.12 +/- 0.08 d-1 for high molecular weight kininogen vs. 2.07 +/- 0.09 d-1 for low molecular weight kininogen) was observed.  These differences between the two kininogens were attributed to differences in their distribution between the intra- and extravascular pools. Studies of kininogen turnover will be useful in elucidating the in vivo functions of the various kininogens in health as well as during clinical illness.", "PMID": 105015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6537", "title": "Pitfalls in the use of artificial substrates for the diagnosis of Gaucher's disease.", "content": "A patient with Gaucher's disease is described, in whom the disease could not be diagnosed enzymically in liver and leucocytes using artificial substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-glucoside. Normal activity was found in the liver, and about 60% of control activity was determined in the patient's leucocytes. In contrast, when [14C]-N-stearoyl glucocerebroside was employed as a substrate, activity as low as 5% of control has been found in all the proband's tissues, and carrier levels were determined in the proband's parents and maternal uncle.", "contents": "Pitfalls in the use of artificial substrates for the diagnosis of Gaucher's disease. A patient with Gaucher's disease is described, in whom the disease could not be diagnosed enzymically in liver and leucocytes using artificial substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-glucoside. Normal activity was found in the liver, and about 60% of control activity was determined in the patient's leucocytes. In contrast, when [14C]-N-stearoyl glucocerebroside was employed as a substrate, activity as low as 5% of control has been found in all the proband's tissues, and carrier levels were determined in the proband's parents and maternal uncle.", "PMID": 105017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6538", "title": "Assessment of the efficacy of interventions to limit ischemic injury by direct measurement of intramural carbon dioxide tension after coronary artery occlusion in the dog.", "content": "Although numerous interventions have been shown to exert a salutary effect on the ischemic myocardium, the severity of ischemia generally has been measured by indirect techniques. In the present investigation the effect of ischemia on intramural carbon dioxide tension (PmCO(2)) was measured directly in the open-chest, anesthetized dog with a mass spectrometer during repetitive 10-min coronary artery occlusions separated by 45-min periods of reflow; simultaneously, regional myocardial blood flow in the ischemic area was measured by (127)Xenon washout. In all dogs the increase in PmCO(2) from before to 10 min after the first occlusion (DeltaPmCO(2)) exceeded that during subsequent occlusions. In those dogs not receiving an intervention (controls), DeltaPmCO(2) during the third occlusion was similar to that during the second occlusion. When propranolol, hyaluronidase, and nitroglycerin were administered to different groups of dogs before the third occlusion, each caused significantly smaller elevations in DeltaPmCO(2) than those occurring during the control second occlusion, and the combination of all three interventions induced the smallest increase in DeltaPmCO(2). Regional myocardial blood flow rose with hyaluronidase and was unchanged with propranolol, nitroglycerin, and the three drugs in combination. In contrast to these beneficial interventions, isoproterenol infused with the third occlusion caused a higher DeltaPmCO(2) than during the control second occlusion. It is concluded, first, that interventions that modify the severity of ischemia can be evaluated by measuring intramural carbon dioxide tension; second, that propranolol, hyaluronidase, and nitroglycerin reduce ischemic injury, whereas isoproterenol increases it; and third, that the combination of propranolol, hyaluronidase, and nitroglycerin exerts an additive beneficial effect on ischemia.", "contents": "Assessment of the efficacy of interventions to limit ischemic injury by direct measurement of intramural carbon dioxide tension after coronary artery occlusion in the dog. Although numerous interventions have been shown to exert a salutary effect on the ischemic myocardium, the severity of ischemia generally has been measured by indirect techniques. In the present investigation the effect of ischemia on intramural carbon dioxide tension (PmCO(2)) was measured directly in the open-chest, anesthetized dog with a mass spectrometer during repetitive 10-min coronary artery occlusions separated by 45-min periods of reflow; simultaneously, regional myocardial blood flow in the ischemic area was measured by (127)Xenon washout. In all dogs the increase in PmCO(2) from before to 10 min after the first occlusion (DeltaPmCO(2)) exceeded that during subsequent occlusions. In those dogs not receiving an intervention (controls), DeltaPmCO(2) during the third occlusion was similar to that during the second occlusion. When propranolol, hyaluronidase, and nitroglycerin were administered to different groups of dogs before the third occlusion, each caused significantly smaller elevations in DeltaPmCO(2) than those occurring during the control second occlusion, and the combination of all three interventions induced the smallest increase in DeltaPmCO(2). Regional myocardial blood flow rose with hyaluronidase and was unchanged with propranolol, nitroglycerin, and the three drugs in combination. In contrast to these beneficial interventions, isoproterenol infused with the third occlusion caused a higher DeltaPmCO(2) than during the control second occlusion. It is concluded, first, that interventions that modify the severity of ischemia can be evaluated by measuring intramural carbon dioxide tension; second, that propranolol, hyaluronidase, and nitroglycerin reduce ischemic injury, whereas isoproterenol increases it; and third, that the combination of propranolol, hyaluronidase, and nitroglycerin exerts an additive beneficial effect on ischemia.", "PMID": 105016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6539", "title": "Studies of vasospasm. II. The use of nitroglycerin cigarettes.", "content": "It was discovered that smoking a cigarette containing nitroglycerin produced identical action on the peripheral pulses and relieved angina pectoris in the same way as sublingual administration. A group of 73 patients with various vascular conditions was subjected to 121 acute tests using a cigarette containing 0.0012 Gm (1/50th grain) nitroglycerin. Thirteen patients smoked cigarettes containing 0.0004 Gm (1/150th grain) nitroglycerin six to 20 times daily for periods up to two years. This method of using the drug assures frequent application of small doses and gives a nearly continuous nitroglycerin effect.", "contents": "Studies of vasospasm. II. The use of nitroglycerin cigarettes. It was discovered that smoking a cigarette containing nitroglycerin produced identical action on the peripheral pulses and relieved angina pectoris in the same way as sublingual administration. A group of 73 patients with various vascular conditions was subjected to 121 acute tests using a cigarette containing 0.0012 Gm (1/50th grain) nitroglycerin. Thirteen patients smoked cigarettes containing 0.0004 Gm (1/150th grain) nitroglycerin six to 20 times daily for periods up to two years. This method of using the drug assures frequent application of small doses and gives a nearly continuous nitroglycerin effect.", "PMID": 105018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6540", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the lateral hypothalamic area in the rat.", "content": "The efferent connections of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) have been analyzed in a series of 30 rat brains with injections of 3H-amino acids into different parts of the area and the surrounding regions. Our findings indicate that all parts of the LHA contribute ascending and descending fibers to the medial forebrain bundle, and also project medially to certain of the adjoining hypothalamic nuclei. All levels of the LHA appear to send some fibers to a continuous group of structures that extends from the medial septal-diagonal band complex rostrally, through the lateral preoptic and lateral hypothalamic areas to the mammillary complex and the ventral tegmental area caudally. In addition, it is evident that cells at different levels within the LHA may have differential projections. Thus, the anterior and lateral parts of the LHA also appear to project substantially to the anterior hypothalamic area, the ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, the parataenial and paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus, and the medial part of the lateral habenular nucleus. Similarly, cells in the tuberal and posterior parts of the LHA project to the central gray, the longest projections from the posterior region reaching as far caudally as the central tegmental field, the parabrachial nucleus, the locus coeruleus, and the superior central and dorsal nuclei of the raphe. Viewed as a whole, the LHA is therefore well-suited to integrate inputs from the limbic system and brainstem and to relay them on the one hand to the medial zone of the hypothalamus and on the other to virtually every structure closely associated with the medial forebrain bundle and to the nuclei of origin of the major ascending monoaminergic systems.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the lateral hypothalamic area in the rat. The efferent connections of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) have been analyzed in a series of 30 rat brains with injections of 3H-amino acids into different parts of the area and the surrounding regions. Our findings indicate that all parts of the LHA contribute ascending and descending fibers to the medial forebrain bundle, and also project medially to certain of the adjoining hypothalamic nuclei. All levels of the LHA appear to send some fibers to a continuous group of structures that extends from the medial septal-diagonal band complex rostrally, through the lateral preoptic and lateral hypothalamic areas to the mammillary complex and the ventral tegmental area caudally. In addition, it is evident that cells at different levels within the LHA may have differential projections. Thus, the anterior and lateral parts of the LHA also appear to project substantially to the anterior hypothalamic area, the ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, the parataenial and paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus, and the medial part of the lateral habenular nucleus. Similarly, cells in the tuberal and posterior parts of the LHA project to the central gray, the longest projections from the posterior region reaching as far caudally as the central tegmental field, the parabrachial nucleus, the locus coeruleus, and the superior central and dorsal nuclei of the raphe. Viewed as a whole, the LHA is therefore well-suited to integrate inputs from the limbic system and brainstem and to relay them on the one hand to the medial zone of the hypothalamus and on the other to virtually every structure closely associated with the medial forebrain bundle and to the nuclei of origin of the major ascending monoaminergic systems.", "PMID": 105019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6541", "title": "The organization of feline entopenduncular nucleus projections: anatomical studies.", "content": "The organization of entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) projections was studied in cats using autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques. In autoradiographic studies, EPN axons were found to terminate in a J-shpaed region in the dorsal and medial part of the ventral anterior nucleus (VA) and the rostral portion of the adjacent ventral lateral nucleus (VL). EPN axons also terminated in the rostral portion of the centrum medianum (CM), the ventrolateral portion of the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB), and the pedunculopontine nucleus (PP). The VA included the largest terminal field although the LHB had the greatest density of terminals. Regardless of the region of EPN into which amino acids were injected, the terminal fields were the same: there was no localization within the EPN of the cells projecting to one region. HRP-containing cells were distributed throughout the EPN following injections into the VA, LHB, or PP, although many more cells were labeled following injections into either VA or LHB than PP. EPN cells containing HRP following injections into either VA or LHB were not morphologically different from those not containing HRP in the same respective animals. Following HRP injections into stria medullaris, only cells in the rostral part of the EPN were labeled, providing evidence that rostrally and caudally located EPN neurons have different paths to LHB. Although there may be a rostrocaudal organization of pathways to LHB, individual regions of the nucleus project to the same areas.", "contents": "The organization of feline entopenduncular nucleus projections: anatomical studies. The organization of entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) projections was studied in cats using autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques. In autoradiographic studies, EPN axons were found to terminate in a J-shpaed region in the dorsal and medial part of the ventral anterior nucleus (VA) and the rostral portion of the adjacent ventral lateral nucleus (VL). EPN axons also terminated in the rostral portion of the centrum medianum (CM), the ventrolateral portion of the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB), and the pedunculopontine nucleus (PP). The VA included the largest terminal field although the LHB had the greatest density of terminals. Regardless of the region of EPN into which amino acids were injected, the terminal fields were the same: there was no localization within the EPN of the cells projecting to one region. HRP-containing cells were distributed throughout the EPN following injections into the VA, LHB, or PP, although many more cells were labeled following injections into either VA or LHB than PP. EPN cells containing HRP following injections into either VA or LHB were not morphologically different from those not containing HRP in the same respective animals. Following HRP injections into stria medullaris, only cells in the rostral part of the EPN were labeled, providing evidence that rostrally and caudally located EPN neurons have different paths to LHB. Although there may be a rostrocaudal organization of pathways to LHB, individual regions of the nucleus project to the same areas.", "PMID": 105022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6542", "title": "The effect of levamisole on DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in the hamster cheek pouch.", "content": "The effect of levamisole on DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in the cheek pouch of the hamster was studied. Findings indicate that levamisole modified the response of the pouch to DMBA at six weeks, while this effect was not maintained after 12 weeks of DMBA application.", "contents": "The effect of levamisole on DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in the hamster cheek pouch. The effect of levamisole on DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in the cheek pouch of the hamster was studied. Findings indicate that levamisole modified the response of the pouch to DMBA at six weeks, while this effect was not maintained after 12 weeks of DMBA application.", "PMID": 105023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6543", "title": "Serologic reactions of oral gram negative anaerobic bacilli.", "content": "Serological reactions were performed using hyperimmune rabbit antisera and antigenic preparations of Leptotrichia buccalis, Fusobacterium fusiforme, and Fusobacterium polymorphum. All tests indicated that there was serologic cross reactivity between the two Fusobacterium species. No cross reactivity could be detected between the Fusobacterium species and L. buccalis. The findings suggest that F. fusiform and F. polymorphum are similar in their immunogenicity, and that the grouping of these two organisms as F. nucleatum may be justified.", "contents": "Serologic reactions of oral gram negative anaerobic bacilli. Serological reactions were performed using hyperimmune rabbit antisera and antigenic preparations of Leptotrichia buccalis, Fusobacterium fusiforme, and Fusobacterium polymorphum. All tests indicated that there was serologic cross reactivity between the two Fusobacterium species. No cross reactivity could be detected between the Fusobacterium species and L. buccalis. The findings suggest that F. fusiform and F. polymorphum are similar in their immunogenicity, and that the grouping of these two organisms as F. nucleatum may be justified.", "PMID": 105024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6544", "title": "Comparative enamel histology of primate teeth.", "content": "The use of nonhuman primates as experimental models has markedly increased during the past decade. However, very little is known about primate dental tissues, especially enamel. Comparative studies of the enamel from 25 primate species reveal a wide variation in (1) the thickness of enamel, (2) microstructure and ultrastructure, and (3) the species' capacity to respond to systemic stress. These data provide a baseline of information presently not available to the dental researcher.", "contents": "Comparative enamel histology of primate teeth. The use of nonhuman primates as experimental models has markedly increased during the past decade. However, very little is known about primate dental tissues, especially enamel. Comparative studies of the enamel from 25 primate species reveal a wide variation in (1) the thickness of enamel, (2) microstructure and ultrastructure, and (3) the species' capacity to respond to systemic stress. These data provide a baseline of information presently not available to the dental researcher.", "PMID": 105026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6545", "title": "Human dentition and experimental animals.", "content": "A review of the recent literature concerning enamel maturation patterns following cessation of protein matrix secretion confirms that developing rodent enamel exhibits an overall mineral distribution different from that of developing enamel in man, monkey, dog, and swine. This seems to be a result of structural differences of the enamel as the pattern of crystal growth appears similar in these species. Whether the differences in enamel structure are reflected in significant differences in cellular events leading to enamel formation and mineralization remain unknown, as detailed radioautographic and ultrastructural studies almost always have dealt with rodent teeth. It is therefore concluded that such studies should be initiated in experimental animals having an enamel formation and mineralization pattern strictly comparable to that of man. Some requirements for such an experimental animal are suggested.", "contents": "Human dentition and experimental animals. A review of the recent literature concerning enamel maturation patterns following cessation of protein matrix secretion confirms that developing rodent enamel exhibits an overall mineral distribution different from that of developing enamel in man, monkey, dog, and swine. This seems to be a result of structural differences of the enamel as the pattern of crystal growth appears similar in these species. Whether the differences in enamel structure are reflected in significant differences in cellular events leading to enamel formation and mineralization remain unknown, as detailed radioautographic and ultrastructural studies almost always have dealt with rodent teeth. It is therefore concluded that such studies should be initiated in experimental animals having an enamel formation and mineralization pattern strictly comparable to that of man. Some requirements for such an experimental animal are suggested.", "PMID": 105027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6546", "title": "Planning, implementation, and evaluation of a fortification program. Control of vitamin A deficiency in the Philippines.", "content": "In a three-year pilot project in the Philippines, the magnitude of vitamin A deficiency and its clinical manifestation (xerophthalmia) was determined, and three alternate programs for eliminating and preventing it in various ecologic zones were designed and implemented concurrently in separate areas in each ecologic zone. Results were evaluated, and costs and benefits of each program were determined. The results of the fortification program are reported. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was selected as the ideal carrier was fortified at a level which provided 15,000 I.U. retinol palmitate to the average family each day. Significant increases in serum A, especially for children with more deficient vitamin A status, resulted. The program's economic benefits significantly outweighted the costs, and the MSG fortification program has been expanded to several additional pilot provinces in the Philippines.", "contents": "Planning, implementation, and evaluation of a fortification program. Control of vitamin A deficiency in the Philippines. In a three-year pilot project in the Philippines, the magnitude of vitamin A deficiency and its clinical manifestation (xerophthalmia) was determined, and three alternate programs for eliminating and preventing it in various ecologic zones were designed and implemented concurrently in separate areas in each ecologic zone. Results were evaluated, and costs and benefits of each program were determined. The results of the fortification program are reported. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was selected as the ideal carrier was fortified at a level which provided 15,000 I.U. retinol palmitate to the average family each day. Significant increases in serum A, especially for children with more deficient vitamin A status, resulted. The program's economic benefits significantly outweighted the costs, and the MSG fortification program has been expanded to several additional pilot provinces in the Philippines.", "PMID": 105029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6547", "title": "Cross-modality: delivery of health services through non-professionals.", "content": "The cross-modality (C-M) system of health care delivery was developed as one response to numerous societal requirements for better health care delivery. A pilot program is described which established C-M program in several institutions for the mentally retarded, using attendant staff as \"primary deliverers of service.\" While the purpose of the program was to demonstrate the improved effectiveness of care, the additional cost-benefits of a C-M system appear significant. Dietetic literature supports the appropriateness of delivering certain dietetic services in selected environments through such a system.", "contents": "Cross-modality: delivery of health services through non-professionals. The cross-modality (C-M) system of health care delivery was developed as one response to numerous societal requirements for better health care delivery. A pilot program is described which established C-M program in several institutions for the mentally retarded, using attendant staff as \"primary deliverers of service.\" While the purpose of the program was to demonstrate the improved effectiveness of care, the additional cost-benefits of a C-M system appear significant. Dietetic literature supports the appropriateness of delivering certain dietetic services in selected environments through such a system.", "PMID": 105031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6548", "title": "Medical care evaluation studies in long-term care facilities.", "content": "This report describes the selection, design, conduct, analysis, and application of medical care evaluation studies in long-term care facilities (skilled nursing homes) in a regional program in the Rochester region of upstate New York. Eight examples are presented to highlight methodologic approaches and problems. They are classified under four general headings: Administration Audits, Diagnosis-specific Studies, Care Modality-specific Studies, and General Outcome Indicators. The implementation of results and recommendations from the studies is discussed and an application of \"tracer\" methodology for assessing the components of care activities in long-term facilities is described. Problems and challenges in long-term quality care are outlined.", "contents": "Medical care evaluation studies in long-term care facilities. This report describes the selection, design, conduct, analysis, and application of medical care evaluation studies in long-term care facilities (skilled nursing homes) in a regional program in the Rochester region of upstate New York. Eight examples are presented to highlight methodologic approaches and problems. They are classified under four general headings: Administration Audits, Diagnosis-specific Studies, Care Modality-specific Studies, and General Outcome Indicators. The implementation of results and recommendations from the studies is discussed and an application of \"tracer\" methodology for assessing the components of care activities in long-term facilities is described. Problems and challenges in long-term quality care are outlined.", "PMID": 105032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6549", "title": "[Qualitative and quantitative studies on the lateral geniculate body in an ontogenic series of male Tupaia belangeri].", "content": "The cyto-, fibrillo- and myeloarchitectonics of the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate body are described in an ontogenetic series of male Tupaia belangeri using light microscopy. The qualitative maturational changes show a heterochronical development. The ventral nucleus is developing earlier than the dorsal nucleus. A quantitative analysis of the fresh volume growth of the two brain regions also shows a heterochronical development. Two different kinds of growth curves were found. The dorsal lateral geniculate body has an overshooting growth which is approximated by the 6-parametric growth function: formula: (see text), The ventral lateral geniculate body shows a monotonously increasing s-shaped growth curve which is approximated by the generalized logistic growth function: formula: (see text), An analysis of the fresh volume growth of the six layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate body demonstrates all layers to take part in the overshooting growth type.", "contents": "[Qualitative and quantitative studies on the lateral geniculate body in an ontogenic series of male Tupaia belangeri]. The cyto-, fibrillo- and myeloarchitectonics of the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate body are described in an ontogenetic series of male Tupaia belangeri using light microscopy. The qualitative maturational changes show a heterochronical development. The ventral nucleus is developing earlier than the dorsal nucleus. A quantitative analysis of the fresh volume growth of the two brain regions also shows a heterochronical development. Two different kinds of growth curves were found. The dorsal lateral geniculate body has an overshooting growth which is approximated by the 6-parametric growth function: formula: (see text), The ventral lateral geniculate body shows a monotonously increasing s-shaped growth curve which is approximated by the generalized logistic growth function: formula: (see text), An analysis of the fresh volume growth of the six layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate body demonstrates all layers to take part in the overshooting growth type.", "PMID": 105039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6550", "title": "The specificity of the anti-haemagglutinin antibody response induced in man by inactivated influenza vaccines and by natural infection.", "content": "The anti-haemagglutinin antibody response in adult human volunteers to inactivated whole virus or tween ether split influenza A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) and A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) virus vaccines was investigated using antibody absorption and single-radial-haemolysis (SRH) techniques. The concentrations of haemagglutinin (HA), nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix (M) antigens measured by single radial diffusion (SRD) and rocket immunoelectrophoresis were similar for both the whole virus and split vaccines. Whole virus and split vaccines induced crossreactive (CR) antibody in 87% of vaccinees. Strain specific (SS) antibody to A/Hong Kong/1/68 of the homologous virus was induced less frequently than CR antibody. Higher anti-haemagglutinin antibody titres were detected in persons receiving the split virus vaccines than in those receiving the whole virus vaccines. No antibody to the type-specific matrix protein was detectable, but 33% of volunteers developed an antibody rise to type-specific nucleoprotein antigen. The specificity of the anti-haemagglutinin antibody response in human adults to natural infection with A/Port Chalmers/73 (H3N2) virus was similar to that induced by inactivated vaccines in that a high proportion of subjects developed CR anti-haemagglutinin antibody, which reacted with A/Hong Kong/68 virus and the homologous A/Port Chalmers/73 virus, and SS antibody for A/Hong Kong/68 virus but SS antibody for A/Port Chalmers/73 virus was infrequently stimulated by natural infection.", "contents": "The specificity of the anti-haemagglutinin antibody response induced in man by inactivated influenza vaccines and by natural infection. The anti-haemagglutinin antibody response in adult human volunteers to inactivated whole virus or tween ether split influenza A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) and A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) virus vaccines was investigated using antibody absorption and single-radial-haemolysis (SRH) techniques. The concentrations of haemagglutinin (HA), nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix (M) antigens measured by single radial diffusion (SRD) and rocket immunoelectrophoresis were similar for both the whole virus and split vaccines. Whole virus and split vaccines induced crossreactive (CR) antibody in 87% of vaccinees. Strain specific (SS) antibody to A/Hong Kong/1/68 of the homologous virus was induced less frequently than CR antibody. Higher anti-haemagglutinin antibody titres were detected in persons receiving the split virus vaccines than in those receiving the whole virus vaccines. No antibody to the type-specific matrix protein was detectable, but 33% of volunteers developed an antibody rise to type-specific nucleoprotein antigen. The specificity of the anti-haemagglutinin antibody response in human adults to natural infection with A/Port Chalmers/73 (H3N2) virus was similar to that induced by inactivated vaccines in that a high proportion of subjects developed CR anti-haemagglutinin antibody, which reacted with A/Hong Kong/68 virus and the homologous A/Port Chalmers/73 virus, and SS antibody for A/Hong Kong/68 virus but SS antibody for A/Port Chalmers/73 virus was infrequently stimulated by natural infection.", "PMID": 105040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6551", "title": "Isolation of a polysaccharide antigen from Schistosoma mansoni eggs.", "content": "A polysaccharide antigen was isolated from Schistosoma mansoni egg homogenates by the phenol procedure. The crude preparation (CPEA) contained at least two antigens. The more purified antigen (PEA) was isolated by sequential enzymatic treatment of CPEA with DNase, RNase, Pronase, and alpha-amylase. PEA was resistant to boiling, freezing and thawing, mild acid and alkali, and chloroform, but was destroyed with periodate. It gave a positive reaction with anthrone reagent. PEA was eluted in the wash fraction from a DEAE cellulose collumn and in the void volume of a Sephacryl 200 column. After immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide electrophoresis there was little or no migration. Amino acid analysis failed to reveal ninhydrin-positive material in the a hydrolyzate of PEA. These resluts suggested that PEA is a neutral polysaccharide with a m.w. of more than 200,000 and contains no amino acids or hexosamine. Antibodies against PEA were detected in sera obtained from mice infected with S. mansoni. PEA is different from previously described antigens derived from schistosome eggs.", "contents": "Isolation of a polysaccharide antigen from Schistosoma mansoni eggs. A polysaccharide antigen was isolated from Schistosoma mansoni egg homogenates by the phenol procedure. The crude preparation (CPEA) contained at least two antigens. The more purified antigen (PEA) was isolated by sequential enzymatic treatment of CPEA with DNase, RNase, Pronase, and alpha-amylase. PEA was resistant to boiling, freezing and thawing, mild acid and alkali, and chloroform, but was destroyed with periodate. It gave a positive reaction with anthrone reagent. PEA was eluted in the wash fraction from a DEAE cellulose collumn and in the void volume of a Sephacryl 200 column. After immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide electrophoresis there was little or no migration. Amino acid analysis failed to reveal ninhydrin-positive material in the a hydrolyzate of PEA. These resluts suggested that PEA is a neutral polysaccharide with a m.w. of more than 200,000 and contains no amino acids or hexosamine. Antibodies against PEA were detected in sera obtained from mice infected with S. mansoni. PEA is different from previously described antigens derived from schistosome eggs.", "PMID": 105042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6552", "title": "Comparisons of myeloma proteins from NZB and BALB/c mice: structural and functional differences of heavy chains.", "content": "The N-terminal sequences from heavy variable regions of 47 myeloma proteins of the NZB mouse have been analyzed. Sixteen of these VH regions have unblocked alpha amino groups and have been analyzed over their N-terminal 20 residues by automatic sequence analysis. These sequence data along with the antigen-binding profiles and immunoglobulin class distribution are compared with comparable data from BALB/c myeloma proteins. These comparisons suggest that the NZB and BALB/c populations of myeloma proteins are distinct from one another. The genetic implications of this conclusion are discussed.", "contents": "Comparisons of myeloma proteins from NZB and BALB/c mice: structural and functional differences of heavy chains. The N-terminal sequences from heavy variable regions of 47 myeloma proteins of the NZB mouse have been analyzed. Sixteen of these VH regions have unblocked alpha amino groups and have been analyzed over their N-terminal 20 residues by automatic sequence analysis. These sequence data along with the antigen-binding profiles and immunoglobulin class distribution are compared with comparable data from BALB/c myeloma proteins. These comparisons suggest that the NZB and BALB/c populations of myeloma proteins are distinct from one another. The genetic implications of this conclusion are discussed.", "PMID": 105043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6553", "title": "Expression of an unidentified immunoglobulin isotype on rabbit Ig-bearing lymphocytes.", "content": "A non-IgM immunoglobulin molecule was found on most rabbit Ig-bearing lymphocytes isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes. Membrane bound immunoglobulin light chains and heavy chains were detected by immunofluorescence and by rosetting with antibody-coated erythrocytes on mesenteric lymph node cells stripped of IgM by anti-IgM allotype antibodies. The percentage of cells bearing these residual immunoglobulin molecules was similar to the percentage of cells bearing immunoglobulin before \"stripping\" with anti-IgM antibody. These residual immunoglobulin molecules were not IgA nor IgG and are believed to be the rabbit analogue of human IgD.", "contents": "Expression of an unidentified immunoglobulin isotype on rabbit Ig-bearing lymphocytes. A non-IgM immunoglobulin molecule was found on most rabbit Ig-bearing lymphocytes isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes. Membrane bound immunoglobulin light chains and heavy chains were detected by immunofluorescence and by rosetting with antibody-coated erythrocytes on mesenteric lymph node cells stripped of IgM by anti-IgM allotype antibodies. The percentage of cells bearing these residual immunoglobulin molecules was similar to the percentage of cells bearing immunoglobulin before \"stripping\" with anti-IgM antibody. These residual immunoglobulin molecules were not IgA nor IgG and are believed to be the rabbit analogue of human IgD.", "PMID": 105045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6554", "title": "An interpretation of the apparent dual specificity of some murine myeloma immunoglobulins with inulinbinding activity.", "content": "Five murine myeloma immunoglobulins have been studied for their binding with fructose-containing homopolysaccharides. The results indicate that the anti-(2 leads to 1)-D-fructofuranans are capable of binding (2 leads to 6)-D-fructofuranans with reduced affinity. An anti-(2 leads to 6)-D-fructofuranan (U10) was incapable of binding a (2 leads to 1)-D-fructofuranan. By using molecular models of fructofuranans of both linkage types, and a hypothetical molecular model of the combining region of E109, an anti-(2 leads to 1)-D-fructofuranan, a rationalization of these date can be proposed.", "contents": "An interpretation of the apparent dual specificity of some murine myeloma immunoglobulins with inulinbinding activity. Five murine myeloma immunoglobulins have been studied for their binding with fructose-containing homopolysaccharides. The results indicate that the anti-(2 leads to 1)-D-fructofuranans are capable of binding (2 leads to 6)-D-fructofuranans with reduced affinity. An anti-(2 leads to 6)-D-fructofuranan (U10) was incapable of binding a (2 leads to 1)-D-fructofuranan. By using molecular models of fructofuranans of both linkage types, and a hypothetical molecular model of the combining region of E109, an anti-(2 leads to 1)-D-fructofuranan, a rationalization of these date can be proposed.", "PMID": 105048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6555", "title": "Bullous pemphigoid antigen. II. Isolation from the urine of a patient.", "content": "This report concerns the isolation of bullous pemphigoid antigen from the nondialyzable urinary components of a patient with the disease. The isolation was accomplished by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Pemphigoid antigen was found to be a basic glycoprotein that on SDS gel electrophoresis showed two major bands, one in the 18,000 m. w. region and the second with a m. w. of 74,000. Between these two bands, two additional bands appeared; one of 35,000 daltons and the other of 68,000 daltons. The 18,000 m. w. band was eluted from the gel and rerun on SDS gels. These gels showed the 18,000 m.w. band and also the appearance of the 35,000 and 74,000 m.w. bands. This finding indicates that urinary pemphigoid antigen may exist both as a single monomeric form and in polymeric aggregates.", "contents": "Bullous pemphigoid antigen. II. Isolation from the urine of a patient. This report concerns the isolation of bullous pemphigoid antigen from the nondialyzable urinary components of a patient with the disease. The isolation was accomplished by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Pemphigoid antigen was found to be a basic glycoprotein that on SDS gel electrophoresis showed two major bands, one in the 18,000 m. w. region and the second with a m. w. of 74,000. Between these two bands, two additional bands appeared; one of 35,000 daltons and the other of 68,000 daltons. The 18,000 m. w. band was eluted from the gel and rerun on SDS gels. These gels showed the 18,000 m.w. band and also the appearance of the 35,000 and 74,000 m.w. bands. This finding indicates that urinary pemphigoid antigen may exist both as a single monomeric form and in polymeric aggregates.", "PMID": 105049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6556", "title": "Immunological cross-reactivity between a glycoprotein isolated from Trichophyton mentagrophytes and human isoantigen A.", "content": "A glycoprotein isolated from the cell wall of Trichophyton mentagrophytes was assessed for its cross-reaction with human blood group isoantigens. Rabbit antiglycoprotein antibodies agglutinated human erythrocytes of blood groups A1 and A2, and precipitated Blood Group Substance A in agarose gels. Erythrocytes of blood group B were only slightly agglutinated, and O(Rho+) and O(Rho-) erythrocytes were not. Additionally, the glycoprotein was shown to specifically inhibit isoagglutination of erythrocytes of group A. Partial identity between the glycoprotein and a crude extract of the fungus was demonstrated by immunodiffusion. Analyses revealed the glycoprotein to be composed of approximately 17% protein and 80% carbohydrate. The glycoprotein was found by indirect immunofluorescence to be located in the mycelial cell wall. The possibility that cross-reacting antigens may lead to a chronic, spreading infection is discussed.", "contents": "Immunological cross-reactivity between a glycoprotein isolated from Trichophyton mentagrophytes and human isoantigen A. A glycoprotein isolated from the cell wall of Trichophyton mentagrophytes was assessed for its cross-reaction with human blood group isoantigens. Rabbit antiglycoprotein antibodies agglutinated human erythrocytes of blood groups A1 and A2, and precipitated Blood Group Substance A in agarose gels. Erythrocytes of blood group B were only slightly agglutinated, and O(Rho+) and O(Rho-) erythrocytes were not. Additionally, the glycoprotein was shown to specifically inhibit isoagglutination of erythrocytes of group A. Partial identity between the glycoprotein and a crude extract of the fungus was demonstrated by immunodiffusion. Analyses revealed the glycoprotein to be composed of approximately 17% protein and 80% carbohydrate. The glycoprotein was found by indirect immunofluorescence to be located in the mycelial cell wall. The possibility that cross-reacting antigens may lead to a chronic, spreading infection is discussed.", "PMID": 105052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6557", "title": "Antibody responses of human infants to three doses of group A Neisseria meningitidis polysaccharide vaccine administered at two, four, and six months of age.", "content": "Infants were immunized with group A Neisseria meningitidis polysaccharide vaccine at two, four, and six months of age. Two lots of group A vaccine that differed in molecular weight were used; lot no. 1980A was of significantly larger molecular size than lot no. A-7. No significant adverse reactions occurred. The geometric mean concentration of serum antibody to group A N. meningitidis one month after the third dose of lot no. 1980A was 0.89 microgram/ml, nearly twice the concentration induced by lot no. A-7 (0.48 microgram/ml). When the infants were 12 months of age, concentrations of antibody in both groups had declined to similar levels, which were still greater than the mean concentration of antibody in unimmunized children. By 18 months of age, the antibody levels of immunized and unimmunized infants were the same. The three-dose schedule resulted in significantly lower concentrations of antibody than previously studied schedules of two doses given three to four months apart.", "contents": "Antibody responses of human infants to three doses of group A Neisseria meningitidis polysaccharide vaccine administered at two, four, and six months of age. Infants were immunized with group A Neisseria meningitidis polysaccharide vaccine at two, four, and six months of age. Two lots of group A vaccine that differed in molecular weight were used; lot no. 1980A was of significantly larger molecular size than lot no. A-7. No significant adverse reactions occurred. The geometric mean concentration of serum antibody to group A N. meningitidis one month after the third dose of lot no. 1980A was 0.89 microgram/ml, nearly twice the concentration induced by lot no. A-7 (0.48 microgram/ml). When the infants were 12 months of age, concentrations of antibody in both groups had declined to similar levels, which were still greater than the mean concentration of antibody in unimmunized children. By 18 months of age, the antibody levels of immunized and unimmunized infants were the same. The three-dose schedule resulted in significantly lower concentrations of antibody than previously studied schedules of two doses given three to four months apart.", "PMID": 105053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6558", "title": "Clinical and microbiological investigation of men with urethritis.", "content": "Of 377 men attending clinics for the treatment of sexually transmitted disease, 104 had gonococcal urethritis, 72 had definite nongonococcal urethritis, 53 had possible nongonococcal urethritis, and 123 had no urethritis. A purulent urethral discharge was noted in 78% and 14% of patients with gonococcal urethritis and definite nongonococcal urethritis, respectively (P less than 0.001). In contrast, 4% and 64% of men with gonococcal urethritis and definite nongonococcal urethritis, respectively, had a clear urethral discharge (P less than 0.001). Black men with urethritis were more likely to have gonococcal infection, whereas white men were more likely to have nongonococcal urethritis. Homosexual and bisexual white men with urethritis were more likely to have gonorrhea, whereas heterosexual white men with urethritis were more likely to have nongonococcal urethritis. Heterosexual men were more likely than homosexual men to be colonized with Ureaplasma urealyticum. There were no differences in the rates of colonization with Mycoplasma hominis among heterosexual and homosexual men.", "contents": "Clinical and microbiological investigation of men with urethritis. Of 377 men attending clinics for the treatment of sexually transmitted disease, 104 had gonococcal urethritis, 72 had definite nongonococcal urethritis, 53 had possible nongonococcal urethritis, and 123 had no urethritis. A purulent urethral discharge was noted in 78% and 14% of patients with gonococcal urethritis and definite nongonococcal urethritis, respectively (P less than 0.001). In contrast, 4% and 64% of men with gonococcal urethritis and definite nongonococcal urethritis, respectively, had a clear urethral discharge (P less than 0.001). Black men with urethritis were more likely to have gonococcal infection, whereas white men were more likely to have nongonococcal urethritis. Homosexual and bisexual white men with urethritis were more likely to have gonorrhea, whereas heterosexual white men with urethritis were more likely to have nongonococcal urethritis. Heterosexual men were more likely than homosexual men to be colonized with Ureaplasma urealyticum. There were no differences in the rates of colonization with Mycoplasma hominis among heterosexual and homosexual men.", "PMID": 105054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6559", "title": "Nasal colonization of infants with group B Streptococcus associated with intrauterine pressure transducers.", "content": "The rate of nasal colonization with group B Streptococcus in infants cultured at the time of discharge from the nursery rose significantly during a four-month interval. Investigation of this trend resulted in detection of group B streptococci in the domes of two intrauterine pressure transducers (IPTs). Subsequent routine sterilization of IPT domes after each maternal use was associated with a decline in infant group B streptococcal colonization to the usual endemic rate in the nursery. Retrospective evaluation demonstrated that colonization in infants born to IPT-monitored women had increased significantly during the study interval and that no increase in colonization occurred in infants born to non-IPT-monitored women. From epidemiologic evidence it appears that use of contaminated IPTs during labor was a nosocomial source of group B streptococcal colonization.", "contents": "Nasal colonization of infants with group B Streptococcus associated with intrauterine pressure transducers. The rate of nasal colonization with group B Streptococcus in infants cultured at the time of discharge from the nursery rose significantly during a four-month interval. Investigation of this trend resulted in detection of group B streptococci in the domes of two intrauterine pressure transducers (IPTs). Subsequent routine sterilization of IPT domes after each maternal use was associated with a decline in infant group B streptococcal colonization to the usual endemic rate in the nursery. Retrospective evaluation demonstrated that colonization in infants born to IPT-monitored women had increased significantly during the study interval and that no increase in colonization occurred in infants born to non-IPT-monitored women. From epidemiologic evidence it appears that use of contaminated IPTs during labor was a nosocomial source of group B streptococcal colonization.", "PMID": 105055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6560", "title": "Risk factors for nosocomial infection.", "content": "Studies of nosocomial infection are difficult to evaluate because of differences in the relative susceptibility of patients to the acquisition of such infections, the use of different methods of surveillance, and the frequent failure to distinguish between measurements of incidence and of prevalence. A standardized approach to these variables has been tested at a large municipal hospital. The systematic identification of potential risk factors for nosocomial infection allows the evaluation of the individual components of risk, valid epidemiologic comparisons between hospital populations, and a more accurate estimate of the potential cost-effectiveness of activities for the control of infection. The data indicate that it is feasible to calculate the relative risk of nosocomial infection for each patient, using basic criteria obtainable at the bedside, supplemented with other generally available information. The risk of infection must be calculated per day rather than per admission to separate the effect of long hospital stay from the effect of high daily risk. Certain underlying diseases, procedures, hospital services, and categories of age, sex, race, and urgency of admission were all found to be significant risk factors for nosocomial infection.", "contents": "Risk factors for nosocomial infection. Studies of nosocomial infection are difficult to evaluate because of differences in the relative susceptibility of patients to the acquisition of such infections, the use of different methods of surveillance, and the frequent failure to distinguish between measurements of incidence and of prevalence. A standardized approach to these variables has been tested at a large municipal hospital. The systematic identification of potential risk factors for nosocomial infection allows the evaluation of the individual components of risk, valid epidemiologic comparisons between hospital populations, and a more accurate estimate of the potential cost-effectiveness of activities for the control of infection. The data indicate that it is feasible to calculate the relative risk of nosocomial infection for each patient, using basic criteria obtainable at the bedside, supplemented with other generally available information. The risk of infection must be calculated per day rather than per admission to separate the effect of long hospital stay from the effect of high daily risk. Certain underlying diseases, procedures, hospital services, and categories of age, sex, race, and urgency of admission were all found to be significant risk factors for nosocomial infection.", "PMID": 105056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6561", "title": "Effect of serum on gram-positive cocci grown in the presence of penicillin.", "content": "Strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus bovis, and a strain of Streptococcus that produces filaments were grown on agar containing penicillin at concentrations of one-half to 1/10th the minimal inhibitory concentration. These penicillin-exposed organisms as well as untreated control organisms were incubated with human serum of plasma. Both serum and plasma produced a remarkable bactericidal effect on the filament-forming Streptococcus grown in the presence of penicillin, whereas the untreated control was only slightly affected. This response resembled that of gram-negative bacilli rather than that of gram-positive cocci. The growth of staphylococci exposed to penicillin was slightly inhibited in the presence of serum, whereas the growth of untreated staphylococci was stimulated. The streptococci, regardless of whether they were treated with penicillin or whether they were untreated, showed no change in growth pattern in the presence of serum.", "contents": "Effect of serum on gram-positive cocci grown in the presence of penicillin. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus bovis, and a strain of Streptococcus that produces filaments were grown on agar containing penicillin at concentrations of one-half to 1/10th the minimal inhibitory concentration. These penicillin-exposed organisms as well as untreated control organisms were incubated with human serum of plasma. Both serum and plasma produced a remarkable bactericidal effect on the filament-forming Streptococcus grown in the presence of penicillin, whereas the untreated control was only slightly affected. This response resembled that of gram-negative bacilli rather than that of gram-positive cocci. The growth of staphylococci exposed to penicillin was slightly inhibited in the presence of serum, whereas the growth of untreated staphylococci was stimulated. The streptococci, regardless of whether they were treated with penicillin or whether they were untreated, showed no change in growth pattern in the presence of serum.", "PMID": 105057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6562", "title": "Neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to rubella virus as indicators of protective immunity in vaccinees and naturally immune individuals.", "content": "In general, hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) and neutralizing (NT) antibodies to rubella virus tend to parallel one another, and the presence of either antibody has been interpreted as reflecting protective immunity. It has recently been shown that persons who have HAI antibody but lack NT antibody may be subject to reinfection. In the present study these two antibodies were compared with regard to their appearance and persistence in vaccines and in those who have experienced natural infection. NT antibody appeared more slowly following immunization with HPV77DE5 or Cendehill vaccines than after natural infection or immunization with RA 27/3 vaccine. As with natural infection, initial NT antibody responses to RA 27/3 vaccine were of higher titer and persisted at higher levels for three years than was the case with either of the other vaccines. NT testing procedures were found to differ in sensitivity, depending on several factors including the cells in which the virus was grown.", "contents": "Neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to rubella virus as indicators of protective immunity in vaccinees and naturally immune individuals. In general, hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) and neutralizing (NT) antibodies to rubella virus tend to parallel one another, and the presence of either antibody has been interpreted as reflecting protective immunity. It has recently been shown that persons who have HAI antibody but lack NT antibody may be subject to reinfection. In the present study these two antibodies were compared with regard to their appearance and persistence in vaccines and in those who have experienced natural infection. NT antibody appeared more slowly following immunization with HPV77DE5 or Cendehill vaccines than after natural infection or immunization with RA 27/3 vaccine. As with natural infection, initial NT antibody responses to RA 27/3 vaccine were of higher titer and persisted at higher levels for three years than was the case with either of the other vaccines. NT testing procedures were found to differ in sensitivity, depending on several factors including the cells in which the virus was grown.", "PMID": 105058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6563", "title": "Complement-mediated phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The nature of the opsonic factors in nonimmune human serum for six blood culture isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated by measuring uptake of [3H] adenine-labeled bacteria by human PMNs. Normal human serum, C2- and C4-deficient sera, zymosan-treated serum, and immunoglobulin-deficient sera were used as opsonic sources. Heat inactivation of each of these serum sources markedly reduced its opsonic capacity for all Pseudomonas strains, suggesting that the serum C system was essential for opsonization. Five strains were opsonized in the absence of the classical C pathway; however, kinetic studies revealed that opsonization proceeded at a faster rate when the classical pathway was present. In spite of markedly reduced factor B and C3 levels, zymosan-treated serum retained significant opsonic activity for one of the strains tested. Four strains were poorly opsonized by immunoglobulin-deficient serum, and C activation by these strains appeared to depend upon the presence of antibodies. Two strains, however, were effectively opsonized in a relative absence of antibodies. Thus, in the nonimmune state, phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa is mediated primarily via the C system, and antibodies appear to play a role in the opsonization of some but perhaps not all Pseudomonas strains.", "contents": "Complement-mediated phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The nature of the opsonic factors in nonimmune human serum for six blood culture isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated by measuring uptake of [3H] adenine-labeled bacteria by human PMNs. Normal human serum, C2- and C4-deficient sera, zymosan-treated serum, and immunoglobulin-deficient sera were used as opsonic sources. Heat inactivation of each of these serum sources markedly reduced its opsonic capacity for all Pseudomonas strains, suggesting that the serum C system was essential for opsonization. Five strains were opsonized in the absence of the classical C pathway; however, kinetic studies revealed that opsonization proceeded at a faster rate when the classical pathway was present. In spite of markedly reduced factor B and C3 levels, zymosan-treated serum retained significant opsonic activity for one of the strains tested. Four strains were poorly opsonized by immunoglobulin-deficient serum, and C activation by these strains appeared to depend upon the presence of antibodies. Two strains, however, were effectively opsonized in a relative absence of antibodies. Thus, in the nonimmune state, phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa is mediated primarily via the C system, and antibodies appear to play a role in the opsonization of some but perhaps not all Pseudomonas strains.", "PMID": 105067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6564", "title": "Adenosine deaminase activity in human diploid skin fibroblasts varies with the age of the donor.", "content": "Activities of adenosine deaminase, adenosine kinase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase were determined in extracts prepared from human skin fibroblast strains derived from 7 normal newborn males and 4 normal adult males. All strains were harvested between passages 9 and 12. Adenosine deaminase activity in adult strains, 40.80 +/- 1.76 (mean +/- S.E.) nanomoles/min per mg protein, was almost twice the activity in neonatal strains, 22.40 +/- 3.02. This difference was significant at the 99.5% confidence level. Moreover, there was no overlap between the adult and neonatal activities. In contrast, adenosine kinase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase activities did not differ with the age of the donor.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase activity in human diploid skin fibroblasts varies with the age of the donor. Activities of adenosine deaminase, adenosine kinase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase were determined in extracts prepared from human skin fibroblast strains derived from 7 normal newborn males and 4 normal adult males. All strains were harvested between passages 9 and 12. Adenosine deaminase activity in adult strains, 40.80 +/- 1.76 (mean +/- S.E.) nanomoles/min per mg protein, was almost twice the activity in neonatal strains, 22.40 +/- 3.02. This difference was significant at the 99.5% confidence level. Moreover, there was no overlap between the adult and neonatal activities. In contrast, adenosine kinase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase activities did not differ with the age of the donor.", "PMID": 105069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6565", "title": "Interaction between cytochalasin B-treated malarial parasites and erythrocytes. Attachment and junction formation.", "content": "We have previously demonstrated that invasion of erythrocytes (RBCs) by malaria merozoites follows a sequence: recognition and attachment in an apical orientation associated with widespread deformation of the RBC, junction formation, movement of the junction around the merozoite that brings the merozoite into the invaginated RBC membrane, and sealing of the membrane. In the present paper, we describe a method for blocking invasion at an early stage in the sequence. Cytochalasin-treated merozoites attach specifically to host RBCs, most frequently by the apical region that contains specialized organelles (rhoptries) associated with invasion. The parasite then forms a junction between the apical region and the RBC. Cytochalasin blocks movement of this junction, a later step in invasion. Cytochalasin-treated (Plasmodium knowlesi) merozoites attach to Duffy-negative human RBCs, although these RBCs are resistant to invasion by the parasite. The attachment with these RBCs, however, differs from susceptible RBCs in that there is no junction formation. Therefore the Duffy associated antigen appears to be involved in junction formation, not initial attachment.", "contents": "Interaction between cytochalasin B-treated malarial parasites and erythrocytes. Attachment and junction formation. We have previously demonstrated that invasion of erythrocytes (RBCs) by malaria merozoites follows a sequence: recognition and attachment in an apical orientation associated with widespread deformation of the RBC, junction formation, movement of the junction around the merozoite that brings the merozoite into the invaginated RBC membrane, and sealing of the membrane. In the present paper, we describe a method for blocking invasion at an early stage in the sequence. Cytochalasin-treated merozoites attach specifically to host RBCs, most frequently by the apical region that contains specialized organelles (rhoptries) associated with invasion. The parasite then forms a junction between the apical region and the RBC. Cytochalasin blocks movement of this junction, a later step in invasion. Cytochalasin-treated (Plasmodium knowlesi) merozoites attach to Duffy-negative human RBCs, although these RBCs are resistant to invasion by the parasite. The attachment with these RBCs, however, differs from susceptible RBCs in that there is no junction formation. Therefore the Duffy associated antigen appears to be involved in junction formation, not initial attachment.", "PMID": 105074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6566", "title": "Differentiated B lymphocytes. Potential to express particular antibody variable and constant regions depends on site of lymphoid tissue and antigen load.", "content": "B cells have the potential to respond to an antigen by producing antibodies with a variety of variable and constant regions. We have quantitatively analyzed B-cell potential at the single cell level to determine the effect of lymphoid tissue site and antigen load on the expression of variable and constant regions. Concerning variable region expression, although the total frequency of B-cell precursors for phosphorylcholine is similar between nonimmune spleen and gut-associated Peyer's patch tissues, the proportion of cells producing non-TEPC 15 idiotypes is greater from Peyer's patch than from spleen. Oral immunization with phosphorylcholine-containing Ascaris suum increased the frequency of non-TEPC 15 B cells. Thus variation in the proportion of cells bearing different variable regions may be related to the distinct antigenic environment of cells in Peyer's patches compared to that of cells in spleen. Regarding constant region expression, although B cells from both spleen and Peyer's patches generate clones producing IgM, IgGl, and IgA singly and in all combinations, cells from Peyer's patches generate more clones secreting only IgA than cells from spleen. B cells specific for phosphorylcholine and inulin, which are found on intestinal bacteria, produce more IgA-only clones than B cells specific for the dinitrophenyl determinant. This striking correlation between IgA expression and variable region specificity for antigen implies that environmental antigens have expanded certain B cells in Peyer's patches which then have the ability to generate progeny that express only IgA. Evidence supporting the secondary nature of precursors for IgA-only clones is obtained by their ability to produce this isotype after stimulation with histoincompatible T cells. The role of gut antigens may be to clonally expand IgA precursors and perhaps to stimulate the proliferation of less differentiated cells within the unique microenvironment of the Peyer's patches, allowing them to differentiate to IgA precursors.", "contents": "Differentiated B lymphocytes. Potential to express particular antibody variable and constant regions depends on site of lymphoid tissue and antigen load. B cells have the potential to respond to an antigen by producing antibodies with a variety of variable and constant regions. We have quantitatively analyzed B-cell potential at the single cell level to determine the effect of lymphoid tissue site and antigen load on the expression of variable and constant regions. Concerning variable region expression, although the total frequency of B-cell precursors for phosphorylcholine is similar between nonimmune spleen and gut-associated Peyer's patch tissues, the proportion of cells producing non-TEPC 15 idiotypes is greater from Peyer's patch than from spleen. Oral immunization with phosphorylcholine-containing Ascaris suum increased the frequency of non-TEPC 15 B cells. Thus variation in the proportion of cells bearing different variable regions may be related to the distinct antigenic environment of cells in Peyer's patches compared to that of cells in spleen. Regarding constant region expression, although B cells from both spleen and Peyer's patches generate clones producing IgM, IgGl, and IgA singly and in all combinations, cells from Peyer's patches generate more clones secreting only IgA than cells from spleen. B cells specific for phosphorylcholine and inulin, which are found on intestinal bacteria, produce more IgA-only clones than B cells specific for the dinitrophenyl determinant. This striking correlation between IgA expression and variable region specificity for antigen implies that environmental antigens have expanded certain B cells in Peyer's patches which then have the ability to generate progeny that express only IgA. Evidence supporting the secondary nature of precursors for IgA-only clones is obtained by their ability to produce this isotype after stimulation with histoincompatible T cells. The role of gut antigens may be to clonally expand IgA precursors and perhaps to stimulate the proliferation of less differentiated cells within the unique microenvironment of the Peyer's patches, allowing them to differentiate to IgA precursors.", "PMID": 105075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6567", "title": "Prostaglandins are necessary for osteoclast-activating factor production by activated peripheral blood leukocytes.", "content": "The production of osteoclast-activating factor (OAF) by normal human peripheral blood leukocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin was inhibited by a series of structurally unrelated inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetase. Inhibition of OAF production by these agents was reversed by adding prostaglandins of the E series back to the leukocyte suspension. These results indicate that prostaglandin synthesis is necessary for OAF production.", "contents": "Prostaglandins are necessary for osteoclast-activating factor production by activated peripheral blood leukocytes. The production of osteoclast-activating factor (OAF) by normal human peripheral blood leukocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin was inhibited by a series of structurally unrelated inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetase. Inhibition of OAF production by these agents was reversed by adding prostaglandins of the E series back to the leukocyte suspension. These results indicate that prostaglandin synthesis is necessary for OAF production.", "PMID": 105076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6568", "title": "The metabolism of diethylstilbestrol in the rhesus monkey and chimpanzee.", "content": "Radiolabeled diethylstilbestrol (DES) was administered to one pregnant and three normal female rhesus monkeys. One normal female chimpanzee was also included in the study. Regardless of the mode of presentation (oral versus intravenous), the urine was the principal route of excretion for each species. The urine contained no non-polar radioactivity, and Sephadex LH-20 (MeOH/EtOH-50:50) resolved the radioactivity into five fractions (A, B, C, D, E). Fractions A,B, C, and D were hydrolyzable with beta-glucuronidase, and the principal aglycones were identified with GC/MS as cis-trans DES and dienestrol. The fecal excretory products were extracted with dimethoxy methane/methanol (50:50) and the radioactivity partitioned between benzene and H2O. The polar radioactivity was resolved by LH-20 (MeOH/EtOH-50:50) into chromatographic fractions similar to the urinary conjugates. These fecal conjugates were, however, less sensitive to beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis. The primary non-polar fecal radioactivity was chromatographically similar to DES (LH-20 and HPLC) in both species, and in the rhesus monkey the principal products identified were cis-trans DES and dienestrol.", "contents": "The metabolism of diethylstilbestrol in the rhesus monkey and chimpanzee. Radiolabeled diethylstilbestrol (DES) was administered to one pregnant and three normal female rhesus monkeys. One normal female chimpanzee was also included in the study. Regardless of the mode of presentation (oral versus intravenous), the urine was the principal route of excretion for each species. The urine contained no non-polar radioactivity, and Sephadex LH-20 (MeOH/EtOH-50:50) resolved the radioactivity into five fractions (A, B, C, D, E). Fractions A,B, C, and D were hydrolyzable with beta-glucuronidase, and the principal aglycones were identified with GC/MS as cis-trans DES and dienestrol. The fecal excretory products were extracted with dimethoxy methane/methanol (50:50) and the radioactivity partitioned between benzene and H2O. The polar radioactivity was resolved by LH-20 (MeOH/EtOH-50:50) into chromatographic fractions similar to the urinary conjugates. These fecal conjugates were, however, less sensitive to beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis. The primary non-polar fecal radioactivity was chromatographically similar to DES (LH-20 and HPLC) in both species, and in the rhesus monkey the principal products identified were cis-trans DES and dienestrol.", "PMID": 105073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6569", "title": "Gene complementation in the T-lymphocyte proliferative response to poly (Glu55Lys36Phe9)n. A demonstration that both immune response gene products must be expressed in the same antigen-presenting cell.", "content": "The immune response (Ir) to the random copolymer GLphi depends upon the function of two Ir genes, Ir-GLphi-beta[beta] and Ir-GLphi-alpha[alpha], mapped to the I-A and I-E/C subregions of the major histocompatibility complex, respectively. In this paper, the site(s) of expression of the products of these two Ir genes was examined by evaluating T-lymphocyte proliferative responses of bone marrow radiation chimeras. Chimeras were created in [alpha+beta- X alpha-beta+]F1 responder mice by lethal irradiation and reconstitution with a mixture of bone marrow cells from both parental strains. These chimeras failed to respond to GLphi, although they were capable or responding to the much weaker antigens, (T,G)-A--L, TEPC-15, pigeon cytochrome c, and (H,G)-A--L. This failure to respond to GLphi was shown not to be the result of a cryptic mixed lymphocyte reaction, as similar chimeras created in (alpha+beta+ X alpha-beta+)F1 mice responded well to GLphi, although they possessed almost the same potential histoincompatibility. Furthermore, the lack of response to GLphi could not be attributed to a general failure of the two parental cell types in the chimeras to collaboratc with each other, as each chimeric parental cell type could respond to dinitrophenyl conjugated ovalbumin presented on nonimmune spleen cells from the other parent. Thus, the failure of low responder parental into F1 high responder chimeras to generate an immune response to GLphi suggests that immune competence for this antigen requires at least one cell type in the immune system to express gene products of both the Ir-glphi-alpha and -beta genes, i.e. one cell must be of high responder genotype. The the antigen-presenting cell is one such cell type was shown by experiments in which GLphi-primed T lymphocytes from responder F1 mice were stimulated with antigen bound to nonimmune spleen cells. Only spleen cells from responder F1 and recombinant mice could present GLphi. Neither of the two complementing nonresponder parental spleen cell populations, either alone or mixed together, could present GLphi, although both could present purified protein derivative of tuberculin. This was shown to be the case for T cells positively selected in vitro as well as freshly explanted T cells. Thus, both Ir-GLphi-alpha and Ir-GLphi-beta gene products must be expressed in the same antigen-presenting cell to generate a T-lymphocyte proliferative response to GLphi. The implications of these findings for models of two gene complementation are discussed.", "contents": "Gene complementation in the T-lymphocyte proliferative response to poly (Glu55Lys36Phe9)n. A demonstration that both immune response gene products must be expressed in the same antigen-presenting cell. The immune response (Ir) to the random copolymer GLphi depends upon the function of two Ir genes, Ir-GLphi-beta[beta] and Ir-GLphi-alpha[alpha], mapped to the I-A and I-E/C subregions of the major histocompatibility complex, respectively. In this paper, the site(s) of expression of the products of these two Ir genes was examined by evaluating T-lymphocyte proliferative responses of bone marrow radiation chimeras. Chimeras were created in [alpha+beta- X alpha-beta+]F1 responder mice by lethal irradiation and reconstitution with a mixture of bone marrow cells from both parental strains. These chimeras failed to respond to GLphi, although they were capable or responding to the much weaker antigens, (T,G)-A--L, TEPC-15, pigeon cytochrome c, and (H,G)-A--L. This failure to respond to GLphi was shown not to be the result of a cryptic mixed lymphocyte reaction, as similar chimeras created in (alpha+beta+ X alpha-beta+)F1 mice responded well to GLphi, although they possessed almost the same potential histoincompatibility. Furthermore, the lack of response to GLphi could not be attributed to a general failure of the two parental cell types in the chimeras to collaboratc with each other, as each chimeric parental cell type could respond to dinitrophenyl conjugated ovalbumin presented on nonimmune spleen cells from the other parent. Thus, the failure of low responder parental into F1 high responder chimeras to generate an immune response to GLphi suggests that immune competence for this antigen requires at least one cell type in the immune system to express gene products of both the Ir-glphi-alpha and -beta genes, i.e. one cell must be of high responder genotype. The the antigen-presenting cell is one such cell type was shown by experiments in which GLphi-primed T lymphocytes from responder F1 mice were stimulated with antigen bound to nonimmune spleen cells. Only spleen cells from responder F1 and recombinant mice could present GLphi. Neither of the two complementing nonresponder parental spleen cell populations, either alone or mixed together, could present GLphi, although both could present purified protein derivative of tuberculin. This was shown to be the case for T cells positively selected in vitro as well as freshly explanted T cells. Thus, both Ir-GLphi-alpha and Ir-GLphi-beta gene products must be expressed in the same antigen-presenting cell to generate a T-lymphocyte proliferative response to GLphi. The implications of these findings for models of two gene complementation are discussed.", "PMID": 105077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6570", "title": "Improved preparation and structural elucidation of the tryptophan cleavage reagent 2-(2'-nitro-phenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3-bromoindolenine (BNPS-skatole).", "content": "Methods are described for a high yield preparation (overall yield greater than 90%) of analytically pure 2-(2'-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3-bromoindolenine (BNPS-skatole). The chromatographic and spectroscopic data are given. The yield of tryptophan cleavage is considerably dependent on the degree of purity of the BNPS-skatole.", "contents": "Improved preparation and structural elucidation of the tryptophan cleavage reagent 2-(2'-nitro-phenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3-bromoindolenine (BNPS-skatole). Methods are described for a high yield preparation (overall yield greater than 90%) of analytically pure 2-(2'-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3-bromoindolenine (BNPS-skatole). The chromatographic and spectroscopic data are given. The yield of tryptophan cleavage is considerably dependent on the degree of purity of the BNPS-skatole.", "PMID": 105078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6571", "title": "Bound and free light chains in serum from patients affected with various neurological diseases.", "content": "Six immunological parameters, of which the most important are the quantitative distribution of the free light chains, and the kappa-lambda ratios of both bound and free light chains, were investigated in serum of patients affected with various neurological disorders and compared to controls. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and viral encephalitis, which are diseases characterized by hyperimmunisation against definite antigens, are accompanied by a considerable quantitative increase in free light chains; in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis serum there is an increase of both free kappa and lambda chains, whereas in viral encephalitis serum the increase of free light chains were restricted to lambda chains. There is a good correlation between the kappa-lambda ratio of, on the one hand, bound light chains and, on the other hand, free light chains for controls and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; but in multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and viral encephalitis, the ratios for bound light chains are totally different from ratios for free light chains. A general kappa increase, which we earlier reported for bound light chains in 16 cases of multiple sclerosis, was not confirmed by the investigation of an additional 26 cases: kappa decrease was also noticed in a considerable number of cases.", "contents": "Bound and free light chains in serum from patients affected with various neurological diseases. Six immunological parameters, of which the most important are the quantitative distribution of the free light chains, and the kappa-lambda ratios of both bound and free light chains, were investigated in serum of patients affected with various neurological disorders and compared to controls. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and viral encephalitis, which are diseases characterized by hyperimmunisation against definite antigens, are accompanied by a considerable quantitative increase in free light chains; in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis serum there is an increase of both free kappa and lambda chains, whereas in viral encephalitis serum the increase of free light chains were restricted to lambda chains. There is a good correlation between the kappa-lambda ratio of, on the one hand, bound light chains and, on the other hand, free light chains for controls and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; but in multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and viral encephalitis, the ratios for bound light chains are totally different from ratios for free light chains. A general kappa increase, which we earlier reported for bound light chains in 16 cases of multiple sclerosis, was not confirmed by the investigation of an additional 26 cases: kappa decrease was also noticed in a considerable number of cases.", "PMID": 105079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6572", "title": "Characteristics of Drosophila rhodopsin in wild-type and norpA vision transduction mutants.", "content": "The properties of the major visual pigment of Drosophila melanogaster were evaluated. The visual pigment was isolated from other protein components using acrylamide gel electrophoresis and spectral identification. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gels of the isolated visual pigment gave a single protein subunit with a mol wt of 37,000 daltons. The rhodopsin480 molar extinction coefficient was 35,000 liter/mol-cm (+/- 2,700 SE). The metarhodopsin580 molar extinction coefficient was approximately 56,000 liter/mol-cm. Microspectrophotometry was used to compare the rhodopsin concentrations in wild-type flies and norpA vision transduction mutants. At 2 days of age (12 h dark-12 h light cycle, 19 degrees C) all of the norpA flies exhibited a similar rhodopsin concentration (75% of the wild-type strain). By 21 days of age some of the norpA alleles showed substantially reduced rhodopsin concentrations (16-43% of normal), whereas others showed no major age-dependent decreases (68-77%). Temperature and light-dark cycle affected the reduction. Alleles with no receptor potential exhibited the largest decreases in rhodopsin concentration. The data indicate that the norpA phototransduction mutant has a defect in the system responsible for maintaining the rhodopsin480 concentration. This defect in the rhodopsin maintenance system does not appear to be the cause of the reduced electroretinogram (ERG) amplitude observed in some of these mutants, but instead is a consequence of the decrease in ERG amplitude, or the flaw(s) responsible for the decrease in ERG amplitude.", "contents": "Characteristics of Drosophila rhodopsin in wild-type and norpA vision transduction mutants. The properties of the major visual pigment of Drosophila melanogaster were evaluated. The visual pigment was isolated from other protein components using acrylamide gel electrophoresis and spectral identification. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gels of the isolated visual pigment gave a single protein subunit with a mol wt of 37,000 daltons. The rhodopsin480 molar extinction coefficient was 35,000 liter/mol-cm (+/- 2,700 SE). The metarhodopsin580 molar extinction coefficient was approximately 56,000 liter/mol-cm. Microspectrophotometry was used to compare the rhodopsin concentrations in wild-type flies and norpA vision transduction mutants. At 2 days of age (12 h dark-12 h light cycle, 19 degrees C) all of the norpA flies exhibited a similar rhodopsin concentration (75% of the wild-type strain). By 21 days of age some of the norpA alleles showed substantially reduced rhodopsin concentrations (16-43% of normal), whereas others showed no major age-dependent decreases (68-77%). Temperature and light-dark cycle affected the reduction. Alleles with no receptor potential exhibited the largest decreases in rhodopsin concentration. The data indicate that the norpA phototransduction mutant has a defect in the system responsible for maintaining the rhodopsin480 concentration. This defect in the rhodopsin maintenance system does not appear to be the cause of the reduced electroretinogram (ERG) amplitude observed in some of these mutants, but instead is a consequence of the decrease in ERG amplitude, or the flaw(s) responsible for the decrease in ERG amplitude.", "PMID": 105082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6573", "title": "Implications for adult roles from differential styles of mother-infant bonding: an ethological study.", "content": "Ethological observations of maternal and infant behaviors of nine vervet monkey pairs (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) showed the effects of differential styles of early maternal responsiveness on later infant competence. Those infants receiving the least amount of maternal responsiveness and the most time-off the mother in the first 3 months of development were more socially competent at 6 months of age. The results are discussed within current ethological \"attachment\" theories. The detachment or separation process of mother-infant interaction is considered as important a factor during infant development as the primary maternal bond.", "contents": "Implications for adult roles from differential styles of mother-infant bonding: an ethological study. Ethological observations of maternal and infant behaviors of nine vervet monkey pairs (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) showed the effects of differential styles of early maternal responsiveness on later infant competence. Those infants receiving the least amount of maternal responsiveness and the most time-off the mother in the first 3 months of development were more socially competent at 6 months of age. The results are discussed within current ethological \"attachment\" theories. The detachment or separation process of mother-infant interaction is considered as important a factor during infant development as the primary maternal bond.", "PMID": 105083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6574", "title": "Cerebral abscesses produced by bacterial implantation and septic embolisation in primates.", "content": "The degree of brain abscess encapsulation is positively related to surgical mortality and methods to enhance capsule wall formation, therefore, have therapeutic relevance. Two primate models are described which may be useful in the investigation of encapsulation of traumatic and metastatic brain abscesses. Direct intracerebral inoculation induces abscesses displaying more prominent inflammatory responses and encapsulation than does septic embolisation, despite similar abscess age and size. Cerebral ischaemia surrounding metastatic suppurative foci may retard capsule wall formation.", "contents": "Cerebral abscesses produced by bacterial implantation and septic embolisation in primates. The degree of brain abscess encapsulation is positively related to surgical mortality and methods to enhance capsule wall formation, therefore, have therapeutic relevance. Two primate models are described which may be useful in the investigation of encapsulation of traumatic and metastatic brain abscesses. Direct intracerebral inoculation induces abscesses displaying more prominent inflammatory responses and encapsulation than does septic embolisation, despite similar abscess age and size. Cerebral ischaemia surrounding metastatic suppurative foci may retard capsule wall formation.", "PMID": 105090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6575", "title": "Urinary excretion of indican in progressive myoclonus epilepsy without Lafora bodies. The effect of sodium valproate.", "content": "Increased urinary excretion of indican was detected in earlier studies of patients with the form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME) where no Lafora bodies are present in the brain and other tissues. Since then, all PME patients have been given sodium valproate and/or clonazepam. In a series of 10 patients now examined the mean excretion was on the same level as that of other epileptic and non-epileptic neurological patients (53 +/- 27 mg/g creatinine). Alternate reduction of the two drugs in one patient over a period of 24 days increased the excretion up to the high level measured earlier (96 mg/g creatinine) and caused marked worsening of the clinical condition while no remarkable changes were observed in another PME patient who received her normal medication. The highest values ever measured were found in one PME patient just before his death. In two patients who had no medication the excretion was also high but returned to the normal level during medication with sodium valproate. It is unknown at the moment whether this change is due to the improved clinical condition of the patients or to the compound itself.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of indican in progressive myoclonus epilepsy without Lafora bodies. The effect of sodium valproate. Increased urinary excretion of indican was detected in earlier studies of patients with the form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME) where no Lafora bodies are present in the brain and other tissues. Since then, all PME patients have been given sodium valproate and/or clonazepam. In a series of 10 patients now examined the mean excretion was on the same level as that of other epileptic and non-epileptic neurological patients (53 +/- 27 mg/g creatinine). Alternate reduction of the two drugs in one patient over a period of 24 days increased the excretion up to the high level measured earlier (96 mg/g creatinine) and caused marked worsening of the clinical condition while no remarkable changes were observed in another PME patient who received her normal medication. The highest values ever measured were found in one PME patient just before his death. In two patients who had no medication the excretion was also high but returned to the normal level during medication with sodium valproate. It is unknown at the moment whether this change is due to the improved clinical condition of the patients or to the compound itself.", "PMID": 105091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6576", "title": "Possibility of a viral etiology in recurrent aphthous ulcers and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome.", "content": "The clinical signs, laboratory data, and histological features of recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome suggest a viral etiology. In fact, there are reports of adenovirus isolations in herpetiform oral ulcers and on the isolation of a filterable agent in sporadic cases of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. However, isolation studies on the major and minor aphthous ulcers and more recent studies on Beh\u00e7et's syndrome have been negative. A review of the literature on the role of viruses and autoimmunity in RAU and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome is presented. Biopsy specimens of ulcerative lesions were grown in vitro for up to 300 days. Those cultures, along with leukocytes and body fluids, were examined by a variety of techniques for the presence of virus or viral antigens. Although a persistent or latent virus was not detected, these negative studies cannot exclude a viral etiology. In fact, the hypothesis of an infectious and viral etiology is still reasonable.", "contents": "Possibility of a viral etiology in recurrent aphthous ulcers and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. The clinical signs, laboratory data, and histological features of recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome suggest a viral etiology. In fact, there are reports of adenovirus isolations in herpetiform oral ulcers and on the isolation of a filterable agent in sporadic cases of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. However, isolation studies on the major and minor aphthous ulcers and more recent studies on Beh\u00e7et's syndrome have been negative. A review of the literature on the role of viruses and autoimmunity in RAU and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome is presented. Biopsy specimens of ulcerative lesions were grown in vitro for up to 300 days. Those cultures, along with leukocytes and body fluids, were examined by a variety of techniques for the presence of virus or viral antigens. Although a persistent or latent virus was not detected, these negative studies cannot exclude a viral etiology. In fact, the hypothesis of an infectious and viral etiology is still reasonable.", "PMID": 105094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6577", "title": "Can therapeutic considerations provide clues to the etiology of aphthous stomatitis and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome?", "content": "An attempt is made to derive clues as to the etiology of aphthous stomatitis and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome from analysis of the mode of action of the various therapeutic agents which have been employed in these diseases. It is concluded that owing to the diverse and frequently contrasting modes of action of these agents, this may well be an unproductive task. There is one exception to this conclusion. Since levamisole in small concentrations given intermittently appears to act as an immunopotentiator, and in large, prolonged dosages possible as an immunosuppressor, future \"diagnostic-therapeutic\" trials could examine this dichotomy to determine whether aphthous stomatitis and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome are infectious or hypersensitivity diseases.", "contents": "Can therapeutic considerations provide clues to the etiology of aphthous stomatitis and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome? An attempt is made to derive clues as to the etiology of aphthous stomatitis and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome from analysis of the mode of action of the various therapeutic agents which have been employed in these diseases. It is concluded that owing to the diverse and frequently contrasting modes of action of these agents, this may well be an unproductive task. There is one exception to this conclusion. Since levamisole in small concentrations given intermittently appears to act as an immunopotentiator, and in large, prolonged dosages possible as an immunosuppressor, future \"diagnostic-therapeutic\" trials could examine this dichotomy to determine whether aphthous stomatitis and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome are infectious or hypersensitivity diseases.", "PMID": 105095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6578", "title": "Double-blind trial of tetracycline in recurrent aphthous ulceration.", "content": "A double-blind trial of a tetracycline suspension was carried out in 25 patients with recurrent aphthous oral ulcerations. A combined topical-systemic treatment procedure was used. Both the placebo and tetracycline group experienced reductions in ulcer incidence during the treatment period, whereas only the tetracycline group showed significant reductions in ulcer duration, size, and pain. Tetracylcine treatment apparently alters the severity of the ulcer, but does not appear to affect those factors responsible for recurrences. The side effects recorded in patients taking tetracycline were comparable to those in patients on placebo.", "contents": "Double-blind trial of tetracycline in recurrent aphthous ulceration. A double-blind trial of a tetracycline suspension was carried out in 25 patients with recurrent aphthous oral ulcerations. A combined topical-systemic treatment procedure was used. Both the placebo and tetracycline group experienced reductions in ulcer incidence during the treatment period, whereas only the tetracycline group showed significant reductions in ulcer duration, size, and pain. Tetracylcine treatment apparently alters the severity of the ulcer, but does not appear to affect those factors responsible for recurrences. The side effects recorded in patients taking tetracycline were comparable to those in patients on placebo.", "PMID": 105096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6579", "title": "Effect of levamisole on the incidence and prevalence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. A double-blind clinical trial.", "content": "Twenty patients with severe recurrent aphthous stomatitis were treated with a new drug, levamisole, to determine its effects upon the incidence and prevalence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The trial, conducted in a non-crossover, double-blind fashion, did not demonstrate any statistically significant differences when levamisole and placebo groups were compared over time either in the number of ulcers, number of ulcer-days, mean duration of ulcers, or mean number of ulcers per day. Positive subjective results were experienced by the 10 patients receiving levamisole but these were not of sufficient magnitude to affect group mean differences.", "contents": "Effect of levamisole on the incidence and prevalence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. A double-blind clinical trial. Twenty patients with severe recurrent aphthous stomatitis were treated with a new drug, levamisole, to determine its effects upon the incidence and prevalence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The trial, conducted in a non-crossover, double-blind fashion, did not demonstrate any statistically significant differences when levamisole and placebo groups were compared over time either in the number of ulcers, number of ulcer-days, mean duration of ulcers, or mean number of ulcers per day. Positive subjective results were experienced by the 10 patients receiving levamisole but these were not of sufficient magnitude to affect group mean differences.", "PMID": 105097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6580", "title": "Double-blind study of levamisole therapy in recurrent aphthous stomatitis.", "content": "Forty-eight patients with diagnosed recurrent aphthous stomatitis participated in a randomized double-blind study of levamisole therapy. Each patient's response to treatment was determined by the following criteria: (1) days between attacks, (2) duration of lesions, (3) patient's self-evaluation of pain, (4) investigator's clinical evaluation of patient's subjective treatment response. Statistical analysis of the levamisole and placebo groups of criteria 1 and 2 above revealed no significant difference. In contrast to the above findings, analysis of the investigator's recordings of patient's subjective treatment response showed that 26% of the levamisole patients experienced marked or moderate improvement. None of the placebo patients were recorded as having experienced the same degree of benefit. Fourteen of 15 patients who complained of side effects were taking levamisole. The most common side effects were dysgeusia and hyperosmia.", "contents": "Double-blind study of levamisole therapy in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Forty-eight patients with diagnosed recurrent aphthous stomatitis participated in a randomized double-blind study of levamisole therapy. Each patient's response to treatment was determined by the following criteria: (1) days between attacks, (2) duration of lesions, (3) patient's self-evaluation of pain, (4) investigator's clinical evaluation of patient's subjective treatment response. Statistical analysis of the levamisole and placebo groups of criteria 1 and 2 above revealed no significant difference. In contrast to the above findings, analysis of the investigator's recordings of patient's subjective treatment response showed that 26% of the levamisole patients experienced marked or moderate improvement. None of the placebo patients were recorded as having experienced the same degree of benefit. Fourteen of 15 patients who complained of side effects were taking levamisole. The most common side effects were dysgeusia and hyperosmia.", "PMID": 105098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6581", "title": "Double-blind study of levamisole in aphthous stomatitis.", "content": "Sixty-five patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis participated in a double-blind study to evaluate levamisole. Nineteen of 34 patients improved on levamisole and only five of 31 patients improved on placebo (P less than 0.004, chi-square with two degrees of freedom). After breaking the code and switching placebo patients to levamisole and non-responders to an alternate dosage schedule, 46 of 60 patients noted clinical improvement.", "contents": "Double-blind study of levamisole in aphthous stomatitis. Sixty-five patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis participated in a double-blind study to evaluate levamisole. Nineteen of 34 patients improved on levamisole and only five of 31 patients improved on placebo (P less than 0.004, chi-square with two degrees of freedom). After breaking the code and switching placebo patients to levamisole and non-responders to an alternate dosage schedule, 46 of 60 patients noted clinical improvement.", "PMID": 105099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6582", "title": "Randomized, double-blind study of levamisole in recurrent aphthous stomatitis.", "content": "A randomized double-blind study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of levamisole in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Thirty patients, aged 9-65 years, were selected, based on a documented history of three or more episodes of RAS. Patients were instructed to take 150 mg of levamisole (or placebo) daily for 3 days at the onset of the first prodromal symptoms of an ulcer. The regimen was to be repeated for each new episode, but not more than once per week. At each episode patients were examined and evaluated as to number and duration of ulcers, interval between episodes, pain associated with ulcers, and side effects. Data on 24 patients were suitable for analysis. Of those patients receiving levamisole, six showed slight improvement and five were unchanged. Of those patients receiving the placebo, one showed a marked improvement, four slight improvement, six were unchanged, and two deteriorated. There was neither a clinical nor a statistically significant difference between the groups. It is concluded that levamisole, in this study protocol, had no effect on the incidence or severity of aphthous ulcers.", "contents": "Randomized, double-blind study of levamisole in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. A randomized double-blind study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of levamisole in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Thirty patients, aged 9-65 years, were selected, based on a documented history of three or more episodes of RAS. Patients were instructed to take 150 mg of levamisole (or placebo) daily for 3 days at the onset of the first prodromal symptoms of an ulcer. The regimen was to be repeated for each new episode, but not more than once per week. At each episode patients were examined and evaluated as to number and duration of ulcers, interval between episodes, pain associated with ulcers, and side effects. Data on 24 patients were suitable for analysis. Of those patients receiving levamisole, six showed slight improvement and five were unchanged. Of those patients receiving the placebo, one showed a marked improvement, four slight improvement, six were unchanged, and two deteriorated. There was neither a clinical nor a statistically significant difference between the groups. It is concluded that levamisole, in this study protocol, had no effect on the incidence or severity of aphthous ulcers.", "PMID": 105101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6583", "title": "Nutritional deficiencies in recurrent aphthae.", "content": "A series of 330 patients with recurrent aphthae was screened for deficiencies of iron, folate and vitamin B12. In 47 patients (14.2%) such deficiencies were found; 23 were deficient in iron, seven in folic acid, six in vitamin B12 and in addition 11 patients had combined deficiencies. Clinical examination of the aphthae was not helpful in identifying individual patients with a nutritional deficiency although patients with an associated glossitis or angular cheilitis were more likely to suffer from such deficiencies. Screening of the patients by examination of their peripheral blood alone (estimation of haemoglobin and absolute values, and blood film examination) detected only a proportion of those with deficiencies of iron or folic acid, although in this series such screening was able to identify the small number of cases with vitamin B12 deficiency. The 33 patients with a proven nutritional deficiency who were available for follow-up showed a favourable response to corrective therapy; 23 showed a complete remission of ulcers, 11 were improved and five were not helped. The significance of these findings is discussed. It is suggested that the results indicate the need for full haematological screening of all patients with recurrent aphthae.", "contents": "Nutritional deficiencies in recurrent aphthae. A series of 330 patients with recurrent aphthae was screened for deficiencies of iron, folate and vitamin B12. In 47 patients (14.2%) such deficiencies were found; 23 were deficient in iron, seven in folic acid, six in vitamin B12 and in addition 11 patients had combined deficiencies. Clinical examination of the aphthae was not helpful in identifying individual patients with a nutritional deficiency although patients with an associated glossitis or angular cheilitis were more likely to suffer from such deficiencies. Screening of the patients by examination of their peripheral blood alone (estimation of haemoglobin and absolute values, and blood film examination) detected only a proportion of those with deficiencies of iron or folic acid, although in this series such screening was able to identify the small number of cases with vitamin B12 deficiency. The 33 patients with a proven nutritional deficiency who were available for follow-up showed a favourable response to corrective therapy; 23 showed a complete remission of ulcers, 11 were improved and five were not helped. The significance of these findings is discussed. It is suggested that the results indicate the need for full haematological screening of all patients with recurrent aphthae.", "PMID": 105102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6584", "title": "Immunological aspects of recurrent oral ulceration and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome.", "content": "Immunological factors play in recurrent oral ulceration (ROU) and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome (BS) but these cannot be distinguished by means of antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses to oral mucosal antigens. However, HLA markers seem to differentiate ROU from BS. Immune complexes have now been found in about 55% of patients with BS and fewer patients with ROU, so that the transition from the focal ROU to the multifocal BS might be mediated by immune complexes. Immunopathological studies have shown that a vasculitis is the essential lesion in BS and this might be secondary to immune complexes inducing complement activation and damage. It is not clear at present whether the increased levels of C9 and C-reactive protein are a manifestation of acute phase reactants. C9 could be involved in complement dependent lysis and C-reactive protein in modulating the cell-mediated immune responses by its effect on T lymphocytes. It seems that at least two types of damaging immune mechanisms have been identified; cell-mediated and immune complex induced reactions and these might account for the association between ROU and BS.", "contents": "Immunological aspects of recurrent oral ulceration and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Immunological factors play in recurrent oral ulceration (ROU) and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome (BS) but these cannot be distinguished by means of antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses to oral mucosal antigens. However, HLA markers seem to differentiate ROU from BS. Immune complexes have now been found in about 55% of patients with BS and fewer patients with ROU, so that the transition from the focal ROU to the multifocal BS might be mediated by immune complexes. Immunopathological studies have shown that a vasculitis is the essential lesion in BS and this might be secondary to immune complexes inducing complement activation and damage. It is not clear at present whether the increased levels of C9 and C-reactive protein are a manifestation of acute phase reactants. C9 could be involved in complement dependent lysis and C-reactive protein in modulating the cell-mediated immune responses by its effect on T lymphocytes. It seems that at least two types of damaging immune mechanisms have been identified; cell-mediated and immune complex induced reactions and these might account for the association between ROU and BS.", "PMID": 105103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6585", "title": "Ocular manifestations of Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "content": "The manifestations, possible etiological factors and therapeutical modalities of ocular Beh\u00e7et are outlined. The major ocular findings involve both the anterior and posterior uvea. The vasculitis retinae, the periphlebitis and the pipe stem sheathing along with the recurrent vitreous hemorrhages lead to the visual impairment. Exacerbation and remission of the ocular inflammatory processes are characteristic. However, the impairment of visual function occurring after each attack is generally irreversible. The effectiveness of the present modalities of treatment is uncertain. Chlorambucil in doses of 6-8 mg daily appears to have an outstanding beneficial effect. However, carefully monitored control studies are lacking and should be conducted before any unequivocal conclusions can be reached. It appears to us that the etiology-pathology of Beh\u00e7et's disease might be a sequence of events triggered by an interaction between a virus and specific receptors on the host cell membrane (HLA determined?). This initial interaction is followed by a malregulation of the host immune mechanism leading to autoimmune phenomena which are characteristics of the disease.", "contents": "Ocular manifestations of Beh\u00e7et's disease. The manifestations, possible etiological factors and therapeutical modalities of ocular Beh\u00e7et are outlined. The major ocular findings involve both the anterior and posterior uvea. The vasculitis retinae, the periphlebitis and the pipe stem sheathing along with the recurrent vitreous hemorrhages lead to the visual impairment. Exacerbation and remission of the ocular inflammatory processes are characteristic. However, the impairment of visual function occurring after each attack is generally irreversible. The effectiveness of the present modalities of treatment is uncertain. Chlorambucil in doses of 6-8 mg daily appears to have an outstanding beneficial effect. However, carefully monitored control studies are lacking and should be conducted before any unequivocal conclusions can be reached. It appears to us that the etiology-pathology of Beh\u00e7et's disease might be a sequence of events triggered by an interaction between a virus and specific receptors on the host cell membrane (HLA determined?). This initial interaction is followed by a malregulation of the host immune mechanism leading to autoimmune phenomena which are characteristics of the disease.", "PMID": 105104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6586", "title": "Late effects of corticosteroid treatment on condylar regeneration in the monkey.", "content": "The mandibular condyles of immature baboons were used to study the late effects of intraarticular administration of glucocorticoid hormone on the regeneration of cartilage and bone. Analyses of blood and urine showed a distinct increase in the level of parathyroid hormone along with hyperphosphaturia. Regenerated condyles of animals treated with steroid showed lack of de novo formation of cartilage and severe changes in the newly formed bone. Fibrosis became the dominant feature in the newly formed bone marrow. The initial catabolic effect of glucocorticoid hormone was augmented by steroid-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Late effects of corticosteroid treatment on condylar regeneration in the monkey. The mandibular condyles of immature baboons were used to study the late effects of intraarticular administration of glucocorticoid hormone on the regeneration of cartilage and bone. Analyses of blood and urine showed a distinct increase in the level of parathyroid hormone along with hyperphosphaturia. Regenerated condyles of animals treated with steroid showed lack of de novo formation of cartilage and severe changes in the newly formed bone. Fibrosis became the dominant feature in the newly formed bone marrow. The initial catabolic effect of glucocorticoid hormone was augmented by steroid-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 105107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6587", "title": "Vascular changes in the pterygopalatine fossa after craniofacial dysjunction surgery.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine vascular changes and the timing of these changes after craniofacial dysjunction surgery. Ten adult male Macaca cynomulgus monkeys were studied with techniques using angiograms and vascular vinyl cast preparations before and after unilateral Le Fort III osteotomy. After surgical disruption of the maxillary artery, the flow of blood was initially maintained by anastomotic branches of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery. Stepwise reconstruction of the disrupted maxillary artery took place via numerous collateral vessels that bridged the site of disruption; continuity of the artery was nearly normal by five weeks.", "contents": "Vascular changes in the pterygopalatine fossa after craniofacial dysjunction surgery. A study was undertaken to determine vascular changes and the timing of these changes after craniofacial dysjunction surgery. Ten adult male Macaca cynomulgus monkeys were studied with techniques using angiograms and vascular vinyl cast preparations before and after unilateral Le Fort III osteotomy. After surgical disruption of the maxillary artery, the flow of blood was initially maintained by anastomotic branches of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery. Stepwise reconstruction of the disrupted maxillary artery took place via numerous collateral vessels that bridged the site of disruption; continuity of the artery was nearly normal by five weeks.", "PMID": 105108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6588", "title": "Anatomical observations on the mylohyoid groove, and the course of the mylohyoid nerve and vessels.", "content": "In a study of 390 mylohyoid grooves in dry mandibles and in dissections of the region, the groove conformed to the classic description (that is, it was open along its entire length) in only 83.6% of the cases. In the remaining 16.4%, the sulcus was partially or totally converted to a bony canal by ossification of the membrane that covered it. When only partially converted, the ossification was proximal or distal, single or multiple. This ossification is explained according to the embryological origin of the membrane closing the canal from Meckel's cartilage. The practical importance of these observations in anatomical dissection and in surgical intervention in the region is discussed.", "contents": "Anatomical observations on the mylohyoid groove, and the course of the mylohyoid nerve and vessels. In a study of 390 mylohyoid grooves in dry mandibles and in dissections of the region, the groove conformed to the classic description (that is, it was open along its entire length) in only 83.6% of the cases. In the remaining 16.4%, the sulcus was partially or totally converted to a bony canal by ossification of the membrane that covered it. When only partially converted, the ossification was proximal or distal, single or multiple. This ossification is explained according to the embryological origin of the membrane closing the canal from Meckel's cartilage. The practical importance of these observations in anatomical dissection and in surgical intervention in the region is discussed.", "PMID": 105109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6589", "title": "Giant central ossifying fibroma of the mandible: report of case.", "content": "A case is presented of a patient with a giant ossifying fibroma of the mandible that had been diagnosed earlier as fibrous dysplasia. Surgical resection of the tumor and involved bone was chosen as the mode of treatment because of the extent of the lesion and continued infection. Surgeons should be aware that ossifying fibroma is a very distinct possibility in large growing lesions in age groups older than is deemed compatible with fibrous dysplasia.", "contents": "Giant central ossifying fibroma of the mandible: report of case. A case is presented of a patient with a giant ossifying fibroma of the mandible that had been diagnosed earlier as fibrous dysplasia. Surgical resection of the tumor and involved bone was chosen as the mode of treatment because of the extent of the lesion and continued infection. Surgeons should be aware that ossifying fibroma is a very distinct possibility in large growing lesions in age groups older than is deemed compatible with fibrous dysplasia.", "PMID": 105110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6590", "title": "Histopathology of the rat liver following a single autoprotective dose of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene.", "content": "Male inbred Leeds strain rats were given single intragastric doses of 1200 mg/kg of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, autoprotective against liver necrosis and then sacrificed at intervals up to 14 months. About 40 per cent of the animals died, apparently as a result of pancreatic necrosis, between 9 and 13 days after treatment while the remainder survived until they were killed. The liver changes induced included an early intense ductular cell reaction, presistent hepatocellular abnormalities and at later stages, cholangiofibrosis and increasing numbers of parenchymal clear cells. Although no tumours arose as a result of treatment, the observed histopathological changes are similar to those seen during liver carcinogenesis induced by a variety of carcinogens and may be due specifically to the carcinogenic action of the azo dye.", "contents": "Histopathology of the rat liver following a single autoprotective dose of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Male inbred Leeds strain rats were given single intragastric doses of 1200 mg/kg of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, autoprotective against liver necrosis and then sacrificed at intervals up to 14 months. About 40 per cent of the animals died, apparently as a result of pancreatic necrosis, between 9 and 13 days after treatment while the remainder survived until they were killed. The liver changes induced included an early intense ductular cell reaction, presistent hepatocellular abnormalities and at later stages, cholangiofibrosis and increasing numbers of parenchymal clear cells. Although no tumours arose as a result of treatment, the observed histopathological changes are similar to those seen during liver carcinogenesis induced by a variety of carcinogens and may be due specifically to the carcinogenic action of the azo dye.", "PMID": 105111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6591", "title": "A home program of long-term total parenteral nutrition in children.", "content": "Three children--ages 4 months, 5 months, and 14 years--have been on a program of total parenteral nutrition at home for ten, 23 and 44 months respectively, as of January, 1978. Using a specially designed silicone rubber catheter, placed in the right atrium, total nutritional needs of these children were delivered nightly by family members; the children carried out normal activity during the day with the catheter line maintained by a heparin lock. Normal skeletal development and weight gain have been achieved while allowing these children normal social and psychlogic development outside the hospital. During the course of the therapy the patients had multiple metabolic abnormalities which were successfully treated by replacement therapy. The duration of catheter patency ranged from three to 22 months. Catheter sepsis or mechanical failure occasionally required catheter removal and replacement.", "contents": "A home program of long-term total parenteral nutrition in children. Three children--ages 4 months, 5 months, and 14 years--have been on a program of total parenteral nutrition at home for ten, 23 and 44 months respectively, as of January, 1978. Using a specially designed silicone rubber catheter, placed in the right atrium, total nutritional needs of these children were delivered nightly by family members; the children carried out normal activity during the day with the catheter line maintained by a heparin lock. Normal skeletal development and weight gain have been achieved while allowing these children normal social and psychlogic development outside the hospital. During the course of the therapy the patients had multiple metabolic abnormalities which were successfully treated by replacement therapy. The duration of catheter patency ranged from three to 22 months. Catheter sepsis or mechanical failure occasionally required catheter removal and replacement.", "PMID": 105115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6592", "title": "Glucagon suppression with low-dose intramuscular insulin therapy in diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "The effects of low-dose intramuscular insulin therapy on endogenous glucagon secretion in diabetic ketoacidosis were compared prospectively with a conventional regimen. Ten patients, 4 to 15 years of age, who had 13 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis, were alternately assigned to either group. Either 0.1 unit/kg regular insulin was given every two hours im, or 1.0 unit/kg regular insulin was given, half subcutaneously and half intravenously, every 4 hours. In both groups, a significant and equal fall in both serum glucose and glucagon concentrations was observed. No complications were encountered. It is concluded that 0.1 unit/kg of regular insulin given im every two hours is as effective in correcting hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia of diabetic ketoacidosis as is conventional therapy, and avoids the risks of secondary hypoglycemia known to occur when the larger insulin dosages are employed.", "contents": "Glucagon suppression with low-dose intramuscular insulin therapy in diabetic ketoacidosis. The effects of low-dose intramuscular insulin therapy on endogenous glucagon secretion in diabetic ketoacidosis were compared prospectively with a conventional regimen. Ten patients, 4 to 15 years of age, who had 13 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis, were alternately assigned to either group. Either 0.1 unit/kg regular insulin was given every two hours im, or 1.0 unit/kg regular insulin was given, half subcutaneously and half intravenously, every 4 hours. In both groups, a significant and equal fall in both serum glucose and glucagon concentrations was observed. No complications were encountered. It is concluded that 0.1 unit/kg of regular insulin given im every two hours is as effective in correcting hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia of diabetic ketoacidosis as is conventional therapy, and avoids the risks of secondary hypoglycemia known to occur when the larger insulin dosages are employed.", "PMID": 105114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6593", "title": "The fine structure of elongate gametocytes of Leucocytozoon ziemanni (Laveran).", "content": "In an effort to establish comparative data within the genus Leucocytozoon, elongate gametocytes of L. ziemanni from naturally infected great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) were examined by electron microscopy. Micro- and macrogametocytes proved to be easily distinguishable at the electron microscopic level due to dramatic dimorphism at maturity and cytoplasmic and nuclear morphology. The parasite membrane architecture, number and type of cytoplasmic ribosomes of both micro- and macrogametocytes, presence and arrangement of osmiophilic bodies and electron dense spheres, mitochondrial morphology, endoplasmic reticulum cisternae morphology, mitochondria containing pocket infoldings of the nuclear membrane of the microgametocytes, and cytostome and food vacuole formation compare favorably with available information on L. simondi and L. smithi. Comparative variations exist only in that L. ziemanni gametocytes apparently lack compartmentalization of the cytoplasm by aligned unit membranes and parasite induced separations of the host cell nucleus as reported for L. simondi.", "contents": "The fine structure of elongate gametocytes of Leucocytozoon ziemanni (Laveran). In an effort to establish comparative data within the genus Leucocytozoon, elongate gametocytes of L. ziemanni from naturally infected great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) were examined by electron microscopy. Micro- and macrogametocytes proved to be easily distinguishable at the electron microscopic level due to dramatic dimorphism at maturity and cytoplasmic and nuclear morphology. The parasite membrane architecture, number and type of cytoplasmic ribosomes of both micro- and macrogametocytes, presence and arrangement of osmiophilic bodies and electron dense spheres, mitochondrial morphology, endoplasmic reticulum cisternae morphology, mitochondria containing pocket infoldings of the nuclear membrane of the microgametocytes, and cytostome and food vacuole formation compare favorably with available information on L. simondi and L. smithi. Comparative variations exist only in that L. ziemanni gametocytes apparently lack compartmentalization of the cytoplasm by aligned unit membranes and parasite induced separations of the host cell nucleus as reported for L. simondi.", "PMID": 105117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6594", "title": "Rieger's syndrome: (oligodontia and primary mesodermal dysgenesis of the iris) clinical features and report of an isolated case.", "content": "An 11-year-old female manifested bilateral prominent Schwalbe's line, iridal adhesions, displaced and irregular pupils. She had no evidence of juvenile glaucoma. The major nonocular finding in this patient was the congenital absence of her primary and permanent maxillary central and lateral incisors. Although missing or malformed teeth may occur in other conditions such as Down's syndrome, focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome, anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, chondroectodermal dysplasia, and incontinentia pigmenti, the clinician should include Rieger's syndrome in his differential diagnosis in patients with oligodontia in combination with malformation of the anterior chamber of the eye. Rieger's syndrome is a rare condition characterized by ocular and dental abnormalities, namely mesoectodermal dysgenesis of the iris and cornea of the eyes and hypodontia of the dentition. This report presents a sporadic case of Rieger's syndrome in an 11-year-old female and discusses the pertinent clinical features of this condition.", "contents": "Rieger's syndrome: (oligodontia and primary mesodermal dysgenesis of the iris) clinical features and report of an isolated case. An 11-year-old female manifested bilateral prominent Schwalbe's line, iridal adhesions, displaced and irregular pupils. She had no evidence of juvenile glaucoma. The major nonocular finding in this patient was the congenital absence of her primary and permanent maxillary central and lateral incisors. Although missing or malformed teeth may occur in other conditions such as Down's syndrome, focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome, anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, chondroectodermal dysplasia, and incontinentia pigmenti, the clinician should include Rieger's syndrome in his differential diagnosis in patients with oligodontia in combination with malformation of the anterior chamber of the eye. Rieger's syndrome is a rare condition characterized by ocular and dental abnormalities, namely mesoectodermal dysgenesis of the iris and cornea of the eyes and hypodontia of the dentition. This report presents a sporadic case of Rieger's syndrome in an 11-year-old female and discusses the pertinent clinical features of this condition.", "PMID": 105118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6595", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin teratogenicity: ocular manifestations and related deformities.", "content": "This patient illustrates a classical case of what many pediatricians call the diphenylhydantoin teratogenic syndrome. It suggests the possibility of an additional ocular finding of retinoschisis and optic nerve abnormalities which could conceivably have a teratogenic basis. The effects of epilepsy and diphenylhydantoin on these formations is discussed.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin teratogenicity: ocular manifestations and related deformities. This patient illustrates a classical case of what many pediatricians call the diphenylhydantoin teratogenic syndrome. It suggests the possibility of an additional ocular finding of retinoschisis and optic nerve abnormalities which could conceivably have a teratogenic basis. The effects of epilepsy and diphenylhydantoin on these formations is discussed.", "PMID": 105119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6596", "title": "The role of sulcular environment in controlling epithelial keratinization.", "content": "The influence of the sulcular environment on the keratinization of the outer surface gingival epithelium was tested in three young adult Rhesus monkeys. A total of 40 mucoperiosteal flaps were raised, and inverted so as to bring the outer surface epithelium in contact with the tooth, and were sutured. The experimental time intervals varied from 1 hour to 60 days. The monkeys received H3 thymidine 1 hour prior to sacrifice. The material was prepared for histologic and radioautographic evaluation. Results indicated that the outer surface epithelium changes its morphology to a nonkeratinized epithelium devoid of deep rete pegs when in close contact with the tooth, resulting in the anatomical characteristics normally seen in sulcular epithelium. It is concluded that the sulcular environment has the capability of controlling the keratinizing potential of the outer surface gingival epithelium. It is further suggested that the constant irritation of bacterial plaque and its products may be responsible for the premature desquamation of the sulcular epithelium which in turn might not allow its full differentiation.", "contents": "The role of sulcular environment in controlling epithelial keratinization. The influence of the sulcular environment on the keratinization of the outer surface gingival epithelium was tested in three young adult Rhesus monkeys. A total of 40 mucoperiosteal flaps were raised, and inverted so as to bring the outer surface epithelium in contact with the tooth, and were sutured. The experimental time intervals varied from 1 hour to 60 days. The monkeys received H3 thymidine 1 hour prior to sacrifice. The material was prepared for histologic and radioautographic evaluation. Results indicated that the outer surface epithelium changes its morphology to a nonkeratinized epithelium devoid of deep rete pegs when in close contact with the tooth, resulting in the anatomical characteristics normally seen in sulcular epithelium. It is concluded that the sulcular environment has the capability of controlling the keratinizing potential of the outer surface gingival epithelium. It is further suggested that the constant irritation of bacterial plaque and its products may be responsible for the premature desquamation of the sulcular epithelium which in turn might not allow its full differentiation.", "PMID": 105124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6597", "title": "Peters' anomaly: dominant inheritance in one pedigree and dextrocardia in another.", "content": "Two case reports are described to illustrate the unusual occurrence of dominant inheritance of Peters' anomaly and the concomitant occurrence of Peters' anomaly with colobomatous microphthalmos and dextrocardia. Studies of additional families are necessary to determine conclusively the pathogenesis, genetic mode of inheritance, ocular and systemic associated malformations, and proper management of this complex entity.", "contents": "Peters' anomaly: dominant inheritance in one pedigree and dextrocardia in another. Two case reports are described to illustrate the unusual occurrence of dominant inheritance of Peters' anomaly and the concomitant occurrence of Peters' anomaly with colobomatous microphthalmos and dextrocardia. Studies of additional families are necessary to determine conclusively the pathogenesis, genetic mode of inheritance, ocular and systemic associated malformations, and proper management of this complex entity.", "PMID": 105120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6598", "title": "Cell populations in the transseptal fiber region before, during and after experimental periodontitis in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "A study was designed to enumerate cell populations before, during and after experimentally induced periodontitis in squirrel monkeys. The clinically healthy gingival connective tissue adjacent to the sulcus contained populations of macrophages, plasma cells, lymphoid cells, and granulocytes, indicating that immune responses were probably in operation. Although these cell populations have been associated with tissue destruction, it is possible that they may serve to confine the antigens to the tissue adjacent to the sulcus, and reduce their spread apically. Active periodontitis was associated with the presence of granulocytes and macrophages in the transseptal fiber region. These cells are capable of causing the localized collagen degradation and bone resorption that occur during the destructive phase of the disease. Eight weeks after etiologic agents were removed, the cell populations in the transseptal fiber area returned to a level comparable with those in the pre-experimental, clinically healthy. This indicates that active periodontitis within the transseptal fiber region had ceased and repair had occurred.", "contents": "Cell populations in the transseptal fiber region before, during and after experimental periodontitis in squirrel monkeys. A study was designed to enumerate cell populations before, during and after experimentally induced periodontitis in squirrel monkeys. The clinically healthy gingival connective tissue adjacent to the sulcus contained populations of macrophages, plasma cells, lymphoid cells, and granulocytes, indicating that immune responses were probably in operation. Although these cell populations have been associated with tissue destruction, it is possible that they may serve to confine the antigens to the tissue adjacent to the sulcus, and reduce their spread apically. Active periodontitis was associated with the presence of granulocytes and macrophages in the transseptal fiber region. These cells are capable of causing the localized collagen degradation and bone resorption that occur during the destructive phase of the disease. Eight weeks after etiologic agents were removed, the cell populations in the transseptal fiber area returned to a level comparable with those in the pre-experimental, clinically healthy. This indicates that active periodontitis within the transseptal fiber region had ceased and repair had occurred.", "PMID": 105125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6599", "title": "Production of anterior segment ischemia.", "content": "Anterior segment ischemia changes can occur without detachment of any muscles. The most common cause of such ischemic changes of the anterior segment is the removal of too many rectus muscles in one operation. Twenty dog eyes and eight monkey eyes were subjected to the disinsertion and detachment of various combinations of extraocular muscles. They were sacrificed at intervals from 30 to 90 days. During the observation period, they were observed for gross and slit lamp changes. The enucleated eyes were studied microscopically for signs of ischemic and necrotic changes. Two patients who were studied, observed, and treated for anterior segment ischemia following muscle surgery are described. The changes which occur after muscle surgery are extensive and include corneal edema, cataract, chemosis, corneal changes, decreases in intraocular pressure, decreases in outflow or glaucoma and frank necrosis. The variables which lead to this reaction is described in detail. Also, some unanswered queries, such as the duration of the reaction and the time interval of the reaction after multiple muscle surgeries, are discussed.", "contents": "Production of anterior segment ischemia. Anterior segment ischemia changes can occur without detachment of any muscles. The most common cause of such ischemic changes of the anterior segment is the removal of too many rectus muscles in one operation. Twenty dog eyes and eight monkey eyes were subjected to the disinsertion and detachment of various combinations of extraocular muscles. They were sacrificed at intervals from 30 to 90 days. During the observation period, they were observed for gross and slit lamp changes. The enucleated eyes were studied microscopically for signs of ischemic and necrotic changes. Two patients who were studied, observed, and treated for anterior segment ischemia following muscle surgery are described. The changes which occur after muscle surgery are extensive and include corneal edema, cataract, chemosis, corneal changes, decreases in intraocular pressure, decreases in outflow or glaucoma and frank necrosis. The variables which lead to this reaction is described in detail. Also, some unanswered queries, such as the duration of the reaction and the time interval of the reaction after multiple muscle surgeries, are discussed.", "PMID": 105121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6600", "title": "Melnick-Needles syndrome.", "content": "A 10-year-old female with a generalized bone dysplasia was found to have a rare condition, Melnick-Needles syndrome. Characteristic clinical features of this syndrome include exophthalmos, hypertelorism, micrognathia, malaligned teeth, and large ears in a person with multiple bone deformities. In addition to the usual characteristic clinical findings, sclerocornea and cornea plana were also present in this patient. This is the first case of Melnick-Needles syndrome reported in the ophthalmological literature and the first case reported with ophthalmological findings other than exophthalmos and strabismus.", "contents": "Melnick-Needles syndrome. A 10-year-old female with a generalized bone dysplasia was found to have a rare condition, Melnick-Needles syndrome. Characteristic clinical features of this syndrome include exophthalmos, hypertelorism, micrognathia, malaligned teeth, and large ears in a person with multiple bone deformities. In addition to the usual characteristic clinical findings, sclerocornea and cornea plana were also present in this patient. This is the first case of Melnick-Needles syndrome reported in the ophthalmological literature and the first case reported with ophthalmological findings other than exophthalmos and strabismus.", "PMID": 105122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6601", "title": "Ophthalmological findings in 34 patients with Waardenburg syndrome.", "content": "In the Netherlands five families with 34 previously unreported patients with Waardenburg syndrome were traced. Twenty-three patients with the syndrome including dystopia canthorum (Type I) were ophthalmologically examined and three patients with the syndrome without dystopia canthorum (Type II) were also examined. Ten of the 15 patients with pigmentary disorders of the iris also showed a shortage of pigment in the retina. Convergent strabismus occurred in an higher percentage of the examined patients (19%) than in the normal population (4-5%).", "contents": "Ophthalmological findings in 34 patients with Waardenburg syndrome. In the Netherlands five families with 34 previously unreported patients with Waardenburg syndrome were traced. Twenty-three patients with the syndrome including dystopia canthorum (Type I) were ophthalmologically examined and three patients with the syndrome without dystopia canthorum (Type II) were also examined. Ten of the 15 patients with pigmentary disorders of the iris also showed a shortage of pigment in the retina. Convergent strabismus occurred in an higher percentage of the examined patients (19%) than in the normal population (4-5%).", "PMID": 105123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6602", "title": "[Relationship between the phagocytic inhibition of the rat reticuloendothelial system and the anticholinesterasic effect of an insecticide, Carbaryl (author's transl)].", "content": "Phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and blood cholinesterase activity were determined in male rats after veinous administrations of carbaryl and 1-naphthol, a carbaryl metabolite. The various parameters were measured 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after administration of the following four doses per 100 g body weight : 1.875, 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mumol. 1. Results showed an inhibition of the RES phagocytic activity (clearance of colloidal carbon) after carbaryl administration; although 1.875 mumol/100 g had no effect, the other doses inhibited RES activity, blockade time being a function of the dose given. The phagocytic function had returned to normal 72 hr after carbaryl administration. 2. Reductions in spleen weight and protein content were observed together with the RES blockade. 3. At all four doses, the anticholinesterase effect was already apparent one hour after carbaryl administration. 4. 1-naphthol, one of carbaryl's chief metabolites, had no effect either on the RES or on the different parameters studied. These results show a relationship between the phagocytic inhibition of the reticuloendothelial system and the anticholinesterasic effect by carbaryl. They suggest an inhibition of some esterases of macrophages interfering with the phagocytosis.", "contents": "[Relationship between the phagocytic inhibition of the rat reticuloendothelial system and the anticholinesterasic effect of an insecticide, Carbaryl (author's transl)]. Phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and blood cholinesterase activity were determined in male rats after veinous administrations of carbaryl and 1-naphthol, a carbaryl metabolite. The various parameters were measured 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after administration of the following four doses per 100 g body weight : 1.875, 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mumol. 1. Results showed an inhibition of the RES phagocytic activity (clearance of colloidal carbon) after carbaryl administration; although 1.875 mumol/100 g had no effect, the other doses inhibited RES activity, blockade time being a function of the dose given. The phagocytic function had returned to normal 72 hr after carbaryl administration. 2. Reductions in spleen weight and protein content were observed together with the RES blockade. 3. At all four doses, the anticholinesterase effect was already apparent one hour after carbaryl administration. 4. 1-naphthol, one of carbaryl's chief metabolites, had no effect either on the RES or on the different parameters studied. These results show a relationship between the phagocytic inhibition of the reticuloendothelial system and the anticholinesterasic effect by carbaryl. They suggest an inhibition of some esterases of macrophages interfering with the phagocytosis.", "PMID": 105127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6603", "title": "Muscle responses and monosynaptic reflexes in falling monkey. Role of the vestibular system.", "content": "The free fall has been used in our laboratory as a way to test vestibular function in baboons in order to quantify vestibular compensation in the hemilabyrinthectomized animal. This study presents only those results that concern the contribution of the vestibular system to muscle responses due to sudden fall. EMG activity was recorded from the fully conscious animal using chronic electrodes implanted in various muscles. Spinal monosynaptic reflexes (Hoffmann's and tendon reflexes) were studied in the soleus muscle. Baboons were seated in a special chair suspended from an electromagnet and unexpectedly dropped 90 cm. Experiments were performed in normal, unilateral and bilateral vestibular neurectomized baboons. 1. In normal baboons, results showed a first short-latency response in all tested muscles, followed by a second peak of EMG activity in these muscles. Comparison with data from bilateral vestibular neurectomized baboons demonstrates that normal vestibular function is essential for the appearance of the first peak; the second peak rapidly disappears in our experimental situation where the animal's fall is mechanically braked and interrupted, so the animal does not have to make the postural adjustments necessary for landing, It is suggested that the first peak is concerned with the automatic and reflex control of landing, the second with the voluntary breaking of landing. 2. The modulation of monosynaptic spinal reflexes is closely related to the EMG response in soleus muscle. Facilitation of the H-reflex begins just prior to the onset of the EMG activity and continues as long as the baboon is falling. The T-reflex modulation presents a similar time course except in its early phase where it is depressed. Decrease in T and increase in H-reflexes suggest that the EMG response is most likely due to direct activation of alpha-motoneurons and not by means of the gamma-loop. 3. In unilateral vestibular neurectomized baboons, EMG and reflexological data show the classical asymmetry characterized by a strong decrease of the responses on the side of the lesion, and by a pronounced increase on the contralateral side. It is concluded that this represents the imbalance between the resting discharge of the vestibular neurons, and discloses the influence of labyrinthine afferences at the spinal level. We suggest consequently the use of EMG responses and modulation of spinal reflexes to fall in order to quantify vestibular compensation.", "contents": "Muscle responses and monosynaptic reflexes in falling monkey. Role of the vestibular system. The free fall has been used in our laboratory as a way to test vestibular function in baboons in order to quantify vestibular compensation in the hemilabyrinthectomized animal. This study presents only those results that concern the contribution of the vestibular system to muscle responses due to sudden fall. EMG activity was recorded from the fully conscious animal using chronic electrodes implanted in various muscles. Spinal monosynaptic reflexes (Hoffmann's and tendon reflexes) were studied in the soleus muscle. Baboons were seated in a special chair suspended from an electromagnet and unexpectedly dropped 90 cm. Experiments were performed in normal, unilateral and bilateral vestibular neurectomized baboons. 1. In normal baboons, results showed a first short-latency response in all tested muscles, followed by a second peak of EMG activity in these muscles. Comparison with data from bilateral vestibular neurectomized baboons demonstrates that normal vestibular function is essential for the appearance of the first peak; the second peak rapidly disappears in our experimental situation where the animal's fall is mechanically braked and interrupted, so the animal does not have to make the postural adjustments necessary for landing, It is suggested that the first peak is concerned with the automatic and reflex control of landing, the second with the voluntary breaking of landing. 2. The modulation of monosynaptic spinal reflexes is closely related to the EMG response in soleus muscle. Facilitation of the H-reflex begins just prior to the onset of the EMG activity and continues as long as the baboon is falling. The T-reflex modulation presents a similar time course except in its early phase where it is depressed. Decrease in T and increase in H-reflexes suggest that the EMG response is most likely due to direct activation of alpha-motoneurons and not by means of the gamma-loop. 3. In unilateral vestibular neurectomized baboons, EMG and reflexological data show the classical asymmetry characterized by a strong decrease of the responses on the side of the lesion, and by a pronounced increase on the contralateral side. It is concluded that this represents the imbalance between the resting discharge of the vestibular neurons, and discloses the influence of labyrinthine afferences at the spinal level. We suggest consequently the use of EMG responses and modulation of spinal reflexes to fall in order to quantify vestibular compensation.", "PMID": 105128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6604", "title": "Fine structure of human malaria in vitro.", "content": "The erythrocytic cycle of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium, falciparum, was examined by electron microscopy. Three strains of parasites maintained in continuous culture in human erythrocytes were compared with in vivo infections in Aotus monkeys. The ultrastructure of P. falciparum is not altered by continuous cultivation in vitro. Mitochondria contain DNA-like filaments and some cristae at all stages of the erythrocytic life cycle. The Golgi apparatus is prominent at the schizont stage and may be involved in the formation of rhoptries. In culture, knob-like protrusions first appear on the surface of trophozoite-infected erythrocytes. The time of appearance of knobs on cells in vitro correlates with the life cycle stage of parasites which are sequestered from the peripheral circulation in vivo. Knob material of older parasites coalesces and forms extensions from the erythrocyte surface. Some of this material is sloughed from the host cell surface. The parasitophorous vacuole membrane breaks down in erythrocytes containing mature merozoites both in vitro and in  vivo. Merozoite structure is similar to that of P. knowlesi. The immature gametocytes in culture have no knobs.", "contents": "Fine structure of human malaria in vitro. The erythrocytic cycle of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium, falciparum, was examined by electron microscopy. Three strains of parasites maintained in continuous culture in human erythrocytes were compared with in vivo infections in Aotus monkeys. The ultrastructure of P. falciparum is not altered by continuous cultivation in vitro. Mitochondria contain DNA-like filaments and some cristae at all stages of the erythrocytic life cycle. The Golgi apparatus is prominent at the schizont stage and may be involved in the formation of rhoptries. In culture, knob-like protrusions first appear on the surface of trophozoite-infected erythrocytes. The time of appearance of knobs on cells in vitro correlates with the life cycle stage of parasites which are sequestered from the peripheral circulation in vivo. Knob material of older parasites coalesces and forms extensions from the erythrocyte surface. Some of this material is sloughed from the host cell surface. The parasitophorous vacuole membrane breaks down in erythrocytes containing mature merozoites both in vitro and in  vivo. Merozoite structure is similar to that of P. knowlesi. The immature gametocytes in culture have no knobs.", "PMID": 105129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6605", "title": "Cytotoxicity of synthetic fuel products on Tetrahymena pyriformis. II. Shale oil retort water.", "content": "Shale oil retort water is obtained by centrifuging the oil/water emulsion produced by oil shale retorting. The ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis was exposed to retort water; 2, 1, and 0.5% initially increased motility; longer exposures decreased motility. Three, 4, and 5% all decreased motility. Cell lysis was directly related to concentration; after 24 h, population densities were 0, 10, and 25% of controls for 2, 1, and 0.5% retort water, respectively. Oxygen consumption paralleled the motility pattern: at lower concentrations it increased initially but decreased with extended exposures while at higher concentrations it decreased rapidly. The most striking cytologic alteration of cells exposed to the toxicant occurred in the membranes; alterations of mucocysts and glycogen content were also observed, but mitochondrial changes were not. Population growth was affected at much lower concentrations than the other test indices. The growth of test populations reached a plateau at values inversely related to concentration: concentrations less than 0.4% had no effect on growth rate.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of synthetic fuel products on Tetrahymena pyriformis. II. Shale oil retort water. Shale oil retort water is obtained by centrifuging the oil/water emulsion produced by oil shale retorting. The ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis was exposed to retort water; 2, 1, and 0.5% initially increased motility; longer exposures decreased motility. Three, 4, and 5% all decreased motility. Cell lysis was directly related to concentration; after 24 h, population densities were 0, 10, and 25% of controls for 2, 1, and 0.5% retort water, respectively. Oxygen consumption paralleled the motility pattern: at lower concentrations it increased initially but decreased with extended exposures while at higher concentrations it decreased rapidly. The most striking cytologic alteration of cells exposed to the toxicant occurred in the membranes; alterations of mucocysts and glycogen content were also observed, but mitochondrial changes were not. Population growth was affected at much lower concentrations than the other test indices. The growth of test populations reached a plateau at values inversely related to concentration: concentrations less than 0.4% had no effect on growth rate.", "PMID": 105130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6606", "title": "Some clinical consequences of red cell incompatibility: the Bradshaw lecture 1978.", "content": "Most deaths from red cell incompatibility are due either to the transfusion of ABO-incompatibile red cell or to Rh-haemolytic disease of the newborn; almost all the deaths are preventible. It seems that approximately 1 in 5,000 recipients receive ABO-incompatible blood, a figure which implies that donor and/or recipient may be mis-identified in as many as 1 in 1,5000 transfusions. Another serious consequence of mis-identification is the transfusion of Rh-positive blood to an Rh-negative female who has no children and is not past the age of childbearing. The need for rigorous checking procedures to ensure that patients are transfused with the 'right' blood cannot be stated too often. Some deaths from Rh-haemolytic disease of the newborn are due to the fact that the mother has not received suppressive therapy after a previous pregnancy. Wider recognition of the great importance of administering anti-D to women who might otherwise become immunised would save many lives.", "contents": "Some clinical consequences of red cell incompatibility: the Bradshaw lecture 1978. Most deaths from red cell incompatibility are due either to the transfusion of ABO-incompatibile red cell or to Rh-haemolytic disease of the newborn; almost all the deaths are preventible. It seems that approximately 1 in 5,000 recipients receive ABO-incompatible blood, a figure which implies that donor and/or recipient may be mis-identified in as many as 1 in 1,5000 transfusions. Another serious consequence of mis-identification is the transfusion of Rh-positive blood to an Rh-negative female who has no children and is not past the age of childbearing. The need for rigorous checking procedures to ensure that patients are transfused with the 'right' blood cannot be stated too often. Some deaths from Rh-haemolytic disease of the newborn are due to the fact that the mother has not received suppressive therapy after a previous pregnancy. Wider recognition of the great importance of administering anti-D to women who might otherwise become immunised would save many lives.", "PMID": 105132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6607", "title": "Apical systolic click and murmur associated with neurofibromatosis.", "content": "In this report we describe a child who had an apical systolic click and murmur, as well as widespread cutaneous neurofibromatosis. We were not able to show an anatomical basis for the click and murmur.", "contents": "Apical systolic click and murmur associated with neurofibromatosis. In this report we describe a child who had an apical systolic click and murmur, as well as widespread cutaneous neurofibromatosis. We were not able to show an anatomical basis for the click and murmur.", "PMID": 105133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6608", "title": "Chemical and physical restraint of nonhuman primates.", "content": "Numerous publications on primate restraint and anesthesiology have appeared in recent years. This reflects the striking growth of interest in medical primatology and of efforts to improve restraint agents and methods to facilitate humane use of primates in research. For access to earlier literature, readers should consult recent textbooks [12; 29, pp. 469--474], reviews on chemical or physical restraint [3, 4, 16, 27, 30, 37], and other valuable publications on these subjects that have appeared since 1965 [1, 20, 23, 36, 40, 42]. In this brief review we consider publications, principally since 1971, that deal with chemical or physical restraint. We also present previously unpublished data on the clinical use in primates of CI 744 (Telazol), a new dissociative anesthetic that until recently has been available only for investigational use.", "contents": "Chemical and physical restraint of nonhuman primates. Numerous publications on primate restraint and anesthesiology have appeared in recent years. This reflects the striking growth of interest in medical primatology and of efforts to improve restraint agents and methods to facilitate humane use of primates in research. For access to earlier literature, readers should consult recent textbooks [12; 29, pp. 469--474], reviews on chemical or physical restraint [3, 4, 16, 27, 30, 37], and other valuable publications on these subjects that have appeared since 1965 [1, 20, 23, 36, 40, 42]. In this brief review we consider publications, principally since 1971, that deal with chemical or physical restraint. We also present previously unpublished data on the clinical use in primates of CI 744 (Telazol), a new dissociative anesthetic that until recently has been available only for investigational use.", "PMID": 105135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6609", "title": "Timing of births and reproductive success in rhesus monkey social groups.", "content": "Analysis of six years of birth records (228 potential reproductive years) from 71 female rhesus monkeys, housed in social groups in outdoor compounds, revealed several variables which influenced the reproductive pattern. The timing of conception in this seasonally breeding species was influenced by age, parity, and reproductive outcome the previous year, but not by social rank. In contrast, high social rank did confer an advantage in higher conception and lower infant mortality rates.", "contents": "Timing of births and reproductive success in rhesus monkey social groups. Analysis of six years of birth records (228 potential reproductive years) from 71 female rhesus monkeys, housed in social groups in outdoor compounds, revealed several variables which influenced the reproductive pattern. The timing of conception in this seasonally breeding species was influenced by age, parity, and reproductive outcome the previous year, but not by social rank. In contrast, high social rank did confer an advantage in higher conception and lower infant mortality rates.", "PMID": 105136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6610", "title": "Rectal probe electroejaculation of primates.", "content": "The technique of rectal probe electroejaculation has been developed to permit collection of semen using equipment proven safe, simple, and effective on the 30 primate species so far tested. This paper provides information on the construction and operation of this equipment, together with electrical parameters applicable to primate species. Seminal emission or ejaculation occurs in all species when alternating current is delivered at 0.25 mA/mm2 electrode area. The most effective frequency is 20 Hz, and the most acceptable anesthetic is ketamine hydrochloride.", "contents": "Rectal probe electroejaculation of primates. The technique of rectal probe electroejaculation has been developed to permit collection of semen using equipment proven safe, simple, and effective on the 30 primate species so far tested. This paper provides information on the construction and operation of this equipment, together with electrical parameters applicable to primate species. Seminal emission or ejaculation occurs in all species when alternating current is delivered at 0.25 mA/mm2 electrode area. The most effective frequency is 20 Hz, and the most acceptable anesthetic is ketamine hydrochloride.", "PMID": 105137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6611", "title": "Effects of intrafollicular administration of gonadotropins in two species of nonhuman primates using laparoscopy.", "content": "Direct administration of 0.5 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) into the matured ovarian follicles of adult female Saimiri sciureus resulted in ovulation in 45% of the animals treated. When purified ovine luteinizing hormone (LH) was administered, ovulation was observed in 55% of the animals while intrafollicular injection of saline had no effect. Similar injections of HCG into matured follicles of Macaca fascicularis would not cause ovulation but did result in a 55% increase in menstrual cycle length. These results indicate that the necessity of a primate source of LH for inducing ovulation may be due to an extrafollicular mechanism.", "contents": "Effects of intrafollicular administration of gonadotropins in two species of nonhuman primates using laparoscopy. Direct administration of 0.5 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) into the matured ovarian follicles of adult female Saimiri sciureus resulted in ovulation in 45% of the animals treated. When purified ovine luteinizing hormone (LH) was administered, ovulation was observed in 55% of the animals while intrafollicular injection of saline had no effect. Similar injections of HCG into matured follicles of Macaca fascicularis would not cause ovulation but did result in a 55% increase in menstrual cycle length. These results indicate that the necessity of a primate source of LH for inducing ovulation may be due to an extrafollicular mechanism.", "PMID": 105138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6612", "title": "Evaluation of caged mating behavior in Macaca fascicularis.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to characterize the basic behavioral parameters of a breeding colony of Macaca fascicularis under caged conditions. The female Reproduction Performance Index and the Success Ratio were found to correlate with mating behavior relating to cyclicity in females with cycles of less than 30 days. These evaluations proved to be useful in the selection of animals based on sexual vigor.", "contents": "Evaluation of caged mating behavior in Macaca fascicularis. Studies were undertaken to characterize the basic behavioral parameters of a breeding colony of Macaca fascicularis under caged conditions. The female Reproduction Performance Index and the Success Ratio were found to correlate with mating behavior relating to cyclicity in females with cycles of less than 30 days. These evaluations proved to be useful in the selection of animals based on sexual vigor.", "PMID": 105139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6613", "title": "Persistent cloaca in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "A persistent cloaca was found to occur in a 15-year-old female cynomolgus monkey. This is the first case reported in a nonhuman primate. The embryological basis of this anomaly is discussed, and pertinent anatomical findings in this animal are reported which demonstrate the embryologic defect.", "contents": "Persistent cloaca in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). A persistent cloaca was found to occur in a 15-year-old female cynomolgus monkey. This is the first case reported in a nonhuman primate. The embryological basis of this anomaly is discussed, and pertinent anatomical findings in this animal are reported which demonstrate the embryologic defect.", "PMID": 105140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6614", "title": "Antigenic cross-reactivity between human and marmoset zonase pellucidae, a potential target for immunocontraception.", "content": "Cross-reactivity between marmoset, chimpanzee, human and pig zona pellucida antigens was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and zona precipitation. In marmosets, anti-zona antibody prevented sperm attachment to eggs in vitro, and the antibody could be detected on zonae of ovarian oocytes following passive immunization. Use of the marmoset as an animal model in testing feasibility of the zona approach to immunocontraception is discussed.", "contents": "Antigenic cross-reactivity between human and marmoset zonase pellucidae, a potential target for immunocontraception. Cross-reactivity between marmoset, chimpanzee, human and pig zona pellucida antigens was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and zona precipitation. In marmosets, anti-zona antibody prevented sperm attachment to eggs in vitro, and the antibody could be detected on zonae of ovarian oocytes following passive immunization. Use of the marmoset as an animal model in testing feasibility of the zona approach to immunocontraception is discussed.", "PMID": 105141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6615", "title": "Intrauterine fetal demise associated with consumption coagulopathy in a Douc langur monkey (Pygathrix nemaeus nemaeus).", "content": "Intrauterine fetal demise was suspected in a Douc langur monkey based on measurements of declining urinary estrogen levels. Additional clinical evaluation by fetal cardiac auscultation, ultrasonic instrumentation, radiologic examination, and amniocentesis supported the diagnosis. Blood clotting studies demonstrated deficiency of factors consistent with a diagnosis of consumptive coagulopathy, a syndrome identical to that observed in man following prolonged intrauterine fetal demise.", "contents": "Intrauterine fetal demise associated with consumption coagulopathy in a Douc langur monkey (Pygathrix nemaeus nemaeus). Intrauterine fetal demise was suspected in a Douc langur monkey based on measurements of declining urinary estrogen levels. Additional clinical evaluation by fetal cardiac auscultation, ultrasonic instrumentation, radiologic examination, and amniocentesis supported the diagnosis. Blood clotting studies demonstrated deficiency of factors consistent with a diagnosis of consumptive coagulopathy, a syndrome identical to that observed in man following prolonged intrauterine fetal demise.", "PMID": 105142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6616", "title": "Mandibular function in Galago crassicaudatus and Macaca fascicularis: an in vivo approach to stress analysis of the mandible.", "content": "Single-element and/or rosette strain gages were bonded to mandibular cortical bone in Galago crassicaudatus and Macaca fascicularis. Five galago and eleven macaque bone strain experiments were performed and analyzed. In vivo bone strain was recorded from the lateral surface of the mandibular corpus below the postcanine tooth row during transducer biting and during mastication and ingestion of food objects. In macaques and galagos, the mandibular corpus on the balancing side is primarily bent in the sagittal plane during mastication and is both twisted about its long axis and bent in the sagittal plane during transducer biting. On the working side, it is primarily twisted about its long axis and directly sheared perpendicular to its long axis, and portions of it are bent in the sagittal plane during mastication and molar transducer biting. In macaques, the mandibular corpus on each side is primarily bent in the sagittal plane and twisted during incisal transducer biting and ingestion of food objects, and it is transversely bent and slightly twisted during jaw opening. Since galagos usually refused to bite the transducer or food objects with their incisors, an adequate characterization of mandibular stress patterns during these behaviors was not possible. In galagos the mandibular corpus experiences very little transverse bending stress during jaw opening, perhaps in part due to its unfused mandibular symphysis. Marked differences in the patterns of mandibular bone strain were present between galagos and macaques during the masticatory power stroke and during transducer biting. Galagos consistently had much more strain on the working side of the mandibular corpus than on the balancing side. These experiments support the hypothesis that galagos, in contrast to macaques, employ a larger amount of working-side muscle force relative to the balancing-side muscle force during unilateral biting and mastication, and that the fused mandibular symphysis is an adaption to use a maximal amount of balancing-side muscle force during unilateral biting and mastication. These experiments also demonstrate the effects that rosette position, bite force magnitudes, and types of food eaten have on recorded mandibular strain patterns.", "contents": "Mandibular function in Galago crassicaudatus and Macaca fascicularis: an in vivo approach to stress analysis of the mandible. Single-element and/or rosette strain gages were bonded to mandibular cortical bone in Galago crassicaudatus and Macaca fascicularis. Five galago and eleven macaque bone strain experiments were performed and analyzed. In vivo bone strain was recorded from the lateral surface of the mandibular corpus below the postcanine tooth row during transducer biting and during mastication and ingestion of food objects. In macaques and galagos, the mandibular corpus on the balancing side is primarily bent in the sagittal plane during mastication and is both twisted about its long axis and bent in the sagittal plane during transducer biting. On the working side, it is primarily twisted about its long axis and directly sheared perpendicular to its long axis, and portions of it are bent in the sagittal plane during mastication and molar transducer biting. In macaques, the mandibular corpus on each side is primarily bent in the sagittal plane and twisted during incisal transducer biting and ingestion of food objects, and it is transversely bent and slightly twisted during jaw opening. Since galagos usually refused to bite the transducer or food objects with their incisors, an adequate characterization of mandibular stress patterns during these behaviors was not possible. In galagos the mandibular corpus experiences very little transverse bending stress during jaw opening, perhaps in part due to its unfused mandibular symphysis. Marked differences in the patterns of mandibular bone strain were present between galagos and macaques during the masticatory power stroke and during transducer biting. Galagos consistently had much more strain on the working side of the mandibular corpus than on the balancing side. These experiments support the hypothesis that galagos, in contrast to macaques, employ a larger amount of working-side muscle force relative to the balancing-side muscle force during unilateral biting and mastication, and that the fused mandibular symphysis is an adaption to use a maximal amount of balancing-side muscle force during unilateral biting and mastication. These experiments also demonstrate the effects that rosette position, bite force magnitudes, and types of food eaten have on recorded mandibular strain patterns.", "PMID": 105147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6617", "title": "Toxicological studies on pipemidic acid. V. Effect on diarthrodial joints of experimental animals.", "content": "Pipemidic acid (PPA) orally given in a dose of 100 mg/kg/day or more was found to cause lame gait in immature beagle dogs of about 3 months old. Their diarthrodial joints were abnormal with increased synovial fluid and blister formation under the outer layer of the articular cartilage. However, such an abnormality was not found in dogs younger than 2 weeks or older than 12 months. The blisters were formed at the joint areas bearing the body weight at a time when PPA was considered to be present there. Nalidixic and piromidic acids, structural analogues of PPA, also caused abnormality similar to PPA. The severity of the arthropathy was slight with piromidic acid as compared with PPA and nalidixic acid. The gait abnormality was almost disappeared spontaneously even if medication was continued. The incidence of the arthropathy was not or rarely observed in any young rats, rabbits and monkeys.", "contents": "Toxicological studies on pipemidic acid. V. Effect on diarthrodial joints of experimental animals. Pipemidic acid (PPA) orally given in a dose of 100 mg/kg/day or more was found to cause lame gait in immature beagle dogs of about 3 months old. Their diarthrodial joints were abnormal with increased synovial fluid and blister formation under the outer layer of the articular cartilage. However, such an abnormality was not found in dogs younger than 2 weeks or older than 12 months. The blisters were formed at the joint areas bearing the body weight at a time when PPA was considered to be present there. Nalidixic and piromidic acids, structural analogues of PPA, also caused abnormality similar to PPA. The severity of the arthropathy was slight with piromidic acid as compared with PPA and nalidixic acid. The gait abnormality was almost disappeared spontaneously even if medication was continued. The incidence of the arthropathy was not or rarely observed in any young rats, rabbits and monkeys.", "PMID": 105148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6618", "title": "Transient defect in the bactericidal capacity of rabbit alveolar macrophages following sublethal shock.", "content": "The phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages obtained from rabbits after they were given sublethal shock by tumbling in a modified Noble-Collip drum was studied. As compared to the phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages from normal rabbits, tumbling produced a statistically significant reduction in in vitro bactericidal capacity for both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. However, there was no alteration in the ingestive phase. The reduced bactericidal capacity was evident within 15 minutes after the stress, but the bactericidal capacity had returned to normal in rabbits that were allowed to recover for 24 hours before the studies were performed.", "contents": "Transient defect in the bactericidal capacity of rabbit alveolar macrophages following sublethal shock. The phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages obtained from rabbits after they were given sublethal shock by tumbling in a modified Noble-Collip drum was studied. As compared to the phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages from normal rabbits, tumbling produced a statistically significant reduction in in vitro bactericidal capacity for both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. However, there was no alteration in the ingestive phase. The reduced bactericidal capacity was evident within 15 minutes after the stress, but the bactericidal capacity had returned to normal in rabbits that were allowed to recover for 24 hours before the studies were performed.", "PMID": 105150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6619", "title": "Carcinom of the paranasal sinuses--a review of 158 cases.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-eight cases of paranasal sinus cancer have been reviewed retrospectively. The actuarial survival at five years for the whole group was 33%. The American Joint Committee (AJC) classification for maxillary cancer was used. T1 and T2 cases, with an actuarial survival of 44% at five years, had a significantly better prognosis than T3 cases (31%) and T4 cases (10%). Anemia of presentation and the presence of persistent disease when surgery followed pre-operative irradiation were poor prognostic indicators. The policy of combined pre-operative irradiation followed by surgery is advocated; patients with anemia should have this corrected before and during treatment.", "contents": "Carcinom of the paranasal sinuses--a review of 158 cases. One hundred and fifty-eight cases of paranasal sinus cancer have been reviewed retrospectively. The actuarial survival at five years for the whole group was 33%. The American Joint Committee (AJC) classification for maxillary cancer was used. T1 and T2 cases, with an actuarial survival of 44% at five years, had a significantly better prognosis than T3 cases (31%) and T4 cases (10%). Anemia of presentation and the presence of persistent disease when surgery followed pre-operative irradiation were poor prognostic indicators. The policy of combined pre-operative irradiation followed by surgery is advocated; patients with anemia should have this corrected before and during treatment.", "PMID": 105151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6620", "title": "A serologic survey of mule deer and elk in Utah.", "content": "Sera from mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus canadensis) in central and northern Utah were tested for the prevalence of antibodies to 11 diseases communicable to man or domestic livestock. Antibodies to Francisella tularensis (at 1:20) were found in 47 of 88 (53.4%) elk and 1 of 89 (1.1%) deer. A screening slide agglutination test for titers to Brucella (at 1:20) showed two reactors in elk but none in deer sera. No positive antibody titers were obtained in tests for anaplasmosis, Colorado tick fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q-fever, psittacosis, Powassan, western equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis and California encephalitis.", "contents": "A serologic survey of mule deer and elk in Utah. Sera from mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus canadensis) in central and northern Utah were tested for the prevalence of antibodies to 11 diseases communicable to man or domestic livestock. Antibodies to Francisella tularensis (at 1:20) were found in 47 of 88 (53.4%) elk and 1 of 89 (1.1%) deer. A screening slide agglutination test for titers to Brucella (at 1:20) showed two reactors in elk but none in deer sera. No positive antibody titers were obtained in tests for anaplasmosis, Colorado tick fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q-fever, psittacosis, Powassan, western equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis and California encephalitis.", "PMID": 105153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6621", "title": "Parasites and associated pathology observed in cetaceans stranded along the Oregon coast.", "content": "Ten stranded cetaceans, representing five species, from the Oregon Coast were examined between 1973-1977. Fourteen genera of parasites, together with the pathogenesis and pathology associated with the presence of some of these parasites are reported.", "contents": "Parasites and associated pathology observed in cetaceans stranded along the Oregon coast. Ten stranded cetaceans, representing five species, from the Oregon Coast were examined between 1973-1977. Fourteen genera of parasites, together with the pathogenesis and pathology associated with the presence of some of these parasites are reported.", "PMID": 105154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6622", "title": "Wildlife rabies in Zambia.", "content": "Wildlife species made up 26 (2.0%) of 1,304 positive rabies cases received between 1969 and 1976. The jackal (Canis adustus) was the predominate wildlife species involved (69%) and played a role in the epidemiology of bovine rabies in remote farm areas. Rabies appears to be absent from the intact wildlife communities in Zambia, especially the National Parks; this is considered in the light of the epidemiology of the disease in wildlife.", "contents": "Wildlife rabies in Zambia. Wildlife species made up 26 (2.0%) of 1,304 positive rabies cases received between 1969 and 1976. The jackal (Canis adustus) was the predominate wildlife species involved (69%) and played a role in the epidemiology of bovine rabies in remote farm areas. Rabies appears to be absent from the intact wildlife communities in Zambia, especially the National Parks; this is considered in the light of the epidemiology of the disease in wildlife.", "PMID": 105155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6623", "title": "Pseudomonas sternotomy wound infection and sternal osteomyelitis. Complications after open heart surgery.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa sternotomy wound infections occurred in five patients who underwent open heart surgery. The initial isolate in each case was from a mediastinal chest tube routinely cultured on removal. Soft-tissue infection developed in two patients, and sternal osteomyelitis developed in three patients. Pseudomonas-typing studies showed a correlation between five isolates from chest-tube suction pumps used postoperatively and the wound isolates. Analysis of antibiograms of Pseudomonas wound isolates from the cardiac surgery ward from 1975 to 1977 showed eight of 15 with the same antibiogram as the sternotomy pathogens, compared with two of 13 isolates from other wards.", "contents": "Pseudomonas sternotomy wound infection and sternal osteomyelitis. Complications after open heart surgery. Pseudomonas aeruginosa sternotomy wound infections occurred in five patients who underwent open heart surgery. The initial isolate in each case was from a mediastinal chest tube routinely cultured on removal. Soft-tissue infection developed in two patients, and sternal osteomyelitis developed in three patients. Pseudomonas-typing studies showed a correlation between five isolates from chest-tube suction pumps used postoperatively and the wound isolates. Analysis of antibiograms of Pseudomonas wound isolates from the cardiac surgery ward from 1975 to 1977 showed eight of 15 with the same antibiogram as the sternotomy pathogens, compared with two of 13 isolates from other wards.", "PMID": 105156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6624", "title": "Leukemia in workers exposed to ethylene oxide.", "content": "Ethylene oxide, a gaseous sterilant extensively used within health care facilities, is known to be a mutagen in bacteria and in human lymphocytes. The Environmental Protection Agency as well as the National Institue of Occupational Safety and Health have recently stipulated certain conditions for the use of ethylene oxide despite the lack of case reports or epidemiologic studies concerning carcinogenicity. We report three cases of leukemia that occurred between 1972 and 1977 in a relatively small group of Swedish workers exposed to ethylene oxide. According to national statistics, 0.2 cases of leukemia would have been expected. The time-weighted average ethylene oxide concentration was 20+/-10 ppm.", "contents": "Leukemia in workers exposed to ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide, a gaseous sterilant extensively used within health care facilities, is known to be a mutagen in bacteria and in human lymphocytes. The Environmental Protection Agency as well as the National Institue of Occupational Safety and Health have recently stipulated certain conditions for the use of ethylene oxide despite the lack of case reports or epidemiologic studies concerning carcinogenicity. We report three cases of leukemia that occurred between 1972 and 1977 in a relatively small group of Swedish workers exposed to ethylene oxide. According to national statistics, 0.2 cases of leukemia would have been expected. The time-weighted average ethylene oxide concentration was 20+/-10 ppm.", "PMID": 105157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6625", "title": "Serious infections from Bacillus sp.", "content": "Serious infections caused by organisms of the genus Bacillus developed in seven patients. Five drug abusers had either endocarditis or osteomyelitis, one leukemic patient had necrotizing fasciitis, and one patient had a ventriculoatrial shunt infection with recurrent bacteremia. All patients recovered. Experience with these cases reemphasizes the importance of not dismissing Bacillus organisms as culture contaminants, especially when isolated from blood, body fluids, or closed-space infections.", "contents": "Serious infections from Bacillus sp. Serious infections caused by organisms of the genus Bacillus developed in seven patients. Five drug abusers had either endocarditis or osteomyelitis, one leukemic patient had necrotizing fasciitis, and one patient had a ventriculoatrial shunt infection with recurrent bacteremia. All patients recovered. Experience with these cases reemphasizes the importance of not dismissing Bacillus organisms as culture contaminants, especially when isolated from blood, body fluids, or closed-space infections.", "PMID": 105158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6626", "title": "Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery. Practices within surgical services of the Veterans Administration.", "content": "A survey of prophylactic antibiotic-prescribing habits among chiefs of surgical services of the Veterans Administration yielded a 99% response. These responses have been compared with guidelines set by an expert committee on antimicrobial use for the VA central office. Assuming that 100% concordance with the standards of the committee is a desired state, the average hospital is approximately one third away from this goal (average score, 62.4%). The majority of errors were those of overuse rather than underuse. The size of the service and the existence of a university affiliation had no influence on the results. Feedback to the chiefs of service regarding the use of antibiotics was informal and tended to be carried out on rounds rather than as a result of formal audits. Most senior surgeons indicated that they would be willing to be influenced by audit guidelines.", "contents": "Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery. Practices within surgical services of the Veterans Administration. A survey of prophylactic antibiotic-prescribing habits among chiefs of surgical services of the Veterans Administration yielded a 99% response. These responses have been compared with guidelines set by an expert committee on antimicrobial use for the VA central office. Assuming that 100% concordance with the standards of the committee is a desired state, the average hospital is approximately one third away from this goal (average score, 62.4%). The majority of errors were those of overuse rather than underuse. The size of the service and the existence of a university affiliation had no influence on the results. Feedback to the chiefs of service regarding the use of antibiotics was informal and tended to be carried out on rounds rather than as a result of formal audits. Most senior surgeons indicated that they would be willing to be influenced by audit guidelines.", "PMID": 105162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6627", "title": "Low- and high-dose intravenous insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "We compared low-dose, continuous insulin infusion with a conventional high-dose intravenous bolus method of insulin administration in 18 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. The average rate of reduction in serum glucose concentration was 9.5 +/- 3.8%/hr in the continuous infusion group and 10.7 +/- 4.7%/hr in the bolus group. Arterial blood pH was corrected to 7.35 by 9.9 +/- 2.6/hours in the continuous infusion group and by 10.4 +/- 3.2/hours in the bolus group. The above means are not significantly different between groups. By the time pH was corrected to 7.35, patients in the continuous infusion group had received 121 +/- 44 units of insulin, whereas those in the bolus group had received 326 +/- 152 units. The continuous low-dose insulin infusion method is as safe and efficacious as the conventional high-dose intravenous bolus method.", "contents": "Low- and high-dose intravenous insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis. We compared low-dose, continuous insulin infusion with a conventional high-dose intravenous bolus method of insulin administration in 18 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. The average rate of reduction in serum glucose concentration was 9.5 +/- 3.8%/hr in the continuous infusion group and 10.7 +/- 4.7%/hr in the bolus group. Arterial blood pH was corrected to 7.35 by 9.9 +/- 2.6/hours in the continuous infusion group and by 10.4 +/- 3.2/hours in the bolus group. The above means are not significantly different between groups. By the time pH was corrected to 7.35, patients in the continuous infusion group had received 121 +/- 44 units of insulin, whereas those in the bolus group had received 326 +/- 152 units. The continuous low-dose insulin infusion method is as safe and efficacious as the conventional high-dose intravenous bolus method.", "PMID": 105164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6628", "title": "Effects of the tumor-promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on normal and \"preneoplastic\" mouse submandibular gland epithelial cells in vitro.", "content": "The effect of the promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was studied on mixed primary cultures of C57BL/Icrf-at mouse submandibular gland and on slowly proliferating preneoplastic epithelial foci derived from such cultures. No cytologic alterations were noted in the TPA-treated epithelium. The development of three-dimensional epithelial ducts occurring between 30 and 60 days in vitro in untreated cultures was markedly inhibited in TPA-treated cultures. Epithelial proliferation, as shown by the [H]thymidine labelling index and mitotic index, seemded to increase during treatment with TPA and fall between the weekly treatments. Long-term TPA treatment increased the incidence of slow-growing foci in cultures previously treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene but not in cultures treated with dimethyl sulfoxide. TPA had no effect on the emergence of tumorigenic cell lines at a late stage in culture or on the development of such lines from preexisting foci derived from non-TPA-treated cultures.", "contents": "Effects of the tumor-promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on normal and \"preneoplastic\" mouse submandibular gland epithelial cells in vitro. The effect of the promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was studied on mixed primary cultures of C57BL/Icrf-at mouse submandibular gland and on slowly proliferating preneoplastic epithelial foci derived from such cultures. No cytologic alterations were noted in the TPA-treated epithelium. The development of three-dimensional epithelial ducts occurring between 30 and 60 days in vitro in untreated cultures was markedly inhibited in TPA-treated cultures. Epithelial proliferation, as shown by the [H]thymidine labelling index and mitotic index, seemded to increase during treatment with TPA and fall between the weekly treatments. Long-term TPA treatment increased the incidence of slow-growing foci in cultures previously treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene but not in cultures treated with dimethyl sulfoxide. TPA had no effect on the emergence of tumorigenic cell lines at a late stage in culture or on the development of such lines from preexisting foci derived from non-TPA-treated cultures.", "PMID": 105202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6629", "title": "Serial transplantation of chemical carcinogen-induced mouse mammary ductal dysplasias.", "content": "BALB/c and (C57BL times DBAf)F1 mice were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and urethan, respectively, to induce mammary dysplasias. Nine transplantable outgrowth lines of dysplastic tissue were established by transplantation of the primary lesions into the cleared mammary fat pads of syngeneic mice; 8 of the 9 lesions were ductal in origin. The growth and tumorigenic potentials of these 9 lines were followed over 6-9 transplant generations. Most outgrowth lines exhibited a rapid decline in growth potential and/or a progression to papillomatosis and subsequent carcinoma by transplant generation 7. The ductal outgrowth lines and mammary tumors established from urethan-induced dysplasias in hybrid mice were ovary-dependent for tumorigenesis and tumor growth. The transplantation experiments confirmed the hypothesis that ductal dysplasias have high tumorigenic potentials and can be classified as \"high-risk\" lesions, similar to murine mammary tumor virus-induced hyperplastic alveolar nodules.", "contents": "Serial transplantation of chemical carcinogen-induced mouse mammary ductal dysplasias. BALB/c and (C57BL times DBAf)F1 mice were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and urethan, respectively, to induce mammary dysplasias. Nine transplantable outgrowth lines of dysplastic tissue were established by transplantation of the primary lesions into the cleared mammary fat pads of syngeneic mice; 8 of the 9 lesions were ductal in origin. The growth and tumorigenic potentials of these 9 lines were followed over 6-9 transplant generations. Most outgrowth lines exhibited a rapid decline in growth potential and/or a progression to papillomatosis and subsequent carcinoma by transplant generation 7. The ductal outgrowth lines and mammary tumors established from urethan-induced dysplasias in hybrid mice were ovary-dependent for tumorigenesis and tumor growth. The transplantation experiments confirmed the hypothesis that ductal dysplasias have high tumorigenic potentials and can be classified as \"high-risk\" lesions, similar to murine mammary tumor virus-induced hyperplastic alveolar nodules.", "PMID": 105203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6630", "title": "Effects of subcutaneous administration of 3-methylcholanthrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene on spontaneous reticulum cell neoplasms in SJL/J mice.", "content": "Inbred 4-week-old and 16-week-old SJL/J mice were treated sc with either 150 or 450 microgram 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA). No difference was noted in their subcutaneous tumor response related to age. Although the incidences of reticulum cell neoplasms (RCN's) were the same in the controls for the 2 age groups, more 16-week-old animals developed RCN's after carcinogen treatment than did 4-week-old SJL/J mice. More 16-week-old mice developed both subcutaneous tumors at the site of MCA injection and systemic RCN's than did mice treated at 4 weeks of age. This incidence was related to the coinciding of the chronologic age of the mice for RCN development with the latency for chemical carcinogen-induced subcutaneous tumor development. Mice treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene at 16 weeks of age responded in the same way as did those treated with MCA.", "contents": "Effects of subcutaneous administration of 3-methylcholanthrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene on spontaneous reticulum cell neoplasms in SJL/J mice. Inbred 4-week-old and 16-week-old SJL/J mice were treated sc with either 150 or 450 microgram 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA). No difference was noted in their subcutaneous tumor response related to age. Although the incidences of reticulum cell neoplasms (RCN's) were the same in the controls for the 2 age groups, more 16-week-old animals developed RCN's after carcinogen treatment than did 4-week-old SJL/J mice. More 16-week-old mice developed both subcutaneous tumors at the site of MCA injection and systemic RCN's than did mice treated at 4 weeks of age. This incidence was related to the coinciding of the chronologic age of the mice for RCN development with the latency for chemical carcinogen-induced subcutaneous tumor development. Mice treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene at 16 weeks of age responded in the same way as did those treated with MCA.", "PMID": 105204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6631", "title": "[Influence of maternal antibodies on the primary and secondary immunoresponse of the juvenile organism (author's transl)].", "content": "The immunization of mice with sheep erythrocytes served as model for the materno-fetal transfer of specific antibodies. It could be shown that passively transferred antibodies are able to induce a long-lasting suppression of the primary and secondary immuno-response in the offspring. This holds true both for active immunization before pregnancy and for passive immunization shortly before term. As it can be supposed that similar effects also apply to the human organism, this phenomenon must be considered for the vaccination during pregnancy as well as for the first immunization of children.", "contents": "[Influence of maternal antibodies on the primary and secondary immunoresponse of the juvenile organism (author's transl)]. The immunization of mice with sheep erythrocytes served as model for the materno-fetal transfer of specific antibodies. It could be shown that passively transferred antibodies are able to induce a long-lasting suppression of the primary and secondary immuno-response in the offspring. This holds true both for active immunization before pregnancy and for passive immunization shortly before term. As it can be supposed that similar effects also apply to the human organism, this phenomenon must be considered for the vaccination during pregnancy as well as for the first immunization of children.", "PMID": 105206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6632", "title": "Immunocytochemical characterization of the lymphocytes in nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the bowel.", "content": "The immunoglobulin constituents of hypertrophied lymphoid nodules in the intestinal tracts of six patients with the variable immunodeficiency syndrome and one patient with selective IgA deficiency were evaluated by the peroxidase-labeled antibody technique. The nodules were found to contain a dense population of IgM-bearing lymphocytes and much intercellular IgM. Evidence that the cells were engaged in IgM synthesis was the presence of the immunoglobulin in the perinuclear spaces and endoplasmic reticulum. Most of the IgM lymphocytes also had surface membrane IgM, and both kappa and lambda light chains were found in lymphocytes of individual nodules. Only a few cells containing IgD, IgG, or J chain, and none containing IgA, were found. We conclude that the intestinal lymphoid nodules associated with hypogammaglobulinemic states are populated principally by IgM B-lymphocytes of polyclonal origin.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical characterization of the lymphocytes in nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the bowel. The immunoglobulin constituents of hypertrophied lymphoid nodules in the intestinal tracts of six patients with the variable immunodeficiency syndrome and one patient with selective IgA deficiency were evaluated by the peroxidase-labeled antibody technique. The nodules were found to contain a dense population of IgM-bearing lymphocytes and much intercellular IgM. Evidence that the cells were engaged in IgM synthesis was the presence of the immunoglobulin in the perinuclear spaces and endoplasmic reticulum. Most of the IgM lymphocytes also had surface membrane IgM, and both kappa and lambda light chains were found in lymphocytes of individual nodules. Only a few cells containing IgD, IgG, or J chain, and none containing IgA, were found. We conclude that the intestinal lymphoid nodules associated with hypogammaglobulinemic states are populated principally by IgM B-lymphocytes of polyclonal origin.", "PMID": 105208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6633", "title": "Dose-dependent alcohol elimination rates of pigtailed macaques.", "content": "A macaque having a relatively high daily consumption of alcohol during a 230-day period eliminated alcohol at a higher rate than did a macaque having a low daily consumption of alcohol and 2 control animals.", "contents": "Dose-dependent alcohol elimination rates of pigtailed macaques. A macaque having a relatively high daily consumption of alcohol during a 230-day period eliminated alcohol at a higher rate than did a macaque having a low daily consumption of alcohol and 2 control animals.", "PMID": 105209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6634", "title": "Vasodilator therapy during coronary artery surgery. Comparison of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside.", "content": "Intraoperative hypertension is a common problem in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. Twenty patients who developed acute hypertension after sternotomy were studied. Ten patients received three doses of intravenous nitroglycerin (32, 64, and 96 mcg. per minute), and 10 patients received nitroprusside, (20, 40, and 60 mcg. per minute). All patients were anesthetized with morphine, diazepam, nitrous oxide, oxygen, and pancuronium bromide. Five patients in each group also received enflurane. The study compared the effects of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside on systemic hemodynamics, myocardial oxygen supply/demand relationships, and ischemic changes on the electrocardiogram. Both drugs decreased preload and afterload in a dose-related manner. Heart rate increased significantly only with the largest dose of each drug. Myocardial oxygen demand was decreased significantly by both drugs, while the coronary perfusion pressure was decreased more by nitroprusside. Both nitroglycerin and nitroprusside improved left ventricular performance. Nitroglycerin improved ST-segment depression in eight of 10 patients; while nitroprusside improved the ST segments in six patients, and worsened the ST segments in three patients. None of the nitroglycerin group had worsening of the electrocardiographic ST segments. These findings demonstrate that both drugs can control intraoperative hypertension and can decrease myocardial oxygen demand. Nitroglycerin was shown to improve ischemic changes on the electrocardiogram more often than nitroprusside.", "contents": "Vasodilator therapy during coronary artery surgery. Comparison of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside. Intraoperative hypertension is a common problem in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. Twenty patients who developed acute hypertension after sternotomy were studied. Ten patients received three doses of intravenous nitroglycerin (32, 64, and 96 mcg. per minute), and 10 patients received nitroprusside, (20, 40, and 60 mcg. per minute). All patients were anesthetized with morphine, diazepam, nitrous oxide, oxygen, and pancuronium bromide. Five patients in each group also received enflurane. The study compared the effects of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside on systemic hemodynamics, myocardial oxygen supply/demand relationships, and ischemic changes on the electrocardiogram. Both drugs decreased preload and afterload in a dose-related manner. Heart rate increased significantly only with the largest dose of each drug. Myocardial oxygen demand was decreased significantly by both drugs, while the coronary perfusion pressure was decreased more by nitroprusside. Both nitroglycerin and nitroprusside improved left ventricular performance. Nitroglycerin improved ST-segment depression in eight of 10 patients; while nitroprusside improved the ST segments in six patients, and worsened the ST segments in three patients. None of the nitroglycerin group had worsening of the electrocardiographic ST segments. These findings demonstrate that both drugs can control intraoperative hypertension and can decrease myocardial oxygen demand. Nitroglycerin was shown to improve ischemic changes on the electrocardiogram more often than nitroprusside.", "PMID": 105211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6635", "title": "[Solitary juvenile xanthogranuloma. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "Three cases of solitary Juvenile Xanthogranulome of the skin are reported, one of them with tumoral appearance. Histologycal pictures were characteristic, except for the tumoral form. Other few cases of this atypical form of Juvenile Xanthogranuloma are reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Solitary juvenile xanthogranuloma. Apropos of 3 cases]. Three cases of solitary Juvenile Xanthogranulome of the skin are reported, one of them with tumoral appearance. Histologycal pictures were characteristic, except for the tumoral form. Other few cases of this atypical form of Juvenile Xanthogranuloma are reported in the literature.", "PMID": 105212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6636", "title": "Acute leukemia following prolonged cytotoxic agent therapy.", "content": "1. Nine patients in whom acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) developed following prolonged alkylating agent therapy are described. Five of the patients received no radiotherapy. The conditions treated were: Hodgkin's disease (four patients), primary amyloidosis, primary macroglobulinemia, malignant lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and carcinoma of the tonsil. 2. Prior to the advent of chemotherapy, this complication was not observed in large series of patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and multiple myeloma. However, the medical literature now contains at least 125 other detailed reports of ANLL developing after prolonged cytotoxic agent therapy. 3. Multiple myeloma and Hodgkin's disease, both of which commonly have good responses to chemotherapy, predominate as the underlying diseases. However, 35% of the case reports involve patients with other illnesses, including 12 patients who did not have neoplasms. 4. More than half of the patients developing ANLL have received chemotherapy alone without radiotherapy. 5. At least half of the patients developing ANLL experienced long periods of significant cytopenia during therapy, often with documentation of bone marrow dysplasia. 6. The wide variety of drugs associated with this complication suggests that any cytotoxic agent may be leukemogenic. However, alkylating agents overwhelmingly predominate as the class of compounds which are most often associated with terminal ANLL. 7. The vast majority of patients reported in the literature with ANLL complicating underlying malignancies have received cytotoxic drugs for prolonged periods (median 3 1/2 years) and leukemia developed most commonly 3 to 5 years after the diagnosis of the underlying disease. Most of these patients benefited from therapy and survived longer (median 5 years) than historical control of untreated patients. 8. The leukemogenic potential in man of prolonged cytotoxic agents therapy, especially with alkylating agents, seems to be well established. This evidence admonishes against the prolonged use of these drugs in non-fatal disorders. 9. More accurate assessment of risk: benefit ratios awaits the results of prospective controlled studies. The results of these studies could also lead to significant modifications in recommendations for long-term maintenance therapy with cytotoxic agents.", "contents": "Acute leukemia following prolonged cytotoxic agent therapy. 1. Nine patients in whom acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) developed following prolonged alkylating agent therapy are described. Five of the patients received no radiotherapy. The conditions treated were: Hodgkin's disease (four patients), primary amyloidosis, primary macroglobulinemia, malignant lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and carcinoma of the tonsil. 2. Prior to the advent of chemotherapy, this complication was not observed in large series of patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and multiple myeloma. However, the medical literature now contains at least 125 other detailed reports of ANLL developing after prolonged cytotoxic agent therapy. 3. Multiple myeloma and Hodgkin's disease, both of which commonly have good responses to chemotherapy, predominate as the underlying diseases. However, 35% of the case reports involve patients with other illnesses, including 12 patients who did not have neoplasms. 4. More than half of the patients developing ANLL have received chemotherapy alone without radiotherapy. 5. At least half of the patients developing ANLL experienced long periods of significant cytopenia during therapy, often with documentation of bone marrow dysplasia. 6. The wide variety of drugs associated with this complication suggests that any cytotoxic agent may be leukemogenic. However, alkylating agents overwhelmingly predominate as the class of compounds which are most often associated with terminal ANLL. 7. The vast majority of patients reported in the literature with ANLL complicating underlying malignancies have received cytotoxic drugs for prolonged periods (median 3 1/2 years) and leukemia developed most commonly 3 to 5 years after the diagnosis of the underlying disease. Most of these patients benefited from therapy and survived longer (median 5 years) than historical control of untreated patients. 8. The leukemogenic potential in man of prolonged cytotoxic agents therapy, especially with alkylating agents, seems to be well established. This evidence admonishes against the prolonged use of these drugs in non-fatal disorders. 9. More accurate assessment of risk: benefit ratios awaits the results of prospective controlled studies. The results of these studies could also lead to significant modifications in recommendations for long-term maintenance therapy with cytotoxic agents.", "PMID": 105227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6637", "title": "Effects of insulin infusion on plasma phosphate in diabetic patients.", "content": "A clinical association between insulin therapy and hypophosphatemia has frequently been made but a dose-response relationship has not been reported. Furthermore, the rapidity by which hypophosphatemia may be induced following an increment in plasma-free insulin concentration is not well defined. Therefore this study compared the effects of different rates of insulin infusion on the changes in plasma phosphate concentration in ketotic, hyperglycemic diabetic man. Sixteen prospective studies were performed in four insulin-dependent ketotic diabetic subjects. Insulin was infused according to one of four different protocols: high dose (1.0 U/kg/hr), low dose (0.1 U/kg/hr), very low dose (0.01 U/kg/hr) and control (saline only). Plasma phosphate, glucose, and free insulin concentrations were measured sequentially during the 60 min infusion periods. We observed that plasma phosphate concentrations declined significantly only with low-dose and high-dose insulin infusions. The magnitude and rapidity of fall of the mean phosphate concentration were greatest with high-dose insulin infusion. Significant hypophosphatemia can be observed within 30 min following the onset of insulin therapy.", "contents": "Effects of insulin infusion on plasma phosphate in diabetic patients. A clinical association between insulin therapy and hypophosphatemia has frequently been made but a dose-response relationship has not been reported. Furthermore, the rapidity by which hypophosphatemia may be induced following an increment in plasma-free insulin concentration is not well defined. Therefore this study compared the effects of different rates of insulin infusion on the changes in plasma phosphate concentration in ketotic, hyperglycemic diabetic man. Sixteen prospective studies were performed in four insulin-dependent ketotic diabetic subjects. Insulin was infused according to one of four different protocols: high dose (1.0 U/kg/hr), low dose (0.1 U/kg/hr), very low dose (0.01 U/kg/hr) and control (saline only). Plasma phosphate, glucose, and free insulin concentrations were measured sequentially during the 60 min infusion periods. We observed that plasma phosphate concentrations declined significantly only with low-dose and high-dose insulin infusions. The magnitude and rapidity of fall of the mean phosphate concentration were greatest with high-dose insulin infusion. Significant hypophosphatemia can be observed within 30 min following the onset of insulin therapy.", "PMID": 105228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6638", "title": "[Pyoderma gangrenosum and IgG-paraproteinemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Case history of a 68 years old patient with pyoderma gangrenosum and IgG-paraproteinemia with kappa type light chains. Paraproteins which are observed in pyoderma gangrenosum without overt myeloma could represent early symptoms of plasmocytoma.", "contents": "[Pyoderma gangrenosum and IgG-paraproteinemia (author's transl)]. Case history of a 68 years old patient with pyoderma gangrenosum and IgG-paraproteinemia with kappa type light chains. Paraproteins which are observed in pyoderma gangrenosum without overt myeloma could represent early symptoms of plasmocytoma.", "PMID": 105232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6639", "title": "Tryptophan genes in Rhizobium--their organization and their transfer to other bacterial genera.", "content": "R. leguminosarum trp alleles mapped by R68.45-mediated recombination were located in three distinct chromosomal regions. We isolated three derivatives of R68.45 that carried different trp genes of R. meliloti. Each of the plasmids suppressed all of the R. leguminosarum trp alleles in a particular region. The R-primes were transferred to strains of P. aeruginosa carrying mutations in different trp genes. The plasmid pAJ24JI suppressed trpA, B and F mutants, pAJ73JI suppressed trpC and D and pAJ88JI suppressed a trpE mutant. When the R-primes were transferred to E. coli trp strains they failed to suppress any trp mutants. A derivative of pAJ24JI was isolated which was able to suppress trpA and F mutants of E. coli.", "contents": "Tryptophan genes in Rhizobium--their organization and their transfer to other bacterial genera. R. leguminosarum trp alleles mapped by R68.45-mediated recombination were located in three distinct chromosomal regions. We isolated three derivatives of R68.45 that carried different trp genes of R. meliloti. Each of the plasmids suppressed all of the R. leguminosarum trp alleles in a particular region. The R-primes were transferred to strains of P. aeruginosa carrying mutations in different trp genes. The plasmid pAJ24JI suppressed trpA, B and F mutants, pAJ73JI suppressed trpC and D and pAJ88JI suppressed a trpE mutant. When the R-primes were transferred to E. coli trp strains they failed to suppress any trp mutants. A derivative of pAJ24JI was isolated which was able to suppress trpA and F mutants of E. coli.", "PMID": 105238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6640", "title": "A spectrofluorimetric study of the interaction between virginiamycin S and bacterial ribosomes.", "content": "Virginiamycin S (VS, a type B component of the synergistin group of antibiotics) is fluorescent in solution: the fluorescence intensity is proportional to VS concentration. The intensity of VS fluorescence was found to increase upon addition of 50S ribosomal subunits, and this variation (deltaI 416 nm) to be proportional to the concentration of 50S subunits. This new technique was, then, used to measure the binding reaction of VS to ribosomes. Similar patterns of linkage were obtained for ribosomes and large subunits, whereas very little fixation to 30S particles was detected. The binding reaction was virtually instantaneous at any temperature, and, for saturating VS, was not influenced by Mg++ concentration in the range 1 to 20 mM, nor by the replacement of 100 mM K+ with NH+4. The association constant of VS TO 50S particles was found to be KA=2.5 X 10(6)M-1, and from the Scatchard plot a v value of 0.9 was calculated, which points to a stoichiometric reaction leading to 1 mole VS bound per mole of 50S particles. Upon fixation of virginiamycin M (VM, a type A component of the synergistin group of antibiotics), the delta I of the VS-ribosome complex was increased, and a KA=15 x 10(6)M-1 was recorded for the association constant of VS to 50S particles. Such sixfold increase in the affinity of ribosomes for VS may account for the synergistic effect of the 2 virginiamycin components in sensitive bacteria.", "contents": "A spectrofluorimetric study of the interaction between virginiamycin S and bacterial ribosomes. Virginiamycin S (VS, a type B component of the synergistin group of antibiotics) is fluorescent in solution: the fluorescence intensity is proportional to VS concentration. The intensity of VS fluorescence was found to increase upon addition of 50S ribosomal subunits, and this variation (deltaI 416 nm) to be proportional to the concentration of 50S subunits. This new technique was, then, used to measure the binding reaction of VS to ribosomes. Similar patterns of linkage were obtained for ribosomes and large subunits, whereas very little fixation to 30S particles was detected. The binding reaction was virtually instantaneous at any temperature, and, for saturating VS, was not influenced by Mg++ concentration in the range 1 to 20 mM, nor by the replacement of 100 mM K+ with NH+4. The association constant of VS TO 50S particles was found to be KA=2.5 X 10(6)M-1, and from the Scatchard plot a v value of 0.9 was calculated, which points to a stoichiometric reaction leading to 1 mole VS bound per mole of 50S particles. Upon fixation of virginiamycin M (VM, a type A component of the synergistin group of antibiotics), the delta I of the VS-ribosome complex was increased, and a KA=15 x 10(6)M-1 was recorded for the association constant of VS to 50S particles. Such sixfold increase in the affinity of ribosomes for VS may account for the synergistic effect of the 2 virginiamycin components in sensitive bacteria.", "PMID": 105239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6641", "title": "The relationship between molecular structure and transformation efficiency of some S. aureus plasmids isolated from B. subtilis.", "content": "DNA preparations of the chloramphenicol resistance determining S. aureus plasmids pC194, pC223, and PUB112 can be fractionated by gel electrophoresis into various bands. Electronmicroscopic investigations of these various molecular species obtained with pC194 indicated that, depending on the preparations, 70 to 80% of the molecules were monomers, while the rest consisted of various classes of concatemeric and/or interlocked multimers. Measurements of the specific transforming activity of the various molecular classes indicated that the monomers had less than one thousandth the activity of the multimeric plasmic DNA. pC194 DNA of high specific transforming activity could also be obtained by ligation of HindIII generated monomers into concatemeric DNA.", "contents": "The relationship between molecular structure and transformation efficiency of some S. aureus plasmids isolated from B. subtilis. DNA preparations of the chloramphenicol resistance determining S. aureus plasmids pC194, pC223, and PUB112 can be fractionated by gel electrophoresis into various bands. Electronmicroscopic investigations of these various molecular species obtained with pC194 indicated that, depending on the preparations, 70 to 80% of the molecules were monomers, while the rest consisted of various classes of concatemeric and/or interlocked multimers. Measurements of the specific transforming activity of the various molecular classes indicated that the monomers had less than one thousandth the activity of the multimeric plasmic DNA. pC194 DNA of high specific transforming activity could also be obtained by ligation of HindIII generated monomers into concatemeric DNA.", "PMID": 105241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6642", "title": "Specific labelling of replicating SPP1 DNA: analysis of viral DNA synthesis and identification of phage DNA-genes.", "content": "Specific labelling of replicating bacteriophage SPP1 DNA can be achieved by infection at nonpermissive temperature of a B. subtilis strain carrying the initation mutation dnaB ts134. Under these conditions host DNA synthesis is reduced by 90 to 95%. This technique was used to identify cistrons of SPP1 involved in phage DNA synthesis and to define intermediates in SPP1 replication.", "contents": "Specific labelling of replicating SPP1 DNA: analysis of viral DNA synthesis and identification of phage DNA-genes. Specific labelling of replicating bacteriophage SPP1 DNA can be achieved by infection at nonpermissive temperature of a B. subtilis strain carrying the initation mutation dnaB ts134. Under these conditions host DNA synthesis is reduced by 90 to 95%. This technique was used to identify cistrons of SPP1 involved in phage DNA synthesis and to define intermediates in SPP1 replication.", "PMID": 105242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6643", "title": "Genetic exchange in Bacillus subtilis in soil.", "content": "Genetically labelled strains of Bacillus subtilis have been shown to exchange blocks of linked genes while growing together in soil. After eight days of incubation, 79% of unselected colony-forming units exhibited a phenotype containing markers from both parents; the parental strains were not detected after the first day of incubation. High frequencies of transformation were also obtained by adding genetically labelled deoxyribonucleic acid to single-strain soil cultures. Observed linkage of genetic markers was greater in soil transformation than in standard laboratory procedures. The results indicate that transformation may play an important role in the adaptation of the Bacilli to their natural habitat.", "contents": "Genetic exchange in Bacillus subtilis in soil. Genetically labelled strains of Bacillus subtilis have been shown to exchange blocks of linked genes while growing together in soil. After eight days of incubation, 79% of unselected colony-forming units exhibited a phenotype containing markers from both parents; the parental strains were not detected after the first day of incubation. High frequencies of transformation were also obtained by adding genetically labelled deoxyribonucleic acid to single-strain soil cultures. Observed linkage of genetic markers was greater in soil transformation than in standard laboratory procedures. The results indicate that transformation may play an important role in the adaptation of the Bacilli to their natural habitat.", "PMID": 105243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6644", "title": "Regional preference of insertion of Tn501 and Tn802 into RP1 and its derivatives.", "content": "The sites of insertion of Tn501 into RP1 and into derivatives of this plasmid that either lack the Tn801 (TnA) element or contain it in a different location have been determined. Similarly, the sites of insertion of Tn802 into a derivative of RP1 that lacks the Tn801 element and into recombinants of this plasmid with Tn501 were determined. 'Hot spots' for insertion were observed with both transposons; but it is clear that a particular DNA sequence is not sufficient to define a 'hot spot', since a particular region does contain many insertions when present in one plasmid but does not do so when part of another.", "contents": "Regional preference of insertion of Tn501 and Tn802 into RP1 and its derivatives. The sites of insertion of Tn501 into RP1 and into derivatives of this plasmid that either lack the Tn801 (TnA) element or contain it in a different location have been determined. Similarly, the sites of insertion of Tn802 into a derivative of RP1 that lacks the Tn801 element and into recombinants of this plasmid with Tn501 were determined. 'Hot spots' for insertion were observed with both transposons; but it is clear that a particular DNA sequence is not sufficient to define a 'hot spot', since a particular region does contain many insertions when present in one plasmid but does not do so when part of another.", "PMID": 105244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6645", "title": "Murein-lipoprotein of Escherichia coli: a protein involved in the stabilization of bacterial cell envelope.", "content": "Two independent mutants of Escherichia coli lacking murein-lipoprotein have been found. One mutant whose mutation was named lpo was subjected to detailed analyses. The absence of both bound and unbound lipoproteins was shown by electrophoretic analysis of 14C-arginine labelled membrane proteins of the mutant. Nor was serologically cross-reacting material detected in the mutant by the Ouchterlony-method. Sequestering magnesium from mutant cell suspensions by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid caused cell lysis, which was prevented in the presence of 0.5 M sucrose. Incubation in culture media at a very low level of magnesium resulted in the formation of blebs in the mutant. Examination of mutant cells by electron microscopy showed that the outer membrane of the mutant was uneven with small irregular protuberances, some of which pinched off forming vesicles of various sizes. Phosphotungstate used for negative-staining penetrated into the periplasmic space of the mutant cells. The mutants leaked a considerable fraction of their periplasmic enzymes. These physiological and morphological alterations in the lipoproteinless mutant suggest that murein-lipoprotein helps to maintain the outer envelope structure by connecting the outer membrane with murein so that the outer membrane may fulfil its physiological functions as a barrier to the environment.", "contents": "Murein-lipoprotein of Escherichia coli: a protein involved in the stabilization of bacterial cell envelope. Two independent mutants of Escherichia coli lacking murein-lipoprotein have been found. One mutant whose mutation was named lpo was subjected to detailed analyses. The absence of both bound and unbound lipoproteins was shown by electrophoretic analysis of 14C-arginine labelled membrane proteins of the mutant. Nor was serologically cross-reacting material detected in the mutant by the Ouchterlony-method. Sequestering magnesium from mutant cell suspensions by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid caused cell lysis, which was prevented in the presence of 0.5 M sucrose. Incubation in culture media at a very low level of magnesium resulted in the formation of blebs in the mutant. Examination of mutant cells by electron microscopy showed that the outer membrane of the mutant was uneven with small irregular protuberances, some of which pinched off forming vesicles of various sizes. Phosphotungstate used for negative-staining penetrated into the periplasmic space of the mutant cells. The mutants leaked a considerable fraction of their periplasmic enzymes. These physiological and morphological alterations in the lipoproteinless mutant suggest that murein-lipoprotein helps to maintain the outer envelope structure by connecting the outer membrane with murein so that the outer membrane may fulfil its physiological functions as a barrier to the environment.", "PMID": 105245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6646", "title": "Characterization of plasmid transformation in Bacillus subtilis: kinetic properties and the effect of DNA conformation.", "content": "Transformation of competent cells of Bacillus subtilis with antibiotic resistance plasmid DNA has shown that (a) competence for plasmid and chromosomal DNA develops with similar kinetics; (b) DNA linearized with a variety of restriction endonucleases does not transform; (c) CCC plasmid DNA is inactivated for transformation by a single nick; (d) T4 ligase restores transforming activity to both nicked and linearized DNA; (E) CCC relaxed DNA is fully active in transformation; (f) the DNA concentration-dependence of plasmid transformation is first order; and (g) plasmid transformation proceeds with a low efficiency, requiring the uptake of 10(3) to 10(4) DNA molecules per transformant. Based on this information, a model for the processing of chromosomal, plasmid and transfecting DNA is proposed.", "contents": "Characterization of plasmid transformation in Bacillus subtilis: kinetic properties and the effect of DNA conformation. Transformation of competent cells of Bacillus subtilis with antibiotic resistance plasmid DNA has shown that (a) competence for plasmid and chromosomal DNA develops with similar kinetics; (b) DNA linearized with a variety of restriction endonucleases does not transform; (c) CCC plasmid DNA is inactivated for transformation by a single nick; (d) T4 ligase restores transforming activity to both nicked and linearized DNA; (E) CCC relaxed DNA is fully active in transformation; (f) the DNA concentration-dependence of plasmid transformation is first order; and (g) plasmid transformation proceeds with a low efficiency, requiring the uptake of 10(3) to 10(4) DNA molecules per transformant. Based on this information, a model for the processing of chromosomal, plasmid and transfecting DNA is proposed.", "PMID": 105246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6647", "title": "rDNA magnification in D. melanogaster: state of rDNA copies following the first step.", "content": "D. melanogaster males of XYbb/O genetic constitution undergoing rDNA magnification were mated singly to XXbb+/O females, yielding XYbb/O male progeny, and to XNO- w sn bb+ females, yielding XYbb/XNO- females. The male and female offspring were scored for the bb+ phenotype. Results show that there is a higher percentage of bb+ flies in the XYbb/O male progeny than in XYbb/XNO- female progeny, in single crosses as well as in the combined data. rRNA/DNA hybridization experiments agree with this observation, by showing that the rDNA content in the progeny of premagnified flies was higher in the sons than in the daughters. These data indicate that the increase of ribosomal RNA genes is not due to a stable event such as an unequal mitotic sister exchange, whereas they do not contrast with the extracopy model.", "contents": "rDNA magnification in D. melanogaster: state of rDNA copies following the first step. D. melanogaster males of XYbb/O genetic constitution undergoing rDNA magnification were mated singly to XXbb+/O females, yielding XYbb/O male progeny, and to XNO- w sn bb+ females, yielding XYbb/XNO- females. The male and female offspring were scored for the bb+ phenotype. Results show that there is a higher percentage of bb+ flies in the XYbb/O male progeny than in XYbb/XNO- female progeny, in single crosses as well as in the combined data. rRNA/DNA hybridization experiments agree with this observation, by showing that the rDNA content in the progeny of premagnified flies was higher in the sons than in the daughters. These data indicate that the increase of ribosomal RNA genes is not due to a stable event such as an unequal mitotic sister exchange, whereas they do not contrast with the extracopy model.", "PMID": 105247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6648", "title": "[Postgastrectomy syndromes. Development of the aspects in past and present (author's transl)].", "content": "After gastric operations about 20 to 30% of all patients complain of an abundance of postoperative gastrointestinal and vasomotor complaints. Research into these \"postgastrectomy syndromes\" is carried out periodically. In the beginning of this century concepts as precipitated evacuation, dumping stomach, too narrow or too wide anastomosis predominate. In the thirties the subdivision into a so-called early and late dumping syndrome follows. The description and treatment of the afferent loop syndrome in the middle of this century suggest the introduction of functional factors into the explanation of the postgastrectomy syndromes. Next comes the recognition of the pathophysiological significance of the regurgitated duodenal contents into the operated stomach. The endoscopic biopsy gives a broad morphological basis. The postoperative alcaline reflux gastritis temporarily ends the development.", "contents": "[Postgastrectomy syndromes. Development of the aspects in past and present (author's transl)]. After gastric operations about 20 to 30% of all patients complain of an abundance of postoperative gastrointestinal and vasomotor complaints. Research into these \"postgastrectomy syndromes\" is carried out periodically. In the beginning of this century concepts as precipitated evacuation, dumping stomach, too narrow or too wide anastomosis predominate. In the thirties the subdivision into a so-called early and late dumping syndrome follows. The description and treatment of the afferent loop syndrome in the middle of this century suggest the introduction of functional factors into the explanation of the postgastrectomy syndromes. Next comes the recognition of the pathophysiological significance of the regurgitated duodenal contents into the operated stomach. The endoscopic biopsy gives a broad morphological basis. The postoperative alcaline reflux gastritis temporarily ends the development.", "PMID": 105249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6649", "title": "[The combination of methyldopa with pindolol in the treatment of hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "32 patients with moderate or severe hypertension (16 men and 16 women, aged 32--75 years) were treated with alpha-methyldopa (daily dose: 750 mg) + placebo for 2 weeks, then with alpha-methyldopa + pindolol (15--45 mg daily) for 12 weeks. These patients had been under alpha-methyldopa monotherapy before the trial with unsatisfactory results. The simultaneous administration of alpha-methyldopa and pindolol considerably decreased the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, both sitting and standing, and the heart rate. The combination of methyldopa and pindolol was significantly more effective than methyldopa alone.", "contents": "[The combination of methyldopa with pindolol in the treatment of hypertension (author's transl)]. 32 patients with moderate or severe hypertension (16 men and 16 women, aged 32--75 years) were treated with alpha-methyldopa (daily dose: 750 mg) + placebo for 2 weeks, then with alpha-methyldopa + pindolol (15--45 mg daily) for 12 weeks. These patients had been under alpha-methyldopa monotherapy before the trial with unsatisfactory results. The simultaneous administration of alpha-methyldopa and pindolol considerably decreased the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, both sitting and standing, and the heart rate. The combination of methyldopa and pindolol was significantly more effective than methyldopa alone.", "PMID": 105251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6650", "title": "[Crural phleboses. Physiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "On standing, the crural veins are subject to increased hydrostatic pressures impairing their function as a blood vessel and blood depot. In addition to hemodynamic changes there are shifts in the balance between capillary filtration and reabsorption in the sense of an increase in interstitial fluid volume up to the development of a visible edema. These effects may be compensated partly through the function of the so-called muscle vein pump and by venoconstrictive reactions. Insufficient compensation will entail disorders of cell supply which may lead to chronic venous insufficiency. In addition to clinical investigation methods the bi-directional ultrasonic measurement of flow velocity based on the Doppler principle is relatively simple and suitable for the functional diagnosis of superficial veins. Therapy may be initiated by physicotherapeutic, pharmacotherapeutic and surgical measures.", "contents": "[Crural phleboses. Physiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects (author's transl)]. On standing, the crural veins are subject to increased hydrostatic pressures impairing their function as a blood vessel and blood depot. In addition to hemodynamic changes there are shifts in the balance between capillary filtration and reabsorption in the sense of an increase in interstitial fluid volume up to the development of a visible edema. These effects may be compensated partly through the function of the so-called muscle vein pump and by venoconstrictive reactions. Insufficient compensation will entail disorders of cell supply which may lead to chronic venous insufficiency. In addition to clinical investigation methods the bi-directional ultrasonic measurement of flow velocity based on the Doppler principle is relatively simple and suitable for the functional diagnosis of superficial veins. Therapy may be initiated by physicotherapeutic, pharmacotherapeutic and surgical measures.", "PMID": 105258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6651", "title": "[A new concept of the pathogenesis of medial dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "A unifying concept may be set out briefly in the following manner: injurious agents (such as abnormal hemodynamic and/or metabolic conditions--\"risk factors for the vessel wall\") leads to the transformation of contractile (k) smooth muscle cells into the metabolically more active or \"modified\" (m) variety leads to an increase in the number of intracellular and extracellular lysosomes (matrix lysosomes) leads to medial dysplasia. The vague concept of a \"vessel wall weakness\" as the cause of aneurysms, varicose veins etc. has given place to a more precise picture, following the E. M. demonstration of atypical (i.e. dysplastic) collagen fibrils and elastic fibres. The muscle cells of the vessel wall appear to react to the altered conditions with an icrease of lysosomes, and therefore of lysosomal enzymes. The E. M. has also revealed collagenolysis, elastolysis and proteoglycanolysis in the vicinity of matrix lysosomes.", "contents": "[A new concept of the pathogenesis of medial dysplasia (author's transl)]. A unifying concept may be set out briefly in the following manner: injurious agents (such as abnormal hemodynamic and/or metabolic conditions--\"risk factors for the vessel wall\") leads to the transformation of contractile (k) smooth muscle cells into the metabolically more active or \"modified\" (m) variety leads to an increase in the number of intracellular and extracellular lysosomes (matrix lysosomes) leads to medial dysplasia. The vague concept of a \"vessel wall weakness\" as the cause of aneurysms, varicose veins etc. has given place to a more precise picture, following the E. M. demonstration of atypical (i.e. dysplastic) collagen fibrils and elastic fibres. The muscle cells of the vessel wall appear to react to the altered conditions with an icrease of lysosomes, and therefore of lysosomal enzymes. The E. M. has also revealed collagenolysis, elastolysis and proteoglycanolysis in the vicinity of matrix lysosomes.", "PMID": 105260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6652", "title": "[The surgical treatment of lliofemoral venous thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The surgical treatment of acute iliofemoral thrombosis has shown such favorable results that it holds a firm place in the treatment plan. Improvements may possibly be achieved by combining surgical thrombectomy with streptokinase treatment. In certain cases of incomplete thrombectomy or chronic iliofemoral venous thromboses a temporary arteriovenous shunt is indicated which as far as possible should be performed at the level of the adductor canal (Brunner). As a standard method of surgical emboloprophylaxis, the umbrella filter devised by Mobin-Uddin has extensively gained ground today, since with a low rate of complications it offers great safety against recurrent embolism. Among 269 patients treated for acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis, thrombectomy has in addition to shortest hospitalization shown the lowest rate of postthrombotic syndromes and other complications in 172 patients.", "contents": "[The surgical treatment of lliofemoral venous thrombosis (author's transl)]. The surgical treatment of acute iliofemoral thrombosis has shown such favorable results that it holds a firm place in the treatment plan. Improvements may possibly be achieved by combining surgical thrombectomy with streptokinase treatment. In certain cases of incomplete thrombectomy or chronic iliofemoral venous thromboses a temporary arteriovenous shunt is indicated which as far as possible should be performed at the level of the adductor canal (Brunner). As a standard method of surgical emboloprophylaxis, the umbrella filter devised by Mobin-Uddin has extensively gained ground today, since with a low rate of complications it offers great safety against recurrent embolism. Among 269 patients treated for acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis, thrombectomy has in addition to shortest hospitalization shown the lowest rate of postthrombotic syndromes and other complications in 172 patients.", "PMID": 105261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6653", "title": "[Mammary carcinoma in males (author's transl)].", "content": "About 1% of all malignant neoplasms of the mammary gland affect  the male sex. The diagnosis is simple if a general physical examination is carried out independent of the reason for the consultation. The occurrence of mammary carcinoma is more frequent in males with  primary and secondary hypogonadism and after estrogen therapy. The results of operative treatment are the same as for mammary carcinoma in women, i. e. about 45% of the patients survive the five-year limit. For metastasizing mammary carcinoma orchidectomy is recommended, for a fresh relapse, energetic estrogen therapy.", "contents": "[Mammary carcinoma in males (author's transl)]. About 1% of all malignant neoplasms of the mammary gland affect  the male sex. The diagnosis is simple if a general physical examination is carried out independent of the reason for the consultation. The occurrence of mammary carcinoma is more frequent in males with  primary and secondary hypogonadism and after estrogen therapy. The results of operative treatment are the same as for mammary carcinoma in women, i. e. about 45% of the patients survive the five-year limit. For metastasizing mammary carcinoma orchidectomy is recommended, for a fresh relapse, energetic estrogen therapy.", "PMID": 105266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6654", "title": "[Spontaneous rupture of a liver adenoma following many years' ingestion of an oral contraceptive (author's transl)].", "content": "The case report of a hemoperitoneum from a spontaneously ruptured liver cell adenoma with the histological picture of hepatic peliosis is presented. Clinical aspects of liver cell adenomas and the relationship between oral contraceptives and hepatomas are discussed on the basis of the literature.", "contents": "[Spontaneous rupture of a liver adenoma following many years' ingestion of an oral contraceptive (author's transl)]. The case report of a hemoperitoneum from a spontaneously ruptured liver cell adenoma with the histological picture of hepatic peliosis is presented. Clinical aspects of liver cell adenomas and the relationship between oral contraceptives and hepatomas are discussed on the basis of the literature.", "PMID": 105267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6655", "title": "[Insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization of patients after total duodenopancreatectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies in 7 patients after total duodenopancreatectomy showed a raised insulin sensitivity and a prolonged effect of depot insulin. Insulinemia is not the only reason for the tendency to hypoglycemia shown by these patients, which seems rather to be due to the lack of pancreatic glucagon, which is not available to antagonize the inhibition of glucose release from the liver by insulin (and also in alcohol abuse).", "contents": "[Insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization of patients after total duodenopancreatectomy (author's transl)]. Studies in 7 patients after total duodenopancreatectomy showed a raised insulin sensitivity and a prolonged effect of depot insulin. Insulinemia is not the only reason for the tendency to hypoglycemia shown by these patients, which seems rather to be due to the lack of pancreatic glucagon, which is not available to antagonize the inhibition of glucose release from the liver by insulin (and also in alcohol abuse).", "PMID": 105269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6656", "title": "[Iron substitution in postoperative anemia during thromboembolic prophylaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "After major operations in 246 patients it was shown that there was no greater blood loss with thromboembolic prophylaxis with heparin and acetylsalicylic acid and healing proceeded undisturbed in view of the demonstrated reductions of hemoglobin and hematocrit which correspond to those of the gynecological operations without thromboembolic prophylaxis, these patients also must be given longterm iron substitution.", "contents": "[Iron substitution in postoperative anemia during thromboembolic prophylaxis (author's transl)]. After major operations in 246 patients it was shown that there was no greater blood loss with thromboembolic prophylaxis with heparin and acetylsalicylic acid and healing proceeded undisturbed in view of the demonstrated reductions of hemoglobin and hematocrit which correspond to those of the gynecological operations without thromboembolic prophylaxis, these patients also must be given longterm iron substitution.", "PMID": 105270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6657", "title": "[Trauma inflicted on a baby by shaking (author's transl)].", "content": "In a baby aged 8 months the forensic post-mortem revealed injuries to the parasagittal pontine veins without visible evidence of traumatic violence. The mother later admitted to having grabbed the baby laterally by the chest and shaken it. This had resulted in an angular acceleration of the head about a transversal axis and, by the lag of the brain due to its inertia, in the fatal vascular lesions mentioned. The twin child admitted to hospital with comparable signs rapidly developed via an acute hygroma a generalized cerebral atrophy such as is actually to be expected in senescence only.", "contents": "[Trauma inflicted on a baby by shaking (author's transl)]. In a baby aged 8 months the forensic post-mortem revealed injuries to the parasagittal pontine veins without visible evidence of traumatic violence. The mother later admitted to having grabbed the baby laterally by the chest and shaken it. This had resulted in an angular acceleration of the head about a transversal axis and, by the lag of the brain due to its inertia, in the fatal vascular lesions mentioned. The twin child admitted to hospital with comparable signs rapidly developed via an acute hygroma a generalized cerebral atrophy such as is actually to be expected in senescence only.", "PMID": 105276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6658", "title": "[Effectivity control of medical postgraduate training courses (author's transl)].", "content": "A pilot study of 185 participants of a seminar congress on psychosomatic gynecology was intended to examine how far effectivity controls are feasible. The seminar assessment was age-dependent e. g. with regard to presentation of material (p less than 0.01) and practical usefulness (p less than 0.05). The assessment was sex-specific e. g. with regard to presentation of material (p less than 0.01) and congress organization (p less than 0.01). The interest in the seminar differed between gynecologists in general practice and those in clinic or hospital practice. Four fifths of the participants would agree to a detailed questionnaire on seminar assessment. Then the majority would accept effectivity controls of medical postgraduate education with social scientific methods.", "contents": "[Effectivity control of medical postgraduate training courses (author's transl)]. A pilot study of 185 participants of a seminar congress on psychosomatic gynecology was intended to examine how far effectivity controls are feasible. The seminar assessment was age-dependent e. g. with regard to presentation of material (p less than 0.01) and practical usefulness (p less than 0.05). The assessment was sex-specific e. g. with regard to presentation of material (p less than 0.01) and congress organization (p less than 0.01). The interest in the seminar differed between gynecologists in general practice and those in clinic or hospital practice. Four fifths of the participants would agree to a detailed questionnaire on seminar assessment. Then the majority would accept effectivity controls of medical postgraduate education with social scientific methods.", "PMID": 105282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6659", "title": "[Results of ambulant treatment of vertebral syndromes (author's transl)].", "content": "Summary of a Dissertation worked out in a General Medical Practice: 255 patients with vertebral conditions were investigated in a medium-sized general practice on the edge of an industrial town. The treatment and therapeutic results were observed over 2 years. The complaints included pains in the head and neck, shoulder-arm syndrome, back and low back pains including sciatica and sensitivity disorders. The therapeutic results revealed that the general medical practice is in a position to treat vertebral conditions satisfactorily with a minimum of expenditure if the treatment is multicentric and individually designed after a previous exact diagnosis and carried out over the long term if necessary.", "contents": "[Results of ambulant treatment of vertebral syndromes (author's transl)]. Summary of a Dissertation worked out in a General Medical Practice: 255 patients with vertebral conditions were investigated in a medium-sized general practice on the edge of an industrial town. The treatment and therapeutic results were observed over 2 years. The complaints included pains in the head and neck, shoulder-arm syndrome, back and low back pains including sciatica and sensitivity disorders. The therapeutic results revealed that the general medical practice is in a position to treat vertebral conditions satisfactorily with a minimum of expenditure if the treatment is multicentric and individually designed after a previous exact diagnosis and carried out over the long term if necessary.", "PMID": 105283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6660", "title": "[Acute enteritis with \"new\" pathogens. Yersinia infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Infections of the intestinal tract with Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are known the world over. Post-infection reactions like arthritis, erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, scarlatiniform exanthemata and septicemic types deserve particular clinical attention. The clinical importance of enteric yersinioses has been shown in studies with the identification of significant antibody titers against Yersinia enterocolitis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in 6.71 and 4.58% respectively of 4411 patients examined for the first time. It was possible to isolate Yersinia enterocolitica from 5.05% of 616 samples of stool and Yersinia pseudotubercolosis from 0.66% of 136 lymph nodes taken from 751 patients.", "contents": "[Acute enteritis with \"new\" pathogens. Yersinia infections (author's transl)]. Infections of the intestinal tract with Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are known the world over. Post-infection reactions like arthritis, erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, scarlatiniform exanthemata and septicemic types deserve particular clinical attention. The clinical importance of enteric yersinioses has been shown in studies with the identification of significant antibody titers against Yersinia enterocolitis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in 6.71 and 4.58% respectively of 4411 patients examined for the first time. It was possible to isolate Yersinia enterocolitica from 5.05% of 616 samples of stool and Yersinia pseudotubercolosis from 0.66% of 136 lymph nodes taken from 751 patients.", "PMID": 105284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6661", "title": "Effect of tri-iodothyronine replacement on the metabolic and pituitary responses to starvation.", "content": "To determine the implication of decreased T3 production during fasting, seven normal men were fasted for 80 hours on two occasions; they received 5 microgram of T3 every three hours durnig the second fast. The mean serum T3 concentration declined during the control fast from 120 to 73 ng per deciliter (P less than 0.01), but remained slightly above base-line values during the T3 fast. Mean serum T4 concentrations did not change, and mean serum rT3 concentrations increased, during both fasts. The peak serum TSH increment after TRH was 11.1 micromicron per milliliter before fasting, 8.9 (not significant) after the control fast and 2.2 (P less than 0.01) after the T3 fast. Urea excretion was 9.1 per cent higher during the T3 fast; there were no differences in the changes in blood glucose, plasma fatty acids or other substrates during the two fasts. Pretreatment with potassium iodide lowered serum T4 concentrations and increased the serum TSH response to TRH after fasting. We conclude that the decrease in serum T3 concentrations during fasting spares muscle protein. Fasting is accompanied by a lower set point of TSH secretion, which remains sensitive to changes in serum thyroid hormone concentrations.", "contents": "Effect of tri-iodothyronine replacement on the metabolic and pituitary responses to starvation. To determine the implication of decreased T3 production during fasting, seven normal men were fasted for 80 hours on two occasions; they received 5 microgram of T3 every three hours durnig the second fast. The mean serum T3 concentration declined during the control fast from 120 to 73 ng per deciliter (P less than 0.01), but remained slightly above base-line values during the T3 fast. Mean serum T4 concentrations did not change, and mean serum rT3 concentrations increased, during both fasts. The peak serum TSH increment after TRH was 11.1 micromicron per milliliter before fasting, 8.9 (not significant) after the control fast and 2.2 (P less than 0.01) after the T3 fast. Urea excretion was 9.1 per cent higher during the T3 fast; there were no differences in the changes in blood glucose, plasma fatty acids or other substrates during the two fasts. Pretreatment with potassium iodide lowered serum T4 concentrations and increased the serum TSH response to TRH after fasting. We conclude that the decrease in serum T3 concentrations during fasting spares muscle protein. Fasting is accompanied by a lower set point of TSH secretion, which remains sensitive to changes in serum thyroid hormone concentrations.", "PMID": 105290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6662", "title": "Cell characteristics of cultured glomeruli from different animal species.", "content": "A modified sieving technique has been developed to isolate pure glomeruli from monkey, sheep, dog, rabbit and rat kidney. Glomeruli from all these species have been grown in tissue culture and the glomerular cell outgrowth studied by light microscopy and time-lapse cinemicroscopy. The pattern of growth was the same for all the species studied. In all species, three cell populations have been identified with the features of epithelial cells, mesangial cells and macrophages, although the latter population is only rarely observed. The morphology and culture characteristics of each cell type in all species were similar, including the relative numbers present and rates of division.", "contents": "Cell characteristics of cultured glomeruli from different animal species. A modified sieving technique has been developed to isolate pure glomeruli from monkey, sheep, dog, rabbit and rat kidney. Glomeruli from all these species have been grown in tissue culture and the glomerular cell outgrowth studied by light microscopy and time-lapse cinemicroscopy. The pattern of growth was the same for all the species studied. In all species, three cell populations have been identified with the features of epithelial cells, mesangial cells and macrophages, although the latter population is only rarely observed. The morphology and culture characteristics of each cell type in all species were similar, including the relative numbers present and rates of division.", "PMID": 105300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6663", "title": "[Ossification of the posterior longitudinal spinal ligament--comparative studies with computerized tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "Ossification of the posterior longitudinal spinal ligament (OPLL) was characterized by calcified longitudinal band along the posterior margin of vertebrae, but it has not been possible to know how the cord is compressed within the narrowed spinal canal. Our neuroradiological studies based on CT-view of the 15 cases of OPLL suffering from various degree of myelopathy revealed: 1) Computed tomography precisely delineated shape of OPLL, which was quite polymorphic, like mushroom, irregular cubic and round. OPLL ranged more than two vertebrae was not uniform, but exhibited different configuration at each level. 2) OPLL at lower cervical and higher thoracic regions was difficult to diagnose by conventional lateral roentgenograms, but CT-scan demonstrated clearly whole extent of OPLL. 3) obliteration ratio of the affected spinal canal was calculated on CT-scan. Cases showing severe myelopathy, such as quadriparesis and neurogenic bladder, presented spinal canal stenosis of more than 30%. Spondylosis were concomittant roentgenographic findings on 13 cases of OPLL (87%). However, spondylotic changes responsible to the myelopathy were seen on only three cases. In these case, the obliteration ratio by ossificated ligament was lower than 26%. On conclusion, computed tomographic views of OPLL gave us more detailed information about the stenotic spinal canal and found to be essential examination when considering operative intervention.", "contents": "[Ossification of the posterior longitudinal spinal ligament--comparative studies with computerized tomography (author's transl)]. Ossification of the posterior longitudinal spinal ligament (OPLL) was characterized by calcified longitudinal band along the posterior margin of vertebrae, but it has not been possible to know how the cord is compressed within the narrowed spinal canal. Our neuroradiological studies based on CT-view of the 15 cases of OPLL suffering from various degree of myelopathy revealed: 1) Computed tomography precisely delineated shape of OPLL, which was quite polymorphic, like mushroom, irregular cubic and round. OPLL ranged more than two vertebrae was not uniform, but exhibited different configuration at each level. 2) OPLL at lower cervical and higher thoracic regions was difficult to diagnose by conventional lateral roentgenograms, but CT-scan demonstrated clearly whole extent of OPLL. 3) obliteration ratio of the affected spinal canal was calculated on CT-scan. Cases showing severe myelopathy, such as quadriparesis and neurogenic bladder, presented spinal canal stenosis of more than 30%. Spondylosis were concomittant roentgenographic findings on 13 cases of OPLL (87%). However, spondylotic changes responsible to the myelopathy were seen on only three cases. In these case, the obliteration ratio by ossificated ligament was lower than 26%. On conclusion, computed tomographic views of OPLL gave us more detailed information about the stenotic spinal canal and found to be essential examination when considering operative intervention.", "PMID": 105302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6664", "title": "[Computerized tomography in infants with seizures (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 228 children suffering from seizure disorders were investigated by means of cranial computerized tomography (CT). Their age ranged from 3 weeks to 15 years. Structural abnormalities were assessed in 63% of these cases. The greatest incidence of organic abnormalities occurred in children with major epilepsy (83%) and with focal seizures (71%). Clinical data and the course of illness may require additional angiographic and repeated CT investigations.", "contents": "[Computerized tomography in infants with seizures (author's transl)]. A total of 228 children suffering from seizure disorders were investigated by means of cranial computerized tomography (CT). Their age ranged from 3 weeks to 15 years. Structural abnormalities were assessed in 63% of these cases. The greatest incidence of organic abnormalities occurred in children with major epilepsy (83%) and with focal seizures (71%). Clinical data and the course of illness may require additional angiographic and repeated CT investigations.", "PMID": 105308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6665", "title": "Physiologic changes in regional cerebral blood flow defined by xenon-enhanced CT scanning.", "content": "With adequate concentrations of commercially available nonradioactive xenon an enhancement of brain substance was readily demonstrated by computed tomography (CT). By performing successive CT scans at a fixed brain level following xenon inhalation, the partition coefficient and clearance of xenon as well as the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) could be calculated. The expected physiologic alterations in rCBF with acute cerebral infarction and changes in arterial CO2 were accurately defined by xenon-enhanced CT scanning affirming the potential future applications of this technique.", "contents": "Physiologic changes in regional cerebral blood flow defined by xenon-enhanced CT scanning. With adequate concentrations of commercially available nonradioactive xenon an enhancement of brain substance was readily demonstrated by computed tomography (CT). By performing successive CT scans at a fixed brain level following xenon inhalation, the partition coefficient and clearance of xenon as well as the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) could be calculated. The expected physiologic alterations in rCBF with acute cerebral infarction and changes in arterial CO2 were accurately defined by xenon-enhanced CT scanning affirming the potential future applications of this technique.", "PMID": 105309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6666", "title": "Radiography of hydrocephalus after total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "An infant with chronic diarrhea developed hydrocephalus following treatment with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) via jugular vein catheterization. Total parenteral nutrition is used when nutritional needs cannot be met adequately by oral alimentation. Serial computerized tomograms showed progression of communicating hydrocephalus. Superior sagittal sinograms demonstrated bilateral internal jugular vein occlusion with extensive venous collateralization. Lumboperitoneal shunt effectively decreased raised CSF pressure. A judicious approach to alternative venous routes for hyperalimentation is suggested. Radiographic delineation of communicating hydrocephalus by computerized tomography and superior sagittal sinography is presented.", "contents": "Radiography of hydrocephalus after total parenteral nutrition. An infant with chronic diarrhea developed hydrocephalus following treatment with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) via jugular vein catheterization. Total parenteral nutrition is used when nutritional needs cannot be met adequately by oral alimentation. Serial computerized tomograms showed progression of communicating hydrocephalus. Superior sagittal sinograms demonstrated bilateral internal jugular vein occlusion with extensive venous collateralization. Lumboperitoneal shunt effectively decreased raised CSF pressure. A judicious approach to alternative venous routes for hyperalimentation is suggested. Radiographic delineation of communicating hydrocephalus by computerized tomography and superior sagittal sinography is presented.", "PMID": 105311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6667", "title": "Comparison of electrophysiological characteristics of the retino-collicular and retino-thalamo-cortical parts of the visual system of the monkey Macaca rhesus.", "content": "In chronic experiments and in acute experiments with nembutal narcosis, photic-driven evoked potentials (EP's) were studied in the superior colliculi (SC) and in the cerebral visual cortex (VC, Area 17). In chronic experiments it was found that the EP's in SC and VC have similar latency periods (LP's) equal, respectively, to 12 +/- 1 and 12 +/- 2 msec (p less than 0.05); refractory periods during application of paired flashes are 50 and 70 msec for SC and VC, respectively. The critical frequencies for imitation of rhythmic flashes in both visual centers also coincide, reaching 20-25/sec. EP's with short LP's, equal to the LP's of evoked potentials in the VC, were found also in the frontal and motor cortex and the hippocampus. The problem regarding telencephalization of the retino-tectal channel of the visual system is discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of electrophysiological characteristics of the retino-collicular and retino-thalamo-cortical parts of the visual system of the monkey Macaca rhesus. In chronic experiments and in acute experiments with nembutal narcosis, photic-driven evoked potentials (EP's) were studied in the superior colliculi (SC) and in the cerebral visual cortex (VC, Area 17). In chronic experiments it was found that the EP's in SC and VC have similar latency periods (LP's) equal, respectively, to 12 +/- 1 and 12 +/- 2 msec (p less than 0.05); refractory periods during application of paired flashes are 50 and 70 msec for SC and VC, respectively. The critical frequencies for imitation of rhythmic flashes in both visual centers also coincide, reaching 20-25/sec. EP's with short LP's, equal to the LP's of evoked potentials in the VC, were found also in the frontal and motor cortex and the hippocampus. The problem regarding telencephalization of the retino-tectal channel of the visual system is discussed.", "PMID": 105307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6668", "title": "The public voice and the nation's health. Notes from your faithful but beleaguered participant observer at the battlefront.", "content": "A professional layman speculates on the role of public voice in medical care--on ways of making organizations responsive to the public's wishes. Research conducted as a participant observer in the functioning of human subjects committees, hospital trustees, and a government regulatory body reveals the public interest to be no match for the special interest. Unusual proposals are offered to improve the public's control mechanisms; the marketplace and the polling place may yet serve well.", "contents": "The public voice and the nation's health. Notes from your faithful but beleaguered participant observer at the battlefront. A professional layman speculates on the role of public voice in medical care--on ways of making organizations responsive to the public's wishes. Research conducted as a participant observer in the functioning of human subjects committees, hospital trustees, and a government regulatory body reveals the public interest to be no match for the special interest. Unusual proposals are offered to improve the public's control mechanisms; the marketplace and the polling place may yet serve well.", "PMID": 105313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6669", "title": "What is unnecessary surgery?", "content": "The definition of \"unnecessary surgery\" has never been made very precise. A useful definition might be provided by the economist's notion of patient costs and benefits as they would be calculated by a fully informed patient-consumer. Combining both clinical information and consumer preferences, it is impossible to demonstrate unnecessary surgery for most diagnoses. Conclusions in recent Congressional reports on unnecessary surgery are not supported by evidence likely to benefit either individual physicians or patients.", "contents": "What is unnecessary surgery? The definition of \"unnecessary surgery\" has never been made very precise. A useful definition might be provided by the economist's notion of patient costs and benefits as they would be calculated by a fully informed patient-consumer. Combining both clinical information and consumer preferences, it is impossible to demonstrate unnecessary surgery for most diagnoses. Conclusions in recent Congressional reports on unnecessary surgery are not supported by evidence likely to benefit either individual physicians or patients.", "PMID": 105314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6670", "title": "[Antibacterial activity of fosfomycin in chronic kidney infections].", "content": "Authors have carried out a retrospective study in vitro on the bacteria isolated from renal parenchyma and stones in patients with CPN associated to kidney stones. Results show a different inhibitory action of the some antibiotics to Proteus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Fosfomycin inhibits the growth of bacteria in a wide range of concentration (50-1000 microgram/ml). A prospective study in vivo shows an excellent therapeutic action of fosfomycin in recurrent urinary infections, and a very good one in CPN and in some forms associated to kidney stones.", "contents": "[Antibacterial activity of fosfomycin in chronic kidney infections]. Authors have carried out a retrospective study in vitro on the bacteria isolated from renal parenchyma and stones in patients with CPN associated to kidney stones. Results show a different inhibitory action of the some antibiotics to Proteus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Fosfomycin inhibits the growth of bacteria in a wide range of concentration (50-1000 microgram/ml). A prospective study in vivo shows an excellent therapeutic action of fosfomycin in recurrent urinary infections, and a very good one in CPN and in some forms associated to kidney stones.", "PMID": 105327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6671", "title": "Glucose and insulin homeostasis during postoperative carbohydrate infusions.", "content": "Hypertonic fructose and sorbitol solutions are claimed to have advantages over glucose in nutritional regimen due to their rapid hepatic metabolism. Insulin is essential for the extrahepatic metabolism of all three carbohydrates. At therapeutic rates (0.5 g/kg body weight/h) in the postoperative period they produce hyperglycaemia and an insulin response, not previously evident and similar to that of glucose. These changes are probably related to their intracellular metabolism and may explain the similar nitrogen-sparing capabilities of each carbohydrate following operative trauma.", "contents": "Glucose and insulin homeostasis during postoperative carbohydrate infusions. Hypertonic fructose and sorbitol solutions are claimed to have advantages over glucose in nutritional regimen due to their rapid hepatic metabolism. Insulin is essential for the extrahepatic metabolism of all three carbohydrates. At therapeutic rates (0.5 g/kg body weight/h) in the postoperative period they produce hyperglycaemia and an insulin response, not previously evident and similar to that of glucose. These changes are probably related to their intracellular metabolism and may explain the similar nitrogen-sparing capabilities of each carbohydrate following operative trauma.", "PMID": 105331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6672", "title": "Sodium valproate (Epilim) in epilepsy: a trial.", "content": "Of thirty-five patients with various types of epilepsy treated with sodium valproate, 15 achieved complete seizure control on that drug alone, 12 other patients benefited and eight failed to improve on the drug. Excellent results were more likely in those with petit mal epilepsy and in those whose epilepsy was controlled with other drugs at the expense of side effects. Three patients were unable to tolerate valproate, but in general few patients experienced side effects and several patients felt much better on valproate than on their previous drugs. A twice daily dosage regime was satisfactory. Plasma valproate levels at the final dose covered a wide range, 0.21 - 1.2mmol/l (34 to 190 microgram/ml) and did not correlate with response, lack of response or side effects.", "contents": "Sodium valproate (Epilim) in epilepsy: a trial. Of thirty-five patients with various types of epilepsy treated with sodium valproate, 15 achieved complete seizure control on that drug alone, 12 other patients benefited and eight failed to improve on the drug. Excellent results were more likely in those with petit mal epilepsy and in those whose epilepsy was controlled with other drugs at the expense of side effects. Three patients were unable to tolerate valproate, but in general few patients experienced side effects and several patients felt much better on valproate than on their previous drugs. A twice daily dosage regime was satisfactory. Plasma valproate levels at the final dose covered a wide range, 0.21 - 1.2mmol/l (34 to 190 microgram/ml) and did not correlate with response, lack of response or side effects.", "PMID": 105332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6673", "title": "Ophthalmologic aspects of lipid storage diseases.", "content": "A cherry-red spot in the macular region of the fundus is the hallmark of the metabolic disorder known as Tay-Sachs disease. Ocular involvement is also a frequent concomitant of generalized gangliosidosis Niemann-Pick disease, and Fabry's disease. Ophthalmologists who are aware of these manifestations are often the first to derive the correct diagnosis in patients with these heritable conditions.", "contents": "Ophthalmologic aspects of lipid storage diseases. A cherry-red spot in the macular region of the fundus is the hallmark of the metabolic disorder known as Tay-Sachs disease. Ocular involvement is also a frequent concomitant of generalized gangliosidosis Niemann-Pick disease, and Fabry's disease. Ophthalmologists who are aware of these manifestations are often the first to derive the correct diagnosis in patients with these heritable conditions.", "PMID": 105334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6674", "title": "[Bioavailability of orally administered antibiotics: influences of food on resorption (author's transl)].", "content": "After the administration of a liquid suspension of Penicillin V-K, Epicillin, Cephalexin, Ampicillin, Pivampicillin and Amoxycillin on fasting and not fasting children, plasma levels and urine excretion of antibiotics were determined. A standard meal influences in Penicillin V-K and Ampicillin not only the maximum plasma levels, but also the absorbed amount of the drug. In Epicillin, Pivampicillin and Cephalexin we were not able to detect an influence of food on absorption. Amoxycillin doesn't seem to be impaired by food. However, the considerable individual differences could have its reasons in a number of other factors presently investigated.", "contents": "[Bioavailability of orally administered antibiotics: influences of food on resorption (author's transl)]. After the administration of a liquid suspension of Penicillin V-K, Epicillin, Cephalexin, Ampicillin, Pivampicillin and Amoxycillin on fasting and not fasting children, plasma levels and urine excretion of antibiotics were determined. A standard meal influences in Penicillin V-K and Ampicillin not only the maximum plasma levels, but also the absorbed amount of the drug. In Epicillin, Pivampicillin and Cephalexin we were not able to detect an influence of food on absorption. Amoxycillin doesn't seem to be impaired by food. However, the considerable individual differences could have its reasons in a number of other factors presently investigated.", "PMID": 105335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6675", "title": "[Disturbances of calcium-phosphate-metabolism by anticonvulsant drugs in relation to their serum concentration (author's transl)].", "content": "25.6% of 254 epileptic children receiving anticonvulsant drugs more than 3 years showed disturbances of Calcium-phosphate-metabolism and of ossification respectively. These disturbances are divided into 4 degrees of severity: 1. Raised alkaline phosphatase in serum alone 21 patients); 2. Metaphysial osteodystrophia (22 Pat.); 3. Generalised osteoporosis (16 Pat.) and 4. Vitamin-D sensitive rickets (6 Pat.). These abnormalities were found at most in long term-treatment with hydantoins or primidone. The measurement of serum concentration of these anticonvulsant drugs yielded significantly higher amounts in patients with abnormalities in Calcium-Phosphate-metabolism than in those patients without such ones. This result permits us to conclude that disturbances of Calcium-Phosphate-metabolism are serum-concentration-dependent side-effects of anticonvulsant drugs.", "contents": "[Disturbances of calcium-phosphate-metabolism by anticonvulsant drugs in relation to their serum concentration (author's transl)]. 25.6% of 254 epileptic children receiving anticonvulsant drugs more than 3 years showed disturbances of Calcium-phosphate-metabolism and of ossification respectively. These disturbances are divided into 4 degrees of severity: 1. Raised alkaline phosphatase in serum alone 21 patients); 2. Metaphysial osteodystrophia (22 Pat.); 3. Generalised osteoporosis (16 Pat.) and 4. Vitamin-D sensitive rickets (6 Pat.). These abnormalities were found at most in long term-treatment with hydantoins or primidone. The measurement of serum concentration of these anticonvulsant drugs yielded significantly higher amounts in patients with abnormalities in Calcium-Phosphate-metabolism than in those patients without such ones. This result permits us to conclude that disturbances of Calcium-Phosphate-metabolism are serum-concentration-dependent side-effects of anticonvulsant drugs.", "PMID": 105336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6676", "title": "Active entry of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi into macrophages.", "content": "The uptake of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, Y and CL stocks, by mouse peritoneal macrophages and their intracellular differentiation and multiplication has been compared in vitro. After 48 h the number of macrophages showing intracellular amastigote forms was higher when the Y stock was used. The number of parasitized cells increased with the time of contact between parasites and macrophages. Prior treatment of the parasites with anti-T. cruzi antibodies and/or complement increased the number of infected macrophages, but did not interfere with their subsequent differentiation within the macrophages. The number of parasitized cells was greater when macrophages were obtained from mice previously treated with lipopolysaccharide, peptone or thioglycollate. Uptake was not appreciably affected when macrophages were pre-treated with trypsin or anti-macrophage serum, or when the parasites and macrophages were incubated in the presence of cytochalasin B. In the same experimental conditions, epimastigotes of T. cruzi when not able to differentiate into amastigotes. Their uptake was potentiated by previous treatment with specific antibodies and/or complement and was blocked by cytochalasin B. These results confirm that epimastigotes derived from T. cruzi cultures are phagocytosed and suggest that bloodstream forms penetrate actively into macrophages.", "contents": "Active entry of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi into macrophages. The uptake of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, Y and CL stocks, by mouse peritoneal macrophages and their intracellular differentiation and multiplication has been compared in vitro. After 48 h the number of macrophages showing intracellular amastigote forms was higher when the Y stock was used. The number of parasitized cells increased with the time of contact between parasites and macrophages. Prior treatment of the parasites with anti-T. cruzi antibodies and/or complement increased the number of infected macrophages, but did not interfere with their subsequent differentiation within the macrophages. The number of parasitized cells was greater when macrophages were obtained from mice previously treated with lipopolysaccharide, peptone or thioglycollate. Uptake was not appreciably affected when macrophages were pre-treated with trypsin or anti-macrophage serum, or when the parasites and macrophages were incubated in the presence of cytochalasin B. In the same experimental conditions, epimastigotes of T. cruzi when not able to differentiate into amastigotes. Their uptake was potentiated by previous treatment with specific antibodies and/or complement and was blocked by cytochalasin B. These results confirm that epimastigotes derived from T. cruzi cultures are phagocytosed and suggest that bloodstream forms penetrate actively into macrophages.", "PMID": 105337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6677", "title": "Failure to thrive associated with renal disease.", "content": "Failure to thrive is a clinical syndrome usually associated with severely reduced increments in height and weight. It is commonly present in patients with chronic renal failure and occurs occasionally in patients with recurrent urinary-tract infections or tubular disorders. Renal osteodystrophy, protein-calorie malnutrition, and chronic glucocorticoid administration have been shown to be important causes of growth failure in patients with renal disease. Altered hormone production, metabolism, or peripheral utilization and acidosis may be causally related to growth failure. Such factors as anemia and hypos-thenuria appear to play no direct role.", "contents": "Failure to thrive associated with renal disease. Failure to thrive is a clinical syndrome usually associated with severely reduced increments in height and weight. It is commonly present in patients with chronic renal failure and occurs occasionally in patients with recurrent urinary-tract infections or tubular disorders. Renal osteodystrophy, protein-calorie malnutrition, and chronic glucocorticoid administration have been shown to be important causes of growth failure in patients with renal disease. Altered hormone production, metabolism, or peripheral utilization and acidosis may be causally related to growth failure. Such factors as anemia and hypos-thenuria appear to play no direct role.", "PMID": 105338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6678", "title": "Levels of stimulus processing by the squirrel monkey: relative and absolute judgements compared.", "content": "Nine squirrel monkeys were required to select from various sets of stimuli-differing in size or brightness-either in terms of relational criteria or on an absolute stimulus basis. The level of information processing required by each task was assessed by means of stimulus transformation techniques, variations in set size, and by the elimination of the visible context. It was found that some relational judgements make fewer processing demands on the subject than do absolute stimulus judgements; the 'middle' relation, however, appears much more difficult to use than selection of a stimulus on an absolute basis and may be beyond the competence of the squirrel monkey. The results are seen as support for the thesis as advanced by McGonigle and Jones that the criteria of judgement, when varied, change the depth of stimulus processing by monkey as well as man.", "contents": "Levels of stimulus processing by the squirrel monkey: relative and absolute judgements compared. Nine squirrel monkeys were required to select from various sets of stimuli-differing in size or brightness-either in terms of relational criteria or on an absolute stimulus basis. The level of information processing required by each task was assessed by means of stimulus transformation techniques, variations in set size, and by the elimination of the visible context. It was found that some relational judgements make fewer processing demands on the subject than do absolute stimulus judgements; the 'middle' relation, however, appears much more difficult to use than selection of a stimulus on an absolute basis and may be beyond the competence of the squirrel monkey. The results are seen as support for the thesis as advanced by McGonigle and Jones that the criteria of judgement, when varied, change the depth of stimulus processing by monkey as well as man.", "PMID": 105339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6679", "title": "Chlorinated insecticide and PCB residues in fish and mussels of east coastal waters of the middle and north Adriatic Sea, 1974--75.", "content": "Concentrations of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and goby fish (Gibius sp.) collected in four areas located in eastern coastal waters of the middle and north Adriatic Sea. Most samples were collected in early spring and late summer of 1974 and 1975. The compounds p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-TDE, and PCBs were detected most frequently. In about 60 percent of the samples dieldrin was also detected. Average wet-weight concentrations of sigmaDDT and PCBs in mussels from the four areas sampled were: Istrian coast, 65 and 76 ppb; Rijeka Bay, 58 and 75 ppb; Zadar, 36 and 128 ppb; Losinj Island, 167 and 133 ppb. Average concentrations in fish samples were: Istrian coast, 124 and 144 ppb; Rijeka Bay, 37 and 82 ppb; Losinj Island, 166 and 157 ppb. Dieldrin concentrations were in the low ppb range. Although major Italian rivers discharge chlorinated hydrocarbons into the north Adriatic, sampling of biota from Istrian coastal waters indicates no significant effect on the pollution level. However, waste waters from small coastal settlements evidently do contribute significantly to chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination of that ocean. Marine samples from Losinj Island had high chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations, indicating uptake of pollutants from the north Adriatic.", "contents": "Chlorinated insecticide and PCB residues in fish and mussels of east coastal waters of the middle and north Adriatic Sea, 1974--75. Concentrations of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and goby fish (Gibius sp.) collected in four areas located in eastern coastal waters of the middle and north Adriatic Sea. Most samples were collected in early spring and late summer of 1974 and 1975. The compounds p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-TDE, and PCBs were detected most frequently. In about 60 percent of the samples dieldrin was also detected. Average wet-weight concentrations of sigmaDDT and PCBs in mussels from the four areas sampled were: Istrian coast, 65 and 76 ppb; Rijeka Bay, 58 and 75 ppb; Zadar, 36 and 128 ppb; Losinj Island, 167 and 133 ppb. Average concentrations in fish samples were: Istrian coast, 124 and 144 ppb; Rijeka Bay, 37 and 82 ppb; Losinj Island, 166 and 157 ppb. Dieldrin concentrations were in the low ppb range. Although major Italian rivers discharge chlorinated hydrocarbons into the north Adriatic, sampling of biota from Istrian coastal waters indicates no significant effect on the pollution level. However, waste waters from small coastal settlements evidently do contribute significantly to chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination of that ocean. Marine samples from Losinj Island had high chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations, indicating uptake of pollutants from the north Adriatic.", "PMID": 105340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6680", "title": "An unusual complication of subclavian vein catheterization for total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "A 25-year-old woman with diabetic ketoacidosis and esophagitis was given total parenteral nutrition to improve her nutritional status. A central venous catheter inserted in the right subclavian vein was well tolerated for three weeks, when infection developed. The line was replaced by a left subclavian line. Within an hour the patient complained of back pain. A chest x-ray film showed that the tip of the catheter was to the left of the mediastinum and that left pleural effusion was present. The line was removed and 1,500 cc of fluid was removed from the left pleural space. The pleural fluid cleared gradually over several days and the patient became asymptomatic.", "contents": "An unusual complication of subclavian vein catheterization for total parenteral nutrition. A 25-year-old woman with diabetic ketoacidosis and esophagitis was given total parenteral nutrition to improve her nutritional status. A central venous catheter inserted in the right subclavian vein was well tolerated for three weeks, when infection developed. The line was replaced by a left subclavian line. Within an hour the patient complained of back pain. A chest x-ray film showed that the tip of the catheter was to the left of the mediastinum and that left pleural effusion was present. The line was removed and 1,500 cc of fluid was removed from the left pleural space. The pleural fluid cleared gradually over several days and the patient became asymptomatic.", "PMID": 105346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6681", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition, An important therapeutic advance.", "content": "Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a potent form of therapy. It is particularly useful in patients who must undergo surgery or those with conditions that preclude normal feeding. The procedure is not without risk, but better understanding of the basic principles involved, refinements in technique, and experience with its use in different situations have combined to improve the results of therapy over those first obtained. TPN represents an important therapeutic advance and emphasizes the need for an undertanding of nutritional principles by physicians and for a team approach to the management of complicated conditions.", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition, An important therapeutic advance. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a potent form of therapy. It is particularly useful in patients who must undergo surgery or those with conditions that preclude normal feeding. The procedure is not without risk, but better understanding of the basic principles involved, refinements in technique, and experience with its use in different situations have combined to improve the results of therapy over those first obtained. TPN represents an important therapeutic advance and emphasizes the need for an undertanding of nutritional principles by physicians and for a team approach to the management of complicated conditions.", "PMID": 105348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6682", "title": "Drug-induced pulmonary disease.", "content": "Pulmonary disorders appearing as manifestations of adverse reactions to medications administered orally or parenterally are reviewed. The mechanisms involve toxicity, idiosyncrasy, allergy, or a combination. The drugs and medications include commonly used antimicrobial, antineoplastic, analgesic, vasoactive, neuroactive, and endocrine agents. For most reactions, the mechanisms are unidentified.", "contents": "Drug-induced pulmonary disease. Pulmonary disorders appearing as manifestations of adverse reactions to medications administered orally or parenterally are reviewed. The mechanisms involve toxicity, idiosyncrasy, allergy, or a combination. The drugs and medications include commonly used antimicrobial, antineoplastic, analgesic, vasoactive, neuroactive, and endocrine agents. For most reactions, the mechanisms are unidentified.", "PMID": 105347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6683", "title": "Response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in atrial dysrhythmias.", "content": "Seventy-eight clinically euthyroid patients with atrial dysrhythmias, either established or paroxysmal, and sixty-three patients in sinus rhythm with coronary disease were screened for hyperthyroidism using thyroid function tests including the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). All had normal levels of serum thyroxine (T4) apart from three with dysrhythmias who were found to have hyperthyroidism. Twenty per cent of patients with atrial dysrhythmias and 10% of those in sinus rhythm had exaggerated TSH response to TRH. Thirty-six per cent of patients with an exaggerated response of TSH to TRH had significant titres of thyroid auto-antibodies compared with 15% with positive antibodies in those with normal TSH response to TRH. Auto-immune thyroid disease may be more closely related to heart disease than has previously been recognized. Rapid atrial dysrhythmias may occur in the presence of a normal serum thyroxine, high levels of TSH and positive thyroid antibodies.", "contents": "Response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in atrial dysrhythmias. Seventy-eight clinically euthyroid patients with atrial dysrhythmias, either established or paroxysmal, and sixty-three patients in sinus rhythm with coronary disease were screened for hyperthyroidism using thyroid function tests including the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). All had normal levels of serum thyroxine (T4) apart from three with dysrhythmias who were found to have hyperthyroidism. Twenty per cent of patients with atrial dysrhythmias and 10% of those in sinus rhythm had exaggerated TSH response to TRH. Thirty-six per cent of patients with an exaggerated response of TSH to TRH had significant titres of thyroid auto-antibodies compared with 15% with positive antibodies in those with normal TSH response to TRH. Auto-immune thyroid disease may be more closely related to heart disease than has previously been recognized. Rapid atrial dysrhythmias may occur in the presence of a normal serum thyroxine, high levels of TSH and positive thyroid antibodies.", "PMID": 105350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6684", "title": "Thyroid function in long term haemofiltration.", "content": "Ten patients on haemofiltration treatment for between 4 and 20 months have been screened for thyroid function. Comparing serum T3 and T4 levels at the start of haemofiltration and 5 to 20 months later, a continuous decrease was detected (T3-Ria: 92 +/- 23 ng% to 68 +/- 23 ng%; T4-Ria: 4.94 +/- 1.79 microgram% to 3.81 +/- 1.21 microgram%). Serum TSH-Ria values also declined in mean from 3.48 +/- 0.47 muU/ml, yet two patients showed an increase as expected with a functioning hypothalamic pituitary-thyroid axis. During a single treatment TBG, T4 and T3 values increased in excess of the amount expected for the degree of blood volume contraction, whereas the T4/TBG ratio remained normal indicating peripheral euthyroidism. Serum TSH was found to decrease significantly after 5 hours of haemofiltration possibly by losses via the haemofiltrate. Stimulation of the pituitary gland by i.v. injection of 200 microgram TRH gave a normal TSH response. Chronic haemofiltration leads to a proportional decline of thyroid hormones and their protein bound fractions: euthryoidism was proved by the normal T4/TBG ratio and the absence of clinical signs of hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Thyroid function in long term haemofiltration. Ten patients on haemofiltration treatment for between 4 and 20 months have been screened for thyroid function. Comparing serum T3 and T4 levels at the start of haemofiltration and 5 to 20 months later, a continuous decrease was detected (T3-Ria: 92 +/- 23 ng% to 68 +/- 23 ng%; T4-Ria: 4.94 +/- 1.79 microgram% to 3.81 +/- 1.21 microgram%). Serum TSH-Ria values also declined in mean from 3.48 +/- 0.47 muU/ml, yet two patients showed an increase as expected with a functioning hypothalamic pituitary-thyroid axis. During a single treatment TBG, T4 and T3 values increased in excess of the amount expected for the degree of blood volume contraction, whereas the T4/TBG ratio remained normal indicating peripheral euthyroidism. Serum TSH was found to decrease significantly after 5 hours of haemofiltration possibly by losses via the haemofiltrate. Stimulation of the pituitary gland by i.v. injection of 200 microgram TRH gave a normal TSH response. Chronic haemofiltration leads to a proportional decline of thyroid hormones and their protein bound fractions: euthryoidism was proved by the normal T4/TBG ratio and the absence of clinical signs of hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 105354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6685", "title": "DNA clones containing mouse immunoglobulin kappa chain genes isolated by in vitro packaging into phage lambda coats.", "content": "Endonuclease EcoRI-digested DNAs from BALB/c mouse embryos and MOPC 321 (a kappa chain secretor) myeloma were fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and the DNA fragments containing part or all of the MOPC 321 kappa chain structural gene sequences were visualized by the Southern gel blotting technique using as the hybridization probes pCRI plasmids containing all or part of the enzymatically synthesized cDNA transcripts of the MOPC 321 kappa chain mRNA. The clear differences observed in the hybridization patterns of the two DNAs are in agreement with our previously reported results obtained with endonuclease BamHI and confirms that the sequence arrangement of kappa chain genes is different in the embryo and myeloma cells. We have cloned most of the kappa-sequence-positive EcoRI DNA fragments in Charon 4A phage by using the highly efficient in vitro phage lambda DNA packaging method, and we have characterized the cloned mouse DNA sequences by agarose gel blotting and R-loop mapping in electron microscopy. These studies identified, among others, one EcoRI DNA fragment which contains both variable and constant immunoglobulin kappa-gene sequences and is present only in the myeloma DNA. The two sequences are separated by a 2.8-kbase intron. We tentatively conclude that the kappa gene sequences on this DNA fragment underwent somatic rearrangement.", "contents": "DNA clones containing mouse immunoglobulin kappa chain genes isolated by in vitro packaging into phage lambda coats. Endonuclease EcoRI-digested DNAs from BALB/c mouse embryos and MOPC 321 (a kappa chain secretor) myeloma were fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and the DNA fragments containing part or all of the MOPC 321 kappa chain structural gene sequences were visualized by the Southern gel blotting technique using as the hybridization probes pCRI plasmids containing all or part of the enzymatically synthesized cDNA transcripts of the MOPC 321 kappa chain mRNA. The clear differences observed in the hybridization patterns of the two DNAs are in agreement with our previously reported results obtained with endonuclease BamHI and confirms that the sequence arrangement of kappa chain genes is different in the embryo and myeloma cells. We have cloned most of the kappa-sequence-positive EcoRI DNA fragments in Charon 4A phage by using the highly efficient in vitro phage lambda DNA packaging method, and we have characterized the cloned mouse DNA sequences by agarose gel blotting and R-loop mapping in electron microscopy. These studies identified, among others, one EcoRI DNA fragment which contains both variable and constant immunoglobulin kappa-gene sequences and is present only in the myeloma DNA. The two sequences are separated by a 2.8-kbase intron. We tentatively conclude that the kappa gene sequences on this DNA fragment underwent somatic rearrangement.", "PMID": 105355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6686", "title": "[Antidiabetogenic activity of maninyl].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rabbits. A study was made of the effect of administration of maninyl (glybenclamide) into the stomach in a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight for 7 days on the blood glucose level, insulin and zinc content in the pancreatic islands, and on the \"dithizone\" diabetes development. Maninyl administration was accompanied by a significant glycemia reduction. The amount of deposited insulin and zinc determined histochemically was sharply reduced up to complete disappearance from the majority of beta-cells. \"Dithizone\" diabetes was not reproducible in animals given maninyl preliminarily: the required condition for induction of this affection was formation of zinc dithizonate in beta-cells.", "contents": "[Antidiabetogenic activity of maninyl]. Experiments were conducted on rabbits. A study was made of the effect of administration of maninyl (glybenclamide) into the stomach in a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight for 7 days on the blood glucose level, insulin and zinc content in the pancreatic islands, and on the \"dithizone\" diabetes development. Maninyl administration was accompanied by a significant glycemia reduction. The amount of deposited insulin and zinc determined histochemically was sharply reduced up to complete disappearance from the majority of beta-cells. \"Dithizone\" diabetes was not reproducible in animals given maninyl preliminarily: the required condition for induction of this affection was formation of zinc dithizonate in beta-cells.", "PMID": 105351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6687", "title": "Gamma heavy chain disease in man: translation and partial purification of mRNA coding for the deleted protein.", "content": "Lymphoid cells obtained from the peripheral blood of a patient with heavy chain disease have been established in long-term culture. They continue to produce a protein antigenically identical to the deleted gamma3 heavy chain disease protein found in the patient's serum. The availability of the cell line has made it possible to analyze the mRNA coding for this protein. The primary in vitro translation product is 1500-2000 daltons larger than the polypeptide portion of the cytoplasmic or secreted protein and has methionine at the amino terminus. The mRNA sediments at 15.5 S on sucrose gradients and therefore appears to be smaller than the 17S message coding for normal-sized mouse gamma chains. It contains a base sequence that codes for a hydrophobic amino-terminal peptide not found in the cytoplasmic protein. There was no evidence for the synthesis of translatable light chain message by these cells. The present data suggest that this protein results from a primary somatic genetic event that gave rise to a cell product bearing a normal aminoterminus sensitive to limited proteolytic digestion. The serum protein thus appears to begin in the hinge region but, in fact, contains a normal heavy chain initiation site.", "contents": "Gamma heavy chain disease in man: translation and partial purification of mRNA coding for the deleted protein. Lymphoid cells obtained from the peripheral blood of a patient with heavy chain disease have been established in long-term culture. They continue to produce a protein antigenically identical to the deleted gamma3 heavy chain disease protein found in the patient's serum. The availability of the cell line has made it possible to analyze the mRNA coding for this protein. The primary in vitro translation product is 1500-2000 daltons larger than the polypeptide portion of the cytoplasmic or secreted protein and has methionine at the amino terminus. The mRNA sediments at 15.5 S on sucrose gradients and therefore appears to be smaller than the 17S message coding for normal-sized mouse gamma chains. It contains a base sequence that codes for a hydrophobic amino-terminal peptide not found in the cytoplasmic protein. There was no evidence for the synthesis of translatable light chain message by these cells. The present data suggest that this protein results from a primary somatic genetic event that gave rise to a cell product bearing a normal aminoterminus sensitive to limited proteolytic digestion. The serum protein thus appears to begin in the hinge region but, in fact, contains a normal heavy chain initiation site.", "PMID": 105356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6688", "title": "Specific transcription of eukaryotic tRNA genes in Xenopus germinal vesicle extracts.", "content": "Cloned tRNA genes from Drosophila and from yeast have been transcribed faithfully in extracts prepared from Xenopus germinal vesicles. The newly formed RNA is composed of precursor tRNAs (of 5S RNA size) and of tRNAs. The plasmid pCIT12 carries genes for Drosophila tRNALys, tRNAArg, and tRNAAsn, Nucleotide analysis of one RNA species transcribed from pCIT12 DNA showed it to be identical to Drosophila tRNALys; it even contained some of the modified nucleotides expected for this tRNA. This RNA species is formed in the germinal vesicle extract via a larger precursor tRNA molecule that does not contain nucleotide modifications. This simple transcription system should aid studies aimed at defining the regulatory DNA regions responsible for eukaryotic gene transcription. In addition, it may provide tRNA precursors that are needed for detailed investigations of eukaryotic tRNA biosynthesis.", "contents": "Specific transcription of eukaryotic tRNA genes in Xenopus germinal vesicle extracts. Cloned tRNA genes from Drosophila and from yeast have been transcribed faithfully in extracts prepared from Xenopus germinal vesicles. The newly formed RNA is composed of precursor tRNAs (of 5S RNA size) and of tRNAs. The plasmid pCIT12 carries genes for Drosophila tRNALys, tRNAArg, and tRNAAsn, Nucleotide analysis of one RNA species transcribed from pCIT12 DNA showed it to be identical to Drosophila tRNALys; it even contained some of the modified nucleotides expected for this tRNA. This RNA species is formed in the germinal vesicle extract via a larger precursor tRNA molecule that does not contain nucleotide modifications. This simple transcription system should aid studies aimed at defining the regulatory DNA regions responsible for eukaryotic gene transcription. In addition, it may provide tRNA precursors that are needed for detailed investigations of eukaryotic tRNA biosynthesis.", "PMID": 105357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6689", "title": "beta-Galactosidase chimeras: primary structure of a lac repressor-beta-galactosidase protein.", "content": "A protein possessing both lac repressor and beta-galactosidase activities in a single polypeptide of about 155,000 daltons was purified from a deletion mutant of Escherichia coli in which the lacI and Z genes are fused. A 77-residue cyanogen bromide peptide containing the fusion joint was isolated. A radioimmunoassay with an antibody prepared against CNBr2 (residues 3-92) of beta-galactosidase was used to monitor its purification. The sequence of the joining peptide was determined by analysis of tryptic peptides and by automatic sequencer analysis. The site of joining is from residue 355 of lac repressor to residue 24 of beta-galactosidase (or 356 to 25), indicating that the last 4 residues at the carboxyl terminus of lac repressor and the first 23 residues at the amino terminus of beta-galactosidase are not essential for the activities of these two proteins. The exact site of the fusion is not known because lac repressor residue 356 and beta-galactosidase residue 24 are both leucine residues. Examination of the nucleotide sequences around the two end points of the deletion revealed a homology of 9 identities in a stretch of 11 base pairs.", "contents": "beta-Galactosidase chimeras: primary structure of a lac repressor-beta-galactosidase protein. A protein possessing both lac repressor and beta-galactosidase activities in a single polypeptide of about 155,000 daltons was purified from a deletion mutant of Escherichia coli in which the lacI and Z genes are fused. A 77-residue cyanogen bromide peptide containing the fusion joint was isolated. A radioimmunoassay with an antibody prepared against CNBr2 (residues 3-92) of beta-galactosidase was used to monitor its purification. The sequence of the joining peptide was determined by analysis of tryptic peptides and by automatic sequencer analysis. The site of joining is from residue 355 of lac repressor to residue 24 of beta-galactosidase (or 356 to 25), indicating that the last 4 residues at the carboxyl terminus of lac repressor and the first 23 residues at the amino terminus of beta-galactosidase are not essential for the activities of these two proteins. The exact site of the fusion is not known because lac repressor residue 356 and beta-galactosidase residue 24 are both leucine residues. Examination of the nucleotide sequences around the two end points of the deletion revealed a homology of 9 identities in a stretch of 11 base pairs.", "PMID": 105358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6690", "title": "Plasmodium knowlesi-induced antigens in membranes of parasitized rhesus monkey erythrocytes.", "content": "Highly purified Plasmodium knowlesi schizonts were used to produce a hyperimmune anti-parasite serum in a rhesus monkey. Proteins of membranes from normal and P. knowlesi-infected erythrocytes, as well as purified schizonts, were solubilized in 1% Triton X-100 and analyzed by bidimensional electrophoretic techniques. Of seven parasite-specific antigens identified in membranes of parasitized erythrocytes by crossed immune electrophoresis against monkey anti-parasite serum, only three could be detected in the purified schizonts. Bidimensional focusing-dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of membranes from parasitized cells revealed three proteins, in the 55,000-90,000 molecular weight region, with isoelectric points between pH 4.5 and pH 5.2, that could not be detected in normal membranes or purified schizonts. Membranes of normal erythrocytes and uninfected erythrocytes that had been incubated with sera from monkeys with 25-50% parasitemia did not react with the monkey anti-parasite serum.", "contents": "Plasmodium knowlesi-induced antigens in membranes of parasitized rhesus monkey erythrocytes. Highly purified Plasmodium knowlesi schizonts were used to produce a hyperimmune anti-parasite serum in a rhesus monkey. Proteins of membranes from normal and P. knowlesi-infected erythrocytes, as well as purified schizonts, were solubilized in 1% Triton X-100 and analyzed by bidimensional electrophoretic techniques. Of seven parasite-specific antigens identified in membranes of parasitized erythrocytes by crossed immune electrophoresis against monkey anti-parasite serum, only three could be detected in the purified schizonts. Bidimensional focusing-dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of membranes from parasitized cells revealed three proteins, in the 55,000-90,000 molecular weight region, with isoelectric points between pH 4.5 and pH 5.2, that could not be detected in normal membranes or purified schizonts. Membranes of normal erythrocytes and uninfected erythrocytes that had been incubated with sera from monkeys with 25-50% parasitemia did not react with the monkey anti-parasite serum.", "PMID": 105359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6691", "title": "Macronuclear DNA of the hypotrichous ciliate Oxytricha fallax.", "content": "DNA in the macronuclei of Oxytricha fallax, as in other hypotrichous ciliate protozoa, exists as small, achromosomal molecules rather than in chromosomes. We report studies on O. fallax DNA using physicochemical procedures and nucleic acid hybridization. Macronuclear DNA molecules range in size from 22 kilobase pairs (kb) to about 0.5 kb. The DNA has a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.694 g.cm(-3) and a melting temperature in 15 mM NaCl/1.5 mM sodium citrate, pH 7, at 65.4 degrees . These values correspond to 34.7% Gua + Cyt and 28.1% Gua + Cyt, respectively, and base composition determined by thin-layer chromatography of nucleotides is 32.4% Gua + Cyt. The only modified nucleotide that is detectable is N(6)-methyldeoxyadenylate (0.2%), and the amount and kind of modification cannot account for the discrepancies in nucleotide composition determination by the three methods. The genes for 25S and 19S rRNA are contained in DNA molecules 6.67 kb in length, of which at least 6.15 kb is transcribed. These rDNA molecules show no intrastrand complementarity as does rDNA in some other lower eukaryotes, and they have two asymmetric sites recognized by endonuclease EcoRI. The genes for 5S RNA are in DNA molecules 0.69 kb in length. Digestion of this DNA with restriction enzymes BamHI, BsuI, HhaI, and TaqI gives no evidence for a tandemly repeated sequence. It is likely that both 19S + 25S rRNA genes and 5S RNA genes in the Oxytricha macronucleus exist as single transcription units, and both may have \"spacer\" regions approximately 0.5 kb long.", "contents": "Macronuclear DNA of the hypotrichous ciliate Oxytricha fallax. DNA in the macronuclei of Oxytricha fallax, as in other hypotrichous ciliate protozoa, exists as small, achromosomal molecules rather than in chromosomes. We report studies on O. fallax DNA using physicochemical procedures and nucleic acid hybridization. Macronuclear DNA molecules range in size from 22 kilobase pairs (kb) to about 0.5 kb. The DNA has a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.694 g.cm(-3) and a melting temperature in 15 mM NaCl/1.5 mM sodium citrate, pH 7, at 65.4 degrees . These values correspond to 34.7% Gua + Cyt and 28.1% Gua + Cyt, respectively, and base composition determined by thin-layer chromatography of nucleotides is 32.4% Gua + Cyt. The only modified nucleotide that is detectable is N(6)-methyldeoxyadenylate (0.2%), and the amount and kind of modification cannot account for the discrepancies in nucleotide composition determination by the three methods. The genes for 25S and 19S rRNA are contained in DNA molecules 6.67 kb in length, of which at least 6.15 kb is transcribed. These rDNA molecules show no intrastrand complementarity as does rDNA in some other lower eukaryotes, and they have two asymmetric sites recognized by endonuclease EcoRI. The genes for 5S RNA are in DNA molecules 0.69 kb in length. Digestion of this DNA with restriction enzymes BamHI, BsuI, HhaI, and TaqI gives no evidence for a tandemly repeated sequence. It is likely that both 19S + 25S rRNA genes and 5S RNA genes in the Oxytricha macronucleus exist as single transcription units, and both may have \"spacer\" regions approximately 0.5 kb long.", "PMID": 105360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6692", "title": "Lactose and major milk proteins are present in secretory vesicle-rich fractions from lactating mammary gland.", "content": "Preparations enriched in apparently intact secretory vesicles were isolated from homogenates of lactating rat and bovine mammary tissue by differential and density gradient centrifugation in isoosmotic media. Morphologically these preparations consisted nearly entirely of vesicles of varying sizes, at least some of which contained casein micelles. Endoplasmic reticulum vesicles, Golgi apparatus cisterna and dictyosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, and nuclei were not observed in secretory vesicle-rich fractions. Vesicle preparations were enriched in lactose relative to total membrane fractions from mammary gland. The galactosyltransferase of lactose synthase (UDPgalactose: D-glucose 4 beta-galactosyl-transferase, EC 2.4.1.22) was also present in secretory vesicle preparations, alphas1- and beta-caseins, alpha-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin, the major secretory proteins of differentiated mammary epithelial cells, were identified as constituents of vesicle-rich fractions from bovine mammary gland. These observations suggest that the major carbohydrate and major proteins of milk are compartmentalized into secretory vesicles and are secreted by exocytotic fusion of secretory vesicles with the apical plasma membrane.", "contents": "Lactose and major milk proteins are present in secretory vesicle-rich fractions from lactating mammary gland. Preparations enriched in apparently intact secretory vesicles were isolated from homogenates of lactating rat and bovine mammary tissue by differential and density gradient centrifugation in isoosmotic media. Morphologically these preparations consisted nearly entirely of vesicles of varying sizes, at least some of which contained casein micelles. Endoplasmic reticulum vesicles, Golgi apparatus cisterna and dictyosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, and nuclei were not observed in secretory vesicle-rich fractions. Vesicle preparations were enriched in lactose relative to total membrane fractions from mammary gland. The galactosyltransferase of lactose synthase (UDPgalactose: D-glucose 4 beta-galactosyl-transferase, EC 2.4.1.22) was also present in secretory vesicle preparations, alphas1- and beta-caseins, alpha-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin, the major secretory proteins of differentiated mammary epithelial cells, were identified as constituents of vesicle-rich fractions from bovine mammary gland. These observations suggest that the major carbohydrate and major proteins of milk are compartmentalized into secretory vesicles and are secreted by exocytotic fusion of secretory vesicles with the apical plasma membrane.", "PMID": 105361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6693", "title": "Viscoelastic studies on Tetrahymena macronuclear DNA.", "content": "We have used viscoelastometry in an attempt to understand the physical organization of genetic material in Tetrahymena nuclei. The micronucleus or germ line nucleus is diploid. It divides mitotically during vegetative growth, and five pairs of chromosomes are seen in meiosis. The macronucleus, or somatic nucleus, is approximately 45-ploid, divides amitotically, and has no visible chromosomes at any stage. Viscoelastic analysis of Tetrahymena macronuclei reveals DNA Molecules of 2-3 X 10(10) daltons accounting for much, if not all, of the macronuclear DNA. Since the average chromosome in the micronucleus contains 2.4-2.7 X 10(10) daltons of DNA, we deduce that the macronucleus of Tetrahymena contains chromosome-sized DNA molecules.", "contents": "Viscoelastic studies on Tetrahymena macronuclear DNA. We have used viscoelastometry in an attempt to understand the physical organization of genetic material in Tetrahymena nuclei. The micronucleus or germ line nucleus is diploid. It divides mitotically during vegetative growth, and five pairs of chromosomes are seen in meiosis. The macronucleus, or somatic nucleus, is approximately 45-ploid, divides amitotically, and has no visible chromosomes at any stage. Viscoelastic analysis of Tetrahymena macronuclei reveals DNA Molecules of 2-3 X 10(10) daltons accounting for much, if not all, of the macronuclear DNA. Since the average chromosome in the micronucleus contains 2.4-2.7 X 10(10) daltons of DNA, we deduce that the macronucleus of Tetrahymena contains chromosome-sized DNA molecules.", "PMID": 105362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6694", "title": "Sensitivity of fatty acid cyclooxygenase from human aorta to acetylation by aspirin.", "content": "The rate of acetylation of fatty acid cyclooxygenase (prostaglandin synthase, EC 1.14.99.1) by [acetyl-3H]-aspirin was measured in microsomes from human aortas and coronary arteries and intact and disrupted human platelets. We also measured the inhibition by aspirin of prostacyclin generation from exogenous arachidonic acid in shredded human aorta. Cyclooxygenase in human aorta and coronary artery microsomes is approximately 1/250th as sensitive to aspirin as enzyme in intact platelets, and 1/60th as sensitive to aspirin as enzyme measured in a platelet microsomal preparation. On the basis of the in vitro data presented, we predict that small oral doses of aspirin are sufficient to inhibit platelet prostaglandin production but are not sufficient to substantially affect aorta or coronary artery prostaglandin production.", "contents": "Sensitivity of fatty acid cyclooxygenase from human aorta to acetylation by aspirin. The rate of acetylation of fatty acid cyclooxygenase (prostaglandin synthase, EC 1.14.99.1) by [acetyl-3H]-aspirin was measured in microsomes from human aortas and coronary arteries and intact and disrupted human platelets. We also measured the inhibition by aspirin of prostacyclin generation from exogenous arachidonic acid in shredded human aorta. Cyclooxygenase in human aorta and coronary artery microsomes is approximately 1/250th as sensitive to aspirin as enzyme in intact platelets, and 1/60th as sensitive to aspirin as enzyme measured in a platelet microsomal preparation. On the basis of the in vitro data presented, we predict that small oral doses of aspirin are sufficient to inhibit platelet prostaglandin production but are not sufficient to substantially affect aorta or coronary artery prostaglandin production.", "PMID": 105363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6695", "title": "Clinical experience with fast neutrons in Amsterdam.", "content": "Since November 1972 a pilot study of fast neutron therapy has been carried out in Amsterdam at the Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital (the Netherlands Cancer Institute). With a d + T machine almost 200 patients were treated in 2 years. In this paper the preliminary results will be discussed.", "contents": "Clinical experience with fast neutrons in Amsterdam. Since November 1972 a pilot study of fast neutron therapy has been carried out in Amsterdam at the Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital (the Netherlands Cancer Institute). With a d + T machine almost 200 patients were treated in 2 years. In this paper the preliminary results will be discussed.", "PMID": 105378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6696", "title": "Parenteral nutrition in toxic septic states.", "content": "An analysis is made of two groups each of 20 patients with toxic septic states and hypercatabolic renal failure, who were given parenteral nutrition for at least 3 days. Each group was divided into two subgroups, given glucose, 13--20 and 20--27 kcal. 24 h--1 kg--1 body weight; the second subgroup was also given nitrogen-containing infusions of 0.05--0.12 or 0.12--0.17 g of N 24--1/kg--1 body weight, the total calorie intake amounting to 23--28 and 28--33 kcal. 24 h--1 kg--1 respectively, with nitrogen amounting to 150--400 kcal./g. A mean daily decrease of blood urea of 9.2 mg/100 ml was recorded, together with a positive catabolism in the series given nitrogen, and a rise of 0.8 mg/100 ml with negative catabolic index in the series fed with glucose (P less than 0.01); there were similar nitrogen losses in both the series, corrected by catabolism formula. The results demonstrated a decreased rate of catabolism in patients fed with a diet containing nitrogenous compounds.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition in toxic septic states. An analysis is made of two groups each of 20 patients with toxic septic states and hypercatabolic renal failure, who were given parenteral nutrition for at least 3 days. Each group was divided into two subgroups, given glucose, 13--20 and 20--27 kcal. 24 h--1 kg--1 body weight; the second subgroup was also given nitrogen-containing infusions of 0.05--0.12 or 0.12--0.17 g of N 24--1/kg--1 body weight, the total calorie intake amounting to 23--28 and 28--33 kcal. 24 h--1 kg--1 respectively, with nitrogen amounting to 150--400 kcal./g. A mean daily decrease of blood urea of 9.2 mg/100 ml was recorded, together with a positive catabolism in the series given nitrogen, and a rise of 0.8 mg/100 ml with negative catabolic index in the series fed with glucose (P less than 0.01); there were similar nitrogen losses in both the series, corrected by catabolism formula. The results demonstrated a decreased rate of catabolism in patients fed with a diet containing nitrogenous compounds.", "PMID": 105385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6697", "title": "Acute renal failure: biochemical evaluation of total parenteral nutrition with essential L-amino acids.", "content": "Plasma amino acid patterns were studied in three groups: one of 10 healthy subjects used as control, one of five patients in acute renal failure treated by haemodialysis plus a standard high-calorie non-protein diet, and one of five patients with the same clinical condition and treated in the same way except that the total parenteral nutrition consisted of a mixture of carbohydrate and essential L-amino acids. Our results indicate that haemodialysis seems to be responsible for some part of the depletion of amino acids and that their administration reduces this effect both for the essential and for the non-essential amino acids.", "contents": "Acute renal failure: biochemical evaluation of total parenteral nutrition with essential L-amino acids. Plasma amino acid patterns were studied in three groups: one of 10 healthy subjects used as control, one of five patients in acute renal failure treated by haemodialysis plus a standard high-calorie non-protein diet, and one of five patients with the same clinical condition and treated in the same way except that the total parenteral nutrition consisted of a mixture of carbohydrate and essential L-amino acids. Our results indicate that haemodialysis seems to be responsible for some part of the depletion of amino acids and that their administration reduces this effect both for the essential and for the non-essential amino acids.", "PMID": 105386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6698", "title": "[Experimental cholelithiasis in animals].", "content": "This paper reviews the most relevant animal-based knowledge in gallstone formation, and its contribution to our improved understanding of the human illness. The importance of diet, age, sex and hormones has been proved in both animals and humans. Nevertheless, there are clear cut differences among species which make general conclusions hard to obtain. Although there is no ideal experimental animal, primates and hamsters seem to be close. Guinea-pigs, rats, mice, rabbits and dogs have been useful in providing key information in certain areas. The paramount importance of alterations in the lipidic composition of bile in lithogenesis is supported by experimental research in animals and has been ratified in humans. Diet is the main mechanism for experimental gallstone formation in animals. Observation of drug-induced lithogenesis in animals has made investigators aware of such phenomenon in humans.", "contents": "[Experimental cholelithiasis in animals]. This paper reviews the most relevant animal-based knowledge in gallstone formation, and its contribution to our improved understanding of the human illness. The importance of diet, age, sex and hormones has been proved in both animals and humans. Nevertheless, there are clear cut differences among species which make general conclusions hard to obtain. Although there is no ideal experimental animal, primates and hamsters seem to be close. Guinea-pigs, rats, mice, rabbits and dogs have been useful in providing key information in certain areas. The paramount importance of alterations in the lipidic composition of bile in lithogenesis is supported by experimental research in animals and has been ratified in humans. Diet is the main mechanism for experimental gallstone formation in animals. Observation of drug-induced lithogenesis in animals has made investigators aware of such phenomenon in humans.", "PMID": 105392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6699", "title": "Effect of carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbitone on serum levels of thyroid hormones and thyrotropin in humans.", "content": "Patients on long-term treatment with either of the stereochemically related antiepileptic drugs phenytoin (DPH) or carbamazepine (CBZ) had similar changes in serum thyroid hormone concentrations. T4, FT4, FT4 index, T3, FT3, FT3 index and rT3 were reduced, whereas T3U and TSH were not significantly different from the reference group levels. Long-term phenobarbitone treatment had no convincing effect on the investigated parameters when used alone, but possibly potentiated the effect of CBZ. In patients starting on CBZ, T4 fell to a stable 70% of the basal level after 1--2 weeks. T3 decreased transitorily to 85% of the basal level. TSH showed a complementary but somewhat delayed transitory increase. T3U and TBG did not change significantly. The effect of CBZ and DPH can be explained by interference with thyroid hormone binding to TBG combined with enzyme-induced increased metabolic clearance rate of thyroid hormones without homeostatic maintenance of premedication levels of FT4 and FT3. We suggest that the regulated factor maintaining euthyroidism in these patients is the total quantity of thyroid hormones being degraded in the tissues per unit time. We conclude that serum concentrations of FT4 and FT3 do not reflect thyroid status adequately under all circumstances.", "contents": "Effect of carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbitone on serum levels of thyroid hormones and thyrotropin in humans. Patients on long-term treatment with either of the stereochemically related antiepileptic drugs phenytoin (DPH) or carbamazepine (CBZ) had similar changes in serum thyroid hormone concentrations. T4, FT4, FT4 index, T3, FT3, FT3 index and rT3 were reduced, whereas T3U and TSH were not significantly different from the reference group levels. Long-term phenobarbitone treatment had no convincing effect on the investigated parameters when used alone, but possibly potentiated the effect of CBZ. In patients starting on CBZ, T4 fell to a stable 70% of the basal level after 1--2 weeks. T3 decreased transitorily to 85% of the basal level. TSH showed a complementary but somewhat delayed transitory increase. T3U and TBG did not change significantly. The effect of CBZ and DPH can be explained by interference with thyroid hormone binding to TBG combined with enzyme-induced increased metabolic clearance rate of thyroid hormones without homeostatic maintenance of premedication levels of FT4 and FT3. We suggest that the regulated factor maintaining euthyroidism in these patients is the total quantity of thyroid hormones being degraded in the tissues per unit time. We conclude that serum concentrations of FT4 and FT3 do not reflect thyroid status adequately under all circumstances.", "PMID": 105401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6700", "title": "[51Cr]EDTA plasma clearance and endogenous creatinine clearance in advanced renal insufficiency.", "content": "Comparison of [51Cr]EDTA plasma clearance corrected for extrarenal elimination with 24 h endogenous creatinine clearance in patients with advanced renal failure showed that the corrected [51Cr]EDTA clearance was lower than creatinine clearance, and thus might be a better approximation to the glomerular filtration rate in uraemic patients. The corrections cannot be used on [51cr]EDTA clearance values below the mean extrarenal clearance, averaging 3.7 ml/min.", "contents": "[51Cr]EDTA plasma clearance and endogenous creatinine clearance in advanced renal insufficiency. Comparison of [51Cr]EDTA plasma clearance corrected for extrarenal elimination with 24 h endogenous creatinine clearance in patients with advanced renal failure showed that the corrected [51Cr]EDTA clearance was lower than creatinine clearance, and thus might be a better approximation to the glomerular filtration rate in uraemic patients. The corrections cannot be used on [51cr]EDTA clearance values below the mean extrarenal clearance, averaging 3.7 ml/min.", "PMID": 105402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6701", "title": "Selective expression of antibody classes and contact sensitivity affected by genes in the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "This report describes IgM, IgG and IgE antibody and contact sensitivity responses of strains of mice congenic at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to skin painting with picryl chloride or oxazolone. B10 had low responses of all classes to picryl chloride. This was also reflected by the DNA synthesis occurring in their draining lymph nodes after painting. B10BR were high responders to picryl chloride for all classes but B10A and B10D2 were high responders for all classes except IgE. This presents evidence that genes in the MHC can selectively control antibody classes. The contact sensitivity response of the congenics to oxazolone confirmed the low previously described responsiveness of B10 mice. Antibody responses to oxazolone (agglutinin and reagin) were low for all congenics with B10 backgrounds.", "contents": "Selective expression of antibody classes and contact sensitivity affected by genes in the major histocompatibility complex. This report describes IgM, IgG and IgE antibody and contact sensitivity responses of strains of mice congenic at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to skin painting with picryl chloride or oxazolone. B10 had low responses of all classes to picryl chloride. This was also reflected by the DNA synthesis occurring in their draining lymph nodes after painting. B10BR were high responders to picryl chloride for all classes but B10A and B10D2 were high responders for all classes except IgE. This presents evidence that genes in the MHC can selectively control antibody classes. The contact sensitivity response of the congenics to oxazolone confirmed the low previously described responsiveness of B10 mice. Antibody responses to oxazolone (agglutinin and reagin) were low for all congenics with B10 backgrounds.", "PMID": 105403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6702", "title": "Influence of thymus genotype on acquisition of responsiveness in delayed-type hypersensitivity.", "content": "Antigen-pulsed macrophages (Mph) could sensitize syngeneic mice for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and also elicit sensitivity from mice sensitized to antigen in adjuvant provided these were syngeneic or semi-allogeneic to the strain providing the Mph. Sensitivity could not be elicited with antigen-pulsed allogeneic Mph. Antigen-pulsed Mph from low-responder (LR) strains could not sensitize LR mice nor F1 hybrids between responder (R) and LR strains. Normal F1 mice could be sensitized to respond to antigen presented on Mph or either parental type (i.e. P1 or P2): if, however, they were sensitized to antigen on P1 Mph, DTH transfer was restricted to naive P1 mice, not to P2 (restriction imposed by priming). F1 T cells derived from stem cells differentiating in a P1 thymus graft could be sensitized but could transfer sensitivity only to naive P1 mice, not to P2 (restriction imposed in thymus). When an antigen under Ir gene control was used, LR derived T cells differentiating in an (R X LR)F1 thymus could be sensitized but only if antigen was presented on (R X LR)F1 Mph not on LR Mph. Totally allogeneic chimaeras could be sensitized but only if given antigen in association with the appropriate Mph. These findings suggest that restriction of T cell activities can be imposed as a result of priming in some cases and as a result of differentiation within the thymus in others. LR strains appear to have a lesion at the level of antigen presentation by Mph; whether they also have a defect at the level of generation of T cell repertoire cannot be determined from the present investigations.", "contents": "Influence of thymus genotype on acquisition of responsiveness in delayed-type hypersensitivity. Antigen-pulsed macrophages (Mph) could sensitize syngeneic mice for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and also elicit sensitivity from mice sensitized to antigen in adjuvant provided these were syngeneic or semi-allogeneic to the strain providing the Mph. Sensitivity could not be elicited with antigen-pulsed allogeneic Mph. Antigen-pulsed Mph from low-responder (LR) strains could not sensitize LR mice nor F1 hybrids between responder (R) and LR strains. Normal F1 mice could be sensitized to respond to antigen presented on Mph or either parental type (i.e. P1 or P2): if, however, they were sensitized to antigen on P1 Mph, DTH transfer was restricted to naive P1 mice, not to P2 (restriction imposed by priming). F1 T cells derived from stem cells differentiating in a P1 thymus graft could be sensitized but could transfer sensitivity only to naive P1 mice, not to P2 (restriction imposed in thymus). When an antigen under Ir gene control was used, LR derived T cells differentiating in an (R X LR)F1 thymus could be sensitized but only if antigen was presented on (R X LR)F1 Mph not on LR Mph. Totally allogeneic chimaeras could be sensitized but only if given antigen in association with the appropriate Mph. These findings suggest that restriction of T cell activities can be imposed as a result of priming in some cases and as a result of differentiation within the thymus in others. LR strains appear to have a lesion at the level of antigen presentation by Mph; whether they also have a defect at the level of generation of T cell repertoire cannot be determined from the present investigations.", "PMID": 105404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6703", "title": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to cartilage antigenic components.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity and antibody production to cartilage antigens were studied in rabbits. From day 3 of immunization an inhibition of leucocyte migration was observed in animals immunized with collagen-free fractions of bovine nasal or human rib cartilage. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity was elicited between 5 and 6 days and the circulating antibodies were demonstrated by passive haemagglutination on day 9. No significant correlation was observed between the antibody production and the cell-mediated immunity. Cell-mediated immune responses to cartilage antigens and to purified protein derivative were distinctly different, but the two antigens influenced one another when they were administered together. The 'species common' antigen of connective tissues may be primarily responsible for the early immune reactions.", "contents": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to cartilage antigenic components. Cell-mediated immunity and antibody production to cartilage antigens were studied in rabbits. From day 3 of immunization an inhibition of leucocyte migration was observed in animals immunized with collagen-free fractions of bovine nasal or human rib cartilage. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity was elicited between 5 and 6 days and the circulating antibodies were demonstrated by passive haemagglutination on day 9. No significant correlation was observed between the antibody production and the cell-mediated immunity. Cell-mediated immune responses to cartilage antigens and to purified protein derivative were distinctly different, but the two antigens influenced one another when they were administered together. The 'species common' antigen of connective tissues may be primarily responsible for the early immune reactions.", "PMID": 105405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6704", "title": "Cerebrovascular effects of cerebrospinal fluid removal.", "content": "The effects on cerebral blood flow of withdrawal of graded volumes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the cisterna magna were studied in 12 barbiturate-anaesthetized baboons. The results show that withdrawal of CSF was accompanied by a decreased CSF pressure, an increased CSF PCO2, a decreased CSF PO2 and an increased cerebral blood flow. The possible clinical significance of these findings is pointed out.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular effects of cerebrospinal fluid removal. The effects on cerebral blood flow of withdrawal of graded volumes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the cisterna magna were studied in 12 barbiturate-anaesthetized baboons. The results show that withdrawal of CSF was accompanied by a decreased CSF pressure, an increased CSF PCO2, a decreased CSF PO2 and an increased cerebral blood flow. The possible clinical significance of these findings is pointed out.", "PMID": 105409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6705", "title": "Zinc deficiency in total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "A patient with multiple enterocutaneous fistulae who developed the skin manifestations of acrodermatitis enteropathica while on total parenteral nutrition is described. The value of monitoring the serum alkaline phosphatase to demonstrate zinc deficiency is shown. The skin manifestations responded rapidly to the re-introduction of zinc to the diet.", "contents": "Zinc deficiency in total parenteral nutrition. A patient with multiple enterocutaneous fistulae who developed the skin manifestations of acrodermatitis enteropathica while on total parenteral nutrition is described. The value of monitoring the serum alkaline phosphatase to demonstrate zinc deficiency is shown. The skin manifestations responded rapidly to the re-introduction of zinc to the diet.", "PMID": 105410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6706", "title": "Total body water changes during high volume peripheral hyperalimentation.", "content": "A premature baby with gastroschisis, ileal atresia and secondary short gut syndrome was sustained with the use of peripheral hyperalimentation consisting of 2 per cent Amigen, 12 per cent glucose and 10 per cent Intralipid at an average rate of 140 to 160 milliliters per kilogram per day or 100 to 111 kilocalories per kilogram per day. The weight of the child increased during the first four months to approximately 14 grams per day, with body length increasing by about 6 millimeters per week. Six reliable measurements of the total body water of the child during the four month period were obtained using deuterium oxide dilution followed by double vacuum distillation and falling drop analysis in a constant temperature chamber. Measurements obtained showed a gradual decrease of total body water from 77.13 per cent of body weight to 60.50 per cent during the study period, with values consistently on the lower end of the spectrum of known normal controls, even during periods of increased growth rates of as much as 35 grams per day. These data on total body water, coupled with the observed gains in body weight and length, support tissue accretion rather than fluid retention as the mechanism of weight gain in long term, high volume peripheral hyperalimentation.", "contents": "Total body water changes during high volume peripheral hyperalimentation. A premature baby with gastroschisis, ileal atresia and secondary short gut syndrome was sustained with the use of peripheral hyperalimentation consisting of 2 per cent Amigen, 12 per cent glucose and 10 per cent Intralipid at an average rate of 140 to 160 milliliters per kilogram per day or 100 to 111 kilocalories per kilogram per day. The weight of the child increased during the first four months to approximately 14 grams per day, with body length increasing by about 6 millimeters per week. Six reliable measurements of the total body water of the child during the four month period were obtained using deuterium oxide dilution followed by double vacuum distillation and falling drop analysis in a constant temperature chamber. Measurements obtained showed a gradual decrease of total body water from 77.13 per cent of body weight to 60.50 per cent during the study period, with values consistently on the lower end of the spectrum of known normal controls, even during periods of increased growth rates of as much as 35 grams per day. These data on total body water, coupled with the observed gains in body weight and length, support tissue accretion rather than fluid retention as the mechanism of weight gain in long term, high volume peripheral hyperalimentation.", "PMID": 105414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6707", "title": "A model of biliary pancreatic reflux.", "content": "A primate model for the study of biliary pancreatic reflux under relatively physiological conditions is described. Cannulas were inserted into the gallbladder and the common bile duct of rhesus monkeys, and a pedicled segment of small bowel was used to create a pancreaticocutaneous fistula after resection of the spleen and pancreatic tail. Following recovery, Hypaque was instilled into the gallbladder with maintenance of common duct pressure within a normal range. The pancreatic duct was visualized in 21 of 34 radiographic studies (19 monkeys). Small amounts of iodine were detected in the fistula effluent of nine of 11 animals that refluxed radiologically. Radioactive polyethylene glycol (PEG-C14) was instilled into the gallbladder and pancreatic fistula drainage sampled by aspiration (26 studies, four monkeys). When compared to controls without PEG instillation (six studies, four monkeys), there was a significant rise in fistula counts beginning 50 minutes after injection and peaking at 180 minutes. In a second series of studies, pancreatic fistula aspiration was replaced by a flush technique using a triple-lumen cannula which allowed constant monitoring and control of fistula pressure. A statistically significant rise and fall of radioactivity after PEG introduction again was demonstrated. These data demonstrate taht biliary pancreatic reflux can occur and be quantitated under these experimental conditions.", "contents": "A model of biliary pancreatic reflux. A primate model for the study of biliary pancreatic reflux under relatively physiological conditions is described. Cannulas were inserted into the gallbladder and the common bile duct of rhesus monkeys, and a pedicled segment of small bowel was used to create a pancreaticocutaneous fistula after resection of the spleen and pancreatic tail. Following recovery, Hypaque was instilled into the gallbladder with maintenance of common duct pressure within a normal range. The pancreatic duct was visualized in 21 of 34 radiographic studies (19 monkeys). Small amounts of iodine were detected in the fistula effluent of nine of 11 animals that refluxed radiologically. Radioactive polyethylene glycol (PEG-C14) was instilled into the gallbladder and pancreatic fistula drainage sampled by aspiration (26 studies, four monkeys). When compared to controls without PEG instillation (six studies, four monkeys), there was a significant rise in fistula counts beginning 50 minutes after injection and peaking at 180 minutes. In a second series of studies, pancreatic fistula aspiration was replaced by a flush technique using a triple-lumen cannula which allowed constant monitoring and control of fistula pressure. A statistically significant rise and fall of radioactivity after PEG introduction again was demonstrated. These data demonstrate taht biliary pancreatic reflux can occur and be quantitated under these experimental conditions.", "PMID": 105415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6708", "title": "Auxotypes and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from disseminated and local infections.", "content": "The arginine-hypoxanthine-uracil auxotype has been linked with the propensity of gonococci to cause disseminated infections. Gonococci recovered from 25 patients with disseminated gonococcal infections were compared with gonococci recovered from matched controls, patients with uncomplicated gonorrhea selected during the same month. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and ampicillin, and the nutritional requirements (auxotypes) for proline alone, arginine alone, arginine, hypoxanthine and uracil together, serine alone and cysteine-cystine (wild type) were analyzed by discriminant analysis. Significant susceptibility to penicillin characterized strains causing disseminated infection, and a proline requirement was the most common auxotype (48%) among strains isolated in Atlanta. Together the minimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin and the proline auxotype best separated the strains causing gonorrhea. The arginine-hypoxanthine-uracil auxotype was was found in only 24% of strains causing disseminated infections. A trait other than auxotype must determine the capacity of the organisms to disseminate.", "contents": "Auxotypes and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from disseminated and local infections. The arginine-hypoxanthine-uracil auxotype has been linked with the propensity of gonococci to cause disseminated infections. Gonococci recovered from 25 patients with disseminated gonococcal infections were compared with gonococci recovered from matched controls, patients with uncomplicated gonorrhea selected during the same month. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and ampicillin, and the nutritional requirements (auxotypes) for proline alone, arginine alone, arginine, hypoxanthine and uracil together, serine alone and cysteine-cystine (wild type) were analyzed by discriminant analysis. Significant susceptibility to penicillin characterized strains causing disseminated infection, and a proline requirement was the most common auxotype (48%) among strains isolated in Atlanta. Together the minimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin and the proline auxotype best separated the strains causing gonorrhea. The arginine-hypoxanthine-uracil auxotype was was found in only 24% of strains causing disseminated infections. A trait other than auxotype must determine the capacity of the organisms to disseminate.", "PMID": 105411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6709", "title": "The preparation and immunosuppressive properties of equine antihuman thymocyte membrane immunoglobulin G.", "content": "Human thymocytes separated by a Ficoll gradient produced a cell population that was 99% pure thymocytes and free of platelets, leukocytes, and epithelial cells. These cells, disrupted by a nitrogen bomb, produced a membrane-ribosome antigen fraction confirmed by enzyme analysis. Equine antithymocyte membrane-immunoglobulin G (ATM-IgC) prepared against this antigen in four of five horses contained immunosuppressive properties capable of prolonging monkey skin allograft survival longer than 21 days. No adverse effects were noted by the intramuscular and intravenous administration of this antisera to primates, and autopsy examination showed marked depletion of paracortical lymphocytes in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. A moderate thrombocytopenia occurred during a 4 hour intravenous administration of ATM-IgG to primates with a marked decrease in the peripheral lymphocyte count. The deposition of ATM-IgG upon monkey glomerular basement membrane could not be demonstrated by immunofluorescent techniques. The specificity of this globulin to contain anti-T-cell antibody was confirmed by an immunofluorescent assay in that ATM-IgG reacted with both human thymocytes and peripheral blood thymus-dependent cells, but was nonreactive when tested against a panel of human cells free of thymus-dependent antigens.", "contents": "The preparation and immunosuppressive properties of equine antihuman thymocyte membrane immunoglobulin G. Human thymocytes separated by a Ficoll gradient produced a cell population that was 99% pure thymocytes and free of platelets, leukocytes, and epithelial cells. These cells, disrupted by a nitrogen bomb, produced a membrane-ribosome antigen fraction confirmed by enzyme analysis. Equine antithymocyte membrane-immunoglobulin G (ATM-IgC) prepared against this antigen in four of five horses contained immunosuppressive properties capable of prolonging monkey skin allograft survival longer than 21 days. No adverse effects were noted by the intramuscular and intravenous administration of this antisera to primates, and autopsy examination showed marked depletion of paracortical lymphocytes in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. A moderate thrombocytopenia occurred during a 4 hour intravenous administration of ATM-IgG to primates with a marked decrease in the peripheral lymphocyte count. The deposition of ATM-IgG upon monkey glomerular basement membrane could not be demonstrated by immunofluorescent techniques. The specificity of this globulin to contain anti-T-cell antibody was confirmed by an immunofluorescent assay in that ATM-IgG reacted with both human thymocytes and peripheral blood thymus-dependent cells, but was nonreactive when tested against a panel of human cells free of thymus-dependent antigens.", "PMID": 105416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6710", "title": "Gonorrhea in the homosexual man: frequency of infection by culture site.", "content": "The aims of this study were determine the frequencies of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae at various sites in homosexual men who were attending clinics for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases in central Scotland and to appraise the diagnostic tests used. Specimens for culture were taken from the urethra, pharynx, and anorectum of every homosexual man in the study. When the first cultures of pharyngeal and rectal specimens were negative, these cultures were repeated twice at weekly intervals. The urethra was infected in 169 (60.8%), the anorectum in 114 (41.0%), and the pharynx in 23 (8.3%) of 278 patients who had gonorrhea. By reliance on only one set of tests, eight (7.0%) of 114 patients who had rectal gonorrhoea and six (26.1%) of 23 patients with pharyngeal infection would have been missed. The results indicate the importance of obtaining specimens for culture from all sites that might possibly be infected, regardless of the symptoms.", "contents": "Gonorrhea in the homosexual man: frequency of infection by culture site. The aims of this study were determine the frequencies of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae at various sites in homosexual men who were attending clinics for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases in central Scotland and to appraise the diagnostic tests used. Specimens for culture were taken from the urethra, pharynx, and anorectum of every homosexual man in the study. When the first cultures of pharyngeal and rectal specimens were negative, these cultures were repeated twice at weekly intervals. The urethra was infected in 169 (60.8%), the anorectum in 114 (41.0%), and the pharynx in 23 (8.3%) of 278 patients who had gonorrhea. By reliance on only one set of tests, eight (7.0%) of 114 patients who had rectal gonorrhoea and six (26.1%) of 23 patients with pharyngeal infection would have been missed. The results indicate the importance of obtaining specimens for culture from all sites that might possibly be infected, regardless of the symptoms.", "PMID": 105412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6711", "title": "Developmental staging and thalidomide teratogenicity in the green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).", "content": "The developmental stages of 11 Cercopithecus aethiops embryos, 24 to 45 days post-mating, are described. The onset of organogenesis in this species is approximately five to seven days later than that reported for macaques and baboons. This temporal difference in the embryonic period is an important factor in the analysis of the subsequent teratogenic study. Oral administration of thalidomide in single or multiple (3-day) treatment periods to pregnant green monkeys between days 28 and 33 resulted in defects of the limbs which resemble those observed in macaques and baboons. However, the sensitive period occurs approximately four days later than that reported for another nonhuman primates. These results indicate that the sensitive period of the limbs to thalidomide coincides with their earliest development.", "contents": "Developmental staging and thalidomide teratogenicity in the green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). The developmental stages of 11 Cercopithecus aethiops embryos, 24 to 45 days post-mating, are described. The onset of organogenesis in this species is approximately five to seven days later than that reported for macaques and baboons. This temporal difference in the embryonic period is an important factor in the analysis of the subsequent teratogenic study. Oral administration of thalidomide in single or multiple (3-day) treatment periods to pregnant green monkeys between days 28 and 33 resulted in defects of the limbs which resemble those observed in macaques and baboons. However, the sensitive period occurs approximately four days later than that reported for another nonhuman primates. These results indicate that the sensitive period of the limbs to thalidomide coincides with their earliest development.", "PMID": 105418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6712", "title": "[A placental transfer study of a pesticidal carbamate (sevin) in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "After a single administration per os of a widely active carbamate pesticide : 1-naphthyl-N-methyl14C-carbamate (carbaryl) to the female rat on 19th day of pregnancy, 14C can be found into each foetus, as in placenta and amniotic fluid. This 14C activity, of important value compared to the one encountered into maternal organs, increases with time and reaches for each foetus 0,4% of the total activity given to the mother three days before. This activity's augmentation seems to be related to body-weight increment of great magnitude during the last period of pregnancy.", "contents": "[A placental transfer study of a pesticidal carbamate (sevin) in the rat (author's transl)]. After a single administration per os of a widely active carbamate pesticide : 1-naphthyl-N-methyl14C-carbamate (carbaryl) to the female rat on 19th day of pregnancy, 14C can be found into each foetus, as in placenta and amniotic fluid. This 14C activity, of important value compared to the one encountered into maternal organs, increases with time and reaches for each foetus 0,4% of the total activity given to the mother three days before. This activity's augmentation seems to be related to body-weight increment of great magnitude during the last period of pregnancy.", "PMID": 105423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6713", "title": "[Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls in the rat: I. -- Relation tissue level dose (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats were fed with a diet containing Phenoclor DP6, a French commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture, for 30 days. Diet PCB levels were 10, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm (wet weight). At 500 ppm, a 50 per cent mortality was found after 8 days, while a 100 per cent mortality was noted after 6 days with 1000 ppm. Our principal findings include: loss of body weight (at major doses), central nervous system stimulation, inflammation of lungs and gastro-intestinal tractus, and fatty degeneration of the hepatic cells. Ingested PCB is found in all organs and tissues tested and was largely stored in liver and muscle. PCB levels in the major tissues are related to dietary doses.", "contents": "[Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls in the rat: I. -- Relation tissue level dose (author's transl)]. Rats were fed with a diet containing Phenoclor DP6, a French commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture, for 30 days. Diet PCB levels were 10, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm (wet weight). At 500 ppm, a 50 per cent mortality was found after 8 days, while a 100 per cent mortality was noted after 6 days with 1000 ppm. Our principal findings include: loss of body weight (at major doses), central nervous system stimulation, inflammation of lungs and gastro-intestinal tractus, and fatty degeneration of the hepatic cells. Ingested PCB is found in all organs and tissues tested and was largely stored in liver and muscle. PCB levels in the major tissues are related to dietary doses.", "PMID": 105424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6714", "title": "[Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls in the rat: II.--Preliminary report on metabolic alterations (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats were fed with a diet containing 10 and 100 ppm (wet weight) of Phenoclor DPR for 4 weeks in order to evaluate the toxicity of a French PCB mixture. The influence of PCB was studied by determining the liver weights, the hepatic and muscular proteins, glycogen and humidity content as well as hematocrite, glucose, proteins and lipids in the plasma, and the lipidic contents of the liver and the carcass. There was a significant increase in both liver to body weight ratios and liver lipid and protein content. A large increase in plasma proteins and lipids was observed at 100 ppm. Liver glycogen content and blood glucose were slightly modified by the PCB intoxication. Muscular parameters remain-ded stable. A consistent effect on liver microsomal proteins was noted for all doses studied. At the same diet levels, Phenoclor DP6 determines more m\u00e9tabolic alterations than Aroclor 1260 or 1268.", "contents": "[Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls in the rat: II.--Preliminary report on metabolic alterations (author's transl)]. Rats were fed with a diet containing 10 and 100 ppm (wet weight) of Phenoclor DPR for 4 weeks in order to evaluate the toxicity of a French PCB mixture. The influence of PCB was studied by determining the liver weights, the hepatic and muscular proteins, glycogen and humidity content as well as hematocrite, glucose, proteins and lipids in the plasma, and the lipidic contents of the liver and the carcass. There was a significant increase in both liver to body weight ratios and liver lipid and protein content. A large increase in plasma proteins and lipids was observed at 100 ppm. Liver glycogen content and blood glucose were slightly modified by the PCB intoxication. Muscular parameters remain-ded stable. A consistent effect on liver microsomal proteins was noted for all doses studied. At the same diet levels, Phenoclor DP6 determines more m\u00e9tabolic alterations than Aroclor 1260 or 1268.", "PMID": 105425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6715", "title": "Polychlorinated biphenyls induced rat liver adenomas.", "content": "Multiple liver adenomas were found in 30 month old female rats which had received for 28 months, 200 ppm polychlorinated biphenyls (Arochlor 1254) in their drinking water. No lung metastases were detected. The examination of fragments of these adenomas under the electron microscope showed group polymorphism of the hyperplastic liver cells. The ultrastructural changes were considered to be as a result of chemical lesions induced by polychlorinated biphenyls and as adaptive morphological responses to the long term exposure to toxic chemical compounds. The group polymorphism was seen in the light of the clonal theory, to be the result of inherited biochemical lesions occurring in cells of hyperplastic liver nodules.", "contents": "Polychlorinated biphenyls induced rat liver adenomas. Multiple liver adenomas were found in 30 month old female rats which had received for 28 months, 200 ppm polychlorinated biphenyls (Arochlor 1254) in their drinking water. No lung metastases were detected. The examination of fragments of these adenomas under the electron microscope showed group polymorphism of the hyperplastic liver cells. The ultrastructural changes were considered to be as a result of chemical lesions induced by polychlorinated biphenyls and as adaptive morphological responses to the long term exposure to toxic chemical compounds. The group polymorphism was seen in the light of the clonal theory, to be the result of inherited biochemical lesions occurring in cells of hyperplastic liver nodules.", "PMID": 105426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6716", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic study of 14C-carbaryl in pregnant mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of a single oral dose of 1-naphthyl-N-m\u00e9thyl 14C-carbamate (Carbaryl), a cholinesterase inhibitor, in pregnant mice (18th day) was determined by whole-body autoradiography and 14C-activity counting of main organs. Although most of the 14C was quickly eliminated (24 h), mainly by the biliary route, there was retention in the maternal organs. Placental transfer of the radioactivity was rapid and readily detectable 5 h after administration. Radioactivity in the foetus remained higher than in the maternal kidney, spleen and heart and persisted after birth. Localisation in foetal eye, liver and central nervous system was observed.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic study of 14C-carbaryl in pregnant mice (author's transl)]. The distribution of a single oral dose of 1-naphthyl-N-m\u00e9thyl 14C-carbamate (Carbaryl), a cholinesterase inhibitor, in pregnant mice (18th day) was determined by whole-body autoradiography and 14C-activity counting of main organs. Although most of the 14C was quickly eliminated (24 h), mainly by the biliary route, there was retention in the maternal organs. Placental transfer of the radioactivity was rapid and readily detectable 5 h after administration. Radioactivity in the foetus remained higher than in the maternal kidney, spleen and heart and persisted after birth. Localisation in foetal eye, liver and central nervous system was observed.", "PMID": 105427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6717", "title": "[Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls in the rat. III - PCB distribution, storage and elimination relation time (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of accumulation and elimination of Phenoclor DP6 (a commercial PCB mixture) was carried out in three experiments : 1) Rats were fed diet containing 100 ppm of DP6 and were sacrificed after 1, 3, 8, 15 and 30 days. 2) Rats fed DP6 diet during 15 days were subsequently fed with a control diet and sacrificed 8, 15, 52 and 78 days after removal DP6 diet. 3) Bile was collected from surgically treated rats fed DP6 diet during 15 days. Polychlorobiphenyls were spotted in fat carcasses, liver, brain, kidney, muscle, feces and urine to determine absorption, distribution in the animal organism and the clearence rates in urine and feces. We found a very hight DP6 absorption and retention. The low excretion and metabolisation of DP6 result in low decrease after removal DP6 diet.", "contents": "[Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls in the rat. III - PCB distribution, storage and elimination relation time (author's transl)]. The study of accumulation and elimination of Phenoclor DP6 (a commercial PCB mixture) was carried out in three experiments : 1) Rats were fed diet containing 100 ppm of DP6 and were sacrificed after 1, 3, 8, 15 and 30 days. 2) Rats fed DP6 diet during 15 days were subsequently fed with a control diet and sacrificed 8, 15, 52 and 78 days after removal DP6 diet. 3) Bile was collected from surgically treated rats fed DP6 diet during 15 days. Polychlorobiphenyls were spotted in fat carcasses, liver, brain, kidney, muscle, feces and urine to determine absorption, distribution in the animal organism and the clearence rates in urine and feces. We found a very hight DP6 absorption and retention. The low excretion and metabolisation of DP6 result in low decrease after removal DP6 diet.", "PMID": 105428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6718", "title": "[Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls in the rat. IV - Metabolic alterations and residual effects of DP6 dietary exposure (author's transl)].", "content": "In the first experiment, rats fed diet containing Phenoclor DP6 at a level of 100 ppm (wet weigh) were sacrificed after 1, 3, 8, 15 and 30 days of treatment. Metabolic alterations such as enlarged liver, increased protein and lipid liver contents and hyperlipemia were established within 8 days. The glucid metabolism and muscle metabolic parameters show a low sensibility to DP6 treatment. In the second experiment, rats fed diet containing Phenoclor DP6 (100 ppm) for 15 days were subsequently removed from the experimental diet and placed on control diet. The metabolic alterations described above disappear within 52 days after removal DP6 diet, although the remaining liver PCB stays elevated. These data attest the early effect of DP6 exposure in rats and the reversibility of induced metabolic alterations.", "contents": "[Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls in the rat. IV - Metabolic alterations and residual effects of DP6 dietary exposure (author's transl)]. In the first experiment, rats fed diet containing Phenoclor DP6 at a level of 100 ppm (wet weigh) were sacrificed after 1, 3, 8, 15 and 30 days of treatment. Metabolic alterations such as enlarged liver, increased protein and lipid liver contents and hyperlipemia were established within 8 days. The glucid metabolism and muscle metabolic parameters show a low sensibility to DP6 treatment. In the second experiment, rats fed diet containing Phenoclor DP6 (100 ppm) for 15 days were subsequently removed from the experimental diet and placed on control diet. The metabolic alterations described above disappear within 52 days after removal DP6 diet, although the remaining liver PCB stays elevated. These data attest the early effect of DP6 exposure in rats and the reversibility of induced metabolic alterations.", "PMID": 105429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6719", "title": "[Evolution and transformation in animal organism of some polychlorobiphenyls (author's transl)].", "content": "Intoxication by pure polychlorobiphenyls and a commercial product is studied, in rats, after intraperitoneal and oral administration. Their fixation and excretion of their metabolites is greater by intraperitoneal than by oral administration. The only hydroxy metabolites, identified by means of synthesis, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are, all, derivatives from trichlorobiphenyl. It appears that administration of commercial product induces a more rapid degradation of these compounds in animal organism.", "contents": "[Evolution and transformation in animal organism of some polychlorobiphenyls (author's transl)]. Intoxication by pure polychlorobiphenyls and a commercial product is studied, in rats, after intraperitoneal and oral administration. Their fixation and excretion of their metabolites is greater by intraperitoneal than by oral administration. The only hydroxy metabolites, identified by means of synthesis, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are, all, derivatives from trichlorobiphenyl. It appears that administration of commercial product induces a more rapid degradation of these compounds in animal organism.", "PMID": 105430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6720", "title": "The McCormick Family Planning Program in Chiang Mai, Thailand.", "content": "The McCormick Family Planning Program is a private, single-purpose program that has been offering contraceptive services to women in largely rural Chiang Mai province in Northern Thailand since 1963. In addition to two clinics in Chiang Mai city, the program operates a mobile unit, which visits service points throughout the province. An injectable contraceptive, DMPA, has been selected by about two-thirds of program acceptors since 1965, despite its prevalent side effect of amenorrhea. The service generates sufficient revenues, from relatively low fees for sterilization and contraception, to cover most operating costs. The program is seen as successful in providing rural women with contraceptives services. Aspects of the program--particularly the use of DMPA and the mobile service unit--are considered replicable in other settings.", "contents": "The McCormick Family Planning Program in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The McCormick Family Planning Program is a private, single-purpose program that has been offering contraceptive services to women in largely rural Chiang Mai province in Northern Thailand since 1963. In addition to two clinics in Chiang Mai city, the program operates a mobile unit, which visits service points throughout the province. An injectable contraceptive, DMPA, has been selected by about two-thirds of program acceptors since 1965, despite its prevalent side effect of amenorrhea. The service generates sufficient revenues, from relatively low fees for sterilization and contraception, to cover most operating costs. The program is seen as successful in providing rural women with contraceptives services. Aspects of the program--particularly the use of DMPA and the mobile service unit--are considered replicable in other settings.", "PMID": 105432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6721", "title": "Purine nucleotide metabolism in promastigotes of Leishmania tropica: inhibitory effect on allopurinol and analogues of purine nucleosides.", "content": "The catabolism of adenosine 5'-monophosphate in promastigotes of L. tropica suggests the presence of a parasite specific pathway. In continuing the investigation on enzymes of this pathway two purine nucleoside cleaving enzymes have been found, adenosine phosphorylase and inosine nucleosidase. Various purine nucleoside analogues inhibited the activity of both enzymes. A mode of action of the growth inhibition of L. tropica promastigotes by allopurinol has been suggested on the basis of Michaelis and inhibitor constants.", "contents": "Purine nucleotide metabolism in promastigotes of Leishmania tropica: inhibitory effect on allopurinol and analogues of purine nucleosides. The catabolism of adenosine 5'-monophosphate in promastigotes of L. tropica suggests the presence of a parasite specific pathway. In continuing the investigation on enzymes of this pathway two purine nucleoside cleaving enzymes have been found, adenosine phosphorylase and inosine nucleosidase. Various purine nucleoside analogues inhibited the activity of both enzymes. A mode of action of the growth inhibition of L. tropica promastigotes by allopurinol has been suggested on the basis of Michaelis and inhibitor constants.", "PMID": 105434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6722", "title": "The reconstruction of a helical structure from projections applied to a phage tail.", "content": "A procedure has been described for 3 D-image reconstruction for helical biological structures, if more than one projection will be required to determine the contributing helical density-waves. The method was tested with a helical protein aggregate derived from a bacteriophage. The results showed the feasibility of the proposed scheme and yielded a low resolution picture (about 2.5 nm) of the protein structure.", "contents": "The reconstruction of a helical structure from projections applied to a phage tail. A procedure has been described for 3 D-image reconstruction for helical biological structures, if more than one projection will be required to determine the contributing helical density-waves. The method was tested with a helical protein aggregate derived from a bacteriophage. The results showed the feasibility of the proposed scheme and yielded a low resolution picture (about 2.5 nm) of the protein structure.", "PMID": 105439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6723", "title": "Radiation treatment of urinary bladder carcinoma.", "content": "A series of 602 patients with verified urinary bladder cancer have been treated with full irradiation in the period 1957--1970. As expected, the survival rate decreased with increasing stage of the tumour. Another group was randomized and treated according to either of two fractionation schemes. This trial started in 1971 and shows that there is increased survival and tumour clearance rate with superfractionation.", "contents": "Radiation treatment of urinary bladder carcinoma. A series of 602 patients with verified urinary bladder cancer have been treated with full irradiation in the period 1957--1970. As expected, the survival rate decreased with increasing stage of the tumour. Another group was randomized and treated according to either of two fractionation schemes. This trial started in 1971 and shows that there is increased survival and tumour clearance rate with superfractionation.", "PMID": 105441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6724", "title": "Comprehensive radiotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease refractory to chemotherapy.", "content": "Seven patients with advanced nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease who relapsed after initial intensive combination chemotherapy were selected for individualized pathologic restaging and comprehensive radiotherapy. One patient failed to respond completely to mantle-field irradiation and no further staging or radiotherapy was undertaken. Six other patients underwent staging laparotomy and received total nodal irradiation including prophylactic lung irradiation (5 cases) and hepatic irradiation (3 cases). Irradiation was well tolerated. Complete remission was achieved by 5 patients and 2 continue in remission 29+ and 32+ months after beginning of irradiation. Five of the 7 patients remain alive. This study indicates that comprehensive irradiation is a relatively well tolerated and effective treatment for carefully selected patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease who have relapsed after combination chemotherapy. For selected patients, pathologic restaging and comprehensive radiotherapy can be considered as an alternative to further chemotherapy.", "contents": "Comprehensive radiotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease refractory to chemotherapy. Seven patients with advanced nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease who relapsed after initial intensive combination chemotherapy were selected for individualized pathologic restaging and comprehensive radiotherapy. One patient failed to respond completely to mantle-field irradiation and no further staging or radiotherapy was undertaken. Six other patients underwent staging laparotomy and received total nodal irradiation including prophylactic lung irradiation (5 cases) and hepatic irradiation (3 cases). Irradiation was well tolerated. Complete remission was achieved by 5 patients and 2 continue in remission 29+ and 32+ months after beginning of irradiation. Five of the 7 patients remain alive. This study indicates that comprehensive irradiation is a relatively well tolerated and effective treatment for carefully selected patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease who have relapsed after combination chemotherapy. For selected patients, pathologic restaging and comprehensive radiotherapy can be considered as an alternative to further chemotherapy.", "PMID": 105436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6725", "title": "[Distribution of erythrocyte antigens and blood protein factors among the population of genogeographical zones of the Ukrainian SSR].", "content": "The phenotype distribution, the antigen occurrence and genes frequency of rhesus, ABO, MN system were studied in 654 persons inhabiting the Central-Ukrainian and Desnanian geno-geographic zones of the republic. The phenotype distribution and genes frequency of Hp, Gc Tf serum system were also studied in the inhabitants of the Central-Ukrainian zone. The probability of intergroup differences in the phenotype distribution and various ABO, rhesus and MN system antigens among the population fo two above-mentioned zones is, as a rule, statistically insignificant.", "contents": "[Distribution of erythrocyte antigens and blood protein factors among the population of genogeographical zones of the Ukrainian SSR]. The phenotype distribution, the antigen occurrence and genes frequency of rhesus, ABO, MN system were studied in 654 persons inhabiting the Central-Ukrainian and Desnanian geno-geographic zones of the republic. The phenotype distribution and genes frequency of Hp, Gc Tf serum system were also studied in the inhabitants of the Central-Ukrainian zone. The probability of intergroup differences in the phenotype distribution and various ABO, rhesus and MN system antigens among the population fo two above-mentioned zones is, as a rule, statistically insignificant.", "PMID": 105435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6726", "title": "A comprehensive protocol for management of cancer of the bilharzial bladder.", "content": "A randomized clinical trial for the management of bilharzial bladder cancer is presented. A multidisciplinary approach is adopted. The objective of the study is to evaluate the role of adjuvant radiotherapy in improving the results of surgery in deeply infiltrating tumours, and to screen a number of chemotherapeutic agents for their effectiveness in bladder cancer. A large number of cases will be admitted into the study and the results will hopefully help to achieve better results in the management of this disease.", "contents": "A comprehensive protocol for management of cancer of the bilharzial bladder. A randomized clinical trial for the management of bilharzial bladder cancer is presented. A multidisciplinary approach is adopted. The objective of the study is to evaluate the role of adjuvant radiotherapy in improving the results of surgery in deeply infiltrating tumours, and to screen a number of chemotherapeutic agents for their effectiveness in bladder cancer. A large number of cases will be admitted into the study and the results will hopefully help to achieve better results in the management of this disease.", "PMID": 105442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6727", "title": "Orgotein (superoxide dismutase): a drug for the amelioration of radiation-induced side effects. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with bladder tumours.", "content": "Orgotein, the drug version of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutases is a new and safe anti-inflammatory agent. Animal experiments have shown that it does not interfere with the tumourolytic effects of radiation or chemotherapy. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study has demonstrated that orgotein injected after each daily irradiation session can be used safely and effectively to ameliorate or prevent the side effects due to high-energy radiation therapy (8,400 or 6,400 rads) of bladder tumours. Orgotein significantly reduced the signs and symptoms both in the bladder and the bowel, indicating that it provides a therapeutic regimen for control of these side effects, which to date could only be treated symptomatically.", "contents": "Orgotein (superoxide dismutase): a drug for the amelioration of radiation-induced side effects. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with bladder tumours. Orgotein, the drug version of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutases is a new and safe anti-inflammatory agent. Animal experiments have shown that it does not interfere with the tumourolytic effects of radiation or chemotherapy. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study has demonstrated that orgotein injected after each daily irradiation session can be used safely and effectively to ameliorate or prevent the side effects due to high-energy radiation therapy (8,400 or 6,400 rads) of bladder tumours. Orgotein significantly reduced the signs and symptoms both in the bladder and the bowel, indicating that it provides a therapeutic regimen for control of these side effects, which to date could only be treated symptomatically.", "PMID": 105443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6728", "title": "[Etiology of porcine dysentery].", "content": "The etiological agent of swine dysentery is an anaerobic spiralshaped microorganism of the Treponema genus. Examination of a scraping from the mucous membrane of the large intestine or the examination of faeces in a native preparation by phase contrast are the fastest diagnostical methods of determining swine dysentery. Large treponemas, as predominating microflora, 6--9 micrometer long, 0.3--0.4 micrometer in diameter, spiralshaped and moving in a serpentine way are found in faeces and the mucous membrane in the case of acute swine dysentery. These large treponemas were identified in 14% of clinically healthy pigs but in very small numbers. Treponemas are sensitive to their habitat. Treponemas survive for up to five days only in faeces which are suitably reduced. This finding is important both for subduing the infection and for diagnosis.", "contents": "[Etiology of porcine dysentery]. The etiological agent of swine dysentery is an anaerobic spiralshaped microorganism of the Treponema genus. Examination of a scraping from the mucous membrane of the large intestine or the examination of faeces in a native preparation by phase contrast are the fastest diagnostical methods of determining swine dysentery. Large treponemas, as predominating microflora, 6--9 micrometer long, 0.3--0.4 micrometer in diameter, spiralshaped and moving in a serpentine way are found in faeces and the mucous membrane in the case of acute swine dysentery. These large treponemas were identified in 14% of clinically healthy pigs but in very small numbers. Treponemas are sensitive to their habitat. Treponemas survive for up to five days only in faeces which are suitably reduced. This finding is important both for subduing the infection and for diagnosis.", "PMID": 105447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6729", "title": "[Isolation of Treponemas from the colon of pigs with clinical dysentery].", "content": "Optimal culture conditions in artificial nutritive media were determined for a defined avirulent strain of Treponema hyodysenteriae and for four field strains of treponemas in pigs with clinical dysentery. The treponemas were isolated with the use of milliporous filters with pores of 0.3 micrometer in diameter, which were located on the surface of blood agar. No significant difference in the influence of equine, bovine or sheep blood on the growth of treponemas was determined. The commercial amount of glucose in the used media, 2.0 to 2.5 g per 1,000 ml, was quite sufficient for the growth of the treponemas and it was not necessary to increase the amount. After reaching the optimal rate of growth the oxidoreduction potential was diminished by adding cystein or cystein hydrochloride and placing the Petri dishes with the media, prior to inoculation, into an anaerobic medium filled with hydrogen. The suitable composition of the culture atmosphere created in a special anaerostat comprised 0.4 to 1.0% carbon dioxide and the rest being hydrogen. Treponemas grew on the blood agar in zones with very slight hemolysis without forming separated colonies.", "contents": "[Isolation of Treponemas from the colon of pigs with clinical dysentery]. Optimal culture conditions in artificial nutritive media were determined for a defined avirulent strain of Treponema hyodysenteriae and for four field strains of treponemas in pigs with clinical dysentery. The treponemas were isolated with the use of milliporous filters with pores of 0.3 micrometer in diameter, which were located on the surface of blood agar. No significant difference in the influence of equine, bovine or sheep blood on the growth of treponemas was determined. The commercial amount of glucose in the used media, 2.0 to 2.5 g per 1,000 ml, was quite sufficient for the growth of the treponemas and it was not necessary to increase the amount. After reaching the optimal rate of growth the oxidoreduction potential was diminished by adding cystein or cystein hydrochloride and placing the Petri dishes with the media, prior to inoculation, into an anaerobic medium filled with hydrogen. The suitable composition of the culture atmosphere created in a special anaerostat comprised 0.4 to 1.0% carbon dioxide and the rest being hydrogen. Treponemas grew on the blood agar in zones with very slight hemolysis without forming separated colonies.", "PMID": 105448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6730", "title": "[Comparison of the suitability of phase-contrast and immunofluorescence technics in the laboratory diagnosis of porcine dysentery].", "content": "Immunofluorescence technique, compared with the method of phase contrast, does not appear to be better for laboratory diagnostics of swine dysentery because neither of these methods can be used for distinguishing between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of treponemas. The number of treponemas contained in faeces should still be considered to be the main criterion in laboratory diagnostics. In clinically healthy pigs from stocks which never suffered from dysentery treponemas were found only in few cases and always in small numbers. The numbers of treponemas contained in the faeces of dysenteric pigs were several times higher. Antigenic relationship of one nonpathogenic and three pathogenic strains of Treponema hyodysenteriae was proved by the agglutination and fluoresence methods.", "contents": "[Comparison of the suitability of phase-contrast and immunofluorescence technics in the laboratory diagnosis of porcine dysentery]. Immunofluorescence technique, compared with the method of phase contrast, does not appear to be better for laboratory diagnostics of swine dysentery because neither of these methods can be used for distinguishing between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of treponemas. The number of treponemas contained in faeces should still be considered to be the main criterion in laboratory diagnostics. In clinically healthy pigs from stocks which never suffered from dysentery treponemas were found only in few cases and always in small numbers. The numbers of treponemas contained in the faeces of dysenteric pigs were several times higher. Antigenic relationship of one nonpathogenic and three pathogenic strains of Treponema hyodysenteriae was proved by the agglutination and fluoresence methods.", "PMID": 105449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6731", "title": "[Effectiveness of paraformaldehyde foam in continuous disinfection of poultry bedding and dried liquid waste of pigs].", "content": "In laboratory experiments 24-hour cultures of poultry strains E. coli, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas on paper carriers without an agar coat and with it, after 6-hour exposure in dilutions from 10(-4) to 0, were devitalized by paraformaldehyde foam. The Bacillus strain was devitalized only after 24-hour exposure. After adding paraformaldehyde foam in an amount of 0.6% of the weight into litter under a multiplier flock of layers four months before expedition, and after adding paraformaldehyde foam in an amount of 5% and 10% of the weight into the litter for chick broilers, microbial contamination of the litter did not decrease in comparison with the control. 24-hour old cultures of tested microbial strains on carriers were not devitalized after 24-hour exposure in a mixture to litter and paraformaldehyde foam not even after adjusting the volume ratio of mixing to 1 : 9. The disinfecting effect on microbes growing in End's agar and in blood agar with crystal violet was manifested only after adding dried liquid manure of pigs with paraformaldehyde foam at a volume ratio of 50% to 50% after exposure times of 1, 3 and 6.0 weeks. Despite the excellent results obtained with paraformaldehyde foam in disinfecting test-microbes on carriers in laboratory experiments, practical application at a very low volume weight for continuous disinfection of poultry litter is technically unrealistic.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of paraformaldehyde foam in continuous disinfection of poultry bedding and dried liquid waste of pigs]. In laboratory experiments 24-hour cultures of poultry strains E. coli, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas on paper carriers without an agar coat and with it, after 6-hour exposure in dilutions from 10(-4) to 0, were devitalized by paraformaldehyde foam. The Bacillus strain was devitalized only after 24-hour exposure. After adding paraformaldehyde foam in an amount of 0.6% of the weight into litter under a multiplier flock of layers four months before expedition, and after adding paraformaldehyde foam in an amount of 5% and 10% of the weight into the litter for chick broilers, microbial contamination of the litter did not decrease in comparison with the control. 24-hour old cultures of tested microbial strains on carriers were not devitalized after 24-hour exposure in a mixture to litter and paraformaldehyde foam not even after adjusting the volume ratio of mixing to 1 : 9. The disinfecting effect on microbes growing in End's agar and in blood agar with crystal violet was manifested only after adding dried liquid manure of pigs with paraformaldehyde foam at a volume ratio of 50% to 50% after exposure times of 1, 3 and 6.0 weeks. Despite the excellent results obtained with paraformaldehyde foam in disinfecting test-microbes on carriers in laboratory experiments, practical application at a very low volume weight for continuous disinfection of poultry litter is technically unrealistic.", "PMID": 105450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6732", "title": "[Effect of feeding pelleted feed on the level of volatile fatty acids in the digestive tract of sheep].", "content": "In an experiment with wethers we investigated the effect of complete pelleted feed ration on the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and intestinal tract. The animals consumed daily 1,300 g of dry matter of a diet which contained 41.81% of meadow hay, 25.28% of barley, 15.37% of sawdust, 14.98% of molasses, 1.32% of urea and 1.24% of a vitamin-mineral supplement for a period of six months. The pelleted diet increased the total amount of volatile fatty acids, the content of propionic acid and especially the content of butyric acid. There appeared a decrease in the ratio of acetate: propionate. On the basis of the greater energy efficiency of the volatile fatty acid production the animals fed pelleted feed showed a better energy balance. A higher VFA concentration was determined also in the large intestine and the cecum, which proves the importance of fermentation porcesses in these organs.", "contents": "[Effect of feeding pelleted feed on the level of volatile fatty acids in the digestive tract of sheep]. In an experiment with wethers we investigated the effect of complete pelleted feed ration on the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and intestinal tract. The animals consumed daily 1,300 g of dry matter of a diet which contained 41.81% of meadow hay, 25.28% of barley, 15.37% of sawdust, 14.98% of molasses, 1.32% of urea and 1.24% of a vitamin-mineral supplement for a period of six months. The pelleted diet increased the total amount of volatile fatty acids, the content of propionic acid and especially the content of butyric acid. There appeared a decrease in the ratio of acetate: propionate. On the basis of the greater energy efficiency of the volatile fatty acid production the animals fed pelleted feed showed a better energy balance. A higher VFA concentration was determined also in the large intestine and the cecum, which proves the importance of fermentation porcesses in these organs.", "PMID": 105451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6733", "title": "[Examination of cats for the elimination of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts].", "content": "Two hundred and two samples of excrements were investigated for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Fifty-two samples were taken from dead domestic cats and a hundred and fifty samples were obtained from wild cats living in various localities of the CSSR. The investigation was orientative and a flotation method with the Breza flotation solution of the specific weight of 1.300 was used. If the finding was positive, residues of the excrements were floated with a saccharose, solution of the specific weight of 1.150 and containing 0.8% of phenol. The oocysts were rinsed several times, then they were sporulated in Petri dishes with water with a 2.5% solution of potassium dichromate. The sporulated oocysts, after rinsing, were injected i. p. to mice. The excrements of the fifty-two domestic cats were negative. Out of a hundred and fifty samples of the excrements of wild cats, one sample with the oocysts of isospore type was found; a biological test with mice proved the oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. It may be inferred from the results obtained that the elimination of oocysts by cats is the same as given in foreign literature, and the occurrence rate will be about 2%.", "contents": "[Examination of cats for the elimination of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts]. Two hundred and two samples of excrements were investigated for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Fifty-two samples were taken from dead domestic cats and a hundred and fifty samples were obtained from wild cats living in various localities of the CSSR. The investigation was orientative and a flotation method with the Breza flotation solution of the specific weight of 1.300 was used. If the finding was positive, residues of the excrements were floated with a saccharose, solution of the specific weight of 1.150 and containing 0.8% of phenol. The oocysts were rinsed several times, then they were sporulated in Petri dishes with water with a 2.5% solution of potassium dichromate. The sporulated oocysts, after rinsing, were injected i. p. to mice. The excrements of the fifty-two domestic cats were negative. Out of a hundred and fifty samples of the excrements of wild cats, one sample with the oocysts of isospore type was found; a biological test with mice proved the oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. It may be inferred from the results obtained that the elimination of oocysts by cats is the same as given in foreign literature, and the occurrence rate will be about 2%.", "PMID": 105452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6734", "title": "Diseases of chelonians: (1) Necropsy survey of tortoises.", "content": "The results of necropsies of 144 tortoises of 17 species that died in captivity are presented. Intestinal and nutritional disorders (27.0 and 22.2 per cent respectively) were the most common causes of death. Nematode infestations were found in 43.8 per cent, but with exception of a few species the parasites were seldom pathogenic. Infestations with other helminths appear to be very unusual. Protozoan infections were relatively common (at least 22.9 per cent) but protozoa are probably seldom pathogenic. Bacterial infections occurred in 7.6 per cent and no fungal infections were diagnosed. It was tentatively concluded that infections with Salmonella spp are less important in tortoises than in other reptiles in this country. In 34.7 per cent of cases no diagnosis was made.", "contents": "Diseases of chelonians: (1) Necropsy survey of tortoises. The results of necropsies of 144 tortoises of 17 species that died in captivity are presented. Intestinal and nutritional disorders (27.0 and 22.2 per cent respectively) were the most common causes of death. Nematode infestations were found in 43.8 per cent, but with exception of a few species the parasites were seldom pathogenic. Infestations with other helminths appear to be very unusual. Protozoan infections were relatively common (at least 22.9 per cent) but protozoa are probably seldom pathogenic. Bacterial infections occurred in 7.6 per cent and no fungal infections were diagnosed. It was tentatively concluded that infections with Salmonella spp are less important in tortoises than in other reptiles in this country. In 34.7 per cent of cases no diagnosis was made.", "PMID": 105454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6735", "title": "[Distribution of Sarcosporidia among wild animals in Bulgaria].", "content": "A total of 395 wild animals represented by 12 species have been studied over the 1972-1975 period for the presence of sarcosporidia--wild swine, does, hares, jackals, foxes, wild cats, polecats, rats, forest mice, and weasels killed in various regions of the district of Bourgas. Investigated were also several monkeys and wandering dogs. Samples were taken from the muscles of the neck abdomen, hind legs, gut, pharynx, chewing muscles, and hearts to study them for microcysts by the compression method. Sarcosporidia were established in 26.08% of the investigated animals of the following species: wild swine--66.76%, does--71.74%, hares--7.28%, rats--5.50%, and forest mice--10.0%. Most intensive proved parasitizing in does, hares, and swine, and least intensive--in rats and mice. Sarcocysts were found in all investigated viscera, highest being the parasite burden in the heart muscle of a doe. The sarcocyst (microcyst) infection in a particular animal species could be established through investigating the muscles of several organs. All data obtained are given in two tables.", "contents": "[Distribution of Sarcosporidia among wild animals in Bulgaria]. A total of 395 wild animals represented by 12 species have been studied over the 1972-1975 period for the presence of sarcosporidia--wild swine, does, hares, jackals, foxes, wild cats, polecats, rats, forest mice, and weasels killed in various regions of the district of Bourgas. Investigated were also several monkeys and wandering dogs. Samples were taken from the muscles of the neck abdomen, hind legs, gut, pharynx, chewing muscles, and hearts to study them for microcysts by the compression method. Sarcosporidia were established in 26.08% of the investigated animals of the following species: wild swine--66.76%, does--71.74%, hares--7.28%, rats--5.50%, and forest mice--10.0%. Most intensive proved parasitizing in does, hares, and swine, and least intensive--in rats and mice. Sarcocysts were found in all investigated viscera, highest being the parasite burden in the heart muscle of a doe. The sarcocyst (microcyst) infection in a particular animal species could be established through investigating the muscles of several organs. All data obtained are given in two tables.", "PMID": 105459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6736", "title": "[Evaluation of the immune state of poultry against Newcastle virus via various serological reactions].", "content": "Studied were 336 sera of vaccinated and challenged chickens, 76 egg extracts, and 36 birds following challenge for the presence of serum antibodies against the Newcastle disease virus, using the hemagglutination-inhibition reaction, the agar gel diffusion precipitation reaction, and the virus-neutralizing test. The values of the antihemagglutinins, precipitins, and virus-neutralizing antibodies were investigated in relation to the immunobiologic resistance of birds to a velogenic Newcastle disease virus. A correlation was found between the antihemagglutinins and the neutralizing antibodies in broilers, aged 30-60 days, treated with an aerosol vaccine La Sota, and in henlayers treated muscularly with the Komarov vaccine. The presence of antihemagglutinin titers of 1:40 and higher values or positive neutralizing indices in the investigated birds were able to provide immunobiologic protection in challenging with a velogenic virus. Precipitins were detected in the blood sera of the challenged birds, which made reasonable their use as a sign pointing to the passage of a velogenic virus through the birds. The lower number of cases with positive precipitin reactions in the vaccinated birds speaks against using objectively this index for the evaluation of the immunologic status.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the immune state of poultry against Newcastle virus via various serological reactions]. Studied were 336 sera of vaccinated and challenged chickens, 76 egg extracts, and 36 birds following challenge for the presence of serum antibodies against the Newcastle disease virus, using the hemagglutination-inhibition reaction, the agar gel diffusion precipitation reaction, and the virus-neutralizing test. The values of the antihemagglutinins, precipitins, and virus-neutralizing antibodies were investigated in relation to the immunobiologic resistance of birds to a velogenic Newcastle disease virus. A correlation was found between the antihemagglutinins and the neutralizing antibodies in broilers, aged 30-60 days, treated with an aerosol vaccine La Sota, and in henlayers treated muscularly with the Komarov vaccine. The presence of antihemagglutinin titers of 1:40 and higher values or positive neutralizing indices in the investigated birds were able to provide immunobiologic protection in challenging with a velogenic virus. Precipitins were detected in the blood sera of the challenged birds, which made reasonable their use as a sign pointing to the passage of a velogenic virus through the birds. The lower number of cases with positive precipitin reactions in the vaccinated birds speaks against using objectively this index for the evaluation of the immunologic status.", "PMID": 105460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6737", "title": "[B. cereus count in meat and dairy food products].", "content": "Studies were carried out to establish the contamination of some meat and dairy food products with B. cereus. A total of 48 heat-treated sausages (32 perishable and 16 durable) and 64 batches of pasteurized milk were sampled. It was found that 25 per cent of investigated sausage samples contained B. cereus. Perishables proved to a considerable extent more frequently contaminated (33.3 per cent). The count of B. cereus in such products ranged from 10(1) to 10(3) per g. However, pasteurized milk was shown to be still more frequently and to a higher degree contaminated. A suggestion is made to introduce norms concerning the maximum admissible amounts of B. cereus as well as to specify methods for its determination.", "contents": "[B. cereus count in meat and dairy food products]. Studies were carried out to establish the contamination of some meat and dairy food products with B. cereus. A total of 48 heat-treated sausages (32 perishable and 16 durable) and 64 batches of pasteurized milk were sampled. It was found that 25 per cent of investigated sausage samples contained B. cereus. Perishables proved to a considerable extent more frequently contaminated (33.3 per cent). The count of B. cereus in such products ranged from 10(1) to 10(3) per g. However, pasteurized milk was shown to be still more frequently and to a higher degree contaminated. A suggestion is made to introduce norms concerning the maximum admissible amounts of B. cereus as well as to specify methods for its determination.", "PMID": 105462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6738", "title": "Shedding of peripheral cytoplasm - a mechanism of liver cell atrophy in human amyloidosis.", "content": "A liver biopsy specimen from a case of primary amyloidosis was investigated by electron microscopy. The cytoplasmic periphery of the hepatocytes showed degenerativechanges which are interpreted as indicating shedding of peripheral parts of the cytoplasm. Two main variants of this process could be discerned: 1) Protrusion and sequestration of hernia-like blebs of cytoplasm, and 2) shedding of vesicles derived from degenerated endoplasmic reticulum. In the latter case transient defects of the plasma membrane seem to be relevance. Endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic ground substance appeared to be shed preferentially, whereas mitochondria are retained within the cell. As a consequence the fractional volume of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of atrophic cells is markedly increased. Shedding of peripheral cytoplasm, therefore, seems to be an effective mechanism enabeling the cell to adapt the mass and the composition of its cytoplasm to an unfavourable environment.", "contents": "Shedding of peripheral cytoplasm - a mechanism of liver cell atrophy in human amyloidosis. A liver biopsy specimen from a case of primary amyloidosis was investigated by electron microscopy. The cytoplasmic periphery of the hepatocytes showed degenerativechanges which are interpreted as indicating shedding of peripheral parts of the cytoplasm. Two main variants of this process could be discerned: 1) Protrusion and sequestration of hernia-like blebs of cytoplasm, and 2) shedding of vesicles derived from degenerated endoplasmic reticulum. In the latter case transient defects of the plasma membrane seem to be relevance. Endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic ground substance appeared to be shed preferentially, whereas mitochondria are retained within the cell. As a consequence the fractional volume of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of atrophic cells is markedly increased. Shedding of peripheral cytoplasm, therefore, seems to be an effective mechanism enabeling the cell to adapt the mass and the composition of its cytoplasm to an unfavourable environment.", "PMID": 105463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6739", "title": "Ruthenium red binding to cell coat in neoplastic neurogenic cell lines in culture.", "content": "The cell coat of cultivated fetal rat brain cells as well as malignant rat neurogenic cell lines in culture were studied by transmission electron microscopy with the ruthenium red staining technique. Some of the transformed cell lines demonstrated alteration in the bindng properties of ruthenium red to the cell surface. Otherwise no significant correlation between the visualized cell coat thickness and neoplastic transformation was noted.", "contents": "Ruthenium red binding to cell coat in neoplastic neurogenic cell lines in culture. The cell coat of cultivated fetal rat brain cells as well as malignant rat neurogenic cell lines in culture were studied by transmission electron microscopy with the ruthenium red staining technique. Some of the transformed cell lines demonstrated alteration in the bindng properties of ruthenium red to the cell surface. Otherwise no significant correlation between the visualized cell coat thickness and neoplastic transformation was noted.", "PMID": 105464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6740", "title": "The effect of DL-2-bromopalmitate on the utilization of palmitic acid by rat granular pneumocytes.", "content": "The effect of DL-2-bromopalmitate (BrPA), an analogue of palmitic acid (PA), on the utilization of this fatty acid by rat lungs was investigated by a combination of anatomic and biochemical methods. The experiments were performed in vitro on two types of preparations, isolated perfused lungs and lung slices. In the isolated lung preparation the substrate reached the lung via the capillaries, in lung slices via the alveolar epithelium. Electron microscope autoradiography showed that BrPA depressed uptake of PA by granular pneumocytes. Radioactivity recovered by tissue analysis and capture of CO2 established that PA oxidation and incorporation into phospholipids and triglycerides was depressed by BrPA. A close correlation was found between the reduction in radioactivity in phospholipids and the grain density over lamellar bodies. The study shows that BrPA reversibly interferes with the uptake and utilization of long chain fatty by granular pneumocytes. BrPA appears as a useful tool to study palmitate metabolism and surfactant production by the lung.", "contents": "The effect of DL-2-bromopalmitate on the utilization of palmitic acid by rat granular pneumocytes. The effect of DL-2-bromopalmitate (BrPA), an analogue of palmitic acid (PA), on the utilization of this fatty acid by rat lungs was investigated by a combination of anatomic and biochemical methods. The experiments were performed in vitro on two types of preparations, isolated perfused lungs and lung slices. In the isolated lung preparation the substrate reached the lung via the capillaries, in lung slices via the alveolar epithelium. Electron microscope autoradiography showed that BrPA depressed uptake of PA by granular pneumocytes. Radioactivity recovered by tissue analysis and capture of CO2 established that PA oxidation and incorporation into phospholipids and triglycerides was depressed by BrPA. A close correlation was found between the reduction in radioactivity in phospholipids and the grain density over lamellar bodies. The study shows that BrPA reversibly interferes with the uptake and utilization of long chain fatty by granular pneumocytes. BrPA appears as a useful tool to study palmitate metabolism and surfactant production by the lung.", "PMID": 105465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6741", "title": "Studies on cell surface conformation following injury. II. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of cell surface changes following anoxic  injury in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Exposure of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells to anoxia resulted in rapid and characteristic conformational changes of cell surface topography. Combined scanning and transmission E/M studies revealed rapid alterations including simplification of the cell surface configuration with disappearance of microvilli which were replaced with formation of blebs and recesses at the cell periphery. These surface changes were accompanied by characteristic organelle alterations inside the cells which in this and other cellular systems have been shown to be reversible. Later, the cell surface topography became smoother and monotonic with small blebs and cribriform invaginations in addition to larger eruptions of the cell periphery. Combined transmission E/M studies revealed fragmentation of cellular membrane systems and lysis of organelles indicating the irreversible phase of anoxic injury. The rapid conformational surface changes encountered in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells following anoxia suggest the important role of the plasma membrane and its unfolding as a virtually instantaneous response of the cells to this injury.", "contents": "Studies on cell surface conformation following injury. II. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of cell surface changes following anoxic  injury in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Exposure of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells to anoxia resulted in rapid and characteristic conformational changes of cell surface topography. Combined scanning and transmission E/M studies revealed rapid alterations including simplification of the cell surface configuration with disappearance of microvilli which were replaced with formation of blebs and recesses at the cell periphery. These surface changes were accompanied by characteristic organelle alterations inside the cells which in this and other cellular systems have been shown to be reversible. Later, the cell surface topography became smoother and monotonic with small blebs and cribriform invaginations in addition to larger eruptions of the cell periphery. Combined transmission E/M studies revealed fragmentation of cellular membrane systems and lysis of organelles indicating the irreversible phase of anoxic injury. The rapid conformational surface changes encountered in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells following anoxia suggest the important role of the plasma membrane and its unfolding as a virtually instantaneous response of the cells to this injury.", "PMID": 105466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6742", "title": "Acute fine structural changes in rat hepatocytes induced by a single large dose of 2-acetylaminofluorene.", "content": "Male rats were given a single intragastric dose of 2-acetylaminofluorene, 600 mg/kg body weight, killed at intervals up to 14 days after treatment, and their hepatic tissue examined by electron microscopy. The early cytoplasmic lesion produced in hepatocytes by lower doses, consisting of perinuclear glycogen pooling, peripheral displacement of organelles and pyknosis, was delayed for several days. Among the changes which appeared to be independent of this lesion were disorganization and decrease of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and abnormalities of the bile canaliculi. These changes were similar to those which are seen during chronic exposure to 2-AAF and other hepatocarcinogens and in hepatic cell tumours.", "contents": "Acute fine structural changes in rat hepatocytes induced by a single large dose of 2-acetylaminofluorene. Male rats were given a single intragastric dose of 2-acetylaminofluorene, 600 mg/kg body weight, killed at intervals up to 14 days after treatment, and their hepatic tissue examined by electron microscopy. The early cytoplasmic lesion produced in hepatocytes by lower doses, consisting of perinuclear glycogen pooling, peripheral displacement of organelles and pyknosis, was delayed for several days. Among the changes which appeared to be independent of this lesion were disorganization and decrease of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and abnormalities of the bile canaliculi. These changes were similar to those which are seen during chronic exposure to 2-AAF and other hepatocarcinogens and in hepatic cell tumours.", "PMID": 105467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6743", "title": "DNA distribution in biopsy specimens from human cervical carcinoma investigated by flow cytometry.", "content": "Flow cytometry was used for the investigation of the DNA distribution in biopsy specimens from 51 patients with cervical carcinoma. Portio biopsy specimens from 9 pregnant women and from 10 patients with cancer of the breast served as controls. The results demonstrate that most specimens from patients suffering from cervical carcinoma contain considerable cell populations with increased DNA as compared with controls. The possible clinical significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "DNA distribution in biopsy specimens from human cervical carcinoma investigated by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry was used for the investigation of the DNA distribution in biopsy specimens from 51 patients with cervical carcinoma. Portio biopsy specimens from 9 pregnant women and from 10 patients with cancer of the breast served as controls. The results demonstrate that most specimens from patients suffering from cervical carcinoma contain considerable cell populations with increased DNA as compared with controls. The possible clinical significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 105469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6744", "title": "[Blastomogenesis in repeated administration of DMBA in rats during different life periods].", "content": "Three groups of rats were given DMBA emulsion during different periods of the life. The first group received the carcinogen transplacentally, the second- at the age of three months, the third was given the agent twice during the mentioned terms. The third group showed a summation of the blastomogenic effect which was manifested in the frequency of tumors, including neurogenic, renal and mammary gland tumors, in the index of neoplasms multiplicity as well as in shorter average life terms. The results were compared with pure control findings.", "contents": "[Blastomogenesis in repeated administration of DMBA in rats during different life periods]. Three groups of rats were given DMBA emulsion during different periods of the life. The first group received the carcinogen transplacentally, the second- at the age of three months, the third was given the agent twice during the mentioned terms. The third group showed a summation of the blastomogenic effect which was manifested in the frequency of tumors, including neurogenic, renal and mammary gland tumors, in the index of neoplasms multiplicity as well as in shorter average life terms. The results were compared with pure control findings.", "PMID": 105473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6745", "title": "[Possibility of using the urea increment index for assessing the anabolic effectiveness of parenteral nitrogen feeding in toxic hepatitis].", "content": "To determine the anabolic effectiveness of nitrous preparations for the parenteral alimentation an urea increment rate in normal albino rats and in the ones with parenchymatous hepatitis was used. With subcutaneous introduction of nitrous preparations moriamine S-2, aminosol, polyamine and of an improved caseine hydrolysate the level of the blood urea was found to attain the maximum in 6 hours. With toxic lesion of the liver the ureogenic function remains intact and, for this reason, this test may be used for assessing the anabolic effectiveness of the preparations with a changed functional state of the liver in different pathological conditions. The urea increment rate may be recommended for determining the biological value of the preparations for nitrogenous parenteral alimentation.", "contents": "[Possibility of using the urea increment index for assessing the anabolic effectiveness of parenteral nitrogen feeding in toxic hepatitis]. To determine the anabolic effectiveness of nitrous preparations for the parenteral alimentation an urea increment rate in normal albino rats and in the ones with parenchymatous hepatitis was used. With subcutaneous introduction of nitrous preparations moriamine S-2, aminosol, polyamine and of an improved caseine hydrolysate the level of the blood urea was found to attain the maximum in 6 hours. With toxic lesion of the liver the ureogenic function remains intact and, for this reason, this test may be used for assessing the anabolic effectiveness of the preparations with a changed functional state of the liver in different pathological conditions. The urea increment rate may be recommended for determining the biological value of the preparations for nitrogenous parenteral alimentation.", "PMID": 105474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6746", "title": "[Significance of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein for the diagnosis of stomach cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "In 41 patients with benignant and malignant diseases of the stomach the appearance of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha1sGP) in the gastric juice was recorded quantitatively by radial immunodiffusion and compared with normal serum alpha1sGP by immunelectrophoretic analyzation and by immunodiffusion after after Ouchterlony. In 80.0% of the patients with carcinoma, in 11.8% of patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer and in 28.6% of the patients with gastritis the presence of alpha1sGP could be evidenced in the gastric juice. The appearance of this glycoprotein significantly differed in benignant and malignant diseases of the stomach. A polymorphism of the stomach alpha1sGP compared with normal serum alpha1sGP could not be established by the applied methods. Therefore it is unprobable that the gastric alpha1sGP is originated by the malignoma.", "contents": "[Significance of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein for the diagnosis of stomach cancer (author's transl)]. In 41 patients with benignant and malignant diseases of the stomach the appearance of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha1sGP) in the gastric juice was recorded quantitatively by radial immunodiffusion and compared with normal serum alpha1sGP by immunelectrophoretic analyzation and by immunodiffusion after after Ouchterlony. In 80.0% of the patients with carcinoma, in 11.8% of patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer and in 28.6% of the patients with gastritis the presence of alpha1sGP could be evidenced in the gastric juice. The appearance of this glycoprotein significantly differed in benignant and malignant diseases of the stomach. A polymorphism of the stomach alpha1sGP compared with normal serum alpha1sGP could not be established by the applied methods. Therefore it is unprobable that the gastric alpha1sGP is originated by the malignoma.", "PMID": 105478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6747", "title": "[The use of mycobacteria in the estimation of the concentration of antibiotics, antimycotics and antituberculotics (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility of using the rapid resistance test to determine the levels of antibiotic, antimycotic and antituberculotic drugs is systematically investigated. As a rule the incubation time reduced to seven days for tubercel bacilli results in a lower inhibitor concentration (MIC) than with other microbiological methods used in tuberculosis diagnostics due to a lower inactivation of the drugs. The MIC of antibiotics and antituberculotics is found between 0.02 and 15 microgram/ml; for penicillin G and nystatin between 100 and 400 microgram/ml. Urine added to the medium influences the MIC. A dilution of urine 1 : 100 corresponds to the MIC-value found in a control sample with aqua dest. For examining the level of antibiotic drugs in blood a dilution of the blood of at least 1 : 60 is necessary. In this way the levels of rifampicin and isoniazid may be examined. Only 0.1--0.2 ml of capillary blood are needed. If probenecid is administered simultaneously to the patient the rifampicin level in blood is increased for 6 hours. But this effect is small and does not justify a change in the usual dosage of rifampicin.", "contents": "[The use of mycobacteria in the estimation of the concentration of antibiotics, antimycotics and antituberculotics (author's transl)]. The possibility of using the rapid resistance test to determine the levels of antibiotic, antimycotic and antituberculotic drugs is systematically investigated. As a rule the incubation time reduced to seven days for tubercel bacilli results in a lower inhibitor concentration (MIC) than with other microbiological methods used in tuberculosis diagnostics due to a lower inactivation of the drugs. The MIC of antibiotics and antituberculotics is found between 0.02 and 15 microgram/ml; for penicillin G and nystatin between 100 and 400 microgram/ml. Urine added to the medium influences the MIC. A dilution of urine 1 : 100 corresponds to the MIC-value found in a control sample with aqua dest. For examining the level of antibiotic drugs in blood a dilution of the blood of at least 1 : 60 is necessary. In this way the levels of rifampicin and isoniazid may be examined. Only 0.1--0.2 ml of capillary blood are needed. If probenecid is administered simultaneously to the patient the rifampicin level in blood is increased for 6 hours. But this effect is small and does not justify a change in the usual dosage of rifampicin.", "PMID": 105479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6748", "title": "[Absorption of a proteolytic enzyme originating from plants out of the gastro-intestinal tract into blood and lymph of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The absorption of the proteolytic enzyme bromelain was investigated in adult rats. Bromelain was labelled radioactively with 125-Iodine and intraduodenally applied. During the observation time of 6 hours blood- and lymphsamples were collected and their radioactivity measured. By radiochromatography high molecular protein could be separated from low molecular protein fragments. By means of a rabbit-anti-bromelainserum bromelain could be identified in the agar-double diffusion technique. Results show that adult rats can absorb bromelain up to 40% in a high molecular form. This observation explains the increased proteolytic activity in serum after oral application as well as the clinical effect concerning the treatment of edema or hematoma.", "contents": "[Absorption of a proteolytic enzyme originating from plants out of the gastro-intestinal tract into blood and lymph of rats (author's transl)]. The absorption of the proteolytic enzyme bromelain was investigated in adult rats. Bromelain was labelled radioactively with 125-Iodine and intraduodenally applied. During the observation time of 6 hours blood- and lymphsamples were collected and their radioactivity measured. By radiochromatography high molecular protein could be separated from low molecular protein fragments. By means of a rabbit-anti-bromelainserum bromelain could be identified in the agar-double diffusion technique. Results show that adult rats can absorb bromelain up to 40% in a high molecular form. This observation explains the increased proteolytic activity in serum after oral application as well as the clinical effect concerning the treatment of edema or hematoma.", "PMID": 105480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6749", "title": "[Effectiveness of prolonged uterine relaxation by betamimetic drugs for threatened premature labour (author's transl)].", "content": "It is statistically proven that long-term administered betamimetic drugs inhibit excessive uterine activity, but for the individual subject the extent of this effect can hardly be predicted. By studying 167 pregnancies treated for threatened premature labour it is confirmed that the success rate of the tocolytic treatment depends strictly on the clinical feature of the condition as observed on admission. By use of a simple scheme for classification of success, correlations with the importance of the syndrome at start of the treatment as well as with the neonatal outcome are established. These correlations thus allow one to determine individually the neonatal chances even at onset of the tocolytic treatment.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of prolonged uterine relaxation by betamimetic drugs for threatened premature labour (author's transl)]. It is statistically proven that long-term administered betamimetic drugs inhibit excessive uterine activity, but for the individual subject the extent of this effect can hardly be predicted. By studying 167 pregnancies treated for threatened premature labour it is confirmed that the success rate of the tocolytic treatment depends strictly on the clinical feature of the condition as observed on admission. By use of a simple scheme for classification of success, correlations with the importance of the syndrome at start of the treatment as well as with the neonatal outcome are established. These correlations thus allow one to determine individually the neonatal chances even at onset of the tocolytic treatment.", "PMID": 105481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6750", "title": "[Platelet function during long term inhibition of labour by fenoterol/verapamil (author's transl)].", "content": "Platelet function has been studied in 22 patients (methods according to Born and Breddin) during tocolysis with long term administration of intravenous Fenoterol/Verapamil. The extend and speed of platelet aggregation, according to the Born test, were constant in the following 12 days except for a small increase on the second day. The phase of disaggregation remained unchanged. The reaction time to collagen was prolonged up to the 3rd-4th day. Spontaneous platelet aggregation showed a tendency to decrease up to day 3--4; thereafter, there was a return to the original values. The present data show that a hemostatic action in platelet function cannot be expected during long term tocolysis. Thus, there is no evidence that Fenoterol acts as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation in pregnancy.", "contents": "[Platelet function during long term inhibition of labour by fenoterol/verapamil (author's transl)]. Platelet function has been studied in 22 patients (methods according to Born and Breddin) during tocolysis with long term administration of intravenous Fenoterol/Verapamil. The extend and speed of platelet aggregation, according to the Born test, were constant in the following 12 days except for a small increase on the second day. The phase of disaggregation remained unchanged. The reaction time to collagen was prolonged up to the 3rd-4th day. Spontaneous platelet aggregation showed a tendency to decrease up to day 3--4; thereafter, there was a return to the original values. The present data show that a hemostatic action in platelet function cannot be expected during long term tocolysis. Thus, there is no evidence that Fenoterol acts as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation in pregnancy.", "PMID": 105482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6751", "title": "Nitrates and ectopic ventricular activity in mitral valve prolapse: clinical and experimental data.", "content": "Three patients with mitral valve prolapse, high grade ventricular arrhythmias and a strong family history of sudden death were studied utilizing continuous Ecg monitoring and intracardiac stimulation and recording techniques. Analysis of 6-hour ambulatory Ecgs revealed frequent premature ventricular beats (PVBs) including repetitive and multiform PVBs in each patient. The electrophysiological studies demonstrated normal parameters of intracardiac conduction and refractoriness providing no evidence for reentrant mechanisms. Acute drug testing with 0.4 mg sublingual nitroglycerin completely suppressed all ventricular arrhythmias. During maintenance therapy antiarrhythmic nitrate efficacy was only partly confirmed monitoring the effects of 4 x20 mg isosorbide dinitrate on 6-hour ambulatory Ecgs. The electrophysiological parameters of intracardiac conduction and refractoriness were not significantly altered by 0.4 mg sublingual nitroglycerin. Experimental data obtained from isolated rabbit atria and canine ventricles revealed no significant action of nitroglycerin in the parameters of cardiac automaticity and conduction including transmembrane electrical activity of normal and hypoxically damaged SA nodal, atrial and ventricular fibers. It is concluded that a) PVBs in patients with mitral prolapse appear related to ectopic automaticity; b)nitrates may suppress ventricular ectopy in these patients; c) antiarrhythmic nitrate efficacy is not related to direct membrane effects.", "contents": "Nitrates and ectopic ventricular activity in mitral valve prolapse: clinical and experimental data. Three patients with mitral valve prolapse, high grade ventricular arrhythmias and a strong family history of sudden death were studied utilizing continuous Ecg monitoring and intracardiac stimulation and recording techniques. Analysis of 6-hour ambulatory Ecgs revealed frequent premature ventricular beats (PVBs) including repetitive and multiform PVBs in each patient. The electrophysiological studies demonstrated normal parameters of intracardiac conduction and refractoriness providing no evidence for reentrant mechanisms. Acute drug testing with 0.4 mg sublingual nitroglycerin completely suppressed all ventricular arrhythmias. During maintenance therapy antiarrhythmic nitrate efficacy was only partly confirmed monitoring the effects of 4 x20 mg isosorbide dinitrate on 6-hour ambulatory Ecgs. The electrophysiological parameters of intracardiac conduction and refractoriness were not significantly altered by 0.4 mg sublingual nitroglycerin. Experimental data obtained from isolated rabbit atria and canine ventricles revealed no significant action of nitroglycerin in the parameters of cardiac automaticity and conduction including transmembrane electrical activity of normal and hypoxically damaged SA nodal, atrial and ventricular fibers. It is concluded that a) PVBs in patients with mitral prolapse appear related to ectopic automaticity; b)nitrates may suppress ventricular ectopy in these patients; c) antiarrhythmic nitrate efficacy is not related to direct membrane effects.", "PMID": 105483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6752", "title": "Mycotoxins in foodstuffs. XII. The influence of the water activity (a-w) of cakes on the growth of moulds and the formation of mycotoxins.", "content": "The influence of various a-w values (high, moderate and low, e.g. 0.92, 0.87, and 0.82) of cakes (\"R\u00fchrkuchen\", made of wheat flour, sugar, eggs, fat and water) on the development and the mycotoxin production of Aspergillus flavus (aflatoxins), A. versicolor (sterigmatocystin), A. ochraceus (ochratoxin A), Penicillium chrysogenum (citrinin) and P. expansum (patulin) was investigated. None of the moulds was able to germinate at an a-w of 0.82. An increase of the water activity resulted in a pronounced growth of the five fungi. Citrinin was not formed on the cakes at all. The yields of the other mycotoxins were not markedly influenced by the a-w (0.92 or 0.87). During the development of the moulds the a-w of the substrate was lowered at first (water requirement during germination and initial growth) and subsequently increased (initiation of the secondary metabolism).", "contents": "Mycotoxins in foodstuffs. XII. The influence of the water activity (a-w) of cakes on the growth of moulds and the formation of mycotoxins. The influence of various a-w values (high, moderate and low, e.g. 0.92, 0.87, and 0.82) of cakes (\"R\u00fchrkuchen\", made of wheat flour, sugar, eggs, fat and water) on the development and the mycotoxin production of Aspergillus flavus (aflatoxins), A. versicolor (sterigmatocystin), A. ochraceus (ochratoxin A), Penicillium chrysogenum (citrinin) and P. expansum (patulin) was investigated. None of the moulds was able to germinate at an a-w of 0.82. An increase of the water activity resulted in a pronounced growth of the five fungi. Citrinin was not formed on the cakes at all. The yields of the other mycotoxins were not markedly influenced by the a-w (0.92 or 0.87). During the development of the moulds the a-w of the substrate was lowered at first (water requirement during germination and initial growth) and subsequently increased (initiation of the secondary metabolism).", "PMID": 105507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6753", "title": "[Treatment of impending and manifested respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants using a simple nasal CPAP-system].", "content": "The modification of a simple nasal CPAP-system is described. Results in therapy of respiratory distress syndrom with this method are discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of impending and manifested respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants using a simple nasal CPAP-system]. The modification of a simple nasal CPAP-system is described. Results in therapy of respiratory distress syndrom with this method are discussed.", "PMID": 105508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6754", "title": "[Transfer of a bacterial gene using phage lambda transfecting DNA].", "content": "A new amber mutation of phage with the gene coding synthesis of beta-galactosidase was received by recombination. With the help of transfection DNA isolated from this phage the transfer of the gene coding the beta-galactosidase synthesis to the recipient phage-resistant E. coli cell was realized. The suggested model can be used for the gene transfer to the recipient phage-resistant cells or other species of bacteria with transfection DNA.", "contents": "[Transfer of a bacterial gene using phage lambda transfecting DNA]. A new amber mutation of phage with the gene coding synthesis of beta-galactosidase was received by recombination. With the help of transfection DNA isolated from this phage the transfer of the gene coding the beta-galactosidase synthesis to the recipient phage-resistant E. coli cell was realized. The suggested model can be used for the gene transfer to the recipient phage-resistant cells or other species of bacteria with transfection DNA.", "PMID": 105519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6755", "title": "[Use of microbial cells of Corynebacterium diphtheriae for preparing a nutrient medium].", "content": "Nutrient media prepared on the basis of microbial cells (Corynebacteria diphtheriae) proved to be no less nutrient in comparison with conventional media prepared on the full-value food products. Use of diphtheria bacilli (by-products of diphtheria toxoid production) as the basis for nutrient media permitted to use up to 30% less food products for this purpose.", "contents": "[Use of microbial cells of Corynebacterium diphtheriae for preparing a nutrient medium]. Nutrient media prepared on the basis of microbial cells (Corynebacteria diphtheriae) proved to be no less nutrient in comparison with conventional media prepared on the full-value food products. Use of diphtheria bacilli (by-products of diphtheria toxoid production) as the basis for nutrient media permitted to use up to 30% less food products for this purpose.", "PMID": 105520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6756", "title": "[Serotype characteristics of clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa].", "content": "A total of 348 P. aeroginosa strains isolated from patients with pulmonary and pleural diseases were studied, and 87% of the test showed the possibility of their serotyping with the use of group-specific agglutinating antisera. Serogroups II, III, IV were found to be prevalent among the strains isolated from patients with bronchopulmonary pathological states. Correlations between definite groups of P. aeroginosa in their sensitivity to antibiotics were established; thus, the cultures belonging the serogroups II, III, IV were found to be more sensitive to tetracycline annd chloramphenicol than the culture belonging to other serogroups.", "contents": "[Serotype characteristics of clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. A total of 348 P. aeroginosa strains isolated from patients with pulmonary and pleural diseases were studied, and 87% of the test showed the possibility of their serotyping with the use of group-specific agglutinating antisera. Serogroups II, III, IV were found to be prevalent among the strains isolated from patients with bronchopulmonary pathological states. Correlations between definite groups of P. aeroginosa in their sensitivity to antibiotics were established; thus, the cultures belonging the serogroups II, III, IV were found to be more sensitive to tetracycline annd chloramphenicol than the culture belonging to other serogroups.", "PMID": 105521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6757", "title": "[Lysozyme concentration in the loose connective tissue of animals with different species sensitivity to brucellosis].", "content": "Lysozyme content was determined in the subcutaneous cellular tissue of guinea pigs and albino rats differing by species resistance to brucella infection. Experiments were conducted on intact animals and those inoculated subcutaneously with live Br. abortus 19-BA vaccine. Connective tissue was taken from the site of the vaccine administration and from the contralateral side (control). Observations showed connective tissue of the animals highly sensitive to brucella infection to be exceedingly poor in this enzyme; as to connective tissue of albino rats with low sensitivity--it contained high amount of this enzyme. Lysozyme content increased considerably in the animals belonging to both species in the inflammatory focus developing at the site of the vaccine inoculation.", "contents": "[Lysozyme concentration in the loose connective tissue of animals with different species sensitivity to brucellosis]. Lysozyme content was determined in the subcutaneous cellular tissue of guinea pigs and albino rats differing by species resistance to brucella infection. Experiments were conducted on intact animals and those inoculated subcutaneously with live Br. abortus 19-BA vaccine. Connective tissue was taken from the site of the vaccine administration and from the contralateral side (control). Observations showed connective tissue of the animals highly sensitive to brucella infection to be exceedingly poor in this enzyme; as to connective tissue of albino rats with low sensitivity--it contained high amount of this enzyme. Lysozyme content increased considerably in the animals belonging to both species in the inflammatory focus developing at the site of the vaccine inoculation.", "PMID": 105522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6758", "title": "[Experience with epidemiologic studies of pyocyaneus infections. I. Feasibility of using serotypes and antibiotic resistance as a epidemiologic label for clinical strains].", "content": "The authors carried out serological typing of 98 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, isolated from patients of burn department of the Sklifosovsky First Aid Institute in January-July, 1974, and of 215 strains obtained from other sources; their sensitivity to 13 antibiotics was determined. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures isolated from the patients were typed with O-sera of 10 serological types. The presence of several hospital strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found by means of serological typing; along with these there were revealed cultures of this causative agent sporadically appearing in the department. Sensitivity to some antibiotics could serve as an additional criterion for differentiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains of the same serological type.", "contents": "[Experience with epidemiologic studies of pyocyaneus infections. I. Feasibility of using serotypes and antibiotic resistance as a epidemiologic label for clinical strains]. The authors carried out serological typing of 98 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, isolated from patients of burn department of the Sklifosovsky First Aid Institute in January-July, 1974, and of 215 strains obtained from other sources; their sensitivity to 13 antibiotics was determined. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures isolated from the patients were typed with O-sera of 10 serological types. The presence of several hospital strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found by means of serological typing; along with these there were revealed cultures of this causative agent sporadically appearing in the department. Sensitivity to some antibiotics could serve as an additional criterion for differentiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains of the same serological type.", "PMID": 105523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6759", "title": "[Comparative study of allergenic fractions extracted from different strains of staphylococci].", "content": "Various methods for obtaining staphylococcus allergens were approbated. Biological activity of the preparation proved to depend on the method of obtaining it determining the chemical compostition of the preparation, and on the properties of the strain used. A method of alkaline extraction and a strain with marked pathogenicity signs (strain 209) can be recommended for the preparation of staphylococcus allergen. Biological activity of the allergen in case of its approbation in the same dose by protein on laboratory animals and patients proved to be the same.", "contents": "[Comparative study of allergenic fractions extracted from different strains of staphylococci]. Various methods for obtaining staphylococcus allergens were approbated. Biological activity of the preparation proved to depend on the method of obtaining it determining the chemical compostition of the preparation, and on the properties of the strain used. A method of alkaline extraction and a strain with marked pathogenicity signs (strain 209) can be recommended for the preparation of staphylococcus allergen. Biological activity of the allergen in case of its approbation in the same dose by protein on laboratory animals and patients proved to be the same.", "PMID": 105524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6760", "title": "Isolation and properties of enzymes involved in prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "content": "Prostaglandin (PG) endoperoxide synthetase was purified until homogeneity had been attained. The pure enzyme displays both cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activity, in accordance with the work of MIYAMOTO et al. (J. biol. Chem. 252, 2629--2636 (1976)). This enzyme therefore converts arachidonic acid into PGH2. Glutathione S-transferases, in the presence of glutathione, convert PGH2 into a mixture of PGF2alpha, PGE2 and PGD2. A new transferase in sheep lung gives mainly PGF2alpha and PGD2. Isolation and properties of these enzymes will be discussed. Finally, progress will be reported on the isolation of a soluble enzyme from various rat organs such as lung and spleen, which forms almost exclusively prostaglandin D.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of enzymes involved in prostaglandin biosynthesis. Prostaglandin (PG) endoperoxide synthetase was purified until homogeneity had been attained. The pure enzyme displays both cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activity, in accordance with the work of MIYAMOTO et al. (J. biol. Chem. 252, 2629--2636 (1976)). This enzyme therefore converts arachidonic acid into PGH2. Glutathione S-transferases, in the presence of glutathione, convert PGH2 into a mixture of PGF2alpha, PGE2 and PGD2. A new transferase in sheep lung gives mainly PGF2alpha and PGD2. Isolation and properties of these enzymes will be discussed. Finally, progress will be reported on the isolation of a soluble enzyme from various rat organs such as lung and spleen, which forms almost exclusively prostaglandin D.", "PMID": 105525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6761", "title": "Effect of bradykinin on prostaglandin synthetase activity in microsomal fractions from rat duodenum and uterus.", "content": "The bioconversion of tritiated arachidonic acid by microsomal fractions from rat uterus and duodenum is described. In rat duodenum the formation of both prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha is enhanced by the peptide hormone bradykinin. In contrast, bradykinin inhibits the synthesis of PGE2 in rat uterus.", "contents": "Effect of bradykinin on prostaglandin synthetase activity in microsomal fractions from rat duodenum and uterus. The bioconversion of tritiated arachidonic acid by microsomal fractions from rat uterus and duodenum is described. In rat duodenum the formation of both prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha is enhanced by the peptide hormone bradykinin. In contrast, bradykinin inhibits the synthesis of PGE2 in rat uterus.", "PMID": 105527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6762", "title": "Suppression of uterine motor activity by prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor Naproxen.", "content": "Rats were ovariectomized on day 16 of pregnancy and they were fitted with a pressure sensor uterine microballoon assembly and were given a daily dose of Naproxen-sodium. Daily uterine activity recordings were taken and subjected to statistical analysis and the rats were carefully checked for either aborting or delivering their fetuses. Our data showed that Naproxen treatment effectively and significantly prevented the autocatalytic evolution of the uterine motor activity and the regulatory \"see-saw\" of progesterone and prostaglandins was rebalanced at a lower level.", "contents": "Suppression of uterine motor activity by prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor Naproxen. Rats were ovariectomized on day 16 of pregnancy and they were fitted with a pressure sensor uterine microballoon assembly and were given a daily dose of Naproxen-sodium. Daily uterine activity recordings were taken and subjected to statistical analysis and the rats were carefully checked for either aborting or delivering their fetuses. Our data showed that Naproxen treatment effectively and significantly prevented the autocatalytic evolution of the uterine motor activity and the regulatory \"see-saw\" of progesterone and prostaglandins was rebalanced at a lower level.", "PMID": 105529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6763", "title": "Hypopituitarism and artificial ventilation.", "content": "Anterior pituitary gland function was assessed in 50 patients maintained for more than 48 h on a mechanical ventilator. Partial hypopituitarism occurred in 7 patients which did not appear to affect survival and proved transient when subsequently re-assessed. These results indicate that the pituitary infarcts previously reported in such patients are not clinically important.", "contents": "Hypopituitarism and artificial ventilation. Anterior pituitary gland function was assessed in 50 patients maintained for more than 48 h on a mechanical ventilator. Partial hypopituitarism occurred in 7 patients which did not appear to affect survival and proved transient when subsequently re-assessed. These results indicate that the pituitary infarcts previously reported in such patients are not clinically important.", "PMID": 105531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6764", "title": "Dual action of adrenergic system on the regulation of thyrotrophin secretion in the male rat.", "content": "The effect of graded doses of drugs modifying adrenergic activity on basal and cold-stimulated TSH secretion was studied in male rats. alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (aMPT) (16 h before 30 min cold-exposure), phenoxybenzamine (1 h), Ca-fusarate (1 h) and diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) (1 and 18 h) dose-dependently depressed the cold-stimulated TSH secretion. The effect of reserpine (24 h) was not significant. Clonidine (1 h), dihydroxyphenyl-serine (DOPS) (1 h), noradrenaline (NA) (1 h), and L-Dopa (1 h) were also effective in decreasing serum TSH levels, but dopamine (DA) (ad 2 mg/kg, 1 h) had no effect. Basal TSH levels were also decreased by various doses of clonidine, DOPS and NA, given ip 1 h before sacrifice. Clonidine (1 mg/kg), NA (1 mg/kg), DA (2 mg/kg), aMPT (300 mg/kg), phenoxybenzamine (2 or 20 mg/kg), Ca-fusarate (50 mg/kg) or L-Dopa (200 mg/kg) did not modify the TRH-induced TSH response. These results cannot be explained by assuming only a stimulatory function for the adrenergic system on the secretion of TSH in the rat. The site of the possible inhibitory function of noradrenaline in the control of TSH cannot be deduced from these results, but various possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "Dual action of adrenergic system on the regulation of thyrotrophin secretion in the male rat. The effect of graded doses of drugs modifying adrenergic activity on basal and cold-stimulated TSH secretion was studied in male rats. alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (aMPT) (16 h before 30 min cold-exposure), phenoxybenzamine (1 h), Ca-fusarate (1 h) and diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) (1 and 18 h) dose-dependently depressed the cold-stimulated TSH secretion. The effect of reserpine (24 h) was not significant. Clonidine (1 h), dihydroxyphenyl-serine (DOPS) (1 h), noradrenaline (NA) (1 h), and L-Dopa (1 h) were also effective in decreasing serum TSH levels, but dopamine (DA) (ad 2 mg/kg, 1 h) had no effect. Basal TSH levels were also decreased by various doses of clonidine, DOPS and NA, given ip 1 h before sacrifice. Clonidine (1 mg/kg), NA (1 mg/kg), DA (2 mg/kg), aMPT (300 mg/kg), phenoxybenzamine (2 or 20 mg/kg), Ca-fusarate (50 mg/kg) or L-Dopa (200 mg/kg) did not modify the TRH-induced TSH response. These results cannot be explained by assuming only a stimulatory function for the adrenergic system on the secretion of TSH in the rat. The site of the possible inhibitory function of noradrenaline in the control of TSH cannot be deduced from these results, but various possibilities are discussed.", "PMID": 105532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6765", "title": "Effect of stress on the profile of plasma steroids in baboons (Papio hamadryas).", "content": "Adult baboons (5 males and 5 females) were exposed to immobilization stress by being strapped to a table in a horizontal position for 2 h. In females the experiment was performed during both the follicular and luteal phase. Peripheral blood was withdrawn at frequent intervals, the first sample just before immobilization, and the last one 3 days later. A number of steroids were measured in blood plasma samples by radioimmunoassay (17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, pregnenolone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, progesterone, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, oestone, oestradiol) or competitive protein binding (cortisol) techniques. The cortisol levels exhibited a marked increase in both sexes. This increase was observed already during the immobilization and lasted for approximately 24 h. A similar, even more pronounced increase was seen in 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and pregnenolone levels. A marked, long-lasting (72 h) decrease of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels was a consistent finding in male baboons. This was not observed in the females which, on the other hand, exhibited a marked decrease (duration 48 h) of progesterone and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone levels during the luteal phase, and a significant decrease (duration greater than 24 h) of oestradiol and oestrone concentrations during the follicular phase. It is concluded that stress has a marked inhibitory action on gonadal function both in male and female baboons. In females and inhibition of steroidogenetic function is exerted both on the ovarian follicles and on the corpus luteum.", "contents": "Effect of stress on the profile of plasma steroids in baboons (Papio hamadryas). Adult baboons (5 males and 5 females) were exposed to immobilization stress by being strapped to a table in a horizontal position for 2 h. In females the experiment was performed during both the follicular and luteal phase. Peripheral blood was withdrawn at frequent intervals, the first sample just before immobilization, and the last one 3 days later. A number of steroids were measured in blood plasma samples by radioimmunoassay (17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, pregnenolone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, progesterone, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, oestone, oestradiol) or competitive protein binding (cortisol) techniques. The cortisol levels exhibited a marked increase in both sexes. This increase was observed already during the immobilization and lasted for approximately 24 h. A similar, even more pronounced increase was seen in 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and pregnenolone levels. A marked, long-lasting (72 h) decrease of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels was a consistent finding in male baboons. This was not observed in the females which, on the other hand, exhibited a marked decrease (duration 48 h) of progesterone and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone levels during the luteal phase, and a significant decrease (duration greater than 24 h) of oestradiol and oestrone concentrations during the follicular phase. It is concluded that stress has a marked inhibitory action on gonadal function both in male and female baboons. In females and inhibition of steroidogenetic function is exerted both on the ovarian follicles and on the corpus luteum.", "PMID": 105533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6766", "title": "[Value of the breath test with cholylglycine C14 in the diagnosis of bacterial contamination in patients with gastric surgery].", "content": "The TAE C14 has been evaluated as a diagnostic method of small bowel contamination in a group of patients operated for gastric disturbances. It has been compared with bacterial culture and bile salts chromatogrpahy of jejunum liquid and therapeutic response. 36 patients have been studied and divided in 3 groups: a) negative control: 8 subjects without pathology; b) positive control: 6 patients with intestinal resection and 1 with intestinal scleroderma, all of them with steatorrhea; c) gastric operated patients: 16 BII with and without vagotomy, 3 gastroenteroanastomosis and vagotomy, 1 superselective vagotomy and pyloroplasty and 1 B I, all the patients had steatorrhea, except one with BII. The period elapsed between the operation and the studies varied from 1 to 17 years (X: 4.9 +/- 4.1). The average value of steatorrhea was 23.9 +/- 10.2 g/24 hs. 100% of group b and 80% of group c had abnormal TAE C14. In 80% of the patients of the group c chromatogrpahy was performed and it agreed with TAE C14 in 80% of the studies. Bacteriology was positive in 100% of 18 studies, coinciding with TAE C14 in 70% patients. Therapeutic control of 100% of group c was positive in 90%.", "contents": "[Value of the breath test with cholylglycine C14 in the diagnosis of bacterial contamination in patients with gastric surgery]. The TAE C14 has been evaluated as a diagnostic method of small bowel contamination in a group of patients operated for gastric disturbances. It has been compared with bacterial culture and bile salts chromatogrpahy of jejunum liquid and therapeutic response. 36 patients have been studied and divided in 3 groups: a) negative control: 8 subjects without pathology; b) positive control: 6 patients with intestinal resection and 1 with intestinal scleroderma, all of them with steatorrhea; c) gastric operated patients: 16 BII with and without vagotomy, 3 gastroenteroanastomosis and vagotomy, 1 superselective vagotomy and pyloroplasty and 1 B I, all the patients had steatorrhea, except one with BII. The period elapsed between the operation and the studies varied from 1 to 17 years (X: 4.9 +/- 4.1). The average value of steatorrhea was 23.9 +/- 10.2 g/24 hs. 100% of group b and 80% of group c had abnormal TAE C14. In 80% of the patients of the group c chromatogrpahy was performed and it agreed with TAE C14 in 80% of the studies. Bacteriology was positive in 100% of 18 studies, coinciding with TAE C14 in 70% patients. Therapeutic control of 100% of group c was positive in 90%.", "PMID": 105534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6767", "title": "Evaluation of a simplified microchromatographic technique for hemoglobin A2 determination.", "content": "The simplified Hb A2 determination based on microchromatography in Pasteur pipets filled with DEAE-cellulose with glycine-KCN-NaCl as developers [14] is compared with a reference Hb A2 determination procedure based on starch-block electrophoresis. The utility of microchromatography as a routine Hb A2 assay and as a screening method to detect beta-thalassemia trait carriers and patients with iron deficiency anemia was investigated. Day-to-day variation of a control hemolysate and the correlation between the values obtained with the two methods and between determinations in duplicate on the same sample are given. The mean values obtained with both methods for the different groups do not differ significantly but the standard deviations and the coefficients of variation observed by the microchromatography are generally higher. Microchromatography in Pasteur pipets tends to overestimate low and normal Hb A2 concentrations and to underestimate high Hb A2 concentrations. The results of microchromatography are more significant for the diagnosis when Hb A2 concentrations are expressed in weight hemoglobin per volume of blood and not in percentages. The microchromatographic procedure was recently marketed. The results obtained with the commercial columns were in good correlation with those obtained with starch-block electrophoresis, but commercial columns give a 18% overestimation of the Hb A2 concentrations.", "contents": "Evaluation of a simplified microchromatographic technique for hemoglobin A2 determination. The simplified Hb A2 determination based on microchromatography in Pasteur pipets filled with DEAE-cellulose with glycine-KCN-NaCl as developers [14] is compared with a reference Hb A2 determination procedure based on starch-block electrophoresis. The utility of microchromatography as a routine Hb A2 assay and as a screening method to detect beta-thalassemia trait carriers and patients with iron deficiency anemia was investigated. Day-to-day variation of a control hemolysate and the correlation between the values obtained with the two methods and between determinations in duplicate on the same sample are given. The mean values obtained with both methods for the different groups do not differ significantly but the standard deviations and the coefficients of variation observed by the microchromatography are generally higher. Microchromatography in Pasteur pipets tends to overestimate low and normal Hb A2 concentrations and to underestimate high Hb A2 concentrations. The results of microchromatography are more significant for the diagnosis when Hb A2 concentrations are expressed in weight hemoglobin per volume of blood and not in percentages. The microchromatographic procedure was recently marketed. The results obtained with the commercial columns were in good correlation with those obtained with starch-block electrophoresis, but commercial columns give a 18% overestimation of the Hb A2 concentrations.", "PMID": 105535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6768", "title": "Thrombocytopenic episodes in patients with well-functioning renal allografts. Inverse relationship between platelet count and platelet size pointing to intermittent platelet destruction.", "content": "20 out of 50 patients with well-funcioning renal allograft displayed at least one platelet count below 110 X 10(9)/1 (mean -2 SD of controls). For estimation of platelet production during thrombocytopenic episodes, the percentage of large platelets in the peripheral blood was determined which revealed an inverse relationship (p less than 0.01) to the platelet count, indicating that these thrombocytopenias were due to increased platelet consumption. Immunosuppressive treatment as well as rejection processes could be excluded as major pathogenetic factors whereas anti-platelet autoantibodies may contribute to this phenomenon.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenic episodes in patients with well-functioning renal allografts. Inverse relationship between platelet count and platelet size pointing to intermittent platelet destruction. 20 out of 50 patients with well-funcioning renal allograft displayed at least one platelet count below 110 X 10(9)/1 (mean -2 SD of controls). For estimation of platelet production during thrombocytopenic episodes, the percentage of large platelets in the peripheral blood was determined which revealed an inverse relationship (p less than 0.01) to the platelet count, indicating that these thrombocytopenias were due to increased platelet consumption. Immunosuppressive treatment as well as rejection processes could be excluded as major pathogenetic factors whereas anti-platelet autoantibodies may contribute to this phenomenon.", "PMID": 105536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6769", "title": "Hematological and hemoglobin synthesis studies in a family with deltabeta-thalassemia trait.", "content": "A Basque Spanish family with heterozygous deltabeta-thalassemia is described. Patients with this anomaly usually present hematological findings observed in classical beta-thalassemia, but clinical conditions and unbalanced chain synthesis are less severe. Our propositus, however, presented clinical and biosynthetic data similar to those described in thalassemia intermedia. A family study was also performed.", "contents": "Hematological and hemoglobin synthesis studies in a family with deltabeta-thalassemia trait. A Basque Spanish family with heterozygous deltabeta-thalassemia is described. Patients with this anomaly usually present hematological findings observed in classical beta-thalassemia, but clinical conditions and unbalanced chain synthesis are less severe. Our propositus, however, presented clinical and biosynthetic data similar to those described in thalassemia intermedia. A family study was also performed.", "PMID": 105537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6770", "title": "Hb Bart's and its significance in the South African Negro.", "content": "The haematological indices of cord bloods from 430 South African Negro babies were determined by electronic cell counting and their haemoglobin (Hb) patterns examined by alkaline cellulose acetate electrophoresis. A fast-moving, anodal band, identified as Hb Bart's, was found in 7 (1,6%) of the specimens, this being the lowest incidence of the variant yet found in an indigenous African population. The levels of Hb Bart's ranged from 1.3 to 5.5% of the haemoglobin. These findings were confirmed by alkaline-starch gel electrophoresis and at the same time absence of the slow-moving haemoglobin, Hb Constant Spring was established. Subsequent follow-up of 4 of the infants at 4 months of postnatal life showed that the abnormal component had disappeared. The babies with Hb Bart's had a marked microcytosis and low mean corpuscular haemoglobin levels whilst their parents showed no haematological or electrophoretic signs of alpha-thalassaemia. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of previously reported studies on various Negro groups.", "contents": "Hb Bart's and its significance in the South African Negro. The haematological indices of cord bloods from 430 South African Negro babies were determined by electronic cell counting and their haemoglobin (Hb) patterns examined by alkaline cellulose acetate electrophoresis. A fast-moving, anodal band, identified as Hb Bart's, was found in 7 (1,6%) of the specimens, this being the lowest incidence of the variant yet found in an indigenous African population. The levels of Hb Bart's ranged from 1.3 to 5.5% of the haemoglobin. These findings were confirmed by alkaline-starch gel electrophoresis and at the same time absence of the slow-moving haemoglobin, Hb Constant Spring was established. Subsequent follow-up of 4 of the infants at 4 months of postnatal life showed that the abnormal component had disappeared. The babies with Hb Bart's had a marked microcytosis and low mean corpuscular haemoglobin levels whilst their parents showed no haematological or electrophoretic signs of alpha-thalassaemia. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of previously reported studies on various Negro groups.", "PMID": 105538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6771", "title": "Occurrence of haemoglobin Norfolk (alpha2 57 (E6) Gly leads to Asp beta2) at the level of 33% in an Italian family from Calabria.", "content": "An abnormal, fast-moving haemoglobin was observed in 5 healthy subjects of a family from Calabria (southern Italy). In all these carriers the abnormal haemoglobin, which structural studies identified as Hb Norfolk (alpha2 57 (E6) Gly leads to Asp beta2) [4], occurs at a level averaging 33% of the total haemoglobin. Biosynthetic studies showed no evidence for unbalance of the globin chain synthetic ratio. In order to account for the observed percentages of Hb Norfolk, current concepts about the alpha-globin chain genetic system are reviewed, and different genic arrangements which would be in agreement with the experimental findings are discussed.", "contents": "Occurrence of haemoglobin Norfolk (alpha2 57 (E6) Gly leads to Asp beta2) at the level of 33% in an Italian family from Calabria. An abnormal, fast-moving haemoglobin was observed in 5 healthy subjects of a family from Calabria (southern Italy). In all these carriers the abnormal haemoglobin, which structural studies identified as Hb Norfolk (alpha2 57 (E6) Gly leads to Asp beta2) [4], occurs at a level averaging 33% of the total haemoglobin. Biosynthetic studies showed no evidence for unbalance of the globin chain synthetic ratio. In order to account for the observed percentages of Hb Norfolk, current concepts about the alpha-globin chain genetic system are reviewed, and different genic arrangements which would be in agreement with the experimental findings are discussed.", "PMID": 105539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6772", "title": "Inherited bleeding syndromes in Jordan.", "content": "This paper presents data on the occurrence and pattern of inherited bleeding syndromes (IBS) in Jordan, a hitherto unexplored problem. In 1978, during the first 12 months of a prospective study at a major medical center, 91 patients from 51 families were diagnosed as having IBS. All patients were referred because of moderate-to-severe bleeding diatheses; they included 52 hemophiliacs, 27 patients with von Willebrand's disease, 4 with hemophilia B (IX-deficit), 2 with afibrinogenemia, 1 with prothrombin deficiency, and 4 were thought to have platelet dysfunction. The clinical and laboratory features of the patients observed in Jordan do not seem to be significantly different from those of patients in Western Europe or North America.", "contents": "Inherited bleeding syndromes in Jordan. This paper presents data on the occurrence and pattern of inherited bleeding syndromes (IBS) in Jordan, a hitherto unexplored problem. In 1978, during the first 12 months of a prospective study at a major medical center, 91 patients from 51 families were diagnosed as having IBS. All patients were referred because of moderate-to-severe bleeding diatheses; they included 52 hemophiliacs, 27 patients with von Willebrand's disease, 4 with hemophilia B (IX-deficit), 2 with afibrinogenemia, 1 with prothrombin deficiency, and 4 were thought to have platelet dysfunction. The clinical and laboratory features of the patients observed in Jordan do not seem to be significantly different from those of patients in Western Europe or North America.", "PMID": 105540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6773", "title": "Amydopyrine pancytopenia: detection of leucocytotoxic antibodies by a 51Cr-release test.", "content": "Amydopyrine is known to cause agranulocytosis by an immunological mechanism [2]. However, pancytopenia due to amydopyrine is extremely rare and usually mild and transient [3]. This report describes a patient with severe pancytopenia presumably due to amydopyrine sensitivity. Granulocytotoxic and lymphocytotoxic antibodies were detected in the patient's serum using a 51Cr-release test.", "contents": "Amydopyrine pancytopenia: detection of leucocytotoxic antibodies by a 51Cr-release test. Amydopyrine is known to cause agranulocytosis by an immunological mechanism [2]. However, pancytopenia due to amydopyrine is extremely rare and usually mild and transient [3]. This report describes a patient with severe pancytopenia presumably due to amydopyrine sensitivity. Granulocytotoxic and lymphocytotoxic antibodies were detected in the patient's serum using a 51Cr-release test.", "PMID": 105541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6774", "title": "The preparation of 59Fe-labelled transferrin of high radioactivity for ferrokinetic studies on small laboratory animals.", "content": "A modified method of Cavill for the separation of the complex of isotopically labelled iron and transferrin from unbound iron residues is described. The method employing an ion exchanger permits to obtain preparations with a high radioactivity per volume unit of solution, which is necessary for carrying out ferrokinetic studies on small laboratory animals.", "contents": "The preparation of 59Fe-labelled transferrin of high radioactivity for ferrokinetic studies on small laboratory animals. A modified method of Cavill for the separation of the complex of isotopically labelled iron and transferrin from unbound iron residues is described. The method employing an ion exchanger permits to obtain preparations with a high radioactivity per volume unit of solution, which is necessary for carrying out ferrokinetic studies on small laboratory animals.", "PMID": 105542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6775", "title": "Primary plasmacytoma of lymph nodes. A case report.", "content": "Most plasmacytomas of lymph nodes are secondary metastases from myeloma or from primary plasmacytoma of the upper air passages. Primary plasmacytomas of lymph nodes are very rare. A case of primary plasmacytoma of mediastinal, cervical and para-aortic lymph nodes is reported. Bence Jones proteinuria of 8 g/24 h was present. Repeated bone marrow examinations were normal. When the patient died, 17 months after the first symptoms, the bone marrow was still not involved.", "contents": "Primary plasmacytoma of lymph nodes. A case report. Most plasmacytomas of lymph nodes are secondary metastases from myeloma or from primary plasmacytoma of the upper air passages. Primary plasmacytomas of lymph nodes are very rare. A case of primary plasmacytoma of mediastinal, cervical and para-aortic lymph nodes is reported. Bence Jones proteinuria of 8 g/24 h was present. Repeated bone marrow examinations were normal. When the patient died, 17 months after the first symptoms, the bone marrow was still not involved.", "PMID": 105545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6776", "title": "Platelet dysfunction in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency.", "content": "10 cases of pernicious anaemia are reported in which 6 had abnormal aggregation with epinephrine, 3 with fibrinogen, 2 with ADP, and 2 with ristocetin. 5 patients had thrombocytopenia and 3 of these had a prolongation of the bleeding time. These abnormalities were normalized after vitamin B12 treatment. After treatment, platelet size changed toward a smaller diameter, but platelet size, however, was not significantly different from the normal platelet size distribution.", "contents": "Platelet dysfunction in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. 10 cases of pernicious anaemia are reported in which 6 had abnormal aggregation with epinephrine, 3 with fibrinogen, 2 with ADP, and 2 with ristocetin. 5 patients had thrombocytopenia and 3 of these had a prolongation of the bleeding time. These abnormalities were normalized after vitamin B12 treatment. After treatment, platelet size changed toward a smaller diameter, but platelet size, however, was not significantly different from the normal platelet size distribution.", "PMID": 105547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6777", "title": "Diagnostic value of leucocytic acid-phosphatase isoenzymes in determining cytological types of non-lymphoid acute leukaemias.", "content": "The normal isoenzymatic pattern of leucocytic acid-phosphatase based on the study of 150 haematologically normal individuals is reported. The different pathologic patterns of the leucocytic acid-phosphatase isoenzymes occurring in non-lymphoblastic acute leukaemias are presented and correlated with the subdivisions of acute leukaemias established by the French-American-British (FAB) Co-operative Group. This study is considered to be especially useful in identifying pure acute monocytic leukaemias corresponding to subtype M5 of the FAB as well as acute erythraemias with unusual cytological and cytochemical features.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of leucocytic acid-phosphatase isoenzymes in determining cytological types of non-lymphoid acute leukaemias. The normal isoenzymatic pattern of leucocytic acid-phosphatase based on the study of 150 haematologically normal individuals is reported. The different pathologic patterns of the leucocytic acid-phosphatase isoenzymes occurring in non-lymphoblastic acute leukaemias are presented and correlated with the subdivisions of acute leukaemias established by the French-American-British (FAB) Co-operative Group. This study is considered to be especially useful in identifying pure acute monocytic leukaemias corresponding to subtype M5 of the FAB as well as acute erythraemias with unusual cytological and cytochemical features.", "PMID": 105548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6778", "title": "A long-term follow-up study in essential cryoglobulinemia.", "content": "In a case series of 56 patients with essential cryoglobulinemia, 35 were followed-up for 4-13 years (mean 7 years). A membranous proliferative glomerulonephritis, which in about half the cases showed a progression to renal insufficiency, was the commonest complication, observed in more than one third of the patients. In 2 patients hepatic cirrhosis became manifest after a completely asymptomatic period and in 2 others a lymphoproliferative disease appeared 2 and 8 years after the onset of purpura. In 51% of patients the intial clinical pattern did not change. In searching for a correlation between the development of nephropathy and cryoglobulin characteristics, none was demonstrated studying the cryoglobulin level, the presence of autoantibody and the complement components.", "contents": "A long-term follow-up study in essential cryoglobulinemia. In a case series of 56 patients with essential cryoglobulinemia, 35 were followed-up for 4-13 years (mean 7 years). A membranous proliferative glomerulonephritis, which in about half the cases showed a progression to renal insufficiency, was the commonest complication, observed in more than one third of the patients. In 2 patients hepatic cirrhosis became manifest after a completely asymptomatic period and in 2 others a lymphoproliferative disease appeared 2 and 8 years after the onset of purpura. In 51% of patients the intial clinical pattern did not change. In searching for a correlation between the development of nephropathy and cryoglobulin characteristics, none was demonstrated studying the cryoglobulin level, the presence of autoantibody and the complement components.", "PMID": 105549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6779", "title": "Catalases and peroxidases histochemical detection; techniques suitable to discriminate these enzymes.", "content": "By using the benzidine reaction, on filter paper strips loaded with catalases, peroxidases, porphyrins, haemic iron compounds and iron salts, it was possible to establish 2 histochemical techniques able to detect and discriminate catalases and peroxidases. Spot test analytical studies show that only peroxidases oxidize benzidine in presence of a 0.0015 M H2O2 final concentration into the incubation medium. If a 0.0035 M H2O2 final concentration is used both peroxidases and haemic iron were able to oxidize benzidine. At a 0.01 M H2O2 final concentration the oxidative property of catalases become apparent and therefore at this H2O2 concentration either peroxidases or haemic iron, as well as catalases could be detected. By increasing the H2O2 concentration into the incubation medium, when a 4M concentration was chosen to detect histochemically catalases without any peroxidases interference. Using 0.0015 M and 4 M H2O2 final concentrations into the incubation medium it is possible to discriminate histochemically catalases and peroxidases. Several inhibitors of catalases and peroxidases were used as an attempt to try a specific inhibition of only one of these enzymes. It  was demonstrated that the use of inhibitors does not help the histochemical discrimination between catalases and peroxidases.", "contents": "Catalases and peroxidases histochemical detection; techniques suitable to discriminate these enzymes. By using the benzidine reaction, on filter paper strips loaded with catalases, peroxidases, porphyrins, haemic iron compounds and iron salts, it was possible to establish 2 histochemical techniques able to detect and discriminate catalases and peroxidases. Spot test analytical studies show that only peroxidases oxidize benzidine in presence of a 0.0015 M H2O2 final concentration into the incubation medium. If a 0.0035 M H2O2 final concentration is used both peroxidases and haemic iron were able to oxidize benzidine. At a 0.01 M H2O2 final concentration the oxidative property of catalases become apparent and therefore at this H2O2 concentration either peroxidases or haemic iron, as well as catalases could be detected. By increasing the H2O2 concentration into the incubation medium, when a 4M concentration was chosen to detect histochemically catalases without any peroxidases interference. Using 0.0015 M and 4 M H2O2 final concentrations into the incubation medium it is possible to discriminate histochemically catalases and peroxidases. Several inhibitors of catalases and peroxidases were used as an attempt to try a specific inhibition of only one of these enzymes. It  was demonstrated that the use of inhibitors does not help the histochemical discrimination between catalases and peroxidases.", "PMID": 105550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6780", "title": "[Pulse cytophotometrical investigations about the resistance of DNA against acid hydrolysis influenced by ageing and cortisol (author's transl)].", "content": "The resistance of nuclear chromatin against acid hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid was studied in cell nuclei of different organs from young and old rats and after application of cortisol. Suspensions of cell nuclei from liver, spleen, kidney, heart muscle and mucosa from small intestine were stained with ethidium bromide without and after hydrolysis. The relative fluorescence intensity (FI) of every pair was measured by flow through cytophotometry. Always the FI of the diploid peaks of the hydrolysed samples was diminished. The resistance against hydrolysis was greater in old animals than in young. After application of cortisol in vivo in all organs, except in the liver, the resistance against hydrolysis was increased. Only the nuclei of liver from old animals showed a diminution of resistance after cortisol. It is assumed, that the greater resistance in age is due to the diminished functional ability of the nuclear chromatin. In the most organs, the inhibitory activity of cortisol to the cell metabolism is known, only in the liver cell it stimulates the synthesis of RNA and protein. This is in agreement with our findings.", "contents": "[Pulse cytophotometrical investigations about the resistance of DNA against acid hydrolysis influenced by ageing and cortisol (author's transl)]. The resistance of nuclear chromatin against acid hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid was studied in cell nuclei of different organs from young and old rats and after application of cortisol. Suspensions of cell nuclei from liver, spleen, kidney, heart muscle and mucosa from small intestine were stained with ethidium bromide without and after hydrolysis. The relative fluorescence intensity (FI) of every pair was measured by flow through cytophotometry. Always the FI of the diploid peaks of the hydrolysed samples was diminished. The resistance against hydrolysis was greater in old animals than in young. After application of cortisol in vivo in all organs, except in the liver, the resistance against hydrolysis was increased. Only the nuclei of liver from old animals showed a diminution of resistance after cortisol. It is assumed, that the greater resistance in age is due to the diminished functional ability of the nuclear chromatin. In the most organs, the inhibitory activity of cortisol to the cell metabolism is known, only in the liver cell it stimulates the synthesis of RNA and protein. This is in agreement with our findings.", "PMID": 105551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6781", "title": "Topochemistry of trace metals in nasal mucosa. Potentialities of some histochemical methods and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis.", "content": "Histochemical methods and energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis (EDX-analysis) were evaluated in model experiments and on tissue sections for their usefulness in detecting traces of metals in biological tissue. The goal for this study was to establish a method for localization of nickel deposits in the nasal mucosa, where it has been found in concentrations between 1 and 40 microgram/g in nickel exposed individuals. The histochemical methods tested were staining with dimethylglyoxime, rubeanic acid and dithizone, the Turnbull and Prussian blue methods and TIMM'S sulphide silver procedure. In model experiments nickel-, cobalt-, copper-, zinc- and ironsalts were applied to thin-layer chromatography sheets (TLC-sheets) and stained by the histochemical methods. Spots containing 500 and 50 ng of these metals represented the smallest amounts that could consistently be detected in these experiments, except for the sulphide silver method which seemed a little more sensitive. With the latter method, moreover, zinc was detected in 40 micrometer thick cryostat sections of gelatine made up with 1 microgram/g of the metal. For nickel the corresponding figure was 10 to 50 microgram/g. On specimens of nasal mucosa from nickel-exposed workers, a faint colour was obtained in 40 micron thick cryostat sections from specimens that had been immersed in dithizone, but the colour was too weak for histological analysis. None of the other coloured chelating agents caused noticeable staining when applied to blocks or to cryostat sections. TIMM'S sulphide silver method caused strong staining of the basal layers of the surface epithelium and of fibroblast-like cells in the underlying connective tissue. This staining pattern is described in more detail in a separate report. Rat liver tissue was analyzed by atomic absorption before and after araldite embedding. Blocks of gelatine made up with nickel, copper, zinc and iron were embedded in epoxy resin and analyzed by atomic absorption. Large changes in the metal concentrations, usually an increase, were found after embedding. Ultrathin sections from this material were used to test the sensitivity of the EDX-equipment. Referring to the concentrations determined by atomic absorption in the embedded material, iron was detected at 1215 microgram/g and 362 microgram/g (gelatine standards) but not at 167 microgram/g (rat liver). Similar values could not be determined for nickel, copper or zinc, because of background radiation resulting from the presence of these metals in the instrument. We did not succeed in establishing a procedure for detecting nickel deposits in nasal mucosa with any of the methods which were tested. The most sensitive but least specific of the tested methods for visualizing heavy metals in the nasal mucosa, was TIMM'S sulphide silver procedure. The preparation of tissue for this method is discussed.", "contents": "Topochemistry of trace metals in nasal mucosa. Potentialities of some histochemical methods and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Histochemical methods and energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis (EDX-analysis) were evaluated in model experiments and on tissue sections for their usefulness in detecting traces of metals in biological tissue. The goal for this study was to establish a method for localization of nickel deposits in the nasal mucosa, where it has been found in concentrations between 1 and 40 microgram/g in nickel exposed individuals. The histochemical methods tested were staining with dimethylglyoxime, rubeanic acid and dithizone, the Turnbull and Prussian blue methods and TIMM'S sulphide silver procedure. In model experiments nickel-, cobalt-, copper-, zinc- and ironsalts were applied to thin-layer chromatography sheets (TLC-sheets) and stained by the histochemical methods. Spots containing 500 and 50 ng of these metals represented the smallest amounts that could consistently be detected in these experiments, except for the sulphide silver method which seemed a little more sensitive. With the latter method, moreover, zinc was detected in 40 micrometer thick cryostat sections of gelatine made up with 1 microgram/g of the metal. For nickel the corresponding figure was 10 to 50 microgram/g. On specimens of nasal mucosa from nickel-exposed workers, a faint colour was obtained in 40 micron thick cryostat sections from specimens that had been immersed in dithizone, but the colour was too weak for histological analysis. None of the other coloured chelating agents caused noticeable staining when applied to blocks or to cryostat sections. TIMM'S sulphide silver method caused strong staining of the basal layers of the surface epithelium and of fibroblast-like cells in the underlying connective tissue. This staining pattern is described in more detail in a separate report. Rat liver tissue was analyzed by atomic absorption before and after araldite embedding. Blocks of gelatine made up with nickel, copper, zinc and iron were embedded in epoxy resin and analyzed by atomic absorption. Large changes in the metal concentrations, usually an increase, were found after embedding. Ultrathin sections from this material were used to test the sensitivity of the EDX-equipment. Referring to the concentrations determined by atomic absorption in the embedded material, iron was detected at 1215 microgram/g and 362 microgram/g (gelatine standards) but not at 167 microgram/g (rat liver). Similar values could not be determined for nickel, copper or zinc, because of background radiation resulting from the presence of these metals in the instrument. We did not succeed in establishing a procedure for detecting nickel deposits in nasal mucosa with any of the methods which were tested. The most sensitive but least specific of the tested methods for visualizing heavy metals in the nasal mucosa, was TIMM'S sulphide silver procedure. The preparation of tissue for this method is discussed.", "PMID": 105552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6782", "title": "[The catecholaminergic connections of the visual system of the albino rat (author's transl)].", "content": "By using the glyoxylic acid method of DE LA Torre and Surgeon (1976), occurrence, distribution and origin of catecholamines were investigated in the visual system of the albino rat. A dense network of green fluorescent terminals and preterminals could be detected in the dLGN. The spreading of terminals of catecholaminergic fibres had been observed in laminae I and II of the visual cortex. Investigation of lamina I with the Golgi-Kopsch method showed axons the thickness of which was below 1 micron, and with varicosities with a distance of approximately 3.5 micron, having a diameter of 2 to 4 micron. These axons might be identical with the fluorescent-histochemically represented terminals. Taking into account the course of catecholaminergic axons it can be concluded that the pyramidal cells of the neocortex, the spiny dendrites of which are heavily branched in the lamina I, are affected. After application of horseradish-peroxidase in the dLGN labelled cells have been found in the locus coeruleus (A6) only. After application of the enzyme in the visual cortex, labelled cells have been observed in the nuclei A 6 and A2. The pathway of catecholaminergic axons from the nucleus of origin to the terminal regions was investigated using the \"false transmitter\" 6-OH-DA. The results can be seen in a diagram.", "contents": "[The catecholaminergic connections of the visual system of the albino rat (author's transl)]. By using the glyoxylic acid method of DE LA Torre and Surgeon (1976), occurrence, distribution and origin of catecholamines were investigated in the visual system of the albino rat. A dense network of green fluorescent terminals and preterminals could be detected in the dLGN. The spreading of terminals of catecholaminergic fibres had been observed in laminae I and II of the visual cortex. Investigation of lamina I with the Golgi-Kopsch method showed axons the thickness of which was below 1 micron, and with varicosities with a distance of approximately 3.5 micron, having a diameter of 2 to 4 micron. These axons might be identical with the fluorescent-histochemically represented terminals. Taking into account the course of catecholaminergic axons it can be concluded that the pyramidal cells of the neocortex, the spiny dendrites of which are heavily branched in the lamina I, are affected. After application of horseradish-peroxidase in the dLGN labelled cells have been found in the locus coeruleus (A6) only. After application of the enzyme in the visual cortex, labelled cells have been observed in the nuclei A 6 and A2. The pathway of catecholaminergic axons from the nucleus of origin to the terminal regions was investigated using the \"false transmitter\" 6-OH-DA. The results can be seen in a diagram.", "PMID": 105553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6783", "title": "The distribution of disulfide-groups in Descemet's membrane, lens capsule, and zonular fibers.", "content": "Zonular fibers contain large quantities of disulfide-groups which histochemically can be demonstrated after thiosulfation or reduction with sodium thioglycollate. Zonular fibers share these staining behaviours with oxytalan fibers and elastic fiber microfibrils. Smaller amounts of disulfide-groups can be demonstrated when visualized by means of the thioglycollate/ferric-ferricyanide method. Diffusion of acidic staining solutions seems to be limited in Descemet's membrane and in the lens capsule: only surfaces of these membranes become reactive after thiosulfation. It is assumed that the distribution of disulfide-groups in Descemet's membrane and in the lens capsule shows the distribution of type IV collagen.", "contents": "The distribution of disulfide-groups in Descemet's membrane, lens capsule, and zonular fibers. Zonular fibers contain large quantities of disulfide-groups which histochemically can be demonstrated after thiosulfation or reduction with sodium thioglycollate. Zonular fibers share these staining behaviours with oxytalan fibers and elastic fiber microfibrils. Smaller amounts of disulfide-groups can be demonstrated when visualized by means of the thioglycollate/ferric-ferricyanide method. Diffusion of acidic staining solutions seems to be limited in Descemet's membrane and in the lens capsule: only surfaces of these membranes become reactive after thiosulfation. It is assumed that the distribution of disulfide-groups in Descemet's membrane and in the lens capsule shows the distribution of type IV collagen.", "PMID": 105554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6784", "title": "[Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate on development of the in vitro cultivated explants of the cerebrocortex of neonatal rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Explants of the cerebrocortex of neonatal rats were cultivated up to 15 DIV in addition to 5-hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate at the final concentration of 0.1 mM. Fluorescence histochemical investigations were accomplished with a modified glyoxylic acid \"heat reaction\" according to Lindvall and Bj\u00f6rklund (1974). Depending on the duration of the cultivation and/or influence of the 5-hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate in varied fiber and cell elements of the explants varied effects were found. The retardation of the growth was striking. Yellow-greenish fluorescence is interpreted as a fluorescence of the metabolic substances of the serotonin. Cells with a brownish-yellow fluorescence typical of 5-hydroxytryptamine after treatment with glyoxylic acid in the centre of the explants were found. Analogous to the findings of the neuroembryology in different species in situ the results were interpreted with respect to role of the neurotransmitters as modulators of the neurogenesis.", "contents": "[Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate on development of the in vitro cultivated explants of the cerebrocortex of neonatal rats (author's transl)]. Explants of the cerebrocortex of neonatal rats were cultivated up to 15 DIV in addition to 5-hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate at the final concentration of 0.1 mM. Fluorescence histochemical investigations were accomplished with a modified glyoxylic acid \"heat reaction\" according to Lindvall and Bj\u00f6rklund (1974). Depending on the duration of the cultivation and/or influence of the 5-hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate in varied fiber and cell elements of the explants varied effects were found. The retardation of the growth was striking. Yellow-greenish fluorescence is interpreted as a fluorescence of the metabolic substances of the serotonin. Cells with a brownish-yellow fluorescence typical of 5-hydroxytryptamine after treatment with glyoxylic acid in the centre of the explants were found. Analogous to the findings of the neuroembryology in different species in situ the results were interpreted with respect to role of the neurotransmitters as modulators of the neurogenesis.", "PMID": 105555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6785", "title": "[The immunhistochemical investigation of trypsin and trypsin-like-activity in the small intestine, pancreas and isolated Langerhans islets. A light-, fluorescent- and electron microscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of the indirect immunofluorescence and immunenzyme technique trypsin and trypsin-like activity in fixed cryostate sections of pancreas and gut and pellets of isolated pancreatic islets respectively were investigated using specific antiserum against trypsin. The enzyme was demonstrated in the cytoplasma of the acinus cells, the epithel cell of the intercalated ducts and the excretory (interlobular) ducts of the exocrine pancreas. By light and fluorescence microscopy we could also localize a high activity in pancreatic islets. Results taken from electron microscope show the enzyme in the region of the peripheral endoplasmatic reticulum, the surface of the mitochondria, the zymogen granules of the acinus cells and in the region of the membranes of the endoplasmatic reticulum and in the granules of the B-cells of the pancreatic islets. These results are discussed in correlation with biochemical data concerning the importance of trypsin/trypsin-like activity in the specific conversion of prohormones into hormones.", "contents": "[The immunhistochemical investigation of trypsin and trypsin-like-activity in the small intestine, pancreas and isolated Langerhans islets. A light-, fluorescent- and electron microscopic study (author's transl)]. By means of the indirect immunofluorescence and immunenzyme technique trypsin and trypsin-like activity in fixed cryostate sections of pancreas and gut and pellets of isolated pancreatic islets respectively were investigated using specific antiserum against trypsin. The enzyme was demonstrated in the cytoplasma of the acinus cells, the epithel cell of the intercalated ducts and the excretory (interlobular) ducts of the exocrine pancreas. By light and fluorescence microscopy we could also localize a high activity in pancreatic islets. Results taken from electron microscope show the enzyme in the region of the peripheral endoplasmatic reticulum, the surface of the mitochondria, the zymogen granules of the acinus cells and in the region of the membranes of the endoplasmatic reticulum and in the granules of the B-cells of the pancreatic islets. These results are discussed in correlation with biochemical data concerning the importance of trypsin/trypsin-like activity in the specific conversion of prohormones into hormones.", "PMID": 105556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6786", "title": "Tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase in blood cells and in hematopoietic organs of different vertebrate species.", "content": "Some general aspects in cytochemical demonstration of the tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, concerning the final reaction product, are studied. Steady and variable factors are detected in a comparative study of Vertebrate hemopoiesis: the enzyme exhibits peculiar features in different cell types. The reactivity progressively decrease in the erythropoietic series, in concomitance with hemoglobin synthesis.  Conversely an increase in the intensity of reaction is found in the granulocytopoietic series; the correspondence of positive material with the specific (eosinophil and heterophil) granulations can be discussed. The thrombocytopoietic series is also labelled by this reaction.", "contents": "Tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase in blood cells and in hematopoietic organs of different vertebrate species. Some general aspects in cytochemical demonstration of the tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, concerning the final reaction product, are studied. Steady and variable factors are detected in a comparative study of Vertebrate hemopoiesis: the enzyme exhibits peculiar features in different cell types. The reactivity progressively decrease in the erythropoietic series, in concomitance with hemoglobin synthesis.  Conversely an increase in the intensity of reaction is found in the granulocytopoietic series; the correspondence of positive material with the specific (eosinophil and heterophil) granulations can be discussed. The thrombocytopoietic series is also labelled by this reaction.", "PMID": 105557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6787", "title": "Nuclear pore complexes in cells of the developing mouse cerebral cortex.", "content": "The nuclear pore complexes of cells of the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex of mice were studied by freeze-etch technique. The nuclear membrane was found to be randomly penetrated by typical octagonal pore complexes in all age groups studied. The density of pores (per micron2) amounted to 7.8, 14.0, 17.0, 18.1 and 14.1 on the 18th to 20th embryonic and the 8th, 15th, 50th and 180th postnatal day respectively. The total number of pores per nucleus increases 5.2 times from the 18th to 20th prenatal to the 15th postnatal day and then decreases toward the 180th postnatal day (1257, 6582 and 3385 pores per nucleus respectively). The density of pores in cells of brain cortex, found in young adult mice is relatively high, if compared with other cell types.", "contents": "Nuclear pore complexes in cells of the developing mouse cerebral cortex. The nuclear pore complexes of cells of the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex of mice were studied by freeze-etch technique. The nuclear membrane was found to be randomly penetrated by typical octagonal pore complexes in all age groups studied. The density of pores (per micron2) amounted to 7.8, 14.0, 17.0, 18.1 and 14.1 on the 18th to 20th embryonic and the 8th, 15th, 50th and 180th postnatal day respectively. The total number of pores per nucleus increases 5.2 times from the 18th to 20th prenatal to the 15th postnatal day and then decreases toward the 180th postnatal day (1257, 6582 and 3385 pores per nucleus respectively). The density of pores in cells of brain cortex, found in young adult mice is relatively high, if compared with other cell types.", "PMID": 105558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6788", "title": "[Some notes on the specifity of the fluorescence histochemical demonstration of GABA (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of the GABA in the Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum was demonstrated by means of modified fluorescence histochemical method according to WOLMAN (1971). Three types of Purkinje cells, with respect to their fluorescence intensity and GABA distribution, were evident. The GABA-fluorescence was strikingly by pharmacological pretreatment. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide, Penicillamine and Chlorpromazine cause a granulation and marked reduction of the fluorescence compound, being normally homogeneous.", "contents": "[Some notes on the specifity of the fluorescence histochemical demonstration of GABA (author's transl)]. The distribution of the GABA in the Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum was demonstrated by means of modified fluorescence histochemical method according to WOLMAN (1971). Three types of Purkinje cells, with respect to their fluorescence intensity and GABA distribution, were evident. The GABA-fluorescence was strikingly by pharmacological pretreatment. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide, Penicillamine and Chlorpromazine cause a granulation and marked reduction of the fluorescence compound, being normally homogeneous.", "PMID": 105559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6789", "title": "Testing of the course of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the germinative zones of the CNS of embryonal and early postnatal rats by means of the gel reaction for the histochemical demonstration of the thiamine-pyrophosphatase. Histochemical and autoradiographical study.", "content": "Using the histochemical reaction for the demonstration of TPPase the shape and distribution of the Golgi apparatus (GA) of the ventricular zones of the CNS of rats was studied during embryonal and postnatal development. In the cells of the ventricular zone of the spinal cord, the Hypothalamus, the Thalamus, the N. caudatus and the Cerebral cortex two forms of GA can be distinguished: Form 1 GA has the shape of small rods or grains placed in the ventricular process of the cell at various distances from the nucleus. In the spinal cord and the Hypothalamus the 1st form correlates with the period of neuroblastic production, and the same correlation probably exists in other regions of the CNS also. Form 2 GA is in sequence with form 1; it is characterized by a large beam shape, situated supranuclearly near to the nucleus. The relation of form 2 to gliogenesis is discussed. In the alar region of the spinal cord only form 1 GA occurs. The GA of cells of the subventricular zone has on average a lower enzymatic activity than that of the ventricular zone. By day 18 intra uterinam the subventricular cells have the shape of very small grains (1 micron) or are not visible. From day 18 intra uterinam cells with a large GA begin to appear and steadily grow in number until postnatally they form the majority of the subventricular layer. Autoradiographical investigation and a comparison with published data showed that cells without GA and with discrete GA are stem cells and those with a large GA are glioblasts. Glioblasts are arranged in the subventricular zone with the GA pointing in the direction of migration. According to the ratio of glioblasts and stem cells topographical regions can be divided into early, transitional and permanent phases of glioproduction. The gel method of demonstrating TPPase is highly suitable for study of the differentiation of the CNS and for observing the progress of glioproduction.", "contents": "Testing of the course of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the germinative zones of the CNS of embryonal and early postnatal rats by means of the gel reaction for the histochemical demonstration of the thiamine-pyrophosphatase. Histochemical and autoradiographical study. Using the histochemical reaction for the demonstration of TPPase the shape and distribution of the Golgi apparatus (GA) of the ventricular zones of the CNS of rats was studied during embryonal and postnatal development. In the cells of the ventricular zone of the spinal cord, the Hypothalamus, the Thalamus, the N. caudatus and the Cerebral cortex two forms of GA can be distinguished: Form 1 GA has the shape of small rods or grains placed in the ventricular process of the cell at various distances from the nucleus. In the spinal cord and the Hypothalamus the 1st form correlates with the period of neuroblastic production, and the same correlation probably exists in other regions of the CNS also. Form 2 GA is in sequence with form 1; it is characterized by a large beam shape, situated supranuclearly near to the nucleus. The relation of form 2 to gliogenesis is discussed. In the alar region of the spinal cord only form 1 GA occurs. The GA of cells of the subventricular zone has on average a lower enzymatic activity than that of the ventricular zone. By day 18 intra uterinam the subventricular cells have the shape of very small grains (1 micron) or are not visible. From day 18 intra uterinam cells with a large GA begin to appear and steadily grow in number until postnatally they form the majority of the subventricular layer. Autoradiographical investigation and a comparison with published data showed that cells without GA and with discrete GA are stem cells and those with a large GA are glioblasts. Glioblasts are arranged in the subventricular zone with the GA pointing in the direction of migration. According to the ratio of glioblasts and stem cells topographical regions can be divided into early, transitional and permanent phases of glioproduction. The gel method of demonstrating TPPase is highly suitable for study of the differentiation of the CNS and for observing the progress of glioproduction.", "PMID": 105560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6790", "title": "Measurement of reference values for certain proteins in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Reference values are presented for certain cerebrospinal fluid proteins and related indexes, based on determinations carried out on 46 patients with diffuse lower back pain using radial immunodiffusion and electroimmunoassay. A sex difference was noted in total protein and albumin values. The electroimmunoassay method with its sensitivity enhanced by the use of Coomassie Blue staining and optimal antiserum concentrations enabled a reference value to be determined for IgA in cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Measurement of reference values for certain proteins in cerebrospinal fluid. Reference values are presented for certain cerebrospinal fluid proteins and related indexes, based on determinations carried out on 46 patients with diffuse lower back pain using radial immunodiffusion and electroimmunoassay. A sex difference was noted in total protein and albumin values. The electroimmunoassay method with its sensitivity enhanced by the use of Coomassie Blue staining and optimal antiserum concentrations enabled a reference value to be determined for IgA in cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 105562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6791", "title": "Serum concentrations of thyrotropin, thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone-binding proteins during acute and recovery stages of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "A total number of 27 premature infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) and 52 healthy controls with comparable gestational age and body weights were studied during the first month of life. In infants with IRDS a reduced thyrotropin (TSH) response to birth was suggested, as serum TSH was lower in IRDS patients than in controls during the first two days of life. Low serum concentrations of thyroid hormones were found in the acute stage of IRDS reaching minimal values by day 3--5. After that period an increase in thyroid hormone levels occurred. The serum T2 increased to the level of healthy prematures by day 6--10, whereas the serum T4 increased to normal levels by day 21--30. Serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) were significantly lower in IRDS patients than in healthy controls; a gradual increase to normal levels occurred during recovery. Serum prealbumin (TBPA) levels in IRDS infants increased rapidly after birth and exceeded levels of healthy infants. Serum albumin values were not significantly different in the two groups of infants. The serum T4/TBG ratios were low during recovery from IRDS.", "contents": "Serum concentrations of thyrotropin, thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone-binding proteins during acute and recovery stages of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. A total number of 27 premature infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) and 52 healthy controls with comparable gestational age and body weights were studied during the first month of life. In infants with IRDS a reduced thyrotropin (TSH) response to birth was suggested, as serum TSH was lower in IRDS patients than in controls during the first two days of life. Low serum concentrations of thyroid hormones were found in the acute stage of IRDS reaching minimal values by day 3--5. After that period an increase in thyroid hormone levels occurred. The serum T2 increased to the level of healthy prematures by day 6--10, whereas the serum T4 increased to normal levels by day 21--30. Serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) were significantly lower in IRDS patients than in healthy controls; a gradual increase to normal levels occurred during recovery. Serum prealbumin (TBPA) levels in IRDS infants increased rapidly after birth and exceeded levels of healthy infants. Serum albumin values were not significantly different in the two groups of infants. The serum T4/TBG ratios were low during recovery from IRDS.", "PMID": 105563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6792", "title": "Capillary permeability measured by bolus injection, residue and venous detection.", "content": "Kinetic analysis of residue and outflow curves of gamma-emitting indicators such as chromium-51-EDTA and iodide-131-thalamate from skeletal muscle gives the possibility to determine the extraction fraction and the plasma flow, and from these two values the capillary diffusion capacity can be calculated (Sejrsen 1970, preliminary report). This is possible both for the transport from blood to tissue and from tissue to blood. THis alternative method has been compared in the autoperfused cat gastrocnemius preparation with the indicator diffusion method based on venous registration of a diffusible test indicator and an intravascular reference indicator (Chinard et al. 1955, Crone 1963). The results of the five independent measurements show good agreement. Calculation of the permeability Pd based on a capillary surface area of 7 000 cm2/100 g of tissue gives values of 1.05 . 10(-5), 1.10 . 10(-5), and 1.16 . 10(-5) cm/s, which is in agreement with results obtained by other investigators. The permeability was equal in both directions, and thus the capillary membrane seems to function as a symmetrical membrane. Using an area of 5 000 cm2/100 g which presumably is more realistic at the plasma flow range used gives Pd values around 1.5 . 10(-5) cm/s. The effective pore area is calculated to constitute 1/50 000 of the capillary surface area. Calculation of volumes of distribution in the muscle tissue gave intravascular plasma volumes of 1.5 to 2.0 ml/100 g, an extravascular volume of 12.4 and 15.2 ml/100 g and a final monoexponential component constituting a compartment of 5.4 and 7.0 ml/100 g from residue and venous curves, respectively. The last mentioned compartment constitutes nearly 50 per cent of the extravascular space, and it is suggested, that it is located inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which anatomically constitutes about 50 per cent of the interstitial space. The total area of contact between the longitudinal and the transversal tubules in this subsystem, which is the membrane of the lateral saccus, is estimated to about 6 times the capillary surface area at a plasma flow of 15 ml/100 g . min which gives a permeability about 60 times lower for this membrane compared to the capillary membrane.", "contents": "Capillary permeability measured by bolus injection, residue and venous detection. Kinetic analysis of residue and outflow curves of gamma-emitting indicators such as chromium-51-EDTA and iodide-131-thalamate from skeletal muscle gives the possibility to determine the extraction fraction and the plasma flow, and from these two values the capillary diffusion capacity can be calculated (Sejrsen 1970, preliminary report). This is possible both for the transport from blood to tissue and from tissue to blood. THis alternative method has been compared in the autoperfused cat gastrocnemius preparation with the indicator diffusion method based on venous registration of a diffusible test indicator and an intravascular reference indicator (Chinard et al. 1955, Crone 1963). The results of the five independent measurements show good agreement. Calculation of the permeability Pd based on a capillary surface area of 7 000 cm2/100 g of tissue gives values of 1.05 . 10(-5), 1.10 . 10(-5), and 1.16 . 10(-5) cm/s, which is in agreement with results obtained by other investigators. The permeability was equal in both directions, and thus the capillary membrane seems to function as a symmetrical membrane. Using an area of 5 000 cm2/100 g which presumably is more realistic at the plasma flow range used gives Pd values around 1.5 . 10(-5) cm/s. The effective pore area is calculated to constitute 1/50 000 of the capillary surface area. Calculation of volumes of distribution in the muscle tissue gave intravascular plasma volumes of 1.5 to 2.0 ml/100 g, an extravascular volume of 12.4 and 15.2 ml/100 g and a final monoexponential component constituting a compartment of 5.4 and 7.0 ml/100 g from residue and venous curves, respectively. The last mentioned compartment constitutes nearly 50 per cent of the extravascular space, and it is suggested, that it is located inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which anatomically constitutes about 50 per cent of the interstitial space. The total area of contact between the longitudinal and the transversal tubules in this subsystem, which is the membrane of the lateral saccus, is estimated to about 6 times the capillary surface area at a plasma flow of 15 ml/100 g . min which gives a permeability about 60 times lower for this membrane compared to the capillary membrane.", "PMID": 105564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6793", "title": "Angiographic definition of critical coronary artery stenosis.", "content": "In summary, it is hazardous to rely solely on coronary angiography to define critical coronary stenosis. Clinically, the physiologic significance of a narrowing observed at coronary angiography can best be evaluated by obtaining additional evidence of myocardial ischemia, i.e. stress testing with ECG monitoring, resting and exercise isotope perfusion studies or ventriculographic studies. However, when evaluating coronary angiograms for critical coronary stenosis, several points are worth considering. First, a long narrowing will decrease coronary blood flow more than a short narrowing of the same severity. Second, sequential narrowings will decrease coronary blood flow more than a single narrowing of the same total length. Third, a long narrowing can be estimated more accurately than a short narrowing. Fourth, caliper measurements of coronary artery narrowings are more accurate than subjective estimation, and fifth, coronary artery dilators may increase the percentage narrowing in some cases. The complex effects of percent stenosis and length of stenosis on the physiology of coronary blood flow must always be considered when evaluating angiograms. In addition, the angiographic or photographic artifacts produced by short narrowings tend to overestimate the percent stenosis and, thus, calipers should be used to measure percent stenosis, especially in the short narrowings.", "contents": "Angiographic definition of critical coronary artery stenosis. In summary, it is hazardous to rely solely on coronary angiography to define critical coronary stenosis. Clinically, the physiologic significance of a narrowing observed at coronary angiography can best be evaluated by obtaining additional evidence of myocardial ischemia, i.e. stress testing with ECG monitoring, resting and exercise isotope perfusion studies or ventriculographic studies. However, when evaluating coronary angiograms for critical coronary stenosis, several points are worth considering. First, a long narrowing will decrease coronary blood flow more than a short narrowing of the same severity. Second, sequential narrowings will decrease coronary blood flow more than a single narrowing of the same total length. Third, a long narrowing can be estimated more accurately than a short narrowing. Fourth, caliper measurements of coronary artery narrowings are more accurate than subjective estimation, and fifth, coronary artery dilators may increase the percentage narrowing in some cases. The complex effects of percent stenosis and length of stenosis on the physiology of coronary blood flow must always be considered when evaluating angiograms. In addition, the angiographic or photographic artifacts produced by short narrowings tend to overestimate the percent stenosis and, thus, calipers should be used to measure percent stenosis, especially in the short narrowings.", "PMID": 105566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6794", "title": "Further evidence for a role of secretory component (SC) and J chain in the glandular transport of IgA.", "content": "These studies support the transport model depicted in Figure 3: Incorporation of J chains into dimeric IgA induces a configurational fit allowing complexing of IgA with SC available in the plasma membrane of serous secretory epithelial cells. This complexing on the surface of the cell stimulates pinocytosis, and the completed secretory IgA molecules are transported in cytoplasmic vesicles to the gland lumen. The same transport model can be applied for the external translocation of IgM.", "contents": "Further evidence for a role of secretory component (SC) and J chain in the glandular transport of IgA. These studies support the transport model depicted in Figure 3: Incorporation of J chains into dimeric IgA induces a configurational fit allowing complexing of IgA with SC available in the plasma membrane of serous secretory epithelial cells. This complexing on the surface of the cell stimulates pinocytosis, and the completed secretory IgA molecules are transported in cytoplasmic vesicles to the gland lumen. The same transport model can be applied for the external translocation of IgM.", "PMID": 105567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6795", "title": "Antigens of Streptococcus mutans implicated in virulence--production of antibodies.", "content": "The present studies assayed antibody activities in serum and saliva of animals immunized by different routes, with cells of S. mutans or cell-free preparations containing GTF, FTF, LTA and/or dextranase synthesized by S. mutans. The results show that the type of immunogenic preparation and the route of its administration can elicit different antibody response and may in part explain the disparity of results achieved by different investigators. The results further emphasize the need to use standardized preparations and carefully described protocols for vaccination.", "contents": "Antigens of Streptococcus mutans implicated in virulence--production of antibodies. The present studies assayed antibody activities in serum and saliva of animals immunized by different routes, with cells of S. mutans or cell-free preparations containing GTF, FTF, LTA and/or dextranase synthesized by S. mutans. The results show that the type of immunogenic preparation and the route of its administration can elicit different antibody response and may in part explain the disparity of results achieved by different investigators. The results further emphasize the need to use standardized preparations and carefully described protocols for vaccination.", "PMID": 105569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6796", "title": "Passive immunization with antisera to Streptococcus mutans in the prevention of caries in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "1) The immunological mechanism of protection against dental caries has been investigated by passive immunization with antisera to S. mutans in the rhesus monkey. 2) Passive immunization with separated IgG, IgM and IgA from sera of immunized monkeys supports the concept that IgG, unlike IgA or IgM antibodies are protective. 3) The role of cell-mediated immunity has been explored by the use of transfer factor. This showed that protection against dental caries can be elicited by passive transfer of whole immune serum and cellular immunity, but not by cellular immunity or immune serum alone. 4) The results of active and passive immunization suggests that immuno-regulation of T and B cell interactions plays an important part in the effector mechanism of opsonization, phagocytosis and killing of S. mutans.", "contents": "Passive immunization with antisera to Streptococcus mutans in the prevention of caries in rhesus monkeys. 1) The immunological mechanism of protection against dental caries has been investigated by passive immunization with antisera to S. mutans in the rhesus monkey. 2) Passive immunization with separated IgG, IgM and IgA from sera of immunized monkeys supports the concept that IgG, unlike IgA or IgM antibodies are protective. 3) The role of cell-mediated immunity has been explored by the use of transfer factor. This showed that protection against dental caries can be elicited by passive transfer of whole immune serum and cellular immunity, but not by cellular immunity or immune serum alone. 4) The results of active and passive immunization suggests that immuno-regulation of T and B cell interactions plays an important part in the effector mechanism of opsonization, phagocytosis and killing of S. mutans.", "PMID": 105570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6797", "title": "Effect on rat IgA synthesis by isotypic suppression with an anti-rat delta heavy chain serum.", "content": "It is highly probable that IgA precursor cells have IgD receptors during their ontogeny, however isotypic suppression with anti-delta serum did not demonstrate this possibility at least in our experimental conditions. Moreover, isotypic suppression with anti-delta serum seems ineffective in diminishing the serum levels of Ig classes other than IgD under these conditions, as IgM, IgE and IgG serum levels were relatively unaffected, at least during the first month of the rat life.", "contents": "Effect on rat IgA synthesis by isotypic suppression with an anti-rat delta heavy chain serum. It is highly probable that IgA precursor cells have IgD receptors during their ontogeny, however isotypic suppression with anti-delta serum did not demonstrate this possibility at least in our experimental conditions. Moreover, isotypic suppression with anti-delta serum seems ineffective in diminishing the serum levels of Ig classes other than IgD under these conditions, as IgM, IgE and IgG serum levels were relatively unaffected, at least during the first month of the rat life.", "PMID": 105571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6798", "title": "Preliminary results in the immunization of Irus monkeys against dental caries.", "content": "Twelve Irus monkeys were divided into four groups which were immunized with placebo, two cell wall preparations and one vaccine containing a glucosyltransferase preparation of S. mutans. After 310 days of challenge by a cariogenic diet, the caries score in all the immunized animals was below that of the controls. Furthermore, the protected animals were characterized by a high specific serum titer against the antigens used for immunization and the extension of plaque seemed to be smaller when compared with the controls.", "contents": "Preliminary results in the immunization of Irus monkeys against dental caries. Twelve Irus monkeys were divided into four groups which were immunized with placebo, two cell wall preparations and one vaccine containing a glucosyltransferase preparation of S. mutans. After 310 days of challenge by a cariogenic diet, the caries score in all the immunized animals was below that of the controls. Furthermore, the protected animals were characterized by a high specific serum titer against the antigens used for immunization and the extension of plaque seemed to be smaller when compared with the controls.", "PMID": 105573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6799", "title": "Adjuvant arthritis in young copper-deficient rats.", "content": "Adjuvant arthritis has been studied in young copper-deficient rats and a very strong inhibition of the disease following 60 days of deficient diet (0.4 ppm of copper) was found. No difference in lung prostaglandin synthesis and in rat stomach strip and colon reactivity to exogenous prostaglandins was noticed between controls and copper-deficient animals. These results are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Adjuvant arthritis in young copper-deficient rats. Adjuvant arthritis has been studied in young copper-deficient rats and a very strong inhibition of the disease following 60 days of deficient diet (0.4 ppm of copper) was found. No difference in lung prostaglandin synthesis and in rat stomach strip and colon reactivity to exogenous prostaglandins was noticed between controls and copper-deficient animals. These results are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 105576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6800", "title": "Complement and coagulation: causative considerations in contrast catastrophies.", "content": "Earlier studies suggest that adverse reactions to injected radiographic contrast media are idiosyncratic. In an attempt to gain a better understanding of pathophysiologic events underlying these reactions, rabbit models injected with lethal dose ranges of a cholangiographic contrast material were studied. These animals showed activation of both the complement and coagulation systems. Externally applied heat potentiated complement consumption and increased mortality. Depleting complement components C3-C9 by cobra venom factor did not prevent activation of coagulation or diminish mortality. However, depleting fibrinogen diminished complement activation and markedly diminished mortality. Heparin, administered at several hourly intervals after contrast challenge, also diminished mortality. These studies suggest that the adverse effects of contrast media in this model system are mediated chiefly by the coagulation system, and that complement, if it participates deleteriously, must involve components up to, but not including, C3. A logical role for the inhibitor of C1 esterase in adverse contrast reactions is considered.", "contents": "Complement and coagulation: causative considerations in contrast catastrophies. Earlier studies suggest that adverse reactions to injected radiographic contrast media are idiosyncratic. In an attempt to gain a better understanding of pathophysiologic events underlying these reactions, rabbit models injected with lethal dose ranges of a cholangiographic contrast material were studied. These animals showed activation of both the complement and coagulation systems. Externally applied heat potentiated complement consumption and increased mortality. Depleting complement components C3-C9 by cobra venom factor did not prevent activation of coagulation or diminish mortality. However, depleting fibrinogen diminished complement activation and markedly diminished mortality. Heparin, administered at several hourly intervals after contrast challenge, also diminished mortality. These studies suggest that the adverse effects of contrast media in this model system are mediated chiefly by the coagulation system, and that complement, if it participates deleteriously, must involve components up to, but not including, C3. A logical role for the inhibitor of C1 esterase in adverse contrast reactions is considered.", "PMID": 105577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6801", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic portography. I. Technique and application.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic portography with selective catheterization of the portal vein and its tributaries was performed on 120 patients, of whom 71% had cirrhosis of the liver. The technique was improved by ultrasonically guided puncture, and the procedure was successful in 96% of the examinations. Collateral veins were visualized in 81% and esophageal or gastric varices in 69% of the patients with portal hypertension. The procedure was performed with little risk and discomfort, and portograms of high quality were obtained. Other applications of percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the portal vein system are discussed.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic portography. I. Technique and application. Percutaneous transhepatic portography with selective catheterization of the portal vein and its tributaries was performed on 120 patients, of whom 71% had cirrhosis of the liver. The technique was improved by ultrasonically guided puncture, and the procedure was successful in 96% of the examinations. Collateral veins were visualized in 81% and esophageal or gastric varices in 69% of the patients with portal hypertension. The procedure was performed with little risk and discomfort, and portograms of high quality were obtained. Other applications of percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the portal vein system are discussed.", "PMID": 105578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6802", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic portography. II. Comparison with splenoportography in portal hypertension.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic portography and splenoportography were compared in 67 patients with portal hypertension. Portograms were evaluated without knowledge of the identity of patients. Factors evaluated included technical success of the examination; visualization of the portal vein, splenic vein, and other tributaries; contrast medium density, portal blood flow direction; presence and type of collaterals and varices; and liver size and configuration. Percutaneous transhepatic portography proved superior with regard to delineation of the portal venous system and esophageal varices. A definite diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis was possible only with the transhepatic approach.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic portography. II. Comparison with splenoportography in portal hypertension. Percutaneous transhepatic portography and splenoportography were compared in 67 patients with portal hypertension. Portograms were evaluated without knowledge of the identity of patients. Factors evaluated included technical success of the examination; visualization of the portal vein, splenic vein, and other tributaries; contrast medium density, portal blood flow direction; presence and type of collaterals and varices; and liver size and configuration. Percutaneous transhepatic portography proved superior with regard to delineation of the portal venous system and esophageal varices. A definite diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis was possible only with the transhepatic approach.", "PMID": 105579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6803", "title": "Infusion hepatotomography for evaluation of obstructive jaundice.", "content": "Total body opacification with high doses of a urographic contrast agent demonstrated dilated intrahepatic biliary ducts as branching or rounded lucencies in all of 18 patients with obstructive jaundice. Dilated extrahepatic ducts were seen as tubular lucencies in 11 of 16 patients with distal common bile duct obstruction. In seven patients with nonobstructive jaundice and in a control group of 25, the biliary ducts were either normal or not seen. Gallbladder size was also evaluated. The site of obstruction could be predicted by the size of the gallbladder and visualization of the biliary ducts.", "contents": "Infusion hepatotomography for evaluation of obstructive jaundice. Total body opacification with high doses of a urographic contrast agent demonstrated dilated intrahepatic biliary ducts as branching or rounded lucencies in all of 18 patients with obstructive jaundice. Dilated extrahepatic ducts were seen as tubular lucencies in 11 of 16 patients with distal common bile duct obstruction. In seven patients with nonobstructive jaundice and in a control group of 25, the biliary ducts were either normal or not seen. Gallbladder size was also evaluated. The site of obstruction could be predicted by the size of the gallbladder and visualization of the biliary ducts.", "PMID": 105580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6804", "title": "Significance of the nonopacified gallbladder in endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.", "content": "Failure to visualize the cystic duct and gallbladder during endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, while obtaining satisfactory opacification of the rest of the biliary system, is a radiographic sign of undetermined meaning. The diagnostic implication of this finding was analyzed in 63 patients with pathologically proven diagnoses. One patient was normal at surgery. Three groups of abnormal patients had: (1) obstructing lesions of the distal common bile duct (35 patients); (2) primary lesions of the cystic duct or gallbladder (19 patients); or (3) obstructing lesions about the common hepatic/cystic duct junction (8 patients). The results indicate that obstructing lesions of the distal common bile duct may cause stasis of bile within the biliary system, increased biliary pressure, and sludge formation that prevent the flow of contrast material through the cystic duct and into the gallbladder, which can cause nonopacification. If the extrahepatic biliary system is of normal caliber without evidence of an obstructing process, nonfilling of the cystic duct and gallbladder is highly predictive of pathology.", "contents": "Significance of the nonopacified gallbladder in endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Failure to visualize the cystic duct and gallbladder during endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, while obtaining satisfactory opacification of the rest of the biliary system, is a radiographic sign of undetermined meaning. The diagnostic implication of this finding was analyzed in 63 patients with pathologically proven diagnoses. One patient was normal at surgery. Three groups of abnormal patients had: (1) obstructing lesions of the distal common bile duct (35 patients); (2) primary lesions of the cystic duct or gallbladder (19 patients); or (3) obstructing lesions about the common hepatic/cystic duct junction (8 patients). The results indicate that obstructing lesions of the distal common bile duct may cause stasis of bile within the biliary system, increased biliary pressure, and sludge formation that prevent the flow of contrast material through the cystic duct and into the gallbladder, which can cause nonopacification. If the extrahepatic biliary system is of normal caliber without evidence of an obstructing process, nonfilling of the cystic duct and gallbladder is highly predictive of pathology.", "PMID": 105581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6805", "title": "Predictability of rectal incontinence on barium enema examination.", "content": "The aim of this study was to determine if digital assessment of anal sphincter tone predicts whether a rectal balloon is needed to prevent incontinence during a barium enema examination. During an 8 month , 306 patients scheduled for barium enema examination were evaluated. Immediately before each examination as good, fair, or poor. The barium enema was then performed in a conventional manner. Leakage of even small amounts of barium was scored as rectal incontinence. Ability to retain the barium enema correlated closely with the strength of rectal bone, regardless of patient sex or age. For different sphincter tones the incidence of rectal incontinence was: good, 2%, fair, 30%; and poor, 90%. From these findings it is recommended that, irrespective of patient age and sex, the use of rectal balloon catheters be limited to patients with poor or fair rectal tone.", "contents": "Predictability of rectal incontinence on barium enema examination. The aim of this study was to determine if digital assessment of anal sphincter tone predicts whether a rectal balloon is needed to prevent incontinence during a barium enema examination. During an 8 month , 306 patients scheduled for barium enema examination were evaluated. Immediately before each examination as good, fair, or poor. The barium enema was then performed in a conventional manner. Leakage of even small amounts of barium was scored as rectal incontinence. Ability to retain the barium enema correlated closely with the strength of rectal bone, regardless of patient sex or age. For different sphincter tones the incidence of rectal incontinence was: good, 2%, fair, 30%; and poor, 90%. From these findings it is recommended that, irrespective of patient age and sex, the use of rectal balloon catheters be limited to patients with poor or fair rectal tone.", "PMID": 105582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6806", "title": "Ultrasonographic evaluation of pericholecystic abscesses.", "content": "Pericholecystic abscess formation is a serious complication of cholecystitis that develops after gallbladder perforation and is usually associated with acute inflammatory signs and symptoms. Ultrasonographic findings in three surgically proven cases of pericholecystic abscess are reported. The findings ranged from a well defined band of low-level echoes around the gallbladder to multiple, poorly defined hypoechoic masses surrounding an irregular, indistinct gallbladder outline. The former situation correlated with a well encapsulated pericholecystic inflammatory process, while the latter was associated with extensive abscess formation resulting from gallbladder rupture. Cholelithiasis was identified in two of the three cases. Ultrasound for preoperative detection of pericholecystic abscess is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic evaluation of pericholecystic abscesses. Pericholecystic abscess formation is a serious complication of cholecystitis that develops after gallbladder perforation and is usually associated with acute inflammatory signs and symptoms. Ultrasonographic findings in three surgically proven cases of pericholecystic abscess are reported. The findings ranged from a well defined band of low-level echoes around the gallbladder to multiple, poorly defined hypoechoic masses surrounding an irregular, indistinct gallbladder outline. The former situation correlated with a well encapsulated pericholecystic inflammatory process, while the latter was associated with extensive abscess formation resulting from gallbladder rupture. Cholelithiasis was identified in two of the three cases. Ultrasound for preoperative detection of pericholecystic abscess is discussed.", "PMID": 105583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6807", "title": "Ultrasonic appearance of the falciform ligament.", "content": "In transverse liver scans an echogenic focus was commonly encountered at the junction of the right and left hepatic lobes. This finding was variable in prominence, but could be identified in 22 of 25 patients with otherwise normal livers in whom it was specifically sought. Correlation of ultrasound and CT examinations indicate that these echoes represent the falciform ligament. This normal anatomic structure can be differentiated from an intrahepatic mass by attention to its consistent location and alteration of its configuration by experimenting with the transducer axis during the examination.", "contents": "Ultrasonic appearance of the falciform ligament. In transverse liver scans an echogenic focus was commonly encountered at the junction of the right and left hepatic lobes. This finding was variable in prominence, but could be identified in 22 of 25 patients with otherwise normal livers in whom it was specifically sought. Correlation of ultrasound and CT examinations indicate that these echoes represent the falciform ligament. This normal anatomic structure can be differentiated from an intrahepatic mass by attention to its consistent location and alteration of its configuration by experimenting with the transducer axis during the examination.", "PMID": 105584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6808", "title": "Calibrated leak balloon microcatheter: a device for arterial exploration and occlusive therapy.", "content": "In quest of an endarterial treatment for intracranial arteriovenous malformations and fistulas, a microcatheter which can be flow-guided into third- and fourth-order branches of the intracranial arteries was developed. This permits controlled deposition of a vascular occlusive polymer (isobutyl-2 cyanoacrylate). Goals and experimental techniques are reviewed and clinical experience on the first 25 patients is presented. Complications included one stroke and three catheters glued in place, but refinements in technique have permitted avoidance of complications over the 14 months before this report.", "contents": "Calibrated leak balloon microcatheter: a device for arterial exploration and occlusive therapy. In quest of an endarterial treatment for intracranial arteriovenous malformations and fistulas, a microcatheter which can be flow-guided into third- and fourth-order branches of the intracranial arteries was developed. This permits controlled deposition of a vascular occlusive polymer (isobutyl-2 cyanoacrylate). Goals and experimental techniques are reviewed and clinical experience on the first 25 patients is presented. Complications included one stroke and three catheters glued in place, but refinements in technique have permitted avoidance of complications over the 14 months before this report.", "PMID": 105585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6809", "title": "CT detection of demyelinated plaques in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "CT images and anatomic slices of two brains containing numerous demyelinated plaques were correlated. Demyelinated plaques smaller than 0.7 cm were not detected by CT. Some larger plaques were misinterpreted as normal structures. These and other considerations suggest that chronic cerebral demyelination cannot be excluded by negative nonenhanced CT scan.", "contents": "CT detection of demyelinated plaques in multiple sclerosis. CT images and anatomic slices of two brains containing numerous demyelinated plaques were correlated. Demyelinated plaques smaller than 0.7 cm were not detected by CT. Some larger plaques were misinterpreted as normal structures. These and other considerations suggest that chronic cerebral demyelination cannot be excluded by negative nonenhanced CT scan.", "PMID": 105586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6810", "title": "Computed tomography of intracerebral leukemic masses.", "content": "Five patients with differing types of leukemia had clinical symptoms of a localized intracerebral leukemic mass. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a mass of equal or increased density relative to normal brain; a zone of surrounding edema was variable. In each case, the mass showed evidence of relatively uniform contrast enhancement. CT appearance of leukemic masses is consistent and quite different from the findings in other central nervous system complications of leukemia and its aggressive treatment.", "contents": "Computed tomography of intracerebral leukemic masses. Five patients with differing types of leukemia had clinical symptoms of a localized intracerebral leukemic mass. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a mass of equal or increased density relative to normal brain; a zone of surrounding edema was variable. In each case, the mass showed evidence of relatively uniform contrast enhancement. CT appearance of leukemic masses is consistent and quite different from the findings in other central nervous system complications of leukemia and its aggressive treatment.", "PMID": 105587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6811", "title": "Unsuspected aortic dissection: the chronic \"healed\" dissection.", "content": "Of all aortic dissections, 10% are chronic. Typically they arise distal to the left subclavian artery and have reentry points into the true lumen. Pain may be minimal or absent and patients often present with cardiac failure. Chronic dissections are more likely to appear radiographically as atherosclerotic aneurysms on a chest film than are acute dissections. Four cases of chronic dissections found incidentally during angiography are presented.", "contents": "Unsuspected aortic dissection: the chronic \"healed\" dissection. Of all aortic dissections, 10% are chronic. Typically they arise distal to the left subclavian artery and have reentry points into the true lumen. Pain may be minimal or absent and patients often present with cardiac failure. Chronic dissections are more likely to appear radiographically as atherosclerotic aneurysms on a chest film than are acute dissections. Four cases of chronic dissections found incidentally during angiography are presented.", "PMID": 105588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6812", "title": "Observer variation in the interpretation of lower limb venograms.", "content": "After agreeing on diagnostic criteria and after a pilot study, two experienced radiologists twice independently reviewed 40 lower limb venograms performed by a standard technique in patients suspected or known to have venous thrombosis. The observers reviewed 20 examinations at a time, their analysis requiring separate identification of 11 major veins. At each site observers stated whether thrombus was  \"absent,\" \"doubtful,\" \"presumed,\" or \"definite,\" or declared \"no opinion possible.\" They then rediscussed criteria of diagnosis and, using the same experimental design, examined another 40 venograms. To correct for agreement expected by chance, data were analyzed by using the kappa statistic. In general, levels of agreement were higher than those reported for many other clinical and radiologic investigations, probably because of refinement of criteria after the pilot study. Nonetheless, observers disagreed about the probable presence or absence of thrombus at some site in the limb in about 10% of examinations. Observer variation should be considered when venography is used as a reference standard to evaluate other methods of diagnosing thrombi.", "contents": "Observer variation in the interpretation of lower limb venograms. After agreeing on diagnostic criteria and after a pilot study, two experienced radiologists twice independently reviewed 40 lower limb venograms performed by a standard technique in patients suspected or known to have venous thrombosis. The observers reviewed 20 examinations at a time, their analysis requiring separate identification of 11 major veins. At each site observers stated whether thrombus was  \"absent,\" \"doubtful,\" \"presumed,\" or \"definite,\" or declared \"no opinion possible.\" They then rediscussed criteria of diagnosis and, using the same experimental design, examined another 40 venograms. To correct for agreement expected by chance, data were analyzed by using the kappa statistic. In general, levels of agreement were higher than those reported for many other clinical and radiologic investigations, probably because of refinement of criteria after the pilot study. Nonetheless, observers disagreed about the probable presence or absence of thrombus at some site in the limb in about 10% of examinations. Observer variation should be considered when venography is used as a reference standard to evaluate other methods of diagnosing thrombi.", "PMID": 105589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6813", "title": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of adrenal disease.", "content": "A series of 63 patients with suspected adrenal disease was evaluated by computed tomography (CT). In 15  additional patients CT diagnosed unsuspected adrenal disease. The CT results were correlated with surgical, postmortem, or compelling clinical data. In those patients with adequate visualization of both adrenals, CT correctly identified all adrenal masses subsequently proven at surgery or postmortem examination. CT accurately predicted the presence or absence of a unilateral adrenal neoplasm in patients with Cushing's syndrome and primary aldosteronism. Unsuspected primary or metastatic neoplasms of the adrenals were occasionally detected in patients scanned for other reasons. CT is a safe and accurate method of evaluating patients with suspected adrenal disease.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of adrenal disease. A series of 63 patients with suspected adrenal disease was evaluated by computed tomography (CT). In 15  additional patients CT diagnosed unsuspected adrenal disease. The CT results were correlated with surgical, postmortem, or compelling clinical data. In those patients with adequate visualization of both adrenals, CT correctly identified all adrenal masses subsequently proven at surgery or postmortem examination. CT accurately predicted the presence or absence of a unilateral adrenal neoplasm in patients with Cushing's syndrome and primary aldosteronism. Unsuspected primary or metastatic neoplasms of the adrenals were occasionally detected in patients scanned for other reasons. CT is a safe and accurate method of evaluating patients with suspected adrenal disease.", "PMID": 105590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6814", "title": "Scapular defects: a normal variation.", "content": "Sharply marginated defects were observed in the scapulae of five patients. In all cases the defects were benigh in appearance and unrelated to symptoms. These patients have been observed up to 5 years without change in the radiographic appearance. Recognition of the benign nature of these defects is important to avoid confusion with pathologic conditions.", "contents": "Scapular defects: a normal variation. Sharply marginated defects were observed in the scapulae of five patients. In all cases the defects were benigh in appearance and unrelated to symptoms. These patients have been observed up to 5 years without change in the radiographic appearance. Recognition of the benign nature of these defects is important to avoid confusion with pathologic conditions.", "PMID": 105591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6815", "title": "Ultrasonic demonstration of myometrial contractions in intrauterine pregnancy.", "content": "An incidental finding associated with ultrasound examination of early intrauterine pregnancy is transient thickening of a limited region of the myometrium, which we interpret as a localized contraction. Contractions were demonstrated in nearly all 881 patients examined and were shown to significantly change in configuration within a 30 min period. In all except one patient, the contractions were completely asymptomatic, and they seem to be of no discernible clinical significance.", "contents": "Ultrasonic demonstration of myometrial contractions in intrauterine pregnancy. An incidental finding associated with ultrasound examination of early intrauterine pregnancy is transient thickening of a limited region of the myometrium, which we interpret as a localized contraction. Contractions were demonstrated in nearly all 881 patients examined and were shown to significantly change in configuration within a 30 min period. In all except one patient, the contractions were completely asymptomatic, and they seem to be of no discernible clinical significance.", "PMID": 105592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6816", "title": "Simple, rapid thyroid function testing with 99mTc-pertechnetate thyroid uptake ratio and neck/thigh ratio.", "content": "To avoid the technical difficulties and errors inherent in the measurement of early thyroid uptake of 99mTcO4-,techniques which are independent of absolute uptake, neck extrathyroidal background and dose standards were evaluated in a series of 108 patients. After intravenous injection of 2 mCi 99mTcO4-,  radioactivity was recorded over the neck and thigh. Thyroid uptake ratios were calculated as the ratios of activity over the neck at two times. A neck/thigh ratio was calculated from the recorded activities at 15 min after injection. Examination of these parameters showed that a combination of the 15 min neck/thigh ratio and the 10'/2' thyroid uptake ratio best served to discriminate thyroid function: 92% of hyperthyroid cases were correctly identified by a neck/thigh ratio above 4.7 and 95% of hypothyroid cases were identified by the combination of a neck/thigh ratio below 3 and a 10'/2' thyroid uptake ratio below 1. Correct classification of euthyroidism was 84% but with the exclusion of patients previously treated with 131I, this rose to 91%. The accuracy of the 99mTc procedure is comparable to that of the standard 24 hr 131I uptake run concurrently in this series and duplicates the accuracy of computer assisted determinations of absolute thyroid 99mTcO4- uptakes. The procedure provides a convenient method for the evaluation of thyroid function as an accompaniment to 99mTcO4- thyroid imaging.", "contents": "Simple, rapid thyroid function testing with 99mTc-pertechnetate thyroid uptake ratio and neck/thigh ratio. To avoid the technical difficulties and errors inherent in the measurement of early thyroid uptake of 99mTcO4-,techniques which are independent of absolute uptake, neck extrathyroidal background and dose standards were evaluated in a series of 108 patients. After intravenous injection of 2 mCi 99mTcO4-,  radioactivity was recorded over the neck and thigh. Thyroid uptake ratios were calculated as the ratios of activity over the neck at two times. A neck/thigh ratio was calculated from the recorded activities at 15 min after injection. Examination of these parameters showed that a combination of the 15 min neck/thigh ratio and the 10'/2' thyroid uptake ratio best served to discriminate thyroid function: 92% of hyperthyroid cases were correctly identified by a neck/thigh ratio above 4.7 and 95% of hypothyroid cases were identified by the combination of a neck/thigh ratio below 3 and a 10'/2' thyroid uptake ratio below 1. Correct classification of euthyroidism was 84% but with the exclusion of patients previously treated with 131I, this rose to 91%. The accuracy of the 99mTc procedure is comparable to that of the standard 24 hr 131I uptake run concurrently in this series and duplicates the accuracy of computer assisted determinations of absolute thyroid 99mTcO4- uptakes. The procedure provides a convenient method for the evaluation of thyroid function as an accompaniment to 99mTcO4- thyroid imaging.", "PMID": 105593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6817", "title": "Carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx.", "content": "Retrospective review of 160 patients with carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx was accomplished for the period 1964 to 1974. The majority were treated by low dose preoperative radiation and conservation surgery and the rest by preoperative radiation and total laryngectomy or radiation alone. Relapse-free and actuarial 5 year survival for all patients was 71% and 45%, respectively. Of primary and neck failures, 85% occurred within 2 years. Primary, nodal, and distant failures occurred in 11%, 21%, and 14% of all patients, respectively. Of 40 T and/or N failures, 33 (83%) occurred in the neck and three T and six N failures (23%) were surgically salvaged. Voice was preserved in 71% of the patients. Major complications were noted in 16% and minor complications in 26% of surgically managed patients; operative mortality was 4%. The presence of microscopic lymph node metastases best predicted those who would later develop T and/or N failure and distant metastases. Second primary tumors occurred in 26% and the leading cause of death was tumor.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx. Retrospective review of 160 patients with carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx was accomplished for the period 1964 to 1974. The majority were treated by low dose preoperative radiation and conservation surgery and the rest by preoperative radiation and total laryngectomy or radiation alone. Relapse-free and actuarial 5 year survival for all patients was 71% and 45%, respectively. Of primary and neck failures, 85% occurred within 2 years. Primary, nodal, and distant failures occurred in 11%, 21%, and 14% of all patients, respectively. Of 40 T and/or N failures, 33 (83%) occurred in the neck and three T and six N failures (23%) were surgically salvaged. Voice was preserved in 71% of the patients. Major complications were noted in 16% and minor complications in 26% of surgically managed patients; operative mortality was 4%. The presence of microscopic lymph node metastases best predicted those who would later develop T and/or N failure and distant metastases. Second primary tumors occurred in 26% and the leading cause of death was tumor.", "PMID": 105594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6818", "title": "Exertional angina pectoris caused by coronary arterial spasm: effects of various drugs.", "content": "In four patients with exertional angina induced by arm exercise, coronary arteriograms taken before, during and after the attack demonstrated that spasm appeared in the large coronary artery supplying the area of myocardium shown to be ischemic in the electrocardiogram during the attack. The spasm disappeared with subsidence of the attack after administration of nitroglycerin. Anginal attacks induced by treadmill exercise were not suppressed by propranolol, 60 mg orally, in two of the four patients. However, such attacks were suppressed in all patients by oral administration of diltiazem (90 mg, four patients) or nifedipine (20 mg, three patients) or intramuscular injection of phentolamine (0.2 mg/kg body weight, three patients). It is concluded that coronary arterial spasm can be induced by exercise and can cause exertional angina in some patients. Diltiazem and nifedipine, calcium antagonistic drugs, prevent spasm.", "contents": "Exertional angina pectoris caused by coronary arterial spasm: effects of various drugs. In four patients with exertional angina induced by arm exercise, coronary arteriograms taken before, during and after the attack demonstrated that spasm appeared in the large coronary artery supplying the area of myocardium shown to be ischemic in the electrocardiogram during the attack. The spasm disappeared with subsidence of the attack after administration of nitroglycerin. Anginal attacks induced by treadmill exercise were not suppressed by propranolol, 60 mg orally, in two of the four patients. However, such attacks were suppressed in all patients by oral administration of diltiazem (90 mg, four patients) or nifedipine (20 mg, three patients) or intramuscular injection of phentolamine (0.2 mg/kg body weight, three patients). It is concluded that coronary arterial spasm can be induced by exercise and can cause exertional angina in some patients. Diltiazem and nifedipine, calcium antagonistic drugs, prevent spasm.", "PMID": 105618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6819", "title": "Studies on hepatic and extrahepatic lipoprotein lipases in protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Postheparin serum lipolytic activities (hepatic and extrahepatic), serum free fatty acid, and triglyceride levels were measured in 16 kwashiorkor, 14 marasmic, and 14 control children. The results showed that the reduction in total postheparin lipolytic activity in kwashiorkor was in the activity of hepatic origin. In marasmus, the total postheparin lipolytic activity, hepatic and extrahepatic activities, were within normal range. The was no evidence for the presence of inhibitors of postheparin lipolytic activity in the serum of kwashiorkor or marasmic children. Fasting serum-free fatty acid level was significantly elevated in kwashiorkor, while the level in marasmus was not significantly different from control value. The serum triglyceride levels in both conditions showed no significant differences from the control value. These findings suggest that the defective production of hepatic lipoprotein lipase, as well as increased influx of free fatty acid into the liver, could account for the accumulation of fat in the liver of kwashiorkor and not in that of marasmic children.", "contents": "Studies on hepatic and extrahepatic lipoprotein lipases in protein-calorie malnutrition. Postheparin serum lipolytic activities (hepatic and extrahepatic), serum free fatty acid, and triglyceride levels were measured in 16 kwashiorkor, 14 marasmic, and 14 control children. The results showed that the reduction in total postheparin lipolytic activity in kwashiorkor was in the activity of hepatic origin. In marasmus, the total postheparin lipolytic activity, hepatic and extrahepatic activities, were within normal range. The was no evidence for the presence of inhibitors of postheparin lipolytic activity in the serum of kwashiorkor or marasmic children. Fasting serum-free fatty acid level was significantly elevated in kwashiorkor, while the level in marasmus was not significantly different from control value. The serum triglyceride levels in both conditions showed no significant differences from the control value. These findings suggest that the defective production of hepatic lipoprotein lipase, as well as increased influx of free fatty acid into the liver, could account for the accumulation of fat in the liver of kwashiorkor and not in that of marasmic children.", "PMID": 105620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6820", "title": "Antiscorbutic activity of ascorbic acid phosphate in the rhesus monkey and the guinea pig.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys fed an ascorbic acid-free, purified liquid diet, developed scurvy in 70 to 105 days as evidenced by loss of weight, anemia, bleeding gums, inflamed palate, diarrhea, and inability to stand. Oral administration of either 10 mg/kg body weight of ascorbic acid or an equimolar amount of the magnesium salt of 1-ascorbic acid phosphate cured all symptoms of scurvy. Similarly, oral administration of 1-ascorbic acid phosphate cured all symptoms of scurvy in the guinea pig and resulted in liver ascorbate levels equal to those of animals feed ascorbic acid. It is concluded that ascorbic acid phosphate is a readily available source of ascorbic acid activity in vivo.", "contents": "Antiscorbutic activity of ascorbic acid phosphate in the rhesus monkey and the guinea pig. Rhesus monkeys fed an ascorbic acid-free, purified liquid diet, developed scurvy in 70 to 105 days as evidenced by loss of weight, anemia, bleeding gums, inflamed palate, diarrhea, and inability to stand. Oral administration of either 10 mg/kg body weight of ascorbic acid or an equimolar amount of the magnesium salt of 1-ascorbic acid phosphate cured all symptoms of scurvy. Similarly, oral administration of 1-ascorbic acid phosphate cured all symptoms of scurvy in the guinea pig and resulted in liver ascorbate levels equal to those of animals feed ascorbic acid. It is concluded that ascorbic acid phosphate is a readily available source of ascorbic acid activity in vivo.", "PMID": 105621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6821", "title": "Thiamin and pyridoxine requirements during intravenous hyperalimentation.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to determine rational dosages of vitamin B1 and B6 during long-term intravenous hyperalimentation, using more sensitive techniques than formerly used to evaluate B1 and B6 status. A standard vitamin combination, type A, (usually commercially available products) has been used up to now because of convenience, disregarding the effects of long-term administration. This combination lacks biotin, folic acid, and vitamin E and contains from 10 to 100 times the dietary allowances of such vitamins as B1, B2, B6, B12, and C. In response to the possibility of vitamin overdose, two new vitamin combinations, type B (from commercial products) and type C (a convenient and easily administered combination produced at the hospital) were developed in order to provide the normal dietary allowances and at the same time eliminate any harmful side-effects. From the results obtained, 5 mg/day for thiamin HCl and 3 mg/day for pyridoxine HCl in type B and type C were found to be a sufficient and safe level as opposed to 55 mg/day for thiamin HCl and 102 mg/day for pyridoxine HCl in type A.", "contents": "Thiamin and pyridoxine requirements during intravenous hyperalimentation. Studies were undertaken to determine rational dosages of vitamin B1 and B6 during long-term intravenous hyperalimentation, using more sensitive techniques than formerly used to evaluate B1 and B6 status. A standard vitamin combination, type A, (usually commercially available products) has been used up to now because of convenience, disregarding the effects of long-term administration. This combination lacks biotin, folic acid, and vitamin E and contains from 10 to 100 times the dietary allowances of such vitamins as B1, B2, B6, B12, and C. In response to the possibility of vitamin overdose, two new vitamin combinations, type B (from commercial products) and type C (a convenient and easily administered combination produced at the hospital) were developed in order to provide the normal dietary allowances and at the same time eliminate any harmful side-effects. From the results obtained, 5 mg/day for thiamin HCl and 3 mg/day for pyridoxine HCl in type B and type C were found to be a sufficient and safe level as opposed to 55 mg/day for thiamin HCl and 102 mg/day for pyridoxine HCl in type A.", "PMID": 105622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6822", "title": "The pattern of severe protein-calorie malnutrition in Sudanese children attending a large hospital in The Sudan.", "content": "One hundred fifty patients suffering from severe protein-calorie malnutrition, admitted in 1 month to the Pediatric wards of Wad Medani Hospital, Sudan, were classified according to the Wellcome classification. Marasmus was the prevailing type. It was common in the 2nd year of life, while kwashiorkor occurred mainly under the age of 12 months. Anthropometric measurements showed that kwashiorkor was an acute disease while marasmus and marasmic kwashiorkor were more chronic. The triceps skinfold was unexpectedly low in kwashiorkor. Of the simple measurements and ratios used for assessing the nutritional status, the head/chest ratio applied ot children over 1 year was not found to be reliable and the weight for head circumference correlated poorly with deficits in other variables. Non of the major clinical features was found to be pathognomonic of any type of severe protein-calorie malnutrition. Megaloblastic anemia was common.", "contents": "The pattern of severe protein-calorie malnutrition in Sudanese children attending a large hospital in The Sudan. One hundred fifty patients suffering from severe protein-calorie malnutrition, admitted in 1 month to the Pediatric wards of Wad Medani Hospital, Sudan, were classified according to the Wellcome classification. Marasmus was the prevailing type. It was common in the 2nd year of life, while kwashiorkor occurred mainly under the age of 12 months. Anthropometric measurements showed that kwashiorkor was an acute disease while marasmus and marasmic kwashiorkor were more chronic. The triceps skinfold was unexpectedly low in kwashiorkor. Of the simple measurements and ratios used for assessing the nutritional status, the head/chest ratio applied ot children over 1 year was not found to be reliable and the weight for head circumference correlated poorly with deficits in other variables. Non of the major clinical features was found to be pathognomonic of any type of severe protein-calorie malnutrition. Megaloblastic anemia was common.", "PMID": 105623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6823", "title": "Progressive effects of protein-calorie malnutrition on serum free amino acids in infant and young adult nonhuman primates.", "content": "Serum amino acid profiles have been known to change when dietary protein restriction is instituted in animals and in man. In the present study, significant alterations were noted in infant monkeys observed over 14 weeks. Impressive but less dramatic changes were apparent in protein-restricted young adult monkeys observed over a much longer period. In general, essential amino acids were depressed (especially the branched-chain group) while nonessential amino acids tended to rise (especially glycine and alanine). Changes were most acute within the first 3 to 4 weeks of dietary restriction. Improvement in dietary protein content provided to young adults led to resumption of normal serum amino acid patterns. Level of available dietary protein and age of the animals clearly dictated the severity of amino acid imbalance observed.", "contents": "Progressive effects of protein-calorie malnutrition on serum free amino acids in infant and young adult nonhuman primates. Serum amino acid profiles have been known to change when dietary protein restriction is instituted in animals and in man. In the present study, significant alterations were noted in infant monkeys observed over 14 weeks. Impressive but less dramatic changes were apparent in protein-restricted young adult monkeys observed over a much longer period. In general, essential amino acids were depressed (especially the branched-chain group) while nonessential amino acids tended to rise (especially glycine and alanine). Changes were most acute within the first 3 to 4 weeks of dietary restriction. Improvement in dietary protein content provided to young adults led to resumption of normal serum amino acid patterns. Level of available dietary protein and age of the animals clearly dictated the severity of amino acid imbalance observed.", "PMID": 105624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6824", "title": "A radiographic method of quantifying protein-calorie undernutrition.", "content": "Estimation of midarm adipose tissue and muscle by the anthropometric technique is based on the idealized assumption that the arm and its muscle compartments are circular, and that fat is distributed evenly around the arm. We examined the validity of these assumptions by computerized axial tomography of the midarm in 21 subjects ranging from 65 to 255% of ideal body weight. Computerized axial tomography identified three errors inherent in the anthropometric method: 1) The arm and its muscle compartment were rarely circular, but resembled instead an ellipse and \"cloverleaf\", respectively; 2) fat was distributed asymmetrically around the arm, and furthermore when triceps skinfold was less than 5 mm, no fat was radiographically detectable, and 3) muscle are calculated by the anthropometric method includes bone area. Since bone area was not influenced by nutritional status, anthropometric \"muscle area\" underestimated the degree of muscle atrophy in undernutrition. Despite these limitations, in subjects 60 to 120% of ideal body weight anthropometric estimates of midarm muscle area (MAMA) and fat area did not differ greatly from the radiographic values. Anthropometric MAMA was consistently greater than the radiographic value by 15 to 25%, while midarm fat area agreed within +/- 10%. The error in the anthropometric MAMA could be nearly eliminated by two types of correction: expressing MAMA as a percentage of normal, and correcting for bone content by subtracting midarm bone area (6.3 and 4.7 cm2 for men and women). In subjects greater than 150% ideal body weight, however, anthropometric estimates of MAMA and midarm fat area differed from the radiographic values by greater than 50% even after the above two types of correction. Midarm computerized axial tomography scan provides an accurate alternative to the anthropometric method for estimating midarm muscle and fat in these obese individuals.", "contents": "A radiographic method of quantifying protein-calorie undernutrition. Estimation of midarm adipose tissue and muscle by the anthropometric technique is based on the idealized assumption that the arm and its muscle compartments are circular, and that fat is distributed evenly around the arm. We examined the validity of these assumptions by computerized axial tomography of the midarm in 21 subjects ranging from 65 to 255% of ideal body weight. Computerized axial tomography identified three errors inherent in the anthropometric method: 1) The arm and its muscle compartment were rarely circular, but resembled instead an ellipse and \"cloverleaf\", respectively; 2) fat was distributed asymmetrically around the arm, and furthermore when triceps skinfold was less than 5 mm, no fat was radiographically detectable, and 3) muscle are calculated by the anthropometric method includes bone area. Since bone area was not influenced by nutritional status, anthropometric \"muscle area\" underestimated the degree of muscle atrophy in undernutrition. Despite these limitations, in subjects 60 to 120% of ideal body weight anthropometric estimates of midarm muscle area (MAMA) and fat area did not differ greatly from the radiographic values. Anthropometric MAMA was consistently greater than the radiographic value by 15 to 25%, while midarm fat area agreed within +/- 10%. The error in the anthropometric MAMA could be nearly eliminated by two types of correction: expressing MAMA as a percentage of normal, and correcting for bone content by subtracting midarm bone area (6.3 and 4.7 cm2 for men and women). In subjects greater than 150% ideal body weight, however, anthropometric estimates of MAMA and midarm fat area differed from the radiographic values by greater than 50% even after the above two types of correction. Midarm computerized axial tomography scan provides an accurate alternative to the anthropometric method for estimating midarm muscle and fat in these obese individuals.", "PMID": 105625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6825", "title": "Immunoblastic sarcoma following Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia.", "content": "Immunoblastic sarcoma has been observed in association with, or subsequent to, chronic immune stimulation, connective tissue disorders, and immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A case of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia progressinng after a few years into immunoblastic sarcoma is reported. Splenectomy led to disappearance of hemolytic anemia and of pulmonary infiltrates, as well as to marked reduction of macroglobulins. Although immunoblastic sarcoma usually terminates fatally within two or three months, complete remission was induced by combination chemotherapy. It is speculated that Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia, immunoblastic lymphadenopathy, and immunoblastic sarcoma are related disorders reflecting a clonal nature of immunoblastic lymphoma cells and the plasmacytic cells.", "contents": "Immunoblastic sarcoma following Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia. Immunoblastic sarcoma has been observed in association with, or subsequent to, chronic immune stimulation, connective tissue disorders, and immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A case of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia progressinng after a few years into immunoblastic sarcoma is reported. Splenectomy led to disappearance of hemolytic anemia and of pulmonary infiltrates, as well as to marked reduction of macroglobulins. Although immunoblastic sarcoma usually terminates fatally within two or three months, complete remission was induced by combination chemotherapy. It is speculated that Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia, immunoblastic lymphadenopathy, and immunoblastic sarcoma are related disorders reflecting a clonal nature of immunoblastic lymphoma cells and the plasmacytic cells.", "PMID": 105627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6826", "title": "In-vitro methods for determining minimal lethal concentrations of antimicrobial agents.", "content": "To determine the minimal lethal concentration of an antimicrobial agent, broth dilution tests may be performed and then a sample from each tube showing no visible growth may be subcultured onto a drug-free agar medium. By counting the number of viable cells recovered from each tube, the minimal concentration of drug required to kill 99.9% of the cells in the initial inoculum can be determined. Studies were undertaken to determine the circumstances under which false-negative tests could occur as a result of continued inhibition of growth by the antimicrobic carried over in the sample. Drug carryover did significantly reduce the number of viable cells recovered from broth containing relatively high concentrations of antimicrobic: the larger the sample, the greater the effect of drug carryover. The effect was minimal with samples of 10 microliter or less. Furthermore, the effect of drug carryover was reduced by spreading the sample over the surface of an agar medium. The relative precisions of four methods for performing subcultures with such small-volume samples were determined; coefficients of variation were 16-25%. Sampling errors inherent in the procedure for subculturing broth tubes should be taken into consideration when interpreting results of individual tests, and replicate subcultures will improve the reliability of the colony counts.", "contents": "In-vitro methods for determining minimal lethal concentrations of antimicrobial agents. To determine the minimal lethal concentration of an antimicrobial agent, broth dilution tests may be performed and then a sample from each tube showing no visible growth may be subcultured onto a drug-free agar medium. By counting the number of viable cells recovered from each tube, the minimal concentration of drug required to kill 99.9% of the cells in the initial inoculum can be determined. Studies were undertaken to determine the circumstances under which false-negative tests could occur as a result of continued inhibition of growth by the antimicrobic carried over in the sample. Drug carryover did significantly reduce the number of viable cells recovered from broth containing relatively high concentrations of antimicrobic: the larger the sample, the greater the effect of drug carryover. The effect was minimal with samples of 10 microliter or less. Furthermore, the effect of drug carryover was reduced by spreading the sample over the surface of an agar medium. The relative precisions of four methods for performing subcultures with such small-volume samples were determined; coefficients of variation were 16-25%. Sampling errors inherent in the procedure for subculturing broth tubes should be taken into consideration when interpreting results of individual tests, and replicate subcultures will improve the reliability of the colony counts.", "PMID": 105628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6827", "title": "Multiple nutritional deficiencies in infants from a strict vegetarian community.", "content": "Severe nutritional deficiencies developed in four infants from a new vegan religious community. They had received breast milk until the age of 3 months; thereafter, breast milk was supplemented with or replaced by extremely low caloric-density preparations. All of the infants had profound protein-caloric malnutrition, severe rickets, osteoporosis, and vitamin B12 and other deficiencies. One infant died, while the three others had an uneventful recovery. After discharge of the infants from the hospital, the community responded well to a modification of the infants' diet, which did not violate their vegetarian philosophy. However, they refused to give their infants vitamin B12 on a regular basis.", "contents": "Multiple nutritional deficiencies in infants from a strict vegetarian community. Severe nutritional deficiencies developed in four infants from a new vegan religious community. They had received breast milk until the age of 3 months; thereafter, breast milk was supplemented with or replaced by extremely low caloric-density preparations. All of the infants had profound protein-caloric malnutrition, severe rickets, osteoporosis, and vitamin B12 and other deficiencies. One infant died, while the three others had an uneventful recovery. After discharge of the infants from the hospital, the community responded well to a modification of the infants' diet, which did not violate their vegetarian philosophy. However, they refused to give their infants vitamin B12 on a regular basis.", "PMID": 105630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6828", "title": "The role of total parenteral nutrition in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Indications for the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease include improvement of nutrition in the pre- and postoperative periods, management of gastrointestinal fistulas and as an adjunct to medical therapy. In general, patients with Crohn's disease respond better than those with ulcerative colitis. TPN is supportive and does not lead to a long-lasting cure in most cases.", "contents": "The role of total parenteral nutrition in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Indications for the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease include improvement of nutrition in the pre- and postoperative periods, management of gastrointestinal fistulas and as an adjunct to medical therapy. In general, patients with Crohn's disease respond better than those with ulcerative colitis. TPN is supportive and does not lead to a long-lasting cure in most cases.", "PMID": 105631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6829", "title": "Jejunal diverticulosis with massive hemorrhage.", "content": "A case of a relatively uncommon disease, jejunal, diverticulosis, is reported. The case presented an unusual complication, massive melena. The patient was successfully treated and cured by resection of the involved portion of jejunum. In the management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the elderly one must always have in mind this infrequent pathological entity, especially when the small bowel is suspected as the site of bleeding.", "contents": "Jejunal diverticulosis with massive hemorrhage. A case of a relatively uncommon disease, jejunal, diverticulosis, is reported. The case presented an unusual complication, massive melena. The patient was successfully treated and cured by resection of the involved portion of jejunum. In the management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the elderly one must always have in mind this infrequent pathological entity, especially when the small bowel is suspected as the site of bleeding.", "PMID": 105633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6830", "title": "Potency and stability of extemporaneous nitroglycerin infusions.", "content": "The potency and stability of extemporaneous intravenous nitroglycerin (NTG) solutions prepared according to methods currently used in three hospitals were studied. Intravenous NTG solutions were prepared and packaged according to three hospitals' protocols. The NTG solutions varied in concentration (32 microgram/ml); source (one of two manufacturers' sublingual NTG tablets or 10% NTG adsorbate in lactose); and storage (ambient room temperature or refrigerated). The concentration of NTG in the i.v. solutions was determined spectrophotometrically. Nitroglycerin was found to be stable for at least 70 days when stored in glass containers, regardless of source, diluent (5% dextrose in water or normal saline) and storage temperature. The loss of NTG from solution, after storage for seven days in plastic i.v. bags, was greater when stored at room temperature (55%) than when refrigerated (30%). Adsorption was shown to be responsible for this phenomenon because intact drug was completely recovered from the plastic i.v. bags after methanol elution. The results of this study allow formulation of recommendations regarding the extemporaneous preparation of i.v. NTG solutions.", "contents": "Potency and stability of extemporaneous nitroglycerin infusions. The potency and stability of extemporaneous intravenous nitroglycerin (NTG) solutions prepared according to methods currently used in three hospitals were studied. Intravenous NTG solutions were prepared and packaged according to three hospitals' protocols. The NTG solutions varied in concentration (32 microgram/ml); source (one of two manufacturers' sublingual NTG tablets or 10% NTG adsorbate in lactose); and storage (ambient room temperature or refrigerated). The concentration of NTG in the i.v. solutions was determined spectrophotometrically. Nitroglycerin was found to be stable for at least 70 days when stored in glass containers, regardless of source, diluent (5% dextrose in water or normal saline) and storage temperature. The loss of NTG from solution, after storage for seven days in plastic i.v. bags, was greater when stored at room temperature (55%) than when refrigerated (30%). Adsorption was shown to be responsible for this phenomenon because intact drug was completely recovered from the plastic i.v. bags after methanol elution. The results of this study allow formulation of recommendations regarding the extemporaneous preparation of i.v. NTG solutions.", "PMID": 105634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6831", "title": "Stability of penicillin V potassium in unit dose oral syringes.", "content": "The stability of reconstituted penicillin V potassium (PVK) when stored in 6-ml plastic oral syringes at various temperatures and protected from light was studied. One batch of PVK was reconstituted with distilled water according to manufacturer's directions (label claim: 125 mg/ml). Samples of 5 ml were stored in plastic oral syringes at 4 C, 25 C, 41 C, 60 C or 75 C and assayed spectrophotometrically and microbiogically at various times. From an initial concentration of 113% of label claim, PVK stored at 4 C (refrigerated) reached 90% of manufacturer's label claim in 11.5 days (95% confidence level). PVK stored at 25 C (room temperature) was unstable after storage for less than 37 hours. PVK degradation followed a first-order process. No significant difference was found between the spectrophotometric and microbiological assay (p less than 0.05). Manufacturer's stability data for storage of reconstituted PVK in the original bulk container should not be applied to PVK repackaged in plastic oral syringes. The pharmacy department developed guideliness designed to prevent the administration of subpotent PVK.", "contents": "Stability of penicillin V potassium in unit dose oral syringes. The stability of reconstituted penicillin V potassium (PVK) when stored in 6-ml plastic oral syringes at various temperatures and protected from light was studied. One batch of PVK was reconstituted with distilled water according to manufacturer's directions (label claim: 125 mg/ml). Samples of 5 ml were stored in plastic oral syringes at 4 C, 25 C, 41 C, 60 C or 75 C and assayed spectrophotometrically and microbiogically at various times. From an initial concentration of 113% of label claim, PVK stored at 4 C (refrigerated) reached 90% of manufacturer's label claim in 11.5 days (95% confidence level). PVK stored at 25 C (room temperature) was unstable after storage for less than 37 hours. PVK degradation followed a first-order process. No significant difference was found between the spectrophotometric and microbiological assay (p less than 0.05). Manufacturer's stability data for storage of reconstituted PVK in the original bulk container should not be applied to PVK repackaged in plastic oral syringes. The pharmacy department developed guideliness designed to prevent the administration of subpotent PVK.", "PMID": 105635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6832", "title": "Stability of oral liquid penicillins in unit dose containers at various temperatures.", "content": "The effect of freezing on the stability of reconstituted, unit dose packaged oral amoxicillin trihydrate and ampicillin suspensions and penicillin V potassium solutions was studied. Powders for suspension or solution of the three penicillins were reconstituted according to manufacturers' directions to yield a concentration of 250 mg/5 ml. Samples of 5 ml then were stored in amber, screw-cap, glass vials at 25 C, 5 C, 0 C, -10 C or -20 C for 5, 10, 20, 30 or 60 days. The concentration of active constituents remaining after storage was determined spectrophotometrically. All three penicillins retained at least 90% of their original activity for at least 60 days when stored at -20 C. Ampicillin and pencillin V potassium retained at least 90% of their activity after 60 days of storage at -10 C but amoxicillin concentration decreased to 88% and 87% of initial concentration after 60 days storage at -10 C and 0 C, respectively. Degradation appeared to be by a zero-order process for amoxicillin and ampicillin and by a first-order process for penicillin V potassium. It appears that oral solutions of amoxicillin, ampicillin and penicillin V potassium can be effectively stored for at least 50 days in a freezer at -10 C with little loss of activity.", "contents": "Stability of oral liquid penicillins in unit dose containers at various temperatures. The effect of freezing on the stability of reconstituted, unit dose packaged oral amoxicillin trihydrate and ampicillin suspensions and penicillin V potassium solutions was studied. Powders for suspension or solution of the three penicillins were reconstituted according to manufacturers' directions to yield a concentration of 250 mg/5 ml. Samples of 5 ml then were stored in amber, screw-cap, glass vials at 25 C, 5 C, 0 C, -10 C or -20 C for 5, 10, 20, 30 or 60 days. The concentration of active constituents remaining after storage was determined spectrophotometrically. All three penicillins retained at least 90% of their original activity for at least 60 days when stored at -20 C. Ampicillin and pencillin V potassium retained at least 90% of their activity after 60 days of storage at -10 C but amoxicillin concentration decreased to 88% and 87% of initial concentration after 60 days storage at -10 C and 0 C, respectively. Degradation appeared to be by a zero-order process for amoxicillin and ampicillin and by a first-order process for penicillin V potassium. It appears that oral solutions of amoxicillin, ampicillin and penicillin V potassium can be effectively stored for at least 50 days in a freezer at -10 C with little loss of activity.", "PMID": 105636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6833", "title": "Essential fatty acid deficiency: a consequence of fat-free total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "A case of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) associated with fat-free total parenteral nutrition (TPN) therapy in a 53-year-old white male is reported. The patient's tube feedings (Sustacal) were discontinued and a fat-free TPN solution of 25% dextrose injection, 4.25% amino acid injection (Freamine II) and appropriate electrolytes, vitamins and minerals was started when an upper GI study showed complete obstruction of his esophageal-colonic anastomosis. After nearly 1.5 months of fat-free TPN therapy, a diffuse scaly rash appeared on the patient's elbows, groin, arms and legs, and plasma fatty acid analysis showed a gross fatty acid deficiency. One liter of 10% soybean oil emulsion (Intralipid) then was added to 3 liters of TPN daily; linoleic acid accounted for 12% of the total calories of this solution. After 14 days of Intralipid therapy, the patient's skin lesions had cleared and plasma fatty acids had returned to normal. The patient was discharged on tube feedings of Sustacal providing sufficient linoleic acid (8.4% of calories) to prevent recurrence of EFAD. The pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of EFAD, and the role of linoleic acid in the disease are reviewed. TPN protocols should include recommendations for administration of linoleic acid to all patients receiving continuous infusion of fat-free TPN.", "contents": "Essential fatty acid deficiency: a consequence of fat-free total parenteral nutrition. A case of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) associated with fat-free total parenteral nutrition (TPN) therapy in a 53-year-old white male is reported. The patient's tube feedings (Sustacal) were discontinued and a fat-free TPN solution of 25% dextrose injection, 4.25% amino acid injection (Freamine II) and appropriate electrolytes, vitamins and minerals was started when an upper GI study showed complete obstruction of his esophageal-colonic anastomosis. After nearly 1.5 months of fat-free TPN therapy, a diffuse scaly rash appeared on the patient's elbows, groin, arms and legs, and plasma fatty acid analysis showed a gross fatty acid deficiency. One liter of 10% soybean oil emulsion (Intralipid) then was added to 3 liters of TPN daily; linoleic acid accounted for 12% of the total calories of this solution. After 14 days of Intralipid therapy, the patient's skin lesions had cleared and plasma fatty acids had returned to normal. The patient was discharged on tube feedings of Sustacal providing sufficient linoleic acid (8.4% of calories) to prevent recurrence of EFAD. The pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of EFAD, and the role of linoleic acid in the disease are reviewed. TPN protocols should include recommendations for administration of linoleic acid to all patients receiving continuous infusion of fat-free TPN.", "PMID": 105637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6834", "title": "Hypoxemia following the administration of sublingual nitroglycerin.", "content": "Nitroglycerin, 0.6 mg sublingually, was given to 27 nonasthmatic subjects with varying degrees of airways dysfunction to determine the effect on arterial oxygenation. In six normal subjects, the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (Pao2) transiently decreased by 9 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) and in eight subjects with only small airways dysfunction, the Pa02 decreased by 14 mm Hg (p less than 0.0001). The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient on oxygen increased by only 11 mm Hg indicating that the decrease in room air Pao2 was primarily due to worsening ventilation-perfusion mismatch and not to an increase in shunt. Thirteen subjects with advanced obstructive or restrictive lung disease experienced a much lesser decrease in Pao2 of 4 mm Hg. Data are presented on xenon perfusion studies of a dog model of unilateral alveolar hypoxia that suggest the worsening ventilation-perfusion ratio seen in the human subjects after the administration of nitroglycerin could be due to loss of the lung's ability to vasoconstrict in regions of alveolar hypoxia and shift perfusion to better ventilated regions of the lung.", "contents": "Hypoxemia following the administration of sublingual nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin, 0.6 mg sublingually, was given to 27 nonasthmatic subjects with varying degrees of airways dysfunction to determine the effect on arterial oxygenation. In six normal subjects, the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (Pao2) transiently decreased by 9 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) and in eight subjects with only small airways dysfunction, the Pa02 decreased by 14 mm Hg (p less than 0.0001). The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient on oxygen increased by only 11 mm Hg indicating that the decrease in room air Pao2 was primarily due to worsening ventilation-perfusion mismatch and not to an increase in shunt. Thirteen subjects with advanced obstructive or restrictive lung disease experienced a much lesser decrease in Pao2 of 4 mm Hg. Data are presented on xenon perfusion studies of a dog model of unilateral alveolar hypoxia that suggest the worsening ventilation-perfusion ratio seen in the human subjects after the administration of nitroglycerin could be due to loss of the lung's ability to vasoconstrict in regions of alveolar hypoxia and shift perfusion to better ventilated regions of the lung.", "PMID": 105639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6835", "title": "Case report: intestinal clearance of calcium and protein in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.", "content": "A 63-year-old man with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia had severe steatorrhea, marked protein-losing enteropathy, and excessive endogenous fecal calcium clearance. The malabsorption and protein loss resulted in weight loss and hypoalbuminemia. In contrast, the striking enteric calcium loss was completely compensated by an increase in calcium absorption resulting in a positive calcium balance.", "contents": "Case report: intestinal clearance of calcium and protein in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. A 63-year-old man with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia had severe steatorrhea, marked protein-losing enteropathy, and excessive endogenous fecal calcium clearance. The malabsorption and protein loss resulted in weight loss and hypoalbuminemia. In contrast, the striking enteric calcium loss was completely compensated by an increase in calcium absorption resulting in a positive calcium balance.", "PMID": 105640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6836", "title": "Phenylethylamine in rhesus monkeys: interactions with alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine and l-dopa.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys, pretreated with alpha-methyl-para-tryosine (AMPT) and subsequently injected with phenylethylamine (PEA), did not demonstrate the characteristic amphetamine-like PEA effects. However, when AMPT pretreatment was followed with l-dopa and then PEA injection, PEA effects were restored. These results are compatible with a dopamine theory of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Phenylethylamine in rhesus monkeys: interactions with alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine and l-dopa. Rhesus monkeys, pretreated with alpha-methyl-para-tryosine (AMPT) and subsequently injected with phenylethylamine (PEA), did not demonstrate the characteristic amphetamine-like PEA effects. However, when AMPT pretreatment was followed with l-dopa and then PEA injection, PEA effects were restored. These results are compatible with a dopamine theory of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 105644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6837", "title": "Effects of written drug information on patient knowledge and compliance: a literature review.", "content": "The prospect of patient-oriented prescription drug labeling has focused increased attention on the effectiveness of written information for the consumer. Studies which have evaluated the effects of written prescription drug information in a patient population are reviewed. Several studies indicate that written information can be effective in improving patient compliance with regimens for antibiotic therapy. However, for drugs used on a long-term basis, written information as a sole intervention has not been shown to be sufficient for improving patient compliance. Patient knowledge of less commonly known information, such as precautions, side effects, or special directions is frequently improved by written information. Listing a drug's side effects has not been shown to increase the reported experience of side effects; however, one study suggests that patients may be more willing to report side effects to a health professional if they are listed in the written information. The trend for recent studies has been to focus on the \"milieu\" in which written information is provided or to systematically vary structural features of the information in order to improve the quality of drug communications.", "contents": "Effects of written drug information on patient knowledge and compliance: a literature review. The prospect of patient-oriented prescription drug labeling has focused increased attention on the effectiveness of written information for the consumer. Studies which have evaluated the effects of written prescription drug information in a patient population are reviewed. Several studies indicate that written information can be effective in improving patient compliance with regimens for antibiotic therapy. However, for drugs used on a long-term basis, written information as a sole intervention has not been shown to be sufficient for improving patient compliance. Patient knowledge of less commonly known information, such as precautions, side effects, or special directions is frequently improved by written information. Listing a drug's side effects has not been shown to increase the reported experience of side effects; however, one study suggests that patients may be more willing to report side effects to a health professional if they are listed in the written information. The trend for recent studies has been to focus on the \"milieu\" in which written information is provided or to systematically vary structural features of the information in order to improve the quality of drug communications.", "PMID": 105645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6838", "title": "Freeze-fracture replica of the primate lens fibers.", "content": "Using freeze-fracture techniques, we studied the fine structure of monkey lens fibers, with special reference to intercellular junctions. Gap junctions were frequently observed at the 'ball-and-socket' interdigitations, the 'tongue-and-groove' interdigitations, and between cortical lens fibers, while tight junctions were never apparent.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture replica of the primate lens fibers. Using freeze-fracture techniques, we studied the fine structure of monkey lens fibers, with special reference to intercellular junctions. Gap junctions were frequently observed at the 'ball-and-socket' interdigitations, the 'tongue-and-groove' interdigitations, and between cortical lens fibers, while tight junctions were never apparent.", "PMID": 105647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6839", "title": "Absence of indoleamine-accumulating neurons in the retina of humans and cynomolgus monkeys.", "content": "Indoleamine-accumulating neurons have previously been detected in cats, rabbits, goldfish, chicken, pigeons, and Cebus monkeys, and were therefore also looked for in humans and in Old World monkey. Cynomolgus irus. The monkey eyes were injected intravitreally with 50 microgram 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, 5 microgram alpha-methylnoradrenaline, or both drugs simultaneously. The human retinas were incubated in either drug. Previous observations on the distribution of dopaminergic neurons were confirmed in the two species, but no indoleamine-accumulating neurons were detected. The result emphasizes the similarity between human and Old World monkey retinas and contrasts them with the retina of the New World monkeys.", "contents": "Absence of indoleamine-accumulating neurons in the retina of humans and cynomolgus monkeys. Indoleamine-accumulating neurons have previously been detected in cats, rabbits, goldfish, chicken, pigeons, and Cebus monkeys, and were therefore also looked for in humans and in Old World monkey. Cynomolgus irus. The monkey eyes were injected intravitreally with 50 microgram 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, 5 microgram alpha-methylnoradrenaline, or both drugs simultaneously. The human retinas were incubated in either drug. Previous observations on the distribution of dopaminergic neurons were confirmed in the two species, but no indoleamine-accumulating neurons were detected. The result emphasizes the similarity between human and Old World monkey retinas and contrasts them with the retina of the New World monkeys.", "PMID": 105648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6840", "title": "[The structure of the nasopharyngeal duct of Tupaia glis (Diard 1820). A comparison with primates and European insectivores (author's transl)].", "content": "The nasopharyngeal duct of Tupaia glis was studied and compared with other Primates and some Insectivores. In T. glis as in other Primates the ductus nasopharyngeus is separated by the septum nasi into two parallel passages whereas in Insectivores it is a simple undivided duct.", "contents": "[The structure of the nasopharyngeal duct of Tupaia glis (Diard 1820). A comparison with primates and European insectivores (author's transl)]. The nasopharyngeal duct of Tupaia glis was studied and compared with other Primates and some Insectivores. In T. glis as in other Primates the ductus nasopharyngeus is separated by the septum nasi into two parallel passages whereas in Insectivores it is a simple undivided duct.", "PMID": 105649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6841", "title": "Experimental studies of acute anterior cruciate ligament injury and repair.", "content": "Ten dogs and six rhesus monkeys underwent transection and repair of the anterior cruciate ligament. One-half of the procedures involved the femoral end, the other half involved the tibial end of the ligament. Seven of the 10 canine and all of the primate ligaments, that had been transected and repaired, did heal. Functional and clinical instability was demonstrable in all repaired knees. The monkeys developed fewer degenerative changes with more grossly normal appearing ligaments after the repairs than did the dogs. Failure testing on an Instron materials testing machine revealed maximum strength of the repaired ligaments to be 10.4% for the repairs at the femoral end and 2.0% for repairs at the tibial ends in dogs when compared with the contralateral control knees. In monkeys the femoral repairs were 46.8% and the tibial repairs were 62.6% of the control knees. Inadequate immobilization and early stress were believed to be principal causes of the poorer results in dogs. The observations in monkeys support the suggestion that injured anterior cruciate ligaments that can be repaired, should be repaired.", "contents": "Experimental studies of acute anterior cruciate ligament injury and repair. Ten dogs and six rhesus monkeys underwent transection and repair of the anterior cruciate ligament. One-half of the procedures involved the femoral end, the other half involved the tibial end of the ligament. Seven of the 10 canine and all of the primate ligaments, that had been transected and repaired, did heal. Functional and clinical instability was demonstrable in all repaired knees. The monkeys developed fewer degenerative changes with more grossly normal appearing ligaments after the repairs than did the dogs. Failure testing on an Instron materials testing machine revealed maximum strength of the repaired ligaments to be 10.4% for the repairs at the femoral end and 2.0% for repairs at the tibial ends in dogs when compared with the contralateral control knees. In monkeys the femoral repairs were 46.8% and the tibial repairs were 62.6% of the control knees. Inadequate immobilization and early stress were believed to be principal causes of the poorer results in dogs. The observations in monkeys support the suggestion that injured anterior cruciate ligaments that can be repaired, should be repaired.", "PMID": 105646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6842", "title": "The number and distribution of mast cells in monkey lungs.", "content": "We estimated the number of mast cells in monkey lungs by both quantitative histologic examination and measurement of total lung histamine, and showed that monkey lungs contain between 10(7) and 10(8) mast cells, with approximately 83% of these being located in conducting airways, and 17% in the parenchyma. The number of mast cells found in each airway generation increased from approximately 60,000 in the trachea to 8 million in the terminal bronchioles. In airways from different generations the number of mast cells superficial to the basement membrane in the epithelium and lumen (EMC) was compared to the number of mast cells found in the submucosa between basement membrane and cartilage and to the number of those found outside the cartilage. The number of EMC varied between animals and ranged from 0-0.4% of the total number of mast cells in the trachea, to 0-27% of the total in the terminal bronchioles. On the average, EMC accounted for 12% of the total number of mast cells in conducting airways, where we calculate that there is approximately one EMC for every 100,000 epithelial cells. Eosinophils were distributed in close relation to mast cells in the mucosa and submucosa, but were rare outside the cartilage. We conclude that the number of mast cells increases from central to peripheral airways and that this may account for the marked peripheral airway response observed after antigen challenge.", "contents": "The number and distribution of mast cells in monkey lungs. We estimated the number of mast cells in monkey lungs by both quantitative histologic examination and measurement of total lung histamine, and showed that monkey lungs contain between 10(7) and 10(8) mast cells, with approximately 83% of these being located in conducting airways, and 17% in the parenchyma. The number of mast cells found in each airway generation increased from approximately 60,000 in the trachea to 8 million in the terminal bronchioles. In airways from different generations the number of mast cells superficial to the basement membrane in the epithelium and lumen (EMC) was compared to the number of mast cells found in the submucosa between basement membrane and cartilage and to the number of those found outside the cartilage. The number of EMC varied between animals and ranged from 0-0.4% of the total number of mast cells in the trachea, to 0-27% of the total in the terminal bronchioles. On the average, EMC accounted for 12% of the total number of mast cells in conducting airways, where we calculate that there is approximately one EMC for every 100,000 epithelial cells. Eosinophils were distributed in close relation to mast cells in the mucosa and submucosa, but were rare outside the cartilage. We conclude that the number of mast cells increases from central to peripheral airways and that this may account for the marked peripheral airway response observed after antigen challenge.", "PMID": 105654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6843", "title": "Occurrence of immunoglobulin G-alkaline phosphatase complexes in human serum.", "content": "We studied three patients in whom all or part of their serum alkaline phosphatase circulated as a complex with immunoglobulin G (IgG). Serum alkaline phosphatase isozymes were visualized by their electrophoretic (in agar, agarose, and starch gel and on cellulose acetate), gel filtration, and electroimmunodiffusion behaviour. The alkaline phosphatase-IgG complex was of the liver type (two cases) and bone type (one case). The reaction pattern of alkaline phosphatase with different human tissues and with sera of heterologous origin suggests that the complex is of the antigen-antibody type. A direct genetic mechanism seems unlikely since in one patient the IgG-alkaline phosphatase complex was not present in previous serum samples. The presence of this complex has no apparent correlation with the observed abnormalities. Alkaline phosphatase linked to immunoglobulin G must be considered in the interpretation of increased serum alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Occurrence of immunoglobulin G-alkaline phosphatase complexes in human serum. We studied three patients in whom all or part of their serum alkaline phosphatase circulated as a complex with immunoglobulin G (IgG). Serum alkaline phosphatase isozymes were visualized by their electrophoretic (in agar, agarose, and starch gel and on cellulose acetate), gel filtration, and electroimmunodiffusion behaviour. The alkaline phosphatase-IgG complex was of the liver type (two cases) and bone type (one case). The reaction pattern of alkaline phosphatase with different human tissues and with sera of heterologous origin suggests that the complex is of the antigen-antibody type. A direct genetic mechanism seems unlikely since in one patient the IgG-alkaline phosphatase complex was not present in previous serum samples. The presence of this complex has no apparent correlation with the observed abnormalities. Alkaline phosphatase linked to immunoglobulin G must be considered in the interpretation of increased serum alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 105655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6844", "title": "Similar responsiveness of diabetic ketoacidosis to low-dose insulin by intramuscular injection and albumin-free infusion.", "content": "We compared low-dose insulin regimens in a prospective randomized trial in 30 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. One group received a loading dose of 0.44 U/kg body weight of regular insulin half intramuscularly and half intravenously followed by 7 U/h intramuscularly, whereas the other group received a loading dose of 0.44 U/kg intravenously followed immediately by a constant infusion of 7 U/h in albumin-free saline. The time for metabolic control of the ketoacidosis was not significantly different in the two groups. Five patients in each group developed mild hypokalemia (serum potassium, 3.0 to 3.4 meq/litre). No patient became hypoglycemic, and there were no deaths within the follow-up period (24 h). In the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, low doses of insulin administered by the priming dose-intermittent intramuscular route are as effective as the constant infusion method.", "contents": "Similar responsiveness of diabetic ketoacidosis to low-dose insulin by intramuscular injection and albumin-free infusion. We compared low-dose insulin regimens in a prospective randomized trial in 30 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. One group received a loading dose of 0.44 U/kg body weight of regular insulin half intramuscularly and half intravenously followed by 7 U/h intramuscularly, whereas the other group received a loading dose of 0.44 U/kg intravenously followed immediately by a constant infusion of 7 U/h in albumin-free saline. The time for metabolic control of the ketoacidosis was not significantly different in the two groups. Five patients in each group developed mild hypokalemia (serum potassium, 3.0 to 3.4 meq/litre). No patient became hypoglycemic, and there were no deaths within the follow-up period (24 h). In the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, low doses of insulin administered by the priming dose-intermittent intramuscular route are as effective as the constant infusion method.", "PMID": 105656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6845", "title": "Invasive aspergillosis in acute leukemia: correlation with nose cultures and antibiotic use.", "content": "Aspergillosis in cancer patients is a problem. Because not all patients can undergo invasive procedures, we sought other methods for diagnosis. We reviewed the data from all patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia treated at our center during a 3-year period. Of 125 patients, 18 had invasive aspergillosis (cases). Eleven patients had nose cultures growing Aspergillus flavus or A. fumigatus; 10 of these 11 had aspergillosis, whereas only eight of 114 without such nose cultures had invasive disease (P less than 0.000001). Thus, A. flavus on nose culture appears \"predictive\" for aspergillosis. Absence of such a culture does not preclude infection. Of 125 patients, 61 had sterile nose culture(s) and 14 of the 18 cases had such a sterile nose culture. Only four of the 64 patients without sterile nose cultures developed aspergillosis (P less than 0.008), suggesting a relation between sterile nose culture and aspergillosis. Carbenicillin was used for a longer period among cases and patients with predictive nose cultures than among patients without aspergillosis. These data may help identify patients at risk of aspergillosis and help determine antifungal therapy when invasive procedures are contraindicated.", "contents": "Invasive aspergillosis in acute leukemia: correlation with nose cultures and antibiotic use. Aspergillosis in cancer patients is a problem. Because not all patients can undergo invasive procedures, we sought other methods for diagnosis. We reviewed the data from all patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia treated at our center during a 3-year period. Of 125 patients, 18 had invasive aspergillosis (cases). Eleven patients had nose cultures growing Aspergillus flavus or A. fumigatus; 10 of these 11 had aspergillosis, whereas only eight of 114 without such nose cultures had invasive disease (P less than 0.000001). Thus, A. flavus on nose culture appears \"predictive\" for aspergillosis. Absence of such a culture does not preclude infection. Of 125 patients, 61 had sterile nose culture(s) and 14 of the 18 cases had such a sterile nose culture. Only four of the 64 patients without sterile nose cultures developed aspergillosis (P less than 0.008), suggesting a relation between sterile nose culture and aspergillosis. Carbenicillin was used for a longer period among cases and patients with predictive nose cultures than among patients without aspergillosis. These data may help identify patients at risk of aspergillosis and help determine antifungal therapy when invasive procedures are contraindicated.", "PMID": 105657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6846", "title": "Enteral hyperalimentation: an alternative to central venous hyperalimentation.", "content": "Severe protein-energy undernutrition is a frequent finding among chronically ill patients. Its causes are anorexia, hypermetabolism, and malabsorption. Adverse consequences include impaired cell-mediated immunity increased susceptibility to infection, poor wound healing, weakness, and death. Spontaneous oral intake is inadequate in patients with this disorder, and therapeutic maintenance or repletion alimentation is needed. Enteral hyperalimentation is the method of choice, if tolerated. A successful treatment program usually requires a small-bore, flexible nasoenteral tube, appropriate feeding solution, and constant flow delivery of nutrient. If only partial dietary requirements are tolerated enterally, peripheral intravenous nutrient solutions can often supply the deficit. Although not suitable for all patients, enteral hyperalimentation is more physiologic, safer, easier, and more economical than central venous hyperalimentation. It would be well tolerated by many patients who now receive nutritional repletion by the latter method.", "contents": "Enteral hyperalimentation: an alternative to central venous hyperalimentation. Severe protein-energy undernutrition is a frequent finding among chronically ill patients. Its causes are anorexia, hypermetabolism, and malabsorption. Adverse consequences include impaired cell-mediated immunity increased susceptibility to infection, poor wound healing, weakness, and death. Spontaneous oral intake is inadequate in patients with this disorder, and therapeutic maintenance or repletion alimentation is needed. Enteral hyperalimentation is the method of choice, if tolerated. A successful treatment program usually requires a small-bore, flexible nasoenteral tube, appropriate feeding solution, and constant flow delivery of nutrient. If only partial dietary requirements are tolerated enterally, peripheral intravenous nutrient solutions can often supply the deficit. Although not suitable for all patients, enteral hyperalimentation is more physiologic, safer, easier, and more economical than central venous hyperalimentation. It would be well tolerated by many patients who now receive nutritional repletion by the latter method.", "PMID": 105658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6847", "title": "[The emergency treatment of a recent burn of the oesophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "The emergency treatment of an oesophageal burn consist of: -- avoidance of a certain number of measures which may be considered to be dangerous or useless: gastric lavage, emetic agents, neutralising agents or oesophageal antacids; -- the treatment of shock and of oesophageal and gastric complications, in cases of massive ingestion in which the prognosis may be improved only by active, thorough and prolonged intensive therapy; -- attempting to prevent the development of subsequent stenosis following massive ingestions. The majority of authors are in agreement concerning the usefulness of early assessment by oesophagoscopy. There exists a certain amount of discord concerning the use of a calibrating oesophageal tube and the usefulness of corticosteroid therapy.", "contents": "[The emergency treatment of a recent burn of the oesophagus (author's transl)]. The emergency treatment of an oesophageal burn consist of: -- avoidance of a certain number of measures which may be considered to be dangerous or useless: gastric lavage, emetic agents, neutralising agents or oesophageal antacids; -- the treatment of shock and of oesophageal and gastric complications, in cases of massive ingestion in which the prognosis may be improved only by active, thorough and prolonged intensive therapy; -- attempting to prevent the development of subsequent stenosis following massive ingestions. The majority of authors are in agreement concerning the usefulness of early assessment by oesophagoscopy. There exists a certain amount of discord concerning the use of a calibrating oesophageal tube and the usefulness of corticosteroid therapy.", "PMID": 105660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6848", "title": "[Long term results of dilatation using the tube-bougie method in stenosis following caustic oesophagitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The tube-bougie methode suggested by the authors ten years ago for dilatation of oesophageal stenosis is based upon the fact that the instrument dilates only in the oesophagus itself and that it consists, on the one hand at the level of the stomach and secondly at the level of the nose and pharynx of a tube a small calibre which makes it possible to leave the dilating instrument in place for far longer periods (24 to 48 hours) than conventional bougies, increasing the interval between dilatation sessions. This technique has been used several hundred times for various indications, but only 6 cases of caustic oesophagitis (with a total of 440 dilatations) each patient being followed up for more than three and a half years, have been studied in order to determine the effectiveness of the method. Amongst the causes of recurrent stenosis or of an imperfect long term result, the authors stress the role of the reflux of gastric fluid and above all of progressive fibroinflammatory mediastinitis.", "contents": "[Long term results of dilatation using the tube-bougie method in stenosis following caustic oesophagitis (author's transl)]. The tube-bougie methode suggested by the authors ten years ago for dilatation of oesophageal stenosis is based upon the fact that the instrument dilates only in the oesophagus itself and that it consists, on the one hand at the level of the stomach and secondly at the level of the nose and pharynx of a tube a small calibre which makes it possible to leave the dilating instrument in place for far longer periods (24 to 48 hours) than conventional bougies, increasing the interval between dilatation sessions. This technique has been used several hundred times for various indications, but only 6 cases of caustic oesophagitis (with a total of 440 dilatations) each patient being followed up for more than three and a half years, have been studied in order to determine the effectiveness of the method. Amongst the causes of recurrent stenosis or of an imperfect long term result, the authors stress the role of the reflux of gastric fluid and above all of progressive fibroinflammatory mediastinitis.", "PMID": 105661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6849", "title": "Cross-foot flap for ankle coverage.", "content": "The usual cross-leg flap procedures to cover composite wounds involving exposed ankle joint or bone require awkward positioning of the extremities with resultant complications. This is especially true in young, muscular patients with thick legs. A dorsalis pedis flap from the uninjured foot used as a cross-foot flap has been reliable and successful in our experience. A representative case history and the multiple advantages of this technique are described. We believe that this flap is an excellent alternative to the free-flap technique for coverage around the ankle area, especially in hospitals in which facilities for free-flap technique are not available.", "contents": "Cross-foot flap for ankle coverage. The usual cross-leg flap procedures to cover composite wounds involving exposed ankle joint or bone require awkward positioning of the extremities with resultant complications. This is especially true in young, muscular patients with thick legs. A dorsalis pedis flap from the uninjured foot used as a cross-foot flap has been reliable and successful in our experience. A representative case history and the multiple advantages of this technique are described. We believe that this flap is an excellent alternative to the free-flap technique for coverage around the ankle area, especially in hospitals in which facilities for free-flap technique are not available.", "PMID": 105666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6850", "title": "[Considerations on the genus Nycteria (Haemoproteidae) parasite of African Microchiroptera with the description of 4 new species (author's transl)].", "content": "5 species of Nycteria from Central Africa (Gabon and Congo-Brazzaville) were studied. They can be divided into two distinct groups: the parasites of Nycteris with gametocytes \"en cocarde\": N. medusiformis, N. houini n. sp. and N. eradi n. sp.; the parasites of Rhinolophus with gametocytes of the \"diffus\" type: N. gabonensis n. sp. and N. krampitzi n. sp. The characteristics of the genus Nycteria and its place amongst the other Haemosporidia are analysed.", "contents": "[Considerations on the genus Nycteria (Haemoproteidae) parasite of African Microchiroptera with the description of 4 new species (author's transl)]. 5 species of Nycteria from Central Africa (Gabon and Congo-Brazzaville) were studied. They can be divided into two distinct groups: the parasites of Nycteris with gametocytes \"en cocarde\": N. medusiformis, N. houini n. sp. and N. eradi n. sp.; the parasites of Rhinolophus with gametocytes of the \"diffus\" type: N. gabonensis n. sp. and N. krampitzi n. sp. The characteristics of the genus Nycteria and its place amongst the other Haemosporidia are analysed.", "PMID": 105663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6851", "title": "Genetic variants of carbonic anhydrase in the Asian-Pacific area.", "content": "The results of extensive surveys of red cell carbonic anhydrase phenotypes in the Asian-Pacific region are presented together with data on the occurrence of three new polymorphisms present only in Australian Aboriginals. Two of these systems are widespread right across the Australian continent, while the remaining one is restricted to members of a single linguistic group in Arnhem Land. Further examples of CA1 3-1 Guam are reported, and also CA1 3-1 Singapore which has an electrophoretic mobility indistinguishable from that of CA1 3-1 Guam. Included in the tabulations are data on other populations outside the Asian-Pacific area and, for completeness, information already published on variants of both CA1 and CA2. In an effort to simplify the nomenclature of carbonic anhydrase variants, a new system is suggested, using numerals rather than letters to distinguish the variant isozymes. Modifications of the electrophoresis buffer system which enhances the very small mobility differences existing between several of the products of the CA1 alleles are also described.", "contents": "Genetic variants of carbonic anhydrase in the Asian-Pacific area. The results of extensive surveys of red cell carbonic anhydrase phenotypes in the Asian-Pacific region are presented together with data on the occurrence of three new polymorphisms present only in Australian Aboriginals. Two of these systems are widespread right across the Australian continent, while the remaining one is restricted to members of a single linguistic group in Arnhem Land. Further examples of CA1 3-1 Guam are reported, and also CA1 3-1 Singapore which has an electrophoretic mobility indistinguishable from that of CA1 3-1 Guam. Included in the tabulations are data on other populations outside the Asian-Pacific area and, for completeness, information already published on variants of both CA1 and CA2. In an effort to simplify the nomenclature of carbonic anhydrase variants, a new system is suggested, using numerals rather than letters to distinguish the variant isozymes. Modifications of the electrophoresis buffer system which enhances the very small mobility differences existing between several of the products of the CA1 alleles are also described.", "PMID": 105667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6852", "title": "[Kinetics of the serological response in the experimental primary hydatid disease of mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus embryophores (author's transl)].", "content": "A serological response kinetics study was carried out in CF-1 mice orally infected with Echinococcus granulosus embryophores using immuno-electrophoresis, double diffusion, latex agglutination and passive hemagglutination. Starting from the 76th day after the infection, serum antibodies reach the minimum detectable level by immunoelectrophoresis test. Band number 5, now considered as specific for E. granulosus, was proved to be the first precipitating system exhibited in this test. Double diffusion, latex agglutination and passive hemagglutination tests developed positive results later (125--144 days after infection). Correlation between serologic and anatomo-pathologic findings suggest that hydatid cyst fluid presence in the cysts is necessary for circulating antibodies production.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the serological response in the experimental primary hydatid disease of mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus embryophores (author's transl)]. A serological response kinetics study was carried out in CF-1 mice orally infected with Echinococcus granulosus embryophores using immuno-electrophoresis, double diffusion, latex agglutination and passive hemagglutination. Starting from the 76th day after the infection, serum antibodies reach the minimum detectable level by immunoelectrophoresis test. Band number 5, now considered as specific for E. granulosus, was proved to be the first precipitating system exhibited in this test. Double diffusion, latex agglutination and passive hemagglutination tests developed positive results later (125--144 days after infection). Correlation between serologic and anatomo-pathologic findings suggest that hydatid cyst fluid presence in the cysts is necessary for circulating antibodies production.", "PMID": 105664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6853", "title": "Plasma somatomedin activity in protein calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Somatomedin activity was assayed in the plasma of children suffering from protein calorie malnutrition by a bioassay using rat cartilage and expressed as sulphate uptake ratio. The sulphate uptake ratio was particularly reduced in kwashiorkor. In marasmus there was a slight reduction and the levels were still in the normal range. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were raised in kwashiorkor but were in the normal range in marasmus. Reduction in sulphate uptake ratio was observed only when plasma albumin levels were less than 2.5 g/100 ml (25 g/l). A rise in plasma GH was also observed but only below this threshold level.", "contents": "Plasma somatomedin activity in protein calorie malnutrition. Somatomedin activity was assayed in the plasma of children suffering from protein calorie malnutrition by a bioassay using rat cartilage and expressed as sulphate uptake ratio. The sulphate uptake ratio was particularly reduced in kwashiorkor. In marasmus there was a slight reduction and the levels were still in the normal range. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were raised in kwashiorkor but were in the normal range in marasmus. Reduction in sulphate uptake ratio was observed only when plasma albumin levels were less than 2.5 g/100 ml (25 g/l). A rise in plasma GH was also observed but only below this threshold level.", "PMID": 105670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6854", "title": "[Comparison of the effects of phentolamine and trinitrine in the treatment of left ventricular failure during the acute phase of myocardial infarct].", "content": "Two groups of 10 patients with left ventricular failure during the acute phase of myocardial infarction were studied. One group were given phentolamine, the other trinitrin. The infusion rate was regulated so that the heart rate was not increased by more than 10 beats per minute, and to obtain a pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure less than 18 mmHg with a mean systemic arterial pressure remaining greater than or equal to 80 mmHg. The dose of phentolamine was 5 +/- 3 mcg/kg/mn, but using trinitrin the initial optimal dose of 0.39 +/- 0.22 mcg/kg/mn had to be progressively increased during the first 24 hours. The haemodynamic study done before treatment and after an hour at the optimal infusion rate showed that, for a similar reduction in the pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure, the mean systemic arterial pressure was reduced less by trinitrin than by phentolamine, while the stroke work index was not appreciably altered by either drug. In patients with low systemic arterial pressure, trinitrin appears to be preferable and warrants use after the possible setting up of circulatory assistance by aortic counter-pulsation.", "contents": "[Comparison of the effects of phentolamine and trinitrine in the treatment of left ventricular failure during the acute phase of myocardial infarct]. Two groups of 10 patients with left ventricular failure during the acute phase of myocardial infarction were studied. One group were given phentolamine, the other trinitrin. The infusion rate was regulated so that the heart rate was not increased by more than 10 beats per minute, and to obtain a pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure less than 18 mmHg with a mean systemic arterial pressure remaining greater than or equal to 80 mmHg. The dose of phentolamine was 5 +/- 3 mcg/kg/mn, but using trinitrin the initial optimal dose of 0.39 +/- 0.22 mcg/kg/mn had to be progressively increased during the first 24 hours. The haemodynamic study done before treatment and after an hour at the optimal infusion rate showed that, for a similar reduction in the pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure, the mean systemic arterial pressure was reduced less by trinitrin than by phentolamine, while the stroke work index was not appreciably altered by either drug. In patients with low systemic arterial pressure, trinitrin appears to be preferable and warrants use after the possible setting up of circulatory assistance by aortic counter-pulsation.", "PMID": 105676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6855", "title": "[Transitional carcinoma in congenital diverticulum of the bladder].", "content": "The author presents a case of an urothelial tumour in a vesical diverticle of an adult 64 years old man. The rareness which justifies its publication is based on the fact that it was the question of a congenital diverticle (admitting that the presence of a complete muscular stratum ratifies such character). In spite of a clearly radical surgery the fast dissemination of the tumor which caused the patient's death in a few months could not be avoided. The special pathogenic and evolution characteristics of the tumorations in this localization are briefly analyzed.", "contents": "[Transitional carcinoma in congenital diverticulum of the bladder]. The author presents a case of an urothelial tumour in a vesical diverticle of an adult 64 years old man. The rareness which justifies its publication is based on the fact that it was the question of a congenital diverticle (admitting that the presence of a complete muscular stratum ratifies such character). In spite of a clearly radical surgery the fast dissemination of the tumor which caused the patient's death in a few months could not be avoided. The special pathogenic and evolution characteristics of the tumorations in this localization are briefly analyzed.", "PMID": 105673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6856", "title": "[Coronary angiography in the preoperative exploration of non-ischemic acquired valve diseases].", "content": "One hundred and fifty-nine patients with aortic valve disease (86 cases), mitral valve disease (58 cases) or mitral and aortic disease (15 cases) underwent a pre-operative haemodynamic study, including coronary arteriography either as a routine (age greater than 50 years) or because of chest pains. Coronary arteriography is easy to do during left heart catheterisation and nowadays carries minimal risk. In the cases of chest pains, it showed stenotic lesions of the coronary vessels in 22% of patients with aortic valve disease and in 35% of those with mitral disease. In the absence of angina, coronary arteriography showed no evidence of coronary artery disease in the cases of mitral regurgitation and of aortic valve disease. In contrast, it showed stenotic lesions in three cases of mitral stenosis. In the whole of the series, coronary artery disease proved a contra-indication to surgery in three cases, and was an indication for aorta-coronary by-pass grafting, in addition to valve surgery, in seven other cases. In the absence of angina, coronary arteriography has only a slight influence on the decision to operate. It does however give additional security, which justifies its routine use in patients over 50 years of age, particularly those with mitral valve disease.", "contents": "[Coronary angiography in the preoperative exploration of non-ischemic acquired valve diseases]. One hundred and fifty-nine patients with aortic valve disease (86 cases), mitral valve disease (58 cases) or mitral and aortic disease (15 cases) underwent a pre-operative haemodynamic study, including coronary arteriography either as a routine (age greater than 50 years) or because of chest pains. Coronary arteriography is easy to do during left heart catheterisation and nowadays carries minimal risk. In the cases of chest pains, it showed stenotic lesions of the coronary vessels in 22% of patients with aortic valve disease and in 35% of those with mitral disease. In the absence of angina, coronary arteriography showed no evidence of coronary artery disease in the cases of mitral regurgitation and of aortic valve disease. In contrast, it showed stenotic lesions in three cases of mitral stenosis. In the whole of the series, coronary artery disease proved a contra-indication to surgery in three cases, and was an indication for aorta-coronary by-pass grafting, in addition to valve surgery, in seven other cases. In the absence of angina, coronary arteriography has only a slight influence on the decision to operate. It does however give additional security, which justifies its routine use in patients over 50 years of age, particularly those with mitral valve disease.", "PMID": 105677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6857", "title": "[Restricted myocardial infarction. Coronary angiographic and ventriculographic findings. Comparison with acute coronary insufficiency and transmural infarction].", "content": "The findings at coronary arteriography and ventricular angiography in 52 patients with a restricted myocardial infarct were compared with those of 106 patients with acute coronary insufficiency and 100 with transmural infarcts. Certain features place restricted myocardial infarction in an intermediate category when compared with the two other syndromes. The percentage of coronary occlusions was significantly higher in transmural infarction (23.5%) and in restricted infarction (16.6%) than in acute coronary insufficiency 6.8%). Study of the vessel beyond a tight stenosis (greater than or equal to 75% was particularly effective in clearly separating the three groups. As a result, 63% of patients with coronary insufficiency, 40% of these with restricted infarcts, and only 23% of patients with a transmural infarct could be referred for surgery. Ventricular angiography showed a close relationship between restricted infarction and acute coronary insufficiency because ventricular function appeared normal or subnormal (localised hypokinesia) in 69% and 81% of cases respectively, compared with 4% of cases of transmural infarction. Restricted myocardial infarction appears to resemble coronary insufficiency, but shows elevation of enzymes and often more marked disease of distal vessels.", "contents": "[Restricted myocardial infarction. Coronary angiographic and ventriculographic findings. Comparison with acute coronary insufficiency and transmural infarction]. The findings at coronary arteriography and ventricular angiography in 52 patients with a restricted myocardial infarct were compared with those of 106 patients with acute coronary insufficiency and 100 with transmural infarcts. Certain features place restricted myocardial infarction in an intermediate category when compared with the two other syndromes. The percentage of coronary occlusions was significantly higher in transmural infarction (23.5%) and in restricted infarction (16.6%) than in acute coronary insufficiency 6.8%). Study of the vessel beyond a tight stenosis (greater than or equal to 75% was particularly effective in clearly separating the three groups. As a result, 63% of patients with coronary insufficiency, 40% of these with restricted infarcts, and only 23% of patients with a transmural infarct could be referred for surgery. Ventricular angiography showed a close relationship between restricted infarction and acute coronary insufficiency because ventricular function appeared normal or subnormal (localised hypokinesia) in 69% and 81% of cases respectively, compared with 4% of cases of transmural infarction. Restricted myocardial infarction appears to resemble coronary insufficiency, but shows elevation of enzymes and often more marked disease of distal vessels.", "PMID": 105679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6858", "title": "[Results of mitral-aortic valve replacements].", "content": "Seventy-five combined mitral and aortic valve replacements were done between 1970 and 1976 with a minimum follow-up of 12 months and a mean of 3.72 +/- 17 months using \u00e0 Bj\u00f6rk prosthesis in the aortic position and the Starr 6120 prosthesis in the mitral position. The early post-operative mortality was 5.3% and the late mortality 8.4%. The actuarial survival curve projected a mortality of 16% at 6 years, including the operative mortality. The survival at 6 years did not differ from that of mitral valve replacement alone during the same period, though it was less than the survival of aortic valve replacement for aortic regurgitation. Among the post-operative complications only 3 embolic complications were seen. Surprisingly, the degree of heart failure, the radiological heart size, and the haemodynamic data showed no satistically significant influence on the post-operative mortality. All of the survivors except one showed a functional improvement. Haemodynamic checks in 13 patients showed a significant reduction in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, in mean capillary wedge pressure and in arteriovenous oxygen difference, but not in the cardiac index. The radiological heart size was significantly reduced but this reduction was usually limited.", "contents": "[Results of mitral-aortic valve replacements]. Seventy-five combined mitral and aortic valve replacements were done between 1970 and 1976 with a minimum follow-up of 12 months and a mean of 3.72 +/- 17 months using \u00e0 Bj\u00f6rk prosthesis in the aortic position and the Starr 6120 prosthesis in the mitral position. The early post-operative mortality was 5.3% and the late mortality 8.4%. The actuarial survival curve projected a mortality of 16% at 6 years, including the operative mortality. The survival at 6 years did not differ from that of mitral valve replacement alone during the same period, though it was less than the survival of aortic valve replacement for aortic regurgitation. Among the post-operative complications only 3 embolic complications were seen. Surprisingly, the degree of heart failure, the radiological heart size, and the haemodynamic data showed no satistically significant influence on the post-operative mortality. All of the survivors except one showed a functional improvement. Haemodynamic checks in 13 patients showed a significant reduction in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, in mean capillary wedge pressure and in arteriovenous oxygen difference, but not in the cardiac index. The radiological heart size was significantly reduced but this reduction was usually limited.", "PMID": 105681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6859", "title": "[Stimulation with automatic radiofrequency scanning in the long term treatment of tachyarrythmias].", "content": "A pacemaker is described which uses radiofrequency signals for synchronisation and pacing, and seeks automatically the phase of the cycle at which the tachycardia may be interrupted. The patient himself can activate the pacemaker. The programme of the external transmitter, which scans nearly all the R-R cycles of the tachycardia, may be pre-set to transmit one or two synchronised stimuli, with a progressive delay of 5 or 10 ms. If the tachycardia is interrupted the pacing stops automatically. The implantable unit of the device may be connected to a normal endocardial electrode, has no batteries and is of small size and weight. The method has been used with success in 4 patients with reciprocal junctional tachycardia (3 of these patients had the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome), and in one case of chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia. All of them were refractory to conventional therapy.", "contents": "[Stimulation with automatic radiofrequency scanning in the long term treatment of tachyarrythmias]. A pacemaker is described which uses radiofrequency signals for synchronisation and pacing, and seeks automatically the phase of the cycle at which the tachycardia may be interrupted. The patient himself can activate the pacemaker. The programme of the external transmitter, which scans nearly all the R-R cycles of the tachycardia, may be pre-set to transmit one or two synchronised stimuli, with a progressive delay of 5 or 10 ms. If the tachycardia is interrupted the pacing stops automatically. The implantable unit of the device may be connected to a normal endocardial electrode, has no batteries and is of small size and weight. The method has been used with success in 4 patients with reciprocal junctional tachycardia (3 of these patients had the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome), and in one case of chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia. All of them were refractory to conventional therapy.", "PMID": 105682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6860", "title": "[Left auricular myxoma. Apropos of 9 cases. Study of echocardiographic and morphologic aspects. Familial inquiry].", "content": "A study was made of 9 cases of left atrial myxoma with emphasis on the echocardiographic, haemodynamic and anatomical aspects and on the main clinical features. An epidemiological enquiry was made regarding the possibility of recurrences or familial cases. It was negative, suggesting that such cases are rare. The echocardiographic signs of left atrial myxoma are inconstant. The mitral diastolic EF slope is variable, the delay in appearance of the tumour echo behind the mitral valve in diastole is not constant, and the atrial \"a\" wave may be preserved. The echocardiographic features are a function of the size and shape of the myxoma, as well as the length and site of implantation of its pedicle.", "contents": "[Left auricular myxoma. Apropos of 9 cases. Study of echocardiographic and morphologic aspects. Familial inquiry]. A study was made of 9 cases of left atrial myxoma with emphasis on the echocardiographic, haemodynamic and anatomical aspects and on the main clinical features. An epidemiological enquiry was made regarding the possibility of recurrences or familial cases. It was negative, suggesting that such cases are rare. The echocardiographic signs of left atrial myxoma are inconstant. The mitral diastolic EF slope is variable, the delay in appearance of the tumour echo behind the mitral valve in diastole is not constant, and the atrial \"a\" wave may be preserved. The echocardiographic features are a function of the size and shape of the myxoma, as well as the length and site of implantation of its pedicle.", "PMID": 105683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6861", "title": "[Distomatosis and cardiac disease. Apropos of 2 new cases. Trials of classification and pathogenetic hypotheses].", "content": "The authors report two new cases of cardiac disease associated with distomatosis: one case of biventricular fibroblastic parietal endocarditis affecting mainly the left side in a young female of 26 years, and one case of cardiomyopathy with atrial endocardial fibrosis, affecting especially the left ventricle in a man of 47. Bearing in mind the five cases reported in the literature, the authors propose a classification of cardiac disorders supposed to be due to distomatosis using three groups (endocardial fibrosis, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis) and relate them to a common pathogenesis based on immuno-allergic theory.", "contents": "[Distomatosis and cardiac disease. Apropos of 2 new cases. Trials of classification and pathogenetic hypotheses]. The authors report two new cases of cardiac disease associated with distomatosis: one case of biventricular fibroblastic parietal endocarditis affecting mainly the left side in a young female of 26 years, and one case of cardiomyopathy with atrial endocardial fibrosis, affecting especially the left ventricle in a man of 47. Bearing in mind the five cases reported in the literature, the authors propose a classification of cardiac disorders supposed to be due to distomatosis using three groups (endocardial fibrosis, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis) and relate them to a common pathogenesis based on immuno-allergic theory.", "PMID": 105684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6862", "title": "[Severe coronary insufficiency in a young woman after mediastinal radiotherapy].", "content": "Three years after radiotherapy to the mediastinum for Hodgkin's disease, a 28 year old female presented with incapacititating angina. The presence of severe disease in the proximal arteries on coronary arteriography, with obliteration of the anterior descending artery and, of the right coronary artery, together with an unstable collateral circulation, constituted an indication for a double aorto-coronary bypass graft. A review of the literature suggests that early development of atherosclerosis may be produced by the synergistic action of radiotherapy and lipid disorders. Fifteen similar cases have been described, eight of them in patients of less than 40 years of age; three were discovered at post-mortem examination in patients aged under 21.", "contents": "[Severe coronary insufficiency in a young woman after mediastinal radiotherapy]. Three years after radiotherapy to the mediastinum for Hodgkin's disease, a 28 year old female presented with incapacititating angina. The presence of severe disease in the proximal arteries on coronary arteriography, with obliteration of the anterior descending artery and, of the right coronary artery, together with an unstable collateral circulation, constituted an indication for a double aorto-coronary bypass graft. A review of the literature suggests that early development of atherosclerosis may be produced by the synergistic action of radiotherapy and lipid disorders. Fifteen similar cases have been described, eight of them in patients of less than 40 years of age; three were discovered at post-mortem examination in patients aged under 21.", "PMID": 105686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6863", "title": "The new asylums in the community.", "content": "One-hundred and one residents of a board-and-care home housing psychiatric patients were studied. Of these, 92% were diagnosed as psychotic; 42% have lived there five years or more; and 32% have overt major psychopathologic characteristics. Nine of ten have never lived alone or failed in their last attempt. A relationship was found between use of a community social rehabilitation program and its distance and provision of transportation. Sixty-one percent have had contact with community vocational rehabilitation but only 12% are still involved. Half of them have no goals for changing anything in their lives; 95% use community facilities, mostly eating places and supermarkets. Board-and-care homes offer an asylum from life's pressures, a degree of structure, and some treatment, especially medication supervision. For many long-term patients they have taken over the functions of the state hospital.", "contents": "The new asylums in the community. One-hundred and one residents of a board-and-care home housing psychiatric patients were studied. Of these, 92% were diagnosed as psychotic; 42% have lived there five years or more; and 32% have overt major psychopathologic characteristics. Nine of ten have never lived alone or failed in their last attempt. A relationship was found between use of a community social rehabilitation program and its distance and provision of transportation. Sixty-one percent have had contact with community vocational rehabilitation but only 12% are still involved. Half of them have no goals for changing anything in their lives; 95% use community facilities, mostly eating places and supermarkets. Board-and-care homes offer an asylum from life's pressures, a degree of structure, and some treatment, especially medication supervision. For many long-term patients they have taken over the functions of the state hospital.", "PMID": 105687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6864", "title": "Female homosexual behavior in Macaca mulatta.", "content": "Homosexual activity among adult females in a heterosexual group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) is documented and discussed. The mounter was usually in the follicular stage of the menstrual cycle and the mountee was in the ovulatory period. Activity during the luteal phase was low for all animals. Female mounting did not appear to be a preparation or substitute for heterosexual activity. Ritualized solicitation patterns among the females were intense and varied, strongly resembling those for heterosexual pairs. Dominance, partner preference, sexual stimulation, reproductive state, individual characteristics, and past experience are discussed in the framework of multiple factors influencing the homosexual relationship.", "contents": "Female homosexual behavior in Macaca mulatta. Homosexual activity among adult females in a heterosexual group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) is documented and discussed. The mounter was usually in the follicular stage of the menstrual cycle and the mountee was in the ovulatory period. Activity during the luteal phase was low for all animals. Female mounting did not appear to be a preparation or substitute for heterosexual activity. Ritualized solicitation patterns among the females were intense and varied, strongly resembling those for heterosexual pairs. Dominance, partner preference, sexual stimulation, reproductive state, individual characteristics, and past experience are discussed in the framework of multiple factors influencing the homosexual relationship.", "PMID": 105688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6865", "title": "Carbamazepine vs phenytoin. A controlled clinical trial in focal motor and generalized epilepsy.", "content": "The antiepileptic effects of carbamazepine and phenytoin were compared in a double-blind crossover trial studying patients with primary and secondary generalized seizures and partial seizures with motor symptoms. Each treatment period lasted ten weeks. The patients were seen every two weeks, and doses were adjusted according to plasma levels. It was attempted to keep levels in the optimal plasma range, ie, 10 to 20 and 4 to 10 mg/liter for phenytoin and carbamazepine, respectively. Twenty-three patients entered and 19 completed the study. No statistically significant differences were found between carbamazepine and phenytoin with regard to seizure control and acute side effects.", "contents": "Carbamazepine vs phenytoin. A controlled clinical trial in focal motor and generalized epilepsy. The antiepileptic effects of carbamazepine and phenytoin were compared in a double-blind crossover trial studying patients with primary and secondary generalized seizures and partial seizures with motor symptoms. Each treatment period lasted ten weeks. The patients were seen every two weeks, and doses were adjusted according to plasma levels. It was attempted to keep levels in the optimal plasma range, ie, 10 to 20 and 4 to 10 mg/liter for phenytoin and carbamazepine, respectively. Twenty-three patients entered and 19 completed the study. No statistically significant differences were found between carbamazepine and phenytoin with regard to seizure control and acute side effects.", "PMID": 105689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6866", "title": "The prediction of posttraumatic epilepsy. A mathematical approach.", "content": "Simple mathematical equations can be used to estimate the probability of posttraumatic seizures. Risk factors and time since the injury are taken into consideration in the calculations. The equations are based on a constant probability model derived from published data. When these formulae are applied to data from a variety of published studies, the predicted incidence of posttraumatic epilepsy based on the mathematical model agrees well with the incidence observed in the study groups.", "contents": "The prediction of posttraumatic epilepsy. A mathematical approach. Simple mathematical equations can be used to estimate the probability of posttraumatic seizures. Risk factors and time since the injury are taken into consideration in the calculations. The equations are based on a constant probability model derived from published data. When these formulae are applied to data from a variety of published studies, the predicted incidence of posttraumatic epilepsy based on the mathematical model agrees well with the incidence observed in the study groups.", "PMID": 105690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6867", "title": "Rapid metabolism of phenytoin: a method of calculating proper dosage.", "content": "The optimal dosage of phenytoin can be accurately determined by a pharmacokinetic method. By plotting the rate of administration of phenytoin acid against the apparent plasma clearance rate, we estimated the maximum rate of metabolism and the serum concentration at which the rate of metabolism was one half the maximum rate for phenytoin and then applied the Michaelis-Menten equation to optimize the dosage of phenytoin in a 48-year-old man with uncontrolled idiopathic generalized seizures and increased metabolism of phenytoin. The patient became seizure free on a regimen of 650 mg of phenytoin daily and experienced no side effects of phenytoin over-dosage. The pharmacokinetic technique described is simple to use and can be applied in an outpatient clinic.", "contents": "Rapid metabolism of phenytoin: a method of calculating proper dosage. The optimal dosage of phenytoin can be accurately determined by a pharmacokinetic method. By plotting the rate of administration of phenytoin acid against the apparent plasma clearance rate, we estimated the maximum rate of metabolism and the serum concentration at which the rate of metabolism was one half the maximum rate for phenytoin and then applied the Michaelis-Menten equation to optimize the dosage of phenytoin in a 48-year-old man with uncontrolled idiopathic generalized seizures and increased metabolism of phenytoin. The patient became seizure free on a regimen of 650 mg of phenytoin daily and experienced no side effects of phenytoin over-dosage. The pharmacokinetic technique described is simple to use and can be applied in an outpatient clinic.", "PMID": 105691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6868", "title": "Bacillus cereus endogenous panophthalmitis.", "content": "A case of severe suppurative endogenous panophthalmitis caused by Bacillus cereus resulted from intravenously administered medications. This is the first, to our knowledge, well-documented case of endogenous endophthalmitis associated with this organism. It is recommended that if on Gram's stain of the anterior chamber fluid, Gram-positive rods are seen, chloramphenicol should be administered in addition to penicillin because of the possibility of B cereus infection.", "contents": "Bacillus cereus endogenous panophthalmitis. A case of severe suppurative endogenous panophthalmitis caused by Bacillus cereus resulted from intravenously administered medications. This is the first, to our knowledge, well-documented case of endogenous endophthalmitis associated with this organism. It is recommended that if on Gram's stain of the anterior chamber fluid, Gram-positive rods are seen, chloramphenicol should be administered in addition to penicillin because of the possibility of B cereus infection.", "PMID": 105693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6869", "title": "Double phakomatosis.", "content": "In the phakomatoses--von Recklinghausen's disease, the Sturge-Weber syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, and von Hippel-Lindau disease--pathologic changes in the eye are often evident. Most cases are described as a single entity. The following is a case report of concomitant Sturge-Weber syndrome and von Recklinghausen's disease in which both conditions involved the eye.", "contents": "Double phakomatosis. In the phakomatoses--von Recklinghausen's disease, the Sturge-Weber syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, and von Hippel-Lindau disease--pathologic changes in the eye are often evident. Most cases are described as a single entity. The following is a case report of concomitant Sturge-Weber syndrome and von Recklinghausen's disease in which both conditions involved the eye.", "PMID": 105694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6870", "title": "The mechanism of disc pallor in experimental optic atrophy. A fluorescein angiographic study.", "content": "Ascending optic atrophy was produced in 13 eyes of owl monkeys (Aotestrivirgatus) by retinal photocoagulation. Color fundus photography and fluorescein angiography were used to study and document the evolution of nerve head abnormalities. The optic nerve heads were also studied histopathologically. Except in certain instances of early transient (relative) filling defects, normal disc fluorescent patterns were preserved, despite clinically apparent optic nerve head pallor. Sectorial defects did not persist into the later phases of the angiogram. These findings may suggest a reduced blood flow, but neither angiographic nor histopathologic studies detected a reduced vascularity in the atrophic optic nerve. Pallor of the optic nerve head seems to result from alterations in the tissue reflectance and translucency following axonal loss and glial reorganization rather than from a decreased microvascular bed.", "contents": "The mechanism of disc pallor in experimental optic atrophy. A fluorescein angiographic study. Ascending optic atrophy was produced in 13 eyes of owl monkeys (Aotestrivirgatus) by retinal photocoagulation. Color fundus photography and fluorescein angiography were used to study and document the evolution of nerve head abnormalities. The optic nerve heads were also studied histopathologically. Except in certain instances of early transient (relative) filling defects, normal disc fluorescent patterns were preserved, despite clinically apparent optic nerve head pallor. Sectorial defects did not persist into the later phases of the angiogram. These findings may suggest a reduced blood flow, but neither angiographic nor histopathologic studies detected a reduced vascularity in the atrophic optic nerve. Pallor of the optic nerve head seems to result from alterations in the tissue reflectance and translucency following axonal loss and glial reorganization rather than from a decreased microvascular bed.", "PMID": 105695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6871", "title": "Experimental ciliochoroidal detachment. Effect on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor flow.", "content": "Ciliochoroidal detachments were produced in rhesus monkeys by injecting glutathione bicarbonate Ringer's solution, autologous serum, or silicone oil into the anterior suprachoroidal space. Silicone oil detachments, like sham operations, caused a transient 2 mm Hg reduction in intraocular pressure. Detachments with glutathione bicarbonate Ringer's solution or serum caused a 6 mm Hg reduction in intraocular pressure, which normalized in three weeks. Aqueous humor flow in serum-detached eyes was normal, indicating that the hypotonia does not result from reduced aqueous humor formation. Blood was present in Schlemm's canal in most eyes with hypotonia, which suggests that hypotonia is not the result of enhanced conventional aqueous humor outflow. Therefore, it is postulated that hypotonia might result from enhanced aqueous humor outflow from the anterior chamber into the suprachoroidal space and out of the eye through the emissarial channels of the sclera (uveoscleral outflow).", "contents": "Experimental ciliochoroidal detachment. Effect on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor flow. Ciliochoroidal detachments were produced in rhesus monkeys by injecting glutathione bicarbonate Ringer's solution, autologous serum, or silicone oil into the anterior suprachoroidal space. Silicone oil detachments, like sham operations, caused a transient 2 mm Hg reduction in intraocular pressure. Detachments with glutathione bicarbonate Ringer's solution or serum caused a 6 mm Hg reduction in intraocular pressure, which normalized in three weeks. Aqueous humor flow in serum-detached eyes was normal, indicating that the hypotonia does not result from reduced aqueous humor formation. Blood was present in Schlemm's canal in most eyes with hypotonia, which suggests that hypotonia is not the result of enhanced conventional aqueous humor outflow. Therefore, it is postulated that hypotonia might result from enhanced aqueous humor outflow from the anterior chamber into the suprachoroidal space and out of the eye through the emissarial channels of the sclera (uveoscleral outflow).", "PMID": 105696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6872", "title": "A longitudinal study of the effectiveness of self applied 10 per cent stannous fluoride paste for secondary school children.", "content": "1. Stannous fluoride toothpaste was used twice yearly for three years in supervised brush-ins by puplis at two Melbourne schools--one coeducational and one boys. 2. Of the original 492 pupils who formed the Test and Control Groups, 347 were available for the final examination. Of these, only the Test Group (167) had participated in four brush-ins. 3. The Test Group consisted of 119 boys and 48 girls, and the Control Group 129 boys and 51 girls. 4. The reduction in caries increment was 16 per cent for DMFS and 19 per cent for DMFT. A reduction of 34 per cent DMFS and 30 per cent DMFT was recorded for the girls. 5. The results for boys in the co-educational State school showed no reduction in caries increment. 6. Time taken for the brush-ins was not more than 20 minutes.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of the effectiveness of self applied 10 per cent stannous fluoride paste for secondary school children. 1. Stannous fluoride toothpaste was used twice yearly for three years in supervised brush-ins by puplis at two Melbourne schools--one coeducational and one boys. 2. Of the original 492 pupils who formed the Test and Control Groups, 347 were available for the final examination. Of these, only the Test Group (167) had participated in four brush-ins. 3. The Test Group consisted of 119 boys and 48 girls, and the Control Group 129 boys and 51 girls. 4. The reduction in caries increment was 16 per cent for DMFS and 19 per cent for DMFT. A reduction of 34 per cent DMFS and 30 per cent DMFT was recorded for the girls. 5. The results for boys in the co-educational State school showed no reduction in caries increment. 6. Time taken for the brush-ins was not more than 20 minutes.", "PMID": 105697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6873", "title": "Sideroblastic anaemia and leukaemia in multiple myeloma.", "content": "Two patients with IgA myeloma and one patient with kappa light chain disease developed sideroblastic anaemia from two to four years after the initial diagnosis. All had previously received radiotherapy and chemotherapy (melphalan and prednisone). In two patients the myeloma was quiescent when the sideroblastic change occurred. Leukaemia occurred in two patients two and seven months respectively after the diagnosis of sideroblastic anaemia was made. In one of them, the myeloma became active again at the same time. The development of sideroblastic anaemia may be a pre-leukaemic event and may be recognised by the appearance of a dimorphic blood film.", "contents": "Sideroblastic anaemia and leukaemia in multiple myeloma. Two patients with IgA myeloma and one patient with kappa light chain disease developed sideroblastic anaemia from two to four years after the initial diagnosis. All had previously received radiotherapy and chemotherapy (melphalan and prednisone). In two patients the myeloma was quiescent when the sideroblastic change occurred. Leukaemia occurred in two patients two and seven months respectively after the diagnosis of sideroblastic anaemia was made. In one of them, the myeloma became active again at the same time. The development of sideroblastic anaemia may be a pre-leukaemic event and may be recognised by the appearance of a dimorphic blood film.", "PMID": 105698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6874", "title": "Brucella cultures typed by the Who Brucellosis Centre at the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Melbourne.", "content": "Results of the typing of Brucella cultures received at the WHO Brucellosis Centre, CSL, Melbourne, from 1968-1976 are presented. The distribution of the biotypes of cultures recovered throughout Australia is shown on a host and State basis and atypical cultures are discussed. Cultures identified from Australia were Br. abortus, biotypes 1, 2 and 4 and Strain 19; Br. suis, biotype 1 and Br. ovis. Br. melitensis biotypes 1, 2 and 3 were recorded only as exotic human infections from the Mediterranean area and from laboratory infections. Br. abortus, biotype 1 was the most common bovine and human isolate and was found in horses, a goat and a sheep. There was a low incidence of Br. abortus, biotype 2 in cattle and it was found in 1 horse. Br. abortus, biotype 3 was not found in Australia but was submitted from Tanzania. Br. abortus, biotype 4 was rare in cattle and was found once in a horse. Br. abortus, Strain 19 was found occasionally in cattle and once from a test guinea pig. Br. suis, biotype 1 was found in both man and pigs in Queensland and New South Wales whereas biotype 3 was isolated only in New Guinea from pigs and cattle. Br. ovis was submitted from 3 States. Br. canis has not been found in Australia.", "contents": "Brucella cultures typed by the Who Brucellosis Centre at the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Melbourne. Results of the typing of Brucella cultures received at the WHO Brucellosis Centre, CSL, Melbourne, from 1968-1976 are presented. The distribution of the biotypes of cultures recovered throughout Australia is shown on a host and State basis and atypical cultures are discussed. Cultures identified from Australia were Br. abortus, biotypes 1, 2 and 4 and Strain 19; Br. suis, biotype 1 and Br. ovis. Br. melitensis biotypes 1, 2 and 3 were recorded only as exotic human infections from the Mediterranean area and from laboratory infections. Br. abortus, biotype 1 was the most common bovine and human isolate and was found in horses, a goat and a sheep. There was a low incidence of Br. abortus, biotype 2 in cattle and it was found in 1 horse. Br. abortus, biotype 3 was not found in Australia but was submitted from Tanzania. Br. abortus, biotype 4 was rare in cattle and was found once in a horse. Br. abortus, Strain 19 was found occasionally in cattle and once from a test guinea pig. Br. suis, biotype 1 was found in both man and pigs in Queensland and New South Wales whereas biotype 3 was isolated only in New Guinea from pigs and cattle. Br. ovis was submitted from 3 States. Br. canis has not been found in Australia.", "PMID": 105700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6875", "title": "Tubal microsurgery--a review.", "content": "Microsurgery is being applied with considerable advantage to tubal reconstruction, particularly in relation to improved pregnancy rates. These results justify the additional costs in equipment and time which are required.", "contents": "Tubal microsurgery--a review. Microsurgery is being applied with considerable advantage to tubal reconstruction, particularly in relation to improved pregnancy rates. These results justify the additional costs in equipment and time which are required.", "PMID": 105711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6876", "title": "Relationship between genetic variation in thermal stability and electrophoretic mobility of mouse beta-galactosidase.", "content": "We have examined the relationships between the genetic determinants for mouse beta-galactosidase heat stability and electrophoretic mobility, in order to clarify previous reports indicating that a variation for enzyme heat stability is restricted to kidney while that for electrophoretic mobility is expressed in all tissues. We find that the two phenotypes show concordant strain distributions and cosegregate in genetic crosses. In contrast to a previous report, the thermal stability variation is expressed in all tissues, although the absolute rate of enzyme inactivation is tissue specific. The evidence supports the notion that a single beta-galactosidase structural locus is expressed in all tissues and that the differences in enzyme stability between tissues results from posttranslational enzyme modification.", "contents": "Relationship between genetic variation in thermal stability and electrophoretic mobility of mouse beta-galactosidase. We have examined the relationships between the genetic determinants for mouse beta-galactosidase heat stability and electrophoretic mobility, in order to clarify previous reports indicating that a variation for enzyme heat stability is restricted to kidney while that for electrophoretic mobility is expressed in all tissues. We find that the two phenotypes show concordant strain distributions and cosegregate in genetic crosses. In contrast to a previous report, the thermal stability variation is expressed in all tissues, although the absolute rate of enzyme inactivation is tissue specific. The evidence supports the notion that a single beta-galactosidase structural locus is expressed in all tissues and that the differences in enzyme stability between tissues results from posttranslational enzyme modification.", "PMID": 105715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6877", "title": "Demonstration of 6-phosphogluconolactonase activity in Drosophila melanogaster using a null allele of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Using a double mutant strain, Pgdn Zwn, we have developed an assay for 6-phosphogluconolactonase activity and have demonstrated its occurrence in adult Drosophila melanogaster.", "contents": "Demonstration of 6-phosphogluconolactonase activity in Drosophila melanogaster using a null allele of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Using a double mutant strain, Pgdn Zwn, we have developed an assay for 6-phosphogluconolactonase activity and have demonstrated its occurrence in adult Drosophila melanogaster.", "PMID": 105716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6878", "title": "An anthranilate synthase of the extreme aminase type in a species of blue-green bacteria (algae).", "content": "Anthranilate synthase of Agmenellum quadruplicatum, a unicellular species of blue-green bacteria, consists of two nonidentical subunits. A 72,000 dalton protein has aminase activity but is incapable of reaction with glutamine (amidotransferase) unless a second protein (18,000 molecular weight) is present. The small subunit was first detected through its ability to complement a partially purified aminase subunit from Bacillus subtilis to produce a hybrid complex capable of amidotransferase function. Conditions for the function of the heterologous complex were less stringent than for the homologous A. quadruplicatum complex. A reducing agent such as dithiothreitol stabilizes the A. quadruplicatum aminase subunit and is obligatory for amidotransferase function. L-Tryptophan feedback inhibits both the aminase and amidotransferase reactions of anthranilate synthase; Ki values of 6 X 10(-8) M for the amidotransferase activity and 2 X 10(-6) M for the aminase activity were obtained. The Km value calculated for ammonia (2.2 mM) was more favorable than the Km value glutamine (13 mM). Likewise, the Vmax of anthranilate synthase was greater with ammonia than with glutamine. Starvation of a tryptophan auxotroph results in a threefold derepression of the aminase subunit, but no corresponding increase in the small 18,000 M subunit occurs. While microbial anthranilate synthase complexes are remarkably similar overall, the relatively good aminase activity of the A. quadruplicatum enzyme may be of physiological significance in nature.", "contents": "An anthranilate synthase of the extreme aminase type in a species of blue-green bacteria (algae). Anthranilate synthase of Agmenellum quadruplicatum, a unicellular species of blue-green bacteria, consists of two nonidentical subunits. A 72,000 dalton protein has aminase activity but is incapable of reaction with glutamine (amidotransferase) unless a second protein (18,000 molecular weight) is present. The small subunit was first detected through its ability to complement a partially purified aminase subunit from Bacillus subtilis to produce a hybrid complex capable of amidotransferase function. Conditions for the function of the heterologous complex were less stringent than for the homologous A. quadruplicatum complex. A reducing agent such as dithiothreitol stabilizes the A. quadruplicatum aminase subunit and is obligatory for amidotransferase function. L-Tryptophan feedback inhibits both the aminase and amidotransferase reactions of anthranilate synthase; Ki values of 6 X 10(-8) M for the amidotransferase activity and 2 X 10(-6) M for the aminase activity were obtained. The Km value calculated for ammonia (2.2 mM) was more favorable than the Km value glutamine (13 mM). Likewise, the Vmax of anthranilate synthase was greater with ammonia than with glutamine. Starvation of a tryptophan auxotroph results in a threefold derepression of the aminase subunit, but no corresponding increase in the small 18,000 M subunit occurs. While microbial anthranilate synthase complexes are remarkably similar overall, the relatively good aminase activity of the A. quadruplicatum enzyme may be of physiological significance in nature.", "PMID": 105718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6879", "title": "Genetic and biochemical aspects of trehalase from Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Only one molecular form of trehalase (E.C. 3.2.1.28) was detectable in adult Drosophila melanogaster by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. An examination of duplication- and deletion-bearing aneuploids exhibiting dosage sensitivity indicated that the enzyme is encoded by a gene, Treh+, located between 55B and 55E of the second chromosome. The tissue-specific soluble and particulate forms of trehalase appear to be manifestations of a single protein encoded by a single gene.", "contents": "Genetic and biochemical aspects of trehalase from Drosophila melanogaster. Only one molecular form of trehalase (E.C. 3.2.1.28) was detectable in adult Drosophila melanogaster by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. An examination of duplication- and deletion-bearing aneuploids exhibiting dosage sensitivity indicated that the enzyme is encoded by a gene, Treh+, located between 55B and 55E of the second chromosome. The tissue-specific soluble and particulate forms of trehalase appear to be manifestations of a single protein encoded by a single gene.", "PMID": 105719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6880", "title": "The beta-glucosidase from Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. Kinetics of enzyme-catalysed hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside in dioxan/water.", "content": "1. The hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside by the high-molecular-weight beta-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) from Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. has been studied in the presence of added dioxan. 2. At donor saturation, the maximum rate of hydrolysis in the presence of up to 50%(v/v) dioxan was pH4.3-4.5 (pH of the buffer system in water) in McIlvaine's buffer. 3. Increasing dioxan concentrations progressively decreased the maximum rate of hydrolysis. 4. The rate of enzyme-catalysed reaction was enhanced at high donor concentrations, but inhibited at low donor concentrations in the presence of glycerol, methanol, fructose of sucrose. 5. The hydrolytic reaction was found to proceed with retention of configuration at the anomeric carbon atom. 6. The kinetics of the enzyme-catalysed process in the presence of added acceptors indicated that water was necessary for the maintenance of the active enzyme conformation apart from its acceptor function.", "contents": "The beta-glucosidase from Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. Kinetics of enzyme-catalysed hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside in dioxan/water. 1. The hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside by the high-molecular-weight beta-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) from Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. has been studied in the presence of added dioxan. 2. At donor saturation, the maximum rate of hydrolysis in the presence of up to 50%(v/v) dioxan was pH4.3-4.5 (pH of the buffer system in water) in McIlvaine's buffer. 3. Increasing dioxan concentrations progressively decreased the maximum rate of hydrolysis. 4. The rate of enzyme-catalysed reaction was enhanced at high donor concentrations, but inhibited at low donor concentrations in the presence of glycerol, methanol, fructose of sucrose. 5. The hydrolytic reaction was found to proceed with retention of configuration at the anomeric carbon atom. 6. The kinetics of the enzyme-catalysed process in the presence of added acceptors indicated that water was necessary for the maintenance of the active enzyme conformation apart from its acceptor function.", "PMID": 105720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6881", "title": "Affinity labelling with a deaminatively generated carbonium ion. Kinetics and stoicheiometry of the alkylation of methionine-500 of the lacZ beta-galactosidase of Escherichia coli by beta-D-galactopyranosylmethyl-p-nitrophenyltriazene.", "content": "1. beta-D-Galactopyranosylmethyl-p-nitrophenyltriazene is an active-site-directed irreversible inhibitor of Mg2+-bound and Mg2+-free lacZ beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. 2. The Mg2+-enzyme binds the inhibitor more tightly but the complex then decomposes less rapidly than is the case with Mg2+-free enzyme. 3. Loss of enzyme activity is a linear function of the fraction of enzyme protomers to which are attached beta-D-galactopranosyl[14C]methyl residues: complete inactivation of fully active enzyme results in incorporation of 0.91 equivalent of carbohydrate label per enzyme protomer. 4. When the beta-galactopyranosylmethyl cation is generated in the active site of Mg2+-enzyme, it is captured essentially completely by the protein, but in the active site of Mg2+-free enzyme it is only captured with an efficiency of 25%. 5. Labelled enzyme was carboxymethylated and digested with trypsin; acidic hydrolysis of the isolated tryptic peptide, and field-desorption mass spectrometry of the isolated radioactive derivative, showed it to be 2,5-dioxo-3[2-(beta-D-galactopyranosylmethylthio)ethyl]-1,6-trimethylenepiperazine. 6. This is considered to have arisen from labelling of the sulphur atom of a methionine residue adjacent to a proline residue. 7. The complete amino acid sequence of the molecule [Fowler & Zabin (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 1507-1510] enables the labelled methionine residue to be identified as either Met-421 or Met-500. 8. Sequence data [Fowler, Zabin, Sinnott & Smith (1978) J. Biol. Chem. in the press] show the site of attack to be Met-500.", "contents": "Affinity labelling with a deaminatively generated carbonium ion. Kinetics and stoicheiometry of the alkylation of methionine-500 of the lacZ beta-galactosidase of Escherichia coli by beta-D-galactopyranosylmethyl-p-nitrophenyltriazene. 1. beta-D-Galactopyranosylmethyl-p-nitrophenyltriazene is an active-site-directed irreversible inhibitor of Mg2+-bound and Mg2+-free lacZ beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. 2. The Mg2+-enzyme binds the inhibitor more tightly but the complex then decomposes less rapidly than is the case with Mg2+-free enzyme. 3. Loss of enzyme activity is a linear function of the fraction of enzyme protomers to which are attached beta-D-galactopranosyl[14C]methyl residues: complete inactivation of fully active enzyme results in incorporation of 0.91 equivalent of carbohydrate label per enzyme protomer. 4. When the beta-galactopyranosylmethyl cation is generated in the active site of Mg2+-enzyme, it is captured essentially completely by the protein, but in the active site of Mg2+-free enzyme it is only captured with an efficiency of 25%. 5. Labelled enzyme was carboxymethylated and digested with trypsin; acidic hydrolysis of the isolated tryptic peptide, and field-desorption mass spectrometry of the isolated radioactive derivative, showed it to be 2,5-dioxo-3[2-(beta-D-galactopyranosylmethylthio)ethyl]-1,6-trimethylenepiperazine. 6. This is considered to have arisen from labelling of the sulphur atom of a methionine residue adjacent to a proline residue. 7. The complete amino acid sequence of the molecule [Fowler & Zabin (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 1507-1510] enables the labelled methionine residue to be identified as either Met-421 or Met-500. 8. Sequence data [Fowler, Zabin, Sinnott & Smith (1978) J. Biol. Chem. in the press] show the site of attack to be Met-500.", "PMID": 105721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6882", "title": "The necessity of magnesium cation for acid assistance aglycone departure in catalysis by Escherichia coli (lacZ) beta-galactosidase.", "content": "1. Removal of Mg2+ from Escherichia coli (lacZ) beta-galactosidase slightly increases the rate of hydrolysis of galactosyl pyridinium salts, but decreases the rate of hydrolysis of arylgalactosides. 2. Fair correlation of logkcat. and log (Km) with the pKa of aglycone is now observed for arglygalactosides, as well as for glycosyl pyridinium salts. 3. Degalactosylation of Mg2+-free enzyme is the rate-limiting step in the hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl galactoside. 4. alpha-Deuterium kinetic isotope effects for both sets of substrates are consistent with the rate-determining generation of a glycosyl cation. 5. The pH-independent, SNl hydrolysis of 3,4-dinitrophenyl galactoside has been measured: it is as fast as that of the galactosyl 3-chloropyridinium ion. 6. Hydrolysis of these two substrates by Mg2+-free enzyme proceeds at very similar rates. 7. It is concluded that loss of both types of aglycone takes place, without acid catalysis, from the first ES complex of substrate and apoenzyme. 8. Data for galactosyl azide and thiopicrate confirm that neither charge nor change of atom is the cause of the differences in behavior between aryl galactosides and galactosylpyridinium salts.", "contents": "The necessity of magnesium cation for acid assistance aglycone departure in catalysis by Escherichia coli (lacZ) beta-galactosidase. 1. Removal of Mg2+ from Escherichia coli (lacZ) beta-galactosidase slightly increases the rate of hydrolysis of galactosyl pyridinium salts, but decreases the rate of hydrolysis of arylgalactosides. 2. Fair correlation of logkcat. and log (Km) with the pKa of aglycone is now observed for arglygalactosides, as well as for glycosyl pyridinium salts. 3. Degalactosylation of Mg2+-free enzyme is the rate-limiting step in the hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl galactoside. 4. alpha-Deuterium kinetic isotope effects for both sets of substrates are consistent with the rate-determining generation of a glycosyl cation. 5. The pH-independent, SNl hydrolysis of 3,4-dinitrophenyl galactoside has been measured: it is as fast as that of the galactosyl 3-chloropyridinium ion. 6. Hydrolysis of these two substrates by Mg2+-free enzyme proceeds at very similar rates. 7. It is concluded that loss of both types of aglycone takes place, without acid catalysis, from the first ES complex of substrate and apoenzyme. 8. Data for galactosyl azide and thiopicrate confirm that neither charge nor change of atom is the cause of the differences in behavior between aryl galactosides and galactosylpyridinium salts.", "PMID": 105722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6883", "title": "Analysis of glycosaminoglycans in urine by using acridine orange fluorescence.", "content": "The fluorescence technique described here utilizes the electrostatic interaction between the polyanionic sites of glycosaminoglycans and the cationic dye Acridine Orange to analyse urinary glycosaminoglycans from patients suffering from mucopolysaccharidoses. The basis of the titration is the decrease in the fluorescence of free Acridine Orange that occurs when it is bound to polyanions. The effect of the presence of possible interfering materials such as salt, proteins and trace materials in urine was evaluated. This fluorescence technique is technically simple.", "contents": "Analysis of glycosaminoglycans in urine by using acridine orange fluorescence. The fluorescence technique described here utilizes the electrostatic interaction between the polyanionic sites of glycosaminoglycans and the cationic dye Acridine Orange to analyse urinary glycosaminoglycans from patients suffering from mucopolysaccharidoses. The basis of the titration is the decrease in the fluorescence of free Acridine Orange that occurs when it is bound to polyanions. The effect of the presence of possible interfering materials such as salt, proteins and trace materials in urine was evaluated. This fluorescence technique is technically simple.", "PMID": 105723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6884", "title": "Relationship between biotin-binding proteins from chicken plasma and egg yolk.", "content": "The plasma of laying hens contains a specific biotin-binding protein that appears to be identical with an egg-yolk biotin-binding protein. Both proteins are saturated with biotin and require elevated temperatures to effect the exchange of [14C]biotin for the protein-bound vitamin. The heat-exchange curve in each case is the same and differs sharply from that of avidin, the egg-white biotin-binding protein. On Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, plasma and yolk biotin-binding proteins were each eluted slightly ahead of avidin (mol.wt. 68,000), suggesting that they are of similar molecular weight. Plasma and yolk biotin-binding proteins required the same ionic strength to be eluted from a phosphocellulose ion-exchange column. Both the plasma and yolk biotin-binding proteins had a pI of 5; avidin has a pI of 10. Plasma biotin-binding protein cross-reacted with antiserum to yolk biotin-binding protein and showed a precipitin line of identity with purified yolk biotin-binding protein. It is suggested that biotin-binding plays an important role in mediating the transport of the vitamin from the bloodstream to the developing oocyte.", "contents": "Relationship between biotin-binding proteins from chicken plasma and egg yolk. The plasma of laying hens contains a specific biotin-binding protein that appears to be identical with an egg-yolk biotin-binding protein. Both proteins are saturated with biotin and require elevated temperatures to effect the exchange of [14C]biotin for the protein-bound vitamin. The heat-exchange curve in each case is the same and differs sharply from that of avidin, the egg-white biotin-binding protein. On Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, plasma and yolk biotin-binding proteins were each eluted slightly ahead of avidin (mol.wt. 68,000), suggesting that they are of similar molecular weight. Plasma and yolk biotin-binding proteins required the same ionic strength to be eluted from a phosphocellulose ion-exchange column. Both the plasma and yolk biotin-binding proteins had a pI of 5; avidin has a pI of 10. Plasma biotin-binding protein cross-reacted with antiserum to yolk biotin-binding protein and showed a precipitin line of identity with purified yolk biotin-binding protein. It is suggested that biotin-binding plays an important role in mediating the transport of the vitamin from the bloodstream to the developing oocyte.", "PMID": 105724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6885", "title": "Substrate specificity of 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from human prostate.", "content": "5'-Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase was purified approx. 340-fold from human prostate by using affinity chromatography by Hg-coupled Sepharose. The enzyme, responsible for the breakdown of 5'-methylthioadenosine into adenine and methylthioribose 1-phosphate, was partially characterized. The apparent Km for 5'-methylthioadenosine is 25 microM. It is activated by thiols and shows an absolute requirement for phosphate ions. New analogues of 5'-methylthioadenosine were prepared and their activity as substrates or inhibitors of the reaction was investigated. The replacement of the 6-amino group of the adenine moiety by a hydroxy group, as well as the replacement of N-7 by a methinic radical, resulted in an almost complete loss of activity. Otherwise the replacement of sulphur by selenium, as well as that of the methyl group by an ethyl one, is compatible with the activity as substrate. The positively charged sulphonium group also prevents catalytic interaction with the enzyme. The inhibitory effect of 5'-methylthiotubercidin (competitive) and 5'-dimethylthioadenosine sulphonium salt (non-competitive) was also demonstrated. The reported results suggest three binding sites between the substrate and the enzyme.", "contents": "Substrate specificity of 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from human prostate. 5'-Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase was purified approx. 340-fold from human prostate by using affinity chromatography by Hg-coupled Sepharose. The enzyme, responsible for the breakdown of 5'-methylthioadenosine into adenine and methylthioribose 1-phosphate, was partially characterized. The apparent Km for 5'-methylthioadenosine is 25 microM. It is activated by thiols and shows an absolute requirement for phosphate ions. New analogues of 5'-methylthioadenosine were prepared and their activity as substrates or inhibitors of the reaction was investigated. The replacement of the 6-amino group of the adenine moiety by a hydroxy group, as well as the replacement of N-7 by a methinic radical, resulted in an almost complete loss of activity. Otherwise the replacement of sulphur by selenium, as well as that of the methyl group by an ethyl one, is compatible with the activity as substrate. The positively charged sulphonium group also prevents catalytic interaction with the enzyme. The inhibitory effect of 5'-methylthiotubercidin (competitive) and 5'-dimethylthioadenosine sulphonium salt (non-competitive) was also demonstrated. The reported results suggest three binding sites between the substrate and the enzyme.", "PMID": 105725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6886", "title": "An improved assay technique for uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase activity towards 5-hydroxytryptamine and some properties of the enzyme.", "content": "A simplified and sensitive procedure for the routine assay of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity towards 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) was developed and the reaction product confirmed as the O-glucuronide of this substrate. The assay was used to study some properties of this UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity. In mouse liver activity was stimulated by membrane-perturbation procedures and by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. In rat liver it was stimulated by digitonin, but not by diethylnitrosamine. Mouse duodenum, kidney, and lung possessed activity that was less latent than in liver. No activity was found in homogenates of brain. The activity was present in Gunn rat liver, though only one-third of that in Wistar rat liver. Cat liver contained no UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity towards 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "contents": "An improved assay technique for uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase activity towards 5-hydroxytryptamine and some properties of the enzyme. A simplified and sensitive procedure for the routine assay of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity towards 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) was developed and the reaction product confirmed as the O-glucuronide of this substrate. The assay was used to study some properties of this UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity. In mouse liver activity was stimulated by membrane-perturbation procedures and by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. In rat liver it was stimulated by digitonin, but not by diethylnitrosamine. Mouse duodenum, kidney, and lung possessed activity that was less latent than in liver. No activity was found in homogenates of brain. The activity was present in Gunn rat liver, though only one-third of that in Wistar rat liver. Cat liver contained no UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity towards 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "PMID": 105726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6887", "title": "The exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-endopeptidase of Streptomyces albus G. Interaction with beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "Kinetically, the three-step model proposed for the interaction between beta-lactam antibiotics and the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidases-transpeptidases of Streptomyces R61 and Actinomadura R39 [Fr\u00e8re, Ghuysen & Iwatsubo (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 57, 343--357; Fuad, Fr\u00e8re, Ghuysen, Duez & Iwatsubo (1976) Biochem. J. 155, 623--629] applies to the interaction between the much less penicillin-sensitive exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-endopeptidase of Streptomyces albus G and at least phenoxymethylpenicillin, cephalothin and cephalosporin C. The penicillin resistance of the albus G enzyme is mainly due to the low efficiency with which the first reversible complex formed with the antibiotic (complex EI) undergoes transformation into a second more stable complex EI*. Analysis of the ternary interaction between enzyme, NalphaNepsilon-diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine (Ac2-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala) and cephalosporin C indicates a non-competitive mechanism.", "contents": "The exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-endopeptidase of Streptomyces albus G. Interaction with beta-lactam antibiotics. Kinetically, the three-step model proposed for the interaction between beta-lactam antibiotics and the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidases-transpeptidases of Streptomyces R61 and Actinomadura R39 [Fr\u00e8re, Ghuysen & Iwatsubo (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 57, 343--357; Fuad, Fr\u00e8re, Ghuysen, Duez & Iwatsubo (1976) Biochem. J. 155, 623--629] applies to the interaction between the much less penicillin-sensitive exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-endopeptidase of Streptomyces albus G and at least phenoxymethylpenicillin, cephalothin and cephalosporin C. The penicillin resistance of the albus G enzyme is mainly due to the low efficiency with which the first reversible complex formed with the antibiotic (complex EI) undergoes transformation into a second more stable complex EI*. Analysis of the ternary interaction between enzyme, NalphaNepsilon-diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine (Ac2-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala) and cephalosporin C indicates a non-competitive mechanism.", "PMID": 105727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6888", "title": "N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase in marmoset kidney, serum and urine.", "content": "N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activities were determined in homogenates of marmoset kidney, in serum and in urine by using the 4-methylumbelliferyl substrate. The enzyme activity was separated into several components by DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, starch-gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The kidney contained two major forms of the enzyme, A and B, which had similar pH optima and Km values. The A-form bound to DEAE-cellulose at pH 6.8, migrated towards the anode on starch-gel electrophoresis and had a pI of 5.0. The B-form did not bind to DEAE-cellulose at pH 6.8, remained near the origin on starch-gel electrophoresis and had a pI of 7.64. The isoenzymes also differed in heat stability, the B-form being the more stable. Serum  contained B-form activity and, in addition, two intermediate forms (I1 and I2) were loosely bound to DEAE-cellulose. The serum A-form activity was less firmly bound to DEAE-cellulose than was the tissue A-form and was designated As. Serum from a pregnant marmoset contained a form which may be analogous to the human P-isoenzyme. Urine contained only a small amount of B-form activity, the majority being present in the A-form. The kidney A- and B-forms both had mol.wts. of 96000--100000 and the activity was predominantly lysosomal. Partial purification of the kidney A isoenzyme was undertaken. Immunoprecipitation studies indicated a relationship between marmoset kidney A-form and human liver A-form activity.", "contents": "N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase in marmoset kidney, serum and urine. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activities were determined in homogenates of marmoset kidney, in serum and in urine by using the 4-methylumbelliferyl substrate. The enzyme activity was separated into several components by DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, starch-gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The kidney contained two major forms of the enzyme, A and B, which had similar pH optima and Km values. The A-form bound to DEAE-cellulose at pH 6.8, migrated towards the anode on starch-gel electrophoresis and had a pI of 5.0. The B-form did not bind to DEAE-cellulose at pH 6.8, remained near the origin on starch-gel electrophoresis and had a pI of 7.64. The isoenzymes also differed in heat stability, the B-form being the more stable. Serum  contained B-form activity and, in addition, two intermediate forms (I1 and I2) were loosely bound to DEAE-cellulose. The serum A-form activity was less firmly bound to DEAE-cellulose than was the tissue A-form and was designated As. Serum from a pregnant marmoset contained a form which may be analogous to the human P-isoenzyme. Urine contained only a small amount of B-form activity, the majority being present in the A-form. The kidney A- and B-forms both had mol.wts. of 96000--100000 and the activity was predominantly lysosomal. Partial purification of the kidney A isoenzyme was undertaken. Immunoprecipitation studies indicated a relationship between marmoset kidney A-form and human liver A-form activity.", "PMID": 105728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6889", "title": "Conformational studies on phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus. The effect of urea on the enzyme.", "content": "1. When heated in 8 M-urea, phospholipase C(EC 3.1.4.3) from Bacillus cereus undergoes conformational transitions depending on the temperatures used. These transitions were studied by examining protein fluorescence, iodide quenching of protein fluorescence, u.v. difference spectroscopy, chemical availability of histidine residues in the enzyme, circular dichroism and catalytic activity. 2. Unless simultaneously exposed to elevated temperatures the enzyme appears to be unaffected by 8 M-urea. Removal of the two zinc atoms from the enzyme renders phospholipase C very sensitive to denaturation by 8 M-urea as indicated by fluorescence emission spectra and circular dichroism. 3. Both the native and the zinc-free enzymes are markedly more resistant to irreversible thermal inactivation in the presence of 8 M-urea than in its absence. 4. The response of the enzyme to 8 M-urea and the role of zinc in stabilizing the enzyme are discussed.", "contents": "Conformational studies on phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus. The effect of urea on the enzyme. 1. When heated in 8 M-urea, phospholipase C(EC 3.1.4.3) from Bacillus cereus undergoes conformational transitions depending on the temperatures used. These transitions were studied by examining protein fluorescence, iodide quenching of protein fluorescence, u.v. difference spectroscopy, chemical availability of histidine residues in the enzyme, circular dichroism and catalytic activity. 2. Unless simultaneously exposed to elevated temperatures the enzyme appears to be unaffected by 8 M-urea. Removal of the two zinc atoms from the enzyme renders phospholipase C very sensitive to denaturation by 8 M-urea as indicated by fluorescence emission spectra and circular dichroism. 3. Both the native and the zinc-free enzymes are markedly more resistant to irreversible thermal inactivation in the presence of 8 M-urea than in its absence. 4. The response of the enzyme to 8 M-urea and the role of zinc in stabilizing the enzyme are discussed.", "PMID": 105729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6890", "title": "The acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein of eukaryotes and its relationship to ribosomal proteins L7 and L12 of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein, Lgamma, of Krebs II ascites cells was further characterized and compared with proteins L7 and L12 of Escherichia coli. Ribosomal protein Lgamma was selectively removed from 60S sibosomal subunits by 50% ethanol and 1M-NH4Cl, and antibodies raised against protein Lgamma cross-reacted with E. coli protein L12 in immunodiffusion experiments. These and other, previously reported, data support the proposal that the uekaryotic counterpart of E. coli proteins L7 and L12 is phosphorylated.", "contents": "The acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein of eukaryotes and its relationship to ribosomal proteins L7 and L12 of Escherichia coli. The acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein, Lgamma, of Krebs II ascites cells was further characterized and compared with proteins L7 and L12 of Escherichia coli. Ribosomal protein Lgamma was selectively removed from 60S sibosomal subunits by 50% ethanol and 1M-NH4Cl, and antibodies raised against protein Lgamma cross-reacted with E. coli protein L12 in immunodiffusion experiments. These and other, previously reported, data support the proposal that the uekaryotic counterpart of E. coli proteins L7 and L12 is phosphorylated.", "PMID": 105730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6891", "title": "Long-term chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The efficacy of chrysotherapy appears to increase with prolonged administration. In patients who were followed for 3 years after gold therapy was started, remissions occurred in 73% of those who continued chrysotherapy. Only 6% of those who stopped gold injections during the first 18 months subsequently developed \"spontaneous\" remissions, although initially both groups had comparable moderately severe rheumatoid arthritis of 6 to 8 years' duration. Therefore, in the absence of definite toxicity, maintenance gold injections should be continued indefinitely.", "contents": "Long-term chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. The efficacy of chrysotherapy appears to increase with prolonged administration. In patients who were followed for 3 years after gold therapy was started, remissions occurred in 73% of those who continued chrysotherapy. Only 6% of those who stopped gold injections during the first 18 months subsequently developed \"spontaneous\" remissions, although initially both groups had comparable moderately severe rheumatoid arthritis of 6 to 8 years' duration. Therefore, in the absence of definite toxicity, maintenance gold injections should be continued indefinitely.", "PMID": 105739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6892", "title": "Immunoelectrophoretic assay for synovial fluid C3 with correction for synovial fluid globulin.", "content": "Synovial fluid C3 was measured by electroimmunoassay. When C3 was expressed as mg/ml, the amounts found in Reiter's disease, psoriatic arthritis, gout, and systemic lupus erythematosus were significantly different from degenerative arthritis. When C3 was corrected for total protein, the levels for rheumatoid arthritis, Reiter's disease, psoriatic arthritis, and systemic lupus were significantly different from degenerative arthritis. When C3 was corrected for synovial fluid globulin, only rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus were significantly different from degenerative arthritis. Correction of C3 for globulin increases the difference between rheumatoid arthritis and degenerative arthritis. A proportion of gouty fluids with a relative decrease in C3 is demonstrated. It is argued that correction of C3 for globulin is more meaningful than correction for total protein. While many nonrheumatoid inflammatory effusions demonstrate split products of C3, the majority of fluids from patients with systemic lupus have none.", "contents": "Immunoelectrophoretic assay for synovial fluid C3 with correction for synovial fluid globulin. Synovial fluid C3 was measured by electroimmunoassay. When C3 was expressed as mg/ml, the amounts found in Reiter's disease, psoriatic arthritis, gout, and systemic lupus erythematosus were significantly different from degenerative arthritis. When C3 was corrected for total protein, the levels for rheumatoid arthritis, Reiter's disease, psoriatic arthritis, and systemic lupus were significantly different from degenerative arthritis. When C3 was corrected for synovial fluid globulin, only rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus were significantly different from degenerative arthritis. Correction of C3 for globulin increases the difference between rheumatoid arthritis and degenerative arthritis. A proportion of gouty fluids with a relative decrease in C3 is demonstrated. It is argued that correction of C3 for globulin is more meaningful than correction for total protein. While many nonrheumatoid inflammatory effusions demonstrate split products of C3, the majority of fluids from patients with systemic lupus have none.", "PMID": 105740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6893", "title": "Original method of showing some constitutive elements of the capillary wall.", "content": "The ascorbic acid and the 1-epi-3', 4', 5', 5, 7-pentahydroxy-flavan-3-ol have been located in the blood capillary wall by an histochemical method for electron microscopy. The method consists in an intra-arterial administration of vegetal oxydases specific of the compound to put in evidence. Those oxydases fix themselves on their effectors, and the addition of osmium and lead salts gives co-precipitates opaque to electrons.", "contents": "Original method of showing some constitutive elements of the capillary wall. The ascorbic acid and the 1-epi-3', 4', 5', 5, 7-pentahydroxy-flavan-3-ol have been located in the blood capillary wall by an histochemical method for electron microscopy. The method consists in an intra-arterial administration of vegetal oxydases specific of the compound to put in evidence. Those oxydases fix themselves on their effectors, and the addition of osmium and lead salts gives co-precipitates opaque to electrons.", "PMID": 105747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6894", "title": "Physico-chemical interpretation with cells electrophoresis of some antigen -- antibodies reactions in immuno-hematology.", "content": "The authors report the action of different antibodies of complete or incomplete type on the electrophoretic mobility of red-blood cells. They try to explain the results in terms of physicochemical stability. They make a distinction between three main possible classes concerning the mechanisms of action: a. direct diminution of the Zeta potential due to the antibody which in this case, is agglutinant. b. diminution of electrocinetic potential by \"etching\" of ionized groups responsible of the charge. To this mechanism, we could link the increase of the ionic force. c. Artificial increase of the dielectric constant by macromolecules.", "contents": "Physico-chemical interpretation with cells electrophoresis of some antigen -- antibodies reactions in immuno-hematology. The authors report the action of different antibodies of complete or incomplete type on the electrophoretic mobility of red-blood cells. They try to explain the results in terms of physicochemical stability. They make a distinction between three main possible classes concerning the mechanisms of action: a. direct diminution of the Zeta potential due to the antibody which in this case, is agglutinant. b. diminution of electrocinetic potential by \"etching\" of ionized groups responsible of the charge. To this mechanism, we could link the increase of the ionic force. c. Artificial increase of the dielectric constant by macromolecules.", "PMID": 105749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6895", "title": "Extracellular labeling of growing secreted polypeptide chains in Bacillus subtilis with diazoiodosulfanilic acid.", "content": "Studies of the mechanism of protein secretion in a Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, yielded results very similar to those previously obtained with a Gram-negative organism: nascent chains protruding from protoplasts could be labeled extracellularly; the labeled chains could be recovered on polysomes isolated from the membrane--polysome fraction; they could be released by puromycin, low Mg2+, or chain completion; the completed chains include a known secreted protein (alpha-amylase); and their ribosomes appear to be attached to membrane solely by their nascent chains. The reagent used for extracellular labeling, [1252]diazoiodosulfanilic acid, yielded severalfold more specific labeling of the nascent chains (7--10% of the total cellular labeling and one-fourth to one-third of that of the membrane--polysome fraction) than was obtained earlier with another nonpenetrating reagent.", "contents": "Extracellular labeling of growing secreted polypeptide chains in Bacillus subtilis with diazoiodosulfanilic acid. Studies of the mechanism of protein secretion in a Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, yielded results very similar to those previously obtained with a Gram-negative organism: nascent chains protruding from protoplasts could be labeled extracellularly; the labeled chains could be recovered on polysomes isolated from the membrane--polysome fraction; they could be released by puromycin, low Mg2+, or chain completion; the completed chains include a known secreted protein (alpha-amylase); and their ribosomes appear to be attached to membrane solely by their nascent chains. The reagent used for extracellular labeling, [1252]diazoiodosulfanilic acid, yielded severalfold more specific labeling of the nascent chains (7--10% of the total cellular labeling and one-fourth to one-third of that of the membrane--polysome fraction) than was obtained earlier with another nonpenetrating reagent.", "PMID": 105750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6896", "title": "Complete amino acid sequence of the gamma chain from the major fetal hemoglobin of the pig-tailed macaque, Macaca nemestrina.", "content": "The complete primary structure of the gamma chain of the major fetal hemoglobin from the pig-tailed macaque, Macaca nemestrina, was obtained by the automated sequencing of fragments produced by three nonenzymatic cleavage reactions. About two-thirds of the sequence was established from the amino terminus of the intact chain and two of the three fragments produced by cleavage at methionyl residues by cyanogen bromide. Acid clevage at the single aspartyl-prolyl linkage and cleavage at tryptophanyl residues in intact chains yielded the two fragments necessary to complete the sequence. This gamma chain, the first from a nonhuman primate to be sequenced, differes from the human G gamma and A gamma chains at but 4 and 5 positions, respectively. All substitutions are conservative and unlikely to produce alterations in the oxygen-binding properties of tetrameric fetal hemoglobin. Consideration of the data presented herein, together with published observations made on portions of other primate gamma chains, provides some insight into the evolutionary history of the multiple gamma-globin chains observed in several anthropoid primates.", "contents": "Complete amino acid sequence of the gamma chain from the major fetal hemoglobin of the pig-tailed macaque, Macaca nemestrina. The complete primary structure of the gamma chain of the major fetal hemoglobin from the pig-tailed macaque, Macaca nemestrina, was obtained by the automated sequencing of fragments produced by three nonenzymatic cleavage reactions. About two-thirds of the sequence was established from the amino terminus of the intact chain and two of the three fragments produced by cleavage at methionyl residues by cyanogen bromide. Acid clevage at the single aspartyl-prolyl linkage and cleavage at tryptophanyl residues in intact chains yielded the two fragments necessary to complete the sequence. This gamma chain, the first from a nonhuman primate to be sequenced, differes from the human G gamma and A gamma chains at but 4 and 5 positions, respectively. All substitutions are conservative and unlikely to produce alterations in the oxygen-binding properties of tetrameric fetal hemoglobin. Consideration of the data presented herein, together with published observations made on portions of other primate gamma chains, provides some insight into the evolutionary history of the multiple gamma-globin chains observed in several anthropoid primates.", "PMID": 105752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6897", "title": "Drosophila melanogaster lacks eye-pigment binding proteins.", "content": "Drosophila melanogaster contains no detectable eye-pigment binding proteins, and the previous evidence for the presence of such protein in the cecropia moth is probably not valid. The major brown pigment of Drosophila (and of Cecropia), dihydroxanthommatin, behaves as a high molecular weight compound in Sephadex chromatography, thus leading to false conclusions.", "contents": "Drosophila melanogaster lacks eye-pigment binding proteins. Drosophila melanogaster contains no detectable eye-pigment binding proteins, and the previous evidence for the presence of such protein in the cecropia moth is probably not valid. The major brown pigment of Drosophila (and of Cecropia), dihydroxanthommatin, behaves as a high molecular weight compound in Sephadex chromatography, thus leading to false conclusions.", "PMID": 105753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6898", "title": "Mutual homology of mouse immunoglobulin gamma-chain gene sequences.", "content": "We have assessed the relative homology of mouse immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene sequence using complementary DNAs (cDNAs) synthesized against gamma-chain mRNAs (gamma 1, gamma 2a, gamma 2b, and gamma 3) purified from mouse myelomas. cDNAs complementary to the gamma-chain mRNAs did not cross-hybridize with the mu- and alpha-chain mRNAs, whereas they cross-hybridized to significant extents (22--66%) with the gamma-chain mRNAs of other subclasses. The heterologous hybrids formed, however, melt at 5--13 degrees C lower temperatures as compared to the homologous hybrids, indicating that significant portions of the heterologous hybrids are mismatched. The rates of the cross-hybridization reactions are 2- to 17-fold slower than those of the homologous hybridization reactions. Therefore, the gamma-chain gene sequences of four subclasses share a part of homology with each other, but they are different enough to be measured separately. Cross-hybridization analysis indicate that the gamma 2a and gamma 2b genes are the most closely related, while the gamma 1 and gamma 3 genes are the least related among the gamma subclass genes.", "contents": "Mutual homology of mouse immunoglobulin gamma-chain gene sequences. We have assessed the relative homology of mouse immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene sequence using complementary DNAs (cDNAs) synthesized against gamma-chain mRNAs (gamma 1, gamma 2a, gamma 2b, and gamma 3) purified from mouse myelomas. cDNAs complementary to the gamma-chain mRNAs did not cross-hybridize with the mu- and alpha-chain mRNAs, whereas they cross-hybridized to significant extents (22--66%) with the gamma-chain mRNAs of other subclasses. The heterologous hybrids formed, however, melt at 5--13 degrees C lower temperatures as compared to the homologous hybrids, indicating that significant portions of the heterologous hybrids are mismatched. The rates of the cross-hybridization reactions are 2- to 17-fold slower than those of the homologous hybridization reactions. Therefore, the gamma-chain gene sequences of four subclasses share a part of homology with each other, but they are different enough to be measured separately. Cross-hybridization analysis indicate that the gamma 2a and gamma 2b genes are the most closely related, while the gamma 1 and gamma 3 genes are the least related among the gamma subclass genes.", "PMID": 105754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6899", "title": "Structural and antigenic studies of an idiotype-bearing murine antibody to the arsonate hapten.", "content": "Mice of strain A/J responded to repeated intraperitoneal injection of Limulus hemocyanin derivatized with arsanilic acid by producing large quantities (approximately 5 mg/mL of ascites fluid) of IgG antibodies specific for this hapten. The antibodies possessed a characteristic idiotypic determinant and exhibited restricted heterogeneity as demonstrated by isoelectric focusing and primary N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of isolated light and heavy polypeptide chains. Both light- and heavy-chain sequences were comparable to those of myeloma proteins in lack of heterogeneity. The N terminus of the light chain exhibited V KI sequence and only one position in the first 30 residues showed more than one amino acid. No variability was observed in the first 10 N-terminal residues of the heavy chain. Rabbit antiserum to the idiotype blocked binding of hapten by the purified antibody. The presence of both light- and heavy-chain antigenic determinants was required for optimal formation of the idiotypic determinant.", "contents": "Structural and antigenic studies of an idiotype-bearing murine antibody to the arsonate hapten. Mice of strain A/J responded to repeated intraperitoneal injection of Limulus hemocyanin derivatized with arsanilic acid by producing large quantities (approximately 5 mg/mL of ascites fluid) of IgG antibodies specific for this hapten. The antibodies possessed a characteristic idiotypic determinant and exhibited restricted heterogeneity as demonstrated by isoelectric focusing and primary N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of isolated light and heavy polypeptide chains. Both light- and heavy-chain sequences were comparable to those of myeloma proteins in lack of heterogeneity. The N terminus of the light chain exhibited V KI sequence and only one position in the first 30 residues showed more than one amino acid. No variability was observed in the first 10 N-terminal residues of the heavy chain. Rabbit antiserum to the idiotype blocked binding of hapten by the purified antibody. The presence of both light- and heavy-chain antigenic determinants was required for optimal formation of the idiotypic determinant.", "PMID": 105755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6900", "title": "Comparative in vivo nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the cell wall components of five Gram-positive bacteria.", "content": "The proton-decoupled 9.12 MHz 15N NMR spectra of 15N-labeled Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Staphylococcus auresu, Streptococcus faecalis, and Micrococcus lysodeikticus intact cells, isolated cells walls, and cell wall digests have been examined. The general characteristics of Gram-positive bacteria 15N NMR spectra and described and spectral assignments are provided, which allow in vivo 15N NMR to be applied to a wide range of problems in bacterial cell wall research. The qualitative similarity of the intact cell and cell wall spectra found in each bacteria allowed the 15 N resonances observed in the proton broad-band noise-decoupled 15N NMR spectra of intact cells to be assigned to cell wall components. Each of the five Gram-positive bacteria displayed a unique set of cell wall 15N resonances, which reflected variations in the primary structure of peptidoglycans and the amounts of teichoic acid and teichuronic acid in the cell wall, as well as the dynamic properties of the cell wall polymers. Spectral assignments of cell wall 15 N resonances assigned to teichoic D-Ala residues, teichuronic acid and acetamido groups, and peptidoglycan acetamido, amide, peptide, and free amino groups have been made on the basis of specific isotopic labeling and dilution experiments, comparison of chemical shifts to literature values, determination of pH titration shifts, cell wall fractionation experiments, and comparative analysis of the cell wall lysozyme digest spectra in terms of the known primary sequences of peptide chains. All the peptidoglycan 15N peptide resonances observed in the intact cells and isolated cell walls could be accounted for by residues in the bridge or crossbar regions of the peptide chains, which indicated that only the cross-linking groups had a high degree of motional freedom. Thermal- and pH-induced conformational changes around the cross-linking D-Ala residues were detected in the B. licheniformis cell wall lysozyme digest products. Comparison of the proton broad-band noise-decoupled and gated decoupled intact cell and cell wall 15N spectra indicated that broad-band proton decoupling resulted in nulling of cytoplasmic resonances and enhancement of the cell wall resonances by the 15N [1H5 nuclear Overhauser effect.", "contents": "Comparative in vivo nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the cell wall components of five Gram-positive bacteria. The proton-decoupled 9.12 MHz 15N NMR spectra of 15N-labeled Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Staphylococcus auresu, Streptococcus faecalis, and Micrococcus lysodeikticus intact cells, isolated cells walls, and cell wall digests have been examined. The general characteristics of Gram-positive bacteria 15N NMR spectra and described and spectral assignments are provided, which allow in vivo 15N NMR to be applied to a wide range of problems in bacterial cell wall research. The qualitative similarity of the intact cell and cell wall spectra found in each bacteria allowed the 15 N resonances observed in the proton broad-band noise-decoupled 15N NMR spectra of intact cells to be assigned to cell wall components. Each of the five Gram-positive bacteria displayed a unique set of cell wall 15N resonances, which reflected variations in the primary structure of peptidoglycans and the amounts of teichoic acid and teichuronic acid in the cell wall, as well as the dynamic properties of the cell wall polymers. Spectral assignments of cell wall 15 N resonances assigned to teichoic D-Ala residues, teichuronic acid and acetamido groups, and peptidoglycan acetamido, amide, peptide, and free amino groups have been made on the basis of specific isotopic labeling and dilution experiments, comparison of chemical shifts to literature values, determination of pH titration shifts, cell wall fractionation experiments, and comparative analysis of the cell wall lysozyme digest spectra in terms of the known primary sequences of peptide chains. All the peptidoglycan 15N peptide resonances observed in the intact cells and isolated cell walls could be accounted for by residues in the bridge or crossbar regions of the peptide chains, which indicated that only the cross-linking groups had a high degree of motional freedom. Thermal- and pH-induced conformational changes around the cross-linking D-Ala residues were detected in the B. licheniformis cell wall lysozyme digest products. Comparison of the proton broad-band noise-decoupled and gated decoupled intact cell and cell wall 15N spectra indicated that broad-band proton decoupling resulted in nulling of cytoplasmic resonances and enhancement of the cell wall resonances by the 15N [1H5 nuclear Overhauser effect.", "PMID": 105756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6901", "title": "Membrane changes during growth of Tetrahymena in the presence of ethanol.", "content": "After a brief lag period for acclimation, Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain NT-1, is capable of growing in culture medium containing high levels of ethanol. When grown in a medium having 1.6% ethanol, the membrane phospholipid composition was significantly different from that of control cells. The principal changes included a reduction in hexadecenoic acids (16 : 1 and 16 : 2) from 23% to 5% and an increase in linoleic acid (18 : 2) from 14% to 25% Similar but less pronounced changes were observed in cells grown in lower ethanol concentrations. There was also a decrease in 2-aminoethylphosphonolipid in the ethanol-grown cells from 16% of the lipid phosphorus to 6% and a coincident rise in the phosphatidylethanolamine from 39% to 46%. The lipid pattern quickly reverted to normal when ethanol was removed. In order to ascertain the effects of ethanol on membrane physical properties, freeze-fracture electron microsocopy and fluorescence polarization studies were performed. Ethanol, as expected, had a clearly detectable fluidizing influence when present at 1.6%. However, changes induced in the membrane lipids by growth in the ethanol-containing medium led to a further fluidizing effect, whether they were tested in the presence or absence of ethanol. The alterations found here were qualitatively similar but quantitatively much more pronounced than those observed in mammals chronically exposed to ethanol.", "contents": "Membrane changes during growth of Tetrahymena in the presence of ethanol. After a brief lag period for acclimation, Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain NT-1, is capable of growing in culture medium containing high levels of ethanol. When grown in a medium having 1.6% ethanol, the membrane phospholipid composition was significantly different from that of control cells. The principal changes included a reduction in hexadecenoic acids (16 : 1 and 16 : 2) from 23% to 5% and an increase in linoleic acid (18 : 2) from 14% to 25% Similar but less pronounced changes were observed in cells grown in lower ethanol concentrations. There was also a decrease in 2-aminoethylphosphonolipid in the ethanol-grown cells from 16% of the lipid phosphorus to 6% and a coincident rise in the phosphatidylethanolamine from 39% to 46%. The lipid pattern quickly reverted to normal when ethanol was removed. In order to ascertain the effects of ethanol on membrane physical properties, freeze-fracture electron microsocopy and fluorescence polarization studies were performed. Ethanol, as expected, had a clearly detectable fluidizing influence when present at 1.6%. However, changes induced in the membrane lipids by growth in the ethanol-containing medium led to a further fluidizing effect, whether they were tested in the presence or absence of ethanol. The alterations found here were qualitatively similar but quantitatively much more pronounced than those observed in mammals chronically exposed to ethanol.", "PMID": 105757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6902", "title": "Comparative studies on highly metabolically active histone acetylation.", "content": "Histone acetate is hydrolyzed rapidly in logarithmically dividing hepatoma tissue culture cells (Jackson, V., Shires, A., Chalkley, R. and Granner, D.K. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4856--4863). The phenomenon has been analyzed further in hepatoma tissue culture cells at various stages of the cell cycle, in stationary phase, and in the presence of actinomycin D. We also investigated the phenomenon in Tetrahymena pyriformis macronuclei, bovine thymocytes, and human foreskin fibroblasts. The data suggest that this highly metabolically active histone acetylation while altered in mitotic cells, is independent of the overall rate of cell division, and is only slightly sensitive to actinomycin D. Finally, we conclude that the same general phenomenon is found in both cancerous and normal cells and is apparently common to cells from various stages of the evolutionary scale.", "contents": "Comparative studies on highly metabolically active histone acetylation. Histone acetate is hydrolyzed rapidly in logarithmically dividing hepatoma tissue culture cells (Jackson, V., Shires, A., Chalkley, R. and Granner, D.K. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4856--4863). The phenomenon has been analyzed further in hepatoma tissue culture cells at various stages of the cell cycle, in stationary phase, and in the presence of actinomycin D. We also investigated the phenomenon in Tetrahymena pyriformis macronuclei, bovine thymocytes, and human foreskin fibroblasts. The data suggest that this highly metabolically active histone acetylation while altered in mitotic cells, is independent of the overall rate of cell division, and is only slightly sensitive to actinomycin D. Finally, we conclude that the same general phenomenon is found in both cancerous and normal cells and is apparently common to cells from various stages of the evolutionary scale.", "PMID": 105758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6903", "title": "Base composition heterogeneity of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA.", "content": "Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA has an average buoyant density of 1.685 gm/cm3, corresponding to 25 mol% G . C base pairs. To test for base compositional heterogeneity within this 130 kilobase pairs (kbp) genome, previously mapped restriction endonuclease fragments were isolated, and characterized by equilibrium buoyant density centrifugation. The chloroplast DNA can be characterized as containing two major buoyant density components. A segment of 17 kbp, representing 13% of the genome and containing the rRNA genes is 43--44 mol% G . C. The remaining 113 kbp, accounting for 87% of the genome, has an average 20--21 mol% G . C content.", "contents": "Base composition heterogeneity of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA. Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA has an average buoyant density of 1.685 gm/cm3, corresponding to 25 mol% G . C base pairs. To test for base compositional heterogeneity within this 130 kilobase pairs (kbp) genome, previously mapped restriction endonuclease fragments were isolated, and characterized by equilibrium buoyant density centrifugation. The chloroplast DNA can be characterized as containing two major buoyant density components. A segment of 17 kbp, representing 13% of the genome and containing the rRNA genes is 43--44 mol% G . C. The remaining 113 kbp, accounting for 87% of the genome, has an average 20--21 mol% G . C content.", "PMID": 105759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6904", "title": "Thyroid purine nucleoside phosphorylase. II. Kinetic model by alternate substrate and inhibition studies.", "content": "Nucleoside analog inhibition studies have been conducted on thyroidal purine nucleoside phosphorylase (purine-nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.1) which catalyzed an ordered bi-bi type mechanism where the first substrate is inorganic phosphate and the last product is ribose 1-phosphate. Heterocyclic- and carbohydrate-modified nucleoside inhibitors demonstrate mixed type inhibition suggesting such analogs show an affinity (Ki) for the free enzyme. A kinetic model is proposed which supports the observed inhibition patterns. These studies together with alternate substrate studies indicate that nucleoside binding requires a functional group capable of hydrogen bonding at the 6-position of the purine ring and that the orientation of the bound substrate may be syn. Proper geometry of the phosphate is dependent upon the 3'-substituent to the orientated below the furanose ring. The 5'-hydroxyl group is required for substrate activity. The proposed rate limiting step of the phosphorylase mechanism is the enzymatic protonation of the 7-N position of the nucleoside.", "contents": "Thyroid purine nucleoside phosphorylase. II. Kinetic model by alternate substrate and inhibition studies. Nucleoside analog inhibition studies have been conducted on thyroidal purine nucleoside phosphorylase (purine-nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.1) which catalyzed an ordered bi-bi type mechanism where the first substrate is inorganic phosphate and the last product is ribose 1-phosphate. Heterocyclic- and carbohydrate-modified nucleoside inhibitors demonstrate mixed type inhibition suggesting such analogs show an affinity (Ki) for the free enzyme. A kinetic model is proposed which supports the observed inhibition patterns. These studies together with alternate substrate studies indicate that nucleoside binding requires a functional group capable of hydrogen bonding at the 6-position of the purine ring and that the orientation of the bound substrate may be syn. Proper geometry of the phosphate is dependent upon the 3'-substituent to the orientated below the furanose ring. The 5'-hydroxyl group is required for substrate activity. The proposed rate limiting step of the phosphorylase mechanism is the enzymatic protonation of the 7-N position of the nucleoside.", "PMID": 105760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6905", "title": "The cell wall-associated levansucrase of Actinomyces viscosus.", "content": "Actinomyces viscosus produces both a soluble extracellular levansucrase and a cell wall-associated levansucrase. The enzyme from cell walls was solubilized by lysozyme digestion. The soluble extracellular and cell wall-associated forms of the enzyme were compared and appeared to be identical, based on molecular weight estimations, kinetic parameters, and reactions with antisera. The product of both forms of the enzyme was a high molecular weight, branched levan, as shown by its reactivity with myeloma proteins specific for beta(2 leads to 1) and for beta(2 leads to 6) linkages in fructosans. Although levansucrase remained tightly bound to the levan which it synthesized, the enzyme did not bind to exogeneously added levan. Regarding the potential pathogenicity of the levan product, pure levan, produced using purified levansucrase, did weakly activate complement by the alternative pathway. However, the pure levan did not directly cause bone resorption in an in vitro bone resorption assay.", "contents": "The cell wall-associated levansucrase of Actinomyces viscosus. Actinomyces viscosus produces both a soluble extracellular levansucrase and a cell wall-associated levansucrase. The enzyme from cell walls was solubilized by lysozyme digestion. The soluble extracellular and cell wall-associated forms of the enzyme were compared and appeared to be identical, based on molecular weight estimations, kinetic parameters, and reactions with antisera. The product of both forms of the enzyme was a high molecular weight, branched levan, as shown by its reactivity with myeloma proteins specific for beta(2 leads to 1) and for beta(2 leads to 6) linkages in fructosans. Although levansucrase remained tightly bound to the levan which it synthesized, the enzyme did not bind to exogeneously added levan. Regarding the potential pathogenicity of the levan product, pure levan, produced using purified levansucrase, did weakly activate complement by the alternative pathway. However, the pure levan did not directly cause bone resorption in an in vitro bone resorption assay.", "PMID": 105761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6906", "title": "[Immunochemical study of subtilisins obtained from Bacillus subtilis A-50 and some of its mutants].", "content": "Physico-chemical parameters of subtilisins from the original Bacillus subtilis A-50 strain (proteolytic activity, electrophoretic mobility, molecular weight, reactions with specific inhibitors) were similar to those mentioned in the literature for the enzymes of other strains. Immunological experiment has shown, that Bacillus subtilis A-50 subtilisins with various electrophoretic mobility do not differ in their antigenic properties. Enzymes with high electrophoretic mobility from mutant strains were similar to I--III subtilisin fractions from Bac. subtilis A-50 in the antigenic characteristics. However, the antigenic heterogeneity was observed in I, II and III enzyme fractions of some mutant strains. Subtilisins studied appear to form the isoenzyme system.", "contents": "[Immunochemical study of subtilisins obtained from Bacillus subtilis A-50 and some of its mutants]. Physico-chemical parameters of subtilisins from the original Bacillus subtilis A-50 strain (proteolytic activity, electrophoretic mobility, molecular weight, reactions with specific inhibitors) were similar to those mentioned in the literature for the enzymes of other strains. Immunological experiment has shown, that Bacillus subtilis A-50 subtilisins with various electrophoretic mobility do not differ in their antigenic properties. Enzymes with high electrophoretic mobility from mutant strains were similar to I--III subtilisin fractions from Bac. subtilis A-50 in the antigenic characteristics. However, the antigenic heterogeneity was observed in I, II and III enzyme fractions of some mutant strains. Subtilisins studied appear to form the isoenzyme system.", "PMID": 105764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6907", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 533-5b].", "content": "The enzyme was isolated from the culture fluid of Pseudomonas fluorescens 533-5b and purified by precipitation with (NH4)SO4 and acetone and by gel filtration through Sephadex G-200. The enzyme was found homogeneous during polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. The effects of metal ions, inhibitors, bile salts, temperature, pH and the substrate specificity of the enzyme were studied. It was shown that the enzyme from Ps. fluorescens 533-5b has a broad specificity. It can use as substrates many vegetable oils (olive, soybean, castor, sunflower, corn, mustard, linseed). In addition, the enzyme is capable to hydrolyze synthetic triglycerides consisting of short-chained saturated fatty acids (butyric and caproic) and solid triglycerides containing saturated fatty acids with long carbon chains (myristic, lauric, stearic). It is assumed that the enzyme is a glycoprotein; its molecular weight (320,000) and the amino acid composition were determined.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 533-5b]. The enzyme was isolated from the culture fluid of Pseudomonas fluorescens 533-5b and purified by precipitation with (NH4)SO4 and acetone and by gel filtration through Sephadex G-200. The enzyme was found homogeneous during polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. The effects of metal ions, inhibitors, bile salts, temperature, pH and the substrate specificity of the enzyme were studied. It was shown that the enzyme from Ps. fluorescens 533-5b has a broad specificity. It can use as substrates many vegetable oils (olive, soybean, castor, sunflower, corn, mustard, linseed). In addition, the enzyme is capable to hydrolyze synthetic triglycerides consisting of short-chained saturated fatty acids (butyric and caproic) and solid triglycerides containing saturated fatty acids with long carbon chains (myristic, lauric, stearic). It is assumed that the enzyme is a glycoprotein; its molecular weight (320,000) and the amino acid composition were determined.", "PMID": 105765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6908", "title": "[Inner and outer immobilization of chloroplasts].", "content": "The effects of glutaric aldehyde on pea leave chloroplasts and their inactivation kinetics were studied. Optimization of the chloroplasts fixation by glutaric aldehyde resulted in a 5-fold increase of stability of the chloroplasts. Immobilization of the chloroplasts in agar-agar gels was performed; the ability of chloroplasts for photooxidation of H2O was thereby retained. Immobilization did not actually affect the stability of chloroplasts. The inactivation kinetics of fixed and immobilized chloroplasts are in good agreement with the previously described model for inactivation of native chloroplasts.", "contents": "[Inner and outer immobilization of chloroplasts]. The effects of glutaric aldehyde on pea leave chloroplasts and their inactivation kinetics were studied. Optimization of the chloroplasts fixation by glutaric aldehyde resulted in a 5-fold increase of stability of the chloroplasts. Immobilization of the chloroplasts in agar-agar gels was performed; the ability of chloroplasts for photooxidation of H2O was thereby retained. Immobilization did not actually affect the stability of chloroplasts. The inactivation kinetics of fixed and immobilized chloroplasts are in good agreement with the previously described model for inactivation of native chloroplasts.", "PMID": 105766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6909", "title": "Radiosensitivity of bacteriophages of aerobic spore-forming microorganisms.", "content": "Under conditions of the direct action of radiation on seven original phages of aerobic spore-forming bacteria and four standard phages of E. coli, it was established that they possessed different sensitivity to gamma radiation and were distributed into four groups. The phages of E. coli of the T series, especially T2 phage, proved the most sensitive. The phages of aerobic spore-forming bacilli were characterized by greater resistance to the action of gamma radiation, which is evidently associated with the lower content of DNA of the phages of Bacillus in comparison with T phages.", "contents": "Radiosensitivity of bacteriophages of aerobic spore-forming microorganisms. Under conditions of the direct action of radiation on seven original phages of aerobic spore-forming bacteria and four standard phages of E. coli, it was established that they possessed different sensitivity to gamma radiation and were distributed into four groups. The phages of E. coli of the T series, especially T2 phage, proved the most sensitive. The phages of aerobic spore-forming bacilli were characterized by greater resistance to the action of gamma radiation, which is evidently associated with the lower content of DNA of the phages of Bacillus in comparison with T phages.", "PMID": 105763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6910", "title": "Neurofibrosarcoma of the duodenum in von Recklinghausen's disease.", "content": "The clinical features and surgical management of 2 patients with neurofibrosacroma of the duodenum in association with von Recklinghausen's disease are described. The tumours were excised and the resulting duodenal defects closed satisfactorily using the jejunal serosal patch technique. Three such neurofibrosarcomas reported previously in English are reviewed.", "contents": "Neurofibrosarcoma of the duodenum in von Recklinghausen's disease. The clinical features and surgical management of 2 patients with neurofibrosacroma of the duodenum in association with von Recklinghausen's disease are described. The tumours were excised and the resulting duodenal defects closed satisfactorily using the jejunal serosal patch technique. Three such neurofibrosarcomas reported previously in English are reviewed.", "PMID": 105775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6911", "title": "Fats and atheroma: an inquest.", "content": "All well-controlled trials of cholesterol-reducing diets and drugs have failed to reduce coronary (CHD) mortality and morbidity. Nevertheless, commercial, professional, and even government-sponsored propaganda continues. Experimentally some vegetable oils and hardened fats can be more damaging to arteries than butter. There are other hazards to heart muscle from vegetable oils. Israelis consume a high polyunsaturated fat diet equal to that recommended for prevention of CHD in USA but their CHD incidence is very high. Urban Bedouins are also affected. The primary clofibrate prevention trial underlines unacceptable risks which could apply also to diets. Official medical endorsement of these cholesterol reducing measures should be withdrawn.", "contents": "Fats and atheroma: an inquest. All well-controlled trials of cholesterol-reducing diets and drugs have failed to reduce coronary (CHD) mortality and morbidity. Nevertheless, commercial, professional, and even government-sponsored propaganda continues. Experimentally some vegetable oils and hardened fats can be more damaging to arteries than butter. There are other hazards to heart muscle from vegetable oils. Israelis consume a high polyunsaturated fat diet equal to that recommended for prevention of CHD in USA but their CHD incidence is very high. Urban Bedouins are also affected. The primary clofibrate prevention trial underlines unacceptable risks which could apply also to diets. Official medical endorsement of these cholesterol reducing measures should be withdrawn.", "PMID": 105776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6912", "title": "Early postoperative feeding with elemental diet.", "content": "The value of early postoperative feeding with an elemental diet was assessed in 30 patients after major gastrointestinal operations. The patients were allocated at random to conventional treatment (control group) or feeding with the elemental diet (ED group). The clinical and metabolic course of the 15 patients in the ED group was significantly better than that of the controls. Patients in the ED group lost less weight and had a shorter stay in hospital. Negative nitrogen balance was more pronounced in the control group throughout the seven postoperative days. Energy intake was higher in the ED group. Provided elemental feeding is used with caution, it may be given from the first postoperative day. Patients do better metabolically and require shorter stays in hospital.", "contents": "Early postoperative feeding with elemental diet. The value of early postoperative feeding with an elemental diet was assessed in 30 patients after major gastrointestinal operations. The patients were allocated at random to conventional treatment (control group) or feeding with the elemental diet (ED group). The clinical and metabolic course of the 15 patients in the ED group was significantly better than that of the controls. Patients in the ED group lost less weight and had a shorter stay in hospital. Negative nitrogen balance was more pronounced in the control group throughout the seven postoperative days. Energy intake was higher in the ED group. Provided elemental feeding is used with caution, it may be given from the first postoperative day. Patients do better metabolically and require shorter stays in hospital.", "PMID": 105777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6913", "title": "Malnutrition in infants receiving cult diets: a form of child abuse.", "content": "Severe nutritional disorders, including kwashiorkor, marasmus, and rickets, were seen in four children and were due to parental food faddism, which should perhaps be regarded as a form of child abuse. All disorders were corrected with more normal diets and vitamin supplements. In view of the potentially serious consequences of restricted diets being fed to children, families at risk should be identified and acceptable nutritional advice given. When children are found to be suffering from undernutrition due to parental food faddism a court order will normally be a necessary step in providing adequate treatment and supervision.", "contents": "Malnutrition in infants receiving cult diets: a form of child abuse. Severe nutritional disorders, including kwashiorkor, marasmus, and rickets, were seen in four children and were due to parental food faddism, which should perhaps be regarded as a form of child abuse. All disorders were corrected with more normal diets and vitamin supplements. In view of the potentially serious consequences of restricted diets being fed to children, families at risk should be identified and acceptable nutritional advice given. When children are found to be suffering from undernutrition due to parental food faddism a court order will normally be a necessary step in providing adequate treatment and supervision.", "PMID": 105778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6914", "title": "Origin of the fornix system in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "Wit the use of the horseradish peroxidase retrograde axonal transport technique this experiment attempted to identify the cell bodies of origin whose axons supply the septal area, mammillary bodies and the anterior thalamic complex in the squirrel monkey. It was noted that axons which innervate the anterior thalamic complex arise predominantly from the deepest cell layer of both the retrosplenial cortex and adjoining portions of subicular cortex. Hippocampal afferents to the mammillary bodies arise principally from all cell layers of the subiculum proper and to a lesser extent from the presubiculum. Afferents which innervate the septal area originate from all cell fields of the cornu Ammonis and adjacent prosubicular cortex. It was further noted that axons which are distributed to caudal levels of the septum probably arise from both the cornu Ammonis and adjacent prosubiculum, whereas axons which innervate more rostral levels of septum originate exclusively from the prosubicular cortex.", "contents": "Origin of the fornix system in the squirrel monkey. Wit the use of the horseradish peroxidase retrograde axonal transport technique this experiment attempted to identify the cell bodies of origin whose axons supply the septal area, mammillary bodies and the anterior thalamic complex in the squirrel monkey. It was noted that axons which innervate the anterior thalamic complex arise predominantly from the deepest cell layer of both the retrosplenial cortex and adjoining portions of subicular cortex. Hippocampal afferents to the mammillary bodies arise principally from all cell layers of the subiculum proper and to a lesser extent from the presubiculum. Afferents which innervate the septal area originate from all cell fields of the cornu Ammonis and adjacent prosubicular cortex. It was further noted that axons which are distributed to caudal levels of the septum probably arise from both the cornu Ammonis and adjacent prosubiculum, whereas axons which innervate more rostral levels of septum originate exclusively from the prosubicular cortex.", "PMID": 105779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6915", "title": "Multiple sclerosis: immunochemical studies on the demyelinating serum factor.", "content": "Sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently produce demyelination of central nervous system tissue cultures. The nature of the factors responsible for demyelination is not as yet clearly established. However, several authors previously reported, in in vivo and in vitro models, demyelinating activity in IgG fractions isolated from sera and cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients14,42,48. We found the demyelinating activity of MS sera to be extremely labile to conventional biochemical treatments. Therefore, we isolated IgG from MS sera by absorption with staphylococcal protein A. Protein A binds specifically IgG1. IgG2 and IgG4. With this method we were able to remove most of the IgG, leaving only a small percentage, most probably IgG3, in the sera. Isolated IgG fractions from several sera of MS patients in the presence of human complement actively demyelinated central nervous system tissue cultures. Although a small, but significant, decrease in demyelinating activity could be observed in most of the sera absorbed in most of the sera absorbed with protein A, the majority of the demyelinating activity could not be removed by this treatment. From these studies, it appears that at least the majority of demyelinating activity in MS sera is not associated with IgG1, IgG2 or IgG4. If IgG is responsible for demyelination, IgG3 will most likely be the active factor.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis: immunochemical studies on the demyelinating serum factor. Sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently produce demyelination of central nervous system tissue cultures. The nature of the factors responsible for demyelination is not as yet clearly established. However, several authors previously reported, in in vivo and in vitro models, demyelinating activity in IgG fractions isolated from sera and cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients14,42,48. We found the demyelinating activity of MS sera to be extremely labile to conventional biochemical treatments. Therefore, we isolated IgG from MS sera by absorption with staphylococcal protein A. Protein A binds specifically IgG1. IgG2 and IgG4. With this method we were able to remove most of the IgG, leaving only a small percentage, most probably IgG3, in the sera. Isolated IgG fractions from several sera of MS patients in the presence of human complement actively demyelinated central nervous system tissue cultures. Although a small, but significant, decrease in demyelinating activity could be observed in most of the sera absorbed in most of the sera absorbed with protein A, the majority of the demyelinating activity could not be removed by this treatment. From these studies, it appears that at least the majority of demyelinating activity in MS sera is not associated with IgG1, IgG2 or IgG4. If IgG is responsible for demyelination, IgG3 will most likely be the active factor.", "PMID": 105780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6916", "title": "The pars tuberalis of the rhesus monkey secretes luteinizing hormone.", "content": "The presence of luteinizing hormone within the pars tuberalis of the adenohypophysis and its secretion into pituitary stalk vessels were investigated in adult rhesus monkeys. Portal blood was collected in 9 monkeys, after section of the pituitary stalk. In 22 out of 26 samples, portal to peripheral LH ratios, as measured by radioimmunoassay, ranged from 2 to 48. Portal LH levels were highest in 3 animals studied at the time of the midcycle surge. No differences between portal and peripheral growth hormone (GH) and prolactin levels were observed. Immunocytochemical studies in 4 normal and 3 ovariectomized female monkeys indicated that LH, but not GH, prolactin or thyroid stimulating hormone were present within the pars tuberalis. Cells containing these hormones were identified within the pars distalis. These results indicate that the pars tuberalis forms and secretes LH via the hypophyseal portal circulation.", "contents": "The pars tuberalis of the rhesus monkey secretes luteinizing hormone. The presence of luteinizing hormone within the pars tuberalis of the adenohypophysis and its secretion into pituitary stalk vessels were investigated in adult rhesus monkeys. Portal blood was collected in 9 monkeys, after section of the pituitary stalk. In 22 out of 26 samples, portal to peripheral LH ratios, as measured by radioimmunoassay, ranged from 2 to 48. Portal LH levels were highest in 3 animals studied at the time of the midcycle surge. No differences between portal and peripheral growth hormone (GH) and prolactin levels were observed. Immunocytochemical studies in 4 normal and 3 ovariectomized female monkeys indicated that LH, but not GH, prolactin or thyroid stimulating hormone were present within the pars tuberalis. Cells containing these hormones were identified within the pars distalis. These results indicate that the pars tuberalis forms and secretes LH via the hypophyseal portal circulation.", "PMID": 105785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6917", "title": "Thermostable antigens from the bone marrow of several animal species.", "content": "Studies on bone marrow extracts from ten animal species have revealed the presence of thermostable antigens. Similar antigens were found in other organs as shown by immunodiffusion and cross-reactivity was demonstrated between the thermostable proteins from horse and dog and between cow and sheep proteins. Using an immunoenzymatic reaction with glucose oxidase as the marker, the thermostable antigens were localized in the blood and bone marrow polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the myeloid cell line.", "contents": "Thermostable antigens from the bone marrow of several animal species. Studies on bone marrow extracts from ten animal species have revealed the presence of thermostable antigens. Similar antigens were found in other organs as shown by immunodiffusion and cross-reactivity was demonstrated between the thermostable proteins from horse and dog and between cow and sheep proteins. Using an immunoenzymatic reaction with glucose oxidase as the marker, the thermostable antigens were localized in the blood and bone marrow polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the myeloid cell line.", "PMID": 105786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6918", "title": "Therapeutic effect of topical antibiotic on untreated eye in experimental keratitis.", "content": "We studied the systemic absorption ot topical tobramycin and amikacin in experimental Pseudomonas keratitis in guinea pigs. After giving two drops of tobramycin 40 mg/ml every 30 minutes for 24 hours to both infected eyes (the corneal epithelium having removed) the mean serum concentration was 1.5 mcg/ml. Treatment of one of the infected eyes with the same strength of tobramycin or amikacin drops did not alter the number of viable bacteria in contralateral eyes treated with saline. Tobramycin 400 mg/ml or amikacin 250 mg/ml however, decreased the number of viable bacteria in the contralateral eyes. We conclude that the therapeutic effect on the contralateral eye was the result of systemic absorption.", "contents": "Therapeutic effect of topical antibiotic on untreated eye in experimental keratitis. We studied the systemic absorption ot topical tobramycin and amikacin in experimental Pseudomonas keratitis in guinea pigs. After giving two drops of tobramycin 40 mg/ml every 30 minutes for 24 hours to both infected eyes (the corneal epithelium having removed) the mean serum concentration was 1.5 mcg/ml. Treatment of one of the infected eyes with the same strength of tobramycin or amikacin drops did not alter the number of viable bacteria in contralateral eyes treated with saline. Tobramycin 400 mg/ml or amikacin 250 mg/ml however, decreased the number of viable bacteria in the contralateral eyes. We conclude that the therapeutic effect on the contralateral eye was the result of systemic absorption.", "PMID": 105787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6919", "title": "Anomalies of the human hyaloid system.", "content": "We describe two asymptomatic cases of persistent anomalies of the human hyaloid system. Fluorescein angiography of a cyst of the hyaloid system shows leakage from the hyaloid vessels.", "contents": "Anomalies of the human hyaloid system. We describe two asymptomatic cases of persistent anomalies of the human hyaloid system. Fluorescein angiography of a cyst of the hyaloid system shows leakage from the hyaloid vessels.", "PMID": 105788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6920", "title": "Isolation of meningococci in meningococcal endophthalmitis.", "content": "We describe a case of bilateral hypopyon in a 7-year-old African male receiving systemic antibiotic therapy for meningococcal meningitis. Aqueous from paracentesis of the left eye contained intra- and extra-cellular Gram negative diplococci. We believe this is the first report of isolation of the organism since the advent of antibiotic treatment.", "contents": "Isolation of meningococci in meningococcal endophthalmitis. We describe a case of bilateral hypopyon in a 7-year-old African male receiving systemic antibiotic therapy for meningococcal meningitis. Aqueous from paracentesis of the left eye contained intra- and extra-cellular Gram negative diplococci. We believe this is the first report of isolation of the organism since the advent of antibiotic treatment.", "PMID": 105789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6921", "title": "Lingeous conjunctivitis with tracheal obstruction. A case report, with light and electron microscopy findings.", "content": "A white male infant of 1 year had unilateral membranous conjunctivitis and severe laryngotracheobronchitis which required tracheostomy. Cultures from eye and throat swabs and of fluid suctioned through the tracheostomy grew many organisms, including H. influenzae, adenovirus type 3, and Candida species, but he had no specific immunologic disturbance. Ligneous conjunctivitis was diagnosed. The infant's general condition responded slowly to intensive therapy but the membrane continued to slough off the regrow. The excised membrane contained massive subepithelial deposits of eosinophilic material and a moderately vascular chronic inflammatory-cell infiltrate with numerous mast cells in the perivascular spaces and the hyaline membrane. The conjunctivitis cleared when treated with topical sodium cromoglycate (Intal), a known inhibitor of mediator release from mast-cell granules. The success of Intal therapy in this case supports the theory that mast cells are involved in the pathogenesis of ligneous conjunctivitis.", "contents": "Lingeous conjunctivitis with tracheal obstruction. A case report, with light and electron microscopy findings. A white male infant of 1 year had unilateral membranous conjunctivitis and severe laryngotracheobronchitis which required tracheostomy. Cultures from eye and throat swabs and of fluid suctioned through the tracheostomy grew many organisms, including H. influenzae, adenovirus type 3, and Candida species, but he had no specific immunologic disturbance. Ligneous conjunctivitis was diagnosed. The infant's general condition responded slowly to intensive therapy but the membrane continued to slough off the regrow. The excised membrane contained massive subepithelial deposits of eosinophilic material and a moderately vascular chronic inflammatory-cell infiltrate with numerous mast cells in the perivascular spaces and the hyaline membrane. The conjunctivitis cleared when treated with topical sodium cromoglycate (Intal), a known inhibitor of mediator release from mast-cell granules. The success of Intal therapy in this case supports the theory that mast cells are involved in the pathogenesis of ligneous conjunctivitis.", "PMID": 105790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6922", "title": "Production and characterization of two hemolysins of Bacillus cereus.", "content": "Bacillus cereus strain B-48 produced two hemolysins with molecular weights of 52,000 (H-I) and 31,000 (H-II). A mutant was isolated that produced only H-II but was identical with the wild type in all other respects. We exploited this mutant to produce H-II for study that was free of contamination by H-I. By manipulation of media composition, we produced H-I in the absence of H-II. The hemolysins were precipitated differently by ammonium sulfate, and both exhibited the Arrhenius effect when heated. Both hemolysins attached rapidly to erythrocytes; however, lysis by H-I was immediate, while lysis by H-II followed after a lag. Hemolysis by H-I and H-II increased in rate with increasing temperature and was absent at 0 degrees C. Only H-I was inhibited by cholesterol. The hemolysins of B. cereus appeared similar to the hemolysins of B. thuringiensis. H-I probably is identical with cereolysin.", "contents": "Production and characterization of two hemolysins of Bacillus cereus. Bacillus cereus strain B-48 produced two hemolysins with molecular weights of 52,000 (H-I) and 31,000 (H-II). A mutant was isolated that produced only H-II but was identical with the wild type in all other respects. We exploited this mutant to produce H-II for study that was free of contamination by H-I. By manipulation of media composition, we produced H-I in the absence of H-II. The hemolysins were precipitated differently by ammonium sulfate, and both exhibited the Arrhenius effect when heated. Both hemolysins attached rapidly to erythrocytes; however, lysis by H-I was immediate, while lysis by H-II followed after a lag. Hemolysis by H-I and H-II increased in rate with increasing temperature and was absent at 0 degrees C. Only H-I was inhibited by cholesterol. The hemolysins of B. cereus appeared similar to the hemolysins of B. thuringiensis. H-I probably is identical with cereolysin.", "PMID": 105792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6923", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae specific antibodies.", "content": "An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using rigid polystyrene microtiter plates was adapted to detect specific gonococcal antibodies against outer membrane-complex antigens extracted from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The concentration of antigen to obtain maximum coating of the well was 10 micrograms protein per millilitre. The optimal binding of the primary antibody and enzyme-conjugated antimmunoglobulin was achieved after 1 h at 37 degrees C. Under these conditions using gonococcal antisera, no cross-reactivity was observed with outer membrane antigens extracted from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups B, C, X, Y, and W135. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A demonstrated low levels of cross-reactivity. All the non-pathogenic Neisseria spp. tested were negative (absorbance value at 400 nm/30 min less than 0.15). The reaction of immune serum against outer membrane complex absorbed to the microwells was completely inhibited with soluble-specific antigen but not with purified N. gonorrhoeae lipopolysaccharide. Quantitative inhibition permitted the measurement of low levels of antigen (0.5 microgram/ml). The detection of N. gonorrhoeae antibody with ELISA is specific and highly sensitive.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae specific antibodies. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using rigid polystyrene microtiter plates was adapted to detect specific gonococcal antibodies against outer membrane-complex antigens extracted from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The concentration of antigen to obtain maximum coating of the well was 10 micrograms protein per millilitre. The optimal binding of the primary antibody and enzyme-conjugated antimmunoglobulin was achieved after 1 h at 37 degrees C. Under these conditions using gonococcal antisera, no cross-reactivity was observed with outer membrane antigens extracted from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups B, C, X, Y, and W135. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A demonstrated low levels of cross-reactivity. All the non-pathogenic Neisseria spp. tested were negative (absorbance value at 400 nm/30 min less than 0.15). The reaction of immune serum against outer membrane complex absorbed to the microwells was completely inhibited with soluble-specific antigen but not with purified N. gonorrhoeae lipopolysaccharide. Quantitative inhibition permitted the measurement of low levels of antigen (0.5 microgram/ml). The detection of N. gonorrhoeae antibody with ELISA is specific and highly sensitive.", "PMID": 105793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6924", "title": "Thermal analysis of the spores of Bacillus cereus with special reference to heat activation.", "content": "The heat activation of bacterial spores was studied by means of differential thermal analysis in the temperature range 30-110 degrees C using the spores of Bacillus cereus. The thermogram showed three endothermic peaks at 56, 95, and 103 degrees C with one exothermic peak at 105 degrees C during the heating process. The spore coat separated from the native spores also showed a peak at 56 degrees C on its heating thermogram. The peak at 56 degrees C was reversible for both native spores and the spore coat. It was suggested that this peak at 56 degrees C might be related to the heat-activation process that takes place in the spore-coat region. It seems that the peak is due to the denaturation or the structural change of the spore-coat protein that might facilitate either the permeation of germination stimulators or the release of some germination inhibitor into or out of the spores.", "contents": "Thermal analysis of the spores of Bacillus cereus with special reference to heat activation. The heat activation of bacterial spores was studied by means of differential thermal analysis in the temperature range 30-110 degrees C using the spores of Bacillus cereus. The thermogram showed three endothermic peaks at 56, 95, and 103 degrees C with one exothermic peak at 105 degrees C during the heating process. The spore coat separated from the native spores also showed a peak at 56 degrees C on its heating thermogram. The peak at 56 degrees C was reversible for both native spores and the spore coat. It was suggested that this peak at 56 degrees C might be related to the heat-activation process that takes place in the spore-coat region. It seems that the peak is due to the denaturation or the structural change of the spore-coat protein that might facilitate either the permeation of germination stimulators or the release of some germination inhibitor into or out of the spores.", "PMID": 105794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6925", "title": "Survival of microbial films in the microwave oven.", "content": "Air-dried films of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus subtilis spores on membrane filters, exposed to 10 min full power (650 W, 2450 MHz) irradiation in a Toshiba model ER776BT microwave oven, showed a 5-, 2-, and 0-log reduction of viable organisms respectively. Suspensions of cells or spores in phosphate buffer treated under similar conditions showed 8 logs of killing within 30 s (S. cerevisiae), 45 s(E. coli), and by 10 min (B. subtilis spores) of exposure.", "contents": "Survival of microbial films in the microwave oven. Air-dried films of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus subtilis spores on membrane filters, exposed to 10 min full power (650 W, 2450 MHz) irradiation in a Toshiba model ER776BT microwave oven, showed a 5-, 2-, and 0-log reduction of viable organisms respectively. Suspensions of cells or spores in phosphate buffer treated under similar conditions showed 8 logs of killing within 30 s (S. cerevisiae), 45 s(E. coli), and by 10 min (B. subtilis spores) of exposure.", "PMID": 105795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6926", "title": "Clinical efficacy of valproic acid in relation to plasma levels.", "content": "Valproic acid is a new antiepileptic drug recently introduced in the United States for the treatment of absence seizures. In this study on patients with absence and other seizure types, the majority of patients achieved optimal control within four weeks of therapy. No patient responded to valproic acid who did not show an initial clinical response by four weeks of active therapy. Optimal response was generally achieved when plasma levels were greater than 55 microgram/ml. Excellent clinical response was observed in the treatment of absence and myoclonic seizures. Twenty-two patients continued in a long term study have maintained the same degree of seizure control as observed at the time of optimal control.", "contents": "Clinical efficacy of valproic acid in relation to plasma levels. Valproic acid is a new antiepileptic drug recently introduced in the United States for the treatment of absence seizures. In this study on patients with absence and other seizure types, the majority of patients achieved optimal control within four weeks of therapy. No patient responded to valproic acid who did not show an initial clinical response by four weeks of active therapy. Optimal response was generally achieved when plasma levels were greater than 55 microgram/ml. Excellent clinical response was observed in the treatment of absence and myoclonic seizures. Twenty-two patients continued in a long term study have maintained the same degree of seizure control as observed at the time of optimal control.", "PMID": 105796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6927", "title": "Therapeutic experience with netilmicin.", "content": "Netilmicin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was used to treat 19 patients with urinary tract infection and 5 with systemic infection. The causal organisms were Escherichia coli (in 2), Klebsiella pneumoniae (in 4), Serratia marcescens (in 12) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in 7); 1 patient was infected with two of these organisms. All the isolates of causal organisms except one of Serratia were initially sensitive to netilmicin but many were resistant to other aminoglycosides. Sixteen of the urinary tract infections responded to netilmicin therapy, although relapse occurred in three patients. Two of the three patients with musculoskeletal infection responded to combined therapy with surgery and netilmicin; the other patient responded to the same regimen but with carbenicillin added. Netilmicin cured pneumonia in one patient but failed in the other patient with pneumonia, who had leukemia. Superinfection occurred in five patients with urinary tract infection. Adverse reactions to netilmicin were minor. Netilmicin may prove to be a useful agent, particularly for infections due to multiresistant Klebsiella or Serratia, or when prolonged aminoglycoside therapy is required.", "contents": "Therapeutic experience with netilmicin. Netilmicin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was used to treat 19 patients with urinary tract infection and 5 with systemic infection. The causal organisms were Escherichia coli (in 2), Klebsiella pneumoniae (in 4), Serratia marcescens (in 12) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in 7); 1 patient was infected with two of these organisms. All the isolates of causal organisms except one of Serratia were initially sensitive to netilmicin but many were resistant to other aminoglycosides. Sixteen of the urinary tract infections responded to netilmicin therapy, although relapse occurred in three patients. Two of the three patients with musculoskeletal infection responded to combined therapy with surgery and netilmicin; the other patient responded to the same regimen but with carbenicillin added. Netilmicin cured pneumonia in one patient but failed in the other patient with pneumonia, who had leukemia. Superinfection occurred in five patients with urinary tract infection. Adverse reactions to netilmicin were minor. Netilmicin may prove to be a useful agent, particularly for infections due to multiresistant Klebsiella or Serratia, or when prolonged aminoglycoside therapy is required.", "PMID": 105797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6928", "title": "Tumors of the pineal and suprasellar region: Childrens Cancer Study Group treatment results 1960--1975: a report from Childrens Cancer Study Group.", "content": "Tumors of the pineal and suprasellar region form a rare and interesting group of lesions with germinomas accounting for over 50% of all lesions in this anatomic region. The Brain Tumor Committee of Childrens Cancer Study Group (CCSG) recently surveyed all CCSG member institutions to determine treatment parameters and assess the techniques. A total of 140 patients were seen during the period from 1960 to 1975; 118 patients were evaluable, having adequate treatment records. One hundred and one patients were less than 30 years of age with a 2:1 male predominance. Thirty-six of the 57 biopsied patients (63%) were found to have germinomas. The survival of patients in the germinoma group (72%) was comparable to that of the patients without biopsy (71%). The overall survival rate for all patients (biopsied and unbiopsied) was 65% with follow-up times ranging from 2 to 15 years. Nine patients developed spinal cord metastases (8%), two of whom also had simultaneous primary recurrence; none of these patients had received adjunctive spinal irradiation.", "contents": "Tumors of the pineal and suprasellar region: Childrens Cancer Study Group treatment results 1960--1975: a report from Childrens Cancer Study Group. Tumors of the pineal and suprasellar region form a rare and interesting group of lesions with germinomas accounting for over 50% of all lesions in this anatomic region. The Brain Tumor Committee of Childrens Cancer Study Group (CCSG) recently surveyed all CCSG member institutions to determine treatment parameters and assess the techniques. A total of 140 patients were seen during the period from 1960 to 1975; 118 patients were evaluable, having adequate treatment records. One hundred and one patients were less than 30 years of age with a 2:1 male predominance. Thirty-six of the 57 biopsied patients (63%) were found to have germinomas. The survival of patients in the germinoma group (72%) was comparable to that of the patients without biopsy (71%). The overall survival rate for all patients (biopsied and unbiopsied) was 65% with follow-up times ranging from 2 to 15 years. Nine patients developed spinal cord metastases (8%), two of whom also had simultaneous primary recurrence; none of these patients had received adjunctive spinal irradiation.", "PMID": 105801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6929", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the prostate in perspective.", "content": "Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is responsible for one of every nine deaths from cancer in Canada. In this review epidemiologic factors are considered and current staging systems are outlined. The American Urological System is recommended for staging because of its ability to reflect changes in the understanding of the biologic behaviour of this neoplasm. The adoption of a quantitative grading scheme is suggested to complement the information obtained from the staging assessment. The routes of spread of this disease, along with the procedures used to assess metastatic involvement, are described. Immunologic methods for the analysis of prostatic acid phosphatase have been shown to be superior to the enzymatic methods previously used, and the role of the new techniques is discussed. Emphasis is placed on radiotherapy and endocrine therapy for the treatment of this neoplasm, and the concept of withholding endocrine therapy until symptoms appear is discussed. Potential future developments in this field are considered.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the prostate in perspective. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is responsible for one of every nine deaths from cancer in Canada. In this review epidemiologic factors are considered and current staging systems are outlined. The American Urological System is recommended for staging because of its ability to reflect changes in the understanding of the biologic behaviour of this neoplasm. The adoption of a quantitative grading scheme is suggested to complement the information obtained from the staging assessment. The routes of spread of this disease, along with the procedures used to assess metastatic involvement, are described. Immunologic methods for the analysis of prostatic acid phosphatase have been shown to be superior to the enzymatic methods previously used, and the role of the new techniques is discussed. Emphasis is placed on radiotherapy and endocrine therapy for the treatment of this neoplasm, and the concept of withholding endocrine therapy until symptoms appear is discussed. Potential future developments in this field are considered.", "PMID": 105800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6930", "title": "Comparison of metabolism-mediated binding to DNA of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene and 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.", "content": "Comparison of the binding to DNA of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenza(a)anthracene and 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) catalyzed by mouse embryo cells in culture or by rat liver microsomes indicates that the products formed are different for the two hydrocarbons. Thus, the hydroxy compound is not an intermediate in the binding of DMBA to DNA in these systems. Binding of the hydroxy compound to DNA in mouse  embryo cells is less efficient than for DMBA and is inhibited by 1,1,1-trichloropropylene 2,3-oxide, an inhibitor of epoxide hydrase. This and the fluorescence spectra of the hydroxy compound-DNA adducts indicate that the hydroxy compound is activated for DNA binding through the formation of a diol-epoxide in the 1,2,3,4-ring. As previously found for DMBA, this is consistent with the activation of this compound through a bay-region diol-epoxide.", "contents": "Comparison of metabolism-mediated binding to DNA of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene and 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Comparison of the binding to DNA of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenza(a)anthracene and 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) catalyzed by mouse embryo cells in culture or by rat liver microsomes indicates that the products formed are different for the two hydrocarbons. Thus, the hydroxy compound is not an intermediate in the binding of DMBA to DNA in these systems. Binding of the hydroxy compound to DNA in mouse  embryo cells is less efficient than for DMBA and is inhibited by 1,1,1-trichloropropylene 2,3-oxide, an inhibitor of epoxide hydrase. This and the fluorescence spectra of the hydroxy compound-DNA adducts indicate that the hydroxy compound is activated for DNA binding through the formation of a diol-epoxide in the 1,2,3,4-ring. As previously found for DMBA, this is consistent with the activation of this compound through a bay-region diol-epoxide.", "PMID": 105803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6931", "title": "Systemic two-stage carcinogenesis in the epithelium of the forestomach of mice using 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene as initiator and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate as promoter.", "content": "In a modified two-stage carcinogenesis experiment, the effectiveness of the initiator 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and the tumor-promoting phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in the epithelium of the forestomach of the mouse has been investigated. Fifty mice were treated intragastrically with a single dose of DMBA (50 mg/kg body weight), followed by repeated intragastric administration of TPA (10 mg/kg body weight) over a period of 35 weeks. In comparison with the corresponding control groups (no treatment, DMBA initiation only, and TPA treatment only), the initiated and promoted group clearly showed the highest tumor incidence in the target organ (45 tumor-bearing animals of 50 animals). No tumors of the forestomach were found in the untreated control group and the TPA-treated group, whereas in the DMBA-initiated group, ten animals had developed tumors of the forestomach. In addition to the mouse skin model for two-stage carcinogenesis, the mouse forestomach appears to respond to DMBA initiation-TPA promotion. This organ provides an additional tissue with which to investigate tumor promotion and further to ascertain specific parameters of the promotion step.", "contents": "Systemic two-stage carcinogenesis in the epithelium of the forestomach of mice using 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene as initiator and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate as promoter. In a modified two-stage carcinogenesis experiment, the effectiveness of the initiator 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and the tumor-promoting phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in the epithelium of the forestomach of the mouse has been investigated. Fifty mice were treated intragastrically with a single dose of DMBA (50 mg/kg body weight), followed by repeated intragastric administration of TPA (10 mg/kg body weight) over a period of 35 weeks. In comparison with the corresponding control groups (no treatment, DMBA initiation only, and TPA treatment only), the initiated and promoted group clearly showed the highest tumor incidence in the target organ (45 tumor-bearing animals of 50 animals). No tumors of the forestomach were found in the untreated control group and the TPA-treated group, whereas in the DMBA-initiated group, ten animals had developed tumors of the forestomach. In addition to the mouse skin model for two-stage carcinogenesis, the mouse forestomach appears to respond to DMBA initiation-TPA promotion. This organ provides an additional tissue with which to investigate tumor promotion and further to ascertain specific parameters of the promotion step.", "PMID": 105804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6932", "title": "Animal models for the comparative assessment of neurotoxicity following repeated administration of vinca alkaloids.", "content": "Neurotoxicity is the major side effect occurring during the clinical use of vincristine (VCR). Animal models predictive of potential neurotoxicity would be very useful in the preclinical development of new vinca compounds. To simulate conditions in which neurotoxicity is produced during the clinical use of VCR, experimental animals (except the guinea pig) were given the test compounds by the iv route over a prolonged time period. Doses were selected based on the production of leukopenia. Vindesine (VDS), a chemically modified vinblastine (VBL) product, was compared with VCR and VBL in animal studies. Definite neurotoxic manifestations developed when VCR was given to chickens, cats, and monkeys. The administration of VDS or VBL did not produce neurotoxic signs in these species. The mouse, rat, dog, and guinea pig were not found to be useful models. Thus, it would appear the chicken, cat, and monkey would be appropriate animal models for the preclinical testing of new vinca compounds.", "contents": "Animal models for the comparative assessment of neurotoxicity following repeated administration of vinca alkaloids. Neurotoxicity is the major side effect occurring during the clinical use of vincristine (VCR). Animal models predictive of potential neurotoxicity would be very useful in the preclinical development of new vinca compounds. To simulate conditions in which neurotoxicity is produced during the clinical use of VCR, experimental animals (except the guinea pig) were given the test compounds by the iv route over a prolonged time period. Doses were selected based on the production of leukopenia. Vindesine (VDS), a chemically modified vinblastine (VBL) product, was compared with VCR and VBL in animal studies. Definite neurotoxic manifestations developed when VCR was given to chickens, cats, and monkeys. The administration of VDS or VBL did not produce neurotoxic signs in these species. The mouse, rat, dog, and guinea pig were not found to be useful models. Thus, it would appear the chicken, cat, and monkey would be appropriate animal models for the preclinical testing of new vinca compounds.", "PMID": 105807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6933", "title": "A rapidly polymerizing polyurethane for transcatheter embolization.", "content": "A polyurethane prepolymer was evaluated as a transcatheter embolizing agent. Low viscosity permits injection through small catheters. Polymerization is initated on contact with blood and completed within 10 seconds. Downstream propagation is better then that of cyanoacrylate and comparable to that of silicone rubber. No systemic toxicity was observed in acute animal experiments. However, dissolution of arterial walls and extravasation out of the vascular bed of chronically embolized organs suggest significant local tissue toxicity and make further evaluation necessary before clinical testing.", "contents": "A rapidly polymerizing polyurethane for transcatheter embolization. A polyurethane prepolymer was evaluated as a transcatheter embolizing agent. Low viscosity permits injection through small catheters. Polymerization is initated on contact with blood and completed within 10 seconds. Downstream propagation is better then that of cyanoacrylate and comparable to that of silicone rubber. No systemic toxicity was observed in acute animal experiments. However, dissolution of arterial walls and extravasation out of the vascular bed of chronically embolized organs suggest significant local tissue toxicity and make further evaluation necessary before clinical testing.", "PMID": 105808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6934", "title": "Nucleolar changes in response to dietary protein malnutrition in the neurons of the motor cerebral cortex and cerebellum of squirrel moneky Saimiri sciureus.", "content": "Nucleolo-cytoplasmic relationships have been studied in healthy squirrel monkeys and those subjected to a known degree of protein malnutrition. In the latter group, thirty-two pregnant animals starting from 35 days of gestation and 24 young adult animals were given a diet containing 7.5% and 2.0% protein content, respectively, compared to a diet with 25% protein for the controls. The motor cortex and the cerebellum removed from neonates as well as young adult animals sacrificed after 9, 11, 13 and 15 weeks of feeding schedules were investigated. Four animals after 15 weeks of dietary protein deprivation were rehabilitated with a balanced diet over a year's period. Formaldehyde-fixed as well as fresh frozen tissues were used for the histological study and to employ histochemical techniques for the demonstration of lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and enzymes of various metabolic cycles. As a result of protein malnutrition, the nucleolus in a majority of the neurons from the motor cortex and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum undergoes a series of morphological and cytochemical transformations in response to cytoplasmic changes related to impaired protein metabolism. The greater the level of protein deprivation, the greater is the degree of cytoplasmic chromatolysis and more pronounced are the nucleolar transformation in terms of enlarged size, secretory activity and transfer of nucleolar material in the cytoplasm. The nucleolar buds located close to the periphery of the nuclear membrane and the nucleolar material in the cytoplasm show identical cytochemical nature except for the presence of DNA in the former. It appears that during migration through the nuclear membrane the nucleolar material loses its DNA component and only aggregates of ribosomes and protein pass into cytoplasm, which aid in the synthesis of specific proteins lost as a result of catabolic processes initiated by protein malnutrition. Most of the observed changes in the adult squirrel monkeys are reversed when they are rehabilitated with a balanced diet.", "contents": "Nucleolar changes in response to dietary protein malnutrition in the neurons of the motor cerebral cortex and cerebellum of squirrel moneky Saimiri sciureus. Nucleolo-cytoplasmic relationships have been studied in healthy squirrel monkeys and those subjected to a known degree of protein malnutrition. In the latter group, thirty-two pregnant animals starting from 35 days of gestation and 24 young adult animals were given a diet containing 7.5% and 2.0% protein content, respectively, compared to a diet with 25% protein for the controls. The motor cortex and the cerebellum removed from neonates as well as young adult animals sacrificed after 9, 11, 13 and 15 weeks of feeding schedules were investigated. Four animals after 15 weeks of dietary protein deprivation were rehabilitated with a balanced diet over a year's period. Formaldehyde-fixed as well as fresh frozen tissues were used for the histological study and to employ histochemical techniques for the demonstration of lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and enzymes of various metabolic cycles. As a result of protein malnutrition, the nucleolus in a majority of the neurons from the motor cortex and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum undergoes a series of morphological and cytochemical transformations in response to cytoplasmic changes related to impaired protein metabolism. The greater the level of protein deprivation, the greater is the degree of cytoplasmic chromatolysis and more pronounced are the nucleolar transformation in terms of enlarged size, secretory activity and transfer of nucleolar material in the cytoplasm. The nucleolar buds located close to the periphery of the nuclear membrane and the nucleolar material in the cytoplasm show identical cytochemical nature except for the presence of DNA in the former. It appears that during migration through the nuclear membrane the nucleolar material loses its DNA component and only aggregates of ribosomes and protein pass into cytoplasm, which aid in the synthesis of specific proteins lost as a result of catabolic processes initiated by protein malnutrition. Most of the observed changes in the adult squirrel monkeys are reversed when they are rehabilitated with a balanced diet.", "PMID": 105809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6935", "title": "Epithelial differentiation and taste buds in the soft palate of the monkey, Macaca irus.", "content": "A combination of light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy was employed to demonstrate the occurrence, arrangement and structure of taste buds in the oral mucosa of the soft palate of monkeys (Macaca irus). Taste buds are found in aggregates confined to 0.15 to 0.3 mm wide, round islands of keratinizing epithelium embedded in the normally non-keratinizing integument. Topography, configuration and structure of these epithelial islands and their taste buds are described, and the question of a developmental and functional interrelationship between epithelial differentiation and properties, and taste bud function is discussed.", "contents": "Epithelial differentiation and taste buds in the soft palate of the monkey, Macaca irus. A combination of light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy was employed to demonstrate the occurrence, arrangement and structure of taste buds in the oral mucosa of the soft palate of monkeys (Macaca irus). Taste buds are found in aggregates confined to 0.15 to 0.3 mm wide, round islands of keratinizing epithelium embedded in the normally non-keratinizing integument. Topography, configuration and structure of these epithelial islands and their taste buds are described, and the question of a developmental and functional interrelationship between epithelial differentiation and properties, and taste bud function is discussed.", "PMID": 105810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6936", "title": "[Reversal of human ophthalmic vein blood flow : selective cooling of the brain].", "content": "Direction of blood flow in angularis oculi veins was recorded in humans. In mild hypothermia, blood flow was weak and directed from brain to face. In hyperthermia, however, blood flowed rapidly in the opposite direction, angularis oculi vein collecting cool facial blood and supplying cavernous sinus. Therefore selective cooling of human brain is possible.", "contents": "[Reversal of human ophthalmic vein blood flow : selective cooling of the brain]. Direction of blood flow in angularis oculi veins was recorded in humans. In mild hypothermia, blood flow was weak and directed from brain to face. In hyperthermia, however, blood flowed rapidly in the opposite direction, angularis oculi vein collecting cool facial blood and supplying cavernous sinus. Therefore selective cooling of human brain is possible.", "PMID": 105815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6937", "title": "[Inhibition of post-hemicastration hypertrophy of the remaining testis by testosterone or aqueous testicular extract treatments in the young rat].", "content": "In the 10 day old hemicastrated Rat daily injections of testosterone (total doses of 0.04 to 4 mg/Rat) or of proteinaceous extract of Rat testis (4 mg/Rat) inhibit compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining testis. Both testosterone and testicular proteinaceous extract could be involved in the growing processes of the testis, locally or by means of modification of gonadotropin secretion. Results have been analysed by covariance analysis to eliminate the influence of body weight variations.", "contents": "[Inhibition of post-hemicastration hypertrophy of the remaining testis by testosterone or aqueous testicular extract treatments in the young rat]. In the 10 day old hemicastrated Rat daily injections of testosterone (total doses of 0.04 to 4 mg/Rat) or of proteinaceous extract of Rat testis (4 mg/Rat) inhibit compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining testis. Both testosterone and testicular proteinaceous extract could be involved in the growing processes of the testis, locally or by means of modification of gonadotropin secretion. Results have been analysed by covariance analysis to eliminate the influence of body weight variations.", "PMID": 105816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6938", "title": "[Purfication and molecular weight of an RNA-dependant RNA polymerase from Brassicae oleracea var. Botrytis].", "content": "An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been completely purified from Cauliflower inflorescences. Analysis of the purified enzyme on SDS-polyacrylamide gels showed one polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 140,000 dalton. The enzyme is monomeric in its native state. The in vitro activity was completely dependent on added RNA, the most efficient templates being poly (U), poly (U, C), poly (I) and viral RNA.", "contents": "[Purfication and molecular weight of an RNA-dependant RNA polymerase from Brassicae oleracea var. Botrytis]. An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been completely purified from Cauliflower inflorescences. Analysis of the purified enzyme on SDS-polyacrylamide gels showed one polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 140,000 dalton. The enzyme is monomeric in its native state. The in vitro activity was completely dependent on added RNA, the most efficient templates being poly (U), poly (U, C), poly (I) and viral RNA.", "PMID": 105817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6939", "title": "[Experimental cholera in monkeys].", "content": "The immune response to Vibrio cholerae was studied in baboons, rhesus monkeys and marmosets inoculated by the oral, intraintestinal or intravenous route with various strains of V. cholerae. Sera were collected from all animals on days 2, 6, 10, 17, 24, 32, 45 and 60 after infection. Serum protein, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM), GOT, and alkaline phosphatases were determined. The results showed that baboons and rhesus monkeys were not susceptible to cholera infection under these experimental conditions. However, we were able to induce a lethal cholera infection in cotton-topped marmosets. In baboons and rhesus monkeys serum IgG levels decreased significantly following inoculation with V. cholerae; however, the ratio of GOT, alkaline phosphatase and antibodies against toxin were only slightly modified.", "contents": "[Experimental cholera in monkeys]. The immune response to Vibrio cholerae was studied in baboons, rhesus monkeys and marmosets inoculated by the oral, intraintestinal or intravenous route with various strains of V. cholerae. Sera were collected from all animals on days 2, 6, 10, 17, 24, 32, 45 and 60 after infection. Serum protein, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM), GOT, and alkaline phosphatases were determined. The results showed that baboons and rhesus monkeys were not susceptible to cholera infection under these experimental conditions. However, we were able to induce a lethal cholera infection in cotton-topped marmosets. In baboons and rhesus monkeys serum IgG levels decreased significantly following inoculation with V. cholerae; however, the ratio of GOT, alkaline phosphatase and antibodies against toxin were only slightly modified.", "PMID": 105813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6940", "title": "[Serum iodothyronine concentrations and properties of mitochondria phosphorylative oxidations in old rats].", "content": "Serum concentrations of T4 and T3 in 2 year-old Rats were decreased by about 30% compared to 2 month-old animals, but rT3 was similar. Activities of old Rats' liver mitochondria were near those of young thyroidectomized animals. Low circulating T3 partly explains metabolic changes observed during senescence.", "contents": "[Serum iodothyronine concentrations and properties of mitochondria phosphorylative oxidations in old rats]. Serum concentrations of T4 and T3 in 2 year-old Rats were decreased by about 30% compared to 2 month-old animals, but rT3 was similar. Activities of old Rats' liver mitochondria were near those of young thyroidectomized animals. Low circulating T3 partly explains metabolic changes observed during senescence.", "PMID": 105818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6941", "title": "[Application of hydrophobic chromatography to the fractionation of wheat prolamins].", "content": "Hydrophobic chromatography is applied to the fractionation of wheat prolamins. Proteins are separated on \"Phenyl Sepharose CL 4B\" column. They are eluted by variations of pH and polarity of solvent. Components with the same electrophoretic mobility appear in several chromatographic fractions and gliadin groups, as indicated by Woychick classification, are heterogeneous. This method is excepted to give new information about interaction properties of gluten proteins.", "contents": "[Application of hydrophobic chromatography to the fractionation of wheat prolamins]. Hydrophobic chromatography is applied to the fractionation of wheat prolamins. Proteins are separated on \"Phenyl Sepharose CL 4B\" column. They are eluted by variations of pH and polarity of solvent. Components with the same electrophoretic mobility appear in several chromatographic fractions and gliadin groups, as indicated by Woychick classification, are heterogeneous. This method is excepted to give new information about interaction properties of gluten proteins.", "PMID": 105819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6942", "title": "[Effects of mescaline and lysergide on the mechanical responses of isolated organs of the rat to catecholamines and the role of calcium transfers in these phenomena].", "content": "On isolated Rat vas deferens the contracting responses of noradrenaline and dopamine are increased by mescaline (23 micromoles) and decreased by lysergide (15 micromoles). Similarly, on isolated Rat duodenum previously decalcified the hypertonic responses of recalcification are modified in the opposite direction by the two agonists. On the other hand, mescaline such as lysergide increase the fall of tonus which ensues the decalcification of isolated duodenum.", "contents": "[Effects of mescaline and lysergide on the mechanical responses of isolated organs of the rat to catecholamines and the role of calcium transfers in these phenomena]. On isolated Rat vas deferens the contracting responses of noradrenaline and dopamine are increased by mescaline (23 micromoles) and decreased by lysergide (15 micromoles). Similarly, on isolated Rat duodenum previously decalcified the hypertonic responses of recalcification are modified in the opposite direction by the two agonists. On the other hand, mescaline such as lysergide increase the fall of tonus which ensues the decalcification of isolated duodenum.", "PMID": 105820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6943", "title": "[Effect of blockade or stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system on the blood clearance kinetics of the anticholinesterase insecticide carbaryl in the rat].", "content": "The blood clearances of 14C-carbaryl and collo\u00efdal carbon were studied in Rats with reticuloendothelial system (RES) inhibited or activated, and in control Rats. A correlation was established between the blood clearance kinetics of carbon particles and carbaryl; such data support the concept of the contribution of the RES in the disappearance of carbaryl from the circulation.", "contents": "[Effect of blockade or stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system on the blood clearance kinetics of the anticholinesterase insecticide carbaryl in the rat]. The blood clearances of 14C-carbaryl and collo\u00efdal carbon were studied in Rats with reticuloendothelial system (RES) inhibited or activated, and in control Rats. A correlation was established between the blood clearance kinetics of carbon particles and carbaryl; such data support the concept of the contribution of the RES in the disappearance of carbaryl from the circulation.", "PMID": 105821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6944", "title": "[Evidence for plasmidic localization of \"beta-lactamase\" gene in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain, highly resistant to carbenicillin].", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain HL, isolated in Besan\u00e7on (France), shows a high level of resistance for carbenicillin, as proved in preliminary studies. In this paper, we report the transfer of carbenicillin resistance from Pseudomonas aeruginosa HL1 carrying helper plasmids to other strains of the same species. Comparative study of beta-lactamase activity in the HL1 strain and in the conjugated strains allows confirmation of the transfer of an R-factor from the HL1 strain: in all these strains, the beta-lactamase has the same pI (5.3) and the same Vmax (relative to benzylpenicillin) for ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephaloridin.", "contents": "[Evidence for plasmidic localization of \"beta-lactamase\" gene in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain, highly resistant to carbenicillin]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain HL, isolated in Besan\u00e7on (France), shows a high level of resistance for carbenicillin, as proved in preliminary studies. In this paper, we report the transfer of carbenicillin resistance from Pseudomonas aeruginosa HL1 carrying helper plasmids to other strains of the same species. Comparative study of beta-lactamase activity in the HL1 strain and in the conjugated strains allows confirmation of the transfer of an R-factor from the HL1 strain: in all these strains, the beta-lactamase has the same pI (5.3) and the same Vmax (relative to benzylpenicillin) for ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephaloridin.", "PMID": 105822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6945", "title": "[Structure-activity relationship of various ephedrine isomers on noradrenaline uptake by the isolated perfused rabbit heart].", "content": "(-)Ephedrine, (+) Ephedrine, (-) psi ephedrine and (+) psi ephedrine inhibit both the neuronal and extraneuronal uptakes of noradrenaline in isolated Rabbit heart. (-) ephedrine is the most active isomer for the inhibition of both neuronal and extraneuronal uptakes. The relative inhibition potential of the three other isomers is not the same when applied to one or other uptake.", "contents": "[Structure-activity relationship of various ephedrine isomers on noradrenaline uptake by the isolated perfused rabbit heart]. (-)Ephedrine, (+) Ephedrine, (-) psi ephedrine and (+) psi ephedrine inhibit both the neuronal and extraneuronal uptakes of noradrenaline in isolated Rabbit heart. (-) ephedrine is the most active isomer for the inhibition of both neuronal and extraneuronal uptakes. The relative inhibition potential of the three other isomers is not the same when applied to one or other uptake.", "PMID": 105824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6946", "title": "A controlled clinical trial comparing disodium cromoglycate and ICI 74,917 in extrinsic asthma.", "content": "A controlled clinical trial comparing inhalation of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and of ICI 74,917 was carried out using a double-placebo technique in thirty-two patients with extrinsic asthma already shown to be reasonably responsive to DSCG. In view of the fact that ICI 74,917 is 300 times more potent than DSCG in inhibiting antigenic challenge in animals a better effect was anticipated from the new drug in the human asthmatic subject. Whilst this was not obtained, there appeared to be no lesser effect than that of DSCG.", "contents": "A controlled clinical trial comparing disodium cromoglycate and ICI 74,917 in extrinsic asthma. A controlled clinical trial comparing inhalation of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and of ICI 74,917 was carried out using a double-placebo technique in thirty-two patients with extrinsic asthma already shown to be reasonably responsive to DSCG. In view of the fact that ICI 74,917 is 300 times more potent than DSCG in inhibiting antigenic challenge in animals a better effect was anticipated from the new drug in the human asthmatic subject. Whilst this was not obtained, there appeared to be no lesser effect than that of DSCG.", "PMID": 105825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6947", "title": "Pharyngocutaneous fistulae following total laryngectomy.", "content": "Postoperative pharyngocutaneous fistula formation is a troublesome complication in head and neck surgery and occurred in 8 out of 53 patients following a total laryngectomy (15%). The incidence falls within the lower range of that reported in the literature (6-66%). Different factors which may influence the formation of fistulae were analysed. Factors which seem to increase fistula formation are previous full dose radiotherapy (Co60), residual carcinoma and surgical technique.", "contents": "Pharyngocutaneous fistulae following total laryngectomy. Postoperative pharyngocutaneous fistula formation is a troublesome complication in head and neck surgery and occurred in 8 out of 53 patients following a total laryngectomy (15%). The incidence falls within the lower range of that reported in the literature (6-66%). Different factors which may influence the formation of fistulae were analysed. Factors which seem to increase fistula formation are previous full dose radiotherapy (Co60), residual carcinoma and surgical technique.", "PMID": 105826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6948", "title": "A supernumerary \"G\" like chromosome originating from a maternal 13;15 translocation in a nondysmorphic, retarded girl.", "content": "This paper describes a retarded girl who had a severe seizure disorder and a few minor anomalies, and who was found to have a \"G-sized\" supernumerary chromosome in all her cells which were examined. Studies of the patient's and her parents' chromosomes by a variety of techniques suggest that the supernumerary chromosome arose following a prezygotic maternal 13;15 translocation.", "contents": "A supernumerary \"G\" like chromosome originating from a maternal 13;15 translocation in a nondysmorphic, retarded girl. This paper describes a retarded girl who had a severe seizure disorder and a few minor anomalies, and who was found to have a \"G-sized\" supernumerary chromosome in all her cells which were examined. Studies of the patient's and her parents' chromosomes by a variety of techniques suggest that the supernumerary chromosome arose following a prezygotic maternal 13;15 translocation.", "PMID": 105827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6949", "title": "Comparison of placebo, nitroglycerin, and isosorbide dinitrate for effectiveness of relief of angina and duration of action.", "content": "Each of 13 patients with angina had either chewable isosorbide dinitrate, nitroglycerin (sublingual therapy), or placebo administered on each of three different days when mild anginal pain had been induced by walking on a treadmill. Both therapy with isosorbide dinitrate and therapy with nitroglycerin were effective in bringing about complete relief of the angina in less than ten minutes of uninterrupted continuous walking on the treadmill in 11 of the 13 subjects, while administration of placebo afforded complete relief in none. The duration of action of the drug was determined by following the first effort (during which the tested drug was given) by successive ten-minute walks at the same workload that first induced anginal pain. Half-hour resting periods separated the repeated periods of exercise, and the duration of action was taken to be the time from administration of the agent to the return of angina on one of the repetitive efforts. No prolonged protection was afforded by administration of the placebo. Nitroglycerin protected for slightly longer than one hour, while isosorbide dinitrate protected for 2 1/2 to 3 hours.", "contents": "Comparison of placebo, nitroglycerin, and isosorbide dinitrate for effectiveness of relief of angina and duration of action. Each of 13 patients with angina had either chewable isosorbide dinitrate, nitroglycerin (sublingual therapy), or placebo administered on each of three different days when mild anginal pain had been induced by walking on a treadmill. Both therapy with isosorbide dinitrate and therapy with nitroglycerin were effective in bringing about complete relief of the angina in less than ten minutes of uninterrupted continuous walking on the treadmill in 11 of the 13 subjects, while administration of placebo afforded complete relief in none. The duration of action of the drug was determined by following the first effort (during which the tested drug was given) by successive ten-minute walks at the same workload that first induced anginal pain. Half-hour resting periods separated the repeated periods of exercise, and the duration of action was taken to be the time from administration of the agent to the return of angina on one of the repetitive efforts. No prolonged protection was afforded by administration of the placebo. Nitroglycerin protected for slightly longer than one hour, while isosorbide dinitrate protected for 2 1/2 to 3 hours.", "PMID": 105834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6950", "title": "Treatment of variant angina pectoris with perhexilene maleate.", "content": "Three patients with variant angina pectoris resistant to therapy with nitrates and propranolol were treated with perhexilene maleate. Two patients had normal coronary arteries with documented coronary artery spasm, while the third patient had a fixed coronary artery obstruction. In all three patients, attacks of variant angina pectoris disappeared following institution of therapy with perhexilene maleate. When the dose of this drug was decreased to 100 mg per day or less, symptoms reappeared in all patients. Reinstitution of therapeutic doses of perhexilene maleate once again resulted in complete control of symptoms. Perhexilene maleate is therefore a useful agent for the treatment of variant angina pectoris.", "contents": "Treatment of variant angina pectoris with perhexilene maleate. Three patients with variant angina pectoris resistant to therapy with nitrates and propranolol were treated with perhexilene maleate. Two patients had normal coronary arteries with documented coronary artery spasm, while the third patient had a fixed coronary artery obstruction. In all three patients, attacks of variant angina pectoris disappeared following institution of therapy with perhexilene maleate. When the dose of this drug was decreased to 100 mg per day or less, symptoms reappeared in all patients. Reinstitution of therapeutic doses of perhexilene maleate once again resulted in complete control of symptoms. Perhexilene maleate is therefore a useful agent for the treatment of variant angina pectoris.", "PMID": 105837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6951", "title": "The effect of tinidazole on several ciliates.", "content": "The effect of tinidazole on several ciliates (Stylonychia muscorum, Stylonychia mytilus, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Vorticella companula) has been studied. There is a very pronounced difference in sensitivity against this drug between the free-living ciliates here investigated and certain parasitic protozoa. A high resistance of the free-living ciliates against tinidazole, probably due to their aerobic condition, has been found. Nonetheless, tinidazole at high doses (1--3 mg/ml) caused severe alterations in 3 of the 4 aerobic ciliate species here studied.", "contents": "The effect of tinidazole on several ciliates. The effect of tinidazole on several ciliates (Stylonychia muscorum, Stylonychia mytilus, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Vorticella companula) has been studied. There is a very pronounced difference in sensitivity against this drug between the free-living ciliates here investigated and certain parasitic protozoa. A high resistance of the free-living ciliates against tinidazole, probably due to their aerobic condition, has been found. Nonetheless, tinidazole at high doses (1--3 mg/ml) caused severe alterations in 3 of the 4 aerobic ciliate species here studied.", "PMID": 105840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6952", "title": "Genome structure of Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "Reassociation kinetics of DNA from the macronucleus of the ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis GL, has been studied. The genome size determined by the kinetic complexity of DNA was found to be 2.0 X 10(8) base pairs (or 1.2 X 10(11) daltons). About 90% of the macronuclear DNA fragments 200-300 nucleotides in length reassociate at a rate corresponding to single-copy nucleotide sequences, and 7-9% at a rate corresponding to moderate repetitive sequences; 3-4% of such DNA fragments reassociate at C0t practically equal to zero. To investigate the linear distribution of repetitive sequences, DNA fragments of high molecular weight were reassociated and reassociation products were treated with S1-nuclease. DNA double-stranded fragments were then fractionated by size. It has been established that in the Tetrahymena genome long regions containing more than 2000 nucleotides make up about half of the DNA repetitive sequences. Another half of the DNA repetitive sequences (short DNA regions about 200-300 nucleotides long) intersperse with single-copy sequences about 1,000 nucleotides long. Thus, no more than 15% of the Tetrahymena genome is patterned on the principle of interspersing single-copy and short repetitive sequences. Most of the so called \"zero time binding\" or \"foldback\" DNA seem to be represented by inverted self-complementary (palindromic) nucleotide sequences. The conclusion has been drawn from the analysis of this fraction isolated preparatively by chromatography. About 75% of the foldback DNA is resistant to S1-nuclease treatment. The S1-nuclease resistance is independent of the original DNA concentration. Heat denaturation and renaturation are reversible and show both hyper- and hypochromic effects. The majority of the inverted sequences are unique and about 20% are repeated tens of times. According to the equilibrium distribution in CsCl density gradients the average nucleotide content of the palindromic fraction does not differ significantly from that of total macronuclear DNA. It was shown that the largest part of this fraction of the Tetrahymena genome are not fragments of ribosomal genes.", "contents": "Genome structure of Tetrahymena pyriformis. Reassociation kinetics of DNA from the macronucleus of the ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis GL, has been studied. The genome size determined by the kinetic complexity of DNA was found to be 2.0 X 10(8) base pairs (or 1.2 X 10(11) daltons). About 90% of the macronuclear DNA fragments 200-300 nucleotides in length reassociate at a rate corresponding to single-copy nucleotide sequences, and 7-9% at a rate corresponding to moderate repetitive sequences; 3-4% of such DNA fragments reassociate at C0t practically equal to zero. To investigate the linear distribution of repetitive sequences, DNA fragments of high molecular weight were reassociated and reassociation products were treated with S1-nuclease. DNA double-stranded fragments were then fractionated by size. It has been established that in the Tetrahymena genome long regions containing more than 2000 nucleotides make up about half of the DNA repetitive sequences. Another half of the DNA repetitive sequences (short DNA regions about 200-300 nucleotides long) intersperse with single-copy sequences about 1,000 nucleotides long. Thus, no more than 15% of the Tetrahymena genome is patterned on the principle of interspersing single-copy and short repetitive sequences. Most of the so called \"zero time binding\" or \"foldback\" DNA seem to be represented by inverted self-complementary (palindromic) nucleotide sequences. The conclusion has been drawn from the analysis of this fraction isolated preparatively by chromatography. About 75% of the foldback DNA is resistant to S1-nuclease treatment. The S1-nuclease resistance is independent of the original DNA concentration. Heat denaturation and renaturation are reversible and show both hyper- and hypochromic effects. The majority of the inverted sequences are unique and about 20% are repeated tens of times. According to the equilibrium distribution in CsCl density gradients the average nucleotide content of the palindromic fraction does not differ significantly from that of total macronuclear DNA. It was shown that the largest part of this fraction of the Tetrahymena genome are not fragments of ribosomal genes.", "PMID": 105861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6953", "title": "Histone genes in macronuclear DNA of the ciliate Stylonychia mytilus.", "content": "DNA in the macronucleus of Stylonychia mytilus exists as discrete gene-sized fragments which are derived from micronuclear DNA through a series of well-defined developmental events. It has been proposed that each of the DNA fragments might represent a gene and its controlling elements. We have investigated this possibility using genes which code for the five histone proteins. Macronuclear DNA fragments were fractionated according to size by agarose gel electrophoresis, the fragments transferred to nitrocellulose filters using the technique of Southern, and the filter-bound DNA hybridized with labeled cloned histone genes of the sea urchin, Psammechinus miliaris. Results indicate, first, that sequences homologous to the five individual histone gene probes are present in discrete macronuclear fragments which appear as bands in the gel hybridization assay. Secondly, for each of the five individual histone gene probes the homologous DNA fragments are several in number, ranging in size in from 7.6 Kb (Kilo base pairs) to 0.73 Kb. For example, the largest of six detected fragments hybridizing to the H3 gene probe contains approximately 10 times the amount of DNA required to code for a Stylonychia H3 histone. The smallest detected fragment hybridizing to the H3 probe contains enought DNA to code for approximately two copies of the histone. Finally, in general, no two histone approximately two copies of the histone. Finally, in general, no two histone gene probes hybridized to the same macronuclear DNA fragment. This result indicates that genes coding for the five histones in Stylonychia are not located together on the same macronuclear DNA fragments and implies that the five functionally related genes would not be transcribed together as a polycistronic unit.", "contents": "Histone genes in macronuclear DNA of the ciliate Stylonychia mytilus. DNA in the macronucleus of Stylonychia mytilus exists as discrete gene-sized fragments which are derived from micronuclear DNA through a series of well-defined developmental events. It has been proposed that each of the DNA fragments might represent a gene and its controlling elements. We have investigated this possibility using genes which code for the five histone proteins. Macronuclear DNA fragments were fractionated according to size by agarose gel electrophoresis, the fragments transferred to nitrocellulose filters using the technique of Southern, and the filter-bound DNA hybridized with labeled cloned histone genes of the sea urchin, Psammechinus miliaris. Results indicate, first, that sequences homologous to the five individual histone gene probes are present in discrete macronuclear fragments which appear as bands in the gel hybridization assay. Secondly, for each of the five individual histone gene probes the homologous DNA fragments are several in number, ranging in size in from 7.6 Kb (Kilo base pairs) to 0.73 Kb. For example, the largest of six detected fragments hybridizing to the H3 gene probe contains approximately 10 times the amount of DNA required to code for a Stylonychia H3 histone. The smallest detected fragment hybridizing to the H3 probe contains enought DNA to code for approximately two copies of the histone. Finally, in general, no two histone approximately two copies of the histone. Finally, in general, no two histone gene probes hybridized to the same macronuclear DNA fragment. This result indicates that genes coding for the five histones in Stylonychia are not located together on the same macronuclear DNA fragments and implies that the five functionally related genes would not be transcribed together as a polycistronic unit.", "PMID": 105862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6954", "title": "[General anesthesia and long term psychotropic treatments].", "content": "Anesthesists often ask for withdrawal of psychotropic treatment a few days before surgery. Usually they do not differentiate among the various classes of psychotropic drugs. Some drugs, including MAO inhibitors and reserpine-like agents, can induce or precipitate accidents; however, this does not occur with other types of antidepressants, neuroleptics and minor tranquilizers. The authors review the psychiatric risks related to such withdrawals; these risks are to be considered. They report that in 8,210 ECT under general anesthesia (among which 5,688 were done without psychotropic withdrawal) there was no occurrence of severe accidents.", "contents": "[General anesthesia and long term psychotropic treatments]. Anesthesists often ask for withdrawal of psychotropic treatment a few days before surgery. Usually they do not differentiate among the various classes of psychotropic drugs. Some drugs, including MAO inhibitors and reserpine-like agents, can induce or precipitate accidents; however, this does not occur with other types of antidepressants, neuroleptics and minor tranquilizers. The authors review the psychiatric risks related to such withdrawals; these risks are to be considered. They report that in 8,210 ECT under general anesthesia (among which 5,688 were done without psychotropic withdrawal) there was no occurrence of severe accidents.", "PMID": 105865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6955", "title": "The arcuate nucleus and the control of gonadotropin and prolactin secretion in the female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Attempts were made to destroy selectively the arcuate nucleus with radiofrequency current in adult female rhesus monkeys as a first step in identifying the areas of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) that are responsible for the neural control of gonadotropin secretion in this species. Extensive or complete destruction of the arcuate region was produced in three animals and in two of these the lesion was confined primarily to the arcuate region and the dorsal aspect of the posterior median eminence. These lesions resulted in the cessation of LH and FSH secretion and blocked the positive feedback action of estradiol on gonadotropin release but did not appear to influence grossly basal thyroid and adrenocortical function, or to abolish GH discharge in response to insulin hypoglycemia. Adenohypophysial infarcts were not observed and exogenous LHRH and TRH induced marked discharges of the appropriate anterior pituitary hormones. In two additional animals with large hypothalamic lesions, destruction of the arcuate region was incomplete. In this group only partial inhibition of gonadotropin secretion was observed. LH and FSH secretion did not appear to be influenced in one animal bearing a large MBH lesion that entirely spared the arcuate region. Although serum prolactin remained at pre-lesion control levels after placement of the two relatively discrete lesions confined to the arcuate region, unambiguous increases in the secretion of this hormone were observed when the area of destruction encompassed tissue anterior and/or dorsal to the arcuate region. These observations suggest that the arcuate region is the primary structure mediating the hypothalamic control of gonadotropin secretion in the rhesus monkey. They also suggest that, in this species, the regions of the MBH involved with the regulation of gonadotropin release and those which control prolactin secretion are anatomically distinct.", "contents": "The arcuate nucleus and the control of gonadotropin and prolactin secretion in the female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Attempts were made to destroy selectively the arcuate nucleus with radiofrequency current in adult female rhesus monkeys as a first step in identifying the areas of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) that are responsible for the neural control of gonadotropin secretion in this species. Extensive or complete destruction of the arcuate region was produced in three animals and in two of these the lesion was confined primarily to the arcuate region and the dorsal aspect of the posterior median eminence. These lesions resulted in the cessation of LH and FSH secretion and blocked the positive feedback action of estradiol on gonadotropin release but did not appear to influence grossly basal thyroid and adrenocortical function, or to abolish GH discharge in response to insulin hypoglycemia. Adenohypophysial infarcts were not observed and exogenous LHRH and TRH induced marked discharges of the appropriate anterior pituitary hormones. In two additional animals with large hypothalamic lesions, destruction of the arcuate region was incomplete. In this group only partial inhibition of gonadotropin secretion was observed. LH and FSH secretion did not appear to be influenced in one animal bearing a large MBH lesion that entirely spared the arcuate region. Although serum prolactin remained at pre-lesion control levels after placement of the two relatively discrete lesions confined to the arcuate region, unambiguous increases in the secretion of this hormone were observed when the area of destruction encompassed tissue anterior and/or dorsal to the arcuate region. These observations suggest that the arcuate region is the primary structure mediating the hypothalamic control of gonadotropin secretion in the rhesus monkey. They also suggest that, in this species, the regions of the MBH involved with the regulation of gonadotropin release and those which control prolactin secretion are anatomically distinct.", "PMID": 105866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6956", "title": "Plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in spontaneously metamorphosing Rana catesbeiana tadpoles and in adult anuran amphibia.", "content": "We have developed sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassays for T4 and T3 in amphibian plasma and have used these procedures to measure plasma T4 and T3 levels in spontaneously developing Rana catesbeiana tadpoles at various stages of metamorphosis. During premetamorphosis circulating levels of both T4 and T3 were below the limits of detection of the RIA procedures (T4 less than 50 ng/100 ml, T3 less than 5 ng/100 ml). A gradual rise in plasma T3 and T4 became apparent during prometamorphosis, and at the onset of metamorphic climax the levels of both T4 and T3 increased sharply. Peak levels for both hormones were observed in the middle of metamorphic climax (stage XXIII). The circulating T3 level reached a mean peak of 78 ng/100 mg, at least 15 times greater than the level during premetamorphosis. The peak T4 level was 0.5 microgram/100 ml, about a 10-fold increase over the premetamorphosis level. The surge in thyroid hormone secretion lasted only for several days, and during the latter half of metamorphic climax there was a fairly rapid decrease in plasma T4 and T3. By 2 days post-climax the levels had declined to about 20% of their peak values. Free T4 and T3 levels in plasma followed the same general pattern as the total hormone levels during the various stages of tadpole development. In adult R. catesbeiana, plasma T4 and T3 levels were surprisingly low. Similarly low values were observed in Bufo marinus and in Rana pipiens. The very low levels of circulating T4 and T3 both in premetamorphosis tadpoles and in adults suggest that thyroid hormones in anuran Amphibia may be of importance only during the period of metamorphosis.", "contents": "Plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in spontaneously metamorphosing Rana catesbeiana tadpoles and in adult anuran amphibia. We have developed sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassays for T4 and T3 in amphibian plasma and have used these procedures to measure plasma T4 and T3 levels in spontaneously developing Rana catesbeiana tadpoles at various stages of metamorphosis. During premetamorphosis circulating levels of both T4 and T3 were below the limits of detection of the RIA procedures (T4 less than 50 ng/100 ml, T3 less than 5 ng/100 ml). A gradual rise in plasma T3 and T4 became apparent during prometamorphosis, and at the onset of metamorphic climax the levels of both T4 and T3 increased sharply. Peak levels for both hormones were observed in the middle of metamorphic climax (stage XXIII). The circulating T3 level reached a mean peak of 78 ng/100 mg, at least 15 times greater than the level during premetamorphosis. The peak T4 level was 0.5 microgram/100 ml, about a 10-fold increase over the premetamorphosis level. The surge in thyroid hormone secretion lasted only for several days, and during the latter half of metamorphic climax there was a fairly rapid decrease in plasma T4 and T3. By 2 days post-climax the levels had declined to about 20% of their peak values. Free T4 and T3 levels in plasma followed the same general pattern as the total hormone levels during the various stages of tadpole development. In adult R. catesbeiana, plasma T4 and T3 levels were surprisingly low. Similarly low values were observed in Bufo marinus and in Rana pipiens. The very low levels of circulating T4 and T3 both in premetamorphosis tadpoles and in adults suggest that thyroid hormones in anuran Amphibia may be of importance only during the period of metamorphosis.", "PMID": 105869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6957", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on parathyroid hormone and calcitonin secretion.", "content": "This study evaluated the effect of somatostatin on immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and calcitonin (iCT) secretion in vivo in rats and monkeys and on iPTH secretion in vitro by normal bovine parathyroid tissue and by a human parathyroid adenoma. Somatostatin infusion promptly (within 0.5 h) suppressed both iPTH and iCT in both species studied in vivo, the suppression being progressive during the infusion period. In in vitro studies, somatostatin caused significant dose-related decreases in basal, low Ca-stimulated, and high Ca-suppressed PTH secretion from normal bovine parathyroid tissue and from basal and low Ca-stimulated PTH secretion from a human parathyroid adenoma. Therefore, somatostatin 1) suppresses both PTH and CT secretion in vivo; 2) acts directly on the parathyroid cell and presumably directly on the C-cell also; 3) acts upon normal and adenomatous parathyroid tissue; 4) suppresses basal, low Ca-stimulated and high Ca-suppressed PTH secretion; and 5) has a dose-related effect. The possible role of somatostatin in the physiological control of PTH and CT secretion (and therefore in Ca homeostasis), and in the pathogenesis of abnormalities of Ca homeostasis, requires further evaluation.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on parathyroid hormone and calcitonin secretion. This study evaluated the effect of somatostatin on immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and calcitonin (iCT) secretion in vivo in rats and monkeys and on iPTH secretion in vitro by normal bovine parathyroid tissue and by a human parathyroid adenoma. Somatostatin infusion promptly (within 0.5 h) suppressed both iPTH and iCT in both species studied in vivo, the suppression being progressive during the infusion period. In in vitro studies, somatostatin caused significant dose-related decreases in basal, low Ca-stimulated, and high Ca-suppressed PTH secretion from normal bovine parathyroid tissue and from basal and low Ca-stimulated PTH secretion from a human parathyroid adenoma. Therefore, somatostatin 1) suppresses both PTH and CT secretion in vivo; 2) acts directly on the parathyroid cell and presumably directly on the C-cell also; 3) acts upon normal and adenomatous parathyroid tissue; 4) suppresses basal, low Ca-stimulated and high Ca-suppressed PTH secretion; and 5) has a dose-related effect. The possible role of somatostatin in the physiological control of PTH and CT secretion (and therefore in Ca homeostasis), and in the pathogenesis of abnormalities of Ca homeostasis, requires further evaluation.", "PMID": 105871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6958", "title": "On the sites of the negative and positive feedback actions of estradiol in the control of gonadotropin secretion in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Ovariectomized rhesus monkeys bearing hypothalamic lesions which had abolished endogenous LHRH production, as evidenced by a profound reduction in gonadotropin secretion, but in which LH and FSH secretion was reestablished by a chronic intermittent iv infusion of synthetic LHRH (1 microgram/min for 6 min every hour) were used to investigate the sites of the negative and positive feedback actions of estradiol in the control of gonadotropin secretion. The administration of estradiol to such animals, while continuing the LHRH replacement regimen, resulted in a decline in circulating LH and FSH levels, followed by an unambiguous discharge of these hormones. The time course of this biphasic pattern of gonadotropin secretion was remarkably similar to that observed in response to estradiol administration in otherwise intact ovariectomized animals. These results suggest that, in the rhesus monkey, estradiol can exert both its negative and positive feedback actions on gonadotropin secretion at the level of the pituitary gland.", "contents": "On the sites of the negative and positive feedback actions of estradiol in the control of gonadotropin secretion in the rhesus monkey. Ovariectomized rhesus monkeys bearing hypothalamic lesions which had abolished endogenous LHRH production, as evidenced by a profound reduction in gonadotropin secretion, but in which LH and FSH secretion was reestablished by a chronic intermittent iv infusion of synthetic LHRH (1 microgram/min for 6 min every hour) were used to investigate the sites of the negative and positive feedback actions of estradiol in the control of gonadotropin secretion. The administration of estradiol to such animals, while continuing the LHRH replacement regimen, resulted in a decline in circulating LH and FSH levels, followed by an unambiguous discharge of these hormones. The time course of this biphasic pattern of gonadotropin secretion was remarkably similar to that observed in response to estradiol administration in otherwise intact ovariectomized animals. These results suggest that, in the rhesus monkey, estradiol can exert both its negative and positive feedback actions on gonadotropin secretion at the level of the pituitary gland.", "PMID": 105873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6959", "title": "The sites of action of estradiol and phentolamine in the inhibition of the pulsatile, circhoral discharges of LH in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Pulsatile LH secretion was re-established in ovariectomized monkeys bearing hypothalamic lesions by an intermittent infusion of LHRH. The administration of estradiol to such animals resulted in a prompt cessation of these pulsatile discharges of LH and a resultant decline in the mean plasma concentration of the gonadotropin. The time course of this inhibition of LH secretion was indistinguishable from that observed after estrogen administration to ovariectomized animals with intact nervous systems. In contrast, phentolamine did not interrupt the pulsatile LH discharges occasioned by the hourly administration of exogenous LHRH to the lesioned animals. These results are consistent with the conclusion that the acute negative feedback action of estradiol on circhoral LH release in the monkey is at the level of the pituitary gland, whereas the inhibitory action of phentolamine on this mode of LH secretion is at a neural site.", "contents": "The sites of action of estradiol and phentolamine in the inhibition of the pulsatile, circhoral discharges of LH in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Pulsatile LH secretion was re-established in ovariectomized monkeys bearing hypothalamic lesions by an intermittent infusion of LHRH. The administration of estradiol to such animals resulted in a prompt cessation of these pulsatile discharges of LH and a resultant decline in the mean plasma concentration of the gonadotropin. The time course of this inhibition of LH secretion was indistinguishable from that observed after estrogen administration to ovariectomized animals with intact nervous systems. In contrast, phentolamine did not interrupt the pulsatile LH discharges occasioned by the hourly administration of exogenous LHRH to the lesioned animals. These results are consistent with the conclusion that the acute negative feedback action of estradiol on circhoral LH release in the monkey is at the level of the pituitary gland, whereas the inhibitory action of phentolamine on this mode of LH secretion is at a neural site.", "PMID": 105874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6960", "title": "Studies on the subsynaptosomal localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the rat hypothalamus.", "content": "In the current investigation, subcellular particles (synaptosomes) of hypothalamic homogenates were isolated by differential centrifugation and discontinuous sucrose density gradient fractionation and found to be rich in LHRH, TRH, and the neuronal marker, norepinephrine (NE). Of the total quantity of LHRH, TRH, or NE in the nuclei-free homogenate, 52-65% was recovered in synaptosomes, whereas the cytosol, myelin/microsomes, and mitochondria contained only 1-12%. To determine the subsynaptosomal localization of LHRH and TRH, purified synaptosomes were lysed and the resulting suspensions were fractionated on discontinuous sucrose density gradients. LHRH (30-40%) was found to be localized primarily in subsynaptosomal particles which banded at sucrose densities between 0.6-1.0 M. Electron micorscopic analysis of these particles revealed the presence of dense-cored granules (70-80 nm diameter) and synaptosomal membrane remnants. Norepinephrine was found in two pools within the isolated nerve endings: 15-25% of synaptosomal NE was associated with the synaptic vesicles (45-55-nm diameter); about 40% was in the cytosol. TRH was present primarily as a soluble component of the nerve ending. No apparent association of TRH with dense-cored granules was demonstrable in this study; however, there may be some TRH in synaptic vesicles.", "contents": "Studies on the subsynaptosomal localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the rat hypothalamus. In the current investigation, subcellular particles (synaptosomes) of hypothalamic homogenates were isolated by differential centrifugation and discontinuous sucrose density gradient fractionation and found to be rich in LHRH, TRH, and the neuronal marker, norepinephrine (NE). Of the total quantity of LHRH, TRH, or NE in the nuclei-free homogenate, 52-65% was recovered in synaptosomes, whereas the cytosol, myelin/microsomes, and mitochondria contained only 1-12%. To determine the subsynaptosomal localization of LHRH and TRH, purified synaptosomes were lysed and the resulting suspensions were fractionated on discontinuous sucrose density gradients. LHRH (30-40%) was found to be localized primarily in subsynaptosomal particles which banded at sucrose densities between 0.6-1.0 M. Electron micorscopic analysis of these particles revealed the presence of dense-cored granules (70-80 nm diameter) and synaptosomal membrane remnants. Norepinephrine was found in two pools within the isolated nerve endings: 15-25% of synaptosomal NE was associated with the synaptic vesicles (45-55-nm diameter); about 40% was in the cytosol. TRH was present primarily as a soluble component of the nerve ending. No apparent association of TRH with dense-cored granules was demonstrable in this study; however, there may be some TRH in synaptic vesicles.", "PMID": 105875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6961", "title": "Effect of estrogens on thyroid function. I. Alterations in rhesus plasma thyrotropin and its kinetics.", "content": "The circulating levels of TSH, its metabolism, and its response to synthetic TRH were studied in five euthyroid menstruating rhesus monkeys before and during treatment with estradiol monobenzoate (E2B, 50 microgram/kg BW/day sc). The pre-E2B treatment mean plasma TSH level was 1.4 +/- 0.12 (SE) microunit/ml. A significant increase in mean plasma TSH (P less than 0.01) to 1.54 +/- 0.29 microunit/ml was observed as early as 48 h after intiation of E2B treatment; it continued to rise progressively to day 28 when it plateaued around a mean concentration of 3 microunit/ml. It normalized within 10 days after cessation of E2B therapy. After iv TRH (5 microgram/kg BW), a consistent rise in plasma TSH was observed before and on days 11 and 56 of E2B therapy. The peak TSH level and maximum rise over the basal level (deltaTSH) during the three tests were not significantly different. During E2B therapy there were remarkable changes in TSH kinetics. These alterations included a significant decrease (P less than 0.01) in metabolic clearance rate, contraction of the distribution space, and expansion of the extrapituitary TSH pool, but there was no appreciable change in TSH production rate. Although a definite trend towards the above alterations was discernible on day 17 of treatment, they were well established by day 66. These data suggest that the estrogen-induced rise in circulating TSH was caused mainly by decreased degradation and not by increased production.", "contents": "Effect of estrogens on thyroid function. I. Alterations in rhesus plasma thyrotropin and its kinetics. The circulating levels of TSH, its metabolism, and its response to synthetic TRH were studied in five euthyroid menstruating rhesus monkeys before and during treatment with estradiol monobenzoate (E2B, 50 microgram/kg BW/day sc). The pre-E2B treatment mean plasma TSH level was 1.4 +/- 0.12 (SE) microunit/ml. A significant increase in mean plasma TSH (P less than 0.01) to 1.54 +/- 0.29 microunit/ml was observed as early as 48 h after intiation of E2B treatment; it continued to rise progressively to day 28 when it plateaued around a mean concentration of 3 microunit/ml. It normalized within 10 days after cessation of E2B therapy. After iv TRH (5 microgram/kg BW), a consistent rise in plasma TSH was observed before and on days 11 and 56 of E2B therapy. The peak TSH level and maximum rise over the basal level (deltaTSH) during the three tests were not significantly different. During E2B therapy there were remarkable changes in TSH kinetics. These alterations included a significant decrease (P less than 0.01) in metabolic clearance rate, contraction of the distribution space, and expansion of the extrapituitary TSH pool, but there was no appreciable change in TSH production rate. Although a definite trend towards the above alterations was discernible on day 17 of treatment, they were well established by day 66. These data suggest that the estrogen-induced rise in circulating TSH was caused mainly by decreased degradation and not by increased production.", "PMID": 105876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6962", "title": "Can the pituitary secrete directly to the brain? (Affirmative anatomical evidence).", "content": "Vascular casts of 10 rhesus monkey pituitary glands and three vascular casts of the rhesus monkey cavernous sinus were examined by scanning electron microscopy. A continuous neurohypophyseal capillary bed was found uniting the infundibulum, infundibular stem, and infundibular process. The neurophypophysis was supplied by three groups of arteries: superior hypophyseal, middle hypophyseal, and inferior hypophyseal. Numerous anastomoses were found between individual arteries, and some hypophyseal arteries formed anastomotic links between different portions of the circle of Willis. Veins located at the caudal pole of the infundibular process, capillaries linking the infundibulum to the hypothalamus, and portal vessels extending from the infundibulum to the adenohypophysis provided efferent vascular pathways from the neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis received no direct arterial supply; its entire afferent vascular supply was provided by portal vessels. Lateral hypophyseal veins were not found; small adenohypophyseal veins joined larger neurohypophyseal veins to form confluent pituitary veins which extended to the cavernous sinus. The capacity of the venous connections draining the adenohypophysis directly to the cavernous sinus appeared small when compared to that of of the long portal vessels supplying the adenohypophysis. However, many of the short portal vessels interposed between the adenohypophysis and the infundibular stem and process were well arranged to function as alternative efferent routes from the adenohypophysis. The limited potential for venous drainage directly to the cavernous sinus suggests that blood leaves the adenohypophysis by other routes; blood carried via long portal vessels from the infundibulum to the adenohypophysis may return to the neurohypophyseal capillary bed via short portal vessels. This anatomical study suggests that hypothalamic and adenohypophyseal secretions are conveyed to the capillary bed of the neurohypohysis. These secretions may leave the neurohypophysis via any of seven potential routes: one efferent route is directed to the adenohypophysis, another route is directed to the systemic circulation, but five of the potential efferent routes are directed toward the brain.", "contents": "Can the pituitary secrete directly to the brain? (Affirmative anatomical evidence). Vascular casts of 10 rhesus monkey pituitary glands and three vascular casts of the rhesus monkey cavernous sinus were examined by scanning electron microscopy. A continuous neurohypophyseal capillary bed was found uniting the infundibulum, infundibular stem, and infundibular process. The neurophypophysis was supplied by three groups of arteries: superior hypophyseal, middle hypophyseal, and inferior hypophyseal. Numerous anastomoses were found between individual arteries, and some hypophyseal arteries formed anastomotic links between different portions of the circle of Willis. Veins located at the caudal pole of the infundibular process, capillaries linking the infundibulum to the hypothalamus, and portal vessels extending from the infundibulum to the adenohypophysis provided efferent vascular pathways from the neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis received no direct arterial supply; its entire afferent vascular supply was provided by portal vessels. Lateral hypophyseal veins were not found; small adenohypophyseal veins joined larger neurohypophyseal veins to form confluent pituitary veins which extended to the cavernous sinus. The capacity of the venous connections draining the adenohypophysis directly to the cavernous sinus appeared small when compared to that of of the long portal vessels supplying the adenohypophysis. However, many of the short portal vessels interposed between the adenohypophysis and the infundibular stem and process were well arranged to function as alternative efferent routes from the adenohypophysis. The limited potential for venous drainage directly to the cavernous sinus suggests that blood leaves the adenohypophysis by other routes; blood carried via long portal vessels from the infundibulum to the adenohypophysis may return to the neurohypophyseal capillary bed via short portal vessels. This anatomical study suggests that hypothalamic and adenohypophyseal secretions are conveyed to the capillary bed of the neurohypohysis. These secretions may leave the neurohypophysis via any of seven potential routes: one efferent route is directed to the adenohypophysis, another route is directed to the systemic circulation, but five of the potential efferent routes are directed toward the brain.", "PMID": 105877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6963", "title": "Heterologous radioimmunoassay for rabbit prolactin.", "content": "A highly specific heterologous double-antibody RIA has been developed to measure rabbit PRL by using guinea pig antiserum to human PRL and ovine [125 I]iodo-PRL. Rabbit pituitary PRL and serum give parallel dose-response curves in the assay and no cross-reaction (less than 0.1%) occurs with GH, placental lactogens, LH, FSH, or TSH from several different species. The assay is suitable for the measurement of human, ovine, bovine, caprine, and canine PRL in addition to rabbit PRL, but shows no cross-reaction with rat PRL. Reproducibility and precision of the assay are within acceptable limits. Gel filtration of rabbit pituitary PRL and rabbit serum on Sephadex G-100 revealed coincident peaks of activity measured by RIA and by PRL radioreceptor assay. The molecular weight of rabbit PRL appeared similar to that of ovine PRL. Serum PRL levels increased after the injection of both TRH and chlorpromazine and were reduced by CB154 (Bromocriptine). Venepuncture stress caused an increase in PRL in nonpregnant or postpartum non-suckled animals, but small or no increases were seen in lactating female rabbits.", "contents": "Heterologous radioimmunoassay for rabbit prolactin. A highly specific heterologous double-antibody RIA has been developed to measure rabbit PRL by using guinea pig antiserum to human PRL and ovine [125 I]iodo-PRL. Rabbit pituitary PRL and serum give parallel dose-response curves in the assay and no cross-reaction (less than 0.1%) occurs with GH, placental lactogens, LH, FSH, or TSH from several different species. The assay is suitable for the measurement of human, ovine, bovine, caprine, and canine PRL in addition to rabbit PRL, but shows no cross-reaction with rat PRL. Reproducibility and precision of the assay are within acceptable limits. Gel filtration of rabbit pituitary PRL and rabbit serum on Sephadex G-100 revealed coincident peaks of activity measured by RIA and by PRL radioreceptor assay. The molecular weight of rabbit PRL appeared similar to that of ovine PRL. Serum PRL levels increased after the injection of both TRH and chlorpromazine and were reduced by CB154 (Bromocriptine). Venepuncture stress caused an increase in PRL in nonpregnant or postpartum non-suckled animals, but small or no increases were seen in lactating female rabbits.", "PMID": 105878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6964", "title": "Synchronous, sustained oscillation of C-peptide and insulin in the plasma of fasting monkeys.", "content": "The previously reported synchronous oscillations in plasma glucose and insulin levels have been further studied to determine whether the phenomenon can be attributed to cyclic secretion or degradation of the hormone. Plasma C-peptide concentrations were measured and found to cycle with the same period as plasma insulin suggesting that the oscillations of insulin arise from changing secretion rather than degradation. The amplitude of C-peptide oscillation was 50 percent that of insulin. Assuming first order kinetics and the same relative rates of disappearance as in humans, this difference in amplitudes in consistent with equal secretion rates for the two peptides.", "contents": "Synchronous, sustained oscillation of C-peptide and insulin in the plasma of fasting monkeys. The previously reported synchronous oscillations in plasma glucose and insulin levels have been further studied to determine whether the phenomenon can be attributed to cyclic secretion or degradation of the hormone. Plasma C-peptide concentrations were measured and found to cycle with the same period as plasma insulin suggesting that the oscillations of insulin arise from changing secretion rather than degradation. The amplitude of C-peptide oscillation was 50 percent that of insulin. Assuming first order kinetics and the same relative rates of disappearance as in humans, this difference in amplitudes in consistent with equal secretion rates for the two peptides.", "PMID": 105880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6965", "title": "Insulin and glucagon binding and degradation by kidney cell membranes.", "content": "The binding and degradation of insulin and glucagon to kidney cell membranes was examined. Time- and temperature-dependent specific binding of [125I]iodo-insulin to kidney cell membranes was demonstrated. The membranes also degraded insulin in a time-, temperature-, and protein concentration-dependent manner. The apparent Km of the degradation was 2.7 x 10(-7) M. Glucagon degradation by the kidney membranes was extremely active. Per milligram of protein the kidney membrane was over 20 times as active as the liver membrane. Even at 4 C, significant glucagon degradation occurred. Because of this very active degradation, glucagon binding could not be accurately assessed. The kidney glucagon-degrading activity was inhibited by glutahione and EDTA but unaffected by N-ethylmaleimide, ACTH, or insulin, all potent inhibitors of liver glucagon degradation. The apparent Km for glucagon degradation by the kidney, however, was essentially identical with that for the liver, 2.4 x 10(-6) M.", "contents": "Insulin and glucagon binding and degradation by kidney cell membranes. The binding and degradation of insulin and glucagon to kidney cell membranes was examined. Time- and temperature-dependent specific binding of [125I]iodo-insulin to kidney cell membranes was demonstrated. The membranes also degraded insulin in a time-, temperature-, and protein concentration-dependent manner. The apparent Km of the degradation was 2.7 x 10(-7) M. Glucagon degradation by the kidney membranes was extremely active. Per milligram of protein the kidney membrane was over 20 times as active as the liver membrane. Even at 4 C, significant glucagon degradation occurred. Because of this very active degradation, glucagon binding could not be accurately assessed. The kidney glucagon-degrading activity was inhibited by glutahione and EDTA but unaffected by N-ethylmaleimide, ACTH, or insulin, all potent inhibitors of liver glucagon degradation. The apparent Km for glucagon degradation by the kidney, however, was essentially identical with that for the liver, 2.4 x 10(-6) M.", "PMID": 105882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6966", "title": "Peripheral metabolism of homologous thyrotropin in euthyroid and hypothyroid rats: acute effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine.", "content": "The peripheral metabolism and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of homologous TSH was studied in euthyroid and hypothyroid rats. Incubation of freshly labeled [125I]iodo-TSH with rat serum revealed a labeled nonimmunoreactive protein in the void volume of a Sephadex G-100 column which could not be detected by conventional chromatographic purification. Removal of this contaminant from the tracer reduced the nonspecific binding in the absence of serum and increased the binding of tracer in the absence of added exogenous TSH. Injection of [125I]iodo-TSH into rats was followed within 15 min by the appearance of at least three labeled protein components. Gel filtration showed that these peaks were trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable proteins of larger molecular weight than TSH, but not all were precipitable by antibody to rat TSH. The disappearance rate of TCA-precipitable 125I (t1/2 = 28 min) was significantly longer than the disappearance rate of immunoprecipitable 125I (t1/2 = 22 min). The disappearance rate of immunoprecipitable [125I]iodo-TSH was identical to that of injected purified rat TSH and of the TRH-induced TSH increment in euthyroid rats. The disappearance rate os suppressible TSH (after 100 microgram T3) in hypothyroid animals was only slightly longer than the rate of disappearance of immunoprecipitable [125I]iodo-TSH (40 vs. 36 min) in the same rats. The calculated MCR of TSH was slightly lower (P less than 0.05) in hypothyroid rats (18.3 +/- 3.0 ml/h/100 g BW, mean +/- SD) than it was in euthyroid rats (22.6 +/- 2.1). The pituitary TSH concentration in hypothyroid rats was 29 mU/mg wet wt, similar to that of euthyroid animals. These results indicate that the turnover rate of pituitary TSH in hypothyroid rats with serum TSH concentrations of 1400-3000 microunit/ml is 7-14 times/day. Therefore, the significant increase we observed in pituitary TSH concentration 1 h after T4 (1.5 microgram/100 g BW) or T3 (0.15 microgram/100 g BW) administration indicates that the 35% decrease in plasma TSH at this interval is due to inhibition of TSH release, not to inhibition of TSH synthesis.", "contents": "Peripheral metabolism of homologous thyrotropin in euthyroid and hypothyroid rats: acute effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine. The peripheral metabolism and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of homologous TSH was studied in euthyroid and hypothyroid rats. Incubation of freshly labeled [125I]iodo-TSH with rat serum revealed a labeled nonimmunoreactive protein in the void volume of a Sephadex G-100 column which could not be detected by conventional chromatographic purification. Removal of this contaminant from the tracer reduced the nonspecific binding in the absence of serum and increased the binding of tracer in the absence of added exogenous TSH. Injection of [125I]iodo-TSH into rats was followed within 15 min by the appearance of at least three labeled protein components. Gel filtration showed that these peaks were trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable proteins of larger molecular weight than TSH, but not all were precipitable by antibody to rat TSH. The disappearance rate of TCA-precipitable 125I (t1/2 = 28 min) was significantly longer than the disappearance rate of immunoprecipitable 125I (t1/2 = 22 min). The disappearance rate of immunoprecipitable [125I]iodo-TSH was identical to that of injected purified rat TSH and of the TRH-induced TSH increment in euthyroid rats. The disappearance rate os suppressible TSH (after 100 microgram T3) in hypothyroid animals was only slightly longer than the rate of disappearance of immunoprecipitable [125I]iodo-TSH (40 vs. 36 min) in the same rats. The calculated MCR of TSH was slightly lower (P less than 0.05) in hypothyroid rats (18.3 +/- 3.0 ml/h/100 g BW, mean +/- SD) than it was in euthyroid rats (22.6 +/- 2.1). The pituitary TSH concentration in hypothyroid rats was 29 mU/mg wet wt, similar to that of euthyroid animals. These results indicate that the turnover rate of pituitary TSH in hypothyroid rats with serum TSH concentrations of 1400-3000 microunit/ml is 7-14 times/day. Therefore, the significant increase we observed in pituitary TSH concentration 1 h after T4 (1.5 microgram/100 g BW) or T3 (0.15 microgram/100 g BW) administration indicates that the 35% decrease in plasma TSH at this interval is due to inhibition of TSH release, not to inhibition of TSH synthesis.", "PMID": 105884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6967", "title": "Effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on the secretion of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone in adult male rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Plasma levels of radioimmunoreactive LH, FSH, and testosterone (T) were assayed before and after administration of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to five chair-restrained rhesus monkeys with chronic indwelling venous catheters. Intravenous injection of 1, 5, and 25 microgram or infusion of 1 microgram/min for 25 min of GnRH resulted in a significant increase in plasma levels of LH. However, no significant increases in plasma FSH levels were detected. Plasma levels of T were also elevated after administration of 25 microgram GnRH, but peak concentration of T lagged behind peak levels of LH by approximately 30 min. These studies indicate that the male rhesus responds to GnRH administration by increased secretion of LH, followed by an increase in T levels. A concomitant increase in plasma FSH was not observed after treatment with GnRH in the doses used.", "contents": "Effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on the secretion of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone in adult male rhesus monkeys. Plasma levels of radioimmunoreactive LH, FSH, and testosterone (T) were assayed before and after administration of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to five chair-restrained rhesus monkeys with chronic indwelling venous catheters. Intravenous injection of 1, 5, and 25 microgram or infusion of 1 microgram/min for 25 min of GnRH resulted in a significant increase in plasma levels of LH. However, no significant increases in plasma FSH levels were detected. Plasma levels of T were also elevated after administration of 25 microgram GnRH, but peak concentration of T lagged behind peak levels of LH by approximately 30 min. These studies indicate that the male rhesus responds to GnRH administration by increased secretion of LH, followed by an increase in T levels. A concomitant increase in plasma FSH was not observed after treatment with GnRH in the doses used.", "PMID": 105885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6968", "title": "Progesterone is not essential to the differentiative potential of mammary epithelium in the male mouse.", "content": "In pursuit of a model system in which to determine whether or not exposure to progesterone is necessary for mammary epithelial cells to develop their differentiative potential, we explored hormone-dependent growth of the mammary epithelial rudiment in adult male mice. Initiation of the formation of ductal cells can be effected by administration of estradiol in the absence of endogenous progesterone and glucocorticoid using adrenalectomized-castrated animals. The resulting epithelium contains three times more lactose synthetase activity per epithelial cell than that in midpregnant mice. The blood spermidine level in these doubly operated animals was similar to the concentration of spermidine required to substitute effectively for glucocorticoid during mammary differentiation in vitro. It is suggested that spermidine can partially supplant glucocorticoid in vivo in milk protein synthesis. We also concluded that, unlike other secondary sex tissues, mammary cells do not require exposure to progesterone during their ontogeny in order to realize their differentiative potential. The positive role of this steroid in mammary development is apparently limited to its effect on the formation of alveolar structures.", "contents": "Progesterone is not essential to the differentiative potential of mammary epithelium in the male mouse. In pursuit of a model system in which to determine whether or not exposure to progesterone is necessary for mammary epithelial cells to develop their differentiative potential, we explored hormone-dependent growth of the mammary epithelial rudiment in adult male mice. Initiation of the formation of ductal cells can be effected by administration of estradiol in the absence of endogenous progesterone and glucocorticoid using adrenalectomized-castrated animals. The resulting epithelium contains three times more lactose synthetase activity per epithelial cell than that in midpregnant mice. The blood spermidine level in these doubly operated animals was similar to the concentration of spermidine required to substitute effectively for glucocorticoid during mammary differentiation in vitro. It is suggested that spermidine can partially supplant glucocorticoid in vivo in milk protein synthesis. We also concluded that, unlike other secondary sex tissues, mammary cells do not require exposure to progesterone during their ontogeny in order to realize their differentiative potential. The positive role of this steroid in mammary development is apparently limited to its effect on the formation of alveolar structures.", "PMID": 105886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6969", "title": "Gonadotropin releasing hormone release from the rat hypothalamus: dependence on membrane depolarization and calcium influx.", "content": "Release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was studied by incubating individual rat hypothalami for 60 min, after a 30-min preincubation period, and measuring GnRH in the medium by immunoassay. During the 1 h of incubation, endogenous GnRH release was linear and exogenous GnRH was not destroyed. Membrane depolarization produced by increasing the medium potassium concentration to 60 mM increased GnRH release to 200-500% of control. Membrane depolarization produced by adding 10(-5) or 10(-4) M ouabain increased GnRH release to 200% of control. Melatonin (10(-7) M) and prostaglandin E2 (4 X 10(-4) M) Aslo stimulated GnRH release to 200% and 170% of control, respectively. Inhibition of calcium influx by omission of medium calcium and addition of 0.05 M EDTA reduced GnRH release to 50% of control. Both no calcium-EDTA medium and verapamil (10(-5) M) prevented the stimulation of GnRH release by 60 mM potassium, 10(-3) M melatonin, and 4 X 10(-4) M prostaglandin E2. We conclude that hypothalamic GnRH release depends on membrane depolarization and calcium influx, as does the secretion of hormones from other endocrine tissues.", "contents": "Gonadotropin releasing hormone release from the rat hypothalamus: dependence on membrane depolarization and calcium influx. Release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was studied by incubating individual rat hypothalami for 60 min, after a 30-min preincubation period, and measuring GnRH in the medium by immunoassay. During the 1 h of incubation, endogenous GnRH release was linear and exogenous GnRH was not destroyed. Membrane depolarization produced by increasing the medium potassium concentration to 60 mM increased GnRH release to 200-500% of control. Membrane depolarization produced by adding 10(-5) or 10(-4) M ouabain increased GnRH release to 200% of control. Melatonin (10(-7) M) and prostaglandin E2 (4 X 10(-4) M) Aslo stimulated GnRH release to 200% and 170% of control, respectively. Inhibition of calcium influx by omission of medium calcium and addition of 0.05 M EDTA reduced GnRH release to 50% of control. Both no calcium-EDTA medium and verapamil (10(-5) M) prevented the stimulation of GnRH release by 60 mM potassium, 10(-3) M melatonin, and 4 X 10(-4) M prostaglandin E2. We conclude that hypothalamic GnRH release depends on membrane depolarization and calcium influx, as does the secretion of hormones from other endocrine tissues.", "PMID": 105888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6970", "title": "Comparison of inhibitory effects of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), 3,3,',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3), and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2) on thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced release of thyrotropin in the rat in vitro.", "content": "In order to compare, in vitro, the TSH suppressive effects of iodothyronines, rat pituitary quarters were first preincubated with T4, T3, rT3, or 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2) in Gey and Gey buffer containing 1% bovine serum albumin for 2 h at 37 C and then incubated at 37 C for 1 h with the iodothyronine under study and TRH. TSH released into the medium during incubation was compared to that released by control pituitary fragments, which were not exposed to iodothyronines. All four iodothyronines (T3, T4, rT3, and T2) were able to significantly inhibit the TRH-induced release of TSH from pituitary fragments in a dose range of 0.015-2.2 microgram/ml. However, much larger doses of sodium iodide (1.25 mg/ml) and diiodotyrosine (10 and 30 microgram/ml) had no significant effect on the release of TSH. Among T3, rT3, and T4, T3 was the most potent and rT3 was the least potent. The relative potency of T3:T4:rT3 appeared to be approximately 100:12:1 when estimated from the lowest doses that caused significant inhibition of TRH-induced release of TSH, and approximately 100:6:0.5 when estimated from the doses that caused 50% inhibition of TSH release; the TSH inhibiting potency of T2 was similar to that of rT3. The activity of T4 could not be explained entirely on the basis of contamination of T4 with T3 or by in vitro conversion of T4 to T3. Similarly, the available data suggested that rT3 and T2 possess some, albeit modest, intrinsic TSH-Suppressive activity. TSH-inhibiting activities of T3, T4, and rT3 were also studied using pituitary fragments from starved and iodine-deficient rats. There was no evidence of a change in the sensitivity of the thyrotroph to either T3 or T4 in starvation. Similarly, comparison of the responses to several doses of rT3 did not indicate any significant abnormality in the sensitivity of the thyrotroph to rT3 in starvation or iodine deficiency. However, comparison of the TSH-suppressive effects of T4 in the iodine-deficient and normal rat indicated a significant increase in the sensitivity of the thyrotroph to T4 in iodine deficiency. A similar trend was also evident in the effect of T3 in iodine deficiency, but it fell short of statistical significance.", "contents": "Comparison of inhibitory effects of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), 3,3,',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3), and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2) on thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced release of thyrotropin in the rat in vitro. In order to compare, in vitro, the TSH suppressive effects of iodothyronines, rat pituitary quarters were first preincubated with T4, T3, rT3, or 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2) in Gey and Gey buffer containing 1% bovine serum albumin for 2 h at 37 C and then incubated at 37 C for 1 h with the iodothyronine under study and TRH. TSH released into the medium during incubation was compared to that released by control pituitary fragments, which were not exposed to iodothyronines. All four iodothyronines (T3, T4, rT3, and T2) were able to significantly inhibit the TRH-induced release of TSH from pituitary fragments in a dose range of 0.015-2.2 microgram/ml. However, much larger doses of sodium iodide (1.25 mg/ml) and diiodotyrosine (10 and 30 microgram/ml) had no significant effect on the release of TSH. Among T3, rT3, and T4, T3 was the most potent and rT3 was the least potent. The relative potency of T3:T4:rT3 appeared to be approximately 100:12:1 when estimated from the lowest doses that caused significant inhibition of TRH-induced release of TSH, and approximately 100:6:0.5 when estimated from the doses that caused 50% inhibition of TSH release; the TSH inhibiting potency of T2 was similar to that of rT3. The activity of T4 could not be explained entirely on the basis of contamination of T4 with T3 or by in vitro conversion of T4 to T3. Similarly, the available data suggested that rT3 and T2 possess some, albeit modest, intrinsic TSH-Suppressive activity. TSH-inhibiting activities of T3, T4, and rT3 were also studied using pituitary fragments from starved and iodine-deficient rats. There was no evidence of a change in the sensitivity of the thyrotroph to either T3 or T4 in starvation. Similarly, comparison of the responses to several doses of rT3 did not indicate any significant abnormality in the sensitivity of the thyrotroph to rT3 in starvation or iodine deficiency. However, comparison of the TSH-suppressive effects of T4 in the iodine-deficient and normal rat indicated a significant increase in the sensitivity of the thyrotroph to T4 in iodine deficiency. A similar trend was also evident in the effect of T3 in iodine deficiency, but it fell short of statistical significance.", "PMID": 105890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6971", "title": "Participation of serotonin in thyrotropin release. I. Evidence for the action of serotonin on thyrotropin releasing hormone release.", "content": "Injection of serotonin (5-HT) into the third ventricle of the rat resulted in a rapid increase of serum TSH; a significant effect was observed 5 min after injection, whereas the maximal effect appeared 10 min after the injection of 1 microgram 5-HT. This stimulating effect of 5-HT was completely prevented by pretreatment with cyproheptadine, a blocker of 5-HT receptors, whereas fluphenazine, a dopamine receptor blocker, was unable to block it. Third venticle injection of 5-HT in rats bearing anterior hypothalamic lesions (which did not affect the suprachiasmatic nucleus or the medio-basal hypothalamus) also induced an increase of serum TSH similar to that observed in normal rats despite the fact that these animals show a lower basal TSH. In vitro, the addition of 5-HT to an incubation medium containing one hemi-anterior pituitary did not modify medium TSH, whereas 5-HT addition induced an increase of medium TSH in the system containing one hemi-anterior pituitary and two hypothalami. We conclude that 5-HT acts on TSH function probably through a stimulation of TRH release.", "contents": "Participation of serotonin in thyrotropin release. I. Evidence for the action of serotonin on thyrotropin releasing hormone release. Injection of serotonin (5-HT) into the third ventricle of the rat resulted in a rapid increase of serum TSH; a significant effect was observed 5 min after injection, whereas the maximal effect appeared 10 min after the injection of 1 microgram 5-HT. This stimulating effect of 5-HT was completely prevented by pretreatment with cyproheptadine, a blocker of 5-HT receptors, whereas fluphenazine, a dopamine receptor blocker, was unable to block it. Third venticle injection of 5-HT in rats bearing anterior hypothalamic lesions (which did not affect the suprachiasmatic nucleus or the medio-basal hypothalamus) also induced an increase of serum TSH similar to that observed in normal rats despite the fact that these animals show a lower basal TSH. In vitro, the addition of 5-HT to an incubation medium containing one hemi-anterior pituitary did not modify medium TSH, whereas 5-HT addition induced an increase of medium TSH in the system containing one hemi-anterior pituitary and two hypothalami. We conclude that 5-HT acts on TSH function probably through a stimulation of TRH release.", "PMID": 105891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6972", "title": "Cellular heterogeneity in primary monolayer cultures of mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumors: separation of thyrotrophs.", "content": "Primary monolayer cultures of cells derived by enzymatic dispersion from mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumors were demonstrated to be comprised of at least 2 cell types and were separated by selective culture techniques. Suspension cultures of spherical cells had the morphological characteristics of thyrotrophs and produced large quantities of TSH. Separated monolayer cultures of spreading, planar cells produced collagen but almost no TSH. These observations indicate that primary monolayer cultures of cells derived from thyrotropic tumors are heterogeneous, containing only a small proportion of thyrotrophs.", "contents": "Cellular heterogeneity in primary monolayer cultures of mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumors: separation of thyrotrophs. Primary monolayer cultures of cells derived by enzymatic dispersion from mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumors were demonstrated to be comprised of at least 2 cell types and were separated by selective culture techniques. Suspension cultures of spherical cells had the morphological characteristics of thyrotrophs and produced large quantities of TSH. Separated monolayer cultures of spreading, planar cells produced collagen but almost no TSH. These observations indicate that primary monolayer cultures of cells derived from thyrotropic tumors are heterogeneous, containing only a small proportion of thyrotrophs.", "PMID": 105895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6973", "title": "Acute stimulated hormone release from cultured GH3 pituitary cells.", "content": "Treatment of cultured rat pituitary GH3 cells with 50 mM KCl in growth medium released 33% of cell PRL and 18% of cell GH with a half-time of 5 min. Hormone in the culture medium was increased 2- to 4-fold over unstimulated levels. The response required calcium; barium and strontium, but not magnesium, could substitute for calcium. Low temperature completely inhibited hormone release, which was also reduced significantly by inhibitors of energy metabolism and by nitrogen. This acute response was similar in ionic requirements, hormones released, and time course to the acute effect of TRH. Like potassium stimulation, TRH resulted in acute release of both PRL and GH. This contrasts with the finding that chronic TRH treatment reduced GH synthesis in GH3 cells. After a 10-min preincubation with potassium, subsequent short incubations with potassium released little hormone unless the cells were allowed to recover by incubation in normal medium for at least 2 h. This acutely releasable hormone pool seems to be located in a membrane-bound subcellular fraction, since GH3 cells did not discharge the cytoplasmic marker enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, during potassium-stimulated hormone release.", "contents": "Acute stimulated hormone release from cultured GH3 pituitary cells. Treatment of cultured rat pituitary GH3 cells with 50 mM KCl in growth medium released 33% of cell PRL and 18% of cell GH with a half-time of 5 min. Hormone in the culture medium was increased 2- to 4-fold over unstimulated levels. The response required calcium; barium and strontium, but not magnesium, could substitute for calcium. Low temperature completely inhibited hormone release, which was also reduced significantly by inhibitors of energy metabolism and by nitrogen. This acute response was similar in ionic requirements, hormones released, and time course to the acute effect of TRH. Like potassium stimulation, TRH resulted in acute release of both PRL and GH. This contrasts with the finding that chronic TRH treatment reduced GH synthesis in GH3 cells. After a 10-min preincubation with potassium, subsequent short incubations with potassium released little hormone unless the cells were allowed to recover by incubation in normal medium for at least 2 h. This acutely releasable hormone pool seems to be located in a membrane-bound subcellular fraction, since GH3 cells did not discharge the cytoplasmic marker enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, during potassium-stimulated hormone release.", "PMID": 105898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6974", "title": "The effect of L-DOPA administration on thyrotropin (TSH) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) levels in serum in primary or pituitary hypothyroidism.", "content": "The effect of acute administration of L-DOPA on TSH and TRH levels in serum was studied in primary or pituitary hypothyroidism. TRH levels in serum fell and then returned to initial levels after L-DOPA administration in primary or pituitary hypothyroidism. TSH levels in serum fell and then returned to initial levels after L-DOPA administration in primary hypothyroidism. T4 and T3 levels in serum did not change after L-DOPA administration in primary or pituitary hypothyroidism. These data suggested that L-DOPA might act directly to hypothalamus.", "contents": "The effect of L-DOPA administration on thyrotropin (TSH) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) levels in serum in primary or pituitary hypothyroidism. The effect of acute administration of L-DOPA on TSH and TRH levels in serum was studied in primary or pituitary hypothyroidism. TRH levels in serum fell and then returned to initial levels after L-DOPA administration in primary or pituitary hypothyroidism. TSH levels in serum fell and then returned to initial levels after L-DOPA administration in primary hypothyroidism. T4 and T3 levels in serum did not change after L-DOPA administration in primary or pituitary hypothyroidism. These data suggested that L-DOPA might act directly to hypothalamus.", "PMID": 105899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6975", "title": "Simultaneous competitive enzyme immunoassay for human chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "A simultaneous competitive enzyme immunoassay (SICEIA) for hCG was developed using beta-D-galactosidase (beta-Gal) as a labelled enzyme and anti-hCG antibody coated sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as a solid phase. In this report, a new coupling agent, MCAE, was used to couple beta-Gal with hCG. The sensitivity was improved to the degree of 2.5 mIU/ml, equal to that of RIA. The present procedure was safer and rapider than RIA. The value of hCG in urine by our procedure had good correlation with that by RIA.", "contents": "Simultaneous competitive enzyme immunoassay for human chorionic gonadotropin. A simultaneous competitive enzyme immunoassay (SICEIA) for hCG was developed using beta-D-galactosidase (beta-Gal) as a labelled enzyme and anti-hCG antibody coated sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as a solid phase. In this report, a new coupling agent, MCAE, was used to couple beta-Gal with hCG. The sensitivity was improved to the degree of 2.5 mIU/ml, equal to that of RIA. The present procedure was safer and rapider than RIA. The value of hCG in urine by our procedure had good correlation with that by RIA.", "PMID": 105900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6976", "title": "Chemical sterilization of males - successful inhibition of spermatogenesis in langurs (Presbytis entellus entellus dufresne) after metopiron (SU-4885, Ciba) administration.", "content": "1. Daily administration of metopiron (SU-4885, Ciba) (10 mg/kg body wt. for 30 days) produced a massive atrophy of the spermatogenic elements. The pachytene primary spermatocytes have been implicated as the main site of damage. Seminiferous and Leydig cell shrinkage was conspicuous. Epididymal and vesicula seminalis structure and functions were severely affected. 2. RNA, protein and sialic acid contents of the testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles were reduced, whereas testicular cholesterol and enzyme phosphatase were elevated. 3. Marked reduction in the testicular glycogen was noticed. 4. Normal functioning of liver, kidney and general metabolic activities was revealed by clinical parameters (serum, transaminases, phosphatases, lipids, serum bilirubin, blood sugar and blood urea). Serum protein levels were low, whereas the serum cholesterol was elevated. 5. Metopiron (SU-4885, Ciba) at 10 mg/kg body wt. dose level did not cause severe damage to the vital organs but it produced an effective inhibition of spermatogenesis in male Presbytis in 30 days and thus induces an antifertility state.", "contents": "Chemical sterilization of males - successful inhibition of spermatogenesis in langurs (Presbytis entellus entellus dufresne) after metopiron (SU-4885, Ciba) administration. 1. Daily administration of metopiron (SU-4885, Ciba) (10 mg/kg body wt. for 30 days) produced a massive atrophy of the spermatogenic elements. The pachytene primary spermatocytes have been implicated as the main site of damage. Seminiferous and Leydig cell shrinkage was conspicuous. Epididymal and vesicula seminalis structure and functions were severely affected. 2. RNA, protein and sialic acid contents of the testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles were reduced, whereas testicular cholesterol and enzyme phosphatase were elevated. 3. Marked reduction in the testicular glycogen was noticed. 4. Normal functioning of liver, kidney and general metabolic activities was revealed by clinical parameters (serum, transaminases, phosphatases, lipids, serum bilirubin, blood sugar and blood urea). Serum protein levels were low, whereas the serum cholesterol was elevated. 5. Metopiron (SU-4885, Ciba) at 10 mg/kg body wt. dose level did not cause severe damage to the vital organs but it produced an effective inhibition of spermatogenesis in male Presbytis in 30 days and thus induces an antifertility state.", "PMID": 105901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6977", "title": "[Comparison between a shortened TRH-TSH test and thyroid suppression test in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidosis].", "content": "In a selected group of fifty-one persons suspected to be hyperthyroid the comparison between a shortened variant of TRH-TSH stimulation test and thyroid suppression test was made. In patients whose other functional tests gave no univocal results, the agreement between suppressibility of radioiodine uptake and TSH response in 90,2% of cases could be established. High degree of correlation between both parameters (coefficient V = 0.791) permits to regard these tests as practically equivaluablein giving evidence of dysregulation between pituitary and thyroid gland. In persons with TSH-dependent thyroid function, however, no correlation between numerical values of radioiodine uptake and TSH concentrations after stimulations was found.", "contents": "[Comparison between a shortened TRH-TSH test and thyroid suppression test in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidosis]. In a selected group of fifty-one persons suspected to be hyperthyroid the comparison between a shortened variant of TRH-TSH stimulation test and thyroid suppression test was made. In patients whose other functional tests gave no univocal results, the agreement between suppressibility of radioiodine uptake and TSH response in 90,2% of cases could be established. High degree of correlation between both parameters (coefficient V = 0.791) permits to regard these tests as practically equivaluablein giving evidence of dysregulation between pituitary and thyroid gland. In persons with TSH-dependent thyroid function, however, no correlation between numerical values of radioiodine uptake and TSH concentrations after stimulations was found.", "PMID": 105902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6978", "title": "Efficacy and toxicity of the solvent polyethylene glycol 400 in monkey model.", "content": "Several antiepileptic drugs, such as carbamazepine and clonazepam, have low bioavailability in solid form and are insoluble in an aqueous solution. Alcohol solvents are often employed as vehicles when these drugs are studied in animal models. Secondary and particularly tertiary alcohols are suspected of some anticonvulsant activity. The present research evaluated the possibility that polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) might be efficacious, toxic, or both. Monkeys (N = 11) rendered epileptic by aluminum-hydroxide were administered PEG 400 by constant rate (1 ml/hr) intravenous infusion for 3--4 weeks, preceded and followed by several weeks of baseline. At a concentration of 60%, PEG 400 significantly reduced seizure frequency, but also exhibited severe side effects. These findings suggest that experimental testing of anticonvulsants may be compromised when this or similar solvents are used chronically.", "contents": "Efficacy and toxicity of the solvent polyethylene glycol 400 in monkey model. Several antiepileptic drugs, such as carbamazepine and clonazepam, have low bioavailability in solid form and are insoluble in an aqueous solution. Alcohol solvents are often employed as vehicles when these drugs are studied in animal models. Secondary and particularly tertiary alcohols are suspected of some anticonvulsant activity. The present research evaluated the possibility that polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) might be efficacious, toxic, or both. Monkeys (N = 11) rendered epileptic by aluminum-hydroxide were administered PEG 400 by constant rate (1 ml/hr) intravenous infusion for 3--4 weeks, preceded and followed by several weeks of baseline. At a concentration of 60%, PEG 400 significantly reduced seizure frequency, but also exhibited severe side effects. These findings suggest that experimental testing of anticonvulsants may be compromised when this or similar solvents are used chronically.", "PMID": 105903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6979", "title": "The relation between insulin and adipocyte insulin receptors during treatment of human obesity.", "content": "Seventeen obese patients were submitted to 1 week's severe then 3 months moderate dietary restriction. The glycaemic and insulinaemic response to oral glucose was measured at baseline, after 1 week and at 3 months, and the results related to adipocyte insulin receptors estimated from fat biopsies taken on each occasion and to the weight lost. Adipocyte insulin binding was found to be significantly inversely correlated with the insulinaemic response to oral glucose (r = -0.54, P less than 0.05), an inverse relationship maintained even after weight loss had been achieved and displayed within as well as between subjects. Variation of 125I-insulin binding to adipocytes was related to receptor number and not to receptor affinity and could not be accounted for by differences in 125I-insulin degradation. Adipose cell size did not correlate significantly either with the insulinaemic response or with cell surface receptor density. The findings suggest: (1) that a significant proportion of obese subjects are not hyperinsulinaemic and that their metabolic response to weight reduction may differ from that of those who are hyperinsulinaemic; (2) that reduced insulin binding to adipocytes in the obese reflects hyperinsulinaemia, when present, and not adiposity as such; (3) that the degree of insulinaemia is a major determinant of the cell surface receptor density.", "contents": "The relation between insulin and adipocyte insulin receptors during treatment of human obesity. Seventeen obese patients were submitted to 1 week's severe then 3 months moderate dietary restriction. The glycaemic and insulinaemic response to oral glucose was measured at baseline, after 1 week and at 3 months, and the results related to adipocyte insulin receptors estimated from fat biopsies taken on each occasion and to the weight lost. Adipocyte insulin binding was found to be significantly inversely correlated with the insulinaemic response to oral glucose (r = -0.54, P less than 0.05), an inverse relationship maintained even after weight loss had been achieved and displayed within as well as between subjects. Variation of 125I-insulin binding to adipocytes was related to receptor number and not to receptor affinity and could not be accounted for by differences in 125I-insulin degradation. Adipose cell size did not correlate significantly either with the insulinaemic response or with cell surface receptor density. The findings suggest: (1) that a significant proportion of obese subjects are not hyperinsulinaemic and that their metabolic response to weight reduction may differ from that of those who are hyperinsulinaemic; (2) that reduced insulin binding to adipocytes in the obese reflects hyperinsulinaemia, when present, and not adiposity as such; (3) that the degree of insulinaemia is a major determinant of the cell surface receptor density.", "PMID": 105908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6980", "title": "Relationship of the activity of the bone isoenzyme of serum alkaline phosphatase to urinary hydroxyproline excretion in metabolic and neoplastic bone diseases.", "content": "A significant correlation between the activity of the bone isoenzyme or serum alkaline phosphatase and the urinary hydroxyproline excretion in osteomalacia, osteoporosis, primary hyperparathyroidism with osteodystrophy, Paget's disease, secondary bone tumours, and in a control group was found (P less than 0.001). This close correlation was not observed between these variables in patients with active acromegaly. Diagnosis determined from these indices of formation and turnover of bone matrix agreed with that established by histological and histochemical examination of bone, by X-ray investigation of the skeleton, and by the radionuclear 85Sr test. The relationship between the activity of bone isoenzyme and urinary hydroxyproline excretion differed in metabolic bone diseases with a high bone turnover, in patients with osteoporosis and in patients with early osteoclastic bone metastases.", "contents": "Relationship of the activity of the bone isoenzyme of serum alkaline phosphatase to urinary hydroxyproline excretion in metabolic and neoplastic bone diseases. A significant correlation between the activity of the bone isoenzyme or serum alkaline phosphatase and the urinary hydroxyproline excretion in osteomalacia, osteoporosis, primary hyperparathyroidism with osteodystrophy, Paget's disease, secondary bone tumours, and in a control group was found (P less than 0.001). This close correlation was not observed between these variables in patients with active acromegaly. Diagnosis determined from these indices of formation and turnover of bone matrix agreed with that established by histological and histochemical examination of bone, by X-ray investigation of the skeleton, and by the radionuclear 85Sr test. The relationship between the activity of bone isoenzyme and urinary hydroxyproline excretion differed in metabolic bone diseases with a high bone turnover, in patients with osteoporosis and in patients with early osteoclastic bone metastases.", "PMID": 105909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6981", "title": "Studies on the turnover of endogenous cathodal trypsinogen in man.", "content": "The concentration in serum of cathodal trypsinogen has been studied in certain clinical and experimental situations. The concentration correlated with pancreatic amylase activity. Low levels were found in patients with malabsorption due to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The concentration rose after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic examinations (ERCP). After ERCP, however, no trypsin was detected complexed with protease inhibitors, as is generally found in acute pancreatitis. The trypsinogen concentration in serum also rose in renal failure indicating a renal elimination route for the endogenous trypsinogen.", "contents": "Studies on the turnover of endogenous cathodal trypsinogen in man. The concentration in serum of cathodal trypsinogen has been studied in certain clinical and experimental situations. The concentration correlated with pancreatic amylase activity. Low levels were found in patients with malabsorption due to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The concentration rose after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic examinations (ERCP). After ERCP, however, no trypsin was detected complexed with protease inhibitors, as is generally found in acute pancreatitis. The trypsinogen concentration in serum also rose in renal failure indicating a renal elimination route for the endogenous trypsinogen.", "PMID": 105910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6982", "title": "Blood-brain barrier permeability during shortlasting intravascular hyperosmolality.", "content": "Blood-brain barrier permeability for 24Na+ and 36Cl- ions and for 3HOH was studied during isoosmolality and during shortlasting intravascular hyperosmolality in twenty-five patients using the double indicatir single injection method. Hyperosmolality was induced by a rapid injection into the internal carotid artery of 8 ml of one of the following hypertonic solutions: 5% saline, 25% mannitol or a contrast medium of the metrizoat group (Isopaque-amine 280). The extractions of the small sodium and chloride ions remained unchanged and essentially zero indicating that 'opening' of the blood-brain barrier did not occur. The blood-brain barrier permeability to water remained unchanged during hyperosmolality, but the extraction of 3HOH increased when mannitol and especially when Isopaque-amine 280 was used as hypertonic agent corresponding to the lower water concentration in these solutions.", "contents": "Blood-brain barrier permeability during shortlasting intravascular hyperosmolality. Blood-brain barrier permeability for 24Na+ and 36Cl- ions and for 3HOH was studied during isoosmolality and during shortlasting intravascular hyperosmolality in twenty-five patients using the double indicatir single injection method. Hyperosmolality was induced by a rapid injection into the internal carotid artery of 8 ml of one of the following hypertonic solutions: 5% saline, 25% mannitol or a contrast medium of the metrizoat group (Isopaque-amine 280). The extractions of the small sodium and chloride ions remained unchanged and essentially zero indicating that 'opening' of the blood-brain barrier did not occur. The blood-brain barrier permeability to water remained unchanged during hyperosmolality, but the extraction of 3HOH increased when mannitol and especially when Isopaque-amine 280 was used as hypertonic agent corresponding to the lower water concentration in these solutions.", "PMID": 105911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6983", "title": "Quantitative changes of serum lipoprotein-X after cholestyramine administration in infants with cholestatic biliary tract and liver disease.", "content": "Lipoprotein-X (LP-X) was determined before and after the administration of cholestyramine in fifty-five infants with persistent cholestatic jaundice to differentiate between intra- and extrahepatic disease. In twenty-seven infants with biliary atresia, serum LP-X prior to cholestyramine ranged from 0.87 to 11.42 g/l (mean: 3.43 g/l; the average concentration was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in males. After cholestyramine, LP-X rose in twenty-three, remained the same in two, and decreased slightly in two infants. Serum LP-X was present in twenty of the twenty-eight infants with intrahepatic cholestasis prior to cholestyramine in concentrations from 0.84 to 14.19 g/l (mean: 3.13 g/l). After cholestyramine, LP-X decreased in all by an average of 78% (P less than 0.005). The other eight infants did not have LP-X before or after cholestyramine. This study shows that LP-X in the serum of infants with cholestatic jaundice indicates severe cholestasis, but is not itself diagnostic of biliary atresia. The differentiation of biliary atresia from other diseases is readily achieved, as the administration of cholestyramine for 2-3 weeks causes a marked decrease of serum LP-X in patients with patent extrahepatic bile ducts. The absence of serum LP-X excludes biliary atresia.", "contents": "Quantitative changes of serum lipoprotein-X after cholestyramine administration in infants with cholestatic biliary tract and liver disease. Lipoprotein-X (LP-X) was determined before and after the administration of cholestyramine in fifty-five infants with persistent cholestatic jaundice to differentiate between intra- and extrahepatic disease. In twenty-seven infants with biliary atresia, serum LP-X prior to cholestyramine ranged from 0.87 to 11.42 g/l (mean: 3.43 g/l; the average concentration was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in males. After cholestyramine, LP-X rose in twenty-three, remained the same in two, and decreased slightly in two infants. Serum LP-X was present in twenty of the twenty-eight infants with intrahepatic cholestasis prior to cholestyramine in concentrations from 0.84 to 14.19 g/l (mean: 3.13 g/l). After cholestyramine, LP-X decreased in all by an average of 78% (P less than 0.005). The other eight infants did not have LP-X before or after cholestyramine. This study shows that LP-X in the serum of infants with cholestatic jaundice indicates severe cholestasis, but is not itself diagnostic of biliary atresia. The differentiation of biliary atresia from other diseases is readily achieved, as the administration of cholestyramine for 2-3 weeks causes a marked decrease of serum LP-X in patients with patent extrahepatic bile ducts. The absence of serum LP-X excludes biliary atresia.", "PMID": 105912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6984", "title": "Increased excretion of two sialic acid-containing trisaccharides in the urine of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The urinary excretion of sialic acid-containing trisaccharides in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis was studied. Sialyl-lactose and sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine were identified and their excretion patterns studied by thin layer and gas chromatography. The urinary output of sialyl-lactose was greater in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (48.2 +/- 6.1 mg/24 h, SEM, n = 6) than in healthy subjects (19.8 +/- 3.7 mg/24 h, SEM, n = 5; P less than 0.01). The excretion of sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine was also higher in the rheumatoid group (18.5 +/- 2.1 mg/24 h, SEM, n = 6) than in the controls (11.1 +/- 1.2 mg/24 h, SEM, n = 5; P less than 0.05). The qualitative excretion patterns of the sialyl-oligosaccharide fraction were similar for the two groups as judged from the thin layer chromatograms. Correlating the results with the clinical state of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis suggests that the urinary level of the sialyl-oligosaccharides reflects the activity of the disease. A proposed mechanism for the increased excretion of sialic acid-containing trisaccharides in rheumatoid arthritis is presented.", "contents": "Increased excretion of two sialic acid-containing trisaccharides in the urine of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The urinary excretion of sialic acid-containing trisaccharides in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis was studied. Sialyl-lactose and sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine were identified and their excretion patterns studied by thin layer and gas chromatography. The urinary output of sialyl-lactose was greater in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (48.2 +/- 6.1 mg/24 h, SEM, n = 6) than in healthy subjects (19.8 +/- 3.7 mg/24 h, SEM, n = 5; P less than 0.01). The excretion of sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine was also higher in the rheumatoid group (18.5 +/- 2.1 mg/24 h, SEM, n = 6) than in the controls (11.1 +/- 1.2 mg/24 h, SEM, n = 5; P less than 0.05). The qualitative excretion patterns of the sialyl-oligosaccharide fraction were similar for the two groups as judged from the thin layer chromatograms. Correlating the results with the clinical state of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis suggests that the urinary level of the sialyl-oligosaccharides reflects the activity of the disease. A proposed mechanism for the increased excretion of sialic acid-containing trisaccharides in rheumatoid arthritis is presented.", "PMID": 105913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6985", "title": "Effect of portacaval shunt on biliary cholesterol and bile salt secretion in normal rats.", "content": "In order to assess the role of bile secretion in the serum cholestrol lowering effect of a portacaval anastomosis in rats, bile flow rate, bile salt and cholesterol secretion in bile were determined. The study comprised five groups of animals: (1) rats with protacaval shunt cholesterol free food ad libitum. (2) sham-operated and pair-fed controls; (3) unoperated, pair-fed controls; (4) unoperated controls on cholesterol free diet ad libitum; and (5) unoperated controls on normal laboratory rat chow ad libitum. Bile flow rate showed no difference in any of the groups on cholesterol free diet. Bile salt secretion was significantly elevated in shunted animals (87.1 +/- 7.0 nmol/min) as compared with pair-fed sham-operated (64.7 +/- 20.0 nmol/min) and unoperated controls (56.0 +/- 22.3 nmol/min). Biliary cholesterol output tended to be higher in shunted animals but this was not statistically significant. The data indicate that the atrophied rat liver in shunted animals is able to maintain a normal bile flow and to increase bile salt secretion. Thus, the serum cholesterol lowering action of a portocaval anastomosis may be partly due to an increased cholesterol catabolism to bile salts.", "contents": "Effect of portacaval shunt on biliary cholesterol and bile salt secretion in normal rats. In order to assess the role of bile secretion in the serum cholestrol lowering effect of a portacaval anastomosis in rats, bile flow rate, bile salt and cholesterol secretion in bile were determined. The study comprised five groups of animals: (1) rats with protacaval shunt cholesterol free food ad libitum. (2) sham-operated and pair-fed controls; (3) unoperated, pair-fed controls; (4) unoperated controls on cholesterol free diet ad libitum; and (5) unoperated controls on normal laboratory rat chow ad libitum. Bile flow rate showed no difference in any of the groups on cholesterol free diet. Bile salt secretion was significantly elevated in shunted animals (87.1 +/- 7.0 nmol/min) as compared with pair-fed sham-operated (64.7 +/- 20.0 nmol/min) and unoperated controls (56.0 +/- 22.3 nmol/min). Biliary cholesterol output tended to be higher in shunted animals but this was not statistically significant. The data indicate that the atrophied rat liver in shunted animals is able to maintain a normal bile flow and to increase bile salt secretion. Thus, the serum cholesterol lowering action of a portocaval anastomosis may be partly due to an increased cholesterol catabolism to bile salts.", "PMID": 105914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6986", "title": "Effect of continuously increasing concentrations of plasma ketone bodies on the uptake and oxidation of glucose by muscle in man.", "content": "Muscle metabolism in man was studied by measuring the arterial and deepvenous concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate and aceacetoacetate, and forearm blood flow. After the subjects had fasted overnight, their arterial free fatty acid and ketone levels rose continuously during a period of 90 min, leading to increased ketone body uptake by muscle. Hence, for each subject, a relation was obtained between arterial concentrations and arterial-deepvenous differences of beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. As the ketone body utilization increased, the release of lactate rose as well. In spite of these alterations the uptake of glucose remained unchanged. These findings underline the current notion that accelerated ketone uptake reduces pyruvate oxidation but not glucose uptake by muscle.", "contents": "Effect of continuously increasing concentrations of plasma ketone bodies on the uptake and oxidation of glucose by muscle in man. Muscle metabolism in man was studied by measuring the arterial and deepvenous concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate and aceacetoacetate, and forearm blood flow. After the subjects had fasted overnight, their arterial free fatty acid and ketone levels rose continuously during a period of 90 min, leading to increased ketone body uptake by muscle. Hence, for each subject, a relation was obtained between arterial concentrations and arterial-deepvenous differences of beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. As the ketone body utilization increased, the release of lactate rose as well. In spite of these alterations the uptake of glucose remained unchanged. These findings underline the current notion that accelerated ketone uptake reduces pyruvate oxidation but not glucose uptake by muscle.", "PMID": 105915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6987", "title": "Effect of muscle spasms on blood gases and acid-base status in tetanus patients.", "content": "Blood gas tensions and acid-base status were determined in six patients with tetanus before and after the onset of severe muscle spasms. Hypoxaemia and metabolic acidosis present in all the patients, were worsened by muscle spasms. It is suggested that frequent measurements of blood gases should be carried out where such facilities are available.", "contents": "Effect of muscle spasms on blood gases and acid-base status in tetanus patients. Blood gas tensions and acid-base status were determined in six patients with tetanus before and after the onset of severe muscle spasms. Hypoxaemia and metabolic acidosis present in all the patients, were worsened by muscle spasms. It is suggested that frequent measurements of blood gases should be carried out where such facilities are available.", "PMID": 105916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6988", "title": "Intrahypothalamic connections: an electron microscopic study in the rat.", "content": "Terminal degeneration within the hypothalamus was studied by electron microsocpy 1 or 2 days (1) after carefully placed microlesions in the arcuate, anterior periventricular, ventromedial, premammilary and posterior hypothalamic nuclei and (2) after microlesions placed in the hypothalamus deafferented 3 weeks earlier. In the median eminence terminal degeneration was found after each of these lesions. Projections from the ventromedial nucleus reach the arcuate, suprachiasmatic, and anterior periventricular nuclei. Projections from the arcuate nucleus terminate in the medial preoptic, anterior periventricular, and ventromedial nuclei. After lesioning the premammillary nuclei degeneration was found in the supraoptic, arcuate, anterior hypothalamic and ventromedial nuclei.", "contents": "Intrahypothalamic connections: an electron microscopic study in the rat. Terminal degeneration within the hypothalamus was studied by electron microsocpy 1 or 2 days (1) after carefully placed microlesions in the arcuate, anterior periventricular, ventromedial, premammilary and posterior hypothalamic nuclei and (2) after microlesions placed in the hypothalamus deafferented 3 weeks earlier. In the median eminence terminal degeneration was found after each of these lesions. Projections from the ventromedial nucleus reach the arcuate, suprachiasmatic, and anterior periventricular nuclei. Projections from the arcuate nucleus terminate in the medial preoptic, anterior periventricular, and ventromedial nuclei. After lesioning the premammillary nuclei degeneration was found in the supraoptic, arcuate, anterior hypothalamic and ventromedial nuclei.", "PMID": 105917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6989", "title": "I. Functional properties of neurons in lateral part of associative area 7 in awake monkeys.", "content": "The lateral part of area 7, area 7b, of alert, behaving macaque monkeys was investigated using transdural microelectrode recording technique. Two hundred twenty-eight cells from five hemispheres of four monkeys were isolated and studied. The functional properties of 2% of the cells isolated remained unidentified. Functions of the identified cells were prominently related to the spatial control of arm movements. Of the cells 70% responded to somatosensory (40%) or visual (16%) or both somatosensory and visual (14%) stimulation. The receptive fields of these passively drivable cells were large, covering e.g., the arm or leg or chest or even the skin of the whole body. Most of the visually drivable cells responded to stimuli in both halves of the visual field. Of the cells responding to sensory stimulation 80% were activated by stimuli moving in a certain direction. Of the directionally selective cells 25% received information through more than one sensory channel. The complex stimulus-response relationships of these \"convergence\" cells revealed the existence of an integrative system which analyzes the direction of a stimulus moving in one sensory system using an other sensory system as a reference. Of all the cells isolated 28% discharged only during active movements of the arms (25%) or eyes (3%). Firing of these neurons was related to contraction of a functionally uniform group of muscles and not individual muscles. Some previous investigations of the parietal association cortex, conducted mainly in area 7a, have shown that most cells were active only when the monkey himself moves his eyes or arms. In our study on area 7b most cells responded to passive stimulation. The discrepancy between the results indicates functional differentiation within area 7.", "contents": "I. Functional properties of neurons in lateral part of associative area 7 in awake monkeys. The lateral part of area 7, area 7b, of alert, behaving macaque monkeys was investigated using transdural microelectrode recording technique. Two hundred twenty-eight cells from five hemispheres of four monkeys were isolated and studied. The functional properties of 2% of the cells isolated remained unidentified. Functions of the identified cells were prominently related to the spatial control of arm movements. Of the cells 70% responded to somatosensory (40%) or visual (16%) or both somatosensory and visual (14%) stimulation. The receptive fields of these passively drivable cells were large, covering e.g., the arm or leg or chest or even the skin of the whole body. Most of the visually drivable cells responded to stimuli in both halves of the visual field. Of the cells responding to sensory stimulation 80% were activated by stimuli moving in a certain direction. Of the directionally selective cells 25% received information through more than one sensory channel. The complex stimulus-response relationships of these \"convergence\" cells revealed the existence of an integrative system which analyzes the direction of a stimulus moving in one sensory system using an other sensory system as a reference. Of all the cells isolated 28% discharged only during active movements of the arms (25%) or eyes (3%). Firing of these neurons was related to contraction of a functionally uniform group of muscles and not individual muscles. Some previous investigations of the parietal association cortex, conducted mainly in area 7a, have shown that most cells were active only when the monkey himself moves his eyes or arms. In our study on area 7b most cells responded to passive stimulation. The discrepancy between the results indicates functional differentiation within area 7.", "PMID": 105918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6990", "title": "II. Functional properties of cells in anterolateral part of area 7 associative face area of awake monkeys.", "content": "The most anterior part of area 7 of awake, behaving macaque monkeys was investigated using single cell recording technique. Eighty-five cells from three hemispheres of two monkeys were isolated and studied. These cells showed more complex functional properties than the cells in the primary and secondary cortical fields. Of the cells 61% responded to somatosensory (26%) or visual (2%) or both somatosensory and visual (33%) stimulation; 39% of the cells were active only during the monkey's own movements. Most of the cells studied were active while the monkey was bringing an object to the mouth with its hand, when reaching for an object with lips, or while chewing. The neurons responded selectively to, e.g., palpation of the flexors of the arm, a visual stimulus approaching the face, passive movement of the monkey's hand towards the mouth, or they were active only when the monkey was reaching for an object with its lips or was mouthing it. The cellular activity in the anterolateral part of area 7 was prominently related to the stimulation or motor activity of the face (especially the mouth). In this respect, it differed from the more posterior part of area 7 adjacent to it. The results thus indicate that there is a separate and rather extensive mouth (or face) area in the parietal association cortex of the monkey.", "contents": "II. Functional properties of cells in anterolateral part of area 7 associative face area of awake monkeys. The most anterior part of area 7 of awake, behaving macaque monkeys was investigated using single cell recording technique. Eighty-five cells from three hemispheres of two monkeys were isolated and studied. These cells showed more complex functional properties than the cells in the primary and secondary cortical fields. Of the cells 61% responded to somatosensory (26%) or visual (2%) or both somatosensory and visual (33%) stimulation; 39% of the cells were active only during the monkey's own movements. Most of the cells studied were active while the monkey was bringing an object to the mouth with its hand, when reaching for an object with lips, or while chewing. The neurons responded selectively to, e.g., palpation of the flexors of the arm, a visual stimulus approaching the face, passive movement of the monkey's hand towards the mouth, or they were active only when the monkey was reaching for an object with its lips or was mouthing it. The cellular activity in the anterolateral part of area 7 was prominently related to the stimulation or motor activity of the face (especially the mouth). In this respect, it differed from the more posterior part of area 7 adjacent to it. The results thus indicate that there is a separate and rather extensive mouth (or face) area in the parietal association cortex of the monkey.", "PMID": 105919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6991", "title": "Lability in the responses of cells in the auditory cortex of squirrel monkeys to species-specific vocalizations.", "content": "The activity of 28 cells located mainly in the secondary auditory cortex (A II) of awake squirrel-monkeys, was extracellularly recorded for periods of up to 6 h. Seven different species-specific vocalizations, which were repeatedly presented to the monkey, were used as auditory stimuli. Twenty-six cells responded, at least once, to one or more vocalizations; 22 cells revealed some change in their response (pattern or strength) to at least one vocalization (\"change in response\"). Twenty-one cells exhibited a change in the number and/or type of vocalization to which they responded during the recording period (\"change in selectivity\"). At some time during the recording period all the responding cells exhibited a \"change in response\" and/or a \"change in selectivity\" (\"change in responsiveness\"). A \"change in response\" of a cell to a vocalization did not necessarily exclude a \"change in selectivity\", associated with the same vocalization, later in time and vice-versa. A \"change in responsiveness\" to one vocalization was not necessarily correlated with \"changes in responsiveness\" to other vocalizations.", "contents": "Lability in the responses of cells in the auditory cortex of squirrel monkeys to species-specific vocalizations. The activity of 28 cells located mainly in the secondary auditory cortex (A II) of awake squirrel-monkeys, was extracellularly recorded for periods of up to 6 h. Seven different species-specific vocalizations, which were repeatedly presented to the monkey, were used as auditory stimuli. Twenty-six cells responded, at least once, to one or more vocalizations; 22 cells revealed some change in their response (pattern or strength) to at least one vocalization (\"change in response\"). Twenty-one cells exhibited a change in the number and/or type of vocalization to which they responded during the recording period (\"change in selectivity\"). At some time during the recording period all the responding cells exhibited a \"change in response\" and/or a \"change in selectivity\" (\"change in responsiveness\"). A \"change in response\" of a cell to a vocalization did not necessarily exclude a \"change in selectivity\", associated with the same vocalization, later in time and vice-versa. A \"change in responsiveness\" to one vocalization was not necessarily correlated with \"changes in responsiveness\" to other vocalizations.", "PMID": 105920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6992", "title": "The cingular vocalization pathway in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "In 39 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), the effects of various brain lesions on vocalizations elicited from the precallosal cingulate gyrus were tested. It was found that lesions abolishing the \"cingular vocalization\" completely can be traced from the stimulation site continuously down to the laryngeal motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus. The pathway thus determined (Fig. 4) travels from the precallosal cingulate gyrus through the frontal white matter and enters the internal capsule from a dorsolateral position. The pathway then follows this structure in a medio-caudal direction down to the caudal diencephalon. Here, the effective lesions leave the corticospinal tract and ascend dorsally into the periaqueductal grey. The pathway follows this structure to its end where it sweeps lateral through the parabrachial area and then descends through the lateral pons and ventrolateral medulla to the nucleus ambiguus. In nine of the animals, in addition, the effects of bilateral anterior cingular lesions on vocalizations elicited in other brain areas were tested. It was found that the only vocalization-eliciting area which becomes ineffective after destruction of the anterior cingulate gyrus is the postero-medial orbital cortex.", "contents": "The cingular vocalization pathway in the squirrel monkey. In 39 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), the effects of various brain lesions on vocalizations elicited from the precallosal cingulate gyrus were tested. It was found that lesions abolishing the \"cingular vocalization\" completely can be traced from the stimulation site continuously down to the laryngeal motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus. The pathway thus determined (Fig. 4) travels from the precallosal cingulate gyrus through the frontal white matter and enters the internal capsule from a dorsolateral position. The pathway then follows this structure in a medio-caudal direction down to the caudal diencephalon. Here, the effective lesions leave the corticospinal tract and ascend dorsally into the periaqueductal grey. The pathway follows this structure to its end where it sweeps lateral through the parabrachial area and then descends through the lateral pons and ventrolateral medulla to the nucleus ambiguus. In nine of the animals, in addition, the effects of bilateral anterior cingular lesions on vocalizations elicited in other brain areas were tested. It was found that the only vocalization-eliciting area which becomes ineffective after destruction of the anterior cingulate gyrus is the postero-medial orbital cortex.", "PMID": 105921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6993", "title": "Post-capillary venules in the lymphatic tissues of mice bearing experimental neoplasia.", "content": "The lymph nodes, thymus and Peyer's patches of DBA/2 mice bearing an experimental tumor, mastocytoma, were assessed histologically with special reference to the structure of the post-capillary venules. For each of the lymphoid organ studied, the post-capillary venule score (PCV-S) was determined on the three grades (grades 1, 2 and 3) of the venules classified according to the height of the endothelial cells. The highest scores were obtained in the lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of the control animals. The scores in these lymphoid organs of the tumor-bearing mice were statistically highly significantly lower than in the control series. The lowest scores, however, were obtained in the nodes and patches of mice bearing mastocytoma after the previous treatment with anti-theta-globulin. The scores in the thymuses did not deviate from each other in the three series of mice studied. The findings of the present work support the concept that the structural state of the post-capillary venules in the lymph nodes and Peyer's patches is an important regulator of the T-lymphocyte recirculation in these organs. On the other hand, the venules of the thymus seem to be unrelated both structurally and functionally to the post-capillary venules of the nodes and Peyer's patches, and a new name of \"junctional venules\" has been proposed for these low endothelium walled venules of the thymus.", "contents": "Post-capillary venules in the lymphatic tissues of mice bearing experimental neoplasia. The lymph nodes, thymus and Peyer's patches of DBA/2 mice bearing an experimental tumor, mastocytoma, were assessed histologically with special reference to the structure of the post-capillary venules. For each of the lymphoid organ studied, the post-capillary venule score (PCV-S) was determined on the three grades (grades 1, 2 and 3) of the venules classified according to the height of the endothelial cells. The highest scores were obtained in the lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of the control animals. The scores in these lymphoid organs of the tumor-bearing mice were statistically highly significantly lower than in the control series. The lowest scores, however, were obtained in the nodes and patches of mice bearing mastocytoma after the previous treatment with anti-theta-globulin. The scores in the thymuses did not deviate from each other in the three series of mice studied. The findings of the present work support the concept that the structural state of the post-capillary venules in the lymph nodes and Peyer's patches is an important regulator of the T-lymphocyte recirculation in these organs. On the other hand, the venules of the thymus seem to be unrelated both structurally and functionally to the post-capillary venules of the nodes and Peyer's patches, and a new name of \"junctional venules\" has been proposed for these low endothelium walled venules of the thymus.", "PMID": 105923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6994", "title": "The use of cell free extracts derived from fungal protoplasts in the study of aflatoxin biosynthesis.", "content": "A supernatant fraction derived from protoplasts of Aspergillus flavus was shown to be capable of converting both sterigmatocystin and versiconal hemiacetal acetate to aflatoxin B1. Versicolorin A was not converted under the same conditions.", "contents": "The use of cell free extracts derived from fungal protoplasts in the study of aflatoxin biosynthesis. A supernatant fraction derived from protoplasts of Aspergillus flavus was shown to be capable of converting both sterigmatocystin and versiconal hemiacetal acetate to aflatoxin B1. Versicolorin A was not converted under the same conditions.", "PMID": 105924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6995", "title": "Physical growth and brain development of captive-bred male and female squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus.", "content": "The physical growth and brain development of the captive bred male and female squirrel monkeys have shown that the male grows at a significantly faster rate with respect to these parameters in the postnatal life, starting from preweaning stage as compared to the female infant. During the prenatal life the male and the female fetuses grow at similar rates and show comparable brain development as indicated by its weight.", "contents": "Physical growth and brain development of captive-bred male and female squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus. The physical growth and brain development of the captive bred male and female squirrel monkeys have shown that the male grows at a significantly faster rate with respect to these parameters in the postnatal life, starting from preweaning stage as compared to the female infant. During the prenatal life the male and the female fetuses grow at similar rates and show comparable brain development as indicated by its weight.", "PMID": 105925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6996", "title": "Metabolism of amphibian spermatozoa in relation to their motility.", "content": "Bufo arenarum spermatozoa were able to sustain motility both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In aerobiosis, the oxygen consumption varies between 2.6 and 4.2 microliter O2/10(8) cells/h at 30 degree C. The synthesis of lactic acid by anaerobic spermatozoa demonstrated the existence of an active glycolytic pathway.", "contents": "Metabolism of amphibian spermatozoa in relation to their motility. Bufo arenarum spermatozoa were able to sustain motility both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In aerobiosis, the oxygen consumption varies between 2.6 and 4.2 microliter O2/10(8) cells/h at 30 degree C. The synthesis of lactic acid by anaerobic spermatozoa demonstrated the existence of an active glycolytic pathway.", "PMID": 105926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6997", "title": "Spontaneous junctional currents in Drosophila muscle fibres: effects of temperature, membrane potential and ethanol.", "content": "Fast, slow and fast multiquantal spontaneous junctional currents were recorded from glutamate sensitive muscle fibres of Drosophila larvae. Decrease of temperature and hyperpolarization prolonged the time course of fast currents. Ethanol (0.4 M) markedly shortened their duration, whereas several other drugs known to modify the time course of currents at cholinergic synapses were ineffective at this neuromuscular junction.", "contents": "Spontaneous junctional currents in Drosophila muscle fibres: effects of temperature, membrane potential and ethanol. Fast, slow and fast multiquantal spontaneous junctional currents were recorded from glutamate sensitive muscle fibres of Drosophila larvae. Decrease of temperature and hyperpolarization prolonged the time course of fast currents. Ethanol (0.4 M) markedly shortened their duration, whereas several other drugs known to modify the time course of currents at cholinergic synapses were ineffective at this neuromuscular junction.", "PMID": 105927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6998", "title": "Hepatic UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in acrylamide neuropathy.", "content": "Acrylamide was found to be tissue selective in its toxicity. Doses which were clearly neurotoxic to rats were without effect on hepatic UDP-glucuronyltransferase, total hepatic protein or microsomal protein.", "contents": "Hepatic UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in acrylamide neuropathy. Acrylamide was found to be tissue selective in its toxicity. Doses which were clearly neurotoxic to rats were without effect on hepatic UDP-glucuronyltransferase, total hepatic protein or microsomal protein.", "PMID": 105928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_6999", "title": "(N-Barbituryl)phenyl- and cyclohexylalkanoic acids and some of their derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "A series of p-(N-barbituryl)phenyl- and cyclohexylalkanoic acids and their esters were synthesized. The preliminary pharmacological screening using the carrageenin, xylene and cotton tests revealed strong anti-inflammatory activity of several compounds in some of the tests performed, compound (Ij) being active in all the tests.", "contents": "(N-Barbituryl)phenyl- and cyclohexylalkanoic acids and some of their derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents. A series of p-(N-barbituryl)phenyl- and cyclohexylalkanoic acids and their esters were synthesized. The preliminary pharmacological screening using the carrageenin, xylene and cotton tests revealed strong anti-inflammatory activity of several compounds in some of the tests performed, compound (Ij) being active in all the tests.", "PMID": 105934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7000", "title": "Dynamic evaluation of prolactin secretion in patients with oligospermia: effects of treatment with metergoline.", "content": "Serum prolactin levels were measured in 50 patients with oligospermia and in 20 control subjects under fasting conditions and following the administration of levodopa, pyridoxine, metoclopramide, and synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Four patients (8%) under fasting conditions had prolactin levels slightly above the normal range. However, no significant differences in prolactin behavior were detected between patients with hyperprolactinemia, patients with normal prolactin levels, and control subjects. The four patients with hyperprolactinemia were treated with metergoline, an ergoline derivative. Metergoline administration promptly reduced the prolactin levels. Spermatogenesis was restored in three patients after 4 to 5 months of treatment.", "contents": "Dynamic evaluation of prolactin secretion in patients with oligospermia: effects of treatment with metergoline. Serum prolactin levels were measured in 50 patients with oligospermia and in 20 control subjects under fasting conditions and following the administration of levodopa, pyridoxine, metoclopramide, and synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Four patients (8%) under fasting conditions had prolactin levels slightly above the normal range. However, no significant differences in prolactin behavior were detected between patients with hyperprolactinemia, patients with normal prolactin levels, and control subjects. The four patients with hyperprolactinemia were treated with metergoline, an ergoline derivative. Metergoline administration promptly reduced the prolactin levels. Spermatogenesis was restored in three patients after 4 to 5 months of treatment.", "PMID": 105938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7001", "title": "[Piecewise Fourier analysis of images and the role of the occipital, temporal and parietal cortex in visual perception].", "content": "On the basis of previously published data, a neuronal scheme of organization of the visual perception in the cerebral cortex, is suggested. An idea of neuronal module is introduced: a cylinder of cortical neurons whose receptive fields are directed towards the same area of the visual field and respond to different spatial frequencies and orientations. A system of overlapping modules is able of piece--wise Fourier--description of portions of the image. The modules of the Clare--Bishop area are composed of receptive fields of different size. Owing to that each neuron of the module projects inhibitory influence upon other neurons, the module acts as a filter picking out the texture. Therefore, the modules of the Clare--Bishop area single out and supply Fourier--description of subimages, the latters being characterized by the same local spectrum within their own limits. The lower porti\u00f6n of temporal cortex performs a rough identification of subimages and images with the aid of systems of learning neurons. The parietal cortex conforms the description from temporal cortex to the complete description in the modules of occipital cortex, thus performing the transition from an image to a concrete picture.", "contents": "[Piecewise Fourier analysis of images and the role of the occipital, temporal and parietal cortex in visual perception]. On the basis of previously published data, a neuronal scheme of organization of the visual perception in the cerebral cortex, is suggested. An idea of neuronal module is introduced: a cylinder of cortical neurons whose receptive fields are directed towards the same area of the visual field and respond to different spatial frequencies and orientations. A system of overlapping modules is able of piece--wise Fourier--description of portions of the image. The modules of the Clare--Bishop area are composed of receptive fields of different size. Owing to that each neuron of the module projects inhibitory influence upon other neurons, the module acts as a filter picking out the texture. Therefore, the modules of the Clare--Bishop area single out and supply Fourier--description of subimages, the latters being characterized by the same local spectrum within their own limits. The lower porti\u00f6n of temporal cortex performs a rough identification of subimages and images with the aid of systems of learning neurons. The parietal cortex conforms the description from temporal cortex to the complete description in the modules of occipital cortex, thus performing the transition from an image to a concrete picture.", "PMID": 105939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7002", "title": "Occurrence and significance of antibody to liver-specific membrane lipoprotein by double-antibody immunoprecipitation method in sera of patients with acute and chronic liver diseases.", "content": "A double-antibody immunoprecipitation method was developed for detecting antibody to liver-specific membrane lipoprotein (anti-LSP) in sera of patients with various liver diseases and primary nonhepatic autoimmune diseases. Liver-specific membrane lipoprotein prepared from normal rat livers was labeled with 125I (chloramine-T) and monospecific antibody raised in rabbits. Cross-reactivity and absorption studies demonstrated that the assay used was highly specific. The frequency and titer of anti-LSP were similar for HBsAg-positive and -negative patients with both acute and chronic liver diseases. Patients with chronic active hepatitis had the highest frequenzy (25 of 44 cases, 57%) when compared with those with chronic persistent hepatitis (5 of 23 cases, 22%) and nonalcoholic cirrhosis (8 of 21 cases, 38%). Of the anti-LSP positive cases, the mean titer in patients with chronic active hepatitis tended to be the highest. In patients recovered from acute viral hepatitis, anti-LSP was transiently positive (7 of 20 cases, 35%) in the acute phase. In those who progressed to chronic hepatitis, a late rise as well as an early rise occurred in 6 of 10 patients before the diagnosis was made. Two of 6 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis had anti-LSP, but none of 41 patients with other nonviral liver diseases and none of 60 patients with primary nonhepatic autoimmune diseases. These data indicate that an autoimmune reaction directed against LSP can be initiated during the acute phase of viral hepatitis and it may persist in chronic hepatitis in both HBsAg-positive and -negative cases.", "contents": "Occurrence and significance of antibody to liver-specific membrane lipoprotein by double-antibody immunoprecipitation method in sera of patients with acute and chronic liver diseases. A double-antibody immunoprecipitation method was developed for detecting antibody to liver-specific membrane lipoprotein (anti-LSP) in sera of patients with various liver diseases and primary nonhepatic autoimmune diseases. Liver-specific membrane lipoprotein prepared from normal rat livers was labeled with 125I (chloramine-T) and monospecific antibody raised in rabbits. Cross-reactivity and absorption studies demonstrated that the assay used was highly specific. The frequency and titer of anti-LSP were similar for HBsAg-positive and -negative patients with both acute and chronic liver diseases. Patients with chronic active hepatitis had the highest frequenzy (25 of 44 cases, 57%) when compared with those with chronic persistent hepatitis (5 of 23 cases, 22%) and nonalcoholic cirrhosis (8 of 21 cases, 38%). Of the anti-LSP positive cases, the mean titer in patients with chronic active hepatitis tended to be the highest. In patients recovered from acute viral hepatitis, anti-LSP was transiently positive (7 of 20 cases, 35%) in the acute phase. In those who progressed to chronic hepatitis, a late rise as well as an early rise occurred in 6 of 10 patients before the diagnosis was made. Two of 6 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis had anti-LSP, but none of 41 patients with other nonviral liver diseases and none of 60 patients with primary nonhepatic autoimmune diseases. These data indicate that an autoimmune reaction directed against LSP can be initiated during the acute phase of viral hepatitis and it may persist in chronic hepatitis in both HBsAg-positive and -negative cases.", "PMID": 105959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7003", "title": "Regulation of newly evolved enzymes. IV. Directed evolution of the Ebg repressor.", "content": "In Escherichia coli, the wild-type repressor of ebg (evolved beta-galactosidase) enzyme synthesis, specified by the ebgR+ gene, responds very weakly to lactulose (fructose-beta-D-galactopyranoside). Selection for a functional repressor that responds strongly to lactulose as an inducer reveals the existence of ebgR+L mutants, which occur spontaneously at a frequency of about 2 X 10(-10) . EBGR+L mutants are pleiotropic in that they specify ebg repressor with a greatly increased response to lactulose, lactose, galactose-arabinoside and methyl-galactoside as inducers. Selection of ebgR+L mutants is discussed within the framework of directed evolution of a regulatory function.", "contents": "Regulation of newly evolved enzymes. IV. Directed evolution of the Ebg repressor. In Escherichia coli, the wild-type repressor of ebg (evolved beta-galactosidase) enzyme synthesis, specified by the ebgR+ gene, responds very weakly to lactulose (fructose-beta-D-galactopyranoside). Selection for a functional repressor that responds strongly to lactulose as an inducer reveals the existence of ebgR+L mutants, which occur spontaneously at a frequency of about 2 X 10(-10) . EBGR+L mutants are pleiotropic in that they specify ebg repressor with a greatly increased response to lactulose, lactose, galactose-arabinoside and methyl-galactoside as inducers. Selection of ebgR+L mutants is discussed within the framework of directed evolution of a regulatory function.", "PMID": 105963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7004", "title": "Two closely linked mutations in Drosophila melanogaster that are lethal to opposite sexes and interact with daughterless.", "content": "A new spontaneous mutation named Sex-lethal, Male-specific No. 1 (SxlM1) is described that is lethal to males, even in the presence of an Sxl+ duplication. Females homozygous for SxlM1 are fully viable. This dominant, male-specific lethal mutation is on the X chromosome approximately 0.007 map units to the right of a previously isolated female-specific mutation, Female-lethal, here renamed Sex-lethal, Female-specific No. 1 (SxlF1). SxlM1 and SxlF1 are opposite in nearly every repect, particularly with regard to their interaction with maternal effect of the autosomal mutation, daughterless (da). Females that are homozygous for da produce defective eggs that cannot support female (XX) development. A single dose of SxlM1 enables daughters to survive this da female-specific lethal maternal effect. A duplication of the Sxl locus weakly mimics this action of SxlM1. In contrast, SxlF1 and a deficiency for Sxl, strongly enhance the female-lethal effects of da. The actions of SxlM1 and SxlF1 are explained by a model in which expression of the Sxl locus is essential for females, lethal for males, and under the control of a product of the da locus. It is suggested that SxlM1 is a constitutive mutation at the Sxl locus.", "contents": "Two closely linked mutations in Drosophila melanogaster that are lethal to opposite sexes and interact with daughterless. A new spontaneous mutation named Sex-lethal, Male-specific No. 1 (SxlM1) is described that is lethal to males, even in the presence of an Sxl+ duplication. Females homozygous for SxlM1 are fully viable. This dominant, male-specific lethal mutation is on the X chromosome approximately 0.007 map units to the right of a previously isolated female-specific mutation, Female-lethal, here renamed Sex-lethal, Female-specific No. 1 (SxlF1). SxlM1 and SxlF1 are opposite in nearly every repect, particularly with regard to their interaction with maternal effect of the autosomal mutation, daughterless (da). Females that are homozygous for da produce defective eggs that cannot support female (XX) development. A single dose of SxlM1 enables daughters to survive this da female-specific lethal maternal effect. A duplication of the Sxl locus weakly mimics this action of SxlM1. In contrast, SxlF1 and a deficiency for Sxl, strongly enhance the female-lethal effects of da. The actions of SxlM1 and SxlF1 are explained by a model in which expression of the Sxl locus is essential for females, lethal for males, and under the control of a product of the da locus. It is suggested that SxlM1 is a constitutive mutation at the Sxl locus.", "PMID": 105964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7005", "title": "The effect of recombination-defective meiotic mutants on fourth-chromosome crossing over in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Crossing over was measured on the normally achiasmate fourth chromosome in females homozygous for one of our different recombination-defective meiotic mutants. Under the influence of those meiotic mutants that affect the major chromosomes by altering the spatial distribution of exchanges, meiotic fourth-chromosome recombinants were recovered irrespective of whether or not the meiotic mutant decreases crossing over on the other chromosomes. No crossing over, on the other hand, was detected on chromosome 4 in either wild type or in the presence of a meiotic mutant that decreases the frequency, but does not affect the spatial distribution, of exchange on the major chromosomes. It is concluded from these observations that (a) in wild type there are regional constraints on exchange that can be attenuated or eliminated by the defects caused by recombination-defective meiotic mutants; [b] these very constraints account for the absence of recombination on chromosome 4 in wild type; and [c] despite being normally achiasmate, chromosome 4 responds to recombination-defective meiotic mutants in the same way as do the other chromosomes.", "contents": "The effect of recombination-defective meiotic mutants on fourth-chromosome crossing over in Drosophila melanogaster. Crossing over was measured on the normally achiasmate fourth chromosome in females homozygous for one of our different recombination-defective meiotic mutants. Under the influence of those meiotic mutants that affect the major chromosomes by altering the spatial distribution of exchanges, meiotic fourth-chromosome recombinants were recovered irrespective of whether or not the meiotic mutant decreases crossing over on the other chromosomes. No crossing over, on the other hand, was detected on chromosome 4 in either wild type or in the presence of a meiotic mutant that decreases the frequency, but does not affect the spatial distribution, of exchange on the major chromosomes. It is concluded from these observations that (a) in wild type there are regional constraints on exchange that can be attenuated or eliminated by the defects caused by recombination-defective meiotic mutants; [b] these very constraints account for the absence of recombination on chromosome 4 in wild type; and [c] despite being normally achiasmate, chromosome 4 responds to recombination-defective meiotic mutants in the same way as do the other chromosomes.", "PMID": 105965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7006", "title": "[Operon of riboflavin biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. XV. A study of mutants related to the initial stages of biosynthesis. The origin of the ribityl chain of the riboflavin molecule].", "content": "The incorporation of 14C-labelled guanosine and xanthosine into riboflavin was studied. It is concluded that the ribose mojety of guanosine is converted to the ribityl side chain of riboflavin. Thus the immediate precursor of riboflavin biosynthesis is a guanosine compound. Two classes of the riboflavin-dependent mutants of Bacillus subtilis were studied. They are closely linked to the lysine markers and probably correspond to the initial steps of riboflavin biosynthesis pathway.", "contents": "[Operon of riboflavin biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. XV. A study of mutants related to the initial stages of biosynthesis. The origin of the ribityl chain of the riboflavin molecule]. The incorporation of 14C-labelled guanosine and xanthosine into riboflavin was studied. It is concluded that the ribose mojety of guanosine is converted to the ribityl side chain of riboflavin. Thus the immediate precursor of riboflavin biosynthesis is a guanosine compound. Two classes of the riboflavin-dependent mutants of Bacillus subtilis were studied. They are closely linked to the lysine markers and probably correspond to the initial steps of riboflavin biosynthesis pathway.", "PMID": 105966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7007", "title": "[Ontogenetic switchover in Bacillus subtilis. II. The dynamics of the stationary phase processes during growth under conditions of catabolite repression].", "content": "To reveal the pecularities of the growth under the conditions of catabolite repression (medium 2) of Bacillus subtilis and the mutants obtained, the investigations of dynamics of the following processes were carried out: alteration of the pH of the culture exhaustion of glucose in the medium, appearance of the activity of both aconitase in the cells and extracellular metal- and serine proteases in the supernatant, and the appearance of the thermoresistant spores. The following features were observed during the growth under the conditions of catabolite repression: 1. Bacillus subtilis WB 746 and cgs mutants: the death of the main part of the culture after the Iogarithmic phase of growth (LPG), the presence of the secondary LPG of the survived cells which have the increasing activity of aconitase, the appearance and sharp increase in the extracellular serine protease activity 6 hours before thermoresistant spore formation. In the case of cgs mutants the activity of metal proteases appears and increases during the secondary LPG; 2. In the culture of cgl mutants the pH is lowered to 5.1 at the end of the LPG and after the glucose exhaustion the death of almost all the culture follows; 3. cgr mutants: a comparatively high activity of aconitase in the cells is found by the time of the early LPG, and at the end of the LPG the activity of both metal- and serine proteases appear in the supernatant of the culture and the secondary induction of the serine protease activity 6 hours before thermoresistant spore formation is observed. The serine protease activity found in the supernatant before and after the secondary induction of the enzyme belongs to the identical protein. During the stationary phase of the growth of cgr mutants, the high rate of 3H-uridine incorporation into the RNA molecules which have the electrophoretic mobility of mRNA was observed. The sporulation of Bac. subtilis strains under investigation, except cgl mutants, occurs when the culture has reached the definite state: the alkaline pH, the presence of the aconitase activity in the cells and the induced activity of serine protease.", "contents": "[Ontogenetic switchover in Bacillus subtilis. II. The dynamics of the stationary phase processes during growth under conditions of catabolite repression]. To reveal the pecularities of the growth under the conditions of catabolite repression (medium 2) of Bacillus subtilis and the mutants obtained, the investigations of dynamics of the following processes were carried out: alteration of the pH of the culture exhaustion of glucose in the medium, appearance of the activity of both aconitase in the cells and extracellular metal- and serine proteases in the supernatant, and the appearance of the thermoresistant spores. The following features were observed during the growth under the conditions of catabolite repression: 1. Bacillus subtilis WB 746 and cgs mutants: the death of the main part of the culture after the Iogarithmic phase of growth (LPG), the presence of the secondary LPG of the survived cells which have the increasing activity of aconitase, the appearance and sharp increase in the extracellular serine protease activity 6 hours before thermoresistant spore formation. In the case of cgs mutants the activity of metal proteases appears and increases during the secondary LPG; 2. In the culture of cgl mutants the pH is lowered to 5.1 at the end of the LPG and after the glucose exhaustion the death of almost all the culture follows; 3. cgr mutants: a comparatively high activity of aconitase in the cells is found by the time of the early LPG, and at the end of the LPG the activity of both metal- and serine proteases appear in the supernatant of the culture and the secondary induction of the serine protease activity 6 hours before thermoresistant spore formation is observed. The serine protease activity found in the supernatant before and after the secondary induction of the enzyme belongs to the identical protein. During the stationary phase of the growth of cgr mutants, the high rate of 3H-uridine incorporation into the RNA molecules which have the electrophoretic mobility of mRNA was observed. The sporulation of Bac. subtilis strains under investigation, except cgl mutants, occurs when the culture has reached the definite state: the alkaline pH, the presence of the aconitase activity in the cells and the induced activity of serine protease.", "PMID": 105967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7008", "title": "A new sequence-specific endonuclease from Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes.", "content": "A new sequence-specific endonuclease, SfaI, has been partially purified from Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes. SfaI recognizes the tetranucleotide sequence 5'G-G-C-C 3' 3' C-C-G-G 5' and cleaves it at the sites indicated by the arrows.", "contents": "A new sequence-specific endonuclease from Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes. A new sequence-specific endonuclease, SfaI, has been partially purified from Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes. SfaI recognizes the tetranucleotide sequence 5'G-G-C-C 3' 3' C-C-G-G 5' and cleaves it at the sites indicated by the arrows.", "PMID": 105969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7009", "title": "Controlled trial of disodium cromoglycate in chronic persistent ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Oral disodium cromoglycate (200 mg qds) has been tested in 26 patients with ulcerative colitis that was resistant to medical treatment. In a double-blind crossover trial disodium cromoglycate and placebo were added to conventional treatment in random order, each for four weeks. There was no significant difference in therapeutic effect between disodium cromoglycate and placebo.", "contents": "Controlled trial of disodium cromoglycate in chronic persistent ulcerative colitis. Oral disodium cromoglycate (200 mg qds) has been tested in 26 patients with ulcerative colitis that was resistant to medical treatment. In a double-blind crossover trial disodium cromoglycate and placebo were added to conventional treatment in random order, each for four weeks. There was no significant difference in therapeutic effect between disodium cromoglycate and placebo.", "PMID": 105970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7010", "title": "Gamma heavy chain disease simulating alpha chain disease.", "content": "A young Turkish girl presented with all the clinicopathological features of a digestive form of alpha chain disease. A gamma heavy chain disease protein, however, was found in her serum and also in the cells invading the intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes.", "contents": "Gamma heavy chain disease simulating alpha chain disease. A young Turkish girl presented with all the clinicopathological features of a digestive form of alpha chain disease. A gamma heavy chain disease protein, however, was found in her serum and also in the cells invading the intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes.", "PMID": 105971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7011", "title": "Contribution to the serological diagnosis of sarcocystosis.", "content": "The importance of the IFA-test (Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test) in the diagnosis of sarcocystosis in the intermediate host has been confirmed in the present paper. We assessed the time of the first appearance of serum antibodies in the intermediate host in mice inoculated experimentally with the species Sarcocystis dispersa. By means of the IFA-test, the first antibodies were found on day 20 p.i. Cross-reactions among antisera of S. dispersa and a heterologous antigen of S. cernae disclosed that the reaction was not species-specific, but genus-specific. In addition, we confirmed serologically that the antigenic structure of the genus Frenkelia was identical to that of the genus Sarcocystis, because the results of cross reactions obtained with the IFA-test were identical.", "contents": "Contribution to the serological diagnosis of sarcocystosis. The importance of the IFA-test (Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test) in the diagnosis of sarcocystosis in the intermediate host has been confirmed in the present paper. We assessed the time of the first appearance of serum antibodies in the intermediate host in mice inoculated experimentally with the species Sarcocystis dispersa. By means of the IFA-test, the first antibodies were found on day 20 p.i. Cross-reactions among antisera of S. dispersa and a heterologous antigen of S. cernae disclosed that the reaction was not species-specific, but genus-specific. In addition, we confirmed serologically that the antigenic structure of the genus Frenkelia was identical to that of the genus Sarcocystis, because the results of cross reactions obtained with the IFA-test were identical.", "PMID": 105972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7012", "title": "[Bronchodilating action of (--)-1-(3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzyl)-7-hydroxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoloine HCl (l-MTI) (author's transl)].", "content": "Bronchodilating action of l-MTI was investigated by intravenous administration to anesthetized animals and the results were compared to those seen with isoproterenol. Bronchoconstriction was induced by histamine or serotonin. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, the bronchodilating activity of l-MTI was approx. 1/20 that of isoproterenol in cats and dogs, but less than 1/100 that of isoproterenol in monkeys and guinea pigs. The results indicate that the bronchodilating activity of l-MTI is variable and species dependent. It was demonstrated, however, that in guinea pigs, l-MTI did not produce any bronchodilating activity, when the animals were anesthetized with urethane. The absence of the bronchodilating response in animals under this anesthesia was also seen in vagotomized, adrenalectomized and reserpinized, norepinephrine-infused guinea pigs. On the contrary, l-MTI exhibited the bronchodilating action in reserpinized, pithed or hexamethonium-treated guinea pigs anesthetized with urethane. On th other hand, isoproterenol produced a bronchodilating action in all preparations mentioned above. It was also evident that l-MTI suppressed the bronchodilating action of isoproterenol in pentobarbital anesthetized guinea pigs. In addition, l-MTI increased the heart rate of guinea pigs with a low beating rate, but decreased it when the control rate was high. These results suggest that at least in guinea pigs, l-MTI acts as a partial agonist and that the effect of l-MTI on the bronchial system depends on the sympathetic tone and/or sympathetic bronchodilator reflex, as proposed by McCULLOCH ET AL. (9).", "contents": "[Bronchodilating action of (--)-1-(3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzyl)-7-hydroxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoloine HCl (l-MTI) (author's transl)]. Bronchodilating action of l-MTI was investigated by intravenous administration to anesthetized animals and the results were compared to those seen with isoproterenol. Bronchoconstriction was induced by histamine or serotonin. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, the bronchodilating activity of l-MTI was approx. 1/20 that of isoproterenol in cats and dogs, but less than 1/100 that of isoproterenol in monkeys and guinea pigs. The results indicate that the bronchodilating activity of l-MTI is variable and species dependent. It was demonstrated, however, that in guinea pigs, l-MTI did not produce any bronchodilating activity, when the animals were anesthetized with urethane. The absence of the bronchodilating response in animals under this anesthesia was also seen in vagotomized, adrenalectomized and reserpinized, norepinephrine-infused guinea pigs. On the contrary, l-MTI exhibited the bronchodilating action in reserpinized, pithed or hexamethonium-treated guinea pigs anesthetized with urethane. On th other hand, isoproterenol produced a bronchodilating action in all preparations mentioned above. It was also evident that l-MTI suppressed the bronchodilating action of isoproterenol in pentobarbital anesthetized guinea pigs. In addition, l-MTI increased the heart rate of guinea pigs with a low beating rate, but decreased it when the control rate was high. These results suggest that at least in guinea pigs, l-MTI acts as a partial agonist and that the effect of l-MTI on the bronchial system depends on the sympathetic tone and/or sympathetic bronchodilator reflex, as proposed by McCULLOCH ET AL. (9).", "PMID": 105973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7013", "title": "Effect of inhibitors on acid production by baker's yeast.", "content": "Glucose-induced acid extrusion, respiration and anaerobic fermentation in baker's yeast was studied with the aid of sixteen inhibitors. Uranyl(2+) nitrate affected the acid extrusion more anaerobically than aerobically; the complexing of Mg2+ and Ca2+ by EDTA at the membrane had no effect. Inhibitors of glycolysis (iodoacetamide, N-ethylmaleimide, fluoride) suppressed acid production markedly, and so did the phosphorylation-blocking arsenate. Fluoroacetate, inhibiting the citric-acid cycle, had no effect. Inhibition by uncouplers depended on their pKa values: 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (pKa 0.4) less than 2,4-dinitrophenol (4.1) less than azide (4.7) less than 3-chlorophenylhydrazonomalononitrile (6.0). Inhibition by trinitrophenol was only slightly increased by its acetylation. Cyanide and nonpermeant oligomycin showed practically no effect; inhibition by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was delayed but potent. The concentration profiles of inhibition of acid production differed from those of respiration and fermentation. Thus, though the acid production is a metabolically dependent process, it does not reflect the intensity of metabolism, except partly in the first half of glycolysis.", "contents": "Effect of inhibitors on acid production by baker's yeast. Glucose-induced acid extrusion, respiration and anaerobic fermentation in baker's yeast was studied with the aid of sixteen inhibitors. Uranyl(2+) nitrate affected the acid extrusion more anaerobically than aerobically; the complexing of Mg2+ and Ca2+ by EDTA at the membrane had no effect. Inhibitors of glycolysis (iodoacetamide, N-ethylmaleimide, fluoride) suppressed acid production markedly, and so did the phosphorylation-blocking arsenate. Fluoroacetate, inhibiting the citric-acid cycle, had no effect. Inhibition by uncouplers depended on their pKa values: 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (pKa 0.4) less than 2,4-dinitrophenol (4.1) less than azide (4.7) less than 3-chlorophenylhydrazonomalononitrile (6.0). Inhibition by trinitrophenol was only slightly increased by its acetylation. Cyanide and nonpermeant oligomycin showed practically no effect; inhibition by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was delayed but potent. The concentration profiles of inhibition of acid production differed from those of respiration and fermentation. Thus, though the acid production is a metabolically dependent process, it does not reflect the intensity of metabolism, except partly in the first half of glycolysis.", "PMID": 105974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7014", "title": "Eurotium (Aspergillus) repens metabolites and their biological activity.", "content": "Eurotium repens mycelium cultivated under static conditions was used to isolate and identify metabolities--echinulin, physcion, erythroglaucin, flavoglaucin and asperentin; the filtrate of the culture yielded asperentin 8-methylether. The broadest biological activity spectrum was displayed by asperentin which had antibacterial and antifungal effects and, at a concentration of 86 microgram/ml, caused 50% mor7 tality in Artemia saline larvae. The highest cytotoxicity towards HeLa cells was found in physcion which caused 50% growth inhibition at a concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Eurotium (Aspergillus) repens metabolites and their biological activity. Eurotium repens mycelium cultivated under static conditions was used to isolate and identify metabolities--echinulin, physcion, erythroglaucin, flavoglaucin and asperentin; the filtrate of the culture yielded asperentin 8-methylether. The broadest biological activity spectrum was displayed by asperentin which had antibacterial and antifungal effects and, at a concentration of 86 microgram/ml, caused 50% mor7 tality in Artemia saline larvae. The highest cytotoxicity towards HeLa cells was found in physcion which caused 50% growth inhibition at a concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 105975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7015", "title": "Inhibition of photo-induced Trichoderma viride conidiation by inhibitors of RNA synthesis.", "content": "The photo-induced conidiation of Trichoderma viride is suppressed by ethidium bromide, acriflavin, lomofungin and 8-quinolinol at concentrations which do not inhibit the colony growth of this deuteromycete.", "contents": "Inhibition of photo-induced Trichoderma viride conidiation by inhibitors of RNA synthesis. The photo-induced conidiation of Trichoderma viride is suppressed by ethidium bromide, acriflavin, lomofungin and 8-quinolinol at concentrations which do not inhibit the colony growth of this deuteromycete.", "PMID": 105976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7016", "title": "[Acute polyneuropathy due to phosphate deficiency during parenteral feeding].", "content": "A malnourished M. Crohn-patient developed severe symptoms similar to those of an acute polyneuropathy associated with a period of marked decrease of serum phosphate concentration during intravenous high-caloric infusions. After the serum phosphate concentration was normalized recovery from all neurologic symptoms followed within a few days. Based on this observation the possible consequences of severe hypophosphatemia are discussed.", "contents": "[Acute polyneuropathy due to phosphate deficiency during parenteral feeding]. A malnourished M. Crohn-patient developed severe symptoms similar to those of an acute polyneuropathy associated with a period of marked decrease of serum phosphate concentration during intravenous high-caloric infusions. After the serum phosphate concentration was normalized recovery from all neurologic symptoms followed within a few days. Based on this observation the possible consequences of severe hypophosphatemia are discussed.", "PMID": 105978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7017", "title": "Thyroxine inactivation by starvation in cultured hepatocarcinoma cells, Formation of reverse triiodothyronine.", "content": "The effect of starvation on thyroid hormone metabolism was studied in monkey hepatocarcinoma monolayer cultures. Nonphenolic ring monodeiodination of thyroxine, 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine and 3, 3'-diiodothyronine was accelerated. Since phenolic ring deiodination of 3, 3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) was unaffected, this metabolite accumulated in the medium during thyroxine metabolism. This suggests that increased serum reverse T3 in malnourished humans may be caused by enhanced deiodination of thyroxine rather than decreased rT3 catabolism.", "contents": "Thyroxine inactivation by starvation in cultured hepatocarcinoma cells, Formation of reverse triiodothyronine. The effect of starvation on thyroid hormone metabolism was studied in monkey hepatocarcinoma monolayer cultures. Nonphenolic ring monodeiodination of thyroxine, 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine and 3, 3'-diiodothyronine was accelerated. Since phenolic ring deiodination of 3, 3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) was unaffected, this metabolite accumulated in the medium during thyroxine metabolism. This suggests that increased serum reverse T3 in malnourished humans may be caused by enhanced deiodination of thyroxine rather than decreased rT3 catabolism.", "PMID": 105981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7018", "title": "Canada's NHI: a physician's evaluation.", "content": "A physician in Manitoba reports that a national health care system has worked well in Canada, particularly for poor people and for governments concerned about the equitable and universal delivery of health care, as well as about rising health costs. Physicians, however, find the greatest problems are their own low salary and their lack of impact on government policy.", "contents": "Canada's NHI: a physician's evaluation. A physician in Manitoba reports that a national health care system has worked well in Canada, particularly for poor people and for governments concerned about the equitable and universal delivery of health care, as well as about rising health costs. Physicians, however, find the greatest problems are their own low salary and their lack of impact on government policy.", "PMID": 105983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7019", "title": "Variability of bacterial gene-directed enzyme production in human genetically deficient cells.", "content": "Human beta-galactosidase-deficient skin fibroblasts from a patient with generalized gangliosidosis (GMI-gangliosidosis type I) were treated with phage lambda plac DNA, coding for Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC.3.2.1.23). New beta-galactosidase activity detected in cell extracts of phage DNA-treated GMI-gangliosidosis fibroblasts continued to vary considerably from one experiment to another. It behaved like the E. coli z-gene product upon immunochemical and physicochemical investigation. In some experiments the antigenic behavior of resultant beta-galactoside activity in lambda plac DNA-treated cells resembled that of mutant E. coli beta-galactosidase. Among the factors and variables that may be responsible for the variation in the results obtained here and elsewhere, low physical binding between prokaryotic mRNA sequences and fibroblast ribosomal RNA could play a part connected with effective translation. This hypothesis is discussed under the aspect of a comparison of the ribosomal binding site of lac z mRNA with the 3'-terminus of the eukaryotic 18s ribosomal RNA, which shows limited possibilities for base-pairing interactions. More extensive possibilities for forming Watson-Crick base pairs between their initiation site and the eukaryotic ribosomal binding site exist for other prokaryotic messengers, such as those of Q beta-replicase, f 1-coat protein, or UDPG-4-epimerase.", "contents": "Variability of bacterial gene-directed enzyme production in human genetically deficient cells. Human beta-galactosidase-deficient skin fibroblasts from a patient with generalized gangliosidosis (GMI-gangliosidosis type I) were treated with phage lambda plac DNA, coding for Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC.3.2.1.23). New beta-galactosidase activity detected in cell extracts of phage DNA-treated GMI-gangliosidosis fibroblasts continued to vary considerably from one experiment to another. It behaved like the E. coli z-gene product upon immunochemical and physicochemical investigation. In some experiments the antigenic behavior of resultant beta-galactoside activity in lambda plac DNA-treated cells resembled that of mutant E. coli beta-galactosidase. Among the factors and variables that may be responsible for the variation in the results obtained here and elsewhere, low physical binding between prokaryotic mRNA sequences and fibroblast ribosomal RNA could play a part connected with effective translation. This hypothesis is discussed under the aspect of a comparison of the ribosomal binding site of lac z mRNA with the 3'-terminus of the eukaryotic 18s ribosomal RNA, which shows limited possibilities for base-pairing interactions. More extensive possibilities for forming Watson-Crick base pairs between their initiation site and the eukaryotic ribosomal binding site exist for other prokaryotic messengers, such as those of Q beta-replicase, f 1-coat protein, or UDPG-4-epimerase.", "PMID": 105984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7020", "title": "Anti-kappa/lambda immunobead for detection of human B lymphocytes.", "content": "Several methods were compared for quantitating the B lymphocytes in human peripheral blood. RBC rosette assays including sheep and bovine red blood cells, and immunobead rosette assays including beads coated with anti-kappalambda and trivalent anti-GAM antibodies respectively were investigated. The anti-kappalambda bead assay proved to be simpler, faster, higher in reproducibility, and appeared to be more accurate than any of the other assays.", "contents": "Anti-kappa/lambda immunobead for detection of human B lymphocytes. Several methods were compared for quantitating the B lymphocytes in human peripheral blood. RBC rosette assays including sheep and bovine red blood cells, and immunobead rosette assays including beads coated with anti-kappalambda and trivalent anti-GAM antibodies respectively were investigated. The anti-kappalambda bead assay proved to be simpler, faster, higher in reproducibility, and appeared to be more accurate than any of the other assays.", "PMID": 105987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7021", "title": "[False-negative antiglobulin-(Coombs-) test caused by anticomplement bovine albumin batches in the transfusion preparation].", "content": "Different brands of bovine albumins were tested as reagent in the second step of the so called 3-stage-screening test for irregular blood group antibodies. In 3 of 9 brands of bovine albumin there was anticomplementary activity which was the cause of diminished or negative reactions in the third stage of the screening test (antiglobulin stage). The disadvantageous brands of bovine albumin contained Na2-EDTA which revealed to be responsible for the anti-complementary activity.", "contents": "[False-negative antiglobulin-(Coombs-) test caused by anticomplement bovine albumin batches in the transfusion preparation]. Different brands of bovine albumins were tested as reagent in the second step of the so called 3-stage-screening test for irregular blood group antibodies. In 3 of 9 brands of bovine albumin there was anticomplementary activity which was the cause of diminished or negative reactions in the third stage of the screening test (antiglobulin stage). The disadvantageous brands of bovine albumin contained Na2-EDTA which revealed to be responsible for the anti-complementary activity.", "PMID": 105998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7022", "title": "[The level of the plasma proteins transferrin, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin in the postoperative parenteral feeding by administration of varying amounts of amino acids].", "content": "38 adult patients of a surgical intensive care ward received differently large amounts of amino acids during the course of postoperative parenteral nutrition. The dose of amino acids was adapted to the preoperative nutritional condition of the patient. Changes in the serum levels of retinol-binding protein, prealbumin and transferrin were registered as well as changes in total protein and nitrogen balance up to a maximum of 10 postoperative days. Depending upon the amount of administered amino acids, the values for transferrin and nitrogen balance had changed more significantly than those of serum concentrations of retinol-binding protein and of prealbumin.", "contents": "[The level of the plasma proteins transferrin, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin in the postoperative parenteral feeding by administration of varying amounts of amino acids]. 38 adult patients of a surgical intensive care ward received differently large amounts of amino acids during the course of postoperative parenteral nutrition. The dose of amino acids was adapted to the preoperative nutritional condition of the patient. Changes in the serum levels of retinol-binding protein, prealbumin and transferrin were registered as well as changes in total protein and nitrogen balance up to a maximum of 10 postoperative days. Depending upon the amount of administered amino acids, the values for transferrin and nitrogen balance had changed more significantly than those of serum concentrations of retinol-binding protein and of prealbumin.", "PMID": 105999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7023", "title": "[Postoperative long-term feeding with maltose supplementation].", "content": "2 litres of a 40% carbohydrate combination solution consisting of glucose, fructose, xylitol and maltose in the ratio 1:1:1:1 were infused together with 1 litre of 8% amino acid solution (aminomel L 8 oKH salvia) over a period of 24 hours for 4 days to 16 patients who had undergone gastric resection by the Billroth II procedure. Since maltose is partly excreted as glucose, maltose and glucose were jointly balanced. The joint conversion was, on average, 75, the fructose conversion 97 and the xylitol conversion 94%. The mean conversion of the 4 carbohydrates was about 85% corresponding to 2800 kcal (11,720 joule) daily. The nitrogen balance showed initally a slight catabolism. The serum insulin level rose significantly and simultaneously there was inhibition of lipolysis. The metabolic state and tolerance parameters remained in the normal range. The only side-effects noted were an increasing activity of the alkaline phosphatase and a significant elevation of the gamma-GT on the 4th day. The administration of relatively large quantities of maltose and glucose in combination with fructose and xylitol does not appear to produce any notable advantages.", "contents": "[Postoperative long-term feeding with maltose supplementation]. 2 litres of a 40% carbohydrate combination solution consisting of glucose, fructose, xylitol and maltose in the ratio 1:1:1:1 were infused together with 1 litre of 8% amino acid solution (aminomel L 8 oKH salvia) over a period of 24 hours for 4 days to 16 patients who had undergone gastric resection by the Billroth II procedure. Since maltose is partly excreted as glucose, maltose and glucose were jointly balanced. The joint conversion was, on average, 75, the fructose conversion 97 and the xylitol conversion 94%. The mean conversion of the 4 carbohydrates was about 85% corresponding to 2800 kcal (11,720 joule) daily. The nitrogen balance showed initally a slight catabolism. The serum insulin level rose significantly and simultaneously there was inhibition of lipolysis. The metabolic state and tolerance parameters remained in the normal range. The only side-effects noted were an increasing activity of the alkaline phosphatase and a significant elevation of the gamma-GT on the 4th day. The administration of relatively large quantities of maltose and glucose in combination with fructose and xylitol does not appear to produce any notable advantages.", "PMID": 106000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7024", "title": "Microscopic characterization of rabbit lung damage produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteases.", "content": "The intratracheal administration of highly purified Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteases (ca. 10 to 100 microgram) elicited extensive, grossly observable rabbit lung damage by 3 h postinjection. Light and electron microscopic characterization of the lesions revealed: (i) progressive injury and necrosis of type I epithelial cells and capillary  endothelial cells from 3 h to 1 day postinjection, and progressively increasing accumulations of erythrocytes, plasma proteins, fibrin, and released type II epithelial cell lamellar bodies in alveolar lumina during that time period; (ii) progressively increasing accumulations of macrophages, but not of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, in alveolar lumina from 3 h to 6 days postinjection; (iii)  progressive hyperplasia of type II epithelial cells from 12 h to 4 days postinjection; (iv) progressive infiltration of alveolar septa by mononuclear inflammatory cells (interstitial pneumonitis) from 2 to 6 days postinjection; (v) no loss of alveolar septal connective tissue and no damage to pulmonary arterioles and venules; and (vi) almost normal alveolar structure by ca. 8 days postinjection. The study revealed that the intra-alveolar hemorrhage, the injury and necrosis of alveolar septal cells, and the infiltration by mononuclear cells that have been reported to occur during human pseudomonas pneumonia can also be elicited by the experimental administration of pseudomonas proteases. Thus, the results support the idea that in vivo production and activity of P. aeruginosa proteases is important, at least in part, in eliciting the lung damage characteristic of pseudomonas pneumonia.", "contents": "Microscopic characterization of rabbit lung damage produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteases. The intratracheal administration of highly purified Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteases (ca. 10 to 100 microgram) elicited extensive, grossly observable rabbit lung damage by 3 h postinjection. Light and electron microscopic characterization of the lesions revealed: (i) progressive injury and necrosis of type I epithelial cells and capillary  endothelial cells from 3 h to 1 day postinjection, and progressively increasing accumulations of erythrocytes, plasma proteins, fibrin, and released type II epithelial cell lamellar bodies in alveolar lumina during that time period; (ii) progressively increasing accumulations of macrophages, but not of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, in alveolar lumina from 3 h to 6 days postinjection; (iii)  progressive hyperplasia of type II epithelial cells from 12 h to 4 days postinjection; (iv) progressive infiltration of alveolar septa by mononuclear inflammatory cells (interstitial pneumonitis) from 2 to 6 days postinjection; (v) no loss of alveolar septal connective tissue and no damage to pulmonary arterioles and venules; and (vi) almost normal alveolar structure by ca. 8 days postinjection. The study revealed that the intra-alveolar hemorrhage, the injury and necrosis of alveolar septal cells, and the infiltration by mononuclear cells that have been reported to occur during human pseudomonas pneumonia can also be elicited by the experimental administration of pseudomonas proteases. Thus, the results support the idea that in vivo production and activity of P. aeruginosa proteases is important, at least in part, in eliciting the lung damage characteristic of pseudomonas pneumonia.", "PMID": 106001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7025", "title": "Anticomplementary activity of tuberculin: relationship to platelet aggregation and lytic response.", "content": "Experiments were performed to examine the interaction of tuberculin with platelets and complement. Hemolytic complement titrations show that tuberculin consumes complement in human, rabbit, and guinea pig serum. Evidence in support of classical pathway activation was provided by observation of C1 consumption and failure to detect significant conversion of alternative pathway factor B to B by immunoelectrophoresis. Platelets in plasma from guinea pigs deficient in the fourth component of complement were not affected by tuberculin. However, studies on platelet aggregation in plasma chelated with ethyleneglycolbis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid indicated that tuberculin may initiate sluggish activation of the alternative pathway. That the reaction between tuberculin and platelets is a lytic one was evidenced by observing the release of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactic dehydrogenase and efflux of rubidium-86. Studies with C6-deficient rabbits indicated that platelet release of exogenously supplied tritiated serotonin is caused by platelet lysis.", "contents": "Anticomplementary activity of tuberculin: relationship to platelet aggregation and lytic response. Experiments were performed to examine the interaction of tuberculin with platelets and complement. Hemolytic complement titrations show that tuberculin consumes complement in human, rabbit, and guinea pig serum. Evidence in support of classical pathway activation was provided by observation of C1 consumption and failure to detect significant conversion of alternative pathway factor B to B by immunoelectrophoresis. Platelets in plasma from guinea pigs deficient in the fourth component of complement were not affected by tuberculin. However, studies on platelet aggregation in plasma chelated with ethyleneglycolbis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid indicated that tuberculin may initiate sluggish activation of the alternative pathway. That the reaction between tuberculin and platelets is a lytic one was evidenced by observing the release of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactic dehydrogenase and efflux of rubidium-86. Studies with C6-deficient rabbits indicated that platelet release of exogenously supplied tritiated serotonin is caused by platelet lysis.", "PMID": 106002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7026", "title": "Microbial interference and colonization of the murine gastrointestinal tract by Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "Two strains of Listeria monocytogenes, one that formed smooth colonies on agar surfaces and a varient of it that formed rough colonies, colonized the gastrointestinal tracts of germfree mice. Within 24 h after mice were inoculated orally with about 100 bacteria, the population levels per gram (wet weight) of tissue of both strains were 10(5) to 10(7) in the stomach and ileum and 10(8) to 10(9) in the cecum and colon, respectively. As detected in Gram-stained histological sections, in such gnotobiotes, the bacteria colonized the lumen in all areas of the tract and much of the mucus layer on the epithelial surface in the proximal colon. The strain that formed smooth colonies did not colonize the tracts of specific-pathogen-free mice, but did colonize, to the same levels as in germfree mice, the stomachs and bowels of ex-germfree mice previously associated with two members of the indigenous flora (Bacteroides and Clostridium). In the latter animals, however, the listeria did not form layers on the colonic epithelium as efficiently as they did in monoassociated gnotobiotes.", "contents": "Microbial interference and colonization of the murine gastrointestinal tract by Listeria monocytogenes. Two strains of Listeria monocytogenes, one that formed smooth colonies on agar surfaces and a varient of it that formed rough colonies, colonized the gastrointestinal tracts of germfree mice. Within 24 h after mice were inoculated orally with about 100 bacteria, the population levels per gram (wet weight) of tissue of both strains were 10(5) to 10(7) in the stomach and ileum and 10(8) to 10(9) in the cecum and colon, respectively. As detected in Gram-stained histological sections, in such gnotobiotes, the bacteria colonized the lumen in all areas of the tract and much of the mucus layer on the epithelial surface in the proximal colon. The strain that formed smooth colonies did not colonize the tracts of specific-pathogen-free mice, but did colonize, to the same levels as in germfree mice, the stomachs and bowels of ex-germfree mice previously associated with two members of the indigenous flora (Bacteroides and Clostridium). In the latter animals, however, the listeria did not form layers on the colonic epithelium as efficiently as they did in monoassociated gnotobiotes.", "PMID": 106003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7027", "title": "Enhancement of resistance to murine osteogenic sarcoma in vivo by an extract of Brucella abortus (Bru-Pel): association with activation of reticuloendothelial system macrophages.", "content": "The administration of an aqueous-ether extracted residue of Brucella abortus (Bru-Pel) inhibits development of transplanted osteogenic sarcomas in mice as evidenced by a decrease in mortality. At least one mechanism through which Bru-Pel modulates host resistance is activation of macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. Peritoneal macrophages harvested from mice receiving Bru-Pel were cytotoxic for osteogenic sarcoma cells in vitro, limited the replication of vaccinia virus in cell cultures, and demonstrated enhanced emittance of chemiluminescence during phagocytosis of zymosan particles of Candida albicans. The concept of reticuloendothelial system activation was further supported by the evidence that administration of Bru-Pel enhanced resistance of mice to challenge with a lethal inoculum of Listeria monocytogenes. These observation support the hypothesis that Bru-Pel shares a number of characteristics with recognized immunomodulating agents and that one mechanism by which it modulates host resistance to tumors, to virus infections, and to challenge with L. monocytogenes is through activation of macrophages.", "contents": "Enhancement of resistance to murine osteogenic sarcoma in vivo by an extract of Brucella abortus (Bru-Pel): association with activation of reticuloendothelial system macrophages. The administration of an aqueous-ether extracted residue of Brucella abortus (Bru-Pel) inhibits development of transplanted osteogenic sarcomas in mice as evidenced by a decrease in mortality. At least one mechanism through which Bru-Pel modulates host resistance is activation of macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. Peritoneal macrophages harvested from mice receiving Bru-Pel were cytotoxic for osteogenic sarcoma cells in vitro, limited the replication of vaccinia virus in cell cultures, and demonstrated enhanced emittance of chemiluminescence during phagocytosis of zymosan particles of Candida albicans. The concept of reticuloendothelial system activation was further supported by the evidence that administration of Bru-Pel enhanced resistance of mice to challenge with a lethal inoculum of Listeria monocytogenes. These observation support the hypothesis that Bru-Pel shares a number of characteristics with recognized immunomodulating agents and that one mechanism by which it modulates host resistance to tumors, to virus infections, and to challenge with L. monocytogenes is through activation of macrophages.", "PMID": 106004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7028", "title": "Binding of antigen-enzyme complex by antigen-binding cells as an approach for immunogdiagnosis.", "content": "An immunoenzyme method capable of detecting specific antigen-binding cells is developed. The method is based on the chemical coupling of the antigen to beta-galactosidase and binding of the conjugate to the corresponding antigen-binding cells. Human hydatid fluid was used as an antigen model, and cells derived from rabbits immunized with human hydatid fluid showed specific binding to human hydatid fluid-beta-galactosidase conjugate. The method is specific and reproducible and could be used as an immunodiagnostic test for various diseases in which little or no antibody is produced.", "contents": "Binding of antigen-enzyme complex by antigen-binding cells as an approach for immunogdiagnosis. An immunoenzyme method capable of detecting specific antigen-binding cells is developed. The method is based on the chemical coupling of the antigen to beta-galactosidase and binding of the conjugate to the corresponding antigen-binding cells. Human hydatid fluid was used as an antigen model, and cells derived from rabbits immunized with human hydatid fluid showed specific binding to human hydatid fluid-beta-galactosidase conjugate. The method is specific and reproducible and could be used as an immunodiagnostic test for various diseases in which little or no antibody is produced.", "PMID": 106005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7029", "title": "Antitumor activity of Listeria monocytogenes on a guinea pig fibrosarcoma.", "content": "Listeria monocytogenes-mediated tumor inhibition was studied in strain 13 guinea pigs by using a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (MCA-1). Mixtures of Listeria and tumor cells in ratios of 1:100, 1:200, or 1:400 (Listeria:MCA-1 cells) led to significant suppression of tumor growth. Intralesional injection of tumors on day 6 posttransplantation led to the regression of a highly significant number of tumors. Animals receiving injections of Listeria, either in a mixture with tumor cells or intralesionally, displayed enhanced skin test reactivity to a tumor extract. Tumor regressors were resistant for at least 2 to 3 months after the initial transplant to rechallenge with MCA-1 cells. Thus, with this particular tumor-host system, Listeria was successfully employed as an antitumor agent with no visibly detrimental side effects to the host.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of Listeria monocytogenes on a guinea pig fibrosarcoma. Listeria monocytogenes-mediated tumor inhibition was studied in strain 13 guinea pigs by using a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (MCA-1). Mixtures of Listeria and tumor cells in ratios of 1:100, 1:200, or 1:400 (Listeria:MCA-1 cells) led to significant suppression of tumor growth. Intralesional injection of tumors on day 6 posttransplantation led to the regression of a highly significant number of tumors. Animals receiving injections of Listeria, either in a mixture with tumor cells or intralesionally, displayed enhanced skin test reactivity to a tumor extract. Tumor regressors were resistant for at least 2 to 3 months after the initial transplant to rechallenge with MCA-1 cells. Thus, with this particular tumor-host system, Listeria was successfully employed as an antitumor agent with no visibly detrimental side effects to the host.", "PMID": 106006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7030", "title": "Growth of Rickettsia typhi in irradiated L cells enhanced by lysosomal stabilization.", "content": "The growth of some obligate intracellular parasites is contingent upon avoidance of lysosomal activation during growth in their host cells. This is accomplished by the various parasites by different mechanisms and with different degrees of efficiency. The possibility was tested that the lysosomal stabilizer cortisone acetate might protect and thus enhance the growth of Rickettsia typhi in mouse L cells irradiated 6 days earlier. Beginning 2 days before infection of the L cells with a multiplicity of 10 rickettsiae, 20 microgram of cortisone per ml was added in medium 199 containing 5% fetal calf serum. This concentration of cortisone was below the cytotoxic level, as determined by viability staining, but was sufficient to significantly alter the ratios of cellular and released acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in uninfected and infected cells, as shown by spectrophotometric analysis. Rickettsial replication, measured by hemolytic activity at 96 h and confirmed by microscopic observations at earlier stages of infection, was increased by the cortisone. Cortisone concentrations of 10 or 40 microgram/ml were less effective, and cortisone was ineffective when the rickettsial multiplicity per L cell was 2 or lower. These results indicate that amounts of cortisone that increase lysosomal stabilization in L cells favor rickettsial multiplication when the multiplicity of infection is relatively high.", "contents": "Growth of Rickettsia typhi in irradiated L cells enhanced by lysosomal stabilization. The growth of some obligate intracellular parasites is contingent upon avoidance of lysosomal activation during growth in their host cells. This is accomplished by the various parasites by different mechanisms and with different degrees of efficiency. The possibility was tested that the lysosomal stabilizer cortisone acetate might protect and thus enhance the growth of Rickettsia typhi in mouse L cells irradiated 6 days earlier. Beginning 2 days before infection of the L cells with a multiplicity of 10 rickettsiae, 20 microgram of cortisone per ml was added in medium 199 containing 5% fetal calf serum. This concentration of cortisone was below the cytotoxic level, as determined by viability staining, but was sufficient to significantly alter the ratios of cellular and released acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in uninfected and infected cells, as shown by spectrophotometric analysis. Rickettsial replication, measured by hemolytic activity at 96 h and confirmed by microscopic observations at earlier stages of infection, was increased by the cortisone. Cortisone concentrations of 10 or 40 microgram/ml were less effective, and cortisone was ineffective when the rickettsial multiplicity per L cell was 2 or lower. These results indicate that amounts of cortisone that increase lysosomal stabilization in L cells favor rickettsial multiplication when the multiplicity of infection is relatively high.", "PMID": 106007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7031", "title": "Phage-related surface modifications of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: effects on the biological activity of viable cells.", "content": "Lysogenic [EI(8)3] and phage 8-resistant mutant (EI/8S17) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa EI were isolated. Besides lacking the capacity to adsorb phage 8, strains EI(8)3 and EI/8s17 did not contain surface substrate for the depolymerase that is produced de novo when phage 8 infects wild-type strain. EI. The glycolipoprotein (GLP) in the wild type contains phage 8 receptors and surface substrate for the depolymerase, as well as possesses characteristics of a virulence factor; therefore, the chemical and biological characteristics of the derived strains were investigated. The neutral-sugar, amino sugar, and protein content of the GLPs from the derived strains differed quantitatively from that of the wild type. In spite of some cross-reactivity, the GLPs from all strains were antigenically distinct in the indirect hemagglutination inhibition test. In mice, the toxicity of the GLP from strain EI(8)3 equaled that of the wild type, but the  GLP of strain EI/8s17 was threefold less toxic.  Significantly fewer viable EI(8)3 cells were required for the mouse 50% lethal dose than for the cells of either the wild type or the phage-resistant mutant.", "contents": "Phage-related surface modifications of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: effects on the biological activity of viable cells. Lysogenic [EI(8)3] and phage 8-resistant mutant (EI/8S17) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa EI were isolated. Besides lacking the capacity to adsorb phage 8, strains EI(8)3 and EI/8s17 did not contain surface substrate for the depolymerase that is produced de novo when phage 8 infects wild-type strain. EI. The glycolipoprotein (GLP) in the wild type contains phage 8 receptors and surface substrate for the depolymerase, as well as possesses characteristics of a virulence factor; therefore, the chemical and biological characteristics of the derived strains were investigated. The neutral-sugar, amino sugar, and protein content of the GLPs from the derived strains differed quantitatively from that of the wild type. In spite of some cross-reactivity, the GLPs from all strains were antigenically distinct in the indirect hemagglutination inhibition test. In mice, the toxicity of the GLP from strain EI(8)3 equaled that of the wild type, but the  GLP of strain EI/8s17 was threefold less toxic.  Significantly fewer viable EI(8)3 cells were required for the mouse 50% lethal dose than for the cells of either the wild type or the phage-resistant mutant.", "PMID": 106008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7032", "title": "Antibody responses in the cerebrospinal fulid of cynomolgus monkeys after intracerebral inoculation with paramyxoviruses.", "content": "Cynomolgus monkeys with or without measles antibody were intracerebrally inoculated with measles or canine distemper viruses, and antibody responses in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were investigated. In measles antibody-free monkeys, natural infection with wild measles virus or intracerebral inoculations with two attenuated measles vaccines evoked primary antibody responses to measles virus in the sera but not in the CSF. In measles-immune monkeys, intracerebral inoculation with the TYCSA strain of measles virus produced a significantly high titer of measles antibody in the CSF with a minimal rise in the serum antibody and resulted in a significant decrease in serum/CSF antibody ratios. Intracerebral inoculation of a neurotropic canine distemper virus, the Onderstepoort strain, into measles-immune monkeys caused production of both measles and distemper antibodies in the CSF. Inoculation of measles-immune monkeys intravenously with measles virus or intracerebrally with rubella virus, which has no antigenic relation to measles virus, failed to evoke a measles antibody response in the CSF. These results indicated that local production of measles antibody in the CSF was caused by a stimulus within the central nervous system of measles virus antigen or canine distemper virus antigen that partially cross-reacted with measles virus antigen as a secondary antibody response.", "contents": "Antibody responses in the cerebrospinal fulid of cynomolgus monkeys after intracerebral inoculation with paramyxoviruses. Cynomolgus monkeys with or without measles antibody were intracerebrally inoculated with measles or canine distemper viruses, and antibody responses in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were investigated. In measles antibody-free monkeys, natural infection with wild measles virus or intracerebral inoculations with two attenuated measles vaccines evoked primary antibody responses to measles virus in the sera but not in the CSF. In measles-immune monkeys, intracerebral inoculation with the TYCSA strain of measles virus produced a significantly high titer of measles antibody in the CSF with a minimal rise in the serum antibody and resulted in a significant decrease in serum/CSF antibody ratios. Intracerebral inoculation of a neurotropic canine distemper virus, the Onderstepoort strain, into measles-immune monkeys caused production of both measles and distemper antibodies in the CSF. Inoculation of measles-immune monkeys intravenously with measles virus or intracerebrally with rubella virus, which has no antigenic relation to measles virus, failed to evoke a measles antibody response in the CSF. These results indicated that local production of measles antibody in the CSF was caused by a stimulus within the central nervous system of measles virus antigen or canine distemper virus antigen that partially cross-reacted with measles virus antigen as a secondary antibody response.", "PMID": 106009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7033", "title": "Macrophage activation during experimental murine brucellosis: a basis for chronic infection.", "content": "Evidence is presented that the chronicity of infection in CBA mice after injection of Brucella abortus 19 is related to a number of factors: (i) the relative resistance of B. abortus to macrophage killing, which allowed some bacteria to survive the peak of macrophage activity occurring at 14 days; (ii) the decline in macrophage activity thereafter (this decline was related in part to the presence of fewer bacteria to stimulate the bactericidal activity and also to specific, active suppressor mechanisms not identified in this study); and (iii) the insensitivity of the persistent Brucella organisms to activated macrophages. This was not due to a selection of genetically resistant bacteria, but possibly to their inaccessibility, either within \"incompetent\" macrophages or outside macrophages altogether.", "contents": "Macrophage activation during experimental murine brucellosis: a basis for chronic infection. Evidence is presented that the chronicity of infection in CBA mice after injection of Brucella abortus 19 is related to a number of factors: (i) the relative resistance of B. abortus to macrophage killing, which allowed some bacteria to survive the peak of macrophage activity occurring at 14 days; (ii) the decline in macrophage activity thereafter (this decline was related in part to the presence of fewer bacteria to stimulate the bactericidal activity and also to specific, active suppressor mechanisms not identified in this study); and (iii) the insensitivity of the persistent Brucella organisms to activated macrophages. This was not due to a selection of genetically resistant bacteria, but possibly to their inaccessibility, either within \"incompetent\" macrophages or outside macrophages altogether.", "PMID": 106010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7034", "title": "Defective cellular immunity to gram-negative bacteria in cystic fibrosis patients.", "content": "In vitro lymphocyte responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been found to be impaired in cystic fibrosis patients with advanced clinical disease. The responses to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Proteus mirabilis were studied in a similar group of cystic fibrosis patients and normal individuals. Cystic fibrosis patients found to be unresponsive to pseudomonas were also unresponsive to klebsiella, serratia, and proteus. Responsiveness to Staphylococcus aureus was not impaired in cystic fibrosis patients. We postulate that in vitro lymphocyte responses to several gram-negative bacteria require the function of a lymphocyte subpopulation which may be impaired in some cystic fibrosis patients.", "contents": "Defective cellular immunity to gram-negative bacteria in cystic fibrosis patients. In vitro lymphocyte responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been found to be impaired in cystic fibrosis patients with advanced clinical disease. The responses to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Proteus mirabilis were studied in a similar group of cystic fibrosis patients and normal individuals. Cystic fibrosis patients found to be unresponsive to pseudomonas were also unresponsive to klebsiella, serratia, and proteus. Responsiveness to Staphylococcus aureus was not impaired in cystic fibrosis patients. We postulate that in vitro lymphocyte responses to several gram-negative bacteria require the function of a lymphocyte subpopulation which may be impaired in some cystic fibrosis patients.", "PMID": 106011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7035", "title": "Immunofluorescent studies of the local immune response in the mammary glands of rats.", "content": "Two irritants, phosphate-buffered saline and alcohol, and antigens including killed Brucella abortus, live B. abortus, Staphylococcus aureus, and rat parvovirus were separately infused into rat mammary glands during pregnancy, and by using immunofluorescent techniques, the numbers of immunoglobulin-containing cells in glands during lactation and involution were determined. The study provided basic information on the local immune response of the mammary gland to antigens of various types. In all experiments, the number of immunoglobulin M (IgM) cells present was small and no trends were apparent. IgA cells were always more prevalent than IgG cells. Fewer IgA cells were in the glands of rats infused with phosphate-buffered saline and alcohol than in normal rats. IgA cell prevalence was greatest in response to infusion of live B. abortus. Responses to live S. aureus and parvovirus were less pronounced, and infusion of killed B. abortus did not induce an elevation in IgA cell prevalence. IgG cell prevalence was greatest in response to infusion of live B. abortus or S. aureus and was decreasingly less pronounced in response to killed B. abortus and rat parvovirus. With the exception of parvovirus infusion, in regard to IgA cells, all glands locally infused with antigen had elevated IgA and IgG cell numbers when compared with noninfused glands in the same animal.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent studies of the local immune response in the mammary glands of rats. Two irritants, phosphate-buffered saline and alcohol, and antigens including killed Brucella abortus, live B. abortus, Staphylococcus aureus, and rat parvovirus were separately infused into rat mammary glands during pregnancy, and by using immunofluorescent techniques, the numbers of immunoglobulin-containing cells in glands during lactation and involution were determined. The study provided basic information on the local immune response of the mammary gland to antigens of various types. In all experiments, the number of immunoglobulin M (IgM) cells present was small and no trends were apparent. IgA cells were always more prevalent than IgG cells. Fewer IgA cells were in the glands of rats infused with phosphate-buffered saline and alcohol than in normal rats. IgA cell prevalence was greatest in response to infusion of live B. abortus. Responses to live S. aureus and parvovirus were less pronounced, and infusion of killed B. abortus did not induce an elevation in IgA cell prevalence. IgG cell prevalence was greatest in response to infusion of live B. abortus or S. aureus and was decreasingly less pronounced in response to killed B. abortus and rat parvovirus. With the exception of parvovirus infusion, in regard to IgA cells, all glands locally infused with antigen had elevated IgA and IgG cell numbers when compared with noninfused glands in the same animal.", "PMID": 106012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7036", "title": "Passive immunization against Pseudomonas with a ribosomal vaccine-induced immune serum and immunoglobulin fractions.", "content": "Passive protection of mice against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using specific antisera and immunoglobulin fractions induced by immunizing rabbits with a ribosomal vaccine is reported. The results demonstrated that protection by the ribosomal vaccine against challenge with live organisms can be serum mediated. Previous work has shown that the vaccine can be separated into two components on the basis of molecular weight and that both higher (peak A)- and lower (peak B)-molecular-weight fractions were capable of inducing active immunity in mice. The present report indicates that both fractions are also capable of eliciting the production of mouse-protective antibody in rabbits. Agar gel diffusion with antisera to peaks A and B or unfractionated vaccine indicated a common antigenic component among them in addition to an extra antigen in unfractionated vaccine not present in peak B. Passive hemagglutination with antisera to peaks A and B demonstrated high-titer agglutinating antibody only with antiserum to peak A when a method of erythrocyte sensitization for lipopolysaccharide antigens was used. Also, passive hemagglutination was greatly inhibited by small amounts of lipopolysaccharide prepared from the same organism from which the vaccine was made. Both antisera to peaks A and B fixed complement with either A or B antigens. Antisera to peaks A and B, when reacted with peak B antigen, had about the same complement fixation titer (as determined by a quantitative complement fixation test). However, when peak A antigen was used, antiserum to peak A had about twice the complement fixation titer that antiserum to peak B had. These results are consistent with previous observations which suggest that the ribosomal vaccine contains lipopolysaccharide in addition to an unidentified immunogenic principle associated with ribosomes. Furthermore, this immunogen was present in both peaks A and B, but detectable amounts of lipopolysaccharide were present only in peak A. The relative importance of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM classes of antibodies was also compared. The results indicated that both IgG and IgM isolated from immune rabbit serum are protective in mice. Only IgG precipitated with the vaccine in agar gel diffusion, but both IgG and IgM were active in passive hemagglutination and in complement fixation. The passive hemagglutination titer of the IgM was higher than that of the IgG, but the complement fixation titer of the IgG was higher than that of the IgM. The mouse-protective capability of the IgG and IgM was about the same.", "contents": "Passive immunization against Pseudomonas with a ribosomal vaccine-induced immune serum and immunoglobulin fractions. Passive protection of mice against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using specific antisera and immunoglobulin fractions induced by immunizing rabbits with a ribosomal vaccine is reported. The results demonstrated that protection by the ribosomal vaccine against challenge with live organisms can be serum mediated. Previous work has shown that the vaccine can be separated into two components on the basis of molecular weight and that both higher (peak A)- and lower (peak B)-molecular-weight fractions were capable of inducing active immunity in mice. The present report indicates that both fractions are also capable of eliciting the production of mouse-protective antibody in rabbits. Agar gel diffusion with antisera to peaks A and B or unfractionated vaccine indicated a common antigenic component among them in addition to an extra antigen in unfractionated vaccine not present in peak B. Passive hemagglutination with antisera to peaks A and B demonstrated high-titer agglutinating antibody only with antiserum to peak A when a method of erythrocyte sensitization for lipopolysaccharide antigens was used. Also, passive hemagglutination was greatly inhibited by small amounts of lipopolysaccharide prepared from the same organism from which the vaccine was made. Both antisera to peaks A and B fixed complement with either A or B antigens. Antisera to peaks A and B, when reacted with peak B antigen, had about the same complement fixation titer (as determined by a quantitative complement fixation test). However, when peak A antigen was used, antiserum to peak A had about twice the complement fixation titer that antiserum to peak B had. These results are consistent with previous observations which suggest that the ribosomal vaccine contains lipopolysaccharide in addition to an unidentified immunogenic principle associated with ribosomes. Furthermore, this immunogen was present in both peaks A and B, but detectable amounts of lipopolysaccharide were present only in peak A. The relative importance of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM classes of antibodies was also compared. The results indicated that both IgG and IgM isolated from immune rabbit serum are protective in mice. Only IgG precipitated with the vaccine in agar gel diffusion, but both IgG and IgM were active in passive hemagglutination and in complement fixation. The passive hemagglutination titer of the IgM was higher than that of the IgG, but the complement fixation titer of the IgG was higher than that of the IgM. The mouse-protective capability of the IgG and IgM was about the same.", "PMID": 106013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7037", "title": "Group and type antigens of Capnocytophaga.", "content": "Group-specific and type-specific antigens have been identified and purified from sonic extracts of Capnocytophaga. The group-specific antigen, which was purified by affinity chromatography, was found to be identical to an antigen present in all 26 strains tested. The antigen is sensitive to trypsin, sodium dodecyl sulfate and heat labile, and composed predominantly (55%) of protein. The type-specific antigen, which was obtained by preparative immunoelectrophoresis, was found to be present in only 3 of the 26 strains tested. This antigen was resistant to heat, trypsin, and sodium dodecyl sulfate and was primarily composed of carbohydrate (47% phenol-sulfuric acid-positive material, 8% amino sugar). Agglutination and fluorescent antibody data suggest that both the group- and type-specific antigens reside on the cell surface.", "contents": "Group and type antigens of Capnocytophaga. Group-specific and type-specific antigens have been identified and purified from sonic extracts of Capnocytophaga. The group-specific antigen, which was purified by affinity chromatography, was found to be identical to an antigen present in all 26 strains tested. The antigen is sensitive to trypsin, sodium dodecyl sulfate and heat labile, and composed predominantly (55%) of protein. The type-specific antigen, which was obtained by preparative immunoelectrophoresis, was found to be present in only 3 of the 26 strains tested. This antigen was resistant to heat, trypsin, and sodium dodecyl sulfate and was primarily composed of carbohydrate (47% phenol-sulfuric acid-positive material, 8% amino sugar). Agglutination and fluorescent antibody data suggest that both the group- and type-specific antigens reside on the cell surface.", "PMID": 106014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7038", "title": "A new assay for the measurement of mediator release from rat peritoneal mast cells.", "content": "In this report, we describe a new in vitro experimental system for monitoring the release, and inhibition of release, of [3H]-serotonin from rat peritoneal mast cells, which can be used as a novel screen for evaluation of compounds effective in immediate hypersensitivity reactions. This assay is an improvement on existing assays since the cells are not required to be exposed to hormones at any time during the procedure. In this assay, 1 microgram/ml of compound 48/80 consistently produced a 6- to 8-fold-increase in release of serotonin with a low background release of 4-5%. Disodium chromoglycate (DSCG), a standard inhibitor of histamine release, effectively inhibited compound-48/80-stimulated serotonin release with an average I50 of 2.1 X 10(-4) M. Several other potential antiasthmatic agents were far more potent than DSCG.", "contents": "A new assay for the measurement of mediator release from rat peritoneal mast cells. In this report, we describe a new in vitro experimental system for monitoring the release, and inhibition of release, of [3H]-serotonin from rat peritoneal mast cells, which can be used as a novel screen for evaluation of compounds effective in immediate hypersensitivity reactions. This assay is an improvement on existing assays since the cells are not required to be exposed to hormones at any time during the procedure. In this assay, 1 microgram/ml of compound 48/80 consistently produced a 6- to 8-fold-increase in release of serotonin with a low background release of 4-5%. Disodium chromoglycate (DSCG), a standard inhibitor of histamine release, effectively inhibited compound-48/80-stimulated serotonin release with an average I50 of 2.1 X 10(-4) M. Several other potential antiasthmatic agents were far more potent than DSCG.", "PMID": 106016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7039", "title": "Effects of the obese (ob/ob) genotype on spleen cell immune function.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice homozygous for the obese (ob) mutation killed DBA/2 mastocytoma target cells less well than spleen cells from lean littermates or unrelated age-and sex-matched controls of the same strain. Killing was impaired only when the attacker cells were primed in vivo, not following in vitro priming. Hence the effect of the ob/ob genotype is not to produce an irreversible functional change in the lymphocyte, but rather to produce an environment in which lymphocytes are less able to react to priming antigen. Not only were the spleen cells of in vivo primed obese mice less active than those of lean controls, but also their number per spleen was significantly decreased. Such a quantitive difference was no longer found in adrenalectomised animals, but the qualitative difference in spleen cell cytotoxic activity still occurred. This suggests that adrenocortical hyperfunction may affect immune function in obese mice, without necessarily being the only factor in the in vivo environment of obese mouse spleen cells capable of depressing cellular immune reactivity.", "contents": "Effects of the obese (ob/ob) genotype on spleen cell immune function. Spleen cells from mice homozygous for the obese (ob) mutation killed DBA/2 mastocytoma target cells less well than spleen cells from lean littermates or unrelated age-and sex-matched controls of the same strain. Killing was impaired only when the attacker cells were primed in vivo, not following in vitro priming. Hence the effect of the ob/ob genotype is not to produce an irreversible functional change in the lymphocyte, but rather to produce an environment in which lymphocytes are less able to react to priming antigen. Not only were the spleen cells of in vivo primed obese mice less active than those of lean controls, but also their number per spleen was significantly decreased. Such a quantitive difference was no longer found in adrenalectomised animals, but the qualitative difference in spleen cell cytotoxic activity still occurred. This suggests that adrenocortical hyperfunction may affect immune function in obese mice, without necessarily being the only factor in the in vivo environment of obese mouse spleen cells capable of depressing cellular immune reactivity.", "PMID": 106017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7040", "title": "Implications of aldose reductase in cataracts in human diabetes.", "content": "Cataracts removed intracapsularly by cryoprobe technique from human diabetics were analyzed for sugars and polyols by gas liquid chromatography. The contents of sorbitol and fructose of lenses followed blood glucose levels at least up to 250 mg/dl. Studies indicate that human lens is capable of synthesizing substantial amounts of polyol pathway metabolites given exposure to high glucose levels such as are prevalent in diabetes. The synthesis of sorbitol was found to be susceptible to quercitrin, an inhibitor of aldose reductase. The implications of these findings in the formation of cataracts in diabetic individuals have been discussed.", "contents": "Implications of aldose reductase in cataracts in human diabetes. Cataracts removed intracapsularly by cryoprobe technique from human diabetics were analyzed for sugars and polyols by gas liquid chromatography. The contents of sorbitol and fructose of lenses followed blood glucose levels at least up to 250 mg/dl. Studies indicate that human lens is capable of synthesizing substantial amounts of polyol pathway metabolites given exposure to high glucose levels such as are prevalent in diabetes. The synthesis of sorbitol was found to be susceptible to quercitrin, an inhibitor of aldose reductase. The implications of these findings in the formation of cataracts in diabetic individuals have been discussed.", "PMID": 106020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7041", "title": "Low-energy, Q-switched ruby laser iridotomies in Macaca mulatta.", "content": "Laser iridotomies have been pursued as a means of performing anterior segments surgery as a virtually noninvasive procedure. An ideal single laser pulse technique has been elusive. In this study, iridotomies in rhesus monkeys were produced with a single exposure to a Q-switched ruby laser pulse. The iridotomy formation was accompanied by acoustic wave generation, bubble formation, and explosive tissue disruption, evidence of a nonlinear laser-iris interaction. The average energies at which these iridotomies were produced ranged between 18 and 48 mJ, some of the lowest energies reported for a laser iridotomy. Corneal changes were observed both at the epithelium and at the endothelium in some, but not all, of the eyes exposed. The epithelial changes morphologically resembled nonlinear damage reported for transparent solids. Damage to physical materials has been attributed to stimulated Brillouin scattering, a mechanism that may also play a role at the cornea. Consideration of such phenomena should be a part of the clinical evaluation prior to exposure of a cornea to high-power laser pulses. Although the endothelial change was more difficult to analyze, a shock-wave effect could not be discounted.", "contents": "Low-energy, Q-switched ruby laser iridotomies in Macaca mulatta. Laser iridotomies have been pursued as a means of performing anterior segments surgery as a virtually noninvasive procedure. An ideal single laser pulse technique has been elusive. In this study, iridotomies in rhesus monkeys were produced with a single exposure to a Q-switched ruby laser pulse. The iridotomy formation was accompanied by acoustic wave generation, bubble formation, and explosive tissue disruption, evidence of a nonlinear laser-iris interaction. The average energies at which these iridotomies were produced ranged between 18 and 48 mJ, some of the lowest energies reported for a laser iridotomy. Corneal changes were observed both at the epithelium and at the endothelium in some, but not all, of the eyes exposed. The epithelial changes morphologically resembled nonlinear damage reported for transparent solids. Damage to physical materials has been attributed to stimulated Brillouin scattering, a mechanism that may also play a role at the cornea. Consideration of such phenomena should be a part of the clinical evaluation prior to exposure of a cornea to high-power laser pulses. Although the endothelial change was more difficult to analyze, a shock-wave effect could not be discounted.", "PMID": 106021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7042", "title": "Stimulation of keratocyte metabolism by products of lymphoid cells.", "content": "Products of leukocytes were found to activate cultures of keratocytes, manifested by the increased incorporation of thymidine or leucine. The keratocyte activation capacity crosses the species barriers between rabbit, monkey, and human. The level of secreted keratocyte-activating factor(s) (KAF) depends on the stimulation of the leukocytes. Thus unstimulated rabbit leukocytes produced very little or no KAF, whereas significant levels were produced by leukocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or concanavalin A. High levels of KAF were also found in supernatants of human mononuclear leukocytes stimulated by LPS. The effects of the activated leukocyte supernatants on keratocyte metabolism resembled the increased metabolic activity induced by the fibroblast and epidermal growth factors. The relationship between KAF and a possible modulating role of the products of lymphoid cells on corneal wound healing is suggested.", "contents": "Stimulation of keratocyte metabolism by products of lymphoid cells. Products of leukocytes were found to activate cultures of keratocytes, manifested by the increased incorporation of thymidine or leucine. The keratocyte activation capacity crosses the species barriers between rabbit, monkey, and human. The level of secreted keratocyte-activating factor(s) (KAF) depends on the stimulation of the leukocytes. Thus unstimulated rabbit leukocytes produced very little or no KAF, whereas significant levels were produced by leukocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or concanavalin A. High levels of KAF were also found in supernatants of human mononuclear leukocytes stimulated by LPS. The effects of the activated leukocyte supernatants on keratocyte metabolism resembled the increased metabolic activity induced by the fibroblast and epidermal growth factors. The relationship between KAF and a possible modulating role of the products of lymphoid cells on corneal wound healing is suggested.", "PMID": 106022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7043", "title": "Health expenditure under multiple-priority pressures. A case study of Israel.", "content": "Since Israel's inception, it has faced many problems that have a high priority in the national consciousness. Problems of defense and national security are outstanding among these, and problems such as absorption of immigrants, education, land reclamation and water supply are next. This creates heavy pressure on scarce resources, and is reflected in the share of specific items in Government and national expenditures. An analysis of developments since the early 1950s shows how health expenditure has been given a high priority in the evaluation of the nation's needs on one hand, and has been influenced by defense needs and other pressing requests on the other hand. It may be concluded that health receives a fair share of the nation's resources, but, in view of the strained economic situation in the country, careful planning for future health services in coordination, cooperation and integration with other welfare services is essential.", "contents": "Health expenditure under multiple-priority pressures. A case study of Israel. Since Israel's inception, it has faced many problems that have a high priority in the national consciousness. Problems of defense and national security are outstanding among these, and problems such as absorption of immigrants, education, land reclamation and water supply are next. This creates heavy pressure on scarce resources, and is reflected in the share of specific items in Government and national expenditures. An analysis of developments since the early 1950s shows how health expenditure has been given a high priority in the evaluation of the nation's needs on one hand, and has been influenced by defense needs and other pressing requests on the other hand. It may be concluded that health receives a fair share of the nation's resources, but, in view of the strained economic situation in the country, careful planning for future health services in coordination, cooperation and integration with other welfare services is essential.", "PMID": 106023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7044", "title": "Preservation and storage of pathogenic Neisseria.", "content": "Pathogenic species of Neisseria, especially N. gonorrhoeae are notoriously difficult to maintain in a viable state for long storage periods. Frequent transfer of cultures on artificial media and storage at 4 to 8 C quickly leads to loss of viability and virulence and to changes in antigenicity. Freeze-drying has been reported as a convenient method for long-term storage of these organisms; however, many laboratories are not properly equipped to use this method. A simple, inexpensive, and efficient procedure is described for storage of N. gonorrhoeae or N. meningitidis for 12 and 18 months, respectively. Results of this work may provide the basis for an efficient method of transporting these organisms over long distances via mail.", "contents": "Preservation and storage of pathogenic Neisseria. Pathogenic species of Neisseria, especially N. gonorrhoeae are notoriously difficult to maintain in a viable state for long storage periods. Frequent transfer of cultures on artificial media and storage at 4 to 8 C quickly leads to loss of viability and virulence and to changes in antigenicity. Freeze-drying has been reported as a convenient method for long-term storage of these organisms; however, many laboratories are not properly equipped to use this method. A simple, inexpensive, and efficient procedure is described for storage of N. gonorrhoeae or N. meningitidis for 12 and 18 months, respectively. Results of this work may provide the basis for an efficient method of transporting these organisms over long distances via mail.", "PMID": 106024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7045", "title": "The dietary treatment of hepatic glycogen synthetase deficiency.", "content": "A child with glycogen synthetase deficiency has been treated for one year by more frequent feeding with a diet lower in carbohydrate and higher in protein than her previous diet. This treatment virtually abolished the overnight hyperketonaemia and daytime hyperglycaemia which occurred before treatment. On the new dietary regime the child has had no clinical symptoms of hypoglycaemia and her growth velocity has increased dramatically.", "contents": "The dietary treatment of hepatic glycogen synthetase deficiency. A child with glycogen synthetase deficiency has been treated for one year by more frequent feeding with a diet lower in carbohydrate and higher in protein than her previous diet. This treatment virtually abolished the overnight hyperketonaemia and daytime hyperglycaemia which occurred before treatment. On the new dietary regime the child has had no clinical symptoms of hypoglycaemia and her growth velocity has increased dramatically.", "PMID": 106027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7046", "title": "Lack of response to vitamin D therapy in a patient with hypoparathyroidism under anticonvulsant drugs.", "content": "Case report of a 16-year-old boy suffering from idiopathic hypoparathyroidism with severe seizures who erroneously and unsuccessfully had received anticonvulsive therapy for 12 years. When the correct diagnosis was made, treatment with massive doses of vitamin D2 was started. However, this treatment became effective only after the anticonvulsive therapy was discontinued; the serum calcium, phosphorus and the plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol returned to normal values, and the seizures stopped.", "contents": "Lack of response to vitamin D therapy in a patient with hypoparathyroidism under anticonvulsant drugs. Case report of a 16-year-old boy suffering from idiopathic hypoparathyroidism with severe seizures who erroneously and unsuccessfully had received anticonvulsive therapy for 12 years. When the correct diagnosis was made, treatment with massive doses of vitamin D2 was started. However, this treatment became effective only after the anticonvulsive therapy was discontinued; the serum calcium, phosphorus and the plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol returned to normal values, and the seizures stopped.", "PMID": 106028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7047", "title": "Non-Mendelian female sterility in Drosophila melanogaster: influence of ageing and thermic treatments. I. Evidence for a partly inheritable effect of these two factors.", "content": "Crosses between certain Drosophila melanogaster strains may give rise to female sterility of non-Mendelian determination. Reduced fertility is observed in F1 females, known as SF females, from crosses between females of \"reactive\" strains and males of \"inducer\" strains. The extent of this reduction of fertility depends on the strains which are used in the cross and on two non-genetic factors: age and temperature. The fertility of SF females increases with ageing. Also, exposing them for a short period to a high temperature (29 degrees C) either increases or decreases the probability of hatching of the eggs according to the stage of oogenesis at which the heat treatment is applied. A very striking point is that qualitatively quite similar, though attenuated, effects are observed when the two factors (ageing and temperature) are applied not directly to SF females, but to their maternal ancestors: mothers and grandmothers.", "contents": "Non-Mendelian female sterility in Drosophila melanogaster: influence of ageing and thermic treatments. I. Evidence for a partly inheritable effect of these two factors. Crosses between certain Drosophila melanogaster strains may give rise to female sterility of non-Mendelian determination. Reduced fertility is observed in F1 females, known as SF females, from crosses between females of \"reactive\" strains and males of \"inducer\" strains. The extent of this reduction of fertility depends on the strains which are used in the cross and on two non-genetic factors: age and temperature. The fertility of SF females increases with ageing. Also, exposing them for a short period to a high temperature (29 degrees C) either increases or decreases the probability of hatching of the eggs according to the stage of oogenesis at which the heat treatment is applied. A very striking point is that qualitatively quite similar, though attenuated, effects are observed when the two factors (ageing and temperature) are applied not directly to SF females, but to their maternal ancestors: mothers and grandmothers.", "PMID": 106029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7048", "title": "[The expanding skull fracture (author's transl)].", "content": "An expanding skull fracture with exceptional extension into the frontal sinus, the orbit and the ethmoidal cells is discussed. A 12 year old boy fell down the stairs at the age of 8 years and fractured his left frontal bone with extension to the base of the skull. He was seen because of a swelling of the scalp, an intermittent orbital oedema and convulsions. At neurosurgery a large gaping fracture of the frontal bone was found and this was interposed with fibrous tissue and relatively denatured cerebral tissue. The management both neurosurgical and rhinological is discussed.", "contents": "[The expanding skull fracture (author's transl)]. An expanding skull fracture with exceptional extension into the frontal sinus, the orbit and the ethmoidal cells is discussed. A 12 year old boy fell down the stairs at the age of 8 years and fractured his left frontal bone with extension to the base of the skull. He was seen because of a swelling of the scalp, an intermittent orbital oedema and convulsions. At neurosurgery a large gaping fracture of the frontal bone was found and this was interposed with fibrous tissue and relatively denatured cerebral tissue. The management both neurosurgical and rhinological is discussed.", "PMID": 106030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7049", "title": "The development of the rods in the tapetal cells of the cat.", "content": "The development of tapetal rods in the cat was studied ultrastructurally and cytochemically (DOPA reaction). The tapetum lucidum of fetuses, newborns, 3 weeks and 1 month old kittens was considered. The DOPA reaction showed that rod formation involved similar enzymic mechanisms to those concerned in the construction of melanosomes.", "contents": "The development of the rods in the tapetal cells of the cat. The development of tapetal rods in the cat was studied ultrastructurally and cytochemically (DOPA reaction). The tapetum lucidum of fetuses, newborns, 3 weeks and 1 month old kittens was considered. The DOPA reaction showed that rod formation involved similar enzymic mechanisms to those concerned in the construction of melanosomes.", "PMID": 106038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7050", "title": "Direct comparison of the subtilisin-like intracellular protease of Bacillus licheniformis with the homologous enzymes of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Intracellular serine proteases of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis are closely related.", "contents": "Direct comparison of the subtilisin-like intracellular protease of Bacillus licheniformis with the homologous enzymes of Bacillus subtilis. Intracellular serine proteases of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis are closely related.", "PMID": 106040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7051", "title": "Increased levels of dihydrofolate reductase in rifampin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Several independent, spontaneous rifampin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis were isolated and found to have an increased resistance to trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. This increased resistance in the rif mutants was the result of a specific threefold increase in the activity of dihydrofolate reductase, since six other enzymes examined remained unchanged. This increased level of dihydrofolate reductase and the trimethoprim resistance were cotransformed (100%) with the rif marker. These results suggest that the RNA polymerase is altered in its recognition of the gene that specifies dihydrofolate reductase.", "contents": "Increased levels of dihydrofolate reductase in rifampin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis. Several independent, spontaneous rifampin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis were isolated and found to have an increased resistance to trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. This increased resistance in the rif mutants was the result of a specific threefold increase in the activity of dihydrofolate reductase, since six other enzymes examined remained unchanged. This increased level of dihydrofolate reductase and the trimethoprim resistance were cotransformed (100%) with the rif marker. These results suggest that the RNA polymerase is altered in its recognition of the gene that specifies dihydrofolate reductase.", "PMID": 106041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7052", "title": "Two forms of nitrogenase from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "Acetylene reduction by nitrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum, unlike that by other nitrogenases, was recently found by other investigators to require an activation of the iron protein of nitrogenase by an activating system comprising a chromatophore membrane component, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), and divalent metal ions. In an extension of this work, we observed that the same activating system was also required for nitrogenase-linked H(2) evolution. However, we found that, depending on their nitrogen nutrition regime, R. rubrum cells produced two forms of nitrogenase that differed in their Fe protein components. Cells whose nitrogen supply was totally exhausted before harvest yielded predominantly a form of nitrogenase (A) whose enzymatic activity was not governed by the activating system, whereas cells supplied up to harvest time with N(2) or glutamate yielded predominantly a form of nitrogenase (R) whose enzymatic activity was regulated by the activating system. An unexpected finding was the rapid (less than 10 min in some cases) intracellular conversion of nitrogenase A to nitrogenase R brought about by the addition to nitrogen-starved cells of glutamine, asparagine, or, particularly, ammonia. This finding suggests that mechanisms other than de novo protein synthesis were involved in the conversion of nitrogenase A to the R form. The molecular weights of the Fe protein and Mo-Fe protein components from nitrogenases A and R were the same. However, nitrogenase A appeared to be larger in size, because it had more Fe protein units per Mo-Fe protein than did nitrogenase R. A distinguishing property of the Fe protein from nitrogenase R was its ATP requirement. When combined with the Mo-Fe protein (from either nitrogenase A or nitrogenase R), the R form of Fe protein required a lower ATP concentration but bound or utilized more ATP molecules during acetylene reduction than did the A form of Fe protein. No differences between the Fe proteins from the two forms of nitrogenase were found in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum, midpoint oxidation-reduction potential, or sensitivity to iron chelators.", "contents": "Two forms of nitrogenase from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. Acetylene reduction by nitrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum, unlike that by other nitrogenases, was recently found by other investigators to require an activation of the iron protein of nitrogenase by an activating system comprising a chromatophore membrane component, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), and divalent metal ions. In an extension of this work, we observed that the same activating system was also required for nitrogenase-linked H(2) evolution. However, we found that, depending on their nitrogen nutrition regime, R. rubrum cells produced two forms of nitrogenase that differed in their Fe protein components. Cells whose nitrogen supply was totally exhausted before harvest yielded predominantly a form of nitrogenase (A) whose enzymatic activity was not governed by the activating system, whereas cells supplied up to harvest time with N(2) or glutamate yielded predominantly a form of nitrogenase (R) whose enzymatic activity was regulated by the activating system. An unexpected finding was the rapid (less than 10 min in some cases) intracellular conversion of nitrogenase A to nitrogenase R brought about by the addition to nitrogen-starved cells of glutamine, asparagine, or, particularly, ammonia. This finding suggests that mechanisms other than de novo protein synthesis were involved in the conversion of nitrogenase A to the R form. The molecular weights of the Fe protein and Mo-Fe protein components from nitrogenases A and R were the same. However, nitrogenase A appeared to be larger in size, because it had more Fe protein units per Mo-Fe protein than did nitrogenase R. A distinguishing property of the Fe protein from nitrogenase R was its ATP requirement. When combined with the Mo-Fe protein (from either nitrogenase A or nitrogenase R), the R form of Fe protein required a lower ATP concentration but bound or utilized more ATP molecules during acetylene reduction than did the A form of Fe protein. No differences between the Fe proteins from the two forms of nitrogenase were found in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum, midpoint oxidation-reduction potential, or sensitivity to iron chelators.", "PMID": 106042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7053", "title": "Precursor-product relationship of intracellular and extracellular lipoteichoic acids of Streptococcus faecium.", "content": "Exponential biosynthesis and excretion of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) during the exponential phase of growth, and continued synthesis and excretion during valine starvation of Streptococcus faecium (S. faecalis ATCC 9790), were shown. During exponential growth, extracellular LTA (LTAx) accounted for approximately 13% of the total LTA in cultures, whereas during valine starvation, this percentage increased to approximately 60% within 4 h. LTAx was present in a low-molecular-weight, apparently deacylated form, whereas intracellular (LTAi) was present primarily in an apparently high-molecular-weight, acylated and micellar form. Experiments utilizing chases of either fully equilibrated or short pulses of [14C]- or [3H]glycerol were used to demonstrate that LTAx was derived directly from LTAi.", "contents": "Precursor-product relationship of intracellular and extracellular lipoteichoic acids of Streptococcus faecium. Exponential biosynthesis and excretion of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) during the exponential phase of growth, and continued synthesis and excretion during valine starvation of Streptococcus faecium (S. faecalis ATCC 9790), were shown. During exponential growth, extracellular LTA (LTAx) accounted for approximately 13% of the total LTA in cultures, whereas during valine starvation, this percentage increased to approximately 60% within 4 h. LTAx was present in a low-molecular-weight, apparently deacylated form, whereas intracellular (LTAi) was present primarily in an apparently high-molecular-weight, acylated and micellar form. Experiments utilizing chases of either fully equilibrated or short pulses of [14C]- or [3H]glycerol were used to demonstrate that LTAx was derived directly from LTAi.", "PMID": 106043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7054", "title": "Influence of the lactose plasmid on the metabolism of galactose by Streptococcus lactis.", "content": "Streptococcus lactis strain DR1251 was capable of growth on lactose and galactose with generation times, at 30 degrees C, of 42 and 52 min, respectively. Phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase activity for lactose and galactose was induced during growth on either substrate. This activity had an apparent K(m) of 5 x 10(-5) M for lactose and 2 x 10(-2) M for galactose. beta-d-Phosphogalactoside galactohydrolase activity was synthesized constitutively by these cells. Strain DR1251 lost the ability to grow on lactose at a high frequency when incubated at 37 degrees C with glucose as the growth substrate. Loss of ability to metabolize lactose was accompanied by the loss of a 32-megadalton plasmid, pDR(1), and Lac(-) isolates did not revert to a Lac(+) phenotype. Lac(-) strains were able to grow on galactose but with a longer generation time. Galactose-grown Lac(-) strains were deficient in beta-d-phosphogalactoside galactohydrolase activity and phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase activity for both lactose and galactose. There was also a shift from a predominantly homolactic to a heterolactic fermentation and a fivefold increase in galactokinase activity, relative to the Lac(+) parent strain grown on galactose. These results suggest that S. lactis strain DR1251 metabolizes galactose primarily via the tagatose-6-phosphate pathway, using a lactose phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase activity to transport this substrate into the cell. Lac(-) derivatives of strain DR1251, deficient in the lactose phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase activity, appeared to utilize galactose via the Leloir pathway.", "contents": "Influence of the lactose plasmid on the metabolism of galactose by Streptococcus lactis. Streptococcus lactis strain DR1251 was capable of growth on lactose and galactose with generation times, at 30 degrees C, of 42 and 52 min, respectively. Phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase activity for lactose and galactose was induced during growth on either substrate. This activity had an apparent K(m) of 5 x 10(-5) M for lactose and 2 x 10(-2) M for galactose. beta-d-Phosphogalactoside galactohydrolase activity was synthesized constitutively by these cells. Strain DR1251 lost the ability to grow on lactose at a high frequency when incubated at 37 degrees C with glucose as the growth substrate. Loss of ability to metabolize lactose was accompanied by the loss of a 32-megadalton plasmid, pDR(1), and Lac(-) isolates did not revert to a Lac(+) phenotype. Lac(-) strains were able to grow on galactose but with a longer generation time. Galactose-grown Lac(-) strains were deficient in beta-d-phosphogalactoside galactohydrolase activity and phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase activity for both lactose and galactose. There was also a shift from a predominantly homolactic to a heterolactic fermentation and a fivefold increase in galactokinase activity, relative to the Lac(+) parent strain grown on galactose. These results suggest that S. lactis strain DR1251 metabolizes galactose primarily via the tagatose-6-phosphate pathway, using a lactose phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase activity to transport this substrate into the cell. Lac(-) derivatives of strain DR1251, deficient in the lactose phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase activity, appeared to utilize galactose via the Leloir pathway.", "PMID": 106044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7055", "title": "Peptidoglycan turnover during growth of a Bacillus megaterium Dap- Lys- mutant.", "content": "The aim of this study was to ascertain whether or not the absence of cell wall growth zones, deduced from the analysis of autoradiographs of DL-[3H]mesodiaminopimelic acid pulse-labeled cells of a Dap- Lys- mutant of Bacillus megaterium, was due to a high peptidoglycan turnover. Turnover was determined in very precise experimental conditions because two kinds of turnover occurred: a low, acid-soluble turnover and a high, acid-insoluble one. The latter was detected during a chase in the culture medium when bacteria were centrifuged before treatment with trichloroacetic acid. Otherwise the acid-insoluble released material precipitated with the bacteria. In the electron microscope this material presented a globular structure and contained both peptidoglycan and teichoic acid. The acid-insoluble turnover was mainly produced by a lytic acitivity that was released into the culture medium. This thermolabile activity was not due to cell lysis. It was implicated in septum cleavage and in the detachment of wall fragments from the cell surface, but did not seem indispensable for cell elongation. The acid-soluble turnover was much weaker and seemed to be indispensable for cell elongation.", "contents": "Peptidoglycan turnover during growth of a Bacillus megaterium Dap- Lys- mutant. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether or not the absence of cell wall growth zones, deduced from the analysis of autoradiographs of DL-[3H]mesodiaminopimelic acid pulse-labeled cells of a Dap- Lys- mutant of Bacillus megaterium, was due to a high peptidoglycan turnover. Turnover was determined in very precise experimental conditions because two kinds of turnover occurred: a low, acid-soluble turnover and a high, acid-insoluble one. The latter was detected during a chase in the culture medium when bacteria were centrifuged before treatment with trichloroacetic acid. Otherwise the acid-insoluble released material precipitated with the bacteria. In the electron microscope this material presented a globular structure and contained both peptidoglycan and teichoic acid. The acid-insoluble turnover was mainly produced by a lytic acitivity that was released into the culture medium. This thermolabile activity was not due to cell lysis. It was implicated in septum cleavage and in the detachment of wall fragments from the cell surface, but did not seem indispensable for cell elongation. The acid-soluble turnover was much weaker and seemed to be indispensable for cell elongation.", "PMID": 106045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7056", "title": "Separation of inner and outer membranes of Rickettsia prowazeki and characterization of their polypeptide compositions.", "content": "Rickettsia prowazeki were disrupted in a French pressure cell and fractionated into soluble (cytoplasm) and envelope fractions. The envelope contained 25% of the cell protein, with the cytoplasm containing 75%. Upon density gradient centrifugation, the envelope fraction separated into a heavy band (1.23 g/cm3) and a lighter band (1.19 g/cm3). The heavy band had a high content of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, a marker for bacterial lipopolysaccharide, but had no succinic dehydrogenase, a marker for cytoplasmic membrane activity, and therefore represented outer membrane. The lighter band exhibited a high succinate dehydrogenase activity, and thus contained inner (cytoplasmic) membrane. Outer membrane purified by this method was less than 5% contaiminated by cytoplasmic membrane; however, inner membrane from the gradient was as much as 30% contaminated by outer membrane. The protein composition of each cellular fraction was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The outer membrane contained four major proteins, which were also major proteins of the whole cell. The cytoplasmic membrane and soluble cytoplasm exhibited a more complex pattern on gels.", "contents": "Separation of inner and outer membranes of Rickettsia prowazeki and characterization of their polypeptide compositions. Rickettsia prowazeki were disrupted in a French pressure cell and fractionated into soluble (cytoplasm) and envelope fractions. The envelope contained 25% of the cell protein, with the cytoplasm containing 75%. Upon density gradient centrifugation, the envelope fraction separated into a heavy band (1.23 g/cm3) and a lighter band (1.19 g/cm3). The heavy band had a high content of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, a marker for bacterial lipopolysaccharide, but had no succinic dehydrogenase, a marker for cytoplasmic membrane activity, and therefore represented outer membrane. The lighter band exhibited a high succinate dehydrogenase activity, and thus contained inner (cytoplasmic) membrane. Outer membrane purified by this method was less than 5% contaiminated by cytoplasmic membrane; however, inner membrane from the gradient was as much as 30% contaminated by outer membrane. The protein composition of each cellular fraction was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The outer membrane contained four major proteins, which were also major proteins of the whole cell. The cytoplasmic membrane and soluble cytoplasm exhibited a more complex pattern on gels.", "PMID": 106046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7057", "title": "Neurotoxicity with combined use of lithium and thioridazine.", "content": "Four cases on a combination of lithium and thioridazine developed severe neurotoxic symptoms, e.g., delirium, seizures, encephalopathy and grossly abnormal EEG's. All patients had been on lithium without thioridazine prior to and after the neurotoxic episode with no complications or EEG changes. The possible risk of combining lithium and neuroleptics (thioridazine) is discussed and repeated EEGs are recommended as a preventive measure.", "contents": "Neurotoxicity with combined use of lithium and thioridazine. Four cases on a combination of lithium and thioridazine developed severe neurotoxic symptoms, e.g., delirium, seizures, encephalopathy and grossly abnormal EEG's. All patients had been on lithium without thioridazine prior to and after the neurotoxic episode with no complications or EEG changes. The possible risk of combining lithium and neuroleptics (thioridazine) is discussed and repeated EEGs are recommended as a preventive measure.", "PMID": 106047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7058", "title": "Isolation, homogeneity, and properties of core particle from pyocin R1.", "content": "By a mild alkaline treatment of pyocin R1, the core particle was released from the contracted sheath. After sucrose density-gradient centrifugation, core-rich fractions were treated with anti-sheath serum and by a second density-gradient centrifugation, purified core particles were isolated. Homogeneity of the preparation was confirmed by observation under the electron microscope, immuno-precipitation reaction, and sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. The core particle exhibited a sedimentation coefficient of 37S. The quaternary structure of the core consists of a single kind of subunit protein with a molecular weight of 18,000. No contamination by other proteins was detected by SDS-disc electrophoreses. Amino acid analysis revealed that the core is rich in glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, aspartic acid (or asparagine), glutamic acid (or glutamine), and serine. This amino acid composition bears some resemblance to that of T-even bacteriophage tail-core.", "contents": "Isolation, homogeneity, and properties of core particle from pyocin R1. By a mild alkaline treatment of pyocin R1, the core particle was released from the contracted sheath. After sucrose density-gradient centrifugation, core-rich fractions were treated with anti-sheath serum and by a second density-gradient centrifugation, purified core particles were isolated. Homogeneity of the preparation was confirmed by observation under the electron microscope, immuno-precipitation reaction, and sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. The core particle exhibited a sedimentation coefficient of 37S. The quaternary structure of the core consists of a single kind of subunit protein with a molecular weight of 18,000. No contamination by other proteins was detected by SDS-disc electrophoreses. Amino acid analysis revealed that the core is rich in glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, aspartic acid (or asparagine), glutamic acid (or glutamine), and serine. This amino acid composition bears some resemblance to that of T-even bacteriophage tail-core.", "PMID": 106048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7059", "title": "Studies on cellulases of a phytopathogenic fungus, Pyricularia oryzae Cavara. III. Multiplicity of beta-glucosidase, and purification and properties of a second component.", "content": "To determine the relationship between the induction patterns of three components of beta-glucosidase of Pyricularia oryzae and carbon sources in the growth medium, various culture conditions were examined. Avicel, hydroxyethylcellulose and methyl-beta-D-glucoside as the carbon source induced both beta-glucosidase components, GB-1 and GB-2, whereas cellobiose and gentiobiose induced only one component, GB-1. Thus, these two components were induced independently and hence thought to be isozymes. The GB-2 was purified to homogeneity by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographies from two different cultures on methyl-beta-D-glucoside and Avicel. The specific activity of GB-2 when salicin was used as substrate was approximately 5.9 mg glucose/min/mg protein. GB-2 was found to be an oligomeric glycoprotein, which consisted of two subunits with molecular weight of approximately 120,000, comprising a relatively large number of acidic amino acids and mannose, as is the case with GB-1. These two isozymes were clearly different in thermostability, GB-2 being more thermolabile than GB-1. However, the same carboxyl group (pKa 4.2--4.8) was found to be strongly implicated in the formation and dissociation of the enzyme-substrate complex for both of the enzymes, from the analysis of kinetic parameters as a function of pH.", "contents": "Studies on cellulases of a phytopathogenic fungus, Pyricularia oryzae Cavara. III. Multiplicity of beta-glucosidase, and purification and properties of a second component. To determine the relationship between the induction patterns of three components of beta-glucosidase of Pyricularia oryzae and carbon sources in the growth medium, various culture conditions were examined. Avicel, hydroxyethylcellulose and methyl-beta-D-glucoside as the carbon source induced both beta-glucosidase components, GB-1 and GB-2, whereas cellobiose and gentiobiose induced only one component, GB-1. Thus, these two components were induced independently and hence thought to be isozymes. The GB-2 was purified to homogeneity by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographies from two different cultures on methyl-beta-D-glucoside and Avicel. The specific activity of GB-2 when salicin was used as substrate was approximately 5.9 mg glucose/min/mg protein. GB-2 was found to be an oligomeric glycoprotein, which consisted of two subunits with molecular weight of approximately 120,000, comprising a relatively large number of acidic amino acids and mannose, as is the case with GB-1. These two isozymes were clearly different in thermostability, GB-2 being more thermolabile than GB-1. However, the same carboxyl group (pKa 4.2--4.8) was found to be strongly implicated in the formation and dissociation of the enzyme-substrate complex for both of the enzymes, from the analysis of kinetic parameters as a function of pH.", "PMID": 106050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7060", "title": "The role of concanavalin A dissociation on positive cooperativity of binding with native and fixed erythrocytes.", "content": "Positive cooperativity demonstrated by Scatchard plot analysis of concanavalin A (con A) binding was found with native or glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes. This suggests that factors other than membrane changes might be involved in the apparent increase in receptor binding affinity with increasing site occupancy. The elution pattern of 125I-con A chromatographed on Bio-Gel P-150 with decreasing concentration showed a drop in average molecular weight compatible with con A dissociation to dimers, protomers, and protomer fragments. Similarly, the per cent of 125I-con A specifically binding to Sephadex G-75 fell with decreasing concentration of con A applied. The inclusion of unlabeled carrier con A suppressed the dissociation of labeled con A in Bio-Gel P-150 and increased the per cent binding to Sephadex G-75. Both labeled and unlabeled con A were multibanded in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. As previously reported, the three major bands are consistent with intact protomer (approximately 25,000 daltons) and two fragments (approximately 13,000 and 10,000 daltons) with minor bands representing undissociated species. These observations indicate that there is a concentration-dependent association of Con A subunits which contribute to the observed positive cooperativity of con A binding to erythrocytes.", "contents": "The role of concanavalin A dissociation on positive cooperativity of binding with native and fixed erythrocytes. Positive cooperativity demonstrated by Scatchard plot analysis of concanavalin A (con A) binding was found with native or glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes. This suggests that factors other than membrane changes might be involved in the apparent increase in receptor binding affinity with increasing site occupancy. The elution pattern of 125I-con A chromatographed on Bio-Gel P-150 with decreasing concentration showed a drop in average molecular weight compatible with con A dissociation to dimers, protomers, and protomer fragments. Similarly, the per cent of 125I-con A specifically binding to Sephadex G-75 fell with decreasing concentration of con A applied. The inclusion of unlabeled carrier con A suppressed the dissociation of labeled con A in Bio-Gel P-150 and increased the per cent binding to Sephadex G-75. Both labeled and unlabeled con A were multibanded in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. As previously reported, the three major bands are consistent with intact protomer (approximately 25,000 daltons) and two fragments (approximately 13,000 and 10,000 daltons) with minor bands representing undissociated species. These observations indicate that there is a concentration-dependent association of Con A subunits which contribute to the observed positive cooperativity of con A binding to erythrocytes.", "PMID": 106051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7061", "title": "Identification of a novel RNA molecule in a new RNA processing mutant of Escherichia coli which contains 5 S rRNA sequences.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli at the nonpermissive temperature fails to produce normal levels of 5 S rRNA. Instead, a number of larger RNA molecules are accumulated. One of these molecules, a 9 S RNA, contains 5 S rRNA sequences. When the strain is shifted from a nonpermissive to a permissive temperature, radioactive label is lost from the 9 S RNA and appears in 5 S rRNA. The identification of this 5 S rRNA-containing molecule indicates the participation of a new processing ribonuclease (RNase E) in the maturation of rRNA in E. coli. The 9 S RNA was not detected in a wild type strain, indicating that the processing step(s) involved in the formation of 5 S rRNA might be performed before the growing rRNA transcript is terminated.", "contents": "Identification of a novel RNA molecule in a new RNA processing mutant of Escherichia coli which contains 5 S rRNA sequences. A temperature-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli at the nonpermissive temperature fails to produce normal levels of 5 S rRNA. Instead, a number of larger RNA molecules are accumulated. One of these molecules, a 9 S RNA, contains 5 S rRNA sequences. When the strain is shifted from a nonpermissive to a permissive temperature, radioactive label is lost from the 9 S RNA and appears in 5 S rRNA. The identification of this 5 S rRNA-containing molecule indicates the participation of a new processing ribonuclease (RNase E) in the maturation of rRNA in E. coli. The 9 S RNA was not detected in a wild type strain, indicating that the processing step(s) involved in the formation of 5 S rRNA might be performed before the growing rRNA transcript is terminated.", "PMID": 106052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7062", "title": "B-type cytochromes in plasma membranes isolated from rat liver, in comparison with those of endomembranes.", "content": "Fractions of plasma membranes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and nuclear envelope were isolated from rat liver and were characterized by electron microsocpe and biochemical methods. The purity of the fractions was controlled by morphometry and by marker enzyme activities. Amounts of cytochromes b5, P-450, and P-420 were measured, as well as the NADPH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities. The pigments of the microsomal electron transport system were found in all membrane fractions in relatively high amounts, thus excluding an origin by microsomal contamination. Purified preparations of plasma membrane and Golgi apparatus contained approximately 30% of the cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P-450 + P-420 found in ER membranes. Plasma membranes were also characterized by a high ratio of P-420/450. Degradation of cytochromes P-450 and P-420 was relatively rapid in all fractions, except in the ER. Cytochrome b5 extracted from plasma membranes was spectrophotometrically and enzymatically indistinguishable from ER cytochrome b5. However, immunnlogical characterization with rabbit antibodies against the trypsin-resistant core of microsomal cytochrome b5 showed the presence of at least two types of cytochrome b5 in ER membranes, in contrast to the plasma membranes in which only one of these components was detected. This immunological differentiation also demonstrates that the plasma membrane-bound cytochrome b5 is endogenous to this membrane and does not reflect contamination by ER elements. We conclude that cytochromes b5, P-450, and P-420 are not confined only to ER and nuclear membranes but also occur in signficant amounts in Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes. The findings are discussed in relation to observations of similar redox components in Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, and plasma membranes of other cells.", "contents": "B-type cytochromes in plasma membranes isolated from rat liver, in comparison with those of endomembranes. Fractions of plasma membranes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and nuclear envelope were isolated from rat liver and were characterized by electron microsocpe and biochemical methods. The purity of the fractions was controlled by morphometry and by marker enzyme activities. Amounts of cytochromes b5, P-450, and P-420 were measured, as well as the NADPH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities. The pigments of the microsomal electron transport system were found in all membrane fractions in relatively high amounts, thus excluding an origin by microsomal contamination. Purified preparations of plasma membrane and Golgi apparatus contained approximately 30% of the cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P-450 + P-420 found in ER membranes. Plasma membranes were also characterized by a high ratio of P-420/450. Degradation of cytochromes P-450 and P-420 was relatively rapid in all fractions, except in the ER. Cytochrome b5 extracted from plasma membranes was spectrophotometrically and enzymatically indistinguishable from ER cytochrome b5. However, immunnlogical characterization with rabbit antibodies against the trypsin-resistant core of microsomal cytochrome b5 showed the presence of at least two types of cytochrome b5 in ER membranes, in contrast to the plasma membranes in which only one of these components was detected. This immunological differentiation also demonstrates that the plasma membrane-bound cytochrome b5 is endogenous to this membrane and does not reflect contamination by ER elements. We conclude that cytochromes b5, P-450, and P-420 are not confined only to ER and nuclear membranes but also occur in signficant amounts in Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes. The findings are discussed in relation to observations of similar redox components in Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, and plasma membranes of other cells.", "PMID": 106058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7063", "title": "Regulation of RNA synthesis in Tetrahymena pyriformis: secretion of regulatory factors.", "content": "The rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis varies greatly with the population density in both exponentially and synchronously growing populations of Tetrahymena pyriformis. Shortly after inoculation of the population - at relatively low cell densities - a gene-dose effect dominates the picture, and a doubling in the gene number is immediately followed by a doubling in the rate of RNA synthesis. However, also other mechanisms are controlling the rate of RNA synthesis. Generally one finds high rates of RNA synthesis in the lag phase of newly inoculated cells, decreasing rate of RNA synthesis during most of the exponential growth phase and very low rate of synthesis in stationary phase cells. We now have results which show that the repression of RNA synthesis in densely populated cultures is caused by a dialysable factor, which is secreted by the cells. If cells are inoculated on a medium which contains this factor the high initial rate of RNA synthesis normally observed is prevented, but the cells multiply and grow with normal generation time until normal stationary-phase population densities are reached.", "contents": "Regulation of RNA synthesis in Tetrahymena pyriformis: secretion of regulatory factors. The rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis varies greatly with the population density in both exponentially and synchronously growing populations of Tetrahymena pyriformis. Shortly after inoculation of the population - at relatively low cell densities - a gene-dose effect dominates the picture, and a doubling in the gene number is immediately followed by a doubling in the rate of RNA synthesis. However, also other mechanisms are controlling the rate of RNA synthesis. Generally one finds high rates of RNA synthesis in the lag phase of newly inoculated cells, decreasing rate of RNA synthesis during most of the exponential growth phase and very low rate of synthesis in stationary phase cells. We now have results which show that the repression of RNA synthesis in densely populated cultures is caused by a dialysable factor, which is secreted by the cells. If cells are inoculated on a medium which contains this factor the high initial rate of RNA synthesis normally observed is prevented, but the cells multiply and grow with normal generation time until normal stationary-phase population densities are reached.", "PMID": 106059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7064", "title": "Membrane recycling at the cytoproct of Tetrahymena.", "content": "Exocytosis and membrane recycling at the cytoproct (cell anus) of Tetrahymena pyriformis were studied using thin-section electron microscopy. Single cells were fixed at specific times relative to the elimination of the vacuole's contents--before elimination, at elimination, 3--5 s and 10--15 s following elimination. The closed cytoproct is distinguished from other pellicular regions by a single membrane at the cell surface which is circumscribed by an electron-opaque flange that links or welds the plasma membrane to the underlying alveolar margins. Microtubules originating in the flange pass inward where they lie over, and possibly guide, the approaching food vacuoles to the cytoproct. Food facuoles near the cytoproct are also accompanied by coats of microfilaments. These microfilaments appear to be active in the channelling and endocytosis of food vacuole membrane. Upon cytoproct opening the plasma membrane and food vacuole membrane fuse. Elimination seems to be essentially passive and is accomplished by re-engulfment of the old food vacuole membrane which is constantly associated with microfilaments. Reengulfment of all the food vacuole membrane requires 10--15 s and results in a closed cytoproct. The membrane remnants embedded in microfilaments form a cluster under the closed cytoproct. At the periphery of this cluster remnants take the shape of 70--130-nm spherical vesicles or 0.2-micrometer-long flattened vesicles.", "contents": "Membrane recycling at the cytoproct of Tetrahymena. Exocytosis and membrane recycling at the cytoproct (cell anus) of Tetrahymena pyriformis were studied using thin-section electron microscopy. Single cells were fixed at specific times relative to the elimination of the vacuole's contents--before elimination, at elimination, 3--5 s and 10--15 s following elimination. The closed cytoproct is distinguished from other pellicular regions by a single membrane at the cell surface which is circumscribed by an electron-opaque flange that links or welds the plasma membrane to the underlying alveolar margins. Microtubules originating in the flange pass inward where they lie over, and possibly guide, the approaching food vacuoles to the cytoproct. Food facuoles near the cytoproct are also accompanied by coats of microfilaments. These microfilaments appear to be active in the channelling and endocytosis of food vacuole membrane. Upon cytoproct opening the plasma membrane and food vacuole membrane fuse. Elimination seems to be essentially passive and is accomplished by re-engulfment of the old food vacuole membrane which is constantly associated with microfilaments. Reengulfment of all the food vacuole membrane requires 10--15 s and results in a closed cytoproct. The membrane remnants embedded in microfilaments form a cluster under the closed cytoproct. At the periphery of this cluster remnants take the shape of 70--130-nm spherical vesicles or 0.2-micrometer-long flattened vesicles.", "PMID": 106060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7065", "title": "Mechanisms of cellular adhesion. IV. Role of serum glycoproteins in fibroblast spreading on glass.", "content": "We have investigated the exogenous factors required for the transition from the round shape of suspended fibroblasts to the characteristic spread shape on serum-coated glass. Following the evidence of others that the transition is facilitated by adsorbed component(s) related to CIG/LETS (cold-insoluble globulin/large external transformation-sensitive) proteins, we have isolated 2 such preparations from chick serum. Their influence has been investigated on fibroblast adhesion, spreading and growth and they have been characterized by gel electrophoresis, immunological cross-reactivity, amino acid and carbohydrate residue analysis, sedimentation velocity behaviour and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The preparations have molecular weights of 225/215,000 and 140,000 Daltons respectively and are closely similar in composition and secondary structure. The 225/215 000 Dalton doublet is probably a product of limited proteolysis which almost certainly occurred in the avian circulation. For cells seeded on glass precoated in different ways and in different supplemented media we could detect no change in the extent of attachment but there were profound influences on cell shape following this initial adhesion. We confirm that prior adsorption of either CIG-related preparation to glass does indeed promote fibroblast spreading in the absence of other serum components and that CIG is the sole serum component with this type of activity. We now add 2 important qualifications: (i) the presence of substrate-adsorbed serum CIG is not essential for spreading when other serum components are present in the medium; and (ii) the adhesive organization shown by interference reflexion microscopy is incompletely formed unless the additional serum components are present in the medium. We therefore conclude that 16C fibroblasts have the ability when given the stimulus of soluble serum components other than CIG, but not otherwise, to synthesize all the components necessary for the highly organized contacts with glass, including endogenous CIG/LETS proteins.", "contents": "Mechanisms of cellular adhesion. IV. Role of serum glycoproteins in fibroblast spreading on glass. We have investigated the exogenous factors required for the transition from the round shape of suspended fibroblasts to the characteristic spread shape on serum-coated glass. Following the evidence of others that the transition is facilitated by adsorbed component(s) related to CIG/LETS (cold-insoluble globulin/large external transformation-sensitive) proteins, we have isolated 2 such preparations from chick serum. Their influence has been investigated on fibroblast adhesion, spreading and growth and they have been characterized by gel electrophoresis, immunological cross-reactivity, amino acid and carbohydrate residue analysis, sedimentation velocity behaviour and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The preparations have molecular weights of 225/215,000 and 140,000 Daltons respectively and are closely similar in composition and secondary structure. The 225/215 000 Dalton doublet is probably a product of limited proteolysis which almost certainly occurred in the avian circulation. For cells seeded on glass precoated in different ways and in different supplemented media we could detect no change in the extent of attachment but there were profound influences on cell shape following this initial adhesion. We confirm that prior adsorption of either CIG-related preparation to glass does indeed promote fibroblast spreading in the absence of other serum components and that CIG is the sole serum component with this type of activity. We now add 2 important qualifications: (i) the presence of substrate-adsorbed serum CIG is not essential for spreading when other serum components are present in the medium; and (ii) the adhesive organization shown by interference reflexion microscopy is incompletely formed unless the additional serum components are present in the medium. We therefore conclude that 16C fibroblasts have the ability when given the stimulus of soluble serum components other than CIG, but not otherwise, to synthesize all the components necessary for the highly organized contacts with glass, including endogenous CIG/LETS proteins.", "PMID": 106061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7066", "title": "The mechanism of K-cell (antibody-dependent) mediated cytotoxicity. III. The ultrastructure of K cell projections and their possible role in target cell killing.", "content": "The cytotoxic interaction between lymphoid K cells from normal rat spleen and antibody-coated P815 mastocytoma cells has been studied in conditions under which the number of cytolytic events occurring at the time of observation was at a maximum. Electron micrographs of material fixed during the first 15 min after contact between the target and effector cells had been initiated by centrifugation showed that the K cells produce long projections which push deeply into the P815 cells, causing infoldings of the plasma membrane and distortion of the nucleus. The plasma membranes of the effector and target cells, and the nuclear membrane, remain intact. Subsequently the target cells undergo violent cytoplasmic blebbing (zeiosis) which is the first stage of cell lysis. The evidence for the hypothesis that projections from lymphoid K cells develop as a result of contact between receptors on the K cell surface and antibody bound to the target cell, and that the projections are involved in the cytotoxic mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "The mechanism of K-cell (antibody-dependent) mediated cytotoxicity. III. The ultrastructure of K cell projections and their possible role in target cell killing. The cytotoxic interaction between lymphoid K cells from normal rat spleen and antibody-coated P815 mastocytoma cells has been studied in conditions under which the number of cytolytic events occurring at the time of observation was at a maximum. Electron micrographs of material fixed during the first 15 min after contact between the target and effector cells had been initiated by centrifugation showed that the K cells produce long projections which push deeply into the P815 cells, causing infoldings of the plasma membrane and distortion of the nucleus. The plasma membranes of the effector and target cells, and the nuclear membrane, remain intact. Subsequently the target cells undergo violent cytoplasmic blebbing (zeiosis) which is the first stage of cell lysis. The evidence for the hypothesis that projections from lymphoid K cells develop as a result of contact between receptors on the K cell surface and antibody bound to the target cell, and that the projections are involved in the cytotoxic mechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 106062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7067", "title": "[Operative trauma of the common bile duct. Report of eight cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report eight cases of operative trauma to the common bile duct; seven patients were sent up for reoperation often during the late stages following an attempt at immediate or secondary repair. Emphasis was placed on the interest of extensive resection of the stenosis and wide and high opening of the common bile duct for construction of the bilio-jejunal anastomosis, and furthermore the late risk of onset of portal hypertension requiring portacaval anastomosis, finally the possible degradation of the good initial results requiring difficult reoperations.", "contents": "[Operative trauma of the common bile duct. Report of eight cases (author's transl)]. The authors report eight cases of operative trauma to the common bile duct; seven patients were sent up for reoperation often during the late stages following an attempt at immediate or secondary repair. Emphasis was placed on the interest of extensive resection of the stenosis and wide and high opening of the common bile duct for construction of the bilio-jejunal anastomosis, and furthermore the late risk of onset of portal hypertension requiring portacaval anastomosis, finally the possible degradation of the good initial results requiring difficult reoperations.", "PMID": 106063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7068", "title": "[Diverticulosis of the small intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report two cases of acquired diverticulae of the small intestine with complications and study of pathological, clinical and therapeutic characteristics of this rare disease. Usually latent, these diverticulae were recognised generally during diverticulitis, intestinal obstruction, perforation or hemorrhage. The treatment was either removal of the diverticulum or segmental resection of the small intestine. Diverticulitis of the terminal ileum may lead to right ileo-colectomy.", "contents": "[Diverticulosis of the small intestine (author's transl)]. The authors report two cases of acquired diverticulae of the small intestine with complications and study of pathological, clinical and therapeutic characteristics of this rare disease. Usually latent, these diverticulae were recognised generally during diverticulitis, intestinal obstruction, perforation or hemorrhage. The treatment was either removal of the diverticulum or segmental resection of the small intestine. Diverticulitis of the terminal ileum may lead to right ileo-colectomy.", "PMID": 106064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7069", "title": "Normal adults and subjects with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism respond differently to D-Ser(TBU)6-LH-RH-EA10.", "content": "Daily administration of 5microgram of D-Ser(TBU)6-LH-RH-EA10 for one week produced a significant increase in the LH response to GnRH in hypogonadotropic hypogonadal subjects and a significant decrease in the response of normal male adults. Basal plasma testosterone concentrations fell in normal controls but were unchanged in the hypogonadal group.", "contents": "Normal adults and subjects with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism respond differently to D-Ser(TBU)6-LH-RH-EA10. Daily administration of 5microgram of D-Ser(TBU)6-LH-RH-EA10 for one week produced a significant increase in the LH response to GnRH in hypogonadotropic hypogonadal subjects and a significant decrease in the response of normal male adults. Basal plasma testosterone concentrations fell in normal controls but were unchanged in the hypogonadal group.", "PMID": 106067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7070", "title": "Rapid micro-carbohydrate test for confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "A rapid carbohydrate utilization procedure for the confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and identification of other Neisseria species has been developed. This method utilizes both preformed enzymes, introduced in a heavy inoculum, and enzymes formed by the microorganisms as a result of growth in a small volume of super-enriched medium. Expected carbohydrate reactions were produced by 383 clinical isolates of neisseriae and were clearly visible within 4 h of incubation. The combined use of disposable glass tubes (6 by 50 mm) and microamounts of media (0.05 ml) make this method not only rapid, but also low in cost.", "contents": "Rapid micro-carbohydrate test for confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A rapid carbohydrate utilization procedure for the confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and identification of other Neisseria species has been developed. This method utilizes both preformed enzymes, introduced in a heavy inoculum, and enzymes formed by the microorganisms as a result of growth in a small volume of super-enriched medium. Expected carbohydrate reactions were produced by 383 clinical isolates of neisseriae and were clearly visible within 4 h of incubation. The combined use of disposable glass tubes (6 by 50 mm) and microamounts of media (0.05 ml) make this method not only rapid, but also low in cost.", "PMID": 106068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7071", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of septic arthritis by quantitative analysis of joint fluid lactic acid with a monotest lactate kit.", "content": "The Monotest Lactate Kit (MLT) was compared with gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) for the rapid detection of septic arthritis. A total of 36 joint fluids were tested. Specimens were obtained from patients with septic arthritis (17 cases), inflammatory arthritis (18 cases), and degenerative arthritis (1 case). Specimens from 15 patients with bacterial arthritis had lactate levels above 65 mg/dl (mean, 318 mg/dl with the GLC method and 378 mg/dl with the MLT method). Three specimens from patients with gonococcal arthritis had levels that were not above 30 mg/dl (mean, 21 mg/dl with either the GLC or the MLT methods). Patients with inflammatory or degenerative disease yielded levels lower than 65 mg/dl (mean, 48 mg/dl with the GLC method and 46 mg/dl with the MLT method). Both methods proved to be equallly reliable in detecting septic arthritis, except for the gonococcal cases. Both methods are fast and easily adaptable to clinical laboratories; however, MLT was more definitive when quantitation was needed, required less fluid per speciment, and could be readily done at the bedside.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of septic arthritis by quantitative analysis of joint fluid lactic acid with a monotest lactate kit. The Monotest Lactate Kit (MLT) was compared with gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) for the rapid detection of septic arthritis. A total of 36 joint fluids were tested. Specimens were obtained from patients with septic arthritis (17 cases), inflammatory arthritis (18 cases), and degenerative arthritis (1 case). Specimens from 15 patients with bacterial arthritis had lactate levels above 65 mg/dl (mean, 318 mg/dl with the GLC method and 378 mg/dl with the MLT method). Three specimens from patients with gonococcal arthritis had levels that were not above 30 mg/dl (mean, 21 mg/dl with either the GLC or the MLT methods). Patients with inflammatory or degenerative disease yielded levels lower than 65 mg/dl (mean, 48 mg/dl with the GLC method and 46 mg/dl with the MLT method). Both methods proved to be equallly reliable in detecting septic arthritis, except for the gonococcal cases. Both methods are fast and easily adaptable to clinical laboratories; however, MLT was more definitive when quantitation was needed, required less fluid per speciment, and could be readily done at the bedside.", "PMID": 106069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7072", "title": "Three variants of Corynebacterium diphtheriae subsp. mitis (Belfanti) isolated from a throat specimen.", "content": "Three variants of a Corynebacterium diphtheriae subsp. mitis strain belfanti, two toxigenic (phage types 7 and 11) and one nontoxigenic (phage type 7), were simultaneously isolated from the throat of an adult.", "contents": "Three variants of Corynebacterium diphtheriae subsp. mitis (Belfanti) isolated from a throat specimen. Three variants of a Corynebacterium diphtheriae subsp. mitis strain belfanti, two toxigenic (phage types 7 and 11) and one nontoxigenic (phage type 7), were simultaneously isolated from the throat of an adult.", "PMID": 106070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7073", "title": "An autoradiographic examination of the central distribution of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagal nerves in the monkey.", "content": "The central distributions of primary afferent axons in cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X have been re-examined autoradiographically after 3H-proline injections into their peripheral ganglia. Fiber-labeling after subtotal injections of the trigeminal ganglion, besides confirming earlier classical descriptions, suggests that trigeminal fibers of the ophthalmic and mandibular (but not maxillary) branches enter the ventrolateral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). Injection of VII's geniculate ganglion labels fibers which both ascend and descend upon reaching NST. The ascending fibers distribute in a compact and circumscribed zone immediately dorsal to the spinal V nucleus as far rostral as the caudal pole of the principal trigeminal nucleus. The descending fibers distribute to the lateral NST rostral to the level at which X joins the solitary tract. For a short distance caudal to this level, sparse label is confined to a small part of lateral NST ventral to the solitary tract, which corresponds to the zone receiving direct trigeminal afferents. Fiber-labeling after injections of the ganglia of nerves IX and X suggest the following. Although, upon reaching NST, a few fibers of either IX or X ascend as far rostrally as had those of VII, both have a much larger descending component which distributes to more caudal levels of NST. Most of IX's axons appear to end in the lateral NST; only a few travel as far as the obex. Fibers of X, on the other hand, are abundant in the medial and commissural parts of NST. Moreover, only X appears to have a crossed projection in the commissural nucleus and caudal portion of the contralateral NST. A few fibers of vagal origin also appear to enter the area postrema. Whereas fibers of X appear to constitute the solitary tract, few if any fibers of VII or IX travel within that fascicle. A significant descending components of labeled fibers appears in the spinal V tract when the superior ganglion of either IX or X is injected. These fibers distribute mainly in the pars caudalis of the spinal V nucleus and, to a lesser degree, the cuneate nucleus.", "contents": "An autoradiographic examination of the central distribution of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagal nerves in the monkey. The central distributions of primary afferent axons in cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X have been re-examined autoradiographically after 3H-proline injections into their peripheral ganglia. Fiber-labeling after subtotal injections of the trigeminal ganglion, besides confirming earlier classical descriptions, suggests that trigeminal fibers of the ophthalmic and mandibular (but not maxillary) branches enter the ventrolateral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). Injection of VII's geniculate ganglion labels fibers which both ascend and descend upon reaching NST. The ascending fibers distribute in a compact and circumscribed zone immediately dorsal to the spinal V nucleus as far rostral as the caudal pole of the principal trigeminal nucleus. The descending fibers distribute to the lateral NST rostral to the level at which X joins the solitary tract. For a short distance caudal to this level, sparse label is confined to a small part of lateral NST ventral to the solitary tract, which corresponds to the zone receiving direct trigeminal afferents. Fiber-labeling after injections of the ganglia of nerves IX and X suggest the following. Although, upon reaching NST, a few fibers of either IX or X ascend as far rostrally as had those of VII, both have a much larger descending component which distributes to more caudal levels of NST. Most of IX's axons appear to end in the lateral NST; only a few travel as far as the obex. Fibers of X, on the other hand, are abundant in the medial and commissural parts of NST. Moreover, only X appears to have a crossed projection in the commissural nucleus and caudal portion of the contralateral NST. A few fibers of vagal origin also appear to enter the area postrema. Whereas fibers of X appear to constitute the solitary tract, few if any fibers of VII or IX travel within that fascicle. A significant descending components of labeled fibers appears in the spinal V tract when the superior ganglion of either IX or X is injected. These fibers distribute mainly in the pars caudalis of the spinal V nucleus and, to a lesser degree, the cuneate nucleus.", "PMID": 106071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7074", "title": "Anatomical organization of the primary visual cortex (area 17) of the cat. A comparison with area 17 of the macaque monkey.", "content": "Golgi and axonal transport techniques have been used to examine the organization of neurons within primary visual cortex, area 17, of the cat. This organization has been compared to that of the primate cortical area 17 as described in previous studies and it is discussed in relationship to the distribution of afferents from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). The visual cortex of the cat and monkey show strong similarities in the laminar positions of neurons projecting extrinsically and also in the restriction of spiny stellate neurons to a central lamina (lamina 4) receiving input from the dLGN. However, lamina 4B in the monkey, which contains spiny stellate neurons but does not receive direct input from the dLGN, has no direct counterpart in cat area 17. Axon projections of spiny stellate neurons in the other divisions of lamina 4 differ in cat and monkey: the small, closely packed neurons in the lowermost division of lamina 4 (4B in the cat, 4Cbeta in the monkey) project chiefly within lamina 4 in the cat whereas in the monkey they have a strong projection to lamina 3. In the cat, spiny stellate neurons of lamina 4A project upon lamina 3 whereas in the monkey those in the apparently equivalent zone, 4Calpha, project upon lamina 4B. Most non-spiny stellate neurons examined have precisely organized interlaminar axonal projections which differ from the axon trajectories of neighboring spiny neurons.", "contents": "Anatomical organization of the primary visual cortex (area 17) of the cat. A comparison with area 17 of the macaque monkey. Golgi and axonal transport techniques have been used to examine the organization of neurons within primary visual cortex, area 17, of the cat. This organization has been compared to that of the primate cortical area 17 as described in previous studies and it is discussed in relationship to the distribution of afferents from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). The visual cortex of the cat and monkey show strong similarities in the laminar positions of neurons projecting extrinsically and also in the restriction of spiny stellate neurons to a central lamina (lamina 4) receiving input from the dLGN. However, lamina 4B in the monkey, which contains spiny stellate neurons but does not receive direct input from the dLGN, has no direct counterpart in cat area 17. Axon projections of spiny stellate neurons in the other divisions of lamina 4 differ in cat and monkey: the small, closely packed neurons in the lowermost division of lamina 4 (4B in the cat, 4Cbeta in the monkey) project chiefly within lamina 4 in the cat whereas in the monkey they have a strong projection to lamina 3. In the cat, spiny stellate neurons of lamina 4A project upon lamina 3 whereas in the monkey those in the apparently equivalent zone, 4Calpha, project upon lamina 4B. Most non-spiny stellate neurons examined have precisely organized interlaminar axonal projections which differ from the axon trajectories of neighboring spiny neurons.", "PMID": 106072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7075", "title": "Computed tomography in a primate stroke model using selective balloon catheter arterial occlusion.", "content": "Ten heparinized nonhuman primates (rhesus monkeys and Papio maryumaya baboons) were subjected to temporary occlusion of an insular branch of the middle cerebral artery with a balloon catheter. An infarct was created. The lesions were monitored in vivo by computed tomography performed at intervals for 1 year. Animals were sacrificed and the lesions examined histologically. The technique obviates the disadvantages of surgical reaction, intravascular thrombosis, and gross cerebral edema observed in prior animal stroke models.", "contents": "Computed tomography in a primate stroke model using selective balloon catheter arterial occlusion. Ten heparinized nonhuman primates (rhesus monkeys and Papio maryumaya baboons) were subjected to temporary occlusion of an insular branch of the middle cerebral artery with a balloon catheter. An infarct was created. The lesions were monitored in vivo by computed tomography performed at intervals for 1 year. Animals were sacrificed and the lesions examined histologically. The technique obviates the disadvantages of surgical reaction, intravascular thrombosis, and gross cerebral edema observed in prior animal stroke models.", "PMID": 106076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7076", "title": "Biological evaluation on glass ionomer cement.", "content": "Biological properties of a new dental cement of glass ionomer cement were compared with other types of conventional cement. The biological test was carried out by tissue culture method and animal examination. The culture cells showed weaker reaction to the glass ionomer cement than zinc oxide-eugenol or polycarboxylate cement. Pulp tissue reaction showed no significant difference between glass ionomer and zinc oxide-eugenol cement from in vivo experiments using monkeys.", "contents": "Biological evaluation on glass ionomer cement. Biological properties of a new dental cement of glass ionomer cement were compared with other types of conventional cement. The biological test was carried out by tissue culture method and animal examination. The culture cells showed weaker reaction to the glass ionomer cement than zinc oxide-eugenol or polycarboxylate cement. Pulp tissue reaction showed no significant difference between glass ionomer and zinc oxide-eugenol cement from in vivo experiments using monkeys.", "PMID": 106077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7077", "title": "The effect of protein-energy malnutrition on the growth of tooth germs in newborn rats.", "content": "The effect of protein-energy malnutrition on the growth of molar and incisor tooth germs was studied. Significant differences were found between control and malnourished groups in the weights and calcium contents of both tooth germs. The data point to the importance of the effect of nutrient deficiency on the critical growth period of an oral structure.", "contents": "The effect of protein-energy malnutrition on the growth of tooth germs in newborn rats. The effect of protein-energy malnutrition on the growth of molar and incisor tooth germs was studied. Significant differences were found between control and malnourished groups in the weights and calcium contents of both tooth germs. The data point to the importance of the effect of nutrient deficiency on the critical growth period of an oral structure.", "PMID": 106078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7078", "title": "Disinfection of nitrous oxide inhalation equipment.", "content": "Cross-infection by contaminated equipment is a potential hazard associated with conscious sedation with nitrous oxide and oxygen . Nosocomial infections have occasionally been linked wih the use of unsterile inhalation devices; microbial contamination of sterile nasal hoods routinely occurs during administration of nitrous oxide; and in vitro experiments indicate that subsequent use of contaminated nasal masks may lead to aspiration of microorganisms. Although the incidence of respiratory disease after such contamination is unknown, it is clear that disinfection of the nitrous oxide apparatus between patients is desirable. A simple cleaning method involving alkaline glutaraldehyde is described that provides adequate disinfection of the rubber goods used in the administration of gas. Superiority of this technique over previously recommended cleaning methods is shown.", "contents": "Disinfection of nitrous oxide inhalation equipment. Cross-infection by contaminated equipment is a potential hazard associated with conscious sedation with nitrous oxide and oxygen . Nosocomial infections have occasionally been linked wih the use of unsterile inhalation devices; microbial contamination of sterile nasal hoods routinely occurs during administration of nitrous oxide; and in vitro experiments indicate that subsequent use of contaminated nasal masks may lead to aspiration of microorganisms. Although the incidence of respiratory disease after such contamination is unknown, it is clear that disinfection of the nitrous oxide apparatus between patients is desirable. A simple cleaning method involving alkaline glutaraldehyde is described that provides adequate disinfection of the rubber goods used in the administration of gas. Superiority of this technique over previously recommended cleaning methods is shown.", "PMID": 106079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7079", "title": "Psychotropic drug use among institutionalized and noninstitutionalized Medicaid aged in California.", "content": "Previous research has shown that prescription drug use is higher for the aged than for the general population. The present study uses the California Medicaid data base to compare the amount and pattern of prescription drug use among the aged to that of the general population and then compares, within the aged population, drug use by the institutionalized and noninstitutionalized. It was found that prescription drug use was higher for the aged as compared to the general population; among the aged, however, prescription drug expenditures were almost three times as high for the institutionalized as compared to the noninstitutionalized. The bulk of the difference in prescription drug expenditure among the aged subgroup was found to be due to a much higher level of psychotropic drug use among the institutionalized. Data from a sample of aged in a day health program raises questions about the appropriateness of this level of psychotropic drug use.", "contents": "Psychotropic drug use among institutionalized and noninstitutionalized Medicaid aged in California. Previous research has shown that prescription drug use is higher for the aged than for the general population. The present study uses the California Medicaid data base to compare the amount and pattern of prescription drug use among the aged to that of the general population and then compares, within the aged population, drug use by the institutionalized and noninstitutionalized. It was found that prescription drug use was higher for the aged as compared to the general population; among the aged, however, prescription drug expenditures were almost three times as high for the institutionalized as compared to the noninstitutionalized. The bulk of the difference in prescription drug expenditure among the aged subgroup was found to be due to a much higher level of psychotropic drug use among the institutionalized. Data from a sample of aged in a day health program raises questions about the appropriateness of this level of psychotropic drug use.", "PMID": 106080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7080", "title": "Aging in the rhesus monkey: debilitating effects on short-term memory.", "content": "The performance of aged rhesus monkeys (18 years and older) was compared to that of young control monkeys (three to five years old) in three experiments designed to define and evaluate the presumed short-term memory impairment associated with aging. An automated, indirect delayed-response procedure was used with special emphasis directed toward controlling or eliminating potentially confounding variables such as attention, motivation, learning disabilities, etc. It was shown that the aged monkeys do suffer from a profound a specific impairment in short-term memory (STM), performing normally on the shortest dealy interval and showing progressively greater impairment as the retention interval was increased. A subsequent study varied deprivation level and demonstrated that it is unlikely that differences in motivation could account for the age-related STM deficits observed on the delayed-response task. Further studies indicated that alterations in stimulus availability did not differentially affect the performance of the two age groups to any measurable extent, suggesting that differences in stimulus processing abilities are neigher necessary nor sufficient conditions for the deficit found in the first experiment. These results suggest that the delayed-response deficity in old monkeys is directly related to age-associated changes in those areas of the nervous system which are important for the expression of short-term memory.", "contents": "Aging in the rhesus monkey: debilitating effects on short-term memory. The performance of aged rhesus monkeys (18 years and older) was compared to that of young control monkeys (three to five years old) in three experiments designed to define and evaluate the presumed short-term memory impairment associated with aging. An automated, indirect delayed-response procedure was used with special emphasis directed toward controlling or eliminating potentially confounding variables such as attention, motivation, learning disabilities, etc. It was shown that the aged monkeys do suffer from a profound a specific impairment in short-term memory (STM), performing normally on the shortest dealy interval and showing progressively greater impairment as the retention interval was increased. A subsequent study varied deprivation level and demonstrated that it is unlikely that differences in motivation could account for the age-related STM deficits observed on the delayed-response task. Further studies indicated that alterations in stimulus availability did not differentially affect the performance of the two age groups to any measurable extent, suggesting that differences in stimulus processing abilities are neigher necessary nor sufficient conditions for the deficit found in the first experiment. These results suggest that the delayed-response deficity in old monkeys is directly related to age-associated changes in those areas of the nervous system which are important for the expression of short-term memory.", "PMID": 106081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7081", "title": "Heterotopic free skeletal muscle autotransplantation with utilization of a long nerve graft and microsurgical techniques: a study in the primate.", "content": "In six monkeys the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle was transplanted to the dorsum of the forearm after removal of the extensor muscles to the fingers. Microsurgical techniques were used to anastomose the artery and vein of the transplant to vessels in the forearm, and a 12 cm sural nerve graft was used to connect the thoracodorsal nerve in the axilla with the nerve of the transplanted muscle. There was evidence of function in this nerve graft in five of the six animals. Recovery in the transplanted muscles was evaluated by comparisons of muscle weight, electrophysiological measurements of contraction, and histological examination.", "contents": "Heterotopic free skeletal muscle autotransplantation with utilization of a long nerve graft and microsurgical techniques: a study in the primate. In six monkeys the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle was transplanted to the dorsum of the forearm after removal of the extensor muscles to the fingers. Microsurgical techniques were used to anastomose the artery and vein of the transplant to vessels in the forearm, and a 12 cm sural nerve graft was used to connect the thoracodorsal nerve in the axilla with the nerve of the transplanted muscle. There was evidence of function in this nerve graft in five of the six animals. Recovery in the transplanted muscles was evaluated by comparisons of muscle weight, electrophysiological measurements of contraction, and histological examination.", "PMID": 106084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7082", "title": "Low-residue diets: a reappraisal of their meaning and content.", "content": "Dietary fibre appears to be the only constituent of food that markedly affects faecal weight and probably total colonic content in normal individuals. It is proposed that low-residue diets intended to reduce large-bowel contents should be renamed low-dietary-fibre diets and be put on a quantitative basis. A low-dietary-fibre diet would contain 10 g or less. Other dietary modifications may also be necessary in diseases causing malabsorption.", "contents": "Low-residue diets: a reappraisal of their meaning and content. Dietary fibre appears to be the only constituent of food that markedly affects faecal weight and probably total colonic content in normal individuals. It is proposed that low-residue diets intended to reduce large-bowel contents should be renamed low-dietary-fibre diets and be put on a quantitative basis. A low-dietary-fibre diet would contain 10 g or less. Other dietary modifications may also be necessary in diseases causing malabsorption.", "PMID": 106087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7083", "title": "The relationship between energy-dependent phagocytosis and the rate of oxygen consumption in Tetrahymena.", "content": "The induction of high rates of food vacuole formation in Tetrahymena pyriformis increased the rate of respiration in exponentially growing cells by 17% and in starving cells by 47.5%. The increased rate of oxygen uptake was caused by phagocytosis itself, as shown by comparing the rates of respiration of a Tetrahymena mutant exposed to particles at the permissive or restrictive temperatures for food vacuole formation. During cell division, heat-synchronized cells in rich, particle-supplemented medium showed a significant decrease in the rate of respiration. Furthermore, dimethyl sulphoxide, in concentrations sufficient to block food vacuole formation, suppressed the rate of respiration to a level similar to that of starved cells. Cytochalasin B, fowever, did not reduce the rate of oxygen uptake despite the inability of the cells to complete the formation of food vacuoles during treatment; a possible explanation for this finding is discussed. There was a strong correlation between formation of food vacuoles and a high metabolic rate in Tetrahymena.", "contents": "The relationship between energy-dependent phagocytosis and the rate of oxygen consumption in Tetrahymena. The induction of high rates of food vacuole formation in Tetrahymena pyriformis increased the rate of respiration in exponentially growing cells by 17% and in starving cells by 47.5%. The increased rate of oxygen uptake was caused by phagocytosis itself, as shown by comparing the rates of respiration of a Tetrahymena mutant exposed to particles at the permissive or restrictive temperatures for food vacuole formation. During cell division, heat-synchronized cells in rich, particle-supplemented medium showed a significant decrease in the rate of respiration. Furthermore, dimethyl sulphoxide, in concentrations sufficient to block food vacuole formation, suppressed the rate of respiration to a level similar to that of starved cells. Cytochalasin B, fowever, did not reduce the rate of oxygen uptake despite the inability of the cells to complete the formation of food vacuoles during treatment; a possible explanation for this finding is discussed. There was a strong correlation between formation of food vacuoles and a high metabolic rate in Tetrahymena.", "PMID": 106089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7084", "title": "[Lithium and pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem has been considered of the action of Lithium salts on the progress of pregnancy and on the product of the conception. Lithium can bring about serious troubles in morphogenesis in invertebrate animals. The results obtained in mammals in laboratory experiments differ from species to species but it seems that these animals can be given about 8 to 9 times the levels of Lithium that are used in man without causing teratogenic effects. A statistical review of the children born to human mothers taking Lithium in pregnancy shows up an increase in the incidence of cardio-vascular abnormalities. (7.8% instead of 0.04%). The infants that have received Lithium and have not been anatomically affected show no more developmental problems later than others.", "contents": "[Lithium and pregnancy (author's transl)]. The problem has been considered of the action of Lithium salts on the progress of pregnancy and on the product of the conception. Lithium can bring about serious troubles in morphogenesis in invertebrate animals. The results obtained in mammals in laboratory experiments differ from species to species but it seems that these animals can be given about 8 to 9 times the levels of Lithium that are used in man without causing teratogenic effects. A statistical review of the children born to human mothers taking Lithium in pregnancy shows up an increase in the incidence of cardio-vascular abnormalities. (7.8% instead of 0.04%). The infants that have received Lithium and have not been anatomically affected show no more developmental problems later than others.", "PMID": 106083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7085", "title": "The scrapie agent: evidence against its dependence for replication on intrinsic nucleic acid.", "content": "Exposure of the scrapie agent to u.v. light at various wavelengths has shown that light of 237 nm is 4 to 5 times as effective in inactivating it as 'germicidal' wavelengths (250 to 270 nm); whereas with systems that depend on RNA or DNA for function, inactivation is most effective by wavelengths in the germicidal range and there is a minimum of response in the wavelength region round 240 nm. The action spectrum for the scrapie agent is reminiscent of the absorption spectrum for purified bacterial endotoxin, identified as a lipopolysaccharide complex. Dilute aqueous suspensions of scrapie agent were exposed to ionizing radiations in the presence or absence of oxygen. In dilute suspensions of test systems depending on the integrity of nucleic acid or protein, oxygen is almost invariably protective, but it was extremely sensitizing for inactivation of the scrapie agent, to an extent approached only in the case of membranous systems like lysosomes. Results of these two methods argue against dependence of the scrapie agent on an intrinsic nucleic acid moiety for ability to replicate. They suggest that a lipid fraction is an important component and to that extent provide additional support for the 'membrane hypothesis'.", "contents": "The scrapie agent: evidence against its dependence for replication on intrinsic nucleic acid. Exposure of the scrapie agent to u.v. light at various wavelengths has shown that light of 237 nm is 4 to 5 times as effective in inactivating it as 'germicidal' wavelengths (250 to 270 nm); whereas with systems that depend on RNA or DNA for function, inactivation is most effective by wavelengths in the germicidal range and there is a minimum of response in the wavelength region round 240 nm. The action spectrum for the scrapie agent is reminiscent of the absorption spectrum for purified bacterial endotoxin, identified as a lipopolysaccharide complex. Dilute aqueous suspensions of scrapie agent were exposed to ionizing radiations in the presence or absence of oxygen. In dilute suspensions of test systems depending on the integrity of nucleic acid or protein, oxygen is almost invariably protective, but it was extremely sensitizing for inactivation of the scrapie agent, to an extent approached only in the case of membranous systems like lysosomes. Results of these two methods argue against dependence of the scrapie agent on an intrinsic nucleic acid moiety for ability to replicate. They suggest that a lipid fraction is an important component and to that extent provide additional support for the 'membrane hypothesis'.", "PMID": 106090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7086", "title": "Studies on transduction process by SPP1 phage.", "content": "The conditions for optimal transduction efficiency of the Bacillus subtilis phage SPP1 have been investigated. By irradiating transducing lysates with u.v. light we have been able to obtain a fivefold increase in the number of transductants and to reduce strongly the interference caused by infective particles. Any dependence of SPP1 transduction on PBSX induction has been ruled out by the use of xin mutants, which are unable to induce the defective phage. SPP1 mediated transduction is susceptible to the restriction and modification system of B. subtilis. The rec functions involved in the recombination of the SPP1 transduced DNA fragment are probably identical to those required in DNA transformation and heterologous PBS1 transduction.", "contents": "Studies on transduction process by SPP1 phage. The conditions for optimal transduction efficiency of the Bacillus subtilis phage SPP1 have been investigated. By irradiating transducing lysates with u.v. light we have been able to obtain a fivefold increase in the number of transductants and to reduce strongly the interference caused by infective particles. Any dependence of SPP1 transduction on PBSX induction has been ruled out by the use of xin mutants, which are unable to induce the defective phage. SPP1 mediated transduction is susceptible to the restriction and modification system of B. subtilis. The rec functions involved in the recombination of the SPP1 transduced DNA fragment are probably identical to those required in DNA transformation and heterologous PBS1 transduction.", "PMID": 106091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7087", "title": "Effect of calcium ions on the infection of Bacillus subtilis by bacteriophage SF 6.", "content": "Infection of Bacillus subtilis 168Wt by SF 6 resulted in a rapid reduction in the number of phages. This could be counteracted by the addition of calcium, barium or strontium ions. At the optimum concentration of 7.5 x 10(-2) M, the number of p.f.u. remained constant until lysis began. Although cultures of another host. B. subtilis 31 try- his-, at the end of the logarithmic growth phase produced a substance which inactivated free phages, this was not the major cause of the reduction in the numbers of p.f.u. during infection experiments at low Ca2+ concentrations. The diminution of the number of p.f.u. was therefore attributed to the fact that at least one of the steps of the lytic cycle was calcium dependent. Adsorption of SF 6 was equally effective in media containing high or low concentrations of calcium ions. Infection experiments with phages whose DNA had been labelled radioactively revealed that, at high concentrations of calcium ions, the label remained associated with the host cells until lysis commenced. At low concentrations, however, a dissociation between phage DNA and the host was found, although adsorption took place at a normal rate. From these experiments we concluded that a high concentration of calcium ions was required for the penetration of phage DNA. Similar experiments with phages whose protein coat had been labelled showed the same results, indicating that desorption of the inactivated phages occurred. Both electron microscopy and column chromatogarphy with hydroxyapatite showed that a considerable fraction of the inactivated phages had ejected their DNA into the medium. A hypothesis explaining these results is presented.", "contents": "Effect of calcium ions on the infection of Bacillus subtilis by bacteriophage SF 6. Infection of Bacillus subtilis 168Wt by SF 6 resulted in a rapid reduction in the number of phages. This could be counteracted by the addition of calcium, barium or strontium ions. At the optimum concentration of 7.5 x 10(-2) M, the number of p.f.u. remained constant until lysis began. Although cultures of another host. B. subtilis 31 try- his-, at the end of the logarithmic growth phase produced a substance which inactivated free phages, this was not the major cause of the reduction in the numbers of p.f.u. during infection experiments at low Ca2+ concentrations. The diminution of the number of p.f.u. was therefore attributed to the fact that at least one of the steps of the lytic cycle was calcium dependent. Adsorption of SF 6 was equally effective in media containing high or low concentrations of calcium ions. Infection experiments with phages whose DNA had been labelled radioactively revealed that, at high concentrations of calcium ions, the label remained associated with the host cells until lysis commenced. At low concentrations, however, a dissociation between phage DNA and the host was found, although adsorption took place at a normal rate. From these experiments we concluded that a high concentration of calcium ions was required for the penetration of phage DNA. Similar experiments with phages whose protein coat had been labelled showed the same results, indicating that desorption of the inactivated phages occurred. Both electron microscopy and column chromatogarphy with hydroxyapatite showed that a considerable fraction of the inactivated phages had ejected their DNA into the medium. A hypothesis explaining these results is presented.", "PMID": 106092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7088", "title": "Disorders in somesthesis following lesions of parietal lobe.", "content": "1. We determined the effects of lesions of the parietal lobe on the capacities of monkeys to detect and discriminate between mechanical sinusoids delivered to the hand. Tests of discrimination measured the capacity to discriminate between frequencies of flutter (24--36 Hz) and the capacity to make gross discriminations of frequency of flutter-vibration over the range of 10--50 Hz. 2. A unilateral removal of the parietal lobe impaired sensory capacities only on the contralateral hand; detection threshold was elevated, the capacity to discriminate between frequenceis of flutter was permanently lost, and the capacity to discriminate between and identify frequencies of 10--50 Hz was grossly impaired. No defects were found on the hand ipsilateral to the lesion. Detection thresholds, but not discrimination thresholds, decreased during postoperative testing, but in most cases did not recover to preoperative values. The impairments in frequency discrimination remained through the last day of postoperative testing. 3. A unilateral, subtotal parietal lesion that completely destroyed the primary and secondary somatic areas and Brodmann's area 5 resulted in the same sensory impairments as those produced by total removal of the parietal lobe. In most cases, detection threshold was elevated; flutter-frequency discrimination was lost, and the capacity to discriminate between frequencies of 10--50 Hz over the extended range of flutter and vibration was impaired. 4. The loss in discriminative capacity following lesions of the somatosensory cortex is interpreted as due to the absence of a cortical mechanism that determined differences in the temporal pattern of cyclically entrained activity in the somatic afferent pathway. This loss was dissociated from the remaining capacity, although impaired, to detect the presence of any neural activity in the afferent pathways or to determine gross differences in the frequency of mechanical sinusoids by a mechanism of coding by the labeled line.", "contents": "Disorders in somesthesis following lesions of parietal lobe. 1. We determined the effects of lesions of the parietal lobe on the capacities of monkeys to detect and discriminate between mechanical sinusoids delivered to the hand. Tests of discrimination measured the capacity to discriminate between frequencies of flutter (24--36 Hz) and the capacity to make gross discriminations of frequency of flutter-vibration over the range of 10--50 Hz. 2. A unilateral removal of the parietal lobe impaired sensory capacities only on the contralateral hand; detection threshold was elevated, the capacity to discriminate between frequenceis of flutter was permanently lost, and the capacity to discriminate between and identify frequencies of 10--50 Hz was grossly impaired. No defects were found on the hand ipsilateral to the lesion. Detection thresholds, but not discrimination thresholds, decreased during postoperative testing, but in most cases did not recover to preoperative values. The impairments in frequency discrimination remained through the last day of postoperative testing. 3. A unilateral, subtotal parietal lesion that completely destroyed the primary and secondary somatic areas and Brodmann's area 5 resulted in the same sensory impairments as those produced by total removal of the parietal lobe. In most cases, detection threshold was elevated; flutter-frequency discrimination was lost, and the capacity to discriminate between frequencies of 10--50 Hz over the extended range of flutter and vibration was impaired. 4. The loss in discriminative capacity following lesions of the somatosensory cortex is interpreted as due to the absence of a cortical mechanism that determined differences in the temporal pattern of cyclically entrained activity in the somatic afferent pathway. This loss was dissociated from the remaining capacity, although impaired, to detect the presence of any neural activity in the afferent pathways or to determine gross differences in the frequency of mechanical sinusoids by a mechanism of coding by the labeled line.", "PMID": 106093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7089", "title": "Effects of dexamethasone on tumor-induced brain edema and its distribution in the brain of monkeys.", "content": "A human choriocarcinoma was successfully adapted to grow in the brain of monkeys (Macaca mulatta), thus providing a model of tumor-induced brain edema. Four animals were given dexamethasone (3 mg/kg/day) during 3 to 5 days after the onset of clinical signs, and the other five received no treatment for the same period. Tissue water and electrolyte content of treated and untreated animals were compared in cortex and white matter at various distances from the edge of the tumor. In untreated animals, 67.9% and 23.6% swelling was detected in adjacent and remote white matter, respectively, but only 11.8% swelling was noted in adjacent cortex. In animals treated with dexamethasone these percentages of swelling were improved to 32.4% and 11.9% in the corresponding white matter, and to 4.9% in adjacent cortex. The electrolyte changes shown in edematous brain of control animals also demonstrated significant improvement in the dexamethasone-treated group. Tissue radioactivity of 3H-dexamethasone at 60 minutes after intravenous injection was high in the periphery of tumor, adjacent cortex, and white matter, but low in the center of tumor, remote cortex, and white matter. The sites with high concentrations of dexamethasone also showed significant improvement of brain edema after dexamethasone treatment, suggesting that dexamethasone may act directly at these loci.", "contents": "Effects of dexamethasone on tumor-induced brain edema and its distribution in the brain of monkeys. A human choriocarcinoma was successfully adapted to grow in the brain of monkeys (Macaca mulatta), thus providing a model of tumor-induced brain edema. Four animals were given dexamethasone (3 mg/kg/day) during 3 to 5 days after the onset of clinical signs, and the other five received no treatment for the same period. Tissue water and electrolyte content of treated and untreated animals were compared in cortex and white matter at various distances from the edge of the tumor. In untreated animals, 67.9% and 23.6% swelling was detected in adjacent and remote white matter, respectively, but only 11.8% swelling was noted in adjacent cortex. In animals treated with dexamethasone these percentages of swelling were improved to 32.4% and 11.9% in the corresponding white matter, and to 4.9% in adjacent cortex. The electrolyte changes shown in edematous brain of control animals also demonstrated significant improvement in the dexamethasone-treated group. Tissue radioactivity of 3H-dexamethasone at 60 minutes after intravenous injection was high in the periphery of tumor, adjacent cortex, and white matter, but low in the center of tumor, remote cortex, and white matter. The sites with high concentrations of dexamethasone also showed significant improvement of brain edema after dexamethasone treatment, suggesting that dexamethasone may act directly at these loci.", "PMID": 106094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7090", "title": "Detailed monitoring of the effects of mannitol following experimental head injury.", "content": "The experimental model of a cerebral missile injury developed by Crockard was used in three groups of Rhesus monkeys treated with mannitol. One group received mannitol 15 minutes after being injured with a BB pellet at 90 m/sec impact. Another group was wounded identically, but mannitol treatment was delayed until 1 hour after injury. The last group was wounded with the missile traveling at 180 m/sec, and mannitol was started 15 minutes after trauma. The data were contrasted with the results from the original model. After receiving mannitol, all groups showed marked improvement in mean blood pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral blood flow, and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption out of proportion to the degree of reduction in intracranial pressure (ICP). The authors conclude that the therapeutic value of mannitol may, in some injuries, be directly related to its effects on blood flow and metabolism, as well as to its better known effects upon ICP.", "contents": "Detailed monitoring of the effects of mannitol following experimental head injury. The experimental model of a cerebral missile injury developed by Crockard was used in three groups of Rhesus monkeys treated with mannitol. One group received mannitol 15 minutes after being injured with a BB pellet at 90 m/sec impact. Another group was wounded identically, but mannitol treatment was delayed until 1 hour after injury. The last group was wounded with the missile traveling at 180 m/sec, and mannitol was started 15 minutes after trauma. The data were contrasted with the results from the original model. After receiving mannitol, all groups showed marked improvement in mean blood pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral blood flow, and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption out of proportion to the degree of reduction in intracranial pressure (ICP). The authors conclude that the therapeutic value of mannitol may, in some injuries, be directly related to its effects on blood flow and metabolism, as well as to its better known effects upon ICP.", "PMID": 106095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7091", "title": "Cerebrovascular responses to subarachnoid blood and serotonin in the monkey.", "content": "Preliminary in vitro experiments were performed to determine the serum concentration of serotonin in the monkey, and the ability of cyproheptadine to block serotonin and serum-induced contractions in monkey cerebral arteries. Thirty-four cynomolgus monkeys were subsequently used to study changes in regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) obtained by the intracartoid 133Xe technique, and in the angiographic cerebral arterial caliber resulting from subarachnoid injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and serotonin. Five animals in each injection group were given 1.0 mg/kg intravenous cyproheptadine (a serotonin-blocking agent) during the post-injection period. Subarachnoid injection of artificial CSF produced no change in CBF or arterial caliber. Post-injection administration of cyproheptadine also had no effect on these parameters. A subarachnoid injection of fresh autogenous blood produced a significant but transient (less than 1 hour) decrease in CBF and moderate vasospasm, which lasted at least 3 hours. This vasospasm was essentially unaffected by intravenous cyproheptadine. The CBF and arterial caliber were unchanged following a subarachnoid injection of serotonin at concentrations (5 x 10(-6)M) present in normal monkey serum. In contrast, 5 x 10(-6) M serotonin invariably produced near maximal contractions in the in vitro cerebral artery preparations. Higher (x10) serotonin concentrations caused a transient CBF response similar to that obtained with blood. However, the cerebral vasospasm induced was of shorter duration than that obtained with blood. These results do not support a major role for serotonin in the production of post-subarachnoid hemorrhage vasospasm. Moreover, our data indicate that in vitro experiments do not reflect the ability of serotonin to constrict cerebral arteries in the intact animal.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular responses to subarachnoid blood and serotonin in the monkey. Preliminary in vitro experiments were performed to determine the serum concentration of serotonin in the monkey, and the ability of cyproheptadine to block serotonin and serum-induced contractions in monkey cerebral arteries. Thirty-four cynomolgus monkeys were subsequently used to study changes in regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) obtained by the intracartoid 133Xe technique, and in the angiographic cerebral arterial caliber resulting from subarachnoid injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and serotonin. Five animals in each injection group were given 1.0 mg/kg intravenous cyproheptadine (a serotonin-blocking agent) during the post-injection period. Subarachnoid injection of artificial CSF produced no change in CBF or arterial caliber. Post-injection administration of cyproheptadine also had no effect on these parameters. A subarachnoid injection of fresh autogenous blood produced a significant but transient (less than 1 hour) decrease in CBF and moderate vasospasm, which lasted at least 3 hours. This vasospasm was essentially unaffected by intravenous cyproheptadine. The CBF and arterial caliber were unchanged following a subarachnoid injection of serotonin at concentrations (5 x 10(-6)M) present in normal monkey serum. In contrast, 5 x 10(-6) M serotonin invariably produced near maximal contractions in the in vitro cerebral artery preparations. Higher (x10) serotonin concentrations caused a transient CBF response similar to that obtained with blood. However, the cerebral vasospasm induced was of shorter duration than that obtained with blood. These results do not support a major role for serotonin in the production of post-subarachnoid hemorrhage vasospasm. Moreover, our data indicate that in vitro experiments do not reflect the ability of serotonin to constrict cerebral arteries in the intact animal.", "PMID": 106096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7092", "title": "Acromegaly with normal growth-hormone levels and pituitary histology. Case report.", "content": "In rare cases, acromegalic patients have normal basal concentrations of growth hormone, and their acromegaly results from abnormal growth-hormone secretory patterns. A patient is reported with the clinical features of acromegaly, who had elevated somatomedin levels and an enlarged sella turcica, but whose serum growth-hormone levels on continuous monitoring were in the normal range, with levels of 2.8 to 8.9 ng/ml. Dynamic studies of growth hormone revealed normal responses to hypo- and hyperglycemia, but abnormal responses to L-dopa and thyroid-releasing hormone. At surgery, neither a pituitary adenoma nor eosinophilic hyperplasia was present. It is likely that this patient's acromegaly resulted from the presence of chronically high normal levels of growth hormone.", "contents": "Acromegaly with normal growth-hormone levels and pituitary histology. Case report. In rare cases, acromegalic patients have normal basal concentrations of growth hormone, and their acromegaly results from abnormal growth-hormone secretory patterns. A patient is reported with the clinical features of acromegaly, who had elevated somatomedin levels and an enlarged sella turcica, but whose serum growth-hormone levels on continuous monitoring were in the normal range, with levels of 2.8 to 8.9 ng/ml. Dynamic studies of growth hormone revealed normal responses to hypo- and hyperglycemia, but abnormal responses to L-dopa and thyroid-releasing hormone. At surgery, neither a pituitary adenoma nor eosinophilic hyperplasia was present. It is likely that this patient's acromegaly resulted from the presence of chronically high normal levels of growth hormone.", "PMID": 106097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7093", "title": "Technical aspects of hepatic portal dissection in biliary atresia.", "content": "During the past 8 yr, 37 patients with a noncorrectable type of biliary atresia have undergone hepatic portoenterostomy or portocholecystostomy at the Kobe Children's Hospital. The hepatic portal dissections employed in this series were classified as \"supraportal\" (9 procedures), \"portal\" (25 procedures), and \"infra-portal\" (3 procedures) based on the level at which the fibrous mass at the porta hepatis was transsected as determined by the operative record and the pathologic findings. Successful biliary drainage was achieved in 19 out of 25 patients (76%) with a \"portal\" type of dissection, while 1 out of 9 with \"supra-portal\" and none out of 3 with \"infra-portal\" type dissections were successful in this respect. Of the 19 patients who achieved significant biliary flow, 8 have lived for 2--7 yr without jaundice and 3 others are jaundice-free for shorter intervals.", "contents": "Technical aspects of hepatic portal dissection in biliary atresia. During the past 8 yr, 37 patients with a noncorrectable type of biliary atresia have undergone hepatic portoenterostomy or portocholecystostomy at the Kobe Children's Hospital. The hepatic portal dissections employed in this series were classified as \"supraportal\" (9 procedures), \"portal\" (25 procedures), and \"infra-portal\" (3 procedures) based on the level at which the fibrous mass at the porta hepatis was transsected as determined by the operative record and the pathologic findings. Successful biliary drainage was achieved in 19 out of 25 patients (76%) with a \"portal\" type of dissection, while 1 out of 9 with \"supra-portal\" and none out of 3 with \"infra-portal\" type dissections were successful in this respect. Of the 19 patients who achieved significant biliary flow, 8 have lived for 2--7 yr without jaundice and 3 others are jaundice-free for shorter intervals.", "PMID": 106101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7094", "title": "Fetal heart rate during a maternal grand mal epileptic seizure.", "content": "Although maternal ingestion of antiepileptic drugs is strongly suspected of causing congenital defects, particularly oral clefts, the effect of epilepsy itself or a combined effect of drug intake and epilepsy have not been excluded as etiological factors. Very little is known about fetal oxygenation during a maternal grand mal epileptic seizure. We describe two cases in which fetal heart rate was recorded during a maternal epileptic seizure during labor. The first fetus became clearly asphyctic as judged from the fetal heart rate recording: immediately after the epileptic seizure there was a 13-minute continuous bradycardia wave with decreased short-term variability. After the bradycardia a phase of tachycardia with decreased short-term and long-term variability occurred. In the other fetus there was only a short period of bradycardia, which was followed by a phase of tachycardia and decreased short-term and long-term variability. Both fetuses were vigorous at birth 43 and 87 minutes, respectively, after the epileptic seizures of their mothers. We conclude that a maternal grand mal epileptic seizure can be ominous to the fetus. It is therefore important that epileptic seizures are controlled by optimal medication throughout pregnancy.", "contents": "Fetal heart rate during a maternal grand mal epileptic seizure. Although maternal ingestion of antiepileptic drugs is strongly suspected of causing congenital defects, particularly oral clefts, the effect of epilepsy itself or a combined effect of drug intake and epilepsy have not been excluded as etiological factors. Very little is known about fetal oxygenation during a maternal grand mal epileptic seizure. We describe two cases in which fetal heart rate was recorded during a maternal epileptic seizure during labor. The first fetus became clearly asphyctic as judged from the fetal heart rate recording: immediately after the epileptic seizure there was a 13-minute continuous bradycardia wave with decreased short-term variability. After the bradycardia a phase of tachycardia with decreased short-term and long-term variability occurred. In the other fetus there was only a short period of bradycardia, which was followed by a phase of tachycardia and decreased short-term and long-term variability. Both fetuses were vigorous at birth 43 and 87 minutes, respectively, after the epileptic seizures of their mothers. We conclude that a maternal grand mal epileptic seizure can be ominous to the fetus. It is therefore important that epileptic seizures are controlled by optimal medication throughout pregnancy.", "PMID": 106102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7095", "title": "Isolation and identification of morphine n-oxide alpha- and beta-dihydromorphines, beta- or gamma-isomorphine, and hydroxylated morphine as morphine metabolites in several mammalian species.", "content": "New morphine metabolites in the urine of guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, cats, monkeys, and humans were isolated with column chromatography, solvent extraction, and TLC and identified with TLC, GLC, and GLC-mass spectrometry. In addition to the known morphine metabolites, morphine N-oxide was isolated from the urine of guinea pigs, and alpha- and beta-dihydromorphines were isolated or detected in the urine of guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits. Monohydroxymorphine was identified tentatively in the urine of guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, and cats. Dihydroxymorphine was identified tentatively in the urine of guinea pigs, rats, and possibly, rabbits. Finally, beta- or gamma-isomorphine was identified tentatively in the urine of guinea pigs. The newly described morphine metabolites may be involved in some long lasting pharmacological effects of morphine.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of morphine n-oxide alpha- and beta-dihydromorphines, beta- or gamma-isomorphine, and hydroxylated morphine as morphine metabolites in several mammalian species. New morphine metabolites in the urine of guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, cats, monkeys, and humans were isolated with column chromatography, solvent extraction, and TLC and identified with TLC, GLC, and GLC-mass spectrometry. In addition to the known morphine metabolites, morphine N-oxide was isolated from the urine of guinea pigs, and alpha- and beta-dihydromorphines were isolated or detected in the urine of guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits. Monohydroxymorphine was identified tentatively in the urine of guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, and cats. Dihydroxymorphine was identified tentatively in the urine of guinea pigs, rats, and possibly, rabbits. Finally, beta- or gamma-isomorphine was identified tentatively in the urine of guinea pigs. The newly described morphine metabolites may be involved in some long lasting pharmacological effects of morphine.", "PMID": 106104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7096", "title": "Sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa envelope mutants to alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides.", "content": "A series of stepwise polymyxin-resistant envelope mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to test the activity of a homologous series (C10-C18) of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides. A sterilization kinetics procedure in deionized water was devised to avoid amounts quaternary compound above the critical micelle concentration. In all cases, there was a linear relationship between the logarithm of the rate of change of the colony count with time and the logarithm of the homolog concentration. For all strains, there was a linear relationship between alkyl chain length and the concentration required to reduce the colony count to 10% in 2 hr. The stepwise series of polymyxin-resistant strains increased in resistance to polymyxin about threefold for each step. In general, this increase resulted in a similar increase in resistance to the quaternary compound. It is proposed that death in this system may primarily be a consequence of damage to the outer membrane rather than to the cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa envelope mutants to alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides. A series of stepwise polymyxin-resistant envelope mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to test the activity of a homologous series (C10-C18) of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides. A sterilization kinetics procedure in deionized water was devised to avoid amounts quaternary compound above the critical micelle concentration. In all cases, there was a linear relationship between the logarithm of the rate of change of the colony count with time and the logarithm of the homolog concentration. For all strains, there was a linear relationship between alkyl chain length and the concentration required to reduce the colony count to 10% in 2 hr. The stepwise series of polymyxin-resistant strains increased in resistance to polymyxin about threefold for each step. In general, this increase resulted in a similar increase in resistance to the quaternary compound. It is proposed that death in this system may primarily be a consequence of damage to the outer membrane rather than to the cytoplasmic membrane.", "PMID": 106105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7097", "title": "Specific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for nitroglycerin in dosage forms.", "content": "A specific assay for nitroglycerin dosage forms using high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. Sublingual nitroglycerin tablets are dissolved in 25 ml of water and injected directly into the chromatograph. Chromatographic conditions are: mobile phase, 60% methanol in water; flow rate, 2 ml/min; column, microparticulate reversed phase; and detection, 200 nm. The glyceryl mononitrate and dinitrate degradation products of nitroglycerin are separated from nitroglycerin and can be identified by altering the mobile phase composition of methanol.", "contents": "Specific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for nitroglycerin in dosage forms. A specific assay for nitroglycerin dosage forms using high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. Sublingual nitroglycerin tablets are dissolved in 25 ml of water and injected directly into the chromatograph. Chromatographic conditions are: mobile phase, 60% methanol in water; flow rate, 2 ml/min; column, microparticulate reversed phase; and detection, 200 nm. The glyceryl mononitrate and dinitrate degradation products of nitroglycerin are separated from nitroglycerin and can be identified by altering the mobile phase composition of methanol.", "PMID": 106106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7098", "title": "Individualizing gentamicin dosage regimens in burn patients with gram-negative septicemia: a cost--benefit analysis.", "content": "Services provided by a clinical pharmacokinetics laboratory were evaluated in terms of an accepted cost--benefit model, and a model to evaluate clinical services provided by the pharmacist is presented. A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the impact, in terms of patient outcomes, of individualizing gentamicin dosage regimens in severely burned patients. Analysis was conducted using multivariate statistical techniques and appropriate nonparametric and parametric tests to determine significant differences. This analysis provided the necessary data to quantify the impact of the pharmacokinetic service. The findings suggest that significant differences do exist in comparing individually dosed patients against those who were not, based upon discriminant and multiple regression analyses and/or nonparametric tests. Furthermore, the results will be useful for insurance companies, third-party payers, and government agencies in deciding which innovative clinical services should be reimbursed.", "contents": "Individualizing gentamicin dosage regimens in burn patients with gram-negative septicemia: a cost--benefit analysis. Services provided by a clinical pharmacokinetics laboratory were evaluated in terms of an accepted cost--benefit model, and a model to evaluate clinical services provided by the pharmacist is presented. A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the impact, in terms of patient outcomes, of individualizing gentamicin dosage regimens in severely burned patients. Analysis was conducted using multivariate statistical techniques and appropriate nonparametric and parametric tests to determine significant differences. This analysis provided the necessary data to quantify the impact of the pharmacokinetic service. The findings suggest that significant differences do exist in comparing individually dosed patients against those who were not, based upon discriminant and multiple regression analyses and/or nonparametric tests. Furthermore, the results will be useful for insurance companies, third-party payers, and government agencies in deciding which innovative clinical services should be reimbursed.", "PMID": 106108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7099", "title": "Breeding macaques for research.", "content": "A breeding programme or rhesus macaques was established to produce animals with minimal disease and satisfactory behavioural patterns. Problems of design, management, health care and dietary requirements are described.", "contents": "Breeding macaques for research. A breeding programme or rhesus macaques was established to produce animals with minimal disease and satisfactory behavioural patterns. Problems of design, management, health care and dietary requirements are described.", "PMID": 106111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7100", "title": "The Lesser Bushbaby (Galago senegalensis) and the Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) as laboratory research animals.", "content": "The 2 species are evaluated as far as adaptibility, economics, reproductive performance and behaviour are concerned. An important limitation is availability which makes conservation and breeding programmes imperative.", "contents": "The Lesser Bushbaby (Galago senegalensis) and the Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) as laboratory research animals. The 2 species are evaluated as far as adaptibility, economics, reproductive performance and behaviour are concerned. An important limitation is availability which makes conservation and breeding programmes imperative.", "PMID": 106112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7101", "title": "Social contact influences on the menstrual cycle of the female Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus).", "content": "The menstrual cycle characteristics of 2 groups of adult female Chacma baboons were compared. Out of a group of 27 female baboons, 41% (11/27) failed to cycle during the 6 month study period but were all under the stresses of fairly severe experimental manipulation. Data on the menstrual cycles of the remaining 16 unmanipulated females was collected and carefully analysed. These 16 females were individually caged and denied social contact with other baboons. Their menstrual cycles were then contrasted to those of a group of 8 individually caged females which received 24 minute mating tests with vasectomized males on alternate days during their cycles. The females denied the social contact of the mating tests showed significantly longer cycles as a result of significantly lengthened periods up to the time of perineal detumescence.", "contents": "Social contact influences on the menstrual cycle of the female Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus). The menstrual cycle characteristics of 2 groups of adult female Chacma baboons were compared. Out of a group of 27 female baboons, 41% (11/27) failed to cycle during the 6 month study period but were all under the stresses of fairly severe experimental manipulation. Data on the menstrual cycles of the remaining 16 unmanipulated females was collected and carefully analysed. These 16 females were individually caged and denied social contact with other baboons. Their menstrual cycles were then contrasted to those of a group of 8 individually caged females which received 24 minute mating tests with vasectomized males on alternate days during their cycles. The females denied the social contact of the mating tests showed significantly longer cycles as a result of significantly lengthened periods up to the time of perineal detumescence.", "PMID": 106113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7102", "title": "A semi-synthetic diet for growing baboons.", "content": "A semi-synthetic diet capable of sustaining good growth in young baboons and containing casein as the only protein source, is proposed. Growth rate data and problems encountered, such as soft stools and hair loss, are discussed. The main shortcomings of the diet are its lack of bulk (fibre) and the amount of time and effort which its preparation requires.", "contents": "A semi-synthetic diet for growing baboons. A semi-synthetic diet capable of sustaining good growth in young baboons and containing casein as the only protein source, is proposed. Growth rate data and problems encountered, such as soft stools and hair loss, are discussed. The main shortcomings of the diet are its lack of bulk (fibre) and the amount of time and effort which its preparation requires.", "PMID": 106114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7103", "title": "Blood chemical and haematological changes in diarrhoeic baboons (Papio ursinus).", "content": "Blood was collected for blood chemical and haematological determinations from untreated surviving and non-surviving diarrhoeic baboons. The significance of changes in blood chemical and haematological values is discussed and the importance of supportive treatment is emphasized.", "contents": "Blood chemical and haematological changes in diarrhoeic baboons (Papio ursinus). Blood was collected for blood chemical and haematological determinations from untreated surviving and non-surviving diarrhoeic baboons. The significance of changes in blood chemical and haematological values is discussed and the importance of supportive treatment is emphasized.", "PMID": 106115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7104", "title": "Tuberculosis in laboratory animals.", "content": "Tuberculosis can cause great losses in captive colonies of various animal species. In South Africa the culprit is the human type of tubercle bacillus. Interspecific transmission of tuberculosis infection amongst laboratory animals, notably primates, is known to occur, and often handlers and caretakers act as the source of infection. The need for preventive measures in laboratory colonies and procedures for case finding and treatment of tuberculous animals are discussed. Indiscriminate destruction of diseased animals is opposed. The South African situation as revealed by questionnaire survey is described.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in laboratory animals. Tuberculosis can cause great losses in captive colonies of various animal species. In South Africa the culprit is the human type of tubercle bacillus. Interspecific transmission of tuberculosis infection amongst laboratory animals, notably primates, is known to occur, and often handlers and caretakers act as the source of infection. The need for preventive measures in laboratory colonies and procedures for case finding and treatment of tuberculous animals are discussed. Indiscriminate destruction of diseased animals is opposed. The South African situation as revealed by questionnaire survey is described.", "PMID": 106116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7105", "title": "The induction and transplantation of hepatomas in Wistar and BD IX rats.", "content": "Hepatomas were induced by feeding rats laboratory chow containing 0,6375 g of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene per kg for 3 to 5 months. DAB-1 was a hepatoma induced in randomly bred Wistar rats and was transplanted for 3 years after which it failed to grow in vivo but not in vitro. DAB-2 and DAB-3 are new transplantable hepatoma lines established in highly inbred DBIX rats. DAB-3 has a metaplastic morphology showing, inter alia, goblet cells, cartilagenous areas, duct-like structures and glandular follicles. This is unlike DAB-1 and DAB-2 which showed poorly differentiated trabecular or anaplastic carcinomatous patterns.", "contents": "The induction and transplantation of hepatomas in Wistar and BD IX rats. Hepatomas were induced by feeding rats laboratory chow containing 0,6375 g of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene per kg for 3 to 5 months. DAB-1 was a hepatoma induced in randomly bred Wistar rats and was transplanted for 3 years after which it failed to grow in vivo but not in vitro. DAB-2 and DAB-3 are new transplantable hepatoma lines established in highly inbred DBIX rats. DAB-3 has a metaplastic morphology showing, inter alia, goblet cells, cartilagenous areas, duct-like structures and glandular follicles. This is unlike DAB-1 and DAB-2 which showed poorly differentiated trabecular or anaplastic carcinomatous patterns.", "PMID": 106117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7106", "title": "Development of ethyl 3,4-dihydro-4-oxopyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2-carboxylate, a new prototype with oral antiallergy activity.", "content": "Structural modification of 3,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinazoline-2-carboxylic acid leading to ethyl 3,4-dihydro-4-oxopyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2-carboxylate, a new prototype with oral antiallergy activity of the disodium cromoglycate type, is described. This prototype is 10 times more potent than disodium cromoglycate in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. Structure-activity studies indicate that a carboxylic acid moiety directly attached to the 2 position of the pyrimidine ring is most favorable for intravenous activity while esters of this acid are preferred for oral activity. The oral activity of ethyl 3,4-dihydro-4-oxopyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2-carboxylate (ED50 = 3 mg/kg) places this ester among the more potent orally active antiallergy agents reported to date.", "contents": "Development of ethyl 3,4-dihydro-4-oxopyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2-carboxylate, a new prototype with oral antiallergy activity. Structural modification of 3,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinazoline-2-carboxylic acid leading to ethyl 3,4-dihydro-4-oxopyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2-carboxylate, a new prototype with oral antiallergy activity of the disodium cromoglycate type, is described. This prototype is 10 times more potent than disodium cromoglycate in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. Structure-activity studies indicate that a carboxylic acid moiety directly attached to the 2 position of the pyrimidine ring is most favorable for intravenous activity while esters of this acid are preferred for oral activity. The oral activity of ethyl 3,4-dihydro-4-oxopyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2-carboxylate (ED50 = 3 mg/kg) places this ester among the more potent orally active antiallergy agents reported to date.", "PMID": 106118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7107", "title": "Studies on analgesic agents. 1.1a Preparation of 1,2-diphenyl-2-(4-substituted 1-piperazinyl)ethanol derivatives and structure-activity relationships.", "content": "The preparation and analgesic activity of a series of the title compounds (8-55 and 57) are described. The intermediates, 2-phenyl-2-(1-piperazinyl)acetophenones 5 and 6, were prepared from benzyl phenyl ketones 3 via their bromides 4. On reduction, compounds 5 afforded the titled compounds 8-12, 16, and 26-48. Compounds 13-15 and 17-25 were obtained by alkylation or benzylation of 1.2-diphenyl-2-(1-piperazinyl)ethanols 7 derived from 6 by reduction. The reduction of 5 and 6 with metal hydrides predominantly gave the erythro isomers. The erythro isomers were remarkably more active than their threo isomers. The more active members in this series of compounds were 16 and derivatives 35 and 37-44 of dl-erythro-1-phenyl-2-(substituted phenyl)-2-[4-(p-methoxybenzyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethanol. Compounds 16, 43, and 44 were the most active with a potency of about two to three times that of codeine. Racemates 16 and 38 were resolved into their optical isomers and it was found that (-)-16 and (+)-38 were more potent than their antipodes. Structure-activity relationship are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on analgesic agents. 1.1a Preparation of 1,2-diphenyl-2-(4-substituted 1-piperazinyl)ethanol derivatives and structure-activity relationships. The preparation and analgesic activity of a series of the title compounds (8-55 and 57) are described. The intermediates, 2-phenyl-2-(1-piperazinyl)acetophenones 5 and 6, were prepared from benzyl phenyl ketones 3 via their bromides 4. On reduction, compounds 5 afforded the titled compounds 8-12, 16, and 26-48. Compounds 13-15 and 17-25 were obtained by alkylation or benzylation of 1.2-diphenyl-2-(1-piperazinyl)ethanols 7 derived from 6 by reduction. The reduction of 5 and 6 with metal hydrides predominantly gave the erythro isomers. The erythro isomers were remarkably more active than their threo isomers. The more active members in this series of compounds were 16 and derivatives 35 and 37-44 of dl-erythro-1-phenyl-2-(substituted phenyl)-2-[4-(p-methoxybenzyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethanol. Compounds 16, 43, and 44 were the most active with a potency of about two to three times that of codeine. Racemates 16 and 38 were resolved into their optical isomers and it was found that (-)-16 and (+)-38 were more potent than their antipodes. Structure-activity relationship are discussed.", "PMID": 106119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7108", "title": "Synthesis of steroidal nitrosoureas with antitumor activity.", "content": "Four steroidal nitrosoureas with structures which may permit specific binding to estrogen receptor were synthesized. Inhibitory activity was observed against the growth of the DMBA-induced transplantable rat mammary tumor 13762.", "contents": "Synthesis of steroidal nitrosoureas with antitumor activity. Four steroidal nitrosoureas with structures which may permit specific binding to estrogen receptor were synthesized. Inhibitory activity was observed against the growth of the DMBA-induced transplantable rat mammary tumor 13762.", "PMID": 106120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7109", "title": "Enzyme affinity of the 5,6-dihydro derivatives of the substrate and product of thymidylate synthetase catalysis.", "content": "The 5,6-dihydro derivatives of 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (2) and 2'-deoxythymidine 5'-phosphate (3) were synthesized and characterized. The affinities of 2 and 3 were compared to those of the substrate (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate) and product (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-phosphate) of the reaction catalyzed by thymidylate synthetase. In both cases, the enzyme affinity of the 5,6-dihydro derivatives was 50 times less than that of the substrate or product. The conclusions from this study are that a noncovalent complex of enzyme and a dihydro substrate or dihydro product is improbable in thymidylate synthetase catalysis and the covalent enzyme--substrate complex is more reasonable.", "contents": "Enzyme affinity of the 5,6-dihydro derivatives of the substrate and product of thymidylate synthetase catalysis. The 5,6-dihydro derivatives of 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (2) and 2'-deoxythymidine 5'-phosphate (3) were synthesized and characterized. The affinities of 2 and 3 were compared to those of the substrate (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate) and product (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-phosphate) of the reaction catalyzed by thymidylate synthetase. In both cases, the enzyme affinity of the 5,6-dihydro derivatives was 50 times less than that of the substrate or product. The conclusions from this study are that a noncovalent complex of enzyme and a dihydro substrate or dihydro product is improbable in thymidylate synthetase catalysis and the covalent enzyme--substrate complex is more reasonable.", "PMID": 106122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7110", "title": "Report of a mucopolysaccharidosis occurring in Australian aborigines.", "content": "The first 2 reported cases of a mucopolysaccharidosis occurring in an Australian aboriginal family are presented. Though these children had the characteristic morphological features of the Hurler syndrome, enzyme assay of cultured fibroblasts showed normal levels of alpha-L-iduronidase and decreased activity of arylsulphatase B. Thus, they represented the Hurler syndrome clinically,  while they had the enzyme defect of the Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, and they may represent a new severe form of the Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. The parents of these children were first cousins. Though the children were not full blood aborigines, examination of the pedigree indicates that the gene originated in the common aboriginal family.", "contents": "Report of a mucopolysaccharidosis occurring in Australian aborigines. The first 2 reported cases of a mucopolysaccharidosis occurring in an Australian aboriginal family are presented. Though these children had the characteristic morphological features of the Hurler syndrome, enzyme assay of cultured fibroblasts showed normal levels of alpha-L-iduronidase and decreased activity of arylsulphatase B. Thus, they represented the Hurler syndrome clinically,  while they had the enzyme defect of the Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, and they may represent a new severe form of the Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. The parents of these children were first cousins. Though the children were not full blood aborigines, examination of the pedigree indicates that the gene originated in the common aboriginal family.", "PMID": 106124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7111", "title": "Orientation of medial smooth muscle in the wall of systemic muscular arteries.", "content": "The study was undertaken to determine the pattern of alignment of muscle cells in the tunica media of muscular arteries. Brachial and femoral arteries from two small Rhesus monkeys and renal arteries from two rabbits were fixed under pressure with formalin, or glutaraldehyde followed by formalin. Sections were cut at 7 micron thickness at specific angles varying from zero to 30 degrees, and then stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The end coordinates of the medial muscle nuclei (appearing dark with the H & E stain) were recorded using a digitizer. Analysis was done as suggested by a previous modelling study by one of the authors; lengths of the individual nuclei as they appeared on the section were plotted as a function of the distance around the perimeter of the vessel. The distribution of lengths was consistent with a truly circumferential pattern of alignment for the muscle nuclei in the wall of muscular arteries. The standard deviation about the average circumferential pattern was +/- 13 degrees in the plane of the histological sections cut in cross section. The number density Nv of 4.4 x 10(5) mm-3 was higher than determined previously for human brain arteries and the nuclear length was 20% shorter (30 micron).", "contents": "Orientation of medial smooth muscle in the wall of systemic muscular arteries. The study was undertaken to determine the pattern of alignment of muscle cells in the tunica media of muscular arteries. Brachial and femoral arteries from two small Rhesus monkeys and renal arteries from two rabbits were fixed under pressure with formalin, or glutaraldehyde followed by formalin. Sections were cut at 7 micron thickness at specific angles varying from zero to 30 degrees, and then stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The end coordinates of the medial muscle nuclei (appearing dark with the H & E stain) were recorded using a digitizer. Analysis was done as suggested by a previous modelling study by one of the authors; lengths of the individual nuclei as they appeared on the section were plotted as a function of the distance around the perimeter of the vessel. The distribution of lengths was consistent with a truly circumferential pattern of alignment for the muscle nuclei in the wall of muscular arteries. The standard deviation about the average circumferential pattern was +/- 13 degrees in the plane of the histological sections cut in cross section. The number density Nv of 4.4 x 10(5) mm-3 was higher than determined previously for human brain arteries and the nuclear length was 20% shorter (30 micron).", "PMID": 106127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7112", "title": "Remote afterloading endocurie therapy for carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Since October 1975, 41 cancer patients were treated with a remote afterloading device using fractionated high dose-rate intracavitary radiation. Nineteen of these 41 patients were treated for carcinoma of the cervix. Remote afterloading high dose-rate fractionated intracavitary radiation was given in combination with external irradiation. The dose fractionation and rad equivalent therapeutic (RET) values and various points of interest are discussed.", "contents": "Remote afterloading endocurie therapy for carcinoma of the cervix. Since October 1975, 41 cancer patients were treated with a remote afterloading device using fractionated high dose-rate intracavitary radiation. Nineteen of these 41 patients were treated for carcinoma of the cervix. Remote afterloading high dose-rate fractionated intracavitary radiation was given in combination with external irradiation. The dose fractionation and rad equivalent therapeutic (RET) values and various points of interest are discussed.", "PMID": 106133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7113", "title": "Cannabis sativa: ultrastructural changes in organelles of neurons in brain septal region of monkeys.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of layer V pyramidal neurons of the septal region of rhesus monkeys exposed to smoke of active marihuana and of those exposed to intravenous delta-9-THC revealed low volume density and various degrees of fragmentation and disorganization of rough endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, no changes were observed in these neurons of the septal region of control monkeys (unexposed monkeys and one monkey exposed to smoke of inactive marihuana). There were no significant differences in volume density of mitochondria or golgi apparatus between exposed animals and controls.", "contents": "Cannabis sativa: ultrastructural changes in organelles of neurons in brain septal region of monkeys. Ultrastructural studies of layer V pyramidal neurons of the septal region of rhesus monkeys exposed to smoke of active marihuana and of those exposed to intravenous delta-9-THC revealed low volume density and various degrees of fragmentation and disorganization of rough endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, no changes were observed in these neurons of the septal region of control monkeys (unexposed monkeys and one monkey exposed to smoke of inactive marihuana). There were no significant differences in volume density of mitochondria or golgi apparatus between exposed animals and controls.", "PMID": 106134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7114", "title": "Effects of various compounds on lipid peroxidation mediated by detergent-solubilized rat liver NADPH-cytochrome C reductase.", "content": "A reconstituted lipid peroxidation system containing NADPH-cytochrome c reductase isolated from detergent-solubilized rat liver microsomes was used to determine the effects of several compounds, including drugs, on the lipid peroxidation activity. EDTA and ferrous ion were essential requirements for reconstitution of the activity. The addition of 1,10-phenanthroline to the system containing both EDTA and ferrous ion further enhanced the activity. Pyrocatecol, thymol, p-aminophenol, imipramine, p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) and alpha-tocopherol exhibited strong inhibition, aniline, N-monomethylaniline, aminopyrine, benzphetamine, SKF 525-A and NADP exhibited moderate inhibition, and phenol, benzoic acid, acetanilide and nicotinamide exhibited less or no inhibition at the concentrations lower than 1000 micron M. Metal ions such as Hg+, Hg2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ and U6+ inhibited lipid peroxidation strongly. In addition, Cd2+, St2+ and Ca2+ exhibited less potent to moderate inhibition, and Ba2+ and Mg2+ were without effects on the activity. Among sulfhydryl compounds tested, dithiothreitol inhibited lipid peroxidation to a greater extent than did the other three compounds, glutathione, cysteine and mercaptoethanol.", "contents": "Effects of various compounds on lipid peroxidation mediated by detergent-solubilized rat liver NADPH-cytochrome C reductase. A reconstituted lipid peroxidation system containing NADPH-cytochrome c reductase isolated from detergent-solubilized rat liver microsomes was used to determine the effects of several compounds, including drugs, on the lipid peroxidation activity. EDTA and ferrous ion were essential requirements for reconstitution of the activity. The addition of 1,10-phenanthroline to the system containing both EDTA and ferrous ion further enhanced the activity. Pyrocatecol, thymol, p-aminophenol, imipramine, p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) and alpha-tocopherol exhibited strong inhibition, aniline, N-monomethylaniline, aminopyrine, benzphetamine, SKF 525-A and NADP exhibited moderate inhibition, and phenol, benzoic acid, acetanilide and nicotinamide exhibited less or no inhibition at the concentrations lower than 1000 micron M. Metal ions such as Hg+, Hg2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ and U6+ inhibited lipid peroxidation strongly. In addition, Cd2+, St2+ and Ca2+ exhibited less potent to moderate inhibition, and Ba2+ and Mg2+ were without effects on the activity. Among sulfhydryl compounds tested, dithiothreitol inhibited lipid peroxidation to a greater extent than did the other three compounds, glutathione, cysteine and mercaptoethanol.", "PMID": 106178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7115", "title": "Polychlorinated biphenyl-induced morphologic changes in the gastric mucosa of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The early morphologic events in polychlorinated biphenyl-induced lesions of the gastric mucosa of immature male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were studied in serial biopsies taken during consumption of diets containing 3, 10, 30, and 100 mg. per kg. (p.p.m.) of Aroclor 1242. The severity of the lesions correlated directly with both the duration and the level of exposure. The first changes were seen after ingestion of 30 and 100 mg. per kg. for 2 weeks; changes were not seen until 10 weeks at 3 and 10 mg. per kg. The principal effect was an apparent arrest of the differentiation of generative cells of the isthmus and neck regions into parietal and zymogenic (chief) cells. Mature parietal and zymogenic cells were found only in the bases of the glands, where the oldest cells are normally found, and these showed signs of injury including dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in zymogenic cells, irregularity of the mitochondria in parietal cells and irregular luminal membranes, and an increase in the number of large autophagic vesicles in both cell types.", "contents": "Polychlorinated biphenyl-induced morphologic changes in the gastric mucosa of the rhesus monkey. The early morphologic events in polychlorinated biphenyl-induced lesions of the gastric mucosa of immature male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were studied in serial biopsies taken during consumption of diets containing 3, 10, 30, and 100 mg. per kg. (p.p.m.) of Aroclor 1242. The severity of the lesions correlated directly with both the duration and the level of exposure. The first changes were seen after ingestion of 30 and 100 mg. per kg. for 2 weeks; changes were not seen until 10 weeks at 3 and 10 mg. per kg. The principal effect was an apparent arrest of the differentiation of generative cells of the isthmus and neck regions into parietal and zymogenic (chief) cells. Mature parietal and zymogenic cells were found only in the bases of the glands, where the oldest cells are normally found, and these showed signs of injury including dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in zymogenic cells, irregularity of the mitochondria in parietal cells and irregular luminal membranes, and an increase in the number of large autophagic vesicles in both cell types.", "PMID": 106183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7116", "title": "The composition and calcium transport activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum from goats with and without heritable myotonia.", "content": "Studies were conducted on purified sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from myotonic goats, an animal model of heritable myotonia. When compared to sarcoplasmic reticulum from normal goats, fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum from the myotonic goat had (1) increased levels of calcium, (2) increased rates of calcium uptake and efflux, (3) an increased sialic acid content, and (4) an increased content of saturated fatty acids. These differences support the concept of a structural and functional defect as a basis for the abnormal contraction-relaxation characteristics of myotonia.", "contents": "The composition and calcium transport activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum from goats with and without heritable myotonia. Studies were conducted on purified sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from myotonic goats, an animal model of heritable myotonia. When compared to sarcoplasmic reticulum from normal goats, fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum from the myotonic goat had (1) increased levels of calcium, (2) increased rates of calcium uptake and efflux, (3) an increased sialic acid content, and (4) an increased content of saturated fatty acids. These differences support the concept of a structural and functional defect as a basis for the abnormal contraction-relaxation characteristics of myotonia.", "PMID": 106184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7117", "title": "Dietary polyunsaturated fat versus saturated fat in relation to mammary carcinogenesis.", "content": "High levels of dietary fat have been shown to promote the development of mammary tumors induced in rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene, and polyunsaturated fats were found to be more effective than saturated fats. In further studies it was found that diets containing 3% sunflowerseed oil (polyunsaturated fat) and 17% beef tallow or coconut oil (saturated fats) enhance tumorigenesis as much as a diet containing 20% sunflowerseed oil. Rats on these diets developed at least twice as many tumors as those fed diets containing either 3% sunflowerseed oil or 20% of the saturated fats alone. These results are in accord with human epidemiological data which show that breast cancer mortality in different countries is positively correlated with total fat intake but not with intake of polyunsaturated fat. Total fat intake varies greatly in different countries, but most human diets probably contain levels of polyunsaturated fat at least equivalent to 3% sunflowerseed oil.", "contents": "Dietary polyunsaturated fat versus saturated fat in relation to mammary carcinogenesis. High levels of dietary fat have been shown to promote the development of mammary tumors induced in rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene, and polyunsaturated fats were found to be more effective than saturated fats. In further studies it was found that diets containing 3% sunflowerseed oil (polyunsaturated fat) and 17% beef tallow or coconut oil (saturated fats) enhance tumorigenesis as much as a diet containing 20% sunflowerseed oil. Rats on these diets developed at least twice as many tumors as those fed diets containing either 3% sunflowerseed oil or 20% of the saturated fats alone. These results are in accord with human epidemiological data which show that breast cancer mortality in different countries is positively correlated with total fat intake but not with intake of polyunsaturated fat. Total fat intake varies greatly in different countries, but most human diets probably contain levels of polyunsaturated fat at least equivalent to 3% sunflowerseed oil.", "PMID": 106196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7118", "title": "The effect of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid on lipid metabolism.", "content": "The purpose of this presentation is to review the current state of knowledge regarding 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA, Ro 3-1428) and its effects on lipid metabolism. Accordingly, the topics discussed include hypocholesterolemic and dermatological studies involving ETYA in both animals and man, as well as the effects of ETYA on desaturase enzymes. Metabolic studies involving ETYA are also noted. Primary interest is focused on the effects of ETYA on selected processes of arachidonate metabolism, and the effect of ETYA on inflammation, platelet aggregation and tumor growth are discussed, keeping in mind the relevance of arachidonate metabolism to these processes.", "contents": "The effect of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid on lipid metabolism. The purpose of this presentation is to review the current state of knowledge regarding 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA, Ro 3-1428) and its effects on lipid metabolism. Accordingly, the topics discussed include hypocholesterolemic and dermatological studies involving ETYA in both animals and man, as well as the effects of ETYA on desaturase enzymes. Metabolic studies involving ETYA are also noted. Primary interest is focused on the effects of ETYA on selected processes of arachidonate metabolism, and the effect of ETYA on inflammation, platelet aggregation and tumor growth are discussed, keeping in mind the relevance of arachidonate metabolism to these processes.", "PMID": 106197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7119", "title": "[Antibioprophylaxis of meningococcal meningitis: reality or utopia? (author's transl)].", "content": "After restating the activity of the various antibiotics on Neisseria meningitidis, the authors review the results of 18 experiences of germ-carriers control by antibiotics, which were rather deceiving. Conditions for such a control are exposed but question of its real necessity is raised.", "contents": "[Antibioprophylaxis of meningococcal meningitis: reality or utopia? (author's transl)]. After restating the activity of the various antibiotics on Neisseria meningitidis, the authors review the results of 18 experiences of germ-carriers control by antibiotics, which were rather deceiving. Conditions for such a control are exposed but question of its real necessity is raised.", "PMID": 106213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7120", "title": "[Biological control of vectors of human and tropical diseases. Present means and prospects (author's transl)].", "content": "Biological control is \"direct or indirect use of natural enemies of the injurious species to increase its mortality\" (W.H.O., 1963). The more and more frequent apparition of resistant insects populations, the fears as regards the environment, the increase cost of hydrocarbur products and also some technic and operational difficulties to stop transmission by the use of only insecticide pulv\u00e9risation, impose this process. Nevertheless, practic use of natural enemies of vectors is yet unusual in spite of important research. (Identification problems, dynamic of species, insufficiency of ethology knowledge particulary of the host specificity, difficulties of application on the vectors which are the most usually widely scattered). For control of insects of medical importance (mosquitoes, black flies, tse-tse flies) it has been used either pathogen agents such as virus bacteria, microsporida or parasit agents such as fungi, mermithid nematods or at last, predators, essentially larvivorus fish. Actually, no biological agent is able to take the place of chemical and physical \"traditional\" means. In case of mosquito control which is more advanced, the only biological mean which is operational is the use of larvivorus fish and specially Gambusia.", "contents": "[Biological control of vectors of human and tropical diseases. Present means and prospects (author's transl)]. Biological control is \"direct or indirect use of natural enemies of the injurious species to increase its mortality\" (W.H.O., 1963). The more and more frequent apparition of resistant insects populations, the fears as regards the environment, the increase cost of hydrocarbur products and also some technic and operational difficulties to stop transmission by the use of only insecticide pulv\u00e9risation, impose this process. Nevertheless, practic use of natural enemies of vectors is yet unusual in spite of important research. (Identification problems, dynamic of species, insufficiency of ethology knowledge particulary of the host specificity, difficulties of application on the vectors which are the most usually widely scattered). For control of insects of medical importance (mosquitoes, black flies, tse-tse flies) it has been used either pathogen agents such as virus bacteria, microsporida or parasit agents such as fungi, mermithid nematods or at last, predators, essentially larvivorus fish. Actually, no biological agent is able to take the place of chemical and physical \"traditional\" means. In case of mosquito control which is more advanced, the only biological mean which is operational is the use of larvivorus fish and specially Gambusia.", "PMID": 106214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7121", "title": "[Electrophoretic differences in the proteins of the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas denitrificans capable of oxidizing n-alkanes].", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Ps. denitrificans are capable of growing on n-alkanes, but differ in assimilation of higher and lower alkanes. The proteins of their cell-free homogenates were analysed by disc-electrophoresis in a system containing SDS. The \"preliminarily adapted\" strain of Ps. aeruginosa did not differ from the \"non-adapted\" to n-hexane strain, though both differed considerably from Ps. denitrificans in the composition of protein spectrum. Therefore, disc-electrophoresis of total proteins has shown that Ps. aeruginosa and Ps. denitrificans are not genetically identical; they exhibit certain common physiological properties, but apparently oxidize n-alkanes via different pathways.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic differences in the proteins of the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas denitrificans capable of oxidizing n-alkanes]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Ps. denitrificans are capable of growing on n-alkanes, but differ in assimilation of higher and lower alkanes. The proteins of their cell-free homogenates were analysed by disc-electrophoresis in a system containing SDS. The \"preliminarily adapted\" strain of Ps. aeruginosa did not differ from the \"non-adapted\" to n-hexane strain, though both differed considerably from Ps. denitrificans in the composition of protein spectrum. Therefore, disc-electrophoresis of total proteins has shown that Ps. aeruginosa and Ps. denitrificans are not genetically identical; they exhibit certain common physiological properties, but apparently oxidize n-alkanes via different pathways.", "PMID": 106218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7122", "title": "[Chemotaxonomic markers of several coryneform bacteria and the \"Rhodochrous\" group].", "content": "Chemotaxonomic characters (the monosaccharide composition and diaminopimelic acid (DAP) of cell hydrolysates, the type of lipid LCN-A) were studied with bacteria of the \"rhodochrous\" complex and the Arthrobacter genus isolated from natural substrates as well as with collection strains of the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium and Corynebacterium. If arabinose, galactose and meso-DAP were present in cell hydrolysates of these bacteria, they always contained lipid LCN-A. Bacteria of the \"rhodochrous\" complex can be differentiated from Corynebacterium sensu stricto by location of lipid LCN-A spots on chromatograms, and from the genera Brevibacterium (B. linens) and Arthrobacter, by the presence of arabinose, meso-DAP and lipid LCN-A in the cells. The representatives of two latter genera do not contain arabinose and lipid LCN-A in their cells.", "contents": "[Chemotaxonomic markers of several coryneform bacteria and the \"Rhodochrous\" group]. Chemotaxonomic characters (the monosaccharide composition and diaminopimelic acid (DAP) of cell hydrolysates, the type of lipid LCN-A) were studied with bacteria of the \"rhodochrous\" complex and the Arthrobacter genus isolated from natural substrates as well as with collection strains of the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium and Corynebacterium. If arabinose, galactose and meso-DAP were present in cell hydrolysates of these bacteria, they always contained lipid LCN-A. Bacteria of the \"rhodochrous\" complex can be differentiated from Corynebacterium sensu stricto by location of lipid LCN-A spots on chromatograms, and from the genera Brevibacterium (B. linens) and Arthrobacter, by the presence of arabinose, meso-DAP and lipid LCN-A in the cells. The representatives of two latter genera do not contain arabinose and lipid LCN-A in their cells.", "PMID": 106219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7123", "title": "[Nomenclature of obligate methylotrophs].", "content": "The nomenclature of obligate methylotrophs, i. e. bacteria using only reduced monocarbon compounds (methane, methanol, methylamines) as a carbon source, is dicussed. The chronology of naming taxons of methane oxidizing bacteria is presented and the rightfulness of their names is analyzed according to the rules of the International Codex of Bacterial Nomenclature. Such names as Methylomonas and others which are employed while describing various physiological groups of bacteria are used in the nomenclature of obligate methylotrophs, and this may be the source of errors. Therefore, only the genus of methane oxidizing bacteria should be referred to as Methylomonas whereas obligate methanol and methylamine assimilating bacteria should be classed as individual genera. The described species of methane oxidizing bacteria can be included into the genera Methylomonas, Methylococcus, Methylosinus, and Methylocystis. One should avoid such names as Methanomonas margaritae, Methanomonas immobilis, Pseudomonas methanica etc. since they do not possess the nomenclature status. All bacteria that depend obligatorily on the presence of reduced C1-compounds should be included into the family Methylomonadaceae. The taxonomy and nomenclature of facultative methylotrophs must be based on principles accepted for other organotrophic microorganisms as it has been suggested at the II International Symposium on the Growth of Microorganisms on C1-compounds (Pushchino, USSR, 1977).", "contents": "[Nomenclature of obligate methylotrophs]. The nomenclature of obligate methylotrophs, i. e. bacteria using only reduced monocarbon compounds (methane, methanol, methylamines) as a carbon source, is dicussed. The chronology of naming taxons of methane oxidizing bacteria is presented and the rightfulness of their names is analyzed according to the rules of the International Codex of Bacterial Nomenclature. Such names as Methylomonas and others which are employed while describing various physiological groups of bacteria are used in the nomenclature of obligate methylotrophs, and this may be the source of errors. Therefore, only the genus of methane oxidizing bacteria should be referred to as Methylomonas whereas obligate methanol and methylamine assimilating bacteria should be classed as individual genera. The described species of methane oxidizing bacteria can be included into the genera Methylomonas, Methylococcus, Methylosinus, and Methylocystis. One should avoid such names as Methanomonas margaritae, Methanomonas immobilis, Pseudomonas methanica etc. since they do not possess the nomenclature status. All bacteria that depend obligatorily on the presence of reduced C1-compounds should be included into the family Methylomonadaceae. The taxonomy and nomenclature of facultative methylotrophs must be based on principles accepted for other organotrophic microorganisms as it has been suggested at the II International Symposium on the Growth of Microorganisms on C1-compounds (Pushchino, USSR, 1977).", "PMID": 106220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7124", "title": "[Isolation and general characteristics of a group of Pseudomonas aeruginosa temperate phages].", "content": "Eighteen temperate phages were isolated from 38 natural strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The phages belong to five heteroimmune groups according to the ability of lysogenic variants of the strains PAO1 and PAT2 to exclude the growth of the superinfecting phage. Phages of the II and V immunity groups are serologically similar; the remaining phages are not inactivated by antisera against phages B26 (II group) and K1338 (V group). Prophages of the II, IV, and V groups are induced by UV for vegetative growth. Phages belonging to different immunity groups vary in their morphology and particle size as was found by electron microscopy. Phages of the I, II, IV and V groups comprise one morphological type, those of the III group are of another morphological type. Phages of the IV group are not adsorbed on the bacterial mutants resistant to phages of the II and V immunity groups.", "contents": "[Isolation and general characteristics of a group of Pseudomonas aeruginosa temperate phages]. Eighteen temperate phages were isolated from 38 natural strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The phages belong to five heteroimmune groups according to the ability of lysogenic variants of the strains PAO1 and PAT2 to exclude the growth of the superinfecting phage. Phages of the II and V immunity groups are serologically similar; the remaining phages are not inactivated by antisera against phages B26 (II group) and K1338 (V group). Prophages of the II, IV, and V groups are induced by UV for vegetative growth. Phages belonging to different immunity groups vary in their morphology and particle size as was found by electron microscopy. Phages of the I, II, IV and V groups comprise one morphological type, those of the III group are of another morphological type. Phages of the IV group are not adsorbed on the bacterial mutants resistant to phages of the II and V immunity groups.", "PMID": 106221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7125", "title": "[Linuron breakdown by fungi of the genus Aspergillus].", "content": "Aspergillus flavus isolated from soil as well as museum cultures from the genus Aspergillus transform linuron to 3,4-dichloroaniline by the reaction of demethylation with following hydrolysis of the amide bond; 3,4-dichloroaniline is then acetylated yielding 3,4-dichloroacetanilide. These products regulate the enzymes involved in demethylation and hydrolytic elimination of the side chain. Carbon sources added to a buffer mixture inhibit decomposition of the side chain.", "contents": "[Linuron breakdown by fungi of the genus Aspergillus]. Aspergillus flavus isolated from soil as well as museum cultures from the genus Aspergillus transform linuron to 3,4-dichloroaniline by the reaction of demethylation with following hydrolysis of the amide bond; 3,4-dichloroaniline is then acetylated yielding 3,4-dichloroacetanilide. These products regulate the enzymes involved in demethylation and hydrolytic elimination of the side chain. Carbon sources added to a buffer mixture inhibit decomposition of the side chain.", "PMID": 106223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7126", "title": "[Xerophytic microorganisms multiplying under conditions close to Martian ones].", "content": "The xerophytic cultures Bacillus megaterium and Mycococcus ruber can grow in the imitated Martian conditions. Therefore, they are resistant to the extreme factors of the environment: the composition of atmosphere, low pressure, the maximum hygroscopicity of a substrate, periodic freezing-thawing.", "contents": "[Xerophytic microorganisms multiplying under conditions close to Martian ones]. The xerophytic cultures Bacillus megaterium and Mycococcus ruber can grow in the imitated Martian conditions. Therefore, they are resistant to the extreme factors of the environment: the composition of atmosphere, low pressure, the maximum hygroscopicity of a substrate, periodic freezing-thawing.", "PMID": 106224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7127", "title": "[Results of measuring the modulus of elasticity of microorganism cell walls].", "content": "The elasticity modulus of Escherichia coli cell walls was found to change in the course of growth of the culture. It decreased in the middle of the exponential phase, apparently as a result of intensification of biosynthetic and related to them transport processes at this period. If the cells were treated with EDTA, their elasticity modulus was lower, by an order of magnitude, than that of the control cell walls. If the cells were treated with lysozyme, the elasticity modulus of their walls decreased by three orders of magnitude. The elasticity modulus of cell walls was less in gram-positive rods than in E. coli. The elasticity modulus of spherical cells cannot be determined using this technique.", "contents": "[Results of measuring the modulus of elasticity of microorganism cell walls]. The elasticity modulus of Escherichia coli cell walls was found to change in the course of growth of the culture. It decreased in the middle of the exponential phase, apparently as a result of intensification of biosynthetic and related to them transport processes at this period. If the cells were treated with EDTA, their elasticity modulus was lower, by an order of magnitude, than that of the control cell walls. If the cells were treated with lysozyme, the elasticity modulus of their walls decreased by three orders of magnitude. The elasticity modulus of cell walls was less in gram-positive rods than in E. coli. The elasticity modulus of spherical cells cannot be determined using this technique.", "PMID": 106226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7128", "title": "[Effect of emulsifiers on the hydrolysis of solid fats by microorganism lipases].", "content": "The object of this work was to select emulsifiers and techniques for preparing emulsions of triglycerides of saturated fatty acids. It was found that not only the degree of dispersity of an emulsion influenced the activity of lipase with respect to a lipid being emulsified, but also the nature of an emulsifier affected hydrolysis of solid fats by microbial lipases.", "contents": "[Effect of emulsifiers on the hydrolysis of solid fats by microorganism lipases]. The object of this work was to select emulsifiers and techniques for preparing emulsions of triglycerides of saturated fatty acids. It was found that not only the degree of dispersity of an emulsion influenced the activity of lipase with respect to a lipid being emulsified, but also the nature of an emulsifier affected hydrolysis of solid fats by microbial lipases.", "PMID": 106222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7129", "title": "An unstable donor-recipient DNA complex in transformation of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "In re-extracted DNA obtained shortly after uptake of transforming DNA by Bacillus subtilis, increased amounts of donor DNA radioactivity banding at the position of donor-recipient DNA complex (DRC) are observed in CsCl gradients, if the cells are irradiated with high doses of UV prior to reextraction of the DNA. Qualitatively, the same phenomenon is observed if lysates of transforming cells are irradiated. UV-irradiation of lysates of competent cells to which single-stranded DNA is added after lysis, does not result in linkage of this DNA to the chromosomal DNA. Two observations argue in favour of the formation of a specific labile complex between donor and resident DNA during transformation. Firstly, heterologous donor DNA from Escherichia coli, although being processed to single-stranded DNA in competent B. subtilis, does not seem to be linked to the recipient chromosome upon UV-irradiation, and secondly, the labile complex of donor and recipient DNA can be stabilized by means of treatment of the lysates of transforming cells with 4, 5(1), 8-trimethylpsoralen in conjuction with long-wave ultra violet light irradiation. This indicates that basepairing is involved in the formation of the complex. On the basis of these results we assume that the unstable complex of donor and recipient DNA is an early intermediate in genetic recombination during transformation.", "contents": "An unstable donor-recipient DNA complex in transformation of Bacillus subtilis. In re-extracted DNA obtained shortly after uptake of transforming DNA by Bacillus subtilis, increased amounts of donor DNA radioactivity banding at the position of donor-recipient DNA complex (DRC) are observed in CsCl gradients, if the cells are irradiated with high doses of UV prior to reextraction of the DNA. Qualitatively, the same phenomenon is observed if lysates of transforming cells are irradiated. UV-irradiation of lysates of competent cells to which single-stranded DNA is added after lysis, does not result in linkage of this DNA to the chromosomal DNA. Two observations argue in favour of the formation of a specific labile complex between donor and resident DNA during transformation. Firstly, heterologous donor DNA from Escherichia coli, although being processed to single-stranded DNA in competent B. subtilis, does not seem to be linked to the recipient chromosome upon UV-irradiation, and secondly, the labile complex of donor and recipient DNA can be stabilized by means of treatment of the lysates of transforming cells with 4, 5(1), 8-trimethylpsoralen in conjuction with long-wave ultra violet light irradiation. This indicates that basepairing is involved in the formation of the complex. On the basis of these results we assume that the unstable complex of donor and recipient DNA is an early intermediate in genetic recombination during transformation.", "PMID": 106232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7130", "title": "[Experimental verification of the results of the mathematical modeling of the process of formation of alpha-amylase-nonproductive mutants of Bacillus subtilis under continous cultivation].", "content": "When Bacillus subtilis produces alpha-amylase in the course of continuous cultivation, it is difficult to maintain the activity at a constant level. This may be due to the formation of nonproductive mutants. Individual cells in the population have been analysed in the course of the continuous process. The composition of the population changes depending on time and the composition of the growth medium. Semisynthetic media cause selection of mutants which synthesize the enzyme at a low rate. In contrast, complex media which are more enriched in the sources of carbon and nitrogen induce accumulation of mutants with a high activity.", "contents": "[Experimental verification of the results of the mathematical modeling of the process of formation of alpha-amylase-nonproductive mutants of Bacillus subtilis under continous cultivation]. When Bacillus subtilis produces alpha-amylase in the course of continuous cultivation, it is difficult to maintain the activity at a constant level. This may be due to the formation of nonproductive mutants. Individual cells in the population have been analysed in the course of the continuous process. The composition of the population changes depending on time and the composition of the growth medium. Semisynthetic media cause selection of mutants which synthesize the enzyme at a low rate. In contrast, complex media which are more enriched in the sources of carbon and nitrogen induce accumulation of mutants with a high activity.", "PMID": 106225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7131", "title": "Autoantibodies to the insulin receptor activate glycogen synthase in rat adipocytes.", "content": "Autoantibodies to the insulin receptor mimic the effects of insulin on glycogen synthase and phosphorylase. The interaction of antibodies with adipocyte cell surface insulin receptors seems sufficient to promote stable changes in the activities of these intracellular enzymes, suggesting that internalization or processing of insulin is not important in the generation of these biological responses.", "contents": "Autoantibodies to the insulin receptor activate glycogen synthase in rat adipocytes. Autoantibodies to the insulin receptor mimic the effects of insulin on glycogen synthase and phosphorylase. The interaction of antibodies with adipocyte cell surface insulin receptors seems sufficient to promote stable changes in the activities of these intracellular enzymes, suggesting that internalization or processing of insulin is not important in the generation of these biological responses.", "PMID": 106236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7132", "title": "[Endocrine disorders in children with neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen (author's transl)].", "content": "Endocrine disturbances have been studied in 4 children with neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen, aged 5.0-10.5 years. Hypothalamic precocious puberty was seen in three boys; growth hormone deficiency was diagnosed in a girl. After TRH stimulation one boy and the girl showed a diminished TSH-response. Another boy showed a relatively high basal level of TSH and an elevated TSH-response to TRH. All children were euthyroid. Two boys had a hyperprolactinemia even under basal conditions; the one with elevated TSH-response showed an excessive response of prolactin as well. In all our patients a suprasellar tumor caused the endocrine disorders described.", "contents": "[Endocrine disorders in children with neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen (author's transl)]. Endocrine disturbances have been studied in 4 children with neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen, aged 5.0-10.5 years. Hypothalamic precocious puberty was seen in three boys; growth hormone deficiency was diagnosed in a girl. After TRH stimulation one boy and the girl showed a diminished TSH-response. Another boy showed a relatively high basal level of TSH and an elevated TSH-response to TRH. All children were euthyroid. Two boys had a hyperprolactinemia even under basal conditions; the one with elevated TSH-response showed an excessive response of prolactin as well. In all our patients a suprasellar tumor caused the endocrine disorders described.", "PMID": 106238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7133", "title": "[Ultrasonic doppler technique in angiology (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrasonic Doppler technique is a simple, non-stressing and harmless method of angiological investigation requiring little time. Today it is considered to be the best-suited procedure among the non-invasive instrumental methods in angiological diagnosis. It provides well reproducible data with regard to peripheral arterial blood flow and highly valuable information on functional conditions in the area of carotid flow and in the iliofemoral venous system. This method can be recommended unreservedly for use in general practice as well.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic doppler technique in angiology (author's transl)]. The ultrasonic Doppler technique is a simple, non-stressing and harmless method of angiological investigation requiring little time. Today it is considered to be the best-suited procedure among the non-invasive instrumental methods in angiological diagnosis. It provides well reproducible data with regard to peripheral arterial blood flow and highly valuable information on functional conditions in the area of carotid flow and in the iliofemoral venous system. This method can be recommended unreservedly for use in general practice as well.", "PMID": 106241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7134", "title": "[Regulatory region of the MS2 phage RNA replicase cistron. Accesibility of MS2 RNA specific fragment to T1 RNAse digestion and chemical modification with kethoxal].", "content": "Partial digestion with T1 RNAase and chemical modification with kethoxal were used to study stability of two hairpin in the proposed secondary structure of the functionally active MS2 RNA fragment MS2 R(--53 leads to 6), containing the regulatory region of the phage replicase cistron. Analysis of the products obtained after the above treatments showed that T1 RNAase and kethoxal attacked predominantly the guanosine residues in the hairpin b of the MS2 R(--53 leads to 6). This implies that in contrast to the structurally stable hairpin a of the polynucleotide, hairpin b appears to be more labile and may exist under the present experimental conditions in equilibrium with its open form. The data of the competition experiments demonstrated that the kethoxal modified MS2 R(-53 leads to 6) and shorter polynucleotide MS2 R(-53 leads to-11) obtained from MS2 R(-53 leads to 6) after T1 RNAase digestion failed to bind with MS2 coat protein. The relatively unstable hairpin b region in the polynucleotide MS2 R(-53 leads to 6) is suggested to play essential role in the complex formation.", "contents": "[Regulatory region of the MS2 phage RNA replicase cistron. Accesibility of MS2 RNA specific fragment to T1 RNAse digestion and chemical modification with kethoxal]. Partial digestion with T1 RNAase and chemical modification with kethoxal were used to study stability of two hairpin in the proposed secondary structure of the functionally active MS2 RNA fragment MS2 R(--53 leads to 6), containing the regulatory region of the phage replicase cistron. Analysis of the products obtained after the above treatments showed that T1 RNAase and kethoxal attacked predominantly the guanosine residues in the hairpin b of the MS2 R(--53 leads to 6). This implies that in contrast to the structurally stable hairpin a of the polynucleotide, hairpin b appears to be more labile and may exist under the present experimental conditions in equilibrium with its open form. The data of the competition experiments demonstrated that the kethoxal modified MS2 R(-53 leads to 6) and shorter polynucleotide MS2 R(-53 leads to-11) obtained from MS2 R(-53 leads to 6) after T1 RNAase digestion failed to bind with MS2 coat protein. The relatively unstable hairpin b region in the polynucleotide MS2 R(-53 leads to 6) is suggested to play essential role in the complex formation.", "PMID": 106237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7135", "title": "[Pathogenesis of coli enteritis (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathogenic mechanisms of E. coli in diarrheal diseases were largely obscure up to now. The discovery of an enterotoxin which corresponded with the cholera enterotoxin in its mode of action and is also largely identical with this molecule immunologically provided essentially new aspects of the pathogenic importance of E. coli in diarrheal diseases. The detection of enterotoxin formation depends on the biological test model and presently it is still expensive and unsuitable for routine laboratory use. The serological identification of coli bacteria is meaningless for the detection of enterotoxin formation. Enterotoxic coli are more frequently found (12%) in the large group of hemolytic organisms. In 1978 we isolated enterotoxic coli from the stools of 12 infants under one year old with stubborn diarrhea.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of coli enteritis (author's transl)]. The pathogenic mechanisms of E. coli in diarrheal diseases were largely obscure up to now. The discovery of an enterotoxin which corresponded with the cholera enterotoxin in its mode of action and is also largely identical with this molecule immunologically provided essentially new aspects of the pathogenic importance of E. coli in diarrheal diseases. The detection of enterotoxin formation depends on the biological test model and presently it is still expensive and unsuitable for routine laboratory use. The serological identification of coli bacteria is meaningless for the detection of enterotoxin formation. Enterotoxic coli are more frequently found (12%) in the large group of hemolytic organisms. In 1978 we isolated enterotoxic coli from the stools of 12 infants under one year old with stubborn diarrhea.", "PMID": 106243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7136", "title": "[Conceptions and facts on difficult primary dentition (author's transl)].", "content": "The appearance of the first teeth is often regarded as a particular effort of the child and associated with various complications. On the basis of clinical observations and histological investigations the statements and conceptions were looked into and the process of growth followed up closely for the purpose of clarifying physiological and pathological events, thus also differentiating facts from opinions and assumptions. Appropriate modes of behaviour are recommended.", "contents": "[Conceptions and facts on difficult primary dentition (author's transl)]. The appearance of the first teeth is often regarded as a particular effort of the child and associated with various complications. On the basis of clinical observations and histological investigations the statements and conceptions were looked into and the process of growth followed up closely for the purpose of clarifying physiological and pathological events, thus also differentiating facts from opinions and assumptions. Appropriate modes of behaviour are recommended.", "PMID": 106244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7137", "title": "[Problems of alloplastic joint replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "Nowadays artificial joint substitution can be assessed as a definite part of orthopedic surgery. The good primary results must not obscure the fact that in spite of great progress in the field of endoprosthesis, numerous problems must still be considered unsolved. Most important are the problems associated with anchoring the implant into living bone tissue. New ways of cement-free anchorage are being sought. The presentation of possible alternatives and their indicative limitation to alloplastic joint substitution shows that there are possibilities which can be carried out before a possible artificial joint substitution or instead of it. Since joint substitution is still in a phase of development, further advances may be expected in the future.", "contents": "[Problems of alloplastic joint replacement (author's transl)]. Nowadays artificial joint substitution can be assessed as a definite part of orthopedic surgery. The good primary results must not obscure the fact that in spite of great progress in the field of endoprosthesis, numerous problems must still be considered unsolved. Most important are the problems associated with anchoring the implant into living bone tissue. New ways of cement-free anchorage are being sought. The presentation of possible alternatives and their indicative limitation to alloplastic joint substitution shows that there are possibilities which can be carried out before a possible artificial joint substitution or instead of it. Since joint substitution is still in a phase of development, further advances may be expected in the future.", "PMID": 106248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7138", "title": "[Chronic bronchitis, inguinal hernia and other health disorders. Correlation with heaviness of occupation (author's transl)].", "content": "68.8% of the workers of a metal factory have at least one pathological finding out of 11 parameters checked. The number of sick people increases from 57.1% in sedentary workers, to 64.5% in workers doing light or medium physical work, and 77.2% in heavy physical workers. The strongest trend, postulating a positive correlation between work and disease, can be found with the objective signs \"chronic bronchitis\", \"inguinal hernia\", and \"pathological urine\". Contrary to this positive trend in most medical findings, only hypertension and electrocardiographic changes are less frequent in heavy physical workers. The results obtained suggest, on the whole, an interrelationship between sickness and heavy physical work.", "contents": "[Chronic bronchitis, inguinal hernia and other health disorders. Correlation with heaviness of occupation (author's transl)]. 68.8% of the workers of a metal factory have at least one pathological finding out of 11 parameters checked. The number of sick people increases from 57.1% in sedentary workers, to 64.5% in workers doing light or medium physical work, and 77.2% in heavy physical workers. The strongest trend, postulating a positive correlation between work and disease, can be found with the objective signs \"chronic bronchitis\", \"inguinal hernia\", and \"pathological urine\". Contrary to this positive trend in most medical findings, only hypertension and electrocardiographic changes are less frequent in heavy physical workers. The results obtained suggest, on the whole, an interrelationship between sickness and heavy physical work.", "PMID": 106250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7139", "title": "[Lymphogranulomatosis in siblings (author's transl)].", "content": "In two similar pairs of siblings a histologically confirmed lymphogranulomatosis appeared at an interval of several years in each case. Such observations do not arise through purely coincidental familial frequency but siblings of granulomatosis patients have in fact a much higher risk of contracting Hodgkin's disease than other persons. This gives rise to important considerations for the etiology and pathogenesis of lymphogranulomatosis which are discussed in detail in the light of recent literature.", "contents": "[Lymphogranulomatosis in siblings (author's transl)]. In two similar pairs of siblings a histologically confirmed lymphogranulomatosis appeared at an interval of several years in each case. Such observations do not arise through purely coincidental familial frequency but siblings of granulomatosis patients have in fact a much higher risk of contracting Hodgkin's disease than other persons. This gives rise to important considerations for the etiology and pathogenesis of lymphogranulomatosis which are discussed in detail in the light of recent literature.", "PMID": 106260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7140", "title": "[Suicide in Bavarian prisons (author's transl)].", "content": "The rate of suicides of prisoners in Bavaria from 1945-1974 was investigated. It was shown that only for prisoners awaiting trial was the rate higher than in the normal population or of soldiers of the Bundeswehr. A much higher risk of suicide was found for the first day of imprisonment. The most common method was by hanging in solitary confinement. A sure prevention by confinement with more prisoners is not possible.", "contents": "[Suicide in Bavarian prisons (author's transl)]. The rate of suicides of prisoners in Bavaria from 1945-1974 was investigated. It was shown that only for prisoners awaiting trial was the rate higher than in the normal population or of soldiers of the Bundeswehr. A much higher risk of suicide was found for the first day of imprisonment. The most common method was by hanging in solitary confinement. A sure prevention by confinement with more prisoners is not possible.", "PMID": 106262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7141", "title": "[Dose-effects studies with bezafibrate in patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The dose-effect relationship of bezafibrate, a new clofibrate derivative, was investigated in 24 outpatients with a primary hyperlipidemia and a Type lla lipoprotein pattern. The patients were divided into two groups at random and in each case received 3 X 50, 3 X 100, 3 X 150 and 3 X 200 mg bezafibrate daily in increasing or falling dosage for four weeks. For rising doses a statistically significant dose-effect relationship could be demonstrated for cholesterol and triglycerides. This was only true for cholesterol with falling doses while triglycerides remained at a low level. The optimal dose was found to be 600 mg bezafibrate daily. The substance was well tolerated, and the usual laboratory parameters remained within the normal range in all patients.", "contents": "[Dose-effects studies with bezafibrate in patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia (author's transl)]. The dose-effect relationship of bezafibrate, a new clofibrate derivative, was investigated in 24 outpatients with a primary hyperlipidemia and a Type lla lipoprotein pattern. The patients were divided into two groups at random and in each case received 3 X 50, 3 X 100, 3 X 150 and 3 X 200 mg bezafibrate daily in increasing or falling dosage for four weeks. For rising doses a statistically significant dose-effect relationship could be demonstrated for cholesterol and triglycerides. This was only true for cholesterol with falling doses while triglycerides remained at a low level. The optimal dose was found to be 600 mg bezafibrate daily. The substance was well tolerated, and the usual laboratory parameters remained within the normal range in all patients.", "PMID": 106264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7142", "title": "Azo reduction of trypan blue to a known carcinogen by a cell-free extract of a human intestinal anaerobe.", "content": "The azo reductase activity of a cell-free extract of Fusobacterium sp. 2 is characterized using trypan blue as a substrate. Either chemical reduction of this dye with sodium hydrosulfite or reduction by the cell-free extract produces a mutagenic product, o-tolidine. The o-tolidine is mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test when activated by a rat liver S9 preparation.", "contents": "Azo reduction of trypan blue to a known carcinogen by a cell-free extract of a human intestinal anaerobe. The azo reductase activity of a cell-free extract of Fusobacterium sp. 2 is characterized using trypan blue as a substrate. Either chemical reduction of this dye with sodium hydrosulfite or reduction by the cell-free extract produces a mutagenic product, o-tolidine. The o-tolidine is mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test when activated by a rat liver S9 preparation.", "PMID": 106267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7143", "title": "Absence of mutagenicity of praziquantel, a new, effective, anti-schistosomal drug, in bacteria, yeasts, insects and mammalian cells.", "content": "Praziquantel (Embay 8440, Droncit) a new, effective anti-schistosomal drug, was tested in various short-term assays that have shown a predictive value for the detection of potential carcinogens. Indicator organisms S. typhimurium strains, S. pombe, S. cerevisiae, cultured V79 Chinese hamster cells or human heteroploid cells and Drosophila melanogaster were treated with Praziquantel. The induction of reverse and forward mutations, mitotic gene conversions, X-linked recessive lethals, sister-chromatid exchanges and unscheduled DNA-repair synthesis was scored; rodent-liver microsome-, cell- and host-mediated assays were also performed. Hycanthone, another schistosomicide was included as a positive control. The absence of a genetic activity of Praziquantel uniformly observed in such a battery of tests (i) confirms the assumption that the anti-schistosomal effectiveness of this drug is not related to the mutagenic activity and (ii) should encourage the implementation of extended clinical and field trials.", "contents": "Absence of mutagenicity of praziquantel, a new, effective, anti-schistosomal drug, in bacteria, yeasts, insects and mammalian cells. Praziquantel (Embay 8440, Droncit) a new, effective anti-schistosomal drug, was tested in various short-term assays that have shown a predictive value for the detection of potential carcinogens. Indicator organisms S. typhimurium strains, S. pombe, S. cerevisiae, cultured V79 Chinese hamster cells or human heteroploid cells and Drosophila melanogaster were treated with Praziquantel. The induction of reverse and forward mutations, mitotic gene conversions, X-linked recessive lethals, sister-chromatid exchanges and unscheduled DNA-repair synthesis was scored; rodent-liver microsome-, cell- and host-mediated assays were also performed. Hycanthone, another schistosomicide was included as a positive control. The absence of a genetic activity of Praziquantel uniformly observed in such a battery of tests (i) confirms the assumption that the anti-schistosomal effectiveness of this drug is not related to the mutagenic activity and (ii) should encourage the implementation of extended clinical and field trials.", "PMID": 106268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7144", "title": "Mutagenicity of benzotrichloride and related compounds.", "content": "Benzotrichloride (BTC), benzal chloride (BDC), benzyl chloride (BC) and benzoyl chloride (BOC) were surveyed for their mutagenicity in microbial systems such as rec-assay using Bacillus subtilis and reversion assays using E. coli WP2 and Ames Salmonella TA strains with or without metabolic activation in vitro. BTC and BDC required metabolic activation for their mutagenic activities in several strains of E. coli and Salmonella. The mutagenic metabolites of these compounds may not have been produced by hydrolysis. BC was weakly mutagenic without metabolic activation. Only BOC exhibited no mutagenic activity in the detection procedures used. The mutagenic metabolite of BTC might be very unstable under our experimental conditions. The strain E. coli WP2  try hcr was more sensitive than E. coli B/r WP2 try (hcr+) with regard to the mutagenicity of BTC.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of benzotrichloride and related compounds. Benzotrichloride (BTC), benzal chloride (BDC), benzyl chloride (BC) and benzoyl chloride (BOC) were surveyed for their mutagenicity in microbial systems such as rec-assay using Bacillus subtilis and reversion assays using E. coli WP2 and Ames Salmonella TA strains with or without metabolic activation in vitro. BTC and BDC required metabolic activation for their mutagenic activities in several strains of E. coli and Salmonella. The mutagenic metabolites of these compounds may not have been produced by hydrolysis. BC was weakly mutagenic without metabolic activation. Only BOC exhibited no mutagenic activity in the detection procedures used. The mutagenic metabolite of BTC might be very unstable under our experimental conditions. The strain E. coli WP2  try hcr was more sensitive than E. coli B/r WP2 try (hcr+) with regard to the mutagenicity of BTC.", "PMID": 106269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7145", "title": "Mutagenic effects of thioacetamide in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Thioacetamide, which is carcinogenic in mice and rats, has been reported as negative in Ames's test on Salmonella his- with and without liver microsomal fraction (S 9 mix). Tests on Drosophila reported here showed a significant increase in sex-linked recessive lethals after treatment with thioacetamide, both after injection and after feeding of males.", "contents": "Mutagenic effects of thioacetamide in Drosophila melanogaster. Thioacetamide, which is carcinogenic in mice and rats, has been reported as negative in Ames's test on Salmonella his- with and without liver microsomal fraction (S 9 mix). Tests on Drosophila reported here showed a significant increase in sex-linked recessive lethals after treatment with thioacetamide, both after injection and after feeding of males.", "PMID": 106270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7146", "title": "Mutagenicity studies with x-ray-contrast media, analgesics, antipyretics, antirheumatics and some other pharmaceutical drugs in bacterial, Drosophila and mammalian test systems.", "content": "As part of our investigation into mutagenic effects of environmental compounds, we studied 21 pharmaceuticals most frequently sold in West Germany: 6 X-ray-contrast media, 13 analgesics, antipyretics and antirheumatics, 1 central stimulant, and 1 antidepressant. They were studied in different bacterial, Drosophila and mammalian test systems. 4 of these 21 compounds could be detected as mutagens in one of the test systems. namely: 1,2-dichloroethane induced an increase in the frequency of recessive sex-linked lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster, quinine dihydrochloride and dimethylaminophenazone were mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA98 in the presence of S-9 liver fraction derived from Aroclor-induced rats, and trilithium citrate caused a significant effect in the micronucleus test on bone marrow of NMRI mice.", "contents": "Mutagenicity studies with x-ray-contrast media, analgesics, antipyretics, antirheumatics and some other pharmaceutical drugs in bacterial, Drosophila and mammalian test systems. As part of our investigation into mutagenic effects of environmental compounds, we studied 21 pharmaceuticals most frequently sold in West Germany: 6 X-ray-contrast media, 13 analgesics, antipyretics and antirheumatics, 1 central stimulant, and 1 antidepressant. They were studied in different bacterial, Drosophila and mammalian test systems. 4 of these 21 compounds could be detected as mutagens in one of the test systems. namely: 1,2-dichloroethane induced an increase in the frequency of recessive sex-linked lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster, quinine dihydrochloride and dimethylaminophenazone were mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA98 in the presence of S-9 liver fraction derived from Aroclor-induced rats, and trilithium citrate caused a significant effect in the micronucleus test on bone marrow of NMRI mice.", "PMID": 106272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7147", "title": "Induction of sex-linked recessive lethals and autosomal translocations by beta-propiolactone in Drosophila: influence of the route of administration on mutagenic activity.", "content": "Beta-propiolactone (BPL) was tested for the induction of sex-linked recessive lethals and autosomal translocations in Drosophila melanogaster. The compound was administered to adult males either by oral application or by abdominal injection. When injected, BPL was a potent inducer of sex-linked recessive lethals. When BPL was given by feeding, its mutagenic activity was detectable only when the flies were starved and when the BPL-containing solutions were renewed several times. Nevertheless, the recessive-lethal frequency was one order of magnitude higher with injection. This difference in effects is attributed to (1) rapid decomposition of the compound in aqueous feeding solutions, and to (2) rapid degradation in vivo which restricts the activity of BPL mainly to the site of application. These data are compared with other studies in which both routes of application were applied. BPL induced translocations in stored spermatozoa when injected, but not when fed. This finding seems a logical consequence of (1) the difference in effectiveness of the two routes of application for BPL, and (2) the existence of different LECs for mutation induction (recessive lethals) and for chromosome breakage (translocations). In Drosophila, the breakage capacity of BPL was one order of magnitude lower than that of MMS, when a comparison was made on the basis of equal recessive-lethal frequencies.", "contents": "Induction of sex-linked recessive lethals and autosomal translocations by beta-propiolactone in Drosophila: influence of the route of administration on mutagenic activity. Beta-propiolactone (BPL) was tested for the induction of sex-linked recessive lethals and autosomal translocations in Drosophila melanogaster. The compound was administered to adult males either by oral application or by abdominal injection. When injected, BPL was a potent inducer of sex-linked recessive lethals. When BPL was given by feeding, its mutagenic activity was detectable only when the flies were starved and when the BPL-containing solutions were renewed several times. Nevertheless, the recessive-lethal frequency was one order of magnitude higher with injection. This difference in effects is attributed to (1) rapid decomposition of the compound in aqueous feeding solutions, and to (2) rapid degradation in vivo which restricts the activity of BPL mainly to the site of application. These data are compared with other studies in which both routes of application were applied. BPL induced translocations in stored spermatozoa when injected, but not when fed. This finding seems a logical consequence of (1) the difference in effectiveness of the two routes of application for BPL, and (2) the existence of different LECs for mutation induction (recessive lethals) and for chromosome breakage (translocations). In Drosophila, the breakage capacity of BPL was one order of magnitude lower than that of MMS, when a comparison was made on the basis of equal recessive-lethal frequencies.", "PMID": 106273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7148", "title": "Comparison of the in vitro mutagenicity and metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine and benzo[a]pyrene in tissues from inbred mice treated with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene or polychlorinated biphenyls.", "content": "Homogenates of liver, lung, kidney, stomach, small intestine and colon from 8 strains of mice were compared for their ability to metabolize benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) to mutagens. Females of strains CF1, AKR/J, AU/SsJ, DBA/2J, SWR/J, A/J, C3H/HeJ, and C57BL/6J were either untreated or received phenobarbital (PB), 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) or polychlorinated biphenyls (AR) to induce drug-metabolizing enzymes. The effects of these drugs on organ weight and on the amounts of DNA, S-10 protein, and microsomal protein per unit weight of tissue are reported. Salmonella typhimurium TA92 and TA98 were used as indicators of the formation of mutagens. For each organ there was an optimal balance between amount of tissue homogenate and concentration of test compound for maximal yield of revertants. A sensitive radiometric assay of DMN demethylase (DMND) is described which permits measurement of the enzyme in liver, lung and kidney. DMN at 1 mM is used as substrate. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) was measured in all tissue using BP as substrate. AR and MC are very good inducers of AHH activity in livers of mice classified as aromatic hydrocarbon responsive, but not in those classified as hydrocarbon nonresponsive. Responsiveness is strain-specific and genetically regulated. Metabolism of BP to mutagens by liver homogenates was correlated with extent of AHH induction. This dimorphism of response of AHH to inducers was present, but less pronounced, in non-hepatic tissues. Basal activities of AHH and DMND were correlated in livers and lungs from untreated mice. DMND activities were increased less than 2-fold by PB, MC or AR treatments. Metabolism of DMN to mutagens was not closely correlated with DMND activities. Strain of mouse, type of tissue and test substance are important variables in assessing the potential effect of microsomal enzyme-inducing agents on the metabolism of mutagenic substances.", "contents": "Comparison of the in vitro mutagenicity and metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine and benzo[a]pyrene in tissues from inbred mice treated with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene or polychlorinated biphenyls. Homogenates of liver, lung, kidney, stomach, small intestine and colon from 8 strains of mice were compared for their ability to metabolize benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) to mutagens. Females of strains CF1, AKR/J, AU/SsJ, DBA/2J, SWR/J, A/J, C3H/HeJ, and C57BL/6J were either untreated or received phenobarbital (PB), 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) or polychlorinated biphenyls (AR) to induce drug-metabolizing enzymes. The effects of these drugs on organ weight and on the amounts of DNA, S-10 protein, and microsomal protein per unit weight of tissue are reported. Salmonella typhimurium TA92 and TA98 were used as indicators of the formation of mutagens. For each organ there was an optimal balance between amount of tissue homogenate and concentration of test compound for maximal yield of revertants. A sensitive radiometric assay of DMN demethylase (DMND) is described which permits measurement of the enzyme in liver, lung and kidney. DMN at 1 mM is used as substrate. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) was measured in all tissue using BP as substrate. AR and MC are very good inducers of AHH activity in livers of mice classified as aromatic hydrocarbon responsive, but not in those classified as hydrocarbon nonresponsive. Responsiveness is strain-specific and genetically regulated. Metabolism of BP to mutagens by liver homogenates was correlated with extent of AHH induction. This dimorphism of response of AHH to inducers was present, but less pronounced, in non-hepatic tissues. Basal activities of AHH and DMND were correlated in livers and lungs from untreated mice. DMND activities were increased less than 2-fold by PB, MC or AR treatments. Metabolism of DMN to mutagens was not closely correlated with DMND activities. Strain of mouse, type of tissue and test substance are important variables in assessing the potential effect of microsomal enzyme-inducing agents on the metabolism of mutagenic substances.", "PMID": 106274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7149", "title": "Multimodality treatment of narcotic addiction: an overview.", "content": "In closing, it seems important to add that, when viewed longitudinally, addiction resembles a chronic medical disease. Rehabilitaiton may take several years and improvement rather than cure may be the most reasonable goal. Disappointment at the lack of success in finding an effective cure is common, but a relapsing and remitting course does not necessarily imply failure. Return to treatment may signal continuing efforts and progression toward abstinence. Improvement in current techniques may make remissions longer and relapses shorter. Current work on endogenous opiates (endorphins) may lead to tests which will identify those patients who can achieve drug-free status and those who can function only when maintenance opiates are applied.", "contents": "Multimodality treatment of narcotic addiction: an overview. In closing, it seems important to add that, when viewed longitudinally, addiction resembles a chronic medical disease. Rehabilitaiton may take several years and improvement rather than cure may be the most reasonable goal. Disappointment at the lack of success in finding an effective cure is common, but a relapsing and remitting course does not necessarily imply failure. Return to treatment may signal continuing efforts and progression toward abstinence. Improvement in current techniques may make remissions longer and relapses shorter. Current work on endogenous opiates (endorphins) may lead to tests which will identify those patients who can achieve drug-free status and those who can function only when maintenance opiates are applied.", "PMID": 106287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7150", "title": "Early clinical studies of levo-alpha acetylmethadol (LAAM): an opiate for use in the medical treatment of chronic heroin dependence.", "content": "Opiate maintenance with methadone has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment modality for many chronic heroin-dependent individuals. However, the many clinical and societal advantages of a longer-lasting medication prompted the development of LAAM, which could be administered three days a week rather than daily. Early Phase II clinical trials of LAAM in about 750 patients have been reviewed and have demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of this drug and confirmed its usefulness for treatment of this chronic disease.", "contents": "Early clinical studies of levo-alpha acetylmethadol (LAAM): an opiate for use in the medical treatment of chronic heroin dependence. Opiate maintenance with methadone has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment modality for many chronic heroin-dependent individuals. However, the many clinical and societal advantages of a longer-lasting medication prompted the development of LAAM, which could be administered three days a week rather than daily. Early Phase II clinical trials of LAAM in about 750 patients have been reviewed and have demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of this drug and confirmed its usefulness for treatment of this chronic disease.", "PMID": 106289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7151", "title": "Domains and the hinge region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain are encoded in separate DNA segments.", "content": "A 6.8-kilobase DNA fragment containing the sequence coding for the constant region of the mouse immunoglobulin gamma1 heavy chain was cloned from total cellular DNA. Electron microscopic and nucleotide sequencing studies showed that the three protein domains and the hinge region are encoded in separate DNA segments.", "contents": "Domains and the hinge region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain are encoded in separate DNA segments. A 6.8-kilobase DNA fragment containing the sequence coding for the constant region of the mouse immunoglobulin gamma1 heavy chain was cloned from total cellular DNA. Electron microscopic and nucleotide sequencing studies showed that the three protein domains and the hinge region are encoded in separate DNA segments.", "PMID": 106304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7152", "title": "(+)-Cyanidanol-3 as inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase. Studies on renal medulla and liver of the rat in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "(+)-Cyanidanol-3 inhibits the prostaglandin synthetase of the renal medulla and of the liver of rats in vitro and after treatment of the animals with 200 mg/kg. A half-maximal inhibition of the enzyme was obtained with 5 . 10(-5) M cyanidanol. If the microsomal inhibitor CFT1201 is first applied, the inhibitory effect in vivo of 50% is increased to 80%. It is supposed that cyanidanol is converted to metabolites which, according to our earlier studies, activate the enzyme system. An enzyme activity of the rat liver was measured which - with a turnover of 18-20% - was significantly higher than the values obtained by other authors.", "contents": "(+)-Cyanidanol-3 as inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase. Studies on renal medulla and liver of the rat in vitro and in vivo. (+)-Cyanidanol-3 inhibits the prostaglandin synthetase of the renal medulla and of the liver of rats in vitro and after treatment of the animals with 200 mg/kg. A half-maximal inhibition of the enzyme was obtained with 5 . 10(-5) M cyanidanol. If the microsomal inhibitor CFT1201 is first applied, the inhibitory effect in vivo of 50% is increased to 80%. It is supposed that cyanidanol is converted to metabolites which, according to our earlier studies, activate the enzyme system. An enzyme activity of the rat liver was measured which - with a turnover of 18-20% - was significantly higher than the values obtained by other authors.", "PMID": 106308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7153", "title": "Interaction of cations and chelators with the intestinal absorption of tetracycline.", "content": "The influence of certain compounds on intestinal absorption of tetracycline was tested, using two different in vivo techniques: a) Disappearence of the drug from perfused intestinal segments of the rabbit; b) Measuring urinary excretion in the rat after oral dosage. Ca2+ and Fe2+ ions both reduced the permeation rate of tetracycline by about 30%. In presence of Ca2+ and salicylate ions, leading to ion-pair formation with the antibiotic, intestinal uptake was significantly increased in comparison to experiments where only calcium was present. A more pronounced increase was observed with EDTA. Phosphate ions had different effects on the uptake of the antibiotic in both experimental techniques. Possible mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of cations and chelators with the intestinal absorption of tetracycline. The influence of certain compounds on intestinal absorption of tetracycline was tested, using two different in vivo techniques: a) Disappearence of the drug from perfused intestinal segments of the rabbit; b) Measuring urinary excretion in the rat after oral dosage. Ca2+ and Fe2+ ions both reduced the permeation rate of tetracycline by about 30%. In presence of Ca2+ and salicylate ions, leading to ion-pair formation with the antibiotic, intestinal uptake was significantly increased in comparison to experiments where only calcium was present. A more pronounced increase was observed with EDTA. Phosphate ions had different effects on the uptake of the antibiotic in both experimental techniques. Possible mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 106309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7154", "title": "Effect of antithymocyte globulin on islet of Langerhans transplantation.", "content": "Lewis rats were treated with streptozotocin to induce hyperglycemia and glycosuria (400-600 mg/dl). Transplantation of approximately 1,000 dissociated islets obtained from collagenase-treated pancreases from 4 donors will promptly correct induced diabetes. Functional survival of islet allografts is related to genetic disparity between donor and recipient strains. In the closely matched Fisher-to-Lewis combination, islets functioned for a mean of 4.2+/-1 days while in the AgB-incompatible Wistar/Furth-to-Lewis combination, islets functioned for a mean of only 2.1+/-0.5 days. Treatment of recipients with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) for 3 days extended islet survival to a mean of 11.8 +/- 1.9 days in the Wistar/Furth-to-Lewis combination and to as long as 184+/-87.5 days in the Fischer-to-Lewis combination. ATG may have a role in trials of clinical islet transplants.", "contents": "Effect of antithymocyte globulin on islet of Langerhans transplantation. Lewis rats were treated with streptozotocin to induce hyperglycemia and glycosuria (400-600 mg/dl). Transplantation of approximately 1,000 dissociated islets obtained from collagenase-treated pancreases from 4 donors will promptly correct induced diabetes. Functional survival of islet allografts is related to genetic disparity between donor and recipient strains. In the closely matched Fisher-to-Lewis combination, islets functioned for a mean of 4.2+/-1 days while in the AgB-incompatible Wistar/Furth-to-Lewis combination, islets functioned for a mean of only 2.1+/-0.5 days. Treatment of recipients with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) for 3 days extended islet survival to a mean of 11.8 +/- 1.9 days in the Wistar/Furth-to-Lewis combination and to as long as 184+/-87.5 days in the Fischer-to-Lewis combination. ATG may have a role in trials of clinical islet transplants.", "PMID": 106312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7155", "title": "Pyrogenic renal hyperemia: the role of prostaglandins.", "content": "The intravenous administration of triple typhoid vaccine to anesthetized dogs resulted in a significant increase in renal blood flow accompanied by a modest decline in systemic blood pressure. This renal hyperemia was associated with elevated renal secretory rates of renin and prostaglandin E and F. Measurements of the intracortical distribution of radiolabeled microspheres revealed a progressive decrease in outer cortical blood flow rates and a progressive increase in inner cortical flow rates. When meclofenamate, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase, was administered concomitantly with triple typhoid vaccine renal hyperemia did not develop. The renal renin secretory rate increased modestly and intracortical renal blood flow was not redistributed. The increased renal blood flow after triple typhoid vaccine administration to unanesthetized dogs was also reversed by meclofenamate. The marked increase in prostaglandin secretion by the kidney during renal hyperemia following triple typhoid vaccine administration (pyrogen), and the effect of meclofenamate, is consonant with a role for increased renal synthesis and release of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Pyrogenic renal hyperemia: the role of prostaglandins. The intravenous administration of triple typhoid vaccine to anesthetized dogs resulted in a significant increase in renal blood flow accompanied by a modest decline in systemic blood pressure. This renal hyperemia was associated with elevated renal secretory rates of renin and prostaglandin E and F. Measurements of the intracortical distribution of radiolabeled microspheres revealed a progressive decrease in outer cortical blood flow rates and a progressive increase in inner cortical flow rates. When meclofenamate, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase, was administered concomitantly with triple typhoid vaccine renal hyperemia did not develop. The renal renin secretory rate increased modestly and intracortical renal blood flow was not redistributed. The increased renal blood flow after triple typhoid vaccine administration to unanesthetized dogs was also reversed by meclofenamate. The marked increase in prostaglandin secretion by the kidney during renal hyperemia following triple typhoid vaccine administration (pyrogen), and the effect of meclofenamate, is consonant with a role for increased renal synthesis and release of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 106313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7156", "title": "The influence of early protein-calorie malnutrition on neuronal and glial protein synthesis. An experimental study on rats.", "content": "The effect of pre- and postnatal undernutrition, produced according to the method of Chow and Lee (3), on the rate of protein synthesis in the brains of rats 11, 21, 34 and 90 days of age was studied by measuring the incorporation of L-[14C]valine in vivo and L-[3H]lysine in vitro. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed with high concentration of the precursor to decrease the effects of pool variations and protein degradation. Particular interest was given to the effects of this form of early protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) on neuronal and glial cells which were isolated from the brains by gradient centrifugation. Brain protein synthesis measured in vivo which showed a peak at 21 days in both animal series, was depressed by PCM at 11 days but stimulated at 34 days of animal age. Small effect was observed in the 90-day-old animals. A similar response as in whole brain was seen for neuronal cells, while glial cells showed a different reaction. Studies of in vitro protein synthesis did not reveal appreciable effects of undernutrition in whole brain. Both neuronal and glial cells showed a moderate but not statistically significant elevation of protein synthesis in animals subjected to early PCM.", "contents": "The influence of early protein-calorie malnutrition on neuronal and glial protein synthesis. An experimental study on rats. The effect of pre- and postnatal undernutrition, produced according to the method of Chow and Lee (3), on the rate of protein synthesis in the brains of rats 11, 21, 34 and 90 days of age was studied by measuring the incorporation of L-[14C]valine in vivo and L-[3H]lysine in vitro. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed with high concentration of the precursor to decrease the effects of pool variations and protein degradation. Particular interest was given to the effects of this form of early protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) on neuronal and glial cells which were isolated from the brains by gradient centrifugation. Brain protein synthesis measured in vivo which showed a peak at 21 days in both animal series, was depressed by PCM at 11 days but stimulated at 34 days of animal age. Small effect was observed in the 90-day-old animals. A similar response as in whole brain was seen for neuronal cells, while glial cells showed a different reaction. Studies of in vitro protein synthesis did not reveal appreciable effects of undernutrition in whole brain. Both neuronal and glial cells showed a moderate but not statistically significant elevation of protein synthesis in animals subjected to early PCM.", "PMID": 106314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7157", "title": "[A case of cerebral tuberculoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A 27-year-old woman was admitted to other hospital for acute pleuritis in May 1977. She suddenly had a focal epileptic seizure in the face with loss of consciousness on July 10, 1977. The same episodes of seizure occurred on Aug. 8, on Oct. 26, on Nov. 22, 1977. She was admitted to our hospital on Dec. 12, 1977. Neurological examinations showed no abnormality. Chest X-ray film showed bilateral severe thickening of the pleura. Plain skull films showed normal findings. Enhanced CT scanning showed a homogenous irregular contour of high density area surrounded by low density area in the right frontal region. The lateral ventricle was slightly shifted to the left side. 99mTc brain scan also detected a spherical abnormal uptake in this area. Right carotid angiography showed no abnormal vessels and increased vascularities. On Nov. 22, 1977, a craniotomy was made over the right fronto-temporal bone, and a walnut sized tumor in the frontal subcortex was totally removed successfully. Histologically, the tumor was diagnosed as brain tuberculoma. The antituberculous therapy (AB-PC, INAH, Rifampicin), high doses of gammabenin, and steroid were given. About four months later, she was in good health without neurologic deficits and returned to her work. The literature was reviewed, and the value of CT scan and RI scan in the diagnosis of cerebral tuberculoma was emphasized.", "contents": "[A case of cerebral tuberculoma (author's transl)]. A 27-year-old woman was admitted to other hospital for acute pleuritis in May 1977. She suddenly had a focal epileptic seizure in the face with loss of consciousness on July 10, 1977. The same episodes of seizure occurred on Aug. 8, on Oct. 26, on Nov. 22, 1977. She was admitted to our hospital on Dec. 12, 1977. Neurological examinations showed no abnormality. Chest X-ray film showed bilateral severe thickening of the pleura. Plain skull films showed normal findings. Enhanced CT scanning showed a homogenous irregular contour of high density area surrounded by low density area in the right frontal region. The lateral ventricle was slightly shifted to the left side. 99mTc brain scan also detected a spherical abnormal uptake in this area. Right carotid angiography showed no abnormal vessels and increased vascularities. On Nov. 22, 1977, a craniotomy was made over the right fronto-temporal bone, and a walnut sized tumor in the frontal subcortex was totally removed successfully. Histologically, the tumor was diagnosed as brain tuberculoma. The antituberculous therapy (AB-PC, INAH, Rifampicin), high doses of gammabenin, and steroid were given. About four months later, she was in good health without neurologic deficits and returned to her work. The literature was reviewed, and the value of CT scan and RI scan in the diagnosis of cerebral tuberculoma was emphasized.", "PMID": 106318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7158", "title": "[Benign infantile epilepsy].", "content": "The authors describe clinical and electroencephalographic analysis of 23 cases of banign infantile epilepsy. The characteristic features of seizures, the clinical course, and the EEG findings with presence of spikes and/or spikes and slow waves in leads from the motor and midtemporal areas are discussed. Frequent influence of factors releasing the first and subsequent seizures and a history of risk factors during pregnancy, and perinatal period, and early acquired predisposition were demonstrated. Follow-up showed that seizures disappeared at the age of puberty. All observations suggest the possibility of separation of benign infantile epilepsy as a particular form of this disease.", "contents": "[Benign infantile epilepsy]. The authors describe clinical and electroencephalographic analysis of 23 cases of banign infantile epilepsy. The characteristic features of seizures, the clinical course, and the EEG findings with presence of spikes and/or spikes and slow waves in leads from the motor and midtemporal areas are discussed. Frequent influence of factors releasing the first and subsequent seizures and a history of risk factors during pregnancy, and perinatal period, and early acquired predisposition were demonstrated. Follow-up showed that seizures disappeared at the age of puberty. All observations suggest the possibility of separation of benign infantile epilepsy as a particular form of this disease.", "PMID": 106316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7159", "title": "Posttraumatic epilepsy and CT scan.", "content": "Among 83 head-trauma cases examined by CT scan in a later year, 41 were included in a seizure group of those who clinically showed late epilepsy and who obviously showed epileptic discharge such as spike or spike and wave in EEG after trauma, and 42 were included in a nonseizure group of those who had some sequelae such as abnormal findings in EEG or neurologic defects: the CT findings of these 83 cases were collected and compared with clinical findings, EEG, and other data. The CT findings of these cases were divided into five groups: (A) a normal group; (B) a group showing partial or unilateral ventricular dilatation; (C) a group showing porencephaly in the cerebral parenchyma; (D) a group suspected of cortical atrophy; (E) a group of other cases. Group D contained 44.3% of the cases, and was the largest group; the frequency of seizure was highest in Group C. The CT classification reveals the contradiction of the conventional definition of posttraumatic epilepsy and also poses some problems concerning the disease. CT scan is mostly applied to head trauma in the acute stage, and as for trauma in the chronic stage there are a few reports on chronic subdural hematoma and post-traumatic hydrocephalus. We noticed posttraumatic epilepsy among the sequelae of trauma, and then analyzed CT findings of the epilepsy: the results are reported here.", "contents": "Posttraumatic epilepsy and CT scan. Among 83 head-trauma cases examined by CT scan in a later year, 41 were included in a seizure group of those who clinically showed late epilepsy and who obviously showed epileptic discharge such as spike or spike and wave in EEG after trauma, and 42 were included in a nonseizure group of those who had some sequelae such as abnormal findings in EEG or neurologic defects: the CT findings of these 83 cases were collected and compared with clinical findings, EEG, and other data. The CT findings of these cases were divided into five groups: (A) a normal group; (B) a group showing partial or unilateral ventricular dilatation; (C) a group showing porencephaly in the cerebral parenchyma; (D) a group suspected of cortical atrophy; (E) a group of other cases. Group D contained 44.3% of the cases, and was the largest group; the frequency of seizure was highest in Group C. The CT classification reveals the contradiction of the conventional definition of posttraumatic epilepsy and also poses some problems concerning the disease. CT scan is mostly applied to head trauma in the acute stage, and as for trauma in the chronic stage there are a few reports on chronic subdural hematoma and post-traumatic hydrocephalus. We noticed posttraumatic epilepsy among the sequelae of trauma, and then analyzed CT findings of the epilepsy: the results are reported here.", "PMID": 106322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7160", "title": "Studies of cultured human and simian fetal brain cells. I. Characterization of the cell types.", "content": "Explant cultures of the cerebral subventricular zone and cerebellar external germinal layer were established from fetal human, rhesus and cynomolgus monkey brains. Using comparable gestational ages, the morphogenesis of the cultures from these three sources was almost indistinguishable. Four cell types were distinguished by electron microscopy. Germinal cells or neuroblasts were confined largely to the primary explant and extended into a transitional outgrowth region. Astrocytes, which stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein, grew out of the explants and these could be distinguished from the large, mesenchymal epithelioid cells. A fourth cell type, not identified in previous studies, had the ultrastructural characteristics of an oligodendrocyte, but did not produce myelin in these culture conditions.", "contents": "Studies of cultured human and simian fetal brain cells. I. Characterization of the cell types. Explant cultures of the cerebral subventricular zone and cerebellar external germinal layer were established from fetal human, rhesus and cynomolgus monkey brains. Using comparable gestational ages, the morphogenesis of the cultures from these three sources was almost indistinguishable. Four cell types were distinguished by electron microscopy. Germinal cells or neuroblasts were confined largely to the primary explant and extended into a transitional outgrowth region. Astrocytes, which stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein, grew out of the explants and these could be distinguished from the large, mesenchymal epithelioid cells. A fourth cell type, not identified in previous studies, had the ultrastructural characteristics of an oligodendrocyte, but did not produce myelin in these culture conditions.", "PMID": 106319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7161", "title": "Neuroradiology of ossification of the posterior longitudinal spinal ligament. Comparative studies with computer tomography.", "content": "Comparative neuroradiologic studies of the posterior longitudinal spinal ligament were performed in 15 cases showing myelopathy. On visualizing the ossified foci CT scan was found to be superior to the conventional roentgenograms, and detailed evaluation of the constricted spinal canal with related neurologic deficits became possible. CT analysis must be performed to differentiate spondylotic myelopathy, which is essential when considering operative intervention.", "contents": "Neuroradiology of ossification of the posterior longitudinal spinal ligament. Comparative studies with computer tomography. Comparative neuroradiologic studies of the posterior longitudinal spinal ligament were performed in 15 cases showing myelopathy. On visualizing the ossified foci CT scan was found to be superior to the conventional roentgenograms, and detailed evaluation of the constricted spinal canal with related neurologic deficits became possible. CT analysis must be performed to differentiate spondylotic myelopathy, which is essential when considering operative intervention.", "PMID": 106324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7162", "title": "The cellular origin of lysosomal enzymes in the plaque in multiple sclerosis: a combined histological and biochemical study.", "content": "Using a combined biochemical and histological approach certain conclusions can be drawn as to the origin of the increase in lysosomal enzymes in white matter from MS brains. Firstly, there is a gradient of lysosomal enzyme activity, plaque greater than periplaque greater than macroscopically normal white matter, which appears to be independent of the stage of evolution of the plaque. The most consistent change in cellular composition within and around all plaques is a marked astrocytosis. It thus appears that the increases in lysosomal enzymes can be mainly attributed to reactive astrocytes; macrophages and the cells of the perivascular infiltrate making only a limited contribution. Secondly, only one of the enzymes tested was significantly elevated in histologically normal white matter, i.e. n-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. Since this enzyme appears to be a particularly sensitive marker for astrocytes this may be indicative of proliferation of astrocytes in so-called normal white matter.", "contents": "The cellular origin of lysosomal enzymes in the plaque in multiple sclerosis: a combined histological and biochemical study. Using a combined biochemical and histological approach certain conclusions can be drawn as to the origin of the increase in lysosomal enzymes in white matter from MS brains. Firstly, there is a gradient of lysosomal enzyme activity, plaque greater than periplaque greater than macroscopically normal white matter, which appears to be independent of the stage of evolution of the plaque. The most consistent change in cellular composition within and around all plaques is a marked astrocytosis. It thus appears that the increases in lysosomal enzymes can be mainly attributed to reactive astrocytes; macrophages and the cells of the perivascular infiltrate making only a limited contribution. Secondly, only one of the enzymes tested was significantly elevated in histologically normal white matter, i.e. n-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. Since this enzyme appears to be a particularly sensitive marker for astrocytes this may be indicative of proliferation of astrocytes in so-called normal white matter.", "PMID": 106320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7163", "title": "Catheter cervical vertebral venography.", "content": "Cervical vertebral venography using catheterzation via the femoral vein was carried out in 78 cases. In disc disease the internal vertebral venous plexus (IVVP) are interrupted at single or multiple levels, and sometimes completely blocked. In ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament, the IVVP are separated bilaterally and interrupted at multiple levels due to centrally situated ossification and associated osteophytes. Venography helps to determine the upper and lower limits of laminectomy, and the necessary sites of facetectomy. The IVVP in the thoracic region were clearly opacified in 86% of 37 normal selective azygograms.", "contents": "Catheter cervical vertebral venography. Cervical vertebral venography using catheterzation via the femoral vein was carried out in 78 cases. In disc disease the internal vertebral venous plexus (IVVP) are interrupted at single or multiple levels, and sometimes completely blocked. In ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament, the IVVP are separated bilaterally and interrupted at multiple levels due to centrally situated ossification and associated osteophytes. Venography helps to determine the upper and lower limits of laminectomy, and the necessary sites of facetectomy. The IVVP in the thoracic region were clearly opacified in 86% of 37 normal selective azygograms.", "PMID": 106325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7164", "title": "Secondarily generalized convulsive seizures induced by daily amygdaloid stimulation in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Amygdaloid kindling in rhesus monkeys resulted in development of secondarily generalized convulsive seizures in an average of 196 days. Prior pharmacologic (bemegride) kindling accelerated this seizure development in one animal. None of the animals reached the stage 5 primary generalized seizure of baboons (Papio papio), even after 400 daily amygdaloid stimulations. Seizure stage instability, with frequent regression to an earlier stage, and the difficulty of establishing a generalized seizure triggering threshold in most of the rhesus monkeys, contrasts with our experiences in Papio papio. Thus, differences in the speed of kindling and in the quality of kindled convulsion between rhesus monkeys and epileptic baboons probably reflect the presence or absence of an epileptogenic predisposition in these two species. The difficulty of developing convulsive seizure in rhesus monkeys suggests that this species is particularly suited for the study of partial complex seizure. These studies indicate that the abrupt onset of human epilepsy with a fully developed convulsive seizure must represent and overwhelming central pathophysiologic event resulting from an endogenous, exogenous or a combined insult interacting with a genetically predisposed seizure susceptibility.", "contents": "Secondarily generalized convulsive seizures induced by daily amygdaloid stimulation in rhesus monkeys. Amygdaloid kindling in rhesus monkeys resulted in development of secondarily generalized convulsive seizures in an average of 196 days. Prior pharmacologic (bemegride) kindling accelerated this seizure development in one animal. None of the animals reached the stage 5 primary generalized seizure of baboons (Papio papio), even after 400 daily amygdaloid stimulations. Seizure stage instability, with frequent regression to an earlier stage, and the difficulty of establishing a generalized seizure triggering threshold in most of the rhesus monkeys, contrasts with our experiences in Papio papio. Thus, differences in the speed of kindling and in the quality of kindled convulsion between rhesus monkeys and epileptic baboons probably reflect the presence or absence of an epileptogenic predisposition in these two species. The difficulty of developing convulsive seizure in rhesus monkeys suggests that this species is particularly suited for the study of partial complex seizure. These studies indicate that the abrupt onset of human epilepsy with a fully developed convulsive seizure must represent and overwhelming central pathophysiologic event resulting from an endogenous, exogenous or a combined insult interacting with a genetically predisposed seizure susceptibility.", "PMID": 106328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7165", "title": "Quantitation of IgG, IgA and IgM in the CSF by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for quantitating IgG, IgA and IgM in unconcentrated CSF has been developed. The amounts and percentages of these immunoglobulins in CSF from 31 normal individuals were determined. Using these values as normal, CSF from patients with syphilis, encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), and multiple sclerosis (MS) was studied. Abnormalities were detected, indicating the potential relevance of more extensive study of the CSF immunoglobulins. CSF from patients with myotonic dystrophy and myasthenia gravis was normal. RIA was compared with rocket electroimmunodiffusion (EID) for the quantitation of IgG. Although RIA consistently gave lower absolute values, both assays reliably detect elevated IgG in CSF. However, an advantage of RIA is its capacity to quantitate IgA and IgM.", "contents": "Quantitation of IgG, IgA and IgM in the CSF by radioimmunoassay. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for quantitating IgG, IgA and IgM in unconcentrated CSF has been developed. The amounts and percentages of these immunoglobulins in CSF from 31 normal individuals were determined. Using these values as normal, CSF from patients with syphilis, encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), and multiple sclerosis (MS) was studied. Abnormalities were detected, indicating the potential relevance of more extensive study of the CSF immunoglobulins. CSF from patients with myotonic dystrophy and myasthenia gravis was normal. RIA was compared with rocket electroimmunodiffusion (EID) for the quantitation of IgG. Although RIA consistently gave lower absolute values, both assays reliably detect elevated IgG in CSF. However, an advantage of RIA is its capacity to quantitate IgA and IgM.", "PMID": 106329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7166", "title": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency in spinocerebellar degenerations.", "content": "To study the incidence of abnormalities of the pyruvate (PDH) or ketoglutarate (KGDH) dehydrogenase complexes in patients with spinocerebellar degenerations, we measured the activities of PDH and KGDH in platelet-enriched preparations from the blood of 14 patients. Low PDH was found in 6 of the 14 patients; low KGDH was found in 2 of the 6. PDH-normal and PDH-abnormal patients could not be distinguished by clinical criteria. These results extend previous studies, which suggested abnormalities of pyruvate oxidation in patients with hereditary ataxias. The data imply that deficient activity of the PDH complex may be associated with spinocerebellar degenerations, and that the clinical phenotypes of the inherited ataxias can be associated with several genotypes.", "contents": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency in spinocerebellar degenerations. To study the incidence of abnormalities of the pyruvate (PDH) or ketoglutarate (KGDH) dehydrogenase complexes in patients with spinocerebellar degenerations, we measured the activities of PDH and KGDH in platelet-enriched preparations from the blood of 14 patients. Low PDH was found in 6 of the 14 patients; low KGDH was found in 2 of the 6. PDH-normal and PDH-abnormal patients could not be distinguished by clinical criteria. These results extend previous studies, which suggested abnormalities of pyruvate oxidation in patients with hereditary ataxias. The data imply that deficient activity of the PDH complex may be associated with spinocerebellar degenerations, and that the clinical phenotypes of the inherited ataxias can be associated with several genotypes.", "PMID": 106330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7167", "title": "Effects of protein deficiency and food restriction during gestation in rats on maternal and fetal plasma and pituitary thyrotropin levels.", "content": "The effects of protein deficiency and food restriction during pregnancy on maternal and fetal plasma and pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) levels were investigated on day 20 of gestation. The same parameters were also determined following administration of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Maternal plasma and pituitary basal TSH concentrations were significantly elevated in protein deficiency. TRH injection to protein-deficient dams caused a marked reduction in pituitary TSH concentration, suggesting that the elevated plasma TSH seen in uninjected dams might be due to decreased metabolic clearance rather than to hypersecretion by the pituitary. Food restriction resulted in significant lowering of plasma TSH, but did not alter pituitary TSH in comparison to that of control dams. TRH administration had no effect on pituitary TSH concentration in food-restricted and control dams. Pituitaries of fetal young of protein-deprived dams were significantly smaller and contained significantly less total TSH, accompanied by a slight reduction in circulating plasma TSH. These observations are suggestive of developmental and functional retardation of the fetal pituitary. Fetal pituitary TSH was unaffected by TRH administration to control and food-restricted dams whereas, in young of protein-deprived females, total gland TSH was reduced.", "contents": "Effects of protein deficiency and food restriction during gestation in rats on maternal and fetal plasma and pituitary thyrotropin levels. The effects of protein deficiency and food restriction during pregnancy on maternal and fetal plasma and pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) levels were investigated on day 20 of gestation. The same parameters were also determined following administration of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Maternal plasma and pituitary basal TSH concentrations were significantly elevated in protein deficiency. TRH injection to protein-deficient dams caused a marked reduction in pituitary TSH concentration, suggesting that the elevated plasma TSH seen in uninjected dams might be due to decreased metabolic clearance rather than to hypersecretion by the pituitary. Food restriction resulted in significant lowering of plasma TSH, but did not alter pituitary TSH in comparison to that of control dams. TRH administration had no effect on pituitary TSH concentration in food-restricted and control dams. Pituitaries of fetal young of protein-deprived dams were significantly smaller and contained significantly less total TSH, accompanied by a slight reduction in circulating plasma TSH. These observations are suggestive of developmental and functional retardation of the fetal pituitary. Fetal pituitary TSH was unaffected by TRH administration to control and food-restricted dams whereas, in young of protein-deprived females, total gland TSH was reduced.", "PMID": 106341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7168", "title": "Some biochemical observations on biotin deficiency in the rat as a model for human pyruvate carboxylase deficiency.", "content": "Biotin deficiency was induced in newborn rats by feeding pregnant rats a biotin-deficient, avidin-rich diet. Signs typical of biotin deficiency are seen as soon as the young rat develops its fur. Deficiency of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activity in the brains of the young animals (70%) is higher than has been reported before. The highest PC activity is found in the brain stem of control and biotin-deficient rats. Normally fed rats show, shortly after birth, a maximum in liver PC activity, which is absent in biotin-deficient animals. The biochemical changes observed in these rats seem to indicate that a specific deficiency of PC activity was induced as exemplified by hyperlactatemia and hypoglycemia and the absence of increased plasma concentrations of propionic acid and beta-methylcrotonic acid. This offers the possibility to use biotin deficiency in the rat as an animal model for patients with lactic acidosis in whom PC deficiency has been postulated.", "contents": "Some biochemical observations on biotin deficiency in the rat as a model for human pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. Biotin deficiency was induced in newborn rats by feeding pregnant rats a biotin-deficient, avidin-rich diet. Signs typical of biotin deficiency are seen as soon as the young rat develops its fur. Deficiency of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activity in the brains of the young animals (70%) is higher than has been reported before. The highest PC activity is found in the brain stem of control and biotin-deficient rats. Normally fed rats show, shortly after birth, a maximum in liver PC activity, which is absent in biotin-deficient animals. The biochemical changes observed in these rats seem to indicate that a specific deficiency of PC activity was induced as exemplified by hyperlactatemia and hypoglycemia and the absence of increased plasma concentrations of propionic acid and beta-methylcrotonic acid. This offers the possibility to use biotin deficiency in the rat as an animal model for patients with lactic acidosis in whom PC deficiency has been postulated.", "PMID": 106342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7169", "title": "Response of oxidative phosphorylation in liver of protein-energy malnourished rats.", "content": "State 3, state 4 respiratory rates, respiratory control ratio (RCR = state 3/state 4), ADP/O ratio and swelling in salt medium were determined in liver mitochondria from three groups of rats: group 1--controls; group 2--energy-restricted, and group 3--protein-deficient. Experiments were carried out between 3 and 5 weeks and between 7 and 9 weeks after initiation of the experimental diets. State 3 respiration of mitochondria from  group 2 rats was reduced after 3-5 weeks on the experimental diet as compared to group 1 rats. However, state 4 respiration, RCR and ADP/O ratio were not different in groups 2 and 3 as compared to those in controls. Between 7 and 9 weeks it was found that state 3 respiration with both the substrates was higher in groups 2 and 3 as compared to group 1. State 4 respiration was increased in group 2 but was unaltered in group 3, compared to controls. Mitochondrial preparations from group 2 rats showed faster rates of swelling in KC1 medium, compared to group 1, at both periods. On the other hand, the rates of swelling were slower as compared to controls in the case of mitochondria isolated from group 3 rats. Results of these experiments indicate that the terminal effect of severe restriction of calories and protein on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is similar.", "contents": "Response of oxidative phosphorylation in liver of protein-energy malnourished rats. State 3, state 4 respiratory rates, respiratory control ratio (RCR = state 3/state 4), ADP/O ratio and swelling in salt medium were determined in liver mitochondria from three groups of rats: group 1--controls; group 2--energy-restricted, and group 3--protein-deficient. Experiments were carried out between 3 and 5 weeks and between 7 and 9 weeks after initiation of the experimental diets. State 3 respiration of mitochondria from  group 2 rats was reduced after 3-5 weeks on the experimental diet as compared to group 1 rats. However, state 4 respiration, RCR and ADP/O ratio were not different in groups 2 and 3 as compared to those in controls. Between 7 and 9 weeks it was found that state 3 respiration with both the substrates was higher in groups 2 and 3 as compared to group 1. State 4 respiration was increased in group 2 but was unaltered in group 3, compared to controls. Mitochondrial preparations from group 2 rats showed faster rates of swelling in KC1 medium, compared to group 1, at both periods. On the other hand, the rates of swelling were slower as compared to controls in the case of mitochondria isolated from group 3 rats. Results of these experiments indicate that the terminal effect of severe restriction of calories and protein on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is similar.", "PMID": 106343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7170", "title": "Patterns of pulmonary maturation in normal and abnormal pregnancy.", "content": "Fetal pulmonary maturation may be a variable event depending on various feto-maternal environmental and biochemical influences. The patterns of maturation were studied in 211 amniotic fluid samples from 123 patients (normal 55; diabetes 23; Rh sensitization 19; preeclampsia 26). The phenomenon of globule formation from the amniotic fluid lipid extract and is relation to pulmonary maturity was utilized for this analysis. Validation of this technique is presented. A normal curve was constructed from 22 to 42 weeks; gestation and compared to the abnormal pregnancies. Patients with class A, B, and C diabetes and Rh-sensitized pregnancies had delayed pulmonary maturation. Patients with class D diabetes and preclampsia paralleled the normal course of maturation. A discussion of these results and their possible cause is presented.", "contents": "Patterns of pulmonary maturation in normal and abnormal pregnancy. Fetal pulmonary maturation may be a variable event depending on various feto-maternal environmental and biochemical influences. The patterns of maturation were studied in 211 amniotic fluid samples from 123 patients (normal 55; diabetes 23; Rh sensitization 19; preeclampsia 26). The phenomenon of globule formation from the amniotic fluid lipid extract and is relation to pulmonary maturity was utilized for this analysis. Validation of this technique is presented. A normal curve was constructed from 22 to 42 weeks; gestation and compared to the abnormal pregnancies. Patients with class A, B, and C diabetes and Rh-sensitized pregnancies had delayed pulmonary maturation. Patients with class D diabetes and preclampsia paralleled the normal course of maturation. A discussion of these results and their possible cause is presented.", "PMID": 106344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7171", "title": "Multiple myeloma and chronic lymphatic leukemia in the same patient.", "content": "A patient with both chronic lymphatic leukemia and multiple myeloma is presented. Characterisation of the leukemic cells showed them to possess Fc receptors but to lack SmlG and C3 receptors. Intracellular immunoglobulin was not detected within the leukemic cells. The multiple myeloma presented as a soft tissue mass on the chest wall and produced an IgGK paraprotein. The possible relationship of the two disorders is discussed.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma and chronic lymphatic leukemia in the same patient. A patient with both chronic lymphatic leukemia and multiple myeloma is presented. Characterisation of the leukemic cells showed them to possess Fc receptors but to lack SmlG and C3 receptors. Intracellular immunoglobulin was not detected within the leukemic cells. The multiple myeloma presented as a soft tissue mass on the chest wall and produced an IgGK paraprotein. The possible relationship of the two disorders is discussed.", "PMID": 106352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7172", "title": "[Catheterisation of the internal jugular vein for parenteral nutrition (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique consists of surgical exposure of the vein, its isolation by two threads and the introduction of a soft prethoracic exit. This technique avoids the complications inherent in any blind puncture of a large vessel. By virtue of the type of catheter (soft silicone) and the long subcutaneous course. It may be left in place for more than a month.", "contents": "[Catheterisation of the internal jugular vein for parenteral nutrition (author's transl)]. The technique consists of surgical exposure of the vein, its isolation by two threads and the introduction of a soft prethoracic exit. This technique avoids the complications inherent in any blind puncture of a large vessel. By virtue of the type of catheter (soft silicone) and the long subcutaneous course. It may be left in place for more than a month.", "PMID": 106363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7173", "title": "Chromatin structure in the macronucleus of the ciliate Stylonychia mytilus.", "content": "Evidence is presented that macronuclear chromatin in the hypotrichous ciliate Stylonychia mytilus occurs in discrete fragments, each representing at least single genes. The size of these fragments varies between 3 and more than 70 nucleosomes with an average length of about 18 nucleosomes. This observation is discussed with respect to macronuclear structure of hypotrichous ciliates.", "contents": "Chromatin structure in the macronucleus of the ciliate Stylonychia mytilus. Evidence is presented that macronuclear chromatin in the hypotrichous ciliate Stylonychia mytilus occurs in discrete fragments, each representing at least single genes. The size of these fragments varies between 3 and more than 70 nucleosomes with an average length of about 18 nucleosomes. This observation is discussed with respect to macronuclear structure of hypotrichous ciliates.", "PMID": 106365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7174", "title": "The role of the guanine insertion enzyme in O-biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Drosophila tRNA can be guanylated by a crude enzyme from rabbit reticulocytes. Guanylating activity is also present in crude extracts of adult Drosophila. A major product of this reaction as well as several minor ones were resolved by RPC-5 chromatography. The main substrate of both the Drosophila and rabbit reticulocyte enzymes was the non-Q-containing aspartic acid tRNA, tRNA2gammaAsp. The QU-lacking (gamma) forms of asparagine, histidine and tyrosine tRNAs were also substrates and gave rise to the minor products of the reaction. In contrast, the Q- or Q*-containing (delta) forms of these tRNAs appear not to be substrates. The evidence strongly suggests that the guanyating enzyme is involved in Q biosynthesis and would be better termed a guanine replacement or pre-Q insertion enzyme.", "contents": "The role of the guanine insertion enzyme in O-biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila tRNA can be guanylated by a crude enzyme from rabbit reticulocytes. Guanylating activity is also present in crude extracts of adult Drosophila. A major product of this reaction as well as several minor ones were resolved by RPC-5 chromatography. The main substrate of both the Drosophila and rabbit reticulocyte enzymes was the non-Q-containing aspartic acid tRNA, tRNA2gammaAsp. The QU-lacking (gamma) forms of asparagine, histidine and tyrosine tRNAs were also substrates and gave rise to the minor products of the reaction. In contrast, the Q- or Q*-containing (delta) forms of these tRNAs appear not to be substrates. The evidence strongly suggests that the guanyating enzyme is involved in Q biosynthesis and would be better termed a guanine replacement or pre-Q insertion enzyme.", "PMID": 106366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7175", "title": "Quantitation of the common components of deoxyribonucleic acids by mass spectrometry: application to the analysis of DNAs of unusual composition.", "content": "A mass spectral method for the quantitation of the percentages of deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, and thymidine in intact DNAs has been devised. Standard curves for each nucleoside have been constructed which are based upon the observation that a direct correlation exists between the heights (% deflection) of diagnostic peaks from these nucleosides in a mass spectrum and the published percent composition of specific DNAs. Analyses of DNA from Clostridiumperfringens, Micrococcusluteus, Escherichiacoli, Bacillussubtilis, Pseudomonasfluorescens, Drosophilamelanogaster, salmon sperm, and bacteriophage lambda were used to determine standard curves. The validity of the method was demonstrated by comparison of the results from the mass spectral procedure with results from the chemical analyses of the DNAs from calf thymus and wheat germ. Analysis of \u00d8X-174 DNA yielded values consistent with the published values obtained via sequence analysis and indicated that the method is applicable to both single and double-stranded DNAs. Results from T2 DNA, which contains no cytidine, exhibited artificially high values for adenosine, guanosine and thymidine with concomitant alteration in the A/T and G/C molar ratios. Such skewed results are useful in predicting the presence of modified nucleosides. The extreme sensitivity of the method has been exploited in the analysis of subnanogram quantities of restriction endonuclease fragments from DNA.", "contents": "Quantitation of the common components of deoxyribonucleic acids by mass spectrometry: application to the analysis of DNAs of unusual composition. A mass spectral method for the quantitation of the percentages of deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, and thymidine in intact DNAs has been devised. Standard curves for each nucleoside have been constructed which are based upon the observation that a direct correlation exists between the heights (% deflection) of diagnostic peaks from these nucleosides in a mass spectrum and the published percent composition of specific DNAs. Analyses of DNA from Clostridiumperfringens, Micrococcusluteus, Escherichiacoli, Bacillussubtilis, Pseudomonasfluorescens, Drosophilamelanogaster, salmon sperm, and bacteriophage lambda were used to determine standard curves. The validity of the method was demonstrated by comparison of the results from the mass spectral procedure with results from the chemical analyses of the DNAs from calf thymus and wheat germ. Analysis of \u00d8X-174 DNA yielded values consistent with the published values obtained via sequence analysis and indicated that the method is applicable to both single and double-stranded DNAs. Results from T2 DNA, which contains no cytidine, exhibited artificially high values for adenosine, guanosine and thymidine with concomitant alteration in the A/T and G/C molar ratios. Such skewed results are useful in predicting the presence of modified nucleosides. The extreme sensitivity of the method has been exploited in the analysis of subnanogram quantities of restriction endonuclease fragments from DNA.", "PMID": 106367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7176", "title": "The primary transcript of the ribosomal repeating unit in yeast.", "content": "Endgroup analysis of 37S ribosomal precursor RNA from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis has revealed that the major 5' endgroup is ppA-Up, with a molar yield of 0.8. This shows that most, if not all, 37S RNA molecules have preserved a transcriptional initiation sequence. Analysis of the 3' terminus of 37S RNA has shown the presence of a uridine rich oligonucleotide, tentatively identified as U6-8-A-NOH. This long stretch of uridines at the 3' end of 37S RNA may represent a transcriptional termination site. The two sets of data on the terminal sequences suggest that 37S ribosomal precursor RNA, if not already spliced, is a primary transcription product. Since the 3' terminus of 26S rRNA, U-U-U-G-UOH., appears to be clearly different from the 3' end of 37S RNA, we conclude that 37S ribosomal precursor RNA contains additional nucleotides 3'-distal to the 26S rRNA sequence.", "contents": "The primary transcript of the ribosomal repeating unit in yeast. Endgroup analysis of 37S ribosomal precursor RNA from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis has revealed that the major 5' endgroup is ppA-Up, with a molar yield of 0.8. This shows that most, if not all, 37S RNA molecules have preserved a transcriptional initiation sequence. Analysis of the 3' terminus of 37S RNA has shown the presence of a uridine rich oligonucleotide, tentatively identified as U6-8-A-NOH. This long stretch of uridines at the 3' end of 37S RNA may represent a transcriptional termination site. The two sets of data on the terminal sequences suggest that 37S ribosomal precursor RNA, if not already spliced, is a primary transcription product. Since the 3' terminus of 26S rRNA, U-U-U-G-UOH., appears to be clearly different from the 3' end of 37S RNA, we conclude that 37S ribosomal precursor RNA contains additional nucleotides 3'-distal to the 26S rRNA sequence.", "PMID": 106368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7177", "title": "Approaches to sequence analysis of 125I-labeled RNA.", "content": "A method is described for the initial steps of sequence analysis of RNase T1-and pancreatic RN-ase-resistant oligonucleotides of RNA containing cytidylate residues labeled in vitro with 125I. In many cases an oligonucleotide sequence can be deduced from a consideration of (i) its relative position in the two-dimensional fingerprint (with DEAE thin layer homochromatographic second dimension), (ii) its electrophoretic mobility on DEAE paper at pH 1.9, and (iii) identification of its products of further enzymatic digestion by comparison with a set of marker oligonucleotides. Additional methods including analysis of oligonucleotides following chemical blocking of uridylate residues with CMCT and analysis of products of incomplete enzymatic digestion are also discussed.", "contents": "Approaches to sequence analysis of 125I-labeled RNA. A method is described for the initial steps of sequence analysis of RNase T1-and pancreatic RN-ase-resistant oligonucleotides of RNA containing cytidylate residues labeled in vitro with 125I. In many cases an oligonucleotide sequence can be deduced from a consideration of (i) its relative position in the two-dimensional fingerprint (with DEAE thin layer homochromatographic second dimension), (ii) its electrophoretic mobility on DEAE paper at pH 1.9, and (iii) identification of its products of further enzymatic digestion by comparison with a set of marker oligonucleotides. Additional methods including analysis of oligonucleotides following chemical blocking of uridylate residues with CMCT and analysis of products of incomplete enzymatic digestion are also discussed.", "PMID": 106369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7178", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of the initiator tRNA from Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of Drosophila melanogaster methionine tRNAi was determined to be: pA-G-C-A-G-A-G-U-m1G-m2G-C-G-C-A-G-U-G-G-A-A-G-C-G-U-m2G-C-U-G-G-G-C-C-C-A-U-t6A-A-C-C-C-A-G-A-G-m7G-D-m5C-C-C-G-A-G-G-A-U-C-G-m1A-A-A-C-C-U-U-G-C-U-C-U-G-C-U-A-C-C-A(OH). It differs from vertebrate initiator tRNAs in only 6 out of 75 positions.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of the initiator tRNA from Drosophila melanogaster. The nucleotide sequence of Drosophila melanogaster methionine tRNAi was determined to be: pA-G-C-A-G-A-G-U-m1G-m2G-C-G-C-A-G-U-G-G-A-A-G-C-G-U-m2G-C-U-G-G-G-C-C-C-A-U-t6A-A-C-C-C-A-G-A-G-m7G-D-m5C-C-C-G-A-G-G-A-U-C-G-m1A-A-A-C-C-U-U-G-C-U-C-U-G-C-U-A-C-C-A(OH). It differs from vertebrate initiator tRNAs in only 6 out of 75 positions.", "PMID": 106370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7179", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of lysine tRNA2 from Drosophila.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of Drosophila melanogaster lysine tRNA2 was determined to be: pG-C-C-C-G-G-C-U-A-m2G-C-U-C-A-G-D-C-G-G-D-A-G-A-G-C-A-psi-G-A-G-A-C-U-C-U-U-t6A-A-psi-C-U-C-A-G-G-m7G-D-C-G-U-G-G-G-Xm-U-C-G-m1A-G-C-C-C-C-A-C-G-U-U-G-G-G-C-G-C-C-A(OH). With minor differences in the state of modification of some nucleotides, the sequence is the same as that of lysine tRNA2b from rabbit liver.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of lysine tRNA2 from Drosophila. The nucleotide sequence of Drosophila melanogaster lysine tRNA2 was determined to be: pG-C-C-C-G-G-C-U-A-m2G-C-U-C-A-G-D-C-G-G-D-A-G-A-G-C-A-psi-G-A-G-A-C-U-C-U-U-t6A-A-psi-C-U-C-A-G-G-m7G-D-C-G-U-G-G-G-Xm-U-C-G-m1A-G-C-C-C-C-A-C-G-U-U-G-G-G-C-G-C-C-A(OH). With minor differences in the state of modification of some nucleotides, the sequence is the same as that of lysine tRNA2b from rabbit liver.", "PMID": 106371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7180", "title": "Activation of high levels of endogenous phospholipase A2 in cultured cells.", "content": "Activatable cellular phospholipase A2 (PLase; phosphatide 2-acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) has been proposed to constitute the first and rate-limiting step in prostaglandin synthesis and to regulate membrane function by altering the levels in the membrane of the detergent lipids lysolecithin and free fatty acids. We have observed that a wide variety of cells in culture contain high levels of endogenous PLase that can be activated by polypeptide toxins, such as melittin purified from bee venom and direct lytic factor purified from the venom of African Ringhals cobra (Hemachatus hemachatus). Activation of PLase by sublytic concentrations of these agents results in the synthesis and release of prostaglandins. Melittin concentrations greater than or equal to 10 microgram/ml activate sufficient PLase in 3T3-4a mouse fibroblasts to hydrolyze 10% of the cellular lecithin in less than 5 min and virtually all of it within 30 min, demonstrating the existence of sufficient activatable PLase to provide the basis for the proposed mechanism of regulation of membrane function by alteration of membrane lipid composition. Lipases, phospholipases B and C, and sphingomyelinases are not activated by melittin. The PLase activated in 3T3-4a cells exhibits little, if any, specificity for individual phosphoglycerides. The PLase activated by direct lytic factor exhibits a Ca2+ dependence characteristic of lysosomal PLase, wherease the Ca2+ dependence of PLase activated by melittin is consistent with the activation of a cell-surface enzyme. The extent of cell death correlates with percent of maximal PLase activation.", "contents": "Activation of high levels of endogenous phospholipase A2 in cultured cells. Activatable cellular phospholipase A2 (PLase; phosphatide 2-acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) has been proposed to constitute the first and rate-limiting step in prostaglandin synthesis and to regulate membrane function by altering the levels in the membrane of the detergent lipids lysolecithin and free fatty acids. We have observed that a wide variety of cells in culture contain high levels of endogenous PLase that can be activated by polypeptide toxins, such as melittin purified from bee venom and direct lytic factor purified from the venom of African Ringhals cobra (Hemachatus hemachatus). Activation of PLase by sublytic concentrations of these agents results in the synthesis and release of prostaglandins. Melittin concentrations greater than or equal to 10 microgram/ml activate sufficient PLase in 3T3-4a mouse fibroblasts to hydrolyze 10% of the cellular lecithin in less than 5 min and virtually all of it within 30 min, demonstrating the existence of sufficient activatable PLase to provide the basis for the proposed mechanism of regulation of membrane function by alteration of membrane lipid composition. Lipases, phospholipases B and C, and sphingomyelinases are not activated by melittin. The PLase activated in 3T3-4a cells exhibits little, if any, specificity for individual phosphoglycerides. The PLase activated by direct lytic factor exhibits a Ca2+ dependence characteristic of lysosomal PLase, wherease the Ca2+ dependence of PLase activated by melittin is consistent with the activation of a cell-surface enzyme. The extent of cell death correlates with percent of maximal PLase activation.", "PMID": 106389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7181", "title": "Single-step selection of clones of a mouse hepatoma line deficient in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase.", "content": "The mouse hepatoma line Hepa-1 has high and inducible aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase[benzo[a]pyrene, reduced-flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.14.2] activity. Fourteen subclones of a clonal derivative of Hepa-1 were isolated and shown not to display heterogeneity in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity beyond what could be ascribed to experimental error. Hepa-1 was found to be very sensitive to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) toxicity and a single-step selection procedure for isolating clones resistant to BaP at 4 microgram/ml was designed. Those BaP-resistant variants tested had much reduced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities under both inducing and noninducing conditions and they retained their resistance to BaP and low aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities over considerable periods of time of culture in the absence of BaP. The spontaneous rate of origin of the BaP-resistant clones was estimated, by Luria-Delbr\u00fcck fluctuation analysis, to be 2 X 10(-7) events per cell per generation. It is concluded that the properties of the variants are consistent with the notion that they are mutational in origin and that this system is a promising one for carrying out a somatic cell genetic analysis of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase.", "contents": "Single-step selection of clones of a mouse hepatoma line deficient in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. The mouse hepatoma line Hepa-1 has high and inducible aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase[benzo[a]pyrene, reduced-flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.14.2] activity. Fourteen subclones of a clonal derivative of Hepa-1 were isolated and shown not to display heterogeneity in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity beyond what could be ascribed to experimental error. Hepa-1 was found to be very sensitive to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) toxicity and a single-step selection procedure for isolating clones resistant to BaP at 4 microgram/ml was designed. Those BaP-resistant variants tested had much reduced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities under both inducing and noninducing conditions and they retained their resistance to BaP and low aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities over considerable periods of time of culture in the absence of BaP. The spontaneous rate of origin of the BaP-resistant clones was estimated, by Luria-Delbr\u00fcck fluctuation analysis, to be 2 X 10(-7) events per cell per generation. It is concluded that the properties of the variants are consistent with the notion that they are mutational in origin and that this system is a promising one for carrying out a somatic cell genetic analysis of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase.", "PMID": 106390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7182", "title": "Human heavy chain disease protein WIS: implications for the organization of immunoglobulin genes.", "content": "Protein WIS is a human gamma3 heavy (H) chain disease immunoglobulin variant whose amino acid sequence is most readily interpreted by postulating that three residues of the amino terminus are followed by a deletion of most of the variable (VH) domain, which ends at the variable-constant (VC) joining region. Then there is a stretch of eight residues, three of which are unusual, while the other five have striking homology to the VC junction sequence. This is followed by a second deletion, which ends at the beginning of the quadruplicated hinge region. These findings are consistent with mutations resulting in deletions of most of the gene coding for the V region and CH1 domain followed by splicing at the VC joining region and at the hinge. These structural features fit well the notion of genetic discontinuity between V and C genes and also suggest similar mechanisms of excision and splicing in the interdomain regions of the C gene of the heavy chain.", "contents": "Human heavy chain disease protein WIS: implications for the organization of immunoglobulin genes. Protein WIS is a human gamma3 heavy (H) chain disease immunoglobulin variant whose amino acid sequence is most readily interpreted by postulating that three residues of the amino terminus are followed by a deletion of most of the variable (VH) domain, which ends at the variable-constant (VC) joining region. Then there is a stretch of eight residues, three of which are unusual, while the other five have striking homology to the VC junction sequence. This is followed by a second deletion, which ends at the beginning of the quadruplicated hinge region. These findings are consistent with mutations resulting in deletions of most of the gene coding for the V region and CH1 domain followed by splicing at the VC joining region and at the hinge. These structural features fit well the notion of genetic discontinuity between V and C genes and also suggest similar mechanisms of excision and splicing in the interdomain regions of the C gene of the heavy chain.", "PMID": 106391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7183", "title": "Crystallographic and kinetic investigations of the covalent complex formed by a specific tetrapeptide aldehyde and the serine protease from Streptomyces griseus.", "content": "X-ray crystallographic data show that a specific tetrapeptide aldehyde inhibitor (N-acetylprolylalanylprolylphenylalaninal) forms a stable, covalent, tetrahedral addition complex with the serine protease, SGPA, from Streptomyces griseus. Earlier proposals, based on kinetic measurements, for the covalent nature of such linkages are confirmed, and the difference electron density map of this aldehyde inhibitor indicates that a major conformational change of the histidyl-57 side chain occurs on inhibitor binding.", "contents": "Crystallographic and kinetic investigations of the covalent complex formed by a specific tetrapeptide aldehyde and the serine protease from Streptomyces griseus. X-ray crystallographic data show that a specific tetrapeptide aldehyde inhibitor (N-acetylprolylalanylprolylphenylalaninal) forms a stable, covalent, tetrahedral addition complex with the serine protease, SGPA, from Streptomyces griseus. Earlier proposals, based on kinetic measurements, for the covalent nature of such linkages are confirmed, and the difference electron density map of this aldehyde inhibitor indicates that a major conformational change of the histidyl-57 side chain occurs on inhibitor binding.", "PMID": 106392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7184", "title": "A protein that preferentially binds Drosophila satellite DNA.", "content": "Using a nitrocellulose filter binding assay, we have detected and partially purified a protein from embryos of Drosophila melanogaster that preferentially binds to a highly repeated satellite DNA of the same species. Formation of the satellite DNA-protein complex requires physiological conditions of salt and temperature, but once formed, the complex is stable in high salt (1 M NaCl) or at low temperature. Optimal formation of the specific complex also requires the satellite DNA to be in a supertwisted conformation. The protein interacts with a limited region within the 359-base-pair repeated sequence of the satellite DNA.", "contents": "A protein that preferentially binds Drosophila satellite DNA. Using a nitrocellulose filter binding assay, we have detected and partially purified a protein from embryos of Drosophila melanogaster that preferentially binds to a highly repeated satellite DNA of the same species. Formation of the satellite DNA-protein complex requires physiological conditions of salt and temperature, but once formed, the complex is stable in high salt (1 M NaCl) or at low temperature. Optimal formation of the specific complex also requires the satellite DNA to be in a supertwisted conformation. The protein interacts with a limited region within the 359-base-pair repeated sequence of the satellite DNA.", "PMID": 106393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7185", "title": "Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene organization in mice: analysis of a myeloma genomic clone containing variable and alpha constant regions.", "content": "We have isolated a myeloma genomic DNA clone containing the variable and constant regions of a mouse alpha chain. Restriction enzyme analyses and electron microscopic R loop mapping have demonstrated that the variable region is separated from the constant region by 6.8 kilobases of intervening DNA. In addition, two intervening DNA sequences of 100--200 bases separate the constant region into three approximately equal units. These intervening sequences may separate each of the segments coding for the three constant region domains of the alpha heavy chain. Southern blot analysis of embryo and myeloma DNA suggests that DNA rearrangement of heavy chain variable and constant regions occurs during the differentiation of antibody-producing cells.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene organization in mice: analysis of a myeloma genomic clone containing variable and alpha constant regions. We have isolated a myeloma genomic DNA clone containing the variable and constant regions of a mouse alpha chain. Restriction enzyme analyses and electron microscopic R loop mapping have demonstrated that the variable region is separated from the constant region by 6.8 kilobases of intervening DNA. In addition, two intervening DNA sequences of 100--200 bases separate the constant region into three approximately equal units. These intervening sequences may separate each of the segments coding for the three constant region domains of the alpha heavy chain. Southern blot analysis of embryo and myeloma DNA suggests that DNA rearrangement of heavy chain variable and constant regions occurs during the differentiation of antibody-producing cells.", "PMID": 106394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7186", "title": "Identification of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene metabolites that lead to mutagenesis in mammalian cells.", "content": "The mutagenicity of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA) and 11 of its enzymatically derived metabolites was tested with Chinese hamster V79 cells for identification of mutagenic metabolites. The metabolites consisted of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene, 7-methyl-12-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene, 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene, three trans-3,4-diols, two trans-5,6-diols, and three trans-8,9-diols, all of which derived from DMBA or from the hydroxymethyl derivatives. Mutations were characterized by resistance to ouabain and 6-thioguanine. None of the tested metabolites were mutagenic in V79 cells, which do not metabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Therefore, mutagenesis in the V79 cells was tested in the presence of golden hamster cells capable of metabolizing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cell-mediated assay). In this assay, DMBA, 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene, 7-methyl-12-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene, and their trans3,4-diols were mutagenic for both genetic markers, and the mutagenic response increased as a function of the hydrocarbon dose. All other metabolites were either inactive or showed up to a 4-fold higher mutation frequency than the untreated V79 cells for ouabain and 6-thioguanine resistance. The DMBA-trans-3,4-diol was the only metabolite that was more active than DMBA itself; at 0.05 muM it was 6-8 times more active than DMBA itself; at 0.05 muM it was 6-8 times more active than DMBA in inducing both ouabain and 6-thioguanine resistance. This diol was mutagenic at a dose as low as 0.01 muM. Mutagenesis by DMBA and the trans-3,4-diols was inhibited by 7,8-benzoflavone, an inhibitor of mixed-function oxidases. Analysis of DMBA metabolism in intact golden hamster cells indicated that DMBA-trans-3,4-diol is one of the major metabolites produced. Our results therefore suggest that DMBA-trans-3,4-diol may be metabolized to a diol-epoxide, presumably the trans-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide, which may be a major reactive metabolite responsible for DMBA mutagenicity in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Identification of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene metabolites that lead to mutagenesis in mammalian cells. The mutagenicity of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA) and 11 of its enzymatically derived metabolites was tested with Chinese hamster V79 cells for identification of mutagenic metabolites. The metabolites consisted of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene, 7-methyl-12-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene, 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene, three trans-3,4-diols, two trans-5,6-diols, and three trans-8,9-diols, all of which derived from DMBA or from the hydroxymethyl derivatives. Mutations were characterized by resistance to ouabain and 6-thioguanine. None of the tested metabolites were mutagenic in V79 cells, which do not metabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Therefore, mutagenesis in the V79 cells was tested in the presence of golden hamster cells capable of metabolizing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cell-mediated assay). In this assay, DMBA, 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene, 7-methyl-12-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene, and their trans3,4-diols were mutagenic for both genetic markers, and the mutagenic response increased as a function of the hydrocarbon dose. All other metabolites were either inactive or showed up to a 4-fold higher mutation frequency than the untreated V79 cells for ouabain and 6-thioguanine resistance. The DMBA-trans-3,4-diol was the only metabolite that was more active than DMBA itself; at 0.05 muM it was 6-8 times more active than DMBA itself; at 0.05 muM it was 6-8 times more active than DMBA in inducing both ouabain and 6-thioguanine resistance. This diol was mutagenic at a dose as low as 0.01 muM. Mutagenesis by DMBA and the trans-3,4-diols was inhibited by 7,8-benzoflavone, an inhibitor of mixed-function oxidases. Analysis of DMBA metabolism in intact golden hamster cells indicated that DMBA-trans-3,4-diol is one of the major metabolites produced. Our results therefore suggest that DMBA-trans-3,4-diol may be metabolized to a diol-epoxide, presumably the trans-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide, which may be a major reactive metabolite responsible for DMBA mutagenicity in mammalian cells.", "PMID": 106395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7187", "title": "Lack of experimental evidence for frequency-dependent selection at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted for testing frequency-dependent selection at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus (Adh; map position, 2--50.1), where two types of alleles, AdhF and AdhS, have been found to be polymorphic in natural populations. First, a competition experiment was carried out between inversion-free AdhF/AdhF and AdhS/AdhS genotypes at five gene frequency levels (those of AdhF = 0.83, 0.67, 0.5, 0.33, and 0.17). First-instar larvae of the two homozygous types in various ratios were placed in a vial, and the frequency of adult flies of each genotype was determined. However, the relative viabilities of these two types did not change with the change in the frequencies of genotypes or genes. The second test was performed by using the results of viability tests with the Cy method of Wallace, using the results of inversion-free crosses only. Although there was variation in the gene frequencies among the vials in testing the viability of individuals consistng of random combinations of two second chromosomes, no difference was found in average viabilities among the vials in which the gene frequencies were different. Thus, no evidence for frequency-dependent selection was obtained.", "contents": "Lack of experimental evidence for frequency-dependent selection at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Two experiments were conducted for testing frequency-dependent selection at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus (Adh; map position, 2--50.1), where two types of alleles, AdhF and AdhS, have been found to be polymorphic in natural populations. First, a competition experiment was carried out between inversion-free AdhF/AdhF and AdhS/AdhS genotypes at five gene frequency levels (those of AdhF = 0.83, 0.67, 0.5, 0.33, and 0.17). First-instar larvae of the two homozygous types in various ratios were placed in a vial, and the frequency of adult flies of each genotype was determined. However, the relative viabilities of these two types did not change with the change in the frequencies of genotypes or genes. The second test was performed by using the results of viability tests with the Cy method of Wallace, using the results of inversion-free crosses only. Although there was variation in the gene frequencies among the vials in testing the viability of individuals consistng of random combinations of two second chromosomes, no difference was found in average viabilities among the vials in which the gene frequencies were different. Thus, no evidence for frequency-dependent selection was obtained.", "PMID": 106396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7188", "title": "Isolation and analysis of chemosensory behavior mutants in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A behavioral countercurrent paradigm has been developed for assaying the chemotactic responses of wild-type and mutant Drosophila melanogaster adults. Oregon R males avoid both quinine sulfate and NaCl, whereas Oregon R females reject the quinine salt but are attracted to NaCl when tested in this paradigm. Wild-type behavior is sufficiently reproducible to allow identification of mutants affecting chemotaxis, and 12 such mutants, in six complementation groups, have now been isolated. Three of the mutants respond abnormally to NaCl, two in one complementation group with atactic behavior (no chemotaxis) and the other, in a separate group, with a mistactic response (attraction to the stimulus). Four mutants in another group respond mistactically to quinine sulfate. Of the remaining mutants, two in one group behave atactically and three, in two groups, respond mistactically to either chemical stimulus. Several of the mutants also show abnormal behavior in a proboscis extension assay when tested individually with sucrose solutions.", "contents": "Isolation and analysis of chemosensory behavior mutants in Drosophila melanogaster. A behavioral countercurrent paradigm has been developed for assaying the chemotactic responses of wild-type and mutant Drosophila melanogaster adults. Oregon R males avoid both quinine sulfate and NaCl, whereas Oregon R females reject the quinine salt but are attracted to NaCl when tested in this paradigm. Wild-type behavior is sufficiently reproducible to allow identification of mutants affecting chemotaxis, and 12 such mutants, in six complementation groups, have now been isolated. Three of the mutants respond abnormally to NaCl, two in one complementation group with atactic behavior (no chemotaxis) and the other, in a separate group, with a mistactic response (attraction to the stimulus). Four mutants in another group respond mistactically to quinine sulfate. Of the remaining mutants, two in one group behave atactically and three, in two groups, respond mistactically to either chemical stimulus. Several of the mutants also show abnormal behavior in a proboscis extension assay when tested individually with sucrose solutions.", "PMID": 106397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7189", "title": "Changes in quaternary structure of IgG upon reduction of the interheavy-chain disulfide bond.", "content": "Reduction of the single disulfide bond between heavy chains in the hinge region of rabbit IgG antibody causes destabilization of the CH2 region of the molecule. Our studies indicate that reduced antibody molecules undergo a large change in quaternary structure in the CH2 region upon aggregation with a small bivalent hapten. The conformational change was observed both in hydrodynamic studies and by electron microscopy. The sizes of native and reduced antibody complexes were measured from electron micrographs. These measurements show that reduction of the hinge disulfide allows the CH2 domains of the antibody to separate under the strain induced by complex formation. The Fab arms, which are clearly seen in the electron micrographs of the native complexes, are extended by a portion of the Fc region to effectively become Facb arms in the reduced complexes. The length of the arms is effectively increased by 23 A. This results in a massive alteration in the quaternary structure of the CH2 region of the molecule, and this may be the basis of many of the effects of mild reduction on the various effector functions of the antibody molecule. These findings also support the open structure of the CH2 region proposed on the basis of crystallographic analyses, and they demonstrate how the interheavy-chain hinge disulfide restricts segmental flexibility in the Fc fragment of the IgG molecule.", "contents": "Changes in quaternary structure of IgG upon reduction of the interheavy-chain disulfide bond. Reduction of the single disulfide bond between heavy chains in the hinge region of rabbit IgG antibody causes destabilization of the CH2 region of the molecule. Our studies indicate that reduced antibody molecules undergo a large change in quaternary structure in the CH2 region upon aggregation with a small bivalent hapten. The conformational change was observed both in hydrodynamic studies and by electron microscopy. The sizes of native and reduced antibody complexes were measured from electron micrographs. These measurements show that reduction of the hinge disulfide allows the CH2 domains of the antibody to separate under the strain induced by complex formation. The Fab arms, which are clearly seen in the electron micrographs of the native complexes, are extended by a portion of the Fc region to effectively become Facb arms in the reduced complexes. The length of the arms is effectively increased by 23 A. This results in a massive alteration in the quaternary structure of the CH2 region of the molecule, and this may be the basis of many of the effects of mild reduction on the various effector functions of the antibody molecule. These findings also support the open structure of the CH2 region proposed on the basis of crystallographic analyses, and they demonstrate how the interheavy-chain hinge disulfide restricts segmental flexibility in the Fc fragment of the IgG molecule.", "PMID": 106398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7190", "title": "Regulation of immune response to tumor antigen: interference with syngeneic tumor immunity by anti-IA alloantisera.", "content": "We present evidence for a role of I-A subregion-encoded determinants in syngeneic tumor immunity. In animals rendered immune to the S1509a fibrosarcoma, daily treatment with microliter quantities of antisera directed against Kk and I-Ak determinants expressed on lymphoid cells of host origin decreased the capacity for immune tumor rejection. Absorption studies revealed that anti-I-Ak antibody activity alone was sufficient for the manifestation of this effect. Furthermore, experiments utilizing F1 hybrids showed that an antiserum that was genetically unable to interact with H-2 determinants expressed on the tumor was equally effective in inhibiting tumor immunity. Suggestive evidence that the activity of this antiserum is related to interference with the generation of effector T cell function was provided by the observation that hyperimmune animals pretreated with an anti-Kk,I-Ak antiserum were no longer capable of adoptively transferring tumor immunity to naive recipients. Thus, it is possible to regulate the secondary immune response to tumor antigens by using antisera with specificity for I-A determinants expressed on cells or possibly on factors of the host lymphoid system.", "contents": "Regulation of immune response to tumor antigen: interference with syngeneic tumor immunity by anti-IA alloantisera. We present evidence for a role of I-A subregion-encoded determinants in syngeneic tumor immunity. In animals rendered immune to the S1509a fibrosarcoma, daily treatment with microliter quantities of antisera directed against Kk and I-Ak determinants expressed on lymphoid cells of host origin decreased the capacity for immune tumor rejection. Absorption studies revealed that anti-I-Ak antibody activity alone was sufficient for the manifestation of this effect. Furthermore, experiments utilizing F1 hybrids showed that an antiserum that was genetically unable to interact with H-2 determinants expressed on the tumor was equally effective in inhibiting tumor immunity. Suggestive evidence that the activity of this antiserum is related to interference with the generation of effector T cell function was provided by the observation that hyperimmune animals pretreated with an anti-Kk,I-Ak antiserum were no longer capable of adoptively transferring tumor immunity to naive recipients. Thus, it is possible to regulate the secondary immune response to tumor antigens by using antisera with specificity for I-A determinants expressed on cells or possibly on factors of the host lymphoid system.", "PMID": 106399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7191", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid-, blood-, and ascitis-catecholamines in hepatic cirrhosis.", "content": "The consideration of the extensive innervation of liver parenchyma, together with data relating to the degradation of catecholamines in the liver and the importance of hepatic vascular process in hepatic cirrhosis, prompted us to investigate the behaviour of catecholamines in this condition. The following parameters were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood and ascitis fluid: total catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline. During hepatic cirrhosis, total catecholamines level in blood, as well as in CSF was reduced. This reduction could be attributed primarily to a decrease in noradrenaline. Since adrenaline remained almost normal, the fraction of adrenaline contributing to total catecholamines increased close to 50%, which is higher than normal. Changes parallel to those found in the blood could be observed also in the ascitis fluid.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid-, blood-, and ascitis-catecholamines in hepatic cirrhosis. The consideration of the extensive innervation of liver parenchyma, together with data relating to the degradation of catecholamines in the liver and the importance of hepatic vascular process in hepatic cirrhosis, prompted us to investigate the behaviour of catecholamines in this condition. The following parameters were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood and ascitis fluid: total catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline. During hepatic cirrhosis, total catecholamines level in blood, as well as in CSF was reduced. This reduction could be attributed primarily to a decrease in noradrenaline. Since adrenaline remained almost normal, the fraction of adrenaline contributing to total catecholamines increased close to 50%, which is higher than normal. Changes parallel to those found in the blood could be observed also in the ascitis fluid.", "PMID": 106413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7192", "title": "The metabolic and functional effects of thyroid hormone excess in rats.", "content": "Oral administration of thyroid powder for 21 days produces hyperglycemia, hypocholesterolemia, increase of the energetic metabolism ratio and diminishing of the anaerobic metabolism ratio. Prolonged oral administration (30--45 days) induces involution of the thyroid gland, symptoms of an aggravated thyrotoxic hepatosis, hypoglycemia, hypocholesterolemia, a significant increase of the energetic metabolism and of the anaerobic metabolism ratios.", "contents": "The metabolic and functional effects of thyroid hormone excess in rats. Oral administration of thyroid powder for 21 days produces hyperglycemia, hypocholesterolemia, increase of the energetic metabolism ratio and diminishing of the anaerobic metabolism ratio. Prolonged oral administration (30--45 days) induces involution of the thyroid gland, symptoms of an aggravated thyrotoxic hepatosis, hypoglycemia, hypocholesterolemia, a significant increase of the energetic metabolism and of the anaerobic metabolism ratios.", "PMID": 106415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7193", "title": "Potentiation of ethanol withdrawal by prior dependence.", "content": "Thirty rats were randomly assigned to three groups. Group 1 was given a 21-day exposure to an ethanol (EtOH) liquid diet, while Groups 2 and 3 were given equivalent amounts of an isocaloric non-EtOH liquid diet. Group 1 rats had withdrawal syndromes following EtOH removal. After a two-week recovery period, Groups 1 and 2 were both exposed to an EtOH diet, while Group 3 again received an isocaloric non-EtOH liquid diet. Groups 1 and 2 were withdrawn after 12 days of EtOH exposure and were rated with a behavioral withdrawal rating scale, for which interobserver reliability estimates were determined. Previously dependent (Group 1) rats showed more severe withdrawal syndromes, including a higher incidence of seizures, than rats undergoing their initial withdrawal (Group 2). Studies that do not agree with this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Potentiation of ethanol withdrawal by prior dependence. Thirty rats were randomly assigned to three groups. Group 1 was given a 21-day exposure to an ethanol (EtOH) liquid diet, while Groups 2 and 3 were given equivalent amounts of an isocaloric non-EtOH liquid diet. Group 1 rats had withdrawal syndromes following EtOH removal. After a two-week recovery period, Groups 1 and 2 were both exposed to an EtOH diet, while Group 3 again received an isocaloric non-EtOH liquid diet. Groups 1 and 2 were withdrawn after 12 days of EtOH exposure and were rated with a behavioral withdrawal rating scale, for which interobserver reliability estimates were determined. Previously dependent (Group 1) rats showed more severe withdrawal syndromes, including a higher incidence of seizures, than rats undergoing their initial withdrawal (Group 2). Studies that do not agree with this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 106420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7194", "title": "Heavy water effects on certain energetic processes in retina.", "content": "Heavy water effects on ATP concentration in frog retina were followed up. A substantial (more than 50%) decrease of ATP pools was found in the retina immersed in 2H2O-Ringer as compared to that in H2O-Ringer, which revealed that protons are strongly involved in the cellular energy processes.", "contents": "Heavy water effects on certain energetic processes in retina. Heavy water effects on ATP concentration in frog retina were followed up. A substantial (more than 50%) decrease of ATP pools was found in the retina immersed in 2H2O-Ringer as compared to that in H2O-Ringer, which revealed that protons are strongly involved in the cellular energy processes.", "PMID": 106417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7195", "title": "Experimental dependence on barbiturates. II. Relationship between drug levels in serum and brain and the development of dependence in rats.", "content": "Feeding rats on food containing phenobarbital (PhB) (1 AND 2 mg/g) for 13 consecutive days resulted in the inhibition of motor coordination (by rotarod test) for 7 days, followed by a gradual decrease in the inhibition. PhB level in the serum reached a peak on the third day of feeding and then gradually decreased. PhB level in the brain, unlike that in the serum, gradually increased up to the seventh day and then decreased until the thirteenth day of feeding. Thus, alterations of the inhibited rotarod performance were depended on PhB level in the brain rather than on that in the serum. PhB level in the serum increased parallel to the graded increment in dosage from 0.5 and 1.0 mg/g to 4.0 mg/g, while that in the brain did not increase above the level on the seventh day of feeding on 1 and 2 mg/g food but remained relatively stable. PhB-dependent rats ate small amounts of drug-containing food incessantly day and night, and PhB levels in the serum and brain remained high and stable throughout the day. These phenomena suggest that the development of dependence on PhB is more intimately correlated with the length of application of the drug than with the magnitude of its dosage.", "contents": "Experimental dependence on barbiturates. II. Relationship between drug levels in serum and brain and the development of dependence in rats. Feeding rats on food containing phenobarbital (PhB) (1 AND 2 mg/g) for 13 consecutive days resulted in the inhibition of motor coordination (by rotarod test) for 7 days, followed by a gradual decrease in the inhibition. PhB level in the serum reached a peak on the third day of feeding and then gradually decreased. PhB level in the brain, unlike that in the serum, gradually increased up to the seventh day and then decreased until the thirteenth day of feeding. Thus, alterations of the inhibited rotarod performance were depended on PhB level in the brain rather than on that in the serum. PhB level in the serum increased parallel to the graded increment in dosage from 0.5 and 1.0 mg/g to 4.0 mg/g, while that in the brain did not increase above the level on the seventh day of feeding on 1 and 2 mg/g food but remained relatively stable. PhB-dependent rats ate small amounts of drug-containing food incessantly day and night, and PhB levels in the serum and brain remained high and stable throughout the day. These phenomena suggest that the development of dependence on PhB is more intimately correlated with the length of application of the drug than with the magnitude of its dosage.", "PMID": 106421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7196", "title": "Age differences in the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of homogenates from the liver of rats. The effect of gerovital H3 on the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity.", "content": "Studies on liver homogenates obtained from Wistar rats revealed that the ageing process produces the loss of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and higher values in the thermolabile fraction of this enzyme. The biotrophic treatment with Gerovital H3 has a strong influence upon glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase with tendency to diminish the thermolabile fractions.", "contents": "Age differences in the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of homogenates from the liver of rats. The effect of gerovital H3 on the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Studies on liver homogenates obtained from Wistar rats revealed that the ageing process produces the loss of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and higher values in the thermolabile fraction of this enzyme. The biotrophic treatment with Gerovital H3 has a strong influence upon glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase with tendency to diminish the thermolabile fractions.", "PMID": 106418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7197", "title": "An analysis of some perceptual effects of morphine, chlorpromazine, and LSD.", "content": "Male albino rats were trained to detect either a pure tone or a weak footshock embedded in white noise by utilizing a discrete-trial two-choice, successive discrimination procedure. The effects of morphine, chlorpromazine (CPZ), and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were then analyzed on several measures of performance. Morphine (2.5--10 mg/kg) produced a nonspecific decrease in accuracy of discrimination on trials when the stimulus was presented as well as on trials when no stimulus occurred. Morphine was also followed by dose-dependent decreased in speed to initiate trials and by increases in intersubject variability. CPZ (1.0--4.0 mg/kg) caused a decrease in accuracy only on no-stimulus trials and, like morphine decreased speed to initiate trials. LSD (0.04--0.16 mg/kg/ decreased overall accuracy in a nonspecific manner (i.e., when shock and tone discriminations were considered together) and decreased speed by producing periods of nonresponding.", "contents": "An analysis of some perceptual effects of morphine, chlorpromazine, and LSD. Male albino rats were trained to detect either a pure tone or a weak footshock embedded in white noise by utilizing a discrete-trial two-choice, successive discrimination procedure. The effects of morphine, chlorpromazine (CPZ), and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were then analyzed on several measures of performance. Morphine (2.5--10 mg/kg) produced a nonspecific decrease in accuracy of discrimination on trials when the stimulus was presented as well as on trials when no stimulus occurred. Morphine was also followed by dose-dependent decreased in speed to initiate trials and by increases in intersubject variability. CPZ (1.0--4.0 mg/kg) caused a decrease in accuracy only on no-stimulus trials and, like morphine decreased speed to initiate trials. LSD (0.04--0.16 mg/kg/ decreased overall accuracy in a nonspecific manner (i.e., when shock and tone discriminations were considered together) and decreased speed by producing periods of nonresponding.", "PMID": 106422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7198", "title": "Renal mechanisms in erythropoiesis regulation.", "content": "The kidneys, which a high content of renal erythropoietic profactor, represent an important organ in the formation of erythropoietin in hypoxia. There is, however, an extrarenal mechanism, too, for its formation. The mechanism of erythropoietin secretion could be a central nervous action of hypoxia and a direct cellular one. In the first situation, moderate hypoxia acts upon the nervous centers, whose connexions with the effector cells are made by the beta-adrenergic sympathetic nerves, determining the release in certain kidney cells and in structures outside this organ, of the proerythropoietic factor of lysosomal nature. In the second situation, long-term intense hypoxia would exert its action directly on the cells, releasing the profactor participating in the formation of erythropoietin from the kidney lysosomes or those of other organs.", "contents": "Renal mechanisms in erythropoiesis regulation. The kidneys, which a high content of renal erythropoietic profactor, represent an important organ in the formation of erythropoietin in hypoxia. There is, however, an extrarenal mechanism, too, for its formation. The mechanism of erythropoietin secretion could be a central nervous action of hypoxia and a direct cellular one. In the first situation, moderate hypoxia acts upon the nervous centers, whose connexions with the effector cells are made by the beta-adrenergic sympathetic nerves, determining the release in certain kidney cells and in structures outside this organ, of the proerythropoietic factor of lysosomal nature. In the second situation, long-term intense hypoxia would exert its action directly on the cells, releasing the profactor participating in the formation of erythropoietin from the kidney lysosomes or those of other organs.", "PMID": 106419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7199", "title": "The antinociceptive effect of intracerebroventricularly administered prostaglandin E1 in the rat.", "content": "It is generally accepted that prostaglandins (PGs) are nociceptive substances. However, earlier studies from this laboratory indicated that morphine analgesia, in the rat, was not only serotonin mediated, but involved PGs as well. Several PG synthesis inhibitors were shown to inhibit morphine analgesia and PGE1 was shown to potentiate the antinociceptive effect of morphine. Intraperitoneal administration of PGE1, but not PGE2 and PGF2alpha, elicited antinociceptive effect per se, by the radiant heat method. The present study was undertaken to confirm the antinociceptive action of PGE1, after intracerebroventricular administration, against nociceptive impulses induced by radiant heat, pressure, and high frequency electric current. PGE1 produced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect by the radiant heat and pressure methods. It potentiated the antinociceptive action of morphine by the electrical stimulation method. The antinociceptive action of PGE1 was not evident in 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-pretreated rats, suggesting that this effect is serotonin mediated. The present study thus confirms the antinociceptive action of PGE1 and suggests that, unlike its peripheral action, the central action of PGE1 results in suppression of nociceptive responses which may be serotonin mediated.", "contents": "The antinociceptive effect of intracerebroventricularly administered prostaglandin E1 in the rat. It is generally accepted that prostaglandins (PGs) are nociceptive substances. However, earlier studies from this laboratory indicated that morphine analgesia, in the rat, was not only serotonin mediated, but involved PGs as well. Several PG synthesis inhibitors were shown to inhibit morphine analgesia and PGE1 was shown to potentiate the antinociceptive effect of morphine. Intraperitoneal administration of PGE1, but not PGE2 and PGF2alpha, elicited antinociceptive effect per se, by the radiant heat method. The present study was undertaken to confirm the antinociceptive action of PGE1, after intracerebroventricular administration, against nociceptive impulses induced by radiant heat, pressure, and high frequency electric current. PGE1 produced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect by the radiant heat and pressure methods. It potentiated the antinociceptive action of morphine by the electrical stimulation method. The antinociceptive action of PGE1 was not evident in 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-pretreated rats, suggesting that this effect is serotonin mediated. The present study thus confirms the antinociceptive action of PGE1 and suggests that, unlike its peripheral action, the central action of PGE1 results in suppression of nociceptive responses which may be serotonin mediated.", "PMID": 106425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7200", "title": "Swimming capacity of mice after prolonged treatment with psychostimulants. II. Effect of methamphetamine on swimming performance and availability of metabolic substrates.", "content": "Swimming endurance and availability of metabolic substrates (blood glucose and nonesterified fatty acids [NEFA], liver and muscle glycogen, body fat) were studied in mice treated with 10 microgram/g methamphetamine/day for 6 weeks. At the end of the 6-week treatment, motor coordination of the methamphetamine-treated animals was much better than that of controls, and swimming capacity tended to increase. While swimming, mice treated with methamphetamine mobilized more glycogen from the hepatic stores and utilized glucose more effectively. Their NEFA levels in blood were higher than those of controls. There was no difference in the muscular glycogen content.", "contents": "Swimming capacity of mice after prolonged treatment with psychostimulants. II. Effect of methamphetamine on swimming performance and availability of metabolic substrates. Swimming endurance and availability of metabolic substrates (blood glucose and nonesterified fatty acids [NEFA], liver and muscle glycogen, body fat) were studied in mice treated with 10 microgram/g methamphetamine/day for 6 weeks. At the end of the 6-week treatment, motor coordination of the methamphetamine-treated animals was much better than that of controls, and swimming capacity tended to increase. While swimming, mice treated with methamphetamine mobilized more glycogen from the hepatic stores and utilized glucose more effectively. Their NEFA levels in blood were higher than those of controls. There was no difference in the muscular glycogen content.", "PMID": 106427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7201", "title": "Influence of ciclazindol on monoamine uptake and CNS function in normal subjects.", "content": "The potential antidepressant drug ciclazindol inhibited dopamine uptake into human platelets without affecting 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake as compared with a control. It inhibited the tyramine pressor response less than desipramine after single 50-mg oral doses in 6 healthy volunteers under double-blind conditions. Compared with tandamine in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in nine healthy subjects, ciclazindol 50 mg orally caused no significant anticholinergic effects but reduced appetite according to an analysis of variance. Nonparametric analysis did not confirm the anorectic effect. Previous studies had shown that ciclazindol increased glucose uptake into isolated human skeletal muscle independently of insulin. Overall, ciclazindol resembles the antiobesity drug mazindol in molecular structure and pharmacological effects in man. Interactions with sympathomimetic amines and adrenergic neurone-blocking drugs cannot be excluded on the basis of these studies.", "contents": "Influence of ciclazindol on monoamine uptake and CNS function in normal subjects. The potential antidepressant drug ciclazindol inhibited dopamine uptake into human platelets without affecting 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake as compared with a control. It inhibited the tyramine pressor response less than desipramine after single 50-mg oral doses in 6 healthy volunteers under double-blind conditions. Compared with tandamine in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in nine healthy subjects, ciclazindol 50 mg orally caused no significant anticholinergic effects but reduced appetite according to an analysis of variance. Nonparametric analysis did not confirm the anorectic effect. Previous studies had shown that ciclazindol increased glucose uptake into isolated human skeletal muscle independently of insulin. Overall, ciclazindol resembles the antiobesity drug mazindol in molecular structure and pharmacological effects in man. Interactions with sympathomimetic amines and adrenergic neurone-blocking drugs cannot be excluded on the basis of these studies.", "PMID": 106428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7202", "title": "Drugs and the discrimination of duration.", "content": "The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), d-amphetamine (AMP), chlorpromazine (CPZ), and the most active isomer of marihuana (delta9 - THC) on timing behavior were analyzed with a two-choice, discrete trial procedure in which pigeons were trained to discriminate visual stimuli that differed with respect to duration ('long' vs. 'short'). LSD (0.01, 0.04, 0.16 mg/kg) decreased response speed (increased latency), but otherwise had no significant effects on performance of the discrimination. d-Amphetamine (1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/kg) increased perseveration of 'spatial bias' and, at a dose of 4.0 mg/kg, lowered response speed. This compound did not significantly alter accuracy (percentage correct). CPZ (7.5, 15.0, 30.0 mg/kg) significantly decreased accuracy and, at a dose of 30.0 mg/kg, significantly lowered speed; THC also decreased accuracy and lowered speed. Neither CPZ nor THC significantly altered perseveration.", "contents": "Drugs and the discrimination of duration. The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), d-amphetamine (AMP), chlorpromazine (CPZ), and the most active isomer of marihuana (delta9 - THC) on timing behavior were analyzed with a two-choice, discrete trial procedure in which pigeons were trained to discriminate visual stimuli that differed with respect to duration ('long' vs. 'short'). LSD (0.01, 0.04, 0.16 mg/kg) decreased response speed (increased latency), but otherwise had no significant effects on performance of the discrimination. d-Amphetamine (1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/kg) increased perseveration of 'spatial bias' and, at a dose of 4.0 mg/kg, lowered response speed. This compound did not significantly alter accuracy (percentage correct). CPZ (7.5, 15.0, 30.0 mg/kg) significantly decreased accuracy and, at a dose of 30.0 mg/kg, significantly lowered speed; THC also decreased accuracy and lowered speed. Neither CPZ nor THC significantly altered perseveration.", "PMID": 106429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7203", "title": "Modification of ethanol intoxication by dopamine agonists and antagonists.", "content": "The effects of ethanol on locomotor activity and rotarod performance were measured in the rat. Apomorphine (4 mg/kg s.c.) antagonized and pimozide (0.75 - 1.50 mg/kg s.c.) enhanced the effects of a 2 g/kg dose of ethanol on rotarod performance. No such interaction was seen with pentobarbital, 25 mg/kg, a dose sufficiency to produce an equivalent motor performance deficit. Animals with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra were more sensitive to the ethanol-induced impairment of rotarod performance and suppression of locomotor activity than shamoperated controls. The pattern of dopamine depletion in lesioned animals indicated a degree of selectivity of the lesion for the nigrostriatal pathway. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that ethanol interferes with dopaminergic transmission, and that such an interference may be involved in the behavioral effects of ethanol.", "contents": "Modification of ethanol intoxication by dopamine agonists and antagonists. The effects of ethanol on locomotor activity and rotarod performance were measured in the rat. Apomorphine (4 mg/kg s.c.) antagonized and pimozide (0.75 - 1.50 mg/kg s.c.) enhanced the effects of a 2 g/kg dose of ethanol on rotarod performance. No such interaction was seen with pentobarbital, 25 mg/kg, a dose sufficiency to produce an equivalent motor performance deficit. Animals with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra were more sensitive to the ethanol-induced impairment of rotarod performance and suppression of locomotor activity than shamoperated controls. The pattern of dopamine depletion in lesioned animals indicated a degree of selectivity of the lesion for the nigrostriatal pathway. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that ethanol interferes with dopaminergic transmission, and that such an interference may be involved in the behavioral effects of ethanol.", "PMID": 106430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7204", "title": "Drug effects on the performance of pigeons under a negative automaintenance schedule.", "content": "Pigeons were exposed to a negative automaintenance schedule in which food was delivered following brief key illumination only if the illuminated key was not contacted; contact of the lighted key prevented food delivery. All subjects emitted some responses under this procedure when drugs were not given. However, the number of responses was less than that which occurred under an automaintenance procedure in which food followed key illumination regardless of the bird's behavior. Under the negative automaintenance procedure, acute administration of atropine (0.01--0.1 mg/kg), d-amphetamine (0.4--1.6 mg/kg), and morphine (3,8--15 mg/kg) reduced in a dose-dependent manner the percentage of key illuminations in which subjects contacted the lighted key. Diazepam (1.0--6.0 mg/kg) increased the percentage of key illuminations during contact responses occurred.", "contents": "Drug effects on the performance of pigeons under a negative automaintenance schedule. Pigeons were exposed to a negative automaintenance schedule in which food was delivered following brief key illumination only if the illuminated key was not contacted; contact of the lighted key prevented food delivery. All subjects emitted some responses under this procedure when drugs were not given. However, the number of responses was less than that which occurred under an automaintenance procedure in which food followed key illumination regardless of the bird's behavior. Under the negative automaintenance procedure, acute administration of atropine (0.01--0.1 mg/kg), d-amphetamine (0.4--1.6 mg/kg), and morphine (3,8--15 mg/kg) reduced in a dose-dependent manner the percentage of key illuminations in which subjects contacted the lighted key. Diazepam (1.0--6.0 mg/kg) increased the percentage of key illuminations during contact responses occurred.", "PMID": 106431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7205", "title": "Effects of atenolol and propranolol on human performance and subjective feelings.", "content": "In a double-blind, double crossover experiment, 18 healthy young men received over 3-day periods either 100 mg atenolol, 80 mg propranolol, or placebo. The subjects underwent various motor and cognitive tests 18 h after each last dose had been taken. Propranolol significantly increased variability of a choice reaction-time task. Scores on various subjective rating scales showed that propranolol had a larger mood elevating effect than atenolol. Heart rate and blood pressure were significantly reduced 24h after atenolol medication; these effects were absent or reduced after propranolol had been given.", "contents": "Effects of atenolol and propranolol on human performance and subjective feelings. In a double-blind, double crossover experiment, 18 healthy young men received over 3-day periods either 100 mg atenolol, 80 mg propranolol, or placebo. The subjects underwent various motor and cognitive tests 18 h after each last dose had been taken. Propranolol significantly increased variability of a choice reaction-time task. Scores on various subjective rating scales showed that propranolol had a larger mood elevating effect than atenolol. Heart rate and blood pressure were significantly reduced 24h after atenolol medication; these effects were absent or reduced after propranolol had been given.", "PMID": 106432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7206", "title": "Prostaglandins in the brain of rats given, acutely, and chronically, a hyperthermic dose of met-enkephalin.", "content": "An enhanced prostaglandinlike activity is shown in homogenates of brain from rats treated intracerebroventricularly with 100 microgram of metenkephalin. The increase is significantly reduced by naloxone pretreatment. A relationship is proposed between generation of prostaglandins in the brain following met-enkephalin administration and hyperthermic effect of the opiatelike factor in the rat. Normalization of prostaglandinlike activity following chronic administration of met-enkephalin in the rat may also account for the development of tolerance to its thermic effect.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in the brain of rats given, acutely, and chronically, a hyperthermic dose of met-enkephalin. An enhanced prostaglandinlike activity is shown in homogenates of brain from rats treated intracerebroventricularly with 100 microgram of metenkephalin. The increase is significantly reduced by naloxone pretreatment. A relationship is proposed between generation of prostaglandins in the brain following met-enkephalin administration and hyperthermic effect of the opiatelike factor in the rat. Normalization of prostaglandinlike activity following chronic administration of met-enkephalin in the rat may also account for the development of tolerance to its thermic effect.", "PMID": 106433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7207", "title": "Nephromegaly in hyperalimentation.", "content": "Nephromegaly associated with hyperalimentation and its effect on renal function were studied. Renal size was determined in 44 patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Of 26 patients in whom kidney size could be determined before and during TPN, all but one had normal-size kidneys before TPN. Six had no increase in renal size, and kidneys increased in size in 20. One or both kidneys became abnormally large in 9 patients. There was no detectable change in renal function and kidneys decreased in size upon discontinuation of hyperalimentation. Abnormal renal size bore no relation with weight gain or liver function tests.", "contents": "Nephromegaly in hyperalimentation. Nephromegaly associated with hyperalimentation and its effect on renal function were studied. Renal size was determined in 44 patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Of 26 patients in whom kidney size could be determined before and during TPN, all but one had normal-size kidneys before TPN. Six had no increase in renal size, and kidneys increased in size in 20. One or both kidneys became abnormally large in 9 patients. There was no detectable change in renal function and kidneys decreased in size upon discontinuation of hyperalimentation. Abnormal renal size bore no relation with weight gain or liver function tests.", "PMID": 106436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7208", "title": "The effect of whole-body irradiation on skeletal growth in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Late effects of single whole-body doses of 400--500 and 750--900 rads on skeletal growth in 32 rhesus monkeys were studied. Findings indicated growth inhibition strongly related to dose and age at irradiation. Doses of 750--900 rads before the age of 40 months resulted in significantly greater growth inhibition (11%) than doses given during or shortly after adolescence (p less than 0.005). Doses of less than 750 rads were not significant. In view of the close similarity between monkeys and man, irradiation of children at doses greater than 750 rads may carry a strong risk of subsequent growth retardation.", "contents": "The effect of whole-body irradiation on skeletal growth in rhesus monkeys. Late effects of single whole-body doses of 400--500 and 750--900 rads on skeletal growth in 32 rhesus monkeys were studied. Findings indicated growth inhibition strongly related to dose and age at irradiation. Doses of 750--900 rads before the age of 40 months resulted in significantly greater growth inhibition (11%) than doses given during or shortly after adolescence (p less than 0.005). Doses of less than 750 rads were not significant. In view of the close similarity between monkeys and man, irradiation of children at doses greater than 750 rads may carry a strong risk of subsequent growth retardation.", "PMID": 106437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7209", "title": "The vacuum cassette for improved linear accelerator portal films.", "content": "The use of a commercially available vacuum cassette with lead screens for linear accelerator portal films is described. The vacuum cassette technique provides improved quality with no increase in patient discomfort or cost and avoids gemoetric distortion, compared to other currently available methods.", "contents": "The vacuum cassette for improved linear accelerator portal films. The use of a commercially available vacuum cassette with lead screens for linear accelerator portal films is described. The vacuum cassette technique provides improved quality with no increase in patient discomfort or cost and avoids gemoetric distortion, compared to other currently available methods.", "PMID": 106438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7210", "title": "Calyceal diverticula in children: unusual features and complications.", "content": "Calyceal diverticulum is a relatively rare lesion that is usually asymptomatic but can assume clinical significance if drainage is impaired. Three patients are presented with unusual complications directly referable to a calyceal diverticulum. One child had a mobile calculus. In 2 others, intrarenal inflammatory masses developed in the area previously occupied by a calyceal diverticulum. One of these children had proved xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, and the other had an infected diverticulum.", "contents": "Calyceal diverticula in children: unusual features and complications. Calyceal diverticulum is a relatively rare lesion that is usually asymptomatic but can assume clinical significance if drainage is impaired. Three patients are presented with unusual complications directly referable to a calyceal diverticulum. One child had a mobile calculus. In 2 others, intrarenal inflammatory masses developed in the area previously occupied by a calyceal diverticulum. One of these children had proved xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, and the other had an infected diverticulum.", "PMID": 106439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7211", "title": "Vertebral scalloping in neurofibromatosis.", "content": "The classical abnormalities of von Recklinghausen disease (VRD) or neurofibromatosis are well recognized. However, vertebral scalloping and gauge defects of the anterior and lateral aspects have not been reviewed, to the authors' knowledge. Case reports of 3 patients with vertebral scalloping are presented. The classical posterior scalloping from dural ectasia is also discussed. These concavities can occur either in isolation, or contiguous to a tumor. Recognition of them can aid in the diagnosis and evaluation of patients with suspected VRD.", "contents": "Vertebral scalloping in neurofibromatosis. The classical abnormalities of von Recklinghausen disease (VRD) or neurofibromatosis are well recognized. However, vertebral scalloping and gauge defects of the anterior and lateral aspects have not been reviewed, to the authors' knowledge. Case reports of 3 patients with vertebral scalloping are presented. The classical posterior scalloping from dural ectasia is also discussed. These concavities can occur either in isolation, or contiguous to a tumor. Recognition of them can aid in the diagnosis and evaluation of patients with suspected VRD.", "PMID": 106440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7212", "title": "[Laboratory methods used for the screening and the  control of sexually transmitted diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The most currently used methods by laboratories for the screening of sexually transmitted diseases were reviewed by the authors and their comparative reliability and sensitiivity examined. The authors endeavoured to give guidance to physicians and bacteriologists in the choice of available techniques as regards collection sites, transport of specimens, choice of transport media, serological tests for syphilis screening and diagnostic methods for urethritis or non-gonococcal vaginitis.", "contents": "[Laboratory methods used for the screening and the  control of sexually transmitted diseases (author's transl)]. The most currently used methods by laboratories for the screening of sexually transmitted diseases were reviewed by the authors and their comparative reliability and sensitiivity examined. The authors endeavoured to give guidance to physicians and bacteriologists in the choice of available techniques as regards collection sites, transport of specimens, choice of transport media, serological tests for syphilis screening and diagnostic methods for urethritis or non-gonococcal vaginitis.", "PMID": 106443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7213", "title": "[Role of epidemiological models in surveillance of communicable diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The interpretation of basic information obtained through surveillance of communicable diseases requires knowledge of the expected trend of the epidemiological phenomena under observation. The more precise the epidemiological forecasts are, the more efficient the methods of surveillance will be. With a few examples the author describes briefly the role of epidemiological models to produce reliable previsions, the principles ruling their construction, their use on computer to simulate known epidemiological situations as well as the impact of interventions on the disease dynamics. Mention is also made of the model contribution to the cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses of control programmes subjected to epidemiological surveillance.", "contents": "[Role of epidemiological models in surveillance of communicable diseases (author's transl)]. The interpretation of basic information obtained through surveillance of communicable diseases requires knowledge of the expected trend of the epidemiological phenomena under observation. The more precise the epidemiological forecasts are, the more efficient the methods of surveillance will be. With a few examples the author describes briefly the role of epidemiological models to produce reliable previsions, the principles ruling their construction, their use on computer to simulate known epidemiological situations as well as the impact of interventions on the disease dynamics. Mention is also made of the model contribution to the cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses of control programmes subjected to epidemiological surveillance.", "PMID": 106444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7214", "title": "Complications of total abdominal and spleen irradiation in patients with lymphomas.", "content": "Fifty patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated with total abdominal irradiation to a dose of 3000 rad by anterior and posterior fields treated the same day. Fourteen patients developed complications, four with intestinal obstruction due to stenosis and three with total or partial intestinal irradiation damage. These bowel complications were only seen in patients who had previously had a laparotomy. The ways of preventing these complications are discussed. We have studied renal function by means of clinical examination, biologic and radiologic investigations, and scanning in 75 patients who have received splenic irradiation to a dose of 4000 rad. With a mean follow-up time of 36 months, this study has shown that there was no significant change in blood pressure or in biochemical measurements. However, at the 17th month, nephrotomograms demonstrated cortical atrophy of the upper role of the kidney; at the 8th month, low uptake in the irradiated area was seen on 197Hg neohydrine scanning and a decrease in renal plasma flow in the left kidney during dynamic studies with Hippuran.", "contents": "Complications of total abdominal and spleen irradiation in patients with lymphomas. Fifty patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated with total abdominal irradiation to a dose of 3000 rad by anterior and posterior fields treated the same day. Fourteen patients developed complications, four with intestinal obstruction due to stenosis and three with total or partial intestinal irradiation damage. These bowel complications were only seen in patients who had previously had a laparotomy. The ways of preventing these complications are discussed. We have studied renal function by means of clinical examination, biologic and radiologic investigations, and scanning in 75 patients who have received splenic irradiation to a dose of 4000 rad. With a mean follow-up time of 36 months, this study has shown that there was no significant change in blood pressure or in biochemical measurements. However, at the 17th month, nephrotomograms demonstrated cortical atrophy of the upper role of the kidney; at the 8th month, low uptake in the irradiated area was seen on 197Hg neohydrine scanning and a decrease in renal plasma flow in the left kidney during dynamic studies with Hippuran.", "PMID": 106446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7215", "title": "Staging of myeloma. A preliminary study of staging factors and treatment in different stages.", "content": "Attempts were made to find prognostic factors in myeloma. In 16 deceased patients, urinary light chains, skeletal lesions, and the quantity of the monoclonal protein fraction in the serum were correlated to prognosis, in contrast to the electrophoretic mobility of the monoclonal fraction, the hemoglobin, the serum creatinine value, the serum calcium, or the intestinal calcium absorption. Skeletal calcium uptake was only numerically higher in mild myeloma than in advanced myeloma. Since these findings partially agreed with the staging procedure previously proposed by Salmon, a modification of this procedure was used to stage 50 myeloma patients. Survival was statistically significantly shorter in stage III than in stage I. A differentiated treatement with melphalan-prednisone in stage I, cytoxan infusions in stage II, and vincristine-cytoxan-prednisone in stage III is proposed. A preliminary comparison of nine patients in stage II-III given intensive treatment with 23 given melphalan-prednisone suggests a numerically, but not as yet a statistically significant increase in survival in the intensively treated group, which seems to have an 80% 2-year survival.", "contents": "Staging of myeloma. A preliminary study of staging factors and treatment in different stages. Attempts were made to find prognostic factors in myeloma. In 16 deceased patients, urinary light chains, skeletal lesions, and the quantity of the monoclonal protein fraction in the serum were correlated to prognosis, in contrast to the electrophoretic mobility of the monoclonal fraction, the hemoglobin, the serum creatinine value, the serum calcium, or the intestinal calcium absorption. Skeletal calcium uptake was only numerically higher in mild myeloma than in advanced myeloma. Since these findings partially agreed with the staging procedure previously proposed by Salmon, a modification of this procedure was used to stage 50 myeloma patients. Survival was statistically significantly shorter in stage III than in stage I. A differentiated treatement with melphalan-prednisone in stage I, cytoxan infusions in stage II, and vincristine-cytoxan-prednisone in stage III is proposed. A preliminary comparison of nine patients in stage II-III given intensive treatment with 23 given melphalan-prednisone suggests a numerically, but not as yet a statistically significant increase in survival in the intensively treated group, which seems to have an 80% 2-year survival.", "PMID": 106448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7216", "title": "Thyrotropin and prolactin in patients with hypothalamus-pituitary diseases.", "content": "Seventy patients with hypothalamus-pituitary diseases were studied. 13 of them were studied before surgical treatment and then 15-20 days and 6 months later. A comparison was made with 59 controls. In all these subjects PRL and TSH were studied under basal conditions and after TRH stimulation. As for TSH the highest percentage of abnormal responses was found in the group of patients with chromophobe adenoma and parasellar dysplasias. This area of the pituitary appears relatively undamaged in acromegalic patients. In clinically hypothyroid patients, normal or high TSH responses to TRH were often found. As for PRL, a hyperprolactinaemia was mostly found in the group of patients with chromophobe adenoma, parasellar dysplasias and craniopharyngioma, although there was a different pattern in the TSH responses. No correlation was found between the basal PRL levels and the TSH responses to TRH. There was no significant difference in the TSH responses of the patients with PRL secreting and non-secreting chromophobe adenomas. The hypothesis of two autonomous systems is supported by the finding of differences in the functional recovery of the two pituitary areas studied at different times after surgical treatment.", "contents": "Thyrotropin and prolactin in patients with hypothalamus-pituitary diseases. Seventy patients with hypothalamus-pituitary diseases were studied. 13 of them were studied before surgical treatment and then 15-20 days and 6 months later. A comparison was made with 59 controls. In all these subjects PRL and TSH were studied under basal conditions and after TRH stimulation. As for TSH the highest percentage of abnormal responses was found in the group of patients with chromophobe adenoma and parasellar dysplasias. This area of the pituitary appears relatively undamaged in acromegalic patients. In clinically hypothyroid patients, normal or high TSH responses to TRH were often found. As for PRL, a hyperprolactinaemia was mostly found in the group of patients with chromophobe adenoma, parasellar dysplasias and craniopharyngioma, although there was a different pattern in the TSH responses. No correlation was found between the basal PRL levels and the TSH responses to TRH. There was no significant difference in the TSH responses of the patients with PRL secreting and non-secreting chromophobe adenomas. The hypothesis of two autonomous systems is supported by the finding of differences in the functional recovery of the two pituitary areas studied at different times after surgical treatment.", "PMID": 106450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7217", "title": "Purification and characterization of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase.", "content": "The purification of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT] from human plasma is reported. Hydroxylapatite fractions were approximately 16,000 fold purified over the starting plasma and were free of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and albumin. The enzyme showed one band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and one arc in immunodiffusion against a goat antiserum preparation. It was determined to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 and a pI of 3.7--4.0.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. The purification of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT] from human plasma is reported. Hydroxylapatite fractions were approximately 16,000 fold purified over the starting plasma and were free of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and albumin. The enzyme showed one band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and one arc in immunodiffusion against a goat antiserum preparation. It was determined to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 and a pI of 3.7--4.0.", "PMID": 106459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7218", "title": "Immunological evaluation of LCAT deficiency.", "content": "Antibody towards a highly purified LCAT preparation was tested against LCAT-deficient sera by using the technic of immunodiffusion and immunoinhibition. Reaction of identity among normal serum, deficient sera, and purified LCAT was observed in immunodiffusion with two different antibodies obtained from two different goats. When the antibodies were mixed with deficient sera and tested for immunoinhibition of LCAT activity, suggesting that deficient sera contained an enzymatically inactive LCAT. The other antibody preparation showed inhibition of enzyme activity even in antigen excess. It appears that the precipitin lines observed in immunodiffusion do not represent LCAT in serum. In view of the higher titre of antibody in immunoinhibition experiments with this antibody, it remains to be determined whether at lower ratios of antibody to deficient serum, immunoinhibition by the antibody will be abolished in this case too.", "contents": "Immunological evaluation of LCAT deficiency. Antibody towards a highly purified LCAT preparation was tested against LCAT-deficient sera by using the technic of immunodiffusion and immunoinhibition. Reaction of identity among normal serum, deficient sera, and purified LCAT was observed in immunodiffusion with two different antibodies obtained from two different goats. When the antibodies were mixed with deficient sera and tested for immunoinhibition of LCAT activity, suggesting that deficient sera contained an enzymatically inactive LCAT. The other antibody preparation showed inhibition of enzyme activity even in antigen excess. It appears that the precipitin lines observed in immunodiffusion do not represent LCAT in serum. In view of the higher titre of antibody in immunoinhibition experiments with this antibody, it remains to be determined whether at lower ratios of antibody to deficient serum, immunoinhibition by the antibody will be abolished in this case too.", "PMID": 106460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7219", "title": "Demonstration of actin in oral epithelial cells.", "content": "Two human sera with antibodies against smooth muscle were used to investigate the distribution of actin in moving oral epithelial cells by immunocytochemical methods. Epithelial outgrowths from explants of rat and human oral mucosa  showed a constant positive staining in the peripheral parts of the marginal cells but not in the more central parts of the epithelial sheet. This is in agreement with theories of the importance of the marginal cells in the migratory behavior of the epithelial outgrowth. Subcultured epithelial cells from the human explants showed positive staining of fine fibers in the cytoplasm. During healing of experimental oral wounds from humans and monkeys actin fibers could be demonstrated in only one of 18 cases in the epithelial cells adjacent to the wound, though positive staining of various cells was seen in the underlying tissue. This is in contrast to the evidence presented in previous studies of cells taking part in the re-epithelialization process.", "contents": "Demonstration of actin in oral epithelial cells. Two human sera with antibodies against smooth muscle were used to investigate the distribution of actin in moving oral epithelial cells by immunocytochemical methods. Epithelial outgrowths from explants of rat and human oral mucosa  showed a constant positive staining in the peripheral parts of the marginal cells but not in the more central parts of the epithelial sheet. This is in agreement with theories of the importance of the marginal cells in the migratory behavior of the epithelial outgrowth. Subcultured epithelial cells from the human explants showed positive staining of fine fibers in the cytoplasm. During healing of experimental oral wounds from humans and monkeys actin fibers could be demonstrated in only one of 18 cases in the epithelial cells adjacent to the wound, though positive staining of various cells was seen in the underlying tissue. This is in contrast to the evidence presented in previous studies of cells taking part in the re-epithelialization process.", "PMID": 106461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7220", "title": "Actions of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on the gastrointestinal function in man. II. Inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion.", "content": "The pentagastrin-stimulated gastric volume and acid output were measured with and without an i.v. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) infusion (666 microgram/h). TRH inhibited the pentagastrin (6 microgram/kg s.c.) stimulated volume to 67.5 +/- 8.4% (p less than 0.01) and the acid output to 65 +/- 8.4% of control infusion values (mean +/- S.E.M.). It is concluded that TRH inhibits the pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion in man.", "contents": "Actions of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on the gastrointestinal function in man. II. Inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion. The pentagastrin-stimulated gastric volume and acid output were measured with and without an i.v. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) infusion (666 microgram/h). TRH inhibited the pentagastrin (6 microgram/kg s.c.) stimulated volume to 67.5 +/- 8.4% (p less than 0.01) and the acid output to 65 +/- 8.4% of control infusion values (mean +/- S.E.M.). It is concluded that TRH inhibits the pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion in man.", "PMID": 106463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7221", "title": "Microbial composition of monkey dental plaque (Macaca arctoides and Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "The supragingival and subgingival dental plaque flora of Macaca arctoides and Macaca fascicularis monkeys were examined using mylar strip impressions, direct smears, and culture techniques. In smears, samples generally contained 40--50% cocci, 20--30% rods 8--20% fusiform bacteria, and 4--5% each of filaments, vibrios and spirochetes. Differences in the ratios of the various bacterial groups related to age and sex were found. Several monkey bacterial species were similar to those in human dental plaque. The present results indicate that the Macaca female monkey can be a suitable animal model for the experimental studies of dental diseases.", "contents": "Microbial composition of monkey dental plaque (Macaca arctoides and Macaca fascicularis). The supragingival and subgingival dental plaque flora of Macaca arctoides and Macaca fascicularis monkeys were examined using mylar strip impressions, direct smears, and culture techniques. In smears, samples generally contained 40--50% cocci, 20--30% rods 8--20% fusiform bacteria, and 4--5% each of filaments, vibrios and spirochetes. Differences in the ratios of the various bacterial groups related to age and sex were found. Several monkey bacterial species were similar to those in human dental plaque. The present results indicate that the Macaca female monkey can be a suitable animal model for the experimental studies of dental diseases.", "PMID": 106462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7222", "title": "The VkVI subgroup of rabbit light chains: complete amino acid sequence of a third variable region (K29-213).", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the variable region of a rabbit anti-streptococcal A-variant antibody light chain was determined. By using a combination of different cleavage methods, the sequence was established. Large peptides were sequenced in an extensively modified Beckman sequentor. Light chain K29-213 belongs to a rare subgroup (kVI). Several of these light chains of antibodies with different specificities have been totally or partially sequenced. Comparison of these light chains reveals at least four germ-line-encoded variants within this subgroup.", "contents": "The VkVI subgroup of rabbit light chains: complete amino acid sequence of a third variable region (K29-213). The amino acid sequence of the variable region of a rabbit anti-streptococcal A-variant antibody light chain was determined. By using a combination of different cleavage methods, the sequence was established. Large peptides were sequenced in an extensively modified Beckman sequentor. Light chain K29-213 belongs to a rare subgroup (kVI). Several of these light chains of antibodies with different specificities have been totally or partially sequenced. Comparison of these light chains reveals at least four germ-line-encoded variants within this subgroup.", "PMID": 106464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7223", "title": "Cross-reactions between mycobacteria. II. Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of soluble antigens of BCG and comparison with other mycobacteria.", "content": "Cross-reactions between Mycobacterium bovis BCG and various other mycobacteria, Nocardia asteroides, Corynebacterium pyogenes and Listeria monocytogenes were studied by incorporating antibodies against these bacteria in the intermediate gel of a crossed immunoelectrophoretic system with BCG antigen and anti-BCG antibodies. In the BCG reference system forty-four distinct antigenic components were recorded, of which thiryt-three cross-reacted with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, twenty-five with M. avium, twenty-one with M. suvalii, eighteen with M. smegmatis, Fifteen with M. nonchromogenicum, twelve with M. phlei, eight with N. anteroides and two with C. pyogenes, whereas no cross-reaction was detected with L. monocytogenes. The value of the method for characterization of mycobacterial antigens is discussed. A taxonomic system based on this method appears particularly valuable for studies of non-cultivativable mycobacteria such as M. leprae. A majority of twenty-one patients with lepromatous leprosy had anti-BCG antibodies of restricted specificity, affecting only four or five BCG antigens, although one patient had twelve anti-BCG specificities. Most of these antibodies reacted with those BCG antigens that cross-react extensively with other mycobacteria.", "contents": "Cross-reactions between mycobacteria. II. Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of soluble antigens of BCG and comparison with other mycobacteria. Cross-reactions between Mycobacterium bovis BCG and various other mycobacteria, Nocardia asteroides, Corynebacterium pyogenes and Listeria monocytogenes were studied by incorporating antibodies against these bacteria in the intermediate gel of a crossed immunoelectrophoretic system with BCG antigen and anti-BCG antibodies. In the BCG reference system forty-four distinct antigenic components were recorded, of which thiryt-three cross-reacted with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, twenty-five with M. avium, twenty-one with M. suvalii, eighteen with M. smegmatis, Fifteen with M. nonchromogenicum, twelve with M. phlei, eight with N. anteroides and two with C. pyogenes, whereas no cross-reaction was detected with L. monocytogenes. The value of the method for characterization of mycobacterial antigens is discussed. A taxonomic system based on this method appears particularly valuable for studies of non-cultivativable mycobacteria such as M. leprae. A majority of twenty-one patients with lepromatous leprosy had anti-BCG antibodies of restricted specificity, affecting only four or five BCG antigens, although one patient had twelve anti-BCG specificities. Most of these antibodies reacted with those BCG antigens that cross-react extensively with other mycobacteria.", "PMID": 106465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7224", "title": "[Conspicuous accumulation of membranous glomerulonephritis following gold therapy in chronic polyarthritis--a side effect of a new preparation?].", "content": "The development of severe proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome as an adverse reaction to gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis is well known. Morphologic examination reveals membranous glomerulonephritis in almost all cases. Since the beginning of 1978 there has been a striking increase in the number of such cases seen at this institute. 5 patients aged from 17 to 65 years who had been treated with sodium aurothiomalate for rheumatoid arthritis developed severe proteinuria. In all cases only minimal glomerular changes were observable by light microscopy. Electron microscopy demonstrated multiple electrondense, subepithelial deposits which were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. In all cases characteristic lysosomes (\"aurosomes\") were demonstrated in the cytoplasm, mainly of the epithelial glomerular cells. This unusual accumulation of almost identical cases coincides with the introduction of a new gold preparation, Na-aurothiomalate (Tauredon), containing 46% metallic gold.", "contents": "[Conspicuous accumulation of membranous glomerulonephritis following gold therapy in chronic polyarthritis--a side effect of a new preparation?]. The development of severe proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome as an adverse reaction to gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis is well known. Morphologic examination reveals membranous glomerulonephritis in almost all cases. Since the beginning of 1978 there has been a striking increase in the number of such cases seen at this institute. 5 patients aged from 17 to 65 years who had been treated with sodium aurothiomalate for rheumatoid arthritis developed severe proteinuria. In all cases only minimal glomerular changes were observable by light microscopy. Electron microscopy demonstrated multiple electrondense, subepithelial deposits which were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. In all cases characteristic lysosomes (\"aurosomes\") were demonstrated in the cytoplasm, mainly of the epithelial glomerular cells. This unusual accumulation of almost identical cases coincides with the introduction of a new gold preparation, Na-aurothiomalate (Tauredon), containing 46% metallic gold.", "PMID": 106466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7225", "title": "beta-Galactosidase and selective neutrality.", "content": "Three hypotheses to explain the amino acid composition of proteins are inconsistent (P congruent to 10(-9) with the experimental data for beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. The exceptional length of this protein, 1021 residues, permits rigorous tests of these hypotheses without complication from statistical artifacts. Either this protein is not at compositional equilibrium, which is unlikely from knowledge about other proteins, or the evolution of this protein and its coding gene have not been selectively neutral. However, the composition of approximately 60 percent of the molecule is consistent with either a selectively neutral or nonneutral evolutionary process.", "contents": "beta-Galactosidase and selective neutrality. Three hypotheses to explain the amino acid composition of proteins are inconsistent (P congruent to 10(-9) with the experimental data for beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. The exceptional length of this protein, 1021 residues, permits rigorous tests of these hypotheses without complication from statistical artifacts. Either this protein is not at compositional equilibrium, which is unlikely from knowledge about other proteins, or the evolution of this protein and its coding gene have not been selectively neutral. However, the composition of approximately 60 percent of the molecule is consistent with either a selectively neutral or nonneutral evolutionary process.", "PMID": 106468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7226", "title": "Low-dose versus high-dose insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "The effects of low-dose continuous insulin therapy were compared to those of high-dose subcutaneous and intravenous insulin therapy in six episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. Time for correction of acidosis, ketosis, and hyperglycemia were similar for both regimens. The high-dose method required more exogenous glucose and supplemental potassium to avoid hypoglycemia and/or hypokalemia during treatment. Levels of cortisol, human growth hormone, and glucagon, initially elevated in most patients, showed a progressive decline with both modes of therapy. Plasma insulin remained remarkably stable during both treatment regimens, but remained within the physiologic range only in patients receiving low-dose therapy. Our study suggest that either modality is effective in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "contents": "Low-dose versus high-dose insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis. The effects of low-dose continuous insulin therapy were compared to those of high-dose subcutaneous and intravenous insulin therapy in six episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. Time for correction of acidosis, ketosis, and hyperglycemia were similar for both regimens. The high-dose method required more exogenous glucose and supplemental potassium to avoid hypoglycemia and/or hypokalemia during treatment. Levels of cortisol, human growth hormone, and glucagon, initially elevated in most patients, showed a progressive decline with both modes of therapy. Plasma insulin remained remarkably stable during both treatment regimens, but remained within the physiologic range only in patients receiving low-dose therapy. Our study suggest that either modality is effective in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 106476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7227", "title": "Unusual amniotic fluid spectral analysis in Rh sensitization.", "content": "In our experience delta 450 millimicron OD measurements have shown a progressive decline during the latter half of gestation in pregnancies unaffected by fetal hemolytic disease. However, we have seen two Rh-negative patients in whom there was a rise in delta 450 millimicron OD between 24 and 27 weeks' gestation and who subsequently bore Rh-negative infants. In these two cases the increase between 24 and 27 weeks was from approximately 0.140 to about 0.200. Both infants were unaffected with fetal hemolytic disease. Therefore, we recommend caution in interpreting modest increases in delta 450 millimicron OD during this period of gestation.", "contents": "Unusual amniotic fluid spectral analysis in Rh sensitization. In our experience delta 450 millimicron OD measurements have shown a progressive decline during the latter half of gestation in pregnancies unaffected by fetal hemolytic disease. However, we have seen two Rh-negative patients in whom there was a rise in delta 450 millimicron OD between 24 and 27 weeks' gestation and who subsequently bore Rh-negative infants. In these two cases the increase between 24 and 27 weeks was from approximately 0.140 to about 0.200. Both infants were unaffected with fetal hemolytic disease. Therefore, we recommend caution in interpreting modest increases in delta 450 millimicron OD during this period of gestation.", "PMID": 106478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7228", "title": "Antibacterial activity of nitroxoline and sulphamethizole alone and in combination in urinary tract infections.", "content": "In vitro studies on the antibacterial activity of nitroxoline and sulphamethizole, alone and in combination, were undertaken and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined on a range of urinary pathogens. Eighty per cent of the strains tested were sensitive to less than or equal to 16 mg/l of nitroxoline, and all strains, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus faecalis, were sensitive to less than or equal to 64 mg/l of nitroxoline. No synergism could be demonstrated with sulphamethizole, but the combination was antagonistic when tested against strains of Ps. aeruginosa and Strep. faecalis. An in vivo study on 10 volunteers showed excellent urinary levels of nitroxoline and sulphamethizole after an oral dose of 160 mg of each agent, and 6-hour urinary nitroxoline levels were greater than or equal to 64 mg/l in 9 of the 10 subjects, and sulphamethizole levels were greater than or equal to 64 mg/l in all 10 subjects. Laboratory findings suggest that nitroxoline and sulphamethizole are both suitable agents for use in urinary tract infections caused by organisms sensitive to these agents, but there appears to be litte advantage in using them in combination.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of nitroxoline and sulphamethizole alone and in combination in urinary tract infections. In vitro studies on the antibacterial activity of nitroxoline and sulphamethizole, alone and in combination, were undertaken and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined on a range of urinary pathogens. Eighty per cent of the strains tested were sensitive to less than or equal to 16 mg/l of nitroxoline, and all strains, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus faecalis, were sensitive to less than or equal to 64 mg/l of nitroxoline. No synergism could be demonstrated with sulphamethizole, but the combination was antagonistic when tested against strains of Ps. aeruginosa and Strep. faecalis. An in vivo study on 10 volunteers showed excellent urinary levels of nitroxoline and sulphamethizole after an oral dose of 160 mg of each agent, and 6-hour urinary nitroxoline levels were greater than or equal to 64 mg/l in 9 of the 10 subjects, and sulphamethizole levels were greater than or equal to 64 mg/l in all 10 subjects. Laboratory findings suggest that nitroxoline and sulphamethizole are both suitable agents for use in urinary tract infections caused by organisms sensitive to these agents, but there appears to be litte advantage in using them in combination.", "PMID": 106479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7229", "title": "Characterization and experimental use of a monospecific antiserum to factor IX.", "content": "Purified human factor IX was used to develop xenogeneic neutralizing and precipitating antibodies. The final antiserum (R2) neutralized only factor IX and was equivalent to 220 Bethesda-inhibitory units. It showed two precipitating lines, one of which disappeared after absorption with human albumin. On immunodiffusion and Laurell immunoelectrophoresis, the albumin-absorbed R2 antiserum showed one precipitin line of identity, or one rocket respectively, with normal plasma, a Red Cross factor IX preparation (rich in factors IX, II and X), the original antigen, and Hemophilia-B antigen-positive plasmas. No line or rocket developed with normal plasma absorbed with aluminum hydroxide or with antigen-negative contained only factor IX neutralizing and precipitating antibodies. Experiments with various factor IX concentrates revealed that the majority contained excess factor IX antigen compared to their coagulant activity. In addition, crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis uncovered differences in the migration of the factor IX of Konyne preparations, when done in the presence of EDTA or calcium. This monospecific antiserum to human factor IX was subsequently used to investigate a large population of hemophilia B patients and carriers.", "contents": "Characterization and experimental use of a monospecific antiserum to factor IX. Purified human factor IX was used to develop xenogeneic neutralizing and precipitating antibodies. The final antiserum (R2) neutralized only factor IX and was equivalent to 220 Bethesda-inhibitory units. It showed two precipitating lines, one of which disappeared after absorption with human albumin. On immunodiffusion and Laurell immunoelectrophoresis, the albumin-absorbed R2 antiserum showed one precipitin line of identity, or one rocket respectively, with normal plasma, a Red Cross factor IX preparation (rich in factors IX, II and X), the original antigen, and Hemophilia-B antigen-positive plasmas. No line or rocket developed with normal plasma absorbed with aluminum hydroxide or with antigen-negative contained only factor IX neutralizing and precipitating antibodies. Experiments with various factor IX concentrates revealed that the majority contained excess factor IX antigen compared to their coagulant activity. In addition, crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis uncovered differences in the migration of the factor IX of Konyne preparations, when done in the presence of EDTA or calcium. This monospecific antiserum to human factor IX was subsequently used to investigate a large population of hemophilia B patients and carriers.", "PMID": 106483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7230", "title": "Activation of classical complement pathway by naturally occurring heteroantibodies in normal rabbit serum. Effect on subpopulations of human lymphoid cells.", "content": "Heteroantibodies present in normal rabbit serum (NRS) are toxic to human B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and monocytes. Even NRS, which exhibits little back ground cytotoxicity for human lymphoid cells in conventional HLA or B-cell lymphocytotoxic assays, can be shown to contain considerable activity by making two modifications in usual procedures: by washing cells in saline or balanced salt solutions devoid of protein or sugar substances, and by increasing incubation time for 1 h to 3--4 h. Using such modifications, the cytotoxic activity of NRS towards human lymphoid cells was investigated and was found to involve activation of the classical complement pathway rather than activation of the alternate complement pathway. Residual unwanted background cytotoxicity of NRS toward human lymphoid cells can be decreased without loss of desired complement activity either by heating NRS for 15 min at 50 degrees C or by mixing NRS with small amounts of normal human serum.", "contents": "Activation of classical complement pathway by naturally occurring heteroantibodies in normal rabbit serum. Effect on subpopulations of human lymphoid cells. Heteroantibodies present in normal rabbit serum (NRS) are toxic to human B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and monocytes. Even NRS, which exhibits little back ground cytotoxicity for human lymphoid cells in conventional HLA or B-cell lymphocytotoxic assays, can be shown to contain considerable activity by making two modifications in usual procedures: by washing cells in saline or balanced salt solutions devoid of protein or sugar substances, and by increasing incubation time for 1 h to 3--4 h. Using such modifications, the cytotoxic activity of NRS towards human lymphoid cells was investigated and was found to involve activation of the classical complement pathway rather than activation of the alternate complement pathway. Residual unwanted background cytotoxicity of NRS toward human lymphoid cells can be decreased without loss of desired complement activity either by heating NRS for 15 min at 50 degrees C or by mixing NRS with small amounts of normal human serum.", "PMID": 106488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7231", "title": "Carcinoma in diverticulum of female urethra.", "content": "A case of female urethral diverticulum is reported by the authors. It is a rare disease and about 31 cases have previously been described. An analysis is made in relation to the diverticulum of the urethra and to female urethral carcinoma. Emphasis is given on the semiology and the recently acquired diagnostic procedures, as these have led to an increased number of recognized cases. In the case presented, an extended resection and a definitive urinary derivation was performed, together with chemo- and radiotherapy. A follow-up of 2.5 years showed no signs of recurrence or metastases.", "contents": "Carcinoma in diverticulum of female urethra. A case of female urethral diverticulum is reported by the authors. It is a rare disease and about 31 cases have previously been described. An analysis is made in relation to the diverticulum of the urethra and to female urethral carcinoma. Emphasis is given on the semiology and the recently acquired diagnostic procedures, as these have led to an increased number of recognized cases. In the case presented, an extended resection and a definitive urinary derivation was performed, together with chemo- and radiotherapy. A follow-up of 2.5 years showed no signs of recurrence or metastases.", "PMID": 106501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7232", "title": "[Insertion and removal of intravaginal tampons during estrus synchronization in heifers].", "content": "In eight trials, 197 heifers were synchronized with gestagen chlorsuperlutin (CSL). The intravaginal tampons soaked with chlorsuperlutin were introduced in the vagina by means of an applier by a vaginal speculum. Silon threads were attached to the tampons, by which they were pulled out after treatment. The mentioned method of application removes the great physical exertion needed for manual application and increases labour productivity in tampon application by about 200%. The hazard of tampon contamination is reduced to the minimum. Of the two tampon types tested (ester and ether type) the ester type was found to be better for not needing sterilization if the disinfectant Aseptin is dropped upon it prior to application. The retention of the tampons was 94.9%. Eighty-four per cent of the retained tampons could be removed by pulling the silon threads. About 40 to 60% of CSL is excreted from the tampons during the treatment. If the initial content of CSL is increased, its excretion is raised as well.", "contents": "[Insertion and removal of intravaginal tampons during estrus synchronization in heifers]. In eight trials, 197 heifers were synchronized with gestagen chlorsuperlutin (CSL). The intravaginal tampons soaked with chlorsuperlutin were introduced in the vagina by means of an applier by a vaginal speculum. Silon threads were attached to the tampons, by which they were pulled out after treatment. The mentioned method of application removes the great physical exertion needed for manual application and increases labour productivity in tampon application by about 200%. The hazard of tampon contamination is reduced to the minimum. Of the two tampon types tested (ester and ether type) the ester type was found to be better for not needing sterilization if the disinfectant Aseptin is dropped upon it prior to application. The retention of the tampons was 94.9%. Eighty-four per cent of the retained tampons could be removed by pulling the silon threads. About 40 to 60% of CSL is excreted from the tampons during the treatment. If the initial content of CSL is increased, its excretion is raised as well.", "PMID": 106502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7233", "title": "[Cattle vaccination against Q fever in the rural district of Bratislava].", "content": "Cattle attendants on two farms in the Outer Bratislava district showed symptoms of Q-fever. The blood of the cows in these farms was found to contain antibodies to Coxiella burnetti and the causative agent of the disease was detected in milk samples of aborting cows by biological assays on hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). The naturally invaded dairy cows with antibodies in the blood and heifers without antibodies were vaccinated with different doses of inactivated suspension of C. burnetii in stage I. A different antibody reaction to vaccination was obtained after the application of a four-fold amount of vaccine. It was proved that the animals did not excrete the causative agent of the infection even after administration of lower doses of the vaccine on the 120th day after vaccination.", "contents": "[Cattle vaccination against Q fever in the rural district of Bratislava]. Cattle attendants on two farms in the Outer Bratislava district showed symptoms of Q-fever. The blood of the cows in these farms was found to contain antibodies to Coxiella burnetti and the causative agent of the disease was detected in milk samples of aborting cows by biological assays on hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). The naturally invaded dairy cows with antibodies in the blood and heifers without antibodies were vaccinated with different doses of inactivated suspension of C. burnetii in stage I. A different antibody reaction to vaccination was obtained after the application of a four-fold amount of vaccine. It was proved that the animals did not excrete the causative agent of the infection even after administration of lower doses of the vaccine on the 120th day after vaccination.", "PMID": 106503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7234", "title": "[Role of metal ions in the catalytic activity of Aspergillus oryzae aminopeptidase].", "content": "The paper deals with the role of metals in the catalytic action of Asp. oryzae aminopeptidase. Cobalt ions are more specific activators than Mn2+ and Mn2+ and evoke its maximal activity. Sinergic activation of Co2+ in combination with Mn2+ and Mg2+ was not found in contrast to some aminopeptidases of animal origin. Activation of the enzyme with cobalt chloride depends on temperature. By the 10th minute of incubation the activation reaches its maximum: 650 and 900% at 20 and 40 degrees C, respectively. EDTA (10(-2) M) inactivates completely aminopeptidase for 3h; this process is intensified in the presence of leucine (10(-3) M). Aminopeptidase is also inactivated by chelating agents, such as o-phenantroline and 2,2'-dipyridyl. When the temperature rises from 20 to 40 degrees C the intensification of these reagents effect is insignificant. Cobalt ions reduce and activate to some extent the enzyme after inhibition with EDTA.", "contents": "[Role of metal ions in the catalytic activity of Aspergillus oryzae aminopeptidase]. The paper deals with the role of metals in the catalytic action of Asp. oryzae aminopeptidase. Cobalt ions are more specific activators than Mn2+ and Mn2+ and evoke its maximal activity. Sinergic activation of Co2+ in combination with Mn2+ and Mg2+ was not found in contrast to some aminopeptidases of animal origin. Activation of the enzyme with cobalt chloride depends on temperature. By the 10th minute of incubation the activation reaches its maximum: 650 and 900% at 20 and 40 degrees C, respectively. EDTA (10(-2) M) inactivates completely aminopeptidase for 3h; this process is intensified in the presence of leucine (10(-3) M). Aminopeptidase is also inactivated by chelating agents, such as o-phenantroline and 2,2'-dipyridyl. When the temperature rises from 20 to 40 degrees C the intensification of these reagents effect is insignificant. Cobalt ions reduce and activate to some extent the enzyme after inhibition with EDTA.", "PMID": 106499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7235", "title": "[Monitoring the helmintological situation in a large-scale reproduction of pigs].", "content": "In 1976 to 1978, the occurrence of helminths in a large reproduction herd of pigs was studied in different age categories of the animals kept. Six helminth species were found in 30.7% of the sows: Ascaris suum (6.6%), Oesophagostomum dentatum (24.0%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (3.3%), Trichocephalus suis (1.3%), Strongyloides ransomi (0.7%), Metastrongylus sp. (0.3%). Four- to seven-month-old auction gilts had only the eggs of A. suum (4% of all cases). No helminith eggs were found in fattened piglets. Breeding boars were invaded by the species O. dentatum, H. rubidus and Metastrongylus sp. In elite herds and in gilts introduced from these herds, a higher extensity of invasion by different helminth species was found during quarantine and the findings even included the eggs of the species Capillaria sp. The anthelmintic effectiveness of Helmirazin (SpOFA) was also tested: in A. suum its effectiveness was 77.1%, in O. dentatum 66.2%, in T. suis the  preparation remained ineffective. The technology of large-scale pig breeding under the conditions of reproduction herd of the PM-013-AGP type appears to be suitable from the helminthological points of view. In the planned introduction of animals from other breeding establishments it is necessary to subject the gilts to double treatment with an effective anthelmintic.", "contents": "[Monitoring the helmintological situation in a large-scale reproduction of pigs]. In 1976 to 1978, the occurrence of helminths in a large reproduction herd of pigs was studied in different age categories of the animals kept. Six helminth species were found in 30.7% of the sows: Ascaris suum (6.6%), Oesophagostomum dentatum (24.0%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (3.3%), Trichocephalus suis (1.3%), Strongyloides ransomi (0.7%), Metastrongylus sp. (0.3%). Four- to seven-month-old auction gilts had only the eggs of A. suum (4% of all cases). No helminith eggs were found in fattened piglets. Breeding boars were invaded by the species O. dentatum, H. rubidus and Metastrongylus sp. In elite herds and in gilts introduced from these herds, a higher extensity of invasion by different helminth species was found during quarantine and the findings even included the eggs of the species Capillaria sp. The anthelmintic effectiveness of Helmirazin (SpOFA) was also tested: in A. suum its effectiveness was 77.1%, in O. dentatum 66.2%, in T. suis the  preparation remained ineffective. The technology of large-scale pig breeding under the conditions of reproduction herd of the PM-013-AGP type appears to be suitable from the helminthological points of view. In the planned introduction of animals from other breeding establishments it is necessary to subject the gilts to double treatment with an effective anthelmintic.", "PMID": 106504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7236", "title": "[A new method of therapy for branchiobdellosis in crayfish].", "content": "Crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis Fabricius, 1793) were treated three times with a bath of diluted ammonia water and proflavine for four and six minutes at a temperature of 18 degrees C to get rid of the ectoparasitic worms of Branchiobdella parasita Henle, 1835; the hatching ability of the Branchiobdella parasita eggs was stopped after the treatment. No lethal effect of the bath on the crayfish of 5 to 14 cm was observed, the lethal effect on the young crayfish borne on the uropods of the female crayfish cannot be eliminated: during the baths the young crayfish died (the death rate was approximately 6% of the average fertility of crayfish); the young crayfish may have been damaged during the treatment operations with the crayfish. The bath of diluted ammonia water and proflavine may be recommended for the treatment of branchiobdellosis in crayfish to be planted, or after several-hour storage of crayfish supplied to the market. One replication of the above cycle is sufficient according to the results obtained. The ammonia content in the ammonia water depends also on the duration of storage and on the storage temperature--it can drop during the storage. Therefore the ammonia water should be used as soon as possible after the despatchment from the place of production; the ammonia content should be determined by means of titration before preparing the bath, and according to this content the dilution ratio should be adjusted.", "contents": "[A new method of therapy for branchiobdellosis in crayfish]. Crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis Fabricius, 1793) were treated three times with a bath of diluted ammonia water and proflavine for four and six minutes at a temperature of 18 degrees C to get rid of the ectoparasitic worms of Branchiobdella parasita Henle, 1835; the hatching ability of the Branchiobdella parasita eggs was stopped after the treatment. No lethal effect of the bath on the crayfish of 5 to 14 cm was observed, the lethal effect on the young crayfish borne on the uropods of the female crayfish cannot be eliminated: during the baths the young crayfish died (the death rate was approximately 6% of the average fertility of crayfish); the young crayfish may have been damaged during the treatment operations with the crayfish. The bath of diluted ammonia water and proflavine may be recommended for the treatment of branchiobdellosis in crayfish to be planted, or after several-hour storage of crayfish supplied to the market. One replication of the above cycle is sufficient according to the results obtained. The ammonia content in the ammonia water depends also on the duration of storage and on the storage temperature--it can drop during the storage. Therefore the ammonia water should be used as soon as possible after the despatchment from the place of production; the ammonia content should be determined by means of titration before preparing the bath, and according to this content the dilution ratio should be adjusted.", "PMID": 106505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7237", "title": "[Characteristics of protein-protease inhibitors, 17-beta estradiol and progesterone in the blood of heifers returning to estrus following LH/FSH-RH treatment].", "content": "Tests were performed to study the inhibitive capacity of protein-protease inhibitors, 17-beta estradiol, and progesterone in the blood serum of 21 heifers returning to oestrus which had been treated intramuscularly with 400 microgram LH/FSH-RH. Four selected heifers were examined as to the relationships between the concentrations of 17-beta estradiol, progesterone and the inhibitive capacity of the serum. Heifer no. 1 had low concentrations of 17-beta estradiol and higher concentrations of progesterone (average levels 7.8 and 657.4 pg ml-1 of serum). On the other hand, heifer no. 4 was found to have higher concentration of 17-beta estradiol and lower values of progesterone (average levels 28.3 and 325 pg ml-1 of serum). Having shown heat, the heifers were fertilized and remained in calf. Heifer no. 2 with a low concentration of progesterone (292 pg ml-1 of serum) and 17-beta estradiol (12.4 pg ml-1 of serum), as well as heifer no. 3 with a high concentration of both (830 pg ml-1 of serum and 22.7 pg ml-1 of serum, respectively) showed no heat and they were not mated. Heifers with significant differences in the concentrations of progesterone and 17-beta estradiol and with low values of protein-protease inhibitory capacities remained in-calf, whereas heifers with lower progesterone and 17-beta estradiol values, or adversely, with higher inhibition values, showed no heat. Synthetic LH/FSH-RH was found not to increase the amount of protein-protease inhibitors in heifer serum, as distinct from the cervical mucus of breeding cows treated with gestagens in heat synchronization.", "contents": "[Characteristics of protein-protease inhibitors, 17-beta estradiol and progesterone in the blood of heifers returning to estrus following LH/FSH-RH treatment]. Tests were performed to study the inhibitive capacity of protein-protease inhibitors, 17-beta estradiol, and progesterone in the blood serum of 21 heifers returning to oestrus which had been treated intramuscularly with 400 microgram LH/FSH-RH. Four selected heifers were examined as to the relationships between the concentrations of 17-beta estradiol, progesterone and the inhibitive capacity of the serum. Heifer no. 1 had low concentrations of 17-beta estradiol and higher concentrations of progesterone (average levels 7.8 and 657.4 pg ml-1 of serum). On the other hand, heifer no. 4 was found to have higher concentration of 17-beta estradiol and lower values of progesterone (average levels 28.3 and 325 pg ml-1 of serum). Having shown heat, the heifers were fertilized and remained in calf. Heifer no. 2 with a low concentration of progesterone (292 pg ml-1 of serum) and 17-beta estradiol (12.4 pg ml-1 of serum), as well as heifer no. 3 with a high concentration of both (830 pg ml-1 of serum and 22.7 pg ml-1 of serum, respectively) showed no heat and they were not mated. Heifers with significant differences in the concentrations of progesterone and 17-beta estradiol and with low values of protein-protease inhibitory capacities remained in-calf, whereas heifers with lower progesterone and 17-beta estradiol values, or adversely, with higher inhibition values, showed no heat. Synthetic LH/FSH-RH was found not to increase the amount of protein-protease inhibitors in heifer serum, as distinct from the cervical mucus of breeding cows treated with gestagens in heat synchronization.", "PMID": 106506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7238", "title": "[Seasonal dynamics in the occurrence of bovine trichophytosis and human dermatomycosis in Czechoslovakia].", "content": "The occurrence of the outbreaks of bovine trichophytosis and numbers of people affected by this disease in the Czech Socialist Republic were studied in 1966 to 1977. The effectiveness of the preventive and therapeutic measures against the causative agents of the disease is proved by a marked drop of the number of outbreaks in all months in the mentioned period. The greatest drop was in March (74.9) and April (70.1 annually) and lowest in June to August (24.6 to 27.8 annually). Despite the drop of the number of trichophytosis outbreaks, the number of ill animals slightly rose (+402 heads). The slow decrease of the number of trichophytosis outbreaks in summer requires more intensive therapeutic and preventive activity. Summer emptying of stables, supporting the devitalization of dermatophytes, should be used in the sanitation of the houses. The highest monthly seasonal indices of bovine trichophytosis were found in May and April (more than 13% above the annual average), and the lowest in December (23% below the average) and in November (12.5% below the average). The seasonal occurrence of dermatomycoses in man does not coincide with the seasonal occurrence of the disease in cattle. The seasonal index is at its maximum in winter (January-March), reaching 13-15% above the average. The lowest value of the seasonal index was found in August (20% below the long-term average).", "contents": "[Seasonal dynamics in the occurrence of bovine trichophytosis and human dermatomycosis in Czechoslovakia]. The occurrence of the outbreaks of bovine trichophytosis and numbers of people affected by this disease in the Czech Socialist Republic were studied in 1966 to 1977. The effectiveness of the preventive and therapeutic measures against the causative agents of the disease is proved by a marked drop of the number of outbreaks in all months in the mentioned period. The greatest drop was in March (74.9) and April (70.1 annually) and lowest in June to August (24.6 to 27.8 annually). Despite the drop of the number of trichophytosis outbreaks, the number of ill animals slightly rose (+402 heads). The slow decrease of the number of trichophytosis outbreaks in summer requires more intensive therapeutic and preventive activity. Summer emptying of stables, supporting the devitalization of dermatophytes, should be used in the sanitation of the houses. The highest monthly seasonal indices of bovine trichophytosis were found in May and April (more than 13% above the annual average), and the lowest in December (23% below the average) and in November (12.5% below the average). The seasonal occurrence of dermatomycoses in man does not coincide with the seasonal occurrence of the disease in cattle. The seasonal index is at its maximum in winter (January-March), reaching 13-15% above the average. The lowest value of the seasonal index was found in August (20% below the long-term average).", "PMID": 106507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7239", "title": "[Age and season related dynamics of vitamin E levels in the serum of young cattle from birth to the age of 22 months].", "content": "The dynamics of serum vitamin E levels in heifers was followed for 22 months. We found that calves were born with a very low, almost nil, content of this vitamin (on an average 0.029 mg%) as a result of the limited diaplacental transfer from the mother to the fetus. In the following period of extrauterine life and growing up of the young cattle conspicuous age dynamics was recorded which is, however, linked or affected by the seasons. Colostral nutrition which is reflected in the increasing serum concentration of vitamin E has an important role. After the change from winter feeding rations to summer feed, consisting mainly of grazing, a marked increase in the serum concentration of vitamin E with an apex was observed, i.e. with the maximum mean value in November. In relation to the age of animals the highest concentration of vitamin E in the blood serum of heifers was recorded, expressed as mean values toward the end of our observations (0.736 mg%), i.e. in the period of sexual maturity; it equalled the concentration of vitamin E determined in cows.", "contents": "[Age and season related dynamics of vitamin E levels in the serum of young cattle from birth to the age of 22 months]. The dynamics of serum vitamin E levels in heifers was followed for 22 months. We found that calves were born with a very low, almost nil, content of this vitamin (on an average 0.029 mg%) as a result of the limited diaplacental transfer from the mother to the fetus. In the following period of extrauterine life and growing up of the young cattle conspicuous age dynamics was recorded which is, however, linked or affected by the seasons. Colostral nutrition which is reflected in the increasing serum concentration of vitamin E has an important role. After the change from winter feeding rations to summer feed, consisting mainly of grazing, a marked increase in the serum concentration of vitamin E with an apex was observed, i.e. with the maximum mean value in November. In relation to the age of animals the highest concentration of vitamin E in the blood serum of heifers was recorded, expressed as mean values toward the end of our observations (0.736 mg%), i.e. in the period of sexual maturity; it equalled the concentration of vitamin E determined in cows.", "PMID": 106508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7240", "title": "[Selenium dynamics in the blood of lambs from birth to weaning using traditional rearing technics].", "content": "The dynamics of selenium in the blood serum of 20 lambs of the Merino breed, traditionally reared, was followed from birth to weaning at the age of 110 days. Results of the observations revealed that the highest concentration of serum selenium was determined in lambs just after delivery (0.25 ppm) and the level was maintained throughout the period of colostral nutrition. In the period between the 15th and 60th day low selenium values (0.06-0.13 ppm) were recorded, which implies a critical period in relation to the origin of muscular dystrophy. At the end of the observations there appeared a significant selenium content increase in the blood serum of lambs.", "contents": "[Selenium dynamics in the blood of lambs from birth to weaning using traditional rearing technics]. The dynamics of selenium in the blood serum of 20 lambs of the Merino breed, traditionally reared, was followed from birth to weaning at the age of 110 days. Results of the observations revealed that the highest concentration of serum selenium was determined in lambs just after delivery (0.25 ppm) and the level was maintained throughout the period of colostral nutrition. In the period between the 15th and 60th day low selenium values (0.06-0.13 ppm) were recorded, which implies a critical period in relation to the origin of muscular dystrophy. At the end of the observations there appeared a significant selenium content increase in the blood serum of lambs.", "PMID": 106509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7241", "title": "[Effect of bovine hypodermosis on various health indicators of milk in first-calvers].", "content": "The effect of the last developmental phase of the warble fly (Hypoderma bovis de Greer) larvas was studied as exerted on some health indices of milk in 20 experimental (treated) and 18 control (untreated) first-calvers of the Pinzgau breed at two localities of an area affected by bovine hypodermosis in the period from May to June, 1975. The preparation Hypocid, at a dose of 15 ml per 100 kg of body weight, was applied externally in the lumbosacral region to the experimental animals in November, 1974. Throughout the experimental period (61 days) the milk was repeatedly examined bacteriologically and cytologically, the content of chlorides and the milk electric conductivity were determined. In none of the followed health indices of milk were significant differences in the values obtained from experimental and control first-calvers proved statistically.", "contents": "[Effect of bovine hypodermosis on various health indicators of milk in first-calvers]. The effect of the last developmental phase of the warble fly (Hypoderma bovis de Greer) larvas was studied as exerted on some health indices of milk in 20 experimental (treated) and 18 control (untreated) first-calvers of the Pinzgau breed at two localities of an area affected by bovine hypodermosis in the period from May to June, 1975. The preparation Hypocid, at a dose of 15 ml per 100 kg of body weight, was applied externally in the lumbosacral region to the experimental animals in November, 1974. Throughout the experimental period (61 days) the milk was repeatedly examined bacteriologically and cytologically, the content of chlorides and the milk electric conductivity were determined. In none of the followed health indices of milk were significant differences in the values obtained from experimental and control first-calvers proved statistically.", "PMID": 106510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7242", "title": "[Seasonal changes in spermatozoas and fertility of stallions in the tropics].", "content": "An attempt was made to express the relationship of spermiological characteristics with the fertility on the basis of seasonal variability of the fertility of stallions and of the ejaculate quality. A positive correlation between the activity of spermatozoa and the fertility ensues from the values of correlation coefficients. There is a negative correlation between the fertility and the concentration of citric acid. In the other characteristics, i.e. in the production of spermatozoa, volume of gel substance, pH, ergothioneine concentration, polarographic and hemolytic activity, the correlation coefficients were very low. It is assumed that these characteristics may influence the livability and preservation of the sperm, but they do not affect its fertilizing ability.", "contents": "[Seasonal changes in spermatozoas and fertility of stallions in the tropics]. An attempt was made to express the relationship of spermiological characteristics with the fertility on the basis of seasonal variability of the fertility of stallions and of the ejaculate quality. A positive correlation between the activity of spermatozoa and the fertility ensues from the values of correlation coefficients. There is a negative correlation between the fertility and the concentration of citric acid. In the other characteristics, i.e. in the production of spermatozoa, volume of gel substance, pH, ergothioneine concentration, polarographic and hemolytic activity, the correlation coefficients were very low. It is assumed that these characteristics may influence the livability and preservation of the sperm, but they do not affect its fertilizing ability.", "PMID": 106512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7243", "title": "[Determination of aflatoxins in cheeses].", "content": "To investigate cheeses for the presence of aflatoxins we chose the very sensitive method of Tuinstra and Bronsgeest (1975) used for the determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk. The method was slightly modified and the presence of aflatoxins was determined in 54 samples of different cheeses. Aflatoxin M1 was found out in 24% of the investigated samples. Most of positive samples were found among the soft cheeses (53.8 3/4), then in processed cheeses (13.6%) and in hard cheeses (12.5%). Aflatoxin M1 was not found in the group of mouldy cheeses and Olomouc cake cheeses, which were investigated in a smaller range. Positive findings did not exceed concentrations of 10 ng per kg, i.e. they did not even reach the value of permissible concentration as proposed in the Czech Socialist Republic for foods (5 microgram per kg).", "contents": "[Determination of aflatoxins in cheeses]. To investigate cheeses for the presence of aflatoxins we chose the very sensitive method of Tuinstra and Bronsgeest (1975) used for the determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk. The method was slightly modified and the presence of aflatoxins was determined in 54 samples of different cheeses. Aflatoxin M1 was found out in 24% of the investigated samples. Most of positive samples were found among the soft cheeses (53.8 3/4), then in processed cheeses (13.6%) and in hard cheeses (12.5%). Aflatoxin M1 was not found in the group of mouldy cheeses and Olomouc cake cheeses, which were investigated in a smaller range. Positive findings did not exceed concentrations of 10 ng per kg, i.e. they did not even reach the value of permissible concentration as proposed in the Czech Socialist Republic for foods (5 microgram per kg).", "PMID": 106514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7244", "title": "[Effect of noradrenaline and serotonin on glycogen metabolism in rat tissues].", "content": "Effects of biogenic amines--noradrenaline and serotonin--on phosphorylase, acid alpha-glucosidase (gamma-amilase), glycogen synthetase as well as on content of glycogen in rat liver tissue, heart and skeletal muscles were studied in vivo. Administration of noradrenaline and serotonin led to activation of phosphorylase in liver tissue, heart and skeletal muscles. Noradrenaline, administered into rats, caused a decrease in activity of acid alpha-glucosidase in heart and liver tissues and did not affect the enzymatic activity in skeletal muscles. Serotonin did not cause any effect on the activity of acid alpha-glucosidase in all the tissues studied. After administration of both amines inhibition of glycogen synthetase occurred in heart muscle, whereas the enzymatic activity was unaltered in skeletal muscles and liver tissue. Content of glycogen was decreased in heart muscle of the rats in which noradrenaline was administered. Content of glycogen was increased after serotonin administration in similar experiments. In liver tissue both amines caused a decrease in glycogen concentration and did not affect its content in skeletal muscles. Possible interrelationship is discussed between phosphorolysis and hydrolysis of glycogen under conditions of myocardial hypoxia, caused by noradrenaline administration.", "contents": "[Effect of noradrenaline and serotonin on glycogen metabolism in rat tissues]. Effects of biogenic amines--noradrenaline and serotonin--on phosphorylase, acid alpha-glucosidase (gamma-amilase), glycogen synthetase as well as on content of glycogen in rat liver tissue, heart and skeletal muscles were studied in vivo. Administration of noradrenaline and serotonin led to activation of phosphorylase in liver tissue, heart and skeletal muscles. Noradrenaline, administered into rats, caused a decrease in activity of acid alpha-glucosidase in heart and liver tissues and did not affect the enzymatic activity in skeletal muscles. Serotonin did not cause any effect on the activity of acid alpha-glucosidase in all the tissues studied. After administration of both amines inhibition of glycogen synthetase occurred in heart muscle, whereas the enzymatic activity was unaltered in skeletal muscles and liver tissue. Content of glycogen was decreased in heart muscle of the rats in which noradrenaline was administered. Content of glycogen was increased after serotonin administration in similar experiments. In liver tissue both amines caused a decrease in glycogen concentration and did not affect its content in skeletal muscles. Possible interrelationship is discussed between phosphorolysis and hydrolysis of glycogen under conditions of myocardial hypoxia, caused by noradrenaline administration.", "PMID": 106542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7245", "title": "[Neural regulation of the activity of energy metabolism enzymes in differently functioning rabbit skeletal muscles].", "content": "Activities of phosphorylase, hexokinase and pyruvate kinase were studied in soluble fraction of cells from dissimilarly acting sceletal muscles of intact rabbits and from those tissues with impaired neural impulsation (denervation, experimental allergic neuritis). Activity of phosphorylase was found to be 2.2-fold higher and of hexokinase--4-fold lower in soluble fraction of quick muscle as compared with that of slow muscle. Due to denervation these differences were smoothed off. The same alterations in hexokinase activity were observed in muscles of rabbits with experimental allergic neuritis both after impairment of sensitive innervation and after denervation.", "contents": "[Neural regulation of the activity of energy metabolism enzymes in differently functioning rabbit skeletal muscles]. Activities of phosphorylase, hexokinase and pyruvate kinase were studied in soluble fraction of cells from dissimilarly acting sceletal muscles of intact rabbits and from those tissues with impaired neural impulsation (denervation, experimental allergic neuritis). Activity of phosphorylase was found to be 2.2-fold higher and of hexokinase--4-fold lower in soluble fraction of quick muscle as compared with that of slow muscle. Due to denervation these differences were smoothed off. The same alterations in hexokinase activity were observed in muscles of rabbits with experimental allergic neuritis both after impairment of sensitive innervation and after denervation.", "PMID": 106543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7246", "title": "Tk polyagglutination associated with reduced A and H activity.", "content": "Tk polyagglutinable erythrocytes are described in which A and H activities were reduced. It is suggested that Bacteroides fragilis isolated from cultures of the patient's blood was responsible for each of these membrane modifications.", "contents": "Tk polyagglutination associated with reduced A and H activity. Tk polyagglutinable erythrocytes are described in which A and H activities were reduced. It is suggested that Bacteroides fragilis isolated from cultures of the patient's blood was responsible for each of these membrane modifications.", "PMID": 106548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7247", "title": "A study of different rhesus phenotypes and their binding characteristics.", "content": "A method has been developed using the Auto Analyzer to study the binding characteristics of anti-D with cells of various rhesus phenotypes. A positive association has been demonstrated between site density and association constant. A hypothesis is proposed for the presence of two types of antigenic sites on the cell surface recognised only by affinity difference. The high affinity site binds both arms of an IgG anti-D molecule, whereas the low affinity site binds only one.", "contents": "A study of different rhesus phenotypes and their binding characteristics. A method has been developed using the Auto Analyzer to study the binding characteristics of anti-D with cells of various rhesus phenotypes. A positive association has been demonstrated between site density and association constant. A hypothesis is proposed for the presence of two types of antigenic sites on the cell surface recognised only by affinity difference. The high affinity site binds both arms of an IgG anti-D molecule, whereas the low affinity site binds only one.", "PMID": 106549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7248", "title": "[Radioimmunologic method of determining 11 steroids in small samples of monkey blood plasma].", "content": "A radioimmunological method is described for simultaneous estimation of hestagenes, estrogenes, androgenes and their precursors in small samples of blood plasma obtained from peripheric blood of hamadryads (Papio hamadryas) and macaques (Macaca rhesus). Use of highly specific antisera and of chromatographic isolation of each steroid on columns with celite enabled to estimate the concentration of 11 steroids in 1.1 ml of blood plasma with high accuracy. Standard curve and analysis of its linearity were carried out in the coordinate system logit-log.", "contents": "[Radioimmunologic method of determining 11 steroids in small samples of monkey blood plasma]. A radioimmunological method is described for simultaneous estimation of hestagenes, estrogenes, androgenes and their precursors in small samples of blood plasma obtained from peripheric blood of hamadryads (Papio hamadryas) and macaques (Macaca rhesus). Use of highly specific antisera and of chromatographic isolation of each steroid on columns with celite enabled to estimate the concentration of 11 steroids in 1.1 ml of blood plasma with high accuracy. Standard curve and analysis of its linearity were carried out in the coordinate system logit-log.", "PMID": 106544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7249", "title": "Production of plasma with high anti-D concentration in Rh-negative volunteers.", "content": "63 Rh-negative male volunteers were immunized with D-positive red cells. 28 (44%) produced anti-D. To provide sustained levels of high concentration of anti-D, 18 of the 28 male volunteers have received repeated antigenic stimuli at individual intervals of 2-9 months. In all but 1 case the level of anti-D rose to between 30 and 300 microgram/ml and persisted at this level for several years. There was no evidence of a decrease in antibody response with an increase in the number of stimuli. 24 Rh-negative women immunized by pregnancy were restimulated. 16 achieved anti-D concentrations over 21 microgram/ml. The levels achieved were not influenced by the different D-positive cells injected, nor were larger antigenic doses of any benefit. No untoward clinical reactions occurred as a result of the repeated injections of antigenic material or of long-term plasmapheresis. 2 volunteers developed unwanted antibodies outside the Rh-system. Beginning in 1968, the programme to obtain anti-D plasma has yielded more than 70,000 doses of 250 microgram each, permitting the treatment of all Rh-negative women at risk.", "contents": "Production of plasma with high anti-D concentration in Rh-negative volunteers. 63 Rh-negative male volunteers were immunized with D-positive red cells. 28 (44%) produced anti-D. To provide sustained levels of high concentration of anti-D, 18 of the 28 male volunteers have received repeated antigenic stimuli at individual intervals of 2-9 months. In all but 1 case the level of anti-D rose to between 30 and 300 microgram/ml and persisted at this level for several years. There was no evidence of a decrease in antibody response with an increase in the number of stimuli. 24 Rh-negative women immunized by pregnancy were restimulated. 16 achieved anti-D concentrations over 21 microgram/ml. The levels achieved were not influenced by the different D-positive cells injected, nor were larger antigenic doses of any benefit. No untoward clinical reactions occurred as a result of the repeated injections of antigenic material or of long-term plasmapheresis. 2 volunteers developed unwanted antibodies outside the Rh-system. Beginning in 1968, the programme to obtain anti-D plasma has yielded more than 70,000 doses of 250 microgram each, permitting the treatment of all Rh-negative women at risk.", "PMID": 106550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7250", "title": "Efficacy of 100 microgram (250 IU) anti-D IgG in the prevention of Rh-haemolytic disease.", "content": "In the years 1975-1976, 6,766 unselected (ABO compatible and incompatible) primigravidae parturients with uncomplicated delivery were given 100 microgram (250 IU) anti-D IgG. A total of 4,473 presented for the 6-month control examination. IAGT was positive in 5 cases (0.11%). The 200 microgram (500 IU) dose was administered to 1,543 women. Of these, 962 presented for serological control. IAGT was positive in 1 case (0.10%). The difference is not significant. The findings support the results of previous studies suggesting that 100 microgram anti-D is a sufficient dose to prevent immunization in uncomplicated deliveries.", "contents": "Efficacy of 100 microgram (250 IU) anti-D IgG in the prevention of Rh-haemolytic disease. In the years 1975-1976, 6,766 unselected (ABO compatible and incompatible) primigravidae parturients with uncomplicated delivery were given 100 microgram (250 IU) anti-D IgG. A total of 4,473 presented for the 6-month control examination. IAGT was positive in 5 cases (0.11%). The 200 microgram (500 IU) dose was administered to 1,543 women. Of these, 962 presented for serological control. IAGT was positive in 1 case (0.10%). The difference is not significant. The findings support the results of previous studies suggesting that 100 microgram anti-D is a sufficient dose to prevent immunization in uncomplicated deliveries.", "PMID": 106551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7251", "title": "The challenge of nutritional maintenance in cancer patients.", "content": "Weight loss and cachexia frequently accompany malignant disease and its treatment. Semistarvation is common in patients in hospital and in patients with cancer as well. Adequate nutrition is essential in treatment of malignant conditions. Patients and families as well as the medical community should use a comprehensive approach to improving the caloric and protein intake of patients who are still able to benefit from oral intake and further therapy.", "contents": "The challenge of nutritional maintenance in cancer patients. Weight loss and cachexia frequently accompany malignant disease and its treatment. Semistarvation is common in patients in hospital and in patients with cancer as well. Adequate nutrition is essential in treatment of malignant conditions. Patients and families as well as the medical community should use a comprehensive approach to improving the caloric and protein intake of patients who are still able to benefit from oral intake and further therapy.", "PMID": 106556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7252", "title": "[Radiotherapy of cancer of the uterine cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "A general introduction is followed by a discussion of the results obtained with radiotherapy in cancer of the uterine cervix. Different radiotherapeutic procedures, treatment planning and dosimetric practices, reactions due to irradiation, results and complications are mentioned.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of cancer of the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. A general introduction is followed by a discussion of the results obtained with radiotherapy in cancer of the uterine cervix. Different radiotherapeutic procedures, treatment planning and dosimetric practices, reactions due to irradiation, results and complications are mentioned.", "PMID": 106557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7253", "title": "[Modern trends in vaccination policy: evaluation of benefits, risks and cost (author's transl)].", "content": "A number of newly-developed vaccines are available nowadays, whilst others, which are well-established, have been improved. The collection of epidemiological data, however, is equally important in assessing and providing insight into prophylactic measures. The beneficial effects and risks of vaccination may be calculated by special formulae. Changes in the effect of vaccines can be detected by constant reevaluation of the epidemiological situation by means of these formulae. Another possibility lies in the calculation of the borderline number of complications of a certain disease when the risks of the sequelae of the disease or of the vaccination are about equal. Examples of valuable and recommendable vaccinations are vaccination against measles, poliomyelitis, tetanus and tick-borne encephalitis. A follow-up of the case mortality of whooping-cough in Austria over the past 15 years and a consideration of the fatal complications of vacinnation, as quoted by Ehrengut, reveals that the risks of the disease balanced the risks of vaccination with usual vaccines, already in 1971 (1976 with WHO data). A beneficial effect of BCG vaccination is still present, but the influence on mortality figures is very slight only. However, the benefit of BCG may lie in the prevention of deaths from leukaemia observed by some authors. Paraspecific effects of some vaccinations are mentioned. Finally, cost-benefit calculations for Austria are presented in the case of vaccination against measles and mumps, which appear to be highly recommendable, not only from the medical, but also the economic point of view.", "contents": "[Modern trends in vaccination policy: evaluation of benefits, risks and cost (author's transl)]. A number of newly-developed vaccines are available nowadays, whilst others, which are well-established, have been improved. The collection of epidemiological data, however, is equally important in assessing and providing insight into prophylactic measures. The beneficial effects and risks of vaccination may be calculated by special formulae. Changes in the effect of vaccines can be detected by constant reevaluation of the epidemiological situation by means of these formulae. Another possibility lies in the calculation of the borderline number of complications of a certain disease when the risks of the sequelae of the disease or of the vaccination are about equal. Examples of valuable and recommendable vaccinations are vaccination against measles, poliomyelitis, tetanus and tick-borne encephalitis. A follow-up of the case mortality of whooping-cough in Austria over the past 15 years and a consideration of the fatal complications of vacinnation, as quoted by Ehrengut, reveals that the risks of the disease balanced the risks of vaccination with usual vaccines, already in 1971 (1976 with WHO data). A beneficial effect of BCG vaccination is still present, but the influence on mortality figures is very slight only. However, the benefit of BCG may lie in the prevention of deaths from leukaemia observed by some authors. Paraspecific effects of some vaccinations are mentioned. Finally, cost-benefit calculations for Austria are presented in the case of vaccination against measles and mumps, which appear to be highly recommendable, not only from the medical, but also the economic point of view.", "PMID": 106558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7254", "title": "[Age dependent structural changes in non collagen proteins and their consequences in protein turnover degradative rate (author's transl)].", "content": "During the aging process the occurence of proteins with physico-chemical properties different from their juvenile counterparts are observed in many organisms. The probable molecular mechanisms of such variations are reviewed. Although no direct evidence could be found in the literature for an altered breakdown rate of such a single \"old\" protein, the possible influence of this kind of modifications in protein molecules on their over all degradative rate is discussed.", "contents": "[Age dependent structural changes in non collagen proteins and their consequences in protein turnover degradative rate (author's transl)]. During the aging process the occurence of proteins with physico-chemical properties different from their juvenile counterparts are observed in many organisms. The probable molecular mechanisms of such variations are reviewed. Although no direct evidence could be found in the literature for an altered breakdown rate of such a single \"old\" protein, the possible influence of this kind of modifications in protein molecules on their over all degradative rate is discussed.", "PMID": 106561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7255", "title": "[The conservative treatment of acute pancreatitis in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1977 (author's transl)].", "content": "A questionnaire on the conservative treatment of acute pancreatitis was answered by 312 surgical [n = 139] and medical [n = 173] departments from all over Western Germany and from West-Berlin. Nearly total positive agreement was found about routine administration of parenteral fluids and on the prohibition of oral food and fluids. The application of glucocorticoids, glucagon, heparin in small doses and of a carboanhydrase inhibitor [Diamox] is rejected by most of the departments. Renal failure is treated in 63% by hemodialysis and in 37% by peritoneal dialysis. There is great disagreement between the answers about the administration of atropine, antacids and aprotinin [Trasylol]. Antibiotics are applied routinely by 63% of the surgical and 70% of the medical departments.", "contents": "[The conservative treatment of acute pancreatitis in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1977 (author's transl)]. A questionnaire on the conservative treatment of acute pancreatitis was answered by 312 surgical [n = 139] and medical [n = 173] departments from all over Western Germany and from West-Berlin. Nearly total positive agreement was found about routine administration of parenteral fluids and on the prohibition of oral food and fluids. The application of glucocorticoids, glucagon, heparin in small doses and of a carboanhydrase inhibitor [Diamox] is rejected by most of the departments. Renal failure is treated in 63% by hemodialysis and in 37% by peritoneal dialysis. There is great disagreement between the answers about the administration of atropine, antacids and aprotinin [Trasylol]. Antibiotics are applied routinely by 63% of the surgical and 70% of the medical departments.", "PMID": 106562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7256", "title": "[Postcoital contraception in primates. II. Examination of STS 153 and STS 287 as interceptives in the baboon (Papio hamadryas)].", "content": "The interceptive activity of 2 new synthesized steroid compounds: STS 153 (17 beta-Phenylaminocarbonyloxy-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3-methyl ether and STS 287 (16 alpha-Bromo-17 beta-[N',N'-dimethylhydrazino]-carbonyloxy-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3-methyl ether) and of 17 alpha-Ethynylestradiol was investigated in baboons.--Postcoital oral administration of 1--3 mg/kg b. w. STS 153 for 5--7 days and of 1 mg/kg b. w. STS 287 for 5 days resulted in a fertility inhibition of about 90% and 95% respectively. A dose of 2 mg/kg b. w. of ethynylestradiol was necessary to attain complete fertility inhibition. Following administration of STS 153 and STS 287, side effects were not observed. Pharmacokinetic aspects are discussed.", "contents": "[Postcoital contraception in primates. II. Examination of STS 153 and STS 287 as interceptives in the baboon (Papio hamadryas)]. The interceptive activity of 2 new synthesized steroid compounds: STS 153 (17 beta-Phenylaminocarbonyloxy-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3-methyl ether and STS 287 (16 alpha-Bromo-17 beta-[N',N'-dimethylhydrazino]-carbonyloxy-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3-methyl ether) and of 17 alpha-Ethynylestradiol was investigated in baboons.--Postcoital oral administration of 1--3 mg/kg b. w. STS 153 for 5--7 days and of 1 mg/kg b. w. STS 287 for 5 days resulted in a fertility inhibition of about 90% and 95% respectively. A dose of 2 mg/kg b. w. of ethynylestradiol was necessary to attain complete fertility inhibition. Following administration of STS 153 and STS 287, side effects were not observed. Pharmacokinetic aspects are discussed.", "PMID": 106578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7257", "title": "[Ultrasonic symptoms of intrauterine metabolic disorders].", "content": "The authors compared the ultrasonic biometrical dates of 1457 normal fetuses with the values found in 49 cases of Rh-isoimmunisation, 37 cases of maternal diabetes mellitus and 48 cases of toxaemic pregnancies. They led to the conclusion that the disorders detected by the ultrasound examination present other sequence in developing according to the different diseases. The ultrasound examination can recognise first of all those disorders which caused by chronic diseases and conditions. In these cases the ultrasound examination can give essential support to determine the optimal time finishing the pregnancy.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic symptoms of intrauterine metabolic disorders]. The authors compared the ultrasonic biometrical dates of 1457 normal fetuses with the values found in 49 cases of Rh-isoimmunisation, 37 cases of maternal diabetes mellitus and 48 cases of toxaemic pregnancies. They led to the conclusion that the disorders detected by the ultrasound examination present other sequence in developing according to the different diseases. The ultrasound examination can recognise first of all those disorders which caused by chronic diseases and conditions. In these cases the ultrasound examination can give essential support to determine the optimal time finishing the pregnancy.", "PMID": 106579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7258", "title": "[Antibody induced phase variation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)].", "content": "To extend the flagella specific H antigenic schema of P. aeruginosa (ANSORG, 1978), investigations are carried out to reveal phase variation in this species as in Salmonella or Arizona. With conventional methods, i.e. examination of single colonies after plating the cultures on standard nutrient agar or the phase reversal techniques of Craigie (1931) and Gard (1938) by adding homologous anti-OH-serum of different amounts in semisolid agar medium, no change of the flagellar antigens of various P. aeruginosa strains is observed using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. When subcultivated in pure homologous anti-OH-serum, however, the cells express stepwise a second H phase, which is different from the original flagellar antigens. In control experiments with serum from non-immunized rabbits the original flagellar antigens remain constant. The phase variation affects only the H antigen, is reversible by cultivation on soft agar medium and is characterized by the nonspecific type-overlapping antigen u. After absorption of immunserum prepared with cells cultivated in homologous anti-OH-serum by cells cultivated on soft agar medium, an antiserum specific for factor u is obtained. Since fresh isolates do not react with anti-u-serum, the diphasic nature of P. aeruginosa is probably of minor significance for H typing in practice.", "contents": "[Antibody induced phase variation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)]. To extend the flagella specific H antigenic schema of P. aeruginosa (ANSORG, 1978), investigations are carried out to reveal phase variation in this species as in Salmonella or Arizona. With conventional methods, i.e. examination of single colonies after plating the cultures on standard nutrient agar or the phase reversal techniques of Craigie (1931) and Gard (1938) by adding homologous anti-OH-serum of different amounts in semisolid agar medium, no change of the flagellar antigens of various P. aeruginosa strains is observed using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. When subcultivated in pure homologous anti-OH-serum, however, the cells express stepwise a second H phase, which is different from the original flagellar antigens. In control experiments with serum from non-immunized rabbits the original flagellar antigens remain constant. The phase variation affects only the H antigen, is reversible by cultivation on soft agar medium and is characterized by the nonspecific type-overlapping antigen u. After absorption of immunserum prepared with cells cultivated in homologous anti-OH-serum by cells cultivated on soft agar medium, an antiserum specific for factor u is obtained. Since fresh isolates do not react with anti-u-serum, the diphasic nature of P. aeruginosa is probably of minor significance for H typing in practice.", "PMID": 106580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7259", "title": "A simple micro agar diffusion method for the determination of antibiotic concentrations in blood and other body fluids.", "content": "A micro agar diffusion method to determine antibiotic levels in only 0.02 ml of serum is described. With this technique, standard curves for Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Gentamicin, Tetracycline HCl and Amphotericin B were calculated. The method displays a good reproducibility with an error of less than 10%. To compare this technique with a conventional macro agar diffusion method fixed antibiotic concentrations in rabbit serum were examined. Corresponding results were obtained indicating the equivalence of this method, which thus proved to be suitable to determine antibiotic levels in small volumes of body fluids.", "contents": "A simple micro agar diffusion method for the determination of antibiotic concentrations in blood and other body fluids. A micro agar diffusion method to determine antibiotic levels in only 0.02 ml of serum is described. With this technique, standard curves for Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Gentamicin, Tetracycline HCl and Amphotericin B were calculated. The method displays a good reproducibility with an error of less than 10%. To compare this technique with a conventional macro agar diffusion method fixed antibiotic concentrations in rabbit serum were examined. Corresponding results were obtained indicating the equivalence of this method, which thus proved to be suitable to determine antibiotic levels in small volumes of body fluids.", "PMID": 106581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7260", "title": "[Localization of group A streptococcal nontype-specific antigens and their occurrence among streptococci of different groups].", "content": "It was shown by immunodiffusion methods that nontypespecific antigens revealed in the HCl extracts of streptococcus, group A, were localized in the cell wall. In B, E, H, K, L, M, P, S, T streptococci groups there was revealed only one, and in C and G streptococci groups--two antigens identical to the HTC antigens of streptococci, group A. Besides, an antigen, which was apparently specific specific for group A streptococcus only, was detected. The data obtained should be taken into consideration in the elaboration of improved method of grouping and typing group A streptococcus.", "contents": "[Localization of group A streptococcal nontype-specific antigens and their occurrence among streptococci of different groups]. It was shown by immunodiffusion methods that nontypespecific antigens revealed in the HCl extracts of streptococcus, group A, were localized in the cell wall. In B, E, H, K, L, M, P, S, T streptococci groups there was revealed only one, and in C and G streptococci groups--two antigens identical to the HTC antigens of streptococci, group A. Besides, an antigen, which was apparently specific specific for group A streptococcus only, was detected. The data obtained should be taken into consideration in the elaboration of improved method of grouping and typing group A streptococcus.", "PMID": 106600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7261", "title": "[Further study of the nature and characteristics of the rosette formation phenomenon by a modified Jerne's method].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 105 mongrel female albino mice weighing 18--22 g (intact, irradiated in a dose of 700 r with gamma-rays 60Co or immunized with SRBC) and on intact hybrids F1, CBAxC57BL. Phase contract microscopy showed autoimmune hemolysis plaques to be large or irregular and to posses a girdle made up of deformed and lysed erythrocytes and to contain stroma \"ghosts\" of the latter around the central cell. Plaques obtained in hypertensive medium were always round and the bordering girdle consisted of intact erythrocytes, whereas the plaque filed was homogeneous or contained granules. The concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium atoms in the suspension fluid of the preparations failed to exceed their content in the cells (as demonstrated by Jerne's method modified by the authors on a mixture of spleen cells with autologous blood). Addition of antiglobulin serum into the preparation on a slide in a 1:5 dilution suppressed the formation of autoimmune plaques, and in a dilution of 1:50--increased it considerably.", "contents": "[Further study of the nature and characteristics of the rosette formation phenomenon by a modified Jerne's method]. Experiments were conducted on 105 mongrel female albino mice weighing 18--22 g (intact, irradiated in a dose of 700 r with gamma-rays 60Co or immunized with SRBC) and on intact hybrids F1, CBAxC57BL. Phase contract microscopy showed autoimmune hemolysis plaques to be large or irregular and to posses a girdle made up of deformed and lysed erythrocytes and to contain stroma \"ghosts\" of the latter around the central cell. Plaques obtained in hypertensive medium were always round and the bordering girdle consisted of intact erythrocytes, whereas the plaque filed was homogeneous or contained granules. The concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium atoms in the suspension fluid of the preparations failed to exceed their content in the cells (as demonstrated by Jerne's method modified by the authors on a mixture of spleen cells with autologous blood). Addition of antiglobulin serum into the preparation on a slide in a 1:5 dilution suppressed the formation of autoimmune plaques, and in a dilution of 1:50--increased it considerably.", "PMID": 106602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7262", "title": "[Role of heterogenized cellular antigens in cross immunity reactions in paramyxovirus infections].", "content": "Heterogenized antigens similar to the antigens of sheep and guinea pig red blood cells were revealed by indirect immunofluorescence in tissue cultures infected with parotitis virus. Participation of these antigens in cross immunofluorescence reactions observed in tissue cultures infected with various paramyxoviruses and in a suspension of erythrocytes loaded with these viruses was established. It was shown that immunization of children with parotitis virus was accompanied by a specific anamnestic reaction for heterogenized antigens. It is supposed that the corresponding antibodies can take part in cross serological tests with parainfluenza viruses.", "contents": "[Role of heterogenized cellular antigens in cross immunity reactions in paramyxovirus infections]. Heterogenized antigens similar to the antigens of sheep and guinea pig red blood cells were revealed by indirect immunofluorescence in tissue cultures infected with parotitis virus. Participation of these antigens in cross immunofluorescence reactions observed in tissue cultures infected with various paramyxoviruses and in a suspension of erythrocytes loaded with these viruses was established. It was shown that immunization of children with parotitis virus was accompanied by a specific anamnestic reaction for heterogenized antigens. It is supposed that the corresponding antibodies can take part in cross serological tests with parainfluenza viruses.", "PMID": 106603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7263", "title": "[New indications for the participation of group P plasmids R in the transfer of chromosomal genes in intergenera crosses].", "content": "Use of E. coli strains with phenotypes Rec+ and Rec- asrecipients in intergenera crosses confirmed the supposition put forward by the authors formerly that new chromosomal markers in transconjugantes originated due to Psuedomonas aeruginosa. These chromosomal markers were transferred together with plasmid R conditioning the conjugation, and maintained without being built-into E. coli chromosome. Between the arg+ marker and the plasmid R18 there existed labile physical connection demonstrable only under definite conditions of recombinant selection.", "contents": "[New indications for the participation of group P plasmids R in the transfer of chromosomal genes in intergenera crosses]. Use of E. coli strains with phenotypes Rec+ and Rec- asrecipients in intergenera crosses confirmed the supposition put forward by the authors formerly that new chromosomal markers in transconjugantes originated due to Psuedomonas aeruginosa. These chromosomal markers were transferred together with plasmid R conditioning the conjugation, and maintained without being built-into E. coli chromosome. Between the arg+ marker and the plasmid R18 there existed labile physical connection demonstrable only under definite conditions of recombinant selection.", "PMID": 106604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7264", "title": "[Heteromorphism of corynebacteria. I. Macrocells].", "content": "A possibility of formation of macrocells (MaC) of diphtheria bacilli was expressed to a different degree; the extreme expression are giant and supergiant forms. Giant forms with section dimension of 3--5micron retained their capacity to disorderly septation with the resultant formation of microcells (MiC). Apparently some of the septa were not realized. Supergiant forms were revealed as a layer and its transverse section. The length of the latter reached 30micron with the transverse section of 2--3micron. The layer has festooned contours with shallow invaginations, but marked day-like cuttings into the body (in case of transverse layer section). Septation of supergiant form was abortive in character. Both forms had homogeneous cytoplasm surrounded by a cell wall. In the supergiant form the latter was morphologically defective in the deepest part of the invaginates. The ultrastructure of both bacterial forms pointed to their rapid growth; however, the supergiant form was likely to be doomed to degeneration and chaotic disintegration.", "contents": "[Heteromorphism of corynebacteria. I. Macrocells]. A possibility of formation of macrocells (MaC) of diphtheria bacilli was expressed to a different degree; the extreme expression are giant and supergiant forms. Giant forms with section dimension of 3--5micron retained their capacity to disorderly septation with the resultant formation of microcells (MiC). Apparently some of the septa were not realized. Supergiant forms were revealed as a layer and its transverse section. The length of the latter reached 30micron with the transverse section of 2--3micron. The layer has festooned contours with shallow invaginations, but marked day-like cuttings into the body (in case of transverse layer section). Septation of supergiant form was abortive in character. Both forms had homogeneous cytoplasm surrounded by a cell wall. In the supergiant form the latter was morphologically defective in the deepest part of the invaginates. The ultrastructure of both bacterial forms pointed to their rapid growth; however, the supergiant form was likely to be doomed to degeneration and chaotic disintegration.", "PMID": 106605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7265", "title": "[Epidemiological evaluation of the serological grouping of meningococci].", "content": "Use of the precipitation and hemagglutination inhibition tests to determine the serological group of 114 meningococcus strains which cannot be grouped by agglutination slide permitted to establish the serological group of 56% of the strains, this pointing to the greater diagnostic value of these tests. Nevertheless, 70% of 307 strains isolated from carriers could not be referred to any of the determinable groups (A, C, X, Y, and Z). Strains (417) isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis were grouped depending on the epidemic curve: only half of the cultures could be classified in sporadic cases, but from 80 to 100% of the strains were classified at the \"peak\" of the meningitis incidence rise. This rise was connected with increase of the incidence of cases caused by meningococcus, group A; at the decline these strains were eliminated, and cases due to the rarely encountered serological groups and nongrouping strains occurred. Marking meningococc by serological groups proved to be of no use for detection of epidemiological relations between the infected persons.", "contents": "[Epidemiological evaluation of the serological grouping of meningococci]. Use of the precipitation and hemagglutination inhibition tests to determine the serological group of 114 meningococcus strains which cannot be grouped by agglutination slide permitted to establish the serological group of 56% of the strains, this pointing to the greater diagnostic value of these tests. Nevertheless, 70% of 307 strains isolated from carriers could not be referred to any of the determinable groups (A, C, X, Y, and Z). Strains (417) isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis were grouped depending on the epidemic curve: only half of the cultures could be classified in sporadic cases, but from 80 to 100% of the strains were classified at the \"peak\" of the meningitis incidence rise. This rise was connected with increase of the incidence of cases caused by meningococcus, group A; at the decline these strains were eliminated, and cases due to the rarely encountered serological groups and nongrouping strains occurred. Marking meningococc by serological groups proved to be of no use for detection of epidemiological relations between the infected persons.", "PMID": 106606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7266", "title": "[Determinaton of intracellular immunoglobulins by means of immunofluorescence. 1. The standardization of monospecific luminescent antisera against human G-, A- and M-class immunoglobulins in bone marrow preparations from patients with paraproteinemic hemoblastosis].", "content": "To assess the specificity and the activity of fluorescent antisera against human G-, A-, M-classes the authors used in the capacity of a substrate, containing specific antigen preparations, bone marrow cells of patients with paraproteinemic hemoblastosis. The method of making the preparations used permitted sufficiently objective assessment of the activity and specificity of the mentioned monospecific fluorescent conjugates. As revealed, the bone marrow preparations could be stored at -70 degrees C for over one year.", "contents": "[Determinaton of intracellular immunoglobulins by means of immunofluorescence. 1. The standardization of monospecific luminescent antisera against human G-, A- and M-class immunoglobulins in bone marrow preparations from patients with paraproteinemic hemoblastosis]. To assess the specificity and the activity of fluorescent antisera against human G-, A-, M-classes the authors used in the capacity of a substrate, containing specific antigen preparations, bone marrow cells of patients with paraproteinemic hemoblastosis. The method of making the preparations used permitted sufficiently objective assessment of the activity and specificity of the mentioned monospecific fluorescent conjugates. As revealed, the bone marrow preparations could be stored at -70 degrees C for over one year.", "PMID": 106607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7267", "title": "[Reactogenicity and immunological effectiveness study of a complex paratyphoid B antigen].", "content": "Reactogenic property and immunological efficacy of the paratyphoid preparation containing a complex of O-, K- and H-antigens obtained by single-stage antigens extraction were studied in a limited group of volunteers (22 persons). The antigen gave no untoward reactions and proved to be safe when given orally in doses of 25 to 150 mg. Paratyphoid B antigen was characterized by a marked immunization activity and stimulated formation of specific paratyphoid O-, K- and H-agglutinins and antibodies of the IgA,- IgG,- and IgM-classes.", "contents": "[Reactogenicity and immunological effectiveness study of a complex paratyphoid B antigen]. Reactogenic property and immunological efficacy of the paratyphoid preparation containing a complex of O-, K- and H-antigens obtained by single-stage antigens extraction were studied in a limited group of volunteers (22 persons). The antigen gave no untoward reactions and proved to be safe when given orally in doses of 25 to 150 mg. Paratyphoid B antigen was characterized by a marked immunization activity and stimulated formation of specific paratyphoid O-, K- and H-agglutinins and antibodies of the IgA,- IgG,- and IgM-classes.", "PMID": 106608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7268", "title": "[Standardization of the seeding material in producing live anthrax vaccine].", "content": "Technology of obtaining dry concentrated seeding material of the anthrax bacillus STI-1 vaccine strain was worked out. The use of dry seeding material for making dry anthrax vaccine rendered the preparations obtained more standard, reduced the time required for their production, led to increase of AKM-SH productivity, and to greater profitability of the vaccine production. The vaccine preparations obtained with the use of dry seeding material did not differ from control by immunogenicity.", "contents": "[Standardization of the seeding material in producing live anthrax vaccine]. Technology of obtaining dry concentrated seeding material of the anthrax bacillus STI-1 vaccine strain was worked out. The use of dry seeding material for making dry anthrax vaccine rendered the preparations obtained more standard, reduced the time required for their production, led to increase of AKM-SH productivity, and to greater profitability of the vaccine production. The vaccine preparations obtained with the use of dry seeding material did not differ from control by immunogenicity.", "PMID": 106609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7269", "title": "[Use of the indirect hemagglutination reaction for detecting antibodies to Pseudomonas pyocyanea in acute suppurative destructive pneumonia].", "content": "No less than 4-fold increase in the antibody titres to Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the infectious process served as laboratory confirmation of its participation in the infectious process. In 49 of 91 patients hemagglutining titre exceeded the diagnostic one (1:640). In 9 patients (chiefly in infants) hemagglutinin titre remained low, but there was a rise of antibody level to Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the disease. High hemagglutinin titres were noted in 12 patients on admission to the clinic, with reduction of the antibody titres at the late periods of the disease. Antibody titres remained unchanged during the disease in 15 patients. In 3 cases the indirect hemagglutination test was assesed as negative. In the rest of the patients hemagglutinin titres varied within the range of the diagnostic titre. Thus, the indirect hemagglutination test with erythrocytic diagnostic agent permitting to determine antibodies to Pseudomonas aeruginosa could be used at the clinic in combination with bacteriological and other investigations for establishing etiology of the destructive process.", "contents": "[Use of the indirect hemagglutination reaction for detecting antibodies to Pseudomonas pyocyanea in acute suppurative destructive pneumonia]. No less than 4-fold increase in the antibody titres to Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the infectious process served as laboratory confirmation of its participation in the infectious process. In 49 of 91 patients hemagglutining titre exceeded the diagnostic one (1:640). In 9 patients (chiefly in infants) hemagglutinin titre remained low, but there was a rise of antibody level to Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the disease. High hemagglutinin titres were noted in 12 patients on admission to the clinic, with reduction of the antibody titres at the late periods of the disease. Antibody titres remained unchanged during the disease in 15 patients. In 3 cases the indirect hemagglutination test was assesed as negative. In the rest of the patients hemagglutinin titres varied within the range of the diagnostic titre. Thus, the indirect hemagglutination test with erythrocytic diagnostic agent permitting to determine antibodies to Pseudomonas aeruginosa could be used at the clinic in combination with bacteriological and other investigations for establishing etiology of the destructive process.", "PMID": 106610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7270", "title": "[Polymorphonuclear rosettes in the peripheral blood of multiple sclerosis patients].", "content": "The study is related to the distribution of rossette-forming cells--lymphocytic and polymorphonuclear leukocytic--lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) in the peripheral blood of patients with disseminated sclerosis. An increase of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytic content was found in the exacerbation period. Similar data were obtained in the process of reproduction of chronic experimental allergic encephalitis in maccaca rhesus. Moreover, in a rapid development of the disease polymorphonuclear leukocytic cells in the patients did not differ from the control group. The established distribution of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytic cells correlated with the accelerated maturation of leukocytes in the neutrophil range in the bone marrow. The possible role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the pathogenesis of disseminated sclerosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Polymorphonuclear rosettes in the peripheral blood of multiple sclerosis patients]. The study is related to the distribution of rossette-forming cells--lymphocytic and polymorphonuclear leukocytic--lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) in the peripheral blood of patients with disseminated sclerosis. An increase of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytic content was found in the exacerbation period. Similar data were obtained in the process of reproduction of chronic experimental allergic encephalitis in maccaca rhesus. Moreover, in a rapid development of the disease polymorphonuclear leukocytic cells in the patients did not differ from the control group. The established distribution of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytic cells correlated with the accelerated maturation of leukocytes in the neutrophil range in the bone marrow. The possible role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the pathogenesis of disseminated sclerosis is discussed.", "PMID": 106611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7271", "title": "[Effect of schizophrenic patients' serum immunoglobulins on nerve cell potentials].", "content": "With the aid of the microelectrode method, the influence of different protein fractions isolated from the blood serum of schizophrenic patients and normals on an edible snail was studied. The fractions were isolated by means of ion exchange chromatography and contained immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM). It was established that the fraction of the blood serum in schizophrenic patients, containing IgM is significantly stronger than the respective fraction in normals, depolarizing and inactivating the neuron membrane. It is suggested that there is an increased content of tropic to the nervous tissue antibodies of this class in the blood serum of schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "[Effect of schizophrenic patients' serum immunoglobulins on nerve cell potentials]. With the aid of the microelectrode method, the influence of different protein fractions isolated from the blood serum of schizophrenic patients and normals on an edible snail was studied. The fractions were isolated by means of ion exchange chromatography and contained immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM). It was established that the fraction of the blood serum in schizophrenic patients, containing IgM is significantly stronger than the respective fraction in normals, depolarizing and inactivating the neuron membrane. It is suggested that there is an increased content of tropic to the nervous tissue antibodies of this class in the blood serum of schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 106612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7272", "title": "[Action of polychlorinated biphenyls (Kanechlor 500 and Delor 106) and 3-methylcholanthrene on the activity of some rat liver microsomal enzymes].", "content": "The influence of 3-methylcholanthrene and two commercially available mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (Kanechlor 500 and Delor 106) on the activity of some microsomal rat liver enzymes has been investigated. The studies included the demethylation of ethylmorphine, dimethylnitrosamine, and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene as well as the investigation of the activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and of azoreductase using benzo(a)pyrene and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene as substrates, respectively. 3-methylcholanthrene induced the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and azoreductase and led to an increase in the demethylation of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene but not in the ethylmorphine demethylation. The relatively low increase in the dimethylnitrosamine demethylation was not statistically significant. These polychlorinated biphenyls caused a significant increase in all the enzyme activities studied. In most cases Delor 106 was more active than Kanechlor 500. The results are discussed and compared with those of other authors.", "contents": "[Action of polychlorinated biphenyls (Kanechlor 500 and Delor 106) and 3-methylcholanthrene on the activity of some rat liver microsomal enzymes]. The influence of 3-methylcholanthrene and two commercially available mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (Kanechlor 500 and Delor 106) on the activity of some microsomal rat liver enzymes has been investigated. The studies included the demethylation of ethylmorphine, dimethylnitrosamine, and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene as well as the investigation of the activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and of azoreductase using benzo(a)pyrene and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene as substrates, respectively. 3-methylcholanthrene induced the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and azoreductase and led to an increase in the demethylation of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene but not in the ethylmorphine demethylation. The relatively low increase in the dimethylnitrosamine demethylation was not statistically significant. These polychlorinated biphenyls caused a significant increase in all the enzyme activities studied. In most cases Delor 106 was more active than Kanechlor 500. The results are discussed and compared with those of other authors.", "PMID": 106613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7273", "title": "Rheumatism--parenteral nutrition. Report of a case.", "content": "A 26-year-old man with progressive rheumatic disease in spite of conventional therapy with antirheumatic drugs and physiotherapeutic exercises. The only therapy that gave temporary relief was, according to the patient, \"fasting periods\". He was treated experimentally with a period of complete intravenous nutrition (\"total bowel rest\") with certain subjective and objective improvement.", "contents": "Rheumatism--parenteral nutrition. Report of a case. A 26-year-old man with progressive rheumatic disease in spite of conventional therapy with antirheumatic drugs and physiotherapeutic exercises. The only therapy that gave temporary relief was, according to the patient, \"fasting periods\". He was treated experimentally with a period of complete intravenous nutrition (\"total bowel rest\") with certain subjective and objective improvement.", "PMID": 106615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7274", "title": "Increased insulin sensitivity and cellular insulin binding in obese diabetics following treatment with glibenclamide.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of glibenclamide on the insulin receptors, the insulin sensitivity and the insulin secretion in obese non-ketotic diabetics. Two groups of 9 obese diabetics were studied before and after 10 days' treatment with a 1200 kcal's diet and a 1200 kcal's diet + 10 mg/day of glibenclamide, respectively. In the group treated with diet alone we found no significant alteration of the insulin secretion pattern (P greater than 0.1). However, the insulin sensitivity increased 37% (P less than 0.01). Furthermore, the insulin binding to monocytes increased (P less than 0.01) due to a 36% rise of the binding affinity. In the group treated with glibenclamide and diet the insulin secretory pattern was unchanged, too (p greater than 0.1). The insulin sensitivity, however, increased 83% (P less than 0.01). Moreover, the insulin binding was raised (P less than 0.01) as a result of a 80% rise of the number of insulin receptors. In 4 patients who were treated with diet (1200 kcal/day) plus glibenclamide and in 5 patients who were treated with diet alone (1200 kcal/day) the insulin binding to monocytes was studied during treatment for 1 year. After 1 year we found a significantly (P less than 0.005) higher cellular insulin binding in the glibenclamide treated patients compared to the patients who got diet alone. We conclude that 1) the augmentation of the insulin sensitivity is of great importance for the normalization of the diabetic state in obese, 2) the increase in insulin binding may be of importance for the increase in insulin sensitivity, 3) glibenclamide appears to enhance the insulin sensitivity through an increase in the number of insulin receptors.", "contents": "Increased insulin sensitivity and cellular insulin binding in obese diabetics following treatment with glibenclamide. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of glibenclamide on the insulin receptors, the insulin sensitivity and the insulin secretion in obese non-ketotic diabetics. Two groups of 9 obese diabetics were studied before and after 10 days' treatment with a 1200 kcal's diet and a 1200 kcal's diet + 10 mg/day of glibenclamide, respectively. In the group treated with diet alone we found no significant alteration of the insulin secretion pattern (P greater than 0.1). However, the insulin sensitivity increased 37% (P less than 0.01). Furthermore, the insulin binding to monocytes increased (P less than 0.01) due to a 36% rise of the binding affinity. In the group treated with glibenclamide and diet the insulin secretory pattern was unchanged, too (p greater than 0.1). The insulin sensitivity, however, increased 83% (P less than 0.01). Moreover, the insulin binding was raised (P less than 0.01) as a result of a 80% rise of the number of insulin receptors. In 4 patients who were treated with diet (1200 kcal/day) plus glibenclamide and in 5 patients who were treated with diet alone (1200 kcal/day) the insulin binding to monocytes was studied during treatment for 1 year. After 1 year we found a significantly (P less than 0.005) higher cellular insulin binding in the glibenclamide treated patients compared to the patients who got diet alone. We conclude that 1) the augmentation of the insulin sensitivity is of great importance for the normalization of the diabetic state in obese, 2) the increase in insulin binding may be of importance for the increase in insulin sensitivity, 3) glibenclamide appears to enhance the insulin sensitivity through an increase in the number of insulin receptors.", "PMID": 106617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7275", "title": "Demonstration of the intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar in the epidermis of Macaca mulatta and rhesus monkey.", "content": "The digest of the pure epidermis preparation from Macaca mulatta demonstrated three types of dendritic cells i.e. (1) dopa-positive melanocytes, (2) dopa-negative Langerhans' cells and (3) weakly dopa-positive intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar. The last type of cell was found to have characteristics being intermediate between those of the melanocytes and of the Langerhans' cell. A similar digest prepared from the epidermis of the rhesus monkey demonstrated isomorphous dendritic cells which were all dopa-negative. Here also the intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar with characteristics intermediate between those of the melanocytes and of the Langerhans' cells were identified.", "contents": "Demonstration of the intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar in the epidermis of Macaca mulatta and rhesus monkey. The digest of the pure epidermis preparation from Macaca mulatta demonstrated three types of dendritic cells i.e. (1) dopa-positive melanocytes, (2) dopa-negative Langerhans' cells and (3) weakly dopa-positive intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar. The last type of cell was found to have characteristics being intermediate between those of the melanocytes and of the Langerhans' cell. A similar digest prepared from the epidermis of the rhesus monkey demonstrated isomorphous dendritic cells which were all dopa-negative. Here also the intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar with characteristics intermediate between those of the melanocytes and of the Langerhans' cells were identified.", "PMID": 106619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7276", "title": "Studies on periodontal conditions in asthmatic children.", "content": "The effect of extrinsic asthma on periodontal conditions was studied in a group of 30 asthmatic children. Clinical examination revealed that asthmatic children had more gingivitis than their healthy controls. The asthmatic children who received an inhaled corticosteroid as treatment had more severe gingivitis compared with asthmatic children on disodium cromoglycate treatment. The amount of plaque was not altered. The peroxidase activity was assessed from whole saliva. The results revealed that this defense mechanism was not altered in asthma. An enzyme group which is involved in inflammation, the arginine aminopeptidases, was found to be slightly elevated in the gingival fluid of asthmatic children. The results indicate that gingival inflammation is increased in asthma.", "contents": "Studies on periodontal conditions in asthmatic children. The effect of extrinsic asthma on periodontal conditions was studied in a group of 30 asthmatic children. Clinical examination revealed that asthmatic children had more gingivitis than their healthy controls. The asthmatic children who received an inhaled corticosteroid as treatment had more severe gingivitis compared with asthmatic children on disodium cromoglycate treatment. The amount of plaque was not altered. The peroxidase activity was assessed from whole saliva. The results revealed that this defense mechanism was not altered in asthma. An enzyme group which is involved in inflammation, the arginine aminopeptidases, was found to be slightly elevated in the gingival fluid of asthmatic children. The results indicate that gingival inflammation is increased in asthma.", "PMID": 106620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7277", "title": "Interferon therapy in multiple myeloma.", "content": "A woman with multiple myeloma relapsed after 6 years of satisfactory tumor control with melphalan therapy. When progression then occurred, she was given exogenous human leukocyte interferon, 3 x 10(6) reference units twice daily i.m., as the sole therapy. Side-effects of the interferon therapy consisted of fever reactions and thrombocytopenia. One month after the initiation of interferon therapy there was 1) improvement of general health with less pain and tiredness, 2) reduction of the M-component, IgG-lambda, in the serum, and 3) a reduced plasma cell concentration in the bone marrow. After 5 months of interferon therapy tumor progression occurred despite continuous interferon treatment. At the same time, the tumor cells were less sensitive to interferon in in vitro tests than prior to interferon therapy. It is suggested that interferon therapy should be given as initial treatment to a few patients with multiple myeloma in a phase I trial.", "contents": "Interferon therapy in multiple myeloma. A woman with multiple myeloma relapsed after 6 years of satisfactory tumor control with melphalan therapy. When progression then occurred, she was given exogenous human leukocyte interferon, 3 x 10(6) reference units twice daily i.m., as the sole therapy. Side-effects of the interferon therapy consisted of fever reactions and thrombocytopenia. One month after the initiation of interferon therapy there was 1) improvement of general health with less pain and tiredness, 2) reduction of the M-component, IgG-lambda, in the serum, and 3) a reduced plasma cell concentration in the bone marrow. After 5 months of interferon therapy tumor progression occurred despite continuous interferon treatment. At the same time, the tumor cells were less sensitive to interferon in in vitro tests than prior to interferon therapy. It is suggested that interferon therapy should be given as initial treatment to a few patients with multiple myeloma in a phase I trial.", "PMID": 106625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7278", "title": "Paraplegia in myelomatosis--a study of 20 cases.", "content": "A retrospective study of 20 cases of multiple myelomatosis and paraparesis treated during 1966-77 is presented. All patients but one had been submitted to decompressive laminectomy. A close correlation between duration of paraparesis before operation and prognosis was found, eight patients with a duration of paraparesis of several days remaining paraplegic. No particular paraparesisprone patient group with respect to duration of myelomatous disease, Ig class or various laboratory findings could be identified. In several instances radionuclide scan was effective in localizing vertebral lesion. In most patients radicular type back pain signalled vertebral damage and subsequent paraparesis. In many cases long survival after operation and excellent to good functional results made surgery a worthwhile procedure. The importance of postoperative radiotherapy and adequate chemotherapy is stressed.", "contents": "Paraplegia in myelomatosis--a study of 20 cases. A retrospective study of 20 cases of multiple myelomatosis and paraparesis treated during 1966-77 is presented. All patients but one had been submitted to decompressive laminectomy. A close correlation between duration of paraparesis before operation and prognosis was found, eight patients with a duration of paraparesis of several days remaining paraplegic. No particular paraparesisprone patient group with respect to duration of myelomatous disease, Ig class or various laboratory findings could be identified. In several instances radionuclide scan was effective in localizing vertebral lesion. In most patients radicular type back pain signalled vertebral damage and subsequent paraparesis. In many cases long survival after operation and excellent to good functional results made surgery a worthwhile procedure. The importance of postoperative radiotherapy and adequate chemotherapy is stressed.", "PMID": 106626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7279", "title": "Balanced intraintestinal nutrition: digestion, absorption and biological value of selected preparations of milk proteins.", "content": "The absorption of an enzymatic hydrolysate of whey proteins, hydrolysates of milk proteins and casein, 7% hydrolysate of bovine blood produced by Polfa under the trade name \"Aminokwasy\", and a standard mixture of amino acids from isolated small intestine loop of dogs and rats was compared. The composition of amino acids of the initial proteins and hydrolysates obtained from these proteins was determined. The biological value of selected proteins and hydrolysates was assessed determining the mean weight gain, nitrogen content of the body, urinary excretion of urea and creatinine, blood urea level and NPU. No significant differences were found in the absorption of nitrogen from the hydrolysate of milk and whey proteins. The nutritional value of whey protein hydrolysate was, however, slightly higher than that of an analogous hydrolysate of milk proteins. It seems that of all tested proteins whey hydrolysate (free of lactose) is the most suitable source for obtaining preparations for no-residue intraintestinal feeding.", "contents": "Balanced intraintestinal nutrition: digestion, absorption and biological value of selected preparations of milk proteins. The absorption of an enzymatic hydrolysate of whey proteins, hydrolysates of milk proteins and casein, 7% hydrolysate of bovine blood produced by Polfa under the trade name \"Aminokwasy\", and a standard mixture of amino acids from isolated small intestine loop of dogs and rats was compared. The composition of amino acids of the initial proteins and hydrolysates obtained from these proteins was determined. The biological value of selected proteins and hydrolysates was assessed determining the mean weight gain, nitrogen content of the body, urinary excretion of urea and creatinine, blood urea level and NPU. No significant differences were found in the absorption of nitrogen from the hydrolysate of milk and whey proteins. The nutritional value of whey protein hydrolysate was, however, slightly higher than that of an analogous hydrolysate of milk proteins. It seems that of all tested proteins whey hydrolysate (free of lactose) is the most suitable source for obtaining preparations for no-residue intraintestinal feeding.", "PMID": 106622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7280", "title": "Development of biclonal gammopathy in a patient with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis.", "content": "A well established case of von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis, in which a biclonal gammopathy developed, has been studied. One of the paraproteins was characterized as IgG kappa, the other as IgG lambda. This combination of anomalies has not been described previously in the literature.", "contents": "Development of biclonal gammopathy in a patient with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. A well established case of von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis, in which a biclonal gammopathy developed, has been studied. One of the paraproteins was characterized as IgG kappa, the other as IgG lambda. This combination of anomalies has not been described previously in the literature.", "PMID": 106627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7281", "title": "Balanced intraintestinal nutrition: comparison of absorption degree of selected fats and emulsions of fats.", "content": "The absorption of emulsion of  soybean oil, soybean oil and molted butter was compared with that of the Intralipid preparation manufactured by Vitrum. The experiments were carried out on a dog and rats using the method of isolated intestinal fistulae. It was found that the emulsion of soybean oil prepared by the authors was absorbed in a degree similar to that of Intralipid fat emulsion and that it could be used as a component of a preparation intended for balanced non-residual intraintestinal nutrition.", "contents": "Balanced intraintestinal nutrition: comparison of absorption degree of selected fats and emulsions of fats. The absorption of emulsion of  soybean oil, soybean oil and molted butter was compared with that of the Intralipid preparation manufactured by Vitrum. The experiments were carried out on a dog and rats using the method of isolated intestinal fistulae. It was found that the emulsion of soybean oil prepared by the authors was absorbed in a degree similar to that of Intralipid fat emulsion and that it could be used as a component of a preparation intended for balanced non-residual intraintestinal nutrition.", "PMID": 106623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7282", "title": "The prognosis of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and the importance of supervision.", "content": "1451 patients with IDDM, onset before 1953 and before the age of 30 were followed until death or until 1976. Survival with diabetes, relative survival and the influence of supervision on survival were examined. It is shown that only 50% of the patients survived more than 30 diabetes years. The patients had an overmortality of more than 600% in relation to age and sex matched non-diabetics. Frequent supervisions in the out-patient clinic reduced as well the overmortality as the prevalence of severe complications significantly.", "contents": "The prognosis of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and the importance of supervision. 1451 patients with IDDM, onset before 1953 and before the age of 30 were followed until death or until 1976. Survival with diabetes, relative survival and the influence of supervision on survival were examined. It is shown that only 50% of the patients survived more than 30 diabetes years. The patients had an overmortality of more than 600% in relation to age and sex matched non-diabetics. Frequent supervisions in the out-patient clinic reduced as well the overmortality as the prevalence of severe complications significantly.", "PMID": 106628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7283", "title": "Balanced intraintestinal nutrition. A preparation for intraintestinal no-residue nutrition.", "content": "The investigations were carried out on dogs and male Wistar rats using the method of isolated intestinal loops. The absorption of nitrogen from a preparation was studied. The protein component of the preparation was an enzymatic hydrolysate of whey proteins, milk proteins, casein and a 7% bovine blood hydrolysate manufactured by Polfa. Comparative investigations were carried out on the effect of the protein component on the absorption of fat from the tested preparation. No significant differences were found in nitrogen absorption from the hydrolysates of milk proteins administered in the form of a protein-fat-carbohydrate emulsion or in fat absorption depending on the protein component. On the basis of theoretical assumptions and experiments on laboratory animals the composition of a preparation for balanced no-residue intraintestinal nutrition was elaborated in which the protein component was a hydrolysate of whey proteins without lactose and the fat component was soybean oil.", "contents": "Balanced intraintestinal nutrition. A preparation for intraintestinal no-residue nutrition. The investigations were carried out on dogs and male Wistar rats using the method of isolated intestinal loops. The absorption of nitrogen from a preparation was studied. The protein component of the preparation was an enzymatic hydrolysate of whey proteins, milk proteins, casein and a 7% bovine blood hydrolysate manufactured by Polfa. Comparative investigations were carried out on the effect of the protein component on the absorption of fat from the tested preparation. No significant differences were found in nitrogen absorption from the hydrolysates of milk proteins administered in the form of a protein-fat-carbohydrate emulsion or in fat absorption depending on the protein component. On the basis of theoretical assumptions and experiments on laboratory animals the composition of a preparation for balanced no-residue intraintestinal nutrition was elaborated in which the protein component was a hydrolysate of whey proteins without lactose and the fat component was soybean oil.", "PMID": 106624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7284", "title": "The role of catecholamines in clinical medicine.", "content": "The sympathetic nervous system is of major importance for the regulation of several physiological functions. Drugs which inhibit the actions of catecholamines and adrenergic drugs are used in the treatment of many clinical disorders. The potential role of catecholamines in a number of human diseases has, however, until recent years been studied to a limited extent only due to lack of methods for quantitation of sympathetic nervous activity. After the development of enzymatic isotope-derivative assays, reliable measurements of noradrenaline and adrenaline in plasma became available. Studies in man have shown that plasma noradrenaline is an index of sympathetic nervous activity. The present survey deals with sympathetic nervous activity and plasma adrenaline in a number of clinical disorders viz. arterial hypertension, duodenal ulcer, thyrotoxicosis, diabetes mellitus and ketotic hypoglycemia.", "contents": "The role of catecholamines in clinical medicine. The sympathetic nervous system is of major importance for the regulation of several physiological functions. Drugs which inhibit the actions of catecholamines and adrenergic drugs are used in the treatment of many clinical disorders. The potential role of catecholamines in a number of human diseases has, however, until recent years been studied to a limited extent only due to lack of methods for quantitation of sympathetic nervous activity. After the development of enzymatic isotope-derivative assays, reliable measurements of noradrenaline and adrenaline in plasma became available. Studies in man have shown that plasma noradrenaline is an index of sympathetic nervous activity. The present survey deals with sympathetic nervous activity and plasma adrenaline in a number of clinical disorders viz. arterial hypertension, duodenal ulcer, thyrotoxicosis, diabetes mellitus and ketotic hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 106629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7285", "title": "Diagnostic radiology: geography of a high technology.", "content": "A survey was made of the manpower employed, facilities available and utilization of radiology in countries in tropical Africa and Southeast Asia. The data obtained are compared with those from industralized societies in temperate climates. The level of use of radiographic services varied by a factor as high as 40. The differences between the level of radiology manpower available could be over a hundredfold and for x-ray technologists, many hundred times. The concentration of services in capital cities is characteristic of many tropical societies. Measures to improve radiologic health care in tropical countries, with particular emphasis on rural areas, are discussed. The main need is for availability of radiodiagnosis close to the primary care level in rural areas to deal with the important clinical problems of trauma, chest infections, and obstetrics. Simplification of equipment and employment of technicians with short training can help relieve maldistribution of services.", "contents": "Diagnostic radiology: geography of a high technology. A survey was made of the manpower employed, facilities available and utilization of radiology in countries in tropical Africa and Southeast Asia. The data obtained are compared with those from industralized societies in temperate climates. The level of use of radiographic services varied by a factor as high as 40. The differences between the level of radiology manpower available could be over a hundredfold and for x-ray technologists, many hundred times. The concentration of services in capital cities is characteristic of many tropical societies. Measures to improve radiologic health care in tropical countries, with particular emphasis on rural areas, are discussed. The main need is for availability of radiodiagnosis close to the primary care level in rural areas to deal with the important clinical problems of trauma, chest infections, and obstetrics. Simplification of equipment and employment of technicians with short training can help relieve maldistribution of services.", "PMID": 106633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7286", "title": "Performance of evaluation of computed tomography scanners using a phantom model.", "content": "A phantom was designed to test computed tomography (CT) scanner performance relative to spatial resolution, contrast resolution, field uniformity, spatial linearity, artifact resistance, and radiation dose. Translate/rotate, stationary detector with rotating x-ray tube, and rotate-only scanners were tested under conditions that produced the best possible results for each machine within the dose ranges used in clinical practice. Machines can be ranked according to results for each parameters tested. The range of performance exhibited on machines tested was unrelated to class of scanner. Further, machine dedication to a particular body region did not necessarily secure superior results for that region. Spatial resolution at low contrast levels (poor on most machines) seems to be the most sensitive test of performance.", "contents": "Performance of evaluation of computed tomography scanners using a phantom model. A phantom was designed to test computed tomography (CT) scanner performance relative to spatial resolution, contrast resolution, field uniformity, spatial linearity, artifact resistance, and radiation dose. Translate/rotate, stationary detector with rotating x-ray tube, and rotate-only scanners were tested under conditions that produced the best possible results for each machine within the dose ranges used in clinical practice. Machines can be ranked according to results for each parameters tested. The range of performance exhibited on machines tested was unrelated to class of scanner. Further, machine dedication to a particular body region did not necessarily secure superior results for that region. Spatial resolution at low contrast levels (poor on most machines) seems to be the most sensitive test of performance.", "PMID": 106634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7287", "title": "CT resolution and diagnostic accuracy.", "content": "To justify CT purchases and document certificates of need, the clinical effectiveness of CT scanners with different cost and resolution must be compared. The diagnostic accuracy and anatomic detail in three scanners with different resolution were studied. Seventeen patients were studied with both a first or a second generation CT scanner and a third-generation scanner. Appearance of normal and pathologic structures was compared. Cerebral sulci, corticomedullary discrimination, basal cistern vessels, and some pathologic lesions were seen in third generation images that were not seen in the others. Higher resolution scans provide significantly better anatomic detail and accuracy in detecting pathologic processes.", "contents": "CT resolution and diagnostic accuracy. To justify CT purchases and document certificates of need, the clinical effectiveness of CT scanners with different cost and resolution must be compared. The diagnostic accuracy and anatomic detail in three scanners with different resolution were studied. Seventeen patients were studied with both a first or a second generation CT scanner and a third-generation scanner. Appearance of normal and pathologic structures was compared. Cerebral sulci, corticomedullary discrimination, basal cistern vessels, and some pathologic lesions were seen in third generation images that were not seen in the others. Higher resolution scans provide significantly better anatomic detail and accuracy in detecting pathologic processes.", "PMID": 106635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7288", "title": "High dose preoperative irradiation of the lower neck and supraclavicular fossae.", "content": "Preoperative irradiation of 5,000 rad in 5 weeks before total laryngectomy with radical neck dissection was compared for two groups of patients: (1) those treated to a smaller volume through lateral opposed fields (37 patients) and (2) those treated to a larger volume by adding a third field directed to the lower neck and supraclavicular fossae (46 patients). There were no significant differences in tolerance to irradiation or in postoperative complications. However, locoregional tumor control improved significantly from 63% to 90% (P less than 0.02) with the three-field technique, and all four stomal recurrences were in the two-field group. Deaths from intercurrent disease and from distant metastases without local recurrence account for the failure to improve the overall survival rate.", "contents": "High dose preoperative irradiation of the lower neck and supraclavicular fossae. Preoperative irradiation of 5,000 rad in 5 weeks before total laryngectomy with radical neck dissection was compared for two groups of patients: (1) those treated to a smaller volume through lateral opposed fields (37 patients) and (2) those treated to a larger volume by adding a third field directed to the lower neck and supraclavicular fossae (46 patients). There were no significant differences in tolerance to irradiation or in postoperative complications. However, locoregional tumor control improved significantly from 63% to 90% (P less than 0.02) with the three-field technique, and all four stomal recurrences were in the two-field group. Deaths from intercurrent disease and from distant metastases without local recurrence account for the failure to improve the overall survival rate.", "PMID": 106636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7289", "title": "Sequential CT observations of irradiated intracranial germinomas.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) has improved the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis of intracranial tumors. CT findings of germinoma are a mass of isodensity or of slightly increased density with significant, homogeneous enhancement after intravenous contrast injection. These findings are characteristic but not pathognomonic, and differential diagnosis from other solid tumors is not easy. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology and response to irradiation aid in this differential diagnosis. The nine cases of germinoma reported showed rapid response to irradiation even at small doses (600 rad), and complete disappearance of the mass on CT at 1,600--3,300 rad. Other radiosensitive masses to be differentiated in the pineal region are pinealocytoma or pinealoblastoma.", "contents": "Sequential CT observations of irradiated intracranial germinomas. Computed tomography (CT) has improved the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis of intracranial tumors. CT findings of germinoma are a mass of isodensity or of slightly increased density with significant, homogeneous enhancement after intravenous contrast injection. These findings are characteristic but not pathognomonic, and differential diagnosis from other solid tumors is not easy. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology and response to irradiation aid in this differential diagnosis. The nine cases of germinoma reported showed rapid response to irradiation even at small doses (600 rad), and complete disappearance of the mass on CT at 1,600--3,300 rad. Other radiosensitive masses to be differentiated in the pineal region are pinealocytoma or pinealoblastoma.", "PMID": 106637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7290", "title": "CT metrizamide myelography for intraspinal and paraspinal neoplasms in infants and children.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) metrizamide myelography is an accurate and satisfactory method for examining the spinal cord in infants and children with suspected intraspinal neoplasms. It was performed in 13 infants and children and in one adult with intra- and paraspinal neoplasms. CT metrizamide myelography in paraspinal masses provides the total geography of the mass; that is, possible intraspinal extension, as well as the paraspinal portion itself. As such, it is superior to conventional myelography.", "contents": "CT metrizamide myelography for intraspinal and paraspinal neoplasms in infants and children. Computed tomography (CT) metrizamide myelography is an accurate and satisfactory method for examining the spinal cord in infants and children with suspected intraspinal neoplasms. It was performed in 13 infants and children and in one adult with intra- and paraspinal neoplasms. CT metrizamide myelography in paraspinal masses provides the total geography of the mass; that is, possible intraspinal extension, as well as the paraspinal portion itself. As such, it is superior to conventional myelography.", "PMID": 106638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7291", "title": "Radiographic changes of the skull in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "Skull radiographs of 194 patients from 4 months to 55 years old with sickle cell anemia revealed porous decreased bone density in 25%, widening of diplo\u00eb associated with a relative decrease in the width of the outer table in 22%, and vertical \"hair-on-end\" striations in 5%. The youngest patient with vertical striations was 5 years old and the oldest was 39. Serial examinations in 60 patients revealed no decrease of the skull width nor disappearance of the striations with age.", "contents": "Radiographic changes of the skull in sickle cell anemia. Skull radiographs of 194 patients from 4 months to 55 years old with sickle cell anemia revealed porous decreased bone density in 25%, widening of diplo\u00eb associated with a relative decrease in the width of the outer table in 22%, and vertical \"hair-on-end\" striations in 5%. The youngest patient with vertical striations was 5 years old and the oldest was 39. Serial examinations in 60 patients revealed no decrease of the skull width nor disappearance of the striations with age.", "PMID": 106639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7292", "title": "Radiography of glycogen storage diseases.", "content": "Sixty-three patients with glycogen storage disease were evaluated. Findings on plain film examinations, excretory urography, barium gastrointestinal studies, ultrasonography, and angiography were categorized by type of glycogen storage disease. In type I findings include hepatomegaly with hepatic dysfunction, renomegaly with an increased incidence of renal calculi, and osteopenia with various associated osseous abnormalities. These changes were less pronounced in types III, IV, and VI. Type II displayed either cardiac or skeletal muscle glycogen deposition. Correlation with postmortem examination in 14 individuals is given.", "contents": "Radiography of glycogen storage diseases. Sixty-three patients with glycogen storage disease were evaluated. Findings on plain film examinations, excretory urography, barium gastrointestinal studies, ultrasonography, and angiography were categorized by type of glycogen storage disease. In type I findings include hepatomegaly with hepatic dysfunction, renomegaly with an increased incidence of renal calculi, and osteopenia with various associated osseous abnormalities. These changes were less pronounced in types III, IV, and VI. Type II displayed either cardiac or skeletal muscle glycogen deposition. Correlation with postmortem examination in 14 individuals is given.", "PMID": 106640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7293", "title": "Radiology of the pterygoid plates and pterygopalatine fossa.", "content": "The pterygopalatine fossa is a major distribution center for the parasympathetic innervation and vascular supply of deep facial structures. Through eight bony canals or foramina, this fossa communicates with the nasal and oral cavities, infra-temporal fossa, orbit, pharynx, and middle cranial fossa. Therefore this important structure provides a natural pathway for dissemination or spread of disease processes to contiguous structures. The normal gross and radiographic anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa and the adjacent pterygoid plates are considered in detail. Variation in these structures as well as their alterations in a variety of pathologic entities are described.", "contents": "Radiology of the pterygoid plates and pterygopalatine fossa. The pterygopalatine fossa is a major distribution center for the parasympathetic innervation and vascular supply of deep facial structures. Through eight bony canals or foramina, this fossa communicates with the nasal and oral cavities, infra-temporal fossa, orbit, pharynx, and middle cranial fossa. Therefore this important structure provides a natural pathway for dissemination or spread of disease processes to contiguous structures. The normal gross and radiographic anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa and the adjacent pterygoid plates are considered in detail. Variation in these structures as well as their alterations in a variety of pathologic entities are described.", "PMID": 106641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7294", "title": "Ultrasonic recognition of parenchymal gas.", "content": "Abdominal sonography in six febrile patients was suspicious for parenchymal gas. In five, immediate radiographic confirmation was obtained. Four patients had gas-containing abscesses, one had gas sequestered in a hepatic hematoma, and in the other subcapsular hepatic gas probably originated by mesenteric dissection from pneumatosis cystoides intestinals.", "contents": "Ultrasonic recognition of parenchymal gas. Abdominal sonography in six febrile patients was suspicious for parenchymal gas. In five, immediate radiographic confirmation was obtained. Four patients had gas-containing abscesses, one had gas sequestered in a hepatic hematoma, and in the other subcapsular hepatic gas probably originated by mesenteric dissection from pneumatosis cystoides intestinals.", "PMID": 106642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7295", "title": "Ultrasound diagnosis of masses elevating the inferior vena cava.", "content": "The inferior vena cava is frequently involved in diseases of the abdomen and retroperitoneum. Critical evaluation of this vessel's course can greatly help in determining the origin of an adjacent mass. Ultrasound was used to divide the inferior vena cava into three parts. A vector type principle was applied to masses anteriorly displacing the vena cava, and the location of the mass was compared to the particular portion of the cava most affected. With this approach, it was often possible to determine what structures a mass may have originated from.", "contents": "Ultrasound diagnosis of masses elevating the inferior vena cava. The inferior vena cava is frequently involved in diseases of the abdomen and retroperitoneum. Critical evaluation of this vessel's course can greatly help in determining the origin of an adjacent mass. Ultrasound was used to divide the inferior vena cava into three parts. A vector type principle was applied to masses anteriorly displacing the vena cava, and the location of the mass was compared to the particular portion of the cava most affected. With this approach, it was often possible to determine what structures a mass may have originated from.", "PMID": 106643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7296", "title": "Ultrasonic assessment of renal transitional cell carcinoma: preliminary report.", "content": "The value of ultrasound in determining the etiology of nonopaque filling defects seen in the renal pelvis at intravenous urography is under study. The ultrasound findings in three patients with proven transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney were similar and consisted of separation of the central renal echo complex by a region of low-intensity echoes. This pattern is distinct from characteristically echogenic nonopaque renal calculi and anechoic hydronephrosis. Renal collecting system blood clots may have an echo pattern similar to collecting system tumors, but can usually be distinguished by their mobility and transitory nature. Further investigation into the specificity and sensitivity of the ultrasonic diagnosis of renal collecting system masses is underway.", "contents": "Ultrasonic assessment of renal transitional cell carcinoma: preliminary report. The value of ultrasound in determining the etiology of nonopaque filling defects seen in the renal pelvis at intravenous urography is under study. The ultrasound findings in three patients with proven transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney were similar and consisted of separation of the central renal echo complex by a region of low-intensity echoes. This pattern is distinct from characteristically echogenic nonopaque renal calculi and anechoic hydronephrosis. Renal collecting system blood clots may have an echo pattern similar to collecting system tumors, but can usually be distinguished by their mobility and transitory nature. Further investigation into the specificity and sensitivity of the ultrasonic diagnosis of renal collecting system masses is underway.", "PMID": 106644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7297", "title": "Medial deviation of the pelvic ureters after abdominoperineal resection of the rectum.", "content": "Pre- and postoperative urograms of 47 patients undergoing abdominoperineal resection were reviewed for ureteral deviation and obstruction. Postoperative medial deviation occurred in 11 patients (23.4%). Both ureters were involved in six of these patients. Ureteral deviation was identified as early as 3 days after surgery. Obstruction of the ureters occurred in four patients and was due to tumor in three of these.", "contents": "Medial deviation of the pelvic ureters after abdominoperineal resection of the rectum. Pre- and postoperative urograms of 47 patients undergoing abdominoperineal resection were reviewed for ureteral deviation and obstruction. Postoperative medial deviation occurred in 11 patients (23.4%). Both ureters were involved in six of these patients. Ureteral deviation was identified as early as 3 days after surgery. Obstruction of the ureters occurred in four patients and was due to tumor in three of these.", "PMID": 106645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7298", "title": "Ureteral obstruction resulting from vascular prosthetic graft surgery.", "content": "Four cases of ureteral obstruction are described which were primarily due to compression from an overlying vascular graft and retroperitoneal fibrosis. Infection may also be causal. Excretory urography should be performed routinely after vascular prosthetic surgery to permit early diagnosis of this complication. Ultrasonography may also be helpful in certain cases.", "contents": "Ureteral obstruction resulting from vascular prosthetic graft surgery. Four cases of ureteral obstruction are described which were primarily due to compression from an overlying vascular graft and retroperitoneal fibrosis. Infection may also be causal. Excretory urography should be performed routinely after vascular prosthetic surgery to permit early diagnosis of this complication. Ultrasonography may also be helpful in certain cases.", "PMID": 106646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7299", "title": "Metastatic transitional cell carcinoma from the bladder: radiographic manifestions.", "content": "Metastases from transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder are not widely appreciated radiographically, although they are commonly found at autopsy. Radiographic evidence of metastatic disease was reviewed in 51 patients. Sites included lung, 28; bone, 24; mediastinum, eight; liver, eight; brain, three; urethra, one; abdominal nodes, one; and extradural space, two. The patterns of lung metastases consisted of solitary nodules, multiple nodules, sigmental infiltrates, pulmonary edema, and a Pancoast tumor. A sarcoidlike pattern with hilar and interstitial disease was also seen. One patient had a malignant pleural effusion. Mediastinal lymph node enlargement was isolated or associated with lung involvement. Bone metastases demonstrated either an osteoblastic or a mixed osteolytic-osteoblastic pattern in 47% of the instances. Ivory vertebrae were identified in three patients. Because of the significance of identifying metastatic disease before any extensive curative bladder surgery, we recommend at least a preoperative chest radiograph, a bone scan, and a liver scan.", "contents": "Metastatic transitional cell carcinoma from the bladder: radiographic manifestions. Metastases from transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder are not widely appreciated radiographically, although they are commonly found at autopsy. Radiographic evidence of metastatic disease was reviewed in 51 patients. Sites included lung, 28; bone, 24; mediastinum, eight; liver, eight; brain, three; urethra, one; abdominal nodes, one; and extradural space, two. The patterns of lung metastases consisted of solitary nodules, multiple nodules, sigmental infiltrates, pulmonary edema, and a Pancoast tumor. A sarcoidlike pattern with hilar and interstitial disease was also seen. One patient had a malignant pleural effusion. Mediastinal lymph node enlargement was isolated or associated with lung involvement. Bone metastases demonstrated either an osteoblastic or a mixed osteolytic-osteoblastic pattern in 47% of the instances. Ivory vertebrae were identified in three patients. Because of the significance of identifying metastatic disease before any extensive curative bladder surgery, we recommend at least a preoperative chest radiograph, a bone scan, and a liver scan.", "PMID": 106647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7300", "title": "Risk factors and occult breast cancer in young women.", "content": "The National Cancer Institute guidelines for mammography in women 35--49 years old are challenged. Forty-nine occult breast cancer patients under 50 years of age were analyzed regarding risk factors and compared with an age-matched control group. Of the cancers, 86% would have been missed had NCI recommendations been followed. Results refuted the NCI guidelines and showed that late parity (over 28 years) and history of breast cancer in the extended family are statistically significant risk factors. Negative mode low-dose xeromammographic examinations permitted detection of 49 occult breast cancers, usually without axillary node metastases. Patients were screened because of risk factors enumerated in the article.", "contents": "Risk factors and occult breast cancer in young women. The National Cancer Institute guidelines for mammography in women 35--49 years old are challenged. Forty-nine occult breast cancer patients under 50 years of age were analyzed regarding risk factors and compared with an age-matched control group. Of the cancers, 86% would have been missed had NCI recommendations been followed. Results refuted the NCI guidelines and showed that late parity (over 28 years) and history of breast cancer in the extended family are statistically significant risk factors. Negative mode low-dose xeromammographic examinations permitted detection of 49 occult breast cancers, usually without axillary node metastases. Patients were screened because of risk factors enumerated in the article.", "PMID": 106648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7301", "title": "Influence of contrast material on renal venous renin activity.", "content": "The influence of contrast material on renal venous renin activity was evaluated in a prospective study of 20 hypertensive patients. It is concluded that the absolute values of renal venous renin activity are either unchanged or unpredictably changed after injection of contrast material. The renal venous renin activity ratios seem to be less valid than the absolute values in predicting the significance of renal vascular or parenchymal disease.", "contents": "Influence of contrast material on renal venous renin activity. The influence of contrast material on renal venous renin activity was evaluated in a prospective study of 20 hypertensive patients. It is concluded that the absolute values of renal venous renin activity are either unchanged or unpredictably changed after injection of contrast material. The renal venous renin activity ratios seem to be less valid than the absolute values in predicting the significance of renal vascular or parenchymal disease.", "PMID": 106649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7302", "title": "Minimum blood vessel diameter measured by magnification angiography.", "content": "Visibility of small blood vessels was improved by magnification angiography of biologic specimens. Blood vessel diameter was determined for increasing magnifications by various screen-film combination. Significantly smaller vessels were recognized with the magnification technique in all screen combinations. Noisy screen-film combinations with better square wave transfer functions did not allow visualization of blood vessels as small as those screen-film combinations with poorer square wave transfer functions but less noise.", "contents": "Minimum blood vessel diameter measured by magnification angiography. Visibility of small blood vessels was improved by magnification angiography of biologic specimens. Blood vessel diameter was determined for increasing magnifications by various screen-film combination. Significantly smaller vessels were recognized with the magnification technique in all screen combinations. Noisy screen-film combinations with better square wave transfer functions did not allow visualization of blood vessels as small as those screen-film combinations with poorer square wave transfer functions but less noise.", "PMID": 106650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7303", "title": "Presacral space revisited.", "content": "Increase in the width of presacral space measurements is considered indicative of disease of the rectum and/or other structures in the pelvis. The traditionally accepted normal width of presacral space is not more than 15 mm. In some normal patients older than 45 years, the presacral space is wider than 15 mm and may even exceed 20 mm.", "contents": "Presacral space revisited. Increase in the width of presacral space measurements is considered indicative of disease of the rectum and/or other structures in the pelvis. The traditionally accepted normal width of presacral space is not more than 15 mm. In some normal patients older than 45 years, the presacral space is wider than 15 mm and may even exceed 20 mm.", "PMID": 106651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7304", "title": "Foley catheter method of esophageal foreign body removal: extension of applications.", "content": "The fluoroscopically controlled Foley catheter technique can be used to remove nonopaque esophageal foreign bodies that are smooth or soft and foreign bodies in patients with esophageal strictures or after esophageal atresia repair. These situations have previously been felt to be contraindications for this procedure. Successful treatment was accomplished in 21 of 25 patients.", "contents": "Foley catheter method of esophageal foreign body removal: extension of applications. The fluoroscopically controlled Foley catheter technique can be used to remove nonopaque esophageal foreign bodies that are smooth or soft and foreign bodies in patients with esophageal strictures or after esophageal atresia repair. These situations have previously been felt to be contraindications for this procedure. Successful treatment was accomplished in 21 of 25 patients.", "PMID": 106652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7305", "title": "Rapid and accurate diagnosis of acute cholecystitis with 99mTc-HIDA cholescintigraphy.", "content": "Technetium-99m dimethyl acetanilide iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) cholescintigraphy was performed on 90 patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. Visualization of the gallbladder established patency of the cystic duct and excluded the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis in 50 of 52 patients. Nonvisualization of the gallbladder with visualization of the common bile duct was diagnostic of acute cholecystitis in 38 patients, all subsequently proven at surgery. The observed accuracy of this procedure is 98% and specificity is 100%. The false negative rate is 5% and false positive rate is zero. Technetium-99m-HIDA has many advantages which make it the procedure of choice in evaluating a patient for suspected acute cholecystitis. It is a rapid, simple, safe examination which provides functional as well as anatomic information about the hepatobiliary system in individuals with a serum bilirubin level up to 8 mg/100 ml.", "contents": "Rapid and accurate diagnosis of acute cholecystitis with 99mTc-HIDA cholescintigraphy. Technetium-99m dimethyl acetanilide iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) cholescintigraphy was performed on 90 patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. Visualization of the gallbladder established patency of the cystic duct and excluded the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis in 50 of 52 patients. Nonvisualization of the gallbladder with visualization of the common bile duct was diagnostic of acute cholecystitis in 38 patients, all subsequently proven at surgery. The observed accuracy of this procedure is 98% and specificity is 100%. The false negative rate is 5% and false positive rate is zero. Technetium-99m-HIDA has many advantages which make it the procedure of choice in evaluating a patient for suspected acute cholecystitis. It is a rapid, simple, safe examination which provides functional as well as anatomic information about the hepatobiliary system in individuals with a serum bilirubin level up to 8 mg/100 ml.", "PMID": 106679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7306", "title": "Computed tomography and 67Ga citrate radionuclide imaging for evaluating suspected abdominal abscess.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of the results of 67Ga citrate radionuclide imaging and computed tomography (CT) in 45 patients with suspected abdominal abscess was conducted to determine the mertis of each method. Both techniques were highly sensitive in detecting abdominal abscesses, and often provided complementary and supplementary diagnostic information; their combined use many times offset the limitations of each method used alone. Guidelines are suggested that permit rapid evaluation, while limiting diagnostic errors, when using 67Ga citrate radionuclide imaging and CT in the presence or absence of localizing symptoms and signs.", "contents": "Computed tomography and 67Ga citrate radionuclide imaging for evaluating suspected abdominal abscess. A retrospective analysis of the results of 67Ga citrate radionuclide imaging and computed tomography (CT) in 45 patients with suspected abdominal abscess was conducted to determine the mertis of each method. Both techniques were highly sensitive in detecting abdominal abscesses, and often provided complementary and supplementary diagnostic information; their combined use many times offset the limitations of each method used alone. Guidelines are suggested that permit rapid evaluation, while limiting diagnostic errors, when using 67Ga citrate radionuclide imaging and CT in the presence or absence of localizing symptoms and signs.", "PMID": 106680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7307", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of osteosarcoma: experience with 25 cases.", "content": "Experience with computed tomography (CT) in 25 patients with histologically proven osteosarcoma is presented. CT was as accurate as conventional radiographic methods in determining the presence of a lesion, but it was definitely superior in defining the extent of disease, particularly intramedullary extension and soft tissue extraosseous tumor component. CT was capable of demonstrating skip metastases in one patient. CT plays a key role in the preoperative evaluation of osteosarcoma patients, particularly when less than radical surgery is planned as primary treatment and when postoperative recurrence is suspected. CT is also useful in assessing the response to therapy in nonsurgical cases. The technique involved in the performance of this examination is discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of osteosarcoma: experience with 25 cases. Experience with computed tomography (CT) in 25 patients with histologically proven osteosarcoma is presented. CT was as accurate as conventional radiographic methods in determining the presence of a lesion, but it was definitely superior in defining the extent of disease, particularly intramedullary extension and soft tissue extraosseous tumor component. CT was capable of demonstrating skip metastases in one patient. CT plays a key role in the preoperative evaluation of osteosarcoma patients, particularly when less than radical surgery is planned as primary treatment and when postoperative recurrence is suspected. CT is also useful in assessing the response to therapy in nonsurgical cases. The technique involved in the performance of this examination is discussed.", "PMID": 106681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7308", "title": "Familial hyperphosphatasemia: diagnosis in early infancy and response to human thyrocalcitonin therapy.", "content": "Familial hyperphosphatasemia is an uncommon hereditary disorder of membranous bone with concurrent overproduction and overdestruction of bone and bone collagen by osteocytes. This process does not allow normal maturation into compact lamellar bone. Two cases of severely affected children are presented which demonstrate that the condition can be diagnosed in early infancy by abnormalities in the long bones. At this stage the skull may appear normal and the characteristic thickening of the calvarium appears later. The disease is treatable with human thyrocalcitonin; these and previously reported cases have responded favorably.", "contents": "Familial hyperphosphatasemia: diagnosis in early infancy and response to human thyrocalcitonin therapy. Familial hyperphosphatasemia is an uncommon hereditary disorder of membranous bone with concurrent overproduction and overdestruction of bone and bone collagen by osteocytes. This process does not allow normal maturation into compact lamellar bone. Two cases of severely affected children are presented which demonstrate that the condition can be diagnosed in early infancy by abnormalities in the long bones. At this stage the skull may appear normal and the characteristic thickening of the calvarium appears later. The disease is treatable with human thyrocalcitonin; these and previously reported cases have responded favorably.", "PMID": 106682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7309", "title": "Technique of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with the Gr\u00fcntzig ballon catheter.", "content": "Recanalization of superficial femoral artery occlusions and of stenoses in the superficial femoral and pelvic arteries using the Gr\u00fcntzig balloon catheter are described. Among patients successfully treated, 2 year patency rates of 72% and 87% for superficial femoral and iliac artery lesions, respectively, were achieved by this method. The catheter is now commercially available in the United States and Europe.", "contents": "Technique of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with the Gr\u00fcntzig ballon catheter. Recanalization of superficial femoral artery occlusions and of stenoses in the superficial femoral and pelvic arteries using the Gr\u00fcntzig balloon catheter are described. Among patients successfully treated, 2 year patency rates of 72% and 87% for superficial femoral and iliac artery lesions, respectively, were achieved by this method. The catheter is now commercially available in the United States and Europe.", "PMID": 106683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7310", "title": "Aneurysm rupture secondary to transcatheter embolization.", "content": "False aneurysms of the pancreatic and peripancreatic arteries are a well recognized complication of chronic pancreatitis due to proteolytic enzymatic digestion of the arterial wall. These false aneurysms can be a source of life-threatening hemorrhage. Three cases are reported in which attempted embolizations of these bleeding aneurysms resulted in rupture into the gastrointestinal tract. Special precautions should be taken in such a procedure because of the inherent weakness of the aneurysmal wall.", "contents": "Aneurysm rupture secondary to transcatheter embolization. False aneurysms of the pancreatic and peripancreatic arteries are a well recognized complication of chronic pancreatitis due to proteolytic enzymatic digestion of the arterial wall. These false aneurysms can be a source of life-threatening hemorrhage. Three cases are reported in which attempted embolizations of these bleeding aneurysms resulted in rupture into the gastrointestinal tract. Special precautions should be taken in such a procedure because of the inherent weakness of the aneurysmal wall.", "PMID": 106684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7311", "title": "Portal vein aneurysm.", "content": "While there have been a few references to portal vein aneurysm in the world literature, this is the first report in United States radiologic literature. During a routine evaluation for fever in one patient, an ultrasound examination suggested this unusual entity at the junction of the splenic and superior mesenteric vein. It was later confirmed by angiography. Two other patients were being investigated angiographically for gastrointestinal bleeding when portal vein aneurysms were discovered. In contrast to the central location of the first patient's aneurysm, the latter two were more distal in the portal tree. The literature is reviewed and different etiologic hypothesis discussed.", "contents": "Portal vein aneurysm. While there have been a few references to portal vein aneurysm in the world literature, this is the first report in United States radiologic literature. During a routine evaluation for fever in one patient, an ultrasound examination suggested this unusual entity at the junction of the splenic and superior mesenteric vein. It was later confirmed by angiography. Two other patients were being investigated angiographically for gastrointestinal bleeding when portal vein aneurysms were discovered. In contrast to the central location of the first patient's aneurysm, the latter two were more distal in the portal tree. The literature is reviewed and different etiologic hypothesis discussed.", "PMID": 106685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7312", "title": "Circumaortic venous ring: incidence and significance.", "content": "A left circumaortic renal vein was found in 11% of 74 left renal venograms, an incidence similar to that at autopsy. Cavography proved to be an unsatisfactory method of demonstrating the renal veins. Prior knowledge of a venous ring is important when blood samples from the adrenal or renal veins are to be collected. When caval interruption is planned, a circumaortic venous ring may provide a fully developed collateral pathway immediately after surgery if the procedure is planned without awareness of its presence.", "contents": "Circumaortic venous ring: incidence and significance. A left circumaortic renal vein was found in 11% of 74 left renal venograms, an incidence similar to that at autopsy. Cavography proved to be an unsatisfactory method of demonstrating the renal veins. Prior knowledge of a venous ring is important when blood samples from the adrenal or renal veins are to be collected. When caval interruption is planned, a circumaortic venous ring may provide a fully developed collateral pathway immediately after surgery if the procedure is planned without awareness of its presence.", "PMID": 106686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7313", "title": "Esophagitis induced by combined radiation and adriamycin.", "content": "With the increasing use of combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of certain types of malignancy, a clinically distinct type of esophagitis has been recognized as an undesirable side effect. It occurs with low doses (less than 2,000 rad) of mediastinal radiation in patients who simultaneously or sequentially receive either adriamycin or actinomycin D. Characteristic of this entity is \"recall\": recurrent episodes of esophagitis with each course of chemotherapy. The radiographic findings are nonspecific, ranging from subtle alterations in motility to severe damage with irreversible stricture formation. The primary differential diagnostic considerations are infectious processes. The radiographic spectrum, clinical aspects, and differential diagnoses in five patients are discussed.", "contents": "Esophagitis induced by combined radiation and adriamycin. With the increasing use of combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of certain types of malignancy, a clinically distinct type of esophagitis has been recognized as an undesirable side effect. It occurs with low doses (less than 2,000 rad) of mediastinal radiation in patients who simultaneously or sequentially receive either adriamycin or actinomycin D. Characteristic of this entity is \"recall\": recurrent episodes of esophagitis with each course of chemotherapy. The radiographic findings are nonspecific, ranging from subtle alterations in motility to severe damage with irreversible stricture formation. The primary differential diagnostic considerations are infectious processes. The radiographic spectrum, clinical aspects, and differential diagnoses in five patients are discussed.", "PMID": 106687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7314", "title": "Gallbladder: common cause of antral pad sign.", "content": "An impression on the posteroinferior aspect of the gastric antrum is often caused by a mass lesion in the pancreas. However, the gallbladder more commonly causes such as indentation. In any case of this \"antral pad sign\", a gallbladder impression should first be excluded.", "contents": "Gallbladder: common cause of antral pad sign. An impression on the posteroinferior aspect of the gastric antrum is often caused by a mass lesion in the pancreas. However, the gallbladder more commonly causes such as indentation. In any case of this \"antral pad sign\", a gallbladder impression should first be excluded.", "PMID": 106688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7315", "title": "Radiographic features of eosinophilic gastroenteritis (allergic gastroenteropathy) of childhood.", "content": "The child with eosinophilic gastroenteritis has failure to thrive, a history of allergy or asthma, iron deficiency anemia, and peripheral eosinophilia. This type of eosinophilic gastroenteritis has earned the designation \"allergic gastroenteropathy.\" Pathologic change in the gastric antrum of six children with this disease correlated with an abnormal air-contrast examination of the antrum. The affected children had an irregular, lacy, antral surface rather than the smooth, bald surface seen in normal children. The small bowel in allergic gastroenteropathy is usually abnormal but nonspecific as to etiology. Much more specific is the combination of small bowel and gastric antral abnormalities. Findings encourage air-contrast radiography of the antrum in children with suspected allergic gastroenteropathy.", "contents": "Radiographic features of eosinophilic gastroenteritis (allergic gastroenteropathy) of childhood. The child with eosinophilic gastroenteritis has failure to thrive, a history of allergy or asthma, iron deficiency anemia, and peripheral eosinophilia. This type of eosinophilic gastroenteritis has earned the designation \"allergic gastroenteropathy.\" Pathologic change in the gastric antrum of six children with this disease correlated with an abnormal air-contrast examination of the antrum. The affected children had an irregular, lacy, antral surface rather than the smooth, bald surface seen in normal children. The small bowel in allergic gastroenteropathy is usually abnormal but nonspecific as to etiology. Much more specific is the combination of small bowel and gastric antral abnormalities. Findings encourage air-contrast radiography of the antrum in children with suspected allergic gastroenteropathy.", "PMID": 106689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7316", "title": "Ultrasound of gallbladder wall thickening and its relation to cholecystitis.", "content": "A prospective ultrasound study of gallbladder wall thickness in patients with suspected gallbladder disease was performed over a 9 month period. Gallbladder walls thicker than 3 mm in fasting patients whose gallbladders were wider than 2 cm were considered abnormal. Gallstones were documented by ultrasound in 62 patients, a thickened gallbladder wall was demonstrated in 12 of these. Five patients without cholelithiasis had thick-walled gallbladders and were diagnosed as acalculous cholecystitis.", "contents": "Ultrasound of gallbladder wall thickening and its relation to cholecystitis. A prospective ultrasound study of gallbladder wall thickness in patients with suspected gallbladder disease was performed over a 9 month period. Gallbladder walls thicker than 3 mm in fasting patients whose gallbladders were wider than 2 cm were considered abnormal. Gallstones were documented by ultrasound in 62 patients, a thickened gallbladder wall was demonstrated in 12 of these. Five patients without cholelithiasis had thick-walled gallbladders and were diagnosed as acalculous cholecystitis.", "PMID": 106690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7317", "title": "Erect scanning of pancreas using a gastric window.", "content": "A technique that can offer improved ultrasonic visualization of the pancreas is reported and evaluated. One hundred subjects were scanned in an erect sitting position with fluid-filled stomachs (\"erect gastric window\" technique). Conventional supine scans were initially performed in all cases; oblique, semierect, decubitus, prone, and standing positions with and without fluid-filled stomach were also evaluated. Compared with supine scans, the \"erect gastric window\" technique, occasionally supplemented by semierect, oblique, or decubitus views, provided significantly improved visualization of the pancreas in 93% of subjects. The nonvisualization rate was reduced from 19% to 1%.", "contents": "Erect scanning of pancreas using a gastric window. A technique that can offer improved ultrasonic visualization of the pancreas is reported and evaluated. One hundred subjects were scanned in an erect sitting position with fluid-filled stomachs (\"erect gastric window\" technique). Conventional supine scans were initially performed in all cases; oblique, semierect, decubitus, prone, and standing positions with and without fluid-filled stomach were also evaluated. Compared with supine scans, the \"erect gastric window\" technique, occasionally supplemented by semierect, oblique, or decubitus views, provided significantly improved visualization of the pancreas in 93% of subjects. The nonvisualization rate was reduced from 19% to 1%.", "PMID": 106691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7318", "title": "Ultrasound of epigastric injuries after blunt trauma.", "content": "Blunt trauma to the epigastrum may result in a retroperitoneal hematoma involving the head of the pancreas and descending duodenum. Secondary effects include obstruction of the gastric outlet, obstruction of the biliary tree, and extrinsic compression of the inferior vena cava. Four patients with epigastric trauma were reviewed who had been examined by ultrasound of the abdomen. Ultrasound showed the extent of the retroperitoneal hematoma, its effect on contiguous organs, and was helpful in clinical management.", "contents": "Ultrasound of epigastric injuries after blunt trauma. Blunt trauma to the epigastrum may result in a retroperitoneal hematoma involving the head of the pancreas and descending duodenum. Secondary effects include obstruction of the gastric outlet, obstruction of the biliary tree, and extrinsic compression of the inferior vena cava. Four patients with epigastric trauma were reviewed who had been examined by ultrasound of the abdomen. Ultrasound showed the extent of the retroperitoneal hematoma, its effect on contiguous organs, and was helpful in clinical management.", "PMID": 106692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7319", "title": "Dural and direct cavernous sinus fistulas.", "content": "Fistulas between the cavernous sinus and the carotid artery occur either after trauma or spontaneously. Unilateral exophthalmos is invariably the most conspicuous symptom. Until recently, treatment consisted of some method of occluding the carotid artery involved. Interventional catheter techniques have since been developed that use either Gelfoam embolization or released balloons. The results seem very promising, but long-term results of these new techniques are not yet available. Carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas may be dural or direct, each requiring a different interventional technique. Theredore, it is essential to determine the type involved by selective internal and external carotid angiography. This paper discusses 19 patients with carotid-cavernous fistulas, four of whom were successfully treated by catheter techniques. Gelfoam embolization was used in one case, and in three cases the fistula was closed with the aid of a balloon.", "contents": "Dural and direct cavernous sinus fistulas. Fistulas between the cavernous sinus and the carotid artery occur either after trauma or spontaneously. Unilateral exophthalmos is invariably the most conspicuous symptom. Until recently, treatment consisted of some method of occluding the carotid artery involved. Interventional catheter techniques have since been developed that use either Gelfoam embolization or released balloons. The results seem very promising, but long-term results of these new techniques are not yet available. Carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas may be dural or direct, each requiring a different interventional technique. Theredore, it is essential to determine the type involved by selective internal and external carotid angiography. This paper discusses 19 patients with carotid-cavernous fistulas, four of whom were successfully treated by catheter techniques. Gelfoam embolization was used in one case, and in three cases the fistula was closed with the aid of a balloon.", "PMID": 106693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7320", "title": "CT detection of intracranial aneurysms in subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans of 59 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were evaluated for intracranial aneurysms. After prospective study, the CT results were compared with angiography. Depending on the location, the CT detection rate varied from a low of 36% for the internal carotid artery complex to a high of 76% for anterior and middle cerebral artery aneurysms. It was concluded that angiography may be deferred if the causative aneurysm is demonstrated by CT.", "contents": "CT detection of intracranial aneurysms in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans of 59 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were evaluated for intracranial aneurysms. After prospective study, the CT results were compared with angiography. Depending on the location, the CT detection rate varied from a low of 36% for the internal carotid artery complex to a high of 76% for anterior and middle cerebral artery aneurysms. It was concluded that angiography may be deferred if the causative aneurysm is demonstrated by CT.", "PMID": 106694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7321", "title": "Lateral decubitus pneumoencephalography-angiography for localizing atrial and paraatrial vascular lesions.", "content": "In two cases where computed tomography (CT) and cerebral angiography failed to determine whether an arteriovenous malformation was within or directly adjacent to the atrium of a lateral ventricle, lateral decubitus pneumoencephalography combined with cerebral angiography successfully localized the lesions. This procedure may be necessary in the workup of angiographically vascular lesions in the atrial-paraatrial region if on CT the ventricular surface is poorly defined or surgical clips from a previous operation obscure the lesion or the adjacent ventricle. Interpretation of this study involves triangulation of the vascular lesions relative to the ventricle or observation of the movement of the lesion relative to the movement of the ventricle on differently angulated frontal projections. Since the surgical approach is influenced by the radiographic differentiation of an intraventricular from a paraventricular mass, this procedure is crucial in evaluating these vascular abnormalities.", "contents": "Lateral decubitus pneumoencephalography-angiography for localizing atrial and paraatrial vascular lesions. In two cases where computed tomography (CT) and cerebral angiography failed to determine whether an arteriovenous malformation was within or directly adjacent to the atrium of a lateral ventricle, lateral decubitus pneumoencephalography combined with cerebral angiography successfully localized the lesions. This procedure may be necessary in the workup of angiographically vascular lesions in the atrial-paraatrial region if on CT the ventricular surface is poorly defined or surgical clips from a previous operation obscure the lesion or the adjacent ventricle. Interpretation of this study involves triangulation of the vascular lesions relative to the ventricle or observation of the movement of the lesion relative to the movement of the ventricle on differently angulated frontal projections. Since the surgical approach is influenced by the radiographic differentiation of an intraventricular from a paraventricular mass, this procedure is crucial in evaluating these vascular abnormalities.", "PMID": 106695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7322", "title": "Cranial CT findings in patients with meningomyelocele.", "content": "The association between meningomyelocele and various cranial abnormalities, particularly Chiari II malformation is well established. Cranial CT scans in 47 patients with meningomyelocele proved to be a safe and effective method of elucidating the type and extent of anatomic abnormalities associated with this disorder, and evaluating and following the degree of hydrocephalus seen in these patients. Of the 47 patients, 43 (92%) showed CT findings indicative of an abnormally low fourth ventricle, the hallmark finding in Chiari II malformation. In 67% the fourth ventricle was not visualized, and in 25% it was directly visualized in an abnormally caudal position. Other findings included hydrocephalus (85%), a striking and possibly unique heart-shaped psuedomass in the posterior fossa (58%), and abnormal configuration of the lateral ventricles (\"vampire bat\" configuration). Calvarial abnormalities, in particular lacunar skull, were also noted at CT.", "contents": "Cranial CT findings in patients with meningomyelocele. The association between meningomyelocele and various cranial abnormalities, particularly Chiari II malformation is well established. Cranial CT scans in 47 patients with meningomyelocele proved to be a safe and effective method of elucidating the type and extent of anatomic abnormalities associated with this disorder, and evaluating and following the degree of hydrocephalus seen in these patients. Of the 47 patients, 43 (92%) showed CT findings indicative of an abnormally low fourth ventricle, the hallmark finding in Chiari II malformation. In 67% the fourth ventricle was not visualized, and in 25% it was directly visualized in an abnormally caudal position. Other findings included hydrocephalus (85%), a striking and possibly unique heart-shaped psuedomass in the posterior fossa (58%), and abnormal configuration of the lateral ventricles (\"vampire bat\" configuration). Calvarial abnormalities, in particular lacunar skull, were also noted at CT.", "PMID": 106696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7323", "title": "Intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in premature newborns: a prospective study with CT.", "content": "In a prospective study, 100 premature infants were studied with computed tomography (CT) brain scans within the first week of life. In 44 of these,hemorrhages originated from the subependymal germinal matrix, and ranged in severity from isolated germinal matrix hemorrhages to blood-filled, dilated ventricles with extension of hemorrhage into the brain parenchyma. A system of grading the severity of hemorrhage was developed. Grades I and II hemorrhages resolved spontaneously and grades III and IV were associated with progressive hydrocephalus. Asymptomatic hemorrhages that would not have been diagnosed on clinical grounds were detected by CT. This study offers a clearer understanding of the true incidence and natural history of cerebroventricular hemorrhage and associated hydrocephalus in premature neonates and may clarify etiologic factors and identify children at risk for subsequent neurologic abnormalities.", "contents": "Intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in premature newborns: a prospective study with CT. In a prospective study, 100 premature infants were studied with computed tomography (CT) brain scans within the first week of life. In 44 of these,hemorrhages originated from the subependymal germinal matrix, and ranged in severity from isolated germinal matrix hemorrhages to blood-filled, dilated ventricles with extension of hemorrhage into the brain parenchyma. A system of grading the severity of hemorrhage was developed. Grades I and II hemorrhages resolved spontaneously and grades III and IV were associated with progressive hydrocephalus. Asymptomatic hemorrhages that would not have been diagnosed on clinical grounds were detected by CT. This study offers a clearer understanding of the true incidence and natural history of cerebroventricular hemorrhage and associated hydrocephalus in premature neonates and may clarify etiologic factors and identify children at risk for subsequent neurologic abnormalities.", "PMID": 106697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7324", "title": "Preliminary report of the M. D. Anderson Hospital/Texas A & M variable energy cyclotron fast-neutron therapy pilot study.", "content": "The records of 248 patients treated with fast neutrons and of 102 comparable but nonrandomized control patients treated conventionally with photons, surgery, or combined surgery and photon irradiation were reviewed. Fast neutron therapy included treatment with neutrons alone, a neutron boost after photon therapy, or a schedule of alternating neutron and photon treatments (mixed beam). The results with mixed beam irradiation were superior to those obtained with the other neutron therapy techniques, and compared favorably with the results of standard treatment methods. However, the lack of a conclusive advantage for neutron therapy in this pilot study illustrates the need for on-going randomized clinical trials.", "contents": "Preliminary report of the M. D. Anderson Hospital/Texas A & M variable energy cyclotron fast-neutron therapy pilot study. The records of 248 patients treated with fast neutrons and of 102 comparable but nonrandomized control patients treated conventionally with photons, surgery, or combined surgery and photon irradiation were reviewed. Fast neutron therapy included treatment with neutrons alone, a neutron boost after photon therapy, or a schedule of alternating neutron and photon treatments (mixed beam). The results with mixed beam irradiation were superior to those obtained with the other neutron therapy techniques, and compared favorably with the results of standard treatment methods. However, the lack of a conclusive advantage for neutron therapy in this pilot study illustrates the need for on-going randomized clinical trials.", "PMID": 106698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7325", "title": "Esophageal diverticula.", "content": "Congenital, neuromuscular and motor abnormalities of the pharynx, esophagus and diaphragm, coupled with intra- and extraluminal factors, play roles in the pathogenesis of esophageal diverticula. Principal presenting symptoms are regurgitation, obstruction, aspiration, pneumonitis and esophagitis. Cineradiography and manometry are useful methods of evaluation. Treatment, which may be simple excision or myotomy, does not correct the basic motor abnormality that is often associated with the diverticulum.", "contents": "Esophageal diverticula. Congenital, neuromuscular and motor abnormalities of the pharynx, esophagus and diaphragm, coupled with intra- and extraluminal factors, play roles in the pathogenesis of esophageal diverticula. Principal presenting symptoms are regurgitation, obstruction, aspiration, pneumonitis and esophagitis. Cineradiography and manometry are useful methods of evaluation. Treatment, which may be simple excision or myotomy, does not correct the basic motor abnormality that is often associated with the diverticulum.", "PMID": 106716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7326", "title": "Evaluation of a gonococcal serologic test.", "content": "The fluorescent gonorrhea test--heated (FGT-H), an indirect immunofluorescent method for detecting the presence of antigonococcal antibodies in serum, was evaluated in 1,000 women referred to a private clinic for the termination of pregnancy, 202 women treated at a municipal venereal disease clinic, and six women hospitalized with gonococcal bacteremia. The test was positive for 17.7% of private outpatients, even though gonococci were cultured from only 1.1% of these women, and another 5.1% had histories of gonococcal infection. Positive test results were found for 68.3% of the women in the venereal disease clinic population, in which the prevalence of gonococcal infection was 36.1% and an additional 25.2% had had gonorrhea previously. The test was positive for all six patients with gonococcemia. The sensitivity of the test in the low-risk population was 72.7%, which was not significantly different from the sensitivity of 84% in the high-risk population. Specificity of the test was 83% in low-risk patients, but only 41% in high-risk patients. These findings indicate that a negative test is a highly reliable means for excluding gonorrhea in populations of low-risk women. The predictive value of a positive test is low, ranging from 4.5% in the low-risk group to 45% in the high-risk group.", "contents": "Evaluation of a gonococcal serologic test. The fluorescent gonorrhea test--heated (FGT-H), an indirect immunofluorescent method for detecting the presence of antigonococcal antibodies in serum, was evaluated in 1,000 women referred to a private clinic for the termination of pregnancy, 202 women treated at a municipal venereal disease clinic, and six women hospitalized with gonococcal bacteremia. The test was positive for 17.7% of private outpatients, even though gonococci were cultured from only 1.1% of these women, and another 5.1% had histories of gonococcal infection. Positive test results were found for 68.3% of the women in the venereal disease clinic population, in which the prevalence of gonococcal infection was 36.1% and an additional 25.2% had had gonorrhea previously. The test was positive for all six patients with gonococcemia. The sensitivity of the test in the low-risk population was 72.7%, which was not significantly different from the sensitivity of 84% in the high-risk population. Specificity of the test was 83% in low-risk patients, but only 41% in high-risk patients. These findings indicate that a negative test is a highly reliable means for excluding gonorrhea in populations of low-risk women. The predictive value of a positive test is low, ranging from 4.5% in the low-risk group to 45% in the high-risk group.", "PMID": 106719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7327", "title": "Nonuniform distribution of occult blood in feces.", "content": "Inhibition of anti-Rh29 by erythrocytic stroma in feces was devised as a specific test for fecal occult blood. The sensitivity of this test was equivalent to that of a standard Hemoccult test, namely, 10(8) erythrocytes/g feces. Comparison of results of this test with results of Hemoccult tests of random stool specimens and of stools following ingestion of autologous blood revealed nonuniform distribution of occult blood in feces. The extent of nonuniformity was determined by testing samples of stool specimens following ingestion of 51Cr-labeled autologous blood. This allowed comparison of Hemoccult, inhibition of anti-Rh, and radioactivity, and showed that the three labels could separate in the feces and that some single small samples of feces could be relatively free of blood while blood was readily demonstrable in other portions. The variability of standard Hemoccult test was somewhat reduced by dispersing the feces in distilled water before performing the test.", "contents": "Nonuniform distribution of occult blood in feces. Inhibition of anti-Rh29 by erythrocytic stroma in feces was devised as a specific test for fecal occult blood. The sensitivity of this test was equivalent to that of a standard Hemoccult test, namely, 10(8) erythrocytes/g feces. Comparison of results of this test with results of Hemoccult tests of random stool specimens and of stools following ingestion of autologous blood revealed nonuniform distribution of occult blood in feces. The extent of nonuniformity was determined by testing samples of stool specimens following ingestion of 51Cr-labeled autologous blood. This allowed comparison of Hemoccult, inhibition of anti-Rh, and radioactivity, and showed that the three labels could separate in the feces and that some single small samples of feces could be relatively free of blood while blood was readily demonstrable in other portions. The variability of standard Hemoccult test was somewhat reduced by dispersing the feces in distilled water before performing the test.", "PMID": 106720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7328", "title": "Raised intracranial pressure: its management in Neisseria meningitidis meningoencephalitis.", "content": "Further reduction in morbidity and mortality from bacterial meningitis is unlikely to stem from innovations in antibiotic management. Emphasis must therefore be directed toward prevention, more rapid diagnosis, and improved therapy for maintaining the integrity of the CNS. Raised intracranial pressure is frequently associated with bacterial meningitis. In selected patients with bacterial meningitis and clinical evidence of elevated intracranial pressure, monitoring and aggressive treatment of this pressure could be crucial to survival.", "contents": "Raised intracranial pressure: its management in Neisseria meningitidis meningoencephalitis. Further reduction in morbidity and mortality from bacterial meningitis is unlikely to stem from innovations in antibiotic management. Emphasis must therefore be directed toward prevention, more rapid diagnosis, and improved therapy for maintaining the integrity of the CNS. Raised intracranial pressure is frequently associated with bacterial meningitis. In selected patients with bacterial meningitis and clinical evidence of elevated intracranial pressure, monitoring and aggressive treatment of this pressure could be crucial to survival.", "PMID": 106721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7329", "title": "Systemic group D streptococcal infection in newborn infants.", "content": "Thirteen cases of group D streptococcal neonatal sepsis and/or meningitis were identified at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital from 1970 to 1976. Ages at onset of disease ranged from 1 to 25 days. The most frequent symptoms were fever (five cases), lethargy (five cases), and respiratory difficulty (four cases). Blood cultures for seven infants were positive; CSF cultures for five infants were positive; and CSF and blood cultures for one infant were both positive. In 12 patients, parenteral antibiotic therapy consisted of a penicillin and an aminoglycoside. One infant with a severe meningomyelocele died. The other 12 infants showed a rapid clinical response with seven patients improving within 48 hours of the start of therapy. Infection with group D streptococcus results in a low-grade systemic disease in both full-term and premature infants that responds favorably to appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Systemic group D streptococcal infection in newborn infants. Thirteen cases of group D streptococcal neonatal sepsis and/or meningitis were identified at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital from 1970 to 1976. Ages at onset of disease ranged from 1 to 25 days. The most frequent symptoms were fever (five cases), lethargy (five cases), and respiratory difficulty (four cases). Blood cultures for seven infants were positive; CSF cultures for five infants were positive; and CSF and blood cultures for one infant were both positive. In 12 patients, parenteral antibiotic therapy consisted of a penicillin and an aminoglycoside. One infant with a severe meningomyelocele died. The other 12 infants showed a rapid clinical response with seven patients improving within 48 hours of the start of therapy. Infection with group D streptococcus results in a low-grade systemic disease in both full-term and premature infants that responds favorably to appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 106722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7330", "title": "Iduronate sulfatase analysis of hair roots for identification of Hunter syndrome heterozygotes.", "content": "Iduronate sulfatase, the enzyme deficient in Hunter syndrome, can be readily measured in individual hair roots. Samples from Hunter syndrome hemizygotes had activities at or near the limits of detection. Samples from two mothers of Hunter syndrome patients, one an obligate heterozygote, had lower average iduronate sulfatase activity than the normal mean, and a significant number of hair roots had activity in the pathognomic range. A third mother showed a normal distribution of enzyme activity, and no hair roots were in the range of those from an affected individual. These results are similar to studies on the distribution of other X-linked enzymes in individual hair root samples from heterozygotes. This suggests that hair root iduronate sulfatase assessment is useful in the detection of Hunter syndrome carrier status, but further refinement of the test system is necessary.", "contents": "Iduronate sulfatase analysis of hair roots for identification of Hunter syndrome heterozygotes. Iduronate sulfatase, the enzyme deficient in Hunter syndrome, can be readily measured in individual hair roots. Samples from Hunter syndrome hemizygotes had activities at or near the limits of detection. Samples from two mothers of Hunter syndrome patients, one an obligate heterozygote, had lower average iduronate sulfatase activity than the normal mean, and a significant number of hair roots had activity in the pathognomic range. A third mother showed a normal distribution of enzyme activity, and no hair roots were in the range of those from an affected individual. These results are similar to studies on the distribution of other X-linked enzymes in individual hair root samples from heterozygotes. This suggests that hair root iduronate sulfatase assessment is useful in the detection of Hunter syndrome carrier status, but further refinement of the test system is necessary.", "PMID": 106723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7331", "title": "Pericarditis due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium fortuitum: a case report.", "content": "In this case study, pericarditis results from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium fortuitum. Both organisms were isolated from three different clinical specimens: a pericardial fluid, pericardium, and a thoracentesis fluid. A mixed mycobacterial culture was initially suspected upon examining Ziehl-Neelsen stained smears prepared from the primary cultures following seven to ten days of incubation. Dilutions and subcultures were subsequently performed, confirming the presence of two different organisms.", "contents": "Pericarditis due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium fortuitum: a case report. In this case study, pericarditis results from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium fortuitum. Both organisms were isolated from three different clinical specimens: a pericardial fluid, pericardium, and a thoracentesis fluid. A mixed mycobacterial culture was initially suspected upon examining Ziehl-Neelsen stained smears prepared from the primary cultures following seven to ten days of incubation. Dilutions and subcultures were subsequently performed, confirming the presence of two different organisms.", "PMID": 106725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7332", "title": "C-reactive protein--a review.", "content": "C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein present in normal serum which increases significantly with tissue necrosis of inflammation. Presented in this review is a history of investigations of the protein, and its physical, immunological, and functional characteristics, as well as the various methods used for its detection and quantitation. The relationship of CRP to other acute-phase reactants is summarized with respect to its value in clinical diagnosis. The clinical application of CRP in detecting and monitoring post-surgical complications and in helping detect various disease states is also discussed.", "contents": "C-reactive protein--a review. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein present in normal serum which increases significantly with tissue necrosis of inflammation. Presented in this review is a history of investigations of the protein, and its physical, immunological, and functional characteristics, as well as the various methods used for its detection and quantitation. The relationship of CRP to other acute-phase reactants is summarized with respect to its value in clinical diagnosis. The clinical application of CRP in detecting and monitoring post-surgical complications and in helping detect various disease states is also discussed.", "PMID": 106726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7333", "title": "An in vitro model for the study of enzymatically mediated biomechanical changes in the chorioamniotic membranes.", "content": "The effects of different incubation media on the biomechanical properties of nine chorioamniotic membranes were studied. Significant alterations in strain/rupture, work/rupture, and rupture/tension values have been demonstrated after a 24 hour incubation period in pseudoamniotic fluid (PAF). These changes can be arrested if enzyme inhibitors are added to the incubation media. This study suggests that biomechanical alterations in the chorioamniotic membranes may be biomechanical, namely, enzymatically mediated.", "contents": "An in vitro model for the study of enzymatically mediated biomechanical changes in the chorioamniotic membranes. The effects of different incubation media on the biomechanical properties of nine chorioamniotic membranes were studied. Significant alterations in strain/rupture, work/rupture, and rupture/tension values have been demonstrated after a 24 hour incubation period in pseudoamniotic fluid (PAF). These changes can be arrested if enzyme inhibitors are added to the incubation media. This study suggests that biomechanical alterations in the chorioamniotic membranes may be biomechanical, namely, enzymatically mediated.", "PMID": 106729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7334", "title": "Betamethasone and the rhesus fetus: multisystemic effects.", "content": "In this controlled study of betamethasone administration to pregnant rhesus monkeys, using dosages per gram of fetal body weight similar to those reported in several human clinical studies, the most significant fetal pulmonary changes observed were increases in maximum lung volumes. The fact that comparable increases in peak volumes were demonstrated on saline filling supports our contention that these changes are related primarily to lung structural alterations rather than surfactant effects. Additional findings in the treated animals included reduced fetal head circumference, thymus weight, adrenal weight, placental weight, and maternal postoperative weight and increased fetal hepatic weight. Any of these glucocorticoid-induced changes could portend serious side effects. Further studies are needed to delineate the risk:benefit ratio of such treatment.", "contents": "Betamethasone and the rhesus fetus: multisystemic effects. In this controlled study of betamethasone administration to pregnant rhesus monkeys, using dosages per gram of fetal body weight similar to those reported in several human clinical studies, the most significant fetal pulmonary changes observed were increases in maximum lung volumes. The fact that comparable increases in peak volumes were demonstrated on saline filling supports our contention that these changes are related primarily to lung structural alterations rather than surfactant effects. Additional findings in the treated animals included reduced fetal head circumference, thymus weight, adrenal weight, placental weight, and maternal postoperative weight and increased fetal hepatic weight. Any of these glucocorticoid-induced changes could portend serious side effects. Further studies are needed to delineate the risk:benefit ratio of such treatment.", "PMID": 106730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7335", "title": "The Chediak-Higashi syndrome: quantitation of a deficiency in maximal bactericidal capacity.", "content": "The maximum bactericidal capacity of neutrophils from a patient with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) was measured by a quantitative assay in which the neutrophils were challenged with increasing multiples of Staphylococcus aureus, 502A. At various bacterial challenges from 0.5 to 65 bacteria per neutrophil, the CHS cells killed normal numbers of bacteria in 60 minutes. However, at higher ratios with a mean of 118 bacteria per neutrophil, the percentage of bacteria killed in 60 minutes by CHS neutrophils (8.1 +/- 2.3%) was significantly less (P < 0.001) than that killed by normal neutrophils (44 +/- 2.3%). The CHS neutrophils lagged in their ability to kill low challenges of bacteria (0.5 or 1.2 bacteria per neutrophil) only at 20 minutes. A hydrogen-peroxide-producing strain of Streptococcus faecalis was killed normally by the CHS neutrophils at 60 minutes, with all ratios of challenge up to 114 to 1. Electron microscopic examination of 60-minute specimens from high ratios of challenge that were stained for myeloperoxidase activity revealed a failure of many bacteria-laden phagosomes to display this marker of degranulation. The results of this study indicate that the maximal bactericidal capacity of CHS neutrophils is saturated by a significantly lower challenge of bacteria than is required to saturate normal cells. This appears to be the result of sequestration of a significant portion of these cells' bactericidal resources in the giant granules that do not participate appreciably in degranulation.", "contents": "The Chediak-Higashi syndrome: quantitation of a deficiency in maximal bactericidal capacity. The maximum bactericidal capacity of neutrophils from a patient with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) was measured by a quantitative assay in which the neutrophils were challenged with increasing multiples of Staphylococcus aureus, 502A. At various bacterial challenges from 0.5 to 65 bacteria per neutrophil, the CHS cells killed normal numbers of bacteria in 60 minutes. However, at higher ratios with a mean of 118 bacteria per neutrophil, the percentage of bacteria killed in 60 minutes by CHS neutrophils (8.1 +/- 2.3%) was significantly less (P < 0.001) than that killed by normal neutrophils (44 +/- 2.3%). The CHS neutrophils lagged in their ability to kill low challenges of bacteria (0.5 or 1.2 bacteria per neutrophil) only at 20 minutes. A hydrogen-peroxide-producing strain of Streptococcus faecalis was killed normally by the CHS neutrophils at 60 minutes, with all ratios of challenge up to 114 to 1. Electron microscopic examination of 60-minute specimens from high ratios of challenge that were stained for myeloperoxidase activity revealed a failure of many bacteria-laden phagosomes to display this marker of degranulation. The results of this study indicate that the maximal bactericidal capacity of CHS neutrophils is saturated by a significantly lower challenge of bacteria than is required to saturate normal cells. This appears to be the result of sequestration of a significant portion of these cells' bactericidal resources in the giant granules that do not participate appreciably in degranulation.", "PMID": 106731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7336", "title": "The treatment of Paget's bone disease with sodium ethidronate.", "content": "Of 58 patients with Paget's disease treated with disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) in doses of 20 and 10 mg/kg/day, a group of 20 patients with the oligostotic form of the disease showed a significantly greater incidence of complications, such as worsening of bone pains, when compared with a group of 38 patients with the polyostotic disease (P less than 0.05). The group of 32 patients that received 20 mg/kg/day showed a greater although not significant incidence of clinical complications than the group of 26 patients treated with 10 mg/kg/day. Bone biopsies performed in one polyostotic and three oligostotic cases who suffered episodes of bone pain worsening during treatment with 20 mg/kg/day disclosed a severe osteomalacia. Both groups treated with 20 and 10 mg/kg showed a highly significant decrease of urinary hydroxyproline (THP) excretion and of serum alkaline phosphatase (P less than 0.01) after two and six months of treatment although the trend comparison between doses was not significant. It is suggested that the dose of EHDP should be related to the extent of the disease.", "contents": "The treatment of Paget's bone disease with sodium ethidronate. Of 58 patients with Paget's disease treated with disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) in doses of 20 and 10 mg/kg/day, a group of 20 patients with the oligostotic form of the disease showed a significantly greater incidence of complications, such as worsening of bone pains, when compared with a group of 38 patients with the polyostotic disease (P less than 0.05). The group of 32 patients that received 20 mg/kg/day showed a greater although not significant incidence of clinical complications than the group of 26 patients treated with 10 mg/kg/day. Bone biopsies performed in one polyostotic and three oligostotic cases who suffered episodes of bone pain worsening during treatment with 20 mg/kg/day disclosed a severe osteomalacia. Both groups treated with 20 and 10 mg/kg showed a highly significant decrease of urinary hydroxyproline (THP) excretion and of serum alkaline phosphatase (P less than 0.01) after two and six months of treatment although the trend comparison between doses was not significant. It is suggested that the dose of EHDP should be related to the extent of the disease.", "PMID": 106728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7337", "title": "In vitro and in vivo production of chemotactic inhibitors by tumor cells.", "content": "The ascites fluid or peritoneal washings of DBA/2 mice bearing the P815 mastocytoma have been found to contain a chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) which inactivates the bacterial chemotactic factor as well as the chemotactic activity associated with the C3 and C5 fragments when assayed on rabbit neutrophils. The amount of CFI is proportional to the number of tumor cells in the peritoneal exudate. The inactivator is also found in tumor cell hemogenates as well as in culture fluid from tumor cells growing in vitro. The activity is heat-labile but is not affected by protease inhibitors. Its molecular weight is greater than 50,000 daltons, based on Sephadex chromatography and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation studies. In C57BL/6 mice, which reject the mastocytoma, CFI levels decrease in proportion to the decreasing numbers of tumor cells.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo production of chemotactic inhibitors by tumor cells. The ascites fluid or peritoneal washings of DBA/2 mice bearing the P815 mastocytoma have been found to contain a chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) which inactivates the bacterial chemotactic factor as well as the chemotactic activity associated with the C3 and C5 fragments when assayed on rabbit neutrophils. The amount of CFI is proportional to the number of tumor cells in the peritoneal exudate. The inactivator is also found in tumor cell hemogenates as well as in culture fluid from tumor cells growing in vitro. The activity is heat-labile but is not affected by protease inhibitors. Its molecular weight is greater than 50,000 daltons, based on Sephadex chromatography and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation studies. In C57BL/6 mice, which reject the mastocytoma, CFI levels decrease in proportion to the decreasing numbers of tumor cells.", "PMID": 106732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7338", "title": "Thyroid hormone-aldosterone interaction on Na+ transport in toad bladder.", "content": "Repeated administration of thyroxine (T4) in vivo (2 microgram/100 g body wt for 6 days) lowered by 2.3 times (P less than 0.025, df = 18) the basal rate of Na+ transport measured by the short-circuit current (SCC) in vitro in the urinary bladder of the toad (Bufo marinus). This difference was not accounted for by a change in the plasma aldosterone concentration. Moreover the response of the SCC to aldosterone in vitro was markedly inhibited in bladders from T4-treated animals (P less than 0.001, df = 18). These findings raised the possibility of a direct interaction between thyroid hormone and aldosterone in the target cell. The effects of L-triiodothyronine (T3) and aldosterone were examined in vitro. T3 alone (60 nM) had no significant effect on the base-line SCC (deltamuA = -14 +/- 11 (SE) muA per hemibladder; P greater than 0.3, n = 10). By contrast, T3 (60 nM) inhibited the response of the SCC to aldosterone from 6 to 8 h after its addition (deltamuA = -98 +/- 19 muA per hemibladder; P less than 0.001, n = 10). The inhibition by T3 was present at 6 nM (P less than 0.01, n = 10) and became not significant at 0.6 nM. T3 had no significant effect on base-line or aldosterone-stimulated H+ transport. Thyroid hormone might therefore regulate the late response of the SCC to aldosterone at the level of its target cell.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone-aldosterone interaction on Na+ transport in toad bladder. Repeated administration of thyroxine (T4) in vivo (2 microgram/100 g body wt for 6 days) lowered by 2.3 times (P less than 0.025, df = 18) the basal rate of Na+ transport measured by the short-circuit current (SCC) in vitro in the urinary bladder of the toad (Bufo marinus). This difference was not accounted for by a change in the plasma aldosterone concentration. Moreover the response of the SCC to aldosterone in vitro was markedly inhibited in bladders from T4-treated animals (P less than 0.001, df = 18). These findings raised the possibility of a direct interaction between thyroid hormone and aldosterone in the target cell. The effects of L-triiodothyronine (T3) and aldosterone were examined in vitro. T3 alone (60 nM) had no significant effect on the base-line SCC (deltamuA = -14 +/- 11 (SE) muA per hemibladder; P greater than 0.3, n = 10). By contrast, T3 (60 nM) inhibited the response of the SCC to aldosterone from 6 to 8 h after its addition (deltamuA = -98 +/- 19 muA per hemibladder; P less than 0.001, n = 10). The inhibition by T3 was present at 6 nM (P less than 0.01, n = 10) and became not significant at 0.6 nM. T3 had no significant effect on base-line or aldosterone-stimulated H+ transport. Thyroid hormone might therefore regulate the late response of the SCC to aldosterone at the level of its target cell.", "PMID": 106733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7339", "title": "Circadian control of thermoregulation in the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus.", "content": "The characteristics and control of the circadian rhythms of core body temperature (colonic) and skin temperature (tail) were studied in chair-acclimatized squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). When animals were entrained to a light-dark cycle (12 h 600 lx; 12 h less than 1 lx) these two temperatures displayed prominent, reproducible, tightly coupled circadian rhythms. In contsant light of 600 lx, where no other effective circadian time cues were present, both temperature rhythms persisted with free-running periods. Within each animal, however, these rhythms were not as tightly coupled to one another as in LD. On occasion colonic and tail temperature rhythms free-ran with different circadian periods and some animals demonstrated \"splitting\" of the colonic temperature rhythm, with the colonic temperature rhythm displaying a bimodal pattern. These results suggest that the circadian rhythm of body temperature in primates is under the control of more than one potentially independent circadian oscillator.", "contents": "Circadian control of thermoregulation in the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus. The characteristics and control of the circadian rhythms of core body temperature (colonic) and skin temperature (tail) were studied in chair-acclimatized squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). When animals were entrained to a light-dark cycle (12 h 600 lx; 12 h less than 1 lx) these two temperatures displayed prominent, reproducible, tightly coupled circadian rhythms. In contsant light of 600 lx, where no other effective circadian time cues were present, both temperature rhythms persisted with free-running periods. Within each animal, however, these rhythms were not as tightly coupled to one another as in LD. On occasion colonic and tail temperature rhythms free-ran with different circadian periods and some animals demonstrated \"splitting\" of the colonic temperature rhythm, with the colonic temperature rhythm displaying a bimodal pattern. These results suggest that the circadian rhythm of body temperature in primates is under the control of more than one potentially independent circadian oscillator.", "PMID": 106737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7340", "title": "Adult mental health services in a health maintenance organization.", "content": "The authors describe an adult mental health service within a health maintenance organization and present information on the department's setting, staffing patterns, programs, and philosophy. They believe that the emphasis on brief focal psychotherapy, the staff of mental health care providers who are committed to this type of setting, and the thorough integration of the program into the larger HMO system all contribute to the provision of high-quality services at a reasonable cost.", "contents": "Adult mental health services in a health maintenance organization. The authors describe an adult mental health service within a health maintenance organization and present information on the department's setting, staffing patterns, programs, and philosophy. They believe that the emphasis on brief focal psychotherapy, the staff of mental health care providers who are committed to this type of setting, and the thorough integration of the program into the larger HMO system all contribute to the provision of high-quality services at a reasonable cost.", "PMID": 106738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7341", "title": "A behavioral program for the treatment of chronic patients.", "content": "The authors report the development of a short-term behavioral therapy program for chronically hospitalized schizophrenic patients who had responded only minimally in a therapeutic community. The basic program was a token economy, which concentrated on personal care activities, productive activities, and leisure activities, combined with drug treatment. During the first 9 months of the program 105 patients were admitted and 79 were discharged--24 to nursing or group homes and 47 to their own home or family. At 1-year follow-up 62 patients were still in the community without any readmissions. The findings that a token economy can be effective with chronic patients at comparatively little additional expense has broad implications for custodial care facilities with limited resources.", "contents": "A behavioral program for the treatment of chronic patients. The authors report the development of a short-term behavioral therapy program for chronically hospitalized schizophrenic patients who had responded only minimally in a therapeutic community. The basic program was a token economy, which concentrated on personal care activities, productive activities, and leisure activities, combined with drug treatment. During the first 9 months of the program 105 patients were admitted and 79 were discharged--24 to nursing or group homes and 47 to their own home or family. At 1-year follow-up 62 patients were still in the community without any readmissions. The findings that a token economy can be effective with chronic patients at comparatively little additional expense has broad implications for custodial care facilities with limited resources.", "PMID": 106739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7342", "title": "Evaluation of the results of external choledochoduodenostomy for retained, recurrent, or primary common duct stones.", "content": "Twenty-five patients were treated for retained, recurrent, or primary common duct stones by permanent drainage of the biliary tract with external choledochoduodenostomy. Twenty-one patients had common duct stones which became evident two to fifty years after the initial biliary tract procedure and which may represent stones formed in the common duct. Three recent patients had a clinical history of primary common duct stones, had stones which were soluble in chloroform-methanol solution, and had hepatic bile which was lithogenic as determined by evaluating the molar percentage of cholesterol, phospholipid, and bile salt in bile samples obtained at the time of choledochoduodenostomy. These data suggest that further stone formation is possible and that permanent bypass of the sphincter of Oddi is indicated to prevent recurrent bile duct obstruction. Long-term evaluation of the results of external choledochoduodenostomy indicates that the procedure is safe and effective in the prevention of recurrent biliary tract calculi.", "contents": "Evaluation of the results of external choledochoduodenostomy for retained, recurrent, or primary common duct stones. Twenty-five patients were treated for retained, recurrent, or primary common duct stones by permanent drainage of the biliary tract with external choledochoduodenostomy. Twenty-one patients had common duct stones which became evident two to fifty years after the initial biliary tract procedure and which may represent stones formed in the common duct. Three recent patients had a clinical history of primary common duct stones, had stones which were soluble in chloroform-methanol solution, and had hepatic bile which was lithogenic as determined by evaluating the molar percentage of cholesterol, phospholipid, and bile salt in bile samples obtained at the time of choledochoduodenostomy. These data suggest that further stone formation is possible and that permanent bypass of the sphincter of Oddi is indicated to prevent recurrent bile duct obstruction. Long-term evaluation of the results of external choledochoduodenostomy indicates that the procedure is safe and effective in the prevention of recurrent biliary tract calculi.", "PMID": 106740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7343", "title": "The conservative management of anorectal cancer by radiotherapy.", "content": "Thirteen patients with an anal or rectal carcinoma were given curative radiotherapy. Four had medically inoperable tumors, one had a surgically inoperable tumor and eight refused abdominoperineal resection. Six patients received external radiotherapy only. Seven patients received external radiotherapy and an interstitial implant. Nine of thirteen patients (60 per cent) are alive without evidence of disease from fifteen to fifty-five months (average, 30 months). Six of seven patients who received external radiotherapy combined with an interstitial implant were controlled locally, whereas three of six patients who received external radiotherapy only were controlled. Patients who underwent total excision and/or fulguration prior to irradiation had better local control than those who underwent either biopsy only or a subtotal excision. This treatment method may be offered as an alternative to abdominoperineal resection in patients who are medically unfit or who refuse surgery.", "contents": "The conservative management of anorectal cancer by radiotherapy. Thirteen patients with an anal or rectal carcinoma were given curative radiotherapy. Four had medically inoperable tumors, one had a surgically inoperable tumor and eight refused abdominoperineal resection. Six patients received external radiotherapy only. Seven patients received external radiotherapy and an interstitial implant. Nine of thirteen patients (60 per cent) are alive without evidence of disease from fifteen to fifty-five months (average, 30 months). Six of seven patients who received external radiotherapy combined with an interstitial implant were controlled locally, whereas three of six patients who received external radiotherapy only were controlled. Patients who underwent total excision and/or fulguration prior to irradiation had better local control than those who underwent either biopsy only or a subtotal excision. This treatment method may be offered as an alternative to abdominoperineal resection in patients who are medically unfit or who refuse surgery.", "PMID": 106741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7344", "title": "[Aqueous-and serum levels of cephalexin and penicillin V after oral application in man (author's transl)].", "content": "This clinical study implies orally administered cephalexin and penicillin V as agents with effective aqueous homor penetration in noninfected human eyes. Aqueous humor concentration of cephalexin increases up to 15% of the serum level 2 h after application. Administration of 1 g or 2 g cephalexin revealed no significant difference in aqueous humor concentration.  So penetration of blood-aqueous-humor barrier can be regarded as a saturation process. Individual results of 92 cephalexin determinations are variant and not related to body weight or age of the patients.", "contents": "[Aqueous-and serum levels of cephalexin and penicillin V after oral application in man (author's transl)]. This clinical study implies orally administered cephalexin and penicillin V as agents with effective aqueous homor penetration in noninfected human eyes. Aqueous humor concentration of cephalexin increases up to 15% of the serum level 2 h after application. Administration of 1 g or 2 g cephalexin revealed no significant difference in aqueous humor concentration.  So penetration of blood-aqueous-humor barrier can be regarded as a saturation process. Individual results of 92 cephalexin determinations are variant and not related to body weight or age of the patients.", "PMID": 106743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7345", "title": "Linear arrays of intramembrane particles on microvilli in primate large intestine.", "content": "Distinctive linear arrays of intramembrane particles were present in microvillar membranes of approximately 5% of surface columnar cells observed in freeze-fracture replicas of monkey colon and human rectum. On these cells, longitudinally-oriented rows of P face particles and corresponding E face grooves appeared on all exposed microvilli. The constituent particles varied from round (8-9 nm in diameter) to rod-shaped (18 nm long). Microvilli of the great majority of columnar cells displayed randomly distributed P face particles similar to those previously observed in small and large intestine of birds and small mammals. The significance of the linear arrays is not known. It is postulated that they may represent protein assemblies which are specific to a functionally-distinct subpopulation of primate intestinal columnar cells.", "contents": "Linear arrays of intramembrane particles on microvilli in primate large intestine. Distinctive linear arrays of intramembrane particles were present in microvillar membranes of approximately 5% of surface columnar cells observed in freeze-fracture replicas of monkey colon and human rectum. On these cells, longitudinally-oriented rows of P face particles and corresponding E face grooves appeared on all exposed microvilli. The constituent particles varied from round (8-9 nm in diameter) to rod-shaped (18 nm long). Microvilli of the great majority of columnar cells displayed randomly distributed P face particles similar to those previously observed in small and large intestine of birds and small mammals. The significance of the linear arrays is not known. It is postulated that they may represent protein assemblies which are specific to a functionally-distinct subpopulation of primate intestinal columnar cells.", "PMID": 106744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7346", "title": "Oral cromoglycate: its value in the treatment of adverse reactions to foods.", "content": "Thirty-two patients who reacted adversely to foods were given oral cromoglycate and placebo separately for two periods of seven days each. Adverse reactions were prevented by cromoglycate alone in 24. The symptoms responding to cromoglycate affected not only the gastrointestinal tract but also the skeletal, vascular and nervous systems.", "contents": "Oral cromoglycate: its value in the treatment of adverse reactions to foods. Thirty-two patients who reacted adversely to foods were given oral cromoglycate and placebo separately for two periods of seven days each. Adverse reactions were prevented by cromoglycate alone in 24. The symptoms responding to cromoglycate affected not only the gastrointestinal tract but also the skeletal, vascular and nervous systems.", "PMID": 106746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7347", "title": "Treatment of perennial rhinitis with flunisolide corticosteroid spray.", "content": "Flunisolide nasal spray was compared to its propylene and polyethylene glycol vehicle in a randomized double-blind study of 20 adult patients with perennial rhinitis. After a two-week baseline period patients received either active flunisolide 50 microgram q.i.d. or placebo for four weeks. Laboratory studies included serum 8 a.m. cortisols, nasal air-flow measurements and nasal smears for eosinophils and fungi. Patients kept daily symptom diaries. There was no difference between active and placebo groups for sneezing, runny nose or nose blowing. Although post-nasal drip showed the greatest improvement in the active group, there was a trend for improvement in both groups. By the second week the percentage of eosinophils on nasal smear significantly decreased in both groups. Nasal air-flow measurements also showed improvement in both active and placebo groups. There was no change in serum cortisol levels compared to baseline. Side effects were similar in both active and placebo groups. Although no positive fungal cultures were obtained during the double-blind study. Candida was cultured during the long-term program in one patient.", "contents": "Treatment of perennial rhinitis with flunisolide corticosteroid spray. Flunisolide nasal spray was compared to its propylene and polyethylene glycol vehicle in a randomized double-blind study of 20 adult patients with perennial rhinitis. After a two-week baseline period patients received either active flunisolide 50 microgram q.i.d. or placebo for four weeks. Laboratory studies included serum 8 a.m. cortisols, nasal air-flow measurements and nasal smears for eosinophils and fungi. Patients kept daily symptom diaries. There was no difference between active and placebo groups for sneezing, runny nose or nose blowing. Although post-nasal drip showed the greatest improvement in the active group, there was a trend for improvement in both groups. By the second week the percentage of eosinophils on nasal smear significantly decreased in both groups. Nasal air-flow measurements also showed improvement in both active and placebo groups. There was no change in serum cortisol levels compared to baseline. Side effects were similar in both active and placebo groups. Although no positive fungal cultures were obtained during the double-blind study. Candida was cultured during the long-term program in one patient.", "PMID": 106747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7348", "title": "[Therapeutic guides in hypertonic dehydration (author's transl)].", "content": "Physiopathology of hypertonic dehydration is revised. The bases of treatment are discussed; they are based on: 1. Basal requirements of fluids. 2. Slow correction of deficit. 3. Replacement of maintaining losses. Total fluids support will carry to rehydration in 2 or 3 days. In the most severe cases peritoneal dialysis is associated. The indications, technique and realization of peritoneal dialysis during hypertonic dehydration are discussed.", "contents": "[Therapeutic guides in hypertonic dehydration (author's transl)]. Physiopathology of hypertonic dehydration is revised. The bases of treatment are discussed; they are based on: 1. Basal requirements of fluids. 2. Slow correction of deficit. 3. Replacement of maintaining losses. Total fluids support will carry to rehydration in 2 or 3 days. In the most severe cases peritoneal dialysis is associated. The indications, technique and realization of peritoneal dialysis during hypertonic dehydration are discussed.", "PMID": 106750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7349", "title": "Thyroid function studies in the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Total serum and urinary thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) as well as serum free T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and T3 resin uptake (T3RU) were measured in seven patients with the nephrotic syndrome. The nephrotic syndrome was defined by proteinuria exceeding 3 g/24 h. All patients were clinically euthyroid. Most values for total serum T4, free T4, T3, T3RU, TBG, and TSH were within normal limits. However, the mean serum T3 and TBG values were significantly lower in patients compared with the control group. The values (mean +/- 2 SD) for urinary T4 were 24.3 +/- 20.3 in the patient group and 1.5 +/- 0.7 microgram/24 h in the control group. Urinary T3 values for patients and the control group were 2100 +/- 856 and 848 +/- 253 ng/24 h respectively. Urinary TBG was 2.1 +/- 1.8 mg/24 h in the patients and undetectable in the control group. There was no correlation between daily urinary T3 and T4 and urinary TBG. There was a weak correlation between daily urinary protein excretion and urinary T4 (r = 0.5).", "contents": "Thyroid function studies in the nephrotic syndrome. Total serum and urinary thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) as well as serum free T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and T3 resin uptake (T3RU) were measured in seven patients with the nephrotic syndrome. The nephrotic syndrome was defined by proteinuria exceeding 3 g/24 h. All patients were clinically euthyroid. Most values for total serum T4, free T4, T3, T3RU, TBG, and TSH were within normal limits. However, the mean serum T3 and TBG values were significantly lower in patients compared with the control group. The values (mean +/- 2 SD) for urinary T4 were 24.3 +/- 20.3 in the patient group and 1.5 +/- 0.7 microgram/24 h in the control group. Urinary T3 values for patients and the control group were 2100 +/- 856 and 848 +/- 253 ng/24 h respectively. Urinary TBG was 2.1 +/- 1.8 mg/24 h in the patients and undetectable in the control group. There was no correlation between daily urinary T3 and T4 and urinary TBG. There was a weak correlation between daily urinary protein excretion and urinary T4 (r = 0.5).", "PMID": 106751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7350", "title": "Morphological and cytochemical study of Chlamydia with EDTA regressive technique and Gautier staining in ultrathin frozen sections of infected cell cultures: a comparison with embedded material.", "content": "The cryo-ultramicrotomy technique was applied to study the ultrastructure of Chlamydia using two strains: one of C. psittaci and one of C. trachomatis. It clearly appeared that in both strains reticulate bodies show a high degree of plasticity, contrasting with the rigid spherical appearance of elementary bodies. Ultrastructural cytochemical study shows DNA fibrils dispersed throughout the cytoplasm in reticulate bodies whereas DNA is condensed in a nucleoid in elementary and intermediate bodies. The EDTA regressive technique reveals ribonucleoproteins in reticulate and elementary bodies of both studied strains.", "contents": "Morphological and cytochemical study of Chlamydia with EDTA regressive technique and Gautier staining in ultrathin frozen sections of infected cell cultures: a comparison with embedded material. The cryo-ultramicrotomy technique was applied to study the ultrastructure of Chlamydia using two strains: one of C. psittaci and one of C. trachomatis. It clearly appeared that in both strains reticulate bodies show a high degree of plasticity, contrasting with the rigid spherical appearance of elementary bodies. Ultrastructural cytochemical study shows DNA fibrils dispersed throughout the cytoplasm in reticulate bodies whereas DNA is condensed in a nucleoid in elementary and intermediate bodies. The EDTA regressive technique reveals ribonucleoproteins in reticulate and elementary bodies of both studied strains.", "PMID": 106752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7351", "title": "Ultrastructure and development of an exosporium-like outer spore envelope in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "An exosporium-like outermost envelope is occasionally observed in thin sections of Bacillus subtilis spores. Treatment of the mature spores with urea and mercaptoethanol (sometimes completed by sodium dodecyl sulfate) or with NaOH, disorganizes and partially solubilizes the outer spore coat. This treatment permits a clear visualization of the exosporium in all spores of several B. subtilis strains. Exosporium appears either as a single sheet, 8-9 nm thick, or with a triple-layered unit membrane-like profile. Frequently it exhibits a crystal-like periodic pattern. The exosporium primordium appears first at stage IV, and its development is apparently independent of the formation of the cortex and of the spore coats. No morphological relationship was found between the outer forespore membrane and the exosporium.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and development of an exosporium-like outer spore envelope in Bacillus subtilis. An exosporium-like outermost envelope is occasionally observed in thin sections of Bacillus subtilis spores. Treatment of the mature spores with urea and mercaptoethanol (sometimes completed by sodium dodecyl sulfate) or with NaOH, disorganizes and partially solubilizes the outer spore coat. This treatment permits a clear visualization of the exosporium in all spores of several B. subtilis strains. Exosporium appears either as a single sheet, 8-9 nm thick, or with a triple-layered unit membrane-like profile. Frequently it exhibits a crystal-like periodic pattern. The exosporium primordium appears first at stage IV, and its development is apparently independent of the formation of the cortex and of the spore coats. No morphological relationship was found between the outer forespore membrane and the exosporium.", "PMID": 106753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7352", "title": "Ultrastructural effects of chemical agents and moist heat on Bacillus subtilis. I--Effects on vegetative cells.", "content": "The ultrastructural alterations induced by treatment of vegetative Bacillus subtilis cells with organic solvents, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and moist heat were examined by electron microscopy. Organic solvents disorganize the membrane and change the asymmetric unit membrane profile to a symmetric profile. They also lead to partial solubilization of the membrane and produce small or extensive gaps. Membrane damaging activity increases in the following order: xylene = toluene less than octanol less than choroform. TCA coagulates the cytoplasm which shows large, electron-dense, pronase-sensitive blocks. Moist heat alters both the membrane and the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Ultrastructural effects of chemical agents and moist heat on Bacillus subtilis. I--Effects on vegetative cells. The ultrastructural alterations induced by treatment of vegetative Bacillus subtilis cells with organic solvents, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and moist heat were examined by electron microscopy. Organic solvents disorganize the membrane and change the asymmetric unit membrane profile to a symmetric profile. They also lead to partial solubilization of the membrane and produce small or extensive gaps. Membrane damaging activity increases in the following order: xylene = toluene less than octanol less than choroform. TCA coagulates the cytoplasm which shows large, electron-dense, pronase-sensitive blocks. Moist heat alters both the membrane and the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 106754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7353", "title": "Ultrastructural effects of the chemical agents and moist heat on bacillus subtilis. II.--Effects on sporulating cells.", "content": "When sporulating cells are treated with the organic solvents (xylene, toluene, octanol and chloroform), with TCA or with moist heat (10 min at 80 degree C), the sporangial cells exhibit the same ultrastructural changes as do the vegetative cells. The forespores undergo similar changes after early but not after late treatment. Resistance toward the killing effect and toward ultrastructural alterations appear in the same order. One could correlate the appearance of resistances with precise ultrastructural events as follows:--xylene resistance: cortex formation (stage IV);--resistance to toluene, octanol and chloroform: coat development and cortex maturation (respectively early, middle and late stage V);--TCA and heat resistance: spore maturation (stage VI). The possible mechanisms of the chemical resistances are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural effects of the chemical agents and moist heat on bacillus subtilis. II.--Effects on sporulating cells. When sporulating cells are treated with the organic solvents (xylene, toluene, octanol and chloroform), with TCA or with moist heat (10 min at 80 degree C), the sporangial cells exhibit the same ultrastructural changes as do the vegetative cells. The forespores undergo similar changes after early but not after late treatment. Resistance toward the killing effect and toward ultrastructural alterations appear in the same order. One could correlate the appearance of resistances with precise ultrastructural events as follows:--xylene resistance: cortex formation (stage IV);--resistance to toluene, octanol and chloroform: coat development and cortex maturation (respectively early, middle and late stage V);--TCA and heat resistance: spore maturation (stage VI). The possible mechanisms of the chemical resistances are discussed.", "PMID": 106755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7354", "title": "Immunochemical studies on a Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 lipopolysaccharide cross-reacting with Brucella abortus and Vibrio cholerae extracts.", "content": "The presence of two distinct lipopolysaccharides in Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 is described: one isolated from the aqueous phase and one from the phenol phase (Westphal system). The sugar moiety of the phenol phase lipopolysaccharide has been identified as being responsible for the serologic cross-reaction of Y. enterocolitica O:9, Brucella abortus and Vibrio cholerae. The phenol phase antigen consists of glucose, galactose, glucosamine, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, heptose, lipid A and a protein moiety. Haemagglutination experiments revealed two different structures: one that readily coats erythrocytes and another that requires alkali treatment. The former may be separated by repeated adsorptions on erythrocytes. Serologically, the two structures behave like a single antigen. The action of normal rabbit serum on the erythrocyte-containg capacity of the two structures was studied.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on a Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 lipopolysaccharide cross-reacting with Brucella abortus and Vibrio cholerae extracts. The presence of two distinct lipopolysaccharides in Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 is described: one isolated from the aqueous phase and one from the phenol phase (Westphal system). The sugar moiety of the phenol phase lipopolysaccharide has been identified as being responsible for the serologic cross-reaction of Y. enterocolitica O:9, Brucella abortus and Vibrio cholerae. The phenol phase antigen consists of glucose, galactose, glucosamine, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, heptose, lipid A and a protein moiety. Haemagglutination experiments revealed two different structures: one that readily coats erythrocytes and another that requires alkali treatment. The former may be separated by repeated adsorptions on erythrocytes. Serologically, the two structures behave like a single antigen. The action of normal rabbit serum on the erythrocyte-containg capacity of the two structures was studied.", "PMID": 106756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7355", "title": "Isolation and properties of bovine colostral trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "The trypsin inhibitor of bovine colostrum was isolated by affinity chromatography, and impurities removed by trichloroacetic acid precipitation. The inhibitor showed electrophoretic microheterogeneity which was not due to sialic acid content. It inhibited bovine and rat trypsin, showed weak inhibition of bovine chymotrypsin and was inactive against rat chymotrypsin and bovine renin, kallikrein, thrombin and trypsinogen. The dynamics of secretion of the inhibitor in the first 8 milkings post-partum were very similar to those of colostral immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of bovine colostral trypsin inhibitor. The trypsin inhibitor of bovine colostrum was isolated by affinity chromatography, and impurities removed by trichloroacetic acid precipitation. The inhibitor showed electrophoretic microheterogeneity which was not due to sialic acid content. It inhibited bovine and rat trypsin, showed weak inhibition of bovine chymotrypsin and was inactive against rat chymotrypsin and bovine renin, kallikrein, thrombin and trypsinogen. The dynamics of secretion of the inhibitor in the first 8 milkings post-partum were very similar to those of colostral immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 106761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7356", "title": "A study of the macro and micro immunoglobulins to Brucella abortus and their transfer from cow to calf via the colostrum.", "content": "Samples of adult bovine serum, colostrum, the serum of unsuckled and suckled calves were subjected to gel filtration through Sephadex G 200. All samples (except those of unsuckled calves) contained antibodies to Brucella abortus. Four phases were recorded in normal adult serum corresponding to IgM, IgG, Albumin and a fourth phase of smaller nitrogen-containing molecules. In colostrum phase 2 was relatively large and phase 3 was absent indicating absence of albumin. In the serum of the unsuckled calves phase 2 was absent, indicating a virtual absence of IgG. Agglutinins and Complement fixing antibodies were found in the fractions of both phase 1 and phase 2. Incomplete antibodies occurred only in phase 2, which suggested that they occurred only as 7S molecules. By immunising pregnant heifers shortly before calving with formalin Killed Strain 19 vaccine, it was found that serum IgM may be secreted in colostrum and in this manner transferred to the calf on suckling. It is considered that the immunoglobulins of importance in protecting the young calf from Br. abortus, and also in neutralising Strain 19 vaccination, are of the IgG incomplete (7S) class. These antibodies appear to be less heat-labile than 7S agglutinins.", "contents": "A study of the macro and micro immunoglobulins to Brucella abortus and their transfer from cow to calf via the colostrum. Samples of adult bovine serum, colostrum, the serum of unsuckled and suckled calves were subjected to gel filtration through Sephadex G 200. All samples (except those of unsuckled calves) contained antibodies to Brucella abortus. Four phases were recorded in normal adult serum corresponding to IgM, IgG, Albumin and a fourth phase of smaller nitrogen-containing molecules. In colostrum phase 2 was relatively large and phase 3 was absent indicating absence of albumin. In the serum of the unsuckled calves phase 2 was absent, indicating a virtual absence of IgG. Agglutinins and Complement fixing antibodies were found in the fractions of both phase 1 and phase 2. Incomplete antibodies occurred only in phase 2, which suggested that they occurred only as 7S molecules. By immunising pregnant heifers shortly before calving with formalin Killed Strain 19 vaccine, it was found that serum IgM may be secreted in colostrum and in this manner transferred to the calf on suckling. It is considered that the immunoglobulins of importance in protecting the young calf from Br. abortus, and also in neutralising Strain 19 vaccination, are of the IgG incomplete (7S) class. These antibodies appear to be less heat-labile than 7S agglutinins.", "PMID": 106762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7357", "title": "Dilation of the eustachian tube by electrical stimulation of the mandibular nerve.", "content": "The recent studies of the anatomy of the eustachian tube and related structures in the Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) have shown that the monkey tubal system is similar to the human. This investigation in Rhesus monkeys was an attempt to verify previous studies in other animals that the tensor veli palatini muscle was the only dilator of the eustachian tube. Two unipolar stimulating electrodes were introduced into the foramen ovale, and the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve was electrically stimulated. Simultaneously, pressure-flow recordings through the eustachian tube were monitored. Stimulus-response relationships were obtained for five Rhesus monkeys. The degree of tubal dilation by the tensor veli palatini muscle contraction was shown to be a function of stimulating current levels. Artifically induced dilations were quite similar to the physiological dilations during swallowing when these animals were tested alert. Following complete transection of the tensor muscle, regardless of the stimulus level, no tubal dilations were observed. Stimulation of the nerve to the internal pterygoid and stimulation of the levator veli palatini muscle induced only constrictions of the tube. The tensor veli palatini muscle is the only paratubal muscle responsible for active dilation of the eustachian tube in the Rhesus monkey, and its motor innervation is the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.", "contents": "Dilation of the eustachian tube by electrical stimulation of the mandibular nerve. The recent studies of the anatomy of the eustachian tube and related structures in the Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) have shown that the monkey tubal system is similar to the human. This investigation in Rhesus monkeys was an attempt to verify previous studies in other animals that the tensor veli palatini muscle was the only dilator of the eustachian tube. Two unipolar stimulating electrodes were introduced into the foramen ovale, and the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve was electrically stimulated. Simultaneously, pressure-flow recordings through the eustachian tube were monitored. Stimulus-response relationships were obtained for five Rhesus monkeys. The degree of tubal dilation by the tensor veli palatini muscle contraction was shown to be a function of stimulating current levels. Artifically induced dilations were quite similar to the physiological dilations during swallowing when these animals were tested alert. Following complete transection of the tensor muscle, regardless of the stimulus level, no tubal dilations were observed. Stimulation of the nerve to the internal pterygoid and stimulation of the levator veli palatini muscle induced only constrictions of the tube. The tensor veli palatini muscle is the only paratubal muscle responsible for active dilation of the eustachian tube in the Rhesus monkey, and its motor innervation is the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.", "PMID": 106759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7358", "title": "Monocular nystagmic responses to caloric stimulation.", "content": "Twenty-five normal subjects and 173 clinical patients received standard bithermal caloric testing. Vestibular nystagmus was evaluated for cumulative slow phase velocity from the summated horizontal eye recording and independent recording of the left and right eye. These data revealed that cold water stimulation produced more intense activation of the ipsilateral eye. Simultaneous closed-circuit video and D.C. electro-oculographic recordings from eight normal rhesus monkeys in response to cold water irrigations confirmed the fact that this stimulus leads to differential activation of the extraocular muscles. A possible explanation for this finding is discussed.", "contents": "Monocular nystagmic responses to caloric stimulation. Twenty-five normal subjects and 173 clinical patients received standard bithermal caloric testing. Vestibular nystagmus was evaluated for cumulative slow phase velocity from the summated horizontal eye recording and independent recording of the left and right eye. These data revealed that cold water stimulation produced more intense activation of the ipsilateral eye. Simultaneous closed-circuit video and D.C. electro-oculographic recordings from eight normal rhesus monkeys in response to cold water irrigations confirmed the fact that this stimulus leads to differential activation of the extraocular muscles. A possible explanation for this finding is discussed.", "PMID": 106760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7359", "title": "Further studies on the circulating M antigen in human and experimental Schistosoma mansoni infections.", "content": "Circulating M antigen, previously described in urine from patients infected by Schistosoma mansoni, was shown in serum from infected patients, using human anti-M immune serum with immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic analyses. This antigen was also shown to be present in the serum and urine from infected hamsters, in the urine from infected rabbits and in the serum from infected mice. Generally, it appeared on day 20 after infection. M antigen was specific for the genus Schistosoma and for the immature and adult worm stage. Its electrophoretic migration was cathodic. The molecular weight of urinary M antigen was around 45,000 daltons. The M antigen was thermostable, soluble in trichloroacetic acid, and contained no lipid component. It was hydrolyzed by protease, ribonuclease, amylase or neuraminidase, but was destroyed by sodium metaperiodate. All these properties betoken the polysaccharidic nature of M antigen.", "contents": "Further studies on the circulating M antigen in human and experimental Schistosoma mansoni infections. Circulating M antigen, previously described in urine from patients infected by Schistosoma mansoni, was shown in serum from infected patients, using human anti-M immune serum with immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic analyses. This antigen was also shown to be present in the serum and urine from infected hamsters, in the urine from infected rabbits and in the serum from infected mice. Generally, it appeared on day 20 after infection. M antigen was specific for the genus Schistosoma and for the immature and adult worm stage. Its electrophoretic migration was cathodic. The molecular weight of urinary M antigen was around 45,000 daltons. The M antigen was thermostable, soluble in trichloroacetic acid, and contained no lipid component. It was hydrolyzed by protease, ribonuclease, amylase or neuraminidase, but was destroyed by sodium metaperiodate. All these properties betoken the polysaccharidic nature of M antigen.", "PMID": 106764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7360", "title": "[Antibiotic resistance study of clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa].", "content": "The study of 40 clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa isolated from the wound surfaces of the patients showed that all the isolates were resistant to one or several antibiotics. The number of the strains resistant to 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 drug was 5, 22.5, 25. 30 or 17.5 per cent respectively. Fifteen strains carried resistance plasmids capable of conjugative transfer. Eleven out of 21 plasmids controlled resistance to chloramphenicol, 7 plasmids controlled resistance to streptomycin and sulfanylamides, 1 plasmid controlled resistance to streptomycin and chloramphenicol. The presence of two types of the plasmids controlling resistance to chloramphenicol and streptomycin + sulfanylamides respectively was found. All the plasmids proved to be capable of conjugative transfer between the strains of Ps. aeruginosa ML (PAO). The frequency of the plasmid conjugative transfer in such crosses ranged from 10(-6) to 10(-3). Most of the plasmids belonged to the incompatibility groups P-2 and P-7. One plasmid belonged to the incompatibility group P-5. It should be noted that about a half of the plasmids (11 out of 21) belonged to the incompatibility group P-7 which up to the present time was conditional, since was represented by a single plasmid Rms 148.", "contents": "[Antibiotic resistance study of clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. The study of 40 clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa isolated from the wound surfaces of the patients showed that all the isolates were resistant to one or several antibiotics. The number of the strains resistant to 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 drug was 5, 22.5, 25. 30 or 17.5 per cent respectively. Fifteen strains carried resistance plasmids capable of conjugative transfer. Eleven out of 21 plasmids controlled resistance to chloramphenicol, 7 plasmids controlled resistance to streptomycin and sulfanylamides, 1 plasmid controlled resistance to streptomycin and chloramphenicol. The presence of two types of the plasmids controlling resistance to chloramphenicol and streptomycin + sulfanylamides respectively was found. All the plasmids proved to be capable of conjugative transfer between the strains of Ps. aeruginosa ML (PAO). The frequency of the plasmid conjugative transfer in such crosses ranged from 10(-6) to 10(-3). Most of the plasmids belonged to the incompatibility groups P-2 and P-7. One plasmid belonged to the incompatibility group P-5. It should be noted that about a half of the plasmids (11 out of 21) belonged to the incompatibility group P-7 which up to the present time was conditional, since was represented by a single plasmid Rms 148.", "PMID": 106769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7361", "title": "Interpretive criteria for cefamandole and cephalothin disk diffusion susceptibility tests.", "content": "A multi-center study of 1,838 clinical isolates established the accuracy of diffusion susceptibility tests with 30-mug cephalothin disks and 30-mug cefamandole disks. The same interpretive zone standards can be applied to tests with either disk but the two drugs cannot be tested interchangeably.", "contents": "Interpretive criteria for cefamandole and cephalothin disk diffusion susceptibility tests. A multi-center study of 1,838 clinical isolates established the accuracy of diffusion susceptibility tests with 30-mug cephalothin disks and 30-mug cefamandole disks. The same interpretive zone standards can be applied to tests with either disk but the two drugs cannot be tested interchangeably.", "PMID": 106770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7362", "title": "Effects of carbon sources on antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, branched-chain acyl derivatives, d-glucose, l-glutamate, and Mueller-Hinton medium was investigated to determine their effects on the growth, lipid composition, and antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The unsaturated fatty acid content of the readily extractable lipids was altered by growth on selected branched-chain amino acids and their acyl derivatives. Bacteria grown on branched-chain acyl derivatives became more susceptible to polymyxin B and colistin. The effect acyl derivatives had on increasing susceptibility was also manifest in mixed media which contained both an acyl derivative and a carbon source which did not increase susceptibility. Growth on branched-chain amino acids gave mixed results which were dependent on a number of factors, including unique manifestations of individual amino acids, growth conditions, and availability of other carbon sources. The cultural conditions which altered susceptibility to polymyxin antibiotics did not correlate with similar effects on susceptibility to carbenicillin and gentamicin. An adaptive resistance to polymyxin B was observed when the sole carbon source was d-glucose or l-glutamate.", "contents": "Effects of carbon sources on antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, branched-chain acyl derivatives, d-glucose, l-glutamate, and Mueller-Hinton medium was investigated to determine their effects on the growth, lipid composition, and antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The unsaturated fatty acid content of the readily extractable lipids was altered by growth on selected branched-chain amino acids and their acyl derivatives. Bacteria grown on branched-chain acyl derivatives became more susceptible to polymyxin B and colistin. The effect acyl derivatives had on increasing susceptibility was also manifest in mixed media which contained both an acyl derivative and a carbon source which did not increase susceptibility. Growth on branched-chain amino acids gave mixed results which were dependent on a number of factors, including unique manifestations of individual amino acids, growth conditions, and availability of other carbon sources. The cultural conditions which altered susceptibility to polymyxin antibiotics did not correlate with similar effects on susceptibility to carbenicillin and gentamicin. An adaptive resistance to polymyxin B was observed when the sole carbon source was d-glucose or l-glutamate.", "PMID": 106771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7363", "title": "Hospital isolates of Serratia marcescens transferring ampicillin, carbenicillin, and gentamicin resistance to other gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Thirteen independent isolates of Serratia marcescens associated with nosocomial urinary tract infections were obtained from the clinical microbiology laboratory at Hines Veterans Administration Hospital. The isolates were resistant to at least ampicillin, carbenicillin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. They could be divided into two groups on the basis of their antibiotypes. Group I (9 strains) showed resistance to 13 antibiotics, including 3 beta-lactams, 6 aminoglycosides, tetracycline, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and polymyxin B. Group II (4 strains) was resistant to 11 antibiotics, including 3 beta-lactams, 5 aminoglycosides, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and polymyxin B. Donors from both groups transferred resistance traits to Escherichia coli. Transconjugants from matings with group II donors all acquired resistance to nine antibiotics, including the three beta-lactams, five aminoglycosides, and sulfonamide. Transconjugants from matings with group I donors were of varied antibiotypes, inheriting resistance to up to 11 of the 13 antibiotics. Resistances to trimethoprim and polymyxin B were never observed to transfer. E. coli transconjugants of each group were capable of transferring multiple-antibiotic resistance to several other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. All group II S. marcescens and E. coli donors and all group I S. marcescens donors transferred carbenicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and sisomicin resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results suggest that these S. marcescens strains harbor R factors of a broader host range than previously reported.", "contents": "Hospital isolates of Serratia marcescens transferring ampicillin, carbenicillin, and gentamicin resistance to other gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thirteen independent isolates of Serratia marcescens associated with nosocomial urinary tract infections were obtained from the clinical microbiology laboratory at Hines Veterans Administration Hospital. The isolates were resistant to at least ampicillin, carbenicillin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. They could be divided into two groups on the basis of their antibiotypes. Group I (9 strains) showed resistance to 13 antibiotics, including 3 beta-lactams, 6 aminoglycosides, tetracycline, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and polymyxin B. Group II (4 strains) was resistant to 11 antibiotics, including 3 beta-lactams, 5 aminoglycosides, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and polymyxin B. Donors from both groups transferred resistance traits to Escherichia coli. Transconjugants from matings with group II donors all acquired resistance to nine antibiotics, including the three beta-lactams, five aminoglycosides, and sulfonamide. Transconjugants from matings with group I donors were of varied antibiotypes, inheriting resistance to up to 11 of the 13 antibiotics. Resistances to trimethoprim and polymyxin B were never observed to transfer. E. coli transconjugants of each group were capable of transferring multiple-antibiotic resistance to several other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. All group II S. marcescens and E. coli donors and all group I S. marcescens donors transferred carbenicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and sisomicin resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results suggest that these S. marcescens strains harbor R factors of a broader host range than previously reported.", "PMID": 106772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7364", "title": "Outer-membrane penetration barriers as components of intrinsic resistance to beta-lactam and other antibiotics in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A new technique has been devised to investigate the penetration of antibiotics through the gram-negative outer membrane; the application here was to study intrinsic resistance of Escherichia coli K-12. Exponential cells in broth were briefly treated with 2.5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at 5 degrees C to disrupt the outer membrane penetration barrier, and the response of treated and untreated cells to antibiotics was compared by turbidimetry. A barrier index was derived to describe the ability of 7 beta-lactam and 10 other antibiotics to penetrate the outer membrane of strain Y10. There was correlation between the molecular weight and log(10) barrier index (r = 0.59, P congruent with 0.01). The envelope mutant D22 (envA) had low barrier indexes for erythromycin, rifampin, ampicillin, and cloxacillin. For the beta-lactams, outer membrane penetration and affinity for inner membrane target site(s) triggering cell lysis were measured as independent components of the overall activity; although penetration and overall activity varied greatly, the affinities of most were within a narrow range.", "contents": "Outer-membrane penetration barriers as components of intrinsic resistance to beta-lactam and other antibiotics in Escherichia coli K-12. A new technique has been devised to investigate the penetration of antibiotics through the gram-negative outer membrane; the application here was to study intrinsic resistance of Escherichia coli K-12. Exponential cells in broth were briefly treated with 2.5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at 5 degrees C to disrupt the outer membrane penetration barrier, and the response of treated and untreated cells to antibiotics was compared by turbidimetry. A barrier index was derived to describe the ability of 7 beta-lactam and 10 other antibiotics to penetrate the outer membrane of strain Y10. There was correlation between the molecular weight and log(10) barrier index (r = 0.59, P congruent with 0.01). The envelope mutant D22 (envA) had low barrier indexes for erythromycin, rifampin, ampicillin, and cloxacillin. For the beta-lactams, outer membrane penetration and affinity for inner membrane target site(s) triggering cell lysis were measured as independent components of the overall activity; although penetration and overall activity varied greatly, the affinities of most were within a narrow range.", "PMID": 106773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7365", "title": "Effect of cephapirin on formation of D-alanine carboxypeptidase in growing Bacillus subtilis cells.", "content": "Cephapirin was utilized to examine the interaction of beta-lactam antibiotics with growing Bacillus subtilis cells and the biological effects simultaneously produced. Saturation binding and quantitative cell death were observed at the cephapirin concentration of 0.1 mug/ml. Cephapirin bound to all penicillin-binding proteins except the d-alanine carboxypeptidase. A specific [(14)C]benzylpenicillin-binding assay was developed for the d-alanine carboxypeptidase. At the lowest saturating concentration of antibiotic (0.1 mug/ml), cephapirin inhibited formation of the d-alanine carboxypeptidase. Upon incubation with cephapirin, 18% of the membranous d-alanine carboxypeptidase was released into the media. The data suggest that beta-lactam antibiotics may affect the formation of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes in addition to their effect on cell wall synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of cephapirin on formation of D-alanine carboxypeptidase in growing Bacillus subtilis cells. Cephapirin was utilized to examine the interaction of beta-lactam antibiotics with growing Bacillus subtilis cells and the biological effects simultaneously produced. Saturation binding and quantitative cell death were observed at the cephapirin concentration of 0.1 mug/ml. Cephapirin bound to all penicillin-binding proteins except the d-alanine carboxypeptidase. A specific [(14)C]benzylpenicillin-binding assay was developed for the d-alanine carboxypeptidase. At the lowest saturating concentration of antibiotic (0.1 mug/ml), cephapirin inhibited formation of the d-alanine carboxypeptidase. Upon incubation with cephapirin, 18% of the membranous d-alanine carboxypeptidase was released into the media. The data suggest that beta-lactam antibiotics may affect the formation of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes in addition to their effect on cell wall synthesis.", "PMID": 106774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7366", "title": "Purification by affinity chromatography and properties of a beta-lactamase isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "beta-Lactamase activity was detected in cell-free preparations obtained from ultrasonic treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae after growth in liquid medium. Crude preparations of beta-lactamase were subjected to affinity chromatography, using several beta-lactam antibiotics as ligands bound to agarose supports. Affinity gels produced by coupling 7-aminocephalosporanic acid or 6-aminopenicillanic acid by their amino groups to carboxyl-terminal agarose via a five- to eight-carbon spacer arm proved to be effective chromatography media. beta-Lactamase preparations subjected to chromatography using these gels were purified 200-fold, with approximately 80% recovery of active material. Purified preparations were judged homogeneous by their behavior during electrophoresis on polyacrylamide in both the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Characterization of the purified enzyme established a molecular weight of approximately 25,000 and an isoelectric point of 5.4. Analyses of substrate specificity, effect of inhibitors, pH, and kinetic parameters were performed. The evidence suggests that the beta-lactamase produced in N. gonorrhoeae closely resembles the character of class IIIa (TEM-type) beta-lactamases.", "contents": "Purification by affinity chromatography and properties of a beta-lactamase isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. beta-Lactamase activity was detected in cell-free preparations obtained from ultrasonic treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae after growth in liquid medium. Crude preparations of beta-lactamase were subjected to affinity chromatography, using several beta-lactam antibiotics as ligands bound to agarose supports. Affinity gels produced by coupling 7-aminocephalosporanic acid or 6-aminopenicillanic acid by their amino groups to carboxyl-terminal agarose via a five- to eight-carbon spacer arm proved to be effective chromatography media. beta-Lactamase preparations subjected to chromatography using these gels were purified 200-fold, with approximately 80% recovery of active material. Purified preparations were judged homogeneous by their behavior during electrophoresis on polyacrylamide in both the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Characterization of the purified enzyme established a molecular weight of approximately 25,000 and an isoelectric point of 5.4. Analyses of substrate specificity, effect of inhibitors, pH, and kinetic parameters were performed. The evidence suggests that the beta-lactamase produced in N. gonorrhoeae closely resembles the character of class IIIa (TEM-type) beta-lactamases.", "PMID": 106775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7367", "title": "In vitro activity of rosamicin, josamycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin against beta-lactamase-nagative and beta-lactamase-positive strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Randomly selected strains of beta-lactamase-negative and beta-lactamase-positive Neisseria gonorrhoeae were tested by an agar dilution method for susceptibility to rosamicin, josamycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and penicillin G. Rosamicin was more active than erythromycin, which was more active than josamycin or clindamycin; the latter two were similar in their activity. The susceptibility to the macrolide antibiotics and clindamycin was independent of beta-lactamase production, but the penicillin minimal inhibitory concentrations were higher in the beta-lactamase-positive group because of the enzyme.", "contents": "In vitro activity of rosamicin, josamycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin against beta-lactamase-nagative and beta-lactamase-positive strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Randomly selected strains of beta-lactamase-negative and beta-lactamase-positive Neisseria gonorrhoeae were tested by an agar dilution method for susceptibility to rosamicin, josamycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and penicillin G. Rosamicin was more active than erythromycin, which was more active than josamycin or clindamycin; the latter two were similar in their activity. The susceptibility to the macrolide antibiotics and clindamycin was independent of beta-lactamase production, but the penicillin minimal inhibitory concentrations were higher in the beta-lactamase-positive group because of the enzyme.", "PMID": 106776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7368", "title": "Resistance of African green monkey kidney cell lines to actinomycin D: drug uptake in 37 RC cells after persistent inhibition of transcription.", "content": "37 RC cells, a cultured line derived from African green monkey kidneys, survived long treatments with actinomycin D (AMD; 0.1 to 0.5 mug/ml) under strong inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis and blocking of cell division. One aspect of the complex cellular response to this treatment was a progressive lowering of the influx rate of AMD and, consequently, of its endocellular concentration, leading to a late resurgence of transcription. Overall protein synthesis decreased in AMD-treated cells, but more of the residual protein was exported to the cell surface, a fact associated with the development of numerous strands of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies in the cytoplasm. The lowering of AMD influx during the treatment was not simply due to the decay of protein synthesis, and there was no evidence for a carrier-mediated transport of the drug. It was paralleled by, but seemingly not related to, modifications in cellular microtubules and microfilaments. The rate of AMD influx was restored to levels comparable to those of untreated cells by short exposure to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and trypsin. It is concluded that the changes in plasma membrane of 37 RC cells, creating an obstacle to the influx of AMD after long treatment with this drug, probably consist of an accumulation and/or a different distribution of glycoproteins or other surface components on the cell surface.", "contents": "Resistance of African green monkey kidney cell lines to actinomycin D: drug uptake in 37 RC cells after persistent inhibition of transcription. 37 RC cells, a cultured line derived from African green monkey kidneys, survived long treatments with actinomycin D (AMD; 0.1 to 0.5 mug/ml) under strong inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis and blocking of cell division. One aspect of the complex cellular response to this treatment was a progressive lowering of the influx rate of AMD and, consequently, of its endocellular concentration, leading to a late resurgence of transcription. Overall protein synthesis decreased in AMD-treated cells, but more of the residual protein was exported to the cell surface, a fact associated with the development of numerous strands of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies in the cytoplasm. The lowering of AMD influx during the treatment was not simply due to the decay of protein synthesis, and there was no evidence for a carrier-mediated transport of the drug. It was paralleled by, but seemingly not related to, modifications in cellular microtubules and microfilaments. The rate of AMD influx was restored to levels comparable to those of untreated cells by short exposure to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and trypsin. It is concluded that the changes in plasma membrane of 37 RC cells, creating an obstacle to the influx of AMD after long treatment with this drug, probably consist of an accumulation and/or a different distribution of glycoproteins or other surface components on the cell surface.", "PMID": 106777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7369", "title": "Changes in lung ultrastructure following heterologous and homologous serum albumin infusion in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "The object of this study was to compare the ultrastructure pulmonary effects of the infusion of homologous and heterologous serum albumin solution in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock in baboons. Adult baboons subjected to hemorrhagic shock were resuscitated with either baboon serum albumin, human serum albumin, or Ringer's lactate solution. The lungs were fixed in vivo with potassium pyroantimony, a solution which produces electron dense interstitial precipitation of sodium. The lungs from animals resuscitated with baboon serum albumin showed evidence of interstitial edema, including dispersion of collagen fibers, interstitial smudging and increased interstital sodium concentrations. Similar changes were seen following human serum albumin infusions. Lung tissue from animals treated with Ringer's lactate solution showed minimal changes from normal. These results suggest that interstitial pulmonary edema develops after either homologous or heterologous serum albumin infusion in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock in baboons.", "contents": "Changes in lung ultrastructure following heterologous and homologous serum albumin infusion in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock. The object of this study was to compare the ultrastructure pulmonary effects of the infusion of homologous and heterologous serum albumin solution in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock in baboons. Adult baboons subjected to hemorrhagic shock were resuscitated with either baboon serum albumin, human serum albumin, or Ringer's lactate solution. The lungs were fixed in vivo with potassium pyroantimony, a solution which produces electron dense interstitial precipitation of sodium. The lungs from animals resuscitated with baboon serum albumin showed evidence of interstitial edema, including dispersion of collagen fibers, interstitial smudging and increased interstital sodium concentrations. Similar changes were seen following human serum albumin infusions. Lung tissue from animals treated with Ringer's lactate solution showed minimal changes from normal. These results suggest that interstitial pulmonary edema develops after either homologous or heterologous serum albumin infusion in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock in baboons.", "PMID": 106780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7370", "title": "DL-ethionine treatment of adult pancreatic donors. Amelioration of diabetes in multiple recipients withe tissue from a single donor.", "content": "Transplantation of adult rat pancreatic islet tissue as a free graft requires the separation of islet from exocrine tissue to avoid host injury or graft destruction by digestive enzymes. The poor yield from islet isolation techniques currently necessitates the use of multiple donors to ameliorate diabetes in a single recipient. DL-ethionine (DLE) is an agent selectively toxic to the exocrine pancreas. We examined the effect of DLE administration on pancreatic digestive enzyme content and islet mass in adult Lewis rats and the ability of such pancreatic tissue dispersed by collagenase digestion without specific islet isolation to ameliorate diabetes when transplanted to the portal vein of syngeneic rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes. Rats fed normal chow supplemented with 0.5% DLE for 14-20 days showed a logarithmic loss of pancreatic mass. Total pancreatic amylase content declined to 0.3 + 0.1 mg, less than 3% of control values (14.3 +/- 1.0 mg). Total insulin content in DLE treated rats was 87 +/- 8 microg, not significantly different from control rats (101 +/- 7 microg). Histological examination confirmed the selective atrophy of exocrine tissue in DLE treated rats. Fresh pancreatic tissue prepared from a single DLE treated donor ameliorated diabetes 75% of the time when transplanted to one or two recipients and 65% of the time when divided between three of four recipients. Tissue prepared from a single DLE treated donor and stored for 24-48 hours ameliorated diabetes 91% of the time when divided between one or two recipients. Only four of 31 diabetic rats transplanted with fresh pancreatic tissue from untreated adult donors became normoglycemic. Pretreatment of adult rats with DLE induces selective exocrine atrophy, permits dispersed pancreatic tissue from a single donor to ameliorate experimental diabetes in up to four recipients, and allows tissue to be preserved by culture for up to 48 hours without specific islet isolation.", "contents": "DL-ethionine treatment of adult pancreatic donors. Amelioration of diabetes in multiple recipients withe tissue from a single donor. Transplantation of adult rat pancreatic islet tissue as a free graft requires the separation of islet from exocrine tissue to avoid host injury or graft destruction by digestive enzymes. The poor yield from islet isolation techniques currently necessitates the use of multiple donors to ameliorate diabetes in a single recipient. DL-ethionine (DLE) is an agent selectively toxic to the exocrine pancreas. We examined the effect of DLE administration on pancreatic digestive enzyme content and islet mass in adult Lewis rats and the ability of such pancreatic tissue dispersed by collagenase digestion without specific islet isolation to ameliorate diabetes when transplanted to the portal vein of syngeneic rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes. Rats fed normal chow supplemented with 0.5% DLE for 14-20 days showed a logarithmic loss of pancreatic mass. Total pancreatic amylase content declined to 0.3 + 0.1 mg, less than 3% of control values (14.3 +/- 1.0 mg). Total insulin content in DLE treated rats was 87 +/- 8 microg, not significantly different from control rats (101 +/- 7 microg). Histological examination confirmed the selective atrophy of exocrine tissue in DLE treated rats. Fresh pancreatic tissue prepared from a single DLE treated donor ameliorated diabetes 75% of the time when transplanted to one or two recipients and 65% of the time when divided between three of four recipients. Tissue prepared from a single DLE treated donor and stored for 24-48 hours ameliorated diabetes 91% of the time when divided between one or two recipients. Only four of 31 diabetic rats transplanted with fresh pancreatic tissue from untreated adult donors became normoglycemic. Pretreatment of adult rats with DLE induces selective exocrine atrophy, permits dispersed pancreatic tissue from a single donor to ameliorate experimental diabetes in up to four recipients, and allows tissue to be preserved by culture for up to 48 hours without specific islet isolation.", "PMID": 106781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7371", "title": "Antigenicity of venous allografts.", "content": "With isolated exceptions, the clinical use of venous allografts has been disappointing. Considerable evidence indicates that allograft antigenicity plays a major role in the failure of venous allografts when used as arterial replacements. Recent reports suggest that DMSO-cryopreservation of venous allografts may reduce allograft antigenicity while preserving allograft viability. The present study examines the effect of modifications of vein allografts on subsequent allograft antigenicity. Skin grafts were transplanted from ACI to Lewis inbred strains of male rats. Primary skin graft rejection occurred in 9.0 +/- 1.0 days. Subcutaneous implantation of fresh inferior vena cava from ACI rate into Lewis rats resulted in subsequent skin graft rejection in 5.0 +/- 1.0 days, confirming the antigenicity of venous tissue. Cryopreservation of ACI inferior vena cava for seven days prior to implantation, with or without 15% DMSO, resulted in subsequent skin graft rejection in 5.0 +/- 1.0 days. Treatment of ACI inferior vena cava with 0.30% gluteraldehyde for 20 minutes prior to implantation in Lewis rats resulted in skin graft rejection in 9.0 +/- 1.0 days, the same time as a first set rejection. This study indicates that unmodified veins are normally antigenic and that this antigenicity is not eliminated by cryopreservation with or without DMSO. Gluteraldehyde treatment appears to reduce allograft antigenicity, but results in a nonviable graft. At the present time, there is no known way to reduce the antigenicity of viable venous allografts.", "contents": "Antigenicity of venous allografts. With isolated exceptions, the clinical use of venous allografts has been disappointing. Considerable evidence indicates that allograft antigenicity plays a major role in the failure of venous allografts when used as arterial replacements. Recent reports suggest that DMSO-cryopreservation of venous allografts may reduce allograft antigenicity while preserving allograft viability. The present study examines the effect of modifications of vein allografts on subsequent allograft antigenicity. Skin grafts were transplanted from ACI to Lewis inbred strains of male rats. Primary skin graft rejection occurred in 9.0 +/- 1.0 days. Subcutaneous implantation of fresh inferior vena cava from ACI rate into Lewis rats resulted in subsequent skin graft rejection in 5.0 +/- 1.0 days, confirming the antigenicity of venous tissue. Cryopreservation of ACI inferior vena cava for seven days prior to implantation, with or without 15% DMSO, resulted in subsequent skin graft rejection in 5.0 +/- 1.0 days. Treatment of ACI inferior vena cava with 0.30% gluteraldehyde for 20 minutes prior to implantation in Lewis rats resulted in skin graft rejection in 9.0 +/- 1.0 days, the same time as a first set rejection. This study indicates that unmodified veins are normally antigenic and that this antigenicity is not eliminated by cryopreservation with or without DMSO. Gluteraldehyde treatment appears to reduce allograft antigenicity, but results in a nonviable graft. At the present time, there is no known way to reduce the antigenicity of viable venous allografts.", "PMID": 106782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7372", "title": "Liver failure with steatonecrosis after jejunoileal bypass: recovery with parenteral nutriton and reanastomosis.", "content": "Two women, aged 41 and 51 years, developed jaundice, encephalopathy, and hypoprothrombinemia during rapid weight loss four and 12 months after jejunoileal bypass for refractory obesity. Both were treated for liver failure and received a prolonged course of nutrition parenterally and orally. Serial liver biopsy specimens demonstrated extensive alcoholic-like hepatitis and cirrhosis that improved with nutritional repletion and reanastomosis. Postoperative biopsy specimens later demonstrated minimal portal fibrosis in one patient and inactive mild cirrhosis in the other. Although previous reports indicate that patients usually die when they develop liver failure of this severity after jejunoileal bypass, prolonged intensive nutritional repletion was associated with sufficient clinical and histologic improvement in these two patients so that intestinal reanastomosis could be performed safely.", "contents": "Liver failure with steatonecrosis after jejunoileal bypass: recovery with parenteral nutriton and reanastomosis. Two women, aged 41 and 51 years, developed jaundice, encephalopathy, and hypoprothrombinemia during rapid weight loss four and 12 months after jejunoileal bypass for refractory obesity. Both were treated for liver failure and received a prolonged course of nutrition parenterally and orally. Serial liver biopsy specimens demonstrated extensive alcoholic-like hepatitis and cirrhosis that improved with nutritional repletion and reanastomosis. Postoperative biopsy specimens later demonstrated minimal portal fibrosis in one patient and inactive mild cirrhosis in the other. Although previous reports indicate that patients usually die when they develop liver failure of this severity after jejunoileal bypass, prolonged intensive nutritional repletion was associated with sufficient clinical and histologic improvement in these two patients so that intestinal reanastomosis could be performed safely.", "PMID": 106783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7373", "title": "The spectrum of Bacillus bacteremias in heroin addicts.", "content": "Bacillus bacteremias occurred in two heroin addicts. The first patient had one day of fever and chills after intravenous heroin use. Persistent cereus bacteremia consistent with endocarditis was documented and responded to four weeks of antibiotic therapy. The second patient had non-cereus Bacillus species isolated from blood cultures three times over eight days, each time after renewed heroin use. The patient remained well, and the bacteremias cleared spontaneously. Because Bacillus species frequently contaminate heroin injection materials and because the Bacillus bacteremias were temporally associated with intravenous heroin use, Bacillus bacteremias in both patients probably eventuated from heroin abuse. These cases, in conjunction with two previously reported cases of Bacillus endocarditis in heroin addicts, suggest that heroin addicts are at risk for developing Bacillus bacteremias, which may vary in severity from endocarditis to benign transient bacteremias.", "contents": "The spectrum of Bacillus bacteremias in heroin addicts. Bacillus bacteremias occurred in two heroin addicts. The first patient had one day of fever and chills after intravenous heroin use. Persistent cereus bacteremia consistent with endocarditis was documented and responded to four weeks of antibiotic therapy. The second patient had non-cereus Bacillus species isolated from blood cultures three times over eight days, each time after renewed heroin use. The patient remained well, and the bacteremias cleared spontaneously. Because Bacillus species frequently contaminate heroin injection materials and because the Bacillus bacteremias were temporally associated with intravenous heroin use, Bacillus bacteremias in both patients probably eventuated from heroin abuse. These cases, in conjunction with two previously reported cases of Bacillus endocarditis in heroin addicts, suggest that heroin addicts are at risk for developing Bacillus bacteremias, which may vary in severity from endocarditis to benign transient bacteremias.", "PMID": 106784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7374", "title": "[2 or 3 level blocks in the Tawara node during atrial tachycardia].", "content": "In atrial flutter (or paroxysmal atrial tachycardia), the ventricular response is dependant on the passage through 3 superposed zones of conduction in the Tawara node, the zone of decremential conduction being the central zone N. When the ventricular response is between half and a quarter of the atrial rate there are two possible explanations: type B alternate Wenckebach period (mobitz I block in the central zone N, 2/1 block at the nodo-ventricular junction) or type A alternate Wenckebach period (Mobitz I block in the central zone N and 2/1 block at the atrio-nodal junction). These two responses may alternate in the same patient depending on the drug therapy or vagal activity due to a phenomenon similar to the \"GAP\" phenomenon. Inexactitudes in the working out of the arithmetic formulae may easily be explained by a certain degree of concealed conduction of blocked activation in one zone or more rarely by hisian extrasystoles. Type A alternate Wenckebach periods are always easier to construct than type B. Perfect 3/1 atrial flutter can only be explained by a type B alternate Wenckebach period with a 3/2 period with a 3/2 period in the N zone and a 2/1 block in the NH zone. When the ventricular rhythm is permanently very slow or when the RR intervals are greater than four times the atrial cycle, 3 zones of block are usually at issue (the third being located in the inferior part of the node or superior part of the bundle of His). Examples of 5/1, 6/1 flutter are thereby analysed. Rapid atrial pacing after termination of the atrial arrhythmia allows a better analysis of its mechanism and the successive reproduction of conduction defects in each zone of block.", "contents": "[2 or 3 level blocks in the Tawara node during atrial tachycardia]. In atrial flutter (or paroxysmal atrial tachycardia), the ventricular response is dependant on the passage through 3 superposed zones of conduction in the Tawara node, the zone of decremential conduction being the central zone N. When the ventricular response is between half and a quarter of the atrial rate there are two possible explanations: type B alternate Wenckebach period (mobitz I block in the central zone N, 2/1 block at the nodo-ventricular junction) or type A alternate Wenckebach period (Mobitz I block in the central zone N and 2/1 block at the atrio-nodal junction). These two responses may alternate in the same patient depending on the drug therapy or vagal activity due to a phenomenon similar to the \"GAP\" phenomenon. Inexactitudes in the working out of the arithmetic formulae may easily be explained by a certain degree of concealed conduction of blocked activation in one zone or more rarely by hisian extrasystoles. Type A alternate Wenckebach periods are always easier to construct than type B. Perfect 3/1 atrial flutter can only be explained by a type B alternate Wenckebach period with a 3/2 period with a 3/2 period in the N zone and a 2/1 block in the NH zone. When the ventricular rhythm is permanently very slow or when the RR intervals are greater than four times the atrial cycle, 3 zones of block are usually at issue (the third being located in the inferior part of the node or superior part of the bundle of His). Examples of 5/1, 6/1 flutter are thereby analysed. Rapid atrial pacing after termination of the atrial arrhythmia allows a better analysis of its mechanism and the successive reproduction of conduction defects in each zone of block.", "PMID": 106787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7375", "title": "[Comparison of 24 hours ambulatory electrocardiography and endocavitary recording in the diagnosis of heart rate disorders].", "content": "Ninety symptomatic patients aged between 16 and 90 years were investigated by ambulatory continuous 24 hour electrocardiography. 75 of these patients underwent endocavitary exploration of atrioventricular conduction and sinus node function within 48 hour of ambulatory electrocardiography. Symptoms occurred during the recording in 30% patients, enabling the mechanism of the malaise to be determined. Every time that abnormalities in the zone surrounding the Tawara node were demonstrated by endocavitary recordings, the 24 hour electrocardiogramme showed the symptoms to be due to other causes than complete heart block. In 70% patients no symptoms were experienced but 58% of them had cardiac arrhythmias and particularly sinus node dysfunction (24 out of 37 patients) on the 24 hour electrocardiogramme. Comparing the results of these two methods of investigation, continuous electrocardiography appears to be a better technique for the diagnosis of sinus node dysfunction but endocavitary study of sinus node function would seem more suited to determine its severity. Endocavitary recordings seem more reliable in the investigation of paroxysmal atrioventricular blocks. These results demonstrate the complementary nature of these two methods in determining the causes of syncope and dizziness.", "contents": "[Comparison of 24 hours ambulatory electrocardiography and endocavitary recording in the diagnosis of heart rate disorders]. Ninety symptomatic patients aged between 16 and 90 years were investigated by ambulatory continuous 24 hour electrocardiography. 75 of these patients underwent endocavitary exploration of atrioventricular conduction and sinus node function within 48 hour of ambulatory electrocardiography. Symptoms occurred during the recording in 30% patients, enabling the mechanism of the malaise to be determined. Every time that abnormalities in the zone surrounding the Tawara node were demonstrated by endocavitary recordings, the 24 hour electrocardiogramme showed the symptoms to be due to other causes than complete heart block. In 70% patients no symptoms were experienced but 58% of them had cardiac arrhythmias and particularly sinus node dysfunction (24 out of 37 patients) on the 24 hour electrocardiogramme. Comparing the results of these two methods of investigation, continuous electrocardiography appears to be a better technique for the diagnosis of sinus node dysfunction but endocavitary study of sinus node function would seem more suited to determine its severity. Endocavitary recordings seem more reliable in the investigation of paroxysmal atrioventricular blocks. These results demonstrate the complementary nature of these two methods in determining the causes of syncope and dizziness.", "PMID": 106788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7376", "title": "[Comparison of echocardiography and phonomecanography in adult aortic valve stenosis. 55 cases].", "content": "The results of echocardiography and phonomecanography were compared in 55 cases of adult valvular aortic stenosis. Although the most reliable echocardiographic sign of the severity of stenosis is the systolic separation of the aortic valve echos, it should be amphasised that: -- this cannot be measured in 25 % cases; --in 10 % cases the values obtained vary with the angle of the transducer. In these cases, the finding of a left ventricular posterior wall thickness greater than or equal to 15 mm is specific for severe aortic stenosis. On the other hand, the left atrial, left ventricular and aortic internal dimensions and the morphology of the mitral leaflets do not help in the estimation of the severity of adult aortic stenosis. The best correlations between echo and phonocardiography are the values of aortic valve opening and : --hemi-ascension time (r = 0.67); --left ventricular ejectiontime (r = 0.93) when patients in cardiac failure are excluded. The complementary nature of these two investigations is notable, and should, in pure aortic stenosis without angina, spare patients who are often elderly and fragile from heamodynamic investigation.", "contents": "[Comparison of echocardiography and phonomecanography in adult aortic valve stenosis. 55 cases]. The results of echocardiography and phonomecanography were compared in 55 cases of adult valvular aortic stenosis. Although the most reliable echocardiographic sign of the severity of stenosis is the systolic separation of the aortic valve echos, it should be amphasised that: -- this cannot be measured in 25 % cases; --in 10 % cases the values obtained vary with the angle of the transducer. In these cases, the finding of a left ventricular posterior wall thickness greater than or equal to 15 mm is specific for severe aortic stenosis. On the other hand, the left atrial, left ventricular and aortic internal dimensions and the morphology of the mitral leaflets do not help in the estimation of the severity of adult aortic stenosis. The best correlations between echo and phonocardiography are the values of aortic valve opening and : --hemi-ascension time (r = 0.67); --left ventricular ejectiontime (r = 0.93) when patients in cardiac failure are excluded. The complementary nature of these two investigations is notable, and should, in pure aortic stenosis without angina, spare patients who are often elderly and fragile from heamodynamic investigation.", "PMID": 106789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7377", "title": "[Pathological data of 92 rheumatic mitral valve after surgical ablation : comparison with pre-operative echocardiography results].", "content": "The echocardiographic information obtained pre-operatively with an electronic linear scanning system (Multiscan) was compared with the results of pathological examination of the excised mitral valve in 92 patients, and showed a close correlation. The way in which the pathological changes influence the various parameters usually used to distinguish this type of rheumatic valvular disease is demonstrated. Two-dimensional imagery provides precise information : this is shown by comparison of the still frames of the videoscopic recording and the photographs of the corresponding pathological specimens. Valve thickness, length and thickness of the chordae, calcification, mitral valve surface and commissural separation are well shown, especially at the anterior leaflet. Study of transverse incidences seems the most reliable method of estimating mitral valve area. Systolic separation of mitral valve echos, according to the usual criteria, is a good sign of associated mitral incompetence and was found in 83% of cases of mixed mitral valve disease. The mean values of anterior mitral leaflet excursion, diastolic slope and opening speeds were compared in three groups of mitral stanosis with preferential antatomical features and a control group of pure mitral stenosis with supple valves. No individual parameter was found to be specific for a particular antatomical feature, showing multiple correlations to be indispensable. The difficulty of diagnosis by isolated traditional echocardiography is confirmed and the association of two dimensional imagery would seem essential not only in making the diagnosis but also in the pre operative work up.", "contents": "[Pathological data of 92 rheumatic mitral valve after surgical ablation : comparison with pre-operative echocardiography results]. The echocardiographic information obtained pre-operatively with an electronic linear scanning system (Multiscan) was compared with the results of pathological examination of the excised mitral valve in 92 patients, and showed a close correlation. The way in which the pathological changes influence the various parameters usually used to distinguish this type of rheumatic valvular disease is demonstrated. Two-dimensional imagery provides precise information : this is shown by comparison of the still frames of the videoscopic recording and the photographs of the corresponding pathological specimens. Valve thickness, length and thickness of the chordae, calcification, mitral valve surface and commissural separation are well shown, especially at the anterior leaflet. Study of transverse incidences seems the most reliable method of estimating mitral valve area. Systolic separation of mitral valve echos, according to the usual criteria, is a good sign of associated mitral incompetence and was found in 83% of cases of mixed mitral valve disease. The mean values of anterior mitral leaflet excursion, diastolic slope and opening speeds were compared in three groups of mitral stanosis with preferential antatomical features and a control group of pure mitral stenosis with supple valves. No individual parameter was found to be specific for a particular antatomical feature, showing multiple correlations to be indispensable. The difficulty of diagnosis by isolated traditional echocardiography is confirmed and the association of two dimensional imagery would seem essential not only in making the diagnosis but also in the pre operative work up.", "PMID": 106790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7378", "title": "[Indices of left venticular performance and evaluation myocardial quality in mitral valve insufficiency, chronic aortic valve insufficiency and stenosis].", "content": "132 patients with pure mono-valvular cardiopathies (mitral incompetence, aortic stenosis and aortic incompetence) were classified into two groups according to the values of the systolic work index/myocardial mass ratio (SWI/MLV). Normal values of the ejection function (EF) and mean velocity of circumferential fibre shortening (VCF) for each cardiopathy were so obtained. Only patients with aortic stenosis of group I (SWI/MLV greater than or equal to 0.75 gm . g-1) had normal EF. All the other patients had EF and VCF values below normal although this did not always imply impaired myocardial function. Therefore the myocardial mass should also be considered in the evaluation of myocardial function and it would seem desirable to take this parameter into account in the management of these patients.", "contents": "[Indices of left venticular performance and evaluation myocardial quality in mitral valve insufficiency, chronic aortic valve insufficiency and stenosis]. 132 patients with pure mono-valvular cardiopathies (mitral incompetence, aortic stenosis and aortic incompetence) were classified into two groups according to the values of the systolic work index/myocardial mass ratio (SWI/MLV). Normal values of the ejection function (EF) and mean velocity of circumferential fibre shortening (VCF) for each cardiopathy were so obtained. Only patients with aortic stenosis of group I (SWI/MLV greater than or equal to 0.75 gm . g-1) had normal EF. All the other patients had EF and VCF values below normal although this did not always imply impaired myocardial function. Therefore the myocardial mass should also be considered in the evaluation of myocardial function and it would seem desirable to take this parameter into account in the management of these patients.", "PMID": 106791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7379", "title": "[Ejection as index of left ventricle function].", "content": "Quantative left ventricular cineangiography performed 1 year post operatively in 24 patients with prosthetic aortic valves demonstrated significant reductions in the end diastolic volume and myocardial mass. Cardiac work was only slightly reduced. When cardiac work was compared to the end diastolic volume or myocardial mass results suggestive of myocardial hypercontractility were obtained. However when cardiac work was normalised simultaneously with the end diastolic volume and myocardial mass, the index so obtained was lowered pre operatively but did not differ significantly from normal values after operation. This index with seems to reflect the clinical evolution appears to be of greater value than the other indices used for determining left ventricular function. The reducted function of the hypertrophied myocardium was shown to be reversible during the 1 year post operative period.", "contents": "[Ejection as index of left ventricle function]. Quantative left ventricular cineangiography performed 1 year post operatively in 24 patients with prosthetic aortic valves demonstrated significant reductions in the end diastolic volume and myocardial mass. Cardiac work was only slightly reduced. When cardiac work was compared to the end diastolic volume or myocardial mass results suggestive of myocardial hypercontractility were obtained. However when cardiac work was normalised simultaneously with the end diastolic volume and myocardial mass, the index so obtained was lowered pre operatively but did not differ significantly from normal values after operation. This index with seems to reflect the clinical evolution appears to be of greater value than the other indices used for determining left ventricular function. The reducted function of the hypertrophied myocardium was shown to be reversible during the 1 year post operative period.", "PMID": 106792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7380", "title": "[Surgically treated chronic aortic valve insufficiency. Long term results. Surgical indications].", "content": "The timing of surgery in chronic aortic regurgitation depends to a large extent on the operative results that may be expected in this type of valve disease. In 88 cases of chronic aortic regurgitation submitted to surgery there were 6 operative deaths (6.8%). Five years after operation the actuarial survival was 58% for the whole of the group and 68% for cases of rheumatic aortic regurgitation. Analysis of the causes of failures, late deaths, persistence or recurrence of severe impairment of activity, and of serious disturbances of ventricular rhythm, showed that the most important cause was myocardial dysfunction, which was responsible for two thirds of the bad results. Analysis of the late prognosis as a function of the various pre-operative parameters revealed the bad influence of cardiomegaly as measured by radiological examination (cardio-thoracic ratio and cineangiography) and of disturbances in left ventricular function. The actuarial survival curves showed very significant differences according to whether the cardiothoracic ratio was greater or smaller than 58%, and according to the amount of heart failure pre-operatively.  Similarly, an end-diastolic volume index of 240 ml/m2 and an ejection fraction less than. 40 seemed to be serious findings. These facts, taken in conjunction with the natural history of this valve lesion, suggest that the indications for surgery should not only be symptomatic aortic regurgitation but also well tolerated regurgitation in which cardiomegaly, end-diastolic volume and/or the ejection fraction have reached a certain level.", "contents": "[Surgically treated chronic aortic valve insufficiency. Long term results. Surgical indications]. The timing of surgery in chronic aortic regurgitation depends to a large extent on the operative results that may be expected in this type of valve disease. In 88 cases of chronic aortic regurgitation submitted to surgery there were 6 operative deaths (6.8%). Five years after operation the actuarial survival was 58% for the whole of the group and 68% for cases of rheumatic aortic regurgitation. Analysis of the causes of failures, late deaths, persistence or recurrence of severe impairment of activity, and of serious disturbances of ventricular rhythm, showed that the most important cause was myocardial dysfunction, which was responsible for two thirds of the bad results. Analysis of the late prognosis as a function of the various pre-operative parameters revealed the bad influence of cardiomegaly as measured by radiological examination (cardio-thoracic ratio and cineangiography) and of disturbances in left ventricular function. The actuarial survival curves showed very significant differences according to whether the cardiothoracic ratio was greater or smaller than 58%, and according to the amount of heart failure pre-operatively.  Similarly, an end-diastolic volume index of 240 ml/m2 and an ejection fraction less than. 40 seemed to be serious findings. These facts, taken in conjunction with the natural history of this valve lesion, suggest that the indications for surgery should not only be symptomatic aortic regurgitation but also well tolerated regurgitation in which cardiomegaly, end-diastolic volume and/or the ejection fraction have reached a certain level.", "PMID": 106793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7381", "title": "[Pluri-dimensional study of psychological factors in coronary disease].", "content": "To palliate certain criticisms levelled at workers studying psychological factors in coronary artery disease, the authors have applied a pluri-dimensional approach associating a semi-direct psychological interview, a self-evaluation test (Bortner scale), an Eysenck personality test and Sandler and Hazari's test of obsessional behaviour. This protocol was applied to 222 patients hospitalised for coronary artery disease and 522 random controls. The psychological interview and Bortner test showed a significantly higher proportion of A pattern and especially extreme A pattern behaviour in patients with coronary artery disease (32.6 % in coronary patients 9.7 % in controls). The personality questionnaire showed a greater tendency to neurotic behaviour in the coronary patients. These results were independant of age and sex. In the present study, psychological factors are given equal importance to other major risk factors (tobacco, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia). They are independant of these other factors. A prospective study using the same protocol is being prepared.", "contents": "[Pluri-dimensional study of psychological factors in coronary disease]. To palliate certain criticisms levelled at workers studying psychological factors in coronary artery disease, the authors have applied a pluri-dimensional approach associating a semi-direct psychological interview, a self-evaluation test (Bortner scale), an Eysenck personality test and Sandler and Hazari's test of obsessional behaviour. This protocol was applied to 222 patients hospitalised for coronary artery disease and 522 random controls. The psychological interview and Bortner test showed a significantly higher proportion of A pattern and especially extreme A pattern behaviour in patients with coronary artery disease (32.6 % in coronary patients 9.7 % in controls). The personality questionnaire showed a greater tendency to neurotic behaviour in the coronary patients. These results were independant of age and sex. In the present study, psychological factors are given equal importance to other major risk factors (tobacco, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia). They are independant of these other factors. A prospective study using the same protocol is being prepared.", "PMID": 106794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7382", "title": "[Isoproterenol test in coronary failure. Comparisons with exercise stress and coronary arteriography].", "content": "The results of Isoprenaline stress tests, exercise electrocardiography and coronary arteriography were compared in 90 patients suspected of having coronary insufficiency. The technique used was a continuous intravenous infusion starting with an initial dosage of 3.8 gamma/minute and increasing progressively until the heart rate was equal to or greater than 130/minute, and sustained for three minutes. The same criteria of \"positivity\" were used as in the exercise test but only electrical charges which persisted or appeared 3 minutes after stopping the infusion were taken into consideration. In this series the sensitivity and specifity of the Isoprenaline test was greater than the exercise test if coronary arterial narrowing equal to or greater than 50% is considered significant. The prognostic values of positive tests which are classified in three groups according to the severity of the coronary artery disease, and the value of the isoprenaline test in the diagnosis of moderate single vessel disease are emphasised.", "contents": "[Isoproterenol test in coronary failure. Comparisons with exercise stress and coronary arteriography]. The results of Isoprenaline stress tests, exercise electrocardiography and coronary arteriography were compared in 90 patients suspected of having coronary insufficiency. The technique used was a continuous intravenous infusion starting with an initial dosage of 3.8 gamma/minute and increasing progressively until the heart rate was equal to or greater than 130/minute, and sustained for three minutes. The same criteria of \"positivity\" were used as in the exercise test but only electrical charges which persisted or appeared 3 minutes after stopping the infusion were taken into consideration. In this series the sensitivity and specifity of the Isoprenaline test was greater than the exercise test if coronary arterial narrowing equal to or greater than 50% is considered significant. The prognostic values of positive tests which are classified in three groups according to the severity of the coronary artery disease, and the value of the isoprenaline test in the diagnosis of moderate single vessel disease are emphasised.", "PMID": 106795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7383", "title": "[Treatment of early post-infarction ventricular aneurysms by assisted circulation and surgery].", "content": "Ventricular aneurysm formation in the 3 months following transmural myocardial infarction is rare but may cause serious complications. Cardiac failure and/or ventricular arrhythmias resistant to medical treatment are indications for ventricular resection. The operative mortality is high in this group of patients. 8 patients with ventricular aneurysms of average volume (124 +/- 117 ml/m2) and very impaired left ventricular function (EF : 21 +/- 10%, akinesia : 53 +/- 10%) were operated on with two early deaths and one death in the 7th post operative month. The long term clinical result was satisfactory in the surviving patients, and confirmed by haemodynamic investigation in two of them. The benefical effects of intra-aortic balloon pumping, used preoperatively in all patients, and associated myocardial revascularisation procedures performed in some of them are discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of early post-infarction ventricular aneurysms by assisted circulation and surgery]. Ventricular aneurysm formation in the 3 months following transmural myocardial infarction is rare but may cause serious complications. Cardiac failure and/or ventricular arrhythmias resistant to medical treatment are indications for ventricular resection. The operative mortality is high in this group of patients. 8 patients with ventricular aneurysms of average volume (124 +/- 117 ml/m2) and very impaired left ventricular function (EF : 21 +/- 10%, akinesia : 53 +/- 10%) were operated on with two early deaths and one death in the 7th post operative month. The long term clinical result was satisfactory in the surviving patients, and confirmed by haemodynamic investigation in two of them. The benefical effects of intra-aortic balloon pumping, used preoperatively in all patients, and associated myocardial revascularisation procedures performed in some of them are discussed.", "PMID": 106796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7384", "title": "[Change in heart function in Duch\u00eanne de Boulogne myopathies at the severe progressive stage].", "content": "Left ventricular function was studied in 15 patients with rapidly progressive Duchenne de Boulogne muscular dystrophy. Only one patient had a previous history of cardiac failure. All patients had typical electrocardiographical changes. Haemodynamic and angiographic investigation was performed in all patients. Three groups of patients were distinguished according to angiographic criteria : group I comprising 7 normal patients. group II comprising 4 \"intermediary\" patients, and group III of 4 patients with hypokinetic cardiomyopathy. Segmental ventricular dyskinesis was observed in 6 patients. Mitral incompetence was present in 2 cases and mitral valve prolpse in 1 case. All patients had a normal resting cardiac index. Patients in group II and III had end diastolic left ventricular pressures greater than 15 mmHg. An intravenous angiotensin test was performed in 4 patients from groups I and II. Impaired left ventricular function was demonstrated in patients thought to be normal in the basal state. Finally, myocardial involvement in this group of patients runs a parallel course to the duration and severity of the peripheral muscular disease.", "contents": "[Change in heart function in Duch\u00eanne de Boulogne myopathies at the severe progressive stage]. Left ventricular function was studied in 15 patients with rapidly progressive Duchenne de Boulogne muscular dystrophy. Only one patient had a previous history of cardiac failure. All patients had typical electrocardiographical changes. Haemodynamic and angiographic investigation was performed in all patients. Three groups of patients were distinguished according to angiographic criteria : group I comprising 7 normal patients. group II comprising 4 \"intermediary\" patients, and group III of 4 patients with hypokinetic cardiomyopathy. Segmental ventricular dyskinesis was observed in 6 patients. Mitral incompetence was present in 2 cases and mitral valve prolpse in 1 case. All patients had a normal resting cardiac index. Patients in group II and III had end diastolic left ventricular pressures greater than 15 mmHg. An intravenous angiotensin test was performed in 4 patients from groups I and II. Impaired left ventricular function was demonstrated in patients thought to be normal in the basal state. Finally, myocardial involvement in this group of patients runs a parallel course to the duration and severity of the peripheral muscular disease.", "PMID": 106797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7385", "title": "[Study of hemodynamic effects of the methoxamine in 8 cases of obstructive cardiomyopathy with mitral valve insufficiency].", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of intravenous Methoxamine were studied in 8 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) with mitral incompetence (group I) and 8 patients with mitral incompetence due to valvular, subvalvular or other causes (group II). In both groups the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure rose significantly without any great change in the end diastolic surface area: the ventricular distensibility is reduced in both cases. The mean capillary pressure, the V wave/mean capillary pressure ratio, and the degree of regurgitation of the two groups changed in opposite ways : in mitral incompetence due to varying causes (group II) the regurgitation increased, but in mitral incompetence due to HOCM (group I), it decreased. The left ventricular intracavitary gradient in HOCM tended to disappear under the effect of Methoxamine as the systolic aortic pressure approached the basal values recorded in the apical area.", "contents": "[Study of hemodynamic effects of the methoxamine in 8 cases of obstructive cardiomyopathy with mitral valve insufficiency]. The haemodynamic effects of intravenous Methoxamine were studied in 8 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) with mitral incompetence (group I) and 8 patients with mitral incompetence due to valvular, subvalvular or other causes (group II). In both groups the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure rose significantly without any great change in the end diastolic surface area: the ventricular distensibility is reduced in both cases. The mean capillary pressure, the V wave/mean capillary pressure ratio, and the degree of regurgitation of the two groups changed in opposite ways : in mitral incompetence due to varying causes (group II) the regurgitation increased, but in mitral incompetence due to HOCM (group I), it decreased. The left ventricular intracavitary gradient in HOCM tended to disappear under the effect of Methoxamine as the systolic aortic pressure approached the basal values recorded in the apical area.", "PMID": 106798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7386", "title": "[Electrophysiological study on mexiletine in man with reference to dose-response relation].", "content": "The electrophysiological properties of Mexiletine were investigated by endocavitary His Bundle recording and programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in 30 patients. Differing dosage (2, 2.7 and 3.4 mg/kg) were given intravenously in 3 groups of 10 patients. The effects on the length of the sinus cycle, conduction intervals and cardiac refractory periods were observed and the following results obtained : 1. Sinus rhythm increased at all dosages but this effect was much more pronounced with 3.4 mg/kg dosage (--12.8% +/- 2.81% : : % shortening of sinus cycle with respect to the basal cycle +/- SD, p less than 0.005); 2. Atrioventricular nodal conduction time (A-H interval) decreased, the effect being more marked with the larger dose regimes; 3.His-Pirkinje conduction time (H-V interval) unaltered except in 3 cases where it increased by 5 ms after injection of 2.7 mg/kg; 4. Relative refractory period of His-Parkinje system shortened, this effect also being more pronounced with the larger doses ( --3.75 +/- 0.25% :2.7 mg/kg, p less than 0,001; -- 7 +/- 1.46% 3.4 mg/kg, p less than 0.005). In conclusion, the changes observed in the His-Purkinje system after mexiletine were similar to those of Lignocaine and Diphenylhydantoin. The drug also appears to have a marked vagal inhibitory effect as shown by the acceleration of the sinus rhythm and reduced atrioventricular conduction times.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological study on mexiletine in man with reference to dose-response relation]. The electrophysiological properties of Mexiletine were investigated by endocavitary His Bundle recording and programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in 30 patients. Differing dosage (2, 2.7 and 3.4 mg/kg) were given intravenously in 3 groups of 10 patients. The effects on the length of the sinus cycle, conduction intervals and cardiac refractory periods were observed and the following results obtained : 1. Sinus rhythm increased at all dosages but this effect was much more pronounced with 3.4 mg/kg dosage (--12.8% +/- 2.81% : : % shortening of sinus cycle with respect to the basal cycle +/- SD, p less than 0.005); 2. Atrioventricular nodal conduction time (A-H interval) decreased, the effect being more marked with the larger dose regimes; 3.His-Pirkinje conduction time (H-V interval) unaltered except in 3 cases where it increased by 5 ms after injection of 2.7 mg/kg; 4. Relative refractory period of His-Parkinje system shortened, this effect also being more pronounced with the larger doses ( --3.75 +/- 0.25% :2.7 mg/kg, p less than 0,001; -- 7 +/- 1.46% 3.4 mg/kg, p less than 0.005). In conclusion, the changes observed in the His-Purkinje system after mexiletine were similar to those of Lignocaine and Diphenylhydantoin. The drug also appears to have a marked vagal inhibitory effect as shown by the acceleration of the sinus rhythm and reduced atrioventricular conduction times.", "PMID": 106799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7387", "title": "[Duodenal bacterial flora in the child during post-surgical stasis].", "content": "The bacterial flora of the small bowel was studied in infants with stasis after surgery. Samples were obtained, with radiological assistance, by duodenal aspiration and then immediately analysed by the laboratory in blind tests, both qualitatively and quantitatively. There were two groups of patients: one receiving parenteral nutrition and a second on enteral elementary diet; patients without any gastro-intestinal tract disease formed the control group. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteria were isolated significantly more often in both groups of patients compared to the control group. Quantitatively, the predominant flora -- and not total flora -- was different in the three groups. When considering bacteriological species, only P. aeruginosa (greater than 10(6)/ml) differed significantly in numbers in both groups compared to the control group. With these bacteriological investigations, the \"contaminated proximal small bowel syndrome\" is better defined and a group of high-risk patients may be identified.", "contents": "[Duodenal bacterial flora in the child during post-surgical stasis]. The bacterial flora of the small bowel was studied in infants with stasis after surgery. Samples were obtained, with radiological assistance, by duodenal aspiration and then immediately analysed by the laboratory in blind tests, both qualitatively and quantitatively. There were two groups of patients: one receiving parenteral nutrition and a second on enteral elementary diet; patients without any gastro-intestinal tract disease formed the control group. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteria were isolated significantly more often in both groups of patients compared to the control group. Quantitatively, the predominant flora -- and not total flora -- was different in the three groups. When considering bacteriological species, only P. aeruginosa (greater than 10(6)/ml) differed significantly in numbers in both groups compared to the control group. With these bacteriological investigations, the \"contaminated proximal small bowel syndrome\" is better defined and a group of high-risk patients may be identified.", "PMID": 106800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7388", "title": "[Infantile form of Gaucher's disease. Clinical and biological studies in 1 case. Prenatal diagnosis in 2 further normal pregnancies].", "content": "A clinical report of a typical case of infantile Gaucher's disease is given. Study of the beta-glucosidase activity in leukocytes and skin fibroblasts confirmed the diagnosis in the patient and established the heterozygote condition of the parents. Two later pregnancies have been monitored by enzymatic study of cultured amniotic fluid cells. Both foetuses were predicted to be healthy, which was confirmed after birth. The report includes a histopathological ultrastructural, chemical and enzymatic study of liver, spleen and brain obtained at autopsy. Possible clues to the physiopathological mechanism of the cerebral lesion are discussed.", "contents": "[Infantile form of Gaucher's disease. Clinical and biological studies in 1 case. Prenatal diagnosis in 2 further normal pregnancies]. A clinical report of a typical case of infantile Gaucher's disease is given. Study of the beta-glucosidase activity in leukocytes and skin fibroblasts confirmed the diagnosis in the patient and established the heterozygote condition of the parents. Two later pregnancies have been monitored by enzymatic study of cultured amniotic fluid cells. Both foetuses were predicted to be healthy, which was confirmed after birth. The report includes a histopathological ultrastructural, chemical and enzymatic study of liver, spleen and brain obtained at autopsy. Possible clues to the physiopathological mechanism of the cerebral lesion are discussed.", "PMID": 106802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7389", "title": "Somatic discomforts among depressed women.", "content": "An inventory of 69 somatic discomforts was used to identify those discomforts most likely to be concurrent with a clinically severe depression in a sample of 223 recently hospitalized women. The inventory provided scores for each of 15 classes of discomfort. The classes of discomfort with the highest average score for the depressed sample at admission also yielded significantly lower scores for a nonpatient control sample (P less than .05). The four classes of discomfort most pertinent to depression were designated autonomic, wakefulness, dry mouth, and fatigue. The items of discomfort contributing to these classes showed a statistically significant diminution in severity during treatment (P less than .05).", "contents": "Somatic discomforts among depressed women. An inventory of 69 somatic discomforts was used to identify those discomforts most likely to be concurrent with a clinically severe depression in a sample of 223 recently hospitalized women. The inventory provided scores for each of 15 classes of discomfort. The classes of discomfort with the highest average score for the depressed sample at admission also yielded significantly lower scores for a nonpatient control sample (P less than .05). The four classes of discomfort most pertinent to depression were designated autonomic, wakefulness, dry mouth, and fatigue. The items of discomfort contributing to these classes showed a statistically significant diminution in severity during treatment (P less than .05).", "PMID": 106803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7390", "title": "Implications of malnutrition in the surgical patient.", "content": "The substantial prevalence of malnutrition in the hospitalized patient population has only been recently recognized. Preoperative nutritional and immunological assessment was performed prospectively on admission in 64 consecutive surgical patients. Factors measured included weight loss, triceps skinfold, midarm muscle circumference, creatinine-height index, serum albumin level, serum transferrin level, total lymphocyte count, serum complement level, serum immunoelectrophoresis, lymphocyte T rosettes formation, neutrophil migration, and delayed hypersensitivity. Using these criteria for malnutrition, 97% of the patients had at least one abnormal measurement and 35% had at least three abnormal measurements. Patients were monitored for complications during their hospital course. Serum albumin level, serum transferrin level, and delayed hypersensitivity reactions were the only accurate prognostic indicators of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Substantial unrecognized malnutrition exists in the surgical patient population. An isolated indicator of malnutrition should be interpreted with caution. The visceral protein compartment (serum albumin and serum transferrin levels and delayed hypersensitivity) is the most accurate prognostic indicator of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Perioperative nutritional support may reduce operative morbidity and mortality in the malnourished operative candidate.", "contents": "Implications of malnutrition in the surgical patient. The substantial prevalence of malnutrition in the hospitalized patient population has only been recently recognized. Preoperative nutritional and immunological assessment was performed prospectively on admission in 64 consecutive surgical patients. Factors measured included weight loss, triceps skinfold, midarm muscle circumference, creatinine-height index, serum albumin level, serum transferrin level, total lymphocyte count, serum complement level, serum immunoelectrophoresis, lymphocyte T rosettes formation, neutrophil migration, and delayed hypersensitivity. Using these criteria for malnutrition, 97% of the patients had at least one abnormal measurement and 35% had at least three abnormal measurements. Patients were monitored for complications during their hospital course. Serum albumin level, serum transferrin level, and delayed hypersensitivity reactions were the only accurate prognostic indicators of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Substantial unrecognized malnutrition exists in the surgical patient population. An isolated indicator of malnutrition should be interpreted with caution. The visceral protein compartment (serum albumin and serum transferrin levels and delayed hypersensitivity) is the most accurate prognostic indicator of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Perioperative nutritional support may reduce operative morbidity and mortality in the malnourished operative candidate.", "PMID": 106804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7391", "title": "[Various immunomorphological tests of cellular immunity in lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "Diffusion chambers were used to study the migration activity and blast transformation of lymphocytes in fragments of lymph nodes from untreated patients with lymphogranulomatosis of various histological variants and stages of the disease. Early in the disease, and particularly at its peak, a progressive decrease in the activity of T-lymphocytes was observed indicating the inhibition of cellular immunity in the patients.", "contents": "[Various immunomorphological tests of cellular immunity in lymphogranulomatosis]. Diffusion chambers were used to study the migration activity and blast transformation of lymphocytes in fragments of lymph nodes from untreated patients with lymphogranulomatosis of various histological variants and stages of the disease. Early in the disease, and particularly at its peak, a progressive decrease in the activity of T-lymphocytes was observed indicating the inhibition of cellular immunity in the patients.", "PMID": 106807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7392", "title": "Platelet aggregation in experimental spinal cord injury. Ultrastructural observations.", "content": "Endothelial alterations occur as early as 1 1/2 minutes following impact injury to the primate spinal cord. Separation of the endothelial junctions and exposure of microvascular basal lamina result in platelet adhesion and aggregations that cover defects in the vessel wall and may progress to complete vascular occlusion. This occurs during the first six hours following injury. Platelets also adhere to the surface of damaged endothelium. Hemostasis resulting from platelet thrombus formation is responsible in part for decreased blood flow in the central gray matter following spinal cord trauma.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation in experimental spinal cord injury. Ultrastructural observations. Endothelial alterations occur as early as 1 1/2 minutes following impact injury to the primate spinal cord. Separation of the endothelial junctions and exposure of microvascular basal lamina result in platelet adhesion and aggregations that cover defects in the vessel wall and may progress to complete vascular occlusion. This occurs during the first six hours following injury. Platelets also adhere to the surface of damaged endothelium. Hemostasis resulting from platelet thrombus formation is responsible in part for decreased blood flow in the central gray matter following spinal cord trauma.", "PMID": 106810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7393", "title": "The ocular manifestations in Fabry's disease.", "content": "We present the ocular manifestations in a series of 37 hemizygous male and 25 heterozygous female patients with Fabry's disease. The ocular findings typically do not impair vision, but are unique and diagnostic. Whorl-like corneal deposits were seen in almost all patients and were more severe in the heterozygotes. The lens showed cream-colored anterior capsular deposits, sometimes in striking \"propeller\" distribution, in one third of the hemizygotes, and in none of the heterozygotes. A faint but unique posterior capsular opacity with a branching radial pattern was seen in 37% of the hemizygotes and 14% of the heterozygotes. Conjunctival vessel aneurysmal dilations and retinal vessel tortuosity were both more frequent and severe in the hemizygotes. Severe visual loss occurred in two hemizygotes as a result of unilateral total central artery occlusions.", "contents": "The ocular manifestations in Fabry's disease. We present the ocular manifestations in a series of 37 hemizygous male and 25 heterozygous female patients with Fabry's disease. The ocular findings typically do not impair vision, but are unique and diagnostic. Whorl-like corneal deposits were seen in almost all patients and were more severe in the heterozygotes. The lens showed cream-colored anterior capsular deposits, sometimes in striking \"propeller\" distribution, in one third of the hemizygotes, and in none of the heterozygotes. A faint but unique posterior capsular opacity with a branching radial pattern was seen in 37% of the hemizygotes and 14% of the heterozygotes. Conjunctival vessel aneurysmal dilations and retinal vessel tortuosity were both more frequent and severe in the hemizygotes. Severe visual loss occurred in two hemizygotes as a result of unilateral total central artery occlusions.", "PMID": 106811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7394", "title": "Radioactive and bioassay of intraocular antibiotics: double-assay technique to compare penicillin G, cefamandole, and gentamicin in ocular tissues in vivo.", "content": "We examined the correlation between radioactive assay and trephine-discbioassay of penicillin G sodium, cefamandole nafate, and gentamicin sulfate in ocular tissues of pigmented rabbits after subconjuctival administration of antibiotic. We devised a technique whereby a single sample of tissue could be assayed by both methods. This was achieved by performing the bioassay first, then measuring the resudual radioactivity in the agar and specimens. The results of both methods were generally within 13%. An exception was gentamicin in iris and choroidretina, for which the bioassay result was strikingly less than the radioassay value. No such discrepancy was evident when similar studies were carried out with gentamicin in albino rabbits. This suggests that the phenomenon is due to tight binding of gentamicin by melanin-containing tissues. The trephine-disc bioassay provides an accurate measure of diffusible bioactive antibiotic in ocular tissues.", "contents": "Radioactive and bioassay of intraocular antibiotics: double-assay technique to compare penicillin G, cefamandole, and gentamicin in ocular tissues in vivo. We examined the correlation between radioactive assay and trephine-discbioassay of penicillin G sodium, cefamandole nafate, and gentamicin sulfate in ocular tissues of pigmented rabbits after subconjuctival administration of antibiotic. We devised a technique whereby a single sample of tissue could be assayed by both methods. This was achieved by performing the bioassay first, then measuring the resudual radioactivity in the agar and specimens. The results of both methods were generally within 13%. An exception was gentamicin in iris and choroidretina, for which the bioassay result was strikingly less than the radioassay value. No such discrepancy was evident when similar studies were carried out with gentamicin in albino rabbits. This suggests that the phenomenon is due to tight binding of gentamicin by melanin-containing tissues. The trephine-disc bioassay provides an accurate measure of diffusible bioactive antibiotic in ocular tissues.", "PMID": 106812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7395", "title": "Local antivirals in a herpes simplex stromal keratitis model.", "content": "A herpes simplex stromal keratitis rabbit model, which was produced by intrastromal injection of live virus, was used to evaluate the effects of local antivirals on the natural course of the disease. Topical trifluridine (trifluorothymidine) and vidarabine monophosphate (adenine arabinoside monophosphate), when given early and frequently, suppressed the disease, indicating that viral replication was important in initiating the disease. However, seven days after the stromal disease had begun to develop, neither drug had an appreciable effect. Since the early drug effect had suggested adequate drug penetration, the abscence of drug effect later in the disease indicates that viral multiplication may not be important in maintaining the disease. Immunologic reactions may control the disease once the cornea is antigenically altered by the initial infection. Subconjunctivally injected trifluridine was not effective.", "contents": "Local antivirals in a herpes simplex stromal keratitis model. A herpes simplex stromal keratitis rabbit model, which was produced by intrastromal injection of live virus, was used to evaluate the effects of local antivirals on the natural course of the disease. Topical trifluridine (trifluorothymidine) and vidarabine monophosphate (adenine arabinoside monophosphate), when given early and frequently, suppressed the disease, indicating that viral replication was important in initiating the disease. However, seven days after the stromal disease had begun to develop, neither drug had an appreciable effect. Since the early drug effect had suggested adequate drug penetration, the abscence of drug effect later in the disease indicates that viral multiplication may not be important in maintaining the disease. Immunologic reactions may control the disease once the cornea is antigenically altered by the initial infection. Subconjunctivally injected trifluridine was not effective.", "PMID": 106813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7396", "title": "Vestibular effects of electrical stimulation of the cochlea. Monitored in the awake primate.", "content": "The effect of electrical stimulation of the cochlea on vestibular response was monitored in six rhesus monkeys. Eye movements and single-unit activity from the vestibular portion of the eighth nerve, vestibular nuclei, reticular formation, and abducens nucleus were observed while electrical stimulation was delivered through an implanted cochlear prosthesis. In one animal of this series, neural activity from the inferior colliculus and cochlear nuclear complex was also recorded. Electrical stimulation elicited eye-movement responses in only one animal. In the animals from which single-unit activity was recorded, no positive vestibular effects were noted. In one animal of this study, responses were elicited from auditory structures by relatively low intensities of electrical stimulation.", "contents": "Vestibular effects of electrical stimulation of the cochlea. Monitored in the awake primate. The effect of electrical stimulation of the cochlea on vestibular response was monitored in six rhesus monkeys. Eye movements and single-unit activity from the vestibular portion of the eighth nerve, vestibular nuclei, reticular formation, and abducens nucleus were observed while electrical stimulation was delivered through an implanted cochlear prosthesis. In one animal of this series, neural activity from the inferior colliculus and cochlear nuclear complex was also recorded. Electrical stimulation elicited eye-movement responses in only one animal. In the animals from which single-unit activity was recorded, no positive vestibular effects were noted. In one animal of this study, responses were elicited from auditory structures by relatively low intensities of electrical stimulation.", "PMID": 106814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7397", "title": "Skin flap esophagostomy. A new procedure.", "content": "Stoma formation in cervical esophagostomy can be accomplished without tension with the use of cervical skin rotation flaps to form a skin-lined tube. This procedure was performed on six patients; salivary leakage was less, and tube insertion was easier than in patients who had standard esophagostomy procedures. We discuss the indications and contraindications for esophagostomy.", "contents": "Skin flap esophagostomy. A new procedure. Stoma formation in cervical esophagostomy can be accomplished without tension with the use of cervical skin rotation flaps to form a skin-lined tube. This procedure was performed on six patients; salivary leakage was less, and tube insertion was easier than in patients who had standard esophagostomy procedures. We discuss the indications and contraindications for esophagostomy.", "PMID": 106815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7398", "title": "The support of the long term neurological cripple.", "content": "The term 'long term neurological cripple' is an unattractive and yet an all embracing one, covering a wide spectrum of disorders from spina bifida or cerebral palsy with or without associated epilepsy and behavioural and learning problems, through muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, and motor neurone disease, to the effects of head injury, cerebrovascular lesions and the degenerative disorders of later life such as Parkinson's disease and the senile and presenile dementias. Whilst many of the problems are common to several of these entities, each has its own particular aspects.", "contents": "The support of the long term neurological cripple. The term 'long term neurological cripple' is an unattractive and yet an all embracing one, covering a wide spectrum of disorders from spina bifida or cerebral palsy with or without associated epilepsy and behavioural and learning problems, through muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, and motor neurone disease, to the effects of head injury, cerebrovascular lesions and the degenerative disorders of later life such as Parkinson's disease and the senile and presenile dementias. Whilst many of the problems are common to several of these entities, each has its own particular aspects.", "PMID": 106816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7399", "title": "Epilepsy.", "content": "Epilepsy is a common disorder affecting approximately one in every two hundred people, from all walks of life, and presenting in addition to the seizure disorder itself, varying social, psychological and economic problems. A simple classification of epilepsy is described, and the concept of 'seizure threshold' introduced. Having diagnosed epilepsy, the need for investigation to separate the symptomatic epilepsies from idiopathic epilepsy is stressed. Accurate diagnosis of seizure type ensures that optimal therapy can be offered. The various drugs used to control epilepsy are discussed, and comments on the general management of the patient are offered.", "contents": "Epilepsy. Epilepsy is a common disorder affecting approximately one in every two hundred people, from all walks of life, and presenting in addition to the seizure disorder itself, varying social, psychological and economic problems. A simple classification of epilepsy is described, and the concept of 'seizure threshold' introduced. Having diagnosed epilepsy, the need for investigation to separate the symptomatic epilepsies from idiopathic epilepsy is stressed. Accurate diagnosis of seizure type ensures that optimal therapy can be offered. The various drugs used to control epilepsy are discussed, and comments on the general management of the patient are offered.", "PMID": 106817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7400", "title": "Inhibition of bacterial transport by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Effects of pentachlorophenol and analogues in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Analogues of the potent uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation pentachlorophenol were tested as inhibitors of proline and glycine transport by Bacillus subtilis. These analogues included less highly substituted chlorophenols and pentachlorothiophenol. Like pentachlorophenol, they are non-competitive inhibitors of proline transport and uncompetitive inhibitors of glycine transport. However, the less highly substituted chlorophenols are weaker acids than pentachlorophenol and also weaker inhibitors. Analysis indicated that the anionic form of the uncouplers is the inhibiting species. Pentachlorothiophenol, a water-insoluble anion, is also a potent inhibitor. These results support previous studies that concluded that uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation inhibit amino acid transport by binding at specific sites on proteins, the free energy of interaction stabilizing 'unproductive' conformations. Such specific interactions of uncoupler with protein are probably commonplace.", "contents": "Inhibition of bacterial transport by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Effects of pentachlorophenol and analogues in Bacillus subtilis. Analogues of the potent uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation pentachlorophenol were tested as inhibitors of proline and glycine transport by Bacillus subtilis. These analogues included less highly substituted chlorophenols and pentachlorothiophenol. Like pentachlorophenol, they are non-competitive inhibitors of proline transport and uncompetitive inhibitors of glycine transport. However, the less highly substituted chlorophenols are weaker acids than pentachlorophenol and also weaker inhibitors. Analysis indicated that the anionic form of the uncouplers is the inhibiting species. Pentachlorothiophenol, a water-insoluble anion, is also a potent inhibitor. These results support previous studies that concluded that uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation inhibit amino acid transport by binding at specific sites on proteins, the free energy of interaction stabilizing 'unproductive' conformations. Such specific interactions of uncoupler with protein are probably commonplace.", "PMID": 106840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7401", "title": "Turnover of liver glycogen in the rat foetus.", "content": "Incorporation and release of the radioactivity in the liver glycogen of 18.5- and 19.5-day-old rat foetuses were studied after intravenous injection of E11-14C]glycerol. Incorporation occurred during 1 h after injection of the radioactive tracer to the foetus; then, the incorporated radioactivity decreased. Glycogen content in the liver, and glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase were not modified during the experiment. It is therefore postulated that a physiological turnover of glycogen exists in the liver of the rat foetus.", "contents": "Turnover of liver glycogen in the rat foetus. Incorporation and release of the radioactivity in the liver glycogen of 18.5- and 19.5-day-old rat foetuses were studied after intravenous injection of E11-14C]glycerol. Incorporation occurred during 1 h after injection of the radioactive tracer to the foetus; then, the incorporated radioactivity decreased. Glycogen content in the liver, and glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase were not modified during the experiment. It is therefore postulated that a physiological turnover of glycogen exists in the liver of the rat foetus.", "PMID": 106841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7402", "title": "Measurement in vivo of hydrogenase-catalysed hydrogen evolution in the presence of nitrogenase enzyme in cyanobacteria.", "content": "A method was devised that allows measurement in vivo of hydrogenase-catalysed H2 evolution from the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica, independent of nitrogenase activity, which is also present. Addition of low concentrations of reduced Methyl Viologen (1-10mM) to intact heterocystous filaments of the organism resulted in H2 evolution, but produced conditions giving total inhibition of nitrogenase (acetylene-reducing and H2-evolving) activity. That the H2 formed under these conditions was not contributed to by nitrogenase was also supported by the observation that its rate of formation was similar in the dark or with Ar replaced by N2 in the gas phase, and also in view of the pattern of H2 evolution at very low Methyl Viologen concentrations. Conclusive evidence that the H2 formed in the presence of Methyl Viologen was solely hydrogenase-mediated was its evolution even from nitrogenase-free (non-heterocystous) cultures; by contrast 'uptake' hydrogenase activity in such cultures was greatly decreased. The hydrogenase activity was inhibited by CO and little affected by acetylene. Finally the hydrogenase activity was shown to be relatively constant at different stages during the batch growth of the organism, as opposed to nitrogenase activity, which varied.", "contents": "Measurement in vivo of hydrogenase-catalysed hydrogen evolution in the presence of nitrogenase enzyme in cyanobacteria. A method was devised that allows measurement in vivo of hydrogenase-catalysed H2 evolution from the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica, independent of nitrogenase activity, which is also present. Addition of low concentrations of reduced Methyl Viologen (1-10mM) to intact heterocystous filaments of the organism resulted in H2 evolution, but produced conditions giving total inhibition of nitrogenase (acetylene-reducing and H2-evolving) activity. That the H2 formed under these conditions was not contributed to by nitrogenase was also supported by the observation that its rate of formation was similar in the dark or with Ar replaced by N2 in the gas phase, and also in view of the pattern of H2 evolution at very low Methyl Viologen concentrations. Conclusive evidence that the H2 formed in the presence of Methyl Viologen was solely hydrogenase-mediated was its evolution even from nitrogenase-free (non-heterocystous) cultures; by contrast 'uptake' hydrogenase activity in such cultures was greatly decreased. The hydrogenase activity was inhibited by CO and little affected by acetylene. Finally the hydrogenase activity was shown to be relatively constant at different stages during the batch growth of the organism, as opposed to nitrogenase activity, which varied.", "PMID": 106842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7403", "title": "Interaction of the lacZ beta-galactosidase of Escherichia coli with some beta-D-galactopyranoside competitive inhibitors.", "content": "1. The location of the bivalent metal cation with respect to bound competitive inhibitors in Escherichia coli (lacZ) beta-galactosidase was investigated by proton magnetic resonance. 2. Replacement of Mg(2+) by Mn(2+) enhances both longitudinal and transverse relaxation of the methyl groups of the beta-d-galactopyranosyltrimethylammonium ion, and of methyl 1-thio-beta-d-galactopyranoside; linewidths are narrowed by increasing temperature. 3. The Mn(2+) ion is located 8-9A (0.8-0.9nm) from the centroid of the trimethylammonium group and 9A (0.9nm) from the average position of the methylthio protons. 4. The effective charge at the active site was probed by measurement of competitive inhibition constants (K(i) (o) and K(i) (+) respectively) for the isosteric ligands, beta-d-galactopyranosylbenzene and the beta-d-galactopyranosylpyridinium ion. 5. The ratio of inhibition constants (Q=K(i) (+)/K(i) (o)) obtained with 2-(beta-d-galactopyranosyl)-naphthalene and the beta-d-galactopyranosylisoquinolinium ion at pH7 with Mg(2+)-enzyme was identical, within experimental error, with that obtained with the monocyclic compounds. 6. The variation of Q for Mg(2+)-enzyme can be described by Q=0.1(1+[H(+)]/4.17x10(-10))/1+[H(+)]/10(-8)). 7. This, in the theoretical form for a single ionizable group, is ascribed to the ionization of the phenolic hydroxy group of tyrosine-501. 8. The variation of Q for Mg(2+)-free enzyme is complex, probably because of deprotonation of the groups normally attached to Mg(2+) as well as tyrosine-501.", "contents": "Interaction of the lacZ beta-galactosidase of Escherichia coli with some beta-D-galactopyranoside competitive inhibitors. 1. The location of the bivalent metal cation with respect to bound competitive inhibitors in Escherichia coli (lacZ) beta-galactosidase was investigated by proton magnetic resonance. 2. Replacement of Mg(2+) by Mn(2+) enhances both longitudinal and transverse relaxation of the methyl groups of the beta-d-galactopyranosyltrimethylammonium ion, and of methyl 1-thio-beta-d-galactopyranoside; linewidths are narrowed by increasing temperature. 3. The Mn(2+) ion is located 8-9A (0.8-0.9nm) from the centroid of the trimethylammonium group and 9A (0.9nm) from the average position of the methylthio protons. 4. The effective charge at the active site was probed by measurement of competitive inhibition constants (K(i) (o) and K(i) (+) respectively) for the isosteric ligands, beta-d-galactopyranosylbenzene and the beta-d-galactopyranosylpyridinium ion. 5. The ratio of inhibition constants (Q=K(i) (+)/K(i) (o)) obtained with 2-(beta-d-galactopyranosyl)-naphthalene and the beta-d-galactopyranosylisoquinolinium ion at pH7 with Mg(2+)-enzyme was identical, within experimental error, with that obtained with the monocyclic compounds. 6. The variation of Q for Mg(2+)-enzyme can be described by Q=0.1(1+[H(+)]/4.17x10(-10))/1+[H(+)]/10(-8)). 7. This, in the theoretical form for a single ionizable group, is ascribed to the ionization of the phenolic hydroxy group of tyrosine-501. 8. The variation of Q for Mg(2+)-free enzyme is complex, probably because of deprotonation of the groups normally attached to Mg(2+) as well as tyrosine-501.", "PMID": 106843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7404", "title": "Characterization of a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein isolated from the pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis.", "content": "A high-molecular-weight glycoprotein was isolated, purified and partially characterized from the insoluble pulmonary secretions accumulating in lungs of patients suffering from pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. On electrophoresis in 5% polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate and 2-mercaptoethanol, the purified protein gave one major band as detected by Coomassie Blue as well as with periodic acid/Schiff staining. An apparent mol.wt. of 250000 was estimated for this glycoprotein. Amino acid analysis showed that it contains hydroxyproline, and relatively high amounts of glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and leucine. It contains approx. 6% hexose, 3% sialic acid and 2% glucosamine. The neutral sugars are galactose, mannose and fucose. An antiserum prepared in rabbits against this high-molecular-weight glycoprotein cross-reacted with two smaller glycoproteins (mol.wts. 62000 and 36000) isolated from the same pulmonary secretions of these patients. A complementary observation was also made when this large alveolar glycoprotein cross-reacted with an antiserum prepared in rabbits against the smaller glycoprotein (mol.wt. 36000). It appears that this high-molecular-weight glycoprotein may be the precursor of the two smaller glycoproteins present in the same diseased pulmonary secretions.", "contents": "Characterization of a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein isolated from the pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis. A high-molecular-weight glycoprotein was isolated, purified and partially characterized from the insoluble pulmonary secretions accumulating in lungs of patients suffering from pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. On electrophoresis in 5% polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate and 2-mercaptoethanol, the purified protein gave one major band as detected by Coomassie Blue as well as with periodic acid/Schiff staining. An apparent mol.wt. of 250000 was estimated for this glycoprotein. Amino acid analysis showed that it contains hydroxyproline, and relatively high amounts of glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and leucine. It contains approx. 6% hexose, 3% sialic acid and 2% glucosamine. The neutral sugars are galactose, mannose and fucose. An antiserum prepared in rabbits against this high-molecular-weight glycoprotein cross-reacted with two smaller glycoproteins (mol.wts. 62000 and 36000) isolated from the same pulmonary secretions of these patients. A complementary observation was also made when this large alveolar glycoprotein cross-reacted with an antiserum prepared in rabbits against the smaller glycoprotein (mol.wt. 36000). It appears that this high-molecular-weight glycoprotein may be the precursor of the two smaller glycoproteins present in the same diseased pulmonary secretions.", "PMID": 106844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7405", "title": "Investigation of the organization of rhodopsin in the sheep photoreceptor membrane by using cross-linking reagents.", "content": "The organization of rhodopsin in the photoreceptor membrane of sheep rod outer segments was investigated by using a variety of bifunctional reagents. Of the nine reagents used, seven gave oligomeric opsin species, whereas two, copper phenanthroline and dithiobisphenyl azide, failed to cross-link the protein. In general, the cross-linked species obtained showed diminishing yields from dimer to tetramer, together with some higher-molecular-weight aggregates. It is proposed that the patterns of cross-linking arise as a result of collision complexes and best describe a monomeric organization for native rhodopsin. No significant differences between the patterns obtained with dark-adapted bleached or regenerated protein states were observed. This interpretation is discussed in relation to the postulated mechanism of action of rhodopsin.", "contents": "Investigation of the organization of rhodopsin in the sheep photoreceptor membrane by using cross-linking reagents. The organization of rhodopsin in the photoreceptor membrane of sheep rod outer segments was investigated by using a variety of bifunctional reagents. Of the nine reagents used, seven gave oligomeric opsin species, whereas two, copper phenanthroline and dithiobisphenyl azide, failed to cross-link the protein. In general, the cross-linked species obtained showed diminishing yields from dimer to tetramer, together with some higher-molecular-weight aggregates. It is proposed that the patterns of cross-linking arise as a result of collision complexes and best describe a monomeric organization for native rhodopsin. No significant differences between the patterns obtained with dark-adapted bleached or regenerated protein states were observed. This interpretation is discussed in relation to the postulated mechanism of action of rhodopsin.", "PMID": 106845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7406", "title": "Diamine oxidase and polyamine oxidase activities in normal and transformed cells.", "content": "1. The activity of diamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6) in normal rat kidney cells and in normal rat kidney cells transformed by avian sarcoma virus (B77 strain) growing in tissue culture varies with the stage of growth. There is an initial stimulation of activity by 24h after seeding, followed by a steep decline during exponential growth (48-72h). Enzyme activity decreases even further as the cells reach saturation density (confluence) after 4 days in culture when the activity in normal rat kidney cells is twice as high as that in transformed cells. 2. Differences of about the same order of magnitude are observed between transformed human cells HeLa, HEp2 (a human epithelioid carcinoma) and normal human fibroblasts, in chicken cells between normal myeloblasts and leukaemic myeloblasts, and in rats between biopsy material from normal mammary tissue and 9,10-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumours. 3. Polyamine oxidase activity also varies with the growth of transformed rat kidney cells, but shows no significant variation with the growth of normal rat kidney cells between 24 and 96h after seeding. The activity in cells at confluence is from 3- to 5-fold lower in the transformed than in the normal rat kidney cells. 4. A similar 5-10-fold decrease in activity has been found in 9,10-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumours in rats and in human oesophageal tumours. 5. Possible reasons for these observations and the contribution of these two enzymes to cellular putrescine concentrations are discussed.", "contents": "Diamine oxidase and polyamine oxidase activities in normal and transformed cells. 1. The activity of diamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6) in normal rat kidney cells and in normal rat kidney cells transformed by avian sarcoma virus (B77 strain) growing in tissue culture varies with the stage of growth. There is an initial stimulation of activity by 24h after seeding, followed by a steep decline during exponential growth (48-72h). Enzyme activity decreases even further as the cells reach saturation density (confluence) after 4 days in culture when the activity in normal rat kidney cells is twice as high as that in transformed cells. 2. Differences of about the same order of magnitude are observed between transformed human cells HeLa, HEp2 (a human epithelioid carcinoma) and normal human fibroblasts, in chicken cells between normal myeloblasts and leukaemic myeloblasts, and in rats between biopsy material from normal mammary tissue and 9,10-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumours. 3. Polyamine oxidase activity also varies with the growth of transformed rat kidney cells, but shows no significant variation with the growth of normal rat kidney cells between 24 and 96h after seeding. The activity in cells at confluence is from 3- to 5-fold lower in the transformed than in the normal rat kidney cells. 4. A similar 5-10-fold decrease in activity has been found in 9,10-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumours in rats and in human oesophageal tumours. 5. Possible reasons for these observations and the contribution of these two enzymes to cellular putrescine concentrations are discussed.", "PMID": 106846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7407", "title": "A comparison of the substrate and electron-donor specificities of the methane mono-oxygenases from three strains of methane-oxidizing bacteria.", "content": "1. Methane mono-oxygenase from Methylosinus trichosporium has the same broad substrate specificity as the analogous enzyme from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath); the enzyme from Methylomonas methanica is more specific. 2. Contrary to previous reports, NAD(P)H and not ascorbate is the required electron donor for the enzyme from Methylosinus trichosporium. 3. It is concluded that these three bacteria contain similar methane mono-oxygenases.", "contents": "A comparison of the substrate and electron-donor specificities of the methane mono-oxygenases from three strains of methane-oxidizing bacteria. 1. Methane mono-oxygenase from Methylosinus trichosporium has the same broad substrate specificity as the analogous enzyme from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath); the enzyme from Methylomonas methanica is more specific. 2. Contrary to previous reports, NAD(P)H and not ascorbate is the required electron donor for the enzyme from Methylosinus trichosporium. 3. It is concluded that these three bacteria contain similar methane mono-oxygenases.", "PMID": 106847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7408", "title": "The cellulolytic enzymes of Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. Separation and characterization of cellulases and beta-glucosidases.", "content": "1. Filtrates from cultures of different ages of Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. were fractionated by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 2. Five cellulases (C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5) were found, and their molecular weights, estimated by gel filtration, were 46000-48000 (C1), 30000-35000 (C2), 15000-18000 (C3), 10000-11000 (C4) and 4800-5500 (C5). 3. Cellulase C5 was absent from old culture filtrates. 4. Cellulase C1 had little or no activity on CM-cellulose (viscometric assay), but degraded cotton flock and Whatman cellulose powder to give cellobiose only. 5. The other components (C2-C5) produced cellobiose and smaller amounts of glucose and cellotriose from cellulosic substrates and were more active in lowering the viscosity of CM-cellulose. 6. The ratio of activities assayed by viscometry and by the release of reducing sugars from CM-cellulose increased with decrease in the molecular weights of cellulases C2-C5. 7. Cellobiose inhibited the activities of the cellulases, but glucose stimulated at low concentrations although it inhibited at high concentrations. 8. A high-molecular-weight beta-glucosidase (component B1, mol.wt. 350000-380000) predominated in filtrates from young cultures, but a low-molecular-weight enzyme (B4, mol.wt. 45000-47000) predominated in older filtrates. 9. Intermediate molecular species of beta-glucosidase (B2, mol.wt. 170000-180000; B3, mol.wt. 83000-87000) were also found. 10. Cellulases C2-C5 acted in synergism with C1, particularly in the presence of beta-glucosidase.", "contents": "The cellulolytic enzymes of Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. Separation and characterization of cellulases and beta-glucosidases. 1. Filtrates from cultures of different ages of Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. were fractionated by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 2. Five cellulases (C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5) were found, and their molecular weights, estimated by gel filtration, were 46000-48000 (C1), 30000-35000 (C2), 15000-18000 (C3), 10000-11000 (C4) and 4800-5500 (C5). 3. Cellulase C5 was absent from old culture filtrates. 4. Cellulase C1 had little or no activity on CM-cellulose (viscometric assay), but degraded cotton flock and Whatman cellulose powder to give cellobiose only. 5. The other components (C2-C5) produced cellobiose and smaller amounts of glucose and cellotriose from cellulosic substrates and were more active in lowering the viscosity of CM-cellulose. 6. The ratio of activities assayed by viscometry and by the release of reducing sugars from CM-cellulose increased with decrease in the molecular weights of cellulases C2-C5. 7. Cellobiose inhibited the activities of the cellulases, but glucose stimulated at low concentrations although it inhibited at high concentrations. 8. A high-molecular-weight beta-glucosidase (component B1, mol.wt. 350000-380000) predominated in filtrates from young cultures, but a low-molecular-weight enzyme (B4, mol.wt. 45000-47000) predominated in older filtrates. 9. Intermediate molecular species of beta-glucosidase (B2, mol.wt. 170000-180000; B3, mol.wt. 83000-87000) were also found. 10. Cellulases C2-C5 acted in synergism with C1, particularly in the presence of beta-glucosidase.", "PMID": 106849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7409", "title": "Identification of organic phosphorus covalently bound to collagen and non-collagenous proteins of chicken-bone matrix. The presence of O-phosphoserine and O-phosphothreonine in non-collagenous proteins, and their absence from phosporylated collagen.", "content": "Non-collagenous phosphoproteins, almost all of which can be extracted in EDTA at neutral pH in the presence of proteinase inhibitors, are identified in the matrix of chicken bone, and are therefore not covalently bound to collagen. Similarly, all the peptides containing gamma-carboxyglutamic acid are present in the EDTA extract and none in the insoluble residue, confirming that none is covalently linked to chicken bone collagen. However, organic phosphorus is also found to be present in chicken bone collagen, principally in the alpha2-chains. Of the total protein-bound organic phosphorus present in chicken bone matrix, approx. 80% is associated with the non-collagenous proteins and 20% with collagen. The soluble non-collagenous proteins contain both O-phosphoserine and O-phosphothreonine and these account for essentially of their organic phosphorus content. In contrast, collagen contains neither O-phosphoserine nor O-phosphothreonine. Indeed, no phosphorylated hydroxy amino acid, phosphoamidated amino acid or phosphorylated sugar could be identified in purified components of collagen, which contain approximately four to five atoms of organic phosphorus per molecule of collagen. Peptides containing organic phosphorus were isolated from partial acid hydrolysates and enzymic digests of purified collagen components, which contain an as-yet-unidentified cationic amino acid. These data, the very high concentrations of glutamic acid in the phosphorylated peptides, and the pH-stability of the organic phosphorus moiety in intact collagen chains strongly suggest that at least part of the organic phosphorus in collagen is present as phosphorylated glutamic acid. This would indicate that the two major chemically different protein fractions in chicken bone matrix that contain organic phosphorus may represent two distinct metabolic pools of organic phosphorus under separate biological control.", "contents": "Identification of organic phosphorus covalently bound to collagen and non-collagenous proteins of chicken-bone matrix. The presence of O-phosphoserine and O-phosphothreonine in non-collagenous proteins, and their absence from phosporylated collagen. Non-collagenous phosphoproteins, almost all of which can be extracted in EDTA at neutral pH in the presence of proteinase inhibitors, are identified in the matrix of chicken bone, and are therefore not covalently bound to collagen. Similarly, all the peptides containing gamma-carboxyglutamic acid are present in the EDTA extract and none in the insoluble residue, confirming that none is covalently linked to chicken bone collagen. However, organic phosphorus is also found to be present in chicken bone collagen, principally in the alpha2-chains. Of the total protein-bound organic phosphorus present in chicken bone matrix, approx. 80% is associated with the non-collagenous proteins and 20% with collagen. The soluble non-collagenous proteins contain both O-phosphoserine and O-phosphothreonine and these account for essentially of their organic phosphorus content. In contrast, collagen contains neither O-phosphoserine nor O-phosphothreonine. Indeed, no phosphorylated hydroxy amino acid, phosphoamidated amino acid or phosphorylated sugar could be identified in purified components of collagen, which contain approximately four to five atoms of organic phosphorus per molecule of collagen. Peptides containing organic phosphorus were isolated from partial acid hydrolysates and enzymic digests of purified collagen components, which contain an as-yet-unidentified cationic amino acid. These data, the very high concentrations of glutamic acid in the phosphorylated peptides, and the pH-stability of the organic phosphorus moiety in intact collagen chains strongly suggest that at least part of the organic phosphorus in collagen is present as phosphorylated glutamic acid. This would indicate that the two major chemically different protein fractions in chicken bone matrix that contain organic phosphorus may represent two distinct metabolic pools of organic phosphorus under separate biological control.", "PMID": 106848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7410", "title": "Identification of hydroxyapatite crystals in synovial fluid.", "content": "A semiquantitative technique employing (14C) ethane-1-hydroxy 1, -1-diphosphonate (EHDP) binding has been used to detect crystals, presumably hydroxyapatite, in human synovial fluid samples which were handled to prevent the formation of artifactual mineral phase. Binding material was found in 29% of non-inflammatory and in none of inflammatory joint fluids. Nuclide binding material was strongly correlated with the presence of CPPD crystals and with radiographic evidence of cartilaginous degeneration.", "contents": "Identification of hydroxyapatite crystals in synovial fluid. A semiquantitative technique employing (14C) ethane-1-hydroxy 1, -1-diphosphonate (EHDP) binding has been used to detect crystals, presumably hydroxyapatite, in human synovial fluid samples which were handled to prevent the formation of artifactual mineral phase. Binding material was found in 29% of non-inflammatory and in none of inflammatory joint fluids. Nuclide binding material was strongly correlated with the presence of CPPD crystals and with radiographic evidence of cartilaginous degeneration.", "PMID": 106859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7411", "title": "Correlation of total body potassium and leukemic cell mass in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Total body leukemic mass in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was measured by quantitation of total body potassium (TBK) with a whole-body counter. In addition, the predicted normal total body potassium (Kp) for each patient was calculated from an empirically derived relationship involving height, weight, age, and sex. Both the absolute TBK and the relative excess of total body potassium (TBK/Kp) were related to the stage of disease. Patients in the early stages of CLL were found to have lower TBK and TBK Kp than patients in the late stages of disease. Both of these parameters increased with the successively advanced stages of the disease. The clinically monitored reduction of leukemic cell mass following therapy was accompanied by reductions in TBK and TBK/Kp. Data presented support the notion that TBK/Kp is a useful indicator of the total body leukemic mass. Furthermore, the results of these studies quantitatively validate the proposed clinical staging system for CLL. Quantitation of TBK by a whole-body counter is an accurate and noninvasive procedure and does not require administration of isotopes.", "contents": "Correlation of total body potassium and leukemic cell mass in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Total body leukemic mass in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was measured by quantitation of total body potassium (TBK) with a whole-body counter. In addition, the predicted normal total body potassium (Kp) for each patient was calculated from an empirically derived relationship involving height, weight, age, and sex. Both the absolute TBK and the relative excess of total body potassium (TBK/Kp) were related to the stage of disease. Patients in the early stages of CLL were found to have lower TBK and TBK Kp than patients in the late stages of disease. Both of these parameters increased with the successively advanced stages of the disease. The clinically monitored reduction of leukemic cell mass following therapy was accompanied by reductions in TBK and TBK/Kp. Data presented support the notion that TBK/Kp is a useful indicator of the total body leukemic mass. Furthermore, the results of these studies quantitatively validate the proposed clinical staging system for CLL. Quantitation of TBK by a whole-body counter is an accurate and noninvasive procedure and does not require administration of isotopes.", "PMID": 106861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7412", "title": "[Release of antigens into the culture medium by LS fibroblasts in culture].", "content": "LS fibroblasts cultivated for 1 or more days in unsupplemented Eagle's MEM release antigens into the medium, without showing any evidence of lysis, but on the contrary continuing to proliferate. These antigens give up to three precipitation lines when tested by means of immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis against specific rabbit antisera; one or two of them give identity reactions with antigens obtained by repeatedly washing the fibroblasts with balanced salt solutions. Evidence has been obtained that they are surface components, easily stripped or spontaneously shed by the cells.", "contents": "[Release of antigens into the culture medium by LS fibroblasts in culture]. LS fibroblasts cultivated for 1 or more days in unsupplemented Eagle's MEM release antigens into the medium, without showing any evidence of lysis, but on the contrary continuing to proliferate. These antigens give up to three precipitation lines when tested by means of immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis against specific rabbit antisera; one or two of them give identity reactions with antigens obtained by repeatedly washing the fibroblasts with balanced salt solutions. Evidence has been obtained that they are surface components, easily stripped or spontaneously shed by the cells.", "PMID": 106863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7413", "title": "[Vascular thrombosis after catheterization of the umbilical artery].", "content": "Two newborns with vascular thromboses due to catheterization of the umbilical artery are reported; one of them died and in the other one it was necessary to amputate the leg. Considerations are made on the predisposing factors for this complications, as well as the indications and precautions for this technic.", "contents": "[Vascular thrombosis after catheterization of the umbilical artery]. Two newborns with vascular thromboses due to catheterization of the umbilical artery are reported; one of them died and in the other one it was necessary to amputate the leg. Considerations are made on the predisposing factors for this complications, as well as the indications and precautions for this technic.", "PMID": 106862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7414", "title": "Ebola virus: a comparison, at ultrastructural level, of the behaviour of the Sudan and Zaire strains in monkeys.", "content": "Histopathological and electron microscopical examination of human liver specimens collected during the Ebola haemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Zaire and Sudan indicated that Zairean strains of the virus produced more extensive lesions. Experimental infection of rhesus monkeys wiht Zairean and Sudanese strains of Ebola virus produced similar changes to those found in man. In Zairean strain infections large numbers of virus particles were found in the liver, lung and spleen accompanied by extensive necrosis in the spleen. In Sudan strain infections particles were found only in the liver and in greatly reduced numbers. The main distinction lay in the high proportion of aberrant particles found with the Sudanese strain. The possibility of these being defective particles is discussed.", "contents": "Ebola virus: a comparison, at ultrastructural level, of the behaviour of the Sudan and Zaire strains in monkeys. Histopathological and electron microscopical examination of human liver specimens collected during the Ebola haemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Zaire and Sudan indicated that Zairean strains of the virus produced more extensive lesions. Experimental infection of rhesus monkeys wiht Zairean and Sudanese strains of Ebola virus produced similar changes to those found in man. In Zairean strain infections large numbers of virus particles were found in the liver, lung and spleen accompanied by extensive necrosis in the spleen. In Sudan strain infections particles were found only in the liver and in greatly reduced numbers. The main distinction lay in the high proportion of aberrant particles found with the Sudanese strain. The possibility of these being defective particles is discussed.", "PMID": 106868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7415", "title": "The pathology of untreated and antibiotic-treated experimental tularaemia in monkeys.", "content": "Grivet monkeys were infected intranasally with the virulent Schu-S4 strain of F. tularensis. One group of animals remained untreated and two other groups received a 7-day course of kanamycin therapy starting on either the third or fourth day after infection. Untreated monkeys developed pyrexia and mucopurulent oculonasal discharge and died 5--7 days after infection. All had pyogranulomatous lesions in the liver, spleen, respiratory tract and lymph nodes. Electron microscopy of liver and spleen showed phagocytosis of F. tularensis organisms by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes, but many bacteria survived phagocytosis and were released on destruction of the cells. Kanamycin therapy enabled most monkeys to survive the disease, but it did not prevent the development of persistent lesions in all animals. Caseous nodules were larger and more widespread in the organs of monkeys in which treatment was delayed until the fourth day of infection.", "contents": "The pathology of untreated and antibiotic-treated experimental tularaemia in monkeys. Grivet monkeys were infected intranasally with the virulent Schu-S4 strain of F. tularensis. One group of animals remained untreated and two other groups received a 7-day course of kanamycin therapy starting on either the third or fourth day after infection. Untreated monkeys developed pyrexia and mucopurulent oculonasal discharge and died 5--7 days after infection. All had pyogranulomatous lesions in the liver, spleen, respiratory tract and lymph nodes. Electron microscopy of liver and spleen showed phagocytosis of F. tularensis organisms by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes, but many bacteria survived phagocytosis and were released on destruction of the cells. Kanamycin therapy enabled most monkeys to survive the disease, but it did not prevent the development of persistent lesions in all animals. Caseous nodules were larger and more widespread in the organs of monkeys in which treatment was delayed until the fourth day of infection.", "PMID": 106869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7416", "title": "Changes in whole blood and serum components of grivet monkeys with experimental respiratory Francisella tularensis infection.", "content": "Grivet monkeys infected with virulent Francisella tularensis Strain Schu S4 showed significant early changes in serum levels of trace metals, triglycerides and activities of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. Free amino acid levels decreased slightly and there was a marked increase in the phenylalanine: tyrosine ratio. Serum lysozyme activity and seromucoid levels also increased. Kanamycin therapy produced remission of overt signs but the changes in blood constituents were less readily affected. Immunization with the live vaccine strain of F. tularensis induced transient responses similar to those resulting from Schut S4 infection. Immunized monkeys subsequently challenged with the virulent Schu S4 strain showed no clinical signs or marked changes in blood constituents.", "contents": "Changes in whole blood and serum components of grivet monkeys with experimental respiratory Francisella tularensis infection. Grivet monkeys infected with virulent Francisella tularensis Strain Schu S4 showed significant early changes in serum levels of trace metals, triglycerides and activities of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. Free amino acid levels decreased slightly and there was a marked increase in the phenylalanine: tyrosine ratio. Serum lysozyme activity and seromucoid levels also increased. Kanamycin therapy produced remission of overt signs but the changes in blood constituents were less readily affected. Immunization with the live vaccine strain of F. tularensis induced transient responses similar to those resulting from Schut S4 infection. Immunized monkeys subsequently challenged with the virulent Schu S4 strain showed no clinical signs or marked changes in blood constituents.", "PMID": 106870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7417", "title": "Cross-reactivity with mouse antigens in the ferritin immunogenetic (IR-gene) system.", "content": "Structural similarity between antigens and self molecules could be responsible for low antibody responses in different immunogenetic (IR-gene) systems. B10.M and B10.D2 strains are high responders, whilst A. Thy-1-1 mice are low responders, following primary immunization with ferritin in saline. Cross-reactivity between mouse-self antigens and ferritin was tested by antigen excess and radioimmunoassay techniques, using cells obtained from normal, unimmunized high- and low-responder mice, to compete for specific antibody. Low-responder A.Thy-1-1 mouse cells consistently displaced more anti-ferritin antibodies than did high-responder B10.M and B10.D2 mouse cells at varying antibody and cell concentrations and these differences were statistically significant (P less than 0.001). It is suggested that the responder status of different strains of mice, following primary immunization with ferritin in saline, could be explained by the degree of cross-activity between self determinants and antigen, such that low responders cross-react to a greater degree with the test antigen than do high-responder mice. A similar mechanism of cross-reactivity could operate in the pathogenesis of HLA-linked diseases.", "contents": "Cross-reactivity with mouse antigens in the ferritin immunogenetic (IR-gene) system. Structural similarity between antigens and self molecules could be responsible for low antibody responses in different immunogenetic (IR-gene) systems. B10.M and B10.D2 strains are high responders, whilst A. Thy-1-1 mice are low responders, following primary immunization with ferritin in saline. Cross-reactivity between mouse-self antigens and ferritin was tested by antigen excess and radioimmunoassay techniques, using cells obtained from normal, unimmunized high- and low-responder mice, to compete for specific antibody. Low-responder A.Thy-1-1 mouse cells consistently displaced more anti-ferritin antibodies than did high-responder B10.M and B10.D2 mouse cells at varying antibody and cell concentrations and these differences were statistically significant (P less than 0.001). It is suggested that the responder status of different strains of mice, following primary immunization with ferritin in saline, could be explained by the degree of cross-activity between self determinants and antigen, such that low responders cross-react to a greater degree with the test antigen than do high-responder mice. A similar mechanism of cross-reactivity could operate in the pathogenesis of HLA-linked diseases.", "PMID": 106871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7418", "title": "The incidence of antibodies to low frequency antigens (LFA) in plasmapheresis donors with hyperimmune Rh antisera.", "content": "Over 50% of plasmas from plasmapheresis donors hyperimmunized for Rh antibodies were found to contain antibodies to low frequency red cell antigens (LFA). The majority of these plasmas contained antibodies to more than one LFA. On the other hand, the incidence of these antibodies in immune plasma from control plasmapheresis donors was markedly lower. The significance of the high incidence of these antibodies in grouping reagents is discussed.", "contents": "The incidence of antibodies to low frequency antigens (LFA) in plasmapheresis donors with hyperimmune Rh antisera. Over 50% of plasmas from plasmapheresis donors hyperimmunized for Rh antibodies were found to contain antibodies to low frequency red cell antigens (LFA). The majority of these plasmas contained antibodies to more than one LFA. On the other hand, the incidence of these antibodies in immune plasma from control plasmapheresis donors was markedly lower. The significance of the high incidence of these antibodies in grouping reagents is discussed.", "PMID": 106872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7419", "title": "Proton irradiation of malignant melanoma of the ciliary body.", "content": "This is our first case of malignant melanoma of the ciliary body treated with proton beam irradiation, a technique that we developed for irradiating choroidal melanomas. After 21 months of follow-up no growth of the tumour has been observed, and shrinkage of the tumour was noted on the follow-up photographs and by ultrasonography. The 32P uptake test, which was positive before treatment, turned negative 14 months after irradiation. The described technique of proton beam irradiation might offer an alternative for the treatment of ciliary body melanomas when the present techniques of iridocyclectomy cannot be applied because of the size of the lesion.", "contents": "Proton irradiation of malignant melanoma of the ciliary body. This is our first case of malignant melanoma of the ciliary body treated with proton beam irradiation, a technique that we developed for irradiating choroidal melanomas. After 21 months of follow-up no growth of the tumour has been observed, and shrinkage of the tumour was noted on the follow-up photographs and by ultrasonography. The 32P uptake test, which was positive before treatment, turned negative 14 months after irradiation. The described technique of proton beam irradiation might offer an alternative for the treatment of ciliary body melanomas when the present techniques of iridocyclectomy cannot be applied because of the size of the lesion.", "PMID": 106873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7420", "title": "Stability of polysome-associated polyadenylated RNA from soybean suspension culture cells.", "content": "The half-life of polysome-associated, poly(A)-RNA in exponentially growing soybean (Glycine max) suspension culture cells was determined with pulse-chase experiments. Based on a best fit from a computer analysis of the data, two decay components for poly(A)-RNA were found. One component had a half-life of approximately 0.6 h, while the other had a half-life of about 30 h, similar to the doubling time of the cultures. At the beginning of the chase period, the short-lived component represented approximately 90% of the total poly(A)-RNA in the polysomes. This percentage decreased with time so that, under steady-state conditions, the long-lived component probably represented the majority of poly(A)-RNA.", "contents": "Stability of polysome-associated polyadenylated RNA from soybean suspension culture cells. The half-life of polysome-associated, poly(A)-RNA in exponentially growing soybean (Glycine max) suspension culture cells was determined with pulse-chase experiments. Based on a best fit from a computer analysis of the data, two decay components for poly(A)-RNA were found. One component had a half-life of approximately 0.6 h, while the other had a half-life of about 30 h, similar to the doubling time of the cultures. At the beginning of the chase period, the short-lived component represented approximately 90% of the total poly(A)-RNA in the polysomes. This percentage decreased with time so that, under steady-state conditions, the long-lived component probably represented the majority of poly(A)-RNA.", "PMID": 106874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7421", "title": "Nuclear protein modification and chromatin substructure. 3. Relationship between poly(adenosine diphosphate) ribosylation and different functional forms of chromatin.", "content": "The relationship between poly(adenosine diphosphate) ribosylation of nuclear proteins and functionally different forms of chromatin from mid-S-phase HeLa nuclei was investigated. The major observations emerging from this study were that unique nonhistone proteins were modified in mid-S-phase HeLa nuclei. The major acceptor for poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) [poly(ADP-Rib)] was an internucleosomal nonhistone protein (protein C; 125 000 molecular weight). Histones H3, H1, H2b, and H2a but not H4 were ADP-ribosylated in S-phase nuclei. Chromatin fragments preferentially released by micrococcal nuclease were enriched in nonhistone proteins, poly(ADP)-ribosylated nuclear proteins, poly(ADP-Rib) polymerase activity and nascent DNA from the DNA replicating fork. In extended forms of chromatin, contiguous to the DNA replicating fork, poly(ADP-Rib) polymerase was maximally active. However, in chromatin distal to the replicating fork (i.e., more condensed structures), nucleosomal histones and histone H1 were not significantly ADP-ribosylated, and poly(ADP-Rib) polymerase activity was depressed two- to threefold. The data suggest that a subset of nucleosomes in extended regions of chromatin is subject to extensive ADP ribosylation.", "contents": "Nuclear protein modification and chromatin substructure. 3. Relationship between poly(adenosine diphosphate) ribosylation and different functional forms of chromatin. The relationship between poly(adenosine diphosphate) ribosylation of nuclear proteins and functionally different forms of chromatin from mid-S-phase HeLa nuclei was investigated. The major observations emerging from this study were that unique nonhistone proteins were modified in mid-S-phase HeLa nuclei. The major acceptor for poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) [poly(ADP-Rib)] was an internucleosomal nonhistone protein (protein C; 125 000 molecular weight). Histones H3, H1, H2b, and H2a but not H4 were ADP-ribosylated in S-phase nuclei. Chromatin fragments preferentially released by micrococcal nuclease were enriched in nonhistone proteins, poly(ADP)-ribosylated nuclear proteins, poly(ADP-Rib) polymerase activity and nascent DNA from the DNA replicating fork. In extended forms of chromatin, contiguous to the DNA replicating fork, poly(ADP-Rib) polymerase was maximally active. However, in chromatin distal to the replicating fork (i.e., more condensed structures), nucleosomal histones and histone H1 were not significantly ADP-ribosylated, and poly(ADP-Rib) polymerase activity was depressed two- to threefold. The data suggest that a subset of nucleosomes in extended regions of chromatin is subject to extensive ADP ribosylation.", "PMID": 106878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7422", "title": "Purification and characterization of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone deamidase from rat brain.", "content": "This report describes the purification of a rat brain thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) deamidating enzyme to apparent homogeneity. Criteria for purity include sodium dodecyl sulfate and disc gel electrophoresis, as well as isoelectric focusing (pI = 4.5). Enzyme purification was facilitated by development of a rapid and sensitive continuous assay using the substrate L-pyroglutamyl-Nim-benzylhistidyl-L-prolyl-beta-naphthylamide, which, upon hydrolysis of the naphthylamide, results in the appearance of the fluorescent product, beta-naphthylamine (beta NA). With this substrate the homogeneous enzyme had a specific activity of 14.5 mumol of beta NA min-1 mg-1. The only peptide product formed was shown to be L-pyroglutamyl-Nim-benzylhistidyl-L-proline. Hydrolysis of [L-prolyl-2,3-3H]TRH was shown to yield L-pyro-glutamyl-L-histidyl-L-proline as the only radiolabeled product. Characterization of the brain deamidase by gel filtration chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis indicated that the enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain having molecular weights of 70,000 and 73,500, respectively. Rat brain TRH deamidase has an apparent Km of 34 micron, and a pH optimum between 7 and 8 using L-pyroglutamyl-Nim-benzylhistidyl-L-prolyl-beta-naphthylamide as a substrate. With this substrate, TRH was shown to be a competitive inhibitor with an apparent Ki of 120 +/- 20 micron.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone deamidase from rat brain. This report describes the purification of a rat brain thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) deamidating enzyme to apparent homogeneity. Criteria for purity include sodium dodecyl sulfate and disc gel electrophoresis, as well as isoelectric focusing (pI = 4.5). Enzyme purification was facilitated by development of a rapid and sensitive continuous assay using the substrate L-pyroglutamyl-Nim-benzylhistidyl-L-prolyl-beta-naphthylamide, which, upon hydrolysis of the naphthylamide, results in the appearance of the fluorescent product, beta-naphthylamine (beta NA). With this substrate the homogeneous enzyme had a specific activity of 14.5 mumol of beta NA min-1 mg-1. The only peptide product formed was shown to be L-pyroglutamyl-Nim-benzylhistidyl-L-proline. Hydrolysis of [L-prolyl-2,3-3H]TRH was shown to yield L-pyro-glutamyl-L-histidyl-L-proline as the only radiolabeled product. Characterization of the brain deamidase by gel filtration chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis indicated that the enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain having molecular weights of 70,000 and 73,500, respectively. Rat brain TRH deamidase has an apparent Km of 34 micron, and a pH optimum between 7 and 8 using L-pyroglutamyl-Nim-benzylhistidyl-L-prolyl-beta-naphthylamide as a substrate. With this substrate, TRH was shown to be a competitive inhibitor with an apparent Ki of 120 +/- 20 micron.", "PMID": 106879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7423", "title": "Heterogeneity of delta-crystallins of the embryonic mallard lens. Correlation between subunit compositions and isoelectric points.", "content": "delta-Crystallins from the lenses of embryonic mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were analyzed with respect to native and subunit molecular weight, subunit composition, and isoelectric point. NaDodSO4-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that unfractionated mallard delta-crystallins are composed of approximately equal amounts of subunits with molecular weights near 47 000 and 48 000. Agarose gel chromatography showed that the embryonic mallard delta-crystallins have native molecular weights slightly less than 200 000. Thus, embryonic mallard delta-crystallins appear to be tetramers. Five major and nine minor delta-crystallins were resolved by isoelectric focusing. The five predominant delta-crystallins each cross-reacted with antichick delta-crystallin antiserum, and each had a different proportion of the larger and smaller subunits, indicating a direct relationship between the isoelectric point and the subunit composition. The presence of numerous, minor species of native delta-crystallins with different isoelectric points suggested that the subunits possess charge heteogeneity as well as size heterogeneity.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of delta-crystallins of the embryonic mallard lens. Correlation between subunit compositions and isoelectric points. delta-Crystallins from the lenses of embryonic mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were analyzed with respect to native and subunit molecular weight, subunit composition, and isoelectric point. NaDodSO4-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that unfractionated mallard delta-crystallins are composed of approximately equal amounts of subunits with molecular weights near 47 000 and 48 000. Agarose gel chromatography showed that the embryonic mallard delta-crystallins have native molecular weights slightly less than 200 000. Thus, embryonic mallard delta-crystallins appear to be tetramers. Five major and nine minor delta-crystallins were resolved by isoelectric focusing. The five predominant delta-crystallins each cross-reacted with antichick delta-crystallin antiserum, and each had a different proportion of the larger and smaller subunits, indicating a direct relationship between the isoelectric point and the subunit composition. The presence of numerous, minor species of native delta-crystallins with different isoelectric points suggested that the subunits possess charge heteogeneity as well as size heterogeneity.", "PMID": 106881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7424", "title": "Purification and preparation of antibody to RNA polymerase II stimulatory factors from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "An improved method was developed for purification of the protein termed S-II that specifically stimulates RNA polymerase II of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The specific activity of the final preparation was 400 000 units/mg of protein, which is about 30-fold higher than that of the previous preparation [Sekimizu, K., et al. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 5064]. The final preparation gave a single band on both sodium dodecyl sulfate and nondenaturing gel electrophoresis, and the protein extracted from the band on nondenaturing gel had stimulatory activity. S-II is a basic protein with a molecular weight of 40 500. The fundamental characteristics of S-II determined with the previous preparation were confirmed with completely purified S-II. A specific antibody to S-II was prepared. This antibody inhibited only the stimulatory activity of S-II and did not affect the activity of RNA polymerase II itself. Thus, S-II is probably not a component of the multimeric proteins of RNA polymerase II.", "contents": "Purification and preparation of antibody to RNA polymerase II stimulatory factors from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. An improved method was developed for purification of the protein termed S-II that specifically stimulates RNA polymerase II of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The specific activity of the final preparation was 400 000 units/mg of protein, which is about 30-fold higher than that of the previous preparation [Sekimizu, K., et al. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 5064]. The final preparation gave a single band on both sodium dodecyl sulfate and nondenaturing gel electrophoresis, and the protein extracted from the band on nondenaturing gel had stimulatory activity. S-II is a basic protein with a molecular weight of 40 500. The fundamental characteristics of S-II determined with the previous preparation were confirmed with completely purified S-II. A specific antibody to S-II was prepared. This antibody inhibited only the stimulatory activity of S-II and did not affect the activity of RNA polymerase II itself. Thus, S-II is probably not a component of the multimeric proteins of RNA polymerase II.", "PMID": 106887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7425", "title": "Cell-free protein synthesis in lysates of Drosophila melanogaster cells.", "content": "A procedure is described for preparing cell-free protein synthesizing lysates from Drosophila melanogaster tissue culture cells and embryos. Preparation of translationally active lysates from tissue culture cells is dependent on the presence of rat liver supernatant during cell lysis to inhibit ribonuclease activity. After micrococcal nuclease treatment of the lysate, protein synthesis is dependent on the addition of exogenous messenger RNA. The fidelity of translation is very high. The conditions for optimal translation have been determined. In addition, the effects on translation of a variety of supplements, including rat liver supernatant, have been analyzed. The products of translation by the Drosophila lysate have been compared with those of wheat germ extracts and of micrococcal nuclease treated rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Translation in vitro of bovine parathyroid hormone messenger RNA yielded two products tentatively identified as preproparathyroid hormone and proparathyroid hormone, as well as an unidentified third product. This result suggests that insect enzymes can accurately process mammalian precursor proteins.", "contents": "Cell-free protein synthesis in lysates of Drosophila melanogaster cells. A procedure is described for preparing cell-free protein synthesizing lysates from Drosophila melanogaster tissue culture cells and embryos. Preparation of translationally active lysates from tissue culture cells is dependent on the presence of rat liver supernatant during cell lysis to inhibit ribonuclease activity. After micrococcal nuclease treatment of the lysate, protein synthesis is dependent on the addition of exogenous messenger RNA. The fidelity of translation is very high. The conditions for optimal translation have been determined. In addition, the effects on translation of a variety of supplements, including rat liver supernatant, have been analyzed. The products of translation by the Drosophila lysate have been compared with those of wheat germ extracts and of micrococcal nuclease treated rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Translation in vitro of bovine parathyroid hormone messenger RNA yielded two products tentatively identified as preproparathyroid hormone and proparathyroid hormone, as well as an unidentified third product. This result suggests that insect enzymes can accurately process mammalian precursor proteins.", "PMID": 106888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7426", "title": "A monolayer study of the reaction of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid with amino phospholipids.", "content": "The reaction of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid with amino phospholipids, and in particular phosphatidylethanolamine has been studied by the monolayer technique. Injection of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid under a monolayer of amino phospholipid results in an increase in surface pressure. The rate and extent of the pressure change is greatly affected by the initial surface pressure, the fatty acid composition of the lipid, and the presence of other non-reactive lipids, especially negatively charged phospholipids. The extent of the reaction was measured with 32P-labelled phospholipids isolated from Bacillus subtilis. Only about 80% of the phosphatidylethanolamine in the monolayer could be converted to its trinitrophenyl derivative. In the presence of negatively charged phospholipids such as cardiolipin or phosphatidylglycerol, a further 20% decrease in the trinitrophenylation of phosphatidylethanolamine was found. The pressure increase occurring during trinitrophenylation could also be correlated with the extent of the reaction by comparison of the force-area curves of pure phosphatidylethanolamine, its trinitrophenyl derivative and mixtures of both compounds. The data may offer an explanation for the observation that incomplete labelling of amino phospholipids frequently occurs in natural membranes and furthermore indicate that the use of chemical labelling techniques in the study of lipid asymmetry in biological membranes must be approached with great caution.", "contents": "A monolayer study of the reaction of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid with amino phospholipids. The reaction of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid with amino phospholipids, and in particular phosphatidylethanolamine has been studied by the monolayer technique. Injection of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid under a monolayer of amino phospholipid results in an increase in surface pressure. The rate and extent of the pressure change is greatly affected by the initial surface pressure, the fatty acid composition of the lipid, and the presence of other non-reactive lipids, especially negatively charged phospholipids. The extent of the reaction was measured with 32P-labelled phospholipids isolated from Bacillus subtilis. Only about 80% of the phosphatidylethanolamine in the monolayer could be converted to its trinitrophenyl derivative. In the presence of negatively charged phospholipids such as cardiolipin or phosphatidylglycerol, a further 20% decrease in the trinitrophenylation of phosphatidylethanolamine was found. The pressure increase occurring during trinitrophenylation could also be correlated with the extent of the reaction by comparison of the force-area curves of pure phosphatidylethanolamine, its trinitrophenyl derivative and mixtures of both compounds. The data may offer an explanation for the observation that incomplete labelling of amino phospholipids frequently occurs in natural membranes and furthermore indicate that the use of chemical labelling techniques in the study of lipid asymmetry in biological membranes must be approached with great caution.", "PMID": 106889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7427", "title": "Phase changes of cardiolipin vesicles mediated by divalent cations.", "content": "Small unilamellar vesicles were prepared from cardiolipin and produced the hexagonal II phase when dialyzed against CaCl2 or MgCl2. Upon removal of the cation by dialysis against EDTA large unilamellar vesicles were formed. The events of the transition from the lamellar to hexagonal phase and back to the lamellar phase are described.", "contents": "Phase changes of cardiolipin vesicles mediated by divalent cations. Small unilamellar vesicles were prepared from cardiolipin and produced the hexagonal II phase when dialyzed against CaCl2 or MgCl2. Upon removal of the cation by dialysis against EDTA large unilamellar vesicles were formed. The events of the transition from the lamellar to hexagonal phase and back to the lamellar phase are described.", "PMID": 106890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7428", "title": "The effect of protein depletion on the rate of protein synthesis in rat liver.", "content": "In order to understand the mechanism of decreased protein synthesis in the liver of rats fed a protein-free diet, the average polypeptide chain assembly time (tc) was measured by the method of Mathews et al. (J. Biol. Chem. (1973) 248, 1329). For rats fed a normal diet, tc in liver in vivo was 1.28 min. A 10-day period of protein depletion led to a value of tc = 2.08 min, corresponding to a 38% depression in polypeptide elongation rate. Protein depletion caused an extensive breakdown of hepatic polysomes and refeeding of a complete mixture of amino acids resulted in rapid recovery of polysomal profile. But tc in the liver of the refed animals gave still depressed value of 1.95 min. The amount and size distribution of poly(A)-containing mRNA in the liver, as determined by [3H]poly(U) hybridization, were the same for normal and depleted groups. These results suggest that both initiation and elongation steps of protein synthesis are depressed in the liver of protein-depleted rats. Refeeding of amino acid mixture rapidly restores initiation but not elongation activity.", "contents": "The effect of protein depletion on the rate of protein synthesis in rat liver. In order to understand the mechanism of decreased protein synthesis in the liver of rats fed a protein-free diet, the average polypeptide chain assembly time (tc) was measured by the method of Mathews et al. (J. Biol. Chem. (1973) 248, 1329). For rats fed a normal diet, tc in liver in vivo was 1.28 min. A 10-day period of protein depletion led to a value of tc = 2.08 min, corresponding to a 38% depression in polypeptide elongation rate. Protein depletion caused an extensive breakdown of hepatic polysomes and refeeding of a complete mixture of amino acids resulted in rapid recovery of polysomal profile. But tc in the liver of the refed animals gave still depressed value of 1.95 min. The amount and size distribution of poly(A)-containing mRNA in the liver, as determined by [3H]poly(U) hybridization, were the same for normal and depleted groups. These results suggest that both initiation and elongation steps of protein synthesis are depressed in the liver of protein-depleted rats. Refeeding of amino acid mixture rapidly restores initiation but not elongation activity.", "PMID": 106891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7429", "title": "Rat testis lipoxygenase-like enzyme. Characterization of products from linoleic acid.", "content": "The linoleate oxidation products of the affinity chromatography-purified lipoxygenase-like enzyme isolated from rat testes microsomes were characterized. Three types of reaction products separated by thin-layer chromatography were generally present: polar byproducts (A and B) and hydroperoxides. The methyl hydroxystearates obtained from the enzymically produced hydroperoxides were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography and showed a ratio of 67% 13-hydroxy isomer to 33% 9-hydroxy isomer. The major polar byproduct was analysed by infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry (of the toluene-p-sulphonyl derivative) and its structure was established as 13-hydroxy-12-oxo-octadec-cis-9-enoic acid. The possibility of the existence of a linoleate hydroperoxide isomerase in the affinity-purified preparation is discussed.", "contents": "Rat testis lipoxygenase-like enzyme. Characterization of products from linoleic acid. The linoleate oxidation products of the affinity chromatography-purified lipoxygenase-like enzyme isolated from rat testes microsomes were characterized. Three types of reaction products separated by thin-layer chromatography were generally present: polar byproducts (A and B) and hydroperoxides. The methyl hydroxystearates obtained from the enzymically produced hydroperoxides were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography and showed a ratio of 67% 13-hydroxy isomer to 33% 9-hydroxy isomer. The major polar byproduct was analysed by infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry (of the toluene-p-sulphonyl derivative) and its structure was established as 13-hydroxy-12-oxo-octadec-cis-9-enoic acid. The possibility of the existence of a linoleate hydroperoxide isomerase in the affinity-purified preparation is discussed.", "PMID": 106892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7430", "title": "Mutant and immunochemical studies on the involvement of cytochrome b5 in fatty acid desaturation by yeast microsomes.", "content": "The involvement of cytochrome b5 in palmitoyl-CoA desaturation by yeast microsomes was studied by using yeast mutants requiring unsaturated fatty acids and an antibody to yeast cytochrome b5. The mutants used were an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph (strain E5) and a pleiotropic mutant (strain Ole 3) which requires either Tween 80 and ergosterol or delta-aminolevulinic acid for growth. Microsomes from the wild-type strain possessed both the desaturase activity and cytochrome b5, whereas those from mutant E5 contained the cytochrome but lacked the desaturase activity. Microsomes from mutant Ole 3 grown with Tween 80 plus ergosterol were devoid of both the desaturase activity and cytochrome b5, but those from delta-aminolevulinic acid-grown mutant Ole 3 contained cytochrome b5 and catalyzed the desaturation. The cytochrome b5 content in microsomes from mutant Ole 3 could be varied by changing the delta-aminolevulinic acid concentration in the growth medium, and the desaturase activity of the microsomes increased as their cytochrome b5 content was increased. The antibody to yeast cytochrome b5, but not the control gamma-globulin fraction, inhibited the NADH-cytochrome c reductase and NADH-dependent desaturase activities of the wild-type microsomes. It is concluded that cytochrome b5 is actually involved in the desaturase system of yeast microsomes. The lack of desaturase activity in mutant Ole 3 grown with Tween 80 plus ergosterol seems to be due to the absence of cytochrome b5 in microsomes, whereas the genetic lesion in mutant E5 appears to be located at ther terminal desaturase.", "contents": "Mutant and immunochemical studies on the involvement of cytochrome b5 in fatty acid desaturation by yeast microsomes. The involvement of cytochrome b5 in palmitoyl-CoA desaturation by yeast microsomes was studied by using yeast mutants requiring unsaturated fatty acids and an antibody to yeast cytochrome b5. The mutants used were an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph (strain E5) and a pleiotropic mutant (strain Ole 3) which requires either Tween 80 and ergosterol or delta-aminolevulinic acid for growth. Microsomes from the wild-type strain possessed both the desaturase activity and cytochrome b5, whereas those from mutant E5 contained the cytochrome but lacked the desaturase activity. Microsomes from mutant Ole 3 grown with Tween 80 plus ergosterol were devoid of both the desaturase activity and cytochrome b5, but those from delta-aminolevulinic acid-grown mutant Ole 3 contained cytochrome b5 and catalyzed the desaturation. The cytochrome b5 content in microsomes from mutant Ole 3 could be varied by changing the delta-aminolevulinic acid concentration in the growth medium, and the desaturase activity of the microsomes increased as their cytochrome b5 content was increased. The antibody to yeast cytochrome b5, but not the control gamma-globulin fraction, inhibited the NADH-cytochrome c reductase and NADH-dependent desaturase activities of the wild-type microsomes. It is concluded that cytochrome b5 is actually involved in the desaturase system of yeast microsomes. The lack of desaturase activity in mutant Ole 3 grown with Tween 80 plus ergosterol seems to be due to the absence of cytochrome b5 in microsomes, whereas the genetic lesion in mutant E5 appears to be located at ther terminal desaturase.", "PMID": 106893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7431", "title": "Temperature-induced changes in fatty acid unsaturation of Tetrahymena membranes do not require induced fatty acid desaturase synthesis.", "content": "The usual rise in phospholipid-bound palmitoleic acid of Tetrahymena pyriformis cells slowly acclimating to low temperature exposure can be prevented by cycloheximide. This reduction in fatty acid desaturation is not caused by specific inhibition of a temperature-induced synthesis of a fatty acid desaturase but rather by a general effect equally conspicuous in isothermal cells. Cycloheximide-inhibited cells chilled and analyzed quickly, before long term ill effects of the drug are expressed, exhibit the rise in unsaturated fatty acids typical of temperature-acclimating cells.", "contents": "Temperature-induced changes in fatty acid unsaturation of Tetrahymena membranes do not require induced fatty acid desaturase synthesis. The usual rise in phospholipid-bound palmitoleic acid of Tetrahymena pyriformis cells slowly acclimating to low temperature exposure can be prevented by cycloheximide. This reduction in fatty acid desaturation is not caused by specific inhibition of a temperature-induced synthesis of a fatty acid desaturase but rather by a general effect equally conspicuous in isothermal cells. Cycloheximide-inhibited cells chilled and analyzed quickly, before long term ill effects of the drug are expressed, exhibit the rise in unsaturated fatty acids typical of temperature-acclimating cells.", "PMID": 106894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7432", "title": "[Multiple molecular forms of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase of sheep (author's transl)].", "content": "Three major forms CI, CII and CX and the minor component CI1v of ovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase have been identified in the ethanol chloroform extract of the hemolysate by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and isoelectrofocusing. Isolation of the four forms was achieved by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Comparative studies suggest that: (1) form CI1v is a modified form of CI, (2) form CX is CI plus glutathione and (3) forms CI and CII are isoenzymes which differ in their primary structure by one Lys leads to Thr substitution 35 residues from the N-acetylated terminus.", "contents": "[Multiple molecular forms of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase of sheep (author's transl)]. Three major forms CI, CII and CX and the minor component CI1v of ovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase have been identified in the ethanol chloroform extract of the hemolysate by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and isoelectrofocusing. Isolation of the four forms was achieved by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Comparative studies suggest that: (1) form CI1v is a modified form of CI, (2) form CX is CI plus glutathione and (3) forms CI and CII are isoenzymes which differ in their primary structure by one Lys leads to Thr substitution 35 residues from the N-acetylated terminus.", "PMID": 106895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7433", "title": "Purification and characterization of the respiratory nitrate reductase of Bacillus licheniformis.", "content": "1. Respiratory nitrate reductase of Bacillus licheniformis was extracted from the bacterial membranes by treatment with deoxycholate and purified to a homogeneous state by means of gel chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. 2. The enzyme (Mr = 193,000, s20, w = 8.6) consists of two subunits, having apparent molecular weight of 150,000 (alpha subunit) and 57,000 (beta subunit), which are present in an equimolar ratio. It does not contain carbohydrate. Ageing of the enzyme appears to result in splitting of the polypeptide chains at specific sites followed by dissociation and reassociation of the digestion products in various combinations. 3. In contrast to Klebsiella aerogenes repiratory nitrate reductase, which is isolated in a tetrameric form that can be reversibly dissociated into a monomeric form by detergents, B. licheniformis nitrate reductase, after isolation, is always present in a monomeric form. This property is related to the difference in membrane localization of the enzyme in the two organisms. 4. B licheniformis nitrate reductase contains 6.9 atoms of non-heme iron, 6.7 atoms of acid-labile sulfide and 0.93 atoms of molybdenum per molecule of enzyme. The molybdenum seems to be part of a low-molecular weight peptide Mo-cofactor) to which it may be bound by interaction with thiol-groups. 5. Antiserum against the native enzyme contains antibodies against both subunits as well as the Mo-cofactor. The Mo-cofactor does not have any antigenic determininants in common with either the alpha or the beta subunit. Also neither subunit cross-reacts with antiserum against the other subunit. Whereas the respiratory nitrate reductases from K. aerogenes and Escherichia coli are immunologically related, the native enzyme from B. licheniformis does not show any cross-reaction with antiserum prepared against either the K. aerogenes or the E. coli enzyme.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the respiratory nitrate reductase of Bacillus licheniformis. 1. Respiratory nitrate reductase of Bacillus licheniformis was extracted from the bacterial membranes by treatment with deoxycholate and purified to a homogeneous state by means of gel chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. 2. The enzyme (Mr = 193,000, s20, w = 8.6) consists of two subunits, having apparent molecular weight of 150,000 (alpha subunit) and 57,000 (beta subunit), which are present in an equimolar ratio. It does not contain carbohydrate. Ageing of the enzyme appears to result in splitting of the polypeptide chains at specific sites followed by dissociation and reassociation of the digestion products in various combinations. 3. In contrast to Klebsiella aerogenes repiratory nitrate reductase, which is isolated in a tetrameric form that can be reversibly dissociated into a monomeric form by detergents, B. licheniformis nitrate reductase, after isolation, is always present in a monomeric form. This property is related to the difference in membrane localization of the enzyme in the two organisms. 4. B licheniformis nitrate reductase contains 6.9 atoms of non-heme iron, 6.7 atoms of acid-labile sulfide and 0.93 atoms of molybdenum per molecule of enzyme. The molybdenum seems to be part of a low-molecular weight peptide Mo-cofactor) to which it may be bound by interaction with thiol-groups. 5. Antiserum against the native enzyme contains antibodies against both subunits as well as the Mo-cofactor. The Mo-cofactor does not have any antigenic determininants in common with either the alpha or the beta subunit. Also neither subunit cross-reacts with antiserum against the other subunit. Whereas the respiratory nitrate reductases from K. aerogenes and Escherichia coli are immunologically related, the native enzyme from B. licheniformis does not show any cross-reaction with antiserum prepared against either the K. aerogenes or the E. coli enzyme.", "PMID": 106896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7434", "title": "Subunit structure of the mouse epidermal keratin filament.", "content": "The two proteins which are the subunits of mouse epidermal keratin filaments have been isolated from fully differentiated epidermis (stratum corneum), viable differentiating cells and cells grown in culture. The proteins have molecular weights of 68 000 and 60 000, consist of families of very similar species, have common N-terminal (N-acetylserine) and C-terminal (glycine) residues, contain 35--40% alpha-helix and are immunologically cross-reacting. In mixtures, the two proteins polymerize in vitro into native-type keratin filaments that are 70--80 angstrom in diameter, up to 30 micrograms long, possess a characteristic alpha-type X-ray diffraction pattern and contain the subunits in the precise molar ratio of 1 : 2 or 2 : 1.", "contents": "Subunit structure of the mouse epidermal keratin filament. The two proteins which are the subunits of mouse epidermal keratin filaments have been isolated from fully differentiated epidermis (stratum corneum), viable differentiating cells and cells grown in culture. The proteins have molecular weights of 68 000 and 60 000, consist of families of very similar species, have common N-terminal (N-acetylserine) and C-terminal (glycine) residues, contain 35--40% alpha-helix and are immunologically cross-reacting. In mixtures, the two proteins polymerize in vitro into native-type keratin filaments that are 70--80 angstrom in diameter, up to 30 micrograms long, possess a characteristic alpha-type X-ray diffraction pattern and contain the subunits in the precise molar ratio of 1 : 2 or 2 : 1.", "PMID": 106897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7435", "title": "Artifacts in isoelectric focusing of the microsomal enzymes cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase.", "content": "Highly-purified rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (NADPH-ferricytochrome oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.2.4) preparations gave rise to a large number of bands under a variety of isoelectric focusing conditions, as observed after staining for either zymogen or protein. The binding patterns were not independent of sample concentration and position of application, and eluted bands did not refocus as expected. The artifactual heterogeneity is attributed to strong protein-protein interactions and perhaps to complexation of proteins with carrier ampholytes. These findings suggest caution in using isoelectric focusing to resolve mixtures of membrane proteins.", "contents": "Artifacts in isoelectric focusing of the microsomal enzymes cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. Highly-purified rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (NADPH-ferricytochrome oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.2.4) preparations gave rise to a large number of bands under a variety of isoelectric focusing conditions, as observed after staining for either zymogen or protein. The binding patterns were not independent of sample concentration and position of application, and eluted bands did not refocus as expected. The artifactual heterogeneity is attributed to strong protein-protein interactions and perhaps to complexation of proteins with carrier ampholytes. These findings suggest caution in using isoelectric focusing to resolve mixtures of membrane proteins.", "PMID": 106898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7436", "title": "Phenolic and nonphenolic ring deiodinations of iodothyronines in cultured hepatocarcinoma cell homogenate from monkey.", "content": "Iodothyronine monodeiodinase activities in homogenates of cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cells were measured by the deiodination of [3.5-(125)I]-diiodo-L-thyronine or 3-[3',5'-(125)I]triiodo-L-thyronine (phenolic ring-labeled 'reverse' triiodothyronine). The assay system utilized a small ion-exchange column (AG50W-X4, O.9 X approximately 1 cm) to measure 125I-. Both deiodinases were destroyed by boiling for 1 min. Maximal nonphenolic ring deiodination was observed at pH 7.9 whereas maximal phenolic ring deiodination was at pH 6.3. Both reactions were enhanced strongly by dithiothreitol (0.1-5mM), and slightly by 5 mM beta-mercaptoethanol. Phenolic ring deiodination was strongly inhibited by 0.1 mM propylthiouracil. Nonphenolic ring deiodination was accelerated by EDTA (1.2 MM) and inhibited by Mg(2+) (5mM). Methylmercaptoimidazol and Mg(2+), Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) (0.1-1.0 mM) had little or no effect on either reaction, but Zn(2+) (0.1 mM) strongly inhibited both. Both reactions were inhibited by excess iodothyronine analogues at 10 mM to 10 micron M, and thyroxine was shown to be a competitive inhibitor in both cases. On the basis of relative affinities and inhibitory effects, it appears that the order of affinity for the phenolic ring deiodinase is 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine(rT3) greater than L-thyroxine(T4) greater than 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine(T3), whereas for the nonphenolic ring deiodinase the order is T3 greater than T4 greater than rT3. Diiodotyrosine did not affect their deiodination.", "contents": "Phenolic and nonphenolic ring deiodinations of iodothyronines in cultured hepatocarcinoma cell homogenate from monkey. Iodothyronine monodeiodinase activities in homogenates of cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cells were measured by the deiodination of [3.5-(125)I]-diiodo-L-thyronine or 3-[3',5'-(125)I]triiodo-L-thyronine (phenolic ring-labeled 'reverse' triiodothyronine). The assay system utilized a small ion-exchange column (AG50W-X4, O.9 X approximately 1 cm) to measure 125I-. Both deiodinases were destroyed by boiling for 1 min. Maximal nonphenolic ring deiodination was observed at pH 7.9 whereas maximal phenolic ring deiodination was at pH 6.3. Both reactions were enhanced strongly by dithiothreitol (0.1-5mM), and slightly by 5 mM beta-mercaptoethanol. Phenolic ring deiodination was strongly inhibited by 0.1 mM propylthiouracil. Nonphenolic ring deiodination was accelerated by EDTA (1.2 MM) and inhibited by Mg(2+) (5mM). Methylmercaptoimidazol and Mg(2+), Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) (0.1-1.0 mM) had little or no effect on either reaction, but Zn(2+) (0.1 mM) strongly inhibited both. Both reactions were inhibited by excess iodothyronine analogues at 10 mM to 10 micron M, and thyroxine was shown to be a competitive inhibitor in both cases. On the basis of relative affinities and inhibitory effects, it appears that the order of affinity for the phenolic ring deiodinase is 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine(rT3) greater than L-thyroxine(T4) greater than 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine(T3), whereas for the nonphenolic ring deiodinase the order is T3 greater than T4 greater than rT3. Diiodotyrosine did not affect their deiodination.", "PMID": 106899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7437", "title": "Interaction of phenosafranine with nucleic acids and model polyphosphates. III. Heterogeneity in phenosafranine interactions with DNA base pairs.", "content": "Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectral measurements, thermal denaturation studies and binding competition experiments with netropsin and actinomycin D were carried out in systems containing phenosafranine bound to DNA's differing in base composition. The investigated properties exhibit a heterogeneity related to the content of A.T and G.C pairs in DNA and to the nature of phenosafranine binding modes. At low level of saturation of binding sites (r less than 0.1) phenosafranine does not show strong preference for any of the DNA base pairs in the overall binding. However, the strong monomer non-cooperative binding outside the helix (mode I1) occurs predominantly, even though not exclusively in G.C rich regions. The strong binding modes involving intercalated dye molecules (mode I2 and eventually mode II1) prevail in A.T rich regions. These binding modes become the principal types of strong phenosafranine interaction with DNA when the level of saturation of binding sites increases, i.e. at r greater than 0.1.20", "contents": "Interaction of phenosafranine with nucleic acids and model polyphosphates. III. Heterogeneity in phenosafranine interactions with DNA base pairs. Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectral measurements, thermal denaturation studies and binding competition experiments with netropsin and actinomycin D were carried out in systems containing phenosafranine bound to DNA's differing in base composition. The investigated properties exhibit a heterogeneity related to the content of A.T and G.C pairs in DNA and to the nature of phenosafranine binding modes. At low level of saturation of binding sites (r less than 0.1) phenosafranine does not show strong preference for any of the DNA base pairs in the overall binding. However, the strong monomer non-cooperative binding outside the helix (mode I1) occurs predominantly, even though not exclusively in G.C rich regions. The strong binding modes involving intercalated dye molecules (mode I2 and eventually mode II1) prevail in A.T rich regions. These binding modes become the principal types of strong phenosafranine interaction with DNA when the level of saturation of binding sites increases, i.e. at r greater than 0.1.20", "PMID": 106900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7438", "title": "Metabolism of diethylstilbestrol: identification of a catechol derived from dienestrol.", "content": "The enzymatic oxidation of E-3,4-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-hex-3-ene (diethylstilbestrol) by either mushroom tyrosinase or rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH and air yields a catechol. Upon further oxidation of both compounds with periodate and condensation of the resulting o-quinones with o-phenylenediamine, phenazines are produced. The phenazines derived from the products of both the plant and animal enzyme systems are identical to the product obtained by oxidation of diethylstilbestrol with potassium nitrosodisulfonate and condensation of the o-quinone produced with o-phenylenediamine. High and low resolution mass spectra of the phenazine are consistent with its derivation from a catechol having two fewer hydrogens than diethylstilbestrol.", "contents": "Metabolism of diethylstilbestrol: identification of a catechol derived from dienestrol. The enzymatic oxidation of E-3,4-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-hex-3-ene (diethylstilbestrol) by either mushroom tyrosinase or rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH and air yields a catechol. Upon further oxidation of both compounds with periodate and condensation of the resulting o-quinones with o-phenylenediamine, phenazines are produced. The phenazines derived from the products of both the plant and animal enzyme systems are identical to the product obtained by oxidation of diethylstilbestrol with potassium nitrosodisulfonate and condensation of the o-quinone produced with o-phenylenediamine. High and low resolution mass spectra of the phenazine are consistent with its derivation from a catechol having two fewer hydrogens than diethylstilbestrol.", "PMID": 106901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7439", "title": "Structural determination of 'cord factor' from a Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain by a combination of mass spectral ionization methods: field desorption cesium cationization and electron impact mass spectrometry studies.", "content": "The composition and structure of a preparation of 'cord factor' (di-beta-hydroxy acyl trehaloses) from Corynebacterium diphtheriae have been determined by a combination mass spectral ionization methods. The methods were tested by means of synthetic 6,6'-dicorynomycolate of alpha-D-trehalose prior to their use on natural products. The determination of the molecular weight of the components and the estimation of their relative abundance in the natural mixture were made by field desorption mass spectrometry and cationization by means of cesium iodide. At least 22 molecular species differing from the chain length and the unsaturation degree were detected (carbon numbers C76 to C66). The position of acylation and the nature of the acyl chains were obtained from the electron impact mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives. The trehalose molecular was found to be esterified by a complex mixture of corynomycolic acids (3-hydroxy 2-alkyl fatty acids) which were present as saturated, mono-unsaturated and di-unsaturated homologues (carbon numbers C32 to C24). The 6 and 6' sites of acylation were the only detectable ones.", "contents": "Structural determination of 'cord factor' from a Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain by a combination of mass spectral ionization methods: field desorption cesium cationization and electron impact mass spectrometry studies. The composition and structure of a preparation of 'cord factor' (di-beta-hydroxy acyl trehaloses) from Corynebacterium diphtheriae have been determined by a combination mass spectral ionization methods. The methods were tested by means of synthetic 6,6'-dicorynomycolate of alpha-D-trehalose prior to their use on natural products. The determination of the molecular weight of the components and the estimation of their relative abundance in the natural mixture were made by field desorption mass spectrometry and cationization by means of cesium iodide. At least 22 molecular species differing from the chain length and the unsaturation degree were detected (carbon numbers C76 to C66). The position of acylation and the nature of the acyl chains were obtained from the electron impact mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives. The trehalose molecular was found to be esterified by a complex mixture of corynomycolic acids (3-hydroxy 2-alkyl fatty acids) which were present as saturated, mono-unsaturated and di-unsaturated homologues (carbon numbers C32 to C24). The 6 and 6' sites of acylation were the only detectable ones.", "PMID": 106902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7440", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic substances.", "content": "Most cellulosic substances contain appreciable amounts of cellulose and hemicellulose, which on enzymatic hydrolysis mainly yield a mixture of glucose, cellobiose, and xylose. In this paper, studies on the mechanisms of hydrolysis of bagasse (a complex native cellulosic waste left after extraction of juice from cane sugar) by the cellulase enzyme components are described in light of their adsorption characteristics. Simultaneous adsorption of exo- and endoglucanases on hydrolyzable cellulosics is the causative factor of the hydrolysis that follows immediately after. It supports the postulate of synergistic enzyme action proposed by Eriksson. Xylanase pretreatment enhanced the hydrolysis of bagasse owing to the creation of more accessible cellulosic regions that are readily acted upon by exo- and endoglucanases. The synergistic action of the purified exoglucanase, endoglucanase, and xylanse has been found to be most effective for hydrolysis of bagasse but not for pure cellulose. Significant quantities of glucose are produced in beta-glucosidase-free cellulase action on bagasse. Individual and combined action of the purified cellulase components on hydrolysis of native and delignified bagasse are discussed in respect to the release of sugars in the hydrolysate.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic substances. Most cellulosic substances contain appreciable amounts of cellulose and hemicellulose, which on enzymatic hydrolysis mainly yield a mixture of glucose, cellobiose, and xylose. In this paper, studies on the mechanisms of hydrolysis of bagasse (a complex native cellulosic waste left after extraction of juice from cane sugar) by the cellulase enzyme components are described in light of their adsorption characteristics. Simultaneous adsorption of exo- and endoglucanases on hydrolyzable cellulosics is the causative factor of the hydrolysis that follows immediately after. It supports the postulate of synergistic enzyme action proposed by Eriksson. Xylanase pretreatment enhanced the hydrolysis of bagasse owing to the creation of more accessible cellulosic regions that are readily acted upon by exo- and endoglucanases. The synergistic action of the purified exoglucanase, endoglucanase, and xylanse has been found to be most effective for hydrolysis of bagasse but not for pure cellulose. Significant quantities of glucose are produced in beta-glucosidase-free cellulase action on bagasse. Individual and combined action of the purified cellulase components on hydrolysis of native and delignified bagasse are discussed in respect to the release of sugars in the hydrolysate.", "PMID": 106903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7441", "title": "Affinity chromatography of endoglucanase of Trichoderma viride by concanavalin A-agarose.", "content": "Endoglucanase (C kappa cellulase) and cellobiase are often cross-contaminated in separation procedures by ion-exchange chromatography such as DEAE-cellulose. By using concanavalian A (Con A)-agarose chromatography, C kappa cellulase and cellobiase from Trichoderma virde can be separated. C kappa cellulase showed affinity toward Con A. indicating a glycoprotein containing alpha-D-mannopyransyl and alpha-D-glucopyranosyl end groups or internal 2-O-D-mannopyranosyl residues in sugar moieties. This method provides a way to estimate the quantities of C kappa enzyme produced by T. viride and possibly by other organisms.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of endoglucanase of Trichoderma viride by concanavalin A-agarose. Endoglucanase (C kappa cellulase) and cellobiase are often cross-contaminated in separation procedures by ion-exchange chromatography such as DEAE-cellulose. By using concanavalian A (Con A)-agarose chromatography, C kappa cellulase and cellobiase from Trichoderma virde can be separated. C kappa cellulase showed affinity toward Con A. indicating a glycoprotein containing alpha-D-mannopyransyl and alpha-D-glucopyranosyl end groups or internal 2-O-D-mannopyranosyl residues in sugar moieties. This method provides a way to estimate the quantities of C kappa enzyme produced by T. viride and possibly by other organisms.", "PMID": 106904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7442", "title": "Penicillin G production by immobilized whole cells of Penicillium chrysogenum.", "content": "Penicillium chrysogenum was immobilized in polyacrylamide gel prepared from 5% acrylamide monomers (85% acrylamide and 15% N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide). Penicillin produced from glucose by the immobilized mycelium was 17% of that produced by washed mycelium. However, the activity of penicillin production of the washed mycelium decreased with repeated use. On the other hand, the activity of the immobilized mycelium increased initially and decreased gradually with repeated use. The rate of oxygen uptake of the immobilized mycelium was about 30% of that of the washed mycelium. The immobilized mycelium required oxygen for the production of penicillin.", "contents": "Penicillin G production by immobilized whole cells of Penicillium chrysogenum. Penicillium chrysogenum was immobilized in polyacrylamide gel prepared from 5% acrylamide monomers (85% acrylamide and 15% N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide). Penicillin produced from glucose by the immobilized mycelium was 17% of that produced by washed mycelium. However, the activity of penicillin production of the washed mycelium decreased with repeated use. On the other hand, the activity of the immobilized mycelium increased initially and decreased gradually with repeated use. The rate of oxygen uptake of the immobilized mycelium was about 30% of that of the washed mycelium. The immobilized mycelium required oxygen for the production of penicillin.", "PMID": 106905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7443", "title": "Association of beta-glucosidase with intact cells of Thermoactinomyces.", "content": "The location of the B-glucosidase activity in a whole culture broth of the thermophilic organism Thermoactinomyces has been studied. Little beta-glucosidase activity was found in the culture filtrate, while the culture solids contained the major part of the activity of the whole culture broth. The activity does not appear to be adsorbed to the culture solids; rather there is evidence that it is an intracellular soluble enzyme(s). The pH and temperature optima for a crude beta-glucosidase preparation were determined to be pH 6.5 and 50--55 degrees C. Enzyme activity studies indicate that the same enzyme(s) accounts for the beta-glucosidase and the cellobiase activities. The validity of using the filter paper activity of culture filtrates from Thermoactinomyces to predict the total saccharification of cellulosic materials to glucose is discussed.", "contents": "Association of beta-glucosidase with intact cells of Thermoactinomyces. The location of the B-glucosidase activity in a whole culture broth of the thermophilic organism Thermoactinomyces has been studied. Little beta-glucosidase activity was found in the culture filtrate, while the culture solids contained the major part of the activity of the whole culture broth. The activity does not appear to be adsorbed to the culture solids; rather there is evidence that it is an intracellular soluble enzyme(s). The pH and temperature optima for a crude beta-glucosidase preparation were determined to be pH 6.5 and 50--55 degrees C. Enzyme activity studies indicate that the same enzyme(s) accounts for the beta-glucosidase and the cellobiase activities. The validity of using the filter paper activity of culture filtrates from Thermoactinomyces to predict the total saccharification of cellulosic materials to glucose is discussed.", "PMID": 106906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7444", "title": "Improved nonporous magnetic supports for immobilized enzymes.", "content": "Ni powders coated by deposition of TiO2 or controlled oxidation to NiO develop substantial resistance to corrosion. Chymotrypsin immobilized to these coated Ni supports shows very high stability of activity on storage. Chymotrypsin immobilized by adsorption and glutaraldehyde crosslinking was fairly rapidly eluted under operational conditions in the presence of substrate. If 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) was used to produce a covalent linkage, desorption of enzyme still occurred because of relatively unstable bonding of the silane to the oxide surface. A more stable attachment was produced by joining together many silane links with a layer of polyglutaraldehyde. The mechanism of action of APS as a coupling agent under these conditions is discussed. gamma-Fe2O3, and particularly a Mn-Zn ferrite, are suitable magnetic support materials available with smaller particle sizes. Particles below 1 mum give the expected higher specific activities of immobilized enzymes.", "contents": "Improved nonporous magnetic supports for immobilized enzymes. Ni powders coated by deposition of TiO2 or controlled oxidation to NiO develop substantial resistance to corrosion. Chymotrypsin immobilized to these coated Ni supports shows very high stability of activity on storage. Chymotrypsin immobilized by adsorption and glutaraldehyde crosslinking was fairly rapidly eluted under operational conditions in the presence of substrate. If 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) was used to produce a covalent linkage, desorption of enzyme still occurred because of relatively unstable bonding of the silane to the oxide surface. A more stable attachment was produced by joining together many silane links with a layer of polyglutaraldehyde. The mechanism of action of APS as a coupling agent under these conditions is discussed. gamma-Fe2O3, and particularly a Mn-Zn ferrite, are suitable magnetic support materials available with smaller particle sizes. Particles below 1 mum give the expected higher specific activities of immobilized enzymes.", "PMID": 106907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7445", "title": "Light-induced enzyme system leading to pigmentation.", "content": "Alpha-Chymotrypsin was light sensitized by acylating with cis-cinnamoyl ester, a substrate interconvertible to the trans form by ultraviolet (UV) light. The degree of acylation by this method was complete leaving no residual activity of the enzyme. Upon UV irradiation the inhibited enzyme regained about 70% of its original activity, thereby adding light-sensitiveness to the proteolytic enzyme. In seeking a photographic application of the light-sensitized enzyme, a pigmenting enzyme was incorporated with it. The coupled enzyme system was shown to exhibit a light signal in the form of dark pigment slurry.", "contents": "Light-induced enzyme system leading to pigmentation. Alpha-Chymotrypsin was light sensitized by acylating with cis-cinnamoyl ester, a substrate interconvertible to the trans form by ultraviolet (UV) light. The degree of acylation by this method was complete leaving no residual activity of the enzyme. Upon UV irradiation the inhibited enzyme regained about 70% of its original activity, thereby adding light-sensitiveness to the proteolytic enzyme. In seeking a photographic application of the light-sensitized enzyme, a pigmenting enzyme was incorporated with it. The coupled enzyme system was shown to exhibit a light signal in the form of dark pigment slurry.", "PMID": 106908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7446", "title": "Immobilization of enzymes on activated carbon: selection and preparation of the carbon support.", "content": "Based upon its superior catalytic activity for H2O2 decomposition, a bituminous coal-based activated carbon was selected for investigations of pretreatment and enzyme immobilization methods. Pretreatments considered include acid washing, exposure to strong oxidizing agents, contact with concentrated peroxide solutions, nitration and amination, isothiocyanate derivatization, silanization, and stearic acid coating. Effects of these pretreatments on morphology and trace-metal content of the carbon pellets have been studied using scanning electron microscopy and dispersive analysis of x rays. Immobilization of glucoamylase by adsorption, glutaraldehyde crosslinking, and covalent attachment to carbon activated by water-soluble diimide or diazotization have been examined. These different enzyme-carbon catalysts have been characterized by their enzyme loading, enzyme activity, catalytic activity for H2O2 decomposition, or combinations of these measures of performance.", "contents": "Immobilization of enzymes on activated carbon: selection and preparation of the carbon support. Based upon its superior catalytic activity for H2O2 decomposition, a bituminous coal-based activated carbon was selected for investigations of pretreatment and enzyme immobilization methods. Pretreatments considered include acid washing, exposure to strong oxidizing agents, contact with concentrated peroxide solutions, nitration and amination, isothiocyanate derivatization, silanization, and stearic acid coating. Effects of these pretreatments on morphology and trace-metal content of the carbon pellets have been studied using scanning electron microscopy and dispersive analysis of x rays. Immobilization of glucoamylase by adsorption, glutaraldehyde crosslinking, and covalent attachment to carbon activated by water-soluble diimide or diazotization have been examined. These different enzyme-carbon catalysts have been characterized by their enzyme loading, enzyme activity, catalytic activity for H2O2 decomposition, or combinations of these measures of performance.", "PMID": 106909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7447", "title": "[Modeling of determinant and dependent foci of epileptic activity in the rat cerebral cortex].", "content": "Foci of increased excitability were created in acute experiments on rats by means of weak strychnine solutions working at independent regimens. The hyperactive excitability focus induced by means of concentrated strychnine solutions played the role of a determinant structure. The importance of the latter is in the fact that it determines the activity character of other epileptogenic foci, enhances their convulsive activity, unites them into a single functional complex and determines the behaviour of the complex as a whole. This complex can be destroyed by depression of the determinant focus activity. Switching off any dependent foci included into this complex fails to destroy that latter. Results of the investigations confirmed on the new model the general concept of the role played by the determinant structures in the brain activity.", "contents": "[Modeling of determinant and dependent foci of epileptic activity in the rat cerebral cortex]. Foci of increased excitability were created in acute experiments on rats by means of weak strychnine solutions working at independent regimens. The hyperactive excitability focus induced by means of concentrated strychnine solutions played the role of a determinant structure. The importance of the latter is in the fact that it determines the activity character of other epileptogenic foci, enhances their convulsive activity, unites them into a single functional complex and determines the behaviour of the complex as a whole. This complex can be destroyed by depression of the determinant focus activity. Switching off any dependent foci included into this complex fails to destroy that latter. Results of the investigations confirmed on the new model the general concept of the role played by the determinant structures in the brain activity.", "PMID": 106910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7448", "title": "[Intensification of antibacterial and antiviral nonsusceptibility and of the immune response with an officinal RNA preparation].", "content": "Sodium nucleinate increased essentially the insusceptibility of mice to pathogenic escherichia, strain O26, Pr. vulgaris, Ps. aeruginosa, Ser. marcescens, and produced a total stimulating effect on the nonspecific bacterial resistance; analogous stimulating activity was found in the homologous low polymeric RNA from the liver. Sodium nucleinate intensified the insusceptibility of the animals to the tick-born encephalitis and encephalomyelitis viruses, and increased the antibody-forming cells count. The side-effect of heat-inactivated vaccine from pathogenic escherichia was reduced in animals inoculated with sodium nucleinate preliminarily.", "contents": "[Intensification of antibacterial and antiviral nonsusceptibility and of the immune response with an officinal RNA preparation]. Sodium nucleinate increased essentially the insusceptibility of mice to pathogenic escherichia, strain O26, Pr. vulgaris, Ps. aeruginosa, Ser. marcescens, and produced a total stimulating effect on the nonspecific bacterial resistance; analogous stimulating activity was found in the homologous low polymeric RNA from the liver. Sodium nucleinate intensified the insusceptibility of the animals to the tick-born encephalitis and encephalomyelitis viruses, and increased the antibody-forming cells count. The side-effect of heat-inactivated vaccine from pathogenic escherichia was reduced in animals inoculated with sodium nucleinate preliminarily.", "PMID": 106911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7449", "title": "[Role of vitamin A in chemical carcinogenesis in the mammary gland].", "content": "The effect of feeding rats with high doses of vitamin A on the distribution of polycyclic hydrocarbon, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) and its metabolites in different organs and blood, and also on the metabolic rate in the liver was studied following intravenous injection of the carcinogen. Hypervitaminosis A resulted in a significant decrease of the level of DMBA and its metabolites in all the organs investigated and in the blood. The rate of DMBA metabolism in the liver of the animals rose with the increase of the vitamin A dose.", "contents": "[Role of vitamin A in chemical carcinogenesis in the mammary gland]. The effect of feeding rats with high doses of vitamin A on the distribution of polycyclic hydrocarbon, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) and its metabolites in different organs and blood, and also on the metabolic rate in the liver was studied following intravenous injection of the carcinogen. Hypervitaminosis A resulted in a significant decrease of the level of DMBA and its metabolites in all the organs investigated and in the blood. The rate of DMBA metabolism in the liver of the animals rose with the increase of the vitamin A dose.", "PMID": 106912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7450", "title": "Selenium 75 contamination in iodine 131 solutions.", "content": "During investigations on athyreotic patients given large test doses of 131I, whole-body counting has shown the presence of 75Se contamination in some patients. The investigations were carried out to measure the small long-term component of 131I retention in such patients. In an earlier paper (Smith and Edmonds, 1977), we concluded that the effects of 75Se contamination were negligible in the patients described. Subsequent studies on a further small group of similar patients, however, have indicated that the levels of contamination are variable, and this report is intended as a warning of the possibility of measurement error due to this contamination in metabolic studies similar to those to be described. The effects of 75Se contamination observed in two out of five patients studied have been assessed.", "contents": "Selenium 75 contamination in iodine 131 solutions. During investigations on athyreotic patients given large test doses of 131I, whole-body counting has shown the presence of 75Se contamination in some patients. The investigations were carried out to measure the small long-term component of 131I retention in such patients. In an earlier paper (Smith and Edmonds, 1977), we concluded that the effects of 75Se contamination were negligible in the patients described. Subsequent studies on a further small group of similar patients, however, have indicated that the levels of contamination are variable, and this report is intended as a warning of the possibility of measurement error due to this contamination in metabolic studies similar to those to be described. The effects of 75Se contamination observed in two out of five patients studied have been assessed.", "PMID": 106913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7451", "title": "Gentamicin- and silver-resistant pseudomonas in a burns unit.", "content": "In 1977-8 gentamicin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa became very common in a burns unit, over 90% being resistant at the peak of the outbreak. Some strains were also resistant to silver nitrate, though silver resistance was not found in any other strains of Ps aeruginosa isolated. Unlike the gentamicin resistance, the silver resistance was unstable, and strains became sensitive on repeated subculture. All the gentamicin-resistant strains of Ps aeruginosa were of the same serotype (O:11, H:2,5). Though gentamicin resistance could be transferred in vitro from resistant strains of Ps aeruginosa to one sensitive strain of Ps aeruginosa, there was no evidence of in-vivo transfer of gentamicin resistance between strains of pseudomonas in the patients' burns, nor was there evidence of transfer of gentamicin resistance between Ps aeruginosa and enterobacteria. Carbenicillin-resistant and gentamicin-resistant Ps aeruginosa were sometimes found in the same burns, but no gentamicin-carbenicillin (doubly) resistant strains were found among the 986 strains tested during the outbreak. The outbreak of gentamicin-resistant Ps aeruginosa from burns was not reduced by stopping treatment with gentamicin and its analogues but only by segregating all patients with Ps aeruginosa in one of the two wards of the unit and admitting new patients only to the other ward.", "contents": "Gentamicin- and silver-resistant pseudomonas in a burns unit. In 1977-8 gentamicin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa became very common in a burns unit, over 90% being resistant at the peak of the outbreak. Some strains were also resistant to silver nitrate, though silver resistance was not found in any other strains of Ps aeruginosa isolated. Unlike the gentamicin resistance, the silver resistance was unstable, and strains became sensitive on repeated subculture. All the gentamicin-resistant strains of Ps aeruginosa were of the same serotype (O:11, H:2,5). Though gentamicin resistance could be transferred in vitro from resistant strains of Ps aeruginosa to one sensitive strain of Ps aeruginosa, there was no evidence of in-vivo transfer of gentamicin resistance between strains of pseudomonas in the patients' burns, nor was there evidence of transfer of gentamicin resistance between Ps aeruginosa and enterobacteria. Carbenicillin-resistant and gentamicin-resistant Ps aeruginosa were sometimes found in the same burns, but no gentamicin-carbenicillin (doubly) resistant strains were found among the 986 strains tested during the outbreak. The outbreak of gentamicin-resistant Ps aeruginosa from burns was not reduced by stopping treatment with gentamicin and its analogues but only by segregating all patients with Ps aeruginosa in one of the two wards of the unit and admitting new patients only to the other ward.", "PMID": 106914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7452", "title": "An assessment of the Microcult-GC culture test.", "content": "Microcult-GC, a miniaturised culture test, was compared with an established selective culture method for laboratory confirmation of gonorrhoea. Microcult-GC correlated 94% with the control method in identifying gonococci in male urethral specimens. Microcult-GC testing of 130 gonococci-negative vaginal swabs gave only 4.6% false-positive oxidase results, which could probably have been readily refuted by Microcult Gram stain. The test may be difficult to interpret for rectal specimens and is not appropriate for pharyngeal cultures.", "contents": "An assessment of the Microcult-GC culture test. Microcult-GC, a miniaturised culture test, was compared with an established selective culture method for laboratory confirmation of gonorrhoea. Microcult-GC correlated 94% with the control method in identifying gonococci in male urethral specimens. Microcult-GC testing of 130 gonococci-negative vaginal swabs gave only 4.6% false-positive oxidase results, which could probably have been readily refuted by Microcult Gram stain. The test may be difficult to interpret for rectal specimens and is not appropriate for pharyngeal cultures.", "PMID": 106917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7453", "title": "Pharyngeal colonisation by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis in black and white patients attending a venereal disease clinic.", "content": "Pharyngeal colonisation by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis was studies in 2000 patients attending a venereal disease clinic. Of these patients, 64% were white and 36% were black. The incidence of gonococcal infections was highest in the period from June to August. The incidence of genital or rectal infections or both was higher in the black patients. Pharyngeal colonisation by gonococci was present in 1.3% of the patients. There was no significant associations between pharyngeal colonisation and the pharyngeal symptoms, race, sex, or marital state of the patients. Pharyngeal colonisation was more frequent in patients with gonococcal infections at other sites. However, in 40.7% of the patients with pharyngeal colonisation, the pharynx was the only culture-positive site. There was no significant difference in the auxotypes or in the antibiotic susceptibility of the pharyngeal and the rectal-genital isolates except in the susceptibility to spectinomycin. Our findings do not indicate that gonococci isolated from the pharynx differ significantly from gonococci isolated from rectal or genital sites. It was notable that meningococcal colonisation of the pharynx was significantly more frequent in the white patients. This may be a genetically determined phenomenon.", "contents": "Pharyngeal colonisation by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis in black and white patients attending a venereal disease clinic. Pharyngeal colonisation by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis was studies in 2000 patients attending a venereal disease clinic. Of these patients, 64% were white and 36% were black. The incidence of gonococcal infections was highest in the period from June to August. The incidence of genital or rectal infections or both was higher in the black patients. Pharyngeal colonisation by gonococci was present in 1.3% of the patients. There was no significant associations between pharyngeal colonisation and the pharyngeal symptoms, race, sex, or marital state of the patients. Pharyngeal colonisation was more frequent in patients with gonococcal infections at other sites. However, in 40.7% of the patients with pharyngeal colonisation, the pharynx was the only culture-positive site. There was no significant difference in the auxotypes or in the antibiotic susceptibility of the pharyngeal and the rectal-genital isolates except in the susceptibility to spectinomycin. Our findings do not indicate that gonococci isolated from the pharynx differ significantly from gonococci isolated from rectal or genital sites. It was notable that meningococcal colonisation of the pharynx was significantly more frequent in the white patients. This may be a genetically determined phenomenon.", "PMID": 106918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7454", "title": "Inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by normal human saliva.", "content": "Saliva was found to be a powerful and specific inhibitor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Although 28 other species of bacteria were tested, including Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria pharyngis var flava, Neisseria lactamica, and Neisseria catarrhalis, we failed to find any others sensitive to saliva under similar conditions. The physical properties of the inhibitory substance indicated that it might be salivary alpha-amylase. To test this hypothesis alpha-amylase was extracted from saliva and was shown to have a high antigonococcal activity. Hog pancreas alpha-amylase  also showed strong antigonococcal activity, thus the observations indicate that for the strains we tested alpha-amylase is inhibitory to gonococci. This observation indicates that either the gonococcal outer cell wall contains some unique lipopolysaccharides or that the gonococcus is unusually dependent on the integrity of these moieties. Whichever speculation proves to be true it indicates a need for a careful study of the gonococcal cell wall.", "contents": "Inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by normal human saliva. Saliva was found to be a powerful and specific inhibitor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Although 28 other species of bacteria were tested, including Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria pharyngis var flava, Neisseria lactamica, and Neisseria catarrhalis, we failed to find any others sensitive to saliva under similar conditions. The physical properties of the inhibitory substance indicated that it might be salivary alpha-amylase. To test this hypothesis alpha-amylase was extracted from saliva and was shown to have a high antigonococcal activity. Hog pancreas alpha-amylase  also showed strong antigonococcal activity, thus the observations indicate that for the strains we tested alpha-amylase is inhibitory to gonococci. This observation indicates that either the gonococcal outer cell wall contains some unique lipopolysaccharides or that the gonococcus is unusually dependent on the integrity of these moieties. Whichever speculation proves to be true it indicates a need for a careful study of the gonococcal cell wall.", "PMID": 106919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7455", "title": "Neurophysiological aspects of pattern-sensitive epilepsy.", "content": "The capacity of striped patterns (square-wave gratings) to induce paroxysmal EEG activity in a group of pattern-sensitive epileptic patients is shown to depend on: 1. The spatial frequency of the pattern. The optimum spatial frequency lies between 1 and 4 cycles/degree in every patient tested. 2. The orientation of the pattern. Although, for the patient group as a whole, no one orientation is consistently more likely to induce paroxysmal activity than any other, the responses of individual patients can show marked orientation selectivity. 3. The brightness contrast of the pattern. The probability of paroxysmal EEG activity increases dramatically as contrast is increased from 0.2 to 0.4. Red/green gratings at isoluminance fail to induce paroxysmal activity. 4. The size of the pattern. There is considerable variation between patients in the subtense of a centrally-fixated circular pattern necessary to induce paroxysmal activity with a given probability. However, for every patient an increase in the probability of paroxysmal activity from near zero to near unity is effected by an increase in the angular subtense of the pattern by a factor of two. Patterns other than square-wave gratings are capable of inducing paroxysmal activity but, in general, patterns that stimulate more than one orientation system are less epileptogenic. The above findings are compatible with the hypothesis of a seizure trigger in the striate cortex and are incompatible with a trigger confined to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. Further evidence against a geniculate trigger is obtained from an investigation of the response of a pattern-sensitive patient to a diffuse (unpatterned) flickering field in which it is shown that the effects of counter-phase interocular flicker implicate binocular mechanisms.", "contents": "Neurophysiological aspects of pattern-sensitive epilepsy. The capacity of striped patterns (square-wave gratings) to induce paroxysmal EEG activity in a group of pattern-sensitive epileptic patients is shown to depend on: 1. The spatial frequency of the pattern. The optimum spatial frequency lies between 1 and 4 cycles/degree in every patient tested. 2. The orientation of the pattern. Although, for the patient group as a whole, no one orientation is consistently more likely to induce paroxysmal activity than any other, the responses of individual patients can show marked orientation selectivity. 3. The brightness contrast of the pattern. The probability of paroxysmal EEG activity increases dramatically as contrast is increased from 0.2 to 0.4. Red/green gratings at isoluminance fail to induce paroxysmal activity. 4. The size of the pattern. There is considerable variation between patients in the subtense of a centrally-fixated circular pattern necessary to induce paroxysmal activity with a given probability. However, for every patient an increase in the probability of paroxysmal activity from near zero to near unity is effected by an increase in the angular subtense of the pattern by a factor of two. Patterns other than square-wave gratings are capable of inducing paroxysmal activity but, in general, patterns that stimulate more than one orientation system are less epileptogenic. The above findings are compatible with the hypothesis of a seizure trigger in the striate cortex and are incompatible with a trigger confined to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. Further evidence against a geniculate trigger is obtained from an investigation of the response of a pattern-sensitive patient to a diffuse (unpatterned) flickering field in which it is shown that the effects of counter-phase interocular flicker implicate binocular mechanisms.", "PMID": 106922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7456", "title": "Proximal limb movements in response to microstimulation of primate dentate and interpositus nuclei mediated by brain-stem structures.", "content": "The cerebellar dentate and interpositus nuclei and the area of their efferent fibres have been stimulated in Cebus monkeys, using a movable microcathode. Responses consisted of eye and face movements and a stereotyped flexion of proximal parts of extremities. Very few distal limb movements were seen. The activation of proximal muscles was studied most closely. It consisted of the limited number of 5 movements: arm flexion and shoulder elevation in the forelimb and hip flexion, knee flexion and dorsiflexion of the ankle in the hindlimb. With currents of up to 100 microamperemeter these movements were elicited more readily from the interpositus and the area of efferent fibres of both nuclei as compared to the dentate nucleus. Responses were more often seen in forelimb than in hindlimb muscles, without apparent somatotopy in either nucleus. Combined forelimb-hindlimb movements were elicited from 42 per cent of effective points. Lesions placed at various locations of cerebellar output pathways demonstrated that the responses were mediated by the descending branch of brachium conjunctivum and did not require the activation of structures anterior to and including the red nucleus. The responses are interpreted to represent adjustments in flexor posture that may serve to modify maintained antigravity tonus during the initiation of volitional movements. This function, mediated by brain-stem structures, is considered to be closely associated with the activity of the lateral and intermediate cerebellum during initiation and conduction of volitional movements, which is mediated mainly through the cerebral cortex. It is stressed that control over both flexor posture and discrete distal movements is inherent in the initiation of voluntary movements.", "contents": "Proximal limb movements in response to microstimulation of primate dentate and interpositus nuclei mediated by brain-stem structures. The cerebellar dentate and interpositus nuclei and the area of their efferent fibres have been stimulated in Cebus monkeys, using a movable microcathode. Responses consisted of eye and face movements and a stereotyped flexion of proximal parts of extremities. Very few distal limb movements were seen. The activation of proximal muscles was studied most closely. It consisted of the limited number of 5 movements: arm flexion and shoulder elevation in the forelimb and hip flexion, knee flexion and dorsiflexion of the ankle in the hindlimb. With currents of up to 100 microamperemeter these movements were elicited more readily from the interpositus and the area of efferent fibres of both nuclei as compared to the dentate nucleus. Responses were more often seen in forelimb than in hindlimb muscles, without apparent somatotopy in either nucleus. Combined forelimb-hindlimb movements were elicited from 42 per cent of effective points. Lesions placed at various locations of cerebellar output pathways demonstrated that the responses were mediated by the descending branch of brachium conjunctivum and did not require the activation of structures anterior to and including the red nucleus. The responses are interpreted to represent adjustments in flexor posture that may serve to modify maintained antigravity tonus during the initiation of volitional movements. This function, mediated by brain-stem structures, is considered to be closely associated with the activity of the lateral and intermediate cerebellum during initiation and conduction of volitional movements, which is mediated mainly through the cerebral cortex. It is stressed that control over both flexor posture and discrete distal movements is inherent in the initiation of voluntary movements.", "PMID": 106923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7457", "title": "Invariants in configurational prey selection by Bufo bufo (L.).", "content": "Toads (Bufo bufo) are able to distinguish small stripes with axis orientation in the direction of motion (worm-like stripes) from those with axis orientation perpendicular to the direction of motion (anti-worm-like stripes). The configurational discrimination ability of the toad is, thus far investigated, largely invariant for (1) movement direction in the x-y plane, (2) direction of contrast--stripe against background--and (3) velocity of stripe motion.", "contents": "Invariants in configurational prey selection by Bufo bufo (L.). Toads (Bufo bufo) are able to distinguish small stripes with axis orientation in the direction of motion (worm-like stripes) from those with axis orientation perpendicular to the direction of motion (anti-worm-like stripes). The configurational discrimination ability of the toad is, thus far investigated, largely invariant for (1) movement direction in the x-y plane, (2) direction of contrast--stripe against background--and (3) velocity of stripe motion.", "PMID": 106924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7458", "title": "TRH-like immunoreactivity in rat pancreas and eye, bovine and sheep pineals, and human placenta: non-identify with synthetic Pyroglu-His-Pro-NH2 (TRH).", "content": "Extracts from albino rat eyes and pancreas, bovine and sheep pineals and human placenta containing TRH-like immunoreactivity were chromatographed on silica-gel plates. Comparison of elution profiles for TRH-like immunoreactivity with that of TRH revealed the presence of substances other than TRH in these samples. Chromatography of TRH-like immunoreactivity obtained from Rana pipiens skin eluted in two solvent systems produced elution profiles identical with that of synthetic Pyroglu-His-Pro-NH2 consistent with reports that frog skin contains large quantities of TRH. Implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "TRH-like immunoreactivity in rat pancreas and eye, bovine and sheep pineals, and human placenta: non-identify with synthetic Pyroglu-His-Pro-NH2 (TRH). Extracts from albino rat eyes and pancreas, bovine and sheep pineals and human placenta containing TRH-like immunoreactivity were chromatographed on silica-gel plates. Comparison of elution profiles for TRH-like immunoreactivity with that of TRH revealed the presence of substances other than TRH in these samples. Chromatography of TRH-like immunoreactivity obtained from Rana pipiens skin eluted in two solvent systems produced elution profiles identical with that of synthetic Pyroglu-His-Pro-NH2 consistent with reports that frog skin contains large quantities of TRH. Implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 106925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7459", "title": "Intracellular synaptic potentials of primate motor cortex neurons during voluntary movement.", "content": "An intracellular recording technique was applied to the precentral motor cortex of the unanesthetized, chronically behaving monkey. Postsynaptic potentials, responsible for an initiation of the voluntary movement, were recorded. In total, 22 pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) and 40 non-pyramidal tract neurons (non-PTNs) were successfully penetrated in 5 monkeys while the monkey was performing a flexion-extension wrist movement after a visual cue (reaction time, 200--350 msec). The neurons showed a negative membrane potential shift of at least 30 mV for more than 30 sec. A slowly rising PSP appeared 80--180 msec after the visual cue, and was 70--180 msec prior to an onset of the movement. Spike activities were superimposed upon this slow PSP with 20--80 msec rise time and 2--6 mV depolarization (8 PTNs and 6 non-PTNs). Since these depolarizations were variable in magnitude and latency, these were considered to be summated potentials of small EPSPs and hidden IPSPs. Membrane resistance was measured from an IR drop by a hyperpolarizing current (1.2 X 10(-9) A) passed through a recording electrode, and was 3.5 +/- 1.7 Momega in 18 PTNs and 4.5 +/- 2.5 Momega in 28 non-PTNs. There was a linear relationship in PTNs between membrane resistance and antidromic latency from the pontine pyramid. Because of the time course of PSPs, their possible dendritic origins were discussed.", "contents": "Intracellular synaptic potentials of primate motor cortex neurons during voluntary movement. An intracellular recording technique was applied to the precentral motor cortex of the unanesthetized, chronically behaving monkey. Postsynaptic potentials, responsible for an initiation of the voluntary movement, were recorded. In total, 22 pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) and 40 non-pyramidal tract neurons (non-PTNs) were successfully penetrated in 5 monkeys while the monkey was performing a flexion-extension wrist movement after a visual cue (reaction time, 200--350 msec). The neurons showed a negative membrane potential shift of at least 30 mV for more than 30 sec. A slowly rising PSP appeared 80--180 msec after the visual cue, and was 70--180 msec prior to an onset of the movement. Spike activities were superimposed upon this slow PSP with 20--80 msec rise time and 2--6 mV depolarization (8 PTNs and 6 non-PTNs). Since these depolarizations were variable in magnitude and latency, these were considered to be summated potentials of small EPSPs and hidden IPSPs. Membrane resistance was measured from an IR drop by a hyperpolarizing current (1.2 X 10(-9) A) passed through a recording electrode, and was 3.5 +/- 1.7 Momega in 18 PTNs and 4.5 +/- 2.5 Momega in 28 non-PTNs. There was a linear relationship in PTNs between membrane resistance and antidromic latency from the pontine pyramid. Because of the time course of PSPs, their possible dendritic origins were discussed.", "PMID": 106926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7460", "title": "The latency of activation of neurones in the lateral hypothalamus and substantia innominata during feeding in the monkey.", "content": "To investigate whether the responses of neurones in the lateral hypothalamus and substantia innominata associated with the sight of food could control the responses of the hungry monkey to the food, the latency of activation of these neurones by food was measured. It was found that when an electromagnetically operated wide-aperture shutter opened to reveal food or non-food objects, these hypothalamic neurones responded with a latency of 150--200 msec to the food objects, and did not respond to the non-food objects. To measure the latency of the monkey's responses to the food, a visual discrimination task was set in which the monkey could lick a tube to obtain fruit juice if a food-realted visual stimulus was shown, but obtained hypertonic saline, which was aversive, if a different visual stimulus was shown. In this situation the typical latencies of the neuronal responses to the food were 150--200 msec, of the lick responses 350--500 msec, and of the EMG activity associated with these lick responses 250--400 msec. Thus the responses of these hypothalamic neurones precede the monkey's responses to the food, and could mediate the feeding and other responses of the animal to the food. It was also shown that a different population of hypothalamic neurones with responses associated with the sight of aversive visual stimuli had response latencies of 150--200 msec.", "contents": "The latency of activation of neurones in the lateral hypothalamus and substantia innominata during feeding in the monkey. To investigate whether the responses of neurones in the lateral hypothalamus and substantia innominata associated with the sight of food could control the responses of the hungry monkey to the food, the latency of activation of these neurones by food was measured. It was found that when an electromagnetically operated wide-aperture shutter opened to reveal food or non-food objects, these hypothalamic neurones responded with a latency of 150--200 msec to the food objects, and did not respond to the non-food objects. To measure the latency of the monkey's responses to the food, a visual discrimination task was set in which the monkey could lick a tube to obtain fruit juice if a food-realted visual stimulus was shown, but obtained hypertonic saline, which was aversive, if a different visual stimulus was shown. In this situation the typical latencies of the neuronal responses to the food were 150--200 msec, of the lick responses 350--500 msec, and of the EMG activity associated with these lick responses 250--400 msec. Thus the responses of these hypothalamic neurones precede the monkey's responses to the food, and could mediate the feeding and other responses of the animal to the food. It was also shown that a different population of hypothalamic neurones with responses associated with the sight of aversive visual stimuli had response latencies of 150--200 msec.", "PMID": 106927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7461", "title": "Subcellular distribution of brain peptidases degrading luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH).", "content": "The luteinizing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormones have been shown to be mostly concentrated in the nerve endings of the median eminence. In contrast, the peptidases responsible for their degradation present an ubiquitous localization and most of the reports have dealt with the total soluble activity. A detailed study of the subcellular distribution of these enzymes was thus performed in cerebral cortical and hypothalamic preparations of rat brain. The activity of a soluble marker, lactic dehydrogenase, was also measured to control for possible contaminants. The results showed that only 10% of peptidase activity was present in the nerve ending preparation. Evidence is provided for a non-neglible membrane-bound enzymatic component responsible for TRH degradation at the synaptosomal level of both cortex and hypothalamus.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of brain peptidases degrading luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). The luteinizing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormones have been shown to be mostly concentrated in the nerve endings of the median eminence. In contrast, the peptidases responsible for their degradation present an ubiquitous localization and most of the reports have dealt with the total soluble activity. A detailed study of the subcellular distribution of these enzymes was thus performed in cerebral cortical and hypothalamic preparations of rat brain. The activity of a soluble marker, lactic dehydrogenase, was also measured to control for possible contaminants. The results showed that only 10% of peptidase activity was present in the nerve ending preparation. Evidence is provided for a non-neglible membrane-bound enzymatic component responsible for TRH degradation at the synaptosomal level of both cortex and hypothalamus.", "PMID": 106928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7462", "title": "Brain metabolism and the acquisition of new behaviors. III. Evidence for secretion of two proteins into the brain extracellular fluid after training.", "content": "Immunochemical and double labeling experiments were used to demonstrate that at least two out of three brain cytoplasmic proteins, whose metabolism is markedly influenced by behavior, are products which are secreted into the extracellular fluid (ECF) of goldfish brain. Even after 1 h of labeling, the extracts of goldfish brains with 0.32 M sucrose were found to contain highly labeled proteins. Electrophoretic analyses of the proteins, on SDS polyacrylamide gels, indicated that an increased incorporation of [3H]valine occurs for trained animals as compared to untrained controls ([14C]valine) at specific protein bands migrating at 32,000 and 26,000 daltons. The proteins in the ECF gave identical precipitin bands to goldfish brain proteins whose metabolism was responsive to the acquisition of new patterns of behavior and to proteins in CSF. These results are consistant with the hypothesis that the cells which contain the proteins and whose location in the ependymal zone was determined by immunohistochemistry can secrete the products into ECF. It is therefore quite possible that the functional sites of the proteins are away from the locus of their synthesis.", "contents": "Brain metabolism and the acquisition of new behaviors. III. Evidence for secretion of two proteins into the brain extracellular fluid after training. Immunochemical and double labeling experiments were used to demonstrate that at least two out of three brain cytoplasmic proteins, whose metabolism is markedly influenced by behavior, are products which are secreted into the extracellular fluid (ECF) of goldfish brain. Even after 1 h of labeling, the extracts of goldfish brains with 0.32 M sucrose were found to contain highly labeled proteins. Electrophoretic analyses of the proteins, on SDS polyacrylamide gels, indicated that an increased incorporation of [3H]valine occurs for trained animals as compared to untrained controls ([14C]valine) at specific protein bands migrating at 32,000 and 26,000 daltons. The proteins in the ECF gave identical precipitin bands to goldfish brain proteins whose metabolism was responsive to the acquisition of new patterns of behavior and to proteins in CSF. These results are consistant with the hypothesis that the cells which contain the proteins and whose location in the ependymal zone was determined by immunohistochemistry can secrete the products into ECF. It is therefore quite possible that the functional sites of the proteins are away from the locus of their synthesis.", "PMID": 106929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7463", "title": "Isolation of a human B lymphocyte membrane protein with Ia-like properties.", "content": "A rapid method for isolation of a major surface membrane glycoprotein from whole, unfractionated cultured human B lymphoblasts is described. After detergent solubilization the method uses gel filtration followed by affinity chromatography on Sepharose Con A and then alkaline acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Specific high-titre, rabbit antisera to the isolated protein reacted with cultured and normal peripheral blood B lymphocytes, as well as peritoneal macrophages from a renal dialysis patient. The antisera selectively inhibited the mixed lymphocyte reaction at high dilution. The protein reacted with a heterologous antiserum to HL-B antigens and contained subunits of MW 33 000 and 27 000. Resolution of the subunits, however, required a discontinuous SDS gel system. These properties indicate its similarity to murine Ia antigens. The protein was not associated with beta 2 microglobulin and showed no structural or antigenic similarity to the major erythocyte glycoprotein, glycophorin. Antisera to the protein failed to precipitate surface-radiodinated components from similarily treated extracts of cultured human T lymphoblasts. This method now makes available a reference membrane glycoprotein from a differentiated, nucleated human cell in sufficient purity and quantity for kinetic and biosynthetic studies.", "contents": "Isolation of a human B lymphocyte membrane protein with Ia-like properties. A rapid method for isolation of a major surface membrane glycoprotein from whole, unfractionated cultured human B lymphoblasts is described. After detergent solubilization the method uses gel filtration followed by affinity chromatography on Sepharose Con A and then alkaline acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Specific high-titre, rabbit antisera to the isolated protein reacted with cultured and normal peripheral blood B lymphocytes, as well as peritoneal macrophages from a renal dialysis patient. The antisera selectively inhibited the mixed lymphocyte reaction at high dilution. The protein reacted with a heterologous antiserum to HL-B antigens and contained subunits of MW 33 000 and 27 000. Resolution of the subunits, however, required a discontinuous SDS gel system. These properties indicate its similarity to murine Ia antigens. The protein was not associated with beta 2 microglobulin and showed no structural or antigenic similarity to the major erythocyte glycoprotein, glycophorin. Antisera to the protein failed to precipitate surface-radiodinated components from similarily treated extracts of cultured human T lymphoblasts. This method now makes available a reference membrane glycoprotein from a differentiated, nucleated human cell in sufficient purity and quantity for kinetic and biosynthetic studies.", "PMID": 106938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7464", "title": "Identification of lipoprotein X-like particles in rat plasma following Intralipid infusion.", "content": "Fasting rats were infused with 10% Intralipid for 24 h (0.33 mL/h per 100 g body weight) and the plasma lipoproteins isolated and compared with those of fed animals and animals with bile duct ligatures as controls. There was a 6- to 10-fold increase in the free cholesterol and phospholipid content of total plasma in animals infused with Intralipid or with ligated bile ducts. The changes were largely restricted to the low density lipoproteins (d=1.019--1.063 g/mL) where free cholesterol and phospholipid increased 30- to 60-fold compared with fed control animals. Hydroxylapatite chromatography of the low density lipoprotein fractions of both Intralipid-infused and bile duct ligated animals yielded a subfraction which was rich in free cholesterol (27%), phosphatidylcholine (66%), and protein (6%); the latter was composed primarily of albumin and apo C proteins. The electrophoretic mobility and polyanionic precipitation properties of the abnormal lipoprotein were indistinguishable from those of lipoprotein X isolated from the animals with bile duct ligatures. The albumin in the abnormal lipoprotein from both groups of experimental animals was detected immunochemically only after delipidation of the lipoprotein. Twice as much of the lipoprotein X accumulated in Intralipid-infused than in the bile duct ligated animals. On rechromatography of the residual low density lipoprotein other subfractions could be isolated which possessed lipid and protein proportions intermediate between those of the lipoprotein X and of normal rat plasma low density lipoprotein. The activity of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase was increased twofold in the Intralipid-infused animals when compared with control animals, but it decreased by 50% in the animals with bile duct ligatures. It is concluded that the unusual lipoprotein X accumulates in the plasma of Intralipid-infused animals owing to incomplete clearance of the exogenous phospholipid, which mobilized tissue cholesterol and in the form of vesicular particles serves as a lipid phase for apo C proteins. A comparable mechanism is suggested for the formation of lipoprotein X in the animals with bile duct ligature.", "contents": "Identification of lipoprotein X-like particles in rat plasma following Intralipid infusion. Fasting rats were infused with 10% Intralipid for 24 h (0.33 mL/h per 100 g body weight) and the plasma lipoproteins isolated and compared with those of fed animals and animals with bile duct ligatures as controls. There was a 6- to 10-fold increase in the free cholesterol and phospholipid content of total plasma in animals infused with Intralipid or with ligated bile ducts. The changes were largely restricted to the low density lipoproteins (d=1.019--1.063 g/mL) where free cholesterol and phospholipid increased 30- to 60-fold compared with fed control animals. Hydroxylapatite chromatography of the low density lipoprotein fractions of both Intralipid-infused and bile duct ligated animals yielded a subfraction which was rich in free cholesterol (27%), phosphatidylcholine (66%), and protein (6%); the latter was composed primarily of albumin and apo C proteins. The electrophoretic mobility and polyanionic precipitation properties of the abnormal lipoprotein were indistinguishable from those of lipoprotein X isolated from the animals with bile duct ligatures. The albumin in the abnormal lipoprotein from both groups of experimental animals was detected immunochemically only after delipidation of the lipoprotein. Twice as much of the lipoprotein X accumulated in Intralipid-infused than in the bile duct ligated animals. On rechromatography of the residual low density lipoprotein other subfractions could be isolated which possessed lipid and protein proportions intermediate between those of the lipoprotein X and of normal rat plasma low density lipoprotein. The activity of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase was increased twofold in the Intralipid-infused animals when compared with control animals, but it decreased by 50% in the animals with bile duct ligatures. It is concluded that the unusual lipoprotein X accumulates in the plasma of Intralipid-infused animals owing to incomplete clearance of the exogenous phospholipid, which mobilized tissue cholesterol and in the form of vesicular particles serves as a lipid phase for apo C proteins. A comparable mechanism is suggested for the formation of lipoprotein X in the animals with bile duct ligature.", "PMID": 106939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7465", "title": "Effect of prolonged intermittent thyrotropin-releasing hormone administration to fetal and neonatal rats.", "content": "Fetal and neonatal rats received daily subcutaneous injections of 10 microgram thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) until 7 or 14 days postnatally. At 70 days the pups were challenged with 1 microgram TRH intravenously via an indwelling jugular cannula. Basal serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations did not differ among the three groups. The mean TSH responses as determined by the mean peak TSH concentration and the total TSH response as determined by planimetry were not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in pituitary TSH content following the TRH challenge among the three groups. This study suggests that the integrity of the hypothalamo--pituitary axis in adult rats cannot be affected by the repeated administration of pharmacologic doses of TRH during the perinatal period.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged intermittent thyrotropin-releasing hormone administration to fetal and neonatal rats. Fetal and neonatal rats received daily subcutaneous injections of 10 microgram thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) until 7 or 14 days postnatally. At 70 days the pups were challenged with 1 microgram TRH intravenously via an indwelling jugular cannula. Basal serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations did not differ among the three groups. The mean TSH responses as determined by the mean peak TSH concentration and the total TSH response as determined by planimetry were not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in pituitary TSH content following the TRH challenge among the three groups. This study suggests that the integrity of the hypothalamo--pituitary axis in adult rats cannot be affected by the repeated administration of pharmacologic doses of TRH during the perinatal period.", "PMID": 106940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7466", "title": "Inhibition of passive lung anaphylaxis in the rat by AY-25,674.", "content": "The antiallergic properties of AY-25,674 were studied in a model of passive lung anaphylaxis. AY-25,674 caused a dose-related inhibition of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in the passively sensitized rat. AY-25,674 was found to be twice as potent as disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) when injected intravenously. The oral administration of AY-25,674 also effectively inhibited antigen-induced bronchoconstriction. A tachyphylactic effect of repeated administration was found when the rats were pretreated with a large dose of AY-25,674. The compound did not significantly antagonize the bronchoconstriction produced by 5-hydroxytryptamine. These results indicate that AY-25,674 is an orally effective antianaphylactic compound with a mode of action similar to that of DSCG in preventing allergic mediator release.", "contents": "Inhibition of passive lung anaphylaxis in the rat by AY-25,674. The antiallergic properties of AY-25,674 were studied in a model of passive lung anaphylaxis. AY-25,674 caused a dose-related inhibition of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in the passively sensitized rat. AY-25,674 was found to be twice as potent as disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) when injected intravenously. The oral administration of AY-25,674 also effectively inhibited antigen-induced bronchoconstriction. A tachyphylactic effect of repeated administration was found when the rats were pretreated with a large dose of AY-25,674. The compound did not significantly antagonize the bronchoconstriction produced by 5-hydroxytryptamine. These results indicate that AY-25,674 is an orally effective antianaphylactic compound with a mode of action similar to that of DSCG in preventing allergic mediator release.", "PMID": 106941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7467", "title": "The effect of chemical fixatives on cell walls of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Cell walls of Bacillus subtilis were treated with several chemical fixatives which are commonly used preparatory to electron microscopy; i.e., osmium tetroxide, formaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde. Dimensional analysis was performed on thin sections of fixed walls from plastic embeddings and, by means of the statistical technique of multiple comparisons, significant differences were found between wall thicknesses from the various fixations. These differences varied with the fixation time and the type of fixative used in the reaction. When compared to embedded walls which had been stained before fixation, the overall effect was a reduction in wall thickness which was attributed to fixative action and not to the embedding or staining processes. The reduction of wall thickness was even more apparent when dimensions of fixed walls were compared to published dimensions of both frozen sections and freeze-etch profiles. Since these fixatives bind to reactive sites within the wall fabric, a change in electrochemical charge density is effected which can be monitored in terms of heavy-metal-binding capacity. Most monoaldehyde fixatives and osmium tetroxide render the wall as reactive, or less reactive, to uranyl acetate as unfixed walls, whereas glutaraldehyde can significantly increase the binding capacity.", "contents": "The effect of chemical fixatives on cell walls of Bacillus subtilis. Cell walls of Bacillus subtilis were treated with several chemical fixatives which are commonly used preparatory to electron microscopy; i.e., osmium tetroxide, formaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde. Dimensional analysis was performed on thin sections of fixed walls from plastic embeddings and, by means of the statistical technique of multiple comparisons, significant differences were found between wall thicknesses from the various fixations. These differences varied with the fixation time and the type of fixative used in the reaction. When compared to embedded walls which had been stained before fixation, the overall effect was a reduction in wall thickness which was attributed to fixative action and not to the embedding or staining processes. The reduction of wall thickness was even more apparent when dimensions of fixed walls were compared to published dimensions of both frozen sections and freeze-etch profiles. Since these fixatives bind to reactive sites within the wall fabric, a change in electrochemical charge density is effected which can be monitored in terms of heavy-metal-binding capacity. Most monoaldehyde fixatives and osmium tetroxide render the wall as reactive, or less reactive, to uranyl acetate as unfixed walls, whereas glutaraldehyde can significantly increase the binding capacity.", "PMID": 106943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7468", "title": "Incidence and relationship of group D streptococci with other indicator organisms in meats.", "content": "Raw and processed meats were analyzed for presumptive group D streptococci using KF streptococcus agar. Counts were compared with coliform, presumptive Escherichia coli, and Enterobacteriaceae counts but no meaningful relationships were observed. Results indicated that group D streptococci and E. coli type I were principally contaminants from the packing plant, rather than at retail level. The predominating group D streptococcus in both beef and pork cuts was Streptococcus faecalis, while in processed meat (bologna), the predominating group D streptococci were Streptococcus faecium var. durans and Streptococcus faecium. Streptococcus bovis was not detected among the isolates from any meat samples. Marked differences were noted in numbers of group D streptococci in processed meat from different manufacturers. The results did not support the use of group D streptococci as alternative indicator organisms for meats. However, the association of group D streptococci with packing plant contamination may prove to be of value.", "contents": "Incidence and relationship of group D streptococci with other indicator organisms in meats. Raw and processed meats were analyzed for presumptive group D streptococci using KF streptococcus agar. Counts were compared with coliform, presumptive Escherichia coli, and Enterobacteriaceae counts but no meaningful relationships were observed. Results indicated that group D streptococci and E. coli type I were principally contaminants from the packing plant, rather than at retail level. The predominating group D streptococcus in both beef and pork cuts was Streptococcus faecalis, while in processed meat (bologna), the predominating group D streptococci were Streptococcus faecium var. durans and Streptococcus faecium. Streptococcus bovis was not detected among the isolates from any meat samples. Marked differences were noted in numbers of group D streptococci in processed meat from different manufacturers. The results did not support the use of group D streptococci as alternative indicator organisms for meats. However, the association of group D streptococci with packing plant contamination may prove to be of value.", "PMID": 106944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7469", "title": "[Production of vitamin B 12 by a blue-green alga].", "content": "In this study, we have been able to demonstrate the production and liberation of vitamin B12 (up to 16.5 pg/ml after 31 days of growth) by a blue green alga. Anabaena flos-aquae, in non-axenic and axenic cultures. This finding has a relevant ecological significance since it shows that, like bacteria, blue green algae may play a role as producers of vitamin B12.", "contents": "[Production of vitamin B 12 by a blue-green alga]. In this study, we have been able to demonstrate the production and liberation of vitamin B12 (up to 16.5 pg/ml after 31 days of growth) by a blue green alga. Anabaena flos-aquae, in non-axenic and axenic cultures. This finding has a relevant ecological significance since it shows that, like bacteria, blue green algae may play a role as producers of vitamin B12.", "PMID": 106945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7470", "title": "Breast-feeding protects against infection in Indian infants.", "content": "A retrospective study was undertaken at two isolated Manitoba Indian communities to determine whether the type of infant feeding was related to infection during the first year of life. Of 158 infants 28 were fully breast-fed, 58 initially breast-fed and then changed to bottle-feeding and 72 fully bottle-fed. Fully bottle-fed infants were hospitalized with infectious diseases 10 times more often and spent 10 times more days in hospital during the first year of life than fully breast-fed infants. Diagnoses were mainly lower respiratory tract infection and gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis occurred in only one breast-fed infant. Breast-feeding was strongly protective against severe infection requiring hospital admission and also against minor infection. The protective effect, which lasted even after breast-feeding was discontinued, was independent of family size, overcrowding in the home, family income and education of the parents. Measures to achieve breast-feeding for virtually all infants, particularly in northern communities, should be given high priority.", "contents": "Breast-feeding protects against infection in Indian infants. A retrospective study was undertaken at two isolated Manitoba Indian communities to determine whether the type of infant feeding was related to infection during the first year of life. Of 158 infants 28 were fully breast-fed, 58 initially breast-fed and then changed to bottle-feeding and 72 fully bottle-fed. Fully bottle-fed infants were hospitalized with infectious diseases 10 times more often and spent 10 times more days in hospital during the first year of life than fully breast-fed infants. Diagnoses were mainly lower respiratory tract infection and gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis occurred in only one breast-fed infant. Breast-feeding was strongly protective against severe infection requiring hospital admission and also against minor infection. The protective effect, which lasted even after breast-feeding was discontinued, was independent of family size, overcrowding in the home, family income and education of the parents. Measures to achieve breast-feeding for virtually all infants, particularly in northern communities, should be given high priority.", "PMID": 106948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7471", "title": "Management and results of localized Ewing's sarcoma.", "content": "Seventy-six patients with localized Ewing's sarcoma who received primary treatment at M.D. Anderson Hospital from 1948 through December 1975 were reviewed. Patients have been divided into four groups according to the different treatment regimens they received: Group I, moderate dose radiotherapy alone; Group II, high dose radiotherapy alone; Group III, radiotherapy plus vincristine and cytoxan; and Group IV, radiotherapy plus vincristine, Adriamycin, cytoxan and actinomycin. The problem of local recurrence appears to be solved with combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy with only one of 36 patients having a recurrence at the primary site in Groups III and IV. Multimodal therapy is the preferred treatment to obtain control of the primary lesion by radiation therapy while preserving good function. However, the major cause of failure remains distant metastases, 19 of 36 (53%) in Groups III and IV. In addition, 4 of 10 patients who have survived over 5 years have developed osteogenic sarcoma.", "contents": "Management and results of localized Ewing's sarcoma. Seventy-six patients with localized Ewing's sarcoma who received primary treatment at M.D. Anderson Hospital from 1948 through December 1975 were reviewed. Patients have been divided into four groups according to the different treatment regimens they received: Group I, moderate dose radiotherapy alone; Group II, high dose radiotherapy alone; Group III, radiotherapy plus vincristine and cytoxan; and Group IV, radiotherapy plus vincristine, Adriamycin, cytoxan and actinomycin. The problem of local recurrence appears to be solved with combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy with only one of 36 patients having a recurrence at the primary site in Groups III and IV. Multimodal therapy is the preferred treatment to obtain control of the primary lesion by radiation therapy while preserving good function. However, the major cause of failure remains distant metastases, 19 of 36 (53%) in Groups III and IV. In addition, 4 of 10 patients who have survived over 5 years have developed osteogenic sarcoma.", "PMID": 106949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7472", "title": "Solitary plasmacytoma of bone vs. extramedullary plasmacytoma and their relationship to multiple myeloma.", "content": "Solitary plasmacytoma of bone (SPB) and extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMPC) are unusual solitary tumors of plasma cell origin. The clinical differences between these tumors and multiple myeloma are the subject of continued study. This review examines the radiotherapy experience at M. D. Anderson Hospital. Between 1948 and 1977, 12 patients with SPB and 12 patients with EMPC were treated with radiotherapy. Radiotherapeutic doses were most often (22/24) greater than 4,000 rads, at 200 rads per day. In order to qualify as solitary plasmacytoma a disease-free interval of 3 years was required. In the group of SPB, 5 patients of 9 were alive with no evidence of disease (NED) at 3 years, 4 of 5 at 5 years, and none of 4 at 10 years. In the EMPC group, 8 patients of 11 were NED at 3 and 5 years, and 6 of 9 at 10 years. Six patients with SPB developed multiple myeloma compared with only two with EMPC. The results confirm the better prognosis of EMPC and support the theory that SPB and EMPC are two different entities.", "contents": "Solitary plasmacytoma of bone vs. extramedullary plasmacytoma and their relationship to multiple myeloma. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone (SPB) and extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMPC) are unusual solitary tumors of plasma cell origin. The clinical differences between these tumors and multiple myeloma are the subject of continued study. This review examines the radiotherapy experience at M. D. Anderson Hospital. Between 1948 and 1977, 12 patients with SPB and 12 patients with EMPC were treated with radiotherapy. Radiotherapeutic doses were most often (22/24) greater than 4,000 rads, at 200 rads per day. In order to qualify as solitary plasmacytoma a disease-free interval of 3 years was required. In the group of SPB, 5 patients of 9 were alive with no evidence of disease (NED) at 3 years, 4 of 5 at 5 years, and none of 4 at 10 years. In the EMPC group, 8 patients of 11 were NED at 3 and 5 years, and 6 of 9 at 10 years. Six patients with SPB developed multiple myeloma compared with only two with EMPC. The results confirm the better prognosis of EMPC and support the theory that SPB and EMPC are two different entities.", "PMID": 106950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7473", "title": "Medulloblastoma: treatment results and effect on normal tissues.", "content": "Thirty-three children under age 20 with medulloblastoma, treated between 1962 and 1976, at the University of California and the Claire Zellerback Saroni Tumor Institute of Mount Zion Hospital, San Francisco, were retrospectively studied. A relationship between dose and local control rate was suggested by an improved five-year survival in those patients receiving doses greater than 5000 rads to the posterior fossa. The posterior fossa, either alone or with the spinal cord, was the most frequent site of failure. Results of re-irradiation for failure were encouraging and no significant complications were noted. A study of the effects of craniospinal irradiation on the hematopoietic and immune system demonstrated a marked decrease in the peripheral lymphocyte population at the completion of therapy and suggested a functional impairment of the remaining lymphocytes. Other side effects of irradiation included suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and one instance of brain necrosis. Current treatment policy and proposals for future modifications are discussed.", "contents": "Medulloblastoma: treatment results and effect on normal tissues. Thirty-three children under age 20 with medulloblastoma, treated between 1962 and 1976, at the University of California and the Claire Zellerback Saroni Tumor Institute of Mount Zion Hospital, San Francisco, were retrospectively studied. A relationship between dose and local control rate was suggested by an improved five-year survival in those patients receiving doses greater than 5000 rads to the posterior fossa. The posterior fossa, either alone or with the spinal cord, was the most frequent site of failure. Results of re-irradiation for failure were encouraging and no significant complications were noted. A study of the effects of craniospinal irradiation on the hematopoietic and immune system demonstrated a marked decrease in the peripheral lymphocyte population at the completion of therapy and suggested a functional impairment of the remaining lymphocytes. Other side effects of irradiation included suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and one instance of brain necrosis. Current treatment policy and proposals for future modifications are discussed.", "PMID": 106951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7474", "title": "Radiation in multidisciplinary treatment of children with malignant ovarian tumors.", "content": "Thirteen girls with malignant ovarian tumors treated at Memorial Hospital from August 1971 through October 1975 with extensive surgery, multi-drug chemotherapy (T-2 protocol) and postoperative radiation were reviewed. The plan of radiation was to deliver 3,000 rads to the whole abdomen and boost the para-aortic and pelvic area with 1,500 rads in five to six weeks. In only two patients was the radiation conducted as planned. In others the treatment was either interrupted or discontinued due to complications. Four of the thirteen patients are dead. The cause of death in two of these patients was distant metastases; the two other patients died without evidence of tumor due to treatment complications. Three of the nine patients who are alive without evidence of disease have late complications. Following radical surgery, lower doses of radiation given concomitantly with T-2 protocol chemotherapy seem to be sufficient for controlling the disease.", "contents": "Radiation in multidisciplinary treatment of children with malignant ovarian tumors. Thirteen girls with malignant ovarian tumors treated at Memorial Hospital from August 1971 through October 1975 with extensive surgery, multi-drug chemotherapy (T-2 protocol) and postoperative radiation were reviewed. The plan of radiation was to deliver 3,000 rads to the whole abdomen and boost the para-aortic and pelvic area with 1,500 rads in five to six weeks. In only two patients was the radiation conducted as planned. In others the treatment was either interrupted or discontinued due to complications. Four of the thirteen patients are dead. The cause of death in two of these patients was distant metastases; the two other patients died without evidence of tumor due to treatment complications. Three of the nine patients who are alive without evidence of disease have late complications. Following radical surgery, lower doses of radiation given concomitantly with T-2 protocol chemotherapy seem to be sufficient for controlling the disease.", "PMID": 106952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7475", "title": "Irradiation alone or in combination with surgery in stage IB and IIA carcinoma of the uterine cervix: A nonrandomized comparison.", "content": "This is a report of a nonrandomized comparison of treatment results of 244 patients with stage IB carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated by radiation alone and 92 treated with preoperative radiation and surgery and 77 patients with stage IIA treated by radiation alone and 24 treated with a combination of radiation and surgery. The techniques of irradiation and types of operation are described in detail. The five-year tumor free actuarial survival for the patients with stage IB treated either with irradiation alone or combined with surgery was approximately 85% and the ten-year survival, 78%. For stage IIA the tumor free actuarial five-year survival without tumor was 73% and for ten years, 60%. In the 244 patients treated with radiation alone, there were ten central failures (4%) usually combined with distant metastasis. Further, 16 of these patients (6.5%) developed parametrial recurrence, in all but one instance associated with distant metastasis. In the 92 patients with stage IB treated with combined therapy, there were three local recurrences (3.8%), two of them combined with parametrial failures and six parametrial recurrences (6.5%), all of them concomitant with distant metastasis. Of the 77 patients with stage IIA treated by irradiation alone, there  was one central recurrence alone and five local and parametrial recurrences, all of them associated with periaortic nodes or distant metastasis. Four additional patients had parametrial recurrences only concurrent with distant metastasis. Of the 24 patients treated with irradiation and surgery, there were two parametrial recurrences combined with distant metastasis (8.2%). There was no significant difference in the survival or recurrence rate of the patients treated with either method. In the group treated with combined therapy, patients with stage IB who showed evidence of microscopic residual tumor after irradiation had a failure rate of approximately 42% (8/18) in contrast to only 8.6% (6/70) in those with negative specimens. In stage IIA there were three failures in eight patients with residual tumor in the specimen in contrast to only two of 16 with negative specimens (12.5%). Major complications were comparable in both groups (radiation alone approximately 8.7% and irradiation combined with surgery approximately 14%), the difference is not statistically significant. The most frequent minor complication in patients treated with radiation alone was vaginal fibrosis (30 patients--9%) or vaginal vault necrosis (10 patients--3%).", "contents": "Irradiation alone or in combination with surgery in stage IB and IIA carcinoma of the uterine cervix: A nonrandomized comparison. This is a report of a nonrandomized comparison of treatment results of 244 patients with stage IB carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated by radiation alone and 92 treated with preoperative radiation and surgery and 77 patients with stage IIA treated by radiation alone and 24 treated with a combination of radiation and surgery. The techniques of irradiation and types of operation are described in detail. The five-year tumor free actuarial survival for the patients with stage IB treated either with irradiation alone or combined with surgery was approximately 85% and the ten-year survival, 78%. For stage IIA the tumor free actuarial five-year survival without tumor was 73% and for ten years, 60%. In the 244 patients treated with radiation alone, there were ten central failures (4%) usually combined with distant metastasis. Further, 16 of these patients (6.5%) developed parametrial recurrence, in all but one instance associated with distant metastasis. In the 92 patients with stage IB treated with combined therapy, there were three local recurrences (3.8%), two of them combined with parametrial failures and six parametrial recurrences (6.5%), all of them concomitant with distant metastasis. Of the 77 patients with stage IIA treated by irradiation alone, there  was one central recurrence alone and five local and parametrial recurrences, all of them associated with periaortic nodes or distant metastasis. Four additional patients had parametrial recurrences only concurrent with distant metastasis. Of the 24 patients treated with irradiation and surgery, there were two parametrial recurrences combined with distant metastasis (8.2%). There was no significant difference in the survival or recurrence rate of the patients treated with either method. In the group treated with combined therapy, patients with stage IB who showed evidence of microscopic residual tumor after irradiation had a failure rate of approximately 42% (8/18) in contrast to only 8.6% (6/70) in those with negative specimens. In stage IIA there were three failures in eight patients with residual tumor in the specimen in contrast to only two of 16 with negative specimens (12.5%). Major complications were comparable in both groups (radiation alone approximately 8.7% and irradiation combined with surgery approximately 14%), the difference is not statistically significant. The most frequent minor complication in patients treated with radiation alone was vaginal fibrosis (30 patients--9%) or vaginal vault necrosis (10 patients--3%).", "PMID": 106953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7476", "title": "Evaluation of nutritional indices as prognostic indicators in the cancer patient.", "content": "The nutritional and immunological status of 140 malnourished cancer patients who were to receive intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) were evaluated prior to treatment with IVH and chemotherapy (CMX), surgery or radiation therapy (XRT). Subsequently, these indices were correlated with responses to treatment. Cell-mediated immunocompetent (CMI+) patients (41%) had lost an average weight of 10 +/- 2.2 lbs., while cell-mediated immunoincompetent (CMI-) patients (59%) had lost an average weight of 31 +/- 2.5 lbs. (p less that 0.05). Total lymphocyte count (TLC) averaged 1290 +/- 250 cells/mm3 in CMI+ patients and 900 +/- 140 cells/mm\" in CMI- patients (p less than 0.05). Serum albumin concentration (SA) was 3.6 +/- 0.06 g/dl in CMI+ patients and 3.3 +/- 0.05 g/dl in CMI- patients (p less than 0.05). In the CMI+ group, 49% had a positive response to CMX, whereas only 27% of the CMI-group responded to CMX (p less than 0.01). In the surgery group, 88% of the CMI+ patients, but only 65% of CMI- patients, had uncomplicated postoperative recovery periods. Although nutritional repletion with IVH was undertaken in all patients, those patients with initial CMI- responses had greater body weight loss, lower SA and TLC and either a decreased response to CMX or an increase in postoperative morbidity and mortality when compared with patients who initially had CMI+ responses.", "contents": "Evaluation of nutritional indices as prognostic indicators in the cancer patient. The nutritional and immunological status of 140 malnourished cancer patients who were to receive intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) were evaluated prior to treatment with IVH and chemotherapy (CMX), surgery or radiation therapy (XRT). Subsequently, these indices were correlated with responses to treatment. Cell-mediated immunocompetent (CMI+) patients (41%) had lost an average weight of 10 +/- 2.2 lbs., while cell-mediated immunoincompetent (CMI-) patients (59%) had lost an average weight of 31 +/- 2.5 lbs. (p less that 0.05). Total lymphocyte count (TLC) averaged 1290 +/- 250 cells/mm3 in CMI+ patients and 900 +/- 140 cells/mm\" in CMI- patients (p less than 0.05). Serum albumin concentration (SA) was 3.6 +/- 0.06 g/dl in CMI+ patients and 3.3 +/- 0.05 g/dl in CMI- patients (p less than 0.05). In the CMI+ group, 49% had a positive response to CMX, whereas only 27% of the CMI-group responded to CMX (p less than 0.01). In the surgery group, 88% of the CMI+ patients, but only 65% of CMI- patients, had uncomplicated postoperative recovery periods. Although nutritional repletion with IVH was undertaken in all patients, those patients with initial CMI- responses had greater body weight loss, lower SA and TLC and either a decreased response to CMX or an increase in postoperative morbidity and mortality when compared with patients who initially had CMI+ responses.", "PMID": 106954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7477", "title": "Results of treating stage III carcinoma of the breast by primary radiation therapy.", "content": "One hundred sixteen patients with stage III carcinoma of the breast were treated by primary radiation therapy. The 5-year actuarial survival and relapse-free survival were 25% and 22%, respectively. The 5-year actuarial probability of local tumor control for the entire group was 64%. In patients undergoing an excisional biopsy and an interstitial implant of the primary tumor area, local control was 100%. In patients who had either an excisional biopsy or an implant, the 5-year actuarial probability of local control was 77% and 76%, respectively. In contrast, in patients having neither an excisional biopsy nor an implant, local control was only 41%. In patients receiving a total dose of greater than 6000 rad, from external beam treatment or from external beam plus an interstitial implant, the local control was 78% compared to 39% in patients receiving a total dose of less than 6000 rad. Forty-one patients received some form of adjuvant therapy. Both local control and relapse-free survival were improved in patients receiving chemotherapy as the sole adjuvant and in patients receiving chemotherapy combined with an endocrine ablative procedure. However, patients treated with only an endocrine ablative procedure had no improvement in survival nor in local control. These results indicate that primary radiation therapy can provide local control in a high proportion of patients with stage III carcinoma of the breast and suggest that chemotherapy is effective in improving both local control and survival in these patients.", "contents": "Results of treating stage III carcinoma of the breast by primary radiation therapy. One hundred sixteen patients with stage III carcinoma of the breast were treated by primary radiation therapy. The 5-year actuarial survival and relapse-free survival were 25% and 22%, respectively. The 5-year actuarial probability of local tumor control for the entire group was 64%. In patients undergoing an excisional biopsy and an interstitial implant of the primary tumor area, local control was 100%. In patients who had either an excisional biopsy or an implant, the 5-year actuarial probability of local control was 77% and 76%, respectively. In contrast, in patients having neither an excisional biopsy nor an implant, local control was only 41%. In patients receiving a total dose of greater than 6000 rad, from external beam treatment or from external beam plus an interstitial implant, the local control was 78% compared to 39% in patients receiving a total dose of less than 6000 rad. Forty-one patients received some form of adjuvant therapy. Both local control and relapse-free survival were improved in patients receiving chemotherapy as the sole adjuvant and in patients receiving chemotherapy combined with an endocrine ablative procedure. However, patients treated with only an endocrine ablative procedure had no improvement in survival nor in local control. These results indicate that primary radiation therapy can provide local control in a high proportion of patients with stage III carcinoma of the breast and suggest that chemotherapy is effective in improving both local control and survival in these patients.", "PMID": 106955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7478", "title": "Results of total body irradiation in the treatment of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "Total body irradiation (TBI) was used as primary therapy for 58 previously untreated patients with Stage III or IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). 150 rad was administered, with 15 rad fractions twice a week, with careful monitoring of hematologic status. Thrombocytopenia was the most frequent complication, which resolved in all except 4 patients. Survival at 8 years was 52%, with 14% relapse-free survival. Patients with nodular histology had a more favorable prognosis than those with diffuse histology (median relapse-free survival of 24 vs. 12 months). There were 2 cases of erythroleukemia, which occurred after combination chemotherapy was given for relapse. Though TBI can offer complete remission and extended survival in advanced NHL, most patients eventually relapse and it should not be considered as a curative mode of therapy.", "contents": "Results of total body irradiation in the treatment of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Total body irradiation (TBI) was used as primary therapy for 58 previously untreated patients with Stage III or IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). 150 rad was administered, with 15 rad fractions twice a week, with careful monitoring of hematologic status. Thrombocytopenia was the most frequent complication, which resolved in all except 4 patients. Survival at 8 years was 52%, with 14% relapse-free survival. Patients with nodular histology had a more favorable prognosis than those with diffuse histology (median relapse-free survival of 24 vs. 12 months). There were 2 cases of erythroleukemia, which occurred after combination chemotherapy was given for relapse. Though TBI can offer complete remission and extended survival in advanced NHL, most patients eventually relapse and it should not be considered as a curative mode of therapy.", "PMID": 106956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7479", "title": "In vivo and in vitro studies of experimental ovarian adenocarcinoma in rats.", "content": "When 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-impregnated sutures were directly applied to the ovarian parenchyma of 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats (the clipping method), adenocarcinomas developed in 29 (39%) of the 75 rats during the 50-week observation period. When 20-methylcholanthrene was used, adenocarcinomas developed only in 1 (3%) of the 31 rats. Thus, the clipping method using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene is satisfactory as an animal model of ovarian adenocarcinoma which comprises 85 to 90% of human malignant ovarian tumors. On the other hand, attempts were made to isolate cloned cell lines from these experimental ovarian adenocarcinomas in vitro, and two cloned cell lines were obtained. They were epithelioid and produced undifferentiated adenocarcinomas by back-transplantation into isologous newborn rats.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro studies of experimental ovarian adenocarcinoma in rats. When 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-impregnated sutures were directly applied to the ovarian parenchyma of 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats (the clipping method), adenocarcinomas developed in 29 (39%) of the 75 rats during the 50-week observation period. When 20-methylcholanthrene was used, adenocarcinomas developed only in 1 (3%) of the 31 rats. Thus, the clipping method using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene is satisfactory as an animal model of ovarian adenocarcinoma which comprises 85 to 90% of human malignant ovarian tumors. On the other hand, attempts were made to isolate cloned cell lines from these experimental ovarian adenocarcinomas in vitro, and two cloned cell lines were obtained. They were epithelioid and produced undifferentiated adenocarcinomas by back-transplantation into isologous newborn rats.", "PMID": 106957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7480", "title": "DNA-protein cross-linking by chemical carcinogens in mammalian cells.", "content": "The induction of DNA cross-linking in mammalian cells by various carcinogens was investigated by the method of alkaline elution. A dose-dependent increase in DNA cross-linking was seen following exposure of human fibroblasts to N-acetyoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and following exposure of mouse embryo cells to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene. No cross-link effect was seen following treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, benz-[a]anthracene, benz[A]anthracene-5,6-dihydroepoxide, or metabolic inhibitors. The cross-linking appeared to be DNA-protein in nature since proteinase treatment removed the effect. DNA single-strand breaks were also induced by several of these agents in the case of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, approximately 70 to 90% of these breaks were rejoined after an 18-hr incubation in fresh medium, whereas repair of the cross-links induced by N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene was slight at this time.", "contents": "DNA-protein cross-linking by chemical carcinogens in mammalian cells. The induction of DNA cross-linking in mammalian cells by various carcinogens was investigated by the method of alkaline elution. A dose-dependent increase in DNA cross-linking was seen following exposure of human fibroblasts to N-acetyoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and following exposure of mouse embryo cells to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene. No cross-link effect was seen following treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, benz-[a]anthracene, benz[A]anthracene-5,6-dihydroepoxide, or metabolic inhibitors. The cross-linking appeared to be DNA-protein in nature since proteinase treatment removed the effect. DNA single-strand breaks were also induced by several of these agents in the case of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, approximately 70 to 90% of these breaks were rejoined after an 18-hr incubation in fresh medium, whereas repair of the cross-links induced by N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene was slight at this time.", "PMID": 106958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7481", "title": "The cytotoxicity of gamma-L-glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene for cells that contain tyrosinase, a study of melanocytes in the hair follicle of the mouse.", "content": "The s.c. administration of gamma-L-glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene (GHB) to neonatal black mice produced a prompt, generalized, and selective swelling and lysis of the melanocytes of the hair follicles. The findings indicate that this cytotoxic effect was dependent upon the intracellular activation of GHB by tyrosinase. Supportive of this conclusion were: (a) an absence of comparable cytological alterations in adjacent keratinocytes; (b) a lack of response by melanocytes of albino mice; and (c) patterns of deficient pigmentation produced by GHB in juvenile black mice, suggesting that susceptible follicles were those in the tyrosinase-producing growth phase. The administration of GHB also induced condensation, or \"apoptosis,\" of individual follicular keratinocytes of both black and albino mice and in the melanocytes in the latter. This response was apparently independent of tyrosinase. It was transitory and without appreciable effect on hair growth. The findings further characterize the selective cytolytic properties of GHB for mammalian cells that possess tyrosinase and suggest a potential for this natural compound as a chemotherapeutic agent against melanocarcinoma.", "contents": "The cytotoxicity of gamma-L-glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene for cells that contain tyrosinase, a study of melanocytes in the hair follicle of the mouse. The s.c. administration of gamma-L-glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene (GHB) to neonatal black mice produced a prompt, generalized, and selective swelling and lysis of the melanocytes of the hair follicles. The findings indicate that this cytotoxic effect was dependent upon the intracellular activation of GHB by tyrosinase. Supportive of this conclusion were: (a) an absence of comparable cytological alterations in adjacent keratinocytes; (b) a lack of response by melanocytes of albino mice; and (c) patterns of deficient pigmentation produced by GHB in juvenile black mice, suggesting that susceptible follicles were those in the tyrosinase-producing growth phase. The administration of GHB also induced condensation, or \"apoptosis,\" of individual follicular keratinocytes of both black and albino mice and in the melanocytes in the latter. This response was apparently independent of tyrosinase. It was transitory and without appreciable effect on hair growth. The findings further characterize the selective cytolytic properties of GHB for mammalian cells that possess tyrosinase and suggest a potential for this natural compound as a chemotherapeutic agent against melanocarcinoma.", "PMID": 106960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7482", "title": "Use of molecular hybridization to detect type D retrovirus markers in rhesus placentas and other tissues.", "content": "We have shown previously that approximately 20% of the Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV) genome is present as endogenous provirus in rhesus monkeys. We report here that several full-term rhesus placentas examined contain additional MPV proviral sequences in their DNA. Competitive molecular hybridization experiments demonstrated that some of these placentas also contain RNA complementary to the entire MPV 60 to 70S RNA genome. Examination of internal organs of rhesus monkeys captured in the wild also revealed the presence of additional MPV proviral sequences and expression of MPV RNA in some tissues. These results provide further evidence that MPV is being transmitted via a non-germ line mechanism in the rhesus population and now demonstrate the placenta as a good source for the identification of retrovirus transcriptional products and proviral DNA.", "contents": "Use of molecular hybridization to detect type D retrovirus markers in rhesus placentas and other tissues. We have shown previously that approximately 20% of the Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV) genome is present as endogenous provirus in rhesus monkeys. We report here that several full-term rhesus placentas examined contain additional MPV proviral sequences in their DNA. Competitive molecular hybridization experiments demonstrated that some of these placentas also contain RNA complementary to the entire MPV 60 to 70S RNA genome. Examination of internal organs of rhesus monkeys captured in the wild also revealed the presence of additional MPV proviral sequences and expression of MPV RNA in some tissues. These results provide further evidence that MPV is being transmitted via a non-germ line mechanism in the rhesus population and now demonstrate the placenta as a good source for the identification of retrovirus transcriptional products and proviral DNA.", "PMID": 106962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7483", "title": "Comparative randomized study of protected environment plus oral antibiotics versus oral antibiotics alone in neutropenic patients.", "content": "A series of 24 patients with severe neutropenia, most of whom had acute myeloblastic leukemia, were treated in an isolation unit with oral nonabsorbable antibiotics and were compared to 21 similar patients receiving oral antibiotics alone. The frequency of bacterial infections was lower in the patients receiving both isolation and oral antibiotics compared to the patients who received only oral antibiotics. The responses to chemotherapy in terms of remission rates were identical for the two groups.", "contents": "Comparative randomized study of protected environment plus oral antibiotics versus oral antibiotics alone in neutropenic patients. A series of 24 patients with severe neutropenia, most of whom had acute myeloblastic leukemia, were treated in an isolation unit with oral nonabsorbable antibiotics and were compared to 21 similar patients receiving oral antibiotics alone. The frequency of bacterial infections was lower in the patients receiving both isolation and oral antibiotics compared to the patients who received only oral antibiotics. The responses to chemotherapy in terms of remission rates were identical for the two groups.", "PMID": 106963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7484", "title": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and hexamethylmelamine in the treatment of non-oat cell lung cancer: a pilot study of the Southeastern Cancer Study Group.", "content": "Fifty-one patients with metastatic non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung were treated with a combination of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and hexamethylmelamine. The overall response rate (all cell types) was 16%. Four of 20 patients with adenocarcinoma had a partial response and an additional five patients classified as having stable disease had tumor regression less than 50%. The median survival of responders and of those with stable disease (all types) was 8 and 7 months respectively, significantly longer than the median survival of patients who progressed (median survival, 2 months [P less than 0.05]). The major dose-limiting toxicity was nausea and vomiting in over half of the patients; hematologic toxicity and peripheral neuropathy were the other adverse effects of the combination.", "contents": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and hexamethylmelamine in the treatment of non-oat cell lung cancer: a pilot study of the Southeastern Cancer Study Group. Fifty-one patients with metastatic non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung were treated with a combination of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and hexamethylmelamine. The overall response rate (all cell types) was 16%. Four of 20 patients with adenocarcinoma had a partial response and an additional five patients classified as having stable disease had tumor regression less than 50%. The median survival of responders and of those with stable disease (all types) was 8 and 7 months respectively, significantly longer than the median survival of patients who progressed (median survival, 2 months [P less than 0.05]). The major dose-limiting toxicity was nausea and vomiting in over half of the patients; hematologic toxicity and peripheral neuropathy were the other adverse effects of the combination.", "PMID": 106964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7485", "title": "Controlled clinical studies with an antidote against the urotoxicity of oxazaphosphorines: preliminary results.", "content": "A randomized study in 20 patients with cancer was carried out to test the clinical efficacy of sodium-2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (ASTA D-7093; mesnum) as an agent to prevent urotoxic side effects (in particular, hemorrhagic cystitis) during cytostatic therapy with the oxazaphosphorines cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. Eleven patients received mesnum iv and nine patients received a standard prophylaxis. The frequency of microhematuria was significantly lower in the patients receiving mesnum. A slight microhematuria was observed in one patient. With the standard prophylaxis, all nine patients receiving single-agent therapy with ifosfamide or cyclophosphamide had hematuria and three of these had macrohematuria. According to the available results, a daily mesnum dose of 60% (wt/wt) of the ifosfamide or cyclophosphamide dose is recommended. This dose should be divided into three equal fractions. The first administration should be given concurrently with the cytostatic agent and the subsequent two administrations at 4 and 8 hours after administration of the cytostatic agent. Significantly higher doses of mesnum (eg, 133% of the cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide doses) lead to gastrointestinal disorders, which are easily reversible.", "contents": "Controlled clinical studies with an antidote against the urotoxicity of oxazaphosphorines: preliminary results. A randomized study in 20 patients with cancer was carried out to test the clinical efficacy of sodium-2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (ASTA D-7093; mesnum) as an agent to prevent urotoxic side effects (in particular, hemorrhagic cystitis) during cytostatic therapy with the oxazaphosphorines cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. Eleven patients received mesnum iv and nine patients received a standard prophylaxis. The frequency of microhematuria was significantly lower in the patients receiving mesnum. A slight microhematuria was observed in one patient. With the standard prophylaxis, all nine patients receiving single-agent therapy with ifosfamide or cyclophosphamide had hematuria and three of these had macrohematuria. According to the available results, a daily mesnum dose of 60% (wt/wt) of the ifosfamide or cyclophosphamide dose is recommended. This dose should be divided into three equal fractions. The first administration should be given concurrently with the cytostatic agent and the subsequent two administrations at 4 and 8 hours after administration of the cytostatic agent. Significantly higher doses of mesnum (eg, 133% of the cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide doses) lead to gastrointestinal disorders, which are easily reversible.", "PMID": 106965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7486", "title": "Production, purification, and properties of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F.", "content": "The production of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F was stimulated 2-fold by the addition of 0.005% of calcium chloride to the medium; levansucrase levels were unaffected. Dextransucrase was purified by concentration and dialysis of the culture supernatant with a Bio-Fiber 80 miniplant, and by treatment with dextranase followed by chromatography on Bio-Gel A-Fm. A 240-fold purification, with a specific activity of 53 U/mg, was obtained. Contaminating enzyme activities of levansucrase, invertase, dextranase, glucosidase, and sucrose phosphorylase were decreased to non-detectable levels. Poly(acrylamide)-gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme showed only two protein bands, both of which had dextransucrase activity. These bands also gave a carbohydrate stain, indicating that the dextransucrase could be a glycoprotein. Acid hydrolysis, followed by paper chromatography, of the purified enzyme showed that the major carbohydrate was mannose. Concanavalin A completely removed dextransucrase activity from solution, confirming the mannoglycoprotein character of the enzyme. Dextransucrase activity was not altered by the addition of 0.008-4 mg/ml of dextran, but its storage stability was increased by the addition of 4 mg/ml of dextran. As previously shown by others, the activity of dextransucrase was decreased by EDTA, and was restored by the addition of calcium ions. Zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury, and copper ions were inhibitory to various degrees.", "contents": "Production, purification, and properties of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F. The production of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F was stimulated 2-fold by the addition of 0.005% of calcium chloride to the medium; levansucrase levels were unaffected. Dextransucrase was purified by concentration and dialysis of the culture supernatant with a Bio-Fiber 80 miniplant, and by treatment with dextranase followed by chromatography on Bio-Gel A-Fm. A 240-fold purification, with a specific activity of 53 U/mg, was obtained. Contaminating enzyme activities of levansucrase, invertase, dextranase, glucosidase, and sucrose phosphorylase were decreased to non-detectable levels. Poly(acrylamide)-gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme showed only two protein bands, both of which had dextransucrase activity. These bands also gave a carbohydrate stain, indicating that the dextransucrase could be a glycoprotein. Acid hydrolysis, followed by paper chromatography, of the purified enzyme showed that the major carbohydrate was mannose. Concanavalin A completely removed dextransucrase activity from solution, confirming the mannoglycoprotein character of the enzyme. Dextransucrase activity was not altered by the addition of 0.008-4 mg/ml of dextran, but its storage stability was increased by the addition of 4 mg/ml of dextran. As previously shown by others, the activity of dextransucrase was decreased by EDTA, and was restored by the addition of calcium ions. Zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury, and copper ions were inhibitory to various degrees.", "PMID": 106966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7487", "title": "alpha-L-iduronidase, beta-D-glucuronidase, and 2-sulfo-L-iduronate 2-sulfatase: preparation and characterization of radioactive substrates from heparin.", "content": "Radioactive disaccharide substrates for alpha-L-iduronidase, beta-D-glucuronidase, and 2-sulfo-L-iduronate 2-sulfatase have been prepared from heparin by deaminative cleavage followed by reduction with NaBT4. Six disaccharides were isolated from this reaction mixture and identified. Acid hydrolysis of the major disaccharide, O-(alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid 2-sulfate)-(1 linked to 4)-(2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t 6-sulfate (IdAs--Ms), produced 48% of O-(alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid)-(1 linked to 4)-(2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t 6-sulfate) (IdA--Ms) and 25% of O-(alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid)-(1 linked to 4)-2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t. The most-sensitive substrate for determining alpha-L-iduronidase activity was IdA--Ms which, when incubated with leucocyte and skin-fibroblast homogenates prepared from patients having a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I; MPS-I), was hydrolysed to yield 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t 6-sulfate at a rate 50-times less than that found for normal control-preparations. Similarly, O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1 linked to 4)-(2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t 6-sulfate) was degraded by whole-cell homogenates prepared from beta-D-glucuronidase-deficient (Mucopolysaccharidosis, Type VII) fibroblasts, to yield 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t 5-sulfate at a rate 60-times less that that found for MPS-I and normal control-preparations. IdAs--Ms was degraded by 2-sulfo-L-iduronate 2-sulfatase at a rate more than 45-times greater than that found for O-(alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid 2-sulfate)-(1 linked to 4)-2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t. C-6 Sulfation of the anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t residue is an important structural determinant in the mechanism of action of both alpha-L-iduronidase and 2-sulfo-L-iduronate 2-sulfatase on disaccharide substrates.", "contents": "alpha-L-iduronidase, beta-D-glucuronidase, and 2-sulfo-L-iduronate 2-sulfatase: preparation and characterization of radioactive substrates from heparin. Radioactive disaccharide substrates for alpha-L-iduronidase, beta-D-glucuronidase, and 2-sulfo-L-iduronate 2-sulfatase have been prepared from heparin by deaminative cleavage followed by reduction with NaBT4. Six disaccharides were isolated from this reaction mixture and identified. Acid hydrolysis of the major disaccharide, O-(alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid 2-sulfate)-(1 linked to 4)-(2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t 6-sulfate (IdAs--Ms), produced 48% of O-(alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid)-(1 linked to 4)-(2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t 6-sulfate) (IdA--Ms) and 25% of O-(alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid)-(1 linked to 4)-2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t. The most-sensitive substrate for determining alpha-L-iduronidase activity was IdA--Ms which, when incubated with leucocyte and skin-fibroblast homogenates prepared from patients having a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I; MPS-I), was hydrolysed to yield 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t 6-sulfate at a rate 50-times less than that found for normal control-preparations. Similarly, O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1 linked to 4)-(2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t 6-sulfate) was degraded by whole-cell homogenates prepared from beta-D-glucuronidase-deficient (Mucopolysaccharidosis, Type VII) fibroblasts, to yield 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t 5-sulfate at a rate 60-times less that that found for MPS-I and normal control-preparations. IdAs--Ms was degraded by 2-sulfo-L-iduronate 2-sulfatase at a rate more than 45-times greater than that found for O-(alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid 2-sulfate)-(1 linked to 4)-2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t. C-6 Sulfation of the anhydro-D-mannitol-l-t residue is an important structural determinant in the mechanism of action of both alpha-L-iduronidase and 2-sulfo-L-iduronate 2-sulfatase on disaccharide substrates.", "PMID": 106967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7488", "title": "Studies on metabolic activation of vinyl chloride in Drosophila melanogaster after pretreatment with phenobarbital and polychlorinated biphenyls.", "content": "It is known that vinyl chloride is metabolized by the mixed function oxygenase system in the liver to reactive mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolites. This metabolic activation was studied in Drosophila melanogaster by measuring the uptake of 14C from labelled vinyl chloride in different strains and with different pretreatments with phenobarbital and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Clophen A50), well known inducers of cytochrome P-450. In accordance with previously obtained data on vinyl chloride induced sex linked recessive lethals, it was shown that pretreatment with inducers increased the uptake of labelled compound up to ten times. There was, however, a marked difference in response between the five strains used. In particular, the strain Hikone, known to be resistant to insecticides, had a comparatively high initial radioactivity from vinyl chloride without any pretreatment, but it was not or insignificantly inducible with phenobarbital or PCB. Crosses between Hikone and an inducible strain indicated essentially a dominance for the Hikone genotype. Tests on inducible strains showed the same response to phenobarbital by 2 h old larvae and adult male and females. Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) used as a solvent decreased both the initial uptake of 14C and particularly the induction by PCB. The use of Tween 80 as an emulsifier did not have such an effect. It is emphasized that the interstrain variation in metabolic activation and inducability has to be taken into consideration in order to optimize the use of Drosophila for mutagenicity testing. This variation also opens up new possibilities of analyzing the mixed function oxygenase system biochemically and genetically.", "contents": "Studies on metabolic activation of vinyl chloride in Drosophila melanogaster after pretreatment with phenobarbital and polychlorinated biphenyls. It is known that vinyl chloride is metabolized by the mixed function oxygenase system in the liver to reactive mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolites. This metabolic activation was studied in Drosophila melanogaster by measuring the uptake of 14C from labelled vinyl chloride in different strains and with different pretreatments with phenobarbital and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Clophen A50), well known inducers of cytochrome P-450. In accordance with previously obtained data on vinyl chloride induced sex linked recessive lethals, it was shown that pretreatment with inducers increased the uptake of labelled compound up to ten times. There was, however, a marked difference in response between the five strains used. In particular, the strain Hikone, known to be resistant to insecticides, had a comparatively high initial radioactivity from vinyl chloride without any pretreatment, but it was not or insignificantly inducible with phenobarbital or PCB. Crosses between Hikone and an inducible strain indicated essentially a dominance for the Hikone genotype. Tests on inducible strains showed the same response to phenobarbital by 2 h old larvae and adult male and females. Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) used as a solvent decreased both the initial uptake of 14C and particularly the induction by PCB. The use of Tween 80 as an emulsifier did not have such an effect. It is emphasized that the interstrain variation in metabolic activation and inducability has to be taken into consideration in order to optimize the use of Drosophila for mutagenicity testing. This variation also opens up new possibilities of analyzing the mixed function oxygenase system biochemically and genetically.", "PMID": 106975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7489", "title": "Sensitivity differences displayed by Drosophila melanogaster larvae of different ages to the toxic effects of growth on media containing aflatoxin B1.", "content": "Using Drosophila melanogaster, the relative sensitivities of various larval stages to the toxic effects of growth on media supplemented with either 0.44 or 0.88 ppm aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were determined. Two strains of fruit flies were tested: strain A-11 which is relatively resistant to AFB1 induced toxicity, and strain A-9 which is quite sensitive. Eggs, mid-first, mid-second and early-, mid- and late-third instar larvae were transferred onto AFB1 media and allowed to complete larval and pupal development and eclose as adults. At the 0.44 ppm concentration, strain A-11 showed no effect, while only first instar larvae of strain A-9 showed significant mortality rates for first instar larvae, but the A-9 larvae die at higher rates than the A-11 larvae. In addition, second and third instar larvae of strain A-9 show significant mortality rates when grown at 0.88 ppm AFB1, while these stages are not affected in strain A-11.", "contents": "Sensitivity differences displayed by Drosophila melanogaster larvae of different ages to the toxic effects of growth on media containing aflatoxin B1. Using Drosophila melanogaster, the relative sensitivities of various larval stages to the toxic effects of growth on media supplemented with either 0.44 or 0.88 ppm aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were determined. Two strains of fruit flies were tested: strain A-11 which is relatively resistant to AFB1 induced toxicity, and strain A-9 which is quite sensitive. Eggs, mid-first, mid-second and early-, mid- and late-third instar larvae were transferred onto AFB1 media and allowed to complete larval and pupal development and eclose as adults. At the 0.44 ppm concentration, strain A-11 showed no effect, while only first instar larvae of strain A-9 showed significant mortality rates for first instar larvae, but the A-9 larvae die at higher rates than the A-11 larvae. In addition, second and third instar larvae of strain A-9 show significant mortality rates when grown at 0.88 ppm AFB1, while these stages are not affected in strain A-11.", "PMID": 106976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7490", "title": "[Role of the Raphe Magnus nucleus in morphine analgesia : studies with intracerebral microinjections in the rat].", "content": "Microinjections of low concentration of morphine (5 micrograms) into the nucleus Raph\u00e9 Magnus of the Rat produce a strong analgesia that can be reversed by systemic naloxone, an opiate antagonist. The administration of naloxone (5 micrograms) into the Raph\u00e9 Magnus considerably reduces the effects of intravenous morphine. The effects of microinjections of morphine are strongly reduced by Cinanserin, suggesting a role for serotoninergic mechanisms in morphine analgesia.", "contents": "[Role of the Raphe Magnus nucleus in morphine analgesia : studies with intracerebral microinjections in the rat]. Microinjections of low concentration of morphine (5 micrograms) into the nucleus Raph\u00e9 Magnus of the Rat produce a strong analgesia that can be reversed by systemic naloxone, an opiate antagonist. The administration of naloxone (5 micrograms) into the Raph\u00e9 Magnus considerably reduces the effects of intravenous morphine. The effects of microinjections of morphine are strongly reduced by Cinanserin, suggesting a role for serotoninergic mechanisms in morphine analgesia.", "PMID": 106979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7491", "title": "[I and i antigens of human erythrocytes : their detection by means of immunofluorescence technic and their changes during ontogenesis].", "content": "I and i antigens were detected by indirect immunofluorescence on human erythrocytes. 80% of the cord blood cells were brightly fluorescent with anti-i, 15% only with anti-I. In adult blood, this ratio is reversed, 2% only of the cells being intensively labelled with anti-i. The percentages characteristic of adult blood are established within the first 8 months of life.", "contents": "[I and i antigens of human erythrocytes : their detection by means of immunofluorescence technic and their changes during ontogenesis]. I and i antigens were detected by indirect immunofluorescence on human erythrocytes. 80% of the cord blood cells were brightly fluorescent with anti-i, 15% only with anti-I. In adult blood, this ratio is reversed, 2% only of the cells being intensively labelled with anti-i. The percentages characteristic of adult blood are established within the first 8 months of life.", "PMID": 106981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7492", "title": "[Criteria for the evaluation of the antirheumatic (antiinflammatory) drugs in man].", "content": "Comparison of 5 antiinflammatory drugs and placebo in a double blind, short term, cross-over trial conducted in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. 15 measurements were used and studied. With classical unidimensional statistical tests it was not possible to discriminate active drugs between them. Multidimensional analysis (correspondance analysis and discriminant analysis) are more sensitive and allow us to distinguish active drugs with only 11 criterion.", "contents": "[Criteria for the evaluation of the antirheumatic (antiinflammatory) drugs in man]. Comparison of 5 antiinflammatory drugs and placebo in a double blind, short term, cross-over trial conducted in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. 15 measurements were used and studied. With classical unidimensional statistical tests it was not possible to discriminate active drugs between them. Multidimensional analysis (correspondance analysis and discriminant analysis) are more sensitive and allow us to distinguish active drugs with only 11 criterion.", "PMID": 106982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7493", "title": "[Increased contents of phenylethanolamine, m-octopamine and p-octopamine in the hypothalamus and brain stem of spontanously hypertensive rats (S.H.R. Kyoto)].", "content": "Phenylethanolamine, p-octopamine and m-octopamine contents were determined in the hypothalamus and the brain stem of spontaneously hypertensive Rats (S.H.R. Kyto) and the corresponding controls (Wistar Kyoto). In three-week-old Rats, phenylethanolamine and p-octopamine are found to be present in S.H.R. hypothalamus and brain stem at concentrations twice as high as compared to Wistar Kyoto Rats. The amount of m-octopamine is 5-fold higher in the brain stem of S.H.R. Rats as compared to Wistar Kyoto Rats.", "contents": "[Increased contents of phenylethanolamine, m-octopamine and p-octopamine in the hypothalamus and brain stem of spontanously hypertensive rats (S.H.R. Kyoto)]. Phenylethanolamine, p-octopamine and m-octopamine contents were determined in the hypothalamus and the brain stem of spontaneously hypertensive Rats (S.H.R. Kyto) and the corresponding controls (Wistar Kyoto). In three-week-old Rats, phenylethanolamine and p-octopamine are found to be present in S.H.R. hypothalamus and brain stem at concentrations twice as high as compared to Wistar Kyoto Rats. The amount of m-octopamine is 5-fold higher in the brain stem of S.H.R. Rats as compared to Wistar Kyoto Rats.", "PMID": 106983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7494", "title": "[Evidence of a circadian sequence of photogonadsensitivity in the ferret].", "content": "Using \"skeleton\" photoperiods with a primary photofraction of 3 hrs. 30 min. and secondary photofraction of 30 min. located at various intervals after the onset of darkness, the occurrence of a photoinducible phase in the androgenic function has been evidenced in the Ferret. This photo-inducible phase seems to be located around 12 hrs. after the onset of the primary photofraction, since the ferrets who received the 30 min. photofraction 8 hrs. after the onset of darkness responded with a maximal increase in plasma testosterone.", "contents": "[Evidence of a circadian sequence of photogonadsensitivity in the ferret]. Using \"skeleton\" photoperiods with a primary photofraction of 3 hrs. 30 min. and secondary photofraction of 30 min. located at various intervals after the onset of darkness, the occurrence of a photoinducible phase in the androgenic function has been evidenced in the Ferret. This photo-inducible phase seems to be located around 12 hrs. after the onset of the primary photofraction, since the ferrets who received the 30 min. photofraction 8 hrs. after the onset of darkness responded with a maximal increase in plasma testosterone.", "PMID": 106984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7495", "title": "Baroreceptor control of atrioventricular conduction in man.", "content": "Although human baroreflexes are known to exert a powerful physiological control on heart rate, little information exists on the physiological control they exert on the atrioventricular conduction system. In 11 normotensive subjects with normal atrioventricular conduction, we altered baroreceptor activity by injection of pressor and depressor drugs (phenylephrine and trinitroglycerin) and recorded mean arterial pressure (MAP, catheter measurements), R-R interval, and pre-His and post-His intervals (A-H and H-V, His bundle recording). With the subjects in sinus rhythm, increasing MAP by 21+/- 1 mm Hg caused a marked lengthening (250 +/- 28 msec), and decreasing MAP by 17 +/- 2 mm Hg a marked shortening (142 +/- 16 msec) of the R-R interval. There was little change in the A-H interval and no change at all in the H-V interval. However, when the R-R interval was kept constant in these subjects by atrial pacing, a similar increase and decrease in MAP caused, respectively, a marked lengthening (49 +/- 6 msec) and shortening (19 +/- 3 msec) of the A-H interval, although the H-V interval remained unaffected. Thus physiological ranges of baroreceptor activation have a marked influence on the atrioventricular node but apparently not on the ventricular portion of the atrioventricular conduction system. This influence is unmasked when pacing prevents the baroreceptor influence on the sinoatrial node.", "contents": "Baroreceptor control of atrioventricular conduction in man. Although human baroreflexes are known to exert a powerful physiological control on heart rate, little information exists on the physiological control they exert on the atrioventricular conduction system. In 11 normotensive subjects with normal atrioventricular conduction, we altered baroreceptor activity by injection of pressor and depressor drugs (phenylephrine and trinitroglycerin) and recorded mean arterial pressure (MAP, catheter measurements), R-R interval, and pre-His and post-His intervals (A-H and H-V, His bundle recording). With the subjects in sinus rhythm, increasing MAP by 21+/- 1 mm Hg caused a marked lengthening (250 +/- 28 msec), and decreasing MAP by 17 +/- 2 mm Hg a marked shortening (142 +/- 16 msec) of the R-R interval. There was little change in the A-H interval and no change at all in the H-V interval. However, when the R-R interval was kept constant in these subjects by atrial pacing, a similar increase and decrease in MAP caused, respectively, a marked lengthening (49 +/- 6 msec) and shortening (19 +/- 3 msec) of the A-H interval, although the H-V interval remained unaffected. Thus physiological ranges of baroreceptor activation have a marked influence on the atrioventricular node but apparently not on the ventricular portion of the atrioventricular conduction system. This influence is unmasked when pacing prevents the baroreceptor influence on the sinoatrial node.", "PMID": 106985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7496", "title": "Effects of nitroglycerin on echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular wall thickness and regional myocardial performance during acute coronary ischemia.", "content": "The effects of nitroglycerin on regional left ventricular performance, assessed by echocardiographic techniques, were investigated in anesthetized, open-chest dogs during acute myocardial ischemia. During transient occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, there was end-diastolic thinning and marked reduction in systolic thickening in the central ischemic zone. Similar changes of lesser degree were noted in the border zone. The normal zone was unaffected. Infusion of nitroglycerin during ischemia in dosages of 2.5--50 microgram/kg/min reduced left ventricular end-diastolic pressure without changing the abnormalities of systolic wall thickening. Effects of bolus injections of 20 and 50 microgram/kg of nitroglycerin were similar, although this also lowered aortic pressure. In a subgroup of animals in which nitroglycerin infusion was unaccompanied by tachycardia, there was also no evidence that ischemic dysfunction was altered. We conclude that nitroglycerin does not improve regional myocardial performance in acutely ischemic canine myocardium. The decrease in preload is probably entirely due to the peripheral effects of the agent.", "contents": "Effects of nitroglycerin on echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular wall thickness and regional myocardial performance during acute coronary ischemia. The effects of nitroglycerin on regional left ventricular performance, assessed by echocardiographic techniques, were investigated in anesthetized, open-chest dogs during acute myocardial ischemia. During transient occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, there was end-diastolic thinning and marked reduction in systolic thickening in the central ischemic zone. Similar changes of lesser degree were noted in the border zone. The normal zone was unaffected. Infusion of nitroglycerin during ischemia in dosages of 2.5--50 microgram/kg/min reduced left ventricular end-diastolic pressure without changing the abnormalities of systolic wall thickening. Effects of bolus injections of 20 and 50 microgram/kg of nitroglycerin were similar, although this also lowered aortic pressure. In a subgroup of animals in which nitroglycerin infusion was unaccompanied by tachycardia, there was also no evidence that ischemic dysfunction was altered. We conclude that nitroglycerin does not improve regional myocardial performance in acutely ischemic canine myocardium. The decrease in preload is probably entirely due to the peripheral effects of the agent.", "PMID": 106986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7497", "title": "The relationship between endogenous hyperprolactinaemia and plasma aldosterone.", "content": "It has been suggested that prolactin is a regulator of aldosterone secretion. In order to test this hypothesis, we measured prolactin, thyrotrophin and aldosterone by radioimmunoassay and plasma renin activity by the radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I in eight normal women before and after the intravenous injection of 200 microgram of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH). Prolactin increased from 4.1 +/- 1.1 ng/ml (mean +/- SE) to a peak of 27.4 +/- 3.8 (P less than 0.005) at 15 min following TRH. Plasma renin activity was not different from control levels (1.0 +/- 0.2 ng/ml/h) during the first hour following the administration of TRH, nor did the plasma aldosterone concentration differ significantly from the control levels (39 +/- 7 pg/ml) during this period. However, with upright posture, an increase in aldosterone (from 31 +/- 3 pg/ml at 1 h to 68 +/- 9 at 2 h, P less than 0.005) and in plasma renin activity (from 0.9 +/- 0.2 ng/ml/h at 1 h to 2.0 +/- 0.5 at 2 h, P less than 0.05) was noted, demonstrating a normal capacity to secrete aldosterone in these subjects. Similarly, no change in aldosterone was seen in nine patients with primary hypothyroidism given TRH, despite the fact that the increase in prolactin was greater than normal. Chronic hyperprolactinaemia was not associated with hyperaldosteronism in six patients with pituitary tumour. These data demonstrate that acutely or chronically elevated serum prolactin levels do not result in increased plasma aldosterone levels in humans.", "contents": "The relationship between endogenous hyperprolactinaemia and plasma aldosterone. It has been suggested that prolactin is a regulator of aldosterone secretion. In order to test this hypothesis, we measured prolactin, thyrotrophin and aldosterone by radioimmunoassay and plasma renin activity by the radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I in eight normal women before and after the intravenous injection of 200 microgram of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH). Prolactin increased from 4.1 +/- 1.1 ng/ml (mean +/- SE) to a peak of 27.4 +/- 3.8 (P less than 0.005) at 15 min following TRH. Plasma renin activity was not different from control levels (1.0 +/- 0.2 ng/ml/h) during the first hour following the administration of TRH, nor did the plasma aldosterone concentration differ significantly from the control levels (39 +/- 7 pg/ml) during this period. However, with upright posture, an increase in aldosterone (from 31 +/- 3 pg/ml at 1 h to 68 +/- 9 at 2 h, P less than 0.005) and in plasma renin activity (from 0.9 +/- 0.2 ng/ml/h at 1 h to 2.0 +/- 0.5 at 2 h, P less than 0.05) was noted, demonstrating a normal capacity to secrete aldosterone in these subjects. Similarly, no change in aldosterone was seen in nine patients with primary hypothyroidism given TRH, despite the fact that the increase in prolactin was greater than normal. Chronic hyperprolactinaemia was not associated with hyperaldosteronism in six patients with pituitary tumour. These data demonstrate that acutely or chronically elevated serum prolactin levels do not result in increased plasma aldosterone levels in humans.", "PMID": 106989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7498", "title": "The effect of lisuride hydrogen maleate in the hyperprolactinaemia-amenorrhoea syndrome: clinical and hormonal responses.", "content": "Eleven women with secondary amenorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia were treated with lisuride, a new semisynthetic ergot derivative. Acute administration of lisuride (100 microgram orally) significantly suppressed serum prolactin (PRL) levels in nine out of eleven subjects. In these nine patients, prolonged treatment with lisuride (50--200 microgram daily) lowered PRL levels into the normal range, menstrual cycles were resumed and eight patients ovulated. Two patients, in whom lisuride failed to lower PRL levels into the normal range, did not resume normal menstruation. These data demonstrate that lisuride may be used clinically to lower PRL levels and to restore cyclic gonadotrophin secretion and ovulation in amenorrhoeic patients with hyperprolactinaemia.", "contents": "The effect of lisuride hydrogen maleate in the hyperprolactinaemia-amenorrhoea syndrome: clinical and hormonal responses. Eleven women with secondary amenorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia were treated with lisuride, a new semisynthetic ergot derivative. Acute administration of lisuride (100 microgram orally) significantly suppressed serum prolactin (PRL) levels in nine out of eleven subjects. In these nine patients, prolonged treatment with lisuride (50--200 microgram daily) lowered PRL levels into the normal range, menstrual cycles were resumed and eight patients ovulated. Two patients, in whom lisuride failed to lower PRL levels into the normal range, did not resume normal menstruation. These data demonstrate that lisuride may be used clinically to lower PRL levels and to restore cyclic gonadotrophin secretion and ovulation in amenorrhoeic patients with hyperprolactinaemia.", "PMID": 106990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7499", "title": "Bacterial and strain specificities in opsonization, phagocytosis and killing of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Opsonization of Streptococcus mutans, followed by phagocytosis and killing by polymorphonuclear leucocytes has been postulated as an effector mechanism in protection against dental caries. Opsonization was studied by using sera from monkeys immunized with killed Strep. mutans (sero-type c) and compared with sera from sham-immunized monkeys. Antibodies to Strep. mutans (sero-type c) induced maximal phagocytosis and killing of serotypes c and e, and this was significantly greater than with serotypes a and d; there was no significant phagocytosis or killing of serotype b. There was little or no opsonization with Actinomyces viscosus, Lactobacillus casei, Strep, sanguis and Strep. salivarius. The exception was Strep. CHT which showed significant phagocytosis and killing. The results suggest that immunization with the serotype c strain of Strep. mutans might offer protection against four of the five common serotypes of this organism.", "contents": "Bacterial and strain specificities in opsonization, phagocytosis and killing of Streptococcus mutans. Opsonization of Streptococcus mutans, followed by phagocytosis and killing by polymorphonuclear leucocytes has been postulated as an effector mechanism in protection against dental caries. Opsonization was studied by using sera from monkeys immunized with killed Strep. mutans (sero-type c) and compared with sera from sham-immunized monkeys. Antibodies to Strep. mutans (sero-type c) induced maximal phagocytosis and killing of serotypes c and e, and this was significantly greater than with serotypes a and d; there was no significant phagocytosis or killing of serotype b. There was little or no opsonization with Actinomyces viscosus, Lactobacillus casei, Strep, sanguis and Strep. salivarius. The exception was Strep. CHT which showed significant phagocytosis and killing. The results suggest that immunization with the serotype c strain of Strep. mutans might offer protection against four of the five common serotypes of this organism.", "PMID": 106996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7500", "title": "Primary meningococcal conjunctivitis in an infant.", "content": "A case of primary meningococcal conjunctivitis in an infant was presented and its treatment is discussed. Because of the potential for systemic spread of the infection in the patient, local and systemic therapy was instituted. The current literature on meningococcal conjunctivitis with its potential complications is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Primary meningococcal conjunctivitis in an infant. A case of primary meningococcal conjunctivitis in an infant was presented and its treatment is discussed. Because of the potential for systemic spread of the infection in the patient, local and systemic therapy was instituted. The current literature on meningococcal conjunctivitis with its potential complications is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 106998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7501", "title": "Proportional polyploidization of 5S RNA genes in the ovary of Drosophila melanogaster mutants containing three 5S RNA gene loci.", "content": "The 5S RNA gene content of polyploid cells of the ovary of Drosophila melanogaster has been compared in animals with two or three gene clusters. The amount of 5S RNA genes is exactly proportional to the number of gene clusters as determined by DNA-RNA filter hybridization. In contrast, the number of rDNA genes in endomitotic cells remains constant regardless of different numbers of nucleolus organizer regions (Spear, 1974).", "contents": "Proportional polyploidization of 5S RNA genes in the ovary of Drosophila melanogaster mutants containing three 5S RNA gene loci. The 5S RNA gene content of polyploid cells of the ovary of Drosophila melanogaster has been compared in animals with two or three gene clusters. The amount of 5S RNA genes is exactly proportional to the number of gene clusters as determined by DNA-RNA filter hybridization. In contrast, the number of rDNA genes in endomitotic cells remains constant regardless of different numbers of nucleolus organizer regions (Spear, 1974).", "PMID": 107010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7502", "title": "Control of human postprandial pancreatic exocrine secretion: a function of the gastroduodenal region.", "content": "Regulation of the exocrine pancreatic secretion elicited by a meal in man is incompletely understood. In this study, we attempted to localize in the gastrointestinal tract areas that control postprandial trypsin secretion and to determine the effects of individual components of jejunal chyme on the meal-stimulated trypsin secretion. Trypsin outputs elicited by ingesting a mixed-nutrient meal and diverting it at the ligament of Treitz proximal to an occlusive balloon were compared with those occurring when the same meal was ingested, diverted at the ligament of Treitz, and immediately reinfused distal to the balloon, a procedure that exposed the entire gastrointestinal tract to chyme. Two different meals, one of semielemental and one of complex nutrients, were used with similar results. Trypsin outputs were similar whether or not jejunal chyme was diverted. In addition, no component--exogenous nutrients or endogenous secretions--of chyme reaching the jejunum after a meal further modified the trypsin secretion elicited by the gastroduodenal segment. This finding suggests that the gastroduodenal segment is sufficient to elicit the entire postprandial trypsin output and is the physiologic determinant of meal-stimulated trypsin secretion.", "contents": "Control of human postprandial pancreatic exocrine secretion: a function of the gastroduodenal region. Regulation of the exocrine pancreatic secretion elicited by a meal in man is incompletely understood. In this study, we attempted to localize in the gastrointestinal tract areas that control postprandial trypsin secretion and to determine the effects of individual components of jejunal chyme on the meal-stimulated trypsin secretion. Trypsin outputs elicited by ingesting a mixed-nutrient meal and diverting it at the ligament of Treitz proximal to an occlusive balloon were compared with those occurring when the same meal was ingested, diverted at the ligament of Treitz, and immediately reinfused distal to the balloon, a procedure that exposed the entire gastrointestinal tract to chyme. Two different meals, one of semielemental and one of complex nutrients, were used with similar results. Trypsin outputs were similar whether or not jejunal chyme was diverted. In addition, no component--exogenous nutrients or endogenous secretions--of chyme reaching the jejunum after a meal further modified the trypsin secretion elicited by the gastroduodenal segment. This finding suggests that the gastroduodenal segment is sufficient to elicit the entire postprandial trypsin output and is the physiologic determinant of meal-stimulated trypsin secretion.", "PMID": 107011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7503", "title": "[Continuous measuring of intracranial pressure (ICP) via epidural pressure transducer (author's transl)].", "content": "Continuous epidural monitoring of ICP was performed on 20 patients during a 6 day's period with the model 77450 of Philips. A significant decrease of intracerebral pressure after application of sorbitol and dexamethasone could be demonstrated. Comparing the very low rate of complications with the resulting advantages, the described method can be recommended for controlled treatment of elevated ICP.", "contents": "[Continuous measuring of intracranial pressure (ICP) via epidural pressure transducer (author's transl)]. Continuous epidural monitoring of ICP was performed on 20 patients during a 6 day's period with the model 77450 of Philips. A significant decrease of intracerebral pressure after application of sorbitol and dexamethasone could be demonstrated. Comparing the very low rate of complications with the resulting advantages, the described method can be recommended for controlled treatment of elevated ICP.", "PMID": 107014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7504", "title": "[Long-lasting EEG abnormalities in alkylphosphat intoxication (author's transl)].", "content": "In the reported case of a severe alkylphosphate poisoning the first EEG-observation at the twentieth day after intake showed marked abnormalities although there was a complete physical and humoral recovery. Progressive normalization of the EEG occured in the following six weeks. Psychopathological symptoms of a mild apathy and slowening of reactions disappeared gradually.", "contents": "[Long-lasting EEG abnormalities in alkylphosphat intoxication (author's transl)]. In the reported case of a severe alkylphosphate poisoning the first EEG-observation at the twentieth day after intake showed marked abnormalities although there was a complete physical and humoral recovery. Progressive normalization of the EEG occured in the following six weeks. Psychopathological symptoms of a mild apathy and slowening of reactions disappeared gradually.", "PMID": 107015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7505", "title": "[The 4 c/sec rhythm (case report and differential diagnosis) (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a female patient with a 3 c/sec rhythm. The 3 c/sec rhythm is a special case of the 4 +/- 1 c/sec rhythm. The characteristics of this variant are reviewed in tabulated form. The differential diagnosis has to take into consideration other slow posterior rhythms like the so-called delta-parenrhythmia and delta-parenrhythmia, abortive forms of spike and wave complexes and the abnormal delta-rhythms and sinusoidal delta-rhythms in the infantile EEG.", "contents": "[The 4 c/sec rhythm (case report and differential diagnosis) (author's transl)]. Report on a female patient with a 3 c/sec rhythm. The 3 c/sec rhythm is a special case of the 4 +/- 1 c/sec rhythm. The characteristics of this variant are reviewed in tabulated form. The differential diagnosis has to take into consideration other slow posterior rhythms like the so-called delta-parenrhythmia and delta-parenrhythmia, abortive forms of spike and wave complexes and the abnormal delta-rhythms and sinusoidal delta-rhythms in the infantile EEG.", "PMID": 107016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7506", "title": "Serum estradiol, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in male monkeys treated with testosterone propionate.", "content": "Serum estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured in juvenile (pre-pubertal) male rhesus monkeys injected with either 8 mg or 80 mg of testosterone propionate (TP). After one week, the three steroids were elevated and remained essentially unchanged for the duration of the study. There was little difference in serum E2 or DHT when comparing the two groups of steroid-treated monkeys. In contrast, T levels were consistently greater in the animals given the high dosage of TP.", "contents": "Serum estradiol, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in male monkeys treated with testosterone propionate. Serum estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured in juvenile (pre-pubertal) male rhesus monkeys injected with either 8 mg or 80 mg of testosterone propionate (TP). After one week, the three steroids were elevated and remained essentially unchanged for the duration of the study. There was little difference in serum E2 or DHT when comparing the two groups of steroid-treated monkeys. In contrast, T levels were consistently greater in the animals given the high dosage of TP.", "PMID": 107019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7507", "title": "An unusual sex steroid-binding protein in mature male rat liver cytosol.", "content": "Mature male rat liver cytosol contains a moderate affinity and capacity estrogen-binding protein in at least a 200-fold higher level than mature female or immature male rat liver cytosol. Binding of estradiol to this protein is very rapid, is stabilized by EDTA, and is inhibited by divalent cations. This is the major binding protein for [3H]estradiol ([3H]E2) in mature male rat liver cytosol, and it has properties clearly distinguishing it from putative liver or uterine estrogen receptors. In addition to binding [3H]E2, this protein seems to rapidly bind a [3H]5alpha-dihydrotestosterone ([3H]DHT) metabolite at the same binding site. The binding of this androgen metabolite is stabilized by EDTA and is inhibited by divalent cations. The binding properties of the [3H]DHT metabolite suggest that these binding sites are not classical androgen receptors. Cytosol binding levels of both the [3H]E2 and the [3H]DHT metabolites change in a similar direction in resonse to endocrine manipulation. The putative liver estrogen receptor level, determined after partial purification (in a redissolved 30% ammonium sulfate-precipitated fraction), seems to change in an opposite direction in response to these same endocrine manipulations.", "contents": "An unusual sex steroid-binding protein in mature male rat liver cytosol. Mature male rat liver cytosol contains a moderate affinity and capacity estrogen-binding protein in at least a 200-fold higher level than mature female or immature male rat liver cytosol. Binding of estradiol to this protein is very rapid, is stabilized by EDTA, and is inhibited by divalent cations. This is the major binding protein for [3H]estradiol ([3H]E2) in mature male rat liver cytosol, and it has properties clearly distinguishing it from putative liver or uterine estrogen receptors. In addition to binding [3H]E2, this protein seems to rapidly bind a [3H]5alpha-dihydrotestosterone ([3H]DHT) metabolite at the same binding site. The binding of this androgen metabolite is stabilized by EDTA and is inhibited by divalent cations. The binding properties of the [3H]DHT metabolite suggest that these binding sites are not classical androgen receptors. Cytosol binding levels of both the [3H]E2 and the [3H]DHT metabolites change in a similar direction in resonse to endocrine manipulation. The putative liver estrogen receptor level, determined after partial purification (in a redissolved 30% ammonium sulfate-precipitated fraction), seems to change in an opposite direction in response to these same endocrine manipulations.", "PMID": 107020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7508", "title": "\"Short\" loop feedback regulation of hypothalamic and brain thyrotropin-releasing hormone content in the rat and dwarf mouse.", "content": "In order to determine whether T4, TSH, or both affect hypothalamic TRH content, primary or secondary hypothyroidism was induced in the rat by thyroidectomy (Tx) or hypophysectomy (Hx), respectively. Two weeks later, rats were treated with T4, TSH, or both for 14--16 days. Tx or Hx significantly decreased hypothalamic TRH content, and T4 treatment restored hypothalamic TRH to normal in the Tx but not in the Hx rats. When TSH was administered simultaneously with T4 to Hx rats, hypothalamic TRH content was restored to normal. Whole brain TRH content was not affected by Tx, Hx, or by the various treatment regimens. Similar experiments were performed in Snell dwarf (dw/dw) mice. Hypothalamic TRH content was significantly decreased when compared to normal litter mates (dw/+). As in Hx rats, T4 administration to dw/dw mice for 16 days did not restore hypothalamic TRH content to normal. Brain TRH content was similar in both groups and was not altered by T4 treatment. It is concluded that T4 affects hypothalamic TRH content, but that TSH is required for this T4 effect. Whole brain TRH, on the other hand, is unaffected by any of these alterations in thyroid-pituitary function.", "contents": "\"Short\" loop feedback regulation of hypothalamic and brain thyrotropin-releasing hormone content in the rat and dwarf mouse. In order to determine whether T4, TSH, or both affect hypothalamic TRH content, primary or secondary hypothyroidism was induced in the rat by thyroidectomy (Tx) or hypophysectomy (Hx), respectively. Two weeks later, rats were treated with T4, TSH, or both for 14--16 days. Tx or Hx significantly decreased hypothalamic TRH content, and T4 treatment restored hypothalamic TRH to normal in the Tx but not in the Hx rats. When TSH was administered simultaneously with T4 to Hx rats, hypothalamic TRH content was restored to normal. Whole brain TRH content was not affected by Tx, Hx, or by the various treatment regimens. Similar experiments were performed in Snell dwarf (dw/dw) mice. Hypothalamic TRH content was significantly decreased when compared to normal litter mates (dw/+). As in Hx rats, T4 administration to dw/dw mice for 16 days did not restore hypothalamic TRH content to normal. Brain TRH content was similar in both groups and was not altered by T4 treatment. It is concluded that T4 affects hypothalamic TRH content, but that TSH is required for this T4 effect. Whole brain TRH, on the other hand, is unaffected by any of these alterations in thyroid-pituitary function.", "PMID": 107021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7509", "title": "The developmental pattern of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-degrading activity in the plasma of rats.", "content": "The developmental pattern of TRH-degrading activity in rat plasma was determined by measuring the ability of plasma from rats of various ages to degrade TRH into degradation products. From a rate of 0.519 pmol TRH degraded/microliter-1.h-1 on day 8, plasma TRH-degrading activity increased to 18.1 pmol TRH by day 90 in female rats. The increase in rate of formation of proline, a major plasma degradation product, was in very good agreement with the increase in rate of TRH degradation. The major increase in TRH-degrading activity occurred between the third and seventh week of life. A similar pattern of development was observed in male rats; the only significant difference was that plasma from day 90 male rats was approximately 30% more active than that from female rats (P less than 0.002). Daily T3 administration to rats from days 8--26 resulted in a 2-fold increase in plasma TRH-degrading activity (P less than 0.05). The contribution of plasma degradation to the physiological control of TRH activity is not clear, but the magnitude of the increase in plasma TRH-degrading activity (approximately 30-fold) during the maturation of the rat is suggestive of a mechanism of biological significance.", "contents": "The developmental pattern of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-degrading activity in the plasma of rats. The developmental pattern of TRH-degrading activity in rat plasma was determined by measuring the ability of plasma from rats of various ages to degrade TRH into degradation products. From a rate of 0.519 pmol TRH degraded/microliter-1.h-1 on day 8, plasma TRH-degrading activity increased to 18.1 pmol TRH by day 90 in female rats. The increase in rate of formation of proline, a major plasma degradation product, was in very good agreement with the increase in rate of TRH degradation. The major increase in TRH-degrading activity occurred between the third and seventh week of life. A similar pattern of development was observed in male rats; the only significant difference was that plasma from day 90 male rats was approximately 30% more active than that from female rats (P less than 0.002). Daily T3 administration to rats from days 8--26 resulted in a 2-fold increase in plasma TRH-degrading activity (P less than 0.05). The contribution of plasma degradation to the physiological control of TRH activity is not clear, but the magnitude of the increase in plasma TRH-degrading activity (approximately 30-fold) during the maturation of the rat is suggestive of a mechanism of biological significance.", "PMID": 107022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7510", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of growth hormone and thyrotropin responses to somatostatin antiserum in anesthetized rats.", "content": "An iv administration of 1 ml sheep antiserum to somatostatin (anti-SS) resulted in marked increases of both serum GH and TSH, with a peak 10--20 min after administration in male rats anesthetized with urethane or pentobarbital. Administration of anti-SS had no effect on serum PRL. Ablation of the basal medial hypothalamus abolished the rises of both serum GH and TSH after anti-SS administration. Intravenous injection of 1 ml rabbit antiserum to TRH (anti-TRH) decreased serum TSH levels 15 min after injection, whereas injection of normal rabbit serum did not affect TSH levels. Serum TSH levels did not rise after injection of anti-SS in rats pretreated with anti-TRH. On the other hand, pretreatment with anti-TRH did not affect the basal serum GH levels nor the anti-SS-induced GH release. The enhanced secretion of GH and TSH after anti-SS injections was not blocked by pretreatment with indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. The following conclusions were made: 1) both GH and TSH responses to anti-SS require an intact basal medial hypothalamus; (2) TSH response to anti-SS is mediated by hypothalamic TRH; and 3) the GH response may be mediated by hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone which is not TRH or prostaglandins.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of growth hormone and thyrotropin responses to somatostatin antiserum in anesthetized rats. An iv administration of 1 ml sheep antiserum to somatostatin (anti-SS) resulted in marked increases of both serum GH and TSH, with a peak 10--20 min after administration in male rats anesthetized with urethane or pentobarbital. Administration of anti-SS had no effect on serum PRL. Ablation of the basal medial hypothalamus abolished the rises of both serum GH and TSH after anti-SS administration. Intravenous injection of 1 ml rabbit antiserum to TRH (anti-TRH) decreased serum TSH levels 15 min after injection, whereas injection of normal rabbit serum did not affect TSH levels. Serum TSH levels did not rise after injection of anti-SS in rats pretreated with anti-TRH. On the other hand, pretreatment with anti-TRH did not affect the basal serum GH levels nor the anti-SS-induced GH release. The enhanced secretion of GH and TSH after anti-SS injections was not blocked by pretreatment with indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. The following conclusions were made: 1) both GH and TSH responses to anti-SS require an intact basal medial hypothalamus; (2) TSH response to anti-SS is mediated by hypothalamic TRH; and 3) the GH response may be mediated by hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone which is not TRH or prostaglandins.", "PMID": 107024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7511", "title": "Kinetic and magnetic properties of cobalt(III) ion in the active site of carbonic anhydrase.", "content": "Cobalt(III)bovine carbonic anhydrase B was prepared by the oxidation of the cobalt(II) enzyme with hydrogen peroxide and was purified by affinity chromatography. The oxidation reaction is inhibited by specific inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase. The inhibition is explained by the fact that the Co(II)-enzyme . inhibitor complex cannot be directly oxidized by hydrogen peroxide, but has to dissociate to give free Co(II) enzyme which is then oxidized. The Co(III) ion in Co(III) carbonic anhydrase cannot be directly substituted by zinc ions. It can be reduced by either dithionite or BH-4 ions to give, first, their complexes with the Co(II) enzyme, and upon their removal, a fully active Co(II) enzyme. Cyanide and azide bind to cobalt(III) carbonic anhydrase with similar rate constants of 0.060 +/- 0.005 and 0.070 +/- 0.007 M-1 S-1 respectively. These rates are faster than those found for Co(III) inorganic complexes. The Co(III) ion in both Co(III) carbonic anhydrase and Co(III) carboxypeptidase A was found to be diamagnetic, indicating a near octahedral symmetry.", "contents": "Kinetic and magnetic properties of cobalt(III) ion in the active site of carbonic anhydrase. Cobalt(III)bovine carbonic anhydrase B was prepared by the oxidation of the cobalt(II) enzyme with hydrogen peroxide and was purified by affinity chromatography. The oxidation reaction is inhibited by specific inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase. The inhibition is explained by the fact that the Co(II)-enzyme . inhibitor complex cannot be directly oxidized by hydrogen peroxide, but has to dissociate to give free Co(II) enzyme which is then oxidized. The Co(III) ion in Co(III) carbonic anhydrase cannot be directly substituted by zinc ions. It can be reduced by either dithionite or BH-4 ions to give, first, their complexes with the Co(II) enzyme, and upon their removal, a fully active Co(II) enzyme. Cyanide and azide bind to cobalt(III) carbonic anhydrase with similar rate constants of 0.060 +/- 0.005 and 0.070 +/- 0.007 M-1 S-1 respectively. These rates are faster than those found for Co(III) inorganic complexes. The Co(III) ion in both Co(III) carbonic anhydrase and Co(III) carboxypeptidase A was found to be diamagnetic, indicating a near octahedral symmetry.", "PMID": 107027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7512", "title": "The primary structure of the coat protein of the broad-host-range RNA bacteriophage PRR1.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the coat protein of RNA bacteriophage PRR1 is presented. After thermolysin digestion, 26 peptides were isolated, covering the complete coat protein chain. Their alignment was established in part using automated Edman degradation on the intact protein, in part with overlapping peptides obtained by enzymic hydrolysis with trypsin, pepsin, subtilisin and Staphylococcus aureus protease, and by chemical cleavage with cyanogen bromide and N-bromosuccinimide. To obtain the final overlaps, a highly hydrophobic, insoluble tryptic peptide was sequenced for seven steps by the currently used manual dansyl-Edman degradation procedure, which was slightly modified for application on insoluble peptides. PRR1 coat protein contains 131 amino acids, corresponding to a molecular weight of 14534. It is highly hydrophobic, and the residues with ionizable side chains are distributed unevenly: acidic residues are absent in the middle third of the sequence, whereas a clustering of basic residues occurs between positions 44 and 62. PRR1 coat protein was compared with the coat proteins of RNA coliphages MS2 and Q beta, and the minimum mutation distance was calculated for both comparisons. It is highly probable that PRR1. Q beta and MS2 share a common ancestor. The basic region present in the three coat proteins is recognized as an essential structural feature of RNA phage coat proteins.", "contents": "The primary structure of the coat protein of the broad-host-range RNA bacteriophage PRR1. The complete amino acid sequence of the coat protein of RNA bacteriophage PRR1 is presented. After thermolysin digestion, 26 peptides were isolated, covering the complete coat protein chain. Their alignment was established in part using automated Edman degradation on the intact protein, in part with overlapping peptides obtained by enzymic hydrolysis with trypsin, pepsin, subtilisin and Staphylococcus aureus protease, and by chemical cleavage with cyanogen bromide and N-bromosuccinimide. To obtain the final overlaps, a highly hydrophobic, insoluble tryptic peptide was sequenced for seven steps by the currently used manual dansyl-Edman degradation procedure, which was slightly modified for application on insoluble peptides. PRR1 coat protein contains 131 amino acids, corresponding to a molecular weight of 14534. It is highly hydrophobic, and the residues with ionizable side chains are distributed unevenly: acidic residues are absent in the middle third of the sequence, whereas a clustering of basic residues occurs between positions 44 and 62. PRR1 coat protein was compared with the coat proteins of RNA coliphages MS2 and Q beta, and the minimum mutation distance was calculated for both comparisons. It is highly probable that PRR1. Q beta and MS2 share a common ancestor. The basic region present in the three coat proteins is recognized as an essential structural feature of RNA phage coat proteins.", "PMID": 107028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7513", "title": "Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1. The incorporation of peptidoglycan into the cell wall.", "content": "Ether-treated cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa catalyze the formation of crosslinked peptidoglycan from the two nucleotide precursors uridinediphospho-N-acetylglucosamine and uridinediphospho-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine. The main enzymatic reactions of biosynthesis were similar to those found in Escherichia coli. Part of the reaction products were soluble in 4% sodium dodecylsulfate whereas the other part was covalently bound to the preexisting cell wall peptidoglycan sacculus. The incorporation into cell wall is carried out by a transpeptidation reaction in which the nascent peptidoglycan functions mainly as the donor and the preexisting one as acceptor. The detergent-soluble peptidoglycan is composed of partially crosslinked peptidoglycan strands as well as low-molecular-weight peptidoglycan fragments. Pulse-chase biosynthesis experiments show that the detergent-soluble peptidoglycan is an intermediate that eventually becomes covalently bound to the wall. The DD-carboxypeptidase activity of P. aeruginosa is membrane-bound and does not hydrolyse C-terminal D-alanine residues from the L-lysine-containing nucleotide-precursor analogue. An LD-carboxypeptidase was also detected in P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1. The incorporation of peptidoglycan into the cell wall. Ether-treated cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa catalyze the formation of crosslinked peptidoglycan from the two nucleotide precursors uridinediphospho-N-acetylglucosamine and uridinediphospho-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine. The main enzymatic reactions of biosynthesis were similar to those found in Escherichia coli. Part of the reaction products were soluble in 4% sodium dodecylsulfate whereas the other part was covalently bound to the preexisting cell wall peptidoglycan sacculus. The incorporation into cell wall is carried out by a transpeptidation reaction in which the nascent peptidoglycan functions mainly as the donor and the preexisting one as acceptor. The detergent-soluble peptidoglycan is composed of partially crosslinked peptidoglycan strands as well as low-molecular-weight peptidoglycan fragments. Pulse-chase biosynthesis experiments show that the detergent-soluble peptidoglycan is an intermediate that eventually becomes covalently bound to the wall. The DD-carboxypeptidase activity of P. aeruginosa is membrane-bound and does not hydrolyse C-terminal D-alanine residues from the L-lysine-containing nucleotide-precursor analogue. An LD-carboxypeptidase was also detected in P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 107029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7514", "title": "Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 2. Mode of action of beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "The intrinsic effect of various beta-lactam antibiotics on the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan of Pseudomonas aeruginosa X-48 was investigated. Most of the cephalosporins and penicillins tested already at 0.5 microgram/ml strongly inhibited (a) the incorporation of nascent peptidoglycan into the detergent-insoluble fraction (greater than 75%), (b) the formation of peptide crosslinkages (greater than 60%) and (c) the activity of the DD-carboxypeptidase and partially that of the transpeptidase (approximately 90% and approximately 40% respectively). Another group of beta-lactum drugs did not inhibit incorporation into the material insoluble in sodium dodecylsulfate, the formation of peptide crosslinkages nor transpeptidase activity. They only partially inhibited the activity of the DD-carboxypeptidase--endopeptidase system (40--50% at 0.5 microgram/ml). The results obtained differ from those of Presslitz and Ray [Antimicrob, Agents Chemother. 7, 578--581 (1975)] and show some resemblance to the effects of beta-lactams on the biosynthesis of Escherichia coli peptidoglycan.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 2. Mode of action of beta-lactam antibiotics. The intrinsic effect of various beta-lactam antibiotics on the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan of Pseudomonas aeruginosa X-48 was investigated. Most of the cephalosporins and penicillins tested already at 0.5 microgram/ml strongly inhibited (a) the incorporation of nascent peptidoglycan into the detergent-insoluble fraction (greater than 75%), (b) the formation of peptide crosslinkages (greater than 60%) and (c) the activity of the DD-carboxypeptidase and partially that of the transpeptidase (approximately 90% and approximately 40% respectively). Another group of beta-lactum drugs did not inhibit incorporation into the material insoluble in sodium dodecylsulfate, the formation of peptide crosslinkages nor transpeptidase activity. They only partially inhibited the activity of the DD-carboxypeptidase--endopeptidase system (40--50% at 0.5 microgram/ml). The results obtained differ from those of Presslitz and Ray [Antimicrob, Agents Chemother. 7, 578--581 (1975)] and show some resemblance to the effects of beta-lactams on the biosynthesis of Escherichia coli peptidoglycan.", "PMID": 107030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7515", "title": "Effect of FR 7534, a new calcium antagonist, on myocardial oxygen demand.", "content": "The actions of FR 7534, a new calcium antagonist, nitroglycerin, and dipyridamole on myocardial oxygen demand have been compared. Six anaesthetized dogs received two infusion levels of each drug which produced equivalent arterial hypotension. All three compounds reduced the tension-time index (TTI). FR 7534 and nitroglycerin but not dipyridamole produced significant decreases in myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2). FR 7534 demonstrated oxygen-sparing actions comparable to nitroglycerin. FR 7534 may prove beneficial in alleviating myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Effect of FR 7534, a new calcium antagonist, on myocardial oxygen demand. The actions of FR 7534, a new calcium antagonist, nitroglycerin, and dipyridamole on myocardial oxygen demand have been compared. Six anaesthetized dogs received two infusion levels of each drug which produced equivalent arterial hypotension. All three compounds reduced the tension-time index (TTI). FR 7534 and nitroglycerin but not dipyridamole produced significant decreases in myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2). FR 7534 demonstrated oxygen-sparing actions comparable to nitroglycerin. FR 7534 may prove beneficial in alleviating myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 107031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7516", "title": "Centrally administered neurotensin: activity in the Julou-Courvoisier muscle relaxation test in mice.", "content": "Intracisternal (IC) neurotensin (NT) produces muscle relaxation in the Julou-Courvoisier traction test, a screening procedure utilized for assessing neuroleptic drug activity. A dose-response relationship was not observed. IC administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) totally abolished the effects of NT. Two other peptides, substance P and bradykinin, were inactive in the traction test. These data provide further evidence for CNS effects on NT and indicate that this peptide exerts neuroleptic-like activity in a screening test for antipsychotic agents.", "contents": "Centrally administered neurotensin: activity in the Julou-Courvoisier muscle relaxation test in mice. Intracisternal (IC) neurotensin (NT) produces muscle relaxation in the Julou-Courvoisier traction test, a screening procedure utilized for assessing neuroleptic drug activity. A dose-response relationship was not observed. IC administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) totally abolished the effects of NT. Two other peptides, substance P and bradykinin, were inactive in the traction test. These data provide further evidence for CNS effects on NT and indicate that this peptide exerts neuroleptic-like activity in a screening test for antipsychotic agents.", "PMID": 107032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7517", "title": "[Automatic rearing system of mice and transmission of pseudomonas aeruginosa].", "content": "Mice either excreting or not excreting Pseudomonas aeruginosa in feces were maintained in stainless steel mesh cages on an automated rearing apparatus with automatic water-supply nozzles and intermittently flusing metal racks. No evidence of transmission of the organisms from positive mice to negative ones was obtained during at least eight weeks.", "contents": "[Automatic rearing system of mice and transmission of pseudomonas aeruginosa]. Mice either excreting or not excreting Pseudomonas aeruginosa in feces were maintained in stainless steel mesh cages on an automated rearing apparatus with automatic water-supply nozzles and intermittently flusing metal racks. No evidence of transmission of the organisms from positive mice to negative ones was obtained during at least eight weeks.", "PMID": 107033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7518", "title": "Effect of active and passive antibacterial immunization on skin allograft survival in rabbits.", "content": "The effect of active and passive antibacterial immunization on transplantation immunity was investigated in rabbits. Immunization with dead bacterial vaccines prepared from E. coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudmonas aeruginosa had no effect on skin allograft survival, whereas immunization with vaccines prepared from streptococcal and staphylococcal strains shortened allograft survival. Similar results were obtained with specific antisera against individual microbial species. Skin allografts survived in rabbits treated with antisera against E. coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the same manner as in untreated controls, whereas allograft survival was shortened with antisera against streptococci or staphylococci. The possible mechanism of the stimulatory effect of Gram-positive cocci on transplantation immunity is discussed and the possibilities of using active and passive antibacterial immunication in clinical transplantation are considered.", "contents": "Effect of active and passive antibacterial immunization on skin allograft survival in rabbits. The effect of active and passive antibacterial immunization on transplantation immunity was investigated in rabbits. Immunization with dead bacterial vaccines prepared from E. coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudmonas aeruginosa had no effect on skin allograft survival, whereas immunization with vaccines prepared from streptococcal and staphylococcal strains shortened allograft survival. Similar results were obtained with specific antisera against individual microbial species. Skin allografts survived in rabbits treated with antisera against E. coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the same manner as in untreated controls, whereas allograft survival was shortened with antisera against streptococci or staphylococci. The possible mechanism of the stimulatory effect of Gram-positive cocci on transplantation immunity is discussed and the possibilities of using active and passive antibacterial immunication in clinical transplantation are considered.", "PMID": 107050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7519", "title": "[Anterior pituitary function in patients with cerebrovascular disease: with special reference to growth hormone secretion in response to TRH administration (author's transl)].", "content": "HGH secretion in response to TRH was studied in patients with cerebrovascular disease in order to elucidate an influence of cerebrovascular lesions on the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary function. Blood specimens were obtained before and at the time of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the intraveneous administration of 200 microgram of TRH in 17 patients with cerebral hemorrhage and in 8 patients with cerebral infarction. With regards to the natural fluctuations of serum HGH caused by cerebrovascular disease, the blood specimens were obrained at the time of 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes without the administration of TRH in 4 patients with cerebral hemorrhage and in 4 patients with cerebral infarction. Serum HGH was measured using the RIA method and the following results were obtained: 1) An increase in serum HGH was observed in 1 patient with cerebral hemorrhage out of 8 patients with cerebrovascular disease without TRH administration. 2) In 5 out of 17 patients with cerebral hemorrhage, an increase in serum HGH was observed following TRH administration. Three out of these 5 patients were included in the group of non-coma, and 4 out of the 5 patients were female. 3) In 2 out of 8 patients with cerebral infarction, an increase in serum HGH was observed following TRH administration.", "contents": "[Anterior pituitary function in patients with cerebrovascular disease: with special reference to growth hormone secretion in response to TRH administration (author's transl)]. HGH secretion in response to TRH was studied in patients with cerebrovascular disease in order to elucidate an influence of cerebrovascular lesions on the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary function. Blood specimens were obtained before and at the time of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the intraveneous administration of 200 microgram of TRH in 17 patients with cerebral hemorrhage and in 8 patients with cerebral infarction. With regards to the natural fluctuations of serum HGH caused by cerebrovascular disease, the blood specimens were obrained at the time of 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes without the administration of TRH in 4 patients with cerebral hemorrhage and in 4 patients with cerebral infarction. Serum HGH was measured using the RIA method and the following results were obtained: 1) An increase in serum HGH was observed in 1 patient with cerebral hemorrhage out of 8 patients with cerebrovascular disease without TRH administration. 2) In 5 out of 17 patients with cerebral hemorrhage, an increase in serum HGH was observed following TRH administration. Three out of these 5 patients were included in the group of non-coma, and 4 out of the 5 patients were female. 3) In 2 out of 8 patients with cerebral infarction, an increase in serum HGH was observed following TRH administration.", "PMID": 107053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7520", "title": "Implantable artificial capillary unit for pancreatic islet allograft and xenograft.", "content": "Implantable artificial capillary units containing approximately 1,200 allogeneic rat islets, or approximately 3,000 xenogeneic rabbit or human islets as an implantable artificial endocrine pancreas (IAEP) were implanted in streptozotocin-induced (55 mg/kg) diabetic rats. A total of 26 rats received IAEP containing allogeneic islets. Twenty were short term experiments which lasted for 12-24 h. Four recipients survived between 1-3 days and the remaining two for 4 and 11 days respectively. Five diabetic rats received IAEP containing xenogeneic islets. The four recipients of IAEP containing rabbit islets survived up to 4 days while the recipient of IAEP containing human islets survived for 8 days. Following implantation, a decrease of plasma glucose from the initial value of 500 mg/dl to normoglycaemia and a corresponding increase in circulating levels of insulin up to 100 muU/ml were observed in the recipient animals. Furthermore the IAEPs were shown to produce a near normal plasma glucose and insulin response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test. These findings suggest the feasibility of achieving amelioration of diabetes with allogeneic or xenogeneic pancreatic islets implanted as an artificial endocrine pancreas unit in the experimental animals which has the potential of future clinical application in man.", "contents": "Implantable artificial capillary unit for pancreatic islet allograft and xenograft. Implantable artificial capillary units containing approximately 1,200 allogeneic rat islets, or approximately 3,000 xenogeneic rabbit or human islets as an implantable artificial endocrine pancreas (IAEP) were implanted in streptozotocin-induced (55 mg/kg) diabetic rats. A total of 26 rats received IAEP containing allogeneic islets. Twenty were short term experiments which lasted for 12-24 h. Four recipients survived between 1-3 days and the remaining two for 4 and 11 days respectively. Five diabetic rats received IAEP containing xenogeneic islets. The four recipients of IAEP containing rabbit islets survived up to 4 days while the recipient of IAEP containing human islets survived for 8 days. Following implantation, a decrease of plasma glucose from the initial value of 500 mg/dl to normoglycaemia and a corresponding increase in circulating levels of insulin up to 100 muU/ml were observed in the recipient animals. Furthermore the IAEPs were shown to produce a near normal plasma glucose and insulin response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test. These findings suggest the feasibility of achieving amelioration of diabetes with allogeneic or xenogeneic pancreatic islets implanted as an artificial endocrine pancreas unit in the experimental animals which has the potential of future clinical application in man.", "PMID": 107055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7521", "title": "Unusual base sequence arrangement in phage phi 29 DNA.", "content": "Susceptibility of Bacillus subtilis phage phi 29 DNA to 34 different restriction endoculceases was determined. Three enzymes, BglI, XbaI and BstEII, were found to cleave phi 29 DNA only once at specific sites. The sites of these single cleavages have been mapped. Thirteen enzymes did not cut phi 29 DNA. phi 29 HindIII DNA fragments inserted into pBR313 plasmid and propagated in Escherichia coli, were resistant to these restriction endonucleases. This result suggests that the insusceptibility is due to the absence of the nucleotide sequences on phi 29 recognized by the enzymes, and not to the presence of modified nucleotides.", "contents": "Unusual base sequence arrangement in phage phi 29 DNA. Susceptibility of Bacillus subtilis phage phi 29 DNA to 34 different restriction endoculceases was determined. Three enzymes, BglI, XbaI and BstEII, were found to cleave phi 29 DNA only once at specific sites. The sites of these single cleavages have been mapped. Thirteen enzymes did not cut phi 29 DNA. phi 29 HindIII DNA fragments inserted into pBR313 plasmid and propagated in Escherichia coli, were resistant to these restriction endonucleases. This result suggests that the insusceptibility is due to the absence of the nucleotide sequences on phi 29 recognized by the enzymes, and not to the presence of modified nucleotides.", "PMID": 107059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7522", "title": "Disorders in peripheral arterial system in asymptomatic elderly: plethysmographic semiology at rest, during postural, effort and pharmacological tests.", "content": "The vascular system of 30 old asymptomatic patients (average age 62.5 years) was studied by reflection plethysmography. The plethysmogram (PTG) was recorded from the forefinger of the left hand at rest, during two postural tests (+45 degrees arm-up and -45 degrees arm-down), after physical work, and during the infusion of nitroglycerin and the beta-agonist metaproterenol. 50% of the subjects presented a normal PTG under basal conditions. However, pathological PTGs were recorded after the various tests: 23.3% with the arm-up test, 6.6% with the arm-down test, 52% with the effort test, 31% with the nitroglycerin test and 73.9% with the metaproterenol test. Clearly, the effort and metaproterenol tests are pathological in the majority of cases, both tests inducing physiologically vasodilation and increase in the peripheral pulse. The arm-down test, which usually induces vasoconstriction, is almost always normal. Since the percentage of pathological responses to the nitroglycerin test is significantly smaller than that to the effort and metaproterenol tests, it is concluded that the vascular changes induced by aging are primarily functional, at least in asymptomatic subjects. Aging more negatively influences the vasodilating than the vasoconstricting ability.", "contents": "Disorders in peripheral arterial system in asymptomatic elderly: plethysmographic semiology at rest, during postural, effort and pharmacological tests. The vascular system of 30 old asymptomatic patients (average age 62.5 years) was studied by reflection plethysmography. The plethysmogram (PTG) was recorded from the forefinger of the left hand at rest, during two postural tests (+45 degrees arm-up and -45 degrees arm-down), after physical work, and during the infusion of nitroglycerin and the beta-agonist metaproterenol. 50% of the subjects presented a normal PTG under basal conditions. However, pathological PTGs were recorded after the various tests: 23.3% with the arm-up test, 6.6% with the arm-down test, 52% with the effort test, 31% with the nitroglycerin test and 73.9% with the metaproterenol test. Clearly, the effort and metaproterenol tests are pathological in the majority of cases, both tests inducing physiologically vasodilation and increase in the peripheral pulse. The arm-down test, which usually induces vasoconstriction, is almost always normal. Since the percentage of pathological responses to the nitroglycerin test is significantly smaller than that to the effort and metaproterenol tests, it is concluded that the vascular changes induced by aging are primarily functional, at least in asymptomatic subjects. Aging more negatively influences the vasodilating than the vasoconstricting ability.", "PMID": 107060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7523", "title": "[The treatment of hepatic emergencies].", "content": "Hepatic emergency means impending or manifest hepatic insufficiency. It is caused by acute and even more often by chronic liver diseases. The patient has to be hospitalized for treatment. Basic treatment is of utmost importance. It can be done in every intensive-care unit: Careful monitoring and treatment of any complication as well as reduction of toxic protein degradation products by protein restriction, bowel emptying, and enteral application of lactulose and/or neomycin. The infusion of special aliphatic amino acid solutions is still an experimental treatment. In addition to this basic treatment there are only very few indications for a special treatment: These are the prophylactic application of cimetidine in fulminant hepatitis, the hemoperfusion in intoxications by amanita or paracetamol, and the forceful hyperventilation (respiration volume 25-30 l/min) in intoxications by halogenated carbohydrates, and perhaps steroid treatment in severe alcoholic hepatitis. All heroic forms of treatment like exchange transfusion and monkey liver perfusion still have to prove their effectiveness.", "contents": "[The treatment of hepatic emergencies]. Hepatic emergency means impending or manifest hepatic insufficiency. It is caused by acute and even more often by chronic liver diseases. The patient has to be hospitalized for treatment. Basic treatment is of utmost importance. It can be done in every intensive-care unit: Careful monitoring and treatment of any complication as well as reduction of toxic protein degradation products by protein restriction, bowel emptying, and enteral application of lactulose and/or neomycin. The infusion of special aliphatic amino acid solutions is still an experimental treatment. In addition to this basic treatment there are only very few indications for a special treatment: These are the prophylactic application of cimetidine in fulminant hepatitis, the hemoperfusion in intoxications by amanita or paracetamol, and the forceful hyperventilation (respiration volume 25-30 l/min) in intoxications by halogenated carbohydrates, and perhaps steroid treatment in severe alcoholic hepatitis. All heroic forms of treatment like exchange transfusion and monkey liver perfusion still have to prove their effectiveness.", "PMID": 107099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7524", "title": "[Ureter replacement by means of the umbilical vein].", "content": "Using a mixed lymphocyte culture and the 51-chromium release cytotoxicity assay, the antigenicity of umbilical vein of mice was found to be lower than the skin and the vena cava of the same embryo. In 13 dogs the middle-third of the ureter, and in 4 dogs the entire ureter, were replaced. The mean success rate was 60%. After two years, the umbilical vein showed ureter-like behavior functionally and histologically.", "contents": "[Ureter replacement by means of the umbilical vein]. Using a mixed lymphocyte culture and the 51-chromium release cytotoxicity assay, the antigenicity of umbilical vein of mice was found to be lower than the skin and the vena cava of the same embryo. In 13 dogs the middle-third of the ureter, and in 4 dogs the entire ureter, were replaced. The mean success rate was 60%. After two years, the umbilical vein showed ureter-like behavior functionally and histologically.", "PMID": 107100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7525", "title": "Thyroid hormone levels in the developing obese-hyperglycemic syndrome.", "content": "Examination of the thyroid hormone levels of C57BL/6J ob/ob mice and their lean littermates between the ages of 6 days and 22 weeks revealed that obese mice have significantly reduced hormone concentrations between 10 and 21 days of age. Thereafter, the values remained equal to, or above those or their lean littermates. The present data indicate that the hypometabolism and abnormal thermal regulation of weanling mice could be a result of diminished thyroid hormone levels, but that other mechanisms must be responsible for the persistence of these abnormalities in adult ob/ob mice.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone levels in the developing obese-hyperglycemic syndrome. Examination of the thyroid hormone levels of C57BL/6J ob/ob mice and their lean littermates between the ages of 6 days and 22 weeks revealed that obese mice have significantly reduced hormone concentrations between 10 and 21 days of age. Thereafter, the values remained equal to, or above those or their lean littermates. The present data indicate that the hypometabolism and abnormal thermal regulation of weanling mice could be a result of diminished thyroid hormone levels, but that other mechanisms must be responsible for the persistence of these abnormalities in adult ob/ob mice.", "PMID": 107103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7526", "title": "Effects of propylthiouracil and methylmercaptoimidazol on metabolism of thyroid hormones by cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cells.", "content": "Monkey hepatocarcinoma cell monolayer cultures (NCLP-6E) metabolized thyroxine, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine and 3,3'-diiodothyronine by phenolic and nonphenolic ring deiodinations and sulfation of the deiodinated products, as shown in previous work with this system. The effects of the antithyroid drugs, propylthiouracil (PTU) and methylmercaptoimidazole (MMI), on these processes was investigated. PTU, at 0.1 and 1 mM, inhibited only phenolic ring deiodination. MMI at 1 mM had no effect, but 32 mM inhibited deiodination of both rings as well as sulfation. The findings suggest that the increased serum rT3 level caused by PTU in vivo is the result of decreased rT3 deiodination, in contrast to the increased rT3 production which is caused by starvation.", "contents": "Effects of propylthiouracil and methylmercaptoimidazol on metabolism of thyroid hormones by cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cells. Monkey hepatocarcinoma cell monolayer cultures (NCLP-6E) metabolized thyroxine, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine and 3,3'-diiodothyronine by phenolic and nonphenolic ring deiodinations and sulfation of the deiodinated products, as shown in previous work with this system. The effects of the antithyroid drugs, propylthiouracil (PTU) and methylmercaptoimidazole (MMI), on these processes was investigated. PTU, at 0.1 and 1 mM, inhibited only phenolic ring deiodination. MMI at 1 mM had no effect, but 32 mM inhibited deiodination of both rings as well as sulfation. The findings suggest that the increased serum rT3 level caused by PTU in vivo is the result of decreased rT3 deiodination, in contrast to the increased rT3 production which is caused by starvation.", "PMID": 107104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7527", "title": "Relationship of iodide-induced increase in TSH response to TRH to changes in serum thyroid hormones.", "content": "Large doses of iodide (500 mg three times a day) administered to normal men for 10--12 days caused a rise in basal serum TSH and a concomitant rise in the peak TSH response to TRH. The basal and peak levels of TSH were highly correlated (p less than 0.001). However, the iodide-induced rise in the peak TSH after TRH was poorly correlated with concomitant changes in serum thyroid hormones. Serum T3 wa not lower after iodide and, while serum T4 was somewhat lower, the fall in serum T4 was unexpectedly inversely rather than directly correlated with the rise in the peak TSH response to TRH. Thus, increased TSH secretion after iodide need not always be directly correlated with decreased concentrations of circulating thyroid hormones even when large doses of iodide are used. Clinically, a patient taking iodide may have an increased TSH response in a TRH stimulation test even though there is little or no change in the serum level of T3 or T4.", "contents": "Relationship of iodide-induced increase in TSH response to TRH to changes in serum thyroid hormones. Large doses of iodide (500 mg three times a day) administered to normal men for 10--12 days caused a rise in basal serum TSH and a concomitant rise in the peak TSH response to TRH. The basal and peak levels of TSH were highly correlated (p less than 0.001). However, the iodide-induced rise in the peak TSH after TRH was poorly correlated with concomitant changes in serum thyroid hormones. Serum T3 wa not lower after iodide and, while serum T4 was somewhat lower, the fall in serum T4 was unexpectedly inversely rather than directly correlated with the rise in the peak TSH response to TRH. Thus, increased TSH secretion after iodide need not always be directly correlated with decreased concentrations of circulating thyroid hormones even when large doses of iodide are used. Clinically, a patient taking iodide may have an increased TSH response in a TRH stimulation test even though there is little or no change in the serum level of T3 or T4.", "PMID": 107106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7528", "title": "Malignant schwannoma of the stomach in a patient with von Recklinghausen's disease.", "content": "A patient with von Recklinghausen's disease died with a malignant schwannoma of the stomach and was found at autopsy to have neurofibromatosis of the gastrointestinal tract, a plexiform neurofibroma of the myocardium and a phaechromocytoma. Malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract in von Recklinghausen's disease is rare, and this case highlights the difficulties in histological diagnosis of malignant nerve sheath tumours.", "contents": "Malignant schwannoma of the stomach in a patient with von Recklinghausen's disease. A patient with von Recklinghausen's disease died with a malignant schwannoma of the stomach and was found at autopsy to have neurofibromatosis of the gastrointestinal tract, a plexiform neurofibroma of the myocardium and a phaechromocytoma. Malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract in von Recklinghausen's disease is rare, and this case highlights the difficulties in histological diagnosis of malignant nerve sheath tumours.", "PMID": 107107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7529", "title": "Diploma schools foster professionalism.", "content": "Data show that diploma schools still offer and probably will continue to offer an extremely important means of nursing education.", "contents": "Diploma schools foster professionalism. Data show that diploma schools still offer and probably will continue to offer an extremely important means of nursing education.", "PMID": 107109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7530", "title": "Is ambulatory surgery less expensive?", "content": "To determine whether an inhospital or a freestanding ambulatory surgery program can contain costs for its community, a hospital must analyze a variety of considerations.", "contents": "Is ambulatory surgery less expensive? To determine whether an inhospital or a freestanding ambulatory surgery program can contain costs for its community, a hospital must analyze a variety of considerations.", "PMID": 107110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7531", "title": "Is medical technology safe?", "content": "The public, policymakers, and health care professionals increasingly are asking whether the risks of certain technologies outweigh their benefits.", "contents": "Is medical technology safe? The public, policymakers, and health care professionals increasingly are asking whether the risks of certain technologies outweigh their benefits.", "PMID": 107111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7532", "title": "Immunological surveillance against neoplasia: an immunological quandary.", "content": "Immunological endeavor in recent years calls for a reappraisal of the concept of immunosurveillance against neoplasia. This concept proposes an immunological policing system capable of aborting tumor growth by the recognition of \"nonself\" tumor associated antigens on neoplastic cells. The model is supported by evidence of tumor induction in the immunosuppressed host and the demonstration of an immune response to tumors in animals. The occurrence of tumor, regarded as a failure of immunosurveillance, is attributed to selection of neoplastic cells for immunological or other reasons or abnormal humoral or cellular antitumor immune responses. However protagonists of the postulate are faced with mounting evidence that fails to support the surveillance hypothesis. These observations include, inter alia, the monoclonality of certain tumors, the low incidence of spontaneous tumors in genetically immunodeficient mice and immunological privileged sites, and new ideas about the pathogenesis of lymphoproliferative neoplasms. However, contradictory arguments are not sufficiently substantiated to prosecute the case against surveillance conclusively. In citing highlights of the evolving quandary, both the pros and cons of immunological surveillance are presented here.", "contents": "Immunological surveillance against neoplasia: an immunological quandary. Immunological endeavor in recent years calls for a reappraisal of the concept of immunosurveillance against neoplasia. This concept proposes an immunological policing system capable of aborting tumor growth by the recognition of \"nonself\" tumor associated antigens on neoplastic cells. The model is supported by evidence of tumor induction in the immunosuppressed host and the demonstration of an immune response to tumors in animals. The occurrence of tumor, regarded as a failure of immunosurveillance, is attributed to selection of neoplastic cells for immunological or other reasons or abnormal humoral or cellular antitumor immune responses. However protagonists of the postulate are faced with mounting evidence that fails to support the surveillance hypothesis. These observations include, inter alia, the monoclonality of certain tumors, the low incidence of spontaneous tumors in genetically immunodeficient mice and immunological privileged sites, and new ideas about the pathogenesis of lymphoproliferative neoplasms. However, contradictory arguments are not sufficiently substantiated to prosecute the case against surveillance conclusively. In citing highlights of the evolving quandary, both the pros and cons of immunological surveillance are presented here.", "PMID": 107113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7533", "title": "A two-year-old patient with an atypical expression of GM1-beta-galactosidase deficiency: biochemical, immunological, and cell genetic studies.", "content": "Cultured skin fibroblasts from a 2-year-old boy with an atypical form of beta-galactosidase deficiency have been studied. With the artificial substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, 5--15% residual activity was found in fibroblasts from this patient. Most of this activity was in the monomeric A form of the enzyme, very little in the multimeric B form. Km value, pH profile, and heat lability of the mutant enzyme were similar to those of beta-galactosidase from control fibroblasts. Immunological studies showed that the mutant enzyme cross-reacted with an antiserum raised against human liver beta-galactosidase, but the catalytic activity per unit antigenic activity was lower than normal. It was demonstrated by somatic cell hybridization that the gene mutation in this patient is different from that in patients with type 1 or type 2 GM1-gangliosidosis. No genetic complementation was found after fusion of fibroblasts from this patient with those from two other clinical variants of GM1-gangliosidosis formerly designated type 3 and adult type 4.", "contents": "A two-year-old patient with an atypical expression of GM1-beta-galactosidase deficiency: biochemical, immunological, and cell genetic studies. Cultured skin fibroblasts from a 2-year-old boy with an atypical form of beta-galactosidase deficiency have been studied. With the artificial substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, 5--15% residual activity was found in fibroblasts from this patient. Most of this activity was in the monomeric A form of the enzyme, very little in the multimeric B form. Km value, pH profile, and heat lability of the mutant enzyme were similar to those of beta-galactosidase from control fibroblasts. Immunological studies showed that the mutant enzyme cross-reacted with an antiserum raised against human liver beta-galactosidase, but the catalytic activity per unit antigenic activity was lower than normal. It was demonstrated by somatic cell hybridization that the gene mutation in this patient is different from that in patients with type 1 or type 2 GM1-gangliosidosis. No genetic complementation was found after fusion of fibroblasts from this patient with those from two other clinical variants of GM1-gangliosidosis formerly designated type 3 and adult type 4.", "PMID": 107114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7534", "title": "[The behavior of bioelements during long-term parenteral feeding].", "content": "26 adult patients were investigated for 26--35 postoperative days while being fed parenterally. Serum levels and urine excretion of zinc, magnesium, calcium and phosphate were measured. From the results it can be assumed that only phosphate substitution is necessary during parenteral long-term nutrition.", "contents": "[The behavior of bioelements during long-term parenteral feeding]. 26 adult patients were investigated for 26--35 postoperative days while being fed parenterally. Serum levels and urine excretion of zinc, magnesium, calcium and phosphate were measured. From the results it can be assumed that only phosphate substitution is necessary during parenteral long-term nutrition.", "PMID": 107121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7535", "title": "[Comparative studies on perioperative infusion therapy in children].", "content": "Various infusion solutions--containing different amounts of sodium, potassium, chloride and carbohydrates--were compared within two groups of infants and children from six months to fourteen years of age. Among various parameters particularly blood electrolytes and urinary electrolytes were taken as important parameters to recommend certain types of the basic infusion solutions, to be used for the perioperative period in pediatric surgical cases.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on perioperative infusion therapy in children]. Various infusion solutions--containing different amounts of sodium, potassium, chloride and carbohydrates--were compared within two groups of infants and children from six months to fourteen years of age. Among various parameters particularly blood electrolytes and urinary electrolytes were taken as important parameters to recommend certain types of the basic infusion solutions, to be used for the perioperative period in pediatric surgical cases.", "PMID": 107122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7536", "title": "[Postoperative parenteral feeding with a complete solution].", "content": "Post-aggression metabolism leads even after moderately severe surgical interventions to postoperative catabolic derangement if there is inadequate replacement of carbohydrates, amino-acids and electrolytes. An investigation was carried out in 12 patients to see whether, and to what degree, the parenteral administration of a solution for total parenteral nutrition helped to bridge the postoperative nutrient deficiency. It is shown that with this form of nutrition and a complication-free postoperative course there was no imbalance of the nutritive metabolism.", "contents": "[Postoperative parenteral feeding with a complete solution]. Post-aggression metabolism leads even after moderately severe surgical interventions to postoperative catabolic derangement if there is inadequate replacement of carbohydrates, amino-acids and electrolytes. An investigation was carried out in 12 patients to see whether, and to what degree, the parenteral administration of a solution for total parenteral nutrition helped to bridge the postoperative nutrient deficiency. It is shown that with this form of nutrition and a complication-free postoperative course there was no imbalance of the nutritive metabolism.", "PMID": 107123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7537", "title": "[Use of maltose and a mixture of maltose, fructose and xylitol in parenteral feeding].", "content": "Maltose or maltose in combination with fructose and xylitol was administered intravenously to eight healthy male subjects. Constant maltose levels could not be attained in the blood at an infusion rate of 0.125 g maltose/kg body-weight and hour. Maximal concentrations of maltose were found at the end of the infusion period. 8.6 +/- 1.2% of the administered radioactivity was excreted into urine within 8 hours. Regarding the enzymatically determined maltose and glucose, the maltose balance was more favorable with the loss of only 3--3.5% carbohydrates into urine. The highest oxidation rate of the administered maltose was 1.5 g maltose/human volunteer and hour. During the experimental period of 8 hours 7.4 g maltose, corresponding to 37% of the applied dosis of the disaccharid, has been oxidized to and excreted as 14CO2. Xylitol and fructose did not effect utilisation and balance of maltose. Only the urinary excretion of glucose was higher when the combined solution was applied. At a limited infusion rate (0.125 g maltose/kg body-weight and hour) maltose or the combined solution maltose--xylitol--fructose may be recommended for parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "[Use of maltose and a mixture of maltose, fructose and xylitol in parenteral feeding]. Maltose or maltose in combination with fructose and xylitol was administered intravenously to eight healthy male subjects. Constant maltose levels could not be attained in the blood at an infusion rate of 0.125 g maltose/kg body-weight and hour. Maximal concentrations of maltose were found at the end of the infusion period. 8.6 +/- 1.2% of the administered radioactivity was excreted into urine within 8 hours. Regarding the enzymatically determined maltose and glucose, the maltose balance was more favorable with the loss of only 3--3.5% carbohydrates into urine. The highest oxidation rate of the administered maltose was 1.5 g maltose/human volunteer and hour. During the experimental period of 8 hours 7.4 g maltose, corresponding to 37% of the applied dosis of the disaccharid, has been oxidized to and excreted as 14CO2. Xylitol and fructose did not effect utilisation and balance of maltose. Only the urinary excretion of glucose was higher when the combined solution was applied. At a limited infusion rate (0.125 g maltose/kg body-weight and hour) maltose or the combined solution maltose--xylitol--fructose may be recommended for parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 107124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7538", "title": "[Supply of amino acids only in the early postoperative phase. Preliminary report].", "content": "The effect on protein metabolism was studied in patients, who received 4 different types of peripheral-venous infusions in the early postoperative period. Group 1 (control): Electrolytes + vitamins; group 4: 1 g/kg b. w. amino-acids alone; group 6: 1 g/kg b. w. amino-acid plus 2 g/kg b. w. carbohydrates, and group 7: 1 g/kg b. w. amino-acids plus 5.5 g/kg b. w. carbohydrates. Compared to the control-group in all patients supplemented with amino-acids a significantly improved 24 h-nitrogen balance was observed. Regarding the cumulative nitrogen balance (4 days), it was noticed that the balance was more negative in patients given amino-acids alone than in patients, who received carbohydrates additionally. At no time serum protein levels (albumin, transferrin, prealbumin and retinol-binding protein) were found to be significantly improved by the addition of amino-acids alone. Therefore, our study indicates that there is no reason to leave the proven concept of peripheral-venous feeding with amino-acids plus carbohydrates to the favor of sole amino-acid infusions in the early postoperative period.", "contents": "[Supply of amino acids only in the early postoperative phase. Preliminary report]. The effect on protein metabolism was studied in patients, who received 4 different types of peripheral-venous infusions in the early postoperative period. Group 1 (control): Electrolytes + vitamins; group 4: 1 g/kg b. w. amino-acids alone; group 6: 1 g/kg b. w. amino-acid plus 2 g/kg b. w. carbohydrates, and group 7: 1 g/kg b. w. amino-acids plus 5.5 g/kg b. w. carbohydrates. Compared to the control-group in all patients supplemented with amino-acids a significantly improved 24 h-nitrogen balance was observed. Regarding the cumulative nitrogen balance (4 days), it was noticed that the balance was more negative in patients given amino-acids alone than in patients, who received carbohydrates additionally. At no time serum protein levels (albumin, transferrin, prealbumin and retinol-binding protein) were found to be significantly improved by the addition of amino-acids alone. Therefore, our study indicates that there is no reason to leave the proven concept of peripheral-venous feeding with amino-acids plus carbohydrates to the favor of sole amino-acid infusions in the early postoperative period.", "PMID": 107125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7539", "title": "Clinical-pharmacological aspects, application and effectiveness of total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients.", "content": "The term \"total parenteral nutrition\" (TPN) refers to the maintenance of an adequate nutritional status, normal body weight and positive nitrogen balance solely by intravenous means. It requires solutions providing calories, amino acids and other nutrients in amounts much greater than those indicated for maintenance of normal body weight. Nutrient solutions have been studied, selected and prepared in our Hospital Pharmacological Service utilizing a sterile closed system, which allows large-volume filtering, sterilizing and bottling devices. For maintenance of weight gain in adults, a basic formula is employed, which provides 1,100 Kcal/1 with pure crystalline amino acids mixed with 50% anhydrous dextrose in water in a ratio of 5.8:1 (160 Kcal:1 g nitrogen). Minerals and vitamins are added to the base solution prior to use and may be increased or decreased by simple addition or omission depending on the patient's condition. This paper is based on 192 surgical patients who received TPN and have been followed in strict cooperation between the Hospital Pharmacological Service and the Surgical Department. The patients, ranging from 23 to 79 years of age, with life threatening diseases and unable to maintain adequate nutrition by the oral route, received TPN through a central catheter inserted via subclavian puncture (146 cases) or through a surgically created internal A-V fistula (46 cases). The condition of the patients generally improved within a few days after starting TPN; and weight gain, wound healing, general improvement and a shorter period of hospitalization were observed. TPN could be efficiently combined with oncologic treatment, and a significant improvement of the patients' performance status and decrease of toxic side-effects due to chemotherapeutic agents were observed. TPN has been successfully applied also in patients with fistulas of the alimentary tract obtaining spontaneous closure and in patients with ulcerative colitis, showing its beneficial effect in allowing complete bowel rest for healing. No major complications or deaths could be attributed to TPN or to the route of administration.", "contents": "Clinical-pharmacological aspects, application and effectiveness of total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. The term \"total parenteral nutrition\" (TPN) refers to the maintenance of an adequate nutritional status, normal body weight and positive nitrogen balance solely by intravenous means. It requires solutions providing calories, amino acids and other nutrients in amounts much greater than those indicated for maintenance of normal body weight. Nutrient solutions have been studied, selected and prepared in our Hospital Pharmacological Service utilizing a sterile closed system, which allows large-volume filtering, sterilizing and bottling devices. For maintenance of weight gain in adults, a basic formula is employed, which provides 1,100 Kcal/1 with pure crystalline amino acids mixed with 50% anhydrous dextrose in water in a ratio of 5.8:1 (160 Kcal:1 g nitrogen). Minerals and vitamins are added to the base solution prior to use and may be increased or decreased by simple addition or omission depending on the patient's condition. This paper is based on 192 surgical patients who received TPN and have been followed in strict cooperation between the Hospital Pharmacological Service and the Surgical Department. The patients, ranging from 23 to 79 years of age, with life threatening diseases and unable to maintain adequate nutrition by the oral route, received TPN through a central catheter inserted via subclavian puncture (146 cases) or through a surgically created internal A-V fistula (46 cases). The condition of the patients generally improved within a few days after starting TPN; and weight gain, wound healing, general improvement and a shorter period of hospitalization were observed. TPN could be efficiently combined with oncologic treatment, and a significant improvement of the patients' performance status and decrease of toxic side-effects due to chemotherapeutic agents were observed. TPN has been successfully applied also in patients with fistulas of the alimentary tract obtaining spontaneous closure and in patients with ulcerative colitis, showing its beneficial effect in allowing complete bowel rest for healing. No major complications or deaths could be attributed to TPN or to the route of administration.", "PMID": 107127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7540", "title": "Penetration through the gram-negative cell wall: a co-determinant of the efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics is based mainly on two mechanisms: hydrolysis by beta-lactamases and exclusion of the antibiotics from their target sites in the inner membrane. This article describes the use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa K 799/WT and a mutant of this strain (K 799/61) to assess the role of the outer membrane as a permeability barrier to penicillins and cephalosporins. The data confirm the importance of good penetration for a beta-lactam to be active against Pseudomonas. The second part illustrates the interplay of beta-lactamases and the outer membrane in the resistance of Escherichia coli to beta-lactams. A method to determine membrane permeability parameters parameters is given. The results support the idea that only a combined consideration of inactivating enzymes and penetration barriers can lead to a better understanding of the efficiency of the defence mechanisms which gram-negative bacteria can invoke against beta-lactam antibiotics.", "contents": "Penetration through the gram-negative cell wall: a co-determinant of the efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics. Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics is based mainly on two mechanisms: hydrolysis by beta-lactamases and exclusion of the antibiotics from their target sites in the inner membrane. This article describes the use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa K 799/WT and a mutant of this strain (K 799/61) to assess the role of the outer membrane as a permeability barrier to penicillins and cephalosporins. The data confirm the importance of good penetration for a beta-lactam to be active against Pseudomonas. The second part illustrates the interplay of beta-lactamases and the outer membrane in the resistance of Escherichia coli to beta-lactams. A method to determine membrane permeability parameters parameters is given. The results support the idea that only a combined consideration of inactivating enzymes and penetration barriers can lead to a better understanding of the efficiency of the defence mechanisms which gram-negative bacteria can invoke against beta-lactam antibiotics.", "PMID": 107128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7541", "title": "The groove of the mandibular neck as a risk factor in vertical osteotomy of the ramus of the mandible.", "content": "Surgical damage of anatomical structures within the mandibular canal represents one of the risks of dysgnathia operations performed on the ramus of the mandible. The paper presents a review of the various measurements of anatomical landmarks available in the pertinent literature. The occurrence of the sulcus coli mandibulae, as well as the depth of the groove have been studied. In some cases the groove has to be considered as a surgical risk factor. On the basis of the examination, attention is called to the individual variations and to the necessity of a cautious surgical technique.", "contents": "The groove of the mandibular neck as a risk factor in vertical osteotomy of the ramus of the mandible. Surgical damage of anatomical structures within the mandibular canal represents one of the risks of dysgnathia operations performed on the ramus of the mandible. The paper presents a review of the various measurements of anatomical landmarks available in the pertinent literature. The occurrence of the sulcus coli mandibulae, as well as the depth of the groove have been studied. In some cases the groove has to be considered as a surgical risk factor. On the basis of the examination, attention is called to the individual variations and to the necessity of a cautious surgical technique.", "PMID": 107129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7542", "title": "Treatment of oral hemangiomas with local sclerosing agents.", "content": "Twenty-four cases of hemangiomas of various sizes in the oral cavity and lips were treated with local injections of a sclerosing agent (3% Sotradecol - sodium tetradecyl sulfate). No side effects were noticed and the lesions disappeared without scarring. The article discusses the practical aspects of this therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of oral hemangiomas with local sclerosing agents. Twenty-four cases of hemangiomas of various sizes in the oral cavity and lips were treated with local injections of a sclerosing agent (3% Sotradecol - sodium tetradecyl sulfate). No side effects were noticed and the lesions disappeared without scarring. The article discusses the practical aspects of this therapy.", "PMID": 107130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7543", "title": "Influence of Alvogyl on the healing of extraction wound in man.", "content": "Eight volunteer patients free of any systamic disease underwent extraction of two teeth on the same day. One extraction socket was packed with Alvogyl, the other served as a control wound. Biopsies for histological assessment were taken from both sockets 1 and 2 weeks after extraction. Histological study revealed the normal sequence of wound healing in the sockets allowed to heal spontaneously. On the other hand, the signs of retarded wound healing (acute inflammatory infiltrate, persistent granulation tissue, failure to form connective tissue scar and frequent foreign bodies/foreign body giant cells) were encountered in the sockets packed with Alvogyl. On the basis of these preliminary results, it seems warranted to state that the systematic use of Alvogyl as a preventive and curative treatment for postextraction alveolar infections cannot be advocated.", "contents": "Influence of Alvogyl on the healing of extraction wound in man. Eight volunteer patients free of any systamic disease underwent extraction of two teeth on the same day. One extraction socket was packed with Alvogyl, the other served as a control wound. Biopsies for histological assessment were taken from both sockets 1 and 2 weeks after extraction. Histological study revealed the normal sequence of wound healing in the sockets allowed to heal spontaneously. On the other hand, the signs of retarded wound healing (acute inflammatory infiltrate, persistent granulation tissue, failure to form connective tissue scar and frequent foreign bodies/foreign body giant cells) were encountered in the sockets packed with Alvogyl. On the basis of these preliminary results, it seems warranted to state that the systematic use of Alvogyl as a preventive and curative treatment for postextraction alveolar infections cannot be advocated.", "PMID": 107131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7544", "title": "Postoperative swelling and trismus after mandibular third molar removal with the lingual split bone technique.", "content": "Several factors have been suggested as possible causes for the development of the swelling and trismus which occur after the surgical removal of impacted third molar teeth. In this investigation, measurements of swelling and trismus were made before and after lower third molar removal by the lingual split technique, in a series of 53 patients. No single cause of these surgical sequelae was identified and the duration and pattern of both swelling and trismus were recorded.", "contents": "Postoperative swelling and trismus after mandibular third molar removal with the lingual split bone technique. Several factors have been suggested as possible causes for the development of the swelling and trismus which occur after the surgical removal of impacted third molar teeth. In this investigation, measurements of swelling and trismus were made before and after lower third molar removal by the lingual split technique, in a series of 53 patients. No single cause of these surgical sequelae was identified and the duration and pattern of both swelling and trismus were recorded.", "PMID": 107132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7545", "title": "Collection of cytological specimens with a cell aspirator with reference to the wooden spatula method. II. Comparative quantitative and qualitative studies.", "content": "This article describes the results of comparative quantitative and qualitative examinations of specimens obtained by testing 65 individuals by means of a cell aspirator and a wooden spatula. The studies were performed on a clinically normal mucosa as well as on different mucosal lesions. A statistical analysis of the cells obtained showed that the cell aspirator quantitatively produced significantly better results both with regard to the total number of cells obtained and to the number of epithelial cells in the different stages of maturity. The number of cells obtained turned out to be dependent on surface structure and the size of the lesion, however. Qualitatively the cell aspirator collected epithelial cells which were better preserved morphologically, but also a larger number of compact cell clusters. The number of erythrocytes was low. The structure of these blood cells was well preserved, indicating bleeding arising in connection with the taking of the specimens. The number of leucocytes was larger in the aspirated material. The degrees of fixation and staining were similar. The authors make recommendations for using the cell aspirator in such a manner as to obtain the best qualitative results.", "contents": "Collection of cytological specimens with a cell aspirator with reference to the wooden spatula method. II. Comparative quantitative and qualitative studies. This article describes the results of comparative quantitative and qualitative examinations of specimens obtained by testing 65 individuals by means of a cell aspirator and a wooden spatula. The studies were performed on a clinically normal mucosa as well as on different mucosal lesions. A statistical analysis of the cells obtained showed that the cell aspirator quantitatively produced significantly better results both with regard to the total number of cells obtained and to the number of epithelial cells in the different stages of maturity. The number of cells obtained turned out to be dependent on surface structure and the size of the lesion, however. Qualitatively the cell aspirator collected epithelial cells which were better preserved morphologically, but also a larger number of compact cell clusters. The number of erythrocytes was low. The structure of these blood cells was well preserved, indicating bleeding arising in connection with the taking of the specimens. The number of leucocytes was larger in the aspirated material. The degrees of fixation and staining were similar. The authors make recommendations for using the cell aspirator in such a manner as to obtain the best qualitative results.", "PMID": 107134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7546", "title": "Effect of different levels of dietary zinc on development of chemically induced oral cancer in rats.", "content": "Four-week-old female rats distributed among three experimental groups were fed a 0.23 (zinc-deficient), 0.77 (zinc-adequate) or 3.06 (zinc-supplemented) mmol zinc/kg diet and oral cancer was induced by repeated application of the water-soluble carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4NQO) to the palatal mucosa. The clinical development of oral cancer differed significantly among the three groups (P less than 0.05). In rats fed the zinc-supplemented diet, the macroscopic oral cancer appeared early and the survival time was shorter than in either of the other groups. It was concluded that a zinc-supplemented diet accelerates, and a zinc-deficient diet retards the development of chemically induced oral cancer in rats.", "contents": "Effect of different levels of dietary zinc on development of chemically induced oral cancer in rats. Four-week-old female rats distributed among three experimental groups were fed a 0.23 (zinc-deficient), 0.77 (zinc-adequate) or 3.06 (zinc-supplemented) mmol zinc/kg diet and oral cancer was induced by repeated application of the water-soluble carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4NQO) to the palatal mucosa. The clinical development of oral cancer differed significantly among the three groups (P less than 0.05). In rats fed the zinc-supplemented diet, the macroscopic oral cancer appeared early and the survival time was shorter than in either of the other groups. It was concluded that a zinc-supplemented diet accelerates, and a zinc-deficient diet retards the development of chemically induced oral cancer in rats.", "PMID": 107135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7547", "title": "Basal cell nevus syndrome. A case report.", "content": "An 11-year-old boy with multiple dentigerous cysts in the maxilla and mandible is described. Other findings seen in the face, plantar skin, skeletal system and oral cavity indicated the lesions to be due to the basal cell nevus syndrome. This was further confirmed by the presence of similar abnormalities in his father and brother.", "contents": "Basal cell nevus syndrome. A case report. An 11-year-old boy with multiple dentigerous cysts in the maxilla and mandible is described. Other findings seen in the face, plantar skin, skeletal system and oral cavity indicated the lesions to be due to the basal cell nevus syndrome. This was further confirmed by the presence of similar abnormalities in his father and brother.", "PMID": 107136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7548", "title": "Oral bony lesion in a patient with medical history of hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Primary hyperparathyroidism is an uncommon disease in which the amount of parathyroid hormone circulating in the bloodstream is increased. Therefore, bony changes are often found in the prolonged or severe cases of hyperparathyroidism. This study describes and discusses the relationship between cystical radiolucent lesion in the left mandible of 29-year-old Japanese male and hyperparathyroidism which has the feature of bony changes.", "contents": "Oral bony lesion in a patient with medical history of hyperparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidism is an uncommon disease in which the amount of parathyroid hormone circulating in the bloodstream is increased. Therefore, bony changes are often found in the prolonged or severe cases of hyperparathyroidism. This study describes and discusses the relationship between cystical radiolucent lesion in the left mandible of 29-year-old Japanese male and hyperparathyroidism which has the feature of bony changes.", "PMID": 107137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7549", "title": "Clinical evaluation of Warthin's tumor. An analysis of 43 cases.", "content": "Forty-three patients with Warthin's tumor (26 males and 17 females) were analyzed and the following results were obtained: All tumors were related to the parotid gland with no bilateral involvements. The ages of the patients were 20-84 years old and the average age was about 62. The interval between tumor recognition and first examination was 1 week to 16 years with the average interval of 20-22 months. The method of treatment was complete enucleation. However, radiation therapy was also done in three cases, two of which were irradiated after operation. The other received palliative radiation therapy because of old age and poor general condition. Recurrence was observed in two cases in the course of the follow up, but the examination at the end of June 1977 revealed neither recurrence nor metastasis in the cases followed. A rare case of synchronous occurrence of warthin's tumor and another histological tumor was included in this series and similar cases are reviewed briefly in the literature.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of Warthin's tumor. An analysis of 43 cases. Forty-three patients with Warthin's tumor (26 males and 17 females) were analyzed and the following results were obtained: All tumors were related to the parotid gland with no bilateral involvements. The ages of the patients were 20-84 years old and the average age was about 62. The interval between tumor recognition and first examination was 1 week to 16 years with the average interval of 20-22 months. The method of treatment was complete enucleation. However, radiation therapy was also done in three cases, two of which were irradiated after operation. The other received palliative radiation therapy because of old age and poor general condition. Recurrence was observed in two cases in the course of the follow up, but the examination at the end of June 1977 revealed neither recurrence nor metastasis in the cases followed. A rare case of synchronous occurrence of warthin's tumor and another histological tumor was included in this series and similar cases are reviewed briefly in the literature.", "PMID": 107138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7550", "title": "The effects of topical pilocarpine on the morphology of the outflow apparatus of the baboon (Papio cynocephalus).", "content": "The morphology of the outflow system of the baboon (Papio cynocephalus) was studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy in tissue from eyes treated with topical pilocarpine. In one group of five animals the intraocular pressure (IOP) was maintained at 18 mm /g in both the experimental and the control eye of each baboon for the duration of the experiment. The endothelial meshwork was more distended, and there was a significantly greater number of giant vacuoles in the lining endothelium of Schlemm's canal in the pilocarpine-treated eyes than in the corresponding controls. However, in another series of animals, IOP was not maintained, and the differences between the treated and untreated eyes was much less striking. There appeared to be little evidence that the increase in vacuolation was produced by the direct action of pilocarpine on the endothelium of Schlemm's canal; more likely, it was a consequence of an increased passage of fluid through the drainage system. In addition, we have been able to show that (1) the mode of primary fixation can produce partial reversal of the pilocarpine effect and (2) the mechanical manipulation which is required to determine outflow facility has a deleterious effect on the morphology of the outflow tissues.", "contents": "The effects of topical pilocarpine on the morphology of the outflow apparatus of the baboon (Papio cynocephalus). The morphology of the outflow system of the baboon (Papio cynocephalus) was studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy in tissue from eyes treated with topical pilocarpine. In one group of five animals the intraocular pressure (IOP) was maintained at 18 mm /g in both the experimental and the control eye of each baboon for the duration of the experiment. The endothelial meshwork was more distended, and there was a significantly greater number of giant vacuoles in the lining endothelium of Schlemm's canal in the pilocarpine-treated eyes than in the corresponding controls. However, in another series of animals, IOP was not maintained, and the differences between the treated and untreated eyes was much less striking. There appeared to be little evidence that the increase in vacuolation was produced by the direct action of pilocarpine on the endothelium of Schlemm's canal; more likely, it was a consequence of an increased passage of fluid through the drainage system. In addition, we have been able to show that (1) the mode of primary fixation can produce partial reversal of the pilocarpine effect and (2) the mechanical manipulation which is required to determine outflow facility has a deleterious effect on the morphology of the outflow tissues.", "PMID": 107141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7551", "title": "A light microscopic study of the effects of testicular hyaluronidase on the outflow system of a baboon (Papio cynocephalus).", "content": "An attempt was made to investigate the effects of hyaluronidase on the morphology of the baboon outflow system. The eyes of six adult baboons provided the material for this histological study. For each animal the IOP in both eyes was maintained at 18 mm Hg, and 150 IU of testicular hyaluronidase were introduced into one eye and a control solution into the other. It was observed by light microscopy that the outer meshwork was more distended in the hyaluronidase-treated outflow system than in the corresponding controls. Further, it was found from a quantitative analysis that the incidence of giant vacuoles in the endothelium of Schlemm's canal was greater in the experimental than the control eye of each animal. The difference between the vacuole counts in the experimental and control eyes was significant in five of the six animals. These preliminary findings provide morphological evidence which indicates that there is a hyaluronidase-sensitive barrier to aqueous outflow in the baboon drainage system.", "contents": "A light microscopic study of the effects of testicular hyaluronidase on the outflow system of a baboon (Papio cynocephalus). An attempt was made to investigate the effects of hyaluronidase on the morphology of the baboon outflow system. The eyes of six adult baboons provided the material for this histological study. For each animal the IOP in both eyes was maintained at 18 mm Hg, and 150 IU of testicular hyaluronidase were introduced into one eye and a control solution into the other. It was observed by light microscopy that the outer meshwork was more distended in the hyaluronidase-treated outflow system than in the corresponding controls. Further, it was found from a quantitative analysis that the incidence of giant vacuoles in the endothelium of Schlemm's canal was greater in the experimental than the control eye of each animal. The difference between the vacuole counts in the experimental and control eyes was significant in five of the six animals. These preliminary findings provide morphological evidence which indicates that there is a hyaluronidase-sensitive barrier to aqueous outflow in the baboon drainage system.", "PMID": 107142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7552", "title": "Rubella virus maturation and production in two host cell systems.", "content": "When inoculated at the same MOI, Vero cells released a larger amount of infectious rubella virus into the culture medium than did BHK21 cells, However, BHK21 cells (in monolayer or in suspension) produced more intracellular infectious virus than Vero cells when tested 24 h after infection. Maturation of the virus in BHK21 cells occurred at the plasma membrane and, in a larger quantity, in the cytoplasm (Golgi apparatus and vacuoles). Viral particles consisted of an electron-dense core (32 nm) surrounded by a capsid and enveloped by a single membrane (8-10 nm). Aberrant forms (elongated and twisted) in the vacuole and double virions in the plasma membrane were observed as early as 65 h after infection.", "contents": "Rubella virus maturation and production in two host cell systems. When inoculated at the same MOI, Vero cells released a larger amount of infectious rubella virus into the culture medium than did BHK21 cells, However, BHK21 cells (in monolayer or in suspension) produced more intracellular infectious virus than Vero cells when tested 24 h after infection. Maturation of the virus in BHK21 cells occurred at the plasma membrane and, in a larger quantity, in the cytoplasm (Golgi apparatus and vacuoles). Viral particles consisted of an electron-dense core (32 nm) surrounded by a capsid and enveloped by a single membrane (8-10 nm). Aberrant forms (elongated and twisted) in the vacuole and double virions in the plasma membrane were observed as early as 65 h after infection.", "PMID": 107143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7553", "title": "Antibodies in human sera reacting with an insect pathogenic virus.", "content": "Precipitating antibodies to an insect pathogenic RNA virus of Darna trima from East Malaysia have been found in a small percentage of human sera from several different groups of persons in West Malaysia and the United Kingdom. No associated illness was identified. The results suggest that an antigenically related virus or viruses are present in the environment that may be associated with symptomless or inapparent infections in man.", "contents": "Antibodies in human sera reacting with an insect pathogenic virus. Precipitating antibodies to an insect pathogenic RNA virus of Darna trima from East Malaysia have been found in a small percentage of human sera from several different groups of persons in West Malaysia and the United Kingdom. No associated illness was identified. The results suggest that an antigenically related virus or viruses are present in the environment that may be associated with symptomless or inapparent infections in man.", "PMID": 107144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7554", "title": "Effect of human serum thymic factor on immature T lymphocytes in acute leukemia and other hematologic malignancies.", "content": "In 37 patients with acute leukemia and in 13 patients with other hematologic malignancies, E-rosette formation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, before and after incubation with human serum thymic factor, was studied. This assay showed that incubation with thymic factor caused a clear-cut increase of E-rosette-forming cells in 8 of the 37 acute leukemia patients. Among the 13 patients with other hematologic malignancies, a similar effect was observed in two with pediatric Hodgkin's disease and in one adult with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia. These results support the contention that a significant percentage of the so-called \"null\" cells circulating in the blood of the above-mentioned patients were, in fact, immature T cells (T0 lymphocytes) that were shifted to a more mature stage (T1) by thymic factor.", "contents": "Effect of human serum thymic factor on immature T lymphocytes in acute leukemia and other hematologic malignancies. In 37 patients with acute leukemia and in 13 patients with other hematologic malignancies, E-rosette formation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, before and after incubation with human serum thymic factor, was studied. This assay showed that incubation with thymic factor caused a clear-cut increase of E-rosette-forming cells in 8 of the 37 acute leukemia patients. Among the 13 patients with other hematologic malignancies, a similar effect was observed in two with pediatric Hodgkin's disease and in one adult with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia. These results support the contention that a significant percentage of the so-called \"null\" cells circulating in the blood of the above-mentioned patients were, in fact, immature T cells (T0 lymphocytes) that were shifted to a more mature stage (T1) by thymic factor.", "PMID": 107146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7555", "title": "Leukocyte and differential counts after cardiac surgery in children.", "content": "In order to obtain information about the extent and duration of the changes in the leukocyte and differential counts following cardiac surgery done with and without extracorporeal circulation in the absence of any infection, 28 children were studied serially during the first ten postoperative days. In patients operated without extracorporeal circulation, normal values are reached after 24--48 h; in patients operated with extracorporeal circulation, normal values are reached only after 4--8 days, depending on the length of extracorporeal circulation.", "contents": "Leukocyte and differential counts after cardiac surgery in children. In order to obtain information about the extent and duration of the changes in the leukocyte and differential counts following cardiac surgery done with and without extracorporeal circulation in the absence of any infection, 28 children were studied serially during the first ten postoperative days. In patients operated without extracorporeal circulation, normal values are reached after 24--48 h; in patients operated with extracorporeal circulation, normal values are reached only after 4--8 days, depending on the length of extracorporeal circulation.", "PMID": 107149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7556", "title": "Histochemical localization of glycosidases in dog epididymis.", "content": "The histochemical localization of five glycosidases was studied in the epididymis of mature dogs. beta-Galactosidase showed a distinct to strong reaction in the epithelium of the ductuli efferentes and throughout the whole length of the ductus epididymidis. beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase reactivity was weak in the initial segment, but increased significantly in the middle and terminal segment. The maximum beta-glucuronidase activity was found in the ductuli efferentes and in the initial segment. The alpha-mannosidase reaction was weak in all segments except the middle segment where a distinct activity was seen. With the method employed, no alpha-fucosidase activity could be detected. The physiological role of the glycosidases in the epididymis is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Histochemical localization of glycosidases in dog epididymis. The histochemical localization of five glycosidases was studied in the epididymis of mature dogs. beta-Galactosidase showed a distinct to strong reaction in the epithelium of the ductuli efferentes and throughout the whole length of the ductus epididymidis. beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase reactivity was weak in the initial segment, but increased significantly in the middle and terminal segment. The maximum beta-glucuronidase activity was found in the ductuli efferentes and in the initial segment. The alpha-mannosidase reaction was weak in all segments except the middle segment where a distinct activity was seen. With the method employed, no alpha-fucosidase activity could be detected. The physiological role of the glycosidases in the epididymis is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 107150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7557", "title": "Rapid demineralization in acidic buffers.", "content": "The demineralization of routine histological specimens in buffers of weakly ionized organic acids, unbuffered formic acid, and EDTA was investigated. The rate of demineralization was measured by a chemical method and from radiographs. Lactate-containing buffers and buffers of formic acid with its potassium salt were more rapid in effect than any other agent. Acidic buffers and unbuffered formic acid produced rapid diffuse demineralization with secondary precipitation of calcium salts. Preservation of dental enamel in such buffers resulted from the significantly slower rate of enamel demineralization than that for bone and dentine. In rapid demineralizing agents the secondary salts were quickly redissolved while in slow buffers these salts persisted. Multivalent ions such as citrate and maleate slowed the rate of demineralization, and a citrate-containing buffer was the slowest of all the agents tested. Demineralization in EDTA exhibited a different pattern with the establishment of a well-defined front of demineralization without apparent reprecipitation. EDTA attacked enamel, bone and dentine at the same rate. An attempt was made to relate the observed rates of demineralization to current theories of the demineralization process.", "contents": "Rapid demineralization in acidic buffers. The demineralization of routine histological specimens in buffers of weakly ionized organic acids, unbuffered formic acid, and EDTA was investigated. The rate of demineralization was measured by a chemical method and from radiographs. Lactate-containing buffers and buffers of formic acid with its potassium salt were more rapid in effect than any other agent. Acidic buffers and unbuffered formic acid produced rapid diffuse demineralization with secondary precipitation of calcium salts. Preservation of dental enamel in such buffers resulted from the significantly slower rate of enamel demineralization than that for bone and dentine. In rapid demineralizing agents the secondary salts were quickly redissolved while in slow buffers these salts persisted. Multivalent ions such as citrate and maleate slowed the rate of demineralization, and a citrate-containing buffer was the slowest of all the agents tested. Demineralization in EDTA exhibited a different pattern with the establishment of a well-defined front of demineralization without apparent reprecipitation. EDTA attacked enamel, bone and dentine at the same rate. An attempt was made to relate the observed rates of demineralization to current theories of the demineralization process.", "PMID": 107151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7558", "title": "Amino acid sequences of the alpha and beta chains of adult hemoglobin of the brown lemur, Lemur fulvus fulvus.", "content": "Globin prepared from hemoglobin of the brown lemur (Lemur fulvus fulvus) was separated into alpha and beta chains by chromatography on a CM 52 column. The S-aminoethylated alpha and beta chains were each digested with trypsin and resulting peptides were isolated. The amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides were established. The ordering of these peptides in the alpha and beta chains was deduced from the homology of their amino acid sequences with that of human adult hemoglobin. The primary structure of brown lemur hemoglobin thus obtained differs from that of human hemoglobin in 15 amino acids in the alpha chain and 26 in the beta chain.", "contents": "Amino acid sequences of the alpha and beta chains of adult hemoglobin of the brown lemur, Lemur fulvus fulvus. Globin prepared from hemoglobin of the brown lemur (Lemur fulvus fulvus) was separated into alpha and beta chains by chromatography on a CM 52 column. The S-aminoethylated alpha and beta chains were each digested with trypsin and resulting peptides were isolated. The amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides were established. The ordering of these peptides in the alpha and beta chains was deduced from the homology of their amino acid sequences with that of human adult hemoglobin. The primary structure of brown lemur hemoglobin thus obtained differs from that of human hemoglobin in 15 amino acids in the alpha chain and 26 in the beta chain.", "PMID": 107155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7559", "title": "Regulation of teichoic acid synthesis during phosphate limitation.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis W-23, when placed in phosphate-free medium, ceases to synthesize teichoic acid and synthesizes teichuronic acid. The enzymatic basis for the cessation of teichoic acid synthesis is the irreversible inhibition of the first membrane-bound enzyme involved in teichoic acid synthesis which catalyzes the reaction Undecapenol-P + UDP-GlcNAc leads to undecaprenol-P-P-GlcNAc + UMP.", "contents": "Regulation of teichoic acid synthesis during phosphate limitation. Bacillus subtilis W-23, when placed in phosphate-free medium, ceases to synthesize teichoic acid and synthesizes teichuronic acid. The enzymatic basis for the cessation of teichoic acid synthesis is the irreversible inhibition of the first membrane-bound enzyme involved in teichoic acid synthesis which catalyzes the reaction Undecapenol-P + UDP-GlcNAc leads to undecaprenol-P-P-GlcNAc + UMP.", "PMID": 107156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7560", "title": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase cleaves the C--O bond of ribose 1-phosphate. Evidence from the 18O shift in 31P NMR.", "content": "An equilibrium mixture of highly enriched [18(O)]Pi (represents the mixture of [[18(O)4]Pi, [[18(O)3]Pi, [18(O)2]Pi as represented in the figures, unless otherwise specified), alpha-D-ribose 1-[16(O)]phosphate, and hypoxanthine plus inosine was equilibrated with calf spleen purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1). The 31P NMR spectrum clearly indicated the formation of alpha-D-ribose 1-[18(O)4]-phosphate and of [16(O)]Pi. Incubation for the same time span in the absence of alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate left the [18(O)4]Pi isotopic distribution unchanged. The results clearly demonstrated that the C--O bond of alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate is cleaved in the enzymatic reaction. It is unlikely that the enzyme catalyzes the exchange of oxygen between Pi and H2O. Several possible mechanistic pathways are ruled out by the results, which demand attack by a phosphate oxygen at the anomeric C-1' atom.", "contents": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase cleaves the C--O bond of ribose 1-phosphate. Evidence from the 18O shift in 31P NMR. An equilibrium mixture of highly enriched [18(O)]Pi (represents the mixture of [[18(O)4]Pi, [[18(O)3]Pi, [18(O)2]Pi as represented in the figures, unless otherwise specified), alpha-D-ribose 1-[16(O)]phosphate, and hypoxanthine plus inosine was equilibrated with calf spleen purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1). The 31P NMR spectrum clearly indicated the formation of alpha-D-ribose 1-[18(O)4]-phosphate and of [16(O)]Pi. Incubation for the same time span in the absence of alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate left the [18(O)4]Pi isotopic distribution unchanged. The results clearly demonstrated that the C--O bond of alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate is cleaved in the enzymatic reaction. It is unlikely that the enzyme catalyzes the exchange of oxygen between Pi and H2O. Several possible mechanistic pathways are ruled out by the results, which demand attack by a phosphate oxygen at the anomeric C-1' atom.", "PMID": 107157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7561", "title": "Metabolism of thyrotropin releasing hormone in brain extracts. Isolation and characterization of an imidopeptidase for histidylprolineamide.", "content": "An extract of porcine brain acetone powder incubated with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; pGlu-His-ProNH2) produces acid TRH (pGlu-His-Pro), histidine, and prolineamide. Fractionation of the brain extract by DEAE-cellulose chromatography produces three protein fractions which metabolize TRH. The activity of these fractions was characterized using TRH with a 3H-label on the histidine or proline as well as [His-3H]His-ProNH2. Fraction I contains pyroglutamate aminopeptidase and Fraction II contains TRH deamidase. Fraction III was found to contain a previously unrecognized enzyme which cleaves His-ProNH2 to histidine and proline. The histidylprolineamide imidopeptidase has been characterized. A competition study using a variety of compounds containing histidine or proline suggests that the best substrates for the imidopeptidase contain a free alpha-amino group on histidine and a blocked carboxyl group on proline, as is found in His-ProNH2. A survey of a variety of polypeptide hormones indicates that many of them inhibit the imidopeptidase activity. A kinetic study of the inhibition of the enzyme by adrenocorticotropic hormone (1-24) shows that the inhibition by polypeptide hormones is noncompetitive. We hypothesize that pituitary hormones may stimulate the production of (cyclo)-His-Pro by inhibiting alternate routes of TRH metabolism.", "contents": "Metabolism of thyrotropin releasing hormone in brain extracts. Isolation and characterization of an imidopeptidase for histidylprolineamide. An extract of porcine brain acetone powder incubated with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; pGlu-His-ProNH2) produces acid TRH (pGlu-His-Pro), histidine, and prolineamide. Fractionation of the brain extract by DEAE-cellulose chromatography produces three protein fractions which metabolize TRH. The activity of these fractions was characterized using TRH with a 3H-label on the histidine or proline as well as [His-3H]His-ProNH2. Fraction I contains pyroglutamate aminopeptidase and Fraction II contains TRH deamidase. Fraction III was found to contain a previously unrecognized enzyme which cleaves His-ProNH2 to histidine and proline. The histidylprolineamide imidopeptidase has been characterized. A competition study using a variety of compounds containing histidine or proline suggests that the best substrates for the imidopeptidase contain a free alpha-amino group on histidine and a blocked carboxyl group on proline, as is found in His-ProNH2. A survey of a variety of polypeptide hormones indicates that many of them inhibit the imidopeptidase activity. A kinetic study of the inhibition of the enzyme by adrenocorticotropic hormone (1-24) shows that the inhibition by polypeptide hormones is noncompetitive. We hypothesize that pituitary hormones may stimulate the production of (cyclo)-His-Pro by inhibiting alternate routes of TRH metabolism.", "PMID": 107159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7562", "title": "Microtubules and the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase.", "content": "Cultured C-6 glial cells were utilized to evaluate the effect of antimicrotubular drugs on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and cholesterol synthesis. Colchicine, Colcemid, and vinblastine (1.0 muM) caused a marked reduction in HMG-CoA reductase activity and, as a consequence, the rate of cholesterol synthesis in these cells. No effect was observed with lumicolchicine, a mixture of colchicine isomers with no effect on microtubules. The effect of colchicine was apparent within 1 h after addition to the culture medium, and, after 6 h, HMG-CoA reductase activity in treated cells was only approximately 15 to 30% of that in untreated cells. Reductase activity was very sensitive to the concentration of drug added, i.e. cells treated with just 0.1 muM colchicine for 6 h exhibited a 50% lower enzymatic activity than did untreated cells. The lack of a generalized, nonspecific toxic effect on the cells was indicated by the finding of no change in the activities of fatty acid synthetase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and the rate of total protein synthesis in cells treated with colchicine (1 muM) for 6 h. A close temporal and quantitative correlation was observed between the effects of colchicine on HMG-CoA reductase and on a parameter of microtubular function, i.e. maintenance of glial cell shape. The data suggest that microtubules are involved in the regulation of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol synthesis in C-6 glial cells.", "contents": "Microtubules and the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Cultured C-6 glial cells were utilized to evaluate the effect of antimicrotubular drugs on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and cholesterol synthesis. Colchicine, Colcemid, and vinblastine (1.0 muM) caused a marked reduction in HMG-CoA reductase activity and, as a consequence, the rate of cholesterol synthesis in these cells. No effect was observed with lumicolchicine, a mixture of colchicine isomers with no effect on microtubules. The effect of colchicine was apparent within 1 h after addition to the culture medium, and, after 6 h, HMG-CoA reductase activity in treated cells was only approximately 15 to 30% of that in untreated cells. Reductase activity was very sensitive to the concentration of drug added, i.e. cells treated with just 0.1 muM colchicine for 6 h exhibited a 50% lower enzymatic activity than did untreated cells. The lack of a generalized, nonspecific toxic effect on the cells was indicated by the finding of no change in the activities of fatty acid synthetase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and the rate of total protein synthesis in cells treated with colchicine (1 muM) for 6 h. A close temporal and quantitative correlation was observed between the effects of colchicine on HMG-CoA reductase and on a parameter of microtubular function, i.e. maintenance of glial cell shape. The data suggest that microtubules are involved in the regulation of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol synthesis in C-6 glial cells.", "PMID": 107160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7563", "title": "Role of hemoglobin in proton transfer to the active site of carbonic anhydrase.", "content": "The binding of bovine oxyhemoglobin to bovine carbonic anhydrase with a dissociation constant between 10(-5) and 10(-7) M has been determined by countercurrent distribution using aqueous, biphasic polymer systems. This result provides an explanation for the very efficient proton transfer between hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase, a transfer which enhances the catalytic activity of carbonic anhydrase as measured by 18O exchange between bicarbonate and water at chemical equilibrium (Silverman, D. N., Tu, C. K., and Wynns, G. C. (1978) J. Biol. Chem, 253, 2563-2567). Two rate constants describing 18O exchange activity of carbonic anhydrase at pH 7.5 show saturation behavior when plotted against hemoglobin concentration consistent with a dissociation constant of 2.5 X 10(-6) M between bovine hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase. Interpretation of these rate constants in terms of a two-step model for 18O exchange indicates that hemoglobin enhances the rate of exchange from carbonic anhydrase of water containing the oxygen abstracted from bicarbonate, but does not affect the catalytic interconversion of CO2 and HCO3- at chemical equilibrium.", "contents": "Role of hemoglobin in proton transfer to the active site of carbonic anhydrase. The binding of bovine oxyhemoglobin to bovine carbonic anhydrase with a dissociation constant between 10(-5) and 10(-7) M has been determined by countercurrent distribution using aqueous, biphasic polymer systems. This result provides an explanation for the very efficient proton transfer between hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase, a transfer which enhances the catalytic activity of carbonic anhydrase as measured by 18O exchange between bicarbonate and water at chemical equilibrium (Silverman, D. N., Tu, C. K., and Wynns, G. C. (1978) J. Biol. Chem, 253, 2563-2567). Two rate constants describing 18O exchange activity of carbonic anhydrase at pH 7.5 show saturation behavior when plotted against hemoglobin concentration consistent with a dissociation constant of 2.5 X 10(-6) M between bovine hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase. Interpretation of these rate constants in terms of a two-step model for 18O exchange indicates that hemoglobin enhances the rate of exchange from carbonic anhydrase of water containing the oxygen abstracted from bicarbonate, but does not affect the catalytic interconversion of CO2 and HCO3- at chemical equilibrium.", "PMID": 107161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7564", "title": "Primary structure of a human IgA1 immunoglobulin. I. Isolation, composition, and amino acid sequence of the chymotryptic peptides.", "content": "As the initial phase of the determination of the complete covalent structure of a human immunoglobulin A, 52 chymotryptic peptides, ranging in length from 2 to 37 residues, were isolated and characterized from the reduced and carboxymethylated alpha1 heavy chain of the myeloma IgA protein Bur. The peptides were subjected to sequence analysis by the dansylation technique, manual and automatic Edman degradation, and carboxypeptidase digestion. The results, in conjunction with the data on the tryptic and thermolysin peptides and the cyanogen bromide fragments reported in the accompanying papers, established the complete primary structure of a human IgA chain.", "contents": "Primary structure of a human IgA1 immunoglobulin. I. Isolation, composition, and amino acid sequence of the chymotryptic peptides. As the initial phase of the determination of the complete covalent structure of a human immunoglobulin A, 52 chymotryptic peptides, ranging in length from 2 to 37 residues, were isolated and characterized from the reduced and carboxymethylated alpha1 heavy chain of the myeloma IgA protein Bur. The peptides were subjected to sequence analysis by the dansylation technique, manual and automatic Edman degradation, and carboxypeptidase digestion. The results, in conjunction with the data on the tryptic and thermolysin peptides and the cyanogen bromide fragments reported in the accompanying papers, established the complete primary structure of a human IgA chain.", "PMID": 107163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7565", "title": "Primary structure of a human IgA1 immunoglobulin. IV. Streptococcal IgA1 protease, digestion, Fab and Fc fragments, and the complete amino acid sequence of the alpha 1 heavy chain.", "content": "In order to establish the complete amino acid sequence of the human IgA alpha1 chain Bur, IgA1 protease from Streptococcus sanguis was employed to generate Fabalpha and Fcalpha fragments in the final stage of this investigation. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of the Fabalpha fragment followed by reduction and aminoethylation produced the Fd' fragment (residues 84 to 227); this contains part of the variable region (VR), the whole first constant domain (Calpha1), and part of the hinge region of this heavy chain. The tryptic peptides of the Fd' fragment were isolated, characterized, and sequenced. The results together with the data in the preceding papers on chymotryptic, tryptic, and thermolysin peptides permitted the complete amino acid sequence of the human IgA alpha1 chain to be established.", "contents": "Primary structure of a human IgA1 immunoglobulin. IV. Streptococcal IgA1 protease, digestion, Fab and Fc fragments, and the complete amino acid sequence of the alpha 1 heavy chain. In order to establish the complete amino acid sequence of the human IgA alpha1 chain Bur, IgA1 protease from Streptococcus sanguis was employed to generate Fabalpha and Fcalpha fragments in the final stage of this investigation. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of the Fabalpha fragment followed by reduction and aminoethylation produced the Fd' fragment (residues 84 to 227); this contains part of the variable region (VR), the whole first constant domain (Calpha1), and part of the hinge region of this heavy chain. The tryptic peptides of the Fd' fragment were isolated, characterized, and sequenced. The results together with the data in the preceding papers on chymotryptic, tryptic, and thermolysin peptides permitted the complete amino acid sequence of the human IgA alpha1 chain to be established.", "PMID": 107164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7566", "title": "Retrograde alteration of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in axotomized superior cervical ganglia of the rat.", "content": "Mechanisms underlying increased activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-phospho-D-gluconate: NADP oxidoreductase [decarboxylating] EC 1.1.1.44) in axotomized rat superior cervical ganglia were explored using a highly sensitive micro-immunochemical assay employing antibodies raised in rabbits against the purified enzyme. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was purified from rat brain more than 1700-fold by salt fractionation, anion exchange, and immunoaffinity chromatography. The purified enzyme consisted of identical subunits having molecular weights of about 48,800 which could aggregate to catalytically active isomers of various sizes; however, only one form of the enzyme was detected in freshly prepared homogenates of rat neural tissue. Physical and immunological properties of the enzyme from rat brain were similar to those from superior cervical ganglia and liver. Augmented 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity noted in superior cervical ganglia 2 days after transection of major postganglionic nerve trunks was accompanied by a parallel increase in immunoreactive protein. Michaelis constants of the enzyme were the same in control and axotomized ganglia, and the presence of activators and inhibitors was not detected. It is concluded that increases in 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase subsequent to axotomy can be accounted for entirely by an increase in the steady state concentration of this protein.", "contents": "Retrograde alteration of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in axotomized superior cervical ganglia of the rat. Mechanisms underlying increased activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-phospho-D-gluconate: NADP oxidoreductase [decarboxylating] EC 1.1.1.44) in axotomized rat superior cervical ganglia were explored using a highly sensitive micro-immunochemical assay employing antibodies raised in rabbits against the purified enzyme. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was purified from rat brain more than 1700-fold by salt fractionation, anion exchange, and immunoaffinity chromatography. The purified enzyme consisted of identical subunits having molecular weights of about 48,800 which could aggregate to catalytically active isomers of various sizes; however, only one form of the enzyme was detected in freshly prepared homogenates of rat neural tissue. Physical and immunological properties of the enzyme from rat brain were similar to those from superior cervical ganglia and liver. Augmented 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity noted in superior cervical ganglia 2 days after transection of major postganglionic nerve trunks was accompanied by a parallel increase in immunoreactive protein. Michaelis constants of the enzyme were the same in control and axotomized ganglia, and the presence of activators and inhibitors was not detected. It is concluded that increases in 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase subsequent to axotomy can be accounted for entirely by an increase in the steady state concentration of this protein.", "PMID": 107166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7567", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a guanine insertion enzyme, a specific tRNA transglycosylase, from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A guanine insertion enzyme (tRNA transglycosylase) was purified to a homogeneous state from Escherichia coli B by ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, phosphocellulose, and Sephadex G-200 column chromatographies. The molecular weight of the enzyme, which appeared to be a single polypeptide, was 4.6 X 10(4) by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The enzyme catalyzes exchange of guanine with guanine located in the first position of the anticodon of tRNATyr, tRNAHis, tRNAAsn, and tRNAAsp, but unlike the enzymes isolated from rabbit reticulocytes and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells it does not catalyze the exchange of guanine with queuine (7-(3,4-trans-4,5-cis-dihydroxy-1-cyclopenten-3-ylaminomethyl)-7-deazaguanine) present in these tRNAs. The pH optimum of the reaction was 7.0, and the pH1 value was 4.6 to 4.8. The reaction required Mg2+ ion. 7-Methylguanine inhibited guanine insertion, but the other purine analogues tested were not inhibitory and could not replace guanine.20", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a guanine insertion enzyme, a specific tRNA transglycosylase, from Escherichia coli. A guanine insertion enzyme (tRNA transglycosylase) was purified to a homogeneous state from Escherichia coli B by ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, phosphocellulose, and Sephadex G-200 column chromatographies. The molecular weight of the enzyme, which appeared to be a single polypeptide, was 4.6 X 10(4) by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The enzyme catalyzes exchange of guanine with guanine located in the first position of the anticodon of tRNATyr, tRNAHis, tRNAAsn, and tRNAAsp, but unlike the enzymes isolated from rabbit reticulocytes and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells it does not catalyze the exchange of guanine with queuine (7-(3,4-trans-4,5-cis-dihydroxy-1-cyclopenten-3-ylaminomethyl)-7-deazaguanine) present in these tRNAs. The pH optimum of the reaction was 7.0, and the pH1 value was 4.6 to 4.8. The reaction required Mg2+ ion. 7-Methylguanine inhibited guanine insertion, but the other purine analogues tested were not inhibitory and could not replace guanine.20", "PMID": 107167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7568", "title": "Overall pathway of mononucleosome production.", "content": "Five electrophoretically distinguishable classes of mononucleosomes (MI, MII, ...MV) are produced upon treatment of mammalian nuclear chromatin with micrococcal nuclease. These five forms differ in their initial DNA lengths, relative mass proportions, stability, contents of histone H1, and presence of certain nonhistone proteins. A new \"chromatin fingerprinting\" technique has been developed in order to trace nuclease-mediated interconversions between these mononucleosomes and their polynucleosomal precursors. Application of this technique, together with earlier findings from this laboratory, has made possible the elucidation of the overall pathway of nuclease cleavage of chromatin which leads to the production and interconversion of these mononucleosomes, and has permitted reconstruction of the organization of these mononucleosomes in undigested chromatin...", "contents": "Overall pathway of mononucleosome production. Five electrophoretically distinguishable classes of mononucleosomes (MI, MII, ...MV) are produced upon treatment of mammalian nuclear chromatin with micrococcal nuclease. These five forms differ in their initial DNA lengths, relative mass proportions, stability, contents of histone H1, and presence of certain nonhistone proteins. A new \"chromatin fingerprinting\" technique has been developed in order to trace nuclease-mediated interconversions between these mononucleosomes and their polynucleosomal precursors. Application of this technique, together with earlier findings from this laboratory, has made possible the elucidation of the overall pathway of nuclease cleavage of chromatin which leads to the production and interconversion of these mononucleosomes, and has permitted reconstruction of the organization of these mononucleosomes in undigested chromatin...", "PMID": 107168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7569", "title": "Biological properties of antibodies against rat adipocyte intrinsic membrane proteins. Dependence on multivalency for insulin-like activity.", "content": "Antisera from rabbits injected with rat adipocyte plasma membranes or intrinsic proteins from such membranes, obtained by a dimethylmaleic anhydride extraction step, mimicked the action of insulin on both glucose transport and lipolysis in intact adipocytes. Biological activity in both types of antisera was mediated by immunoglobulin binding to one or more intrinsic proteins of the adipocyte plasma membrane since fat cells were unresponsive to all antisera absorbed with dimethylmaleic anhydride-extracted membranes. Acid treatment of immunoprecipitates released antibodies which activated glucose uptake and reacted with solubilized adipocyte membranes on immunodiffusion plates. The biologically active immunoglobulin preparations failed to form immunoprecipitin lines when tested against membranes from brain, liver, lung, muscle, kidney, and spleen. Insulin-sensitive glucose uptake in rat soleus muscle did not respond to the antisera. The antibodies activated hexose uptake into fat cells and reacted with solubilized adipocyte membranes on immunodiffusion plates when rat or mouse adipocytes were studied, but not when monkey fat cells were used. The anti-membrane antibody preparations readily activated hexose uptake in trypsinized fat cells which had lost the capacity to bind or respond to insulin. These data are consistent with the concept previously proposed (Pillion, D.J., and Czech, M.P. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 3761-3764) that the anti-membrane immunoglobulins do not interact with the insulin binding site of the insulin receptor. Monovalent Fab fragments of the biologically active antisera, prepared by papain digestion of the native anti-membrane immunoglobulins, were ineffective in enhancing glucose uptake in adipocytes. However, biological activity of the anti-membrane Fab fragments was restored by the addition of goat anti-rabbit Fab antisera to cells treated with the Fab fraction. Anti-rabbit Fab antisera alone or in combination with Fab fragments prepared from control rabbit sera exhibited no biological activity. These results demonstrate that the ability of anti-membrane antisera to mimic the biological activity of insulin on isolated fat cells is critically dependent on immunoglobulin binding to one or more intrinsic plasma membrane proteins and the multivalent nature of immunoglobulin structure.", "contents": "Biological properties of antibodies against rat adipocyte intrinsic membrane proteins. Dependence on multivalency for insulin-like activity. Antisera from rabbits injected with rat adipocyte plasma membranes or intrinsic proteins from such membranes, obtained by a dimethylmaleic anhydride extraction step, mimicked the action of insulin on both glucose transport and lipolysis in intact adipocytes. Biological activity in both types of antisera was mediated by immunoglobulin binding to one or more intrinsic proteins of the adipocyte plasma membrane since fat cells were unresponsive to all antisera absorbed with dimethylmaleic anhydride-extracted membranes. Acid treatment of immunoprecipitates released antibodies which activated glucose uptake and reacted with solubilized adipocyte membranes on immunodiffusion plates. The biologically active immunoglobulin preparations failed to form immunoprecipitin lines when tested against membranes from brain, liver, lung, muscle, kidney, and spleen. Insulin-sensitive glucose uptake in rat soleus muscle did not respond to the antisera. The antibodies activated hexose uptake into fat cells and reacted with solubilized adipocyte membranes on immunodiffusion plates when rat or mouse adipocytes were studied, but not when monkey fat cells were used. The anti-membrane antibody preparations readily activated hexose uptake in trypsinized fat cells which had lost the capacity to bind or respond to insulin. These data are consistent with the concept previously proposed (Pillion, D.J., and Czech, M.P. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 3761-3764) that the anti-membrane immunoglobulins do not interact with the insulin binding site of the insulin receptor. Monovalent Fab fragments of the biologically active antisera, prepared by papain digestion of the native anti-membrane immunoglobulins, were ineffective in enhancing glucose uptake in adipocytes. However, biological activity of the anti-membrane Fab fragments was restored by the addition of goat anti-rabbit Fab antisera to cells treated with the Fab fraction. Anti-rabbit Fab antisera alone or in combination with Fab fragments prepared from control rabbit sera exhibited no biological activity. These results demonstrate that the ability of anti-membrane antisera to mimic the biological activity of insulin on isolated fat cells is critically dependent on immunoglobulin binding to one or more intrinsic plasma membrane proteins and the multivalent nature of immunoglobulin structure.", "PMID": 107169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7570", "title": "Acetylated methylmannose polysaccharide of Streptomyces griseus. Locations of the acetyl groups.", "content": "The positions of esterification of the 4 to 5 acetyl residues in the acetylated methylmannose-containing polysaccharide from Streptomyces griseus have been established by the methyl replacement technique, wherein ester substituents are specifically replaced with methyl ether substituents. The newly incorporated methyl groups were distinguished from 3-O-methyl groups by the use of polysaccharide containing radioactively labeled endogenous methyl groups. The positions of methyl group localization were established by a proton magnetic resonance study of the intact methyl-replaced polysaccharide combined with an analysis of the constituent monosaccharides by gas-liquid chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry of their alditol acetate derivatives. These studies demonstrate that the acetyl groups are located at position 6 of approximately half of the 10 contiguous alpha(1 leads to 4)-linked 3-O-methyl-D-mannose residues. Purification of the polysaccharide was accomplished by an added step involving affinity chromatography on a column containing immobilized palmitoyl residues. The affinity of the polysaccharide for this long chain lipid suggests that its plays a role similar to the methylmannose-containing polysaccharide of Mycobacterium smegmatis in its regulation of the bacterium's fatty acid synthetase.", "contents": "Acetylated methylmannose polysaccharide of Streptomyces griseus. Locations of the acetyl groups. The positions of esterification of the 4 to 5 acetyl residues in the acetylated methylmannose-containing polysaccharide from Streptomyces griseus have been established by the methyl replacement technique, wherein ester substituents are specifically replaced with methyl ether substituents. The newly incorporated methyl groups were distinguished from 3-O-methyl groups by the use of polysaccharide containing radioactively labeled endogenous methyl groups. The positions of methyl group localization were established by a proton magnetic resonance study of the intact methyl-replaced polysaccharide combined with an analysis of the constituent monosaccharides by gas-liquid chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry of their alditol acetate derivatives. These studies demonstrate that the acetyl groups are located at position 6 of approximately half of the 10 contiguous alpha(1 leads to 4)-linked 3-O-methyl-D-mannose residues. Purification of the polysaccharide was accomplished by an added step involving affinity chromatography on a column containing immobilized palmitoyl residues. The affinity of the polysaccharide for this long chain lipid suggests that its plays a role similar to the methylmannose-containing polysaccharide of Mycobacterium smegmatis in its regulation of the bacterium's fatty acid synthetase.", "PMID": 107171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7571", "title": "Evidence for the location of high mobility group protein T in the internucleosomal linker regions of trout testis chromatin.", "content": "Antibodies against the trout testis non\"histone chromosomal protein, high mobility group protein T (HMG-T), have been elicited in goats. The antiserum was shown to be specific for HMG-T and did not cross-react with histone 1 or with the other two trout testis HMG proteins, H6 and ubiquitin. Purified anti-HMG-T IgG was used to determine the location of HMG-T within chromatin subunits separated on sucrose gradients. Binding of fluorescent labeled anti-HMG-T to these subunits clearly supports the notion that this protein is associated not with the nucleosome core but rather with the internucleosomal linker regions, and previously suggested (Levy W., B., Wong, N.C.W., and Dixon, G. H. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 2810-2814).", "contents": "Evidence for the location of high mobility group protein T in the internucleosomal linker regions of trout testis chromatin. Antibodies against the trout testis non\"histone chromosomal protein, high mobility group protein T (HMG-T), have been elicited in goats. The antiserum was shown to be specific for HMG-T and did not cross-react with histone 1 or with the other two trout testis HMG proteins, H6 and ubiquitin. Purified anti-HMG-T IgG was used to determine the location of HMG-T within chromatin subunits separated on sucrose gradients. Binding of fluorescent labeled anti-HMG-T to these subunits clearly supports the notion that this protein is associated not with the nucleosome core but rather with the internucleosomal linker regions, and previously suggested (Levy W., B., Wong, N.C.W., and Dixon, G. H. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 2810-2814).", "PMID": 107172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7572", "title": "Thyrotropin suppression by 3,5-dimethyl-3'-isopropyl-L-thyronine in man.", "content": "The thyromimetic activity of 3,5-dimethyl-3'-isopropyl-L-thyronine (DIMIT), a nonhalogenated thyroid analog, was studied in adult men using suppression of TRH-induced TSH release to assess this activity. In nine men, aged 30-58 yr, the TSH increment after 500 microgram TRH iv was compared to the TSH response to TRH 24 h after oral administration of 1 mg DIMIT. Eight euthyroid subjects had normal baseline TSH levels of 1.5 +/- 0.2 (SE) microunit/ml that fell significantly to 0.7 +/- 0.2 microunit/ml 24 h after DIMIT (P less than 0.005). Their TSH increments after TRH fell from 15.3 +/- 2.8 to 6.7 +/- 1.6 microunit/ml 24 h after DIMIT (P less than 0.001). One subject with probable Hashimoto's thyroditis had an elevated TSH of 18 microunit/ml, with an exaggerated TSH response to TRH of 72 microunit/ml. His basal TSH fell to 7.6 and his TSH increment fell to 14.3 microunit/ml 24 h after DIMIT. The suppression of TSH was relatively prolonged. In four subjects, the TSH response to TRH was still blunted from 5-12 days after DIMIT. In one subject, the TSH increment returned to normal 15 days after DIMIT. DIMIT had no significant effect on PRL secretion. There was no evidence of toxicity in patients receiving DIMIT. DIMIT has effective thyromimetic activity in man, as shown by its significant and prolonged suppression of TSH secretion.", "contents": "Thyrotropin suppression by 3,5-dimethyl-3'-isopropyl-L-thyronine in man. The thyromimetic activity of 3,5-dimethyl-3'-isopropyl-L-thyronine (DIMIT), a nonhalogenated thyroid analog, was studied in adult men using suppression of TRH-induced TSH release to assess this activity. In nine men, aged 30-58 yr, the TSH increment after 500 microgram TRH iv was compared to the TSH response to TRH 24 h after oral administration of 1 mg DIMIT. Eight euthyroid subjects had normal baseline TSH levels of 1.5 +/- 0.2 (SE) microunit/ml that fell significantly to 0.7 +/- 0.2 microunit/ml 24 h after DIMIT (P less than 0.005). Their TSH increments after TRH fell from 15.3 +/- 2.8 to 6.7 +/- 1.6 microunit/ml 24 h after DIMIT (P less than 0.001). One subject with probable Hashimoto's thyroditis had an elevated TSH of 18 microunit/ml, with an exaggerated TSH response to TRH of 72 microunit/ml. His basal TSH fell to 7.6 and his TSH increment fell to 14.3 microunit/ml 24 h after DIMIT. The suppression of TSH was relatively prolonged. In four subjects, the TSH response to TRH was still blunted from 5-12 days after DIMIT. In one subject, the TSH increment returned to normal 15 days after DIMIT. DIMIT had no significant effect on PRL secretion. There was no evidence of toxicity in patients receiving DIMIT. DIMIT has effective thyromimetic activity in man, as shown by its significant and prolonged suppression of TSH secretion.", "PMID": 107177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7573", "title": "Menstrual cycle characteristics in chronically hemiovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "Circulating levels of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone were measured by RIA in daily serum samples throughout the menstrual cycle in five regularly cycling, chronically hemiovariectomized, adult cynomolgus monkeys. The hormonal patterns, the lengths of the follicular and luteal phases, and the overall cycle length were nearly indistinguishable from those observed in intact cycling monkeys. The findings accord with the notions 1) that in intact monkeys, the contralateral ovary contributes little, if at all, to the regulation of the function or lifespan of the corpus luteum, and 2) that the corpus luteum after spontaneous luteolysis has no local residual effect inimical to new follicle growth.", "contents": "Menstrual cycle characteristics in chronically hemiovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Circulating levels of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone were measured by RIA in daily serum samples throughout the menstrual cycle in five regularly cycling, chronically hemiovariectomized, adult cynomolgus monkeys. The hormonal patterns, the lengths of the follicular and luteal phases, and the overall cycle length were nearly indistinguishable from those observed in intact cycling monkeys. The findings accord with the notions 1) that in intact monkeys, the contralateral ovary contributes little, if at all, to the regulation of the function or lifespan of the corpus luteum, and 2) that the corpus luteum after spontaneous luteolysis has no local residual effect inimical to new follicle growth.", "PMID": 107179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7574", "title": "Plasma clearance and plasma half-disappearance time of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone and pyroglutamyl-N3im-methyl-histidyl prolineamide.", "content": "The plasma clearance rate (PCR) and plasma half-disappearance time (t1/2) of TRH was compared to the PCR and t1/2 of pyroglutamyl-N3im-methyl-histidyl prolineamide (methyl-TRH), a more potent analog of TRH in normal subjects. The PCR for TRH was 1500 +/- 329 (SD) ml/min, which was significantly greater than the PCR of methyl-TRH (783 +/- 96 ml/min). The t1/2 of TRH was 6.2 min compared to a t1/2 of 11.5 min for methyl-TRH. The slower clearance of methyl-TRH is probably due to the increased resistance to degradation by serum enzymes of methyl-TRH compared to TRH.", "contents": "Plasma clearance and plasma half-disappearance time of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone and pyroglutamyl-N3im-methyl-histidyl prolineamide. The plasma clearance rate (PCR) and plasma half-disappearance time (t1/2) of TRH was compared to the PCR and t1/2 of pyroglutamyl-N3im-methyl-histidyl prolineamide (methyl-TRH), a more potent analog of TRH in normal subjects. The PCR for TRH was 1500 +/- 329 (SD) ml/min, which was significantly greater than the PCR of methyl-TRH (783 +/- 96 ml/min). The t1/2 of TRH was 6.2 min compared to a t1/2 of 11.5 min for methyl-TRH. The slower clearance of methyl-TRH is probably due to the increased resistance to degradation by serum enzymes of methyl-TRH compared to TRH.", "PMID": 107180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7575", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone activity in the human placenta.", "content": "TRH immunological and biological activities were found in extracts of human placentas. Eight term placentas delivered by cesarean section were extracted with 2 N acetic acid, followed by glacial acetic acid. Lyophilized samples were resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline. TRH activity, identified in each placental extract by specific RIA, averaged 19.8 +/- 3.3 pg/mg protein. TRH in the placental extracts was similar to synthetic TRH by four criteria. 1) Serial dilutions of placental extracts defined an immunoassay inhibition curve with a slope (-1.93) identical to synthetic TRH (-1.88). 2) When placental extract or synthetic TRH was chromatographed on Sephadex G-10, TRH immunoreactivity was found in similar fractions of the eluate. 3) Both placental extract and synthetic TRH stimulated TSH release from rat pituitaries in vitro. 4) Human serum degraded placental extract and synthetic TRH in a qualitatively similar manner. Placental minces did not accumulate exogenous [3H]TRH, suggesting that the placental TRH may originate endogenously.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone activity in the human placenta. TRH immunological and biological activities were found in extracts of human placentas. Eight term placentas delivered by cesarean section were extracted with 2 N acetic acid, followed by glacial acetic acid. Lyophilized samples were resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline. TRH activity, identified in each placental extract by specific RIA, averaged 19.8 +/- 3.3 pg/mg protein. TRH in the placental extracts was similar to synthetic TRH by four criteria. 1) Serial dilutions of placental extracts defined an immunoassay inhibition curve with a slope (-1.93) identical to synthetic TRH (-1.88). 2) When placental extract or synthetic TRH was chromatographed on Sephadex G-10, TRH immunoreactivity was found in similar fractions of the eluate. 3) Both placental extract and synthetic TRH stimulated TSH release from rat pituitaries in vitro. 4) Human serum degraded placental extract and synthetic TRH in a qualitatively similar manner. Placental minces did not accumulate exogenous [3H]TRH, suggesting that the placental TRH may originate endogenously.", "PMID": 107181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7576", "title": "Detection of a thyroxine-binding protein physicochemically similar to serum thyroxine-binding globulin in normal human urine.", "content": "Urine samples from 10 normal adult males were analyzed for T4-binding globulin (TBG) employing a sensitive and specific RIA for serum TBG. Urine TBG was detected at a concentration of 1.74 +/- 0.87 microgram/100 ml (mean +/- SD). The excretion rate was 13.2 +/- 6.5 microgram/g creatinine. There was no correlation between the daily excretion rate of TBG and the total urinary protein (r = 0.52). Analyses of this T4-binding protein by gel filtration and on both reverse flow paper and gel electrophoresis demonstrated similar characteristics to those of serum TBG and purified TBG. The maximum T4-binding capacity of urine TBG, determined by reverse flow paper electrophoresis and equilibrium dialysis, was similar to that of serum TBG. The association constant for T4 of urinary TBG (0.46 +/- 0.20 X 10(10) M-1), determined by equilibrium dialysis, was significantly less (P less than 0.01) than that of serum TBG at 1.43 +/- 0.23 X 10(10) M-1). The Scatchard analysis of the urinary data demonstrated two T4-binding sites, one of high affinity consistent with TBG and one of low affinity consistent with albumin. It is concluded that the TBG present in urine has the major physical and biochemical features of the intact molecule, but that minor conformational and/or charge alterations occurred during renal excretion. Interpretation of data on thyroid hormones in normal urine should take the presence of TBG into consideration.", "contents": "Detection of a thyroxine-binding protein physicochemically similar to serum thyroxine-binding globulin in normal human urine. Urine samples from 10 normal adult males were analyzed for T4-binding globulin (TBG) employing a sensitive and specific RIA for serum TBG. Urine TBG was detected at a concentration of 1.74 +/- 0.87 microgram/100 ml (mean +/- SD). The excretion rate was 13.2 +/- 6.5 microgram/g creatinine. There was no correlation between the daily excretion rate of TBG and the total urinary protein (r = 0.52). Analyses of this T4-binding protein by gel filtration and on both reverse flow paper and gel electrophoresis demonstrated similar characteristics to those of serum TBG and purified TBG. The maximum T4-binding capacity of urine TBG, determined by reverse flow paper electrophoresis and equilibrium dialysis, was similar to that of serum TBG. The association constant for T4 of urinary TBG (0.46 +/- 0.20 X 10(10) M-1), determined by equilibrium dialysis, was significantly less (P less than 0.01) than that of serum TBG at 1.43 +/- 0.23 X 10(10) M-1). The Scatchard analysis of the urinary data demonstrated two T4-binding sites, one of high affinity consistent with TBG and one of low affinity consistent with albumin. It is concluded that the TBG present in urine has the major physical and biochemical features of the intact molecule, but that minor conformational and/or charge alterations occurred during renal excretion. Interpretation of data on thyroid hormones in normal urine should take the presence of TBG into consideration.", "PMID": 107183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7577", "title": "Plasma cortisol response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in Cushing's disease.", "content": "In 3 of 6 patients with pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease, a paradoxical increase of plasma cortisol was observed both after LRH (delta max, 13.9 +/- 3.7 microgram/100 ml; 113 +/- 52%) and TRH (delta max, 8.0 +/- 2.9 microgram/100 ml; 53 +/- 18%) administration, the maximum values being achieved 30--60 min after the iv bolus injection. In the remaining 3 patients and in 15 control subjects, plasma cortisol levels did not rise in response to either LRH or TRH administration but rather showed a slight to distinct decrease during the study period. The paradoxical cortisol response in half of the patients with Cushing's disease may be the consequence of loss of specificity of the pituitary receptor or alteration in the hypothalamo-pituitary pathways.", "contents": "Plasma cortisol response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in Cushing's disease. In 3 of 6 patients with pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease, a paradoxical increase of plasma cortisol was observed both after LRH (delta max, 13.9 +/- 3.7 microgram/100 ml; 113 +/- 52%) and TRH (delta max, 8.0 +/- 2.9 microgram/100 ml; 53 +/- 18%) administration, the maximum values being achieved 30--60 min after the iv bolus injection. In the remaining 3 patients and in 15 control subjects, plasma cortisol levels did not rise in response to either LRH or TRH administration but rather showed a slight to distinct decrease during the study period. The paradoxical cortisol response in half of the patients with Cushing's disease may be the consequence of loss of specificity of the pituitary receptor or alteration in the hypothalamo-pituitary pathways.", "PMID": 107184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7578", "title": "Sensitive microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against the scrub typhus rickettsia, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.", "content": "A microtiter enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the titration of antibodies against scrub typhus in human and animal sera. Scrub typhus rickettsiae were grown in monolayers of irradiated mouse LM3 cells and separated from host cell materials by differential centrifugation, filtration through a glass filter (AP-20, Millipore Corp.), and isopycnic banding in Renografin density gradients. The scrub typhus ELISA antigens were obtained from the purified viable rickettsiae by French pressure cell disruption and addition of 0.2% Formalin to the soluble extract. Antisera prepared in rabbits against the prototype Karp, the Kato, and the Gilliam strains of scrub typhus were used to standardize the ELISA and to compare its sensitivity and specificity to that of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA). ELISA titers were measured as the greatest serum dilution showing an optical density 0.25 above controls or by the optical density achieved at a fixed serum dilution. The IFA and ELISA end point titers were quite similar, and all three measures of titer had comparable specificity for the strains of scrub typhus. No cross-reactions between the typhus and scrub typhus wera were observed by ELISA. Both the immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibody titers of 12 sequential sera from four patients with scrub typhus were obtained by IFA and ELISA. The IFA and ELISA end point titers for IgM and IgG had correlation coefficients of 0.91 and 0.97, respectively, whereas the ELISA optical density values at a serum dilution of 1:100 had slightly lower correlations with IFA titers (0.80 and 0.94). Early rising IgM titers followed by rising IgG titers were demonstrated by ELISA in three patients with primary scrub typhus infections, whereas the IgG response predominated in a patient with a reinfection. It is concluded that the ELISA for scrub typhus is a very satisfactory alternative to the IFA test.", "contents": "Sensitive microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against the scrub typhus rickettsia, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. A microtiter enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the titration of antibodies against scrub typhus in human and animal sera. Scrub typhus rickettsiae were grown in monolayers of irradiated mouse LM3 cells and separated from host cell materials by differential centrifugation, filtration through a glass filter (AP-20, Millipore Corp.), and isopycnic banding in Renografin density gradients. The scrub typhus ELISA antigens were obtained from the purified viable rickettsiae by French pressure cell disruption and addition of 0.2% Formalin to the soluble extract. Antisera prepared in rabbits against the prototype Karp, the Kato, and the Gilliam strains of scrub typhus were used to standardize the ELISA and to compare its sensitivity and specificity to that of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA). ELISA titers were measured as the greatest serum dilution showing an optical density 0.25 above controls or by the optical density achieved at a fixed serum dilution. The IFA and ELISA end point titers were quite similar, and all three measures of titer had comparable specificity for the strains of scrub typhus. No cross-reactions between the typhus and scrub typhus wera were observed by ELISA. Both the immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibody titers of 12 sequential sera from four patients with scrub typhus were obtained by IFA and ELISA. The IFA and ELISA end point titers for IgM and IgG had correlation coefficients of 0.91 and 0.97, respectively, whereas the ELISA optical density values at a serum dilution of 1:100 had slightly lower correlations with IFA titers (0.80 and 0.94). Early rising IgM titers followed by rising IgG titers were demonstrated by ELISA in three patients with primary scrub typhus infections, whereas the IgG response predominated in a patient with a reinfection. It is concluded that the ELISA for scrub typhus is a very satisfactory alternative to the IFA test.", "PMID": 107185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7579", "title": "Serotypes and antibiotic susceptibilities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from single sputa of cystic fibrosis patients.", "content": "A phenotypic characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from single sputum samples of 21 typical cystic fibrosis patients indicated a high frequency of heterogeneity among isolates on the basis of differences in antibiotic resistance, colony morphology, pigmentation, and serotype. Two or more isolates with different but stable susceptibilities to carbenicillin, gentamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim were detected in 38% of the sputa. Differences generally were independent of the mucoid state of the strain. O-antigen group determination with the Difco typing set showed that two or more serologically distinct strains were present in 10/21 sputum specimens. Nonmucoid derivatives of mucoid isolates almost always retained both the antibiotic susceptibilities and serotype of their parent strain. These data suggest that cystic fibrosis patients may be cocolonized/coinfected by different strains of P. aeruginosa more frequently than generally believed. Alternatively, phenotypically distinct strains from a single patient might arise as phenotypic dissociants from a single infecting strain. Because of the frequency and multiplicity of phenotypically distinct P. aeruginosa isolates which we obtained from our cystic fibrosis patients, it is important to select multiple isolates from sputum cultures for antimicrobial susceptibility testing so as to assess adequately the susceptibility of this organism to antibiotic therapy in cystic fibrosis. We recommend that several colonies of each distinguishable colony type of P. aeruginosa be pooled for the antibiogram.", "contents": "Serotypes and antibiotic susceptibilities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from single sputa of cystic fibrosis patients. A phenotypic characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from single sputum samples of 21 typical cystic fibrosis patients indicated a high frequency of heterogeneity among isolates on the basis of differences in antibiotic resistance, colony morphology, pigmentation, and serotype. Two or more isolates with different but stable susceptibilities to carbenicillin, gentamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim were detected in 38% of the sputa. Differences generally were independent of the mucoid state of the strain. O-antigen group determination with the Difco typing set showed that two or more serologically distinct strains were present in 10/21 sputum specimens. Nonmucoid derivatives of mucoid isolates almost always retained both the antibiotic susceptibilities and serotype of their parent strain. These data suggest that cystic fibrosis patients may be cocolonized/coinfected by different strains of P. aeruginosa more frequently than generally believed. Alternatively, phenotypically distinct strains from a single patient might arise as phenotypic dissociants from a single infecting strain. Because of the frequency and multiplicity of phenotypically distinct P. aeruginosa isolates which we obtained from our cystic fibrosis patients, it is important to select multiple isolates from sputum cultures for antimicrobial susceptibility testing so as to assess adequately the susceptibility of this organism to antibiotic therapy in cystic fibrosis. We recommend that several colonies of each distinguishable colony type of P. aeruginosa be pooled for the antibiogram.", "PMID": 107186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7580", "title": "Electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectral identification of acids produced by Neisseria meningitidis in a defined medium.", "content": "The acid metabolites and the cellular fatty acids of three strains of Neisseria meningitidis grown in a chemically defined liquid medium were determined with computerized frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Five acids not previously reported were subsequently identified: isobutyric, octanoic, decenoic (C10:1), dodecenoic (C12:1), and tetradecenoic (C14:1). These acids were produced during active metabolism and were not detected as cellular constituents. The frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography methods which we used provide a rapid, reliable, sensitive means of detecting both these and other metabolic and cellular acids in spent culture medium.", "contents": "Electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectral identification of acids produced by Neisseria meningitidis in a defined medium. The acid metabolites and the cellular fatty acids of three strains of Neisseria meningitidis grown in a chemically defined liquid medium were determined with computerized frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Five acids not previously reported were subsequently identified: isobutyric, octanoic, decenoic (C10:1), dodecenoic (C12:1), and tetradecenoic (C14:1). These acids were produced during active metabolism and were not detected as cellular constituents. The frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography methods which we used provide a rapid, reliable, sensitive means of detecting both these and other metabolic and cellular acids in spent culture medium.", "PMID": 107187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7581", "title": "Serotypes of Neisseria meningitidis isolated from patients in Norway during the first six months of 1978.", "content": "During the first 6 months of 1978, 114 strains of Neisseria meningitidis isolated from patients in Norway were serotyped. Among 27 group C strains, type 2 was most common, whereas 82% of the 82 group B isolates did not react with antisera to the standard serotypes 1 to 12. These strains were shown to belong to a new serotype, type 15. Also some group A and C strains had the type 15 antigen. Investigations on a possible immunoprophylaxis against group B meningococcal disease in Norway should accordingly proceed with type 15 rather than with type 2 meningococci.", "contents": "Serotypes of Neisseria meningitidis isolated from patients in Norway during the first six months of 1978. During the first 6 months of 1978, 114 strains of Neisseria meningitidis isolated from patients in Norway were serotyped. Among 27 group C strains, type 2 was most common, whereas 82% of the 82 group B isolates did not react with antisera to the standard serotypes 1 to 12. These strains were shown to belong to a new serotype, type 15. Also some group A and C strains had the type 15 antigen. Investigations on a possible immunoprophylaxis against group B meningococcal disease in Norway should accordingly proceed with type 15 rather than with type 2 meningococci.", "PMID": 107188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7582", "title": "Halophilic, lactose-positive Vibrio in a case of fatal septicemia.", "content": "A halophilic Vibrio species was isolated from blood cultures from a 59-year-old male with enteritis. The strain differed from Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus by its ability to ferment lactose, its production of beta-galactosidase, and its lower NaCl tolerance. A report of this infection and a description of the isolate is presented.", "contents": "Halophilic, lactose-positive Vibrio in a case of fatal septicemia. A halophilic Vibrio species was isolated from blood cultures from a 59-year-old male with enteritis. The strain differed from Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus by its ability to ferment lactose, its production of beta-galactosidase, and its lower NaCl tolerance. A report of this infection and a description of the isolate is presented.", "PMID": 107189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7583", "title": "Rapid identification of nonfermentative gram-negative rods by the Corning N/F system.", "content": "A total of 1,298 nonfermentative gram-negative rods were used to evaluate the performance of the individual biochemical tests in the N/F System and to determine whether the observed results included sufficient key reactions for rapid identification. The system included an oxidase test, two screening tubes providing 5 test reactions designed primarily to identify pigment-producing strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a plate providing 12 test reactions designed to identify other nonfermenters. With both the tubes and plates, most results were consistent with expected conventional test reactions. Use of the tubes permitted the identification of 90% of the strains of P. aeruginosa in 24 h and 97% in 48 h. Use of the plates permitted the identification of 95% of the other oxidative nonfermenters within 24 h and 96% within 48 h. Only 26% of weak and nonoxidative nonfermenters were identified because of the nonreactivity of these organisms in this system. There were no misidentifications based on misleading test results.", "contents": "Rapid identification of nonfermentative gram-negative rods by the Corning N/F system. A total of 1,298 nonfermentative gram-negative rods were used to evaluate the performance of the individual biochemical tests in the N/F System and to determine whether the observed results included sufficient key reactions for rapid identification. The system included an oxidase test, two screening tubes providing 5 test reactions designed primarily to identify pigment-producing strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a plate providing 12 test reactions designed to identify other nonfermenters. With both the tubes and plates, most results were consistent with expected conventional test reactions. Use of the tubes permitted the identification of 90% of the strains of P. aeruginosa in 24 h and 97% in 48 h. Use of the plates permitted the identification of 95% of the other oxidative nonfermenters within 24 h and 96% within 48 h. Only 26% of weak and nonoxidative nonfermenters were identified because of the nonreactivity of these organisms in this system. There were no misidentifications based on misleading test results.", "PMID": 107190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7584", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infections by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay designed to detect serotype 6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigens was evaluated for its ability to rapidly diagnose urinary tract infections. Twelve P. aeruginosa serotypes were easily differentiated in the assay from eight other gram-negative bacterial species. During log-phase growth, the assay detected antigens in culture when approximately 10(6) or more serotype 6 P. aeruginosa organisms were present. Both cell-associated and solubilized antigens were detected. The assay detected antigens in 13 of 17 urine specimens which grew greater than 10(5) P. aeruginosa, 3 of 38 which grew other gram-negative rods, and none of 83 with no growth. Two of the three positive specimens from the other gram-negative rod group probably also contained P. aeruginosa. No preincubation of the urine specimens was required, and results were available within 2.5 h. The assay represents an improvement over other procedures for rapidly diagnosing urinary tract infections in that it allows diagnosis by species and should be adaptable to semiautomation.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infections by radioimmunoassay. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay designed to detect serotype 6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigens was evaluated for its ability to rapidly diagnose urinary tract infections. Twelve P. aeruginosa serotypes were easily differentiated in the assay from eight other gram-negative bacterial species. During log-phase growth, the assay detected antigens in culture when approximately 10(6) or more serotype 6 P. aeruginosa organisms were present. Both cell-associated and solubilized antigens were detected. The assay detected antigens in 13 of 17 urine specimens which grew greater than 10(5) P. aeruginosa, 3 of 38 which grew other gram-negative rods, and none of 83 with no growth. Two of the three positive specimens from the other gram-negative rod group probably also contained P. aeruginosa. No preincubation of the urine specimens was required, and results were available within 2.5 h. The assay represents an improvement over other procedures for rapidly diagnosing urinary tract infections in that it allows diagnosis by species and should be adaptable to semiautomation.", "PMID": 107191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7585", "title": "Sensitive neutralization test for rubella antibody.", "content": "A modified rubella virus plaque neutralization test for measuring rubella antibody was developed based on the potentiation of the virus-antibody complex by heterologous anti-immunoglobulin. The test is highly sensitive, yielding titers on the average 50 to 100 times higher than the haemagglutination inhibition test or the conventional plaque neutralization test. The sensitivity of this enhanced neutralization test is somewhat limited by the existence of a prozone phenomenon which precludes testing of low-titered sera below a dilution of 1:16. No prozone effect was observed with cerebrospinal fluids. The specificity of the enhanced neutralization test was determined by seroconversion of individuals receiving rubella vaccine. Although the rubella hemagglutination inhibition test remains the test of choice in routine diagnostic and surveillance work, the enhanced rubella neutralization test is particularly useful in monitoring low-level antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with neurological disorders and in certain instances of vaccine failure.", "contents": "Sensitive neutralization test for rubella antibody. A modified rubella virus plaque neutralization test for measuring rubella antibody was developed based on the potentiation of the virus-antibody complex by heterologous anti-immunoglobulin. The test is highly sensitive, yielding titers on the average 50 to 100 times higher than the haemagglutination inhibition test or the conventional plaque neutralization test. The sensitivity of this enhanced neutralization test is somewhat limited by the existence of a prozone phenomenon which precludes testing of low-titered sera below a dilution of 1:16. No prozone effect was observed with cerebrospinal fluids. The specificity of the enhanced neutralization test was determined by seroconversion of individuals receiving rubella vaccine. Although the rubella hemagglutination inhibition test remains the test of choice in routine diagnostic and surveillance work, the enhanced rubella neutralization test is particularly useful in monitoring low-level antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with neurological disorders and in certain instances of vaccine failure.", "PMID": 107192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7586", "title": "Serological study of trichloroacetic acid extracts of Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Immunodiffusion techniques were used on trichloroacetic acid extracts from 10 strains of Bacteroides fragilis in detecting precipitating antibodies against this species in immune rabbit sera. Species and even strain specificities were observed in these precipitin reactions. Multiple antigens were detected in the extracts from some strains, whereas only one precipitin band per extract developed during agar-gel diffusion tests of others. The antigen extracts were found to be both heat stable and resistant to hydrolysis by alpha-chymotrypsin. Four serological patterns were demonstrated in homologous and heterologous reactions with the B. fragilis. antigen-antibody systems used. The results showed that some strains were serologically distinct from others, indicating that the strains tested are of more than one serotype.", "contents": "Serological study of trichloroacetic acid extracts of Bacteroides fragilis. Immunodiffusion techniques were used on trichloroacetic acid extracts from 10 strains of Bacteroides fragilis in detecting precipitating antibodies against this species in immune rabbit sera. Species and even strain specificities were observed in these precipitin reactions. Multiple antigens were detected in the extracts from some strains, whereas only one precipitin band per extract developed during agar-gel diffusion tests of others. The antigen extracts were found to be both heat stable and resistant to hydrolysis by alpha-chymotrypsin. Four serological patterns were demonstrated in homologous and heterologous reactions with the B. fragilis. antigen-antibody systems used. The results showed that some strains were serologically distinct from others, indicating that the strains tested are of more than one serotype.", "PMID": 107193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7587", "title": "Discrepancies in Weil-Felix and microimmunofluorescence test results for Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "content": "Only 4.2% of 284 single specimens and 17.6% of 51 pairs of sera reactive in Weil-Felix agglutination tests for Rocky Mountain spotted fever were confirmed by a specific Rickettsia rickettsii microimmunofluorescence test.", "contents": "Discrepancies in Weil-Felix and microimmunofluorescence test results for Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Only 4.2% of 284 single specimens and 17.6% of 51 pairs of sera reactive in Weil-Felix agglutination tests for Rocky Mountain spotted fever were confirmed by a specific Rickettsia rickettsii microimmunofluorescence test.", "PMID": 107194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7588", "title": "Acquired cell-mediated immunodepression in acute Chagas' disease.", "content": "In this study two groups of patients with acute Chagas' disease were identified. Group one consisted of five patients with apparent acute Chagas' disease. These patients showed symptoms and signals of an acute illness, such as high fever and enlarged spleen. One of these patients developed severe myocarditis and heart failure. Group two consisted of seven patients with inapparent acute Chagas' disease. This was a nonclinical entity, not perceived by the patient who did not seek medical care. The diagnosis was made by the shift of a serologic test which indicates the presence of immunoglobulin M antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi. The patients with apparent acute Chagas' disease showed positive delayed-type skin response to T. cruzi antigen. Also, their leukocytes showed significant inhibition of migration in the presence of this antigen. By contrast, the patients with the inapparent acute Chagas' disease did not show positive delayed-type skin response to T. cruzi antigen and no significant inhibition was observed when their cells migrated in the presence of this antigen. Of interest, none of these patients was capable of developing contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. However, three out of five patients with the apparent acute disease and all the normal control subjects showed positive contact reaction after sensitization to this drug. The results of these experiments would suggest that the thymus-derived (T)-lymphocyte function is depressed in patients with the clinically inapparent acute Chagas' disease. This immunodepression seems to be acquired in the course of the T. cruzi infection because all patients showed positive delayed-type skin response to at least one ubiquitous microbial extract, thus indicating previously normal T-cell function. We hypothesize that T. cruzi antigens may directly stimulate T cells with the concomitant release of factors that might become supressive for T-cell responses. Furthermore, the suppressive effect might interfere with the T-cell response to other antigens, such as to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene.", "contents": "Acquired cell-mediated immunodepression in acute Chagas' disease. In this study two groups of patients with acute Chagas' disease were identified. Group one consisted of five patients with apparent acute Chagas' disease. These patients showed symptoms and signals of an acute illness, such as high fever and enlarged spleen. One of these patients developed severe myocarditis and heart failure. Group two consisted of seven patients with inapparent acute Chagas' disease. This was a nonclinical entity, not perceived by the patient who did not seek medical care. The diagnosis was made by the shift of a serologic test which indicates the presence of immunoglobulin M antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi. The patients with apparent acute Chagas' disease showed positive delayed-type skin response to T. cruzi antigen. Also, their leukocytes showed significant inhibition of migration in the presence of this antigen. By contrast, the patients with the inapparent acute Chagas' disease did not show positive delayed-type skin response to T. cruzi antigen and no significant inhibition was observed when their cells migrated in the presence of this antigen. Of interest, none of these patients was capable of developing contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. However, three out of five patients with the apparent acute disease and all the normal control subjects showed positive contact reaction after sensitization to this drug. The results of these experiments would suggest that the thymus-derived (T)-lymphocyte function is depressed in patients with the clinically inapparent acute Chagas' disease. This immunodepression seems to be acquired in the course of the T. cruzi infection because all patients showed positive delayed-type skin response to at least one ubiquitous microbial extract, thus indicating previously normal T-cell function. We hypothesize that T. cruzi antigens may directly stimulate T cells with the concomitant release of factors that might become supressive for T-cell responses. Furthermore, the suppressive effect might interfere with the T-cell response to other antigens, such as to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene.", "PMID": 107195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7589", "title": "Gonococcal interactions with polymorphonuclear neutrophils: importance of the phagosome for bactericidal activity.", "content": "Gonococci are capable of attaching to the surface of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). In this location they resist phagocytosis and are not killed by PMN. To delineate the factors involved in the survival of these gonococci, we investigated the interaction of virulent gonococci, which adhere to cells and resist phagocytosis, and avirulent gonococci, which are phagocytized and killed by PMN. In the presence of serum, both virulent and avirulent gonococci associate equally well with PMN and stimulate increases in oxidative metabolism. In the absence of serum virulent gonococci attached to PMN and stimulated PMN oxidative metabolism to a greater extent than avirulent gonococci which did not attach to PMN (P = 0.0009). Therefore, the survival of virulent gonococci attached to the PMN surface is not a result of failure to activate oxidative and bactericidal mechanisms. Both virulent and avirulent gonococci stimulated equivalent PMN specific granule release as measured by the appearance of lactoferrin in the media. Phagocytosis of avirulent gonococci stimulated significantly greater beta-glucuronidase release (P = 0.01) and myeloperoxidase-mediated iodination of protein (P = 0.001) by PMN than attachment of virulent gonococci. In the absence of serum neither type of gonococci stimulated beta-glocuronidase release or protein iodination by PMN. Thus, virulent gonococci fail to stimulate primary granule release by PMN. To further assess the role of attachment versus ingestion on the survival of gonococci, PMN were treated with cytochalasin B to block ingestion. Cytochalasin B-treated PMN were unable to kill either virulent or avirulent gonococci despite normal degranulation stimulated by the latter. The failure of PMN to kill surface-attached gonococci appears to be a consequence of the failure of PMN to enclose the virulent gonococci within a phagosome. The phagocytic vacuole thus plays a critical role in normal PMN bactericidal activity by providing a closed space in which the proper concentration of substances may be achieved to generate microbicidal activity.", "contents": "Gonococcal interactions with polymorphonuclear neutrophils: importance of the phagosome for bactericidal activity. Gonococci are capable of attaching to the surface of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). In this location they resist phagocytosis and are not killed by PMN. To delineate the factors involved in the survival of these gonococci, we investigated the interaction of virulent gonococci, which adhere to cells and resist phagocytosis, and avirulent gonococci, which are phagocytized and killed by PMN. In the presence of serum, both virulent and avirulent gonococci associate equally well with PMN and stimulate increases in oxidative metabolism. In the absence of serum virulent gonococci attached to PMN and stimulated PMN oxidative metabolism to a greater extent than avirulent gonococci which did not attach to PMN (P = 0.0009). Therefore, the survival of virulent gonococci attached to the PMN surface is not a result of failure to activate oxidative and bactericidal mechanisms. Both virulent and avirulent gonococci stimulated equivalent PMN specific granule release as measured by the appearance of lactoferrin in the media. Phagocytosis of avirulent gonococci stimulated significantly greater beta-glucuronidase release (P = 0.01) and myeloperoxidase-mediated iodination of protein (P = 0.001) by PMN than attachment of virulent gonococci. In the absence of serum neither type of gonococci stimulated beta-glocuronidase release or protein iodination by PMN. Thus, virulent gonococci fail to stimulate primary granule release by PMN. To further assess the role of attachment versus ingestion on the survival of gonococci, PMN were treated with cytochalasin B to block ingestion. Cytochalasin B-treated PMN were unable to kill either virulent or avirulent gonococci despite normal degranulation stimulated by the latter. The failure of PMN to kill surface-attached gonococci appears to be a consequence of the failure of PMN to enclose the virulent gonococci within a phagosome. The phagocytic vacuole thus plays a critical role in normal PMN bactericidal activity by providing a closed space in which the proper concentration of substances may be achieved to generate microbicidal activity.", "PMID": 107196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7590", "title": "Paraprotein estimation: a comparison of immunochemical and densitometric techniques.", "content": "Paraproteins have been estimated by both immunochemical methods and densitometric analysis of electrophoretic strips. Correlation between the results obtained by these two methods, although generally good for assessing trends, varied between patients.", "contents": "Paraprotein estimation: a comparison of immunochemical and densitometric techniques. Paraproteins have been estimated by both immunochemical methods and densitometric analysis of electrophoretic strips. Correlation between the results obtained by these two methods, although generally good for assessing trends, varied between patients.", "PMID": 107197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7591", "title": "Determination of antibody levels to Candida albicans in healthy and hospitalised adults using a radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for antibody to Candida albicans is described. The test used whole, killed organisms as the antigen and radiolabelled sheep anti-human globulins to quantitate different classes of antibody to C. albicans. The assay has been compared with an Ouchterlony precipitin method and found to be simpler, more rapid, and more sensitive than the latter. Results obtained from two groups of symptomless adults indicated that the range of antibody level was wider for a hospitalised group than for a group of blood transfusion donors, particularly in respect of IgG and IgA antibody. The reason for the increase of antibody in hospital patients was not clear but may have been related to antibiotic therapy. The difficulties in interpretation of Candida serology have therefore been re-assessed in the light of more detailed knowledge of the range and type of antibody to be expected in normal individuals.", "contents": "Determination of antibody levels to Candida albicans in healthy and hospitalised adults using a radioimmunoassay. A radioimmunoassay for antibody to Candida albicans is described. The test used whole, killed organisms as the antigen and radiolabelled sheep anti-human globulins to quantitate different classes of antibody to C. albicans. The assay has been compared with an Ouchterlony precipitin method and found to be simpler, more rapid, and more sensitive than the latter. Results obtained from two groups of symptomless adults indicated that the range of antibody level was wider for a hospitalised group than for a group of blood transfusion donors, particularly in respect of IgG and IgA antibody. The reason for the increase of antibody in hospital patients was not clear but may have been related to antibiotic therapy. The difficulties in interpretation of Candida serology have therefore been re-assessed in the light of more detailed knowledge of the range and type of antibody to be expected in normal individuals.", "PMID": 107198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7592", "title": "Carriage of group D streptococci in the human bowel.", "content": "Sixty faecal samples, 39 from adults and 21 from neonates, were investigated by means of a simple scheme to isolate and identify any group D streptococci present. A number of differences were found between the two groups. Group D streptococci were absent from 43% of the neonates compared with only 13% of the adults; Streptococcus bovis was commoner in the neonates (23.8%) than in the adults (5%), and Streptococcus faecium was not isolated from any of the infant samples although it was common in the adult samples (25%). The viable counts of Strep. faecium were found to be, on average, 100-fold lower than those of Streptococcus faecalis. The methods and results are discussed with reference to the clinical significance of group D streptococci, especially in bacterial endocarditis and carcinoma of the colon.", "contents": "Carriage of group D streptococci in the human bowel. Sixty faecal samples, 39 from adults and 21 from neonates, were investigated by means of a simple scheme to isolate and identify any group D streptococci present. A number of differences were found between the two groups. Group D streptococci were absent from 43% of the neonates compared with only 13% of the adults; Streptococcus bovis was commoner in the neonates (23.8%) than in the adults (5%), and Streptococcus faecium was not isolated from any of the infant samples although it was common in the adult samples (25%). The viable counts of Strep. faecium were found to be, on average, 100-fold lower than those of Streptococcus faecalis. The methods and results are discussed with reference to the clinical significance of group D streptococci, especially in bacterial endocarditis and carcinoma of the colon.", "PMID": 107199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7593", "title": "Biosynthesis and characterisation of IgMlambda in a case of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with intracellular immunoglobulin inclusions.", "content": "Lymphocytes from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were found to contain crystalline inclusions in the cytoplasm. These crystals were characterised as IgMlambda immunoglobulin. The cells did not have detectable surface immunoglobulin. No paraprotein was detected in the serum and no excess of immunoglobulin was detected in the urine. The cells incorporated radioactive leucine into mu and lambda chains during an 18-hour culture. Studies of labelled lysate immunoglobulin revealed a molar excess of heavy chain over light chain while in contrast free light chain was the only detectable secreted immunoglobulin product during the culture period. These findings are discussed in relation to immunoglobulin synthesis by normal and other neoplastic lymphocyte preparations.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and characterisation of IgMlambda in a case of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with intracellular immunoglobulin inclusions. Lymphocytes from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were found to contain crystalline inclusions in the cytoplasm. These crystals were characterised as IgMlambda immunoglobulin. The cells did not have detectable surface immunoglobulin. No paraprotein was detected in the serum and no excess of immunoglobulin was detected in the urine. The cells incorporated radioactive leucine into mu and lambda chains during an 18-hour culture. Studies of labelled lysate immunoglobulin revealed a molar excess of heavy chain over light chain while in contrast free light chain was the only detectable secreted immunoglobulin product during the culture period. These findings are discussed in relation to immunoglobulin synthesis by normal and other neoplastic lymphocyte preparations.", "PMID": 107201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7594", "title": "Severe clinical conditions associated with Bacillus cereus and the apparent involvement of exotoxins.", "content": "Twenty-one cases of infection with Bacillus cereus are summarised. The histories supplied showed that at least 15 of these were associated with severe or potentially severe symptoms including two deaths. Analysis of the production of exotoxins, including haemolysin and phospholipase, by these strains is given, and the relevance of these metabolites to the severity of the condition is discussed. Three incidents of bovine mastitis resulting from B. cereus and involving three deaths are also included. The observations presented here together with those of previous reports which are reviewed indicate that B. cereus may be of clinical importance, not just an opportunist but also as an agent of potentially severe infections in its own right.", "contents": "Severe clinical conditions associated with Bacillus cereus and the apparent involvement of exotoxins. Twenty-one cases of infection with Bacillus cereus are summarised. The histories supplied showed that at least 15 of these were associated with severe or potentially severe symptoms including two deaths. Analysis of the production of exotoxins, including haemolysin and phospholipase, by these strains is given, and the relevance of these metabolites to the severity of the condition is discussed. Three incidents of bovine mastitis resulting from B. cereus and involving three deaths are also included. The observations presented here together with those of previous reports which are reviewed indicate that B. cereus may be of clinical importance, not just an opportunist but also as an agent of potentially severe infections in its own right.", "PMID": 107202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7595", "title": "Projections from cortex to tectum in the tree shrew, Tupaia glis.", "content": "Sensory neocortex of the tree shrew was divided into three main areas: the visual field, the auditory field, and the somatic field which includes motor cortex. Cortical cells which project to the tectum were identified by injecting HRP into superficial or deep layers of the superior colliculus and into various parts of the inferior colliculus. The main result is that these descending projections are well organized according to their origin in the three main sensory fields of the cortex. (1) Auditory field: labeled cells are found only in the core or auditory koniocortex, after injections of HRP in the pericentral area of the inferior colliculus; labeled cells are found in auditory belt areas after injections in posterior parts of the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, adjacent to the inferior colliculus. (2) Somatic field: labeled cells are also found in the somatic field after injections in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, so that auditory and somatic fields probably overlap to some extent. The results do not exclude the possibility that somatic koniocortex has an exclusive target in the intermediate or deep layers of the superior colliculus. (3) Visual field: labeled cells are found only in the core or striate cortex after injections in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. Labeled cells are found in the visual belt after injections in the rostral parts of the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. When these results are related to ascending sensory pathways a picture emerges of a series of circuits or loops which interconnect parallel sensory pathways. These loops eventually reach the deep layers of the superior colliculus which of course have indirect access to motor neurons.", "contents": "Projections from cortex to tectum in the tree shrew, Tupaia glis. Sensory neocortex of the tree shrew was divided into three main areas: the visual field, the auditory field, and the somatic field which includes motor cortex. Cortical cells which project to the tectum were identified by injecting HRP into superficial or deep layers of the superior colliculus and into various parts of the inferior colliculus. The main result is that these descending projections are well organized according to their origin in the three main sensory fields of the cortex. (1) Auditory field: labeled cells are found only in the core or auditory koniocortex, after injections of HRP in the pericentral area of the inferior colliculus; labeled cells are found in auditory belt areas after injections in posterior parts of the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, adjacent to the inferior colliculus. (2) Somatic field: labeled cells are also found in the somatic field after injections in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, so that auditory and somatic fields probably overlap to some extent. The results do not exclude the possibility that somatic koniocortex has an exclusive target in the intermediate or deep layers of the superior colliculus. (3) Visual field: labeled cells are found only in the core or striate cortex after injections in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. Labeled cells are found in the visual belt after injections in the rostral parts of the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. When these results are related to ascending sensory pathways a picture emerges of a series of circuits or loops which interconnect parallel sensory pathways. These loops eventually reach the deep layers of the superior colliculus which of course have indirect access to motor neurons.", "PMID": 107203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7596", "title": "Connections of areas 3b and 1 of the parietal somatosensory strip with the ventroposterior nucleus in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus).", "content": "Anatomical tracers were injected into electrophysiologically defined sites in somatosensory cortical Area 3b (SI proper) and Area I (posterior cutaneous field) of owl monkeys after these cortical subdivisions had been extensively explored in microelectrode mapping experiments. These mapping experiments revealed that both Areas 3b and 1 contain complete and separate representations of the body surface (Merzenich et al., '78). Restricted injections of the retrograde tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), into either Area 3b or Area 1 labeled neurons within a band of cells in the ventroposterior nucleus (VP). The location of the labeled band in VP varied with the location of the injection site in both representations, and the labeled region of VP was overlapping for injections in corresponding body parts in the two representations. Neurons projecting to the hand and foot cortical representations were in architectonically identified subnuclei. Because injections into either Area 3b or Area 1 labeled over half of the neurons in the appropriate regions of VP, it appears that some neurons in VP project to both cortical representations. Finally, injections of HRP combined with the anterograde tracer, 3H-proline, indicate that VP neurons are reciprocally interconnected with both Areas 3b and 1.", "contents": "Connections of areas 3b and 1 of the parietal somatosensory strip with the ventroposterior nucleus in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). Anatomical tracers were injected into electrophysiologically defined sites in somatosensory cortical Area 3b (SI proper) and Area I (posterior cutaneous field) of owl monkeys after these cortical subdivisions had been extensively explored in microelectrode mapping experiments. These mapping experiments revealed that both Areas 3b and 1 contain complete and separate representations of the body surface (Merzenich et al., '78). Restricted injections of the retrograde tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), into either Area 3b or Area 1 labeled neurons within a band of cells in the ventroposterior nucleus (VP). The location of the labeled band in VP varied with the location of the injection site in both representations, and the labeled region of VP was overlapping for injections in corresponding body parts in the two representations. Neurons projecting to the hand and foot cortical representations were in architectonically identified subnuclei. Because injections into either Area 3b or Area 1 labeled over half of the neurons in the appropriate regions of VP, it appears that some neurons in VP project to both cortical representations. Finally, injections of HRP combined with the anterograde tracer, 3H-proline, indicate that VP neurons are reciprocally interconnected with both Areas 3b and 1.", "PMID": 107204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7597", "title": "Immunologic and biochemical evaluation of the potency of whole insect body extracts.", "content": "Recent studies have indicated that currently available whole body extracts have little potency and are ineffective for diagnosis and treatment of stinging insect allergy. Pure venom is a potent effective allergen but is difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities from all Hymenoptera species. In these studies, an attempt was made to prepare a potent whole body extract. Whole bee body extracts were prepared with different extraction periods and at cold and room temperatures. Potency was examined biochemically by measurements of phospholipase A (PLA) activity and immunologically by PLA and bee venom radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition experiments and gel diffusion studies with the use of rabbit antisera. All extracts prepared in the laboratory had some potency, indicating that it is possible to make a whole body extract containing small quantities of PLA or bee venom. However, the potency of these extracts was minimal as compared with bee venom. Three commercial extracts were almost devoid of detectable immunologic activity. While further attempts may be made to prepare a potent whole body insect extract, these results suggest that it is necessary to obtain venom in relatively pure form for the diagnosis and treatment of stinging insect allergy.", "contents": "Immunologic and biochemical evaluation of the potency of whole insect body extracts. Recent studies have indicated that currently available whole body extracts have little potency and are ineffective for diagnosis and treatment of stinging insect allergy. Pure venom is a potent effective allergen but is difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities from all Hymenoptera species. In these studies, an attempt was made to prepare a potent whole body extract. Whole bee body extracts were prepared with different extraction periods and at cold and room temperatures. Potency was examined biochemically by measurements of phospholipase A (PLA) activity and immunologically by PLA and bee venom radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition experiments and gel diffusion studies with the use of rabbit antisera. All extracts prepared in the laboratory had some potency, indicating that it is possible to make a whole body extract containing small quantities of PLA or bee venom. However, the potency of these extracts was minimal as compared with bee venom. Three commercial extracts were almost devoid of detectable immunologic activity. While further attempts may be made to prepare a potent whole body insect extract, these results suggest that it is necessary to obtain venom in relatively pure form for the diagnosis and treatment of stinging insect allergy.", "PMID": 107209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7598", "title": "Auditing the process of care in a new geriatric unit.", "content": "To assess whether the objectives of a new Extended Care Unit were reflected in the care of the patients and in the outcome of that care, an audit of the patients' records was performed. The audit sample involved 101 geriatric patients who had been admitted to the Unit for rehabilitation therapy, and then discharged. The study included assessment of the records for compliance with individual audit criteria, examination of the records in terms of a composite audit score, and analysis of the relationship between these scores and three outcome indices. Although the audit did not show a significant correlation between recorded care processes and treatment outcomes, it did reveal the extent to which the Unit's goals were reflected in the care process.", "contents": "Auditing the process of care in a new geriatric unit. To assess whether the objectives of a new Extended Care Unit were reflected in the care of the patients and in the outcome of that care, an audit of the patients' records was performed. The audit sample involved 101 geriatric patients who had been admitted to the Unit for rehabilitation therapy, and then discharged. The study included assessment of the records for compliance with individual audit criteria, examination of the records in terms of a composite audit score, and analysis of the relationship between these scores and three outcome indices. Although the audit did not show a significant correlation between recorded care processes and treatment outcomes, it did reveal the extent to which the Unit's goals were reflected in the care process.", "PMID": 107211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7599", "title": "Hyperthyroidism in the elderly.", "content": "In 65 elderly hyperthyroid patients (age range 50-78 years), sex differences, signs and symptoms and thyroid function were studied and the data were compared with those on 48 young hyperthyroid patients (age range 20-29 years). The incidence of hyperthyroidism was 3.5 times higher in females than in males among the young patients, whereas it was approximately equal in males and females among the elderly patients. Signs and symptoms conformed with the textbook description in the young subjects but not in the elderly ones. Measurements of serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) proved useful in preventing false diagnoses in elderly patients with atypical symptoms. In some elderly subjects with marginal increases of serum T3 and T4 concentrations, measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) after administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was required to achieve an accurate diagnosis. Serum T3 and T4 levels and the thyroidal uptake of radioiodine were slightly but not significantly lower in the elderly than in the young patients. A high titer of circulating thyroid auto-antibody in the elderly may be related to this slight decrease in thyroid function. Serum T3 levels were significantly lower in the elderly than in the young subjects; this suggests impairment of peripheral monodeiodination of T4. Any abnormal serum levels of T4, T3, and TSH before and after administration of TRH could easily be restored to normal by treatment with antithyroid drugs in the elderly patients.", "contents": "Hyperthyroidism in the elderly. In 65 elderly hyperthyroid patients (age range 50-78 years), sex differences, signs and symptoms and thyroid function were studied and the data were compared with those on 48 young hyperthyroid patients (age range 20-29 years). The incidence of hyperthyroidism was 3.5 times higher in females than in males among the young patients, whereas it was approximately equal in males and females among the elderly patients. Signs and symptoms conformed with the textbook description in the young subjects but not in the elderly ones. Measurements of serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) proved useful in preventing false diagnoses in elderly patients with atypical symptoms. In some elderly subjects with marginal increases of serum T3 and T4 concentrations, measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) after administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was required to achieve an accurate diagnosis. Serum T3 and T4 levels and the thyroidal uptake of radioiodine were slightly but not significantly lower in the elderly than in the young patients. A high titer of circulating thyroid auto-antibody in the elderly may be related to this slight decrease in thyroid function. Serum T3 levels were significantly lower in the elderly than in the young subjects; this suggests impairment of peripheral monodeiodination of T4. Any abnormal serum levels of T4, T3, and TSH before and after administration of TRH could easily be restored to normal by treatment with antithyroid drugs in the elderly patients.", "PMID": 107212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7600", "title": "d-Amphetamine in elderly patients refractory to rehabilitation procedures.", "content": "This report concerns the use of d-amphetamine in 88 elderly inpatients who initially failed to respond to rehabilitation procedures. These patients exhibited characteristics of the Poor Motivation Syndrome (PMS), not associated with depression or dementia. The syndrome was seen five times more frequently in women. d-Amphetamine was given for three weeks in increasing dosage (2.5--10.0 mg twice daily). The responses were scored according to mobility, self-care and motivation. Of the 88 patients, 48 improved and another 28 were discharged who would otherwise have remained dependent nursing cases. An unexpected finding was that 17 patients showed an age-related resistance to the effects of the drug (P less than 0.05). The likelihood of a beneficial response also diminished with increasing age (P less than 0.01). Side effects were in the psychiatric sphere; they occurred in 23 patients early in treatment and were not age-related; the drug was withdrawn. Thus treatment with d-amphetamine should be restricted to selected patients who satisfy the diagnostic criteria of PMS, and administration should be carefully supervised. With these safeguards, a substantial proportion of patients previously refractory to rehabilitation will show improvement, become more independent and may be discharged from the hospital in a much more active, less dependent state of mine and body.", "contents": "d-Amphetamine in elderly patients refractory to rehabilitation procedures. This report concerns the use of d-amphetamine in 88 elderly inpatients who initially failed to respond to rehabilitation procedures. These patients exhibited characteristics of the Poor Motivation Syndrome (PMS), not associated with depression or dementia. The syndrome was seen five times more frequently in women. d-Amphetamine was given for three weeks in increasing dosage (2.5--10.0 mg twice daily). The responses were scored according to mobility, self-care and motivation. Of the 88 patients, 48 improved and another 28 were discharged who would otherwise have remained dependent nursing cases. An unexpected finding was that 17 patients showed an age-related resistance to the effects of the drug (P less than 0.05). The likelihood of a beneficial response also diminished with increasing age (P less than 0.01). Side effects were in the psychiatric sphere; they occurred in 23 patients early in treatment and were not age-related; the drug was withdrawn. Thus treatment with d-amphetamine should be restricted to selected patients who satisfy the diagnostic criteria of PMS, and administration should be carefully supervised. With these safeguards, a substantial proportion of patients previously refractory to rehabilitation will show improvement, become more independent and may be discharged from the hospital in a much more active, less dependent state of mine and body.", "PMID": 107213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7601", "title": "Effectiveness of hypertension screening in an urban optometric clinic.", "content": "461 randomly selected eyecare patients were screened for systemic hypertension at the clinic of the University Optometric Center, State College of Optometry, State University of New York. The results of this survey showed 52 screening failures, 30 of whom had previously been identified as having hypertension. The study showed that the screening and follow-up added $2.00 per patient to the chair cost. The authors concluded that the information provided to our patients, students and practitioners warrants this cost.", "contents": "Effectiveness of hypertension screening in an urban optometric clinic. 461 randomly selected eyecare patients were screened for systemic hypertension at the clinic of the University Optometric Center, State College of Optometry, State University of New York. The results of this survey showed 52 screening failures, 30 of whom had previously been identified as having hypertension. The study showed that the screening and follow-up added $2.00 per patient to the chair cost. The authors concluded that the information provided to our patients, students and practitioners warrants this cost.", "PMID": 107214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7602", "title": "Occult thyroid disease in an elderly hospitalized population.", "content": "Measurements of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyrotropin (TSH), and T3 talc uptake (T3TU) were performed on 425 hospitalized patients over 60 years of age. Unsuspected thyroid disease was found in 10 patients (2.4%); 9 were hypothyroid and 1 hyperthyroid. Another 11% of the population had abnormal T4 or TSH levels but were not proved to have thyroid disease. Repeat measurements in 10 of 40 patients with low serum T4 concentrations showed a return of the tests to normal. The low T4 levels occurred in patients who were seriously ill and were usually associated with low T3TU values. Low serum T3 concentrations were observed in 32 of the patients. Although we found TSH to be the most useful test in the diagnosis of hypothyroidism, it is a relatively expensive test and is not helpful in screening for hyperthyroidism. The present results suggest that the best single test for screening for occult thyroid disease is a serum T4 measurement. We recommend a T4 test on all hospitalized patients over age 60 years. Serum should be held in the laboratory for measurement of TSH concentration if the T4 result is below 6.5 micrograms/dl. A T3 resin or talc uptake and a serum T3 measurement should be performed to rule out hyperthyroidism if the serum T4 concentration is elevated. This regimen will identify virtually all cases of occult thyroid disease.", "contents": "Occult thyroid disease in an elderly hospitalized population. Measurements of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyrotropin (TSH), and T3 talc uptake (T3TU) were performed on 425 hospitalized patients over 60 years of age. Unsuspected thyroid disease was found in 10 patients (2.4%); 9 were hypothyroid and 1 hyperthyroid. Another 11% of the population had abnormal T4 or TSH levels but were not proved to have thyroid disease. Repeat measurements in 10 of 40 patients with low serum T4 concentrations showed a return of the tests to normal. The low T4 levels occurred in patients who were seriously ill and were usually associated with low T3TU values. Low serum T3 concentrations were observed in 32 of the patients. Although we found TSH to be the most useful test in the diagnosis of hypothyroidism, it is a relatively expensive test and is not helpful in screening for hyperthyroidism. The present results suggest that the best single test for screening for occult thyroid disease is a serum T4 measurement. We recommend a T4 test on all hospitalized patients over age 60 years. Serum should be held in the laboratory for measurement of TSH concentration if the T4 result is below 6.5 micrograms/dl. A T3 resin or talc uptake and a serum T3 measurement should be performed to rule out hyperthyroidism if the serum T4 concentration is elevated. This regimen will identify virtually all cases of occult thyroid disease.", "PMID": 107216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7603", "title": "When a solution is not a solution: Medicaid and Health Maintenance Organizations.", "content": "Health Maintenance Organization (HMOs) are repeatedly described as a general solution to the health care crisis and a specific solution to the problems confronting Medicare and Medicaid. The potential incorporation of HMOs into Medicaid has promised to improve the states' ability to accurately budget program expenditures, simplify management, eliminate abusive practices directly linked to fee-for-service (e.g., billing for undelivered services for providing unnecessary care) and, most important, contain costs. At the same time it has promised to increase access to mainstream medicine. Experience has shown, however, that the promise has often been severely compromised by unethical HMO marketing practices, inadequacy of services and excessive administrative costs. This article examines some of the reasons: the political process which created HMOs, the rhetorical claims which exaggerated the strengths of prepaid group practice and distorted the formulation of policy, and the peculiar characteristics of the Medicaid program which have caused Medicaid HMOs to deviate considerably from theoretical expectations.", "contents": "When a solution is not a solution: Medicaid and Health Maintenance Organizations. Health Maintenance Organization (HMOs) are repeatedly described as a general solution to the health care crisis and a specific solution to the problems confronting Medicare and Medicaid. The potential incorporation of HMOs into Medicaid has promised to improve the states' ability to accurately budget program expenditures, simplify management, eliminate abusive practices directly linked to fee-for-service (e.g., billing for undelivered services for providing unnecessary care) and, most important, contain costs. At the same time it has promised to increase access to mainstream medicine. Experience has shown, however, that the promise has often been severely compromised by unethical HMO marketing practices, inadequacy of services and excessive administrative costs. This article examines some of the reasons: the political process which created HMOs, the rhetorical claims which exaggerated the strengths of prepaid group practice and distorted the formulation of policy, and the peculiar characteristics of the Medicaid program which have caused Medicaid HMOs to deviate considerably from theoretical expectations.", "PMID": 107219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7604", "title": "Rationales for public health insurance coverage of geriatric day care: issues, options, and impacts.", "content": "America's long-term care system has been widely criticized for many shortcomings. It relies too heavily upon institutional services, it is too costly, it forces inappropriate levels of care upon patients by offering too few options, in too many instances it offers inferior quality care, and it places too much emphasis on caring for physical ills without concern for enhancing patients' quality of life. Alternative modes and settings now under consideration could solve one or more of these problems, but the choices would be constrained by financial and technical barriers. Different choices have profoundly different consequences for costs and numbers and types of patients served. This paper considers different roles and their consequences for one alternative: geriatric day care. The issues raised apply to other alternatives.", "contents": "Rationales for public health insurance coverage of geriatric day care: issues, options, and impacts. America's long-term care system has been widely criticized for many shortcomings. It relies too heavily upon institutional services, it is too costly, it forces inappropriate levels of care upon patients by offering too few options, in too many instances it offers inferior quality care, and it places too much emphasis on caring for physical ills without concern for enhancing patients' quality of life. Alternative modes and settings now under consideration could solve one or more of these problems, but the choices would be constrained by financial and technical barriers. Different choices have profoundly different consequences for costs and numbers and types of patients served. This paper considers different roles and their consequences for one alternative: geriatric day care. The issues raised apply to other alternatives.", "PMID": 107220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7605", "title": "Sero-epidemiological survey of scrub typhus.", "content": "A total of 1017 human sera from ecologically different areas in the states of Rajasthan and Jammu & Kashmir were subjected to the CF test using the Gilliam strain antigen of R. tsutsugamushi. Results revealed that 2.4% and 3.5% of the populations examined in the two states respectively, were found to possess antibodies to the test antigen. The titres of positive sera varied from 1:8 to 1:32. Findings of this survey could be correlated with the local topography, presence or absence of vector and the exposure of susceptible population to the rickettsial agent. However, the presence of hidden foci in the neighbouring areas not covered by the current survey cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Sero-epidemiological survey of scrub typhus. A total of 1017 human sera from ecologically different areas in the states of Rajasthan and Jammu & Kashmir were subjected to the CF test using the Gilliam strain antigen of R. tsutsugamushi. Results revealed that 2.4% and 3.5% of the populations examined in the two states respectively, were found to possess antibodies to the test antigen. The titres of positive sera varied from 1:8 to 1:32. Findings of this survey could be correlated with the local topography, presence or absence of vector and the exposure of susceptible population to the rickettsial agent. However, the presence of hidden foci in the neighbouring areas not covered by the current survey cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 107239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7606", "title": "Ultrastructural localisation of lipopolysaccharide-binding sites with peroxidase-conjugated lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "The localisation of lipopolysaccharide-binding sites on erythrocytes with peroxidase-coupled LPS is described. LPS was isolated from Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fus MC-8) by phenol-water extraction. The LPS was coupled to horseradish peroxidase by the two-step method of Avrameas and Ternynck (1971). The biological and serological activities of the conjugated LPS were compared with those of the native material. Peroxidase could be coupled to LPS without significant loss of endotoxic or serological activity. The LPS-peroxidase conjugate could be demonstrated on erythrocytes by light and electron microscopy.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localisation of lipopolysaccharide-binding sites with peroxidase-conjugated lipopolysaccharides. The localisation of lipopolysaccharide-binding sites on erythrocytes with peroxidase-coupled LPS is described. LPS was isolated from Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fus MC-8) by phenol-water extraction. The LPS was coupled to horseradish peroxidase by the two-step method of Avrameas and Ternynck (1971). The biological and serological activities of the conjugated LPS were compared with those of the native material. Peroxidase could be coupled to LPS without significant loss of endotoxic or serological activity. The LPS-peroxidase conjugate could be demonstrated on erythrocytes by light and electron microscopy.", "PMID": 107240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7607", "title": "Molecular properties of T-lymphoma immunoglobulin. II. Peptide composition of the heavy chain.", "content": "In order to obtain structural information and to facilitate studies of the covalent structure of T-cell immunoglobulin, we have performed investigations of the peptide fragments of the heavy chain of this molecule, on a comparative basis, with heavy chains of serum immunoglobulins. T-cell immunoglobulin was isolated from 125I-labelled culture medium of monoclonal continuously cultured T-lymphoma cells by means of immunoadsorbents. Peptides were prepared from the purified 125I-labelled heavy chain by means of cleavage with cyanogen bromide or digestion with trypsin. We then resolved these peptides and compared them with those peptides derived from 131I-labelled murine mu, gamma and alpha chains separately and in mixed label experiments by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing buffers, 2 dimensional peptide mapping and ion exchange chromatography. The profiles of the radiolabelled peptides obtained from the T-lymphoma heavy chains were quite distinct from those of murine gamma chains but indicated a structural similarity to both mu and alpha chains, which share some common peptides. These results are consistent with the antigenic and physicochemical data available and suggest that T-cell immunoglobulin is a new isotype that shows similarities to IgA and IgM, but of which the precise nature of the constant region has yet to be delineated.", "contents": "Molecular properties of T-lymphoma immunoglobulin. II. Peptide composition of the heavy chain. In order to obtain structural information and to facilitate studies of the covalent structure of T-cell immunoglobulin, we have performed investigations of the peptide fragments of the heavy chain of this molecule, on a comparative basis, with heavy chains of serum immunoglobulins. T-cell immunoglobulin was isolated from 125I-labelled culture medium of monoclonal continuously cultured T-lymphoma cells by means of immunoadsorbents. Peptides were prepared from the purified 125I-labelled heavy chain by means of cleavage with cyanogen bromide or digestion with trypsin. We then resolved these peptides and compared them with those peptides derived from 131I-labelled murine mu, gamma and alpha chains separately and in mixed label experiments by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing buffers, 2 dimensional peptide mapping and ion exchange chromatography. The profiles of the radiolabelled peptides obtained from the T-lymphoma heavy chains were quite distinct from those of murine gamma chains but indicated a structural similarity to both mu and alpha chains, which share some common peptides. These results are consistent with the antigenic and physicochemical data available and suggest that T-cell immunoglobulin is a new isotype that shows similarities to IgA and IgM, but of which the precise nature of the constant region has yet to be delineated.", "PMID": 107242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7608", "title": "Molecular properties of T-lymphoma immunoglobulin. III. Peptide composition of the light chain.", "content": "Structural studies of T-cell immunoglobulin light chains have been carried out in order to ascertain whether they possess a unique structure or if they resemble standard kappa or lambda isotypes. T-cell immunoglobulin was isolated from 125I-labelled culture medium of monoclonal, continuously cultured T-lymphoma cells, and the purified 125I-labelled light chains were subjected to either cleavage by cyanogen bromide or digestion with trypsin. These peptides were then resolved and compared with those derived from 125I- and 131I-labelled murine kappa and lambda chains in mixed label experiments, by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing buffers and ion exchange chromatography. The profiles obtained suggested that T-lymphoma immunoglobulin light chains are immunoglobulin polypeptides and most closely resemble kappa chains. These results support available antigenic and mRNA hybridization data, which also suggest that T cells bear kappa-like light chains.", "contents": "Molecular properties of T-lymphoma immunoglobulin. III. Peptide composition of the light chain. Structural studies of T-cell immunoglobulin light chains have been carried out in order to ascertain whether they possess a unique structure or if they resemble standard kappa or lambda isotypes. T-cell immunoglobulin was isolated from 125I-labelled culture medium of monoclonal, continuously cultured T-lymphoma cells, and the purified 125I-labelled light chains were subjected to either cleavage by cyanogen bromide or digestion with trypsin. These peptides were then resolved and compared with those derived from 125I- and 131I-labelled murine kappa and lambda chains in mixed label experiments, by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing buffers and ion exchange chromatography. The profiles obtained suggested that T-lymphoma immunoglobulin light chains are immunoglobulin polypeptides and most closely resemble kappa chains. These results support available antigenic and mRNA hybridization data, which also suggest that T cells bear kappa-like light chains.", "PMID": 107243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7609", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to mammalian chymotrypsins in mice. I. The immune response to high doses of bovine alpha-chymotrypsin.", "content": "The primary and secondary immune response to the antigen bovine pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsin was investigated in inbred mice. It was found that strain differences in the immune response only became apparent after secondary immunization. The genetic control of the immune response was investigated in twelve different strains of mice, F1, F2 and F1 backcross hybrids, following secondary immunization. A continuous distribution for the mean antibody responsiveness was obtained. High responsiveness was associated with both the H-2 haplotype and three non-H-2 loci. Furthermore the F1 hybrids produced a greater quantitative antibody response to chymotrypsin than either of the corresponding parental strains.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to mammalian chymotrypsins in mice. I. The immune response to high doses of bovine alpha-chymotrypsin. The primary and secondary immune response to the antigen bovine pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsin was investigated in inbred mice. It was found that strain differences in the immune response only became apparent after secondary immunization. The genetic control of the immune response was investigated in twelve different strains of mice, F1, F2 and F1 backcross hybrids, following secondary immunization. A continuous distribution for the mean antibody responsiveness was obtained. High responsiveness was associated with both the H-2 haplotype and three non-H-2 loci. Furthermore the F1 hybrids produced a greater quantitative antibody response to chymotrypsin than either of the corresponding parental strains.", "PMID": 107244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7610", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to mammalian chymotrypsins in mice. II. The immune response to low doses of bovine alpha-chymotrypsin.", "content": "The immune response to the antigen bovine pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsin was investigated in ten recombinant strains of mice. Using a fixed antigen-percentage bound isotope technique, it was found that the quantity of antibody produced was related to the H-2 haplotype of the responding animal. A continuous distribution for the mean antibody responses was obtained for the ten strains of mice. High responsiveness was associated with the H-2 haplotype gamma2. The genetic control of the immune response to this immunogen was found to be both quantitative and qualitative.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to mammalian chymotrypsins in mice. II. The immune response to low doses of bovine alpha-chymotrypsin. The immune response to the antigen bovine pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsin was investigated in ten recombinant strains of mice. Using a fixed antigen-percentage bound isotope technique, it was found that the quantity of antibody produced was related to the H-2 haplotype of the responding animal. A continuous distribution for the mean antibody responses was obtained for the ten strains of mice. High responsiveness was associated with the H-2 haplotype gamma2. The genetic control of the immune response to this immunogen was found to be both quantitative and qualitative.", "PMID": 107245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7611", "title": "Inability to demonstrate hydroxylation of tyrosine by murine melanoma \"tyrosinase\" (L-DOPA oxidase), using the tritiated water assay technique.", "content": "Validity of the tritiated water assay technique for tyrosine hydroxylase activity as a qualitative method was demonstrated with mushroom tyrosinase. Using this method, isolated murine melanoma \"tyrosinase\" (L-dopa oxidase) showed no tyrosine hydroxylase activity. This finding supports previous studies in our laboratory which used a variety of histochemical and biochemical methods. The nonenzymatic production of tritiated water caused by tritium exchange with hydrogen peroxide complicates the use of the tritiated water assay technique with crude systems, since hydrogen peroxide is generated by a variety of oxidase reactions. For this reason, previous studies using the tritiated water assay technique with crude systems are ambiguous.", "contents": "Inability to demonstrate hydroxylation of tyrosine by murine melanoma \"tyrosinase\" (L-DOPA oxidase), using the tritiated water assay technique. Validity of the tritiated water assay technique for tyrosine hydroxylase activity as a qualitative method was demonstrated with mushroom tyrosinase. Using this method, isolated murine melanoma \"tyrosinase\" (L-dopa oxidase) showed no tyrosine hydroxylase activity. This finding supports previous studies in our laboratory which used a variety of histochemical and biochemical methods. The nonenzymatic production of tritiated water caused by tritium exchange with hydrogen peroxide complicates the use of the tritiated water assay technique with crude systems, since hydrogen peroxide is generated by a variety of oxidase reactions. For this reason, previous studies using the tritiated water assay technique with crude systems are ambiguous.", "PMID": 107247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7612", "title": "Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by antiserum to factor B.", "content": "Monospecific rabbit and goat antisera to human complement proteins and human immunoglobulins were tested for their ability to activate the alternative complement pathway. This activation was detected by two methods where classical pathway activation was blocked with EGTA and alternative pathway activation was promoted with added magnesium ions. These two methods consisted of lysis of GSHE and conversion of factor B into split products. C1q-depleted serum was used in a third assay system. Only antiserum to human factor B was able to activate the alternative pathway in the various systems used. None of the other anticomplement sera showed such activity. When antiserum to factor B was fractionated by ammonium sulfate and column chromatography, activation of the alternative pathway was found in the IgG fraction, and this activity was completely removed by absorption with purified factor B but not with other purified complement components.", "contents": "Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by antiserum to factor B. Monospecific rabbit and goat antisera to human complement proteins and human immunoglobulins were tested for their ability to activate the alternative complement pathway. This activation was detected by two methods where classical pathway activation was blocked with EGTA and alternative pathway activation was promoted with added magnesium ions. These two methods consisted of lysis of GSHE and conversion of factor B into split products. C1q-depleted serum was used in a third assay system. Only antiserum to human factor B was able to activate the alternative pathway in the various systems used. None of the other anticomplement sera showed such activity. When antiserum to factor B was fractionated by ammonium sulfate and column chromatography, activation of the alternative pathway was found in the IgG fraction, and this activity was completely removed by absorption with purified factor B but not with other purified complement components.", "PMID": 107255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7613", "title": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: relationship of bacterial enzyme production and pyocine types with clinical prognosis in 100 patients.", "content": "Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied from 100 patients with bacteremia. In vitro quantitation of extracellular enzymes (lecithinase, protease, and elastase) and pyocine typing of these isolates were performed. No significant difference was found in the quantity of the enzymes produced or in the pyocine types by isolates obtained from patients dying from bacteremia or surviving this serious infection. Quantitation of the extracellular enzymes and pyocine types of blood isolates were contrasted with similar data obtained from sputum, urine, and skin isolates. One third of all strains produced minimal or no extracellular enzymes regardless of their source. However, the highest enzyme-producing strains were observed in the blood isolates. Although a greater variability of pyocine types was found in blood culture isolates, there was no significant difference between the pyocine types found in blood, urine, sputum, or skin isolates. The lack of correlation between the in vitro quantity of lecithinase, protease, and elastase produced by P. aeruginosa strains isolated from bacteremic patients and the prognosis of these patients supports the possible local rather than systemic significance of these extracellular enzymes in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa bacteremia.", "contents": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: relationship of bacterial enzyme production and pyocine types with clinical prognosis in 100 patients. Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied from 100 patients with bacteremia. In vitro quantitation of extracellular enzymes (lecithinase, protease, and elastase) and pyocine typing of these isolates were performed. No significant difference was found in the quantity of the enzymes produced or in the pyocine types by isolates obtained from patients dying from bacteremia or surviving this serious infection. Quantitation of the extracellular enzymes and pyocine types of blood isolates were contrasted with similar data obtained from sputum, urine, and skin isolates. One third of all strains produced minimal or no extracellular enzymes regardless of their source. However, the highest enzyme-producing strains were observed in the blood isolates. Although a greater variability of pyocine types was found in blood culture isolates, there was no significant difference between the pyocine types found in blood, urine, sputum, or skin isolates. The lack of correlation between the in vitro quantity of lecithinase, protease, and elastase produced by P. aeruginosa strains isolated from bacteremic patients and the prognosis of these patients supports the possible local rather than systemic significance of these extracellular enzymes in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa bacteremia.", "PMID": 107256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7614", "title": "Differences in attachment antigens of gonococci in reinfection.", "content": "On the basis of bacterial typing, pyocin typing, and antibiotic sensitivity tests, two consorts appeared to have been reinfected 34 and 41 days later, respectively, with the same gonococcal strain, suggesting a failure in these patients to develop effective immunity to reinfection. However, these tests do not measure antigens which mediate attachment, a function which may correlate with virulence. When the above infecting strains were retested in an inhibition-of-attachment assay using rabbit gonococcal antisera, the antigens mediating attachment were found to be different. Homologous antisera inhibited attachment of the homologous strain at a high titer. Absorbing the antisera with the initial infecting strain did not remove any of the blocking activity of the antisera raised to the reinfecting strai, but the latter strain did share some attachment antigens in common with the initial infecting strain. Homologous antisera also bound preferentially to pili purified from the homologous strains.", "contents": "Differences in attachment antigens of gonococci in reinfection. On the basis of bacterial typing, pyocin typing, and antibiotic sensitivity tests, two consorts appeared to have been reinfected 34 and 41 days later, respectively, with the same gonococcal strain, suggesting a failure in these patients to develop effective immunity to reinfection. However, these tests do not measure antigens which mediate attachment, a function which may correlate with virulence. When the above infecting strains were retested in an inhibition-of-attachment assay using rabbit gonococcal antisera, the antigens mediating attachment were found to be different. Homologous antisera inhibited attachment of the homologous strain at a high titer. Absorbing the antisera with the initial infecting strain did not remove any of the blocking activity of the antisera raised to the reinfecting strai, but the latter strain did share some attachment antigens in common with the initial infecting strain. Homologous antisera also bound preferentially to pili purified from the homologous strains.", "PMID": 107257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7615", "title": "Divalent cations and angiotensin-stimulated sodium transport.", "content": "The presence of calcium in the fluid in which intestinal or kidney tissue is incubated is required for the tissue to respond to angiotensin. Everted sacs of rat colonic mucosa exhibited an increased rate of fluid transport in the presence of angiotensin; this response was lost when the serosal fluid, but not the mucosal fluid, was calcium-free. Angiotensin-stimulated transport was maintained when calcium was replaced with strontium or barium, but was lost when calcium was exchanged for magnesium. Similarly, calcium ions were required in the incubation fluid of rat kidney cortex slices to demonstrate angiotensin-enhanced sodium transport. These observations are discussed in relation to the possible roles of divalent cations in the mechanism of action of angiotensin.", "contents": "Divalent cations and angiotensin-stimulated sodium transport. The presence of calcium in the fluid in which intestinal or kidney tissue is incubated is required for the tissue to respond to angiotensin. Everted sacs of rat colonic mucosa exhibited an increased rate of fluid transport in the presence of angiotensin; this response was lost when the serosal fluid, but not the mucosal fluid, was calcium-free. Angiotensin-stimulated transport was maintained when calcium was replaced with strontium or barium, but was lost when calcium was exchanged for magnesium. Similarly, calcium ions were required in the incubation fluid of rat kidney cortex slices to demonstrate angiotensin-enhanced sodium transport. These observations are discussed in relation to the possible roles of divalent cations in the mechanism of action of angiotensin.", "PMID": 107260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7616", "title": "Shared idiotypic determinants on antibodies and T-cell-derived suppressor factor specific for the random terpolymer L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10.", "content": "T-cell derived suppressor factors (TsF) specific for the random copolymers L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-Ltyrosine10 and L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine40, referred to as GAT and GA, respectively, were prepared and partially purified on the approprate antigen immunoadsorbents. GAT-TsF obtained from nonresponder DBA/1 (H-2q) and SJL  (H-2s) mice were passed over immunoadsorbents prepared from normal guinea pig serum (NGPS) or guinea pig anti-idiotype antiserum (anti-CGAT) specific for a common cross-reactive idiotype found on most anti-GAT antibodies in all mouse strains tested. Both the directly suppressive activity of the GAT-TsF and the ability of GAT-TsF to induce new suppressor T cells (Ts2) in vitro were adsorbed to and fully recoverable from the guinea pig anti-CGAT-Sepharose immunoadsorbent, while the TsF passed through the control NGPS-Sepharose without appreciable binding. The SJL GAT-TsF specifically eluted from anti-CGAT-immunoadsrobents was shown to still posses I-J determinants. These data provide evidence suggesting a sharing of V region structures between B-cell antibody and T-cell suppressor factor specific for an antigen (GAT) under Ir gene control, in agreement with earlier studies on T and B-cell alloreceptors, T-cell helper factors, and T and B-cell receptors for conventional antigens.", "contents": "Shared idiotypic determinants on antibodies and T-cell-derived suppressor factor specific for the random terpolymer L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10. T-cell derived suppressor factors (TsF) specific for the random copolymers L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-Ltyrosine10 and L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine40, referred to as GAT and GA, respectively, were prepared and partially purified on the approprate antigen immunoadsorbents. GAT-TsF obtained from nonresponder DBA/1 (H-2q) and SJL  (H-2s) mice were passed over immunoadsorbents prepared from normal guinea pig serum (NGPS) or guinea pig anti-idiotype antiserum (anti-CGAT) specific for a common cross-reactive idiotype found on most anti-GAT antibodies in all mouse strains tested. Both the directly suppressive activity of the GAT-TsF and the ability of GAT-TsF to induce new suppressor T cells (Ts2) in vitro were adsorbed to and fully recoverable from the guinea pig anti-CGAT-Sepharose immunoadsorbent, while the TsF passed through the control NGPS-Sepharose without appreciable binding. The SJL GAT-TsF specifically eluted from anti-CGAT-immunoadsrobents was shown to still posses I-J determinants. These data provide evidence suggesting a sharing of V region structures between B-cell antibody and T-cell suppressor factor specific for an antigen (GAT) under Ir gene control, in agreement with earlier studies on T and B-cell alloreceptors, T-cell helper factors, and T and B-cell receptors for conventional antigens.", "PMID": 107261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7617", "title": "Quantitative differences in the expression of parentally-derived H-2 antigens in F1 hybrid mice affect T-cell responses.", "content": "Quantitative absorption with specific anti-H-2 sera has shown that the H-2Kb and H-2Dd antigens coded by the B10.A(5R) haplotype are expressed in about fourfold lower amount on the spleen cells of [B10.A(5R) X B10.A(2R)]F1 hybrids than on parental B10.A(5R) cells. In contrast, the H-2Kk and H-2Db antigens of B10.A(2R) are expressed equally on parental and F1 cells. These quantitative differences are reflected in cytotoxic T-cell (Tc-cell) function. Macrophage target cells from F1 mice are killed less efficiently than B10.A(5R) targets by alloreactive or H-2 restricted Tc cells specific for H-2Kb or H-2Dd, and spleen cells of F1 mice are less efficient stimulators of alloreactive Tc cells specific for B10.A(5R) H-2 antigens, whereas F1 and B10.A(2R) cells are equal as targets and stimulators for Tc cells recognizing B10.A(2R) H-2 antigens.", "contents": "Quantitative differences in the expression of parentally-derived H-2 antigens in F1 hybrid mice affect T-cell responses. Quantitative absorption with specific anti-H-2 sera has shown that the H-2Kb and H-2Dd antigens coded by the B10.A(5R) haplotype are expressed in about fourfold lower amount on the spleen cells of [B10.A(5R) X B10.A(2R)]F1 hybrids than on parental B10.A(5R) cells. In contrast, the H-2Kk and H-2Db antigens of B10.A(2R) are expressed equally on parental and F1 cells. These quantitative differences are reflected in cytotoxic T-cell (Tc-cell) function. Macrophage target cells from F1 mice are killed less efficiently than B10.A(5R) targets by alloreactive or H-2 restricted Tc cells specific for H-2Kb or H-2Dd, and spleen cells of F1 mice are less efficient stimulators of alloreactive Tc cells specific for B10.A(5R) H-2 antigens, whereas F1 and B10.A(2R) cells are equal as targets and stimulators for Tc cells recognizing B10.A(2R) H-2 antigens.", "PMID": 107262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7618", "title": "The role of H-2-linked genes in helper T-cell function. VI. Expression of Ir genes by helper T cells.", "content": "We examined the expression of (TG)-A--L specific Ir genes in helper T cells using  T cells from low responder leads to (B10, high responder x low responder) F1 chimeric mice. In this paper, the low responder strain studied was B10.M, H-2f. B10.M T cells from these chimeric animals do not help anti-TNP-(TG)-A--L responses, even though they have matured in a high responder thymus and been primed and challenged with antigen on high responder Mphi and B cells. These findings indicate that in the H-2f haplotype an Ir-gene controlling anti-(TG)-A--L activity is expressed in helper T cells. The findings are in contrast to those we have obtained and previously reported with T cells of another low responder haplotype, H-2a. Taken together with our previous findings that (TG)-A--L specific Ir genes are expressed by B cells and Mphi of both the H-2a and H-2f haplotypes, the results indicate two sites of action for Ir genes, and suggest two different gene products acting at different stages of the response, both of which are defective in H-2f cells, and only one of which is defective in H-2a cells.", "contents": "The role of H-2-linked genes in helper T-cell function. VI. Expression of Ir genes by helper T cells. We examined the expression of (TG)-A--L specific Ir genes in helper T cells using  T cells from low responder leads to (B10, high responder x low responder) F1 chimeric mice. In this paper, the low responder strain studied was B10.M, H-2f. B10.M T cells from these chimeric animals do not help anti-TNP-(TG)-A--L responses, even though they have matured in a high responder thymus and been primed and challenged with antigen on high responder Mphi and B cells. These findings indicate that in the H-2f haplotype an Ir-gene controlling anti-(TG)-A--L activity is expressed in helper T cells. The findings are in contrast to those we have obtained and previously reported with T cells of another low responder haplotype, H-2a. Taken together with our previous findings that (TG)-A--L specific Ir genes are expressed by B cells and Mphi of both the H-2a and H-2f haplotypes, the results indicate two sites of action for Ir genes, and suggest two different gene products acting at different stages of the response, both of which are defective in H-2f cells, and only one of which is defective in H-2a cells.", "PMID": 107263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7619", "title": "H-2-linked control of cytotoxic T-cell responsiveness to alphavirus infection. Presence of H-2Dk during differentiation and stimulation converts stem cells of low responder genotype to T cells of responder phenotype.", "content": "Secondary Tc cells generated against Sindbis virus (SIN) are restricted to Dk. All other H-2K or D regions tested show low specific responsiveness. F1 hybrids between low and high responders show dominance of responsiveness but lack complementation. When BALB/c (KdIdDd) low responder fetal liver stem cells were allowed to mature in irradiated high responder recipients C3H.OH (KdIdDk) a response to Dk plus SIN could be generated with Tc cells of BALB/c origin. This result, together with the failure of complementation in the F1 hybrids, implies that the lesion of low responsiveness is in the inability of viral antigen to stimulate a Tc-cell response in association with any self H-2K or H-2D molecule (of those tested) other than H-2Dk. Hypotheses compatible with these data are discussed.", "contents": "H-2-linked control of cytotoxic T-cell responsiveness to alphavirus infection. Presence of H-2Dk during differentiation and stimulation converts stem cells of low responder genotype to T cells of responder phenotype. Secondary Tc cells generated against Sindbis virus (SIN) are restricted to Dk. All other H-2K or D regions tested show low specific responsiveness. F1 hybrids between low and high responders show dominance of responsiveness but lack complementation. When BALB/c (KdIdDd) low responder fetal liver stem cells were allowed to mature in irradiated high responder recipients C3H.OH (KdIdDk) a response to Dk plus SIN could be generated with Tc cells of BALB/c origin. This result, together with the failure of complementation in the F1 hybrids, implies that the lesion of low responsiveness is in the inability of viral antigen to stimulate a Tc-cell response in association with any self H-2K or H-2D molecule (of those tested) other than H-2Dk. Hypotheses compatible with these data are discussed.", "PMID": 107264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7620", "title": "Isoprenoid quinones in the classification of coryneform and related bacteria.", "content": "Menaquinones were the only isoprenoid quinones found in 85 of the 95 coryneform bacteria examined. Dihydromenaquinones having nine isoprene units were the main components isolated from Corynebacterium bovis, from other glutamic acid-producing strains, and from Arthrobacter globiformis and related species. Dihydromenaquinones with eight isoprene units were found in Brevibacterium linens, the remaining Corynebacterium species and strains probably belonging to the genus Rhodococcus. Tetrahydromenaquinones with eight isoprene units were found in Arthrobacter simplex and Arthrobacter tumescens, and with nine isoprene units in Cellulomonas and Oerskovia. Kurthia and Curtobacterium were characterized by menaquinones with seven and nine isoprene units, respectively, and Microbacterium lacticum and Corynebacterium aquaticum had comparable amounts of menaquinones with 10 and 11 isoprene units. Strains received as Brevibacterium leucinophagum, Corynebacterium autotrophicum, Corynebacterium nephridii, Mycobacterium flavum, Mycoplana rubra and Protaminobacter ruber contained uniquinones as their sole isoprenoid quinones. The isoprenoid quinone data correlate well with major trends in coryneform taxonomy and are of value in the classification of coryneform and related bacteria.", "contents": "Isoprenoid quinones in the classification of coryneform and related bacteria. Menaquinones were the only isoprenoid quinones found in 85 of the 95 coryneform bacteria examined. Dihydromenaquinones having nine isoprene units were the main components isolated from Corynebacterium bovis, from other glutamic acid-producing strains, and from Arthrobacter globiformis and related species. Dihydromenaquinones with eight isoprene units were found in Brevibacterium linens, the remaining Corynebacterium species and strains probably belonging to the genus Rhodococcus. Tetrahydromenaquinones with eight isoprene units were found in Arthrobacter simplex and Arthrobacter tumescens, and with nine isoprene units in Cellulomonas and Oerskovia. Kurthia and Curtobacterium were characterized by menaquinones with seven and nine isoprene units, respectively, and Microbacterium lacticum and Corynebacterium aquaticum had comparable amounts of menaquinones with 10 and 11 isoprene units. Strains received as Brevibacterium leucinophagum, Corynebacterium autotrophicum, Corynebacterium nephridii, Mycobacterium flavum, Mycoplana rubra and Protaminobacter ruber contained uniquinones as their sole isoprenoid quinones. The isoprenoid quinone data correlate well with major trends in coryneform taxonomy and are of value in the classification of coryneform and related bacteria.", "PMID": 107269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7621", "title": "Late transcription and simultaneous replication of simian adenovirus 7 DNA as revealed by spreading lytically infected cell cultures.", "content": "Miller's technique of spreading DNA was applied to monkey cells productively infected with simian adenovirus 7. This permitted the visualization of cellular DNA transcription, both nucleolar and non-nucleolar, and of late transcription and replication of virus. Virus double-stranded DNA, thin fibres with very few nucleosome-like particles, were observed carrying either transcription or replication complexes. In addition, both RNP transcripts and replication forks were found on some virus duplex DNA. Virus single-stranded DNA replicative intermediates were identified on the basis of their increased thickness and contrast which results from the presence of a DNA binding protein.", "contents": "Late transcription and simultaneous replication of simian adenovirus 7 DNA as revealed by spreading lytically infected cell cultures. Miller's technique of spreading DNA was applied to monkey cells productively infected with simian adenovirus 7. This permitted the visualization of cellular DNA transcription, both nucleolar and non-nucleolar, and of late transcription and replication of virus. Virus double-stranded DNA, thin fibres with very few nucleosome-like particles, were observed carrying either transcription or replication complexes. In addition, both RNP transcripts and replication forks were found on some virus duplex DNA. Virus single-stranded DNA replicative intermediates were identified on the basis of their increased thickness and contrast which results from the presence of a DNA binding protein.", "PMID": 107271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7622", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg): identification of HBeAg not associated with immunoglobulins.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) is described. Polystyrene beads coated with IgG prepared from a human serum containing antibodies to HBeAg (anti-HBe) and anti-HBe IgG labelled with 125I-p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester were used in the test. The radioimmunoassay was approximately 1,000-fold more sensitive than immunodiffusion. At least a transient presence of HBeAg in serum appears to be a common feature of infections by hepatitis B virus. The radioimmunoassay was instrumental in establishing conditions for identification of apparently free monomeric HBeAg. The HBeAg has an approximate mol. wt.of 35,000 and was recovered after isoelectric focusing in fractions with a pH between 4.25 and 4.8. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence in HBeAg of a polypeptide with an apparent mol. wt. of 17,000.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg): identification of HBeAg not associated with immunoglobulins. A radioimmunoassay for hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) is described. Polystyrene beads coated with IgG prepared from a human serum containing antibodies to HBeAg (anti-HBe) and anti-HBe IgG labelled with 125I-p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester were used in the test. The radioimmunoassay was approximately 1,000-fold more sensitive than immunodiffusion. At least a transient presence of HBeAg in serum appears to be a common feature of infections by hepatitis B virus. The radioimmunoassay was instrumental in establishing conditions for identification of apparently free monomeric HBeAg. The HBeAg has an approximate mol. wt.of 35,000 and was recovered after isoelectric focusing in fractions with a pH between 4.25 and 4.8. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence in HBeAg of a polypeptide with an apparent mol. wt. of 17,000.", "PMID": 107272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7623", "title": "The measurement of haemagglutinin and matrix protein present on the surface of influenza virus infected P815 mastocytoma cells.", "content": "A thermodynamic approach has been used to measure the amount of haemagglutinin and matrix protein expressed at the surface of P815 cells infected for periods between 4.5 and 11 h with either WSN (H0N1) or JAP (H2N2) strains of type A influenza virus. This involved measuring the interaction of different concentrations of labelled (Fab)2 preparations of specific antibody with normal and infected cells. Assuming that one molecule of (Fab)2 bound to one molecule of antigen, values for the number of molecules of antigen/infected cell ranged from 7.6 X 10(5) to 1.7 X 10(7) for haemagglutinin and 1.3 X 10(5) to 1.1 X 10(6) for matrix protein. The ratio of haemagglutinin/matrix protein was lower for WSN-infected cells (1.7) than for JAP-infected cells (10). The same reagents were reacted with three purified A type virions; WSN, JAP and Port Chalmers (H3N2). Each preparation bound anti-matrix protein (Fab)2 though the value for haemagglutinin/matrix protein was much higher (66) than for infected cells and suggested that a virion may have a small number (about 12) of matrix protein molecules exposed though it was not excluded that the matrix protein detected was exposed only on damaged virions. Pre-treatment of infected cells with unlabelled reagent (anti-haemagglutinin) reduced the subsequent binding of the same labelled reagent but not the binding of the labelled matrix protein reagent and vice versa, suggesting that the haemagglutinin and matrix protein were not very close to each other on the cell surface.", "contents": "The measurement of haemagglutinin and matrix protein present on the surface of influenza virus infected P815 mastocytoma cells. A thermodynamic approach has been used to measure the amount of haemagglutinin and matrix protein expressed at the surface of P815 cells infected for periods between 4.5 and 11 h with either WSN (H0N1) or JAP (H2N2) strains of type A influenza virus. This involved measuring the interaction of different concentrations of labelled (Fab)2 preparations of specific antibody with normal and infected cells. Assuming that one molecule of (Fab)2 bound to one molecule of antigen, values for the number of molecules of antigen/infected cell ranged from 7.6 X 10(5) to 1.7 X 10(7) for haemagglutinin and 1.3 X 10(5) to 1.1 X 10(6) for matrix protein. The ratio of haemagglutinin/matrix protein was lower for WSN-infected cells (1.7) than for JAP-infected cells (10). The same reagents were reacted with three purified A type virions; WSN, JAP and Port Chalmers (H3N2). Each preparation bound anti-matrix protein (Fab)2 though the value for haemagglutinin/matrix protein was much higher (66) than for infected cells and suggested that a virion may have a small number (about 12) of matrix protein molecules exposed though it was not excluded that the matrix protein detected was exposed only on damaged virions. Pre-treatment of infected cells with unlabelled reagent (anti-haemagglutinin) reduced the subsequent binding of the same labelled reagent but not the binding of the labelled matrix protein reagent and vice versa, suggesting that the haemagglutinin and matrix protein were not very close to each other on the cell surface.", "PMID": 107273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7624", "title": "Two cases of mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo). A biochemical study.", "content": "The mucopolysaccharide and lipid composition of human nervous tissue and viscera from one case of Sanfilippo disease type A and one case of Sanfilippo disease type C, were investigated. In the brain a moderate increase of acid glycosaminoglycans occurred. This phenomenon was much more pronounced in the viscera, especially in the liver. In all tissues this increase was mainly due to an accumulation of heparan sulphate. Changes in lipid composition were noted, but can be regarded as secondary effects. The biochemical results reported also suggest some general conclusions. (a) AGAG and lipid analyses do not permit differentiation between the subtypes of Sanfilippo disease. (b) The differences in lipid composition can probably be considered as consequences of variation in secondary effects. (c) The severe demyelination in brain correlates well with the biochemical lipid analysis. However, in other instances it remains difficult to bridge the gap still existing between some morphological and biochemical data.", "contents": "Two cases of mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo). A biochemical study. The mucopolysaccharide and lipid composition of human nervous tissue and viscera from one case of Sanfilippo disease type A and one case of Sanfilippo disease type C, were investigated. In the brain a moderate increase of acid glycosaminoglycans occurred. This phenomenon was much more pronounced in the viscera, especially in the liver. In all tissues this increase was mainly due to an accumulation of heparan sulphate. Changes in lipid composition were noted, but can be regarded as secondary effects. The biochemical results reported also suggest some general conclusions. (a) AGAG and lipid analyses do not permit differentiation between the subtypes of Sanfilippo disease. (b) The differences in lipid composition can probably be considered as consequences of variation in secondary effects. (c) The severe demyelination in brain correlates well with the biochemical lipid analysis. However, in other instances it remains difficult to bridge the gap still existing between some morphological and biochemical data.", "PMID": 107278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7625", "title": "Characteristics of motor programs underlying arm movements in monkeys.", "content": "1. The experiments described here are addressed at identifying some of the processes underlying arm movements in monkeys. 2. We used three adult monkeys that were trained to point to a target light with the forearm and hold at that position for about 1 s in order to obtain a reward. During the experimental sessions the monkey was seated in a primate chair and its forearm was fastened to an apparatus that permitted flexion and extension of the forearm about the elbow in the horizontal plane. 3. We tested their performance prior to and after bilateral dorsal rhizotomy (C2--T3). Forearm movements were performed without the sight of the arm both before and after the surgical intervention. In intact animals we unexpectedly displaced the arm prior to movement initiation (150--200 ms) and observed the outcome of this displacement on movement termination. Our results indicated that the arm moved accurately to the target. The same procedure was used in the deafferented monkeys, yielding qualitatively the same results; i.e., a displacement of the initial position did not affect the attainment of the intended final position. 4. These results are relevant to the question of what is being controlled by motor commands. It appears that the controlled variable is an equilibrium point resulting from the interaction of agonist and antagonist muscles. Consequently, a change in the equilibrium leads to movement and the attainment of a new posture. The fact that both intact and deafferent monkeys display essentially similar motor behavior in our highly practiced task should not obliterate the dramatic difference in motor performance that exists between intact and rhizotomized animals. In fact, the successful execution of the learned motor performance in the deafferented animal is contingent on the animal's body being in a fixed relation to the arm apparatus. Whenever we changed the usual spatial relationship between the monkey's body and the arm apparatus, the animal's pointing response to the target was inaccurate. All of our intact monkeys, in contrast, were able to compensate quickly for any variations in their accustomed position with respect to the arm apparatus. The dramatic inability of the deafferented monkey to execute accurate pointing responses in an unusual postural setting underscores the great importance of the afferent monkey to execute accurate pointing responses in an unusual postural settiing underscores the great importance of the afferent feedback. These findings suggest that, in the performance of visually evoked learned movements, one of the major functions of the afferent feedback is in the adaptive modifications of learned motor programs.", "contents": "Characteristics of motor programs underlying arm movements in monkeys. 1. The experiments described here are addressed at identifying some of the processes underlying arm movements in monkeys. 2. We used three adult monkeys that were trained to point to a target light with the forearm and hold at that position for about 1 s in order to obtain a reward. During the experimental sessions the monkey was seated in a primate chair and its forearm was fastened to an apparatus that permitted flexion and extension of the forearm about the elbow in the horizontal plane. 3. We tested their performance prior to and after bilateral dorsal rhizotomy (C2--T3). Forearm movements were performed without the sight of the arm both before and after the surgical intervention. In intact animals we unexpectedly displaced the arm prior to movement initiation (150--200 ms) and observed the outcome of this displacement on movement termination. Our results indicated that the arm moved accurately to the target. The same procedure was used in the deafferented monkeys, yielding qualitatively the same results; i.e., a displacement of the initial position did not affect the attainment of the intended final position. 4. These results are relevant to the question of what is being controlled by motor commands. It appears that the controlled variable is an equilibrium point resulting from the interaction of agonist and antagonist muscles. Consequently, a change in the equilibrium leads to movement and the attainment of a new posture. The fact that both intact and deafferent monkeys display essentially similar motor behavior in our highly practiced task should not obliterate the dramatic difference in motor performance that exists between intact and rhizotomized animals. In fact, the successful execution of the learned motor performance in the deafferented animal is contingent on the animal's body being in a fixed relation to the arm apparatus. Whenever we changed the usual spatial relationship between the monkey's body and the arm apparatus, the animal's pointing response to the target was inaccurate. All of our intact monkeys, in contrast, were able to compensate quickly for any variations in their accustomed position with respect to the arm apparatus. The dramatic inability of the deafferented monkey to execute accurate pointing responses in an unusual postural setting underscores the great importance of the afferent monkey to execute accurate pointing responses in an unusual postural settiing underscores the great importance of the afferent feedback. These findings suggest that, in the performance of visually evoked learned movements, one of the major functions of the afferent feedback is in the adaptive modifications of learned motor programs.", "PMID": 107279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7626", "title": "Photoreceptor coupling in retina of the toad, Bufo marinus. I. Anatomy.", "content": "1. Red rod photoreceptors in the toad retina, which are known to be physiologically coupled, were examined for interreceptor contacts. 2. A dense network of large gap junctions was found between the inner segments of red rods, this being the only specialized site of contact that was observed between rods. Each red rod contacts an average of about four neighboring red rods with a junctional area of approximately 0.75 micrometer2. From freeze-fracture micrographs, the density of junctional particles was found to be 5 X 10(3)/micrometer2. 3. The large gap junctions were found only to connect red rods to each other in agreement with physiological data. Only small focal gap junctions were seen between red rods and cones and no junctions were observed between red and green rods. 4. It is concluded that these gap junctions are the site of coupling between the red rods and that the coupling is electrical.", "contents": "Photoreceptor coupling in retina of the toad, Bufo marinus. I. Anatomy. 1. Red rod photoreceptors in the toad retina, which are known to be physiologically coupled, were examined for interreceptor contacts. 2. A dense network of large gap junctions was found between the inner segments of red rods, this being the only specialized site of contact that was observed between rods. Each red rod contacts an average of about four neighboring red rods with a junctional area of approximately 0.75 micrometer2. From freeze-fracture micrographs, the density of junctional particles was found to be 5 X 10(3)/micrometer2. 3. The large gap junctions were found only to connect red rods to each other in agreement with physiological data. Only small focal gap junctions were seen between red rods and cones and no junctions were observed between red and green rods. 4. It is concluded that these gap junctions are the site of coupling between the red rods and that the coupling is electrical.", "PMID": 107280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7627", "title": "Photoreceptor coupling in retina of the toad, Bufo marinus. II. Physiology.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings were made from red rods in the isolated toad retina in order to measure the extent of the rod coupling. 2. The network space constant, lambda, was determined from edge-response profile measurements on single cells (lambda = 19 +/- 7 micrometer). 3. The network input resistance was estimated to be between 45 and 100 M omega. 4. Both discrete and continuous resistance networks, which were based on the anatomical observations, were analyzed. For lambda/D greater than 1, a continuous network provides an accurate description of the discrete network (D, cell spacing for a square grid). 5. The network analysis was used to estimate the specific resistance of junction membrane (0.75--1.5 omega.cm2) and the conductance provided by a single junctional channel (2.0--3.9 X 10(-12) mho). 6. The anatomical and physiological results provide strong evidence that the rods are electrically coupled. It is concluded that photoreceptor coupling provides averaging of the voltages in adjacent cells. The consequences of this averaging are discussed.", "contents": "Photoreceptor coupling in retina of the toad, Bufo marinus. II. Physiology. 1. Intracellular recordings were made from red rods in the isolated toad retina in order to measure the extent of the rod coupling. 2. The network space constant, lambda, was determined from edge-response profile measurements on single cells (lambda = 19 +/- 7 micrometer). 3. The network input resistance was estimated to be between 45 and 100 M omega. 4. Both discrete and continuous resistance networks, which were based on the anatomical observations, were analyzed. For lambda/D greater than 1, a continuous network provides an accurate description of the discrete network (D, cell spacing for a square grid). 5. The network analysis was used to estimate the specific resistance of junction membrane (0.75--1.5 omega.cm2) and the conductance provided by a single junctional channel (2.0--3.9 X 10(-12) mho). 6. The anatomical and physiological results provide strong evidence that the rods are electrically coupled. It is concluded that photoreceptor coupling provides averaging of the voltages in adjacent cells. The consequences of this averaging are discussed.", "PMID": 107281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7628", "title": "Supplementary motor area in the monkey: activity of neurons during performance of a learned motor task.", "content": "1. Recordings were made of the natural discharges of neurons in the supplementary motor area (SMA) of conscious monkeys trained to perform stereotyped motor task, pulling a horizontal lever, with either hand. 2. Of the total population of cells, 80% showed modulation of their activity during particular movements of either limb. Many cells had a similar pattern of modulation regardless of whether the contralateral or ipsilateral hand was used. Of the remaining 20%, some cells were related to leg or body movements or to visual experience. 3. Cells whose activity was related to movements of distal joints were found in approximately equal numbers to those whose discharges occurred with proximal movements. 4. Only 5% of cells tested sent their axons into the pyramidal tract, and only 14% of units investigated showed responses to passive manipulation of the limbs. The effective afferent input usually was of a rather complex kind. 5. The findings suggest that the discharges of a large number of neurons in SMA are changing during particular movements of either arm, and that only a small number of cells receive peripheral afferent sensory input. These results contrast with those obtained in the primary motor area and suggest a different role for SMA in the control of movement.", "contents": "Supplementary motor area in the monkey: activity of neurons during performance of a learned motor task. 1. Recordings were made of the natural discharges of neurons in the supplementary motor area (SMA) of conscious monkeys trained to perform stereotyped motor task, pulling a horizontal lever, with either hand. 2. Of the total population of cells, 80% showed modulation of their activity during particular movements of either limb. Many cells had a similar pattern of modulation regardless of whether the contralateral or ipsilateral hand was used. Of the remaining 20%, some cells were related to leg or body movements or to visual experience. 3. Cells whose activity was related to movements of distal joints were found in approximately equal numbers to those whose discharges occurred with proximal movements. 4. Only 5% of cells tested sent their axons into the pyramidal tract, and only 14% of units investigated showed responses to passive manipulation of the limbs. The effective afferent input usually was of a rather complex kind. 5. The findings suggest that the discharges of a large number of neurons in SMA are changing during particular movements of either arm, and that only a small number of cells receive peripheral afferent sensory input. These results contrast with those obtained in the primary motor area and suggest a different role for SMA in the control of movement.", "PMID": 107282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7629", "title": "The effects of ischemia on long-tract neural conduction in the spinal cord.", "content": "In this experiment, the effects of ischemia on neural conduction in the monkey spinal cord were studied. In six monkeys generalized ischemia of the spinal cord was created by bleeding the animals to a hypotensive level below the lower limits of autoregulation in the spinal cord. The progressive development of spinal cord ischemia was documented by blood-flow measurement using the hydrogen clearance method. Physiological integrity of the spinal cord was monitored and recorded by the spinal evoked response. The spinal evoked response did not disappear until at least 10 minutes of profound ischemia. At levels of ischemia 20% to 25% of normal blood flow, the spinal evoked response was unchanged. It is concluded that long-tract neural conduction in the spinal cord is relatively resistant to the effects of ischemia.", "contents": "The effects of ischemia on long-tract neural conduction in the spinal cord. In this experiment, the effects of ischemia on neural conduction in the monkey spinal cord were studied. In six monkeys generalized ischemia of the spinal cord was created by bleeding the animals to a hypotensive level below the lower limits of autoregulation in the spinal cord. The progressive development of spinal cord ischemia was documented by blood-flow measurement using the hydrogen clearance method. Physiological integrity of the spinal cord was monitored and recorded by the spinal evoked response. The spinal evoked response did not disappear until at least 10 minutes of profound ischemia. At levels of ischemia 20% to 25% of normal blood flow, the spinal evoked response was unchanged. It is concluded that long-tract neural conduction in the spinal cord is relatively resistant to the effects of ischemia.", "PMID": 107290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7630", "title": "Detection of a large arteriovenous fistula between the internal lliac vessels by radionuclide angiography.", "content": "A patient evaluated for heart failure was found by routine radionuclide angiography to have a large internal iliac arteriovenous fistula of presumed postoperative origin. The value of radionuclide angiography is described with a review of the literature on such unusual cases.", "contents": "Detection of a large arteriovenous fistula between the internal lliac vessels by radionuclide angiography. A patient evaluated for heart failure was found by routine radionuclide angiography to have a large internal iliac arteriovenous fistula of presumed postoperative origin. The value of radionuclide angiography is described with a review of the literature on such unusual cases.", "PMID": 107291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7631", "title": "Tables to estimate total binding capacity of thyroxine-binding globulin from the in vitro thyroid function tests.", "content": "Equations for an estimate of the total binding capacity of serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG-TC) were developed relating this parameter to serum thyroxine concentration (T4) and in vitro uptake (T3U). This extimate demonstrated a highly significant, positive correlation with TBG-TC as measured by electrophoresis in ten normal subjectdividuals with altered TBG-TC but without thyroid dysfunction (ten normal pregnant women, ten healthy women receiving anovulatories, ten nephrotics, and ten patients with severe malnutrition). True-positive (sensitivity) and true-negative (specificity) ratios were calculated for total and free T4 in serum, T3U, Free T4 Index, and both measured and calculated TBG-TC. False-positive results for free T4 index (12%) were due to altered TBG-TC. In such cases, 93% were recognized by the calculated TBG-TC from the calues of the invitro tests. It is concluded that this estimates should be added to the in vitro thyroid tests for their proper interpretation in cases where altered TBG-TC could be misleading. This estimate applies only to the particular in vitro testing system used herein.", "contents": "Tables to estimate total binding capacity of thyroxine-binding globulin from the in vitro thyroid function tests. Equations for an estimate of the total binding capacity of serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG-TC) were developed relating this parameter to serum thyroxine concentration (T4) and in vitro uptake (T3U). This extimate demonstrated a highly significant, positive correlation with TBG-TC as measured by electrophoresis in ten normal subjectdividuals with altered TBG-TC but without thyroid dysfunction (ten normal pregnant women, ten healthy women receiving anovulatories, ten nephrotics, and ten patients with severe malnutrition). True-positive (sensitivity) and true-negative (specificity) ratios were calculated for total and free T4 in serum, T3U, Free T4 Index, and both measured and calculated TBG-TC. False-positive results for free T4 index (12%) were due to altered TBG-TC. In such cases, 93% were recognized by the calculated TBG-TC from the calues of the invitro tests. It is concluded that this estimates should be added to the in vitro thyroid tests for their proper interpretation in cases where altered TBG-TC could be misleading. This estimate applies only to the particular in vitro testing system used herein.", "PMID": 107292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7632", "title": "Radionuclide computed tomography of the body using routine radiopharmaceuticals. I. System characterization.", "content": "A whole-body computed tomography system for single-photon emitters was evaluated from the standpoint of spatial resolution, sensitivity, and thresholds for count densities with reference to standard doses of currently used radiopharmaceuticals in patients. In air and tissue equivalents, spatial resolution was relatively constant throughout the field of view and attentuation correction algorithms returned uniformity of response to within 10%. In a phantom of the human abdomen 1.5-cm spherical \"cold\" lesions and 1-cm \"hot\" lesions could be resolved. Aspects of the partial-volume effect were observed and investigated. To detect 1.5 cm-cold lesions in an abdominal phantom, five million events were required.", "contents": "Radionuclide computed tomography of the body using routine radiopharmaceuticals. I. System characterization. A whole-body computed tomography system for single-photon emitters was evaluated from the standpoint of spatial resolution, sensitivity, and thresholds for count densities with reference to standard doses of currently used radiopharmaceuticals in patients. In air and tissue equivalents, spatial resolution was relatively constant throughout the field of view and attentuation correction algorithms returned uniformity of response to within 10%. In a phantom of the human abdomen 1.5-cm spherical \"cold\" lesions and 1-cm \"hot\" lesions could be resolved. Aspects of the partial-volume effect were observed and investigated. To detect 1.5 cm-cold lesions in an abdominal phantom, five million events were required.", "PMID": 107293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7633", "title": "Radionuclide computed tomography of the body using routine radiopharmaceuticals. II. Clinical applications.", "content": "A whole-body computed tomography system for single-photon emitters was used to investigate the clinical utility of this imaging modality. We have explored its application in brain, lung, liver, kidney, cardiac, bone, and gallium imaging in over 200 patients. Brain images demonstrated better lesion contrast than that in standard scintiphotos. Images of the lung and liver showed radionuclide distribution that was not readily apparent in standard scintiphotos. Moderate or strongly positive pyrophosphate myocardial images demonstrate the potential for infarct quantitation. ECG-gated cardiac blood-pool images in cross section, displayed in cine formate, permit evaluation of segmental motion of the free and septal walls of both ventricles. These results suggest significant clinical potential for this imaging modality using standard radiopharmaceuticals, but some increase in system sensitivity will likely be necessary to realize the full benefit of the technique.", "contents": "Radionuclide computed tomography of the body using routine radiopharmaceuticals. II. Clinical applications. A whole-body computed tomography system for single-photon emitters was used to investigate the clinical utility of this imaging modality. We have explored its application in brain, lung, liver, kidney, cardiac, bone, and gallium imaging in over 200 patients. Brain images demonstrated better lesion contrast than that in standard scintiphotos. Images of the lung and liver showed radionuclide distribution that was not readily apparent in standard scintiphotos. Moderate or strongly positive pyrophosphate myocardial images demonstrate the potential for infarct quantitation. ECG-gated cardiac blood-pool images in cross section, displayed in cine formate, permit evaluation of segmental motion of the free and septal walls of both ventricles. These results suggest significant clinical potential for this imaging modality using standard radiopharmaceuticals, but some increase in system sensitivity will likely be necessary to realize the full benefit of the technique.", "PMID": 107294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7634", "title": "Effect of portal versus jugular methionine infusion on circulating amino acids and nitrogen metabolism in sheep.", "content": "A double cross-over experiment with 2 rumen-, bilateral jugular vein-, and portal vein-cannulated sheep was performed to determine the influence of route of infusion of methionine on nitrogen balance and blood amino acids. Nutrients were provided solely by intravenous (glucose, amino acids, water soluble vitamins) and intraruminal (VFA, minerals) infusion. Treatments consisted of the infusion of methionine plus serine via either the jugular vein (J) or portal vein (P). The respective order of treatments for the sheep were J, P, J, P and P, J, P, J. Urinary nitrogen was lower and nitrogen balance was greater when methionine was infused intrajugularly. No differences in plasma or blood urea nitrogen were noted. Plasma amino acid (PAA) concentrations showed no significant differences due to treatment. However, whole blood amino acid (BAA) concentrations revealed significantly greater levels of methionine when methionine was administered via the jugular vein. Expression of PAA as percentages of the total resulted in no treatment effects, while percentage expression of BAA showed that methionine was greater and phenylalanine was lower during intrajugular methionine infusion. The central and peripheral methionine infusion routes appeared to influence slightly the subsequent utilization of methionine as determined by effects on BAA levels of methionine. It was demonstrated that results from analysis of circulating amino acids may differ according to whether plasma or whole blood samples are used, and whether the data are expressed as concentrations or proportions.", "contents": "Effect of portal versus jugular methionine infusion on circulating amino acids and nitrogen metabolism in sheep. A double cross-over experiment with 2 rumen-, bilateral jugular vein-, and portal vein-cannulated sheep was performed to determine the influence of route of infusion of methionine on nitrogen balance and blood amino acids. Nutrients were provided solely by intravenous (glucose, amino acids, water soluble vitamins) and intraruminal (VFA, minerals) infusion. Treatments consisted of the infusion of methionine plus serine via either the jugular vein (J) or portal vein (P). The respective order of treatments for the sheep were J, P, J, P and P, J, P, J. Urinary nitrogen was lower and nitrogen balance was greater when methionine was infused intrajugularly. No differences in plasma or blood urea nitrogen were noted. Plasma amino acid (PAA) concentrations showed no significant differences due to treatment. However, whole blood amino acid (BAA) concentrations revealed significantly greater levels of methionine when methionine was administered via the jugular vein. Expression of PAA as percentages of the total resulted in no treatment effects, while percentage expression of BAA showed that methionine was greater and phenylalanine was lower during intrajugular methionine infusion. The central and peripheral methionine infusion routes appeared to influence slightly the subsequent utilization of methionine as determined by effects on BAA levels of methionine. It was demonstrated that results from analysis of circulating amino acids may differ according to whether plasma or whole blood samples are used, and whether the data are expressed as concentrations or proportions.", "PMID": 107296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7635", "title": "The influence of dietary protein concentration and energy intake on mitogen response and tumor growth in melanoma-bearing mice.", "content": "The effects of energy deprivation and low or high dietary protein levels upon lymphocyte transformation of spleen cells from syngeneic tumor-bearing and control mice were studied in a murine model of malignant melanoma. Both T- and B-lymphocyte transformation were significantly stimulated by the presence of a growing melanoma. T-cell responses however, were dependent only upon dietary protein concentrations, not the level of energy intake; whereas, the converse was true for B cells. Moreover, mice fed stock diet had the lowest response to mitogens of all diets tested. Except for mice receiving a 15% casein diet, tumor weights were generally not affected by level of intake or the amount of dietary protein. Others have demonstrated that melanoma cells have a greater need for tyrosine or phenylalanine than other tumor cells; thus we hypothesized that lymphocyte transformation may be depressed by relatively low phenylalanine or tyrosine levels in the diet when protein intakes are limited by either a low dietary concentration a restricted intake of a diet containing adequate protein, or both.", "contents": "The influence of dietary protein concentration and energy intake on mitogen response and tumor growth in melanoma-bearing mice. The effects of energy deprivation and low or high dietary protein levels upon lymphocyte transformation of spleen cells from syngeneic tumor-bearing and control mice were studied in a murine model of malignant melanoma. Both T- and B-lymphocyte transformation were significantly stimulated by the presence of a growing melanoma. T-cell responses however, were dependent only upon dietary protein concentrations, not the level of energy intake; whereas, the converse was true for B cells. Moreover, mice fed stock diet had the lowest response to mitogens of all diets tested. Except for mice receiving a 15% casein diet, tumor weights were generally not affected by level of intake or the amount of dietary protein. Others have demonstrated that melanoma cells have a greater need for tyrosine or phenylalanine than other tumor cells; thus we hypothesized that lymphocyte transformation may be depressed by relatively low phenylalanine or tyrosine levels in the diet when protein intakes are limited by either a low dietary concentration a restricted intake of a diet containing adequate protein, or both.", "PMID": 107297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7636", "title": "Tumor-host responses to various nutritional feeding procedures in rats.", "content": "Parenteral and enteral nutrition are being used as adjuncts to cancer therapy. A liquid diet formulation containing a 27% solution of glucose and 3.9% crystalline amino acids with electrolytes and vitamins was given continuously for a week via parenteral (iv), and via intragastric (ig) routes and also was given ad libitum via the oral or per os (po) route to groups of Buffalo rats with and without a Morris No. 7777 transplantable hepatoma to find out how these feeding procedures affect tumor-host interactions. Other groups of rats with and without the hepatoma were given solid food ad libitum. The following parameters were examined: mortality, carcass and organ weights, body and tumor growth, nitrogen balance, energy intake, fluid balance, urinalysis, hematology values, and serum protein levels. The results are considered with respect to the influence of the tumor on the host and the influence of the feeding procedure on the animal with and without a tumor. The presence of the hepatoma was associated with: higher mortality, a decrease in carcass mass, leucocytosis, anemia, a decrease in serum IgG, transferrin and albumin, and an increase in serum alpha fetoprotein. The iv and ig feeding procedures alone resulted in some mortality which was exacerbated by the presence of the tumor. Mortality was especially high in the tumorous rats on the ig feeding procedure. The degree of positive nitrogen balance and carcass mass was similar in non-tumorous rats fed the same liquid diet formula when given iv, ig, or po. Tumorous rats fed the liquid diet ad libitum showed anorexia and a significantly lower nitrogen balance. The iv and ig feeding of tumorous rats at a level which was well above those of the tumorous rats given solid or liquid diet ad libitum maintained the same degree of positive nitrogen balance as non-tumorous rats. Even though the iv feeding of tumorous rats maintained about the same degree of positive nitrogen balance as non-tumorous rats, these tumorous rats still suffered loss of carcass mass. It appears that the large rapidly growing hepatoma has priority for available nutrition over the host. It is further suggested that the rapidly growing hepatoma places an ever increasing demand on the available nutrients. Thus, a point is eventually reached where even supplemental nutritional support can no longer meet the needs of the growing hepatoma and the host.", "contents": "Tumor-host responses to various nutritional feeding procedures in rats. Parenteral and enteral nutrition are being used as adjuncts to cancer therapy. A liquid diet formulation containing a 27% solution of glucose and 3.9% crystalline amino acids with electrolytes and vitamins was given continuously for a week via parenteral (iv), and via intragastric (ig) routes and also was given ad libitum via the oral or per os (po) route to groups of Buffalo rats with and without a Morris No. 7777 transplantable hepatoma to find out how these feeding procedures affect tumor-host interactions. Other groups of rats with and without the hepatoma were given solid food ad libitum. The following parameters were examined: mortality, carcass and organ weights, body and tumor growth, nitrogen balance, energy intake, fluid balance, urinalysis, hematology values, and serum protein levels. The results are considered with respect to the influence of the tumor on the host and the influence of the feeding procedure on the animal with and without a tumor. The presence of the hepatoma was associated with: higher mortality, a decrease in carcass mass, leucocytosis, anemia, a decrease in serum IgG, transferrin and albumin, and an increase in serum alpha fetoprotein. The iv and ig feeding procedures alone resulted in some mortality which was exacerbated by the presence of the tumor. Mortality was especially high in the tumorous rats on the ig feeding procedure. The degree of positive nitrogen balance and carcass mass was similar in non-tumorous rats fed the same liquid diet formula when given iv, ig, or po. Tumorous rats fed the liquid diet ad libitum showed anorexia and a significantly lower nitrogen balance. The iv and ig feeding of tumorous rats at a level which was well above those of the tumorous rats given solid or liquid diet ad libitum maintained the same degree of positive nitrogen balance as non-tumorous rats. Even though the iv feeding of tumorous rats maintained about the same degree of positive nitrogen balance as non-tumorous rats, these tumorous rats still suffered loss of carcass mass. It appears that the large rapidly growing hepatoma has priority for available nutrition over the host. It is further suggested that the rapidly growing hepatoma places an ever increasing demand on the available nutrients. Thus, a point is eventually reached where even supplemental nutritional support can no longer meet the needs of the growing hepatoma and the host.", "PMID": 107299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7637", "title": "Aggressive ossifying fibroma of the maxilla: review of the literature and report of case.", "content": "A case of a large aggressive ossifying fibroma of the maxilla has been presented. Review of the literature shows the literature shows the difficulty in establishing a definitive diagnosis through any single diagnostic modality. Much of this is due to the confusion surrounding classification of the tumor. Adjunctive radiographic and nuclear medicine diagnostic aids were utilized, as were clinical, laboratory, and histopathologic studies, in resolving the diagnostic questions posed by this large and aggressive tumor. Surgical intervention through conservative enucleation produced few operative or postoperative difficulties and minimal residual deformity. Differentiation of ossifying fibroma from other benigh and malignant neoplasms as well as fibrous dysplasia is important in the correct management of this lesion.", "contents": "Aggressive ossifying fibroma of the maxilla: review of the literature and report of case. A case of a large aggressive ossifying fibroma of the maxilla has been presented. Review of the literature shows the literature shows the difficulty in establishing a definitive diagnosis through any single diagnostic modality. Much of this is due to the confusion surrounding classification of the tumor. Adjunctive radiographic and nuclear medicine diagnostic aids were utilized, as were clinical, laboratory, and histopathologic studies, in resolving the diagnostic questions posed by this large and aggressive tumor. Surgical intervention through conservative enucleation produced few operative or postoperative difficulties and minimal residual deformity. Differentiation of ossifying fibroma from other benigh and malignant neoplasms as well as fibrous dysplasia is important in the correct management of this lesion.", "PMID": 107301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7638", "title": "Antidiuretic hormone excess.", "content": "Known physiologic mechanisms explain the elevated blood ADH levels observed in most patients with the syndrome of inappropriate ADH. Therefore the word \"inappropriate\" is a misnomer. It implies that the mechanisms that regulate ADH release are not functioning normally--which is not true. The term misleads the physician who, ideally, should determine why a patient has an excessive blood ADH level and initiate appropriate treatment. Patients with ectopic production of ADH and hyponatremia should be so labeled: \"Hyponatremia due to ectopic ADH production.\" The term SIADH, if used at all, should be reserved for the rare patient with CNS injury or disease that causes increased ADH release and in which the hypothalamic center does not respond normally to afferent peripheral stimuli.", "contents": "Antidiuretic hormone excess. Known physiologic mechanisms explain the elevated blood ADH levels observed in most patients with the syndrome of inappropriate ADH. Therefore the word \"inappropriate\" is a misnomer. It implies that the mechanisms that regulate ADH release are not functioning normally--which is not true. The term misleads the physician who, ideally, should determine why a patient has an excessive blood ADH level and initiate appropriate treatment. Patients with ectopic production of ADH and hyponatremia should be so labeled: \"Hyponatremia due to ectopic ADH production.\" The term SIADH, if used at all, should be reserved for the rare patient with CNS injury or disease that causes increased ADH release and in which the hypothalamic center does not respond normally to afferent peripheral stimuli.", "PMID": 107302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7639", "title": "A clinical study of young infants after small intestinal resection.", "content": "We prospectively studied 15 infants who, before 3 months of age, underwent resection of the small intestine-proximal in 3 infants, mid in 6, and distal in 6. Two died before one year of age. Many required prolonged parenteral nutrition, but by one year, 12 of the 13 survivors were on oral feedings only, and seven were above the third percentile for height and weight. Developmental delay occurred in the early postoperative period but diminished with time. There was compensatory adaptation of the remaining gut, shown by improving fat and B12 absorption and duodenal bile-salt concentrations. Bacterial contamination complicating end-to-side anastomoses occurred in two cases (P), gastric hyperacidity in four of 12 (1P, 3M), and hyperoxaluria in eight of 14 (1P, 5M, 2D). Studies of immune competence revealed normal cellular immune function (11/11), transient hypogammaglobulinemia (3/14), hypocomplementemia (1/12), and serum autoantibodies (3/10). Thus, massive resection of the small intestine did not preclude spontaneous improvement in absorptive function, growth, and development.", "contents": "A clinical study of young infants after small intestinal resection. We prospectively studied 15 infants who, before 3 months of age, underwent resection of the small intestine-proximal in 3 infants, mid in 6, and distal in 6. Two died before one year of age. Many required prolonged parenteral nutrition, but by one year, 12 of the 13 survivors were on oral feedings only, and seven were above the third percentile for height and weight. Developmental delay occurred in the early postoperative period but diminished with time. There was compensatory adaptation of the remaining gut, shown by improving fat and B12 absorption and duodenal bile-salt concentrations. Bacterial contamination complicating end-to-side anastomoses occurred in two cases (P), gastric hyperacidity in four of 12 (1P, 3M), and hyperoxaluria in eight of 14 (1P, 5M, 2D). Studies of immune competence revealed normal cellular immune function (11/11), transient hypogammaglobulinemia (3/14), hypocomplementemia (1/12), and serum autoantibodies (3/10). Thus, massive resection of the small intestine did not preclude spontaneous improvement in absorptive function, growth, and development.", "PMID": 107303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7640", "title": "Thyroid function in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Thyroid function was evaluated in premature infants 30 to 35 weeks EGA with severe RDS and was compared to that of healthy control subjects of similar EGA. The infants with RDS had significantly lower serum levels of T3, T4, and FT4I during the first 60, 90, and 30 days, respectively, and had elevated T3UR during the first 10 days. The mean (+/- SD) postdelivery TSH peak was lower in the RDS group (32.8 +/- 9.6 muU/ml) than in the control group (60.9 +/- 21.8 muU/ml; P less than 0.005). After TRH injection the increment in serum TSH was inversely related to the basal FT4I in the control infants but not in the infants with RDS.", "contents": "Thyroid function in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Thyroid function was evaluated in premature infants 30 to 35 weeks EGA with severe RDS and was compared to that of healthy control subjects of similar EGA. The infants with RDS had significantly lower serum levels of T3, T4, and FT4I during the first 60, 90, and 30 days, respectively, and had elevated T3UR during the first 10 days. The mean (+/- SD) postdelivery TSH peak was lower in the RDS group (32.8 +/- 9.6 muU/ml) than in the control group (60.9 +/- 21.8 muU/ml; P less than 0.005). After TRH injection the increment in serum TSH was inversely related to the basal FT4I in the control infants but not in the infants with RDS.", "PMID": 107304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7641", "title": "Dual effects of ether on end-plate currents.", "content": "1. The effects of diethyl ether (ether) on miniature end-plate currents (m.e.p.c.s) and on acetylcholine-activated end-plate channels were measured in toad sartorius muscle fibres with voltage-clamp and extracellular recording techniques. 2. At low concentrations (less than 20 mM) either made m.e.p.c.s decay faster than normal. At high concentrations (greaster than 40 mM), the decay of m.e.p.c.s was slower than normal. With all concentrations, the cecay remained exponential with single time constant, tau D. 3. At low concentrations ether did not affect the growth phase of m.e.p.c.s and only slightly reduced the amplitude of m.e.p.c.s. At the higher concentrations, the growth phase was slowed and m.e.p.c.s were significantly reduced in amplitude. 4. Ether at all concentrations (5--70 mM) reduced end-plate channel lifetime, the effect increasing with ether concentration. Ether did not significantly alter the elementary channel conductance or the actylcholine null (reversal) potential. 5. Curare reduced tau D which had been prolonged by high concentrations of ether. Ether itself at high concentrations caused a reduction in tau D increased by neostigmine. It is proposed that high concentrations of either inhibit acetylcholine hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase. 6. The effect of ether in reducing end-plate channel lifetime and reducing m.e.p.c. amplitude, without significantly altering the normal voltage and temperature sensitivity of channel lifetime, is consistent with the proposal that either reduces the stability of open end-plate channels.", "contents": "Dual effects of ether on end-plate currents. 1. The effects of diethyl ether (ether) on miniature end-plate currents (m.e.p.c.s) and on acetylcholine-activated end-plate channels were measured in toad sartorius muscle fibres with voltage-clamp and extracellular recording techniques. 2. At low concentrations (less than 20 mM) either made m.e.p.c.s decay faster than normal. At high concentrations (greaster than 40 mM), the decay of m.e.p.c.s was slower than normal. With all concentrations, the cecay remained exponential with single time constant, tau D. 3. At low concentrations ether did not affect the growth phase of m.e.p.c.s and only slightly reduced the amplitude of m.e.p.c.s. At the higher concentrations, the growth phase was slowed and m.e.p.c.s were significantly reduced in amplitude. 4. Ether at all concentrations (5--70 mM) reduced end-plate channel lifetime, the effect increasing with ether concentration. Ether did not significantly alter the elementary channel conductance or the actylcholine null (reversal) potential. 5. Curare reduced tau D which had been prolonged by high concentrations of ether. Ether itself at high concentrations caused a reduction in tau D increased by neostigmine. It is proposed that high concentrations of either inhibit acetylcholine hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase. 6. The effect of ether in reducing end-plate channel lifetime and reducing m.e.p.c. amplitude, without significantly altering the normal voltage and temperature sensitivity of channel lifetime, is consistent with the proposal that either reduces the stability of open end-plate channels.", "PMID": 107308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7642", "title": "Central effect of taurine and its analogues on fever caused by intravenous leukocytic pyrogen in the rabbit.", "content": "1. Taurine infused I.C.V. after I.V. injection of leukocytic pyrogen (LP) inhibited the initial rise in body temperature and prolonged fever when infusion was stopped. 2. Similar infusion of taurine also inhibited the hypertermic effect of I.C.V. PGE2 (0.5 microgram) but did not cause prolonged hyperthermia. 3. I.C.V. administration of the taurine analogues hypotaurine and beta-alanine, compounds which have been shown previously to compete with taurine for facilitated transport in C.N.S. tissue, also inhibited the initial increase in body temperature and prolonged LP fever. 4. These results suggest that taurine prolongs LP fever by preferentially occupying a carrier system normally required for termination of the effects of endogenous pyrogens or related central mediators of fever. There was no evidence that taurine prolongs fever by blocking inactivation of central PGE2, a substance proposed previously to be a central mediator of fever.", "contents": "Central effect of taurine and its analogues on fever caused by intravenous leukocytic pyrogen in the rabbit. 1. Taurine infused I.C.V. after I.V. injection of leukocytic pyrogen (LP) inhibited the initial rise in body temperature and prolonged fever when infusion was stopped. 2. Similar infusion of taurine also inhibited the hypertermic effect of I.C.V. PGE2 (0.5 microgram) but did not cause prolonged hyperthermia. 3. I.C.V. administration of the taurine analogues hypotaurine and beta-alanine, compounds which have been shown previously to compete with taurine for facilitated transport in C.N.S. tissue, also inhibited the initial increase in body temperature and prolonged LP fever. 4. These results suggest that taurine prolongs LP fever by preferentially occupying a carrier system normally required for termination of the effects of endogenous pyrogens or related central mediators of fever. There was no evidence that taurine prolongs fever by blocking inactivation of central PGE2, a substance proposed previously to be a central mediator of fever.", "PMID": 107309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7643", "title": "Aminoglycoside antibiotics. 2. N,N-Dialkylkanamycins.", "content": "N6',N3''-Dialkyl derivatives of kanamycins A and B were prepared regiospecifically from the parent antibiotics. Although the dimethyl and diethyl derivatives of kanamycin A were inactive in standard antibacterial assays, the dimethyl derivative of kanamycin B showed moderate activity, especially against various strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A method for the selective dimethylation of the 3''-amino group of kanamycin A also was developed.", "contents": "Aminoglycoside antibiotics. 2. N,N-Dialkylkanamycins. N6',N3''-Dialkyl derivatives of kanamycins A and B were prepared regiospecifically from the parent antibiotics. Although the dimethyl and diethyl derivatives of kanamycin A were inactive in standard antibacterial assays, the dimethyl derivative of kanamycin B showed moderate activity, especially against various strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A method for the selective dimethylation of the 3''-amino group of kanamycin A also was developed.", "PMID": 107311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7644", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of penicillin V benzathine oral suspensions.", "content": "A rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for penicillin V content of penicillin V benzathine bulk drug and oral suspensions is described. Dilution of the oral suspension with methanol containing 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as the internal standard allowed for direct analysis on a reversed-phase column with a mobile phase of 53% methanol in 0.05 M aqueous pH 3.5 phosphate buffer. A relative standard deviation of less than 1% was obtained on commercial formulations, and the system was linear over a range 10-40 microgram injected.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of penicillin V benzathine oral suspensions. A rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for penicillin V content of penicillin V benzathine bulk drug and oral suspensions is described. Dilution of the oral suspension with methanol containing 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as the internal standard allowed for direct analysis on a reversed-phase column with a mobile phase of 53% methanol in 0.05 M aqueous pH 3.5 phosphate buffer. A relative standard deviation of less than 1% was obtained on commercial formulations, and the system was linear over a range 10-40 microgram injected.", "PMID": 107312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7645", "title": "Percutaneous nitroglycerin absorption in rats.", "content": "Percutaneous nitroglycerin absorption was studied in shaved rats by monitoring unchanged plasma drug concentrations for up to 4 hr. Drug absorption from the neat liquid state or from an alcoholic solution was considerably poorer than that from a commercial ointment. This observation was unanticipated since the driving force for percutaneous drug absorption was assumed to be drug thermodynamics. Potential artifacts such as drug volatilization from the skin, reduction of surface area through droplet formation, and vehicle occlusion were investigated, but they did not appear to be responsible for the observed results. Two experimental aqueous nitroglycerin gels were prepared with polyethylene glycol 400. One gel contained just sufficient polyethylene glycol to solubilize the nitroglycerin; the other had excess polyethylene glycol to solubilize nitroglycerin far below saturation. Both gels gave extremely low plasma nitroglycerin levels. The composite data suggested that percutaneous nitroglycerin absorption is highly vehicle dependent and that this dependency cannot be explained by simple consideration of drug thermodynamic activity.", "contents": "Percutaneous nitroglycerin absorption in rats. Percutaneous nitroglycerin absorption was studied in shaved rats by monitoring unchanged plasma drug concentrations for up to 4 hr. Drug absorption from the neat liquid state or from an alcoholic solution was considerably poorer than that from a commercial ointment. This observation was unanticipated since the driving force for percutaneous drug absorption was assumed to be drug thermodynamics. Potential artifacts such as drug volatilization from the skin, reduction of surface area through droplet formation, and vehicle occlusion were investigated, but they did not appear to be responsible for the observed results. Two experimental aqueous nitroglycerin gels were prepared with polyethylene glycol 400. One gel contained just sufficient polyethylene glycol to solubilize the nitroglycerin; the other had excess polyethylene glycol to solubilize nitroglycerin far below saturation. Both gels gave extremely low plasma nitroglycerin levels. The composite data suggested that percutaneous nitroglycerin absorption is highly vehicle dependent and that this dependency cannot be explained by simple consideration of drug thermodynamic activity.", "PMID": 107313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7646", "title": "Development of antibodies to meningococcal protein and lipopolysaccharide serotype antigens in healthy-carriers.", "content": "The nasopharyngeal acquisition of meningococci was followed in healthy military recruits during their primary training. The production of antibodies to meningococcal serotype protein antigens and serotype lipopolysaccharide antigens accompanied the carrier state. Bactericidal antibody to protein serotype 2 was generated in response to the carriage of meningococci of low virulence that carried this antigen.", "contents": "Development of antibodies to meningococcal protein and lipopolysaccharide serotype antigens in healthy-carriers. The nasopharyngeal acquisition of meningococci was followed in healthy military recruits during their primary training. The production of antibodies to meningococcal serotype protein antigens and serotype lipopolysaccharide antigens accompanied the carrier state. Bactericidal antibody to protein serotype 2 was generated in response to the carriage of meningococci of low virulence that carried this antigen.", "PMID": 107314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7647", "title": "Spore antigens of Clostridium sporogenes.", "content": "By means of spore-agglutination of fluorescent-antibody techniques, three serological types were identified among 84 strains of Clostridium sporogenes. Four spore antigens were identified, designated A, B, C and D.  A, B and C were specific for the respective types whilst D was a group antigen shared by strains of the three types. The spore antigens had corresponding somatic antigens; the type-specific somatic antigens were designated I, II, III, and the shared somatic antigen IV. The flagellar antigens were found to be type specific and were designated 1, 2 and 3; no common flagellar antigen was detected. The results of precipitation tests with spore extracts depended on the method of testing. By a capillary-tube ring method there were cross reactions among the three types of C. sporogenes, whilst by immunodiffusion in agar layers the reactions were generally type specific. In a disintegrated spore extract, two non-protein antigenic components, possibly polysaccharide, were detected by means of immunoelectrophoresis. This extract showed cross reaction with antisera to strains of all types of all types of C. sporogenes by the ring test and by immunodiffusion.", "contents": "Spore antigens of Clostridium sporogenes. By means of spore-agglutination of fluorescent-antibody techniques, three serological types were identified among 84 strains of Clostridium sporogenes. Four spore antigens were identified, designated A, B, C and D.  A, B and C were specific for the respective types whilst D was a group antigen shared by strains of the three types. The spore antigens had corresponding somatic antigens; the type-specific somatic antigens were designated I, II, III, and the shared somatic antigen IV. The flagellar antigens were found to be type specific and were designated 1, 2 and 3; no common flagellar antigen was detected. The results of precipitation tests with spore extracts depended on the method of testing. By a capillary-tube ring method there were cross reactions among the three types of C. sporogenes, whilst by immunodiffusion in agar layers the reactions were generally type specific. In a disintegrated spore extract, two non-protein antigenic components, possibly polysaccharide, were detected by means of immunoelectrophoresis. This extract showed cross reaction with antisera to strains of all types of all types of C. sporogenes by the ring test and by immunodiffusion.", "PMID": 107315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7648", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of uncoated human metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "Human metaphase chromosomes were processed with a 3% glutaraldehydetannic acid technique and examined in a scanning electron microscope at 20 kV either without added metal coating or with 2 nm of sputtered gold coating. Several substrates--aluminum mnium foil, silver mirror deposit and sputtered gold-provided good conductive backgrounds for chromosomal spreads. Silver mirror deposit was the best conductive substrate tested. This method should prove to be a useful tool for monitoring the three-dimensional morphology of mitotic chromosomes with the possibility of studying various banding techniques, chromosomal uncoiling and secondary constrictions currently being examined in chromosomal studies.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of uncoated human metaphase chromosomes. Human metaphase chromosomes were processed with a 3% glutaraldehydetannic acid technique and examined in a scanning electron microscope at 20 kV either without added metal coating or with 2 nm of sputtered gold coating. Several substrates--aluminum mnium foil, silver mirror deposit and sputtered gold-provided good conductive backgrounds for chromosomal spreads. Silver mirror deposit was the best conductive substrate tested. This method should prove to be a useful tool for monitoring the three-dimensional morphology of mitotic chromosomes with the possibility of studying various banding techniques, chromosomal uncoiling and secondary constrictions currently being examined in chromosomal studies.", "PMID": 107316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7649", "title": "Deoxythymidine nucleotide metabolism in Bacillus subtilis W23 infected with bacteriophage SP1Oc: preliminary evidence that dTMP in SP10c DNA is synthesized by a novel, bacteriophage-specific mechanism.", "content": "Despite the fact that mature SP10c DNA contains dTMP, the acid-soluble fraction of infected cells contained no dTTP during the interval of phage replication. However, infected cells contained normal cellular levels of dATP, dGTP, and dCTP. Upon infection of deoxythymidine-starved Bacillus subtilis M160 (a deoxythymidine-requiring mutant of B. subtilis W23), mature phage DNA with a normal dTMP content was made. SP10c codes for an enzyme that seems to catalyze the tetrahydrofolate-dependent transfer of 1-carbon fragments to the 5 position of dUMP. The transfer of 1-carbon fragments is not accompanied by oxidation of tetrahydrofolage to dihydrofolate, implying that the enzyme in question is not a dTMP synthetase. It is proposed that dTMP in mature SP10c DNA is derived by the postreplicational modification of some other nucleotide and not by the direct incorporation of dTTP into DNA.", "contents": "Deoxythymidine nucleotide metabolism in Bacillus subtilis W23 infected with bacteriophage SP1Oc: preliminary evidence that dTMP in SP10c DNA is synthesized by a novel, bacteriophage-specific mechanism. Despite the fact that mature SP10c DNA contains dTMP, the acid-soluble fraction of infected cells contained no dTTP during the interval of phage replication. However, infected cells contained normal cellular levels of dATP, dGTP, and dCTP. Upon infection of deoxythymidine-starved Bacillus subtilis M160 (a deoxythymidine-requiring mutant of B. subtilis W23), mature phage DNA with a normal dTMP content was made. SP10c codes for an enzyme that seems to catalyze the tetrahydrofolate-dependent transfer of 1-carbon fragments to the 5 position of dUMP. The transfer of 1-carbon fragments is not accompanied by oxidation of tetrahydrofolage to dihydrofolate, implying that the enzyme in question is not a dTMP synthetase. It is proposed that dTMP in mature SP10c DNA is derived by the postreplicational modification of some other nucleotide and not by the direct incorporation of dTTP into DNA.", "PMID": 107324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7650", "title": "Order of assembly of the lower collar and the tail proteins of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29.", "content": "Extracts obtained after restrictive infection of Bacillus subtilis with mutants in cistron 11 of bacteriophage phi 29 are complemented in vitro by extract donors of the lower collar protein (p11). Purified 11- heads, containing the major capsid protein (p8), the fiber protein (p8.5), the upper collar protein (p10), and the virus DNA, can be also complemented in vitro to produce infective virus. This result suggests that 11- heads are intermediates in phage phi 29 morphogenesis. The order of assembly of the lower collar protein p11 and the tail protein p9 was determined in vitro in two complementation steps. The results obtained indicate that the lower collar protein is assembled before the tail protein.", "contents": "Order of assembly of the lower collar and the tail proteins of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29. Extracts obtained after restrictive infection of Bacillus subtilis with mutants in cistron 11 of bacteriophage phi 29 are complemented in vitro by extract donors of the lower collar protein (p11). Purified 11- heads, containing the major capsid protein (p8), the fiber protein (p8.5), the upper collar protein (p10), and the virus DNA, can be also complemented in vitro to produce infective virus. This result suggests that 11- heads are intermediates in phage phi 29 morphogenesis. The order of assembly of the lower collar protein p11 and the tail protein p9 was determined in vitro in two complementation steps. The results obtained indicate that the lower collar protein is assembled before the tail protein.", "PMID": 107325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7651", "title": "Electron microscopic study of measles virus infection: unusual antibody-triggered redistribution of antigens on giant cells.", "content": "Vero cells infected with measles virus fuse to form multinucleated cells which incorporated virus-specific antigens in their membrane. The distribution of these antigens was analyzed after a brief treatment with human anti-measles immunoglobulin G, using autoradiography and immunoperoxidase labeling combined with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Virs-specific antigens were distributed over the entire surface of giant cells treated at 4 degrees C with human anti-measles immunoglobulin G and labeled Protein A. When cells were shifted to 37 degrees C, labeled antigen-antibody complexes were redistributed in two stages. Patch formation occurred in 5 to 15 min. Later, antigen-antibody complexes became concentrated in a paracentral \"ring\" rather than typical caps. Patch formation occurred in the presence of metabolic inhibitors, whereas ring formation was inhibited by metabolic inhibitors. These rings contained membrane folds, villi, and viral buds, whereas the rest of the membrane was smooth. In addition, shedding, endocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes, and reexpression of antigens were observed. Antibodies to nonviral membrane antigens induced the same pattern of redistribution. Infected cells treated with anti-measles Fab' fragments maintained a homogenous distribution of label throughout the experiments. In conclusion, intact immunoglobulins, but not Fab' fragments, were able to induce a dramatic redistribution of viral antigen on the membrane of giant cells infected with measles virus.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of measles virus infection: unusual antibody-triggered redistribution of antigens on giant cells. Vero cells infected with measles virus fuse to form multinucleated cells which incorporated virus-specific antigens in their membrane. The distribution of these antigens was analyzed after a brief treatment with human anti-measles immunoglobulin G, using autoradiography and immunoperoxidase labeling combined with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Virs-specific antigens were distributed over the entire surface of giant cells treated at 4 degrees C with human anti-measles immunoglobulin G and labeled Protein A. When cells were shifted to 37 degrees C, labeled antigen-antibody complexes were redistributed in two stages. Patch formation occurred in 5 to 15 min. Later, antigen-antibody complexes became concentrated in a paracentral \"ring\" rather than typical caps. Patch formation occurred in the presence of metabolic inhibitors, whereas ring formation was inhibited by metabolic inhibitors. These rings contained membrane folds, villi, and viral buds, whereas the rest of the membrane was smooth. In addition, shedding, endocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes, and reexpression of antigens were observed. Antibodies to nonviral membrane antigens induced the same pattern of redistribution. Infected cells treated with anti-measles Fab' fragments maintained a homogenous distribution of label throughout the experiments. In conclusion, intact immunoglobulins, but not Fab' fragments, were able to induce a dramatic redistribution of viral antigen on the membrane of giant cells infected with measles virus.", "PMID": 107326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7652", "title": "Vaccinia virus replication. I. Requirement for the host-cell nucleus.", "content": "Using cytochalasin B-induced enucleation techniques, we examined the ability of vaccinia virus to replicate in the absence of the host-cell nucleus in several mammalian cell lines. It was found that virus-infected enucleated cells (cytoplasts) prepared from BSC-40, CVC, and L cells were incapable of producing infectious progeny virus. The nature of this apparent nuclear involvement was studied in detail in BSC-40 cells. Modulations designed to maximize cytoplast integrity and longevity, such as reduction of the growth temperature and initial multiplicity of infection, did not improve virus growth in cytoplasts. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis of the [(35)S]methionine pulse-labeled proteins synthesized in vaccinia virus-infected cytoplasts demonstrated that both early and late viral gene products were being expressed at high levels and with the proper temporal sequence. Vaccinia virus cytoplasmic DNA synthesis, as measured by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, peaked at 3 h postinfection and was 70 to 90% of control levels in cytoplasts. However, in the cytoplasts this DNA was not converted to a DNase-resistant form late in infection, which was consistent with the failure to isolate physical particles from infected cytoplasts. Treatment of vaccinia virus-infected cells with 100 mug of rifampin/ml from 0 to 8 h to increase the pools of viral precursors, followed by subsequent removal of the drug, resulted in a threefold increase virus yield. This treatment had no effect on virus-infected cytoplasts. Finally, vaccinia virus morphogenesis was studied under an electron microscope in thin sections of virus-infected cells and cytoplasts which had been prepared at various times during a single-step growth cycle. It was apparent that, although early virus morphogenetic forms appeared, there was no subsequent DNA condensation or particle maturation in the cytoplasts. These results suggest that vaccinia virus requires some factor or function from the host-cell nucleus in order to mature properly and produce infectious progeny virus.", "contents": "Vaccinia virus replication. I. Requirement for the host-cell nucleus. Using cytochalasin B-induced enucleation techniques, we examined the ability of vaccinia virus to replicate in the absence of the host-cell nucleus in several mammalian cell lines. It was found that virus-infected enucleated cells (cytoplasts) prepared from BSC-40, CVC, and L cells were incapable of producing infectious progeny virus. The nature of this apparent nuclear involvement was studied in detail in BSC-40 cells. Modulations designed to maximize cytoplast integrity and longevity, such as reduction of the growth temperature and initial multiplicity of infection, did not improve virus growth in cytoplasts. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis of the [(35)S]methionine pulse-labeled proteins synthesized in vaccinia virus-infected cytoplasts demonstrated that both early and late viral gene products were being expressed at high levels and with the proper temporal sequence. Vaccinia virus cytoplasmic DNA synthesis, as measured by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, peaked at 3 h postinfection and was 70 to 90% of control levels in cytoplasts. However, in the cytoplasts this DNA was not converted to a DNase-resistant form late in infection, which was consistent with the failure to isolate physical particles from infected cytoplasts. Treatment of vaccinia virus-infected cells with 100 mug of rifampin/ml from 0 to 8 h to increase the pools of viral precursors, followed by subsequent removal of the drug, resulted in a threefold increase virus yield. This treatment had no effect on virus-infected cytoplasts. Finally, vaccinia virus morphogenesis was studied under an electron microscope in thin sections of virus-infected cells and cytoplasts which had been prepared at various times during a single-step growth cycle. It was apparent that, although early virus morphogenetic forms appeared, there was no subsequent DNA condensation or particle maturation in the cytoplasts. These results suggest that vaccinia virus requires some factor or function from the host-cell nucleus in order to mature properly and produce infectious progeny virus.", "PMID": 107327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7653", "title": "Carcinoma of the prostate: local control with external beam radiation therapy.", "content": "Local clinical control of the primary disease was evaluated in 209 patients with stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated with definitive external beam radiation therapy and followed for a minimum of 2 years. Of these patients 92 per cent required no further prostatic operations for obstruction. Prostatectomy before therapy did not necessarily prevent later prostatic obstruction from occurring. Of 129 patients who had only a needle biopsy before irradiation 90 per cent had improvement of the obstructive and/or irritative symptoms as tumor regression occurred with therapy and these patients did not require a later prostatic operation for obstruction. Stricture formation occurred in 8 per cent of the patients and was not influenced by the type of preirradiation prostatic operation done. If transurethral resection was reuqired after irradiation it was technically more difficult but the morbidity was acceptable. The incidence of hematuria and incontinence was far less than that reported in non-irradiated patients with this disease. Most tumors exhibited a down-grading effect after irradiation. There were no deaths attributable to the treatment. Over-all, 83 per cent of the 209 patients had no urinary complaints after completion of therapy. From a urological viewpoint, good clinical local control is achieved in the patient with stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated with external beam radiation therapy.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the prostate: local control with external beam radiation therapy. Local clinical control of the primary disease was evaluated in 209 patients with stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated with definitive external beam radiation therapy and followed for a minimum of 2 years. Of these patients 92 per cent required no further prostatic operations for obstruction. Prostatectomy before therapy did not necessarily prevent later prostatic obstruction from occurring. Of 129 patients who had only a needle biopsy before irradiation 90 per cent had improvement of the obstructive and/or irritative symptoms as tumor regression occurred with therapy and these patients did not require a later prostatic operation for obstruction. Stricture formation occurred in 8 per cent of the patients and was not influenced by the type of preirradiation prostatic operation done. If transurethral resection was reuqired after irradiation it was technically more difficult but the morbidity was acceptable. The incidence of hematuria and incontinence was far less than that reported in non-irradiated patients with this disease. Most tumors exhibited a down-grading effect after irradiation. There were no deaths attributable to the treatment. Over-all, 83 per cent of the 209 patients had no urinary complaints after completion of therapy. From a urological viewpoint, good clinical local control is achieved in the patient with stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated with external beam radiation therapy.", "PMID": 107328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7654", "title": "Are excretory urograms necessary in evaluating women with urinary tract infection?", "content": "Of 164 excretory urograms obtained from women with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections 88 per cent were perfectly normal. Eleven (6.7 per cent) had minor, normal, anatomic variations. Nine (5.5 per cent) were considered to have positive findings but in no case a significant finding present that required surgical intervention or altered the therapeutic approach. The total cost of the studies to the patients involved was $17,930. Thus, an extremely negative cost-benefit ratio emerged. The routine use of excretory urograms as part of the evaluation of a woman with a urinary tract infection is expensive, unrewarding and has little justification.", "contents": "Are excretory urograms necessary in evaluating women with urinary tract infection? Of 164 excretory urograms obtained from women with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections 88 per cent were perfectly normal. Eleven (6.7 per cent) had minor, normal, anatomic variations. Nine (5.5 per cent) were considered to have positive findings but in no case a significant finding present that required surgical intervention or altered the therapeutic approach. The total cost of the studies to the patients involved was $17,930. Thus, an extremely negative cost-benefit ratio emerged. The routine use of excretory urograms as part of the evaluation of a woman with a urinary tract infection is expensive, unrewarding and has little justification.", "PMID": 107329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7655", "title": "The physician's role in the cost-containment problem.", "content": "The seemingly uncontrolled increase in the cost of medical care is one of the major problems facing the American physician. Although the reasons for escalated costs are multifactorial, the physician does play an important role in the problem. Several studies have suggested that physicians, the cost generators, and unaware of the economic impact of the care they provide. In the preparation of this report, 70 medical students, 316 interns and residents, and 41 faculty members at the University of Miami School of Medicine were surveyed on their knowledge of frequently ordered hospital billing items. A common lack of knowledge was noted in all three groups of respondents, with the faculty scoring as poorly as the medical students. Major efforts must be directed toward the cost education of physicians.", "contents": "The physician's role in the cost-containment problem. The seemingly uncontrolled increase in the cost of medical care is one of the major problems facing the American physician. Although the reasons for escalated costs are multifactorial, the physician does play an important role in the problem. Several studies have suggested that physicians, the cost generators, and unaware of the economic impact of the care they provide. In the preparation of this report, 70 medical students, 316 interns and residents, and 41 faculty members at the University of Miami School of Medicine were surveyed on their knowledge of frequently ordered hospital billing items. A common lack of knowledge was noted in all three groups of respondents, with the faculty scoring as poorly as the medical students. Major efforts must be directed toward the cost education of physicians.", "PMID": 107333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7656", "title": "Single-antibiotic therapy for streptococcal endocarditis.", "content": "Ninety-nine patients treated with penicillin G potassium, cephalothin sodium, or vancomycin hydrochloride were studied to evaluate single-drug therapy for nonenterococcal streptococcal endocarditis. Eighty-six patients survived; of these, 66 received penicillin alone. The maximum serum bactericidal titer obtained at the expected nadir of serum antibiotic concentration was 1:8 or greater in 70 (95%) of the 74 patients studied. No relapse occurred among the 66 patients treated wih penicillin. Only one patient experienced a relapse that occurred following therapy with suboptimal doses of vancomycin. Distinct second episodes of endocarditis occurred in five patients. While 13 patients died, none died of intractable infection. The treatment of endocarditis due to penicillin-susceptible streptococci with high-dose parenteral penicillin or a bactericidal penicillin substitute for four weeks or longer results in bacteriologic cure rates comparable with those achieved with combined penicillin-streptomycin regimens.", "contents": "Single-antibiotic therapy for streptococcal endocarditis. Ninety-nine patients treated with penicillin G potassium, cephalothin sodium, or vancomycin hydrochloride were studied to evaluate single-drug therapy for nonenterococcal streptococcal endocarditis. Eighty-six patients survived; of these, 66 received penicillin alone. The maximum serum bactericidal titer obtained at the expected nadir of serum antibiotic concentration was 1:8 or greater in 70 (95%) of the 74 patients studied. No relapse occurred among the 66 patients treated wih penicillin. Only one patient experienced a relapse that occurred following therapy with suboptimal doses of vancomycin. Distinct second episodes of endocarditis occurred in five patients. While 13 patients died, none died of intractable infection. The treatment of endocarditis due to penicillin-susceptible streptococci with high-dose parenteral penicillin or a bactericidal penicillin substitute for four weeks or longer results in bacteriologic cure rates comparable with those achieved with combined penicillin-streptomycin regimens.", "PMID": 107335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7657", "title": "Ovarian cancer. Effective treatment after alkylating-agent failure.", "content": "Combination chemotherapy consisting of hexamethylmelamine and cisplatin, alone or with doxorubicin hydrochloride, was given to 27 patients with advanced ovarian cancer who had disease progression with therapy including alkylating agents. Eighteen (67%) had greater than 50% regression of measurable disease or disease that could be evaluated but not measured, for a projected median duration of seven months. The projected median survival for all patients is nine months from the time of entry into the study and 33 months from the time of diagnosis of ovarian cancer. The treatment could be readily administered on an outpatient basis with a regimen of hydration and diuresis that nearly completely prevented platinum-induced renal tubular damage. Myelosuppression was severe in 11 patients (40%), but there was no treatment-related deaths. Agents of such high activity should be considered as components of initial therapy for stage III and IV cancers.", "contents": "Ovarian cancer. Effective treatment after alkylating-agent failure. Combination chemotherapy consisting of hexamethylmelamine and cisplatin, alone or with doxorubicin hydrochloride, was given to 27 patients with advanced ovarian cancer who had disease progression with therapy including alkylating agents. Eighteen (67%) had greater than 50% regression of measurable disease or disease that could be evaluated but not measured, for a projected median duration of seven months. The projected median survival for all patients is nine months from the time of entry into the study and 33 months from the time of diagnosis of ovarian cancer. The treatment could be readily administered on an outpatient basis with a regimen of hydration and diuresis that nearly completely prevented platinum-induced renal tubular damage. Myelosuppression was severe in 11 patients (40%), but there was no treatment-related deaths. Agents of such high activity should be considered as components of initial therapy for stage III and IV cancers.", "PMID": 107337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7658", "title": "Proton radiation as boost therapy for localized prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "A 160-MeV proton beam has been modified to irradiate patients with localized tumors by using convention treatment schedules. This proton beam has the physical advantage of megavoltage x-rays of reducing the radiation dose to normal tissues adjacent to the tumor volume. A perineal proton technique used as boost therapy (2,000 to 2,500 rads) was evaluated in the definitive irradiation of 17 patients with localized prostatic carcinoma. This technique allows repeated daily treatment of the carefully defined target volume with a precision of +/- 2 mm. Total dose to the prostatic tumor, but not to the posterior rectum, has been increased by 500 to 700 rads. After 12 to 27 months of observation, no noteworthy rectal reaction has developed in a patient, easily managed urethral strictures have developed in two patients, and all but one are locally controlled.", "contents": "Proton radiation as boost therapy for localized prostatic carcinoma. A 160-MeV proton beam has been modified to irradiate patients with localized tumors by using convention treatment schedules. This proton beam has the physical advantage of megavoltage x-rays of reducing the radiation dose to normal tissues adjacent to the tumor volume. A perineal proton technique used as boost therapy (2,000 to 2,500 rads) was evaluated in the definitive irradiation of 17 patients with localized prostatic carcinoma. This technique allows repeated daily treatment of the carefully defined target volume with a precision of +/- 2 mm. Total dose to the prostatic tumor, but not to the posterior rectum, has been increased by 500 to 700 rads. After 12 to 27 months of observation, no noteworthy rectal reaction has developed in a patient, easily managed urethral strictures have developed in two patients, and all but one are locally controlled.", "PMID": 107338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7659", "title": "Differential diagnosis and therapy of hyperketonemic state.", "content": "Detection of ketone bodies in the urine or plasma may be used as a rapid, inexpensive diagnostic approach. Understanding the causes of hyperketonemia can lead to identification and appropriate therapy for the underlying cause. At least one urinary ketone measurement should be a routine procedure in all severely ill patients in whom a complete understanding of the underlying pathological processes is not present.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis and therapy of hyperketonemic state. Detection of ketone bodies in the urine or plasma may be used as a rapid, inexpensive diagnostic approach. Understanding the causes of hyperketonemia can lead to identification and appropriate therapy for the underlying cause. At least one urinary ketone measurement should be a routine procedure in all severely ill patients in whom a complete understanding of the underlying pathological processes is not present.", "PMID": 107340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7660", "title": "A novel Tetrahymena sp. with unusual membrane lipid composition, with special reference to iso fatty acyl chains.", "content": "A novel Tetrahymena sp. is similar in appearance to four classical strains (WH-14, GL, W, NT-1) of T. pyriformis except for a larger width. The phospholipid and acyl chain compositions of membranes of this novel species are significantly different from those of other strains. The Tetrahymena sp. has a much higher content of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride and a lower level of glyceroaminoethyl phosphonate. Major fatty acids of this strain are iso 15:0 and iso 17:1, which are, if present, usually minor components in the classical strains of T. pyriformis.", "contents": "A novel Tetrahymena sp. with unusual membrane lipid composition, with special reference to iso fatty acyl chains. A novel Tetrahymena sp. is similar in appearance to four classical strains (WH-14, GL, W, NT-1) of T. pyriformis except for a larger width. The phospholipid and acyl chain compositions of membranes of this novel species are significantly different from those of other strains. The Tetrahymena sp. has a much higher content of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride and a lower level of glyceroaminoethyl phosphonate. Major fatty acids of this strain are iso 15:0 and iso 17:1, which are, if present, usually minor components in the classical strains of T. pyriformis.", "PMID": 107352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7661", "title": "[Toxicity of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent reports on the toxicity and metabolism of 1,1,1-trichloroethane are reviewed. Problems studied include transformation of this substance in the body and in the environment, its short and long term toxicities in animal experiments and human experiences, possible teratogenicity and tumorigenicity, and hazards due to contact with the skin and mucosae. Presumable modification of toxicity by inhibitors and other chemicals as well as physical conditions are also briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Toxicity of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (author's transl)]. Recent reports on the toxicity and metabolism of 1,1,1-trichloroethane are reviewed. Problems studied include transformation of this substance in the body and in the environment, its short and long term toxicities in animal experiments and human experiences, possible teratogenicity and tumorigenicity, and hazards due to contact with the skin and mucosae. Presumable modification of toxicity by inhibitors and other chemicals as well as physical conditions are also briefly discussed.", "PMID": 107354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7662", "title": "Advanced Trauma Life Support laboratory: pilot implementation and evaluation.", "content": "Selected invasive diagnostic and therapeutic techniques were taught to emergency physicians through modular Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) animal laboratory courses presented in the fall of 1977. Thirty-seven emergency physicians participated in the four pilot ATLS laboratories in which the average trainee:animal:instructor ratio was 2:1:0.75. The animals consisted of 15 large baboons and five large rhesus monkeys. Cost accounting on these pilot ATLS courses revealed that the total program cost was $15,581.86, for an average of $3,895.46 per trauma laboratory course and $421.13 per emergency physician trained. The ATLS concept is ready for development into a nationally-standarized ATLS series.", "contents": "Advanced Trauma Life Support laboratory: pilot implementation and evaluation. Selected invasive diagnostic and therapeutic techniques were taught to emergency physicians through modular Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) animal laboratory courses presented in the fall of 1977. Thirty-seven emergency physicians participated in the four pilot ATLS laboratories in which the average trainee:animal:instructor ratio was 2:1:0.75. The animals consisted of 15 large baboons and five large rhesus monkeys. Cost accounting on these pilot ATLS courses revealed that the total program cost was $15,581.86, for an average of $3,895.46 per trauma laboratory course and $421.13 per emergency physician trained. The ATLS concept is ready for development into a nationally-standarized ATLS series.", "PMID": 107357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7663", "title": "Relationship between amount and type of dietary fat in promotion of mammary carcinogenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.", "content": "Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed semipurified diets containing various fats, either alone or in combination, to provide different amounts of dietary fat and linoleic acid. One week before commencing the diets, each rat received an intra-gastric dose of the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Rats fed diets containing mixtures of 3% sunflower seed oil and 17% of either tallow or coconut oil developed twice as many tumors as those fed 3% sunflower seed oil or 20% of either saturated fat alone. Tumor yields in the rats fed these mixed-fat diets were comparable to those in rats fed a 20% lard diet, which provided about the same amount of linoleic acid. No further increase in tumor yield was observed in rats fed a 20% sunflower seed oil diet that contained more than five times as much linoleic acid. These results show that a certain amount of polyunsaturated fat, as well as a high level of dietary fat, is required to promote mammary carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Relationship between amount and type of dietary fat in promotion of mammary carcinogenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed semipurified diets containing various fats, either alone or in combination, to provide different amounts of dietary fat and linoleic acid. One week before commencing the diets, each rat received an intra-gastric dose of the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Rats fed diets containing mixtures of 3% sunflower seed oil and 17% of either tallow or coconut oil developed twice as many tumors as those fed 3% sunflower seed oil or 20% of either saturated fat alone. Tumor yields in the rats fed these mixed-fat diets were comparable to those in rats fed a 20% lard diet, which provided about the same amount of linoleic acid. No further increase in tumor yield was observed in rats fed a 20% sunflower seed oil diet that contained more than five times as much linoleic acid. These results show that a certain amount of polyunsaturated fat, as well as a high level of dietary fat, is required to promote mammary carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 107358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7664", "title": "Effects of donor age on neoplastic transformation of adult mouse bladder epithelium in vitro.", "content": "Neoplastic transformation of C57BL/lcrf-a' mouse bladder epithelium was induced in long-term primary cultures by a single 24-hour treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene on day 2 of culture. Transformed foci appeared earlier (40--60 days) and at a higher frequency (28%) in cultures from old donors (28--30 mo) compared with 100 days and 0.9% in cultures from young adult donors (5--7 mo). After transplantation into syngeneic mice, transformed cells produced carcinomas. Spontaneous epithelial transformation occurred in dimethyl sulfoxide-treated old cultures after the same interval (40--60 days) as in the carcinogen-treated cultures but at a lower frequency (5.3%). Spontaneous epithelial transformation did not occur in cultures from young donors.", "contents": "Effects of donor age on neoplastic transformation of adult mouse bladder epithelium in vitro. Neoplastic transformation of C57BL/lcrf-a' mouse bladder epithelium was induced in long-term primary cultures by a single 24-hour treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene on day 2 of culture. Transformed foci appeared earlier (40--60 days) and at a higher frequency (28%) in cultures from old donors (28--30 mo) compared with 100 days and 0.9% in cultures from young adult donors (5--7 mo). After transplantation into syngeneic mice, transformed cells produced carcinomas. Spontaneous epithelial transformation occurred in dimethyl sulfoxide-treated old cultures after the same interval (40--60 days) as in the carcinogen-treated cultures but at a lower frequency (5.3%). Spontaneous epithelial transformation did not occur in cultures from young donors.", "PMID": 107359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7665", "title": "[The use of computerized axial x-ray-tomography (EMI-scan) in ophthalmology (author's transl)].", "content": "There now exist protocols for specific scanning which make it possible to obtain tranverse sections of a few millimetres in thickness of the orbits and their contents, with minimum sweep and with a very low dose of radiation for the lens. Normal scanner anatomical findings in the orbit may thus be defined for the eyeball (outer coats, vitreous, lens) as well as retrobulbar structures (optic nerve, oculomotor muscles in particular). Intraocular tumours (e.g. retinoblastoma) are visible on enlarged scan films. The value of scannings lies above all in the determination of the site, size and shape of orbital lesions and, where applicable, their relations with neighbouring extra- and intra-cerebral structures. In addition, certain conditions such as exophthalmos during hyperthyroidism have characteristic scan findings. It nevertheless remains difficult to attempt to predict a histological diagnosis on the basis of scan findings, the risk of a false positive being particularly significant. Particular emphasis must be placed upon the contribution of techniques of treatment of the films obtained (enlargement, contrast media,  histograms, lateral views) as well as the complementary use of other methods of radiological investigation (in particular arteriography and phlebography) which scanning cannot replace but which it should usually precede since it is atraumatic and non-invase.", "contents": "[The use of computerized axial x-ray-tomography (EMI-scan) in ophthalmology (author's transl)]. There now exist protocols for specific scanning which make it possible to obtain tranverse sections of a few millimetres in thickness of the orbits and their contents, with minimum sweep and with a very low dose of radiation for the lens. Normal scanner anatomical findings in the orbit may thus be defined for the eyeball (outer coats, vitreous, lens) as well as retrobulbar structures (optic nerve, oculomotor muscles in particular). Intraocular tumours (e.g. retinoblastoma) are visible on enlarged scan films. The value of scannings lies above all in the determination of the site, size and shape of orbital lesions and, where applicable, their relations with neighbouring extra- and intra-cerebral structures. In addition, certain conditions such as exophthalmos during hyperthyroidism have characteristic scan findings. It nevertheless remains difficult to attempt to predict a histological diagnosis on the basis of scan findings, the risk of a false positive being particularly significant. Particular emphasis must be placed upon the contribution of techniques of treatment of the films obtained (enlargement, contrast media,  histograms, lateral views) as well as the complementary use of other methods of radiological investigation (in particular arteriography and phlebography) which scanning cannot replace but which it should usually precede since it is atraumatic and non-invase.", "PMID": 107365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7666", "title": "Retinal pigment epithelium. Interrelations of endoplasmic reticulum and melanolysosomes in the black mouse and its beige mutant.", "content": "By cytochemistry (acid phosphatase and tyrosinase activities) GERL, a specialized hydrolase-rich region of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), can be visualized in the cells of the mouse retinal pigment epithelium. Previously catalase cytochemistry permitted us to identify microperoxisomes, with numerous continuities to the ER. The present report reveals the extensive continuities of the ER to pigment granules in various stages of maturation. When the pigment granules, which we consider to be \"melanolysosomes,\" first appear they consist of electron-opaque grains within dilated areas of the ER. As the dilations enlarge, fine fibrils appear in the ER cisternae. Thicker fibers develop from the fibrils; these fibers are generally obscured when melanin deposition occurs. At all stages, the melanolysosomes appear to be connected to the ER.", "contents": "Retinal pigment epithelium. Interrelations of endoplasmic reticulum and melanolysosomes in the black mouse and its beige mutant. By cytochemistry (acid phosphatase and tyrosinase activities) GERL, a specialized hydrolase-rich region of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), can be visualized in the cells of the mouse retinal pigment epithelium. Previously catalase cytochemistry permitted us to identify microperoxisomes, with numerous continuities to the ER. The present report reveals the extensive continuities of the ER to pigment granules in various stages of maturation. When the pigment granules, which we consider to be \"melanolysosomes,\" first appear they consist of electron-opaque grains within dilated areas of the ER. As the dilations enlarge, fine fibrils appear in the ER cisternae. Thicker fibers develop from the fibrils; these fibers are generally obscured when melanin deposition occurs. At all stages, the melanolysosomes appear to be connected to the ER.", "PMID": 107366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7667", "title": "Neural uptake of catecholamines and their molecular structures: a histopharmacologic study.", "content": "Using ultrastructural and histofluorescence methods, we investigated the uptake mechanism of catecholamines by the nerve terminals in the cutaneous smooth muscles of stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides). This in vivo approach ultilized the observed cytotoxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on these catecholamine-containing terminals and the protective effects of simultaneous treatment with catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine), their 3-0-methylated derivatives (metanephrine and normetanephrine), and catechol acids (3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid and 2, 4, 5-trihydroxymandelic acid). Both catecholamines and 3-0-methylated derivatives protected these nerve terminals from destruction by 6-hydroxydopamine, but catechol acids did not. However, the 3-0-methylated derivatives were less effective than the catecholamines. The degree of protection afforded by these amines depended largely on their concentration. Only catecholamines intensified the electron density of the intravesicular mass or the fluorescence in the nerve terminals; therefore, 3-0-methylated derivatives may inhibit 6-hydroxydopamine uptake at axoplasmic membrane sites, but not inside the axon. These observations led to the discovery that these are two sites for the catecholamine uptake process. One site is the axoplasmic membrane. The terminals are protected by catecholamines and their 3-0-methylated derivatives from 6-hydroxydopamine uptake and thus destruction. The other site is the intraaxonal compartments. Here competitive binding between the vesicular protein and both 6-hydroxydopamine and the catecholamines plays a main role.", "contents": "Neural uptake of catecholamines and their molecular structures: a histopharmacologic study. Using ultrastructural and histofluorescence methods, we investigated the uptake mechanism of catecholamines by the nerve terminals in the cutaneous smooth muscles of stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides). This in vivo approach ultilized the observed cytotoxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on these catecholamine-containing terminals and the protective effects of simultaneous treatment with catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine), their 3-0-methylated derivatives (metanephrine and normetanephrine), and catechol acids (3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid and 2, 4, 5-trihydroxymandelic acid). Both catecholamines and 3-0-methylated derivatives protected these nerve terminals from destruction by 6-hydroxydopamine, but catechol acids did not. However, the 3-0-methylated derivatives were less effective than the catecholamines. The degree of protection afforded by these amines depended largely on their concentration. Only catecholamines intensified the electron density of the intravesicular mass or the fluorescence in the nerve terminals; therefore, 3-0-methylated derivatives may inhibit 6-hydroxydopamine uptake at axoplasmic membrane sites, but not inside the axon. These observations led to the discovery that these are two sites for the catecholamine uptake process. One site is the axoplasmic membrane. The terminals are protected by catecholamines and their 3-0-methylated derivatives from 6-hydroxydopamine uptake and thus destruction. The other site is the intraaxonal compartments. Here competitive binding between the vesicular protein and both 6-hydroxydopamine and the catecholamines plays a main role.", "PMID": 107369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7668", "title": "Cost effectiveness analysis: some problems of implementation.", "content": "Cost benefit analyses in the health sector frequently deal with situations in which the money value of the benefits is either difficult or impossible to measure. This paper asserts that the use of cost effectiveness analysis as a means of escaping the need to place a dollar value on benefits does not escape the need for appropriately discounting these benefits when they accrue in different periods over time. The choice of an appropriate discount rate is discussed, and the benefits of elective hysterectomy are used to demonstrate that a serious bias can result from ignoring the need for discounting.", "contents": "Cost effectiveness analysis: some problems of implementation. Cost benefit analyses in the health sector frequently deal with situations in which the money value of the benefits is either difficult or impossible to measure. This paper asserts that the use of cost effectiveness analysis as a means of escaping the need to place a dollar value on benefits does not escape the need for appropriately discounting these benefits when they accrue in different periods over time. The choice of an appropriate discount rate is discussed, and the benefits of elective hysterectomy are used to demonstrate that a serious bias can result from ignoring the need for discounting.", "PMID": 107371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7669", "title": "Perinatal care and cost effectiveness: changes in health expenditures and birth outcome following the establishment of a nurse-midwife program.", "content": "Estimates of infant health status and expenditures for perinatal care are presented for periods of time before and after implementation of a nurse-midwife program in rural Georgia. As the program developed, the infant mortality rate of the four counties served by the program showed a decrease. Similarly, the target population (pregnant women of low to moderate income who had no private physician) experienced decreases in the rate of neonatal mortality, low birthweight, and short gestational age. Estimated expenditures for perinatal care in the four counties decreased as well. These results are examined from the perspective of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 and the utility of using an epidemiologic approach for estimating the output of health services in terms of health status is emphasized.", "contents": "Perinatal care and cost effectiveness: changes in health expenditures and birth outcome following the establishment of a nurse-midwife program. Estimates of infant health status and expenditures for perinatal care are presented for periods of time before and after implementation of a nurse-midwife program in rural Georgia. As the program developed, the infant mortality rate of the four counties served by the program showed a decrease. Similarly, the target population (pregnant women of low to moderate income who had no private physician) experienced decreases in the rate of neonatal mortality, low birthweight, and short gestational age. Estimated expenditures for perinatal care in the four counties decreased as well. These results are examined from the perspective of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 and the utility of using an epidemiologic approach for estimating the output of health services in terms of health status is emphasized.", "PMID": 107372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7670", "title": "The evolution of the PSRO hospital review system.", "content": "Over the past several years, the PSRO hospital review system has evolved to such an extent as to merit re-examination of its objectives, accomplishments and potential, as well as the obstacles to success that still remain. The combination of review experience, political and funding pressures has reshaped the hospital review system. There is still controversy concerning the relative emphasis of the program on quality or costs, but there is no longer any question about the priority goal of the program for the remainder of this decade--to reduce the excessive use of hospital care and services that exists throughout the country. There is widespread and growing evidence of significant variation in hospital practice patterns from region to region and hospital to hospital. Elimination of much of the variation would benefit the quality of patient care and help to contain costs. Improvements in PSRO hospital review, particularly profile analysis and medical care evaluation studies, make possible the exposure of apparent local problems in hospital quality and utilization and the precise definitions of their causes. Many PSROs have made substantial progress in the application and refinement of these techniques. The current state of the art is described in detail. Still to be determined over the next several years is the extent to which PSROs will be able to succeed in correcting these problems and whether the support and cooperation PSROs need form sister agencies and the political process will be adequate.", "contents": "The evolution of the PSRO hospital review system. Over the past several years, the PSRO hospital review system has evolved to such an extent as to merit re-examination of its objectives, accomplishments and potential, as well as the obstacles to success that still remain. The combination of review experience, political and funding pressures has reshaped the hospital review system. There is still controversy concerning the relative emphasis of the program on quality or costs, but there is no longer any question about the priority goal of the program for the remainder of this decade--to reduce the excessive use of hospital care and services that exists throughout the country. There is widespread and growing evidence of significant variation in hospital practice patterns from region to region and hospital to hospital. Elimination of much of the variation would benefit the quality of patient care and help to contain costs. Improvements in PSRO hospital review, particularly profile analysis and medical care evaluation studies, make possible the exposure of apparent local problems in hospital quality and utilization and the precise definitions of their causes. Many PSROs have made substantial progress in the application and refinement of these techniques. The current state of the art is described in detail. Still to be determined over the next several years is the extent to which PSROs will be able to succeed in correcting these problems and whether the support and cooperation PSROs need form sister agencies and the political process will be adequate.", "PMID": 107373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7671", "title": "[Congenital diverticulum of the left ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of congenital diverticulum of the left ventricle associated with probable mitral and tricuspid prolapses is presented. The authors comment on the absence of symptomatology in patients affected with this disease and point out the electrocardiographic, radiologic, and phonomechanocardiographic data. The importance of the left ventriculography in the diagnosis and classification of this disease stands out, as does the value of echocardiography (mode-M) in the diagnosis of mitral and tricuspid valvular prolapses which were associated in the present case. The classifications given by various authors in connection with this anomaly are reviewed and lastly the appropriate therapeutic approach is discussed. There is a surgical possibility for young asymptomatic patients, taking into account the little experience we have at present on the natural history of this disease.", "contents": "[Congenital diverticulum of the left ventricle (author's transl)]. A case of congenital diverticulum of the left ventricle associated with probable mitral and tricuspid prolapses is presented. The authors comment on the absence of symptomatology in patients affected with this disease and point out the electrocardiographic, radiologic, and phonomechanocardiographic data. The importance of the left ventriculography in the diagnosis and classification of this disease stands out, as does the value of echocardiography (mode-M) in the diagnosis of mitral and tricuspid valvular prolapses which were associated in the present case. The classifications given by various authors in connection with this anomaly are reviewed and lastly the appropriate therapeutic approach is discussed. There is a surgical possibility for young asymptomatic patients, taking into account the little experience we have at present on the natural history of this disease.", "PMID": 107374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7672", "title": "[Treatment of malignant tumors of the conjunctiva with strontium-90 (author's transl)].", "content": "Although there are relatively few cases in our series of tumor of the conjunctiva, they represent most frequent histopathologic varieties for this localization. It is difficult to treat these patients in such a way as to cure the tumor while preserving intact the eye and vision. Surgery is recommended only in well differentiated cases that are diagnosed early. The excellent physical properties of strontium-90 make it particularly useful for this type of localization. High doses of radiation can be applied to the tumors with little danger to the deep and sensitive structures of the eye. With fractional doses we have been able to control conjunctival tumors of considerable size and thickness which would not normally have been considered tributary to this type of therapy.", "contents": "[Treatment of malignant tumors of the conjunctiva with strontium-90 (author's transl)]. Although there are relatively few cases in our series of tumor of the conjunctiva, they represent most frequent histopathologic varieties for this localization. It is difficult to treat these patients in such a way as to cure the tumor while preserving intact the eye and vision. Surgery is recommended only in well differentiated cases that are diagnosed early. The excellent physical properties of strontium-90 make it particularly useful for this type of localization. High doses of radiation can be applied to the tumors with little danger to the deep and sensitive structures of the eye. With fractional doses we have been able to control conjunctival tumors of considerable size and thickness which would not normally have been considered tributary to this type of therapy.", "PMID": 107375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7673", "title": "[Gm1 gangliosidosis types 1 and 2 (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of gangliosidosis due to aggregates of Gm1 are described. The first patient was a female infant with noticeable retardation in psychomotor development, coarse facies, hepatomegaly, and X-rays showing skeletal anomalies in the large bones, vertebral column, cranium and ribs. She died at the age of 10 months of a septic condition. The second patient was a male infant; deterioration in psychomotor development was first noticed 8 months after birth and this progressed slowly to arrive at a vegetative state with convulsions and myoclonus. The child died at the age of 4 years. There were no signs of enlargement of visceral organs but a cherry red stain was observed in the ophthalmologic examination. In the first case, necropsy revealed the presence of a deposit substance in the histiocytes of the hepatic sinusoids, spleen, pancreas, thymus, septi and pulmonary alveoli, intestinal lamina propria, epithelial cells of the renal glomeruli, and in the neurons and glial cells of the brain. The same deposits were observed only in the neurons and glial cells in the second case. Ultrastructural examination showed the presence of typical cytoplasmic membranous bodies in the central nervous system of both patients. The beta-galactosidase activity in the urine of both patients during life was zero. There was a higher than normal total amount of gangliosides in brain tissue samples from both (1906.7 and 2459.9 NANA/g respectively) as compared with normal values (724.0). This increase was proportional to the rise in Gm1 ganglioside (76.8 and 89.6 percent molar respectively) as compared to control (27.0). These clinical, morphologic, and biochemical data characterize both types 1 and 2 of gangliosidosis due to Gm1 aggregates.", "contents": "[Gm1 gangliosidosis types 1 and 2 (author's transl)]. Two cases of gangliosidosis due to aggregates of Gm1 are described. The first patient was a female infant with noticeable retardation in psychomotor development, coarse facies, hepatomegaly, and X-rays showing skeletal anomalies in the large bones, vertebral column, cranium and ribs. She died at the age of 10 months of a septic condition. The second patient was a male infant; deterioration in psychomotor development was first noticed 8 months after birth and this progressed slowly to arrive at a vegetative state with convulsions and myoclonus. The child died at the age of 4 years. There were no signs of enlargement of visceral organs but a cherry red stain was observed in the ophthalmologic examination. In the first case, necropsy revealed the presence of a deposit substance in the histiocytes of the hepatic sinusoids, spleen, pancreas, thymus, septi and pulmonary alveoli, intestinal lamina propria, epithelial cells of the renal glomeruli, and in the neurons and glial cells of the brain. The same deposits were observed only in the neurons and glial cells in the second case. Ultrastructural examination showed the presence of typical cytoplasmic membranous bodies in the central nervous system of both patients. The beta-galactosidase activity in the urine of both patients during life was zero. There was a higher than normal total amount of gangliosides in brain tissue samples from both (1906.7 and 2459.9 NANA/g respectively) as compared with normal values (724.0). This increase was proportional to the rise in Gm1 ganglioside (76.8 and 89.6 percent molar respectively) as compared to control (27.0). These clinical, morphologic, and biochemical data characterize both types 1 and 2 of gangliosidosis due to Gm1 aggregates.", "PMID": 107376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7674", "title": "[Treatment of inoperable lung carcinoma by means of concentrated radiotherapy: results from 361 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present work the results of a radiotherapy protocol for the treatment of inoperable lung cancer are examined. The study was carried out on two groups of patients treated successively; the first of 140 patients by means of cobalt therapy at the normal rate, up to a dose of 4,500 to 5,000 rads in 5 weeks; the second of 221 cases by means of concentrated radiotherapy in two series of 2,000 rads in five sessions, separated by 3 weeks of rest. The results show a more rapid regression of the symptomatology in the second group of patients and a clear superiority in respect to the survival rate. The patients treated at the normal rate showed after 6 months a survival rate of 40 percent as against 60.5 percent in the second group. This difference became more evident when comparing the histologic types: 9 and 57 percent respectively for anaplastic carcinomas. The survival rate after 1 year shows a difference between the two groups which is statistically significant (16 and 21 percent respectively) (p less than 0.05). In no case did we find complications of the type of esophagitis, pericarditis or transverse myelitis. The treatment in two sessions was better tolerated both from the physical and the psychic point of view by all the patients because of the 3 weeks of rest. The superiority in regard to survival, the rapid disappearance of the symptomatology, as well as the reduction in the therapy time, justify the use of concentrated radiotherapy in the treatment of this type of tumors even in the more advanced stages of the disease.", "contents": "[Treatment of inoperable lung carcinoma by means of concentrated radiotherapy: results from 361 cases (author's transl)]. In the present work the results of a radiotherapy protocol for the treatment of inoperable lung cancer are examined. The study was carried out on two groups of patients treated successively; the first of 140 patients by means of cobalt therapy at the normal rate, up to a dose of 4,500 to 5,000 rads in 5 weeks; the second of 221 cases by means of concentrated radiotherapy in two series of 2,000 rads in five sessions, separated by 3 weeks of rest. The results show a more rapid regression of the symptomatology in the second group of patients and a clear superiority in respect to the survival rate. The patients treated at the normal rate showed after 6 months a survival rate of 40 percent as against 60.5 percent in the second group. This difference became more evident when comparing the histologic types: 9 and 57 percent respectively for anaplastic carcinomas. The survival rate after 1 year shows a difference between the two groups which is statistically significant (16 and 21 percent respectively) (p less than 0.05). In no case did we find complications of the type of esophagitis, pericarditis or transverse myelitis. The treatment in two sessions was better tolerated both from the physical and the psychic point of view by all the patients because of the 3 weeks of rest. The superiority in regard to survival, the rapid disappearance of the symptomatology, as well as the reduction in the therapy time, justify the use of concentrated radiotherapy in the treatment of this type of tumors even in the more advanced stages of the disease.", "PMID": 107377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7675", "title": "Vasodilator therapy of pump failure complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In patients with pump failure complicating acute infarction, vasodilating drugs, by reducing impedance to left ventricular outflow and venous return to the heart, improve cardiac performance without affecting myocardial contractility. Sodium nitroprusside currently is the vasodilator of choice in most patients with both elevated left ventricular filling pressures and reduced cardiac output. Patients with accompanying mechanical defects, such as acute mitral regurgitation or ventricular septal rupture, are particularly amenable to vasodilator therapy. Some patients may require combined therapy, with inotropic catecholamines or mechanical assistance devices together with vasodilators, in order to avoid undesirable hypotension. Side effects and toxicity are rare when patients are carefully selected and monitored. It is uncertain whether vasodilators reduce ischemia or salvage jeopardized myocardium, but they appear to improve the initial prognosis of some patients with severe pump failure. The long-term prognosis of these patients remains poor, however, and therefore a more aggressive approach to their chronic management seems warranted.", "contents": "Vasodilator therapy of pump failure complicating acute myocardial infarction. In patients with pump failure complicating acute infarction, vasodilating drugs, by reducing impedance to left ventricular outflow and venous return to the heart, improve cardiac performance without affecting myocardial contractility. Sodium nitroprusside currently is the vasodilator of choice in most patients with both elevated left ventricular filling pressures and reduced cardiac output. Patients with accompanying mechanical defects, such as acute mitral regurgitation or ventricular septal rupture, are particularly amenable to vasodilator therapy. Some patients may require combined therapy, with inotropic catecholamines or mechanical assistance devices together with vasodilators, in order to avoid undesirable hypotension. Side effects and toxicity are rare when patients are carefully selected and monitored. It is uncertain whether vasodilators reduce ischemia or salvage jeopardized myocardium, but they appear to improve the initial prognosis of some patients with severe pump failure. The long-term prognosis of these patients remains poor, however, and therefore a more aggressive approach to their chronic management seems warranted.", "PMID": 107378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7676", "title": "The cost of cancer.", "content": "In the last 30 years medical science has developed an array of new technologies such as cell cytology, radio-isotopic scanning, soft tissue X-rays (mammography and computerized tomography), etc., which have potential for the early detection of cancer, and when coupled with current or future therapeutic techniques may lead to improved rates of cure or prolonged survival of patients with cancer. Whenever preliminary evidence of efficacy is developed, considerable public pressure mounts both within and outside the medical community to implement screening programs on a widespread basis. Advances in screening and treatment, however, are coming at a time when there is serious nationwide concern over the total amount now being spent for health care in the nation and the rate of inflation that has occurred almost every year. In the medical literature, the little existing identification of the costs and economic benefits of screening (and of disease control programs in general) is often presented in a fairly simplistic fashion. Yet, just as many of the biologic issues in cancer screening are complex, so too are the economic ones. This paper will begin to identify: 1. the economic approaches to evaluating screening, 2. the problems in specifying costs, 3. the issues involved in selecting benefit measures, and 4. how these interact in the formulation of screening policies. In addressing these issues, new data on cost of cancer treatment, based on the third National Cancer Survey, will be presented. These data include hospital and nonhospital costs, disaggregated by source, cancer site and stage.", "contents": "The cost of cancer. In the last 30 years medical science has developed an array of new technologies such as cell cytology, radio-isotopic scanning, soft tissue X-rays (mammography and computerized tomography), etc., which have potential for the early detection of cancer, and when coupled with current or future therapeutic techniques may lead to improved rates of cure or prolonged survival of patients with cancer. Whenever preliminary evidence of efficacy is developed, considerable public pressure mounts both within and outside the medical community to implement screening programs on a widespread basis. Advances in screening and treatment, however, are coming at a time when there is serious nationwide concern over the total amount now being spent for health care in the nation and the rate of inflation that has occurred almost every year. In the medical literature, the little existing identification of the costs and economic benefits of screening (and of disease control programs in general) is often presented in a fairly simplistic fashion. Yet, just as many of the biologic issues in cancer screening are complex, so too are the economic ones. This paper will begin to identify: 1. the economic approaches to evaluating screening, 2. the problems in specifying costs, 3. the issues involved in selecting benefit measures, and 4. how these interact in the formulation of screening policies. In addressing these issues, new data on cost of cancer treatment, based on the third National Cancer Survey, will be presented. These data include hospital and nonhospital costs, disaggregated by source, cancer site and stage.", "PMID": 107379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7677", "title": "Cost-benefit ratio in our search for cerebellopontine angle tumors.", "content": "There is agreement that the morbidity and mortality of CPA tumors are directly proportional to the size of the tumor. The diagnostic difficulty, however, is indirectly proportional to the size: the large tumors are diagnosed with little difficulty, the smaller ones with considerable challenge. In the search for these tumors, it is apparent that the incidence of all sizes is low. To arrive at the diagnosis, efforts must be pursued in any patient with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, unilateral tinnitus, or vertigo. In the past 12 years, 19,000 new patients were seen in the office of the Pittsburgh Otological Association. In this new patient population, 120 tumors were proven by surgery. Six others (bilateral tumors) were diagnosed but not operated on, and four others were diagnosed but were operated on elsewhere for a total of 130 patients. An estimate of the cost of diagnosing these tumors is presented. Consideration is given to the cost-benefit ratio of diagnosing those diseases which must be considered also in the differential diagnosis when the above symptoms are present. These are: congenital changes, trauma, metabolic neuropathies, Meniere's disease, noise-induced hearing loss, lues, sudden hearing loss, and unilateral symptoms of undetermined etiology.", "contents": "Cost-benefit ratio in our search for cerebellopontine angle tumors. There is agreement that the morbidity and mortality of CPA tumors are directly proportional to the size of the tumor. The diagnostic difficulty, however, is indirectly proportional to the size: the large tumors are diagnosed with little difficulty, the smaller ones with considerable challenge. In the search for these tumors, it is apparent that the incidence of all sizes is low. To arrive at the diagnosis, efforts must be pursued in any patient with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, unilateral tinnitus, or vertigo. In the past 12 years, 19,000 new patients were seen in the office of the Pittsburgh Otological Association. In this new patient population, 120 tumors were proven by surgery. Six others (bilateral tumors) were diagnosed but not operated on, and four others were diagnosed but were operated on elsewhere for a total of 130 patients. An estimate of the cost of diagnosing these tumors is presented. Consideration is given to the cost-benefit ratio of diagnosing those diseases which must be considered also in the differential diagnosis when the above symptoms are present. These are: congenital changes, trauma, metabolic neuropathies, Meniere's disease, noise-induced hearing loss, lues, sudden hearing loss, and unilateral symptoms of undetermined etiology.", "PMID": 107380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7678", "title": "Tympanostomy tubes, their use, abuse, and cost-benefit ratio.", "content": "Tympanostomy tubes are employed when middle ear ventilation is indicated, particularly when other forms of treatment have failed. Few other uses have broad acceptance. Any other insertion of a ventilating tube implies abuse, either through error in diagnosis or deliberate misapplication. Hard statistical data relating to abuse are impossible to obtain, but ample illustrations can be cited. The cost-benefit ratio is difficult to assess. Cost of a myringotomy and tube versus the cost of a tympanomastoidectomy was determined in four geographic areas. These figures, however, do not reveal how many ears were spared and how much hearing was conserved by tympanostomy tubes. Informed, diligently aggressive use of tympanostomy tubes offers greater potential to avoid serious middle ear disorders and complications than any other single modality.", "contents": "Tympanostomy tubes, their use, abuse, and cost-benefit ratio. Tympanostomy tubes are employed when middle ear ventilation is indicated, particularly when other forms of treatment have failed. Few other uses have broad acceptance. Any other insertion of a ventilating tube implies abuse, either through error in diagnosis or deliberate misapplication. Hard statistical data relating to abuse are impossible to obtain, but ample illustrations can be cited. The cost-benefit ratio is difficult to assess. Cost of a myringotomy and tube versus the cost of a tympanomastoidectomy was determined in four geographic areas. These figures, however, do not reveal how many ears were spared and how much hearing was conserved by tympanostomy tubes. Informed, diligently aggressive use of tympanostomy tubes offers greater potential to avoid serious middle ear disorders and complications than any other single modality.", "PMID": 107381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7679", "title": "Therapy of iatrogenic subglottic stenosis: a steroid/antibiotic regimen.", "content": "The authors have evaluated the efficacy of a medical regimen, consisting of systemic antibiotics and steroids, in the management of acute iatrogenic subglottic stenosis. The study consisted of the infliction of a standardized subglottic injury to three groups of five dogs: Group I animals were placed on prednisone 1 mg/kg/24 hours and potassium phenoxymethyl penicillin 50 mg/kg/24 hours from the day of the trauma. Group II were placed on a similar regimen from the eighth day after subglottic trauma. Group III received no medical therapy at all. Therapy was continued in treated Groups I and II for five weeks. At the end of the study the dogs were sacrificed and the final degree of subglottic stenosis evaluated, at which time the laryngotracheal complexes were submitted for pathological evaluation. A significant difference was found between the degree of stenosis attained in the three groups. The study suggests that the introduction of a steroid/antibiotic regimen has a beneficial effect in developing subglottic stenosis and that the timing of such therapy is of importance.", "contents": "Therapy of iatrogenic subglottic stenosis: a steroid/antibiotic regimen. The authors have evaluated the efficacy of a medical regimen, consisting of systemic antibiotics and steroids, in the management of acute iatrogenic subglottic stenosis. The study consisted of the infliction of a standardized subglottic injury to three groups of five dogs: Group I animals were placed on prednisone 1 mg/kg/24 hours and potassium phenoxymethyl penicillin 50 mg/kg/24 hours from the day of the trauma. Group II were placed on a similar regimen from the eighth day after subglottic trauma. Group III received no medical therapy at all. Therapy was continued in treated Groups I and II for five weeks. At the end of the study the dogs were sacrificed and the final degree of subglottic stenosis evaluated, at which time the laryngotracheal complexes were submitted for pathological evaluation. A significant difference was found between the degree of stenosis attained in the three groups. The study suggests that the introduction of a steroid/antibiotic regimen has a beneficial effect in developing subglottic stenosis and that the timing of such therapy is of importance.", "PMID": 107382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7680", "title": "Radiation-associated disease: disease incidence and cost effectiveness of follow-up.", "content": "The organization, costs and outcome of a metropolitan area-wide recall campaign for patients irradiated for benign disease is documented. The campaing resulted in an increase in the number of thyroid malignancies discovered in both the irradiated and the nonirradiated population. The organization of the campaign cost $100,000. An estimated excess of 100 thyroid carcinomas were found in the 17 months following the campaign compared to the 17 months prior to the campaign in the Pittsburgh Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. Of 150 patients who were radium exposed as infants and remained in the Pittsburgh area, 60% knew of their exposure only by direct hospital contact and were not reached by media public education. Seven of those 150 patients had thyroid carcinoma on 35 year follow-up, and 30% had some benign or malignant tumor.", "contents": "Radiation-associated disease: disease incidence and cost effectiveness of follow-up. The organization, costs and outcome of a metropolitan area-wide recall campaign for patients irradiated for benign disease is documented. The campaing resulted in an increase in the number of thyroid malignancies discovered in both the irradiated and the nonirradiated population. The organization of the campaign cost $100,000. An estimated excess of 100 thyroid carcinomas were found in the 17 months following the campaign compared to the 17 months prior to the campaign in the Pittsburgh Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. Of 150 patients who were radium exposed as infants and remained in the Pittsburgh area, 60% knew of their exposure only by direct hospital contact and were not reached by media public education. Seven of those 150 patients had thyroid carcinoma on 35 year follow-up, and 30% had some benign or malignant tumor.", "PMID": 107383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7681", "title": "High frequency transformation of Bacillus subtilis protoplasts by plasmid DNA.", "content": "A highly efficient method for transformation of Bacillus subtilis by plasmid DNA is reported. The procedure, which involves polyethylene glycol-induced DNA uptake by protoplasts and subsequent regeneration of the bacterial cell wall, yields up to 80% transformants with an efficiency of 4 x 10(7) transformants per microgram of supercoiled DNA. Plasmids constructed by in vitro ligation or endonuclease-generated fragments of linear plasmid DNA can also transform PEG-treated protoplasts, but at a lower frequency.", "contents": "High frequency transformation of Bacillus subtilis protoplasts by plasmid DNA. A highly efficient method for transformation of Bacillus subtilis by plasmid DNA is reported. The procedure, which involves polyethylene glycol-induced DNA uptake by protoplasts and subsequent regeneration of the bacterial cell wall, yields up to 80% transformants with an efficiency of 4 x 10(7) transformants per microgram of supercoiled DNA. Plasmids constructed by in vitro ligation or endonuclease-generated fragments of linear plasmid DNA can also transform PEG-treated protoplasts, but at a lower frequency.", "PMID": 107388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7682", "title": "Polyethylene-glycol induced fusion of bacterial protoplasts: direct selection of recombinants.", "content": "Direct selection for recombinants by supplemented minimal media from polyethylene-glycol (PEG)-induced fusion of protoplasts of polyauxotrophic strains of B. megaterium revealed striking physiological influences on the yield of recombinants. Cytoplasmic state of the protoplasts to be fused, rather than genetic events, determined the number of colonies obtained on the selection media. It is suggested that the physiological effects primarily influenced the ability of the fused protoplasts to revert to bacillary form.", "contents": "Polyethylene-glycol induced fusion of bacterial protoplasts: direct selection of recombinants. Direct selection for recombinants by supplemented minimal media from polyethylene-glycol (PEG)-induced fusion of protoplasts of polyauxotrophic strains of B. megaterium revealed striking physiological influences on the yield of recombinants. Cytoplasmic state of the protoplasts to be fused, rather than genetic events, determined the number of colonies obtained on the selection media. It is suggested that the physiological effects primarily influenced the ability of the fused protoplasts to revert to bacillary form.", "PMID": 107389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7683", "title": "Mapping of genes determining nonpermissiveness and host-specific restriction to bacteriophages in Bacillus subtilis Marburg.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis Marburg is nonpermissive for the multiplication of bacteriophages SP10 and phi NR2. A permissive mutant was derived from the Marburg strain, and the genetic determinants of non-permissiveness were analyzed by PBS1 transduction. The simultaneous presence of two genes as mutant alleles, nonA and nonB, was necessary for permissiveness. The gene nonA is linked very closely to rfm (cotransfer: 95%); nonB is located between dal and purB (cotransfer of nonB and purB6 : 48%). The genetic determinant of host-specific restriction intrinsic to the Marburg strain (hsrM) was found to be identical or very closely linked to nonB. The segregation on nonB and hsrM has never been observed in the course of transduction analysis. The mutation, hsrM1, diminishes the restriction activity, but not the host-controlled modification.", "contents": "Mapping of genes determining nonpermissiveness and host-specific restriction to bacteriophages in Bacillus subtilis Marburg. Bacillus subtilis Marburg is nonpermissive for the multiplication of bacteriophages SP10 and phi NR2. A permissive mutant was derived from the Marburg strain, and the genetic determinants of non-permissiveness were analyzed by PBS1 transduction. The simultaneous presence of two genes as mutant alleles, nonA and nonB, was necessary for permissiveness. The gene nonA is linked very closely to rfm (cotransfer: 95%); nonB is located between dal and purB (cotransfer of nonB and purB6 : 48%). The genetic determinant of host-specific restriction intrinsic to the Marburg strain (hsrM) was found to be identical or very closely linked to nonB. The segregation on nonB and hsrM has never been observed in the course of transduction analysis. The mutation, hsrM1, diminishes the restriction activity, but not the host-controlled modification.", "PMID": 107390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7684", "title": "Host-controlled modification and restriction in Bacillus subtilis: Bsu 168-system and BsuR-system in B. subtilis 168.", "content": "A Bsu168-specific restriction deficient (r168-) mutant of Bacillus subtilis Marburg 168 was transformed to be BsuR-specific restriction proficient (rR+) with B. subtilis R DNA as efficiently as the Bsu 168-specific restriction proficient (r168+) parental strain (hsrM+, hsdR-). We constructed rR+ mR+ r168+ m168+ strain (ISMR 4), rR+ mR+ r168- m168+ strain (ISR 11) and rR+ mR+ r168- m168- strain (ISR 6) from strain 101 (r168+ m168+), strain 1012 (r168- m168+) and strain RM125 (r168- m168-), respectively by transformation with B. subtilis R DNA, and tested their restriction and modification activities on phage phi 105C. The results show that the sites recognized by Bsu168-specific restriction and modification enzymes and the sites recognized by BsuR-specific ones are not overlapping. We conclude that the Bsu168-modification and restriction system and the BsuR-modification and restriction system are controlled independently by two distinct sets of genes in the rR+ mR+ transformant of r168+ m168+ strain B. subtilis 168.", "contents": "Host-controlled modification and restriction in Bacillus subtilis: Bsu 168-system and BsuR-system in B. subtilis 168. A Bsu168-specific restriction deficient (r168-) mutant of Bacillus subtilis Marburg 168 was transformed to be BsuR-specific restriction proficient (rR+) with B. subtilis R DNA as efficiently as the Bsu 168-specific restriction proficient (r168+) parental strain (hsrM+, hsdR-). We constructed rR+ mR+ r168+ m168+ strain (ISMR 4), rR+ mR+ r168- m168+ strain (ISR 11) and rR+ mR+ r168- m168- strain (ISR 6) from strain 101 (r168+ m168+), strain 1012 (r168- m168+) and strain RM125 (r168- m168-), respectively by transformation with B. subtilis R DNA, and tested their restriction and modification activities on phage phi 105C. The results show that the sites recognized by Bsu168-specific restriction and modification enzymes and the sites recognized by BsuR-specific ones are not overlapping. We conclude that the Bsu168-modification and restriction system and the BsuR-modification and restriction system are controlled independently by two distinct sets of genes in the rR+ mR+ transformant of r168+ m168+ strain B. subtilis 168.", "PMID": 107391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7685", "title": "Bacteriophage lambda-E. coli K12 vector-host system for gene cloning and expression under lactose promoter control: I. DNA fragment insertion at the lacZ EcoRI restriction site.", "content": "Bacteriophage lambda vectors, derived from lambda plac5 were constructed. Their genomes have only one EcoRI restriction site, located near the end of the beta-galactosidase gene. Recombinants, constructed in vitro, having a DNA fragment inserted in the EcoRI site, are lac- and can be easily recognized. Expression of such foreign genes is then under the control of the lac promoter. Mutations Qam73 and Sam7 greatly increase the amount of beta-galactosidase synthesized by the vector bacteriophage. The lambda ZEQS vector has been certified B2 (EK2) by the French control commission \"Recombinaisons g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques in vitro\".", "contents": "Bacteriophage lambda-E. coli K12 vector-host system for gene cloning and expression under lactose promoter control: I. DNA fragment insertion at the lacZ EcoRI restriction site. Bacteriophage lambda vectors, derived from lambda plac5 were constructed. Their genomes have only one EcoRI restriction site, located near the end of the beta-galactosidase gene. Recombinants, constructed in vitro, having a DNA fragment inserted in the EcoRI site, are lac- and can be easily recognized. Expression of such foreign genes is then under the control of the lac promoter. Mutations Qam73 and Sam7 greatly increase the amount of beta-galactosidase synthesized by the vector bacteriophage. The lambda ZEQS vector has been certified B2 (EK2) by the French control commission \"Recombinaisons g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques in vitro\".", "PMID": 107392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7686", "title": "Bacteriophage lambda-E. coli K12 vector-host system for gene cloning and expression under lactose promoter control. II. DNA fragment insertion at the vicinity of the lac UV5 promoter.", "content": "Bacteriophage vectors derived from lambda plac5 have been constructed. Their genomes have one EcoRI restriction site which is located at the very beginning of the lac Z gene. The major part of this gene was deleted by an in vivo intramolecular recombination. These vectors allow the fusion of a gene or an operon with the beginning of the lac Z gene, placing them under the control of the lac promoter, which carries the UV5 mutation. Some of these vectors (lambda Y) also include the lac Y gene and it too is under the control of the lac promoter. The lambda YEQS, which carries the Qam73 and Sam7 mutations, as safety mutations, has been certified as a B2 (EK2) vector by the French control commission \"recombinaison g\u00e9n\u00e9tique in vitro\".", "contents": "Bacteriophage lambda-E. coli K12 vector-host system for gene cloning and expression under lactose promoter control. II. DNA fragment insertion at the vicinity of the lac UV5 promoter. Bacteriophage vectors derived from lambda plac5 have been constructed. Their genomes have one EcoRI restriction site which is located at the very beginning of the lac Z gene. The major part of this gene was deleted by an in vivo intramolecular recombination. These vectors allow the fusion of a gene or an operon with the beginning of the lac Z gene, placing them under the control of the lac promoter, which carries the UV5 mutation. Some of these vectors (lambda Y) also include the lac Y gene and it too is under the control of the lac promoter. The lambda YEQS, which carries the Qam73 and Sam7 mutations, as safety mutations, has been certified as a B2 (EK2) vector by the French control commission \"recombinaison g\u00e9n\u00e9tique in vitro\".", "PMID": 107393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7687", "title": "[Validity of scintigraphic and endocrinological methods in classifying autonomous adenomas of the thyroid (author's transl)].", "content": "The validity of various scintigraphic and endocrinological methods was assessed in order to classify confirmed autonomous adenomas (AA) and to differentiate AA from euthyroid and hyperthyroid goitres. Methods used included: Measurement of 131J-uptake 6, 24 and 48 hours after 131J-application, before and after suppression by T3, thyroid scanning, count-rate measurement in the AA and the paranodular tissue, and determination of T4. All patients received 131J-therapy (40,000 rads). In 8 out of 30 scintigraphically compensated autonomous adenomas (CAA) there was no TSH response to TRH. 12 cases showed a subnormal TSH response and 10 patients had a normal TSH response. T4-values were increased in only 2 cases. Out of 73 decompensated autonomous adenomas (DAA), 66 cases (90%) had no TSH response and 7 cases showed only a subnormal response. In 48% of DAA T4-levels turned out to be in the hyperthyroid range. Both, scintigraphic and endocrinological tests were found to agree in most cases of DAA. However, the diagnosis of CAA could only be proved on the basis of a scintigraphically confirmed suppressive effect of T3 on the paranodular tissue. Thus, in the individual case, separation of CAA from DAA turned out to be impossible using the results of TRH-test alone.", "contents": "[Validity of scintigraphic and endocrinological methods in classifying autonomous adenomas of the thyroid (author's transl)]. The validity of various scintigraphic and endocrinological methods was assessed in order to classify confirmed autonomous adenomas (AA) and to differentiate AA from euthyroid and hyperthyroid goitres. Methods used included: Measurement of 131J-uptake 6, 24 and 48 hours after 131J-application, before and after suppression by T3, thyroid scanning, count-rate measurement in the AA and the paranodular tissue, and determination of T4. All patients received 131J-therapy (40,000 rads). In 8 out of 30 scintigraphically compensated autonomous adenomas (CAA) there was no TSH response to TRH. 12 cases showed a subnormal TSH response and 10 patients had a normal TSH response. T4-values were increased in only 2 cases. Out of 73 decompensated autonomous adenomas (DAA), 66 cases (90%) had no TSH response and 7 cases showed only a subnormal response. In 48% of DAA T4-levels turned out to be in the hyperthyroid range. Both, scintigraphic and endocrinological tests were found to agree in most cases of DAA. However, the diagnosis of CAA could only be proved on the basis of a scintigraphically confirmed suppressive effect of T3 on the paranodular tissue. Thus, in the individual case, separation of CAA from DAA turned out to be impossible using the results of TRH-test alone.", "PMID": 107394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7688", "title": "[The efficacy of spa treatments (author's transl)].", "content": "Spa treatments have up to now been offered too often, with too little exactitude of indication and too extravagantly. For many diseases success is not to be expected from the beginning from spa treatment. Patients who have themselves endagered their earning capacity through a way of life injurious to health should only be sent for spa treatment if they have already proved at home that they are capable of changing permanently to a rational way of life. Four accurately definable spheres of activity are proposed for an efficient, independant spa treatment (connected spa treatments, other spa treatments for specifically selected patients only, practising health education and behavior therapy methods, development of spa holiday systems for annual leave).", "contents": "[The efficacy of spa treatments (author's transl)]. Spa treatments have up to now been offered too often, with too little exactitude of indication and too extravagantly. For many diseases success is not to be expected from the beginning from spa treatment. Patients who have themselves endagered their earning capacity through a way of life injurious to health should only be sent for spa treatment if they have already proved at home that they are capable of changing permanently to a rational way of life. Four accurately definable spheres of activity are proposed for an efficient, independant spa treatment (connected spa treatments, other spa treatments for specifically selected patients only, practising health education and behavior therapy methods, development of spa holiday systems for annual leave).", "PMID": 107407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7689", "title": "[Industrial medicine in theory and research for practice (author's transl)].", "content": "The university teacher in industrial medicine is guided by an autonomous self-responsibility to public interests protected by the fundamental law of the German Federal Republic. For the medical student about 8 hours practical work and an examination in the second clinical professional examination is prescribed. The teaching of the mutual relationships between industrial work and health is divided into: prevention and clinical aspects of industrial diseases, industrial hygiene, toxicology, industrial physiology (ergonomics), industrial psychology, rehabilitation and knowledge of giving expert opinion. The following are discussed as examples of research related to practice: the constant revision of the list of maximal concentration of work places, studies on the synergism of inhaled poisons, research into the causes of chronic bronchitis, pneumoconioses due to organic dusts and the discovery of aggresive antigens in work places previously considered safe.", "contents": "[Industrial medicine in theory and research for practice (author's transl)]. The university teacher in industrial medicine is guided by an autonomous self-responsibility to public interests protected by the fundamental law of the German Federal Republic. For the medical student about 8 hours practical work and an examination in the second clinical professional examination is prescribed. The teaching of the mutual relationships between industrial work and health is divided into: prevention and clinical aspects of industrial diseases, industrial hygiene, toxicology, industrial physiology (ergonomics), industrial psychology, rehabilitation and knowledge of giving expert opinion. The following are discussed as examples of research related to practice: the constant revision of the list of maximal concentration of work places, studies on the synergism of inhaled poisons, research into the causes of chronic bronchitis, pneumoconioses due to organic dusts and the discovery of aggresive antigens in work places previously considered safe.", "PMID": 107408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7690", "title": "[Effectiveness of a preventive mass examination for cardiac risk factors (author's transl)].", "content": "18 months after a mass examination for coronary heart disease risk factors in employees of a large industrial firm, 75% of the subjects examined at that time were re-interviewed and measurements of blood pressure and weight repeated. Despite an altogether inadequate longterm control of the risk factors detected, a part of the subjects examined had drawn consequences regarding their way of life by reducing weight, changing smoking habits and increasing physical activity, thus proving the effectiveness of information and advice received in a screening investigation. In about 40% of the overweight subjects a reduction in weight and in half of the hypertensives a lowering of blood pressure to values below 160/95 mmHg was noted.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of a preventive mass examination for cardiac risk factors (author's transl)]. 18 months after a mass examination for coronary heart disease risk factors in employees of a large industrial firm, 75% of the subjects examined at that time were re-interviewed and measurements of blood pressure and weight repeated. Despite an altogether inadequate longterm control of the risk factors detected, a part of the subjects examined had drawn consequences regarding their way of life by reducing weight, changing smoking habits and increasing physical activity, thus proving the effectiveness of information and advice received in a screening investigation. In about 40% of the overweight subjects a reduction in weight and in half of the hypertensives a lowering of blood pressure to values below 160/95 mmHg was noted.", "PMID": 107409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7691", "title": "[Treatment of adult diabetes with semi-euglucon (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of Trial in General Practice: Semi-Euglucon was tested in a field study by 366 general practitioners in a total of 2037 adult diabetics. The patient collective included primarily first stabilizations (56.5%), i. e. diabetics not previously treated with drugs, then transfers from sulfonyl ureas of the tolbutamide type (26.0%) and from biguanides (17.5%). During the trial period there was a significant improvement in the metabolic condition. The mean daily dose was 1.3 tablets Semi-Euglucon, small differences occurred depending on the nature of the previous treatment. After changing from the sulfonyl ureas glibornuride, glisoxepide or gliquidone the same mean daily dosage of 1.5 tablets/day was required as with the sulfonyl ureas mentioned--with considerable improvement in the metabolism.", "contents": "[Treatment of adult diabetes with semi-euglucon (author's transl)]. Results of Trial in General Practice: Semi-Euglucon was tested in a field study by 366 general practitioners in a total of 2037 adult diabetics. The patient collective included primarily first stabilizations (56.5%), i. e. diabetics not previously treated with drugs, then transfers from sulfonyl ureas of the tolbutamide type (26.0%) and from biguanides (17.5%). During the trial period there was a significant improvement in the metabolic condition. The mean daily dose was 1.3 tablets Semi-Euglucon, small differences occurred depending on the nature of the previous treatment. After changing from the sulfonyl ureas glibornuride, glisoxepide or gliquidone the same mean daily dosage of 1.5 tablets/day was required as with the sulfonyl ureas mentioned--with considerable improvement in the metabolism.", "PMID": 107413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7692", "title": "[Stress in journalists (author's transl)].", "content": "The stress problems of 227 Swiss journalists with a mean age of 43 years (189 men) and 39 years (38 women) were recorded by means of questionnaires (76% returns). About 90% of all those questioned admitted suffering from stress at the present time. However 88% of the juniors and 96% of the seniors enjoy their work. 20% of all those questioned were anxious about their livelihood. 97% of the total live under pressure of deadlines, only one in 3 has regular working hours. Half the younger and two fifths of the older men admitted some form of family stress, usually in connection with their occupation. 76% of the younger and 70% of the older journalists questioned have a hobby. 70% of the juniors occasionally take exercise, as do 48% of the seniors. About 50% of both the men and women are smokers. The general state of health is stated to be good by 80% of younger and 70% of older subjects. A comparison of the results according to occupational stress, work stress, deadline stress, stress of livelihood, stress of recognition, family stress and stress to health shows that only a very differentiated manner of consideration is permissible.", "contents": "[Stress in journalists (author's transl)]. The stress problems of 227 Swiss journalists with a mean age of 43 years (189 men) and 39 years (38 women) were recorded by means of questionnaires (76% returns). About 90% of all those questioned admitted suffering from stress at the present time. However 88% of the juniors and 96% of the seniors enjoy their work. 20% of all those questioned were anxious about their livelihood. 97% of the total live under pressure of deadlines, only one in 3 has regular working hours. Half the younger and two fifths of the older men admitted some form of family stress, usually in connection with their occupation. 76% of the younger and 70% of the older journalists questioned have a hobby. 70% of the juniors occasionally take exercise, as do 48% of the seniors. About 50% of both the men and women are smokers. The general state of health is stated to be good by 80% of younger and 70% of older subjects. A comparison of the results according to occupational stress, work stress, deadline stress, stress of livelihood, stress of recognition, family stress and stress to health shows that only a very differentiated manner of consideration is permissible.", "PMID": 107422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7693", "title": "[Eliciting factors and clinical picture of hepatic coma in 152 patients with cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "Exogenous hepatic coma was found 102 times (group A) and a combination of exogenous and endogenous hepatic coma 50 times (group B) in 152 patients with hepatic coma. The most frequent eliciting factors in group A were too high a protein supply and gastrointestinal hemorrhage and diuretics, in group B necrotic exacerbations and infections, 2/3 of them having severe portal hypertension with ascites and esophageal varices at the same time. A typical fetor hepaticus was found in only 25% of group A and 50% in group B. 10% had a primary liver cell carcinoma. The prognosis depends largely on the stage of the coma and the treatment of the eliciting factors. Altogether 50 of the 152 hepatic coma patients died. The most frequent complication was a terminal renal failure which no longer responded to therapy.", "contents": "[Eliciting factors and clinical picture of hepatic coma in 152 patients with cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)]. Exogenous hepatic coma was found 102 times (group A) and a combination of exogenous and endogenous hepatic coma 50 times (group B) in 152 patients with hepatic coma. The most frequent eliciting factors in group A were too high a protein supply and gastrointestinal hemorrhage and diuretics, in group B necrotic exacerbations and infections, 2/3 of them having severe portal hypertension with ascites and esophageal varices at the same time. A typical fetor hepaticus was found in only 25% of group A and 50% in group B. 10% had a primary liver cell carcinoma. The prognosis depends largely on the stage of the coma and the treatment of the eliciting factors. Altogether 50 of the 152 hepatic coma patients died. The most frequent complication was a terminal renal failure which no longer responded to therapy.", "PMID": 107423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7694", "title": "[Urinary excretion of porphyrins and their precursors. Longterm observations in acute intermittent porphyrias (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of many years of examination and supervision of 26 patients with acute intermittent porphyria three different types of excretion behavior in the urine can be distinguished. 1. After porphyric crises the urinary porphyrin content is completely normalized. 2. Even after the crisis the excretion levels for porphyrins remain very high. 3. The urinary porphyrins return to normal levels but the increases in precursors such as delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen still persist. 4. In the diagnosis true acute coproporphyria and increased of excretion of precursors must be differentiated as well as increased coproporphyrin resulting from liver diseases, exogenic, toxic influences and secondary disorders of porphyrin metabolism.", "contents": "[Urinary excretion of porphyrins and their precursors. Longterm observations in acute intermittent porphyrias (author's transl)]. On the basis of many years of examination and supervision of 26 patients with acute intermittent porphyria three different types of excretion behavior in the urine can be distinguished. 1. After porphyric crises the urinary porphyrin content is completely normalized. 2. Even after the crisis the excretion levels for porphyrins remain very high. 3. The urinary porphyrins return to normal levels but the increases in precursors such as delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen still persist. 4. In the diagnosis true acute coproporphyria and increased of excretion of precursors must be differentiated as well as increased coproporphyrin resulting from liver diseases, exogenic, toxic influences and secondary disorders of porphyrin metabolism.", "PMID": 107424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7695", "title": "[Suicide in schoolchildren (author's transl)].", "content": "Suicides by 66 children aged from 9 to 16 years (47 boys, 19 girls) and attempted suicides by 22 children (8 boys, 14 girls) are reported. Poisoning by mouth and hanging are the most common forms of suicide. The provocation for suicide may be trifling whereas the motivation, not always explicable even in children, is a multifactorial problem. 12 children wrote farewell letters, 5 announced their intention of suicide but were not taken seriously and 9 had already attempted suicide before succeeding. Most of the children (56 = 70%) lived with their parents at the time of the act, 14 (10%) had already shown behavior disorders before the act. Announcements of suicide should be taken seriously, even with children; they could perhaps be prevented by correct adult behavior.", "contents": "[Suicide in schoolchildren (author's transl)]. Suicides by 66 children aged from 9 to 16 years (47 boys, 19 girls) and attempted suicides by 22 children (8 boys, 14 girls) are reported. Poisoning by mouth and hanging are the most common forms of suicide. The provocation for suicide may be trifling whereas the motivation, not always explicable even in children, is a multifactorial problem. 12 children wrote farewell letters, 5 announced their intention of suicide but were not taken seriously and 9 had already attempted suicide before succeeding. Most of the children (56 = 70%) lived with their parents at the time of the act, 14 (10%) had already shown behavior disorders before the act. Announcements of suicide should be taken seriously, even with children; they could perhaps be prevented by correct adult behavior.", "PMID": 107437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7696", "title": "[Skateboard injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "Following the introduction of skateboards into Germany in 1976 an increasing number of accidents and injuries have been noted, affecting mainly children 10 to 14 years of age. The causes were lack of experience and the careless use of the boards on public streets. More than 30% of injuries were fractures mainly affecting the upper limb. Because of the frequent involvement of the epiphyseal plates the post-accidental growth may be seriously disturbed. Severe and sometimes fatal head or abdominal injuries have been reported, mainly after collision with cars.", "contents": "[Skateboard injuries (author's transl)]. Following the introduction of skateboards into Germany in 1976 an increasing number of accidents and injuries have been noted, affecting mainly children 10 to 14 years of age. The causes were lack of experience and the careless use of the boards on public streets. More than 30% of injuries were fractures mainly affecting the upper limb. Because of the frequent involvement of the epiphyseal plates the post-accidental growth may be seriously disturbed. Severe and sometimes fatal head or abdominal injuries have been reported, mainly after collision with cars.", "PMID": 107438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7697", "title": "[Vaccination: I. What has proved useful? (author's transl)].", "content": "There is no doubt that vaccinations against smallpox, poliomyelitis, measles, German measles and mumps have proved their value. The pocks seem to have been actually eliminated by the WHO eradication program. A vaccination law would seem to be no longer necessary. Poliomyelitis vaccination and those for German measles, measles and mumps should be publicized. Also every child should be given an effective tetanus vaccination three times in the first or second year of life with a booster vaccination at the age of 10 or 12 at the latest. A liquid vaccine (TD) would be desirable as a booster for adults. Up to the 4 year TD and Polio booster vaccinations are recommanded.", "contents": "[Vaccination: I. What has proved useful? (author's transl)]. There is no doubt that vaccinations against smallpox, poliomyelitis, measles, German measles and mumps have proved their value. The pocks seem to have been actually eliminated by the WHO eradication program. A vaccination law would seem to be no longer necessary. Poliomyelitis vaccination and those for German measles, measles and mumps should be publicized. Also every child should be given an effective tetanus vaccination three times in the first or second year of life with a booster vaccination at the age of 10 or 12 at the latest. A liquid vaccine (TD) would be desirable as a booster for adults. Up to the 4 year TD and Polio booster vaccinations are recommanded.", "PMID": 107439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7698", "title": "Evidence for a mutagenic effect of the narcotic antagonist, naltrexone, in germ cells of Drosophila.", "content": "The narcotic antagonist, Naltrexone, was tested for mutagenicity in Drosophila. The frequency of sex-linked recessive lethals at a non-toxic dose of 10 mg/ml was 0.43% (42 lethals in 9697 X-chromosomes tested) and 0.16% (19/11536) in the controls. The difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Results from large-scale experiments testing for chromosome breakage and nondisjunction were negative.", "contents": "Evidence for a mutagenic effect of the narcotic antagonist, naltrexone, in germ cells of Drosophila. The narcotic antagonist, Naltrexone, was tested for mutagenicity in Drosophila. The frequency of sex-linked recessive lethals at a non-toxic dose of 10 mg/ml was 0.43% (42 lethals in 9697 X-chromosomes tested) and 0.16% (19/11536) in the controls. The difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Results from large-scale experiments testing for chromosome breakage and nondisjunction were negative.", "PMID": 107446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7699", "title": "Evidence for the absence of a mutagenic effect of methadone in germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The compound, methadone, used as a modality in the treatment of heroin addiction, was tested for mutagenic activity in germ cells of Drosophila. Results were negative in tests for sex-linked recessive lethals using feeding and injection procedures. Similarly, results from tests for chromosome breakage and nondisjunction failed to provide evidence of a mutagenic effect.", "contents": "Evidence for the absence of a mutagenic effect of methadone in germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster. The compound, methadone, used as a modality in the treatment of heroin addiction, was tested for mutagenic activity in germ cells of Drosophila. Results were negative in tests for sex-linked recessive lethals using feeding and injection procedures. Similarly, results from tests for chromosome breakage and nondisjunction failed to provide evidence of a mutagenic effect.", "PMID": 107447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7700", "title": "Mutagenic activity of selenium compounds.", "content": "The mutagenicities of selenate (SeO2/4-) and selenite (SeO2/3-) were determined by two bacterial assay systems: Kada's rec-assay and Ames's Salmonella test. In both assays, these compounds were found to be weak mutagens. In the Salmonella test, selenate (0.05 revertants/nmole) and selenite (0.2 revertants/nmole) gave rise to base-pair substitution.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of selenium compounds. The mutagenicities of selenate (SeO2/4-) and selenite (SeO2/3-) were determined by two bacterial assay systems: Kada's rec-assay and Ames's Salmonella test. In both assays, these compounds were found to be weak mutagens. In the Salmonella test, selenate (0.05 revertants/nmole) and selenite (0.2 revertants/nmole) gave rise to base-pair substitution.", "PMID": 107448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7701", "title": "A trial of minocycline given after exposure to prevent gonorrhea.", "content": "In a prospective evaluation of antibiotic prophylaxis against gonorrhea, 1080 men were given 200 mg of oral minocycline or placebo after sexual intercourse with prostitutes in a Far Eastern port. Later, at sea, gonococcal infection was detected in 57 of 565 men given placebo and 24 of 515 men given minocycline (P less than 0.001). Minocycline prophylaxis completely prevented infection by gonococci susceptible to 0.75 microgram or less of tetracycline per milliliter, reduced the risk of infection or prolonged the incubation period in men exposed to gonococci susceptible to 1.0 to 2.0 micrograms per milliliter, but did not prevent infection or prolong incubation in men exposed to gonococci resistant to 2.0 micrograms. Minocycline did not increase the proportion of asymptomatic infections. Minocycline prophylaxis would probably have limited effectiveness as a public-health measure because of the tendency to select resistant gonococci.", "contents": "A trial of minocycline given after exposure to prevent gonorrhea. In a prospective evaluation of antibiotic prophylaxis against gonorrhea, 1080 men were given 200 mg of oral minocycline or placebo after sexual intercourse with prostitutes in a Far Eastern port. Later, at sea, gonococcal infection was detected in 57 of 565 men given placebo and 24 of 515 men given minocycline (P less than 0.001). Minocycline prophylaxis completely prevented infection by gonococci susceptible to 0.75 microgram or less of tetracycline per milliliter, reduced the risk of infection or prolonged the incubation period in men exposed to gonococci susceptible to 1.0 to 2.0 micrograms per milliliter, but did not prevent infection or prolong incubation in men exposed to gonococci resistant to 2.0 micrograms. Minocycline did not increase the proportion of asymptomatic infections. Minocycline prophylaxis would probably have limited effectiveness as a public-health measure because of the tendency to select resistant gonococci.", "PMID": 107450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7702", "title": "[Semiessential and nonessential amino acids in parenteral feeding].", "content": "With reference to a critical study of the relevant literature and to results from their own investigations, the authors emphasize the importance of the semi-essential and non-essential amino acids arginine, histidine, tyrosine, cystine and glutamic acid for the completion of essential amino-acid mixtures destined for parenteral feeding. MADDEN'S assumption that intravenously applied glutamic acid is intolerable was not supported by the authors' experiments in dogs. As evidenced by the increase of blood urea, the glutamic acid-containing amino-acid mixture was well utilizable. When glutamic acid is present, proline and alanine are obviously superfluous in amino-acid mixtures for parenteral feeding, since they are easily formed from glutamic acid by intermediary metabolism.", "contents": "[Semiessential and nonessential amino acids in parenteral feeding]. With reference to a critical study of the relevant literature and to results from their own investigations, the authors emphasize the importance of the semi-essential and non-essential amino acids arginine, histidine, tyrosine, cystine and glutamic acid for the completion of essential amino-acid mixtures destined for parenteral feeding. MADDEN'S assumption that intravenously applied glutamic acid is intolerable was not supported by the authors' experiments in dogs. As evidenced by the increase of blood urea, the glutamic acid-containing amino-acid mixture was well utilizable. When glutamic acid is present, proline and alanine are obviously superfluous in amino-acid mixtures for parenteral feeding, since they are easily formed from glutamic acid by intermediary metabolism.", "PMID": 107453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7703", "title": "Immunologic functions and in vitro activation of cultured macrophage tumor lines.", "content": "Five murine monocyte of macrophage tumor lines adapted to culture were characterized for differentiated properties. They ingested zymosan and latex beads, bore receptors for immunoglobulin and complement, synthesized lysozyme (most of which was secreted), and produced granulocyte colony-stimulating activity, either spontaneously or inducibly. Some of the lines also mediated phagocytosis and exocytosis of red blood cells (RBC) and lysis of tumor targets, dependent on the presence of specific antitarget sera. All the lines were growth inhibited by zymosan and Mycobacterium bovis BCG, but not by latex beads. Other macrophage-activating agents, dextran sulfate and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD), inhibited most of the lines. Except for Fc and C receptors, most of the above properties were not found with other types of hematopoietic tumors in culture. In attempts to activate the macrophage lines in vitro to the \"angry\" state, we found that preincubation with concentrations of LPS and PPD cytostatic to the cells stimulated antibody-dependent RBC lysis, but not antibody-independent or tumor cytolysis. A classification of monocyte-related tumors and normal cells is proposed based on functional activities and differential sensitivity to immunostimulating agents.", "contents": "Immunologic functions and in vitro activation of cultured macrophage tumor lines. Five murine monocyte of macrophage tumor lines adapted to culture were characterized for differentiated properties. They ingested zymosan and latex beads, bore receptors for immunoglobulin and complement, synthesized lysozyme (most of which was secreted), and produced granulocyte colony-stimulating activity, either spontaneously or inducibly. Some of the lines also mediated phagocytosis and exocytosis of red blood cells (RBC) and lysis of tumor targets, dependent on the presence of specific antitarget sera. All the lines were growth inhibited by zymosan and Mycobacterium bovis BCG, but not by latex beads. Other macrophage-activating agents, dextran sulfate and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD), inhibited most of the lines. Except for Fc and C receptors, most of the above properties were not found with other types of hematopoietic tumors in culture. In attempts to activate the macrophage lines in vitro to the \"angry\" state, we found that preincubation with concentrations of LPS and PPD cytostatic to the cells stimulated antibody-dependent RBC lysis, but not antibody-independent or tumor cytolysis. A classification of monocyte-related tumors and normal cells is proposed based on functional activities and differential sensitivity to immunostimulating agents.", "PMID": 107454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7704", "title": "Expression of antibody genes in tissue culture: structural mutants and hybrid cells.", "content": "Detailed information on the nature and frequency of somatic mutations has been derived from studies of the clonal diversification of the myeloma MOPC 21 in tissue culture. A screening procedure is described that permitted the isolation of four spontaneous mutations at the gamma1 structural gene locus. These originate from four mutation events. Two seem to be point mutations: a \"nonsense\" and a \"mis-sense.\" Of the other two, one is a frameshift leading to mistranslation and early termination, the other a large deletion due to perhaps an intrachromosomal translocation or a mitotic recombination. Fusion between myeloma-producing cells has shown that variable and constant region genes cannot be scrambled. Differentiation from stem to plasma cells seems to involve changes in the primary sequence of the DNA. Fusion between myeloma cells and spleen cells from immunized animals is a satisfactory method for the derivation of permanent tissue culture lines producing specific antibody. The hybrids express the myeloma as well as the specific antibody light and heavy chains. By subcloning and selection, one can derive lines that selectively lose individual chains. Lines that no longer express the myeloma components can thus be derived. The use of appropriate defective variants of the myeloma parental line is another way of avoiding the presence of the myeloma components.", "contents": "Expression of antibody genes in tissue culture: structural mutants and hybrid cells. Detailed information on the nature and frequency of somatic mutations has been derived from studies of the clonal diversification of the myeloma MOPC 21 in tissue culture. A screening procedure is described that permitted the isolation of four spontaneous mutations at the gamma1 structural gene locus. These originate from four mutation events. Two seem to be point mutations: a \"nonsense\" and a \"mis-sense.\" Of the other two, one is a frameshift leading to mistranslation and early termination, the other a large deletion due to perhaps an intrachromosomal translocation or a mitotic recombination. Fusion between myeloma-producing cells has shown that variable and constant region genes cannot be scrambled. Differentiation from stem to plasma cells seems to involve changes in the primary sequence of the DNA. Fusion between myeloma cells and spleen cells from immunized animals is a satisfactory method for the derivation of permanent tissue culture lines producing specific antibody. The hybrids express the myeloma as well as the specific antibody light and heavy chains. By subcloning and selection, one can derive lines that selectively lose individual chains. Lines that no longer express the myeloma components can thus be derived. The use of appropriate defective variants of the myeloma parental line is another way of avoiding the presence of the myeloma components.", "PMID": 107455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7705", "title": "Clinical application of immunodiffusion assay for prostatic acid phosphatase.", "content": "The biochemical and immunologic characterization of acid phosphatase in serum and bone marrow was described as well as the clinical application of the immunodiffusion assay for prostatic acid phosphatase.", "contents": "Clinical application of immunodiffusion assay for prostatic acid phosphatase. The biochemical and immunologic characterization of acid phosphatase in serum and bone marrow was described as well as the clinical application of the immunodiffusion assay for prostatic acid phosphatase.", "PMID": 107456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7706", "title": "M components and cancer.", "content": "Intention of this study was to prove or exclude in patients with different neoplasms some M components which can escape routine electrophoretic analysis or immunoelectrophoretic analysis with polyvalent antiserum. All serum samples from 606 patients were investigated also with monospecific antisera against heavy chains--alpha, gamma, mu and delta--and in suspicion of abnormality also with antisera against light chains. Patterns similar to those found in cases of heavy chain diseases were absent in all patients. M components of IgD class were not found, as well. As to M components of usual types a relatively high incidence was found in lymphoproliferative malignancies excluded myelomas or Waldenstro\u00f6m's macroglobulinemias (5.61% in adults and 2.32% in children). On the basis of results the importance of immunoelectrophoretical analysis with monospecific antisera in all these cases is pointed out; not only in attempt to discover additional subjects of heavy chain diseases but also to detect mild \"macroglobulinemic\" abnormalities which may not be so far detected on electrophoretical pattern.", "contents": "M components and cancer. Intention of this study was to prove or exclude in patients with different neoplasms some M components which can escape routine electrophoretic analysis or immunoelectrophoretic analysis with polyvalent antiserum. All serum samples from 606 patients were investigated also with monospecific antisera against heavy chains--alpha, gamma, mu and delta--and in suspicion of abnormality also with antisera against light chains. Patterns similar to those found in cases of heavy chain diseases were absent in all patients. M components of IgD class were not found, as well. As to M components of usual types a relatively high incidence was found in lymphoproliferative malignancies excluded myelomas or Waldenstro\u00f6m's macroglobulinemias (5.61% in adults and 2.32% in children). On the basis of results the importance of immunoelectrophoretical analysis with monospecific antisera in all these cases is pointed out; not only in attempt to discover additional subjects of heavy chain diseases but also to detect mild \"macroglobulinemic\" abnormalities which may not be so far detected on electrophoretical pattern.", "PMID": 107463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7707", "title": "Association of tritium-labelled estradiol, progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone with the proteins of the serum and cerebrospinal fluid in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The electrophoretic profiles of the proteins in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the rhesus monkey were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The association of tritium labelled estradiol (3H-E), progesterone (3H-P) and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (3H-17OHP) with these proteins was studied under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The CSF was found to contain, besides albumin, at least 4 globulins with similar electrophoretic mobilities as those found in the serum. The electrophoretic mobilities of these globulins were Ralb 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 0.9. The electrophoretic profiles of the monkey serum and CSF proteins were found to be similar to those described for human serum and CSF. 3H-E and 3H-P were respectively associated with serum globulins of Ralb 0.4 and 0.8 both in the in vitro and in vivo studies. The respective Ralb of these 2 globulins were similar to the testosterone-estradiol binding globulin and cortisol binding globulin in human serum. 3H-17OHP was found to be associated with several globulins under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. In marked contrast to the in vitro studies, radioactive products were found to be associated with albumin in vivo. It is presumed that these products may be steroidal conjugates derived from the systemic metabolism of the administered steroids. No radioactivity was associated with the CSF protein after in vitro incubation with any of the three 3H-steroids. In the in vivo studies, however, radioactivity was associated with such of the CSF proteins that were similar to those found in the serum and with which the administered steroids were associated.", "contents": "Association of tritium-labelled estradiol, progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone with the proteins of the serum and cerebrospinal fluid in the rhesus monkey. The electrophoretic profiles of the proteins in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the rhesus monkey were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The association of tritium labelled estradiol (3H-E), progesterone (3H-P) and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (3H-17OHP) with these proteins was studied under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The CSF was found to contain, besides albumin, at least 4 globulins with similar electrophoretic mobilities as those found in the serum. The electrophoretic mobilities of these globulins were Ralb 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 0.9. The electrophoretic profiles of the monkey serum and CSF proteins were found to be similar to those described for human serum and CSF. 3H-E and 3H-P were respectively associated with serum globulins of Ralb 0.4 and 0.8 both in the in vitro and in vivo studies. The respective Ralb of these 2 globulins were similar to the testosterone-estradiol binding globulin and cortisol binding globulin in human serum. 3H-17OHP was found to be associated with several globulins under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. In marked contrast to the in vitro studies, radioactive products were found to be associated with albumin in vivo. It is presumed that these products may be steroidal conjugates derived from the systemic metabolism of the administered steroids. No radioactivity was associated with the CSF protein after in vitro incubation with any of the three 3H-steroids. In the in vivo studies, however, radioactivity was associated with such of the CSF proteins that were similar to those found in the serum and with which the administered steroids were associated.", "PMID": 107466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7708", "title": "A quantitative study of the glia of the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum in mammals.", "content": "The cerebella of fourteen mammals have been examined and the number of each DNA class of glial cell, within the Purkinje cell layer, counted. Diploid glial cells were present in all species and related in number to the surface area of the Purkinje cell. It is likely that they assist in the maintenance of the physiology of this latter cell type. Tetraploid glial cells, however, occur in significant numbers only in the human and chimpanzee and possibly play a part in the establishment of certain learned patterns of co-ordinated movement peculiar to these species.", "contents": "A quantitative study of the glia of the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum in mammals. The cerebella of fourteen mammals have been examined and the number of each DNA class of glial cell, within the Purkinje cell layer, counted. Diploid glial cells were present in all species and related in number to the surface area of the Purkinje cell. It is likely that they assist in the maintenance of the physiology of this latter cell type. Tetraploid glial cells, however, occur in significant numbers only in the human and chimpanzee and possibly play a part in the establishment of certain learned patterns of co-ordinated movement peculiar to these species.", "PMID": 107465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7709", "title": "A case of myoclonic epilepsy with unusual presentation.", "content": "A case of stimulus-precipitated myoclonic jerks is presented. Besides spontaneous jerks, auditory, stimuli striking the palms, abdominal pressure or distension, evoked the jerks. Intermittent stroboscopic stimulation did not precipitate the attacks. The child had spontaneous recovery which is maintained, clinically and EEG wise for the last one year.", "contents": "A case of myoclonic epilepsy with unusual presentation. A case of stimulus-precipitated myoclonic jerks is presented. Besides spontaneous jerks, auditory, stimuli striking the palms, abdominal pressure or distension, evoked the jerks. Intermittent stroboscopic stimulation did not precipitate the attacks. The child had spontaneous recovery which is maintained, clinically and EEG wise for the last one year.", "PMID": 107476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7710", "title": "Economics, health, and post-industrial society.", "content": "Increases in medical resources, and access to care, do not lead to comparable decreases in either morbidity or mortality in modern nations. The number of years of schooling, rather than level of income, emerges as the surest correlate of good health, although progress in medical science and changes in productivity remain powerful influences. Family, religion, and especially government, are examined as institutions serving competing goals of security, freedom, and equality.", "contents": "Economics, health, and post-industrial society. Increases in medical resources, and access to care, do not lead to comparable decreases in either morbidity or mortality in modern nations. The number of years of schooling, rather than level of income, emerges as the surest correlate of good health, although progress in medical science and changes in productivity remain powerful influences. Family, religion, and especially government, are examined as institutions serving competing goals of security, freedom, and equality.", "PMID": 107477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7711", "title": "Special report: scarce resources in health care.", "content": "The assumption that a centrally planned national health care system could match resources to needs has proved to be a chimera. Shortages are inherent in any system that is more or less \"free at the point of access\" while it still permits unlimited scientific innovation for its patients. Rationing by science is as unsatisfactory as is political or economic rationing: equality in health care cannot be in balance with uncontrolled technological innovation.", "contents": "Special report: scarce resources in health care. The assumption that a centrally planned national health care system could match resources to needs has proved to be a chimera. Shortages are inherent in any system that is more or less \"free at the point of access\" while it still permits unlimited scientific innovation for its patients. Rationing by science is as unsatisfactory as is political or economic rationing: equality in health care cannot be in balance with uncontrolled technological innovation.", "PMID": 107478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7712", "title": "[Studies of the incidence of healthy carriers of \"pathogenic strains\" or potentially pathogenic strains in the hospital environment].", "content": "An investigation has been carried out on healthy carriers of \"positive Staphylococcus coagulase\" and \"occasional pathogenic\" strains among kitchen, canteen and dispensary staff in the IVth Geriatric Division and First Aid Clinic of the Bologna \"M. Malpighi\" Hospital. All stains of \"positive Staphylococcus coagulase\" and \"occasional pathogens\" considered (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter) were put through antibiotic and chemotherapeutic sensitivity tests. The results are reported in detail.", "contents": "[Studies of the incidence of healthy carriers of \"pathogenic strains\" or potentially pathogenic strains in the hospital environment]. An investigation has been carried out on healthy carriers of \"positive Staphylococcus coagulase\" and \"occasional pathogenic\" strains among kitchen, canteen and dispensary staff in the IVth Geriatric Division and First Aid Clinic of the Bologna \"M. Malpighi\" Hospital. All stains of \"positive Staphylococcus coagulase\" and \"occasional pathogens\" considered (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter) were put through antibiotic and chemotherapeutic sensitivity tests. The results are reported in detail.", "PMID": 107491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7713", "title": "Localization of neurons supplying the temporalis muscle in the rat and monkey.", "content": "Following injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solution into the rat and monkey temporalis muscle, a similar pattern of nuclear representation was found in the motor trigeminal nucleus. Labelled neurons were seen throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the ipsilateral motor trigeminal nucleus, in its dorsal, intermediate and ventral portions and its dorsomedial, ventromedial and ventrolateral corners. In addition to the motor trigeminal nucleus labelled neurons were also found in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. The results were discussed.", "contents": "Localization of neurons supplying the temporalis muscle in the rat and monkey. Following injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solution into the rat and monkey temporalis muscle, a similar pattern of nuclear representation was found in the motor trigeminal nucleus. Labelled neurons were seen throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the ipsilateral motor trigeminal nucleus, in its dorsal, intermediate and ventral portions and its dorsomedial, ventromedial and ventrolateral corners. In addition to the motor trigeminal nucleus labelled neurons were also found in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. The results were discussed.", "PMID": 107492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7714", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations in experimental lingual leukoplakia and carcinoma.", "content": "Epidermoid carcinomas, preceded by dysplastic leukoplakic lesions, were produced on the right lateral borders of the tongues of Syrian hamsters by the application, three times per week, of DMBA in acetone after the area had been scratched with a root canal broach. Animals were killed at 12 to 13 weeks and 15 to 16 weeks. Electron microscopic studies of both the dysplastic leukoplakic lesions and the well-differentiated epidermoid carcinomas revealed clumping of tonofilaments and widening of intercellular spaces, in addition to the cellular pleomorphism, altered nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, and prominent nucleoli observed with the light microscope. In the carcinomas, there were variations in the morphology of mitochondria, with tubular forms in evidence. The basal lamina in the carcinomas was discontinuous. Pseudopodia arising from basal cells were seen in areas of basal lamina discontinuity.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations in experimental lingual leukoplakia and carcinoma. Epidermoid carcinomas, preceded by dysplastic leukoplakic lesions, were produced on the right lateral borders of the tongues of Syrian hamsters by the application, three times per week, of DMBA in acetone after the area had been scratched with a root canal broach. Animals were killed at 12 to 13 weeks and 15 to 16 weeks. Electron microscopic studies of both the dysplastic leukoplakic lesions and the well-differentiated epidermoid carcinomas revealed clumping of tonofilaments and widening of intercellular spaces, in addition to the cellular pleomorphism, altered nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, and prominent nucleoli observed with the light microscope. In the carcinomas, there were variations in the morphology of mitochondria, with tubular forms in evidence. The basal lamina in the carcinomas was discontinuous. Pseudopodia arising from basal cells were seen in areas of basal lamina discontinuity.", "PMID": 107501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7715", "title": "Pulp reaction to a tricalcium phosphate ceramic capping agent.", "content": "A porous form of tricalcium phosphate ceramic has been shown to stimulate new bone formation around the implant. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate this material in a powder form as a pulp-capping material. It was found difficult to cover a pulp exposure adequately with Synthos ceramic powder alone. Histologic sections showed dentinogenesis around those particles which were forced into the pulp proper, demonstrating the nonirritating potential of Synthos. Because of the bacterial infection in so many of the specimens, this study is inconclusive with respect to the use of this material as a capping agent. A similar study, employing a rubber dam to protect the exposure, is recommended.", "contents": "Pulp reaction to a tricalcium phosphate ceramic capping agent. A porous form of tricalcium phosphate ceramic has been shown to stimulate new bone formation around the implant. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate this material in a powder form as a pulp-capping material. It was found difficult to cover a pulp exposure adequately with Synthos ceramic powder alone. Histologic sections showed dentinogenesis around those particles which were forced into the pulp proper, demonstrating the nonirritating potential of Synthos. Because of the bacterial infection in so many of the specimens, this study is inconclusive with respect to the use of this material as a capping agent. A similar study, employing a rubber dam to protect the exposure, is recommended.", "PMID": 107502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7716", "title": "Antigenic analysis of sequential erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium knowlesi.", "content": "The antigenic composition of sequential erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium knowlesi has been compared by crossed immuno-electrophoresis using a pool of immune rhesus monkey antiserum. Eleven major parasite antigens have been identified; 9 are stage-independent, and 2 stage-dependent. Differences in the relative amount of the stage-independent antigens have been demonstrated and quantified. The distribution of antigens between parasites and schizont and infected red cell membranes has been examined. Only 6 of the 11 parasite antigens were exhibited by a schizont membrane preparation, all these antigens were also expressed by the intracellular parasite. Antigens exclusive to the schizont membrane were not demonstrated.", "contents": "Antigenic analysis of sequential erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium knowlesi. The antigenic composition of sequential erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium knowlesi has been compared by crossed immuno-electrophoresis using a pool of immune rhesus monkey antiserum. Eleven major parasite antigens have been identified; 9 are stage-independent, and 2 stage-dependent. Differences in the relative amount of the stage-independent antigens have been demonstrated and quantified. The distribution of antigens between parasites and schizont and infected red cell membranes has been examined. Only 6 of the 11 parasite antigens were exhibited by a schizont membrane preparation, all these antigens were also expressed by the intracellular parasite. Antigens exclusive to the schizont membrane were not demonstrated.", "PMID": 107503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7717", "title": "Development of infectivity in Hyalomma detritum (Schulze, 1919) ticks infected with Theileria annulata (Dchunkowsky and Luhs, 1904).", "content": "The time-course for the development of infectivity was studied in Hyalomma detritum ticks fed as pre-imagoes on calves infected with Theileria annulata. Unfed adults derived from infected nymphs were non-infectious when inoculated into susceptible calves, whereas ticks of both sexes that had fed for 2-3 days or longer on calves or rabbits were always infectious. Some adults fed for only 1-2 days were infectious, whereas others were not. As few as 2 ticks were capable of infecting susceptible calves.", "contents": "Development of infectivity in Hyalomma detritum (Schulze, 1919) ticks infected with Theileria annulata (Dchunkowsky and Luhs, 1904). The time-course for the development of infectivity was studied in Hyalomma detritum ticks fed as pre-imagoes on calves infected with Theileria annulata. Unfed adults derived from infected nymphs were non-infectious when inoculated into susceptible calves, whereas ticks of both sexes that had fed for 2-3 days or longer on calves or rabbits were always infectious. Some adults fed for only 1-2 days were infectious, whereas others were not. As few as 2 ticks were capable of infecting susceptible calves.", "PMID": 107504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7718", "title": "Interpretation of serum and red cell folate results. A comparison of microbiological and radioisotopic methods.", "content": "Serum folate and red blood cell folate levels were measured in 167 patients using a microbiological method (Lactobacillus casei) and a commercial 125I radioassay kit. The results of the two methods were compared and related to the clinical findings to see which method more truly reflected the physiological folate status of the patient. There was a good linear correlation between the methods for both serum folate and red cell folate over the whole range encountered and the mean results obtained with each method were nearly identical. Both methods seemed to perform equally well in distinguishing low serum folate levels, but when the red cell folate results were compared to the clinical and other laboratory findings, the radioassay more closely related to the folate status of the patient. The study again emphasized the high number of low serum folate levels found in hospital patients and the importance of measuring the red cell folate.", "contents": "Interpretation of serum and red cell folate results. A comparison of microbiological and radioisotopic methods. Serum folate and red blood cell folate levels were measured in 167 patients using a microbiological method (Lactobacillus casei) and a commercial 125I radioassay kit. The results of the two methods were compared and related to the clinical findings to see which method more truly reflected the physiological folate status of the patient. There was a good linear correlation between the methods for both serum folate and red cell folate over the whole range encountered and the mean results obtained with each method were nearly identical. Both methods seemed to perform equally well in distinguishing low serum folate levels, but when the red cell folate results were compared to the clinical and other laboratory findings, the radioassay more closely related to the folate status of the patient. The study again emphasized the high number of low serum folate levels found in hospital patients and the importance of measuring the red cell folate.", "PMID": 107505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7719", "title": "Immunoradiometric and electroimmuno assay of increased ferritin and apoferritin levels in serum.", "content": "Ferritin in serum from patients with increased serum ferritin levels has been studied both quantitatively and qualitatively. All techniques utilized in these studies are suitable to be used as routine screening tests for large numbers of patients. Electroimmuno assay (EIA) has been compared with the solid phase immunoradiometric (IRMA) assay as a technique to determine serum ferritin concentration (r = 0.99) and is suggested as a useful alternative when determining ferritin concentrations above 500 microgram/l. Iron stained EIA gels have been used to indicate the iron content of the ferritin molecule in sera. This simple screening test has demonstrated that apoferritin is found more often than iron-rich ferritin in the serum of patients with elevated serum ferritin levels. Immunoelectrophoresis precipitin bands suggest the heterogeneity of ferritin in serum from different patients.", "contents": "Immunoradiometric and electroimmuno assay of increased ferritin and apoferritin levels in serum. Ferritin in serum from patients with increased serum ferritin levels has been studied both quantitatively and qualitatively. All techniques utilized in these studies are suitable to be used as routine screening tests for large numbers of patients. Electroimmuno assay (EIA) has been compared with the solid phase immunoradiometric (IRMA) assay as a technique to determine serum ferritin concentration (r = 0.99) and is suggested as a useful alternative when determining ferritin concentrations above 500 microgram/l. Iron stained EIA gels have been used to indicate the iron content of the ferritin molecule in sera. This simple screening test has demonstrated that apoferritin is found more often than iron-rich ferritin in the serum of patients with elevated serum ferritin levels. Immunoelectrophoresis precipitin bands suggest the heterogeneity of ferritin in serum from different patients.", "PMID": 107506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7720", "title": "Multiple bladder diverticula in Williams \"Elfin-Facies\" syndrome.", "content": "Twenty-three children with Williams \"elfin-facies\" syndrome were reviewed. A striking incidence of multiple bladder diverticula was found (8 children of 14 who had voiding cystourethrograms). The diverticula were usually not identifiable on excretory urography. Children generally have a low incidence of bladder diverticula (excluding \"Hutch\" diverticula), especially multiple diverticula; thus one should strongly consider the diagnosis of Williams syndrome and other connective tissue diseases when multiple bladder diverticula are identified.", "contents": "Multiple bladder diverticula in Williams \"Elfin-Facies\" syndrome. Twenty-three children with Williams \"elfin-facies\" syndrome were reviewed. A striking incidence of multiple bladder diverticula was found (8 children of 14 who had voiding cystourethrograms). The diverticula were usually not identifiable on excretory urography. Children generally have a low incidence of bladder diverticula (excluding \"Hutch\" diverticula), especially multiple diverticula; thus one should strongly consider the diagnosis of Williams syndrome and other connective tissue diseases when multiple bladder diverticula are identified.", "PMID": 107508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7721", "title": "Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in leukocytes and fibroblasts from a patient with pyruvate carboxylase deficiency.", "content": "Normal values are given for the activities of pyruvate carboxylase (E.C.6.4.1.1), mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (E.C. 4.1.1.32, PEPCK), and citrate synthase (E.C. 4.1.3.7) in fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and leukocytes. Also given are values for these enzymes in the leukocytes and fibroblasts from a severely mentally and developmentally retarded patient with proximal renal tubular acidosis and hepatic, cerebral, and renal cortical pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. In normals, virtually all of the mitochondrial PEPCK and pyruvate carboxylase activity was present in the mononuclear leukocyte fraction of whole venous blood. Cellular fractionation studies with human lymphocytes and fibroblasts demonstrated that all of the PEPCK activity in these cells is mitochondrial. Normal values for pyruvate carboxylase in leukocytes were 0.092 (0.070--0.208) mU/mg protein (n=5), in lymphocytes 0.154 (0.092--0.262) mU/mg protein (n=5), and in fibroblasts 1.36 (0.778--2.19) mU/mg protein (n=5). The patient with hepatic, renal, and cerebral pyruvate carboxylase deficiency had no detectable activity (less than 0.009 mU/mg protein) in his leukocytes and 0.018 mU/mg protein in his fibroblasts. Data from an assay for pyruvate carboxylase activity in the patient's fibroblasts show that the activity observed is significant but very close to the lower limits of the assay. Values for PEPCK in normal lymphocytes were 1.42 (0.824--1.88) mU/mg protein (n=5), in leukocytes 1.68 (1.64--1.72) mU/mg protein (n=2), and in fibroblasts 5.49 (3.94--6.33) mU/mg protein (n=6).", "contents": "Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in leukocytes and fibroblasts from a patient with pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. Normal values are given for the activities of pyruvate carboxylase (E.C.6.4.1.1), mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (E.C. 4.1.1.32, PEPCK), and citrate synthase (E.C. 4.1.3.7) in fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and leukocytes. Also given are values for these enzymes in the leukocytes and fibroblasts from a severely mentally and developmentally retarded patient with proximal renal tubular acidosis and hepatic, cerebral, and renal cortical pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. In normals, virtually all of the mitochondrial PEPCK and pyruvate carboxylase activity was present in the mononuclear leukocyte fraction of whole venous blood. Cellular fractionation studies with human lymphocytes and fibroblasts demonstrated that all of the PEPCK activity in these cells is mitochondrial. Normal values for pyruvate carboxylase in leukocytes were 0.092 (0.070--0.208) mU/mg protein (n=5), in lymphocytes 0.154 (0.092--0.262) mU/mg protein (n=5), and in fibroblasts 1.36 (0.778--2.19) mU/mg protein (n=5). The patient with hepatic, renal, and cerebral pyruvate carboxylase deficiency had no detectable activity (less than 0.009 mU/mg protein) in his leukocytes and 0.018 mU/mg protein in his fibroblasts. Data from an assay for pyruvate carboxylase activity in the patient's fibroblasts show that the activity observed is significant but very close to the lower limits of the assay. Values for PEPCK in normal lymphocytes were 1.42 (0.824--1.88) mU/mg protein (n=5), in leukocytes 1.68 (1.64--1.72) mU/mg protein (n=2), and in fibroblasts 5.49 (3.94--6.33) mU/mg protein (n=6).", "PMID": 107509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7722", "title": "Alteration of cartilage glycosaminoglycan protein acceptor by somatomedin and cortisol.", "content": "The effect of somatomedin and cortisol on embryonic chick cartilage in vitro indicates that somatomedin stimulates 35SO4 uptake while cortisol decreases it with no effect on glycosaminoglycan turnover. Xylosyltransferase activity is increased in crude fractions of somatomedin-treated cartilage but decreased in cortisol-treated cartilage. By using a Smith-degraded proteoglycan as an exogenous acceptor, xylosyltransferase activities from both treatments were equivalent, suggesting that the enzyme was not rate limiting. The results of xylosyltransferase assays conducted by mixing enzyme and endogenous acceptor from control, cortisol-treated and somatomedin-treated cartilage, suggest both effects to be at the level of the acceptor protein.", "contents": "Alteration of cartilage glycosaminoglycan protein acceptor by somatomedin and cortisol. The effect of somatomedin and cortisol on embryonic chick cartilage in vitro indicates that somatomedin stimulates 35SO4 uptake while cortisol decreases it with no effect on glycosaminoglycan turnover. Xylosyltransferase activity is increased in crude fractions of somatomedin-treated cartilage but decreased in cortisol-treated cartilage. By using a Smith-degraded proteoglycan as an exogenous acceptor, xylosyltransferase activities from both treatments were equivalent, suggesting that the enzyme was not rate limiting. The results of xylosyltransferase assays conducted by mixing enzyme and endogenous acceptor from control, cortisol-treated and somatomedin-treated cartilage, suggest both effects to be at the level of the acceptor protein.", "PMID": 107510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7723", "title": "Comparison of auras and triggering factors in epilepsy.", "content": "Case reports of five patients are presented, each with a specific aura at the onset of the seizures. All of these patients' had seizures during the waking state. Their auras were carefully replicated and presented to the patients under various conditions. The presentation of the auras evoked neither clinical nor EEG evidence of seizures. A sixth patient had seizures only when asleep which were preceded by vivid nightmares. Since the seizures occurred only when the patient was asleep, we considered that the seizures could be reflex in nature and evoked by a dream. Replication of the dream, however, did not evoke clinical or EEG evidence of epilepsy. The dreams, therefore, were auras or a part of the seizure complex.", "contents": "Comparison of auras and triggering factors in epilepsy. Case reports of five patients are presented, each with a specific aura at the onset of the seizures. All of these patients' had seizures during the waking state. Their auras were carefully replicated and presented to the patients under various conditions. The presentation of the auras evoked neither clinical nor EEG evidence of seizures. A sixth patient had seizures only when asleep which were preceded by vivid nightmares. Since the seizures occurred only when the patient was asleep, we considered that the seizures could be reflex in nature and evoked by a dream. Replication of the dream, however, did not evoke clinical or EEG evidence of epilepsy. The dreams, therefore, were auras or a part of the seizure complex.", "PMID": 107507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7724", "title": "Effects of increasing arterial pressure on cerebral blood flow in the baboon: influence of the sympathetic nervous system.", "content": "The influence of stimulation of the cervical sympathetic chain on the response of cerebral blood flow to hypertension induced by the intravenous infusion of angiotensin was studied in anaesthetised baboons. Cerebral blood flow was measured by the intracarotid 133Xenon injection technique. Possible lesions of the blood-brain barrier were studied by injecting Evans blue towards the end of the experiment and ischaemic brain damage was assessed following perfusion fixation. In a control group of five baboons blood flow increased by 53 +/- 9% (mean +/- S.E.) from the base line values in the arterial pressure range 130-159 mm Hg. In four baboons subjected to unilateral sympathetic stimulation flow increased by 16 +/- 4% in the same pressure range. In three baboons subjected to bilateral sympathetic stimulation there were no significant increases in flow until the arterial pressure had increased above 159 mm Hg. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier in the parietooccipital regions was only seen in the control animals but not in the stimulated baboons. Ischaemic brain damage was not observed with the exception of one small lesion in a single stimulated baboon. These findings provide strong support for the observations of Bill and Linder (1976) that activation of the cervical sympathetic can modify the level at which breakthrough of cerebral blood flow occurs in association with systemic hypertension.", "contents": "Effects of increasing arterial pressure on cerebral blood flow in the baboon: influence of the sympathetic nervous system. The influence of stimulation of the cervical sympathetic chain on the response of cerebral blood flow to hypertension induced by the intravenous infusion of angiotensin was studied in anaesthetised baboons. Cerebral blood flow was measured by the intracarotid 133Xenon injection technique. Possible lesions of the blood-brain barrier were studied by injecting Evans blue towards the end of the experiment and ischaemic brain damage was assessed following perfusion fixation. In a control group of five baboons blood flow increased by 53 +/- 9% (mean +/- S.E.) from the base line values in the arterial pressure range 130-159 mm Hg. In four baboons subjected to unilateral sympathetic stimulation flow increased by 16 +/- 4% in the same pressure range. In three baboons subjected to bilateral sympathetic stimulation there were no significant increases in flow until the arterial pressure had increased above 159 mm Hg. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier in the parietooccipital regions was only seen in the control animals but not in the stimulated baboons. Ischaemic brain damage was not observed with the exception of one small lesion in a single stimulated baboon. These findings provide strong support for the observations of Bill and Linder (1976) that activation of the cervical sympathetic can modify the level at which breakthrough of cerebral blood flow occurs in association with systemic hypertension.", "PMID": 107511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7725", "title": "[Reliability and limitations of total and divided renal clearances as determined with a partially shielded whole-body counter (author's transl)].", "content": "Error and reproducibility of the total and divided renal clearance determination was investigated, using a partially shielded whole-body counter. The error of the total renal clearance determination using ortho-131I-hippuran (OIH) depends primarily on the downslope of the whole-body curve, i.e. on renal function. The error is as low as +/- 6% for clearance values of more than 100 ml/min and increases slowly with clearance values decreasing about 35 ml/min. The error of clearance values below 25 ml/min is higher than 50%. The error of the divided renal clearance using OIH is the same as the error of the total renal clearance. The reproducibility of the total OIH-clearance in single clearance periods was found to be +/- 6% and in repeated determinations +/- 12% (r = 0.97). The reproducibility of the divided renal OIH-clearance with scintillation probes showed an average deviation from the mean of +/- 10% (r = 0.87). The substitution of the scintillation probes by a scintillation camera and the use of regions of interest should diminish this error considerably. The results were compared with literature data on standard PAH- and inulin clearances.", "contents": "[Reliability and limitations of total and divided renal clearances as determined with a partially shielded whole-body counter (author's transl)]. Error and reproducibility of the total and divided renal clearance determination was investigated, using a partially shielded whole-body counter. The error of the total renal clearance determination using ortho-131I-hippuran (OIH) depends primarily on the downslope of the whole-body curve, i.e. on renal function. The error is as low as +/- 6% for clearance values of more than 100 ml/min and increases slowly with clearance values decreasing about 35 ml/min. The error of clearance values below 25 ml/min is higher than 50%. The error of the divided renal clearance using OIH is the same as the error of the total renal clearance. The reproducibility of the total OIH-clearance in single clearance periods was found to be +/- 6% and in repeated determinations +/- 12% (r = 0.97). The reproducibility of the divided renal OIH-clearance with scintillation probes showed an average deviation from the mean of +/- 10% (r = 0.87). The substitution of the scintillation probes by a scintillation camera and the use of regions of interest should diminish this error considerably. The results were compared with literature data on standard PAH- and inulin clearances.", "PMID": 107512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7726", "title": "[Anabolic effects of steroid hormones in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "The anabolic effect of steroid hormones was investigated in rabbits by measuring the skeletal accumulation rate of 85Sr following the continuous administration of estrogens, androgens and corticosteroids over a period of eight weeks. Androgenic hormones did not influence the accumulation rate of 85Sr, whereas following castration and prolonged administration of estrogens an increase of 85Sr accumulation was found. There was no correlation of the changes observed with serum calcium levels, since the latter remained stable throughout the observation period during long-term administration of various hormones.", "contents": "[Anabolic effects of steroid hormones in rabbits (author's transl)]. The anabolic effect of steroid hormones was investigated in rabbits by measuring the skeletal accumulation rate of 85Sr following the continuous administration of estrogens, androgens and corticosteroids over a period of eight weeks. Androgenic hormones did not influence the accumulation rate of 85Sr, whereas following castration and prolonged administration of estrogens an increase of 85Sr accumulation was found. There was no correlation of the changes observed with serum calcium levels, since the latter remained stable throughout the observation period during long-term administration of various hormones.", "PMID": 107513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7727", "title": "[Effect of some amino acids on the biosynthesis of glucoamylase by cultured Endomycopsis species].", "content": "The effect of amino acids (glutamic, aspartic, beta-alanine, phenylalanine, methionine) on the glucoamylase biosynthesis by Endomycopsis species 20-9 was studied. Monoaminodicarboxylic acids produced a stimulating effect on the glucoamylase synthesis. Their addition at optimal concentrations of 0.2 to 0.4% increased by 54--69% glucoamylase activity of Endomycopsis sp. 20-9 upon submerged cultivation on the medium containing 3% maize extract and 1% starch. An application of this amino acid nutrition during cultivation did not produce a significant effect on the microbial glucoamylase activity.", "contents": "[Effect of some amino acids on the biosynthesis of glucoamylase by cultured Endomycopsis species]. The effect of amino acids (glutamic, aspartic, beta-alanine, phenylalanine, methionine) on the glucoamylase biosynthesis by Endomycopsis species 20-9 was studied. Monoaminodicarboxylic acids produced a stimulating effect on the glucoamylase synthesis. Their addition at optimal concentrations of 0.2 to 0.4% increased by 54--69% glucoamylase activity of Endomycopsis sp. 20-9 upon submerged cultivation on the medium containing 3% maize extract and 1% starch. An application of this amino acid nutrition during cultivation did not produce a significant effect on the microbial glucoamylase activity.", "PMID": 107516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7728", "title": "[Preparation of extracellular ribonuclease from Bacillus subtilis].", "content": "The paper describes a method for isolating alkaline ribonuclease from the culture liquid Bacillus subtilis KP 349 which involved: submerged cultivation of the producer on complex and synthetic nutrient media with optimized  RNase activity, acid treatment of the total culture liquid, and filtration through perlite. Further treatment may include either spray drying of the culture liquid filtrate or its concentration in a vacuum evaporator, dialysis of the concentrate against distilled water, and dialyzate lyophilization. As a result, commercial RNase preparations with activities of 30--60 thous. and 160--300 thous. units/g, respectively, were obtained. The enzyme purification was carried out by chromatography and rechromatography on phosphocellulose columns. The resultant RNase of Bac. subtilis had a specific activity of 41--44 thous. units/mg protein, contained no nonspecific phosphodiesterase, DNase, acid or alkaline phosphomonoesterases.", "contents": "[Preparation of extracellular ribonuclease from Bacillus subtilis]. The paper describes a method for isolating alkaline ribonuclease from the culture liquid Bacillus subtilis KP 349 which involved: submerged cultivation of the producer on complex and synthetic nutrient media with optimized  RNase activity, acid treatment of the total culture liquid, and filtration through perlite. Further treatment may include either spray drying of the culture liquid filtrate or its concentration in a vacuum evaporator, dialysis of the concentrate against distilled water, and dialyzate lyophilization. As a result, commercial RNase preparations with activities of 30--60 thous. and 160--300 thous. units/g, respectively, were obtained. The enzyme purification was carried out by chromatography and rechromatography on phosphocellulose columns. The resultant RNase of Bac. subtilis had a specific activity of 41--44 thous. units/mg protein, contained no nonspecific phosphodiesterase, DNase, acid or alkaline phosphomonoesterases.", "PMID": 107517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7729", "title": "Radical scavenging as the mechanism for stimulation of prostaglandin cyclooxygenase and depression of inflammation by lipoic acid and sodium iodide.", "content": "Certain radical-trapping reducing agents have been shown to stimulate prostaglandin biosynthesis in vitro (1--6) and to depress phorbol myristate acetate-induced mouse ear edema (16). The increased prostaglandin synthesis resulted from influences on the cyclooxygenase. To ascertain whether these alterations were due to direct interaction with the enzyme or to indirect scavenging of the oxidant released during PGG2 reduction, we report the effects of lipoic acid and sodium iodide. Both of these agents stimulated the enzymatic oxygenation of arachidonic acid, increased the reduction of PGG2 to PGH2, quenched the EPR signal induced by arachidonic acid and depressed mouse ear edema. In addition to discovering two unusual antiinflammatory agents, we have confirmed that materials with entirely different structures can have identical effects on the cyclooxygenase, suggesting indirect stimulation of this enzyme due to trapping of the oxidant.", "contents": "Radical scavenging as the mechanism for stimulation of prostaglandin cyclooxygenase and depression of inflammation by lipoic acid and sodium iodide. Certain radical-trapping reducing agents have been shown to stimulate prostaglandin biosynthesis in vitro (1--6) and to depress phorbol myristate acetate-induced mouse ear edema (16). The increased prostaglandin synthesis resulted from influences on the cyclooxygenase. To ascertain whether these alterations were due to direct interaction with the enzyme or to indirect scavenging of the oxidant released during PGG2 reduction, we report the effects of lipoic acid and sodium iodide. Both of these agents stimulated the enzymatic oxygenation of arachidonic acid, increased the reduction of PGG2 to PGH2, quenched the EPR signal induced by arachidonic acid and depressed mouse ear edema. In addition to discovering two unusual antiinflammatory agents, we have confirmed that materials with entirely different structures can have identical effects on the cyclooxygenase, suggesting indirect stimulation of this enzyme due to trapping of the oxidant.", "PMID": 107544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7730", "title": "Prostacyclin biosynthesis in activated, stimulated and normal mouse peritoneal cell populations.", "content": "Nonspecific resistance to infectious and neoplastic disease can be enhanced by administration of \"immunomodulators\". The levels of enhancement can be monitored by following in vitro function of cells of the lympho-reticuloendothelial system. To gain a better understanding of the physiological and biochemical nature of this enhancement, the metabolism of prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2 was followed in mouse peritoneal cells (PCs). Homogenates of PCs from normal, unstimulated mice yielded primarily prostacyclin (PGI2) when incubated with PGH2. Homogenates of PCs from mice injected with the immunomodulators C. parvum, levamisole HCl, pyran copolymer, or thioglycollate yielded less PGI2. Reductions ranged from 73% for C. parvum to 32% for levamisole. A statistically significant inverse correlation existed between the level of macrophage \"activation\" and ability of cellular homogenates to produce prostacyclin. The results suggest that prostacyclin may be involved in modulation of nonspecific resistance.", "contents": "Prostacyclin biosynthesis in activated, stimulated and normal mouse peritoneal cell populations. Nonspecific resistance to infectious and neoplastic disease can be enhanced by administration of \"immunomodulators\". The levels of enhancement can be monitored by following in vitro function of cells of the lympho-reticuloendothelial system. To gain a better understanding of the physiological and biochemical nature of this enhancement, the metabolism of prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2 was followed in mouse peritoneal cells (PCs). Homogenates of PCs from normal, unstimulated mice yielded primarily prostacyclin (PGI2) when incubated with PGH2. Homogenates of PCs from mice injected with the immunomodulators C. parvum, levamisole HCl, pyran copolymer, or thioglycollate yielded less PGI2. Reductions ranged from 73% for C. parvum to 32% for levamisole. A statistically significant inverse correlation existed between the level of macrophage \"activation\" and ability of cellular homogenates to produce prostacyclin. The results suggest that prostacyclin may be involved in modulation of nonspecific resistance.", "PMID": 107545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7731", "title": "Survival of transplanted normal hepatic cells in bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase deficient Gunn rat liver.", "content": "The survival of H3 thymidine labelled normal rat hepatic cells after transplantation into the Gunn rat liver has been investigated. It was found that 0.9% of the cells survived at least 12 weeks after transplantation. This suggests that the observed uridine diphosphoglucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) activity in the genetically deficient Gunn rats after transplantation of normal liver may be partially due to these cells. Time required for the transplantation procedure has a profound effect on the survival of such cells in the recipient liver.", "contents": "Survival of transplanted normal hepatic cells in bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase deficient Gunn rat liver. The survival of H3 thymidine labelled normal rat hepatic cells after transplantation into the Gunn rat liver has been investigated. It was found that 0.9% of the cells survived at least 12 weeks after transplantation. This suggests that the observed uridine diphosphoglucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) activity in the genetically deficient Gunn rats after transplantation of normal liver may be partially due to these cells. Time required for the transplantation procedure has a profound effect on the survival of such cells in the recipient liver.", "PMID": 107547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7732", "title": "The effect of Prussian blue and sodium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the faecal and urinary elimination of thallium by the dog.", "content": "After oral administration of sublethal doses of thallium (lower than 10 mg/kg) to dogs, 75.5 +/- 3.9 per cent of the dose was eliminated from the body--47 per cent faecal and 28 per cent urinary. Cumulative excretion reached 50 and 70 per cent after 10 and 25 days respectively, and was almost complete after 75 days. This was slightly lower at higher doses. The total body-burden of thallium, calculated from the cumulative excretion, decreased exponentially for at least the first 40 days with a half-time (T 1/2) of 6.5 days. Oral doses of Prussian blue after 10 days resulted in an acceleration of the thallium elimination from the body (T 1/2 2.5 days), an increase of the faecal (49 per cent) and a decrease of the urinary excretion (18 per cent). Nevertheless, the cumulative faecal and urinary thallium excretion was not influenced. Minor transitory influences of Prussian blue on the faecal thallium excretion could be observed up to day 26. After 40 days, Prussian blue could no longer influence the faecal thallium excretion. At no time did sodium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic (Na2EDTA) acid significantly change faecal or urinary thallium excretion.", "contents": "The effect of Prussian blue and sodium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the faecal and urinary elimination of thallium by the dog. After oral administration of sublethal doses of thallium (lower than 10 mg/kg) to dogs, 75.5 +/- 3.9 per cent of the dose was eliminated from the body--47 per cent faecal and 28 per cent urinary. Cumulative excretion reached 50 and 70 per cent after 10 and 25 days respectively, and was almost complete after 75 days. This was slightly lower at higher doses. The total body-burden of thallium, calculated from the cumulative excretion, decreased exponentially for at least the first 40 days with a half-time (T 1/2) of 6.5 days. Oral doses of Prussian blue after 10 days resulted in an acceleration of the thallium elimination from the body (T 1/2 2.5 days), an increase of the faecal (49 per cent) and a decrease of the urinary excretion (18 per cent). Nevertheless, the cumulative faecal and urinary thallium excretion was not influenced. Minor transitory influences of Prussian blue on the faecal thallium excretion could be observed up to day 26. After 40 days, Prussian blue could no longer influence the faecal thallium excretion. At no time did sodium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic (Na2EDTA) acid significantly change faecal or urinary thallium excretion.", "PMID": 107548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7733", "title": "Non-specific agglutination of Corynebacterium ovis by precolostral and young lamb sera.", "content": "An agglutination reaction, relatively coarse compared to that obtained with immune sera, was observed when Corynebacterium ovis cells were incubated with lamb sera collected before and after ingesting colostrum. The reaction did not appear to involve immunoglobulin since it was not affected by treatment of precolostral lamb serum with rivanol, mercaptoethanol or rabbit antisheep serum. IgM was detected in only three of 10 precolostral samples with agglutinating activity and immunofluorescence studies showed that it was not specific for C ovis. In view of the non-specific clumping factor, tests which detect antitoxin would be preferable for immune surveys in young lambs.", "contents": "Non-specific agglutination of Corynebacterium ovis by precolostral and young lamb sera. An agglutination reaction, relatively coarse compared to that obtained with immune sera, was observed when Corynebacterium ovis cells were incubated with lamb sera collected before and after ingesting colostrum. The reaction did not appear to involve immunoglobulin since it was not affected by treatment of precolostral lamb serum with rivanol, mercaptoethanol or rabbit antisheep serum. IgM was detected in only three of 10 precolostral samples with agglutinating activity and immunofluorescence studies showed that it was not specific for C ovis. In view of the non-specific clumping factor, tests which detect antitoxin would be preferable for immune surveys in young lambs.", "PMID": 107549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7734", "title": "[Progressive myoclonic encephalopathy in dialysis patients. Clinical, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study. Pathogenetic discussion].", "content": "Clinical and Neuropathological data on sixteen cases of progressive myoclonic encephalopathy are reported. This neurological syndrome appears after an average duration of thirty two months of haemodialysis and leads to death in four and a half months, and is characterized by myoclonus, speech disorder, epileptic seizures, and mental-status changes. At first, clinical signs and symptoms are related to haemodialysis, later they become permanent. An early diagnosis is based on EEG which is the only useful laboratory test, demonstrating bisynchronous slow-wave bursts. The caracteristic histopathologic findings are neuronal depopulation, lipofuscin accumulation, and appearance of Neurofibrillary degeneration, especially in Motor cortex, red nucleus and dentato-olivary systems. It seems to be justified to attribute P.M.D.E. to aluminium chronic poisonning; the source of the aluminium intoxication is not aluminium containing phosphate-binding gels but intravenously administreted tape-water. The intracellular binding of aluminium is shown from a histochemical study employing fluorescent stain Morin.", "contents": "[Progressive myoclonic encephalopathy in dialysis patients. Clinical, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study. Pathogenetic discussion]. Clinical and Neuropathological data on sixteen cases of progressive myoclonic encephalopathy are reported. This neurological syndrome appears after an average duration of thirty two months of haemodialysis and leads to death in four and a half months, and is characterized by myoclonus, speech disorder, epileptic seizures, and mental-status changes. At first, clinical signs and symptoms are related to haemodialysis, later they become permanent. An early diagnosis is based on EEG which is the only useful laboratory test, demonstrating bisynchronous slow-wave bursts. The caracteristic histopathologic findings are neuronal depopulation, lipofuscin accumulation, and appearance of Neurofibrillary degeneration, especially in Motor cortex, red nucleus and dentato-olivary systems. It seems to be justified to attribute P.M.D.E. to aluminium chronic poisonning; the source of the aluminium intoxication is not aluminium containing phosphate-binding gels but intravenously administreted tape-water. The intracellular binding of aluminium is shown from a histochemical study employing fluorescent stain Morin.", "PMID": 107555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7735", "title": "[2 familial cases of Lafora disease. Clinical, electroencephalographic and pathologic study].", "content": "Three children born of consanguineous parents had Lafora's disease and two of them had been studied clinically, pathologically and biochemically. The autosomal recessive transmission of the disease is confirmed by the familial study and the parents present no phenotypic anomaly of the disease. Electroclinical data are discussed with regard to the early differential diagnosis between this entity and idiopathic generalised epilepsy and myoclonic epilepsy without Lafora's bodies. Iodine spectrum of the cerebral and hepatic abnormal deposits suggest that Lafora's bodies mainly consist of long chains glycogen similar to amylopectin.", "contents": "[2 familial cases of Lafora disease. Clinical, electroencephalographic and pathologic study]. Three children born of consanguineous parents had Lafora's disease and two of them had been studied clinically, pathologically and biochemically. The autosomal recessive transmission of the disease is confirmed by the familial study and the parents present no phenotypic anomaly of the disease. Electroclinical data are discussed with regard to the early differential diagnosis between this entity and idiopathic generalised epilepsy and myoclonic epilepsy without Lafora's bodies. Iodine spectrum of the cerebral and hepatic abnormal deposits suggest that Lafora's bodies mainly consist of long chains glycogen similar to amylopectin.", "PMID": 107556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7736", "title": "[Fluorine osteosis caused by a very long-term niflumic acid treatment in 2 cases of rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "An osteosclerosis opacifying the axial skeleton and affecting in particular all of the spine, was observed in two women aged 75 and 42 years who had been suffering from a rheumatoid arthritis developing between 15 and 26 years. It was traced to a chronic fluorine intoxication, stemming from the regular taking, for 10 years and 8 1/2 years, of a non cortisone, anti-inflammatory niflumic acid. This fluorine product has 3 atoms of fluor in its molecule (50.0 mg for a tablet of 250 mg). Its administration to control subjects proved the production of ionized fluor by way of the metabolism, and the accumulation of fluor in the organism. Rheumatoid polyarthritis and the prolonged corticotherapy (10 mg of prednisone per day for 21 years) cannot be dismissed as the origin of the severe demineralization of the limbs observed in the second patient, but the role of fluorine seems marked in the occurrence of this peripheral involvement with problems of mineralization and secondary hyperparathyroidisms. On the other hand, the absence of an intervertebral narrowing in the 2 patients, despite the very prolonged taking of cortisone (5 mg of prednisone per day for 15 years, for the 75-year-old patient) is perhaps a result of the fluorine.", "contents": "[Fluorine osteosis caused by a very long-term niflumic acid treatment in 2 cases of rheumatoid arthritis]. An osteosclerosis opacifying the axial skeleton and affecting in particular all of the spine, was observed in two women aged 75 and 42 years who had been suffering from a rheumatoid arthritis developing between 15 and 26 years. It was traced to a chronic fluorine intoxication, stemming from the regular taking, for 10 years and 8 1/2 years, of a non cortisone, anti-inflammatory niflumic acid. This fluorine product has 3 atoms of fluor in its molecule (50.0 mg for a tablet of 250 mg). Its administration to control subjects proved the production of ionized fluor by way of the metabolism, and the accumulation of fluor in the organism. Rheumatoid polyarthritis and the prolonged corticotherapy (10 mg of prednisone per day for 21 years) cannot be dismissed as the origin of the severe demineralization of the limbs observed in the second patient, but the role of fluorine seems marked in the occurrence of this peripheral involvement with problems of mineralization and secondary hyperparathyroidisms. On the other hand, the absence of an intervertebral narrowing in the 2 patients, despite the very prolonged taking of cortisone (5 mg of prednisone per day for 15 years, for the 75-year-old patient) is perhaps a result of the fluorine.", "PMID": 107572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7737", "title": "[Induction of macrophage activation with bacterial products for potentiation of resistance to some chronic infections].", "content": "Adult mice of the consanguine A2G strain received two intraperitoneal inoculations of 0.5 mg Listeria monocytogenes phospholipid extract at 30 days interval. In the treated animals and the controls, the capacity to develop a humoral immune response was tested 24 hours after the second inoculation, following antigenic stimulus with sheep red blood cells; phagocytizing in vitro of labelled germs by peritoneal macrophages and the response of lymphocytes to mitogenic and allogenic stimuli were likewise tested. The bacterial phospholipid extract activated the phagocytic function of the macrophages and the reactivity of the allogenically stimulated lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Induction of macrophage activation with bacterial products for potentiation of resistance to some chronic infections]. Adult mice of the consanguine A2G strain received two intraperitoneal inoculations of 0.5 mg Listeria monocytogenes phospholipid extract at 30 days interval. In the treated animals and the controls, the capacity to develop a humoral immune response was tested 24 hours after the second inoculation, following antigenic stimulus with sheep red blood cells; phagocytizing in vitro of labelled germs by peritoneal macrophages and the response of lymphocytes to mitogenic and allogenic stimuli were likewise tested. The bacterial phospholipid extract activated the phagocytic function of the macrophages and the reactivity of the allogenically stimulated lymphocytes.", "PMID": 107569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7738", "title": "Study of plasma osmolarity during the treatment of diabetic ketoacidoses.", "content": "Analysis of 610 cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, of which 210 severe cases, showed that before beginning the treatment 6.2% of the patients presented hypoosmolarity, 41.4% normoosmolarity (dysosmolarity) and 52.2% hyperosmolarity. In predominantly hypernatremic hyperosmolarity (5.9% of cases) the authors recommend weak alkaline hypotonic electrolytic solutions (222 mOsm/l). 5% glucose solution and insulin in small doses less than 5 U/h; in predominantly hyperglycemic hyperosmolarity, weak alkaline isotonic electrolytic solutions (309 mOsm/l) and insulin in medium doses (6--8 U/h); in exclusively hyperglycemic hyperosmolarity, hypertonic electrolytic solutions (395 mOsm/l) associated with sufficient insulin dosis (8--12 U/h).", "contents": "Study of plasma osmolarity during the treatment of diabetic ketoacidoses. Analysis of 610 cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, of which 210 severe cases, showed that before beginning the treatment 6.2% of the patients presented hypoosmolarity, 41.4% normoosmolarity (dysosmolarity) and 52.2% hyperosmolarity. In predominantly hypernatremic hyperosmolarity (5.9% of cases) the authors recommend weak alkaline hypotonic electrolytic solutions (222 mOsm/l). 5% glucose solution and insulin in small doses less than 5 U/h; in predominantly hyperglycemic hyperosmolarity, weak alkaline isotonic electrolytic solutions (309 mOsm/l) and insulin in medium doses (6--8 U/h); in exclusively hyperglycemic hyperosmolarity, hypertonic electrolytic solutions (395 mOsm/l) associated with sufficient insulin dosis (8--12 U/h).", "PMID": 107571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7739", "title": "Fat-induced jejunal inhibition of gastric acid secretion and release of pancreatic glucagon, enteroglucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in man.", "content": "The effect of intrajejunal (i.j.) infusion of fat on meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion and release of pancreatic glucagon (PG), enteroglucagon (EG), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was studied in seven healthy volunteers. I.j. fat markedly inhibited meal-stimulated acid secretion as compared to a control study with i.j. saline infusion. The acid inhibition was accompanied by augmental plasma concentrations of EG, GIP, and VIP but not of PG, suggesting that EG, GIP, and VIP may be among mediators of fat-induced jejunal inhibition of acid secretion. Concentration-time relationship makes it unlikely that the observed inhibition could be ascribed to any single peptide studied.", "contents": "Fat-induced jejunal inhibition of gastric acid secretion and release of pancreatic glucagon, enteroglucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in man. The effect of intrajejunal (i.j.) infusion of fat on meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion and release of pancreatic glucagon (PG), enteroglucagon (EG), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was studied in seven healthy volunteers. I.j. fat markedly inhibited meal-stimulated acid secretion as compared to a control study with i.j. saline infusion. The acid inhibition was accompanied by augmental plasma concentrations of EG, GIP, and VIP but not of PG, suggesting that EG, GIP, and VIP may be among mediators of fat-induced jejunal inhibition of acid secretion. Concentration-time relationship makes it unlikely that the observed inhibition could be ascribed to any single peptide studied.", "PMID": 107575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7740", "title": "Common bile duct pressure and Oddi sphincter pressure in patients with common bile duct stones with and without juxta-ampullar diverticula of the duodenum.", "content": "Resting common bile duct pressure and Oddi sphincter pressure were measured in 16 patients with common bile duct stones, 8 having in addition a juxta-ampullar diverticulum. Pressure measurements were performed with an infused catheter introduced through an endoscope under direct vision. No significant differences in fasting common bile duct pressures were observed between the two groups. The Oddi sphincter had a phasic activity, and the peak pressure was similar in both groups.", "contents": "Common bile duct pressure and Oddi sphincter pressure in patients with common bile duct stones with and without juxta-ampullar diverticula of the duodenum. Resting common bile duct pressure and Oddi sphincter pressure were measured in 16 patients with common bile duct stones, 8 having in addition a juxta-ampullar diverticulum. Pressure measurements were performed with an infused catheter introduced through an endoscope under direct vision. No significant differences in fasting common bile duct pressures were observed between the two groups. The Oddi sphincter had a phasic activity, and the peak pressure was similar in both groups.", "PMID": 107576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7741", "title": "Nonsecretory IgD-kappa multiple myeloma in a patient with Gaucher's disease.", "content": "A patient with Gaucher's disease and non-secretory multiple myeloma is described. The presence of typical Gaucher and myeloma cells was confirmed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The immunological studies established the diagnosis of 'non-secretory' type of multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Nonsecretory IgD-kappa multiple myeloma in a patient with Gaucher's disease. A patient with Gaucher's disease and non-secretory multiple myeloma is described. The presence of typical Gaucher and myeloma cells was confirmed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The immunological studies established the diagnosis of 'non-secretory' type of multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 107577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7742", "title": "Immunoglobulins G, A and M in normal and pathologic human sera determined with the spot immunoprecipitate assay (SIA) in multi-assay plates.", "content": "A simple rapid spot immunoprecipitate assay (SIA) is presented. The antigen--antibody reaction takes place in a field of alternating current; small amounts of specific antisera are used, and the influence of diffusion or electromobility of the antigen is avoided. Determinations of IgG, IgA and IgM in sera from healthy individuals correlated highly significantly with radial immunodiffusion (RID) results. The reaction conditions in SIA, particularly the availability of a sufficiency of specific antibodies, may permit more accurate estimates of monoclonal forms of Ig than in RID, where the combination depends on diffusion of one reactant. The precision of SIA quantitation of IgG and IgA was within +/- 10% and +/- 13% for IgM. Working ranges of the standard curves were from about 25--150 ng for G and A and 75--300 ng for IgM; least squares regression coefficients for four sets of standards on three SIA plates were 0.995 for IgG, 0.969 for IgA, and 0.986 for IgM. IgA at 7.5 ng in a 2.5 mg/l dilution was at the lower limit of demonstrability. Photometric registrations and estimates made by visual inspection compared highly significantly (P less than 0.001), differing by +/- 3%.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins G, A and M in normal and pathologic human sera determined with the spot immunoprecipitate assay (SIA) in multi-assay plates. A simple rapid spot immunoprecipitate assay (SIA) is presented. The antigen--antibody reaction takes place in a field of alternating current; small amounts of specific antisera are used, and the influence of diffusion or electromobility of the antigen is avoided. Determinations of IgG, IgA and IgM in sera from healthy individuals correlated highly significantly with radial immunodiffusion (RID) results. The reaction conditions in SIA, particularly the availability of a sufficiency of specific antibodies, may permit more accurate estimates of monoclonal forms of Ig than in RID, where the combination depends on diffusion of one reactant. The precision of SIA quantitation of IgG and IgA was within +/- 10% and +/- 13% for IgM. Working ranges of the standard curves were from about 25--150 ng for G and A and 75--300 ng for IgM; least squares regression coefficients for four sets of standards on three SIA plates were 0.995 for IgG, 0.969 for IgA, and 0.986 for IgM. IgA at 7.5 ng in a 2.5 mg/l dilution was at the lower limit of demonstrability. Photometric registrations and estimates made by visual inspection compared highly significantly (P less than 0.001), differing by +/- 3%.", "PMID": 107578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7743", "title": "The long-term treatment of the aged. An assessment method.", "content": "The aim of this investigation was to construct three parameters and assess their value as admission criteria for long-term institutional care of the aged, viz. medical dependence, nursing dependence, and dementia. The material consisted of 200 applicants, of whom 150 were admitted to institutions. The need for personal care was measured by means of a test method developed at the Wasa Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden, and the dementia test comprised five subtests, each of which measures a distinct field of mental function. Both dementia and nursing dependence were found to increase with age, and there was a highly significant correlation between nursing dependence and age. There was also a highly significant correlation between nursing dependence and degree of dementia. The changes in nursing dependence 3 and 6 months after admission showed a significant correlation with the test scores for dementia. The nursing dependence of the moderately or severely demented persons had increased in 6 months after admission by approximately 100%. The test results of dementia were used as the sole, decisive criterion in 24% of admissions; medical dependence alone decided the choice of institution in 22% and nursing dependence in 15%. Two or three parameters were used in 39% of admissions--all indicating the same type of institutional care. The simultaneous use of the three assessment criteria provides an extensive body of information as to the general need of care, and by means of this information the appropriate placement of the old will be made possible.", "contents": "The long-term treatment of the aged. An assessment method. The aim of this investigation was to construct three parameters and assess their value as admission criteria for long-term institutional care of the aged, viz. medical dependence, nursing dependence, and dementia. The material consisted of 200 applicants, of whom 150 were admitted to institutions. The need for personal care was measured by means of a test method developed at the Wasa Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden, and the dementia test comprised five subtests, each of which measures a distinct field of mental function. Both dementia and nursing dependence were found to increase with age, and there was a highly significant correlation between nursing dependence and age. There was also a highly significant correlation between nursing dependence and degree of dementia. The changes in nursing dependence 3 and 6 months after admission showed a significant correlation with the test scores for dementia. The nursing dependence of the moderately or severely demented persons had increased in 6 months after admission by approximately 100%. The test results of dementia were used as the sole, decisive criterion in 24% of admissions; medical dependence alone decided the choice of institution in 22% and nursing dependence in 15%. Two or three parameters were used in 39% of admissions--all indicating the same type of institutional care. The simultaneous use of the three assessment criteria provides an extensive body of information as to the general need of care, and by means of this information the appropriate placement of the old will be made possible.", "PMID": 107580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7744", "title": "[Intestinal lactase and milk consumption before and after gastrectomy].", "content": "Intestinal lactase assays before and after a Billroth II procedure for chronic duodenal ulcer did not reveal a significant difference. Postoperative lactose intolerance is due to the loss of pyloric function, causing entrance of lactose into the jejunum at a rate exceeding the hydrolytic capacity of the mucosa if the lactase level is low.", "contents": "[Intestinal lactase and milk consumption before and after gastrectomy]. Intestinal lactase assays before and after a Billroth II procedure for chronic duodenal ulcer did not reveal a significant difference. Postoperative lactose intolerance is due to the loss of pyloric function, causing entrance of lactose into the jejunum at a rate exceeding the hydrolytic capacity of the mucosa if the lactase level is low.", "PMID": 107582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7745", "title": "[Therapy of senile osteoporosis using sodium fluoride--continuous and intermittent long-term therapy].", "content": "To evaluate a therapeutic effect, biochemical parameters of bone metabolism and photonabsorption densitometry have been compared in patients with senile osteoporosis under long-term continuous or intermittent sodium fluoride treatment. A comparable increase of trabecular bone density is found after continuous and intermittent therapy for at least one year. The well-known effect of defective mineralization under long-term continuous therapy with sodium fluoride corresponds to a statistically significant increase in urinary hydroxyproline and calcium excretion and a trend towards a rise in serum alkaline phosphatase in this study. Similar findings cannot be observed in patients on intermittent sodium fluoride treatment. The increase in bone density without concomitant changes in biochemical parameters suggests a beneficial therapeutic effect without biochemical evidence for defective mineralization.", "contents": "[Therapy of senile osteoporosis using sodium fluoride--continuous and intermittent long-term therapy]. To evaluate a therapeutic effect, biochemical parameters of bone metabolism and photonabsorption densitometry have been compared in patients with senile osteoporosis under long-term continuous or intermittent sodium fluoride treatment. A comparable increase of trabecular bone density is found after continuous and intermittent therapy for at least one year. The well-known effect of defective mineralization under long-term continuous therapy with sodium fluoride corresponds to a statistically significant increase in urinary hydroxyproline and calcium excretion and a trend towards a rise in serum alkaline phosphatase in this study. Similar findings cannot be observed in patients on intermittent sodium fluoride treatment. The increase in bone density without concomitant changes in biochemical parameters suggests a beneficial therapeutic effect without biochemical evidence for defective mineralization.", "PMID": 107583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7746", "title": "[Anti-D hyperimmunoglobulin, a study of Swiss requirements].", "content": "Owing to the introduction of postpartum Rhesus prophylaxis with anti-D hyperimmunoglobulin, a very small number of Rh-negative women become sensitized against the Rhesus factor at birth. Accordingly, the number of naturally immunized women suitable for the collection of anti-D plasma is decreasing. Currently, the demand for anti-D plasma in Switzerland is covered by plasma donations of spontaneously immunized women. The relation between production of and demand for anti-D hyperimmunoglobulin is expected to improve in the coming years due to better registration of anti-D-carrying women. Large areas of Switzerland are poorly exploited with regard to female anti-D donors and represent substantial reserves with regard to anti-D hyperimmunoglobulin production. It is expected that anti-D production from plasma collected from naturally sensitized women will cover demands up to the year 2000 without difficulty. Active immunization of Rh-negative volunteer donors will not be needed before the end of the century.", "contents": "[Anti-D hyperimmunoglobulin, a study of Swiss requirements]. Owing to the introduction of postpartum Rhesus prophylaxis with anti-D hyperimmunoglobulin, a very small number of Rh-negative women become sensitized against the Rhesus factor at birth. Accordingly, the number of naturally immunized women suitable for the collection of anti-D plasma is decreasing. Currently, the demand for anti-D plasma in Switzerland is covered by plasma donations of spontaneously immunized women. The relation between production of and demand for anti-D hyperimmunoglobulin is expected to improve in the coming years due to better registration of anti-D-carrying women. Large areas of Switzerland are poorly exploited with regard to female anti-D donors and represent substantial reserves with regard to anti-D hyperimmunoglobulin production. It is expected that anti-D production from plasma collected from naturally sensitized women will cover demands up to the year 2000 without difficulty. Active immunization of Rh-negative volunteer donors will not be needed before the end of the century.", "PMID": 107584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7747", "title": "Uncoupling agents distinguish between the effects of metabolic inhibitors and transport inhibitors.", "content": "In studies with toad bladders, the uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) reversed the inhibition of CO2 production produced by direct inhibition of transport. In contrast, DNP did not reverse the inhibition of CO2 production brought about by metabolic inhibitors. Therefore, the response to DNP distinguished between inhibition of transport and metabolism; this approach may be useful for the investigation of factors that regulate active transport.", "contents": "Uncoupling agents distinguish between the effects of metabolic inhibitors and transport inhibitors. In studies with toad bladders, the uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) reversed the inhibition of CO2 production produced by direct inhibition of transport. In contrast, DNP did not reverse the inhibition of CO2 production brought about by metabolic inhibitors. Therefore, the response to DNP distinguished between inhibition of transport and metabolism; this approach may be useful for the investigation of factors that regulate active transport.", "PMID": 107585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7748", "title": "Seaweed dermatitis: structure of lyngbyatoxin A.", "content": "A highly inflammatory and vesicatory substance, lyngbyatoxin A, has been isolated from the lipid extract of a Hawaiian shallow-water variety of Lyngbya majuscula Gomont; its gross structure was determined from chemical and spectral data. Lyngbyatoxin A is closely related to teleocidin B, a poisonous substance associated with several strains of Streptomyces.", "contents": "Seaweed dermatitis: structure of lyngbyatoxin A. A highly inflammatory and vesicatory substance, lyngbyatoxin A, has been isolated from the lipid extract of a Hawaiian shallow-water variety of Lyngbya majuscula Gomont; its gross structure was determined from chemical and spectral data. Lyngbyatoxin A is closely related to teleocidin B, a poisonous substance associated with several strains of Streptomyces.", "PMID": 107586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7749", "title": "Thalamic and cortical afferents differentiate anterior from posterior cingulate cortex in the monkey.", "content": "The anterior cingulate cortex receives thalamic afferents mainly from the midline and intralaminar nuclei rather than the anterior thalamic nuclei. In contrast, the posterior cingulate cortex receives afferents primarily from the anterior thalamic nuclei and from extensive cortical areas in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. These contrasting afferents may provide a structural basis for pain-related functions of the anterior cingulate cortex.", "contents": "Thalamic and cortical afferents differentiate anterior from posterior cingulate cortex in the monkey. The anterior cingulate cortex receives thalamic afferents mainly from the midline and intralaminar nuclei rather than the anterior thalamic nuclei. In contrast, the posterior cingulate cortex receives afferents primarily from the anterior thalamic nuclei and from extensive cortical areas in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. These contrasting afferents may provide a structural basis for pain-related functions of the anterior cingulate cortex.", "PMID": 107587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7750", "title": "Prolongation of islet allograft survival following in vitro culture (24 degrees C) and a single injection of ALS.", "content": "Isolated rat islets remain morphologically and functionally intact during a 7-day period of in vitro culture at 24 degrees C. In vitro culture of islets at 24 degrees C for 7 days prior to transplantation, in conjunction with a single injection of antiserum to lymphocytes into the diabetic recipient, results in islet allograft survival of 100 days when the islets are transplanted across a major histocompatibility barrier.", "contents": "Prolongation of islet allograft survival following in vitro culture (24 degrees C) and a single injection of ALS. Isolated rat islets remain morphologically and functionally intact during a 7-day period of in vitro culture at 24 degrees C. In vitro culture of islets at 24 degrees C for 7 days prior to transplantation, in conjunction with a single injection of antiserum to lymphocytes into the diabetic recipient, results in islet allograft survival of 100 days when the islets are transplanted across a major histocompatibility barrier.", "PMID": 107588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7751", "title": "Inhibition of gonadotropin by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol:mediation by steroid receptors?", "content": "Competition assays for estradiol receptors in cytosol preparations of uteri from rhesus monkeys and humans showed that delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) does not compete with estradiol for intracellular estrogen recptors. Although isotopically labeled THC bound to macromolecules in uterine cytosol from the rhesus monkey, the binding was not displaced by unlabeled THC, diethylstilbestrol, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, or 5 alpha-dihydrostestosterone. Scatchard analyses indicated that high-affinity saturable binding of THC to cytosol did not occur. Thus the inhibitory effect of THC on gonadotropin and steroid secretion in primates is not mediated by the interaction of THC with intracellular steroid hormone receptors.", "contents": "Inhibition of gonadotropin by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol:mediation by steroid receptors? Competition assays for estradiol receptors in cytosol preparations of uteri from rhesus monkeys and humans showed that delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) does not compete with estradiol for intracellular estrogen recptors. Although isotopically labeled THC bound to macromolecules in uterine cytosol from the rhesus monkey, the binding was not displaced by unlabeled THC, diethylstilbestrol, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, or 5 alpha-dihydrostestosterone. Scatchard analyses indicated that high-affinity saturable binding of THC to cytosol did not occur. Thus the inhibitory effect of THC on gonadotropin and steroid secretion in primates is not mediated by the interaction of THC with intracellular steroid hormone receptors.", "PMID": 107589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7752", "title": "Membrane effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and estrogen shown by intracellular recording from pituitary cells.", "content": "The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and 17 beta-estradiol on the electrical membrane properties of a prolactin-secretin pituitary cell line (GH3/B6) were studied with intracellular microelectrode recordings. Of the cells tested, 50 percent were excitable and displayed calcium-dependent action potentials when depolarized. When injected directly on the membrane of an excitable cell, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and 17 beta-estradiol induced action potentials within 1 minute. The spiking activity was preceded by a progressive increase of the input resistance without any detectable change in the resting membrane polarization. The results reveal a rapid effect of both substances on the membrane of GH3/B6 cells. In the case of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which has both a short-term effect on release of prolactin and a long-term effect on its synthesis, the induced electrical activity may be associated with the stimulation of prolactin production. The physiological implication of 17 beta-estradiol-induced, calcium-dependent spiking activity remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Membrane effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and estrogen shown by intracellular recording from pituitary cells. The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and 17 beta-estradiol on the electrical membrane properties of a prolactin-secretin pituitary cell line (GH3/B6) were studied with intracellular microelectrode recordings. Of the cells tested, 50 percent were excitable and displayed calcium-dependent action potentials when depolarized. When injected directly on the membrane of an excitable cell, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and 17 beta-estradiol induced action potentials within 1 minute. The spiking activity was preceded by a progressive increase of the input resistance without any detectable change in the resting membrane polarization. The results reveal a rapid effect of both substances on the membrane of GH3/B6 cells. In the case of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which has both a short-term effect on release of prolactin and a long-term effect on its synthesis, the induced electrical activity may be associated with the stimulation of prolactin production. The physiological implication of 17 beta-estradiol-induced, calcium-dependent spiking activity remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 107590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7753", "title": "Multiple representations of the body within the primary somatosensory cortex of primates.", "content": "Microelectrode mapping experiments indicate that the classical primary somatosensory cortex of monkeys consists of as many as four separate body representations rather than just one. Two complete body surface representations occupy cortical fields 3b and 1. In addition, area 2 contains an orderly representation of predominantly \"deep\" body tissues. Area 3a may constitute a fourth representation.", "contents": "Multiple representations of the body within the primary somatosensory cortex of primates. Microelectrode mapping experiments indicate that the classical primary somatosensory cortex of monkeys consists of as many as four separate body representations rather than just one. Two complete body surface representations occupy cortical fields 3b and 1. In addition, area 2 contains an orderly representation of predominantly \"deep\" body tissues. Area 3a may constitute a fourth representation.", "PMID": 107591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7754", "title": "Gene exchange and natural selection cause Bacillus subtilis to evolve in soil culture.", "content": "Strains of Bacillus subtilis exchange linked blocks of genes when growing together in soil; such exchange leads to extensive reorganization of the genotypic structure of the population and to the appearance and eventual dominance of a single phenotype. This process illustrates how recombination and selection lead to adaptive changes in populations.", "contents": "Gene exchange and natural selection cause Bacillus subtilis to evolve in soil culture. Strains of Bacillus subtilis exchange linked blocks of genes when growing together in soil; such exchange leads to extensive reorganization of the genotypic structure of the population and to the appearance and eventual dominance of a single phenotype. This process illustrates how recombination and selection lead to adaptive changes in populations.", "PMID": 107592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7755", "title": "Renin aldosterone system and potassium levels in chronic lead intoxication.", "content": "Renin activity and aldosterone were evaluated relative to potassium levels and lead intoxication in 33 patients with a history of \"moonshine\" ingestion. Patients were divided into three groups: I, lead intoxicated with hyperkalemia; II, lead intoxicated without hyperkalemia; and III, not lead intoxicated without hyperkalemia. Those in group I demonstrated suppressed plasma renin activity, baseline and after furosemide, and blunted aldosterone responsiveness to furosemide. Plasma renin activity was not different in groups II and III, whereas aldosterone responsiveness was less in group II than in III. Group I patients tended to be older, had lower creatinine clearances, and six of nine had mild hyperchloremic acidosis. Diabetes and cortisol insufficiency were not present. Chronic lead intoxication due to illicit alcohol ingestion is associated with hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism and hyperkalemia which appear to develop as the lead nephropathy progresses with duration and/or aging.", "contents": "Renin aldosterone system and potassium levels in chronic lead intoxication. Renin activity and aldosterone were evaluated relative to potassium levels and lead intoxication in 33 patients with a history of \"moonshine\" ingestion. Patients were divided into three groups: I, lead intoxicated with hyperkalemia; II, lead intoxicated without hyperkalemia; and III, not lead intoxicated without hyperkalemia. Those in group I demonstrated suppressed plasma renin activity, baseline and after furosemide, and blunted aldosterone responsiveness to furosemide. Plasma renin activity was not different in groups II and III, whereas aldosterone responsiveness was less in group II than in III. Group I patients tended to be older, had lower creatinine clearances, and six of nine had mild hyperchloremic acidosis. Diabetes and cortisol insufficiency were not present. Chronic lead intoxication due to illicit alcohol ingestion is associated with hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism and hyperkalemia which appear to develop as the lead nephropathy progresses with duration and/or aging.", "PMID": 107594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7756", "title": "Schistosomiasis japonica in Barrio San Antonio, Basey, Samar in the Philippines: II. Quantitative fecal examination and circumoval precipitin tests.", "content": "An improved quantitative stool examination technique (MFCT) and two variations in the performance of the circumoval precipitin test, one using whole serum (SCOPT) and the other employing the eluate from finger prick blood dried on filter paper (FPCOPT), were evaluated in a field study to detect infection with S. japonicum among residents of an endemic barrio in Samar. The sensitivity of SCOPT was above 90%, that of MFCT was between 80 to 90%, while that of FPCOPT was only about 50%. Intensity of infection as judged by fecal egg excretion and duration of infection as indicated by age were shown to be determinants of serum reactivity (and hence sensitivity of the two serodiagnostic tests). The relative insensitivity of FPCOPT observed in this work, also evident in some published data of previous workers, puts to doubt the wisdom of using this technique as the procedure of choice in epidemiologic surveys in the Philippines as currently favored in that country. Atypical positive reactions in circumoval precipitin tests using whole serum were detected which may make the differentiation of relatively recent from old infections possible.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis japonica in Barrio San Antonio, Basey, Samar in the Philippines: II. Quantitative fecal examination and circumoval precipitin tests. An improved quantitative stool examination technique (MFCT) and two variations in the performance of the circumoval precipitin test, one using whole serum (SCOPT) and the other employing the eluate from finger prick blood dried on filter paper (FPCOPT), were evaluated in a field study to detect infection with S. japonicum among residents of an endemic barrio in Samar. The sensitivity of SCOPT was above 90%, that of MFCT was between 80 to 90%, while that of FPCOPT was only about 50%. Intensity of infection as judged by fecal egg excretion and duration of infection as indicated by age were shown to be determinants of serum reactivity (and hence sensitivity of the two serodiagnostic tests). The relative insensitivity of FPCOPT observed in this work, also evident in some published data of previous workers, puts to doubt the wisdom of using this technique as the procedure of choice in epidemiologic surveys in the Philippines as currently favored in that country. Atypical positive reactions in circumoval precipitin tests using whole serum were detected which may make the differentiation of relatively recent from old infections possible.", "PMID": 107595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7757", "title": "Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections in chiggers and small mammals on a mature oil palm estate.", "content": "An epidemiological study in a mature oil palm estate in Peninsular Malaysia has demonstrated a low prevalence of R. tsutsugamushi infection in small mammals. The direct fluorescent antibody technique for assaying infections in chiggers proved more sensitive than mouse inoculation. Most infections in both chiggers and rodents were caused by the Karp strain.", "contents": "Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections in chiggers and small mammals on a mature oil palm estate. An epidemiological study in a mature oil palm estate in Peninsular Malaysia has demonstrated a low prevalence of R. tsutsugamushi infection in small mammals. The direct fluorescent antibody technique for assaying infections in chiggers proved more sensitive than mouse inoculation. Most infections in both chiggers and rodents were caused by the Karp strain.", "PMID": 107596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7758", "title": "Enteric infections in Singapore with special reference to typhoid.", "content": "A review of the epidemiological features of the more important enteric infections in Singapore was given. Enteric fevers (typhoid and paratyphoid), Salmonella gastroenteritis and Shigellosis remained endemic at a rather constant level in spite of vast improvement in environmental sanitation, but amoebic dysentery showed marked decline. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important cause of food poisoning since it was first reported in 1973. El tor cholera is believed to be introduced through regional trade and travel. Control measures directed mainly at typhoid include detection of typhoid carriers in the community responsible for transmission of infection, control and licensing of public food handlers and health education.", "contents": "Enteric infections in Singapore with special reference to typhoid. A review of the epidemiological features of the more important enteric infections in Singapore was given. Enteric fevers (typhoid and paratyphoid), Salmonella gastroenteritis and Shigellosis remained endemic at a rather constant level in spite of vast improvement in environmental sanitation, but amoebic dysentery showed marked decline. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important cause of food poisoning since it was first reported in 1973. El tor cholera is believed to be introduced through regional trade and travel. Control measures directed mainly at typhoid include detection of typhoid carriers in the community responsible for transmission of infection, control and licensing of public food handlers and health education.", "PMID": 107597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7759", "title": "Age differences in health care spending, fiscal year 1977.", "content": "This report of health care spending in fiscal year 1977 reveals that of the $142.6 billion spent by the Nation for personal health care in fiscal year 1977, 29 percent was spent for those aged 65 or older, 59 percent for those aged 19-64, and 13 percent for those below age 19. The average health bill reached $1,745 for the aged, $661 for the intermediate age group, and $253 for the young. Public funds financed 67 percent of the health expenses of the aged, with Medicare and Medicaid together accounting for 61 percent. More than two-thirds of the health expenses of the young and 71 percent of the expenses of those aged 19-64 were paid by private sources. Third-party payments met 68 percent of the health expenditures of all those under age 65.", "contents": "Age differences in health care spending, fiscal year 1977. This report of health care spending in fiscal year 1977 reveals that of the $142.6 billion spent by the Nation for personal health care in fiscal year 1977, 29 percent was spent for those aged 65 or older, 59 percent for those aged 19-64, and 13 percent for those below age 19. The average health bill reached $1,745 for the aged, $661 for the intermediate age group, and $253 for the young. Public funds financed 67 percent of the health expenses of the aged, with Medicare and Medicaid together accounting for 61 percent. More than two-thirds of the health expenses of the young and 71 percent of the expenses of those aged 19-64 were paid by private sources. Third-party payments met 68 percent of the health expenditures of all those under age 65.", "PMID": 107600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7760", "title": "Expression of human hepatic genes in mouse hepatoma--human amniocyte hybrids.", "content": "Human liver-specific gene products are expressed by hybrid cells resulting from the fusion of human amniocytes with mouse hepatoma cells. Amniocytes grown from human amniotic fluid have no detectable levels of secreted human albumin, transferrin, alpha-1 antitrypsin, or ceruloplasmin, while the mouse hepatoma line, HH--, secretes several mouse liver-specific gene products including transferrin and albumin. Fifty-five hybrids were isolated and analyzed for the expression of serum proteins by Ouchterlony double diffusion and Laurell immunoelectrophoresis. All hybrids continued to express mouse albumin and transferrin, and 29 hybrids from this series were found to express one or more human serum proteins. Activation of the human amniocyte genome provides a model for prenatal diagnosis of serum protein abnormalities.", "contents": "Expression of human hepatic genes in mouse hepatoma--human amniocyte hybrids. Human liver-specific gene products are expressed by hybrid cells resulting from the fusion of human amniocytes with mouse hepatoma cells. Amniocytes grown from human amniotic fluid have no detectable levels of secreted human albumin, transferrin, alpha-1 antitrypsin, or ceruloplasmin, while the mouse hepatoma line, HH--, secretes several mouse liver-specific gene products including transferrin and albumin. Fifty-five hybrids were isolated and analyzed for the expression of serum proteins by Ouchterlony double diffusion and Laurell immunoelectrophoresis. All hybrids continued to express mouse albumin and transferrin, and 29 hybrids from this series were found to express one or more human serum proteins. Activation of the human amniocyte genome provides a model for prenatal diagnosis of serum protein abnormalities.", "PMID": 107601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7761", "title": "A vest for ambulatory patients receiving hyperalimentation.", "content": "There have been no significant complications related to the use of this ambulatory hyperalimentation vest. The potential positive impact that increased use of this vest at home might have upon hospital stay and cost containment is obvious. It is further anticipated that, as advances are made in the technology of plastic bags, tubing, miniature pumps and microprocessors, ambulatory or home hyperalimentation delivery systems exemplified by this vest will achieve a much higher degree of sophistication, practical application, economy and favorable clinical results.", "contents": "A vest for ambulatory patients receiving hyperalimentation. There have been no significant complications related to the use of this ambulatory hyperalimentation vest. The potential positive impact that increased use of this vest at home might have upon hospital stay and cost containment is obvious. It is further anticipated that, as advances are made in the technology of plastic bags, tubing, miniature pumps and microprocessors, ambulatory or home hyperalimentation delivery systems exemplified by this vest will achieve a much higher degree of sophistication, practical application, economy and favorable clinical results.", "PMID": 107602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7762", "title": "A simple technique to estimate severity of stress.", "content": "A simple procedure to estimate stress has been developed based upon 24 hour urine urea nitrogen excretion. This catabolic index partitions total urea excretion into that resulting from dietary protein intake and obligatory urea excretion and that due to an increase in endogenous protein catabolism: catabolic index equals 24 hour urine urea nitrogen excretion - (0.5 dietary nitrogen intake + 3 grams) where an index of less than zero represents no significant stress; an index of zero to 5, moderate stress, and an index greater than 5, severe stress. In 111 persons, significant differences were noted in the catabolic index, reflecting varying degrees of stress, nutrient intake and nutritional status. The catabolic index may have useful diagnostic and treatment applications.", "contents": "A simple technique to estimate severity of stress. A simple procedure to estimate stress has been developed based upon 24 hour urine urea nitrogen excretion. This catabolic index partitions total urea excretion into that resulting from dietary protein intake and obligatory urea excretion and that due to an increase in endogenous protein catabolism: catabolic index equals 24 hour urine urea nitrogen excretion - (0.5 dietary nitrogen intake + 3 grams) where an index of less than zero represents no significant stress; an index of zero to 5, moderate stress, and an index greater than 5, severe stress. In 111 persons, significant differences were noted in the catabolic index, reflecting varying degrees of stress, nutrient intake and nutritional status. The catabolic index may have useful diagnostic and treatment applications.", "PMID": 107603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7763", "title": "Unusual metastasis in carcinoma of the cervix uteri.", "content": "In six patients, unusual metastases developed after definitive therapy for carcinoma of the cervix; three cutaneous, two biliary and one duodenal. The prognosis when such metastases develop is grave, although one patient is alive and well without evidence of carcinoma two and one-half years after the detection of the cutaneous lesion. Although the surgical approach is usually not curative, it is worth while for relief of symptoms.", "contents": "Unusual metastasis in carcinoma of the cervix uteri. In six patients, unusual metastases developed after definitive therapy for carcinoma of the cervix; three cutaneous, two biliary and one duodenal. The prognosis when such metastases develop is grave, although one patient is alive and well without evidence of carcinoma two and one-half years after the detection of the cutaneous lesion. Although the surgical approach is usually not curative, it is worth while for relief of symptoms.", "PMID": 107604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7764", "title": "Frequency and fate of human renal allografts contaminated prior to transplantation.", "content": "Bacterial cultures were done from donor ureter and/or graft perfusion fluid on 92 of 112 patients who had renal transplantations during 1977. Three samples of perfusion fluid and 14 samples of donor ureter contained bacteria. In nine cases there was a gram-positive organism, and in 10 cases a gram-negative rod was (among) the contaminant(s). There was no difference in the rate of graft survival, patient survival, or in the frequency of major postoperative complications between the two groups. Only in two instances could the urinary tract infection following transplanation be traced to the contaminating organism. Except for one case in which a urinary fistula may have been linked to the graft contamination, there were no clinically significant  sequelae from the contaminated allografts.", "contents": "Frequency and fate of human renal allografts contaminated prior to transplantation. Bacterial cultures were done from donor ureter and/or graft perfusion fluid on 92 of 112 patients who had renal transplantations during 1977. Three samples of perfusion fluid and 14 samples of donor ureter contained bacteria. In nine cases there was a gram-positive organism, and in 10 cases a gram-negative rod was (among) the contaminant(s). There was no difference in the rate of graft survival, patient survival, or in the frequency of major postoperative complications between the two groups. Only in two instances could the urinary tract infection following transplanation be traced to the contaminating organism. Except for one case in which a urinary fistula may have been linked to the graft contamination, there were no clinically significant  sequelae from the contaminated allografts.", "PMID": 107605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7765", "title": "The effect of nitrogen-sparing, intravenously administered fluids on postoperative body composition.", "content": "The postoperative protein-sparing effect of intravenously administered amino acids was assessed quantitatively by measuring body composition by multiple isotope dilution. Body composition was determined in two groups of 19 patients each, before and on the fifth day following a major abdominal operation. One group of patients received all of their required fluids and electrolytes as a 5% glucose solution. The second group received an isocaloric infusion of protein as a 5% casein hydrolysate solution. The preoperative body composition of both groups was normal. On the fifth day after operation, the mean body weight had decreased by 2.6 plus or minus 0.6 kg in the glucose group and by 2.0 plus or minus 0.5 kg in the protein group. In the patients receiving glucose, this postoperative weight loss was due to a decrease in both body fat and the lean body mass. The mean body cell mass, which represents the total mass of living, functioning cells, decreased from 23.1 plus or minus 1.5 to 19.9 plus or minus 1.4 kg (P less than 0.001), while the extracellular mass increased from 24.9 plus or minus 0.9 to 27.3 plus or minus 0.9 kg (P less than 0.001). In contrast, in the patients receiving protein, the loss of body weight resulted entirely from a loss of body fat, while the body cell mass and the extracellular mass both remained normal. Therefore protein sparing was achieved by the postoperative infusion of protein.", "contents": "The effect of nitrogen-sparing, intravenously administered fluids on postoperative body composition. The postoperative protein-sparing effect of intravenously administered amino acids was assessed quantitatively by measuring body composition by multiple isotope dilution. Body composition was determined in two groups of 19 patients each, before and on the fifth day following a major abdominal operation. One group of patients received all of their required fluids and electrolytes as a 5% glucose solution. The second group received an isocaloric infusion of protein as a 5% casein hydrolysate solution. The preoperative body composition of both groups was normal. On the fifth day after operation, the mean body weight had decreased by 2.6 plus or minus 0.6 kg in the glucose group and by 2.0 plus or minus 0.5 kg in the protein group. In the patients receiving glucose, this postoperative weight loss was due to a decrease in both body fat and the lean body mass. The mean body cell mass, which represents the total mass of living, functioning cells, decreased from 23.1 plus or minus 1.5 to 19.9 plus or minus 1.4 kg (P less than 0.001), while the extracellular mass increased from 24.9 plus or minus 0.9 to 27.3 plus or minus 0.9 kg (P less than 0.001). In contrast, in the patients receiving protein, the loss of body weight resulted entirely from a loss of body fat, while the body cell mass and the extracellular mass both remained normal. Therefore protein sparing was achieved by the postoperative infusion of protein.", "PMID": 107607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7766", "title": "Ludlow's esophageal diverticulum: a preternatural bag.", "content": "In 1764 Dr. Abraham Ludlow communicated to the Society of Physicians the first anatomic and pathophysiological description of an esophageal diverticulum. That report adeptly detailed this esophageal malady and exemplified the perceptive scientific insight spawned by the hunterian investigative spirit of the mid-eighteenth century.", "contents": "Ludlow's esophageal diverticulum: a preternatural bag. In 1764 Dr. Abraham Ludlow communicated to the Society of Physicians the first anatomic and pathophysiological description of an esophageal diverticulum. That report adeptly detailed this esophageal malady and exemplified the perceptive scientific insight spawned by the hunterian investigative spirit of the mid-eighteenth century.", "PMID": 107608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7767", "title": "Abnormal lipoprotein appearing in plasma of patients who received a ten percent soybean oil emulsion infusion.", "content": "In 42 of 43 surgical patients who received a 10% soybeam oil emulsion (Intralipid), abnormal lipoprotein was detected in their plasma 1 to 2 days after the initial Intralipid infusion. This abnormal lipoprotein was proven to appear as a result of the infusion of soybean oil emulsion regardless of the patient's original diseases, age, sex, liver function, or concomitantly administered solutions. In addition, this abnormal -ipoprotein was found to have various similarities to lipoprotein-X (LP-X) which is found in plasma from patients with obstructive jaundice or familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. Therefore, this abnormal lipoprotein was tentatively named LP-X--like substance (LP-X-LS). A comparison of the properties of LP-X and LP-X-LS was performed and the following results were obtained: (1) LP-X-LS migrated toward the cathode on Bacto-Agar gel electrophoresis similarly to LP-X; (2) the stability of LP-X and LP-X-LS against heating and freezing were almost equal under various conditions; (3) LP-X-LS could be absorbed by anti--LP-X serum; (4) LP-X-LS existed in low density fraction (d = 1.063) separated by ultracentrifugation from plasma; (5) electron microscopic study of low-density lipoprotein particles from LP-X-LS positive plasma revealed that LP-X-LS had a similar ultrastructure to LP-X. From these results it is suggested that LP-X-LS is an abnormal lipoprotein quite similar to LP-X.", "contents": "Abnormal lipoprotein appearing in plasma of patients who received a ten percent soybean oil emulsion infusion. In 42 of 43 surgical patients who received a 10% soybeam oil emulsion (Intralipid), abnormal lipoprotein was detected in their plasma 1 to 2 days after the initial Intralipid infusion. This abnormal lipoprotein was proven to appear as a result of the infusion of soybean oil emulsion regardless of the patient's original diseases, age, sex, liver function, or concomitantly administered solutions. In addition, this abnormal -ipoprotein was found to have various similarities to lipoprotein-X (LP-X) which is found in plasma from patients with obstructive jaundice or familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. Therefore, this abnormal lipoprotein was tentatively named LP-X--like substance (LP-X-LS). A comparison of the properties of LP-X and LP-X-LS was performed and the following results were obtained: (1) LP-X-LS migrated toward the cathode on Bacto-Agar gel electrophoresis similarly to LP-X; (2) the stability of LP-X and LP-X-LS against heating and freezing were almost equal under various conditions; (3) LP-X-LS could be absorbed by anti--LP-X serum; (4) LP-X-LS existed in low density fraction (d = 1.063) separated by ultracentrifugation from plasma; (5) electron microscopic study of low-density lipoprotein particles from LP-X-LS positive plasma revealed that LP-X-LS had a similar ultrastructure to LP-X. From these results it is suggested that LP-X-LS is an abnormal lipoprotein quite similar to LP-X.", "PMID": 107609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7768", "title": "A three month inhalation toxicity study in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) with terbutaline sulfate (Bricanyl).", "content": "A study of the subacute toxicity of inhaled terbutaline sulfate was performed in the Squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). 3 groups of monkeys were exposed 1 h daily 7 days/week for 3 months to terbutaline sulfate aerosols at concentrations of 0.039, 0.185 and 0.799 mg terbutaline/litre of air respectively. A fourth group was a chamber control receiving air only. The following clinical parameters were evaluated: physical appearance and behavior, weight gain, ophthalmoscopic appearance, electrocardiograms, hemograms, blood biochemical profiles and urinalyses. At termination necropsies were conducted and organ weights determined. A variety of staining techniques was employed in the histopathological examination of tissues. Special attention was given to heart and lung. The distribution of goblet cells in sections from the main bronchi and trachea was also investigated. Occasionally a few animals in both the intermediate and high dose groups showed small amounts of exudate and frothing around the mouth during exposure to their respective terbutaline aerosols. No other changes that could be attributed to the exposure to terbutaline aerosols were seen in any parameter.", "contents": "A three month inhalation toxicity study in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) with terbutaline sulfate (Bricanyl). A study of the subacute toxicity of inhaled terbutaline sulfate was performed in the Squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). 3 groups of monkeys were exposed 1 h daily 7 days/week for 3 months to terbutaline sulfate aerosols at concentrations of 0.039, 0.185 and 0.799 mg terbutaline/litre of air respectively. A fourth group was a chamber control receiving air only. The following clinical parameters were evaluated: physical appearance and behavior, weight gain, ophthalmoscopic appearance, electrocardiograms, hemograms, blood biochemical profiles and urinalyses. At termination necropsies were conducted and organ weights determined. A variety of staining techniques was employed in the histopathological examination of tissues. Special attention was given to heart and lung. The distribution of goblet cells in sections from the main bronchi and trachea was also investigated. Occasionally a few animals in both the intermediate and high dose groups showed small amounts of exudate and frothing around the mouth during exposure to their respective terbutaline aerosols. No other changes that could be attributed to the exposure to terbutaline aerosols were seen in any parameter.", "PMID": 107616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7769", "title": "Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on drug metabolism in Japanese quail and its progeny.", "content": "PCB (DP5, 1 and 5 mg/female/day, orally for 40 days) induce microsomal hepatic enzymes (cytochrome P-450, aniline hydroxylase, aldrin epoxidase, p-nitroanisole demethylase, p-nitrophenol: UDPGA-transferase) in adult female Japanese quail. Toxicity of dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) is reduced in treated animals. High hepatic activity occurs in young quails issued from treated females, but closely related to residue levels, normal enzyme activities are reestablished within 1 month.", "contents": "Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on drug metabolism in Japanese quail and its progeny. PCB (DP5, 1 and 5 mg/female/day, orally for 40 days) induce microsomal hepatic enzymes (cytochrome P-450, aniline hydroxylase, aldrin epoxidase, p-nitroanisole demethylase, p-nitrophenol: UDPGA-transferase) in adult female Japanese quail. Toxicity of dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) is reduced in treated animals. High hepatic activity occurs in young quails issued from treated females, but closely related to residue levels, normal enzyme activities are reestablished within 1 month.", "PMID": 107617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7770", "title": "[Therapy in cancer of the male breast (author's transl)].", "content": "Six patients with carcinomas of the breast are reported. Bienergetic pendulum irradiation with electrons is applied following surgical treatment in the same manner as with female patients. The possibilities of metastasition treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Therapy in cancer of the male breast (author's transl)]. Six patients with carcinomas of the breast are reported. Bienergetic pendulum irradiation with electrons is applied following surgical treatment in the same manner as with female patients. The possibilities of metastasition treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 107618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7771", "title": "[Calculation of the dose for fast electrons using a matrix algorithm (author's transl)].", "content": "A formalism for calculation of the dose distributions in the course of irradiation with fast electrons is described. The basis of the procedure are depth dose curves and transversal distributions measured in a homogeneous water phantom. Examples of calculated dose distribution are reported.", "contents": "[Calculation of the dose for fast electrons using a matrix algorithm (author's transl)]. A formalism for calculation of the dose distributions in the course of irradiation with fast electrons is described. The basis of the procedure are depth dose curves and transversal distributions measured in a homogeneous water phantom. Examples of calculated dose distribution are reported.", "PMID": 107619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7772", "title": "Intravenous nitroglycerin in experimental cerebral vasospasm. A preliminary report.", "content": "Cerebral arteriospasm is a common complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage and is responsible for much of the brain damage which accompanies it. No pharmacologic agent has been found which regularly alleviates arteriospasm. We have evaluated the effect of continuous intravenous nitroglycerin infusion on the diameter of the basilar artery in dogs with cerebral vasospasm experimentally induced by subarachnoid blood injection. In 6 consecutive dogs, 10 minutes after beginning intravenous nitroglycerin at 100 microgram/min and at other times during 120 minutes of infusion, the diameter of the basilar artery had increased from 75 +/- 2% of control value to 114 +/- 2% of control value (p less than 0.001). In all 6 dogs, the basilar artery diameter during infusion was greater than the control value prior to creating subarachnoid hemorrhage. Intravenous nitroglycerin caused only a moderate (8%) decrease in blood pressure. Further investigation of the effects of nitroglycerin on cerebral vasospasm is warranted.", "contents": "Intravenous nitroglycerin in experimental cerebral vasospasm. A preliminary report. Cerebral arteriospasm is a common complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage and is responsible for much of the brain damage which accompanies it. No pharmacologic agent has been found which regularly alleviates arteriospasm. We have evaluated the effect of continuous intravenous nitroglycerin infusion on the diameter of the basilar artery in dogs with cerebral vasospasm experimentally induced by subarachnoid blood injection. In 6 consecutive dogs, 10 minutes after beginning intravenous nitroglycerin at 100 microgram/min and at other times during 120 minutes of infusion, the diameter of the basilar artery had increased from 75 +/- 2% of control value to 114 +/- 2% of control value (p less than 0.001). In all 6 dogs, the basilar artery diameter during infusion was greater than the control value prior to creating subarachnoid hemorrhage. Intravenous nitroglycerin caused only a moderate (8%) decrease in blood pressure. Further investigation of the effects of nitroglycerin on cerebral vasospasm is warranted.", "PMID": 107621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7773", "title": "Serial measurement of cerebral blood flow using external counting of microspheres.", "content": "Described is a modified method of measuring organ blood flow which combines the serial injection of a standard dose of microspheres and the external counting of their gamma activity when they are distributed to the tissues. The method produces similar results to measurements of grey matter blood flow by the clearance of 133xenon.", "contents": "Serial measurement of cerebral blood flow using external counting of microspheres. Described is a modified method of measuring organ blood flow which combines the serial injection of a standard dose of microspheres and the external counting of their gamma activity when they are distributed to the tissues. The method produces similar results to measurements of grey matter blood flow by the clearance of 133xenon.", "PMID": 107622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7774", "title": "Posterior perforating eye injury. Experimental animal model.", "content": "A technique has been developed which produces an experimental posterior perforating eye injury, that reproducibly results in traction retinal detachment. The standard injury is an incision through the pars plana with vitreous prolapse and incarceration; the wound is then carefully closed with microsurgical techniques. It appears that blood in the vitreous is an essential factor in the development of vitreous traction and of traction retinal detachment. The model is considered useful for further histological, electron microscopic, electrophysiological, and ultrasonic studies of posterior perforating eye injuries. In a controlled experiment, it will be possible to assess whether pars plana vitrectomy can interrupt the sequence of events leading to traction retinal detachment after posterior perforating injury.", "contents": "Posterior perforating eye injury. Experimental animal model. A technique has been developed which produces an experimental posterior perforating eye injury, that reproducibly results in traction retinal detachment. The standard injury is an incision through the pars plana with vitreous prolapse and incarceration; the wound is then carefully closed with microsurgical techniques. It appears that blood in the vitreous is an essential factor in the development of vitreous traction and of traction retinal detachment. The model is considered useful for further histological, electron microscopic, electrophysiological, and ultrasonic studies of posterior perforating eye injuries. In a controlled experiment, it will be possible to assess whether pars plana vitrectomy can interrupt the sequence of events leading to traction retinal detachment after posterior perforating injury.", "PMID": 107626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7775", "title": "Ischemic brain edema: comparative effects of barbiturates and hypothermia.", "content": "The effect of pentobarbital and hypothermia on the development of ischemic brain edema was studied in 23 rhesus monkeys undergoing transorbital middle cerebral artery occlusion. Fifteen additional animals served as unclipped controls. Regional cortical cerebral blood flow (rCBF), arteriovenous oxygen content difference (AVDO2), and regional cortical metabolic rate of O2 (rCMRO2) were measured hourly until sacrifie 11 hours postocclusion, at which time ischemic cerebral edema was measured. In 8 animals no treatment followed the occlusion, and these developed edema. In 7 animals pentobarbial 14 mg/kg was administered intravenously 30 min after occlusion and 7 mg/kg every 2 hours thereafter. In this group ischemic brain edema was negligible. In 8 animals, hypothermia to 25.9 +/- 0.5 degrees C was started 30 min after occlusion and maintained until sacrifice; ischemic brain edema was not significantly altered from untreated-clipped animals. On the basis that both pentobarbital and hypothermia produced similar changes in rCBF, AVDO2, and rCMRO2, but only pentobarbital prevented edema, it is postulated that the mode of action of barbiturates in preventing ischemic brain edema is not entirely related to their known effect on blood flow and metabolism.", "contents": "Ischemic brain edema: comparative effects of barbiturates and hypothermia. The effect of pentobarbital and hypothermia on the development of ischemic brain edema was studied in 23 rhesus monkeys undergoing transorbital middle cerebral artery occlusion. Fifteen additional animals served as unclipped controls. Regional cortical cerebral blood flow (rCBF), arteriovenous oxygen content difference (AVDO2), and regional cortical metabolic rate of O2 (rCMRO2) were measured hourly until sacrifie 11 hours postocclusion, at which time ischemic cerebral edema was measured. In 8 animals no treatment followed the occlusion, and these developed edema. In 7 animals pentobarbial 14 mg/kg was administered intravenously 30 min after occlusion and 7 mg/kg every 2 hours thereafter. In this group ischemic brain edema was negligible. In 8 animals, hypothermia to 25.9 +/- 0.5 degrees C was started 30 min after occlusion and maintained until sacrifice; ischemic brain edema was not significantly altered from untreated-clipped animals. On the basis that both pentobarbital and hypothermia produced similar changes in rCBF, AVDO2, and rCMRO2, but only pentobarbital prevented edema, it is postulated that the mode of action of barbiturates in preventing ischemic brain edema is not entirely related to their known effect on blood flow and metabolism.", "PMID": 107624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7776", "title": "Effect of rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin on lymphocyte subpopulations and functions following allotransplantation in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The survival time of skin allografts from RhLA-nonidentical, unrelated donors was increased from a mean of 7.69 days in controls (n = 20) to a mean of 32.53 days in rhesus monkeys (n = 21) receiving a total dose of 250 mg of rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin (RATG) per kg. Immunological monitoring studies were performed on the peripheral blood of mononuclear cells in control and treated monkeys. After administration of RATG, the percentage of E rosette-forming cells (E-RFC) was greater than 90% depressed, and the percentage of EAC rosette-forming cells was increased 5-fold in the circulation. Significant numbers of RATG-coated cells were detected only during the first week after RATG treatment. The percentage of E-RFC recovered to pretreatment levels within 3 to 4 weeks after RATG treatment, although the absolute E-RFC count remained depressed for 2 to 3 months. In addition, the in vitro proliferative responsiveness to polyclonal mitogens and to allogeneic lymphocytes remained greater than 80% depressed for 2 to 3 months after RATG treatment. The incidence of post-transplant-specific antidonor lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) was similar in controls (85%) and RATG-treated monkeys (81%), and the appearance of LMC was correlated (r = 0.711) with partial recovery of absolute ERFC counts in the treated group. The appearance and peak of LMC were delayed (P less than 0.001) in RATG-treated monkeys, but preceded and correlated with rejection. Prior to rejection, the serum of RATG-treated monkeys inhibited LMC. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity appeared after rejection in the majority of recipients in both groups. The appearance and peak of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) were delayed (P less than than 0.001) in RATG-treated monkeys, but did not exhibit a significant correlation with the time of rejection.", "contents": "Effect of rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin on lymphocyte subpopulations and functions following allotransplantation in the rhesus monkey. The survival time of skin allografts from RhLA-nonidentical, unrelated donors was increased from a mean of 7.69 days in controls (n = 20) to a mean of 32.53 days in rhesus monkeys (n = 21) receiving a total dose of 250 mg of rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin (RATG) per kg. Immunological monitoring studies were performed on the peripheral blood of mononuclear cells in control and treated monkeys. After administration of RATG, the percentage of E rosette-forming cells (E-RFC) was greater than 90% depressed, and the percentage of EAC rosette-forming cells was increased 5-fold in the circulation. Significant numbers of RATG-coated cells were detected only during the first week after RATG treatment. The percentage of E-RFC recovered to pretreatment levels within 3 to 4 weeks after RATG treatment, although the absolute E-RFC count remained depressed for 2 to 3 months. In addition, the in vitro proliferative responsiveness to polyclonal mitogens and to allogeneic lymphocytes remained greater than 80% depressed for 2 to 3 months after RATG treatment. The incidence of post-transplant-specific antidonor lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) was similar in controls (85%) and RATG-treated monkeys (81%), and the appearance of LMC was correlated (r = 0.711) with partial recovery of absolute ERFC counts in the treated group. The appearance and peak of LMC were delayed (P less than 0.001) in RATG-treated monkeys, but preceded and correlated with rejection. Prior to rejection, the serum of RATG-treated monkeys inhibited LMC. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity appeared after rejection in the majority of recipients in both groups. The appearance and peak of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) were delayed (P less than than 0.001) in RATG-treated monkeys, but did not exhibit a significant correlation with the time of rejection.", "PMID": 107631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7777", "title": "An investigation of allograft tolerance: Discordant reactivity to murine H-Y-incompatible lymphoid cell (PEC) and skin grafts.", "content": "The extremely sensitive peritoneal exudate cell (PEC) transfer technique has been applied to an investigation of the immune response of female mice which are \"tolerant\" of the male antigen. Females rendered tolerant of male skin grafts by multiparity, neonatal inoculation of male spleen cells, or multiple inoculations of adult females with male lymphoid cells displayed second-set reactivity to male PEC while continuing to tolerate H-Y-incompatible skin grafts. Furthermore, this discordant response to male PEC and skin was adoptively transferrable to normal females by spleen cells from multiparous donors. Females rendered tolerant by irradiation and reconstitution with male cells were unresponsive to both H-Y-incompatible skin and PEC grafts. A model is proposed using two male-specific antigens, the response to which is controlled by independent genes.", "contents": "An investigation of allograft tolerance: Discordant reactivity to murine H-Y-incompatible lymphoid cell (PEC) and skin grafts. The extremely sensitive peritoneal exudate cell (PEC) transfer technique has been applied to an investigation of the immune response of female mice which are \"tolerant\" of the male antigen. Females rendered tolerant of male skin grafts by multiparity, neonatal inoculation of male spleen cells, or multiple inoculations of adult females with male lymphoid cells displayed second-set reactivity to male PEC while continuing to tolerate H-Y-incompatible skin grafts. Furthermore, this discordant response to male PEC and skin was adoptively transferrable to normal females by spleen cells from multiparous donors. Females rendered tolerant by irradiation and reconstitution with male cells were unresponsive to both H-Y-incompatible skin and PEC grafts. A model is proposed using two male-specific antigens, the response to which is controlled by independent genes.", "PMID": 107632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7778", "title": "Ripley-like anti-Rh associated with red blood cell-bound IgG aggregates.", "content": "A commercial Rho (D) immune globulin after heating at 63 C became Ripley-like in the Rh-positive red blood cells coated with this heated globulin carried biologic activities similar to those of red blood cells coated with Ripley anti-CD serum. These coated red blood cells fixed complement and were agglutinated by all 20 sera containing rheumatoid factor (RF). The RF-Rh-hemagglutinations were more readily inhibited by heated than by unheated human IgG. The heated globulin had no such effect on Rh-negative red blood cells. Fractionation studies by Na2SO4 precipitation and/or Sephadex G-200 gel filtration revealed that heat-induced IgG aggregates in heated globulin were responsible for the biological activities. In contrast, these activities in Ripley serum were carried by IgG monomers. Another anti-CD serum (Heyman), tested in paralledl, was found to be indistinguishable from Ripley. a pooled RF serum, after multiple adsorptions with red blood cells coated with globulin, lost its agglutination activity to red blood cells coated with Ripley or Heyman serum.", "contents": "Ripley-like anti-Rh associated with red blood cell-bound IgG aggregates. A commercial Rho (D) immune globulin after heating at 63 C became Ripley-like in the Rh-positive red blood cells coated with this heated globulin carried biologic activities similar to those of red blood cells coated with Ripley anti-CD serum. These coated red blood cells fixed complement and were agglutinated by all 20 sera containing rheumatoid factor (RF). The RF-Rh-hemagglutinations were more readily inhibited by heated than by unheated human IgG. The heated globulin had no such effect on Rh-negative red blood cells. Fractionation studies by Na2SO4 precipitation and/or Sephadex G-200 gel filtration revealed that heat-induced IgG aggregates in heated globulin were responsible for the biological activities. In contrast, these activities in Ripley serum were carried by IgG monomers. Another anti-CD serum (Heyman), tested in paralledl, was found to be indistinguishable from Ripley. a pooled RF serum, after multiple adsorptions with red blood cells coated with globulin, lost its agglutination activity to red blood cells coated with Ripley or Heyman serum.", "PMID": 107627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7779", "title": "Donor antibody detection using plasma in place of serum.", "content": "Twenty-two types of erythrocyte antibodies from 53 individuals were studied for their detectability in serum versus CPD, ACD and EDTA plasms samples. In no specimen thus far tested was there an antibody detectable in serum but not detectable in plasma. These results suggest that blood samples collected in anticoagulant are suitable not only for antigen typing but also for antibody screening.", "contents": "Donor antibody detection using plasma in place of serum. Twenty-two types of erythrocyte antibodies from 53 individuals were studied for their detectability in serum versus CPD, ACD and EDTA plasms samples. In no specimen thus far tested was there an antibody detectable in serum but not detectable in plasma. These results suggest that blood samples collected in anticoagulant are suitable not only for antigen typing but also for antibody screening.", "PMID": 107628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7780", "title": "A new method of antibody elution from red blood cells.", "content": "A method of antibody elution from red blood cells using xylene is described. It can be completed in 15 minutes after cell washing and requires no special equipment. For warm antibodies, the eluates prepared were more potent than those prepared by Rubin's ether method. It was as effective as Landsteiner and Miller's heat elution method in investigations of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn. The clinical application of this method in the investigation of hemolytic disease of the newborn, delayed transfusion reaction and autoimmune hemolytic anemia was described.", "contents": "A new method of antibody elution from red blood cells. A method of antibody elution from red blood cells using xylene is described. It can be completed in 15 minutes after cell washing and requires no special equipment. For warm antibodies, the eluates prepared were more potent than those prepared by Rubin's ether method. It was as effective as Landsteiner and Miller's heat elution method in investigations of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn. The clinical application of this method in the investigation of hemolytic disease of the newborn, delayed transfusion reaction and autoimmune hemolytic anemia was described.", "PMID": 107629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7781", "title": "A rapid tube technique for fetal cell typing.", "content": "A modification of Greendyke technique for fetal cell typing is described in which incubation time and quantities of antisera are reduced without affecting the sensitivity of the test.", "contents": "A rapid tube technique for fetal cell typing. A modification of Greendyke technique for fetal cell typing is described in which incubation time and quantities of antisera are reduced without affecting the sensitivity of the test.", "PMID": 107630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7782", "title": "[Effect of external environmental factors on DNA content in Euglena].", "content": "The chromosome number and DNA content in Euglena gracilis cell have been shown by the number of investigators to vary essentially under the influence of some environmental factors (low phosphate and acetate concentrations, density of culture, temperature, light/dark regime, streptomycin treatment). Variability in the nuclear DNA quantity is supposed to be an important peculiarity of the structure and functional activity of the genome of Euglena gracilis.", "contents": "[Effect of external environmental factors on DNA content in Euglena]. The chromosome number and DNA content in Euglena gracilis cell have been shown by the number of investigators to vary essentially under the influence of some environmental factors (low phosphate and acetate concentrations, density of culture, temperature, light/dark regime, streptomycin treatment). Variability in the nuclear DNA quantity is supposed to be an important peculiarity of the structure and functional activity of the genome of Euglena gracilis.", "PMID": 107636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7783", "title": "[Replicon size and rate of DNA replication in the macronucleus of Tetrahymena pyriformis].", "content": "The size of replication units (or replicons) measured in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL macronuclear DNA reaches 20--30 microns, according to the two independent methods: DNA fiber autoradiography, and alkaline isokinetic sucrose gradient centrifugation. The synthesis of new DNA fragments--replicons and their subsequent assembly are separated by time intervals (30 min). The rate of DNA synthesis for one fork averaged 0.6--0.7 microns/min. These data were obtained for cells of cultures being both in the expotential phase of growth, and those synchronized by starvation-refeeding. The generation time of T. pyriformis cells, calculated by the increase of the part of labeled nuclei, is almost 2 hours; the synthesis lasts 1 hour. Total amount of replication units in polyploid (polygenomic) Tetrahymena macronucleus is about 3000. Their initiation during S-period is presumably asynchronous.", "contents": "[Replicon size and rate of DNA replication in the macronucleus of Tetrahymena pyriformis]. The size of replication units (or replicons) measured in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL macronuclear DNA reaches 20--30 microns, according to the two independent methods: DNA fiber autoradiography, and alkaline isokinetic sucrose gradient centrifugation. The synthesis of new DNA fragments--replicons and their subsequent assembly are separated by time intervals (30 min). The rate of DNA synthesis for one fork averaged 0.6--0.7 microns/min. These data were obtained for cells of cultures being both in the expotential phase of growth, and those synchronized by starvation-refeeding. The generation time of T. pyriformis cells, calculated by the increase of the part of labeled nuclei, is almost 2 hours; the synthesis lasts 1 hour. Total amount of replication units in polyploid (polygenomic) Tetrahymena macronucleus is about 3000. Their initiation during S-period is presumably asynchronous.", "PMID": 107637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7784", "title": "[Characteristics of DNA in vegetative specimens of Bursaria truncatella].", "content": "DNA from Bursaria truncatella was isolated and purified by conventional methods. The DNA base content was calculated from both centrifugation in CsCl and melting. The GC-content is 24%. In CsCl density gradient 3H-DNA is banded as a single peak at a range 1.682--1.688 g/cm3 with the maximum at 1.684 g/cm3. The Tm in 0.12 M FB (pH 6.8) was 79 degrees C. About 50% of DNA seems to be represented by highly repetitive sequences, another 50% being made of single-copy sequences (a preliminary data on DNA-DNA reassotiation kinetics). For the estimation of the molecular weight of DNA, the cells were lysed immediately before the centrifugation, at the surface of the alkaline isokinetic sucrose gradient solution. Two components of DNA were detected with molecular weights 10-10(6) and 100-10(6) daltons. It is likely that these two components belong to the macronuclear DNA, because according to cytophotometrical evidence the DNA content in the macronucleus of B. truncatella is 2500 times as much as that in its micronucleus.", "contents": "[Characteristics of DNA in vegetative specimens of Bursaria truncatella]. DNA from Bursaria truncatella was isolated and purified by conventional methods. The DNA base content was calculated from both centrifugation in CsCl and melting. The GC-content is 24%. In CsCl density gradient 3H-DNA is banded as a single peak at a range 1.682--1.688 g/cm3 with the maximum at 1.684 g/cm3. The Tm in 0.12 M FB (pH 6.8) was 79 degrees C. About 50% of DNA seems to be represented by highly repetitive sequences, another 50% being made of single-copy sequences (a preliminary data on DNA-DNA reassotiation kinetics). For the estimation of the molecular weight of DNA, the cells were lysed immediately before the centrifugation, at the surface of the alkaline isokinetic sucrose gradient solution. Two components of DNA were detected with molecular weights 10-10(6) and 100-10(6) daltons. It is likely that these two components belong to the macronuclear DNA, because according to cytophotometrical evidence the DNA content in the macronucleus of B. truncatella is 2500 times as much as that in its micronucleus.", "PMID": 107638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7785", "title": "[Amino acid composition and transaminase activity in fish tissues, in a medium containing Cyanophyceae].", "content": "The content of free amino acids, activity of aspartate and alanine transaminase, number of sulphydryl groups in fish tissues were studied as affected by lethal amounts (3.2 g/l) of blue-green algae. Blue-green algae have a certain affect on fishes not only by excreting biologically active substances in the process of vital activity and decay but also changing the gas regime of the medium (the oxygen content lowers, the amount of carbon dioxide increases). Under the algae effect the total content of free amino acids in the fish liver, intestine and muscles increases, mainly due to a rise in the content of glutamic acid with threonine and aspartic acid with serine. These changes are most essential in the liver, intestine and are less pronounced in the muscles. Under the effect of blue-green algae the activity of aspartate transaminase increases in the heart, brain and decreases in the intestine. The activity of alanine transaminase enhances in the heart, intestine and brain. The ration value for these enzymes changes significantly in the brain, liver, intestine, but does not differ from the control in the muscles.", "contents": "[Amino acid composition and transaminase activity in fish tissues, in a medium containing Cyanophyceae]. The content of free amino acids, activity of aspartate and alanine transaminase, number of sulphydryl groups in fish tissues were studied as affected by lethal amounts (3.2 g/l) of blue-green algae. Blue-green algae have a certain affect on fishes not only by excreting biologically active substances in the process of vital activity and decay but also changing the gas regime of the medium (the oxygen content lowers, the amount of carbon dioxide increases). Under the algae effect the total content of free amino acids in the fish liver, intestine and muscles increases, mainly due to a rise in the content of glutamic acid with threonine and aspartic acid with serine. These changes are most essential in the liver, intestine and are less pronounced in the muscles. Under the effect of blue-green algae the activity of aspartate transaminase increases in the heart, brain and decreases in the intestine. The activity of alanine transaminase enhances in the heart, intestine and brain. The ration value for these enzymes changes significantly in the brain, liver, intestine, but does not differ from the control in the muscles.", "PMID": 107639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7786", "title": "[Blood serum proteins during sport training].", "content": "Disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, differential temperature-perturbation spectrophotometry radial immunodiffusion were used to study the effect of training on blood serum proteins in bicyclists and athletes in the preparation period and during competitions. A significant increase in the total amount of proteins and albumins in blood serum was found after physical loading. Polymerization of albumin in polyacrylamide gel is observed for highly trained sportsmen at the beginning of the preparation period. It is shown that training loads do not affect the tyrosyl availability in the albumin molecule.", "contents": "[Blood serum proteins during sport training]. Disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, differential temperature-perturbation spectrophotometry radial immunodiffusion were used to study the effect of training on blood serum proteins in bicyclists and athletes in the preparation period and during competitions. A significant increase in the total amount of proteins and albumins in blood serum was found after physical loading. Polymerization of albumin in polyacrylamide gel is observed for highly trained sportsmen at the beginning of the preparation period. It is shown that training loads do not affect the tyrosyl availability in the albumin molecule.", "PMID": 107640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7787", "title": "[Stability of Streptomyces griseus carboxypeptidase].", "content": "Carboxypeptidase of Str. griseus strain 32-13 is stable during storage at a temperature of 10-15 degrees C. Carbohydrates and glycerol in a concentration of 40-80% as well as 0.01 M of L-amino acid prevent the enzyme from thermoinactivation. Anions, such as phosphate, borate, carbonate and acetate, have their inhibitory effect on carboxypeptidase. After the effect of chelate reagents the enzyme activity restores completely only in the presence of Co2+ and partially in the presence of Ni2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Zn2+.", "contents": "[Stability of Streptomyces griseus carboxypeptidase]. Carboxypeptidase of Str. griseus strain 32-13 is stable during storage at a temperature of 10-15 degrees C. Carbohydrates and glycerol in a concentration of 40-80% as well as 0.01 M of L-amino acid prevent the enzyme from thermoinactivation. Anions, such as phosphate, borate, carbonate and acetate, have their inhibitory effect on carboxypeptidase. After the effect of chelate reagents the enzyme activity restores completely only in the presence of Co2+ and partially in the presence of Ni2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Zn2+.", "PMID": 107641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7788", "title": "[ABO system blood groups and the rhesus factor in tumors and tumorlike processes of the ovaries].", "content": "Under observation were 175 patients with ovarian tumors and cysts. The distribution of ABO blood groups and Rh factor in relation to this pathology was studied as compared with the control series (2000 healthy females). There was noted an increased probability of the incidence of the majority of the ovarian tumor types among AB blood group females compared with other groups (O, A and B), and just the opposite, the probability of the tumoriform processes incidence in AB group females is considerably less than in other groups. The probability of ovarian tumors malignification proved to be the least in B group females. There is noted a considerably increased relative ovarian tumor and cyst morbidity among Rh-positive females compared with Rh-negative ones.", "contents": "[ABO system blood groups and the rhesus factor in tumors and tumorlike processes of the ovaries]. Under observation were 175 patients with ovarian tumors and cysts. The distribution of ABO blood groups and Rh factor in relation to this pathology was studied as compared with the control series (2000 healthy females). There was noted an increased probability of the incidence of the majority of the ovarian tumor types among AB blood group females compared with other groups (O, A and B), and just the opposite, the probability of the tumoriform processes incidence in AB group females is considerably less than in other groups. The probability of ovarian tumors malignification proved to be the least in B group females. There is noted a considerably increased relative ovarian tumor and cyst morbidity among Rh-positive females compared with Rh-negative ones.", "PMID": 107650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7789", "title": "[Action of secretin on the gastric secretion induced by food stimuli, pentagastrin, histamine and the parenteral administration of casein hydrolysate].", "content": "In tests on dogs with innervated and vagus denervated miniature stomaches and gastric fistula the action of secretin on the gastric secretion provoked by food stimulants-pentagastrin, histamine and parenteral introduction of casein hydrolysate was studied. Experiments showed the secretin to produce an inhibiting action only on the 2nd phase of the gastric secretion after feeding on 100 g of meat, depresses secretion, called forth with pentagastrin, but it does not affect the secretion induced by sham feeding, histamine and intravenous administration of casein hydrolysate. Hence, secretin displays specific properties, by arresting only the action of gastrin on the gastric glands.", "contents": "[Action of secretin on the gastric secretion induced by food stimuli, pentagastrin, histamine and the parenteral administration of casein hydrolysate]. In tests on dogs with innervated and vagus denervated miniature stomaches and gastric fistula the action of secretin on the gastric secretion provoked by food stimulants-pentagastrin, histamine and parenteral introduction of casein hydrolysate was studied. Experiments showed the secretin to produce an inhibiting action only on the 2nd phase of the gastric secretion after feeding on 100 g of meat, depresses secretion, called forth with pentagastrin, but it does not affect the secretion induced by sham feeding, histamine and intravenous administration of casein hydrolysate. Hence, secretin displays specific properties, by arresting only the action of gastrin on the gastric glands.", "PMID": 107652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7790", "title": "[Measures to reduce infarct size (author's transl)].", "content": "Reduction of infarct size is a concept limited in clinical practice by the long period elapsing before hospital admission. Most patients are admitted only after the critical period of 6 to 8 hours following infarction when it might be possible to save the ischaemic, but not yet necrotic myocardium. Nevertheless, patients with altered haemodynamics and, therefore, a disturbed myocardial balance between oxygen requirement and oxygen supply may benefit from optimum management of the haemodynamic situation. This is achieved primarily by manipulation of preload and afterload and by enhancement of the collateral circulation to the ischaemic myocardium. However, the effects of cardiac surgery are limited by the negative sequelae of late reperfusion 6 hours after coronary ligation. Intra-aortic balloon pumping can be used only in large cardiosurgical centres because most of the so-treated patients remain pump dependent. The described measures have improved the hospitalisation period in patients with acute myocardial infarction, but the further prognosis is dictated by the nature and extent of underlying coronary heart disease.", "contents": "[Measures to reduce infarct size (author's transl)]. Reduction of infarct size is a concept limited in clinical practice by the long period elapsing before hospital admission. Most patients are admitted only after the critical period of 6 to 8 hours following infarction when it might be possible to save the ischaemic, but not yet necrotic myocardium. Nevertheless, patients with altered haemodynamics and, therefore, a disturbed myocardial balance between oxygen requirement and oxygen supply may benefit from optimum management of the haemodynamic situation. This is achieved primarily by manipulation of preload and afterload and by enhancement of the collateral circulation to the ischaemic myocardium. However, the effects of cardiac surgery are limited by the negative sequelae of late reperfusion 6 hours after coronary ligation. Intra-aortic balloon pumping can be used only in large cardiosurgical centres because most of the so-treated patients remain pump dependent. The described measures have improved the hospitalisation period in patients with acute myocardial infarction, but the further prognosis is dictated by the nature and extent of underlying coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 107658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7791", "title": "[Physicochemical properties of the DNA of simian adenovirus type 38].", "content": "The sedimentation constant, specific viscosity, and the length of DNA molecule of simian adenovirus type 38 were measured and the molecular weight was estimated. The melting temperature and buoyant densities of this virus DNA in cesium chloride and cesium sulphate density gradients were determined, and the content of GC-pairs was calculated.", "contents": "[Physicochemical properties of the DNA of simian adenovirus type 38]. The sedimentation constant, specific viscosity, and the length of DNA molecule of simian adenovirus type 38 were measured and the molecular weight was estimated. The melting temperature and buoyant densities of this virus DNA in cesium chloride and cesium sulphate density gradients were determined, and the content of GC-pairs was calculated.", "PMID": 107653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7792", "title": "[Antigen e and its antibodies in acute serum hepatitis and in persons with a prolonged HBs-antigenemia].", "content": "The gel precipitation test was used for examinations of 280 HBsAg-positive patients with jaundiced serum hepatitis and 182 subjects with long-term HBs-antigenemia and various degrees of activity of the pathologic process in the liver, in a coded study. Among the latter, the e-antigen was found in 26.9%, that is twice as frequently than in patients with acute serum hepatitis (14.3%). Particularly frequently (31.1 and 45.2%) the e-antigen was found in children and adults who were assumed to have been the source of SH infection, as well as in infants infected from their mothers during delivery or soon after birth. A certain correlation was found between the rate of detection of the e-antigen and the presence of biochemical changes indicating liver function disorders. Thus, the e-antigen may be a marker of a higher infectivity of the serum and indicate a certain activity of the pathological process. Antibodies to the e-antigen were more frequently found in older age groups and in the absence of biochemical changes in the serum. The e-antigen and antibody to it were detected with similar frequency in infections with subtypes ay and ad of the HBs-antigen.", "contents": "[Antigen e and its antibodies in acute serum hepatitis and in persons with a prolonged HBs-antigenemia]. The gel precipitation test was used for examinations of 280 HBsAg-positive patients with jaundiced serum hepatitis and 182 subjects with long-term HBs-antigenemia and various degrees of activity of the pathologic process in the liver, in a coded study. Among the latter, the e-antigen was found in 26.9%, that is twice as frequently than in patients with acute serum hepatitis (14.3%). Particularly frequently (31.1 and 45.2%) the e-antigen was found in children and adults who were assumed to have been the source of SH infection, as well as in infants infected from their mothers during delivery or soon after birth. A certain correlation was found between the rate of detection of the e-antigen and the presence of biochemical changes indicating liver function disorders. Thus, the e-antigen may be a marker of a higher infectivity of the serum and indicate a certain activity of the pathological process. Antibodies to the e-antigen were more frequently found in older age groups and in the absence of biochemical changes in the serum. The e-antigen and antibody to it were detected with similar frequency in infections with subtypes ay and ad of the HBs-antigen.", "PMID": 107654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7793", "title": "[Hydrolysis and the inactivation of double-stranded polyribonucleotides by monkey blood serum].", "content": "The effect of Macaca rhesus monkey blood serum on double-stranded polyribonucleotide complexes poly (I).poly (C), poly (G).poly (C), and poly (G,I).poly (C) was studied. The poly (I).poly (C) complex was found to be the most sensitive to hydrolysis as indicated by a decrease of the molecular weight, accumulation of acid-soluble products and a sharp decline of the antiviral and interferon-inducing activities in tissue culture after incubation of the complex in the presence of the serum at 37 degrees C for 1 hour. The poly (G).poly (C) complex was the most stable, and retained its original activity in tissue culture and a high molecular weight after 3-hour incubation with the serum. The interferon-inducing activity of all the complexes under study assayed by intravenous injection in a dose of 2 mg to M. rhesus monkeys was similarly low irrespective of their sensitivity to the serum. Conjectural species features of the interferon induction system in monkeys are discussed.", "contents": "[Hydrolysis and the inactivation of double-stranded polyribonucleotides by monkey blood serum]. The effect of Macaca rhesus monkey blood serum on double-stranded polyribonucleotide complexes poly (I).poly (C), poly (G).poly (C), and poly (G,I).poly (C) was studied. The poly (I).poly (C) complex was found to be the most sensitive to hydrolysis as indicated by a decrease of the molecular weight, accumulation of acid-soluble products and a sharp decline of the antiviral and interferon-inducing activities in tissue culture after incubation of the complex in the presence of the serum at 37 degrees C for 1 hour. The poly (G).poly (C) complex was the most stable, and retained its original activity in tissue culture and a high molecular weight after 3-hour incubation with the serum. The interferon-inducing activity of all the complexes under study assayed by intravenous injection in a dose of 2 mg to M. rhesus monkeys was similarly low irrespective of their sensitivity to the serum. Conjectural species features of the interferon induction system in monkeys are discussed.", "PMID": 107655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7794", "title": "[Effective methods of obtaining antisera to hemagglutinin H3].", "content": "Schedules for production of antisera to pure influenza A virus hemagglutinin (H3) in rats and rabbits are described. The antisera prepared in rats were shown to be better than rabbit sera as they had low levels of inhibitors readily eliminated by heating. The best sera were obtained by immunizations of rats into the tail. Both rat and rabbit antisera, in addition to the HI test, can be used satisfactorily in the immunodiffusion test and in radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "[Effective methods of obtaining antisera to hemagglutinin H3]. Schedules for production of antisera to pure influenza A virus hemagglutinin (H3) in rats and rabbits are described. The antisera prepared in rats were shown to be better than rabbit sera as they had low levels of inhibitors readily eliminated by heating. The best sera were obtained by immunizations of rats into the tail. Both rat and rabbit antisera, in addition to the HI test, can be used satisfactorily in the immunodiffusion test and in radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 107656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7795", "title": "[Oncornavirus D associated antigen in cultured human and animal cells].", "content": "A large number of long-term continuous (LTC) and primarily trypsinized (PT) human and animal cell cultures were examined for the presence of a new oncornavirus D-associated antigen. All the PT cultures were found to be free from this antigen as also human diploid cells and LTC cells of man, rabbit, mouse, dog, swine and bat. LTC cells of monkey, bull, and Syrian hamster, however, were found to contain oncornavirus D-associated antigen identical to that previously found in HeLa, HEp-2 and J-96 cells. The detection of oncornavirus D-associated antigen in cells may indicate their infection with this virus.", "contents": "[Oncornavirus D associated antigen in cultured human and animal cells]. A large number of long-term continuous (LTC) and primarily trypsinized (PT) human and animal cell cultures were examined for the presence of a new oncornavirus D-associated antigen. All the PT cultures were found to be free from this antigen as also human diploid cells and LTC cells of man, rabbit, mouse, dog, swine and bat. LTC cells of monkey, bull, and Syrian hamster, however, were found to contain oncornavirus D-associated antigen identical to that previously found in HeLa, HEp-2 and J-96 cells. The detection of oncornavirus D-associated antigen in cells may indicate their infection with this virus.", "PMID": 107657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7796", "title": "[Nuclei of the mammillary bodies and their fiber connections in cattle (Bos taurus var. domesticus). I. Nuclei of the mammillary bodies in cattle].", "content": "1. In the present neuroanatomic study the topography and cytoarchitectonic of the nuclei of the mamillary body of cattle are described and quantitative-morphologically investigated in 14 series of brains (6 frontal, 4 sagittal and 4 horizontal series, stained by the methods after Nissl, Kl\u00fcver and Barrera and after Heidenhain). 2. The medial mamillary nucleus of cattle is with an average volume of 47.7 mm3 the largest nucleus of the mamillary body. It contains about 715,000 cells with a cell density of 15,000 cells/mm3 and can cytoarchitectonically be subdivided into a medial part and a lateral part. 3. The median mamillary nucleus is an unpaired and clearly defined nucleus which accounts with an average volume of 16.9 mm3 for a quarter of the whole volume of the nuclei belonging to the mamillary body, however with 11,000 cells/mm3 it shows a relatively small cell density in comparison with the other mamillary nuclei. 4. The lateral mamillary nuclei of cattle are situated in the rostral third of the mamillary body and account for 5.3 per cent of the whole volume of the nuclei. About 28,000 cells with a cell density of 15,000 cells/mm3 were found in each nucleus.", "contents": "[Nuclei of the mammillary bodies and their fiber connections in cattle (Bos taurus var. domesticus). I. Nuclei of the mammillary bodies in cattle]. 1. In the present neuroanatomic study the topography and cytoarchitectonic of the nuclei of the mamillary body of cattle are described and quantitative-morphologically investigated in 14 series of brains (6 frontal, 4 sagittal and 4 horizontal series, stained by the methods after Nissl, Kl\u00fcver and Barrera and after Heidenhain). 2. The medial mamillary nucleus of cattle is with an average volume of 47.7 mm3 the largest nucleus of the mamillary body. It contains about 715,000 cells with a cell density of 15,000 cells/mm3 and can cytoarchitectonically be subdivided into a medial part and a lateral part. 3. The median mamillary nucleus is an unpaired and clearly defined nucleus which accounts with an average volume of 16.9 mm3 for a quarter of the whole volume of the nuclei belonging to the mamillary body, however with 11,000 cells/mm3 it shows a relatively small cell density in comparison with the other mamillary nuclei. 4. The lateral mamillary nuclei of cattle are situated in the rostral third of the mamillary body and account for 5.3 per cent of the whole volume of the nuclei. About 28,000 cells with a cell density of 15,000 cells/mm3 were found in each nucleus.", "PMID": 107664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7797", "title": "[Nuclei of the mammillary bodies and their fiber connections in cattle (Bos taurus var. domesticus). 2. Fiber connections of the mammillary bodies in cattle].", "content": "1. In the present information the course of fibre pathways which are connected with the mammillary body of the cattle is described in 14 series of brains (6 frontal, 4 sagittal, 4 horizontal series, stained by the combined cell-fibre-method after KLUVER and BARRERA and by the method for myelined fibres after HEIDENHAIN). 2. The mammillary body of cattle is connected with four main fibre systems. These are the fornix and the mamillary peduncle as well as the mamillo-thalamic and the mamillo-tegmental tracts. 3. The fornix system first of all represents a rich myelined fibre connection between the hippocampus and the mamillary body. But also fornix fibres entering the poor-myelined regions of the hypothalamus and the mesencephalon have been demonstrated. 4. The mamillary peduncle ascending from the mesencephalon can be traced to the lateral mamillary nucleus. 5. The mamillo-thalamic tract of cattle has its origin in the mamillary body with the mamillotegmental tract associated to a common principal mamillary tract and passes to the complex of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, while the mamillo-tegmental tract branching off from it curves into the mesencephalon.", "contents": "[Nuclei of the mammillary bodies and their fiber connections in cattle (Bos taurus var. domesticus). 2. Fiber connections of the mammillary bodies in cattle]. 1. In the present information the course of fibre pathways which are connected with the mammillary body of the cattle is described in 14 series of brains (6 frontal, 4 sagittal, 4 horizontal series, stained by the combined cell-fibre-method after KLUVER and BARRERA and by the method for myelined fibres after HEIDENHAIN). 2. The mammillary body of cattle is connected with four main fibre systems. These are the fornix and the mamillary peduncle as well as the mamillo-thalamic and the mamillo-tegmental tracts. 3. The fornix system first of all represents a rich myelined fibre connection between the hippocampus and the mamillary body. But also fornix fibres entering the poor-myelined regions of the hypothalamus and the mesencephalon have been demonstrated. 4. The mamillary peduncle ascending from the mesencephalon can be traced to the lateral mamillary nucleus. 5. The mamillo-thalamic tract of cattle has its origin in the mamillary body with the mamillotegmental tract associated to a common principal mamillary tract and passes to the complex of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, while the mamillo-tegmental tract branching off from it curves into the mesencephalon.", "PMID": 107665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7798", "title": "[Fe59 studies on the question of rabbit erythrocyte life-span].", "content": "The present paper demonstrates a method to separate red cells of different age. The erythrocytes were separated by ultracentrifugation. The validity of this method was examined with radioactive iron (59Fe). During seventy days kinetic studies were performed in liver and spleen. A body scan was used to distinguish liver and spleen by radioactive iron.", "contents": "[Fe59 studies on the question of rabbit erythrocyte life-span]. The present paper demonstrates a method to separate red cells of different age. The erythrocytes were separated by ultracentrifugation. The validity of this method was examined with radioactive iron (59Fe). During seventy days kinetic studies were performed in liver and spleen. A body scan was used to distinguish liver and spleen by radioactive iron.", "PMID": 107663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7799", "title": "Sarcocystinae: nomina dubia and available names.", "content": "Examination of the original descriptions of the species of Sarcocystis in cattle, sheep, and swine, and of isosporid oocysts shed sporulated by dogs, cats, man, and other carnivores, has shown that it is not possible in most instances to identify unambiguously recently recognized taxa. The original descriptions are insufficient, and because no type specimens exist, could apply to two or more of the presently recognized taxa. We consider the following nomina dubia: Sarcocystis hirsuta S. miescheriana S. tenella S. cruzi S. bertrami Isospora bigemina (S. bigemina) I. hominis (S. hominis) I. buteonis (Frenkelia buteonis) Because the former type species, Sarcocystis miescheriana, is an indeterminate nomen dubium, we are proposing S. muris as the new type species. Historically, it was the first species described clearly and unambiguously even in the light of present knowledge, and the stages of its life cycle are probably completely known; it was the second species to be named. Old and recent descriptions are reviewed, and definitions are proposed for the following taxa: S. bovifelis S. bovicanis S. bovihominis S. ovifelis S. ovicanis S. muris (type species) S. suihominis S. suicanis S. equicanis Frenkelia microti F. glareoli for which neotypes will be prepared and deposited with designated institutions and curators. A new subfamily, Cystoisosporinae, is created.", "contents": "Sarcocystinae: nomina dubia and available names. Examination of the original descriptions of the species of Sarcocystis in cattle, sheep, and swine, and of isosporid oocysts shed sporulated by dogs, cats, man, and other carnivores, has shown that it is not possible in most instances to identify unambiguously recently recognized taxa. The original descriptions are insufficient, and because no type specimens exist, could apply to two or more of the presently recognized taxa. We consider the following nomina dubia: Sarcocystis hirsuta S. miescheriana S. tenella S. cruzi S. bertrami Isospora bigemina (S. bigemina) I. hominis (S. hominis) I. buteonis (Frenkelia buteonis) Because the former type species, Sarcocystis miescheriana, is an indeterminate nomen dubium, we are proposing S. muris as the new type species. Historically, it was the first species described clearly and unambiguously even in the light of present knowledge, and the stages of its life cycle are probably completely known; it was the second species to be named. Old and recent descriptions are reviewed, and definitions are proposed for the following taxa: S. bovifelis S. bovicanis S. bovihominis S. ovifelis S. ovicanis S. muris (type species) S. suihominis S. suicanis S. equicanis Frenkelia microti F. glareoli for which neotypes will be prepared and deposited with designated institutions and curators. A new subfamily, Cystoisosporinae, is created.", "PMID": 107666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7800", "title": "[The ferret (Putorius putorius furo), an additional final host of Sarcocystis muris (author's transl)].", "content": "Two ferrets were fed mice experimentally infected with Sarcocystis muris. After 7 days they excreted with their faeces for 9 days sporocysts which were morphologically indistinguishable from S. muris sporocysts. Five mice which each received 70 of these sporocysts orally developed macroscopically visible cysts of S. muris in their musculature after 4 months.", "contents": "[The ferret (Putorius putorius furo), an additional final host of Sarcocystis muris (author's transl)]. Two ferrets were fed mice experimentally infected with Sarcocystis muris. After 7 days they excreted with their faeces for 9 days sporocysts which were morphologically indistinguishable from S. muris sporocysts. Five mice which each received 70 of these sporocysts orally developed macroscopically visible cysts of S. muris in their musculature after 4 months.", "PMID": 107667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7801", "title": "Electron microscopical study on gamogony of Sarcocystis suihominis in human tissue cultures.", "content": "Sexual stages and oocysts of Sarcocystis suihominis were developed in human tissue cultures and studied with the electron microscope. This development was extremely rapid, being completed about 18--22 h post infection and there were no preceding schizogonic processes, thus confirming the earlier observations that schizogony is obligatorily restricted to the intermediate host in the sarcosporidian life cycle. Micro- and macrogamonts could be distinguished about 12 h post infection and were situated in a parasitophorous vacuole bounded by two membranes. These gamonts reached diameters of up to 10 micrometer. The large nucleus of every microgamont gave rise simultaneously to about 20--30 microgametes. Only dense projections of the nucleus were used as nuclei of microgametes. The microgametes were slender, about 4--5 micrometer long, and several were found to have three flagella, one of which was attached to the body for some distance. Besides these flagella additional microtubules were found and in several cases the attached flagellum was not complete and contained various numbers of single or paired microtubules. The macrogametes were bounded by two membranes and contained two types of inclusions similar to the wall-forming bodies known from the genus Eimeria. The oocysts were bounded by a wall consisting of a dense outer layer and four membranes, under which two other membranes covered the cytoplasm. Beginning from the 22nd h post infection a development similar to sporulation was noted inside these oocysts. This sporulation, i.e., the formation of two sporocysts inside an oocyst, was, however, not completed, probably due to the rapid degeneration of the parasitized host cell. The oocyst itself even appeared intact five days later.", "contents": "Electron microscopical study on gamogony of Sarcocystis suihominis in human tissue cultures. Sexual stages and oocysts of Sarcocystis suihominis were developed in human tissue cultures and studied with the electron microscope. This development was extremely rapid, being completed about 18--22 h post infection and there were no preceding schizogonic processes, thus confirming the earlier observations that schizogony is obligatorily restricted to the intermediate host in the sarcosporidian life cycle. Micro- and macrogamonts could be distinguished about 12 h post infection and were situated in a parasitophorous vacuole bounded by two membranes. These gamonts reached diameters of up to 10 micrometer. The large nucleus of every microgamont gave rise simultaneously to about 20--30 microgametes. Only dense projections of the nucleus were used as nuclei of microgametes. The microgametes were slender, about 4--5 micrometer long, and several were found to have three flagella, one of which was attached to the body for some distance. Besides these flagella additional microtubules were found and in several cases the attached flagellum was not complete and contained various numbers of single or paired microtubules. The macrogametes were bounded by two membranes and contained two types of inclusions similar to the wall-forming bodies known from the genus Eimeria. The oocysts were bounded by a wall consisting of a dense outer layer and four membranes, under which two other membranes covered the cytoplasm. Beginning from the 22nd h post infection a development similar to sporulation was noted inside these oocysts. This sporulation, i.e., the formation of two sporocysts inside an oocyst, was, however, not completed, probably due to the rapid degeneration of the parasitized host cell. The oocyst itself even appeared intact five days later.", "PMID": 107669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7802", "title": "Calculation of likelihood ratio y/x in diagnosis of paternity using computer methods.", "content": "A new computational method using a Monte Carlo technique is described for the calculation of plausibility of paternity in blood group systems. In this study gene frequencies of a blood group system are simulated by the range of the seven digit random numbers. By using a Monte Carlo method, four random numbers are generated and converted into paternal and maternal genotypes. Then the genotype of the child is determined according to the law of inheritance, and finally genotypes of the father, mother and child are converted into phenotypes. Repeating this process more than one hundred thousand times, the phenotypic frequencies of child-mother-father combinations (trio) and the likelihood ratio of paternity in any blood group system are calculated for all phenotypic combinations of the trios. This method is much easier than methods reported previously, and is sufficiently accurate.", "contents": "Calculation of likelihood ratio y/x in diagnosis of paternity using computer methods. A new computational method using a Monte Carlo technique is described for the calculation of plausibility of paternity in blood group systems. In this study gene frequencies of a blood group system are simulated by the range of the seven digit random numbers. By using a Monte Carlo method, four random numbers are generated and converted into paternal and maternal genotypes. Then the genotype of the child is determined according to the law of inheritance, and finally genotypes of the father, mother and child are converted into phenotypes. Repeating this process more than one hundred thousand times, the phenotypic frequencies of child-mother-father combinations (trio) and the likelihood ratio of paternity in any blood group system are calculated for all phenotypic combinations of the trios. This method is much easier than methods reported previously, and is sufficiently accurate.", "PMID": 107675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7803", "title": "[Rearrangement of the spatial synchronization of the stratified activity of the cortex during the orienting response and upon stimulation of the nuclei of the brain stem reticular formation and mammillary bodies].", "content": "In experiments on alert rabbits it was shown with the help of correlational-spectral method that the rearrangement in the spatial organization of the activity of the first and the fifth layers in the visual and motor cortical zones during orienting reflex and high-frequency stimulation of reticular formation nuclei (NRP and NRT) is of the same type. The synchroneity in the activity of motor zone layers and the fifth layers of different areas increases in parallel. At the same time in the spectra of layer activity high-coherence theta-rhythm increases simultaneously. The data obtained permit to assume that specific rearrangement in the synchroneity of biopotentials of the studied layers during orientation reflex is due to influences of the reticular formation. The effect of mammillary bodies stimulation proved to be less effective.", "contents": "[Rearrangement of the spatial synchronization of the stratified activity of the cortex during the orienting response and upon stimulation of the nuclei of the brain stem reticular formation and mammillary bodies]. In experiments on alert rabbits it was shown with the help of correlational-spectral method that the rearrangement in the spatial organization of the activity of the first and the fifth layers in the visual and motor cortical zones during orienting reflex and high-frequency stimulation of reticular formation nuclei (NRP and NRT) is of the same type. The synchroneity in the activity of motor zone layers and the fifth layers of different areas increases in parallel. At the same time in the spectra of layer activity high-coherence theta-rhythm increases simultaneously. The data obtained permit to assume that specific rearrangement in the synchroneity of biopotentials of the studied layers during orientation reflex is due to influences of the reticular formation. The effect of mammillary bodies stimulation proved to be less effective.", "PMID": 107673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7804", "title": "Generation rates of faecal streptococci in various vehicles.", "content": "Potassium tellurite media gave the highest detrimental effects on the generation number of all tested faecal streptococci species. This applies to all investigated vehicles. However, drastic tellurite effects became more conspicuous with certain vehicles than with others. This is particularly true with acid and alkaline foods and water, especially with strains like Streptococcus bovis, Str. faecium, and Str. durans. Again, tellurite becomes more influencial with regard to old cells rather than young cells in the logarithmic phase. On the other hand, the use of thallous acetate as a concentration agent secured better results than either the tellurite or azide almost with all tested vehicles. Yet, sodium azide may be regarded as holding an intermediate position between tellurite and thallous acetate in terms of vehicles, Streptococcus species, and age of pollution. A lower number of generation resulted with all tested faecal streptococci species, using liquid media bearing more than one concentrating agent. This applied to water and milk examination.", "contents": "Generation rates of faecal streptococci in various vehicles. Potassium tellurite media gave the highest detrimental effects on the generation number of all tested faecal streptococci species. This applies to all investigated vehicles. However, drastic tellurite effects became more conspicuous with certain vehicles than with others. This is particularly true with acid and alkaline foods and water, especially with strains like Streptococcus bovis, Str. faecium, and Str. durans. Again, tellurite becomes more influencial with regard to old cells rather than young cells in the logarithmic phase. On the other hand, the use of thallous acetate as a concentration agent secured better results than either the tellurite or azide almost with all tested vehicles. Yet, sodium azide may be regarded as holding an intermediate position between tellurite and thallous acetate in terms of vehicles, Streptococcus species, and age of pollution. A lower number of generation resulted with all tested faecal streptococci species, using liquid media bearing more than one concentrating agent. This applied to water and milk examination.", "PMID": 107679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7805", "title": "Further studies on the competence development in exponentially growing cultures of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis, growing in Bott and Wilson's medium, develops two peaks of competence in batch cultures. The first maximum developed during the exponential growth phase and it has been studied comparatively with the competence level reached in continuous culture at Dt = 2.5 h. In both cases, 100 microgram/ml of arginine inhibited competence. Continuous cultures treated with arginine recovered competence specifically after the addition of Mn2+. In addition, a reduction in the synthesis of aconitase and fumarase was observed in the arginine-inhibited continuous cultures.", "contents": "Further studies on the competence development in exponentially growing cultures of Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis, growing in Bott and Wilson's medium, develops two peaks of competence in batch cultures. The first maximum developed during the exponential growth phase and it has been studied comparatively with the competence level reached in continuous culture at Dt = 2.5 h. In both cases, 100 microgram/ml of arginine inhibited competence. Continuous cultures treated with arginine recovered competence specifically after the addition of Mn2+. In addition, a reduction in the synthesis of aconitase and fumarase was observed in the arginine-inhibited continuous cultures.", "PMID": 107680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7806", "title": "Effect of some agents on the activity of cell-free progesterone 11 alpha-hydroxylase and 11 beta-hydroxylase from Aspergillus niger 12Y.", "content": "The effect of some agents on the activity of cell-free progesterone 11 alpha-hydroxylase and 11 beta-hydroxylase from Aspergillus niger 12Y was studied. Calcium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium sulphate, copper sulphate, and EDTA inhibited 11 alpha-hydroxylase and 11 beta-hydroxylase, while mercuric chloride inhibited only 11 alpha-hydroxylase. Inhibition of both the enzymes was also brought about by iodine, p-chloromercuribenzoate, iodoacetic acid, maleic acid, and cystine as well as potassium ferricyanide for 11 alpha-hydroxylase. Reduced glutathione and cysteine-HCl brought about activation of 11 alpha-hydroxylase and 11 beta-hydroxylase. The probability of the presence of reactive sulfhydryl groups in the active sites of both enzymes was discussed. Urea inhibited both fungal progesterone hydroxylases, probably due to enzyme protein denaturation.", "contents": "Effect of some agents on the activity of cell-free progesterone 11 alpha-hydroxylase and 11 beta-hydroxylase from Aspergillus niger 12Y. The effect of some agents on the activity of cell-free progesterone 11 alpha-hydroxylase and 11 beta-hydroxylase from Aspergillus niger 12Y was studied. Calcium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium sulphate, copper sulphate, and EDTA inhibited 11 alpha-hydroxylase and 11 beta-hydroxylase, while mercuric chloride inhibited only 11 alpha-hydroxylase. Inhibition of both the enzymes was also brought about by iodine, p-chloromercuribenzoate, iodoacetic acid, maleic acid, and cystine as well as potassium ferricyanide for 11 alpha-hydroxylase. Reduced glutathione and cysteine-HCl brought about activation of 11 alpha-hydroxylase and 11 beta-hydroxylase. The probability of the presence of reactive sulfhydryl groups in the active sites of both enzymes was discussed. Urea inhibited both fungal progesterone hydroxylases, probably due to enzyme protein denaturation.", "PMID": 107681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7807", "title": "Postnatal development of resistance against infection in an experimental model.", "content": "The postnatal development of resistance against infection was monitored by the treatment of juvenile mice with a virulent strain of Listeria monocytogenes. It could be shown that until day 10 after birth, young mice succumbed to an infection with even minimal doses of bacteria. Between day 15 and 30, the resistance against infection gradually increases until the rather constant level of grown-up animals is reached (Fig. 1). Juvenile mice that survive the primary infection are able to build up a state of immunity, which is rather similar to that of grown-up mice (Fig 3). Immunity against L. monocytogenes is mainly expressed by a functionally active T-cell system; the maturity of these cells in 15 days old mice could be demonstrated by the transfer of cells to \"nude\"-mice, which lack a thymus (Fig. 4). A significant increase of the non-specific resistance can be achieved even in 10 days old mice by the injection of adjuvants like pertussis organisms or endotoxin of Salmonella typhi some days before infection (Fig. 5, Fig. 6). Our findings suggest that a deficiency of functionally active macrophages is responsible for the insufficient resistance against infection with L. monocytogenes in young mice.", "contents": "Postnatal development of resistance against infection in an experimental model. The postnatal development of resistance against infection was monitored by the treatment of juvenile mice with a virulent strain of Listeria monocytogenes. It could be shown that until day 10 after birth, young mice succumbed to an infection with even minimal doses of bacteria. Between day 15 and 30, the resistance against infection gradually increases until the rather constant level of grown-up animals is reached (Fig. 1). Juvenile mice that survive the primary infection are able to build up a state of immunity, which is rather similar to that of grown-up mice (Fig 3). Immunity against L. monocytogenes is mainly expressed by a functionally active T-cell system; the maturity of these cells in 15 days old mice could be demonstrated by the transfer of cells to \"nude\"-mice, which lack a thymus (Fig. 4). A significant increase of the non-specific resistance can be achieved even in 10 days old mice by the injection of adjuvants like pertussis organisms or endotoxin of Salmonella typhi some days before infection (Fig. 5, Fig. 6). Our findings suggest that a deficiency of functionally active macrophages is responsible for the insufficient resistance against infection with L. monocytogenes in young mice.", "PMID": 107682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7808", "title": "[Pseudomonas aeruginosa in swimming pool waters (author's transl)].", "content": "During the year 1977 we examined 2226 samples of swimming pool waters for colony counts, Escherichia coli and coliforms according to the German standards for drinking water. In addition, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated out from 180 of those samples. This microorganism was found in 4.7% of samples from public municipal swimming pools, in 4.1% from swimming pools in schools, in 13.1% from swimming pools in hotels, boarding-houses, hydropathic establishments, sanatoria, blocks of flats and private dwellings as well as in 38% (!) from swimming pools in hospitals. P. aeruginosa could rarely be isolated together with E. coli or coliforms. However, it was often found in samples, which were faultless according to the bacteriological standards for drinking water. Its necessity as an additional important hygienic parameter will be discussed.", "contents": "[Pseudomonas aeruginosa in swimming pool waters (author's transl)]. During the year 1977 we examined 2226 samples of swimming pool waters for colony counts, Escherichia coli and coliforms according to the German standards for drinking water. In addition, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated out from 180 of those samples. This microorganism was found in 4.7% of samples from public municipal swimming pools, in 4.1% from swimming pools in schools, in 13.1% from swimming pools in hotels, boarding-houses, hydropathic establishments, sanatoria, blocks of flats and private dwellings as well as in 38% (!) from swimming pools in hospitals. P. aeruginosa could rarely be isolated together with E. coli or coliforms. However, it was often found in samples, which were faultless according to the bacteriological standards for drinking water. Its necessity as an additional important hygienic parameter will be discussed.", "PMID": 107683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7809", "title": "Pathology of brain tumors with relation to prognosis.", "content": "In a brief survey, the classification of cerebral tumours preferred at present is dealt with (WHO classification Geneva 1976) and the prognostic relation is established for the various cases. Special consideration is devoted to the questions of the conformity of the histologic picture, grading by means of microscopic examination, and the tendency of certain tumours to become malignant and their relapses. The statistical frequency of occurrence of the various kinds of tumours and their preferred localisation are also discussed.", "contents": "Pathology of brain tumors with relation to prognosis. In a brief survey, the classification of cerebral tumours preferred at present is dealt with (WHO classification Geneva 1976) and the prognostic relation is established for the various cases. Special consideration is devoted to the questions of the conformity of the histologic picture, grading by means of microscopic examination, and the tendency of certain tumours to become malignant and their relapses. The statistical frequency of occurrence of the various kinds of tumours and their preferred localisation are also discussed.", "PMID": 107684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7810", "title": "[Lactic acid bacteria and streptococci of the human stomach normally and in pathological processes].", "content": "Lactic acid bacteria were either absent or present in negligent quantities in the stomach of apparently healthy man. But in case of various pathological processes in the stomach and duodenum lactic acid bacteria accumulated (up to a million cells per 1 ml of gastric contents). Under these conditions coccal forms sharply prevailed over the bacillary ones. In patients with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer of the stomach the most frequent were Streptococcus faecalis and its variants; in oncological patients--Str. faecium, strains affiliated to Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and sometimes Str. durans.", "contents": "[Lactic acid bacteria and streptococci of the human stomach normally and in pathological processes]. Lactic acid bacteria were either absent or present in negligent quantities in the stomach of apparently healthy man. But in case of various pathological processes in the stomach and duodenum lactic acid bacteria accumulated (up to a million cells per 1 ml of gastric contents). Under these conditions coccal forms sharply prevailed over the bacillary ones. In patients with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer of the stomach the most frequent were Streptococcus faecalis and its variants; in oncological patients--Str. faecium, strains affiliated to Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and sometimes Str. durans.", "PMID": 107685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7811", "title": "The evolution of sexual reproduction as a repair mechanism. Part I. A model for self-repair and its biological implications.", "content": "The theory is presented that the sexual process is a repair mechanism which maintains redundancy within the sub-structure of hierarchical, self-reproducing organisms. In order to keep the problems within mathematically tractable limits (see Part II), a simple model is introduced: a wheel with 6 spokes, 3 of them vital and 3 redundant, symbolizes the individual (cell or organism). Random accidents destroy spokes; the wheels replicate at regular cycles and engage periodically in pairing and repair phases during which missing spokes are copy-reproduced along the intact spokes of the partner wheel. The hierarchical structure of such a system is analysed and an 'autonomous unit' is defined: this is the unit of minimal hierarchical complexity which is capable of perpetuating autonomously all higher and all lower levels of the hierarchy; this is the central unit of selection. Four basic, physical parameters are isolated which determine the essential features of any eucaryotic life cycle: 1. The number of levels of the hierarchy (unicellular, multicellular, colonial, etc.); 2. the relation between the phases of replication (asexual generations) and repair (sexual generations); 3. the duration of potential repair (haplo-diplo-phase); 4. the position of the sexual partners within the hierarchy (selfing, monecy, dioecy, reproductive individuals within colonies, etc.). The evaluation of fitness components is considered in relation to trends of reproductive patterns in evolution.", "contents": "The evolution of sexual reproduction as a repair mechanism. Part I. A model for self-repair and its biological implications. The theory is presented that the sexual process is a repair mechanism which maintains redundancy within the sub-structure of hierarchical, self-reproducing organisms. In order to keep the problems within mathematically tractable limits (see Part II), a simple model is introduced: a wheel with 6 spokes, 3 of them vital and 3 redundant, symbolizes the individual (cell or organism). Random accidents destroy spokes; the wheels replicate at regular cycles and engage periodically in pairing and repair phases during which missing spokes are copy-reproduced along the intact spokes of the partner wheel. The hierarchical structure of such a system is analysed and an 'autonomous unit' is defined: this is the unit of minimal hierarchical complexity which is capable of perpetuating autonomously all higher and all lower levels of the hierarchy; this is the central unit of selection. Four basic, physical parameters are isolated which determine the essential features of any eucaryotic life cycle: 1. The number of levels of the hierarchy (unicellular, multicellular, colonial, etc.); 2. the relation between the phases of replication (asexual generations) and repair (sexual generations); 3. the duration of potential repair (haplo-diplo-phase); 4. the position of the sexual partners within the hierarchy (selfing, monecy, dioecy, reproductive individuals within colonies, etc.). The evaluation of fitness components is considered in relation to trends of reproductive patterns in evolution.", "PMID": 107686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7812", "title": "The evolution of sexual reproduction as a repair mechanism. Part II. Mathematical treatment of the wheel model and its significance for real systems.", "content": "The dynamics of populations of self-replicating, hierarchically structured individuals, exposed to accidents which destroy their sub-units, is analyzed mathematically, specifically with regard to the roles of redundancy and sexual repair. The following points emerge from this analysis: 1. A population of individuals with redundant sub-structure has no intrinsic steady-state point; it tends to either zero or infinity depending on a critical accident rate alpha c. 2. Increased redundancy renders populations less accident prone initially, but population decline is steeper if alpha is greater than a fixed value alpha d. 3. Periodic, sexual repair at system-specific intervals prevents continuous decline and stabilizes the population insofar as it will now oscillate between two fixed population levels. 4. The stabilizing sexual interval increases with increased complexity provided this is accompanied by appropriate levels of redundancy. 5. The model closely simulates the dynamics of heterosis effects. 6. Repair fitness is a population fitness: the chance of an individual being repaired is a function of the statistical make-up of the population as a whole at the particular period. Populations living at alpha greater than alpha c either engage in sexual repair at the appropriate time or they die out. 7. The mathematical properties of the model illustrate mechanisms which possibly played a role in the evolution of a mortal soma in relation to sexual reproduction.", "contents": "The evolution of sexual reproduction as a repair mechanism. Part II. Mathematical treatment of the wheel model and its significance for real systems. The dynamics of populations of self-replicating, hierarchically structured individuals, exposed to accidents which destroy their sub-units, is analyzed mathematically, specifically with regard to the roles of redundancy and sexual repair. The following points emerge from this analysis: 1. A population of individuals with redundant sub-structure has no intrinsic steady-state point; it tends to either zero or infinity depending on a critical accident rate alpha c. 2. Increased redundancy renders populations less accident prone initially, but population decline is steeper if alpha is greater than a fixed value alpha d. 3. Periodic, sexual repair at system-specific intervals prevents continuous decline and stabilizes the population insofar as it will now oscillate between two fixed population levels. 4. The stabilizing sexual interval increases with increased complexity provided this is accompanied by appropriate levels of redundancy. 5. The model closely simulates the dynamics of heterosis effects. 6. Repair fitness is a population fitness: the chance of an individual being repaired is a function of the statistical make-up of the population as a whole at the particular period. Populations living at alpha greater than alpha c either engage in sexual repair at the appropriate time or they die out. 7. The mathematical properties of the model illustrate mechanisms which possibly played a role in the evolution of a mortal soma in relation to sexual reproduction.", "PMID": 107687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7813", "title": "Shape: its development and regulation capacity during embryogenesis.", "content": "Although several theoretical approaches consider general methods for dealing with shape, recent observations and experimental data show that embryos exhibit marked changes in the properties of the biological material involved in shape development and shape regulation capacity. In vivo experiments have shown that the amphibian embryo gradually develops from a situation in which it is not able to maintain its shape to one in which it can not only maintain its shape but also possesses a maximal tolerance towards deformation together with a maximal shape regulation capacity. So far two especially clear conclusions have emerged: (i) the form of the embryo appears to be determined by cell activities intrinsic to each stage, and (ii) the morphogenetic programme can be executed normally within wide limits notwithstanding dramatic deformations of the embryo during quite a long period. Thus the hypothesis may be advanced that shape and morphogenesis to some extent become independent phenomena during embryonic development.", "contents": "Shape: its development and regulation capacity during embryogenesis. Although several theoretical approaches consider general methods for dealing with shape, recent observations and experimental data show that embryos exhibit marked changes in the properties of the biological material involved in shape development and shape regulation capacity. In vivo experiments have shown that the amphibian embryo gradually develops from a situation in which it is not able to maintain its shape to one in which it can not only maintain its shape but also possesses a maximal tolerance towards deformation together with a maximal shape regulation capacity. So far two especially clear conclusions have emerged: (i) the form of the embryo appears to be determined by cell activities intrinsic to each stage, and (ii) the morphogenetic programme can be executed normally within wide limits notwithstanding dramatic deformations of the embryo during quite a long period. Thus the hypothesis may be advanced that shape and morphogenesis to some extent become independent phenomena during embryonic development.", "PMID": 107688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7814", "title": "Darwin's evolutionary philosophy: the laws of change.", "content": "The philosophical or metaphysical architecture of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is analyzed and discussed. It is argued that natural selection was for Darwin a paradigmatic case of a natural law of change -- an exemplar of what Ghiselin (1969) has called selective retention laws. These selective retention laws lie at the basis of Darwin's revolutionary world view. In this essay special attention is paid to the consequences for Darwin's concept of species of his selective retention laws. Although Darwin himself explicity supported a variety of nominalism, implicit in the theory of natural selection is a solution to the dispute between nominalism and realism. It is argued that, although implicit, this view plays a very important role in Darwin's theory of natural selection as the means for the origin of species. It is in the context of these selective retention laws and their philosophical implications that Darwin's method is appraised in the light of recent criticisms, and the conclusion drawn that he successfully treated some philosophical problems by approaching them through natural history. Following this an outline of natural selection theory is presented in which all these philosophical issues are highlighted.", "contents": "Darwin's evolutionary philosophy: the laws of change. The philosophical or metaphysical architecture of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is analyzed and discussed. It is argued that natural selection was for Darwin a paradigmatic case of a natural law of change -- an exemplar of what Ghiselin (1969) has called selective retention laws. These selective retention laws lie at the basis of Darwin's revolutionary world view. In this essay special attention is paid to the consequences for Darwin's concept of species of his selective retention laws. Although Darwin himself explicity supported a variety of nominalism, implicit in the theory of natural selection is a solution to the dispute between nominalism and realism. It is argued that, although implicit, this view plays a very important role in Darwin's theory of natural selection as the means for the origin of species. It is in the context of these selective retention laws and their philosophical implications that Darwin's method is appraised in the light of recent criticisms, and the conclusion drawn that he successfully treated some philosophical problems by approaching them through natural history. Following this an outline of natural selection theory is presented in which all these philosophical issues are highlighted.", "PMID": 107689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7815", "title": "Effects of steroids on Tetrahymena.", "content": "Phagocytosis of Tetrahymena is inhibited by prednisolone-sodium-succinate and deoxy-corticosterone-glucoside, and stimulated by dexamethasone and prednisolone. Dexamethasone and estradiol enter the cells and are localized first in food vacuoles, and later on in the cytosol. They were never found in the nucleus. The demonstration by biochemical methods of a specific glucocorticoid binding protein failed in all three subcellular fractions examined.", "contents": "Effects of steroids on Tetrahymena. Phagocytosis of Tetrahymena is inhibited by prednisolone-sodium-succinate and deoxy-corticosterone-glucoside, and stimulated by dexamethasone and prednisolone. Dexamethasone and estradiol enter the cells and are localized first in food vacuoles, and later on in the cytosol. They were never found in the nucleus. The demonstration by biochemical methods of a specific glucocorticoid binding protein failed in all three subcellular fractions examined.", "PMID": 107690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7816", "title": "Demonstration of triiodothyronine binding sites of Tetrahymena by a new scanning autoradiography method.", "content": "Binding of 125I-triiodothyronine to the surface of Tetrahymena was studied by scanning autoradiography. Specific binding sites were found which were confined to cilia and the mouth region. The experiments contribute new data to the phylogenesis of the membrane pattern.", "contents": "Demonstration of triiodothyronine binding sites of Tetrahymena by a new scanning autoradiography method. Binding of 125I-triiodothyronine to the surface of Tetrahymena was studied by scanning autoradiography. Specific binding sites were found which were confined to cilia and the mouth region. The experiments contribute new data to the phylogenesis of the membrane pattern.", "PMID": 107691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7817", "title": "Pituitary-thyroid function in spironolactone treated hypertensive women.", "content": "Four weeks high dose spironolactone treatment (Aldactone Searle, 100 mg q. i. d.) significantly enhanced the TSH (delta max. 8.5 +/- 4.1 vs. 4.6 +/- 3.1 microunits/ml, P less than 0.05) and T3 (delta max. 32 +/- 27 vs. 11 +/- 16 ng/100 ml, P less than 0.05) responses to an intravenous TRH/LH-RH bolus injection in 6 eumenorrhoeic euthyroid hypertensive women, without affecting basal serum TSH, T3 or T4 levels or the basal and stimulated LH, FSH and prolactin values (P greater than 0.10). The mean serum testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol levels were also similar before and during therapy. Spironolactone, possibly by virtue of its antiandrogenic action, may exert its enhancing effect on pituitary-thyroid function by modulating the levels of receptors for TRH in the thyrotrophs or by altering the T3 receptor in the pituitary permitting a greater response to TRH.", "contents": "Pituitary-thyroid function in spironolactone treated hypertensive women. Four weeks high dose spironolactone treatment (Aldactone Searle, 100 mg q. i. d.) significantly enhanced the TSH (delta max. 8.5 +/- 4.1 vs. 4.6 +/- 3.1 microunits/ml, P less than 0.05) and T3 (delta max. 32 +/- 27 vs. 11 +/- 16 ng/100 ml, P less than 0.05) responses to an intravenous TRH/LH-RH bolus injection in 6 eumenorrhoeic euthyroid hypertensive women, without affecting basal serum TSH, T3 or T4 levels or the basal and stimulated LH, FSH and prolactin values (P greater than 0.10). The mean serum testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol levels were also similar before and during therapy. Spironolactone, possibly by virtue of its antiandrogenic action, may exert its enhancing effect on pituitary-thyroid function by modulating the levels of receptors for TRH in the thyrotrophs or by altering the T3 receptor in the pituitary permitting a greater response to TRH.", "PMID": 107696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7818", "title": "Morphometric analysis of macronuclei and macronuclear fragments in autogamous cultures of Paramecium aurelia.", "content": "The general pattern of ultrastructural organization of macronuclear fragments which appear during autogamous changes of the nuclear apparatus of Paramecium aurelia is similar to that observed in undisturbed macronuclei. Morphometric analysis of electron-micrographs reveals, however, that only the nucleolar relative surface area remains unchanged in macronuclear fragments as compared with macronuclei, this suggesting the same intensivity of rRNA synthesis in them. Moreover, there exists, between the relative surface area covered by heterochromatin and the nucleoli in macronuclear fragments, an inversely proportional, statistically significant correlation, different than that calculated for macronuclei. The relative surface area of heterochromatin in macronuclear fragments is smaller than in macronuclei, what may be a sign either of enhancement of chromatin activity or of proceeding nuclear lysis.", "contents": "Morphometric analysis of macronuclei and macronuclear fragments in autogamous cultures of Paramecium aurelia. The general pattern of ultrastructural organization of macronuclear fragments which appear during autogamous changes of the nuclear apparatus of Paramecium aurelia is similar to that observed in undisturbed macronuclei. Morphometric analysis of electron-micrographs reveals, however, that only the nucleolar relative surface area remains unchanged in macronuclear fragments as compared with macronuclei, this suggesting the same intensivity of rRNA synthesis in them. Moreover, there exists, between the relative surface area covered by heterochromatin and the nucleoli in macronuclear fragments, an inversely proportional, statistically significant correlation, different than that calculated for macronuclei. The relative surface area of heterochromatin in macronuclear fragments is smaller than in macronuclei, what may be a sign either of enhancement of chromatin activity or of proceeding nuclear lysis.", "PMID": 107699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7819", "title": "[Evidence and estimation of immunoglobulins in human nasal mucosa and nasal fluid--a study towards age dependence (author's transl)].", "content": "The localization of IgA, IgG and IgM in healthy human nasal mucosa in relation to age--a fluorescence-microscopic study as well as simultaneous quantitative estimation of these immunoglobulins in nasal fluid. These investigations confirm the dominant role of IgA. The IgA concentrations decreases with age. IgG concentration is nearly independent of age. IgM scarlely existing in normal human mucosa and nasal fluid.", "contents": "[Evidence and estimation of immunoglobulins in human nasal mucosa and nasal fluid--a study towards age dependence (author's transl)]. The localization of IgA, IgG and IgM in healthy human nasal mucosa in relation to age--a fluorescence-microscopic study as well as simultaneous quantitative estimation of these immunoglobulins in nasal fluid. These investigations confirm the dominant role of IgA. The IgA concentrations decreases with age. IgG concentration is nearly independent of age. IgM scarlely existing in normal human mucosa and nasal fluid.", "PMID": 107700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7820", "title": "Validation of I.V. small-dose insulin infusion therapy in diabetic ketoacidosis of depancreatized dogs.", "content": "A validation of small-dose insulin infusion therapy was studied by the constant i.v. infusion of various doses of insulin into ketoacidotic depancreatized dogs. Constant insulin infusion of 5 x B, 10 X B, 30 X B and 50 X B (B = 225 microunit/kg/min) was performed for 3 h by mechanical pump. The following results were obtained: (1) plasma concentrations of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) increased proportionally to the dose of infused insulin, but the higher IRI did not result in a greater fall in plasma glucose concentration, correspondingly; the mean rate of fall in plasma glucose concentration of 5 x B was not significantly lower than that of 50 x B; beta-hydroxybutyrate and arterial pH improvements were observed in each group during the 3-h insulin infusion. These data suggested that for the improvement of diabetic ketoacidosis, the insulin infusion rate of more than 30 x B, which raised the plasma IRI levels above the physiological range, was not essential; (2) the necessity of potassium supplementation during the small-dose insulin infusion was suggested if the pre-treatment level of serum potassium was low. These results confirmed that in the absence of infection or severe acidosis small-dose insulin infusion therapy is as effective as the conventional large-dose insulin therapy.", "contents": "Validation of I.V. small-dose insulin infusion therapy in diabetic ketoacidosis of depancreatized dogs. A validation of small-dose insulin infusion therapy was studied by the constant i.v. infusion of various doses of insulin into ketoacidotic depancreatized dogs. Constant insulin infusion of 5 x B, 10 X B, 30 X B and 50 X B (B = 225 microunit/kg/min) was performed for 3 h by mechanical pump. The following results were obtained: (1) plasma concentrations of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) increased proportionally to the dose of infused insulin, but the higher IRI did not result in a greater fall in plasma glucose concentration, correspondingly; the mean rate of fall in plasma glucose concentration of 5 x B was not significantly lower than that of 50 x B; beta-hydroxybutyrate and arterial pH improvements were observed in each group during the 3-h insulin infusion. These data suggested that for the improvement of diabetic ketoacidosis, the insulin infusion rate of more than 30 x B, which raised the plasma IRI levels above the physiological range, was not essential; (2) the necessity of potassium supplementation during the small-dose insulin infusion was suggested if the pre-treatment level of serum potassium was low. These results confirmed that in the absence of infection or severe acidosis small-dose insulin infusion therapy is as effective as the conventional large-dose insulin therapy.", "PMID": 107695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7821", "title": "Myofibril content of histochemical fibre types in rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "A modification of the histochemical method for myosin ATPase was used to determine the myofibril complement, mean myofibril size and myofibrillar packing of defined muscle fibre types in rat skeletal muscle. Fast muscle fibres (Types IIA and IIB) were found to have smaller myofibrils and a lower packing density than slower (Type I) fibres. These findings were discussed with respect to their relevance in estimations of muscle strength from histological and histochemical preparations of muscle cross-sections.", "contents": "Myofibril content of histochemical fibre types in rat skeletal muscle. A modification of the histochemical method for myosin ATPase was used to determine the myofibril complement, mean myofibril size and myofibrillar packing of defined muscle fibre types in rat skeletal muscle. Fast muscle fibres (Types IIA and IIB) were found to have smaller myofibrils and a lower packing density than slower (Type I) fibres. These findings were discussed with respect to their relevance in estimations of muscle strength from histological and histochemical preparations of muscle cross-sections.", "PMID": 107701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7822", "title": "A protein reminiscent of the epidermal SH-protease inhibitor occurs in squamous epithelia of man and rat.", "content": "The occurence of the human and rat epidermal SH-protease inhibitors in various human and rat tissues was studied by double radial immunodiffusion against specific antisera to the inhibitors. An immunoreactive protein was found in the extracts prepared from human and rat epidermis and from eosophageal and vaginal squamous epithelia, and from rat pro-ventricular squamous epithelium. No immunoreactive protein was found in man or rat in any other of their tissues, studied by us. The results strongly suggest that a protein reminiscent of the human or rat epidermal SH-protease inhibitor is present in squamous epithelia but not in other tissues. The identity of the epidermal inhibitor and the immunoreactive protein in the other squamous epithelia was confirmed by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and gel chromatography, and by immunoinhibition of the papain inhibiting activity of the human epidermal and oesophageal inhibitors by gammaglobulins separated from antiserum to the human epidermal inhibitor.", "contents": "A protein reminiscent of the epidermal SH-protease inhibitor occurs in squamous epithelia of man and rat. The occurence of the human and rat epidermal SH-protease inhibitors in various human and rat tissues was studied by double radial immunodiffusion against specific antisera to the inhibitors. An immunoreactive protein was found in the extracts prepared from human and rat epidermis and from eosophageal and vaginal squamous epithelia, and from rat pro-ventricular squamous epithelium. No immunoreactive protein was found in man or rat in any other of their tissues, studied by us. The results strongly suggest that a protein reminiscent of the human or rat epidermal SH-protease inhibitor is present in squamous epithelia but not in other tissues. The identity of the epidermal inhibitor and the immunoreactive protein in the other squamous epithelia was confirmed by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and gel chromatography, and by immunoinhibition of the papain inhibiting activity of the human epidermal and oesophageal inhibitors by gammaglobulins separated from antiserum to the human epidermal inhibitor.", "PMID": 107702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7823", "title": "[Detection of light chains of warm-type autoantibodies in autoimmune hemolytic anemia with the aid of an autoanalyzer].", "content": "A method was evolved for detection of light chains of erythrocyte autoantibodies using a Technicon II AutoAnalyser with properly selected dilutions of bromelin and methylcellulose and anti-kappa and anti-lambda sera. It was demonstrated that the method is superior to the direct Coombs test because it made possible detection of one or both light chains in warm autoantibodies coating the erythrocytes of 20 patients with autoimmunohaemolytic anaemias in whom they could not have been detected by the manual method. It was found that in warm-type autoantibodies light chains can be detected always and that in some cases only one light chain is found.", "contents": "[Detection of light chains of warm-type autoantibodies in autoimmune hemolytic anemia with the aid of an autoanalyzer]. A method was evolved for detection of light chains of erythrocyte autoantibodies using a Technicon II AutoAnalyser with properly selected dilutions of bromelin and methylcellulose and anti-kappa and anti-lambda sera. It was demonstrated that the method is superior to the direct Coombs test because it made possible detection of one or both light chains in warm autoantibodies coating the erythrocytes of 20 patients with autoimmunohaemolytic anaemias in whom they could not have been detected by the manual method. It was found that in warm-type autoantibodies light chains can be detected always and that in some cases only one light chain is found.", "PMID": 107698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7824", "title": "Localization of the human SH-protease inhibitor in the epidermis. Immunofluorescent studies.", "content": "Human epidermis contains a low molecular weight SH-protease inhibitor (Human Epidermal Inhibitor = HEI), whose epidermal localization was performed with the indirect immunofluorescence method. The fluorescence was most intensive in the cytoplasms of epidermal cells, often occurring perinuclearly. The fluorescent material in the frozen sections was often finely granular and occasionally extended outside the cytoplasm, while the fluorescence in fixed sections was more uniform, but weaker. Stratum basale generally stained poorly or not at all, as did also stratum lucidum. Stratum corneum stained fairly intensively throughout. In addition to fixation, the outcome of staining was also affected by the thickness of the epidermis, particularly stratum corneum. The significance of this inhibitor for the differentiation of epidermal cells and the keratinization of epidermis has therefore been discussed, and the authors assume it to be of considerable significance in these processes.", "contents": "Localization of the human SH-protease inhibitor in the epidermis. Immunofluorescent studies. Human epidermis contains a low molecular weight SH-protease inhibitor (Human Epidermal Inhibitor = HEI), whose epidermal localization was performed with the indirect immunofluorescence method. The fluorescence was most intensive in the cytoplasms of epidermal cells, often occurring perinuclearly. The fluorescent material in the frozen sections was often finely granular and occasionally extended outside the cytoplasm, while the fluorescence in fixed sections was more uniform, but weaker. Stratum basale generally stained poorly or not at all, as did also stratum lucidum. Stratum corneum stained fairly intensively throughout. In addition to fixation, the outcome of staining was also affected by the thickness of the epidermis, particularly stratum corneum. The significance of this inhibitor for the differentiation of epidermal cells and the keratinization of epidermis has therefore been discussed, and the authors assume it to be of considerable significance in these processes.", "PMID": 107703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7825", "title": "Ischemia and post-ischemic regeneration of the small intestinal mucosa. An enzyme-histochemical investigation.", "content": "After ligation of the vascular arcades of the upper jejunum in rats, the ischemic damage to the intestinal mucosa and its regenerative behavior after ischemia lasting 120 minutes were investigated with histological and enzyme-histochemical methods. During the ischemic injury of the jejunal mucosa, there is rejection of hydropically swollen epithelial cells into the intestinal lumen advancing from the tip to the base of the villi without a previously detectable loss of activity of the enzymes investigated. At the end of ischemia lasting 120 minutes, there is complete destruction of the villi as well as the upper portions of the crypts. After rapid re-epithelialization of the mucosal surface by a flat epithelium, reformation of villi begins already after a 24 h period of regeneration. On the third day of regeneration, the intestinal mucosa has plump villi again. Their epithelia already show the morphological characteristics of mature enterocytes. On the other hand, enzymatic maturation of the enterocytes is only concluded between the first and second week of regeneration. An altered proliferation kinetics of the crypt epithelia due to the repair process is discussed as cause of this delayed enzymatic maturation of the enterocytes relative to the morphological differentiation. Although the intestinal mucosa has a regular villous structure again after regeneration lasting 8 days, enzyme histochemical finding in the lamina propria indicate that the process of repair is only complete here in the sixth week of regeneration.", "contents": "Ischemia and post-ischemic regeneration of the small intestinal mucosa. An enzyme-histochemical investigation. After ligation of the vascular arcades of the upper jejunum in rats, the ischemic damage to the intestinal mucosa and its regenerative behavior after ischemia lasting 120 minutes were investigated with histological and enzyme-histochemical methods. During the ischemic injury of the jejunal mucosa, there is rejection of hydropically swollen epithelial cells into the intestinal lumen advancing from the tip to the base of the villi without a previously detectable loss of activity of the enzymes investigated. At the end of ischemia lasting 120 minutes, there is complete destruction of the villi as well as the upper portions of the crypts. After rapid re-epithelialization of the mucosal surface by a flat epithelium, reformation of villi begins already after a 24 h period of regeneration. On the third day of regeneration, the intestinal mucosa has plump villi again. Their epithelia already show the morphological characteristics of mature enterocytes. On the other hand, enzymatic maturation of the enterocytes is only concluded between the first and second week of regeneration. An altered proliferation kinetics of the crypt epithelia due to the repair process is discussed as cause of this delayed enzymatic maturation of the enterocytes relative to the morphological differentiation. Although the intestinal mucosa has a regular villous structure again after regeneration lasting 8 days, enzyme histochemical finding in the lamina propria indicate that the process of repair is only complete here in the sixth week of regeneration.", "PMID": 107704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7826", "title": "The influence of glycol methacrylate (GMA) and paraffin embedding on freeze substituted and fixed tissues for enzyme histochemistry.", "content": "The influences of paraffin and GMA-embedding on acid phosphatase, esterase and beta-glucuronidase activity of differently fixed or freeze substituted rat livers were studied. 1. Embedding generally causes a reduction of the enzyme activities but improves considerably the quality of the microscopical pictures when compared with appropriate cryostat sections. Embedding therefore may serve as a very useful tool for detail studies on the cytological level. 2. The embedding media act differently on the reactive sites: a. Paraffin causes a heavy denaturation of the enzyme activity in lysosomes but preserves the activities of the ergastoplasmic (= \"microsomal\") enzymes. The degree of denaturation increases with increasing embedding temperature. b. GMA-embedding delivered opposite effects by preserving lysosomal activities and quenching endoplasmic enzymes. UV-polymerization of GMA causes a general inactivation of enzymes. 3. The histochemical reactivity of substrates such as glycogen was not influenced by the embedding. However, its most natural localization is achieved by freeze drying or isopropanol freeze substitution followed by GMA-embedding.", "contents": "The influence of glycol methacrylate (GMA) and paraffin embedding on freeze substituted and fixed tissues for enzyme histochemistry. The influences of paraffin and GMA-embedding on acid phosphatase, esterase and beta-glucuronidase activity of differently fixed or freeze substituted rat livers were studied. 1. Embedding generally causes a reduction of the enzyme activities but improves considerably the quality of the microscopical pictures when compared with appropriate cryostat sections. Embedding therefore may serve as a very useful tool for detail studies on the cytological level. 2. The embedding media act differently on the reactive sites: a. Paraffin causes a heavy denaturation of the enzyme activity in lysosomes but preserves the activities of the ergastoplasmic (= \"microsomal\") enzymes. The degree of denaturation increases with increasing embedding temperature. b. GMA-embedding delivered opposite effects by preserving lysosomal activities and quenching endoplasmic enzymes. UV-polymerization of GMA causes a general inactivation of enzymes. 3. The histochemical reactivity of substrates such as glycogen was not influenced by the embedding. However, its most natural localization is achieved by freeze drying or isopropanol freeze substitution followed by GMA-embedding.", "PMID": 107705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7827", "title": "Histochemical and chronobiological studies on uptake of L-DOPA by granulocytes--its promotion and suppression.", "content": "The uptake capacity of granulocytes for L-DOPA was investigated from the aspect of histochemistry and chronobiology. For a histochemical research, modified FALCK-HILLARP method for catecholamine, CORRODI's test for identification of L-DOPA and an electron microscopical survey of glycogen particles were carried out. For a chronobiological research, daily and seasonal changes in the uptake of L-DOPA by granulocytes were examined with blood smear method of the authors. From this experiment, following points became clear; 1. The uptake capacity of granulocytes for L-DOPA varies with a clock-time and a season judging from fluorescent intensity and tincture of granulocytes. 2. The uptake capacity of granulocytes for L-DOPA was suppressed by major tranquilizers especially haloperidol, and by lithium carbonate, while the uptake was enhanced by prednisolone, dexamethasone, MK-486, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. 3. The electron opacity of glycogen particles in granulocytes weakened significantly after the administration of L-DOPA. Isoproterenol had also a similar effect, but the effect of the former was superior to that of the latter under the authors' conditions. Haloperidol inhibited strongly the decrease of glycogen caused by L-DOPA. 4. DOPAmine was hardly uptaken by granulocytes in general. Glycogen in granulocytes did not show a marked decrease after the administration of DOPAmine. 5. From the evidence mentioned above, glycogen content in granulocytes was assumed to be closely associated with the uptake of monoamine by granulocytes.", "contents": "Histochemical and chronobiological studies on uptake of L-DOPA by granulocytes--its promotion and suppression. The uptake capacity of granulocytes for L-DOPA was investigated from the aspect of histochemistry and chronobiology. For a histochemical research, modified FALCK-HILLARP method for catecholamine, CORRODI's test for identification of L-DOPA and an electron microscopical survey of glycogen particles were carried out. For a chronobiological research, daily and seasonal changes in the uptake of L-DOPA by granulocytes were examined with blood smear method of the authors. From this experiment, following points became clear; 1. The uptake capacity of granulocytes for L-DOPA varies with a clock-time and a season judging from fluorescent intensity and tincture of granulocytes. 2. The uptake capacity of granulocytes for L-DOPA was suppressed by major tranquilizers especially haloperidol, and by lithium carbonate, while the uptake was enhanced by prednisolone, dexamethasone, MK-486, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. 3. The electron opacity of glycogen particles in granulocytes weakened significantly after the administration of L-DOPA. Isoproterenol had also a similar effect, but the effect of the former was superior to that of the latter under the authors' conditions. Haloperidol inhibited strongly the decrease of glycogen caused by L-DOPA. 4. DOPAmine was hardly uptaken by granulocytes in general. Glycogen in granulocytes did not show a marked decrease after the administration of DOPAmine. 5. From the evidence mentioned above, glycogen content in granulocytes was assumed to be closely associated with the uptake of monoamine by granulocytes.", "PMID": 107706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7828", "title": "UV versus chemical polymerization of glycol methacrylate (GMA) in enzyme histochemistry.", "content": "The influence of the mode of polymerization of GMA on the enzyme activities of differently fixed rat livers was studied. It was found that with increasing time of UV-polymerization several enzyme activities were inhibited whereas chemical polymerization was comparatively less harmful. The histochemical reactivity of substrates such as glycogen was not impaired by the mode of polymerization, which is in contrast to the increased basophilia of DNA and RNA after UV-polymerization.", "contents": "UV versus chemical polymerization of glycol methacrylate (GMA) in enzyme histochemistry. The influence of the mode of polymerization of GMA on the enzyme activities of differently fixed rat livers was studied. It was found that with increasing time of UV-polymerization several enzyme activities were inhibited whereas chemical polymerization was comparatively less harmful. The histochemical reactivity of substrates such as glycogen was not impaired by the mode of polymerization, which is in contrast to the increased basophilia of DNA and RNA after UV-polymerization.", "PMID": 107707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7829", "title": "Immunohistochemical analysis of formaldehyde- and trypsin- or pepsin-treated material.", "content": "Immunohistochemical studies of paraffin sections of formaldehyde-fixed material and formaldehyde-fixed cryostat sections treated with trypsin or other enzymes were undertaken. Formaldehyde treatment resulted mostly in partial or total loss of antigenicity, as visualized by fluorescent antibody technique in tissue sections. The digestion of sections with trypsin resulted usually in total or partial restitution of antigenicity, previously altered with formaldehyde. This effect is suggested to consist primarily in breaking formaldehyde-induced intermolecular cross-links. Restitution of antigenicity altered by formaldehyde can also be achieved on using pepsin or other proteolytic enzymes, or by some other technique. When the effect of one enzyme proves insufficient, it can readily be complemented by the action of another enzyme applied subsequently. Mild trypsin treatment preserves well the morphological structure of most tissues.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical analysis of formaldehyde- and trypsin- or pepsin-treated material. Immunohistochemical studies of paraffin sections of formaldehyde-fixed material and formaldehyde-fixed cryostat sections treated with trypsin or other enzymes were undertaken. Formaldehyde treatment resulted mostly in partial or total loss of antigenicity, as visualized by fluorescent antibody technique in tissue sections. The digestion of sections with trypsin resulted usually in total or partial restitution of antigenicity, previously altered with formaldehyde. This effect is suggested to consist primarily in breaking formaldehyde-induced intermolecular cross-links. Restitution of antigenicity altered by formaldehyde can also be achieved on using pepsin or other proteolytic enzymes, or by some other technique. When the effect of one enzyme proves insufficient, it can readily be complemented by the action of another enzyme applied subsequently. Mild trypsin treatment preserves well the morphological structure of most tissues.", "PMID": 107708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7830", "title": "Histochemical technique to detect choline-containing lipids.", "content": "An almost specific and highly sensitive technique to detect histochemically choline-containing lipids is proposed. This technique is based on the effect of Hg++ and phosphomolybdic ion on the choline, that yields insoluble complexes able to react with diphenylcarbazide producing a deep blue or violet stain. The specificity and the sensitivity of this technique was investigated on filter paper strips loaded with choline-containing lipids, choline-free lipids, steroids, vitamins, proteins or choline hydrochloride. The results show that the choline-containing substances react positively. The choline-free substances react negatively except calciferol and vitamin A that show weakly positive results. This technique used on tissue sections appears very suitable to histochemical purposes.", "contents": "Histochemical technique to detect choline-containing lipids. An almost specific and highly sensitive technique to detect histochemically choline-containing lipids is proposed. This technique is based on the effect of Hg++ and phosphomolybdic ion on the choline, that yields insoluble complexes able to react with diphenylcarbazide producing a deep blue or violet stain. The specificity and the sensitivity of this technique was investigated on filter paper strips loaded with choline-containing lipids, choline-free lipids, steroids, vitamins, proteins or choline hydrochloride. The results show that the choline-containing substances react positively. The choline-free substances react negatively except calciferol and vitamin A that show weakly positive results. This technique used on tissue sections appears very suitable to histochemical purposes.", "PMID": 107709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7831", "title": "[The participation of phenol-(DOPA-)oxidase containing cells (POZ) with the delayed hypersensitivity. (Preliminary report) (author's transl)].", "content": "With the aid of histochemical techniques phenol-(DOPA-)oxidase containing cells were detected in the skin, liver, spleen, small intestine and blood of guinea-pigs. The number of these cells is considerably increased in the connective tissue of the skin during the delayed hypersensitivity reaction which was provoked by an intracutaneous injection of cartilage antigen in guinea-pigs immunized with the same antigen.", "contents": "[The participation of phenol-(DOPA-)oxidase containing cells (POZ) with the delayed hypersensitivity. (Preliminary report) (author's transl)]. With the aid of histochemical techniques phenol-(DOPA-)oxidase containing cells were detected in the skin, liver, spleen, small intestine and blood of guinea-pigs. The number of these cells is considerably increased in the connective tissue of the skin during the delayed hypersensitivity reaction which was provoked by an intracutaneous injection of cartilage antigen in guinea-pigs immunized with the same antigen.", "PMID": 107710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7832", "title": "[Computerized scanning analyses of FITC-labelled microscopic slides (author's transl)].", "content": "FITC-labelled virus antigen was analysed in infected cells by means of scanning-fluorometry. According to the predetermined classification the values were computerized and printed out by a mosaic printer or by a coordinate-recorder as a profile graph or a perspective image. The total impression of the 3 dimensional print-out of the quantificated topographic distribution of antigen accumulations within the cells can be optimated by variation of the angle of view.", "contents": "[Computerized scanning analyses of FITC-labelled microscopic slides (author's transl)]. FITC-labelled virus antigen was analysed in infected cells by means of scanning-fluorometry. According to the predetermined classification the values were computerized and printed out by a mosaic printer or by a coordinate-recorder as a profile graph or a perspective image. The total impression of the 3 dimensional print-out of the quantificated topographic distribution of antigen accumulations within the cells can be optimated by variation of the angle of view.", "PMID": 107711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7833", "title": "Does visual deprivation in adult animals affect macromolecular metabolism in visual neurons?", "content": "Two-wave-length visible cytospectrophotometry of gallocyanin-stained sections has shown that 30-day-long visual deprivation in adult rats results in an augmentation of RNA content per cell in the neurons of all cell layers in visual cortex. Light stimulation which in normally reared rats brought about an accumulation of RNA in visual cortex neurons gave rise in light-deprived animals to a disappearance of the deprivation-induced increase of neuronal RNA content. In retina ganglion neurons, RNA content per cell was not changed after the visual deprivation as well as after the illumination of the deprived rats although in normal animals this stimulation evoked an increase of RNA content in the retina neurons. The conclusion is made about marked alterations in macromolecular metabolism induced by a long-term hypoactivity in central and peripheral visual neurons of adult animals.", "contents": "Does visual deprivation in adult animals affect macromolecular metabolism in visual neurons? Two-wave-length visible cytospectrophotometry of gallocyanin-stained sections has shown that 30-day-long visual deprivation in adult rats results in an augmentation of RNA content per cell in the neurons of all cell layers in visual cortex. Light stimulation which in normally reared rats brought about an accumulation of RNA in visual cortex neurons gave rise in light-deprived animals to a disappearance of the deprivation-induced increase of neuronal RNA content. In retina ganglion neurons, RNA content per cell was not changed after the visual deprivation as well as after the illumination of the deprived rats although in normal animals this stimulation evoked an increase of RNA content in the retina neurons. The conclusion is made about marked alterations in macromolecular metabolism induced by a long-term hypoactivity in central and peripheral visual neurons of adult animals.", "PMID": 107712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7834", "title": "Constant and flickering light stimulations produce similar effects on RNA content in visual cells.", "content": "Adult male rats were illuminated for 2 h with a constant or flickering light of 40 Lx intensity; frequency of flickering was 2 Hz. By means of two-wave-length visible cytospectrophotometry of gallocyanin-stained sections, it was shown that the light stimulation resulted in a marked RNA accumulation in retina ganglion neurons and in the neurons of all the cell layers of visual cortex (with the only exception of the layer VI). In the cells of perineuronal glia, a decrease of the RNA content per cell was found in the retina while no changes were observed in the visual cortex. Effects of constant and flickering light stimulations were qualitatively and quantitatively similar.", "contents": "Constant and flickering light stimulations produce similar effects on RNA content in visual cells. Adult male rats were illuminated for 2 h with a constant or flickering light of 40 Lx intensity; frequency of flickering was 2 Hz. By means of two-wave-length visible cytospectrophotometry of gallocyanin-stained sections, it was shown that the light stimulation resulted in a marked RNA accumulation in retina ganglion neurons and in the neurons of all the cell layers of visual cortex (with the only exception of the layer VI). In the cells of perineuronal glia, a decrease of the RNA content per cell was found in the retina while no changes were observed in the visual cortex. Effects of constant and flickering light stimulations were qualitatively and quantitatively similar.", "PMID": 107713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7835", "title": "Brain stem, cerebellum and diencephalon of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).", "content": "The gross anatomy and the internal structure of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) brain stem, cerebellum and diencephalon are described based on the observations made on the material obtained from 10 adult animals (native name: sagui). 5 brains were used for gross anatomical observations; the other 5 brains, included in toto in celloidin, were cut into serial sections, properly stained and used for comparative studies of the internal structure. Only general descriptions are given considering this part of the encephalon because, in further papers, it is intended to go on describing in details the nervous system of this small primate, very common in Brazilian jungles and easily domesticated. It shows to be a very good and inexpensive animal for neurophysiological experiments.", "contents": "Brain stem, cerebellum and diencephalon of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The gross anatomy and the internal structure of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) brain stem, cerebellum and diencephalon are described based on the observations made on the material obtained from 10 adult animals (native name: sagui). 5 brains were used for gross anatomical observations; the other 5 brains, included in toto in celloidin, were cut into serial sections, properly stained and used for comparative studies of the internal structure. Only general descriptions are given considering this part of the encephalon because, in further papers, it is intended to go on describing in details the nervous system of this small primate, very common in Brazilian jungles and easily domesticated. It shows to be a very good and inexpensive animal for neurophysiological experiments.", "PMID": 107716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7836", "title": "The brain of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).", "content": "The gross anatomy and the internal structure of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) brain are described based on the observations made on the material obtained from 10 adult animals (native name: sagui). 5 brains were used for gross anatomical observations; the other 5 brains, included in toto in celloidin, were cut into serial sections, properly stained and used for comparative studies of the internal structure. Only general descriptions are given considering the brain because, in further papers, it is intended to go on describing in details the nervous system of this small primate, very common in Brazilian jungles and easily domesticated. It shows to be a very good and inexpensive animal for neurophysiological experiments.", "contents": "The brain of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The gross anatomy and the internal structure of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) brain are described based on the observations made on the material obtained from 10 adult animals (native name: sagui). 5 brains were used for gross anatomical observations; the other 5 brains, included in toto in celloidin, were cut into serial sections, properly stained and used for comparative studies of the internal structure. Only general descriptions are given considering the brain because, in further papers, it is intended to go on describing in details the nervous system of this small primate, very common in Brazilian jungles and easily domesticated. It shows to be a very good and inexpensive animal for neurophysiological experiments.", "PMID": 107717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7837", "title": "Lysosomal hydrolases in CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The activities of acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase have been measured in 171 samples of cerebrospinal fluid from 104 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis. The mean level of activity of these enzymes was lower than of controls. Patients who had the first or second bouts had somewhat higher activity of these enzymes compared to controls. The lowest values of these enzymes were found in patients with severe disability. Patients with late onset of the disease had higher levels of the enzymes compared to patients with an earlier debut of the illness, whereas patients with a short history had higher values than patients with a longer duration.", "contents": "Lysosomal hydrolases in CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis. The activities of acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase have been measured in 171 samples of cerebrospinal fluid from 104 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis. The mean level of activity of these enzymes was lower than of controls. Patients who had the first or second bouts had somewhat higher activity of these enzymes compared to controls. The lowest values of these enzymes were found in patients with severe disability. Patients with late onset of the disease had higher levels of the enzymes compared to patients with an earlier debut of the illness, whereas patients with a short history had higher values than patients with a longer duration.", "PMID": 107718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7838", "title": "Anatomical basis of variability in injuries of the medial malleolus and the deltoid ligament. I. Anatomical studies.", "content": "An anatomical study of the medial malleolus and the deltoid ligament of the ankle on fresh and formalin preserved legs of cadavera and amputation specimens has been carried out. The anterior and posterior colliculi, and the intercollicular groove of the medial malleolus were described. The deltoid ligament was found to have two layers: the superficial, attached primarily to the anterior colliculus, consisted of the naviculotibial, calcaneotibial, and superficial talotibial ligaments; the deep layer consisted of the deep anterior and posterior talotibial ligaments and was attached primarily to the posterior colliculus and the intercollicular groove. These findings are at variance with previous descriptions of the deltoid ligament.", "contents": "Anatomical basis of variability in injuries of the medial malleolus and the deltoid ligament. I. Anatomical studies. An anatomical study of the medial malleolus and the deltoid ligament of the ankle on fresh and formalin preserved legs of cadavera and amputation specimens has been carried out. The anterior and posterior colliculi, and the intercollicular groove of the medial malleolus were described. The deltoid ligament was found to have two layers: the superficial, attached primarily to the anterior colliculus, consisted of the naviculotibial, calcaneotibial, and superficial talotibial ligaments; the deep layer consisted of the deep anterior and posterior talotibial ligaments and was attached primarily to the posterior colliculus and the intercollicular groove. These findings are at variance with previous descriptions of the deltoid ligament.", "PMID": 107719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7839", "title": "Anatomical basis of variability in injuries of the medial malleolus and the deltoid ligament. II. Clinical studies.", "content": "The anatomical concept of the deltoid ligament as being attached to the anterior colliculus of the medial malleolus by its superficial portion, and to the posterior colliculus by its deep portion has been applied to a clinical material. A number of singular and concurrent lesions of the medial malleolus and the deltoid ligament were recognized: fracture of the anterior colliculus, concurrent fracture of the anterior colliculus and rupture of the deep posterior talotibial ligament, fracture of the posterior colliculus, supracollicular fracture, rupture of the deltoid ligament, and chip fracture of the anterior colliculus. The clinical implications of these lesions are discussed.", "contents": "Anatomical basis of variability in injuries of the medial malleolus and the deltoid ligament. II. Clinical studies. The anatomical concept of the deltoid ligament as being attached to the anterior colliculus of the medial malleolus by its superficial portion, and to the posterior colliculus by its deep portion has been applied to a clinical material. A number of singular and concurrent lesions of the medial malleolus and the deltoid ligament were recognized: fracture of the anterior colliculus, concurrent fracture of the anterior colliculus and rupture of the deep posterior talotibial ligament, fracture of the posterior colliculus, supracollicular fracture, rupture of the deltoid ligament, and chip fracture of the anterior colliculus. The clinical implications of these lesions are discussed.", "PMID": 107720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7840", "title": "Haemagglutination by Staphylococcus saprophyticus and other staphylococcal species.", "content": "Staphylococcus saprophyticus was found to differ from Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus by its ability to agglutinate sheep erythrocytes. On testing 30 strains of each species, 28 strains of S. saprophyticus and one strain each of the other two species, caused agglutination. Twenty-eight of 30 strains of staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus xylosis failed to cause haemagglutination. The haemagglutinating activity of S. saprophyticus, when using a 10 per cent bacterial suspension was demonstrated in dilutions of 1:2-1:32. It was reduced twofold, at most, when exposing the bacteria to 56 degrees C for 30 minutes, while no agglutination could be demonstrated after treatment for 10 minutes at 86 degrees C. No haemagglutination could be demonstrated after treatment of the bacteria with  5 per cent solution of trypsin. Treatment of S. saprophyticus with 0.1 M EDTA did not affect the haemagglutinating activity, whereas exposure of the bacteria to 10 per cent trichloroacetic acid reduced the activity. The haemagglutination was D-mannose-resistant, and it was inhibited by homologous rabbit antiserum. The agglutinates dispersed when heated at 45-56 degrees C for 30 minutes. A few of the strains of S. saprophyticus tested also agglutinated human, bovine, and guinea pig erythrocytes.", "contents": "Haemagglutination by Staphylococcus saprophyticus and other staphylococcal species. Staphylococcus saprophyticus was found to differ from Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus by its ability to agglutinate sheep erythrocytes. On testing 30 strains of each species, 28 strains of S. saprophyticus and one strain each of the other two species, caused agglutination. Twenty-eight of 30 strains of staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus xylosis failed to cause haemagglutination. The haemagglutinating activity of S. saprophyticus, when using a 10 per cent bacterial suspension was demonstrated in dilutions of 1:2-1:32. It was reduced twofold, at most, when exposing the bacteria to 56 degrees C for 30 minutes, while no agglutination could be demonstrated after treatment for 10 minutes at 86 degrees C. No haemagglutination could be demonstrated after treatment of the bacteria with  5 per cent solution of trypsin. Treatment of S. saprophyticus with 0.1 M EDTA did not affect the haemagglutinating activity, whereas exposure of the bacteria to 10 per cent trichloroacetic acid reduced the activity. The haemagglutination was D-mannose-resistant, and it was inhibited by homologous rabbit antiserum. The agglutinates dispersed when heated at 45-56 degrees C for 30 minutes. A few of the strains of S. saprophyticus tested also agglutinated human, bovine, and guinea pig erythrocytes.", "PMID": 107721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7841", "title": "Complete and incomplete Ibc protein fraction in group B streptococci.", "content": "The Ibc protein fraction of group B streptococci was isolated from the type Ib strain H36B, the type Ic strain A909, and the type Ic strain 335, and examined against antisera by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. The fraction from the Ib strain and one of the Ic strains (A909) contained two antigens or groups of antigens, called the alpha and beta antigens, respectively. Strain 335 produced the alpha but not the beta antigen. This was also the case with three other group B isolates previously classified as type Ic. One type II and one type III strian produced both antigens. The results suggest that group B streptococci producing the Ibc fraction can be subdivided further on the basis of the antigens that are present in that fraction.", "contents": "Complete and incomplete Ibc protein fraction in group B streptococci. The Ibc protein fraction of group B streptococci was isolated from the type Ib strain H36B, the type Ic strain A909, and the type Ic strain 335, and examined against antisera by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. The fraction from the Ib strain and one of the Ic strains (A909) contained two antigens or groups of antigens, called the alpha and beta antigens, respectively. Strain 335 produced the alpha but not the beta antigen. This was also the case with three other group B isolates previously classified as type Ic. One type II and one type III strian produced both antigens. The results suggest that group B streptococci producing the Ibc fraction can be subdivided further on the basis of the antigens that are present in that fraction.", "PMID": 107722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7842", "title": "Experimental acute salpingitis in grivet monkeys provoked by Chlamydia trachomatis.", "content": "Chlamydia trachomatis is a common cause of sexually transmitted diseases. Recently it has been shown that chlamydiae are also responsible for complications to such lower genital tract infections. In this study, isolates of C. trachomatis from the fallopian tubes of patients with acute salpingitis were inoculated direct into the fallopian tubes of two, and through the cervical canal into the uterine cavity of one grivet monkey. The experimental infections resulted in a self-limited acute salpingitis in the three animals. C. trachomatis was recovered from the monkeys 2 and 3 weeks post inoculation. As found at laparotomy, the infected tubes were swollen and reddened, and there was watery exudate in the abdominal ostia. Microscopically, cellular infiltrates--mainly lymphocytes--were seen in the mucosa, muscularis and subserosa of the tubes. Serologically, a primary antibody response with an IgM to IgG conversion was found. Salpingitis did not occur in a control monkey inoculated in the tubes with a medium lacking Chlamydia. The histological changes in the fallopian tubes of the infected monkeys were reminiscent of those described as being characteristic of \"gonococcal\" salpingitis in man. The fulfilment of Koch's postulates in the animal model used adds to the earlier evidence that C. trachomatis is capable of causing acute salpingitis in humans.", "contents": "Experimental acute salpingitis in grivet monkeys provoked by Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia trachomatis is a common cause of sexually transmitted diseases. Recently it has been shown that chlamydiae are also responsible for complications to such lower genital tract infections. In this study, isolates of C. trachomatis from the fallopian tubes of patients with acute salpingitis were inoculated direct into the fallopian tubes of two, and through the cervical canal into the uterine cavity of one grivet monkey. The experimental infections resulted in a self-limited acute salpingitis in the three animals. C. trachomatis was recovered from the monkeys 2 and 3 weeks post inoculation. As found at laparotomy, the infected tubes were swollen and reddened, and there was watery exudate in the abdominal ostia. Microscopically, cellular infiltrates--mainly lymphocytes--were seen in the mucosa, muscularis and subserosa of the tubes. Serologically, a primary antibody response with an IgM to IgG conversion was found. Salpingitis did not occur in a control monkey inoculated in the tubes with a medium lacking Chlamydia. The histological changes in the fallopian tubes of the infected monkeys were reminiscent of those described as being characteristic of \"gonococcal\" salpingitis in man. The fulfilment of Koch's postulates in the animal model used adds to the earlier evidence that C. trachomatis is capable of causing acute salpingitis in humans.", "PMID": 107723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7843", "title": "Antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus in human sera from the western coast of Norway.", "content": "Sera from 341 individuals living in the distribution area of the tick Ixodes recinus were tested for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) antibodies by HAI and gel diffusion. Kaolin treatment was unreliable for the removal of non-specific HAI inhibitors. Seven sera positive after this treatment were shown to be negative after acetone extraction/flotation centrifugation. The antibody prevalence rate was 19.6%. Seventy-one % of the sera had titres greater than or equal to 40. The prevalence rate decreased with age. Some sera with low HAI titres could be confirmed by a sensitive Ouchterlony technique, while some with high titres could not, even after ten-fold concentration. Clinical information obtained retrospectively regarding patients with high antibody titres revealed some cases consistent with a TBE virus infection. Antibody prevalence rates indicate that TBE virus is more active than Uukuniemi and Kemorovo group virus in tick-infested areas. Mixed foci of these viruses have been indicated by serological findings and virus isolations.", "contents": "Antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus in human sera from the western coast of Norway. Sera from 341 individuals living in the distribution area of the tick Ixodes recinus were tested for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) antibodies by HAI and gel diffusion. Kaolin treatment was unreliable for the removal of non-specific HAI inhibitors. Seven sera positive after this treatment were shown to be negative after acetone extraction/flotation centrifugation. The antibody prevalence rate was 19.6%. Seventy-one % of the sera had titres greater than or equal to 40. The prevalence rate decreased with age. Some sera with low HAI titres could be confirmed by a sensitive Ouchterlony technique, while some with high titres could not, even after ten-fold concentration. Clinical information obtained retrospectively regarding patients with high antibody titres revealed some cases consistent with a TBE virus infection. Antibody prevalence rates indicate that TBE virus is more active than Uukuniemi and Kemorovo group virus in tick-infested areas. Mixed foci of these viruses have been indicated by serological findings and virus isolations.", "PMID": 107724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7844", "title": "Precipitation of streptococcal peptidoglycan by human sera: influence of anti-immunoglobulins.", "content": "Antibodies to streptococcal peptidoglycan (PG) were detected by gel-precipitation in 38% of sera from blood donors and in 71% of sera with a Waaler-Rose test titre of greater than or equal to 1:64. Twenty-six rheumatoid arthritis sera revealed patterns of interference with complete or partial fusion between PG and aggregated human IgG while none of the sera precipitating both these preparations showed non-interference. The reactions were interpreted as denoting interference between the PG-antibody complexes and aggregated IgG. Conversion of some non-precipitating blood donor sera to PG precipitation was obtained by addition of isolated rheumatoid factor, in itself not precipitating PG, to the sera. Thus, the high frequency of PG precipitation among rheumatoid arthritis sera could--at least in part--be attributed to the participation of anti-IgG in the reaction.", "contents": "Precipitation of streptococcal peptidoglycan by human sera: influence of anti-immunoglobulins. Antibodies to streptococcal peptidoglycan (PG) were detected by gel-precipitation in 38% of sera from blood donors and in 71% of sera with a Waaler-Rose test titre of greater than or equal to 1:64. Twenty-six rheumatoid arthritis sera revealed patterns of interference with complete or partial fusion between PG and aggregated human IgG while none of the sera precipitating both these preparations showed non-interference. The reactions were interpreted as denoting interference between the PG-antibody complexes and aggregated IgG. Conversion of some non-precipitating blood donor sera to PG precipitation was obtained by addition of isolated rheumatoid factor, in itself not precipitating PG, to the sera. Thus, the high frequency of PG precipitation among rheumatoid arthritis sera could--at least in part--be attributed to the participation of anti-IgG in the reaction.", "PMID": 107725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7845", "title": "Clinical significance of duodenal diverticula and value of hypotonic duodenography.", "content": "In 24 patients duodenal diverticula were found by means of hypotonic duodenography. Nineteen of these patients had also undergone a conventional barium examination, but with that procedure the diverticula were revealed in only 8 of them. The clinical significance of duodenal diverticula is suggested and the diagnostic value of hypotonic duodenography is emphasized.", "contents": "Clinical significance of duodenal diverticula and value of hypotonic duodenography. In 24 patients duodenal diverticula were found by means of hypotonic duodenography. Nineteen of these patients had also undergone a conventional barium examination, but with that procedure the diverticula were revealed in only 8 of them. The clinical significance of duodenal diverticula is suggested and the diagnostic value of hypotonic duodenography is emphasized.", "PMID": 107726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7846", "title": "Comparison of various radiation techniques in treatment of the breast and chest wall.", "content": "Radiation therapy will continue to play a major role in the curative management of patients with mammary carcinoma. For this reason, a comparison was made of the dose distributions and techniques used by several leading institutions in the treatment of the chest wall and internal mammary nodes. The dose distributions within the treatment volumes were similar. However, some unique differences within the treatment volume, as well as in the skin and superficial tissues were found.", "contents": "Comparison of various radiation techniques in treatment of the breast and chest wall. Radiation therapy will continue to play a major role in the curative management of patients with mammary carcinoma. For this reason, a comparison was made of the dose distributions and techniques used by several leading institutions in the treatment of the chest wall and internal mammary nodes. The dose distributions within the treatment volumes were similar. However, some unique differences within the treatment volume, as well as in the skin and superficial tissues were found.", "PMID": 107727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7847", "title": "Magnetic modification of electron beam dose distributions.", "content": "A 10 kG magnetic field has been used to modify the conventional electron beam isodose distributions. Isodose curves of modified distributions for single and multiple beams measured in a polystyrene phantom are presented. The results suggest a potential use of this technique to achieve dose distributions adjusted to the various tumor contours and corrected for heterogeneity effects.", "contents": "Magnetic modification of electron beam dose distributions. A 10 kG magnetic field has been used to modify the conventional electron beam isodose distributions. Isodose curves of modified distributions for single and multiple beams measured in a polystyrene phantom are presented. The results suggest a potential use of this technique to achieve dose distributions adjusted to the various tumor contours and corrected for heterogeneity effects.", "PMID": 107728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7848", "title": "The evolution of asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathies. A follow-up of 20 cases over periods of 3-14 years.", "content": "Twenty cases of \"asymptomatic\" monoclonal gammopathies were detected by routine electrophoresis in patient's sera or in blood donors and were followed over 3-14 years. Four cases have shown a malignant evolution-two evolved toward Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia after 3 years and two could be classified as myeloma 3 and 7 years, respectively, after detection of the monoclonal protein. The remaining cases were still \"asymptomatic\" 4 years later (7 cases), 7-9 years later (8 cases) and 14 years later (1 case). A malignant evolution occurred in approximately 20% of cases.", "contents": "The evolution of asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathies. A follow-up of 20 cases over periods of 3-14 years. Twenty cases of \"asymptomatic\" monoclonal gammopathies were detected by routine electrophoresis in patient's sera or in blood donors and were followed over 3-14 years. Four cases have shown a malignant evolution-two evolved toward Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia after 3 years and two could be classified as myeloma 3 and 7 years, respectively, after detection of the monoclonal protein. The remaining cases were still \"asymptomatic\" 4 years later (7 cases), 7-9 years later (8 cases) and 14 years later (1 case). A malignant evolution occurred in approximately 20% of cases.", "PMID": 107729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7849", "title": "Cerebral influence on postural effects of cerebellar vermal zonal lesions or eighth nerve section in monkeys.", "content": "In monkeys, cerebellar vermal cortical or fastigial nuclear lesion resulted in no significant postural asymmetry. Combined decerebration (but not bulbar pyramid section) and unilateral vermal cortical or fastigial nuclear lesion gave marked ipsilateral hyperextension and contralateral hyperflexion of limbs. Unilateral eighth nerve section resulted in only ipsilateral head tilt but combined unilateral eighth nerve section and decerebration or bilateral or contralateral cerebral cortical areas 4 and 6 lesion gave also ipsilateral flexion and contralateral extension of limbs. Cervical deafferentation or postbrachial spinal cord transection did not alter these results. This study indicates a powerful cerebral influence on postural effects of cerebellar vermal zonal lesion or eighth nerve section in monkeys. Possible mechanisms mediating these effects in monkeys as compared to cats were discussed.", "contents": "Cerebral influence on postural effects of cerebellar vermal zonal lesions or eighth nerve section in monkeys. In monkeys, cerebellar vermal cortical or fastigial nuclear lesion resulted in no significant postural asymmetry. Combined decerebration (but not bulbar pyramid section) and unilateral vermal cortical or fastigial nuclear lesion gave marked ipsilateral hyperextension and contralateral hyperflexion of limbs. Unilateral eighth nerve section resulted in only ipsilateral head tilt but combined unilateral eighth nerve section and decerebration or bilateral or contralateral cerebral cortical areas 4 and 6 lesion gave also ipsilateral flexion and contralateral extension of limbs. Cervical deafferentation or postbrachial spinal cord transection did not alter these results. This study indicates a powerful cerebral influence on postural effects of cerebellar vermal zonal lesion or eighth nerve section in monkeys. Possible mechanisms mediating these effects in monkeys as compared to cats were discussed.", "PMID": 107730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7850", "title": "Neonatal gastric volvulus.", "content": "Three infants with acute gastric volvulus occurring during the first week of life are presented, bringing the total number of cases reported in the neonatal period to nine. Abdominal radiographs and constrast studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract were nearly identical in all three infants and showed a characteristic pattern that allowed unequivocal preoperative diagnosis. It is essential that the radiologist recognize the radiographic features of acute gastric volvulus, since prompt operative intervention is mandatory to prevent late complications, which include gastric perforation and death.", "contents": "Neonatal gastric volvulus. Three infants with acute gastric volvulus occurring during the first week of life are presented, bringing the total number of cases reported in the neonatal period to nine. Abdominal radiographs and constrast studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract were nearly identical in all three infants and showed a characteristic pattern that allowed unequivocal preoperative diagnosis. It is essential that the radiologist recognize the radiographic features of acute gastric volvulus, since prompt operative intervention is mandatory to prevent late complications, which include gastric perforation and death.", "PMID": 107734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7851", "title": "Nonvisualized gallbladder by cholecystosonography.", "content": "To further define the significance of gallbladder nonvisualization by cholecystosonography, we studied follow-up data on 25 consecutive patients in whom the gallbladder could not be identified despite adequate fasting. In one patient, intravenous cholangiography demonstrated a large gallbladder but no gallstones. In the 24 cases for which a pathoanatomic diagnosis was established, all but two had diseased gallbladders with obliteration of the lumen. This 88% accuracy for positive prediction confirms results of previous sonographic studies and matches the diagnostic significance of nonvisualization at oral cholecystography. We recommend oral cholecystography for all ultrasonic nonvisualized gallbladders for greater diagnostic accuracy when surgery is contemplated.", "contents": "Nonvisualized gallbladder by cholecystosonography. To further define the significance of gallbladder nonvisualization by cholecystosonography, we studied follow-up data on 25 consecutive patients in whom the gallbladder could not be identified despite adequate fasting. In one patient, intravenous cholangiography demonstrated a large gallbladder but no gallstones. In the 24 cases for which a pathoanatomic diagnosis was established, all but two had diseased gallbladders with obliteration of the lumen. This 88% accuracy for positive prediction confirms results of previous sonographic studies and matches the diagnostic significance of nonvisualization at oral cholecystography. We recommend oral cholecystography for all ultrasonic nonvisualized gallbladders for greater diagnostic accuracy when surgery is contemplated.", "PMID": 107735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7852", "title": "Ultrasonography of biliary tract dilatation without jaundice.", "content": "The significance of intrahepatic biliary distension in the nonjaundiced patient was studied. Biochemical profiles and endoscopic and surgical findings were evaluated. Biliary tract disease was proven in 11 of 12 patients, with nine of the 11 having concurrent pancreatic disease. Ultrasound proved a more sensitive indicator of partial biliary obstruction than the serum bilirubin levels. The biliary tract of nonjaundiced patients with ultrasonographic evidence of biliary distension should be evaluated by additional studies regardless of the biochemical profile.", "contents": "Ultrasonography of biliary tract dilatation without jaundice. The significance of intrahepatic biliary distension in the nonjaundiced patient was studied. Biochemical profiles and endoscopic and surgical findings were evaluated. Biliary tract disease was proven in 11 of 12 patients, with nine of the 11 having concurrent pancreatic disease. Ultrasound proved a more sensitive indicator of partial biliary obstruction than the serum bilirubin levels. The biliary tract of nonjaundiced patients with ultrasonographic evidence of biliary distension should be evaluated by additional studies regardless of the biochemical profile.", "PMID": 107736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7853", "title": "Breast cancer missed by mammography.", "content": "Because a \"negative\" mammogram that is followed by a biopsy diagnostic of cancer is a matter of deep concern, a retrospective review was conducted of 48 such missed diagnoses at four Breast Cancer Detection Centers. The study group comprised 40,000 women participating in breast cancer screening examinations. From 3,271 biopsies during screening, 499 cancers had been found. Biopsies in the interval between screening examinations totaled 630 and yielded 48 malignancies. These 48 interval cancers were studied in an attempt to discover why they were not found on the preceding mammographic examination. Three major categories of error were disclosed and each is discussed: (1) poor radiographic technique; (2) absence of radiographic criteria of cancer; (3a) obvious oversight by the radiologist; and (3b) lack of recognition of subtle radiographic signs. This last reason is discussed in detail in the belief that better recognition of these indirect radiographic signs will lead to more accurate diagnoses, particularly in early cancers.", "contents": "Breast cancer missed by mammography. Because a \"negative\" mammogram that is followed by a biopsy diagnostic of cancer is a matter of deep concern, a retrospective review was conducted of 48 such missed diagnoses at four Breast Cancer Detection Centers. The study group comprised 40,000 women participating in breast cancer screening examinations. From 3,271 biopsies during screening, 499 cancers had been found. Biopsies in the interval between screening examinations totaled 630 and yielded 48 malignancies. These 48 interval cancers were studied in an attempt to discover why they were not found on the preceding mammographic examination. Three major categories of error were disclosed and each is discussed: (1) poor radiographic technique; (2) absence of radiographic criteria of cancer; (3a) obvious oversight by the radiologist; and (3b) lack of recognition of subtle radiographic signs. This last reason is discussed in detail in the belief that better recognition of these indirect radiographic signs will lead to more accurate diagnoses, particularly in early cancers.", "PMID": 107737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7854", "title": "Pneumocystis carinii infection of the lung: radiologic and pathologic correlation.", "content": "The incidence of Pneumocystis carinii infection of the lung was determined in 100 consecutive autopsies on patients with hematologic malignancies and in a control group of 50 patients with acute myocardial infarction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thirteen instances of infection were found in the study group and one instance in the control group. Of the 14 patients with P. carinii infection, five were classified as uncomplicated P. carinii pneumonia with typical host response and five had no evidence of any host response to the presence of the organisms. Four cases were impossible to assess because of complicating bacterial, viral, or fungal pneumonia. The five patients with the typical histologic response to the presence of P. carinii organisms all showed diffuse pulmonary densities on the chest radiographs in accordance with the classic descriptions of P. carinii pneumonia. The five without any evidence of host response to the presence of P. carinii organisms showed no evidence of parenchymal disease on chest radiographs. The finding of P. carinii organisms in the lung is not necessarily an indication of clinically significant disease and, from this study, it seems that chest radiography is of considerable importance in determining the significance of such infestation.", "contents": "Pneumocystis carinii infection of the lung: radiologic and pathologic correlation. The incidence of Pneumocystis carinii infection of the lung was determined in 100 consecutive autopsies on patients with hematologic malignancies and in a control group of 50 patients with acute myocardial infarction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thirteen instances of infection were found in the study group and one instance in the control group. Of the 14 patients with P. carinii infection, five were classified as uncomplicated P. carinii pneumonia with typical host response and five had no evidence of any host response to the presence of the organisms. Four cases were impossible to assess because of complicating bacterial, viral, or fungal pneumonia. The five patients with the typical histologic response to the presence of P. carinii organisms all showed diffuse pulmonary densities on the chest radiographs in accordance with the classic descriptions of P. carinii pneumonia. The five without any evidence of host response to the presence of P. carinii organisms showed no evidence of parenchymal disease on chest radiographs. The finding of P. carinii organisms in the lung is not necessarily an indication of clinically significant disease and, from this study, it seems that chest radiography is of considerable importance in determining the significance of such infestation.", "PMID": 107738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7855", "title": "Endometriosis: clinical and ultrasonic correlation.", "content": "Thirteen patients with surgically proven endometriosis underwent ultrasonography as part of their diagnostic evaluation. An attempt was made to assess the sonographic characteristics of endometriosis to determine if a characteristic pattern would emerge when the clinical presentations and physical findings were coupled with the ultrasonic picture. Ultrasound showed pelvic masses in all patients. Most masses appeared spherical and separate from the uterus and were cystic or predominantly cystic with scattered peripheral echoes. This retrospective study suggests a more useful role for ultrasound than previously recognized in the clinical management of patients with endometriosis.", "contents": "Endometriosis: clinical and ultrasonic correlation. Thirteen patients with surgically proven endometriosis underwent ultrasonography as part of their diagnostic evaluation. An attempt was made to assess the sonographic characteristics of endometriosis to determine if a characteristic pattern would emerge when the clinical presentations and physical findings were coupled with the ultrasonic picture. Ultrasound showed pelvic masses in all patients. Most masses appeared spherical and separate from the uterus and were cystic or predominantly cystic with scattered peripheral echoes. This retrospective study suggests a more useful role for ultrasound than previously recognized in the clinical management of patients with endometriosis.", "PMID": 107739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7856", "title": "Primary renal calculi: Anderson-Carr-Randall progression?", "content": "Although numerous reports deal with the histology of renal medullary calcification, there has been only limited application of radiographic methods for its description. From routine autopsy material, findings on 61 kidneys studied by high resolution radiography are presented and related to those of Randall (1937), Anderson (1945), Carr (1954), and others. Histologically Anderson found microscopic plaques formed from coalesced calcific \"droplets\" in the pyramids of practically all of 168 kidneys, including some very young infants. Carr, using microradiographic techniques, also found calcific deposits in nearly all of 209 kidneys from patients over 9 years of age. Anderson and Car separately concluded that the calcific deposits they demonstrated could, by migration, form the subepithelial plaques that Randall observed earlier. The present work illustrates some radiologic aspects of renal calcification which seem to support a hypothesis that primary renal calculi result, under certain circumstances, from the migration of calcific deposits from the substance to the surface of renal papillae. In order to emphasize the pathogenetic sequence of the work of the previously mentioned authors, it is proposed that the sequence of events be referred to as the Anderson-Carr-Randall morphologic progression of primary renal calculus formation. Proposals are made for additional experimental work.", "contents": "Primary renal calculi: Anderson-Carr-Randall progression? Although numerous reports deal with the histology of renal medullary calcification, there has been only limited application of radiographic methods for its description. From routine autopsy material, findings on 61 kidneys studied by high resolution radiography are presented and related to those of Randall (1937), Anderson (1945), Carr (1954), and others. Histologically Anderson found microscopic plaques formed from coalesced calcific \"droplets\" in the pyramids of practically all of 168 kidneys, including some very young infants. Carr, using microradiographic techniques, also found calcific deposits in nearly all of 209 kidneys from patients over 9 years of age. Anderson and Car separately concluded that the calcific deposits they demonstrated could, by migration, form the subepithelial plaques that Randall observed earlier. The present work illustrates some radiologic aspects of renal calcification which seem to support a hypothesis that primary renal calculi result, under certain circumstances, from the migration of calcific deposits from the substance to the surface of renal papillae. In order to emphasize the pathogenetic sequence of the work of the previously mentioned authors, it is proposed that the sequence of events be referred to as the Anderson-Carr-Randall morphologic progression of primary renal calculus formation. Proposals are made for additional experimental work.", "PMID": 107740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7857", "title": "CT evaluation of anomalies of the inferior vena cava and left renal vein.", "content": "Two patients with duplication of the inferior vena cava and two patients with a retroaortic left renal vein were examined by computed tomography (CT). The characteristic CT appearance of these two entities, as well as circumaortic left renal vein and transposition of the inferior vena cava, is discussed. A scheme by which these anomalies of the inferior vena cava and left renal vein may be distinguished from one another and from pathologic entities such as lymphadenopathy and a dilated gonadal vein is reported.", "contents": "CT evaluation of anomalies of the inferior vena cava and left renal vein. Two patients with duplication of the inferior vena cava and two patients with a retroaortic left renal vein were examined by computed tomography (CT). The characteristic CT appearance of these two entities, as well as circumaortic left renal vein and transposition of the inferior vena cava, is discussed. A scheme by which these anomalies of the inferior vena cava and left renal vein may be distinguished from one another and from pathologic entities such as lymphadenopathy and a dilated gonadal vein is reported.", "PMID": 107741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7858", "title": "Accessory renal hilus.", "content": "A defect in the renal margin secondary to extrahilar entry of renal vessels was detected at urography in three patients. Extrahilar entry of renal vessels is not uncommon and is well known to anastomists and surgeons. It has not been previously reported as a radiographic finding. In the past these marginal defects may have been assumed to be persistent fetal lobulation or scarring from previous renal infarction or pyelonephritis. Arteriography may be necessary to distinguish between these possibilities and occasionally to exclude a renal tumor or cyst.", "contents": "Accessory renal hilus. A defect in the renal margin secondary to extrahilar entry of renal vessels was detected at urography in three patients. Extrahilar entry of renal vessels is not uncommon and is well known to anastomists and surgeons. It has not been previously reported as a radiographic finding. In the past these marginal defects may have been assumed to be persistent fetal lobulation or scarring from previous renal infarction or pyelonephritis. Arteriography may be necessary to distinguish between these possibilities and occasionally to exclude a renal tumor or cyst.", "PMID": 107742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7859", "title": "Arterial impressions on the stomach.", "content": "The splenic artery frequently produces a contour defect on the posteromedial aspect of the stomach, particularly in elderly individuals. When the artery is tortuous or aneurysmal, the impression is prominent and may simulate a neoplasm. Similarly, the aorta can produce a gastric impression. Recognition of these impressions on the stomach wall avoids erroneous diagnosis and unnecessary exploratory surgery.", "contents": "Arterial impressions on the stomach. The splenic artery frequently produces a contour defect on the posteromedial aspect of the stomach, particularly in elderly individuals. When the artery is tortuous or aneurysmal, the impression is prominent and may simulate a neoplasm. Similarly, the aorta can produce a gastric impression. Recognition of these impressions on the stomach wall avoids erroneous diagnosis and unnecessary exploratory surgery.", "PMID": 107743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7860", "title": "Suprarenal aortic occlusion.", "content": "Proximal propagation of an occlusive distal aortic thrombus to the suprarenal level is rare, probably resulting from diminished renal blood flow, and is invariably accompanied by renal failure. Three similar cases of total suprarenal aortic occlusion with renal failure are presented. In each, one kidney was significantly smaller than the other, probably caused by long-standing disease. The combination of bilaterally absent or markedly decreased femoral pulses with diminished renal function or a unilateral small kidney should therefore be considered dangerous. To prevent proximal propagation of thrombosis and death from renal failure, such patients should undergo arteriography and surgical repair promptly even though their clinical symptoms might be relatively mild and stable.", "contents": "Suprarenal aortic occlusion. Proximal propagation of an occlusive distal aortic thrombus to the suprarenal level is rare, probably resulting from diminished renal blood flow, and is invariably accompanied by renal failure. Three similar cases of total suprarenal aortic occlusion with renal failure are presented. In each, one kidney was significantly smaller than the other, probably caused by long-standing disease. The combination of bilaterally absent or markedly decreased femoral pulses with diminished renal function or a unilateral small kidney should therefore be considered dangerous. To prevent proximal propagation of thrombosis and death from renal failure, such patients should undergo arteriography and surgical repair promptly even though their clinical symptoms might be relatively mild and stable.", "PMID": 107744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7861", "title": "Partial splenic embolization in the treatment of hypersplenism.", "content": "Transcatheter embolization of the spleen has been associated with serious complications, such as splenic abscess, rupture of the spleen, pneumonia, and septicemia. These complications, with their grave consequences, have prevented the use of this procedure as an alternative to operative splenectomy in selected cases. A detailed description of our method, which consists of partial splenic embolization, antibiotic prophylaxis, adequate pain control, and careful pre- and postembolization, is reported. Thirteen patients with hypersplenism were successfully treated with transcatheter partial embolization of their spleen.", "contents": "Partial splenic embolization in the treatment of hypersplenism. Transcatheter embolization of the spleen has been associated with serious complications, such as splenic abscess, rupture of the spleen, pneumonia, and septicemia. These complications, with their grave consequences, have prevented the use of this procedure as an alternative to operative splenectomy in selected cases. A detailed description of our method, which consists of partial splenic embolization, antibiotic prophylaxis, adequate pain control, and careful pre- and postembolization, is reported. Thirteen patients with hypersplenism were successfully treated with transcatheter partial embolization of their spleen.", "PMID": 107745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7862", "title": "Sinus histiocytosis: some radiologic observations.", "content": "Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy is an unusual disease characterized by prominent lymph node enlargement, especially in the cervical region. The clinical course is benign although prolonged, and no specific treatment is required. The etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. Four cases of sinus histiocytosis are reported, one in association with mediastinal lymph node enlargement and two in patients with orbital enlargement. One other patient had cervical masses. The radiologic features are reviewed to increase awareness of this entity as a cause of lymph node and orbital enlargement.", "contents": "Sinus histiocytosis: some radiologic observations. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy is an unusual disease characterized by prominent lymph node enlargement, especially in the cervical region. The clinical course is benign although prolonged, and no specific treatment is required. The etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. Four cases of sinus histiocytosis are reported, one in association with mediastinal lymph node enlargement and two in patients with orbital enlargement. One other patient had cervical masses. The radiologic features are reviewed to increase awareness of this entity as a cause of lymph node and orbital enlargement.", "PMID": 107746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7863", "title": "Modification of cyanoacrylate for therapeutic embolization: preliminary experience.", "content": "Cyanoacrylate is a satisfactory material for therapeutic embolization, but it has the disadvantage of not being radiopaque and polymerizing within 1 sec after contact with ionic materials. Its behavior was modified with varying concentrations of iophendylate and were able to satisfactorily control its polymerization from 1 to 30 sec. This control should allow penetration of arteriovenous malformations, which is necessary if cure is to result. The iophendylate adds radiopacity and seems to enhance the suspension of tentalum, another opacifying agent. Preliminary experience in dogs is encouraging, but too few humans have been treated with this method to recommend it as more than an experimental procedure at this time.", "contents": "Modification of cyanoacrylate for therapeutic embolization: preliminary experience. Cyanoacrylate is a satisfactory material for therapeutic embolization, but it has the disadvantage of not being radiopaque and polymerizing within 1 sec after contact with ionic materials. Its behavior was modified with varying concentrations of iophendylate and were able to satisfactorily control its polymerization from 1 to 30 sec. This control should allow penetration of arteriovenous malformations, which is necessary if cure is to result. The iophendylate adds radiopacity and seems to enhance the suspension of tentalum, another opacifying agent. Preliminary experience in dogs is encouraging, but too few humans have been treated with this method to recommend it as more than an experimental procedure at this time.", "PMID": 107749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7864", "title": "Proficiency examination of physicians for classifying pneumoconiosis chest films.", "content": "An examination has been developed to test the proficiency of physicians classifying chest radiographs with pneumoconiosis in accordance with the classification system promulgated by the International Labor Office in Geneva. The examination, prepared by Johns Hopkins University under contract with the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, was commissioned to identify physicians qualified to serve in national pneumoconiosis programs directed both to epidemiological research and to the compensation of coal miners and others who suffer from dust-related illness. The examination, consisting of 125 chest radiographs, includes examples of a broad range of disease extending from normal to far advanced pneumoconiosis. An examinee passes or fails by ability to classify the films, within prescribed limits, in the same manner as an expert panel of radiologists. The examination is open to radiologists, chest physicians, occupational health specialists, and other physicians interested in pneumoconiosis. By the end of 1978, the examination had been given to 202 candidates, including 116 radiologists 30 chest physicians, three candidates certified in preventive medicine, two family practitioners, and 51 others. Of the 202 candidates, 118 (58.4%) passed and 84 (41.6%) failed. Among the candidates taking the examination for the first time, 74 radiologists (63.8%) and 18 chest physicians (60%) received passing grades. Of the remainder, 21 physicians (37.5%) were successful. Early experience indicates the examination is quite successful in meeting its primary objectives, which suggests that this type of examination may be applicable in other situations to separate those who meet certain standards of performance in radiology from those who do not.", "contents": "Proficiency examination of physicians for classifying pneumoconiosis chest films. An examination has been developed to test the proficiency of physicians classifying chest radiographs with pneumoconiosis in accordance with the classification system promulgated by the International Labor Office in Geneva. The examination, prepared by Johns Hopkins University under contract with the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, was commissioned to identify physicians qualified to serve in national pneumoconiosis programs directed both to epidemiological research and to the compensation of coal miners and others who suffer from dust-related illness. The examination, consisting of 125 chest radiographs, includes examples of a broad range of disease extending from normal to far advanced pneumoconiosis. An examinee passes or fails by ability to classify the films, within prescribed limits, in the same manner as an expert panel of radiologists. The examination is open to radiologists, chest physicians, occupational health specialists, and other physicians interested in pneumoconiosis. By the end of 1978, the examination had been given to 202 candidates, including 116 radiologists 30 chest physicians, three candidates certified in preventive medicine, two family practitioners, and 51 others. Of the 202 candidates, 118 (58.4%) passed and 84 (41.6%) failed. Among the candidates taking the examination for the first time, 74 radiologists (63.8%) and 18 chest physicians (60%) received passing grades. Of the remainder, 21 physicians (37.5%) were successful. Early experience indicates the examination is quite successful in meeting its primary objectives, which suggests that this type of examination may be applicable in other situations to separate those who meet certain standards of performance in radiology from those who do not.", "PMID": 107750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7865", "title": "Adverse hemodynamic and ultrastructural changes in dog hearts subjected to protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "In the absence of thiamine deficiency, the specific effects of protein-calorie malnutrition on left ventricular (L.V.) function are unknown. Mature beagle dogs of both sexes were subjected to a hypocaloric, nitrogen-poor diet which resulted in a weight loss of approximately 40% after seven weeks. Following preparation of this nutritional model, myocardial contractility was assessed acutely by obtaining isovolumetric L.V. contractions on cardiopulmonary bypass at constant heart rate, mean aortic pressure, and at a wide range of end-diastolic volumes. These changes were compared to a matched group of animals which were normally fed. There were consistent decreases in L.V. compliance in malnourished animals compared with normals; indices of ventricular contractility per se (L.V. dp/dt, force-velocity relations, peak developed L.V. pressure) were also diminished in the experimental animals. Myocardial concentration of glycogen was diminished in malnourished compared to control animals. Light and electron microscopic examination confirmed the presence of myofibrillar atrophy in the presence of interstitial edema. These results suggest that protein-calorie malnutrition seriously interferes with normal L.V. function in the experimental animal by reducing compliance as a result of \"starvation edema,\" and by reducing myocardial contractility associated with atrophy of the myofibers.", "contents": "Adverse hemodynamic and ultrastructural changes in dog hearts subjected to protein-calorie malnutrition. In the absence of thiamine deficiency, the specific effects of protein-calorie malnutrition on left ventricular (L.V.) function are unknown. Mature beagle dogs of both sexes were subjected to a hypocaloric, nitrogen-poor diet which resulted in a weight loss of approximately 40% after seven weeks. Following preparation of this nutritional model, myocardial contractility was assessed acutely by obtaining isovolumetric L.V. contractions on cardiopulmonary bypass at constant heart rate, mean aortic pressure, and at a wide range of end-diastolic volumes. These changes were compared to a matched group of animals which were normally fed. There were consistent decreases in L.V. compliance in malnourished animals compared with normals; indices of ventricular contractility per se (L.V. dp/dt, force-velocity relations, peak developed L.V. pressure) were also diminished in the experimental animals. Myocardial concentration of glycogen was diminished in malnourished compared to control animals. Light and electron microscopic examination confirmed the presence of myofibrillar atrophy in the presence of interstitial edema. These results suggest that protein-calorie malnutrition seriously interferes with normal L.V. function in the experimental animal by reducing compliance as a result of \"starvation edema,\" and by reducing myocardial contractility associated with atrophy of the myofibers.", "PMID": 107775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7866", "title": "Medically refractory unstable angina pectoris. II. Hemodynamic and angiographic effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation.", "content": "Of 60 patients receiving intraaortic balloon counterpulsation for angina refractory to maximal medical therapy, a subgroup of 10 patients underwent left ventricular angiography both with and without counterpulsation. Severe stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery was present in all 10 patients. Counterpulsation resulted in a significant decrease in systolic and end-diastolic left ventricular pressures and no increase in cardiac index. Left ventricular diastolic and systolic volume, ejection fraction and regional contraction patterns, often abnormal, were unchanged. However, mean normalized systolic ejection rate was improved by the addition of counterpulsation. It is concluded that intraaortic balloon counterpulsation has relatively little effect on the left ventricular volume of patients with medically refractory angina pectoris. The symptomatic improvement that takes place seems to occur mainly through the effect of counterpulsation on preload and afterload.", "contents": "Medically refractory unstable angina pectoris. II. Hemodynamic and angiographic effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation. Of 60 patients receiving intraaortic balloon counterpulsation for angina refractory to maximal medical therapy, a subgroup of 10 patients underwent left ventricular angiography both with and without counterpulsation. Severe stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery was present in all 10 patients. Counterpulsation resulted in a significant decrease in systolic and end-diastolic left ventricular pressures and no increase in cardiac index. Left ventricular diastolic and systolic volume, ejection fraction and regional contraction patterns, often abnormal, were unchanged. However, mean normalized systolic ejection rate was improved by the addition of counterpulsation. It is concluded that intraaortic balloon counterpulsation has relatively little effect on the left ventricular volume of patients with medically refractory angina pectoris. The symptomatic improvement that takes place seems to occur mainly through the effect of counterpulsation on preload and afterload.", "PMID": 107779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7867", "title": "The effect of intragastric feeding with amino acids on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in the rat.", "content": "The incorporation of 14C-thymidine into DNA was measured at 4-hr intervals from 16 to 32 hr after partial hepatectomy in groups of rats. Rats forcefed solutions of amino acids or branched-chain amino acids showed a significant reduction in the DNA specific activity 24 hr after partial hepatectomy when compared to rats forced fed an equal volume of water. Intragastric feeding with ketoanalogues of the branched-chain amino acids did not alter thymidine incorporation into DNA significantly. The finding that intragastric feeding depresses DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy contrasts with our studies indicating increased synthesis of albumin in partially hepatectorized animals receiving similar feeding and indicates different control mechanisms for DNA and albumin synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of intragastric feeding with amino acids on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in the rat. The incorporation of 14C-thymidine into DNA was measured at 4-hr intervals from 16 to 32 hr after partial hepatectomy in groups of rats. Rats forcefed solutions of amino acids or branched-chain amino acids showed a significant reduction in the DNA specific activity 24 hr after partial hepatectomy when compared to rats forced fed an equal volume of water. Intragastric feeding with ketoanalogues of the branched-chain amino acids did not alter thymidine incorporation into DNA significantly. The finding that intragastric feeding depresses DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy contrasts with our studies indicating increased synthesis of albumin in partially hepatectorized animals receiving similar feeding and indicates different control mechanisms for DNA and albumin synthesis.", "PMID": 107782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7868", "title": "Clinical and biochemical characteristics associated with anthropometric nutritional categories.", "content": "Clinical nutrition status as well as selected biochemical characteristics, levels of parasitic infection and aspects of family and health history were assessed in rural EI Salvadoran children categorized as severely malnourished by anthropometric measurements. The anthropometric categories used were based on weight-for-age, weight-for-height, height-for-age, and simple mid-upper-arm circumference. Results indicated that 16 of 17 children with less than 80% of expected weight-for-height (\"wasted\") and all 17 children with arm circumference below 12.5 cm had clinically evident malnutrition. Children with less than 82.5% of expected height-for-age (\"stunted\") were more frequently anemic than controls and had a higher intestinal parasite burden, but only 3 of 23 were malnourished clinically. Sixteen of 22 children with severe weight-for-age deficit (Gomez grade III) were judged clinically malnourished, but the remaining six were underweight primarily because of short stature and did not appear malnourished clinically. The results illustrated the inability of weight-for-age classification to distinguish between acute and chronic malnutrition. The interrelationships between weight-for-height, height-for-age, and weight-for-age classification are illustrated graphically as a guide to the interpretation of these results.", "contents": "Clinical and biochemical characteristics associated with anthropometric nutritional categories. Clinical nutrition status as well as selected biochemical characteristics, levels of parasitic infection and aspects of family and health history were assessed in rural EI Salvadoran children categorized as severely malnourished by anthropometric measurements. The anthropometric categories used were based on weight-for-age, weight-for-height, height-for-age, and simple mid-upper-arm circumference. Results indicated that 16 of 17 children with less than 80% of expected weight-for-height (\"wasted\") and all 17 children with arm circumference below 12.5 cm had clinically evident malnutrition. Children with less than 82.5% of expected height-for-age (\"stunted\") were more frequently anemic than controls and had a higher intestinal parasite burden, but only 3 of 23 were malnourished clinically. Sixteen of 22 children with severe weight-for-age deficit (Gomez grade III) were judged clinically malnourished, but the remaining six were underweight primarily because of short stature and did not appear malnourished clinically. The results illustrated the inability of weight-for-age classification to distinguish between acute and chronic malnutrition. The interrelationships between weight-for-height, height-for-age, and weight-for-age classification are illustrated graphically as a guide to the interpretation of these results.", "PMID": 107783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7869", "title": "Fe(III)-EDTA complex as iron fortification. Further studies.", "content": "The data presented confirm the advantages of Fe(III)-EDTA as a salt for iron fortification. This iron compound exchanges completely with intrinsic wheat iron in the lumen of the gut. The iron absorption data from this salt tested with six different food vehicles compared with the absorption of ferrous sulfate administered with the same vehicles indicate that while the mean absorption from ferrous sulfate varies from 2 to 30% according to the food vehicle mixed with the salt, the absorption from Fe(III)-EDTA remains practically the same. Apparently, the iron absorption from Fe(III)-EDTA complex is slightly or not affected by the presence of vegetable foods or milk. All these data suggest that only a small amount of iron from this salt, about 10 mg/day, would be necessary to prevent iron deficiency anemia even in those populations relying for their subsistence on vegetable food only.", "contents": "Fe(III)-EDTA complex as iron fortification. Further studies. The data presented confirm the advantages of Fe(III)-EDTA as a salt for iron fortification. This iron compound exchanges completely with intrinsic wheat iron in the lumen of the gut. The iron absorption data from this salt tested with six different food vehicles compared with the absorption of ferrous sulfate administered with the same vehicles indicate that while the mean absorption from ferrous sulfate varies from 2 to 30% according to the food vehicle mixed with the salt, the absorption from Fe(III)-EDTA remains practically the same. Apparently, the iron absorption from Fe(III)-EDTA complex is slightly or not affected by the presence of vegetable foods or milk. All these data suggest that only a small amount of iron from this salt, about 10 mg/day, would be necessary to prevent iron deficiency anemia even in those populations relying for their subsistence on vegetable food only.", "PMID": 107784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7870", "title": "The relationship of growth failure (chronic undernutrition) to the prevalence of clinically severe protein-energy malnutrition and to growth retardation in protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "A total of 72 of 276 children from a rural Mexican village were chronically undernourished as judged by their growth failure between 6 and 36 months of age. Fourteen of the 72 and five of the remaining 204 children developed clinically severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) as judged by clinical signs other than weight or length. This amounted to an 8-fold higher prevalence of  PEM in the group of children with growth failure. When children were grouped into quartiles of length at 6 months by sex, quartile was not related to the subsequent occurrence of PEM or to the age when PEM developed. However, analysis indicated that the growth of children with PEM and growth failure had slowed relative to their quartiles before PEM developed; they were also retarded according to the Harvard standards. The children with PEM were then compared to others with a similar growth history (growth failure, no growth failure) who never developed PEM. PEM children did not differ significantly in over weight or length and displayed a significant difference in upper arm muscle circumference at only one age. The 14 with growth failure and PEM had poorer overall growth, including arm muscle circumference, than the five with PEM and no growth failure.", "contents": "The relationship of growth failure (chronic undernutrition) to the prevalence of clinically severe protein-energy malnutrition and to growth retardation in protein-energy malnutrition. A total of 72 of 276 children from a rural Mexican village were chronically undernourished as judged by their growth failure between 6 and 36 months of age. Fourteen of the 72 and five of the remaining 204 children developed clinically severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) as judged by clinical signs other than weight or length. This amounted to an 8-fold higher prevalence of  PEM in the group of children with growth failure. When children were grouped into quartiles of length at 6 months by sex, quartile was not related to the subsequent occurrence of PEM or to the age when PEM developed. However, analysis indicated that the growth of children with PEM and growth failure had slowed relative to their quartiles before PEM developed; they were also retarded according to the Harvard standards. The children with PEM were then compared to others with a similar growth history (growth failure, no growth failure) who never developed PEM. PEM children did not differ significantly in over weight or length and displayed a significant difference in upper arm muscle circumference at only one age. The 14 with growth failure and PEM had poorer overall growth, including arm muscle circumference, than the five with PEM and no growth failure.", "PMID": 107786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7871", "title": "Nasogastric hyperalimentation through a polyethylene catheter: an alternative to central venous hyperalimentation.", "content": "We performed nasogastric hyperalimentation with polyethylene catheters and appropriate feeding solutions in 12 cachectic patients who had been referred as candidates for central venous hyperalimentation. Most patients had primary gastrointestinal disease. The duration of hyperalimentation averaged 31 days. Seven patients obtained rapid weight gain (average 0.3 kg/day) with the nasogastric hyperalimentation alone. An additional two were successfully repleted with the addition of parenteral fluids via peripheral veins. In the nine repleted patients, serum albumin rose by average 19%, 24-hr urine creatinine by average 21%, and triceps skinfold by average 46%. The nature of the weight gain in the nine successful cases was analyzed by the metabolic balance study technique. Average composition of the increment in weight was: 50% protoplasm, 48% extracellular fluid, 19% adipose tissue, and less than 1% bone. We conclude that nasogastric hyperalimentation can replace central venous hyperalimentation in a substantial proportion of patients now receiving the latter type of treatment.", "contents": "Nasogastric hyperalimentation through a polyethylene catheter: an alternative to central venous hyperalimentation. We performed nasogastric hyperalimentation with polyethylene catheters and appropriate feeding solutions in 12 cachectic patients who had been referred as candidates for central venous hyperalimentation. Most patients had primary gastrointestinal disease. The duration of hyperalimentation averaged 31 days. Seven patients obtained rapid weight gain (average 0.3 kg/day) with the nasogastric hyperalimentation alone. An additional two were successfully repleted with the addition of parenteral fluids via peripheral veins. In the nine repleted patients, serum albumin rose by average 19%, 24-hr urine creatinine by average 21%, and triceps skinfold by average 46%. The nature of the weight gain in the nine successful cases was analyzed by the metabolic balance study technique. Average composition of the increment in weight was: 50% protoplasm, 48% extracellular fluid, 19% adipose tissue, and less than 1% bone. We conclude that nasogastric hyperalimentation can replace central venous hyperalimentation in a substantial proportion of patients now receiving the latter type of treatment.", "PMID": 107789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7872", "title": "Effect of an episode of severe malnutrition and age on lactose absorption by recovered infants and children.", "content": "The degree of which the ability to absorb lactose can be regained after recovery from an acute episode of severe malnutrition is in doubt. Lactase activity was indirectly assessed by means of a standard lactose tolerance test (2 g lactose per kilogram of body weight) in 71 Peruvian Mestizo infants and children (age 5 to 55 months) who had suffered such an episode. All were studied just before discharge after several months of hospital rehabilitation, during which linear growth and weight gain had accelerated and signs of significant malabsorption of other nutrients had disappeared. Only 39% of the total group had a positive test (delta blood glucose greater than 25 mg/dl); there was a decreasing proportion of positive responders with increasing age. No difference in response attributable to type or severity of malnutrition was found. Comparison of the present data with previous data from children in the same community who had never been acutely malnourished suggests that acute malnutrition may hasten the permanent decline of lactase activity normally expected later in life.", "contents": "Effect of an episode of severe malnutrition and age on lactose absorption by recovered infants and children. The degree of which the ability to absorb lactose can be regained after recovery from an acute episode of severe malnutrition is in doubt. Lactase activity was indirectly assessed by means of a standard lactose tolerance test (2 g lactose per kilogram of body weight) in 71 Peruvian Mestizo infants and children (age 5 to 55 months) who had suffered such an episode. All were studied just before discharge after several months of hospital rehabilitation, during which linear growth and weight gain had accelerated and signs of significant malabsorption of other nutrients had disappeared. Only 39% of the total group had a positive test (delta blood glucose greater than 25 mg/dl); there was a decreasing proportion of positive responders with increasing age. No difference in response attributable to type or severity of malnutrition was found. Comparison of the present data with previous data from children in the same community who had never been acutely malnourished suggests that acute malnutrition may hasten the permanent decline of lactase activity normally expected later in life.", "PMID": 107790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7873", "title": "The measurement of antibodies to extractable nuclear antigen.", "content": "By the use of a combination of Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and hemagglutination, it was found that 30 of 81 sera (37%) from patients who had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had antibodies to the ribonucleoprotein component of extractable nuclear antigen, and 37 (46%) had antibody to the Sm antigen. Immunodiffusion was more sensitive for detection of anti-ribonucleoprotein, while hemagglutination detected more anti-Sm. Both technics are necessary to define qualitatively the types of antibodies present in SLE sera.", "contents": "The measurement of antibodies to extractable nuclear antigen. By the use of a combination of Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and hemagglutination, it was found that 30 of 81 sera (37%) from patients who had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had antibodies to the ribonucleoprotein component of extractable nuclear antigen, and 37 (46%) had antibody to the Sm antigen. Immunodiffusion was more sensitive for detection of anti-ribonucleoprotein, while hemagglutination detected more anti-Sm. Both technics are necessary to define qualitatively the types of antibodies present in SLE sera.", "PMID": 107791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7874", "title": "Low-dose intravenous insulin in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "Continuous slow intravenous infusion of insulin was used in 52 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. No complications of therapy, ie, hypoglycemia, induced hypokalemia, insulin resistance, or cerebral edema, were encountered. Potassium phosphate was given to 47 of the 52 patients. Sodium bicarbonate was administered to only one patient. The hyperglycemia frequently resolved more rapidly than the systemic acidosis; this was managed by adding glucose to the intravenous fluids when the blood sugar concentration decreased to approximately 250 mg/dL; insulin infusion, however, was continued until the acidosis was corrected (venous standard bicarbonate greater than 14 mEq/L). We have found this method of treatment to be safe and simple to administer, and we believe it is the preferred treatment of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis.", "contents": "Low-dose intravenous insulin in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Continuous slow intravenous infusion of insulin was used in 52 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. No complications of therapy, ie, hypoglycemia, induced hypokalemia, insulin resistance, or cerebral edema, were encountered. Potassium phosphate was given to 47 of the 52 patients. Sodium bicarbonate was administered to only one patient. The hyperglycemia frequently resolved more rapidly than the systemic acidosis; this was managed by adding glucose to the intravenous fluids when the blood sugar concentration decreased to approximately 250 mg/dL; insulin infusion, however, was continued until the acidosis was corrected (venous standard bicarbonate greater than 14 mEq/L). We have found this method of treatment to be safe and simple to administer, and we believe it is the preferred treatment of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 107793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7875", "title": "Detection of hunter heterozygotes by enzymatic analysis of hair roots.", "content": "We have developed a procedure for testing iduronate sulfatase, the enzyme deficient in Hunter syndrome, in single hair roots. Beta-Hexosaminidase was used as the reference enzyme. The ratio of iduronate sulfatase to beta--hexosaminidase, expressed in arbitrary units of activity, is near zero for Hunter patients and greater than 0.6 in almost all roots of normal individuals. Hair roots of Hunter heterozygotes show a characteristic continuum of activity ratios, ranging from totally deficient up to and including the normal range. The results are consistent with the origin of hair roots from a small number of progenitor cells which obey the Lyon hypothesis. The proportion of roots with low activity can be used to discriminate between normal and heterozygous individuals.", "contents": "Detection of hunter heterozygotes by enzymatic analysis of hair roots. We have developed a procedure for testing iduronate sulfatase, the enzyme deficient in Hunter syndrome, in single hair roots. Beta-Hexosaminidase was used as the reference enzyme. The ratio of iduronate sulfatase to beta--hexosaminidase, expressed in arbitrary units of activity, is near zero for Hunter patients and greater than 0.6 in almost all roots of normal individuals. Hair roots of Hunter heterozygotes show a characteristic continuum of activity ratios, ranging from totally deficient up to and including the normal range. The results are consistent with the origin of hair roots from a small number of progenitor cells which obey the Lyon hypothesis. The proportion of roots with low activity can be used to discriminate between normal and heterozygous individuals.", "PMID": 107796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7876", "title": "Visual compatibility of 30 additives with a parenteral nutrient solution.", "content": "The visual compatibility of 30 drug additives with total parenteral nutrient (TPN) solutions (4.25% amino acids, 25% dextrose injection) was studied. For each drug additive, three TPN solutions were mixed; two were stored for 22 hours at 4 C then allowed to equilibrate to room temperature for two hours. Two 25-ml samples from each TPN solution were examined immediately or after 25 hours for visual appearance, particulate matter levels and pH. A microscope was used to count and measure particles filtered from samples on a 0.8-micrometer filter. Only the TPN solutions containing amphotericin B showed any visual discoloration or precipitation. All amphotericin B samples and the 25-hour ampicillin sodium samples exceeded USP particulate matter specifications. Individual particulate matter levels of the other TPN solutions varied but met USP specifications. With the exception of tetracycline hydrochloride, which dropped the TPN solution's pH 0.9 units, the additives had little effect on pH of the TPN solutions (pH 6.45). Amphotericin B and ampicillin sodium were considered visually incompatible with TPN solutions. All other drug additives tested were visually compatible with TPN solutions.", "contents": "Visual compatibility of 30 additives with a parenteral nutrient solution. The visual compatibility of 30 drug additives with total parenteral nutrient (TPN) solutions (4.25% amino acids, 25% dextrose injection) was studied. For each drug additive, three TPN solutions were mixed; two were stored for 22 hours at 4 C then allowed to equilibrate to room temperature for two hours. Two 25-ml samples from each TPN solution were examined immediately or after 25 hours for visual appearance, particulate matter levels and pH. A microscope was used to count and measure particles filtered from samples on a 0.8-micrometer filter. Only the TPN solutions containing amphotericin B showed any visual discoloration or precipitation. All amphotericin B samples and the 25-hour ampicillin sodium samples exceeded USP particulate matter specifications. Individual particulate matter levels of the other TPN solutions varied but met USP specifications. With the exception of tetracycline hydrochloride, which dropped the TPN solution's pH 0.9 units, the additives had little effect on pH of the TPN solutions (pH 6.45). Amphotericin B and ampicillin sodium were considered visually incompatible with TPN solutions. All other drug additives tested were visually compatible with TPN solutions.", "PMID": 107797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7877", "title": "Identification of multiple antibodies: a case study.", "content": "A 55-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with a hemoglobin of 8.5 gm/dl. Two units of blood were ordered. The patient's antibody screening was positive in albumin and antiglobulin phases, and crossmatches were incompatible in those same phases. An antibody identification panel was performed and nine of ten cells were positive. The multiple antibodies were identified by special antigen typing of the patient's cells, heat absorptions of the patient's serum with special cells, and tests of the patient's serum against a selected cell panel.", "contents": "Identification of multiple antibodies: a case study. A 55-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with a hemoglobin of 8.5 gm/dl. Two units of blood were ordered. The patient's antibody screening was positive in albumin and antiglobulin phases, and crossmatches were incompatible in those same phases. An antibody identification panel was performed and nine of ten cells were positive. The multiple antibodies were identified by special antigen typing of the patient's cells, heat absorptions of the patient's serum with special cells, and tests of the patient's serum against a selected cell panel.", "PMID": 107800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7878", "title": "Bacteriology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Suboptimal survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a nonbuffered transport system.", "content": "In our earlier study, Neisseria gonorrhoeae was infrequently isolated while Bacteroides fragilis was totally absent from cul-de-sac aspirates of patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Twenty additional women were studied to further elucidate the bacteriology of this disease. Recovery rate of N. gonorrhoeae from cul-de-sac aspirates collected in selective transport medium (Transgrow) was 25 per cent among patients with gonococcal PID, compared to only 8 per cent when specimens were collected in a nonselective transport system (Anaport). In vitro studies confirmed a detrimental effect of the Anaport for survival of N. gonorrhoeae during transport. This suboptimal survival was primarily related to low pH of the transport system under prereduced conditions, and could be corrected when pH of the transport vial was preadjusted and maintained between 6 and 7. B. fragilis was again absent from the cul-de-sac in all patients, while streptococci, peptococci, and peptostreptococci remained the most predominant isolates. These data may explain the empiric observations that penicillin and tetracycline are effective in most cases of acute PID.", "contents": "Bacteriology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Suboptimal survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a nonbuffered transport system. In our earlier study, Neisseria gonorrhoeae was infrequently isolated while Bacteroides fragilis was totally absent from cul-de-sac aspirates of patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Twenty additional women were studied to further elucidate the bacteriology of this disease. Recovery rate of N. gonorrhoeae from cul-de-sac aspirates collected in selective transport medium (Transgrow) was 25 per cent among patients with gonococcal PID, compared to only 8 per cent when specimens were collected in a nonselective transport system (Anaport). In vitro studies confirmed a detrimental effect of the Anaport for survival of N. gonorrhoeae during transport. This suboptimal survival was primarily related to low pH of the transport system under prereduced conditions, and could be corrected when pH of the transport vial was preadjusted and maintained between 6 and 7. B. fragilis was again absent from the cul-de-sac in all patients, while streptococci, peptococci, and peptostreptococci remained the most predominant isolates. These data may explain the empiric observations that penicillin and tetracycline are effective in most cases of acute PID.", "PMID": 107802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7879", "title": "Significance of phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid in complicated pregnancies.", "content": "In normal pregnancy lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios correlate with gestational age. In complicated pregnancies biochemical maturation of fetal lung may be accelerated or delayed, depending upon maternal, fetal, or placental conditions. Surfactant contains other phospholipids besides lecithin, including phosphatidylglycerol (PG), the second major component of mature surfactant. Ninety phospholipid patterns in amniotic fluid were studied by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. In uncomplicated pregnancies PG was absent until 37 weeks' gestation, then increased there after. In complicated pregnancies (pre-eclampsia, diabetes Classes D, F, and R, premature rupture of membranes) PG was identified before 35 (as early as 29 weeks' gestation. These results verify accelerated lung maturation in certain complicated pregnancies. No newborn infant developed respiratory distress syndrome in the presence of PG.", "contents": "Significance of phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid in complicated pregnancies. In normal pregnancy lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios correlate with gestational age. In complicated pregnancies biochemical maturation of fetal lung may be accelerated or delayed, depending upon maternal, fetal, or placental conditions. Surfactant contains other phospholipids besides lecithin, including phosphatidylglycerol (PG), the second major component of mature surfactant. Ninety phospholipid patterns in amniotic fluid were studied by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. In uncomplicated pregnancies PG was absent until 37 weeks' gestation, then increased there after. In complicated pregnancies (pre-eclampsia, diabetes Classes D, F, and R, premature rupture of membranes) PG was identified before 35 (as early as 29 weeks' gestation. These results verify accelerated lung maturation in certain complicated pregnancies. No newborn infant developed respiratory distress syndrome in the presence of PG.", "PMID": 107803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7880", "title": "Terminal course of nerve supply to M\u00fcller's muscle in the rhesus monkey and its clinical significance.", "content": "Electron microscopic, histochemical fluorescence, and pharmacologic evidence suggested that, in the rhesus monkey, M\u00fcller's muscle was not totally denervated either by cutting the levator palpebrae superioris muscle or by a Fasanella-Servat procedure. We examined the terminal course of the sympathetic nerve supply and the potential for preserving M\u00fcller's muscle in blepharoptosis surgery.", "contents": "Terminal course of nerve supply to M\u00fcller's muscle in the rhesus monkey and its clinical significance. Electron microscopic, histochemical fluorescence, and pharmacologic evidence suggested that, in the rhesus monkey, M\u00fcller's muscle was not totally denervated either by cutting the levator palpebrae superioris muscle or by a Fasanella-Servat procedure. We examined the terminal course of the sympathetic nerve supply and the potential for preserving M\u00fcller's muscle in blepharoptosis surgery.", "PMID": 107804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7881", "title": "Pseudomonas orbital cellulitis.", "content": "A 3-month-old infant being treated for bronchitis developed a rapid onset but otherwise typical orbital cellulitis. Because gram-negative infections and septicemia are common occurrences in the newborn nursery, this patient was given systemic gentamicin and ampicillin. Sinus x-rays were not attempted. Two days after treatment the eyelids were opened. A strikingly large corneal ulcer with perforated globe and endophthalmitis was found. Pseudomonas aeroginosa was cultured from the blood, conjunctiva, and throat. A diagnosis of Pseudomonas orbital cellulitis with secondary corneal perforation and endophthalmitis was made. The source of infection was believed to be the respiratory tract.", "contents": "Pseudomonas orbital cellulitis. A 3-month-old infant being treated for bronchitis developed a rapid onset but otherwise typical orbital cellulitis. Because gram-negative infections and septicemia are common occurrences in the newborn nursery, this patient was given systemic gentamicin and ampicillin. Sinus x-rays were not attempted. Two days after treatment the eyelids were opened. A strikingly large corneal ulcer with perforated globe and endophthalmitis was found. Pseudomonas aeroginosa was cultured from the blood, conjunctiva, and throat. A diagnosis of Pseudomonas orbital cellulitis with secondary corneal perforation and endophthalmitis was made. The source of infection was believed to be the respiratory tract.", "PMID": 107805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7882", "title": "Optic chiasmatic glioma in children.", "content": "We reviewed the records of 29 patients with optic nerve or chiasm glioma, or both, seen from 1955 to 1966. Sixteen patients were girls and 13 were boys. At the time of diagnosis, 14 patients were less than 2 years old. Optic atrophy was the most frequently seen physical finding, present in 26 of 29 patients. Twelve patients had diencephalic syndrome (41%). Proptosis was seen in eight. Eleven patients (38%) had associated neurofibromatosis. Pneumoencaphalogram was done on 26 patients and was abnormal in 23. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgery in 27 patients. All tumors were astrocytomas. Eighteen patients underwent radiotherapy. Surgery and radiotherapy were used as treatment for optic-chiasmatic glioma with diencephalic syndrome.", "contents": "Optic chiasmatic glioma in children. We reviewed the records of 29 patients with optic nerve or chiasm glioma, or both, seen from 1955 to 1966. Sixteen patients were girls and 13 were boys. At the time of diagnosis, 14 patients were less than 2 years old. Optic atrophy was the most frequently seen physical finding, present in 26 of 29 patients. Twelve patients had diencephalic syndrome (41%). Proptosis was seen in eight. Eleven patients (38%) had associated neurofibromatosis. Pneumoencaphalogram was done on 26 patients and was abnormal in 23. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgery in 27 patients. All tumors were astrocytomas. Eighteen patients underwent radiotherapy. Surgery and radiotherapy were used as treatment for optic-chiasmatic glioma with diencephalic syndrome.", "PMID": 107806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7883", "title": "Experimental and postexperimental effects of posteriorly directed extraoral traction in adult Macaca fascicularis.", "content": "The experimental, postexperimental, and postretention effects of continuous high-pull headgear force application to the maxilla were evaluated in four adult, nongrowing Macaca fascicularis monkeys. Force was applied at 450 grams per side to face-bows attached to cast maxillary splints with an implanted occipital plug for anchorage. The active experimental phase lasted from 84 days to 205 days, and its effects were documented histologically, cephalometrically, and with dry skull preparations. Postexperimental, retention, and postretention responses were documented cephalometrically. The findings of the present investigation lead to the following conclusions: 1. The termination active sutural growth is of little significance to the remodeling potential of the sutural articulations and the morphologic adaptability of the facial skeletal complex. 2. The length of time necessary for resorptive remodeling of the sutural bony projections is partially responsible for the slower rate of detectable skeletal movement in adult animals. 3. The sutural ligament in adult animals is initially less responsive to the effects of extraoral force application, possibly because of a diminished level of cellular activity at older ages. 4. Increases in age do not appear to affect the osteogenic potential of the periosteal envelope. 5. Retention aids in establishing a maintainable equilibrium following experimentally induced sutural and skeletal remodeling, but it is of little importance in maintaining the altered position of the denition. 6. The amount of postexperimental skeletal reorientation following force application to the maxilla may be related to the force level and the duration of force.", "contents": "Experimental and postexperimental effects of posteriorly directed extraoral traction in adult Macaca fascicularis. The experimental, postexperimental, and postretention effects of continuous high-pull headgear force application to the maxilla were evaluated in four adult, nongrowing Macaca fascicularis monkeys. Force was applied at 450 grams per side to face-bows attached to cast maxillary splints with an implanted occipital plug for anchorage. The active experimental phase lasted from 84 days to 205 days, and its effects were documented histologically, cephalometrically, and with dry skull preparations. Postexperimental, retention, and postretention responses were documented cephalometrically. The findings of the present investigation lead to the following conclusions: 1. The termination active sutural growth is of little significance to the remodeling potential of the sutural articulations and the morphologic adaptability of the facial skeletal complex. 2. The length of time necessary for resorptive remodeling of the sutural bony projections is partially responsible for the slower rate of detectable skeletal movement in adult animals. 3. The sutural ligament in adult animals is initially less responsive to the effects of extraoral force application, possibly because of a diminished level of cellular activity at older ages. 4. Increases in age do not appear to affect the osteogenic potential of the periosteal envelope. 5. Retention aids in establishing a maintainable equilibrium following experimentally induced sutural and skeletal remodeling, but it is of little importance in maintaining the altered position of the denition. 6. The amount of postexperimental skeletal reorientation following force application to the maxilla may be related to the force level and the duration of force.", "PMID": 107807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7884", "title": "Experimental and postexperimental response to anteriorly directed extraoral force in young Macaca nemestrina.", "content": "An anteriorly directed extraoral force was applied to the maxillas of four healthy young M. nemestrina monkeys. Experimental, retention, and postretention alterations were evaluated through a combination of cephalometric, histologic, and gross techniques. In view of the results of the present study, the following conclusions can be made: 1. Skeletal remodeling occurs in all circummaxillary sutures following the application of an anteriorly directed extraoral force to the maxilla. The amount of remodeling appears to be proportional to a suture's distance from and orientation to the applied force system. 2. The maxillary complex exhibited a marked anterior positioning with a small amount of counterclockwise rotation during the experimental period. 3. The application of an extraoral force to the maxilia produces compensatory deposition and resorption of bone, not only at the sutural margins but also at the external surface of the bones themselves. 4. It is possible that the experimental appliance transmits its effect to the facial bones adjacent to the maxilla through an alteration in the skull's periosteal envelope. 5. A substantial reorientation of the maxillary complex occurs following the termination of active force, and the degree of relapse or reorientation is directly proportional to the length of stabilization. 6. The dentition, through the periodontal ligament, undergoes approximately four times as much relapse as do the facial bones through their sutural articulations, following a minimal period of stabilization. 7. Extraoral forces applied to the craniofacial complex are transmitted through the maxilla and related midfacial bones, resulting in changes in such deep cranial structures as the cartilaginous synchondroses of the sphenoid bone. 8. Anterior displacement of the maxilla by extraoral traction appears to have a minimal effect on the mandible and the temporomandibular joint. 9. The number of sinusoidal vessels in the sutural ligament tends to increase in those sutures subjected to a tensional force.", "contents": "Experimental and postexperimental response to anteriorly directed extraoral force in young Macaca nemestrina. An anteriorly directed extraoral force was applied to the maxillas of four healthy young M. nemestrina monkeys. Experimental, retention, and postretention alterations were evaluated through a combination of cephalometric, histologic, and gross techniques. In view of the results of the present study, the following conclusions can be made: 1. Skeletal remodeling occurs in all circummaxillary sutures following the application of an anteriorly directed extraoral force to the maxilla. The amount of remodeling appears to be proportional to a suture's distance from and orientation to the applied force system. 2. The maxillary complex exhibited a marked anterior positioning with a small amount of counterclockwise rotation during the experimental period. 3. The application of an extraoral force to the maxilia produces compensatory deposition and resorption of bone, not only at the sutural margins but also at the external surface of the bones themselves. 4. It is possible that the experimental appliance transmits its effect to the facial bones adjacent to the maxilla through an alteration in the skull's periosteal envelope. 5. A substantial reorientation of the maxillary complex occurs following the termination of active force, and the degree of relapse or reorientation is directly proportional to the length of stabilization. 6. The dentition, through the periodontal ligament, undergoes approximately four times as much relapse as do the facial bones through their sutural articulations, following a minimal period of stabilization. 7. Extraoral forces applied to the craniofacial complex are transmitted through the maxilla and related midfacial bones, resulting in changes in such deep cranial structures as the cartilaginous synchondroses of the sphenoid bone. 8. Anterior displacement of the maxilla by extraoral traction appears to have a minimal effect on the mandible and the temporomandibular joint. 9. The number of sinusoidal vessels in the sutural ligament tends to increase in those sutures subjected to a tensional force.", "PMID": 107808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7885", "title": "Possible roles for microtubules and microfilaments in ADH action on toad urinary bladder.", "content": "Intramembranous particle aggregates in the luminal membrane of toad bladder granular cells after vasopressin stimulation have been found to correlate closely and specifically with induced alterations of water permeability. Roles for microtubules and microfilaments in mediating the latter response have been proposed on the basis of studies involving colchicine and cytochalasin B, respectively. In the present investigation the effects of these agents on both initiating and sustaining vasopressin-induced osmotic water flow and the particle aggregation phenomenon were studied. The results indicate that during initiation the aggregation and water flow responses to vasopressin are each colchicine- and cytochalasin B-sensitive and that these sensitivities can be wholly additive. However, after full vasopressin stimulation is established, the same responses demonstrate sensitivity only to cytochalasin B, not to colchicine. The findings, therefore, suggest that microtubules and microfilaments may be independently necessary for the initiation of the aggregation and water flow responses to vasopressin, and that microfilaments, but not microtubules, are required for their maintenance.", "contents": "Possible roles for microtubules and microfilaments in ADH action on toad urinary bladder. Intramembranous particle aggregates in the luminal membrane of toad bladder granular cells after vasopressin stimulation have been found to correlate closely and specifically with induced alterations of water permeability. Roles for microtubules and microfilaments in mediating the latter response have been proposed on the basis of studies involving colchicine and cytochalasin B, respectively. In the present investigation the effects of these agents on both initiating and sustaining vasopressin-induced osmotic water flow and the particle aggregation phenomenon were studied. The results indicate that during initiation the aggregation and water flow responses to vasopressin are each colchicine- and cytochalasin B-sensitive and that these sensitivities can be wholly additive. However, after full vasopressin stimulation is established, the same responses demonstrate sensitivity only to cytochalasin B, not to colchicine. The findings, therefore, suggest that microtubules and microfilaments may be independently necessary for the initiation of the aggregation and water flow responses to vasopressin, and that microfilaments, but not microtubules, are required for their maintenance.", "PMID": 107810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7886", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase-dependent bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat proximal tubule.", "content": "The extent to which bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat proximal convoluted tubule depends on carbonic anhydrase has been examined by in vivo microperfusion and the measurement of total CO2 concentration by microcalorimetry. Tubules were perfused with an ultrafiltrate-like solution at 13 nl/min, and volume reabsorptive rate (JV) was measured using [14C]inulin. Addition of either 800 or 100 microM acetazolamide to the perfusion solution completely inhibited the reabsorption of total CO2. The control total CO2 reabsorptive rate (JtCO2) was 147 +/- 23 pmol/mm.min, and acetazolamide reduced JtCO2 to -3 +/- 5 pmol/mm.min. Acetazolamide reduced JV by 65% from a control of 2.3 +/- 0.4 to 0.8 +/- 0.1 nl/mm.min. The dose-response curve for acetazolamide showed that the I50 for inhibition of JtCO2 was 4 microM. The inactive congener of acetazolamide, t-butyl acetazolamide, did not reduce JV or inhibit bicarbonate reabsorption, indicating that the effect of acetazolamide on JtCO2 was specific for carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Since bicarbonate reabsorption was completely blocked by carbonic anhydrase inhibition, there is no need to postulate either carbonic acid recycling or carbonic anhydrase-independent bicarbonate reabsorption.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase-dependent bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat proximal tubule. The extent to which bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat proximal convoluted tubule depends on carbonic anhydrase has been examined by in vivo microperfusion and the measurement of total CO2 concentration by microcalorimetry. Tubules were perfused with an ultrafiltrate-like solution at 13 nl/min, and volume reabsorptive rate (JV) was measured using [14C]inulin. Addition of either 800 or 100 microM acetazolamide to the perfusion solution completely inhibited the reabsorption of total CO2. The control total CO2 reabsorptive rate (JtCO2) was 147 +/- 23 pmol/mm.min, and acetazolamide reduced JtCO2 to -3 +/- 5 pmol/mm.min. Acetazolamide reduced JV by 65% from a control of 2.3 +/- 0.4 to 0.8 +/- 0.1 nl/mm.min. The dose-response curve for acetazolamide showed that the I50 for inhibition of JtCO2 was 4 microM. The inactive congener of acetazolamide, t-butyl acetazolamide, did not reduce JV or inhibit bicarbonate reabsorption, indicating that the effect of acetazolamide on JtCO2 was specific for carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Since bicarbonate reabsorption was completely blocked by carbonic anhydrase inhibition, there is no need to postulate either carbonic acid recycling or carbonic anhydrase-independent bicarbonate reabsorption.", "PMID": 107811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7887", "title": "Decreased renal blood flow in the baboon during mild dynamic leg exercise.", "content": "Twelve chair-restrained baboons (Papio cynocephalus) were conditioned with operant techniques and a food reward to perform 4 min of dynamic leg exercise. During the last minute of exercise, blood flow through the left renal artery, measured by an electromagnetic flow transducer, was decreased 19 +/- 2% SEM with respect to the minute of rest preceding the exercise. This response occurred within 1.5 min, was maintained throughout the exercise, and recovered to control within 2 min. Mean arterial blood pressure rose 17 +/- 2%; renal vascular resistance, 46 +/- 6%; heart rate, 42 +/- 4%; and whole-body oxygen consumption, 233 +/- 19%. Behavioral situations simulating the arousal and feeding components of the exercise task, but not requiring muscular exertion, did not alter renal blood flow. In four animals, blood flow to the contralateral but surgically denervated kidney was measured; it increased transiently at the onset of exercise, but returned to control by the last minute of work. Thus, the baboon, like man, shows a decrease in renal blood flow during exercise. This response has a rapid onset and recovery and is primarily neurally mediated.", "contents": "Decreased renal blood flow in the baboon during mild dynamic leg exercise. Twelve chair-restrained baboons (Papio cynocephalus) were conditioned with operant techniques and a food reward to perform 4 min of dynamic leg exercise. During the last minute of exercise, blood flow through the left renal artery, measured by an electromagnetic flow transducer, was decreased 19 +/- 2% SEM with respect to the minute of rest preceding the exercise. This response occurred within 1.5 min, was maintained throughout the exercise, and recovered to control within 2 min. Mean arterial blood pressure rose 17 +/- 2%; renal vascular resistance, 46 +/- 6%; heart rate, 42 +/- 4%; and whole-body oxygen consumption, 233 +/- 19%. Behavioral situations simulating the arousal and feeding components of the exercise task, but not requiring muscular exertion, did not alter renal blood flow. In four animals, blood flow to the contralateral but surgically denervated kidney was measured; it increased transiently at the onset of exercise, but returned to control by the last minute of work. Thus, the baboon, like man, shows a decrease in renal blood flow during exercise. This response has a rapid onset and recovery and is primarily neurally mediated.", "PMID": 107812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7888", "title": "Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis interactions with pineal gland in the rat.", "content": "We examined in the rat several possible relationships between the pineal gland and the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. The pineal gland, the retina, and the hypothalamus exhibited a diurnal rhythm in thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) content with peak values occurring around 1200 h. This rhythm in the hypothalamus was abolished by constant light but was not affected by pinealectomy. Nor did pinealectomy affect hypothalamic TRH content, pituitary content of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or prolactin; serum levels of (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), or thyroxine (T4), or serum free-thyroxine index; or free-triiodothyronine index. Melatonin did not affect TSH or prolactin release from the anterior pituitary or TRH release from the hypothalamus in vitro. Isoproterenol did not affect the TRH content of pineal glands in vitro; nor did TRH or T3 affect basal or stimulated activities of serotonin N-acetyltransferase, the presumed controlling enzyme in melatonin production. We found no evidence for significant interactions between the pineal gland and the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis.", "contents": "Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis interactions with pineal gland in the rat. We examined in the rat several possible relationships between the pineal gland and the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. The pineal gland, the retina, and the hypothalamus exhibited a diurnal rhythm in thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) content with peak values occurring around 1200 h. This rhythm in the hypothalamus was abolished by constant light but was not affected by pinealectomy. Nor did pinealectomy affect hypothalamic TRH content, pituitary content of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or prolactin; serum levels of (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), or thyroxine (T4), or serum free-thyroxine index; or free-triiodothyronine index. Melatonin did not affect TSH or prolactin release from the anterior pituitary or TRH release from the hypothalamus in vitro. Isoproterenol did not affect the TRH content of pineal glands in vitro; nor did TRH or T3 affect basal or stimulated activities of serotonin N-acetyltransferase, the presumed controlling enzyme in melatonin production. We found no evidence for significant interactions between the pineal gland and the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis.", "PMID": 107814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7889", "title": "Effects of electrochemical gradients on active sodium transport in toad urinary bladder.", "content": "To determine the concentration dependence of active sodium transport in toad urinary bladder, bidirectional fluxes of sodium were measured at three mucosal sodium concentrations (Cm) (114, 27, and 3 mM), before and after addition of sufficient ouabain to eliminate active transport. The results permit estimation of E, the electromotive force of the sodium pump, and its conductance, ga. E averaged 137 mV and was unaffected by depolarization or by reduction of Cm; ga fell by only 40%, suggesting that a Cm of 3 mM was still above the half-maximal value for the sodium pump. However, net open-circuit transport was estimated to become zero at Cm = 6 mM, owing to backflux through the shunt path, which did not vary with Cm. The flux ratio in the active path exhibited the type of abnormality first described as \"single-file pore diffusion,\" which is attributed to relatively tight coupling between transport and metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of electrochemical gradients on active sodium transport in toad urinary bladder. To determine the concentration dependence of active sodium transport in toad urinary bladder, bidirectional fluxes of sodium were measured at three mucosal sodium concentrations (Cm) (114, 27, and 3 mM), before and after addition of sufficient ouabain to eliminate active transport. The results permit estimation of E, the electromotive force of the sodium pump, and its conductance, ga. E averaged 137 mV and was unaffected by depolarization or by reduction of Cm; ga fell by only 40%, suggesting that a Cm of 3 mM was still above the half-maximal value for the sodium pump. However, net open-circuit transport was estimated to become zero at Cm = 6 mM, owing to backflux through the shunt path, which did not vary with Cm. The flux ratio in the active path exhibited the type of abnormality first described as \"single-file pore diffusion,\" which is attributed to relatively tight coupling between transport and metabolism.", "PMID": 107815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7890", "title": "Seasonal changes in malnutrition and diarrheal disease among preschool children in El Salvador.", "content": "The nutritional status of preschool children in a rural El Salvadoran population was assessed quarterly for 1 year using height, weight and arm circumference measurements in order to define seasonal changes in malnutrition. Seasonal patterns in the incidence of reported malnutrition and diarrheal disease from the local clinic serving the study population and on the national level for EL Salvador were also assessed and were compared with field measurements. Results indicated a similar seasonal increase in both measured malnutrition and in the reported incidence of malnutrition and diarrheal disease occurring at the onset of the rainy season. The results confirm the existence and indicate the magnitude of seasonal changes in malnutrition and diarrheal disease in a preschool population.", "contents": "Seasonal changes in malnutrition and diarrheal disease among preschool children in El Salvador. The nutritional status of preschool children in a rural El Salvadoran population was assessed quarterly for 1 year using height, weight and arm circumference measurements in order to define seasonal changes in malnutrition. Seasonal patterns in the incidence of reported malnutrition and diarrheal disease from the local clinic serving the study population and on the national level for EL Salvador were also assessed and were compared with field measurements. Results indicated a similar seasonal increase in both measured malnutrition and in the reported incidence of malnutrition and diarrheal disease occurring at the onset of the rainy season. The results confirm the existence and indicate the magnitude of seasonal changes in malnutrition and diarrheal disease in a preschool population.", "PMID": 107816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7891", "title": "Cost of snail control.", "content": "In the last 10 years, there has been general agreement that niclosamide (bayluscide) is the preferred molluscicide for control of the snails transmitting Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. This chemical has been widely tested in pilot projects and is in use in expanded control projects in Brazil, Puerto Rico, Egypt, Iran, and other countries. A comparison of the results from six pilot projects in these countries was analyzed with particular attention to the costs of the programs, since the benefits were fairly similar in terms of rapid snail control. It was shown that costs were generally related to simple geographic parameters such as volume of snail habitat and distance between habitats. The annual costs in 1972 prices ranged from a minimum of US $1 per 100 m3 of snail habitat treated for dry regions with large irrigation systems, to a maximum of US $40 per 100 m3 treated in areas of high rainfall with only a few scattered, natural waterbodies. Use of the reported data for estimating the cost of current programs was demonstrated by projecting costs for Puerto Rico and the Sudan in 1978 prices.", "contents": "Cost of snail control. In the last 10 years, there has been general agreement that niclosamide (bayluscide) is the preferred molluscicide for control of the snails transmitting Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. This chemical has been widely tested in pilot projects and is in use in expanded control projects in Brazil, Puerto Rico, Egypt, Iran, and other countries. A comparison of the results from six pilot projects in these countries was analyzed with particular attention to the costs of the programs, since the benefits were fairly similar in terms of rapid snail control. It was shown that costs were generally related to simple geographic parameters such as volume of snail habitat and distance between habitats. The annual costs in 1972 prices ranged from a minimum of US $1 per 100 m3 of snail habitat treated for dry regions with large irrigation systems, to a maximum of US $40 per 100 m3 treated in areas of high rainfall with only a few scattered, natural waterbodies. Use of the reported data for estimating the cost of current programs was demonstrated by projecting costs for Puerto Rico and the Sudan in 1978 prices.", "PMID": 107817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7892", "title": "Experimental transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti to monkeys.", "content": "Infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti from laboratory-raised Culex pipiens fatigans and Aedes togoi mosquitoes fed on human volunteers in Jakarta, Indonesia (J strain) and Kinmen Island, China (K strain) were introduced into Taiwan monkeys (Macaca cyclopis) by subcutaneous inoculation, by foot puncture, or by permitting infected mosquitoes to feed weekly on the monkeys. Some animals were splenectomized and others were treated with varying regimens of immunosuppressants. Necropsy was done on monkeys that died or were killed and the entire bodies were examined for worms. A total of 78 monkeys (43 males and 35 females) were exposed to infection and parasites were found in 29% of the females and 63% of males. In infections of 38 days or less worms were recovered from the testes of males and the pelt, carcass and lymph nodes of both sexes, but after 42 days of infection most worms were in the testes of males, and a few were recovered from lymph nodes and carcasses of females. Worms recovered at 8-11 days were third-stage, those found between 14 and 38 days fourth-stage, and ones found between 42 and 103 days were young adults. After 148 days most were adults and microfilariae were seen in the uteri of female worms at 160 days and later. The parasites continued to grow in size with time. Microfilariae were detected in the blood of nine monkeys between 8 and 18 months and the patent period varied from 5-21 months. Microfilarial densities were low and erratic, and periodicity could not be determined. The effectiveness of methods of administering infections and the value of various treatment regimens seem uncertain; monkey antilymphocytic sera, however, appeared to have some influence. Parasites were found in 36% of the Taiwan monkeys given the J strain and 54% of those given the K strain. A limited number of M. mulatta (3), M.irus (fascicularis) (3) and Aotus trivirgatus (4) were also given infective larvae and adult W. bancrofti were recovered from the testes of one male M. mulatta and one male M. irus; uterine microfilariae were found in one female worm from the latter monkey. A. trivirgatus were negative. Low numbers of infective larvae recovered from mosquitoes fed on patent monkeys were introduced intermittently into seven clean monkeys and one became microfilaremic between 11 and 17 months postinoculation.", "contents": "Experimental transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti to monkeys. Infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti from laboratory-raised Culex pipiens fatigans and Aedes togoi mosquitoes fed on human volunteers in Jakarta, Indonesia (J strain) and Kinmen Island, China (K strain) were introduced into Taiwan monkeys (Macaca cyclopis) by subcutaneous inoculation, by foot puncture, or by permitting infected mosquitoes to feed weekly on the monkeys. Some animals were splenectomized and others were treated with varying regimens of immunosuppressants. Necropsy was done on monkeys that died or were killed and the entire bodies were examined for worms. A total of 78 monkeys (43 males and 35 females) were exposed to infection and parasites were found in 29% of the females and 63% of males. In infections of 38 days or less worms were recovered from the testes of males and the pelt, carcass and lymph nodes of both sexes, but after 42 days of infection most worms were in the testes of males, and a few were recovered from lymph nodes and carcasses of females. Worms recovered at 8-11 days were third-stage, those found between 14 and 38 days fourth-stage, and ones found between 42 and 103 days were young adults. After 148 days most were adults and microfilariae were seen in the uteri of female worms at 160 days and later. The parasites continued to grow in size with time. Microfilariae were detected in the blood of nine monkeys between 8 and 18 months and the patent period varied from 5-21 months. Microfilarial densities were low and erratic, and periodicity could not be determined. The effectiveness of methods of administering infections and the value of various treatment regimens seem uncertain; monkey antilymphocytic sera, however, appeared to have some influence. Parasites were found in 36% of the Taiwan monkeys given the J strain and 54% of those given the K strain. A limited number of M. mulatta (3), M.irus (fascicularis) (3) and Aotus trivirgatus (4) were also given infective larvae and adult W. bancrofti were recovered from the testes of one male M. mulatta and one male M. irus; uterine microfilariae were found in one female worm from the latter monkey. A. trivirgatus were negative. Low numbers of infective larvae recovered from mosquitoes fed on patent monkeys were introduced intermittently into seven clean monkeys and one became microfilaremic between 11 and 17 months postinoculation.", "PMID": 107818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7893", "title": "Serological differences between acute and chronic schistosomiasis mansoni detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).", "content": "Sera from patients with acute and chronic schistosomiasis mansoni, and from laboratory-infected monkeys, were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique using antigens prepared from eggs, cercariae, and adult worms. Sera from patients with acute schistosomiasis and from monkeys 2 months post-infection reacted more positively to cercarial antigen than to adult worm antigen whereas sera from both patients with chronic schistosomiasis and monkeys infected for longer than 4 months reacted more positively to adult worm antigen. These differential responses to antigen serologically differentiated between acute and chronic schistosome infections.", "contents": "Serological differences between acute and chronic schistosomiasis mansoni detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera from patients with acute and chronic schistosomiasis mansoni, and from laboratory-infected monkeys, were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique using antigens prepared from eggs, cercariae, and adult worms. Sera from patients with acute schistosomiasis and from monkeys 2 months post-infection reacted more positively to cercarial antigen than to adult worm antigen whereas sera from both patients with chronic schistosomiasis and monkeys infected for longer than 4 months reacted more positively to adult worm antigen. These differential responses to antigen serologically differentiated between acute and chronic schistosome infections.", "PMID": 107819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7894", "title": "The association of neurofibromatosis and hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Two patients with coexisting neurofibromatosis and hyperparathyroidism are described, bringing the total number of such cases in the world literature to seven. Other more classic examples of the association of tumorous conditions of neuroectodermal and entodermal origin are discussed to support the suggestion that the association of these two diseases may be another variant of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2b). It may be clinically profitable to investigate all patients with either disease in order to uncover their coexistence.", "contents": "The association of neurofibromatosis and hyperparathyroidism. Two patients with coexisting neurofibromatosis and hyperparathyroidism are described, bringing the total number of such cases in the world literature to seven. Other more classic examples of the association of tumorous conditions of neuroectodermal and entodermal origin are discussed to support the suggestion that the association of these two diseases may be another variant of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2b). It may be clinically profitable to investigate all patients with either disease in order to uncover their coexistence.", "PMID": 107820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7895", "title": "[Taste buds in the epithelium of the plica sublingualis of New World monkeys (author's transl)].", "content": "The Plica sublingualis of new world monkeys was studied microscopically. In Ateles there are approximately 1700 taste buds in the epithelium of the Plica sublingualis, they are fewer in number in Alouatta, Lagothrix, Aotus and are absent in Saimiri and Cebus. The taste buds are situated consistently at the tip of the Plica sublingualis and near the orifices of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. From this topographical coincidence it is inferred that the function of the taste buds at the Plica sublingualis might permit a comparison between the fresh saliva with the general saliva in the cavum oris along a gradient.", "contents": "[Taste buds in the epithelium of the plica sublingualis of New World monkeys (author's transl)]. The Plica sublingualis of new world monkeys was studied microscopically. In Ateles there are approximately 1700 taste buds in the epithelium of the Plica sublingualis, they are fewer in number in Alouatta, Lagothrix, Aotus and are absent in Saimiri and Cebus. The taste buds are situated consistently at the tip of the Plica sublingualis and near the orifices of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. From this topographical coincidence it is inferred that the function of the taste buds at the Plica sublingualis might permit a comparison between the fresh saliva with the general saliva in the cavum oris along a gradient.", "PMID": 107830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7896", "title": "Studies on allergenic algae of Delhi area: botanical aspects.", "content": "To study distribution of algae in and around Delhi aerobiological surveys were undertaken for two consecutive years (September, 1972, to August, 1974). The surveys were accomplished by (a) slide exposure method and (b) culture plate exposure method. A total of 850 slides were exposed using Durham's gravity sampling device. Of these, 560 slides were exposed during 1973 (272 slides at two meter and 288 at ten meter height) and the rest (290 slides) were exposed during 1974 at ten meter height. A total of 858 culture plates were exposed (276 for one hour and 282 for two hours) during 1973 and the rest (300 culture plates) were exposed during 1974 at ten meter height for two hours duration only. Air was found to be rich in algae flora during the months of September to November. The dominant forms of algae present were all blue greens. This might be due to the relative greater resistance of blue green algae to unfavorable conditions.", "contents": "Studies on allergenic algae of Delhi area: botanical aspects. To study distribution of algae in and around Delhi aerobiological surveys were undertaken for two consecutive years (September, 1972, to August, 1974). The surveys were accomplished by (a) slide exposure method and (b) culture plate exposure method. A total of 850 slides were exposed using Durham's gravity sampling device. Of these, 560 slides were exposed during 1973 (272 slides at two meter and 288 at ten meter height) and the rest (290 slides) were exposed during 1974 at ten meter height. A total of 858 culture plates were exposed (276 for one hour and 282 for two hours) during 1973 and the rest (300 culture plates) were exposed during 1974 at ten meter height for two hours duration only. Air was found to be rich in algae flora during the months of September to November. The dominant forms of algae present were all blue greens. This might be due to the relative greater resistance of blue green algae to unfavorable conditions.", "PMID": 107835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7897", "title": "[Comparison of two methods of antibiotic sensitivity test: gel diffusion and automatic method using ABAC apparatus. II. Study on 399 strains isolated in hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors compared for routine use, the results obtained on 399 strains of Gram negative bacilli by two technics of antibiotic sensitivity: the technic of gel diffusion with imprenated discs and an automatic method (ABAC apparatus). Among the antibiotics used as a routine in our laboratory by the diffusion method and the 16 studied with the ABAC apparatus, 11 are common to both methods and were compared. The concordance of the results was greater than 90% for colistine (94.5%), oxolinic acid (93.5%), tobramycin (91.7%). It lies between 80 and 90% in the case of carbenicillin (89.1%), nalidixic acid (87.5%), kanamycin (87.2%). It is less in the case of gentamicin (77.9%), ampicillin (77.3%, chloramphenicol (76%), streptomycin (70.3%), minocycline with 55.9% gave the lowest results. The percentage of uninterpretable responses by ABAC was 0.7% for all 11 antibiotics. The correlations were good for the Enterobacteriaceae: Serratia (75.4%), Eschericia coli (87.5%). They are less in the case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (71.6%). The ABAC makes sensitivity test automatic and appears a reliable method.", "contents": "[Comparison of two methods of antibiotic sensitivity test: gel diffusion and automatic method using ABAC apparatus. II. Study on 399 strains isolated in hospital (author's transl)]. The authors compared for routine use, the results obtained on 399 strains of Gram negative bacilli by two technics of antibiotic sensitivity: the technic of gel diffusion with imprenated discs and an automatic method (ABAC apparatus). Among the antibiotics used as a routine in our laboratory by the diffusion method and the 16 studied with the ABAC apparatus, 11 are common to both methods and were compared. The concordance of the results was greater than 90% for colistine (94.5%), oxolinic acid (93.5%), tobramycin (91.7%). It lies between 80 and 90% in the case of carbenicillin (89.1%), nalidixic acid (87.5%), kanamycin (87.2%). It is less in the case of gentamicin (77.9%), ampicillin (77.3%, chloramphenicol (76%), streptomycin (70.3%), minocycline with 55.9% gave the lowest results. The percentage of uninterpretable responses by ABAC was 0.7% for all 11 antibiotics. The correlations were good for the Enterobacteriaceae: Serratia (75.4%), Eschericia coli (87.5%). They are less in the case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (71.6%). The ABAC makes sensitivity test automatic and appears a reliable method.", "PMID": 107836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7898", "title": "Growth hormone releasing activity of small peptides: effect of pyroglutamyl-seryl-glycinamide and thyrotropin releasing hormone on rat pituitaries.", "content": "Growth hormone (GH) releasing activity of pyroglutamyl-seryl-glycinamide (PSG) and of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was assayed on rat pituitaries in vitro, by radioimmunoassay of the GH released into the incubation media. TRH was found to be a partial agonist, producing maximal effects (at ca. 600 ng/ml) that were below the maximum response of the system to hypothalamic extract. The responses to a higher TRH concentration (1500 ng/ml) were smaller than that obtained at 600 ng/ml. PSG also behaved as a partial agonist producing maximum response at 150 ng/ml. The results are discussed in relation to possible structural similarities between the physiological GHRF and the tripeptides TRH, PSG and MIF (MSH release inhibiting hormone).", "contents": "Growth hormone releasing activity of small peptides: effect of pyroglutamyl-seryl-glycinamide and thyrotropin releasing hormone on rat pituitaries. Growth hormone (GH) releasing activity of pyroglutamyl-seryl-glycinamide (PSG) and of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was assayed on rat pituitaries in vitro, by radioimmunoassay of the GH released into the incubation media. TRH was found to be a partial agonist, producing maximal effects (at ca. 600 ng/ml) that were below the maximum response of the system to hypothalamic extract. The responses to a higher TRH concentration (1500 ng/ml) were smaller than that obtained at 600 ng/ml. PSG also behaved as a partial agonist producing maximum response at 150 ng/ml. The results are discussed in relation to possible structural similarities between the physiological GHRF and the tripeptides TRH, PSG and MIF (MSH release inhibiting hormone).", "PMID": 107838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7899", "title": "Aromatic substrate specificity of browning by cultures of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium.", "content": "When the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium is grown on supplemented Mueller-Hinton agar, brown pigmentation of the medium occurs. Since this browning may result from tyrosinase-mediated formation of melanin, we supplemented yeast-extract agar with various aromatic precursors of melanin and inoculated it with eight strains of the LD bacterium. Browning occurred with growth of each LD strain of the bacterium on yeast-extract agar enriched with 2.5 mmol/L of L-phenylalanine or L-tyrosine but not without such enrichment. Equimolar D-phenylalanine or D-tryosine in yeast-extract agar did not enhance browning. The LD bacterium may possess L-phenylalanine hydroxylase activity, but it does not use D-aromatic amino acids effectively in pigment production.", "contents": "Aromatic substrate specificity of browning by cultures of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium. When the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium is grown on supplemented Mueller-Hinton agar, brown pigmentation of the medium occurs. Since this browning may result from tyrosinase-mediated formation of melanin, we supplemented yeast-extract agar with various aromatic precursors of melanin and inoculated it with eight strains of the LD bacterium. Browning occurred with growth of each LD strain of the bacterium on yeast-extract agar enriched with 2.5 mmol/L of L-phenylalanine or L-tyrosine but not without such enrichment. Equimolar D-phenylalanine or D-tryosine in yeast-extract agar did not enhance browning. The LD bacterium may possess L-phenylalanine hydroxylase activity, but it does not use D-aromatic amino acids effectively in pigment production.", "PMID": 107839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7900", "title": "Resistance of normal or immunized guinea pigs against a subcutaneous challenge of Brucella abortus.", "content": "Guinea pigs were inoculated subcutaneously into a hind footpad with Brucella abortus. Unimmunized guinea pigs had little capacity for barring brucella from spreading to their spleens: the inoculum dose needed to infect 50% of the spleens one month after inoculation was about 10 brucella. When the size of the challenge inoculum reached approximately 5 x 10(3) ID50 a previous immunization with killed or virulent brucella: --did not prevent the challenge bacteria from reaching the lymph nodes near the inoculation site, but reduced the level of infection in these, --barred or reduced the spreading of brucella throughout the remainder of the reticuloendothelial system. Immunization with a small number of virulent brucella was more effective than immunization with a higher number of killed bacteria to produce such modifications of the repartition of challenge brucella.", "contents": "Resistance of normal or immunized guinea pigs against a subcutaneous challenge of Brucella abortus. Guinea pigs were inoculated subcutaneously into a hind footpad with Brucella abortus. Unimmunized guinea pigs had little capacity for barring brucella from spreading to their spleens: the inoculum dose needed to infect 50% of the spleens one month after inoculation was about 10 brucella. When the size of the challenge inoculum reached approximately 5 x 10(3) ID50 a previous immunization with killed or virulent brucella: --did not prevent the challenge bacteria from reaching the lymph nodes near the inoculation site, but reduced the level of infection in these, --barred or reduced the spreading of brucella throughout the remainder of the reticuloendothelial system. Immunization with a small number of virulent brucella was more effective than immunization with a higher number of killed bacteria to produce such modifications of the repartition of challenge brucella.", "PMID": 107845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7901", "title": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the determination of bacterial-specific antibodies within different immunoglobulin classes: application to bovine Brucella abortus antibodies.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for quantitation of class-specific antibodies against bacteria. Brucella abortus cells were used to sensitize glass tubes after sedimentation, drying and methanol fixation. Bovine antibodies that attached to the bacteria were detected by binding of a rabbit antiserum specific for each class or subclass of bovine immunoglobulins followed by binding of 125I sheep anti-rabbit immunoglobulin reagent. This three-step method was adapted as it was very sensitive (less than 0.3 picogram antibody/ml), gave the best discrimination between sample and background counts and elminated the need for several labeled rabbit anti-bovine immunoglobulin class-specific antisera. Parameters affecting quantitation of the assay were investigated: nature and preparation of the test tube, quantity and fixation of Brucella, temperature and incubation time, incubation volume, concentration of reagents. The RIA and the complement fixation test (CFT) were applied to sera obtained at repeated intervals from seven heifers experimentally infected with Brucella abortus during gestation. Rabbit antisera specific for bovine IgG1 were used in the RIA because of antibodies of this subclass are the predominant type implicated in the CFT. The kinetic of appearance of Brucella specific antibodies were very significantly correlated for the two tests (r = 0.056, P less than 0.01) demonstrating the validity of the proposed RIA. This test was 10,000 times more sensitive than CFT.", "contents": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the determination of bacterial-specific antibodies within different immunoglobulin classes: application to bovine Brucella abortus antibodies. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for quantitation of class-specific antibodies against bacteria. Brucella abortus cells were used to sensitize glass tubes after sedimentation, drying and methanol fixation. Bovine antibodies that attached to the bacteria were detected by binding of a rabbit antiserum specific for each class or subclass of bovine immunoglobulins followed by binding of 125I sheep anti-rabbit immunoglobulin reagent. This three-step method was adapted as it was very sensitive (less than 0.3 picogram antibody/ml), gave the best discrimination between sample and background counts and elminated the need for several labeled rabbit anti-bovine immunoglobulin class-specific antisera. Parameters affecting quantitation of the assay were investigated: nature and preparation of the test tube, quantity and fixation of Brucella, temperature and incubation time, incubation volume, concentration of reagents. The RIA and the complement fixation test (CFT) were applied to sera obtained at repeated intervals from seven heifers experimentally infected with Brucella abortus during gestation. Rabbit antisera specific for bovine IgG1 were used in the RIA because of antibodies of this subclass are the predominant type implicated in the CFT. The kinetic of appearance of Brucella specific antibodies were very significantly correlated for the two tests (r = 0.056, P less than 0.01) demonstrating the validity of the proposed RIA. This test was 10,000 times more sensitive than CFT.", "PMID": 107846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7902", "title": "Stapedectomy. Postmortem findings.", "content": "Histological studies were made of 16 temporal bones of 13 subjects who had stapedectomy operations. Photographs of the prostheses in situ are a special feature of the studies. It was found that prostheses which overlap the margins of the oval window cause incomplete closure of the air-bone gaps. Fibrous adhesions were a common consequence of trauma to the mucous membrane of the middle ear. Gelfoam implantation promotes the formation of thin oval window membranes which tend to bulge out of the oval window. Most incudes show small areas of cortical bone resorption. In at least half the cases the surgical technique of stapedectomy, as judged from these studies, was less than ideal. Surgeons who perform stapedectomy should be cognizant of the relevant surgical pathology and adopt methods which will optimize functional results and minimize complications.", "contents": "Stapedectomy. Postmortem findings. Histological studies were made of 16 temporal bones of 13 subjects who had stapedectomy operations. Photographs of the prostheses in situ are a special feature of the studies. It was found that prostheses which overlap the margins of the oval window cause incomplete closure of the air-bone gaps. Fibrous adhesions were a common consequence of trauma to the mucous membrane of the middle ear. Gelfoam implantation promotes the formation of thin oval window membranes which tend to bulge out of the oval window. Most incudes show small areas of cortical bone resorption. In at least half the cases the surgical technique of stapedectomy, as judged from these studies, was less than ideal. Surgeons who perform stapedectomy should be cognizant of the relevant surgical pathology and adopt methods which will optimize functional results and minimize complications.", "PMID": 107843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7903", "title": "Localization of hypophysiotropic peptides and other biologically active peptides within the brain.", "content": "Immunohistochemical analysis of hypophysiotropic and other neuropeptides reveals unique and striking neural perikarya, axons, and terminals containing specific peptide immunoreactivity. The hypophysiotropic peptides are most highly concentrated in nerve terminals in the external layer of the median eminence. From this site they may be released and carried via the portal circulation to the adenohypophysis. The occurrence of hypophysiotropic peptides in other areas of the nervous system suggests that they may act, at these sites, as neurotransmitters. Enkephalins, SP, angiotensin II, and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity are also found in nerve terminals in the external layer of the median eminence of some species. Although these peptides have not been considered hypophysiotropic hormones, the location of their terminals in the median eminence suggests that they participate indirectly in regulation of anterior pituitary hormone release. This control may be accomplished via axo-axonal influences of terminals containing these peptides upon the terminals containing the genuine hypophysiotropic peptides. An analogous interaction is thought to be exerted by dopamine terminals upon LHRH terminals in the median eminence (39). All of the neuropeptides discussed above are found within neuronal structures in the hypothalamus. Most of these peptides are also found, at least to a limited extent, in the brainstem, spinal cord, and deep nuclei of the telencephalon. Few peptides have been localized in neurons of the cerebral cortex. These include SOM, VIP, and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity. The cerebellum, to date, has not been shown to contain significant immunoreactivity for any of the presently identifiable neuropeptides. The demonstration of the coexistence of neuropeptides (SOM and SP) in some monoaminergic (adrenergic and serotonergic) neurons raises questions about the one-neuron-one-transmitter hypothesis. It is presently unknown whether or not such coexistence is widespread in the mammalian nervous system. For those neurons that contain two neuroeffector substances, it will be important to determine whether or not both substances play an active role in the function of the neuron. Finally, the details of the morphological interactions of peptidergic elements with other neuronal systems offer the possibility to understand more completely the circuitry of many regions of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Localization of hypophysiotropic peptides and other biologically active peptides within the brain. Immunohistochemical analysis of hypophysiotropic and other neuropeptides reveals unique and striking neural perikarya, axons, and terminals containing specific peptide immunoreactivity. The hypophysiotropic peptides are most highly concentrated in nerve terminals in the external layer of the median eminence. From this site they may be released and carried via the portal circulation to the adenohypophysis. The occurrence of hypophysiotropic peptides in other areas of the nervous system suggests that they may act, at these sites, as neurotransmitters. Enkephalins, SP, angiotensin II, and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity are also found in nerve terminals in the external layer of the median eminence of some species. Although these peptides have not been considered hypophysiotropic hormones, the location of their terminals in the median eminence suggests that they participate indirectly in regulation of anterior pituitary hormone release. This control may be accomplished via axo-axonal influences of terminals containing these peptides upon the terminals containing the genuine hypophysiotropic peptides. An analogous interaction is thought to be exerted by dopamine terminals upon LHRH terminals in the median eminence (39). All of the neuropeptides discussed above are found within neuronal structures in the hypothalamus. Most of these peptides are also found, at least to a limited extent, in the brainstem, spinal cord, and deep nuclei of the telencephalon. Few peptides have been localized in neurons of the cerebral cortex. These include SOM, VIP, and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity. The cerebellum, to date, has not been shown to contain significant immunoreactivity for any of the presently identifiable neuropeptides. The demonstration of the coexistence of neuropeptides (SOM and SP) in some monoaminergic (adrenergic and serotonergic) neurons raises questions about the one-neuron-one-transmitter hypothesis. It is presently unknown whether or not such coexistence is widespread in the mammalian nervous system. For those neurons that contain two neuroeffector substances, it will be important to determine whether or not both substances play an active role in the function of the neuron. Finally, the details of the morphological interactions of peptidergic elements with other neuronal systems offer the possibility to understand more completely the circuitry of many regions of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 107852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7904", "title": "[Physiological role of fats in the process of penicillin biosynthesis].", "content": "The level of penicillin production in the presence of whale oil was shown to be higher. The stimulating effect of the oil was connected with accumulation of large biomass rather than with its specific effect on the biosynthesis. At the beginning of the process the oil eliminated the biomass accumulation lag-phase connected with beta-galactosidase repression by glucose. During the second part of the fermentation process the oil acclerated the culture growth in the presence of lactose. The rate of the oil consumption calculated for carbon was higher than that of the lactose utilization. The presence of the oil in the medium did not prevent the lactose consumption.", "contents": "[Physiological role of fats in the process of penicillin biosynthesis]. The level of penicillin production in the presence of whale oil was shown to be higher. The stimulating effect of the oil was connected with accumulation of large biomass rather than with its specific effect on the biosynthesis. At the beginning of the process the oil eliminated the biomass accumulation lag-phase connected with beta-galactosidase repression by glucose. During the second part of the fermentation process the oil acclerated the culture growth in the presence of lactose. The rate of the oil consumption calculated for carbon was higher than that of the lactose utilization. The presence of the oil in the medium did not prevent the lactose consumption.", "PMID": 107853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7905", "title": "Conversion of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol to a mutagen by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa reduced 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid) to 2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol (picramic acid) under anaerobic conditions. Mutagenic assays of picric acid and picramic acid were carried out with histidine-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Picric acid (10 micrograms per plate) demonstrated mutagenicity (both frame shift and base substitution-gype mutations) only after activation with a rat liver homogenate preparation. Picramic acid (1 microgram per plate) induced both base pair substitution and frame shift-tupe mutations without activation by the rat liver preparation.", "contents": "Conversion of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol to a mutagen by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa reduced 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid) to 2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol (picramic acid) under anaerobic conditions. Mutagenic assays of picric acid and picramic acid were carried out with histidine-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Picric acid (10 micrograms per plate) demonstrated mutagenicity (both frame shift and base substitution-gype mutations) only after activation with a rat liver homogenate preparation. Picramic acid (1 microgram per plate) induced both base pair substitution and frame shift-tupe mutations without activation by the rat liver preparation.", "PMID": 107854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7906", "title": "Stability and viability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in various solutions and buffers.", "content": "The stability and viability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae WP (T4) was tested in a variety of buffers and solutions, many of which are commonly used in gonococcal research. Each solution was tested at room temperature for its ability to maintain stability and viability of gonococci in concentrated suspensions and to maintain viability of gonococci in dilute suspensions. The 14 buffers and solutions tested could be divided into four groups based upon these criteria. Only a few solutions satisfied all three criteria. Of those tested, Gey salt solution and bovine serum albumin (0.01%) and proteose peptone (1%) in saline were the only two in which the gonococci retained viability in dilute suspensions for 25 min. Most of the solutions were not able to maintain viability of gonococci in dilute suspensions, even when the same solution was capable of maintaining stability and viability in concentrated suspensions.", "contents": "Stability and viability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in various solutions and buffers. The stability and viability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae WP (T4) was tested in a variety of buffers and solutions, many of which are commonly used in gonococcal research. Each solution was tested at room temperature for its ability to maintain stability and viability of gonococci in concentrated suspensions and to maintain viability of gonococci in dilute suspensions. The 14 buffers and solutions tested could be divided into four groups based upon these criteria. Only a few solutions satisfied all three criteria. Of those tested, Gey salt solution and bovine serum albumin (0.01%) and proteose peptone (1%) in saline were the only two in which the gonococci retained viability in dilute suspensions for 25 min. Most of the solutions were not able to maintain viability of gonococci in dilute suspensions, even when the same solution was capable of maintaining stability and viability in concentrated suspensions.", "PMID": 107855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7907", "title": "Iron and the antibotulinal efficacy of nitrite.", "content": "Combination of nitrite, isoascorbate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were compared for their antibotulinal efficacy in perishable canned cured meat. A dose response relationship of available iron to the antibotulinal efficacy of nitrite was demonstrated.", "contents": "Iron and the antibotulinal efficacy of nitrite. Combination of nitrite, isoascorbate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were compared for their antibotulinal efficacy in perishable canned cured meat. A dose response relationship of available iron to the antibotulinal efficacy of nitrite was demonstrated.", "PMID": 107856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7908", "title": "Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in association with a monoclonal gammopathy.", "content": "Monoclonal gammopathies and other abnormalities of immunoglobulin production may characterize or frequently be associated with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. We describe a patient with a T-cell cutaneous lymphoma, expressed clinically as S\u00e9zary's syndrome, in association with an immunoglobulin A type kappa M-component monoclonal gammopathy. No evidence for the coincident presence of a malignant plasma dyscrasia was found. This clinical association may lend clinical support to the concept that S\u00e9zary's syndrome is a T-helper-cell malignant proliferation. A colonic carcinoma was also present, possibly representing a second manifestation of a functionally abnormal cellular immune system.", "contents": "Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in association with a monoclonal gammopathy. Monoclonal gammopathies and other abnormalities of immunoglobulin production may characterize or frequently be associated with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. We describe a patient with a T-cell cutaneous lymphoma, expressed clinically as S\u00e9zary's syndrome, in association with an immunoglobulin A type kappa M-component monoclonal gammopathy. No evidence for the coincident presence of a malignant plasma dyscrasia was found. This clinical association may lend clinical support to the concept that S\u00e9zary's syndrome is a T-helper-cell malignant proliferation. A colonic carcinoma was also present, possibly representing a second manifestation of a functionally abnormal cellular immune system.", "PMID": 107864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7909", "title": "Transpyloric feeding in the very low birthweight (1500 g and below) infant. One year's experience in an intensive care neonatal unit.", "content": "The success of transpyloric feeding in a group of babies weighing 1500 g or less was evaluated. This method was successful for most well babies but for many of those who required respiratory assistance (usually by face mask) it was not.", "contents": "Transpyloric feeding in the very low birthweight (1500 g and below) infant. One year's experience in an intensive care neonatal unit. The success of transpyloric feeding in a group of babies weighing 1500 g or less was evaluated. This method was successful for most well babies but for many of those who required respiratory assistance (usually by face mask) it was not.", "PMID": 107865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7910", "title": "Gold and penicillamine: a proposed mode of action in rheumatoid arthritis, based on synovial fluid analysis.", "content": "Although in common use, there is still controversy as to the way in which gold and penicillamine act in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, synovial fluids from 4 groups of patients have been compared: (1) RA patients on gold/penicillamine, (2) RA patients on non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) only, (3) osteoarthritis patients, and (4) patients with sero-negative arthropathies. The parameters measured were differential agglutination titre (DAT), total haemolytic complement (CH50), total protein, total white cell count, and immunoglobulins. RA patients on gold/penicillamine have lower synovial DAT levels and higher CH50 levels than RA patients on NSAID only, and total and cryoprecipitable IgM levels very close to those found in the sero-negative joint fluids. The non-specific inflammatory parameters, ie, white cell count and total protein are unchanged after good/penicillamine therapy. In a second study, the serum DATs of patients in total remission after gold/penicillamine were compared with similar patients on NSAID only. The DAT falls significantly in the former group (P less than 0.001), but not in the latter suggesting that fall in DAT is a consequence of therapy rather than remission. The parameters altered by gold/penicillamine in the synovial fluid are those that distinguish RA from non-rheumatoid arthropathies suggesting the drug's primary effect is to render the disease sero-negative. The results support the hypothesis that both drugs have a common mode of action based on their active thiol groups, and that the fall in DAT is due to the reduction of the antigenicity of the IgG complexes.", "contents": "Gold and penicillamine: a proposed mode of action in rheumatoid arthritis, based on synovial fluid analysis. Although in common use, there is still controversy as to the way in which gold and penicillamine act in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, synovial fluids from 4 groups of patients have been compared: (1) RA patients on gold/penicillamine, (2) RA patients on non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) only, (3) osteoarthritis patients, and (4) patients with sero-negative arthropathies. The parameters measured were differential agglutination titre (DAT), total haemolytic complement (CH50), total protein, total white cell count, and immunoglobulins. RA patients on gold/penicillamine have lower synovial DAT levels and higher CH50 levels than RA patients on NSAID only, and total and cryoprecipitable IgM levels very close to those found in the sero-negative joint fluids. The non-specific inflammatory parameters, ie, white cell count and total protein are unchanged after good/penicillamine therapy. In a second study, the serum DATs of patients in total remission after gold/penicillamine were compared with similar patients on NSAID only. The DAT falls significantly in the former group (P less than 0.001), but not in the latter suggesting that fall in DAT is a consequence of therapy rather than remission. The parameters altered by gold/penicillamine in the synovial fluid are those that distinguish RA from non-rheumatoid arthropathies suggesting the drug's primary effect is to render the disease sero-negative. The results support the hypothesis that both drugs have a common mode of action based on their active thiol groups, and that the fall in DAT is due to the reduction of the antigenicity of the IgG complexes.", "PMID": 107867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7911", "title": "HLA B27 and the genetics of ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-eight of 145 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) were found to be HLA B27 positive. Five patients had evidence of a sero-negative peripheral arthritis resembling peripheral psoriatic arthritis and 3 of these were B27 negative. One further B27 negative patients had a sister with ankylosing spondylitis and ulcerative colitis and a mother with ulcerative colitis. There was evidence of a somewhat later age of onset of symptoms in B27 negative patients. These findings are interpreted as suggesting some degree of clinical and genetic heterogeneity in ankylosing spondylitis with genes for psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease being important in some individuals, particularly those who are B27 negative. Twenty-five first-degree relatives with ankylosing spondylitis were all B27 positive. The only instance of disassociation of B27 and spondylitis in a family was where the proband had ulcerative colitis as well as spondylitis. Of 13 B27 positive fathers 3 could be diagnosed as having definite ankylosing spondylitis (23%). These findings are thought to provide evidence against the concept that the gene for ankylosing spondylitis is not B27 but a closely linked gene and favour the occurrence of an environmental event affecting approximately one-fifth of B27 positive males to result in disease.", "contents": "HLA B27 and the genetics of ankylosing spondylitis. One hundred and twenty-eight of 145 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) were found to be HLA B27 positive. Five patients had evidence of a sero-negative peripheral arthritis resembling peripheral psoriatic arthritis and 3 of these were B27 negative. One further B27 negative patients had a sister with ankylosing spondylitis and ulcerative colitis and a mother with ulcerative colitis. There was evidence of a somewhat later age of onset of symptoms in B27 negative patients. These findings are interpreted as suggesting some degree of clinical and genetic heterogeneity in ankylosing spondylitis with genes for psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease being important in some individuals, particularly those who are B27 negative. Twenty-five first-degree relatives with ankylosing spondylitis were all B27 positive. The only instance of disassociation of B27 and spondylitis in a family was where the proband had ulcerative colitis as well as spondylitis. Of 13 B27 positive fathers 3 could be diagnosed as having definite ankylosing spondylitis (23%). These findings are thought to provide evidence against the concept that the gene for ankylosing spondylitis is not B27 but a closely linked gene and favour the occurrence of an environmental event affecting approximately one-fifth of B27 positive males to result in disease.", "PMID": 107868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7912", "title": "Demonstration of protein AA in subcutaneous fat tissue obtained by fine needle biopsy.", "content": "Polarisation microscopy of material obtained by fine needle biopsy of subcutaneous tissue and stained with Congo red is a simple and reliable method for the diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis. It cannot, however, be used to differentiate histologically between different forms of amyloidosis. In the present study extracts of material obtained by fine needle biopsy of subcutaneous fat tissue from 13 patients were examined by double immunodiffusion with an antiserum against protein AA, a unique protein which forms a major part of the fibrils in secondary amyloidosis. Five of the patients showed amyloid deposits round the fat cells by conventional microscopy. In 3 of these, all with rheumatoid arthritis, protein AA was detected. Eight patients without amyloidosis and 2 with myelomatosis and amyloidosis showed no reaction with antiprotein AA antiserum. Thus the material obtained by fine needle biopsy of subcutaneous tissue could be used not only for the histological diagnosis of amyloidosis but also for a classification of systemic amyloidosis into secondary or primary based on the type of amyloid fibril protein involved.", "contents": "Demonstration of protein AA in subcutaneous fat tissue obtained by fine needle biopsy. Polarisation microscopy of material obtained by fine needle biopsy of subcutaneous tissue and stained with Congo red is a simple and reliable method for the diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis. It cannot, however, be used to differentiate histologically between different forms of amyloidosis. In the present study extracts of material obtained by fine needle biopsy of subcutaneous fat tissue from 13 patients were examined by double immunodiffusion with an antiserum against protein AA, a unique protein which forms a major part of the fibrils in secondary amyloidosis. Five of the patients showed amyloid deposits round the fat cells by conventional microscopy. In 3 of these, all with rheumatoid arthritis, protein AA was detected. Eight patients without amyloidosis and 2 with myelomatosis and amyloidosis showed no reaction with antiprotein AA antiserum. Thus the material obtained by fine needle biopsy of subcutaneous tissue could be used not only for the histological diagnosis of amyloidosis but also for a classification of systemic amyloidosis into secondary or primary based on the type of amyloid fibril protein involved.", "PMID": 107869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7913", "title": "Use of quantitative bacteriologic techniques to diagnose catheter-related sepsis.", "content": "A case of polymicrobial sepsis occurred in a patient who had a permanent indwelling hyperalimentation catheter. Because it was undesirable to remove the catheter, quantitative bacteriologic techniques were used to determine whether the catheter was the source of sepsis. Blood drawn from a peripheral vein had 25 colonies per milliliter whereas blood drawn through the catheter had more than 10,000 colonies per milliliter. On the basis of these results, the catheter was removed. The catheter tip was found to be infected with the same organisms that were present in the blood. Quantitative bacteriologic techniques may prove useful in diagnosing catheter-related sepsis when it is undesirable to remove the catheter.", "contents": "Use of quantitative bacteriologic techniques to diagnose catheter-related sepsis. A case of polymicrobial sepsis occurred in a patient who had a permanent indwelling hyperalimentation catheter. Because it was undesirable to remove the catheter, quantitative bacteriologic techniques were used to determine whether the catheter was the source of sepsis. Blood drawn from a peripheral vein had 25 colonies per milliliter whereas blood drawn through the catheter had more than 10,000 colonies per milliliter. On the basis of these results, the catheter was removed. The catheter tip was found to be infected with the same organisms that were present in the blood. Quantitative bacteriologic techniques may prove useful in diagnosing catheter-related sepsis when it is undesirable to remove the catheter.", "PMID": 107870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7914", "title": "[Permanent intra-hisian atrioventricular block induced during right intraventricular exploration].", "content": "A 47 year old patient underwent endocavitary electrophysiological investigation for recurrent syncopal episodes occuring three years after an inaugural enterior myocardial infarction. Syncopal ventricular tachycardia was induced during the investigation when the bipolar catheter was in contact with the Bundle of His and several external electric shocks were required for its reduction. During cardioversion a complete intra-hisian atrio venticular block was observed and remained permanently although the values of the conduction intervals had previously been normal. This complication of defibrillation is thought to be the result of an induction phenomenon.", "contents": "[Permanent intra-hisian atrioventricular block induced during right intraventricular exploration]. A 47 year old patient underwent endocavitary electrophysiological investigation for recurrent syncopal episodes occuring three years after an inaugural enterior myocardial infarction. Syncopal ventricular tachycardia was induced during the investigation when the bipolar catheter was in contact with the Bundle of His and several external electric shocks were required for its reduction. During cardioversion a complete intra-hisian atrio venticular block was observed and remained permanently although the values of the conduction intervals had previously been normal. This complication of defibrillation is thought to be the result of an induction phenomenon.", "PMID": 107875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7915", "title": "[Technical development in aortocoronary bypass: multiple outlet saphenous vein graft].", "content": "The technique of multiple outlet saphenous vein grafting with one or several alternating lateral anastamoses was used in 43 patients over a one year period; over half the patients had triple vessel disease, one third had double vessel disease; a total of 128 coronary arteries were revascularised 2.9 arteries per patient, with 60 side to side anastamoses, 1.4 per patient. The technique of this type of bypass necessitates paying particular attention to avoid kinking or twisting of the graft. The blood flow through multiple outlet graft is on average significantly greater than in the classical types of graft, and is one of the main points in favour of this technique and in keeping the graft permeable in the long term. The short term results of this technique are good with a hospital mortality of 4.6% and a peri-operational infarction rate of 6.9%, figures which are comparable with the results of classical bypass grafting techniques in multivessel coronary artery disease.", "contents": "[Technical development in aortocoronary bypass: multiple outlet saphenous vein graft]. The technique of multiple outlet saphenous vein grafting with one or several alternating lateral anastamoses was used in 43 patients over a one year period; over half the patients had triple vessel disease, one third had double vessel disease; a total of 128 coronary arteries were revascularised 2.9 arteries per patient, with 60 side to side anastamoses, 1.4 per patient. The technique of this type of bypass necessitates paying particular attention to avoid kinking or twisting of the graft. The blood flow through multiple outlet graft is on average significantly greater than in the classical types of graft, and is one of the main points in favour of this technique and in keeping the graft permeable in the long term. The short term results of this technique are good with a hospital mortality of 4.6% and a peri-operational infarction rate of 6.9%, figures which are comparable with the results of classical bypass grafting techniques in multivessel coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 107877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7916", "title": "[Changes in the exercise electrocardiogram after aortocoronary bypass. Long-term results in 50 patients].", "content": "A comparative study of exercise electrocardiogrammes before and after aorto-coronary bypass surgery was carried out in 50 patients over a 2 year period. Coronary arteriography was used to assess the chirurgical results qualitatively ((electrocardiographic appearances) and quantitatively (work capacity and effort tolerance) with respect to the coronary lesions and permeability of the aorto-coronary vein grafts. Exercise electrocardiography has a place in the follow up of patients with aorto-coronary bypass grafts but it only gives information on the permeability of the grafts if all the significant stenosis are bypassed at surgery.", "contents": "[Changes in the exercise electrocardiogram after aortocoronary bypass. Long-term results in 50 patients]. A comparative study of exercise electrocardiogrammes before and after aorto-coronary bypass surgery was carried out in 50 patients over a 2 year period. Coronary arteriography was used to assess the chirurgical results qualitatively ((electrocardiographic appearances) and quantitatively (work capacity and effort tolerance) with respect to the coronary lesions and permeability of the aorto-coronary vein grafts. Exercise electrocardiography has a place in the follow up of patients with aorto-coronary bypass grafts but it only gives information on the permeability of the grafts if all the significant stenosis are bypassed at surgery.", "PMID": 107878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7917", "title": "[Epidemiological profile of patients with myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteriography].", "content": "Of a total of 4,800 coronary arteriogrammes, 1,280 of which were carried out after myocardial infarction, 25 cases of proven infarction with normal coronary arteriography, confirmed by several \"blind\" interpretations, were retained. The interval between acute infarction and coronary arteriography was usually less than 6 months. The average age of the patients was 36.9 years, affecting more women than in classical coronary artery disease. The acute infarction was nearly always the first symptom. Cigarette consumption and hormonal factors is women were coronary risks factors of note. Ventricular sequellae were frequent, cardiac failure exceptional, exercise testing nearly always negative and occupational rehabilitation usually normal. It would seem that this affection is less serious than classical myocardial infarction due to atheroma probably because the non-infarcted myocardium is healthy, but the true prognosis of this type of coronary accident will only be revealed by long term studies. In the meantime the most useful investigations and the management of these patients are discussed.", "contents": "[Epidemiological profile of patients with myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteriography]. Of a total of 4,800 coronary arteriogrammes, 1,280 of which were carried out after myocardial infarction, 25 cases of proven infarction with normal coronary arteriography, confirmed by several \"blind\" interpretations, were retained. The interval between acute infarction and coronary arteriography was usually less than 6 months. The average age of the patients was 36.9 years, affecting more women than in classical coronary artery disease. The acute infarction was nearly always the first symptom. Cigarette consumption and hormonal factors is women were coronary risks factors of note. Ventricular sequellae were frequent, cardiac failure exceptional, exercise testing nearly always negative and occupational rehabilitation usually normal. It would seem that this affection is less serious than classical myocardial infarction due to atheroma probably because the non-infarcted myocardium is healthy, but the true prognosis of this type of coronary accident will only be revealed by long term studies. In the meantime the most useful investigations and the management of these patients are discussed.", "PMID": 107879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7918", "title": "[Clinical and angiographic study and pathogenic mechanism of Prinzmetal's angina. Apropos of 31 cases].", "content": "31 patients presenting with Prinzmetal variant angina were divided into three groups according to their angiographic appearances. Group I comprised 9 patients with normal or coronary arteries with lesions less than 50% narrowing. Group II comprised 12 patients with single vessel disease. Group III comprised the other 10 patients with significant lesions on two or all three principal arteries. No clinical or electrocardiographical differences were found between the groups as to age, sex or the clinicapresentation of the chest pain. Most patients with normal or nearly normal coronary arteries had normal electrol cardiogrammes between attacjs (8 out of 9) and electrical changes mainly over the inferior wall (8 out of 9). Exercise electrocardiography reproduced ST elevation in 4 of the 9 patients but, in contrast to the patients in the other two groups, never ST depression. However, these features are not specific for patients in Group I as they were observed in 4 patients in the other two groups. Spontaneous or induced coronary spasm were observed in 27 patients, confirming its role as the mechanism of Prinzmetal angina, whatever the anatomical appearance of the coronary tree.", "contents": "[Clinical and angiographic study and pathogenic mechanism of Prinzmetal's angina. Apropos of 31 cases]. 31 patients presenting with Prinzmetal variant angina were divided into three groups according to their angiographic appearances. Group I comprised 9 patients with normal or coronary arteries with lesions less than 50% narrowing. Group II comprised 12 patients with single vessel disease. Group III comprised the other 10 patients with significant lesions on two or all three principal arteries. No clinical or electrocardiographical differences were found between the groups as to age, sex or the clinicapresentation of the chest pain. Most patients with normal or nearly normal coronary arteries had normal electrol cardiogrammes between attacjs (8 out of 9) and electrical changes mainly over the inferior wall (8 out of 9). Exercise electrocardiography reproduced ST elevation in 4 of the 9 patients but, in contrast to the patients in the other two groups, never ST depression. However, these features are not specific for patients in Group I as they were observed in 4 patients in the other two groups. Spontaneous or induced coronary spasm were observed in 27 patients, confirming its role as the mechanism of Prinzmetal angina, whatever the anatomical appearance of the coronary tree.", "PMID": 107880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7919", "title": "[Methyl-ergometrin maleate test during coronary arteriography in spontaneous chest pain].", "content": "This coronary spasm provocation test with methyl-ergometrine maleate was carried out during coronary arteriography in 47 patients presenting with spontaneous chest pain. Coronary spasm was triggered in 16 cases, reproducing the chest pain in 11 patients, and accompanied by electrical changes in 15 cases, 12 subepicardial ischaemias and 3 subendocardial ischaemias. This test is not without danger to the patient as arrhythmias and conduction defects were recorded in 6 cases although the spasm was readily reversible on injection of intravenous glyceryl trinitrate. Of 7 patients with Prinzmetal variant angina, the test was positive 6 times, in three of which on pre existing severe organic lesions, so confirming the mechanism of this syndrome and the reliability of the test. Of 40 patients presenting with spontaneous chest pain, 10 had a positive test. In 2 of these cases the chest pain was subsequently observed with subepicardial ischaemic electrical changes, so confirming the screening value of this test. In the 7 cases where coronary spasm gave rise to electrical changes with or without pain, the logical diagnosis would appear to be spastic angina. In the 30 cases where the test was negative the subsequent outcome did not provide any proof in favour of a coronary origin of the chest pain.", "contents": "[Methyl-ergometrin maleate test during coronary arteriography in spontaneous chest pain]. This coronary spasm provocation test with methyl-ergometrine maleate was carried out during coronary arteriography in 47 patients presenting with spontaneous chest pain. Coronary spasm was triggered in 16 cases, reproducing the chest pain in 11 patients, and accompanied by electrical changes in 15 cases, 12 subepicardial ischaemias and 3 subendocardial ischaemias. This test is not without danger to the patient as arrhythmias and conduction defects were recorded in 6 cases although the spasm was readily reversible on injection of intravenous glyceryl trinitrate. Of 7 patients with Prinzmetal variant angina, the test was positive 6 times, in three of which on pre existing severe organic lesions, so confirming the mechanism of this syndrome and the reliability of the test. Of 40 patients presenting with spontaneous chest pain, 10 had a positive test. In 2 of these cases the chest pain was subsequently observed with subepicardial ischaemic electrical changes, so confirming the screening value of this test. In the 7 cases where coronary spasm gave rise to electrical changes with or without pain, the logical diagnosis would appear to be spastic angina. In the 30 cases where the test was negative the subsequent outcome did not provide any proof in favour of a coronary origin of the chest pain.", "PMID": 107881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7920", "title": "[Conduction disorders after aortic valve replacement. Apropos of 200 cases].", "content": "The following points become apparent after the study of 200 cases of aortic valve replacement:--Conduction defects are very common after this type of surgery, affecting one in three patients in this series;--Above all, the frequency of conduction defects of the left bundle branch (2/3 cases) must be underlined. They are much more common than complete atrioventricular block, bifascicular block or isolated right bundle branch block;--Diagnosed immediately after operation in almost all cases, regression is common (50%) especially of left anterior hemiblock;--The long term prognosis is good. There was no long or short term mortality due to this cause in this series;--Apart from traumatic lesions which are difficult to avoid when the aortic orifice is calcified, ischaemia of the conduction pathways due to insufficient myocardial protection probably plays a role in the aetiology of these conduction defects.", "contents": "[Conduction disorders after aortic valve replacement. Apropos of 200 cases]. The following points become apparent after the study of 200 cases of aortic valve replacement:--Conduction defects are very common after this type of surgery, affecting one in three patients in this series;--Above all, the frequency of conduction defects of the left bundle branch (2/3 cases) must be underlined. They are much more common than complete atrioventricular block, bifascicular block or isolated right bundle branch block;--Diagnosed immediately after operation in almost all cases, regression is common (50%) especially of left anterior hemiblock;--The long term prognosis is good. There was no long or short term mortality due to this cause in this series;--Apart from traumatic lesions which are difficult to avoid when the aortic orifice is calcified, ischaemia of the conduction pathways due to insufficient myocardial protection probably plays a role in the aetiology of these conduction defects.", "PMID": 107882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7921", "title": "[Recording and data processing of electrical signals of the specific atrioventricular conduction pathways in man].", "content": "Signals of the electrical activity of the specific atrioventricular conduction pathways were recorded with an unipolar lead to obtain an exact time reference. The amplifier used had special characteristics: high gain settings (up to 300,000), very low noise levels, and wide filter range (2 Hz - 1,600 Hz). The low amplitude of the signals under study, of the order of a microvolt, and the wide filter range of the amplifier necessitated placing the patient in a Faraday cage. The signals recorded on magnetic tape were treated by a system of analysis for signal treatment. The method of averaging was used to extract the signal from background noise especially that arising from somatic muscle. The amplitude of the Hisian signal was much larger than that usually obtained with other methods. The intervals were determined with precision of the order of 1 millisecond. Frequential analysis of the signals gave another representation of the information contained in the time signals. This new representation seems to give better discrimination of the different zones of activation of the specific atrioventricular conduction pathways.", "contents": "[Recording and data processing of electrical signals of the specific atrioventricular conduction pathways in man]. Signals of the electrical activity of the specific atrioventricular conduction pathways were recorded with an unipolar lead to obtain an exact time reference. The amplifier used had special characteristics: high gain settings (up to 300,000), very low noise levels, and wide filter range (2 Hz - 1,600 Hz). The low amplitude of the signals under study, of the order of a microvolt, and the wide filter range of the amplifier necessitated placing the patient in a Faraday cage. The signals recorded on magnetic tape were treated by a system of analysis for signal treatment. The method of averaging was used to extract the signal from background noise especially that arising from somatic muscle. The amplitude of the Hisian signal was much larger than that usually obtained with other methods. The intervals were determined with precision of the order of 1 millisecond. Frequential analysis of the signals gave another representation of the information contained in the time signals. This new representation seems to give better discrimination of the different zones of activation of the specific atrioventricular conduction pathways.", "PMID": 107883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7922", "title": "[Hereditary conduction defect in the His system: a dominant autosome disease].", "content": "An oriental family with over 265 living descendants of a polygamous ancestor known to have had a slow pulse and syncopes was studied. Many examples of conduction defects, mainly right bundle branch block, left anterior hemiblock, bifascicular block and artioventricular block were detected. The transmission of the genetic defect was autosomal dominant, the incidence 43%, the penetration very variable, apparently affecting the male descendants predominantly, the expression probably congenital, but with complete heart block presenting at 75 years of age in one case. The localisation of the conduction defect is discussed: the distal extremity of the His bundle after the origin of part or all of the left posterior fascicle. This study, in its clinical and epidemiological context, demonstrates an inherited disease with both typical and \"forme fruste\" expressions. Compared with other series, it suggests the diverse nature of hereditary and familial conduction defects.", "contents": "[Hereditary conduction defect in the His system: a dominant autosome disease]. An oriental family with over 265 living descendants of a polygamous ancestor known to have had a slow pulse and syncopes was studied. Many examples of conduction defects, mainly right bundle branch block, left anterior hemiblock, bifascicular block and artioventricular block were detected. The transmission of the genetic defect was autosomal dominant, the incidence 43%, the penetration very variable, apparently affecting the male descendants predominantly, the expression probably congenital, but with complete heart block presenting at 75 years of age in one case. The localisation of the conduction defect is discussed: the distal extremity of the His bundle after the origin of part or all of the left posterior fascicle. This study, in its clinical and epidemiological context, demonstrates an inherited disease with both typical and \"forme fruste\" expressions. Compared with other series, it suggests the diverse nature of hereditary and familial conduction defects.", "PMID": 107884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7923", "title": "[Electrophysiological effects of anti-arrhythmia agents in man. Attempt at classification].", "content": "The electrophysiological effects of anti-arrhythmic drugs in man may be classified in three groups: -- Group I: comprising drugs whose characteristic action is on the AV node (beta blockers, verapamil, digitalis) The nodal conduction time (A-H interval) and refractory periods are increased. -- Group II: comprising drugs acting on the His-Purkinje system, the AV nodal conduction staying unchanged. This group has two sub-groups. Sub-group A: these drugs delay the His-Prukinje conduction (increased H-V interval). Examples are quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide, ajmaline, chloro-acetyl-ajmaline. In addition these drugs usually increase the atrial refractory periods and those of accessory pathways. Sub-group B: the His-Purkinje conduction is unchanged but the refractory periods are modified: lengthened (bretylium tosylate) or shortened (diphenylhydantoin, lignocaine, mexiletine). -- Group III: which includes amiodarone and aprindine whose effects are mixed: on the one hand AV nodal depression, and on the other, alteration of the His-Purkinje conduction manifested by an increased H-V internal (aprindine) or refractory periods (amiodarone). These preparations also increase the refractory periods of accessory AV pathways and amiodarone increase the refractory periods of the atria. This type of classification could help towards a more rational clinical approach to the use of anti-arrhythmic drugs.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological effects of anti-arrhythmia agents in man. Attempt at classification]. The electrophysiological effects of anti-arrhythmic drugs in man may be classified in three groups: -- Group I: comprising drugs whose characteristic action is on the AV node (beta blockers, verapamil, digitalis) The nodal conduction time (A-H interval) and refractory periods are increased. -- Group II: comprising drugs acting on the His-Purkinje system, the AV nodal conduction staying unchanged. This group has two sub-groups. Sub-group A: these drugs delay the His-Prukinje conduction (increased H-V interval). Examples are quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide, ajmaline, chloro-acetyl-ajmaline. In addition these drugs usually increase the atrial refractory periods and those of accessory pathways. Sub-group B: the His-Purkinje conduction is unchanged but the refractory periods are modified: lengthened (bretylium tosylate) or shortened (diphenylhydantoin, lignocaine, mexiletine). -- Group III: which includes amiodarone and aprindine whose effects are mixed: on the one hand AV nodal depression, and on the other, alteration of the His-Purkinje conduction manifested by an increased H-V internal (aprindine) or refractory periods (amiodarone). These preparations also increase the refractory periods of accessory AV pathways and amiodarone increase the refractory periods of the atria. This type of classification could help towards a more rational clinical approach to the use of anti-arrhythmic drugs.", "PMID": 107885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7924", "title": "[Systemic arterial spasms. Ergotamine tartrate].", "content": "The problem of the toxic effects of ergotism is raised by two cases of acute lower limb ischaemia observed in young patients. Although commonly encountered up to the 20th century, the problem is now reappearing sporadically from iatrogenic causes. The clinical features and treatment of ergotism are discussed. Prophylaxis is based on two main principles: the respect of contraindications, the most important being hypertension, coronary insufficiency, arteriopathies, acrocyanosis and thrombophlebitis, and less importantly, the association of tetracycline type antimicrobials, triacetyloleandomycin and phenothiazine; on the other hand, attention must also be paid to the instructions on its use, particularly with respect to the maximum dosage, 4 mg/day per os, 10 mg/week per os. The treatment should be given intermittently and not continuously. Full knowledge of the composition of composite drugs is required as many drugs are commercialised with their ergotamine content masked. This justifies, if there is still need, constant pharmacovigilance.", "contents": "[Systemic arterial spasms. Ergotamine tartrate]. The problem of the toxic effects of ergotism is raised by two cases of acute lower limb ischaemia observed in young patients. Although commonly encountered up to the 20th century, the problem is now reappearing sporadically from iatrogenic causes. The clinical features and treatment of ergotism are discussed. Prophylaxis is based on two main principles: the respect of contraindications, the most important being hypertension, coronary insufficiency, arteriopathies, acrocyanosis and thrombophlebitis, and less importantly, the association of tetracycline type antimicrobials, triacetyloleandomycin and phenothiazine; on the other hand, attention must also be paid to the instructions on its use, particularly with respect to the maximum dosage, 4 mg/day per os, 10 mg/week per os. The treatment should be given intermittently and not continuously. Full knowledge of the composition of composite drugs is required as many drugs are commercialised with their ergotamine content masked. This justifies, if there is still need, constant pharmacovigilance.", "PMID": 107887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7925", "title": "[Contraception using a progestagen-only minipill in cardiac patients].", "content": "The choice of method of contraception in cardiac patients is often peremptory, as combined oestrogen-progesterone preparations and intra uterine devices are often contraindicated. A pure progesterone mini-pill, lynoestrenol (500 microgram) has been used in our department for several years, and would appear to be a possible solution. Its daily, uninterrupted administration for 6 to 30 months in 40 cardiac patients, many considered to be high risk cases (28 cases), has confirmed its contraceptive action: totally effective, excellent reversibility and satisfactory acceptability despite definite menstrual changes. Above all, it was almost totally innocuous, an essential factor in cardiac patients. No haemodynamic, hypersensitive or thromboembolic side effects were observed in any pateint. No changes were observed in glucose or lipid metabolism, hepatic function or blood coagulation after 3 to 6 months, in 6 to 14 patients at high risk. Platelet aggregation, factors II, V, VII and X, fibrinogen and anti thrombin II were normal. Although this is a small series of patients, the use of microdosage lynoestrenol seems an acceptable method of oral contraception for cardiac patients, providing they collaborate and are closely followed up from the cardiac point of view.", "contents": "[Contraception using a progestagen-only minipill in cardiac patients]. The choice of method of contraception in cardiac patients is often peremptory, as combined oestrogen-progesterone preparations and intra uterine devices are often contraindicated. A pure progesterone mini-pill, lynoestrenol (500 microgram) has been used in our department for several years, and would appear to be a possible solution. Its daily, uninterrupted administration for 6 to 30 months in 40 cardiac patients, many considered to be high risk cases (28 cases), has confirmed its contraceptive action: totally effective, excellent reversibility and satisfactory acceptability despite definite menstrual changes. Above all, it was almost totally innocuous, an essential factor in cardiac patients. No haemodynamic, hypersensitive or thromboembolic side effects were observed in any pateint. No changes were observed in glucose or lipid metabolism, hepatic function or blood coagulation after 3 to 6 months, in 6 to 14 patients at high risk. Platelet aggregation, factors II, V, VII and X, fibrinogen and anti thrombin II were normal. Although this is a small series of patients, the use of microdosage lynoestrenol seems an acceptable method of oral contraception for cardiac patients, providing they collaborate and are closely followed up from the cardiac point of view.", "PMID": 107888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7926", "title": "[Detection of coronary artery spasm by the methylergometrin test. Technic. Results. Indications].", "content": "Methylergometrine (Methergin) was given intravenously (0.4 mg) to 118 patients undergoing coronary arteriography. The electrocardiogramme and intraaortic pressure was continuously monitored whilst coronary arteriography was performed, 1,3, and 5 minutes after the injection of the ergot alkaloid. The test was positive if: 1) coronary spasm was observed; 2) if ST segment elevation was recorded with or without pain. Positive tests were obtained in 13 out of 14 patients with Prinzmetal angina. The test was negative in the other patients. However in 3 patients with Prinzmetal angina, the test produced typical coronary spasm without electrocardiographic changes. In Prinzmetal angina the sensitivity of this test was 93 p. 100 with a high specificity: 96-100 p. 100 depending on whether or not electrocardiographical changes associated with spasm are considered. Taking into account current therapeutic methods of treating Prinzmetal angina the indications of this test of coronary spasm are: 1) patients presenting with resting angina whatever the state of their coronary arteries; 2) patients with documented Prinzmetal angina with \"angiographically normal\" coronary arteries.", "contents": "[Detection of coronary artery spasm by the methylergometrin test. Technic. Results. Indications]. Methylergometrine (Methergin) was given intravenously (0.4 mg) to 118 patients undergoing coronary arteriography. The electrocardiogramme and intraaortic pressure was continuously monitored whilst coronary arteriography was performed, 1,3, and 5 minutes after the injection of the ergot alkaloid. The test was positive if: 1) coronary spasm was observed; 2) if ST segment elevation was recorded with or without pain. Positive tests were obtained in 13 out of 14 patients with Prinzmetal angina. The test was negative in the other patients. However in 3 patients with Prinzmetal angina, the test produced typical coronary spasm without electrocardiographic changes. In Prinzmetal angina the sensitivity of this test was 93 p. 100 with a high specificity: 96-100 p. 100 depending on whether or not electrocardiographical changes associated with spasm are considered. Taking into account current therapeutic methods of treating Prinzmetal angina the indications of this test of coronary spasm are: 1) patients presenting with resting angina whatever the state of their coronary arteries; 2) patients with documented Prinzmetal angina with \"angiographically normal\" coronary arteries.", "PMID": 107890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7927", "title": "[Study of shock with normal pulmonary capillary pressure caused by right ventricular failure in acute myocardial infarction].", "content": "Of 698 cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 65 cases of cardiogenic shock underwent haemodynamic study. 25 cases had pulmonary capillary pressures (PCP) less than 14 mmHg, 15 of which responded favourably to vascular filling. None of these cases died in a state of shock. In comparison with cardiogenic shock with PCP equal to or greater than 14 mmHg, these 25 patients showed the following features: 1) electrocardiography usually showed posterior or inferior infarction; 2) a higher incidence of right ventricular (RV) involvement; 3) left ventricular (LV) function was relatively unaffected; 4) haemodynamic criteria of RV infarction were demonstrated in most cases. In the absence of causes of hypovolaemia, AMI involving mainly the RV may lead to circulatory failure with normal LV filling pressures and responds favourably to vascular filling. When diagnosed and treated correctly this form of cardiogenic shock has a much lower mortality than usually associated with cardiogenic shock caused by AMI (28 p. 100 compared to 87.5 p. 100 in our series).", "contents": "[Study of shock with normal pulmonary capillary pressure caused by right ventricular failure in acute myocardial infarction]. Of 698 cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 65 cases of cardiogenic shock underwent haemodynamic study. 25 cases had pulmonary capillary pressures (PCP) less than 14 mmHg, 15 of which responded favourably to vascular filling. None of these cases died in a state of shock. In comparison with cardiogenic shock with PCP equal to or greater than 14 mmHg, these 25 patients showed the following features: 1) electrocardiography usually showed posterior or inferior infarction; 2) a higher incidence of right ventricular (RV) involvement; 3) left ventricular (LV) function was relatively unaffected; 4) haemodynamic criteria of RV infarction were demonstrated in most cases. In the absence of causes of hypovolaemia, AMI involving mainly the RV may lead to circulatory failure with normal LV filling pressures and responds favourably to vascular filling. When diagnosed and treated correctly this form of cardiogenic shock has a much lower mortality than usually associated with cardiogenic shock caused by AMI (28 p. 100 compared to 87.5 p. 100 in our series).", "PMID": 107891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7928", "title": "[Permeability of venous aortocoronary bypass 5 years later].", "content": "47 consecutive patients who had undergone aorto-coronary venous bypass surgery (mean: 1.6 graft per patient) have been investigated after a mean follow-up period of 5 years and 9 months (range: 44-108 months). 52 grafts out of 73 were found to be patent (71 p. 100), the best patency rate being shown by grafts on the LAD artery (27/32 = 85 p. 100). Long-term graft patency may be associated with an improved left ventricular ejection fraction; 77 p. 100 of the total patients experienced a lasting clinical benefit from the operation.", "contents": "[Permeability of venous aortocoronary bypass 5 years later]. 47 consecutive patients who had undergone aorto-coronary venous bypass surgery (mean: 1.6 graft per patient) have been investigated after a mean follow-up period of 5 years and 9 months (range: 44-108 months). 52 grafts out of 73 were found to be patent (71 p. 100), the best patency rate being shown by grafts on the LAD artery (27/32 = 85 p. 100). Long-term graft patency may be associated with an improved left ventricular ejection fraction; 77 p. 100 of the total patients experienced a lasting clinical benefit from the operation.", "PMID": 107892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7929", "title": "[Correlations between effort tolerance and the severity of coronary disease. Influence of myocardial lesions].", "content": "The influence of coronary and myocardial lesions, defining the severity of the coronary artery disease on effort tolerance was studied in 51 patients. The appearances of the coronary arteriography and ventriculography were compared with the parameters of exercise tolerance: electrocardiographic changes, maximal charge (Cw), total work (TW), maximal systolic arterial pressure (SAP), maximal heart rate, percentage of the theoretical maximal heart rate, double product, exercise capacity index (CEI). The results showed that exercise tolerance (Cw, TW, ECI) and the exercise SAP are mainly affected by the myocardial lesions: patients with very reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and double or triple artery disease have very low indices: average Cw of 60 watts, TW less than 20,000 joules, ECI approximately 50. The SAP only rises slightly. On the other hand, patients with normal or subnormal ejection fractions have much higher indices whatever the state of their coronary arteries; Cw over 80 watts, TW over 30,000 joules, ECI over 80. In addition, major left ventricular dysfunction is associated with ST segment elevation during exercise.", "contents": "[Correlations between effort tolerance and the severity of coronary disease. Influence of myocardial lesions]. The influence of coronary and myocardial lesions, defining the severity of the coronary artery disease on effort tolerance was studied in 51 patients. The appearances of the coronary arteriography and ventriculography were compared with the parameters of exercise tolerance: electrocardiographic changes, maximal charge (Cw), total work (TW), maximal systolic arterial pressure (SAP), maximal heart rate, percentage of the theoretical maximal heart rate, double product, exercise capacity index (CEI). The results showed that exercise tolerance (Cw, TW, ECI) and the exercise SAP are mainly affected by the myocardial lesions: patients with very reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and double or triple artery disease have very low indices: average Cw of 60 watts, TW less than 20,000 joules, ECI approximately 50. The SAP only rises slightly. On the other hand, patients with normal or subnormal ejection fractions have much higher indices whatever the state of their coronary arteries; Cw over 80 watts, TW over 30,000 joules, ECI over 80. In addition, major left ventricular dysfunction is associated with ST segment elevation during exercise.", "PMID": 107893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7930", "title": "[Pulmonary capillary pressure and the exercise test].", "content": "In the present work with radiocardiography the change of pulmonary capillary pressure as well as cross correlations of stroke index, cardiac index, pulmonary blood volume, pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary dispersion volume which reflects pulmonary capillary volume have been studied during muscular exercise. With increase in cardiac output the mathematical estimation showed decrease in pulmonary capillary pressure while stroke index, pulmonary blood volume and pulmonary dispersion volume increased. The pulmonary arterial pressure also rose but this increase was insignificant. The estimated decrease in pulmonary capillary pressure might be due to decreased resistance, a consequence of recruitment of new capillaries and of increase of cross sectional area of pulmonary vasculature. The radiocardiographic method used here appears to be suitable in exercise studies, and it may further be applicable in clinical studies, e.g. in evaluation of left ventricular failure.", "contents": "[Pulmonary capillary pressure and the exercise test]. In the present work with radiocardiography the change of pulmonary capillary pressure as well as cross correlations of stroke index, cardiac index, pulmonary blood volume, pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary dispersion volume which reflects pulmonary capillary volume have been studied during muscular exercise. With increase in cardiac output the mathematical estimation showed decrease in pulmonary capillary pressure while stroke index, pulmonary blood volume and pulmonary dispersion volume increased. The pulmonary arterial pressure also rose but this increase was insignificant. The estimated decrease in pulmonary capillary pressure might be due to decreased resistance, a consequence of recruitment of new capillaries and of increase of cross sectional area of pulmonary vasculature. The radiocardiographic method used here appears to be suitable in exercise studies, and it may further be applicable in clinical studies, e.g. in evaluation of left ventricular failure.", "PMID": 107894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7931", "title": "[Value of continous electrocardiography (Holter monitoring) in mitral valve prolapse].", "content": "Twenty three patients with mitral valve prolapse underwent ambulatory 20 to 24 hour electrocardiography to study the incidence and severity of ventricular arrhythmias. These arrhythmias were found in 20 cases (87 p. 100). Ventricular extrasystoles were usually grouped (14 cases) causing doublets in 8 cases and bursts of ventricular tachycardia in the 6 others. The importance of the information obtained by Holter monitoring should not detract from the value of the standard resting electrocardiogramme. In fact, there appears to be a good correlation between the severity of the ventricular arrhythmia and the presence of ST changes over the postero-inferior zones. These abnormalities were never present in patients without ventricular extrasystoles but on the other hand they were observed in 5 of the 6 patients with ventricular tachycardia. From a practical point of view this may represent a simple means of identifying patients at high risk of dangerous arrhythmias.", "contents": "[Value of continous electrocardiography (Holter monitoring) in mitral valve prolapse]. Twenty three patients with mitral valve prolapse underwent ambulatory 20 to 24 hour electrocardiography to study the incidence and severity of ventricular arrhythmias. These arrhythmias were found in 20 cases (87 p. 100). Ventricular extrasystoles were usually grouped (14 cases) causing doublets in 8 cases and bursts of ventricular tachycardia in the 6 others. The importance of the information obtained by Holter monitoring should not detract from the value of the standard resting electrocardiogramme. In fact, there appears to be a good correlation between the severity of the ventricular arrhythmia and the presence of ST changes over the postero-inferior zones. These abnormalities were never present in patients without ventricular extrasystoles but on the other hand they were observed in 5 of the 6 patients with ventricular tachycardia. From a practical point of view this may represent a simple means of identifying patients at high risk of dangerous arrhythmias.", "PMID": 107895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7932", "title": "[Bidimensional echocardiography in evalulation of mitral and aortic stenosis].", "content": "The aim of this study was to compare the results of unidimensional and cross-sectional echocardiography and cardiac catheterisation in the assessment of mitral and aortic stenosis. 21 patients with mitral stenosis, 21 patients with aortic stenosis and 21 patients without valvular disease were studied by unidimensional and cross-sectional echocardiography and cardiac catheterisation. Although unidimensional echocardiography in the external cardiac investigation of choice for the qualitative diagnosis of mitral stenosis, a better assessment of the severity of the stenosis is obtained with cross-sectional echocardiography. The valve surface measured by cross-sectional echocardiography correlates well with the value obtained by catheterisation with the application of the Gorlin formula (r = 0.85). Cross-sectional echocardiography is therefore an important advance in the external assessment of mitral stenosis. The aortic valve can only be measured in one third of cases of aortic stenosis with unidimensional echocardiography, whilst this measurement can be performed in 90 p. 100 of cases with cross-sectional echocardiography. The values obtained in 9 patients with severe aortic stenosis were 3.7 +/- 0.7 mm/m2, in 7 patients with moderate aortic stenosis: 5.4 +/- 0.8 mm/m2 and in 5 patients with mild aortic stenosis: 6.8 +/- 1,2 mm/m2. There is a clear demarcation between the different groups if the average values are compared. Therefore cross-sectional echocardiography gives reliable semi-quantitative assessment of the severity of aortic stenosis.", "contents": "[Bidimensional echocardiography in evalulation of mitral and aortic stenosis]. The aim of this study was to compare the results of unidimensional and cross-sectional echocardiography and cardiac catheterisation in the assessment of mitral and aortic stenosis. 21 patients with mitral stenosis, 21 patients with aortic stenosis and 21 patients without valvular disease were studied by unidimensional and cross-sectional echocardiography and cardiac catheterisation. Although unidimensional echocardiography in the external cardiac investigation of choice for the qualitative diagnosis of mitral stenosis, a better assessment of the severity of the stenosis is obtained with cross-sectional echocardiography. The valve surface measured by cross-sectional echocardiography correlates well with the value obtained by catheterisation with the application of the Gorlin formula (r = 0.85). Cross-sectional echocardiography is therefore an important advance in the external assessment of mitral stenosis. The aortic valve can only be measured in one third of cases of aortic stenosis with unidimensional echocardiography, whilst this measurement can be performed in 90 p. 100 of cases with cross-sectional echocardiography. The values obtained in 9 patients with severe aortic stenosis were 3.7 +/- 0.7 mm/m2, in 7 patients with moderate aortic stenosis: 5.4 +/- 0.8 mm/m2 and in 5 patients with mild aortic stenosis: 6.8 +/- 1,2 mm/m2. There is a clear demarcation between the different groups if the average values are compared. Therefore cross-sectional echocardiography gives reliable semi-quantitative assessment of the severity of aortic stenosis.", "PMID": 107896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7933", "title": "[Treatment of mitral insufficiency by Wooler-Reed annuloplasty. Remote results].", "content": "The outcome of 67 patients operated on between 1963 and 1971 for pure mitral regurgitation due to dilatation of the mitral ring (group I: 25 cases), papillary muscle dysfunction (group II: 11 cases) and valvular and/or subvalvular lesions (group III: 31 cases) was analysed with an average follow up of 9.1 years (range 4 to 12 years). Eleven patients (16 p. 100) died in the late post-operative period (average 4 years). The main cause of death was cardiac failure related to the valvulopathy (8 cases). 11 patients were reoperated (16 p. 100) (on average 5 years after operation). The opeartive findings, besides early technical errors (2 cases), showed deterioration to be less often related to secondary dilatation of the mitral ring (1 case) than to progression of the valvular and subvalvular disease (7 cases). The patients followed up at present have shown symptomatic improvement (39 out of 40 cases) although the cardiothoracic ratio has generally remained unchanged. Average pulmonary capillary and arterial pressures were lower than the preoperative findings in 9 control cardiac catheterisations. Thromboembolism (2.6 p. 100), infection (2.6 p. 100) and haemolysis (0 p. 100) were less frequent than in patients with prosthetic valves. The survival curve is also better in patients having undergone reconstructive surgery. This study showed the best results in the group with pure mitral regurgitation secondary to mitral ring dilatation. The results were less favourable in groups II and III. This surgical technique would seem best reserved for young people, when anticoagulant therapy carries unacceptable risks, and when the following anatomical conditions are respected: pure mitral regurgitation with a normal valvular and subvalvular apparatus.", "contents": "[Treatment of mitral insufficiency by Wooler-Reed annuloplasty. Remote results]. The outcome of 67 patients operated on between 1963 and 1971 for pure mitral regurgitation due to dilatation of the mitral ring (group I: 25 cases), papillary muscle dysfunction (group II: 11 cases) and valvular and/or subvalvular lesions (group III: 31 cases) was analysed with an average follow up of 9.1 years (range 4 to 12 years). Eleven patients (16 p. 100) died in the late post-operative period (average 4 years). The main cause of death was cardiac failure related to the valvulopathy (8 cases). 11 patients were reoperated (16 p. 100) (on average 5 years after operation). The opeartive findings, besides early technical errors (2 cases), showed deterioration to be less often related to secondary dilatation of the mitral ring (1 case) than to progression of the valvular and subvalvular disease (7 cases). The patients followed up at present have shown symptomatic improvement (39 out of 40 cases) although the cardiothoracic ratio has generally remained unchanged. Average pulmonary capillary and arterial pressures were lower than the preoperative findings in 9 control cardiac catheterisations. Thromboembolism (2.6 p. 100), infection (2.6 p. 100) and haemolysis (0 p. 100) were less frequent than in patients with prosthetic valves. The survival curve is also better in patients having undergone reconstructive surgery. This study showed the best results in the group with pure mitral regurgitation secondary to mitral ring dilatation. The results were less favourable in groups II and III. This surgical technique would seem best reserved for young people, when anticoagulant therapy carries unacceptable risks, and when the following anatomical conditions are respected: pure mitral regurgitation with a normal valvular and subvalvular apparatus.", "PMID": 107899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7934", "title": "[Heart valve prosthesis and pregnancy].", "content": "Sixteen pregnancies were followed up in 13 patients with prosthetic heart valves: 8 pregnancies went to term under oral anticoagulation, 4 under heparin and 4 without anticoagulation. 9 healthy normal children were delivered; there were 2 still births and 5 abortions. On the maternal side 3 haemorrhages and thromboembolic episodes which involved 2 patients on heparin, one of whom died, were observed. The following points are apparent from our observations and a review of the existing medical literature: --the risk of thromboembolism is not increased. The marked clotting tendency of maternal blood post-partum contraindicates the withdrawal of anticoagulants during this critical period; --haemorrhagic complications are common with anticoagulants; --foetal loss is greatly increased; --the teratogenecity of vitamin-K antagonists is certain, but the risk is small. The problems of anticoagulation are discussed; theoretically heparin should be given during the 1st trimestre and from the 38th week to the second post-partum week. The patients should be closely supervised by both obstetrician and cardiologist and hospitalisation is advised for the last month of pregnancy. Normal vaginal delivery is usually possible.", "contents": "[Heart valve prosthesis and pregnancy]. Sixteen pregnancies were followed up in 13 patients with prosthetic heart valves: 8 pregnancies went to term under oral anticoagulation, 4 under heparin and 4 without anticoagulation. 9 healthy normal children were delivered; there were 2 still births and 5 abortions. On the maternal side 3 haemorrhages and thromboembolic episodes which involved 2 patients on heparin, one of whom died, were observed. The following points are apparent from our observations and a review of the existing medical literature: --the risk of thromboembolism is not increased. The marked clotting tendency of maternal blood post-partum contraindicates the withdrawal of anticoagulants during this critical period; --haemorrhagic complications are common with anticoagulants; --foetal loss is greatly increased; --the teratogenecity of vitamin-K antagonists is certain, but the risk is small. The problems of anticoagulation are discussed; theoretically heparin should be given during the 1st trimestre and from the 38th week to the second post-partum week. The patients should be closely supervised by both obstetrician and cardiologist and hospitalisation is advised for the last month of pregnancy. Normal vaginal delivery is usually possible.", "PMID": 107900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7935", "title": "[Value and limitations of sequential technetium 99m angiocardiography in the detection, localization and quantification of left-right intracardiac shunts apropos of 110 cases].", "content": "A comparative study of the diagnosis of intracardiac left-to-right shunts by isotope radiography on the one hand and oxymetry, abnormal catheter trajectory and angiocardiography on the other, was performed on  a series of 110 patients, comprising 12 normals, 46 valvulopathies or cardiomyopathies without shunts, 23 ASDs, 22 VSDs, and 7 other shunts. Intravenous injection of Technetium 99 m with scintigraphic imagery and interpretation of time-activity curves detected even small left-to-right shunts and appeared to be more sensitive than oxumetry. The estimation of the size of the shunt correlated well with oxymetry for VSDs but not for ASDs. The localisation of the shunt was more difficult. The atrial level of the defect was detected in some but not the majority of cases. The isotopic technique appeared unreliable in the presence of severe haemodynamic disturbances. The isotopic method is a quick means of detecting left-to-right shunts without measurable risk, particularly useful in the investigation of children and young adults thought to have left-to-right shunts.", "contents": "[Value and limitations of sequential technetium 99m angiocardiography in the detection, localization and quantification of left-right intracardiac shunts apropos of 110 cases]. A comparative study of the diagnosis of intracardiac left-to-right shunts by isotope radiography on the one hand and oxymetry, abnormal catheter trajectory and angiocardiography on the other, was performed on  a series of 110 patients, comprising 12 normals, 46 valvulopathies or cardiomyopathies without shunts, 23 ASDs, 22 VSDs, and 7 other shunts. Intravenous injection of Technetium 99 m with scintigraphic imagery and interpretation of time-activity curves detected even small left-to-right shunts and appeared to be more sensitive than oxumetry. The estimation of the size of the shunt correlated well with oxymetry for VSDs but not for ASDs. The localisation of the shunt was more difficult. The atrial level of the defect was detected in some but not the majority of cases. The isotopic technique appeared unreliable in the presence of severe haemodynamic disturbances. The isotopic method is a quick means of detecting left-to-right shunts without measurable risk, particularly useful in the investigation of children and young adults thought to have left-to-right shunts.", "PMID": 107901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7936", "title": "[Estimation of coronary disease mortality and morbidity in France from epidemiological data].", "content": "The incidence of coronary heart diseases in France is estimated from three sources of information. Mortality statistics underestimate the number of deaths from coronary heart diseases. An evaluation of this number is proposed, but with a rather important lack of precision; for example, between 10 and 20% of male mortality between age 45 and 64. These French coronary death rates are inferior to those of numerous other European or Anglo-Saxon countries, but are comparable with those of some mediterranean countries. The incidence of coronary heart diseases measured in the Paris Prospective Study is inferior by half to that of the Framingham Study and is also inferior to those of several male populations from the 7 Countries Study, in the same age limits. Three French registers give similar results about the incidence of acute myocardial infarction. This incidence is equal to the lower limit of those measured in 21 foreign registers. These concording data suggest that the incidence of coronary heart diseases is relatively moderate in France. Etiological hypotheses are planned and the interest in a surveillance of French sanitary data is reminded.", "contents": "[Estimation of coronary disease mortality and morbidity in France from epidemiological data]. The incidence of coronary heart diseases in France is estimated from three sources of information. Mortality statistics underestimate the number of deaths from coronary heart diseases. An evaluation of this number is proposed, but with a rather important lack of precision; for example, between 10 and 20% of male mortality between age 45 and 64. These French coronary death rates are inferior to those of numerous other European or Anglo-Saxon countries, but are comparable with those of some mediterranean countries. The incidence of coronary heart diseases measured in the Paris Prospective Study is inferior by half to that of the Framingham Study and is also inferior to those of several male populations from the 7 Countries Study, in the same age limits. Three French registers give similar results about the incidence of acute myocardial infarction. This incidence is equal to the lower limit of those measured in 21 foreign registers. These concording data suggest that the incidence of coronary heart diseases is relatively moderate in France. Etiological hypotheses are planned and the interest in a surveillance of French sanitary data is reminded.", "PMID": 107902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7937", "title": "[Detoxification of tetanus toxin].", "content": "Reported in this paper are experiments conducted to compare formaldehyde, glyoxal, malondialdehyde, succindialdehyde, glutardialdehyde, adipindialdehyde, beta-propiolacton, and pyrocarbonic acid diethylester for their toxifying properties. Tetanus toxin, 1.5 million dlm/ml or 120 binding units, was used. Glutardialdehyde proved to be the most favourable compound and was followed by formaldehyde against the background of the experimental arrangement used, that is determination of concentrations for inactivation and antigenic properties of the toxoids. Glyoxal, malondialdehyde, succindialdehyde, and beta-propiolactone followed in some distance, whereas no inactivation at all was obtained from adipindialdehyde and pyrocarbonic acid diethylester.", "contents": "[Detoxification of tetanus toxin]. Reported in this paper are experiments conducted to compare formaldehyde, glyoxal, malondialdehyde, succindialdehyde, glutardialdehyde, adipindialdehyde, beta-propiolacton, and pyrocarbonic acid diethylester for their toxifying properties. Tetanus toxin, 1.5 million dlm/ml or 120 binding units, was used. Glutardialdehyde proved to be the most favourable compound and was followed by formaldehyde against the background of the experimental arrangement used, that is determination of concentrations for inactivation and antigenic properties of the toxoids. Glyoxal, malondialdehyde, succindialdehyde, and beta-propiolactone followed in some distance, whereas no inactivation at all was obtained from adipindialdehyde and pyrocarbonic acid diethylester.", "PMID": 107904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7938", "title": "[Familial glomerulonephritis and hereditary deficiency of C2].", "content": "The association between glomerulonephritis and hereditary C2 complement deficiency has been found in 4 out of 8 children of a family. The hemolytic complement (CH50) was much decreased in homozygot subjects and slightly decreased in heterozygot. C1q, C4, C3, C5, C1s INA were normal, the C2 was found at an intermediate or null rate; CH50 could be reconstitued by purified human C2. The C2 deficiency genes were associated with HLA A10 B18 (father) and HLA A29 B18 (mother) haplotypes but HLA D allels were different on the 2 haplotypes. The C2 deficiency appears to lead to an increased susceptibility to immune-complexe diseases, specially to glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "[Familial glomerulonephritis and hereditary deficiency of C2]. The association between glomerulonephritis and hereditary C2 complement deficiency has been found in 4 out of 8 children of a family. The hemolytic complement (CH50) was much decreased in homozygot subjects and slightly decreased in heterozygot. C1q, C4, C3, C5, C1s INA were normal, the C2 was found at an intermediate or null rate; CH50 could be reconstitued by purified human C2. The C2 deficiency genes were associated with HLA A10 B18 (father) and HLA A29 B18 (mother) haplotypes but HLA D allels were different on the 2 haplotypes. The C2 deficiency appears to lead to an increased susceptibility to immune-complexe diseases, specially to glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 107905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7939", "title": "[The child in digestive resuscitation].", "content": "Twenty one children who had total parenteral nutrition followed by a constant infusion into the gastrointestinal tract between the 10th and 90th day of life were studied. When normal feeding is resumed the difficulties are related to the lengths of hospital stay, separation from the parents and the lack of contact with adults more than to the techniques of feeding themselves.", "contents": "[The child in digestive resuscitation]. Twenty one children who had total parenteral nutrition followed by a constant infusion into the gastrointestinal tract between the 10th and 90th day of life were studied. When normal feeding is resumed the difficulties are related to the lengths of hospital stay, separation from the parents and the lack of contact with adults more than to the techniques of feeding themselves.", "PMID": 107907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7940", "title": "TRH (protirelin) in depressed alcoholic men. Behavioral changes and endocrine responses.", "content": "Chronic alcoholics with secondary depression were treated with protirelin in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Behavioral data, collected only during the acute alcohol withdrawal state, indicated a beneficial effect of protirelin three hours after injection, but not during subsequent days. Injections caused only mild and infrequent subjective side effects and no cardiovascular effects. Endocrine data were recorded in the acute withdrawal state and after clinical remission. Findings in the acute state suggested thyroid activation and increased central dopaminergic activity, as evidenced by elevated baseline levels of growth hormone, low baseline levels of prolactin, and blunted thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to protirelin. The first two abnormalities returned to normal levels in the remission state. A blunted TSH response was observed in both the acute and the remission states. Partial persistence of this finding suggests that TSH blunting may not be solely state-dependent. In the acute withdrawal state, TSH blunting was associated with favorable behavioral responses to protirelin.", "contents": "TRH (protirelin) in depressed alcoholic men. Behavioral changes and endocrine responses. Chronic alcoholics with secondary depression were treated with protirelin in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Behavioral data, collected only during the acute alcohol withdrawal state, indicated a beneficial effect of protirelin three hours after injection, but not during subsequent days. Injections caused only mild and infrequent subjective side effects and no cardiovascular effects. Endocrine data were recorded in the acute withdrawal state and after clinical remission. Findings in the acute state suggested thyroid activation and increased central dopaminergic activity, as evidenced by elevated baseline levels of growth hormone, low baseline levels of prolactin, and blunted thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to protirelin. The first two abnormalities returned to normal levels in the remission state. A blunted TSH response was observed in both the acute and the remission states. Partial persistence of this finding suggests that TSH blunting may not be solely state-dependent. In the acute withdrawal state, TSH blunting was associated with favorable behavioral responses to protirelin.", "PMID": 107908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7941", "title": "IgG subclasses of anti-Rh antibodies in pregnant women.", "content": "IgG subclasses of anti-Rh antibodies in the sera of 65 pregnant women were determined. The frequency of subclasses was: IgG1-87.6%, IgG2-23.0%, IgG3-56.9% IgG4-7.7%. In different cases of Rh incompatibility, no correlation was found between the intensity of the hemolytic disease of the newborn and the pattern of IgG subclasses in maternal antibodies. On the basis of the whole material analysis it was observed, however, that the more pregnancies with fetomaternal incompatibility the women had and the more severe the course of the hemolytic disease was in their babies, the more frequently the IgG3 sublcass was present in the pattern of antibodies and the less frequent were the IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses. We have put forward the hypothesis that at the time of strong stimulation of the immunological mechanisms, antibodies are produced by many cell clones and that their activity may decline and disappear with progressing development of clones specifically producing anti-Rh antibodies of the subclasses IgG1 and IgG3.", "contents": "IgG subclasses of anti-Rh antibodies in pregnant women. IgG subclasses of anti-Rh antibodies in the sera of 65 pregnant women were determined. The frequency of subclasses was: IgG1-87.6%, IgG2-23.0%, IgG3-56.9% IgG4-7.7%. In different cases of Rh incompatibility, no correlation was found between the intensity of the hemolytic disease of the newborn and the pattern of IgG subclasses in maternal antibodies. On the basis of the whole material analysis it was observed, however, that the more pregnancies with fetomaternal incompatibility the women had and the more severe the course of the hemolytic disease was in their babies, the more frequently the IgG3 sublcass was present in the pattern of antibodies and the less frequent were the IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses. We have put forward the hypothesis that at the time of strong stimulation of the immunological mechanisms, antibodies are produced by many cell clones and that their activity may decline and disappear with progressing development of clones specifically producing anti-Rh antibodies of the subclasses IgG1 and IgG3.", "PMID": 107909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7942", "title": "In vitro reactions of anti-Rh antibodies depending on the pattern of IgG subclasses.", "content": "In 47 serum samples obtained from 31 women immunized with D antigen of the Rh system the level of anti-Rh D antibodies was measured by the papain and antiglobulin tests and the IgG subclasses of anti-Rh antibodies were determined. If the antibodies were of the IgG1 subclass or if this subclass prevailed in the IgG subclass pattern, the antibody level determined by the papain test of L\u00f6w was higher or equal to their level found in the antiglobulin test. In all cases, in which the antibodies titer was higher in the antiglobulin test, the antibodies were either of the IgG3 subclass exclusively, or this subclass prevailed quantitatively. This was due to partial inactivation of antibodies belonging to the IgG3 subclass by papain added to the serum in the L\u00f6w's test. In the test with papainized erythrocytes (called two-stage test) the IgG subclasses could not be differentiated, and the results obtained then were always higher than in the antiglobulin test. The differences in the reactions of antibodies performed routinely for diagnostic purposes can be explained by differences in immunoglobulin subclasses produced during immunization.", "contents": "In vitro reactions of anti-Rh antibodies depending on the pattern of IgG subclasses. In 47 serum samples obtained from 31 women immunized with D antigen of the Rh system the level of anti-Rh D antibodies was measured by the papain and antiglobulin tests and the IgG subclasses of anti-Rh antibodies were determined. If the antibodies were of the IgG1 subclass or if this subclass prevailed in the IgG subclass pattern, the antibody level determined by the papain test of L\u00f6w was higher or equal to their level found in the antiglobulin test. In all cases, in which the antibodies titer was higher in the antiglobulin test, the antibodies were either of the IgG3 subclass exclusively, or this subclass prevailed quantitatively. This was due to partial inactivation of antibodies belonging to the IgG3 subclass by papain added to the serum in the L\u00f6w's test. In the test with papainized erythrocytes (called two-stage test) the IgG subclasses could not be differentiated, and the results obtained then were always higher than in the antiglobulin test. The differences in the reactions of antibodies performed routinely for diagnostic purposes can be explained by differences in immunoglobulin subclasses produced during immunization.", "PMID": 107910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7943", "title": "Trials of rosette test application for determination of immune response to antigen D from the Rh system in blood donors immunized with human erythrocytes.", "content": "Periodic control examinations of Rh-negative blood donors sensitized with human Rh-positive erythrocytes were performed to establish the differences in the levels of T and B lymphocytes and their correlation with the production of anti-Rh D antibodies. The investigations were carried out on 10 healthy blood donors in the initial period of immunization and 8 blood donors who had received multiple injections of these erythrocytes and who were producing anti-Rh antibodies. The control group included 10 non-immunized blood donors. The percentage of T and B lymphocytes was calculated on the basis of the rosette tests (E, EA, EAC) while the level of antibodies produced in serum was determined by serological methods. During immunization of blood donors no significant differences were observed in the level of T lymphocytes, while the level of B lymphocytes increased, especially in the 3rd week after the 1st or 2nd injection of erythrocytes and this was not correlated with the production of anti-Rh D antibodies in later period.", "contents": "Trials of rosette test application for determination of immune response to antigen D from the Rh system in blood donors immunized with human erythrocytes. Periodic control examinations of Rh-negative blood donors sensitized with human Rh-positive erythrocytes were performed to establish the differences in the levels of T and B lymphocytes and their correlation with the production of anti-Rh D antibodies. The investigations were carried out on 10 healthy blood donors in the initial period of immunization and 8 blood donors who had received multiple injections of these erythrocytes and who were producing anti-Rh antibodies. The control group included 10 non-immunized blood donors. The percentage of T and B lymphocytes was calculated on the basis of the rosette tests (E, EA, EAC) while the level of antibodies produced in serum was determined by serological methods. During immunization of blood donors no significant differences were observed in the level of T lymphocytes, while the level of B lymphocytes increased, especially in the 3rd week after the 1st or 2nd injection of erythrocytes and this was not correlated with the production of anti-Rh D antibodies in later period.", "PMID": 107911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7944", "title": "Treatment in Rh incompatibility.", "content": "In a material of 300 cases of Rh incompatibility the effectiveness of treatment was analyzed. An unfavourable effect of induction of premature labor was found in the cases with insufficient maturity of the newborn. A very high mortality of newborns with severe anemia (42.3%) was found. The results of treatment with intrauterine transfusions are described suggesting that they should be done before induction of labor in cases with probable high-grade anemia. The method of performing of the first exchange transfusion in the most severe cases is presented. The necessity of organization of therapeutic center of serological incompatibility all over the country is stressed.", "contents": "Treatment in Rh incompatibility. In a material of 300 cases of Rh incompatibility the effectiveness of treatment was analyzed. An unfavourable effect of induction of premature labor was found in the cases with insufficient maturity of the newborn. A very high mortality of newborns with severe anemia (42.3%) was found. The results of treatment with intrauterine transfusions are described suggesting that they should be done before induction of labor in cases with probable high-grade anemia. The method of performing of the first exchange transfusion in the most severe cases is presented. The necessity of organization of therapeutic center of serological incompatibility all over the country is stressed.", "PMID": 107912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7945", "title": "The course of hemolytic disease of the newborn in Rh incompatibility.", "content": "In a material of 300 cases of Rh incompatibility the clinical course of the hemolytic disease of the newborn was analyzed together with the complications of this disease and perinatal mortality. It was found that the intensity of icterus and the number of necessary exchange transfusions depended mainly on the grade of anemia at the time of birth. Prematurity caused no worsening of neonatal icterus but increased the frequency of complications and mortality. The high mortality of children born with severe anemia points to the necessity of hemotherapy of the fetuses before labor.", "contents": "The course of hemolytic disease of the newborn in Rh incompatibility. In a material of 300 cases of Rh incompatibility the clinical course of the hemolytic disease of the newborn was analyzed together with the complications of this disease and perinatal mortality. It was found that the intensity of icterus and the number of necessary exchange transfusions depended mainly on the grade of anemia at the time of birth. Prematurity caused no worsening of neonatal icterus but increased the frequency of complications and mortality. The high mortality of children born with severe anemia points to the necessity of hemotherapy of the fetuses before labor.", "PMID": 107913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7946", "title": "Prognosis in Rh incompatibility.", "content": "The study was done on a material of 300 cases of Rh incompatibility. A relative correlation was found between fetal damage and newborn damage and the titer of antibodies. It was shown that production of anti-Rh antibodies was lower in feto-maternal ABO incompatibility. Coexistence of anti-Rh D antibody with other antibodies of the Rh system worsened the prognosis. Two prognostic tables are presented: one based on a comparison of antibody titers with history data, and the other which was a modification of Liley's method, containing additionally determination of antibodies, which increased the accuracy of prognosis. The best prognosis of fetal damage was obtained using the new pregnostic table and assessing the successive spectrophotometric investigations in the risk zone IIB.", "contents": "Prognosis in Rh incompatibility. The study was done on a material of 300 cases of Rh incompatibility. A relative correlation was found between fetal damage and newborn damage and the titer of antibodies. It was shown that production of anti-Rh antibodies was lower in feto-maternal ABO incompatibility. Coexistence of anti-Rh D antibody with other antibodies of the Rh system worsened the prognosis. Two prognostic tables are presented: one based on a comparison of antibody titers with history data, and the other which was a modification of Liley's method, containing additionally determination of antibodies, which increased the accuracy of prognosis. The best prognosis of fetal damage was obtained using the new pregnostic table and assessing the successive spectrophotometric investigations in the risk zone IIB.", "PMID": 107914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7947", "title": "Immunoglobulins in maternal serum and in amniotic fluid in pregnancy complicated by rhesus alloimmunization.", "content": "The concentration of IgG, IgA, and IgM immunoglobulins was checked in sera of Rh-immunized and nonimmunized pregnant women. The amniotic fluid of immunized women was also investigated. The significant decrease of IgG, accompanied by significant increase of IgA immunoglobulin was revealed in the sera of immunized patients. In non-concentrated amniotic fluid only IgG and IgA immunoglobulins were found.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in maternal serum and in amniotic fluid in pregnancy complicated by rhesus alloimmunization. The concentration of IgG, IgA, and IgM immunoglobulins was checked in sera of Rh-immunized and nonimmunized pregnant women. The amniotic fluid of immunized women was also investigated. The significant decrease of IgG, accompanied by significant increase of IgA immunoglobulin was revealed in the sera of immunized patients. In non-concentrated amniotic fluid only IgG and IgA immunoglobulins were found.", "PMID": 107915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7948", "title": "The evaluation of extended analysis of serum, amniotic fluid and cardiotocography in the management of pregnancy complicated by immunization in Rh or Kell antigens.", "content": "The estimation of protein and bilirubin concentration together with checking the activity of LDH, AspAT, AlAT and Ech in maternal serum and amniotic fluid was performed with intention to improve the accuracy of antenatal prediction in hemolytic disease of newborns. With the same intention, the cardiotocography was introduced. After study on forty-six pregnancies, the usefulness of estimation of optical density, protein and bilirubin concentration in amniotic fluid and calculation of bilirubin/protein ratio was confirmed. The other investigated methods appeared useless.", "contents": "The evaluation of extended analysis of serum, amniotic fluid and cardiotocography in the management of pregnancy complicated by immunization in Rh or Kell antigens. The estimation of protein and bilirubin concentration together with checking the activity of LDH, AspAT, AlAT and Ech in maternal serum and amniotic fluid was performed with intention to improve the accuracy of antenatal prediction in hemolytic disease of newborns. With the same intention, the cardiotocography was introduced. After study on forty-six pregnancies, the usefulness of estimation of optical density, protein and bilirubin concentration in amniotic fluid and calculation of bilirubin/protein ratio was confirmed. The other investigated methods appeared useless.", "PMID": 107916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7949", "title": "The use of plasmapheresis in pregnancy with antenatal prediction of a serious hemolytic disease due to Rh immunization.", "content": "Plasmapheresis was performed on twelve women with antenatal prediction of severe hemolytic disease due to Rh or Kell alloimmunization. No complications in mothers or newborn infants due to this treatment were observed neither during pregnancy nor in post-deliver period. In two patients the increase of antibody titer was not prevented. In four cases the fetus was not saved.", "contents": "The use of plasmapheresis in pregnancy with antenatal prediction of a serious hemolytic disease due to Rh immunization. Plasmapheresis was performed on twelve women with antenatal prediction of severe hemolytic disease due to Rh or Kell alloimmunization. No complications in mothers or newborn infants due to this treatment were observed neither during pregnancy nor in post-deliver period. In two patients the increase of antibody titer was not prevented. In four cases the fetus was not saved.", "PMID": 107917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7950", "title": "Isolation and immunochemical properties of burn toxin.", "content": "Human skin and the skin of some laboratory animals was minced, scalded and homogenized. The preparation from scalded human skin (the \"crude burn toxin\") revealed to be highly toxic to mice after i.v. administration. It was found by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, that the urea and buthanol extracts of the crude \"toxin\" contain tissue antigens which were absent in a control preparation from a native (non scalded) skin.", "contents": "Isolation and immunochemical properties of burn toxin. Human skin and the skin of some laboratory animals was minced, scalded and homogenized. The preparation from scalded human skin (the \"crude burn toxin\") revealed to be highly toxic to mice after i.v. administration. It was found by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, that the urea and buthanol extracts of the crude \"toxin\" contain tissue antigens which were absent in a control preparation from a native (non scalded) skin.", "PMID": 107918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7951", "title": "Some biological and immunological properties of extracellular slime from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Extracellular slime from 8 different Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was extracted and purified. All slime-preparations exhibited immunogenic properties in rabbits vaccinated with detoxified or not detoxified slime. The antisera of both groups of immunized animals possessed strong hemagglutination activity against homologous slime. Immune hemagglutinins were present in the IgM and IgG fractions of serum globulins. The high value of these antibodies was found in rabbit's sera short after injection of slime-extract. The hemagglutinins quickly reached the peak value and maintained in serum over 60-70 days. Biological properties of lyophilized slime-preparations were defined in rabbit-skin test, local Shwartzman test, pyrogenic reaction and measured as LD50 for mouse. Intravenous injection of slime elicited marked changes in the number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood of rabbit. The animals responded to slime either with leukopenia passing into leukocytosis or with leukocytosis without leukopenia.", "contents": "Some biological and immunological properties of extracellular slime from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Extracellular slime from 8 different Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was extracted and purified. All slime-preparations exhibited immunogenic properties in rabbits vaccinated with detoxified or not detoxified slime. The antisera of both groups of immunized animals possessed strong hemagglutination activity against homologous slime. Immune hemagglutinins were present in the IgM and IgG fractions of serum globulins. The high value of these antibodies was found in rabbit's sera short after injection of slime-extract. The hemagglutinins quickly reached the peak value and maintained in serum over 60-70 days. Biological properties of lyophilized slime-preparations were defined in rabbit-skin test, local Shwartzman test, pyrogenic reaction and measured as LD50 for mouse. Intravenous injection of slime elicited marked changes in the number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood of rabbit. The animals responded to slime either with leukopenia passing into leukocytosis or with leukocytosis without leukopenia.", "PMID": 107919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7952", "title": "Characterization of peptides found in human biological fluids in macroglobulinemia IgM.", "content": "Excessive production of IgM in macroglobulinemia is accompanied frequently by secretion of proteins and peptides which are normally absent from biological fluids. These proteins and peptides are probably secreted by cells producing IgM. Three types of peptides were isolated and their basic properties are described. One peptide showed calcium-binding properties, and the other two peptides were bound to secreted IgM immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Characterization of peptides found in human biological fluids in macroglobulinemia IgM. Excessive production of IgM in macroglobulinemia is accompanied frequently by secretion of proteins and peptides which are normally absent from biological fluids. These proteins and peptides are probably secreted by cells producing IgM. Three types of peptides were isolated and their basic properties are described. One peptide showed calcium-binding properties, and the other two peptides were bound to secreted IgM immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 107920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7953", "title": "The effects of lipids from Listeria monocytogenes on bacterial and fungal infections in mice.", "content": "Investigations were made on the influence of lipids from Listeria monocytogenes upon the course of infections induced by bacteria and fungi. Chloroform-methanol extract of the lipids was given to animals in various doses and at various intervals before and after infection. Mortality of mice and elimination rate of bacteria from the blood and organs were estimated. It was observed that the lipids markedly increased natural immunity of the animals against bacterial and fungal infections. The mortality rate of mice was decreased and the elimination of bacteria and fungi from the tissues was accelerated. Our suggestion is that the observed effect of lipids probably depends on the stimulation of mononuclear phagocyte system.", "contents": "The effects of lipids from Listeria monocytogenes on bacterial and fungal infections in mice. Investigations were made on the influence of lipids from Listeria monocytogenes upon the course of infections induced by bacteria and fungi. Chloroform-methanol extract of the lipids was given to animals in various doses and at various intervals before and after infection. Mortality of mice and elimination rate of bacteria from the blood and organs were estimated. It was observed that the lipids markedly increased natural immunity of the animals against bacterial and fungal infections. The mortality rate of mice was decreased and the elimination of bacteria and fungi from the tissues was accelerated. Our suggestion is that the observed effect of lipids probably depends on the stimulation of mononuclear phagocyte system.", "PMID": 107921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7954", "title": "Tissue specificity of antinuclear antibodies in scleroderma.", "content": "Studies of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were carried out in 39 cases of systemic scleroderma and for comparison in 19 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using indirect immunofluorescence (IF) methods under standard conditions. The results on three different substrates--monkey esophagus, guinea pig lip and rat liver--are reported. In 48.7% of scleroderma cases ANA showed a substrate specificity. The highest percentage of positive results in scleroderma was obtained on monkey esophagus (97.4%) and the lowest on rat liver (61.5%). In SLE, in contrast, only about 13% of the sera displayed such specificity. If only sera with substrate specificity are considered, the positive results on monkey esophagus and rat liver are 94.7% and 21.1%, respectively. Titers of sera reacting positively on 2 or 3 substrates were mostly in agreement, although some sera both in systemic scleroderma and SLE showed higher titers on monkey esophagus. The IF pattern was usually the same regardless of the substrate. Tests for ANA in scleroderma should be performed on at least 2 substrates simultaneously.", "contents": "Tissue specificity of antinuclear antibodies in scleroderma. Studies of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were carried out in 39 cases of systemic scleroderma and for comparison in 19 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using indirect immunofluorescence (IF) methods under standard conditions. The results on three different substrates--monkey esophagus, guinea pig lip and rat liver--are reported. In 48.7% of scleroderma cases ANA showed a substrate specificity. The highest percentage of positive results in scleroderma was obtained on monkey esophagus (97.4%) and the lowest on rat liver (61.5%). In SLE, in contrast, only about 13% of the sera displayed such specificity. If only sera with substrate specificity are considered, the positive results on monkey esophagus and rat liver are 94.7% and 21.1%, respectively. Titers of sera reacting positively on 2 or 3 substrates were mostly in agreement, although some sera both in systemic scleroderma and SLE showed higher titers on monkey esophagus. The IF pattern was usually the same regardless of the substrate. Tests for ANA in scleroderma should be performed on at least 2 substrates simultaneously.", "PMID": 107922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7955", "title": "Mineral metabolism of the healing arterial wall.", "content": "The mineral metabolism of healing arterial walls was studied by measuring the accumulation of several radioisotopes at the site of vascular repair in rats. Each rat was subjected to a 1-cm full-thickness aortotomy and then immediately injected by tail vein with c 5 muCi of one of the following radioisotopes: chromic chloride Cr 51 or sodium chromate Cr 51; ferrous chloride Fe 59 or ferric chloride Fe 59; manganous chloride Mn 54; selenious acid Se 75; strontium chloride Sr 85; or zinc chloride Zn 65. At intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 days after operation and injection, groups of four rats for each radioisotope were killed, aortas dissected, and the specific radioactivity of healing vascular tissue compared with that of adjacent normal artery. There were sharp and statistically significant differences in the preferential accumulation of the radioisotopes in healing compared with normal aorta. Zinc appeared to be the element most involved in vascular repair, followed by selenium and chromium.", "contents": "Mineral metabolism of the healing arterial wall. The mineral metabolism of healing arterial walls was studied by measuring the accumulation of several radioisotopes at the site of vascular repair in rats. Each rat was subjected to a 1-cm full-thickness aortotomy and then immediately injected by tail vein with c 5 muCi of one of the following radioisotopes: chromic chloride Cr 51 or sodium chromate Cr 51; ferrous chloride Fe 59 or ferric chloride Fe 59; manganous chloride Mn 54; selenious acid Se 75; strontium chloride Sr 85; or zinc chloride Zn 65. At intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 days after operation and injection, groups of four rats for each radioisotope were killed, aortas dissected, and the specific radioactivity of healing vascular tissue compared with that of adjacent normal artery. There were sharp and statistically significant differences in the preferential accumulation of the radioisotopes in healing compared with normal aorta. Zinc appeared to be the element most involved in vascular repair, followed by selenium and chromium.", "PMID": 107923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7956", "title": "Indium 111 autologous tagged leukocytes in the diagnosis of intraperitoneal sepsis.", "content": "We report the results of a new test, indium oxine in 111 scanning, in the diagnosis of postoperative infection. Indium 111 was used to label autologous polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which when reinjected migrate to sites of infection, inflammation, or both. Standard scintigraphy localizes the labeled inflammatory cells at these sites. Sixty-six scans were performed in 43 surgical patients. Thirty-seven scans were categorized as true-positive; 19 scans were categorized as true-negative. Therefore, the accuracy rate was 85%. Two scans (3%) in one patient represented false-positive results. Two scans (3%) were positive for inflammation but there was no infection present; this group was denoted as equivocal. Six scans (9%) were false-negative; false-negative scans are more likely in old lesions with poor blood supply and in areas that overlap regions of normal uptake. The noninvasive nature of the test, high accuracy rate, and ease of administration make it a potentially useful tool in the diagnosis of postoperative infection.", "contents": "Indium 111 autologous tagged leukocytes in the diagnosis of intraperitoneal sepsis. We report the results of a new test, indium oxine in 111 scanning, in the diagnosis of postoperative infection. Indium 111 was used to label autologous polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which when reinjected migrate to sites of infection, inflammation, or both. Standard scintigraphy localizes the labeled inflammatory cells at these sites. Sixty-six scans were performed in 43 surgical patients. Thirty-seven scans were categorized as true-positive; 19 scans were categorized as true-negative. Therefore, the accuracy rate was 85%. Two scans (3%) in one patient represented false-positive results. Two scans (3%) were positive for inflammation but there was no infection present; this group was denoted as equivocal. Six scans (9%) were false-negative; false-negative scans are more likely in old lesions with poor blood supply and in areas that overlap regions of normal uptake. The noninvasive nature of the test, high accuracy rate, and ease of administration make it a potentially useful tool in the diagnosis of postoperative infection.", "PMID": 107925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7957", "title": "Albumin-coated Amberlite XAD-7 resin for hemoperfusion in acute liver failure. Part I: adsorption studies.", "content": "Platelets adhere to most foreign surfaces. As a result, polymers and albumin have been suggested as possible coatings to improve the blood compatibility of such surfaces. Amberlite XAD-7 has a high affinity for human serum albumin (HSA) and several protein-bound toxic metabolites. In the present study it is shown that HSA can be tightly bound to Amberlite XAD-7 without the use of chemical coupling agents. Optimal binding was achieved at pH 5.0 and the adsorption conforms to Langmuir's isotherm. Theoretical analysis of data and absence of a residual surface coating visible with scanning electron microscopy suggest a monolayer of albumin. The amount of HSA eluted from the resin under severe flow conditions was negligible (approximately 1%). Furthermore, in stirred batch studies with human plasma, the HSA coating did not decrease the adsorptive capacity of XAD-7 for bile acids and bilirubin.", "contents": "Albumin-coated Amberlite XAD-7 resin for hemoperfusion in acute liver failure. Part I: adsorption studies. Platelets adhere to most foreign surfaces. As a result, polymers and albumin have been suggested as possible coatings to improve the blood compatibility of such surfaces. Amberlite XAD-7 has a high affinity for human serum albumin (HSA) and several protein-bound toxic metabolites. In the present study it is shown that HSA can be tightly bound to Amberlite XAD-7 without the use of chemical coupling agents. Optimal binding was achieved at pH 5.0 and the adsorption conforms to Langmuir's isotherm. Theoretical analysis of data and absence of a residual surface coating visible with scanning electron microscopy suggest a monolayer of albumin. The amount of HSA eluted from the resin under severe flow conditions was negligible (approximately 1%). Furthermore, in stirred batch studies with human plasma, the HSA coating did not decrease the adsorptive capacity of XAD-7 for bile acids and bilirubin.", "PMID": 107929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7958", "title": "Parenteral nutrition in intractable diarrhea.", "content": "Twelve infants with protracted diarrhea, unmanageable by the usual procedures, were treated with Total Central Parenteral Nutrition. Eleven of them were less than six months old. Two infants died in the course of treatment; the other ten recovered. The authors discuss the indications of this procedure, the technique used and, the possibility of performing it in centers not specialized in Nutrition.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition in intractable diarrhea. Twelve infants with protracted diarrhea, unmanageable by the usual procedures, were treated with Total Central Parenteral Nutrition. Eleven of them were less than six months old. Two infants died in the course of treatment; the other ten recovered. The authors discuss the indications of this procedure, the technique used and, the possibility of performing it in centers not specialized in Nutrition.", "PMID": 107926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7959", "title": "The application of immobilized enzymes in an artificial liver support system.", "content": "A novel method of extracorporeal support for fulminant liver failure is reported whereby the most important detoxification processes of the liver are reproduced in an enzyme reactor. Most of the endogenous toxins involved in hepatic coma can be deactivated directly by conjugation with a hydrophilic residue such as glucuronic acid or glutathione, or by the neutralization of active groups through structural modification by methyl transfer. The enzymes responsible for these processes have been isolated and purified from rabbit liver, and covalently bound onto a hemocompatible form of agarose matrix. This system has been shown to be capable of catalyzing the desired reactions with endogenous toxins such as phenols and mercaptans in vitro, and phenols in rabbits in vivo.", "contents": "The application of immobilized enzymes in an artificial liver support system. A novel method of extracorporeal support for fulminant liver failure is reported whereby the most important detoxification processes of the liver are reproduced in an enzyme reactor. Most of the endogenous toxins involved in hepatic coma can be deactivated directly by conjugation with a hydrophilic residue such as glucuronic acid or glutathione, or by the neutralization of active groups through structural modification by methyl transfer. The enzymes responsible for these processes have been isolated and purified from rabbit liver, and covalently bound onto a hemocompatible form of agarose matrix. This system has been shown to be capable of catalyzing the desired reactions with endogenous toxins such as phenols and mercaptans in vitro, and phenols in rabbits in vivo.", "PMID": 107930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7960", "title": "Spinal cord evaluation by cortical evoked responses.", "content": "In ten monkeys, selective segmental lesions of the dorsal columns at the upper thoracic and middle cervical levels resulted in almost total attenuation of the cortical evoked potential responses to peripheral nerve stimulation. Conversely isolated segmental dorsal column preservation showed intact transmission of the evoked responses at rostral spinal cord, nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis, and cortical levels. Responses recorded from the intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the region of nucleus centrum medianum were unaffected by dorsal column ablation, but were markedly attenuated following bilateral ventral column ablation.", "contents": "Spinal cord evaluation by cortical evoked responses. In ten monkeys, selective segmental lesions of the dorsal columns at the upper thoracic and middle cervical levels resulted in almost total attenuation of the cortical evoked potential responses to peripheral nerve stimulation. Conversely isolated segmental dorsal column preservation showed intact transmission of the evoked responses at rostral spinal cord, nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis, and cortical levels. Responses recorded from the intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the region of nucleus centrum medianum were unaffected by dorsal column ablation, but were markedly attenuated following bilateral ventral column ablation.", "PMID": 107931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7961", "title": "Imbalanced protein and appetite.", "content": "Free amino acid concentration in the plasma of rats fed on different diets were compared. The diets contained 7 g protein/100 g furnished by: casein, or common corn, or opaque 2 corn, or eggalbumin, or gelatin. A protein free diet was also included. The results showed that imbalance of the protein diet influenced the appetite; whenever the NE/E aminoacid ratio increased, body development, appetite and plasma albumin decreased. An inverse correlation between the NE/E of free aminoacids of the plasma and voluntary intake was observed. The results also show that the plasma aminogram did not reflect the composition of the protein in the diet. The results obtained are discussed.", "contents": "Imbalanced protein and appetite. Free amino acid concentration in the plasma of rats fed on different diets were compared. The diets contained 7 g protein/100 g furnished by: casein, or common corn, or opaque 2 corn, or eggalbumin, or gelatin. A protein free diet was also included. The results showed that imbalance of the protein diet influenced the appetite; whenever the NE/E aminoacid ratio increased, body development, appetite and plasma albumin decreased. An inverse correlation between the NE/E of free aminoacids of the plasma and voluntary intake was observed. The results also show that the plasma aminogram did not reflect the composition of the protein in the diet. The results obtained are discussed.", "PMID": 107928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7962", "title": "Surgical treatment of hypopharyngeal (Aenker's) diverticulum.", "content": "Twenty-six patients underwent surgical repair of a pharyngoesophageal diverticulum at Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, from 1957 through 1977. The majority of the patients (22) had a one-stage excision with intraluminal packing of the diverticulum and esophageal closure after excision. Of the 22 patients whose diverticula were treated by this method, 16 reported they were asymptomatic postoperatively, and six stated their symptoms improved. There were three complications: two wound infections and a temporary recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis. During long-term follow-up, recurrent diverticula developed in two patients. The addition of packing to the diverticulum and the resection and closure over Maloney's dilator have proven to be important aids in this surgical approach.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of hypopharyngeal (Aenker's) diverticulum. Twenty-six patients underwent surgical repair of a pharyngoesophageal diverticulum at Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, from 1957 through 1977. The majority of the patients (22) had a one-stage excision with intraluminal packing of the diverticulum and esophageal closure after excision. Of the 22 patients whose diverticula were treated by this method, 16 reported they were asymptomatic postoperatively, and six stated their symptoms improved. There were three complications: two wound infections and a temporary recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis. During long-term follow-up, recurrent diverticula developed in two patients. The addition of packing to the diverticulum and the resection and closure over Maloney's dilator have proven to be important aids in this surgical approach.", "PMID": 107933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7963", "title": "Impedance audiometry in the squirrel monkey. Effect of transection of crossed olivocochlear bundle.", "content": "Acoustic reflex thresholds in squirrel monkeys did not show any statistically significant change following midline section of the crossed olivocochlear bundle. Lack of agreement with the results reported by Borg in rabbits is most probably due to the species difference.", "contents": "Impedance audiometry in the squirrel monkey. Effect of transection of crossed olivocochlear bundle. Acoustic reflex thresholds in squirrel monkeys did not show any statistically significant change following midline section of the crossed olivocochlear bundle. Lack of agreement with the results reported by Borg in rabbits is most probably due to the species difference.", "PMID": 107934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7964", "title": "Acute subdural hematoma and intracerebral hemorrhage. Rare complications of rhinocerebral mucormycosis.", "content": "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a short-term and often rapidly lethal fungal disease. It is generally seen in uncontrolled cases of diabetes with ketoacidosis. This case exhibits many of the features of a typical fulminating rhinocerebral mucormycosis. However, the fatal complications of acute subdural hematoma and massive intracerebral hemorrhage due to rupture of aneurysm, as demonstrated by angiography, are unique clinical manifestations of patients with rhinocerebral mucormycosis.", "contents": "Acute subdural hematoma and intracerebral hemorrhage. Rare complications of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a short-term and often rapidly lethal fungal disease. It is generally seen in uncontrolled cases of diabetes with ketoacidosis. This case exhibits many of the features of a typical fulminating rhinocerebral mucormycosis. However, the fatal complications of acute subdural hematoma and massive intracerebral hemorrhage due to rupture of aneurysm, as demonstrated by angiography, are unique clinical manifestations of patients with rhinocerebral mucormycosis.", "PMID": 107935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7965", "title": "The use of parenteral nutrition in the management of external gastrointestinal tract fistulae.", "content": "Malnutrition is common in patients with gastrointestinal tract fistula, and is an important cause of the high mortality seen with this surgical complication. A prospective review of three years' experience in the management of fistulae with parenteral nutrition was undertaken, and the results obtained were compared with those in a group of patients treated prior to the introduction of this form of therapy. The use of parenteral nutrition resulted in a reduction of the mortality from 63% to 23% in unselected cases. The mortality was zero where parenteral nutrition was used in patients under 65 years of age with non-malignant disease. With parenteral nutrition therapy, the fistulae in almost all cases closed spontaneously, in contrast with a high proportion requiring operation (20 in 38 cases) where parenteral nutrition was not used. It is concluded that all patients with significant gastrointestinal fistula should be given appropriate parenteral nutrition as their prime mode of therapy.", "contents": "The use of parenteral nutrition in the management of external gastrointestinal tract fistulae. Malnutrition is common in patients with gastrointestinal tract fistula, and is an important cause of the high mortality seen with this surgical complication. A prospective review of three years' experience in the management of fistulae with parenteral nutrition was undertaken, and the results obtained were compared with those in a group of patients treated prior to the introduction of this form of therapy. The use of parenteral nutrition resulted in a reduction of the mortality from 63% to 23% in unselected cases. The mortality was zero where parenteral nutrition was used in patients under 65 years of age with non-malignant disease. With parenteral nutrition therapy, the fistulae in almost all cases closed spontaneously, in contrast with a high proportion requiring operation (20 in 38 cases) where parenteral nutrition was not used. It is concluded that all patients with significant gastrointestinal fistula should be given appropriate parenteral nutrition as their prime mode of therapy.", "PMID": 107936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7966", "title": "The organization, methods, and experience of a parenteral nutrition service.", "content": "Malnutrition is an important component of prolonged illness. Parenteral nutrition can improve nutritional status, and its use is now common practice in certain disease states. In this paper the methods used by a parenteral nutrition service are described. The indications for, results from, and complications of, this form of therapy are also documented. This has been done on the basis of results obtained from a prospective survey of the use of parenteral nutrition in a major hospital over a one-year period.", "contents": "The organization, methods, and experience of a parenteral nutrition service. Malnutrition is an important component of prolonged illness. Parenteral nutrition can improve nutritional status, and its use is now common practice in certain disease states. In this paper the methods used by a parenteral nutrition service are described. The indications for, results from, and complications of, this form of therapy are also documented. This has been done on the basis of results obtained from a prospective survey of the use of parenteral nutrition in a major hospital over a one-year period.", "PMID": 107937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7967", "title": "The respiratory chain of Hydrogenomonas H16.", "content": "The respiratory chain of Hydrogenomonas H16 is shown to consist of two pathways, one of which has as its oxidase and only cytochrome a high-potential b-type cytochrome which is concluded to be cytochrome o. The Km values for the oxygen of the two pathways are consistent with the high-potential b-type cytochrome functioning as a relatively high-affinity oxidase.", "contents": "The respiratory chain of Hydrogenomonas H16. The respiratory chain of Hydrogenomonas H16 is shown to consist of two pathways, one of which has as its oxidase and only cytochrome a high-potential b-type cytochrome which is concluded to be cytochrome o. The Km values for the oxygen of the two pathways are consistent with the high-potential b-type cytochrome functioning as a relatively high-affinity oxidase.", "PMID": 107951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7968", "title": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting chicken anti-reovirus antibody at high sensitivity.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with high sensitivity was developed for use in the avian system. Anti-reovirus antibody produced in chickens against the isolants S1133, UMI-203, Reo-25, and Winterfield were detected with this method at high titers (up to 1:14,000).", "contents": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting chicken anti-reovirus antibody at high sensitivity. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with high sensitivity was developed for use in the avian system. Anti-reovirus antibody produced in chickens against the isolants S1133, UMI-203, Reo-25, and Winterfield were detected with this method at high titers (up to 1:14,000).", "PMID": 107949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7969", "title": "Chemotherapeutically acitve nitro compounds. 4. 5-Nitroimidazoles (Part III).", "content": "More than 100 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazoles substituted in the 2-position via an oxymethyl group were synthesized and their structure-activity relationship toward various protozoa was investigated. Among the derivatives substituted with an aromatic radical there are most of the compounds which are highly effective against trichomonads; 9 preparations are superior to tinidazole and 29 are superior to metronidazole in mice infected with Trichomonas fetus, and 9 compounds exhibit a better effect than metronidazole in golden hamsters intrahepatically infected with Entamoeba histolytica. In the same series one dialkylamino-acetamide derivative shows excellent trypanocidal activity in the NMRI mouse, but this effect is limited to Trypanosoma brucei; 12 preparations developed a trypanocidal effect only after relatively high doses; their range of efficacy included Trypanosoma cruzi, among others, after repeated treatment. Of the carboxyl acid, carbamic acid and sulphonic acid esters synthesized only the already known group of carbamic acid esters possesses a pronounced antiprotozoal effect. Among the preparations substituted with a heterocyclic radical some of the pyridine derivatives proved to have distinct trichomonacidal activity. The influence of the type of substitution and the stability of the C-X bond in 2-substituted 5-nitroimidazoles of all compounds synthesized so far (I--III, 4th report) are discussed in 2 tables.", "contents": "Chemotherapeutically acitve nitro compounds. 4. 5-Nitroimidazoles (Part III). More than 100 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazoles substituted in the 2-position via an oxymethyl group were synthesized and their structure-activity relationship toward various protozoa was investigated. Among the derivatives substituted with an aromatic radical there are most of the compounds which are highly effective against trichomonads; 9 preparations are superior to tinidazole and 29 are superior to metronidazole in mice infected with Trichomonas fetus, and 9 compounds exhibit a better effect than metronidazole in golden hamsters intrahepatically infected with Entamoeba histolytica. In the same series one dialkylamino-acetamide derivative shows excellent trypanocidal activity in the NMRI mouse, but this effect is limited to Trypanosoma brucei; 12 preparations developed a trypanocidal effect only after relatively high doses; their range of efficacy included Trypanosoma cruzi, among others, after repeated treatment. Of the carboxyl acid, carbamic acid and sulphonic acid esters synthesized only the already known group of carbamic acid esters possesses a pronounced antiprotozoal effect. Among the preparations substituted with a heterocyclic radical some of the pyridine derivatives proved to have distinct trichomonacidal activity. The influence of the type of substitution and the stability of the C-X bond in 2-substituted 5-nitroimidazoles of all compounds synthesized so far (I--III, 4th report) are discussed in 2 tables.", "PMID": 107955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7970", "title": "Medroxyprogesterone acetate: peripheral serum levels and its effects on pituitary and ovarian functions in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "17 alpha-Acetoxy-6 alpha-methylprogesterone (medroxy-progesterone acetate, MPA) in doses of 50 mg followed 4 weeks later by an additional 100 mg was i.m. injected in 5 adult normal female monkeys. Serum levels of MPA, progesterone, estradiol-17-beta and LH were determined every other day for a period of 8 weeks then weekly for 8 months. Peak values of serum MPA were detected 2 weeks postinjection followed by a gradual decline to undetectable levels after variable periods ranging from 125 to 225 days. The drug, in the doses used, caused inhibition of LH and estradiol surges and suppression of progesterone for more than 6 months. The return of menstrual cyclicity preceded the return of ovulatory cyclicity. Menstrual cyclicity occurred while the drug was still detectable in the blood. The probable site of action of the drug is discussed.", "contents": "Medroxyprogesterone acetate: peripheral serum levels and its effects on pituitary and ovarian functions in the rhesus monkey. 17 alpha-Acetoxy-6 alpha-methylprogesterone (medroxy-progesterone acetate, MPA) in doses of 50 mg followed 4 weeks later by an additional 100 mg was i.m. injected in 5 adult normal female monkeys. Serum levels of MPA, progesterone, estradiol-17-beta and LH were determined every other day for a period of 8 weeks then weekly for 8 months. Peak values of serum MPA were detected 2 weeks postinjection followed by a gradual decline to undetectable levels after variable periods ranging from 125 to 225 days. The drug, in the doses used, caused inhibition of LH and estradiol surges and suppression of progesterone for more than 6 months. The return of menstrual cyclicity preceded the return of ovulatory cyclicity. Menstrual cyclicity occurred while the drug was still detectable in the blood. The probable site of action of the drug is discussed.", "PMID": 107956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7971", "title": "Intracytoplasmic type A particles from mammary tumours and leukaemias of strain ICRC mice.", "content": "The ovarian-hormone-induced leukaemias of strain ICRC mice, with an abundance of intracytoplasmic type A particles in primary as well as transplanted lesions, were used to study morphological, biophysical, immunological and structural characteristics of type A particles. Mammary tumours of strains ICRC and C3H(Jax) were also used as sources for type A particles. The purified virions banded at the density of 1.20 g/ml in 12--60% linear sucrose-density gradient when subjected to spinning at 113,000 g for 4 h. The SDS-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of type A particles from mammary tumours and leukaemias reproducibly resolved at least 8 polypeptides, 2 of these 54,000 and 24,000 dalton proteins, showing variable expression. Type A particles and B particles, despite the fact that each had a distinct polypeptide pattern, showed common antigens with different electrophoretic mobilities. Proteins of 24,000, 18,000 and 12,000 daltons from B particles were found to be antigenically related to those from type A particles. The bioassay studies carried out with purified A particles showed that 2/7 males of strain ICRC and 1/6 females of strain DBA-MTI developed leukaemias, as against none in the controls, when inoculated between the ages of 1-7 days. Spleen tumour and cervical tumour were seen in one female each of strain DBA-MTI.", "contents": "Intracytoplasmic type A particles from mammary tumours and leukaemias of strain ICRC mice. The ovarian-hormone-induced leukaemias of strain ICRC mice, with an abundance of intracytoplasmic type A particles in primary as well as transplanted lesions, were used to study morphological, biophysical, immunological and structural characteristics of type A particles. Mammary tumours of strains ICRC and C3H(Jax) were also used as sources for type A particles. The purified virions banded at the density of 1.20 g/ml in 12--60% linear sucrose-density gradient when subjected to spinning at 113,000 g for 4 h. The SDS-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of type A particles from mammary tumours and leukaemias reproducibly resolved at least 8 polypeptides, 2 of these 54,000 and 24,000 dalton proteins, showing variable expression. Type A particles and B particles, despite the fact that each had a distinct polypeptide pattern, showed common antigens with different electrophoretic mobilities. Proteins of 24,000, 18,000 and 12,000 daltons from B particles were found to be antigenically related to those from type A particles. The bioassay studies carried out with purified A particles showed that 2/7 males of strain ICRC and 1/6 females of strain DBA-MTI developed leukaemias, as against none in the controls, when inoculated between the ages of 1-7 days. Spleen tumour and cervical tumour were seen in one female each of strain DBA-MTI.", "PMID": 107957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7972", "title": "Monocyte-induced increase in osmotic fragility of human red cells sensitized with anti-D alloantibodies.", "content": "The mechanism by which human monocytes increase the osmotic fragility of red cells sensitized with Rhesus alloantibodies anti-D was studied in vitro. Both the increase in osmotic fragility and the lysis of red cells by monocytes were enhanced by cytochalasin B and were inhibited by hydrocortisone. These effects were similar to the effects of these agents on lysosomal enzyme release by monocytes. However, hydrocortisone was completely ineffective when added 1 h after mixing monocytes and sensitized red cells. This indicates that the damage responsible for the fragility increase and lysis is completed within 1 h and suggests that it is due to lysosomal enzymes released by the monocytes. Since for the full expression of the osmotic fragility increase and lysis an incubation time much longer than 1 h is required, it appears that the latter phenomena are the non-specific sequelae of damage inflicted upon the red cell by released lysosomal enzymes.", "contents": "Monocyte-induced increase in osmotic fragility of human red cells sensitized with anti-D alloantibodies. The mechanism by which human monocytes increase the osmotic fragility of red cells sensitized with Rhesus alloantibodies anti-D was studied in vitro. Both the increase in osmotic fragility and the lysis of red cells by monocytes were enhanced by cytochalasin B and were inhibited by hydrocortisone. These effects were similar to the effects of these agents on lysosomal enzyme release by monocytes. However, hydrocortisone was completely ineffective when added 1 h after mixing monocytes and sensitized red cells. This indicates that the damage responsible for the fragility increase and lysis is completed within 1 h and suggests that it is due to lysosomal enzymes released by the monocytes. Since for the full expression of the osmotic fragility increase and lysis an incubation time much longer than 1 h is required, it appears that the latter phenomena are the non-specific sequelae of damage inflicted upon the red cell by released lysosomal enzymes.", "PMID": 107958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7973", "title": "Some immunological investigations on antithrombin III 'Budapest'.", "content": "Immunoelectrophoretic studies were carried out on plasma from a patient with an abnormal antithrombin III molecule (antithrombin III 'Budapest'). One-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis using a commercial antibody to antithrombin III (antibody to alpha2-AtIII) showed two precipitin peaks of alpha2-AtIII antigen. Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis showed two precipitin peaks, one with normal electrophoretic mobility, the other with increased electrophoretic mobility. It was shown that alpha2-AtIII antigen with normal mobility was identical to normal alpha2-AtIII, and that the alpha2-AtIII antigen with increased electrophoretic mobility was antigenically deficient, and appeared to be present in higher concentration than the normal alpha2-AtIII antigen. Although one-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis on plasma from the patient's son showed only one peak, two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis revealed that the son also had two populations of alpha2-AtIII, one with normal mobility, the other with increased mobility. However, the alpha2-AtIII antigen with normal mobility appeared to be present in higher concentration than the alpha2-AtIII antigen with increased mobility. One- and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis using a different commercial antibody to alpha2-AtIII showed only one precipitin peak using the patient's plasma. The precipitin peak observed following two-deminsional immunoelectrophoresis was asymmetric and showed increased mobility.", "contents": "Some immunological investigations on antithrombin III 'Budapest'. Immunoelectrophoretic studies were carried out on plasma from a patient with an abnormal antithrombin III molecule (antithrombin III 'Budapest'). One-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis using a commercial antibody to antithrombin III (antibody to alpha2-AtIII) showed two precipitin peaks of alpha2-AtIII antigen. Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis showed two precipitin peaks, one with normal electrophoretic mobility, the other with increased electrophoretic mobility. It was shown that alpha2-AtIII antigen with normal mobility was identical to normal alpha2-AtIII, and that the alpha2-AtIII antigen with increased electrophoretic mobility was antigenically deficient, and appeared to be present in higher concentration than the normal alpha2-AtIII antigen. Although one-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis on plasma from the patient's son showed only one peak, two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis revealed that the son also had two populations of alpha2-AtIII, one with normal mobility, the other with increased mobility. However, the alpha2-AtIII antigen with normal mobility appeared to be present in higher concentration than the alpha2-AtIII antigen with increased mobility. One- and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis using a different commercial antibody to alpha2-AtIII showed only one precipitin peak using the patient's plasma. The precipitin peak observed following two-deminsional immunoelectrophoresis was asymmetric and showed increased mobility.", "PMID": 107959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7974", "title": "An artificial 'haemophilic' plasma for one-stage factor-VIII assay.", "content": "An 'artificial' plasma for one-stage factor-VIII assays is made by incubating human plasma with EDTA, to destroy factor VIII, and afterwards removing the anticoagulant by dialysis. Bovine factor V is then added to a given level. In the assay, contact activation is controlled by adding contact product. It was confirmed that factor-VIII activity was destroyed and that the EDTA was freely dialysable. The fibrinogen in the treated plasma clotted normally with thrombin. Likely variation in the factor-V activity was found not to be critical. The concentration of fibrinogen and other factors was adequate. Variation between batches was small. The artificial plasma yielded assay results closely comparable to haemophilic plasma in samples with factor-VIII activities in the range 0.01--20.0 iu/ml; the mean results in the artificial system were estimated to be 0.997 x those in haemophilic plasma, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.901--1.103. Biological variability in individual assays was smaller in the artificial system than when haemophilic plasma was used. Instability at the bench was more often detected in the artificial system than in haemophilic plasma assays, but the effect was eliminated from the results by obtaining duplicated readings in a balanced order.", "contents": "An artificial 'haemophilic' plasma for one-stage factor-VIII assay. An 'artificial' plasma for one-stage factor-VIII assays is made by incubating human plasma with EDTA, to destroy factor VIII, and afterwards removing the anticoagulant by dialysis. Bovine factor V is then added to a given level. In the assay, contact activation is controlled by adding contact product. It was confirmed that factor-VIII activity was destroyed and that the EDTA was freely dialysable. The fibrinogen in the treated plasma clotted normally with thrombin. Likely variation in the factor-V activity was found not to be critical. The concentration of fibrinogen and other factors was adequate. Variation between batches was small. The artificial plasma yielded assay results closely comparable to haemophilic plasma in samples with factor-VIII activities in the range 0.01--20.0 iu/ml; the mean results in the artificial system were estimated to be 0.997 x those in haemophilic plasma, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.901--1.103. Biological variability in individual assays was smaller in the artificial system than when haemophilic plasma was used. Instability at the bench was more often detected in the artificial system than in haemophilic plasma assays, but the effect was eliminated from the results by obtaining duplicated readings in a balanced order.", "PMID": 107960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7975", "title": "Vasculature of the optic nerve in anencephaly.", "content": "The optic nerves and globes obtained from 6 anencephalics were studied histologically and compared to normal specimens obtained from 4 stillborn infants as well as 1 case of septo-optic dysplasia. Special emphasis was placed on examination of the optic nerve, and it was found that an average of 48 vessels per high-power field were seen posterior to the lamina cribrosa in anencephalics. In contrast, control globes had an average of 12 vessels per high-power field. This suggested that an increase in the vasculature of the hypoplastic optic nerve is a characteristic feature of anencephalics.", "contents": "Vasculature of the optic nerve in anencephaly. The optic nerves and globes obtained from 6 anencephalics were studied histologically and compared to normal specimens obtained from 4 stillborn infants as well as 1 case of septo-optic dysplasia. Special emphasis was placed on examination of the optic nerve, and it was found that an average of 48 vessels per high-power field were seen posterior to the lamina cribrosa in anencephalics. In contrast, control globes had an average of 12 vessels per high-power field. This suggested that an increase in the vasculature of the hypoplastic optic nerve is a characteristic feature of anencephalics.", "PMID": 107961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7976", "title": "Purification and some physicochemical properties of staphylococcal enterotoxin D.", "content": "A method was developed for the isolation of staphylococcal enterotoxin D in highly purified form from cultures of Staphylococcus aureus strain 1151m. The method involves removal of the toxin from the culture supernatant fluid with the ion-exchange resin CG-50 followed by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose (twice) and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 (twice). The purified toxin is homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and double gel diffusion tests. It is a simple, colorless, antigenic protein with an isoelectric point of 7.4 as determined by isoelectric focusing. Its molecular weight was determined to be 27 300 +/- 700 by molecular sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its serological activity is stable over a wide range of pH values (1.2--10.7). The enterotoxin consists of 236 amino acid residues and contains no free sulfhydryl groups. End-group analysis showed serine to be the NH2-terminal amino acid and lysine to be the COOH-terminal amino acid.", "contents": "Purification and some physicochemical properties of staphylococcal enterotoxin D. A method was developed for the isolation of staphylococcal enterotoxin D in highly purified form from cultures of Staphylococcus aureus strain 1151m. The method involves removal of the toxin from the culture supernatant fluid with the ion-exchange resin CG-50 followed by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose (twice) and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 (twice). The purified toxin is homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and double gel diffusion tests. It is a simple, colorless, antigenic protein with an isoelectric point of 7.4 as determined by isoelectric focusing. Its molecular weight was determined to be 27 300 +/- 700 by molecular sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its serological activity is stable over a wide range of pH values (1.2--10.7). The enterotoxin consists of 236 amino acid residues and contains no free sulfhydryl groups. End-group analysis showed serine to be the NH2-terminal amino acid and lysine to be the COOH-terminal amino acid.", "PMID": 107962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7977", "title": "Properties of Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid treated with 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and light.", "content": "16S rRNA reacted with the furocoumarin 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (trioxsalen) and 360-nm light showed a number of chemical and physical differences from untreated RNA. After extensive irradiation, five molecules of trioxsalen were bound per molecule of RNA. The trioxsalen-treated RNA had an altered ultraviolet absorption spectrum and a distinctive fluorescence emission spectrum. The modified RNA was significantly more resistant to T1 ribonuclease digestion than was control RNA. Treated RNA, when mixed with purified ribosomal proteins, was not functional in the in vitro reconstitution of 30S subunits and yielded more slowly sedimenting particles which were inactive in protein synthesis assays. By contrast, 16S rRNA within the 30S subunit structure did not exhibit these changes when reacted with the same dose of trioxsalen and light, suggesting that the ribosomal proteins were effective in protecting the RNA from interaction with the drug.", "contents": "Properties of Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid treated with 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and light. 16S rRNA reacted with the furocoumarin 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (trioxsalen) and 360-nm light showed a number of chemical and physical differences from untreated RNA. After extensive irradiation, five molecules of trioxsalen were bound per molecule of RNA. The trioxsalen-treated RNA had an altered ultraviolet absorption spectrum and a distinctive fluorescence emission spectrum. The modified RNA was significantly more resistant to T1 ribonuclease digestion than was control RNA. Treated RNA, when mixed with purified ribosomal proteins, was not functional in the in vitro reconstitution of 30S subunits and yielded more slowly sedimenting particles which were inactive in protein synthesis assays. By contrast, 16S rRNA within the 30S subunit structure did not exhibit these changes when reacted with the same dose of trioxsalen and light, suggesting that the ribosomal proteins were effective in protecting the RNA from interaction with the drug.", "PMID": 107964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7978", "title": "RNA replication: required intermediates and the dissociation of template, product, and Q beta replicase.", "content": "Replication complexes containing only one molecule of Q beta replicase and one strand of midivariant RNA (MDV-1 RNA) template were prepared by incubating the replicase with an excess of MDV-1 (-) RNA. In the presence of excess minus strands, these monoenzyme replication complexes were shown to synthesize essentially pure MDV-1 (+) RNA in both the first and second cycles of replication. When an equivalent concentration of mutant MDV-1 (-) RNA was added to this reaction before completion of the first cycle of replication, only wild-type MDV-1 (+) RNA was produced in the first cycle, but both mutant and wild-type MDV-1 (+) RNA were produced in the second cycle of replication. These results demonstrate that a monoenzyme complex is competent to synthesize RNA and, therefore, that a multienzyme replication complex is not a necessary intermediate of replication. The data also imply that after the completion of chain elongation, the product strand is released from the replication complex and that the template and the replicase then dissociate.", "contents": "RNA replication: required intermediates and the dissociation of template, product, and Q beta replicase. Replication complexes containing only one molecule of Q beta replicase and one strand of midivariant RNA (MDV-1 RNA) template were prepared by incubating the replicase with an excess of MDV-1 (-) RNA. In the presence of excess minus strands, these monoenzyme replication complexes were shown to synthesize essentially pure MDV-1 (+) RNA in both the first and second cycles of replication. When an equivalent concentration of mutant MDV-1 (-) RNA was added to this reaction before completion of the first cycle of replication, only wild-type MDV-1 (+) RNA was produced in the first cycle, but both mutant and wild-type MDV-1 (+) RNA were produced in the second cycle of replication. These results demonstrate that a monoenzyme complex is competent to synthesize RNA and, therefore, that a multienzyme replication complex is not a necessary intermediate of replication. The data also imply that after the completion of chain elongation, the product strand is released from the replication complex and that the template and the replicase then dissociate.", "PMID": 107965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7979", "title": "Isolation of Euglena gracilis chloroplast 5S ribosomal RNA and mapping the 5S rRNA gene on chloroplast DNA.", "content": "Ribosomal RNA (5S) from Euglena gracilis chloroplasts was isolated by preparative electrophoresis, labeled in vitro with 125I, and hybridized to restriction nuclease fragments from chloroplast DNA or cloned chloroplast DNA segments. Euglena chloroplast 5S rRNA is encoded in the chloroplast genome. The coding region of 5S rRNA has been positioned within the 5.6 kilobase pair (kbp) repeat which also codes for 16S and 23S rRNA. There are three 5S rRNA genes on the 130-kbp genome. The order of RNAs within a single repeat is 16S-23S-5S. The organization and size of the Euglena chloroplast ribosomal repeat is very similar to the ribosomal RNA operons of Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Isolation of Euglena gracilis chloroplast 5S ribosomal RNA and mapping the 5S rRNA gene on chloroplast DNA. Ribosomal RNA (5S) from Euglena gracilis chloroplasts was isolated by preparative electrophoresis, labeled in vitro with 125I, and hybridized to restriction nuclease fragments from chloroplast DNA or cloned chloroplast DNA segments. Euglena chloroplast 5S rRNA is encoded in the chloroplast genome. The coding region of 5S rRNA has been positioned within the 5.6 kilobase pair (kbp) repeat which also codes for 16S and 23S rRNA. There are three 5S rRNA genes on the 130-kbp genome. The order of RNAs within a single repeat is 16S-23S-5S. The organization and size of the Euglena chloroplast ribosomal repeat is very similar to the ribosomal RNA operons of Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 107968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7980", "title": "Effects of tetracyclines on aldosterone- and insulin-mediated Na+ transport in the toad urinary bladder.", "content": "The effect of oxytetracycline and demethylchlortetracycline on aldosterone- and insulin-mediated Na+ transport (short-circuit current) were examined in toad urinary bladders mounted in modified Ussing chambers. Oxytetracycline had little or no effect on either basal or aldosterone-mediated Na+ transport. In contrast, demethylchlortetracycline markedly inhibited both basal and aldosterone-mediated Na+ transport. Furthermore, demethylchlortetracycline inhibited the aldosterone response significantly out of proportion to its effects on basal Na+ transport. Neither of the drugs had an effect on insulin-mediated Na+ transport. Consequently, the natriuresis observed in certain patients treated with demethylchlortetracyline may be related to drug-induced renal resistance to the effects of aldosterone.", "contents": "Effects of tetracyclines on aldosterone- and insulin-mediated Na+ transport in the toad urinary bladder. The effect of oxytetracycline and demethylchlortetracycline on aldosterone- and insulin-mediated Na+ transport (short-circuit current) were examined in toad urinary bladders mounted in modified Ussing chambers. Oxytetracycline had little or no effect on either basal or aldosterone-mediated Na+ transport. In contrast, demethylchlortetracycline markedly inhibited both basal and aldosterone-mediated Na+ transport. Furthermore, demethylchlortetracycline inhibited the aldosterone response significantly out of proportion to its effects on basal Na+ transport. Neither of the drugs had an effect on insulin-mediated Na+ transport. Consequently, the natriuresis observed in certain patients treated with demethylchlortetracyline may be related to drug-induced renal resistance to the effects of aldosterone.", "PMID": 107969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7981", "title": "The use of 60Co-EDTA as an extracellular marker in frog skin.", "content": "60Co-EDTA was tested as an extracellular marker in isolated epithelia of frog skin. It was found to be non-toxic for frog skin and 0.1 mM EDTA proved to be enough to saturate any adsorption sites. Comparing with [14C]inulin, 60Co-EDTA marks a slightly greater extracellular space and this volume is constant between 15 min and 2 h. Furthermore it is reproducible and its use simplifies the methodology of the determination of water and electrolyte contents in the cells.", "contents": "The use of 60Co-EDTA as an extracellular marker in frog skin. 60Co-EDTA was tested as an extracellular marker in isolated epithelia of frog skin. It was found to be non-toxic for frog skin and 0.1 mM EDTA proved to be enough to saturate any adsorption sites. Comparing with [14C]inulin, 60Co-EDTA marks a slightly greater extracellular space and this volume is constant between 15 min and 2 h. Furthermore it is reproducible and its use simplifies the methodology of the determination of water and electrolyte contents in the cells.", "PMID": 107970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7982", "title": "A potential role for phospholipids in the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in cultured C-6 glial cells. Effects of N,N-dimethylethanolamine.", "content": "The relation of the activity of the microsomal enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, to cellular phospholipid composition was studied in C-6 glial cells. Phospholipid composition was perturbed by growth of cells in the naturally occurring amino alcohol, N,N-dimethylethanolamine. After growth of C-6 glia in 5 mM N,N-dimethylethanolamine for 24 h, reductase activity was diminished by 50%. A similar diminution in cholesterol synthesis was observed. This effect was not accompanied by any parallel change in cell growth, DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, fatty acid synthetase activity, or microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. The inhibition of reductase activity by N,N-dimethylethanolamine was prevented by the addition of equimolar concentrations of choline to the culture medium and, also, could be reversed completely by removal of N,N-dimethylethanolamine from the culture medium. The effect of N,N-dimethylethanolamine on reductase was associated with the formation of phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine which accumulated primarily at the expense of phosphatidylcholine and, after 24 h, accounted for 27% of total phospholipid phosphorus. The data demonstrate that incorporation of N,N-dimethylethanolamine into the polar head group of cellular phospholipids has a major impact on the regulation of the reductase. These observations may have particular relevance for the mechanisms of regulation of this enzyme, the cellular adaptation to alterations in membrane lipid composition, and the regulation of cholesterol synthesis in the developing nervous system.", "contents": "A potential role for phospholipids in the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in cultured C-6 glial cells. Effects of N,N-dimethylethanolamine. The relation of the activity of the microsomal enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, to cellular phospholipid composition was studied in C-6 glial cells. Phospholipid composition was perturbed by growth of cells in the naturally occurring amino alcohol, N,N-dimethylethanolamine. After growth of C-6 glia in 5 mM N,N-dimethylethanolamine for 24 h, reductase activity was diminished by 50%. A similar diminution in cholesterol synthesis was observed. This effect was not accompanied by any parallel change in cell growth, DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, fatty acid synthetase activity, or microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. The inhibition of reductase activity by N,N-dimethylethanolamine was prevented by the addition of equimolar concentrations of choline to the culture medium and, also, could be reversed completely by removal of N,N-dimethylethanolamine from the culture medium. The effect of N,N-dimethylethanolamine on reductase was associated with the formation of phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine which accumulated primarily at the expense of phosphatidylcholine and, after 24 h, accounted for 27% of total phospholipid phosphorus. The data demonstrate that incorporation of N,N-dimethylethanolamine into the polar head group of cellular phospholipids has a major impact on the regulation of the reductase. These observations may have particular relevance for the mechanisms of regulation of this enzyme, the cellular adaptation to alterations in membrane lipid composition, and the regulation of cholesterol synthesis in the developing nervous system.", "PMID": 107971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7983", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay of carbonic anhydrase I and II in rats. Application to the central nervous system during ontogeny].", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay method for rat erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases I and II was developed using a double antibody system. Its sensitivity was in the nanogram range for each of the two isozymes. The method has been applied to the assay of cerebral carbonic anhydrase. Only CAII has been found in brain extracts of perfused rats. Accordingly, the assay of CAI in cerebral tissue can be used to quantify erythrocyte contamination on condition that the ratio CAII/CAI in blood had been worked out. The developmental change in the soluble and the Triton X-100 solubilized brain CAII from birth to adult is reported.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay of carbonic anhydrase I and II in rats. Application to the central nervous system during ontogeny]. A specific radioimmunoassay method for rat erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases I and II was developed using a double antibody system. Its sensitivity was in the nanogram range for each of the two isozymes. The method has been applied to the assay of cerebral carbonic anhydrase. Only CAII has been found in brain extracts of perfused rats. Accordingly, the assay of CAI in cerebral tissue can be used to quantify erythrocyte contamination on condition that the ratio CAII/CAI in blood had been worked out. The developmental change in the soluble and the Triton X-100 solubilized brain CAII from birth to adult is reported.", "PMID": 107972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7984", "title": "Modifications of aldolase during in vivo aging of rabbit red cells.", "content": "Crude hemolysates, partially purified aldolase and aldolase purified to homogeneity from reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes, were incubated with a specific antiserum raised against crystalline rabbit muscle aldolase. We show that the same aldolasic activity corresponds to a greater amount of antigen in older than in younger cells, in crude hemolysates as well as in the above mentioned preparations; that is to say, old-cell aldolase contains cross-reacting material (CRM). Properties of purified enzyme from reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes were compared to those of muscle crystalline aldolase: -- the molecular specific activity of purified aldolase from erythrocytes is lower than with crystalline muscle aldolase, i.e. CRM is maintained throughout the purification steps. -- the specific activity of red cell aldolase towards both substrates (FDP and F1P) is lower than that of crystalline muscle aldolase. However, the ratio of activity towards the two substrates FDP/F1P is decreased in erythrocytes and reticulocytes. -- no other difference was found: Michaelis constant towards FDP, thermodenaturation constant and C terminal extremities are identical as are the molecular weights.", "contents": "Modifications of aldolase during in vivo aging of rabbit red cells. Crude hemolysates, partially purified aldolase and aldolase purified to homogeneity from reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes, were incubated with a specific antiserum raised against crystalline rabbit muscle aldolase. We show that the same aldolasic activity corresponds to a greater amount of antigen in older than in younger cells, in crude hemolysates as well as in the above mentioned preparations; that is to say, old-cell aldolase contains cross-reacting material (CRM). Properties of purified enzyme from reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes were compared to those of muscle crystalline aldolase: -- the molecular specific activity of purified aldolase from erythrocytes is lower than with crystalline muscle aldolase, i.e. CRM is maintained throughout the purification steps. -- the specific activity of red cell aldolase towards both substrates (FDP and F1P) is lower than that of crystalline muscle aldolase. However, the ratio of activity towards the two substrates FDP/F1P is decreased in erythrocytes and reticulocytes. -- no other difference was found: Michaelis constant towards FDP, thermodenaturation constant and C terminal extremities are identical as are the molecular weights.", "PMID": 107973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7985", "title": "On the nature of tetracycline resistance in Bacillus subtilis mediated by the plasmid pT 127.", "content": "The nature of tetracycline resistance was studied in a strain of Bacillus subtilis carrying the plasmid pT 127 in comparison with the parental strain. The resistance has been shown to be inducible in both strains upon exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of tetracycline. No modification of the protein-synthesizing activity of the ribosomes or intracellular inactivation of the antibiotic was observed in both strains. Accumulation of labeled tetracycline in B. subtilis was found to be particularly low in the wild-type strain, compared to other bacterial species, with concentration gradients of only 2 to 3 fold. From the kinetics obtained it is likely that the permeation of the antibiotic does not correspond to an active process in B. subtilis. A fairly good correlation was established between the level of resistance obtained after induction or by the presence of the plasmid pT 127 and a decrease in the binding capacity of the cell for the antibiotic.", "contents": "On the nature of tetracycline resistance in Bacillus subtilis mediated by the plasmid pT 127. The nature of tetracycline resistance was studied in a strain of Bacillus subtilis carrying the plasmid pT 127 in comparison with the parental strain. The resistance has been shown to be inducible in both strains upon exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of tetracycline. No modification of the protein-synthesizing activity of the ribosomes or intracellular inactivation of the antibiotic was observed in both strains. Accumulation of labeled tetracycline in B. subtilis was found to be particularly low in the wild-type strain, compared to other bacterial species, with concentration gradients of only 2 to 3 fold. From the kinetics obtained it is likely that the permeation of the antibiotic does not correspond to an active process in B. subtilis. A fairly good correlation was established between the level of resistance obtained after induction or by the presence of the plasmid pT 127 and a decrease in the binding capacity of the cell for the antibiotic.", "PMID": 107974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7986", "title": "[Some physico-chemical properties of the compact chromosome of Ananbaena variabilis].", "content": "It was shown that total DNA of the blue-green algae A. variabilis can be isolated as a compact particle with the sedimentation constant of 2700--2900S by lysis of the cells with the TritonX-100--sodium deoxycholate mixture in 1.0 M NaCl. The structure isolated is sensitive to ribonuclease and the hydrodynamic shift. It was found that within a compact chromosome A. variabilis DNA is circular and negatively superhelicized. The density of superturns of the DNA in 0,2 M NaCl at 20 degrees C is 0,061, which corresponds to one negative turn per 165 pairs of DNA bases.", "contents": "[Some physico-chemical properties of the compact chromosome of Ananbaena variabilis]. It was shown that total DNA of the blue-green algae A. variabilis can be isolated as a compact particle with the sedimentation constant of 2700--2900S by lysis of the cells with the TritonX-100--sodium deoxycholate mixture in 1.0 M NaCl. The structure isolated is sensitive to ribonuclease and the hydrodynamic shift. It was found that within a compact chromosome A. variabilis DNA is circular and negatively superhelicized. The density of superturns of the DNA in 0,2 M NaCl at 20 degrees C is 0,061, which corresponds to one negative turn per 165 pairs of DNA bases.", "PMID": 107975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7987", "title": "[Effect of pancreatic DNAse on DNA synthesis in Bacillus subtilis].", "content": "An addition of pancreatic DNAse to the cultural medium is found to stimulate DNA synthesis and proliferation of Bacillus subtilis cells. Pancreatic DNAse induces a single-stranded disruption of Bac. subtilis DNA, which may act as a mechanism of DNA synthesis increase and of the culture growth acceleration.", "contents": "[Effect of pancreatic DNAse on DNA synthesis in Bacillus subtilis]. An addition of pancreatic DNAse to the cultural medium is found to stimulate DNA synthesis and proliferation of Bacillus subtilis cells. Pancreatic DNAse induces a single-stranded disruption of Bac. subtilis DNA, which may act as a mechanism of DNA synthesis increase and of the culture growth acceleration.", "PMID": 107976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7988", "title": "[Phycobiliproteins of blue-green, red and cryptophytic algae].", "content": "The present-day concepts on phycobiliproteins, the protein pigments of blue-green, red and cryptophyte algae are reviewed. The functions, distribution, localization, physico-chemical, spectral and immunochemical properties of phycobiliproteins are described. The properties of the polypeptide protein subunits and the composition and chemical structure of chromophores as well as their binding to the apoprotein molecules are discussed.", "contents": "[Phycobiliproteins of blue-green, red and cryptophytic algae]. The present-day concepts on phycobiliproteins, the protein pigments of blue-green, red and cryptophyte algae are reviewed. The functions, distribution, localization, physico-chemical, spectral and immunochemical properties of phycobiliproteins are described. The properties of the polypeptide protein subunits and the composition and chemical structure of chromophores as well as their binding to the apoprotein molecules are discussed.", "PMID": 107977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7989", "title": "[Cyanide-resistant respiration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria].", "content": "The transition of the bacterial culture into the stationary growth phase is accompanied by an appearance of cyanide-resistant respiration. Chloramphenicol inhibits the development of cyanide-resistant respiration. The cyanide-resistant oxidase is localized in the bacterial membrane. Its appearance is not due to the quantitative and qualitative changes of flavins, non-heme iron, ubiquinone and cytochromes of the b and c types, but is accompanied by an increase in the copper content of the membrane preparations. Neither cyanide-sensitive, nor cyanide-resistant chains of the bacterial electron transfer contain cytochromes of the a type. The cyanide-resistant oxidase accepts electrons at the ubiquinone--cytochrome b level of the main respiratory chain. The cyanide-resistant respiration is not accompanied by a formation of hydrogen peroxide. Cytochrome o performs the function of cyanide-sensitive oxidase. The nature of cyanide-resistant oxidase still remains obscure.", "contents": "[Cyanide-resistant respiration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria]. The transition of the bacterial culture into the stationary growth phase is accompanied by an appearance of cyanide-resistant respiration. Chloramphenicol inhibits the development of cyanide-resistant respiration. The cyanide-resistant oxidase is localized in the bacterial membrane. Its appearance is not due to the quantitative and qualitative changes of flavins, non-heme iron, ubiquinone and cytochromes of the b and c types, but is accompanied by an increase in the copper content of the membrane preparations. Neither cyanide-sensitive, nor cyanide-resistant chains of the bacterial electron transfer contain cytochromes of the a type. The cyanide-resistant oxidase accepts electrons at the ubiquinone--cytochrome b level of the main respiratory chain. The cyanide-resistant respiration is not accompanied by a formation of hydrogen peroxide. Cytochrome o performs the function of cyanide-sensitive oxidase. The nature of cyanide-resistant oxidase still remains obscure.", "PMID": 107978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7990", "title": "Urinary metabolites of 2-ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide (ethosuximide) studied by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "Metabolites of 2-ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide (ethosuximide) have been studied by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry in a urine sample from a patient treated for petit mal epilepsy with ethosuximide. A new metabolite, 2-carboxymethyl-2-methylsuccinimide, was identified in the urine. It is presumably formed by omega 1-hydroxylation of the ethyl sidechain of the drug followed by a further oxidation of the primary alcohol to a carboxyl group. A previously identified metabolite, 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-2-methylsuccinimide, was shown in the present study to yield two gas chromatographic peaks (as the N-methylated compound), indicating the existence of a diastereoisomeric pair. Thus, the enzyme responsible for the ring hydroxylation is probably not stereospecific, or alternatively two enzymes with different stereospecificity may exist.", "contents": "Urinary metabolites of 2-ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide (ethosuximide) studied by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Metabolites of 2-ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide (ethosuximide) have been studied by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry in a urine sample from a patient treated for petit mal epilepsy with ethosuximide. A new metabolite, 2-carboxymethyl-2-methylsuccinimide, was identified in the urine. It is presumably formed by omega 1-hydroxylation of the ethyl sidechain of the drug followed by a further oxidation of the primary alcohol to a carboxyl group. A previously identified metabolite, 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-2-methylsuccinimide, was shown in the present study to yield two gas chromatographic peaks (as the N-methylated compound), indicating the existence of a diastereoisomeric pair. Thus, the enzyme responsible for the ring hydroxylation is probably not stereospecific, or alternatively two enzymes with different stereospecificity may exist.", "PMID": 107980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7991", "title": "Studies on composites of collagen and a synthetic polymer. Second report - mode of reaction of a laminar composite with living tissue, and results of long-term implantation.", "content": "We have been studying composites of synthetic polymers and proctase-treated bovine collagen (telopeptide-poor collagen). In a previous paper, it is described that one of our composites appears to have a high tissue affinity, because it was found under a scanning electron microscope, well bonding the living tissue 6 weeks after implantation in the rabbit subcutaneous tissue. In the present study, the composites were also implanted in the subcutaneous tissue in rabbits to observe the mode of its bonding to the living tissue, and at the same time the bonding force was measured at various intervals during a period of 1.5 years, to observe the degree and duration of the effect of the composition, and further to study the optimal conditions for preparation of such a composite. As a method of composition, ultraviolet radiation and glutaraldehyde treatment were also comparatively examined, besides gamma-radiation that had been employed in a previous study. As the results, it is revealed that the composite bonds to the living tissue in such a manner that a portion of the collagen part is digested and absorbed to be replaced by the invading connective tissue and a part of collagen near the surface of the synthetic polymers had escaped digestion to combine with the rabbit's own collagen fiber. From these results we like to insist that the mode of reaction of our composites may be similar to real organization and be different in natur from mere encapsulation which was shown by the artificial materials hitherto in use to be considered to have a good tissue affinity. Therefor we think now the encapsulation is pseudoorganization. It is also shown that the bonding force of the composite to the living tissue and its duration depend chiefly on the degree of swelling, that is, the degree of intermolecular cross-linking, of the composed collagen part. Out of the gamma-radiated composites, those radiated 1--3 Mrads proved desirable in both tissue affinity and duration of tissue bonding, with a potent bonding force remaining effective even 1.5 years later, while the composite radiated with 5 Mrads or more proved poorer in these properties because of destruction of the collagen part, vastly varying in the properties. By ultraviolet radiation, it was easy to control the degree of swelling of collagen part with the radiation dose, however, this method gave a lower bonding force and a shorter duration of the force than gamma-radiation. The glutaraldehyde method allowed the collagen to remain over a long time, but gave the composite less tissue affinity than the other two methods.", "contents": "Studies on composites of collagen and a synthetic polymer. Second report - mode of reaction of a laminar composite with living tissue, and results of long-term implantation. We have been studying composites of synthetic polymers and proctase-treated bovine collagen (telopeptide-poor collagen). In a previous paper, it is described that one of our composites appears to have a high tissue affinity, because it was found under a scanning electron microscope, well bonding the living tissue 6 weeks after implantation in the rabbit subcutaneous tissue. In the present study, the composites were also implanted in the subcutaneous tissue in rabbits to observe the mode of its bonding to the living tissue, and at the same time the bonding force was measured at various intervals during a period of 1.5 years, to observe the degree and duration of the effect of the composition, and further to study the optimal conditions for preparation of such a composite. As a method of composition, ultraviolet radiation and glutaraldehyde treatment were also comparatively examined, besides gamma-radiation that had been employed in a previous study. As the results, it is revealed that the composite bonds to the living tissue in such a manner that a portion of the collagen part is digested and absorbed to be replaced by the invading connective tissue and a part of collagen near the surface of the synthetic polymers had escaped digestion to combine with the rabbit's own collagen fiber. From these results we like to insist that the mode of reaction of our composites may be similar to real organization and be different in natur from mere encapsulation which was shown by the artificial materials hitherto in use to be considered to have a good tissue affinity. Therefor we think now the encapsulation is pseudoorganization. It is also shown that the bonding force of the composite to the living tissue and its duration depend chiefly on the degree of swelling, that is, the degree of intermolecular cross-linking, of the composed collagen part. Out of the gamma-radiated composites, those radiated 1--3 Mrads proved desirable in both tissue affinity and duration of tissue bonding, with a potent bonding force remaining effective even 1.5 years later, while the composite radiated with 5 Mrads or more proved poorer in these properties because of destruction of the collagen part, vastly varying in the properties. By ultraviolet radiation, it was easy to control the degree of swelling of collagen part with the radiation dose, however, this method gave a lower bonding force and a shorter duration of the force than gamma-radiation. The glutaraldehyde method allowed the collagen to remain over a long time, but gave the composite less tissue affinity than the other two methods.", "PMID": 107979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7992", "title": "Identification of amino sugars from bacterial lipopolysaccharides by gas chromatography electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "Amino sugars isolated from lipopolysaccharides of Brucella suis, Brucella abortus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae colony types 1 and 4 were identified using gas chromatography electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Lipopolysaccharides were obtained by aqueous ether or aqueous phenol extraction. Isolated lipopolysaccharides were hydrolyzed in 1% acetic acid followed by hydrolysis of the polysaccharide moiety in 2 NHCl for 6 h at 100 degrees C. Amino sugars were first isolated by elution from Dowex 50 H+ and then N-acetylated, followed by trimethylsilylation. Trimethylsilyl ethers of 2-acetamido-2-deoxysugars; N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmannosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and a 2-acetamido-2.6-dideoxysugar, N-acetylquinovosamine, were identified by their fragmentation patterns. In the electron impact mode, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyl-galactosamine were distinguished from one another by comparing peak intensities at m/e 233 and 305. However, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmannosamine could not be differentiated by electron impact mass spectrometry. In the chemical ionization mode, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmannosamine both with base peaks at m/e 494, could be distinguished from N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylquinovosamine by their base peaks at m/e 420 and 332, respectively. N-Acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmannosamine were differentiated from one another by comparing peak intensities at m/e 330, 404, 420, and 510 [MH]+. This is the first report of chemical ionization mass spectrometry applied to the identification of amino sugars in bacterial lipopolysaccharides and shows that some 2-amino-2-deoxysugars can be differentiated by both electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Identification of amino sugars from bacterial lipopolysaccharides by gas chromatography electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Amino sugars isolated from lipopolysaccharides of Brucella suis, Brucella abortus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae colony types 1 and 4 were identified using gas chromatography electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Lipopolysaccharides were obtained by aqueous ether or aqueous phenol extraction. Isolated lipopolysaccharides were hydrolyzed in 1% acetic acid followed by hydrolysis of the polysaccharide moiety in 2 NHCl for 6 h at 100 degrees C. Amino sugars were first isolated by elution from Dowex 50 H+ and then N-acetylated, followed by trimethylsilylation. Trimethylsilyl ethers of 2-acetamido-2-deoxysugars; N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmannosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and a 2-acetamido-2.6-dideoxysugar, N-acetylquinovosamine, were identified by their fragmentation patterns. In the electron impact mode, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyl-galactosamine were distinguished from one another by comparing peak intensities at m/e 233 and 305. However, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmannosamine could not be differentiated by electron impact mass spectrometry. In the chemical ionization mode, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmannosamine both with base peaks at m/e 494, could be distinguished from N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylquinovosamine by their base peaks at m/e 420 and 332, respectively. N-Acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmannosamine were differentiated from one another by comparing peak intensities at m/e 330, 404, 420, and 510 [MH]+. This is the first report of chemical ionization mass spectrometry applied to the identification of amino sugars in bacterial lipopolysaccharides and shows that some 2-amino-2-deoxysugars can be differentiated by both electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 107981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7993", "title": "Enzyme immobilization by radiation-induced polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate at low temperatures.", "content": "Enzyme immobilization by radiation-induced polymerization of hydrophilic glass-forming monomers, such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, was studied. Enzyme radiation damage could be sufficiently retarded at low temperatures. The immobilized enzyme activity yield was markedly higher at low temperature than at higher temperature polymerization. At low temperatures the polymerized composite had a porous structure owing to ice crystallization which depends on the monomer concentration. It was deduced that the enzyme was partially trapped on the polymer surface, partially isolated in the pore, and partially occluded inside the polymer matrix. A decrease in activity caused by enzyme leakage was observed with repeated use in enzyme reactions where the composites had a large porosity. The activity yield showed a maximum at certain optimum porosities, i.e., at optimum monomer concentrations. Continuous enzyme reaction was preferably carried out using immobilized enzyme columns.", "contents": "Enzyme immobilization by radiation-induced polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate at low temperatures. Enzyme immobilization by radiation-induced polymerization of hydrophilic glass-forming monomers, such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, was studied. Enzyme radiation damage could be sufficiently retarded at low temperatures. The immobilized enzyme activity yield was markedly higher at low temperature than at higher temperature polymerization. At low temperatures the polymerized composite had a porous structure owing to ice crystallization which depends on the monomer concentration. It was deduced that the enzyme was partially trapped on the polymer surface, partially isolated in the pore, and partially occluded inside the polymer matrix. A decrease in activity caused by enzyme leakage was observed with repeated use in enzyme reactions where the composites had a large porosity. The activity yield showed a maximum at certain optimum porosities, i.e., at optimum monomer concentrations. Continuous enzyme reaction was preferably carried out using immobilized enzyme columns.", "PMID": 107982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7994", "title": "Fractionation of the proteolytic and amylolytic complex enzyme system of streptomyces aureofaciens and some properties of fractions.", "content": "The Streptomyces aureofaciens extracellular proteolytic system was split into four fractions by carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) column chromatography giving three purely caseinolytic fractions and one fraction active toward both starch and casein. The first caseinolytic and amylolytic fraction was further fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography into one purely amylolytic fraction and another showing both activities, was refractioned into four new fractions by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. These fractions were found to be heterogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, three of them acted on both starch and casein and a fourth was only caseinolytic. The second CMC fraction was further purified by CMC rechromatography to an homogeneous fraction that hydrolyzes carboxypeptidase A(EC 3.4.2.1) synthetic substrates and solubilizes elastin. It had only one polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 28000 daltons, a high thermal stability in the presence of calcium ions, a pH optimum of about 6.8, and a maximal caseinolytic activity at about 50 degrees C.", "contents": "Fractionation of the proteolytic and amylolytic complex enzyme system of streptomyces aureofaciens and some properties of fractions. The Streptomyces aureofaciens extracellular proteolytic system was split into four fractions by carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) column chromatography giving three purely caseinolytic fractions and one fraction active toward both starch and casein. The first caseinolytic and amylolytic fraction was further fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography into one purely amylolytic fraction and another showing both activities, was refractioned into four new fractions by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. These fractions were found to be heterogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, three of them acted on both starch and casein and a fourth was only caseinolytic. The second CMC fraction was further purified by CMC rechromatography to an homogeneous fraction that hydrolyzes carboxypeptidase A(EC 3.4.2.1) synthetic substrates and solubilizes elastin. It had only one polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 28000 daltons, a high thermal stability in the presence of calcium ions, a pH optimum of about 6.8, and a maximal caseinolytic activity at about 50 degrees C.", "PMID": 107983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7995", "title": "[Ultrastructural aspects of preglioma].", "content": "Investigation of submicroscopic changes in the astrocytes after the intracerebral injection of the carcinogen 9,10-dimethyl-1-2-benzanthracene suggested that the so-called substantial period of preglioma began from the 45th day of the experiment, when structurally atypical astrocytes appeared against the background of distrophic changes. The changes in the submicroscopic organization of the astrocytes during chemical carcinogenesis can be divided into three stages: 1) intracellular hyperplasia due to traumatic injury of the brain; 2) dystrophic changes connected with the vascular tissue disturbances and immediate action of the carcinogen on the tissue; 3) atypical ultrastructure reconstruction of the astrocytes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural aspects of preglioma]. Investigation of submicroscopic changes in the astrocytes after the intracerebral injection of the carcinogen 9,10-dimethyl-1-2-benzanthracene suggested that the so-called substantial period of preglioma began from the 45th day of the experiment, when structurally atypical astrocytes appeared against the background of distrophic changes. The changes in the submicroscopic organization of the astrocytes during chemical carcinogenesis can be divided into three stages: 1) intracellular hyperplasia due to traumatic injury of the brain; 2) dystrophic changes connected with the vascular tissue disturbances and immediate action of the carcinogen on the tissue; 3) atypical ultrastructure reconstruction of the astrocytes.", "PMID": 107984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7996", "title": "In vitro inhibition of digestive enzymes by heavy metals and their reversal by chelating agent: Part I. Mercuric chloride intoxication.", "content": "The effect of mercury on alkaline phosphatase, lipase, aminotripeptidase and glycylglycine dipeptidase in the liver and digestive tract of Channa punctatus is investigated in vitro. Mercury inhibits the activities of all these enzymes and the degree of inhibition increases with the increase in the concentration of the metal. Addition of EDTA, a chelating agent, restored the mercury inhibited enzyme activity and the degree of restoration was related to the concentration of the chelating agent.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of digestive enzymes by heavy metals and their reversal by chelating agent: Part I. Mercuric chloride intoxication. The effect of mercury on alkaline phosphatase, lipase, aminotripeptidase and glycylglycine dipeptidase in the liver and digestive tract of Channa punctatus is investigated in vitro. Mercury inhibits the activities of all these enzymes and the degree of inhibition increases with the increase in the concentration of the metal. Addition of EDTA, a chelating agent, restored the mercury inhibited enzyme activity and the degree of restoration was related to the concentration of the chelating agent.", "PMID": 107987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7997", "title": "In vitro inhibition of digestive enzymes by heavy metals and their reversal by chelating agent: Part II. Lead nitrate intoxication.", "content": "The effect of lead on alkaline phosphatase, lipase, aminotripeptidase and glycylglycine dipeptidase in the liver and digestive tract of Channa punctatus is investigated in vitro. Mercury inhibits the activities of all these enzymes and the degree of inhibition increased with the increase in the concentration of the metal. Addition of EDTA, a chelating agent, restored the mercury inhibited enzyme activity and the degree of restoration was related to the concentration of the chelating agent.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of digestive enzymes by heavy metals and their reversal by chelating agent: Part II. Lead nitrate intoxication. The effect of lead on alkaline phosphatase, lipase, aminotripeptidase and glycylglycine dipeptidase in the liver and digestive tract of Channa punctatus is investigated in vitro. Mercury inhibits the activities of all these enzymes and the degree of inhibition increased with the increase in the concentration of the metal. Addition of EDTA, a chelating agent, restored the mercury inhibited enzyme activity and the degree of restoration was related to the concentration of the chelating agent.", "PMID": 107988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7998", "title": "The fixed horizontal neutron therapy beam at Edinburgh: dosimetry and radiation protection.", "content": "A compact cyclotron producing 15 MeV deuterons has been installed at the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, to extend the Medical Research Council's clinical trials of fast neutrons. Two treatment rooms are available one of which has an isocentric unit and the other a fixed horizontal beam which is the subject of this paper. A radiation protection survey has demonstrated safe levels of radiation throughout the building although there is some activation of the fixed horizontal beam cone resulting in doses to radiographers of 10 mrem per week. The calibration of neutron dose is discussed and the measurements of dose distribution described. Isodose and depth-dose data for both the neutron and photon components of the field are presented.", "contents": "The fixed horizontal neutron therapy beam at Edinburgh: dosimetry and radiation protection. A compact cyclotron producing 15 MeV deuterons has been installed at the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, to extend the Medical Research Council's clinical trials of fast neutrons. Two treatment rooms are available one of which has an isocentric unit and the other a fixed horizontal beam which is the subject of this paper. A radiation protection survey has demonstrated safe levels of radiation throughout the building although there is some activation of the fixed horizontal beam cone resulting in doses to radiographers of 10 mrem per week. The calibration of neutron dose is discussed and the measurements of dose distribution described. Isodose and depth-dose data for both the neutron and photon components of the field are presented.", "PMID": 107990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_7999", "title": "Enzymes involved in the degradation of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) in bovine brain.", "content": "As part of an investigation of neuropeptide inactivation mechanisms, we have resolved an enzymatic activity in bovine brain which catalyzes the deamidation of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and the hydrolysis of the Pro9--Gly10--NH2 bond of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) from a second LH-RH degrading activity which does not degrade TRH. The former activity is similar, if not identical to, the post-proline cleaving enzyme in kidney as it is active toward the post-proline cleaving enzyme substrate CbzGly--Pro--Leu--Gly and inhibited by CbzPro--Phe and diisopropylfluorophosphate. In addition, products derived from the degradation of TRH and LH-RH by this activity show a specific cleavage on the carboxyl side of a proline residue. The latter activity has not yet been characterized with respect to its site of cleavage of the LH-RH molecule due to the presence of other contaminating peptidases.", "contents": "Enzymes involved in the degradation of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) in bovine brain. As part of an investigation of neuropeptide inactivation mechanisms, we have resolved an enzymatic activity in bovine brain which catalyzes the deamidation of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and the hydrolysis of the Pro9--Gly10--NH2 bond of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) from a second LH-RH degrading activity which does not degrade TRH. The former activity is similar, if not identical to, the post-proline cleaving enzyme in kidney as it is active toward the post-proline cleaving enzyme substrate CbzGly--Pro--Leu--Gly and inhibited by CbzPro--Phe and diisopropylfluorophosphate. In addition, products derived from the degradation of TRH and LH-RH by this activity show a specific cleavage on the carboxyl side of a proline residue. The latter activity has not yet been characterized with respect to its site of cleavage of the LH-RH molecule due to the presence of other contaminating peptidases.", "PMID": 107998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8000", "title": "Localization of prostaglandin synthetase in chicken epiphyseal cartilage.", "content": "Prostaglandin synthetase activity in high-speed particulate fractions of chick epiphyseal cartilage has been characterized with respect to cofactor requirements, pH optimum, buffer-ion effects, types of prostaglandins formed, and the distribution of prostaglandin synthetase activity in zones of the epiphyseal plate. Direct homogenization of cartilage was found to be more efficacious than releasing chondrocytes by enzymatic digestion for preparation of prostaglandin synthetase, a homogenization time of 4 min yielding maximal activity. The optimal incubation medium contained 50 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.5), 2.5 mM epinephrine, 1 micronM hemoglobin, 3.25 mM glutathione, 200 microgram/ml enzyme protein, and 5 micronM substrate. Glutathione was effective only if present during homogenization. Rates of PGE2 biosynthesis were linear up to 15 min and then rapidly declined, indicative of self-deactivation. The low levels of PGF2alpha formed, and their decrease after 20 min incubation, suggests the possible presence of degradative enzymes. Prostaglandin synthetase was inhibited by aspirin, indomethacin, and vitamin E, but not vitamin K1. Cation concentrations in the physiological range had only modest effects on prostaglandin biosynthesis, and then only if present during tissue homogenization. In the presence of phosphate buffer, Ca2+ was somewhat inhibitory. Since in the absence of phosphate Ca2+ had no deleterious effect, it is probably that the inhibitory effect was caused by precipitation of calcium phosphate. Hypertrophic and calcified cartilage exhibited significantly higher prostaglandin synthetase activity than the proliferating and maturing zones. The increased synthesis of prostaglandins in the low layers of the growth plate may indicate a role of these factors in chondrocyte differentiation and/or calcification.", "contents": "Localization of prostaglandin synthetase in chicken epiphyseal cartilage. Prostaglandin synthetase activity in high-speed particulate fractions of chick epiphyseal cartilage has been characterized with respect to cofactor requirements, pH optimum, buffer-ion effects, types of prostaglandins formed, and the distribution of prostaglandin synthetase activity in zones of the epiphyseal plate. Direct homogenization of cartilage was found to be more efficacious than releasing chondrocytes by enzymatic digestion for preparation of prostaglandin synthetase, a homogenization time of 4 min yielding maximal activity. The optimal incubation medium contained 50 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.5), 2.5 mM epinephrine, 1 micronM hemoglobin, 3.25 mM glutathione, 200 microgram/ml enzyme protein, and 5 micronM substrate. Glutathione was effective only if present during homogenization. Rates of PGE2 biosynthesis were linear up to 15 min and then rapidly declined, indicative of self-deactivation. The low levels of PGF2alpha formed, and their decrease after 20 min incubation, suggests the possible presence of degradative enzymes. Prostaglandin synthetase was inhibited by aspirin, indomethacin, and vitamin E, but not vitamin K1. Cation concentrations in the physiological range had only modest effects on prostaglandin biosynthesis, and then only if present during tissue homogenization. In the presence of phosphate buffer, Ca2+ was somewhat inhibitory. Since in the absence of phosphate Ca2+ had no deleterious effect, it is probably that the inhibitory effect was caused by precipitation of calcium phosphate. Hypertrophic and calcified cartilage exhibited significantly higher prostaglandin synthetase activity than the proliferating and maturing zones. The increased synthesis of prostaglandins in the low layers of the growth plate may indicate a role of these factors in chondrocyte differentiation and/or calcification.", "PMID": 108004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8001", "title": "Characterization of an octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase from insect brain (Mamestra configurata Wlk.).", "content": "An adenylate cyclase present in the brain of the moth Mamestra configurata Wlk. that is stimulated selectively by low (micromolar) concentrations of octopamine has been characterized with respect to several properties. The optimum pH, optimum ATP:Mg2+ ratio, the concentration of ATP required for half-maximal and maximal reaction velocity, metal ion specificity, effect of NaF, and effects of GTP and 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate were in general similar to those of catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclases from various regions of mammalian brain. However, ethylene glycol bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), a calcium chelator, stimulated both basal and octopamine-sensitive enzyme activity in the insect brain, whereas in mammalian brain EGTA is usually observed to inhibit basal activity but not catecholamine-stimulated activity. Adenylate cyclase activity of the 47,000 g particulate fraction of the insect brain was almost undetectable in the absence of added GTP. Addition of saturating concentrations (100 micrometer) of GTP to the particles restored about 30% of the basal and octopamine-sensitive enzyme activity present in the homogenate. Addition of 100,000 g supernatant to the particles doubled both basal and octopamine-sensitive enzyme activity in the presence of saturating concentrations of GTP, indicating that in addition to GTP, a cytosolic factor(s) is necessary for enhanced adenylate cyclase activity.", "contents": "Characterization of an octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase from insect brain (Mamestra configurata Wlk.). An adenylate cyclase present in the brain of the moth Mamestra configurata Wlk. that is stimulated selectively by low (micromolar) concentrations of octopamine has been characterized with respect to several properties. The optimum pH, optimum ATP:Mg2+ ratio, the concentration of ATP required for half-maximal and maximal reaction velocity, metal ion specificity, effect of NaF, and effects of GTP and 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate were in general similar to those of catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclases from various regions of mammalian brain. However, ethylene glycol bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), a calcium chelator, stimulated both basal and octopamine-sensitive enzyme activity in the insect brain, whereas in mammalian brain EGTA is usually observed to inhibit basal activity but not catecholamine-stimulated activity. Adenylate cyclase activity of the 47,000 g particulate fraction of the insect brain was almost undetectable in the absence of added GTP. Addition of saturating concentrations (100 micrometer) of GTP to the particles restored about 30% of the basal and octopamine-sensitive enzyme activity present in the homogenate. Addition of 100,000 g supernatant to the particles doubled both basal and octopamine-sensitive enzyme activity in the presence of saturating concentrations of GTP, indicating that in addition to GTP, a cytosolic factor(s) is necessary for enhanced adenylate cyclase activity.", "PMID": 108006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8002", "title": "A rapid method for the purification of antibody--enzyme conjugates.", "content": "A method is described for a rapid and efficient separation of enzyme-labelled antibodies from the free enzyme following the coupling reaction. A single passage of the reaction mixture on a protein A--Sepharose CL-4B column gave a sharp separation of the free enzyme from the conjugate.", "contents": "A rapid method for the purification of antibody--enzyme conjugates. A method is described for a rapid and efficient separation of enzyme-labelled antibodies from the free enzyme following the coupling reaction. A single passage of the reaction mixture on a protein A--Sepharose CL-4B column gave a sharp separation of the free enzyme from the conjugate.", "PMID": 108007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8003", "title": "Strategic withdrawal from cigarette smoking.", "content": "Cigarette smoking can be viewed mainly as a psychological habit with accompanying pharmacological and social satisfactions and reinforcements. It is mainly a learned behavior, occurring in response to direct and indirect social pressures. Though each person's smoking habit is individualized, studies show that smokers find at least six psychological satisfactions in the habit: stimulation, handling, relaxation, tension reduction, craving and habit. To quit smoking, the individual must undergo physical and psychological withdrawal. Physical withdrawal symptoms last about a week but it may take months or years to restructure a life without cigarettes. Quitting is a long-term learning process involving a great deal of unconscious, constructive and painful conflict. One can stop smoking if the problem is attacked on a broad front, if one \"burns one's bridges\" behind him/her and if suitable satisfying alternatives and involvements are discovered. Physical exercise in the form of aerobics is proposed as an especially effective alternative behavior.", "contents": "Strategic withdrawal from cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking can be viewed mainly as a psychological habit with accompanying pharmacological and social satisfactions and reinforcements. It is mainly a learned behavior, occurring in response to direct and indirect social pressures. Though each person's smoking habit is individualized, studies show that smokers find at least six psychological satisfactions in the habit: stimulation, handling, relaxation, tension reduction, craving and habit. To quit smoking, the individual must undergo physical and psychological withdrawal. Physical withdrawal symptoms last about a week but it may take months or years to restructure a life without cigarettes. Quitting is a long-term learning process involving a great deal of unconscious, constructive and painful conflict. One can stop smoking if the problem is attacked on a broad front, if one \"burns one's bridges\" behind him/her and if suitable satisfying alternatives and involvements are discovered. Physical exercise in the form of aerobics is proposed as an especially effective alternative behavior.", "PMID": 108003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8004", "title": "Transport of Neisseria meningitidis cultures: growth-supporting media and freezing as an alternative.", "content": "The abilities of Transgrow (TG), Thayer-Martin (TM), and New York City (NYC) solid media to maintain the viability of 12 strains of Neisseria meningitidis under various controlled conditions were assessed. The effects of charcoal impregnation of swabs, temperature, and an enriched CO2 atmosphere were examined with holding for up to 21 days. Recovery from samples held at 35 degrees C was, in almost all instances, greater than at 22 or 4 degrees C. A strong requirement for added CO2 was demonstrated, especially at lower temperatures. No positive effect could be attributed to the use of charcoal-impregnated swabs. NYC and TM media were the best overall, with the former permitting recovery from more than 75% of all samples held on slants for 20 days at 4 degrees C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Freezing, with holding on dry ice, was a useful alternative to the use of growth-supporting media. This latter method eliminated the requirement for an enriched CO2 atmosphere.", "contents": "Transport of Neisseria meningitidis cultures: growth-supporting media and freezing as an alternative. The abilities of Transgrow (TG), Thayer-Martin (TM), and New York City (NYC) solid media to maintain the viability of 12 strains of Neisseria meningitidis under various controlled conditions were assessed. The effects of charcoal impregnation of swabs, temperature, and an enriched CO2 atmosphere were examined with holding for up to 21 days. Recovery from samples held at 35 degrees C was, in almost all instances, greater than at 22 or 4 degrees C. A strong requirement for added CO2 was demonstrated, especially at lower temperatures. No positive effect could be attributed to the use of charcoal-impregnated swabs. NYC and TM media were the best overall, with the former permitting recovery from more than 75% of all samples held on slants for 20 days at 4 degrees C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Freezing, with holding on dry ice, was a useful alternative to the use of growth-supporting media. This latter method eliminated the requirement for an enriched CO2 atmosphere.", "PMID": 108008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8005", "title": "Induction of reaginic (IgE) gonococcal antibodies in the rat by a common antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "An antigen (ZAB) common to Neisseria gonorrhoeae was prepared by stepwise elution of a crude gonococcal antigen (ZA) from columns of diethylaminoethyl cellulose employing 0.02 M phosphate buffers, pH 7.6, containing increasing concentrations of sodium chloride. Rats immunized with ZAB produced reaginic (IgE) antibody which cross-reacted with ZA prepared from eight gonococcal strains by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test. Heating of the sera at 56 degrees C for 4 h destroyed the PCA activity. The PCA activity of the anti-ZAB rat serum was removed after absorption with ZAB antigen or with rabbit anti-rat IgE but not after absorption with gonococcal lipopolysaccharide or with heat-killed or formalinized gonococci. Treatment of ZAB with trypsin or heating at 100 degrees C for 30 min destroyed or reduced the antigenic activity respectively. Further purification of ZAB by filtration through Sephadex G-100 gave a preparation (ZAB2) which contained the common antigen as shown by the cross-reactivity of anti-ZAB2 rat serum with seven stains of N. gonorrhoeae. Fraction ZAB2 contained material which had a molecular weight less than 13,700 and was associated with the presence of material absorbing at 260 nm. The results of this study indicate that a low molecular weight antigen, which appears to be protein in nature and associated with nuclei acid, is common to the gonococcus and is the main antigenic component inducing reaginic (IgE) antibody in the rat.", "contents": "Induction of reaginic (IgE) gonococcal antibodies in the rat by a common antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. An antigen (ZAB) common to Neisseria gonorrhoeae was prepared by stepwise elution of a crude gonococcal antigen (ZA) from columns of diethylaminoethyl cellulose employing 0.02 M phosphate buffers, pH 7.6, containing increasing concentrations of sodium chloride. Rats immunized with ZAB produced reaginic (IgE) antibody which cross-reacted with ZA prepared from eight gonococcal strains by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test. Heating of the sera at 56 degrees C for 4 h destroyed the PCA activity. The PCA activity of the anti-ZAB rat serum was removed after absorption with ZAB antigen or with rabbit anti-rat IgE but not after absorption with gonococcal lipopolysaccharide or with heat-killed or formalinized gonococci. Treatment of ZAB with trypsin or heating at 100 degrees C for 30 min destroyed or reduced the antigenic activity respectively. Further purification of ZAB by filtration through Sephadex G-100 gave a preparation (ZAB2) which contained the common antigen as shown by the cross-reactivity of anti-ZAB2 rat serum with seven stains of N. gonorrhoeae. Fraction ZAB2 contained material which had a molecular weight less than 13,700 and was associated with the presence of material absorbing at 260 nm. The results of this study indicate that a low molecular weight antigen, which appears to be protein in nature and associated with nuclei acid, is common to the gonococcus and is the main antigenic component inducing reaginic (IgE) antibody in the rat.", "PMID": 108009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8006", "title": "Hydroxylase regulation in Candida tropicalis grown on alkanes.", "content": "Candida tropicalis synthesizes a hydroxylase (3 to 5 nmol of product formed per minute per milligram of protein) and a cytochrome P-450 (0.10 to 0.13 nmol per milligram of protein) during growth on n-tetradecane. A three- to four-fold increase in the level of NADPH cytochrome c reductase is also observed in those cells as compared to the level of cells grown on glycerol. The most efficient inducers of the hydroxylase and of cytochrome P-450 are straight-chain alkanes having at least 10 carbon atoms. Alkenes and higher alcohols are also good inducers. There is little or no growth on ramified hydrocarbons such as pristane and on long-chain aldehydes and fatty acids. The partial inhibition of growth on decane is probably due to the denaturation of the microsomal electron carrier systems by the fatty acid formed by hydroxylation of the decane in the yeast.", "contents": "Hydroxylase regulation in Candida tropicalis grown on alkanes. Candida tropicalis synthesizes a hydroxylase (3 to 5 nmol of product formed per minute per milligram of protein) and a cytochrome P-450 (0.10 to 0.13 nmol per milligram of protein) during growth on n-tetradecane. A three- to four-fold increase in the level of NADPH cytochrome c reductase is also observed in those cells as compared to the level of cells grown on glycerol. The most efficient inducers of the hydroxylase and of cytochrome P-450 are straight-chain alkanes having at least 10 carbon atoms. Alkenes and higher alcohols are also good inducers. There is little or no growth on ramified hydrocarbons such as pristane and on long-chain aldehydes and fatty acids. The partial inhibition of growth on decane is probably due to the denaturation of the microsomal electron carrier systems by the fatty acid formed by hydroxylation of the decane in the yeast.", "PMID": 108010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8007", "title": "The importance of the \"bay region\" diol-epoxide in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene skin tumor initiation and mutagenesis.", "content": "The skin tumor-initiating and V79 mutagenic activities of various derivatives of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) were investigated to determine what possible cellular metabolite(s) may be responsible for its carcinogenicity and/or mutagenicity. 1-,2-,3-,4- and 5-hydroxyDMBA were found to be essentially inactive as skin tumor initiators whereas 9- and 10-hydroxyDMBA had weak activity. The (+/-)-trans DMBA 8,9- and 5,6-dihydrodiols were also essentially inactive as skin tumor initiators and (+/-)-DMBA 8beta,9alpha-diol-10alpha-11alpha-epoxide had weak skin tumor initiating activity. All of the above tested derivatives of DMBA were essentially inactive as mutagens in the cell-mediated or direct V79 mutagenesis systems. A methyl or fluoro addition to the 1, 2 or 5 positions almost completely blocked the skin tumor initiating and V79 mutagenic activities of DMBA, whereas a fluoro addition to position 11 did not. From our data we suggest that a 'bay region' diol-epoxide may be important in DMBA carcinogenicity and mutagenicity.", "contents": "The importance of the \"bay region\" diol-epoxide in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene skin tumor initiation and mutagenesis. The skin tumor-initiating and V79 mutagenic activities of various derivatives of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) were investigated to determine what possible cellular metabolite(s) may be responsible for its carcinogenicity and/or mutagenicity. 1-,2-,3-,4- and 5-hydroxyDMBA were found to be essentially inactive as skin tumor initiators whereas 9- and 10-hydroxyDMBA had weak activity. The (+/-)-trans DMBA 8,9- and 5,6-dihydrodiols were also essentially inactive as skin tumor initiators and (+/-)-DMBA 8beta,9alpha-diol-10alpha-11alpha-epoxide had weak skin tumor initiating activity. All of the above tested derivatives of DMBA were essentially inactive as mutagens in the cell-mediated or direct V79 mutagenesis systems. A methyl or fluoro addition to the 1, 2 or 5 positions almost completely blocked the skin tumor initiating and V79 mutagenic activities of DMBA, whereas a fluoro addition to position 11 did not. From our data we suggest that a 'bay region' diol-epoxide may be important in DMBA carcinogenicity and mutagenicity.", "PMID": 108011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8008", "title": "DNA repair in Syrian hamster embryo cells treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and its weakly carcinogenic 5-fluoro analog.", "content": "The postreplication repair capacity of Syrian hamster embryo cells in culture was determined after treatment with the potent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and its weakly carcinogenic analog 5-F-DMBA. The size and amount of daughter DNA sedimenting as high-molecular-weight DNA were found to be less in the DMBA treated cells than in the 5-F-DMBA-treated cells. This difference probably depends upon the types of adducts entering DNA replication.", "contents": "DNA repair in Syrian hamster embryo cells treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and its weakly carcinogenic 5-fluoro analog. The postreplication repair capacity of Syrian hamster embryo cells in culture was determined after treatment with the potent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and its weakly carcinogenic analog 5-F-DMBA. The size and amount of daughter DNA sedimenting as high-molecular-weight DNA were found to be less in the DMBA treated cells than in the 5-F-DMBA-treated cells. This difference probably depends upon the types of adducts entering DNA replication.", "PMID": 108012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8009", "title": "Comparative metabolism and DNA binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and its weakly carcinogenic 5-fluoro analog.", "content": "Cultured Syrian hamster embryo cells readily convert both the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and its weakly carcinogenic analogue, 5-fluoro-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (5F-DMBA), to water soluble metabolites. DMBA, however, binds to the hamster cell DNA at least 2.8-3.0 times more extensively than 5F-DMBA. Likewise, 5F-DMBA is converted to water soluble metabolites by liver microsomal preparations at a rate equal to DMBA, but the latter compound binds to DNA 2.6-3.2 times more effectively.", "contents": "Comparative metabolism and DNA binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and its weakly carcinogenic 5-fluoro analog. Cultured Syrian hamster embryo cells readily convert both the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and its weakly carcinogenic analogue, 5-fluoro-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (5F-DMBA), to water soluble metabolites. DMBA, however, binds to the hamster cell DNA at least 2.8-3.0 times more extensively than 5F-DMBA. Likewise, 5F-DMBA is converted to water soluble metabolites by liver microsomal preparations at a rate equal to DMBA, but the latter compound binds to DNA 2.6-3.2 times more effectively.", "PMID": 108013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8010", "title": "Changes in microtubule packing during the stretching of an extensible microtubule bundle in the ciliate Nassula.", "content": "The cytopharyngeal sheath in the ciliate Nassula is a long hollow tube-shaped microtubule bundle that forms part of a large feeding organelle called the cytopharyngeal basket. During the initial stages of ingestion of algal filaments by Nassula the sheath is stretched, becomes approximately elliptical in cross-section, and its external cross-sectional perimeter increased by a factor of about two. The mean circumferential centre-to-centre spacing of radially oriented rows of sheath tubules increases from 57 to 137 nm during stretching but sheath thickness and the radial spacing of sheath tubules do not change appreciably. It is suggested that extensible circumferentially oriented intertubule links and relatively inextensible radial links may define the anisometric mechanical properties of this particular microtubule bundle which are related to its cytoskeletal role. The possibility that extensible links resist stretching elastically and provide the restoring forces for return of the sheath to its former shape and dimensions after stretching is considered.", "contents": "Changes in microtubule packing during the stretching of an extensible microtubule bundle in the ciliate Nassula. The cytopharyngeal sheath in the ciliate Nassula is a long hollow tube-shaped microtubule bundle that forms part of a large feeding organelle called the cytopharyngeal basket. During the initial stages of ingestion of algal filaments by Nassula the sheath is stretched, becomes approximately elliptical in cross-section, and its external cross-sectional perimeter increased by a factor of about two. The mean circumferential centre-to-centre spacing of radially oriented rows of sheath tubules increases from 57 to 137 nm during stretching but sheath thickness and the radial spacing of sheath tubules do not change appreciably. It is suggested that extensible circumferentially oriented intertubule links and relatively inextensible radial links may define the anisometric mechanical properties of this particular microtubule bundle which are related to its cytoskeletal role. The possibility that extensible links resist stretching elastically and provide the restoring forces for return of the sheath to its former shape and dimensions after stretching is considered.", "PMID": 108014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8011", "title": "[Retrograde inhibitory effect of continuous reinstillation of digestive juice in temporary artificial and pathological enterostomies on the secretory digestive flow].", "content": "The reinstillation of the digestive juice in the lower end of an enterostomy has a retrograde inhibitory effect on the upper digestive secretions (average inhibition of 30,2%) particularly on the intestinal juice during the digestive syndromes associated with one or several interruptions of the continuity of the bovel. It should be noted, however, that the observation has not been made on normal men, but rather on severely ill patients treated in the intensive care unit of a gastro-intestinal disease department.", "contents": "[Retrograde inhibitory effect of continuous reinstillation of digestive juice in temporary artificial and pathological enterostomies on the secretory digestive flow]. The reinstillation of the digestive juice in the lower end of an enterostomy has a retrograde inhibitory effect on the upper digestive secretions (average inhibition of 30,2%) particularly on the intestinal juice during the digestive syndromes associated with one or several interruptions of the continuity of the bovel. It should be noted, however, that the observation has not been made on normal men, but rather on severely ill patients treated in the intensive care unit of a gastro-intestinal disease department.", "PMID": 108018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8012", "title": "[Stimulation of G-6-P independent glycogen synthase activity in the human placenta].", "content": "In immature human placentas, the activity of the I (glucose-6-phosphate-independent) form of glycogen synthase is significantly increased by insulin, glucose and by both compounds associated. In full-term placentas, the same kind of results has been found in each organ studied; due to the great variability observed in synthetase I control activities, the stimulation is significant only in the presence of insulin.", "contents": "[Stimulation of G-6-P independent glycogen synthase activity in the human placenta]. In immature human placentas, the activity of the I (glucose-6-phosphate-independent) form of glycogen synthase is significantly increased by insulin, glucose and by both compounds associated. In full-term placentas, the same kind of results has been found in each organ studied; due to the great variability observed in synthetase I control activities, the stimulation is significant only in the presence of insulin.", "PMID": 108019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8013", "title": "[New data on the biology of gametocytes of Plasmodium yoelii yoelli gathered from morphological characteristics indicating their age].", "content": "A morphological study has been made of the gametocytes of P. yoelii (a parasite of Rodents belonging to the \"vivax\" group). The authors distinguish 4 types chronologically ordered. Moreover, morphology enables one to predict their infectivity. The morphological analysis represents a tool leading to new data on the biology of gametocytes: loss of infectivity as soon as the parasitaemia becomes high; infectivity restricted to the young stages; concentration of young stages in the blood ingested by the Mosquitoes; short periodicity and short lived infectivity.", "contents": "[New data on the biology of gametocytes of Plasmodium yoelii yoelli gathered from morphological characteristics indicating their age]. A morphological study has been made of the gametocytes of P. yoelii (a parasite of Rodents belonging to the \"vivax\" group). The authors distinguish 4 types chronologically ordered. Moreover, morphology enables one to predict their infectivity. The morphological analysis represents a tool leading to new data on the biology of gametocytes: loss of infectivity as soon as the parasitaemia becomes high; infectivity restricted to the young stages; concentration of young stages in the blood ingested by the Mosquitoes; short periodicity and short lived infectivity.", "PMID": 108020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8014", "title": "[Isolated rat hepatocytes. Simultaneous study of variations in sialic acid content of glycoconjugated membranes and asialotransferrin uptake].", "content": "Hepatocytes isolated from streptozotocin treated Rats bind less asialotransferrin than hepatocytes isolated from normal rats. This decrease is parallel with a decrease in the sialic acid content. Insulin therapy restored simultaneously membrane sialic acid content and asialotransferrin binding capacity.", "contents": "[Isolated rat hepatocytes. Simultaneous study of variations in sialic acid content of glycoconjugated membranes and asialotransferrin uptake]. Hepatocytes isolated from streptozotocin treated Rats bind less asialotransferrin than hepatocytes isolated from normal rats. This decrease is parallel with a decrease in the sialic acid content. Insulin therapy restored simultaneously membrane sialic acid content and asialotransferrin binding capacity.", "PMID": 108021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8015", "title": "[Stimulation of proliferation of rat spleen cells, in vitro, by a nonspecific acute inflammatory exudate. Modulation of cell response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA)].", "content": "The effect of an acute non-specific inflammatory exudate with mitogenic activity on macrophages in culture has been tested on the spontaneous and PHA-induced DNA synthesis of spleen cells in vitro. Stimulatory effect of this exudate was observed on spontaneous DNA synthesis which was detectable over a range of 1 : 4 to 1 : 4,000 concentrations. After optimal PHA stimulation, an inhibition of mitogen-induced DNA synthesis was observed when the cells were exposed to the highest concentrations (up to 1 : 128) of the exudate. Thereafter, the phenomenon could be reversed and the stimulation was maximal at a concentration of 1 : 2,000. When a sub-optimal dose of PHA was used, the simulatory effect was more pronounced and detected from 1 : 8 up to 1 : 4,000 concentrations.", "contents": "[Stimulation of proliferation of rat spleen cells, in vitro, by a nonspecific acute inflammatory exudate. Modulation of cell response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA)]. The effect of an acute non-specific inflammatory exudate with mitogenic activity on macrophages in culture has been tested on the spontaneous and PHA-induced DNA synthesis of spleen cells in vitro. Stimulatory effect of this exudate was observed on spontaneous DNA synthesis which was detectable over a range of 1 : 4 to 1 : 4,000 concentrations. After optimal PHA stimulation, an inhibition of mitogen-induced DNA synthesis was observed when the cells were exposed to the highest concentrations (up to 1 : 128) of the exudate. Thereafter, the phenomenon could be reversed and the stimulation was maximal at a concentration of 1 : 2,000. When a sub-optimal dose of PHA was used, the simulatory effect was more pronounced and detected from 1 : 8 up to 1 : 4,000 concentrations.", "PMID": 108022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8016", "title": "[In vitro biosynthesis of beta-lipotropin in brain tissue].", "content": "We have recently developed methods to identify biosynthetized beta-endorphin and beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) following incubation of Rat pars intermedia with radioactive amino acids. We used the same approach for rat brain tissue. In the striatum we found a peptide similar to beta-LPH while its identification in hypothalamus was less positive. This is the first demonstration of such biosynthesis and it could well be an important step in determining the biosynthetic patterns of cerebral endorphins and enkephalins.", "contents": "[In vitro biosynthesis of beta-lipotropin in brain tissue]. We have recently developed methods to identify biosynthetized beta-endorphin and beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) following incubation of Rat pars intermedia with radioactive amino acids. We used the same approach for rat brain tissue. In the striatum we found a peptide similar to beta-LPH while its identification in hypothalamus was less positive. This is the first demonstration of such biosynthesis and it could well be an important step in determining the biosynthetic patterns of cerebral endorphins and enkephalins.", "PMID": 108023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8017", "title": "[Demonstration of N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferases in the outer membrane of liver mitochondria].", "content": "Outer mitochondrial membranes catalyze the transfer of N-acetyl-glucosamine into polyprenic and proteinic endogenous acceptors. Different effectors (nucleotides, EGTA) are used, suggesting that there are two separate metabolic ways.", "contents": "[Demonstration of N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferases in the outer membrane of liver mitochondria]. Outer mitochondrial membranes catalyze the transfer of N-acetyl-glucosamine into polyprenic and proteinic endogenous acceptors. Different effectors (nucleotides, EGTA) are used, suggesting that there are two separate metabolic ways.", "PMID": 108024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8018", "title": "[Antiarrhythmic properties of 3-(2-hydroxy-3 isopropylamino-propoxy)-3 phenyl-2 isoindolinone-1, (RS, SR) in the dog].", "content": "In the Dog, 3-(2-hydroxy-3 isopropylamino-proxy)-2-phenyl-1-isoindolinone (RS, SR) possesses an anti-arrhythmic activity similar to that of quinidine but at dose levels 2 to 6 times lower than in the case of the latter compound. Furthermore, in contrast to quinidine, at the dose levels where the antiarrhythmic activity is well observed, the compound is devoid of hypotensive activity and of depressive action on cardiac contractility. The first clinical studies of this compound have shown its usefulness in the treatment of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "[Antiarrhythmic properties of 3-(2-hydroxy-3 isopropylamino-propoxy)-3 phenyl-2 isoindolinone-1, (RS, SR) in the dog]. In the Dog, 3-(2-hydroxy-3 isopropylamino-proxy)-2-phenyl-1-isoindolinone (RS, SR) possesses an anti-arrhythmic activity similar to that of quinidine but at dose levels 2 to 6 times lower than in the case of the latter compound. Furthermore, in contrast to quinidine, at the dose levels where the antiarrhythmic activity is well observed, the compound is devoid of hypotensive activity and of depressive action on cardiac contractility. The first clinical studies of this compound have shown its usefulness in the treatment of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.", "PMID": 108025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8019", "title": "[Hemagglutination by simian adenovirus 7].", "content": "Simian adenovirus 7, either complete virus or its capsid subunits, agglutinates Rat (Sprague-Dowley) red blood cells in the presence of heterotypical antiserum. Haemagglutination takes place at 4 degrees C and room temperature. The antigen could not be eluted and its haemagglutinin properties are heat-stable. The reaction is specific. It is inhibited by homologous antiserum only. This property and its characteristics permit a camparison of this strongly oncogenic adenovirus to the human adenovirus of subgroup III of Rosen.", "contents": "[Hemagglutination by simian adenovirus 7]. Simian adenovirus 7, either complete virus or its capsid subunits, agglutinates Rat (Sprague-Dowley) red blood cells in the presence of heterotypical antiserum. Haemagglutination takes place at 4 degrees C and room temperature. The antigen could not be eluted and its haemagglutinin properties are heat-stable. The reaction is specific. It is inhibited by homologous antiserum only. This property and its characteristics permit a camparison of this strongly oncogenic adenovirus to the human adenovirus of subgroup III of Rosen.", "PMID": 108027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8020", "title": "[Description of an unusual enzymic activity cleaving the third component of complement].", "content": "A large enzymatic complex cleaving C3 (C3'ase) in the absence of magnesium (EDTA) has been partially characterized in two patients. On gel filtration EDTA-C3'ase was found in an 800 000 fraction containing antigenic C4, IgA and IgG in addition to alpha-2-macroglobulin and IgM normally present. EDTA-C3'ase was specifically neutralized by antibodies to IgG, IgA and C4. The characteristics of this unusual enzymatic complex are compatible with that of a C4b2a complex stabilized by its specific binding to an auto-antibody of the IgG and/or IgA class.", "contents": "[Description of an unusual enzymic activity cleaving the third component of complement]. A large enzymatic complex cleaving C3 (C3'ase) in the absence of magnesium (EDTA) has been partially characterized in two patients. On gel filtration EDTA-C3'ase was found in an 800 000 fraction containing antigenic C4, IgA and IgG in addition to alpha-2-macroglobulin and IgM normally present. EDTA-C3'ase was specifically neutralized by antibodies to IgG, IgA and C4. The characteristics of this unusual enzymatic complex are compatible with that of a C4b2a complex stabilized by its specific binding to an auto-antibody of the IgG and/or IgA class.", "PMID": 108028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8021", "title": "[Phospholipid antigens acquired by the young forms of Schistosoma mansoni].", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies provide evidence of cardiolipin fixation at the schistosomulum's surface, following incubation with liposomes (cardiolipin-lecithin or cardiolipin-lecithin added with cholesterol). Fixation occurs at 37 degrees C as well as at 0 degree C whether proteins were present or not. Several washes do not remove cardiolipin fixation.", "contents": "[Phospholipid antigens acquired by the young forms of Schistosoma mansoni]. Immunofluorescence studies provide evidence of cardiolipin fixation at the schistosomulum's surface, following incubation with liposomes (cardiolipin-lecithin or cardiolipin-lecithin added with cholesterol). Fixation occurs at 37 degrees C as well as at 0 degree C whether proteins were present or not. Several washes do not remove cardiolipin fixation.", "PMID": 108030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8022", "title": "[Lipid thesaurismosis rheumatism. Arthropathies in alpha galactosidase A deficiency (Fabry's disease). Ultrastructural study of the synovial membrane demonstrating microcrystals in the mitochondria of synoviocytes].", "content": "Articular manifestations may be the onset of genetic alpha galactosidase deficiency (Fabry's disease). Ultrastructural study shows typical osmiophilic lamellar inclusions of trihexosylceramides in synoviocytes, capillaries and adipocytes. Furthermore microcrystals identical to those seen in Gaucher's disease and type II hyperlipoproteinemia were observed in mitochondria and free in cytoplasm. These data suggest a microcrystalline pathogenesis of these arthropathies, as in gout and chondrocalcinosis, and what we have generally called crystallopathic arthropathies.", "contents": "[Lipid thesaurismosis rheumatism. Arthropathies in alpha galactosidase A deficiency (Fabry's disease). Ultrastructural study of the synovial membrane demonstrating microcrystals in the mitochondria of synoviocytes]. Articular manifestations may be the onset of genetic alpha galactosidase deficiency (Fabry's disease). Ultrastructural study shows typical osmiophilic lamellar inclusions of trihexosylceramides in synoviocytes, capillaries and adipocytes. Furthermore microcrystals identical to those seen in Gaucher's disease and type II hyperlipoproteinemia were observed in mitochondria and free in cytoplasm. These data suggest a microcrystalline pathogenesis of these arthropathies, as in gout and chondrocalcinosis, and what we have generally called crystallopathic arthropathies.", "PMID": 108031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8023", "title": "Isolated gonococcal pulmonary valve endocarditis: diagnosis by echocardiography.", "content": "The perplexing clinical course of a 23-year-old black male with isolated gonococcal pulmonary valvular endocarditis is presented. M-mode echocardiography provided the first clue to the presence of pulmonary valvular vegetations and the proper diagnosis. Since Neisseria gonorrhea appears to have a particular affinity for the pulmonary valve, the presence of isolated pulmonary valvular endocarditis should raise the strong possibility that Neisseria gonorrhea is the offending organism. This case report of pulmonary valvular vegetations detected by echocardiography strongly emphasizes that all four cardiac valves must be visualized in order to rule out the presence of echocardiographically detectable valvular vegetations.", "contents": "Isolated gonococcal pulmonary valve endocarditis: diagnosis by echocardiography. The perplexing clinical course of a 23-year-old black male with isolated gonococcal pulmonary valvular endocarditis is presented. M-mode echocardiography provided the first clue to the presence of pulmonary valvular vegetations and the proper diagnosis. Since Neisseria gonorrhea appears to have a particular affinity for the pulmonary valve, the presence of isolated pulmonary valvular endocarditis should raise the strong possibility that Neisseria gonorrhea is the offending organism. This case report of pulmonary valvular vegetations detected by echocardiography strongly emphasizes that all four cardiac valves must be visualized in order to rule out the presence of echocardiographically detectable valvular vegetations.", "PMID": 108032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8024", "title": "Substrate-labeled fluorescent immunoassay for phenytoin in human serum.", "content": "A homogeneous substrate-labeled fluorescent immunoassay has been applied to the measurement of phenytoin concentrations in human serum. We coupled a fluorogenic enzyme substrate, galactosyl-umbelliferone, covalently to a derivative of phenytoin. Under assay conditions, this drug-substrate conjugate was nonfluorescent but became fluorescent upon hydrolysis catalyzed by bacterial beta-galactosidase. When antibody to phenytoin is bound to the drug-substrate conjugate, it is inactive as an enzyme substrate. Addition of phenytoin to competitive-binding reactions relieves the inactivation, and the resulting fluorescence is proportional to the phenytoin concentration. We validated the fluorescent immunoassay by comparing values for phenytoin obtained with this technique to those obtained by gas chromatography and by enzyme immunoassay (EMIT). All three methods correlated well. The major metabolite of phenytoin, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, and other drugs at concentrations expected in serum had no effect on the assay. The fluorescent immunoassay is rapid and simple to perform and requires only 2 microL of serum sample per test.", "contents": "Substrate-labeled fluorescent immunoassay for phenytoin in human serum. A homogeneous substrate-labeled fluorescent immunoassay has been applied to the measurement of phenytoin concentrations in human serum. We coupled a fluorogenic enzyme substrate, galactosyl-umbelliferone, covalently to a derivative of phenytoin. Under assay conditions, this drug-substrate conjugate was nonfluorescent but became fluorescent upon hydrolysis catalyzed by bacterial beta-galactosidase. When antibody to phenytoin is bound to the drug-substrate conjugate, it is inactive as an enzyme substrate. Addition of phenytoin to competitive-binding reactions relieves the inactivation, and the resulting fluorescence is proportional to the phenytoin concentration. We validated the fluorescent immunoassay by comparing values for phenytoin obtained with this technique to those obtained by gas chromatography and by enzyme immunoassay (EMIT). All three methods correlated well. The major metabolite of phenytoin, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, and other drugs at concentrations expected in serum had no effect on the assay. The fluorescent immunoassay is rapid and simple to perform and requires only 2 microL of serum sample per test.", "PMID": 108033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8025", "title": "Interference of iodine-125 ligands in radioimmunoassay: evidence implicating thyroxine-binding globulin.", "content": "Although there is abundant published evidence that radioiodinated antigens interfere in digoxin radioimmunoassays, other radioimmunoassays are similarly affected. We investigated the relationship of radioiodinated antigen structure to its function in the immunoassay. Carrier-free 125I-labeled iodotyrosine and iodohistamine derivatives were incubated with human serum, and the bound and free fractions were separated. We demonstrated that diiodotyrosyl analogs bind avidly to serum proteins. Because protein binding could be reduced with competitors that inhibit thyroxine-binding globulin, such as 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonate and thyroxine, thyroxine-binding globulin was clearly implicated. Diiodotyrosyl compounds also bound to solutions of purified thyroxine-binding globulin, and this binding was inhibited by the same two competitors. We postulate that thyroxine-binding globulin is the major source of the heretofore unexplained interference of radioiodinated haptens. We present recommendations for eliminating or minimizing such interference.", "contents": "Interference of iodine-125 ligands in radioimmunoassay: evidence implicating thyroxine-binding globulin. Although there is abundant published evidence that radioiodinated antigens interfere in digoxin radioimmunoassays, other radioimmunoassays are similarly affected. We investigated the relationship of radioiodinated antigen structure to its function in the immunoassay. Carrier-free 125I-labeled iodotyrosine and iodohistamine derivatives were incubated with human serum, and the bound and free fractions were separated. We demonstrated that diiodotyrosyl analogs bind avidly to serum proteins. Because protein binding could be reduced with competitors that inhibit thyroxine-binding globulin, such as 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonate and thyroxine, thyroxine-binding globulin was clearly implicated. Diiodotyrosyl compounds also bound to solutions of purified thyroxine-binding globulin, and this binding was inhibited by the same two competitors. We postulate that thyroxine-binding globulin is the major source of the heretofore unexplained interference of radioiodinated haptens. We present recommendations for eliminating or minimizing such interference.", "PMID": 108034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8026", "title": "Immunoelectrophoretic studies on human small intestinal brush border proteins. A quantitative study of brush border enzymes from single small intestinal biopsies.", "content": "A method for measuring brush border membrane enzymes from small intestinal biopsies by crossed immunoelectrophoresis is presented. The use of a brush border specific antiserum made isolation of the brush border membrane before analysis unnecessary. This prevented loss of material which, together with inactivation of enzymes, was a limiting factor in previous studies of brush border enzymes from peroral biopsies. In 58 biopsies from patients without gastrointestinal disorders a close correlation between antigenic activity and corresponding enzymatic activity was shown for the following enzymes: sucrase-isomaltase (EC 3.2.1.48-EC 3.2.1.10), lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (EC 3.2.1.23-EC 3.2.1.62), microvillus aminopeptidase (microsomal, EC 3.4.11.2) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.X). The immunoelectrophoretic patterns of intestinal mucosa near the ligament of Treitz, and in jejunum and ileum were established. The method presented is thought to be of value in further studies of the molecular basis of brush border diseases.", "contents": "Immunoelectrophoretic studies on human small intestinal brush border proteins. A quantitative study of brush border enzymes from single small intestinal biopsies. A method for measuring brush border membrane enzymes from small intestinal biopsies by crossed immunoelectrophoresis is presented. The use of a brush border specific antiserum made isolation of the brush border membrane before analysis unnecessary. This prevented loss of material which, together with inactivation of enzymes, was a limiting factor in previous studies of brush border enzymes from peroral biopsies. In 58 biopsies from patients without gastrointestinal disorders a close correlation between antigenic activity and corresponding enzymatic activity was shown for the following enzymes: sucrase-isomaltase (EC 3.2.1.48-EC 3.2.1.10), lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (EC 3.2.1.23-EC 3.2.1.62), microvillus aminopeptidase (microsomal, EC 3.4.11.2) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.X). The immunoelectrophoretic patterns of intestinal mucosa near the ligament of Treitz, and in jejunum and ileum were established. The method presented is thought to be of value in further studies of the molecular basis of brush border diseases.", "PMID": 108036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8027", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B in erythrocytes of subjects with chronic acidosis.", "content": "A specific and quantitative immunological method for determination of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B has been used to ascertain the contents of this enzyme in the erythrocytes of healthy persons and of subjects with chronic metabolic and respiratory acidosis. The investigations have shown significant increase of carbonic anhydrase type B in the erythrocytes of patients suffering from renal failure with chronic acidosis, and in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and chronic respiratory acidosis. The erythrocytes of acidotic uremic patients have a significantly higher content of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B than do the erythrocytes of uremic subjects without chronic acidosis. In chronic obstructive lung disease, the content of this enzyme in erythrocytes was significantly higher in the hypercapnic patients than in the normocapnic ones. In renal failure, significant correlation was found between carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B and standard bicarbonate. In chronic obstructive lung disease no significant correlation was found between carbonic anhydrase and pCO2.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B in erythrocytes of subjects with chronic acidosis. A specific and quantitative immunological method for determination of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B has been used to ascertain the contents of this enzyme in the erythrocytes of healthy persons and of subjects with chronic metabolic and respiratory acidosis. The investigations have shown significant increase of carbonic anhydrase type B in the erythrocytes of patients suffering from renal failure with chronic acidosis, and in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and chronic respiratory acidosis. The erythrocytes of acidotic uremic patients have a significantly higher content of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B than do the erythrocytes of uremic subjects without chronic acidosis. In chronic obstructive lung disease, the content of this enzyme in erythrocytes was significantly higher in the hypercapnic patients than in the normocapnic ones. In renal failure, significant correlation was found between carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B and standard bicarbonate. In chronic obstructive lung disease no significant correlation was found between carbonic anhydrase and pCO2.", "PMID": 108037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8028", "title": "Effect of zinc supplementation on plasma levels of vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in malnourished children.", "content": "The relationship between plasma levels of vitamin A and zinc was studied in 45 children suffering from vitamin A deficiency and 20 children with protein-energy malnutrition. Thirty apparently normal children of the same age group were also studied for comparison. The mean levels of plasma vitamin A, retinol-binding protein and zinc were significantly lower in vitamin A-deficient children and in children with PEM, as compared to controls. Supplementation with 40 mg zinc daily for 5--10 days resulted in a significant increase in plasma vitamin A and RBP levels in children with PEM but not in the vitamin A-deficient group. There was, however, no correlation between plasma levels of vitamin A and zinc. The data suggest that in children with PEM, apart from deficiencies of protein and vitamin A, zinc deficiency may also contribute to the lowering of plasma vitamin A levels. They also suggest that in vitamin A-deficient children, without protein-energy malnutrition, zinc deficiency does not seem to have a role.", "contents": "Effect of zinc supplementation on plasma levels of vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in malnourished children. The relationship between plasma levels of vitamin A and zinc was studied in 45 children suffering from vitamin A deficiency and 20 children with protein-energy malnutrition. Thirty apparently normal children of the same age group were also studied for comparison. The mean levels of plasma vitamin A, retinol-binding protein and zinc were significantly lower in vitamin A-deficient children and in children with PEM, as compared to controls. Supplementation with 40 mg zinc daily for 5--10 days resulted in a significant increase in plasma vitamin A and RBP levels in children with PEM but not in the vitamin A-deficient group. There was, however, no correlation between plasma levels of vitamin A and zinc. The data suggest that in children with PEM, apart from deficiencies of protein and vitamin A, zinc deficiency may also contribute to the lowering of plasma vitamin A levels. They also suggest that in vitamin A-deficient children, without protein-energy malnutrition, zinc deficiency does not seem to have a role.", "PMID": 108038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8029", "title": "Absence of oroticaciduria in adenosine deaminase deficiency and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency.", "content": "Orotic acid excretion was normal when tested by three methods in adenosine deaminase deficiency and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. These results do not support the speculation, based on the oroticaciduria observed by others, that the immunodeficiency in these disorders results from the inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis. An alternative hypothesis is discussed.", "contents": "Absence of oroticaciduria in adenosine deaminase deficiency and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Orotic acid excretion was normal when tested by three methods in adenosine deaminase deficiency and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. These results do not support the speculation, based on the oroticaciduria observed by others, that the immunodeficiency in these disorders results from the inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis. An alternative hypothesis is discussed.", "PMID": 108039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8030", "title": "Circulating carcinoembryonic antigen immune complexes in sera of patients with carcinomata of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The sera of patients with histologically proven carcinomata of the gastrointestinal tract were fractionated by gel filtration and the fractions assayed for the presence of free carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) binding immunoglobulins and CEA immune complexes by radioimmuno-double-diffusion, using 125I-CEA as a marker. In eleven out of thirteen cases with disease recurrence, the presence of CEA-IgM complexes was observed, and in three out of thirteen cases the presence of CEA-IgG complexes, could be demonstrated. Free CEA-binding immunoglobulins could not be detected.", "contents": "Circulating carcinoembryonic antigen immune complexes in sera of patients with carcinomata of the gastrointestinal tract. The sera of patients with histologically proven carcinomata of the gastrointestinal tract were fractionated by gel filtration and the fractions assayed for the presence of free carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) binding immunoglobulins and CEA immune complexes by radioimmuno-double-diffusion, using 125I-CEA as a marker. In eleven out of thirteen cases with disease recurrence, the presence of CEA-IgM complexes was observed, and in three out of thirteen cases the presence of CEA-IgG complexes, could be demonstrated. Free CEA-binding immunoglobulins could not be detected.", "PMID": 108040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8031", "title": "Opioids: similarity between evaluations of subjective effects and animal self-administration results.", "content": "Abuse potential studies of 33 morphine-like analgesics were compared in humans and monkeys. The results of intravenous self-administration studies in rhesus monkeys were correlated with measures of morphine-like signs, symptoms, and subjective effects in ex-addicts. Each set of data was assigned to a position in a 3 x 3 contingency table dependent upon whether the results were yes, no, or equivocal. Of the 33 drugs, 29 were given identical classifications in both the human and animal test procedures. This good concordance between the human and animal results further validates each procedure and suggests the possibility that both the human and animal procedures are measuring a common underlying pharmacological property which relates to abuse potential of drugs.", "contents": "Opioids: similarity between evaluations of subjective effects and animal self-administration results. Abuse potential studies of 33 morphine-like analgesics were compared in humans and monkeys. The results of intravenous self-administration studies in rhesus monkeys were correlated with measures of morphine-like signs, symptoms, and subjective effects in ex-addicts. Each set of data was assigned to a position in a 3 x 3 contingency table dependent upon whether the results were yes, no, or equivocal. Of the 33 drugs, 29 were given identical classifications in both the human and animal test procedures. This good concordance between the human and animal results further validates each procedure and suggests the possibility that both the human and animal procedures are measuring a common underlying pharmacological property which relates to abuse potential of drugs.", "PMID": 108042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8032", "title": "Biochemical and clinical effects of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate in calcium nephrolithiasis.", "content": "1. The short- and longer-term effects of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), an inhibitor of crystal growth and potential preventive agent against urinary tract stones in man, have been studied. 2. Measurement of urinary excretion of EHDP was used to define the best dosage regimen. When 4.4 mmol of EHDP mmol of EHDP was given in four divided doses the murinary concentration of EHDP achieved was high enough (10-5 mol/1) to inhibit the crystallization of calcium crystals throughout the day. 3. Nine patients with recurrent calcium stones were given this dose of EHDP daily for 12 months and seven were then studied for a further 12 months under placebo. During treatment with EHDP, inhibitory activity in urine towards precipitation of calcium phosphate was restored from low values to greatly above normal. This could be accounted for by the inhibitory effect of EHDP itself, coupled with an increase in urinary inorganic pyrophosphate. After stopping EHDP the excretion of EHDP rapidly fell to undetectable levels but the excretion of pryophosphate remained elevated throughout the 12 months of placebo treatment. EHDP also induced a rise in plasma phosphate and an increase in the urinary excretion of oxalic acid and uric acid, but these changes were all fully reversible when EHDP was stopped. 4. The average rate of stone formation per patient per year decreased from 2.4 to 0.2 during treatment with EHDP and remained low during the following 24 months. However, the dose needed for this effect is known to affect bone turnover and mineralization.", "contents": "Biochemical and clinical effects of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate in calcium nephrolithiasis. 1. The short- and longer-term effects of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), an inhibitor of crystal growth and potential preventive agent against urinary tract stones in man, have been studied. 2. Measurement of urinary excretion of EHDP was used to define the best dosage regimen. When 4.4 mmol of EHDP mmol of EHDP was given in four divided doses the murinary concentration of EHDP achieved was high enough (10-5 mol/1) to inhibit the crystallization of calcium crystals throughout the day. 3. Nine patients with recurrent calcium stones were given this dose of EHDP daily for 12 months and seven were then studied for a further 12 months under placebo. During treatment with EHDP, inhibitory activity in urine towards precipitation of calcium phosphate was restored from low values to greatly above normal. This could be accounted for by the inhibitory effect of EHDP itself, coupled with an increase in urinary inorganic pyrophosphate. After stopping EHDP the excretion of EHDP rapidly fell to undetectable levels but the excretion of pryophosphate remained elevated throughout the 12 months of placebo treatment. EHDP also induced a rise in plasma phosphate and an increase in the urinary excretion of oxalic acid and uric acid, but these changes were all fully reversible when EHDP was stopped. 4. The average rate of stone formation per patient per year decreased from 2.4 to 0.2 during treatment with EHDP and remained low during the following 24 months. However, the dose needed for this effect is known to affect bone turnover and mineralization.", "PMID": 108043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8033", "title": "Immunogenecity of hapten-protein conjugates in rabbits and monkeys preimmunized against the carrier protein.", "content": "The effect of preimmunization with carrier protein on the subsequent response to immunization with hapten-protein conjugate was investigated. Rabbits immunized against bovine serum albumin (BSA) showed a delay in the production of anti-progesterone antibodies upon immunization with progesterone-11-BSA. After a booster injection with P-11-BSA, however, they achieved antiprogesterone levels comparable to those in animals immunized with P-11-BSA only. Similarly, rhesus monkeys preimmunized with tetanus toxoid (TT) showed a delay in the development of anti-hCG titers when immunized with beta-hCG-TT. Here again, after booster immunizations they achieved anti-hCG levels comparable to those of the control animals.", "contents": "Immunogenecity of hapten-protein conjugates in rabbits and monkeys preimmunized against the carrier protein. The effect of preimmunization with carrier protein on the subsequent response to immunization with hapten-protein conjugate was investigated. Rabbits immunized against bovine serum albumin (BSA) showed a delay in the production of anti-progesterone antibodies upon immunization with progesterone-11-BSA. After a booster injection with P-11-BSA, however, they achieved antiprogesterone levels comparable to those in animals immunized with P-11-BSA only. Similarly, rhesus monkeys preimmunized with tetanus toxoid (TT) showed a delay in the development of anti-hCG titers when immunized with beta-hCG-TT. Here again, after booster immunizations they achieved anti-hCG levels comparable to those of the control animals.", "PMID": 108046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8034", "title": "Dislodgment of pacemaker electrode simulating focal motor seizure.", "content": "The unusual finding of dislocation of the electrode of a pacemaker in a patient caused repetitive twitching of the right leg. Initial confusion with focal motor seizure resulted in the administration of antiepileptic medication. Malposition of the electrode was confirmed by appropriate roentgenographic studies, and subsequent repositioning terminated the episode.", "contents": "Dislodgment of pacemaker electrode simulating focal motor seizure. The unusual finding of dislocation of the electrode of a pacemaker in a patient caused repetitive twitching of the right leg. Initial confusion with focal motor seizure resulted in the administration of antiepileptic medication. Malposition of the electrode was confirmed by appropriate roentgenographic studies, and subsequent repositioning terminated the episode.", "PMID": 108051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8035", "title": "Ascending aorta-supraceliac abdominal aorta bypass: successful removal of an infected graft in the descending thoracic aorta.", "content": "An infected graft and a mycotic pseudoaneurysm were successfully resected by employing an ascending aortasupraceliac abdominal aorta bypass graft in a 19-year-old man. He had formerly undergone graft replacement surgery for traumatic aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta, with the aid of a temporary external bypass graft. After this first operation, the patient had suffered from septicemia due to Psudomonas aeruginosa, which resulted in formation of mycotic pseudoaneurysms at the distal anastomotic site of the prosthetic graft and at both stumps of the formerly employed external bypass graft.", "contents": "Ascending aorta-supraceliac abdominal aorta bypass: successful removal of an infected graft in the descending thoracic aorta. An infected graft and a mycotic pseudoaneurysm were successfully resected by employing an ascending aortasupraceliac abdominal aorta bypass graft in a 19-year-old man. He had formerly undergone graft replacement surgery for traumatic aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta, with the aid of a temporary external bypass graft. After this first operation, the patient had suffered from septicemia due to Psudomonas aeruginosa, which resulted in formation of mycotic pseudoaneurysms at the distal anastomotic site of the prosthetic graft and at both stumps of the formerly employed external bypass graft.", "PMID": 108052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8036", "title": "[The action of nitroglycerine on digitalis induced ST depression in patients with coronary disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of therapeutic digitalisation on ST depression due to myocardial ischemia was investigated in 11 patients, average age 53.6 years, with coronary heart disease, compared with the effectiveness of nitroglycerine. Therapeutic digitalis led to an average increase of ischaemic ST depression from -0.53 to -0.73 mV. The mean pulmonary arterial and pulmonary capillary pressure decreased slightly, the frequency of pectanginous attacks increased. Independent of the digitalis effect nitroglycerine had an opposing action on these parameters. In decompensated patients with coronary heart disease (n = 4) both digitalis and nitroglycerine produced a shift of the left ventricular function curve as an expression of improved cardiac action. This could not be observed in patients with compensated ventricular function (n = 7). In sufficient ventricular function digitalis led to a further increase of myocardial ischaemic ST depression. In ventricular insufficiency no uniform behaviour was apparent. ST depression induced by digitalis could be reversibly influenced by nitroglycerine.", "contents": "[The action of nitroglycerine on digitalis induced ST depression in patients with coronary disease (author's transl)]. The influence of therapeutic digitalisation on ST depression due to myocardial ischemia was investigated in 11 patients, average age 53.6 years, with coronary heart disease, compared with the effectiveness of nitroglycerine. Therapeutic digitalis led to an average increase of ischaemic ST depression from -0.53 to -0.73 mV. The mean pulmonary arterial and pulmonary capillary pressure decreased slightly, the frequency of pectanginous attacks increased. Independent of the digitalis effect nitroglycerine had an opposing action on these parameters. In decompensated patients with coronary heart disease (n = 4) both digitalis and nitroglycerine produced a shift of the left ventricular function curve as an expression of improved cardiac action. This could not be observed in patients with compensated ventricular function (n = 7). In sufficient ventricular function digitalis led to a further increase of myocardial ischaemic ST depression. In ventricular insufficiency no uniform behaviour was apparent. ST depression induced by digitalis could be reversibly influenced by nitroglycerine.", "PMID": 108065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8037", "title": "[Cross allergy between sulphonamide diuretics, probenecid, sulphamethoxazole and sulphonyl-urea compounds (author's transl)].", "content": "Typical signs and symptoms of type III allergy occurred in a 55-year-old diabetic during diabetes and diuretic treatment with glisoxepid, glibenclamide, furosemide and probenecid. Symptoms of this type of allergy unintentionally recurred with every subsequent therapeutic administration of each one of these drugs. The possibility of a cross allergy between sulphonamide diuretics, chemotherapeutic sulphonamides and sulphonyl-urea compounds has only rarely been described.", "contents": "[Cross allergy between sulphonamide diuretics, probenecid, sulphamethoxazole and sulphonyl-urea compounds (author's transl)]. Typical signs and symptoms of type III allergy occurred in a 55-year-old diabetic during diabetes and diuretic treatment with glisoxepid, glibenclamide, furosemide and probenecid. Symptoms of this type of allergy unintentionally recurred with every subsequent therapeutic administration of each one of these drugs. The possibility of a cross allergy between sulphonamide diuretics, chemotherapeutic sulphonamides and sulphonyl-urea compounds has only rarely been described.", "PMID": 108066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8038", "title": "[Treatment of decompensated valvular disease with nitroglycerin (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of parenteral nitroglycerin after acute and continuous infusion were investigated in 12 patients with mitral and (or) aortic valvular disease (stage IV of the New York Heart Association) and severe therapy-resistant pulmonary congestion. Intravenous injection of 1 mg led to immediate and marked decrease of right atrial mean pressure, and pulmonary artery and pulmonary capillary mean pressures, whereas mean arterial blood pressure, stroke volume index, cardiac frequency, and cardiac index remained unchanged. With a dosage of 3-10 mg/h the pressure lowering of the right circulation could be sustained. Pressure lowering of the right circulation abolished pulmonary congestion and led to marked reduction of shortness of breath. The principle of venous pooling can thus not only be used successfully in cases of increased pulmonary capillary pressure due to primary myocardial insufficiency, but also in cases with pulmonary congestion due to decompensated valvular disease.", "contents": "[Treatment of decompensated valvular disease with nitroglycerin (author's transl)]. The effects of parenteral nitroglycerin after acute and continuous infusion were investigated in 12 patients with mitral and (or) aortic valvular disease (stage IV of the New York Heart Association) and severe therapy-resistant pulmonary congestion. Intravenous injection of 1 mg led to immediate and marked decrease of right atrial mean pressure, and pulmonary artery and pulmonary capillary mean pressures, whereas mean arterial blood pressure, stroke volume index, cardiac frequency, and cardiac index remained unchanged. With a dosage of 3-10 mg/h the pressure lowering of the right circulation could be sustained. Pressure lowering of the right circulation abolished pulmonary congestion and led to marked reduction of shortness of breath. The principle of venous pooling can thus not only be used successfully in cases of increased pulmonary capillary pressure due to primary myocardial insufficiency, but also in cases with pulmonary congestion due to decompensated valvular disease.", "PMID": 108069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8039", "title": "[Nitroglycerine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of 0.8 mg nitroglycerine on haemodynamics and pulmonary functions was examined in 12 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Resting heart rate was increased from 72 to 82/min by nitroglycerine, but at rest and on exercise there was only a slight reduction in systolic blood pressure, the diastolic level remaining essentially unchanged. There was a decrease in cardiac index of 16 and 15% at rest and on exercise, respectively. A highly insignificant reduction in mean pulmonary artery pressure occurred both at rest and on exercise. Respiratory variations of pulmonary artery pressure markedly decreased after nitroglycerine and correlated well with airway resistance, which fell by 28%. Pulmonary vascular resistance fell from 188 to 149 dyn.s.cm-5. Vital capacity increased after nitroglycerine as a sign of reduction of pulmonary emphysema. Partial pressure of arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide showed no definite changes at unchanged respiratory rates. Thus nitroglycerine produces a marked improvement in haemodynamics and pulmonary function without any increase in ventilatory distribution abnormalities. These results support the use of nitroglycerine as one of several means of treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "contents": "[Nitroglycerine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (author's transl)]. The effect of 0.8 mg nitroglycerine on haemodynamics and pulmonary functions was examined in 12 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Resting heart rate was increased from 72 to 82/min by nitroglycerine, but at rest and on exercise there was only a slight reduction in systolic blood pressure, the diastolic level remaining essentially unchanged. There was a decrease in cardiac index of 16 and 15% at rest and on exercise, respectively. A highly insignificant reduction in mean pulmonary artery pressure occurred both at rest and on exercise. Respiratory variations of pulmonary artery pressure markedly decreased after nitroglycerine and correlated well with airway resistance, which fell by 28%. Pulmonary vascular resistance fell from 188 to 149 dyn.s.cm-5. Vital capacity increased after nitroglycerine as a sign of reduction of pulmonary emphysema. Partial pressure of arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide showed no definite changes at unchanged respiratory rates. Thus nitroglycerine produces a marked improvement in haemodynamics and pulmonary function without any increase in ventilatory distribution abnormalities. These results support the use of nitroglycerine as one of several means of treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 108070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8040", "title": "[Effect of a combination of 3 pesticides on the sensitization of guinea pigs to ovalbumin].", "content": "The author treated guinea pigs with a combination of three pesticides: First group -- with cyneb in a dose of 12,5 mg/kg of body weight (threshold value) +/- sevine in a dose of Ip 5 mg/kg (twice threshold value) +/- tribufon in a dose of 5.0 mg/kg (threshold value); second group -- cyneb 125 mg/kg (ten times of threshold value) +/- sevine 1.5 mg/kg (twice the threshold value) +/- tribufon 5.0 mg/kg (threshold value). Two groups of animals were used as controls: first group-- treated with 2,0 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide and second group -- with 3% of starch emulsion, with which other substances were given. The indicated substances were administered in the animals by a probe (a catheter) daily, in the morning before feeding, for a period of six months. Then sensibilization was made by ovalbumin in a solution of 10 gm% according the scheme: first injection of 2 ml of ovalbumin -- 1 ml subcutaneously in the inguinal region and 1 ml intraperitonealy. A challenging dose of 2 ml was administered inraperitonealy after 20 days and the reaction of the experimental animals was examined for a period of 90 minutes after the administration of the challenging dose. There was no difference in the reaction of the guinea pigs, treated with a combination of three pesticides in comparison with animals, given the same pesticides in the same dosage, but singly.", "contents": "[Effect of a combination of 3 pesticides on the sensitization of guinea pigs to ovalbumin]. The author treated guinea pigs with a combination of three pesticides: First group -- with cyneb in a dose of 12,5 mg/kg of body weight (threshold value) +/- sevine in a dose of Ip 5 mg/kg (twice threshold value) +/- tribufon in a dose of 5.0 mg/kg (threshold value); second group -- cyneb 125 mg/kg (ten times of threshold value) +/- sevine 1.5 mg/kg (twice the threshold value) +/- tribufon 5.0 mg/kg (threshold value). Two groups of animals were used as controls: first group-- treated with 2,0 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide and second group -- with 3% of starch emulsion, with which other substances were given. The indicated substances were administered in the animals by a probe (a catheter) daily, in the morning before feeding, for a period of six months. Then sensibilization was made by ovalbumin in a solution of 10 gm% according the scheme: first injection of 2 ml of ovalbumin -- 1 ml subcutaneously in the inguinal region and 1 ml intraperitonealy. A challenging dose of 2 ml was administered inraperitonealy after 20 days and the reaction of the experimental animals was examined for a period of 90 minutes after the administration of the challenging dose. There was no difference in the reaction of the guinea pigs, treated with a combination of three pesticides in comparison with animals, given the same pesticides in the same dosage, but singly.", "PMID": 108072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8041", "title": "Generalized epilepsy with bilateral synchronous spike and wave discharge. New findings concerning its physiological mechanisms.", "content": "A hypothesis for the mechanism of generalized spike and wave discharge in human generalized epilepsy is proposed in the light of findings obtained in feline generalized penicillin epilepsy. It is postulated that generalized bilaterally synchronous spike and wave discharge depends upon a diffuse and relatively mild state of cortical hyperexcitability which increases the responsiveness of cortical neurons. Afferent thalamo-cortical volleys normally involved in the genesis of spindles and recruiting responses are most likely to precipitate spike and wave discharges under these conditions. The spike and wave pattern probably results from the activation of a recurrent intracortical inhibitory pathway which becomes activated when cortical neurons discharge in greater number and more repetitively than is normally the case. During spike and wave discharges a large number of neurons oscillate between short periods of excitation, corresponding to the spike, and longer periods of inhibition, corresponding to the slow wave component of the spike and wave complex. This disrupts the normal transactional processes of cortical neurons which are presumably responsible for mental activity, particularly for the close integration of perception, cognition and voluntary motor responsiveness. The degree of this interference varies greatly and in mild absence seizure it is not justified to speak of \"loss of consciousness\". The fundamental disturbance in absence seizures brought about by the generalized cortical spike and wave discharges is therefore better regarded as a \"clouding of the mind\". Loss of consciousness can be said to occur only when the interference with mental activity becomes particularly intense. Loss of consciousness in absence seizures can therefore not be used as an argument in favor of primary involvement of higher brain-stem mechanisms.", "contents": "Generalized epilepsy with bilateral synchronous spike and wave discharge. New findings concerning its physiological mechanisms. A hypothesis for the mechanism of generalized spike and wave discharge in human generalized epilepsy is proposed in the light of findings obtained in feline generalized penicillin epilepsy. It is postulated that generalized bilaterally synchronous spike and wave discharge depends upon a diffuse and relatively mild state of cortical hyperexcitability which increases the responsiveness of cortical neurons. Afferent thalamo-cortical volleys normally involved in the genesis of spindles and recruiting responses are most likely to precipitate spike and wave discharges under these conditions. The spike and wave pattern probably results from the activation of a recurrent intracortical inhibitory pathway which becomes activated when cortical neurons discharge in greater number and more repetitively than is normally the case. During spike and wave discharges a large number of neurons oscillate between short periods of excitation, corresponding to the spike, and longer periods of inhibition, corresponding to the slow wave component of the spike and wave complex. This disrupts the normal transactional processes of cortical neurons which are presumably responsible for mental activity, particularly for the close integration of perception, cognition and voluntary motor responsiveness. The degree of this interference varies greatly and in mild absence seizure it is not justified to speak of \"loss of consciousness\". The fundamental disturbance in absence seizures brought about by the generalized cortical spike and wave discharges is therefore better regarded as a \"clouding of the mind\". Loss of consciousness can be said to occur only when the interference with mental activity becomes particularly intense. Loss of consciousness in absence seizures can therefore not be used as an argument in favor of primary involvement of higher brain-stem mechanisms.", "PMID": 108073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8042", "title": "Evoked potential studies in petit mal epilepsy. Visual information processing in relation to spike and wave discharges.", "content": "The evoked potential has been useful in studying characteristics of the epileptic nervous system. To investigate whether an alteration in sensory processing is possibly related to behavioral unresponsiveness observed to precede spike and wave bursts, average visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were studied during a 4.0 sec preburst interval in 6 patients with petit mal epilepsy. Individual responses, evoked by photic flashes, were averaged as a function of flash-to-burst interval. In 3 subjects with classical bursts of spike and wave, the average VEP was degraded 0.5 sec or less before burst onset. In 3 subjects with atypical electroencephalographic seizure discharge, VEP degradation was not seen. Some possible interpretations concerning the significance of the VEP alterations were discussed.", "contents": "Evoked potential studies in petit mal epilepsy. Visual information processing in relation to spike and wave discharges. The evoked potential has been useful in studying characteristics of the epileptic nervous system. To investigate whether an alteration in sensory processing is possibly related to behavioral unresponsiveness observed to precede spike and wave bursts, average visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were studied during a 4.0 sec preburst interval in 6 patients with petit mal epilepsy. Individual responses, evoked by photic flashes, were averaged as a function of flash-to-burst interval. In 3 subjects with classical bursts of spike and wave, the average VEP was degraded 0.5 sec or less before burst onset. In 3 subjects with atypical electroencephalographic seizure discharge, VEP degradation was not seen. Some possible interpretations concerning the significance of the VEP alterations were discussed.", "PMID": 108074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8043", "title": "Movement epilepsy in the monkey with an experimental motor focus.", "content": "In the monkey with an alumina focus in the primary motor area, proprioceptive afferents are crucial in triggering or modulating seizures. The reversible exclusion of these afferents by curarization results, depending on the level of activity of the focus, either in regularization of spontaneous seizure frequency and duration (recorded from the cortex), or in their subtotal suppression. In the last case, muscular stimulation is still able to elicit seizures. The triggering modality is highly specific: if it is possible to induce seizures with acoustic or cutaneous stimuli in normal conditions, this is no longer possible under curare. It may then be assumed that exteroceptive stimulation is effective through the startle reaction or flexion reflex that they elicit; in other words, the actual trigger would take origin in the indirect involvement of proprioceptive afferents. Physiological mechanisms and relations with human clinical features are discussed.", "contents": "Movement epilepsy in the monkey with an experimental motor focus. In the monkey with an alumina focus in the primary motor area, proprioceptive afferents are crucial in triggering or modulating seizures. The reversible exclusion of these afferents by curarization results, depending on the level of activity of the focus, either in regularization of spontaneous seizure frequency and duration (recorded from the cortex), or in their subtotal suppression. In the last case, muscular stimulation is still able to elicit seizures. The triggering modality is highly specific: if it is possible to induce seizures with acoustic or cutaneous stimuli in normal conditions, this is no longer possible under curare. It may then be assumed that exteroceptive stimulation is effective through the startle reaction or flexion reflex that they elicit; in other words, the actual trigger would take origin in the indirect involvement of proprioceptive afferents. Physiological mechanisms and relations with human clinical features are discussed.", "PMID": 108078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8044", "title": "Involvement of the cerebellum in the initiation of fast ballistic movement in the monkey.", "content": "Monkeys were trained to perform a fast ballistic flexion or extension of the elbow in response to a sound cue. The reaction time was about 250 msec in the normal monkey and remained so after deafferentation of the operant arm. In a cerebellectomized animal, the reaction time was consistently longer, being, on the average, 400 msec. This was associated with an equal retardation in the onset of neural changes in the motor cortex. These results are interpreted as evidence for the involvement of the cerebellum in the initiation of some fast ballistic movements.", "contents": "Involvement of the cerebellum in the initiation of fast ballistic movement in the monkey. Monkeys were trained to perform a fast ballistic flexion or extension of the elbow in response to a sound cue. The reaction time was about 250 msec in the normal monkey and remained so after deafferentation of the operant arm. In a cerebellectomized animal, the reaction time was consistently longer, being, on the average, 400 msec. This was associated with an equal retardation in the onset of neural changes in the motor cortex. These results are interpreted as evidence for the involvement of the cerebellum in the initiation of some fast ballistic movements.", "PMID": 108081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8045", "title": "Cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum in motor control.", "content": "For voluntary movement, function generators are necessary that are located in the brain-stem, cerebellum and basal ganglia. Following lesions of these generators, voluntary movements are impaired while stimulus-dependent movements are still possible. This discussion also applies to speech production. The motor function generators cooperate with the whole cerebral cortex since both tactical adaptation to the environment and strategic guidance by the motivation system contribute to voluntary action. The motor cortex plays an epicritical role, adding advanced tactile and proprioceptive guidance for those movements that need this kind of regulation, especially the fine finger movements which depend entirely on the motor cortex. The complexity of the cerebral potentials preceding voluntary movement corresponds to the activity of several motor subsystems acting in concert.", "contents": "Cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum in motor control. For voluntary movement, function generators are necessary that are located in the brain-stem, cerebellum and basal ganglia. Following lesions of these generators, voluntary movements are impaired while stimulus-dependent movements are still possible. This discussion also applies to speech production. The motor function generators cooperate with the whole cerebral cortex since both tactical adaptation to the environment and strategic guidance by the motivation system contribute to voluntary action. The motor cortex plays an epicritical role, adding advanced tactile and proprioceptive guidance for those movements that need this kind of regulation, especially the fine finger movements which depend entirely on the motor cortex. The complexity of the cerebral potentials preceding voluntary movement corresponds to the activity of several motor subsystems acting in concert.", "PMID": 108082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8046", "title": "Muscular dystrophy contrasted with denervation: different mechanisms underlying spontaneous fibrillations.", "content": "The data reviewed in this paper indicate that spontaneous fibrillations do not involve a cholinergic mechanism since non-depolarizing anticholinesterase drugs such as Mestinon fail to increase spontaneous fibrillations in denervated muscle. Fibrillation potentials are related to the changes in electrical properties of the membrane of denervated muscle fibres which lead to the appearance of spontaneous subthreshold depolarizations, sometimes triggering a propagated potential. Fibrillations seem to appear in cycles and this may depend on the depression of spontaneous depolarization by muscle activity itself. Fibrillations are also an important feature of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and polymyositis, but they have not been found in Landouzy-Dejerine muscular dystrophy. These \"myopathic\" fibrillations probably arise from subthreshold depolarizations in the membrane of muscle fibre segments which have been functionally or anatomically isolated from the end-plate by a pathological lesion (Fig. 4). Experimental demonstration of spontaneous fibrillations in baboon biceps muscles after extrajunctional myotomies indicates that such an isolated muscle fibre segment can indeed develop and sustain spontaneous fibrillation activities. Studies of motor unit potentials in myopathies by \"coherent\" electromyography disclose linked potentials after the main potential in Duchenne dystrophy, but not in Landouzy-Dejerine muscular dystrophy. The linked potentials are signs of collateral innervation by sprouts of the motor axons. The fact that linked potentials occur in Duchenne dystrophy, including in obviously dystrophic motor units (Fig. 5), shows that such motor axons are quite healthy and able to sprout efficiently. The muscle fibres thus innervated collaterally are probably the ones which fibrillated and were deprived of trophic motor control as a result of myopathic lesions of the type considered in Fig.4. This correlation receives support from the finding that both spontaneous fibrillations and linked potentials are lacking in Landouzy-Dejerine muscular dystrophy, which obviously presents a different type of muscle lesion.", "contents": "Muscular dystrophy contrasted with denervation: different mechanisms underlying spontaneous fibrillations. The data reviewed in this paper indicate that spontaneous fibrillations do not involve a cholinergic mechanism since non-depolarizing anticholinesterase drugs such as Mestinon fail to increase spontaneous fibrillations in denervated muscle. Fibrillation potentials are related to the changes in electrical properties of the membrane of denervated muscle fibres which lead to the appearance of spontaneous subthreshold depolarizations, sometimes triggering a propagated potential. Fibrillations seem to appear in cycles and this may depend on the depression of spontaneous depolarization by muscle activity itself. Fibrillations are also an important feature of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and polymyositis, but they have not been found in Landouzy-Dejerine muscular dystrophy. These \"myopathic\" fibrillations probably arise from subthreshold depolarizations in the membrane of muscle fibre segments which have been functionally or anatomically isolated from the end-plate by a pathological lesion (Fig. 4). Experimental demonstration of spontaneous fibrillations in baboon biceps muscles after extrajunctional myotomies indicates that such an isolated muscle fibre segment can indeed develop and sustain spontaneous fibrillation activities. Studies of motor unit potentials in myopathies by \"coherent\" electromyography disclose linked potentials after the main potential in Duchenne dystrophy, but not in Landouzy-Dejerine muscular dystrophy. The linked potentials are signs of collateral innervation by sprouts of the motor axons. The fact that linked potentials occur in Duchenne dystrophy, including in obviously dystrophic motor units (Fig. 5), shows that such motor axons are quite healthy and able to sprout efficiently. The muscle fibres thus innervated collaterally are probably the ones which fibrillated and were deprived of trophic motor control as a result of myopathic lesions of the type considered in Fig.4. This correlation receives support from the finding that both spontaneous fibrillations and linked potentials are lacking in Landouzy-Dejerine muscular dystrophy, which obviously presents a different type of muscle lesion.", "PMID": 108083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8047", "title": "Tests of the predictive value of EEG recording from within the brain in the partial epilepsies.", "content": "The EEG, as recorded from electrodes in deep structures of the brain in cases of intractable seizures, has been surveyed to assess its predictive value in the partial epilepsies. In addition to scalp EEGs and depth EEGs in control situations, ictal recordings of tape-recorded seizures and the interictal enhancement of EEG signs by benzodiazepines have been analyzed. All results have been quantified by computer analysis. The predictive value of the EEGs has been assessed in 2 ways: (1) by comparison with the pathology found after surgery and (2) by the long-term clinical status of the patient postoperatively. Twelve cases with lesions found in limbic structures and 6 with cortical involvement are reported. In the latter cases secondary firing of the hippocampus, with its low threshold for seizures, frequently followed, though more rapidly than could be timed by visual inspection alone. Bilateral signs both in scalp EEGs and in depth were a common finding in the cases with limbic lesions. In those patients with marked clinical improvement, follow-up computerized studies of pre- and post-operative scalp EEGs revealed normalization in both hemispheres, leading to the proposal that a focus of defective tissue may impair neuronal function in widely distant regions of the brain.", "contents": "Tests of the predictive value of EEG recording from within the brain in the partial epilepsies. The EEG, as recorded from electrodes in deep structures of the brain in cases of intractable seizures, has been surveyed to assess its predictive value in the partial epilepsies. In addition to scalp EEGs and depth EEGs in control situations, ictal recordings of tape-recorded seizures and the interictal enhancement of EEG signs by benzodiazepines have been analyzed. All results have been quantified by computer analysis. The predictive value of the EEGs has been assessed in 2 ways: (1) by comparison with the pathology found after surgery and (2) by the long-term clinical status of the patient postoperatively. Twelve cases with lesions found in limbic structures and 6 with cortical involvement are reported. In the latter cases secondary firing of the hippocampus, with its low threshold for seizures, frequently followed, though more rapidly than could be timed by visual inspection alone. Bilateral signs both in scalp EEGs and in depth were a common finding in the cases with limbic lesions. In those patients with marked clinical improvement, follow-up computerized studies of pre- and post-operative scalp EEGs revealed normalization in both hemispheres, leading to the proposal that a focus of defective tissue may impair neuronal function in widely distant regions of the brain.", "PMID": 108084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8048", "title": "Plasma levels of vitellogenin in Chrysemys picta during the annual gonadal cycle: measurement by specific radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A RIA for turtle (Chrysemys picta) vitellogenin is described. After dimethylformamide precipitation of vitellogenin from the plasma of estrogen-treated female turtles, antibodies were developed in rabbits. The dimethylformamide precipitate was further purified by o-triethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography; the vitellogenin component eluted as a single peak. This material was used for iodination by a mild chloramine method. Antibodies to turtle vitellogenin did not cross-react with plasma from male turtles or vitellogenic females of other vertebrate groups, including lizards and snakes. Limited cross-reactivity exists among the chelonians, however. Using a 1:5000 dilution of antiserum, the limit of detection was 15 ng, and the midrange was 320 +/- 45 ng. For an antiserum dilution of 1:1000, these figures were 30 and 600 +/- 37 ng, respectively. Using this assay, the seasonal pattern of plasma vitellogenin in the turtle has been described, and preliminary studies on in vitro hepatic vitellogenesis have been performed.", "contents": "Plasma levels of vitellogenin in Chrysemys picta during the annual gonadal cycle: measurement by specific radioimmunoassay. A RIA for turtle (Chrysemys picta) vitellogenin is described. After dimethylformamide precipitation of vitellogenin from the plasma of estrogen-treated female turtles, antibodies were developed in rabbits. The dimethylformamide precipitate was further purified by o-triethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography; the vitellogenin component eluted as a single peak. This material was used for iodination by a mild chloramine method. Antibodies to turtle vitellogenin did not cross-react with plasma from male turtles or vitellogenic females of other vertebrate groups, including lizards and snakes. Limited cross-reactivity exists among the chelonians, however. Using a 1:5000 dilution of antiserum, the limit of detection was 15 ng, and the midrange was 320 +/- 45 ng. For an antiserum dilution of 1:1000, these figures were 30 and 600 +/- 37 ng, respectively. Using this assay, the seasonal pattern of plasma vitellogenin in the turtle has been described, and preliminary studies on in vitro hepatic vitellogenesis have been performed.", "PMID": 108085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8049", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates release of arginine vasopressin and oxytocin in vivo.", "content": "The effects of TRH upon neurohypophyseal hormone release were studied in conscious rabbits. Intravenous infusion of 250 nm/kg TRH had no significant effect on either arginine vasopressin (AVP) or oxytocin (OT) release, but a 5-fold greater dose led to significant increases in plasma levels of both AVP and OT and behavioral arousal. Intraventricular injection of 3 nm TRH produced significant elevations of both plasma AVP and OT, with even greater effects on behavior than after iv infusion. The maximal hormone response to intraventricular injection was observed considerably earlier than that for iv injection and the response occurred after an almost 1000-fold lower dose of TRH. Neither artificial cerebrospinal fluid vehicle nor the inactive analogue D-tyrosine2 TRH (p-Glu-d-Tyr-Proamide) had any effect on neurohypophyseal hormone release or on behavior. MK-771 [L-N-(2-oxopiperidin-6-YL-carbonyl)-L-histidyl-L-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide], a TRH analog with enhanced central nervous system effects, had effects on AVP and OT release comparable to equimolar doses of TRH. TRH stimulates release of both AVP and OT after both intraventricular and iv injection, and these effects may be independent of behavioral activation.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates release of arginine vasopressin and oxytocin in vivo. The effects of TRH upon neurohypophyseal hormone release were studied in conscious rabbits. Intravenous infusion of 250 nm/kg TRH had no significant effect on either arginine vasopressin (AVP) or oxytocin (OT) release, but a 5-fold greater dose led to significant increases in plasma levels of both AVP and OT and behavioral arousal. Intraventricular injection of 3 nm TRH produced significant elevations of both plasma AVP and OT, with even greater effects on behavior than after iv infusion. The maximal hormone response to intraventricular injection was observed considerably earlier than that for iv injection and the response occurred after an almost 1000-fold lower dose of TRH. Neither artificial cerebrospinal fluid vehicle nor the inactive analogue D-tyrosine2 TRH (p-Glu-d-Tyr-Proamide) had any effect on neurohypophyseal hormone release or on behavior. MK-771 [L-N-(2-oxopiperidin-6-YL-carbonyl)-L-histidyl-L-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide], a TRH analog with enhanced central nervous system effects, had effects on AVP and OT release comparable to equimolar doses of TRH. TRH stimulates release of both AVP and OT after both intraventricular and iv injection, and these effects may be independent of behavioral activation.", "PMID": 108088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8050", "title": "Seasonal variation and the influence of body temperature on plasma concentrations and binding of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the woodchuck.", "content": "Woodchuck plasma was collected during four seasons of the year and assayed for total and dialyzable (free) T4 and T3 and for rT3. Plasma concentrations of total and free T4 and T3 were higher in the spring (T4, 5.4 +/- 0.6 microgram/dl; free T4, 3.0 +/- 0.4 ng/dl; T3, 202 +/- 22 ng/dl; free T3, 0.51 +/- 0.04 ng/dl) and lower in the prehibernatory fattening period in summer (T4, 2.3 +/- 1.0 microgram/dl; free T4, 1.2 +/- 0.5 ng/dl; T3, 45 +/- 27 ng/dl; free T3, 0.16 +/- 0.10 ng/dl) and fall (T4, 3.2 +/- 1.0 microgram/dl; free T4, 1.3 +/- 0.2 ng/dl; T3, 130 +/- 12 ng/dl; free T3, 0.25 +/- 0.02 ng/dl). In spite of the extremely high concentrations of T3 in the winter (437 +/- 32 ng/dl), free T3 concentrations (0.034 +/- 0.003 ng/dl), when measured at the appropriate temperature for hibernation, were significantly lower than those found at other seasons of the year. Plasma binding of T3 was lower during the summer and increased again to approximately double the spring value during the winter. rT3 was at or below the sensitivity of the method (6 ng/dl) at all seasons. It is suggested that the wide seasonal variations in thyroid hormone concentrations and altered plasma protein binding may represent important adaptations influencing the metabolic rate and the process of hibernation in the woodchuck.", "contents": "Seasonal variation and the influence of body temperature on plasma concentrations and binding of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the woodchuck. Woodchuck plasma was collected during four seasons of the year and assayed for total and dialyzable (free) T4 and T3 and for rT3. Plasma concentrations of total and free T4 and T3 were higher in the spring (T4, 5.4 +/- 0.6 microgram/dl; free T4, 3.0 +/- 0.4 ng/dl; T3, 202 +/- 22 ng/dl; free T3, 0.51 +/- 0.04 ng/dl) and lower in the prehibernatory fattening period in summer (T4, 2.3 +/- 1.0 microgram/dl; free T4, 1.2 +/- 0.5 ng/dl; T3, 45 +/- 27 ng/dl; free T3, 0.16 +/- 0.10 ng/dl) and fall (T4, 3.2 +/- 1.0 microgram/dl; free T4, 1.3 +/- 0.2 ng/dl; T3, 130 +/- 12 ng/dl; free T3, 0.25 +/- 0.02 ng/dl). In spite of the extremely high concentrations of T3 in the winter (437 +/- 32 ng/dl), free T3 concentrations (0.034 +/- 0.003 ng/dl), when measured at the appropriate temperature for hibernation, were significantly lower than those found at other seasons of the year. Plasma binding of T3 was lower during the summer and increased again to approximately double the spring value during the winter. rT3 was at or below the sensitivity of the method (6 ng/dl) at all seasons. It is suggested that the wide seasonal variations in thyroid hormone concentrations and altered plasma protein binding may represent important adaptations influencing the metabolic rate and the process of hibernation in the woodchuck.", "PMID": 108089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8051", "title": "Prolactin concentrations in the monkey fetus during the last third of gestation.", "content": "PRL concentrations were measured in cord plasma obtained at hysterotomy from 26 rhesus monkey fetuses between 111--170 days gestational age (GA). Mean PRL concentrations increased significantly from 23.7 +/- 10.1 (X +/- SE) ng/ml at 121--130 days GA to 126.9 +/- 16.9 ng/ml at 161--170 days GA. A similar significant increase in PRL with age also was observed in samples obtained from 16 fetuses chronically catheterized in utero between 130--155 days GA. Mean PRL levels were 34 +/- 3.2 ng/ml at 131--140 days GA and rose to 82 +/- 9.7 at 150--155 days GA. No difference in PRL concentrations was found between cord blood samples and fetal peripheral blood samples at the ages studied. Maternal PRL levels did not change in samples obtained from chronically catheterized, chair-restrained mothers between 130--155 days GA. A tendency toward an increase in maternal PRL with advancing gestational age was observed in samples collected after hysterotomy. These data indicate that the fetal rhesus monkey demonstrates an increase in plasma PRL similar to that in the human, suggesting a possible physiological role for this hormone in the primate fetus late in gestation.", "contents": "Prolactin concentrations in the monkey fetus during the last third of gestation. PRL concentrations were measured in cord plasma obtained at hysterotomy from 26 rhesus monkey fetuses between 111--170 days gestational age (GA). Mean PRL concentrations increased significantly from 23.7 +/- 10.1 (X +/- SE) ng/ml at 121--130 days GA to 126.9 +/- 16.9 ng/ml at 161--170 days GA. A similar significant increase in PRL with age also was observed in samples obtained from 16 fetuses chronically catheterized in utero between 130--155 days GA. Mean PRL levels were 34 +/- 3.2 ng/ml at 131--140 days GA and rose to 82 +/- 9.7 at 150--155 days GA. No difference in PRL concentrations was found between cord blood samples and fetal peripheral blood samples at the ages studied. Maternal PRL levels did not change in samples obtained from chronically catheterized, chair-restrained mothers between 130--155 days GA. A tendency toward an increase in maternal PRL with advancing gestational age was observed in samples collected after hysterotomy. These data indicate that the fetal rhesus monkey demonstrates an increase in plasma PRL similar to that in the human, suggesting a possible physiological role for this hormone in the primate fetus late in gestation.", "PMID": 108091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8052", "title": "Serum prolactin responses to TRH in recurrent breast cancer patients.", "content": "The response of serum prolactin (PRL) to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was evaluated by radioimmunoassay in 6 normal women and 44 breast cancer cases. They were divided into the following 5 groups: group 1:6 normal women; group 2:10 preoperative patients with early breast cancer; group 3:13 preoperative patients with advanced cancer; group 4:13 postoperative patients with no recurrence of cancer for more than 2 years; group 5:8 postoperative patients with cancer recurrence. The maximum increment of serum PRL levels following the administration of TRH was significantly higher in groups 2, 3 and 5 than in groups 1 and 4. These results indicate that patients with recurrent breast cancer have a higher PRL response to TRH than those without recurrence of cancer.", "contents": "Serum prolactin responses to TRH in recurrent breast cancer patients. The response of serum prolactin (PRL) to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was evaluated by radioimmunoassay in 6 normal women and 44 breast cancer cases. They were divided into the following 5 groups: group 1:6 normal women; group 2:10 preoperative patients with early breast cancer; group 3:13 preoperative patients with advanced cancer; group 4:13 postoperative patients with no recurrence of cancer for more than 2 years; group 5:8 postoperative patients with cancer recurrence. The maximum increment of serum PRL levels following the administration of TRH was significantly higher in groups 2, 3 and 5 than in groups 1 and 4. These results indicate that patients with recurrent breast cancer have a higher PRL response to TRH than those without recurrence of cancer.", "PMID": 108096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8053", "title": "Location and encapsidation of the coat protein cistron of tobacco mosaic virus. A bidirectional elongation of the nucleoprotein rod.", "content": "The coat protein cistron of tobacco mosaic virus has been located on the viral RNA starting between 975 and 1050 nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxyl end. This locates its 5' end close to the origin for virus assembly, where the first protein disk interacts with RNA. It also means that the coat protein mRNA must have a short 5'-untranslated tail and a long (over 500 nucleotides) 3' one. The recovery of characteristic oligonucleotides in nuclease-protected rods during the growth from RNA and a protein disk preparation shows that elongation of the nucleated rods proceeds independently in both directions though, on average, much more rapidly along the longer 5' tail than the shorter 3' tail. Protected RNA of length equal to that in the complete virion is first seen within 6 min, showing that the most rapidly elongated particles are substantially complete by this time.", "contents": "Location and encapsidation of the coat protein cistron of tobacco mosaic virus. A bidirectional elongation of the nucleoprotein rod. The coat protein cistron of tobacco mosaic virus has been located on the viral RNA starting between 975 and 1050 nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxyl end. This locates its 5' end close to the origin for virus assembly, where the first protein disk interacts with RNA. It also means that the coat protein mRNA must have a short 5'-untranslated tail and a long (over 500 nucleotides) 3' one. The recovery of characteristic oligonucleotides in nuclease-protected rods during the growth from RNA and a protein disk preparation shows that elongation of the nucleated rods proceeds independently in both directions though, on average, much more rapidly along the longer 5' tail than the shorter 3' tail. Protected RNA of length equal to that in the complete virion is first seen within 6 min, showing that the most rapidly elongated particles are substantially complete by this time.", "PMID": 108098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8054", "title": "Acyl-coenzyme-A synthetase I from Candida lipolytica. Purification, properties and immunochemical studies.", "content": "Acyl-coenzyme-A synthetase I from Candida lipolytica has been purified to homogeneity as evidenced by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of dodecylsulfate as well as by Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis. The purification procedure involves resolution of cellular particles with Triton X-100 and chromatography on phosphocellulose, Blue-Sepharose and Sephadex G-100. The purified enzyme exhibits a specific activity of 20--24 U/mg protein at 25 degree C, which is about 100-fold higher than those of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases hitherto reported. The molecular weight of the enzyme has been estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecylsulfate to be approximately 84 000. The enzyme is specific for fatty acids with 14--18 carbon atoms regardless of the degree of unsaturation. Studies with the use of specific antibody to acyl-CoA synthetase I have indicated that this enzyme is immunochemically distinguishable from acyl-CoA synthetase II.", "contents": "Acyl-coenzyme-A synthetase I from Candida lipolytica. Purification, properties and immunochemical studies. Acyl-coenzyme-A synthetase I from Candida lipolytica has been purified to homogeneity as evidenced by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of dodecylsulfate as well as by Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis. The purification procedure involves resolution of cellular particles with Triton X-100 and chromatography on phosphocellulose, Blue-Sepharose and Sephadex G-100. The purified enzyme exhibits a specific activity of 20--24 U/mg protein at 25 degree C, which is about 100-fold higher than those of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases hitherto reported. The molecular weight of the enzyme has been estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecylsulfate to be approximately 84 000. The enzyme is specific for fatty acids with 14--18 carbon atoms regardless of the degree of unsaturation. Studies with the use of specific antibody to acyl-CoA synthetase I have indicated that this enzyme is immunochemically distinguishable from acyl-CoA synthetase II.", "PMID": 108099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8055", "title": "The enzyme-bound copper of dopamine beta-monooxygenase. Reaction with copper chelators, preparation of the apoprotein, and kinetics of the reconstitution by added copper.", "content": "The enzyme-bound copper of dopamine beta-monooxygenase reacted rapidly with the chelator bathocuproine disulfonate; the reaction in the presence of ascorbate was completed in 2 min at 25 degrees C with 1mM chelator. This reaction and also the reaction with EDTA could be used to prepare the apoenzyme, which in both cases was completely reactivated in less than 10 s. The reactivation data gave apparent Michaelis constants for copper 0.03 -- 0.2 micron. Trace amounts of copper in buffers and assay mixtures gave significant reactivation without added copper, unless they had been treated with a chelating resin. Titrations using the different chelation rates of free and enzyme-bound copper indicated that four copper atoms are bound per enzyme molecule of four subunits. The native enzyme was more stable against thermal inactivation than the apoenzyme, but this stability was only partially restored by addition of copper to the apoenzyme.", "contents": "The enzyme-bound copper of dopamine beta-monooxygenase. Reaction with copper chelators, preparation of the apoprotein, and kinetics of the reconstitution by added copper. The enzyme-bound copper of dopamine beta-monooxygenase reacted rapidly with the chelator bathocuproine disulfonate; the reaction in the presence of ascorbate was completed in 2 min at 25 degrees C with 1mM chelator. This reaction and also the reaction with EDTA could be used to prepare the apoenzyme, which in both cases was completely reactivated in less than 10 s. The reactivation data gave apparent Michaelis constants for copper 0.03 -- 0.2 micron. Trace amounts of copper in buffers and assay mixtures gave significant reactivation without added copper, unless they had been treated with a chelating resin. Titrations using the different chelation rates of free and enzyme-bound copper indicated that four copper atoms are bound per enzyme molecule of four subunits. The native enzyme was more stable against thermal inactivation than the apoenzyme, but this stability was only partially restored by addition of copper to the apoenzyme.", "PMID": 108101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8056", "title": "Iron absorption in patients with polycythemia vera: a comparative study using the whole-body counter and the ferrous sulfate absorption test.", "content": "The absorption of iron given per os to ten polycythemic patients was examined by two methods: first by giving radioactive iron (59Fe) and utilizing a whole-body counter, and second by peroral administration of ferrous sulfate. A correlation of 80% was achieved by the two methods. A comparison was made between the patterns of the ferrous sulfate absorption in the polycythemic patients and in five patients with low iron serum due to bleeding hemorrhoids. No difference was observed between these two groups, with the exception of the initial values which were lower in the polycythemic patients. On the other hand, the absorption of iron was higher in polycythemic patients, indicating that serum iron level is not the only factor regulating iron absorption.", "contents": "Iron absorption in patients with polycythemia vera: a comparative study using the whole-body counter and the ferrous sulfate absorption test. The absorption of iron given per os to ten polycythemic patients was examined by two methods: first by giving radioactive iron (59Fe) and utilizing a whole-body counter, and second by peroral administration of ferrous sulfate. A correlation of 80% was achieved by the two methods. A comparison was made between the patterns of the ferrous sulfate absorption in the polycythemic patients and in five patients with low iron serum due to bleeding hemorrhoids. No difference was observed between these two groups, with the exception of the initial values which were lower in the polycythemic patients. On the other hand, the absorption of iron was higher in polycythemic patients, indicating that serum iron level is not the only factor regulating iron absorption.", "PMID": 108103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8057", "title": "A whole body counter with an invariant response for whole body analysis.", "content": "A scanning 6-detector whole body counter is described. Its characteristics include good sensitivity, high energy resolution, good counting efficiency, geometric uniformity and localisation information of incorporated radioactivity using collimators. Problems such as band-width, calibration for air and phantom and measurements on patients, are discussed. The whole body counter is compared to other systems.", "contents": "A whole body counter with an invariant response for whole body analysis. A scanning 6-detector whole body counter is described. Its characteristics include good sensitivity, high energy resolution, good counting efficiency, geometric uniformity and localisation information of incorporated radioactivity using collimators. Problems such as band-width, calibration for air and phantom and measurements on patients, are discussed. The whole body counter is compared to other systems.", "PMID": 108104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8058", "title": "Evaluation of linear profile scans; mathematical treatment of line-spread functions.", "content": "The profile measurement capability of a scanning multidetector whole-body counter is described using line spread functions. Measurements in air and water phantoms, as a function of energy, are discussed in relationship to the relevant physical processes. A computer program for evaluating bodyprofile scans and an attempt to improve the resolution are reported.", "contents": "Evaluation of linear profile scans; mathematical treatment of line-spread functions. The profile measurement capability of a scanning multidetector whole-body counter is described using line spread functions. Measurements in air and water phantoms, as a function of energy, are discussed in relationship to the relevant physical processes. A computer program for evaluating bodyprofile scans and an attempt to improve the resolution are reported.", "PMID": 108105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8059", "title": "Sanfilippo type C disease: clinical findings in four patients with a new variant of mucopolysaccharidosis III.", "content": "A new genetic variant of the Sanfilippo syndrome due to deficiency of acetyl CoA: alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase, was recently demonstrated in four patients. The clinical findings of these patients are reported here. Differential diagnosis from other types of the Sanfilippo syndrome on clinical and routine laboratory criteria is difficult and enzyme assay is necessary to reach the diagnosis. Since two of the patients reported are females and consanguinity was present in one case, autosomal recessive inheritance is most probable.", "contents": "Sanfilippo type C disease: clinical findings in four patients with a new variant of mucopolysaccharidosis III. A new genetic variant of the Sanfilippo syndrome due to deficiency of acetyl CoA: alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase, was recently demonstrated in four patients. The clinical findings of these patients are reported here. Differential diagnosis from other types of the Sanfilippo syndrome on clinical and routine laboratory criteria is difficult and enzyme assay is necessary to reach the diagnosis. Since two of the patients reported are females and consanguinity was present in one case, autosomal recessive inheritance is most probable.", "PMID": 108106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8060", "title": "Serologic distinction between the rabbit kappa L chain allotype b4 and an allele b4.", "content": "Rabbit kappa light (L) chain allotypes are controlled by the allelic genes b4, b5, b6, b9 and a recently described allele b4v. The product of the b4v gene differs from that of b4 by at least two amino acid substitutions in the constant region. A serologic distinction between the b4 and b4v allotyes has now been detected by a radioimmune assay using one of six anti-b4 sera tested. The distinction was enhanced by fractionation of this antiserum on an immunoadsorbent containing cottontail rabbit IgG. IgG with L chains of the b4v type are deficient in their ability to inhibit binding of b4 IgG to the antibody preparation. L chains isolated from b4 and b4v IgG samples could not be distinguished by this assay indicating that interaction with an H chain is required for expression of the L chain determinants that differentiate b4 from b4v.", "contents": "Serologic distinction between the rabbit kappa L chain allotype b4 and an allele b4. Rabbit kappa light (L) chain allotypes are controlled by the allelic genes b4, b5, b6, b9 and a recently described allele b4v. The product of the b4v gene differs from that of b4 by at least two amino acid substitutions in the constant region. A serologic distinction between the b4 and b4v allotyes has now been detected by a radioimmune assay using one of six anti-b4 sera tested. The distinction was enhanced by fractionation of this antiserum on an immunoadsorbent containing cottontail rabbit IgG. IgG with L chains of the b4v type are deficient in their ability to inhibit binding of b4 IgG to the antibody preparation. L chains isolated from b4 and b4v IgG samples could not be distinguished by this assay indicating that interaction with an H chain is required for expression of the L chain determinants that differentiate b4 from b4v.", "PMID": 108110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8061", "title": "Exclusion of VHa and VHy loci expression on individual B cells from normal and VH allotype-suppressed rabbits.", "content": "The distribution of two heavy chain subgroups, VHa and VHy, on rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes was examined by double membrane immunofluorescence. Fluroescent anti-a1 and anti-y33 were found to react with separate B cell populations; no doubly stained cells were observed. Further evidence for the independent expression of genes controlling the VHa and VHy subgroups were obtained by neonatal suppression of a 2 or y33 in a2y33/a3y- heterozygous rabbits. Suppression of VHa did not affect the expression of VHy, nor did the suppression of VHy affect the expression of VHa. The expression of a single VH gene per B cell is in marked contrast to the simultaneous expression of multiple CH genes.", "contents": "Exclusion of VHa and VHy loci expression on individual B cells from normal and VH allotype-suppressed rabbits. The distribution of two heavy chain subgroups, VHa and VHy, on rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes was examined by double membrane immunofluorescence. Fluroescent anti-a1 and anti-y33 were found to react with separate B cell populations; no doubly stained cells were observed. Further evidence for the independent expression of genes controlling the VHa and VHy subgroups were obtained by neonatal suppression of a 2 or y33 in a2y33/a3y- heterozygous rabbits. Suppression of VHa did not affect the expression of VHy, nor did the suppression of VHy affect the expression of VHa. The expression of a single VH gene per B cell is in marked contrast to the simultaneous expression of multiple CH genes.", "PMID": 108111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8062", "title": "Interaction of anti-staphylococcal protein A antisera with Fc receptor-bearing human normal lymphocytes.", "content": "Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) is known to bind the Fc region of IgG of most mammalians and to possess biologic activity both in vivo and in vitro, where it acts as a lymphocyte polyclonal mitogen. Its binding to the Fc gamma portion bears many features of the antibody-antigen interaction, such as the dissociation constant, lattice formation, and complement activation. Moreover, SpA seems to compete with membrane Fc receptors for IgG so that the possibility of an interaction with the same CH domain(s) of IgG can be considered. In the present study, evidence is given that anti-SpA antisera obtained from chickens and rabbits are able to inhibit EA rosette formation by normal human lymphocytes and that they are able to recognize, with immunofluorescent staining, a subpopulation of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) that closely resembles that of EA rosette-forming cells (RFC). Moreover, the depletion of EA RFC by means of a single gradient centrifugation is accomplished by the parallel depletion of PBL stainable by anti-SpA antisera. The relevance of these results in the hypothesis of a similarity between the combining sites of SpA and membrane Fc receptor(s) for IgG is discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of anti-staphylococcal protein A antisera with Fc receptor-bearing human normal lymphocytes. Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) is known to bind the Fc region of IgG of most mammalians and to possess biologic activity both in vivo and in vitro, where it acts as a lymphocyte polyclonal mitogen. Its binding to the Fc gamma portion bears many features of the antibody-antigen interaction, such as the dissociation constant, lattice formation, and complement activation. Moreover, SpA seems to compete with membrane Fc receptors for IgG so that the possibility of an interaction with the same CH domain(s) of IgG can be considered. In the present study, evidence is given that anti-SpA antisera obtained from chickens and rabbits are able to inhibit EA rosette formation by normal human lymphocytes and that they are able to recognize, with immunofluorescent staining, a subpopulation of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) that closely resembles that of EA rosette-forming cells (RFC). Moreover, the depletion of EA RFC by means of a single gradient centrifugation is accomplished by the parallel depletion of PBL stainable by anti-SpA antisera. The relevance of these results in the hypothesis of a similarity between the combining sites of SpA and membrane Fc receptor(s) for IgG is discussed.", "PMID": 108112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8063", "title": "Anti-V region framework antibodies affect the ligand binding of VL dimer.", "content": "The effect of antibodies to the light chain variable region (VL) of protein MOPC-315 (alpha, lambda 2), on the binding of hapten by VL315 dimer or Fv315 (VL + VH) was studied by equilibrium dialysis. Anti-VL did not change the binding properties of Fv but affected the binding properties of VL dimer. At pH 5, the binding properties of VL in the presence or absence of anti-VL were the same, whereas at pH 8, anti-VL reduced the number of ligands bound to VL from two to one. It has previously been shown that VL dimer binds one ligand at pH 5 and two ligands at pH 8, and that VL conformation at pH 5 is tighter. Hence, our results suggest that anti-VL tightens the conformation of VL dimer at pH 8.0 such that it can bind only one ligend. Since Fv is not affected by anti-VL, the results indicate that a combining site made of two identical chains (VL dimer) can undergo a conformational change upon interaction with its antibody. Such conformational change can indirectly affect the binding properties.", "contents": "Anti-V region framework antibodies affect the ligand binding of VL dimer. The effect of antibodies to the light chain variable region (VL) of protein MOPC-315 (alpha, lambda 2), on the binding of hapten by VL315 dimer or Fv315 (VL + VH) was studied by equilibrium dialysis. Anti-VL did not change the binding properties of Fv but affected the binding properties of VL dimer. At pH 5, the binding properties of VL in the presence or absence of anti-VL were the same, whereas at pH 8, anti-VL reduced the number of ligands bound to VL from two to one. It has previously been shown that VL dimer binds one ligand at pH 5 and two ligands at pH 8, and that VL conformation at pH 5 is tighter. Hence, our results suggest that anti-VL tightens the conformation of VL dimer at pH 8.0 such that it can bind only one ligend. Since Fv is not affected by anti-VL, the results indicate that a combining site made of two identical chains (VL dimer) can undergo a conformational change upon interaction with its antibody. Such conformational change can indirectly affect the binding properties.", "PMID": 108113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8064", "title": "Effects of apomorphine upon local cerebral blood flow.", "content": "The effects of apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg) upon local cerebral blood flow were examined in anaesthetized baboons. Proportionately similar increases in local cerebral blood flow were observed following apomorphine in the caudate nucleus (40%), cerebral cortex (38%) and cerebellar cortex (26%), despite the marked differences in the density of the dopaminergic innervation to these structures.", "contents": "Effects of apomorphine upon local cerebral blood flow. The effects of apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg) upon local cerebral blood flow were examined in anaesthetized baboons. Proportionately similar increases in local cerebral blood flow were observed following apomorphine in the caudate nucleus (40%), cerebral cortex (38%) and cerebellar cortex (26%), despite the marked differences in the density of the dopaminergic innervation to these structures.", "PMID": 108114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8065", "title": "Visual cortex ablation and thresholds for successively presented stimuli in rhesus monkeys: II. Hue.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were trained to discriminate successively presented hues. The smallest difference they could reliably detect was determined before and after either inferotemporal ablation, or a lesion intended to remove as much as possible of prestriate area V4 (Zeki, 1973). As a group, the animals with lesions of V4 showed good but not perfect retention of their preoperative performance, and their thresholds were unaltered. The inferotemporal group showed no retention of the simplest successive task, red versus green, but after relearning their thresholds too were unaltered. It appears that animals without inferotemporal cortex can form precise internal representations of hues, and that the basis of the inferotemporal learning impairment may depend upon the nature of the stimuli to be discriminated.", "contents": "Visual cortex ablation and thresholds for successively presented stimuli in rhesus monkeys: II. Hue. Rhesus monkeys were trained to discriminate successively presented hues. The smallest difference they could reliably detect was determined before and after either inferotemporal ablation, or a lesion intended to remove as much as possible of prestriate area V4 (Zeki, 1973). As a group, the animals with lesions of V4 showed good but not perfect retention of their preoperative performance, and their thresholds were unaltered. The inferotemporal group showed no retention of the simplest successive task, red versus green, but after relearning their thresholds too were unaltered. It appears that animals without inferotemporal cortex can form precise internal representations of hues, and that the basis of the inferotemporal learning impairment may depend upon the nature of the stimuli to be discriminated.", "PMID": 108121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8066", "title": "Velocity storage in the vestibulo-ocular reflex arc (VOR).", "content": "Vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) of monkeys were induced by platform and visual surround rotation. Vision prolonged per-rotatory nystagmus and cancelled or reduced post-rotatory nystagmus recorded in darkness. Presumably, activity stored during OKN summed with activity arising in the semicircular canals. The limit of summation was about 120 degrees/s, the level of saturation of optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN). OKN and vestibular nystagmus, induced in the same or in opposite directions diminished or enhanced post-rotatory nystagmus up to 120 degrees/s. We postulate that a common storage mechanism is used for producing vestibular nystagmus, OKN, and OKAN. Evidence for this is the similar time course of vestibular nystagmus and OKAN and their summation. In addition, stored activity is lost in a similar way by viewing a stationary surround during either OKAN or vestibular nystagmus (fixation suppression). These responses were modelled using direct pathways and a non-ideal integrator coupled to the visual and peripheral vestibular systems. The direct pathways are responsible for rapid changes in eye velocity while the integrator stores activity and mediates slower changes. The integrator stabilizes eye velocity during whole field rotation and extends the time over which the vestibulo-ocular reflex can compensate for head movement.", "contents": "Velocity storage in the vestibulo-ocular reflex arc (VOR). Vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) of monkeys were induced by platform and visual surround rotation. Vision prolonged per-rotatory nystagmus and cancelled or reduced post-rotatory nystagmus recorded in darkness. Presumably, activity stored during OKN summed with activity arising in the semicircular canals. The limit of summation was about 120 degrees/s, the level of saturation of optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN). OKN and vestibular nystagmus, induced in the same or in opposite directions diminished or enhanced post-rotatory nystagmus up to 120 degrees/s. We postulate that a common storage mechanism is used for producing vestibular nystagmus, OKN, and OKAN. Evidence for this is the similar time course of vestibular nystagmus and OKAN and their summation. In addition, stored activity is lost in a similar way by viewing a stationary surround during either OKAN or vestibular nystagmus (fixation suppression). These responses were modelled using direct pathways and a non-ideal integrator coupled to the visual and peripheral vestibular systems. The direct pathways are responsible for rapid changes in eye velocity while the integrator stores activity and mediates slower changes. The integrator stabilizes eye velocity during whole field rotation and extends the time over which the vestibulo-ocular reflex can compensate for head movement.", "PMID": 108122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8067", "title": "Responses of single units in the monkey superior colliculus to stationary flashing stimuli.", "content": "1. Responses of pan-directional cells in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus in paralysed anaesthetized rhesus monkeys to stationary flashing stimuli have been studied. 2. The receptive field centre response is always of the transient excitatory on-off type, while the surround response is transient inhibitory both at light-on and at light-off. The receptive field centres are circular or slightly elliptical. The average size of the receptive field centres is much larger than that of retinal ganglion cells. All units except those in the far temporal periphery receive binocular input. In each unit the on and off responses have the same latency times. With increasing stimulus area, the latency time at light-on and at light-off first decreases and then remains constant. In most units the number of spikes in the burst at light-on and at light-off first increases, reaches a maximum and then decreases with increasing stimulus area. This decrease demonstrates the presence of an inhibitory surround. 3. A model of spatial and temporal properties of centre and surround mechanisms is tested. Addition of excitatory centre input and inhibitory surround input, which have different spatial and temporal properties, determines the output of the neurone. The centre mechanism gets excitatory input from retinal ganglion cells and shows saturation. The inhibitory surround mechanism is made by an inhibitory interneurone. It could not be decided whether the excitatory input for this interneurone comes from retinal axon collaterals (forward inhibition) or from axon collaterals of \"principal\" cells in the superior colliculus (backward inhibition).", "contents": "Responses of single units in the monkey superior colliculus to stationary flashing stimuli. 1. Responses of pan-directional cells in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus in paralysed anaesthetized rhesus monkeys to stationary flashing stimuli have been studied. 2. The receptive field centre response is always of the transient excitatory on-off type, while the surround response is transient inhibitory both at light-on and at light-off. The receptive field centres are circular or slightly elliptical. The average size of the receptive field centres is much larger than that of retinal ganglion cells. All units except those in the far temporal periphery receive binocular input. In each unit the on and off responses have the same latency times. With increasing stimulus area, the latency time at light-on and at light-off first decreases and then remains constant. In most units the number of spikes in the burst at light-on and at light-off first increases, reaches a maximum and then decreases with increasing stimulus area. This decrease demonstrates the presence of an inhibitory surround. 3. A model of spatial and temporal properties of centre and surround mechanisms is tested. Addition of excitatory centre input and inhibitory surround input, which have different spatial and temporal properties, determines the output of the neurone. The centre mechanism gets excitatory input from retinal ganglion cells and shows saturation. The inhibitory surround mechanism is made by an inhibitory interneurone. It could not be decided whether the excitatory input for this interneurone comes from retinal axon collaterals (forward inhibition) or from axon collaterals of \"principal\" cells in the superior colliculus (backward inhibition).", "PMID": 108123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8068", "title": "Responses of single units in the monkey superior colliculus to moving stimuli.", "content": "1. Single unit responses of pan-directional cells to moving and stationary flashing stimuli were studied in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus in paralysed, anaesthetized rhesus monkeys. The aim of this study was to see how far cell responses to moving stimuli fit in with what would be expected from their responses to stationary flashing stimuli. 2. Both the leading and the trailing edge of a moving stimulus evoke a transient response. If the diameter of moving light spots is increased the strength of the leading edge response increases, reaches a maximum and decreases to a constant value which is similar to the behaviour of the on response when the diameter of flashing spots is increased. The strength of the trailing edge response increases and reaches the same strength as that of the leading edge response. If the width of a long moving slit is increased, the strength of the leading edge response is the same at all slit widths, while the strength of the trailing edge response shows a course similar to that of the trailing edge response if the spot diameter is increased. If the length of a wide moving slit is increased both the leading and the trailing edge responses decrease. These results indicate that the strength of both leading and trailing edge responses is dependent on the degree the inhibitory surround is activated. 3. The leading and the trailing edge of a stimulus evoke their responses at the same position in the receptive field independent of the direction of movement. 4. Increasing the velocity of a moving stimulus shows that in general the leading edge response is present up to higher velocities than the trailing edge response independent of the sign of contrast. The burst duration to moving stimuli decreases with increasing stimulus velocity and appears to be determined by the time a moving edge is present in the receptive field centre. When this time becomes shorter than 10--20 ms, the burst duration for moving stimuli is constant and about the same as for flashing stimuli. This indicates that, although spatial receptive field properties can vary considerably, temporal receptive field properties show a strong similarity among different units. 5. The response latencies to light and dark moving edges are the same, which in turn are about equal to the response latencies to stationary flashing stimuli. 6. Stimulation experiments show that the general response characteristics to moving stimuli can be predicted by using a set of receptive field parameters derived from responses to stationary flashing stimuli. The most important variable of moving stimuli appears to be the period of time a moving contour is present within the receptive field centre, besides the degree of activation of the inhibitory surround.", "contents": "Responses of single units in the monkey superior colliculus to moving stimuli. 1. Single unit responses of pan-directional cells to moving and stationary flashing stimuli were studied in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus in paralysed, anaesthetized rhesus monkeys. The aim of this study was to see how far cell responses to moving stimuli fit in with what would be expected from their responses to stationary flashing stimuli. 2. Both the leading and the trailing edge of a moving stimulus evoke a transient response. If the diameter of moving light spots is increased the strength of the leading edge response increases, reaches a maximum and decreases to a constant value which is similar to the behaviour of the on response when the diameter of flashing spots is increased. The strength of the trailing edge response increases and reaches the same strength as that of the leading edge response. If the width of a long moving slit is increased, the strength of the leading edge response is the same at all slit widths, while the strength of the trailing edge response shows a course similar to that of the trailing edge response if the spot diameter is increased. If the length of a wide moving slit is increased both the leading and the trailing edge responses decrease. These results indicate that the strength of both leading and trailing edge responses is dependent on the degree the inhibitory surround is activated. 3. The leading and the trailing edge of a stimulus evoke their responses at the same position in the receptive field independent of the direction of movement. 4. Increasing the velocity of a moving stimulus shows that in general the leading edge response is present up to higher velocities than the trailing edge response independent of the sign of contrast. The burst duration to moving stimuli decreases with increasing stimulus velocity and appears to be determined by the time a moving edge is present in the receptive field centre. When this time becomes shorter than 10--20 ms, the burst duration for moving stimuli is constant and about the same as for flashing stimuli. This indicates that, although spatial receptive field properties can vary considerably, temporal receptive field properties show a strong similarity among different units. 5. The response latencies to light and dark moving edges are the same, which in turn are about equal to the response latencies to stationary flashing stimuli. 6. Stimulation experiments show that the general response characteristics to moving stimuli can be predicted by using a set of receptive field parameters derived from responses to stationary flashing stimuli. The most important variable of moving stimuli appears to be the period of time a moving contour is present within the receptive field centre, besides the degree of activation of the inhibitory surround.", "PMID": 108124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8069", "title": "Effects of increasing Mg++ ion concentration on the PKU monitoring assay.", "content": "Inaccuracies in a commonly used bacterial inhibition assay for blood phenylalanine levels arise when the Mg++ ion concentration in the assay medium is increased. This has practical implications in the diagnosis and management of phenylketonuria.", "contents": "Effects of increasing Mg++ ion concentration on the PKU monitoring assay. Inaccuracies in a commonly used bacterial inhibition assay for blood phenylalanine levels arise when the Mg++ ion concentration in the assay medium is increased. This has practical implications in the diagnosis and management of phenylketonuria.", "PMID": 108130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8070", "title": "[Reevaluation of the effect of certain parameters on the survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae].", "content": "Lysis and survival of 4 gonococcal strains were studied under different conditions in the presence of divalent cations and glycerol. The stability and the viability of the gonococcal cells were not enhanced by any of these compounds.", "contents": "[Reevaluation of the effect of certain parameters on the survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae]. Lysis and survival of 4 gonococcal strains were studied under different conditions in the presence of divalent cations and glycerol. The stability and the viability of the gonococcal cells were not enhanced by any of these compounds.", "PMID": 108131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8071", "title": "Different effects of D-glucose anomers for respiration of bacterial germinated spores.", "content": "Effects of alpha- or beta-D-glucose on the respiration of germinated spores (only germinated spores not including swollen spores and elongated spores) of Bacillus subtilis and B. megaterium were studied. In our conditions, net amount of oxygen consumed by 10(10) germinated spores of B. subtilis per min after addition of alpha- or beta-D-glucose was 1.6 microgram or 6.6 microgram (beta/alpha = 4.13), while that by B.megaterium was 4.5 microgram of 6.8 microgram (beta/alpha = 1.51), respectively. However, the net amounts of oxygen consumed by 10(10) vegetative cells per min after addition of alpha- or beta-D-glucose were identical, for B.subtillis in both cases 443.0 microgram and for B.megaterium in both cases 604.4 microgram.", "contents": "Different effects of D-glucose anomers for respiration of bacterial germinated spores. Effects of alpha- or beta-D-glucose on the respiration of germinated spores (only germinated spores not including swollen spores and elongated spores) of Bacillus subtilis and B. megaterium were studied. In our conditions, net amount of oxygen consumed by 10(10) germinated spores of B. subtilis per min after addition of alpha- or beta-D-glucose was 1.6 microgram or 6.6 microgram (beta/alpha = 4.13), while that by B.megaterium was 4.5 microgram of 6.8 microgram (beta/alpha = 1.51), respectively. However, the net amounts of oxygen consumed by 10(10) vegetative cells per min after addition of alpha- or beta-D-glucose were identical, for B.subtillis in both cases 443.0 microgram and for B.megaterium in both cases 604.4 microgram.", "PMID": 108132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8072", "title": "Opposite effects of one and three injections of cortisone or thyroxine on intestinal lactase activity in suckling mice.", "content": "A single injection of cortisone or thyroxine to 8-day-old suckling mice initiates a temporary decrease of lactase activity. On the contrary, 3 injections of cortisone or thyroxine provoke a significant increase of lactase activity. It appears that the mechanism which controls the postnatal development of lactase in suckling animals is more complex than expected.", "contents": "Opposite effects of one and three injections of cortisone or thyroxine on intestinal lactase activity in suckling mice. A single injection of cortisone or thyroxine to 8-day-old suckling mice initiates a temporary decrease of lactase activity. On the contrary, 3 injections of cortisone or thyroxine provoke a significant increase of lactase activity. It appears that the mechanism which controls the postnatal development of lactase in suckling animals is more complex than expected.", "PMID": 108133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8073", "title": "Elaunin fibres in the basement membrane of sweat gland secretory coil are rich in disulfide-groups.", "content": "Disulfide-groups of elaunin fibres of sweat gland basement membrane are demonstrated a) by thiosulfation/aldehyde-fuchsin staining or thiosulfation/Alcian Blue + 0.8 M MgCl2 staining, and b) by identifying SH-groups after reduction with sodiumthioglycollate. Elaunin fibres share this staining behaviour with \"elastic fibre microfibrils\" and with oxytalan fibres.", "contents": "Elaunin fibres in the basement membrane of sweat gland secretory coil are rich in disulfide-groups. Disulfide-groups of elaunin fibres of sweat gland basement membrane are demonstrated a) by thiosulfation/aldehyde-fuchsin staining or thiosulfation/Alcian Blue + 0.8 M MgCl2 staining, and b) by identifying SH-groups after reduction with sodiumthioglycollate. Elaunin fibres share this staining behaviour with \"elastic fibre microfibrils\" and with oxytalan fibres.", "PMID": 108134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8074", "title": "A novel method in enzyme immunoassay: maleimide derivative of hapten for enzyme coupling.", "content": "Meta-maleimidobenzoyl derivative of L-thyroxine methyl ester (MBTM) was synthesized and coupled to beta-galactosidase at molar ratio of over 5 to 1. More than 97% of the enzyme was found to be labeled with MBTM. A thyroxine enzyme immunoassay was carried out with sensitivity in 0-10 microgram/100 ml range.", "contents": "A novel method in enzyme immunoassay: maleimide derivative of hapten for enzyme coupling. Meta-maleimidobenzoyl derivative of L-thyroxine methyl ester (MBTM) was synthesized and coupled to beta-galactosidase at molar ratio of over 5 to 1. More than 97% of the enzyme was found to be labeled with MBTM. A thyroxine enzyme immunoassay was carried out with sensitivity in 0-10 microgram/100 ml range.", "PMID": 108135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8075", "title": "Inverse correlation between species life span and capacity of cultured fibroblasts to metabolize polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens.", "content": "Many investigators have hypothesized that the aging process may result from an accumulation of DNA damage, and, if valid, this necessitates a means by which this accumulation can be related to the potential life span of an organism. Using an assay for cell-mediated mutagenesis, we have tested multiple diploid fibroblast strains from six mammalian species of widely differing life spans, and found a very good inverse correlation between species life span and ability to activate 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) to mutagenic forms. We have also found a very good inverse correlation between species life span and ability to activate DMBA to forms capable of covalent binding to DNA. Since the polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens such as DMBA and benzo(a)pyrene (BP) are chemically non-reactive in their native forms and must be metabolically activated by mixed-function oxidases to their biologically active forms, these data indicate that the capacity of fibroblasts to activate polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens to DNA-damaging forms is a species property related to potential life span. To determine the role of carcinogen metabolism in this phenomenon the capacity of diploid fibroblasts from eight mammalian species to convert BP and DMBA to water-soluble metabolites was then determined. This rate of conversion varies widely among different species and shows a very good inverse correlation with species life span. As a whole, these findings suggest that the ability of cultured cells to metabolize the polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens is related to species life span, and may be important in the occurrence of spontaneous cancer.", "contents": "Inverse correlation between species life span and capacity of cultured fibroblasts to metabolize polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens. Many investigators have hypothesized that the aging process may result from an accumulation of DNA damage, and, if valid, this necessitates a means by which this accumulation can be related to the potential life span of an organism. Using an assay for cell-mediated mutagenesis, we have tested multiple diploid fibroblast strains from six mammalian species of widely differing life spans, and found a very good inverse correlation between species life span and ability to activate 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) to mutagenic forms. We have also found a very good inverse correlation between species life span and ability to activate DMBA to forms capable of covalent binding to DNA. Since the polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens such as DMBA and benzo(a)pyrene (BP) are chemically non-reactive in their native forms and must be metabolically activated by mixed-function oxidases to their biologically active forms, these data indicate that the capacity of fibroblasts to activate polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens to DNA-damaging forms is a species property related to potential life span. To determine the role of carcinogen metabolism in this phenomenon the capacity of diploid fibroblasts from eight mammalian species to convert BP and DMBA to water-soluble metabolites was then determined. This rate of conversion varies widely among different species and shows a very good inverse correlation with species life span. As a whole, these findings suggest that the ability of cultured cells to metabolize the polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens is related to species life span, and may be important in the occurrence of spontaneous cancer.", "PMID": 108138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8076", "title": "Effect of tetrahydrocannabinol on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey.", "content": "Single doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (5.0, 2.5, 1.25, or 0.625 mg/kg) can decrease the levels of both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey. The inhibition of gonadotropins (50% to 88%) lasts for 6 to 24 hours depending upon the dose of THC. There are no great differences in the responses of the two gonadotropins to THC. The inhibition of gonadotropin levels by THC appears to be at the level of the hypothalamus, since both LH and FSH are released from the pituitary gland in response to LH- releasing factor in the presence of THC.", "contents": "Effect of tetrahydrocannabinol on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey. Single doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (5.0, 2.5, 1.25, or 0.625 mg/kg) can decrease the levels of both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey. The inhibition of gonadotropins (50% to 88%) lasts for 6 to 24 hours depending upon the dose of THC. There are no great differences in the responses of the two gonadotropins to THC. The inhibition of gonadotropin levels by THC appears to be at the level of the hypothalamus, since both LH and FSH are released from the pituitary gland in response to LH- releasing factor in the presence of THC.", "PMID": 108139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8077", "title": "[Endocrine function before and after treatment in patients with anorexia nervosa (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to investigate changes in endocrine function, various tests were performed on eleven patients with anorexia nervosa. In two of them, endocrine function before and after treatment was also studied. The responses of plasma LH and FSH to LH-RH were decreased in the patients as were plasma LH-RH, and LH and FSH responses to the oral administration of clomiphene citrate. In more than half of the cases, plasma TSH showed a delayed response to TRH. The basal levels of plasma GH were elevated, and plasma GH responses to hypoglycemia or 1-arginine were lowered in half of the patients. Plasma GH showed a paradoxical rise after glucose load in three out of six cases. Plasma IRI responses to 1-arginine load were decreased in some cases, but plasma IRG responses to 1-arginine were rather excessive. Plasma IRI after glucose load showed low or delayed responses in most of the cases. After the body weight was increased to normal levels by the treatment, pituitary and pancreatic endocrine functions were normalized. These findings indicate that hypothalamic function is primarily impaired in this disease and causes nutritional disorder followed by the dysfunction of some endocrine organs. Such a possibility could be supported by the improvement of endocrine function after body weight has been recovered.", "contents": "[Endocrine function before and after treatment in patients with anorexia nervosa (author's transl)]. In order to investigate changes in endocrine function, various tests were performed on eleven patients with anorexia nervosa. In two of them, endocrine function before and after treatment was also studied. The responses of plasma LH and FSH to LH-RH were decreased in the patients as were plasma LH-RH, and LH and FSH responses to the oral administration of clomiphene citrate. In more than half of the cases, plasma TSH showed a delayed response to TRH. The basal levels of plasma GH were elevated, and plasma GH responses to hypoglycemia or 1-arginine were lowered in half of the patients. Plasma GH showed a paradoxical rise after glucose load in three out of six cases. Plasma IRI responses to 1-arginine load were decreased in some cases, but plasma IRG responses to 1-arginine were rather excessive. Plasma IRI after glucose load showed low or delayed responses in most of the cases. After the body weight was increased to normal levels by the treatment, pituitary and pancreatic endocrine functions were normalized. These findings indicate that hypothalamic function is primarily impaired in this disease and causes nutritional disorder followed by the dysfunction of some endocrine organs. Such a possibility could be supported by the improvement of endocrine function after body weight has been recovered.", "PMID": 108140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8078", "title": "[The behavior of 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in rats during pregnancy and lactation and hormone levels in the pituitary and plasma (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to keep a long-term lactation in primiparous SD strain rats with DMBA-induced mammary tumors, 5 pups aged 5 to 10 days were exchanged every 10 days. FSH, LH and prolactin (PRL) in pituitary tissues and FSH, LH, PRL, estradiol (E2) and progesterone (PRG) in plasma were determined during pregnancy (1,2 and 3-week), at paturition (0 to 12 hours after parturition) and during lactation (1,2,3,4,5 and 6-week). Experimental rats were divided into 6 groups according to the lactating period (non-lactating 3,6,8,12 and 17-week). Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture 1 hour after an intraperitoneal injection of urethane (150 mg/100 g body weight), and the pituitary gland was removed simultaneously. During pregnancy, plasma PRL was low in the first and second week. PRL, E2 and PRG were high in the third week, during which DMBA-induced mammary tumors began to proliferate. PRG in plasma in the third week was lower than that of the second week. After paturition, the tumors regressed and did not develop for three weeks of lactation, during which plasma PRL was high whereas E2 and PRG were low. The tumors began to proliferate again from the fifth week of lactation, during which E2 was high and the estrous cycle reappeared. The behavior of DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats during pregnancy and lactation seems to be closely related to plasma estrogen levels.", "contents": "[The behavior of 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in rats during pregnancy and lactation and hormone levels in the pituitary and plasma (author's transl)]. In order to keep a long-term lactation in primiparous SD strain rats with DMBA-induced mammary tumors, 5 pups aged 5 to 10 days were exchanged every 10 days. FSH, LH and prolactin (PRL) in pituitary tissues and FSH, LH, PRL, estradiol (E2) and progesterone (PRG) in plasma were determined during pregnancy (1,2 and 3-week), at paturition (0 to 12 hours after parturition) and during lactation (1,2,3,4,5 and 6-week). Experimental rats were divided into 6 groups according to the lactating period (non-lactating 3,6,8,12 and 17-week). Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture 1 hour after an intraperitoneal injection of urethane (150 mg/100 g body weight), and the pituitary gland was removed simultaneously. During pregnancy, plasma PRL was low in the first and second week. PRL, E2 and PRG were high in the third week, during which DMBA-induced mammary tumors began to proliferate. PRG in plasma in the third week was lower than that of the second week. After paturition, the tumors regressed and did not develop for three weeks of lactation, during which plasma PRL was high whereas E2 and PRG were low. The tumors began to proliferate again from the fifth week of lactation, during which E2 was high and the estrous cycle reappeared. The behavior of DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats during pregnancy and lactation seems to be closely related to plasma estrogen levels.", "PMID": 108141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8079", "title": "[The quantitative immunochemical determination of Candida albicans-specific antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "A diffusion method is described for quantitative determination of precipitating antibodies against polysaccharide antigen from Candida albicans. It is a reversed single radial immunodiffusion method with the antigen in the gel layer. As one parameter within an immunological testing programme antibody levels were estimated in serum samples from a patient suffering from malignant melanoma.", "contents": "[The quantitative immunochemical determination of Candida albicans-specific antibodies (author's transl)]. A diffusion method is described for quantitative determination of precipitating antibodies against polysaccharide antigen from Candida albicans. It is a reversed single radial immunodiffusion method with the antigen in the gel layer. As one parameter within an immunological testing programme antibody levels were estimated in serum samples from a patient suffering from malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 108142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8080", "title": "Monitoring response to bronchodilator therapy in asthma in childhood.", "content": "Recently there has been increased interest in the role of bronchodilators in the maintenance therapy of asthma in childhood. We report the use of slow-release aminophylline (Phyllocontin Continus tablets) in childhood asthma. Ten patients, all of whom were receiving disodium cromoglycate (DSG), were given a single dose of Phyllocontin tablets (12.5 mg/kg) and observed over a period of 8 hours. Measurements of peak flow rate (PFR) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) showed an increase of at least 30% at 3 to 5 hours and the improvement continued to 8 hours. No effect was noted on heart rate. Ten patients were assessed over a 4-week period on DSG then over two 4-week periods on Phyllocontin tablets and placebo on a double-blind crossover basis. The dosage of Phyllocontin tablets used was 12.5 mg/kg twice daily. Using twice daily PFR recordings there was no significant difference between the two periods on DSG and Phyllocontin tablets. The reduction in PFR during the period on placebo was significant, however, and more markedly so between the period of placebo and the period on Phyllocontin tablets. We conclude that Phyllocontin tablets in these patients compared favourably with DSG in the maintenance therapy of asthma in childhood. The results obtained after single dose administration also suggest that a proportion of children with asthma may benefit from combined treatment with DSG and regular bronchodilators.", "contents": "Monitoring response to bronchodilator therapy in asthma in childhood. Recently there has been increased interest in the role of bronchodilators in the maintenance therapy of asthma in childhood. We report the use of slow-release aminophylline (Phyllocontin Continus tablets) in childhood asthma. Ten patients, all of whom were receiving disodium cromoglycate (DSG), were given a single dose of Phyllocontin tablets (12.5 mg/kg) and observed over a period of 8 hours. Measurements of peak flow rate (PFR) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) showed an increase of at least 30% at 3 to 5 hours and the improvement continued to 8 hours. No effect was noted on heart rate. Ten patients were assessed over a 4-week period on DSG then over two 4-week periods on Phyllocontin tablets and placebo on a double-blind crossover basis. The dosage of Phyllocontin tablets used was 12.5 mg/kg twice daily. Using twice daily PFR recordings there was no significant difference between the two periods on DSG and Phyllocontin tablets. The reduction in PFR during the period on placebo was significant, however, and more markedly so between the period of placebo and the period on Phyllocontin tablets. We conclude that Phyllocontin tablets in these patients compared favourably with DSG in the maintenance therapy of asthma in childhood. The results obtained after single dose administration also suggest that a proportion of children with asthma may benefit from combined treatment with DSG and regular bronchodilators.", "PMID": 108152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8081", "title": "Mother-infant separation in group-living rhesus macaques: a hormonal analysis.", "content": "Adrenocortical responsiveness to separation in group-living rhesus macaque mother-infant pairs was determined. Cortisol evaluations were complemented by behavioral observations of mother-infant interactions and group social behavior. Infants, but not their mothers, showed cortisol elevations that could be attributed specifically to separation. Steroid-behavior relationships suggested that the infants of high dominant mothers evinced the greatest adrenocortical response to separation. These data exemplify the complexities involved in determining endocrine/behavior relationships in a group-living situation.", "contents": "Mother-infant separation in group-living rhesus macaques: a hormonal analysis. Adrenocortical responsiveness to separation in group-living rhesus macaque mother-infant pairs was determined. Cortisol evaluations were complemented by behavioral observations of mother-infant interactions and group social behavior. Infants, but not their mothers, showed cortisol elevations that could be attributed specifically to separation. Steroid-behavior relationships suggested that the infants of high dominant mothers evinced the greatest adrenocortical response to separation. These data exemplify the complexities involved in determining endocrine/behavior relationships in a group-living situation.", "PMID": 108166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8082", "title": "Plasma vasopressin in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Concentrations of the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin, were measured in 28 patients with severe hyperglycemia to determine if abnormalities in hormonal regulation of water excretion could contribute to the extreme dehydration of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Vasopressin levels were markedly elevated in both nonketotic and ketotic patients, indicating that vasopressin deficiency plays no role in the polyuria that accompanies hyperglycemia. Instead, the observed increases in vasopressin represent an ineffective effort to conserve water in the face of an overwhelming solute diuresis caused by the glucosuria. The reasons for such marked elevations in plasma vasopressin in these diabetic patients are multifactorial. Both groups of diabetic patients had evidence of hypovolemia, which was sufficient in magnitude to stimulate vasopressin release. Furthermore, nausea provided an independent stimulus to vasopressin secretion in many patients. Osmotic stimulation might have resulted from the large fraction of unidentified plasma solutes, but this factor alone was not sufficient to explain the markedly increased concentrations of vasopressin. Whether such elevations in vasopressin could have metabolic and/or hemodynamic effects in uncrontrolled diabetes remains to be established.", "contents": "Plasma vasopressin in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Concentrations of the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin, were measured in 28 patients with severe hyperglycemia to determine if abnormalities in hormonal regulation of water excretion could contribute to the extreme dehydration of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Vasopressin levels were markedly elevated in both nonketotic and ketotic patients, indicating that vasopressin deficiency plays no role in the polyuria that accompanies hyperglycemia. Instead, the observed increases in vasopressin represent an ineffective effort to conserve water in the face of an overwhelming solute diuresis caused by the glucosuria. The reasons for such marked elevations in plasma vasopressin in these diabetic patients are multifactorial. Both groups of diabetic patients had evidence of hypovolemia, which was sufficient in magnitude to stimulate vasopressin release. Furthermore, nausea provided an independent stimulus to vasopressin secretion in many patients. Osmotic stimulation might have resulted from the large fraction of unidentified plasma solutes, but this factor alone was not sufficient to explain the markedly increased concentrations of vasopressin. Whether such elevations in vasopressin could have metabolic and/or hemodynamic effects in uncrontrolled diabetes remains to be established.", "PMID": 108167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8083", "title": "The effect of divalent cations on aggregation of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Following the initiation of development, amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum aggregate chemotactically toward cyclic AMP (cAMP). Adenyl cyclase, cAMP phosphodiesterase, and cAMP binding sites all increase 20--40 fold during the first few hours of development. It has been shown that addition of 1 mM EDTA and 5 mM MgCl2 accelerates the aggregation process. Likewise, the calcium ionophore, A23187, leads to precocious aggregation while 4 X 10(-5) M progesterone considerably delays it. These treatments have now been shown to result in increased accumulation of adenyl cyclase in the case of EDTA and Mg2+ or the ionophore and greatly decreased accumulation in the case of the steroid. Treatment with EDTA and Mg2+ or the ionophore has been shown not only to accelerate aggregation in wild-type amoebae but to overcome complete blocks to aggregation in certain mutant strains. We have found that addition of Mn2+ will also permit aggregation of mutant cells otherwise unable to aggregate. This divalent ion, unlike EDTA and Mg2+ or the ionophore, was shown to directly stimulate adenyl cyclase. Calcium ions were also found to affect the enzyme such that at Ca2+ concentrations found within the cells the great majority of the activity is inhibited. Manganese ions can overcome the inhibition by Ca2+. These findings show that conditions which stimulate aggregation result in increased activity of adenyl cyclase either by increased accumulation of the enzyme or by increased activity of the available enzyme, and support the proposed central role of adenyl cyclase in aggregation.", "contents": "The effect of divalent cations on aggregation of Dictyostelium discoideum. Following the initiation of development, amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum aggregate chemotactically toward cyclic AMP (cAMP). Adenyl cyclase, cAMP phosphodiesterase, and cAMP binding sites all increase 20--40 fold during the first few hours of development. It has been shown that addition of 1 mM EDTA and 5 mM MgCl2 accelerates the aggregation process. Likewise, the calcium ionophore, A23187, leads to precocious aggregation while 4 X 10(-5) M progesterone considerably delays it. These treatments have now been shown to result in increased accumulation of adenyl cyclase in the case of EDTA and Mg2+ or the ionophore and greatly decreased accumulation in the case of the steroid. Treatment with EDTA and Mg2+ or the ionophore has been shown not only to accelerate aggregation in wild-type amoebae but to overcome complete blocks to aggregation in certain mutant strains. We have found that addition of Mn2+ will also permit aggregation of mutant cells otherwise unable to aggregate. This divalent ion, unlike EDTA and Mg2+ or the ionophore, was shown to directly stimulate adenyl cyclase. Calcium ions were also found to affect the enzyme such that at Ca2+ concentrations found within the cells the great majority of the activity is inhibited. Manganese ions can overcome the inhibition by Ca2+. These findings show that conditions which stimulate aggregation result in increased activity of adenyl cyclase either by increased accumulation of the enzyme or by increased activity of the available enzyme, and support the proposed central role of adenyl cyclase in aggregation.", "PMID": 108168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8084", "title": "Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats by a synthetic protease inhibitor, N,N-dimethylamino-(p-(p'-guanidinobenzoyloxy)) benzilcarbonyloxyglycolate.", "content": "Oral administration of N,N-dimethylamino-(p(p'-guanidinobenzoyloxy))-benzilcarbonyloxy glycolate depressed induction of breast tumors in rats by a single intravenous injection of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene. The latent period was delayed in the group fed on a diet supplemented with N,N-dimethylamino-(p(p'-guanidinobenzoyloxy))benzilcarbonyloxy glycolate. Administration of this compound for 40 days after 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene also significantly reduced the average weight of tumors per rat. These findings suggest that protease may play an important role in the process of mammary tumorigenesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats by a synthetic protease inhibitor, N,N-dimethylamino-(p-(p'-guanidinobenzoyloxy)) benzilcarbonyloxyglycolate. Oral administration of N,N-dimethylamino-(p(p'-guanidinobenzoyloxy))-benzilcarbonyloxy glycolate depressed induction of breast tumors in rats by a single intravenous injection of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene. The latent period was delayed in the group fed on a diet supplemented with N,N-dimethylamino-(p(p'-guanidinobenzoyloxy))benzilcarbonyloxy glycolate. Administration of this compound for 40 days after 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene also significantly reduced the average weight of tumors per rat. These findings suggest that protease may play an important role in the process of mammary tumorigenesis.", "PMID": 108169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8085", "title": "Analysis of biliary and urinary metabolites of 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene in rats.", "content": "Metabolites of 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) in the rat bile and urine were investigated by the use of a tracer technique. 3H-3'-Me-DAB in cottonseed oil was administered orally by a stomach tube. The dye metabolites in the bile and urine collected during 24 hr after the administration were hydrolyzed with beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase. The hydrolyzed metabolites were then extracted with chloroform or separated by chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2 using methanol as a solvent. The metabolites in the chloroform or methanol eluates were identified by the reverse isotope dilution analysis, before or after separation by thin-layer chromatography. The N-demethylated, aryl hydroxylated, and their azo-reduced products were detected in the bile, in addition to the products oxidized at the ring methyl group as the new metabolites. On the other hand, the metabolites retaining the azo-linkage were scarcely detected in urine and instead 3-aminobenzoic acid, 3-amino-6-hydroxytoluene, and their N-acetylated products were major metabolites in urine. These results indicate that the metabolism of 3'-Me-DAB in the rat involves oxidation of the ring methyl group. Significance of the ring methyl group in the carcinogenic action of aminoazo dyes is also discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of biliary and urinary metabolites of 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene in rats. Metabolites of 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) in the rat bile and urine were investigated by the use of a tracer technique. 3H-3'-Me-DAB in cottonseed oil was administered orally by a stomach tube. The dye metabolites in the bile and urine collected during 24 hr after the administration were hydrolyzed with beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase. The hydrolyzed metabolites were then extracted with chloroform or separated by chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2 using methanol as a solvent. The metabolites in the chloroform or methanol eluates were identified by the reverse isotope dilution analysis, before or after separation by thin-layer chromatography. The N-demethylated, aryl hydroxylated, and their azo-reduced products were detected in the bile, in addition to the products oxidized at the ring methyl group as the new metabolites. On the other hand, the metabolites retaining the azo-linkage were scarcely detected in urine and instead 3-aminobenzoic acid, 3-amino-6-hydroxytoluene, and their N-acetylated products were major metabolites in urine. These results indicate that the metabolism of 3'-Me-DAB in the rat involves oxidation of the ring methyl group. Significance of the ring methyl group in the carcinogenic action of aminoazo dyes is also discussed.", "PMID": 108170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8086", "title": "Synthesis of 4-(n-hydroxy-n-methylamino)quinoline 1-oxide and its carcinogenic activity on mice.", "content": "4-(N-Hydroxy-N-methylamino)quinoline 1-oxide (N-Me-4-HAQO), the structure of which consists of a quinoline 1-oxide moiety involved in carcinongenic 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and an N-hydroxy-N-methylamino group involved in N-hydroxy-N-monomethylaminoazobenzene, was sythesized and proved to be potently carcinogenic in mice by its subcutaneous injection.", "contents": "Synthesis of 4-(n-hydroxy-n-methylamino)quinoline 1-oxide and its carcinogenic activity on mice. 4-(N-Hydroxy-N-methylamino)quinoline 1-oxide (N-Me-4-HAQO), the structure of which consists of a quinoline 1-oxide moiety involved in carcinongenic 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and an N-hydroxy-N-methylamino group involved in N-hydroxy-N-monomethylaminoazobenzene, was sythesized and proved to be potently carcinogenic in mice by its subcutaneous injection.", "PMID": 108171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8087", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of motilin in endocrine non-enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine of humans and monkey.", "content": "Motilin-immunoreactive cells in the human and monkey duodenum and upper jejunum were investigated by immunofluorescence (IF) and peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) techniques using antibodies against synthetic 13-norleucine motilin and synthetic porcine motilin. Contrary to previous reports, we have demonstrated that motilin-immunoreactive cells are a distinct cell population that does not correspond to 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing enterochromaffin (EC-) cells. EC-cells, indentified by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) or by argentaffinity (AA), do not react with either antisera. EC-cells of the monkey, utilizing one method (PAP), reacted to one antiserum very weakly. This reaction was also suppressed by absorption with 13-norleucine motilin. It is suggested that the EC-cells of the monkey contain either a very small amount of motilin or another peptide that exhibits a part of the amino acid sequence of motilin. The discrepancy between these results and those of other authors can be explained by the different reactivity of the antisera used.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of motilin in endocrine non-enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine of humans and monkey. Motilin-immunoreactive cells in the human and monkey duodenum and upper jejunum were investigated by immunofluorescence (IF) and peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) techniques using antibodies against synthetic 13-norleucine motilin and synthetic porcine motilin. Contrary to previous reports, we have demonstrated that motilin-immunoreactive cells are a distinct cell population that does not correspond to 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing enterochromaffin (EC-) cells. EC-cells, indentified by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) or by argentaffinity (AA), do not react with either antisera. EC-cells of the monkey, utilizing one method (PAP), reacted to one antiserum very weakly. This reaction was also suppressed by absorption with 13-norleucine motilin. It is suggested that the EC-cells of the monkey contain either a very small amount of motilin or another peptide that exhibits a part of the amino acid sequence of motilin. The discrepancy between these results and those of other authors can be explained by the different reactivity of the antisera used.", "PMID": 108174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8088", "title": "Histaminergic involvement in thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of antral tissue in the rat.", "content": "The mechanism of action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on antral motility was investigated in vitro. With the recent detection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in gastrointestinal tissue, the possibility exists that the peptide may play a physiologic role in gastrointestinal motility. Results indicate that the hormone stimulates antral motility through a non-cholinergic excitatory pathway based on the inability of the muscarinic antagonist, atropine, to block the response. A histaminergic pathway is an attractive possibility to explain the excitatory response, because both pyrilamine and cimetidine inhibit the thyrotropin-releasing hormone induced response and the peptide has no further influence on antral motility after the tissue is exposed to a supramaximal concentration of histamine.", "contents": "Histaminergic involvement in thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of antral tissue in the rat. The mechanism of action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on antral motility was investigated in vitro. With the recent detection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in gastrointestinal tissue, the possibility exists that the peptide may play a physiologic role in gastrointestinal motility. Results indicate that the hormone stimulates antral motility through a non-cholinergic excitatory pathway based on the inability of the muscarinic antagonist, atropine, to block the response. A histaminergic pathway is an attractive possibility to explain the excitatory response, because both pyrilamine and cimetidine inhibit the thyrotropin-releasing hormone induced response and the peptide has no further influence on antral motility after the tissue is exposed to a supramaximal concentration of histamine.", "PMID": 108175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8089", "title": "Effect of selective proximal vagotomy on food-stimulated gastric acid secretion and gastrin release in patients with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "We studied effects of selective proximal vagotomy on food-stimulated acid secretion and gastrin release in 7 duodenal ulcer patients. Food-stimulated acid secretion was evaluated by sham feeding patients and by infusing food directly into their stomachs. Vagotomy reduced sham feeding-stimulated acid secretion from 28.2 +/- 4.6 to 1.2 +/- 0.7 meq/hr (95% reduction) whereas infused food-stimulated secretion was decreased from 36.1 +/- 4.6 to 17.9 +/- 5.5 meq/hr (50% reduction). In contrast to the reductions in acid secretion, the gastrin response to infused food doubled after surgery. Although selective proximal vagotomy reduced the rate of acid secretion in response to infused food and also reduced by 64% the peak secretory capacity (peak acid output to pentagastrin), fractional secretion (i.e., the secretion rate in response to infused food expressed as a percentage of the peak secretory capacity) increased significantly after vagotomy from 63 +/- 7% to 91 +/- 11%. This increased fractional secretion in response to infused food was probably a result of exaggerated gastrin release after vagotomy.", "contents": "Effect of selective proximal vagotomy on food-stimulated gastric acid secretion and gastrin release in patients with duodenal ulcer. We studied effects of selective proximal vagotomy on food-stimulated acid secretion and gastrin release in 7 duodenal ulcer patients. Food-stimulated acid secretion was evaluated by sham feeding patients and by infusing food directly into their stomachs. Vagotomy reduced sham feeding-stimulated acid secretion from 28.2 +/- 4.6 to 1.2 +/- 0.7 meq/hr (95% reduction) whereas infused food-stimulated secretion was decreased from 36.1 +/- 4.6 to 17.9 +/- 5.5 meq/hr (50% reduction). In contrast to the reductions in acid secretion, the gastrin response to infused food doubled after surgery. Although selective proximal vagotomy reduced the rate of acid secretion in response to infused food and also reduced by 64% the peak secretory capacity (peak acid output to pentagastrin), fractional secretion (i.e., the secretion rate in response to infused food expressed as a percentage of the peak secretory capacity) increased significantly after vagotomy from 63 +/- 7% to 91 +/- 11%. This increased fractional secretion in response to infused food was probably a result of exaggerated gastrin release after vagotomy.", "PMID": 108176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8090", "title": "Demonstration of human apolipoprotien A in isolated mucosal cells from small intestine and isolated hepatocytes.", "content": "Isolated mucosal cells from the human jejunum and stomach, cryostat sections from the jejunum, isolated parenchymal liver cells and lymphocytes were investigated for the presence of apolipoprotien A (apoA). Antisera against purified human apoA-I and apoA-II were raised in rabbits and conjugated with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC). Mucosal cells from jejunum and stomach were isolated with pronase from tissue obtained from operated patients. ApoA-I and apoA-II could be demonstrated in isolated mucosal cells as well as in cryostat sections from the jejunum. The fluorescence pattern in isolated jejunal cells was coarse granular. In the radial gel diffusion test the homogenate from mucosal cells of jejunum showed a single precipitation line with anti-apoA-I and with anti-apoA-II, respectively. The reaction was more intensive with anti-apoA-I than with anti-apoA-II. Isolated gastric cells were negative for apoA. Hepatocytes incubated with FITC anti-apoA-I showed a fine granular fluorescence pattern in the cytoplasm. Anti-apoA-II did not react with hepatocytes. There was no evidence for an in vivo fixation of serum-apoA at the surface of isolated mucosal cells from jejunum or isolated hepatocytes. The results support the hypotheses that in man apoA is synthesised in the epithelial cells of the small intestine and in parenchymal liver cells.", "contents": "Demonstration of human apolipoprotien A in isolated mucosal cells from small intestine and isolated hepatocytes. Isolated mucosal cells from the human jejunum and stomach, cryostat sections from the jejunum, isolated parenchymal liver cells and lymphocytes were investigated for the presence of apolipoprotien A (apoA). Antisera against purified human apoA-I and apoA-II were raised in rabbits and conjugated with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC). Mucosal cells from jejunum and stomach were isolated with pronase from tissue obtained from operated patients. ApoA-I and apoA-II could be demonstrated in isolated mucosal cells as well as in cryostat sections from the jejunum. The fluorescence pattern in isolated jejunal cells was coarse granular. In the radial gel diffusion test the homogenate from mucosal cells of jejunum showed a single precipitation line with anti-apoA-I and with anti-apoA-II, respectively. The reaction was more intensive with anti-apoA-I than with anti-apoA-II. Isolated gastric cells were negative for apoA. Hepatocytes incubated with FITC anti-apoA-I showed a fine granular fluorescence pattern in the cytoplasm. Anti-apoA-II did not react with hepatocytes. There was no evidence for an in vivo fixation of serum-apoA at the surface of isolated mucosal cells from jejunum or isolated hepatocytes. The results support the hypotheses that in man apoA is synthesised in the epithelial cells of the small intestine and in parenchymal liver cells.", "PMID": 108182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8091", "title": "HLA AW19, B12 in immunoproliferative small intestinal disease.", "content": "A group of 21 patients with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID), 10 with alpha heavy chain paraproteinaemia and 11 without it, were HLA typed. The results were compared with 35 disease controls and 120 normal controls. A significant increase of Aw19 and B12 antigens was noted among the patients compared with the control subjects. The high rate of association of both AW19 and B12 antigens in patients as compared with controls suggests a possible haplotype (Aw19, B12) association with IPSID.", "contents": "HLA AW19, B12 in immunoproliferative small intestinal disease. A group of 21 patients with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID), 10 with alpha heavy chain paraproteinaemia and 11 without it, were HLA typed. The results were compared with 35 disease controls and 120 normal controls. A significant increase of Aw19 and B12 antigens was noted among the patients compared with the control subjects. The high rate of association of both AW19 and B12 antigens in patients as compared with controls suggests a possible haplotype (Aw19, B12) association with IPSID.", "PMID": 108183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8092", "title": "Membrane and bubble oxygenator: a clinical comparison in patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass procedures.", "content": "Forty patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass procedures were randomyl allocated to a bubble oxygenator group (20 patients) and a membrane oxygenator group (20 patients). Blood chemistry, hematology and hemodynamics before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass were used to compare the two oxygenators. There was no mortality and no serious complications in both groups. A higher hemolysis, with significantly higher levels of lactic dehydrogenase and free plasma hemoglobin and a more pronounced reduction in platelet count were found in the patients perfused with the bubble oxygenator. These differences persisted for 24 hours after the operation; 48 hours after surgery no significant differences between the two groups could be detected. Postoperative blood loss, intra- and postoperative hemodynamics and pulmonary gas exchange were equal in both groups. These results show, that the routine use of membrane oxygenators brings only minor benefits; therefore it may be specially reserved for extended open-heart procedures and for operations in high risk patients.", "contents": "Membrane and bubble oxygenator: a clinical comparison in patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass procedures. Forty patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass procedures were randomyl allocated to a bubble oxygenator group (20 patients) and a membrane oxygenator group (20 patients). Blood chemistry, hematology and hemodynamics before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass were used to compare the two oxygenators. There was no mortality and no serious complications in both groups. A higher hemolysis, with significantly higher levels of lactic dehydrogenase and free plasma hemoglobin and a more pronounced reduction in platelet count were found in the patients perfused with the bubble oxygenator. These differences persisted for 24 hours after the operation; 48 hours after surgery no significant differences between the two groups could be detected. Postoperative blood loss, intra- and postoperative hemodynamics and pulmonary gas exchange were equal in both groups. These results show, that the routine use of membrane oxygenators brings only minor benefits; therefore it may be specially reserved for extended open-heart procedures and for operations in high risk patients.", "PMID": 108187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8093", "title": "Characterization and purification of a kallikrein from human pancreatic juice and immunological comparison with other kallikreins.", "content": "A prekallikrein has been demonstrated in human pancreatic juice and the active enzyme has been purified from this material. The purification procedure included filtration on Sephadex G-100, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and affinity chromatography on trypsin-inhibitor Sepharose. The purified kallikrein appeared to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3 and by immunoelectrophoresis. Human pancreatic kallikrein is immunologically different from human plasma kallikrein and from pancreatic kallikreins of other species (hog, cat, rat and dog). Human pancreatic kallikrein has common antigenic determinants with human urinary and submandibular kallikreins but probably not with parotid kallikrein.", "contents": "Characterization and purification of a kallikrein from human pancreatic juice and immunological comparison with other kallikreins. A prekallikrein has been demonstrated in human pancreatic juice and the active enzyme has been purified from this material. The purification procedure included filtration on Sephadex G-100, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and affinity chromatography on trypsin-inhibitor Sepharose. The purified kallikrein appeared to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3 and by immunoelectrophoresis. Human pancreatic kallikrein is immunologically different from human plasma kallikrein and from pancreatic kallikreins of other species (hog, cat, rat and dog). Human pancreatic kallikrein has common antigenic determinants with human urinary and submandibular kallikreins but probably not with parotid kallikrein.", "PMID": 108189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8094", "title": "Staff burnout in work with long-term patients.", "content": "The seeds of staff burnout are planted when mental health professionals who work with long-term patients do not recognize that such patients vary greatly in their potential for rehabilitation. This situation leads to unrealistic expectations and frustrations for staff. The concept of normalization, if misapplied, can lead to the same result. Contributing to the frustration is administrative pressure on staff to produce impossible results. Staff's ambivalence about gratifying dependency needs of patients and uncertainty about their own needs and motivations also can lead to burnout.", "contents": "Staff burnout in work with long-term patients. The seeds of staff burnout are planted when mental health professionals who work with long-term patients do not recognize that such patients vary greatly in their potential for rehabilitation. This situation leads to unrealistic expectations and frustrations for staff. The concept of normalization, if misapplied, can lead to the same result. Contributing to the frustration is administrative pressure on staff to produce impossible results. Staff's ambivalence about gratifying dependency needs of patients and uncertainty about their own needs and motivations also can lead to burnout.", "PMID": 108192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8095", "title": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for bacterial lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for E. coli 055:B5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is described. The LPS was derivatised by two new methods and subsequently radiolabeled with 125I to a specific activity of 2-4 mCi/mg without apparent loss in its biophysical, immunological or biological activities. Using antibody-coated polystyrene tubes, a solid-phase radioimmunoassay was developed with a sensitivity of 10-500 ng/ml of LPS.", "contents": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for bacterial lipopolysaccharide. A radioimmunoassay for E. coli 055:B5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is described. The LPS was derivatised by two new methods and subsequently radiolabeled with 125I to a specific activity of 2-4 mCi/mg without apparent loss in its biophysical, immunological or biological activities. Using antibody-coated polystyrene tubes, a solid-phase radioimmunoassay was developed with a sensitivity of 10-500 ng/ml of LPS.", "PMID": 108200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8096", "title": "Basic findings and current developments in sphingolipidoses.", "content": "Sphingolipidoses are caused by recessively inherited deficiencies of lysosomal hydrolases. The clinical backgrounds of and current biochemical and genetic approaches to the different forms and variants of gangliosidoses, trihexosylceramidosis (Fabry's disease), galactosylceramidosis (Krabbe's disease), sulfatidoses (metachromatic leukodystrophies), glucosylceramidosis (Gaucher's disease), sphingomyelinoses (Niemann-Pick disease) and ceramidosis (Farber's disease) are presented.", "contents": "Basic findings and current developments in sphingolipidoses. Sphingolipidoses are caused by recessively inherited deficiencies of lysosomal hydrolases. The clinical backgrounds of and current biochemical and genetic approaches to the different forms and variants of gangliosidoses, trihexosylceramidosis (Fabry's disease), galactosylceramidosis (Krabbe's disease), sulfatidoses (metachromatic leukodystrophies), glucosylceramidosis (Gaucher's disease), sphingomyelinoses (Niemann-Pick disease) and ceramidosis (Farber's disease) are presented.", "PMID": 108196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8097", "title": "Long-term antibody synthesis in vitro. VI. Anti-allotype sera as probes of clonal products in affinity maturation.", "content": "A new experimental system is described for measuring the allotypic product of rabbit B cells during long-lasting in vitro antibody responses. The immunoenzymatic assays described allow determination of several parameters mapping in different regions of the same molecule, which can be measured and combined to yield a multidimensional picture of the time-course dynamics of antibody synthesis. The rabbit immune system responding to Escherichia coli beta-D-galactosidase was sample and disassembled by (a) culturing lymph node microfragments and (b) sorting out from among all anti-enzyme antibodies only those activating a mutant enzyme, AMEF, which bore the b4 or b9 allotype. A considerable simplification of the response was achieved in the microcultures as documented by cultures of heterozygous cells which produced only one allotype and by the fact that each culture showed a distinctive pattern when antibody titre, association constant, heterogeneity index, L-chain type, and k-chain allotype were considered together. This array of patterns was not an artifact but the result of disassembling a representative sample of the rabbit immune system into small components, since the b4/b9 ratio obtained by averaging the results of all cultures from a heterozygous rabbit lymph node was the same as the serum ratio. Despite the Poisson distribution of the responder microcultures, none of them was monoclonal; i.e. no antibodies homogeneous by all parameters tested were observed, This finidng supports the notion that in normal lymphoid tissue in its native tridimensional arrangement, one T cell can trigger several B cells clustered in one antibody-forming unit. This natural arrangement would ensure the monospecificity of the cluster (dictated by the T cell) while allowing for variation in affinity (depending upon the array of B cells in the unit). Accordingly our findings would results from the fact that as the size of the microfragments was reduced, the cells diluted out first were T cells, but as long as one of them was present, several B-cell clones were triggered. The b4/b9 pattern of any given culture remained constant over several months, but the ratio kappa/lambda underwent changes. An increase in molecules with non kappa-chains (which could not be reacted with anti-kappa-chain allotype antisera) was usually associated with a parallel decrease in antibody affinity. This occurred by the end of the antibody cycle and might be related to the regulation of antibody synthesis by T-cell suppressor factors.", "contents": "Long-term antibody synthesis in vitro. VI. Anti-allotype sera as probes of clonal products in affinity maturation. A new experimental system is described for measuring the allotypic product of rabbit B cells during long-lasting in vitro antibody responses. The immunoenzymatic assays described allow determination of several parameters mapping in different regions of the same molecule, which can be measured and combined to yield a multidimensional picture of the time-course dynamics of antibody synthesis. The rabbit immune system responding to Escherichia coli beta-D-galactosidase was sample and disassembled by (a) culturing lymph node microfragments and (b) sorting out from among all anti-enzyme antibodies only those activating a mutant enzyme, AMEF, which bore the b4 or b9 allotype. A considerable simplification of the response was achieved in the microcultures as documented by cultures of heterozygous cells which produced only one allotype and by the fact that each culture showed a distinctive pattern when antibody titre, association constant, heterogeneity index, L-chain type, and k-chain allotype were considered together. This array of patterns was not an artifact but the result of disassembling a representative sample of the rabbit immune system into small components, since the b4/b9 ratio obtained by averaging the results of all cultures from a heterozygous rabbit lymph node was the same as the serum ratio. Despite the Poisson distribution of the responder microcultures, none of them was monoclonal; i.e. no antibodies homogeneous by all parameters tested were observed, This finidng supports the notion that in normal lymphoid tissue in its native tridimensional arrangement, one T cell can trigger several B cells clustered in one antibody-forming unit. This natural arrangement would ensure the monospecificity of the cluster (dictated by the T cell) while allowing for variation in affinity (depending upon the array of B cells in the unit). Accordingly our findings would results from the fact that as the size of the microfragments was reduced, the cells diluted out first were T cells, but as long as one of them was present, several B-cell clones were triggered. The b4/b9 pattern of any given culture remained constant over several months, but the ratio kappa/lambda underwent changes. An increase in molecules with non kappa-chains (which could not be reacted with anti-kappa-chain allotype antisera) was usually associated with a parallel decrease in antibody affinity. This occurred by the end of the antibody cycle and might be related to the regulation of antibody synthesis by T-cell suppressor factors.", "PMID": 108201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8098", "title": "Serum factors influencing antibody-directed cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and their effects on the detection of immune complexes by inhibition of ADCC.", "content": "An imporved assay system, using inhibition of ADCC, for the detection of 0.6 microgram/ml. of aggregated IgG in medium is described. Under these conditions, normal human serum is extremely inhibitory, this effect being attributed mainly to the weak binding of monomeric IgG. Enhancement of ADCC by albumin was also observed. Using this assay system without further modification, immune complexes may be detected in gel-fractionated sera by the distribution of the inhibitory material relative to the IgG peak. However, for routine use in the assay of untreated sera, a modification of the method is required. Preincubation of the spleen cells with the serum in the presence of EDTA, followed by a washing stage, reduces the background inhibition by normal sera to a low level. Effects of serum factors in producing variable amounts of background inhibition or stimulation are also avoided. The modified assay is sensitive to 6 microgram/ml of aggregated IgG in neat serum.", "contents": "Serum factors influencing antibody-directed cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and their effects on the detection of immune complexes by inhibition of ADCC. An imporved assay system, using inhibition of ADCC, for the detection of 0.6 microgram/ml. of aggregated IgG in medium is described. Under these conditions, normal human serum is extremely inhibitory, this effect being attributed mainly to the weak binding of monomeric IgG. Enhancement of ADCC by albumin was also observed. Using this assay system without further modification, immune complexes may be detected in gel-fractionated sera by the distribution of the inhibitory material relative to the IgG peak. However, for routine use in the assay of untreated sera, a modification of the method is required. Preincubation of the spleen cells with the serum in the presence of EDTA, followed by a washing stage, reduces the background inhibition by normal sera to a low level. Effects of serum factors in producing variable amounts of background inhibition or stimulation are also avoided. The modified assay is sensitive to 6 microgram/ml of aggregated IgG in neat serum.", "PMID": 108202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8099", "title": "Estimation of the intravascular half-lives of normal rhesus monkey IgG, IgA and IgM.", "content": "Rhesus monkey IgG, IgA and IgM were purified from pooled normal serum and labelled with 125I. Four monkeys were injected intravenously with approximately 50 microgram of each purified immunoglobulin containing between 25 muCi and 50 muCi of 125I. Iodination was approximately 1 atom per 14 molecules of IgG and IgA and per 2.5 molecules of IgM. Samples of serum were taken for up to 22 days after injection and radioactivity compared with that in a sample taken within 30 min of injection. Sucrose density ultracentrifugation of serum samples revealed that in animals given IgG or IgA, radioactivity was associated with 7S protein peaks, and in animals given IgM radioactivity was associated predominantly with a 19S protein peak. Most of the radioactivity could be precipitated from serum samples with the appropriate monospecific antiserum. The mean half-life of rhesus monkey IgG was estimated as 8.3 days, IgA as 4.5 days and IgM as 4.7 days.", "contents": "Estimation of the intravascular half-lives of normal rhesus monkey IgG, IgA and IgM. Rhesus monkey IgG, IgA and IgM were purified from pooled normal serum and labelled with 125I. Four monkeys were injected intravenously with approximately 50 microgram of each purified immunoglobulin containing between 25 muCi and 50 muCi of 125I. Iodination was approximately 1 atom per 14 molecules of IgG and IgA and per 2.5 molecules of IgM. Samples of serum were taken for up to 22 days after injection and radioactivity compared with that in a sample taken within 30 min of injection. Sucrose density ultracentrifugation of serum samples revealed that in animals given IgG or IgA, radioactivity was associated with 7S protein peaks, and in animals given IgM radioactivity was associated predominantly with a 19S protein peak. Most of the radioactivity could be precipitated from serum samples with the appropriate monospecific antiserum. The mean half-life of rhesus monkey IgG was estimated as 8.3 days, IgA as 4.5 days and IgM as 4.7 days.", "PMID": 108203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8100", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus opsonization mediated via the classical and alternative complement pathways. A kinetic study using MgEGTA chelated serum and human sera deficient in IgG and complement factors C1s and C2.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus opsonization was studied kinetically by: (1) determination of the uptake of [3H]-thymidine labelled bacteria by human PMN's; (2) fluorescent anti-C3 and anti-IgG staining of opsonized bacteria; and (3) measuring bacterial complement consumption. Maximum opsonization in normal serum occurred within 5 min of incubation. About 80% of staphylococci were then taken up by PMN's, and IgG and C3b could be detected on the bacterial surface. In the absence of a functional classical complement pathway, as in sera deficient in C1s and C2 and in MgEGTA chelated serum, maximal opsonization was only achieved after 30--60 min incubation. Opsonization in IgG deficient serum occurred at a rate similar to that found in C2 deficient or MgEGTA chelated serum. Opsonization was greatly enhanced when sera were reconstituted. It was concluded that in IgG deficient serum Staphylococcus aureus opsonization is mediated via the alternative complement pathway. Dilution of normal serum primarily affected the classical complement pathway, resulting in a decreased rate of opsonization. In normal serum IgG did not appear to be a rate-limiting factor. S. Aureus opsonization was best studied by the phagocytosis assay and the fluorescent-antibody technique. Measuring haemolytic complement consumption was found to be an insensitive indicator of bacterial complement activation and opsonization.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus opsonization mediated via the classical and alternative complement pathways. A kinetic study using MgEGTA chelated serum and human sera deficient in IgG and complement factors C1s and C2. Staphylococcus aureus opsonization was studied kinetically by: (1) determination of the uptake of [3H]-thymidine labelled bacteria by human PMN's; (2) fluorescent anti-C3 and anti-IgG staining of opsonized bacteria; and (3) measuring bacterial complement consumption. Maximum opsonization in normal serum occurred within 5 min of incubation. About 80% of staphylococci were then taken up by PMN's, and IgG and C3b could be detected on the bacterial surface. In the absence of a functional classical complement pathway, as in sera deficient in C1s and C2 and in MgEGTA chelated serum, maximal opsonization was only achieved after 30--60 min incubation. Opsonization in IgG deficient serum occurred at a rate similar to that found in C2 deficient or MgEGTA chelated serum. Opsonization was greatly enhanced when sera were reconstituted. It was concluded that in IgG deficient serum Staphylococcus aureus opsonization is mediated via the alternative complement pathway. Dilution of normal serum primarily affected the classical complement pathway, resulting in a decreased rate of opsonization. In normal serum IgG did not appear to be a rate-limiting factor. S. Aureus opsonization was best studied by the phagocytosis assay and the fluorescent-antibody technique. Measuring haemolytic complement consumption was found to be an insensitive indicator of bacterial complement activation and opsonization.", "PMID": 108204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8101", "title": "Modification of the anti-tumour immune response by suppressor gene products of lymphoid cells.", "content": "Immunization of mice with BALB/c spleen cells leads to the production of effector lymphocytes which are cytostatic in in vitro assays to tumours of the same haplotype or carrying cross-reacting antigens. Immunization with B10.D2, a strain H-2 identical with BALB/c, does not generate cytostatic effector cells, nor does immunization with the F1 hybrids between B10.D2 and BALB/c. Analysis of the progeny of backcrosses of the F1 hybrids to BALB/c gave evidence that the suppressive effect of B10.D2 immunization is controlled by a single gene. Spleen cells from mice immunized with BALB/c or B10.D2 cultured in vitro with the corresponding stimulator cells yielded soluble factors in the supernatants that were respectively capable of amplifying or suppressing the in vitro cytostatic effect. Such experiments revealed that the inhibition of cytostasis caused by immunization with B10.D2 is not at the sensitization but at the effector phase of the assay. Possible mechanisms of action of this suppressor gene are discussed.", "contents": "Modification of the anti-tumour immune response by suppressor gene products of lymphoid cells. Immunization of mice with BALB/c spleen cells leads to the production of effector lymphocytes which are cytostatic in in vitro assays to tumours of the same haplotype or carrying cross-reacting antigens. Immunization with B10.D2, a strain H-2 identical with BALB/c, does not generate cytostatic effector cells, nor does immunization with the F1 hybrids between B10.D2 and BALB/c. Analysis of the progeny of backcrosses of the F1 hybrids to BALB/c gave evidence that the suppressive effect of B10.D2 immunization is controlled by a single gene. Spleen cells from mice immunized with BALB/c or B10.D2 cultured in vitro with the corresponding stimulator cells yielded soluble factors in the supernatants that were respectively capable of amplifying or suppressing the in vitro cytostatic effect. Such experiments revealed that the inhibition of cytostasis caused by immunization with B10.D2 is not at the sensitization but at the effector phase of the assay. Possible mechanisms of action of this suppressor gene are discussed.", "PMID": 108205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8102", "title": "Thrombocyte migration and the release of thrombocyte inhibitory factor (ThrIF) by T and B cells in the chicken.", "content": "The elaboration of various inhibitory factors by sensitized lymphocytes has been reported for both mammals and birds. Until recently, the ability of the B cell to elaborate these had been questioned by a number of investigators. We have demonstrated the release of a lymphocyte inhibitory factor from the avian thymus and bursal lymphocyte. The avian thrombocyte is active in haemostasis as well as being a phagocytic cell. We have demonstrated that the ability of the thrombocyte to migrate, significantly exceeded that of thymic lymphocytes. Sensitized T and B cells, as well as activated supernatants from these cells, were capable of inhibiting thrombocyte migration. Treatment of sensitized B cells with anti-T-cell serum plus complement failed to eliminate this cell's ability to block thrombocyte migration. These data attribute the capability of elaborating a thrombocyte migration inhibitory factor to both the avian thymic and bursal lymphocyte, and attribute a degree of maturity to these cells not previously demonstrated.", "contents": "Thrombocyte migration and the release of thrombocyte inhibitory factor (ThrIF) by T and B cells in the chicken. The elaboration of various inhibitory factors by sensitized lymphocytes has been reported for both mammals and birds. Until recently, the ability of the B cell to elaborate these had been questioned by a number of investigators. We have demonstrated the release of a lymphocyte inhibitory factor from the avian thymus and bursal lymphocyte. The avian thrombocyte is active in haemostasis as well as being a phagocytic cell. We have demonstrated that the ability of the thrombocyte to migrate, significantly exceeded that of thymic lymphocytes. Sensitized T and B cells, as well as activated supernatants from these cells, were capable of inhibiting thrombocyte migration. Treatment of sensitized B cells with anti-T-cell serum plus complement failed to eliminate this cell's ability to block thrombocyte migration. These data attribute the capability of elaborating a thrombocyte migration inhibitory factor to both the avian thymic and bursal lymphocyte, and attribute a degree of maturity to these cells not previously demonstrated.", "PMID": 108206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8103", "title": "Immune response to glutaraldehyde-treated cells. I. Dissociation of immunological memory and antibody production.", "content": "Glutaraldehyde (GA)-treated sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or H-2-allogeneic spleen cells (SC), induced immunological memory with absent or markedly reduced primary antibody production. In contrast, a normal secondary response was obtained when GA-SRBC or GA-SC were given to mice primed with the corresponding untreated antigens. The secondary response of mice primed and boosted with GA-treated cells was relatively high with GA-SRBC, and negative or very low with GA-SC. Morphological studies of the fate of intraperitoneally injected cells showed that endocytosed GA-SRBC persisted much longer in peritoneal macrophages than untreated SRBC. Simultaneous challenge of mice with untreated and GA-treated SRBC revealed that phagocytosis and digestion of both types of cells in the same macrophage proceeded independently of each other. The primary response of mice receiving both SRBC and GA-SRBC was entirely similar to the response when SRBC alone was given.", "contents": "Immune response to glutaraldehyde-treated cells. I. Dissociation of immunological memory and antibody production. Glutaraldehyde (GA)-treated sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or H-2-allogeneic spleen cells (SC), induced immunological memory with absent or markedly reduced primary antibody production. In contrast, a normal secondary response was obtained when GA-SRBC or GA-SC were given to mice primed with the corresponding untreated antigens. The secondary response of mice primed and boosted with GA-treated cells was relatively high with GA-SRBC, and negative or very low with GA-SC. Morphological studies of the fate of intraperitoneally injected cells showed that endocytosed GA-SRBC persisted much longer in peritoneal macrophages than untreated SRBC. Simultaneous challenge of mice with untreated and GA-treated SRBC revealed that phagocytosis and digestion of both types of cells in the same macrophage proceeded independently of each other. The primary response of mice receiving both SRBC and GA-SRBC was entirely similar to the response when SRBC alone was given.", "PMID": 108207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8104", "title": "The role of lactoferrin in the bactericidal function of polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "content": "Rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes contain the iron-binding protein lactoferrin, and can rapidly phagocytose and destroy Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The lactoferrin normally has a large unsaturated iron-binding capacity. If the cells are exposed to a ferritin-antibody complex, large amounts of this are phagocytosed and appear in the cytoplasmic granules and phagosomes. This leads to saturation of the cellular iron-binding protein with Fe. In these circumstances, the bactericidal power of the cells is greatly reduced with the result that some phagocytosed bacteria survive and eventually grow and destroy the cells. An apoferritin-antibody complex used as a control is also phagocytosed but has no effect on the bactericidal power of the cell. The results support the view that lactoferrin plays an essential role in the bactericidal power of the cell.", "contents": "The role of lactoferrin in the bactericidal function of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes contain the iron-binding protein lactoferrin, and can rapidly phagocytose and destroy Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The lactoferrin normally has a large unsaturated iron-binding capacity. If the cells are exposed to a ferritin-antibody complex, large amounts of this are phagocytosed and appear in the cytoplasmic granules and phagosomes. This leads to saturation of the cellular iron-binding protein with Fe. In these circumstances, the bactericidal power of the cells is greatly reduced with the result that some phagocytosed bacteria survive and eventually grow and destroy the cells. An apoferritin-antibody complex used as a control is also phagocytosed but has no effect on the bactericidal power of the cell. The results support the view that lactoferrin plays an essential role in the bactericidal power of the cell.", "PMID": 108208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8105", "title": "Genetic determination of the immune response in mice to cells of different histological type.", "content": "The intensity of the cellular immune response to strong transplantation antigens of the H-2 complex is related to the histological type of cells taken for immunization. Splenic cells from C3H mice immunized BALB/c mice better than cells of non-lymphoid origin from the same donor. The reverse was observed when, instead of BALB/c mice, C57B1/6 and A/He were used in immunization experiments. Analysis of the inheritance of this immunization pattern studied in mice of the first generation from various crosses between strains (BALB/c, C57B1/6 and A/He) and in mice from backcrosses has demonstrated that this immunization pattern is not inherited as a simple Mendelian character. Therefore, it could be supposed that efficiency of immunological control of cells having different histological types, may be genetically determined.", "contents": "Genetic determination of the immune response in mice to cells of different histological type. The intensity of the cellular immune response to strong transplantation antigens of the H-2 complex is related to the histological type of cells taken for immunization. Splenic cells from C3H mice immunized BALB/c mice better than cells of non-lymphoid origin from the same donor. The reverse was observed when, instead of BALB/c mice, C57B1/6 and A/He were used in immunization experiments. Analysis of the inheritance of this immunization pattern studied in mice of the first generation from various crosses between strains (BALB/c, C57B1/6 and A/He) and in mice from backcrosses has demonstrated that this immunization pattern is not inherited as a simple Mendelian character. Therefore, it could be supposed that efficiency of immunological control of cells having different histological types, may be genetically determined.", "PMID": 108209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8106", "title": "Comparative antibacterial activity of azlocillin, mezlocillin, carbenicillin and ticarcillin and relative stability to beta-lactamases of pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella aerogenes.", "content": "The antibacterial activities of two ureidopenicillins, azlocillin and mezlocillin, were compared with those of the alpha-carboxypenicillins, carbenicillin and ticarcillin, against a large number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. All four penicillins were active against a wide range of bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but there were differences in the antibacterial spectra and in the antibacterial effects demonstrated by the two classes of penicillins. In particular, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of azlocillin and mezlocillin against Klebsiella aerogenes and against P. aeruginosa were greatly influenced by the size of bacterial inoculum tested whereas there was no significant inoculum effect with carbenicillin and ticarcillin. In stability tests, the ureidopenicillins were inactivated rapidly by the beta-lactamases of K. aerogenes and P. aeruginosa whereas the alpha-carboxypenicillins were stable. It seems probable that the inoculum effect seen with azlocillin and mezlocillin in antibacterial tests with K. aerogenes and P. aeruginosa is associated with the instability of the compounds to the beta-lactamases of these bacteria.", "contents": "Comparative antibacterial activity of azlocillin, mezlocillin, carbenicillin and ticarcillin and relative stability to beta-lactamases of pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella aerogenes. The antibacterial activities of two ureidopenicillins, azlocillin and mezlocillin, were compared with those of the alpha-carboxypenicillins, carbenicillin and ticarcillin, against a large number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. All four penicillins were active against a wide range of bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but there were differences in the antibacterial spectra and in the antibacterial effects demonstrated by the two classes of penicillins. In particular, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of azlocillin and mezlocillin against Klebsiella aerogenes and against P. aeruginosa were greatly influenced by the size of bacterial inoculum tested whereas there was no significant inoculum effect with carbenicillin and ticarcillin. In stability tests, the ureidopenicillins were inactivated rapidly by the beta-lactamases of K. aerogenes and P. aeruginosa whereas the alpha-carboxypenicillins were stable. It seems probable that the inoculum effect seen with azlocillin and mezlocillin in antibacterial tests with K. aerogenes and P. aeruginosa is associated with the instability of the compounds to the beta-lactamases of these bacteria.", "PMID": 108220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8107", "title": "[Investigations on the aminoglycoside inactivating enzyme AAC-(6') IV (author's transl)].", "content": "In Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from clinical specimen acetyltransferase AAC-(6') IV leads to varying phaenotypically expressed resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. The substrate profile and the rate of inactivation of the enzymes investigated are almost identical with each other and with the enzyme of P. aeruginosa GN 315. The enzymes cannot be associated with R factors by the standard methods for  conjugation, transformation, density gradient centrifugation and agarose gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "[Investigations on the aminoglycoside inactivating enzyme AAC-(6') IV (author's transl)]. In Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from clinical specimen acetyltransferase AAC-(6') IV leads to varying phaenotypically expressed resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. The substrate profile and the rate of inactivation of the enzymes investigated are almost identical with each other and with the enzyme of P. aeruginosa GN 315. The enzymes cannot be associated with R factors by the standard methods for  conjugation, transformation, density gradient centrifugation and agarose gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 108221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8108", "title": "Antibiotic resistance in various medical services.", "content": "The analysis of differences in occurrence of antibiotic-resistant strains belonging to ten species of \"problem\" bacteria was performed by means of a computer program in more than 150,000 bacterial strains isolated in Slovakia in 1977. In all respects, strains isolated in general medical practice were considerably more sensitive to classical as well as to newer antibiotics. Marked differences in resistance within individual medical services could be a reflection of both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the use of a given antibiotic. Urological and surgical wards, and in some respects pediatric and infectious diseases services, rendered the highest percentage of strains resistant to various drugs. There are still several antibiotics which are effective in vitro against staphylococci, while gentamicin, collistin and cotrimoxazole are the only antibiotics displaying more general activity against gram-negative \"problem\" bacteria. Nevertheless, strains from general practice show a good response in vitro, even to older antibiotics, despite the fact that these have been widely used for decades in general practice.", "contents": "Antibiotic resistance in various medical services. The analysis of differences in occurrence of antibiotic-resistant strains belonging to ten species of \"problem\" bacteria was performed by means of a computer program in more than 150,000 bacterial strains isolated in Slovakia in 1977. In all respects, strains isolated in general medical practice were considerably more sensitive to classical as well as to newer antibiotics. Marked differences in resistance within individual medical services could be a reflection of both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the use of a given antibiotic. Urological and surgical wards, and in some respects pediatric and infectious diseases services, rendered the highest percentage of strains resistant to various drugs. There are still several antibiotics which are effective in vitro against staphylococci, while gentamicin, collistin and cotrimoxazole are the only antibiotics displaying more general activity against gram-negative \"problem\" bacteria. Nevertheless, strains from general practice show a good response in vitro, even to older antibiotics, despite the fact that these have been widely used for decades in general practice.", "PMID": 108222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8109", "title": "[Outbreaks and sporadic cases of enteritis due to pseudomonas aeruginosa in premature babies and infants (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1960 there were two outbreaks of mostly severe diarrhoea due to pseudomonas aeruginosa in the special nursery for premature infants and sick newborns of the Universit\u00e4ts-Kinderklinik M\u00fcnster/Westf. resp. Kinderklinik Offenbach/Main. In both cases a single strain of Ps. aeruginosa was isolated from patients with diarrhoea and symptom-free children. The clinical picture ranges from mild diarrhoea to severe enteritis with septicemia. The source of the strain found in the first outbreak was not identified. In the second case the causative strain could be isolated from the faeces of two nurses and also from various objects in the environment. Systemic antibiotic treatment is necessary in all cases, especially in premature infants, which were much more susceptible to serious infection than normal infants. Symptom-free children may be a potential danger because they can become carriers of the pathogenic organism in the nursery. After antibiotic treatment superinfections with Ps. aeruginosa should be recognised as a danger of faecal carriage. The problem of enteritis due to the so called facultative-pathogenic bacteria will be discussed. The best way to get clear information seemed to be by using the quantitative bacteriological analysis of faeces. In all cases of diarrhoea due to Ps. aeruginosa, systemic antibiotic therapy is indicated without any exception in spite of the potential danger of septicemia.", "contents": "[Outbreaks and sporadic cases of enteritis due to pseudomonas aeruginosa in premature babies and infants (author's transl)]. In 1960 there were two outbreaks of mostly severe diarrhoea due to pseudomonas aeruginosa in the special nursery for premature infants and sick newborns of the Universit\u00e4ts-Kinderklinik M\u00fcnster/Westf. resp. Kinderklinik Offenbach/Main. In both cases a single strain of Ps. aeruginosa was isolated from patients with diarrhoea and symptom-free children. The clinical picture ranges from mild diarrhoea to severe enteritis with septicemia. The source of the strain found in the first outbreak was not identified. In the second case the causative strain could be isolated from the faeces of two nurses and also from various objects in the environment. Systemic antibiotic treatment is necessary in all cases, especially in premature infants, which were much more susceptible to serious infection than normal infants. Symptom-free children may be a potential danger because they can become carriers of the pathogenic organism in the nursery. After antibiotic treatment superinfections with Ps. aeruginosa should be recognised as a danger of faecal carriage. The problem of enteritis due to the so called facultative-pathogenic bacteria will be discussed. The best way to get clear information seemed to be by using the quantitative bacteriological analysis of faeces. In all cases of diarrhoea due to Ps. aeruginosa, systemic antibiotic therapy is indicated without any exception in spite of the potential danger of septicemia.", "PMID": 108223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8110", "title": "Human T cell receptors for monkey erythrocytes.", "content": "To test the specificity of T cell receptors, erythrocytes and lymphocytes of man and rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and erythrocytes of sheep were mixed in four different combinations to observe the rosette formation. During the study, a major proportion of human T cells formed spontaneous rosettes with the erythrocytes of rhesus monkey. A small number of monkey lymphocytes formed rosettes with human group O Rh-negative cells while T cells both of man and rhesus monkey formed rosettes with sheep red blood cells.", "contents": "Human T cell receptors for monkey erythrocytes. To test the specificity of T cell receptors, erythrocytes and lymphocytes of man and rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and erythrocytes of sheep were mixed in four different combinations to observe the rosette formation. During the study, a major proportion of human T cells formed spontaneous rosettes with the erythrocytes of rhesus monkey. A small number of monkey lymphocytes formed rosettes with human group O Rh-negative cells while T cells both of man and rhesus monkey formed rosettes with sheep red blood cells.", "PMID": 108224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8111", "title": "IgE levels in nude mice.", "content": "IgE levels in nude mice were estimated by the one-step single radial radiodiffusion method antisera prepared by immunization of guinea pigs with an IgE-rich fraction obtained from sera of normal mice infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and immunized with DNP-ovalbumin in alum gel. 3 out of 8 nude mice had IgE levels significantly higher than those of normal mice.", "contents": "IgE levels in nude mice. IgE levels in nude mice were estimated by the one-step single radial radiodiffusion method antisera prepared by immunization of guinea pigs with an IgE-rich fraction obtained from sera of normal mice infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and immunized with DNP-ovalbumin in alum gel. 3 out of 8 nude mice had IgE levels significantly higher than those of normal mice.", "PMID": 108225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8112", "title": "Non-random duplication of chromosome 15 in murine T-cell leukemias induced in mice heterozygous for translocation T(14:15)6.", "content": "Trisomy of chromosome 15 is a highly regular feature of murine T-cell leukemogenesis. We have studied the chromosomal constitution of 7,12-dimethylbenza(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced T-cell leukemias in C57BL X CBAT6T6 F1 mice. The CBAT6T6-derived chromosome T(14:15)6 was regularly duplicated whereas the C57BL-derived normal chromosome 15 was only present in one copy. It was concluded that the gene(s) that tend to duplicate in parallel with the neoplastic transformation of the prothymocyte to an overt leukemic cell have a greater chance of duplicating and/or may have a stronger promoting effect on leukemogenesis if stronger promoting effect on leukemogenesis if located on the CBA-derived, structurally rearranged T(14:15)6 than the corresponding genes located on the C57BL-derived normal chromosome 15.", "contents": "Non-random duplication of chromosome 15 in murine T-cell leukemias induced in mice heterozygous for translocation T(14:15)6. Trisomy of chromosome 15 is a highly regular feature of murine T-cell leukemogenesis. We have studied the chromosomal constitution of 7,12-dimethylbenza(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced T-cell leukemias in C57BL X CBAT6T6 F1 mice. The CBAT6T6-derived chromosome T(14:15)6 was regularly duplicated whereas the C57BL-derived normal chromosome 15 was only present in one copy. It was concluded that the gene(s) that tend to duplicate in parallel with the neoplastic transformation of the prothymocyte to an overt leukemic cell have a greater chance of duplicating and/or may have a stronger promoting effect on leukemogenesis if stronger promoting effect on leukemogenesis if located on the CBA-derived, structurally rearranged T(14:15)6 than the corresponding genes located on the C57BL-derived normal chromosome 15.", "PMID": 108228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8113", "title": "Repair and late degeneration of the primate foveola after injury by argon laser.", "content": "Each foveola of nine rhesus monkey eyes was subjected to a single, mild, calibrated exposure from an argon laser (1 to 1.4 mW for 10 to 20 min). Observations from ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, and fluorescein angiography were correlated with light and electron microscopic studies. The ophthalmoscopic changes consisted of initial whitening and subsequent but persistent depigmentation of the foveola. Fluorescein angiography showed a pattern consistent with \"window defect\" of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In the first 6 months after injury, the pathologic changes consisted of initial vacuolar changes of the RPE, followed by persistent hypopigmentation and slow development of membranous bodies or lipoidal degeneration in these cells. Initial alteration and subsequent incomplete reformation of cone outer segments were also noted. In animals sacrificed 3 to 4 years after injury, separation of RPE from Bruch's membrane, with production of various abnormal basement membranes and intercellular cystoid changes in the overlying retina, was observed. The morphologic observations suggest that although the mildly injured epithelial cells may recover, they may develop functional incompetence at a later date, resulting in serous detachment of RPE and foveal (macular) edema.", "contents": "Repair and late degeneration of the primate foveola after injury by argon laser. Each foveola of nine rhesus monkey eyes was subjected to a single, mild, calibrated exposure from an argon laser (1 to 1.4 mW for 10 to 20 min). Observations from ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, and fluorescein angiography were correlated with light and electron microscopic studies. The ophthalmoscopic changes consisted of initial whitening and subsequent but persistent depigmentation of the foveola. Fluorescein angiography showed a pattern consistent with \"window defect\" of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In the first 6 months after injury, the pathologic changes consisted of initial vacuolar changes of the RPE, followed by persistent hypopigmentation and slow development of membranous bodies or lipoidal degeneration in these cells. Initial alteration and subsequent incomplete reformation of cone outer segments were also noted. In animals sacrificed 3 to 4 years after injury, separation of RPE from Bruch's membrane, with production of various abnormal basement membranes and intercellular cystoid changes in the overlying retina, was observed. The morphologic observations suggest that although the mildly injured epithelial cells may recover, they may develop functional incompetence at a later date, resulting in serous detachment of RPE and foveal (macular) edema.", "PMID": 108229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8114", "title": "The effects of short-term experimental strabismus on the visual system in Macaca mulatta.", "content": "Experimental esotropia was produced surgically in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) for brief periods of time. Electrophysiological studies of the visual cortex showed that esotropia of only 2 weeks duration in an infant monkey is sufficient to cause a marked shift of dominance in favor of the fixating eye and to virtually extinguish cortical neuronal responses from the esotropic eye. In the lateral geniculate nucleus cell (LGN), shrinkage of 6% to 8% occurred in the parvocellular layers connected with the esotropic eye, the magnocellular layers showing no changes. After the fixating eye had been sutured for 3 weeks, a complete reversal of the cortical physiology in favor of the esotropic eye occurred, whereas no recovery in cell size was observed in the LGN. Surgical realignment of an esotropic eye caused recovery of cortical neuronal responses from the formerly esotropic eye, but the number of binocularly responsive cells remained reduced.", "contents": "The effects of short-term experimental strabismus on the visual system in Macaca mulatta. Experimental esotropia was produced surgically in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) for brief periods of time. Electrophysiological studies of the visual cortex showed that esotropia of only 2 weeks duration in an infant monkey is sufficient to cause a marked shift of dominance in favor of the fixating eye and to virtually extinguish cortical neuronal responses from the esotropic eye. In the lateral geniculate nucleus cell (LGN), shrinkage of 6% to 8% occurred in the parvocellular layers connected with the esotropic eye, the magnocellular layers showing no changes. After the fixating eye had been sutured for 3 weeks, a complete reversal of the cortical physiology in favor of the esotropic eye occurred, whereas no recovery in cell size was observed in the LGN. Surgical realignment of an esotropic eye caused recovery of cortical neuronal responses from the formerly esotropic eye, but the number of binocularly responsive cells remained reduced.", "PMID": 108230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8115", "title": "Hydrolase activities in normoblasts of beta-thalassemic patients.", "content": "A  physiological role for glycosidases in cell membranes has been suggested. Therefore the activities of four glycosidases--beta-galactosidase, beta-glucoronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase--were examined in normoblasts and membranes of red blood cells (RBC). The enzymatic assays were based on the hydrolysis of fluorimetric 4-methylumbelliferone from the enzyme substrate. In order to avoid contamination by lysosomal activities derived from RBC, the mature RBC and normoblasts obtained from normal controls and thalassemic patients were separated from other blood elements by cellulose chromatography. The cells were disrupted and lysed by freezing and thawing hypotonic solution. Higher enzymatic activities were found in preparations from thalassemic patients than from normal subjects. With a sucrose density gradient, further separation of normoblasts from RBC membranes was obtained, indicating that the normoblast fraction contributed most of the high specific activity found in the thalassemic preparation. It was concluded that relatively high glycosidase activities are present in normoblasts of thalassemic patients. Lower but significant activities were detected in RBC membranes of normal control subjects and thalassemic patients.", "contents": "Hydrolase activities in normoblasts of beta-thalassemic patients. A  physiological role for glycosidases in cell membranes has been suggested. Therefore the activities of four glycosidases--beta-galactosidase, beta-glucoronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase--were examined in normoblasts and membranes of red blood cells (RBC). The enzymatic assays were based on the hydrolysis of fluorimetric 4-methylumbelliferone from the enzyme substrate. In order to avoid contamination by lysosomal activities derived from RBC, the mature RBC and normoblasts obtained from normal controls and thalassemic patients were separated from other blood elements by cellulose chromatography. The cells were disrupted and lysed by freezing and thawing hypotonic solution. Higher enzymatic activities were found in preparations from thalassemic patients than from normal subjects. With a sucrose density gradient, further separation of normoblasts from RBC membranes was obtained, indicating that the normoblast fraction contributed most of the high specific activity found in the thalassemic preparation. It was concluded that relatively high glycosidase activities are present in normoblasts of thalassemic patients. Lower but significant activities were detected in RBC membranes of normal control subjects and thalassemic patients.", "PMID": 108231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8116", "title": "In vitro phagocytosis of exogenous collagen by fibroblasts from the periodontal ligament: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "There have been numerous electron microscopic reports of apparent phagocytosis of collagen by fibroblasts and other cells in vivo. We have developed an in vitro system which, to the best of our knowledge, will permit for the first time the study of regulatory mechanisms governing phagocytosis and digestion of collagen fibres. Cells were cultured from explants of monkey periodontal ligament, subcultured, and grown to confluence in alpha-MEM plus 15% fetal calf serum plus antibiotics. The confluent cells were then cultured together with minced rat tail tendon collagen in alpha-MEM lacking proline, lysine, glycine and fetal calf serum for up to 7 days, after which they were processed for electron microscopy. Intracellular collagen profiles could be seen in cultured cells that were associated with exogenous collagen fibrils as early as 24 hours after addition of the collagen. Through electron microscopic examination of serial sections of the culture, we have demonstrated: (1) that fibroblasts can phagocytose collagen; (2) that the observed intracellular collagen is not the result of aggregation of endogenous synthesized collagen; (3) that it is not possible to base a decision as to whether a collagen fibril has been phagocytosed in whole or in part by the type of vesicle with which it is associated; (4) that cleavage of collagen into small pieces may not be a necessary prelude to its phagocytosis.", "contents": "In vitro phagocytosis of exogenous collagen by fibroblasts from the periodontal ligament: an electron microscopic study. There have been numerous electron microscopic reports of apparent phagocytosis of collagen by fibroblasts and other cells in vivo. We have developed an in vitro system which, to the best of our knowledge, will permit for the first time the study of regulatory mechanisms governing phagocytosis and digestion of collagen fibres. Cells were cultured from explants of monkey periodontal ligament, subcultured, and grown to confluence in alpha-MEM plus 15% fetal calf serum plus antibiotics. The confluent cells were then cultured together with minced rat tail tendon collagen in alpha-MEM lacking proline, lysine, glycine and fetal calf serum for up to 7 days, after which they were processed for electron microscopy. Intracellular collagen profiles could be seen in cultured cells that were associated with exogenous collagen fibrils as early as 24 hours after addition of the collagen. Through electron microscopic examination of serial sections of the culture, we have demonstrated: (1) that fibroblasts can phagocytose collagen; (2) that the observed intracellular collagen is not the result of aggregation of endogenous synthesized collagen; (3) that it is not possible to base a decision as to whether a collagen fibril has been phagocytosed in whole or in part by the type of vesicle with which it is associated; (4) that cleavage of collagen into small pieces may not be a necessary prelude to its phagocytosis.", "PMID": 108237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8117", "title": "Preparation and antibacterial activity upon Micrococcus luteus of derivatives of iturin A, mycosubtilin and bacillomycin L, antibiotics from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Methylated and acetylated derivatives of iturin A and mycosubtilin and methylated derivatives of bacillomycin L were prepared and their antibacterial activity on Micrococcus luteus was compared with the activity of the original substance. the results obtained show the importance of polar groups for the antibiotic activity of the substances of iturin group.", "contents": "Preparation and antibacterial activity upon Micrococcus luteus of derivatives of iturin A, mycosubtilin and bacillomycin L, antibiotics from Bacillus subtilis. Methylated and acetylated derivatives of iturin A and mycosubtilin and methylated derivatives of bacillomycin L were prepared and their antibacterial activity on Micrococcus luteus was compared with the activity of the original substance. the results obtained show the importance of polar groups for the antibiotic activity of the substances of iturin group.", "PMID": 108238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8118", "title": "Enzymatic deacylation of lipoteichoic acid by protoplasts of Streptococcus faecium (Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790).", "content": "High-molecular-weight, micellar lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was converted to a lower-molecular-weight, apparently deacylated polymer when the former was incubated in the presence of growing protoplasts of Streptococcus faecium (S. faecalis ATCC 9790), but not when incubated in fresh or spent protoplast medium. The mobility of the low-molecular-weight polymer upon agarose gel electrophoresis was indistinguishable from that of native extracellular lipoteichoic acid LTA(X) from this organism or from chemically deacylated LTA. Native LTA(X) was shown to contain less than one fatty acid equivalent per 18 LTA(X) molecules, in contrast to the 4:1 ratio of fatty acids to polyglycerolphosphate chains in micellar LTA.", "contents": "Enzymatic deacylation of lipoteichoic acid by protoplasts of Streptococcus faecium (Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790). High-molecular-weight, micellar lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was converted to a lower-molecular-weight, apparently deacylated polymer when the former was incubated in the presence of growing protoplasts of Streptococcus faecium (S. faecalis ATCC 9790), but not when incubated in fresh or spent protoplast medium. The mobility of the low-molecular-weight polymer upon agarose gel electrophoresis was indistinguishable from that of native extracellular lipoteichoic acid LTA(X) from this organism or from chemically deacylated LTA. Native LTA(X) was shown to contain less than one fatty acid equivalent per 18 LTA(X) molecules, in contrast to the 4:1 ratio of fatty acids to polyglycerolphosphate chains in micellar LTA.", "PMID": 108241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8119", "title": "Properties of the Bacillus subtilis spore coat.", "content": "About 70% of the protein in isolated Bacillus subtilis spore coats was solubilized by treatment with a combination of reducing and denaturing agents at alkaline pH. The residue, consisting primarily of protein, was insoluble in a variety of reagents. The soluble proteins were resolved into at least seven bands by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. About one-half of the total was four proteins of 8,000 to 12,000 daltons. These were relatively tyrosine rich, and one was a glycoprotein. There was also a cluster of proteins of about 40,000 daltons and two or three in the 20,000- to 25,000-dalton range. The insoluble fraction had an amino acid composition and N-terminal pattern of amino acids very similar to those of the soluble coat proteins. A major difference was the presence of considerable dityrosine in performic acid-oxidized preparations of insoluble coats. Coat antigen including a 60,000-dalton protein not present in extracts of mature spores was detected in extracts of sporulating cells by immunoprecipitation. This large antigen turned over in a pulse-chase experiment. Antibodies to either the array of 8,000- to 12,000-dalton coat polypeptides or to the larger coat proteins reacted with this 60,000-dalton species, suggesting a common precursor for many of the mature coat polypeptides. Spore coats seem to be assembled by processing of proteins and by secondary modifications including perhaps dityrosine formation for cross-linking.", "contents": "Properties of the Bacillus subtilis spore coat. About 70% of the protein in isolated Bacillus subtilis spore coats was solubilized by treatment with a combination of reducing and denaturing agents at alkaline pH. The residue, consisting primarily of protein, was insoluble in a variety of reagents. The soluble proteins were resolved into at least seven bands by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. About one-half of the total was four proteins of 8,000 to 12,000 daltons. These were relatively tyrosine rich, and one was a glycoprotein. There was also a cluster of proteins of about 40,000 daltons and two or three in the 20,000- to 25,000-dalton range. The insoluble fraction had an amino acid composition and N-terminal pattern of amino acids very similar to those of the soluble coat proteins. A major difference was the presence of considerable dityrosine in performic acid-oxidized preparations of insoluble coats. Coat antigen including a 60,000-dalton protein not present in extracts of mature spores was detected in extracts of sporulating cells by immunoprecipitation. This large antigen turned over in a pulse-chase experiment. Antibodies to either the array of 8,000- to 12,000-dalton coat polypeptides or to the larger coat proteins reacted with this 60,000-dalton species, suggesting a common precursor for many of the mature coat polypeptides. Spore coats seem to be assembled by processing of proteins and by secondary modifications including perhaps dityrosine formation for cross-linking.", "PMID": 108242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8120", "title": "Accumulation of iron by yersiniae.", "content": "Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium, and three species of yersiniae grew rapidly without significant production of soluble siderophores in a defined iron-sufficient medium (20 microM Fe3+). In iron-deficient medium (0.1 to 0.3 microM Fe3+) all organisms showed reduced growth, and there was extensive production of siderophores by E. coli and B. megaterium. Release of soluble siderophores by Yersinia pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, or Y. enterocolitica in this medium was not detected. Citrate (1 mM) inhibited growth of yersiniae in iron-deficient medium, indicating that the organisms lack an inducible Fe3+-citrate transport mechanism. Uptake of 59Fe3+ by all yersiniae was an energy-dependent saturable process, showing increased accumulation after adaptation to iron-deficient medium. Growth of Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica but not Y. pestis on iron-limited solid medium was enhanced to varying degrees by exogenous siderophores (desferal, schizokinen, aerobactin, and enterochelin). Only hemin (0.1 pmol) or a combination of inorganic iron plus protoporphyrin IX promoted growth of Y. pestis on agar rendered highly iron deficient with egg white conalbumin (10 microM). Growth of Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica was stimulated on this medium by Fe3+ or hemin. These results indicate that hemin can serve as a sole source of iron for yersiniae and that the organisms possess an efficient cell-bound transport system for Fe3+.", "contents": "Accumulation of iron by yersiniae. Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium, and three species of yersiniae grew rapidly without significant production of soluble siderophores in a defined iron-sufficient medium (20 microM Fe3+). In iron-deficient medium (0.1 to 0.3 microM Fe3+) all organisms showed reduced growth, and there was extensive production of siderophores by E. coli and B. megaterium. Release of soluble siderophores by Yersinia pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, or Y. enterocolitica in this medium was not detected. Citrate (1 mM) inhibited growth of yersiniae in iron-deficient medium, indicating that the organisms lack an inducible Fe3+-citrate transport mechanism. Uptake of 59Fe3+ by all yersiniae was an energy-dependent saturable process, showing increased accumulation after adaptation to iron-deficient medium. Growth of Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica but not Y. pestis on iron-limited solid medium was enhanced to varying degrees by exogenous siderophores (desferal, schizokinen, aerobactin, and enterochelin). Only hemin (0.1 pmol) or a combination of inorganic iron plus protoporphyrin IX promoted growth of Y. pestis on agar rendered highly iron deficient with egg white conalbumin (10 microM). Growth of Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica was stimulated on this medium by Fe3+ or hemin. These results indicate that hemin can serve as a sole source of iron for yersiniae and that the organisms possess an efficient cell-bound transport system for Fe3+.", "PMID": 108243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8121", "title": "Mechanism of folate transport in Lactobacillus casei: evidence for a component shared with the thiamine and biotin transport systems.", "content": "Lactobacillus casei cells have been shown previously to utilize two separate binding proteins for the transport of folate and thiamine. Folate transport, however, was found to be strongly inhibited by thiamine in spite of the fact that the folate-binding protein has no measurable affinity for thiamine. This inhibition, which did not fluctuate with intracellular adenosine triphosphate levels, occurred only in cells containing functional transport systems for both vitamins and was noncompetitive with folate but competitive with respect to the level of folate-binding protein. Folate uptake in cells containing optimally induced transport systems for both vitamins was inhibited by thiamine (1 to 10 muM) to a maximum of 45%; the latter value increased to 77% in cells that contained a progressively diminished folate transport system and a normal thiamine system. Cells preloaded with thiamine could transport folate at a normal rate, indicating that the inhibition resulted from the entry of thiamine rather than from its presence in the cell. In a similar fashion, folate (1 to 10 muM) did not interfere with the binding of thiamine to its transport protein, but inhibited thiamine transport (to a maximum of 25%). Competition also extended to biotin, whose transport was strongly inhibited (58% and 73%, respectively) by the simultaneous uptake of either folate or thiamine; biotin, however, had only a minimal effect on either folate or thiamine transport. The nicotinate transport system was unaffected by co-transport with folate, thiamine, or biotin. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the folate, thiamine, and biotin transport systems of L. casei each function via a specific binding protein, and that they require, in addition, a common component present in limiting amounts per cell. The latter may be a protein required for the coupling of energy to these transport processes.", "contents": "Mechanism of folate transport in Lactobacillus casei: evidence for a component shared with the thiamine and biotin transport systems. Lactobacillus casei cells have been shown previously to utilize two separate binding proteins for the transport of folate and thiamine. Folate transport, however, was found to be strongly inhibited by thiamine in spite of the fact that the folate-binding protein has no measurable affinity for thiamine. This inhibition, which did not fluctuate with intracellular adenosine triphosphate levels, occurred only in cells containing functional transport systems for both vitamins and was noncompetitive with folate but competitive with respect to the level of folate-binding protein. Folate uptake in cells containing optimally induced transport systems for both vitamins was inhibited by thiamine (1 to 10 muM) to a maximum of 45%; the latter value increased to 77% in cells that contained a progressively diminished folate transport system and a normal thiamine system. Cells preloaded with thiamine could transport folate at a normal rate, indicating that the inhibition resulted from the entry of thiamine rather than from its presence in the cell. In a similar fashion, folate (1 to 10 muM) did not interfere with the binding of thiamine to its transport protein, but inhibited thiamine transport (to a maximum of 25%). Competition also extended to biotin, whose transport was strongly inhibited (58% and 73%, respectively) by the simultaneous uptake of either folate or thiamine; biotin, however, had only a minimal effect on either folate or thiamine transport. The nicotinate transport system was unaffected by co-transport with folate, thiamine, or biotin. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the folate, thiamine, and biotin transport systems of L. casei each function via a specific binding protein, and that they require, in addition, a common component present in limiting amounts per cell. The latter may be a protein required for the coupling of energy to these transport processes.", "PMID": 108244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8122", "title": "Bacterial fusion assayed by a prophage complementation test.", "content": "In previous studies of bacterial protoplast fusion, only the frequencies of cell wall regeneration and of bacterial recombination were determined. In this work the frequency of the heterozygous fusion products is measured by prophage complementation. Two multiply marked nonsuppressing strains of Bacillus subtilis, each lysogenic for a different Sus mutant of the phage phi 105, were induced by mitomycin C, protoplasted, fused, and, after dilution in hypertonic broth, incubated until plating with phi 105-sensitive indicator bacteria. When cell lysis was avoided, the frequency of the heterozygous fused cells could be determined from the number of infectious centers produced. The very high frequencies observed are in good agreement with those determined directly, with nonlysogenic strains, by electron microscopic examination of the fused protoplasts (C. Frehel, A. M. Lheritier, C. Sanchez-Rivas, and P. Schaeffer, J. Bacteriol. 137:1354--1361, 1979). Evidence is presented that fusion occurs in two steps, one polyethylene glycol dependent, the other energy requiring. The bacterial growth medium affects the ability of the protoplasts to fuse and to regenerate a cell wall. When experiments using different growth media were compared, an inverse relationship between these abilities was observed, and a direct relationship appeared between the heterozygotes (corrected for wall regeneration) and the recombinant bacteria that were found.", "contents": "Bacterial fusion assayed by a prophage complementation test. In previous studies of bacterial protoplast fusion, only the frequencies of cell wall regeneration and of bacterial recombination were determined. In this work the frequency of the heterozygous fusion products is measured by prophage complementation. Two multiply marked nonsuppressing strains of Bacillus subtilis, each lysogenic for a different Sus mutant of the phage phi 105, were induced by mitomycin C, protoplasted, fused, and, after dilution in hypertonic broth, incubated until plating with phi 105-sensitive indicator bacteria. When cell lysis was avoided, the frequency of the heterozygous fused cells could be determined from the number of infectious centers produced. The very high frequencies observed are in good agreement with those determined directly, with nonlysogenic strains, by electron microscopic examination of the fused protoplasts (C. Frehel, A. M. Lheritier, C. Sanchez-Rivas, and P. Schaeffer, J. Bacteriol. 137:1354--1361, 1979). Evidence is presented that fusion occurs in two steps, one polyethylene glycol dependent, the other energy requiring. The bacterial growth medium affects the ability of the protoplasts to fuse and to regenerate a cell wall. When experiments using different growth media were compared, an inverse relationship between these abilities was observed, and a direct relationship appeared between the heterozygotes (corrected for wall regeneration) and the recombinant bacteria that were found.", "PMID": 108245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8123", "title": "Parameters governing bacterial regeneration and genetic recombination after fusion of Bacillus subtilis protoplasts.", "content": "Bacterial protoplast fusion, induced by polyethylene glycol, has been made more regular and convenient by further specification and improvement of various steps in the previously used procedure. These have made it possible to obtain regularly 100% regeneration of Bacillus subtilis cells from protoplasts before treatment with polyethylene glycol and yields of 10 to 75% from polyethylene glycol-treated protoplasts. Genetic recombination frequencies do not increase correspondingly. Also, when regeneration is reduced by various experimental conditions, recombination does not decrease in proportion. It is concluded that regeneration of recombinant-forming cells is independently determined and not closely related to the average regeneration for the population. Kinetic studies with varying individual parental or total protoplast concentrations strongly indicate that protoplast collision and contact is not the limiting factor determining the number of genetic recombinants obtained. Recombination approximates a linear, rather than quadratic, function of the total or of the majority protoplast population present, from which it is concluded that fusion events are always adequate to produce substantially more potential recombinants than are registered. The strong effect of the majority/minority ratio upon the number of minority cells that become recombinant is independent of which parent is in excess. This shows in a direct and physiological way that both parents are equivalent partners in their genetic contributions.", "contents": "Parameters governing bacterial regeneration and genetic recombination after fusion of Bacillus subtilis protoplasts. Bacterial protoplast fusion, induced by polyethylene glycol, has been made more regular and convenient by further specification and improvement of various steps in the previously used procedure. These have made it possible to obtain regularly 100% regeneration of Bacillus subtilis cells from protoplasts before treatment with polyethylene glycol and yields of 10 to 75% from polyethylene glycol-treated protoplasts. Genetic recombination frequencies do not increase correspondingly. Also, when regeneration is reduced by various experimental conditions, recombination does not decrease in proportion. It is concluded that regeneration of recombinant-forming cells is independently determined and not closely related to the average regeneration for the population. Kinetic studies with varying individual parental or total protoplast concentrations strongly indicate that protoplast collision and contact is not the limiting factor determining the number of genetic recombinants obtained. Recombination approximates a linear, rather than quadratic, function of the total or of the majority protoplast population present, from which it is concluded that fusion events are always adequate to produce substantially more potential recombinants than are registered. The strong effect of the majority/minority ratio upon the number of minority cells that become recombinant is independent of which parent is in excess. This shows in a direct and physiological way that both parents are equivalent partners in their genetic contributions.", "PMID": 108246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8124", "title": "Electron microscopic study of Bacillus subtilis protoplast fusion.", "content": "When protoplasts derived from sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis were fused by exposure to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and fixed immediately thereafter, protoplasts with two enclosed prespores could be seen by electron microscope. The number of fusion events was greatly increased, and multiply fused protoplasts appeared, when the PEG-treated suspension was diluted in hypertonic broth and reincubated before fixation. This post-PEG incubation effect is taken to indicate a fusion mechanism of two steps: a short, PEG-dependent step of membrane activation, followed by a slow, metabolism-requiring step completing fusion. When prespore-bearing protoplasts from two genetically different strains were mixed and fused, the extent of fusion could also be followed by counting clones of recombinant bacteria. Maximal from the start, their number (1% of each parent type protoplast present) was unaffected by post-PEG incubation. Fusion in this case is apparently completed after plating on the wall-regeneration medium. After optimal post-PEG incubation, the majority of the protoplasts were seen to participate in fusion, and the cytological fusion observed, corrected for wall-regeneration frequency, accounted quantitatively for the prototrophic bacteria eventually recovered. These results are in good agreement with those obtained independently by Sanchez-Rivas and Garro (J. Bacteriol. 137:1340--1345, 1979).", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of Bacillus subtilis protoplast fusion. When protoplasts derived from sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis were fused by exposure to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and fixed immediately thereafter, protoplasts with two enclosed prespores could be seen by electron microscope. The number of fusion events was greatly increased, and multiply fused protoplasts appeared, when the PEG-treated suspension was diluted in hypertonic broth and reincubated before fixation. This post-PEG incubation effect is taken to indicate a fusion mechanism of two steps: a short, PEG-dependent step of membrane activation, followed by a slow, metabolism-requiring step completing fusion. When prespore-bearing protoplasts from two genetically different strains were mixed and fused, the extent of fusion could also be followed by counting clones of recombinant bacteria. Maximal from the start, their number (1% of each parent type protoplast present) was unaffected by post-PEG incubation. Fusion in this case is apparently completed after plating on the wall-regeneration medium. After optimal post-PEG incubation, the majority of the protoplasts were seen to participate in fusion, and the cytological fusion observed, corrected for wall-regeneration frequency, accounted quantitatively for the prototrophic bacteria eventually recovered. These results are in good agreement with those obtained independently by Sanchez-Rivas and Garro (J. Bacteriol. 137:1340--1345, 1979).", "PMID": 108247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8125", "title": "Electron microscope study of the rod-to-coccus shape change in a temperature-sensitive rod- mutant of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The changes in cell morphology of Bacillus subtilis rodB during a temperature shift from 20 to 42 degrees C, in the absence of added anions, are described. At 20 degrees C the organisms grow as rods but gradually become spherical in shape when placed at 42 degrees C. The shape change is initiated by an increase in diameter at the cell equator, resulting in a bulged morphology, which is further modified to the morphology of a coccus. This change may involve a modification of the pattern of normal cylindrical extension such that incorporation of newly synthesized wall leads only to increase in diameter, perhaps from a growth zone of limited extent. The pattern of surface growth was followed by reconstructing the sequence of cross wall formation and pole construction in rods grown at 20 degrees C and in organisms incubated at 42 degrees C for 75 and 150 min. In thin section, wall forming the septum and nascent poles can be distinguished from the surface distal to the division site by the presence of raised tears, perhaps analogous to the wall bands of streptococci. By using an analog rotation technique involving the three-dimensional reconstruction of cells by mathematical rotation of axial thin sections about their longitudinal axis, it is shown that the proportion of septal wall increases during the shape change. In the coccal forms, all surface growth may arise from septal growth sites.", "contents": "Electron microscope study of the rod-to-coccus shape change in a temperature-sensitive rod- mutant of Bacillus subtilis. The changes in cell morphology of Bacillus subtilis rodB during a temperature shift from 20 to 42 degrees C, in the absence of added anions, are described. At 20 degrees C the organisms grow as rods but gradually become spherical in shape when placed at 42 degrees C. The shape change is initiated by an increase in diameter at the cell equator, resulting in a bulged morphology, which is further modified to the morphology of a coccus. This change may involve a modification of the pattern of normal cylindrical extension such that incorporation of newly synthesized wall leads only to increase in diameter, perhaps from a growth zone of limited extent. The pattern of surface growth was followed by reconstructing the sequence of cross wall formation and pole construction in rods grown at 20 degrees C and in organisms incubated at 42 degrees C for 75 and 150 min. In thin section, wall forming the septum and nascent poles can be distinguished from the surface distal to the division site by the presence of raised tears, perhaps analogous to the wall bands of streptococci. By using an analog rotation technique involving the three-dimensional reconstruction of cells by mathematical rotation of axial thin sections about their longitudinal axis, it is shown that the proportion of septal wall increases during the shape change. In the coccal forms, all surface growth may arise from septal growth sites.", "PMID": 108248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8126", "title": "Change from homo- to heterolactic fermentation by Streptococcus lactis resulting from glucose limitation in anaerobic chemostat cultures.", "content": "Lactic streptococci, classically regarded as homolactic fermenters of glucose and lactose, became heterolactic when grown with limiting carbohydrate concentrations in a chemostat. At high dilution rates (D) with excess glucose present, about 95% of the fermented sugar was converted to l-lactate. However, as D was lowered and glucose became limiting, five of the six strains tested changed to a heterolactic fermentation such that at D = 0.1 h(-1) as little as 1% of the glucose was converted to l-lactate. The products formed after this phenotypic change in fermentation pattern were formate, acetate, and ethanol. The level of lactate dehydrogenase, which is dependent upon ketohexose diphosphate for activity, decreased as fermentation became heterolactic with Streptococcus lactis ML(3). Transfer of heterolactic cells from the chemostat to buffer containing glucose resulted in the nongrowing cells converting nearly 80% of the glucose to l-lactate, indicating that fine control of enzyme activity is an important factor in the fermentation change. These nongrowing cells metabolizing glucose had elevated (ca. twofold) intracellular fructose 1,6-diphosphate concentrations ([FDP](in)) compared with those in the glucose-limited heterolactic cells in the chemostat. [FDP](in) was monitored during the change in fermentation pattern observed in the chemostat when glucose became limiting. Cells converting 95 and 1% of the glucose to l-lactate contained 25 and 10 mM [FDP](in), respectively. It is suggested that factors involved in the change to heterolactic fermentation include both [FDP](in) and the level of lactate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Change from homo- to heterolactic fermentation by Streptococcus lactis resulting from glucose limitation in anaerobic chemostat cultures. Lactic streptococci, classically regarded as homolactic fermenters of glucose and lactose, became heterolactic when grown with limiting carbohydrate concentrations in a chemostat. At high dilution rates (D) with excess glucose present, about 95% of the fermented sugar was converted to l-lactate. However, as D was lowered and glucose became limiting, five of the six strains tested changed to a heterolactic fermentation such that at D = 0.1 h(-1) as little as 1% of the glucose was converted to l-lactate. The products formed after this phenotypic change in fermentation pattern were formate, acetate, and ethanol. The level of lactate dehydrogenase, which is dependent upon ketohexose diphosphate for activity, decreased as fermentation became heterolactic with Streptococcus lactis ML(3). Transfer of heterolactic cells from the chemostat to buffer containing glucose resulted in the nongrowing cells converting nearly 80% of the glucose to l-lactate, indicating that fine control of enzyme activity is an important factor in the fermentation change. These nongrowing cells metabolizing glucose had elevated (ca. twofold) intracellular fructose 1,6-diphosphate concentrations ([FDP](in)) compared with those in the glucose-limited heterolactic cells in the chemostat. [FDP](in) was monitored during the change in fermentation pattern observed in the chemostat when glucose became limiting. Cells converting 95 and 1% of the glucose to l-lactate contained 25 and 10 mM [FDP](in), respectively. It is suggested that factors involved in the change to heterolactic fermentation include both [FDP](in) and the level of lactate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 108249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8127", "title": "Influence of iron on yields of extracellular products in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures.", "content": "The effect of the iron content of the medium on the yields of extracellular products by seven distinct strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined. All strains showed at least an 85% decrease in toxin A yields when grown in medium containing 5.0 mug of iron per ml (high iron) as compared to 0.05 mug/ml (low iron), whereas bacterial growth increased approximately twofold. During the course of examining extracellular products produced by P. aeruginosa, we found many strains that produced an extracellular factor which agglutinated erythrocytes. This hemagglutinin was nondialyzable, heat stable, and resistant to Pronase and trypsin. The effect of iron on extracellular yields of hemagglutinin was strain dependent; four of seven strains showed decreases in hemagglutinin yields in high-iron medium. Similarly, the effect of increasing the iron concentration of the growth medium on yields of total extracellular proteases or on elastase was strain dependent. The amount of total extracellular protein was decreased by at least 31% in the high-iron medium for all strains of P. aeruginosa examined. Detailed studies on one strain (WR-9) showed that, in the presence of increasing amounts of iron in the medium, the extracellular yields of toxin A, protease, and hemagglutinin were decreased in a similar manner. In addition, the kinetics of release of these extracellular products were similar at a given iron concentration. Thus it appears that the yields of other extracellular products of P. aeruginosa besides toxin A are influenced by the concentration of iron in the growth medium.", "contents": "Influence of iron on yields of extracellular products in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures. The effect of the iron content of the medium on the yields of extracellular products by seven distinct strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined. All strains showed at least an 85% decrease in toxin A yields when grown in medium containing 5.0 mug of iron per ml (high iron) as compared to 0.05 mug/ml (low iron), whereas bacterial growth increased approximately twofold. During the course of examining extracellular products produced by P. aeruginosa, we found many strains that produced an extracellular factor which agglutinated erythrocytes. This hemagglutinin was nondialyzable, heat stable, and resistant to Pronase and trypsin. The effect of iron on extracellular yields of hemagglutinin was strain dependent; four of seven strains showed decreases in hemagglutinin yields in high-iron medium. Similarly, the effect of increasing the iron concentration of the growth medium on yields of total extracellular proteases or on elastase was strain dependent. The amount of total extracellular protein was decreased by at least 31% in the high-iron medium for all strains of P. aeruginosa examined. Detailed studies on one strain (WR-9) showed that, in the presence of increasing amounts of iron in the medium, the extracellular yields of toxin A, protease, and hemagglutinin were decreased in a similar manner. In addition, the kinetics of release of these extracellular products were similar at a given iron concentration. Thus it appears that the yields of other extracellular products of P. aeruginosa besides toxin A are influenced by the concentration of iron in the growth medium.", "PMID": 108250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8128", "title": "Isolation and characterization of bacterial flagellar hook proteins from salmonellae and Escherichia coli.", "content": "Flagellar hook proteins from Salmonella and Escherichia coli were dissociated in acid and purified by diethylamino-ethyl-cellulose column chromatography. These two proteins had the same electrophoretic mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. However, analytical electrofocusing patterns showed that these proteins had different isoelectric points (4.7 for Salmonella typhimurium and 4.4 for E. coli). Immunodiffusion and immuno-electron microscopy carried out with antisera prepared against purified hook proteins from S. typhimurium and E. coli showed that these antisera reacted with both hooks. Affinity chromatography allowed separation of antibodies specific for hook proteins from each bacterial species. These results indicate that the hook proteins share common antigenic determinants as well as specific antigens, although the specificity is not quantitatively resolved. From comparisons of the amino acid composition of the hook proteins and flagellins, it was concluded that the differences between flagellins from S. typhimurium and E. coli were larger than those between hook proteins from these species.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of bacterial flagellar hook proteins from salmonellae and Escherichia coli. Flagellar hook proteins from Salmonella and Escherichia coli were dissociated in acid and purified by diethylamino-ethyl-cellulose column chromatography. These two proteins had the same electrophoretic mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. However, analytical electrofocusing patterns showed that these proteins had different isoelectric points (4.7 for Salmonella typhimurium and 4.4 for E. coli). Immunodiffusion and immuno-electron microscopy carried out with antisera prepared against purified hook proteins from S. typhimurium and E. coli showed that these antisera reacted with both hooks. Affinity chromatography allowed separation of antibodies specific for hook proteins from each bacterial species. These results indicate that the hook proteins share common antigenic determinants as well as specific antigens, although the specificity is not quantitatively resolved. From comparisons of the amino acid composition of the hook proteins and flagellins, it was concluded that the differences between flagellins from S. typhimurium and E. coli were larger than those between hook proteins from these species.", "PMID": 108251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8129", "title": "Detection of FP plasmids in hospital isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A simple method of detection of FP plasmids with chromosome-mobilizing ability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been developed.", "contents": "Detection of FP plasmids in hospital isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A simple method of detection of FP plasmids with chromosome-mobilizing ability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been developed.", "PMID": 108252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8130", "title": "Modulation of gene expression by drugs affecting deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase.", "content": "Nalidixic acid (Nal), a drug which affects deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase activity, inhibits the expression of catabolite-sensitive genes: the three maltose operons, the lactose and galactose operons, and the tryptophanase gene. A correlation between the degree of sensitivity to Nal and that to catabolite repression has been observed. The expression of the threonine and tryptophan operons, insensitive to catabolite repression, is insensitive to Nal. The expression of the lacZ gene under the control of the IQ promoter is activated by Nal. Strains carrying a mutation in the nalA locus are resistant to these effects. Novobiocin, which inhibits the negative supercoiling activity of deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase, affects expression of the operons similarly to Nal. The involvement of promoters in Nal and novobiocin action, as well as a possible role of in vivo negative supercoiling in the selectivity of gene expression, are discussed.", "contents": "Modulation of gene expression by drugs affecting deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase. Nalidixic acid (Nal), a drug which affects deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase activity, inhibits the expression of catabolite-sensitive genes: the three maltose operons, the lactose and galactose operons, and the tryptophanase gene. A correlation between the degree of sensitivity to Nal and that to catabolite repression has been observed. The expression of the threonine and tryptophan operons, insensitive to catabolite repression, is insensitive to Nal. The expression of the lacZ gene under the control of the IQ promoter is activated by Nal. Strains carrying a mutation in the nalA locus are resistant to these effects. Novobiocin, which inhibits the negative supercoiling activity of deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase, affects expression of the operons similarly to Nal. The involvement of promoters in Nal and novobiocin action, as well as a possible role of in vivo negative supercoiling in the selectivity of gene expression, are discussed.", "PMID": 108253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8131", "title": "Specific inhibition of outgrowth of Bacillus subtilis spores by novobiocin.", "content": "Spores of a Bacillus subtilis mutant temperature sensitive in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication proceeded through outgrowth at the nonpermissive temperature to the same extent as the wild-type parent spores. In contrast, the DNA synthesis inhibitor novobiocin completely prevented spore outgrowth while displaying a marginal effect on logarithmic growth during one generation time. Inhibition of outgrowth by novobiocin occurred in the absence of DNA replication, as demonstrated in an experiment with spores of the temperature-sensitive DNA synthesis mutant at the restrictive temperature. Novobiocin inhibited the initial rate of ribonucleic acid synthesis to the same extent in germinated spores and in exponentially growing cells. A novobiocin-resistant mutant underwent normal outgrowth in the presence of novobiocin. Therefore, novobiocin inhibition was independent of its effect on chromosome replication per se.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of outgrowth of Bacillus subtilis spores by novobiocin. Spores of a Bacillus subtilis mutant temperature sensitive in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication proceeded through outgrowth at the nonpermissive temperature to the same extent as the wild-type parent spores. In contrast, the DNA synthesis inhibitor novobiocin completely prevented spore outgrowth while displaying a marginal effect on logarithmic growth during one generation time. Inhibition of outgrowth by novobiocin occurred in the absence of DNA replication, as demonstrated in an experiment with spores of the temperature-sensitive DNA synthesis mutant at the restrictive temperature. Novobiocin inhibited the initial rate of ribonucleic acid synthesis to the same extent in germinated spores and in exponentially growing cells. A novobiocin-resistant mutant underwent normal outgrowth in the presence of novobiocin. Therefore, novobiocin inhibition was independent of its effect on chromosome replication per se.", "PMID": 108254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8132", "title": "Metabolism of pyrimidine bases and nucleosides in Neisseria meningitidis.", "content": "In Neisseria meningitidis, uridine, deoxyuridine, cytosine, cytidine, or deoxycytidine could not be used by uracil-requiring mutants as pyrimidine sources. Consistent with these findings, only 5-fluorouracil of the different fluoropyrimidine bases and nucleosides showed any inhibitory effect on the growth of four prototrophic strains of N. meningitidis. Likewise, only radioactive uracil was readily incorporated into nucleic acids, whereas uptake of radioactive uridine, cytosine, or cytidine could not be demonstrated. Uracil was converted to uridine 5'-monophosphate by uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, whereas enzyme activities for conversion of cytosine or any of the nucleosides were not detectable in meningococcal extracts.", "contents": "Metabolism of pyrimidine bases and nucleosides in Neisseria meningitidis. In Neisseria meningitidis, uridine, deoxyuridine, cytosine, cytidine, or deoxycytidine could not be used by uracil-requiring mutants as pyrimidine sources. Consistent with these findings, only 5-fluorouracil of the different fluoropyrimidine bases and nucleosides showed any inhibitory effect on the growth of four prototrophic strains of N. meningitidis. Likewise, only radioactive uracil was readily incorporated into nucleic acids, whereas uptake of radioactive uridine, cytosine, or cytidine could not be demonstrated. Uracil was converted to uridine 5'-monophosphate by uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, whereas enzyme activities for conversion of cytosine or any of the nucleosides were not detectable in meningococcal extracts.", "PMID": 108255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8133", "title": "Export of extracellular levansucrase by Bacillus subtilis: inhibition by cerulenin and quinacrine.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis B secretes an inducible, extracellular enzyme, levansucrase. Inhibition studies were undertaken to investigate the possible mechanism of release of this enzyme. The antibiotic cerulenin, at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml, totally inhibited de novo lipid synthesis in B. subtilis B for at least 1 h, while only slightly reducing protein and RNA synthesis. At this concentration cerulenin, added concomitantly with the inducer sucrose, prevented the release of levansucrase for at least 150 min. This was not due to the prevention of inducer uptake by the cells. The release of the enzyme was also independent of cell division. In B. subtilis 1007 the induction of beta-galactosidase by 5 mM lactose was not prevented by cerulenin. Preliminary evidence indicated the association of a lipid moiety with the enzyme as it passes through the cytoplasmic membrane. Quinacrine (0.2 mM), which inhibits the penicillinase-releasing protease of Bacillus licheniformis, inhibited levansucrase release from B. subtilis B, but had no effect on lipid synthesis.", "contents": "Export of extracellular levansucrase by Bacillus subtilis: inhibition by cerulenin and quinacrine. Bacillus subtilis B secretes an inducible, extracellular enzyme, levansucrase. Inhibition studies were undertaken to investigate the possible mechanism of release of this enzyme. The antibiotic cerulenin, at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml, totally inhibited de novo lipid synthesis in B. subtilis B for at least 1 h, while only slightly reducing protein and RNA synthesis. At this concentration cerulenin, added concomitantly with the inducer sucrose, prevented the release of levansucrase for at least 150 min. This was not due to the prevention of inducer uptake by the cells. The release of the enzyme was also independent of cell division. In B. subtilis 1007 the induction of beta-galactosidase by 5 mM lactose was not prevented by cerulenin. Preliminary evidence indicated the association of a lipid moiety with the enzyme as it passes through the cytoplasmic membrane. Quinacrine (0.2 mM), which inhibits the penicillinase-releasing protease of Bacillus licheniformis, inhibited levansucrase release from B. subtilis B, but had no effect on lipid synthesis.", "PMID": 108256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8134", "title": "Purification and characterization of smooth and rough lipopolysaccharides from Brucella abortus.", "content": "In an attempt to obtain pure and well characterized smooth lipopolysaccharide (S-LPS) and rough lipopolysaccharide (R-LPS), smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus were extracted by two different modifications of the phenol-water method. S-LPS was obtained in the phenol phase, and R-LPS was obtained in the aqueous phase. Further purification was accomplished by treatment with enzymes, detergents, NaI as a chaotropic agent to separate non-covalently bound contaminants, and by gel filtration. The degree of purity of the molecules was determined by chemical and immunological analysis and by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Lipid identification by gas-liquid chromatography showed seven major fatty acids. Palmitic acid accounts for about 50%, stearic acid accounts for about 10%, and hydroxylated fatty acids account for less than 5% of total fatty acids. 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctonate but not heptose was detected in the sugar analysis. Protein was found to be firmly bound to S-LPS but not to R-LPS.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of smooth and rough lipopolysaccharides from Brucella abortus. In an attempt to obtain pure and well characterized smooth lipopolysaccharide (S-LPS) and rough lipopolysaccharide (R-LPS), smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus were extracted by two different modifications of the phenol-water method. S-LPS was obtained in the phenol phase, and R-LPS was obtained in the aqueous phase. Further purification was accomplished by treatment with enzymes, detergents, NaI as a chaotropic agent to separate non-covalently bound contaminants, and by gel filtration. The degree of purity of the molecules was determined by chemical and immunological analysis and by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Lipid identification by gas-liquid chromatography showed seven major fatty acids. Palmitic acid accounts for about 50%, stearic acid accounts for about 10%, and hydroxylated fatty acids account for less than 5% of total fatty acids. 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctonate but not heptose was detected in the sugar analysis. Protein was found to be firmly bound to S-LPS but not to R-LPS.", "PMID": 108257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8135", "title": "Characterization of a succinate dehydrogenase complex solubilized from the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacillus subtilis with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100.", "content": "A succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) complex has been purified from Triton X-100-solubilized membranes from Bacillus subtilis by precipitation with specific antibody. Radioactively labeled precipitated complex was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography of the gels. The complex contained equimolar amounts of three polypeptides with approximate molecular weights of 65,000, 28,000, and 19,000. Five succinic dehydrogenase-negative mutants, belonging to the citF group, contained the 65,000-dalton polypeptide in a soluble form in the cytoplasm. Each 65,000-dalton polypeptide had about one molecule of flavin bound. Another citF mutant, citF11, which lacks the 65,000-dalton polypeptide, contained a membrane-bound 28,000-dalton polypeptide. The wild-type succinic dehydrogenase complex contained cytochrome, probably a cytochrome b. The 19,000-dalton polypeptide is suggested to represent the apoprotein of this cytochrome. The 65,000-dalton and the 28,000-dalton polypeptides are thought to constitute succinic dehydrogenase and to correspond to the flavoprotein and the ironprotein, respectively, as described for succinic dehydrogenase isolated from beef heart mitochondria or Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores. The results presented suggest that in B. subtilis succinic dehydrogenase is attached to a cytochrome b in the membrane via the 28,000-dalton (ironprotein) polypeptide.", "contents": "Characterization of a succinate dehydrogenase complex solubilized from the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacillus subtilis with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. A succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) complex has been purified from Triton X-100-solubilized membranes from Bacillus subtilis by precipitation with specific antibody. Radioactively labeled precipitated complex was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography of the gels. The complex contained equimolar amounts of three polypeptides with approximate molecular weights of 65,000, 28,000, and 19,000. Five succinic dehydrogenase-negative mutants, belonging to the citF group, contained the 65,000-dalton polypeptide in a soluble form in the cytoplasm. Each 65,000-dalton polypeptide had about one molecule of flavin bound. Another citF mutant, citF11, which lacks the 65,000-dalton polypeptide, contained a membrane-bound 28,000-dalton polypeptide. The wild-type succinic dehydrogenase complex contained cytochrome, probably a cytochrome b. The 19,000-dalton polypeptide is suggested to represent the apoprotein of this cytochrome. The 65,000-dalton and the 28,000-dalton polypeptides are thought to constitute succinic dehydrogenase and to correspond to the flavoprotein and the ironprotein, respectively, as described for succinic dehydrogenase isolated from beef heart mitochondria or Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores. The results presented suggest that in B. subtilis succinic dehydrogenase is attached to a cytochrome b in the membrane via the 28,000-dalton (ironprotein) polypeptide.", "PMID": 108258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8136", "title": "Role of heme in synthesis and membrane binding of succinic dehydrogenase in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A 5-aminolevulinic acid-requiring mutant of Bacillus subtilis was isolated. When the mutant is shifted from medium containing 5-aminolevulinic acid to medium lacking this growth factor, the bacteria continued to grow at undiminished rate for about three generations. The membranes from these bacteria contained severely reduced amounts of cytochrome. The mutant was used to study the role of heme synthesis on synthesis and membrane binding of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH). The amount of SDH in whole-cell lysates in the soluble cytoplasmic fraction and in membranes was determined by one-dimensional (rocket) immunoelectrophoresis with an SDH-specific antiserum. After heme synthesis was blocked, the relative amount of SDH in the membrane decreased, whereas increasing amounts of SDH antigen were found in the cytoplasm. When heme synthesis was resumed on readdition of 5-aminolevulinic acid, the amount of membrane-bound SDH antigen increased at a much faster rate than net synthesis. During a 3-h growth period without 5-aminolevulinic acid, there was little change in the pattern of membrane proteins as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of radioactively labeled membranes, as compared to membranes from control cultures. However, both the 65,000-dalton and the 28,000-dalton polypeptides of the SDH complex (L. Hederstedt, E. Holmgren, and L. Rutberg, J. Bacteriol. 138:370-376, 1979) were present in decreasing amounts in membranes from 5-aminolevulinic acid-starved bacteria. From these results we suggest that SDH in B. subtilis is synthesized as a soluble protein and becomes membrane bound only when it attaches to a site in the membrane, (part of) which is a cytochrome of b type.", "contents": "Role of heme in synthesis and membrane binding of succinic dehydrogenase in Bacillus subtilis. A 5-aminolevulinic acid-requiring mutant of Bacillus subtilis was isolated. When the mutant is shifted from medium containing 5-aminolevulinic acid to medium lacking this growth factor, the bacteria continued to grow at undiminished rate for about three generations. The membranes from these bacteria contained severely reduced amounts of cytochrome. The mutant was used to study the role of heme synthesis on synthesis and membrane binding of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH). The amount of SDH in whole-cell lysates in the soluble cytoplasmic fraction and in membranes was determined by one-dimensional (rocket) immunoelectrophoresis with an SDH-specific antiserum. After heme synthesis was blocked, the relative amount of SDH in the membrane decreased, whereas increasing amounts of SDH antigen were found in the cytoplasm. When heme synthesis was resumed on readdition of 5-aminolevulinic acid, the amount of membrane-bound SDH antigen increased at a much faster rate than net synthesis. During a 3-h growth period without 5-aminolevulinic acid, there was little change in the pattern of membrane proteins as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of radioactively labeled membranes, as compared to membranes from control cultures. However, both the 65,000-dalton and the 28,000-dalton polypeptides of the SDH complex (L. Hederstedt, E. Holmgren, and L. Rutberg, J. Bacteriol. 138:370-376, 1979) were present in decreasing amounts in membranes from 5-aminolevulinic acid-starved bacteria. From these results we suggest that SDH in B. subtilis is synthesized as a soluble protein and becomes membrane bound only when it attaches to a site in the membrane, (part of) which is a cytochrome of b type.", "PMID": 108259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8137", "title": "Glucose-triggered germination of Bacillus megaterium spores.", "content": "Triggering of germination in Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 spores with D-glucose was studied. First, the interaction of glucose with spores for less than 1 min resulted in triggering almost 90% of the spores after the glucose was removed by dilution. Therefore only a brief time is needed for glucose to trigger germination, and then the continuous presence of glucose is not necessary. Detectable uptake of glucose began 2 to 3 min after absorbance loss started, and a non-metabolizable glucose analog, methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, triggered germination in the absence of detectable uptake. Several inhibitors that reduced or eliminated glucose uptake did not block triggering of germination. Therefore, glucose uptake may be a relatively late event and not a prerequisite for triggering of germination.", "contents": "Glucose-triggered germination of Bacillus megaterium spores. Triggering of germination in Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 spores with D-glucose was studied. First, the interaction of glucose with spores for less than 1 min resulted in triggering almost 90% of the spores after the glucose was removed by dilution. Therefore only a brief time is needed for glucose to trigger germination, and then the continuous presence of glucose is not necessary. Detectable uptake of glucose began 2 to 3 min after absorbance loss started, and a non-metabolizable glucose analog, methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, triggered germination in the absence of detectable uptake. Several inhibitors that reduced or eliminated glucose uptake did not block triggering of germination. Therefore, glucose uptake may be a relatively late event and not a prerequisite for triggering of germination.", "PMID": 108260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8138", "title": "Transformation-derived Neisseria gonorrhoeae plasmids with altered structure and function.", "content": "Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Neisseria gonorrhoeae containing a 7.1-kilobase (kb) (4.7-megadalton) penicillinase (Pcr) plasmid transformed homogenic gonococci to penicillinase production at a low frequency. About 25% of the penicillinase-producing gonococcal transformants contained Pcr plasmids which were either larger or smaller than the 7.1 kb donor plasmid; these Pcr plasmids varied in size from 3.45 to 42 kb. Some of these altered plasmids differed from the donor plasmid in stability or in frequency of mobilization by a 36-kb (24-megadalton) conjugative plasmid. A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of the 7.1-kilobase Pcr plasmid and several of the smaller deleted plasmids was constructed. The most common size of altered Pcr plasmid was 5.1 kb (3.4 megadaltons). A Pcr plasmid isolated from a gonococcus in London, England, was identical with these 5.1-kb transformant plasmids in both size and restriction endonuclease cleavage profiles, suggesting that the 5.1-kb Pcr plasmid could have arisen from a 7.1-kb Pcr plasmid by a transformation-associated deletion in nature.", "contents": "Transformation-derived Neisseria gonorrhoeae plasmids with altered structure and function. Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Neisseria gonorrhoeae containing a 7.1-kilobase (kb) (4.7-megadalton) penicillinase (Pcr) plasmid transformed homogenic gonococci to penicillinase production at a low frequency. About 25% of the penicillinase-producing gonococcal transformants contained Pcr plasmids which were either larger or smaller than the 7.1 kb donor plasmid; these Pcr plasmids varied in size from 3.45 to 42 kb. Some of these altered plasmids differed from the donor plasmid in stability or in frequency of mobilization by a 36-kb (24-megadalton) conjugative plasmid. A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of the 7.1-kilobase Pcr plasmid and several of the smaller deleted plasmids was constructed. The most common size of altered Pcr plasmid was 5.1 kb (3.4 megadaltons). A Pcr plasmid isolated from a gonococcus in London, England, was identical with these 5.1-kb transformant plasmids in both size and restriction endonuclease cleavage profiles, suggesting that the 5.1-kb Pcr plasmid could have arisen from a 7.1-kb Pcr plasmid by a transformation-associated deletion in nature.", "PMID": 108261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8139", "title": "Morphological and physiological study of autolytic-defective Streptococcus faecium strains.", "content": "Three autolytic-defective mutants of Streptococcus faecium (S. faecalis ATCC 9790) were isolated. All three autolytic-defective mutants exhibited the following properties relative to the parental strain: (i) slower growth rates, especially in chemically defined medium; (ii) decreased rates of cellular autolysis and increased survival after exposure to antibiotics which block cell wall biosynthesis; (iii) decreased rates of cellular autolysis when treated with detergents, suspended in autolysis buffers, or grown in medium lacking essential cell wall precursors; (iv) a reduction in the total level of cellular autolytic enzyme (active plus latent forms of the enzyme); (v) an increased ratio of latent to active forms of autolysin; and (vi) increased levels of both cellular lipoteichoic acid and lipids.", "contents": "Morphological and physiological study of autolytic-defective Streptococcus faecium strains. Three autolytic-defective mutants of Streptococcus faecium (S. faecalis ATCC 9790) were isolated. All three autolytic-defective mutants exhibited the following properties relative to the parental strain: (i) slower growth rates, especially in chemically defined medium; (ii) decreased rates of cellular autolysis and increased survival after exposure to antibiotics which block cell wall biosynthesis; (iii) decreased rates of cellular autolysis when treated with detergents, suspended in autolysis buffers, or grown in medium lacking essential cell wall precursors; (iv) a reduction in the total level of cellular autolytic enzyme (active plus latent forms of the enzyme); (v) an increased ratio of latent to active forms of autolysin; and (vi) increased levels of both cellular lipoteichoic acid and lipids.", "PMID": 108262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8140", "title": "Morphology and patterns of protein synthesis during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis Eryr spo(Ts) mutants.", "content": "Erythromycin-resistant (Eryr) mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 fail to sporulate at high temperature (47 degrees C) but sporulate normally at 30 to 35 degrees C. They also fail to sporulate at any temperature in the presence of 2.5 micrograms of erythromycin per ml. Neither of these nonpermissive conditions appears to affect vegetative growth, and the periods of sensitivity to both conditions extend from 40 to 90% of the sporulation period. At 47 degrees C, net incorporation of methionine and phenylalanine in postexponential Eryr and 168 cells was similar, and fractionation of the labeled products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave patterns in which many of the bands produced by mutant and parental cells coincided. However, distinct differences were seen, and since no spore-specific morphogenesis occurred in the Eryr cells at 47 degrees C, a selective defect in spore gene expression was inferred. At 35 degrees C plus erythromycin, spore morphogenesis proceeded normally until forespores were produced and then ceased, coincident with a marked increase in sensitivity of total protein synthesis to erythromycin. The effects seem to be nonspecific, therefore, and may indicate a change in cell permeability or ribosomal sensitivity to erythromycin.", "contents": "Morphology and patterns of protein synthesis during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis Eryr spo(Ts) mutants. Erythromycin-resistant (Eryr) mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 fail to sporulate at high temperature (47 degrees C) but sporulate normally at 30 to 35 degrees C. They also fail to sporulate at any temperature in the presence of 2.5 micrograms of erythromycin per ml. Neither of these nonpermissive conditions appears to affect vegetative growth, and the periods of sensitivity to both conditions extend from 40 to 90% of the sporulation period. At 47 degrees C, net incorporation of methionine and phenylalanine in postexponential Eryr and 168 cells was similar, and fractionation of the labeled products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave patterns in which many of the bands produced by mutant and parental cells coincided. However, distinct differences were seen, and since no spore-specific morphogenesis occurred in the Eryr cells at 47 degrees C, a selective defect in spore gene expression was inferred. At 35 degrees C plus erythromycin, spore morphogenesis proceeded normally until forespores were produced and then ceased, coincident with a marked increase in sensitivity of total protein synthesis to erythromycin. The effects seem to be nonspecific, therefore, and may indicate a change in cell permeability or ribosomal sensitivity to erythromycin.", "PMID": 108263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8141", "title": "The structure of the RNA binding site of ribosomal proteins S8 and S15.", "content": "Proteins S8 and S15 from the 30 S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli were bound to 16 S RNA and digested with ribonuclease A. A ribonucleoprotein complex was isolated which contained the two proteins and three noncontiguous RNA subfragments totaling 93 nucleotides, that could be unambiguously located in the 16 S RNA sequence. We present a secondary structural model for the RNA moiety of the binding site complex, in which the two smaller fragments are extensively base-paired, respectively, to the two halves of the large fragment, to form two disconnected duplexes. Each of the two duplexes is interrupted by a small internal loop. This model is supported by (i) minimum energy considerations, (ii) sites of cleavage by ribonuclease A, and (iii) modification by the single strand-specific reagent kethoxal. The effect of protein binding on the topography of the complex is reflected in the kethoxal reactivity of the RNA moiety. In the absence of the proteins, 5 guanines are modified; 4 of these, at positions 663, 732, 733, and 741, are strongly protected from kethoxal when protein S15 is bound.", "contents": "The structure of the RNA binding site of ribosomal proteins S8 and S15. Proteins S8 and S15 from the 30 S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli were bound to 16 S RNA and digested with ribonuclease A. A ribonucleoprotein complex was isolated which contained the two proteins and three noncontiguous RNA subfragments totaling 93 nucleotides, that could be unambiguously located in the 16 S RNA sequence. We present a secondary structural model for the RNA moiety of the binding site complex, in which the two smaller fragments are extensively base-paired, respectively, to the two halves of the large fragment, to form two disconnected duplexes. Each of the two duplexes is interrupted by a small internal loop. This model is supported by (i) minimum energy considerations, (ii) sites of cleavage by ribonuclease A, and (iii) modification by the single strand-specific reagent kethoxal. The effect of protein binding on the topography of the complex is reflected in the kethoxal reactivity of the RNA moiety. In the absence of the proteins, 5 guanines are modified; 4 of these, at positions 663, 732, 733, and 741, are strongly protected from kethoxal when protein S15 is bound.", "PMID": 108264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8142", "title": "Rat liver cytosolic azoreductase. Purification and characterization.", "content": "An azoreductase has been purified to apparent homogeneity from the hepatic 105,000 x g supernatant fraction of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the purified enzyme preparation electrophoreses on polyacrylamide gels as a single protein band with a molecular weight of 30,000. In the absence of detergent, chromatography of the azoreductase on Sephadex G-100 gives a molecular weight of about 52,000 suggesting that the native enzyme may exist as a dimer. The purified azoreductase has a typical flavoprotein absorption spectrum and contains 2 mol of FAD/mol of enzyme. The enzyme catalyzes the reductive fission of methyl red (2'-carboxy-4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene) and a structure-activity study indicates that the 2'-carboxyl group of methyl red is essential for catalysis since other structurally related analogs are totally inactive.", "contents": "Rat liver cytosolic azoreductase. Purification and characterization. An azoreductase has been purified to apparent homogeneity from the hepatic 105,000 x g supernatant fraction of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the purified enzyme preparation electrophoreses on polyacrylamide gels as a single protein band with a molecular weight of 30,000. In the absence of detergent, chromatography of the azoreductase on Sephadex G-100 gives a molecular weight of about 52,000 suggesting that the native enzyme may exist as a dimer. The purified azoreductase has a typical flavoprotein absorption spectrum and contains 2 mol of FAD/mol of enzyme. The enzyme catalyzes the reductive fission of methyl red (2'-carboxy-4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene) and a structure-activity study indicates that the 2'-carboxyl group of methyl red is essential for catalysis since other structurally related analogs are totally inactive.", "PMID": 108265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8143", "title": "Dissociation and reconstitution of membranes synthesizing the peptidoglycan of Bacillus megaterium. A protein factor for the polymerization step.", "content": "Cholate-solubilized Bacillus megaterium membranes can be reconstituted by dialysis in the presence of magnesium ion to regain approximately 12% of the original peptidoglycan synthetic activity. Bio-Gel A-5m filtration of the solubilized components shows that all of the compounds necessary for peptidoglycan synthesis can be dissociated into material with a molecular weight of less than approximately 68,000. Using this reconstitution system, an assay has been developed for a new protein factor, PG-II, of B. megaterium. This factor could be combined with phospho-N-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide translocase and N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase to synthesize polymerized peptidoglycan from the precursors UDP-N-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. In the absence of PG-II, the disaccharide pentapeptide substrate for the polymerase was accumulated. In the presence of this factor, the amount of the substrate was diminished and polymeric peptidoglycan was formed. Therefore, PG-II was likely to be necessary for the polymerization step and may well have been the polymerase itself. From three chromatographic steps developed for the purification of PG-II, it seemed likely that a single protein with a molecular weight of approximately 60,000 could have PG-II activity.", "contents": "Dissociation and reconstitution of membranes synthesizing the peptidoglycan of Bacillus megaterium. A protein factor for the polymerization step. Cholate-solubilized Bacillus megaterium membranes can be reconstituted by dialysis in the presence of magnesium ion to regain approximately 12% of the original peptidoglycan synthetic activity. Bio-Gel A-5m filtration of the solubilized components shows that all of the compounds necessary for peptidoglycan synthesis can be dissociated into material with a molecular weight of less than approximately 68,000. Using this reconstitution system, an assay has been developed for a new protein factor, PG-II, of B. megaterium. This factor could be combined with phospho-N-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide translocase and N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase to synthesize polymerized peptidoglycan from the precursors UDP-N-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. In the absence of PG-II, the disaccharide pentapeptide substrate for the polymerase was accumulated. In the presence of this factor, the amount of the substrate was diminished and polymeric peptidoglycan was formed. Therefore, PG-II was likely to be necessary for the polymerization step and may well have been the polymerase itself. From three chromatographic steps developed for the purification of PG-II, it seemed likely that a single protein with a molecular weight of approximately 60,000 could have PG-II activity.", "PMID": 108266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8144", "title": "Structure of the oligosaccharide of human J chain.", "content": "The complete structure of the oligosaccharide moiety of J chain isolated from a Waldenstr\u00f6ms macroglobulin Wa has been established. The oligosaccharide is present in three forms differing in the amount of sialic acid and designated J-A, J-B, and J-C. The structure and proportion of each of these is: formula : (see text) : Removal of the oligosaccharide moiety with glycosidases results in an increased mobility of J chain in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis corresponding to a shift in apparent molecular weight from 23,500 to 19,500. The preparation and utilization of iodinated glycopeptides for sequence analysis is presented.", "contents": "Structure of the oligosaccharide of human J chain. The complete structure of the oligosaccharide moiety of J chain isolated from a Waldenstr\u00f6ms macroglobulin Wa has been established. The oligosaccharide is present in three forms differing in the amount of sialic acid and designated J-A, J-B, and J-C. The structure and proportion of each of these is: formula : (see text) : Removal of the oligosaccharide moiety with glycosidases results in an increased mobility of J chain in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis corresponding to a shift in apparent molecular weight from 23,500 to 19,500. The preparation and utilization of iodinated glycopeptides for sequence analysis is presented.", "PMID": 108268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8145", "title": "Metabolism of prostaglandin D2 in the monkey.", "content": "[3H7]Prostaglandin D2 was biosynthesized and infused into an unanesthetized monkey. The urinary metabolites were isolated and subsequently identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Two pathways of prostaglandin D2 metabolism were identified and resulted in metabolites with prostaglandin D (3-hydroxycyclopentanone) and prostaglandin F (cyclopentane-1,3-diol) ring structures. The major prostaglandin D ring metabolite was identified as 9,20-dihydroxy-11,15-dioxo-2,3-dinorprost-5-en-1-oic acid. Nine other prostaglandin D ring metabolites were identified reflecting various combinations of metabolism by beta and omega oxidation, 15 dehydrogenation, and 13-14 reduction. In greater abundance were those prostaglandin D2 metabolites which had the prostaglandin F ring structure. The major prostaglandin D2 metabolite which had the prostaglandin F ring structure was identified as 9,11,15-trihydroxy-2,3-dinorprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (dinor prostaglandin F2 alpha). Nine other metabolites with the prostaglandin F ring structure were identified, including prostaglandin F2 alpha itself. These, for the most part, were the structural counterparts of the metabolites with the prostaglandin D ring. Since many prostaglandin D2 metabolites were found to be identical with the metabolites of prostaglandin F2 alpha, quantitative determinations of prostaglandin F ring metabolites may not be a specific indicator of prostaglandin F2 alpha biosynthesis. Likewise, data involving the measurement of a biological effect of prostaglandin D2 must be re-examined to account for the possible contribution of prostaglandin F2 alpha, a metabolite of prostaglandin D2, to the biological response.", "contents": "Metabolism of prostaglandin D2 in the monkey. [3H7]Prostaglandin D2 was biosynthesized and infused into an unanesthetized monkey. The urinary metabolites were isolated and subsequently identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Two pathways of prostaglandin D2 metabolism were identified and resulted in metabolites with prostaglandin D (3-hydroxycyclopentanone) and prostaglandin F (cyclopentane-1,3-diol) ring structures. The major prostaglandin D ring metabolite was identified as 9,20-dihydroxy-11,15-dioxo-2,3-dinorprost-5-en-1-oic acid. Nine other prostaglandin D ring metabolites were identified reflecting various combinations of metabolism by beta and omega oxidation, 15 dehydrogenation, and 13-14 reduction. In greater abundance were those prostaglandin D2 metabolites which had the prostaglandin F ring structure. The major prostaglandin D2 metabolite which had the prostaglandin F ring structure was identified as 9,11,15-trihydroxy-2,3-dinorprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (dinor prostaglandin F2 alpha). Nine other metabolites with the prostaglandin F ring structure were identified, including prostaglandin F2 alpha itself. These, for the most part, were the structural counterparts of the metabolites with the prostaglandin D ring. Since many prostaglandin D2 metabolites were found to be identical with the metabolites of prostaglandin F2 alpha, quantitative determinations of prostaglandin F ring metabolites may not be a specific indicator of prostaglandin F2 alpha biosynthesis. Likewise, data involving the measurement of a biological effect of prostaglandin D2 must be re-examined to account for the possible contribution of prostaglandin F2 alpha, a metabolite of prostaglandin D2, to the biological response.", "PMID": 108269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8146", "title": "Chicken parvalbumin. Comparison with parvalbumin-like protein and three other components (Mr = 8,000 to 13,000).", "content": "Procedures for a rapid isolation and purification of parvalbumin (Mr = 12,600), parvalbumin-like protein (Mr = 12,800), and three other polypeptides with molecular weights of 12,400 (Component 1), 11,700 (Component 2), and 8,000, respectively, from chicken leg muscle, are described. A direct comparison of parvalbumin with these other proteins showed distinct differences in the amino acid compositions, charge, and immunological behavior. Parvalbumin has two high affinity sites for Ca2+ with a KDiss less than or equal to 10(-6) M (Blum, H. E., Lehky, P., Kohler, L., Stein, E.A., and Fischer, E. H. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 2834-2838), in contrast to parvalbumin-like protein. Components 1 and 2, and the Mr = 8,000 protein, where only low affinity sites for Ca2+ could be detected (KDiss greater than 10(-3) M). From our results it is concluded that the co-extracted proteins do not constitute isoproteins of parvalbumin. The very low affinity for Ca2+ suggests that these proteins are not involved in processes of Ca2+ transport or Ca2+ regulation as proposed for parvalbumin. Parvalbumin could not be localized within isolated myofibrils and also did not accumulate in primary myogenic cell cultures together with proteins forming the myofibrillar structure. Parvalbumin was not even detected in myotubes in which myofibrils and sarcoplasmatic reticulum were already assembled and functioning. Parvalbumin (or cross-reacting material) was detected in leg muscle and brain 1 day after hatching of the chick. Possible roles for parvalbumin are discussed.", "contents": "Chicken parvalbumin. Comparison with parvalbumin-like protein and three other components (Mr = 8,000 to 13,000). Procedures for a rapid isolation and purification of parvalbumin (Mr = 12,600), parvalbumin-like protein (Mr = 12,800), and three other polypeptides with molecular weights of 12,400 (Component 1), 11,700 (Component 2), and 8,000, respectively, from chicken leg muscle, are described. A direct comparison of parvalbumin with these other proteins showed distinct differences in the amino acid compositions, charge, and immunological behavior. Parvalbumin has two high affinity sites for Ca2+ with a KDiss less than or equal to 10(-6) M (Blum, H. E., Lehky, P., Kohler, L., Stein, E.A., and Fischer, E. H. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 2834-2838), in contrast to parvalbumin-like protein. Components 1 and 2, and the Mr = 8,000 protein, where only low affinity sites for Ca2+ could be detected (KDiss greater than 10(-3) M). From our results it is concluded that the co-extracted proteins do not constitute isoproteins of parvalbumin. The very low affinity for Ca2+ suggests that these proteins are not involved in processes of Ca2+ transport or Ca2+ regulation as proposed for parvalbumin. Parvalbumin could not be localized within isolated myofibrils and also did not accumulate in primary myogenic cell cultures together with proteins forming the myofibrillar structure. Parvalbumin was not even detected in myotubes in which myofibrils and sarcoplasmatic reticulum were already assembled and functioning. Parvalbumin (or cross-reacting material) was detected in leg muscle and brain 1 day after hatching of the chick. Possible roles for parvalbumin are discussed.", "PMID": 108275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8147", "title": "Characterization of a mutant form of ribosomal protein S1 from Escherichia coli.", "content": "An altered form of ribosomal protein S1 from a mutant of Escherichia coli has been isolated and characterized. The mutant protein (denoted m1-S1) has a molecular weight of 57,000 as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and the same NH2-terminal sequence as wild type S1. Protein m1-S1 binds poly(U) in the same manner as protein S1 and is active in protein synthesis with either synthetic or natural mRNA. Thus, about 75% of the sequence of protein S1 (which includes the NH2-terminal region) contains essentially all the functional domains of this protein involved in protein biosynthesis.", "contents": "Characterization of a mutant form of ribosomal protein S1 from Escherichia coli. An altered form of ribosomal protein S1 from a mutant of Escherichia coli has been isolated and characterized. The mutant protein (denoted m1-S1) has a molecular weight of 57,000 as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and the same NH2-terminal sequence as wild type S1. Protein m1-S1 binds poly(U) in the same manner as protein S1 and is active in protein synthesis with either synthetic or natural mRNA. Thus, about 75% of the sequence of protein S1 (which includes the NH2-terminal region) contains essentially all the functional domains of this protein involved in protein biosynthesis.", "PMID": 108276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8148", "title": "Isolation and characterization of porcine parathyroid cathepsin B.", "content": "Cathepsin B was isolated from porcine parathyroid tissue and from liver by a procedure involving acetone precipitation, gel filtration, and carboxymethylcellulose chromatography. The final preparations of each migrated as single bands upon sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels but exhibited several minor active variants upon isoelectric focusing. The parathyroid and liver enzymes were similar to each other and also resembled cathepsin B from other sources. The molecular weights for the porcine enzymes were estimated as 25,000, and the isoelectric point was at pH 4.8. The parathyroid enzyme cleaved benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Lys-Lys-Arg-(4-methoxy)-2-naphthylamide at pH 5.8 and 37 degrees C with a Km of 0.14 mM and a kcat of 68 s-1. The pH optimum for this reaction was pH 6 to 7. The enzyme was unstable above pH 7.5 and below pH 4.5. It was strongly inhibited by HgCl2, ZnSO4, iodoacetate, iodoacetamide, and N-ethylmaleimide which indicated that it is a thiol protease, and by leupeptin, a strong inhibitor of cathepsin B from other sources. Antibodies to the parathyroid enzyme were elicited in rabbits. The antisera formed single precipitin bands upon double diffusion in agar gels against both the parathyroid and liver enzymes. Precipitin bands were formed at both pH 6 and pH 8.5 which indicated that the antisera recognized both native and denatured forms of the enzymes.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of porcine parathyroid cathepsin B. Cathepsin B was isolated from porcine parathyroid tissue and from liver by a procedure involving acetone precipitation, gel filtration, and carboxymethylcellulose chromatography. The final preparations of each migrated as single bands upon sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels but exhibited several minor active variants upon isoelectric focusing. The parathyroid and liver enzymes were similar to each other and also resembled cathepsin B from other sources. The molecular weights for the porcine enzymes were estimated as 25,000, and the isoelectric point was at pH 4.8. The parathyroid enzyme cleaved benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Lys-Lys-Arg-(4-methoxy)-2-naphthylamide at pH 5.8 and 37 degrees C with a Km of 0.14 mM and a kcat of 68 s-1. The pH optimum for this reaction was pH 6 to 7. The enzyme was unstable above pH 7.5 and below pH 4.5. It was strongly inhibited by HgCl2, ZnSO4, iodoacetate, iodoacetamide, and N-ethylmaleimide which indicated that it is a thiol protease, and by leupeptin, a strong inhibitor of cathepsin B from other sources. Antibodies to the parathyroid enzyme were elicited in rabbits. The antisera formed single precipitin bands upon double diffusion in agar gels against both the parathyroid and liver enzymes. Precipitin bands were formed at both pH 6 and pH 8.5 which indicated that the antisera recognized both native and denatured forms of the enzymes.", "PMID": 108278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8149", "title": "Interconversion between multiple glucose 6-phosphate-dependent forms of glycogen synthase in intact adipose tissue.", "content": "We have tested the hypothesis that interconversion between multiple glucose-6-P-dependent forms of glycogen synthase helps regulate glycogen synthesis in adipose tissue. Our results indicate that interconversion of glycogen synthase in adipose tissue involves primarily dependent forms and that these interconversions were measured better by monitoring the activation constant (A0.5) for glucose-6-P than measuring the -: + glucose-6-P activity ratio. Insulin decreased and epinephrine increased the A0.5 for glucose-6-P without significant change in the activity ratio. Insulin consistently decreased the A0.5 in either the presence or absence of glucose, indicating that the insulin-promoted interconversion did not require increased hexose transport. Isoproterenol increased the A0.5 for glucose-6-P, while methoxamine was without effect, indicating beta receptors mediate adrenergic control of interconversion between glucose-6-P-dependent forms. The changes in the A0.5 produced by incubations with insulin or epinephrine were mutually reversible. We conclude that 1) glycogen synthesis in adipose tissue is catalyzed by multiple glucose-6-P-dependent forms of glycogen synthase, 2) hormones regulate glycogen metabolism by promoting reversible interconversions between these forms, and 3) there is no evidence that a glucose-6-P-independent form of glycogen synthase exists in intact adipose tissue.", "contents": "Interconversion between multiple glucose 6-phosphate-dependent forms of glycogen synthase in intact adipose tissue. We have tested the hypothesis that interconversion between multiple glucose-6-P-dependent forms of glycogen synthase helps regulate glycogen synthesis in adipose tissue. Our results indicate that interconversion of glycogen synthase in adipose tissue involves primarily dependent forms and that these interconversions were measured better by monitoring the activation constant (A0.5) for glucose-6-P than measuring the -: + glucose-6-P activity ratio. Insulin decreased and epinephrine increased the A0.5 for glucose-6-P without significant change in the activity ratio. Insulin consistently decreased the A0.5 in either the presence or absence of glucose, indicating that the insulin-promoted interconversion did not require increased hexose transport. Isoproterenol increased the A0.5 for glucose-6-P, while methoxamine was without effect, indicating beta receptors mediate adrenergic control of interconversion between glucose-6-P-dependent forms. The changes in the A0.5 produced by incubations with insulin or epinephrine were mutually reversible. We conclude that 1) glycogen synthesis in adipose tissue is catalyzed by multiple glucose-6-P-dependent forms of glycogen synthase, 2) hormones regulate glycogen metabolism by promoting reversible interconversions between these forms, and 3) there is no evidence that a glucose-6-P-independent form of glycogen synthase exists in intact adipose tissue.", "PMID": 108279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8150", "title": "Adaptations of glycogen metabolism in rat epididymal adipose tissue during fasting and refeeding.", "content": "It is well documented that adipose tissue glycogen content decreases during fasting and increases above control during refeeding. We now present evidence that these fluctuations result from adaptations intrinsic to adipose tissue glycogen metabolism that persist in vitro: in response to insulin (1 milliunit/ml), [3H]glucose incorporation into rat fat pad glycogen was reduced to 10% of control after a 3-day fast; incorporation increased 6-fold over fed control on the 4th day of refeeding following a 3-day fast. We have characterized this adaptation with regard to alterations in glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activity. In addition, we found that incubation of fat pads from fasted rats with insulin (1 milliunit/ml) increased glucose-6-P content, indicating that glucose transport was not the rate-limiting step for glucose incorporation into glycogen in the presence of insulin. In contrast, feeding a fat-free diet resulted in dramatic increases in glycogen content of fat pads without a concomitant increase in glucose incorporation into glycogen in response to insulin (1 milliunit/ml). Thus, fasting and refeeding appeared to alter insulin action on adipose tissue glycogen metabolism more than this dietary manipulation.", "contents": "Adaptations of glycogen metabolism in rat epididymal adipose tissue during fasting and refeeding. It is well documented that adipose tissue glycogen content decreases during fasting and increases above control during refeeding. We now present evidence that these fluctuations result from adaptations intrinsic to adipose tissue glycogen metabolism that persist in vitro: in response to insulin (1 milliunit/ml), [3H]glucose incorporation into rat fat pad glycogen was reduced to 10% of control after a 3-day fast; incorporation increased 6-fold over fed control on the 4th day of refeeding following a 3-day fast. We have characterized this adaptation with regard to alterations in glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activity. In addition, we found that incubation of fat pads from fasted rats with insulin (1 milliunit/ml) increased glucose-6-P content, indicating that glucose transport was not the rate-limiting step for glucose incorporation into glycogen in the presence of insulin. In contrast, feeding a fat-free diet resulted in dramatic increases in glycogen content of fat pads without a concomitant increase in glucose incorporation into glycogen in response to insulin (1 milliunit/ml). Thus, fasting and refeeding appeared to alter insulin action on adipose tissue glycogen metabolism more than this dietary manipulation.", "PMID": 108280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8151", "title": "ATP-dependent activation of L cell glucocorticoid receptors to the steroid binding form.", "content": "The specific glucocorticoid binding capacity in cytosols prepared from L929 mouse fibroblasts (L cells) is inactivated with a half-life of approximately 2 h at 25 degrees C. As previously published, this inactivation can be prevented with 10 mM molybdate and markedly slowed by addition of other phosphatase inhibitors such as glucose 1-phosphate and fluoride. We have now found that ATP (5 to 10 mM) also slows the rate of this inactivation. After extensively inactivating the receptor by preincubating cytosol at 25 degrees C for 4 and preventing further inactivation by addition of molybdate, addition of ATP results in reactivation of the steroid binding capacity. Maximal reactivation of 40 to 70% is achieved with 5 to 10 mM ATP. The activation is temperature-dependent and specific for ATP. ADP, GTP, CTP, and UTP do not cause activation and preliminary results indicate no effect of cyclic nucleotides in this system. If activation is prevented by addition of 10 mM EDTA to the cytosol, addition of 3 to 10 mM magnesium permits ATP-dependent activation of the binding capacity. The level of reactivation can be enhanced by addition of a heat-stable factor prepared from the same L cell supernatant. These results support the proposal that L cell glucocorticoid receptors can be activated to the glucocorticoid binding state by an ATP-dependent phosphorylation mechanism.", "contents": "ATP-dependent activation of L cell glucocorticoid receptors to the steroid binding form. The specific glucocorticoid binding capacity in cytosols prepared from L929 mouse fibroblasts (L cells) is inactivated with a half-life of approximately 2 h at 25 degrees C. As previously published, this inactivation can be prevented with 10 mM molybdate and markedly slowed by addition of other phosphatase inhibitors such as glucose 1-phosphate and fluoride. We have now found that ATP (5 to 10 mM) also slows the rate of this inactivation. After extensively inactivating the receptor by preincubating cytosol at 25 degrees C for 4 and preventing further inactivation by addition of molybdate, addition of ATP results in reactivation of the steroid binding capacity. Maximal reactivation of 40 to 70% is achieved with 5 to 10 mM ATP. The activation is temperature-dependent and specific for ATP. ADP, GTP, CTP, and UTP do not cause activation and preliminary results indicate no effect of cyclic nucleotides in this system. If activation is prevented by addition of 10 mM EDTA to the cytosol, addition of 3 to 10 mM magnesium permits ATP-dependent activation of the binding capacity. The level of reactivation can be enhanced by addition of a heat-stable factor prepared from the same L cell supernatant. These results support the proposal that L cell glucocorticoid receptors can be activated to the glucocorticoid binding state by an ATP-dependent phosphorylation mechanism.", "PMID": 108283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8152", "title": "Multiple forms of human renin. Purification and characterization.", "content": "Human renin was purified from a juxtaglomerular cell tumor with a high renin content, 24.2 Goldblatt units/mg of protein. The purification procedure comprised three steps: gel filtration, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and preparative isoelectric focusing. Five forms of renin amounting to 5.3 mg of enzyme were obtained with isoelectric points of 4.95, 5.10, 5.35, 5.55, and 5.70. They were all glycoproteins. The three major fractions had very similar specific activities, 868, 860, and 809 Goldblatt units/mg of protein. These fractions produced a single band on analytical isoelectric focusing and a single arc on immunoelectrophoresis. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 7.8, each fraction consisted of two renin bands with the same molecular weight, but different net charges. The molecular weight determined by gel filtration and Fergusson plot analysis on polyacrylamide gel was 38,000 to 42,000. The optimum pH determined on N-acetyltetradecapeptide substrate was 6.5, and the Km was 6.8 x 10(-6) M. These parameters were identical with those for standard human kidney renin. Antibodies raised against tumor renin completely inhibited the activity of both tumor and standard renin. Under dissociating conditions (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel electrophoresis in the presence of 6 M urea), part of the purified enzyme dissociated into two smaller fragments (Mr = 20,000 and 25,000) containing renin activity.", "contents": "Multiple forms of human renin. Purification and characterization. Human renin was purified from a juxtaglomerular cell tumor with a high renin content, 24.2 Goldblatt units/mg of protein. The purification procedure comprised three steps: gel filtration, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and preparative isoelectric focusing. Five forms of renin amounting to 5.3 mg of enzyme were obtained with isoelectric points of 4.95, 5.10, 5.35, 5.55, and 5.70. They were all glycoproteins. The three major fractions had very similar specific activities, 868, 860, and 809 Goldblatt units/mg of protein. These fractions produced a single band on analytical isoelectric focusing and a single arc on immunoelectrophoresis. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 7.8, each fraction consisted of two renin bands with the same molecular weight, but different net charges. The molecular weight determined by gel filtration and Fergusson plot analysis on polyacrylamide gel was 38,000 to 42,000. The optimum pH determined on N-acetyltetradecapeptide substrate was 6.5, and the Km was 6.8 x 10(-6) M. These parameters were identical with those for standard human kidney renin. Antibodies raised against tumor renin completely inhibited the activity of both tumor and standard renin. Under dissociating conditions (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel electrophoresis in the presence of 6 M urea), part of the purified enzyme dissociated into two smaller fragments (Mr = 20,000 and 25,000) containing renin activity.", "PMID": 108284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8153", "title": "Studies of the high molecular weight penicillin-binding proteins of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Seven or eight penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) were detected in Bacillus subtilis membranes. By introducing covalent affinity chromatography employing cephalosporins as ligands, milligram amounts of three high molecular weight PBPs (PBP 1 ab, Mr = 120,000; PBP 2b, Mr = 94,000; and PBP 4, Mr = 78,000) were obtained without any contamination of the major PBP 5, the D-alanine carboxypeptidase. Small amounts of pure PBP 2b could be isolated by manipulation of the affinity chromatography conditions. Structural and physical properties of these proteins as well as the generation of one major penicilloyl peptide from each PBP by digestion with pepsin suggest that each PBP is the product of a separate gene. No enzymatic activity could be found in mixtures of these high molecular weight PBPs employing substrates used for the transpeptidase and D-alanine carboxypeptidase assays in particulate membrane fractions.", "contents": "Studies of the high molecular weight penicillin-binding proteins of Bacillus subtilis. Seven or eight penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) were detected in Bacillus subtilis membranes. By introducing covalent affinity chromatography employing cephalosporins as ligands, milligram amounts of three high molecular weight PBPs (PBP 1 ab, Mr = 120,000; PBP 2b, Mr = 94,000; and PBP 4, Mr = 78,000) were obtained without any contamination of the major PBP 5, the D-alanine carboxypeptidase. Small amounts of pure PBP 2b could be isolated by manipulation of the affinity chromatography conditions. Structural and physical properties of these proteins as well as the generation of one major penicilloyl peptide from each PBP by digestion with pepsin suggest that each PBP is the product of a separate gene. No enzymatic activity could be found in mixtures of these high molecular weight PBPs employing substrates used for the transpeptidase and D-alanine carboxypeptidase assays in particulate membrane fractions.", "PMID": 108285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8154", "title": "The effect of pneumatic tourniquets on the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle.", "content": "Experiments have been carried out on rhesus monkeys to determine the effect of the application of a pneumatic tourniquet on the ultrastructure of the muscles of the lower limb. Tourniquets were applied for periods lasting between one and five hours. The changes in the muscle lying immediately under the cuff of the tourniquet were more marked than those observed in muscle distal to the cuff. Three hours appears to be close to the limit of the time that a muscle can resist the sustained compression of a tourniquet.", "contents": "The effect of pneumatic tourniquets on the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle. Experiments have been carried out on rhesus monkeys to determine the effect of the application of a pneumatic tourniquet on the ultrastructure of the muscles of the lower limb. Tourniquets were applied for periods lasting between one and five hours. The changes in the muscle lying immediately under the cuff of the tourniquet were more marked than those observed in muscle distal to the cuff. Three hours appears to be close to the limit of the time that a muscle can resist the sustained compression of a tourniquet.", "PMID": 108286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8155", "title": "Lisuride hydrogen maleate: evidence for a long lasting dopaminergic activity in humans.", "content": "In 12 acromegalics a single oral dose of 0.2 mg lisuride, an ergoline derivative, significantly reduced plasma PRL but not GH concentrations. Three-tenths milligram of the drug significantly reduced plasma levels of the two hormones. Four-tenths milligram of lisuride did not augment this inhibitory effect. Plasma PRL levels were suppressed in all patients, whereas GH levels were reduced by more than 50% of the base-line values in only seven patients who also responded to the administration of 2.5 mg bromocriptine (CB154). In the patients unresponsive to lisuride, CB154 also failed to change GH levels. The suppressive effect of lisuride started at 60 min (at 150 min for CB154) and plasma GH and PRL levels were still markedly suppressed at 300 min. Plasma GH and PRL concentrations were consistently reduced in two acromegalic patients during 2 weeks of chronic treatment with 0.3 mg lisuride four times a day. In six normal subjects, TRH-induced PRL release was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with 0.3 mg of the drug. The similarity in the effects of lisuride and CB154 suggests that the observed effects of lisuride on GH and PRL are attributable to the known dopaminergic activity of the drug. This conclusion is supported by the data showing that pimozide effectively counteracted the inhibitory action of lisuride on GH and PRL release. We suggest that lisuride may be of value in the medical treatment of acromegaly and hyperprolactinemic states.", "contents": "Lisuride hydrogen maleate: evidence for a long lasting dopaminergic activity in humans. In 12 acromegalics a single oral dose of 0.2 mg lisuride, an ergoline derivative, significantly reduced plasma PRL but not GH concentrations. Three-tenths milligram of the drug significantly reduced plasma levels of the two hormones. Four-tenths milligram of lisuride did not augment this inhibitory effect. Plasma PRL levels were suppressed in all patients, whereas GH levels were reduced by more than 50% of the base-line values in only seven patients who also responded to the administration of 2.5 mg bromocriptine (CB154). In the patients unresponsive to lisuride, CB154 also failed to change GH levels. The suppressive effect of lisuride started at 60 min (at 150 min for CB154) and plasma GH and PRL levels were still markedly suppressed at 300 min. Plasma GH and PRL concentrations were consistently reduced in two acromegalic patients during 2 weeks of chronic treatment with 0.3 mg lisuride four times a day. In six normal subjects, TRH-induced PRL release was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with 0.3 mg of the drug. The similarity in the effects of lisuride and CB154 suggests that the observed effects of lisuride on GH and PRL are attributable to the known dopaminergic activity of the drug. This conclusion is supported by the data showing that pimozide effectively counteracted the inhibitory action of lisuride on GH and PRL release. We suggest that lisuride may be of value in the medical treatment of acromegaly and hyperprolactinemic states.", "PMID": 108287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8156", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is not required for thyrotropin secretion in the perinatal rat.", "content": "To determine the role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion in the perinatal period, a physiological approach of neutralizing circulating TRH in the fetal and early neonatal rat was employed. TRH-antiserum (TRH-AS) raised in rabbits and administered daily to low iodine-propylthiouracil (LID-PTU)-fed pregnant rats from days 12 to 19 of gestation markedly impaired the rise in serum TSH to LID-PTU when compared with normal rabbit serum-treated controls. In contrast, fetal serum TSH was unaffected by TRH-AS. The binding capacity of TRH-AS in the fetal serum (111 ng/ml) far exceeded circulating TRH in the fetus. Similarly, acute TRH-AS administration to the pregnant rat fed LID-PTU markedly decreased the serum TSH concentration in the mother, but not in the fetus, 60 min after TRH-AS administration. Chronic TRH-AS administration to neonatal rats whose nursing mothers were fed LID-PTU was in-effective in decreasing the elevated serum TSH in the neonate through day 8 of life, whereas a slight but significant decrease in serum TSH was observed on day 10. Chronic daily TRH-AS administration to neonatal rats through day 10 of life had no effect on the later development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. These findings suggest that TRH does not participate in TSH regulation during the perinatal life in the rat and that thyroid hormones are probably the main regulators of TSH secretion during this period. Placental TRH is not important in regulating TSH secretion in the fetal rat. Furthermore, TRH \"deprivation\" during neonatal life does not prevent normal later development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is not required for thyrotropin secretion in the perinatal rat. To determine the role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion in the perinatal period, a physiological approach of neutralizing circulating TRH in the fetal and early neonatal rat was employed. TRH-antiserum (TRH-AS) raised in rabbits and administered daily to low iodine-propylthiouracil (LID-PTU)-fed pregnant rats from days 12 to 19 of gestation markedly impaired the rise in serum TSH to LID-PTU when compared with normal rabbit serum-treated controls. In contrast, fetal serum TSH was unaffected by TRH-AS. The binding capacity of TRH-AS in the fetal serum (111 ng/ml) far exceeded circulating TRH in the fetus. Similarly, acute TRH-AS administration to the pregnant rat fed LID-PTU markedly decreased the serum TSH concentration in the mother, but not in the fetus, 60 min after TRH-AS administration. Chronic TRH-AS administration to neonatal rats whose nursing mothers were fed LID-PTU was in-effective in decreasing the elevated serum TSH in the neonate through day 8 of life, whereas a slight but significant decrease in serum TSH was observed on day 10. Chronic daily TRH-AS administration to neonatal rats through day 10 of life had no effect on the later development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. These findings suggest that TRH does not participate in TSH regulation during the perinatal life in the rat and that thyroid hormones are probably the main regulators of TSH secretion during this period. Placental TRH is not important in regulating TSH secretion in the fetal rat. Furthermore, TRH \"deprivation\" during neonatal life does not prevent normal later development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.", "PMID": 108290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8157", "title": "Demonstration and characterization of specific binding sites for factor VIII/von Willebrand factor on human platelets.", "content": "The presence of specific Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF) binding sites on human platelets has been demonstrated by using 125I-FVIII/vWF and washed human platelets. Binding is ristocetin-dependent and increases in proportion to the concentration of ristocetin from 0.2 to 1 mg/ml. Binding of 125I-FVIII/vWF to platelets can be competitively inhibited by unlabeled human or bovine FVIII/vWF, but not by human thrombin, fibrinogen, alpha 2-macroglobulin, equine collagen, or a lectin of Ricinus communis. Scatchard analysis of binding data indicated that the dissociation constant of FVIII/vWF receptors is 0.45--0.5 nM. There are 31,000 binding sites per platelet at 1 mg/ml of ristocetin concentration. The optimal pH range for binding is from 7.0 to 7.5. At a concentration of 2 mM, EGTA inhibits 86% of the binding; however, 20 mM of Ca++, Mg++, or EDTA have little effect. Binding sites for FVIII/vWF were found only on platelets, and no significant binding was detected with human erythrocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "contents": "Demonstration and characterization of specific binding sites for factor VIII/von Willebrand factor on human platelets. The presence of specific Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF) binding sites on human platelets has been demonstrated by using 125I-FVIII/vWF and washed human platelets. Binding is ristocetin-dependent and increases in proportion to the concentration of ristocetin from 0.2 to 1 mg/ml. Binding of 125I-FVIII/vWF to platelets can be competitively inhibited by unlabeled human or bovine FVIII/vWF, but not by human thrombin, fibrinogen, alpha 2-macroglobulin, equine collagen, or a lectin of Ricinus communis. Scatchard analysis of binding data indicated that the dissociation constant of FVIII/vWF receptors is 0.45--0.5 nM. There are 31,000 binding sites per platelet at 1 mg/ml of ristocetin concentration. The optimal pH range for binding is from 7.0 to 7.5. At a concentration of 2 mM, EGTA inhibits 86% of the binding; however, 20 mM of Ca++, Mg++, or EDTA have little effect. Binding sites for FVIII/vWF were found only on platelets, and no significant binding was detected with human erythrocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "PMID": 108291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8158", "title": "High resolution real time ultrasound of the carotid bifurcation.", "content": "We have been using a high resolution real time ultrasound mechanical sector scanner to visualize the carotid bifurcation. Twenty-six patients were studied before carotid arteriography for transient ischemic attacks. One bifurcation was not adequately visualized. Of the remaining 51, plaques were identified correctly in 29; absence of plaques was identified correctly in 15; small plaques were demonstrated by ultrasound in two that did not appear on the arteriogram; and four small plaques and one significant stenosis were not identified by ultrasound.", "contents": "High resolution real time ultrasound of the carotid bifurcation. We have been using a high resolution real time ultrasound mechanical sector scanner to visualize the carotid bifurcation. Twenty-six patients were studied before carotid arteriography for transient ischemic attacks. One bifurcation was not adequately visualized. Of the remaining 51, plaques were identified correctly in 29; absence of plaques was identified correctly in 15; small plaques were demonstrated by ultrasound in two that did not appear on the arteriogram; and four small plaques and one significant stenosis were not identified by ultrasound.", "PMID": 108293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8159", "title": "Ultrasonography of hemorrhagic splenic cysts.", "content": "Cysts arising from the spleen are much less common than those arising from other organs such as kidney, liver, and ovary (1). Hemorrhagic cysts of the spleen are rare (1), but we have encountered two patients with this entitiy. The ultrasonograms in each patient demonstrated gravity-dependent layering of two fluids of distinctly different echogenicity. The fluids were contained within a spherical mass. Acoustic enhancement was exhibited behind the mass in each case. This suggested the diagnosis of hemorrhagic cyst.", "contents": "Ultrasonography of hemorrhagic splenic cysts. Cysts arising from the spleen are much less common than those arising from other organs such as kidney, liver, and ovary (1). Hemorrhagic cysts of the spleen are rare (1), but we have encountered two patients with this entitiy. The ultrasonograms in each patient demonstrated gravity-dependent layering of two fluids of distinctly different echogenicity. The fluids were contained within a spherical mass. Acoustic enhancement was exhibited behind the mass in each case. This suggested the diagnosis of hemorrhagic cyst.", "PMID": 108294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8160", "title": "Identification of fetal growth retardation by ultrasonographic estimation of total intrauterine volume.", "content": "Recent literature has suggested that total intrauterine volume (TIUV) estimation is useful fir distinguishing normal from growth-retarded fetuses. One hundred seventy-nine measurements of TIUV were obtained from the ultrasonograms taken between 21 and 40 weeks of gestation in 140 patients who delivered average birthweight babies. We constructed a mean curve for TIUV with upper and lower 2.5 and 10% tolerance limits and later evaluated the TIUV's of 16 patients with growth-retarded fetuses. Nine of these fetuses had birthweights below the fifth percentile for gestational age, and in each of these pregnancies the TIUV ultimately fell below the lower 2.5% tolerance limit.", "contents": "Identification of fetal growth retardation by ultrasonographic estimation of total intrauterine volume. Recent literature has suggested that total intrauterine volume (TIUV) estimation is useful fir distinguishing normal from growth-retarded fetuses. One hundred seventy-nine measurements of TIUV were obtained from the ultrasonograms taken between 21 and 40 weeks of gestation in 140 patients who delivered average birthweight babies. We constructed a mean curve for TIUV with upper and lower 2.5 and 10% tolerance limits and later evaluated the TIUV's of 16 patients with growth-retarded fetuses. Nine of these fetuses had birthweights below the fifth percentile for gestational age, and in each of these pregnancies the TIUV ultimately fell below the lower 2.5% tolerance limit.", "PMID": 108295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8161", "title": "Atypical pseudocysts of the pancreas: an ultrasonographic evaluation.", "content": "Ultrasonograms of most pseudocysts have a typical appearance--sharply defined, smooth wall, ovoid, located in the region of the pancreas. However, in reviewing the sonographic appearance of pseudocysts, other ultrasonographic characteristics may occasionally be encountered. Eleven patients with atypical pseudocysts are presented. The demonstration of multiple septations, multiple echoes within a sonolucent mass, and even failure to enhance posteriorly should not exclude the diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst in the proper clinical setting. The value of serial scans is also stressed. In this series, it was possible to suggest the diagnosis of infection, hemorrhage, and rupture of pseudocysts by demonstrating cysts with more typical appearances on prior examinations.", "contents": "Atypical pseudocysts of the pancreas: an ultrasonographic evaluation. Ultrasonograms of most pseudocysts have a typical appearance--sharply defined, smooth wall, ovoid, located in the region of the pancreas. However, in reviewing the sonographic appearance of pseudocysts, other ultrasonographic characteristics may occasionally be encountered. Eleven patients with atypical pseudocysts are presented. The demonstration of multiple septations, multiple echoes within a sonolucent mass, and even failure to enhance posteriorly should not exclude the diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst in the proper clinical setting. The value of serial scans is also stressed. In this series, it was possible to suggest the diagnosis of infection, hemorrhage, and rupture of pseudocysts by demonstrating cysts with more typical appearances on prior examinations.", "PMID": 108296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8162", "title": "Ultrasonic visualization of Wirsung's duct: dream or reality?", "content": "Ultrasonic visualization of normal and pathological Wirsung's ducts has become quite common, especially with the newest gray scale units. Ductal images were studied in 17 cases of quiescent chronic pancreatitis. Duct dilatation could be identified in the majority", "contents": "Ultrasonic visualization of Wirsung's duct: dream or reality? Ultrasonic visualization of normal and pathological Wirsung's ducts has become quite common, especially with the newest gray scale units. Ductal images were studied in 17 cases of quiescent chronic pancreatitis. Duct dilatation could be identified in the majority", "PMID": 108297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8163", "title": "Gray scale transrectal ultransonography of the prostate.", "content": "Gray scale transrectal ultrasongraphy provides refined visualization of the texture of the prostate and other intrapelvic organs. Diagnostic accuracy of the transrectal scan has been successfully registered at 91% in benign prostatic hyperplasia, 85% in cancer, 89% in prostatitis, and 88% in total prostatic scans. Furthermore, prostatic calculi were visible in the tomograms of both normal and abnormal prostates at a higher frequency than generally considered. Other applications of ultrasonic control, such as during transurethral resection or cryosurgery of the prostate and staging of bladder tumors, are profitable using the gray scale technique.", "contents": "Gray scale transrectal ultransonography of the prostate. Gray scale transrectal ultrasongraphy provides refined visualization of the texture of the prostate and other intrapelvic organs. Diagnostic accuracy of the transrectal scan has been successfully registered at 91% in benign prostatic hyperplasia, 85% in cancer, 89% in prostatitis, and 88% in total prostatic scans. Furthermore, prostatic calculi were visible in the tomograms of both normal and abnormal prostates at a higher frequency than generally considered. Other applications of ultrasonic control, such as during transurethral resection or cryosurgery of the prostate and staging of bladder tumors, are profitable using the gray scale technique.", "PMID": 108298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8164", "title": "The ultrasonic findings in intussusception of the blind loop in a jejunoileal bypass for obesity.", "content": "A 34 year old woman with bowel bypass surgery and persistent abdominal pain had intussusception of the blind loop, which was visualized on an abdominal ultrasound examination. The ultransonic and radiographic findings are compared and presented. Ultrasound should prove to be an invaluable tool in evaluating abdominal pain in bowel bypass patients.", "contents": "The ultrasonic findings in intussusception of the blind loop in a jejunoileal bypass for obesity. A 34 year old woman with bowel bypass surgery and persistent abdominal pain had intussusception of the blind loop, which was visualized on an abdominal ultrasound examination. The ultransonic and radiographic findings are compared and presented. Ultrasound should prove to be an invaluable tool in evaluating abdominal pain in bowel bypass patients.", "PMID": 108300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8165", "title": "Lutembacher's syndrome: recognition by echocardiography.", "content": "The typical echocardiographic features of mitral stenosis in association with an enlarged right ventricle and abnormal septal motion are generally consistent with pulmonary hypertension and functional tricuspid regurgitation. In the absence of clinical and echocardiographic features of pulmonary hypertension, the combination of mitral stenosis and \"volume overload\" of the right ventricle should alert the clinician to the diagnosis of Lutembacher's syndrome. This report discusses a patient with these echocardiographic findings in whom the diagnosis of Lutembacher's syndrome was confirmed by cardiac catheterization.", "contents": "Lutembacher's syndrome: recognition by echocardiography. The typical echocardiographic features of mitral stenosis in association with an enlarged right ventricle and abnormal septal motion are generally consistent with pulmonary hypertension and functional tricuspid regurgitation. In the absence of clinical and echocardiographic features of pulmonary hypertension, the combination of mitral stenosis and \"volume overload\" of the right ventricle should alert the clinician to the diagnosis of Lutembacher's syndrome. This report discusses a patient with these echocardiographic findings in whom the diagnosis of Lutembacher's syndrome was confirmed by cardiac catheterization.", "PMID": 108301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8166", "title": "Ultrasonographic demonstration of a placental maternal lake.", "content": "A 30 year old woman was seen at 32 weeks of gestation because of severe abdominal pain. A sonogram revealed an irregular, 5 cm-diameter cystic structure in the placenta. Examination of the placenta after cesarean section showed an extremely large maternal lake.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic demonstration of a placental maternal lake. A 30 year old woman was seen at 32 weeks of gestation because of severe abdominal pain. A sonogram revealed an irregular, 5 cm-diameter cystic structure in the placenta. Examination of the placenta after cesarean section showed an extremely large maternal lake.", "PMID": 108304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8167", "title": "Evaluation of a quarter wavelength matching layer transducer in abdominal scanning.", "content": "A focused ultrasonic transducer employing quarter wavelength matching technology is compared to one of conventional design. The effect of the 6 db improvement in signal-to-noise ratio is demonstrated.", "contents": "Evaluation of a quarter wavelength matching layer transducer in abdominal scanning. A focused ultrasonic transducer employing quarter wavelength matching technology is compared to one of conventional design. The effect of the 6 db improvement in signal-to-noise ratio is demonstrated.", "PMID": 108305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8168", "title": "Applications of real-time ultrasound in obstetrics: the linear and dynamically focused phased arrays.", "content": "Real-time ultrasound is a dynamic imaging technique that allows in utero orientation to the fetus. It permits rapid and efficient examination of fetal anatomy and provides a dynamic assessment of fetal well-being. The energy dissipation can be comparable to that in conventional ultrasonic B-mode scanning. We have used both linear and dynamically focused phased arrays for fetal examinations in conjunction with conventional gray scale B-mode scanners. The sophisticated phased-array real-time systems have demonstrated higher resolution and an improved gray scale as compared with the linear arrays. Applications of real-time ultrasound in obstetrics are discussed, and appropriate clinical examples are cited that illustrate the value of the technique for study of both normal and abnormal fetal development. We believe that this technique is the most sensitive method of detecting intrauterine fetal demise. The relative advantages and disadvantages of linear and dynamically focused phased arrays in obstetric evaluation are considered.", "contents": "Applications of real-time ultrasound in obstetrics: the linear and dynamically focused phased arrays. Real-time ultrasound is a dynamic imaging technique that allows in utero orientation to the fetus. It permits rapid and efficient examination of fetal anatomy and provides a dynamic assessment of fetal well-being. The energy dissipation can be comparable to that in conventional ultrasonic B-mode scanning. We have used both linear and dynamically focused phased arrays for fetal examinations in conjunction with conventional gray scale B-mode scanners. The sophisticated phased-array real-time systems have demonstrated higher resolution and an improved gray scale as compared with the linear arrays. Applications of real-time ultrasound in obstetrics are discussed, and appropriate clinical examples are cited that illustrate the value of the technique for study of both normal and abnormal fetal development. We believe that this technique is the most sensitive method of detecting intrauterine fetal demise. The relative advantages and disadvantages of linear and dynamically focused phased arrays in obstetric evaluation are considered.", "PMID": 108306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8169", "title": "Correlation between sectional area of the spleen by ultrasonic tomography and actual volume of the removed spleen.", "content": "The sectional area of the splenotomogram scanned parallel to the ribs provides useful information for differential diagnosis and determination of prognosis in liver diseases. To establish a relationship between sectional area and actual spleen volume, 10 spleens obtained at splenectomy or autopsy were studied. A good linear correlation (r = 0.956) was present between the sectional area (S) and the actual spleen volume (V). The spleen volume could be calculated as V = 7.5S - 77.5. Therefore the value of the sectional area obtained from one ultrasonic splenotomogram has practical application as a parameter reflecting the spleen volume in vivo.", "contents": "Correlation between sectional area of the spleen by ultrasonic tomography and actual volume of the removed spleen. The sectional area of the splenotomogram scanned parallel to the ribs provides useful information for differential diagnosis and determination of prognosis in liver diseases. To establish a relationship between sectional area and actual spleen volume, 10 spleens obtained at splenectomy or autopsy were studied. A good linear correlation (r = 0.956) was present between the sectional area (S) and the actual spleen volume (V). The spleen volume could be calculated as V = 7.5S - 77.5. Therefore the value of the sectional area obtained from one ultrasonic splenotomogram has practical application as a parameter reflecting the spleen volume in vivo.", "PMID": 108307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8170", "title": "The normal pancreas: acoustic characteristics and frequency of imaging.", "content": "This article reports the results of a study designed to evaluate both pancreatic echogenicity and success of visualizing recognizable pancreatic tissue. The acoustic characteristics of the normal pancreas were compared with those of the liver. Of 100 scans reviewed, 65 scans (65 percent) depicted recognizable pancreatic tissue. Two cases were discarded on the basis of hepatocellular disease, and one case was discarded because of hepatic metastases. Thirty-two cases demonstrated pancreatic echogenicity greater than that of the liver, and 30 cases demonstrated pancreatic echogenicity equivalent to that of the liver. We found no normal pancreas that displayed less echogenicity than the liver. A hypothesis is offered to explain the observed results.", "contents": "The normal pancreas: acoustic characteristics and frequency of imaging. This article reports the results of a study designed to evaluate both pancreatic echogenicity and success of visualizing recognizable pancreatic tissue. The acoustic characteristics of the normal pancreas were compared with those of the liver. Of 100 scans reviewed, 65 scans (65 percent) depicted recognizable pancreatic tissue. Two cases were discarded on the basis of hepatocellular disease, and one case was discarded because of hepatic metastases. Thirty-two cases demonstrated pancreatic echogenicity greater than that of the liver, and 30 cases demonstrated pancreatic echogenicity equivalent to that of the liver. We found no normal pancreas that displayed less echogenicity than the liver. A hypothesis is offered to explain the observed results.", "PMID": 108308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8171", "title": "Hepatic arteries and the parallel-channel sign.", "content": "The sonographic parallel-channel sign is not pathognomonic of dilatation of the biliary tree. Often, the so-called parallel channel is a hepatic artery. The differentiation between a bile duct and a hepatic artery is usually possible with good sonographic technique.", "contents": "Hepatic arteries and the parallel-channel sign. The sonographic parallel-channel sign is not pathognomonic of dilatation of the biliary tree. Often, the so-called parallel channel is a hepatic artery. The differentiation between a bile duct and a hepatic artery is usually possible with good sonographic technique.", "PMID": 108309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8172", "title": "Ultrasound evaluation of hydronephrosis of pregnancy.", "content": "Four hundred ninety-two patients, including 449 pregnant patients, 39 nonpregnant control patients, and 4 patients with pelvic masses, had renal ultrasonography using gray scale technique. Measurements of renal pelvic diameters in the normal pregnant patients revealed an overall incidence of 63 percent renal pelvic dilatation over the nonpregnant controls. Maximum normal renal pelvic diameters were 1.1 cm on the right and 0.9 cm on the left. The maximum normal expected renal pelvic diameter (97.5 percent confidence level) in pregnancy is 2.7 cm on the right and 1.8 cm on the left in the last two trimesters of pregnancy. There was no significant difference between primiparous and multiparous patients, but pregnant patients were significantly different from controls in every trimester (p less than 0.01). Maximum dilatation occurred at 24--28 weeks of gestation. The right renal pelvis was enlarged to the greatest degree in 90 percent of normal patients. Patients with pelvic masses showed a similar pattern of right-sided hydronephrosis.", "contents": "Ultrasound evaluation of hydronephrosis of pregnancy. Four hundred ninety-two patients, including 449 pregnant patients, 39 nonpregnant control patients, and 4 patients with pelvic masses, had renal ultrasonography using gray scale technique. Measurements of renal pelvic diameters in the normal pregnant patients revealed an overall incidence of 63 percent renal pelvic dilatation over the nonpregnant controls. Maximum normal renal pelvic diameters were 1.1 cm on the right and 0.9 cm on the left. The maximum normal expected renal pelvic diameter (97.5 percent confidence level) in pregnancy is 2.7 cm on the right and 1.8 cm on the left in the last two trimesters of pregnancy. There was no significant difference between primiparous and multiparous patients, but pregnant patients were significantly different from controls in every trimester (p less than 0.01). Maximum dilatation occurred at 24--28 weeks of gestation. The right renal pelvis was enlarged to the greatest degree in 90 percent of normal patients. Patients with pelvic masses showed a similar pattern of right-sided hydronephrosis.", "PMID": 108310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8173", "title": "Intrauterine pseudogestational sac in ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy has been thought to depend on exclusion of intrauterine pregnancy on the basis of absence of an intrauterine gestational sac. Two cases illustrating intrauterine echoes suggesting a gestational sac associated with ectopic pregnancy and a plausible explanation for this phenomenon are presented. Because of this and the rare possibility of coexisting intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancies, the ultrasonographer must be wary of dismissing the possibility of an ectopic pregnancy because of an intrauterine gestational sac, whether real or apparent.", "contents": "Intrauterine pseudogestational sac in ectopic pregnancy. Ultrasonic diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy has been thought to depend on exclusion of intrauterine pregnancy on the basis of absence of an intrauterine gestational sac. Two cases illustrating intrauterine echoes suggesting a gestational sac associated with ectopic pregnancy and a plausible explanation for this phenomenon are presented. Because of this and the rare possibility of coexisting intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancies, the ultrasonographer must be wary of dismissing the possibility of an ectopic pregnancy because of an intrauterine gestational sac, whether real or apparent.", "PMID": 108311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8174", "title": "Lateral decubitus position for demonstration of the aortic bifurcation.", "content": "A technique for demonstrating the aortic bifurcation and proximal iliac arteries is presented. This technique is performed in the left lateral decubitus position and uses the right lobe of the liver as an acoustic window.", "contents": "Lateral decubitus position for demonstration of the aortic bifurcation. A technique for demonstrating the aortic bifurcation and proximal iliac arteries is presented. This technique is performed in the left lateral decubitus position and uses the right lobe of the liver as an acoustic window.", "PMID": 108316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8175", "title": "An analysis of pancreatic sonography in suspected pancreatic disease.", "content": "To assess the value of pancreatic sonography in patients suspected of having pancreatic disease, our first 500 pancreatic examinations using gray scale imaging were reviewed in a prospective manner without clinical information. Various parameters of each examination were recorded. The pancreas was localized by its relationships to surrounding vessels and the duodenum. The ability to define the head, body, and tail of the pancreas as well as anterior--posterior size measurements were noted and recorded. A retrospective clinical pathologic follow-up was then carried out and correlated with the ultrasonic findings. Four categories of patients were identified. The features seen in pancreatic ultrasonography of the entire group, as well as those seen in the individual categories, were analyzed. This analysis indicates that pancreatic sonography can be used in patients suspected of having pancreatic disease, defining both normal and abnormal pancreas. A high index of suspicion for the type of abnormality present can be achieved.", "contents": "An analysis of pancreatic sonography in suspected pancreatic disease. To assess the value of pancreatic sonography in patients suspected of having pancreatic disease, our first 500 pancreatic examinations using gray scale imaging were reviewed in a prospective manner without clinical information. Various parameters of each examination were recorded. The pancreas was localized by its relationships to surrounding vessels and the duodenum. The ability to define the head, body, and tail of the pancreas as well as anterior--posterior size measurements were noted and recorded. A retrospective clinical pathologic follow-up was then carried out and correlated with the ultrasonic findings. Four categories of patients were identified. The features seen in pancreatic ultrasonography of the entire group, as well as those seen in the individual categories, were analyzed. This analysis indicates that pancreatic sonography can be used in patients suspected of having pancreatic disease, defining both normal and abnormal pancreas. A high index of suspicion for the type of abnormality present can be achieved.", "PMID": 108318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8176", "title": "Hepatitis Be antigen and antibody in hepatitis B surface antigen positive blood donors.", "content": "In a study of 105 asymptomatic HBsAg positive blood donors, 9 (8.6%) were found to have HBeAg, 38 (36.2%) anti-HBe, and the remaining 58 (55.2%) neither marker detectable by gel diffusion. There was no correlation between HBeAg/anti-HBe status and HBsAg sub-types, Glm allotypes, the presence of anti-Gm, red cell antibodies, or rheumatoid factor. Rheumatoid factor activity could be removed from anti-HBe positive sera without removing anti-HBe activity, indicating that separate entities were involved. HBeAg was found only in donors under the age of 30 (P less than 0.005), while anti-HBe did not show an age-related trend. HBeAg was also found less commonly in donors of blood group A than in the total carrier population (P less than 0.05), indicating an apparent protection in carriers of group A. The blood group distribution for the 105 HBsAg positive donors was similar to that of the general population.", "contents": "Hepatitis Be antigen and antibody in hepatitis B surface antigen positive blood donors. In a study of 105 asymptomatic HBsAg positive blood donors, 9 (8.6%) were found to have HBeAg, 38 (36.2%) anti-HBe, and the remaining 58 (55.2%) neither marker detectable by gel diffusion. There was no correlation between HBeAg/anti-HBe status and HBsAg sub-types, Glm allotypes, the presence of anti-Gm, red cell antibodies, or rheumatoid factor. Rheumatoid factor activity could be removed from anti-HBe positive sera without removing anti-HBe activity, indicating that separate entities were involved. HBeAg was found only in donors under the age of 30 (P less than 0.005), while anti-HBe did not show an age-related trend. HBeAg was also found less commonly in donors of blood group A than in the total carrier population (P less than 0.05), indicating an apparent protection in carriers of group A. The blood group distribution for the 105 HBsAg positive donors was similar to that of the general population.", "PMID": 108319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8177", "title": "Rapid serotyping of groups A, B, and C meningococci by rocket-line immunoelectrophoresis and co-agglutination.", "content": "Rocket-line immunoelectrophoresis (R-LIE) with antigen containing intermediate gel, and co-agglutination utilising protein A-containing staphylococci coated with specific antibodies, were adapted for serotyping the prototypes of group B meningococci. Both were found to have the same specificity as agar gel double diffusion (AGDD) but they were more sensitive and more rapid than AGDD. R-LIE required, like AGDD, the extraction of relatively large quantities of bacteria, while the co-agglutination method, performed as a slide agglutination tests with results within a few minutes and no need of special equipment, required only a small amount of heated whole meningococcal cells. Meningococcal strains of serogroups B, C, and A from patients with carriers were serotyped and the results with all three methods were in agreement.", "contents": "Rapid serotyping of groups A, B, and C meningococci by rocket-line immunoelectrophoresis and co-agglutination. Rocket-line immunoelectrophoresis (R-LIE) with antigen containing intermediate gel, and co-agglutination utilising protein A-containing staphylococci coated with specific antibodies, were adapted for serotyping the prototypes of group B meningococci. Both were found to have the same specificity as agar gel double diffusion (AGDD) but they were more sensitive and more rapid than AGDD. R-LIE required, like AGDD, the extraction of relatively large quantities of bacteria, while the co-agglutination method, performed as a slide agglutination tests with results within a few minutes and no need of special equipment, required only a small amount of heated whole meningococcal cells. Meningococcal strains of serogroups B, C, and A from patients with carriers were serotyped and the results with all three methods were in agreement.", "PMID": 108320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8178", "title": "Changes in the activity of lactose synthetase in the goat udder during pregnancy.", "content": "The lactose synthetase activity of homogenates and particulate fractions prepared from the udders of goats killed at various stages of pregnancy were determined. Both components of the enzyme, galactosyltransferase and alpha-lactalbumin, became detectable about half way through the gestation period, at the time when rapid proliferation of mammary epithelial tissue commences. Throughout the second half of pregnancy the udder possessed a high level of lactose synthetase activity though the lactose content of the tissue did not increase. These findings are discussed in relation to the endocrine control of lactogenesis in the goat and possible mechanisms for the induction of milk production at parturition.", "contents": "Changes in the activity of lactose synthetase in the goat udder during pregnancy. The lactose synthetase activity of homogenates and particulate fractions prepared from the udders of goats killed at various stages of pregnancy were determined. Both components of the enzyme, galactosyltransferase and alpha-lactalbumin, became detectable about half way through the gestation period, at the time when rapid proliferation of mammary epithelial tissue commences. Throughout the second half of pregnancy the udder possessed a high level of lactose synthetase activity though the lactose content of the tissue did not increase. These findings are discussed in relation to the endocrine control of lactogenesis in the goat and possible mechanisms for the induction of milk production at parturition.", "PMID": 108321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8179", "title": "Compatibility of various materials with oral tissues. II: Pulp responses to composite ingredients.", "content": "Eight ingredients of composite materials were evaluated individually for pulp irritation. None caused significant inflammation as evidenced by its average response. No abscess formations or lesions predominating in leukocytes occurred.", "contents": "Compatibility of various materials with oral tissues. II: Pulp responses to composite ingredients. Eight ingredients of composite materials were evaluated individually for pulp irritation. None caused significant inflammation as evidenced by its average response. No abscess formations or lesions predominating in leukocytes occurred.", "PMID": 108322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8180", "title": "Aging in the rhesus monkey: effects on visual discrimination learning and reversal learning.", "content": "The behavior of aged rhesus monkeys (18 years and older) was compared to that of young monkeys (3 to 6 years old) to evaluate their relative abilities to learn a series of visual discrimination and discrimination reversal problems. Using a subject-paced, automated experimental procedure designed to optimize stimulus control and facilitate execution of choice responses, no consistent age-related differences were observed in the ability to learn new color and pattern discrimination problems of varying difficulty. However, a severe and consistent deficity on reversal learning did occur. A detailed analysis of this deficit revealed that not only did the aged monkeys take longer to extinguish the old habit and return to chance performance, but they continued to display a deficit in establishing accurate performance at above-chance levels as well. Since no reliable age differences were observed on the original discrimination learning problems, these data suggest that aging impairs mechanisms involved with response rigidity and/or susceptibility to intertrial proactive interference, more severely than those involved with the simple formation of new associations.", "contents": "Aging in the rhesus monkey: effects on visual discrimination learning and reversal learning. The behavior of aged rhesus monkeys (18 years and older) was compared to that of young monkeys (3 to 6 years old) to evaluate their relative abilities to learn a series of visual discrimination and discrimination reversal problems. Using a subject-paced, automated experimental procedure designed to optimize stimulus control and facilitate execution of choice responses, no consistent age-related differences were observed in the ability to learn new color and pattern discrimination problems of varying difficulty. However, a severe and consistent deficity on reversal learning did occur. A detailed analysis of this deficit revealed that not only did the aged monkeys take longer to extinguish the old habit and return to chance performance, but they continued to display a deficit in establishing accurate performance at above-chance levels as well. Since no reliable age differences were observed on the original discrimination learning problems, these data suggest that aging impairs mechanisms involved with response rigidity and/or susceptibility to intertrial proactive interference, more severely than those involved with the simple formation of new associations.", "PMID": 108323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8181", "title": "A simplified procedure for measuring the class of anti-bacterial antibodies by mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination (MRPAH).", "content": "A modified procedure is described for performing the MRPAH (mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination) reaction as a simple micro-method to measure the classes of bacterial antibodies. This 'bacterial dilution procedure' gave results closely correlated with those obtained by the 'serum (sample) dilution procedure' previously reported and with great economy of materials, labour and time. The method was used to investigate human serum antibodies to Br. abortus and S. enteritidis and serum and secretory antibodies to Strep. mutans. The good reproducibility of the MRPAH reaction was demonstrated by re-examining brucellosis sera tested one year previously. MRPAH was sufficiently sensitive to demonstrate the small amounts of IgG and IgM antibodies to Strep. mutans in human colostrum and early milk. A rise of antibody levels in the different immunoglobulin classes G, A and M was readily demonstrated in sera from individuals with salmonellosis.", "contents": "A simplified procedure for measuring the class of anti-bacterial antibodies by mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination (MRPAH). A modified procedure is described for performing the MRPAH (mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination) reaction as a simple micro-method to measure the classes of bacterial antibodies. This 'bacterial dilution procedure' gave results closely correlated with those obtained by the 'serum (sample) dilution procedure' previously reported and with great economy of materials, labour and time. The method was used to investigate human serum antibodies to Br. abortus and S. enteritidis and serum and secretory antibodies to Strep. mutans. The good reproducibility of the MRPAH reaction was demonstrated by re-examining brucellosis sera tested one year previously. MRPAH was sufficiently sensitive to demonstrate the small amounts of IgG and IgM antibodies to Strep. mutans in human colostrum and early milk. A rise of antibody levels in the different immunoglobulin classes G, A and M was readily demonstrated in sera from individuals with salmonellosis.", "PMID": 108336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8182", "title": "Morphologic expression of the interactions of human lymphocytes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as observed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "When human lymphocytes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were incubated together and then observed under the scanning electron microscope, four distinct morphologic observations were made: (1) filopods extending between lymphocytes and bacteria; (2) globular structures bulging out in many of the filopods; (3) filopods connecting lymphocytes to each other in the presence of bacteria; and (4) bacteria adhering to the lymphocytes in areas where decreased numbers of microvilli were present.", "contents": "Morphologic expression of the interactions of human lymphocytes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as observed by scanning electron microscopy. When human lymphocytes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were incubated together and then observed under the scanning electron microscope, four distinct morphologic observations were made: (1) filopods extending between lymphocytes and bacteria; (2) globular structures bulging out in many of the filopods; (3) filopods connecting lymphocytes to each other in the presence of bacteria; and (4) bacteria adhering to the lymphocytes in areas where decreased numbers of microvilli were present.", "PMID": 108337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8183", "title": "Comparative immunogenicity of vaccines prepared from capsular polysaccharides of group C Neisseria meningitidis O-acetyl-positive and O-acetyl-negative variants and Escherichia coli K92 in adult volunteers.", "content": "Three structurally and antigenically similar capsular polysaccharides, two derived from group C Neisseria meningitidis (O-acetyl-positive and O-acetyl-negative variants) and one from Escherichia coli K92, which cross-reacts with polysaccharide from group C N. meningitidis, were compared for their ability to induce anticapsular and bactericidal antibodies to group C N. meningitidis in adult volunteers. All three vaccines elicited group C-specific serum antibodies. The vaccine derived from the O-acetyl-negative variant was the most immunogenic of the three vaccines. With use of radiolabeled O-acetyl-positive group C N. meningitidis polysaccharide antigen, the geometric mean titers of antibody in serum were 41.7 microgram/ml to the O-acetyl-negative variant, 22.8 microgram/ml to the O-acetyl-positive variant, and 7.1 microgram/ml to E. coli K92. Antibodies induced by all three vaccines were bactericidal for both of the group C N. meningitidis polysaccharide variants. An inverse relation between the comparative immunogenicity of the O-acetyl-negative polysaccharide and the virulence of group C N. meningitidis was found.", "contents": "Comparative immunogenicity of vaccines prepared from capsular polysaccharides of group C Neisseria meningitidis O-acetyl-positive and O-acetyl-negative variants and Escherichia coli K92 in adult volunteers. Three structurally and antigenically similar capsular polysaccharides, two derived from group C Neisseria meningitidis (O-acetyl-positive and O-acetyl-negative variants) and one from Escherichia coli K92, which cross-reacts with polysaccharide from group C N. meningitidis, were compared for their ability to induce anticapsular and bactericidal antibodies to group C N. meningitidis in adult volunteers. All three vaccines elicited group C-specific serum antibodies. The vaccine derived from the O-acetyl-negative variant was the most immunogenic of the three vaccines. With use of radiolabeled O-acetyl-positive group C N. meningitidis polysaccharide antigen, the geometric mean titers of antibody in serum were 41.7 microgram/ml to the O-acetyl-negative variant, 22.8 microgram/ml to the O-acetyl-positive variant, and 7.1 microgram/ml to E. coli K92. Antibodies induced by all three vaccines were bactericidal for both of the group C N. meningitidis polysaccharide variants. An inverse relation between the comparative immunogenicity of the O-acetyl-negative polysaccharide and the virulence of group C N. meningitidis was found.", "PMID": 108338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8184", "title": "Studies on gonococcus infection. XVII. IgA1-cleaving protease in vaginal washings from women with gonorrhea.", "content": "Vaginal washings from women attending a veneral disease clinic were examined for the presence of protease that cleaved IgA subclass 1 (IgA1). In a crude assay, vaginal washings cleaved [125I]IgA1 in 19 of 25 specimens from individuals from whom Neisseria gonorrhoeae were cultivated. Forty-six specimens from 104 women whose cultures were negative for N. gonorrhoeae also cleaved [125I]IgA1. Vaginal washings from six of six women with culture-proven gonorrhea cleaved [125I]IgA1 into low-molecular-weight components identical to those produced by partially purified IgA1-specific protease from gonococci. The hydrolysis of [125I]IgA1 by vaginal washings from women whose cultures were negative for N. gonorrhoeae yielded cleavage products that resembled those of trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin. These findings indicate that gonococci residing in the female genital tract produce IgA1-specific protease that can be detected in the vaginal washings of infected women.", "contents": "Studies on gonococcus infection. XVII. IgA1-cleaving protease in vaginal washings from women with gonorrhea. Vaginal washings from women attending a veneral disease clinic were examined for the presence of protease that cleaved IgA subclass 1 (IgA1). In a crude assay, vaginal washings cleaved [125I]IgA1 in 19 of 25 specimens from individuals from whom Neisseria gonorrhoeae were cultivated. Forty-six specimens from 104 women whose cultures were negative for N. gonorrhoeae also cleaved [125I]IgA1. Vaginal washings from six of six women with culture-proven gonorrhea cleaved [125I]IgA1 into low-molecular-weight components identical to those produced by partially purified IgA1-specific protease from gonococci. The hydrolysis of [125I]IgA1 by vaginal washings from women whose cultures were negative for N. gonorrhoeae yielded cleavage products that resembled those of trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin. These findings indicate that gonococci residing in the female genital tract produce IgA1-specific protease that can be detected in the vaginal washings of infected women.", "PMID": 108339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8185", "title": "Transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance between subspecies of Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin, streptogramins, and tetracycline was shown to be transferable from a clinical isolate of Bacteroides fragilis subspecies distasonis to a sensitive strain of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis. Resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin, and streptogramins was transferable from a clinical isolate of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis to the sensitive strain of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis. Except for tetracycline, resistance to all of these antibiotics was spontaneously curable en bloc at a frequency of approximately 10(-2). These results suggest that resistance to these antibiotics is determined by a plasmid.", "contents": "Transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance between subspecies of Bacteroides fragilis. Resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin, streptogramins, and tetracycline was shown to be transferable from a clinical isolate of Bacteroides fragilis subspecies distasonis to a sensitive strain of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis. Resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin, and streptogramins was transferable from a clinical isolate of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis to the sensitive strain of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis. Except for tetracycline, resistance to all of these antibiotics was spontaneously curable en bloc at a frequency of approximately 10(-2). These results suggest that resistance to these antibiotics is determined by a plasmid.", "PMID": 108340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8186", "title": "Experimental nasopharyngitis and pneumonia caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in infant baboons: histopathologic comparison with a case in a human infant.", "content": "Three infant male baboons were inoculated with a strain of CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS ISOLATED FROM A HUMAN INFANT WITH PNEUMONITIS. One baboon, inoculated by intratracheal, nasopharyngeal, and oropharyngeal seeding, had rales, radiographic evidence of pneumonia, persistent nasopharyngeal C. trachomatis infection, and a four-fold rise in titer of antibody. At sacrifice 24 days after inoculation, nasopharynx, trachea, airways, and lung yielded C. trachomatis, and epithelial inclusions were seen by light and immunofluorescent microscopy. Histopathologic changes noted were nearly identical to those in a lung biopsy specimen from a human infant and pneumonitis and nasopharyngeal C. trachomatis. The second baboon was inoculated by tracheal seeding and maintained nasopharyngeal C. trachomatis until killed 30 days later. Autopsy revealed nasopharyngitis and patchy mild pneumonitis. The third baboon was inoculated by nasopharyngeal seeding and maintained nasopharyngeal C. trachomatis for 49 days. Both of the latter baboons seroconverted. Infant baboons appear to be useful animal models for C. trachomatis nasopharyngitis and pneumonia.", "contents": "Experimental nasopharyngitis and pneumonia caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in infant baboons: histopathologic comparison with a case in a human infant. Three infant male baboons were inoculated with a strain of CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS ISOLATED FROM A HUMAN INFANT WITH PNEUMONITIS. One baboon, inoculated by intratracheal, nasopharyngeal, and oropharyngeal seeding, had rales, radiographic evidence of pneumonia, persistent nasopharyngeal C. trachomatis infection, and a four-fold rise in titer of antibody. At sacrifice 24 days after inoculation, nasopharynx, trachea, airways, and lung yielded C. trachomatis, and epithelial inclusions were seen by light and immunofluorescent microscopy. Histopathologic changes noted were nearly identical to those in a lung biopsy specimen from a human infant and pneumonitis and nasopharyngeal C. trachomatis. The second baboon was inoculated by tracheal seeding and maintained nasopharyngeal C. trachomatis until killed 30 days later. Autopsy revealed nasopharyngitis and patchy mild pneumonitis. The third baboon was inoculated by nasopharyngeal seeding and maintained nasopharyngeal C. trachomatis for 49 days. Both of the latter baboons seroconverted. Infant baboons appear to be useful animal models for C. trachomatis nasopharyngitis and pneumonia.", "PMID": 108341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8187", "title": "Cynomolgus monkey model for experimental Q fever infection.", "content": "A subhuman primate model was developed for study of the pathogenesis of infection with Coxiella burnetii. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) that were exposed to 10(5) mouse median infectious intraperitoneal doses of C. burnetii in a small-particle aerosol developed clinical signs of illness and pathologic changes characteristic of Q fever infection in humans. All monkeys had radiologic evidence of pneumonia by day 9. Antibodies to C. burnetii were detectable by the indirect fluorescent antibody test by day 7. These data indicate that the cynomolgus monkey is a suitable model for study of the pathogenesis of Q fever infection and may prove valuable in the evaluation of C. burnetii vaccines.", "contents": "Cynomolgus monkey model for experimental Q fever infection. A subhuman primate model was developed for study of the pathogenesis of infection with Coxiella burnetii. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) that were exposed to 10(5) mouse median infectious intraperitoneal doses of C. burnetii in a small-particle aerosol developed clinical signs of illness and pathologic changes characteristic of Q fever infection in humans. All monkeys had radiologic evidence of pneumonia by day 9. Antibodies to C. burnetii were detectable by the indirect fluorescent antibody test by day 7. These data indicate that the cynomolgus monkey is a suitable model for study of the pathogenesis of Q fever infection and may prove valuable in the evaluation of C. burnetii vaccines.", "PMID": 108342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8188", "title": "Influence of genetic factors on natural resistance of mice to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "In order to determine whether genetic background influences natural resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a series of 16 different strains of inbred mice were challenged intraperitoneally with P. aeruginosa. Significantly greater natural resistance to infection was found in mice of C3H background genome than in mice of A background genome. This phenomenon was documented for two different strains of P. aeruginosa but could not be demonstrated in control studies in which mice were intraperitoneally challenged with Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. The enhanced resistance of C3H mice was independent of currently defined haplotypes at the H-2 locus. The killing activity of serum against Pseudomonas was not greater in C3H mice than in A mice. The extension of these findings to disease in humans suggests that the particular susceptibility of certain populations of patients to Pseudomonas may be partially related to genetic factors.", "contents": "Influence of genetic factors on natural resistance of mice to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In order to determine whether genetic background influences natural resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a series of 16 different strains of inbred mice were challenged intraperitoneally with P. aeruginosa. Significantly greater natural resistance to infection was found in mice of C3H background genome than in mice of A background genome. This phenomenon was documented for two different strains of P. aeruginosa but could not be demonstrated in control studies in which mice were intraperitoneally challenged with Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. The enhanced resistance of C3H mice was independent of currently defined haplotypes at the H-2 locus. The killing activity of serum against Pseudomonas was not greater in C3H mice than in A mice. The extension of these findings to disease in humans suggests that the particular susceptibility of certain populations of patients to Pseudomonas may be partially related to genetic factors.", "PMID": 108343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8189", "title": "Complement-enhanced immunity to infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae in mice.", "content": "Subcutaneous chambers were implanted in mice, injected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and supplemented with complement as a model for studying the immunogenicity and strain diversity of N. gonorrhoeae. Immunotypic resistance to N. gonorrhoeae in immunized mice was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased by injection of exogenous guinea pig complement into the host before challenge with gonococci. By using this model to test gonococcal isolates from various geographical areas, two highly immunogenic but immunotypically different gonococcal strains were identified. The piliated cells of these strains induced both complement-enhanced immunity and a degree of exogenous complement-independent immunity. The immunity in mice not treated with complement developed more slowly, was less effective, and waned earlier than that which was complement-dependent. Pretreatment with complement, although highly effective in preventing infection in immunized mice, was much less beneficial in terminating already established infections, even though bactericidal antibodies were present at the time of complement treatment. The mouse chamber model in which both complement-mediated and complement-independent mechanisms of protection can be evaluated may provide an additional tool for elucidating the immunology of gonococcal or other microbial infections.", "contents": "Complement-enhanced immunity to infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae in mice. Subcutaneous chambers were implanted in mice, injected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and supplemented with complement as a model for studying the immunogenicity and strain diversity of N. gonorrhoeae. Immunotypic resistance to N. gonorrhoeae in immunized mice was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased by injection of exogenous guinea pig complement into the host before challenge with gonococci. By using this model to test gonococcal isolates from various geographical areas, two highly immunogenic but immunotypically different gonococcal strains were identified. The piliated cells of these strains induced both complement-enhanced immunity and a degree of exogenous complement-independent immunity. The immunity in mice not treated with complement developed more slowly, was less effective, and waned earlier than that which was complement-dependent. Pretreatment with complement, although highly effective in preventing infection in immunized mice, was much less beneficial in terminating already established infections, even though bactericidal antibodies were present at the time of complement treatment. The mouse chamber model in which both complement-mediated and complement-independent mechanisms of protection can be evaluated may provide an additional tool for elucidating the immunology of gonococcal or other microbial infections.", "PMID": 108344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8190", "title": "Minimal antibiotic concentrations of aminoglycosides and beta-lactam antibiotics for some gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci.", "content": "The minimal antibiotic concentration (MAC) is the lowest concentration of an antibacterial agent that produces a decrease of 1 log in the number of organisms/ml as compared with a control culture in drug-free medium. Various gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci were grown in the presence of amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, oxacillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and cefamandole at concentrations varying from eight times the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to 1/128 of the MIC. Colony forming units (cfu) were counted, the MIC was determined, and the MIC:MAC ratio, which indicates the magnitude of the effective range, was calculated. The MIC:MAC ratio appears to be characteristic for a given species and antibiotic. There is no relation between the MICs and the MIC:MAC ratios. The highest ratios were given by Proteus mirabilis with aminoglycosides (MIC:MAC mean, 29.2 with tobramycin), and the lowest ratios were given with beta-lactam antibiotics by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus faecalis (MIC:MAC means, 2.1 with carbenicillin and cefamandole, respectively).", "contents": "Minimal antibiotic concentrations of aminoglycosides and beta-lactam antibiotics for some gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci. The minimal antibiotic concentration (MAC) is the lowest concentration of an antibacterial agent that produces a decrease of 1 log in the number of organisms/ml as compared with a control culture in drug-free medium. Various gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci were grown in the presence of amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, oxacillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and cefamandole at concentrations varying from eight times the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to 1/128 of the MIC. Colony forming units (cfu) were counted, the MIC was determined, and the MIC:MAC ratio, which indicates the magnitude of the effective range, was calculated. The MIC:MAC ratio appears to be characteristic for a given species and antibiotic. There is no relation between the MICs and the MIC:MAC ratios. The highest ratios were given by Proteus mirabilis with aminoglycosides (MIC:MAC mean, 29.2 with tobramycin), and the lowest ratios were given with beta-lactam antibiotics by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus faecalis (MIC:MAC means, 2.1 with carbenicillin and cefamandole, respectively).", "PMID": 108345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8191", "title": "Biosynthesis of glycosylated hemoglobins in the monkey.", "content": "We have investigated the in vivo biosynthesis of the minor hemoglobin components in the rhesus monkey. The elution profile of rhesus hemolysate on BioRex 70 cation exchange resin was analogous to that of human hemolysate. The rhesus Hb Alc peak was identified with the TBA test, which revealed a carbohydrate content identical to that of human Hb A1c. A rhesus monkey was injected with autologous 55Fe-bound transferrin, and the specific activity of each of the minor and major components was followed for over 70 days. As previously shown in man, rhesus Hb alc accumulated specific activity almost linearly over the erythrocyte life-span, indicative of slow and continuous conversion of Hb A0 to Hb Alc. This study revealed two new findings. (1) The specific activity of rhesus Hb Alb was always significantly less than that of Hb Alc. This result suggested that HB Alb is made by further posttranslational modification of Hb Alc. (2) The first portion of rhesus Hb A0 to be eluted on BioRex 70 contained a significant amount of carbohydrate and lower initial specific radioactivity than did the latter portion. This unexpected heterogeneity in the major hemoglobin component reflects slow, nonenzymatic glycosylation at sites other than at the N-terminus of the beta-chain.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of glycosylated hemoglobins in the monkey. We have investigated the in vivo biosynthesis of the minor hemoglobin components in the rhesus monkey. The elution profile of rhesus hemolysate on BioRex 70 cation exchange resin was analogous to that of human hemolysate. The rhesus Hb Alc peak was identified with the TBA test, which revealed a carbohydrate content identical to that of human Hb A1c. A rhesus monkey was injected with autologous 55Fe-bound transferrin, and the specific activity of each of the minor and major components was followed for over 70 days. As previously shown in man, rhesus Hb alc accumulated specific activity almost linearly over the erythrocyte life-span, indicative of slow and continuous conversion of Hb A0 to Hb Alc. This study revealed two new findings. (1) The specific activity of rhesus Hb Alb was always significantly less than that of Hb Alc. This result suggested that HB Alb is made by further posttranslational modification of Hb Alc. (2) The first portion of rhesus Hb A0 to be eluted on BioRex 70 contained a significant amount of carbohydrate and lower initial specific radioactivity than did the latter portion. This unexpected heterogeneity in the major hemoglobin component reflects slow, nonenzymatic glycosylation at sites other than at the N-terminus of the beta-chain.", "PMID": 108346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8192", "title": "Otolaryngological features of 'malformation syndrome with cryptophthalmos'.", "content": "Anomalies of the nose, larynx and oral cavity are described in two patients with cryptophthalmos. A teratogen acting at the time of lid fold formation is probably responsible for the ocular and systemic involvement which are primarily ectodermal defects with some mesodermal involvement.", "contents": "Otolaryngological features of 'malformation syndrome with cryptophthalmos'. Anomalies of the nose, larynx and oral cavity are described in two patients with cryptophthalmos. A teratogen acting at the time of lid fold formation is probably responsible for the ocular and systemic involvement which are primarily ectodermal defects with some mesodermal involvement.", "PMID": 108347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8193", "title": "Adipose tissue development, growth, and food consumption in protein-malnourished rats.", "content": "Effects of protein malnutrition on adipose tissue development were studied in weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats fed isocaloric diets ad libitum containing either 22% (controls) or 8% (protein-malnourished rats) casein, and in rats pair-fed to the protein-malnourished rats with the 22% casein diet. After 32 days on the diet, protein-malnourished rats were 37% and pair-fed 67% the weight of the controls, while torso length was 37% and 73% of controls, respectively. Food consumption relative to body weight was greatest in protein-malnourished rats. Compared to control rats, the distal epididymal adipocyte number in the protein-malnourished rats was decreased in proportion to the decrease in body size and was more closely related to the protein intake than to the total calories consumed. After 32 days on diet, mean adipocyte number per 2 distal pads was 11.7 x 10(6) in controls and 4.3 x 10(6) in protein-malnourished rats. In pair-fed rats, cell number lagged behind controls at 4 and 11 days, but was normal at 32 days (11.4 x 10(6) cells). The distal epididymal pad adipocyte size and percent lipid were similar in all groups during the first 25 days of dietary treatment. Adipocyte size was increased significantly in controls at day 32 compared to the other two groups. At each time studied through day 25 on diet, epididymal pad weight was related to the adipose cell number rather than the cell size. It is concluded that severe restriction of dietary protein during the postweaning period of growth in rats results in decreased epididymal adipocyte proliferation and/or differentiation concomitant with generalized growth retardation, whereas isocaloric feeding of a diet of normal protein content is associated with only a transient delay in adipose tissue development.", "contents": "Adipose tissue development, growth, and food consumption in protein-malnourished rats. Effects of protein malnutrition on adipose tissue development were studied in weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats fed isocaloric diets ad libitum containing either 22% (controls) or 8% (protein-malnourished rats) casein, and in rats pair-fed to the protein-malnourished rats with the 22% casein diet. After 32 days on the diet, protein-malnourished rats were 37% and pair-fed 67% the weight of the controls, while torso length was 37% and 73% of controls, respectively. Food consumption relative to body weight was greatest in protein-malnourished rats. Compared to control rats, the distal epididymal adipocyte number in the protein-malnourished rats was decreased in proportion to the decrease in body size and was more closely related to the protein intake than to the total calories consumed. After 32 days on diet, mean adipocyte number per 2 distal pads was 11.7 x 10(6) in controls and 4.3 x 10(6) in protein-malnourished rats. In pair-fed rats, cell number lagged behind controls at 4 and 11 days, but was normal at 32 days (11.4 x 10(6) cells). The distal epididymal pad adipocyte size and percent lipid were similar in all groups during the first 25 days of dietary treatment. Adipocyte size was increased significantly in controls at day 32 compared to the other two groups. At each time studied through day 25 on diet, epididymal pad weight was related to the adipose cell number rather than the cell size. It is concluded that severe restriction of dietary protein during the postweaning period of growth in rats results in decreased epididymal adipocyte proliferation and/or differentiation concomitant with generalized growth retardation, whereas isocaloric feeding of a diet of normal protein content is associated with only a transient delay in adipose tissue development.", "PMID": 108348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8194", "title": "Transport of thyroxine in the serum of vitamin A-deficient rats.", "content": "Thyroxine (T4) transport in the serum of rats deficient in vitamin A was studied by electrophoresis after incubation of serum samples with radioactive T4. In serum from vitamin A-deficient rats, the amount of radioactivity bound to the prealbumin zone of the electrophoretograms decreased, whereas there was an increase in the amount of radioactivity bound to the albumin zone. The serum from vitamin A-deficient rats subsequently fed a normal diet (repletion experiment) had an electrophoretic pattern similar to that of normal rats. The serum fraction which bound radioactive T4 appeared in the prealbumin rather than the albumin zone. These results suggest that vitamin A deficiency causes an early change in the transport of thyroid hormones in the plasma and a new level of serum thyroxine which may be responsible for the biochemical and physiological changes which occur in vitamin A-deficient rats.", "contents": "Transport of thyroxine in the serum of vitamin A-deficient rats. Thyroxine (T4) transport in the serum of rats deficient in vitamin A was studied by electrophoresis after incubation of serum samples with radioactive T4. In serum from vitamin A-deficient rats, the amount of radioactivity bound to the prealbumin zone of the electrophoretograms decreased, whereas there was an increase in the amount of radioactivity bound to the albumin zone. The serum from vitamin A-deficient rats subsequently fed a normal diet (repletion experiment) had an electrophoretic pattern similar to that of normal rats. The serum fraction which bound radioactive T4 appeared in the prealbumin rather than the albumin zone. These results suggest that vitamin A deficiency causes an early change in the transport of thyroid hormones in the plasma and a new level of serum thyroxine which may be responsible for the biochemical and physiological changes which occur in vitamin A-deficient rats.", "PMID": 108351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8195", "title": "Interrelation of the pituitary-thyroid system at birth in man.", "content": "Samples of cord blood derived from 105 normal babies after uncomplicated deliveries were assayed for thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), reverse tri-iodothyronine (rT3), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and thyrotrophin (TSH). The values for T3, rT3 and TSH were log-normally distributed (geometric means 0.62 nmol/l, 3.28 nmol/l and 10.9 mu./l respectively) and those for T4 and TBG were normally distributed (means 126 nmol/l and 13.7 mg/l), The data were systematically analysed and no evidence was obtained to suggest that the concentration of TSH, which varied widely, was regulated by any of the thyroid hormones alone or in combination. There was a direct relation between the concentrations of T4 and T3 in the cord blood at birth but not between either of these and rT3. There is thus no evidence of a functional interdependence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system in man at birth.", "contents": "Interrelation of the pituitary-thyroid system at birth in man. Samples of cord blood derived from 105 normal babies after uncomplicated deliveries were assayed for thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), reverse tri-iodothyronine (rT3), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and thyrotrophin (TSH). The values for T3, rT3 and TSH were log-normally distributed (geometric means 0.62 nmol/l, 3.28 nmol/l and 10.9 mu./l respectively) and those for T4 and TBG were normally distributed (means 126 nmol/l and 13.7 mg/l), The data were systematically analysed and no evidence was obtained to suggest that the concentration of TSH, which varied widely, was regulated by any of the thyroid hormones alone or in combination. There was a direct relation between the concentrations of T4 and T3 in the cord blood at birth but not between either of these and rT3. There is thus no evidence of a functional interdependence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system in man at birth.", "PMID": 108352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8196", "title": "Temperature-related changes in the erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase (acetazolamide-sensitive esterase) activity of goldfish, Carassius auratus.", "content": "1. Carbonic anhydrase activity in 'membrane' and 'cytosol' fractions of goldfish erythrocytes was assayed by the p-nitrophenyl acetate procedure following thermal acclimation. 2. The thermal sensitivity of \"membrane\"-associated activity was apparently unaltered by acclimation. \"Cytosol\" activity in warm-acclimated specimens was somewhat more thermosensitive than that animals maintained at low temperature. 3. Significant increases in specific activity, and activity per unit volume of packed cells and blood were observed at higher temperatures when assays were conducted at the temperatures at which the system actually functions in the fish. By contrast, when determinations were carried out at a standard temperature (41 degrees C) corresponding to the upper incipient lethal for this species, activity was either unaffected, or declined as acclimation temperatures increased. 4. Changes in carbonic anhydrase activity following acclimation are consistent with the hypothesis that this system is implicated in the maintenance of stable plasma chloride levels, and the suggestion that alternations in red cell chloride levels with temperature are, in part at least, attributable to concomitant variations in enzyme activity.", "contents": "Temperature-related changes in the erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase (acetazolamide-sensitive esterase) activity of goldfish, Carassius auratus. 1. Carbonic anhydrase activity in 'membrane' and 'cytosol' fractions of goldfish erythrocytes was assayed by the p-nitrophenyl acetate procedure following thermal acclimation. 2. The thermal sensitivity of \"membrane\"-associated activity was apparently unaltered by acclimation. \"Cytosol\" activity in warm-acclimated specimens was somewhat more thermosensitive than that animals maintained at low temperature. 3. Significant increases in specific activity, and activity per unit volume of packed cells and blood were observed at higher temperatures when assays were conducted at the temperatures at which the system actually functions in the fish. By contrast, when determinations were carried out at a standard temperature (41 degrees C) corresponding to the upper incipient lethal for this species, activity was either unaffected, or declined as acclimation temperatures increased. 4. Changes in carbonic anhydrase activity following acclimation are consistent with the hypothesis that this system is implicated in the maintenance of stable plasma chloride levels, and the suggestion that alternations in red cell chloride levels with temperature are, in part at least, attributable to concomitant variations in enzyme activity.", "PMID": 108353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8197", "title": "[Evidence of type-specific microheterogeneity of thyroxine-binding globulin by isoelectric focusing (author's transl)].", "content": "A rapid method for the isolation of the thyroxine-binding globulin from only 150 ml plasma is described. The preparation of a high-activity thyroxine-sepharose is essential; this contained L-thyroxine bound exclusively by covalent linkage. Furthermore, the elution of the protein was performed under specifically hydrophobic conditions. Using isoelectric focusing on 15 individual preparations of thyroxine-binding globulin, and densitometric analysis of the polyacrylamide gels, it was possible to show three protein bands in different proportions according to the individual. Three distribution-types were found in the tested volunteers. The results of this investigation show that these types are individual-specific, whereas there are no apparent sex-specific differences.", "contents": "[Evidence of type-specific microheterogeneity of thyroxine-binding globulin by isoelectric focusing (author's transl)]. A rapid method for the isolation of the thyroxine-binding globulin from only 150 ml plasma is described. The preparation of a high-activity thyroxine-sepharose is essential; this contained L-thyroxine bound exclusively by covalent linkage. Furthermore, the elution of the protein was performed under specifically hydrophobic conditions. Using isoelectric focusing on 15 individual preparations of thyroxine-binding globulin, and densitometric analysis of the polyacrylamide gels, it was possible to show three protein bands in different proportions according to the individual. Three distribution-types were found in the tested volunteers. The results of this investigation show that these types are individual-specific, whereas there are no apparent sex-specific differences.", "PMID": 108354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8198", "title": "On the mechanism of the amiloride-sodium entry site interaction in anuran skin epithelia.", "content": "The steady-state transport kinetics of the interaction between external sodium and the diuretic drug, amiloride, was studied in isolated anuran skin epithelia. We also investigated the effect of calcium on the amiloride-induced inhibition of short-circuit current (Isc) in these epithelial preparations. The major conclusions of this study are: (a) amiloride is a noncompetitive inhibitor of Na entry in bullfrog and grassfrog skin, but displays mixed inhibition in R. temporaria and the toad. A hypothesis which states that the interaction sites for amiloride and Na on the putative entry protein are spatially distinct in all of these species is proposed. (b) The stoichiometry of interaction between amiloride and the Na entry mechanism is not necessarily one-to-one. (c) The external Ca requirement for the inhibitory effect of amiloride is not absolute. Amiloride, at all concentrations, is equally effective in inhibiting Isc of bullfrog skin independently from the presence or absence of external Ca.", "contents": "On the mechanism of the amiloride-sodium entry site interaction in anuran skin epithelia. The steady-state transport kinetics of the interaction between external sodium and the diuretic drug, amiloride, was studied in isolated anuran skin epithelia. We also investigated the effect of calcium on the amiloride-induced inhibition of short-circuit current (Isc) in these epithelial preparations. The major conclusions of this study are: (a) amiloride is a noncompetitive inhibitor of Na entry in bullfrog and grassfrog skin, but displays mixed inhibition in R. temporaria and the toad. A hypothesis which states that the interaction sites for amiloride and Na on the putative entry protein are spatially distinct in all of these species is proposed. (b) The stoichiometry of interaction between amiloride and the Na entry mechanism is not necessarily one-to-one. (c) The external Ca requirement for the inhibitory effect of amiloride is not absolute. Amiloride, at all concentrations, is equally effective in inhibiting Isc of bullfrog skin independently from the presence or absence of external Ca.", "PMID": 108355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8199", "title": "Mutants of Bacillus subtilis affected in spore outgrowth.", "content": "Six mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 that are temperature-sensitive in spore outgrowth were isolated. The outgrowth process proceeds normally at 35 degrees C, but at the non-permissive temperature (47 degrees C) it is arrested at a specific stage characteristic for each mutant strain. The mutants are not altered in vegetative growth whether at 35 degrees C or at 47 degrees C. They were characterized for their ability to synthesize RNA, proteins and DNA during outgrowth. A mutant defective in spore germination was also isolated; less than 5% of its spores can germinate at any of the temperatures tested. The mutations were mapped by means of transduction and transformation. The isolation of a number of outgrowth mutants which map at different loci and which affect outgrowth at different times is discussed in relation to the regulation of this process.", "contents": "Mutants of Bacillus subtilis affected in spore outgrowth. Six mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 that are temperature-sensitive in spore outgrowth were isolated. The outgrowth process proceeds normally at 35 degrees C, but at the non-permissive temperature (47 degrees C) it is arrested at a specific stage characteristic for each mutant strain. The mutants are not altered in vegetative growth whether at 35 degrees C or at 47 degrees C. They were characterized for their ability to synthesize RNA, proteins and DNA during outgrowth. A mutant defective in spore germination was also isolated; less than 5% of its spores can germinate at any of the temperatures tested. The mutations were mapped by means of transduction and transformation. The isolation of a number of outgrowth mutants which map at different loci and which affect outgrowth at different times is discussed in relation to the regulation of this process.", "PMID": 108356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8200", "title": "A Bacillus subtilis mutant requiring dipicolinic acid for the development of heat-resistant spores.", "content": "A Bacillus subtilis mutant is described which forms heat-resistant spores only in the presence of external dipicolinic acid (DPA). The mutation, dpa-1, is localized in a new sporulation locus, linked to pyrA. The dpa-1 strain is unable to synthesize DPA but can incorporate external DPA. The amount of DPA incorporated, the frequency of heat-resistant spores and their degree of resistance are all dependent on the concentration of external DPA. Spores of dpa- 1 strains exhibit normal resistance to most chemicals, including octanol and chloroform, but not to ethanol, pyridine, phenol and trichloroacetic acid. Complete resistance to the latter group depends on DPA. DPA incorporation is slow and apparently requires an energy supply but not protein synthesis. Direct involvement of DPA in the heat-resistance of the spores is suggested. Thin sections of DPA-less spores exhibit clearly visible cytoplasmic membranes and ribosomes. These structures are absent or less visible in the core of spores obtained with added DPA.", "contents": "A Bacillus subtilis mutant requiring dipicolinic acid for the development of heat-resistant spores. A Bacillus subtilis mutant is described which forms heat-resistant spores only in the presence of external dipicolinic acid (DPA). The mutation, dpa-1, is localized in a new sporulation locus, linked to pyrA. The dpa-1 strain is unable to synthesize DPA but can incorporate external DPA. The amount of DPA incorporated, the frequency of heat-resistant spores and their degree of resistance are all dependent on the concentration of external DPA. Spores of dpa- 1 strains exhibit normal resistance to most chemicals, including octanol and chloroform, but not to ethanol, pyridine, phenol and trichloroacetic acid. Complete resistance to the latter group depends on DPA. DPA incorporation is slow and apparently requires an energy supply but not protein synthesis. Direct involvement of DPA in the heat-resistance of the spores is suggested. Thin sections of DPA-less spores exhibit clearly visible cytoplasmic membranes and ribosomes. These structures are absent or less visible in the core of spores obtained with added DPA.", "PMID": 108357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8201", "title": "Decadent sporulation mutants of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "In decadent sporulation mutants, sporulating populations are heterogeneous: the cells reach successive chemical and physical resistances with progressively decreasing frequencies. Each decadent mutant can be characterized by the shape and slope of the curve describing the frequency of cells resistant to various agents ('the resistance spectrum'). In some mutants the resistance spectrum decreases progressively from xylene resistance to heat resistance; in other mutants it decreases rapidly between octanol resistance and chloroform resistance. Electron microscopy showed that in two mutants the majority of the cells are blocked at stages III and IV; the number of cells that develop further to reach successive morphological stages falls off progressively. In two other mutants most cells reach stage V. Cortexless spores are also frequent. One of the decadent mutations, SpoL1, was localized between aroD and acf. The phenotype of decadent mutants is discussed in terms of sequential gene activation.", "contents": "Decadent sporulation mutants of Bacillus subtilis. In decadent sporulation mutants, sporulating populations are heterogeneous: the cells reach successive chemical and physical resistances with progressively decreasing frequencies. Each decadent mutant can be characterized by the shape and slope of the curve describing the frequency of cells resistant to various agents ('the resistance spectrum'). In some mutants the resistance spectrum decreases progressively from xylene resistance to heat resistance; in other mutants it decreases rapidly between octanol resistance and chloroform resistance. Electron microscopy showed that in two mutants the majority of the cells are blocked at stages III and IV; the number of cells that develop further to reach successive morphological stages falls off progressively. In two other mutants most cells reach stage V. Cortexless spores are also frequent. One of the decadent mutations, SpoL1, was localized between aroD and acf. The phenotype of decadent mutants is discussed in terms of sequential gene activation.", "PMID": 108358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8202", "title": "Muscle satellite cells in malnourished and nutritionally rehabilitated children.", "content": "Satellite cells were examined qualitatively and quantitatively in muscle biopsies from children when malnourished, during nutritional rehabilitation, and after clinical recovery. The proportion of satellite cell nuclei relative to myonuclei was significantly lower in malnourished subjects than in well-nourished age-matched controls (4.5 +/- 1% vs. 8.1 +/- 1.0%). The proportion of satellite cells remained low during the early period of \"catch-up growth\" but was significantly increased in the recovered subjects (10.5 +/- 1.0%). Satellite cells were small and their nuclei were heterochromatic in biopsies from the malnourished subjects. The cells were often partially segregated from the parent fiber by an external lamina. In recovering and recovered subjects many of the satellite cells enlarged, and the appearance of their nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles suggested a more active state. Intervention of external lamina between the satellite cell and the myofibre was uncommon in the recovered subjects.", "contents": "Muscle satellite cells in malnourished and nutritionally rehabilitated children. Satellite cells were examined qualitatively and quantitatively in muscle biopsies from children when malnourished, during nutritional rehabilitation, and after clinical recovery. The proportion of satellite cell nuclei relative to myonuclei was significantly lower in malnourished subjects than in well-nourished age-matched controls (4.5 +/- 1% vs. 8.1 +/- 1.0%). The proportion of satellite cells remained low during the early period of \"catch-up growth\" but was significantly increased in the recovered subjects (10.5 +/- 1.0%). Satellite cells were small and their nuclei were heterochromatic in biopsies from the malnourished subjects. The cells were often partially segregated from the parent fiber by an external lamina. In recovering and recovered subjects many of the satellite cells enlarged, and the appearance of their nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles suggested a more active state. Intervention of external lamina between the satellite cell and the myofibre was uncommon in the recovered subjects.", "PMID": 108362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8203", "title": "[Hereditary motor neuron disease: the proximal, adult, sex-linked form (or Kennedy disease). Clinical and neuroendocrinologic observations].", "content": "Clinical, electrophysiological, histological and neuroendocrinological findings in a peculiar form of progressive spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy affecting 4 members in two different families are reported. The clinical hallmarks, which characterize this entity among the group of degenerative motor neuron diseases are: sex-linked recessive inheritance; onset in the third decade; slow progression; involvement of facial and bulbar muscles in addition to wasting of the proximal and, in some cases, the distal musculature; asymmetry of clinical signs; consistent and abundant fasciculations predominantly in the peri-oral muscles; intention tremor and a well-developed gynaecomastia, which is the first clinical sign. Electrophysiological and histological findings confirm the neurogenic origin of the muscular atrophy; in addition, muscle biopsy shows \"myopathic-like\" changes in one case and serum muscle enzyme levels are elevated in all neurologically affected patients. It is believed that the clinical entity corresponds to the rare type III proximal hereditary motor neuropathy (or \"Kennedy's disease\"), of which 25 published cases are reviewed. Neuroendocrinological data in two patients demonstrate an androgenic insufficiency of hypothalamo-hypophyseal origin and high levels of circulating oestrogens, which probably have induced gynaecomastia. Dynamic neuroendocrinological tests suggest that lesions of certain hypothalamic nuclei may exist, which should be looked for in the forthcoming anatomical studies.", "contents": "[Hereditary motor neuron disease: the proximal, adult, sex-linked form (or Kennedy disease). Clinical and neuroendocrinologic observations]. Clinical, electrophysiological, histological and neuroendocrinological findings in a peculiar form of progressive spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy affecting 4 members in two different families are reported. The clinical hallmarks, which characterize this entity among the group of degenerative motor neuron diseases are: sex-linked recessive inheritance; onset in the third decade; slow progression; involvement of facial and bulbar muscles in addition to wasting of the proximal and, in some cases, the distal musculature; asymmetry of clinical signs; consistent and abundant fasciculations predominantly in the peri-oral muscles; intention tremor and a well-developed gynaecomastia, which is the first clinical sign. Electrophysiological and histological findings confirm the neurogenic origin of the muscular atrophy; in addition, muscle biopsy shows \"myopathic-like\" changes in one case and serum muscle enzyme levels are elevated in all neurologically affected patients. It is believed that the clinical entity corresponds to the rare type III proximal hereditary motor neuropathy (or \"Kennedy's disease\"), of which 25 published cases are reviewed. Neuroendocrinological data in two patients demonstrate an androgenic insufficiency of hypothalamo-hypophyseal origin and high levels of circulating oestrogens, which probably have induced gynaecomastia. Dynamic neuroendocrinological tests suggest that lesions of certain hypothalamic nuclei may exist, which should be looked for in the forthcoming anatomical studies.", "PMID": 108363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8204", "title": "The effect of dietary sulfur-containing amino acids on the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in rat-liver microsomes.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were fed either a balanced diet whose protein source was a mixture of amino acids (diet 1), or a similar diet which differed only in having 48% less the quantity of the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cystine (diet 2). The diets were given either continuously for 1 month or for 15 days after a protein-free diet. Both diets 1 and 2 permitted good growth of rats and relatively stable microsomal protein content. Protein depletion decreased the total proteins, total phospholipids, and cytochrome P-450 content, and it strongly increased UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in rat-liver microsomes. Repletion with diet 1 restored those values, to the level found in control rats. However, diet 2, given continuously induced an increase in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity and in the cytochrome P-450 concentration. Since high UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity was related to lessened amounts of sulfur-containing amino acids in the diet, we discuss the possible effect of methionine and cystine on the regulation of glucuronoconjugation in relation to sulfoconjugation.", "contents": "The effect of dietary sulfur-containing amino acids on the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in rat-liver microsomes. Male Wistar rats were fed either a balanced diet whose protein source was a mixture of amino acids (diet 1), or a similar diet which differed only in having 48% less the quantity of the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cystine (diet 2). The diets were given either continuously for 1 month or for 15 days after a protein-free diet. Both diets 1 and 2 permitted good growth of rats and relatively stable microsomal protein content. Protein depletion decreased the total proteins, total phospholipids, and cytochrome P-450 content, and it strongly increased UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in rat-liver microsomes. Repletion with diet 1 restored those values, to the level found in control rats. However, diet 2, given continuously induced an increase in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity and in the cytochrome P-450 concentration. Since high UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity was related to lessened amounts of sulfur-containing amino acids in the diet, we discuss the possible effect of methionine and cystine on the regulation of glucuronoconjugation in relation to sulfoconjugation.", "PMID": 108366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8205", "title": "Effects of quantity and unsaturation of dietary fat on serum components in normal and diabetic Macaca nigra.", "content": "Dietary fat affects serum lipids independently of dietary cholesterol. Normal and diabetic monkeys (Macaca nigra) were fed cereal-based, specially formulated diets with either a low fat (LF = 2.5%) or a higher fat (13.2%) content; the latter had varying concentrations of safflower and coconut oil to attain greater polyunsaturation (SFO) or saturation (CCO) in the diets. Dietary cholesterol was less than 0.01%. Serum triglyceride concentrations were greatest when monkeys consumed the LF (higher carbohydrate) diet and lowest when they consumed the SFO diet. Concentrations were greater in diabetic than in normal monkeys fed the LF and SFO diets, but both groups had similar concentrations when fed the CCO diet. Cholesterol levels in diabetic monkeys were only slightly higher than in normals regardless of diet; in both groups, levels were lowest when the LF diet was fed and highest when the CCO diet was fed. The quantity of fat had a greater effect on serum cholesterol than did the degree of polyunsaturation. In both groups, triglyceride concentrations correlated significantly with VLDL protein, and cholesterol levels correlated with LDL protein. Thus the responses of Macaca nigra to dietary fat manipulation depend upon both the diet fat content and composition as well as the normal or diabetic metabolic state of each monkey.", "contents": "Effects of quantity and unsaturation of dietary fat on serum components in normal and diabetic Macaca nigra. Dietary fat affects serum lipids independently of dietary cholesterol. Normal and diabetic monkeys (Macaca nigra) were fed cereal-based, specially formulated diets with either a low fat (LF = 2.5%) or a higher fat (13.2%) content; the latter had varying concentrations of safflower and coconut oil to attain greater polyunsaturation (SFO) or saturation (CCO) in the diets. Dietary cholesterol was less than 0.01%. Serum triglyceride concentrations were greatest when monkeys consumed the LF (higher carbohydrate) diet and lowest when they consumed the SFO diet. Concentrations were greater in diabetic than in normal monkeys fed the LF and SFO diets, but both groups had similar concentrations when fed the CCO diet. Cholesterol levels in diabetic monkeys were only slightly higher than in normals regardless of diet; in both groups, levels were lowest when the LF diet was fed and highest when the CCO diet was fed. The quantity of fat had a greater effect on serum cholesterol than did the degree of polyunsaturation. In both groups, triglyceride concentrations correlated significantly with VLDL protein, and cholesterol levels correlated with LDL protein. Thus the responses of Macaca nigra to dietary fat manipulation depend upon both the diet fat content and composition as well as the normal or diabetic metabolic state of each monkey.", "PMID": 108367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8206", "title": "Determination of intravenous non-protein energy and nitrogen requirements in growing rats.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to estimate total non-protein energy and nitrogen requirements in growing healthy male Wistar rats nourished by parenteral nutrition. In experiment 1, non-protein energy varying from 30 to 70 kcal/day/rat were administered to animals receiving a constant dose of 80 mg nitrogen, plus vitamins and minerals. In experiment 2, nitrogen dosages varying from 0 to 280 mg N/day/rat with a constant dose of 60 kcal non-protein energy were studied. The formulation of the amino acid solution used in both experiments was based upon recommended oral amino acid requirements for growing rats. Dextrose served as the source of non-protein energy. Weight gain and nitrogen balance during a 6-day experimental period were used to determine requirements. Plasma free amino acids were also analyzed to evaluate the amino acid solution. Results indicate that under total parenteral nutrition conditions 578 to 621 mg/kg body weight3/4 nitrogen and 171 to 182 kcal/kg body weight3/4 non-protein energy are required to achieve growth of approximately 3 g/day. Inconsistent responses of plasma amino acid concentrations to the amounts infused were observed. It is suggested that the determined requirements can be applied as guidelines to research using the rat as an animal model in total parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Determination of intravenous non-protein energy and nitrogen requirements in growing rats. Two experiments were conducted to estimate total non-protein energy and nitrogen requirements in growing healthy male Wistar rats nourished by parenteral nutrition. In experiment 1, non-protein energy varying from 30 to 70 kcal/day/rat were administered to animals receiving a constant dose of 80 mg nitrogen, plus vitamins and minerals. In experiment 2, nitrogen dosages varying from 0 to 280 mg N/day/rat with a constant dose of 60 kcal non-protein energy were studied. The formulation of the amino acid solution used in both experiments was based upon recommended oral amino acid requirements for growing rats. Dextrose served as the source of non-protein energy. Weight gain and nitrogen balance during a 6-day experimental period were used to determine requirements. Plasma free amino acids were also analyzed to evaluate the amino acid solution. Results indicate that under total parenteral nutrition conditions 578 to 621 mg/kg body weight3/4 nitrogen and 171 to 182 kcal/kg body weight3/4 non-protein energy are required to achieve growth of approximately 3 g/day. Inconsistent responses of plasma amino acid concentrations to the amounts infused were observed. It is suggested that the determined requirements can be applied as guidelines to research using the rat as an animal model in total parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 108368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8207", "title": "Advances in epithelial kinetics--an oral view.", "content": "There is growing evidence that the basal layer of stratified squamous epithelia consists of cells of differing proliferative capacities and behaviour. These can be classified as stem cells, transient amplifying cells and post-mitotic maturing cells, the most important of which appear to be the stem cells which may be present throughout life and are responsible for all cell production under steady-state conditions. Recent stem cell concepts are reviewed for epidermis, intestinal crypt and oral mucosa and are compared with tissues such as bone marrow and testes which have for some time been thought to operate in a similar manner. These concepts are applied to several pathological conditions of oral epithelia in an attempt to explain some of the changes observed.", "contents": "Advances in epithelial kinetics--an oral view. There is growing evidence that the basal layer of stratified squamous epithelia consists of cells of differing proliferative capacities and behaviour. These can be classified as stem cells, transient amplifying cells and post-mitotic maturing cells, the most important of which appear to be the stem cells which may be present throughout life and are responsible for all cell production under steady-state conditions. Recent stem cell concepts are reviewed for epidermis, intestinal crypt and oral mucosa and are compared with tissues such as bone marrow and testes which have for some time been thought to operate in a similar manner. These concepts are applied to several pathological conditions of oral epithelia in an attempt to explain some of the changes observed.", "PMID": 108372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8208", "title": "An oral lesion in tobacco-lime users in Maharashtra, India.", "content": "The habit of chewing tobacco along with lime in the canine-premolar region of the mandibular groove is widespread (28%) in the rural population of Maharashtra, India. Among individuals with this habit, a thick yellowish-white-to-brown lesion was observed at the site of placement of the mixture. Unlike leukoplakia, this lesion could be scraped off. The prevalence of this lesion among 101,761 Maharashtrian villagers was 2.9% which is four times more common than leukoplakia (0.67%). It is surmised that this particular lesion among the tobacco-lime users is a specific entity with consistent histological features. The diagnosis should be made on the basis of history, clinical features, and consistent histological picture.", "contents": "An oral lesion in tobacco-lime users in Maharashtra, India. The habit of chewing tobacco along with lime in the canine-premolar region of the mandibular groove is widespread (28%) in the rural population of Maharashtra, India. Among individuals with this habit, a thick yellowish-white-to-brown lesion was observed at the site of placement of the mixture. Unlike leukoplakia, this lesion could be scraped off. The prevalence of this lesion among 101,761 Maharashtrian villagers was 2.9% which is four times more common than leukoplakia (0.67%). It is surmised that this particular lesion among the tobacco-lime users is a specific entity with consistent histological features. The diagnosis should be made on the basis of history, clinical features, and consistent histological picture.", "PMID": 108373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8209", "title": "Oral lesions in renal transplant patients.", "content": "Plaque-like lesions of the oral mucosa have been observed in seven immunosuppressed renal transplant patients. Whilst bearing a superficial resemblance to acute pseudomembranous candidiasis (thrush), these lesions have been shown to be associated with bacterial overgrowth and not with fungi. Treatment has depended on the use of appropriate antibiotics and antiseptics together with the adoption of measures to cause disintegration of the mucoid matrix of the lesions.", "contents": "Oral lesions in renal transplant patients. Plaque-like lesions of the oral mucosa have been observed in seven immunosuppressed renal transplant patients. Whilst bearing a superficial resemblance to acute pseudomembranous candidiasis (thrush), these lesions have been shown to be associated with bacterial overgrowth and not with fungi. Treatment has depended on the use of appropriate antibiotics and antiseptics together with the adoption of measures to cause disintegration of the mucoid matrix of the lesions.", "PMID": 108374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8210", "title": "A new method of sterilization: the carbon dioxide laser.", "content": "The use of the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for sterilization of metal instruments was investigated. Scalpal blades contaminated with bacterial spores were exposed to the laser and subsequently cultured. Our results demonstrate that the CO2 laser effectively sterilizes metal instruments.", "contents": "A new method of sterilization: the carbon dioxide laser. The use of the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for sterilization of metal instruments was investigated. Scalpal blades contaminated with bacterial spores were exposed to the laser and subsequently cultured. Our results demonstrate that the CO2 laser effectively sterilizes metal instruments.", "PMID": 108375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8211", "title": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia.", "content": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia is a recently recognized lesion of skin consisting of atypical vascular paroliferation and variable inflammatory cell infiltration. A case is described here of a similar lesion presenting as an intraoral swelling. In addition to showing the histological features generally associated with angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, the present case exhibited striking smooth muscle proliferation.", "contents": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia is a recently recognized lesion of skin consisting of atypical vascular paroliferation and variable inflammatory cell infiltration. A case is described here of a similar lesion presenting as an intraoral swelling. In addition to showing the histological features generally associated with angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, the present case exhibited striking smooth muscle proliferation.", "PMID": 108376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8212", "title": "Histopathologic and bacterial evaluation of conventional and new copper amalgams.", "content": "In vivo pulpal responses in monkeys and in vitro bacterial inhibition studies were completed on new copper amalgams, Sybraloy, Dispersalloy, Tytin and a conventional Spheraloy amalgam. Amalgams were placed in cavities lined with ZOE and in unlined cavities. Silicate and ZOE were used as controls. A total of 165 adult monkey teeth were evaluated at 3 days, 5 and 8 weeks. At 3 days the pulpal responses elicited by the copper amalgams appeared similar to conventional Spheraloy, all showing a slight to moderate response. At 5 weeks the majority of amalgams exhibited a slight pulpar response with a tubular reparative dentin under each restoration. The 8 week pulpal response showed a reduction of the inflammatory response characterized by a tubular reparative dentin with a uniform zone of predentin. Lined ZOE controls exhibited a slight response while silicate showed a moderate response with some persistent chronic inflammation. In vitro bacterial tests revealed that the various amalgams had little to no inhibitory effect on the three serotypes of S. mutans that are most prominent in humans.", "contents": "Histopathologic and bacterial evaluation of conventional and new copper amalgams. In vivo pulpal responses in monkeys and in vitro bacterial inhibition studies were completed on new copper amalgams, Sybraloy, Dispersalloy, Tytin and a conventional Spheraloy amalgam. Amalgams were placed in cavities lined with ZOE and in unlined cavities. Silicate and ZOE were used as controls. A total of 165 adult monkey teeth were evaluated at 3 days, 5 and 8 weeks. At 3 days the pulpal responses elicited by the copper amalgams appeared similar to conventional Spheraloy, all showing a slight to moderate response. At 5 weeks the majority of amalgams exhibited a slight pulpar response with a tubular reparative dentin under each restoration. The 8 week pulpal response showed a reduction of the inflammatory response characterized by a tubular reparative dentin with a uniform zone of predentin. Lined ZOE controls exhibited a slight response while silicate showed a moderate response with some persistent chronic inflammation. In vitro bacterial tests revealed that the various amalgams had little to no inhibitory effect on the three serotypes of S. mutans that are most prominent in humans.", "PMID": 108377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8213", "title": "Electron microscopic investigation of hyaline bodies in odontogenic cysts.", "content": "With the light microscope, hyaline bodies of Rushton may appear lamellar or granular. In this investigation, the ultrastructures of both lamellar and granular forms were studied in formalin fixed material, and in specimens fixed in osmium tetroxide. The lamellar type was composed of alternating electron dense and electron lucent layers, the outermost layer always being electron dense. The granular type was composed of amorphous material in which fragments of red blood cells could be seen. Some hyaline bodies were partly granular and partly lamellar. The surfaces of the epithelial cells apposed to both types showed large numbers of hemidesmosomes, but no basal lamina was seen. The amorphous material in the granular hyaline bodies appeared very similar to the substance of the degenerating red blood cells, and extravasated red cells were commonly found in the adjacent connective tissue. The results suggest that the granular type is formed from degenerating red blood cells, and that the lamellar pattern may result from segregation of components within the mass rather than by an incremental form of growth. No support was found for the hypotheses that hyaline bodies are keratinous or a secretory product of the epithelial cells.", "contents": "Electron microscopic investigation of hyaline bodies in odontogenic cysts. With the light microscope, hyaline bodies of Rushton may appear lamellar or granular. In this investigation, the ultrastructures of both lamellar and granular forms were studied in formalin fixed material, and in specimens fixed in osmium tetroxide. The lamellar type was composed of alternating electron dense and electron lucent layers, the outermost layer always being electron dense. The granular type was composed of amorphous material in which fragments of red blood cells could be seen. Some hyaline bodies were partly granular and partly lamellar. The surfaces of the epithelial cells apposed to both types showed large numbers of hemidesmosomes, but no basal lamina was seen. The amorphous material in the granular hyaline bodies appeared very similar to the substance of the degenerating red blood cells, and extravasated red cells were commonly found in the adjacent connective tissue. The results suggest that the granular type is formed from degenerating red blood cells, and that the lamellar pattern may result from segregation of components within the mass rather than by an incremental form of growth. No support was found for the hypotheses that hyaline bodies are keratinous or a secretory product of the epithelial cells.", "PMID": 108378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8214", "title": "Microscopic changes in rat tongue following experimental cryosurgery.", "content": "Histological changes were studied in the rat tongue for varying periods of time up to 14 days following the application of a cryoprobe to the dorsal surface of rat tongue. Within minutes of the application, focal subepithelial vesiculation and hyperemia occurred. At 3 h there was evidence of damage to capillary walls, resulting in hemorrhage. Arterioles and venules were thrombosed and there were degenerative changes in the muscle layer of their walls. At 6 h ventral epithelium showed evidence of damage. At this stage vessel walls were pavemented with neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and some of the latter were seen in the vessel walls. At 24 h abundant PMN, many of them necrotic, were present in the vessel walls, apparently unable to pass through them. At 48 h numerous PMN were seen adhering to degenerating muscle fibers. By 4 days necrotic changes extended through the full thickness of the tongue, but concurrently it was observed that the larger thrombosed vessels were becoming recanalized. At 5 days repair by granulation tissue was taking place and at 6 days the vasculature was virtually reconstituted. By 14 days healing was complete.", "contents": "Microscopic changes in rat tongue following experimental cryosurgery. Histological changes were studied in the rat tongue for varying periods of time up to 14 days following the application of a cryoprobe to the dorsal surface of rat tongue. Within minutes of the application, focal subepithelial vesiculation and hyperemia occurred. At 3 h there was evidence of damage to capillary walls, resulting in hemorrhage. Arterioles and venules were thrombosed and there were degenerative changes in the muscle layer of their walls. At 6 h ventral epithelium showed evidence of damage. At this stage vessel walls were pavemented with neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and some of the latter were seen in the vessel walls. At 24 h abundant PMN, many of them necrotic, were present in the vessel walls, apparently unable to pass through them. At 48 h numerous PMN were seen adhering to degenerating muscle fibers. By 4 days necrotic changes extended through the full thickness of the tongue, but concurrently it was observed that the larger thrombosed vessels were becoming recanalized. At 5 days repair by granulation tissue was taking place and at 6 days the vasculature was virtually reconstituted. By 14 days healing was complete.", "PMID": 108379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8215", "title": "Plasma naltrexone kinetics after intravenous bolus administration in dogs and monkeys.", "content": "This investigation generated data characterize a specific electron-capture GLC assay reported previously for naltrexone and applied the method to a determination of naltrexone pharmacokinetics. Extraction efficiencies are reported for the assay, and mass spectral evidence indicates that naltrexone forms a triester when derivatized for electron-capture GLC with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and a base catalyst. Plasma level-time data for intravenous naltrexone at two dose levels in monkeys yielded no evidence of dose-dependent kinetics. A two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model was fitted to plasma level-time data for naltrexone in two dogs and yielded a total body clearance of 51-55 ml/min/kg. Urine collected for 0-24 hr contained 36% of the dose as naltrexone conjugates with less than 1% as unchanged naltrexone. Plasma level-time data for intravenous naltrexone in six monkeys yielded an average terminal half-life of 7.8 hr and a total body clearance of 64 ml/min/kg. The total body clearance for naltrexone was greater than the hepatic plasma or blood flow in both dogs and monkeys. This finding, together with the extremely low renal excretion of naltrexone, suggests the existence of elimination mechanisms besides liver metabolism and renal excretion.", "contents": "Plasma naltrexone kinetics after intravenous bolus administration in dogs and monkeys. This investigation generated data characterize a specific electron-capture GLC assay reported previously for naltrexone and applied the method to a determination of naltrexone pharmacokinetics. Extraction efficiencies are reported for the assay, and mass spectral evidence indicates that naltrexone forms a triester when derivatized for electron-capture GLC with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and a base catalyst. Plasma level-time data for intravenous naltrexone at two dose levels in monkeys yielded no evidence of dose-dependent kinetics. A two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model was fitted to plasma level-time data for naltrexone in two dogs and yielded a total body clearance of 51-55 ml/min/kg. Urine collected for 0-24 hr contained 36% of the dose as naltrexone conjugates with less than 1% as unchanged naltrexone. Plasma level-time data for intravenous naltrexone in six monkeys yielded an average terminal half-life of 7.8 hr and a total body clearance of 64 ml/min/kg. The total body clearance for naltrexone was greater than the hepatic plasma or blood flow in both dogs and monkeys. This finding, together with the extremely low renal excretion of naltrexone, suggests the existence of elimination mechanisms besides liver metabolism and renal excretion.", "PMID": 108382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8216", "title": "Rapid and accurate stability-indicating assay for nitroglycerin.", "content": "A rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for determining the nitroglycerin concentration in liquid dosage forms and intravenous admixture solutions is presented. A coefficient of variation of less than 1.8% was achieved over the concentration range most commonly encountered (50-500 microgram/ml). A variable wavelength detector (lambda = 218 nm) and a micro-alkyl phenyl column were employed. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran-water (26:10:64). Total analysis time was 12 min.", "contents": "Rapid and accurate stability-indicating assay for nitroglycerin. A rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for determining the nitroglycerin concentration in liquid dosage forms and intravenous admixture solutions is presented. A coefficient of variation of less than 1.8% was achieved over the concentration range most commonly encountered (50-500 microgram/ml). A variable wavelength detector (lambda = 218 nm) and a micro-alkyl phenyl column were employed. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran-water (26:10:64). Total analysis time was 12 min.", "PMID": 108384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8217", "title": "Effect of N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives of amino acids and amino acid analogs on microbial antitumor screen.", "content": "Eighteen trifluoroacetyl derivatives of amino acids and of amino acid analogs were prepared and tested for growth-inhibitory activity using a Lactobacillus casei system as a prescreen for antitumor activity. Of the compounds tested, the trifluoroacetyl derivatives of o-, m-, and p-fluorophenylalanine and of beta-3-thienylalanine showed modest activity; trifluoroacetyl derivatives of phenylalanine and of beta-2-thienylalanine showed marginal activity. The activity exhibited by the active trifluoroacetyl compounds was equal to that noted for most active chloroacetyl derivatives reported previously, as judged by comparison of their activity with that of chloroacetyl-m-fluorophenylalanine. No reversal of inhibition was noted when a representative of these inhibitors was challenged with a corresponding natural metabolite, both as a free amino acid and as a noninhibitory acylated compound.", "contents": "Effect of N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives of amino acids and amino acid analogs on microbial antitumor screen. Eighteen trifluoroacetyl derivatives of amino acids and of amino acid analogs were prepared and tested for growth-inhibitory activity using a Lactobacillus casei system as a prescreen for antitumor activity. Of the compounds tested, the trifluoroacetyl derivatives of o-, m-, and p-fluorophenylalanine and of beta-3-thienylalanine showed modest activity; trifluoroacetyl derivatives of phenylalanine and of beta-2-thienylalanine showed marginal activity. The activity exhibited by the active trifluoroacetyl compounds was equal to that noted for most active chloroacetyl derivatives reported previously, as judged by comparison of their activity with that of chloroacetyl-m-fluorophenylalanine. No reversal of inhibition was noted when a representative of these inhibitors was challenged with a corresponding natural metabolite, both as a free amino acid and as a noninhibitory acylated compound.", "PMID": 108385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8218", "title": "Congenital absence of lateral rectus muscle.", "content": "A four-year-old female presented with a 60 PD left esotropia and Axenfeld's anomaly OU. Cosmetic strabismus surgery was undertaken, at which time it was discovered that the left lateral rectus was absent. The medial rectus was recessed, without change in the esotropia. At a second procedure six months later, the superior and inferior rectus muscles were transposed to the area of the missing lateral rectus. Follow-up examination revealed an 8 PD left esotropia with full ductions.", "contents": "Congenital absence of lateral rectus muscle. A four-year-old female presented with a 60 PD left esotropia and Axenfeld's anomaly OU. Cosmetic strabismus surgery was undertaken, at which time it was discovered that the left lateral rectus was absent. The medial rectus was recessed, without change in the esotropia. At a second procedure six months later, the superior and inferior rectus muscles were transposed to the area of the missing lateral rectus. Follow-up examination revealed an 8 PD left esotropia with full ductions.", "PMID": 108381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8219", "title": "Effects of morphine, diazepam and chlorpromazine on discrimination of electric shock.", "content": "The effects of morphine, diazepam and chlorpromazine were examined on the discrimination of electric shock in squirrel monkeys. Two discrete responses measured discrimination of the presence or absence of shock at two different intensities, either at 0.35 mA or at an intensity determined to be close to each monkey's threshold (0.05 or 0.15 mA). The percentage of responses which were correct in the presence and the absence of shock were determined separately. Time to respond to the presence or the absence of shock was also determined. Morphine decreased the percentage of correct responses at both the lower (0.05--0.15 mA) and the higher (0.35 mA) shock intensities, although effects at the higher intensity were very slight. Morphine had little effect on correct responses in the absence of shock. In contrast, diazepam decreased the percentage of correct responses in the absence of shock without affecting correct responses in the presence of shock, and chlorpromazine decreased the percentage of correct responses both in the presence and absence of shock. All three drugs increased time to respond both to the presence of shock and to the absence of shock with chlorpromazine producing the largest increase. Only morphine increased time to respond in the absence of shock more than in the presence of shock.", "contents": "Effects of morphine, diazepam and chlorpromazine on discrimination of electric shock. The effects of morphine, diazepam and chlorpromazine were examined on the discrimination of electric shock in squirrel monkeys. Two discrete responses measured discrimination of the presence or absence of shock at two different intensities, either at 0.35 mA or at an intensity determined to be close to each monkey's threshold (0.05 or 0.15 mA). The percentage of responses which were correct in the presence and the absence of shock were determined separately. Time to respond to the presence or the absence of shock was also determined. Morphine decreased the percentage of correct responses at both the lower (0.05--0.15 mA) and the higher (0.35 mA) shock intensities, although effects at the higher intensity were very slight. Morphine had little effect on correct responses in the absence of shock. In contrast, diazepam decreased the percentage of correct responses in the absence of shock without affecting correct responses in the presence of shock, and chlorpromazine decreased the percentage of correct responses both in the presence and absence of shock. All three drugs increased time to respond both to the presence of shock and to the absence of shock with chlorpromazine producing the largest increase. Only morphine increased time to respond in the absence of shock more than in the presence of shock.", "PMID": 108386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8220", "title": "Rhodotorulic acid--investigation of its potential as an iron-chelating drug.", "content": "The use of rhodotorulic acid (RA) as an iron-chelating drug was suggested by experiments in hypertransfused rats in which urinary and fecal iron excretion were significantly enhanced in response to RA. The toxicity of the drug appears to be minimal at a parenteral dose less than 250 mg/kg. An increased excretion of zinc was the only notable side effect of the drug at the doses used. When administered i.v. to humans, RA was only 16% more effective than desferrioxamine (DF). Pharmacokinetic studies showed that RA persisted in the bloodstream of dogs 6 times longer than desferrioxamine after an intravenous injection. Accordingly RA was evaluated as a potential repository drug. While animal experiments were encouraging, human subjects experienced a painful local reaction to RA administered either i.m. or s.c. as a suspension in physiological saline. Accordingly it appears that RA is best looked at as a second line drug, unless a means can be found to obviate local inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "Rhodotorulic acid--investigation of its potential as an iron-chelating drug. The use of rhodotorulic acid (RA) as an iron-chelating drug was suggested by experiments in hypertransfused rats in which urinary and fecal iron excretion were significantly enhanced in response to RA. The toxicity of the drug appears to be minimal at a parenteral dose less than 250 mg/kg. An increased excretion of zinc was the only notable side effect of the drug at the doses used. When administered i.v. to humans, RA was only 16% more effective than desferrioxamine (DF). Pharmacokinetic studies showed that RA persisted in the bloodstream of dogs 6 times longer than desferrioxamine after an intravenous injection. Accordingly RA was evaluated as a potential repository drug. While animal experiments were encouraging, human subjects experienced a painful local reaction to RA administered either i.m. or s.c. as a suspension in physiological saline. Accordingly it appears that RA is best looked at as a second line drug, unless a means can be found to obviate local inflammatory reactions.", "PMID": 108388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8221", "title": "Characteristics of histamine H1-receptors in peripheral tissues labeled with [3H]mepyramine.", "content": "Specific binding of [3H]mepyramine to membranes of various peripheral tissues of different species has been demonstrated. Drug specificity indicates an association with histamine H1-receptors. Of all the tissues examined brain contains the highest numbers of binding sites, while substantial levels of specific [3H]mepyramine binding are also demonstrable in some species in heart, lung, adrenal and ileum. Negligible specific [3H]mepyramine binding is observed in the liver, stomach and uterus of several species. The lesser bronchoconstricting response of the rat than of other species to histamine is paralleled by a lower number of [3H]mepyramine binding sites in rat lung than in other species. However, similar numbers or [3H]mepyramine binding sites occur in ileal membranes of rat, guinea pig and rabbit, although contractile effects of histamine vary in these species. In the quinea-pig ileum, [3H]mepyramine binding is most concentrated in the longitudinal muscle itself where histamine exerts its predominant contractile effects. In the bovine adrenal gland, [3H]mepyramine binding is more abundant and has higher affinity for drugs in the medulla than in the cortex.", "contents": "Characteristics of histamine H1-receptors in peripheral tissues labeled with [3H]mepyramine. Specific binding of [3H]mepyramine to membranes of various peripheral tissues of different species has been demonstrated. Drug specificity indicates an association with histamine H1-receptors. Of all the tissues examined brain contains the highest numbers of binding sites, while substantial levels of specific [3H]mepyramine binding are also demonstrable in some species in heart, lung, adrenal and ileum. Negligible specific [3H]mepyramine binding is observed in the liver, stomach and uterus of several species. The lesser bronchoconstricting response of the rat than of other species to histamine is paralleled by a lower number of [3H]mepyramine binding sites in rat lung than in other species. However, similar numbers or [3H]mepyramine binding sites occur in ileal membranes of rat, guinea pig and rabbit, although contractile effects of histamine vary in these species. In the quinea-pig ileum, [3H]mepyramine binding is most concentrated in the longitudinal muscle itself where histamine exerts its predominant contractile effects. In the bovine adrenal gland, [3H]mepyramine binding is more abundant and has higher affinity for drugs in the medulla than in the cortex.", "PMID": 108389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8222", "title": "Field potentials and excitation of primate spinothalamic neurones in response to volleys in muscle afferents.", "content": "1. In anesthetized monkeys, stimulation of muscle afferents results in a sequence of cord dorsum potentials. These include a group I volley followed by several negative potentials called here the NI, NII and NIII waves. 2. Evidence based on the effects of graded stimulus strengths, measurements of latencies, and the results of anodal blockade of large muscle afferents indicate that the NI, NII and NIII waves are evoked, respectively, by group I, II and III muscle afferents. 3. The NII and NIII waves appear to be confined to the lumbosacral enlargement when evoked by hind limb muscle afferents. However, the group I volley and NI wave can be detected at least as far rostrally as L 3. 4. The NII and NIII waves were mapped in the depth of the cord. The maxima for these waves were found in the neck of the dorsal horn. The waves reversed to become positive in the ventral horn. 5. Using graded electrical stimulation of muscle nerves it was possible to demonstrate that a few spinothalamic tract neurones could be activated monosynaptically by group I volleys; other spinothalamic cells may have been activated polysynaptically by group I volleys. The lack of any substantial excitation of spinothalamic neurones by intra-arterial injections of succinylcholine suggests that these group I actions may have been due to group Ib afferents from Golgi tendon organs. 6. The most potent excitation of spinothalamic tract cells was due to the action of middle sized and small muscle afferents. Evidence was obtained for an excitatory action of group II, III and IV afferents. There was a good correlation between the effects of graded stimulation in evoking discharges in separate bursts associated with the arrival of volleys in group II and group III afferents and the generation of the NII and NIII waves. 7. Some spinothalamic neurones, including several located in lamina I, were unaffected by the muscle afferent volleys used. It is suggested that such neurones might help to signal well localized pain, whereas the cells which respond to a variety of cutaneous and muscle afferents might be involved in signalling poorly localized pain which is subject to referral.", "contents": "Field potentials and excitation of primate spinothalamic neurones in response to volleys in muscle afferents. 1. In anesthetized monkeys, stimulation of muscle afferents results in a sequence of cord dorsum potentials. These include a group I volley followed by several negative potentials called here the NI, NII and NIII waves. 2. Evidence based on the effects of graded stimulus strengths, measurements of latencies, and the results of anodal blockade of large muscle afferents indicate that the NI, NII and NIII waves are evoked, respectively, by group I, II and III muscle afferents. 3. The NII and NIII waves appear to be confined to the lumbosacral enlargement when evoked by hind limb muscle afferents. However, the group I volley and NI wave can be detected at least as far rostrally as L 3. 4. The NII and NIII waves were mapped in the depth of the cord. The maxima for these waves were found in the neck of the dorsal horn. The waves reversed to become positive in the ventral horn. 5. Using graded electrical stimulation of muscle nerves it was possible to demonstrate that a few spinothalamic tract neurones could be activated monosynaptically by group I volleys; other spinothalamic cells may have been activated polysynaptically by group I volleys. The lack of any substantial excitation of spinothalamic neurones by intra-arterial injections of succinylcholine suggests that these group I actions may have been due to group Ib afferents from Golgi tendon organs. 6. The most potent excitation of spinothalamic tract cells was due to the action of middle sized and small muscle afferents. Evidence was obtained for an excitatory action of group II, III and IV afferents. There was a good correlation between the effects of graded stimulation in evoking discharges in separate bursts associated with the arrival of volleys in group II and group III afferents and the generation of the NII and NIII waves. 7. Some spinothalamic neurones, including several located in lamina I, were unaffected by the muscle afferent volleys used. It is suggested that such neurones might help to signal well localized pain, whereas the cells which respond to a variety of cutaneous and muscle afferents might be involved in signalling poorly localized pain which is subject to referral.", "PMID": 108390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8223", "title": "Effects of mechanical and chemical stimulation of fine muscle afferents upon primate spinothalamic tract cells.", "content": "1. Injections of algesic chemicals were made into the arterial circulation of the triceps surae muscles in anaesthetized monkeys. 2. The responses of a sample of primary muscle afferents suggest that what is known about the activation of muscle afferents in the cat by algesic agents applies also to the monkey. One exception to this is the activation of many group I afferents by KCl in the monkey, but not in the cat. 3. Many spinothalamic tract cells were powerfully excited by the intra-arterial injection of algesic chemicals (bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), KCl) in preparations in which the hind limb was denervated except for the nerves to the triceps surae muscles. The excitatory action of bradykinin had a slower time course than did that of 5-HT or KCl. 4. A number of the spinothalamic tract cells which failed to respond to chemical activation of muscle afferents were located in lamina I of the spinal cord. 5. Repeated injections of bradykinin produced similar responses, whereas the effects of 5-HT injections showed marked tachyphylaxis. 6. No evidence was obtained that activation of muscle spindle afferents by succinylcholine injections resulted in the excitation of spinothalamic tract neurones in the population sampled. 7. Injections of hypertonic NaCl into muscle or tendon produced a prolonged excitation of many spinothalamic tract cells. 8. It is concluded that a substantial proportion of primate spinothalamic tract cells receive a convergent input from cutaneous and muscle receptors. The muscle receptors involved appear to include primary afferents of group III and IV calibre. The possibility is suggested that such cells could play a role in the production of poorly localized pain.", "contents": "Effects of mechanical and chemical stimulation of fine muscle afferents upon primate spinothalamic tract cells. 1. Injections of algesic chemicals were made into the arterial circulation of the triceps surae muscles in anaesthetized monkeys. 2. The responses of a sample of primary muscle afferents suggest that what is known about the activation of muscle afferents in the cat by algesic agents applies also to the monkey. One exception to this is the activation of many group I afferents by KCl in the monkey, but not in the cat. 3. Many spinothalamic tract cells were powerfully excited by the intra-arterial injection of algesic chemicals (bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), KCl) in preparations in which the hind limb was denervated except for the nerves to the triceps surae muscles. The excitatory action of bradykinin had a slower time course than did that of 5-HT or KCl. 4. A number of the spinothalamic tract cells which failed to respond to chemical activation of muscle afferents were located in lamina I of the spinal cord. 5. Repeated injections of bradykinin produced similar responses, whereas the effects of 5-HT injections showed marked tachyphylaxis. 6. No evidence was obtained that activation of muscle spindle afferents by succinylcholine injections resulted in the excitation of spinothalamic tract neurones in the population sampled. 7. Injections of hypertonic NaCl into muscle or tendon produced a prolonged excitation of many spinothalamic tract cells. 8. It is concluded that a substantial proportion of primate spinothalamic tract cells receive a convergent input from cutaneous and muscle receptors. The muscle receptors involved appear to include primary afferents of group III and IV calibre. The possibility is suggested that such cells could play a role in the production of poorly localized pain.", "PMID": 108391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8224", "title": "The depolarizing afterpotential of crab muscle fibres. A sodium-dependent process mediated by intracellular calcium.", "content": "1. A study was made of the depolarizing afterpotential (d.a.p.) which follows the initial graded electrogenesis of crab muscle fibres. 2. Increasing the strength, duration or amplitude of the stimulating current pulses enhanced both the d.a.p. and the local contractions. 3. Arsenazo III was injected intracellularly and changes in light absorbance by the dye were used to monitor the increase in free sarcoplasmic Ca concentration during excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling. The onset of the absorbance changes occurred during the depolarizing phase of the initial electrogenesis and the maximum value coincided with the peak of the d.a.p. An exponential decay of the absorbance signal occurred during the repolarizing phase of the d.a.p. 4. Ionophoretic injection of EGTA into the sarcoplasm did not affect the initial electrogenesis but did reduce changes in dye absorbance, blocked tension development and abolished the d.a.p. 5. Caffeine (0.1--0.4 mM) markedly enhanced both the d.a.p. and the local contractions, but had no effect on the initial electrogenesis. 6. Replacement of extracellular Na ions with Li, Tris or choline abolished the d.a.p. The initial electrogenesis was enhanced in the choline-containing medium, but was not affected by Li or Tris. The rate of relaxation of the local contractions and the rate of decay of the light absorbance changes were slowed in Na-free saline. 7. Tetrodotoxin (10(-5) g/ml.) had no effect on either the membrane responses or tension development. 8. For initial graded responses of comparable peak amplitude a threefold reduction of [Ca-a1o shortened the d.a.p., but had little effect onits peak amplitude. A fivefold increase in [Ca]o reduced both the amplitude and duration of the d.a.p. 9. Changes in [Mg]o had little effect on the d.a.p., but both Mn (4--10 mM) and La (0.1 mM) blocked the initial electrogenesis and the d.a.p. 10. It is concluded that distinct ionic mechanisms give rise to the initial electrogenesis and the d.a.p. While the former is due to activation of Ca conductance, the d.a.p. is a Na-dependent phenomenon that is tetrodotoxin-insensitive, and mediated by the rise of intracellular Ca concentration during E--C coupling.", "contents": "The depolarizing afterpotential of crab muscle fibres. A sodium-dependent process mediated by intracellular calcium. 1. A study was made of the depolarizing afterpotential (d.a.p.) which follows the initial graded electrogenesis of crab muscle fibres. 2. Increasing the strength, duration or amplitude of the stimulating current pulses enhanced both the d.a.p. and the local contractions. 3. Arsenazo III was injected intracellularly and changes in light absorbance by the dye were used to monitor the increase in free sarcoplasmic Ca concentration during excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling. The onset of the absorbance changes occurred during the depolarizing phase of the initial electrogenesis and the maximum value coincided with the peak of the d.a.p. An exponential decay of the absorbance signal occurred during the repolarizing phase of the d.a.p. 4. Ionophoretic injection of EGTA into the sarcoplasm did not affect the initial electrogenesis but did reduce changes in dye absorbance, blocked tension development and abolished the d.a.p. 5. Caffeine (0.1--0.4 mM) markedly enhanced both the d.a.p. and the local contractions, but had no effect on the initial electrogenesis. 6. Replacement of extracellular Na ions with Li, Tris or choline abolished the d.a.p. The initial electrogenesis was enhanced in the choline-containing medium, but was not affected by Li or Tris. The rate of relaxation of the local contractions and the rate of decay of the light absorbance changes were slowed in Na-free saline. 7. Tetrodotoxin (10(-5) g/ml.) had no effect on either the membrane responses or tension development. 8. For initial graded responses of comparable peak amplitude a threefold reduction of [Ca-a1o shortened the d.a.p., but had little effect onits peak amplitude. A fivefold increase in [Ca]o reduced both the amplitude and duration of the d.a.p. 9. Changes in [Mg]o had little effect on the d.a.p., but both Mn (4--10 mM) and La (0.1 mM) blocked the initial electrogenesis and the d.a.p. 10. It is concluded that distinct ionic mechanisms give rise to the initial electrogenesis and the d.a.p. While the former is due to activation of Ca conductance, the d.a.p. is a Na-dependent phenomenon that is tetrodotoxin-insensitive, and mediated by the rise of intracellular Ca concentration during E--C coupling.", "PMID": 108392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8225", "title": "Characteristics of the internal anal sphincter and the rectum of the vervet monkey.", "content": "1. The physiology of the internal anal sphincter of the vervet monkey was investigated. 2. Strips of sphincter in vitro contracted to noradrenaline and adrenaline; adrenoceptors were mainly alpha-excitatory. Strips of rectal circular muscle relaxed to noradrenaline and contained both inhibitory alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. 3. All strips contracted to acetylcholine. After hyoscine or atropine, high doses of acetylcholine relaxed all strips by stimulating intramural inhibitory neurones as relaxations were blocked by tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium. Nicotine and DMPP gave relaxations with similar characteristics. 4. It was concluded that relaxations to acetylcholine, nicotine and DMPP were not adrenergic as relaxations still occurred in strips from sympathetically denervated or reserpinized animals. The block of these relaxations by propranolol and guanethidine was considered to be unrelated to their actions as adrenergic blocking drugs. 5. All strips relaxed to field electrical stimulation (1--5 Hz) through stimulation of intramural inhibitory neurones as tetrodotoxin blocked these relaxations. Adrenergic blocking drugs, prior reserpinization or prior section of the hypogastric nerves did not block these responses. The relaxations were not therefore adrenergic. 6. 5-Hydroxytryptamine relaxed all strips but was not the transmitter in relaxations to acetylcholine, DMPP or nicotine, nor to field electrical stimulation, as desensitization of strips of 5-HT did not alter these responses. 7. The circular smooth muscle of the internal anal sphincter had a dense terminal adrenergic innervation which rapidly decreased orad. 8. In vivo, hypogastric nerve stimulation relaxed the rectum but contracted the sphincter. Sacral nerve root stimulation caused an after-contraction in both rectum and sphincter. In vivo, a close arterial injection of adrenaline or noradrenaline inhibited the spontaneous contraction waves of the rectum, but contracted the sphincter. Both these responses were blocked by phentolamine. 9. It was concluded that the internal anal sphincter is a discrete high pressure zone which was excitatory cholinergic and adrenergic innervations and an inhibitory non-adrenergic innervation.", "contents": "Characteristics of the internal anal sphincter and the rectum of the vervet monkey. 1. The physiology of the internal anal sphincter of the vervet monkey was investigated. 2. Strips of sphincter in vitro contracted to noradrenaline and adrenaline; adrenoceptors were mainly alpha-excitatory. Strips of rectal circular muscle relaxed to noradrenaline and contained both inhibitory alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. 3. All strips contracted to acetylcholine. After hyoscine or atropine, high doses of acetylcholine relaxed all strips by stimulating intramural inhibitory neurones as relaxations were blocked by tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium. Nicotine and DMPP gave relaxations with similar characteristics. 4. It was concluded that relaxations to acetylcholine, nicotine and DMPP were not adrenergic as relaxations still occurred in strips from sympathetically denervated or reserpinized animals. The block of these relaxations by propranolol and guanethidine was considered to be unrelated to their actions as adrenergic blocking drugs. 5. All strips relaxed to field electrical stimulation (1--5 Hz) through stimulation of intramural inhibitory neurones as tetrodotoxin blocked these relaxations. Adrenergic blocking drugs, prior reserpinization or prior section of the hypogastric nerves did not block these responses. The relaxations were not therefore adrenergic. 6. 5-Hydroxytryptamine relaxed all strips but was not the transmitter in relaxations to acetylcholine, DMPP or nicotine, nor to field electrical stimulation, as desensitization of strips of 5-HT did not alter these responses. 7. The circular smooth muscle of the internal anal sphincter had a dense terminal adrenergic innervation which rapidly decreased orad. 8. In vivo, hypogastric nerve stimulation relaxed the rectum but contracted the sphincter. Sacral nerve root stimulation caused an after-contraction in both rectum and sphincter. In vivo, a close arterial injection of adrenaline or noradrenaline inhibited the spontaneous contraction waves of the rectum, but contracted the sphincter. Both these responses were blocked by phentolamine. 9. It was concluded that the internal anal sphincter is a discrete high pressure zone which was excitatory cholinergic and adrenergic innervations and an inhibitory non-adrenergic innervation.", "PMID": 108393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8226", "title": "Porous titanium tooth roots: clinical evaluation.", "content": "1. An inert porous vehicle can be successfully used to attach endosseous dental implants to surrounding alveolar bone. 2. Implant size and the width of keratinized gingiva surrounding the implant are critical to the success of the implant. 3. Radiography and pocket depth are useful indicators of the status of porous endosseous roots, while mobility is not.", "contents": "Porous titanium tooth roots: clinical evaluation. 1. An inert porous vehicle can be successfully used to attach endosseous dental implants to surrounding alveolar bone. 2. Implant size and the width of keratinized gingiva surrounding the implant are critical to the success of the implant. 3. Radiography and pocket depth are useful indicators of the status of porous endosseous roots, while mobility is not.", "PMID": 108394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8227", "title": "A variation of the endosseous blade-vent implant.", "content": "This study demonstrates that it is possible to use a section of tooth root to achieve a connective tissue barrier to oral epithelium and oral bacteria. It appears that the reattachment gained is very susceptible to periodontal disease and that small amounts of plaque may be more than the attached tissue can tolerate.", "contents": "A variation of the endosseous blade-vent implant. This study demonstrates that it is possible to use a section of tooth root to achieve a connective tissue barrier to oral epithelium and oral bacteria. It appears that the reattachment gained is very susceptible to periodontal disease and that small amounts of plaque may be more than the attached tissue can tolerate.", "PMID": 108395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8228", "title": "Uterine contractility and plasma levels of steroid hormones after intravaginal treatment of pregnant Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata) with 16,16-dimethyl-trans-delta2-prostaglandin E-1 methyl ester.", "content": "Intravaginal treatment with a PGE-1 analogue (ONO-802) resulted in strong uterine contractions with a high frequency which lasted for more than 3 h. When 20-50 microgram ONO-802/kg were administered intravaginally 5 times every 3 h in 5 pregnant animals, vaginal bleeding started by 6 h and abortion occurred by 26 h after the initial treatment. There were no significant side effects. Plasma levels of steroid hormones, especially progesterone and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, fluctuated initially and then finally dropped to undetectable levels within 24 h.", "contents": "Uterine contractility and plasma levels of steroid hormones after intravaginal treatment of pregnant Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata) with 16,16-dimethyl-trans-delta2-prostaglandin E-1 methyl ester. Intravaginal treatment with a PGE-1 analogue (ONO-802) resulted in strong uterine contractions with a high frequency which lasted for more than 3 h. When 20-50 microgram ONO-802/kg were administered intravaginally 5 times every 3 h in 5 pregnant animals, vaginal bleeding started by 6 h and abortion occurred by 26 h after the initial treatment. There were no significant side effects. Plasma levels of steroid hormones, especially progesterone and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, fluctuated initially and then finally dropped to undetectable levels within 24 h.", "PMID": 108397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8229", "title": "Reproductive capacity of rhesus monkeys following bilateral ovarian x-irradiation.", "content": "The effect of ovarian X-irradiation of the rhesus monkey upon menstrual cycle length, duration of menstrual bleeding, excretion of gonadotrophin in the urine, concentration of gonadotrophin in the pituitary gland, ovarian histology, and breeding performance was investigated. Doses below 4000 R had no significant effect upon the above criteria. By contrast, doses of 4000 to 7000 R rapidly induced amenorrhoea in most animals, but unexpectedly these animals did not excrete greater than normal amounts of gonadotrophin. The pituitary content of gonadotrophin in cyclic and non-cyclic animals was not significantly different. Some births occurred in the animals which had been X-irradiated.", "contents": "Reproductive capacity of rhesus monkeys following bilateral ovarian x-irradiation. The effect of ovarian X-irradiation of the rhesus monkey upon menstrual cycle length, duration of menstrual bleeding, excretion of gonadotrophin in the urine, concentration of gonadotrophin in the pituitary gland, ovarian histology, and breeding performance was investigated. Doses below 4000 R had no significant effect upon the above criteria. By contrast, doses of 4000 to 7000 R rapidly induced amenorrhoea in most animals, but unexpectedly these animals did not excrete greater than normal amounts of gonadotrophin. The pituitary content of gonadotrophin in cyclic and non-cyclic animals was not significantly different. Some births occurred in the animals which had been X-irradiated.", "PMID": 108398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8230", "title": "Acute microwave irradiation and cataract formation in rabbits and monkeys.", "content": "Rabbits and monkeys were irradiated in the near field of a cavity-backed 2450 MHz resonant slot radiator, to determine the cataractogenic threshold. Rabbits developed cataracts at incident \"apparent\" power densities of 180 mW/cm2 (E2/120 pi, where E=rms/electric field strength). Monkeys sustained facial burns, but no lens damage, even at incident \"apparent\" power densities of 500 mW/cm2. These results were substantiated by computer thermal models.", "contents": "Acute microwave irradiation and cataract formation in rabbits and monkeys. Rabbits and monkeys were irradiated in the near field of a cavity-backed 2450 MHz resonant slot radiator, to determine the cataractogenic threshold. Rabbits developed cataracts at incident \"apparent\" power densities of 180 mW/cm2 (E2/120 pi, where E=rms/electric field strength). Monkeys sustained facial burns, but no lens damage, even at incident \"apparent\" power densities of 500 mW/cm2. These results were substantiated by computer thermal models.", "PMID": 108401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8231", "title": "Histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in heterotopic ossification associated with neurological injury.", "content": "Twenty patients with heterotopic ossification were HLA typed. The group consisted of 12 patients with severe cranio-cerebral injury and 8 with spinal cord injury. No significant differences in the frequency of any HLA antigens were found in these patients when compared to 631 healthy matched controls. None of the patients was B27 positive.", "contents": "Histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in heterotopic ossification associated with neurological injury. Twenty patients with heterotopic ossification were HLA typed. The group consisted of 12 patients with severe cranio-cerebral injury and 8 with spinal cord injury. No significant differences in the frequency of any HLA antigens were found in these patients when compared to 631 healthy matched controls. None of the patients was B27 positive.", "PMID": 108400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8232", "title": "Hypercalciuresis in trauma patients on high-nitrogen enteral and parenteral diets.", "content": "Calcium balances in ten enterally or parenterally hyperalimented trauma victims were compared as protein intake was manipulated from 50.5 +/- 12.8 to 128.0 +/- 17.4 gm/day during an isocaloric metabolic balance study. Calciuresis increased as protein intake increased in all subjects, resulting in an average reduction in daily calcium balance of 195 +/- 65 mg/day (p less than 0.001). There was no difference in fecal calcium in the enterally fed subgroup. Total and \"corrected\" total serum calcium were lowered, and indirect evidence suggests that ionized calcium was lowered as well. The mechanism of the increase in urinary calcium is not fully elucidated, although it appears to be a direct effect on the kidney rather than an indirect influence of calcium homeostasis. It is suggested that a calorie/nitrogen ratio of about 360 be maintained in enteral and parenteral alimentation of trauma victims. Thus nitrogen balance can be maintained by the increased nonprotein calorie availability, and possible complications of increased calcium mobilization and excretion can be avoided.", "contents": "Hypercalciuresis in trauma patients on high-nitrogen enteral and parenteral diets. Calcium balances in ten enterally or parenterally hyperalimented trauma victims were compared as protein intake was manipulated from 50.5 +/- 12.8 to 128.0 +/- 17.4 gm/day during an isocaloric metabolic balance study. Calciuresis increased as protein intake increased in all subjects, resulting in an average reduction in daily calcium balance of 195 +/- 65 mg/day (p less than 0.001). There was no difference in fecal calcium in the enterally fed subgroup. Total and \"corrected\" total serum calcium were lowered, and indirect evidence suggests that ionized calcium was lowered as well. The mechanism of the increase in urinary calcium is not fully elucidated, although it appears to be a direct effect on the kidney rather than an indirect influence of calcium homeostasis. It is suggested that a calorie/nitrogen ratio of about 360 be maintained in enteral and parenteral alimentation of trauma victims. Thus nitrogen balance can be maintained by the increased nonprotein calorie availability, and possible complications of increased calcium mobilization and excretion can be avoided.", "PMID": 108405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8233", "title": "The lateral ankle sprain: an experimental study.", "content": "An experimental study in 39 ankles of the mechanisms of lateral ankle sprains was carried out using a simple qualitative apparatus. The mechanisms studied were: 1) supination-inversion, which was divided into ankle in plantar flexion and ankle in neutral position, since the orientation and tension of the ankle capsule and ligaments are related to the ankle position; 2) supination-internal rotation; and 3) supination-plantar flexion. Fresh amputation specimens were used. It was concluded that complete rupture of the anterior fibulotalar ligament is always the first lesion to occur in the lateral ankle sprain except when a supination force is applied to the ankle in neutral position when an incomplete tear of the fibulocalcaneal ligament may precede the total rupture of the anterior fibulotalar ligament. A partial rupture of the anterior deep fibers of the deltoid ligament can occur in extreme degrees of internal rotation or plantar flexion. A four-part grading system is suggested.", "contents": "The lateral ankle sprain: an experimental study. An experimental study in 39 ankles of the mechanisms of lateral ankle sprains was carried out using a simple qualitative apparatus. The mechanisms studied were: 1) supination-inversion, which was divided into ankle in plantar flexion and ankle in neutral position, since the orientation and tension of the ankle capsule and ligaments are related to the ankle position; 2) supination-internal rotation; and 3) supination-plantar flexion. Fresh amputation specimens were used. It was concluded that complete rupture of the anterior fibulotalar ligament is always the first lesion to occur in the lateral ankle sprain except when a supination force is applied to the ankle in neutral position when an incomplete tear of the fibulocalcaneal ligament may precede the total rupture of the anterior fibulotalar ligament. A partial rupture of the anterior deep fibers of the deltoid ligament can occur in extreme degrees of internal rotation or plantar flexion. A four-part grading system is suggested.", "PMID": 108406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8234", "title": "Giant urethral diverticulum after free full thickness skin graft urethroplasty.", "content": "A case of a giant urethral diverticulum, developing as a complication of a free skin graft urethroplasty 2 years previously, is reported. The incidence of diverticulum formation in reported series of free skin graft urethroplasty is small. The degree of dilatation present in this case has not been reported in the recent literature and its management is discussed.", "contents": "Giant urethral diverticulum after free full thickness skin graft urethroplasty. A case of a giant urethral diverticulum, developing as a complication of a free skin graft urethroplasty 2 years previously, is reported. The incidence of diverticulum formation in reported series of free skin graft urethroplasty is small. The degree of dilatation present in this case has not been reported in the recent literature and its management is discussed.", "PMID": 108407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8235", "title": "Plasma cell dyscrasia. Analysis of 423 patients.", "content": "Present clinical and laboratory diagnostic criteria permit a more accurate diagnosis and closer follow-up of patients with plasma cell dyscrasias. A ten-year follow-up of a group of 423 patients showed that the indications for and the adjustment of treatment are more precise when these criteria are summarized into profiles based on each diagnostic category. M components may be an indication of the presence of another sometimes nonreticular malignant neoplasm. The improvement of the specificity and sensitivity of immunologic methods sheds additional light on mechanisms controlling the synthesis of homogeneous antibodies such as prevalence of IgM-K in mixed cryoglobulinemia and lambda-light chains in IgD myeloma, excretion of lambda-Bence Jones proteins in amyloidosis, and greater IgG-subclass restriction in multiple myeloma as compared with benign monoclonal gammopathy. The activation of additional clones (biclonal gammopathies) was found in 3% of our patients.", "contents": "Plasma cell dyscrasia. Analysis of 423 patients. Present clinical and laboratory diagnostic criteria permit a more accurate diagnosis and closer follow-up of patients with plasma cell dyscrasias. A ten-year follow-up of a group of 423 patients showed that the indications for and the adjustment of treatment are more precise when these criteria are summarized into profiles based on each diagnostic category. M components may be an indication of the presence of another sometimes nonreticular malignant neoplasm. The improvement of the specificity and sensitivity of immunologic methods sheds additional light on mechanisms controlling the synthesis of homogeneous antibodies such as prevalence of IgM-K in mixed cryoglobulinemia and lambda-light chains in IgD myeloma, excretion of lambda-Bence Jones proteins in amyloidosis, and greater IgG-subclass restriction in multiple myeloma as compared with benign monoclonal gammopathy. The activation of additional clones (biclonal gammopathies) was found in 3% of our patients.", "PMID": 108408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8236", "title": "Congenital hypothyroidism control programs. A cost-benefit analysis.", "content": "Comprehensive screening programs to control congenital hypothyroidism (CH), a preventable form of mental retardation, are being considered by some public health agencies. The proposed programs would test neonates' blood for thyroxine and, if warranted, provide follow-up testing and therapy. The estimated cost of detecting a single case of CH is $9,300, which includes specimen collection, laboratory analysis, and retesting of border-line cases. The present value of the treatment costs of CH adds $2,500 per case, a total cost of $11,800 per case detected and child treated. The economic benefits (averted costs of institutionalization and special education and increased productivity of the affected person) are estimated to have a present value of $105,000 per case, yielding a cost-benefit ratio of 1:8.9.", "contents": "Congenital hypothyroidism control programs. A cost-benefit analysis. Comprehensive screening programs to control congenital hypothyroidism (CH), a preventable form of mental retardation, are being considered by some public health agencies. The proposed programs would test neonates' blood for thyroxine and, if warranted, provide follow-up testing and therapy. The estimated cost of detecting a single case of CH is $9,300, which includes specimen collection, laboratory analysis, and retesting of border-line cases. The present value of the treatment costs of CH adds $2,500 per case, a total cost of $11,800 per case detected and child treated. The economic benefits (averted costs of institutionalization and special education and increased productivity of the affected person) are estimated to have a present value of $105,000 per case, yielding a cost-benefit ratio of 1:8.9.", "PMID": 108409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8237", "title": "Hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Occurrence following total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "A patient experienced severe hypokalemia in the setting of prolonged nasogastric suction and total parenteral nutrition. Severe rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure ensued. Review of the literature failed to disclose a similar case of hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure, although the syndrome has been associated with other causes of hypokalemia, and its pathophysiology has been investigated in experimental models. The morbidity associated with extensive myonecrosis and severe, acute renal failure in this patient indicates that hypokalemia and other electrolyte abnormalities should be aggressively corrected in similar clinical settings.", "contents": "Hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Occurrence following total parenteral nutrition. A patient experienced severe hypokalemia in the setting of prolonged nasogastric suction and total parenteral nutrition. Severe rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure ensued. Review of the literature failed to disclose a similar case of hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure, although the syndrome has been associated with other causes of hypokalemia, and its pathophysiology has been investigated in experimental models. The morbidity associated with extensive myonecrosis and severe, acute renal failure in this patient indicates that hypokalemia and other electrolyte abnormalities should be aggressively corrected in similar clinical settings.", "PMID": 108410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8238", "title": "Liver function values in adults receiving total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "A retrospective review was made of results of conventional liver function tests in adult patients who received fat-free total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for two weeks or longer and who did not have other obvious causes for liver function abnormalities. A \"meaningful\" increase (greater than or equal 50% increase above baseline pre-TPN value) in SGOT levels was noted in 68% of patients, in alkaline phosphatase levels in 54%, and in serum bilirubin levels in 21% of patients. The median peak values for SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin were 3-, 1.9-, and 0.25-fold above the upper limit of normal, respectively. The median time interval of peak increase for each of the three tests was between 9 and 12 days after TPN was started. Liver biopsy specimens from four patients, taken when liver function values were abnormal, showed pronounced steatosis in three patients and mild periportal cholestasis in the fourth patient. The cause(s) of the elevated liver values is unknown, but possibilities include cellular damage, such as steatosis, and an \"overshoot\" of enzymes when starved patients are refed.", "contents": "Liver function values in adults receiving total parenteral nutrition. A retrospective review was made of results of conventional liver function tests in adult patients who received fat-free total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for two weeks or longer and who did not have other obvious causes for liver function abnormalities. A \"meaningful\" increase (greater than or equal 50% increase above baseline pre-TPN value) in SGOT levels was noted in 68% of patients, in alkaline phosphatase levels in 54%, and in serum bilirubin levels in 21% of patients. The median peak values for SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin were 3-, 1.9-, and 0.25-fold above the upper limit of normal, respectively. The median time interval of peak increase for each of the three tests was between 9 and 12 days after TPN was started. Liver biopsy specimens from four patients, taken when liver function values were abnormal, showed pronounced steatosis in three patients and mild periportal cholestasis in the fourth patient. The cause(s) of the elevated liver values is unknown, but possibilities include cellular damage, such as steatosis, and an \"overshoot\" of enzymes when starved patients are refed.", "PMID": 108412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8239", "title": "[Fundamental studies and clinical evaluation of PC-904 in urinary tract infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurement of MICs of PC-904, CBPC and GM against 135 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with urinary tract infections was performed. Susceptibility to PC-904 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be 3 approximately 7 times more sensitive than that to CBPC and as same as that to GM with inoculum size of 10(8)/ml and 10(6)/ml. Serum level of PC-904 reached a peak of 38.5 microgram/ml 15 minutes after 0.5 g intravenous administration. Urinary recovery rate unit 6 hours after the administration was 12.5%. Overall clinical efficacy of 6 cases of acute simple cystitis and 3 cases of chronic complicated cystitis was judged to be 83.3% and 33.3% respectively by a criterion proposed by the UTI Committee in Japan.", "contents": "[Fundamental studies and clinical evaluation of PC-904 in urinary tract infection (author's transl)]. Measurement of MICs of PC-904, CBPC and GM against 135 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with urinary tract infections was performed. Susceptibility to PC-904 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be 3 approximately 7 times more sensitive than that to CBPC and as same as that to GM with inoculum size of 10(8)/ml and 10(6)/ml. Serum level of PC-904 reached a peak of 38.5 microgram/ml 15 minutes after 0.5 g intravenous administration. Urinary recovery rate unit 6 hours after the administration was 12.5%. Overall clinical efficacy of 6 cases of acute simple cystitis and 3 cases of chronic complicated cystitis was judged to be 83.3% and 33.3% respectively by a criterion proposed by the UTI Committee in Japan.", "PMID": 108428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8240", "title": "Comparative vasodilator effects of nitroprusside, phentolamine, and nitroglycerin on hemodynamics, regional myocardial function and epicardial electrogram in dogs with acute myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The effects of nitroprusside (NP), phentolamine (PH), and nitroglycerin (NTG) were studied on systemic hemodynamics, regional contraction and epicardial ST segment in the border and non-ischemic zones of the left ventricle of anesthetized open chest dogs. The anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was completely occluded. NP (5 microgram/Kg/min) or PH (100 microgram/Kg/min) was drip-infused, or a bolus injection of NTG (20 microgram/Kg) was administered intravenously. The 3 vasodilator agents produced somewhat similar reductions in systemic arterial pressure. However, NP caused a greater reduction in total peripheral resistance (TPR) than in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and caused a decline, in the ischemic marginal zone, in both ST segment eievation and paradoxical systolic lengthening. PH decreased TRP without reducing LVEDP and elevated the ST segment. NTG markedly reduced LVEDP and TPR slightly. NTG improved the elevated ST segment and paradoxical systolic expansion of the segmental myocardium in the border zone. Cardiac output rose with NP and PH, whereas injected NTG caused a reduction in cardiac output. These findings suggest that NP favourably affects the ischemic myocardium mainly by reducing the afterload and that the NTG-induced improvement of myocardial ischemia can be attributed mainly to preload reduction, while PH enhances cardiac function with slight or no improvement of myocardial ischemia in the border zone.", "contents": "Comparative vasodilator effects of nitroprusside, phentolamine, and nitroglycerin on hemodynamics, regional myocardial function and epicardial electrogram in dogs with acute myocardial ischemia. The effects of nitroprusside (NP), phentolamine (PH), and nitroglycerin (NTG) were studied on systemic hemodynamics, regional contraction and epicardial ST segment in the border and non-ischemic zones of the left ventricle of anesthetized open chest dogs. The anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was completely occluded. NP (5 microgram/Kg/min) or PH (100 microgram/Kg/min) was drip-infused, or a bolus injection of NTG (20 microgram/Kg) was administered intravenously. The 3 vasodilator agents produced somewhat similar reductions in systemic arterial pressure. However, NP caused a greater reduction in total peripheral resistance (TPR) than in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and caused a decline, in the ischemic marginal zone, in both ST segment eievation and paradoxical systolic lengthening. PH decreased TRP without reducing LVEDP and elevated the ST segment. NTG markedly reduced LVEDP and TPR slightly. NTG improved the elevated ST segment and paradoxical systolic expansion of the segmental myocardium in the border zone. Cardiac output rose with NP and PH, whereas injected NTG caused a reduction in cardiac output. These findings suggest that NP favourably affects the ischemic myocardium mainly by reducing the afterload and that the NTG-induced improvement of myocardial ischemia can be attributed mainly to preload reduction, while PH enhances cardiac function with slight or no improvement of myocardial ischemia in the border zone.", "PMID": 108429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8241", "title": "IgE antibody production to exoenzymes and common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice.", "content": "IgE antibody production to exoenzymes and common antigen (OEP) of P. aeruginosa was studied in mice that were injected with the antigens incorporated into water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion or Al(OH)3 gel. OEP and protease toxoid (PT) elicited IgE antibody response but elastase toxoid (ET) did not. Capacity of the OEP to produce IgE antibody was reduced remarkably by it's protease treatment, which suggested that the capacity lies in the protein portion of OEP. The w/o/w emulsion was less effective than Al(OH)3 gel in adjuvanticity to elicit IgE antibody response, but the emulsion enhanced the IgM and/or IgG antibody response to PT and maintained a constant level for a long period. These findings may suggest that IgE antibody response to some components of P. aeruginosa could be induced in man. High serum level of IgE was observed in some cases of cystic fibrosis caused by P. aeruginosa infection, although the IgE antibody activity has not yet been determined.", "contents": "IgE antibody production to exoenzymes and common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice. IgE antibody production to exoenzymes and common antigen (OEP) of P. aeruginosa was studied in mice that were injected with the antigens incorporated into water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion or Al(OH)3 gel. OEP and protease toxoid (PT) elicited IgE antibody response but elastase toxoid (ET) did not. Capacity of the OEP to produce IgE antibody was reduced remarkably by it's protease treatment, which suggested that the capacity lies in the protein portion of OEP. The w/o/w emulsion was less effective than Al(OH)3 gel in adjuvanticity to elicit IgE antibody response, but the emulsion enhanced the IgM and/or IgG antibody response to PT and maintained a constant level for a long period. These findings may suggest that IgE antibody response to some components of P. aeruginosa could be induced in man. High serum level of IgE was observed in some cases of cystic fibrosis caused by P. aeruginosa infection, although the IgE antibody activity has not yet been determined.", "PMID": 108438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8242", "title": "Passive hemagglutination reaction using formalinized sheep erythrocytes treated with tannic acid and coated with exotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Passive hemagglutination (PHA) tests using fixed sheep erythrocytes coated with exotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were devised for estimating antibodies of the exotoxin. No serological cross-reactivity among exotoxin OEP, protease and elastase of P. aeruginosa was foud by the PHA tests. The exotoxin PHA reaction was more sensitive than the neutralizing reaction of skin necrotizing activity of exotoxin by guinea pigs. Thirteen out of 40 sera of patients with P. aeruginosa infections showed PHA titers from 40 to 1,280, while those of 20 healthy human sera were under 40.", "contents": "Passive hemagglutination reaction using formalinized sheep erythrocytes treated with tannic acid and coated with exotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Passive hemagglutination (PHA) tests using fixed sheep erythrocytes coated with exotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were devised for estimating antibodies of the exotoxin. No serological cross-reactivity among exotoxin OEP, protease and elastase of P. aeruginosa was foud by the PHA tests. The exotoxin PHA reaction was more sensitive than the neutralizing reaction of skin necrotizing activity of exotoxin by guinea pigs. Thirteen out of 40 sera of patients with P. aeruginosa infections showed PHA titers from 40 to 1,280, while those of 20 healthy human sera were under 40.", "PMID": 108439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8243", "title": "L-forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 3. The serological cross-reactions among stable L-forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, L-form of Streptococcus pyogenes and mycoplasmas.", "content": "The serological cross-reactions among stable L-forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or of Streptococcus pyogenes and mycoplasmas were investigated in passive hemagglutination (PHA) and agar gel diffusion tests. (1) PHA active fraction which reacts most strongly with homologous serum was obtained from the sodium dodecyl sulfate soluble fraction of L-form membrane after disruption by Braun cell homogenizer. (2) Antiserum prepared against L-forms in rabbits showed high-level stimulation of PHA antibodies, while it showed little stimulation of agglutinating antibodies. (3) In PHA and agar gel diffusion tests, antiserum to L-form of P. aeruginosa strain IFO-3,455 reacted with L-form of strain N-10, which is serologically different in serotype from strain IFO-3,455. Furthermore, the two L-forms of P. aeruginosa cross-reacted with a L-form of S. pyogenes. 4) L-forms of P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes did not react with five strains of mycoplasmas in PHA and agar gel diffusion tests.", "contents": "L-forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 3. The serological cross-reactions among stable L-forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, L-form of Streptococcus pyogenes and mycoplasmas. The serological cross-reactions among stable L-forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or of Streptococcus pyogenes and mycoplasmas were investigated in passive hemagglutination (PHA) and agar gel diffusion tests. (1) PHA active fraction which reacts most strongly with homologous serum was obtained from the sodium dodecyl sulfate soluble fraction of L-form membrane after disruption by Braun cell homogenizer. (2) Antiserum prepared against L-forms in rabbits showed high-level stimulation of PHA antibodies, while it showed little stimulation of agglutinating antibodies. (3) In PHA and agar gel diffusion tests, antiserum to L-form of P. aeruginosa strain IFO-3,455 reacted with L-form of strain N-10, which is serologically different in serotype from strain IFO-3,455. Furthermore, the two L-forms of P. aeruginosa cross-reacted with a L-form of S. pyogenes. 4) L-forms of P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes did not react with five strains of mycoplasmas in PHA and agar gel diffusion tests.", "PMID": 108440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8244", "title": "Partial characterization of a fetal lung antigen associated with human bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "A human lung tumor-associated fetal antigen (LTFA) has been partially isolated and characterized. The antigen that differs in several immunochemical parameters from previously described lung cancer antigens was shared by fetal lung and liver tissue. The neoantigen migrated in immunoelectrophoresis as an alpha2-beta globulin, had an average molecular size of 7S, and was soluble in 50% saturated ammonium sulfate. Whereas LTFA was insensitive to both DNase and RNase treatment, its antigenicity was completely abolished by pronase. The biologic significance of this antigen and its possible clinical use were discussed.", "contents": "Partial characterization of a fetal lung antigen associated with human bronchogenic carcinoma. A human lung tumor-associated fetal antigen (LTFA) has been partially isolated and characterized. The antigen that differs in several immunochemical parameters from previously described lung cancer antigens was shared by fetal lung and liver tissue. The neoantigen migrated in immunoelectrophoresis as an alpha2-beta globulin, had an average molecular size of 7S, and was soluble in 50% saturated ammonium sulfate. Whereas LTFA was insensitive to both DNase and RNase treatment, its antigenicity was completely abolished by pronase. The biologic significance of this antigen and its possible clinical use were discussed.", "PMID": 108444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8245", "title": "Estrogenic properties of 3,9-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in rats.", "content": "Previously, the 3,9-dihydroxy derivative of benz[a]-anthracene was shown to be weakly estrogenic. The availability of the related diol of the mammary carcinogen dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene, i.e., 3,9-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (3,9-diOHDMBA), prompted a similar study of its estrogenic properties. The competitive binding studies of 3,9-diOHDMBA with 17beta-estradiol in the uterine cytosol of immature SD rats gave a Ka of 1.7 x 10(8) M-1. 17beta-Estradiol (10(-9) M) binding to the 8S binding protein was inhibited by 3,9-diOHDMBA at concentrations similar to those of nafoxidine HCl (1 x 10(-5) M). Bioassay demonstrated that the diol possesses 1/4,464 the activity of 17beta-estradiol.", "contents": "Estrogenic properties of 3,9-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in rats. Previously, the 3,9-dihydroxy derivative of benz[a]-anthracene was shown to be weakly estrogenic. The availability of the related diol of the mammary carcinogen dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene, i.e., 3,9-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (3,9-diOHDMBA), prompted a similar study of its estrogenic properties. The competitive binding studies of 3,9-diOHDMBA with 17beta-estradiol in the uterine cytosol of immature SD rats gave a Ka of 1.7 x 10(8) M-1. 17beta-Estradiol (10(-9) M) binding to the 8S binding protein was inhibited by 3,9-diOHDMBA at concentrations similar to those of nafoxidine HCl (1 x 10(-5) M). Bioassay demonstrated that the diol possesses 1/4,464 the activity of 17beta-estradiol.", "PMID": 108445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8246", "title": "[Variants of hemodynamic changes in acute period of myocardial infarct and the importance of their detection for treatment].", "content": "Sixty-three patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction were examined within the first 24 hours of the disease (27 within the first 6 hours) by means of catheterization of the right parts of the heart with a Swan-Ganz balloon catheter and thermodilution. Comparison between the cardiac output and the pressure of left ventricular filling allowed the following hemodynamic variants of myocardial infarction to be distinguished: normo-, hypokinetic, with increased pressure of left ventricular filling and normal cardiac output, hypovolemic, and hyperdynamic. The results of the tests with acute rheopolyglucin load (9 patients) showed that some of the patients with normal values of hemodynamics had latent cardiac insufficiency. Hemodynamic study and recognition of the variant of hemodynamic changes in the acute period of myocardial infarction made it possible to determine properly the indications for the use of vasodilators, active inotropic agents, and infusion therapy.", "contents": "[Variants of hemodynamic changes in acute period of myocardial infarct and the importance of their detection for treatment]. Sixty-three patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction were examined within the first 24 hours of the disease (27 within the first 6 hours) by means of catheterization of the right parts of the heart with a Swan-Ganz balloon catheter and thermodilution. Comparison between the cardiac output and the pressure of left ventricular filling allowed the following hemodynamic variants of myocardial infarction to be distinguished: normo-, hypokinetic, with increased pressure of left ventricular filling and normal cardiac output, hypovolemic, and hyperdynamic. The results of the tests with acute rheopolyglucin load (9 patients) showed that some of the patients with normal values of hemodynamics had latent cardiac insufficiency. Hemodynamic study and recognition of the variant of hemodynamic changes in the acute period of myocardial infarction made it possible to determine properly the indications for the use of vasodilators, active inotropic agents, and infusion therapy.", "PMID": 108448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8247", "title": "Influence of exchange volume and dialysate flow rate on solute clearance in peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "To find the ideal dialysate flow rate and exchange volume for use in long-term peritoneal dialysis, 10 patients were studied over a period of 1.5 yr. Exchange volumes of 1 or 2 liters and dialysate flow rates of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 liters/hr were tested. Dextrose concentration remained constant at 1.5 g/100 ml. Peritoneal clearances for BUN, creatinine, and uric acid were calculated at 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 hr during dialysis making a total of 120 clearances for each patient. All patients used a reverse osmosis automatic machine. The clearance of all three solutes tended to be higher with exchange volumes of 2 liters than they did with 1 liter; this trend was significant for BUN (P less than 0.025) and uric acid (P less than 0.025) but not for creatinine. There was a significant rise in clearance with increasing flow rates per hour for all solutes as shown in the following table. (Formula: see text), Since patients could not tolerate a flow rate of 6 liters/hr, we conclude that flow rate of 4 liters/hr with a 2-liter exchange will give maximum efficiency.", "contents": "Influence of exchange volume and dialysate flow rate on solute clearance in peritoneal dialysis. To find the ideal dialysate flow rate and exchange volume for use in long-term peritoneal dialysis, 10 patients were studied over a period of 1.5 yr. Exchange volumes of 1 or 2 liters and dialysate flow rates of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 liters/hr were tested. Dextrose concentration remained constant at 1.5 g/100 ml. Peritoneal clearances for BUN, creatinine, and uric acid were calculated at 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 hr during dialysis making a total of 120 clearances for each patient. All patients used a reverse osmosis automatic machine. The clearance of all three solutes tended to be higher with exchange volumes of 2 liters than they did with 1 liter; this trend was significant for BUN (P less than 0.025) and uric acid (P less than 0.025) but not for creatinine. There was a significant rise in clearance with increasing flow rates per hour for all solutes as shown in the following table. (Formula: see text), Since patients could not tolerate a flow rate of 6 liters/hr, we conclude that flow rate of 4 liters/hr with a 2-liter exchange will give maximum efficiency.", "PMID": 108449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8248", "title": "[Oculomotor signs in cerebellar disease shown in ataxia telangiectasia (Louis Bar) (author's transl)].", "content": "Disturbances of the eye movements are described in 2 brothers with ataxia telangiectasia (Louis Bar): pathological smooth pursuit and command movements of the eyes (hypometry) with a preseved doll's phenomenon, increased reaction times of voluntary saccades, failure of gaze holding, gaze nystagmus, altered optokinetic nystagmus, and distinct convergence defect. These oculomotor defects are the result of cerebellar lesions. The E.N.G.-findings in pathologically changed pursuit movements are in accordance with those disturbances of eye movements shown by Westheimer and Blair in cerebellectomized monkeys.", "contents": "[Oculomotor signs in cerebellar disease shown in ataxia telangiectasia (Louis Bar) (author's transl)]. Disturbances of the eye movements are described in 2 brothers with ataxia telangiectasia (Louis Bar): pathological smooth pursuit and command movements of the eyes (hypometry) with a preseved doll's phenomenon, increased reaction times of voluntary saccades, failure of gaze holding, gaze nystagmus, altered optokinetic nystagmus, and distinct convergence defect. These oculomotor defects are the result of cerebellar lesions. The E.N.G.-findings in pathologically changed pursuit movements are in accordance with those disturbances of eye movements shown by Westheimer and Blair in cerebellectomized monkeys.", "PMID": 108455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8249", "title": "[Ocular findings in reno-facial dysplasia (Potter-syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical and pathological details of a case of reno-facial dysplasia are presented and described. Hyperplasia and lamination of Bowman's membrane, corneal endothelial dystrophy with degenerative changes in the posterior stroma, hypoplasia of the retinal ganglion cell and nerve fibre layers, and severe changes in the retinal and iris blood vessels are believed to be pathognomonic ocular features of this syndrome, in addition to cataract and signs of immaturity. These findings are compared with the few descriptions of the syndrome previously published. The corneal damage is postulated to result indirectly from oligohydramnios which causes chronic compression of the globes and thus endothelial damage due to contact with the spherical cataracts. The pathological changes in the retinal and iris vessels are either genetically determined or the result of chronic hypoxia.", "contents": "[Ocular findings in reno-facial dysplasia (Potter-syndrome) (author's transl)]. The clinical and pathological details of a case of reno-facial dysplasia are presented and described. Hyperplasia and lamination of Bowman's membrane, corneal endothelial dystrophy with degenerative changes in the posterior stroma, hypoplasia of the retinal ganglion cell and nerve fibre layers, and severe changes in the retinal and iris blood vessels are believed to be pathognomonic ocular features of this syndrome, in addition to cataract and signs of immaturity. These findings are compared with the few descriptions of the syndrome previously published. The corneal damage is postulated to result indirectly from oligohydramnios which causes chronic compression of the globes and thus endothelial damage due to contact with the spherical cataracts. The pathological changes in the retinal and iris vessels are either genetically determined or the result of chronic hypoxia.", "PMID": 108456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8250", "title": "[IX. Randomized study of the effect of nitroglycerin on CK and CK-MB infarct size. Preliminary report (author's transl)].", "content": "In 38 patients with acute myocardial infarction the effect of nitroglycerin on infarct size was studied. Patients were randomized into two groups. 16 patients received continuous nitroglycerin infusions of 0.6 to 6.0 mg/h (mean 2.3 mg/h) over a 48 h period, 22 patients received no specific therapy and served as control. Nitroglycerin was given in the mean 12 +/- 5 (+/- 1 SD) hours following onset of chest pain and 8 +/- 5 after the increase of CK values. Infarct size was determined according to the time activity curve of creatine kinase (CK) and of its myocardial isoenzyme (CK-MB). In all but one patient hemodynamic parameters (left ventricular filling pressure, blood pressure, cardiac index) were measured. The mean infarct size was 51 +/- 30 CK-g-equiv. in control patients, and 48 +/- 33 g in nitroglycerin treated patients. Infarct size as calculated from CK-MB values was 60 +/- 36 g (n=16) in control, and 52 +/- 41 g (n=11) in treated patients. At left ventricular filling pressure values (LVFP) below 20mm Hg infarct size amounted to 43 +/- 30 g (n=12) in control, and to 41 +/- 32 g (n=11) in the nitroglycerin group. At LVFP values above 20 mmHg infarct size was 61 +/- 29 g (n=10) in control as opposed to 64 +/- 32 g (n=5) in treated patients. There was no difference between infarct size as predicted during the first 7 h and the observed infarct size. - Despite the known beneficial effect of nitroglycerin on hemodynamics and on myocardial ischemia, infarct size seems not to be greatly reduced, however, intervention occurred fairly late (12 h). In early intervention beneficfial effects seem likely.", "contents": "[IX. Randomized study of the effect of nitroglycerin on CK and CK-MB infarct size. Preliminary report (author's transl)]. In 38 patients with acute myocardial infarction the effect of nitroglycerin on infarct size was studied. Patients were randomized into two groups. 16 patients received continuous nitroglycerin infusions of 0.6 to 6.0 mg/h (mean 2.3 mg/h) over a 48 h period, 22 patients received no specific therapy and served as control. Nitroglycerin was given in the mean 12 +/- 5 (+/- 1 SD) hours following onset of chest pain and 8 +/- 5 after the increase of CK values. Infarct size was determined according to the time activity curve of creatine kinase (CK) and of its myocardial isoenzyme (CK-MB). In all but one patient hemodynamic parameters (left ventricular filling pressure, blood pressure, cardiac index) were measured. The mean infarct size was 51 +/- 30 CK-g-equiv. in control patients, and 48 +/- 33 g in nitroglycerin treated patients. Infarct size as calculated from CK-MB values was 60 +/- 36 g (n=16) in control, and 52 +/- 41 g (n=11) in treated patients. At left ventricular filling pressure values (LVFP) below 20mm Hg infarct size amounted to 43 +/- 30 g (n=12) in control, and to 41 +/- 32 g (n=11) in the nitroglycerin group. At LVFP values above 20 mmHg infarct size was 61 +/- 29 g (n=10) in control as opposed to 64 +/- 32 g (n=5) in treated patients. There was no difference between infarct size as predicted during the first 7 h and the observed infarct size. - Despite the known beneficial effect of nitroglycerin on hemodynamics and on myocardial ischemia, infarct size seems not to be greatly reduced, however, intervention occurred fairly late (12 h). In early intervention beneficfial effects seem likely.", "PMID": 108461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8251", "title": "Malignant pheochromocytoma. Effect of oral alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine upon catecholamine metabolism.", "content": "In a patient with malignant pheochromocytoma treated unsuccessfully with propranolol and phenoxybenzamine the additional therapy with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine resulted in a substantial decrease of the blood pressure to almost normal values. His general condition improved considerably. During therapy the urinary excretion rates of catecholamines and all their metabolites dropped to about 50% of control values. O-Hydroxylation of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine could be demonstrated by the isolation of alpha-methyldopa and alpha-methylnormetanephrine. After discontinuation of treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine blood pressure and catecholamines returned to control values within two days.", "contents": "Malignant pheochromocytoma. Effect of oral alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine upon catecholamine metabolism. In a patient with malignant pheochromocytoma treated unsuccessfully with propranolol and phenoxybenzamine the additional therapy with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine resulted in a substantial decrease of the blood pressure to almost normal values. His general condition improved considerably. During therapy the urinary excretion rates of catecholamines and all their metabolites dropped to about 50% of control values. O-Hydroxylation of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine could be demonstrated by the isolation of alpha-methyldopa and alpha-methylnormetanephrine. After discontinuation of treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine blood pressure and catecholamines returned to control values within two days.", "PMID": 108462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8252", "title": "Galvanized caging as a potential factor in the development of the \"fading infant\" or \"white monkey\" syndrome.", "content": "Four rhesus females and their infants were kept in galvanized enclosures, and three were kept in stainless steel caging. All four offspring in the galvanized enclosures developed achromotrichia, alopecia, and weakness that varied from modererate to severe while the three infants in stainless steel cages were clinically normal. Plasma copper, zinc, and iron values as well as liver copper and zinc values of the infants were compared for the two types of caging. Plasma copper values were significantly lower (p less than 0.001) in the animals housed in galvanized cages. Plasma zinc and liver zinc levels were significantly elevated in these same animals (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively). Significant differences were not detected in liver copper values in the two groups of infants. Copper and zinc levels in the dams' plasma and milk were not statistically different between the two groups.", "contents": "Galvanized caging as a potential factor in the development of the \"fading infant\" or \"white monkey\" syndrome. Four rhesus females and their infants were kept in galvanized enclosures, and three were kept in stainless steel caging. All four offspring in the galvanized enclosures developed achromotrichia, alopecia, and weakness that varied from modererate to severe while the three infants in stainless steel cages were clinically normal. Plasma copper, zinc, and iron values as well as liver copper and zinc values of the infants were compared for the two types of caging. Plasma copper values were significantly lower (p less than 0.001) in the animals housed in galvanized cages. Plasma zinc and liver zinc levels were significantly elevated in these same animals (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively). Significant differences were not detected in liver copper values in the two groups of infants. Copper and zinc levels in the dams' plasma and milk were not statistically different between the two groups.", "PMID": 108464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8253", "title": "The isolation of herpesvirus from trigeminal ganglia of normal baboons (Papio cynocephalus).", "content": "A herpesvirus was isolated from the trigeminal ganglia of three of six normal baboons (Papio cynocephalus). This virus possessed the virologic characteristics of SA8, A herpesvirus known to be indigenous to the baboon.", "contents": "The isolation of herpesvirus from trigeminal ganglia of normal baboons (Papio cynocephalus). A herpesvirus was isolated from the trigeminal ganglia of three of six normal baboons (Papio cynocephalus). This virus possessed the virologic characteristics of SA8, A herpesvirus known to be indigenous to the baboon.", "PMID": 108465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8254", "title": "Multiple urogenital and ocular anomalies occurring in a litter of guinea pigs.", "content": "Following an outbreak of proliferative pneumonia in a guinea pig breeding colony and subsequet treatment with Tylan, a litter of guinea pigs was found to have multiple urogenital and ocular anomalies. Subsequent mating of the parents produced no abnormal offspring. Chromosome typing on the litter showed no abnormalities. A review of normal developmental anatomy and reports of similar anomalies was made in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of the multiple anomalies seen. It was concluded that the teratogenic effect occurred after the formation of the masonephros. The teratogen may have been an infectious agent or the drug Tylan.", "contents": "Multiple urogenital and ocular anomalies occurring in a litter of guinea pigs. Following an outbreak of proliferative pneumonia in a guinea pig breeding colony and subsequet treatment with Tylan, a litter of guinea pigs was found to have multiple urogenital and ocular anomalies. Subsequent mating of the parents produced no abnormal offspring. Chromosome typing on the litter showed no abnormalities. A review of normal developmental anatomy and reports of similar anomalies was made in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of the multiple anomalies seen. It was concluded that the teratogenic effect occurred after the formation of the masonephros. The teratogen may have been an infectious agent or the drug Tylan.", "PMID": 108466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8255", "title": "Medical and surgical approach to laryngeal air sacculitis in a baboon caused by Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "Air sacculitis was diagnosed in a chronically chaired baboon, Papio anubis. Pasteurella multocida was repeatedly isolated from the air sac for a period of 1 year. The condition was characterized by the continuous accumulation of either mucoserous or purulent fluid. Biopsies of the air sac taken during the course of the disease initially revealed goblet cell hyperplasia. Later a subepithalial mononuclear or polymorphonuclear infiltrate and necrosis was the predominate finding. Medical therapy was only intermittently successful and consisted of frequent drainage and antibiotics administered locally and intravenously. The condition was resolved after surgical resection of the air sac lining membrane.", "contents": "Medical and surgical approach to laryngeal air sacculitis in a baboon caused by Pasteurella multocida. Air sacculitis was diagnosed in a chronically chaired baboon, Papio anubis. Pasteurella multocida was repeatedly isolated from the air sac for a period of 1 year. The condition was characterized by the continuous accumulation of either mucoserous or purulent fluid. Biopsies of the air sac taken during the course of the disease initially revealed goblet cell hyperplasia. Later a subepithalial mononuclear or polymorphonuclear infiltrate and necrosis was the predominate finding. Medical therapy was only intermittently successful and consisted of frequent drainage and antibiotics administered locally and intravenously. The condition was resolved after surgical resection of the air sac lining membrane.", "PMID": 108467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8256", "title": "Comparison of ketmine with the combination of ketamine and xylazine for effective anesthesia in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "The addition of xylazine to ketamine hydrochloride was found to enhance analgesia, anesthesia, and muscle relaxation in rhesus monkeys. At 0.10 ml/kg body weight, this combination provided adequate anesthesia for such procedures as cisternal puncture, lumbar spinal puncture, insertion of urinary catheters, finger amputations, and tattooing. The combination of ketamine and xylazine did depress the heart rate, respiration rate, and body temperature more than the administration of ketamine alone. The period of anesthesia also was prolonged, but the monkeys regained consciousness more rapidly at the end of the anesthetic period.", "contents": "Comparison of ketmine with the combination of ketamine and xylazine for effective anesthesia in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The addition of xylazine to ketamine hydrochloride was found to enhance analgesia, anesthesia, and muscle relaxation in rhesus monkeys. At 0.10 ml/kg body weight, this combination provided adequate anesthesia for such procedures as cisternal puncture, lumbar spinal puncture, insertion of urinary catheters, finger amputations, and tattooing. The combination of ketamine and xylazine did depress the heart rate, respiration rate, and body temperature more than the administration of ketamine alone. The period of anesthesia also was prolonged, but the monkeys regained consciousness more rapidly at the end of the anesthetic period.", "PMID": 108468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8257", "title": "Spontaneous preeclamptic toxemia of pregnancy in the patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas).", "content": "A disease characterized by edema, proteinuria, hypoproteinemia and hypertension was seen in late gestation in patas monkeys. The initial sign was edema of the perineum, ankles and lower trunk. The onset was abrupt, occurring 7 days or less prepartum. The affected animals were not depressed, and convulsions were not seen. In 6 of the 98 pregnancies during a 1-year period, symptoms of the disease were present. The highest incidence was manifested by primiparous animals with 3 of 36 pregnancies affected. Two of 38 second pregnancies and 1 of 24 third pregnancies were also affected. Five of the animals recovered spontaneously and were normal 14 days postpartum. Edema persisted for 30 days in one female. This animal continued to be hypertensive and had persistent mild proteinuria and hypoproteinemia. She was killed approximately 1 year postpartum due to severe renal disease. The spontaneous disease seen in patas monkeys resembled toxemia of pregnancy in humans more closely than the experimentally induced disease in other animals.", "contents": "Spontaneous preeclamptic toxemia of pregnancy in the patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas). A disease characterized by edema, proteinuria, hypoproteinemia and hypertension was seen in late gestation in patas monkeys. The initial sign was edema of the perineum, ankles and lower trunk. The onset was abrupt, occurring 7 days or less prepartum. The affected animals were not depressed, and convulsions were not seen. In 6 of the 98 pregnancies during a 1-year period, symptoms of the disease were present. The highest incidence was manifested by primiparous animals with 3 of 36 pregnancies affected. Two of 38 second pregnancies and 1 of 24 third pregnancies were also affected. Five of the animals recovered spontaneously and were normal 14 days postpartum. Edema persisted for 30 days in one female. This animal continued to be hypertensive and had persistent mild proteinuria and hypoproteinemia. She was killed approximately 1 year postpartum due to severe renal disease. The spontaneous disease seen in patas monkeys resembled toxemia of pregnancy in humans more closely than the experimentally induced disease in other animals.", "PMID": 108469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8258", "title": "Therapy of filariasis in Tamarins.", "content": "A regimen of thiacetarsamide sodium (0.22 ml/kg twice daily for 2 days) plus levamisole phosphate (11 mg/kg/day for 10 days) was effective in eliminating unidentified microfilariae from the blood in seven of eight tamarins. No serious side effects resulted from the treatment. All of the animals were initially freed of circulating microfilariae after treatment, and five have remained microfilaria-negative for 1 year. Two of the tamarins died of causes unrelated to filariasis and were microfilaria-negative before death. One tamarin remained microfilaria-positive after two courses of this treatment.", "contents": "Therapy of filariasis in Tamarins. A regimen of thiacetarsamide sodium (0.22 ml/kg twice daily for 2 days) plus levamisole phosphate (11 mg/kg/day for 10 days) was effective in eliminating unidentified microfilariae from the blood in seven of eight tamarins. No serious side effects resulted from the treatment. All of the animals were initially freed of circulating microfilariae after treatment, and five have remained microfilaria-negative for 1 year. Two of the tamarins died of causes unrelated to filariasis and were microfilaria-negative before death. One tamarin remained microfilaria-positive after two courses of this treatment.", "PMID": 108470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8259", "title": "A versatile primate cage for a multiple use facility.", "content": "A mobile-transport-squeeze cage for primates was constructed. The cage contained a clear plastic guillotine door, squeeze apparatus, ventilation holes and locking casters. The squeeze apparatus could be operated by one person.", "contents": "A versatile primate cage for a multiple use facility. A mobile-transport-squeeze cage for primates was constructed. The cage contained a clear plastic guillotine door, squeeze apparatus, ventilation holes and locking casters. The squeeze apparatus could be operated by one person.", "PMID": 108471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8260", "title": "Secondary thrombocytopenia following phenobarbital treatments in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "A rare adverse reaction due to phenobarbital (10 mg/kg/day for 11 days) developed in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Clinical signs and measured hematological parameters correlated closely with descriptions of thrombocytopenia. Following cessation of phenobarbital, the monkey recovered within 11 days. Five months after initial thrombocytopenia, the monkey was challenged again with phenobarbital (10 mg/kg/day for 11 days). Appearance and progression of clinical signs were identical to the initial crisis.", "contents": "Secondary thrombocytopenia following phenobarbital treatments in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). A rare adverse reaction due to phenobarbital (10 mg/kg/day for 11 days) developed in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Clinical signs and measured hematological parameters correlated closely with descriptions of thrombocytopenia. Following cessation of phenobarbital, the monkey recovered within 11 days. Five months after initial thrombocytopenia, the monkey was challenged again with phenobarbital (10 mg/kg/day for 11 days). Appearance and progression of clinical signs were identical to the initial crisis.", "PMID": 108473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8261", "title": "Mycobacterium scrofulaceum infection in Erythrocebus patas monkeys.", "content": "Mycobacterium scrofulaceum was cultured from two of seven tuberculin reactors in a group of 12 Erythrocebus patas monkeys. One monkey reacted atypically to 0.1 ml of 2.5 mg veterinary tuberculin after having shown no reaction to four previous tests administered at 2-week intervals. The reaction consisted of edema with no induration or erythema at 24 hours and was completely dissipated at 36 hours. Responses to additional tests using veterinary tuberculin (2.5 mg) and Mycobacterium bovis purified protein derivative (1.1 mg) ranged from negative to slightly edematous. Radiographs were suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis. Extensive granulomas were observed in the lungs, liver and spleen at necropsy. Mycobacterium scrofulaceum was isolated from lung and liver granulomas in this animal and from lung granulomas in another. The atypical skin hypersensitivity and organism isolation from multiple organs suggested Mycobacterium scrofulaceum as the etiologic agent in these animals. Reactions of six other Erythrocebus patas to veterinary tuberculin (2.5 mg) ranged from edematous to indurated.", "contents": "Mycobacterium scrofulaceum infection in Erythrocebus patas monkeys. Mycobacterium scrofulaceum was cultured from two of seven tuberculin reactors in a group of 12 Erythrocebus patas monkeys. One monkey reacted atypically to 0.1 ml of 2.5 mg veterinary tuberculin after having shown no reaction to four previous tests administered at 2-week intervals. The reaction consisted of edema with no induration or erythema at 24 hours and was completely dissipated at 36 hours. Responses to additional tests using veterinary tuberculin (2.5 mg) and Mycobacterium bovis purified protein derivative (1.1 mg) ranged from negative to slightly edematous. Radiographs were suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis. Extensive granulomas were observed in the lungs, liver and spleen at necropsy. Mycobacterium scrofulaceum was isolated from lung and liver granulomas in this animal and from lung granulomas in another. The atypical skin hypersensitivity and organism isolation from multiple organs suggested Mycobacterium scrofulaceum as the etiologic agent in these animals. Reactions of six other Erythrocebus patas to veterinary tuberculin (2.5 mg) ranged from edematous to indurated.", "PMID": 108474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8262", "title": "Fat droplet formation in rat lactating mammary gland and mammary carcinomas viewed by freeze-fracture.", "content": "The freeze-fracture morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus membranes was analyzed in lactating rat mammary glands and in mammary carcinomas induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene or N-nitrosomethylurea. Membranes in close proximity with fat droplets present a spectrum of transformations, from the normal, wavy, particle-rich appearance of cytoplasmic membranes to rigid, particle-free bilayers. The following sequence of events is proposed for the biogenesis of fat droplets: (1) formation of particle-free areas in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes; (2) apposition of the bilayered lipid membranes to the growing fat droplet; and (3) progressive conversion of the membrane lipids (or amphypathic lipid precursors) into triglycerides at the periphery of the fat droplet. Our results suggest that membranes are not only involved in the synthesis and secretion processes, but that some of their components are incorporated in the fat droplets and contribute to the secretory product itself.", "contents": "Fat droplet formation in rat lactating mammary gland and mammary carcinomas viewed by freeze-fracture. The freeze-fracture morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus membranes was analyzed in lactating rat mammary glands and in mammary carcinomas induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene or N-nitrosomethylurea. Membranes in close proximity with fat droplets present a spectrum of transformations, from the normal, wavy, particle-rich appearance of cytoplasmic membranes to rigid, particle-free bilayers. The following sequence of events is proposed for the biogenesis of fat droplets: (1) formation of particle-free areas in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes; (2) apposition of the bilayered lipid membranes to the growing fat droplet; and (3) progressive conversion of the membrane lipids (or amphypathic lipid precursors) into triglycerides at the periphery of the fat droplet. Our results suggest that membranes are not only involved in the synthesis and secretion processes, but that some of their components are incorporated in the fat droplets and contribute to the secretory product itself.", "PMID": 108475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8263", "title": "Effects of divalent-cation chelators and chloramphenicol on the spatial relationship of the nuclear envelope to chromatin in micronuclei of Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "In the presence of the spindle poison Colcemid in the culture medium to prevent anaphase, approximately 20% of Chinese hamster metaphase cell were converted to micronucleated cells during 7 h. In the micronuclei the chromosome had become enclosed by a nuclear envelope (NE). In the light-microscope the micronuclei were of two kinds: with either visible chromatids or with decondensed chromosomes. In the electron microscope (EM) the spatial relationship of the NE to the chromatin was of two kinds only in the presence of Colcemid. In about 90% of the micronucleated cells the spatial relationship was normal, ie, the NE was immediately adjacent to the chromatin. In the remaining cells, the NE was distended so that the outer NE was separated from the inner one. In the presence of the divalent cation chelator, (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or the Ca2+-chelator [ethylenebis (oxyethylenenitrilo)] tetraacetic acid (EGTA) in addition to Colcemid, the amount of cells with micronuclei increased to 40%. The light-microscope appearance was the same as that found in the absence of the chelating agents. However, after Colcemid plus EGTA, EM revealed that only about 50% of the micronucleated cells had NE that was immediately adjacent to the chromatin and about 10% of them had distended outer NE. In the remaining 40% a third kind of spatial relationship was seen: the NE was intact but most of it was not adjacent to the chromatin. Furthermore, this type of micronucleus often contained mitochondria within the confines of NE. Thus, Ca2+ and possibly Mg2+ may regulate the rate of formation of the NE and also its ultrastructural relation to the chromatin. Mitochondrial function also appears to be involved in this relationship. In the presence of chloramphenicol (CAP), an inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis, in addition to Colcemid, only about 50% of the micronucleated cells exhibited the normal relationship. The outer NE was separated from the inner NE in about 46% of the micronucleated cells and the third kind of NE-chromatin relationship was observed only in 2%. In the case of the third kind of relationship produced by CAP, inclusion of mitochondria within the micronuclei was not observed, in contrast to the finding with EGTA.", "contents": "Effects of divalent-cation chelators and chloramphenicol on the spatial relationship of the nuclear envelope to chromatin in micronuclei of Chinese hamster cells. In the presence of the spindle poison Colcemid in the culture medium to prevent anaphase, approximately 20% of Chinese hamster metaphase cell were converted to micronucleated cells during 7 h. In the micronuclei the chromosome had become enclosed by a nuclear envelope (NE). In the light-microscope the micronuclei were of two kinds: with either visible chromatids or with decondensed chromosomes. In the electron microscope (EM) the spatial relationship of the NE to the chromatin was of two kinds only in the presence of Colcemid. In about 90% of the micronucleated cells the spatial relationship was normal, ie, the NE was immediately adjacent to the chromatin. In the remaining cells, the NE was distended so that the outer NE was separated from the inner one. In the presence of the divalent cation chelator, (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or the Ca2+-chelator [ethylenebis (oxyethylenenitrilo)] tetraacetic acid (EGTA) in addition to Colcemid, the amount of cells with micronuclei increased to 40%. The light-microscope appearance was the same as that found in the absence of the chelating agents. However, after Colcemid plus EGTA, EM revealed that only about 50% of the micronucleated cells had NE that was immediately adjacent to the chromatin and about 10% of them had distended outer NE. In the remaining 40% a third kind of spatial relationship was seen: the NE was intact but most of it was not adjacent to the chromatin. Furthermore, this type of micronucleus often contained mitochondria within the confines of NE. Thus, Ca2+ and possibly Mg2+ may regulate the rate of formation of the NE and also its ultrastructural relation to the chromatin. Mitochondrial function also appears to be involved in this relationship. In the presence of chloramphenicol (CAP), an inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis, in addition to Colcemid, only about 50% of the micronucleated cells exhibited the normal relationship. The outer NE was separated from the inner NE in about 46% of the micronucleated cells and the third kind of NE-chromatin relationship was observed only in 2%. In the case of the third kind of relationship produced by CAP, inclusion of mitochondria within the micronuclei was not observed, in contrast to the finding with EGTA.", "PMID": 108479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8264", "title": "Role of physiologic autoantibody in the removal of senescent human red cells.", "content": "The mechanism by which mononuclear phagocytes distinguish mature \"self\" from senescent \"self\" was investigated. Evidence is presented indicating that human mononuclear phagocytes distinguish senescent RBC from mature RBC on the basis of selective Ig attachment to the membranes of senescent cells. This Ig, eluted from senescent human RBC, was shown to be IgG and free of other Igs by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The IgG was polyclonal with respect to light chains. The eluted IgG reattaches to homologous stored RBC, but not to mature autologous or allogeneic RBC, via the Fab region. It then initiates phagocytosis of these stored RBC by mononuclear phagocytes. Evidence suggests that the IgG is directed against altered membrane receptors. Thus, this IgG may be a \"physiologic\" autoantibody and contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis by performing regulatory function.", "contents": "Role of physiologic autoantibody in the removal of senescent human red cells. The mechanism by which mononuclear phagocytes distinguish mature \"self\" from senescent \"self\" was investigated. Evidence is presented indicating that human mononuclear phagocytes distinguish senescent RBC from mature RBC on the basis of selective Ig attachment to the membranes of senescent cells. This Ig, eluted from senescent human RBC, was shown to be IgG and free of other Igs by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The IgG was polyclonal with respect to light chains. The eluted IgG reattaches to homologous stored RBC, but not to mature autologous or allogeneic RBC, via the Fab region. It then initiates phagocytosis of these stored RBC by mononuclear phagocytes. Evidence suggests that the IgG is directed against altered membrane receptors. Thus, this IgG may be a \"physiologic\" autoantibody and contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis by performing regulatory function.", "PMID": 108480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8265", "title": "[Determination of the blood group, Rh-D factor, and indirect Coombs' test using the amniotic fluid].", "content": "The number of Rh-D sensibilizations provided by pregnancy and delivery has decreased as the result of the preventive measures introduced to the combat this condition. The problem, however, still exists, and to cope with it, the determination of the blood group, Rh-D factor, and the Coombs' test using the amnionic fluid allows a timely preparation for the therapy of the newborn's hemolytic disease. The method of the neutralization technique employed by the authors has proved reliable.", "contents": "[Determination of the blood group, Rh-D factor, and indirect Coombs' test using the amniotic fluid]. The number of Rh-D sensibilizations provided by pregnancy and delivery has decreased as the result of the preventive measures introduced to the combat this condition. The problem, however, still exists, and to cope with it, the determination of the blood group, Rh-D factor, and the Coombs' test using the amnionic fluid allows a timely preparation for the therapy of the newborn's hemolytic disease. The method of the neutralization technique employed by the authors has proved reliable.", "PMID": 108481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8266", "title": "Neurofibrillary pathology: current status and research perspectives.", "content": "The neurofibrils seen in the light microscope are shown, by electron microscopy, to be heterogeneous structures, formed of neurotubules and neurofilaments. A variety of pathological conditions (especially, presenile and senile dementia (are characterized by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles, formed either of paired helical filaments or of single filaments. The morphology, distribution and biochemistry of these various fibrillary structures is reviewed. Particular attention is devoted to the assembly of neurotubules, to the mechanism of action of drugs which prevent assembly, and to possible implications for the experimental induction of neurofibrillary pathology. Of central importance in the arguments is the emphasis on the normal neurofibrillary structures being single forms of pleomorphic proteins. The healthy neuron assembles these proteins into the required form as is necessary for the needs of that neuron. Interference with this process in neuronal cell biology may lead to the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles. On the basis of the morphological and biochemical evidence, several approaches to the experimental study of neurofibrillary pathology are proposed.", "contents": "Neurofibrillary pathology: current status and research perspectives. The neurofibrils seen in the light microscope are shown, by electron microscopy, to be heterogeneous structures, formed of neurotubules and neurofilaments. A variety of pathological conditions (especially, presenile and senile dementia (are characterized by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles, formed either of paired helical filaments or of single filaments. The morphology, distribution and biochemistry of these various fibrillary structures is reviewed. Particular attention is devoted to the assembly of neurotubules, to the mechanism of action of drugs which prevent assembly, and to possible implications for the experimental induction of neurofibrillary pathology. Of central importance in the arguments is the emphasis on the normal neurofibrillary structures being single forms of pleomorphic proteins. The healthy neuron assembles these proteins into the required form as is necessary for the needs of that neuron. Interference with this process in neuronal cell biology may lead to the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles. On the basis of the morphological and biochemical evidence, several approaches to the experimental study of neurofibrillary pathology are proposed.", "PMID": 108483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8267", "title": "Influence of dietary fiber on bile acid metabolism.", "content": "Fiber, when fed to animals or man, will generally cause increased excretion of bile acids. The level of bile acid excretion appears to be a function of the structure of the fiber. Fiber binds bile acids and bile salts in vitro. The extent of binding is characteristic for each type of fiber and each substrate. Bile acid binding may be one mechanism of the physiological action of fiber.", "contents": "Influence of dietary fiber on bile acid metabolism. Fiber, when fed to animals or man, will generally cause increased excretion of bile acids. The level of bile acid excretion appears to be a function of the structure of the fiber. Fiber binds bile acids and bile salts in vitro. The extent of binding is characteristic for each type of fiber and each substrate. Bile acid binding may be one mechanism of the physiological action of fiber.", "PMID": 108494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8268", "title": "Identification of 15-keto-9, 11-peroxidoprosta-5, 13- dienoic acid as a hematin-catalyzed decomposition product of 15-hydroperoxy-9, 11-peroxidoprosta-5, 13-dienoic acid.", "content": "A labile prostaglandin was isolated as one of the products generated from [1-14C] eicosatetraenoic acid incubated with sheep vesicular gland microsomes. The eicosatetraenoic acid metabolite amounted to ca. 16% of the total radiolabeled products. Formation of this new prostaglandin was prevented when heat-denatured microsomes were employed or when incubation mixtures were supplemented with indomethacin or phenol. However, incubation of prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) with hematin in the presence or absence of catalytically active or heat-inactivated microsomes led to production of approximately the same quantity of the new prostaglandin. These results indicated that the new prostaglandin can be formed nonenzymically. The new prostaglandin was conclusively identified by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis as 15-keto-9,11-peroxidoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid (15-keto-PGG2) after chemical conversion to known prostaglandins. The effects of 15-keto-PGG2 and PGG2 were similar on canine lateral saphenous vein; both promoted contraction followed by prolonged relaxation, but 15-keto-PGG2 appeared to be 1/50 as potent as PGG2.", "contents": "Identification of 15-keto-9, 11-peroxidoprosta-5, 13- dienoic acid as a hematin-catalyzed decomposition product of 15-hydroperoxy-9, 11-peroxidoprosta-5, 13-dienoic acid. A labile prostaglandin was isolated as one of the products generated from [1-14C] eicosatetraenoic acid incubated with sheep vesicular gland microsomes. The eicosatetraenoic acid metabolite amounted to ca. 16% of the total radiolabeled products. Formation of this new prostaglandin was prevented when heat-denatured microsomes were employed or when incubation mixtures were supplemented with indomethacin or phenol. However, incubation of prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) with hematin in the presence or absence of catalytically active or heat-inactivated microsomes led to production of approximately the same quantity of the new prostaglandin. These results indicated that the new prostaglandin can be formed nonenzymically. The new prostaglandin was conclusively identified by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis as 15-keto-9,11-peroxidoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid (15-keto-PGG2) after chemical conversion to known prostaglandins. The effects of 15-keto-PGG2 and PGG2 were similar on canine lateral saphenous vein; both promoted contraction followed by prolonged relaxation, but 15-keto-PGG2 appeared to be 1/50 as potent as PGG2.", "PMID": 108495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8269", "title": "Histidine sensitive variant of the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum: response to corepressors of histidine biosynthesis.", "content": "A model has been proposed to account for growth inhibition by L-histidine in a variant strain of Nostoc muscorum. This strain has been characterized for its response to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole-3-alanine known to act as false core-pressors of the histidine biosynthesis genes. The histidine sensitive strain retained its sensitivity to triazole alanine while the inhibitory effects of aminotriazole were much reduced indicating a change in regulation of his genes. The probable interactions between nif and his genes in cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) have been discussed.", "contents": "Histidine sensitive variant of the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum: response to corepressors of histidine biosynthesis. A model has been proposed to account for growth inhibition by L-histidine in a variant strain of Nostoc muscorum. This strain has been characterized for its response to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole-3-alanine known to act as false core-pressors of the histidine biosynthesis genes. The histidine sensitive strain retained its sensitivity to triazole alanine while the inhibitory effects of aminotriazole were much reduced indicating a change in regulation of his genes. The probable interactions between nif and his genes in cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) have been discussed.", "PMID": 108514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8270", "title": "Transformation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with resistance plasmid DNA: formation of smaller conjugative plasmids from RPI.", "content": "Sheared DNA from RPI, and R plasmid from a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was used to transform other strains of P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. From transformed cells other plasmids like RPI were isolated. These deletion plasmids were conjugally transferrable and confer resistance mainly against carbenicillin and tetracycline.", "contents": "Transformation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with resistance plasmid DNA: formation of smaller conjugative plasmids from RPI. Sheared DNA from RPI, and R plasmid from a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was used to transform other strains of P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. From transformed cells other plasmids like RPI were isolated. These deletion plasmids were conjugally transferrable and confer resistance mainly against carbenicillin and tetracycline.", "PMID": 108516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8271", "title": "A missense mutation in the gene coding for ribosomal protein S17 (rpsQ) leading to ribosomal assembly defectivity in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The conditionally lethal mutation, 2861 mis, has been mapped inside the ribosomal protein gene cluster at 72 minutes on the Escherichia coli chromosome and was found to cotransduce at 97% with rpsE (S5). The 2861 mis mutation leads to thermosensitivity and impaired assembly in vivo of 30S ribosomal particles at 42 degrees C. The strain carrying the mutation has an altered S 17 ribosomal protein; the mutational alteration involves a replacement of serine by phenylalanine in protein S 17. Spontaneous reversion to temperature independence can restore the normal assembly in vivo of 30 S ribosomal subunits at 42 degrees C and the normal chromatographical behaviour of the S 17 ribosomal protein in vitro. We conclude therefore that the 2861 mis mutation affects the structural gene for protein S 17 (rpsQ).", "contents": "A missense mutation in the gene coding for ribosomal protein S17 (rpsQ) leading to ribosomal assembly defectivity in Escherichia coli. The conditionally lethal mutation, 2861 mis, has been mapped inside the ribosomal protein gene cluster at 72 minutes on the Escherichia coli chromosome and was found to cotransduce at 97% with rpsE (S5). The 2861 mis mutation leads to thermosensitivity and impaired assembly in vivo of 30S ribosomal particles at 42 degrees C. The strain carrying the mutation has an altered S 17 ribosomal protein; the mutational alteration involves a replacement of serine by phenylalanine in protein S 17. Spontaneous reversion to temperature independence can restore the normal assembly in vivo of 30 S ribosomal subunits at 42 degrees C and the normal chromatographical behaviour of the S 17 ribosomal protein in vitro. We conclude therefore that the 2861 mis mutation affects the structural gene for protein S 17 (rpsQ).", "PMID": 108517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8272", "title": "Bacterial ribosomes with two ambiguity mutations: effects of translational fidelity, on the response to aminoglycosides and on the rate of protein synthesis.", "content": "A set of mutants affected in translational fidelity was constructed by transduction within an otherwise isogenic Escherichia coli B argF40 argR11 background. Alterations in ribosomal proteins S4, S5, S12 and L6 either as single mutations or in various combinations were compared for their effects on aminoglycoside phenotypes, on in vivo and in vitro misreading and on the rate of peptide bond formation. Results may be summarized as follows: (i) Strains carrying two ambiguity mutations on the ribosome without any restrictive mutation are viable. When together, they only weakly increase the level of mistranslation as judged by several in vivo and in vitro test systems. (ii) The combination of two ram mutations causes a very strong cooperative increase of streptomycin sensitivity, irrespective of whether the strains have a wild-type S12 or mutationally altered S12 proteins (of the drug-resistant or -dependent types) on their ribosomes; (iii) The S4 and S5 ram mutations do not alter the response of the ribosome to aminoglycosides of the 2-desoxystreptamine group which are structurally unrelated to streptomycin. This is interpreted in terms of an effect of these ram mutations on the streptomycin binding site but not on the site(s) of binding of the other aminoglycosides. (iv) The rate of polypeptide bond formation which was determined from the kinetics of beta-galactosidase induction is not significantly changed in strains bearing the ram and the strA (streptomycin-resistant) alleles. In contrast, the L6 and the strA (streptomycin-dependent) alleles strongly reduce the rate of polypeptide elongation which mechanistically might be connected with restriction of ambiguity (Nino, 1974) in these cases.", "contents": "Bacterial ribosomes with two ambiguity mutations: effects of translational fidelity, on the response to aminoglycosides and on the rate of protein synthesis. A set of mutants affected in translational fidelity was constructed by transduction within an otherwise isogenic Escherichia coli B argF40 argR11 background. Alterations in ribosomal proteins S4, S5, S12 and L6 either as single mutations or in various combinations were compared for their effects on aminoglycoside phenotypes, on in vivo and in vitro misreading and on the rate of peptide bond formation. Results may be summarized as follows: (i) Strains carrying two ambiguity mutations on the ribosome without any restrictive mutation are viable. When together, they only weakly increase the level of mistranslation as judged by several in vivo and in vitro test systems. (ii) The combination of two ram mutations causes a very strong cooperative increase of streptomycin sensitivity, irrespective of whether the strains have a wild-type S12 or mutationally altered S12 proteins (of the drug-resistant or -dependent types) on their ribosomes; (iii) The S4 and S5 ram mutations do not alter the response of the ribosome to aminoglycosides of the 2-desoxystreptamine group which are structurally unrelated to streptomycin. This is interpreted in terms of an effect of these ram mutations on the streptomycin binding site but not on the site(s) of binding of the other aminoglycosides. (iv) The rate of polypeptide bond formation which was determined from the kinetics of beta-galactosidase induction is not significantly changed in strains bearing the ram and the strA (streptomycin-resistant) alleles. In contrast, the L6 and the strA (streptomycin-dependent) alleles strongly reduce the rate of polypeptide elongation which mechanistically might be connected with restriction of ambiguity (Nino, 1974) in these cases.", "PMID": 108518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8273", "title": "Genetic identification of dominant overproducing mutations: the Beadex gene.", "content": "A model system for the identification of presumptive overproducing mutations from among visible dominant mutations in D. melanogaster is described. An overproducing mutation is expected if a dominant mutation is readily reverted by gene deletion and if gene deletions suppress the expression of the original dominant mutation in flies heterozygous for the deletion. The Beadex (1:59.4) mutations are shown to satisfy these requirements, since a Bx dominant mutations is reverted by induced deletion [Df(Bx)/+) is wild type], and is also suppressed in trans by such a deletion [(Bx/Df)Bx) is wild type]. In addition, all 13 mutations recovered as Bx reversions or suppressors were associated with recessive held up (hdp) mutations allelic inter se, but not allelic to any known hdp gene. One such hdp mutations does not function as an independent dominant suppressor of Bx, is not always associated with Bx deletion, and in the latter situation is readily separable from Bx. We suggest that it functions as a Bx deletion, and may therefore represent the structural gene which is cis-regulated by the overproducing Bx mutations.", "contents": "Genetic identification of dominant overproducing mutations: the Beadex gene. A model system for the identification of presumptive overproducing mutations from among visible dominant mutations in D. melanogaster is described. An overproducing mutation is expected if a dominant mutation is readily reverted by gene deletion and if gene deletions suppress the expression of the original dominant mutation in flies heterozygous for the deletion. The Beadex (1:59.4) mutations are shown to satisfy these requirements, since a Bx dominant mutations is reverted by induced deletion [Df(Bx)/+) is wild type], and is also suppressed in trans by such a deletion [(Bx/Df)Bx) is wild type]. In addition, all 13 mutations recovered as Bx reversions or suppressors were associated with recessive held up (hdp) mutations allelic inter se, but not allelic to any known hdp gene. One such hdp mutations does not function as an independent dominant suppressor of Bx, is not always associated with Bx deletion, and in the latter situation is readily separable from Bx. We suggest that it functions as a Bx deletion, and may therefore represent the structural gene which is cis-regulated by the overproducing Bx mutations.", "PMID": 108520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8274", "title": "[Enzymes of intermediary metabolism in coryneform bacteria].", "content": "Enzymes of the intermediate metabolism were studied in ten strains of Corynebacterium-like organisms belonging to the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium and Nocardia. All of these were found to contain enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, and nine strains among ten had dehydrogenases of the pentose phosphate shunt. The activity of enzymes of the citric acid cycle was low: alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase was not found in Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium linens and Nocardia minima. Eight strains possessed the activity of the key enzyme of the gamma-aminobutyrate shunt, i.e. gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. The activity of enzymes of the glyoxylate shunt was found in nine strains, and their level was rather high even during growth on glucose. Therefore, it is possible to study the taxonomic structure of this group of microorganisms by analyzing the composition and the level of enzymes involved in the intermediate metabolism. The competence of the Brevibacterium genus is corroborated by the typical species Brevibact. linens, as well as the reality of saprophytic representatives of the Corynebacterium genus, and a special taxonomic position of the group Brevibact. ammoniagenes--Brevibact. stationis.", "contents": "[Enzymes of intermediary metabolism in coryneform bacteria]. Enzymes of the intermediate metabolism were studied in ten strains of Corynebacterium-like organisms belonging to the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium and Nocardia. All of these were found to contain enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, and nine strains among ten had dehydrogenases of the pentose phosphate shunt. The activity of enzymes of the citric acid cycle was low: alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase was not found in Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium linens and Nocardia minima. Eight strains possessed the activity of the key enzyme of the gamma-aminobutyrate shunt, i.e. gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. The activity of enzymes of the glyoxylate shunt was found in nine strains, and their level was rather high even during growth on glucose. Therefore, it is possible to study the taxonomic structure of this group of microorganisms by analyzing the composition and the level of enzymes involved in the intermediate metabolism. The competence of the Brevibacterium genus is corroborated by the typical species Brevibact. linens, as well as the reality of saprophytic representatives of the Corynebacterium genus, and a special taxonomic position of the group Brevibact. ammoniagenes--Brevibact. stationis.", "PMID": 108525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8275", "title": "[Conditions for the manifestation of cyanide-resistant respiration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa].", "content": "Conditions for manifestation of cyanide-resistant respiration were studied in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Transition of the culture from the logarithmic to the stationary phase of growth, once the source of carbon (hexadecane, glucose, citrate, succinate) or nitrogen was exhausted, was accompanied with a decrease in the sensitivity of bacterial respiration to cyanide. As soon as the limiting factor was added, the culture started to grow again and its respiration became more sensitive to the inhibitor. Changes in the sensitivity of respiration to cyanide were observed when the bacterial growth was not limited with oxygen, and cyanide was not accumulated in the cultural broth. The manifestation of cyanide-resistant respiration was caused by changes in the physiological state of the bacterium induced by the cessation of growth. The culture formed phenazine pigments while growing on all of the studied substrates. However, no correlation was established between the resistance of respiration to cyanide and the concentration of the pigments in the medium. Therefore, the resistance of respiration of Ps. aeruginosa to cyanide should be attributed to changes in the electron transport chain.", "contents": "[Conditions for the manifestation of cyanide-resistant respiration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. Conditions for manifestation of cyanide-resistant respiration were studied in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Transition of the culture from the logarithmic to the stationary phase of growth, once the source of carbon (hexadecane, glucose, citrate, succinate) or nitrogen was exhausted, was accompanied with a decrease in the sensitivity of bacterial respiration to cyanide. As soon as the limiting factor was added, the culture started to grow again and its respiration became more sensitive to the inhibitor. Changes in the sensitivity of respiration to cyanide were observed when the bacterial growth was not limited with oxygen, and cyanide was not accumulated in the cultural broth. The manifestation of cyanide-resistant respiration was caused by changes in the physiological state of the bacterium induced by the cessation of growth. The culture formed phenazine pigments while growing on all of the studied substrates. However, no correlation was established between the resistance of respiration to cyanide and the concentration of the pigments in the medium. Therefore, the resistance of respiration of Ps. aeruginosa to cyanide should be attributed to changes in the electron transport chain.", "PMID": 108524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8276", "title": "[Pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in methylotrophs].", "content": "The activity of pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases was determined in cell extracts of obligate and facultative methylotrophs which metabolized monocarbon reduced compounds via different pathways. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase was found to be the only enzyme responsible for the high level of CO2 fixation by methylotrophs with the serine pathway (Methylosinus trichosporium, Hyphomicrobium vulgare, Pseudomonas methylica). Methylotrophs with the hexulose phosphate pathway Mehylobacter chroococcum, Methylomonas methanica, Pseudomonas oleovorans, Arthrobacter globiformis) and yeast (Candida methylica) assimilated less CO2 but contained more enzymes involved in arboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, EG 4.1.1.31; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, EC 4.1.1.32) or pyruvate (pyruvate carboxylase, EC 6.4.1.1; malic-enzyme, EC 4.1.1.40). Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxytransphosphorylase (EC 4.1.1.38) was not found in any of the studied strains. The properties and the role of carboxylases in the metabolism of methylotrophs are discussed.", "contents": "[Pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in methylotrophs]. The activity of pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases was determined in cell extracts of obligate and facultative methylotrophs which metabolized monocarbon reduced compounds via different pathways. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase was found to be the only enzyme responsible for the high level of CO2 fixation by methylotrophs with the serine pathway (Methylosinus trichosporium, Hyphomicrobium vulgare, Pseudomonas methylica). Methylotrophs with the hexulose phosphate pathway Mehylobacter chroococcum, Methylomonas methanica, Pseudomonas oleovorans, Arthrobacter globiformis) and yeast (Candida methylica) assimilated less CO2 but contained more enzymes involved in arboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, EG 4.1.1.31; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, EC 4.1.1.32) or pyruvate (pyruvate carboxylase, EC 6.4.1.1; malic-enzyme, EC 4.1.1.40). Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxytransphosphorylase (EC 4.1.1.38) was not found in any of the studied strains. The properties and the role of carboxylases in the metabolism of methylotrophs are discussed.", "PMID": 108526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8277", "title": "[Change in the constructive metabolism and ultrastructural organization of Bacillus cereus cells under the influence of a specific autoregulatory factor].", "content": "It has been found for the first time that an increase in the concentration of a specific autoregulatory factor in the medium is responsible for the hypometabolic state of vegetative cells; no principal cellular biopolymers are synthesized at this state (DNA, RNA, proteins and phospholipids), and no cellular structures are degraded. When the culture reverses to vegetative growth observed in the same medium, synthesis of the biopolymers is intensified and changes are detected in the ultrastructural organization of the cellular membranous apparatus, the cytoplasm, the nucleoide and the cell wall.", "contents": "[Change in the constructive metabolism and ultrastructural organization of Bacillus cereus cells under the influence of a specific autoregulatory factor]. It has been found for the first time that an increase in the concentration of a specific autoregulatory factor in the medium is responsible for the hypometabolic state of vegetative cells; no principal cellular biopolymers are synthesized at this state (DNA, RNA, proteins and phospholipids), and no cellular structures are degraded. When the culture reverses to vegetative growth observed in the same medium, synthesis of the biopolymers is intensified and changes are detected in the ultrastructural organization of the cellular membranous apparatus, the cytoplasm, the nucleoide and the cell wall.", "PMID": 108528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8278", "title": "Evaluation of several enrichment procedures for the isolation of recombinant plasmid DNA.", "content": "A number of methods for the selective enrichment of recombinant plasmids were examined; these include alkaline phosphatase treatment of the restricted pBR322 vector, as well as a combination of this and S1 nuclease treatment of the ligated mixture of pBR322 and pCR1 plasmids or S. griseus DNA followed by D-cycloserine treatment to enrich for cells carrying recombinant molecules. The relative efficiencies of these methods were compared.", "contents": "Evaluation of several enrichment procedures for the isolation of recombinant plasmid DNA. A number of methods for the selective enrichment of recombinant plasmids were examined; these include alkaline phosphatase treatment of the restricted pBR322 vector, as well as a combination of this and S1 nuclease treatment of the ligated mixture of pBR322 and pCR1 plasmids or S. griseus DNA followed by D-cycloserine treatment to enrich for cells carrying recombinant molecules. The relative efficiencies of these methods were compared.", "PMID": 108533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8279", "title": "[Determination of the limits of the physiological action of mineral elements in hydrogen bacteria].", "content": "The growth of the hydrogen bacterium Hydrogenomonas eutropha Z-1 was studied in the conditions of continuous cultivation at different content of mineral elements in the medium. The physiological action of phosphorus, sulfur, potassium and magnesium in the bacterium was found to be displayed within a wide range of concentrations (mg/ml): P, 18-1400; S, 5.5-350; K, 4-550; Mg, 4.8-430. If the control of mineral elements was above or below these values, the specific growth rate of the cells decreased and their intracellular chemical composition changed.", "contents": "[Determination of the limits of the physiological action of mineral elements in hydrogen bacteria]. The growth of the hydrogen bacterium Hydrogenomonas eutropha Z-1 was studied in the conditions of continuous cultivation at different content of mineral elements in the medium. The physiological action of phosphorus, sulfur, potassium and magnesium in the bacterium was found to be displayed within a wide range of concentrations (mg/ml): P, 18-1400; S, 5.5-350; K, 4-550; Mg, 4.8-430. If the control of mineral elements was above or below these values, the specific growth rate of the cells decreased and their intracellular chemical composition changed.", "PMID": 108530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8280", "title": "[Effect of exogenous nucleodepolymerases on Bacillus subtilis multiplication].", "content": "The effect of exogenous nucleodepolymerases on cell growth was studied with Bacillus subtilis. Nucleodepolymerases of microbial and animal origin stimulated growth of the culture. The stimulating action of DNAases depended on the dose of the enzyme added to the growth medium and on the phase of the cultural growth. Acceleration of the cultural growth correlated with intensification of DNA synthesis in the bacterial cells.", "contents": "[Effect of exogenous nucleodepolymerases on Bacillus subtilis multiplication]. The effect of exogenous nucleodepolymerases on cell growth was studied with Bacillus subtilis. Nucleodepolymerases of microbial and animal origin stimulated growth of the culture. The stimulating action of DNAases depended on the dose of the enzyme added to the growth medium and on the phase of the cultural growth. Acceleration of the cultural growth correlated with intensification of DNA synthesis in the bacterial cells.", "PMID": 108529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8281", "title": "[Indications and limitations of surgery of the sympathetic nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "Two types of sympathectomy are common today, the lumbar and the cervicothoracic. It is a simple operation with extremely low mortality and morbidity although the patients are frequently of an advanced age. 8--10 days after the operation pains may occur, especially at night. The authors observed them in 3--15% of cases after lumbar sympathectomy, more rarely after cervicothoracic sympathectomy. The pains usually disappear after a few weeks or months. Sexual disturbances may occur in about 10--15% of young men. Therefore in these patients the first two lumbar ganglia should be spared. Arterial obstructions above all arteriosclerotic occlusions are the most important and most frequent indications for surgery of the sympathetic nervous system. Statistics from the Strasburg Hospital yielded a total of 56% good and very good results in 666 lumbar sympathectomies, and 31.2% successes even in Fontaine's stage IVa.", "contents": "[Indications and limitations of surgery of the sympathetic nervous system (author's transl)]. Two types of sympathectomy are common today, the lumbar and the cervicothoracic. It is a simple operation with extremely low mortality and morbidity although the patients are frequently of an advanced age. 8--10 days after the operation pains may occur, especially at night. The authors observed them in 3--15% of cases after lumbar sympathectomy, more rarely after cervicothoracic sympathectomy. The pains usually disappear after a few weeks or months. Sexual disturbances may occur in about 10--15% of young men. Therefore in these patients the first two lumbar ganglia should be spared. Arterial obstructions above all arteriosclerotic occlusions are the most important and most frequent indications for surgery of the sympathetic nervous system. Statistics from the Strasburg Hospital yielded a total of 56% good and very good results in 666 lumbar sympathectomies, and 31.2% successes even in Fontaine's stage IVa.", "PMID": 108549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8282", "title": "[Indications for surgical and conservative treatment of arteriosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Operation is contraindicated in acute cerebral insults and neurological lesions which are already irreversible. A complete obstruction in the region where the great vessels branch off from the aorta are always surgically treated if the vessels distal to the lesion are still patent. Aneurysms in the aortoiliac region require resection and reconstruction of the vessels, stenoses and obliterating changes need reconstructive interventions. Angina mesenterica must be surgically treated if at least two intestinal arteries are damaged. Operative intervention in renal arteriosclerosis is only justified if hypertension is also present. Conservative therapy consists of prophylaxis or elimination of the risk factors, of the medical treatment of hyperlipemia and of inhibition of thrombocyte function.", "contents": "[Indications for surgical and conservative treatment of arteriosclerosis (author's transl)]. Operation is contraindicated in acute cerebral insults and neurological lesions which are already irreversible. A complete obstruction in the region where the great vessels branch off from the aorta are always surgically treated if the vessels distal to the lesion are still patent. Aneurysms in the aortoiliac region require resection and reconstruction of the vessels, stenoses and obliterating changes need reconstructive interventions. Angina mesenterica must be surgically treated if at least two intestinal arteries are damaged. Operative intervention in renal arteriosclerosis is only justified if hypertension is also present. Conservative therapy consists of prophylaxis or elimination of the risk factors, of the medical treatment of hyperlipemia and of inhibition of thrombocyte function.", "PMID": 108550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8283", "title": "[Chronic arterial occlusive disease of the lower body. Diagnostic-therapeutic, especially surgical-therapeutic aspects and postoperative care].", "content": "The treatment of chronic arterial circulatory disorders of the lower extremities depends on the one hand on the presence of a type of occlusive process which can be confirmed angiologically and on the other hand by the degree of severity and thirdly on the availability of operative and conservative methods of treatment. According to the stage of ischemia (Stage III and IV) possibly only surgical measures offer the possibility of preventing amputation. The nearer the stenotic process to the aorta, the greater the possibility of success of a surgical intervention if the general condition does not represent a contraindication to surgery. The questions of indications for operation and the problems of the most suitable procedure (endarterectomy, bypass, prostheses, Dotter's transluminal dilatation) are discussed on the basis of many years' experience.", "contents": "[Chronic arterial occlusive disease of the lower body. Diagnostic-therapeutic, especially surgical-therapeutic aspects and postoperative care]. The treatment of chronic arterial circulatory disorders of the lower extremities depends on the one hand on the presence of a type of occlusive process which can be confirmed angiologically and on the other hand by the degree of severity and thirdly on the availability of operative and conservative methods of treatment. According to the stage of ischemia (Stage III and IV) possibly only surgical measures offer the possibility of preventing amputation. The nearer the stenotic process to the aorta, the greater the possibility of success of a surgical intervention if the general condition does not represent a contraindication to surgery. The questions of indications for operation and the problems of the most suitable procedure (endarterectomy, bypass, prostheses, Dotter's transluminal dilatation) are discussed on the basis of many years' experience.", "PMID": 108551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8284", "title": "[The weather and skiing accidents (author's transl)].", "content": "During the winter of 1974/75, 528 skiing accidents in the Davos area were investigated in connection the weather influences.  It was found that during high pressure conditions the accident rate increased and was very low under low pressure conditions. This result is explained by high pressure conditions often inducing the skier to more daring modes of skiing. Consequently the fine weather influences the accident risk to skiers through mental stimulation. The low accident rate in low pressure conditions can be explained insofar as in bad weather only advanced skier dare to go on the ski-run and the danger-prone beginners stay at home. In addition most skiers are conscious of the risk in unpleasant weather and ski correspondingly carefully. The accident rate decreased from the beginning to the end of the 1974/75 season.", "contents": "[The weather and skiing accidents (author's transl)]. During the winter of 1974/75, 528 skiing accidents in the Davos area were investigated in connection the weather influences.  It was found that during high pressure conditions the accident rate increased and was very low under low pressure conditions. This result is explained by high pressure conditions often inducing the skier to more daring modes of skiing. Consequently the fine weather influences the accident risk to skiers through mental stimulation. The low accident rate in low pressure conditions can be explained insofar as in bad weather only advanced skier dare to go on the ski-run and the danger-prone beginners stay at home. In addition most skiers are conscious of the risk in unpleasant weather and ski correspondingly carefully. The accident rate decreased from the beginning to the end of the 1974/75 season.", "PMID": 108552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8285", "title": "[Human experimentation and criteria for obligatory medical care].", "content": "Human experiment and therapeutic trials are regulated by the drug law and the jurisdiction of the supreme court. The qualification of the trial leader and the personification of his responsibility with reference to indication, performance and evaluation of the trial are just as much criteria of his obligations as the protection--derived from medical ethical motives--of the patient or subject. It would certainly be welcomed if the legal regulations affecting the testing of drugs could simply be transferred to clinical research in humans and dispense with the all too closely meshed regimentation.", "contents": "[Human experimentation and criteria for obligatory medical care]. Human experiment and therapeutic trials are regulated by the drug law and the jurisdiction of the supreme court. The qualification of the trial leader and the personification of his responsibility with reference to indication, performance and evaluation of the trial are just as much criteria of his obligations as the protection--derived from medical ethical motives--of the patient or subject. It would certainly be welcomed if the legal regulations affecting the testing of drugs could simply be transferred to clinical research in humans and dispense with the all too closely meshed regimentation.", "PMID": 108563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8286", "title": "[Acute and subacute acral ischemia syndromes (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute and subacute acral ischemia syndromes must be carefully distinguished from chronic intermittent acral disturbances of circulation because of the differences in the genesis, in the clinical picture and in the treatment. Vasoconstriction caused by cold or emotion and which disappears on warming is the principal feature of the chronic intermittent syndromes. Prestasis and stasis are the basis of the ischemia of acute and subacute syndromes, which cannot be relieved by warmth. Vasodilation measures have no effect, whereas the circulation can be restored by the improvement of the fluidity and the flow conditions of the blood.", "contents": "[Acute and subacute acral ischemia syndromes (author's transl)]. Acute and subacute acral ischemia syndromes must be carefully distinguished from chronic intermittent acral disturbances of circulation because of the differences in the genesis, in the clinical picture and in the treatment. Vasoconstriction caused by cold or emotion and which disappears on warming is the principal feature of the chronic intermittent syndromes. Prestasis and stasis are the basis of the ischemia of acute and subacute syndromes, which cannot be relieved by warmth. Vasodilation measures have no effect, whereas the circulation can be restored by the improvement of the fluidity and the flow conditions of the blood.", "PMID": 108564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8287", "title": "[Clofibrate banned - what now? (author's transl)].", "content": "Of the drugs which reduce triglycerides and cholesterol we recommend Cedur, Lipanthyl and Ronicol. Of the drugs which predominantly lower cholesterol levels, Skleronorm has proved useful for a long time in the treatment of HLP Types IIa and IIb. Quantalan or Colestid should be used for the severe forms of hypercholesterolemia in children and adults. beta-sitosterin is reserved for the milder types of hypercholesterolemia. The clofibric acid preparations commercially available should not be prescribed for the time being until the patients are reassured on the clofibrate problem. We do not advise essential phospholipids.", "contents": "[Clofibrate banned - what now? (author's transl)]. Of the drugs which reduce triglycerides and cholesterol we recommend Cedur, Lipanthyl and Ronicol. Of the drugs which predominantly lower cholesterol levels, Skleronorm has proved useful for a long time in the treatment of HLP Types IIa and IIb. Quantalan or Colestid should be used for the severe forms of hypercholesterolemia in children and adults. beta-sitosterin is reserved for the milder types of hypercholesterolemia. The clofibric acid preparations commercially available should not be prescribed for the time being until the patients are reassured on the clofibrate problem. We do not advise essential phospholipids.", "PMID": 108569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8288", "title": "[Reintervention after choledocho-duodenostomy].", "content": "Shrinkage of the anastomosis and blind loop syndrome with impacted stones or sludge in the retroduodenal common bile duct caused by papillary stenosis are the main reasons for an ineffective choledochoduodenostomy. The clinical picture is that of an ascending cholangitis. 30 choledochoduodenostomy repairs were performed in our hospital. The operative treatment is described in detail. In a follow-up of 30 patients there was only one case with a persisting chronic cholangitis.", "contents": "[Reintervention after choledocho-duodenostomy]. Shrinkage of the anastomosis and blind loop syndrome with impacted stones or sludge in the retroduodenal common bile duct caused by papillary stenosis are the main reasons for an ineffective choledochoduodenostomy. The clinical picture is that of an ascending cholangitis. 30 choledochoduodenostomy repairs were performed in our hospital. The operative treatment is described in detail. In a follow-up of 30 patients there was only one case with a persisting chronic cholangitis.", "PMID": 108574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8289", "title": "[Endoscopic papillotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Endoscopic papillotomy is a method of incising the papillary spincters without opening the abdominal wall or the duodenum. It is successful in over 95% of cases. In over 80% of cases passage of choledochus concrement occurs, about half of these stones being excreted spontaneously and the rest having to be extracted actively with a small Domia basket. For large concrements which cannot be removed endoscopically even after wide papillotomy incision, there is the electrohydraulic lithotrite which crushes them so that they can be passed spontaneously or be actively extracted. Dissolution by a substance instilled through a catheter passed through the papilla into the common bile duct is still in the experimental stage. Altogether for this reason endoscopic papillotomy and removal of stones is an advance for the patient at risk, as it involves a lower lethality than the corresponding surgical method.", "contents": "[Endoscopic papillotomy (author's transl)]. Endoscopic papillotomy is a method of incising the papillary spincters without opening the abdominal wall or the duodenum. It is successful in over 95% of cases. In over 80% of cases passage of choledochus concrement occurs, about half of these stones being excreted spontaneously and the rest having to be extracted actively with a small Domia basket. For large concrements which cannot be removed endoscopically even after wide papillotomy incision, there is the electrohydraulic lithotrite which crushes them so that they can be passed spontaneously or be actively extracted. Dissolution by a substance instilled through a catheter passed through the papilla into the common bile duct is still in the experimental stage. Altogether for this reason endoscopic papillotomy and removal of stones is an advance for the patient at risk, as it involves a lower lethality than the corresponding surgical method.", "PMID": 108575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8290", "title": "[Vascular replacement with plastics (author's transl)].", "content": "The plastic substitution of the aorta and its large branches may be considered largely solved today. For this purpose preference is given to highly porous, thin-walled double velour prostheses. The search for a biocompatible plastic substitute for small caliber arteries and the large veins of the body (portal vein, vena cava, iliac veins) is proceeding in two directions at the present time: on the one hand towards optimized bioprostheses and on the other hand towards plastics which apply the principle of microporosity or impermeability with the creation of antithrombogenic inner surfaces. In this respect expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and coating with carbon are very promising.", "contents": "[Vascular replacement with plastics (author's transl)]. The plastic substitution of the aorta and its large branches may be considered largely solved today. For this purpose preference is given to highly porous, thin-walled double velour prostheses. The search for a biocompatible plastic substitute for small caliber arteries and the large veins of the body (portal vein, vena cava, iliac veins) is proceeding in two directions at the present time: on the one hand towards optimized bioprostheses and on the other hand towards plastics which apply the principle of microporosity or impermeability with the creation of antithrombogenic inner surfaces. In this respect expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and coating with carbon are very promising.", "PMID": 108576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8291", "title": "[Carcinoid of the digestive tract. Diagnostic possibilities (author's transl)].", "content": "Special features which enable preoperative differential diagnosis are dealt with in detail with reference to 44 patient with carcinoid of the digestive tract. Carcinoid of the appendix becomes noticable early with signs of acute or chronic appendicitis and in 94% of cases is operated on in good time. Angiography of the superior mesenteric artery shows a characteristic stellate figure in the mesenterium in carcinoid of the small intestine. In contrast to the primary tumor, liver metastases show intense vascularization in the angiogram. A rise in urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid is pathognomonic for carcinoid, its determination permits the checking of operative radicality and shows the appearance of metastases early.", "contents": "[Carcinoid of the digestive tract. Diagnostic possibilities (author's transl)]. Special features which enable preoperative differential diagnosis are dealt with in detail with reference to 44 patient with carcinoid of the digestive tract. Carcinoid of the appendix becomes noticable early with signs of acute or chronic appendicitis and in 94% of cases is operated on in good time. Angiography of the superior mesenteric artery shows a characteristic stellate figure in the mesenterium in carcinoid of the small intestine. In contrast to the primary tumor, liver metastases show intense vascularization in the angiogram. A rise in urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid is pathognomonic for carcinoid, its determination permits the checking of operative radicality and shows the appearance of metastases early.", "PMID": 108577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8292", "title": "[Qualitative CSF cell diagnosis. Methods and conclusiveness (author's transl)].", "content": "In a review, the methods and value of CSF cytology as routine diagnostic investigation should be described summarily. Among the various methods of cell concentration, the sedimentation method permits the best cytological differentiation of the cells of the cerebrospinal fluid. Both neuro-immunological processes and unspecific irritation processes (e. g. subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumata), brain tumors and metastases can be differentiated. For prognostic and therapeutic questions, cytology of the CSF is sometimes the method of choice, as for instance in questions of CNS involvement in hemoblastoses. The spectrum of diagnostic possibilities recommends the cytology of CSF as a routine method in all neurological, internal medical and pediatric clinics.", "contents": "[Qualitative CSF cell diagnosis. Methods and conclusiveness (author's transl)]. In a review, the methods and value of CSF cytology as routine diagnostic investigation should be described summarily. Among the various methods of cell concentration, the sedimentation method permits the best cytological differentiation of the cells of the cerebrospinal fluid. Both neuro-immunological processes and unspecific irritation processes (e. g. subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumata), brain tumors and metastases can be differentiated. For prognostic and therapeutic questions, cytology of the CSF is sometimes the method of choice, as for instance in questions of CNS involvement in hemoblastoses. The spectrum of diagnostic possibilities recommends the cytology of CSF as a routine method in all neurological, internal medical and pediatric clinics.", "PMID": 108589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8293", "title": "[Benefits of spa treatment for gynecological tumor patients: (author's transl)].", "content": "Problems of psychosocial rehabilitation were studied in 308 women following treatment for genital and mammary carcinomata. One third felt more susceptible to disease. A quarter with earlier spa treatment showed greater susceptibility to disease twice as often as those without spa treatment. Women with higher education admitted to spa treatment twice as often as those with less education. Women who had had spa treatment admitted to a feeling of impaired self-evaluation twice as often as those without spa treatment. The patients assessed the benefits of spa treatment without reference to age, level of education and personality test. Women with sexual medical problems expected particularly great benefits from spa treatments.", "contents": "[Benefits of spa treatment for gynecological tumor patients: (author's transl)]. Problems of psychosocial rehabilitation were studied in 308 women following treatment for genital and mammary carcinomata. One third felt more susceptible to disease. A quarter with earlier spa treatment showed greater susceptibility to disease twice as often as those without spa treatment. Women with higher education admitted to spa treatment twice as often as those with less education. Women who had had spa treatment admitted to a feeling of impaired self-evaluation twice as often as those without spa treatment. The patients assessed the benefits of spa treatment without reference to age, level of education and personality test. Women with sexual medical problems expected particularly great benefits from spa treatments.", "PMID": 108590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8294", "title": "Mutagenesis of free and intracellular cyanophage AS-1 by ultraviolet, N-methanyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and acriflavine.", "content": "Mutagenic actions of ultraviolet irradiation (UV), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and acriflavine (photodynamic) were tested in free and intracellular phage AS-1 infecting Anacystis nidulans IU625. Spontaneous and induced mutations with particular reference to host range (h) and minute plaque formation (m) were investigated. The spontaneous mutation frequencies varied from 10(-9) to 10(-8) and from 2 X 10(-5) to 2 X 10(-4) for h and m mutants respectively. UV was efficient in inducing h and m markers in free phage particles as well as intracellular phage; MNNG induced both markers in intracellular phage only, and acriflavine induced m mutants only in free as well as in infecting phages. UV-induced mutations in free phage were photo-reactivable by visible light. With all the mutagens used, maximal induction of both markers was observed with treatment of 2-h complexes.", "contents": "Mutagenesis of free and intracellular cyanophage AS-1 by ultraviolet, N-methanyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and acriflavine. Mutagenic actions of ultraviolet irradiation (UV), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and acriflavine (photodynamic) were tested in free and intracellular phage AS-1 infecting Anacystis nidulans IU625. Spontaneous and induced mutations with particular reference to host range (h) and minute plaque formation (m) were investigated. The spontaneous mutation frequencies varied from 10(-9) to 10(-8) and from 2 X 10(-5) to 2 X 10(-4) for h and m mutants respectively. UV was efficient in inducing h and m markers in free phage particles as well as intracellular phage; MNNG induced both markers in intracellular phage only, and acriflavine induced m mutants only in free as well as in infecting phages. UV-induced mutations in free phage were photo-reactivable by visible light. With all the mutagens used, maximal induction of both markers was observed with treatment of 2-h complexes.", "PMID": 108592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8295", "title": "X-ray quality and the induction of meiotic recombination in Drosophila melanogaster males.", "content": "This paper reports a set of experiments designed to determine whether the radiation-quality effect, reported for the induction of somatic recombination, could be also demonstrated for meiotic recombination. Males heterozygous for markers on the 2nd chromosome were given an exposure of 600 R with either 55 kV or 100 kV X-irradiation. Treated spermatocytes were sampled by irradiating young pupae and then taking the first day sperm from the emergent adult males. When 2-h old pupae were irradiated there were significantly fewer centric and more non-centric recombinants, than when 4--6 h old pupae were irradiated. No radiation-quality effect was found.", "contents": "X-ray quality and the induction of meiotic recombination in Drosophila melanogaster males. This paper reports a set of experiments designed to determine whether the radiation-quality effect, reported for the induction of somatic recombination, could be also demonstrated for meiotic recombination. Males heterozygous for markers on the 2nd chromosome were given an exposure of 600 R with either 55 kV or 100 kV X-irradiation. Treated spermatocytes were sampled by irradiating young pupae and then taking the first day sperm from the emergent adult males. When 2-h old pupae were irradiated there were significantly fewer centric and more non-centric recombinants, than when 4--6 h old pupae were irradiated. No radiation-quality effect was found.", "PMID": 108594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8296", "title": "Effects of caffeine on sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) in vivo.", "content": "Chinese hamsters were twice treated with caffeine via stomach tube. The single doses were either 20, 100, 200 or 400 mg per kg body weight. A dose-dependent increase was observed in the frequencies of SCE induced in vivo in bone-marrow cells. Two intraperitoneal injections of the chemical mutagens, cyclophosphamide or benzo[a]pyrene, led to a pronounced increase of the frequency of SCE. Simultaneous applications of the chemical mutagens and caffeine decreased the rate of SCE. The effect of caffeine per se to induce SCE, and the mechanisms by which caffeine reduces the level of SCE induced by chemical mutagens are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of caffeine on sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) in vivo. Chinese hamsters were twice treated with caffeine via stomach tube. The single doses were either 20, 100, 200 or 400 mg per kg body weight. A dose-dependent increase was observed in the frequencies of SCE induced in vivo in bone-marrow cells. Two intraperitoneal injections of the chemical mutagens, cyclophosphamide or benzo[a]pyrene, led to a pronounced increase of the frequency of SCE. Simultaneous applications of the chemical mutagens and caffeine decreased the rate of SCE. The effect of caffeine per se to induce SCE, and the mechanisms by which caffeine reduces the level of SCE induced by chemical mutagens are discussed.", "PMID": 108595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8297", "title": "Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) model in genetic toxicology mitomycin C clastogenicity in germ cells.", "content": "The value of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) as a genetic toxicology model is limited by their scarcity, expense, and impracticality of progeny testing. However, in some special circumstances, e.g., accidental exposure of humans to potential mutagens, rhesus monkeys or other primates may provide a superior animal model to help to cope with a difficult public health situation. Using the testis as a target organ we found that when primary spermatocytes were treated in pre-leptotene stage with 1 mg mitomycin C/kg body weight, the frequency of exchanges, fragments, sex-chromosome and autosomal univalents increased significantly at diakinesis-metaphase I. This response was absent in cells treated during diplotene, late pachytene or during spermatogonial stages. We suggested that animals should be evaluated not only for genetic toxicology parameters, but also toxicologically, histologically, behaviorally, for carcinogenesis and seminal cytology. Whenever possible, the animals should be recycled.", "contents": "Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) model in genetic toxicology mitomycin C clastogenicity in germ cells. The value of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) as a genetic toxicology model is limited by their scarcity, expense, and impracticality of progeny testing. However, in some special circumstances, e.g., accidental exposure of humans to potential mutagens, rhesus monkeys or other primates may provide a superior animal model to help to cope with a difficult public health situation. Using the testis as a target organ we found that when primary spermatocytes were treated in pre-leptotene stage with 1 mg mitomycin C/kg body weight, the frequency of exchanges, fragments, sex-chromosome and autosomal univalents increased significantly at diakinesis-metaphase I. This response was absent in cells treated during diplotene, late pachytene or during spermatogonial stages. We suggested that animals should be evaluated not only for genetic toxicology parameters, but also toxicologically, histologically, behaviorally, for carcinogenesis and seminal cytology. Whenever possible, the animals should be recycled.", "PMID": 108596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8298", "title": "A preliminary assessment of possible mutagenicity of betel nut and ingredients of the betel quid when administered alone or in combinations to larvae of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The \"carcinogenic\" betel nut and constituents of betel quid were tested for possible mutagenicity in Drosophila. The test compounds were administered either alone or in combinations by larval feeding. The data on sex-chromosome loss, sex-linked recessive lethals and autosomal translocations suggest lack of mutagenicity.", "contents": "A preliminary assessment of possible mutagenicity of betel nut and ingredients of the betel quid when administered alone or in combinations to larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. The \"carcinogenic\" betel nut and constituents of betel quid were tested for possible mutagenicity in Drosophila. The test compounds were administered either alone or in combinations by larval feeding. The data on sex-chromosome loss, sex-linked recessive lethals and autosomal translocations suggest lack of mutagenicity.", "PMID": 108597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8299", "title": "Cyclopiazonic acid production by aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus.", "content": "Twenty-eight of 54 isolates of Aspergillus flavus grown on autoclaved agricultural commodities such as wheat, rice and corn were found to produce the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid. Eighteen of the A. flavus isolates produced aflatoxin, and fourteen isolates produced both cyclopiazonic acid and aflatoxin. A preliminary screening of some aflatoxin-contaminated corn samples revealed for the first time the natural occurrence of cyclopiazonic acid in agricultural commodities.", "contents": "Cyclopiazonic acid production by aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. Twenty-eight of 54 isolates of Aspergillus flavus grown on autoclaved agricultural commodities such as wheat, rice and corn were found to produce the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid. Eighteen of the A. flavus isolates produced aflatoxin, and fourteen isolates produced both cyclopiazonic acid and aflatoxin. A preliminary screening of some aflatoxin-contaminated corn samples revealed for the first time the natural occurrence of cyclopiazonic acid in agricultural commodities.", "PMID": 108598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8300", "title": "Gentic engineering for practical application.", "content": "Genetic engineering has ushered in a new era in biology. Although many problems are still to be solved, there are examples that point to a possible later application for the benefit of mankind: Bacteria can be manipulated to degrade crude-oil spillages, to produce human insulin and to bind nitrogen from the air. If all the bacteria that are indigenous to agricultural soils could be made to bind nitrogen, an increase in soil fertility might well result.", "contents": "Gentic engineering for practical application. Genetic engineering has ushered in a new era in biology. Although many problems are still to be solved, there are examples that point to a possible later application for the benefit of mankind: Bacteria can be manipulated to degrade crude-oil spillages, to produce human insulin and to bind nitrogen from the air. If all the bacteria that are indigenous to agricultural soils could be made to bind nitrogen, an increase in soil fertility might well result.", "PMID": 108601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8301", "title": "Vasopressin: deficiency, excess and the syndrome of inappropriate antiduretic hormone secretion.", "content": "The hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system functions to maintain plasma osmolality within narrow limits. It also is an important mechanism in maintaining normal body fluid volume. The system exerts its influence via release or inhibition of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) which acts on the kidney to decrease water excretion. Deficiency of ADH is usually due to hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal lesions (central diabetes insipidus) or insensitivity of the kidney to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus). These patients, if untreated, have the predictable result of dehydration, hyperosmolality, hypovolemia, and eventual death in severe cases. On the other hand, ADH excess of the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion due to a variety of causes promotes water retention, hypoosmolality and hyponatremia which, if untreated, may progress to convulsions, coma, and death. It is obviously important to diagnose accurately these pathologic states of hydration. Not only is initiation of treatment in general dependent upon recognition of the disease, but each type of pathologic hydration state has specific treatment which rewards both patient and physician with effective correction of the problem.", "contents": "Vasopressin: deficiency, excess and the syndrome of inappropriate antiduretic hormone secretion. The hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system functions to maintain plasma osmolality within narrow limits. It also is an important mechanism in maintaining normal body fluid volume. The system exerts its influence via release or inhibition of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) which acts on the kidney to decrease water excretion. Deficiency of ADH is usually due to hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal lesions (central diabetes insipidus) or insensitivity of the kidney to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus). These patients, if untreated, have the predictable result of dehydration, hyperosmolality, hypovolemia, and eventual death in severe cases. On the other hand, ADH excess of the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion due to a variety of causes promotes water retention, hypoosmolality and hyponatremia which, if untreated, may progress to convulsions, coma, and death. It is obviously important to diagnose accurately these pathologic states of hydration. Not only is initiation of treatment in general dependent upon recognition of the disease, but each type of pathologic hydration state has specific treatment which rewards both patient and physician with effective correction of the problem.", "PMID": 108606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8302", "title": "Ossification of the posterior longitudinal spinal ligament in association with anterior longitudinal ligament ankylosing hyperostosis: case report.", "content": "A case of ossification of the posterior spinal longitudinal ligament in association with anterior ankylosing hyperostosis is presented, with a review of the relevant literature. Improvement followed laminectomy. Evaluation of this entity by computerized tomography is demonstrated.", "contents": "Ossification of the posterior longitudinal spinal ligament in association with anterior longitudinal ligament ankylosing hyperostosis: case report. A case of ossification of the posterior spinal longitudinal ligament in association with anterior ankylosing hyperostosis is presented, with a review of the relevant literature. Improvement followed laminectomy. Evaluation of this entity by computerized tomography is demonstrated.", "PMID": 108608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8303", "title": "Operant control of single neurons in monkey motor cortex.", "content": "This article reviews three points. Monkeys may be trained by operant conditioning to control the firing rate and pattern of single neurons in the precentral cortex. Recent data provide an explanation of how this control is mediated and an accounting of various factors that influence it. Using this technique to study cortical physiology, researchers have generated new insights into the pathophysiology and clinical effects of epilepsy.", "contents": "Operant control of single neurons in monkey motor cortex. This article reviews three points. Monkeys may be trained by operant conditioning to control the firing rate and pattern of single neurons in the precentral cortex. Recent data provide an explanation of how this control is mediated and an accounting of various factors that influence it. Using this technique to study cortical physiology, researchers have generated new insights into the pathophysiology and clinical effects of epilepsy.", "PMID": 108609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8304", "title": "Videotaping epileptic attacks during stereoelectroencephalography.", "content": "Relating the onset of clinical attacks as recorded on a videotape to surface and depth electrographic events improves our ability to define the local or diffuse origin of seizures. In two patients with complex partial seizures, all 14 attacks appeared 3 to 6 seconds after focal discharges began in the amygdala or hippocampus. This meant that the spread of focal electroencephalographic (EEG) paroxysms caused the eventual clinical seizure. In two other patients with 392 generalized seizures and secondary bilateral synchronous paroxysms, a significant number of clinical attacks preceded the first depth or surface electrographic event. This suggested that the attacks originated from brain regions remote from the recording electrodes.", "contents": "Videotaping epileptic attacks during stereoelectroencephalography. Relating the onset of clinical attacks as recorded on a videotape to surface and depth electrographic events improves our ability to define the local or diffuse origin of seizures. In two patients with complex partial seizures, all 14 attacks appeared 3 to 6 seconds after focal discharges began in the amygdala or hippocampus. This meant that the spread of focal electroencephalographic (EEG) paroxysms caused the eventual clinical seizure. In two other patients with 392 generalized seizures and secondary bilateral synchronous paroxysms, a significant number of clinical attacks preceded the first depth or surface electrographic event. This suggested that the attacks originated from brain regions remote from the recording electrodes.", "PMID": 108610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8305", "title": "Paroxysmal genital pain: an unusual manifestation of epilepsy.", "content": "A male patient who is now 15 years old has experienced a seizure disorder since age 9 years. The seizures were expressed as episodes of excruciating pain localized to the genital region. Appropriate anticonvulsant medication has controlled both pain and seizures.", "contents": "Paroxysmal genital pain: an unusual manifestation of epilepsy. A male patient who is now 15 years old has experienced a seizure disorder since age 9 years. The seizures were expressed as episodes of excruciating pain localized to the genital region. Appropriate anticonvulsant medication has controlled both pain and seizures.", "PMID": 108611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8306", "title": "Aphasia: the sole manifestation of focal status epilepticus.", "content": "Aphasia was the sole manifestation of focal status epilepticus in a man with an old left frontal contusion. The diagnosis was made by electroencephalogram (EEG), and the attack was terminated by anticonvulsant medication.", "contents": "Aphasia: the sole manifestation of focal status epilepticus. Aphasia was the sole manifestation of focal status epilepticus in a man with an old left frontal contusion. The diagnosis was made by electroencephalogram (EEG), and the attack was terminated by anticonvulsant medication.", "PMID": 108612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8307", "title": "[Further observations on the HBeAg-HBeAb system in the course of hepatitis and in HBsAg carriers].", "content": "The HBeAg-HBeAb system has been studied by means of the microimmunodiffusion technique on agar in patients suffering from acute hepatitis at various stages of the disease, in patients with chronic liver diseases and in asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg. The results correlate the presence of HBeAg with the state of the disease (initial phase of acute or chronic hepatitis) and the presence of HBeAb with clinical cure of an acute hepatitis or with the condition of healthy carrier. It is a personal impression also that an HBsAg + hepatitis can be cured more rapidly the better the immune response expressed by the appearance of HBeAb, and that a lacking or deficient immune response to HBeAg may underlie the chronic course of the disease. Emphasis is also laid on the early disappearance of HBeAb in patients with acute hepatitis, this being matched by its persistence in asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg. In this regard, the first results reported here on the identification of the immune globulin class to which the HBeAb belongs would appear to confirm the hypothesis that the anti-e response is of IgM type in acute hepatitis and of IgG type in HBsAg carriers.", "contents": "[Further observations on the HBeAg-HBeAb system in the course of hepatitis and in HBsAg carriers]. The HBeAg-HBeAb system has been studied by means of the microimmunodiffusion technique on agar in patients suffering from acute hepatitis at various stages of the disease, in patients with chronic liver diseases and in asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg. The results correlate the presence of HBeAg with the state of the disease (initial phase of acute or chronic hepatitis) and the presence of HBeAb with clinical cure of an acute hepatitis or with the condition of healthy carrier. It is a personal impression also that an HBsAg + hepatitis can be cured more rapidly the better the immune response expressed by the appearance of HBeAb, and that a lacking or deficient immune response to HBeAg may underlie the chronic course of the disease. Emphasis is also laid on the early disappearance of HBeAb in patients with acute hepatitis, this being matched by its persistence in asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg. In this regard, the first results reported here on the identification of the immune globulin class to which the HBeAb belongs would appear to confirm the hypothesis that the anti-e response is of IgM type in acute hepatitis and of IgG type in HBsAg carriers.", "PMID": 108636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8308", "title": "Effects of danazol on gonadotropin levels in castrated rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Danazol is widely used in the management of endometriosis and mammary dysplasia. However, its mechanism of action is still obscure because of the few studies done and the controversial results obtained. Antigonadotropic activity has been postulated by some investigators, whereas others have observed no effect on the gonads. In the present study, three castrated female rhesus monkeys received 400 mg of danazol daily, by gavage for 19 days, while 2 controls received 400 mg of lactose daily. Blood samples were drawn every other day from 2 weeks prior to 3 weeks after the administration of the drug. Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) decreased rapidly and then were maintained until danazol was discontinued. Prompt return to pretreatment levels occurred 1-2 days after the discontinuation of therapy. Prolactin levels were normal during therapy. Luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LH-RF), 100 microgram, administered intravenously during danazol therapy, caused a normal, prompt release of gonadotropins, demonstrating an intact pituitary response. The authors conclude that 1) danazol is a potent antigonadotropic agent, 2) its effect is abolished promptly after discontinuation, and 3) its probable biological action is at the hypothalamic level.", "contents": "Effects of danazol on gonadotropin levels in castrated rhesus monkeys. Danazol is widely used in the management of endometriosis and mammary dysplasia. However, its mechanism of action is still obscure because of the few studies done and the controversial results obtained. Antigonadotropic activity has been postulated by some investigators, whereas others have observed no effect on the gonads. In the present study, three castrated female rhesus monkeys received 400 mg of danazol daily, by gavage for 19 days, while 2 controls received 400 mg of lactose daily. Blood samples were drawn every other day from 2 weeks prior to 3 weeks after the administration of the drug. Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) decreased rapidly and then were maintained until danazol was discontinued. Prompt return to pretreatment levels occurred 1-2 days after the discontinuation of therapy. Prolactin levels were normal during therapy. Luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LH-RF), 100 microgram, administered intravenously during danazol therapy, caused a normal, prompt release of gonadotropins, demonstrating an intact pituitary response. The authors conclude that 1) danazol is a potent antigonadotropic agent, 2) its effect is abolished promptly after discontinuation, and 3) its probable biological action is at the hypothalamic level.", "PMID": 108640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8309", "title": "Chronic occlusion of the monkey fallopian tube with silicone polymer.", "content": "Investigators have previously reported good retention, antifertility efficacy, and oviduct polymer compatibility in rabbit oviducts in studies of both short-term and chronic occlusion with high viscosity silicone polymer. The present study attempts to determine the chronic effects of the silicone polymer installed into the oviducts of 10 rhesus monkeys. Unlike former studies with rabbits, the polymer was installed into the fimbrial end of the monkey's oviducts because of the complexity of the uterotubal junction's musculature. Studies with light and scanning electron microscopy were conducted to examine tissue reaction to plug retention. Despite our major modification of the installation technique, we obtained a retention rate of 50%. In addition, there was no evidence of inflammation or tissue distortion, and the polymer plugs were not affected by menstrual bleeding.", "contents": "Chronic occlusion of the monkey fallopian tube with silicone polymer. Investigators have previously reported good retention, antifertility efficacy, and oviduct polymer compatibility in rabbit oviducts in studies of both short-term and chronic occlusion with high viscosity silicone polymer. The present study attempts to determine the chronic effects of the silicone polymer installed into the oviducts of 10 rhesus monkeys. Unlike former studies with rabbits, the polymer was installed into the fimbrial end of the monkey's oviducts because of the complexity of the uterotubal junction's musculature. Studies with light and scanning electron microscopy were conducted to examine tissue reaction to plug retention. Despite our major modification of the installation technique, we obtained a retention rate of 50%. In addition, there was no evidence of inflammation or tissue distortion, and the polymer plugs were not affected by menstrual bleeding.", "PMID": 108641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8310", "title": "Organ culture model for the study of HVH-II infections in carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "An experimental model is described whereby human and monkey cervical tissues may be maintained as organ cultures for 21 and 40 days, respectively. Inclusion of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in the culture medium prolongs the survival time of tissues considerably. The sequential cytologic changes associated with herpesvirus hominis type II (HVH-II) infection are reported. These changes are considered in relation to the possible causal role of HVH-II infection in cervical carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Organ culture model for the study of HVH-II infections in carcinoma of the cervix. An experimental model is described whereby human and monkey cervical tissues may be maintained as organ cultures for 21 and 40 days, respectively. Inclusion of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in the culture medium prolongs the survival time of tissues considerably. The sequential cytologic changes associated with herpesvirus hominis type II (HVH-II) infection are reported. These changes are considered in relation to the possible causal role of HVH-II infection in cervical carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 108642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8311", "title": "[Visual future of prematures].", "content": "The retinal periphery of 60 premature children now between 5 and 8 years of age and with a weight at birth equal or less than 1,500 g has been investigated. In 20% of these children, pigmentary modifications were noted which were often associated with chorioretinal atrophy. Polymorphic vascular abnormalities were seen in 14% of the cases, i.e. sinuous vessels of irregular caliber or neovascularization. Abnormalities of the vitreous body were also noted in 12% of the patients with glial bags on the periphery and sometimes potentially dangerous tractions folds (4%). All these abnormalities could cause complications such as retinal tear, retinoschisis or retinal detachment. Even if these signs are discrete, they can later on be the source of complications. Refraction studies revealed 30% of myopic children. The most important group had myopias equal or higher than 8 d. The characteristics of the myopia of premature children are its constancy (all premature children are myopic at birth); its importance (it depends on birth weight and on the severity of the retinopathy), and its evolution (the myopia of premature children does not evolve or evolves very slightly).", "contents": "[Visual future of prematures]. The retinal periphery of 60 premature children now between 5 and 8 years of age and with a weight at birth equal or less than 1,500 g has been investigated. In 20% of these children, pigmentary modifications were noted which were often associated with chorioretinal atrophy. Polymorphic vascular abnormalities were seen in 14% of the cases, i.e. sinuous vessels of irregular caliber or neovascularization. Abnormalities of the vitreous body were also noted in 12% of the patients with glial bags on the periphery and sometimes potentially dangerous tractions folds (4%). All these abnormalities could cause complications such as retinal tear, retinoschisis or retinal detachment. Even if these signs are discrete, they can later on be the source of complications. Refraction studies revealed 30% of myopic children. The most important group had myopias equal or higher than 8 d. The characteristics of the myopia of premature children are its constancy (all premature children are myopic at birth); its importance (it depends on birth weight and on the severity of the retinopathy), and its evolution (the myopia of premature children does not evolve or evolves very slightly).", "PMID": 108644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8312", "title": "Albinism.", "content": "There are seven forms of oculo-cutaneous albinism, which are all autosomal recessive: three are tyrosinase-negative (complete oculo-cutaneous albinism, Amish albinism, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome) and four are tyrosinase-positive (incomplete oculo-cutaneous albinism, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Cross syndrome, Bergsma's albinism). There are three forms of sex-linked albinism: ocular albinism, which is intermediary sex-linked, Fran\u00e7ois-De Rouck syndrome and Ziprkowski syndrome, which show a generalized albinism and are recessive sex-linked. There are two principal forms of cutaneous albinism, one without deafness and the other with deafness (Waardenburg-Klein syndrome).", "contents": "Albinism. There are seven forms of oculo-cutaneous albinism, which are all autosomal recessive: three are tyrosinase-negative (complete oculo-cutaneous albinism, Amish albinism, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome) and four are tyrosinase-positive (incomplete oculo-cutaneous albinism, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Cross syndrome, Bergsma's albinism). There are three forms of sex-linked albinism: ocular albinism, which is intermediary sex-linked, Fran\u00e7ois-De Rouck syndrome and Ziprkowski syndrome, which show a generalized albinism and are recessive sex-linked. There are two principal forms of cutaneous albinism, one without deafness and the other with deafness (Waardenburg-Klein syndrome).", "PMID": 108645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8313", "title": "Lead poisoning. A comprehensive review and report of a case.", "content": "Lead, a ubiquitous heavy metal which has realized increased use, can cause poisoning by environmental contamination in either its organic or its inorganic form. Lead poisoning can be either acute or chronic, with the latter being the more common. The clinical signs and symptoms of lead poisoning are nonspecific, resulting in a difficult diagnostic problem, especially when it is not industrially related. On occasions, the dentist or oral surgeon may be the first to see an afflicted patient because of oral manifestations.", "contents": "Lead poisoning. A comprehensive review and report of a case. Lead, a ubiquitous heavy metal which has realized increased use, can cause poisoning by environmental contamination in either its organic or its inorganic form. Lead poisoning can be either acute or chronic, with the latter being the more common. The clinical signs and symptoms of lead poisoning are nonspecific, resulting in a difficult diagnostic problem, especially when it is not industrially related. On occasions, the dentist or oral surgeon may be the first to see an afflicted patient because of oral manifestations.", "PMID": 108646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8314", "title": "Transplantation of hamster buccal pouch carcinoma to neonatal hamsters.", "content": "Epidermoid carcinomas of oral mucosa were induced with DMBA in the buccal pouches of hamsters. The well-differentiated primary tumors were allografted into the peritoneal cavities of neonatal hamsters that had been treated with antilymphocyte serum. Solid tumors grew rapidly in the peritoneum and were harvested 6 to 31 days postimplantation. Gross and histopathologic specimens revealed infiltrative masses of tumor that had become more anaplastic than the original tumor. This in vivo model has considerable potential as a means of studying the immunology of oral cancers during tumor progression.", "contents": "Transplantation of hamster buccal pouch carcinoma to neonatal hamsters. Epidermoid carcinomas of oral mucosa were induced with DMBA in the buccal pouches of hamsters. The well-differentiated primary tumors were allografted into the peritoneal cavities of neonatal hamsters that had been treated with antilymphocyte serum. Solid tumors grew rapidly in the peritoneum and were harvested 6 to 31 days postimplantation. Gross and histopathologic specimens revealed infiltrative masses of tumor that had become more anaplastic than the original tumor. This in vivo model has considerable potential as a means of studying the immunology of oral cancers during tumor progression.", "PMID": 108647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8315", "title": "Response of periapical pathosis to endodontic treatment in monkeys.", "content": "Response of induced periapical lesions in monkeys to a conventional endodontic technique was investigated at varying periods ranging from 15 to 365 days after treatment. The findings indicate that response to treatment is influenced by the extent of the root canal filling, the time lapse between treatment and death, and the presence or absence of bacteria in the apical portion of the canal.", "contents": "Response of periapical pathosis to endodontic treatment in monkeys. Response of induced periapical lesions in monkeys to a conventional endodontic technique was investigated at varying periods ranging from 15 to 365 days after treatment. The findings indicate that response to treatment is influenced by the extent of the root canal filling, the time lapse between treatment and death, and the presence or absence of bacteria in the apical portion of the canal.", "PMID": 108648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8316", "title": "[New species of microsporidians (Microsporidia, Nosematidae) from horsefly larvae in the Ukraine].", "content": "A new species of microsporidians, Stempellia lairdi sp. n., was found in larvae of Tabanus autumnalis L. from Ukraine. It affects the muscular tissue and haemolymph of horse fly larvae. Spores of the species are oval, egg-shaped, 1.8--7.6 x 1.2--3.8 mu in size. The species is pathogenic and causes the mortality of infected larvae.", "contents": "[New species of microsporidians (Microsporidia, Nosematidae) from horsefly larvae in the Ukraine]. A new species of microsporidians, Stempellia lairdi sp. n., was found in larvae of Tabanus autumnalis L. from Ukraine. It affects the muscular tissue and haemolymph of horse fly larvae. Spores of the species are oval, egg-shaped, 1.8--7.6 x 1.2--3.8 mu in size. The species is pathogenic and causes the mortality of infected larvae.", "PMID": 108652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8317", "title": "Liver disease in infants receiving total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Progressive cholestasis and abnormal elevations of liver enzymes occurred in one third of 92, mostly preterm, newborn infants who received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with protein hydrolysates, synthetic L-amino acids, and intravenous fat emulsion. The synthetic amino acid plus intravenous fat emulsion was not superior to the protein hydrolysate in preventing liver disease. The liver function returned to normal after discontinuation of TPN, which suggests a causal relationship. Hepatic microscopy was abnormal in 12 of 14 infants examined. The main features were progressive cholestasis and portal tract fibrosis and infiltration, which led to liver failure and death in two infants. In our experience, liver disease is the major metabolic complication of TPN in infants.", "contents": "Liver disease in infants receiving total parenteral nutrition. Progressive cholestasis and abnormal elevations of liver enzymes occurred in one third of 92, mostly preterm, newborn infants who received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with protein hydrolysates, synthetic L-amino acids, and intravenous fat emulsion. The synthetic amino acid plus intravenous fat emulsion was not superior to the protein hydrolysate in preventing liver disease. The liver function returned to normal after discontinuation of TPN, which suggests a causal relationship. Hepatic microscopy was abnormal in 12 of 14 infants examined. The main features were progressive cholestasis and portal tract fibrosis and infiltration, which led to liver failure and death in two infants. In our experience, liver disease is the major metabolic complication of TPN in infants.", "PMID": 108658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8318", "title": "[Infection of blackflies (Simuliidae) with microsporidians in the Ob and Irtysh reservoirs].", "content": "Of 6 species of black flies from 6 water bodies microsporidians P. simulii, P. debaisieuxi and Th. varians are reported only in four species, B. maculata, Sch. pusilla, S. morsitans and S. argyreatum. Peculiarities in the infection of black flies larvae with microsporidians in various types of water bodies within a season were established. Under experimental conditions P. simulii and P. debaisieuxi cause mortality of larvae (68 to 87%) and decrease in the emergence of imago (5 to 19.6%).", "contents": "[Infection of blackflies (Simuliidae) with microsporidians in the Ob and Irtysh reservoirs]. Of 6 species of black flies from 6 water bodies microsporidians P. simulii, P. debaisieuxi and Th. varians are reported only in four species, B. maculata, Sch. pusilla, S. morsitans and S. argyreatum. Peculiarities in the infection of black flies larvae with microsporidians in various types of water bodies within a season were established. Under experimental conditions P. simulii and P. debaisieuxi cause mortality of larvae (68 to 87%) and decrease in the emergence of imago (5 to 19.6%).", "PMID": 108653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8319", "title": "[Effect of microsporidiosis on the fertility of Aedes caspius caspius (Culicidae) mosquitoes].", "content": "Effect of microsporidiosis on the fecundity of hosts A. c. caspius was studied. The calculation of eggs in hatches has shown that females developing from infected eggs lay 2--3 times lesser eggs than non-infected ones. Besides, the number of females laying eggs decreases considerably. Despite the females of mosquitoes suck blood before each egglaying the disease, which proceeds at their larval stage, affects greatly their fecundity. Additional feeding of females cannot compensate completely the disturbances caused by microsporidiosis.", "contents": "[Effect of microsporidiosis on the fertility of Aedes caspius caspius (Culicidae) mosquitoes]. Effect of microsporidiosis on the fecundity of hosts A. c. caspius was studied. The calculation of eggs in hatches has shown that females developing from infected eggs lay 2--3 times lesser eggs than non-infected ones. Besides, the number of females laying eggs decreases considerably. Despite the females of mosquitoes suck blood before each egglaying the disease, which proceeds at their larval stage, affects greatly their fecundity. Additional feeding of females cannot compensate completely the disturbances caused by microsporidiosis.", "PMID": 108654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8320", "title": "[New species of parasitic infusoria of the family Urceolariidae].", "content": "Three new species of Ciliata of the family Urceolariidae were found as follows: Paratrichodina voikarensis sp. n. on the gills of Coregonus nasus and C. peled; P. uralensis sp. n. on the gills of the sterlet and Trichodina percae sp. n. in the nasal cavities of the perch. Figures and descriptions of the new species are given.", "contents": "[New species of parasitic infusoria of the family Urceolariidae]. Three new species of Ciliata of the family Urceolariidae were found as follows: Paratrichodina voikarensis sp. n. on the gills of Coregonus nasus and C. peled; P. uralensis sp. n. on the gills of the sterlet and Trichodina percae sp. n. in the nasal cavities of the perch. Figures and descriptions of the new species are given.", "PMID": 108655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8321", "title": "Neonatal hypothyroidism detected by the Northwest Regional Screening Program.", "content": "The Northwest Regional Screening Program to detect congenital hypothyroidism in infants born in Oregon, Montana, Alaska, and Idaho (combined birthrate of 69,000/ yr) was added to our ongoing screening program in 1975. The program utilizes dried blood filter paper specimens collected routinely in the first few days of life in all four states and again at about 6 weeks of age in Oregon only. The screening test consist of an initial thyroxine (T4) measurement; a thyroid-stimulating hormore (TSH) determination is performed on those specimens with T4 concentrations in the lowest 3% group. Serum samples obtained by venipuncture are requested for confirmation of the diagnosis. In the first two years of the program, 25 infants with primary hypothyroidism were detected amont 110,667 infants screened, a frequency of 1:4,430. Fourteen cases of thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency were also detected, a frequency of 1:7,900. Using the T4 followed by TSH testing approach, the frequency of request for repeat specimens was 0.4% in Oregon and 0.05% in the other states. The cost per specimen was $1.96. The majority of infants lacked clinical signs or symptoms of hypothyroidism; only one infant was clinically suspected of having hypothyroidism prior to detection. The most common neonatal symptoms were constipation, lethargy, and prolonged jaundice, while the most common physical signs were hypotonia, umbilical hernia, and large fontanels. Thyroid scans showed the most common etiology to be thyroid aplasia, followed by an ectopic gland, hypoplasia, and goiter. Serum T4 concentrations were lowest in those infants with aplasia, intermediate in infants with an ectopic gland or hypoplasia, and normal in the infant with the goiter. Neonatal hypothyroidism varies in degree and has several different causes; the capacity to secrete thyroid hormone, the duration before hypothyroidism becomes clinically manifest, and possibly the eventual prognosis for intellectual function depend on the nature of the underlying cause. While the mean age at treatment was 59 days, the goal of diagnosing congenital hypothyroidism and treating affected infants by 1 month of age seems realistic.", "contents": "Neonatal hypothyroidism detected by the Northwest Regional Screening Program. The Northwest Regional Screening Program to detect congenital hypothyroidism in infants born in Oregon, Montana, Alaska, and Idaho (combined birthrate of 69,000/ yr) was added to our ongoing screening program in 1975. The program utilizes dried blood filter paper specimens collected routinely in the first few days of life in all four states and again at about 6 weeks of age in Oregon only. The screening test consist of an initial thyroxine (T4) measurement; a thyroid-stimulating hormore (TSH) determination is performed on those specimens with T4 concentrations in the lowest 3% group. Serum samples obtained by venipuncture are requested for confirmation of the diagnosis. In the first two years of the program, 25 infants with primary hypothyroidism were detected amont 110,667 infants screened, a frequency of 1:4,430. Fourteen cases of thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency were also detected, a frequency of 1:7,900. Using the T4 followed by TSH testing approach, the frequency of request for repeat specimens was 0.4% in Oregon and 0.05% in the other states. The cost per specimen was $1.96. The majority of infants lacked clinical signs or symptoms of hypothyroidism; only one infant was clinically suspected of having hypothyroidism prior to detection. The most common neonatal symptoms were constipation, lethargy, and prolonged jaundice, while the most common physical signs were hypotonia, umbilical hernia, and large fontanels. Thyroid scans showed the most common etiology to be thyroid aplasia, followed by an ectopic gland, hypoplasia, and goiter. Serum T4 concentrations were lowest in those infants with aplasia, intermediate in infants with an ectopic gland or hypoplasia, and normal in the infant with the goiter. Neonatal hypothyroidism varies in degree and has several different causes; the capacity to secrete thyroid hormone, the duration before hypothyroidism becomes clinically manifest, and possibly the eventual prognosis for intellectual function depend on the nature of the underlying cause. While the mean age at treatment was 59 days, the goal of diagnosing congenital hypothyroidism and treating affected infants by 1 month of age seems realistic.", "PMID": 108659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8322", "title": "Acquisition and discrimination of appetitively and aversively conditioned heart rate responses in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "This report describes the acquisition of a conditional heart rate response to both classical aversive and appetitive conditioning in eight rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The behavioral paradigm consisted of two discrete one minute tones followed by the corresponding unconditional stimuli, i.e., electric shock or Purina monkey chow. A third tone followed by neither food nor shock served as a discriminative stimulus (DS). The conditional heart rate responses developed in two phases. The first phase was characterized by similar responses to both conditional stimuli and the DS. Control heart rate rose during this period. During the second phase, control heart rate decreased (five animals), the DS response disappeared, and different conditional heart rate patterns to food and shock emerged. The existence of distinct conditional response patterns indicates probable differences in the autonomic nervous regulation of the heart during aversive and appetitive conditioning.", "contents": "Acquisition and discrimination of appetitively and aversively conditioned heart rate responses in rhesus monkeys. This report describes the acquisition of a conditional heart rate response to both classical aversive and appetitive conditioning in eight rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The behavioral paradigm consisted of two discrete one minute tones followed by the corresponding unconditional stimuli, i.e., electric shock or Purina monkey chow. A third tone followed by neither food nor shock served as a discriminative stimulus (DS). The conditional heart rate responses developed in two phases. The first phase was characterized by similar responses to both conditional stimuli and the DS. Control heart rate rose during this period. During the second phase, control heart rate decreased (five animals), the DS response disappeared, and different conditional heart rate patterns to food and shock emerged. The existence of distinct conditional response patterns indicates probable differences in the autonomic nervous regulation of the heart during aversive and appetitive conditioning.", "PMID": 108656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8323", "title": "Neonatal diagnosis of familial dysautonomia.", "content": "The serious prognostic implications of familial dysautonomia (FD) for the affected individual and his family make early definitive diagnosis mandatory. Familial dysautonomia has rarely been diagnosed in the neonatal period in hitherto unaffected families. We describe here three such newborn patients to reinforce the limited data available on this subject. In spite of the variability of expression and the incompleteness of the manifestations of FD in the neonatal period, as well as the presence of a number of \"dysautonomic\" features in normal newborns, we believe that it is possible to establish a diagnosis of FD neonatally. We pay particular note to the altered state of consciousness and behavior in neonatal FD, the unusual posture and limb movements, and the swallowing disorder with tendency to neonatal aspiration. In addition, the incidental finding of bile pigment in the amniotic fluid of an affected fetus without hemolytic disease may hint at a possible approach to fetal diagnosis of this condition.", "contents": "Neonatal diagnosis of familial dysautonomia. The serious prognostic implications of familial dysautonomia (FD) for the affected individual and his family make early definitive diagnosis mandatory. Familial dysautonomia has rarely been diagnosed in the neonatal period in hitherto unaffected families. We describe here three such newborn patients to reinforce the limited data available on this subject. In spite of the variability of expression and the incompleteness of the manifestations of FD in the neonatal period, as well as the presence of a number of \"dysautonomic\" features in normal newborns, we believe that it is possible to establish a diagnosis of FD neonatally. We pay particular note to the altered state of consciousness and behavior in neonatal FD, the unusual posture and limb movements, and the swallowing disorder with tendency to neonatal aspiration. In addition, the incidental finding of bile pigment in the amniotic fluid of an affected fetus without hemolytic disease may hint at a possible approach to fetal diagnosis of this condition.", "PMID": 108661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8324", "title": "Intravenous alimentation and insensible water loss in low-birth-weight infants.", "content": "Insensible water loss (IWL) was measured in six premature infants, between 4 and 21 days of age, by continuous weight monitoring on an electronic balance inside an incubator. Multiple measurements of IWL were made during the sequential infusion of 10% dextrose in 0.225% NaCl, 10% dextrose-amino acid solution, or 10% dextrose-amino acid and a commercial intravenous fat emulsion. Each solution was administered for three hours by constant infusion through a scalp vein needle. The order of the infusion was random and a 30- to 60-minute infusion with 5% dextrose water was given between each solution. During the infusion of 10% dextrose in 0.225% NaCl and 10% dextrose + amino acid solution, IWL was 1.0 +/- 0.8 gm/kg/hr and 1.1 +/- 0.8 gm/kg/hr, respectively. In contrast, IWL increased significantly to 1.6 +/- 0.7 gm/kg/hr when additional calories were given using the 10% dextrose-amino acid with the intravenous fat emulsion (P less than .005). There was a positive correlation between calorie intake and IWL. These data suggest that parenteral nutrition solutions with intravenous fat emulsion are rapidly metabolized and the increase in IWL is probably secondary to an increase in thermogenesis.", "contents": "Intravenous alimentation and insensible water loss in low-birth-weight infants. Insensible water loss (IWL) was measured in six premature infants, between 4 and 21 days of age, by continuous weight monitoring on an electronic balance inside an incubator. Multiple measurements of IWL were made during the sequential infusion of 10% dextrose in 0.225% NaCl, 10% dextrose-amino acid solution, or 10% dextrose-amino acid and a commercial intravenous fat emulsion. Each solution was administered for three hours by constant infusion through a scalp vein needle. The order of the infusion was random and a 30- to 60-minute infusion with 5% dextrose water was given between each solution. During the infusion of 10% dextrose in 0.225% NaCl and 10% dextrose + amino acid solution, IWL was 1.0 +/- 0.8 gm/kg/hr and 1.1 +/- 0.8 gm/kg/hr, respectively. In contrast, IWL increased significantly to 1.6 +/- 0.7 gm/kg/hr when additional calories were given using the 10% dextrose-amino acid with the intravenous fat emulsion (P less than .005). There was a positive correlation between calorie intake and IWL. These data suggest that parenteral nutrition solutions with intravenous fat emulsion are rapidly metabolized and the increase in IWL is probably secondary to an increase in thermogenesis.", "PMID": 108663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8325", "title": "Anemia as a criterion for evaluation of a Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children.", "content": "The background and rationale of the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) are reviewed. Problems concerning the implementation of the program and the need for evaluation are discussed. The authors selected anemia as a WIC program criterion to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. The reasons for this selection are discussed. The study involves the evaluation of 37 of 311 infants who were enrolled in the WIC program of a local health department. Hemoglobin values were observed at certification and recertification and the expected change vs the observed change in hemoglobin during the six-month period was calculated. In addition to observing change in hemoglobin values, a cost analysis was done. Results showed 27 out of 37 infants had a positive increase in hemoglobin levels. Eight of the 37 infants had a negative hemoglobin level, whereas two of the 37 had a zero change. It is concluded that anemia as a criterion for the WIC program is cost effective if certain considerations and modifications in the anemia criteria are made. It is also pointed out that paired hemoglobin determinations at two separate points and time is the best assessment for changes in hemoglobin levels.", "contents": "Anemia as a criterion for evaluation of a Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children. The background and rationale of the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) are reviewed. Problems concerning the implementation of the program and the need for evaluation are discussed. The authors selected anemia as a WIC program criterion to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. The reasons for this selection are discussed. The study involves the evaluation of 37 of 311 infants who were enrolled in the WIC program of a local health department. Hemoglobin values were observed at certification and recertification and the expected change vs the observed change in hemoglobin during the six-month period was calculated. In addition to observing change in hemoglobin values, a cost analysis was done. Results showed 27 out of 37 infants had a positive increase in hemoglobin levels. Eight of the 37 infants had a negative hemoglobin level, whereas two of the 37 had a zero change. It is concluded that anemia as a criterion for the WIC program is cost effective if certain considerations and modifications in the anemia criteria are made. It is also pointed out that paired hemoglobin determinations at two separate points and time is the best assessment for changes in hemoglobin levels.", "PMID": 108664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8326", "title": "Antibody to B. subtilis DNA polymerase III: use in enzyme purification and examination of homology among replication-specific DNA polymerases.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III (pol III), an arylhydrazinopyrimidine-sensitive, replication-specific enzyme, was used to generate a non-precipitating rabbit antibody which specifically inhibited pol III activity in vitro. The antibody was used to examine structural relationships among several DNA polymerases, and it was linked covalently to agarose; the antibody:agarose was employed to develop a rapid, selective method of purification of catalytically active B. subtilis pol III.", "contents": "Antibody to B. subtilis DNA polymerase III: use in enzyme purification and examination of homology among replication-specific DNA polymerases. Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III (pol III), an arylhydrazinopyrimidine-sensitive, replication-specific enzyme, was used to generate a non-precipitating rabbit antibody which specifically inhibited pol III activity in vitro. The antibody was used to examine structural relationships among several DNA polymerases, and it was linked covalently to agarose; the antibody:agarose was employed to develop a rapid, selective method of purification of catalytically active B. subtilis pol III.", "PMID": 108667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8327", "title": "Partial mapping of methylated sequences in Xenopus laevis ribosomal RNA by preparative hybridization to cloned fragments of ribosomal DNA.", "content": "Xenopus laevis rRNA was hybridised to either of two cloned fragments of ribosomal DNA. One fragment, designated X1r11, contains a short region of the 18 S rRNA gene and most of the 28 S rRNA gene. The other fragment, X1r14, contains a short region of the 28 S gene and most of the 18 S gene. After hybridization the non-complementary rRNA was removed by digestion with T1 RNase and the hybridized RNA was then eluted and examined by fingerprinting analysis. The 3' terminal sequence and the dimethyl-A-containing sequence of 18 S rRNA both hybridized to X1r11 rDNA, in agreement with the known direction of transcription of rDNA. The distribution of other methylated oligonucleotides between the various fingerprints permitted assigment of nearly all of the methylated sequences in 18 S and 28 s rRNA to either the short 3' region or the long 5' region of the respective molecules.", "contents": "Partial mapping of methylated sequences in Xenopus laevis ribosomal RNA by preparative hybridization to cloned fragments of ribosomal DNA. Xenopus laevis rRNA was hybridised to either of two cloned fragments of ribosomal DNA. One fragment, designated X1r11, contains a short region of the 18 S rRNA gene and most of the 28 S rRNA gene. The other fragment, X1r14, contains a short region of the 28 S gene and most of the 18 S gene. After hybridization the non-complementary rRNA was removed by digestion with T1 RNase and the hybridized RNA was then eluted and examined by fingerprinting analysis. The 3' terminal sequence and the dimethyl-A-containing sequence of 18 S rRNA both hybridized to X1r11 rDNA, in agreement with the known direction of transcription of rDNA. The distribution of other methylated oligonucleotides between the various fingerprints permitted assigment of nearly all of the methylated sequences in 18 S and 28 s rRNA to either the short 3' region or the long 5' region of the respective molecules.", "PMID": 108668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8328", "title": "Effect of chlorinated hydrocarbons on reproductive performance of adult White Leghorn male chickens.", "content": "Two experiments of 20 and 40 weeks duration were conducted to determine the effects of feeding dieldrin or PCB (Aroclor 1254) on the reproductive performance of adult White Leghorn males. Dieldrin at the levels used (0, 25, and 50 ppm) produced no significant changes in semen volume, semen concentration, fertility, and hatchability of fertile eggs. Mortality increased with increased levels of dieldrin and appeared related to duration of exposure to the pesticide. A significant reduction (P less than .05) in feed consumption was observed at the 25 ppm level. No significant differences in body weights were observed except shortly before death when marked reductions in both feed consumption and body weight were noted. PCB at the levels used (0, 10, 20, and 40 ppm) produced no differences in fertiluty, hatchability of fertile eggs, body weights, feed consumption, or mortality. However, over a period of 40 weeks, PCB significantly (P less than .05) reduced semen volume, semen concentrations, and testes weights,", "contents": "Effect of chlorinated hydrocarbons on reproductive performance of adult White Leghorn male chickens. Two experiments of 20 and 40 weeks duration were conducted to determine the effects of feeding dieldrin or PCB (Aroclor 1254) on the reproductive performance of adult White Leghorn males. Dieldrin at the levels used (0, 25, and 50 ppm) produced no significant changes in semen volume, semen concentration, fertility, and hatchability of fertile eggs. Mortality increased with increased levels of dieldrin and appeared related to duration of exposure to the pesticide. A significant reduction (P less than .05) in feed consumption was observed at the 25 ppm level. No significant differences in body weights were observed except shortly before death when marked reductions in both feed consumption and body weight were noted. PCB at the levels used (0, 10, 20, and 40 ppm) produced no differences in fertiluty, hatchability of fertile eggs, body weights, feed consumption, or mortality. However, over a period of 40 weeks, PCB significantly (P less than .05) reduced semen volume, semen concentrations, and testes weights,", "PMID": 108672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8329", "title": "Preparative cell electrophoresis with D2O as a stabilizing agent.", "content": "The method of ascending preparative cell electrophoresis in a nonstabilized vertical column can be greatly improved by layering the cells on a starting cushion of buffer prepared in D2O and by stabilizing the liquid column above it with a D2O gradient. D2O/H2O mixtures have no apparent biochemical effects on the cells, and their physiochemical effects are short-lived and reversible. It was possible, by this method, to separate a mixture of glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes of three species (rabbit, horse and chicken) into three distinct zones after 15 minutes of electrophoresis. It was also possible to obtain an enriched human lymphocyte fraction containing 96% T-cells, after 1 hour of electrophoresis.", "contents": "Preparative cell electrophoresis with D2O as a stabilizing agent. The method of ascending preparative cell electrophoresis in a nonstabilized vertical column can be greatly improved by layering the cells on a starting cushion of buffer prepared in D2O and by stabilizing the liquid column above it with a D2O gradient. D2O/H2O mixtures have no apparent biochemical effects on the cells, and their physiochemical effects are short-lived and reversible. It was possible, by this method, to separate a mixture of glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes of three species (rabbit, horse and chicken) into three distinct zones after 15 minutes of electrophoresis. It was also possible to obtain an enriched human lymphocyte fraction containing 96% T-cells, after 1 hour of electrophoresis.", "PMID": 108673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8330", "title": "Isolation and characterization of purine-nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient T-lymphoma cells and secondary mutants with altered ribonucleotide reductase: genetic model for immunodeficiency disease.", "content": "The inherited deficiency of purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase; purine-nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.1) in humans is associated with a severe deficiency of the T lymphocytes of the immune system. Because of the unsatisfactory nature of previously described model systems, we have selected, cloned, and characterized a mutant mouse T cell lymphoma (S49) completely deficient in PNPase. Of the four substrates of PNPase, only deoxyguanosine at low concentrations is toxic to the PNPase-deficient (NSU-1) cells. In order to delineate the biochemical processes necessary for the sensitivity of the NSU-1 cells to deoxyguanosine, we have isolated a series of secondary mutants resistant to deoxyguanosine from the PNPase-deficient line. One of these mutants is defective in its ability to transport deoxyguanosine into the cell. A second type of mutant cannot phosphorylate the deoxyguanosine and is totally deficient in deoxycytidine kinase activity. A third type of mutant (NSU-1-dGuo-L) can both transport and phosphorylate deoxyguanosine and accumulates dGTP. However, unlike its parent, NSU-1-dGuo-L does not become depleted of dCTP and TTP when exposed to exogenous deoxyguanosine. This observation is accounted for by the fact that the reduction of CDP to dCDP by the ribonucleotide reductase (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase, 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase, EC 1.17.4.1) of NSU-1-dGuo-L cells is not normally sensitive to feedback inhibition by dGTP.Thus, in order to exert its toxicity deoxyguanosine must be transported into the cell, be phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase, and be accumulated as dGTP. By inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase, dGTP depletes the cell of dCTP and to some extent TTP, thus preventing the synthesis of DNA, a process necessary for any proliferation-dependent function of T cells.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of purine-nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient T-lymphoma cells and secondary mutants with altered ribonucleotide reductase: genetic model for immunodeficiency disease. The inherited deficiency of purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase; purine-nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.1) in humans is associated with a severe deficiency of the T lymphocytes of the immune system. Because of the unsatisfactory nature of previously described model systems, we have selected, cloned, and characterized a mutant mouse T cell lymphoma (S49) completely deficient in PNPase. Of the four substrates of PNPase, only deoxyguanosine at low concentrations is toxic to the PNPase-deficient (NSU-1) cells. In order to delineate the biochemical processes necessary for the sensitivity of the NSU-1 cells to deoxyguanosine, we have isolated a series of secondary mutants resistant to deoxyguanosine from the PNPase-deficient line. One of these mutants is defective in its ability to transport deoxyguanosine into the cell. A second type of mutant cannot phosphorylate the deoxyguanosine and is totally deficient in deoxycytidine kinase activity. A third type of mutant (NSU-1-dGuo-L) can both transport and phosphorylate deoxyguanosine and accumulates dGTP. However, unlike its parent, NSU-1-dGuo-L does not become depleted of dCTP and TTP when exposed to exogenous deoxyguanosine. This observation is accounted for by the fact that the reduction of CDP to dCDP by the ribonucleotide reductase (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase, 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase, EC 1.17.4.1) of NSU-1-dGuo-L cells is not normally sensitive to feedback inhibition by dGTP.Thus, in order to exert its toxicity deoxyguanosine must be transported into the cell, be phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase, and be accumulated as dGTP. By inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase, dGTP depletes the cell of dCTP and to some extent TTP, thus preventing the synthesis of DNA, a process necessary for any proliferation-dependent function of T cells.", "PMID": 108675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8331", "title": "Escherichia coli adenylate cyclase complex: regulation by the proton electrochemical gradient.", "content": "Sugars such as glucose are transported into Escherichia coli by a coupled phosphorylation mechanism (the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system, PTS). Transport of sugars through the PTS results in inhibition of adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] activity by a mechanism involving a change in the state of phosphorylation of PTS proteins. Other sugars (e.g., lactose) are transported without modification by a mechanism involving proton cotransport, which requires a proton motive force across the cell membrane. We show here that uptake of sugars through the lactose transport system results in inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity if the proton symport mechanism is also active. The protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone also inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. These data suggest that the steady-state electrochemical proton gradient regulates the activity of adenylate cyclase. We propose that sugar-dependent inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity may occur by either of two mechanisms. Sugars transported by the PTS inhibited adenylate cyclase activity by dephosphorylation of a regulatory protein, while sugars transported by the proton motive force system inhibit adenylate cyclase activity as a result of collapse of the proton electrochemical gradient.", "contents": "Escherichia coli adenylate cyclase complex: regulation by the proton electrochemical gradient. Sugars such as glucose are transported into Escherichia coli by a coupled phosphorylation mechanism (the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system, PTS). Transport of sugars through the PTS results in inhibition of adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] activity by a mechanism involving a change in the state of phosphorylation of PTS proteins. Other sugars (e.g., lactose) are transported without modification by a mechanism involving proton cotransport, which requires a proton motive force across the cell membrane. We show here that uptake of sugars through the lactose transport system results in inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity if the proton symport mechanism is also active. The protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone also inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. These data suggest that the steady-state electrochemical proton gradient regulates the activity of adenylate cyclase. We propose that sugar-dependent inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity may occur by either of two mechanisms. Sugars transported by the PTS inhibited adenylate cyclase activity by dephosphorylation of a regulatory protein, while sugars transported by the proton motive force system inhibit adenylate cyclase activity as a result of collapse of the proton electrochemical gradient.", "PMID": 108676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8332", "title": "3'-Terminal nucleotide sequence of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4.", "content": "The sequence of the 3'-terminal 91 nucleotides of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4, the messenger for the viral coat protein, has been elucidated. A fragment containing the 3' terminus of the RNA was obtained by mild digestion with RNase T1. The primary structure of the fragment was deduced by labeling it in vitro at its 5' terminus and application of RNA sequencing techniques. The sequence is completely extracistronic and is believed to contain the binding sites for the viral coat protein and replicase.", "contents": "3'-Terminal nucleotide sequence of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4. The sequence of the 3'-terminal 91 nucleotides of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4, the messenger for the viral coat protein, has been elucidated. A fragment containing the 3' terminus of the RNA was obtained by mild digestion with RNase T1. The primary structure of the fragment was deduced by labeling it in vitro at its 5' terminus and application of RNA sequencing techniques. The sequence is completely extracistronic and is believed to contain the binding sites for the viral coat protein and replicase.", "PMID": 108677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8333", "title": "Genetic control of chromosome breakage and rejoining in Drosophila melanogaster: spontaneous chromosome aberrations in X-linked mutants defective in DNA metabolism.", "content": "Eight X-linked recombination-defective meiotic mutants (representing five loci) and 12 X-linked mutagen-sensitive mutants (representing seven loci) of Drosophila melanogaster have been examined cytologically in neuroblast metaphases for their effects on the frequencies and types of spontaneous chromosome aberrations. Twelve mutants, representing five loci, significantly increase the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. The mutants at these five loci, however, differ markedly both in the types of aberrations produced and the localization of their effects along the chromosome. According to these criteria, the mutants can be assigned to four groups: (i) mutants producing almost exclusively chromatid breaks in both euchromatin and heterochromatin; (ii) mutants producing chromatid and isochromatid breaks in both euchromatin and heterochromatin; (iii) mutants producing chromatid mutants producing chromatid and isochromatid breaks clustered in the heterochromatin.", "contents": "Genetic control of chromosome breakage and rejoining in Drosophila melanogaster: spontaneous chromosome aberrations in X-linked mutants defective in DNA metabolism. Eight X-linked recombination-defective meiotic mutants (representing five loci) and 12 X-linked mutagen-sensitive mutants (representing seven loci) of Drosophila melanogaster have been examined cytologically in neuroblast metaphases for their effects on the frequencies and types of spontaneous chromosome aberrations. Twelve mutants, representing five loci, significantly increase the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. The mutants at these five loci, however, differ markedly both in the types of aberrations produced and the localization of their effects along the chromosome. According to these criteria, the mutants can be assigned to four groups: (i) mutants producing almost exclusively chromatid breaks in both euchromatin and heterochromatin; (ii) mutants producing chromatid and isochromatid breaks in both euchromatin and heterochromatin; (iii) mutants producing chromatid mutants producing chromatid and isochromatid breaks clustered in the heterochromatin.", "PMID": 108678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8334", "title": "Myeloma proteins from NZB and BALB/c mice: structural and functional differences.", "content": "Structural and functional analyses of myeloma immunoglobulins from inbred BALB/c mice and humans have provided important insights into the structure of the antibody molecule and the expression and evolution of antibody genes. One important question concerning these analyses is whether the myeloma process selects, in a nonrandom manner, the lymphocytes to be transformed. The availability of myeloma tumors in a second inbred strain of mouse, NZB, permits us to approach this question. In this respect. the NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of 27 kappa light chains as well as data relating to the antigen-binding properties and immunoglobulin class distribution of NZB myeloma proteins are presented and compared with similar data from the BALB/c mouse. These studies suggest that the myeloma proteins from the BALB/c and NZB mice constitute two populations of immunoglobulins with distinct functional and structural properties. The implication of this observation are discussed.", "contents": "Myeloma proteins from NZB and BALB/c mice: structural and functional differences. Structural and functional analyses of myeloma immunoglobulins from inbred BALB/c mice and humans have provided important insights into the structure of the antibody molecule and the expression and evolution of antibody genes. One important question concerning these analyses is whether the myeloma process selects, in a nonrandom manner, the lymphocytes to be transformed. The availability of myeloma tumors in a second inbred strain of mouse, NZB, permits us to approach this question. In this respect. the NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of 27 kappa light chains as well as data relating to the antigen-binding properties and immunoglobulin class distribution of NZB myeloma proteins are presented and compared with similar data from the BALB/c mouse. These studies suggest that the myeloma proteins from the BALB/c and NZB mice constitute two populations of immunoglobulins with distinct functional and structural properties. The implication of this observation are discussed.", "PMID": 108679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8335", "title": "Target-effector interaction in the natural killer cell system: isolation of target structures.", "content": "A sensitive target binding assay has recently been shown to detect natural killer (NK) cells in the mouse. Preincubation of NK cells with detergent-solubilized cell-surface proteins of YAC lymphoma cells prevented subsequent binding to intact YAC targets. The NK target structures (NK-TS) consisted of three molecular species tentatively assigned molecular weights of 130,000, 160,000, and 240,000 based on electrophoretic mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. Moloney cell surface antigen (MCSA), gp71, p30, H-2, and NK-TS were localized in distinct fractions of gels. The NK-TS bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose columns and could be eluted with the specific sugar, suggesting that the target structures may be glycosylated. NK-TS molecules could not be detected in gels of NK-insensitive target cells such as P815, A9HT, YWA, or EL-4. The quantity obtained from the gels varied directly with the NK sensitivity of YAC which is more sensitive when grown in vitro than when grown in vivo. The NK-TS molecules specifically inhibited the binding of NK cells but not alloimmune T cells to their appropriate targets. Additional NK-sensitive tumor cells also expressed some or all of the target molecules exhibited by YAC. Some of these structures shared specificities in the case of MPC-11 or were unique in the case of Molt-4 and K562, as shown by cross-inhibition studies. These results suggest that NK-sensitive cell lines express distinct target structures with possible relevance to natural tumor resistance.", "contents": "Target-effector interaction in the natural killer cell system: isolation of target structures. A sensitive target binding assay has recently been shown to detect natural killer (NK) cells in the mouse. Preincubation of NK cells with detergent-solubilized cell-surface proteins of YAC lymphoma cells prevented subsequent binding to intact YAC targets. The NK target structures (NK-TS) consisted of three molecular species tentatively assigned molecular weights of 130,000, 160,000, and 240,000 based on electrophoretic mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. Moloney cell surface antigen (MCSA), gp71, p30, H-2, and NK-TS were localized in distinct fractions of gels. The NK-TS bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose columns and could be eluted with the specific sugar, suggesting that the target structures may be glycosylated. NK-TS molecules could not be detected in gels of NK-insensitive target cells such as P815, A9HT, YWA, or EL-4. The quantity obtained from the gels varied directly with the NK sensitivity of YAC which is more sensitive when grown in vitro than when grown in vivo. The NK-TS molecules specifically inhibited the binding of NK cells but not alloimmune T cells to their appropriate targets. Additional NK-sensitive tumor cells also expressed some or all of the target molecules exhibited by YAC. Some of these structures shared specificities in the case of MPC-11 or were unique in the case of Molt-4 and K562, as shown by cross-inhibition studies. These results suggest that NK-sensitive cell lines express distinct target structures with possible relevance to natural tumor resistance.", "PMID": 108680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8336", "title": "Biochemical determinants of tumor sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil: ultrasensitive methods for the determination of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate, 2'-deoxyuridylate, and thymidylate synthetase.", "content": "Techniques have been developed to measure FdUMP, the active metabolite of 5-FUra; thymidylate synthetase (TMP synthase; 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.45), the target enzyme for this antimetabolite; and dUMP, the substrate that competes with FdUMP for binding to TMP synthetase. As little as 0.02 pmol of FdUMP can be quantitated with a competitive ligand binding assay by using homogeneous Lactobacillus casei/MTX TMP synthetase as a binding protein. A new binding assay for TMP synthetase allows detection of 0.005 pmol of enzyme. The quantitative enzymatic conversion of dUMP to [methyl-(14)C]-TMP using 5,10-methylene[(14)C]tetrahydrofolate by pure L. casei TMP synthetase is used as an assay for dUMP with a sensitivity of 10 pmol. Cultured CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastic leukemia cells formed high levels of FdUMP (2.6 nmol per 10(9) cells) within 11 hr after exposure to 30 muM 5-FUra. Tumor cell TMP synthetase levels dropped, and then free FdUMP appeared. The intracellular dUMP pool was low (2-5 nmol per 10(9) cells) in logarithmically growing cultures of several tumor cell lines but expanded rapidly in CCRF-CEM cells on exposure to 5-FUra after enzyme levels decreased. The levels of dUMP found after exposure to 5-FUra are sufficient to severely retard inhibition of TMP synthetase by FdUMP.The methods described are sufficiently sensitive to allow these biochemical parameters of 5-FUra action to be measured in cell culture or in needle biopsy samples of human tumors.", "contents": "Biochemical determinants of tumor sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil: ultrasensitive methods for the determination of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate, 2'-deoxyuridylate, and thymidylate synthetase. Techniques have been developed to measure FdUMP, the active metabolite of 5-FUra; thymidylate synthetase (TMP synthase; 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.45), the target enzyme for this antimetabolite; and dUMP, the substrate that competes with FdUMP for binding to TMP synthetase. As little as 0.02 pmol of FdUMP can be quantitated with a competitive ligand binding assay by using homogeneous Lactobacillus casei/MTX TMP synthetase as a binding protein. A new binding assay for TMP synthetase allows detection of 0.005 pmol of enzyme. The quantitative enzymatic conversion of dUMP to [methyl-(14)C]-TMP using 5,10-methylene[(14)C]tetrahydrofolate by pure L. casei TMP synthetase is used as an assay for dUMP with a sensitivity of 10 pmol. Cultured CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastic leukemia cells formed high levels of FdUMP (2.6 nmol per 10(9) cells) within 11 hr after exposure to 30 muM 5-FUra. Tumor cell TMP synthetase levels dropped, and then free FdUMP appeared. The intracellular dUMP pool was low (2-5 nmol per 10(9) cells) in logarithmically growing cultures of several tumor cell lines but expanded rapidly in CCRF-CEM cells on exposure to 5-FUra after enzyme levels decreased. The levels of dUMP found after exposure to 5-FUra are sufficient to severely retard inhibition of TMP synthetase by FdUMP.The methods described are sufficiently sensitive to allow these biochemical parameters of 5-FUra action to be measured in cell culture or in needle biopsy samples of human tumors.", "PMID": 108681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8337", "title": "Rapid substitution procedure for intravenous drug self-administration studies in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were trained to press a lever one hundred times (FR 100) to obtain either a food pellet or an intravenous drug injection. Two daily experimental sessions, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, were divided into three 15 minute periods each. In Periods 1 and 3 lever pressing behavior was maintained by the delivery of food. Period 2 lever pressing was maintained by the intravenous injection of a drug solution. The drug available each day followed a four day sequence of cocaine (30 microgram/kg/injection), saline (1.0 ml/injection), cocaine, and test compound. This four day sequence was repeated to test a series of 16 psychoactive compounds at two doses each. These drugs were compared to saline for their ability to maintain Period 2 responding during the afternoon session. Morphine, oxymorphone, codeine, pentazocine, d-amphetamine and methylphenidate all maintained responding at rates significantly greater than for saline. Cyclazocine, naloxone, levallorphan, scopolamine, chlorpromazine, fenfluramine, and (+/-)-9-nor-9-alpha-hydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol (alpha-HHC) did not maintain responding during Period 2. The results with procaine, beta-HHC and nalorphine were considered equivocal. The authors suggest the use of a rapid substitution procedure as a method of initial screening of drugs with potential reinforcement efficacy.", "contents": "Rapid substitution procedure for intravenous drug self-administration studies in rhesus monkeys. Rhesus monkeys were trained to press a lever one hundred times (FR 100) to obtain either a food pellet or an intravenous drug injection. Two daily experimental sessions, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, were divided into three 15 minute periods each. In Periods 1 and 3 lever pressing behavior was maintained by the delivery of food. Period 2 lever pressing was maintained by the intravenous injection of a drug solution. The drug available each day followed a four day sequence of cocaine (30 microgram/kg/injection), saline (1.0 ml/injection), cocaine, and test compound. This four day sequence was repeated to test a series of 16 psychoactive compounds at two doses each. These drugs were compared to saline for their ability to maintain Period 2 responding during the afternoon session. Morphine, oxymorphone, codeine, pentazocine, d-amphetamine and methylphenidate all maintained responding at rates significantly greater than for saline. Cyclazocine, naloxone, levallorphan, scopolamine, chlorpromazine, fenfluramine, and (+/-)-9-nor-9-alpha-hydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol (alpha-HHC) did not maintain responding during Period 2. The results with procaine, beta-HHC and nalorphine were considered equivocal. The authors suggest the use of a rapid substitution procedure as a method of initial screening of drugs with potential reinforcement efficacy.", "PMID": 108686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8338", "title": "[On the antimicrobial activity of propolis and propolis constituents (author's transl)].", "content": "After a survey of the literature on the antimicrobial activity of the bee product propolis, the authors discuss their own findings as compared to the chemotherapeutical agents streptomycin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, nystatin, griseofulvin and sulphamerazine. According to the results obtained by testing 25 isolated constituents on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, the antimicrobial properties of this mixture of natural substances are mainly attributable to the flavonoids pinocembrin, galangin, pinobanksin, pinobanksin-3-acetate as well as to the p-coumaric acid benzyl ester and a caffeic acid ester mixture. None of the isolated substances was as potent as the antibiotics tested for the purpose of comparison. The relatively good antimycetic activity of the 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone pinocembrin seems noteworthy. Finally, possible mechanisms of the antimicrobial action of the flavonoids are discussed.", "contents": "[On the antimicrobial activity of propolis and propolis constituents (author's transl)]. After a survey of the literature on the antimicrobial activity of the bee product propolis, the authors discuss their own findings as compared to the chemotherapeutical agents streptomycin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, nystatin, griseofulvin and sulphamerazine. According to the results obtained by testing 25 isolated constituents on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, the antimicrobial properties of this mixture of natural substances are mainly attributable to the flavonoids pinocembrin, galangin, pinobanksin, pinobanksin-3-acetate as well as to the p-coumaric acid benzyl ester and a caffeic acid ester mixture. None of the isolated substances was as potent as the antibiotics tested for the purpose of comparison. The relatively good antimycetic activity of the 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone pinocembrin seems noteworthy. Finally, possible mechanisms of the antimicrobial action of the flavonoids are discussed.", "PMID": 108687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8339", "title": "[Unusual course of a status epilepticus. (Case contribution to the problem of \"interparoxysmal petit-mal-status\")].", "content": "This is a record of a strange course of the petit mal status which persisted for almost four days following a series of grands maux. During the status, it was possible to observe in electroencephalogram a 2-2.5/sec and, finally, 2.5-3.5/sec spike and wave pattern which could be interrupted after the administration of 100 mg of diazepam. In contrast with the normally observed twilight state, this particular course of the petit mal status (\"interparoxysmal petit mal status\") is characterized by a marked disturbance of consciousness. There was no response to an intravenous administration of 750 mg of diphenylhydantoin.", "contents": "[Unusual course of a status epilepticus. (Case contribution to the problem of \"interparoxysmal petit-mal-status\")]. This is a record of a strange course of the petit mal status which persisted for almost four days following a series of grands maux. During the status, it was possible to observe in electroencephalogram a 2-2.5/sec and, finally, 2.5-3.5/sec spike and wave pattern which could be interrupted after the administration of 100 mg of diazepam. In contrast with the normally observed twilight state, this particular course of the petit mal status (\"interparoxysmal petit mal status\") is characterized by a marked disturbance of consciousness. There was no response to an intravenous administration of 750 mg of diphenylhydantoin.", "PMID": 108697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8340", "title": "Acquisition deficits induced by sodium nitrite in rats and mice.", "content": "Graded doses of sodium nitrite were administered shortly before or immediately after a single training trial in an inhibitory avoidance task. A retention test was given at 24 h (rats) or 72 h (mice) after training. The results indicate that sodium nitrite impairs acquisition of an inhibitory avoidance response in rats and mice. Retention was impaired with doses lower than those required for producing hypoxic effects, as measured by the EEG, methemoglobin levels in the blood, blood pressure, and heart rate. Since hypoxia was not involved, it is likely that the effects were mediated by some direct action of sodium nitrite on the CNS.", "contents": "Acquisition deficits induced by sodium nitrite in rats and mice. Graded doses of sodium nitrite were administered shortly before or immediately after a single training trial in an inhibitory avoidance task. A retention test was given at 24 h (rats) or 72 h (mice) after training. The results indicate that sodium nitrite impairs acquisition of an inhibitory avoidance response in rats and mice. Retention was impaired with doses lower than those required for producing hypoxic effects, as measured by the EEG, methemoglobin levels in the blood, blood pressure, and heart rate. Since hypoxia was not involved, it is likely that the effects were mediated by some direct action of sodium nitrite on the CNS.", "PMID": 108698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8341", "title": "Probenecid-induced increase of 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in rat brain, as measured by formation of 5-hydroxytryptophan.", "content": "Probenecid blocks the efflux of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) from the central nervous system, and has therefore been used for turnover measurements of central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). This substance also elevates tryptophan (TP) levels in rat brain. In this investigation, the time courses of probenecid and TP levels in rat serum and brain after administration of probenecid were studied. Maximal levels of probenecid were reached within 15 min, followed by 50% decrease of serum TP and a 40% increase of brain TP. Brain levels of probenecid were about ten times lower than those in serum. Because TP level in brain is an important factor in the control of cerebral 5-HT synthesis, the effects of probenecid on 5-HT formation in rat brain were investigated. By means of the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors Ro 4-4602 and NSD 1015, an enhancement of TP hydroxylation of about 35% was demonstrated. It was concluded that penetration of probenecid into the brain is very limited and that probenecid, in addition to blocking egress of 5-HIAA from the CNS, stimulates 5-HT synthesis.", "contents": "Probenecid-induced increase of 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in rat brain, as measured by formation of 5-hydroxytryptophan. Probenecid blocks the efflux of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) from the central nervous system, and has therefore been used for turnover measurements of central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). This substance also elevates tryptophan (TP) levels in rat brain. In this investigation, the time courses of probenecid and TP levels in rat serum and brain after administration of probenecid were studied. Maximal levels of probenecid were reached within 15 min, followed by 50% decrease of serum TP and a 40% increase of brain TP. Brain levels of probenecid were about ten times lower than those in serum. Because TP level in brain is an important factor in the control of cerebral 5-HT synthesis, the effects of probenecid on 5-HT formation in rat brain were investigated. By means of the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors Ro 4-4602 and NSD 1015, an enhancement of TP hydroxylation of about 35% was demonstrated. It was concluded that penetration of probenecid into the brain is very limited and that probenecid, in addition to blocking egress of 5-HIAA from the CNS, stimulates 5-HT synthesis.", "PMID": 108699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8342", "title": "Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol sensitization of the rat brain to direct cholinergic stimulation.", "content": "In an attempt to define the nature of the involvement of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with central cholinergic neurotransmission, the effects of THC on direct cholinergic stimulation of the rat brain were investigated. THC, in doses of 3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), potentiated the effects of carbachol injection into the lateral septal nucleus, as manifested by enhancement of the drinking response elicited by the septal carbachol injection and by potentiation of the tendency of this carbachol injection to induce abnormal motor responses. Although atropine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) completely blocked the carbachol induced drinking, the atropine did not completely block the drinking response when THC was given with carbachol. The results indicate an apparent sensitization, by THC, of a limbic cholinergic system.", "contents": "Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol sensitization of the rat brain to direct cholinergic stimulation. In an attempt to define the nature of the involvement of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with central cholinergic neurotransmission, the effects of THC on direct cholinergic stimulation of the rat brain were investigated. THC, in doses of 3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), potentiated the effects of carbachol injection into the lateral septal nucleus, as manifested by enhancement of the drinking response elicited by the septal carbachol injection and by potentiation of the tendency of this carbachol injection to induce abnormal motor responses. Although atropine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) completely blocked the carbachol induced drinking, the atropine did not completely block the drinking response when THC was given with carbachol. The results indicate an apparent sensitization, by THC, of a limbic cholinergic system.", "PMID": 108700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8343", "title": "Behavioral evidence for supersensitivity after chronic bromocriptine administration.", "content": "Behavioral evidence for tolerance and supersensitivity during and after chronic (30 day) administration of bromocriptine (BRC) or bromocriptine + L-dopa in mice was assessed by measuring wheel running (WR) behavior during and after chronic drug administration, and apomorphine- and methylphenidate-(MP-)induced stereotyped gnawing after termination of chronic injections. In both BRC and BRC + L-dopa groups, tolerance developed fairly quickly to the depressing effect of BRC on WR seen on day 1 of drug administration. Mice receiving BRC showed significant increases in WR by week 2 of chronic drug administration, which persisted for at least two days after the termination of chronic injections. During the first week after termination of chronic injections, low doses of both apomorphine and MP induced significantly more stereotyped gnawing in BRC and BRC + L-dopa mice than in the control mice or the mice treated with L-dopa alone. This behavioral evidence for dopaminergic supersensitivity after chronic BRC administration may have relevance for the clinical use of BRC in combination with L-dopa or other dopamine agonists.", "contents": "Behavioral evidence for supersensitivity after chronic bromocriptine administration. Behavioral evidence for tolerance and supersensitivity during and after chronic (30 day) administration of bromocriptine (BRC) or bromocriptine + L-dopa in mice was assessed by measuring wheel running (WR) behavior during and after chronic drug administration, and apomorphine- and methylphenidate-(MP-)induced stereotyped gnawing after termination of chronic injections. In both BRC and BRC + L-dopa groups, tolerance developed fairly quickly to the depressing effect of BRC on WR seen on day 1 of drug administration. Mice receiving BRC showed significant increases in WR by week 2 of chronic drug administration, which persisted for at least two days after the termination of chronic injections. During the first week after termination of chronic injections, low doses of both apomorphine and MP induced significantly more stereotyped gnawing in BRC and BRC + L-dopa mice than in the control mice or the mice treated with L-dopa alone. This behavioral evidence for dopaminergic supersensitivity after chronic BRC administration may have relevance for the clinical use of BRC in combination with L-dopa or other dopamine agonists.", "PMID": 108701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8344", "title": "Acetylation of phenelzine.", "content": "Microsome-free preparations of rodent and human liver were shown to contain N-acetyl transferase from experiments using procainamide as substrate. These preparations then acetylated phenelzine from the quantitative transfer of radiolabeled acetate. This in vitro demonstration of phenelzine acetylation in rodent and human liver was corroborated by the finding of a negative correlation between excretion of phenelzine in urine and sulphadimidine acetylation in 27 patients.", "contents": "Acetylation of phenelzine. Microsome-free preparations of rodent and human liver were shown to contain N-acetyl transferase from experiments using procainamide as substrate. These preparations then acetylated phenelzine from the quantitative transfer of radiolabeled acetate. This in vitro demonstration of phenelzine acetylation in rodent and human liver was corroborated by the finding of a negative correlation between excretion of phenelzine in urine and sulphadimidine acetylation in 27 patients.", "PMID": 108703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8345", "title": "Anticonvulsant activity in photosensitive baboons, Papio papio, of two new 1,5 benzodiazepines.", "content": "Two new 1,5 benzodiazepines have been evaluated acutely as anticonvulsants in baboons, Papio papio, with photosensitive epilepsy. BAU 426 (8-Chlor-6-[2-chlorphenyl]-4H-s-triazolo-[4,3-a] [1,5-benzodiazepin-5-[6-H]on) and BAU 500 (analogue of BAU 426 with [2-trifluor methylphenyl] substituted for [2-chlorphenyl]), 0.1--5.0 mg/kg, were administered i.v. to baboons with and without priming with D,L allylglycine. BAU 426 or BAU 500, 0.1--0.2 mg/kg, produced partial or transient protection against photically induced myoclonus or epileptic responses. Complete protection, in the absence of signs of sedation or acute neurological toxicity, was seen 1--4 h after 0.5--2 mg/kg. EEG changes typical of benzodiazepines were seen for 1--3 h and clinical signs of sedation with some muscular hypotonia were evident for 1 h after either drug, 5 mg/kg. Clinical trials are required to determine if these compounds are superior to 1,4 benzodiazepines as anticonvulsants.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant activity in photosensitive baboons, Papio papio, of two new 1,5 benzodiazepines. Two new 1,5 benzodiazepines have been evaluated acutely as anticonvulsants in baboons, Papio papio, with photosensitive epilepsy. BAU 426 (8-Chlor-6-[2-chlorphenyl]-4H-s-triazolo-[4,3-a] [1,5-benzodiazepin-5-[6-H]on) and BAU 500 (analogue of BAU 426 with [2-trifluor methylphenyl] substituted for [2-chlorphenyl]), 0.1--5.0 mg/kg, were administered i.v. to baboons with and without priming with D,L allylglycine. BAU 426 or BAU 500, 0.1--0.2 mg/kg, produced partial or transient protection against photically induced myoclonus or epileptic responses. Complete protection, in the absence of signs of sedation or acute neurological toxicity, was seen 1--4 h after 0.5--2 mg/kg. EEG changes typical of benzodiazepines were seen for 1--3 h and clinical signs of sedation with some muscular hypotonia were evident for 1 h after either drug, 5 mg/kg. Clinical trials are required to determine if these compounds are superior to 1,4 benzodiazepines as anticonvulsants.", "PMID": 108705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8346", "title": "The effects of alcohol on agonistic behavior in the Telomian dog.", "content": "The study analyzed the effects of alcohol on agonistic behavior in three independent social systems, each compromised of two male and one female Telomian dog. Three dose levels were used: 0, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg body weight of absolute alcohol diluted to 20%. Observations were made when none, one (top, middle or low ranking), or all dogs in a system received a given treatment. At the 0.8 g/kg level, low ranking dogs showed an increased frequency of attacks and bone possession time, while top and middle ranking dogs showed a decrease. At the 1.6 g/kg level, all subjects decreased their attacks and bone possession time. Alcohol decreased frequency of agonistic vocalizations under all conditions. There were differential social rank effects on frequency of retreats. Overall, the results were similar whether one or all dogs received the particular treatment.", "contents": "The effects of alcohol on agonistic behavior in the Telomian dog. The study analyzed the effects of alcohol on agonistic behavior in three independent social systems, each compromised of two male and one female Telomian dog. Three dose levels were used: 0, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg body weight of absolute alcohol diluted to 20%. Observations were made when none, one (top, middle or low ranking), or all dogs in a system received a given treatment. At the 0.8 g/kg level, low ranking dogs showed an increased frequency of attacks and bone possession time, while top and middle ranking dogs showed a decrease. At the 1.6 g/kg level, all subjects decreased their attacks and bone possession time. Alcohol decreased frequency of agonistic vocalizations under all conditions. There were differential social rank effects on frequency of retreats. Overall, the results were similar whether one or all dogs received the particular treatment.", "PMID": 108707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8347", "title": "MAO inhibition and the effects of centrally administered LSD, serotonin, and 5-methoxytryptamine on the conditioned avoidance response in rats.", "content": "Pretreatment with the MAO-inhibitors iproniazid, clorgyline, or deprenyl abolishes the effects of LSD on the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in rats. The effects of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) are greatly potentiated by these substances. Brain levels of LSD are not affected by MAO inhibition whereas levels of 5-HT and 5-MT are significantly elevated. It is postulated that the decreased behavioral response to LSD is the result of 'MAO inhibitor-induced' changes whereas the increased response of 5-HT and 5-MT results from increased brain levels of these compounds.", "contents": "MAO inhibition and the effects of centrally administered LSD, serotonin, and 5-methoxytryptamine on the conditioned avoidance response in rats. Pretreatment with the MAO-inhibitors iproniazid, clorgyline, or deprenyl abolishes the effects of LSD on the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in rats. The effects of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) are greatly potentiated by these substances. Brain levels of LSD are not affected by MAO inhibition whereas levels of 5-HT and 5-MT are significantly elevated. It is postulated that the decreased behavioral response to LSD is the result of 'MAO inhibitor-induced' changes whereas the increased response of 5-HT and 5-MT results from increased brain levels of these compounds.", "PMID": 108709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8348", "title": "Hypnotic susceptibility to various depressants in rats selected for differential ethanol sensitivity.", "content": "MA rats, bred for greater motor impairment following subhypnotic doses of ethanol, were found to be more sensitive to the hypnotic effects of phenobarbital and chloral hydrate than were LA rats. In addition, the previously reported finding of a difference between the two lines of rats in duration of loss of righting reflex following a hypnotic dose of ethanol was replicated. The results are discussed in terms of a phenotypic difference in central nervous systems sensitivity to a range of sedative-hypnotics.", "contents": "Hypnotic susceptibility to various depressants in rats selected for differential ethanol sensitivity. MA rats, bred for greater motor impairment following subhypnotic doses of ethanol, were found to be more sensitive to the hypnotic effects of phenobarbital and chloral hydrate than were LA rats. In addition, the previously reported finding of a difference between the two lines of rats in duration of loss of righting reflex following a hypnotic dose of ethanol was replicated. The results are discussed in terms of a phenotypic difference in central nervous systems sensitivity to a range of sedative-hypnotics.", "PMID": 108710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8349", "title": "Effects of ethanol on turnover and function of striatal dopamine.", "content": "Acute oral administration of ethanol increased the rate of depletion of dopamine in the striata of rats injected with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. This effect was eliminated by pretreatment with atropine or by lesioning of the striato-nigral tract. Ethanol also attenuated the inhibitory effect of apomorphine on turnover of striatal dopamine. Unilateral injection of ethanol into the neostriatum of rats followed by intraperitoneal injection of either apomorphine or amphetamine elicited marked ipsilateral head-to-tail body turning. This turning was blocked by pretreatment with haloperidol. Chronic intubation of ethanol to rats enhanced contralateral body turning elicited by unilateral intrastriatal injection of dopamine. Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra led to denervation supersensitivity of dopaminergic functions in the neostriatum. This effect was not seen in rats that were given ethanol postinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine. These results suggested that ethanol has an inhibitory effect on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol on turnover and function of striatal dopamine. Acute oral administration of ethanol increased the rate of depletion of dopamine in the striata of rats injected with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. This effect was eliminated by pretreatment with atropine or by lesioning of the striato-nigral tract. Ethanol also attenuated the inhibitory effect of apomorphine on turnover of striatal dopamine. Unilateral injection of ethanol into the neostriatum of rats followed by intraperitoneal injection of either apomorphine or amphetamine elicited marked ipsilateral head-to-tail body turning. This turning was blocked by pretreatment with haloperidol. Chronic intubation of ethanol to rats enhanced contralateral body turning elicited by unilateral intrastriatal injection of dopamine. Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra led to denervation supersensitivity of dopaminergic functions in the neostriatum. This effect was not seen in rats that were given ethanol postinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine. These results suggested that ethanol has an inhibitory effect on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system.", "PMID": 108711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8350", "title": "Mutual antagonism of behavioral effects of TRH and thiobarbiturate on an operant task in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Similar excitatory or depressant response rate dependent effects on monkeys responding on a variable interval reinforcement schedule were observed following intravenous administration of either thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) or thiobarbiturate. However, these agents were mutally antagonistic when given together even though the response rate altering effects of each agent were in the same direction. These findings establish an additional behavioral effect of exogenously administered TRH in primates and suggest that barbiturates might alter behavior in part through an interaction with brain TRH receptive mechanisms.", "contents": "Mutual antagonism of behavioral effects of TRH and thiobarbiturate on an operant task in rhesus monkeys. Similar excitatory or depressant response rate dependent effects on monkeys responding on a variable interval reinforcement schedule were observed following intravenous administration of either thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) or thiobarbiturate. However, these agents were mutally antagonistic when given together even though the response rate altering effects of each agent were in the same direction. These findings establish an additional behavioral effect of exogenously administered TRH in primates and suggest that barbiturates might alter behavior in part through an interaction with brain TRH receptive mechanisms.", "PMID": 108712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8351", "title": "Interaction between discrimination of drug states and external stimuli.", "content": "Rats learned a two-choice operant response by discriminating differences between external stimuli, internal (drug-produced) stimuli, or a combination of these two types of stimuli. Separate groups of rats were used for each stimulus condition. A tactile and visual external cue was superior to the ethanol-saline cue in producing stimulus control, but the group receiving both drug and external stimulus cues performed in a manner very similar to the external cue-only group. The two stimulus sources thus did not \"add\" to promote more rapid or complete discrimination. After acquisition of discrimination, previously coincident drug and external stimulus states were reversed to determine which stimulus source had more behavioral control. This test for stimulus selectivity indicated that the external stimulus had essentially complete control of response choice.", "contents": "Interaction between discrimination of drug states and external stimuli. Rats learned a two-choice operant response by discriminating differences between external stimuli, internal (drug-produced) stimuli, or a combination of these two types of stimuli. Separate groups of rats were used for each stimulus condition. A tactile and visual external cue was superior to the ethanol-saline cue in producing stimulus control, but the group receiving both drug and external stimulus cues performed in a manner very similar to the external cue-only group. The two stimulus sources thus did not \"add\" to promote more rapid or complete discrimination. After acquisition of discrimination, previously coincident drug and external stimulus states were reversed to determine which stimulus source had more behavioral control. This test for stimulus selectivity indicated that the external stimulus had essentially complete control of response choice.", "PMID": 108713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8352", "title": "The effect of clonidine withdrawal on total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in the rat brain.", "content": "The effect of clonidine withdrawal on the brain norepinephrine system was studied in the rat. Clonidine suppresses brain total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) significantly and no tolerance to this effect was observed up to 21 days. Cessation of clonidine treatment resulted in an elevation in the level of brain total MHPG. The suitability of the clonidine withdrawal syndrome as a model of bipolar depression is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of clonidine withdrawal on total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in the rat brain. The effect of clonidine withdrawal on the brain norepinephrine system was studied in the rat. Clonidine suppresses brain total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) significantly and no tolerance to this effect was observed up to 21 days. Cessation of clonidine treatment resulted in an elevation in the level of brain total MHPG. The suitability of the clonidine withdrawal syndrome as a model of bipolar depression is discussed.", "PMID": 108714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8353", "title": "Variability of prolactin response to intravenous and intramuscular haloperidol in normal adult men.", "content": "Serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations were monitored in seven normal adult men for 1 h before and 7 h after i.v. and i.m. injection of 0.25 mg and 0.50 mg haloperidol. The magnitude of the PRL response was dose-related but quite variable across subjects. The patterns of PRL secretion over the 7 h post-injection period also varied greatly among the subjects. Differences in serum heloperidol concentrations accounted for 88% of the variability in the magnitude of the PRL response to the 0.5 mg IM haloperidol dose, but only accounted for 60% of the PRL variability following the 0.5 mg IV dose. The pattern of haloperidol disappearance from serum was similar across the seven subjects and thus unrelated to the variable patterns of PRL response.", "contents": "Variability of prolactin response to intravenous and intramuscular haloperidol in normal adult men. Serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations were monitored in seven normal adult men for 1 h before and 7 h after i.v. and i.m. injection of 0.25 mg and 0.50 mg haloperidol. The magnitude of the PRL response was dose-related but quite variable across subjects. The patterns of PRL secretion over the 7 h post-injection period also varied greatly among the subjects. Differences in serum heloperidol concentrations accounted for 88% of the variability in the magnitude of the PRL response to the 0.5 mg IM haloperidol dose, but only accounted for 60% of the PRL variability following the 0.5 mg IV dose. The pattern of haloperidol disappearance from serum was similar across the seven subjects and thus unrelated to the variable patterns of PRL response.", "PMID": 108715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8354", "title": "Effect of caffeine on the memory of the mouse.", "content": "Albino mice were injected i.p. with caffeine (27.9 mg/kg) 10 min pre-trial. The mice had no trial retention (300-s period) after 24 h. This result suggests that caffeine, at this dose, would upset some mechanism involved in memory processes. No correlation is observed between serotonin (5-HT) increase and caffeine's effect on retention.", "contents": "Effect of caffeine on the memory of the mouse. Albino mice were injected i.p. with caffeine (27.9 mg/kg) 10 min pre-trial. The mice had no trial retention (300-s period) after 24 h. This result suggests that caffeine, at this dose, would upset some mechanism involved in memory processes. No correlation is observed between serotonin (5-HT) increase and caffeine's effect on retention.", "PMID": 108716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8355", "title": "Inhibition-mediating dopamine receptors and the control of intracranial reward.", "content": "A receptor selective agonist and antagonist of inhibition-mediating dopamine receptors (type II receptors) produced significant and dose-related alterations in bar-pressing for intracranial reward. Receptor inhibition by piribedil increased responding for reward while receptor activation by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino-2-imidazoline reduced responding. Inhibition-mediating receptors may therefore play a role opposite to classic excitation-mediating receptors in controlling reward.", "contents": "Inhibition-mediating dopamine receptors and the control of intracranial reward. A receptor selective agonist and antagonist of inhibition-mediating dopamine receptors (type II receptors) produced significant and dose-related alterations in bar-pressing for intracranial reward. Receptor inhibition by piribedil increased responding for reward while receptor activation by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino-2-imidazoline reduced responding. Inhibition-mediating receptors may therefore play a role opposite to classic excitation-mediating receptors in controlling reward.", "PMID": 108718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8356", "title": "Effects of physostigmine, scopolamine, and mecamylamine on the sleeping time induced by ketamine in the rat.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 116--241 g were injected i.p. with ketamine hydrochloride, 80 mg per kilo of body weight. Immediately after loss of righting reflex, scopolamine, physostigmine, and mecamylamine were administered i.p. to different groups of rats. Control animals received sterile saline by the same route. The ketamine-induced sleeping time was significantly prolonged by physostigmine and scopolamine, but not by mecamylamine. After the delayed injection of physostigmine, the ketamine sleeping time was longer. These results, although too preliminary for a mechanistic interpretation, suggest that multiple neurotransmitter systems, probably including the cholinergic system, are involved in the mechanism of action of ketamine-induced narcosis.", "contents": "Effects of physostigmine, scopolamine, and mecamylamine on the sleeping time induced by ketamine in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 116--241 g were injected i.p. with ketamine hydrochloride, 80 mg per kilo of body weight. Immediately after loss of righting reflex, scopolamine, physostigmine, and mecamylamine were administered i.p. to different groups of rats. Control animals received sterile saline by the same route. The ketamine-induced sleeping time was significantly prolonged by physostigmine and scopolamine, but not by mecamylamine. After the delayed injection of physostigmine, the ketamine sleeping time was longer. These results, although too preliminary for a mechanistic interpretation, suggest that multiple neurotransmitter systems, probably including the cholinergic system, are involved in the mechanism of action of ketamine-induced narcosis.", "PMID": 108720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8357", "title": "Piracetam facilitates retrieval but does not impair extinction of bar-pressing in rats.", "content": "Rats were trained on a continuously reinforced bar-press response for water reward. Seven days later they were retested for retention, with or without pretest injection of the nootropic drug, piracetam. Drug-treated animals had significantly shorter response latencies than saline-treated animals. The results are interpreted as a facilitation of retrieval processes after forgetting. The experiment was extended under extinction conditions and it was found that after three sessions there was a tendency to facilitate extinction when response latency is used as the extinction index. The clinical interest of a drug which facilitates the retrieval aspect of the memory process without impairing extinction is discussed.", "contents": "Piracetam facilitates retrieval but does not impair extinction of bar-pressing in rats. Rats were trained on a continuously reinforced bar-press response for water reward. Seven days later they were retested for retention, with or without pretest injection of the nootropic drug, piracetam. Drug-treated animals had significantly shorter response latencies than saline-treated animals. The results are interpreted as a facilitation of retrieval processes after forgetting. The experiment was extended under extinction conditions and it was found that after three sessions there was a tendency to facilitate extinction when response latency is used as the extinction index. The clinical interest of a drug which facilitates the retrieval aspect of the memory process without impairing extinction is discussed.", "PMID": 108722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8358", "title": "Sex differences in behavioral and thermal responses to pargyline and tryptophan.", "content": "The effects of parenterally injected pargyline and tryptophan on rectal temperature and behavior have been studied in male and female rats. Pargyline alone (50 mg/kg) produced hypothermia in both sexes. Pargyline (50 mg/kg) followed by low doses (20--50 mg/kg) of tryptophan caused a behavioral syndrome consisting of tremor, hindlimb abduction, forepaw treading, and straub tail. In females, but not in males, hypothermia was potentiated. The same dose of pargyline followed by higher doses (60--150 mg/kg) of tryptophan produced a short hypothermia followed by a dose-dependent behavioral syndrome, hyperthermia, and mortality. On all of these measures, females responded following shorter latencies and lower doses of tryptophan. Both hypothermia and hyperthermia were observed in treated animals following pretreatment with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. The results suggest a complex role for serotonin in thermoregulation. The sex differences observed suggest higher activity of serotonin in female rat brains following the drug treatment, which may be accounted for by a higher utilization rate of tryptophan.", "contents": "Sex differences in behavioral and thermal responses to pargyline and tryptophan. The effects of parenterally injected pargyline and tryptophan on rectal temperature and behavior have been studied in male and female rats. Pargyline alone (50 mg/kg) produced hypothermia in both sexes. Pargyline (50 mg/kg) followed by low doses (20--50 mg/kg) of tryptophan caused a behavioral syndrome consisting of tremor, hindlimb abduction, forepaw treading, and straub tail. In females, but not in males, hypothermia was potentiated. The same dose of pargyline followed by higher doses (60--150 mg/kg) of tryptophan produced a short hypothermia followed by a dose-dependent behavioral syndrome, hyperthermia, and mortality. On all of these measures, females responded following shorter latencies and lower doses of tryptophan. Both hypothermia and hyperthermia were observed in treated animals following pretreatment with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. The results suggest a complex role for serotonin in thermoregulation. The sex differences observed suggest higher activity of serotonin in female rat brains following the drug treatment, which may be accounted for by a higher utilization rate of tryptophan.", "PMID": 108723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8359", "title": "Dietary modification of amphetamine stereotyped behaviour: the action of tryptophan, methionine, and lysine.", "content": "Rats fed diets high in tryptophan, methionine, and tryptophan plus methionine or lysine were subsequently injected with 10 mg/kg d-amphetamine. The amount of amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour observed varied as a function of the dietary addition, with methionine showing the greatest difference to controls, and lysine the least. Whole brain catecholamine levels and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels also showed amino acid-specific changes.", "contents": "Dietary modification of amphetamine stereotyped behaviour: the action of tryptophan, methionine, and lysine. Rats fed diets high in tryptophan, methionine, and tryptophan plus methionine or lysine were subsequently injected with 10 mg/kg d-amphetamine. The amount of amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour observed varied as a function of the dietary addition, with methionine showing the greatest difference to controls, and lysine the least. Whole brain catecholamine levels and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels also showed amino acid-specific changes.", "PMID": 108724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8360", "title": "[Effects of muscimol and diazepam: a comparative study on behavioral inhibiton induced by novelty, punishment, and nonreward (author's transl)].", "content": "Diazepam and muscimol, a direct GABA agonist, were compared on behavioral inhibition induced in rats by (1) novelty, (2) punishment, and (3) nonreward. (1) Muscimol (0.03--0.25 mg . kg-1 i.p. 30 min before testing, or i.v. immediately before testing) failed to enhance food intake consistently in a nonfamiliar situation and (0.125--0.5 mg . kg-1 i.p. or i.v.) to increase the ingestion of an unknown food (chocolate); (2) muscimol (0.125--0.5 mg . kg-1 i.p. or 0.25 i.v. 10 min before testing) was ineffective in reducing the inhibition of lever presses for food elicited by the delivery of an electric shock at every eighth press; (3) muscimol (0.125--0.5 mg . kg-1 i.p.) failed to attenuate the inhibitory effects on responding induced by the suppression of the reinforcement during extinction. Contrastingly, diazepam (2 mg . kg-1 i.p. 30 min before testing) was found to reduce each type of behavioral inhibition. These data lend no support to the hypotheses of GABA control of behavioral inhibition and of GABA involvement in the action of benzodiazepines on inhibition induced by novelty, punishment, or nonreward.", "contents": "[Effects of muscimol and diazepam: a comparative study on behavioral inhibiton induced by novelty, punishment, and nonreward (author's transl)]. Diazepam and muscimol, a direct GABA agonist, were compared on behavioral inhibition induced in rats by (1) novelty, (2) punishment, and (3) nonreward. (1) Muscimol (0.03--0.25 mg . kg-1 i.p. 30 min before testing, or i.v. immediately before testing) failed to enhance food intake consistently in a nonfamiliar situation and (0.125--0.5 mg . kg-1 i.p. or i.v.) to increase the ingestion of an unknown food (chocolate); (2) muscimol (0.125--0.5 mg . kg-1 i.p. or 0.25 i.v. 10 min before testing) was ineffective in reducing the inhibition of lever presses for food elicited by the delivery of an electric shock at every eighth press; (3) muscimol (0.125--0.5 mg . kg-1 i.p.) failed to attenuate the inhibitory effects on responding induced by the suppression of the reinforcement during extinction. Contrastingly, diazepam (2 mg . kg-1 i.p. 30 min before testing) was found to reduce each type of behavioral inhibition. These data lend no support to the hypotheses of GABA control of behavioral inhibition and of GABA involvement in the action of benzodiazepines on inhibition induced by novelty, punishment, or nonreward.", "PMID": 108725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8361", "title": "Effect of amphetamine on nondiscriminated key-pecking avoidance in pigeons.", "content": "Dose-effect curves for amphetamine on key-pecking behavior of pigeons maintained by two-component multiple schedules of shock postponement were determined. During the first experimental phase the response-shock interval (RS) was held constant and the shock-shock interval (SS) varied. Under these conditions, shock rate was greater during the component with the shorter SS. However, response rates were comparable in both components. Also, the magnitude of the response rate increments caused by appropriate doses of amphetamine during both schedule components were similar. During the second experimental phase, the SS was held constant and the RS varied. As a consequence, baseline response rate was considerably lower in the component with the longer RS than in the short RS component. Shock presentations were also less frequent during the former than during the latter component, but the differences in shock rate between the components were comparable or smaller than those observed during the first experimental phase. Under these conditions, the effects of amphetamine in the two schedules components were markedly different, lower response rates being considerably more increased than higher rates.", "contents": "Effect of amphetamine on nondiscriminated key-pecking avoidance in pigeons. Dose-effect curves for amphetamine on key-pecking behavior of pigeons maintained by two-component multiple schedules of shock postponement were determined. During the first experimental phase the response-shock interval (RS) was held constant and the shock-shock interval (SS) varied. Under these conditions, shock rate was greater during the component with the shorter SS. However, response rates were comparable in both components. Also, the magnitude of the response rate increments caused by appropriate doses of amphetamine during both schedule components were similar. During the second experimental phase, the SS was held constant and the RS varied. As a consequence, baseline response rate was considerably lower in the component with the longer RS than in the short RS component. Shock presentations were also less frequent during the former than during the latter component, but the differences in shock rate between the components were comparable or smaller than those observed during the first experimental phase. Under these conditions, the effects of amphetamine in the two schedules components were markedly different, lower response rates being considerably more increased than higher rates.", "PMID": 108726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8362", "title": "Tryptophan antidepressant 'physiological sedative': fact or fancy?", "content": "Some recent publications relating to the allegedly antidepressive and sedative effects of L-tryptophan the precursor of 5-HT have been reviewed. The evidence to date suggests that the amino acid is as effective as standard tricyclic drugs in alleviating the symptoms of depression, especially those cases presenting with mainly psychomotor retardation, and is synergistic with MAOIs. L-Tryptophan would also appear to be a 'physiological sedative'. This action, however, appears to be related to the time of administration and at present has only been demonstrated at night. when endogenous levels of 5-HT are at their peak. In terms of practical therapeutics L-tryptophan would appear to have greater potential as an 'antidepressant' than as a 'sedative'.", "contents": "Tryptophan antidepressant 'physiological sedative': fact or fancy? Some recent publications relating to the allegedly antidepressive and sedative effects of L-tryptophan the precursor of 5-HT have been reviewed. The evidence to date suggests that the amino acid is as effective as standard tricyclic drugs in alleviating the symptoms of depression, especially those cases presenting with mainly psychomotor retardation, and is synergistic with MAOIs. L-Tryptophan would also appear to be a 'physiological sedative'. This action, however, appears to be related to the time of administration and at present has only been demonstrated at night. when endogenous levels of 5-HT are at their peak. In terms of practical therapeutics L-tryptophan would appear to have greater potential as an 'antidepressant' than as a 'sedative'.", "PMID": 108727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8363", "title": "Effect of L-tryptophan on the acquisition of tolerance to ethanol-induced motor impairment and hypothermia.", "content": "Rats were rendered tolerant to ethanol by daily gavage of 4--5 g/kg. The degree of motor impairment on the moving belt test and of hypothermia after i.p. test doses of ethanol was measured prior to and at various times during the chronic treatment, to assess the rates of tolerance development. L-Tryptophan (75 mg/kg twice daily) was administered chronically to elevate brain serotonin level. This treatment did not alter the motor impairment or hypothermia produced by the initial test doses of ethanol (2.0 and 2.5 g/kg respectively). However, the development of tolerance to both the motor impairment and hypothermia effects of ethanol was accelerated in the tryptophan-treated rats. This finding complements our earlier observations that depletion of 5-HT with p-CPA slows down tolerance. Blood ethanol measurements at 20 min (motor impairment) or 90 min (hypothermia) after the administration of the test dose reveal no significant difference between the control and tryptophan-treated rats, suggesting that tryptophan did not influence the metabolism of ethanol. This finding supports the hypothesis that brain serotonin modulates the development of tolerance to ethanol.", "contents": "Effect of L-tryptophan on the acquisition of tolerance to ethanol-induced motor impairment and hypothermia. Rats were rendered tolerant to ethanol by daily gavage of 4--5 g/kg. The degree of motor impairment on the moving belt test and of hypothermia after i.p. test doses of ethanol was measured prior to and at various times during the chronic treatment, to assess the rates of tolerance development. L-Tryptophan (75 mg/kg twice daily) was administered chronically to elevate brain serotonin level. This treatment did not alter the motor impairment or hypothermia produced by the initial test doses of ethanol (2.0 and 2.5 g/kg respectively). However, the development of tolerance to both the motor impairment and hypothermia effects of ethanol was accelerated in the tryptophan-treated rats. This finding complements our earlier observations that depletion of 5-HT with p-CPA slows down tolerance. Blood ethanol measurements at 20 min (motor impairment) or 90 min (hypothermia) after the administration of the test dose reveal no significant difference between the control and tryptophan-treated rats, suggesting that tryptophan did not influence the metabolism of ethanol. This finding supports the hypothesis that brain serotonin modulates the development of tolerance to ethanol.", "PMID": 108729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8364", "title": "Effects of delta-aminolaevulinic acid administration on social behaviour in the laboratory mouse.", "content": "Ethologic analysis has been used to study the behavioural effects following injection of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) in mice. After a dose level of 1.6 mmol ALA/kg, male and female mice showed periods of immobility and scanned less frequently than saline-injected controls. Exploration of the cage was significantly reduced in frequency in treated males, many elements of social and sexual investigation were reduced in treated females, and no elements of aggression were seen in treated males. Gait was abnormal and movement lethargic in animals showing the greatest degree of immobility. Righting reflexes and the response to stimuli of noise and touch remained normal. After a dose level of 0.8 mmol ALA/kg, no significant behavioural effects were detectable.", "contents": "Effects of delta-aminolaevulinic acid administration on social behaviour in the laboratory mouse. Ethologic analysis has been used to study the behavioural effects following injection of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) in mice. After a dose level of 1.6 mmol ALA/kg, male and female mice showed periods of immobility and scanned less frequently than saline-injected controls. Exploration of the cage was significantly reduced in frequency in treated males, many elements of social and sexual investigation were reduced in treated females, and no elements of aggression were seen in treated males. Gait was abnormal and movement lethargic in animals showing the greatest degree of immobility. Righting reflexes and the response to stimuli of noise and touch remained normal. After a dose level of 0.8 mmol ALA/kg, no significant behavioural effects were detectable.", "PMID": 108730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8365", "title": "The effect of amitriptyline and mianserine (Org. GB94) on food motivated behaviour of rats trained in a runway: possible correlation with biogenic amine concentration in the limbic system.", "content": "Rats on a 23 h food deprivation schedule were trained to run down a straight runway for a food reward. Neither amitriptyline nor mianserine had an effect on the running time for the food reward during the period of continuous reinforcement. However both antidepressants delayed the extinction of this response. It seems unlikely that this effect on extinction was due to an altered motivation for the food reward as amitriptyline significantly decreased the food intake of the experimental animals while mianserine increased the food intake throughout the period of the experiment. The observation that both these antidepressants reduce the speed of extinction of rewarded behaviour may be explicable in terms of observed changes in the concentration of biogenic amines in the limbic system.", "contents": "The effect of amitriptyline and mianserine (Org. GB94) on food motivated behaviour of rats trained in a runway: possible correlation with biogenic amine concentration in the limbic system. Rats on a 23 h food deprivation schedule were trained to run down a straight runway for a food reward. Neither amitriptyline nor mianserine had an effect on the running time for the food reward during the period of continuous reinforcement. However both antidepressants delayed the extinction of this response. It seems unlikely that this effect on extinction was due to an altered motivation for the food reward as amitriptyline significantly decreased the food intake of the experimental animals while mianserine increased the food intake throughout the period of the experiment. The observation that both these antidepressants reduce the speed of extinction of rewarded behaviour may be explicable in terms of observed changes in the concentration of biogenic amines in the limbic system.", "PMID": 108731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8366", "title": "Enhanced 5-hydroxytryptamine-mediated behavioural responses in rats following repeated electroconvulsive shock: relevance to the mechanism of the antidepressive effect of electroconvulsive therapy.", "content": "Treatment of rats with one electroconvulsive shock (ECS) per day for 10 days enhanced the hyperactivity syndrome produced by administration of tranylcypromine (10 mg kg-1) and L-tryptophan (50 mg kg-1) given 24 h after the final shock. Similar enhancement was seen whether the shock was alternating sinusoidal or direct current (fractionated), whether it was given through unilaterally or bilaterally placed electrodes and whether or not a neuromuscular blocking agent (fazadinium) was used. Five shocks spread over 10 days or 8 shocks spread over 17 days were similarly effective, whilst 8 shocks in 1 day were ineffective. Therefore when ECS are given to rats in ways similar to those in which electroconvulsive therapy is given to patients with depression, enhancement of behavioural responses to increased 5-HT function is produced.", "contents": "Enhanced 5-hydroxytryptamine-mediated behavioural responses in rats following repeated electroconvulsive shock: relevance to the mechanism of the antidepressive effect of electroconvulsive therapy. Treatment of rats with one electroconvulsive shock (ECS) per day for 10 days enhanced the hyperactivity syndrome produced by administration of tranylcypromine (10 mg kg-1) and L-tryptophan (50 mg kg-1) given 24 h after the final shock. Similar enhancement was seen whether the shock was alternating sinusoidal or direct current (fractionated), whether it was given through unilaterally or bilaterally placed electrodes and whether or not a neuromuscular blocking agent (fazadinium) was used. Five shocks spread over 10 days or 8 shocks spread over 17 days were similarly effective, whilst 8 shocks in 1 day were ineffective. Therefore when ECS are given to rats in ways similar to those in which electroconvulsive therapy is given to patients with depression, enhancement of behavioural responses to increased 5-HT function is produced.", "PMID": 108733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8367", "title": "Dissociation of autonomic and cognitive effects of THC in man.", "content": "Intravenous THC, 30--44.8 microgram/kg, was administered to four subjects. Each received THC on four occasions preceded by either i.v. saline, 0.04 mg/kg atropine sulfate, 0.2 mg/kg propranolol, or both drugs together. Heart rates, subjective intoxication and symptom ratings, time productions, and EEG activity were measured. In the absence of autonomic blocking drugs, THC produced characteristic tachycardia, subjective intoxication, and EEG effects. After combined autonomic blockade, THC had no effect on heart rate, while subjective and EEG changes remained as intense. These findings argue against the hypothesis that the subjective and EEG effects of THC are mediated by autonomic receptors or by interoception of peripheral autonomic actions of THC.", "contents": "Dissociation of autonomic and cognitive effects of THC in man. Intravenous THC, 30--44.8 microgram/kg, was administered to four subjects. Each received THC on four occasions preceded by either i.v. saline, 0.04 mg/kg atropine sulfate, 0.2 mg/kg propranolol, or both drugs together. Heart rates, subjective intoxication and symptom ratings, time productions, and EEG activity were measured. In the absence of autonomic blocking drugs, THC produced characteristic tachycardia, subjective intoxication, and EEG effects. After combined autonomic blockade, THC had no effect on heart rate, while subjective and EEG changes remained as intense. These findings argue against the hypothesis that the subjective and EEG effects of THC are mediated by autonomic receptors or by interoception of peripheral autonomic actions of THC.", "PMID": 108734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8368", "title": "The role of blocking and compensatory conditioning in the treatment preexposure effect.", "content": "Rats were given injections of an aversion-inducing drug in one environment, and then conditioned to avoid a novel-tasting saccharin solution. The treatment preexposure effect (i.e., reduced conditioning) was obtained when preexposure and aversion training took place in the same environment, but not in different environments. Additional experiments, which showed that consumption of a novel saccharin solution was selectively enhanced, rather than reduced, following exposure to aversion-inducing drugs, gave evidence that interference in the formation of conditioned taste aversions was not the result of associative blocking. Results of the final experiment suggested that enhanced drinking may have occurred because stimuli that characterized the environment in which preexposures were administered suppressed the action of the pituitary-adrenal system.", "contents": "The role of blocking and compensatory conditioning in the treatment preexposure effect. Rats were given injections of an aversion-inducing drug in one environment, and then conditioned to avoid a novel-tasting saccharin solution. The treatment preexposure effect (i.e., reduced conditioning) was obtained when preexposure and aversion training took place in the same environment, but not in different environments. Additional experiments, which showed that consumption of a novel saccharin solution was selectively enhanced, rather than reduced, following exposure to aversion-inducing drugs, gave evidence that interference in the formation of conditioned taste aversions was not the result of associative blocking. Results of the final experiment suggested that enhanced drinking may have occurred because stimuli that characterized the environment in which preexposures were administered suppressed the action of the pituitary-adrenal system.", "PMID": 108735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8369", "title": "[Emotional reactivity and neurovegetative balance in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been shown in male rats of two albino strains, Wistar and Sprague-Dawley, that differences in emotional reactivity were related to physiological differences (Bernet and Denimal, 1978). Particularly the resting heart rate was slower in the more emotionally reactive rats. It has been suggested that emotional reactivity is linked with a certain neurovegetative balance. This possibility was investigated in twelve rats of each strain by means of differential blockade of the autonomic nervous system by atropine and propranolol. The heart rate response of the emotionally reactive strain to propranolol was statistically smaller than that of the non reactive strain. On the other hand, the heart rate increase resulting from atropine treatment was more elevated in the same rats. The calculated sympathetic and parasympathetic tones (as % of intrinsic heart rate) were 8% and 30% respectively in the reactive rats. However, both of the tones were 14% in the non reactive rats. In conclusion, the high defecating rats in the open-field exhibit a lower sympathetic tone linked with a higher parasympathetic tone.", "contents": "[Emotional reactivity and neurovegetative balance in the rat (author's transl)]. It has been shown in male rats of two albino strains, Wistar and Sprague-Dawley, that differences in emotional reactivity were related to physiological differences (Bernet and Denimal, 1978). Particularly the resting heart rate was slower in the more emotionally reactive rats. It has been suggested that emotional reactivity is linked with a certain neurovegetative balance. This possibility was investigated in twelve rats of each strain by means of differential blockade of the autonomic nervous system by atropine and propranolol. The heart rate response of the emotionally reactive strain to propranolol was statistically smaller than that of the non reactive strain. On the other hand, the heart rate increase resulting from atropine treatment was more elevated in the same rats. The calculated sympathetic and parasympathetic tones (as % of intrinsic heart rate) were 8% and 30% respectively in the reactive rats. However, both of the tones were 14% in the non reactive rats. In conclusion, the high defecating rats in the open-field exhibit a lower sympathetic tone linked with a higher parasympathetic tone.", "PMID": 108736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8370", "title": "Plasmatic renin activity in patients treated with L-dopa and inhibitor of dopa decarboxylase (IDC).", "content": "Plasmatic renin activity (PRA) was studied in patients receiving L-dopa, together with a decarboxylase inhibitor, at rest times and after periods of physical exertion. Although we can superimpose the results from unrelated Parkinson's disease patients on those of the control group, the results are inversed in stabilized patients (lowered PRA) and dyskinetic patients (increased PRA). There is a definite correlation between the increase in PRA and intensity of the dyskinesia. Dosage is the only other factor differentiating the two groups of Parkinsonians treated. The figures relative to arterial pressure are studied in the various groups.", "contents": "Plasmatic renin activity in patients treated with L-dopa and inhibitor of dopa decarboxylase (IDC). Plasmatic renin activity (PRA) was studied in patients receiving L-dopa, together with a decarboxylase inhibitor, at rest times and after periods of physical exertion. Although we can superimpose the results from unrelated Parkinson's disease patients on those of the control group, the results are inversed in stabilized patients (lowered PRA) and dyskinetic patients (increased PRA). There is a definite correlation between the increase in PRA and intensity of the dyskinesia. Dosage is the only other factor differentiating the two groups of Parkinsonians treated. The figures relative to arterial pressure are studied in the various groups.", "PMID": 108737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8371", "title": "Marijuana and the perception of affect.", "content": "The influence of marijuana on the ability to perceive emotions in others was studied in 30 male volunteers who were experienced marijuana users. Subjects smoked either placebo or active marijuana containing 6 mg delta 9-THC. The Affective Sensitivity Scale, a test developed to measure the ability to perceive emotions in others, was divided at midpoint and the two halves were administered before and after smoking, respectively. Analysis of variance demonstrated a decline in test scores following active marijuana administration, while changes following the placebo treatment were not significant.", "contents": "Marijuana and the perception of affect. The influence of marijuana on the ability to perceive emotions in others was studied in 30 male volunteers who were experienced marijuana users. Subjects smoked either placebo or active marijuana containing 6 mg delta 9-THC. The Affective Sensitivity Scale, a test developed to measure the ability to perceive emotions in others, was divided at midpoint and the two halves were administered before and after smoking, respectively. Analysis of variance demonstrated a decline in test scores following active marijuana administration, while changes following the placebo treatment were not significant.", "PMID": 108738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8372", "title": "A placebo-controlled multicenter trial of Limbitrol versus its components (amitriptyline and chlordiazepoxide) in the symptomatic treatment of depressive illness.", "content": "In a multicenter, placebo-controlled, clinical trial, the efficacy of Limbitrol was compared with that of its components, amitriptyline and chlordiazepoxide. All patients had a diagnosis of primary depression. Data from 279 patients were evaluated using the Hamilton depression scale, the Beck depression inventory, and physician and patient global change measures. Statistically significant differences favoring Limbitrol occurred after 1 week of treatment, and a trend in favor of Limbitrol continued throughout the remaining 3 weeks. In most efficacy comparisons, the combination was as good as, or better than, amitriptyline alone. It was superior to chlordiazepoxide alone after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. Each component produced an independent contribution to the total therapeutic effect: the chlordiazepoxide effect was more prominent in the first 2 weeks and the amitriptyline effect in the latter 2 weeks. A trend favoring amitriptyline over chlordiazepoxide was evident by week 4. The overall incidence of side effects was comparable in both Limbitrol- and amitriptyline-treated groups. Limbitrol-treated patients exhibited more sedation, but significantly fewer Limbitrol patients discontinued treatment prematurely because of side effects.", "contents": "A placebo-controlled multicenter trial of Limbitrol versus its components (amitriptyline and chlordiazepoxide) in the symptomatic treatment of depressive illness. In a multicenter, placebo-controlled, clinical trial, the efficacy of Limbitrol was compared with that of its components, amitriptyline and chlordiazepoxide. All patients had a diagnosis of primary depression. Data from 279 patients were evaluated using the Hamilton depression scale, the Beck depression inventory, and physician and patient global change measures. Statistically significant differences favoring Limbitrol occurred after 1 week of treatment, and a trend in favor of Limbitrol continued throughout the remaining 3 weeks. In most efficacy comparisons, the combination was as good as, or better than, amitriptyline alone. It was superior to chlordiazepoxide alone after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. Each component produced an independent contribution to the total therapeutic effect: the chlordiazepoxide effect was more prominent in the first 2 weeks and the amitriptyline effect in the latter 2 weeks. A trend favoring amitriptyline over chlordiazepoxide was evident by week 4. The overall incidence of side effects was comparable in both Limbitrol- and amitriptyline-treated groups. Limbitrol-treated patients exhibited more sedation, but significantly fewer Limbitrol patients discontinued treatment prematurely because of side effects.", "PMID": 108739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8373", "title": "Inhibition of activity in rats by rubidium chloride.", "content": "Effects of two dosages of rubidium chloride on exploration, locomotion, rearing and immobility were assessed for male and female rats in an exploration box and an open field. In contrast to previous findings, rubidium was found to decrease locomotion and rearing in the exploratory box, and also to decrease locomotion in the open field. Further research in a variety of experimental settings is required before the effects of rubidium on activity can be fully evaluated.", "contents": "Inhibition of activity in rats by rubidium chloride. Effects of two dosages of rubidium chloride on exploration, locomotion, rearing and immobility were assessed for male and female rats in an exploration box and an open field. In contrast to previous findings, rubidium was found to decrease locomotion and rearing in the exploratory box, and also to decrease locomotion in the open field. Further research in a variety of experimental settings is required before the effects of rubidium on activity can be fully evaluated.", "PMID": 108740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8374", "title": "Comparison of the discriminative stimulus properties of nefopam and morphine.", "content": "Separate groups of rats were trained to discriminate nefopam or morphine from saline in a two-lever operant task. Nefopam produced saline-appropriate responding in morphine-trained rats. The highest dose of morphine tested in nefopam-trained rats produced responding appropriate for neither training treatment. This intermediate morphine responding was antagonized by a naloxone treatment that had no effect on the nefopam discrimination. These results suggest that the stimulus properties of nefopam and morphine are qualitatively different but also that morphine produces effects related to those that result in stimulus control by nefopam.", "contents": "Comparison of the discriminative stimulus properties of nefopam and morphine. Separate groups of rats were trained to discriminate nefopam or morphine from saline in a two-lever operant task. Nefopam produced saline-appropriate responding in morphine-trained rats. The highest dose of morphine tested in nefopam-trained rats produced responding appropriate for neither training treatment. This intermediate morphine responding was antagonized by a naloxone treatment that had no effect on the nefopam discrimination. These results suggest that the stimulus properties of nefopam and morphine are qualitatively different but also that morphine produces effects related to those that result in stimulus control by nefopam.", "PMID": 108741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8375", "title": "Clonidine induced hyperphagia and weight gain in monkeys.", "content": "The effect of the alpha-noradrenergic receptor agonist, clonidine, on food intake and weight was examined in ten adult Stumptail macaque monkeys. An intramuscular injection of 0.1 mg/kg of clonidine HCl for seven consecutive days significantly increased food intake from baseline levels throughout treatment. All but two monkeys gained weight during clonidine treatment with seven animals gaining from 5--15% of their original body weight by the end of 1 week.", "contents": "Clonidine induced hyperphagia and weight gain in monkeys. The effect of the alpha-noradrenergic receptor agonist, clonidine, on food intake and weight was examined in ten adult Stumptail macaque monkeys. An intramuscular injection of 0.1 mg/kg of clonidine HCl for seven consecutive days significantly increased food intake from baseline levels throughout treatment. All but two monkeys gained weight during clonidine treatment with seven animals gaining from 5--15% of their original body weight by the end of 1 week.", "PMID": 108742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8376", "title": "Enhanced responsiveness to intraventricular infusion of amphetamine following its repeated systemic administration.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that long-term administration of d-amphetamine produces a progressive augmentation of behavior. In the present experiment, rats receiving repeated systemic injections responded to an intraventricular infusion of d-amphetamine with an augmented increase in locomotor activity. These results indicate that central mechanisms, rather than peripheral dispositional factors, subserve the enhanced behavioral response to repeated amphetamine administration.", "contents": "Enhanced responsiveness to intraventricular infusion of amphetamine following its repeated systemic administration. Previous studies have demonstrated that long-term administration of d-amphetamine produces a progressive augmentation of behavior. In the present experiment, rats receiving repeated systemic injections responded to an intraventricular infusion of d-amphetamine with an augmented increase in locomotor activity. These results indicate that central mechanisms, rather than peripheral dispositional factors, subserve the enhanced behavioral response to repeated amphetamine administration.", "PMID": 108743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8377", "title": "Inhibition of isolation-induced aggressive behavior with GABA transaminase inhibitors.", "content": "Administration of aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) and gamma-acetylenic GABA (GAG) resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of aggressive behavior and a concomitant increase in brain GABA. The increase in GABA levels persisted beyond the time when AOAA and GAG exerted an anti-aggressive effect. Brain GABA levels remained significantly elevated over controls for 120 h after a single injection of AOAA and 46 h after a single dose of GAG.", "contents": "Inhibition of isolation-induced aggressive behavior with GABA transaminase inhibitors. Administration of aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) and gamma-acetylenic GABA (GAG) resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of aggressive behavior and a concomitant increase in brain GABA. The increase in GABA levels persisted beyond the time when AOAA and GAG exerted an anti-aggressive effect. Brain GABA levels remained significantly elevated over controls for 120 h after a single injection of AOAA and 46 h after a single dose of GAG.", "PMID": 108744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8378", "title": "Comparison of tolerance development and dependence capacities of morphine, beta-endorphin, and [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide.", "content": "The tolerance-development capacities of beta-endorphin, [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide, and morphine were compared in rats, and the dependence capacity of morphine was compared with that of the enkephalin analogue in mice. Tolerance to the analgesic effect, as measured by the tail-flick test, developed somewhat more rapidly in the [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide-treated group than in the others. A similar relationship was found for the dependence capacity. Considering that the enkephalin analogue displayed the strongest analgesic activity, the well-known correlation between antinociceptive and tolerance development/dependence capacities of opiates seems to be valid for opioid peptides as well.", "contents": "Comparison of tolerance development and dependence capacities of morphine, beta-endorphin, and [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide. The tolerance-development capacities of beta-endorphin, [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide, and morphine were compared in rats, and the dependence capacity of morphine was compared with that of the enkephalin analogue in mice. Tolerance to the analgesic effect, as measured by the tail-flick test, developed somewhat more rapidly in the [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide-treated group than in the others. A similar relationship was found for the dependence capacity. Considering that the enkephalin analogue displayed the strongest analgesic activity, the well-known correlation between antinociceptive and tolerance development/dependence capacities of opiates seems to be valid for opioid peptides as well.", "PMID": 108745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8379", "title": "Effects of mescaline and amphetamine on simultaneous visual discrimination in two inbred strains of mice.", "content": "The effects of mescaline and amphetamine were investigated in BALB/cJ (BALB) and C57BL/6J (C57) mice using the five-choice Yerkes--Thompson Bryant--Bovet-Nitti apparatus for patterns discrimination. Two sets of experiments were carried out. In the first set, pretrial administration of mescaline (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) was followed by performance improvements in the C57 mice, while performances of the BALB strain were impaired by the treatment, as compared with those of the saline-injected (4 ml/kg) controls. The pretrial administration of amphetamine (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg) improved performances of both strains. In a second set of experiments, the same effects as in the pretrial experiments were observed in both strains following administration of mescaline (20 mg/kg) and amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) immediately after each experimental session. No effect was evident when the drugs were injected 2 h after training, suggesting that effects of the pretrial treatments were due to influences of mescaline and amphetamine on the consolidation processes of the two strains of mice tested.", "contents": "Effects of mescaline and amphetamine on simultaneous visual discrimination in two inbred strains of mice. The effects of mescaline and amphetamine were investigated in BALB/cJ (BALB) and C57BL/6J (C57) mice using the five-choice Yerkes--Thompson Bryant--Bovet-Nitti apparatus for patterns discrimination. Two sets of experiments were carried out. In the first set, pretrial administration of mescaline (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) was followed by performance improvements in the C57 mice, while performances of the BALB strain were impaired by the treatment, as compared with those of the saline-injected (4 ml/kg) controls. The pretrial administration of amphetamine (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg) improved performances of both strains. In a second set of experiments, the same effects as in the pretrial experiments were observed in both strains following administration of mescaline (20 mg/kg) and amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) immediately after each experimental session. No effect was evident when the drugs were injected 2 h after training, suggesting that effects of the pretrial treatments were due to influences of mescaline and amphetamine on the consolidation processes of the two strains of mice tested.", "PMID": 108746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8380", "title": "Lack of response inhibition in rats prenatally exposed to alcohol.", "content": "Offspring of mothers who consumed either 32, 19, 8, or 0% of their daily caloric intake in the form of ethanol during pregnancy were tested for passive avoidance. At 18 days of age, the number of trials to criterion and the within-group variability were direct functions of the amount of ethanol consumed by the mother during pregnancy. At 41--53 days of age, alcohol-treated pups still required more trials to criterion than controls and had faster speeds into the shock compartment on the first trial. When the progeny of mothers consuming either 35, 17, or 0% ethanol-derived calories during pregnancy were compared for conditioned taste aversion to a lithium chloride solution, a linear dose-response function was again evident. Animals in the alcohol-treated groups showed less suppression of drinking than controls. These investigations indicated that the effects of alcohol exposure in utero were manifested in behavioral outcomes involving response inhibition that were not correlated with the more familiar physical symptoms.", "contents": "Lack of response inhibition in rats prenatally exposed to alcohol. Offspring of mothers who consumed either 32, 19, 8, or 0% of their daily caloric intake in the form of ethanol during pregnancy were tested for passive avoidance. At 18 days of age, the number of trials to criterion and the within-group variability were direct functions of the amount of ethanol consumed by the mother during pregnancy. At 41--53 days of age, alcohol-treated pups still required more trials to criterion than controls and had faster speeds into the shock compartment on the first trial. When the progeny of mothers consuming either 35, 17, or 0% ethanol-derived calories during pregnancy were compared for conditioned taste aversion to a lithium chloride solution, a linear dose-response function was again evident. Animals in the alcohol-treated groups showed less suppression of drinking than controls. These investigations indicated that the effects of alcohol exposure in utero were manifested in behavioral outcomes involving response inhibition that were not correlated with the more familiar physical symptoms.", "PMID": 108747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8381", "title": "The effect of (-) trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, alone and in combination with ethanol, on human performance.", "content": "Twenty five volunteers received (-) trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (320 microgram/kg) or placebo (both orally, T0), and, 60 min later, they consumed an ethanolic beverage (0.54 g/kg) or placebo. The effects of this medication were measured at T1 (100 min after THC ingestion), T2 (160 min), T3 (220 min) and T4 (280 min) using a battery of cognitive, perceptual and motor function tests. Factorial analysis indicated that the test procedures could be adequately expressed by four rotated factors: a reaction speed factor (I'), a cognitive factor (II'), a standing steadiness factor (III') and a psychomotor coordination factor (IV'). The first principal component (I) was used as a measure of general performance across the whole test battery. Both THC and ethanol produced significant decrements in the general performance factor. Ethanol produced significant decrements in standing steadiness and psychomotor coordination, while THC caused a significant deterioration in performance on all the four rotated factors. In all cases the peak effect of ethanol occurred at T1 and by T4 the effect had worn off. The performance decrements induced by THC were slower in onset and lasted longer than those induced by ethanol. In general, the peak effect of THC occurred at T1 and T2. There was no evidence of any interaction between THC and ethanol, and the effects of a combination of THC and ethanol were no more than additive. THC (but not ethanol) produced a significant rise in pulse rate. Prior administration of THC did not significantly affect the blood ethanol levels obtained. The subjects were able to identify correctly which of the treatments they had received.", "contents": "The effect of (-) trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, alone and in combination with ethanol, on human performance. Twenty five volunteers received (-) trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (320 microgram/kg) or placebo (both orally, T0), and, 60 min later, they consumed an ethanolic beverage (0.54 g/kg) or placebo. The effects of this medication were measured at T1 (100 min after THC ingestion), T2 (160 min), T3 (220 min) and T4 (280 min) using a battery of cognitive, perceptual and motor function tests. Factorial analysis indicated that the test procedures could be adequately expressed by four rotated factors: a reaction speed factor (I'), a cognitive factor (II'), a standing steadiness factor (III') and a psychomotor coordination factor (IV'). The first principal component (I) was used as a measure of general performance across the whole test battery. Both THC and ethanol produced significant decrements in the general performance factor. Ethanol produced significant decrements in standing steadiness and psychomotor coordination, while THC caused a significant deterioration in performance on all the four rotated factors. In all cases the peak effect of ethanol occurred at T1 and by T4 the effect had worn off. The performance decrements induced by THC were slower in onset and lasted longer than those induced by ethanol. In general, the peak effect of THC occurred at T1 and T2. There was no evidence of any interaction between THC and ethanol, and the effects of a combination of THC and ethanol were no more than additive. THC (but not ethanol) produced a significant rise in pulse rate. Prior administration of THC did not significantly affect the blood ethanol levels obtained. The subjects were able to identify correctly which of the treatments they had received.", "PMID": 108748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8382", "title": "Effect of drugs influencing central serotonergic mechanisms on haloperidol-induced catalepsy.", "content": "Pretreatment with quipazine, a serotonin agonist, and clomipramine, a selective serotonin neuronal uptake blocker, was found to potentiate the cataleptic effect of haloperidol in a dose-dependent manner in rats. Pretreatment with methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, reduced the cataleptic effect of haloperidol. The results indicate that the cataleptic effect of neuroleptics depends on the balance between the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, and that the serotonergic system exerts an inhibitory influence on the dopaminergic system.", "contents": "Effect of drugs influencing central serotonergic mechanisms on haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Pretreatment with quipazine, a serotonin agonist, and clomipramine, a selective serotonin neuronal uptake blocker, was found to potentiate the cataleptic effect of haloperidol in a dose-dependent manner in rats. Pretreatment with methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, reduced the cataleptic effect of haloperidol. The results indicate that the cataleptic effect of neuroleptics depends on the balance between the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, and that the serotonergic system exerts an inhibitory influence on the dopaminergic system.", "PMID": 108749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8383", "title": "Effects of sodium amylobarbitone on memory processes in the pigeon.", "content": "An experiment was carried out in the pigeon to assess the effects of sodium amylobarbitone (SAB) on memory, using a delayed pair comparison task. Performance was disrupted at all delays by doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg SAB and it was concluded that this effect was not due to perceptual impairment or stereotyped responding, which the drug might have caused, since performance on a visual discrimination task was unaffected by the same doses of SAB. Two further experiments assessed proactive and retroactive effects by varying the inter-trial interval and by introducing an irrelevant orange stimulus at various stages of the delay interval. Although these manipulations disrupted performance, there was no evidence to suggest that the drug potentiated their effects in a specific manner. The results are discussed in terms of an encoding hypothesis, and some reference is made to the possible neuropharmacological basis of action of this drug.", "contents": "Effects of sodium amylobarbitone on memory processes in the pigeon. An experiment was carried out in the pigeon to assess the effects of sodium amylobarbitone (SAB) on memory, using a delayed pair comparison task. Performance was disrupted at all delays by doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg SAB and it was concluded that this effect was not due to perceptual impairment or stereotyped responding, which the drug might have caused, since performance on a visual discrimination task was unaffected by the same doses of SAB. Two further experiments assessed proactive and retroactive effects by varying the inter-trial interval and by introducing an irrelevant orange stimulus at various stages of the delay interval. Although these manipulations disrupted performance, there was no evidence to suggest that the drug potentiated their effects in a specific manner. The results are discussed in terms of an encoding hypothesis, and some reference is made to the possible neuropharmacological basis of action of this drug.", "PMID": 108750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8384", "title": "Intracranial self-stimulation in orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nucleus of rhesus monkey: effects of apomorphine, pimozide, and spiroperidol.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were prepared with stimulating electrodes implanted into the orbitofrontal cortex and head of the caudate nucleus under stereotaxic control. These regions of the brain contain high levels of dopamine, and intracranial self-stimulation was readily elicited from these loci in all animals tested using licking behavior as the operant response. Self-stimulation at both sites was significantly attenuated following peripheral injections of the dopamine receptor blocker spiroperidol (0.02 mg/kg). Similarly, pimozide (0.15 and 0.20 mg/kg) significantly reduced self-stimulation in the orbitofrontal cortex, but the suppression observed at caudate placements did not reach statistical significance. Licking for a reward of blackcurrant juice was unaffected by either drug. Apomorphine (0.2, 0.4 mg/kg) had a differential effect on self-stimulation. This drug significantly attenuated self-stimulation in the orbitofrontal cortex, while the same treatment tended to facilitate self-stimulation in the caudate. Apomorphine did not significantly affect responding for the fruit juice reward. The parallels between the effects of dopamine agonists and antagonists on self-stimulation in the monkey and rat suggest that dopamine influences self-stimulation of some sites in both the primate and the rat.", "contents": "Intracranial self-stimulation in orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nucleus of rhesus monkey: effects of apomorphine, pimozide, and spiroperidol. Rhesus monkeys were prepared with stimulating electrodes implanted into the orbitofrontal cortex and head of the caudate nucleus under stereotaxic control. These regions of the brain contain high levels of dopamine, and intracranial self-stimulation was readily elicited from these loci in all animals tested using licking behavior as the operant response. Self-stimulation at both sites was significantly attenuated following peripheral injections of the dopamine receptor blocker spiroperidol (0.02 mg/kg). Similarly, pimozide (0.15 and 0.20 mg/kg) significantly reduced self-stimulation in the orbitofrontal cortex, but the suppression observed at caudate placements did not reach statistical significance. Licking for a reward of blackcurrant juice was unaffected by either drug. Apomorphine (0.2, 0.4 mg/kg) had a differential effect on self-stimulation. This drug significantly attenuated self-stimulation in the orbitofrontal cortex, while the same treatment tended to facilitate self-stimulation in the caudate. Apomorphine did not significantly affect responding for the fruit juice reward. The parallels between the effects of dopamine agonists and antagonists on self-stimulation in the monkey and rat suggest that dopamine influences self-stimulation of some sites in both the primate and the rat.", "PMID": 108751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8385", "title": "The actions of dopaminergic and noradrenergic antagonists on conditioned avoidance responses in intact and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats.", "content": "The actions of various doses of haloperidol, pimozide, clozapine, and phenoxybenzamine were assessed on a conditioned-avoidance response (CAR) in control and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats, using a pole-climbing device. Haloperidol proved to be the most potent in disrupting the CAR. Pimozide was about 1.6 times less potent, and clozapine and phenoxybenzamine were approximately 52 and 155 times less potent than haloperidol, respectively. Prior treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine slightly enhanced the sensitivity to some of the doses of the DA and NE antagonists. Significantly lower levels of responding, however, were observed only after the highest dose of primozide. Clonidine was not only ineffective in reverting avoidance decrements, but also induced a further decline of the CAR. Apomorphine produced a partial, but significant, reversal of the haloperidol and pimozide-induced depression of conditioned responses. Regarding the clozapine-pretreated animals, a significant antagonism was observed only with the smaller dose of apomorphine. The highest dose induced a further decline of the CAR. The DA agonist was also ineffective in the phenoxybenzamine-injected rats. Amphetamine was effective in antagonizing the avoidance decrements produced by all the CA antagonists. Our results support the suggestion that CAR depends on both DA and NE mechanisms. DA seems to be more significant that NE, however, since the CAR was more depressed when receptors depending on the former neurotransmitter were blocked.", "contents": "The actions of dopaminergic and noradrenergic antagonists on conditioned avoidance responses in intact and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. The actions of various doses of haloperidol, pimozide, clozapine, and phenoxybenzamine were assessed on a conditioned-avoidance response (CAR) in control and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats, using a pole-climbing device. Haloperidol proved to be the most potent in disrupting the CAR. Pimozide was about 1.6 times less potent, and clozapine and phenoxybenzamine were approximately 52 and 155 times less potent than haloperidol, respectively. Prior treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine slightly enhanced the sensitivity to some of the doses of the DA and NE antagonists. Significantly lower levels of responding, however, were observed only after the highest dose of primozide. Clonidine was not only ineffective in reverting avoidance decrements, but also induced a further decline of the CAR. Apomorphine produced a partial, but significant, reversal of the haloperidol and pimozide-induced depression of conditioned responses. Regarding the clozapine-pretreated animals, a significant antagonism was observed only with the smaller dose of apomorphine. The highest dose induced a further decline of the CAR. The DA agonist was also ineffective in the phenoxybenzamine-injected rats. Amphetamine was effective in antagonizing the avoidance decrements produced by all the CA antagonists. Our results support the suggestion that CAR depends on both DA and NE mechanisms. DA seems to be more significant that NE, however, since the CAR was more depressed when receptors depending on the former neurotransmitter were blocked.", "PMID": 108752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8386", "title": "The antagonizing effect of aspartic acid on morphine withdrawal and levallorphan-precipitated abstinence syndrome signs and on associated changes in brain levels of free amino acids in the rat.", "content": "We have previously demonstrated the antagonizing effect of aspartic acid on some effects of morphine and on the development of physical dependence on, and tolerance to, morphine. In the present study, we have withdrawal from morphine or administration of a morphine antagonist. For this purpose sixty five white rats were given morphine and aspartic acid separately and in combination in a 5% saccharose solution instead of drinking water for 30 days. Some of the dependent rats were then withdrawn and others were injected with levallorphan. Flying, jumping, wet-dog shaking, body weight loss and motor activity were estimated and free amino acid levels in the brain were determined. Aspartic acid was found to prevent or antagonize the behavioural signs and the changes in the free amino acid levels in the brain. The results are discussed in the light of the previous data.", "contents": "The antagonizing effect of aspartic acid on morphine withdrawal and levallorphan-precipitated abstinence syndrome signs and on associated changes in brain levels of free amino acids in the rat. We have previously demonstrated the antagonizing effect of aspartic acid on some effects of morphine and on the development of physical dependence on, and tolerance to, morphine. In the present study, we have withdrawal from morphine or administration of a morphine antagonist. For this purpose sixty five white rats were given morphine and aspartic acid separately and in combination in a 5% saccharose solution instead of drinking water for 30 days. Some of the dependent rats were then withdrawn and others were injected with levallorphan. Flying, jumping, wet-dog shaking, body weight loss and motor activity were estimated and free amino acid levels in the brain were determined. Aspartic acid was found to prevent or antagonize the behavioural signs and the changes in the free amino acid levels in the brain. The results are discussed in the light of the previous data.", "PMID": 108753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8387", "title": "Impaired acquisition and retention of a passive avoidance response after chronic ingestion of taurine.", "content": "Oral administration of taurine (0.9%) in the drinking water resulted in impairment of acquisition and, to a lesser extent, retention of a step-down passive avoidance task in rats. No effect was found on spontaneous locomotor activity or habituation measured in photocell activity cages. There were also no differences observed in either the taurine-treated or control rats in their sensitivity to electric shock. These observations suggest that the administration of oral taurine may have adverse effects on inhibitory or memory functions.", "contents": "Impaired acquisition and retention of a passive avoidance response after chronic ingestion of taurine. Oral administration of taurine (0.9%) in the drinking water resulted in impairment of acquisition and, to a lesser extent, retention of a step-down passive avoidance task in rats. No effect was found on spontaneous locomotor activity or habituation measured in photocell activity cages. There were also no differences observed in either the taurine-treated or control rats in their sensitivity to electric shock. These observations suggest that the administration of oral taurine may have adverse effects on inhibitory or memory functions.", "PMID": 108754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8388", "title": "Adrenergic and dopaminergic response to chronic chair restraint in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Prolonged chair restraint and social isolation in the rhesus monkey led to a reduction in the urinary excretion of HVA (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid), DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid), VMA methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid), and MHPG (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylglycol) over a 3 week period. This adaptation to a chronically \"stressful\" situation corresponds to earlier studies on the rhesus monkey indicating a gradual reduction in the urinary excretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine after initiation of restraint. The following basic information on the urinary excretion of catecholamine metabolites was obtained: (1) the rate of excretion of the dopamine metabolites (HVA and DOPAC) is about four times higher than the rate of excretion of adrenergic metabolites (VMA and MHPG): (2) MHPG is the major adrenergic metabolite in the rhesus monkey; and (3) the excretion rates of the urinary metabolites varied considerably between animals.", "contents": "Adrenergic and dopaminergic response to chronic chair restraint in the rhesus monkey. Prolonged chair restraint and social isolation in the rhesus monkey led to a reduction in the urinary excretion of HVA (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid), DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid), VMA methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid), and MHPG (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylglycol) over a 3 week period. This adaptation to a chronically \"stressful\" situation corresponds to earlier studies on the rhesus monkey indicating a gradual reduction in the urinary excretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine after initiation of restraint. The following basic information on the urinary excretion of catecholamine metabolites was obtained: (1) the rate of excretion of the dopamine metabolites (HVA and DOPAC) is about four times higher than the rate of excretion of adrenergic metabolites (VMA and MHPG): (2) MHPG is the major adrenergic metabolite in the rhesus monkey; and (3) the excretion rates of the urinary metabolites varied considerably between animals.", "PMID": 108755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8389", "title": "Behavioral intervention with muscle-contraction headache: a review.", "content": "Studies involving behavioral intervention with muscle-contraction headache are reviewed. Intervention approaches have most frequently involved frontal electromyographic feedback and relaxation instructions. Although behavioral intervention packages have been more effective than control procedures in reducing headache activity, identification of active components of these packages is difficult. Specifically,, the contribution of placebo, expectancy and demand factors, reactive effects of self-monitoring, and home practice have not been adequately assessed. The importance of assessing individual differences in etiology and in response to intervention is stressed. The results of some studies are congruent with the hypothesized muscle tension etiology of muscle-contraction headaches but the results from others suggest that factors other than muscle-tension may be involved. Supportive laboratory research on the intervention procedures and cost-efficiency of electromyographic feedback and relaxation instructions are discussed.", "contents": "Behavioral intervention with muscle-contraction headache: a review. Studies involving behavioral intervention with muscle-contraction headache are reviewed. Intervention approaches have most frequently involved frontal electromyographic feedback and relaxation instructions. Although behavioral intervention packages have been more effective than control procedures in reducing headache activity, identification of active components of these packages is difficult. Specifically,, the contribution of placebo, expectancy and demand factors, reactive effects of self-monitoring, and home practice have not been adequately assessed. The importance of assessing individual differences in etiology and in response to intervention is stressed. The results of some studies are congruent with the hypothesized muscle tension etiology of muscle-contraction headaches but the results from others suggest that factors other than muscle-tension may be involved. Supportive laboratory research on the intervention procedures and cost-efficiency of electromyographic feedback and relaxation instructions are discussed.", "PMID": 108756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8390", "title": "Platelet monoamine oxidase activity correlates with social affiliative and agonistic behaviors in normal rhesus monkeys.", "content": "After a 4-mo study period, quantitative measures of stable behavioral traits in individual rhesus monkeys correlated significantly with platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity. In particular, behavioral items reflecting social activity and social contact, both agonistic and affiliative, were inversely correlated with enzyme activity. Time spent alone was positively correlated. Since platelet MAO activity is generally stable and predominantly controlled by genetic factors, it might serve as a \"genetic marker\" for individual differences in \"normal\" behaviors possibly related to differences in MAO activity in the brain and other tissues.", "contents": "Platelet monoamine oxidase activity correlates with social affiliative and agonistic behaviors in normal rhesus monkeys. After a 4-mo study period, quantitative measures of stable behavioral traits in individual rhesus monkeys correlated significantly with platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity. In particular, behavioral items reflecting social activity and social contact, both agonistic and affiliative, were inversely correlated with enzyme activity. Time spent alone was positively correlated. Since platelet MAO activity is generally stable and predominantly controlled by genetic factors, it might serve as a \"genetic marker\" for individual differences in \"normal\" behaviors possibly related to differences in MAO activity in the brain and other tissues.", "PMID": 108757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8391", "title": "Treatment of prolactin-secreting pituitary tumours in young women by needle implantation of radioactive yttrium.", "content": "Twenty-one young female patients are described who presented with amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea or infertility, and were treated by 90Y pituitary implantation of 20,000 rads. There was no morbidity. In all patients serum prolactin values were elevated and radiographs of the pituitary fossa were abnormal. Observations are available for 1--76 months (mean 27) after implantation. The median fall in prolactin values was 60 per cent while there was no deterioration in pituitary function if normal pre-operatively. Luteinizing hormone values, both basally and following gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, rose to normal after operation; several instances of sellar remodelling were observed radiologically, and no instance of relapse was found radiologically, biochemically or clinically. Thirteen patients desiring fertility have been observed since implantation; so far nine have become pregnant, in three instances without any additional therapy; since four patients became pregnant twice, a total of 13 pregnancies have occurred. No case of tumour expansion was observed during pregnancy. 90Y implantation can be considered as a therapeutic procedure in young female patients requiring fertility which is competitive with surgical methods, and together with a short course of bromocriptine if needed, could prove to be the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Treatment of prolactin-secreting pituitary tumours in young women by needle implantation of radioactive yttrium. Twenty-one young female patients are described who presented with amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea or infertility, and were treated by 90Y pituitary implantation of 20,000 rads. There was no morbidity. In all patients serum prolactin values were elevated and radiographs of the pituitary fossa were abnormal. Observations are available for 1--76 months (mean 27) after implantation. The median fall in prolactin values was 60 per cent while there was no deterioration in pituitary function if normal pre-operatively. Luteinizing hormone values, both basally and following gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, rose to normal after operation; several instances of sellar remodelling were observed radiologically, and no instance of relapse was found radiologically, biochemically or clinically. Thirteen patients desiring fertility have been observed since implantation; so far nine have become pregnant, in three instances without any additional therapy; since four patients became pregnant twice, a total of 13 pregnancies have occurred. No case of tumour expansion was observed during pregnancy. 90Y implantation can be considered as a therapeutic procedure in young female patients requiring fertility which is competitive with surgical methods, and together with a short course of bromocriptine if needed, could prove to be the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 108759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8392", "title": "Long-term curative results of radiotherapy of patients with inoperable prostatic carcinoma. Erskine Memorial Lecture, 1978.", "content": "A series of 59 consecutive patients with inoperable carcinoma of the prostate were entered into a national cooperative study and treated under the tenets of a strict protocol with competent dosimetric control. Twenty-one of these men are living and well 5--10 years after treatment; nine others who lived without cancer from 5 to 10 years died of other diseases. Local recurrences were not demonstrated in several cases which came to autopsy. Failures are often due to the development of osseous metastases outside of the effective area of radiotherapy. Untoward effects are the exception and may be minimized by fractionation.", "contents": "Long-term curative results of radiotherapy of patients with inoperable prostatic carcinoma. Erskine Memorial Lecture, 1978. A series of 59 consecutive patients with inoperable carcinoma of the prostate were entered into a national cooperative study and treated under the tenets of a strict protocol with competent dosimetric control. Twenty-one of these men are living and well 5--10 years after treatment; nine others who lived without cancer from 5 to 10 years died of other diseases. Local recurrences were not demonstrated in several cases which came to autopsy. Failures are often due to the development of osseous metastases outside of the effective area of radiotherapy. Untoward effects are the exception and may be minimized by fractionation.", "PMID": 108762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8393", "title": "Irradiation of primary brain-stem tumors.", "content": "Of 40 patients treated for brain-stem tumors, 20 had lesions of the thalamus and midbrain (group A) and 20 had lesions of the pons and medulla (group B). Performance status measured 1 month after irradiation improved in 16 of 20 group A and 11 of 20 group B patients and was a valuable prognostic factor. The survival rate at 5 years was 40% (8/20) in group A and 30% (6/20) in group B. All recurrences appeared within 3 years and were predominantly locoregional. Treatment factors, including dose and field size, are analyzed.", "contents": "Irradiation of primary brain-stem tumors. Of 40 patients treated for brain-stem tumors, 20 had lesions of the thalamus and midbrain (group A) and 20 had lesions of the pons and medulla (group B). Performance status measured 1 month after irradiation improved in 16 of 20 group A and 11 of 20 group B patients and was a valuable prognostic factor. The survival rate at 5 years was 40% (8/20) in group A and 30% (6/20) in group B. All recurrences appeared within 3 years and were predominantly locoregional. Treatment factors, including dose and field size, are analyzed.", "PMID": 108763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8394", "title": "Cardiac imaging with tantalum-178.", "content": "Tantalum-178 is a potential tracer for the first transit studies of the heart. It has a short physical half-life (9.3 minutes) and is obtained as a generator product from its long-lived (21.3 days) parent, tungsten-178. First transit studies were performed in the monkey and dog following the intravenous injection of 20 mCi (740 MBq) of tantalum-178. Imaging was performed with a large field of view single crystal camera and a multicrystal camera. Pulmonary dilution curves were derived for the analysis of left-to-right intracardiac shunting and high temporal resolution studies were obtained to assess left ventricular function and to measure left ventricular ejection fraction. The short physical half-life of tantalum-178 permits fraction. The short physical half-life of tantalum-178 permits multiple sequential studies with reduced patient radiation dose compared to the current radionuclide of choice, technetium-99m.", "contents": "Cardiac imaging with tantalum-178. Tantalum-178 is a potential tracer for the first transit studies of the heart. It has a short physical half-life (9.3 minutes) and is obtained as a generator product from its long-lived (21.3 days) parent, tungsten-178. First transit studies were performed in the monkey and dog following the intravenous injection of 20 mCi (740 MBq) of tantalum-178. Imaging was performed with a large field of view single crystal camera and a multicrystal camera. Pulmonary dilution curves were derived for the analysis of left-to-right intracardiac shunting and high temporal resolution studies were obtained to assess left ventricular function and to measure left ventricular ejection fraction. The short physical half-life of tantalum-178 permits fraction. The short physical half-life of tantalum-178 permits multiple sequential studies with reduced patient radiation dose compared to the current radionuclide of choice, technetium-99m.", "PMID": 108764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8395", "title": "Quality Assurance in diagnostic radiology: an irreverent view of a sacred cow: annual oration in honor of Albert Soiland, M.D.", "content": "The problem of federal regulation of radiologic practice is examined via an in-depth analysis of the Proposed Recommendations for Diagnostic Radiology Facility Quality Assurance Programs as published in the Federal Register by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs. It is shown that the need for such recommendations is not established, that the program proposed by the Commissioner is potentially burdensome for the radiologist, that it does not address the most significant causes of unnecessary patient irradiation, and that the benefits expected to derive from it are, in fact, negligible. This is not to denigrate the value of well-conceived quality assurance efforts, and measures are suggested that might more reasonably be expected to reduce the radiation exposure of the public. The radiologist is urged to 1) conduct his practice in as faultless a manner as possible; and 2) exercise his right to respond to proposals of the federal regulatory agencies.", "contents": "Quality Assurance in diagnostic radiology: an irreverent view of a sacred cow: annual oration in honor of Albert Soiland, M.D. The problem of federal regulation of radiologic practice is examined via an in-depth analysis of the Proposed Recommendations for Diagnostic Radiology Facility Quality Assurance Programs as published in the Federal Register by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs. It is shown that the need for such recommendations is not established, that the program proposed by the Commissioner is potentially burdensome for the radiologist, that it does not address the most significant causes of unnecessary patient irradiation, and that the benefits expected to derive from it are, in fact, negligible. This is not to denigrate the value of well-conceived quality assurance efforts, and measures are suggested that might more reasonably be expected to reduce the radiation exposure of the public. The radiologist is urged to 1) conduct his practice in as faultless a manner as possible; and 2) exercise his right to respond to proposals of the federal regulatory agencies.", "PMID": 108765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8396", "title": "Utilization of head computed tomography units: in installations with greater than two-and-a-half years' experience.", "content": "Utilization and economic data from head computed tomography (HCT) units providing more than 2 1/2 years' experience are compared with data from installations in 1976. The average unit operates 60 hr/wk, examining 63 patients. Nearly half the examinations are \"double\" studies, requiring about 53 minutes. The annual total technical cost is approximately $383,000. Charges have been reduced since 1976. While technical charges are lower in high-volume institutions, professional charges are higher. Usual charges and expected net revenues are above Medicare maximum allowable charges. Most units meet the national guidelines. There is considerable variation in data from individual facilities; a \"typical\" HCT unit cannot be defined.", "contents": "Utilization of head computed tomography units: in installations with greater than two-and-a-half years' experience. Utilization and economic data from head computed tomography (HCT) units providing more than 2 1/2 years' experience are compared with data from installations in 1976. The average unit operates 60 hr/wk, examining 63 patients. Nearly half the examinations are \"double\" studies, requiring about 53 minutes. The annual total technical cost is approximately $383,000. Charges have been reduced since 1976. While technical charges are lower in high-volume institutions, professional charges are higher. Usual charges and expected net revenues are above Medicare maximum allowable charges. Most units meet the national guidelines. There is considerable variation in data from individual facilities; a \"typical\" HCT unit cannot be defined.", "PMID": 108766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8397", "title": "Utilization of body computed tomography units: in installations with greater than one-and-a-half years' experience.", "content": "Utilization and economic data from body computed tomography (BCT) units with more than 1 1/2 years' experience are compared to data in 1977. The average unit operates 52 hr./wk., examining 34 patients. Head studies constitute 55% of examinations, abdominal and pelvic 38%. The total technical cost of examining 35 patients/wk. is approximately $384,000. Charges have been reduced since 1977 by approximately 5%; the average annual loss is about $77,000. Technical and professional charges are lower in high-volume institutions. Current Medicare maximum allowable charges are below BCT costs and charges. Only 17% of installations meet the National Guidelines of 2,500 patient examinations per year.", "contents": "Utilization of body computed tomography units: in installations with greater than one-and-a-half years' experience. Utilization and economic data from body computed tomography (BCT) units with more than 1 1/2 years' experience are compared to data in 1977. The average unit operates 52 hr./wk., examining 34 patients. Head studies constitute 55% of examinations, abdominal and pelvic 38%. The total technical cost of examining 35 patients/wk. is approximately $384,000. Charges have been reduced since 1977 by approximately 5%; the average annual loss is about $77,000. Technical and professional charges are lower in high-volume institutions. Current Medicare maximum allowable charges are below BCT costs and charges. Only 17% of installations meet the National Guidelines of 2,500 patient examinations per year.", "PMID": 108767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8398", "title": "Arachidonic acid level in cellular lipids determines the amount of prostaglandins synthesized during cell growth in tissue culture.", "content": "Methylcholanthrene transformed mouse fibroblast cells can be induced to synthesize prostaglandins by a short term incubation with various vasoactive agents including serum, bradykinin and thrombin or in response to mechanical detachment from the culture dish. The ability of the cells to synthesize prostaglandins upon stimulation changes during growth of the culture on the dish; the response is maximal on the first day after inoculation and decreased sharply thereafter. Feeding of the cells with fresh growth medium enhances prostaglandin production induced by all stimuli. The difference in the cell response during growth is probably not due to change of prostaglandin synthetase activity since the specific enzyme activities assayed with microsomal preparations of cells harvested from the first and third day culture are similar. However, analysis of the cellular content of arachidonic acid after saponification of the total lipid extract of cells harvested at different days of growth reveals that the level of arachidonic acid per cell during growth is parallel to the response to stimuli. It is maximal on the first day and decreases sharply on the second day and stays low on the third day. Our study suggests that the level of arachidonic acid in the cell governs the extent of prostaglandin synthesis upon stimulation.", "contents": "Arachidonic acid level in cellular lipids determines the amount of prostaglandins synthesized during cell growth in tissue culture. Methylcholanthrene transformed mouse fibroblast cells can be induced to synthesize prostaglandins by a short term incubation with various vasoactive agents including serum, bradykinin and thrombin or in response to mechanical detachment from the culture dish. The ability of the cells to synthesize prostaglandins upon stimulation changes during growth of the culture on the dish; the response is maximal on the first day after inoculation and decreased sharply thereafter. Feeding of the cells with fresh growth medium enhances prostaglandin production induced by all stimuli. The difference in the cell response during growth is probably not due to change of prostaglandin synthetase activity since the specific enzyme activities assayed with microsomal preparations of cells harvested from the first and third day culture are similar. However, analysis of the cellular content of arachidonic acid after saponification of the total lipid extract of cells harvested at different days of growth reveals that the level of arachidonic acid per cell during growth is parallel to the response to stimuli. It is maximal on the first day and decreases sharply on the second day and stays low on the third day. Our study suggests that the level of arachidonic acid in the cell governs the extent of prostaglandin synthesis upon stimulation.", "PMID": 108768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8399", "title": "Isolation of a new lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid, 8. 11, 12-trihydroxy-5,9,14-eicosatrienoic acid from human platelets.", "content": "Washed human platelets incubated with 1-14C-arachidonic acid (1mM) produced a new metabolite which migrated on thin layer chromatography close to thromboxane B2, but which was identified by mass spectrometry as a trihydroxy fatty acid. The mass spectrum was consistent with the assigned structure, 8,11,12-trihydroxy-5,9,14-eicosatrienoic acid (THETE). Platelet THETE synthesis from arachidonate was not inhibited by preincubation with asprin or indomethacin but was blocked by 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid. Therefore, THETE appears to arise via the platelet lipoxygenase pathway rather than via the prostaglandin cyclooxygenase. Two proposed structures, including a novel dihydro-hydroxy-pyran cyclic intermediate, which could give rise to THETE are presented.", "contents": "Isolation of a new lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid, 8. 11, 12-trihydroxy-5,9,14-eicosatrienoic acid from human platelets. Washed human platelets incubated with 1-14C-arachidonic acid (1mM) produced a new metabolite which migrated on thin layer chromatography close to thromboxane B2, but which was identified by mass spectrometry as a trihydroxy fatty acid. The mass spectrum was consistent with the assigned structure, 8,11,12-trihydroxy-5,9,14-eicosatrienoic acid (THETE). Platelet THETE synthesis from arachidonate was not inhibited by preincubation with asprin or indomethacin but was blocked by 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid. Therefore, THETE appears to arise via the platelet lipoxygenase pathway rather than via the prostaglandin cyclooxygenase. Two proposed structures, including a novel dihydro-hydroxy-pyran cyclic intermediate, which could give rise to THETE are presented.", "PMID": 108769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8400", "title": "Distribution of the hematozoa of Neotropical birds.", "content": "The literature pertaining to the prevalence of avian hematozoa in the Neotropics, together with unpublished records from the files of the International Reference Centre for Avian Haematozoa, has been examined with respect to the distribution of parasite genera by host family and region. The blood parasites of 35555 birds of 955 species (80 families) occurring in the Neotropics formed the basis for the comparisons. Only 3743 (10.5%) individuals harbored one or more species of hematozoa. Haemoproteus was the most commonly observed form exhibiting a 7.4% prevalence, followed by Plasmodium (1.9%), microfilaria (1.2%), Trypanosoma (0.6%), and Leucocytozoon (0.2%). Hematozoan prevalence varied markedly from region to region and among families. In comparison with a similar review of Nearctic avian hematozoan distribution, the Neotropics demonstrated a much lower prevalence and a near absence of Leucocytozoon.", "contents": "Distribution of the hematozoa of Neotropical birds. The literature pertaining to the prevalence of avian hematozoa in the Neotropics, together with unpublished records from the files of the International Reference Centre for Avian Haematozoa, has been examined with respect to the distribution of parasite genera by host family and region. The blood parasites of 35555 birds of 955 species (80 families) occurring in the Neotropics formed the basis for the comparisons. Only 3743 (10.5%) individuals harbored one or more species of hematozoa. Haemoproteus was the most commonly observed form exhibiting a 7.4% prevalence, followed by Plasmodium (1.9%), microfilaria (1.2%), Trypanosoma (0.6%), and Leucocytozoon (0.2%). Hematozoan prevalence varied markedly from region to region and among families. In comparison with a similar review of Nearctic avian hematozoan distribution, the Neotropics demonstrated a much lower prevalence and a near absence of Leucocytozoon.", "PMID": 108771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8401", "title": "[Note about the biology of Cuterebra apicalis (Gu\u00e9rin, 1829/38) (Diptera-Cuterebridae) (author's transl)].", "content": "This note reports the parasitism by Cuterebra apicalis Gu\u00e9rin (1829/1838) on the rodents Oryzomys eliurus and Calomys callosus collected in the north of Formosa county, Goi\u00e1s state. The infested animals were kept in the laboratory to allow observations on the development of the parasite.", "contents": "[Note about the biology of Cuterebra apicalis (Gu\u00e9rin, 1829/38) (Diptera-Cuterebridae) (author's transl)]. This note reports the parasitism by Cuterebra apicalis Gu\u00e9rin (1829/1838) on the rodents Oryzomys eliurus and Calomys callosus collected in the north of Formosa county, Goi\u00e1s state. The infested animals were kept in the laboratory to allow observations on the development of the parasite.", "PMID": 108773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8402", "title": "[Post-traumatic status epilepticus with only mental symptomatology].", "content": "The authors report the electroclinical data in a left-handed patient presenting with a partial paroxystic state immediately following cranial trauma complicated by a right temporal subdural hematoma. The clinical picture during the crisis was limited to symptoms evoking a subjective post-traumatic syndrome. Anti-convulsant treatment produced complete disappearance of clinical disorders and critical focal activity. The problems raised by this observation are discussed.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic status epilepticus with only mental symptomatology]. The authors report the electroclinical data in a left-handed patient presenting with a partial paroxystic state immediately following cranial trauma complicated by a right temporal subdural hematoma. The clinical picture during the crisis was limited to symptoms evoking a subjective post-traumatic syndrome. Anti-convulsant treatment produced complete disappearance of clinical disorders and critical focal activity. The problems raised by this observation are discussed.", "PMID": 108774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8403", "title": "[Benign focal epilepsy and \"electrical status epilepticus\" during sleep (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the electro-clinical state of four children having a type of epilepsy clinically characterized by rare partial motor seizures and frequent absences. From E.E.G. point of view they had focal (mainly frontal) and diffuse abnormalities. Such diffuse abnormalities became continuous during slow sleep, thus realizing an electrical status epilepticus. During such status partial subclinical seizures were recorded. At the onset such cases have electroclinical features resembling those observed in the form of epilepsy so-called \"benign partial epilepsy of children with rolandic or mid-temporal foci\". All cases, however, have behavioural problems (instability, desorientation) and decreased school performances. The epilepsy evolution, however, is favourable and such form should consequently be distinguished from the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.", "contents": "[Benign focal epilepsy and \"electrical status epilepticus\" during sleep (author's transl)]. The authors describe the electro-clinical state of four children having a type of epilepsy clinically characterized by rare partial motor seizures and frequent absences. From E.E.G. point of view they had focal (mainly frontal) and diffuse abnormalities. Such diffuse abnormalities became continuous during slow sleep, thus realizing an electrical status epilepticus. During such status partial subclinical seizures were recorded. At the onset such cases have electroclinical features resembling those observed in the form of epilepsy so-called \"benign partial epilepsy of children with rolandic or mid-temporal foci\". All cases, however, have behavioural problems (instability, desorientation) and decreased school performances. The epilepsy evolution, however, is favourable and such form should consequently be distinguished from the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.", "PMID": 108775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8404", "title": "p-Nitrophenol conjugation in perfused livers from normal and phenobarbital-treated rats: influence of nutritional state.", "content": "Conjugation of p-nitrophenol in perfused livers from control and phenobarbital-treated rats was measured spectrally by determining influent minus effluent concentration differences of the free drug. Rates of conjugation (1.0 to 2.0 mu moles/g/h) were essentially the same in livers from fasted control or fasted phenobarbital-treated rats. In control fed livers, rates of conjugation did not differ from the fasted state. However, rates of conjugation in livers from carbohydrate-rich, phenobarbital-treated rats were 6- to 10-fold greater than rates in livers from fasted phenobarbital-treated animals. Differences in rates of conjugation in phenobarbital-treated rats in different nutritional states were more closely related to carbohydrate reserves as indicated by glycogen levels than to activities of p-nitrophenyl UDP-glucuronyl transferase.", "contents": "p-Nitrophenol conjugation in perfused livers from normal and phenobarbital-treated rats: influence of nutritional state. Conjugation of p-nitrophenol in perfused livers from control and phenobarbital-treated rats was measured spectrally by determining influent minus effluent concentration differences of the free drug. Rates of conjugation (1.0 to 2.0 mu moles/g/h) were essentially the same in livers from fasted control or fasted phenobarbital-treated rats. In control fed livers, rates of conjugation did not differ from the fasted state. However, rates of conjugation in livers from carbohydrate-rich, phenobarbital-treated rats were 6- to 10-fold greater than rates in livers from fasted phenobarbital-treated animals. Differences in rates of conjugation in phenobarbital-treated rats in different nutritional states were more closely related to carbohydrate reserves as indicated by glycogen levels than to activities of p-nitrophenyl UDP-glucuronyl transferase.", "PMID": 108780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8405", "title": "[The G\u00f6ttinger minipig as a laboratory animal. 5. Communication: cardiac output, its regional distribution and organ blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "In 16 juvenile minipigs weighing 3.08 kg an average cardiac output of 23 ml/100 g body weight was measured with the dye-dilution method. The microsphere technique was used to assess distribution of cardiac output and organ blood flow. In 12 adult minipigs with a mean body weight of 21.5 kg the cardiac output of 14 ml/100 g body weight was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter. The values of total systemic and organic blood flow correlated well with those of man and partly with those of other laboratory animals.", "contents": "[The G\u00f6ttinger minipig as a laboratory animal. 5. Communication: cardiac output, its regional distribution and organ blood flow (author's transl)]. In 16 juvenile minipigs weighing 3.08 kg an average cardiac output of 23 ml/100 g body weight was measured with the dye-dilution method. The microsphere technique was used to assess distribution of cardiac output and organ blood flow. In 12 adult minipigs with a mean body weight of 21.5 kg the cardiac output of 14 ml/100 g body weight was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter. The values of total systemic and organic blood flow correlated well with those of man and partly with those of other laboratory animals.", "PMID": 108781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8406", "title": "[Post surgical ossifications (total prosthesis) of the hips in subjects suffering from vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis].", "content": "In a series of 67 patients suffering from vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis (VAH) and who underwent surgery in one or both hips (93) with installing of a prosthesis, we observed in all the subjects post-surgical coxal ossifications, and in 57 of them, large or very large ossifications. These ossifications appeared solely during the first year following surgery, and their final volume was reached during this first year. The appearance of such post-surgical coxal ossifications during the VAH is for us a characteristic of the disease. This observation is a factor that points to a general and non local (vertebral) mechanism of the VAH.", "contents": "[Post surgical ossifications (total prosthesis) of the hips in subjects suffering from vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis]. In a series of 67 patients suffering from vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis (VAH) and who underwent surgery in one or both hips (93) with installing of a prosthesis, we observed in all the subjects post-surgical coxal ossifications, and in 57 of them, large or very large ossifications. These ossifications appeared solely during the first year following surgery, and their final volume was reached during this first year. The appearance of such post-surgical coxal ossifications during the VAH is for us a characteristic of the disease. This observation is a factor that points to a general and non local (vertebral) mechanism of the VAH.", "PMID": 108798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8407", "title": "A new method for the determination of gastrointestinal transit times.", "content": "A new method for the determination of the gastrointestinal transit time (TT) is described. The normal range of the TT was 40--95 h in 58 normal subjects. No age or sex variation of the TT was disclosed. In 25 out-patients with the irritable bowel syndrome the TT was determined before and after 3 weeks' treatment with Vi-Siblin. Of these patients, 20% initially showed a prolonged TT; this decreased during treatment with Vi-Siblin. In the patients with normal TT, this remained unchanged during the treatment. Our study suggests that patients with long TT, long intervals between bowel movements, and frequent attacks of colicky abdominal pain may derive benefit from a plant fibre supplement to their diet. The method for the determination of the TT described is well suited to out-patient studies--also in large populations--since it is relatively easy to perform, stool collection is unnecessary, and the method shows good reproducibility.", "contents": "A new method for the determination of gastrointestinal transit times. A new method for the determination of the gastrointestinal transit time (TT) is described. The normal range of the TT was 40--95 h in 58 normal subjects. No age or sex variation of the TT was disclosed. In 25 out-patients with the irritable bowel syndrome the TT was determined before and after 3 weeks' treatment with Vi-Siblin. Of these patients, 20% initially showed a prolonged TT; this decreased during treatment with Vi-Siblin. In the patients with normal TT, this remained unchanged during the treatment. Our study suggests that patients with long TT, long intervals between bowel movements, and frequent attacks of colicky abdominal pain may derive benefit from a plant fibre supplement to their diet. The method for the determination of the TT described is well suited to out-patient studies--also in large populations--since it is relatively easy to perform, stool collection is unnecessary, and the method shows good reproducibility.", "PMID": 108801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8408", "title": "Interactions between mouse immunoglobulins and staphylococcal protein A.", "content": "When mouse serum or ascites is applied on protein A-Sepharose columns and washed with enough phosphate-buffered saline, a second protein peak is often eluted with the same buffer after the first major peak of unbound proteins. This second peak is almost pure Ig G1. More IgG1 plus IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 are thereafter eluted with acid saline. 90% of the IgG1 whichhad been eluted with neutral buffer could be re-eluted at the same retarded position with the same buffer. When a gradient from 0 to 3 M sodium thiocyanate was started after the major peak of unbound proteins, all IgG1 was eluted before IgG2 and IgG3. These results suggest that IgG1 has a much lower affinity for protein A than IgG2 or IgG3 and that normal mouse serum IgG1 can be purified by such a simple procedure.", "contents": "Interactions between mouse immunoglobulins and staphylococcal protein A. When mouse serum or ascites is applied on protein A-Sepharose columns and washed with enough phosphate-buffered saline, a second protein peak is often eluted with the same buffer after the first major peak of unbound proteins. This second peak is almost pure Ig G1. More IgG1 plus IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 are thereafter eluted with acid saline. 90% of the IgG1 whichhad been eluted with neutral buffer could be re-eluted at the same retarded position with the same buffer. When a gradient from 0 to 3 M sodium thiocyanate was started after the major peak of unbound proteins, all IgG1 was eluted before IgG2 and IgG3. These results suggest that IgG1 has a much lower affinity for protein A than IgG2 or IgG3 and that normal mouse serum IgG1 can be purified by such a simple procedure.", "PMID": 108802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8409", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B in erythrocytes of subjects with chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "A specific and quantitative immunological method for the determination of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (HCA) isoenzyme B has been used to determine the contents of enzyme in the erythrocytes from healthy persons and from subjects with chronic obstructive lung disease. The investigations have shown a statistically significant increase of HCA type B in the erythrocytes of subjects suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease and hypercapnia. Subjects with chronic obstructive lung disease and normal PaCO2 showed no difference from normal subjects. No correlation was found between PaCO2 and human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B in erythrocytes of subjects with chronic obstructive lung disease. A specific and quantitative immunological method for the determination of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (HCA) isoenzyme B has been used to determine the contents of enzyme in the erythrocytes from healthy persons and from subjects with chronic obstructive lung disease. The investigations have shown a statistically significant increase of HCA type B in the erythrocytes of subjects suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease and hypercapnia. Subjects with chronic obstructive lung disease and normal PaCO2 showed no difference from normal subjects. No correlation was found between PaCO2 and human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase.", "PMID": 108803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8410", "title": "Inhibition of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by nebulised sodium cromoglycate in patients with bronchial asthma.", "content": "In this double blind study, 10 patients with bronchial asthma underwent exercise challenge on five occasions. The first of these was a control test carried out without prior drug administration; the other tests were preceded by the administration, in random order, of a sodium cromoglycate (SCG) capsule, a placebo capsule, an ampoule of sodium cromoglycate solution, and a placebo ampoule. Comparisons of the largest falls in PEFR after exercise showed statistically significant inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm, compared with control, with both SCG inhalation solution (P less than 0.01) and SCG powder (P less than 0.01). SCG powder was more active, but the difference was not significant. A significant difference in protection was found between SCG powder and its placebo (P less than 0.01). SCG inhalation solution was also more effective than its placebo, but the difference did not reach significance, since the latter conferred some protection.", "contents": "Inhibition of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by nebulised sodium cromoglycate in patients with bronchial asthma. In this double blind study, 10 patients with bronchial asthma underwent exercise challenge on five occasions. The first of these was a control test carried out without prior drug administration; the other tests were preceded by the administration, in random order, of a sodium cromoglycate (SCG) capsule, a placebo capsule, an ampoule of sodium cromoglycate solution, and a placebo ampoule. Comparisons of the largest falls in PEFR after exercise showed statistically significant inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm, compared with control, with both SCG inhalation solution (P less than 0.01) and SCG powder (P less than 0.01). SCG powder was more active, but the difference was not significant. A significant difference in protection was found between SCG powder and its placebo (P less than 0.01). SCG inhalation solution was also more effective than its placebo, but the difference did not reach significance, since the latter conferred some protection.", "PMID": 108804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8411", "title": "Species-specific perceptual processing of vocal sounds by monkeys.", "content": "Monkeys of four species were trained to discriminate between sets of natural tonal calls of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) by the position of a frequency-inflection peak or by initial pitch. The Japanese macaques consistently performed best on peak position and the other species on pitch. The results imply special strategies for perceptional processing of vocal sounds and suggest parallels with human speech perception.", "contents": "Species-specific perceptual processing of vocal sounds by monkeys. Monkeys of four species were trained to discriminate between sets of natural tonal calls of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) by the position of a frequency-inflection peak or by initial pitch. The Japanese macaques consistently performed best on peak position and the other species on pitch. The results imply special strategies for perceptional processing of vocal sounds and suggest parallels with human speech perception.", "PMID": 108805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8412", "title": "Effect of SSI on Medicaid caseloads and expenditures.", "content": "The 1972 Social Security Amendments replaced the Federal-State public assistance programs for the needy aged, blind, and disabled with the Federal supplemental security income (SSI) program. They also changed the automatic Medicaid eligibility provision under title XIX of the Social Security Act for the cash assistance population. This article provides information about recent changes in State Medicaid caseloads and payments following implementation of SSI and the possible effects of SSI on such changes. It does not appear that SSI was a significant factor in the Medicaid changes. The growth in Medicaid payments resulted primarily from expansion of medical services to include care in intermediate care facilities, inflation, and higher utilization of medical services.", "contents": "Effect of SSI on Medicaid caseloads and expenditures. The 1972 Social Security Amendments replaced the Federal-State public assistance programs for the needy aged, blind, and disabled with the Federal supplemental security income (SSI) program. They also changed the automatic Medicaid eligibility provision under title XIX of the Social Security Act for the cash assistance population. This article provides information about recent changes in State Medicaid caseloads and payments following implementation of SSI and the possible effects of SSI on such changes. It does not appear that SSI was a significant factor in the Medicaid changes. The growth in Medicaid payments resulted primarily from expansion of medical services to include care in intermediate care facilities, inflation, and higher utilization of medical services.", "PMID": 108807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8413", "title": "HLA types and ABO blood groups in patients with infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Investigations of HLA and blood-groups were carried out in 68 patients with infectious mononucleosis comprising all known cases diagnosed within one year in a restricted geographical area of Denmark. The HLA distribution of these patients did not differ significantly from that of controls. Combining the results of the present investigation with two previous studies did not show any significantly different distribution from that of combined control groups. The ABO and Rhesus typing was in accordance with that found in a major Danish control group. However, available studies do not exclude the possibility that HLA-D/DR or still unknown HLA factors may be involved in the susceptibility to mononucleosis.", "contents": "HLA types and ABO blood groups in patients with infectious mononucleosis. Investigations of HLA and blood-groups were carried out in 68 patients with infectious mononucleosis comprising all known cases diagnosed within one year in a restricted geographical area of Denmark. The HLA distribution of these patients did not differ significantly from that of controls. Combining the results of the present investigation with two previous studies did not show any significantly different distribution from that of combined control groups. The ABO and Rhesus typing was in accordance with that found in a major Danish control group. However, available studies do not exclude the possibility that HLA-D/DR or still unknown HLA factors may be involved in the susceptibility to mononucleosis.", "PMID": 108811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8414", "title": "Chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfaturia: a new type of inborn error of metabolism?", "content": "A 14-year-old boy was found to excrete excessive amounts of acidic glycosaminoglycans which were predominantly chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate. Clinical features included dwarfism, mental retardation, coarse facies, deformities of the spine, hip joints and thorax, and granulations in leucocytes. The clinical and biochemical features found in this boy were compared with the known types of mucopolysaccharidosis and it has been concluded that this case is a new type of mucopolysacchariduria.", "contents": "Chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfaturia: a new type of inborn error of metabolism? A 14-year-old boy was found to excrete excessive amounts of acidic glycosaminoglycans which were predominantly chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate. Clinical features included dwarfism, mental retardation, coarse facies, deformities of the spine, hip joints and thorax, and granulations in leucocytes. The clinical and biochemical features found in this boy were compared with the known types of mucopolysaccharidosis and it has been concluded that this case is a new type of mucopolysacchariduria.", "PMID": 108812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8415", "title": "[An analytical method for calculation of electron dose distributions. Part II: Experimental verification and application in coplanar irradiation techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "The analytical method for calculation of electron dose distributions described in part I was experimentally verified using a 42-MeV betatron. For this, a comparison was made between the calculated and the measured dose distributions obtained with a homogeneous or inhomogeneous water or polystyrol phantom with plane or with uneven surfaces, the inhomogeneities consisting in cavities and cork intercalations. Thus, the accuracy of the algorithm and of the consideration for inhomogeneities and irregular surfaces is demonstrated, and limitations of the method's applicability are shown. Some examples of calculated dose distributions in coplanar irradiation techniques using solely electron beams or else a combined treatment with photons and electrons are exhibiting the particular bearing of electronic data processing on the treatment planning in depth therapy with electrons in the energy range above 20 MeV.", "contents": "[An analytical method for calculation of electron dose distributions. Part II: Experimental verification and application in coplanar irradiation techniques (author's transl)]. The analytical method for calculation of electron dose distributions described in part I was experimentally verified using a 42-MeV betatron. For this, a comparison was made between the calculated and the measured dose distributions obtained with a homogeneous or inhomogeneous water or polystyrol phantom with plane or with uneven surfaces, the inhomogeneities consisting in cavities and cork intercalations. Thus, the accuracy of the algorithm and of the consideration for inhomogeneities and irregular surfaces is demonstrated, and limitations of the method's applicability are shown. Some examples of calculated dose distributions in coplanar irradiation techniques using solely electron beams or else a combined treatment with photons and electrons are exhibiting the particular bearing of electronic data processing on the treatment planning in depth therapy with electrons in the energy range above 20 MeV.", "PMID": 108816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8416", "title": "The in vitro metabolism of progesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, testosterone and 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one by fetal rhesus monkey testes.", "content": "Homogenates prepared from fetal rhesus monkey testes were incubated with progesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, testosterone and 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. The major progesterone metabolite was 17-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione. Testosterone also accumulated in the progesterone incubations. 4-Androstene-3,17-dione was converted chiefly to testosterone. Testosterone was not actively metabolized by the fetal monkey testis. 17 beta-Hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one was actively converted primarily to 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol.", "contents": "The in vitro metabolism of progesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, testosterone and 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one by fetal rhesus monkey testes. Homogenates prepared from fetal rhesus monkey testes were incubated with progesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, testosterone and 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. The major progesterone metabolite was 17-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione. Testosterone also accumulated in the progesterone incubations. 4-Androstene-3,17-dione was converted chiefly to testosterone. Testosterone was not actively metabolized by the fetal monkey testis. 17 beta-Hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one was actively converted primarily to 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol.", "PMID": 108818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8417", "title": "Ischemic brain edema following middle cerebral artery occlusion in baboons: relationship between regional cerebral water content and blood flow at 1 to 2 hours.", "content": "The relationship between increase in water content in ischemic brain and levels of regional blood flow has been studied in 11 primates. Flows were recorded using the method of hydrogen (2-minute) clearance, from a total of 128 electrodes in cortex and white matter, and a gradation of ischemia was produced by middle cerebral occlusion transorbitally. The flows were reduced in the area of densest ischemia from control levels of 12.0 +/- 12.0 ml/100g/min to 7.0 +/- 5.4 ml/100g/min, with lesser decreases over the remainder of the ischemic hemisphere. Water content was measured in cortex and white matter, in regions topographically related to those of flow measurements, by densitometric assessment using precalibrated kerosene/bromobenzine columns. The average water content of cortex in regions remote from ischemia was 797.4 +/- 5.8 mg/gm and in white matter 708.5 +/- 8.2 mg/gm. Significant increases in water content (comparing corresponding regions of the two hemispheres) of up to 11.4 +/- 7.5 mg/gm were demonstrated in the most ischemic cortical areas. A gradient of water increase was evident in the ischemic hemisphere, increases water content being greatest in the opercular zone and least in the parasagittal area. Significant differences in white matter water content between the 2 hemispheres were demonstrated only in the most densely ischemic areas in the current experiments where ischemia was limited to 93 +/- 20 mins in the 11 animals without reperfusion. The relationship between ischemic density and water content increase showed that significant increases in water content occurred in regions where terminal flows had been below 20 ml/100g/min, indicating that accumulation of water in ischemic brain begins at flow values comparable to those associated with the failure of synaptic transmission, higher than those associated with failure of the ionic pump of the cell. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Ischemic brain edema following middle cerebral artery occlusion in baboons: relationship between regional cerebral water content and blood flow at 1 to 2 hours. The relationship between increase in water content in ischemic brain and levels of regional blood flow has been studied in 11 primates. Flows were recorded using the method of hydrogen (2-minute) clearance, from a total of 128 electrodes in cortex and white matter, and a gradation of ischemia was produced by middle cerebral occlusion transorbitally. The flows were reduced in the area of densest ischemia from control levels of 12.0 +/- 12.0 ml/100g/min to 7.0 +/- 5.4 ml/100g/min, with lesser decreases over the remainder of the ischemic hemisphere. Water content was measured in cortex and white matter, in regions topographically related to those of flow measurements, by densitometric assessment using precalibrated kerosene/bromobenzine columns. The average water content of cortex in regions remote from ischemia was 797.4 +/- 5.8 mg/gm and in white matter 708.5 +/- 8.2 mg/gm. Significant increases in water content (comparing corresponding regions of the two hemispheres) of up to 11.4 +/- 7.5 mg/gm were demonstrated in the most ischemic cortical areas. A gradient of water increase was evident in the ischemic hemisphere, increases water content being greatest in the opercular zone and least in the parasagittal area. Significant differences in white matter water content between the 2 hemispheres were demonstrated only in the most densely ischemic areas in the current experiments where ischemia was limited to 93 +/- 20 mins in the 11 animals without reperfusion. The relationship between ischemic density and water content increase showed that significant increases in water content occurred in regions where terminal flows had been below 20 ml/100g/min, indicating that accumulation of water in ischemic brain begins at flow values comparable to those associated with the failure of synaptic transmission, higher than those associated with failure of the ionic pump of the cell. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 108819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8418", "title": "Antibodies against neurons in chronic Chagas' disease.", "content": "Severe qualitative and quantitative alterations of the autonomic system inervating the heart and other organs have been demonstrated in experimental and natural Chagas' disease. These facts led us to search for the presence of antibody to neurons in 230 chagasic sera by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Our results indicated that 83% of the chagasic patients presented IgG antibodies and 7% IgM antibodies to neurons. All control sera were negative. The demonstrated antibody to neurons presented cross-reaction against neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and also against neurons of different species.", "contents": "Antibodies against neurons in chronic Chagas' disease. Severe qualitative and quantitative alterations of the autonomic system inervating the heart and other organs have been demonstrated in experimental and natural Chagas' disease. These facts led us to search for the presence of antibody to neurons in 230 chagasic sera by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Our results indicated that 83% of the chagasic patients presented IgG antibodies and 7% IgM antibodies to neurons. All control sera were negative. The demonstrated antibody to neurons presented cross-reaction against neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and also against neurons of different species.", "PMID": 108824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8419", "title": "Human listeriosis in Peru.", "content": "In a survey on listeriosis in Peru a study was made of 653 stool samples; material from 8 cases of perinatal death, in which a macroscopic diagnosis of listeriosis had been made at autopsy; 1 sample of vaginal secretion from a woman with abortion due to listeriosis; and 1 case of abscess which turned out to be an hematometra. The following results have been obtained: 1. From the faeces 7 isolates of Listeria (1.07%) were obtained: 3 belonged to L. monocytogenes serovar 4ab, 3 to L. innocua (the former \"4g\"--nownow serovar 6b) and 1 to L. monocytogenes serovar 4a. 2. The 8 strains of autopsy materials belonged to L. monocytogenes: 6 serovar 4b and 2 serovar 4d. 3. From the vaginal secretion L. monocytogenes serovar 4b was cultured. 4. The strain from the hematometra was identified as L. monocytogenes serovar 4b. The serovars 4a, 4ab and 4d are at this time the only ones identified in Peru as cause of human listeriosis. The serovars of serogroup 1/2 frequent in Western and primarily in Central Europe, were so far never cultivated.", "contents": "Human listeriosis in Peru. In a survey on listeriosis in Peru a study was made of 653 stool samples; material from 8 cases of perinatal death, in which a macroscopic diagnosis of listeriosis had been made at autopsy; 1 sample of vaginal secretion from a woman with abortion due to listeriosis; and 1 case of abscess which turned out to be an hematometra. The following results have been obtained: 1. From the faeces 7 isolates of Listeria (1.07%) were obtained: 3 belonged to L. monocytogenes serovar 4ab, 3 to L. innocua (the former \"4g\"--nownow serovar 6b) and 1 to L. monocytogenes serovar 4a. 2. The 8 strains of autopsy materials belonged to L. monocytogenes: 6 serovar 4b and 2 serovar 4d. 3. From the vaginal secretion L. monocytogenes serovar 4b was cultured. 4. The strain from the hematometra was identified as L. monocytogenes serovar 4b. The serovars 4a, 4ab and 4d are at this time the only ones identified in Peru as cause of human listeriosis. The serovars of serogroup 1/2 frequent in Western and primarily in Central Europe, were so far never cultivated.", "PMID": 108825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8420", "title": "Neonatal hydronephrosis caused by vesical diverticula.", "content": "Bladder diverticula are uncommon in infants and are an uncommon cause of hydronephrosis in newborns but can cause significant problems. A thorough diagnostic approach must include both excretion urography and cystourethrography. Early appropriate surgical intervention will result in preservation of renal function.", "contents": "Neonatal hydronephrosis caused by vesical diverticula. Bladder diverticula are uncommon in infants and are an uncommon cause of hydronephrosis in newborns but can cause significant problems. A thorough diagnostic approach must include both excretion urography and cystourethrography. Early appropriate surgical intervention will result in preservation of renal function.", "PMID": 108831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8421", "title": "[Use of dry hydrolysin solution, \"Glumesat\", for enteral feeding following operations on the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "The authors have analysed and compared the results of enteral and parenteral ways of administration of the dry hydrolysine solution following operations on the stomach. The obtained data have not shown any difference associated with the way of the administration.", "contents": "[Use of dry hydrolysin solution, \"Glumesat\", for enteral feeding following operations on the gastrointestinal tract]. The authors have analysed and compared the results of enteral and parenteral ways of administration of the dry hydrolysine solution following operations on the stomach. The obtained data have not shown any difference associated with the way of the administration.", "PMID": 108832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8422", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of treatment results of melanoblastoma of the limbs with or without perfusion chemotherapy].", "content": "The clinical picture and long-term results of the treatment of 123 patients with melanoblastoma of the limbs have been studied. 39 patients were subjected only to the surgical treatment, 84 patients with a developed tumor process were subjected to the combined treatment -- surgery with perfusional chemotherapy. 3 years survival has proved to be similar in both groups; (70.0% and 72.9%); 5 years survival has been 10% higher in the group subjected to the combined treatment (54.5% and 64.0%).", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of treatment results of melanoblastoma of the limbs with or without perfusion chemotherapy]. The clinical picture and long-term results of the treatment of 123 patients with melanoblastoma of the limbs have been studied. 39 patients were subjected only to the surgical treatment, 84 patients with a developed tumor process were subjected to the combined treatment -- surgery with perfusional chemotherapy. 3 years survival has proved to be similar in both groups; (70.0% and 72.9%); 5 years survival has been 10% higher in the group subjected to the combined treatment (54.5% and 64.0%).", "PMID": 108833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8423", "title": "[Importance of subclavian vein catheterization in the treatment of surgical diseases of the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "On the grounds of an analysis of 1095 catheterizations carried out upon patients with gastrointestinal diseases the authors have shown that the use of the subclavian vein for the infusion therapy is a method of choice for such patients. To prevent the complications the authors consider it imperiable to improve training of subclavian vein catheterization and puncture methods and to improve the organization of carrying out the infusion into the main veins.", "contents": "[Importance of subclavian vein catheterization in the treatment of surgical diseases of the gastrointestinal tract]. On the grounds of an analysis of 1095 catheterizations carried out upon patients with gastrointestinal diseases the authors have shown that the use of the subclavian vein for the infusion therapy is a method of choice for such patients. To prevent the complications the authors consider it imperiable to improve training of subclavian vein catheterization and puncture methods and to improve the organization of carrying out the infusion into the main veins.", "PMID": 108834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8424", "title": "[Preventive and therapeutic efficacy of the vaccine against trychophytosis in cattle].", "content": "The effectiveness of vaccine against dermatomycosis, caused by Trichophyton verrucosum, was studied in young cattle in three herds. The vaccines of Czechoslovak and Soviet production had almost the same effectiveness in prevention. In healthy calves without clinical signs of trichophytosis vaccinated at an age of one to three months with a dose of 2.5 to 5.0 ml, applied intramuscularly, and revaccinated with due respect to the rules of hygiene in the calf-houses, an incidence of 0 to 13% in the three- to five-month period of study was observed. In the non-vaccinated control groups, the incidence under the same infection conditions and in the same period was 36.3 to 100.0%. At the early stage of vaccination--during the inoculation of the animals suspected of being infected--the incidence of the disease was 50.0 to 68.8% and mostly showed no difference from incidence observed in the nonvaccinated control cattle. The therapeutic effect of the vaccine and Mykolastanox F is characterized by the fact that zero prevalence was obtained in the animals ten weeks after vaccination. Animals treated locally with Mykolastanox F showed zero prevalence 12 weeks after the beginning of treatment.", "contents": "[Preventive and therapeutic efficacy of the vaccine against trychophytosis in cattle]. The effectiveness of vaccine against dermatomycosis, caused by Trichophyton verrucosum, was studied in young cattle in three herds. The vaccines of Czechoslovak and Soviet production had almost the same effectiveness in prevention. In healthy calves without clinical signs of trichophytosis vaccinated at an age of one to three months with a dose of 2.5 to 5.0 ml, applied intramuscularly, and revaccinated with due respect to the rules of hygiene in the calf-houses, an incidence of 0 to 13% in the three- to five-month period of study was observed. In the non-vaccinated control groups, the incidence under the same infection conditions and in the same period was 36.3 to 100.0%. At the early stage of vaccination--during the inoculation of the animals suspected of being infected--the incidence of the disease was 50.0 to 68.8% and mostly showed no difference from incidence observed in the nonvaccinated control cattle. The therapeutic effect of the vaccine and Mykolastanox F is characterized by the fact that zero prevalence was obtained in the animals ten weeks after vaccination. Animals treated locally with Mykolastanox F showed zero prevalence 12 weeks after the beginning of treatment.", "PMID": 108837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8425", "title": "[The anthrax-protective antigen and its preparation].", "content": "The authors describe a comparatively simple method of the preparation of an anthrax protective antigen and its evaluation. Attention is drawn to many obstacles that may arise during its production and emphasis is laid on the fact that the serological activity of the protective antigen should not be overestimated.", "contents": "[The anthrax-protective antigen and its preparation]. The authors describe a comparatively simple method of the preparation of an anthrax protective antigen and its evaluation. Attention is drawn to many obstacles that may arise during its production and emphasis is laid on the fact that the serological activity of the protective antigen should not be overestimated.", "PMID": 108838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8426", "title": "[An in-vitro method of ruminal juice cultivation, suitable for the comparison of various sources of nonprotein nitrogen for ruminants].", "content": "The method of cultivating rumen fluid in buffer with nutrient admixture under CO2 atmosphere is described. The method serves for the comparison and description of the properties of NPN sources for ruminants. Its applicability is demonstrated on the example of urea. During incubation, all parameters of the medium remain within an admissible range. Considering the analyses of the incubation medium, i. e. determination of the pH value, ammonia, urea, volatile fatty acids, total protein, and redox potential, it is recommended to monitor the course of fermentation for six hours and to take samples in the intervals of 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours.", "contents": "[An in-vitro method of ruminal juice cultivation, suitable for the comparison of various sources of nonprotein nitrogen for ruminants]. The method of cultivating rumen fluid in buffer with nutrient admixture under CO2 atmosphere is described. The method serves for the comparison and description of the properties of NPN sources for ruminants. Its applicability is demonstrated on the example of urea. During incubation, all parameters of the medium remain within an admissible range. Considering the analyses of the incubation medium, i. e. determination of the pH value, ammonia, urea, volatile fatty acids, total protein, and redox potential, it is recommended to monitor the course of fermentation for six hours and to take samples in the intervals of 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours.", "PMID": 108840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8427", "title": "[Effect of bilateral vasectomy on testosterone levels in the seminal and blood plasmas of boars].", "content": "In two sexually mature boars subjected to bilateral vasectomy the content of testosterone was followed in the semen and blood plasma prior to the operation and in the course of 26 days after the operation. In the third boar only the operation without actual vasectomy as the control was made to eliminate the possible effect of narcosis and of the surgical stress. Bilateral vasectomy induced an average decrease in the initial levels of testosterone in the semen plasma of the first and second animal by 63.24% and 47.67% respectively, and 47.17% and 56.46% respectively in the blood plasma. In the control boar no analogous post-operation drop of testosterone concentration in the semen plasma was observed, the content of testosterone in the blood plasma decreased over the followed period on an average only by 14.38%. The results imply that bilateral vasectomy in boars results, in the first followed month after the surgical procedure, in a decrease of semen and plasma testosterone, which proves that the operation under investigation affects testicular incretion.", "contents": "[Effect of bilateral vasectomy on testosterone levels in the seminal and blood plasmas of boars]. In two sexually mature boars subjected to bilateral vasectomy the content of testosterone was followed in the semen and blood plasma prior to the operation and in the course of 26 days after the operation. In the third boar only the operation without actual vasectomy as the control was made to eliminate the possible effect of narcosis and of the surgical stress. Bilateral vasectomy induced an average decrease in the initial levels of testosterone in the semen plasma of the first and second animal by 63.24% and 47.67% respectively, and 47.17% and 56.46% respectively in the blood plasma. In the control boar no analogous post-operation drop of testosterone concentration in the semen plasma was observed, the content of testosterone in the blood plasma decreased over the followed period on an average only by 14.38%. The results imply that bilateral vasectomy in boars results, in the first followed month after the surgical procedure, in a decrease of semen and plasma testosterone, which proves that the operation under investigation affects testicular incretion.", "PMID": 108841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8428", "title": "[The effect of pregnancy order on various biochemical and hematological values in sows].", "content": "The following blood indices were determined in the blood of 34 pregnant sows of the Large White breed under standard feeding conditions: haemoglobin, haematocrit, leucocytes, and--in the blood serum, --total protein, glucose, urea, bilirubin, cholesterol, enzyme activity (AP, GOT, GPT, GGTP) and mineral concentrations (Ca, P--inorg., Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn). The blood was sampled in the first and third pregnancy at an average live weight of 165.12 and 197.36 kg, at an average age of 318 and 630 days and at an about the same average length of pregnancy in the time of both samplings (59 days). In younger, still growing gilts (first pregnancy) a significantly (P less than 0.05) lower content of total protein, magnesium, iron and copper was revealed, as compared with adult sows. The content of glucose, calcium, potassium and manganese in the blood serum of the gilts was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than in sows in their third pregnancy. The adult sows showed a significantly (P less than 0.05) lowered activity of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, as distinct from gilts.", "contents": "[The effect of pregnancy order on various biochemical and hematological values in sows]. The following blood indices were determined in the blood of 34 pregnant sows of the Large White breed under standard feeding conditions: haemoglobin, haematocrit, leucocytes, and--in the blood serum, --total protein, glucose, urea, bilirubin, cholesterol, enzyme activity (AP, GOT, GPT, GGTP) and mineral concentrations (Ca, P--inorg., Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn). The blood was sampled in the first and third pregnancy at an average live weight of 165.12 and 197.36 kg, at an average age of 318 and 630 days and at an about the same average length of pregnancy in the time of both samplings (59 days). In younger, still growing gilts (first pregnancy) a significantly (P less than 0.05) lower content of total protein, magnesium, iron and copper was revealed, as compared with adult sows. The content of glucose, calcium, potassium and manganese in the blood serum of the gilts was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than in sows in their third pregnancy. The adult sows showed a significantly (P less than 0.05) lowered activity of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, as distinct from gilts.", "PMID": 108842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8429", "title": "[Identification of monoclonal immunoglobulins by immunofixation electrophoresis on cellulose acetate films and in agarose gel].", "content": "A method of immunofixating electrophoresis is used for identification of monoclonic immunoglobulins, i.e. for estimation of heavy chain classes and of light chain types. Optimal conditions for immunofixation were developed. Advantages of immunofixating electrophoresis as compared with immunoelectrophoresis were established. Immunofixating electrophoresis on acetate cellulose films is recommended as a screening test for monoclonic immunoglobulins.", "contents": "[Identification of monoclonal immunoglobulins by immunofixation electrophoresis on cellulose acetate films and in agarose gel]. A method of immunofixating electrophoresis is used for identification of monoclonic immunoglobulins, i.e. for estimation of heavy chain classes and of light chain types. Optimal conditions for immunofixation were developed. Advantages of immunofixating electrophoresis as compared with immunoelectrophoresis were established. Immunofixating electrophoresis on acetate cellulose films is recommended as a screening test for monoclonic immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 108861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8430", "title": "Investigation into the effects of cell wall antigens of gram-positive bacteria on lymphocyte stimulation and on cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "The effect of Staph, epidermidis and Bac. subtilis cell walls as well as of cell wall teichoic acid, N-acetyl-muramic acid, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-alanine, and DL-alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid on lymphocyte stimulation and on cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been studied. Bac. subtilis cell wall preparations, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and teichoic acid showed a slight but significant effect on the mitogenic response of pig lymphocyte cultures. When studied in combination with the mitogens PHA, ConA, and PWM significant synergistic effects were observed with N-acetyl-muramic acid. The most significant stimulation of the in vitro 51Cr-release from labelled P815 tumor cells in the presence of non-sensitized as well as specifically sensitized lymphocytes was exerted by D-alanine.", "contents": "Investigation into the effects of cell wall antigens of gram-positive bacteria on lymphocyte stimulation and on cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The effect of Staph, epidermidis and Bac. subtilis cell walls as well as of cell wall teichoic acid, N-acetyl-muramic acid, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-alanine, and DL-alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid on lymphocyte stimulation and on cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been studied. Bac. subtilis cell wall preparations, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and teichoic acid showed a slight but significant effect on the mitogenic response of pig lymphocyte cultures. When studied in combination with the mitogens PHA, ConA, and PWM significant synergistic effects were observed with N-acetyl-muramic acid. The most significant stimulation of the in vitro 51Cr-release from labelled P815 tumor cells in the presence of non-sensitized as well as specifically sensitized lymphocytes was exerted by D-alanine.", "PMID": 108870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8431", "title": "Low temperature virulence of Listeria monocytogenes in the avian embryo.", "content": "The chick embryo was used to investigate the pathogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes when inoculated into the air sac. One strain (NCTC 5214) of L. monocytogenes was found to be more virulent for chick embryos when grown at low temperatures, while another strain (NCTC 5105) did not produce this effect. This method was found to be reliable and reproducible and the chick embryo was found to be a more sensitive in vivo assay for virulence than the mouse.", "contents": "Low temperature virulence of Listeria monocytogenes in the avian embryo. The chick embryo was used to investigate the pathogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes when inoculated into the air sac. One strain (NCTC 5214) of L. monocytogenes was found to be more virulent for chick embryos when grown at low temperatures, while another strain (NCTC 5105) did not produce this effect. This method was found to be reliable and reproducible and the chick embryo was found to be a more sensitive in vivo assay for virulence than the mouse.", "PMID": 108871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8432", "title": "[Biological and chemical characteristics of allergen preparations from Neisseria (N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, N. perflava)].", "content": "Various methods of isolating allergen fractions from N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae and N. perflava were tested. The biological activity of the preparation was found to depend on the method of its production, which determined its chemical composition. When gonococcal and meningococcal allergens and N. perflava allergen were used in skin tests, cross reactions were observed. Nevertheless, as the intensity and size of skin reaction was much greater when a homologous preparation was administered, it was possible to differentiate the presence of sensitization to a definite microbial species. Electrophoresis in acrylamide gel revealed the heterogeneity of allergen preparations. The ability of the preparation to induce skin reaction was not connected with its serological properties.", "contents": "[Biological and chemical characteristics of allergen preparations from Neisseria (N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, N. perflava)]. Various methods of isolating allergen fractions from N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae and N. perflava were tested. The biological activity of the preparation was found to depend on the method of its production, which determined its chemical composition. When gonococcal and meningococcal allergens and N. perflava allergen were used in skin tests, cross reactions were observed. Nevertheless, as the intensity and size of skin reaction was much greater when a homologous preparation was administered, it was possible to differentiate the presence of sensitization to a definite microbial species. Electrophoresis in acrylamide gel revealed the heterogeneity of allergen preparations. The ability of the preparation to induce skin reaction was not connected with its serological properties.", "PMID": 108881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8433", "title": "[New data on the tachyphylactic properties of sodium nucleinate].", "content": "Sodium nucleinate, when injected into mice in combination with killed E. coli or prodigiozan, caused a decrease in side effects produced by the vaccine or polysaccharide. The combined injection of sodium nucleinate and prodigiozan in doses, ineffective if introduced separately, was accompanied by the potentiation of their tachyphylactic action. The use of sodium nucleinate in combination with polyvinylprrolidone (hemodez) prolonged the tachyphylactic action of sodium nucleinate and increased its effectiveness. The proposed principle is supposed to be suitable for decreasing the reactogenicity of bacterial vaccines and polysaccharides.", "contents": "[New data on the tachyphylactic properties of sodium nucleinate]. Sodium nucleinate, when injected into mice in combination with killed E. coli or prodigiozan, caused a decrease in side effects produced by the vaccine or polysaccharide. The combined injection of sodium nucleinate and prodigiozan in doses, ineffective if introduced separately, was accompanied by the potentiation of their tachyphylactic action. The use of sodium nucleinate in combination with polyvinylprrolidone (hemodez) prolonged the tachyphylactic action of sodium nucleinate and increased its effectiveness. The proposed principle is supposed to be suitable for decreasing the reactogenicity of bacterial vaccines and polysaccharides.", "PMID": 108882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8434", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of methods of inducing Brucella L forms and a study of their adaptibility in the body of animals].", "content": "The action of bicillin-3 on Brucella directly in the body of animals enhances their potential ability to convert into L-forms. One of the factors contributing to the generalization of the infection caused by the L-forms of Brucella and to their prolonged persistance in the body is the presence of an L-transforming agent (in this case, bicillin-3), which indicate that the appearing L-forms of Brucella are obviously antibiotic-dependent.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of methods of inducing Brucella L forms and a study of their adaptibility in the body of animals]. The action of bicillin-3 on Brucella directly in the body of animals enhances their potential ability to convert into L-forms. One of the factors contributing to the generalization of the infection caused by the L-forms of Brucella and to their prolonged persistance in the body is the presence of an L-transforming agent (in this case, bicillin-3), which indicate that the appearing L-forms of Brucella are obviously antibiotic-dependent.", "PMID": 108883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8435", "title": "Effect of modification on physico-chemical and biological properties of haptoglobin. Reaction with N-bromusuccinimide and 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide.", "content": "N-Bromosuccinimide and 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide have been used for modification of tryptophan residues in human haptoglobin (Hp) type 2-1. Modification of three exposed tryptophan residues reduced considerably both the Hp-haemoglobin interaction and binding of the antibody against the native protein. Modification of the remaining 7-8 tryptophan residues resulted in a complete loss of those properties. Antisera directed against Hp with the modified tryptophan residues appeared to be highly specific in immunological reactions.", "contents": "Effect of modification on physico-chemical and biological properties of haptoglobin. Reaction with N-bromusuccinimide and 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide. N-Bromosuccinimide and 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide have been used for modification of tryptophan residues in human haptoglobin (Hp) type 2-1. Modification of three exposed tryptophan residues reduced considerably both the Hp-haemoglobin interaction and binding of the antibody against the native protein. Modification of the remaining 7-8 tryptophan residues resulted in a complete loss of those properties. Antisera directed against Hp with the modified tryptophan residues appeared to be highly specific in immunological reactions.", "PMID": 108884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8436", "title": "Induction of laccase in Basidiomycetes: apparent activity of the inducible and constitutive forms of the enzyme with phenolic substrates.", "content": "The purified preparations of the inducible and constitutive forms of laccase (EC 1.14.18.1) have been obtained from mycelia of Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota mutabilis. The activities of the inducible forms of laccase with ferulic acid and other phenolic hydrogen donors were found to be several-fold higher as compared with the constitutive forms.", "contents": "Induction of laccase in Basidiomycetes: apparent activity of the inducible and constitutive forms of the enzyme with phenolic substrates. The purified preparations of the inducible and constitutive forms of laccase (EC 1.14.18.1) have been obtained from mycelia of Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota mutabilis. The activities of the inducible forms of laccase with ferulic acid and other phenolic hydrogen donors were found to be several-fold higher as compared with the constitutive forms.", "PMID": 108885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8437", "title": "Hemoglobin Moabit: alpha 86 (F7) Leu leads to Arg: a new unstable abnormal hemoglobin.", "content": "A new alpha chain abnormal hemoglobin variant was found in a Turkish patient with a mild Heinz body hemolytic anemia and splenomegaly. The substitution alpha 86 Leu leads to Arg, which is next to the heme binding proximal histidine, is responsible for a marked instability of the molecule. The oxygen affinity of the erythrocytes was found to be slightly decreased.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Moabit: alpha 86 (F7) Leu leads to Arg: a new unstable abnormal hemoglobin. A new alpha chain abnormal hemoglobin variant was found in a Turkish patient with a mild Heinz body hemolytic anemia and splenomegaly. The substitution alpha 86 Leu leads to Arg, which is next to the heme binding proximal histidine, is responsible for a marked instability of the molecule. The oxygen affinity of the erythrocytes was found to be slightly decreased.", "PMID": 108887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8438", "title": "Increased RNA and heme synthesis in mouse erythroid precursors by parathyroid hormone.", "content": "The in vitro effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on RNA and heme synthesis by embryonic mouse liver erythroid precursors was examined. PTH produced a dose-dependent effect on RNA synthesis. A maximal increase of 60 +/- 16% (p less than 0.02) was observed with 1.0 U PTH/ml, whereas with higher concentrations a significant decline was found. Furthermore, PTH stimulated heme synthesis after 24 h of incubation. The maximal enhancement of 32 +/- 7% (p less than 0.01) was observed with 0.5 U PTH/ml, a lower effect was obtained with 1.0 U PTH/ml, while 2.0 U PTH/ml caused a pronounced decrease of heme synthesis. These data indicate that PTH affects directly the erythroid precursors by a mechanism similar to that of erythropoietin. The inhibitory effect on the RNA synthesis observed with large doses of PTH may explain at least one of the causes of the anemia reported in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Increased RNA and heme synthesis in mouse erythroid precursors by parathyroid hormone. The in vitro effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on RNA and heme synthesis by embryonic mouse liver erythroid precursors was examined. PTH produced a dose-dependent effect on RNA synthesis. A maximal increase of 60 +/- 16% (p less than 0.02) was observed with 1.0 U PTH/ml, whereas with higher concentrations a significant decline was found. Furthermore, PTH stimulated heme synthesis after 24 h of incubation. The maximal enhancement of 32 +/- 7% (p less than 0.01) was observed with 0.5 U PTH/ml, a lower effect was obtained with 1.0 U PTH/ml, while 2.0 U PTH/ml caused a pronounced decrease of heme synthesis. These data indicate that PTH affects directly the erythroid precursors by a mechanism similar to that of erythropoietin. The inhibitory effect on the RNA synthesis observed with large doses of PTH may explain at least one of the causes of the anemia reported in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 108888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8439", "title": "Effect of hemin and Protoporphyrin IX on the protein-synthesizing activity of human granulocytes, lymphocytes and platelets.", "content": "The hemin effect on protein synthesis of human granulocytes, lymphocytes and platelets was examined. Hemin added to culture media without serum caused a dose-dependent inhibition of protein synthesis in all three cell types. A cell-specific enhancement of protein-synthesizing capability was observed in 24-hour cultures in the presence of hemin and serum. A marked increase of protein synthesis was found in granulocytes, unchanged in lymphocytes and decreased in platelets. Lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) were moderately inhibited by hemin when incubated in media containing serum, the effect being more pronounced in the presence of freshly disolved doses of hemin. Addition of protoporphyrin IX to cells cultures resulted in a marked suppression of protein synthesis by the three cell types, in all experiments. These results confirm the importance of serum proteins in preventing the inhibitory effects of free hemin and protoporphyrin IX on blood cell protein synthesis. On the other hand, they show a cell-specific enhancement of the protein-synthesizing capacity mediated by hemin.", "contents": "Effect of hemin and Protoporphyrin IX on the protein-synthesizing activity of human granulocytes, lymphocytes and platelets. The hemin effect on protein synthesis of human granulocytes, lymphocytes and platelets was examined. Hemin added to culture media without serum caused a dose-dependent inhibition of protein synthesis in all three cell types. A cell-specific enhancement of protein-synthesizing capability was observed in 24-hour cultures in the presence of hemin and serum. A marked increase of protein synthesis was found in granulocytes, unchanged in lymphocytes and decreased in platelets. Lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) were moderately inhibited by hemin when incubated in media containing serum, the effect being more pronounced in the presence of freshly disolved doses of hemin. Addition of protoporphyrin IX to cells cultures resulted in a marked suppression of protein synthesis by the three cell types, in all experiments. These results confirm the importance of serum proteins in preventing the inhibitory effects of free hemin and protoporphyrin IX on blood cell protein synthesis. On the other hand, they show a cell-specific enhancement of the protein-synthesizing capacity mediated by hemin.", "PMID": 108889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8440", "title": "The enzymatic activities and NBT reduction test of granulocytes in untreated and dialysed uraemic patients.", "content": "It was found that neutrophils in untreated uraemic patients as well as in subjects on regular dialysis treatment displayed higher activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase. Spontaneous reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) by granulocytes was also higher in both groups in comparison to controls. Stimulation with latex particles gave similar results of NBT reduction in investigated patients and controls. Lymphocytes also showed an increase in acid phosphatase activity if compared to healthy persons. It seems possible that granulocytes which take part in unspecific defense mechanisms are more active in uraemic patients due perhaps to subclinical infections.", "contents": "The enzymatic activities and NBT reduction test of granulocytes in untreated and dialysed uraemic patients. It was found that neutrophils in untreated uraemic patients as well as in subjects on regular dialysis treatment displayed higher activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase. Spontaneous reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) by granulocytes was also higher in both groups in comparison to controls. Stimulation with latex particles gave similar results of NBT reduction in investigated patients and controls. Lymphocytes also showed an increase in acid phosphatase activity if compared to healthy persons. It seems possible that granulocytes which take part in unspecific defense mechanisms are more active in uraemic patients due perhaps to subclinical infections.", "PMID": 108890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8441", "title": "Differential blood counts from cell concentrates. A comparison with routine differential blood counts.", "content": "Two methods have been compared through performing differential blood counts: the routine blood count (routine count = RC) and blood counts from films after concentrating white blood cells (cell concentrate = CC). Normal persons were examined and patients with leukocytes less than 1,000/microliter of peripheral blood. The correlation coefficient between RC and CC is higher for more frequent cell types and lower for less frequent cell types. It is concluded that the preparation of CC is simple and reproducible, and that the time-saving CC method for performing differential blood counts from patients with severe leukopenia may be a worthwhile addition to routine laboratory methods.", "contents": "Differential blood counts from cell concentrates. A comparison with routine differential blood counts. Two methods have been compared through performing differential blood counts: the routine blood count (routine count = RC) and blood counts from films after concentrating white blood cells (cell concentrate = CC). Normal persons were examined and patients with leukocytes less than 1,000/microliter of peripheral blood. The correlation coefficient between RC and CC is higher for more frequent cell types and lower for less frequent cell types. It is concluded that the preparation of CC is simple and reproducible, and that the time-saving CC method for performing differential blood counts from patients with severe leukopenia may be a worthwhile addition to routine laboratory methods.", "PMID": 108891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8442", "title": "Duodenal plasmacytoma. A rare primary extramedullary localization simulating a carcinoma.", "content": "A patient with duodenal plasmacytoma is described. The extramedullary localization preceded the complete humoural picture of multiple myeloma by 15 months. The previously reported cases of myeloma of primary gastrointestinal localization are reviewed.", "contents": "Duodenal plasmacytoma. A rare primary extramedullary localization simulating a carcinoma. A patient with duodenal plasmacytoma is described. The extramedullary localization preceded the complete humoural picture of multiple myeloma by 15 months. The previously reported cases of myeloma of primary gastrointestinal localization are reviewed.", "PMID": 108892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8443", "title": "Platelet aggregation and retinal microangiopathy in diabetes and hypertension.", "content": "Platelet aggregation studies were done in 10 cases of diabetes with and without retinopathy and 7 cases of hypertensive retinopathy with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adrenaline (ADR). It was observed that the rate and degree of aggregation was significantly increased in the retinopathy group both with ADP and ADR. A significant alteration in the latent period was found with ADP, whereas no such change was found with ADR. It is proposed that the increased platelet reactivity in retinal microangiopathy could be due to different mechanisms. Increased sensitivity of the platelets to ADP resulting in the rapid inductive phase of aggregation together with accelerated intrinsic ADP release in diabetic retinopathy may cause hyperaggregation of platelets. Hyperaggregation in hypertensive retinopathy, however, may occur due to accelerated ADP release only. Platelet metabolism supporting the release reaction is altered in both.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation and retinal microangiopathy in diabetes and hypertension. Platelet aggregation studies were done in 10 cases of diabetes with and without retinopathy and 7 cases of hypertensive retinopathy with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adrenaline (ADR). It was observed that the rate and degree of aggregation was significantly increased in the retinopathy group both with ADP and ADR. A significant alteration in the latent period was found with ADP, whereas no such change was found with ADR. It is proposed that the increased platelet reactivity in retinal microangiopathy could be due to different mechanisms. Increased sensitivity of the platelets to ADP resulting in the rapid inductive phase of aggregation together with accelerated intrinsic ADP release in diabetic retinopathy may cause hyperaggregation of platelets. Hyperaggregation in hypertensive retinopathy, however, may occur due to accelerated ADP release only. Platelet metabolism supporting the release reaction is altered in both.", "PMID": 108893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8444", "title": "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia associated with hereditary pyruvate kinase deficiency and multiple acquired erythrocyte abnormalities.", "content": "A congenital erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency was found in a 72-year old female patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Erythrocyte PK deficiency was associated with an increase in the activity of hexokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes as well as a decrease in acetylcholinesterase, glutathione reductase and glucosephosphate isomerase activities. The enzymatic abnormalities were accompanied by alterations in hemoglobin and in i antigen content of erythrocyte membrane. In addition, bone marrow ultrastructural studies showed dyshemopoietic changes in all blood cell lines and especially in erythroblasts. The present findings confirm the close relationship between CMML and acquired dyserythropoietic syndromes and constitute a new observation of the infrequent association of hereditary erythrocyte enzymopathies and leukemia. A survey of the literature is presented.", "contents": "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia associated with hereditary pyruvate kinase deficiency and multiple acquired erythrocyte abnormalities. A congenital erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency was found in a 72-year old female patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Erythrocyte PK deficiency was associated with an increase in the activity of hexokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes as well as a decrease in acetylcholinesterase, glutathione reductase and glucosephosphate isomerase activities. The enzymatic abnormalities were accompanied by alterations in hemoglobin and in i antigen content of erythrocyte membrane. In addition, bone marrow ultrastructural studies showed dyshemopoietic changes in all blood cell lines and especially in erythroblasts. The present findings confirm the close relationship between CMML and acquired dyserythropoietic syndromes and constitute a new observation of the infrequent association of hereditary erythrocyte enzymopathies and leukemia. A survey of the literature is presented.", "PMID": 108894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8445", "title": "Use of specific antisera against leukemia-associated antigens in the diagnosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "A series of 66 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at diagnosis were investigated (simultaneously) for various surface markers. For this purpose the reaction of specific antisera against ALL antigens and T cell antigens was analysed in every case by several test systems, namely immunofluorescence, microcytotoxicity and complement fixation. A clearly defined classification in 6 subgroups of ALL emerged. The clinical data at presentation and possible correlations with the immunological subgroups were demonstrated.", "contents": "Use of specific antisera against leukemia-associated antigens in the diagnosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A series of 66 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at diagnosis were investigated (simultaneously) for various surface markers. For this purpose the reaction of specific antisera against ALL antigens and T cell antigens was analysed in every case by several test systems, namely immunofluorescence, microcytotoxicity and complement fixation. A clearly defined classification in 6 subgroups of ALL emerged. The clinical data at presentation and possible correlations with the immunological subgroups were demonstrated.", "PMID": 108896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8446", "title": "Structural and functional characteristics of hairy cells.", "content": "Morphological, cytochemical, immunological and ultrastructural studies were performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a patient with hairy-cell leukemia. Immunofluorescence studies showed a very strong intensity of fluorescence and indicated that hairy cells had monoclonal surface-membrane immunoglobulins (SmIg) actively produced by the cells. An unusual spontaneous SmIg redistribution induced by antibodies was also noted. Immunoultrastructural studies demonstrated that antibody-induced redistribution of SmIg on hairy cells is in form of a singular polar cap and that the cell membrane is rapidly cleaned of the complexes by endocytosis. The behavior of hairy cells regarding several membrane markers, mitogen stimulation and antibody-induced cytotoxicity suggests that hairy projections could represent the expression of a functional stage common to different lymphocyte subpopulations, or alternatively, a marker of a peculiar subset of B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Structural and functional characteristics of hairy cells. Morphological, cytochemical, immunological and ultrastructural studies were performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a patient with hairy-cell leukemia. Immunofluorescence studies showed a very strong intensity of fluorescence and indicated that hairy cells had monoclonal surface-membrane immunoglobulins (SmIg) actively produced by the cells. An unusual spontaneous SmIg redistribution induced by antibodies was also noted. Immunoultrastructural studies demonstrated that antibody-induced redistribution of SmIg on hairy cells is in form of a singular polar cap and that the cell membrane is rapidly cleaned of the complexes by endocytosis. The behavior of hairy cells regarding several membrane markers, mitogen stimulation and antibody-induced cytotoxicity suggests that hairy projections could represent the expression of a functional stage common to different lymphocyte subpopulations, or alternatively, a marker of a peculiar subset of B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 108897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8447", "title": "A case of S\u00e9zary syndrome with non-rosetting cells and unusual cytogenetic findings.", "content": "A rare case of S\u00e9zary syndrome with typical, clinical and haematological picture is described. The absence of any lymphoid surface markers on S\u00e9zary cells and the consistent presence of distinct clone 45 XY-F cytogenetic abnormality are very unusual features observed in the present case. In spite of these peculiar findings, response to chlorambucil and prednisolone was excellent.", "contents": "A case of S\u00e9zary syndrome with non-rosetting cells and unusual cytogenetic findings. A rare case of S\u00e9zary syndrome with typical, clinical and haematological picture is described. The absence of any lymphoid surface markers on S\u00e9zary cells and the consistent presence of distinct clone 45 XY-F cytogenetic abnormality are very unusual features observed in the present case. In spite of these peculiar findings, response to chlorambucil and prednisolone was excellent.", "PMID": 108898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8448", "title": "Eosinophilic acquired Pelger-Hu\u00ebt anomaly in acute myeloblastic leukemia. A cytochemical study.", "content": "Decreased nuclear segmentation and coarse chromatin only in mature eosinophils was seen in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia. These eosinophils were considered to have acquired Pelger-Hu\u00ebt anomaly. On cytochemical study they displayed a strong PAS-positive reaction.", "contents": "Eosinophilic acquired Pelger-Hu\u00ebt anomaly in acute myeloblastic leukemia. A cytochemical study. Decreased nuclear segmentation and coarse chromatin only in mature eosinophils was seen in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia. These eosinophils were considered to have acquired Pelger-Hu\u00ebt anomaly. On cytochemical study they displayed a strong PAS-positive reaction.", "PMID": 108899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8449", "title": "Serum folate binding capacity in leukemias, liver diseases and pregnancy.", "content": "Total and unsaturated folate binding capacity (TFBC, UFBC) have been measured in sera of selective groups of patients to study the role of cell turnover, cell necrosis and the effect of pregnancy in determining their concentrations in blood. The mean value of TFBC in 35 normal sera was 151 +/- (SD) 53 pg/ml with a saturation of 88%. The TFBC was raised in chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), in acute hepatitis, in cirrhosis, and in pregnancy (third trimester). The normal mean value of TFBC was found in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and inthe first trimester of pregnancy. The mean UFBC in the normal sera was 19 +/- 18 pg/ml. In all the pathological conditions studied the mean UFBC was significantly greater than normal and it was particularly high in CGL (85 +/- 78 pg/ml).", "contents": "Serum folate binding capacity in leukemias, liver diseases and pregnancy. Total and unsaturated folate binding capacity (TFBC, UFBC) have been measured in sera of selective groups of patients to study the role of cell turnover, cell necrosis and the effect of pregnancy in determining their concentrations in blood. The mean value of TFBC in 35 normal sera was 151 +/- (SD) 53 pg/ml with a saturation of 88%. The TFBC was raised in chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), in acute hepatitis, in cirrhosis, and in pregnancy (third trimester). The normal mean value of TFBC was found in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and inthe first trimester of pregnancy. The mean UFBC in the normal sera was 19 +/- 18 pg/ml. In all the pathological conditions studied the mean UFBC was significantly greater than normal and it was particularly high in CGL (85 +/- 78 pg/ml).", "PMID": 108900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8450", "title": "Auditory involvement in thalassemia major.", "content": "The auditory function of 75 children affected by homozygous beta0-thalassemia, managed with a low transfusion scheme and treated irregularly with low doses of desferrioxamine, and of 75 controls were examined. In 12 patients a mild bilateral conductive hearing impairment due to bony hypertrophy and/or adenoid hypertrophy was found. In 43 cases a moderate monolateral or bilateral sensory-neural hearing loss at high frequencies with recruitment phenomenon was observed. Ferritin levels were determined in a randomly chosen group of these patients with (14) and without heaing loss (11). In the subjects with sensory-neural hearing loss the mean ferritin levels were significantly higher than in those with no hearing defect. There was no obvious relation between sensory-neural damage on the one hand and Hb levels and unit of blood transfused on the other. The results of this study suggest that iron overload could be a cause of damage in the high frequency elements of the auditory mechanism. Intermittent hypoxia and slow 8th nerve compression due to bony hypertrophy as causes of auditory involvement are also discussed.", "contents": "Auditory involvement in thalassemia major. The auditory function of 75 children affected by homozygous beta0-thalassemia, managed with a low transfusion scheme and treated irregularly with low doses of desferrioxamine, and of 75 controls were examined. In 12 patients a mild bilateral conductive hearing impairment due to bony hypertrophy and/or adenoid hypertrophy was found. In 43 cases a moderate monolateral or bilateral sensory-neural hearing loss at high frequencies with recruitment phenomenon was observed. Ferritin levels were determined in a randomly chosen group of these patients with (14) and without heaing loss (11). In the subjects with sensory-neural hearing loss the mean ferritin levels were significantly higher than in those with no hearing defect. There was no obvious relation between sensory-neural damage on the one hand and Hb levels and unit of blood transfused on the other. The results of this study suggest that iron overload could be a cause of damage in the high frequency elements of the auditory mechanism. Intermittent hypoxia and slow 8th nerve compression due to bony hypertrophy as causes of auditory involvement are also discussed.", "PMID": 108901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8451", "title": "Synthesis of alpha, delta-beta and gamma chains by reticulocytes from two brothers homozygous for haemoglobin Lepore.", "content": "Globin chain synthesis has been investigated for the first time in 2 patients homozygous for haemoglobin Lepore, although the 2 brothers have the same haemoglobin genotype the severity of the diseases is very different. The purpose of this study was to try and find out the reason for the different severity in the clinical manifestations. In the 2 patients a different excess of alpha-chain synthesis was observed, the higher excess being present in the subject carrying the more severe anaemia. This result strongly suggests that in homozygous haemoglobin Lepore disease, as in beta-thalassaemia, the degree of globin chain imbalance is responsible for the clinical manifestations.", "contents": "Synthesis of alpha, delta-beta and gamma chains by reticulocytes from two brothers homozygous for haemoglobin Lepore. Globin chain synthesis has been investigated for the first time in 2 patients homozygous for haemoglobin Lepore, although the 2 brothers have the same haemoglobin genotype the severity of the diseases is very different. The purpose of this study was to try and find out the reason for the different severity in the clinical manifestations. In the 2 patients a different excess of alpha-chain synthesis was observed, the higher excess being present in the subject carrying the more severe anaemia. This result strongly suggests that in homozygous haemoglobin Lepore disease, as in beta-thalassaemia, the degree of globin chain imbalance is responsible for the clinical manifestations.", "PMID": 108902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8452", "title": "Spectrophotometric method applicable to in vitro studies of Heinz body formation in erythrocytes.", "content": "A simple quantitative procedure is described for the estimation of Heinz body formation in erythrocytes, based on the spectrophotometric measurement of the amount of crystal violet absorbed by precipitated Heinz bodies. Good correlation is shown between this method and the counting of Heinz body-containing erythrocytes in a microscopical preparation. This technique is particularly applicable to in vitro studies of the comparative effects produced in the erythrocyte by oxidant agents.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric method applicable to in vitro studies of Heinz body formation in erythrocytes. A simple quantitative procedure is described for the estimation of Heinz body formation in erythrocytes, based on the spectrophotometric measurement of the amount of crystal violet absorbed by precipitated Heinz bodies. Good correlation is shown between this method and the counting of Heinz body-containing erythrocytes in a microscopical preparation. This technique is particularly applicable to in vitro studies of the comparative effects produced in the erythrocyte by oxidant agents.", "PMID": 108903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8453", "title": "Human platelet aggregation curve and oral contraception.", "content": "In a series of in vitro experiments, the authors investigated the different aspects of the aggregation curves of human blood platelets taken from a group of women who received oral contraceptives, another group of women who did not receive oral contraceptives and a group of men. The platelets were subjected to ADP stimulation. The authors showed that at the lower doses (0.44 and 0.88 . 10(-6) M) of ADP the aggregation and the disaggregation of the platelets from the women who received oral contraceptives was significantly greater than that of the two other groups. The authors proposed that these may be due to an increase of the sensitivity of the platelets to the aggregating stimuli in that group of women who were under oral contraception.", "contents": "Human platelet aggregation curve and oral contraception. In a series of in vitro experiments, the authors investigated the different aspects of the aggregation curves of human blood platelets taken from a group of women who received oral contraceptives, another group of women who did not receive oral contraceptives and a group of men. The platelets were subjected to ADP stimulation. The authors showed that at the lower doses (0.44 and 0.88 . 10(-6) M) of ADP the aggregation and the disaggregation of the platelets from the women who received oral contraceptives was significantly greater than that of the two other groups. The authors proposed that these may be due to an increase of the sensitivity of the platelets to the aggregating stimuli in that group of women who were under oral contraception.", "PMID": 108905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8454", "title": "Drug sensitivity of M. leprae isolated from leprosy patients administered DDS for long period of time.", "content": "Drug sensitivity was tested using liquid medium on three stains isolated from the subcutaneous nodules of L-type patients who have long been administered DDS alone. The results revealed that the first strain was resistant to DDS up to the concentration of 1.0 microgram/ml suggesting as if it were DDS dependent or enhanced strain, whereas the second strain was completely sensitive to DDS even at the lowest concentration of 0.01 microgram/ml suggesting possible inactivation of this drug in the host patient. The third strain was completely resistant to 0.1 microgram/ml, but sensitive to 1.0 microgram/ml of DDS, suggesting that the therapeutic effect can not be expected any more, when the strain becomes resistant to 0.1 microgram/ml of DDS. All of the three strains were sensitive to REP at the concentration of 0.01 microgram/ml, and the host patients of the former two strains showed rapid improvement of the clinical symptomes after REP administration. That the second strain was sensitive to INH at the concentratin of 0.01 microgram/ml suggested the availability of the combined use of INH in the chemotherapy of leprosy.", "contents": "Drug sensitivity of M. leprae isolated from leprosy patients administered DDS for long period of time. Drug sensitivity was tested using liquid medium on three stains isolated from the subcutaneous nodules of L-type patients who have long been administered DDS alone. The results revealed that the first strain was resistant to DDS up to the concentration of 1.0 microgram/ml suggesting as if it were DDS dependent or enhanced strain, whereas the second strain was completely sensitive to DDS even at the lowest concentration of 0.01 microgram/ml suggesting possible inactivation of this drug in the host patient. The third strain was completely resistant to 0.1 microgram/ml, but sensitive to 1.0 microgram/ml of DDS, suggesting that the therapeutic effect can not be expected any more, when the strain becomes resistant to 0.1 microgram/ml of DDS. All of the three strains were sensitive to REP at the concentration of 0.01 microgram/ml, and the host patients of the former two strains showed rapid improvement of the clinical symptomes after REP administration. That the second strain was sensitive to INH at the concentratin of 0.01 microgram/ml suggested the availability of the combined use of INH in the chemotherapy of leprosy.", "PMID": 108909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8455", "title": "[Epitheliomatous degeneration of wounds, ulcers and perforating plantar disorders in patients with leprosy].", "content": "Six cases of epitheliomatous degeneration, among which five spino-cellulars and one baso-cellular, happened among leprosy patients showing sores, ulcerations and planter ulcers, are quoted in this study. Here, the authors underline the favorable part of the defects of cellular immunity for the leprous pathogenesis, and the need of using histological exams systematically when noticing any continued delay of cicatrisation. An immuno-stimulating medication should be used for any leprosy patient showing obstinate trophical troubles.", "contents": "[Epitheliomatous degeneration of wounds, ulcers and perforating plantar disorders in patients with leprosy]. Six cases of epitheliomatous degeneration, among which five spino-cellulars and one baso-cellular, happened among leprosy patients showing sores, ulcerations and planter ulcers, are quoted in this study. Here, the authors underline the favorable part of the defects of cellular immunity for the leprous pathogenesis, and the need of using histological exams systematically when noticing any continued delay of cicatrisation. An immuno-stimulating medication should be used for any leprosy patient showing obstinate trophical troubles.", "PMID": 108910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8456", "title": "A scanning electron microscopical study of normal and fluorotic enamel demineralized by EDTA.", "content": "Normal and fluorotic primary and permanent teeth were demineralized  in 10% EDTA at pH 7 for varying periods of time up to 4 weeks. The fluorotic teeth initially dissolved at a much slower rate than non-fluorotic specimens and appeared to contain more organic material. After almost complete removal of the outer enamel a soft organic layer remained on the dentin surface. This consisted of a fine fibrillar mesh and some more dense material. After four weeks much of the organic material had disappeared leaving only a thin membrane on the dentin surface.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopical study of normal and fluorotic enamel demineralized by EDTA. Normal and fluorotic primary and permanent teeth were demineralized  in 10% EDTA at pH 7 for varying periods of time up to 4 weeks. The fluorotic teeth initially dissolved at a much slower rate than non-fluorotic specimens and appeared to contain more organic material. After almost complete removal of the outer enamel a soft organic layer remained on the dentin surface. This consisted of a fine fibrillar mesh and some more dense material. After four weeks much of the organic material had disappeared leaving only a thin membrane on the dentin surface.", "PMID": 108914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8457", "title": "Changes in serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone-binding proteins during early infancy. Studies in healthy fullterm, small-for-gestational age and preterm infants aged 7 to 240 days.", "content": "Serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), prealbumin (TBPA) and albumin (Alb) were determined in 492 blood samples from 127 fullterm (FT), 91 small-for-gestational age (SGA) and 88 preterm (PT) healthy infants aged 7 to 240 days. Serum T4 decreased about 20% during the first month of life. In infants aged 7--49 days, serum T4 concentrations were significantly lower in SGA than in FT infants, and even lower values were found in PT infants. Serum T3 increased 50--70% reaching maximal values by 50--79 days of life. Serum T3 levels were higher in FT than in SGA infants throughout the observation period. In PT infants serum T3 increased from low values to levels which exceeded those of SGA and FT infants by 120--240 days of life. Serum TSH level did not change with age and was less than or equal to 5 mU/l in all infants. Serum TBG values were high compared to normal adult values and did not change significantly with age. Comparable serum TBG values were found in FT, SGA and PT infants. Serum TBPA increased with age. Serum TBPA increased gradually in FT infants. In SGA infants serum TBPA increased from low values to levels which by 120--240 days of life exceeded those of PT and FT infants. In PT infants a decrease in serum TBPA appeared before the rise commenced. Serum Alb increased gradually in FT, SGA and PT infants during the observation period. Serum Alb in PT infants aged 30--119 days was lower than those in FT infants with similar ages. These physiological changes in serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and hormone-binding proteins during early infancy should be considered when interpreting thyroid function tests in infants with various maturity.", "contents": "Changes in serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone-binding proteins during early infancy. Studies in healthy fullterm, small-for-gestational age and preterm infants aged 7 to 240 days. Serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), prealbumin (TBPA) and albumin (Alb) were determined in 492 blood samples from 127 fullterm (FT), 91 small-for-gestational age (SGA) and 88 preterm (PT) healthy infants aged 7 to 240 days. Serum T4 decreased about 20% during the first month of life. In infants aged 7--49 days, serum T4 concentrations were significantly lower in SGA than in FT infants, and even lower values were found in PT infants. Serum T3 increased 50--70% reaching maximal values by 50--79 days of life. Serum T3 levels were higher in FT than in SGA infants throughout the observation period. In PT infants serum T3 increased from low values to levels which exceeded those of SGA and FT infants by 120--240 days of life. Serum TSH level did not change with age and was less than or equal to 5 mU/l in all infants. Serum TBG values were high compared to normal adult values and did not change significantly with age. Comparable serum TBG values were found in FT, SGA and PT infants. Serum TBPA increased with age. Serum TBPA increased gradually in FT infants. In SGA infants serum TBPA increased from low values to levels which by 120--240 days of life exceeded those of PT and FT infants. In PT infants a decrease in serum TBPA appeared before the rise commenced. Serum Alb increased gradually in FT, SGA and PT infants during the observation period. Serum Alb in PT infants aged 30--119 days was lower than those in FT infants with similar ages. These physiological changes in serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and hormone-binding proteins during early infancy should be considered when interpreting thyroid function tests in infants with various maturity.", "PMID": 108916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8458", "title": "The interaction of penicillin and chloramphenicol against meningococci in vitro.", "content": "Combinations of penicillin and chloramphenicol are frequently used initially in the treatment of bacterial meningitis. The simultaneous effects against meningococci of these two drugs were examined in vitro in a chemically defined, proteinfree medium. The investigation was performed with different combinations of the antibiotics, including optimal concentrations. In most instances, penicillin and chloramphenicol seemed to have an additive, but not an iso-additive, effect. No antagonism was found, and only one out of nine strains showed indifference.", "contents": "The interaction of penicillin and chloramphenicol against meningococci in vitro. Combinations of penicillin and chloramphenicol are frequently used initially in the treatment of bacterial meningitis. The simultaneous effects against meningococci of these two drugs were examined in vitro in a chemically defined, proteinfree medium. The investigation was performed with different combinations of the antibiotics, including optimal concentrations. In most instances, penicillin and chloramphenicol seemed to have an additive, but not an iso-additive, effect. No antagonism was found, and only one out of nine strains showed indifference.", "PMID": 108918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8459", "title": "Electron microscopical study of Neisseria meningitidis releasing various amounts of free endotoxin.", "content": "A study has been made of the ultrastructure of four strains of Neisseria meningitidis which liberate varying amounts of free endotoxin in a chemically-defined, protein-free medium. The two strains which did not release detectable or only sparse amounts of free, filtrable endotoxin were rather uniform in cell size. Their cells appeared to be intact and showed a low tendency to aggregate, In addition cells of these strains showed only sporadic loose, trilaminar membranes and blebs, and free membranous structures were sparse in the medium. The endotoxin releasing strains liberated a high yield of free structures from the outer cell wall into the medium. These structures may represent the lipopolysaccharide (LPS).", "contents": "Electron microscopical study of Neisseria meningitidis releasing various amounts of free endotoxin. A study has been made of the ultrastructure of four strains of Neisseria meningitidis which liberate varying amounts of free endotoxin in a chemically-defined, protein-free medium. The two strains which did not release detectable or only sparse amounts of free, filtrable endotoxin were rather uniform in cell size. Their cells appeared to be intact and showed a low tendency to aggregate, In addition cells of these strains showed only sporadic loose, trilaminar membranes and blebs, and free membranous structures were sparse in the medium. The endotoxin releasing strains liberated a high yield of free structures from the outer cell wall into the medium. These structures may represent the lipopolysaccharide (LPS).", "PMID": 108919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8460", "title": "Fluid pathways in temporal bones.", "content": "Five temporal bones were serially sectioned and studied concerning spread of erythrocytes and blood-derived precipitate in patients who died from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Erythrocytes followed the natural pathways--the cochlear aqueduct, the cochlear, vestibular, facial and glossopharyngeal nerves, and were demonstrable in the inner ear fluid spaces. The temporal bone marrow spaces were also filled with erythrocytes, particularly in the hypotympanal area. In the microimmunoelectrophoresis, no specific precipitation lines formed between the anti-CSF serum from rabbits and middle ear exudate from human ears with acute otitis media. Although, in animals, middle ear spaces have been shown to be connected to the middle ear space this does not seem to apply to human ears, and CSF fluid components are not involved in the formation of middle ear exudate.", "contents": "Fluid pathways in temporal bones. Five temporal bones were serially sectioned and studied concerning spread of erythrocytes and blood-derived precipitate in patients who died from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Erythrocytes followed the natural pathways--the cochlear aqueduct, the cochlear, vestibular, facial and glossopharyngeal nerves, and were demonstrable in the inner ear fluid spaces. The temporal bone marrow spaces were also filled with erythrocytes, particularly in the hypotympanal area. In the microimmunoelectrophoresis, no specific precipitation lines formed between the anti-CSF serum from rabbits and middle ear exudate from human ears with acute otitis media. Although, in animals, middle ear spaces have been shown to be connected to the middle ear space this does not seem to apply to human ears, and CSF fluid components are not involved in the formation of middle ear exudate.", "PMID": 108915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8461", "title": "Production and evaluation of antisera for serological type determination of group-B streptococci by double diffusion in agarose gel.", "content": "A double diffusion technique for serological typing of Group-B streptococci is presented. The method is valuable both for type determination on a large scale, as well as for evaluation of the specificity of type antisera. As in previously published methods, HC1-extracted antigens are used. The preparation of type antisera is described and the reactions of some selected sera are given in figures. The advantages of the method are good economy of antisera and easy recognition of weak and/or unspecific precipitates. The method is especially useful in epidemiological investigations.", "contents": "Production and evaluation of antisera for serological type determination of group-B streptococci by double diffusion in agarose gel. A double diffusion technique for serological typing of Group-B streptococci is presented. The method is valuable both for type determination on a large scale, as well as for evaluation of the specificity of type antisera. As in previously published methods, HC1-extracted antigens are used. The preparation of type antisera is described and the reactions of some selected sera are given in figures. The advantages of the method are good economy of antisera and easy recognition of weak and/or unspecific precipitates. The method is especially useful in epidemiological investigations.", "PMID": 108920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8462", "title": "A solid-phase, polyclonal IgM-RF binding assay for circulating immune complexes.", "content": "A polyclonal IgM-RF-binding assay (pRF-BA) for the detection of circulating immune complexes (IC) is described. The method is based on the competitive binding of heat-treated iodinated IgG (deltaIgG) and naturally occurring IC to solid phase IgM-RF. The sensitivity limit of the assay was 300--400 ng deltaIgG/ml dilute serum. The coefficient of variation for the assay varied from 6 to 12% of the total binding when deltaIgG concentrations up to 1 microgram/ml were measured. One hundred and six patient sera were examined for IC occurrence and significant differences (p less than 0.01) were observed between 30 normal control sera and sera from SLE, sarcoidosis and glomerulonephritis patients. About 40% of patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) gave IC-positive reactions with samples taken 5 to 10 days after the infarction. The kinetics of IC appearance was studied in AMI patients by the pRF-BA and three complement-dependent assays. IC appearance was registered in the RF assay 5 to 12 days after the rise in ASAT enzyme values and the IC reactivity corresponded to complexes ranging from 2 to 5 x 10(6) in molecular weight.", "contents": "A solid-phase, polyclonal IgM-RF binding assay for circulating immune complexes. A polyclonal IgM-RF-binding assay (pRF-BA) for the detection of circulating immune complexes (IC) is described. The method is based on the competitive binding of heat-treated iodinated IgG (deltaIgG) and naturally occurring IC to solid phase IgM-RF. The sensitivity limit of the assay was 300--400 ng deltaIgG/ml dilute serum. The coefficient of variation for the assay varied from 6 to 12% of the total binding when deltaIgG concentrations up to 1 microgram/ml were measured. One hundred and six patient sera were examined for IC occurrence and significant differences (p less than 0.01) were observed between 30 normal control sera and sera from SLE, sarcoidosis and glomerulonephritis patients. About 40% of patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) gave IC-positive reactions with samples taken 5 to 10 days after the infarction. The kinetics of IC appearance was studied in AMI patients by the pRF-BA and three complement-dependent assays. IC appearance was registered in the RF assay 5 to 12 days after the rise in ASAT enzyme values and the IC reactivity corresponded to complexes ranging from 2 to 5 x 10(6) in molecular weight.", "PMID": 108921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8463", "title": "Corticosteroids and thyroid function. Different effects on plasma volume, thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone-binding proteins after oral and intravenous administration.", "content": "The influence of glucocorticosteroids on plasma volume, thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone-binding proteins was studied in 17 patients. Plasma volume was not affected either by i.v. beta-methasone (6 mg daily) or by oral prednisolone (45--180 mg daily) given for 5 days. The serum T3 concentration decreased while rT3 increased independently of the route of administration of corticosteroids. Serum T4 concentration decreased after i.v. but not after oral administration of corticosteroids. Oral steroids as compared to i.v. increased the 125I-triiodothyronine uptake test value. The serum TBG concentration decreased independently of the route of administration, while the serum TBPA concentration increased after oral corticosteroids but was unchanged after i.v. treatment. The serum TSH concentration was slightly reduced. About half of the patients were given both corticosteroids and nutrition i.v. and the other half were given all treatment by mouth. The part played by the route of administration of corticosteroids and calories, respectively, cannot be evaluated at present but these factors seem to be of importance.", "contents": "Corticosteroids and thyroid function. Different effects on plasma volume, thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone-binding proteins after oral and intravenous administration. The influence of glucocorticosteroids on plasma volume, thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone-binding proteins was studied in 17 patients. Plasma volume was not affected either by i.v. beta-methasone (6 mg daily) or by oral prednisolone (45--180 mg daily) given for 5 days. The serum T3 concentration decreased while rT3 increased independently of the route of administration of corticosteroids. Serum T4 concentration decreased after i.v. but not after oral administration of corticosteroids. Oral steroids as compared to i.v. increased the 125I-triiodothyronine uptake test value. The serum TBG concentration decreased independently of the route of administration, while the serum TBPA concentration increased after oral corticosteroids but was unchanged after i.v. treatment. The serum TSH concentration was slightly reduced. About half of the patients were given both corticosteroids and nutrition i.v. and the other half were given all treatment by mouth. The part played by the route of administration of corticosteroids and calories, respectively, cannot be evaluated at present but these factors seem to be of importance.", "PMID": 108922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8464", "title": "Severe asthmatic reaction during long-term treatment with disodium cromoglycate powder inhalations.", "content": "Inhalation of inert particles may in susceptible subjects with bronchial asthma result in reflex bronchoconstriction mediated through the vagal nerves. A case of severe asthmatic reaction with bronchial spasm in a 60-year-old man with intrinsic asthma after inhalation of disodium cromoglycate powder (Lomudal) during long-term treatment is reported. The mechanism is considered to be reflexogenic. Because of the variability in individual susceptibility during long-term treatment, inhalation therapy should always be given with close attention to asthmatic exacerbations.", "contents": "Severe asthmatic reaction during long-term treatment with disodium cromoglycate powder inhalations. Inhalation of inert particles may in susceptible subjects with bronchial asthma result in reflex bronchoconstriction mediated through the vagal nerves. A case of severe asthmatic reaction with bronchial spasm in a 60-year-old man with intrinsic asthma after inhalation of disodium cromoglycate powder (Lomudal) during long-term treatment is reported. The mechanism is considered to be reflexogenic. Because of the variability in individual susceptibility during long-term treatment, inhalation therapy should always be given with close attention to asthmatic exacerbations.", "PMID": 108923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8465", "title": "Cellular changes in tissues of newborn mice infected with Mokola virus: ultrastructural and biochemical changes.", "content": "Cellular and biochemical changes which occurred in the tissues of newborn mice infected with Mokola virus, a rabies-related virus (rhabdovirus group), were described. The virus was transmitted along the peripheral nerves and appeared in various tissues of the body, but did not replicate in any except the nervous system, where it manifested its gross effects. While Mokola virus increased the synthesis of glycogen and total protein in infected brain, liver, lung, spleen and heart, it reduced the activity of monoamine oxidase in the brain. Virus multiplication occurred in the normal rough endoplasmic reticulum. During virus reproduction the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and mitochondria were destroyed and replaced by a viral matrix. Virus maturation also occurred within the rough endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Cellular changes in tissues of newborn mice infected with Mokola virus: ultrastructural and biochemical changes. Cellular and biochemical changes which occurred in the tissues of newborn mice infected with Mokola virus, a rabies-related virus (rhabdovirus group), were described. The virus was transmitted along the peripheral nerves and appeared in various tissues of the body, but did not replicate in any except the nervous system, where it manifested its gross effects. While Mokola virus increased the synthesis of glycogen and total protein in infected brain, liver, lung, spleen and heart, it reduced the activity of monoamine oxidase in the brain. Virus multiplication occurred in the normal rough endoplasmic reticulum. During virus reproduction the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and mitochondria were destroyed and replaced by a viral matrix. Virus maturation also occurred within the rough endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 108929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8466", "title": "Hepatitis Bs antigen, antigen subtypes and hepatitis Bs antibody in Ghana.", "content": "In a study on the prevalence of hepatitis Bs antigen and antibody in 374 Ghanaian patients, 305 of whom had hepatic diseases and sixty-nine with non-hepatic diseases, it was found that Bs antigenaemia and antibody rates were, respectively. 38.7% and 4.3% in patients with hepatic diseases. In patients with non-hepatic diseases the corresponding values were 14.5% and 10.1% respectively. It was further found that both antigenaemia and antibody rates were higher in females than in males with hepatic diseases. However, HBs antigenaemia was highest in male children aged 0-5 years with hepatic disease than in their female counterparts. The antigenaemia rate was highest among both sexes in the 11-20 year age group. No antibody was detected in both male and female patients aged 6-10 years. Hepatitis Bs antigen was detected in all seven regions of the nine in the country surveyed. On the other hand, HBs antibody was detected in patients with hepatic diseases as well as in those with non-hepatic diseases in all the seven regions surveyed except in the Eastern Region. The only subtype detected in the survey was ayw.", "contents": "Hepatitis Bs antigen, antigen subtypes and hepatitis Bs antibody in Ghana. In a study on the prevalence of hepatitis Bs antigen and antibody in 374 Ghanaian patients, 305 of whom had hepatic diseases and sixty-nine with non-hepatic diseases, it was found that Bs antigenaemia and antibody rates were, respectively. 38.7% and 4.3% in patients with hepatic diseases. In patients with non-hepatic diseases the corresponding values were 14.5% and 10.1% respectively. It was further found that both antigenaemia and antibody rates were higher in females than in males with hepatic diseases. However, HBs antigenaemia was highest in male children aged 0-5 years with hepatic disease than in their female counterparts. The antigenaemia rate was highest among both sexes in the 11-20 year age group. No antibody was detected in both male and female patients aged 6-10 years. Hepatitis Bs antigen was detected in all seven regions of the nine in the country surveyed. On the other hand, HBs antibody was detected in patients with hepatic diseases as well as in those with non-hepatic diseases in all the seven regions surveyed except in the Eastern Region. The only subtype detected in the survey was ayw.", "PMID": 108930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8467", "title": "Metabolic consequences of mycoplasmal contamination of cell cultures.", "content": "KB cells originally derived from epitheloid carcinoma of the nasopharynx were found to be contaminated with mycoplasma. The contaminated cells showed significantly higher glycolytic (EMP) and respiratory (TCA) rates when compared with non-contaminated or 'cured' cells. The activity of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt, an alternative pathway of glucose metabolism, was shown to be reasonably higher than normal KB cell levels. Treatment involving combination of heat (41 degrees C) and kanamycin (350 microgram/cm3) for 21 hours was found to adequately and selectively inactivate the mycoplasmal population. Following cure, the metabolism of the cells fell well within normal ranges. The treatment showed no deleterious effects on the KB cell population. The possibility and the significance of an independent hexose monophosphate shunt activity in the mycoplasma population in addition to the already established partial TCA and EMP activities, and the overall significance of detection of carbohydrate metabolism in these organisms, are discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic consequences of mycoplasmal contamination of cell cultures. KB cells originally derived from epitheloid carcinoma of the nasopharynx were found to be contaminated with mycoplasma. The contaminated cells showed significantly higher glycolytic (EMP) and respiratory (TCA) rates when compared with non-contaminated or 'cured' cells. The activity of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt, an alternative pathway of glucose metabolism, was shown to be reasonably higher than normal KB cell levels. Treatment involving combination of heat (41 degrees C) and kanamycin (350 microgram/cm3) for 21 hours was found to adequately and selectively inactivate the mycoplasmal population. Following cure, the metabolism of the cells fell well within normal ranges. The treatment showed no deleterious effects on the KB cell population. The possibility and the significance of an independent hexose monophosphate shunt activity in the mycoplasma population in addition to the already established partial TCA and EMP activities, and the overall significance of detection of carbohydrate metabolism in these organisms, are discussed.", "PMID": 108931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8468", "title": "Arterial blood pressures and hypertension in a rural Nigerian community.", "content": "In 1976 a blood pressure survey was conducted in Isiuwa village to determine the prevalence of hypertension in a rural Nigerian Community and the effect of re-examination of those subjects who were found to be 'hypertensive' at the primary screening. Out of the 2082 subjects aged 15 to 59 years examined at the primary screening, 123 (5.9%) were found to be hypertensive and when these 123 hypertensive subjects were re-examined 8 to 12 weeks later, only 44 (2.1%) subjects remained hypertensive. The phenomenon responsible for the reduction in yield of hypertensives is thought to be a real one in studies of apparently healthy populations. This phenomenon does not, however, diminish the prognostic significance of a casual elevation of blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension is low in the community studied and some factors which may favourably affect blood pressures are discussed. The low prevalence of hypertension among the highly parous women in this community is similar to that found in a study among some rural Ghanaians but different to studies among some rural communities in Nigeria.", "contents": "Arterial blood pressures and hypertension in a rural Nigerian community. In 1976 a blood pressure survey was conducted in Isiuwa village to determine the prevalence of hypertension in a rural Nigerian Community and the effect of re-examination of those subjects who were found to be 'hypertensive' at the primary screening. Out of the 2082 subjects aged 15 to 59 years examined at the primary screening, 123 (5.9%) were found to be hypertensive and when these 123 hypertensive subjects were re-examined 8 to 12 weeks later, only 44 (2.1%) subjects remained hypertensive. The phenomenon responsible for the reduction in yield of hypertensives is thought to be a real one in studies of apparently healthy populations. This phenomenon does not, however, diminish the prognostic significance of a casual elevation of blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension is low in the community studied and some factors which may favourably affect blood pressures are discussed. The low prevalence of hypertension among the highly parous women in this community is similar to that found in a study among some rural Ghanaians but different to studies among some rural communities in Nigeria.", "PMID": 108932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8469", "title": "Association between tonsil size and immunoglobulin concentrations.", "content": "Tonsil size and serum immunoglobulin (G, A, M and D) measurements were studied in 1049 individuals during a health survey on the West Coast of Newfoundland. The data were subjected to multifactorial analysis of variance. People with vestigial tonsils had the lowest mean IgG-levels, whereas those with naturally absent tonsils had the highest mean IgG-levels. There were also statistical differences in the mean IgA levels in relation to tonsil size. Individuals with vestigial tonsil sizes had the highest mean IgA levels whereas those who had had a tonsillectomy had the lowest. There are no tonsil size-related differences for IgM or IgD concentrations.", "contents": "Association between tonsil size and immunoglobulin concentrations. Tonsil size and serum immunoglobulin (G, A, M and D) measurements were studied in 1049 individuals during a health survey on the West Coast of Newfoundland. The data were subjected to multifactorial analysis of variance. People with vestigial tonsils had the lowest mean IgG-levels, whereas those with naturally absent tonsils had the highest mean IgG-levels. There were also statistical differences in the mean IgA levels in relation to tonsil size. Individuals with vestigial tonsil sizes had the highest mean IgA levels whereas those who had had a tonsillectomy had the lowest. There are no tonsil size-related differences for IgM or IgD concentrations.", "PMID": 108933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8470", "title": "The dietary fibre theory and bile salt pattern in Nigerians.", "content": "The results of bile analysis showed differences in the bile salt pattern of Caucasians and Nigerians, whose dietary habits differ mainly in dietary fibre composition. The Nigerian bile appears to contain less deoxycholate, but more cholate and a larger total pool of bile salts. These findings would seem to lend biochemical support for the epidemiological evidence concerning the uncommon occurrence of cholesterol gallstones and large bowel cancer in Nigeria as, indeed, in the less economically developed contries, where the dietary habits have not undergone comparable revolutionary changes of Western civilization, which have removed cellulose fibre from the diet in the process of industrial refinery.", "contents": "The dietary fibre theory and bile salt pattern in Nigerians. The results of bile analysis showed differences in the bile salt pattern of Caucasians and Nigerians, whose dietary habits differ mainly in dietary fibre composition. The Nigerian bile appears to contain less deoxycholate, but more cholate and a larger total pool of bile salts. These findings would seem to lend biochemical support for the epidemiological evidence concerning the uncommon occurrence of cholesterol gallstones and large bowel cancer in Nigeria as, indeed, in the less economically developed contries, where the dietary habits have not undergone comparable revolutionary changes of Western civilization, which have removed cellulose fibre from the diet in the process of industrial refinery.", "PMID": 108934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8471", "title": "Bowel habit in a Yoruba rural community: preliminary report.", "content": "The bowel habit of a rural population 80 kilometres outside Ibadan was examined. Based on the pattern of the diet there, 91% of the apparently healthy subjects have daily bowel actions, 60% have two or more motions a day and the stool was soft in 51% of them. There was no alteration in the frequency and consistency of the stool with advancing age. The range of bowel actions was two to three soft motions per day. Recognizable dietary factors producing this pattern include not only the bulky carbohydrate diet but also the vegetables, pepper, fruits and traditional as well as proprietary laxative products commonly taken by these subjects. The implication of the bowel habit on the prevalence of certain gastrointestinal disease on the basis of Burkitt's hypothesis was examined. Measurements of food transit time and stool weights will form the basis of subsequent studies.", "contents": "Bowel habit in a Yoruba rural community: preliminary report. The bowel habit of a rural population 80 kilometres outside Ibadan was examined. Based on the pattern of the diet there, 91% of the apparently healthy subjects have daily bowel actions, 60% have two or more motions a day and the stool was soft in 51% of them. There was no alteration in the frequency and consistency of the stool with advancing age. The range of bowel actions was two to three soft motions per day. Recognizable dietary factors producing this pattern include not only the bulky carbohydrate diet but also the vegetables, pepper, fruits and traditional as well as proprietary laxative products commonly taken by these subjects. The implication of the bowel habit on the prevalence of certain gastrointestinal disease on the basis of Burkitt's hypothesis was examined. Measurements of food transit time and stool weights will form the basis of subsequent studies.", "PMID": 108935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8472", "title": "A comparison of the haematological values of cord bloods of African, European and Asian neonates.", "content": "A comparative study of the haematological values of 162 African and forty-one Asian and European cord bloods was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia, to determine whether neutropenia found in the majority of healthy African adults was present at birth. No significant differences in the total W.B.C., neutrophil and lymphocyte values of the three racial groups were found, from which it is concluded that Africans are not born with neutropenia. A review of previous studies, shows that as Africans changed from native to European type of diets, the incidence of neutropenia fell remarkably (in one community, from 88% to 27%), and no other environmental factors like hot climate or occult infections had such an effect. Absence of neutropenia in Africans at birth thus strengthens the case that this development in later life is acquired.", "contents": "A comparison of the haematological values of cord bloods of African, European and Asian neonates. A comparative study of the haematological values of 162 African and forty-one Asian and European cord bloods was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia, to determine whether neutropenia found in the majority of healthy African adults was present at birth. No significant differences in the total W.B.C., neutrophil and lymphocyte values of the three racial groups were found, from which it is concluded that Africans are not born with neutropenia. A review of previous studies, shows that as Africans changed from native to European type of diets, the incidence of neutropenia fell remarkably (in one community, from 88% to 27%), and no other environmental factors like hot climate or occult infections had such an effect. Absence of neutropenia in Africans at birth thus strengthens the case that this development in later life is acquired.", "PMID": 108936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8473", "title": "Depressive symptomatology in drug addicts: therapeutic and aetiological implications.", "content": "213 male and female patients attending a methadone maintenance clinic completed Zung's self-rating depression scale (SDS). The mean SDS index was 53.71 (s.d. = 11.15), which falls within the morbidity range of depression as found in previous studies of psychiatric and normal populations. There was no significant correlation between methadone dosage and SDS scores. The difference between the mean SDS index of subjects on a stable dosage of methadone and subjects being detoxified was not significant. The result may have important theoretical and practical implications with respect to the role of depression in addiction.", "contents": "Depressive symptomatology in drug addicts: therapeutic and aetiological implications. 213 male and female patients attending a methadone maintenance clinic completed Zung's self-rating depression scale (SDS). The mean SDS index was 53.71 (s.d. = 11.15), which falls within the morbidity range of depression as found in previous studies of psychiatric and normal populations. There was no significant correlation between methadone dosage and SDS scores. The difference between the mean SDS index of subjects on a stable dosage of methadone and subjects being detoxified was not significant. The result may have important theoretical and practical implications with respect to the role of depression in addiction.", "PMID": 108937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8474", "title": "Daily short course (6 months) chemotherapy for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in Nigerians: a preliminary report.", "content": "A trial of daily short courses (6 months) chemotherapy of previously untreated cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in Nigerians was carried out, using two regimens containing rifampicin. All patients had sputum conversion at 3 months, with over 90% of them being sputum-negative at 2 months. There was evidence of radiographic clearance in all the patients at 6 months. It is suggested that patients who still had extensive radiographic lesions at 6 months, though bacteriologically sterile, should have their chemotherapy extended to 9 months to reduce the chance of developing a bacteriological relapse. It was observed that the addition of streptomycin did not make any important contribution to the therapeutic success of rifampicin-isoniazid regimen. No bacteriological relapse was encountered 3 months after the cessation of chemotherapy. Rifampicin was well tolerated and toxic reactions were virtually non-existent. This study confirms the efficacy of short course regimens containing rifampicin. The regimen is advocated, especially in areas where patients' co-operation at taking the 18 month standard treatment cannot be guaranteed.", "contents": "Daily short course (6 months) chemotherapy for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in Nigerians: a preliminary report. A trial of daily short courses (6 months) chemotherapy of previously untreated cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in Nigerians was carried out, using two regimens containing rifampicin. All patients had sputum conversion at 3 months, with over 90% of them being sputum-negative at 2 months. There was evidence of radiographic clearance in all the patients at 6 months. It is suggested that patients who still had extensive radiographic lesions at 6 months, though bacteriologically sterile, should have their chemotherapy extended to 9 months to reduce the chance of developing a bacteriological relapse. It was observed that the addition of streptomycin did not make any important contribution to the therapeutic success of rifampicin-isoniazid regimen. No bacteriological relapse was encountered 3 months after the cessation of chemotherapy. Rifampicin was well tolerated and toxic reactions were virtually non-existent. This study confirms the efficacy of short course regimens containing rifampicin. The regimen is advocated, especially in areas where patients' co-operation at taking the 18 month standard treatment cannot be guaranteed.", "PMID": 108938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8475", "title": "Ureaplasma urealyticum (T. mycoplasma) and male infertility in topical countries.", "content": "In view of the potential role of ureaplasma urealyticum in reproductive failure, sample of semen from 100 Nigerian males was cultured in oxoid mycoplasma broth. In 39% of the patients, Uraeplasma uraelyticum was cultured. Of those with positive culture, 92.3% were infertile patients. Five subfertile males achieved pregnancy in their partners after eradication of the ureaplasma urealyticum by a course of tetracycline.", "contents": "Ureaplasma urealyticum (T. mycoplasma) and male infertility in topical countries. In view of the potential role of ureaplasma urealyticum in reproductive failure, sample of semen from 100 Nigerian males was cultured in oxoid mycoplasma broth. In 39% of the patients, Uraeplasma uraelyticum was cultured. Of those with positive culture, 92.3% were infertile patients. Five subfertile males achieved pregnancy in their partners after eradication of the ureaplasma urealyticum by a course of tetracycline.", "PMID": 108940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8476", "title": "Biophysical and biological studies on Jos virus (a new tick-borne virus isolated from Nigeria).", "content": "Jos virus possessed no haemagglutinating property within pH range 6.0--6.6 at room temperature and 37 degrees C. Haemagglutination-inhibition tests with Jos virus immune mouse ascitic fluid against other arbovirus antigens further confirmed the lack of serological relationships with any of the major arbovirus groups. Serum neutralisation tests showed that nonspecific neuralising inhibitors of Jos virus were absent in normal sera. Jos virus is highly thermolabile; a sharp reduction of virus infectivity occurred on exposure to various temperatures. Ultraviolet irradiation rapidly inactivated the virus; considerable loss of infectivity occurred within one minute of exposure to ultraviolet light. Electron microscopic studies of infected suckling mouse liver revealed necrosis of hepatocytes, phagocytosis of necrotic debris and mononuclear infiltration. Jos virus produced plaques in Vero and duck embryo cell cultures. Assay of stock virus in these cell cultures and in suckling mice showed that mouse inoculation was more sensitive than plaque assay.", "contents": "Biophysical and biological studies on Jos virus (a new tick-borne virus isolated from Nigeria). Jos virus possessed no haemagglutinating property within pH range 6.0--6.6 at room temperature and 37 degrees C. Haemagglutination-inhibition tests with Jos virus immune mouse ascitic fluid against other arbovirus antigens further confirmed the lack of serological relationships with any of the major arbovirus groups. Serum neutralisation tests showed that nonspecific neuralising inhibitors of Jos virus were absent in normal sera. Jos virus is highly thermolabile; a sharp reduction of virus infectivity occurred on exposure to various temperatures. Ultraviolet irradiation rapidly inactivated the virus; considerable loss of infectivity occurred within one minute of exposure to ultraviolet light. Electron microscopic studies of infected suckling mouse liver revealed necrosis of hepatocytes, phagocytosis of necrotic debris and mononuclear infiltration. Jos virus produced plaques in Vero and duck embryo cell cultures. Assay of stock virus in these cell cultures and in suckling mice showed that mouse inoculation was more sensitive than plaque assay.", "PMID": 108941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8477", "title": "The detection of antibodies to hookworm larva in patients by immunofluorescence: a preliminary report.", "content": "Using the fluorescent antibody technique 84% of patients with severe hookworm infection and 74% of Nigerian blood donors have detecable antibodies that react with surface antigen of hookworm larvae. On the other hand only 24% of Nigerian medical students and 20% of Caucasians (Canadians) have such antibodies in their sera. It is suggested that while the results of tests on students may be due to the relatively infrequent contact with hookworm the antibody positivity in the Caucasians may be due to cross reaction with other related helminths. The titre of antibody produced in the hookworm infected patients was similar to that of the blood donors but differed from other groups. Lower positivity rates were observed with further dilution of sera in the hookworm infected patients. This may be due to their relative incapacity to produce potent hookworm antibody. Further work on this aspect is required as well as improvement of the specificity of the technique.", "contents": "The detection of antibodies to hookworm larva in patients by immunofluorescence: a preliminary report. Using the fluorescent antibody technique 84% of patients with severe hookworm infection and 74% of Nigerian blood donors have detecable antibodies that react with surface antigen of hookworm larvae. On the other hand only 24% of Nigerian medical students and 20% of Caucasians (Canadians) have such antibodies in their sera. It is suggested that while the results of tests on students may be due to the relatively infrequent contact with hookworm the antibody positivity in the Caucasians may be due to cross reaction with other related helminths. The titre of antibody produced in the hookworm infected patients was similar to that of the blood donors but differed from other groups. Lower positivity rates were observed with further dilution of sera in the hookworm infected patients. This may be due to their relative incapacity to produce potent hookworm antibody. Further work on this aspect is required as well as improvement of the specificity of the technique.", "PMID": 108942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8478", "title": "Effects of haemoglobin electrophoretic pattern and seasonal changes on urine concentration in young adult Nigerian males.", "content": "Renal concentrating capacity has been measured in healthy young adult Nigerian males with normal (AA) and abnormal (AS) haemoglobin types in both the dry and the wet seasons after 13 to 15 hours hydropenia respectively. The results show that, in the dry season, urine osmolality values in AA subjects are similar to those observed in Caucasians. They further confirm that renal concentrating capacity is impaired in persons with the S gene, and emphasize the limitations of the specific gravity test as a measure of renal concentrating capacity. In healthy AA subjects, the urine osmolality during the wet season is significantly less than in the dry season, even after longer periods of hydropenia. AS subjects, on the other hand, exhibit no seasonal variation in renal concentrating capacity.", "contents": "Effects of haemoglobin electrophoretic pattern and seasonal changes on urine concentration in young adult Nigerian males. Renal concentrating capacity has been measured in healthy young adult Nigerian males with normal (AA) and abnormal (AS) haemoglobin types in both the dry and the wet seasons after 13 to 15 hours hydropenia respectively. The results show that, in the dry season, urine osmolality values in AA subjects are similar to those observed in Caucasians. They further confirm that renal concentrating capacity is impaired in persons with the S gene, and emphasize the limitations of the specific gravity test as a measure of renal concentrating capacity. In healthy AA subjects, the urine osmolality during the wet season is significantly less than in the dry season, even after longer periods of hydropenia. AS subjects, on the other hand, exhibit no seasonal variation in renal concentrating capacity.", "PMID": 108943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8479", "title": "Depressive symptomatology in patients attending a hospital-based general out-patient clinic.", "content": "The prevalence of depressive symptomatology was estimated in 154 patients attending a general out-patient clinic for the first time. The instrument used was Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). The mean score on the SDS fell within the range of scores obtained by mildly depressed patients in previous studies. Even though many patients obtained scores corresponding to moderate or severe depression, non of the patients was referred to the psychiatric out-patient clinic located in the same hospital. The findings are discussed with respect to their diagnostic significance and the role of the general parctitioner in the management of patients with psychiatric disorder.", "contents": "Depressive symptomatology in patients attending a hospital-based general out-patient clinic. The prevalence of depressive symptomatology was estimated in 154 patients attending a general out-patient clinic for the first time. The instrument used was Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). The mean score on the SDS fell within the range of scores obtained by mildly depressed patients in previous studies. Even though many patients obtained scores corresponding to moderate or severe depression, non of the patients was referred to the psychiatric out-patient clinic located in the same hospital. The findings are discussed with respect to their diagnostic significance and the role of the general parctitioner in the management of patients with psychiatric disorder.", "PMID": 108944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8480", "title": "Correlation of birthweight with foeto-maternal immunoglobulin, total protein and albumin profile.", "content": "Using immunodiffusion and biuret methods, immunoglobulins (GAMD), total proteins and albumin measurements were performed at birth on 100 apparently healthy Nigerian mothers and their babies. Sizeable concentrations of IgG were present at birth even in babies with low birth weights (1360 mg/100 ml). The mean IgG level in babies with low birth weights (2,500 g or less) was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than in average weight and above average weight babies. The mean maternal and cord IgG levels were approximately equal in all except in the low birth weight babies where the mean maternal level was about 40% higher than the mean cord level. The scatter in IgG values was more pronounced in babies with low birth weights than the others. Mothers with higher IgG levels than in their corresponding babies were most prominent in the 'low birth weight' group. There was no significant difference between the maternal as well as between the cord serum IgA and IgM levels. The mean cord serum IgA and IgM levels were about 4 and 10% respectively of their mothers. Compared with the Caucasians, relatively higher quantities of IgD were found in the Nigerian mothers. Twenty-one percent of the maternal and all the cord sera had no detectable amount of IgD. The mean maternal total proteins though higher than the cord serum proteins, showed no statistical difference. The foeto-maternal serum albumin differential, showed statistical difference when average weight babies and above average weight babies were considered (P less than 0.05) but not with low birth weight babies (P less than 0.2).", "contents": "Correlation of birthweight with foeto-maternal immunoglobulin, total protein and albumin profile. Using immunodiffusion and biuret methods, immunoglobulins (GAMD), total proteins and albumin measurements were performed at birth on 100 apparently healthy Nigerian mothers and their babies. Sizeable concentrations of IgG were present at birth even in babies with low birth weights (1360 mg/100 ml). The mean IgG level in babies with low birth weights (2,500 g or less) was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than in average weight and above average weight babies. The mean maternal and cord IgG levels were approximately equal in all except in the low birth weight babies where the mean maternal level was about 40% higher than the mean cord level. The scatter in IgG values was more pronounced in babies with low birth weights than the others. Mothers with higher IgG levels than in their corresponding babies were most prominent in the 'low birth weight' group. There was no significant difference between the maternal as well as between the cord serum IgA and IgM levels. The mean cord serum IgA and IgM levels were about 4 and 10% respectively of their mothers. Compared with the Caucasians, relatively higher quantities of IgD were found in the Nigerian mothers. Twenty-one percent of the maternal and all the cord sera had no detectable amount of IgD. The mean maternal total proteins though higher than the cord serum proteins, showed no statistical difference. The foeto-maternal serum albumin differential, showed statistical difference when average weight babies and above average weight babies were considered (P less than 0.05) but not with low birth weight babies (P less than 0.2).", "PMID": 108945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8481", "title": "Management of empyema thoracis: report of a 3-year study.", "content": "Experience with cases of empyema thoracis in Nigerian adults is reported. Twenty-seven patients with empyema diagnosed on aspiration of the chest were studied. The clinical features, the radiolographic appearance and the results of laboratory studies carried out on the patients were analysed. Micro-organisms were cultured from the pleural fluid in 41% of cases. In this study, the commonest cause of empyema was pneumonia, occurring in 48% of cases, closely followed by tuberculosis with 40%. No death was recorded among cases of empyema due to pyogenic and tuberculous organisms. This is due to increased awareness of the cause and the methods of treatment applied. The author is of the opinion that cases of tuberculous empyema are being misdiagnosed and, consequently, they are not given appropriate chemotherapy, and this might have contributed to the high mortality rate previously reported.", "contents": "Management of empyema thoracis: report of a 3-year study. Experience with cases of empyema thoracis in Nigerian adults is reported. Twenty-seven patients with empyema diagnosed on aspiration of the chest were studied. The clinical features, the radiolographic appearance and the results of laboratory studies carried out on the patients were analysed. Micro-organisms were cultured from the pleural fluid in 41% of cases. In this study, the commonest cause of empyema was pneumonia, occurring in 48% of cases, closely followed by tuberculosis with 40%. No death was recorded among cases of empyema due to pyogenic and tuberculous organisms. This is due to increased awareness of the cause and the methods of treatment applied. The author is of the opinion that cases of tuberculous empyema are being misdiagnosed and, consequently, they are not given appropriate chemotherapy, and this might have contributed to the high mortality rate previously reported.", "PMID": 108946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8482", "title": "Localized cystic disease of the kidney: angiographic-pathologic correlation.", "content": "Each of the three patients with a type of unilateral, localized cystic disease of the kidney that did not fit into a specific category of existing classifications had numerous cysts involving a part of one kidney. Selective angiography showed stretching of arteries around cysts that remained radiolucent in the nephrographic phase, and microscopic examination demonstrated that septa among the cysts contained compressed renal elements. The condition appeared to be neither progressive nor familial. All three had hypertension. Two patients who had nephrectomy for the cystic lesion became normotensive postnephrectomy. Despite some morphologic resemblances, this condition is believed to be different from adult type polycystic kidney disease in its clinical and genetic aspects.", "contents": "Localized cystic disease of the kidney: angiographic-pathologic correlation. Each of the three patients with a type of unilateral, localized cystic disease of the kidney that did not fit into a specific category of existing classifications had numerous cysts involving a part of one kidney. Selective angiography showed stretching of arteries around cysts that remained radiolucent in the nephrographic phase, and microscopic examination demonstrated that septa among the cysts contained compressed renal elements. The condition appeared to be neither progressive nor familial. All three had hypertension. Two patients who had nephrectomy for the cystic lesion became normotensive postnephrectomy. Despite some morphologic resemblances, this condition is believed to be different from adult type polycystic kidney disease in its clinical and genetic aspects.", "PMID": 108964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8483", "title": "Coronary spasm: Prinzmetal's variant angina vs. catheter-induced spasm; refractory spasm vs. fixed stenosis.", "content": "An analysis of 2,394 selective coronary angiograms yielded 23 examples of coronary artery spasm. Of these, nine occurred in patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina and 14 were instances of catheter-induced spasm. Angiographic criteria can distinguish between the spasm of variant angina and catheter-induced spasm. The latter is usually asymptomatic, almost invariably in the right coronary artery, at the catheter tip, smooth, concentric, and less than 2 mm long. The former can occur in any coronary artery at a distance of 1--4 cm from the catheter tip, is usually irregular and eccentric, and is associated with angina, ST segment elevation, hypotension, and dysrhythmia. Response to nitroglycerin is often, but not always, complete in both. Stenoses that seem to be fixed in patients with Prinzmetal's angina should be suspected to be spasm even if unresponsive to nitroglycerin, especially when the rest of the vessel is normal. Additional pharmacologic manipulation and even recatheterization may be necessary to prove the dynamic nature of the lesion and avoid unnecessary surgery.", "contents": "Coronary spasm: Prinzmetal's variant angina vs. catheter-induced spasm; refractory spasm vs. fixed stenosis. An analysis of 2,394 selective coronary angiograms yielded 23 examples of coronary artery spasm. Of these, nine occurred in patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina and 14 were instances of catheter-induced spasm. Angiographic criteria can distinguish between the spasm of variant angina and catheter-induced spasm. The latter is usually asymptomatic, almost invariably in the right coronary artery, at the catheter tip, smooth, concentric, and less than 2 mm long. The former can occur in any coronary artery at a distance of 1--4 cm from the catheter tip, is usually irregular and eccentric, and is associated with angina, ST segment elevation, hypotension, and dysrhythmia. Response to nitroglycerin is often, but not always, complete in both. Stenoses that seem to be fixed in patients with Prinzmetal's angina should be suspected to be spasm even if unresponsive to nitroglycerin, especially when the rest of the vessel is normal. Additional pharmacologic manipulation and even recatheterization may be necessary to prove the dynamic nature of the lesion and avoid unnecessary surgery.", "PMID": 108965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8484", "title": "Arteriographic demonstration of spontaneous right coronary artery spasm in a patient with Prinzmetal's angina.", "content": "Coronary artery spasm may occur spontaneously during coronary angiography in patients with clinically documented or suspected Prinzmetal's angina. In other patients with Prinzmetal's angina, the spasm can be provoked by the administration of ergonovine. A patient with spontaneous spasm of the right coronary artery during coronary angiography is reported and some considerations for diagnosis and therapy of this entity is offered. Although intraoperative spasm has been reported in the cardiology literature, no such case has been described in the radiology literature.", "contents": "Arteriographic demonstration of spontaneous right coronary artery spasm in a patient with Prinzmetal's angina. Coronary artery spasm may occur spontaneously during coronary angiography in patients with clinically documented or suspected Prinzmetal's angina. In other patients with Prinzmetal's angina, the spasm can be provoked by the administration of ergonovine. A patient with spontaneous spasm of the right coronary artery during coronary angiography is reported and some considerations for diagnosis and therapy of this entity is offered. Although intraoperative spasm has been reported in the cardiology literature, no such case has been described in the radiology literature.", "PMID": 108966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8485", "title": "Evaluation of left ventricular free wall asynergy due to coronary artery disease: use of an interlaced ECG-gated radiography system.", "content": "A new radiographic technique produces a high quality image of the chest at end systole and end diastole in a single radiograph. A preliminary study of this method for evaluating various degrees of segmental asynergy of the left ventricular free wall in 25 patients with coronary artery disease showed excellent correlation with left ventriculography (r = 0.88). The method showed a high sensitivity (94%) and specificity (96%). It seems potentially useful to increase the information gained from the chest radiograph in patients with cardiac disease.", "contents": "Evaluation of left ventricular free wall asynergy due to coronary artery disease: use of an interlaced ECG-gated radiography system. A new radiographic technique produces a high quality image of the chest at end systole and end diastole in a single radiograph. A preliminary study of this method for evaluating various degrees of segmental asynergy of the left ventricular free wall in 25 patients with coronary artery disease showed excellent correlation with left ventriculography (r = 0.88). The method showed a high sensitivity (94%) and specificity (96%). It seems potentially useful to increase the information gained from the chest radiograph in patients with cardiac disease.", "PMID": 108967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8486", "title": "Comparison of scintigraphy, sonography, and computed tomography in the evaluation of hepatic neoplasms.", "content": "A comparison of scintigraphy, ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT) in 94 proven patients with clinically suspected liver disease is reported. CT proved to be the most accurate in detecting masses and assessing the complete extent of intrahepatic disease. The most reliable combination was CT and scintigraphy. The specific advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. The diagnostic scheme followed in the imaging evaluation of an hepatic mass in our clinical practice is discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of scintigraphy, sonography, and computed tomography in the evaluation of hepatic neoplasms. A comparison of scintigraphy, ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT) in 94 proven patients with clinically suspected liver disease is reported. CT proved to be the most accurate in detecting masses and assessing the complete extent of intrahepatic disease. The most reliable combination was CT and scintigraphy. The specific advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. The diagnostic scheme followed in the imaging evaluation of an hepatic mass in our clinical practice is discussed.", "PMID": 108968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8487", "title": "Diagnosis of pyogenic hepatic abscesses by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.", "content": "Four of 83 patients undergoing percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography were demonstrated to have hepatic abscesses communicating with the biliary tract. The abscesses resulted from obstruction of the common bile duct. The etiologies of the obstructions were chronic pancreatitis, recurrent cholangiocarcinoma. Radiographic demonstration of suppurative cholangitis is associated with a very poor prognosis.", "contents": "Diagnosis of pyogenic hepatic abscesses by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Four of 83 patients undergoing percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography were demonstrated to have hepatic abscesses communicating with the biliary tract. The abscesses resulted from obstruction of the common bile duct. The etiologies of the obstructions were chronic pancreatitis, recurrent cholangiocarcinoma. Radiographic demonstration of suppurative cholangitis is associated with a very poor prognosis.", "PMID": 108969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8488", "title": "Gastric volvulus in childhood.", "content": "Gastric volvulus, organoaxial or mesenteroaxial, is an uncommon cause of upper gastrointestinal obstruction in childhood. It may be suspected on plain radiographic examination of the abdomen and confirmed by upper gastrointestinal series. Seven affected children are described. In childhood, gastric volvulus often coexists with mesenteric abnormalities or with lesions that lead to distention of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Gastric volvulus in childhood. Gastric volvulus, organoaxial or mesenteroaxial, is an uncommon cause of upper gastrointestinal obstruction in childhood. It may be suspected on plain radiographic examination of the abdomen and confirmed by upper gastrointestinal series. Seven affected children are described. In childhood, gastric volvulus often coexists with mesenteric abnormalities or with lesions that lead to distention of the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 108970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8489", "title": "Osteoblastic response to successful treatment of metastatic cancer of the prostate.", "content": "Increasing sclerosis of bone in patients with prostatic cancer most commonly is associated with disease progression. In a study of serial radiographs in a group of 18 patients who experienced objective clinical remission after treatment of metastatic cancer of the prostate, eight (44%) showed an osteoblastic response as part of their healing reaction to successful therapy. The importance of a blastic response as a possible sign of clinical improvement is emphasized. Clinical, biochemical, and bone scan correlations are discussed as they apply to patients who respond favorably to treatment of metastatic cancer of the prostate.", "contents": "Osteoblastic response to successful treatment of metastatic cancer of the prostate. Increasing sclerosis of bone in patients with prostatic cancer most commonly is associated with disease progression. In a study of serial radiographs in a group of 18 patients who experienced objective clinical remission after treatment of metastatic cancer of the prostate, eight (44%) showed an osteoblastic response as part of their healing reaction to successful therapy. The importance of a blastic response as a possible sign of clinical improvement is emphasized. Clinical, biochemical, and bone scan correlations are discussed as they apply to patients who respond favorably to treatment of metastatic cancer of the prostate.", "PMID": 108971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8490", "title": "Computed tomography of lower extremity tumors.", "content": "Fifty cases of lower extremity tumors examined with computed tomography were reviewed. Of the 50 cases, 41 had gross pathologic correlation, either by enbloc resection (26) or by amputation (15). Important information regarding size, location, definition, and anatomic relation of tumors to vital structures (neural, vascular, and osseous) may be ascertained by this means with great accuracy. Localization of vessels by intravenous infusion of contrast material during the scan, or after arteriography with intraarterial contrast infusion, is found to enhance such evaluation. This information is particularly important where the feasibility of en-bloc resection is being evaluated.", "contents": "Computed tomography of lower extremity tumors. Fifty cases of lower extremity tumors examined with computed tomography were reviewed. Of the 50 cases, 41 had gross pathologic correlation, either by enbloc resection (26) or by amputation (15). Important information regarding size, location, definition, and anatomic relation of tumors to vital structures (neural, vascular, and osseous) may be ascertained by this means with great accuracy. Localization of vessels by intravenous infusion of contrast material during the scan, or after arteriography with intraarterial contrast infusion, is found to enhance such evaluation. This information is particularly important where the feasibility of en-bloc resection is being evaluated.", "PMID": 108972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8491", "title": "Finger joint swelling: correlation with age, gender, and manual labor.", "content": "A soft tissue immersion radiography technique was used to study changes in 4,648 finger joints of 166 patients free from signs of inflammatory joint disease. An age-specific correlation was found for joint swelling, joint space narrowing, joint margin spurs, and intraarticular loose bodies. The distal interphalangeal joints were more commonly swollen in women, and the proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints more commonly swollen in manual laborers. Both correlations are highly significant (P less than 0.001). The second and third digits showed a definite predilection for joint swelling. Swelling of finger joints is closely correlated with age and degenerative disease, and its occurrence in older patients is associated with degenerative changes. In manual laborers it should not be interpreted as evidence for inflammatory joint disease.", "contents": "Finger joint swelling: correlation with age, gender, and manual labor. A soft tissue immersion radiography technique was used to study changes in 4,648 finger joints of 166 patients free from signs of inflammatory joint disease. An age-specific correlation was found for joint swelling, joint space narrowing, joint margin spurs, and intraarticular loose bodies. The distal interphalangeal joints were more commonly swollen in women, and the proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints more commonly swollen in manual laborers. Both correlations are highly significant (P less than 0.001). The second and third digits showed a definite predilection for joint swelling. Swelling of finger joints is closely correlated with age and degenerative disease, and its occurrence in older patients is associated with degenerative changes. In manual laborers it should not be interpreted as evidence for inflammatory joint disease.", "PMID": 108973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8492", "title": "Radiographic features of olfactory neuroblastoma.", "content": "Olfactory neuroblastomas are malignant, slowly growing neurogenic tumors originating from the olfactory mucosa of the nasal cavity. Fourteen patients with this tumor were evaluated and showed variable extension into adjacent structures such as the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, orbit, and anterior cranial cavity.", "contents": "Radiographic features of olfactory neuroblastoma. Olfactory neuroblastomas are malignant, slowly growing neurogenic tumors originating from the olfactory mucosa of the nasal cavity. Fourteen patients with this tumor were evaluated and showed variable extension into adjacent structures such as the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, orbit, and anterior cranial cavity.", "PMID": 108974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8493", "title": "Arthrotomography of the temporomandibular joint: new technique and preliminary observations.", "content": "A technique for arthrography of the temporomandibular joint using multidirectional tomography is described that greatly simplifies interpretation. In 21 attempts, 20 successful arthrograms were obtained in patients complaining of pain, tenderness, and clicking and locking of the joint who had not responded to conservative therapy. Abnormalities demonstrated were perforation of the meniscus, anterior dislocation and subluxation of the meniscus; and redundancy of the bilaminar zone. In all 11 patients who underwent surgical meniscoplasty, disc abnormalities included thinning, perforation, flaccidity, and bilaminar redundancy. No permanent complications of the arthrographic procedure occurred, but temporary postprocedure discomfort was frequent. This preliminary experience with temporomandibular joint arthrotomography suggests this easily performed procedure offers reliable information about disc function and integrity that may assist in a selection of patients for meniscoplasty and other surgical treatment.", "contents": "Arthrotomography of the temporomandibular joint: new technique and preliminary observations. A technique for arthrography of the temporomandibular joint using multidirectional tomography is described that greatly simplifies interpretation. In 21 attempts, 20 successful arthrograms were obtained in patients complaining of pain, tenderness, and clicking and locking of the joint who had not responded to conservative therapy. Abnormalities demonstrated were perforation of the meniscus, anterior dislocation and subluxation of the meniscus; and redundancy of the bilaminar zone. In all 11 patients who underwent surgical meniscoplasty, disc abnormalities included thinning, perforation, flaccidity, and bilaminar redundancy. No permanent complications of the arthrographic procedure occurred, but temporary postprocedure discomfort was frequent. This preliminary experience with temporomandibular joint arthrotomography suggests this easily performed procedure offers reliable information about disc function and integrity that may assist in a selection of patients for meniscoplasty and other surgical treatment.", "PMID": 108975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8494", "title": "Malignant external otitis: a radiographic-clinical correlation.", "content": "Malignant external otitis is an infectious process of the ear which may cause marked destruction of the surrounding bony structures. After evaluation of the plain skull films, mastoid series, temporal bone tomography, arteriography, and venography in nine cases of malignant external otitis, we divided the disorder into an early stage and late stage. The early stage is manifested by a soft tissue mass within the external canal or clouding of the mastoid air cells with no bone destruction. In the late stage, bone destruction may extend to the middle ear cavity, temporomandibular joint, and/or base of the skull. A correlation can be made between the clinical findings and these radiographic stages. Complex motion tomography is essential to appreciate the bone destruction in patients with late stage disease.", "contents": "Malignant external otitis: a radiographic-clinical correlation. Malignant external otitis is an infectious process of the ear which may cause marked destruction of the surrounding bony structures. After evaluation of the plain skull films, mastoid series, temporal bone tomography, arteriography, and venography in nine cases of malignant external otitis, we divided the disorder into an early stage and late stage. The early stage is manifested by a soft tissue mass within the external canal or clouding of the mastoid air cells with no bone destruction. In the late stage, bone destruction may extend to the middle ear cavity, temporomandibular joint, and/or base of the skull. A correlation can be made between the clinical findings and these radiographic stages. Complex motion tomography is essential to appreciate the bone destruction in patients with late stage disease.", "PMID": 108976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8495", "title": "Two features of the atlas vertebra simulating fractures by tomography.", "content": "The bipartite superior joint surface and the pseudonotch of the atlas, although well described in anatomic and radiologic literature, may be mistaken for fractures by tomography. The first may appear as a trough on the superior articular surface of the lateral mass of the atlas. The second, the normal tubercle for insertion of the transverse ligament of the atlas, may look like a separate ossicle or a chip fracture.", "contents": "Two features of the atlas vertebra simulating fractures by tomography. The bipartite superior joint surface and the pseudonotch of the atlas, although well described in anatomic and radiologic literature, may be mistaken for fractures by tomography. The first may appear as a trough on the superior articular surface of the lateral mass of the atlas. The second, the normal tubercle for insertion of the transverse ligament of the atlas, may look like a separate ossicle or a chip fracture.", "PMID": 108977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8496", "title": "Significance of low level echoes within the gallbladder.", "content": "Thick bile may appear as a nonshadowing, dependent, echogenic layer within the gallbladder. In vivo sonographic imaging of the canine gallbladder showed that highly viscous, desiccated bile appeared echogenic and could potentially prevent imaging an enlarged gallbladder or dilated bile ducts. Selected clinical cases demonstrated that multiple nonshadowing calculi, pus, cholesterol crystals, and possibly abnormal mucous in the gallbladder may be sonographically indistinguishable from thick bile.", "contents": "Significance of low level echoes within the gallbladder. Thick bile may appear as a nonshadowing, dependent, echogenic layer within the gallbladder. In vivo sonographic imaging of the canine gallbladder showed that highly viscous, desiccated bile appeared echogenic and could potentially prevent imaging an enlarged gallbladder or dilated bile ducts. Selected clinical cases demonstrated that multiple nonshadowing calculi, pus, cholesterol crystals, and possibly abnormal mucous in the gallbladder may be sonographically indistinguishable from thick bile.", "PMID": 108978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8497", "title": "Acoustic shadowing due to refractive and reflective effects.", "content": "Acoustic shadowing may be seen distal to the margins of rounded structures having different acoustic velocities from the surrounding tissue. Refractive and reflective mechanisms for such shadowing are reviewed and in vitro demonstrations of such shadowing are presented. Clinical examples of refractive and reflective shadows are given, and their importance is discussed.", "contents": "Acoustic shadowing due to refractive and reflective effects. Acoustic shadowing may be seen distal to the margins of rounded structures having different acoustic velocities from the surrounding tissue. Refractive and reflective mechanisms for such shadowing are reviewed and in vitro demonstrations of such shadowing are presented. Clinical examples of refractive and reflective shadows are given, and their importance is discussed.", "PMID": 108979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8498", "title": "T-shaped uterus in diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure.", "content": "Radiographic findings in four young women with small T-shaped uteri are reported. Three of the women had been exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. In the fourth, radiographic findings were typical of in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure.", "contents": "T-shaped uterus in diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure. Radiographic findings in four young women with small T-shaped uteri are reported. Three of the women had been exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. In the fourth, radiographic findings were typical of in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure.", "PMID": 108980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8499", "title": "Need for chest radiographs during and after lymphography.", "content": "Retrospective review of 100 lymphograms showed that routine chest radiography after injection of the lymphographic contrast medium and follow-up films 24-48 hr later yielded no clinically useful information. It was concluded that routine postlymphography chest radiography is not necessary and should be reserved for patients in whom complications are suspected.", "contents": "Need for chest radiographs during and after lymphography. Retrospective review of 100 lymphograms showed that routine chest radiography after injection of the lymphographic contrast medium and follow-up films 24-48 hr later yielded no clinically useful information. It was concluded that routine postlymphography chest radiography is not necessary and should be reserved for patients in whom complications are suspected.", "PMID": 108981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8500", "title": "Variant angina pectoris: investigation of indexes of sympathetic nervous system function.", "content": "One thousand forty-five spontaneous episodes of S-T segment elevation were observed in three patients over a total of 72 days of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring. Eighty-nine percent of episodes were asymptomatic; chest pain tended to occur with episodes longer than 3 minutes, and ventricular ectopy occurred almost exclusively with symptomatic episodes. Nitroglycerin regularly relieved angina or S-T elevation, or both. Plasma and urinary catecholamines and their metabolites were normal. Episodes of variant angina were not associated with a generalized increase in sympathetic outflow because serum catecholamine levels at the onset and termination of the S-T abnormalities were not elevated. Controlled trials of propranolol showed no significant beneficial effect. Propranolol significantly increased the length of episodes of S-T elevation in one patient, increasing ventricular irritability. The overall course of variant angina was quite variable, with spontaneous and long-lasting remissions, necessitating cautions interpretation of clinical trials.", "contents": "Variant angina pectoris: investigation of indexes of sympathetic nervous system function. One thousand forty-five spontaneous episodes of S-T segment elevation were observed in three patients over a total of 72 days of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring. Eighty-nine percent of episodes were asymptomatic; chest pain tended to occur with episodes longer than 3 minutes, and ventricular ectopy occurred almost exclusively with symptomatic episodes. Nitroglycerin regularly relieved angina or S-T elevation, or both. Plasma and urinary catecholamines and their metabolites were normal. Episodes of variant angina were not associated with a generalized increase in sympathetic outflow because serum catecholamine levels at the onset and termination of the S-T abnormalities were not elevated. Controlled trials of propranolol showed no significant beneficial effect. Propranolol significantly increased the length of episodes of S-T elevation in one patient, increasing ventricular irritability. The overall course of variant angina was quite variable, with spontaneous and long-lasting remissions, necessitating cautions interpretation of clinical trials.", "PMID": 108989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8501", "title": "Utilization of D-methionine during total parenteral nutrition in postsurgical patients.", "content": "Utilization of intravenously administered D-methionine was measured by morbidly obese subjects fed parenterally after elective gastric bypass surgery. Five patients were infused with a 25% glucose--4.25% amino acid solution containing DL-methionine, and four were treated with a 25% glucose--3.5% amino acid solution containing only L-methionine. Mean (+/- SD) total daily methionine excretion was 0.06 +/- 0.04 mmoles (of 28 +/- 4 mmoles infused) in patients treated with the L-methionine containing solution, and was 15.2 +/- 4.2 mmoles/day (of 45.2 +/- 5 mmoles DL-isomer infused) in patients treated with the DL-methionine containing solution. In these latter patients, 90 to 98% of the excreted methionine was the D-isomer. The data indicate 64 +/- 23% of infused D-methionine is excreted in the urine. Four patients excreted between 70 to 85% of infused D-methionine in the urine, but one patient excreted only 35 to 55%, suggesting better utilization. Plasma methionine levels were higher (9.9 +/- 1.9 mumoles/100 ml) in patients infused with solutions containing DL-methionine than those infused with the L-methionine solution (4.5 +/- 1.0 mumoles/100 ml). In the former case, 49% of plasma methionine was the D-isomer. The data indicate poor D-methionine utilization by postsurgical patients during total parenteral nutrition when given as DL-methionine in the presence of other amino acids and glucose.", "contents": "Utilization of D-methionine during total parenteral nutrition in postsurgical patients. Utilization of intravenously administered D-methionine was measured by morbidly obese subjects fed parenterally after elective gastric bypass surgery. Five patients were infused with a 25% glucose--4.25% amino acid solution containing DL-methionine, and four were treated with a 25% glucose--3.5% amino acid solution containing only L-methionine. Mean (+/- SD) total daily methionine excretion was 0.06 +/- 0.04 mmoles (of 28 +/- 4 mmoles infused) in patients treated with the L-methionine containing solution, and was 15.2 +/- 4.2 mmoles/day (of 45.2 +/- 5 mmoles DL-isomer infused) in patients treated with the DL-methionine containing solution. In these latter patients, 90 to 98% of the excreted methionine was the D-isomer. The data indicate 64 +/- 23% of infused D-methionine is excreted in the urine. Four patients excreted between 70 to 85% of infused D-methionine in the urine, but one patient excreted only 35 to 55%, suggesting better utilization. Plasma methionine levels were higher (9.9 +/- 1.9 mumoles/100 ml) in patients infused with solutions containing DL-methionine than those infused with the L-methionine solution (4.5 +/- 1.0 mumoles/100 ml). In the former case, 49% of plasma methionine was the D-isomer. The data indicate poor D-methionine utilization by postsurgical patients during total parenteral nutrition when given as DL-methionine in the presence of other amino acids and glucose.", "PMID": 108991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8502", "title": "Effect of a low protein diet during pregnancy of the rhesus monkey. II. Physiological adaptation of the infant.", "content": "Heart rate, respiratory rate, and ability to maintain body temperature were evaluated in six infants born to rhesus monkeys that had been fed a low protein diet throughout pregnancy. All infants were kept in incubations equipped with a \"servo\" control thermal unit that maintained the infants' skin temperature at 37.0 C (98.6 F). The thermal units were disconnected and the infants were exposed to room temperature (approximately 27 C) for 6-hr periods each day after 24 hr of age in order to determine the efficiency of thermal control mechanism. The thermal servo control units were \"on\" for a longer period of time in experimental animals than in control animals during the first 24 hr of life. Infants from mothers fed the low protein diets were also less able to maintain their own body temperatures after exposure to room temperature. This function was seriously compromised in two of the six experimental infants. The compromised temperature control mechanism seen in these infant monkeys is a serious and potentially lethal side-effect of protein-calorie malnutrition during pregnancy. The possible relationship of inadequate maternal nutrition to the inefficient thermal mechanism of certain \"high risk\" human newborns should be reevaluated.", "contents": "Effect of a low protein diet during pregnancy of the rhesus monkey. II. Physiological adaptation of the infant. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and ability to maintain body temperature were evaluated in six infants born to rhesus monkeys that had been fed a low protein diet throughout pregnancy. All infants were kept in incubations equipped with a \"servo\" control thermal unit that maintained the infants' skin temperature at 37.0 C (98.6 F). The thermal units were disconnected and the infants were exposed to room temperature (approximately 27 C) for 6-hr periods each day after 24 hr of age in order to determine the efficiency of thermal control mechanism. The thermal servo control units were \"on\" for a longer period of time in experimental animals than in control animals during the first 24 hr of life. Infants from mothers fed the low protein diets were also less able to maintain their own body temperatures after exposure to room temperature. This function was seriously compromised in two of the six experimental infants. The compromised temperature control mechanism seen in these infant monkeys is a serious and potentially lethal side-effect of protein-calorie malnutrition during pregnancy. The possible relationship of inadequate maternal nutrition to the inefficient thermal mechanism of certain \"high risk\" human newborns should be reevaluated.", "PMID": 108992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8503", "title": "Nutritional survey of hospitalized pediatric patients.", "content": "A nutrition survey in a pediatric referral center revealed one-third of patients had evidence of acute malnutrition. Weight for height was below 90% of standard in 46 of 129 (36%), arm muscle area was below the 15th percentile in 67 of 180 (37%), triceps skinfold was below the 15th percentile in 34 of 181 (19%), and total lymphocyte count was below 1500 in 26 of 137 (19%) subjects. Protein-energy malnutrition may be an important contributor to prolonged hospitalization and hospital-acquired morbidity amond United States pediatric patients.", "contents": "Nutritional survey of hospitalized pediatric patients. A nutrition survey in a pediatric referral center revealed one-third of patients had evidence of acute malnutrition. Weight for height was below 90% of standard in 46 of 129 (36%), arm muscle area was below the 15th percentile in 67 of 180 (37%), triceps skinfold was below the 15th percentile in 34 of 181 (19%), and total lymphocyte count was below 1500 in 26 of 137 (19%) subjects. Protein-energy malnutrition may be an important contributor to prolonged hospitalization and hospital-acquired morbidity amond United States pediatric patients.", "PMID": 108993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8504", "title": "Petri dish concavity--a potential source of error in antibiotic assay and agar diffusion antibiotic susceptibility tests.", "content": "Concave deformaties of the bottom of Petri dishes are a potential source of error for disk agar diffusion antibiotic assay and susceptibility procedures. This is due to differences in agar depth between the central and peripheral areas of the Petri dishes. We have observed significant concave deformities in both empty and commercially filled 150-mm plastic Petri dishes. For this reason we recommend that inspections for Petri dish deformity be incorporated into microbiology laboratory quality control programs.", "contents": "Petri dish concavity--a potential source of error in antibiotic assay and agar diffusion antibiotic susceptibility tests. Concave deformaties of the bottom of Petri dishes are a potential source of error for disk agar diffusion antibiotic assay and susceptibility procedures. This is due to differences in agar depth between the central and peripheral areas of the Petri dishes. We have observed significant concave deformities in both empty and commercially filled 150-mm plastic Petri dishes. For this reason we recommend that inspections for Petri dish deformity be incorporated into microbiology laboratory quality control programs.", "PMID": 108994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8505", "title": "Identification of specific antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens by passive immunodiffusion.", "content": "Extractable nuclear antigens have been identified in a number of systemic rheumatic diseases and may be useful in differentiating those with overlapping clinical features. A number of detection systems have been described but technical feasibility and sensitivity have limited widespread application. We describe a simple immunodiffusion method to identify extractable nuclear antigens with high specificity and sensitivity that compares favorably with parallel hemagglutination studies. This method can be applied easily to routine analysis of antinuclear antigens.", "contents": "Identification of specific antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens by passive immunodiffusion. Extractable nuclear antigens have been identified in a number of systemic rheumatic diseases and may be useful in differentiating those with overlapping clinical features. A number of detection systems have been described but technical feasibility and sensitivity have limited widespread application. We describe a simple immunodiffusion method to identify extractable nuclear antigens with high specificity and sensitivity that compares favorably with parallel hemagglutination studies. This method can be applied easily to routine analysis of antinuclear antigens.", "PMID": 108995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8506", "title": "Miliary tuberculosis in children. Clinical and laboratory manifestation in 19 patients.", "content": "The clinical course of 19 children with miliary tuberculosis was studied. Complaints were nonspecific and included fever, anorexia, weight loss, and night sweats. Although all but one child had a miliary infiltrate visible on the chest roentgenogram, only 13 had a positive reaction to the purified protein derivative of the tuberculin test at admission to the hospital. Outcome was excellent unless the child also had tuberculous meningitis or was in a far advanced state of the disease. Miliary tuberculosis continues to be a rare but important cause of illness in the pediatric population. Seriously ill children with undiagnosed conditions of febrile disease deserve an aggressive evaluation for miliary tuberculosis, including an epidemiological survey, serial chest roentgenograms, and extensive, repeated culturing.", "contents": "Miliary tuberculosis in children. Clinical and laboratory manifestation in 19 patients. The clinical course of 19 children with miliary tuberculosis was studied. Complaints were nonspecific and included fever, anorexia, weight loss, and night sweats. Although all but one child had a miliary infiltrate visible on the chest roentgenogram, only 13 had a positive reaction to the purified protein derivative of the tuberculin test at admission to the hospital. Outcome was excellent unless the child also had tuberculous meningitis or was in a far advanced state of the disease. Miliary tuberculosis continues to be a rare but important cause of illness in the pediatric population. Seriously ill children with undiagnosed conditions of febrile disease deserve an aggressive evaluation for miliary tuberculosis, including an epidemiological survey, serial chest roentgenograms, and extensive, repeated culturing.", "PMID": 108996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8507", "title": "Epidemic occurrence of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.", "content": "In case-control studies of three epidemics of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in three different high-risk nurseries in three states, no particular risk factor was associated with affected infants or their mothers. Epidemic cases had higher birth weights and Apgar scores and fewer perinatal difficulties than those previously reported for sporadic cases. Seven infants fed primarily breast milk were not protected against disease. Early antibiotic therapy was associated with a significantly decreased risk of disease in one outbreak. In two hospitals, affected infants who received antibiotic therapy during the first three days of life had a significantly later disease onset. The occurrence of the disease in epidemics and the decreased risk or modification of disease with antibiotic therapy support an infectious etiology for NEC.", "contents": "Epidemic occurrence of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. In case-control studies of three epidemics of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in three different high-risk nurseries in three states, no particular risk factor was associated with affected infants or their mothers. Epidemic cases had higher birth weights and Apgar scores and fewer perinatal difficulties than those previously reported for sporadic cases. Seven infants fed primarily breast milk were not protected against disease. Early antibiotic therapy was associated with a significantly decreased risk of disease in one outbreak. In two hospitals, affected infants who received antibiotic therapy during the first three days of life had a significantly later disease onset. The occurrence of the disease in epidemics and the decreased risk or modification of disease with antibiotic therapy support an infectious etiology for NEC.", "PMID": 108997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8508", "title": "Effect of endogenous hyperprolactinemia on human lower esophagel sphincter pressure.", "content": "The cause of gastroesophageal reflux occurring during pregnancy is not completely understood but may be related to changes in the hormonal environment specifically related to pregnancy. To evaluate the possible role of prolactin, one of the hormones elevated during pregnancy, we studied the effect of endogenously elevated serum prolactin concentrations, induced by I.V. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), on lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in normal subjects. Elevated prolactin concentrations (P less than 0.0001), did not change LESP over a 60-minute period. Serum gastrin concentration did not change significantly at any time during the study. We conclude: 1. acute elevations of serum prolactin comparable to the concentrations that occur during pregnancy did not change LESP; 2. there is no evidence that the hypothalamic regulating factor TRH affects serum gastrin concentration in man.", "contents": "Effect of endogenous hyperprolactinemia on human lower esophagel sphincter pressure. The cause of gastroesophageal reflux occurring during pregnancy is not completely understood but may be related to changes in the hormonal environment specifically related to pregnancy. To evaluate the possible role of prolactin, one of the hormones elevated during pregnancy, we studied the effect of endogenously elevated serum prolactin concentrations, induced by I.V. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), on lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in normal subjects. Elevated prolactin concentrations (P less than 0.0001), did not change LESP over a 60-minute period. Serum gastrin concentration did not change significantly at any time during the study. We conclude: 1. acute elevations of serum prolactin comparable to the concentrations that occur during pregnancy did not change LESP; 2. there is no evidence that the hypothalamic regulating factor TRH affects serum gastrin concentration in man.", "PMID": 108998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8509", "title": "Bed rest in twin pregnancy: identification of a critical period and its cost implications.", "content": "Since twin pregnancies often result in poor perinatal outcomes, many physicians advise prolonged bed rest. Recommendations concerning the timing of bed rest conflict and are made with little assessment of costs. This review of twin pregnancies in the North Central Illinois perinatal region establishes that twins are most vulnerable if they are born between 27 and 34 weeks' gestation. If bed rest is to be imposed, it probably should be timed so as to influence this vulnerable period. Intervention (bed rest in the hospital from 27 to 34 weeks' gestation) would cost between $5,720 and $6,909 per twin pregnancy, whereas nonintervention (intensive care nursery charges for infants born before 34 weeks' completed gestation) would cost $1,689 per twin pregnancy. Before intervention can be universally advocated and costs of this magnitude incurred, a prospective controlled trial to determine the efficacy of bed rest in twin pregnancy is mandatory.", "contents": "Bed rest in twin pregnancy: identification of a critical period and its cost implications. Since twin pregnancies often result in poor perinatal outcomes, many physicians advise prolonged bed rest. Recommendations concerning the timing of bed rest conflict and are made with little assessment of costs. This review of twin pregnancies in the North Central Illinois perinatal region establishes that twins are most vulnerable if they are born between 27 and 34 weeks' gestation. If bed rest is to be imposed, it probably should be timed so as to influence this vulnerable period. Intervention (bed rest in the hospital from 27 to 34 weeks' gestation) would cost between $5,720 and $6,909 per twin pregnancy, whereas nonintervention (intensive care nursery charges for infants born before 34 weeks' completed gestation) would cost $1,689 per twin pregnancy. Before intervention can be universally advocated and costs of this magnitude incurred, a prospective controlled trial to determine the efficacy of bed rest in twin pregnancy is mandatory.", "PMID": 109003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8510", "title": "Demonstration of immunoreactive somatostatin-like substance in villi and decidua in early pregnancy.", "content": "With the use of the radioimmunoassay for growth hormone--releasing inhibiting factor (GIF), it was found that measurable amounts of GIF-like substance existed in the chorionic villi and decidua of pregnant women. The indirect immunofluorescent method revealed that the higher intensity of GIF-like immunofluorescence was presented in cytotrophoblasts rather than in syncytiotrophoblasts of the villi and in stromal cells of the decidua.", "contents": "Demonstration of immunoreactive somatostatin-like substance in villi and decidua in early pregnancy. With the use of the radioimmunoassay for growth hormone--releasing inhibiting factor (GIF), it was found that measurable amounts of GIF-like substance existed in the chorionic villi and decidua of pregnant women. The indirect immunofluorescent method revealed that the higher intensity of GIF-like immunofluorescence was presented in cytotrophoblasts rather than in syncytiotrophoblasts of the villi and in stromal cells of the decidua.", "PMID": 109004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8511", "title": "Schwann cell proliferations mimicking medullated retinal nerve fibers.", "content": "Ophthalmoscopically visible white patches in the optic nerve head and adjacent retina in a rhesus monkey histologically represented peripheral rather than central nervous myelin. This case of Schwann cell proliferations appearing as medullated retinal nerve fibers raises questions concerning the relationship of this phenomenon to developmental and acquired lesions of the optic nerve head in man.", "contents": "Schwann cell proliferations mimicking medullated retinal nerve fibers. Ophthalmoscopically visible white patches in the optic nerve head and adjacent retina in a rhesus monkey histologically represented peripheral rather than central nervous myelin. This case of Schwann cell proliferations appearing as medullated retinal nerve fibers raises questions concerning the relationship of this phenomenon to developmental and acquired lesions of the optic nerve head in man.", "PMID": 109005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8512", "title": "Unilateral cryptophthalmia.", "content": "Two patients had the variable clinical features of unilateral cryptophthalmia. A 5-month-old boy had isolated unilateral cryptophthalmia: a small boney orbit, deformed optic canal, and a small amorphous mass with no normal intraocular tissue representing the globe. No extraocular muscles or optic nerve were identified by B-scan ultrasound or by computed axial tomography x-ray techniques. The second patient, a 13-year-old girl, had unilateral cryptophthalmia, and numerous systemic abnormalities including a head circumference less than the third percentile, severe mental retardation, hypoplasia of the left side of the head, and a left facial cleft deformity. She also had contractures of hips, knees and ankles, and bilateral spasticity and jerky movements. The left boney orbit was contracted and deformed and contained a small amorphous tissue with no ocular detail, as revealed by B-scan and computed tomography scan.", "contents": "Unilateral cryptophthalmia. Two patients had the variable clinical features of unilateral cryptophthalmia. A 5-month-old boy had isolated unilateral cryptophthalmia: a small boney orbit, deformed optic canal, and a small amorphous mass with no normal intraocular tissue representing the globe. No extraocular muscles or optic nerve were identified by B-scan ultrasound or by computed axial tomography x-ray techniques. The second patient, a 13-year-old girl, had unilateral cryptophthalmia, and numerous systemic abnormalities including a head circumference less than the third percentile, severe mental retardation, hypoplasia of the left side of the head, and a left facial cleft deformity. She also had contractures of hips, knees and ankles, and bilateral spasticity and jerky movements. The left boney orbit was contracted and deformed and contained a small amorphous tissue with no ocular detail, as revealed by B-scan and computed tomography scan.", "PMID": 109006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8513", "title": "Medical therapy of metastatic meningococcal endophthalmitis.", "content": "We treated a 15-year-old girl who had meningococcal meningitis and metastatic endophthalmitis with large doses of intravenously administered penicillin G. The patient promptly improved with this therapy, and the visual axis completely cleared during the subsequent five months.", "contents": "Medical therapy of metastatic meningococcal endophthalmitis. We treated a 15-year-old girl who had meningococcal meningitis and metastatic endophthalmitis with large doses of intravenously administered penicillin G. The patient promptly improved with this therapy, and the visual axis completely cleared during the subsequent five months.", "PMID": 109007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8514", "title": "Locomotor adaptations within the Cercopithecus Genus: a multivariate approach.", "content": "Multivariate analysis as a technique for investigating locomotor differentiation among primates has proven its power and usefulness in many studies on various skeletal dimensions. In these analyses primate genera were distributed and sometimes clustered in a manner that was interpretable based on current knowledge of gross locomotor differences. In an effort to advance our understanding of arboreality and terrestriality in primates, the present research involves a careful look for the most subtle morphological differences in locomotor behavior. It is believed that by looking at such subtle shape differences an understanding of what it means morphologically for a primate to be either more or less arboreal may be achieved. The species within the primate genus Cercopithecus were analyzed. This genus includes species which may be placed along a habitat (ground-living to tree-dwelling) or activity spectrum. The different habitats or activity patterns clearly require slight variations in patterns of movement, which in turn may require subtle structural adaptations. Multivariate analyses of 67 postcranial variables on seven species within the genus allowed detection of slight degrees of morphological variation. However, when morphological differences are small, size variance among specimens may take on an inflated importance. A substantial amount of work was devoted to finding the least biased method of removing size variance from the variables while incorporating a discrete size variable into the study. Using these transformed skeletal variables, interspecific groupings were discovered. Much of this infrastructure is then related to differing locomotor behavior and provides an insight into the fine structure of primate locomotor adaptation in an arboreal habitat.", "contents": "Locomotor adaptations within the Cercopithecus Genus: a multivariate approach. Multivariate analysis as a technique for investigating locomotor differentiation among primates has proven its power and usefulness in many studies on various skeletal dimensions. In these analyses primate genera were distributed and sometimes clustered in a manner that was interpretable based on current knowledge of gross locomotor differences. In an effort to advance our understanding of arboreality and terrestriality in primates, the present research involves a careful look for the most subtle morphological differences in locomotor behavior. It is believed that by looking at such subtle shape differences an understanding of what it means morphologically for a primate to be either more or less arboreal may be achieved. The species within the primate genus Cercopithecus were analyzed. This genus includes species which may be placed along a habitat (ground-living to tree-dwelling) or activity spectrum. The different habitats or activity patterns clearly require slight variations in patterns of movement, which in turn may require subtle structural adaptations. Multivariate analyses of 67 postcranial variables on seven species within the genus allowed detection of slight degrees of morphological variation. However, when morphological differences are small, size variance among specimens may take on an inflated importance. A substantial amount of work was devoted to finding the least biased method of removing size variance from the variables while incorporating a discrete size variable into the study. Using these transformed skeletal variables, interspecific groupings were discovered. Much of this infrastructure is then related to differing locomotor behavior and provides an insight into the fine structure of primate locomotor adaptation in an arboreal habitat.", "PMID": 109008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8515", "title": "Electrophoretic variants in three Amerindian tribes: the Baniwa, Kanamari, and Central Pano of western Brazil.", "content": "Data are presented on electrophoretic variants of 25 polypeptides found in the blood serum and erythrocytes, in 812 individuals from three Amerindian tribes, the Pano, the Baniwa, and the Kanamari. Two \"private polymorphisms\" were encountered, of PEPB in the Pano and CAII in the Baniwa. A single example of a different PEPB variant was encountered in the Baniwa, and two possible examples of an unstable variant of HGB A2 in the Kanamari. In addition, the well-known A variant of ACP1, the Duarte variant of GALT, the 2 variant of Hp and the 2 variant of PGM1 occurred in polymorphic proportions in all three tribes, and the TFDChi variant was present as a polymorphism in the Baniwa. These data have recently been incorporated into a treatment which concludes that the eight electrophoretically-defined \"private polymorphisms\" thus far encountered in Amerindian tribes can be explained by a mutation pressure of 0.7 x 10(-5)/locus/generation on the assumption of neutrality of the phenotypes in question (Neel and Thompson, '78).", "contents": "Electrophoretic variants in three Amerindian tribes: the Baniwa, Kanamari, and Central Pano of western Brazil. Data are presented on electrophoretic variants of 25 polypeptides found in the blood serum and erythrocytes, in 812 individuals from three Amerindian tribes, the Pano, the Baniwa, and the Kanamari. Two \"private polymorphisms\" were encountered, of PEPB in the Pano and CAII in the Baniwa. A single example of a different PEPB variant was encountered in the Baniwa, and two possible examples of an unstable variant of HGB A2 in the Kanamari. In addition, the well-known A variant of ACP1, the Duarte variant of GALT, the 2 variant of Hp and the 2 variant of PGM1 occurred in polymorphic proportions in all three tribes, and the TFDChi variant was present as a polymorphism in the Baniwa. These data have recently been incorporated into a treatment which concludes that the eight electrophoretically-defined \"private polymorphisms\" thus far encountered in Amerindian tribes can be explained by a mutation pressure of 0.7 x 10(-5)/locus/generation on the assumption of neutrality of the phenotypes in question (Neel and Thompson, '78).", "PMID": 109009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8516", "title": "Genetic studies in Saudi Arabia: red cell enzyme, haemoglobin and serum protein polymorphisms.", "content": "Population genetic studies in Saudi Arabia are performed for EsD, GPT, AcP, ADA, AK, 6-PGD, PGM, C3, Tf, Hp, Gc, Pi, Bf, Hb, ABO-blood groups and Rh-factor, level of the third component of complement and immunoglobulins. The data are compared with reported frequencies in European and African populations.", "contents": "Genetic studies in Saudi Arabia: red cell enzyme, haemoglobin and serum protein polymorphisms. Population genetic studies in Saudi Arabia are performed for EsD, GPT, AcP, ADA, AK, 6-PGD, PGM, C3, Tf, Hp, Gc, Pi, Bf, Hb, ABO-blood groups and Rh-factor, level of the third component of complement and immunoglobulins. The data are compared with reported frequencies in European and African populations.", "PMID": 109010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8517", "title": "Computed tomography and biomechanical analysis of fossil long bones.", "content": "Computerized transverse axial scanning (computed tomography) is a relatively new radiographic technique designed to recover precise cross-sectional images (tomograms) of 3-dimensional objects. This highly sensitive process permits tissues of similar density to be separated and displayed unambiguously. These special features are, therefore, ideal for analyzing the cross-sectional geometry of intact fossil long bones, even when they are highly mineralized and their medullary cavities are occluded by matrix. In order to demonstrate the utility of this method in assessing the complex relationship between fossil structure and probable function, geometrical and biomechanical properties of midshaft tomograms of femora and tibiae have been analyzed for a comparative primate sample consisting of Megaladapis edwardsi (an extinct giant prosimian from Madagascar), Indri indri (the largest extant prosimian), and Homo sapiens.", "contents": "Computed tomography and biomechanical analysis of fossil long bones. Computerized transverse axial scanning (computed tomography) is a relatively new radiographic technique designed to recover precise cross-sectional images (tomograms) of 3-dimensional objects. This highly sensitive process permits tissues of similar density to be separated and displayed unambiguously. These special features are, therefore, ideal for analyzing the cross-sectional geometry of intact fossil long bones, even when they are highly mineralized and their medullary cavities are occluded by matrix. In order to demonstrate the utility of this method in assessing the complex relationship between fossil structure and probable function, geometrical and biomechanical properties of midshaft tomograms of femora and tibiae have been analyzed for a comparative primate sample consisting of Megaladapis edwardsi (an extinct giant prosimian from Madagascar), Indri indri (the largest extant prosimian), and Homo sapiens.", "PMID": 109011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8518", "title": "Inhibition of short-circuit current by triaminopyrimidine in isolated toad urinary bladder.", "content": "The organic cation 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP) produced inhibition of short-circuit current (SCC) when added to either the mucosal or serosal surface of the isolated urinary bladder of the toad. Fifty percent inhibition was produced by 10(-3) M TAP in the mucosal solution at pH 6.8 when the mucosal [Na+] was 113 mM. The actions of TAP resemble those produced by amiloride in several ways: a) inhibition of SCC by mucosal application is rapid; b) the mucosal inhibition is fully reversible; c) high concentrations in the serosal solutions produce irreversible inhibition; and d) the concentration required to produce 50% inhibition from the mucosal side is reduced when mucosal [Na+] is reduced. It is postulated that mucosal application of TAP and amiloride inhibit short-circuit current in high-resistance epithelia via action at a common locus.", "contents": "Inhibition of short-circuit current by triaminopyrimidine in isolated toad urinary bladder. The organic cation 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP) produced inhibition of short-circuit current (SCC) when added to either the mucosal or serosal surface of the isolated urinary bladder of the toad. Fifty percent inhibition was produced by 10(-3) M TAP in the mucosal solution at pH 6.8 when the mucosal [Na+] was 113 mM. The actions of TAP resemble those produced by amiloride in several ways: a) inhibition of SCC by mucosal application is rapid; b) the mucosal inhibition is fully reversible; c) high concentrations in the serosal solutions produce irreversible inhibition; and d) the concentration required to produce 50% inhibition from the mucosal side is reduced when mucosal [Na+] is reduced. It is postulated that mucosal application of TAP and amiloride inhibit short-circuit current in high-resistance epithelia via action at a common locus.", "PMID": 109013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8519", "title": "Calories and gastric emptying: a regulatory capacity with implications for feeding.", "content": "Gastric emptying in four unanesthetized male Macaca mulatta was studied with the serial test meal method of Hunt and Spurrell. Liquid meals were infused into the stomach through a chronic indwelling Silastic cannula. Saline meals empty rapidly and exponentially. Doubling the volume of saline from 150 to 300 ml increased the emptying rate so that the half-life remained unchanged (15 min). The 150-ml glucose meals (0.05, 0.125, and 0.25 g/ml) emptied more slowly than saline, progressively more slowly with increasing concentrations (0.05--1.8, 0.125--0.78, and 0.25--0.37 ml/min) and linearly through most of their course. Doubling the volume of 0.125 g/ml-glucose meal did not change the rate of emptying. Converting grams of glucose to their caloric content, the emptying rate in kcal/min becomes constant (approx 0.4 kcal/min) in this range of concentrations. Isocaloric casein hydrolysate and medium-chain triglyceride oil meals at 0.5 kcal/ml empty at the same rate as glucose. The precision of this regulation is sufficient to give it a role in preabsorptive satiety and the control of caloric intake.", "contents": "Calories and gastric emptying: a regulatory capacity with implications for feeding. Gastric emptying in four unanesthetized male Macaca mulatta was studied with the serial test meal method of Hunt and Spurrell. Liquid meals were infused into the stomach through a chronic indwelling Silastic cannula. Saline meals empty rapidly and exponentially. Doubling the volume of saline from 150 to 300 ml increased the emptying rate so that the half-life remained unchanged (15 min). The 150-ml glucose meals (0.05, 0.125, and 0.25 g/ml) emptied more slowly than saline, progressively more slowly with increasing concentrations (0.05--1.8, 0.125--0.78, and 0.25--0.37 ml/min) and linearly through most of their course. Doubling the volume of 0.125 g/ml-glucose meal did not change the rate of emptying. Converting grams of glucose to their caloric content, the emptying rate in kcal/min becomes constant (approx 0.4 kcal/min) in this range of concentrations. Isocaloric casein hydrolysate and medium-chain triglyceride oil meals at 0.5 kcal/ml empty at the same rate as glucose. The precision of this regulation is sufficient to give it a role in preabsorptive satiety and the control of caloric intake.", "PMID": 109014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8520", "title": "Glycogen synthase activation in human skeletal muscle: effects of diet and exercise.", "content": "We investigated the role of glycogen synthase in supranormal resynthesis (supercompensation) of skeletal muscle glycogen after exhaustive exercise. Six healthy men exercised 60 min by cycling with one leg at 75% VO2max, recovered 3 days on a low-carbohydrate diet, exercised again, and recovered 4 days on high-carbohydrate diet. Glycogen and glycogen synthase activities at several glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) concentrations were measured in biopsy samples of m. vastus lateralis. Dietary alterations alone did not affect glycogen, whereas exercise depleted glycogen stores. After the second exercise bout, glycogen returned to normal within 24 h and reached supercompensated levels by 48 h of recovery. Glycogen synthase activation state strikingly increased after exercise in exercised muscle and remained somewhat elevated for the first 48 h of recovery in both muscles. We suggest that 1) forms of glycogen synthase intermediate to I (G6P-independent) and D (G6P-dependent) forms are present in vivo, and 2) glycogen supercompensation can in part be explained by the formation of intermediate forms of glycogen synthase that exhibit relatively low activity ratios, but an increased sensitivity to activation by G6P.", "contents": "Glycogen synthase activation in human skeletal muscle: effects of diet and exercise. We investigated the role of glycogen synthase in supranormal resynthesis (supercompensation) of skeletal muscle glycogen after exhaustive exercise. Six healthy men exercised 60 min by cycling with one leg at 75% VO2max, recovered 3 days on a low-carbohydrate diet, exercised again, and recovered 4 days on high-carbohydrate diet. Glycogen and glycogen synthase activities at several glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) concentrations were measured in biopsy samples of m. vastus lateralis. Dietary alterations alone did not affect glycogen, whereas exercise depleted glycogen stores. After the second exercise bout, glycogen returned to normal within 24 h and reached supercompensated levels by 48 h of recovery. Glycogen synthase activation state strikingly increased after exercise in exercised muscle and remained somewhat elevated for the first 48 h of recovery in both muscles. We suggest that 1) forms of glycogen synthase intermediate to I (G6P-independent) and D (G6P-dependent) forms are present in vivo, and 2) glycogen supercompensation can in part be explained by the formation of intermediate forms of glycogen synthase that exhibit relatively low activity ratios, but an increased sensitivity to activation by G6P.", "PMID": 109015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8521", "title": "Acid secretion by isolated primate gastric mucosa.", "content": "Pentagastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine stimulated acid secretion in the isolated rhesus (Macaca mulatta) gastric mucosa. The potencies were in the order pentagastrin greater than histamine greater than acetylcholine. However, histamine was more effective, the calculated maximal response being twice as great as for the other two agonists. Metiamide inhibited acid secretion induced by both histamine and pentagastrin. Whereas the inhibition of histamine by metiamide was surmountable, that of pentagastrin was not. Atropine inhibited the response to acetylcholine. Even in higher doses, atropine had no effect on histamine. With stimulation, transmucosal potential differences and resistances decreased; the changes were reversed on inhibition.", "contents": "Acid secretion by isolated primate gastric mucosa. Pentagastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine stimulated acid secretion in the isolated rhesus (Macaca mulatta) gastric mucosa. The potencies were in the order pentagastrin greater than histamine greater than acetylcholine. However, histamine was more effective, the calculated maximal response being twice as great as for the other two agonists. Metiamide inhibited acid secretion induced by both histamine and pentagastrin. Whereas the inhibition of histamine by metiamide was surmountable, that of pentagastrin was not. Atropine inhibited the response to acetylcholine. Even in higher doses, atropine had no effect on histamine. With stimulation, transmucosal potential differences and resistances decreased; the changes were reversed on inhibition.", "PMID": 109016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8522", "title": "Isozyme characterization of cattle (Bos taurus) and American buffalo (Bison bison) cell cultures.", "content": "Four Bovidae cell lines (BEK-1, MDBK, Bu and EBTr) were characterized by means of enzymatic biochemical markers. Out of 15 enzymatic systems, 3--adenosine deaminase (Ada), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) and nucleoside phosphorylase (Np)--were found to be polymorphic and quite suitable for biochemical identification of each cell line. The Bu cell line has shown a Np phenotypic pattern which could be distinctive of the Bison bison species.", "contents": "Isozyme characterization of cattle (Bos taurus) and American buffalo (Bison bison) cell cultures. Four Bovidae cell lines (BEK-1, MDBK, Bu and EBTr) were characterized by means of enzymatic biochemical markers. Out of 15 enzymatic systems, 3--adenosine deaminase (Ada), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) and nucleoside phosphorylase (Np)--were found to be polymorphic and quite suitable for biochemical identification of each cell line. The Bu cell line has shown a Np phenotypic pattern which could be distinctive of the Bison bison species.", "PMID": 109020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8523", "title": "Recent progress in pharmacological therapy of male subfertility--a review.", "content": "A review of pharmacological therapy in male infertility shows that apart from specific therapy with gonadotropins in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, treatment in normogonadotropic idiopathic oligozoospermia and asthenozoospermia is still empirical and often unsuccessful. Modern therapy is based on three pharmacological groups of compounds: gonadotropins, androgens and kininogenases, the latter releasing pharmacologic active kinin peptides from kininogen. In addition, antiestrogens and gonadotropin-releasing hormones seem to be promising agents for the near future. The use of antibiotics is of great importance in the therapy of male genital tract infections which often to a reduced fertility. Several other drugs (amino acids, psychopharmaceuticals, spasmolytic agents, trijodothyronine, glucocorticoids, vitamins) seem to be suitable in individuals cases, but in greater group of patients these agents do not improve fertility. Using the mentioned hormonal and nonhormonal pharmacological agents considerable progress can be demonstrated in the therapy of male infertility. However, before initiating any therapy it is important to exclude patients whose cause of infertility is untreatable or those who require surgery. Finally, it is hoped that additional progress in treatment of male infertility will soon be made possible by further improvement of fundamental research in andrology. Especially important is the development of better criteria for selection of patients for any form of therapy in order to make more specific and less empirical approaches for treatment of male infertility available.", "contents": "Recent progress in pharmacological therapy of male subfertility--a review. A review of pharmacological therapy in male infertility shows that apart from specific therapy with gonadotropins in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, treatment in normogonadotropic idiopathic oligozoospermia and asthenozoospermia is still empirical and often unsuccessful. Modern therapy is based on three pharmacological groups of compounds: gonadotropins, androgens and kininogenases, the latter releasing pharmacologic active kinin peptides from kininogen. In addition, antiestrogens and gonadotropin-releasing hormones seem to be promising agents for the near future. The use of antibiotics is of great importance in the therapy of male genital tract infections which often to a reduced fertility. Several other drugs (amino acids, psychopharmaceuticals, spasmolytic agents, trijodothyronine, glucocorticoids, vitamins) seem to be suitable in individuals cases, but in greater group of patients these agents do not improve fertility. Using the mentioned hormonal and nonhormonal pharmacological agents considerable progress can be demonstrated in the therapy of male infertility. However, before initiating any therapy it is important to exclude patients whose cause of infertility is untreatable or those who require surgery. Finally, it is hoped that additional progress in treatment of male infertility will soon be made possible by further improvement of fundamental research in andrology. Especially important is the development of better criteria for selection of patients for any form of therapy in order to make more specific and less empirical approaches for treatment of male infertility available.", "PMID": 109019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8524", "title": "A rat model of chronic respiratory infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Chronic, nonlethal, pulmonary infection of rats by Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be initiated by intratracheal inoculation of 10(4) bacteria enmeshed in agar beads. The number of bacteria recoverable from the lung increased to approximately 10(6) within 3 days and remained at that number during 35 days of observation. Histologic examination of the infected lungs revealed lesions resembling those seen in lung tissue of humans with acute or chronic nonbacteremic, Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, including the presence of goblet-cell hyperplasia, focal areas of necrosis, and acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrate. This model should be useful for investigating the interactions between microbial virulence factors and host defense mechanisms.", "contents": "A rat model of chronic respiratory infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chronic, nonlethal, pulmonary infection of rats by Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be initiated by intratracheal inoculation of 10(4) bacteria enmeshed in agar beads. The number of bacteria recoverable from the lung increased to approximately 10(6) within 3 days and remained at that number during 35 days of observation. Histologic examination of the infected lungs revealed lesions resembling those seen in lung tissue of humans with acute or chronic nonbacteremic, Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, including the presence of goblet-cell hyperplasia, focal areas of necrosis, and acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrate. This model should be useful for investigating the interactions between microbial virulence factors and host defense mechanisms.", "PMID": 109021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8525", "title": "Filtering hospital air decreases Aspergillus spore counts.", "content": "We performed counts of airborne spores in a hospital with filtered air where a decrease in nosocomial infection with Aspergillus organisms had been documented. For comparison, similar studies were performed at a nearby general hospital in a ward with open windows. The total spore count inside the hospital with filtered air was significantly less than inside the ward with open windows. The total count of Aspergillus organisms in the filtered air was significantly less than that in the room with open windows. We conclude that the decrease in nosocomial infections with Aspergillus organisms in the hospital with filtered air is probably associated with fewer airborne spores.", "contents": "Filtering hospital air decreases Aspergillus spore counts. We performed counts of airborne spores in a hospital with filtered air where a decrease in nosocomial infection with Aspergillus organisms had been documented. For comparison, similar studies were performed at a nearby general hospital in a ward with open windows. The total spore count inside the hospital with filtered air was significantly less than inside the ward with open windows. The total count of Aspergillus organisms in the filtered air was significantly less than that in the room with open windows. We conclude that the decrease in nosocomial infections with Aspergillus organisms in the hospital with filtered air is probably associated with fewer airborne spores.", "PMID": 109022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8526", "title": "The booster phenomenon in serial tuberculin testing.", "content": "To determine the frequency, magnitude, and causes of the booster phenomenon in tuberculin testing, a total of 1,478 employees from 10 hospitals throughout the United States received sequential intradermal tests using PPD-T. In addition, approximately 70 per cent were initially tested with PPD-G. Boosting was found in all age groups tested, but increased with age. It occurred as soon as one week after an initial tuberculin test, but rarely before that time. The boosted reactions were apparently caused either by remote tuberculous infection or recent or remote sensitization by one or more of the nontuberculous mycobacteria. In areas endemic for nontuberculous mycobacteria, they are the most likely cause of the sensitivity that may be boosted. On the basis of these findings, it is recommended that when repeated tuberculin testing is required as part of a hospital control program, a second identical tuberculin test be given one week after the first. When subsequent tests are given, this should permit separation of boosted reactions from reactions caused by new infections. Persons who do not boost when giben repeat tests at one week, but whose tuberuclin reactions change to positive after one year, should be considered to have newly acquired tuberculous infection and managed accordingly.", "contents": "The booster phenomenon in serial tuberculin testing. To determine the frequency, magnitude, and causes of the booster phenomenon in tuberculin testing, a total of 1,478 employees from 10 hospitals throughout the United States received sequential intradermal tests using PPD-T. In addition, approximately 70 per cent were initially tested with PPD-G. Boosting was found in all age groups tested, but increased with age. It occurred as soon as one week after an initial tuberculin test, but rarely before that time. The boosted reactions were apparently caused either by remote tuberculous infection or recent or remote sensitization by one or more of the nontuberculous mycobacteria. In areas endemic for nontuberculous mycobacteria, they are the most likely cause of the sensitivity that may be boosted. On the basis of these findings, it is recommended that when repeated tuberculin testing is required as part of a hospital control program, a second identical tuberculin test be given one week after the first. When subsequent tests are given, this should permit separation of boosted reactions from reactions caused by new infections. Persons who do not boost when giben repeat tests at one week, but whose tuberuclin reactions change to positive after one year, should be considered to have newly acquired tuberculous infection and managed accordingly.", "PMID": 109023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8527", "title": "Primary drug resistance in children. Drug susceptibility of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from children during the years 1973 through 1977 at the Kings County Hospital Center of Brooklyn.", "content": "A continuing study of the frequency of primary drug resistance among children treated at the Kings County Hospital Center of Brooklyn during the years 1973 through 1977 showed a high incidence of primary drug resistance to isoniazid (8.8 per cent) and to streptomycin (12.3 per cent). In contrast, there were no strains resistant to cycloserine, viomycin, ethambutol, or rifampin, and only one of 57 strains (1.8 per cent) was resistant to ethionamide, and one (1.8 per cent) was resistant to para-aminosalicylic acid. Comparison with previous studies begun in 1961 showed no significant increase in resistance to isoniazid during 3 prior periods of study and no increase in resistance to streptomycin during the last 2 periods of study. It must be emphasized that these findings relate only to the children of a local community, and do not reflect the prevalence of primary drug resistance elsewhere in this country or among different age groups.", "contents": "Primary drug resistance in children. Drug susceptibility of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from children during the years 1973 through 1977 at the Kings County Hospital Center of Brooklyn. A continuing study of the frequency of primary drug resistance among children treated at the Kings County Hospital Center of Brooklyn during the years 1973 through 1977 showed a high incidence of primary drug resistance to isoniazid (8.8 per cent) and to streptomycin (12.3 per cent). In contrast, there were no strains resistant to cycloserine, viomycin, ethambutol, or rifampin, and only one of 57 strains (1.8 per cent) was resistant to ethionamide, and one (1.8 per cent) was resistant to para-aminosalicylic acid. Comparison with previous studies begun in 1961 showed no significant increase in resistance to isoniazid during 3 prior periods of study and no increase in resistance to streptomycin during the last 2 periods of study. It must be emphasized that these findings relate only to the children of a local community, and do not reflect the prevalence of primary drug resistance elsewhere in this country or among different age groups.", "PMID": 109024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8528", "title": "Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteremia associated with C6, C7, or C8 deficiency.", "content": "We summarize data from 24 previously described or newly diagnosed cases of homozygous deficiency of the sixth, seventh, or eighth components of complement. Thirteen of 24 patients had at least one episode, and usually two or more episodes of Neisseria meningitidis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteremia, or both. Deficiency of C6, C7, or C8 is a meaningful risk factor for repeated neisserial bacteremia; conversely, hemolytic complement studies are indicated in patients who develop recurrent neisserial infections. When a person with C6, C7, or C8 deficiency is identified, family members should also be studied.", "contents": "Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteremia associated with C6, C7, or C8 deficiency. We summarize data from 24 previously described or newly diagnosed cases of homozygous deficiency of the sixth, seventh, or eighth components of complement. Thirteen of 24 patients had at least one episode, and usually two or more episodes of Neisseria meningitidis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteremia, or both. Deficiency of C6, C7, or C8 is a meaningful risk factor for repeated neisserial bacteremia; conversely, hemolytic complement studies are indicated in patients who develop recurrent neisserial infections. When a person with C6, C7, or C8 deficiency is identified, family members should also be studied.", "PMID": 109025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8529", "title": "Fate of middle ear mucosa introduced into the vestibule.", "content": "The etiology of poststapedectomy reparative granuloma remains obscure. To evaluate the possibility of inadvertently introduced mucous membrane into the vestibule as a possible cause of granuloma formation, this animal study was devised. The stapes was removed from the right ear of four squirrel monkeys and middle ear mucosa placed in the vistibule, the stapes then being replaced. In the left ear, a control operation was done in which only the stapes was removed, then replaced. The animals were sacrificed between the 2nd and 17th day and their temporal bones were prepared and studied. The mucous membrane was identified within the vestibule of all animals. It was well-tolerated and did not evoke the inflammatory response, which would be expected if mucosa was a cause of granuloma formation. The mucosa was still present at 17 days, eventually becoming surrounded by the endosteal lining of the vestibule.", "contents": "Fate of middle ear mucosa introduced into the vestibule. The etiology of poststapedectomy reparative granuloma remains obscure. To evaluate the possibility of inadvertently introduced mucous membrane into the vestibule as a possible cause of granuloma formation, this animal study was devised. The stapes was removed from the right ear of four squirrel monkeys and middle ear mucosa placed in the vistibule, the stapes then being replaced. In the left ear, a control operation was done in which only the stapes was removed, then replaced. The animals were sacrificed between the 2nd and 17th day and their temporal bones were prepared and studied. The mucous membrane was identified within the vestibule of all animals. It was well-tolerated and did not evoke the inflammatory response, which would be expected if mucosa was a cause of granuloma formation. The mucosa was still present at 17 days, eventually becoming surrounded by the endosteal lining of the vestibule.", "PMID": 109029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8530", "title": "High dose preoperative irradiation for advanced laryngeal-hypopharyngeal cancer.", "content": "Combined therapy, consisting of 5000 rads delivered in five weeks by total laryngectomy +/- radical neck dissection, was compared with treatment by irradiation (6000-7000 rads) with surgical salvage when clinically possible for radiation failure. Patients were categorized according to site of primary cancer (glottic, supraglottic and pyriform sinus) and staged (T, N, M). Survival was equally good in the two programs for glottic and supraglottic lesions, N0 or N1. The combined treatment program was judged superior for supraglottic and pyriform sinus lesions, N2 or N3.", "contents": "High dose preoperative irradiation for advanced laryngeal-hypopharyngeal cancer. Combined therapy, consisting of 5000 rads delivered in five weeks by total laryngectomy +/- radical neck dissection, was compared with treatment by irradiation (6000-7000 rads) with surgical salvage when clinically possible for radiation failure. Patients were categorized according to site of primary cancer (glottic, supraglottic and pyriform sinus) and staged (T, N, M). Survival was equally good in the two programs for glottic and supraglottic lesions, N0 or N1. The combined treatment program was judged superior for supraglottic and pyriform sinus lesions, N2 or N3.", "PMID": 109028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8531", "title": "Radiologic diagnosis of labyrinthitis ossificans.", "content": "Labyrinthitis ossificans is the pathological ossification of the membranous labyrinthine spaces in response to processes which are destructive of the membranous labyrinth or the endosteum of the otic capsule. It has been primarily a histopathologic diagnosis. Complex motion tomography however, allows a detailed view of the osseous labyrinth and permits the diagnosis in the living state. Radiologic documentation of labyrinthitis ossificans is objective evidence of a process destructive of the membranous labyrinth. It supports the likelihood of an absence of cochlear and vestibular function. It alerts the surgeon to the possible obliteration of key inner ear anatomical landmarks.", "contents": "Radiologic diagnosis of labyrinthitis ossificans. Labyrinthitis ossificans is the pathological ossification of the membranous labyrinthine spaces in response to processes which are destructive of the membranous labyrinth or the endosteum of the otic capsule. It has been primarily a histopathologic diagnosis. Complex motion tomography however, allows a detailed view of the osseous labyrinth and permits the diagnosis in the living state. Radiologic documentation of labyrinthitis ossificans is objective evidence of a process destructive of the membranous labyrinth. It supports the likelihood of an absence of cochlear and vestibular function. It alerts the surgeon to the possible obliteration of key inner ear anatomical landmarks.", "PMID": 109030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8532", "title": "An immuno-haematological study among pregnant women of Patiala (India).", "content": "The present study has been conducted on 500 pregnant women belonging to Patiala city (Punjab State, India), during various stages of pregnancy, who were investigated for evidence of immunization. Incidence of immunization was found to be 1.20% in total sample and 25.00% in Rh (D) negative pregnant women. All the immunized cases were multiparae. Immunized cases were more in second trimester. Obstetrical histories of immunized cases suggest that five of them were probably immunized due to repeated pregnancies and one case was probably due to previous still births. A greater fertility was observed in the immunized group as compared to other groups. No case of immunization had previous history of blood transfusion. Rh-immunization was also studied in relation to AB0-incompatibility.", "contents": "An immuno-haematological study among pregnant women of Patiala (India). The present study has been conducted on 500 pregnant women belonging to Patiala city (Punjab State, India), during various stages of pregnancy, who were investigated for evidence of immunization. Incidence of immunization was found to be 1.20% in total sample and 25.00% in Rh (D) negative pregnant women. All the immunized cases were multiparae. Immunized cases were more in second trimester. Obstetrical histories of immunized cases suggest that five of them were probably immunized due to repeated pregnancies and one case was probably due to previous still births. A greater fertility was observed in the immunized group as compared to other groups. No case of immunization had previous history of blood transfusion. Rh-immunization was also studied in relation to AB0-incompatibility.", "PMID": 109034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8533", "title": "Influence of age on results of vestibular function tests. Review of literature and presentation of caloric test results.", "content": "Following a bibliographic review of currently known, age-dependent morphological and functional changes of the vestibular and auditory system, results are presented of our investigations concerning the influence of age on the outcome of the caloric test on 102 healthy subjects from six age groups ranging between the ages of 11 and 70 years. They prove, without any doubt, that the absolute values of nystagmic parameters in the caloric test are dependent upon age; but not in such a way that the intensity of reaction decreases with advancing age. On the contrary, they indicate that in awake, healthy subjects of middle and late middle-age, the most intensive reactions occur (maximum slow phase velocity, maximum amplitude, maximum frequency, total number of beats). In addition, based on the statistical analysis, it seems probable that the extent of the side difference of excitability depends upon age. Individuals in their middle years show side differences to a considerably lesser degree than children and elderly subjects. These represent findings which, to our knowledge, are reported here for the first time. Provided our results gain further substantiation, standard values for a true quantitative evaluation of the caloric test could only be determined as in the audiometric functional tests on the basis of larger test series of healthy subjects belonging to different age groups.", "contents": "Influence of age on results of vestibular function tests. Review of literature and presentation of caloric test results. Following a bibliographic review of currently known, age-dependent morphological and functional changes of the vestibular and auditory system, results are presented of our investigations concerning the influence of age on the outcome of the caloric test on 102 healthy subjects from six age groups ranging between the ages of 11 and 70 years. They prove, without any doubt, that the absolute values of nystagmic parameters in the caloric test are dependent upon age; but not in such a way that the intensity of reaction decreases with advancing age. On the contrary, they indicate that in awake, healthy subjects of middle and late middle-age, the most intensive reactions occur (maximum slow phase velocity, maximum amplitude, maximum frequency, total number of beats). In addition, based on the statistical analysis, it seems probable that the extent of the side difference of excitability depends upon age. Individuals in their middle years show side differences to a considerably lesser degree than children and elderly subjects. These represent findings which, to our knowledge, are reported here for the first time. Provided our results gain further substantiation, standard values for a true quantitative evaluation of the caloric test could only be determined as in the audiometric functional tests on the basis of larger test series of healthy subjects belonging to different age groups.", "PMID": 109031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8534", "title": "[Possibility of the spectral analysis of heterogeneous biological systems. The determination of the mycelium concentration of Actinomyces aureofaciens, a producer of tetracycline, cultured on a medium with corn meal].", "content": "A possibility of using spectroscopy of attenuated total reflection in the IR region for analysis of the heterogenic system consisting of the microorganisms and plant cells is discussed. The method of spectroscopy is proposed for estimating the mycelium concentration of Act. aureofaciens producing tetracycline in the presence of corn meal in the medium. The experimental data confirming this possibility are presented. The peculiar properties of the spectral analysis under these particular conditions are discussed. It is supposed that the method may be used for analysis of heterogenous systems including other microorganisms.", "contents": "[Possibility of the spectral analysis of heterogeneous biological systems. The determination of the mycelium concentration of Actinomyces aureofaciens, a producer of tetracycline, cultured on a medium with corn meal]. A possibility of using spectroscopy of attenuated total reflection in the IR region for analysis of the heterogenic system consisting of the microorganisms and plant cells is discussed. The method of spectroscopy is proposed for estimating the mycelium concentration of Act. aureofaciens producing tetracycline in the presence of corn meal in the medium. The experimental data confirming this possibility are presented. The peculiar properties of the spectral analysis under these particular conditions are discussed. It is supposed that the method may be used for analysis of heterogenous systems including other microorganisms.", "PMID": 109035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8535", "title": "[Participation of the antibiotics of Bac. pumilus and Bac. subtilis in the regulation of bacterial spore formation].", "content": "Sporulation and antibiotic production, as well as the effect of exogenic antibacterial substances on bacterial sporogenesis were studied in various strains of Bac. pumilus and Bac. pumilus and Bac. subtilis. The bacteria were grown on a solid sporulation medium with and without the antibiotics. After 5-day incubation the presence of refractyl spores was determined with a phase-contrast method. It was found that in the strains of Bac. pumilus producing antibacterial substances the sporulation was normal. The loss of the capacity for synthesizing such substances resulted in asporegenicity or oligosporogenicity. This allowed a conclusion on existence of phenomenological connection between sporulation and antibiotic production. The study of the antibiotic effect on bacterial sporogenesis showed negative results which are discussed in the paper along two directions: (1) the antibiotics did not probably participate in regulation of the bacteria cell differentiation, (2) the antibiotics regulated the bacterial sporogenesis though their effect was not as yet detected because of methodical difficulties. Therefore, the problem of the antibiotic participation in regulation of sporulation in Bac. pumilus and Bac. subtilis remains open.", "contents": "[Participation of the antibiotics of Bac. pumilus and Bac. subtilis in the regulation of bacterial spore formation]. Sporulation and antibiotic production, as well as the effect of exogenic antibacterial substances on bacterial sporogenesis were studied in various strains of Bac. pumilus and Bac. pumilus and Bac. subtilis. The bacteria were grown on a solid sporulation medium with and without the antibiotics. After 5-day incubation the presence of refractyl spores was determined with a phase-contrast method. It was found that in the strains of Bac. pumilus producing antibacterial substances the sporulation was normal. The loss of the capacity for synthesizing such substances resulted in asporegenicity or oligosporogenicity. This allowed a conclusion on existence of phenomenological connection between sporulation and antibiotic production. The study of the antibiotic effect on bacterial sporogenesis showed negative results which are discussed in the paper along two directions: (1) the antibiotics did not probably participate in regulation of the bacteria cell differentiation, (2) the antibiotics regulated the bacterial sporogenesis though their effect was not as yet detected because of methodical difficulties. Therefore, the problem of the antibiotic participation in regulation of sporulation in Bac. pumilus and Bac. subtilis remains open.", "PMID": 109036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8536", "title": "[Luteal insufficiency and benign breast diseases. Study in the light of data from the combined LH-RH + TRH test together with the study of ovarian steroids].", "content": "Luteal deficiency has been attributed a patho-physiologic role in benign fibro-cystic breast disease, whereas Prolactin would not be involved in this disease. To tes these hypotheses, patients with fibro-cystic breast disease have been investigated through the combined LH-RH + TRH test, coupled with ovarian steroids estimations. 63 menstruating patients with ovulatory cycles, as evidenced by the temperature curve and proven fibro-cystic breast disease, as demonstrated by senography and thermogrphy and/or operation, have been selected for this study. The findings do not favour the role of luteal dificiency but rather the role of PRL hyperactivity in the pathol-physiology of fibro-cySTIC BREAST DISEASE.", "contents": "[Luteal insufficiency and benign breast diseases. Study in the light of data from the combined LH-RH + TRH test together with the study of ovarian steroids]. Luteal deficiency has been attributed a patho-physiologic role in benign fibro-cystic breast disease, whereas Prolactin would not be involved in this disease. To tes these hypotheses, patients with fibro-cystic breast disease have been investigated through the combined LH-RH + TRH test, coupled with ovarian steroids estimations. 63 menstruating patients with ovulatory cycles, as evidenced by the temperature curve and proven fibro-cystic breast disease, as demonstrated by senography and thermogrphy and/or operation, have been selected for this study. The findings do not favour the role of luteal dificiency but rather the role of PRL hyperactivity in the pathol-physiology of fibro-cySTIC BREAST DISEASE.", "PMID": 109032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8537", "title": "[Action of chlortetracycline on the enzymes of the producer itself, Streptomyces aureofaciens].", "content": "When preparing a cell-free extract of Streptomyces aureofaciens from the culture to which chlortetracycline (1000 gamma/ml) was added before disintegration with alumina, a considerable decrease in the enzyme activity was reached. The presence of chlortetracycline during disintegration of the cells by means of glass beads did not substantially affect the enzyme activity of the cell-free extract. Addition of chlortetracycline directly to the reaction mixture for the enzyme assay (up to a concentration of 200 gamma/ml) did not induce any inhibition effect. The results suggested that during studying enzyme systems of organisms producing secondary metabolites, the product might distort the results on the use of an inconvenient method.", "contents": "[Action of chlortetracycline on the enzymes of the producer itself, Streptomyces aureofaciens]. When preparing a cell-free extract of Streptomyces aureofaciens from the culture to which chlortetracycline (1000 gamma/ml) was added before disintegration with alumina, a considerable decrease in the enzyme activity was reached. The presence of chlortetracycline during disintegration of the cells by means of glass beads did not substantially affect the enzyme activity of the cell-free extract. Addition of chlortetracycline directly to the reaction mixture for the enzyme assay (up to a concentration of 200 gamma/ml) did not induce any inhibition effect. The results suggested that during studying enzyme systems of organisms producing secondary metabolites, the product might distort the results on the use of an inconvenient method.", "PMID": 109037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8538", "title": "[Comparative study of the antibacterial activity of a number of new antibiotics and their combinations in relation to Pseudomonas aeruginosa].", "content": "Tobramycin and sisomycin proved to have the highest antibacterial activity against 156 clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa and were 4--8 times more effective than monomycin, kanamycin, neomycin and to a lesser extent gentamicin. The combination of mecillinam and sisomycin had a synergistic effect with respect to 26 out of 50 strains of Ps. aeruginosa and the combination of mecillinam and tobramycin had a synergistic effect on 18 strains. An antagonistic effect was observed with the use of the above combinations in 3 cases. The effect of the combinations depended on sensitivity of Ps. aeruginosa cultures to the aminoglycoside antibiotic included into the compositions.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the antibacterial activity of a number of new antibiotics and their combinations in relation to Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. Tobramycin and sisomycin proved to have the highest antibacterial activity against 156 clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa and were 4--8 times more effective than monomycin, kanamycin, neomycin and to a lesser extent gentamicin. The combination of mecillinam and sisomycin had a synergistic effect with respect to 26 out of 50 strains of Ps. aeruginosa and the combination of mecillinam and tobramycin had a synergistic effect on 18 strains. An antagonistic effect was observed with the use of the above combinations in 3 cases. The effect of the combinations depended on sensitivity of Ps. aeruginosa cultures to the aminoglycoside antibiotic included into the compositions.", "PMID": 109038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8539", "title": "Electron microscopy of methanol-utilizing bacteria.", "content": "Two different groups of methanol-utilizing bacteria were studied by electron microsocpy. Bacteria using the serine pathway for the assimilation of methanol were found to have a thin cell envelope (outer membrane, periplasmic area and cytoplasmic membrane). Those using the assimilatory ribulose monophosphate pathway of formaldehyde fixation had a much thicker cell envelope and in the case of Pseudomonas C protrusions of the outer membrane were found.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of methanol-utilizing bacteria. Two different groups of methanol-utilizing bacteria were studied by electron microsocpy. Bacteria using the serine pathway for the assimilation of methanol were found to have a thin cell envelope (outer membrane, periplasmic area and cytoplasmic membrane). Those using the assimilatory ribulose monophosphate pathway of formaldehyde fixation had a much thicker cell envelope and in the case of Pseudomonas C protrusions of the outer membrane were found.", "PMID": 109039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8540", "title": "Different phenotypes for the lactose utilization system in Kluyveromyces and Saccharomyces species.", "content": "Analysis of the system for the utilization of lactose in some strains of yeasts belonging to the genera Kluyveromyces and Saccharomyces revealed the occurrence of several genetic variants, corresponding to mutants expected on the basis of the model of Jacob and Monod for the lac system in E. coli. These results could be useful in the taxonomic analysis and in the phylogenetic evaluation of the Saccharomycetaceae.", "contents": "Different phenotypes for the lactose utilization system in Kluyveromyces and Saccharomyces species. Analysis of the system for the utilization of lactose in some strains of yeasts belonging to the genera Kluyveromyces and Saccharomyces revealed the occurrence of several genetic variants, corresponding to mutants expected on the basis of the model of Jacob and Monod for the lac system in E. coli. These results could be useful in the taxonomic analysis and in the phylogenetic evaluation of the Saccharomycetaceae.", "PMID": 109040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8541", "title": "A rapid pigmentation test for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "A rapid pigmentation test for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans is described. The method is based on the formation of a characteristic, mouse-grey to violaceous-black pigment when shake cultures of C. neoformans in a phosphate-buffered, l-DOPA - ferric citrate medium are incubated at 37 C for one hour.", "contents": "A rapid pigmentation test for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. A rapid pigmentation test for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans is described. The method is based on the formation of a characteristic, mouse-grey to violaceous-black pigment when shake cultures of C. neoformans in a phosphate-buffered, l-DOPA - ferric citrate medium are incubated at 37 C for one hour.", "PMID": 109041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8542", "title": "The acrodermatitis enteropathica-like syndrome.", "content": "An acrodermatitis enteropathica-like syndrome occurred as a result of severe bowel disease and the use of zinc-deficient hyperalimentation regimens. Emphasis is placed on early and adequate zinc replacement to effectively prevent or reverse this entity.", "contents": "The acrodermatitis enteropathica-like syndrome. An acrodermatitis enteropathica-like syndrome occurred as a result of severe bowel disease and the use of zinc-deficient hyperalimentation regimens. Emphasis is placed on early and adequate zinc replacement to effectively prevent or reverse this entity.", "PMID": 109049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8543", "title": "Whole body elemental composition during drug treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a preliminary study.", "content": "Thirty-two female patients with rheumatoid arthritis were divided into 3 groups and treated for 6 months with prednisolone, depot tetracosactrin, or indomethacin. Their whole body content of calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen was measured before and after 3 and 6 months' treatment by in-vivo neutron activation analysis. No significant changes in these body elements were observed as a result of the treatments. The average amounts of calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen were lower than normal in these patients, a finding consistent with the frequent observation of osteoporosis and muscle wasting in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Whole body elemental composition during drug treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a preliminary study. Thirty-two female patients with rheumatoid arthritis were divided into 3 groups and treated for 6 months with prednisolone, depot tetracosactrin, or indomethacin. Their whole body content of calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen was measured before and after 3 and 6 months' treatment by in-vivo neutron activation analysis. No significant changes in these body elements were observed as a result of the treatments. The average amounts of calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen were lower than normal in these patients, a finding consistent with the frequent observation of osteoporosis and muscle wasting in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 109054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8544", "title": "Effects of gold, dapsone, and prednisone on serum C-reactive protein and haptoglobin and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Sequential measurements of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum haptoglobin (Hp), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were made in 209 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); 78 of them were treated with gold, 71 with dapsone, and 60 with prednisone. The results were expressed as proportional changes in the measurements at 28-day intervals after treatment began. The period of study was 140 days. During treatment with gold and dapsone there were statistically significant gradual and progressive falls of similar magnitude in serum CRP and ESR. During treatment with prednisone serum CRP and ESR fell abruptly by 28 days and thereafter altered little. At 140 days prednisone had had the largest proportional effect on both measurements. During gold treatment the fall in serum Hp was similar to that of the ESR. In contrast, prednisone had little effect on Hp levels despite large falls in serum CRP and the ESR. Either prednisone stimulates Hp synthesis or the divergence is an expression of the difference in type of effect between gold and prednisone on RA. The effect of dapsone on serum Hp was large and progressive; it partly reflects haemolysis and, since the haemolysis was not progressive, partly improvement in the RA. The results show the relative efficacy of the drugs and suggest that dapsone may be a useful alternative treatment for RA.", "contents": "Effects of gold, dapsone, and prednisone on serum C-reactive protein and haptoglobin and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in rheumatoid arthritis. Sequential measurements of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum haptoglobin (Hp), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were made in 209 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); 78 of them were treated with gold, 71 with dapsone, and 60 with prednisone. The results were expressed as proportional changes in the measurements at 28-day intervals after treatment began. The period of study was 140 days. During treatment with gold and dapsone there were statistically significant gradual and progressive falls of similar magnitude in serum CRP and ESR. During treatment with prednisone serum CRP and ESR fell abruptly by 28 days and thereafter altered little. At 140 days prednisone had had the largest proportional effect on both measurements. During gold treatment the fall in serum Hp was similar to that of the ESR. In contrast, prednisone had little effect on Hp levels despite large falls in serum CRP and the ESR. Either prednisone stimulates Hp synthesis or the divergence is an expression of the difference in type of effect between gold and prednisone on RA. The effect of dapsone on serum Hp was large and progressive; it partly reflects haemolysis and, since the haemolysis was not progressive, partly improvement in the RA. The results show the relative efficacy of the drugs and suggest that dapsone may be a useful alternative treatment for RA.", "PMID": 109055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8545", "title": "Nutritional status and the nonspecific cellular and humoral immune response in esophageal carcinoma.", "content": "In carcinoma of the esophagus, two major factors are operative, both of which are capable of suppressing the immune response, namely starvation and the presence of a malignant tumor. Twenty patients who were treated by palliative intubation for unresectable carcinoma of the esophagus were investigated. All patients were suffering from protein-calorie malnutrition and were shown to be in negative nitrogen balance. Lymphocyte counts and the nonspecific cellular and humoral immune response were evaluated before and after correction of the nutritional deficit. No attempt was made to reduce tumor bulk. The cellular immune response was compromised in all patients. The DNCB skin test was negative, absolute lymphocyte counts and T-lymphocyte numbers were significantly depressed, and the mitogenic response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation also significantly depressed. Immunoglobulin A levels were significantly elevated but serum complement concentrations were normal. Reversal of the negative nitrogen balance resulted in a significant increase in absolute and T-lymphocyte numbers, and a significant increase in the mitogenic response to PHA. The DNCB skin test, however, remained nonreactive. Nutritional repletion also significantly increased serum C(3), C(4) and C(3)PA concentrations. Reversal of negative nitrogen balance may reverse in vitro evidence of immunoparesis and produce an increase in complement concentrations, without therapeutic reduction in the tumor load.", "contents": "Nutritional status and the nonspecific cellular and humoral immune response in esophageal carcinoma. In carcinoma of the esophagus, two major factors are operative, both of which are capable of suppressing the immune response, namely starvation and the presence of a malignant tumor. Twenty patients who were treated by palliative intubation for unresectable carcinoma of the esophagus were investigated. All patients were suffering from protein-calorie malnutrition and were shown to be in negative nitrogen balance. Lymphocyte counts and the nonspecific cellular and humoral immune response were evaluated before and after correction of the nutritional deficit. No attempt was made to reduce tumor bulk. The cellular immune response was compromised in all patients. The DNCB skin test was negative, absolute lymphocyte counts and T-lymphocyte numbers were significantly depressed, and the mitogenic response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation also significantly depressed. Immunoglobulin A levels were significantly elevated but serum complement concentrations were normal. Reversal of the negative nitrogen balance resulted in a significant increase in absolute and T-lymphocyte numbers, and a significant increase in the mitogenic response to PHA. The DNCB skin test, however, remained nonreactive. Nutritional repletion also significantly increased serum C(3), C(4) and C(3)PA concentrations. Reversal of negative nitrogen balance may reverse in vitro evidence of immunoparesis and produce an increase in complement concentrations, without therapeutic reduction in the tumor load.", "PMID": 109056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8546", "title": "[Myelodepressive effect during intracavitary cytostatic treatment of bladder tumors].", "content": "The authors present the results of a new course of treatment with thiotepa which has the advantage of presenting almost no myelodepressive effects while being as effective as the treatment put forward by other authors.", "contents": "[Myelodepressive effect during intracavitary cytostatic treatment of bladder tumors]. The authors present the results of a new course of treatment with thiotepa which has the advantage of presenting almost no myelodepressive effects while being as effective as the treatment put forward by other authors.", "PMID": 109052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8547", "title": "The septic burned patient: a model for studying the role of complement and immunoglobulins in opsonization of opportunist micro-organisms.", "content": "Studies were performed to determine the effects of septicemia on complement levels and activities and opsonic function in septic and nonseptic burned patients. None of the nonseptic burned patients had consumption of classical pathway activity during their clinical course. Patients who did not survive septicemia had consumption of all of the classical complement components (C1-C5) prior to and during their septic episodes. Patients who survived septicemia had multiple patterns of classical complement pathway consumption. In these patients, classical pathway activity was restored to normal following the last positive blood culture. Alternative complement pathway consumption was demonstrated in only one of the septic burned patients, as evidenced by decreased factor B and C3b INA levels and decreased C3 and C5 conversion in sera treated with 10 mM ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid and 10 mM MgCl(2) (MgEGTA) and in untreated sera. In all of the other septic patients and in the nonseptic patients, reduction in C3 and C5 conversion in MgEGTA sera and untreated sera was not associated with decrease in factor B or C3b INA. Reduction in complement levels and activities did not reduce the ability of the patients' sera to promote phagocytosis and intracellular killing of their infecting micro-organisms by normal human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The results indicate that measurement of classical pathway activity in burned patients can be used as a diagnostic tool for predicting the severity of septic episodes and for monitoring recovery. In addition, the observation that complement consumption did not reduce the opsonic capacity of the patients' sera for their infecting micro-organisms suggests that current concepts regarding the role of immunoglobulins and complement in opsonization of opportunist micro-organisms require re-evaluation.", "contents": "The septic burned patient: a model for studying the role of complement and immunoglobulins in opsonization of opportunist micro-organisms. Studies were performed to determine the effects of septicemia on complement levels and activities and opsonic function in septic and nonseptic burned patients. None of the nonseptic burned patients had consumption of classical pathway activity during their clinical course. Patients who did not survive septicemia had consumption of all of the classical complement components (C1-C5) prior to and during their septic episodes. Patients who survived septicemia had multiple patterns of classical complement pathway consumption. In these patients, classical pathway activity was restored to normal following the last positive blood culture. Alternative complement pathway consumption was demonstrated in only one of the septic burned patients, as evidenced by decreased factor B and C3b INA levels and decreased C3 and C5 conversion in sera treated with 10 mM ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid and 10 mM MgCl(2) (MgEGTA) and in untreated sera. In all of the other septic patients and in the nonseptic patients, reduction in C3 and C5 conversion in MgEGTA sera and untreated sera was not associated with decrease in factor B or C3b INA. Reduction in complement levels and activities did not reduce the ability of the patients' sera to promote phagocytosis and intracellular killing of their infecting micro-organisms by normal human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The results indicate that measurement of classical pathway activity in burned patients can be used as a diagnostic tool for predicting the severity of septic episodes and for monitoring recovery. In addition, the observation that complement consumption did not reduce the opsonic capacity of the patients' sera for their infecting micro-organisms suggests that current concepts regarding the role of immunoglobulins and complement in opsonization of opportunist micro-organisms require re-evaluation.", "PMID": 109057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8548", "title": "mu-chain disease. Report of two new cases.", "content": "We report two cases of mu-heavy-chain disease. Both patients were affected with a lymphoproliferative disease that shared several suggestive features with the previously reported cases of mu-chain disease: the presence of vacuolated plasma cells in bone marrow, a small amount of alpha 2 moving abnormal mu-chain protein, and urinary kappa Bence Jones protein in one case.", "contents": "mu-chain disease. Report of two new cases. We report two cases of mu-heavy-chain disease. Both patients were affected with a lymphoproliferative disease that shared several suggestive features with the previously reported cases of mu-chain disease: the presence of vacuolated plasma cells in bone marrow, a small amount of alpha 2 moving abnormal mu-chain protein, and urinary kappa Bence Jones protein in one case.", "PMID": 109059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8549", "title": "Separation of algal mixtures and bacterial mixtures with flow-microfluorometer using chlorophyll and ethidium bromide fluorescence.", "content": "The applicability of flow-microfluorometer to separate microbial cells was demonstrated with algal and bacterial cells. Algal mixtures were sorted according to the natural chlorophyll fluorescence and the bacterial mixtures were sorted according to the fluorescence of ethidium bromide-stained nucleic acid.", "contents": "Separation of algal mixtures and bacterial mixtures with flow-microfluorometer using chlorophyll and ethidium bromide fluorescence. The applicability of flow-microfluorometer to separate microbial cells was demonstrated with algal and bacterial cells. Algal mixtures were sorted according to the natural chlorophyll fluorescence and the bacterial mixtures were sorted according to the fluorescence of ethidium bromide-stained nucleic acid.", "PMID": 109060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8550", "title": "[Supply of vitamin A, E, C, B 12 and folates during total parenteral nutrition in pediatrics].", "content": "Serum vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin B12, folate and leucocyte vitamin C were measured in 45 patients between the ages of one month and 2 1/2 years who were receiving total parenteral nutrition. After allowing for variations in intake the following recommendations are made: Vitamin A (central vein) 2,500 i.u./day (peripheral vein) 1,000 - 1,500 i.u./day. Vitamin E (peripheral vein) 0.8 mg/kg/day, Vitamin B12 (central vein) 0.8 - 1 microgram/day, Folate (central vein) 10 - 80 microgram/day, Vitamin C (central vein) 25 mg/day.", "contents": "[Supply of vitamin A, E, C, B 12 and folates during total parenteral nutrition in pediatrics]. Serum vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin B12, folate and leucocyte vitamin C were measured in 45 patients between the ages of one month and 2 1/2 years who were receiving total parenteral nutrition. After allowing for variations in intake the following recommendations are made: Vitamin A (central vein) 2,500 i.u./day (peripheral vein) 1,000 - 1,500 i.u./day. Vitamin E (peripheral vein) 0.8 mg/kg/day, Vitamin B12 (central vein) 0.8 - 1 microgram/day, Folate (central vein) 10 - 80 microgram/day, Vitamin C (central vein) 25 mg/day.", "PMID": 109063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8551", "title": "Effect of Listeria monocytogenes lipids on the course of infections with some gram-negative bacilli in mice.", "content": "The effect of Listeria monocytogenes lipids on the course of infections with Salmonella enteritidis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae was studied in mice. The lipids were extracted with chloroform and methanol and used in various doses before and after infection with the bacilli. The lipids significantly increased mouse resistance toward the examined bacteria. The protective effect depended, to a large extent on the applied dose of lipids and its timing.", "contents": "Effect of Listeria monocytogenes lipids on the course of infections with some gram-negative bacilli in mice. The effect of Listeria monocytogenes lipids on the course of infections with Salmonella enteritidis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae was studied in mice. The lipids were extracted with chloroform and methanol and used in various doses before and after infection with the bacilli. The lipids significantly increased mouse resistance toward the examined bacteria. The protective effect depended, to a large extent on the applied dose of lipids and its timing.", "PMID": 109064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8552", "title": "Electromyographical findings in human chronic Chagas' disease.", "content": "An electromyographical investigation of 80 patients with chronic Chagas' disease was made. It was found that 79% of the studied patients had EMG manifestations of old and chronic denervation of the upper and lower limbs without clinical features of nervous system involvement.", "contents": "Electromyographical findings in human chronic Chagas' disease. An electromyographical investigation of 80 patients with chronic Chagas' disease was made. It was found that 79% of the studied patients had EMG manifestations of old and chronic denervation of the upper and lower limbs without clinical features of nervous system involvement.", "PMID": 109065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8553", "title": "An electrophysiological investigation of skeletal muscle in human chronic Chagas' disease.", "content": "An electrophysiological study has been made of the thenar, hypothenar, soleus and extensor digitorum brevis muscles and their inervation in 90 patients with chronic Chagas' disease. Some of them showed a reduced number of functional motor units with increased size of many of the surviving units. No decremental muscle response was found to repetitive nerve stimulation. Motor and sensory conduction velocities as well as motor terminal latencies were on the normal range. These findings suggested that the muscle changes resulted from a primary defect of the alpha spinal motoneurone soma.", "contents": "An electrophysiological investigation of skeletal muscle in human chronic Chagas' disease. An electrophysiological study has been made of the thenar, hypothenar, soleus and extensor digitorum brevis muscles and their inervation in 90 patients with chronic Chagas' disease. Some of them showed a reduced number of functional motor units with increased size of many of the surviving units. No decremental muscle response was found to repetitive nerve stimulation. Motor and sensory conduction velocities as well as motor terminal latencies were on the normal range. These findings suggested that the muscle changes resulted from a primary defect of the alpha spinal motoneurone soma.", "PMID": 109066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8554", "title": "Meningococcal conjunctivitis.", "content": "Meningococcal conjunctivitis is typically described as an acute purulent infection. An atypical case of mild catarrhal conjunctivitis occurred in a 19-year-old college student. The meningococci were identified as Neisseria meningitidis, group A, and were isolated from the throats of the patient and her roommate. The conjunctivitis responded rapidly to treatment with sodium sulfacetamide, and it was not treated systemically. A short review of the literature of meningococcal conjunctivitis is presented, and the current recommendation for prophylaxis is discussed.", "contents": "Meningococcal conjunctivitis. Meningococcal conjunctivitis is typically described as an acute purulent infection. An atypical case of mild catarrhal conjunctivitis occurred in a 19-year-old college student. The meningococci were identified as Neisseria meningitidis, group A, and were isolated from the throats of the patient and her roommate. The conjunctivitis responded rapidly to treatment with sodium sulfacetamide, and it was not treated systemically. A short review of the literature of meningococcal conjunctivitis is presented, and the current recommendation for prophylaxis is discussed.", "PMID": 109067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8555", "title": "The histology of retinal nerve fiber layer bundles and bundle defects.", "content": "The fiber bundle striations recognized clinically in normal monkey eyes appear to be bundles of axons compartmentalized within glial tunnels formed by M\u00fcller's-cell processes, when viewed histologically. The dark boundaries that separate individual bundles are the broadened foot endings of these cells near the inner surface of the retina. Within one week after focal retinal photocoagulation, characteristic fundus changes could be seen in experimental eyes. In histologic sections of the involved retina, there was marked cystic degeneration of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Within one month, atrophy of distal axon segments was complete. With the drop-out of damaged axons and thinning of individual fiber bundles, retinal striations became less prominent. The resulting fundus picture in these experimental eyes is similar to fiber bundle defects that can be seen clinically in various neuro-ophthalmic disorders.", "contents": "The histology of retinal nerve fiber layer bundles and bundle defects. The fiber bundle striations recognized clinically in normal monkey eyes appear to be bundles of axons compartmentalized within glial tunnels formed by M\u00fcller's-cell processes, when viewed histologically. The dark boundaries that separate individual bundles are the broadened foot endings of these cells near the inner surface of the retina. Within one week after focal retinal photocoagulation, characteristic fundus changes could be seen in experimental eyes. In histologic sections of the involved retina, there was marked cystic degeneration of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Within one month, atrophy of distal axon segments was complete. With the drop-out of damaged axons and thinning of individual fiber bundles, retinal striations became less prominent. The resulting fundus picture in these experimental eyes is similar to fiber bundle defects that can be seen clinically in various neuro-ophthalmic disorders.", "PMID": 109068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8556", "title": "Bone formation in association with a limbal dermoid.", "content": "A healthy female infant was born with a unilateral limbal dermoid. When the lesion was surgically excised, a plaque of bone was found under the scleral portion of the lesion. The occurrence of bone in ocular dermoinds is extremely uncommon and, to our knowledge, has been reported only twice in dermoids that occur in epibulbar locations away from the limbus.", "contents": "Bone formation in association with a limbal dermoid. A healthy female infant was born with a unilateral limbal dermoid. When the lesion was surgically excised, a plaque of bone was found under the scleral portion of the lesion. The occurrence of bone in ocular dermoinds is extremely uncommon and, to our knowledge, has been reported only twice in dermoids that occur in epibulbar locations away from the limbus.", "PMID": 109069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8557", "title": "Antiviral drops: comparative therapy of experimental herpes simplex keratouveitis.", "content": "The present, masked, controlled study compares the therapeutic efficacy of guttate 3% vidarabine, 0.1% idoxuridine, and 1% trifluridine in herpes simplex keratouveitis in rabbits. Vidarabine, whether given every hour, every two hours, or every three hours was significantly better than controls but significantly worse than idoxuridine or trifluridine. Trifluridine and idoxuridine were not significantly different from each other. Viral cultures taken at the end of the six-day treatment period were positive in the majority of all treatment groups except for the trifluridine group, which was 100% negative. Although previous studies have shown that vidarabine is very effective as an antiviral ointment, vidarabine drops are not as effective as guttate idoxuridine or trifluridine.", "contents": "Antiviral drops: comparative therapy of experimental herpes simplex keratouveitis. The present, masked, controlled study compares the therapeutic efficacy of guttate 3% vidarabine, 0.1% idoxuridine, and 1% trifluridine in herpes simplex keratouveitis in rabbits. Vidarabine, whether given every hour, every two hours, or every three hours was significantly better than controls but significantly worse than idoxuridine or trifluridine. Trifluridine and idoxuridine were not significantly different from each other. Viral cultures taken at the end of the six-day treatment period were positive in the majority of all treatment groups except for the trifluridine group, which was 100% negative. Although previous studies have shown that vidarabine is very effective as an antiviral ointment, vidarabine drops are not as effective as guttate idoxuridine or trifluridine.", "PMID": 109070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8558", "title": "The course of axons through the retina and optic nerve head.", "content": "By identifying degenerating axons in tissue specimens from 22 primate eyes, it was possible to demonstrate the normal course of axon fibers. Nerve fiber bundles from a group of retinal ganglion cells travel together with little tendency to disperse laterally. In addition, axons are stratified such that processes from more central ganglion cells are successfully added to the inner strata of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Within and behind the lamina cribrosa, areas of degeneration following retinal photocoagulation were well circumscribed and confined to a group of adjacent axon bundles. This degree of retinotopic organization of axons within the nerve head and retinal fiber layer is believed to be consistent with the premise that isolated lesions within the lamina cribrosa could cause well-organized paracentral scotomas such as those characteristic of early glaucoma.", "contents": "The course of axons through the retina and optic nerve head. By identifying degenerating axons in tissue specimens from 22 primate eyes, it was possible to demonstrate the normal course of axon fibers. Nerve fiber bundles from a group of retinal ganglion cells travel together with little tendency to disperse laterally. In addition, axons are stratified such that processes from more central ganglion cells are successfully added to the inner strata of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Within and behind the lamina cribrosa, areas of degeneration following retinal photocoagulation were well circumscribed and confined to a group of adjacent axon bundles. This degree of retinotopic organization of axons within the nerve head and retinal fiber layer is believed to be consistent with the premise that isolated lesions within the lamina cribrosa could cause well-organized paracentral scotomas such as those characteristic of early glaucoma.", "PMID": 109071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8559", "title": "Locomotor dysfunction after surgical lesions in the unilateral vestibular nuclei region in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "The present experimental results in squirrel monkeys indicated that the performance of psycho-physically advanced locomotor task (squirrel monkey rail test) was severely impaired after the placement of the medium to relatively large surgical lesions in the unilateral vestibular nuclei area, and therefore, confirmed that this brain-stem structure is essential for the signal relay and/or input coordination. The severest locomotor disability was found 10-14 days after the surgery; thereafter, squirrel monkeys showed very gradual and only limited degree of performance recovery. The post-ablative performance levels were no better than 1/5 of their pre-ablative performance levels.", "contents": "Locomotor dysfunction after surgical lesions in the unilateral vestibular nuclei region in squirrel monkeys. The present experimental results in squirrel monkeys indicated that the performance of psycho-physically advanced locomotor task (squirrel monkey rail test) was severely impaired after the placement of the medium to relatively large surgical lesions in the unilateral vestibular nuclei area, and therefore, confirmed that this brain-stem structure is essential for the signal relay and/or input coordination. The severest locomotor disability was found 10-14 days after the surgery; thereafter, squirrel monkeys showed very gradual and only limited degree of performance recovery. The post-ablative performance levels were no better than 1/5 of their pre-ablative performance levels.", "PMID": 109072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8560", "title": "Glycosaminoglycan accumulation with partial deficiency of beta-glucuronidase in the C3H strain of mice.", "content": "Young (60--80 days) mice of the low beta-glucuronidase strain, C3H/HeJ, showed no differences in hepatic levels of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) when compared to the randombred, \"normal\" Swiss-Webster mice of the same age. However, by 12 months of age hepatic GAG is nearly twice as high in C3H/HeJ mice as in Swiss-Webster mice. Studies of beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in four tissues of the two types of mice at the two ages revealed that glucuronidase was the only enzyme with lower activity in the C3H/HeJ strain.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycan accumulation with partial deficiency of beta-glucuronidase in the C3H strain of mice. Young (60--80 days) mice of the low beta-glucuronidase strain, C3H/HeJ, showed no differences in hepatic levels of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) when compared to the randombred, \"normal\" Swiss-Webster mice of the same age. However, by 12 months of age hepatic GAG is nearly twice as high in C3H/HeJ mice as in Swiss-Webster mice. Studies of beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in four tissues of the two types of mice at the two ages revealed that glucuronidase was the only enzyme with lower activity in the C3H/HeJ strain.", "PMID": 109077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8561", "title": "Peromyscus alcohol dehydrogenase: lack of cross-reacting material in enzyme-negative animals.", "content": "Two forms of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), coded by allelic genes, have been purified to homogeneity from Peromyscus. Monospecific antisera to the purified enzymes have been raised in rabbits. These antisera fail to detect cross-reacting material in the liver of ADH-negative animals on Ouchterlony plates. Immuno-titration of anti-ADH antiserum with ADH in liver extracts from AdhS/AdhS and AdhS/AdhN animals results in identical equivalence points, again suggesting the absence of cross-reacting material coded by the AdhN allele. Over a wide range of anti-ADH antiserum dilutions, radiolabeled protein was not immunoprecipitable from liver extracts of AdhN/AdhN animals. These immunochemical tests, in conjunction with previous studies, suggest that the AdhN allele in Peromyscus does not produce inactive polypeptide in normal levels that bears immunological determinants similar to those of the fast and slow ADH isozymes.", "contents": "Peromyscus alcohol dehydrogenase: lack of cross-reacting material in enzyme-negative animals. Two forms of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), coded by allelic genes, have been purified to homogeneity from Peromyscus. Monospecific antisera to the purified enzymes have been raised in rabbits. These antisera fail to detect cross-reacting material in the liver of ADH-negative animals on Ouchterlony plates. Immuno-titration of anti-ADH antiserum with ADH in liver extracts from AdhS/AdhS and AdhS/AdhN animals results in identical equivalence points, again suggesting the absence of cross-reacting material coded by the AdhN allele. Over a wide range of anti-ADH antiserum dilutions, radiolabeled protein was not immunoprecipitable from liver extracts of AdhN/AdhN animals. These immunochemical tests, in conjunction with previous studies, suggest that the AdhN allele in Peromyscus does not produce inactive polypeptide in normal levels that bears immunological determinants similar to those of the fast and slow ADH isozymes.", "PMID": 109078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8562", "title": "A genetic and developmental analysis of an acid deoxyribonuclease in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A deoxyribonuclease, called D Nase-1, that is active at acid pH in the presence of EDTA has been studied in Drosophila melanogaster. The locus for the Enzyme maps genetically to 61.8 on the right arm of the third chromosome. Cytogenetically, DNase-1 has been localized to within five to ten bands between 90C-2 and 90E. This analysis utilizes both electrophoretic variants and the Y-autosome translocations of Lindsley et al. (1972). DNase-1 is present in all stages of the life cycle, and the paternal genome actively contributes DNase-1 to the ambryo between 0 and 1 hr after fertilization.", "contents": "A genetic and developmental analysis of an acid deoxyribonuclease in Drosophila melanogaster. A deoxyribonuclease, called D Nase-1, that is active at acid pH in the presence of EDTA has been studied in Drosophila melanogaster. The locus for the Enzyme maps genetically to 61.8 on the right arm of the third chromosome. Cytogenetically, DNase-1 has been localized to within five to ten bands between 90C-2 and 90E. This analysis utilizes both electrophoretic variants and the Y-autosome translocations of Lindsley et al. (1972). DNase-1 is present in all stages of the life cycle, and the paternal genome actively contributes DNase-1 to the ambryo between 0 and 1 hr after fertilization.", "PMID": 109079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8563", "title": "Nucleoside phosphorylase 2 (Np-2) of mice.", "content": "Isozyme patterns of nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) in 16 inbred strains, two recombinant inbred, one congenic, and three species of wild mice were studied. Evidence is provided for a genetic locus, Np-2, encoding an electrophoretic variant which is expressed exclusively in erythrocytes of certain inbred strains. This finding establishes the occurrence of genetic polymorphism of NP among inbred strains of mice. In addition, the Npla allele previously reported only in inbred strains has been observed in one of the species of wild mice (Mus musculus castaneus) studied.", "contents": "Nucleoside phosphorylase 2 (Np-2) of mice. Isozyme patterns of nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) in 16 inbred strains, two recombinant inbred, one congenic, and three species of wild mice were studied. Evidence is provided for a genetic locus, Np-2, encoding an electrophoretic variant which is expressed exclusively in erythrocytes of certain inbred strains. This finding establishes the occurrence of genetic polymorphism of NP among inbred strains of mice. In addition, the Npla allele previously reported only in inbred strains has been observed in one of the species of wild mice (Mus musculus castaneus) studied.", "PMID": 109081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8564", "title": "Aminotripeptidase, a cytosol enzyme from rabbit intestinal mucosa.", "content": "Aminotripeptidase, a cytosol enzyme from rabbit intestinal mucosa, was purified to homogeneity. The pure enzyme is a glycoprotein containing a very small amount of sugar. It is composed of only one subunit of 50,000 mol. wt. and possesses 1 zinc atom per molecule. Its specificity is primarily directed towards tripeptides with an N-terminal proline residue. However, the enzyme is also able to hydrolyse other tripeptides, except those with either a charged amino acid in the N-terminal position or a proline residue in the second position. The purified aminotripeptidase accounts for almost all the tripeptidase activity of the soluble fraction from intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "Aminotripeptidase, a cytosol enzyme from rabbit intestinal mucosa. Aminotripeptidase, a cytosol enzyme from rabbit intestinal mucosa, was purified to homogeneity. The pure enzyme is a glycoprotein containing a very small amount of sugar. It is composed of only one subunit of 50,000 mol. wt. and possesses 1 zinc atom per molecule. Its specificity is primarily directed towards tripeptides with an N-terminal proline residue. However, the enzyme is also able to hydrolyse other tripeptides, except those with either a charged amino acid in the N-terminal position or a proline residue in the second position. The purified aminotripeptidase accounts for almost all the tripeptidase activity of the soluble fraction from intestinal mucosa.", "PMID": 109082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8565", "title": "Isolation and characterization of thiamin-binding protein from chicken egg white.", "content": "A thiamin-binding protein was isolated and characterized from chicken egg white by affinity chromatography on thiamin pyrophosphate coupled to aminoethyl-Sepharose. The high specificity of interaction between the thiamin-binding protein and the riboflavin-binding protein of the egg white, with a protein/protein molar ratio of 1.0, led to the development of an alternative procedure that used the riboflavin-binding protein immobilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose as the affinity matrix. The thiamin-binding protein thus isolated was homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide-gel disc electrophoresis, double immunodiffusion and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, had a mol.wt. of 38,000 +/- 2000 and was not a glycoprotein. The protein bound [14C]thiamin was a molar ratio of 1.0, with dissociation constant (Kd) 0.3 micrometer.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of thiamin-binding protein from chicken egg white. A thiamin-binding protein was isolated and characterized from chicken egg white by affinity chromatography on thiamin pyrophosphate coupled to aminoethyl-Sepharose. The high specificity of interaction between the thiamin-binding protein and the riboflavin-binding protein of the egg white, with a protein/protein molar ratio of 1.0, led to the development of an alternative procedure that used the riboflavin-binding protein immobilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose as the affinity matrix. The thiamin-binding protein thus isolated was homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide-gel disc electrophoresis, double immunodiffusion and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, had a mol.wt. of 38,000 +/- 2000 and was not a glycoprotein. The protein bound [14C]thiamin was a molar ratio of 1.0, with dissociation constant (Kd) 0.3 micrometer.", "PMID": 109083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8566", "title": "An improved method of light-induced pigmentation.", "content": "An improved procedure was developed whereby a primary light signal can be intensified and made visible by activation of a pre-tyrosinase (pre-phenoloxidase) enzyme [isolated from silkworm (Bombyx mori)] by alpha-chymotrypsin; this activation results from the light-activated conversion of the inactive cis-cinnamoyl-alpha-chymotrypsin.", "contents": "An improved method of light-induced pigmentation. An improved procedure was developed whereby a primary light signal can be intensified and made visible by activation of a pre-tyrosinase (pre-phenoloxidase) enzyme [isolated from silkworm (Bombyx mori)] by alpha-chymotrypsin; this activation results from the light-activated conversion of the inactive cis-cinnamoyl-alpha-chymotrypsin.", "PMID": 109084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8567", "title": "Stimulation of defective Gunn-rat liver uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase activity in vitro by alkyl ketones.", "content": "Addition of alkyl ketone (10mM) to Gunn-rat liver homogenates increased UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity towards 2-aminophenol by 10--20 fold, up to enhanced values of enzyme activity observed with similarly treated Wistar-rat liver homogenates. Alkyl ketones also activate the defective enzyme purified from Gunn-rat liver. This genetic deficiency of UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity is no longer apparent when assayed in the presence of alkyl ketones.", "contents": "Stimulation of defective Gunn-rat liver uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase activity in vitro by alkyl ketones. Addition of alkyl ketone (10mM) to Gunn-rat liver homogenates increased UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity towards 2-aminophenol by 10--20 fold, up to enhanced values of enzyme activity observed with similarly treated Wistar-rat liver homogenates. Alkyl ketones also activate the defective enzyme purified from Gunn-rat liver. This genetic deficiency of UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity is no longer apparent when assayed in the presence of alkyl ketones.", "PMID": 109085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8568", "title": "Developmental pattern of rat intestinal brush-border enzymic proteins along the villus--crypt axis.", "content": "At various postnatal stages, intestinal epithelial cells were isolated sequentially from villus tip to crypt base by successive EDTA treatments. According to the localization of marker enzymic activities, isolated cells were pooled into three cell compartments: villus (V), lower villus and upper crypt (VC) and crypt (C). Purified brush-border-membrane proteins were separated by 7.5%-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Enzymic activities could be assigned to some protein bands: maltase/glucoamylase (protein band 3), sucrase-isomaltase (protein bands 3 and 6), lactase (protein band 5) and alkaline phosphatase (region of protein bands 8 and 9). The findings suggest the following. (1) Sucrase-isomaltase activities appeared in compartment C at 17 days with a simultaneous increase of the pre-existing protein band 3 and appearance of a well-defined protein band in position 6; the enzymic complex remained still present in the crypt cells until adulthood. From the day 21 onwards, sucrase-isomaltase was detected in compartments VC and V. (2) Lactase was only present in the three cell compartments until day 21; at this developmental stage its activity completely disappeared from compartment C, in spite of the persistence of a weak protein band. (3) Alkaline phosphatase activity could be detected as a single peak corresponding to protein band 9 in all three cell compartments until day 21; thereafter it was replaced by two peaks of activity showing a less precise correlation with the well-defined protein bands 8 and 9. In the crypt cells of the adult rat, however, the preweaning situation, which was regularly observed, is an unexpected phenomenon. (4) Maltase and glucoamylase did not display any marked qualitative or quantitative modifications either along the villus-crypt axis or during the period of postnatal development studied. Evidence is given from the present data that each brush-border enzyme investigated has a specific developmental pattern.", "contents": "Developmental pattern of rat intestinal brush-border enzymic proteins along the villus--crypt axis. At various postnatal stages, intestinal epithelial cells were isolated sequentially from villus tip to crypt base by successive EDTA treatments. According to the localization of marker enzymic activities, isolated cells were pooled into three cell compartments: villus (V), lower villus and upper crypt (VC) and crypt (C). Purified brush-border-membrane proteins were separated by 7.5%-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Enzymic activities could be assigned to some protein bands: maltase/glucoamylase (protein band 3), sucrase-isomaltase (protein bands 3 and 6), lactase (protein band 5) and alkaline phosphatase (region of protein bands 8 and 9). The findings suggest the following. (1) Sucrase-isomaltase activities appeared in compartment C at 17 days with a simultaneous increase of the pre-existing protein band 3 and appearance of a well-defined protein band in position 6; the enzymic complex remained still present in the crypt cells until adulthood. From the day 21 onwards, sucrase-isomaltase was detected in compartments VC and V. (2) Lactase was only present in the three cell compartments until day 21; at this developmental stage its activity completely disappeared from compartment C, in spite of the persistence of a weak protein band. (3) Alkaline phosphatase activity could be detected as a single peak corresponding to protein band 9 in all three cell compartments until day 21; thereafter it was replaced by two peaks of activity showing a less precise correlation with the well-defined protein bands 8 and 9. In the crypt cells of the adult rat, however, the preweaning situation, which was regularly observed, is an unexpected phenomenon. (4) Maltase and glucoamylase did not display any marked qualitative or quantitative modifications either along the villus-crypt axis or during the period of postnatal development studied. Evidence is given from the present data that each brush-border enzyme investigated has a specific developmental pattern.", "PMID": 109086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8569", "title": "Demonstration of two functionally heterogenous groups within the activities of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase towards a series of 4-alkyl-substituted phenols.", "content": "1. A simple colorimetric assay for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities towards phenolic substrates, using Folin & Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, is described. The assay is used to measure rat liver transferase activities towards substrates from a series of 4-alkyl-substituted phenols. 2. Activities towards phenol, 4-methylphenol and 4-ethylphenol develop near-adult values before birth, are precociously stimulated by dexa methasone in utero and are stimulated 3--4-fold by 3-methylcholanthrene in adult liver. These are assigned to a \"late-foetal\" group of transferase activities. 3. Activities towards 4-n-propylphenol, 4-s-butylphenol and 4-t-butylphenol are negligible in late-foetal liver, developing to near-adult values in the first 4 postnatal days, and are not affected by dexamethasone or 3-methylcholanthrene. They are assigned to a \"neonatal\" group of transferase activities. 4. Although 4-ethylphenol and 4-n-propylphenol differ only by a single --CH2-- moiety, this is sufficient to change the acceptability of these substrates respectively from the late-foetal to the neonatal group of transferase activities. The change is distinct, with no overlapping of substrate acceptability between the two groups of transferase activities. 5. From consideration of the above and other substrates, the two groups of transferase activities do not distinguish substrates on the basis of their molecular weights or lipophilicity. The distinguishing feature appears to be the specific molecular configurations of the substrates.", "contents": "Demonstration of two functionally heterogenous groups within the activities of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase towards a series of 4-alkyl-substituted phenols. 1. A simple colorimetric assay for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities towards phenolic substrates, using Folin & Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, is described. The assay is used to measure rat liver transferase activities towards substrates from a series of 4-alkyl-substituted phenols. 2. Activities towards phenol, 4-methylphenol and 4-ethylphenol develop near-adult values before birth, are precociously stimulated by dexa methasone in utero and are stimulated 3--4-fold by 3-methylcholanthrene in adult liver. These are assigned to a \"late-foetal\" group of transferase activities. 3. Activities towards 4-n-propylphenol, 4-s-butylphenol and 4-t-butylphenol are negligible in late-foetal liver, developing to near-adult values in the first 4 postnatal days, and are not affected by dexamethasone or 3-methylcholanthrene. They are assigned to a \"neonatal\" group of transferase activities. 4. Although 4-ethylphenol and 4-n-propylphenol differ only by a single --CH2-- moiety, this is sufficient to change the acceptability of these substrates respectively from the late-foetal to the neonatal group of transferase activities. The change is distinct, with no overlapping of substrate acceptability between the two groups of transferase activities. 5. From consideration of the above and other substrates, the two groups of transferase activities do not distinguish substrates on the basis of their molecular weights or lipophilicity. The distinguishing feature appears to be the specific molecular configurations of the substrates.", "PMID": 109087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8570", "title": "Studies on the specificity and clinical correlation of antiribosomal antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus sera.", "content": "The specificity of antibodies reactive with cytoplasmic ribosomes detected in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera was studied by a radioimmunoassay procedure with 3H labeled HeLa cell polysomes. The antibodies were directed primarily against RNA or a ribosomal RNA-protein complex (rRNP). Anti-RNA antibodies exhibited comparable reactivity with ribosomal RNA, nuclear RNA, structural RNA, and a slightly lower degree of reactivity with low molecular weight RNA. Anti-rRNP antibodies may be detected by precipitation in agar gel and appear to require both the RNA and protein moieties of ribosomes for reactivity. SLE sera containing only anti-rRNP antibodies are limited to patients with active disease. Sera from patients with both active and inactive SLE contain either anti-RNA or a mixture of anti-RNA and anti-rRNP antibodies. The possible participation of anti-ribosomal antibodies in immune complex formation is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the specificity and clinical correlation of antiribosomal antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus sera. The specificity of antibodies reactive with cytoplasmic ribosomes detected in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera was studied by a radioimmunoassay procedure with 3H labeled HeLa cell polysomes. The antibodies were directed primarily against RNA or a ribosomal RNA-protein complex (rRNP). Anti-RNA antibodies exhibited comparable reactivity with ribosomal RNA, nuclear RNA, structural RNA, and a slightly lower degree of reactivity with low molecular weight RNA. Anti-rRNP antibodies may be detected by precipitation in agar gel and appear to require both the RNA and protein moieties of ribosomes for reactivity. SLE sera containing only anti-rRNP antibodies are limited to patients with active disease. Sera from patients with both active and inactive SLE contain either anti-RNA or a mixture of anti-RNA and anti-rRNP antibodies. The possible participation of anti-ribosomal antibodies in immune complex formation is discussed.", "PMID": 109096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8571", "title": "Lyme arthritis: correlation of serum and cryoglobulin IgM with activity, and serum IgG with remission.", "content": "Forty-eight patients with erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) were studied prospectively for 6 to 18 months. Twenty-six patients had no later symptoms, but 22 subsequently developed Lyme arthritis and 9 of them also experienced neurologic abnormalities. Eighty-seven percent of patients with active ECM followed by subsequent involvement had cryoglobulins containing IgM compared to only 13% of those with active ECM and no later symptoms. The former group also had significantly lower IgG, C3 and C4 levels. Sixty-seven percent of patients still had serum cryoglobulins when neurologic disease was most active, and 45% had them when joint symptoms were most severe, but only 11% continued to have small amounts in remission. The number of patients who continued to have serum cryoglobulins with recurrent attacks of arthritis decreased with time. In contrast, patients always had cryoglobulins in joint fluid, a finding Lyme arthritis shares with rheumatoid arthritis. The cryoprecipitates from 2 of 10 patients contained particles with internal structure, but their viral nature is problematic. All components of antisera obtained from goats and rabbits immunized with cryoglobulins were absorbed by normal human sera. The amount of IgM in cryoglobulins correlated directly with serum IgM, which generally rose during exacerbations and fell during remissions; serum IgG and IgA moved conversely. Thus, IgM was an important correlate of clinical disease activity and IgG or remission.", "contents": "Lyme arthritis: correlation of serum and cryoglobulin IgM with activity, and serum IgG with remission. Forty-eight patients with erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) were studied prospectively for 6 to 18 months. Twenty-six patients had no later symptoms, but 22 subsequently developed Lyme arthritis and 9 of them also experienced neurologic abnormalities. Eighty-seven percent of patients with active ECM followed by subsequent involvement had cryoglobulins containing IgM compared to only 13% of those with active ECM and no later symptoms. The former group also had significantly lower IgG, C3 and C4 levels. Sixty-seven percent of patients still had serum cryoglobulins when neurologic disease was most active, and 45% had them when joint symptoms were most severe, but only 11% continued to have small amounts in remission. The number of patients who continued to have serum cryoglobulins with recurrent attacks of arthritis decreased with time. In contrast, patients always had cryoglobulins in joint fluid, a finding Lyme arthritis shares with rheumatoid arthritis. The cryoprecipitates from 2 of 10 patients contained particles with internal structure, but their viral nature is problematic. All components of antisera obtained from goats and rabbits immunized with cryoglobulins were absorbed by normal human sera. The amount of IgM in cryoglobulins correlated directly with serum IgM, which generally rose during exacerbations and fell during remissions; serum IgG and IgA moved conversely. Thus, IgM was an important correlate of clinical disease activity and IgG or remission.", "PMID": 109097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8572", "title": "Des 4-trans-hydroxy-glibenclamide show hypoglycemic activity?", "content": "Different doses of glibenclamide and of 4-transhydroxy-glibenclamide (main metabolite in man) were administered i.p. to rats and blood glucose was measured. The comparison of the doses capable of producing a 30% decrease of the glycemia shows that 4-trans-hydroxy-glibenclamide is about 6.5 times less potent than glibenclamide in our experimental conditions.", "contents": "Des 4-trans-hydroxy-glibenclamide show hypoglycemic activity? Different doses of glibenclamide and of 4-transhydroxy-glibenclamide (main metabolite in man) were administered i.p. to rats and blood glucose was measured. The comparison of the doses capable of producing a 30% decrease of the glycemia shows that 4-trans-hydroxy-glibenclamide is about 6.5 times less potent than glibenclamide in our experimental conditions.", "PMID": 109099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8573", "title": "[14,15-beta-oxido analog of proscillaridin (HOE 040). A new cardiac glycoside with low arrhythmic activity and greater absorption ratio].", "content": "The 14,15-beta-oxido analogue of proscillaridin A (HOE 040), in a dose 4 times higher showed equally positive-inotropic effect on the isolated guinea pig heart as did proscillaridin A. In the dog in vivo HOE 040 was equally positive-inotropic, as measured by the increase of dp/dt of the left ventricle of the heart, as proscillaridin A. In combination with aconitine, HOE 040 also in 4fold higher dose caused less cardiac fibrillation on the isolated guinea pig heart than did proscillaridin A. The dose of HOE 040 which by infusion in the guinea pig in vivo precipitates cardiac arrhythmias was 4 times higher than that of proscillaridin A, the lethal dose was 5 times higher. In dogs in vivo the dose of HOE 040 by infusion causing prolongation of PQ or cardiac arrhythmias, resp., was twice the dose necessary of proscillaridin A, the lethal dose was nearly 5 times higher. The decrease of cardiac activity in Rhesus monkeys amounted to 69% in 24 h, whereas proscillaridin A decreased cardiac activity only by 41% in 24 h. The absorption of HOE 040 from the duodenum of dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital amounted to 72%, whereas proscillaridin A is observed by only between 14 and 25%. The concentration of the drug HOE 040 in hearts of rats was twice, in the hearts of dogs 3 fold that of proscillaridin A. The concentrations of both drugs in the brain of rats and dogs were not different. In the biochemical test system in vitro the blocking effect of both drugs on the Na+K+-ATPase of ox brain was not different.", "contents": "[14,15-beta-oxido analog of proscillaridin (HOE 040). A new cardiac glycoside with low arrhythmic activity and greater absorption ratio]. The 14,15-beta-oxido analogue of proscillaridin A (HOE 040), in a dose 4 times higher showed equally positive-inotropic effect on the isolated guinea pig heart as did proscillaridin A. In the dog in vivo HOE 040 was equally positive-inotropic, as measured by the increase of dp/dt of the left ventricle of the heart, as proscillaridin A. In combination with aconitine, HOE 040 also in 4fold higher dose caused less cardiac fibrillation on the isolated guinea pig heart than did proscillaridin A. The dose of HOE 040 which by infusion in the guinea pig in vivo precipitates cardiac arrhythmias was 4 times higher than that of proscillaridin A, the lethal dose was 5 times higher. In dogs in vivo the dose of HOE 040 by infusion causing prolongation of PQ or cardiac arrhythmias, resp., was twice the dose necessary of proscillaridin A, the lethal dose was nearly 5 times higher. The decrease of cardiac activity in Rhesus monkeys amounted to 69% in 24 h, whereas proscillaridin A decreased cardiac activity only by 41% in 24 h. The absorption of HOE 040 from the duodenum of dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital amounted to 72%, whereas proscillaridin A is observed by only between 14 and 25%. The concentration of the drug HOE 040 in hearts of rats was twice, in the hearts of dogs 3 fold that of proscillaridin A. The concentrations of both drugs in the brain of rats and dogs were not different. In the biochemical test system in vitro the blocking effect of both drugs on the Na+K+-ATPase of ox brain was not different.", "PMID": 109100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8574", "title": "[Current status of simple radial immunodiffusion for determination of minimal  quantities of IgA and IgM].", "content": "IgA and IgM determination has been performed in the blood of the umbilical cord of 120 healthy newborn infants at different gestational ages. The utilization of the \"Tripartigen Platelets\" and \"L.C. Partigen\" has shown the extreme sensibility of the latter in determining minimum quantities of IgA and IgM.", "contents": "[Current status of simple radial immunodiffusion for determination of minimal  quantities of IgA and IgM]. IgA and IgM determination has been performed in the blood of the umbilical cord of 120 healthy newborn infants at different gestational ages. The utilization of the \"Tripartigen Platelets\" and \"L.C. Partigen\" has shown the extreme sensibility of the latter in determining minimum quantities of IgA and IgM.", "PMID": 109101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8575", "title": "[5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from the human prostate. 1. Purification and partial characterization].", "content": "5'-Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase has been purified approximately 340-fold in 20% yield from human prostate: the use of affinity chromatography by Sepharose-Hg has been found particularly advantageous. The enzyme has been partially characterized and an apparent Km of 2.5 x 10(-5) M has been calculated for 5'-methylthioadenosine. The reaction is activated by thiols and shows an absolute requirement for phosphate ions.", "contents": "[5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from the human prostate. 1. Purification and partial characterization]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase has been purified approximately 340-fold in 20% yield from human prostate: the use of affinity chromatography by Sepharose-Hg has been found particularly advantageous. The enzyme has been partially characterized and an apparent Km of 2.5 x 10(-5) M has been calculated for 5'-methylthioadenosine. The reaction is activated by thiols and shows an absolute requirement for phosphate ions.", "PMID": 109102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8576", "title": "Haemodynamics of cardiac tamponade during various modes of ventilation.", "content": "Cardiac output and pleural, pericardial, arterial and cardiac pressures were measured in baboons during different modes of ventilation in the presence of acute cardiac tamponade. Fluctuations in pleural pressure during intermittent positive pressure ventilation were transmitted to the pericardial fluid. Cardiac output and transmural right ventricular end-diastolic pressure were significantly greater during spontaneous ventilation than during intermittent positive pressure ventilation with or without positive end-expiratory pressure. It is recommended that a patient undergoing surgery for cardiac tamponade be allowed to breathe spontaneously until the chest is opened and the pericardium incised.", "contents": "Haemodynamics of cardiac tamponade during various modes of ventilation. Cardiac output and pleural, pericardial, arterial and cardiac pressures were measured in baboons during different modes of ventilation in the presence of acute cardiac tamponade. Fluctuations in pleural pressure during intermittent positive pressure ventilation were transmitted to the pericardial fluid. Cardiac output and transmural right ventricular end-diastolic pressure were significantly greater during spontaneous ventilation than during intermittent positive pressure ventilation with or without positive end-expiratory pressure. It is recommended that a patient undergoing surgery for cardiac tamponade be allowed to breathe spontaneously until the chest is opened and the pericardium incised.", "PMID": 109108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8577", "title": "Modification of the immunogenicity and antigenicity of rat hepatoma cells. I. Cell-surface stabilization with glutaraldehyde.", "content": "gamma-Irradiated rat hepatoma cells are immunogenic in syngeneic WAB/Not rats, so that immunized animals are protected against tumour-cell challenge and circulating tumour-specific antibody is produced. Treatment of the immunizing cells with glutaraldehyde at concentrations of 0.001% or greater for 30 min rendered these cells non-protective in tumour-rejection tests and no longer able to induce significant formation of specific antibody. However, tumour-specific antigens were shown to be expressed upon treated cells; they specifically bound tumour-specific antibody from syngeneic immune sera assessed in indirect membrane-immunofluorescence tests. Also, these cells specifically absorbed antibody from immune or tumour-bearer sera, as demonstrated in the indirect membrane-immunofluorescence test or a complement-dependent 51Cr-release test. Alloantigen expression was not influenced by glutaraldehyde treatment, although glutaraldehyde-treated hepatoma cells failed to induce alloantibody formation in KX/Not rats. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of treated cells, surface-labelled with 125I, indicated that extensive cross-linking of the surface protein occurred as a result of glutaraldehyde treatment. The present findings establish that although the expression of a tumour-specific antigen is necessary for the induction of immuno-protection against tumour-cell challenge, this alone is not a sufficient condition for eliciting tumour immunity.", "contents": "Modification of the immunogenicity and antigenicity of rat hepatoma cells. I. Cell-surface stabilization with glutaraldehyde. gamma-Irradiated rat hepatoma cells are immunogenic in syngeneic WAB/Not rats, so that immunized animals are protected against tumour-cell challenge and circulating tumour-specific antibody is produced. Treatment of the immunizing cells with glutaraldehyde at concentrations of 0.001% or greater for 30 min rendered these cells non-protective in tumour-rejection tests and no longer able to induce significant formation of specific antibody. However, tumour-specific antigens were shown to be expressed upon treated cells; they specifically bound tumour-specific antibody from syngeneic immune sera assessed in indirect membrane-immunofluorescence tests. Also, these cells specifically absorbed antibody from immune or tumour-bearer sera, as demonstrated in the indirect membrane-immunofluorescence test or a complement-dependent 51Cr-release test. Alloantigen expression was not influenced by glutaraldehyde treatment, although glutaraldehyde-treated hepatoma cells failed to induce alloantibody formation in KX/Not rats. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of treated cells, surface-labelled with 125I, indicated that extensive cross-linking of the surface protein occurred as a result of glutaraldehyde treatment. The present findings establish that although the expression of a tumour-specific antigen is necessary for the induction of immuno-protection against tumour-cell challenge, this alone is not a sufficient condition for eliciting tumour immunity.", "PMID": 109110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8578", "title": "Spontaneous development of cytotoxic activity in cultured lymphnode cells from tumour-bearing rats.", "content": "Incubation in vitro of lymphnode cells (LNC) from rats bearing a transplanted syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (Mc7) resulted in the generation of a potent cytotoxic activity. Four to seven days' culture was required for development of cytotoxic activity, which was shown to be mediated by a heat-stable soluble factor. The cytotoxicity was not detectable in a 3 h or 15 h 51Cr-release assay, but was demonstrated in a 48 h microcytotoxicity assay, where post-labeling with isotopically labelled cell precursors was used to quantitate cell survival. The cytotoxicity of the cultured tumour-bearer LNC and their supernatant factor was shown to be cross-reactive for tumour cell lines other than sarcoma Mc7, and was also expressed against adult or embryonic fibroblasts.", "contents": "Spontaneous development of cytotoxic activity in cultured lymphnode cells from tumour-bearing rats. Incubation in vitro of lymphnode cells (LNC) from rats bearing a transplanted syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (Mc7) resulted in the generation of a potent cytotoxic activity. Four to seven days' culture was required for development of cytotoxic activity, which was shown to be mediated by a heat-stable soluble factor. The cytotoxicity was not detectable in a 3 h or 15 h 51Cr-release assay, but was demonstrated in a 48 h microcytotoxicity assay, where post-labeling with isotopically labelled cell precursors was used to quantitate cell survival. The cytotoxicity of the cultured tumour-bearer LNC and their supernatant factor was shown to be cross-reactive for tumour cell lines other than sarcoma Mc7, and was also expressed against adult or embryonic fibroblasts.", "PMID": 109111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8579", "title": "Effect of lipophilicity of nitroimidazoles on radiosensitization of hypoxic bacterial cells in vitro.", "content": "The effect of radiosensitization of hypoxic bacterial cells by 9 nitroimidazoles was measured in the bacterial strains E. coli AB 1157 and S. lactis 712. Seven of these compounds were similar to misonidazole in their redox properties, but differed widely in their lipophilicites. The dependence of sensitization enhancement on reduction potential was similar to that reported in mammalian cells. The efficiency of sensitization was similar for compounds of low lipophilicity, but increased if the octanol: water partition coefficients of the compounds were higher than about 3.5. With one compound, otherwise similar to misonidazole, the increased lipophilicity led to about one order of magnitude lower concentration achieving the same degree of radiosensitization.", "contents": "Effect of lipophilicity of nitroimidazoles on radiosensitization of hypoxic bacterial cells in vitro. The effect of radiosensitization of hypoxic bacterial cells by 9 nitroimidazoles was measured in the bacterial strains E. coli AB 1157 and S. lactis 712. Seven of these compounds were similar to misonidazole in their redox properties, but differed widely in their lipophilicites. The dependence of sensitization enhancement on reduction potential was similar to that reported in mammalian cells. The efficiency of sensitization was similar for compounds of low lipophilicity, but increased if the octanol: water partition coefficients of the compounds were higher than about 3.5. With one compound, otherwise similar to misonidazole, the increased lipophilicity led to about one order of magnitude lower concentration achieving the same degree of radiosensitization.", "PMID": 109112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8580", "title": "Lipid peroxidation of the microsomal fraction and extracted microsomal lipids from DAB-induced hepatomas.", "content": "NADPH- and ascorbic acid-induced microsomal lipid peroxidation was almost absent in subcutaneously implanted DAB-induced hepatomas D23, D30 and D192A, and present at greatly reduced levels in DAB-induced primary hepatomas when compared with normal liver controls. Fatty acid analysis of the microsomal lipid from passaged tumours demonstrated adequate levels of substrate in the phospholipid fractions to support lipid peroxidation. Lipid extracted from hepatoma microsomal fractions was shown to undergo ascorbic acid-induced lipid peroxidation, but to a lesser extent that the corresponding liver extract. This may be partially explained by a decrease in the phospholipid content of hepatoma microsomal membranes. However, phospholipid extracted from microsomal fractions of hepatoma and liver supported lipid peroxidation to a similar extent. The possible role of the non-lipid component of the membrane in the process of lipid peroxidation is discussed.", "contents": "Lipid peroxidation of the microsomal fraction and extracted microsomal lipids from DAB-induced hepatomas. NADPH- and ascorbic acid-induced microsomal lipid peroxidation was almost absent in subcutaneously implanted DAB-induced hepatomas D23, D30 and D192A, and present at greatly reduced levels in DAB-induced primary hepatomas when compared with normal liver controls. Fatty acid analysis of the microsomal lipid from passaged tumours demonstrated adequate levels of substrate in the phospholipid fractions to support lipid peroxidation. Lipid extracted from hepatoma microsomal fractions was shown to undergo ascorbic acid-induced lipid peroxidation, but to a lesser extent that the corresponding liver extract. This may be partially explained by a decrease in the phospholipid content of hepatoma microsomal membranes. However, phospholipid extracted from microsomal fractions of hepatoma and liver supported lipid peroxidation to a similar extent. The possible role of the non-lipid component of the membrane in the process of lipid peroxidation is discussed.", "PMID": 109113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8581", "title": "Biosynthesis of \"drosopterins\" by an enzyme system from Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The red eye pigment of Drosophila melanogaster consists of six complex pteridines known as neodrosopterin, drosopterin, isodrosopterin, fraction e, and aurodrosopterins (2); these pigments are greatly reduced in the purple mutant. Conditions for biosynthesis of these \"drosopterins\" are described and compared with those for the synthesis of sepiapterin. The enzymes are contained in a soluble, pteridine-free extract obtained between 40 and 60% saturated ammonium sulfate. The results indicate that sepiapterin synthase consists of two enzymes, the first of which provides a precursor for \"drosopterin\" biosynthesis. The evidence is (1) the purple mutant, low in accumulated sepiapterin and \"drosopterins\", is known to have approximately 10% of the sepiapterin synthase activity of wild type; (2) unlabeled sepiapterin does not cause isotope dilution of \"drosopterin\" synthesis; (3) the 600g pellet prepared from a wild-type head homogenate contains \"drosopterin\" synthesizing activity and no sepiapterin synthase, yet a heat-labile factor in this fraction stimulates sepiapterin synthesis in the 100000g supernatant of wild-type or pr flies; (4) sepiapterin and \"drosopterin\" syntheses require Mg2+; (5) sepiapterin synthesis is stimulated by NADPH; \"drosopterin\" synthesis responds to either NADPH or NADH. Although \"drosopterins\" are complex pteridine-type pigments, we have demonstrated their biosynthesis by soluble enzymes. This allows us to consider investigation into the mechanism by which the amounts of these pigments are regulated.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of \"drosopterins\" by an enzyme system from Drosophila melanogaster. The red eye pigment of Drosophila melanogaster consists of six complex pteridines known as neodrosopterin, drosopterin, isodrosopterin, fraction e, and aurodrosopterins (2); these pigments are greatly reduced in the purple mutant. Conditions for biosynthesis of these \"drosopterins\" are described and compared with those for the synthesis of sepiapterin. The enzymes are contained in a soluble, pteridine-free extract obtained between 40 and 60% saturated ammonium sulfate. The results indicate that sepiapterin synthase consists of two enzymes, the first of which provides a precursor for \"drosopterin\" biosynthesis. The evidence is (1) the purple mutant, low in accumulated sepiapterin and \"drosopterins\", is known to have approximately 10% of the sepiapterin synthase activity of wild type; (2) unlabeled sepiapterin does not cause isotope dilution of \"drosopterin\" synthesis; (3) the 600g pellet prepared from a wild-type head homogenate contains \"drosopterin\" synthesizing activity and no sepiapterin synthase, yet a heat-labile factor in this fraction stimulates sepiapterin synthesis in the 100000g supernatant of wild-type or pr flies; (4) sepiapterin and \"drosopterin\" syntheses require Mg2+; (5) sepiapterin synthesis is stimulated by NADPH; \"drosopterin\" synthesis responds to either NADPH or NADH. Although \"drosopterins\" are complex pteridine-type pigments, we have demonstrated their biosynthesis by soluble enzymes. This allows us to consider investigation into the mechanism by which the amounts of these pigments are regulated.", "PMID": 109114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8582", "title": "The differential action of metronidazole on nitrogen fixation, hydrogen metabolism, photosynthesis and respiration in Anabaena and Scenedesmus.", "content": "Metronidazole (2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol) at 1--2 mM levels has been shown to be a selective inhibitor of nitrogenase activity in Anabanena. Two constitutive hydrogenases and photosynthesis are insensitive to metronidazole at these same concentrations. At higher concentrations metronidazole inhibits photosynthesis in Anabaena while photoreduction and to a lesser extent photohydrogen production are retarded in Scenedesmus. Respiration is slightly stimulated at high metronidazole levels in both algae. The reductant source for nitrogenase in Anabaena and photohydrogen production and photoreduction electron transport in Scenedesmus are discussed. Due to the activity to metronidazole as a selective inhibitor of ferredoxin-associated processes, it should prove to be useful in N2 fixation studies and in distinguishing between ferredoxin-linked reactions of different sensitivities and other activities not associated with low reduction potential components.", "contents": "The differential action of metronidazole on nitrogen fixation, hydrogen metabolism, photosynthesis and respiration in Anabaena and Scenedesmus. Metronidazole (2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol) at 1--2 mM levels has been shown to be a selective inhibitor of nitrogenase activity in Anabanena. Two constitutive hydrogenases and photosynthesis are insensitive to metronidazole at these same concentrations. At higher concentrations metronidazole inhibits photosynthesis in Anabaena while photoreduction and to a lesser extent photohydrogen production are retarded in Scenedesmus. Respiration is slightly stimulated at high metronidazole levels in both algae. The reductant source for nitrogenase in Anabaena and photohydrogen production and photoreduction electron transport in Scenedesmus are discussed. Due to the activity to metronidazole as a selective inhibitor of ferredoxin-associated processes, it should prove to be useful in N2 fixation studies and in distinguishing between ferredoxin-linked reactions of different sensitivities and other activities not associated with low reduction potential components.", "PMID": 109115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8583", "title": "Sarcomere length effects on the Sr2+- and Ca2+-activation curves in skinned frog muscle fibres.", "content": "1. A procedure recently described to produce rapid changes in [Ca2+] and [Sr2+] within the whole cross-section of skinned muscle preparations (Moisescu, D.G. (1976) Nature 262, 610--613, and Moisescu, D.G. and Thieleczek, R. (1978) J. Physiol. 275, 241--262) has enabled us to obtain whole Ca2+- or Sr2+-activation curves at different sacromere lengths with the same preparation. 2. The maximal isometric force response was found to be very similar in Ca2+-and Sr2+-buffered solutions for otherwise identical conditions. 3. The change in sarcomere length between approx. 2.2 and 2.6 micron reversibly shifted both the Ca2+- and the Sr2+-activation curves by approx. 0.1 log units towards lower concentrations of the activator, without affecting their shape. However, the change in sarcomere length in the range above 2.6 micron did not have an effect upon the relative isometric force response-pCa (and -pSr) relationship. 4. All the Ca2+- and Sr2+-activation curves present a similar steepness and indicate that the relative isometric force increases from approx. 10 to 90% if the concentration of the activator is increased 3-fold. 5. The half time for force development in these experiments did not appear to be influenced by the length of the sarcomeres. 6. A potentiometric method for determining the apparent affinity constants of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Sr2+ to EGTA and ATP under various conditions is described.", "contents": "Sarcomere length effects on the Sr2+- and Ca2+-activation curves in skinned frog muscle fibres. 1. A procedure recently described to produce rapid changes in [Ca2+] and [Sr2+] within the whole cross-section of skinned muscle preparations (Moisescu, D.G. (1976) Nature 262, 610--613, and Moisescu, D.G. and Thieleczek, R. (1978) J. Physiol. 275, 241--262) has enabled us to obtain whole Ca2+- or Sr2+-activation curves at different sacromere lengths with the same preparation. 2. The maximal isometric force response was found to be very similar in Ca2+-and Sr2+-buffered solutions for otherwise identical conditions. 3. The change in sarcomere length between approx. 2.2 and 2.6 micron reversibly shifted both the Ca2+- and the Sr2+-activation curves by approx. 0.1 log units towards lower concentrations of the activator, without affecting their shape. However, the change in sarcomere length in the range above 2.6 micron did not have an effect upon the relative isometric force response-pCa (and -pSr) relationship. 4. All the Ca2+- and Sr2+-activation curves present a similar steepness and indicate that the relative isometric force increases from approx. 10 to 90% if the concentration of the activator is increased 3-fold. 5. The half time for force development in these experiments did not appear to be influenced by the length of the sarcomeres. 6. A potentiometric method for determining the apparent affinity constants of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Sr2+ to EGTA and ATP under various conditions is described.", "PMID": 109116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8584", "title": "Characterisation of reaction centers and their phospholipids from Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "1. Reaction centers from Rhodospirillum rubrum have been extracted with the zwitterionic detergent lauryl dimethyl amine oxide. Subsequent purification has been achieved by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The pure reaction centers are composed of three protein subunits (L, M, H), bacteriocholorophyll and bacteriopheophytin in the ratio 2 : 1 and phospholipids. 2. The phospholipid composition has been found to be similar to that of whole chromatophore membrane, except that diphosphatidyl glycerol is present in higher amount in the isolated complex. When the detergent treatment of the chromatophore membrane is done in the presence of NaCl, a lower phospholipid content in isolated reaction centers has been found together with a lower stability in the association among the protein subunits. In this complex, the largest subunit H is easily split off and a LM complex is obtained. It is concluded that the phospholipids play an important role in the stability of reaction center complexes.", "contents": "Characterisation of reaction centers and their phospholipids from Rhodospirillum rubrum. 1. Reaction centers from Rhodospirillum rubrum have been extracted with the zwitterionic detergent lauryl dimethyl amine oxide. Subsequent purification has been achieved by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The pure reaction centers are composed of three protein subunits (L, M, H), bacteriocholorophyll and bacteriopheophytin in the ratio 2 : 1 and phospholipids. 2. The phospholipid composition has been found to be similar to that of whole chromatophore membrane, except that diphosphatidyl glycerol is present in higher amount in the isolated complex. When the detergent treatment of the chromatophore membrane is done in the presence of NaCl, a lower phospholipid content in isolated reaction centers has been found together with a lower stability in the association among the protein subunits. In this complex, the largest subunit H is easily split off and a LM complex is obtained. It is concluded that the phospholipids play an important role in the stability of reaction center complexes.", "PMID": 109118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8585", "title": "A backflow of electrons around photosystem II in Chlorella cells.", "content": "A study was made with a modulated oxygen electrode of the effect of variations of oxygen concentration on photosynthetic oxygen evolution from algal cells. When Chlorella vulgaris is examined with a modulated 650 nm light at 22 degrees C, both the oxygen yield and the phase lag between the modulated oxygen signal and the light modulations have virtually constant values between 800 and 120 ergs . cm-1 . s-1 if the bathing medium is in equilibrium with the air. Similar results are obtained at 32 degrees C between 1600 and 120 ergs . cm-2 . s-1. Under anaerobic conditions both the oxygen yield and the phase lag decrease if the light intensity is lowered below about 500 ergs . cm-2 . s-1 at 22 degrees C or about 1000 ergs . cm-2 . s-1 at 32 degrees C. A modulated 706 nm beam also gives rise to these phenomena but only at significantly lower rates of oxygen evolution. The cells of Anacystis nidulans and Porphyridium cruentum appear to react in the same way to anaerobic conditions as C. vulgaris. An examination of possible mechanisms to explain these results was performed using a computer simulation of photosynthetic electron transport. The simulation suggests that a backflow of electrons from a redox pool between the Photosystems to the rate-limiting reaction between Photosystem II and the water-splitting act can cause a decrease in oxygen yield and phase lag. If the pool between the Photosystems is in a very reduced state a significant cyclic flow is expected, whereas if the pool is largely oxidized little or no cyclic flow should occur. It is shown that the effects of 706 nm illumination and removal of oxygen can be interpreted in accordance with these proposals. Since a partial inhibition of oxygen evolution by 3-(3.4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (10(-8) M) magnifies the decreases in oxygen yield and phase lag, it is proposed that the pool which cycles back electrons is in front of the site of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea inhibition and is probably the initial electron acceptor pool after Photosystem II.", "contents": "A backflow of electrons around photosystem II in Chlorella cells. A study was made with a modulated oxygen electrode of the effect of variations of oxygen concentration on photosynthetic oxygen evolution from algal cells. When Chlorella vulgaris is examined with a modulated 650 nm light at 22 degrees C, both the oxygen yield and the phase lag between the modulated oxygen signal and the light modulations have virtually constant values between 800 and 120 ergs . cm-1 . s-1 if the bathing medium is in equilibrium with the air. Similar results are obtained at 32 degrees C between 1600 and 120 ergs . cm-2 . s-1. Under anaerobic conditions both the oxygen yield and the phase lag decrease if the light intensity is lowered below about 500 ergs . cm-2 . s-1 at 22 degrees C or about 1000 ergs . cm-2 . s-1 at 32 degrees C. A modulated 706 nm beam also gives rise to these phenomena but only at significantly lower rates of oxygen evolution. The cells of Anacystis nidulans and Porphyridium cruentum appear to react in the same way to anaerobic conditions as C. vulgaris. An examination of possible mechanisms to explain these results was performed using a computer simulation of photosynthetic electron transport. The simulation suggests that a backflow of electrons from a redox pool between the Photosystems to the rate-limiting reaction between Photosystem II and the water-splitting act can cause a decrease in oxygen yield and phase lag. If the pool between the Photosystems is in a very reduced state a significant cyclic flow is expected, whereas if the pool is largely oxidized little or no cyclic flow should occur. It is shown that the effects of 706 nm illumination and removal of oxygen can be interpreted in accordance with these proposals. Since a partial inhibition of oxygen evolution by 3-(3.4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (10(-8) M) magnifies the decreases in oxygen yield and phase lag, it is proposed that the pool which cycles back electrons is in front of the site of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea inhibition and is probably the initial electron acceptor pool after Photosystem II.", "PMID": 109119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8586", "title": "Sulfide inhibition of photosystem II in cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and tobacco chloroplasts.", "content": "The present study shows that in the presence of 600 nm light, sulfide acts as a specific inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport between water and Photosystem II in the cyanobacteria Aphanothece halophytica and Synechococcus 6311 as well as in tobacco chloroplasts. In the presence of 600 nm light sulfied affects the fast fluorescence transients as does a low concentration (10 mM) of hydroxylamine; the fluorescence yield decreases in the presence of either chemical and can be restored by the addition of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. In chloroplasts, however, NH2OH, an electron donor at high concentrations (40 mM), relieves the sulfide effect. In the dark, sulfide affects the cyanobacterial fluorescence transients through decrease of oxygen tension. The fluorescence yield increases in a similar pattern to that observed under nitrogen flushing. Upon omission of sulfide in A. halophytica, the characteristic aerobic fluorescence transients return, consistent with the ease of alternation between oxygenic and sulfide-dependent anoxygenic photosynthesis in many cyanobacteria.", "contents": "Sulfide inhibition of photosystem II in cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and tobacco chloroplasts. The present study shows that in the presence of 600 nm light, sulfide acts as a specific inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport between water and Photosystem II in the cyanobacteria Aphanothece halophytica and Synechococcus 6311 as well as in tobacco chloroplasts. In the presence of 600 nm light sulfied affects the fast fluorescence transients as does a low concentration (10 mM) of hydroxylamine; the fluorescence yield decreases in the presence of either chemical and can be restored by the addition of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. In chloroplasts, however, NH2OH, an electron donor at high concentrations (40 mM), relieves the sulfide effect. In the dark, sulfide affects the cyanobacterial fluorescence transients through decrease of oxygen tension. The fluorescence yield increases in a similar pattern to that observed under nitrogen flushing. Upon omission of sulfide in A. halophytica, the characteristic aerobic fluorescence transients return, consistent with the ease of alternation between oxygenic and sulfide-dependent anoxygenic photosynthesis in many cyanobacteria.", "PMID": 109120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8587", "title": "Interactions between bacterial membranes and peptidolipids: lysis of micrococcus luteus protoplasts by derivatives of peptidolipidic antibiotics from bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The lysis of protoplasts of Micrococcus luteus has been tested with various derivatives of three peptidolipidic antibiotics: iturin A, mycosubtilin and bacillomycin L. The lytic activity is dependent to the nature of the substituting group and to the position of the substituted aminoacid residue. The acetylation of OH groups leads to a decrease of the lytic activity of the natural antibiotics. The methylation of aspartyl residues of bacillomycin L gives a strong lytic activity while natural bacillomycin L has no lytic activity. The methylation of the tyrosyl residue enhances the lytic activities of iturin A and of bacillomycin L-dimethyl ester and reduces that of mycosubtilin. Correlations between the structures of derivatives and their lytic action on M. luteus protoplasts are discussed.", "contents": "Interactions between bacterial membranes and peptidolipids: lysis of micrococcus luteus protoplasts by derivatives of peptidolipidic antibiotics from bacillus subtilis. The lysis of protoplasts of Micrococcus luteus has been tested with various derivatives of three peptidolipidic antibiotics: iturin A, mycosubtilin and bacillomycin L. The lytic activity is dependent to the nature of the substituting group and to the position of the substituted aminoacid residue. The acetylation of OH groups leads to a decrease of the lytic activity of the natural antibiotics. The methylation of aspartyl residues of bacillomycin L gives a strong lytic activity while natural bacillomycin L has no lytic activity. The methylation of the tyrosyl residue enhances the lytic activities of iturin A and of bacillomycin L-dimethyl ester and reduces that of mycosubtilin. Correlations between the structures of derivatives and their lytic action on M. luteus protoplasts are discussed.", "PMID": 109121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8588", "title": "Studies on a membrane-bound and solubilized ribonucleotide reductase preparation from Escherichia coli TAU-.", "content": "Ribonucleotide reductase has been shown to be associated with the DNA-membrane complex in Escherichia coli TAU- cells. The membrane-bound enzyme has been released in a soluble form using a combined treatment of 1% sarcosyl (pH 8.0) and 1% sodium deoxycholate (pH 6.5). Allotropic differences in the modulatory effects of ATP, Mg2+, EDTA and dithiothreitol on the membrane-bound and solubilized enzyme activity are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on a membrane-bound and solubilized ribonucleotide reductase preparation from Escherichia coli TAU-. Ribonucleotide reductase has been shown to be associated with the DNA-membrane complex in Escherichia coli TAU- cells. The membrane-bound enzyme has been released in a soluble form using a combined treatment of 1% sarcosyl (pH 8.0) and 1% sodium deoxycholate (pH 6.5). Allotropic differences in the modulatory effects of ATP, Mg2+, EDTA and dithiothreitol on the membrane-bound and solubilized enzyme activity are discussed.", "PMID": 109122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8589", "title": "The interaction of L-ascorbic acid with the active center of myrosinase.", "content": "Only L-ascorbic acid activated plant myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.3.1), whereas ascorbic acid analogs did not. The enzyme protein was conformationally changed by the addition of L-ascorbic acid to the spectrophotometric analysis, approx. 1.5 amino residues appeared on the surface of the enzyme and about 2.3 tryptophan residues were buried in the molecule when 1 mM L-ascorbic acid was added. Optimum temperature for the myrosinase activity was approx. 55 degrees C without L-ascorbic acid, but with L-ascorbic acid it was about 35 degrees C; that for beta-glucosidase activity was the same (55 degrees C) with or without L-ascorbic acid. The effect of chemical modification of the functional groups of myrosinase on the interaction of L-ascorbic acid was investigated and the interaction of L-ascorbic acid with the active center of the enzyme is proposed.", "contents": "The interaction of L-ascorbic acid with the active center of myrosinase. Only L-ascorbic acid activated plant myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.3.1), whereas ascorbic acid analogs did not. The enzyme protein was conformationally changed by the addition of L-ascorbic acid to the spectrophotometric analysis, approx. 1.5 amino residues appeared on the surface of the enzyme and about 2.3 tryptophan residues were buried in the molecule when 1 mM L-ascorbic acid was added. Optimum temperature for the myrosinase activity was approx. 55 degrees C without L-ascorbic acid, but with L-ascorbic acid it was about 35 degrees C; that for beta-glucosidase activity was the same (55 degrees C) with or without L-ascorbic acid. The effect of chemical modification of the functional groups of myrosinase on the interaction of L-ascorbic acid was investigated and the interaction of L-ascorbic acid with the active center of the enzyme is proposed.", "PMID": 109123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8590", "title": "Biosynthesis of streptomycin. dTDP-dihydrostreptose synthase from Streptomyces griseus and dTDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose 3,5-epimerase from S. griseus and Escherichia coli Y10.", "content": "dTDP-dihydrostreptose synthase from Streptomyces griseus was purfied about 50-fold by removal of protein with polyethyleneimine, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA44. The synthase preparation was free of dTDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose 3,5-epimerase (dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose 3,5-epimerase, EC 5.1.3.13) activity. A new enzyme assay using Escherichia coli Y10 as source for the epimerase and dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (dTDP-glucose 4,6-hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.46) was developed. In the presence of excess epimerase the apparent Km for dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose was determined to be 25 microM. The molecular weight of epimerase and synthase were determined by their elution volumes from a Sephadex G-100 column to be approx. 67,000 and 32,000, respectively. The pH optimum for the epimerase was between 7.5 and 8.5. The intermediate formation of dTDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose in the epimerase reaction could be shown by detection of 6-deoxy-[3H]talose after NaB3H4 reduction. Results which indicate the existence of dTDP-4-keto-6-rhamnose as a free intermediate in the epimerase reaction are reported.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of streptomycin. dTDP-dihydrostreptose synthase from Streptomyces griseus and dTDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose 3,5-epimerase from S. griseus and Escherichia coli Y10. dTDP-dihydrostreptose synthase from Streptomyces griseus was purfied about 50-fold by removal of protein with polyethyleneimine, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA44. The synthase preparation was free of dTDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose 3,5-epimerase (dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose 3,5-epimerase, EC 5.1.3.13) activity. A new enzyme assay using Escherichia coli Y10 as source for the epimerase and dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (dTDP-glucose 4,6-hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.46) was developed. In the presence of excess epimerase the apparent Km for dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose was determined to be 25 microM. The molecular weight of epimerase and synthase were determined by their elution volumes from a Sephadex G-100 column to be approx. 67,000 and 32,000, respectively. The pH optimum for the epimerase was between 7.5 and 8.5. The intermediate formation of dTDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose in the epimerase reaction could be shown by detection of 6-deoxy-[3H]talose after NaB3H4 reduction. Results which indicate the existence of dTDP-4-keto-6-rhamnose as a free intermediate in the epimerase reaction are reported.", "PMID": 109125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8591", "title": "Purification and properties of valyl-tRNA synthetase from Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "Valyl-tRNA synthetase from Mycobacterium smegmatis has been purified over 1200-fold by conventional techniques as well as affinity chromatography on valyl-aminohexyl Sepharose columns. The purified preparation is homogeneous by electrophoretic and immunologic criteria. The enzyme is a tetramer of approximate molecular weight of 120,000, composed of a single type of subunit. The synthetase exhibited maximal activity between 35--40 degrees C and pH 6.8--7.0. The pure enzyme though stable for several months below 0 degrees C, loses activity completely at 70 degrees C, for 1 min. The enzyme showed normal Michaelis-Menten kinetic behaviour in the total aminoacylation reaction with Km values of 1.25 microM, 0.1 mM and 1.0 microM for valine, ATP and tRNA, respectively, but the kinetic response deviated from the above pattern in the partial (activation) reaction. Based on these findings, the existence of the enzyme in two molecular forms, modulated by substrate concentration has been suggested; of these, only one may be active in the total reaction, while both forms may function in the phophosphate exchange reaction.", "contents": "Purification and properties of valyl-tRNA synthetase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Valyl-tRNA synthetase from Mycobacterium smegmatis has been purified over 1200-fold by conventional techniques as well as affinity chromatography on valyl-aminohexyl Sepharose columns. The purified preparation is homogeneous by electrophoretic and immunologic criteria. The enzyme is a tetramer of approximate molecular weight of 120,000, composed of a single type of subunit. The synthetase exhibited maximal activity between 35--40 degrees C and pH 6.8--7.0. The pure enzyme though stable for several months below 0 degrees C, loses activity completely at 70 degrees C, for 1 min. The enzyme showed normal Michaelis-Menten kinetic behaviour in the total aminoacylation reaction with Km values of 1.25 microM, 0.1 mM and 1.0 microM for valine, ATP and tRNA, respectively, but the kinetic response deviated from the above pattern in the partial (activation) reaction. Based on these findings, the existence of the enzyme in two molecular forms, modulated by substrate concentration has been suggested; of these, only one may be active in the total reaction, while both forms may function in the phophosphate exchange reaction.", "PMID": 109126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8592", "title": "Transfomration of arachidonic acid into 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid by mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min with arachidonic acid (all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid). Oxygenation of arachidonic acid in mouse peritoneal macrophages occurs by two major pathways: fatty acid cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. The major metabolite of the latter is 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid which was identified by gas liquid chromatography on high resolution glass capillary column and mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Transfomration of arachidonic acid into 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min with arachidonic acid (all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid). Oxygenation of arachidonic acid in mouse peritoneal macrophages occurs by two major pathways: fatty acid cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. The major metabolite of the latter is 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid which was identified by gas liquid chromatography on high resolution glass capillary column and mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 109127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8593", "title": "Immunohistochemical studies on electron transport proteins associated with cytochromes P-450 in steroidogenic tissues. II. Microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the rat adrenal.", "content": "NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (NADPH : ferricytochrome oxido-reductase, EC 1.6.2.4), the flavoprotein which mediates the NADPH-dependent reduction of cytochromes P-450 in adrenocortical microsomes, has been localized immunohistochemically at the light microscopic level in rat adrenal glands. Localization was achieved through the use of sheep antiserum produced against purified, trypsin-solubilized rat hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in both an unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique and an indirect fluorescent antibody method. The sheep antibody to rat hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase concomitantly inhibited the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and progesterone 21-hydroxylase activities catalyzed by isolated rat adrenal microsomes. When sections of rat adrenal glands were exposed to the reductase antiserum in both immunohistochemical procedures, positive staining for NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was observed in parenchymal cells of the three cortical zones but not in medullary chromaffin cells. The intensity of staining, however, was found to differ among the three cortical zones, with the most intense staining being found in the zona fasciculata and the least in the zona glomerulosa. The intensity of staining was also found to differ among cells within the zona fasciculata. These immunohistochemical observations demonstrate that microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase is not distributed uniformly throughout the rat adrenal cortex.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical studies on electron transport proteins associated with cytochromes P-450 in steroidogenic tissues. II. Microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the rat adrenal. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (NADPH : ferricytochrome oxido-reductase, EC 1.6.2.4), the flavoprotein which mediates the NADPH-dependent reduction of cytochromes P-450 in adrenocortical microsomes, has been localized immunohistochemically at the light microscopic level in rat adrenal glands. Localization was achieved through the use of sheep antiserum produced against purified, trypsin-solubilized rat hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in both an unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique and an indirect fluorescent antibody method. The sheep antibody to rat hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase concomitantly inhibited the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and progesterone 21-hydroxylase activities catalyzed by isolated rat adrenal microsomes. When sections of rat adrenal glands were exposed to the reductase antiserum in both immunohistochemical procedures, positive staining for NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was observed in parenchymal cells of the three cortical zones but not in medullary chromaffin cells. The intensity of staining, however, was found to differ among the three cortical zones, with the most intense staining being found in the zona fasciculata and the least in the zona glomerulosa. The intensity of staining was also found to differ among cells within the zona fasciculata. These immunohistochemical observations demonstrate that microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase is not distributed uniformly throughout the rat adrenal cortex.", "PMID": 109128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8594", "title": "Insulin action in isolated fat cells. I. Effects of divalent cations on the stimulation by insulin of glucose uptake.", "content": "The effects of divalent cations, in particular Ca2+ and Mg2+, on glucose uptake by rat isolated fat cells in the presence and absence of insulin have been studied. EDTA (disodium salt) was used to deplete the bovine serum albumin present in the incubation medium of endogenous divalent cations prior to incubation with the cells, but was not present in the incubation medium during the incubation of the cells. The removal of Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the incubation medium did not affect the basal glucose uptake, but abolished the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by the cells. Addition of 25 microM MgCl2 or CaCl2 to the incubation medium restored a significant insulin stimulation, and this stimulation was maximal when 0.1 mM MgCl2 or CaCl2 had been added. SrCl2 and BaCl2 were also effective in restoring the insulin stimulation, but did not substitute fully for Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the incubation medium. Possible explanation for these observations are discussed.", "contents": "Insulin action in isolated fat cells. I. Effects of divalent cations on the stimulation by insulin of glucose uptake. The effects of divalent cations, in particular Ca2+ and Mg2+, on glucose uptake by rat isolated fat cells in the presence and absence of insulin have been studied. EDTA (disodium salt) was used to deplete the bovine serum albumin present in the incubation medium of endogenous divalent cations prior to incubation with the cells, but was not present in the incubation medium during the incubation of the cells. The removal of Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the incubation medium did not affect the basal glucose uptake, but abolished the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by the cells. Addition of 25 microM MgCl2 or CaCl2 to the incubation medium restored a significant insulin stimulation, and this stimulation was maximal when 0.1 mM MgCl2 or CaCl2 had been added. SrCl2 and BaCl2 were also effective in restoring the insulin stimulation, but did not substitute fully for Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the incubation medium. Possible explanation for these observations are discussed.", "PMID": 109129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8595", "title": "Red cell proteins. I. Two-dimensional mapping of human erythrocyte lysate proteins.", "content": "Human erythrocyte lysate proteins were resolved into over 250 discrete spots by two-dimensional electrophoresis using isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, (SDS) in the second. The overwhelming excess of hemoglobin has made such analyses difficult in the past. However, with the ISO-DALT two-dimensional electrophoresis system, large numbers of red cell proteins can be mapped in the presence of hemoglobin. When hemoglobin and several other major proteins are removed by adsorption to DEAE-cellulose, additional minor components are seen, giving a total of over 275. With the use of purified preparations, the map positions of five cell enzymes or their subunits were determined: pyruvate kinase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, and carbonic anhydrase. The mapping techniques described complement and extend those traditionally used to find human red cell protein variants.", "contents": "Red cell proteins. I. Two-dimensional mapping of human erythrocyte lysate proteins. Human erythrocyte lysate proteins were resolved into over 250 discrete spots by two-dimensional electrophoresis using isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, (SDS) in the second. The overwhelming excess of hemoglobin has made such analyses difficult in the past. However, with the ISO-DALT two-dimensional electrophoresis system, large numbers of red cell proteins can be mapped in the presence of hemoglobin. When hemoglobin and several other major proteins are removed by adsorption to DEAE-cellulose, additional minor components are seen, giving a total of over 275. With the use of purified preparations, the map positions of five cell enzymes or their subunits were determined: pyruvate kinase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, and carbonic anhydrase. The mapping techniques described complement and extend those traditionally used to find human red cell protein variants.", "PMID": 109131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8596", "title": "Fractionation of antibodies to L-cell colony-stimulating factor by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Purified L-cell colony-stimulating factor (CSF) was coupled to cyanogen-bromide-activated Sepharose and used to selectively fractionate antibodies to this factor. With the use of a simplified two-step washing and elution technique, there was 50%--70% binding of the anti-CSF, with recovery of 60%--100% of the bound  material. Both the native antiserum and purified anti-CSF fractions were inhibitory to murine granulocyte-macrophage colony formation. The purified antibodies contained only IgG and were reduced in protein concentration to 0.1% of the serum IgG values. These fractions should prove useful tools for the study of granulocyte and macrophage differentiation.", "contents": "Fractionation of antibodies to L-cell colony-stimulating factor by affinity chromatography. Purified L-cell colony-stimulating factor (CSF) was coupled to cyanogen-bromide-activated Sepharose and used to selectively fractionate antibodies to this factor. With the use of a simplified two-step washing and elution technique, there was 50%--70% binding of the anti-CSF, with recovery of 60%--100% of the bound  material. Both the native antiserum and purified anti-CSF fractions were inhibitory to murine granulocyte-macrophage colony formation. The purified antibodies contained only IgG and were reduced in protein concentration to 0.1% of the serum IgG values. These fractions should prove useful tools for the study of granulocyte and macrophage differentiation.", "PMID": 109132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8597", "title": "Response to therapy in IgG myeloma patients excreting lambda or kappa light chains: CALGB experience.", "content": "Sixty-eight previously untreated patients with IgG myeloma who were entered into five protocols of Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) were studied in order to determine the possible influence of excretion of kappa versus lambda urinary light chains on responses to treatment and survival. All patients in these protocols were included if the serum and urine protein abnormalities were confirmed by one of the two group reference laboratories. Pretreatment characteristics of the two groups of patients did not differ significantly. Of 44 patients with kappa Bence Jones proteinuria, 19 patients (43%) had good responses to treatment, whereas only 3 of 24 patients (13%) with lambda Bence Jones proteinuria had good responses (p = 0.02). Survival for the patients excreting kappa light chains was significantly better than survival for patients excreting lambda chains (median survival 31 versus 12 mo, p = 0.02).", "contents": "Response to therapy in IgG myeloma patients excreting lambda or kappa light chains: CALGB experience. Sixty-eight previously untreated patients with IgG myeloma who were entered into five protocols of Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) were studied in order to determine the possible influence of excretion of kappa versus lambda urinary light chains on responses to treatment and survival. All patients in these protocols were included if the serum and urine protein abnormalities were confirmed by one of the two group reference laboratories. Pretreatment characteristics of the two groups of patients did not differ significantly. Of 44 patients with kappa Bence Jones proteinuria, 19 patients (43%) had good responses to treatment, whereas only 3 of 24 patients (13%) with lambda Bence Jones proteinuria had good responses (p = 0.02). Survival for the patients excreting kappa light chains was significantly better than survival for patients excreting lambda chains (median survival 31 versus 12 mo, p = 0.02).", "PMID": 109133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8598", "title": "Decomposition of DDT and its analogs by soil microflora.", "content": "A search was made for active cultures that break down DDT. More than 600 microorganisms were isolated from soils treated for a long time with DDT and from accumulating cultures with DDT or its analogs as the carbon source and with DDT or its analogs and supplementary carbon sources. Cultures capable of degrading DDT under conditions of cometabolism were found among them. It was shown that the dechlorination of the trichloromethyl group of DDT was accomplished by a large number of microorganisms and occurred primarily under conditions of limited aeration. The elimination of chloride ions from the aromatic rings occurred only in the presence of cosubstrates under aerobic conditions and only with two strains. The strain Nocardia sp. 306x carried out complete degradation of DDT with the formation of DBH, DCBP, and an as yet unidentified entirely dechlorinated product. The most profound decomposition of DDT was produced by a culture of Ps. aeruginosa 640x, which entirely degraded the DDT molecule with the formation of phenylacetic acid.", "contents": "Decomposition of DDT and its analogs by soil microflora. A search was made for active cultures that break down DDT. More than 600 microorganisms were isolated from soils treated for a long time with DDT and from accumulating cultures with DDT or its analogs as the carbon source and with DDT or its analogs and supplementary carbon sources. Cultures capable of degrading DDT under conditions of cometabolism were found among them. It was shown that the dechlorination of the trichloromethyl group of DDT was accomplished by a large number of microorganisms and occurred primarily under conditions of limited aeration. The elimination of chloride ions from the aromatic rings occurred only in the presence of cosubstrates under aerobic conditions and only with two strains. The strain Nocardia sp. 306x carried out complete degradation of DDT with the formation of DBH, DCBP, and an as yet unidentified entirely dechlorinated product. The most profound decomposition of DDT was produced by a culture of Ps. aeruginosa 640x, which entirely degraded the DDT molecule with the formation of phenylacetic acid.", "PMID": 109130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8599", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with pre-B-cell characteristics.", "content": "Blast cells from 6 of 50 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) displayed intracytoplasmic mu chains in the absence of detectable light chains and surface immunoglobulins. These cells also  expressed lalike and common ALL antigens. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase was detectable in 2 of 5 cases tested. These blast cells are probably related to early B-cell precursors (pre-B cells). In 4 of 6 cases the disease had a tumoral presentation; the prognostic significance of this new subgroup, which accounts for 20% of patients with non-T non-B ALL, remains to be established.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with pre-B-cell characteristics. Blast cells from 6 of 50 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) displayed intracytoplasmic mu chains in the absence of detectable light chains and surface immunoglobulins. These cells also  expressed lalike and common ALL antigens. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase was detectable in 2 of 5 cases tested. These blast cells are probably related to early B-cell precursors (pre-B cells). In 4 of 6 cases the disease had a tumoral presentation; the prognostic significance of this new subgroup, which accounts for 20% of patients with non-T non-B ALL, remains to be established.", "PMID": 109134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8600", "title": "The prolonged exposure of Japanese quail to carbaryl and its effects on neurochemical and blood chemical parameters.", "content": "Whole-brain dopamine levels were significantly elevated in male Japanese quail fed 600 and 1200 ppm carbaryl in the diet for 14 weeks. Whole-brain AChE activity, whole-brain and heart norepinephrine levels, adrenal norepinephrine and epinephrine levels and plasma glucose levels were not altered by carbaryl. No effects were noted in the females.", "contents": "The prolonged exposure of Japanese quail to carbaryl and its effects on neurochemical and blood chemical parameters. Whole-brain dopamine levels were significantly elevated in male Japanese quail fed 600 and 1200 ppm carbaryl in the diet for 14 weeks. Whole-brain AChE activity, whole-brain and heart norepinephrine levels, adrenal norepinephrine and epinephrine levels and plasma glucose levels were not altered by carbaryl. No effects were noted in the females.", "PMID": 109138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8601", "title": "Whole body electron therapy in mycosis fungoides--a successful translational technique achieved by modification of an established linear accelerator.", "content": "A translational technique, adapting an established MEL SL75/10 linear accelerator, which gives a satisfactory physical and clinical 3 MeV whole-body electron treatment in mycosis fungoides is described. Tolerance of the patients proved excellent and 16 out of 21 achieved satisfactory remission of the disease. In spite of delivering significant skin doses it was possible to re-treat two relapsing patients without complications and with clinical success.", "contents": "Whole body electron therapy in mycosis fungoides--a successful translational technique achieved by modification of an established linear accelerator. A translational technique, adapting an established MEL SL75/10 linear accelerator, which gives a satisfactory physical and clinical 3 MeV whole-body electron treatment in mycosis fungoides is described. Tolerance of the patients proved excellent and 16 out of 21 achieved satisfactory remission of the disease. In spite of delivering significant skin doses it was possible to re-treat two relapsing patients without complications and with clinical success.", "PMID": 109157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8602", "title": "An intercomparison between two methods of obtaining percentage depth doses for irregular shaped fields and comparison of each method with experimental data for 60Co and 10 MV X rays.", "content": "Measurements of central ray tissue-air ratio (TAR) for 60Co for a large number of irregularly shaped fields typically encountered in the cancer clinic were compared with TAR values either calculated by the Clarkson method using scatter air ratios or obtained from tables of square field data using the area/perimeter approach. Irregular field shapes included the \"L\", pentagonal, rectangular, upper and lower mantle and split fields. Agreement between both calculational methods and direct measurement is within +/- 2% if careful attention is given to central ray position as affected by the proper use of off-centre ratios in air. In the case of 10 MV X-rays, eight randomly chosen irregular fields again yielded an average agreement between both methods of calculation and experimental data of less than 1% and an agreement of less than 0.5% between the A/P and Clarkson calculations.", "contents": "An intercomparison between two methods of obtaining percentage depth doses for irregular shaped fields and comparison of each method with experimental data for 60Co and 10 MV X rays. Measurements of central ray tissue-air ratio (TAR) for 60Co for a large number of irregularly shaped fields typically encountered in the cancer clinic were compared with TAR values either calculated by the Clarkson method using scatter air ratios or obtained from tables of square field data using the area/perimeter approach. Irregular field shapes included the \"L\", pentagonal, rectangular, upper and lower mantle and split fields. Agreement between both calculational methods and direct measurement is within +/- 2% if careful attention is given to central ray position as affected by the proper use of off-centre ratios in air. In the case of 10 MV X-rays, eight randomly chosen irregular fields again yielded an average agreement between both methods of calculation and experimental data of less than 1% and an agreement of less than 0.5% between the A/P and Clarkson calculations.", "PMID": 109159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8603", "title": "Sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin in West Germany.", "content": "The sensitivity of gonococci to penicillin in Germany has largely decreased in the last 22 years. No significant decrease has occurred, however, in the last three years, but the results show that a slight tendency to decrease may be persisting.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin in West Germany. The sensitivity of gonococci to penicillin in Germany has largely decreased in the last 22 years. No significant decrease has occurred, however, in the last three years, but the results show that a slight tendency to decrease may be persisting.", "PMID": 109164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8604", "title": "Preservation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by the gelatin-disc method.", "content": "Studies of Neisseria gonorrhoeae are difficult to perform because of the organism's poor survival in vitro. To solve this problem we tried to preserve the organism by a gelatin-disc method. The rate of survival and changes of variations in some biochemical properties of eight strains of N. gonorrhoeae were followed for three years. These studies proved that preservation was satisfactory with only a 1/10 reduction of the living cells. Another trial showed that the organism survived for over six months after being frozen at -20 degrees C. The colonial types, agglutination against red cells from rabbit and guinea pig, and antibiotic susceptibility to penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin, and streptomycin did not change after three years' preservation.", "contents": "Preservation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by the gelatin-disc method. Studies of Neisseria gonorrhoeae are difficult to perform because of the organism's poor survival in vitro. To solve this problem we tried to preserve the organism by a gelatin-disc method. The rate of survival and changes of variations in some biochemical properties of eight strains of N. gonorrhoeae were followed for three years. These studies proved that preservation was satisfactory with only a 1/10 reduction of the living cells. Another trial showed that the organism survived for over six months after being frozen at -20 degrees C. The colonial types, agglutination against red cells from rabbit and guinea pig, and antibiotic susceptibility to penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin, and streptomycin did not change after three years' preservation.", "PMID": 109165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8605", "title": "Role of inferior temporal cortex in interhemispheric transfer.", "content": "Neurons in inferior temporal cortex of the rhesus monkey usually have large receptive fields that extend well across the midline into both visual half-fields. The responsiveness of these neurons to stimuli in the ipsilateral visual half-field depends on the splenium and anterior commissure, the same pathways necessary for interhemispheric transfer of visual habits. Since inferior temporal neurons have the same trigger features in both half-fields and are usually binocular, they may be the site of the interhemispheric neural convergence that underlies interhemispheric transfer. If so, bilateral removal of inferior temporal cortex should interfere with interhemispheric transfer even when the commissures are intact. To test this, monkeys were trained on pattern discriminations with one eye and then tested for transfer with the other eye. Five experimental monkeys received bilateral inferior temporal lesions and, to restrict input from each eye to one hemisphere, section of the optic chiasm. Ten controls received either bilateral temporal lesions alone, chiasm section alone or remained unoperated. Only the experimental animals showed impaired transfer. These results suggest that inferior temporal neurons mediate interhemispheric transfer by providing perceptual equivalence for patterns in the left and right visual fields, and, by implication, perhaps also for patterns in different parts of the same field.", "contents": "Role of inferior temporal cortex in interhemispheric transfer. Neurons in inferior temporal cortex of the rhesus monkey usually have large receptive fields that extend well across the midline into both visual half-fields. The responsiveness of these neurons to stimuli in the ipsilateral visual half-field depends on the splenium and anterior commissure, the same pathways necessary for interhemispheric transfer of visual habits. Since inferior temporal neurons have the same trigger features in both half-fields and are usually binocular, they may be the site of the interhemispheric neural convergence that underlies interhemispheric transfer. If so, bilateral removal of inferior temporal cortex should interfere with interhemispheric transfer even when the commissures are intact. To test this, monkeys were trained on pattern discriminations with one eye and then tested for transfer with the other eye. Five experimental monkeys received bilateral inferior temporal lesions and, to restrict input from each eye to one hemisphere, section of the optic chiasm. Ten controls received either bilateral temporal lesions alone, chiasm section alone or remained unoperated. Only the experimental animals showed impaired transfer. These results suggest that inferior temporal neurons mediate interhemispheric transfer by providing perceptual equivalence for patterns in the left and right visual fields, and, by implication, perhaps also for patterns in different parts of the same field.", "PMID": 109166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8606", "title": "Role of the periaqueductal grey in vocal expression of emotion.", "content": "In 32 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) the role of the periaqueductal grey has been investigated by combined stimulation/lesioning and by neuroanatomical experiments. The results are as follows. Firstly, periaqueductal lesions invading the laterally adjacent tegmentum abolish species-specific calls elicitable by electrical brain stimulation. This holds for stimulation sites rostral as well as caudal to this area. The only vocalizations which survive are phonations of an artificial character which can be evoked from the lateral medulla. Spontaneous vocalizations also seem to be abolished. Secondly, vocalizations elicited from the periaqueductal grey are not affected by bilateral lesions in vocalization-eliciting areas rostral to it, but are abolished by lesions in the dorsolateral pons and ventrolateral medulla. Thirdly, the periaqueductal grey receives direct projections from all vocalization-eliciting areas tested, viz. the precallosal cingulate gyrus, gyrus rectus, medial amygdata, central amygdaloid nucleus/substantia innominata, nucleus striae terminalis, dorsal hypothalamus, midline thalamus, periventricular grey, dorsolateral and ventrolateral midbrain tegmentum. Fourthly, the periaqueductal grey projects directly to the nucleus ambiguus, the site of the laryngeal motoneurones. The course of the main bulk of fibres corresponds to the lesion sites effective in abolishing periaqueductally elicited vocalizations. From these results, it was concluded that the caudal periaqueductal-lateral tegmental area is a necessary relay station for all external and internal stimuli capable of inducing species-specific calls. Its position within the stimulus-response loop seems to be on the output side, immediately above the level of motor-corrdination but below that of stimulus recognition.", "contents": "Role of the periaqueductal grey in vocal expression of emotion. In 32 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) the role of the periaqueductal grey has been investigated by combined stimulation/lesioning and by neuroanatomical experiments. The results are as follows. Firstly, periaqueductal lesions invading the laterally adjacent tegmentum abolish species-specific calls elicitable by electrical brain stimulation. This holds for stimulation sites rostral as well as caudal to this area. The only vocalizations which survive are phonations of an artificial character which can be evoked from the lateral medulla. Spontaneous vocalizations also seem to be abolished. Secondly, vocalizations elicited from the periaqueductal grey are not affected by bilateral lesions in vocalization-eliciting areas rostral to it, but are abolished by lesions in the dorsolateral pons and ventrolateral medulla. Thirdly, the periaqueductal grey receives direct projections from all vocalization-eliciting areas tested, viz. the precallosal cingulate gyrus, gyrus rectus, medial amygdata, central amygdaloid nucleus/substantia innominata, nucleus striae terminalis, dorsal hypothalamus, midline thalamus, periventricular grey, dorsolateral and ventrolateral midbrain tegmentum. Fourthly, the periaqueductal grey projects directly to the nucleus ambiguus, the site of the laryngeal motoneurones. The course of the main bulk of fibres corresponds to the lesion sites effective in abolishing periaqueductally elicited vocalizations. From these results, it was concluded that the caudal periaqueductal-lateral tegmental area is a necessary relay station for all external and internal stimuli capable of inducing species-specific calls. Its position within the stimulus-response loop seems to be on the output side, immediately above the level of motor-corrdination but below that of stimulus recognition.", "PMID": 109167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8607", "title": "Effects of plasma cholesterol lowering agents on hepatobiliary lipid metabolism and cholesterol turnover in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The effects of clofibrate, cholestyramine, and neomycin on hepatobiliary lipid metabolism were studied in adult rhesus monkeys in metabolic steady state with intact but exteriorized enterohepatic circulations. Clofibrate (30 mg/kg, id) had no effect on lipid secretion while cholestyramine (150 mg/kg, id) decreased biliary cholesterol secretion rate from 0.19 +/- 0.03 to 0.13 +/- 0.02 mmol/24 h, p less than 0.05. Neomycin (30 mg/kg, id) decreased bile flow from 216 +/- 10 to 191 +/- 7mL/24 h, p less than 0.05, and tended only to decrease bile salt and phospholipid secretion rates. Cholestyramine decreased cholesterol composition from 1.81 +/- 0.22 to 1.30 +/- 0.22 mol %, p less than 0.05, while clofibrate and neomycin had insignificant effects. Cholestyramine and neomycin decreased bile salt pool size from 1 +/- 0.1 to 0.77 +/- 0.15 and from 1.45 +/- 0.16 to 1.13 +/- 0.21 mmol, p less than 0.05, respectively, while clofibrate had no effect. Bile salt synthetic rate was increased only by cholestyramine, i.e., from 0.63 +/- 0.04 to 1.48 +/- 0.26 mmol/24 h, p less than 0.01. Concomitant cholesterol turnover studies revealed that cholestyramine increased the production rate and excretion of cholesterol in the rapidly miscible cholesterol pool and increased the transfer of cholesterol from slow to rapidly miscible pools. Neomycin, on the other hand, decreased the size of the rapidly miscible pool by decreasing production rate without affecting the size of the slowly miscible pool, while clofibrate had insignificant effects.", "contents": "Effects of plasma cholesterol lowering agents on hepatobiliary lipid metabolism and cholesterol turnover in the rhesus monkey. The effects of clofibrate, cholestyramine, and neomycin on hepatobiliary lipid metabolism were studied in adult rhesus monkeys in metabolic steady state with intact but exteriorized enterohepatic circulations. Clofibrate (30 mg/kg, id) had no effect on lipid secretion while cholestyramine (150 mg/kg, id) decreased biliary cholesterol secretion rate from 0.19 +/- 0.03 to 0.13 +/- 0.02 mmol/24 h, p less than 0.05. Neomycin (30 mg/kg, id) decreased bile flow from 216 +/- 10 to 191 +/- 7mL/24 h, p less than 0.05, and tended only to decrease bile salt and phospholipid secretion rates. Cholestyramine decreased cholesterol composition from 1.81 +/- 0.22 to 1.30 +/- 0.22 mol %, p less than 0.05, while clofibrate and neomycin had insignificant effects. Cholestyramine and neomycin decreased bile salt pool size from 1 +/- 0.1 to 0.77 +/- 0.15 and from 1.45 +/- 0.16 to 1.13 +/- 0.21 mmol, p less than 0.05, respectively, while clofibrate had no effect. Bile salt synthetic rate was increased only by cholestyramine, i.e., from 0.63 +/- 0.04 to 1.48 +/- 0.26 mmol/24 h, p less than 0.01. Concomitant cholesterol turnover studies revealed that cholestyramine increased the production rate and excretion of cholesterol in the rapidly miscible cholesterol pool and increased the transfer of cholesterol from slow to rapidly miscible pools. Neomycin, on the other hand, decreased the size of the rapidly miscible pool by decreasing production rate without affecting the size of the slowly miscible pool, while clofibrate had insignificant effects.", "PMID": 109175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8608", "title": "Polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for vascular access for hyperalimentation.", "content": "A polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft from the brachial artery to the axillary vein may provide a safe and trouble-free means of vascular access in selected patients requiring long-term intravenous feeding in the hospital setting. This route for the administration of solutions supplying total parenteral nutrition (TPN) should be considered in persons whose requirement for parenteral feeding is likely to extend over many months and in whom there are other sources of bacteremia which can imitate or be confused with infection of a conventional central venous feeding line. In a 52-year-old man an 8-mm PTFE graft was anastomosed end-to-side to the brachial artery and the axillary vein and brought through a subcutaneous tunnel on the medial aspect of the upper arm. Access to it was obtained by intermittent puncture with a no. 21 butterfly needle. Hyperosmolar TPN solutions flowed easily by gravity drip into the shunt. The graft seemed resistant to infection. This form of vascular access appears to exclude parenteral feeding lines, solutions and catheters as sources of sepsis.", "contents": "Polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for vascular access for hyperalimentation. A polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft from the brachial artery to the axillary vein may provide a safe and trouble-free means of vascular access in selected patients requiring long-term intravenous feeding in the hospital setting. This route for the administration of solutions supplying total parenteral nutrition (TPN) should be considered in persons whose requirement for parenteral feeding is likely to extend over many months and in whom there are other sources of bacteremia which can imitate or be confused with infection of a conventional central venous feeding line. In a 52-year-old man an 8-mm PTFE graft was anastomosed end-to-side to the brachial artery and the axillary vein and brought through a subcutaneous tunnel on the medial aspect of the upper arm. Access to it was obtained by intermittent puncture with a no. 21 butterfly needle. Hyperosmolar TPN solutions flowed easily by gravity drip into the shunt. The graft seemed resistant to infection. This form of vascular access appears to exclude parenteral feeding lines, solutions and catheters as sources of sepsis.", "PMID": 109178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8609", "title": "Crossmatch difficulties following the prophylactic use of Rh immune globulin.", "content": "With increasing demand for platelet transfusion the need to use platelets from Rh-positive persons for Rh-negative individuals often arises. The administration of Rho(D) immune globulin (human) in this situation has been recommended, but may cause serologic difficulties owing to the recipient's passive acquisition of antibodies other than anti-D.", "contents": "Crossmatch difficulties following the prophylactic use of Rh immune globulin. With increasing demand for platelet transfusion the need to use platelets from Rh-positive persons for Rh-negative individuals often arises. The administration of Rho(D) immune globulin (human) in this situation has been recommended, but may cause serologic difficulties owing to the recipient's passive acquisition of antibodies other than anti-D.", "PMID": 109179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8610", "title": "Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma: psychosocial implications.", "content": "Fifty women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery for Stage II breast carcinoma were interviewed in an effort to describe the psychosocial effect of the treatment. Perceptions of emotional distress and behavioral disruption were rated in five areas, yielding a rating of overall level of disruption and distress. Results showed that all women experienced adverse changes while receiving adjuvant treatments. Of the 50 women, 88% described a decrease in activities related to the effects of adjuvant chemotherapy; 54% reported an increased financial burden; and 41% claimed that their family and/or sexual life had been adversely affected. Despite these adverse changes, 74% of these patients \"would definitely\" recommend the treatment to friends in a similar situation. Results from this preliminary study may provide useful information to potential participants in adjuvant trials and to the physicians who conduct such trials.", "contents": "Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma: psychosocial implications. Fifty women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery for Stage II breast carcinoma were interviewed in an effort to describe the psychosocial effect of the treatment. Perceptions of emotional distress and behavioral disruption were rated in five areas, yielding a rating of overall level of disruption and distress. Results showed that all women experienced adverse changes while receiving adjuvant treatments. Of the 50 women, 88% described a decrease in activities related to the effects of adjuvant chemotherapy; 54% reported an increased financial burden; and 41% claimed that their family and/or sexual life had been adversely affected. Despite these adverse changes, 74% of these patients \"would definitely\" recommend the treatment to friends in a similar situation. Results from this preliminary study may provide useful information to potential participants in adjuvant trials and to the physicians who conduct such trials.", "PMID": 109181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8611", "title": "Long-term intravenous therapy with peripherally inserted silicone elastomer central venous catheters in patients with malignant diseases.", "content": "Peripherally inserted central venous silicone elastomer catheters were studied in 81 patients who had malignancy requiring prolonged intravenous therapy. The catheters remained in place from 5 to 171 days, with a median of 30 days. Ninety-one percent of the catheters were unassociated with clinical complications. Six percent of 87 inserted catheters were removed due to peripheral thrombophlebitis. Two patients developed subclavian thrombosis, requiring catheter removal. One patient had catheter-related sepsis with Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteria grew from eleven percent of the cultured catheter tips. Indwelling catheters presence did not appear to influence response to antibiotic therapy. We conclude from this pilot study that long-term central venous access with peripherally inserted silicone elastomer catheters has an acceptably low complication rate in a high-risk patient population.", "contents": "Long-term intravenous therapy with peripherally inserted silicone elastomer central venous catheters in patients with malignant diseases. Peripherally inserted central venous silicone elastomer catheters were studied in 81 patients who had malignancy requiring prolonged intravenous therapy. The catheters remained in place from 5 to 171 days, with a median of 30 days. Ninety-one percent of the catheters were unassociated with clinical complications. Six percent of 87 inserted catheters were removed due to peripheral thrombophlebitis. Two patients developed subclavian thrombosis, requiring catheter removal. One patient had catheter-related sepsis with Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteria grew from eleven percent of the cultured catheter tips. Indwelling catheters presence did not appear to influence response to antibiotic therapy. We conclude from this pilot study that long-term central venous access with peripherally inserted silicone elastomer catheters has an acceptably low complication rate in a high-risk patient population.", "PMID": 109182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8612", "title": "Malnutrition in children with cancer: incidence and consequence.", "content": "Overt malnutrition in children with cancer is seen with surprising frequency: up to 37.5% in a group of patients with disease metastatic to or from bone, and 17.5% in a group of newly diagnosed patients with abdominal or pelvic tumors. It appears more frequent in some cancers. e.g., Ewing's sarcoma, than in others, e.g., osteosarcoma. Criteria for diagnosis of overt malnutrition are applicable to the child with cancer. Such overt malnutrition can be successfully and safely treated with intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH). Marginal malnutrition is a state that can be inferred from clinical behavior, although it cannot be objectively diagnosed as yet. Early data suggest that deterioration to overt malnutrition can be averted through IVH. Such nutritional intervention may increase chemotherapeutic tolerance and improve immune defenses. Since childhood cancer is beginning to frequently show excellent outcome, the association of malnutrition with progressive disease strongly suggests investigation of the role of nutritional support.", "contents": "Malnutrition in children with cancer: incidence and consequence. Overt malnutrition in children with cancer is seen with surprising frequency: up to 37.5% in a group of patients with disease metastatic to or from bone, and 17.5% in a group of newly diagnosed patients with abdominal or pelvic tumors. It appears more frequent in some cancers. e.g., Ewing's sarcoma, than in others, e.g., osteosarcoma. Criteria for diagnosis of overt malnutrition are applicable to the child with cancer. Such overt malnutrition can be successfully and safely treated with intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH). Marginal malnutrition is a state that can be inferred from clinical behavior, although it cannot be objectively diagnosed as yet. Early data suggest that deterioration to overt malnutrition can be averted through IVH. Such nutritional intervention may increase chemotherapeutic tolerance and improve immune defenses. Since childhood cancer is beginning to frequently show excellent outcome, the association of malnutrition with progressive disease strongly suggests investigation of the role of nutritional support.", "PMID": 109183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8613", "title": "Alterations of nutritional status: impact of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.", "content": "The nutritional status of a cancer patient may be affected by the tumor, the chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy directed against the tumor, and by complications associated with that therapy. Chemotherapy-radiotherapy is not confined exclusively to malignant cell populations; thus, normal tissues may also be affected by the therapy and may contribute to specific nutritional problems. Impaired nutrition due to anorexia, mucositis, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may be dependent upon the specific chemotherapeutic agent, dose, or schedule utilized. Similar side effects from radiation therapy depend upon the dose, fractionation, and volume irradiated. When combined modality treatment is given the nutritional consequences may be magnified. Prospective, randomized clinical trials are underway to investigate the efficacy of nutritional support during chemotherapy-radiotherapy on tolerance to treatment, complications from treatment, and response rates to treatment. Preliminary results demonstrate that the administration of total parenteral nutrition is successful in maintaining weight during radiation therapy and chemotherapy, but that weight loss occurs after discontinuation of nutritional support. Thus, long-term evaluation is mandatory to learn the impact of nutritional support on survival, disease-free survival, and complication rates, as well as on the possible prevention of morbidity associated with aggressive chemotherapy-radiation therapy.", "contents": "Alterations of nutritional status: impact of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The nutritional status of a cancer patient may be affected by the tumor, the chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy directed against the tumor, and by complications associated with that therapy. Chemotherapy-radiotherapy is not confined exclusively to malignant cell populations; thus, normal tissues may also be affected by the therapy and may contribute to specific nutritional problems. Impaired nutrition due to anorexia, mucositis, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may be dependent upon the specific chemotherapeutic agent, dose, or schedule utilized. Similar side effects from radiation therapy depend upon the dose, fractionation, and volume irradiated. When combined modality treatment is given the nutritional consequences may be magnified. Prospective, randomized clinical trials are underway to investigate the efficacy of nutritional support during chemotherapy-radiotherapy on tolerance to treatment, complications from treatment, and response rates to treatment. Preliminary results demonstrate that the administration of total parenteral nutrition is successful in maintaining weight during radiation therapy and chemotherapy, but that weight loss occurs after discontinuation of nutritional support. Thus, long-term evaluation is mandatory to learn the impact of nutritional support on survival, disease-free survival, and complication rates, as well as on the possible prevention of morbidity associated with aggressive chemotherapy-radiation therapy.", "PMID": 109184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8614", "title": "Principles of nutritional therapy.", "content": "Provision of adequate nutrition makes a major contribution toward improvement of clinical, biochemical, cellular, and psychologic status of the cancer patient in the face of the disease process and the side effects of various treatments. The principles of nutrition support include the following: 1) Malnutrition induced by cancer and its treatment adversely affects the patient and complicates further treatment of the disease. 2) Malnutrition is not an obligatory response of the host to cancer. 3) A rational nutritional therapeutic program for a patient requires analysis of the factors inducing depletion in that patient. 4) Every patient should have an early and periodic assessment of nutritional status. 5) Nutrition therapy, when indicated, should be instituted early. 6) The application and effectiveness of therapeutic programs must become part of the medical audit and general clinical procedure for inpatients and outpatients. 7) The objectives of nutritional therapy are: a) supportive, b) adjunctive, and c) definitive. 8) Nutritional status, tumor growth and anti-tumor treatment are intimately related. 9) Nutritional therapy has the potential for difficulties as well as benefits. 10) The provision of optimal nutrition care requires a multidisciplinary approach with physicians, nurses, dietitians, and pharmacists working as a team with adequate laboratory facilities and administrative and financial support.", "contents": "Principles of nutritional therapy. Provision of adequate nutrition makes a major contribution toward improvement of clinical, biochemical, cellular, and psychologic status of the cancer patient in the face of the disease process and the side effects of various treatments. The principles of nutrition support include the following: 1) Malnutrition induced by cancer and its treatment adversely affects the patient and complicates further treatment of the disease. 2) Malnutrition is not an obligatory response of the host to cancer. 3) A rational nutritional therapeutic program for a patient requires analysis of the factors inducing depletion in that patient. 4) Every patient should have an early and periodic assessment of nutritional status. 5) Nutrition therapy, when indicated, should be instituted early. 6) The application and effectiveness of therapeutic programs must become part of the medical audit and general clinical procedure for inpatients and outpatients. 7) The objectives of nutritional therapy are: a) supportive, b) adjunctive, and c) definitive. 8) Nutritional status, tumor growth and anti-tumor treatment are intimately related. 9) Nutritional therapy has the potential for difficulties as well as benefits. 10) The provision of optimal nutrition care requires a multidisciplinary approach with physicians, nurses, dietitians, and pharmacists working as a team with adequate laboratory facilities and administrative and financial support.", "PMID": 109185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8615", "title": "Oral feedings in the cancer patient.", "content": "The importance of maintaining the cancer patient's nutritional status is now recognized as a major part of the medical care. It is necessary for the oncology team to be aware of the psychological and physiological factors that interfere with food acceptance so that the correct food can be offered at the right time in the most palatable form. The oral route is the preferred method of feeding, and nutritional supplements, chosen according to the individual patient's needs, are of great value in assuring an adequate oral intake. Diagnostic tests and therapy are frequent causes of disruption of the meal schedule and the dietary service must be flexible in providing the patient an opportunity to make up for missed meals. Taste disturbance, nausea, vomiting and mucositis caused by therapy may necessitate periods of intravenous hyperalimentation. Food aversions due to therapy can frequently be prevented by avoiding new or unusual foods in the hours before chemotherapy or irradiation. Regular nutrition counseling during clinic visits and/or hospitalization permits diet modification for specific therapeutic needs. The ultimate goal is the prevention of wasting and debilitation due to malnutrition in the cancer patient.", "contents": "Oral feedings in the cancer patient. The importance of maintaining the cancer patient's nutritional status is now recognized as a major part of the medical care. It is necessary for the oncology team to be aware of the psychological and physiological factors that interfere with food acceptance so that the correct food can be offered at the right time in the most palatable form. The oral route is the preferred method of feeding, and nutritional supplements, chosen according to the individual patient's needs, are of great value in assuring an adequate oral intake. Diagnostic tests and therapy are frequent causes of disruption of the meal schedule and the dietary service must be flexible in providing the patient an opportunity to make up for missed meals. Taste disturbance, nausea, vomiting and mucositis caused by therapy may necessitate periods of intravenous hyperalimentation. Food aversions due to therapy can frequently be prevented by avoiding new or unusual foods in the hours before chemotherapy or irradiation. Regular nutrition counseling during clinic visits and/or hospitalization permits diet modification for specific therapeutic needs. The ultimate goal is the prevention of wasting and debilitation due to malnutrition in the cancer patient.", "PMID": 109186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8616", "title": "Nutrition, cancer, and intravenous hyperalimentation.", "content": "In over 1000 cancer patients treated with intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH), tumor growth has not been identified and catheter-related sepsis has been minimal. Studies in rats demonstrated that the host benefits more than the tumor during nutritional repletion, and any stimulation of tumor growth in the rat-tumor model could be manipulated with DNA specific drugs to benefit the host. A study of 65 malnourished cancer patients undergoing oncologic therapy and treated with IVH indicated that much of the immune suppression in these patients was the result of malnutrition coincident with or secondary to oncologic treatment. Conclusions reached in this study were that nutritional repletion resulted in a return of skin test reactivity, proper wound healing in the surgical patient, and possibly an increase in response to chemotherapy. Certainly, the use of IVH allowed specific oncologic therapy to be administered to a group of malnourished patients who otherwise might not have been acceptable candidates for intensive antineoplastic therapy.", "contents": "Nutrition, cancer, and intravenous hyperalimentation. In over 1000 cancer patients treated with intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH), tumor growth has not been identified and catheter-related sepsis has been minimal. Studies in rats demonstrated that the host benefits more than the tumor during nutritional repletion, and any stimulation of tumor growth in the rat-tumor model could be manipulated with DNA specific drugs to benefit the host. A study of 65 malnourished cancer patients undergoing oncologic therapy and treated with IVH indicated that much of the immune suppression in these patients was the result of malnutrition coincident with or secondary to oncologic treatment. Conclusions reached in this study were that nutritional repletion resulted in a return of skin test reactivity, proper wound healing in the surgical patient, and possibly an increase in response to chemotherapy. Certainly, the use of IVH allowed specific oncologic therapy to be administered to a group of malnourished patients who otherwise might not have been acceptable candidates for intensive antineoplastic therapy.", "PMID": 109187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8617", "title": "Parenteral feeding in the management of children with cancer.", "content": "Total parenteral nutrition TPN has been used to treat or prevent malnutrition in 65 children with a variety of solid tumors and leukemia in the past 7 years. TPN was used in 58 patients with gastrointestinal complications of surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation; in 2 patients for preoperative correction of malnutrition; and in 8 who were entered into a prospective study. During TPN, general nutrition and appearance improved in all patients. Weight gain was noted in most. Despite gastrointestinal complications, which usually require the interruption of chemotherapy and radiation, treatment could be continued at full dose in 31 children with nutritional support by TPN. TPN was discontinued in 6 patients when blood cultures became positive. Sepsis was treated successfully by removal of the central venous catheter in all 6 and administration of antibiotics in 3. TPN appears to be safe and effective means of combating malnutrition which may occur with cancer and its therapy.", "contents": "Parenteral feeding in the management of children with cancer. Total parenteral nutrition TPN has been used to treat or prevent malnutrition in 65 children with a variety of solid tumors and leukemia in the past 7 years. TPN was used in 58 patients with gastrointestinal complications of surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation; in 2 patients for preoperative correction of malnutrition; and in 8 who were entered into a prospective study. During TPN, general nutrition and appearance improved in all patients. Weight gain was noted in most. Despite gastrointestinal complications, which usually require the interruption of chemotherapy and radiation, treatment could be continued at full dose in 31 children with nutritional support by TPN. TPN was discontinued in 6 patients when blood cultures became positive. Sepsis was treated successfully by removal of the central venous catheter in all 6 and administration of antibiotics in 3. TPN appears to be safe and effective means of combating malnutrition which may occur with cancer and its therapy.", "PMID": 109188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8618", "title": "Potent tumor-initiating activity of the 3,4-dihydrodiol of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in mouse skin.", "content": "The abilities of the racemic trans-3,4-, 5,6-, and 8,9-dihydrodiols of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to initiate skin tumors in mice were determined by using a two-stage system of tumorigenesis. The 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene trans-3,4-dihydrodiol was found to be much more active as a tumor initiator than the parent hydrocarbon. The 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene trans-5,6- and 8,9-dihydrodiols were essentially inactive as skin tumor initiators. Our results suggest that the 3,4-dihydrodiol of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene is a proximal carcinogen and that the \"bay region\" diol-epoxide may be the ultimate carcinogenic form of DMBA.", "contents": "Potent tumor-initiating activity of the 3,4-dihydrodiol of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in mouse skin. The abilities of the racemic trans-3,4-, 5,6-, and 8,9-dihydrodiols of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to initiate skin tumors in mice were determined by using a two-stage system of tumorigenesis. The 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene trans-3,4-dihydrodiol was found to be much more active as a tumor initiator than the parent hydrocarbon. The 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene trans-5,6- and 8,9-dihydrodiols were essentially inactive as skin tumor initiators. Our results suggest that the 3,4-dihydrodiol of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene is a proximal carcinogen and that the \"bay region\" diol-epoxide may be the ultimate carcinogenic form of DMBA.", "PMID": 109189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8619", "title": "Ozonation of mutagenic and carcinogenic polyaromatic amines and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water.", "content": "The Salmonella-microsome assay for mutagenesis was used to determine the effect of ozone on the mutagenesis of selected carcinogens and mutagens in water. Short periods of ozonation were shown to completely inactivate the mutagenicity of several polyaromatic amine mutagens including acriflavine, proflavine, and beta-naphthylamine. Selected polyaromatic hydrocarbons were also sensitive to ozonation. Kinetic studies revealed that the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene was destroyed after short periods of ozonation. To correlate loss of mutagenicity with loss of carcinogenicity, two polyaromatic hydrocarbons were treated with ozone, extracted from water with hexane, and tested for carcinogenicity in mice. When 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene and 3-methyl-cholanthrene were treated with ozone, there was a substantial reduction in carcinogenicity compared to control groups treated with oxygen alone. However, a small number of tumors developed in the group of animals receiving a hexane extract of ozonated 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. This activity may be due to breakdown products of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene that are not mutagenic.", "contents": "Ozonation of mutagenic and carcinogenic polyaromatic amines and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water. The Salmonella-microsome assay for mutagenesis was used to determine the effect of ozone on the mutagenesis of selected carcinogens and mutagens in water. Short periods of ozonation were shown to completely inactivate the mutagenicity of several polyaromatic amine mutagens including acriflavine, proflavine, and beta-naphthylamine. Selected polyaromatic hydrocarbons were also sensitive to ozonation. Kinetic studies revealed that the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene was destroyed after short periods of ozonation. To correlate loss of mutagenicity with loss of carcinogenicity, two polyaromatic hydrocarbons were treated with ozone, extracted from water with hexane, and tested for carcinogenicity in mice. When 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene and 3-methyl-cholanthrene were treated with ozone, there was a substantial reduction in carcinogenicity compared to control groups treated with oxygen alone. However, a small number of tumors developed in the group of animals receiving a hexane extract of ozonated 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. This activity may be due to breakdown products of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene that are not mutagenic.", "PMID": 109190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8620", "title": "Large animal studies of hyperthermia and irradiation.", "content": "Investigators who have studied hyperthermic response of spontaneous animal tumors have reported complete remission for variable periods of 15 to 38% of tumors treated. Normal tissue complications were minimal. Long-term control appears more likely if irradiation is combined with hyperthermia, but information is lacking to date to confirm this. Dose-response assays of radiation alone have been done which would make comparisons with hyperthermia and radiation more meaningful. Probabilities for increasing tumor control without significantly increasing normal tissue response can be estimated better from such assays. Spontaneous tumors in companion animals have advantages over rodent tumor systems of relatively larger treatment fields;  longer follow-up times are possible, and serial monitoring of a variety of clinical data can be done. Experience of investigators using these tumors has shown that animal owners and referring veterinarians are most cooperative in reasonable, humane approaches to experimental cancer therapy.", "contents": "Large animal studies of hyperthermia and irradiation. Investigators who have studied hyperthermic response of spontaneous animal tumors have reported complete remission for variable periods of 15 to 38% of tumors treated. Normal tissue complications were minimal. Long-term control appears more likely if irradiation is combined with hyperthermia, but information is lacking to date to confirm this. Dose-response assays of radiation alone have been done which would make comparisons with hyperthermia and radiation more meaningful. Probabilities for increasing tumor control without significantly increasing normal tissue response can be estimated better from such assays. Spontaneous tumors in companion animals have advantages over rodent tumor systems of relatively larger treatment fields;  longer follow-up times are possible, and serial monitoring of a variety of clinical data can be done. Experience of investigators using these tumors has shown that animal owners and referring veterinarians are most cooperative in reasonable, humane approaches to experimental cancer therapy.", "PMID": 109191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8621", "title": "Sister chromatid exchange induction resulting from systemic, topical, and systemic-topical presentations of carcinogens.", "content": "Chinese hamster cheek pouch mucosal cells were examined for in vivo sister chromatid exchange formation resulting from the exposure of animals to carcinogens presented in three manners: systemic, topical, and systemic-topical combination. The systemic presentation of cyclophosphamide (5 or 10 mg/kg) through i.p. injection resulted in an increase in sister chromatid exchanges from 4.8 to 9.9 per cell. Topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (0.5% in mineral oil, 0.1 ml) resulted in an increase in the sister chromatid exchange frequency to 11.5/cell, as compared with a value of 5.0/cell in animals treated only with mineral oil. Systemic administration of 8-methoxypsoralen (0.5, 1, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg) through i.p. injection, followed by activation with topical near-ultraviolet light (3.75 x 10(4) ergs/sq mm at 365 nm) resulted in an increase in sister chromatid exchange, reaching 15.4/cell at 5 mg 8-methoxypsoralen per kg. Exposure of animals to 8-methoxypsoralen or near-ultraviolet light alone, but not in combination, did not produce an increase in sister chromatid exchange. Sister chromatid exchange frequencies in cheek pouch cells were also compared with sister chromatid exchange frequencies in marrow cells of identically treated animals to assess the importance of exposure mode and tissue specificity in sister chromatid exchange formation.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchange induction resulting from systemic, topical, and systemic-topical presentations of carcinogens. Chinese hamster cheek pouch mucosal cells were examined for in vivo sister chromatid exchange formation resulting from the exposure of animals to carcinogens presented in three manners: systemic, topical, and systemic-topical combination. The systemic presentation of cyclophosphamide (5 or 10 mg/kg) through i.p. injection resulted in an increase in sister chromatid exchanges from 4.8 to 9.9 per cell. Topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (0.5% in mineral oil, 0.1 ml) resulted in an increase in the sister chromatid exchange frequency to 11.5/cell, as compared with a value of 5.0/cell in animals treated only with mineral oil. Systemic administration of 8-methoxypsoralen (0.5, 1, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg) through i.p. injection, followed by activation with topical near-ultraviolet light (3.75 x 10(4) ergs/sq mm at 365 nm) resulted in an increase in sister chromatid exchange, reaching 15.4/cell at 5 mg 8-methoxypsoralen per kg. Exposure of animals to 8-methoxypsoralen or near-ultraviolet light alone, but not in combination, did not produce an increase in sister chromatid exchange. Sister chromatid exchange frequencies in cheek pouch cells were also compared with sister chromatid exchange frequencies in marrow cells of identically treated animals to assess the importance of exposure mode and tissue specificity in sister chromatid exchange formation.", "PMID": 109193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8622", "title": "Overlapping pathways for repair of damage from ultraviolet light and chemical carcinogens in human fibroblasts.", "content": "DNA excision repair was measured in cultured human fibroblasts after single or dual treatments with ultraviolet radiation, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, or N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Three approaches were used to monitor repair: unscheduled DNA synthesis, measured by autoradiography; repair replication, measured by the incorporation of a density-labeled DNA precursor into repaired regions; and excision of ultraviolet endonuclease-sensitive sites. When a single repair- saturating dose of one of the three carcinogens was administered, little stimulation of unscheduled DNA synthesis or repair replication could be observed by additional treatment with one of the other carcinogens. In no instance was total additivity of repair observed. These observations were confirmed by showing that the excision of endonuclease-sensitive sites produced by ultraviolet damage (i.e., pyrimidine dimers) was inhibited by exposure to 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. The data indicate that the repair of lesions induced by these substances may have common rate-limiting steps, a conclusion previously indicated by the repair deficiency in xeroderma pigmentosum cells in which a single mutation eliminates the repair of damage caused by each of these agents.", "contents": "Overlapping pathways for repair of damage from ultraviolet light and chemical carcinogens in human fibroblasts. DNA excision repair was measured in cultured human fibroblasts after single or dual treatments with ultraviolet radiation, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, or N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Three approaches were used to monitor repair: unscheduled DNA synthesis, measured by autoradiography; repair replication, measured by the incorporation of a density-labeled DNA precursor into repaired regions; and excision of ultraviolet endonuclease-sensitive sites. When a single repair- saturating dose of one of the three carcinogens was administered, little stimulation of unscheduled DNA synthesis or repair replication could be observed by additional treatment with one of the other carcinogens. In no instance was total additivity of repair observed. These observations were confirmed by showing that the excision of endonuclease-sensitive sites produced by ultraviolet damage (i.e., pyrimidine dimers) was inhibited by exposure to 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. The data indicate that the repair of lesions induced by these substances may have common rate-limiting steps, a conclusion previously indicated by the repair deficiency in xeroderma pigmentosum cells in which a single mutation eliminates the repair of damage caused by each of these agents.", "PMID": 109194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8623", "title": "Effects of structural changes on the tumor-promoting activity of phorbol myristate acetate on mouse skin.", "content": "4a alpha-Phorbol-9,9a-didecanoate, 4a alpha-phorbol-9-myristate-9a-acetate, and phorbol-9-myristate-9a-acetate-3-aldehyde were tested for skin tumor-promoting activity by using 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene as the initiating agent. There were 30 female ICR/Ha mice/group, and tests were continued for 434 to 461 days. 4a alpha-Phorbol-9,9a-didecanoate and 4a alpha-phorbol-9-myristate-9a-acetate were devoid of tumor-promoting activity. Phorbol-9-myristate-9a-acetate-3-aldehyde resulted in 10 mice with papillomas, 2 of which also bore squamous carcinomas of the skin. The positive control group, in which phorbol myristate acetate was used as promoting agent, resulted in 30 mice bearing multiple papillomas and 15 bearing squamous carcinomas of the skin. The effects of structural and stereochemical changes on tumor-promoting activity suggest that a primary interaction of the phorbol ester series is binding at specific sites on the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Effects of structural changes on the tumor-promoting activity of phorbol myristate acetate on mouse skin. 4a alpha-Phorbol-9,9a-didecanoate, 4a alpha-phorbol-9-myristate-9a-acetate, and phorbol-9-myristate-9a-acetate-3-aldehyde were tested for skin tumor-promoting activity by using 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene as the initiating agent. There were 30 female ICR/Ha mice/group, and tests were continued for 434 to 461 days. 4a alpha-Phorbol-9,9a-didecanoate and 4a alpha-phorbol-9-myristate-9a-acetate were devoid of tumor-promoting activity. Phorbol-9-myristate-9a-acetate-3-aldehyde resulted in 10 mice with papillomas, 2 of which also bore squamous carcinomas of the skin. The positive control group, in which phorbol myristate acetate was used as promoting agent, resulted in 30 mice bearing multiple papillomas and 15 bearing squamous carcinomas of the skin. The effects of structural and stereochemical changes on tumor-promoting activity suggest that a primary interaction of the phorbol ester series is binding at specific sites on the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 109195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8624", "title": "Variable oral absorption of hexamethylmelamine in man.", "content": "Plasma levels of hexamethylmelamine were measured by a sensitive and specific gas chromatographic assay in 11 patients after they received oral doses ranging from 120 to 300 mg/m2. Peak levels were reached in 0.5--3 hours and ranged from 0.2 to 20.8 micrograms/ml. The area under the curve ranged from 70.2 to 3606.6 micrograms/ml x minute. The half-life of the beta-phase of elimination also showed considerable variability, ranging between 4.66 and 10.2 hours. These parameters were not related to the dose administered. No plasma accumulation of the drug was observed after daily treatment with hexamethylmelamine for 14--21 days.", "contents": "Variable oral absorption of hexamethylmelamine in man. Plasma levels of hexamethylmelamine were measured by a sensitive and specific gas chromatographic assay in 11 patients after they received oral doses ranging from 120 to 300 mg/m2. Peak levels were reached in 0.5--3 hours and ranged from 0.2 to 20.8 micrograms/ml. The area under the curve ranged from 70.2 to 3606.6 micrograms/ml x minute. The half-life of the beta-phase of elimination also showed considerable variability, ranging between 4.66 and 10.2 hours. These parameters were not related to the dose administered. No plasma accumulation of the drug was observed after daily treatment with hexamethylmelamine for 14--21 days.", "PMID": 109196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8625", "title": "Disposition of 5-methyltetrahydrohomofolate in mice, dogs, and monkeys.", "content": "The pharmacologic disposition of [methyl-14C]5-methyltetrahydrohomofolate (MTHHF) has been studied in mice, dogs, and monkeys after parenteral administration of doses of 150 and 1500 mg/m2. Thin-layer chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography were used to separate the parent compound from its products. Following ip injection of MTHHF into mice, serum levels rose to a maximum within 1 hour and decreased with a half-life of about 50 minutes. The liver, kidneys, and small intestine of mice contained concentrations of MTHHF greater than that of serum. For dogs and monkeys given an iv injection of MTHHF, serum levels declined in three phases. The third phase was probably associated primarily with loss of the drug from the liver and intestine, where relatively large amounts were retained. Within 24 hours after administration of MTHHF, the percent recovery in the urine was 69% for mice, 78% for dogs, and 50%--60% for monkeys. For mice and dogs an additional 2%--17% was recovered in the feces within 24 hours. Over a period of 3 days after injection with the high dose in a monkey, 24% of the dose was present in the feces. For all three species, 90%--99% of the radioactivity in the serum, urine, and feces was unchanged MTHHF, indicating that very little metabolism or decomposition had occurred. Less than 0.3% of the dose was recovered from monkeys as radioactive CO2.", "contents": "Disposition of 5-methyltetrahydrohomofolate in mice, dogs, and monkeys. The pharmacologic disposition of [methyl-14C]5-methyltetrahydrohomofolate (MTHHF) has been studied in mice, dogs, and monkeys after parenteral administration of doses of 150 and 1500 mg/m2. Thin-layer chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography were used to separate the parent compound from its products. Following ip injection of MTHHF into mice, serum levels rose to a maximum within 1 hour and decreased with a half-life of about 50 minutes. The liver, kidneys, and small intestine of mice contained concentrations of MTHHF greater than that of serum. For dogs and monkeys given an iv injection of MTHHF, serum levels declined in three phases. The third phase was probably associated primarily with loss of the drug from the liver and intestine, where relatively large amounts were retained. Within 24 hours after administration of MTHHF, the percent recovery in the urine was 69% for mice, 78% for dogs, and 50%--60% for monkeys. For mice and dogs an additional 2%--17% was recovered in the feces within 24 hours. Over a period of 3 days after injection with the high dose in a monkey, 24% of the dose was present in the feces. For all three species, 90%--99% of the radioactivity in the serum, urine, and feces was unchanged MTHHF, indicating that very little metabolism or decomposition had occurred. Less than 0.3% of the dose was recovered from monkeys as radioactive CO2.", "PMID": 109197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8626", "title": "The Princess Margaret Hospital study of ovarian cancer: stages I, II, and asymptomatic III presentations.", "content": "An analysis of 231 patients with stages I, II, and asymptomatic III ovarian cancer, studied in a prospective randomized-stratified trial, is presented. None of the stage IA patients with well-differentiated tumors have had disease relapses; one fourth of the patients with poorly differentiated tumors have had disease relapses throughout the peritoneal cavity. There is therefore little justification for pelvic radiation alone as postoperative therapy for stage IA ovarian carcinoma. For stage IB, II, and asymptomatic III presentations, patients with an incomplete initial pelvic operation had poor survival characteristics with all tested therapies. For patients in whom the operation was completed, abdominopelvic radiation was superior to pelvic radiation alone or followed by chlorambucil, with respect to long-term survival and control of abdominal disease. The effectiveness of abdominopelvic radiation was independent of stage or histology. The value of abdominopelvic radiation was most strikingly seen in patients with no visible residual tumor.", "contents": "The Princess Margaret Hospital study of ovarian cancer: stages I, II, and asymptomatic III presentations. An analysis of 231 patients with stages I, II, and asymptomatic III ovarian cancer, studied in a prospective randomized-stratified trial, is presented. None of the stage IA patients with well-differentiated tumors have had disease relapses; one fourth of the patients with poorly differentiated tumors have had disease relapses throughout the peritoneal cavity. There is therefore little justification for pelvic radiation alone as postoperative therapy for stage IA ovarian carcinoma. For stage IB, II, and asymptomatic III presentations, patients with an incomplete initial pelvic operation had poor survival characteristics with all tested therapies. For patients in whom the operation was completed, abdominopelvic radiation was superior to pelvic radiation alone or followed by chlorambucil, with respect to long-term survival and control of abdominal disease. The effectiveness of abdominopelvic radiation was independent of stage or histology. The value of abdominopelvic radiation was most strikingly seen in patients with no visible residual tumor.", "PMID": 109198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8627", "title": "Histologic grade in advanced ovarian cancer.", "content": "The histologic grade of epithelial ovarian tumors was found to be a major prognostic factor for survival in patients with advanced (stage III-IV) disease. In addition, a grading system based on cytologic detail (modified Broders' grades I-IV) identified groups with a differential response to chemotherapy. The overall improvement in survival observed with combination chemotherapy was related primarily to an increased survival of patients with grade II and III lesions. Although the survival of patients with grade I lesions was markedly better than for patients with grade IV lesions, in neither case was it influenced by the choice of single-agent or combination chemotherapy. In prospective clinical trials in advanced disease, modified Broders' grades should be included as a separate stratification factor.", "contents": "Histologic grade in advanced ovarian cancer. The histologic grade of epithelial ovarian tumors was found to be a major prognostic factor for survival in patients with advanced (stage III-IV) disease. In addition, a grading system based on cytologic detail (modified Broders' grades I-IV) identified groups with a differential response to chemotherapy. The overall improvement in survival observed with combination chemotherapy was related primarily to an increased survival of patients with grade II and III lesions. Although the survival of patients with grade I lesions was markedly better than for patients with grade IV lesions, in neither case was it influenced by the choice of single-agent or combination chemotherapy. In prospective clinical trials in advanced disease, modified Broders' grades should be included as a separate stratification factor.", "PMID": 109199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8628", "title": "Combination chemotherapy for alkylator-resistant ovarian carcinoma: a preliminary report of a Southwest Oncology Group trial.", "content": "The Southwest Oncology Group has carried out a phase III study of combination chemotherapy in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer who had become resistant to prior drug treatment. Patients previously treated with only alkylating agents were given adriamycin-5-fluorouracil-hexamethylmelamine-cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) combination. There have been 12 partial and two complete responses among 29 evaluable patients (at least one full treatment course) entered in this four-drug combination, for a 48% response rate. Two (7%) additional patients showed objective improvement. The median duration of response was 5.8 months. Ten (34%) of 29 patients have died. The median duration of survival was 12+ months. Patients who had previously received adriamycin plus alkylating agent therapy were treated with 5-fluorouracil-hexamethylmelamine-cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). Only 23 (31%) of these 74 patients have had partial responses while an additional 7% have had objective \"improvement\"; 27 (36%) of these patients have died. The median duration of survival was 14 months. Both drug regimens were well-tolerated. There were no drug-related deaths. Although thrombocytopenia was dose-limiting in up to 40% of the patients, the mean lowest platelet counts in the four- and three-drug regimens were 116,000 and 123,000/mm3, respectively. There were no cases of serious azotemia (ie, BUN level greater than 40 mg/100 ml) or severe peripheral neuropathy.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy for alkylator-resistant ovarian carcinoma: a preliminary report of a Southwest Oncology Group trial. The Southwest Oncology Group has carried out a phase III study of combination chemotherapy in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer who had become resistant to prior drug treatment. Patients previously treated with only alkylating agents were given adriamycin-5-fluorouracil-hexamethylmelamine-cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) combination. There have been 12 partial and two complete responses among 29 evaluable patients (at least one full treatment course) entered in this four-drug combination, for a 48% response rate. Two (7%) additional patients showed objective improvement. The median duration of response was 5.8 months. Ten (34%) of 29 patients have died. The median duration of survival was 12+ months. Patients who had previously received adriamycin plus alkylating agent therapy were treated with 5-fluorouracil-hexamethylmelamine-cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). Only 23 (31%) of these 74 patients have had partial responses while an additional 7% have had objective \"improvement\"; 27 (36%) of these patients have died. The median duration of survival was 14 months. Both drug regimens were well-tolerated. There were no drug-related deaths. Although thrombocytopenia was dose-limiting in up to 40% of the patients, the mean lowest platelet counts in the four- and three-drug regimens were 116,000 and 123,000/mm3, respectively. There were no cases of serious azotemia (ie, BUN level greater than 40 mg/100 ml) or severe peripheral neuropathy.", "PMID": 109200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8629", "title": "Phase II trial of cyclophosphamide, hexamethylmelamine, adriamycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) combination chemotherapy in advanced ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "A monthly four-drug regimen of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), each given iv of Day 1, and hexamethylmelamine, given orally on Days 1--14 (CHAP), was administered to 39 women with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma who had previously failed alkylating agent therapy. Of 35 evaluable patients with a measurable disease parameter, seven (20%) achieved a clinical complete response and ten (29%) achieved a clinical partial response. The median duration of complete response is greater than 9 months and the median duration of partial response is 4 months. Ninety percent of the patients required dose adjustments because of profound leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or gastrointestinal intolerance. CHAP is an active but toxic regimen in the management of advanced ovarian cancer. The toxicity encountered reflected the intensity of the drug schedule as well as the combined influences of advanced stage of disease, poor nutritional and performance status, and prior therapy. The efficacy of this CHAP regimen warrants a controlled trial compared to other active drug programs.", "contents": "Phase II trial of cyclophosphamide, hexamethylmelamine, adriamycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) combination chemotherapy in advanced ovarian carcinoma. A monthly four-drug regimen of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), each given iv of Day 1, and hexamethylmelamine, given orally on Days 1--14 (CHAP), was administered to 39 women with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma who had previously failed alkylating agent therapy. Of 35 evaluable patients with a measurable disease parameter, seven (20%) achieved a clinical complete response and ten (29%) achieved a clinical partial response. The median duration of complete response is greater than 9 months and the median duration of partial response is 4 months. Ninety percent of the patients required dose adjustments because of profound leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or gastrointestinal intolerance. CHAP is an active but toxic regimen in the management of advanced ovarian cancer. The toxicity encountered reflected the intensity of the drug schedule as well as the combined influences of advanced stage of disease, poor nutritional and performance status, and prior therapy. The efficacy of this CHAP regimen warrants a controlled trial compared to other active drug programs.", "PMID": 109201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8630", "title": "The CHAD and HAD regimens in advanced ovarian cancer: combination chemotherapy including cyclophosphamide, hexamethylmelamine, adriamycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II).", "content": "Combination chemotherapy consisting of hexamethylmelamine, adriamycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was given to 27 patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer whose disease had progressed while receiving therapy including alkylating agents. Eighteen patients (67%) had objective partial or complete remissions for a projected median duration of 7 months. Based on this high level of activity in this poor-risk group, the three drugs were combined with cyclophosphamide in a four-drug regimen (CHAD) for initial therapy suitable for outpatient administration. Nineteen of 21 evaluable patients (90.4%) receiving CHAD responded. Complete clinical remissions were noted in ten patients (47.6%) and were confirmed at \"second-look\" laparotomy in two of these. An additional five patients without evaluable disease after initial surgery are free from relapse at 4--15 months. Toxicity was only moderately severe; 28% of the patients had wbc counts less than 2000/microliters at some point. Nephrotoxicity from cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was almost completely prevented by a 2-hour outpatient regimen of hydration and diuresis. A prospective randomized trial is planned comparing CHAD to melphalan in previously untreated women with advanced ovarian cancer.", "contents": "The CHAD and HAD regimens in advanced ovarian cancer: combination chemotherapy including cyclophosphamide, hexamethylmelamine, adriamycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). Combination chemotherapy consisting of hexamethylmelamine, adriamycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was given to 27 patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer whose disease had progressed while receiving therapy including alkylating agents. Eighteen patients (67%) had objective partial or complete remissions for a projected median duration of 7 months. Based on this high level of activity in this poor-risk group, the three drugs were combined with cyclophosphamide in a four-drug regimen (CHAD) for initial therapy suitable for outpatient administration. Nineteen of 21 evaluable patients (90.4%) receiving CHAD responded. Complete clinical remissions were noted in ten patients (47.6%) and were confirmed at \"second-look\" laparotomy in two of these. An additional five patients without evaluable disease after initial surgery are free from relapse at 4--15 months. Toxicity was only moderately severe; 28% of the patients had wbc counts less than 2000/microliters at some point. Nephrotoxicity from cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was almost completely prevented by a 2-hour outpatient regimen of hydration and diuresis. A prospective randomized trial is planned comparing CHAD to melphalan in previously untreated women with advanced ovarian cancer.", "PMID": 109202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8631", "title": "Once weekly total-skin electron-beam therapy for mycosis fungoides: 7 years' experience.", "content": "A total of 115 patients with mycosis fungoides were given total-skin electron-beam therapy (TSEB), utilizing 3.5-mev electrons at doses of 400 rads to the entire skin surface once a week for 6--8 consecutive weeks. Prompt relief of symptoms and regression of lesions were observed in all patients. Of the 81 patients at risk for 12--91 months (median, 24 months) following TSEB, initial unmaintained remission lasted 6--69 months (median, 19 months). No untoward immediate or late effects have been noted in the bone marrow or normal skin which was irradiated. The duration of remission following TSEB correlated well with lymphocyte responsiveness to various mitogens and antigens, but not with the initial response. Thymic hormone factor levels (Facteur Thymic Serique) were elevated in the majority of these patients with mycosis fungoides.", "contents": "Once weekly total-skin electron-beam therapy for mycosis fungoides: 7 years' experience. A total of 115 patients with mycosis fungoides were given total-skin electron-beam therapy (TSEB), utilizing 3.5-mev electrons at doses of 400 rads to the entire skin surface once a week for 6--8 consecutive weeks. Prompt relief of symptoms and regression of lesions were observed in all patients. Of the 81 patients at risk for 12--91 months (median, 24 months) following TSEB, initial unmaintained remission lasted 6--69 months (median, 19 months). No untoward immediate or late effects have been noted in the bone marrow or normal skin which was irradiated. The duration of remission following TSEB correlated well with lymphocyte responsiveness to various mitogens and antigens, but not with the initial response. Thymic hormone factor levels (Facteur Thymic Serique) were elevated in the majority of these patients with mycosis fungoides.", "PMID": 109203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8632", "title": "Mycosis fungoides: electron beam therapy in England.", "content": "Since 1962, total-skin electron-beam therapy has been available in London, England, for the treatment of patients with mycosis fungoides and skin lymphomas. The 6-mev linear accelerator produces a pencil beam of electrons at 7 mev, which are scattered through a brass scatterer and decelerated by either of two carbon decelerators or a copper decelerator to produce a beam of effective energy of 2.5, 3, or 3.5 mev; these beams have an 80% isodose distribution at 5.5, 8, and 11.5 mm, respectively. The patient receives 200 rads to the anterior, posterior, and right and left lateral fields, for a total dose of between 1600 and 2600 ras in ten treatments over 5--7 weeks. Complete clearing of the disease can be predicted in all patients except those with the most advanced tumors. However, the duration of remission after electron-beam therapy is approximately 18 months and we are presently investigating the combination of psoralens and ultraviolet light therapy as maintenance treatment following lower-dose electron-beam therapy.", "contents": "Mycosis fungoides: electron beam therapy in England. Since 1962, total-skin electron-beam therapy has been available in London, England, for the treatment of patients with mycosis fungoides and skin lymphomas. The 6-mev linear accelerator produces a pencil beam of electrons at 7 mev, which are scattered through a brass scatterer and decelerated by either of two carbon decelerators or a copper decelerator to produce a beam of effective energy of 2.5, 3, or 3.5 mev; these beams have an 80% isodose distribution at 5.5, 8, and 11.5 mm, respectively. The patient receives 200 rads to the anterior, posterior, and right and left lateral fields, for a total dose of between 1600 and 2600 ras in ten treatments over 5--7 weeks. Complete clearing of the disease can be predicted in all patients except those with the most advanced tumors. However, the duration of remission after electron-beam therapy is approximately 18 months and we are presently investigating the combination of psoralens and ultraviolet light therapy as maintenance treatment following lower-dose electron-beam therapy.", "PMID": 109204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8633", "title": "Combined therapy for patients with mycosis fungoides.", "content": "In a comprehensive mycosis fungoides program, 60 patients have been seen with a pathologic diagnosis of this disease. Forty-four patients with advanced disease were referred for radiation therapy. Three treatment techniques were identified in which 14 patients were treated with localized fields using electrons or whole-body electron-beam therapy with doses of less than 3000 rads, 21 patients were treated using the Stanford technique with tissue doses of between 3000 and 4000 rads, and nine patients were treated with six cycles of mechlorethamine, vincristine, prednisone, and procarbazine or cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and procarbazine following the electron-beam therapy. The actuarial survival rate was 45% at 1 year for the 14 patients with localized electron-beam therapy, whereas  the actuarial survival rates were 83% for patients treated with whole-body electron-beam therapy and 100% for patients treated with whole-body electron-beam therapy followed by four-drug chemotherapy. The recurrence-free interval for these three groups correlates with these observations. A central nervous system recurrence has been observed in the combined-therapy group.", "contents": "Combined therapy for patients with mycosis fungoides. In a comprehensive mycosis fungoides program, 60 patients have been seen with a pathologic diagnosis of this disease. Forty-four patients with advanced disease were referred for radiation therapy. Three treatment techniques were identified in which 14 patients were treated with localized fields using electrons or whole-body electron-beam therapy with doses of less than 3000 rads, 21 patients were treated using the Stanford technique with tissue doses of between 3000 and 4000 rads, and nine patients were treated with six cycles of mechlorethamine, vincristine, prednisone, and procarbazine or cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and procarbazine following the electron-beam therapy. The actuarial survival rate was 45% at 1 year for the 14 patients with localized electron-beam therapy, whereas  the actuarial survival rates were 83% for patients treated with whole-body electron-beam therapy and 100% for patients treated with whole-body electron-beam therapy followed by four-drug chemotherapy. The recurrence-free interval for these three groups correlates with these observations. A central nervous system recurrence has been observed in the combined-therapy group.", "PMID": 109205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8634", "title": "A 10-year experience with topical mechlorethamine for mycosis fungoides: comparison with patients treated by total-skin electron-beam radiation therapy.", "content": "A group of 243 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) received treatment with topical applications of dilute aqueous solutions of mechlorethamine and/or systemic chemotherapy over the past 10 years. The likelihood of a complete and relapse-free remission and survival was found to correlate inversely to the magnitude of disease as denoted by a simple staging system. Although disease-free intervals of greater than 3 years have occurred thus far in 32 (13%) patients, the permanency of these remissions and the curability of disease remain uncertain because of the variability of disease progression characteristic of MF. Comparison of treatment results with those published on a large group of patients treated with total-skin electron-beam radiation therapy indicates that the chemotherapeutic approach to the treatment of MF is equally effective in promoting survival.", "contents": "A 10-year experience with topical mechlorethamine for mycosis fungoides: comparison with patients treated by total-skin electron-beam radiation therapy. A group of 243 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) received treatment with topical applications of dilute aqueous solutions of mechlorethamine and/or systemic chemotherapy over the past 10 years. The likelihood of a complete and relapse-free remission and survival was found to correlate inversely to the magnitude of disease as denoted by a simple staging system. Although disease-free intervals of greater than 3 years have occurred thus far in 32 (13%) patients, the permanency of these remissions and the curability of disease remain uncertain because of the variability of disease progression characteristic of MF. Comparison of treatment results with those published on a large group of patients treated with total-skin electron-beam radiation therapy indicates that the chemotherapeutic approach to the treatment of MF is equally effective in promoting survival.", "PMID": 109206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8635", "title": "Electron-beam therapy for mycosis fungoides: the Stanford University experience.", "content": "The use of high-dose electron-beam therapy for mycosis fungoides at Stanford University is reviewed. Since 1966, 140 patients have been treated in this fashion. Their clinical characteristics including initial extent of disease are reviewed. The results of routine staging studies are examined. Eighty-four percent of the patients achieved an initial complete remission; this was inversely related to the initial extent of skin involvement. The overall survival rate was 46% at 10 years with the major prognostic factor being the initial extent of skin involvement. Other factors which had an influence on the patient's progrnosis included the presence of palpable adenopathy, the patient's age, the achieving of an initial complete remission, the initial dose of electron-beam therapy, and the treatment with adjuvant topical mechlorethamine. The development of a rationale for the treatment of patients with all stages of mycosis fungoides based upon these clincal observations is discussed.", "contents": "Electron-beam therapy for mycosis fungoides: the Stanford University experience. The use of high-dose electron-beam therapy for mycosis fungoides at Stanford University is reviewed. Since 1966, 140 patients have been treated in this fashion. Their clinical characteristics including initial extent of disease are reviewed. The results of routine staging studies are examined. Eighty-four percent of the patients achieved an initial complete remission; this was inversely related to the initial extent of skin involvement. The overall survival rate was 46% at 10 years with the major prognostic factor being the initial extent of skin involvement. Other factors which had an influence on the patient's progrnosis included the presence of palpable adenopathy, the patient's age, the achieving of an initial complete remission, the initial dose of electron-beam therapy, and the treatment with adjuvant topical mechlorethamine. The development of a rationale for the treatment of patients with all stages of mycosis fungoides based upon these clincal observations is discussed.", "PMID": 109207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8636", "title": "[Desmodonte renewal in baboons (Papio papio)].", "content": "Turnover of desmodontal ligament is analysed in the Baboon using labeling, biochemical and histological techniques. In Baboons, as previously observed in rodents, turnover of proteins labelled by 3H glycine may be described by a single exponential after the ninth day, the half life of which is more than two weeks. Biochemical data show that proteins renewed are mostly collagen.", "contents": "[Desmodonte renewal in baboons (Papio papio)]. Turnover of desmodontal ligament is analysed in the Baboon using labeling, biochemical and histological techniques. In Baboons, as previously observed in rodents, turnover of proteins labelled by 3H glycine may be described by a single exponential after the ninth day, the half life of which is more than two weeks. Biochemical data show that proteins renewed are mostly collagen.", "PMID": 109222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8637", "title": "[Visually guided movement in the cat: difference in the effects of a bilateral lesion of the thalamic nucleus ventralis lateralis performed either before or after training].", "content": "Bilat\u00e9ral lesions of the thalamic nucleus ventralis lateralis were performed in cats, either after [1] or before [2] training to reach a moving target with the forepaw. In situation [1], lesions were ineffective; in situation [2] the animal never reached normal scores. VL thus seems to be essential only in the acquisition phase of the tested visuomotor performance.", "contents": "[Visually guided movement in the cat: difference in the effects of a bilateral lesion of the thalamic nucleus ventralis lateralis performed either before or after training]. Bilat\u00e9ral lesions of the thalamic nucleus ventralis lateralis were performed in cats, either after [1] or before [2] training to reach a moving target with the forepaw. In situation [1], lesions were ineffective; in situation [2] the animal never reached normal scores. VL thus seems to be essential only in the acquisition phase of the tested visuomotor performance.", "PMID": 109223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8638", "title": "[Interaction of glucocorticosteroids with glucagon in the control of argininosuccinase activity in the fetal rat liver].", "content": "Exogenous glucagon, but not glucocorticosteroids cause a rise in argininosuccinase activity in the liver of 21.5 day old fetuses. When fetuses are deprived of glucocorticosteroids, glucagon is unable to promote the enzymic activity. This study indicates that glucocorticosteroids are required for the induction of the argininosuccinase activity by glucagon.", "contents": "[Interaction of glucocorticosteroids with glucagon in the control of argininosuccinase activity in the fetal rat liver]. Exogenous glucagon, but not glucocorticosteroids cause a rise in argininosuccinase activity in the liver of 21.5 day old fetuses. When fetuses are deprived of glucocorticosteroids, glucagon is unable to promote the enzymic activity. This study indicates that glucocorticosteroids are required for the induction of the argininosuccinase activity by glucagon.", "PMID": 109224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8639", "title": "[Evidence of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 6 alpha, 17 beta-triol and of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 17 beta-triol in the anterior pituitary of the prepuberal male rate].", "content": "Incubation of 3H-5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol with anterior pituitaries from immature male Rats led to the major production of polar radio-metabolites. Of these, 53 and 27% were identified with 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 6 alpha, 17 beta-triol and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 17 beta-triol, respectively. The formation of these trihydroxysteroids may be involved in the intracellular regulation of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol levels.", "contents": "[Evidence of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 6 alpha, 17 beta-triol and of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 17 beta-triol in the anterior pituitary of the prepuberal male rate]. Incubation of 3H-5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol with anterior pituitaries from immature male Rats led to the major production of polar radio-metabolites. Of these, 53 and 27% were identified with 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 6 alpha, 17 beta-triol and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 17 beta-triol, respectively. The formation of these trihydroxysteroids may be involved in the intracellular regulation of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol levels.", "PMID": 109225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8640", "title": "[Is the process of localized lysosomal exocytosis responsible for the cytolytic action of killer T-lymphocytes?].", "content": "In this paper, we formulate the hypothesis that in the process of target cell lysis a lysosomal enzyme regurgitation, performed by killer cells at the level of the target effector junction, accounts for the target lesion which precedes the lysis (lethal hit). This process of exocytosis, similar to the one described previously in polymorphonuclear neutrophils is supported by cytological studies performed directly on identified killers isolated by micromanipulation. Light and electron microscopy observations confirm a previous report which describes the effector cells rich in lysosomal bodies. In addition, when a killer cell is associated with a target cell to form a conjugate, lysosomes are concentrated near the cell junction and, after incubation at 37 degrees C, acid phosphatases may be detected at the junction. Lysosomal enzyme exocytosis explains why target lysis needs an effector target binding to occur and also the other conditions required for any exocytosis process such as Ca++ in the medium, integrity of the microtubular apparatus, a low level of cyclic AMP and energy dependancy.", "contents": "[Is the process of localized lysosomal exocytosis responsible for the cytolytic action of killer T-lymphocytes?]. In this paper, we formulate the hypothesis that in the process of target cell lysis a lysosomal enzyme regurgitation, performed by killer cells at the level of the target effector junction, accounts for the target lesion which precedes the lysis (lethal hit). This process of exocytosis, similar to the one described previously in polymorphonuclear neutrophils is supported by cytological studies performed directly on identified killers isolated by micromanipulation. Light and electron microscopy observations confirm a previous report which describes the effector cells rich in lysosomal bodies. In addition, when a killer cell is associated with a target cell to form a conjugate, lysosomes are concentrated near the cell junction and, after incubation at 37 degrees C, acid phosphatases may be detected at the junction. Lysosomal enzyme exocytosis explains why target lysis needs an effector target binding to occur and also the other conditions required for any exocytosis process such as Ca++ in the medium, integrity of the microtubular apparatus, a low level of cyclic AMP and energy dependancy.", "PMID": 109226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8641", "title": "[Effects of C1-C8 n-alcohols on the growth of 3T3 mouse fibroblasts].", "content": "The effect of C1-C8 n-alcohols on 3T3 cell growth is studied using flow cytofluorometry. Methanol and ethanol markedly lengthen either the duration of G1, or that of G2+ M when present in relatively higher doses. The effect of longer chains is always to increase G2+M significantly. This may be due to deviations depending on alcoholic chain length in membrane lipid fluidity.", "contents": "[Effects of C1-C8 n-alcohols on the growth of 3T3 mouse fibroblasts]. The effect of C1-C8 n-alcohols on 3T3 cell growth is studied using flow cytofluorometry. Methanol and ethanol markedly lengthen either the duration of G1, or that of G2+ M when present in relatively higher doses. The effect of longer chains is always to increase G2+M significantly. This may be due to deviations depending on alcoholic chain length in membrane lipid fluidity.", "PMID": 109227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8642", "title": "[Evidence of abnormalities in net sodium and potassium fluxes in erythrocytes of patients with essential hypertension].", "content": "A new and simple laboratory test for measuring net Na+ and K+ fluxes in Na+-loaded/K+-depleted human erythrocytes was developed and applied to hypertension. Moderate essential hypertension was characterized by a constant increase in net K+ influx; more severe cases showed a drop in net Na+ efflux. Na+ and K+ erythrocyte fluxes were found to be normal in hypertension of renal origin.", "contents": "[Evidence of abnormalities in net sodium and potassium fluxes in erythrocytes of patients with essential hypertension]. A new and simple laboratory test for measuring net Na+ and K+ fluxes in Na+-loaded/K+-depleted human erythrocytes was developed and applied to hypertension. Moderate essential hypertension was characterized by a constant increase in net K+ influx; more severe cases showed a drop in net Na+ efflux. Na+ and K+ erythrocyte fluxes were found to be normal in hypertension of renal origin.", "PMID": 109228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8643", "title": "Hypertension following denervation of aortic baroreceptors in unanesthetized dogs.", "content": "After cervical aortic nerve section, mean arterial pressure in the unanesthetized dog increased by an average of 7.4 mm Hg. Following a more extensive denervation of aortic arch receptors by section of intrathoracic vagal branches, arterial pressure increased by 16.7 mm Hg. The above changes were seen in the stable state after the effects of surgery had disappeared. In both cases carotid baroreceptors were functional. After administration of nitroglycerin and phenylephrine subsequent to either denervation procedure, blood pressure changes were larger and heart rate responses were smaller than in the control state. The unanesthetized dog regulates mean arterial pressure at a higher-than-normal pressure after aortic baroreceptor denervation. Reflexes from the aortic baroreceptors continuously participate in the normal control of mean arterial pressure. Section of the cervical aortic nerves only partially denervates aortic baroreceptors. Our findings may be relevant to human essential hypertension.", "contents": "Hypertension following denervation of aortic baroreceptors in unanesthetized dogs. After cervical aortic nerve section, mean arterial pressure in the unanesthetized dog increased by an average of 7.4 mm Hg. Following a more extensive denervation of aortic arch receptors by section of intrathoracic vagal branches, arterial pressure increased by 16.7 mm Hg. The above changes were seen in the stable state after the effects of surgery had disappeared. In both cases carotid baroreceptors were functional. After administration of nitroglycerin and phenylephrine subsequent to either denervation procedure, blood pressure changes were larger and heart rate responses were smaller than in the control state. The unanesthetized dog regulates mean arterial pressure at a higher-than-normal pressure after aortic baroreceptor denervation. Reflexes from the aortic baroreceptors continuously participate in the normal control of mean arterial pressure. Section of the cervical aortic nerves only partially denervates aortic baroreceptors. Our findings may be relevant to human essential hypertension.", "PMID": 109230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8644", "title": "Neither dorsal root nor baroreceptor afferents are necessary for eliciting the renal responses to acute intravascular volume expansion in the primate Macaca fascicularis.", "content": "We determined the contribution of the dorsal roots, vagi, and sino-aortic nerves to the renal responses to acute isotonic, isooncotic intravascular volume expansion in the nonhuman primate, Macaca fascicularis. Expansion of the estimated blood volume by 15% produced a significant natriuresis and diuresis. There was no significant difference between the time to peak response for either. Neither dorsal rhizotomy (C6-T7) nor vagotomy and sino-aortic denervation had a significant effect on these responses. We conclude that these pathways are not necessary for eliciting the renal responses to hypervolemia in the nonhuman primate.", "contents": "Neither dorsal root nor baroreceptor afferents are necessary for eliciting the renal responses to acute intravascular volume expansion in the primate Macaca fascicularis. We determined the contribution of the dorsal roots, vagi, and sino-aortic nerves to the renal responses to acute isotonic, isooncotic intravascular volume expansion in the nonhuman primate, Macaca fascicularis. Expansion of the estimated blood volume by 15% produced a significant natriuresis and diuresis. There was no significant difference between the time to peak response for either. Neither dorsal rhizotomy (C6-T7) nor vagotomy and sino-aortic denervation had a significant effect on these responses. We conclude that these pathways are not necessary for eliciting the renal responses to hypervolemia in the nonhuman primate.", "PMID": 109231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8645", "title": "Specific antibody to hog renal renin and its application to the direct radioimmunoassay of renin in various organs.", "content": "We produced anti-hog renin antibodies using as antigens pure hog renal renin that either had been insolubilized or conjugated to tetanus toxoid. High titer antibodies were obtained, which demonstrated different cross-reactivity with renins from other species. A direct radioimmunoassay for renin was developed using antibody, monoiodinated 125I-hog renin, and various methods for separating free and antibody-bound trace. This assay was capable of detecting 40 pg of hog renin and was applied to the determination of renin in hog blood and other organs. Based on the direct measurement of renin by this radioimmunoassay, the renin-like activity (i.e., the ability to generate angiotensin I from renin substrate preparations) of the pituitary gland was found to be due mostly to true renin, whereas the renin activity of other hog tissues, including the adrenal gland, liver, lung, spleen, and submaxillary gland, was not identified as renin and may have been due to cathepsins.", "contents": "Specific antibody to hog renal renin and its application to the direct radioimmunoassay of renin in various organs. We produced anti-hog renin antibodies using as antigens pure hog renal renin that either had been insolubilized or conjugated to tetanus toxoid. High titer antibodies were obtained, which demonstrated different cross-reactivity with renins from other species. A direct radioimmunoassay for renin was developed using antibody, monoiodinated 125I-hog renin, and various methods for separating free and antibody-bound trace. This assay was capable of detecting 40 pg of hog renin and was applied to the determination of renin in hog blood and other organs. Based on the direct measurement of renin by this radioimmunoassay, the renin-like activity (i.e., the ability to generate angiotensin I from renin substrate preparations) of the pituitary gland was found to be due mostly to true renin, whereas the renin activity of other hog tissues, including the adrenal gland, liver, lung, spleen, and submaxillary gland, was not identified as renin and may have been due to cathepsins.", "PMID": 109232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8646", "title": "Effect of acute ischemia, nitroglycerin and nitroprusside on regional myocardial thickening, stress and perfusion. Experimental echocardiographic studies.", "content": "The purposes of this study were to demonstrate that echocardiography can be used to demonstrate the systolic wall thinning of acutely ischemic myocardium, and to compare the effects of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside on systolic thinning, wall stress and perfusion of ischemic myocardium. In 37 dogs, the ratio of end-systolic-to-end-diastolic posterior wall thickness fell from 1.30 +/- 0.02 to 0.88 +/- 0.01 ((p less than 0.001) after circumflex coronary occlusion; perfusion of the area supplied by the occluded artery fell from 98.2 +/- 7.5 ml/100 g/min to 36.5 +/- 2.9 ml/100 g/min (p less than 0.001). Nitroglycerin and nitroprusside were given to lower mean arterial pressure by 7% and 15%. Despite the reduction in coronary perfusion pressure, transmural perfusion, endocardial/epicardial perfusion ratio and systolic thinning remained constant. Both drugs reduced the ischemic \"wall stress index\" (ventricular pressure x ventricular diameter/wall thickness) by almost 50%. Thus, both nitroglycerin and nitroprusside were equally beneficial in this model of acute myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Effect of acute ischemia, nitroglycerin and nitroprusside on regional myocardial thickening, stress and perfusion. Experimental echocardiographic studies. The purposes of this study were to demonstrate that echocardiography can be used to demonstrate the systolic wall thinning of acutely ischemic myocardium, and to compare the effects of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside on systolic thinning, wall stress and perfusion of ischemic myocardium. In 37 dogs, the ratio of end-systolic-to-end-diastolic posterior wall thickness fell from 1.30 +/- 0.02 to 0.88 +/- 0.01 ((p less than 0.001) after circumflex coronary occlusion; perfusion of the area supplied by the occluded artery fell from 98.2 +/- 7.5 ml/100 g/min to 36.5 +/- 2.9 ml/100 g/min (p less than 0.001). Nitroglycerin and nitroprusside were given to lower mean arterial pressure by 7% and 15%. Despite the reduction in coronary perfusion pressure, transmural perfusion, endocardial/epicardial perfusion ratio and systolic thinning remained constant. Both drugs reduced the ischemic \"wall stress index\" (ventricular pressure x ventricular diameter/wall thickness) by almost 50%. Thus, both nitroglycerin and nitroprusside were equally beneficial in this model of acute myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 109233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8647", "title": "IgE and IgG4 subclass in atopic families.", "content": "Raised levels of IgG4 were present in twelve (35%) of thirty-four asthmatic children and raised levels of IgE in twenty-three (68%). Eighteen of 104 first degree relatives also had raised levels of IgG4, thirteen had no history of atopic disease and nine failed to give positive skin reactions to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or to mixed grass pollens. Fifteen relatives had raised IgE, five without symptoms. No relationship was noted between either raised levels of IgE or IgG4 and infant feeding. Although these immunoglobulin patterns were not consistently associated with symptoms they did tend to be associated in atopic families and it is suggested that the same polygenic factors may govern the IgE and IgG4 levels.", "contents": "IgE and IgG4 subclass in atopic families. Raised levels of IgG4 were present in twelve (35%) of thirty-four asthmatic children and raised levels of IgE in twenty-three (68%). Eighteen of 104 first degree relatives also had raised levels of IgG4, thirteen had no history of atopic disease and nine failed to give positive skin reactions to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or to mixed grass pollens. Fifteen relatives had raised IgE, five without symptoms. No relationship was noted between either raised levels of IgE or IgG4 and infant feeding. Although these immunoglobulin patterns were not consistently associated with symptoms they did tend to be associated in atopic families and it is suggested that the same polygenic factors may govern the IgE and IgG4 levels.", "PMID": 109234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8648", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of glibenclamide in plasma.", "content": "A gas-chromatographic method for glibenclamide determination in plasma is described. It involves derivatization of the drug with dinitrofluorobenzene and the use of an electron-capture detector. The quantitative evaluation is performed using tolbutamide as internal standard. Characteristics and specificity of the method for the principal metabolite of glibenclamide are examined.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of glibenclamide in plasma. A gas-chromatographic method for glibenclamide determination in plasma is described. It involves derivatization of the drug with dinitrofluorobenzene and the use of an electron-capture detector. The quantitative evaluation is performed using tolbutamide as internal standard. Characteristics and specificity of the method for the principal metabolite of glibenclamide are examined.", "PMID": 109236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8649", "title": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for norethisterone.", "content": "Exposure of polystyrene tubes to solutions of glutaraldehyde was shown to provide a stable and consistent surface for immobilising an unpurified norethisterone-specific antiserum. Properties of the solid-phase antiserum were evaluated with respect to its application in developing a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for norethisterone. The assay proved to be sufficiently accurate, precise and sensitive for routine use. The technology is considered to be suited to automation.", "contents": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for norethisterone. Exposure of polystyrene tubes to solutions of glutaraldehyde was shown to provide a stable and consistent surface for immobilising an unpurified norethisterone-specific antiserum. Properties of the solid-phase antiserum were evaluated with respect to its application in developing a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for norethisterone. The assay proved to be sufficiently accurate, precise and sensitive for routine use. The technology is considered to be suited to automation.", "PMID": 109237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8650", "title": "Urinary excretion of orotic acid, orotidine and other pyrimidines in a patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency.", "content": "Urinary orotidine and orotic acid have been determined in a patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency under various dietary therapeutic conditions. For this purpose a new procedure for the analysis of both compounds has been developed, consisting of prefractionation with Dowex 1X8, followed by two HPLC steps on a micro Bondapak NH2 and a micro Bondapak C18 column. With this method normal as well as slightly elevated excretions of orotic acid have been found in our patient. No evidence was obtained for inhibition of OPRT by purine (deoxy)nucleosides as a cause of pyrimidine starvation. A significant increase of urinary orotidine was found after loading with allopurinol. For comparison excretory values in a patient with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and also in a patient with orotic aciduria type I are shown. The possible cause of the slight increase in urinary orotic acid in our patient has been discussed.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of orotic acid, orotidine and other pyrimidines in a patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Urinary orotidine and orotic acid have been determined in a patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency under various dietary therapeutic conditions. For this purpose a new procedure for the analysis of both compounds has been developed, consisting of prefractionation with Dowex 1X8, followed by two HPLC steps on a micro Bondapak NH2 and a micro Bondapak C18 column. With this method normal as well as slightly elevated excretions of orotic acid have been found in our patient. No evidence was obtained for inhibition of OPRT by purine (deoxy)nucleosides as a cause of pyrimidine starvation. A significant increase of urinary orotidine was found after loading with allopurinol. For comparison excretory values in a patient with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and also in a patient with orotic aciduria type I are shown. The possible cause of the slight increase in urinary orotic acid in our patient has been discussed.", "PMID": 109238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8651", "title": "Progressive myoclonus epilepsy: genetic and nosological aspects with special reference to 107 Finnish patients.", "content": "In 107 Finnish patients with progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME), belonging to 74 families, autosomal recessive inheritance was evident. The sex ratio was 48:51, the corrected proportion of affected sibs being 0.260. Of 68 marriages 15, or 22%, were consanguineous; several of the parents were related and the geographical distribution was of the uneven type typical of young, isolated populations in Finland. The incidence in Finland was estimated to exceed 1:20,000. The clinical picture in the Finnish PME patients was uniform, being identical with that of Unverricht's and Lundborg's patients, but clearly distinct from Lafora disease. The following classification of PME is proposed: (1) PME, Lafora type: onset of grand mal attacks and/or myoclonus around the 15th year of life; rapid and severe mental deterioration, often with psychotic symptoms; short survival; histological finding of Lafora bodies; autosomal recessive inheritance. (2) PME, Unverricht-Lundborg type: onset around the 10th year of life; severity variable, progressive invalidity from myoclonic features associated with mild mental symptoms, time of survival variable, \"degenerative\" histological changes; autosomal recessive inheritance. (3) Autosomal dominant or otherwise atypical cases of PME. The importance of accurate diagnosis is stressed.", "contents": "Progressive myoclonus epilepsy: genetic and nosological aspects with special reference to 107 Finnish patients. In 107 Finnish patients with progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME), belonging to 74 families, autosomal recessive inheritance was evident. The sex ratio was 48:51, the corrected proportion of affected sibs being 0.260. Of 68 marriages 15, or 22%, were consanguineous; several of the parents were related and the geographical distribution was of the uneven type typical of young, isolated populations in Finland. The incidence in Finland was estimated to exceed 1:20,000. The clinical picture in the Finnish PME patients was uniform, being identical with that of Unverricht's and Lundborg's patients, but clearly distinct from Lafora disease. The following classification of PME is proposed: (1) PME, Lafora type: onset of grand mal attacks and/or myoclonus around the 15th year of life; rapid and severe mental deterioration, often with psychotic symptoms; short survival; histological finding of Lafora bodies; autosomal recessive inheritance. (2) PME, Unverricht-Lundborg type: onset around the 10th year of life; severity variable, progressive invalidity from myoclonic features associated with mild mental symptoms, time of survival variable, \"degenerative\" histological changes; autosomal recessive inheritance. (3) Autosomal dominant or otherwise atypical cases of PME. The importance of accurate diagnosis is stressed.", "PMID": 109240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8652", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis due to penicillin-resistant Streptococcus viridans.", "content": "Bacterial endocarditis remains a formidable diagnostic and therapeutic problem for clinicians. Streptococcus viridans still accounts for 45 to 50 per cent of all cases and between 5 to 10 per cent of all clinical isolates of Streptococcus viridans from patients with bacterial endocarditis may be relatively resistant to penicillin. The case of a 9-year-old child with Tetralogy of Fallot and a Waterston shunt who subsequently developed bacterial endocarditis due to penicillin-resistant Streptococcus viridans following failure of oral penicillin dental prophylaxis is presented. In the face of penicillin resistance, additional considerations for workup, including microbiological assays for antimicrobial synergism become necessary in the selection of a therapeutic regimen.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis due to penicillin-resistant Streptococcus viridans. Bacterial endocarditis remains a formidable diagnostic and therapeutic problem for clinicians. Streptococcus viridans still accounts for 45 to 50 per cent of all cases and between 5 to 10 per cent of all clinical isolates of Streptococcus viridans from patients with bacterial endocarditis may be relatively resistant to penicillin. The case of a 9-year-old child with Tetralogy of Fallot and a Waterston shunt who subsequently developed bacterial endocarditis due to penicillin-resistant Streptococcus viridans following failure of oral penicillin dental prophylaxis is presented. In the face of penicillin resistance, additional considerations for workup, including microbiological assays for antimicrobial synergism become necessary in the selection of a therapeutic regimen.", "PMID": 109241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8653", "title": "Therapy for septic shock.", "content": "To adequately appraoch the therapeutics of such a diffuse disorder as sepsis, a firm grasp of the multiple pathophysiologic subsets is imperative. With this as a basis, therapy comes as close to applied physiology as is possible in medicine today.", "contents": "Therapy for septic shock. To adequately appraoch the therapeutics of such a diffuse disorder as sepsis, a firm grasp of the multiple pathophysiologic subsets is imperative. With this as a basis, therapy comes as close to applied physiology as is possible in medicine today.", "PMID": 109243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8654", "title": "Management of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "Many aspects of DKA treatment have become dogma without benefit of critical randomized prospective studies. Although recommendations for low-dose insulin therapy have passed the test of working in practice, many facets of treatment such as bicarbonate vs. no bicarbonate, phosphate replenishment, the merits of rapid vs. slow correction of hyperglycemia and acidosis need to be prospectively studied. In the final analysis, while insulin, fluid, and electrolyte administration are all important in the treatment of DKA, success most often hinges on careful hour-by-hour monitoring of the patient by a concerned and knowledgeable physician.", "contents": "Management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Many aspects of DKA treatment have become dogma without benefit of critical randomized prospective studies. Although recommendations for low-dose insulin therapy have passed the test of working in practice, many facets of treatment such as bicarbonate vs. no bicarbonate, phosphate replenishment, the merits of rapid vs. slow correction of hyperglycemia and acidosis need to be prospectively studied. In the final analysis, while insulin, fluid, and electrolyte administration are all important in the treatment of DKA, success most often hinges on careful hour-by-hour monitoring of the patient by a concerned and knowledgeable physician.", "PMID": 109245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8655", "title": "Principal sulcus and posterior parieto-occipital cortex lesions in the monkey.", "content": "In order to assess the roles of the posterior parieto-occipital and principal sulcus cortices in processing spatial information, both with and without delays, monkeys were given lesions of one or the other area or no lesion and tested on a series of conditional discrimination tasks. There were six basic tasks, and the cue locations differed from the response locations within each task. The first two had mixed dimensions in that the location of the cue indicated the color of the correct response alternative or the color of the cue indicated the correct response location. The animals were trained preoperatively on these tasks and then tested for postoperative retention. For the next two tasks color was the only relevant dimension, but different colors were used for the cues and response alternatives. For the final two tasks location was the only relevant dimension. When an animal learned a given task it was subsequently tested on it with a 5-sec. delay. The deficits observed suggest that the roles of these areas can not be expressed simply in terms of spatial or delay functions. No group appeared to be impaired on any delay task on which it was tested. The animals with the posterior cortex removed had a great deal of difficulty in using information from one dimension to identify the correct response alternative by the other dimension, but not when the relevant cue and response dimensions were the same. These results suggest that the posterior parieto-occipital area is involved in making associations across dimensions with in the visual modality. The animals with the principal sulcus removed appeared to have difficulty only when they were required to respond with reference to the colors of the response alternatives. On such tasks the relevant dimension (color) was not available until the presentation of the response array. On the other tasks the correct response location could be determined from the cue presentation alone, that is, before the presentation of the response array. This suggests that these animals had a tendency to respond without reference to the color dimension, but rather just to the presentation of the response array, and therefore a principal sulcus function of inhibiting a response until the appropriate information has been processed.", "contents": "Principal sulcus and posterior parieto-occipital cortex lesions in the monkey. In order to assess the roles of the posterior parieto-occipital and principal sulcus cortices in processing spatial information, both with and without delays, monkeys were given lesions of one or the other area or no lesion and tested on a series of conditional discrimination tasks. There were six basic tasks, and the cue locations differed from the response locations within each task. The first two had mixed dimensions in that the location of the cue indicated the color of the correct response alternative or the color of the cue indicated the correct response location. The animals were trained preoperatively on these tasks and then tested for postoperative retention. For the next two tasks color was the only relevant dimension, but different colors were used for the cues and response alternatives. For the final two tasks location was the only relevant dimension. When an animal learned a given task it was subsequently tested on it with a 5-sec. delay. The deficits observed suggest that the roles of these areas can not be expressed simply in terms of spatial or delay functions. No group appeared to be impaired on any delay task on which it was tested. The animals with the posterior cortex removed had a great deal of difficulty in using information from one dimension to identify the correct response alternative by the other dimension, but not when the relevant cue and response dimensions were the same. These results suggest that the posterior parieto-occipital area is involved in making associations across dimensions with in the visual modality. The animals with the principal sulcus removed appeared to have difficulty only when they were required to respond with reference to the colors of the response alternatives. On such tasks the relevant dimension (color) was not available until the presentation of the response array. On the other tasks the correct response location could be determined from the cue presentation alone, that is, before the presentation of the response array. This suggests that these animals had a tendency to respond without reference to the color dimension, but rather just to the presentation of the response array, and therefore a principal sulcus function of inhibiting a response until the appropriate information has been processed.", "PMID": 109247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8656", "title": "Urinary enzyme assays in toxicological studies in the rat and marmoset.", "content": "The relative merits of the automated, fluorimetric assay of urinary enzymes and cell exfoliation were compared with other commonly used tests for renal damage. Two types of nephrotoxic agent were used, causing crystal nephropathy and acute tubular necrosis respectively. Groups of marmosets were given one of two drugs known to cause crystal nephropathy. One agent caused intermittent increases in urinary enzyme excretion and an early increase in cell excretion which was not sustained. The second agent in contrast caused elevated cell and enzyme excretion, increasing throughout the period of administration. A nephrotoxic anti-tumour agent also caused increases in cell and enzyme excretion when given to marmosets. The early changes produced by this agent were studied using catheterised rats. Hourly samples of urine were collected and urinary beta-glycosidase excretion was found to give an early indication of renal damage, which correlated with albuminuria and glycosuria. The fluorimetric assay of urinary enzymes provides a sensitive, non-invasive test of nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Urinary enzyme assays in toxicological studies in the rat and marmoset. The relative merits of the automated, fluorimetric assay of urinary enzymes and cell exfoliation were compared with other commonly used tests for renal damage. Two types of nephrotoxic agent were used, causing crystal nephropathy and acute tubular necrosis respectively. Groups of marmosets were given one of two drugs known to cause crystal nephropathy. One agent caused intermittent increases in urinary enzyme excretion and an early increase in cell excretion which was not sustained. The second agent in contrast caused elevated cell and enzyme excretion, increasing throughout the period of administration. A nephrotoxic anti-tumour agent also caused increases in cell and enzyme excretion when given to marmosets. The early changes produced by this agent were studied using catheterised rats. Hourly samples of urine were collected and urinary beta-glycosidase excretion was found to give an early indication of renal damage, which correlated with albuminuria and glycosuria. The fluorimetric assay of urinary enzymes provides a sensitive, non-invasive test of nephrotoxicity.", "PMID": 109249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8657", "title": "Isolation and renal localisation of urokinase.", "content": "Physico-chemical characteristics of urokinase in urine were studied by immunological and chemical methods. By agar zone electrophoresis, commercial urokinase preparations could be separated into an anodic and cathodic fraction. The latter reacted with urokinase antibodies with two precipitation bands. Band I displayed the major part of urokinase activity and migrated as a beta-globulin with a molecular weight of 32,000 daltons. Band II showed immunological identity with human serum, human albumin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein. The specific activity of the cathodic fractions was up to 80,000 ploug units/mg protein. The ratio esterase/fibrinolytic activity did not change during the purification procedure. Further purification of the fractions with higher specific activity by affinity chromatography was unable to eliminate material cross reacting with human antisera (Band II). These findings permit the conclusion, that urokinase activity in urine is not confined to a homogeneous protein fraction. Activity is found both in a low molecular weight fraction and in a high molecular weight complex which contains serum proteins. These cannot be removed by exhaustive purification procedures and may play an important role in stabilizing and/or protecting urinary urokinase against proteolytic degradation. With Todd's technique diffuse fibrinolytic activity could be demonstrated in the kidney in the iuxtamedullary border region, (venae arcuatae, venae interlobulares, vasa recta) and in the epithelium of the calyces. Urokinase activity was specifically blocked by highly purified urokinase antibodies and could thus be distinguished from nonspecific proteolytic activity. The topographic relationship to medulla and uroepithelium may point to a role of urokinase in maintaining patency in slow flow systems.", "contents": "Isolation and renal localisation of urokinase. Physico-chemical characteristics of urokinase in urine were studied by immunological and chemical methods. By agar zone electrophoresis, commercial urokinase preparations could be separated into an anodic and cathodic fraction. The latter reacted with urokinase antibodies with two precipitation bands. Band I displayed the major part of urokinase activity and migrated as a beta-globulin with a molecular weight of 32,000 daltons. Band II showed immunological identity with human serum, human albumin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein. The specific activity of the cathodic fractions was up to 80,000 ploug units/mg protein. The ratio esterase/fibrinolytic activity did not change during the purification procedure. Further purification of the fractions with higher specific activity by affinity chromatography was unable to eliminate material cross reacting with human antisera (Band II). These findings permit the conclusion, that urokinase activity in urine is not confined to a homogeneous protein fraction. Activity is found both in a low molecular weight fraction and in a high molecular weight complex which contains serum proteins. These cannot be removed by exhaustive purification procedures and may play an important role in stabilizing and/or protecting urinary urokinase against proteolytic degradation. With Todd's technique diffuse fibrinolytic activity could be demonstrated in the kidney in the iuxtamedullary border region, (venae arcuatae, venae interlobulares, vasa recta) and in the epithelium of the calyces. Urokinase activity was specifically blocked by highly purified urokinase antibodies and could thus be distinguished from nonspecific proteolytic activity. The topographic relationship to medulla and uroepithelium may point to a role of urokinase in maintaining patency in slow flow systems.", "PMID": 109250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8658", "title": "Cellular control of growth in cultures of Tetrahymena. 3. The influence of Fe-medium and aeration on cellular ultrastructure.", "content": "Cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis were grown with and without the addition of Fe and with no aeration. The same cultures were used both for determinations of the cellular Fe and Ca concentrations and the exchange of Ca (reported earlier), and for the ultrastructural study. In all cultures there was an increase in rounded, tubuli-deficient mitochondria at the transition to the prestationary growth phase. In the non-aerated culture (high cellular Fe content) these changes were less marked. In the Fe-deficient culture, however, these mitochondrial changes were seen as early as the late exponential growth phase, and tubuli-degeneration then increased during the prestationary growth phase. In this culture an irregular infolding of the outer mitochondrial membranes occurred. These changes are discussed in correlation with cytochromes, Fe-dependent desaturation of fatty acids, and high Ca concentration (non-aerated cells). During the prestationary growth phase of the non-aerated culture there was a marked increase in the amount of mitochondrial tubuli. In the organelles identified as peroxisomes there was, in all the cultures, an increased granular density of the matrix at the transition to the prestationary growth phase (in the Fe-deficient cells this occurred in the late exponential growth phase). This was correlated with an increased peroxisomal activity. The Fe-deficient culture has cells with very irregularly formed peroxisomes. This organelle was in all the cell-material very sensitive to the method of fixation. In the Fe-deficient late exponential cells there are long, bifacial pieces of RER (one side rough and the other smooth) which later undergo degradation. Many lipid droplets were seen at the ends of RER. Structures which in the literature have been called 'ergoplasm-like stacks of flattened rough cisternae' were found in the non-aerated exponential cells. They were absent from prestationary cells. In all the cultures there was an increased aggregation of the ribosomes in the cytoplasm during the prestationary growth phase. This was correlated with the accumulation of Ca in this cell fraction. An explanation is suggested regarding the earlier reported variations in the exchange of Ca, found in all the types of cultures at the transition to the prestationary growth phase.", "contents": "Cellular control of growth in cultures of Tetrahymena. 3. The influence of Fe-medium and aeration on cellular ultrastructure. Cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis were grown with and without the addition of Fe and with no aeration. The same cultures were used both for determinations of the cellular Fe and Ca concentrations and the exchange of Ca (reported earlier), and for the ultrastructural study. In all cultures there was an increase in rounded, tubuli-deficient mitochondria at the transition to the prestationary growth phase. In the non-aerated culture (high cellular Fe content) these changes were less marked. In the Fe-deficient culture, however, these mitochondrial changes were seen as early as the late exponential growth phase, and tubuli-degeneration then increased during the prestationary growth phase. In this culture an irregular infolding of the outer mitochondrial membranes occurred. These changes are discussed in correlation with cytochromes, Fe-dependent desaturation of fatty acids, and high Ca concentration (non-aerated cells). During the prestationary growth phase of the non-aerated culture there was a marked increase in the amount of mitochondrial tubuli. In the organelles identified as peroxisomes there was, in all the cultures, an increased granular density of the matrix at the transition to the prestationary growth phase (in the Fe-deficient cells this occurred in the late exponential growth phase). This was correlated with an increased peroxisomal activity. The Fe-deficient culture has cells with very irregularly formed peroxisomes. This organelle was in all the cell-material very sensitive to the method of fixation. In the Fe-deficient late exponential cells there are long, bifacial pieces of RER (one side rough and the other smooth) which later undergo degradation. Many lipid droplets were seen at the ends of RER. Structures which in the literature have been called 'ergoplasm-like stacks of flattened rough cisternae' were found in the non-aerated exponential cells. They were absent from prestationary cells. In all the cultures there was an increased aggregation of the ribosomes in the cytoplasm during the prestationary growth phase. This was correlated with the accumulation of Ca in this cell fraction. An explanation is suggested regarding the earlier reported variations in the exchange of Ca, found in all the types of cultures at the transition to the prestationary growth phase.", "PMID": 109251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8659", "title": "Retinal hemorrhage in the battered child.", "content": "The presence of retinal hemorrhage in head-injured children under 3 years of age is believed to be pathognomonic of battering. When a group of battered children was compared to head-injured children due to other causes, the high incidence of retinal hemorrhage in the battered children was contrasted with the absence of retinal hemorrhage produced by other causes of head injury.", "contents": "Retinal hemorrhage in the battered child. The presence of retinal hemorrhage in head-injured children under 3 years of age is believed to be pathognomonic of battering. When a group of battered children was compared to head-injured children due to other causes, the high incidence of retinal hemorrhage in the battered children was contrasted with the absence of retinal hemorrhage produced by other causes of head injury.", "PMID": 109252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8660", "title": "[Causes and risks in a interruption of systemic immunosuppressive therapy following kidney transplantation].", "content": "The immunosuppressive therapy of 22 transplant recipients was temporarily suspended 25 times resulting in rejection reactions in 7 cases with the eventual loss of five transplants. One patient succumbed to fungal infection following the loss of kidney function. No connection between the risk of rejection and the previous number of rejection treatments or the histocompatibility could be established. Acute rejection reactions mostly occurred immediately after the interruption of therapy. There was no increased risk associated with a longer break in treatment. Interruption of therapy during the first period of immunosuppressive treatment, that is approximately 3 months after transplantation, was associated with the lowest risk of rejection. As a result of our experience in 25 cases it appears that the temporary suspension of immunosuppressive therapy is associated with little risk and avoids a drug intoxication as well as reduces the mortality due to infection.", "contents": "[Causes and risks in a interruption of systemic immunosuppressive therapy following kidney transplantation]. The immunosuppressive therapy of 22 transplant recipients was temporarily suspended 25 times resulting in rejection reactions in 7 cases with the eventual loss of five transplants. One patient succumbed to fungal infection following the loss of kidney function. No connection between the risk of rejection and the previous number of rejection treatments or the histocompatibility could be established. Acute rejection reactions mostly occurred immediately after the interruption of therapy. There was no increased risk associated with a longer break in treatment. Interruption of therapy during the first period of immunosuppressive treatment, that is approximately 3 months after transplantation, was associated with the lowest risk of rejection. As a result of our experience in 25 cases it appears that the temporary suspension of immunosuppressive therapy is associated with little risk and avoids a drug intoxication as well as reduces the mortality due to infection.", "PMID": 109262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8661", "title": "[Progress in isolation technic of islets of Langerhans for transplantation].", "content": "An improved technique is described which yields up to 6,000 isolated islets of Langerhans from the pancreas of rats. The quotients for insulin/amylase and insulin/protein were estimated in vitro. For in vivo testing isologous transplantations of islets were performed. Several parameters such as total body-weight, blood sugar levels, insulin i.s., glucose-tolerance and glucose-assimilation tests demonstrated that the islets still retained their normal function despite the isolation procedure.", "contents": "[Progress in isolation technic of islets of Langerhans for transplantation]. An improved technique is described which yields up to 6,000 isolated islets of Langerhans from the pancreas of rats. The quotients for insulin/amylase and insulin/protein were estimated in vitro. For in vivo testing isologous transplantations of islets were performed. Several parameters such as total body-weight, blood sugar levels, insulin i.s., glucose-tolerance and glucose-assimilation tests demonstrated that the islets still retained their normal function despite the isolation procedure.", "PMID": 109263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8662", "title": "Management of the patient with myocardial infarction.", "content": "Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease and myocardial infarction constitute an epidemic in this century, mandating that the primary care physician be familiar with their recognition and management. However, in recent decades, an improved understanding of pathophysiologic alterations, an enormous advance in technology and significant accomplishments in pharmacology and operative procedures have virtually revolutionized the management of patients with myocardial infarction. Although patterns of care described in this monograph may well be obsolete a few years hence, to be superseded by safer, more precise, more efficient and more cost-effective therapeutic modalities, nevertheless basic principles underlying the management of the patient with myocardial infarction remain as appropriate guidelines. In the hospital phase, efforts should be directed toward enhancing survival, saving myocardium and restoring function. The long-term ambulatory care should be designed to maintain functional capacities, to control symptoms, to retard or arrest the atherosclerotic process thus decreasing the likelihood of recurrent myocardial infarction and/or of sudden cardiac death and to restore the patient to a normal or near-normal life style.", "contents": "Management of the patient with myocardial infarction. Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease and myocardial infarction constitute an epidemic in this century, mandating that the primary care physician be familiar with their recognition and management. However, in recent decades, an improved understanding of pathophysiologic alterations, an enormous advance in technology and significant accomplishments in pharmacology and operative procedures have virtually revolutionized the management of patients with myocardial infarction. Although patterns of care described in this monograph may well be obsolete a few years hence, to be superseded by safer, more precise, more efficient and more cost-effective therapeutic modalities, nevertheless basic principles underlying the management of the patient with myocardial infarction remain as appropriate guidelines. In the hospital phase, efforts should be directed toward enhancing survival, saving myocardium and restoring function. The long-term ambulatory care should be designed to maintain functional capacities, to control symptoms, to retard or arrest the atherosclerotic process thus decreasing the likelihood of recurrent myocardial infarction and/or of sudden cardiac death and to restore the patient to a normal or near-normal life style.", "PMID": 109265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8663", "title": "The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on the endocrine pancreas.", "content": "TRH has been shown to be present in the pancreas. To examine a possible role for TRH in the control of endocrine pancreatic function, we have studied the effects of TRH on the isolated perfused rat pancreas preparation. Arginine caused release of TRH from the preparation. The mean maximum TRH peak was 85 +/- 12 pg/ml and occurred later than the first phase of glucagon release. Glucagon (2000 pg/ml) did not release TRH from the preparation. There was no detectable basal release of TRH. Glucose did not stimulate release of TRH from the pancreas preparation. TRH (10 ng/ml) by itself had no effect on insulin or glucagon release. TRH enhanced arginine-induced glucagon release; mean summated glucagon was 8228 +/- 1138 (SE) pg/ml compared to controls (4530 +/- 447 pg/ml; P less than 0.01). There was a tendency for TRH to enhance second phase glucose-induced insulin release. Pancreatic physiology is in part regulated by locally acting hormones and TRH may be one of these hormones.", "contents": "The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on the endocrine pancreas. TRH has been shown to be present in the pancreas. To examine a possible role for TRH in the control of endocrine pancreatic function, we have studied the effects of TRH on the isolated perfused rat pancreas preparation. Arginine caused release of TRH from the preparation. The mean maximum TRH peak was 85 +/- 12 pg/ml and occurred later than the first phase of glucagon release. Glucagon (2000 pg/ml) did not release TRH from the preparation. There was no detectable basal release of TRH. Glucose did not stimulate release of TRH from the pancreas preparation. TRH (10 ng/ml) by itself had no effect on insulin or glucagon release. TRH enhanced arginine-induced glucagon release; mean summated glucagon was 8228 +/- 1138 (SE) pg/ml compared to controls (4530 +/- 447 pg/ml; P less than 0.01). There was a tendency for TRH to enhance second phase glucose-induced insulin release. Pancreatic physiology is in part regulated by locally acting hormones and TRH may be one of these hormones.", "PMID": 109272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8664", "title": "Studies on rat pituitary homografts. II. Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on in vitro biosynthesis and release of growth hormone and prolactin.", "content": "A study was made of the effect of TRH, administered in vivo by iv infusion or added in vitro to the incubation fluid, on tissue fragments prepared from rat normotopic and ectopic pituitaries. The latter were 30-day-old pituitary grafts transplanted under the kidney capsule in hypophysectomized animals. No detectable effect of TRH was found with normotopic glands. In contrast, the neurohormone produced a large increase in GH and PRL biosynthesis in the grafts, as revealed by the rise in hormone content as well as increased incorporation of L-[3H]leucine into the two hormones. These effects of TRH 1) are dose related; 2) appear after a latent period of at least 15 min; and 3) persist, although attenuated, for some time after removing the neurohormone. In vitro release of GH and PRL by tissue fragments prelabeled with L-[3H]leucine was studied by following the appearance of the radioactive hormones in the incubation fluid. Exposure to TRH produced a prompt, 2-fold or greater increase in hormone release from grafts but not from normotopic gland fragments. The possible mechanisms whereby pituitary somatotrophs and mammotrophs removed from the influence of the central nervous system increase their responsiveness to TRH stimulation are considered.", "contents": "Studies on rat pituitary homografts. II. Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on in vitro biosynthesis and release of growth hormone and prolactin. A study was made of the effect of TRH, administered in vivo by iv infusion or added in vitro to the incubation fluid, on tissue fragments prepared from rat normotopic and ectopic pituitaries. The latter were 30-day-old pituitary grafts transplanted under the kidney capsule in hypophysectomized animals. No detectable effect of TRH was found with normotopic glands. In contrast, the neurohormone produced a large increase in GH and PRL biosynthesis in the grafts, as revealed by the rise in hormone content as well as increased incorporation of L-[3H]leucine into the two hormones. These effects of TRH 1) are dose related; 2) appear after a latent period of at least 15 min; and 3) persist, although attenuated, for some time after removing the neurohormone. In vitro release of GH and PRL by tissue fragments prelabeled with L-[3H]leucine was studied by following the appearance of the radioactive hormones in the incubation fluid. Exposure to TRH produced a prompt, 2-fold or greater increase in hormone release from grafts but not from normotopic gland fragments. The possible mechanisms whereby pituitary somatotrophs and mammotrophs removed from the influence of the central nervous system increase their responsiveness to TRH stimulation are considered.", "PMID": 109274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8665", "title": "Estrogen-induced gonadotropin surges in female rhesus monkeys after pituitary stalk section.", "content": "In order to investigate the primary site of action of estradiol, whether pituitary or hypothalamic, gonadotropin responses to estrogen were studied in female rhesus monkeys before and immediately after pituitary stalk section. The estrogen challenge, consisting of either an injection of estradio benzoate (400 microgram) or an implant of three silastic capsules containing 17 beta-estradiol, was initiated on days 2--5 of the menstrual cycle. The estrogen was given not later than 8 h after stalk section. Estrogens induced LH surges in all five animals before and after stalk section. FSH increases were observed in four of five intact and three of four stalk-sectioned animals. Mean FSH and LH levels in three stalk-sectioned animals treated with oil alone did not differ significantly from preinjection controls. These experiments suggest that the locus of estrogens on gonadotropin release in the rhesus monkey may well reside within the pituitary gland itself.", "contents": "Estrogen-induced gonadotropin surges in female rhesus monkeys after pituitary stalk section. In order to investigate the primary site of action of estradiol, whether pituitary or hypothalamic, gonadotropin responses to estrogen were studied in female rhesus monkeys before and immediately after pituitary stalk section. The estrogen challenge, consisting of either an injection of estradio benzoate (400 microgram) or an implant of three silastic capsules containing 17 beta-estradiol, was initiated on days 2--5 of the menstrual cycle. The estrogen was given not later than 8 h after stalk section. Estrogens induced LH surges in all five animals before and after stalk section. FSH increases were observed in four of five intact and three of four stalk-sectioned animals. Mean FSH and LH levels in three stalk-sectioned animals treated with oil alone did not differ significantly from preinjection controls. These experiments suggest that the locus of estrogens on gonadotropin release in the rhesus monkey may well reside within the pituitary gland itself.", "PMID": 109276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8666", "title": "A diurnal melatonin rhythm in primate cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Melatonin was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) withdrawn continuously from partially restrained rhesys monkeys. There was a daily rhythm in CSF melatonin with peak night values 2- to greater than 15-fold higher than day values. The increase occurred shortly after lights were turned off, and the decrease occurred soon after lights were turned on. There was substantial variation in the magnitude of the rhythm among animals. However, there was little day to day variation in the rhythm of individual animals studied for 3 or 6 consecutive days. Although the concentration of melatonin in CSF was lower than that in plasma, the changes in CSF melatonin concentrations seemed to reflect large daily changes in plasma melatonin concentrations.", "contents": "A diurnal melatonin rhythm in primate cerebrospinal fluid. Melatonin was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) withdrawn continuously from partially restrained rhesys monkeys. There was a daily rhythm in CSF melatonin with peak night values 2- to greater than 15-fold higher than day values. The increase occurred shortly after lights were turned off, and the decrease occurred soon after lights were turned on. There was substantial variation in the magnitude of the rhythm among animals. However, there was little day to day variation in the rhythm of individual animals studied for 3 or 6 consecutive days. Although the concentration of melatonin in CSF was lower than that in plasma, the changes in CSF melatonin concentrations seemed to reflect large daily changes in plasma melatonin concentrations.", "PMID": 109277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8667", "title": "Lobulo-alveolar development of mouse mammary glands is regulated by thyroid hormones.", "content": "The mammary glands of euthyroid female C3H/HeN mice undergo a series of morphological changes during development. In glands from immature animals, the epithelial component consists of a sparse ductal system with few branches which fills about one fourth of the fat pad. In the adult virgin gland, the epithelial component fills the fat pad with a highly branched ductal system and a few alveoli. In contrast, glands from adult animals maintained in a hypothyroid state by ingestion of thiouracil since weaning retain the primitive ductal appearance while filling the fat pad. The glands from animals made hyperthroid by adding 2 micrograms T4/ml drinking water have extensive lobulo-alveolar development. Glands from animals made hypothyroid during 7 weeks of involution after lactation have the same degree of deveopment as the euthyroid controls. When explants of tissue from adult hypothyroid virgin animals are cultured in serum-free medium containing insulin, hydrocortisone, and PRL, the specific milk protein, alpha-lactalbumin, is induced. The level of alpha-lactalbumin, measured as lactose synthetase activity, found per ng epithelial DNA is the same as that found in explants from glands of euthyroid virgins. These results suggest that thyroid hormones, in concert with PRL, play an important role in the regulation of development of the mouse mammary gland. Decreased levels of thyroid hormones in the serum result in retarded growth of the ductal system and little or no alveolar development. However, the resulting epithelial component of glands from hypothyroid mice is fully capable of differentiating in vitro when exposed to the proper hormonal environment.", "contents": "Lobulo-alveolar development of mouse mammary glands is regulated by thyroid hormones. The mammary glands of euthyroid female C3H/HeN mice undergo a series of morphological changes during development. In glands from immature animals, the epithelial component consists of a sparse ductal system with few branches which fills about one fourth of the fat pad. In the adult virgin gland, the epithelial component fills the fat pad with a highly branched ductal system and a few alveoli. In contrast, glands from adult animals maintained in a hypothyroid state by ingestion of thiouracil since weaning retain the primitive ductal appearance while filling the fat pad. The glands from animals made hyperthroid by adding 2 micrograms T4/ml drinking water have extensive lobulo-alveolar development. Glands from animals made hypothyroid during 7 weeks of involution after lactation have the same degree of deveopment as the euthyroid controls. When explants of tissue from adult hypothyroid virgin animals are cultured in serum-free medium containing insulin, hydrocortisone, and PRL, the specific milk protein, alpha-lactalbumin, is induced. The level of alpha-lactalbumin, measured as lactose synthetase activity, found per ng epithelial DNA is the same as that found in explants from glands of euthyroid virgins. These results suggest that thyroid hormones, in concert with PRL, play an important role in the regulation of development of the mouse mammary gland. Decreased levels of thyroid hormones in the serum result in retarded growth of the ductal system and little or no alveolar development. However, the resulting epithelial component of glands from hypothyroid mice is fully capable of differentiating in vitro when exposed to the proper hormonal environment.", "PMID": 109279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8668", "title": "Hypoandrogenism and abnormal regulation of gonadotropin secretion in rats fed a low protein diet.", "content": "The function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis was evaluated in rats fed a low protein diet for 4 weeks beginning at 21 days of age. Compared to control, the low protein group had decreased seminal vesicle and prostate weights as well as decreased testicular testosterone output in vitro, although serum testosterone was not different. The low protein group showed no consistent alterations in serum LH (basal, post-LHRH, and postcastration) compared to control although serum FSH (basal and post-LHRH) was lower in the low protein group. Despite this lower basal FSH, the low protein group had supranormal serum FSH after castration. Seminiferous tubule diameter and testicular histology were normal in the low protein group although testicular androgen-binding protein was absent. Testicular androgen-binding protein was also undetectable in a modestly food-restricted control group which had normal testicular size, testicular histology, androgen output, and serum FSH. This finding suggests that loss of testicular androgen-binding protein may be a sensitive sign of undernutrition. We conclude that rats fed a low protein diet have hypoandrogenism, normal testicular histology, and supranormal FSH after castration despite subnormal basal FSH. The latter combination suggests overproduction of an FSH inhibitor of testicular origin.", "contents": "Hypoandrogenism and abnormal regulation of gonadotropin secretion in rats fed a low protein diet. The function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis was evaluated in rats fed a low protein diet for 4 weeks beginning at 21 days of age. Compared to control, the low protein group had decreased seminal vesicle and prostate weights as well as decreased testicular testosterone output in vitro, although serum testosterone was not different. The low protein group showed no consistent alterations in serum LH (basal, post-LHRH, and postcastration) compared to control although serum FSH (basal and post-LHRH) was lower in the low protein group. Despite this lower basal FSH, the low protein group had supranormal serum FSH after castration. Seminiferous tubule diameter and testicular histology were normal in the low protein group although testicular androgen-binding protein was absent. Testicular androgen-binding protein was also undetectable in a modestly food-restricted control group which had normal testicular size, testicular histology, androgen output, and serum FSH. This finding suggests that loss of testicular androgen-binding protein may be a sensitive sign of undernutrition. We conclude that rats fed a low protein diet have hypoandrogenism, normal testicular histology, and supranormal FSH after castration despite subnormal basal FSH. The latter combination suggests overproduction of an FSH inhibitor of testicular origin.", "PMID": 109281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8669", "title": "Evidence that prolactin stimulates alpha-lactalbumin production in mannary tissues from premenarcheal rhesus monkeys.", "content": "PRL was found to stimulate marked increases in alpha-lactalbumin production in six of eight specimens of mammary tissue from premenarcheal rhesus monkeys, and a lesser increase was seen in a seventh. Even without added PRL, low concentrations of this milk protein (mean total alpha-lactalbumin production, 1.9 ng/dish) were released into the organ culture medium bathing these relatively immature tissues; most of the epithelial elements were ductal. Under similar conditions, significantly higher concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin (mean total production, 23.4 ng/dish) were released from tissues of sexually mature animals in which lobulo-alveolar elements were abundantly present in addition to ducts. When tissues from premenarcheal animals were exposed to ovine PRL, alpha-lactalbumin concentration in medium and tissue homogenates were increased significantly. Overall, mean total alpha-lactalbumin production rose to 12.9 (P less than 0.02) and 40.5 (P less than 0.02) ng/dish in response to 100 and 1000 ng/ml ovine PRL, respectively. In those cases in which both medium and tissue homogenates were analyzed, increases were parallel. These findings indicate that PRL has a lactogenic effect on mammary tissue from sexually immature and mature rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "Evidence that prolactin stimulates alpha-lactalbumin production in mannary tissues from premenarcheal rhesus monkeys. PRL was found to stimulate marked increases in alpha-lactalbumin production in six of eight specimens of mammary tissue from premenarcheal rhesus monkeys, and a lesser increase was seen in a seventh. Even without added PRL, low concentrations of this milk protein (mean total alpha-lactalbumin production, 1.9 ng/dish) were released into the organ culture medium bathing these relatively immature tissues; most of the epithelial elements were ductal. Under similar conditions, significantly higher concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin (mean total production, 23.4 ng/dish) were released from tissues of sexually mature animals in which lobulo-alveolar elements were abundantly present in addition to ducts. When tissues from premenarcheal animals were exposed to ovine PRL, alpha-lactalbumin concentration in medium and tissue homogenates were increased significantly. Overall, mean total alpha-lactalbumin production rose to 12.9 (P less than 0.02) and 40.5 (P less than 0.02) ng/dish in response to 100 and 1000 ng/ml ovine PRL, respectively. In those cases in which both medium and tissue homogenates were analyzed, increases were parallel. These findings indicate that PRL has a lactogenic effect on mammary tissue from sexually immature and mature rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 109282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8670", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay of angiotensin I.", "content": "A very sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay has been developed for angiotensin I. Angiotensin I was coupled to beta-D-galactosidase by a novel cross-linking reagent, N-(meta-maleimidobenzoyloxy)succinimide. No decrease in the enzyme activity was observed during the coupling procedure. In the angiotensin I-beta-D-galactosidase conjugate, 0.39 mol immunoreactive angiotensin I/mol enzyme were present. A competitive assay with the enzyme-labeled angiotensin I was performed. Antibody-bound and free labeled antigen were separated from each other by the second antibody method, and the enzyme activity of the former was estimated. Using this assay, angiotensin I could be detected in the range of 1.2--50 pg. The sensitivity was 4.5-fold higher than that of the usual RIA. This assay distinguished clearly angiotensin I from angiotensin II, angiotensin III, and (Sar1, Ile8)-angiotensin II. The present method was applied to measure PRA in dogs; the results correlated fairly well with those obtained by the RIA (r = 0.94).", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay of angiotensin I. A very sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay has been developed for angiotensin I. Angiotensin I was coupled to beta-D-galactosidase by a novel cross-linking reagent, N-(meta-maleimidobenzoyloxy)succinimide. No decrease in the enzyme activity was observed during the coupling procedure. In the angiotensin I-beta-D-galactosidase conjugate, 0.39 mol immunoreactive angiotensin I/mol enzyme were present. A competitive assay with the enzyme-labeled angiotensin I was performed. Antibody-bound and free labeled antigen were separated from each other by the second antibody method, and the enzyme activity of the former was estimated. Using this assay, angiotensin I could be detected in the range of 1.2--50 pg. The sensitivity was 4.5-fold higher than that of the usual RIA. This assay distinguished clearly angiotensin I from angiotensin II, angiotensin III, and (Sar1, Ile8)-angiotensin II. The present method was applied to measure PRA in dogs; the results correlated fairly well with those obtained by the RIA (r = 0.94).", "PMID": 109286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8671", "title": "Effects of neuropeptides on adenohypophyseal hormone response to acute stress in male rats.", "content": "The effects of bombesin and other unrelated oligopeptides on hormonal changes induced by stress were studied in conscious adult male rats. Restraint in the cold for 1 h increased plasma corticosterone and PRL levels and decreased GH values but had no effect on LH levels. Bombesin (5 microgram), given intracerebroventricularly (ivt) before stress, inhibited the PRL rise without affecting corticosterone, GH, or LH response. A complete blockade of PRL rise was observed with doses of bombesin ranging from 5 microgram to 100 ng ivt, regardless of the duration (15, 30, 45, or 60 min) or the nature (cold exposure or restraint at room temperature) of the stressor agents. Bombesin was 10(3) more potent as a PRL inhibitor when given ivt than when given iv, and its ivt effect was not reversed by naloxone (1 or 10 mg/kg). Among other unrelated peptides tested (beta-endorphin, neurotensin, substance P, and TRH; 5 microgram ivt), only neurotensin decreased plasma PRL levels in rats subjected to restraint in the cold for 1 h. These results show that in conscious male rats, centrally administered bombesin has a very potent and long acting inhibitory effect on PRL release induced by acute stress. Since a bombesin-like peptide has been found in rat brain, its physiological role in PRL regulation remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Effects of neuropeptides on adenohypophyseal hormone response to acute stress in male rats. The effects of bombesin and other unrelated oligopeptides on hormonal changes induced by stress were studied in conscious adult male rats. Restraint in the cold for 1 h increased plasma corticosterone and PRL levels and decreased GH values but had no effect on LH levels. Bombesin (5 microgram), given intracerebroventricularly (ivt) before stress, inhibited the PRL rise without affecting corticosterone, GH, or LH response. A complete blockade of PRL rise was observed with doses of bombesin ranging from 5 microgram to 100 ng ivt, regardless of the duration (15, 30, 45, or 60 min) or the nature (cold exposure or restraint at room temperature) of the stressor agents. Bombesin was 10(3) more potent as a PRL inhibitor when given ivt than when given iv, and its ivt effect was not reversed by naloxone (1 or 10 mg/kg). Among other unrelated peptides tested (beta-endorphin, neurotensin, substance P, and TRH; 5 microgram ivt), only neurotensin decreased plasma PRL levels in rats subjected to restraint in the cold for 1 h. These results show that in conscious male rats, centrally administered bombesin has a very potent and long acting inhibitory effect on PRL release induced by acute stress. Since a bombesin-like peptide has been found in rat brain, its physiological role in PRL regulation remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 109288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8672", "title": "Between-ovary interaction in the regulation of follicle growth, corpus luteum function, and gonadotropin secretion in the primate ovarian cycle. III. Temporal and spatial dissociation of folliculogenesis and negative feedback regulation of tonic gonadotropin release after luteectomy in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "This study was designed to examine effects of previous ovarian status on subsequent follicle growth and the role of between-ovary communication in the regulation of folliculogenesis and gonadotropin secretion during the primate ovarian cycle. Responses to luteectomy were compared in two groups of rhesus monkeys. In the first, follicle growth and corpus luteum function had been constrained chronically to a single ovary by hemiovariectomy performed 66--258 days earlier; the second group was composed of intact monkeys that underwent contralateral wedge resection at luteectomy. In each group, luteal ablation was followed by a prompt fall in serum progesterone levels, a premature onset of menses, and the next preovulatory gonadotropin surges 14.7 +/- 1.1 or 15.4 +/- 1.4 days later (mean +/- SE; P greater than 0.25). Although the patterns of circulating estradiol before and after ablation in each group were superimposable, luteectomy in monkeys lacking a contralateral ovary was followed by a large (2- to 4-fold) and prolonged (7--10 days) increase in serum FSH, whereas in monkeys with two ovaries, serum FSH levels exhibited only a small short-lived rise. The findings indicate that 1) prior chronic constraint of ovarian function to a single ovary did not alter the overall time course of new follicle growth culminating in ovulation after luteectomy; 2) the contralateral ovary provided the principal negative feedback regulation of gonadotropin secretion for some time after luteectomy even though it may not have been the exclusive site of new follicle growth; 3) whereas the ability of the luteectomized ovary to regulate tonic gonadotropin secretion was temporarily impaired, its ability to support the customary temporal pattern of follicle growth after luteal ablation was not; 4) some (contralateral) ovarian factor other than estradiol or progesterone apparently made a major contribution to the regulation of FSH secretion after luteectomy; and 5) folliculogenesis culminating in ovulation from a single follicle and the negative feedback regulation of tonic gonadotropin secretion in some circumstances may occur concurrently but separately on opposite ovaries or may occur at different times within the same ovary.", "contents": "Between-ovary interaction in the regulation of follicle growth, corpus luteum function, and gonadotropin secretion in the primate ovarian cycle. III. Temporal and spatial dissociation of folliculogenesis and negative feedback regulation of tonic gonadotropin release after luteectomy in rhesus monkeys. This study was designed to examine effects of previous ovarian status on subsequent follicle growth and the role of between-ovary communication in the regulation of folliculogenesis and gonadotropin secretion during the primate ovarian cycle. Responses to luteectomy were compared in two groups of rhesus monkeys. In the first, follicle growth and corpus luteum function had been constrained chronically to a single ovary by hemiovariectomy performed 66--258 days earlier; the second group was composed of intact monkeys that underwent contralateral wedge resection at luteectomy. In each group, luteal ablation was followed by a prompt fall in serum progesterone levels, a premature onset of menses, and the next preovulatory gonadotropin surges 14.7 +/- 1.1 or 15.4 +/- 1.4 days later (mean +/- SE; P greater than 0.25). Although the patterns of circulating estradiol before and after ablation in each group were superimposable, luteectomy in monkeys lacking a contralateral ovary was followed by a large (2- to 4-fold) and prolonged (7--10 days) increase in serum FSH, whereas in monkeys with two ovaries, serum FSH levels exhibited only a small short-lived rise. The findings indicate that 1) prior chronic constraint of ovarian function to a single ovary did not alter the overall time course of new follicle growth culminating in ovulation after luteectomy; 2) the contralateral ovary provided the principal negative feedback regulation of gonadotropin secretion for some time after luteectomy even though it may not have been the exclusive site of new follicle growth; 3) whereas the ability of the luteectomized ovary to regulate tonic gonadotropin secretion was temporarily impaired, its ability to support the customary temporal pattern of follicle growth after luteal ablation was not; 4) some (contralateral) ovarian factor other than estradiol or progesterone apparently made a major contribution to the regulation of FSH secretion after luteectomy; and 5) folliculogenesis culminating in ovulation from a single follicle and the negative feedback regulation of tonic gonadotropin secretion in some circumstances may occur concurrently but separately on opposite ovaries or may occur at different times within the same ovary.", "PMID": 109289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8673", "title": "Comparison between the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in summer and that in winter in normal subjects.", "content": "A comparison was made between the thyrotropin (TSH) response to 500 microgram thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in summer and that in winter in ten healthy normal adults living in Supporo. The serum resin triiodothyronine (T3) uptake (RT3U), thyroxine (T4) and T3 levels were also measured. While the TSH response to TRH in summer was similar to that in winter, serum T3 concentration and free T3 index were significantly higher in winter than in summer, associated with the similar values in RT3U and T4 levels in serum. Independently measured 86 specimens (43 in summer and 43 in winter) from normal adults living in the same district also showed a significant increase in serum free T3 index as well as a slight elevation of serum T3 concentration in winter but not in serum T4 level. These results indicate that the primary change in cold winter would be the stimulation of peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 rather than the activation of hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. The relevance of this interpretation was discussed.", "contents": "Comparison between the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in summer and that in winter in normal subjects. A comparison was made between the thyrotropin (TSH) response to 500 microgram thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in summer and that in winter in ten healthy normal adults living in Supporo. The serum resin triiodothyronine (T3) uptake (RT3U), thyroxine (T4) and T3 levels were also measured. While the TSH response to TRH in summer was similar to that in winter, serum T3 concentration and free T3 index were significantly higher in winter than in summer, associated with the similar values in RT3U and T4 levels in serum. Independently measured 86 specimens (43 in summer and 43 in winter) from normal adults living in the same district also showed a significant increase in serum free T3 index as well as a slight elevation of serum T3 concentration in winter but not in serum T4 level. These results indicate that the primary change in cold winter would be the stimulation of peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 rather than the activation of hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. The relevance of this interpretation was discussed.", "PMID": 109290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8674", "title": "Effect of active and passive immunization with TRH on plasma TSH response to propylthiouracil.", "content": "The role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary was investigated in rats by active and passive immunization with TRH. The plasma TSH response to propylthiouracil (PTU) in TRH-bovine serum albumin (BSA)-immunized rats was significantly lower than that of BSA-immunized or non-immunized rats. Similarly, the increased plasma TSH level following PTU treatment was significantly suppressed after iv injection of antiserum to TRH. However, the decline in plasma TSH levels was not complete. The results of the present study indicate, at least in part, the physiological significance of endogenous TRH in the regulation of pituitary TSH secretion.", "contents": "Effect of active and passive immunization with TRH on plasma TSH response to propylthiouracil. The role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary was investigated in rats by active and passive immunization with TRH. The plasma TSH response to propylthiouracil (PTU) in TRH-bovine serum albumin (BSA)-immunized rats was significantly lower than that of BSA-immunized or non-immunized rats. Similarly, the increased plasma TSH level following PTU treatment was significantly suppressed after iv injection of antiserum to TRH. However, the decline in plasma TSH levels was not complete. The results of the present study indicate, at least in part, the physiological significance of endogenous TRH in the regulation of pituitary TSH secretion.", "PMID": 109291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8675", "title": "Cerebellar stimulation in alumina-gel monkey model: inverse relationship between clinical seizures and EEG interictal bursts.", "content": "The efficacy of cerebellar stimulation was addressed in a chronic monkey model (N = 12) of spontaneous focal motor and secondarily generalized seizures using 24 hr seizure frequency monitoring and all-night EEG recording. The anterior cerebellar vermis was stimulated employing parameters similar to those used in man, 10 Hz, 1 msec pulses, 10 min on, 10 off, at an average current of 2.0 mA. Six weeks pre- and post-base-line periods were compared to a stimulation period of the same length. The results contribute to a clarification of conflicting findings of previous researchers by revealing an inverse relationship between seizure frequency and interictal EEG bursts during the weeks of stimulation. Seizure frequency increased significantly and interictal bursts decreased. Both of these effects (especially the former) were evident in the post-stimulation period, but for different reasons than hypothesized for the period of stimulation. Whereas the therapeutic value of cerebellar stimulation on seizures may be in question, its utilization in the study of mechanisms of epilepsy may be warranted.", "contents": "Cerebellar stimulation in alumina-gel monkey model: inverse relationship between clinical seizures and EEG interictal bursts. The efficacy of cerebellar stimulation was addressed in a chronic monkey model (N = 12) of spontaneous focal motor and secondarily generalized seizures using 24 hr seizure frequency monitoring and all-night EEG recording. The anterior cerebellar vermis was stimulated employing parameters similar to those used in man, 10 Hz, 1 msec pulses, 10 min on, 10 off, at an average current of 2.0 mA. Six weeks pre- and post-base-line periods were compared to a stimulation period of the same length. The results contribute to a clarification of conflicting findings of previous researchers by revealing an inverse relationship between seizure frequency and interictal EEG bursts during the weeks of stimulation. Seizure frequency increased significantly and interictal bursts decreased. Both of these effects (especially the former) were evident in the post-stimulation period, but for different reasons than hypothesized for the period of stimulation. Whereas the therapeutic value of cerebellar stimulation on seizures may be in question, its utilization in the study of mechanisms of epilepsy may be warranted.", "PMID": 109292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8676", "title": "Pharmacokinetic properties of thiopental in two patients treated for uncontrollable seizures.", "content": "Thiopental was administered for seizure control in 2 patients with uncontrollable seizures. Serum samples were collected from each patient and assayed for thiopental, and the resulting serum concentration--time data were analyzed pharmacokinetically. The biologic half-life in both patients was significantly longer than previously reported values. Based on the limited number of patients studied, it would appear that half-life and volume of distribution increase with the degree of obesity, while clearance remains unchanged. These pharmacokinetic characteristics would be worthy of consideration in cases where there may be prolonged use of thiopental, eg., for the control of uncontrollable seizures.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic properties of thiopental in two patients treated for uncontrollable seizures. Thiopental was administered for seizure control in 2 patients with uncontrollable seizures. Serum samples were collected from each patient and assayed for thiopental, and the resulting serum concentration--time data were analyzed pharmacokinetically. The biologic half-life in both patients was significantly longer than previously reported values. Based on the limited number of patients studied, it would appear that half-life and volume of distribution increase with the degree of obesity, while clearance remains unchanged. These pharmacokinetic characteristics would be worthy of consideration in cases where there may be prolonged use of thiopental, eg., for the control of uncontrollable seizures.", "PMID": 109293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8677", "title": "Behavioral toxicology of carbon disulfide and toluene.", "content": "Organic solvents are pervasive in the communal and industrial environments. Although many are potent central nervous system agents, clearly delineated behavioral effects have played only a minor role in the formation of exposure standards. A comprehensive behavioral pharmacology and toxicology of these compounds is one aim of US/USSR collaboration. The current report describes some actions of carbon disulfide and toulene. Earlier data about the actions of carbon disulfide on pigeon operant performance indicated disruption of schedule-controlled key-pecking. Primate data are now described from a situation designed to determine aversive thresholds to electrical stimulation. Effective concentrations of carbon disulfide produced both a rise in the amount of electric shock tolerated and a diminution of the response force exerted by the monkeys. In experiments with toluene, pigeons were shown to elevate key-pecking rate in an operant situation at certain concentrations. Toluene also was studied for its capacity to maintain self-administration in the same way as drugs of abuse. Monkeys worked to gain access to toulene vapor just as they work for opiates or amphetamines. The current experiments demonstrate how comprehensive the range of behavioral toxicology needs to be to deal with environmental health issues.", "contents": "Behavioral toxicology of carbon disulfide and toluene. Organic solvents are pervasive in the communal and industrial environments. Although many are potent central nervous system agents, clearly delineated behavioral effects have played only a minor role in the formation of exposure standards. A comprehensive behavioral pharmacology and toxicology of these compounds is one aim of US/USSR collaboration. The current report describes some actions of carbon disulfide and toulene. Earlier data about the actions of carbon disulfide on pigeon operant performance indicated disruption of schedule-controlled key-pecking. Primate data are now described from a situation designed to determine aversive thresholds to electrical stimulation. Effective concentrations of carbon disulfide produced both a rise in the amount of electric shock tolerated and a diminution of the response force exerted by the monkeys. In experiments with toluene, pigeons were shown to elevate key-pecking rate in an operant situation at certain concentrations. Toluene also was studied for its capacity to maintain self-administration in the same way as drugs of abuse. Monkeys worked to gain access to toulene vapor just as they work for opiates or amphetamines. The current experiments demonstrate how comprehensive the range of behavioral toxicology needs to be to deal with environmental health issues.", "PMID": 109294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8678", "title": "Urethral diverticulum with lithiasis.", "content": "Urethral diverticulum, either congenital or acquired, is very rare and becomes symptomatic when complicated by infection and lithiasis. This paper reports on such a case that was cured by radical excision of the lesion.", "contents": "Urethral diverticulum with lithiasis. Urethral diverticulum, either congenital or acquired, is very rare and becomes symptomatic when complicated by infection and lithiasis. This paper reports on such a case that was cured by radical excision of the lesion.", "PMID": 109298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8679", "title": "Abnormal immunoglobulins in severe combined immunodeficiency: analysis by immunoelectrophoresis and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The plasma immunoglobulins of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency were studied by immunoelectrophoresis and, following isolation by affinity chromatography, by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunoglobulins in plasma from the eight patients studied were immunoelectrophoretically abnormal. Although certain of the immunoglobulins in plasma from five patients could not be identified antigenically, all possessed two mu determinant-bearing proteins with abnormally fast electrophoretic mobilities. Molecular analysis of immunoglobulins of three of these patients revealed two mu heavy chains of abnormally low molecular weight which lacked the ability to polymerize into the pentameric structure of IgM. The failure of concanavalin A to precipitate these molecules suggests that they lack the carbohydrate moiety of normal IgM. Using these techniques, we documented the acquisition of normal IgM synthesis by a patient grafted with maternal leukocytes and the partial immunologic development of a child maintained under gnotobiotic conditions. In the latter patient, between the age of 1 and 4 years, an abnormal mu component disappeared from plasma and normal IgM appeared.", "contents": "Abnormal immunoglobulins in severe combined immunodeficiency: analysis by immunoelectrophoresis and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The plasma immunoglobulins of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency were studied by immunoelectrophoresis and, following isolation by affinity chromatography, by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunoglobulins in plasma from the eight patients studied were immunoelectrophoretically abnormal. Although certain of the immunoglobulins in plasma from five patients could not be identified antigenically, all possessed two mu determinant-bearing proteins with abnormally fast electrophoretic mobilities. Molecular analysis of immunoglobulins of three of these patients revealed two mu heavy chains of abnormally low molecular weight which lacked the ability to polymerize into the pentameric structure of IgM. The failure of concanavalin A to precipitate these molecules suggests that they lack the carbohydrate moiety of normal IgM. Using these techniques, we documented the acquisition of normal IgM synthesis by a patient grafted with maternal leukocytes and the partial immunologic development of a child maintained under gnotobiotic conditions. In the latter patient, between the age of 1 and 4 years, an abnormal mu component disappeared from plasma and normal IgM appeared.", "PMID": 109303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8680", "title": "Comparison of rat, mouse, guinea-pig and human slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A).", "content": "Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis obtained from rat, mouse, guinea-pig and human tissues have exhibited similar biological activity and have reacted in the same way to chemical and enzymatic treatments. It is concluded that they appear to be the same substance or a similar class of compounds.", "contents": "Comparison of rat, mouse, guinea-pig and human slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis obtained from rat, mouse, guinea-pig and human tissues have exhibited similar biological activity and have reacted in the same way to chemical and enzymatic treatments. It is concluded that they appear to be the same substance or a similar class of compounds.", "PMID": 109304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8681", "title": "Ethanol metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A quantitative study of the transformation of ethanol into acetaldehyde shows that, in Drosophila melanogaster, the mitochondrial ethanol oxidizing system is not very active but that the part played by catalase appears more important than expected. For a strain without alcoholdehydrogenase, ethanol is highly toxic. The presence of acetaldehyde in the culture medium is toxic for all the strains studied. But, since even a strain without any aldehydeoxidase lives normally, the metabolic production of acetaldehyde does not seem dangerous.", "contents": "Ethanol metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. A quantitative study of the transformation of ethanol into acetaldehyde shows that, in Drosophila melanogaster, the mitochondrial ethanol oxidizing system is not very active but that the part played by catalase appears more important than expected. For a strain without alcoholdehydrogenase, ethanol is highly toxic. The presence of acetaldehyde in the culture medium is toxic for all the strains studied. But, since even a strain without any aldehydeoxidase lives normally, the metabolic production of acetaldehyde does not seem dangerous.", "PMID": 109305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8682", "title": "alpha-Amanitin: inactivation by bovine lactoperoxidase.", "content": "The principle amatoxin, alpha-amanitin, is found to be extremely sensitive toward lactoperoxidase catalyzed degradation, rather than iodination, of the indole nucleus. Extensive attenuation of inhibitor potency against eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II accompanies the treatment of alpha-amanitin with lactoperoxidase, iodide and hydrogen peroxide.", "contents": "alpha-Amanitin: inactivation by bovine lactoperoxidase. The principle amatoxin, alpha-amanitin, is found to be extremely sensitive toward lactoperoxidase catalyzed degradation, rather than iodination, of the indole nucleus. Extensive attenuation of inhibitor potency against eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II accompanies the treatment of alpha-amanitin with lactoperoxidase, iodide and hydrogen peroxide.", "PMID": 109306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8683", "title": "Position effect influencing alcohol dehydrogenase activity in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A small decrease in alcohol dehydrogenase activity was found in translocation stocks of Drosophila melanogaster in which a section of the heterochromatic Y-chromosome is inserted proximal to Adh. This small position effect is consistent with our growing knowledge of the control and transcription of the Adh locus.", "contents": "Position effect influencing alcohol dehydrogenase activity in Drosophila melanogaster. A small decrease in alcohol dehydrogenase activity was found in translocation stocks of Drosophila melanogaster in which a section of the heterochromatic Y-chromosome is inserted proximal to Adh. This small position effect is consistent with our growing knowledge of the control and transcription of the Adh locus.", "PMID": 109307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8684", "title": "The distribution of carcinogens, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide, in the nervous system and its possible neurotoxicological significance.", "content": "4-NQO-14C can enter the grey matter parenchyma of the central nervous system of mice after i.v. injection. The level of its uptake by the central grey is higher than that taken up by the central white and by the trigeminal and spinal dorsal root ganglia. This pattern of distribution is strikingly different from that obtained after i.v. injection of 4-HAQO-14C, suggesting the possible occurrence of 4-NQO encephalomyelopathy having entirely different sites of lesions from those of 4-HAQO neuropathy.", "contents": "The distribution of carcinogens, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide, in the nervous system and its possible neurotoxicological significance. 4-NQO-14C can enter the grey matter parenchyma of the central nervous system of mice after i.v. injection. The level of its uptake by the central grey is higher than that taken up by the central white and by the trigeminal and spinal dorsal root ganglia. This pattern of distribution is strikingly different from that obtained after i.v. injection of 4-HAQO-14C, suggesting the possible occurrence of 4-NQO encephalomyelopathy having entirely different sites of lesions from those of 4-HAQO neuropathy.", "PMID": 109308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8685", "title": "Biochemical changes in avian tissues during infection.", "content": "Major sources of error in studies of diet--infectious disease interactions relate to failure 1) to define the stage of a disease cycle; and 2) to determine the extent of disease involvement at time of sampling. The former can be determined from clinical and biochemical observations from time of inoculation to recovery or mortality; the latter can be calculated from indexes obtained from histological preparations, changes in body temperatures, and other clinical symptoms, including weight loss and efficiencies of feed utilization. Other significant errors are derived from the normal 24-hour dynamics of particular tissue constituents, which include oscillations and circadian rhythms. Experimental designs and accuracy of data are always helped by prior knowledge of 24-hour patterns of these normal fluctuations. For example, such patterns will reveal that enzyme and hormonal changes are far more dynamic than body water changes. Studies of nutrition--disease interactions are extremely complex and the researcher must be aware of and eliminate as many sources of experimental error as possible to avoid confounding the data.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in avian tissues during infection. Major sources of error in studies of diet--infectious disease interactions relate to failure 1) to define the stage of a disease cycle; and 2) to determine the extent of disease involvement at time of sampling. The former can be determined from clinical and biochemical observations from time of inoculation to recovery or mortality; the latter can be calculated from indexes obtained from histological preparations, changes in body temperatures, and other clinical symptoms, including weight loss and efficiencies of feed utilization. Other significant errors are derived from the normal 24-hour dynamics of particular tissue constituents, which include oscillations and circadian rhythms. Experimental designs and accuracy of data are always helped by prior knowledge of 24-hour patterns of these normal fluctuations. For example, such patterns will reveal that enzyme and hormonal changes are far more dynamic than body water changes. Studies of nutrition--disease interactions are extremely complex and the researcher must be aware of and eliminate as many sources of experimental error as possible to avoid confounding the data.", "PMID": 109321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8686", "title": "The incidence of complications during pregnancy after treatment of hyperprolactinemia with bromocriptine in patients with radiologically evident pituitary tumors.", "content": "The course of pregnancy achieved after bromocriptine therapy is described in nine patients with radiologically evident prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors. In six patients no complications occurred. No changes in sellar size or secondary endocrine deficiencies developed. In three patients, however, complications developed between the 22nd and 24th weeks of pregnancy. Despite prior external pituitary irradiation, one patient developed transient bitemporal hemianopsia and one patient had apoplexy of the pituitary tumor with transient paresis of the left abducens nerve. A third patient developed parasellar expansion of the pituitary tumor with bone destruction and paresis of the right abducens and oculomotor nerves. After transsphenoidal surgery the paresis of both nerves disappeared. Microscopically, the tissue removed at surgery was a chromophobe adenoma with focal fibrosis and calcifications without recent hemorrhages. In the course of more than 100 pregnancies achieved in The Netherlands after bromocriptine therapy, five patients reportedly developed complications of the pituitary tumor. At present, patients in whom complications can be expected cannot be predicted by the size or configuration of the sella turicica or the magnitude of elevation of the plasma prolactin level. In two patients external pituitary irradiation did not prevent complications during pregnancy.", "contents": "The incidence of complications during pregnancy after treatment of hyperprolactinemia with bromocriptine in patients with radiologically evident pituitary tumors. The course of pregnancy achieved after bromocriptine therapy is described in nine patients with radiologically evident prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors. In six patients no complications occurred. No changes in sellar size or secondary endocrine deficiencies developed. In three patients, however, complications developed between the 22nd and 24th weeks of pregnancy. Despite prior external pituitary irradiation, one patient developed transient bitemporal hemianopsia and one patient had apoplexy of the pituitary tumor with transient paresis of the left abducens nerve. A third patient developed parasellar expansion of the pituitary tumor with bone destruction and paresis of the right abducens and oculomotor nerves. After transsphenoidal surgery the paresis of both nerves disappeared. Microscopically, the tissue removed at surgery was a chromophobe adenoma with focal fibrosis and calcifications without recent hemorrhages. In the course of more than 100 pregnancies achieved in The Netherlands after bromocriptine therapy, five patients reportedly developed complications of the pituitary tumor. At present, patients in whom complications can be expected cannot be predicted by the size or configuration of the sella turicica or the magnitude of elevation of the plasma prolactin level. In two patients external pituitary irradiation did not prevent complications during pregnancy.", "PMID": 109323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8687", "title": "Representation of heavy but not light chain Ig idiotypes on T cell receptors for alloantigens.", "content": "We have analyzed idiotypic determinants on B and T lymphocytes reactive against the same antigenic determinants by the use of different anti-idiotypic antibodies. Such antisera were produced in (Lewis X DA) F1 rats against Lewis anti-DA alloantibodies (= B cell product) and Lewis T lymphocyte receptors with the same specificity. We found that B lymphocytes bear unique idiotypic determinants which are not present on the corresponding T lymphocytes. T cell unique (not shared by B lymphocytes) idiotypes were so far not detected. T cells idiotypic determinants which are present on heavy but not light chains of the corresponding alloantibodies.", "contents": "Representation of heavy but not light chain Ig idiotypes on T cell receptors for alloantigens. We have analyzed idiotypic determinants on B and T lymphocytes reactive against the same antigenic determinants by the use of different anti-idiotypic antibodies. Such antisera were produced in (Lewis X DA) F1 rats against Lewis anti-DA alloantibodies (= B cell product) and Lewis T lymphocyte receptors with the same specificity. We found that B lymphocytes bear unique idiotypic determinants which are not present on the corresponding T lymphocytes. T cell unique (not shared by B lymphocytes) idiotypes were so far not detected. T cells idiotypic determinants which are present on heavy but not light chains of the corresponding alloantibodies.", "PMID": 109326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8688", "title": "Isolation and characterization of specific rat epididymal proteins.", "content": "The partial purification and characterization of specific rat epididymal proteins (SEP) is reported. Starting from the cytosol fraction obtained from epididymal homogenates, protein C was purified 15-fold and proteins D--E were purified 19-fold. The molecular weight, determined by molecular sieving, of protein C was 22,400 while that of D--E was 37,000. These proteins stained as glycoproteins with periodic acid--Schiff reagent. The isoelectric point of protein D was 5.13 while that of protein E was 4.95. Protein C separated into 3 bands during isoelectric focussing. The major component focussed at 5.56 and the two minor components at pH 5.38 And 5.79. Using a specific antiserum we could confirm the organ specificity of SEP and their androgen-dependence.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of specific rat epididymal proteins. The partial purification and characterization of specific rat epididymal proteins (SEP) is reported. Starting from the cytosol fraction obtained from epididymal homogenates, protein C was purified 15-fold and proteins D--E were purified 19-fold. The molecular weight, determined by molecular sieving, of protein C was 22,400 while that of D--E was 37,000. These proteins stained as glycoproteins with periodic acid--Schiff reagent. The isoelectric point of protein D was 5.13 while that of protein E was 4.95. Protein C separated into 3 bands during isoelectric focussing. The major component focussed at 5.56 and the two minor components at pH 5.38 And 5.79. Using a specific antiserum we could confirm the organ specificity of SEP and their androgen-dependence.", "PMID": 109328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8689", "title": "Hormonal regulation in two rat mammary cancer cell lines: glucocorticoid and androgen receptors.", "content": "We have studied the hormonal control of two continuous cell lines derived from rat-mammary tumors induced by two different carcinogens (dimethylbenzanthracene and N-nitrosomethylurea). The steroid receptors were assayed using charcoal or hydroxyapatite and the effect of different hormones on cell growth was evaluated by measuring total DNA and following the growth of transplanted cells in nude mice. Similar results were found for the two cell lines; they were unresponsive to estrogen since they did not contain appreciable amounts of estradiol receptor. Conversely, these two cell lines contained high concentrations of androgen and glucocorticoid receptors, which were both transferable to the nucleus. While dexamethasone stimulated, directly or indirectly, the growth of RBA and NMU cells, the effect of androgens on cell growth is still questioned. These two cell lines offer a potential model to study the mechanism of action of androgens and glucocorticoids in mammary cancer.", "contents": "Hormonal regulation in two rat mammary cancer cell lines: glucocorticoid and androgen receptors. We have studied the hormonal control of two continuous cell lines derived from rat-mammary tumors induced by two different carcinogens (dimethylbenzanthracene and N-nitrosomethylurea). The steroid receptors were assayed using charcoal or hydroxyapatite and the effect of different hormones on cell growth was evaluated by measuring total DNA and following the growth of transplanted cells in nude mice. Similar results were found for the two cell lines; they were unresponsive to estrogen since they did not contain appreciable amounts of estradiol receptor. Conversely, these two cell lines contained high concentrations of androgen and glucocorticoid receptors, which were both transferable to the nucleus. While dexamethasone stimulated, directly or indirectly, the growth of RBA and NMU cells, the effect of androgens on cell growth is still questioned. These two cell lines offer a potential model to study the mechanism of action of androgens and glucocorticoids in mammary cancer.", "PMID": 109329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8690", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of glibenclamide.", "content": "A specific, sensitive, and simple radioimmunoassay was developed for the oral hypoglycemic drug glibenclamide, N-4-[2-(5-chloro-2-methoxy-benzamide)-ethyl]-benzenesulfonyl-N'-cyclohexylurea. Antiserum against glibenclamide was obtained from rabbits immunized with an antigen prepared by conjugating the diazonium salt of N(p-amino-benzamidoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl-N'-cyclohexylurea to bovine serum albumin through the diazocoupling. [3H]glibenclamide was used as a tracer. Dextran-coated charcoal was used to separate bound and free [3H]glibenclamide in the reaction mixture. The radioimmunoassay is able to determine as little as 25 pg of glibenclamide directly in plasma without the need for extraction. The antiserum used for the assay was highly specific for glibenclamide, and did not cross-react with two known major metabolites of glibenclamide. Comparable values of glibenclamide in dog plasma were obtained by radioimmunoassay and liquid chromatography. Plasma concentrations of glibenclamide in diabetic patients on glibenclamide treatment can be determined by radioimmunoassay, and the method has been applied to the routine assay of clinical samples. This radioimmunoassay seems to be useful for monitoring plasma glibenclamide concentrations.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of glibenclamide. A specific, sensitive, and simple radioimmunoassay was developed for the oral hypoglycemic drug glibenclamide, N-4-[2-(5-chloro-2-methoxy-benzamide)-ethyl]-benzenesulfonyl-N'-cyclohexylurea. Antiserum against glibenclamide was obtained from rabbits immunized with an antigen prepared by conjugating the diazonium salt of N(p-amino-benzamidoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl-N'-cyclohexylurea to bovine serum albumin through the diazocoupling. [3H]glibenclamide was used as a tracer. Dextran-coated charcoal was used to separate bound and free [3H]glibenclamide in the reaction mixture. The radioimmunoassay is able to determine as little as 25 pg of glibenclamide directly in plasma without the need for extraction. The antiserum used for the assay was highly specific for glibenclamide, and did not cross-react with two known major metabolites of glibenclamide. Comparable values of glibenclamide in dog plasma were obtained by radioimmunoassay and liquid chromatography. Plasma concentrations of glibenclamide in diabetic patients on glibenclamide treatment can be determined by radioimmunoassay, and the method has been applied to the routine assay of clinical samples. This radioimmunoassay seems to be useful for monitoring plasma glibenclamide concentrations.", "PMID": 109337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8691", "title": "Ultracytochemical calcium distribution in B cells in relation to biphasic glucose-stimulated insulin release by the perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "Calcium distribution in B cells of the isolated perfused rat pancreas was examined by the pyroantimonate precipitation technique in relation to the insulin secretory pattern of the perfused pancreas in response to 3 mM or 20 mM D-glucose or 20 mM D-glucose in calcium-depleted ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) medium. Perfusion fixation after various time intervals from 3 to 30 min allowed appropriate relation to secretory phases. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the precipitation patterns revealed a significant increase in cell membrane associated percipitates after 3--5 min of perfusion with 20 mM glucose compared with the results after perfusion with 3 mM glucose. After 10--30 min of perfusion with 20 mM glucose there was an additional significant increase in precipitates located in the cytoplasm and the halos of the secretory granules. Perfusion with 20 mM glucose in calcium-deprived EGTA medium strongly reduced the number of precipitates within the B cells. The results suggest that cell membrane associated calcium may be involved in exocytosis, and by its sudden increase may trigger the first phase of insulin secretion. The calcium stores in the cytoplasm and the granules may be of importance for long-term regulation of insulin release.", "contents": "Ultracytochemical calcium distribution in B cells in relation to biphasic glucose-stimulated insulin release by the perfused rat pancreas. Calcium distribution in B cells of the isolated perfused rat pancreas was examined by the pyroantimonate precipitation technique in relation to the insulin secretory pattern of the perfused pancreas in response to 3 mM or 20 mM D-glucose or 20 mM D-glucose in calcium-depleted ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) medium. Perfusion fixation after various time intervals from 3 to 30 min allowed appropriate relation to secretory phases. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the precipitation patterns revealed a significant increase in cell membrane associated percipitates after 3--5 min of perfusion with 20 mM glucose compared with the results after perfusion with 3 mM glucose. After 10--30 min of perfusion with 20 mM glucose there was an additional significant increase in precipitates located in the cytoplasm and the halos of the secretory granules. Perfusion with 20 mM glucose in calcium-deprived EGTA medium strongly reduced the number of precipitates within the B cells. The results suggest that cell membrane associated calcium may be involved in exocytosis, and by its sudden increase may trigger the first phase of insulin secretion. The calcium stores in the cytoplasm and the granules may be of importance for long-term regulation of insulin release.", "PMID": 109339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8692", "title": "Insulin resistance caused by massive degradation of subcutaneous insulin.", "content": "Severe resistance to subcutaneous insulin but sensitivity to intravenous insulin persisted for 15 months in a 17-year-old diabetic girl. Heat-labile insulin-degrading activity was present in the patient's ketotic sera and in the 100,000 g fraction (soluble fraction) of adipose tissue. Serum-degrading activity was not inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. The soluble fraction also degraded glucagon and B chain but not growth hormone or myoglobin. It was inhibited by incubation with the patient's nonketotic sera, normal sera, or Trasylol. Glutathione-insulin-transhydrogenase (GIT) activity was 66% of normal. The biopsy of adipose tissue at remission showed a normal level of insulin- and glucagon-degrading activity. The activity was eluted from Sephadex G200 as a single peak and had properties consistent with those of the insulin-specific protease (ISP). The increased degrading activity present during insulin resistance had properties not shared with ISP, suggesting the presence of an uncharacterized protease.", "contents": "Insulin resistance caused by massive degradation of subcutaneous insulin. Severe resistance to subcutaneous insulin but sensitivity to intravenous insulin persisted for 15 months in a 17-year-old diabetic girl. Heat-labile insulin-degrading activity was present in the patient's ketotic sera and in the 100,000 g fraction (soluble fraction) of adipose tissue. Serum-degrading activity was not inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. The soluble fraction also degraded glucagon and B chain but not growth hormone or myoglobin. It was inhibited by incubation with the patient's nonketotic sera, normal sera, or Trasylol. Glutathione-insulin-transhydrogenase (GIT) activity was 66% of normal. The biopsy of adipose tissue at remission showed a normal level of insulin- and glucagon-degrading activity. The activity was eluted from Sephadex G200 as a single peak and had properties consistent with those of the insulin-specific protease (ISP). The increased degrading activity present during insulin resistance had properties not shared with ISP, suggesting the presence of an uncharacterized protease.", "PMID": 109340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8693", "title": "Prophylactic effect of BCG cell-wall skeleton on the tumor induction by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in mice: strain difference.", "content": "Prophylactic effect of repeated intravenous administrations of oil-attached BCG cell-wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) on the induction of tumor by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was investigated in various strains of mice. The subcutaneous injection of DMBA emulsified in oil induced squamous cell carcinoma in almost all of the strains of mice. Treatment of C57BL/6, BALB/c, and ddO strains with BCG-CWS with appropriate route and timing resulted in the retardation of DMBA-induced tumor development manifested by a prolonged latent period of tumor outgrowth. In contrast, the same BCG-CWS treatment of C3H/He and BTK mice was incapable in preventing such DMBA-induced carcinogenesis. Thus, the treatment with BCG-CWS was effective for preventing the DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in certain strains of mice, but the effectiveness varied depending on the strain. The implication of such a strain variationof the BCG-CWS effect on the prophylaxis of chemical carcinogenesis was discussed in the context of differences in the magnitude of immunopotentiation of the host by BCG-CWS.", "contents": "Prophylactic effect of BCG cell-wall skeleton on the tumor induction by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in mice: strain difference. Prophylactic effect of repeated intravenous administrations of oil-attached BCG cell-wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) on the induction of tumor by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was investigated in various strains of mice. The subcutaneous injection of DMBA emulsified in oil induced squamous cell carcinoma in almost all of the strains of mice. Treatment of C57BL/6, BALB/c, and ddO strains with BCG-CWS with appropriate route and timing resulted in the retardation of DMBA-induced tumor development manifested by a prolonged latent period of tumor outgrowth. In contrast, the same BCG-CWS treatment of C3H/He and BTK mice was incapable in preventing such DMBA-induced carcinogenesis. Thus, the treatment with BCG-CWS was effective for preventing the DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in certain strains of mice, but the effectiveness varied depending on the strain. The implication of such a strain variationof the BCG-CWS effect on the prophylaxis of chemical carcinogenesis was discussed in the context of differences in the magnitude of immunopotentiation of the host by BCG-CWS.", "PMID": 109342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8694", "title": "Detection of HBe antigen in sera from HBs antigen asymptomatic carrier and hepatitis patients using polyethylene glycol (PEG).", "content": "Serum and plasma samples concentrated 8 to 10 times with polyethylene glycol (PEG) having a molecular weight of 6,000 were examined by micro-Ouchterlony (MO) analysis with a view to increasing the detection sensitivity for HBe antigen (HBeAg), one of the hepatitis B virus associated antigens, and HBe antibody (HBeAb). The subjects of this investigation consisted of 82 symptom-free HBsAg carriers and 59 patients with B hepatitis. HBeAg was detected in 22 (26.8%) and HBeAb in 43 (52.4%) of 82 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, and 17 (20.7%) were negative for both HBeAg and HBeAb. The corresponding values for the liver disease patients were 7 (11.9%), 16 (22.1%) and 36 (61.0%). Histologically, the rate of detection for HBeAg was higher in the cases of a mild disturbance.", "contents": "Detection of HBe antigen in sera from HBs antigen asymptomatic carrier and hepatitis patients using polyethylene glycol (PEG). Serum and plasma samples concentrated 8 to 10 times with polyethylene glycol (PEG) having a molecular weight of 6,000 were examined by micro-Ouchterlony (MO) analysis with a view to increasing the detection sensitivity for HBe antigen (HBeAg), one of the hepatitis B virus associated antigens, and HBe antibody (HBeAb). The subjects of this investigation consisted of 82 symptom-free HBsAg carriers and 59 patients with B hepatitis. HBeAg was detected in 22 (26.8%) and HBeAb in 43 (52.4%) of 82 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, and 17 (20.7%) were negative for both HBeAg and HBeAb. The corresponding values for the liver disease patients were 7 (11.9%), 16 (22.1%) and 36 (61.0%). Histologically, the rate of detection for HBeAg was higher in the cases of a mild disturbance.", "PMID": 109343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8695", "title": "Effect of chronic alcohol use on hepatic testosterone 5-alpha-A-ring reductase in the baboon and in the human being.", "content": "Hepatic testosterone 5-alpha-A-ring reductase (HTAR) activity was measured in open liver biopsies in eight alcohol-fed baboons and eight pair-fed controls. The animals were studied after at least 1 yr of alcohol feeding. In the alcholol-fed animals, a significant fall in enzyme activity was noted. This occurred whether the enzyme levels were related to soluble protein, to DNA, or to wet tissue weight, showing that the change was due to a decrease in the specific activity of the enzyme. In addition, aspiration liver biopsy specimens were obtained from 14 men and women with alcoholic liver disease. Again, there was a significant decrease in HTAH activity in these patients compared with a normal population. No relationship was found between hepatic histology and HTAR levels in either the baboon or human population with alcoholic liver disease, suggesting that the changes in enzyme activity were related to an alcohol effect rather than to liver disease per se. This study demonstrates that chronic alcohol use decreases the function of the enzyme which controls an important rate-limiting step in the metabolism of testosterone in the liver and that this effect may be due primarily to alcohol.", "contents": "Effect of chronic alcohol use on hepatic testosterone 5-alpha-A-ring reductase in the baboon and in the human being. Hepatic testosterone 5-alpha-A-ring reductase (HTAR) activity was measured in open liver biopsies in eight alcohol-fed baboons and eight pair-fed controls. The animals were studied after at least 1 yr of alcohol feeding. In the alcholol-fed animals, a significant fall in enzyme activity was noted. This occurred whether the enzyme levels were related to soluble protein, to DNA, or to wet tissue weight, showing that the change was due to a decrease in the specific activity of the enzyme. In addition, aspiration liver biopsy specimens were obtained from 14 men and women with alcoholic liver disease. Again, there was a significant decrease in HTAH activity in these patients compared with a normal population. No relationship was found between hepatic histology and HTAR levels in either the baboon or human population with alcoholic liver disease, suggesting that the changes in enzyme activity were related to an alcohol effect rather than to liver disease per se. This study demonstrates that chronic alcohol use decreases the function of the enzyme which controls an important rate-limiting step in the metabolism of testosterone in the liver and that this effect may be due primarily to alcohol.", "PMID": 109344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8696", "title": "Effect of dietary fiber on intraluminal pressure and myoelectrical activity of left colon in monkeys.", "content": "The effects of varying intake of dietary fiber content on left colon intraluminal pressure, electrical spike discharge activity, and contractions of circular muscle were measured in stump-tailed monkeys. Animals were preconditioned to sit in restraint chairs and then had the sigmoid colon instrumented with an extraluminal strain gage force transducer, a bipolar serosal electrode and a Thomas cannula to provide access for determining luminal pressure with a perfused, open-tip catheter. Diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g of dietary fiber daily were fed in varying sequences for periods of 3 wk. Observations were made twice during the last week of each diet. Fecal weight increased in animals on a high fiber diet, but changing dietary fiber content did not alter the duration of spike discharge activity and produced only a minimal change in the contraciton frequency of colon circular muscle. Colon intraluminal pressure was increased significantly by feeding low-fiber diets, but intraluminal pressure responses did not always correlate with the myoelectrical activity of the colon circular muscle.", "contents": "Effect of dietary fiber on intraluminal pressure and myoelectrical activity of left colon in monkeys. The effects of varying intake of dietary fiber content on left colon intraluminal pressure, electrical spike discharge activity, and contractions of circular muscle were measured in stump-tailed monkeys. Animals were preconditioned to sit in restraint chairs and then had the sigmoid colon instrumented with an extraluminal strain gage force transducer, a bipolar serosal electrode and a Thomas cannula to provide access for determining luminal pressure with a perfused, open-tip catheter. Diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g of dietary fiber daily were fed in varying sequences for periods of 3 wk. Observations were made twice during the last week of each diet. Fecal weight increased in animals on a high fiber diet, but changing dietary fiber content did not alter the duration of spike discharge activity and produced only a minimal change in the contraciton frequency of colon circular muscle. Colon intraluminal pressure was increased significantly by feeding low-fiber diets, but intraluminal pressure responses did not always correlate with the myoelectrical activity of the colon circular muscle.", "PMID": 109345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8697", "title": "Effect of fasting on metabolite-mediated hepatotoxicity in the rat.", "content": "Acetaminophen and bromobenzene are transformed in the liver into chemically reactive metabolites that may either bind to glutathione and be detoxified or bind to hepatic proteins and produce liver cell necrosis. Fasting for 42 hr (a) decreased hepatic glutathione concentration, (b) increased the amount of chemically reactive metabolite irreversibly bound to hepatic proteins after administration of 3H-acetaminophen or 14C-bromobenzene, and (c) increased the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen or bromobenzene. In rats fasted for various lengths of time, there was an inverse relationship between the concentration of glutathione in the liver and the activity of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminases after administration of acetaminophen or bromobenzene. In vitro, there was an inverse relationship between the concentration of glutathione in the incubate and the amount of chemically reactive metabolite bound to microsomal proteins after incubation of 3H-acetaminophen or 14C-bromobenzene with hepatic microsomes. It is concluded that fasting may decrease the inactivation of chemically reactive metabolites by glutathione, increase their binding to hepatic proteins, and enhance the hepatotoxicity of drugs transformed into chemically reactive metabolites that are detoxified by binding to glutathione.", "contents": "Effect of fasting on metabolite-mediated hepatotoxicity in the rat. Acetaminophen and bromobenzene are transformed in the liver into chemically reactive metabolites that may either bind to glutathione and be detoxified or bind to hepatic proteins and produce liver cell necrosis. Fasting for 42 hr (a) decreased hepatic glutathione concentration, (b) increased the amount of chemically reactive metabolite irreversibly bound to hepatic proteins after administration of 3H-acetaminophen or 14C-bromobenzene, and (c) increased the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen or bromobenzene. In rats fasted for various lengths of time, there was an inverse relationship between the concentration of glutathione in the liver and the activity of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminases after administration of acetaminophen or bromobenzene. In vitro, there was an inverse relationship between the concentration of glutathione in the incubate and the amount of chemically reactive metabolite bound to microsomal proteins after incubation of 3H-acetaminophen or 14C-bromobenzene with hepatic microsomes. It is concluded that fasting may decrease the inactivation of chemically reactive metabolites by glutathione, increase their binding to hepatic proteins, and enhance the hepatotoxicity of drugs transformed into chemically reactive metabolites that are detoxified by binding to glutathione.", "PMID": 109346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8698", "title": "Home parenteral nutrition in children with Crohn's disease: an effective management alternative.", "content": "Seventeen pediatric patients, ages 9.25--20.5 yr, were placed on a program of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) for severe, symptomatic Crohn's disease. Prior therapy with sulfasalazine in 14, adrenocorticosteroids in 12, inpatient total parenteral nutrition in 7, and/or surgical resections in 6 failed to suppress disease activity. Remission was attained in 12 of the 17 after one course of HPN alone. Four patients had surgical procedures and 1 required steroids in addition to HPN. Remissions have been maintained in 4 of those 12 for a mean duration of 315 days after discontinuation of HPN. Of the 8 who relapsed after a mean duration of 68 days, second courses of HPN were undertaken in 7 and third courses in 2. All 17 had a marked improvement in disease symptoms while receiving HPN in addition to gaining weight sufficient to place them at a higher percentile on standard growth charts. Ten patients demonstrated \"catch-up\" growth and 4 others increased their height appropriately. A chromium 51-labeled albumin stool collection of greater than 1% in 5 of 7 patients at the completion of a HPN course correlated with relapse within 4 mo. Serial radiographic contrast studies and erythrocyte sedimentation rates were not predictive of prolonged remissions. Home parenteral nutrition complications were minimal, with only one episode of sepsis per 5.8 catheter experience years. It is concluded that HPN is a safe and effective means of inducing remissions and providing optimal nutritional support in pediatric patients with severe Crohn's disease. Patients with less than adequate response to standard medical management should be considered candidates for this therapeutic modality.", "contents": "Home parenteral nutrition in children with Crohn's disease: an effective management alternative. Seventeen pediatric patients, ages 9.25--20.5 yr, were placed on a program of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) for severe, symptomatic Crohn's disease. Prior therapy with sulfasalazine in 14, adrenocorticosteroids in 12, inpatient total parenteral nutrition in 7, and/or surgical resections in 6 failed to suppress disease activity. Remission was attained in 12 of the 17 after one course of HPN alone. Four patients had surgical procedures and 1 required steroids in addition to HPN. Remissions have been maintained in 4 of those 12 for a mean duration of 315 days after discontinuation of HPN. Of the 8 who relapsed after a mean duration of 68 days, second courses of HPN were undertaken in 7 and third courses in 2. All 17 had a marked improvement in disease symptoms while receiving HPN in addition to gaining weight sufficient to place them at a higher percentile on standard growth charts. Ten patients demonstrated \"catch-up\" growth and 4 others increased their height appropriately. A chromium 51-labeled albumin stool collection of greater than 1% in 5 of 7 patients at the completion of a HPN course correlated with relapse within 4 mo. Serial radiographic contrast studies and erythrocyte sedimentation rates were not predictive of prolonged remissions. Home parenteral nutrition complications were minimal, with only one episode of sepsis per 5.8 catheter experience years. It is concluded that HPN is a safe and effective means of inducing remissions and providing optimal nutritional support in pediatric patients with severe Crohn's disease. Patients with less than adequate response to standard medical management should be considered candidates for this therapeutic modality.", "PMID": 109347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8699", "title": "Lack of spontaneous sister chromatid exchanges in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Neural ganglia of wild type third-instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster were incubated for 13 hours at various concentrations of BUdR (1, 3, 9, 27 micrograms/ml). Metaphases were collected with colchicine, stained with Hoechst 33258, and scored under a fluorescence microscope. Metaphases in which the sister chromatids were clearly differentiated were scored for the presence of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). At the lowest concentration of BUdR (1 microgram/ml), no SCEs were observed in either male or female neuroblasts. The SCEs were found at the higher concentrations of BUdR (3, 9, And 27 micrograms/ml) and with a greater frequency in females than in males. Therefore SCEs are not a spontaneous phenomenon in D. melanogaster, but are induced by BUdR incorporated in the DNA. A striking nonrandomness was found in the distribution of SCEs along the chromosomes. More than a third of the SCEs were clustered in the junctions between euchromatin and heterochromatin. The remaining SCEs were preferentially localized within the heterochromatic regions of the X chromosome and the autosomes and primarily on the entirely heterochromatic Y chromosome.--In order to find an alternative way of measuring the frequency of SCEs in the Drosophila neuroblasts, the occurrence of double dicentric rings was studied in two stocks carrying monocentric ring-X chromosomes. One ring chromosome, C(1)TR94--2, shows a rate of dicentric ring formation corresponding to the frequency of SCEs observed in the BUdR-labelled rod chromosomes. The other ring studied, R(1)2, exhibits a frequency of SCEs higher than that observed with both C(1) TR94--2 and rod chromosomes.", "contents": "Lack of spontaneous sister chromatid exchanges in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Neural ganglia of wild type third-instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster were incubated for 13 hours at various concentrations of BUdR (1, 3, 9, 27 micrograms/ml). Metaphases were collected with colchicine, stained with Hoechst 33258, and scored under a fluorescence microscope. Metaphases in which the sister chromatids were clearly differentiated were scored for the presence of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). At the lowest concentration of BUdR (1 microgram/ml), no SCEs were observed in either male or female neuroblasts. The SCEs were found at the higher concentrations of BUdR (3, 9, And 27 micrograms/ml) and with a greater frequency in females than in males. Therefore SCEs are not a spontaneous phenomenon in D. melanogaster, but are induced by BUdR incorporated in the DNA. A striking nonrandomness was found in the distribution of SCEs along the chromosomes. More than a third of the SCEs were clustered in the junctions between euchromatin and heterochromatin. The remaining SCEs were preferentially localized within the heterochromatic regions of the X chromosome and the autosomes and primarily on the entirely heterochromatic Y chromosome.--In order to find an alternative way of measuring the frequency of SCEs in the Drosophila neuroblasts, the occurrence of double dicentric rings was studied in two stocks carrying monocentric ring-X chromosomes. One ring chromosome, C(1)TR94--2, shows a rate of dicentric ring formation corresponding to the frequency of SCEs observed in the BUdR-labelled rod chromosomes. The other ring studied, R(1)2, exhibits a frequency of SCEs higher than that observed with both C(1) TR94--2 and rod chromosomes.", "PMID": 109350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8700", "title": "Organization of the rosy locus in Drosophila melanogaster: further evidence in support of a cis-acting control element adjacent to the xanthine dehydrogenase structural element.", "content": "The present report summarizes our recent progress in the genetic dissection of an elementary genetic unit in a higher organism, the rosy locus (ry:3--52.0) in Drosophila melanogaster. Pursuing the hypothesis that the rosy locus includes a noncoding control region, as well as a structural element coding for the xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) peptide, experiments are described that characterize and map a rosy locus variant associated with much lower than normal levels of XDH activity. Experiments are described that fail to relate this phenotype to alteration in the structure of the XDH peptide, but clearly associate this character with variation in number of molecules of XDH per fly. Large-scale fine-structure recombination experiments locate the genetic basis for this variation in the number of molecules of XDH per fly to a site immediately to the left of the XDH structural element within a region previously designated as the XDH control element. Moreover, experiments clearly separate this \"underproducer\" variant site from a previously described \"overproducer\" site within the control region. Examination of enzyme activity in electrophoretic gels of appropriate heterozygous genotypes demonstrates the cis-acting nature of this variation in the number of molecules of XDH. A revision of the map of the rosy locus, structural and control elements is presented in the light of the additional mapping data now available.", "contents": "Organization of the rosy locus in Drosophila melanogaster: further evidence in support of a cis-acting control element adjacent to the xanthine dehydrogenase structural element. The present report summarizes our recent progress in the genetic dissection of an elementary genetic unit in a higher organism, the rosy locus (ry:3--52.0) in Drosophila melanogaster. Pursuing the hypothesis that the rosy locus includes a noncoding control region, as well as a structural element coding for the xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) peptide, experiments are described that characterize and map a rosy locus variant associated with much lower than normal levels of XDH activity. Experiments are described that fail to relate this phenotype to alteration in the structure of the XDH peptide, but clearly associate this character with variation in number of molecules of XDH per fly. Large-scale fine-structure recombination experiments locate the genetic basis for this variation in the number of molecules of XDH per fly to a site immediately to the left of the XDH structural element within a region previously designated as the XDH control element. Moreover, experiments clearly separate this \"underproducer\" variant site from a previously described \"overproducer\" site within the control region. Examination of enzyme activity in electrophoretic gels of appropriate heterozygous genotypes demonstrates the cis-acting nature of this variation in the number of molecules of XDH. A revision of the map of the rosy locus, structural and control elements is presented in the light of the additional mapping data now available.", "PMID": 109351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8701", "title": "A method for construction of specialized transducing phage rho 11 of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "DNA from a temperate phage rho 11 and chromosomal DNA of Bacillus subtilis 168 were digested with endonuclease EcoRI and then ligated with T4 polynucleotide ligase. The ligated DNA fragments were used to transform a lysogenic strain, B. subtilis spoA12 lys21 hisA1 leuA8 p11, and Lys+, His+ or Leu+ transformants were selected. The cells of each type were then mixed, grown and treated with mitomycin C; the induced phages were tested for abilities abilities to form plaques and to tranduce the auxotrophic marker. Various types of plaque-forming or defective phages which transduce hisA or lys marker at considerably high frequencies were thus obtained.", "contents": "A method for construction of specialized transducing phage rho 11 of Bacillus subtilis. DNA from a temperate phage rho 11 and chromosomal DNA of Bacillus subtilis 168 were digested with endonuclease EcoRI and then ligated with T4 polynucleotide ligase. The ligated DNA fragments were used to transform a lysogenic strain, B. subtilis spoA12 lys21 hisA1 leuA8 p11, and Lys+, His+ or Leu+ transformants were selected. The cells of each type were then mixed, grown and treated with mitomycin C; the induced phages were tested for abilities abilities to form plaques and to tranduce the auxotrophic marker. Various types of plaque-forming or defective phages which transduce hisA or lys marker at considerably high frequencies were thus obtained.", "PMID": 109355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8702", "title": "Studies on the organization of the alpha-satellite DNA from African green monkey cells using restriction nucleases and molecular cloning.", "content": "alpha-Satellite DNA from African green monkey cells was analysed with restriction nucleases in some detail confirming and complementing our earlier results. With EcoRI and HaeIII (or BsuRI isoschizomer), about 25 and 10%, respectively, of the satellite DNA were cleaved into a series of fragments of the 172 bp repeat length and multiples thereof. To allow studies with fragments of homogeneous sequence unit length, HindIII fragments were covalently joined with the plasmid pBR 313. After transformation 19 clones were obtained, containing up to three monomer fragments. Nine of the clones were characterized by digestion with EcoRI. Three of these had cleavage sites for this nuclease in the satellite DNA portion. In the six clones tested with HaeIII no cleavage site was detected in the cloned DNA. The results are discussed in relation to the nucleotide sequence data recently published by Rosenberg et al. (1978) and in the context of random and nonrandom processes in satellite DNA evolution", "contents": "Studies on the organization of the alpha-satellite DNA from African green monkey cells using restriction nucleases and molecular cloning. alpha-Satellite DNA from African green monkey cells was analysed with restriction nucleases in some detail confirming and complementing our earlier results. With EcoRI and HaeIII (or BsuRI isoschizomer), about 25 and 10%, respectively, of the satellite DNA were cleaved into a series of fragments of the 172 bp repeat length and multiples thereof. To allow studies with fragments of homogeneous sequence unit length, HindIII fragments were covalently joined with the plasmid pBR 313. After transformation 19 clones were obtained, containing up to three monomer fragments. Nine of the clones were characterized by digestion with EcoRI. Three of these had cleavage sites for this nuclease in the satellite DNA portion. In the six clones tested with HaeIII no cleavage site was detected in the cloned DNA. The results are discussed in relation to the nucleotide sequence data recently published by Rosenberg et al. (1978) and in the context of random and nonrandom processes in satellite DNA evolution", "PMID": 109356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8703", "title": "Distribution of HLA histocompatibility antigens, ABO blood groups and Rh antigens in alcoholic liver disease.", "content": "The distribution of 16 antigens of the HLA-A and 15 antigens of the HLA-B series of HLA system, the blood groups ABO, and Rh antigens were studied in 40 alcoholics with cirrhosis, 18 alcoholics without cirrhosis, and in normal control subjects. The group of alcoholics with cirrhosis showed a significantly high frequency of HLA-B13 (corrected P less than 0.01) when compared with normal subjects, while the frequency of HLA-B13 was similar to normal in alcoholics without cirrhosis. On the basis of these findings, its seems that the carriers of HLA-B13 are more susceptible to liver damage caused by alcohol. Both groups of alcoholics and the normal controls had a similar distribution of ABO blood groups and Rh antigens.", "contents": "Distribution of HLA histocompatibility antigens, ABO blood groups and Rh antigens in alcoholic liver disease. The distribution of 16 antigens of the HLA-A and 15 antigens of the HLA-B series of HLA system, the blood groups ABO, and Rh antigens were studied in 40 alcoholics with cirrhosis, 18 alcoholics without cirrhosis, and in normal control subjects. The group of alcoholics with cirrhosis showed a significantly high frequency of HLA-B13 (corrected P less than 0.01) when compared with normal subjects, while the frequency of HLA-B13 was similar to normal in alcoholics without cirrhosis. On the basis of these findings, its seems that the carriers of HLA-B13 are more susceptible to liver damage caused by alcohol. Both groups of alcoholics and the normal controls had a similar distribution of ABO blood groups and Rh antigens.", "PMID": 109357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8704", "title": "Encephalitozoonosis in laboratory animals--a serological survey.", "content": "Serum samples of rabbits, guinea pigs, Syrian golden hamsters and mice from various breeding stations and laboratory colonies were examined for the presence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Of more than 500 rabbits, only those from commercial farms and laboratory colonies were found positive. The number of positive animals fluctuated in different colonies from 0% to 95%. 140 guinea pigs were examined. Two colonies were antibody-free, four colonies contained 29-85% of positively reacting animals. 110 Syrian golden hamsters from five colonies showed that in four colonies 14-80% of animals reacted positively and only one colony was negative. Of 126 rats examined, 15% and 30% of animals from two colonies contained significant antibody levels. Two colonies were negative. 200 mice from a number of colonies did not show any significant positivity. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Encephalitozoonosis in laboratory animals--a serological survey. Serum samples of rabbits, guinea pigs, Syrian golden hamsters and mice from various breeding stations and laboratory colonies were examined for the presence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Of more than 500 rabbits, only those from commercial farms and laboratory colonies were found positive. The number of positive animals fluctuated in different colonies from 0% to 95%. 140 guinea pigs were examined. Two colonies were antibody-free, four colonies contained 29-85% of positively reacting animals. 110 Syrian golden hamsters from five colonies showed that in four colonies 14-80% of animals reacted positively and only one colony was negative. Of 126 rats examined, 15% and 30% of animals from two colonies contained significant antibody levels. Two colonies were negative. 200 mice from a number of colonies did not show any significant positivity. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 109381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8705", "title": "[Drug therapy of chronic arterial occlusive diseases of the lower extremities with butalamine-HCl].", "content": "In a multicentre study a total of 113 patients suffering from disturbed blood flow conditions of the lower extremities (type II Fontaine) were treated with butalamine hydrochloride tablets, each containing 80 mg of the active principle. In 96% of the cases given a daily dose of 3 x 2 tablets and in 82% of those treated with a daily dose of 3 x 1 tablet both subjective and objective clinical symptoms, such as walking distance and Ratschow's testing parameters, were found to be improved. In view of the findings that metabolic functions as well as systemic blood flow conditions were not affected and that the drug was furthermore well tolerated by the gastrointestinal system, butalamine hydrochloride proved to be an effective therapeutic in long-term treatment of patients suffering from blood flow disorders of the lower extremities.", "contents": "[Drug therapy of chronic arterial occlusive diseases of the lower extremities with butalamine-HCl]. In a multicentre study a total of 113 patients suffering from disturbed blood flow conditions of the lower extremities (type II Fontaine) were treated with butalamine hydrochloride tablets, each containing 80 mg of the active principle. In 96% of the cases given a daily dose of 3 x 2 tablets and in 82% of those treated with a daily dose of 3 x 1 tablet both subjective and objective clinical symptoms, such as walking distance and Ratschow's testing parameters, were found to be improved. In view of the findings that metabolic functions as well as systemic blood flow conditions were not affected and that the drug was furthermore well tolerated by the gastrointestinal system, butalamine hydrochloride proved to be an effective therapeutic in long-term treatment of patients suffering from blood flow disorders of the lower extremities.", "PMID": 109382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8706", "title": "Islet transplantation in experimental diabetes of the rat. VI. Rate of regression in diabetic kidney lesions after isogeneic islet transplantation: quantitative measurements.", "content": "Intraportal transplantation of isogeneic adult islets in diabetic rats resulted in long-lasting amelioration of the metabolic disorder. The effect upon diabetes-induced kidney changes (enlargement of mesangial space, capillary changes, cell-proliferation) was examined quantitatively by morphometric studies. The major effect was a remarkable reduction of the mesangial space and re-widening of the capillary lumina. The number of endothelial cells was lowered. Regarding epithelial and mesangila cells no difference was observed between normal, diabetic and transplanted animals of age-matched groups.", "contents": "Islet transplantation in experimental diabetes of the rat. VI. Rate of regression in diabetic kidney lesions after isogeneic islet transplantation: quantitative measurements. Intraportal transplantation of isogeneic adult islets in diabetic rats resulted in long-lasting amelioration of the metabolic disorder. The effect upon diabetes-induced kidney changes (enlargement of mesangial space, capillary changes, cell-proliferation) was examined quantitatively by morphometric studies. The major effect was a remarkable reduction of the mesangial space and re-widening of the capillary lumina. The number of endothelial cells was lowered. Regarding epithelial and mesangila cells no difference was observed between normal, diabetic and transplanted animals of age-matched groups.", "PMID": 109383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8707", "title": "Formation and metabolism of 3',5'-diiodothyronine and 3,5-diiodothyronine by cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cells.", "content": "Cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cells were incubated with [3',5'-125I] diiodo-L--thyronine and with [3,5-125I] diiodo-L-thyronine. In both instances monodeiodination as well as sulfoconjugation took place. [3.-125I] iodothyronine and [3',5'-125I] diiodothyronine were identified as metabolites of [3'-5'-125I]-L-thyroxine in the cells, but neither [3-125I]-iodothyronine nor [3,5-125I] diiodothyronine was detected after incubation of the cells with ]3,5-125I]-L-thyroxine. No products of diphenyl ether splitting were observed in the medium after incubation of the cells with either [3,5-125I] diiodo-L-thyronine or [3,5-125I]-L-thyroxine.", "contents": "Formation and metabolism of 3',5'-diiodothyronine and 3,5-diiodothyronine by cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cells. Cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cells were incubated with [3',5'-125I] diiodo-L--thyronine and with [3,5-125I] diiodo-L-thyronine. In both instances monodeiodination as well as sulfoconjugation took place. [3.-125I] iodothyronine and [3',5'-125I] diiodothyronine were identified as metabolites of [3'-5'-125I]-L-thyroxine in the cells, but neither [3-125I]-iodothyronine nor [3,5-125I] diiodothyronine was detected after incubation of the cells with ]3,5-125I]-L-thyroxine. No products of diphenyl ether splitting were observed in the medium after incubation of the cells with either [3,5-125I] diiodo-L-thyronine or [3,5-125I]-L-thyroxine.", "PMID": 109384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8708", "title": "Should hospitals use zero-base planning and budgeting?", "content": "Since most hospital programs are not discretionary, they cannot be successfully evaluated by the \"decision package\" methodology of ZBPD. For carefully selected hospital services, however, ZBPD may be an effective tool.", "contents": "Should hospitals use zero-base planning and budgeting? Since most hospital programs are not discretionary, they cannot be successfully evaluated by the \"decision package\" methodology of ZBPD. For carefully selected hospital services, however, ZBPD may be an effective tool.", "PMID": 109385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8709", "title": "Immunological nature of genetic resistance of mice to herpes simplex virus type 1 infection.", "content": "Treatment of mice genetically resistant to HSV-1 with agents which impair T-cell or macrophage function markedly diminished resistance. Bone marrow transplantation of genetically susceptible mice with marrow from resistant F1 mice produced chimeras resistant to HSV-1. Resistance thus appears to be immunological in nature. Striking similarities were found between resistance to HSV-1 and allogeneic resistance.", "contents": "Immunological nature of genetic resistance of mice to herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Treatment of mice genetically resistant to HSV-1 with agents which impair T-cell or macrophage function markedly diminished resistance. Bone marrow transplantation of genetically susceptible mice with marrow from resistant F1 mice produced chimeras resistant to HSV-1. Resistance thus appears to be immunological in nature. Striking similarities were found between resistance to HSV-1 and allogeneic resistance.", "PMID": 109389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8710", "title": "Genetic control of resistance to Marek's disease.", "content": "Various MD-resistant and MD-susceptibel lines of chickens were challenged with the RPL-1 cell line, an MD tumor cell line which is capable of growth both in vivo and invitro. Birds which possessed the B21 allele, an allele shown to be associated with MD resistance, were also resistant to the growth of the RPL-1 tumor. Lines of chickens which possessed B alleles associated with susceptibility to MD were also very susceptible to the growth of the RPL-1 tumour. The growth of RPL-1 cells can therefore be used as a marker of B21-associated resistance to MD. In contrast, lines of chickens which differ in susceptibility to MD, due to allelic differences at a non-B genetic locus (or loci), did not differ with respect to their capacity to reject RPL-1 cells. We suggest that this might indicate that different mechanisms might be operative in B-associated versus non-B-associated resistance to MD. In addition, females were more susceptible than males to RPL-1 challenge and the RPL-1 tumour demonstrated a predilection for growth in the ovary.", "contents": "Genetic control of resistance to Marek's disease. Various MD-resistant and MD-susceptibel lines of chickens were challenged with the RPL-1 cell line, an MD tumor cell line which is capable of growth both in vivo and invitro. Birds which possessed the B21 allele, an allele shown to be associated with MD resistance, were also resistant to the growth of the RPL-1 tumor. Lines of chickens which possessed B alleles associated with susceptibility to MD were also very susceptible to the growth of the RPL-1 tumour. The growth of RPL-1 cells can therefore be used as a marker of B21-associated resistance to MD. In contrast, lines of chickens which differ in susceptibility to MD, due to allelic differences at a non-B genetic locus (or loci), did not differ with respect to their capacity to reject RPL-1 cells. We suggest that this might indicate that different mechanisms might be operative in B-associated versus non-B-associated resistance to MD. In addition, females were more susceptible than males to RPL-1 challenge and the RPL-1 tumour demonstrated a predilection for growth in the ovary.", "PMID": 109390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8711", "title": "Ascaris-induced respiratory responses in the conscious rhesus monkey.", "content": "Reproducible immediate-type respiratory responses were evoked in conscious monkeys, sensitive to inhaled Ascaris suum, for periods up to 18 months. These responses were characterized by decreases in tidal volume and increases in breathing rate that persisted for about 40 min. Maximum changes were seen 3--5 min after exposure to the aerosolized antigen and were often accompanied by coughing and increased movement of the animals within the plethysmograph used for monitoring their ventilatory changes. Significant inhibition of the Ascaris-induced respiratory changes were seen in animals treated with either isoproterenol or cromolyn sodium. However, the latter agent was not effective in reversing histamine-induced ventilatory changes. The conscious monkey appears to be a suitable animal for evaluating potential antiallergic drugs.", "contents": "Ascaris-induced respiratory responses in the conscious rhesus monkey. Reproducible immediate-type respiratory responses were evoked in conscious monkeys, sensitive to inhaled Ascaris suum, for periods up to 18 months. These responses were characterized by decreases in tidal volume and increases in breathing rate that persisted for about 40 min. Maximum changes were seen 3--5 min after exposure to the aerosolized antigen and were often accompanied by coughing and increased movement of the animals within the plethysmograph used for monitoring their ventilatory changes. Significant inhibition of the Ascaris-induced respiratory changes were seen in animals treated with either isoproterenol or cromolyn sodium. However, the latter agent was not effective in reversing histamine-induced ventilatory changes. The conscious monkey appears to be a suitable animal for evaluating potential antiallergic drugs.", "PMID": 109398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8712", "title": "Effects of disodium chromoglycate on systemic anaphylaxis in guinea pigs, rats and mice.", "content": "Disodium chromoglycate (DSCG) exerted a protective action in passively-sensitized guinea pigs undergoing anaphylaxis but no such effect was found in actively-sensitized animals. The degree of protection depended on the route and the time of administration. DSCG also protected actively-sensitized rats undergoing anaplylaxis but no effect was found in mice.", "contents": "Effects of disodium chromoglycate on systemic anaphylaxis in guinea pigs, rats and mice. Disodium chromoglycate (DSCG) exerted a protective action in passively-sensitized guinea pigs undergoing anaphylaxis but no such effect was found in actively-sensitized animals. The degree of protection depended on the route and the time of administration. DSCG also protected actively-sensitized rats undergoing anaplylaxis but no effect was found in mice.", "PMID": 109399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8713", "title": "Cross-reactivity of the O antigens among Haemophilus influenzae type b strains.", "content": "The double-immunodiffusion technique was used to compare the O antigens of 18 meningeal Haemophilus influenzae type b strains with each other and with H. influenzae strains representing the capsular types a-f. The O antigens of the meningeal strains and the reference type b strain (strain Rab) cross-reacted to a large extent, while only a few cross-reactions were demonstrable with the other serotypes.", "contents": "Cross-reactivity of the O antigens among Haemophilus influenzae type b strains. The double-immunodiffusion technique was used to compare the O antigens of 18 meningeal Haemophilus influenzae type b strains with each other and with H. influenzae strains representing the capsular types a-f. The O antigens of the meningeal strains and the reference type b strain (strain Rab) cross-reacted to a large extent, while only a few cross-reactions were demonstrable with the other serotypes.", "PMID": 109400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8714", "title": "Immunodiffusion studies of ribosomes in classification of mycobacteria and related taxa.", "content": "Ribosomal preparations consisting of crude ribosomes (CR), 30S subunits (30S) and 16S core particles (16S) from four strains of the species Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium smegmatis were analyzed by immunodiffusion technique for taxonomical purposes. The ribosomal preparations tested contained several interspecies cross-reacting precipitinogens. The number of precipitinogens demonstrated at the homologous reactions was generally larger than the number of precipitinogens shown at the heterologous reactions indicating a probable presence of species-specific antigens in ribosomes. The largest number of possible species-specific precipitinogens was demonstrated when crude ribosomal preparations were studied. However, such precipitinogens were also shown in the 30S subunits and they were individually analyzed. The 16S core particles were dominated by cross-reacting precipitinogens. The number of ribosomal precipitinogens shared by M. phlei and M. smegmatis was large indicating a close taxonomical relationship between these two species. Apart from the four mycobacterial strains studied, 15 other strains representing the genera Mycobacterium, Arthrobacterium, Corynebacterium, Kurthia, Nocardia and Rhodococcus were included in the study. The presence of intergenerically cross-reacting precipitinogens in the ribosomal preparations was demonstrated.", "contents": "Immunodiffusion studies of ribosomes in classification of mycobacteria and related taxa. Ribosomal preparations consisting of crude ribosomes (CR), 30S subunits (30S) and 16S core particles (16S) from four strains of the species Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium smegmatis were analyzed by immunodiffusion technique for taxonomical purposes. The ribosomal preparations tested contained several interspecies cross-reacting precipitinogens. The number of precipitinogens demonstrated at the homologous reactions was generally larger than the number of precipitinogens shown at the heterologous reactions indicating a probable presence of species-specific antigens in ribosomes. The largest number of possible species-specific precipitinogens was demonstrated when crude ribosomal preparations were studied. However, such precipitinogens were also shown in the 30S subunits and they were individually analyzed. The 16S core particles were dominated by cross-reacting precipitinogens. The number of ribosomal precipitinogens shared by M. phlei and M. smegmatis was large indicating a close taxonomical relationship between these two species. Apart from the four mycobacterial strains studied, 15 other strains representing the genera Mycobacterium, Arthrobacterium, Corynebacterium, Kurthia, Nocardia and Rhodococcus were included in the study. The presence of intergenerically cross-reacting precipitinogens in the ribosomal preparations was demonstrated.", "PMID": 109401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8715", "title": "Immunodiffusion studies of various structural preparations from mycobacterial cells.", "content": "Various structures and other preparations from mycobacterial cells were analyzed by immunodiffusion. The preparations were obtained from four strains referred to the species Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium smegmatis. They represented cell walls (CW), culture filtrates (CF), artificially disintegrated cell material (XP), protoplasms (PP), crude ribosomes (CR), ribosomal 50S subunits (50S), ribosomal 30S subunits (30S), ribosomal 16S core particles (16S) and ribosomal-free fractions (UCS). The preparations were analyzed by reference precipitation systems based on CF, CR and 30S preparations. Serological comparisons were made with material from the same species and cross-testing between material from different species was not performed. It was shown that from the precipitinogenic point of view the CF and XP materials were very similar and that they both contained protoplasmic material to a large extent. Furthermore, it was found that ribosomal precipitinogens constitute an important part of the precipitinogens in PP as well as in the CF and the XP preparations. The ribosomal precipitinogens were found to represent the two subunits as well as the 16S core particle. One ribosomal precipitinogen, designated beta, was shown in all preparations except the CW and the UCS.", "contents": "Immunodiffusion studies of various structural preparations from mycobacterial cells. Various structures and other preparations from mycobacterial cells were analyzed by immunodiffusion. The preparations were obtained from four strains referred to the species Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium smegmatis. They represented cell walls (CW), culture filtrates (CF), artificially disintegrated cell material (XP), protoplasms (PP), crude ribosomes (CR), ribosomal 50S subunits (50S), ribosomal 30S subunits (30S), ribosomal 16S core particles (16S) and ribosomal-free fractions (UCS). The preparations were analyzed by reference precipitation systems based on CF, CR and 30S preparations. Serological comparisons were made with material from the same species and cross-testing between material from different species was not performed. It was shown that from the precipitinogenic point of view the CF and XP materials were very similar and that they both contained protoplasmic material to a large extent. Furthermore, it was found that ribosomal precipitinogens constitute an important part of the precipitinogens in PP as well as in the CF and the XP preparations. The ribosomal precipitinogens were found to represent the two subunits as well as the 16S core particle. One ribosomal precipitinogen, designated beta, was shown in all preparations except the CW and the UCS.", "PMID": 109402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8716", "title": "Interaction among IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, PCA reaction and delayed hypersensitivity reaction (at local skin sites of monkeys).", "content": "The effect of the IgE-mediated reaction on the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction was studied at local skin sites of monkeys, and we found that the IgE-mediated reaction appeared to enhance the PCA reaction. Interactions among IgE-mediated reaction, PCA reaction and delayed hypersensitivity reaction were also determined. Contact dermatitis induced with DNCB was utilized as the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The IgE-mediated reactior or PCA reaction, as well as simple serum irritation, enhanced the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. It is thus assumed that the IgE-mediated reaction enhances the PCA reaction and that this in turn accelerates the delayed hypersensitivity reaction.", "contents": "Interaction among IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, PCA reaction and delayed hypersensitivity reaction (at local skin sites of monkeys). The effect of the IgE-mediated reaction on the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction was studied at local skin sites of monkeys, and we found that the IgE-mediated reaction appeared to enhance the PCA reaction. Interactions among IgE-mediated reaction, PCA reaction and delayed hypersensitivity reaction were also determined. Contact dermatitis induced with DNCB was utilized as the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The IgE-mediated reactior or PCA reaction, as well as simple serum irritation, enhanced the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. It is thus assumed that the IgE-mediated reaction enhances the PCA reaction and that this in turn accelerates the delayed hypersensitivity reaction.", "PMID": 109403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8717", "title": "Immunoglobulin E, mast cells, and eosinophils in the skin of rhesus monkeys immunized with x-irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum.", "content": "Immunoglobulin E (IgE), mast cells, and eosinophils in the skin of rhesus monkeys immunized with highly X-irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum were studied. IgE was stained by the unlabeled antibody enzyme method and was found on mast cells. Before challenge, mast cells were found only in the dermis. Immediately after the challenge, mast cells were found in both the dermis and epidermis and many of them were degranulated. Soon after, margination and emigration of granulocytes, predominantly eosinophils, occurred along the blood capillaries in the dermis. Gradulally, preivascular infiltration of eosinophils was seen in the dermis and migration of eosinophils from the dermis into the epidermis appeared, resulting in the formation of minute eosinophilic abscesses in the epidermis. In addition, the IgE was found as a thin coat on the integument of the schistosomula. Deteriorated schistosomula were seen amid the eosinophilic abscesses in the epidermis and in eosinophilic infiltrations in the dermis. The present findings suggest the possibility that the reaction of IgE, mast cells, and eosinophils were integrated into one immunological effect, namely the schistosomulicidal action.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin E, mast cells, and eosinophils in the skin of rhesus monkeys immunized with x-irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum. Immunoglobulin E (IgE), mast cells, and eosinophils in the skin of rhesus monkeys immunized with highly X-irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum were studied. IgE was stained by the unlabeled antibody enzyme method and was found on mast cells. Before challenge, mast cells were found only in the dermis. Immediately after the challenge, mast cells were found in both the dermis and epidermis and many of them were degranulated. Soon after, margination and emigration of granulocytes, predominantly eosinophils, occurred along the blood capillaries in the dermis. Gradulally, preivascular infiltration of eosinophils was seen in the dermis and migration of eosinophils from the dermis into the epidermis appeared, resulting in the formation of minute eosinophilic abscesses in the epidermis. In addition, the IgE was found as a thin coat on the integument of the schistosomula. Deteriorated schistosomula were seen amid the eosinophilic abscesses in the epidermis and in eosinophilic infiltrations in the dermis. The present findings suggest the possibility that the reaction of IgE, mast cells, and eosinophils were integrated into one immunological effect, namely the schistosomulicidal action.", "PMID": 109404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8718", "title": "Effects of ascorbic acid deficiency and of erythorbic acid on blood components in the Cynomolgus monkey.", "content": "Eight male Cynomolgus monkeys were fed an ascorbic acid-free total liquid diet until plasma levels decreased from a mean of 1.1 mg/dl to 0.04 mg/dl at 8 weeks. They showed no visible signs of scurvy. The animals were then given a daily oral dose of 10 mg ascorbic acid/kg body weight for 4 weeks, when the experiment was ended. Four of the animals were given, in addition, 200 mg erythorbic acid/kg body weight orally each day. In all animals repletion was accomplished in two to three weeks using return to initial plasma ascorbic acid levels as the criterion. During deficiency, blood cellular elements were found to be more resistant to depletion than plasma. For erythrocytes, this may be explained at least partially by the observation that in vitro uptake of ascorbic acid tended to be related inversely to blood ascorbic acid levels. However, no such relationship was seen in leucocytes or platelets. Other measurements made on blood did not vary in response to changing ascorbic acid levels. These include serum cholesterol; erythrocyte, leucocyte, or platelet counts; leucocyte differential; hemoglobin concentration; and hematocrit. Urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratios were also unchanged. Erythorbic acid, a stereoisomer of ascorbic acid and a common food additive, has been cited as a possible interferent in the determination of whole blood or plasma ascorbic acid, since in the guinea pig it is absorbed from the gut and no commonly used ascorbic acid analysis can distinguish between the isomers. Under conditions of the present experiment, however, no elevation of apparent whole blood or plasma ascorbic acid was produced by inclusion of high levels of erythorbic acid in the diet. Animals given erythorbic acid in addition to ascorbic acid during repletion did not differ from those given ascorbic acid alone in any aspect mentioned above.", "contents": "Effects of ascorbic acid deficiency and of erythorbic acid on blood components in the Cynomolgus monkey. Eight male Cynomolgus monkeys were fed an ascorbic acid-free total liquid diet until plasma levels decreased from a mean of 1.1 mg/dl to 0.04 mg/dl at 8 weeks. They showed no visible signs of scurvy. The animals were then given a daily oral dose of 10 mg ascorbic acid/kg body weight for 4 weeks, when the experiment was ended. Four of the animals were given, in addition, 200 mg erythorbic acid/kg body weight orally each day. In all animals repletion was accomplished in two to three weeks using return to initial plasma ascorbic acid levels as the criterion. During deficiency, blood cellular elements were found to be more resistant to depletion than plasma. For erythrocytes, this may be explained at least partially by the observation that in vitro uptake of ascorbic acid tended to be related inversely to blood ascorbic acid levels. However, no such relationship was seen in leucocytes or platelets. Other measurements made on blood did not vary in response to changing ascorbic acid levels. These include serum cholesterol; erythrocyte, leucocyte, or platelet counts; leucocyte differential; hemoglobin concentration; and hematocrit. Urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratios were also unchanged. Erythorbic acid, a stereoisomer of ascorbic acid and a common food additive, has been cited as a possible interferent in the determination of whole blood or plasma ascorbic acid, since in the guinea pig it is absorbed from the gut and no commonly used ascorbic acid analysis can distinguish between the isomers. Under conditions of the present experiment, however, no elevation of apparent whole blood or plasma ascorbic acid was produced by inclusion of high levels of erythorbic acid in the diet. Animals given erythorbic acid in addition to ascorbic acid during repletion did not differ from those given ascorbic acid alone in any aspect mentioned above.", "PMID": 109407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8719", "title": "Application of optical transform techniques to laser irradiation of retina.", "content": "Novel retinal irradiation techniques for laser damage studies are described; these are straightforward applications of the Fourier transform properties of an optical system. Interposing an appropriate diffracting screen between the laser source and the test eye enables one to simultaneously induce a number of discrete and precisely located retinal exposures with a known gradation of energy. Various kinds of diffracting objects are considered, and it is seen that transparent sinusoidal phase gratings offer the most promise for damage threshold studies. The method provides an objective measure of the ocular focal length at the time of the exposure. The production of arbitrary retinal irradiation patterns for more general research or clinical applications is possible with the extension of the technique by the use of simple holographic methods for forming the appropriate diffracting screens.", "contents": "Application of optical transform techniques to laser irradiation of retina. Novel retinal irradiation techniques for laser damage studies are described; these are straightforward applications of the Fourier transform properties of an optical system. Interposing an appropriate diffracting screen between the laser source and the test eye enables one to simultaneously induce a number of discrete and precisely located retinal exposures with a known gradation of energy. Various kinds of diffracting objects are considered, and it is seen that transparent sinusoidal phase gratings offer the most promise for damage threshold studies. The method provides an objective measure of the ocular focal length at the time of the exposure. The production of arbitrary retinal irradiation patterns for more general research or clinical applications is possible with the extension of the technique by the use of simple holographic methods for forming the appropriate diffracting screens.", "PMID": 109408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8720", "title": "Dysgenetic lens (dyl)--a new gene in the mouse.", "content": "A new autosomal recessive gene, dysgenetic lens (dyl), in the mouse is described. Homozygotes are fully viable and exhibit smaller eye, corneal opacity, adhesion of the iris, cataractous degeneration, and extrusion of the lens nucleus and persistent lens-epithelium attachment. Developmental failure of lens vesicle--ectoderm separation is recognized as the earliest expression of the genetic defect. Possible significance of this mutant in the understanding of Peter's anomaly is indicated.", "contents": "Dysgenetic lens (dyl)--a new gene in the mouse. A new autosomal recessive gene, dysgenetic lens (dyl), in the mouse is described. Homozygotes are fully viable and exhibit smaller eye, corneal opacity, adhesion of the iris, cataractous degeneration, and extrusion of the lens nucleus and persistent lens-epithelium attachment. Developmental failure of lens vesicle--ectoderm separation is recognized as the earliest expression of the genetic defect. Possible significance of this mutant in the understanding of Peter's anomaly is indicated.", "PMID": 109409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8721", "title": "Regional differences in the fine structure of the ciliary epithelium related to accommodation.", "content": "The ciliary bodies of five monkey eyes and one human eye were subdivided into five zones. The ciliary epithelium with its bordering stroma was investigated electron microscopically. The number of cell organelles of the nonpigmented (NPE) and pigmented (PE) epithelium (mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes); intercellular junctions between NPE and NPE, PE and PE, and NPE and PE (desmosomes, puncta adhaerentia, gap junctions, tight junctions); and fenestrations of the capillary endothelium were quantitatively evaluated. All these types of cell organelles, fenestrations of the capillary endothelium, and gap junctions in the NPE were found in greater numbers at the crests of the ciliary processes than in the valleys between processes. On the other hand, the number of puncta adhaerentia is significantly higher in the valleys than at the crests. In the valleys, the internal limiting membrane performs an elaborate network of electron-dense strands in which many fine zonular fibers terminate. These fibers are believed to belong to the \"tension fiber system.\" Their firm attachment to the ciliary epithelium and the great number of intercellular junctions known as mechanical structures lend further support to our concept that these structures function as a fulcrum in the process of accommodation.", "contents": "Regional differences in the fine structure of the ciliary epithelium related to accommodation. The ciliary bodies of five monkey eyes and one human eye were subdivided into five zones. The ciliary epithelium with its bordering stroma was investigated electron microscopically. The number of cell organelles of the nonpigmented (NPE) and pigmented (PE) epithelium (mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes); intercellular junctions between NPE and NPE, PE and PE, and NPE and PE (desmosomes, puncta adhaerentia, gap junctions, tight junctions); and fenestrations of the capillary endothelium were quantitatively evaluated. All these types of cell organelles, fenestrations of the capillary endothelium, and gap junctions in the NPE were found in greater numbers at the crests of the ciliary processes than in the valleys between processes. On the other hand, the number of puncta adhaerentia is significantly higher in the valleys than at the crests. In the valleys, the internal limiting membrane performs an elaborate network of electron-dense strands in which many fine zonular fibers terminate. These fibers are believed to belong to the \"tension fiber system.\" Their firm attachment to the ciliary epithelium and the great number of intercellular junctions known as mechanical structures lend further support to our concept that these structures function as a fulcrum in the process of accommodation.", "PMID": 109410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8722", "title": "Hyperopia and loss of accommodation following ciliary muscle disinsertion in the cynomolgus monkey: physiologic and scanning electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Twenty-three cynomolgus monkeys underwent 360-degree disinsertion and retrodisplacement of the ciliary muscle in one eye. Ten to 12 weeks after unilateral disinsertion, resting refraction in the \"disinserted\" eyes was more hyperopic than in the opposite eyes by 1.12 +/- 0.21 (mean +/- S.E.M.) diopters (p less than 0.001). Accomodative responses to intramuscular pilocarpine (2 or 3 mg/kg) were 0.90 +/- 0.14 (mean +/- S.E.M.) diopters in the disinserted eyes and 13.88 +/- 0.79 diopters in the opposite eyes. The induced hyperopia and loss of accommodation in the disinserted eyes seemed permanent, persisting for at least 14 months in one monkey and 29 months in three monkeys tested periodically after disinsertion. By light microscopy, the ciliary muscle in the disinserted eyes appeared normal and was contracted by pilocarpine. Scanning electron microscopy of the accommodative apparatus revealed retrodisplacement of the ciliary muscle, ciliary processes, and zonular plexus in the disinserted eyes. Structural alterations in the zonular apparatus seemed insufficient to account for the physiological findings. Hyperopia and loss of accommodation following ciliary muscle retrodisplacement are consistent with a new theory of zonular action during accommodation.", "contents": "Hyperopia and loss of accommodation following ciliary muscle disinsertion in the cynomolgus monkey: physiologic and scanning electron microscopic studies. Twenty-three cynomolgus monkeys underwent 360-degree disinsertion and retrodisplacement of the ciliary muscle in one eye. Ten to 12 weeks after unilateral disinsertion, resting refraction in the \"disinserted\" eyes was more hyperopic than in the opposite eyes by 1.12 +/- 0.21 (mean +/- S.E.M.) diopters (p less than 0.001). Accomodative responses to intramuscular pilocarpine (2 or 3 mg/kg) were 0.90 +/- 0.14 (mean +/- S.E.M.) diopters in the disinserted eyes and 13.88 +/- 0.79 diopters in the opposite eyes. The induced hyperopia and loss of accommodation in the disinserted eyes seemed permanent, persisting for at least 14 months in one monkey and 29 months in three monkeys tested periodically after disinsertion. By light microscopy, the ciliary muscle in the disinserted eyes appeared normal and was contracted by pilocarpine. Scanning electron microscopy of the accommodative apparatus revealed retrodisplacement of the ciliary muscle, ciliary processes, and zonular plexus in the disinserted eyes. Structural alterations in the zonular apparatus seemed insufficient to account for the physiological findings. Hyperopia and loss of accommodation following ciliary muscle retrodisplacement are consistent with a new theory of zonular action during accommodation.", "PMID": 109411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8723", "title": "Further investigation of the role of calcium in human lens protein aggregation.", "content": "High-molecular-weight (HMW) protein from human cataractous lenses, isolated by differential centrifugation, was deaggregated in 7M urea and then reaggregated in either the presence or absence of 10 mM CaCl2. Over 90% of the material reaggregated in the presence of calcium appears to have a size greater than 50 X 10(6) daltons. By contrast, only 20% to 25% of the material reaggregated in the absence of calcium has molecular weight greater than 50 X 10(6) daltons. Disulfide formation during reaggregation is unlikely in the latter experiment, since the addition of 50 mM mercaptoethanol caused no change in results. About 60% to 70% of the low-molecular-weight (LMW) protein fraction deaggregated in 7M urea buffer can be converted to HMW species in the presence of 10 mM CaCl2, when the deaggregating agent is removed. However, only 5% to 10% of this protein is converted to HMW species if the deaggregation step is eliminated. Experiments with 45 Ca indicate that whereas calcium is necessary for the formation of the HMW aggregates, only one calcium per approximately 5 X 10(5) daltons remains bound in the reaggregated material. The data suggest that although calcium may be required to induce aggregation to HMW species, it is not required to stabilize such macromolecules. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the HMW species formed upon reaggregation of the dissociated HMW species with calcium indicates the presence of all the major polypeptide subunits of the original HMW species present in the lens; however, reaggregation in the absence of calcium yields HMW species lacking in the 9600 dalton component.", "contents": "Further investigation of the role of calcium in human lens protein aggregation. High-molecular-weight (HMW) protein from human cataractous lenses, isolated by differential centrifugation, was deaggregated in 7M urea and then reaggregated in either the presence or absence of 10 mM CaCl2. Over 90% of the material reaggregated in the presence of calcium appears to have a size greater than 50 X 10(6) daltons. By contrast, only 20% to 25% of the material reaggregated in the absence of calcium has molecular weight greater than 50 X 10(6) daltons. Disulfide formation during reaggregation is unlikely in the latter experiment, since the addition of 50 mM mercaptoethanol caused no change in results. About 60% to 70% of the low-molecular-weight (LMW) protein fraction deaggregated in 7M urea buffer can be converted to HMW species in the presence of 10 mM CaCl2, when the deaggregating agent is removed. However, only 5% to 10% of this protein is converted to HMW species if the deaggregation step is eliminated. Experiments with 45 Ca indicate that whereas calcium is necessary for the formation of the HMW aggregates, only one calcium per approximately 5 X 10(5) daltons remains bound in the reaggregated material. The data suggest that although calcium may be required to induce aggregation to HMW species, it is not required to stabilize such macromolecules. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the HMW species formed upon reaggregation of the dissociated HMW species with calcium indicates the presence of all the major polypeptide subunits of the original HMW species present in the lens; however, reaggregation in the absence of calcium yields HMW species lacking in the 9600 dalton component.", "PMID": 109412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8724", "title": "Umbilical vein as ureteral replacement.", "content": "In 13 dogs the middle one-third of the ureter and in four dogs the entire ureter was replaced by fresh Rhesus monkey or human umbilical cord vein. The overall success rate was 60 per cent (10/17); one dog revealed an excellent intravenous pyelogram; the typical roentgenographic appearance of the kidney was a slight hydronephrosis. Animals surviving for more than 1 year were nephrectomized on the contralateral side. One dog is still alive at 36 months. Histologically, the typical structures of the umbilical vein remained unchanged after 2 years, but endothelium was replaced by urothelium. The umbilical vein seems to be an embryonic tissue of extremely low antigenicity and therefore suitable for transplantation.", "contents": "Umbilical vein as ureteral replacement. In 13 dogs the middle one-third of the ureter and in four dogs the entire ureter was replaced by fresh Rhesus monkey or human umbilical cord vein. The overall success rate was 60 per cent (10/17); one dog revealed an excellent intravenous pyelogram; the typical roentgenographic appearance of the kidney was a slight hydronephrosis. Animals surviving for more than 1 year were nephrectomized on the contralateral side. One dog is still alive at 36 months. Histologically, the typical structures of the umbilical vein remained unchanged after 2 years, but endothelium was replaced by urothelium. The umbilical vein seems to be an embryonic tissue of extremely low antigenicity and therefore suitable for transplantation.", "PMID": 109414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8725", "title": "The prostatic carcinoma in laboratory animals: a bibliographic survey from 1900 to 1977.", "content": "This survey was performed in relation to a study of the role of endocrine glands in rodents that develop prostatic cancer. It is our belief that the data synthesized here can save much tedious work and time, and provide accurate information for investigators in the field of experimental and clinical prostatic cancer.", "contents": "The prostatic carcinoma in laboratory animals: a bibliographic survey from 1900 to 1977. This survey was performed in relation to a study of the role of endocrine glands in rodents that develop prostatic cancer. It is our belief that the data synthesized here can save much tedious work and time, and provide accurate information for investigators in the field of experimental and clinical prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 109415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8726", "title": "Intravesical thio-tepa: a study of 3H-thymidine uptake in normal urothelium and FANFT-induced tumors in rats.", "content": "Treatment of superficial low-grade bladder cancer often incorporates intravesical instillations of the alkylating agent thio-TEPA. Current dosages and administration schedules are empiric inasmuch as cytokinetic data are sparse. The FANFT-induced bladder rat tumor model closely approximates human bladder cancer. This study measuring 3H-thymidine uptake identified peaks of maximal synthetic activity at 3 and 9 days after thio-TEPA exposure in both normal and neoplastic urothelium. Thus, repeat instillation at these intervals may improve cytotoxicity and overall response rate.", "contents": "Intravesical thio-tepa: a study of 3H-thymidine uptake in normal urothelium and FANFT-induced tumors in rats. Treatment of superficial low-grade bladder cancer often incorporates intravesical instillations of the alkylating agent thio-TEPA. Current dosages and administration schedules are empiric inasmuch as cytokinetic data are sparse. The FANFT-induced bladder rat tumor model closely approximates human bladder cancer. This study measuring 3H-thymidine uptake identified peaks of maximal synthetic activity at 3 and 9 days after thio-TEPA exposure in both normal and neoplastic urothelium. Thus, repeat instillation at these intervals may improve cytotoxicity and overall response rate.", "PMID": 109416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8727", "title": "Gastrointestinal pathology in South America.", "content": "Non-neoplastic gastrointestinal disease in South America is largely related to environmental conditions. Parasitic disorders, including Chagas' disease with megacolon, predominate in endemic regions. Common enteritides of various etiologie are frequent, whereas appendicits, diverticulosis of the colon, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are extremely rare. There was no appendicitis in native Indians of Paraguay.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal pathology in South America. Non-neoplastic gastrointestinal disease in South America is largely related to environmental conditions. Parasitic disorders, including Chagas' disease with megacolon, predominate in endemic regions. Common enteritides of various etiologie are frequent, whereas appendicits, diverticulosis of the colon, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are extremely rare. There was no appendicitis in native Indians of Paraguay.", "PMID": 109417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8728", "title": "Primate model of sprue-like syndrome.", "content": "An experimental model resembling so-called tropical sprue has been produced in young, growing rhesus monkeys kept on a protein-deficient diet. At a 2% level of protein intake, the animals became frankly diseased after two months, but at a 5% protein intake the symptoms appeared after five months. The animals lost weight, their skin became brittle, the fur lost luster, and facial edema appeared. The hematocrit, and serum folate, protein and albumin were significantly decreased, and intestinal absorption of fat, D-xylose, radioactive vitamin B12 and folic acid showed marked depression. The jejunal mucosa showed moderate villous atrophy. Histochemical and electron microscopy changes were consistent with those seen in the human tropical sprue syndrome. It appears, therefore, that protein malnutrition plays an important role in the experimental tropical-sprue-like syndrome in monkeys.", "contents": "Primate model of sprue-like syndrome. An experimental model resembling so-called tropical sprue has been produced in young, growing rhesus monkeys kept on a protein-deficient diet. At a 2% level of protein intake, the animals became frankly diseased after two months, but at a 5% protein intake the symptoms appeared after five months. The animals lost weight, their skin became brittle, the fur lost luster, and facial edema appeared. The hematocrit, and serum folate, protein and albumin were significantly decreased, and intestinal absorption of fat, D-xylose, radioactive vitamin B12 and folic acid showed marked depression. The jejunal mucosa showed moderate villous atrophy. Histochemical and electron microscopy changes were consistent with those seen in the human tropical sprue syndrome. It appears, therefore, that protein malnutrition plays an important role in the experimental tropical-sprue-like syndrome in monkeys.", "PMID": 109418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8729", "title": "Infantile jejunal mucosa in infection and malnutrition.", "content": "Sixteen children with refractory diarrhea and three malnourished children who had frequent episodes of acute gastroenteritis but little diarrhea at the time of hospital admission, were studied by peroral upper small intestinal biopsy. Six children were adequately nourished; five children weighed 62 to 79% of expected weight and eight weighed less than 60% of expected weight. Two of the malnourished children had giardiasis. Pathogenic bacteria were found in only one case. Varying degrees of mucosal atrophy with reduction of mean villous height were seen in 18 cases. The concentration of mononuclear inflammatory cells and plasma cells was about half that seen in well-nourished children with severe nongastrointestinal infections. The concentration of mononuclear cells in the lamina propria was about twice that seen in normal adults. The proportions of IgA-producing cells and cells that stained for secretory component were significantly reduced, as compared with normal adult control values. This reduction was most striking in children with malnutrition complicated by giardiasis. Enzyme histochemical studies were performed for leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. There was a tendency for considerably reduced acid phosphatase activity in all clinical groups (kwashiorkor, marasmic kwashiorkor and marasmus) of growth-retarded infants.", "contents": "Infantile jejunal mucosa in infection and malnutrition. Sixteen children with refractory diarrhea and three malnourished children who had frequent episodes of acute gastroenteritis but little diarrhea at the time of hospital admission, were studied by peroral upper small intestinal biopsy. Six children were adequately nourished; five children weighed 62 to 79% of expected weight and eight weighed less than 60% of expected weight. Two of the malnourished children had giardiasis. Pathogenic bacteria were found in only one case. Varying degrees of mucosal atrophy with reduction of mean villous height were seen in 18 cases. The concentration of mononuclear inflammatory cells and plasma cells was about half that seen in well-nourished children with severe nongastrointestinal infections. The concentration of mononuclear cells in the lamina propria was about twice that seen in normal adults. The proportions of IgA-producing cells and cells that stained for secretory component were significantly reduced, as compared with normal adult control values. This reduction was most striking in children with malnutrition complicated by giardiasis. Enzyme histochemical studies were performed for leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. There was a tendency for considerably reduced acid phosphatase activity in all clinical groups (kwashiorkor, marasmic kwashiorkor and marasmus) of growth-retarded infants.", "PMID": 109419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8730", "title": "Primary intestinal lymphoma in South Africa.", "content": "All adult cases of primary intestinal lymphoma seen during the years 1953--77 at Groote Schuur Hospital, South Africa, were reviewed. Seventy percent of patients with solitary lymphoma and 80% with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease were mulatto. Patients in the latter group presented with malabsorption and those with a solitary lymphoma presented with intestinal obstruction. Four of 15 patients tested for the presence of alpha-heavy-chains were found to have alpha-heavy-chain disease. Family studies of potential genetic and immunologic factors showed some significant differences in IgA and IgG levels in the families of two patients with alpha-heavy-chain disease. Elevated alkaline phosphatase of intestinal origin was found in four of six patients with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease and in a high proportion of relatives. Fifty percent of the six patients were of blood group B. Minor blood groups, ABH secretor state and Pi phenotype distribution were similar to those of the control subjects. HLA gene frequency was particularly increased in the HLA-A9 antigen. These studies suggest that genetic factors may be relevant to the pathogenesis of immunoproliferative small intestinal disease.", "contents": "Primary intestinal lymphoma in South Africa. All adult cases of primary intestinal lymphoma seen during the years 1953--77 at Groote Schuur Hospital, South Africa, were reviewed. Seventy percent of patients with solitary lymphoma and 80% with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease were mulatto. Patients in the latter group presented with malabsorption and those with a solitary lymphoma presented with intestinal obstruction. Four of 15 patients tested for the presence of alpha-heavy-chains were found to have alpha-heavy-chain disease. Family studies of potential genetic and immunologic factors showed some significant differences in IgA and IgG levels in the families of two patients with alpha-heavy-chain disease. Elevated alkaline phosphatase of intestinal origin was found in four of six patients with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease and in a high proportion of relatives. Fifty percent of the six patients were of blood group B. Minor blood groups, ABH secretor state and Pi phenotype distribution were similar to those of the control subjects. HLA gene frequency was particularly increased in the HLA-A9 antigen. These studies suggest that genetic factors may be relevant to the pathogenesis of immunoproliferative small intestinal disease.", "PMID": 109420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8731", "title": "Gastrointestinal mucosa and primary gastrointestinal lymphoma.", "content": "The primary gastrointestinal lymphomas in Shiraz, Iran, and Richmond, Virginia, USA were compared. Upper duodenojejunal lymphoma is always associated with atrophy of the surrounding nonlymphomatous mucosa, plasma cell infiltration and formation of lymph follicles. This is frequently linked to repeated gastroenteritis leading to mucosal atrophy, mutation of plasma cell precursors and secretion of alpha-heavy-chain. Gastrointestinal lymphoma in the USA and other industrialized countries is found in the stomach, where it is accompanied by superficial perifoveolar plasma cell gastritis of the surrounding mucosa, or in the performed lymphoid tissue of the ileocolon, surrounded usually by normal mucosa. A hypothesis for the pathogenesis of the different types of primary gastrointestinal lymphoma, considering the geographic distribution, and mucosal and immunologic antecedents, is presented.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal mucosa and primary gastrointestinal lymphoma. The primary gastrointestinal lymphomas in Shiraz, Iran, and Richmond, Virginia, USA were compared. Upper duodenojejunal lymphoma is always associated with atrophy of the surrounding nonlymphomatous mucosa, plasma cell infiltration and formation of lymph follicles. This is frequently linked to repeated gastroenteritis leading to mucosal atrophy, mutation of plasma cell precursors and secretion of alpha-heavy-chain. Gastrointestinal lymphoma in the USA and other industrialized countries is found in the stomach, where it is accompanied by superficial perifoveolar plasma cell gastritis of the surrounding mucosa, or in the performed lymphoid tissue of the ileocolon, surrounded usually by normal mucosa. A hypothesis for the pathogenesis of the different types of primary gastrointestinal lymphoma, considering the geographic distribution, and mucosal and immunologic antecedents, is presented.", "PMID": 109421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8732", "title": "Isolation of Brucella abortus and Brucella abortus, strain 19, from cattle.", "content": "Tissues from 104 cows in herd were examined for brucellae. Brucella abortus, strain 19, was isolated from 22 cows, a field strain of B abortus, biotype 1, was isolated from 9 cows, and both strains were isolated from 2 cows.", "contents": "Isolation of Brucella abortus and Brucella abortus, strain 19, from cattle. Tissues from 104 cows in herd were examined for brucellae. Brucella abortus, strain 19, was isolated from 22 cows, a field strain of B abortus, biotype 1, was isolated from 9 cows, and both strains were isolated from 2 cows.", "PMID": 109423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8733", "title": "Membrane-bound D-gluconate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Purification and structure of cytochrome-binding form.", "content": "A membrane-bound D-gluconate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.99.3] was solubilized from membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and purified to a homogeneous state with the aid of detergents. The solubilized enzyme was a monomer in the presence of at least 0.1% Triton X-100, having a molecular weight of 138,000 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or 124,000--131,000 on sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In the absence of Triton X-100, the enzyme became dimeric, having a molecular weight of 240,000--260,000 on sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Removal of Triton X-100 caused a decrease in enzyme activity. Enzyme activity was stimulated by addition of phospholipid, particularly cardiolipin, in the presence of Triton X-100. The enzyme had a cytochrome c1, c-554(551), which might be a diheme cytochrome, and it also contained a covalently bound flavin but not ubiquinone. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the enzyme was dissociated into three components with molecular weights of 66,000, 50,000, and 22,000. The components of 66,000 and 50,000 daltons corresponded to a flavoprotein and cytochrome c1, respectively, but that of 22,000 dalton remained unclear as to its function.", "contents": "Membrane-bound D-gluconate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Purification and structure of cytochrome-binding form. A membrane-bound D-gluconate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.99.3] was solubilized from membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and purified to a homogeneous state with the aid of detergents. The solubilized enzyme was a monomer in the presence of at least 0.1% Triton X-100, having a molecular weight of 138,000 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or 124,000--131,000 on sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In the absence of Triton X-100, the enzyme became dimeric, having a molecular weight of 240,000--260,000 on sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Removal of Triton X-100 caused a decrease in enzyme activity. Enzyme activity was stimulated by addition of phospholipid, particularly cardiolipin, in the presence of Triton X-100. The enzyme had a cytochrome c1, c-554(551), which might be a diheme cytochrome, and it also contained a covalently bound flavin but not ubiquinone. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the enzyme was dissociated into three components with molecular weights of 66,000, 50,000, and 22,000. The components of 66,000 and 50,000 daltons corresponded to a flavoprotein and cytochrome c1, respectively, but that of 22,000 dalton remained unclear as to its function.", "PMID": 109426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8734", "title": "Purification and characterization of testosterone-binding globulin of canine serum.", "content": "Testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) of canine serum was purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography on testosterone-17 alpha-ethynylcarboxyaminoethyl-Sepharose 4B followed by hydroxyapatite column chromatography. Canine TeBG was a glycoprotein containing 5.5% carbohydrates. Equilibrium sedimentation analysis in the presence and absence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride gave molecular weights of 40,000 and 76,000, respectively, suggesting that native TeBG consists of two subunits. Equilibrium dissociation constants at 0 degrees C for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were estimated to be 5.58 x 10(-8) M and 1.43 x 10(-8) M, respectively, and the number of binding site per native molecule was approximately unity for both androgens. Canine TeBG had virtually no affinity for estradiol, progesterone, or cortisol. Canine TeBG did not cross-react with a rabbit antiserum raised against bovine TeBG.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of testosterone-binding globulin of canine serum. Testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) of canine serum was purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography on testosterone-17 alpha-ethynylcarboxyaminoethyl-Sepharose 4B followed by hydroxyapatite column chromatography. Canine TeBG was a glycoprotein containing 5.5% carbohydrates. Equilibrium sedimentation analysis in the presence and absence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride gave molecular weights of 40,000 and 76,000, respectively, suggesting that native TeBG consists of two subunits. Equilibrium dissociation constants at 0 degrees C for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were estimated to be 5.58 x 10(-8) M and 1.43 x 10(-8) M, respectively, and the number of binding site per native molecule was approximately unity for both androgens. Canine TeBG had virtually no affinity for estradiol, progesterone, or cortisol. Canine TeBG did not cross-react with a rabbit antiserum raised against bovine TeBG.", "PMID": 109427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8735", "title": "Improved procedure for the conjugation of rabbit IgG and Fab' antibodies with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli using N,N'-o-phenylenedimaleimide.", "content": "The procedures for the conjugation of rabbit IgG and Fab' antibodies with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli using N,N'-o-phenylenedimaleimide were improved in several respects as compared with the previous methods (Eur. J. Biochem. 62, 285--292, 1976; J. Immunol. 116, 1554--1560, 1976). Maleimide residues were efficiently introduced into antibodies under an atmosphere of nitrogen; the average number of maleimide residues introduced into IgG and Fab' antibodies were 0.78 (0.65--0.86) and 0.86 (0.80--0.95) per molecule, respectively. The conjugation with the enzyme was performed at 4 degrees C at pH 6.5 for 15 or more hours. The conjugates were almost completely separated from unreacted IgG and Fab' by gel filtration. When the recoveries of IgG, Fab', and beta-D-galactosidase in the conjugates were 23-29, 35-44, and 99%, respectively, the average numbers of IgG and Fab' molecules conjugated with the enzyme were 1.5-1.7 and 2.1-2.8 per molecule, respectively. There was no significant impairment of beta-D-galactosidase activity or the activity of anti-human IgG antibody to bind to human IgG upon conjugation. However, the conjugate preparation was heterogeneous, and one-third of each preparation consisted of aggregated conjugates less useful in sandwich enzymoimmunoassay than the remaining material. The conjugate with Fab' antibody gave lower control values in sandwich enzymoimmunoassay with silicone rubber as a solid phase than that with IgG antibody.", "contents": "Improved procedure for the conjugation of rabbit IgG and Fab' antibodies with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli using N,N'-o-phenylenedimaleimide. The procedures for the conjugation of rabbit IgG and Fab' antibodies with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli using N,N'-o-phenylenedimaleimide were improved in several respects as compared with the previous methods (Eur. J. Biochem. 62, 285--292, 1976; J. Immunol. 116, 1554--1560, 1976). Maleimide residues were efficiently introduced into antibodies under an atmosphere of nitrogen; the average number of maleimide residues introduced into IgG and Fab' antibodies were 0.78 (0.65--0.86) and 0.86 (0.80--0.95) per molecule, respectively. The conjugation with the enzyme was performed at 4 degrees C at pH 6.5 for 15 or more hours. The conjugates were almost completely separated from unreacted IgG and Fab' by gel filtration. When the recoveries of IgG, Fab', and beta-D-galactosidase in the conjugates were 23-29, 35-44, and 99%, respectively, the average numbers of IgG and Fab' molecules conjugated with the enzyme were 1.5-1.7 and 2.1-2.8 per molecule, respectively. There was no significant impairment of beta-D-galactosidase activity or the activity of anti-human IgG antibody to bind to human IgG upon conjugation. However, the conjugate preparation was heterogeneous, and one-third of each preparation consisted of aggregated conjugates less useful in sandwich enzymoimmunoassay than the remaining material. The conjugate with Fab' antibody gave lower control values in sandwich enzymoimmunoassay with silicone rubber as a solid phase than that with IgG antibody.", "PMID": 109428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8736", "title": "Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis prevents the incorporation of aldosterone-induced proteins into membranes.", "content": "2-Methyl-2-[p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)phenoxy]propionic acid (TPIA), an acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitor, blocks the aldosterone-induced increase in transepithelial sodium transport. To examine the requirement for ongoing fatty acid synthesis and/or elongation in the aldosterone-induced alteration of cellular protein metabolism in the toad's urinary bladder, the effect of TPIA has been examined in double-labeled amino acid incorporation experiments. TPIA itself has no effect on the pattern of protein labeling in either the \"soluble\" or a plasma membrane-enriched fraction. However, inhibition of fatty acid synthesis selectively inhibits the aldosterone-induced incorporation of membrane proteins without altering the labeling of soluble cell protein. These results indicate that ongoing fatty acid synthesis is required for the hormone-induced changes in plasma membrane protein metabolism.", "contents": "Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis prevents the incorporation of aldosterone-induced proteins into membranes. 2-Methyl-2-[p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)phenoxy]propionic acid (TPIA), an acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitor, blocks the aldosterone-induced increase in transepithelial sodium transport. To examine the requirement for ongoing fatty acid synthesis and/or elongation in the aldosterone-induced alteration of cellular protein metabolism in the toad's urinary bladder, the effect of TPIA has been examined in double-labeled amino acid incorporation experiments. TPIA itself has no effect on the pattern of protein labeling in either the \"soluble\" or a plasma membrane-enriched fraction. However, inhibition of fatty acid synthesis selectively inhibits the aldosterone-induced incorporation of membrane proteins without altering the labeling of soluble cell protein. These results indicate that ongoing fatty acid synthesis is required for the hormone-induced changes in plasma membrane protein metabolism.", "PMID": 109429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8737", "title": "Purification and properties of prostaglandin D synthetase from rat brain.", "content": "The prostaglandin D synthetase system was isolated from rat brain. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase solubilized from a microsomal fraction catalyzed the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 in the presence of heme and tryptophan. Prostaglandin D synthetase (prostaglandin endoperoxidase-D isomerase) catalyzing the isomerization of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin D2 was found predominantly in a cytosol fraction and was purified to apparent homogeneity with a specific activity of 1.7 mumol/min/mg of protein at 24 degrees C. The enzyme also acted upon prostaglandin G2 and produced a compound presumed to be 15-hydroperoxy-prostaglandin D2. Glutathione was not required for the enzyme reaction, but the enzyme was stabilized by thiol compounds including glutathione. The enzyme was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid in a reversible manner. The purified enzyme was essentially free of the glutathione S-transferase activity which was found in the cytosol of brain.", "contents": "Purification and properties of prostaglandin D synthetase from rat brain. The prostaglandin D synthetase system was isolated from rat brain. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase solubilized from a microsomal fraction catalyzed the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 in the presence of heme and tryptophan. Prostaglandin D synthetase (prostaglandin endoperoxidase-D isomerase) catalyzing the isomerization of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin D2 was found predominantly in a cytosol fraction and was purified to apparent homogeneity with a specific activity of 1.7 mumol/min/mg of protein at 24 degrees C. The enzyme also acted upon prostaglandin G2 and produced a compound presumed to be 15-hydroperoxy-prostaglandin D2. Glutathione was not required for the enzyme reaction, but the enzyme was stabilized by thiol compounds including glutathione. The enzyme was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid in a reversible manner. The purified enzyme was essentially free of the glutathione S-transferase activity which was found in the cytosol of brain.", "PMID": 109431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8738", "title": "Arrangement of a highly repeated DNA sequence in the genome and chromatin of the African green monkey.", "content": "The DNA of the African green monkey contains three components that are distinguishable by the kinetics of reassociation. The rapidly reassociating component represents about 20% of the total DNA and is composed almost entirely of a sequence (AGMr(HindIII)-1) which is repeated 6.8 x 10(6) times. The majority of the AGMr(HindIII)-1 sequences are organized in long tandem repeats of a segment of 172 base pairs in length. However, a fraction of the AGMr (HindIII)-1 sequences is interspersed with another 37% of the genome. The structure of the chromatin containing the AGMr-(HindIII)-1 sequence is indistinguishable from that containing total DNA. Furthermore, there is nothing inherent in the nucleotide sequence of AGMr(HindIII)-1 which specifies a unique location for nucleosomes.", "contents": "Arrangement of a highly repeated DNA sequence in the genome and chromatin of the African green monkey. The DNA of the African green monkey contains three components that are distinguishable by the kinetics of reassociation. The rapidly reassociating component represents about 20% of the total DNA and is composed almost entirely of a sequence (AGMr(HindIII)-1) which is repeated 6.8 x 10(6) times. The majority of the AGMr(HindIII)-1 sequences are organized in long tandem repeats of a segment of 172 base pairs in length. However, a fraction of the AGMr (HindIII)-1 sequences is interspersed with another 37% of the genome. The structure of the chromatin containing the AGMr-(HindIII)-1 sequence is indistinguishable from that containing total DNA. Furthermore, there is nothing inherent in the nucleotide sequence of AGMr(HindIII)-1 which specifies a unique location for nucleosomes.", "PMID": 109436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8739", "title": "The purification and sequence of a temperature-sensitive tryptophan tRNA.", "content": "Escherichia coli can be temperature-sensitive due to a lesion in the gene for tRNATrp (Yanofsky, C., and Soll, L. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 113, 663-677). Purification of tRNATrp from this strain (temperature-sensitive tRNATrp) was achieved by one of two methods. Either a combination of benzoylated DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or hybridization to plasmid DNA covalently bound to cellulose (this is a recombinant plasmid carrying the gene for tRNATrp) and electrophoresis of the eluted material on a 10% polyacrylamide gel, produced isotopically pure tRNA. The sequence of the temperature-sensitive tRNATrp was determined by standard methods. We find that the sequence differs from that of wild type tRNATrp by a single residue; G in position 7 (G7) in wild type tRNATrp is A7 in temperature-sensitive tRNATrp. This base difference results in one less base pair in the CCA stem of the temperature-sensitive species. The effect of this base change in the in vitro and in vivo properties of tRNATrp (presented elsewhere (S.P. Eisenberg and M. Yarus, manuscript in preparation.)) are discussed.", "contents": "The purification and sequence of a temperature-sensitive tryptophan tRNA. Escherichia coli can be temperature-sensitive due to a lesion in the gene for tRNATrp (Yanofsky, C., and Soll, L. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 113, 663-677). Purification of tRNATrp from this strain (temperature-sensitive tRNATrp) was achieved by one of two methods. Either a combination of benzoylated DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or hybridization to plasmid DNA covalently bound to cellulose (this is a recombinant plasmid carrying the gene for tRNATrp) and electrophoresis of the eluted material on a 10% polyacrylamide gel, produced isotopically pure tRNA. The sequence of the temperature-sensitive tRNATrp was determined by standard methods. We find that the sequence differs from that of wild type tRNATrp by a single residue; G in position 7 (G7) in wild type tRNATrp is A7 in temperature-sensitive tRNATrp. This base difference results in one less base pair in the CCA stem of the temperature-sensitive species. The effect of this base change in the in vitro and in vivo properties of tRNATrp (presented elsewhere (S.P. Eisenberg and M. Yarus, manuscript in preparation.)) are discussed.", "PMID": 109437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8740", "title": "Purification and characterization of a carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase of Bacillus megaterium acting on the tetrapeptide moiety of the peptidoglycan.", "content": "The enzyme carboxypeptidase-IIW of Bacillus megaterium incorporates free diaminopimelate into purified bacterial walls. This enzyme can be solubilized from toluene-treated cells by LiCl extraction and has now been purified 106-fold to one major band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 60,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Carboxypeptidase-IIW requires divalent cations and thiol group(s) for optimal activity. Product analysis indicates that the enzyme can hydrolyze the terminal D-alanine from the tetrapeptide of the peptidoglycan or replace it with a variety of amino acids with D-asymmetric centers for transpeptidation. Substrate specificity studies reveal that the enzymatic activity depends on the presence of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine of the GlcNAc-MurNAc-tetrapeptide. This specificity of carboxypeptidase-IIW for the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine explains in part the affinity of the enzyme for the cell wall of B. megaterium. The enzyme is compared to the carboxypeptidases-transpeptidases of other organisms with the similarities and differences discussed.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase of Bacillus megaterium acting on the tetrapeptide moiety of the peptidoglycan. The enzyme carboxypeptidase-IIW of Bacillus megaterium incorporates free diaminopimelate into purified bacterial walls. This enzyme can be solubilized from toluene-treated cells by LiCl extraction and has now been purified 106-fold to one major band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 60,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Carboxypeptidase-IIW requires divalent cations and thiol group(s) for optimal activity. Product analysis indicates that the enzyme can hydrolyze the terminal D-alanine from the tetrapeptide of the peptidoglycan or replace it with a variety of amino acids with D-asymmetric centers for transpeptidation. Substrate specificity studies reveal that the enzymatic activity depends on the presence of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine of the GlcNAc-MurNAc-tetrapeptide. This specificity of carboxypeptidase-IIW for the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine explains in part the affinity of the enzyme for the cell wall of B. megaterium. The enzyme is compared to the carboxypeptidases-transpeptidases of other organisms with the similarities and differences discussed.", "PMID": 109439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8741", "title": "Formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds on nascent immunoglobulin polypeptides.", "content": "The initial step of intermolecular covalent assembly of immunoglobulins molecules involves formation of heavy chain-light chain or heavy chain-heavy chain disulfide bonds. Using QAE-Sephadex chromatography to isolate microsomal nascent polypeptides, we have shown that this initial step of intermolecular covalent assembly occurs, to a substantial extent, on nascent heavy chains, as well as on completed heavy chains as previously demonstrated by others. In MPC 11 mouse myeloma cells, completed light chains are assembled covalently to nascent heavy chains, whereas in MOPC 21 mouse myeloma cells, completed heavy chains are assembled covalently to nascent heavy chains. These results are consisted with the heavy-light half-molecule being the major initial intermediate in the assembly of MPC 11 IgG2b and heavy-heavy dimer being the major initial intermediate formed in assembly of MOPC 21 IgG1. The nascent MPC 11 heavy chain must be at least 38,000 daltons in size before assembly with the light chain occurs, even though the heavy chain cysteine involved in this disulfide bond is 131 residues (approximately 15,000 daltons) from the NH2 terminus. In addition, pulse-chase labeling studies of MPC 11 cells have shown that the assembly of completed light chains with the nascent heavy chain must occur within a few minutes of the synthesis of the light chain even though a large excess of unassembled MPC 11 light chains remain inside the cell for an average time of 2 h before being secreted.", "contents": "Formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds on nascent immunoglobulin polypeptides. The initial step of intermolecular covalent assembly of immunoglobulins molecules involves formation of heavy chain-light chain or heavy chain-heavy chain disulfide bonds. Using QAE-Sephadex chromatography to isolate microsomal nascent polypeptides, we have shown that this initial step of intermolecular covalent assembly occurs, to a substantial extent, on nascent heavy chains, as well as on completed heavy chains as previously demonstrated by others. In MPC 11 mouse myeloma cells, completed light chains are assembled covalently to nascent heavy chains, whereas in MOPC 21 mouse myeloma cells, completed heavy chains are assembled covalently to nascent heavy chains. These results are consisted with the heavy-light half-molecule being the major initial intermediate in the assembly of MPC 11 IgG2b and heavy-heavy dimer being the major initial intermediate formed in assembly of MOPC 21 IgG1. The nascent MPC 11 heavy chain must be at least 38,000 daltons in size before assembly with the light chain occurs, even though the heavy chain cysteine involved in this disulfide bond is 131 residues (approximately 15,000 daltons) from the NH2 terminus. In addition, pulse-chase labeling studies of MPC 11 cells have shown that the assembly of completed light chains with the nascent heavy chain must occur within a few minutes of the synthesis of the light chain even though a large excess of unassembled MPC 11 light chains remain inside the cell for an average time of 2 h before being secreted.", "PMID": 109440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8742", "title": "Studies on the association of cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase during catalysis in a reconstituted hydroxylating system.", "content": "The interaction between cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase during catalysis has been investigated with a reconstituted monooxygenase system composed of the two purified enzyme components and synthetic phospholipid. Steady state kinetic data are consistent with a scheme in which the formation of a binary complex between the two proteins precedes catalysis. The formation of this binary complex is described by a simple mass action equation. In agreement with this equation, the observed Vmax for benzphetamine N-demethylation was found to be directly proportional to the calculated concentration of the cytochrome P-450 . reductase complex. Furthermore, with appropriate reductase/cytochrome P-450 mole ratios, the Vmax could be shown to be linearly dependent on either the reductase or the cytochrome P-450 concentration alone. In contrast, the Km parameter is independent of the complex concentration, indicating that no change in the rate-limiting step has occurred. Thus a distinction should be made between a rate-limiting enzyme component and the rate-limiting step in this multienzyme system.", "contents": "Studies on the association of cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase during catalysis in a reconstituted hydroxylating system. The interaction between cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase during catalysis has been investigated with a reconstituted monooxygenase system composed of the two purified enzyme components and synthetic phospholipid. Steady state kinetic data are consistent with a scheme in which the formation of a binary complex between the two proteins precedes catalysis. The formation of this binary complex is described by a simple mass action equation. In agreement with this equation, the observed Vmax for benzphetamine N-demethylation was found to be directly proportional to the calculated concentration of the cytochrome P-450 . reductase complex. Furthermore, with appropriate reductase/cytochrome P-450 mole ratios, the Vmax could be shown to be linearly dependent on either the reductase or the cytochrome P-450 concentration alone. In contrast, the Km parameter is independent of the complex concentration, indicating that no change in the rate-limiting step has occurred. Thus a distinction should be made between a rate-limiting enzyme component and the rate-limiting step in this multienzyme system.", "PMID": 109441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8743", "title": "Total synthesis of a tyrosine suppressor transfer RNA gene. XVII. Transcription, in vitro, of the synthetic gene and processing of the primary transcript to transfer RNA.", "content": "Primer- and promoter-dependent transcription of the synthesis gene had been studied. Primer-dependent transcription gave, as a major product, an end-to-end transcript which was strand-specific. The transcript was characterized rigorously by two-dimensional separation and analysis of the oligonucleotides formed on digestion with T1-RNase and pancreatic RNase and by nearest neighbor analyses of the oligonucleotides obtained when different alpha-32P-labeled ribonucleoside triphosphates were used as substrates. Minor products accompanying the major transcript were characterized similarly. The major transcript, when treated with an Escherichia coli S-100 extract, was processed to the tRNATyr with correct 5'- and 3'-ends. The nucleolytic cleavages occurring at the 3'-end were characterized. In promoter-dependent transcription, transcription of a restriction fragment containing phi80psu+III gene and the synthetic gene with and without the promoter were compared. Transcription of the synthetic gene was promoter-dependent and strand-specific, the initiation of transcription occurring at the same point as previously found in vivo. Although the synthetic gene contains only 16 base pairs corresponding to the natural sequence following the C-C-A end, processing of the transcript at the 3'-end occurred normally, the endonucleolytic cleavage being followed by exonucleolytic cleavages. The products of promoter-dependent transcription were completely characterized. An examination of the base modifications of the primary transcript during treatment of the latter with E. coli S-100 extract showed couplete modification of uridine to pseudouridine and partial methylation of uridine to ribosylthymine in TpsiCG sequence and partial formation of pseudouridine in the anticodon loop. However, hardly any formation of 2'-O-methylguanosine or of 2-methylthio-6-isopentenyl adenosine could be detected.", "contents": "Total synthesis of a tyrosine suppressor transfer RNA gene. XVII. Transcription, in vitro, of the synthetic gene and processing of the primary transcript to transfer RNA. Primer- and promoter-dependent transcription of the synthesis gene had been studied. Primer-dependent transcription gave, as a major product, an end-to-end transcript which was strand-specific. The transcript was characterized rigorously by two-dimensional separation and analysis of the oligonucleotides formed on digestion with T1-RNase and pancreatic RNase and by nearest neighbor analyses of the oligonucleotides obtained when different alpha-32P-labeled ribonucleoside triphosphates were used as substrates. Minor products accompanying the major transcript were characterized similarly. The major transcript, when treated with an Escherichia coli S-100 extract, was processed to the tRNATyr with correct 5'- and 3'-ends. The nucleolytic cleavages occurring at the 3'-end were characterized. In promoter-dependent transcription, transcription of a restriction fragment containing phi80psu+III gene and the synthetic gene with and without the promoter were compared. Transcription of the synthetic gene was promoter-dependent and strand-specific, the initiation of transcription occurring at the same point as previously found in vivo. Although the synthetic gene contains only 16 base pairs corresponding to the natural sequence following the C-C-A end, processing of the transcript at the 3'-end occurred normally, the endonucleolytic cleavage being followed by exonucleolytic cleavages. The products of promoter-dependent transcription were completely characterized. An examination of the base modifications of the primary transcript during treatment of the latter with E. coli S-100 extract showed couplete modification of uridine to pseudouridine and partial methylation of uridine to ribosylthymine in TpsiCG sequence and partial formation of pseudouridine in the anticodon loop. However, hardly any formation of 2'-O-methylguanosine or of 2-methylthio-6-isopentenyl adenosine could be detected.", "PMID": 109442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8744", "title": "Purification of human liver microsomal epoxide hydrase. Differences in the properties of the human and rat enzymes.", "content": "Human liver microsomal epoxide hydrase has been highly purified to a specific activity (570 to 620 nmol/min/mg of protein) comparable to that of the rat enzyme using styrene oxide as substrate. Like the purified rat liver microsomal epoxide hydrase, the human enzyme has a minimum molecular weight of 49,000 as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and exhibits broad substrate specificity toward a variety of alkene and arene oxides. Despite these similarities, the human and rat enzymes are different proteins as judged by their immunochemical properties as well as their relative catalytic activities toward certain substrates.", "contents": "Purification of human liver microsomal epoxide hydrase. Differences in the properties of the human and rat enzymes. Human liver microsomal epoxide hydrase has been highly purified to a specific activity (570 to 620 nmol/min/mg of protein) comparable to that of the rat enzyme using styrene oxide as substrate. Like the purified rat liver microsomal epoxide hydrase, the human enzyme has a minimum molecular weight of 49,000 as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and exhibits broad substrate specificity toward a variety of alkene and arene oxides. Despite these similarities, the human and rat enzymes are different proteins as judged by their immunochemical properties as well as their relative catalytic activities toward certain substrates.", "PMID": 109443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8745", "title": "Subunit structure of higher plant glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (EC 1.2.1.12 and EC 1.2.1.13).", "content": "In a previous publication (Cerff, R. (1979) Eur. J. Biochem., 94, 243--247) we demonstrated that chloroplast NADP-linked glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.13) from higher plants consists of two separate isoenzymes with apparent subunit compositions A2B2 (isoenzyme 1) and A4 (isoenzyme 2), where Subunits A and B are distinguished by slightly different molecular weights (A smaller than or approximately to B). In the present study we compare isoenzymes 1 and 2 from Sinapis alba and Hordeum vulgare on the basis of antigenic cross-reactivity, tryptic peptides, and amino acid composition. Isoenzymes 1 and 2 show immunochemical identity. They also have very similar tryptic peptide maps and amino acid compositions. This strongly suggests that Subunits A and B of the NADP-linked enzyme are very similar in primary sequence. As opposed to this, cytoplasmic NAD-specific glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) does not cross-react with antisera raised against the NADP-linked enzyme. Furthermore, tryptic peptide maps of the NAD-specific enzyme show little or no similarity with those of the NADP-linked enzyme. This indicates that the subunits of the NADP-linked enzyme and the subunit of the NAD-specific enzyme are different proteins coded by separate genes. The differences in the amino acid compositions between the two species corresponds to a SdeltaQ value of 21, suggesting some sequence resemblance and a common phylogenetic origin.", "contents": "Subunit structure of higher plant glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (EC 1.2.1.12 and EC 1.2.1.13). In a previous publication (Cerff, R. (1979) Eur. J. Biochem., 94, 243--247) we demonstrated that chloroplast NADP-linked glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.13) from higher plants consists of two separate isoenzymes with apparent subunit compositions A2B2 (isoenzyme 1) and A4 (isoenzyme 2), where Subunits A and B are distinguished by slightly different molecular weights (A smaller than or approximately to B). In the present study we compare isoenzymes 1 and 2 from Sinapis alba and Hordeum vulgare on the basis of antigenic cross-reactivity, tryptic peptides, and amino acid composition. Isoenzymes 1 and 2 show immunochemical identity. They also have very similar tryptic peptide maps and amino acid compositions. This strongly suggests that Subunits A and B of the NADP-linked enzyme are very similar in primary sequence. As opposed to this, cytoplasmic NAD-specific glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) does not cross-react with antisera raised against the NADP-linked enzyme. Furthermore, tryptic peptide maps of the NAD-specific enzyme show little or no similarity with those of the NADP-linked enzyme. This indicates that the subunits of the NADP-linked enzyme and the subunit of the NAD-specific enzyme are different proteins coded by separate genes. The differences in the amino acid compositions between the two species corresponds to a SdeltaQ value of 21, suggesting some sequence resemblance and a common phylogenetic origin.", "PMID": 109446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8746", "title": "Derivatization of cysteine and cystine for fluorescence amino acid analysis with the o-phthaldialdehyde/2-mercaptoethanol reagent.", "content": "Previous reports (Drescher, D.G., and Lee, K.S. (1978) Anal. Biochem. 84, 559-569; Lee, K.S., and Drescher, D.G. (1978) Int. J. Biochem. 9, 457-467) have shown that high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of amino acids with the o-phthaldialdehyde/2-mercaptoethanol reagent (OPA/2-ME) is one of the most sensitive procedures currently available for micro amino acid analysis. In the present paper, methods are presented for the modification of cysteine and cystine in proteins for micro amino acid analysis using OPA/2-ME. Cysteine and cystine, which both show low fluorescence with OPA/2-ME, are converted to cysteic acid with performic acid directly, or to S-3-sulfopropylcysteine with 1,3-propane sultone after reduction of cystine with tri-n-butylphosphine. Cysteic acid and S-3-sulfopropylcysteine form highly fluorescent adducts with OPA/2-ME. The formation of S-3-sulfopropylcysteine in proteins and the subsequent hydrolysis of the proteins with methanesulfonic acid are particularly useful for complete amino acid analysis at the picomole level using a single sample.", "contents": "Derivatization of cysteine and cystine for fluorescence amino acid analysis with the o-phthaldialdehyde/2-mercaptoethanol reagent. Previous reports (Drescher, D.G., and Lee, K.S. (1978) Anal. Biochem. 84, 559-569; Lee, K.S., and Drescher, D.G. (1978) Int. J. Biochem. 9, 457-467) have shown that high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of amino acids with the o-phthaldialdehyde/2-mercaptoethanol reagent (OPA/2-ME) is one of the most sensitive procedures currently available for micro amino acid analysis. In the present paper, methods are presented for the modification of cysteine and cystine in proteins for micro amino acid analysis using OPA/2-ME. Cysteine and cystine, which both show low fluorescence with OPA/2-ME, are converted to cysteic acid with performic acid directly, or to S-3-sulfopropylcysteine with 1,3-propane sultone after reduction of cystine with tri-n-butylphosphine. Cysteic acid and S-3-sulfopropylcysteine form highly fluorescent adducts with OPA/2-ME. The formation of S-3-sulfopropylcysteine in proteins and the subsequent hydrolysis of the proteins with methanesulfonic acid are particularly useful for complete amino acid analysis at the picomole level using a single sample.", "PMID": 109447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8747", "title": "Biochemical analyses of natural and induced null variants of Drosophila enzymes.", "content": "For the characterization of null mutants identified in Drosophila populations, several Drosophila enzymes including alcohol dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucose isomerase were co-purified to homogeneity using an 8-(6-aminohexyl)-amino-ATP-Sepharose affinity column followed by DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography. Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase was purified by the use of CM-Sepharose and the same ATP affinity column. Alcohol dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase were mapped on a two-dimensional gel. Antiserum was raised in rabbits against these Drosophila enzymes. The presence of cross-reacting material in null mutants was characterized by double immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. By immunological techniques, two natural null variants of malic enzyme and one of phosphoglucose isomerase were shown to be negative to cross-reacting material. Two low-dose-rate gamma-radiation-induced null mutants of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase were shown to be positive to cross-reacting material. Two-dimensional gel analyses enabled the characterization of three natural null variants of alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase. The viability of some null mutants with homozygous null or null/deficiency genotypes is discussed in terms of the in vivo metabolic roles of the related enzymes.", "contents": "Biochemical analyses of natural and induced null variants of Drosophila enzymes. For the characterization of null mutants identified in Drosophila populations, several Drosophila enzymes including alcohol dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucose isomerase were co-purified to homogeneity using an 8-(6-aminohexyl)-amino-ATP-Sepharose affinity column followed by DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography. Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase was purified by the use of CM-Sepharose and the same ATP affinity column. Alcohol dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase were mapped on a two-dimensional gel. Antiserum was raised in rabbits against these Drosophila enzymes. The presence of cross-reacting material in null mutants was characterized by double immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. By immunological techniques, two natural null variants of malic enzyme and one of phosphoglucose isomerase were shown to be negative to cross-reacting material. Two low-dose-rate gamma-radiation-induced null mutants of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase were shown to be positive to cross-reacting material. Two-dimensional gel analyses enabled the characterization of three natural null variants of alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase. The viability of some null mutants with homozygous null or null/deficiency genotypes is discussed in terms of the in vivo metabolic roles of the related enzymes.", "PMID": 109448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8748", "title": "Serum lipids in hypothyroidism--a re-evaluation.", "content": "One hundred and forty-two persons referred for assessment of thyroid function were studied in relation to their thyroid function and fasting serum lipids. Forty-five individuals, who had no family history of thyroid disease, were euthyroid, and were negative for thyroid antibodies formed the control group. The remaining 97 patients were fitted into six groups as follows--euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroiditis with exagggerated TSH response to TRH, and four groups of increasing grades of thyroid failure based on the level of serum TSH. Only in the two most severely hypothyroid groups was cholesterol significantly elevated as compared with control levels. A graded increase in mean serum triglyceride, was observed as thyroid failure increased; however, values were not different (P greater than 0.05) from the control group. However, partial correlation analysis indicated that serum cholesterol was related to increasing levels of serum TSH and that this dependency was not influenced by age or weight. Although serum cholesterol was related to thyroid function in the study population, it was an insensitive indicator of the metabolic effects of thyroid hormone.", "contents": "Serum lipids in hypothyroidism--a re-evaluation. One hundred and forty-two persons referred for assessment of thyroid function were studied in relation to their thyroid function and fasting serum lipids. Forty-five individuals, who had no family history of thyroid disease, were euthyroid, and were negative for thyroid antibodies formed the control group. The remaining 97 patients were fitted into six groups as follows--euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroiditis with exagggerated TSH response to TRH, and four groups of increasing grades of thyroid failure based on the level of serum TSH. Only in the two most severely hypothyroid groups was cholesterol significantly elevated as compared with control levels. A graded increase in mean serum triglyceride, was observed as thyroid failure increased; however, values were not different (P greater than 0.05) from the control group. However, partial correlation analysis indicated that serum cholesterol was related to increasing levels of serum TSH and that this dependency was not influenced by age or weight. Although serum cholesterol was related to thyroid function in the study population, it was an insensitive indicator of the metabolic effects of thyroid hormone.", "PMID": 109455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8749", "title": "Hyperthyroidism without triiodothyronine excess: an effect of severe non-thyroidal illness.", "content": "Serial changes in thyroid hormone levels are described in two patients in whom hyperthyroidism was associated with transient non-thyroidal illness. In a 74-year-old woman with mild hyperthyroidism, two episodes of cholecystitis were associated with subnormal concentrations of serum T3 and increased concentrations of serum rT3; T3 became elevated during recovery, associated with a simultaneous fall in rT3. The TSH response to TRH was undetectable on three occasions. A cholecystectomy was performed after preparation with Lugol's iodine and subsequent tests showed evolution through T3 toxicosis to classical hyperthyroidism. In the second case, symptoms and signs of classical hyperthyroidism were noted during an undiagnosed illness characterized by severe abdominal pain and fever. Six days after the onset of this illness, an elevated level of serum T4 was associated with a normal total T3 concentration and increased concentration of rT3. After resolution of abdominal symptoms, serum T3 was markedly increased, associated with persistent T4 and rT3 excess. These findings indicate that the changes in T3 and reverse T3 described in non-thyroidal illness also occur in hyperthyroid patients, and suggest that the fall in T3 may be of sufficient magnitude to make T3 measurement diagnostically unreliable in the presence of non-thyroidal illness.", "contents": "Hyperthyroidism without triiodothyronine excess: an effect of severe non-thyroidal illness. Serial changes in thyroid hormone levels are described in two patients in whom hyperthyroidism was associated with transient non-thyroidal illness. In a 74-year-old woman with mild hyperthyroidism, two episodes of cholecystitis were associated with subnormal concentrations of serum T3 and increased concentrations of serum rT3; T3 became elevated during recovery, associated with a simultaneous fall in rT3. The TSH response to TRH was undetectable on three occasions. A cholecystectomy was performed after preparation with Lugol's iodine and subsequent tests showed evolution through T3 toxicosis to classical hyperthyroidism. In the second case, symptoms and signs of classical hyperthyroidism were noted during an undiagnosed illness characterized by severe abdominal pain and fever. Six days after the onset of this illness, an elevated level of serum T4 was associated with a normal total T3 concentration and increased concentration of rT3. After resolution of abdominal symptoms, serum T3 was markedly increased, associated with persistent T4 and rT3 excess. These findings indicate that the changes in T3 and reverse T3 described in non-thyroidal illness also occur in hyperthyroid patients, and suggest that the fall in T3 may be of sufficient magnitude to make T3 measurement diagnostically unreliable in the presence of non-thyroidal illness.", "PMID": 109456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8750", "title": "Thyrotropin secretion in patients with central hypothyroidism: evidence for reduced biological activity of immunoreactive thyrotropin.", "content": "TSH concentration was measured in plasma before and after TRH administration (200 micrograms, iv) in 89 patients with documented hypothyroidism consequent to various hypothalamic-pituitary disorders. Basal plasma TSH was less than 1.0 microI/ml in 34.8%, between 1.0-3.6 microU/ml in 40.5% and slightly elevated (3.7-9.7 microU/ml) in 24.7% of the cases. The plasma TSH response to TRH was absent in 13.5%, impaired in 16.8%, normal in 47.2%, and exaggerated in 22.5% of the cases, with delayed and/or prolonged pattern of response in 65% of the cases. The dilution curves of several plasmas drawn before and after TRH were parallel to those obtained with TSH standard preparation. After gel filtration, the elution pattern of TRH-stimulated plasmas from 4 patients did not show any major difference from that of pooled plasmas from normal subjects given TRH or from that of patients with primary hypothyroidism. Plasma TSH values determined by cytochemical bioassay on both basal and TRH-stimulated samples of 5 patients were markedly lower than those obtained by RIA. The serum T3 response to TRH was absent or low in 40 out of 53 patients in whom it was evaluated. The administration of T3 (100 micrograms/day for 3 days) or dexamethasone (3 mg/day for 5 days) respectively suppressed or reduced both basal and TRH-induced plasma TSH levels. Two patients became hypothyroid shortly after pituitary surgery in spite of basal and TRH-induced plasma TSH levels similar to or higher than those before surgery. Though thyroid atrophy due to chronic understimulation could explain the low T3 response to TRH in secondary hypothyroidism, it is difficult to reconcile thyroid understimulation with normal or increased plasma TSH unless the immunoreactive material has low biological activity. Present data suggest that several patients with hypothyroidism consequent to hypothalamic-pituitary diseases secrete a material which is immunologically similar to pituitary standard TSH and responds to stimulatory and suppressive agents in a manner similar to normal TSH but has low or absent biological activity. Thus, hypothyroidism due to insufficient TSH stimulation can be termed central hypothyroidism and can be due 1) to pituitary insufficiency (secondary hypothyroidism), 2) to a hypothalamic defect (tertiary hypothyroidism), or 3) to the secretion of biologically inactive TSH.", "contents": "Thyrotropin secretion in patients with central hypothyroidism: evidence for reduced biological activity of immunoreactive thyrotropin. TSH concentration was measured in plasma before and after TRH administration (200 micrograms, iv) in 89 patients with documented hypothyroidism consequent to various hypothalamic-pituitary disorders. Basal plasma TSH was less than 1.0 microI/ml in 34.8%, between 1.0-3.6 microU/ml in 40.5% and slightly elevated (3.7-9.7 microU/ml) in 24.7% of the cases. The plasma TSH response to TRH was absent in 13.5%, impaired in 16.8%, normal in 47.2%, and exaggerated in 22.5% of the cases, with delayed and/or prolonged pattern of response in 65% of the cases. The dilution curves of several plasmas drawn before and after TRH were parallel to those obtained with TSH standard preparation. After gel filtration, the elution pattern of TRH-stimulated plasmas from 4 patients did not show any major difference from that of pooled plasmas from normal subjects given TRH or from that of patients with primary hypothyroidism. Plasma TSH values determined by cytochemical bioassay on both basal and TRH-stimulated samples of 5 patients were markedly lower than those obtained by RIA. The serum T3 response to TRH was absent or low in 40 out of 53 patients in whom it was evaluated. The administration of T3 (100 micrograms/day for 3 days) or dexamethasone (3 mg/day for 5 days) respectively suppressed or reduced both basal and TRH-induced plasma TSH levels. Two patients became hypothyroid shortly after pituitary surgery in spite of basal and TRH-induced plasma TSH levels similar to or higher than those before surgery. Though thyroid atrophy due to chronic understimulation could explain the low T3 response to TRH in secondary hypothyroidism, it is difficult to reconcile thyroid understimulation with normal or increased plasma TSH unless the immunoreactive material has low biological activity. Present data suggest that several patients with hypothyroidism consequent to hypothalamic-pituitary diseases secrete a material which is immunologically similar to pituitary standard TSH and responds to stimulatory and suppressive agents in a manner similar to normal TSH but has low or absent biological activity. Thus, hypothyroidism due to insufficient TSH stimulation can be termed central hypothyroidism and can be due 1) to pituitary insufficiency (secondary hypothyroidism), 2) to a hypothalamic defect (tertiary hypothyroidism), or 3) to the secretion of biologically inactive TSH.", "PMID": 109460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8751", "title": "Lack of evidence for thyrotropin-releasing hormone deamidation in normal and hyperthyroid human sera.", "content": "Two-hour incubations of human serum with 50 ng TRH or pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline (TRH-OH) were performed under substrate conditions of 0.2 microgram substrate/ml serum. During incubations with normal serum, 46.3 +/- 1.3 (SEM) ng TRH were degraded while only 14.2 +/- 5.1 ng TRH-OH were degraded (P less than 0.001). During incubations with serum from patients with hyperthyroidism, 42.7 +/- 2.6 ng TRH were degraded compared to only 19.6 +/- 2.0 ng TRH-OH (P less than 0.001). Despite the fact that TRH degradation was significantly greater than TRH-OH degradation in both normal and hyperthyroid serum, no formation of TRH-OH (less than 3.1 ng/incubation tube) from TRH was detected. Formation of TRH-OH from TRH was also not noted when normal or hyperthyroid serum was incubated with TRH at substrate concentrations of 62.5 microgram/ml serum. These data confirm other reports that TRH deamidation does not occur in normal serum and extends this observation to hyperthyroid serum.", "contents": "Lack of evidence for thyrotropin-releasing hormone deamidation in normal and hyperthyroid human sera. Two-hour incubations of human serum with 50 ng TRH or pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline (TRH-OH) were performed under substrate conditions of 0.2 microgram substrate/ml serum. During incubations with normal serum, 46.3 +/- 1.3 (SEM) ng TRH were degraded while only 14.2 +/- 5.1 ng TRH-OH were degraded (P less than 0.001). During incubations with serum from patients with hyperthyroidism, 42.7 +/- 2.6 ng TRH were degraded compared to only 19.6 +/- 2.0 ng TRH-OH (P less than 0.001). Despite the fact that TRH degradation was significantly greater than TRH-OH degradation in both normal and hyperthyroid serum, no formation of TRH-OH (less than 3.1 ng/incubation tube) from TRH was detected. Formation of TRH-OH from TRH was also not noted when normal or hyperthyroid serum was incubated with TRH at substrate concentrations of 62.5 microgram/ml serum. These data confirm other reports that TRH deamidation does not occur in normal serum and extends this observation to hyperthyroid serum.", "PMID": 109463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8752", "title": "Demonstration of tuberculostearic acid in sputum from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis by selected ion monitoring.", "content": "Selected ion monitoring was used to detect tuberculostearic acid (10-methyloctadecanoic acid) in sputum from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The specimens were autoclaved, lyophilized, extracted, and methanolysed before being subjected to thin-layer chromatography and injected into the gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. Tuberculostearic acid could be detected in five of six tuberculous sputum specimens containing acid-fast rods detectable by light microscopy of Ziehl-Neelsen stained smears. After the sputum specimens had been cultured for five days on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium, when still no colonies could be observed visually, the presence of tuberculostearic acid was demonstrated in all six cases of tuberculosis. In corresponding analyses of sputum from eight patients with non-tuberculous pneumonia, tuberculostearic acid was not found. This fatty acid, the presence of which was also demonstrated in cultures of various mycobacterial and nocardial species, is characteristic of organisms of the order Actinomycetales. The demonstration of tuberculostearic acid in sputum specimens may constitute a rapid and sensitive way of diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis.", "contents": "Demonstration of tuberculostearic acid in sputum from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis by selected ion monitoring. Selected ion monitoring was used to detect tuberculostearic acid (10-methyloctadecanoic acid) in sputum from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The specimens were autoclaved, lyophilized, extracted, and methanolysed before being subjected to thin-layer chromatography and injected into the gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. Tuberculostearic acid could be detected in five of six tuberculous sputum specimens containing acid-fast rods detectable by light microscopy of Ziehl-Neelsen stained smears. After the sputum specimens had been cultured for five days on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium, when still no colonies could be observed visually, the presence of tuberculostearic acid was demonstrated in all six cases of tuberculosis. In corresponding analyses of sputum from eight patients with non-tuberculous pneumonia, tuberculostearic acid was not found. This fatty acid, the presence of which was also demonstrated in cultures of various mycobacterial and nocardial species, is characteristic of organisms of the order Actinomycetales. The demonstration of tuberculostearic acid in sputum specimens may constitute a rapid and sensitive way of diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis.", "PMID": 109465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8753", "title": "Complex of meningococcal group B polysaccharide and type 2 outer membrane protein immunogenic in man.", "content": "A noncovalent complex of meningococcal group B polysaccharide and type 2 outer membrane protein has been characterized and its potential as a vaccine against group B meningococcal disease investigated. The polysaccharide component was found to have a partition coefficient, K(d), of 0.34 on Sepharose CL-4B in the presence of sodium deoxycholate. The protein consisted of four to five major proteins including the principal outer membrane protein. Hydrophobic binding between the protein and polysaccharide was demonstrated by gel filtration and isopycnic CsCl density gradient centrifugation and found to involve all of the proteins. After demonstrating safety and immunogenicity in animals, two lots of vaccine were tested in a total of eight volunteers. Two 120-mug doses were given subcutaneously at 0 and 5 wk. Mild local reactions occurred in all eight volunteers, but no systemic reactions were observed. 2 wk after the first dose, six of the volunteers had increased levels of bactericidal antibodies against both the group B polysaccharide and the outer membrane proteins. Antibody rises to the group B polysaccharide (mean 6-fold) were confirmed by passive hemagglutination assays and rises to the proteins (mean 10-fold) by a solid phase radioimmunoassay. The second dose resulted in little or no increase in antibody titers. Antibody titers declined over a period of 14 wk but mostly remained above preimmunization levels. Bactericidal antibodies with specificity for the group B polysaccharide were mostly of the immunoglobulin (Ig)M class, and were directed against a determinant associated only with high molecular weight polysaccharides. We conclude that both the group B polysaccharide and the outer membrane protein are immunogenic in man when presented as a complex and that the complex warrants further testing and development as a vaccine against group B meningococcal disease.", "contents": "Complex of meningococcal group B polysaccharide and type 2 outer membrane protein immunogenic in man. A noncovalent complex of meningococcal group B polysaccharide and type 2 outer membrane protein has been characterized and its potential as a vaccine against group B meningococcal disease investigated. The polysaccharide component was found to have a partition coefficient, K(d), of 0.34 on Sepharose CL-4B in the presence of sodium deoxycholate. The protein consisted of four to five major proteins including the principal outer membrane protein. Hydrophobic binding between the protein and polysaccharide was demonstrated by gel filtration and isopycnic CsCl density gradient centrifugation and found to involve all of the proteins. After demonstrating safety and immunogenicity in animals, two lots of vaccine were tested in a total of eight volunteers. Two 120-mug doses were given subcutaneously at 0 and 5 wk. Mild local reactions occurred in all eight volunteers, but no systemic reactions were observed. 2 wk after the first dose, six of the volunteers had increased levels of bactericidal antibodies against both the group B polysaccharide and the outer membrane proteins. Antibody rises to the group B polysaccharide (mean 6-fold) were confirmed by passive hemagglutination assays and rises to the proteins (mean 10-fold) by a solid phase radioimmunoassay. The second dose resulted in little or no increase in antibody titers. Antibody titers declined over a period of 14 wk but mostly remained above preimmunization levels. Bactericidal antibodies with specificity for the group B polysaccharide were mostly of the immunoglobulin (Ig)M class, and were directed against a determinant associated only with high molecular weight polysaccharides. We conclude that both the group B polysaccharide and the outer membrane protein are immunogenic in man when presented as a complex and that the complex warrants further testing and development as a vaccine against group B meningococcal disease.", "PMID": 109466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8754", "title": "Effects of nitroglycerin and propranolol on the distribution of transmural myocardial blood flow during ischemia in the absence of hemodynamic changes in the unanesthetized dog.", "content": "Chronically instrumented awake dogs were used to study the effects of nitroglycerin and propranolol on the transmural distribution of myocardial blood flow during transient ischemia. Studies were carried out 7-14 d after implantation of an electromagnetic flowmeter probe and balloon occluder on the left circumflex coronary artery, placement of epicardial minor axis sonar crystals, and implantation of left atrial, left ventricular, and aortic catheters. The occluder was inflated to completely interrupt flow for 10 s followed by partial release to reestablish flow at 60% of the preocclusion level. During this partial release, which served as the control for the study, regional myocardial blood flow was measured with 7- to 10-mum radioactive microspheres. After control measurements, seven dogs were given nitroglycerin (0.4 mg i.v.) and eight dogs propranolol (0.2 mg/kg i.v.). 5 min later the occlusion and partial release sequence was repeated, and regional myocardial blood flow was measured when heart rate, aortic and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and minor axis diameter were unchanged from control values.The data values were selected so that total flow to the ischemic region during partial release after nitroglycerin or propranolol administration was not significantly different from flow during the control partial release. After nitroglycerin administration, endocardial flow (endo) in the ischemic region increased from 0.46+/-0.07 to 0.59+/-0.06 ml/min per g (P < 0.006); epicardial flow (epi) decreased from 0.78+/-0.09 to 0.70+/-0.08 ml/min per g (P < 0.04). The endo:epi ratio increased from 0.65+/-0.07 to 0.92+/-0.10 (P < 0.05). In contrast, administration of propranolol produced no significant change in transmural flow (endo, 0.42+/-0.02 and 0.46+/-0.03 ml/min per g; epi, 0.71+/-0.06 and 0.70+/-0.07 ml/min per g) or in the endo:epi ratio (0.60+/-0.03, 0.66+/-0.06) in the ischemic region. Nitroglycerin and propranolol produce different effects on the transmural distribution of blood flow to ischemic myocardium. Nitroglycerin can increase blood flow to the underperfused endocardium in the absence of alterations in heart size, hemodynamic parameters, and total transmural flow to the ischemic region. Under similar conditions, propranolol has no significant effect on the transmural distribution of blood flow to an ischemic region.", "contents": "Effects of nitroglycerin and propranolol on the distribution of transmural myocardial blood flow during ischemia in the absence of hemodynamic changes in the unanesthetized dog. Chronically instrumented awake dogs were used to study the effects of nitroglycerin and propranolol on the transmural distribution of myocardial blood flow during transient ischemia. Studies were carried out 7-14 d after implantation of an electromagnetic flowmeter probe and balloon occluder on the left circumflex coronary artery, placement of epicardial minor axis sonar crystals, and implantation of left atrial, left ventricular, and aortic catheters. The occluder was inflated to completely interrupt flow for 10 s followed by partial release to reestablish flow at 60% of the preocclusion level. During this partial release, which served as the control for the study, regional myocardial blood flow was measured with 7- to 10-mum radioactive microspheres. After control measurements, seven dogs were given nitroglycerin (0.4 mg i.v.) and eight dogs propranolol (0.2 mg/kg i.v.). 5 min later the occlusion and partial release sequence was repeated, and regional myocardial blood flow was measured when heart rate, aortic and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and minor axis diameter were unchanged from control values.The data values were selected so that total flow to the ischemic region during partial release after nitroglycerin or propranolol administration was not significantly different from flow during the control partial release. After nitroglycerin administration, endocardial flow (endo) in the ischemic region increased from 0.46+/-0.07 to 0.59+/-0.06 ml/min per g (P < 0.006); epicardial flow (epi) decreased from 0.78+/-0.09 to 0.70+/-0.08 ml/min per g (P < 0.04). The endo:epi ratio increased from 0.65+/-0.07 to 0.92+/-0.10 (P < 0.05). In contrast, administration of propranolol produced no significant change in transmural flow (endo, 0.42+/-0.02 and 0.46+/-0.03 ml/min per g; epi, 0.71+/-0.06 and 0.70+/-0.07 ml/min per g) or in the endo:epi ratio (0.60+/-0.03, 0.66+/-0.06) in the ischemic region. Nitroglycerin and propranolol produce different effects on the transmural distribution of blood flow to ischemic myocardium. Nitroglycerin can increase blood flow to the underperfused endocardium in the absence of alterations in heart size, hemodynamic parameters, and total transmural flow to the ischemic region. Under similar conditions, propranolol has no significant effect on the transmural distribution of blood flow to an ischemic region.", "PMID": 109467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8755", "title": "Reversible phagocytosis in rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "We have studied the fate of inert phagocytized particles in rabbit neutrophils. Neutrophils release significant quantities of preingested oil emulsion. Roughly 50% of an ingested load is released in 40 min at 37 degrees C. By electron microscopy the process of release appears to be by exocytosis: particles appear extruded through a network of processes often accompanied by membranous vesicles. Exocytosis is temperature and glucose dependent but unlike phagocytosis does not require divalent cations. From Coulter counter measurements virtually the entire cell population appears to undergo the phagocytosis-exocytosis sequence. Neutrophils undergoing exocytosis remain intact as determined by direct counts, electron microscopy, and absence of lactate dehydrogenase release. Moreover, by sequentially feeding differently labeled particles, it is shown that the processes of phagocytosis and exocytosis can occur concurrently. Indeed, it is found that ingestion accelerates release. The implications of these phenomena for membrane recycling, lysosomal enzyme release, and the killing of microorganisms are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Reversible phagocytosis in rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. We have studied the fate of inert phagocytized particles in rabbit neutrophils. Neutrophils release significant quantities of preingested oil emulsion. Roughly 50% of an ingested load is released in 40 min at 37 degrees C. By electron microscopy the process of release appears to be by exocytosis: particles appear extruded through a network of processes often accompanied by membranous vesicles. Exocytosis is temperature and glucose dependent but unlike phagocytosis does not require divalent cations. From Coulter counter measurements virtually the entire cell population appears to undergo the phagocytosis-exocytosis sequence. Neutrophils undergoing exocytosis remain intact as determined by direct counts, electron microscopy, and absence of lactate dehydrogenase release. Moreover, by sequentially feeding differently labeled particles, it is shown that the processes of phagocytosis and exocytosis can occur concurrently. Indeed, it is found that ingestion accelerates release. The implications of these phenomena for membrane recycling, lysosomal enzyme release, and the killing of microorganisms are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 109468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8756", "title": "Complement-dependent histaminase release from human granulocytes.", "content": "The role of particle-bound complement proteins in the induction of noncytotoxic enzyme release from human granulocytes was investigated with the use of sera genetically deficient in complement and highly purified complement components. Release of histaminase, one of two important histamine catabolizing enzymes, and beta-glucuronidase from polymorphonuclear leukocytes was solely dependent on particle-bound C3b (the larger cleavage product of the third component of complement) when fluid-phase complement was excluded. The extent of enzyme release was a function of particle-bound C3b input, was reduced by exposing the particles to C3b inactivator, and was blocked by fluid-phase C3b. Phagocytosis of the C3b-coated particles was not required for enzyme release from neutrophils. In contrast, phagocytosis of \"opsonized\" particles was required for noncytotoxic release of histaminase and arylsulfatase from eosinophils; other proteins, as well as C3b, were able to opsonize particles for induction of enzyme release from eosinophils. These studies suggest a dual role for complement (particularly C3) in modulating vascular permeability phenomena, i.e., release of vasoactive mediators by the action of C3a and C5a, and release of the corresponding enzymes that inactivate the mediators by C3b.", "contents": "Complement-dependent histaminase release from human granulocytes. The role of particle-bound complement proteins in the induction of noncytotoxic enzyme release from human granulocytes was investigated with the use of sera genetically deficient in complement and highly purified complement components. Release of histaminase, one of two important histamine catabolizing enzymes, and beta-glucuronidase from polymorphonuclear leukocytes was solely dependent on particle-bound C3b (the larger cleavage product of the third component of complement) when fluid-phase complement was excluded. The extent of enzyme release was a function of particle-bound C3b input, was reduced by exposing the particles to C3b inactivator, and was blocked by fluid-phase C3b. Phagocytosis of the C3b-coated particles was not required for enzyme release from neutrophils. In contrast, phagocytosis of \"opsonized\" particles was required for noncytotoxic release of histaminase and arylsulfatase from eosinophils; other proteins, as well as C3b, were able to opsonize particles for induction of enzyme release from eosinophils. These studies suggest a dual role for complement (particularly C3) in modulating vascular permeability phenomena, i.e., release of vasoactive mediators by the action of C3a and C5a, and release of the corresponding enzymes that inactivate the mediators by C3b.", "PMID": 109469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8757", "title": "Regulation of the metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in primary cultures of chick kidney cells.", "content": "A primary chick kidney cell culture is described, capable of forming 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3], and 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,24,25(OH)3D3] over several days. The apparent Km values were 0.125 microM for the 1-hydroxylase and 2.1 microM for the 24-hydroxylase. Exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased 1-hydroxylase and increased 24-hydroxylase within 4 h. 24,25(OH)2D3 produced similar effects, but only in the absence of fetal calf serum. R and S isomers of 1,24,25(OH)3D3 were about fives times less active than 1,25(OH)2D3. Bovine parathyroid hormone stimulated the 1- and reduced the 24-hydroxylase in 6 h, but this only occurred in cultures either previously treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 and EGTA to lower Ca to 0.8 mM or in cultures grown in the presence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3). Under the latter condition, the sensitivity to bovine parathyroid hormone was enhanced, 0.04 U/ml producing a maximum response. Synthetic aminoterminal tetratriacontapeptide (1-34) human parathyroid hormone was equally effective. In the absence of D metabolites, estradiol for 6 h produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the 1-hydroxylase, but no change in the 24-hydroxylase. Progesterone, testosterone, and corticosterone had no significant effect. In cultures grown in the presence of 25(OH)D3 no reproducible effects were obtained with either 1 microM estradiol or 1 microM testosterone, alone or in combination, but 5 microM corticosterone decreased the 1- and increased the 24-hydroxylase. Changes in Ca and P concentrations of the medium as well as addition of ethane-l-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphate for 48 h did not affect any of the hydroxylase activities. The modulation of the hydroxylase activities by vitamin D3 metabolites and parathyroid hormone suggests that these factors regulate the renal hydroxylase by direct actions, whereas it would appear that ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphate, Ca, P, and steroid may exert their influence indirectly.", "contents": "Regulation of the metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in primary cultures of chick kidney cells. A primary chick kidney cell culture is described, capable of forming 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3], and 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,24,25(OH)3D3] over several days. The apparent Km values were 0.125 microM for the 1-hydroxylase and 2.1 microM for the 24-hydroxylase. Exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased 1-hydroxylase and increased 24-hydroxylase within 4 h. 24,25(OH)2D3 produced similar effects, but only in the absence of fetal calf serum. R and S isomers of 1,24,25(OH)3D3 were about fives times less active than 1,25(OH)2D3. Bovine parathyroid hormone stimulated the 1- and reduced the 24-hydroxylase in 6 h, but this only occurred in cultures either previously treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 and EGTA to lower Ca to 0.8 mM or in cultures grown in the presence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3). Under the latter condition, the sensitivity to bovine parathyroid hormone was enhanced, 0.04 U/ml producing a maximum response. Synthetic aminoterminal tetratriacontapeptide (1-34) human parathyroid hormone was equally effective. In the absence of D metabolites, estradiol for 6 h produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the 1-hydroxylase, but no change in the 24-hydroxylase. Progesterone, testosterone, and corticosterone had no significant effect. In cultures grown in the presence of 25(OH)D3 no reproducible effects were obtained with either 1 microM estradiol or 1 microM testosterone, alone or in combination, but 5 microM corticosterone decreased the 1- and increased the 24-hydroxylase. Changes in Ca and P concentrations of the medium as well as addition of ethane-l-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphate for 48 h did not affect any of the hydroxylase activities. The modulation of the hydroxylase activities by vitamin D3 metabolites and parathyroid hormone suggests that these factors regulate the renal hydroxylase by direct actions, whereas it would appear that ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphate, Ca, P, and steroid may exert their influence indirectly.", "PMID": 109470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8758", "title": "Sodium taurocholate modifies the bile acid-independent fraction of canalicular bile flow in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Bile acid-independent secretion and the choleretic response to taurocholate were determined in rhesus monkeys fitted with indwelling silastic cannulas in the common bile ducts. Bile acids were infused intravenously in random order at 3.5, 7.0, or 10.5 mumol/min for 1.5 h each. When data were analyzed with a single regression line, bile flow increased in proportion to the level of bile acid secretion, although the y-intercepts (the conventional measurement of bile acid-independent secretion) varied widely (77.9+/-40.9 ml/24 h). The variation in y-intercepts was observed between animals and with repeated studies in the same animal and could not be explained by sex differences or the effects of the indwelling silastic cannulas, but seemed to be related to the order of bile acid infusion. With only two taurocholic acid infusion rates (7.0 and 3.5 mumol/min), [(14)C]erythritol clearance was greater per mole of secreted bile acid when the initial bile acid infusion was at the high level, but approached zero at low bile acid secretion rates, which suggests that so-called bile acid-independent canalicular flow is closely related to bile acid secretion or is small in size. The augmentation in [(14)C]erythritol clearance when the high infusion rate was given first was also associated with an increase in biliary clearance of [(3)H]inulin, which indicates that the premeability to inulin was also enhanced. Identical experiments which substituted equimolar infusions of a nonmicelle-forming bile acid (taurodehydrocholate) for taurocholate failed to demonstrate any difference in choleretic response or biliary clearance of [(3)H]inulin with the order of bile acid infusion. These experiments demonstrate that a micelleforming bile acid, taurocholate, can increase the permeability of the biliary system to large molecular weight solutes and simultaneously modify the y-intercept and the volume of bile secreted in response to the transported bile acid. Taurocholate may, therefore, modify its own choleretic response, perhaps by altering the structure or function of bile secretory membranes, and appears to be a major determinant of so-called bile acid-independent flow in rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "Sodium taurocholate modifies the bile acid-independent fraction of canalicular bile flow in the rhesus monkey. Bile acid-independent secretion and the choleretic response to taurocholate were determined in rhesus monkeys fitted with indwelling silastic cannulas in the common bile ducts. Bile acids were infused intravenously in random order at 3.5, 7.0, or 10.5 mumol/min for 1.5 h each. When data were analyzed with a single regression line, bile flow increased in proportion to the level of bile acid secretion, although the y-intercepts (the conventional measurement of bile acid-independent secretion) varied widely (77.9+/-40.9 ml/24 h). The variation in y-intercepts was observed between animals and with repeated studies in the same animal and could not be explained by sex differences or the effects of the indwelling silastic cannulas, but seemed to be related to the order of bile acid infusion. With only two taurocholic acid infusion rates (7.0 and 3.5 mumol/min), [(14)C]erythritol clearance was greater per mole of secreted bile acid when the initial bile acid infusion was at the high level, but approached zero at low bile acid secretion rates, which suggests that so-called bile acid-independent canalicular flow is closely related to bile acid secretion or is small in size. The augmentation in [(14)C]erythritol clearance when the high infusion rate was given first was also associated with an increase in biliary clearance of [(3)H]inulin, which indicates that the premeability to inulin was also enhanced. Identical experiments which substituted equimolar infusions of a nonmicelle-forming bile acid (taurodehydrocholate) for taurocholate failed to demonstrate any difference in choleretic response or biliary clearance of [(3)H]inulin with the order of bile acid infusion. These experiments demonstrate that a micelleforming bile acid, taurocholate, can increase the permeability of the biliary system to large molecular weight solutes and simultaneously modify the y-intercept and the volume of bile secreted in response to the transported bile acid. Taurocholate may, therefore, modify its own choleretic response, perhaps by altering the structure or function of bile secretory membranes, and appears to be a major determinant of so-called bile acid-independent flow in rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 109471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8759", "title": "Ionophore and arachidonic acid stimulation of airway responses in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Aerosolized doses of the ionophore, A23187, and arachidonic acid individually resulted in no airway response in rhesus monkeys. When these two agents were given simultaneously, by aerosol, an airway response occurred. The pulmonary function abnormalities that occurred qualitatively simulated those of an antigen-induced airway response. This is the first demonstration in our laboratory of two agents which singly will not produce a response but which are reactive when delivered in combination. Other fatty acids did not produce a similar response. The response to A23187 and arachidonic acid occurred only in rhesus monkeys from our colony which had been demonstrated to have airway responses to aerosolized antigen challenge, a response shown previously to be associated with hyperreactive airways to pharmacologic stimuli. The A23187 and arachidonic acid response was inhibited by aerosolized 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. Further, indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase pathway, inhibited the response, although previous studies showed that this drug will potentiate an antigen-induced response in this animal model of asthma. The slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis antagonist, FPL 55712, did not inhibit the A23187-arachidonic acid response under the conditions of these experiments. The mechanism of the A23187-arachidonic acid airway response in rhesus monkeys may or may not be the same as the antigen-induced response.", "contents": "Ionophore and arachidonic acid stimulation of airway responses in rhesus monkeys. Aerosolized doses of the ionophore, A23187, and arachidonic acid individually resulted in no airway response in rhesus monkeys. When these two agents were given simultaneously, by aerosol, an airway response occurred. The pulmonary function abnormalities that occurred qualitatively simulated those of an antigen-induced airway response. This is the first demonstration in our laboratory of two agents which singly will not produce a response but which are reactive when delivered in combination. Other fatty acids did not produce a similar response. The response to A23187 and arachidonic acid occurred only in rhesus monkeys from our colony which had been demonstrated to have airway responses to aerosolized antigen challenge, a response shown previously to be associated with hyperreactive airways to pharmacologic stimuli. The A23187 and arachidonic acid response was inhibited by aerosolized 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. Further, indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase pathway, inhibited the response, although previous studies showed that this drug will potentiate an antigen-induced response in this animal model of asthma. The slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis antagonist, FPL 55712, did not inhibit the A23187-arachidonic acid response under the conditions of these experiments. The mechanism of the A23187-arachidonic acid airway response in rhesus monkeys may or may not be the same as the antigen-induced response.", "PMID": 109472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8760", "title": "Identification of the paraproteins and clinical significance of more than one paraprotein and clinical significance of more than one paraprotein in serum of 56 patients.", "content": "Sera from 56 patients with more than one paraprotein were investigated for immunoglobin class and light chain type of each paraprotein. The patients were divided into two groups according to the diagnosis, that is myeloma and macroglobulinaemia or others. The frequency of combinations of paraproteins was considered in the whole series and in the two groups. The laboratory and clinical findings were analysed to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of more than one paraprotein in a serum. It is concluded that a lower percentage of patients with more than one paraprotein can definitely be shown to have myeloma than might be expected from studies on monoclonal paraproteinaemia, that patients having IgA paraproteins in the serum had the poorest prognosis, and that paraproteins with lambda light chains were more likely to be associated with myeloma or macroglobulinaemia. A discriminant analysis of ESR and total paraprotein levels in the two groups of patients showed that combinations of the two parameters were not more effective at distinguishing the groups than the ESR alone.", "contents": "Identification of the paraproteins and clinical significance of more than one paraprotein and clinical significance of more than one paraprotein in serum of 56 patients. Sera from 56 patients with more than one paraprotein were investigated for immunoglobin class and light chain type of each paraprotein. The patients were divided into two groups according to the diagnosis, that is myeloma and macroglobulinaemia or others. The frequency of combinations of paraproteins was considered in the whole series and in the two groups. The laboratory and clinical findings were analysed to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of more than one paraprotein in a serum. It is concluded that a lower percentage of patients with more than one paraprotein can definitely be shown to have myeloma than might be expected from studies on monoclonal paraproteinaemia, that patients having IgA paraproteins in the serum had the poorest prognosis, and that paraproteins with lambda light chains were more likely to be associated with myeloma or macroglobulinaemia. A discriminant analysis of ESR and total paraprotein levels in the two groups of patients showed that combinations of the two parameters were not more effective at distinguishing the groups than the ESR alone.", "PMID": 109473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8761", "title": "A case of gamma 3 heavy chain disease with vacuolated plasma cells: a clinical, immunological, and ultrastructural study.", "content": "A patient with lambda Bence-Jones proteinuria, Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia, and Franklin's disease (gamma HCD), but without clinical evidence of a lymphoproliferative disorder, is presented. The serum contained two distinct immunoglobulin abnormalities: a monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) of lambda type, and a protein fragment which was immunologically related to immunoglobulin G (IgG) and devoid of light chain activity. This gamma HCD protein belongs to the gamma 3 subclass with a molecular weight of approximately 60,000 daltons. The urine contained a Bence-Jones lambda protein as well as the gamma HCD fragment. The two paraproteins were probably secreted by two different malignant clones. Ultrastructural study revealed pathological vacuolated plasma cells of a sort that has hitherto been principally described in association with micron HCD. The mechanism of the intracellular storage of pathological immunoglobulins is discussed in the light of the ultrastructural study.", "contents": "A case of gamma 3 heavy chain disease with vacuolated plasma cells: a clinical, immunological, and ultrastructural study. A patient with lambda Bence-Jones proteinuria, Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia, and Franklin's disease (gamma HCD), but without clinical evidence of a lymphoproliferative disorder, is presented. The serum contained two distinct immunoglobulin abnormalities: a monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) of lambda type, and a protein fragment which was immunologically related to immunoglobulin G (IgG) and devoid of light chain activity. This gamma HCD protein belongs to the gamma 3 subclass with a molecular weight of approximately 60,000 daltons. The urine contained a Bence-Jones lambda protein as well as the gamma HCD fragment. The two paraproteins were probably secreted by two different malignant clones. Ultrastructural study revealed pathological vacuolated plasma cells of a sort that has hitherto been principally described in association with micron HCD. The mechanism of the intracellular storage of pathological immunoglobulins is discussed in the light of the ultrastructural study.", "PMID": 109474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8762", "title": "The distribution of retino-collicular axon terminals in rhesus monkey.", "content": "The retino-collicular projections in rhesus monkeys were studied using standard autoradiographic and degeneration techniques. A computer based technique was developed which provided a flattened visual display of the retinal projection onto the entire superior colliculus, quantified the area covered by such projections for different segments of the colliculus and showed how this morphological pattern varied with depth beneath the collicular surface. In the anterolateral third of the colliculus (i.e., the foveal representation) the retinal projection was light, confined to a narrow region of the superficial gray and contributed primarily by the contralateral eye. In the remaining binocular segment of the superior colliculus the retinal projections showed a marked degree of local patterning, that in many instances appeared as bands of label. By combining eye removal and eye injection procedures in a single animal and comparing adjacent sections processed for autoradiography and stained for degeneration, it was possible to assess the amount of overlap between retino-collicular projections from the two eyes. These experiments showed that total segregation of retinal afferents does occur in the monkey superior colliculus, but what occurs more often is a situation where the density of inputs from the two eyes varies reciprocally as one moves across the part of the colliculus that represents the binocular visual field.", "contents": "The distribution of retino-collicular axon terminals in rhesus monkey. The retino-collicular projections in rhesus monkeys were studied using standard autoradiographic and degeneration techniques. A computer based technique was developed which provided a flattened visual display of the retinal projection onto the entire superior colliculus, quantified the area covered by such projections for different segments of the colliculus and showed how this morphological pattern varied with depth beneath the collicular surface. In the anterolateral third of the colliculus (i.e., the foveal representation) the retinal projection was light, confined to a narrow region of the superficial gray and contributed primarily by the contralateral eye. In the remaining binocular segment of the superior colliculus the retinal projections showed a marked degree of local patterning, that in many instances appeared as bands of label. By combining eye removal and eye injection procedures in a single animal and comparing adjacent sections processed for autoradiography and stained for degeneration, it was possible to assess the amount of overlap between retino-collicular projections from the two eyes. These experiments showed that total segregation of retinal afferents does occur in the monkey superior colliculus, but what occurs more often is a situation where the density of inputs from the two eyes varies reciprocally as one moves across the part of the colliculus that represents the binocular visual field.", "PMID": 109475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8763", "title": "Distribution of primary afferent fibers within the sacrococcygeal dorsal horn: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "The spinal segmental distribution and intersegmental course of primary afferent fibers were studied by injecting (by pressure or iontophoresis) tritiated amino acids (L-proline or L-leucine) into spinal ganglia of coccygeal and sacral segments and autoradiographically analyzing histological sections of the spinal cord, particularly those regions lying dorsal to the central canal. The results from eight cats and three monkeys are described. A heavy projection of primary afferent fibers to the marginal zone (lamina I), the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi (lamina II), and throughout the nucleus proprius (laminae III-IV) was demonstrated. The projections to these three areas appeared to be substantially independent. Primary afferent fibers were found to course rostrally and caudally within the marginal zone, in the midline dorsal to the central canal, in Lissauer's tract, and in the dorsal columns. A crossed projection passed by way of the dorsal commissure to the contralateral marginal zone and to a region ventrolateral to the contralateral nucleus proprius. There was a distinct medial-to-lateral shift in the termination of primary afferent fibers in the substantia gelatinosa and in the dorsal portion of the nucleus proprius. The most medial distribution occurred immediately caudal to the entry zone of the primary afferent fibers, and the most lateral at the cephalad end of the segment immediately rostral to the entry level. Small (iontophoretic) injections revealed circumscribed fields of termination, approximately 40 micrometers by 70 micrometers (dorsoventrally) by 400 micrometers or more (rostrocaudally) in the substantia gelatinosa.", "contents": "Distribution of primary afferent fibers within the sacrococcygeal dorsal horn: an autoradiographic study. The spinal segmental distribution and intersegmental course of primary afferent fibers were studied by injecting (by pressure or iontophoresis) tritiated amino acids (L-proline or L-leucine) into spinal ganglia of coccygeal and sacral segments and autoradiographically analyzing histological sections of the spinal cord, particularly those regions lying dorsal to the central canal. The results from eight cats and three monkeys are described. A heavy projection of primary afferent fibers to the marginal zone (lamina I), the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi (lamina II), and throughout the nucleus proprius (laminae III-IV) was demonstrated. The projections to these three areas appeared to be substantially independent. Primary afferent fibers were found to course rostrally and caudally within the marginal zone, in the midline dorsal to the central canal, in Lissauer's tract, and in the dorsal columns. A crossed projection passed by way of the dorsal commissure to the contralateral marginal zone and to a region ventrolateral to the contralateral nucleus proprius. There was a distinct medial-to-lateral shift in the termination of primary afferent fibers in the substantia gelatinosa and in the dorsal portion of the nucleus proprius. The most medial distribution occurred immediately caudal to the entry zone of the primary afferent fibers, and the most lateral at the cephalad end of the segment immediately rostral to the entry level. Small (iontophoretic) injections revealed circumscribed fields of termination, approximately 40 micrometers by 70 micrometers (dorsoventrally) by 400 micrometers or more (rostrocaudally) in the substantia gelatinosa.", "PMID": 109476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8764", "title": "Spinal termination of functionally identified primary afferent neurons with slowly conducting myelinated fibers.", "content": "Single primary afferent myelinated fibers from cutaneous receptors of cat and monkey were functionally identified by recording from the spinal cord with micropipettes filled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Relatively slowly conducting fibers (less than 40 m/sec) from high threshold mechanoreceptors (mechanical nociceptors) and two types of low threshold mechanoreceptor (D-hair and field) were selected for staining. Iontophoresis of the HRP and subsequent histochemical reaction stained the axons recorded from and their collaterals, including terminations, for several millimeters. The termination patterns in the two species proved essentially identical. Ipsilaterally, the mechanical nociceptor fibers terminated principally in the dorsal horn's marginal zone and in the ventral parts of the nucleus proprius (lamina V in the cat). Some of these nociceptors also had terminals in the midline just dorsal to the central canal, contralaterally in the marginal zone, and at the base of the opposite nucleus proprius. In contrast, the D-hair primary afferent axons terminated in the dorsal part of the nucleus proprius overlapping into the innermost portion of the substantia gelatinosa. The field receptor fibers terminated predominantly in the middle part of the nucleus proprius. These results suggest that there is a highly specialized central projection of primary afferent endings which is related to sensory function and not to fiber diameter. The marginal zone and most dorsal parts of the substantia gelatinosa receive direct projections from cutaneous nociceptors but do not have direct input from cutaneous receptors transmitting activity initiated by innocuous stimulation.", "contents": "Spinal termination of functionally identified primary afferent neurons with slowly conducting myelinated fibers. Single primary afferent myelinated fibers from cutaneous receptors of cat and monkey were functionally identified by recording from the spinal cord with micropipettes filled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Relatively slowly conducting fibers (less than 40 m/sec) from high threshold mechanoreceptors (mechanical nociceptors) and two types of low threshold mechanoreceptor (D-hair and field) were selected for staining. Iontophoresis of the HRP and subsequent histochemical reaction stained the axons recorded from and their collaterals, including terminations, for several millimeters. The termination patterns in the two species proved essentially identical. Ipsilaterally, the mechanical nociceptor fibers terminated principally in the dorsal horn's marginal zone and in the ventral parts of the nucleus proprius (lamina V in the cat). Some of these nociceptors also had terminals in the midline just dorsal to the central canal, contralaterally in the marginal zone, and at the base of the opposite nucleus proprius. In contrast, the D-hair primary afferent axons terminated in the dorsal part of the nucleus proprius overlapping into the innermost portion of the substantia gelatinosa. The field receptor fibers terminated predominantly in the middle part of the nucleus proprius. These results suggest that there is a highly specialized central projection of primary afferent endings which is related to sensory function and not to fiber diameter. The marginal zone and most dorsal parts of the substantia gelatinosa receive direct projections from cutaneous nociceptors but do not have direct input from cutaneous receptors transmitting activity initiated by innocuous stimulation.", "PMID": 109477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8765", "title": "Thermal inactivation of a heat-resistant lipase produced by the psychotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens.", "content": "Lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens was studied for thermostability at temperatures ranging from 100 C to 160 C. The heat treatments were in two media, and heating times necessary to inactivate 90% of the enzyme at constant temperature were extremely long even at high temperatures, e.g. 3.6 min at 140 C in nutrient broth and 2.0 min at 170 C in skim milk. The increments of temperature to reduce these heating times 90% were 37.0 C in nutrient broth and 38.9 C in skim milk. The lipase was inactivated only partly after 20 h at 20 C in 8 M urea, 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, and 1.0% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Four percent 2-mercaptoethanol showed no effect.", "contents": "Thermal inactivation of a heat-resistant lipase produced by the psychotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. Lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens was studied for thermostability at temperatures ranging from 100 C to 160 C. The heat treatments were in two media, and heating times necessary to inactivate 90% of the enzyme at constant temperature were extremely long even at high temperatures, e.g. 3.6 min at 140 C in nutrient broth and 2.0 min at 170 C in skim milk. The increments of temperature to reduce these heating times 90% were 37.0 C in nutrient broth and 38.9 C in skim milk. The lipase was inactivated only partly after 20 h at 20 C in 8 M urea, 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, and 1.0% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Four percent 2-mercaptoethanol showed no effect.", "PMID": 109478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8766", "title": "In vitro collagen synthesis of tooth germs from newborn  rats with protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "Mineralization and matrix formation are closely related processes in the growth and development of both incisor and molar tooth germs. Addition of ascorbic acid does not affect in vitro collagen synthesis of tooth germs from protein-energy malnourished rats.", "contents": "In vitro collagen synthesis of tooth germs from newborn  rats with protein-energy malnutrition. Mineralization and matrix formation are closely related processes in the growth and development of both incisor and molar tooth germs. Addition of ascorbic acid does not affect in vitro collagen synthesis of tooth germs from protein-energy malnourished rats.", "PMID": 109481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8767", "title": "A three-dimensional model of dentin apposition.", "content": "Since we have found that conventional methods of dentin apposition measurements are inaccurate, we have devised a three dimensional model. This model allows the investigator to measure dentin apposition volumetrically, and simultaneously consider odontoblast activity and the geometric relationships which influence the configuration of the dentin.", "contents": "A three-dimensional model of dentin apposition. Since we have found that conventional methods of dentin apposition measurements are inaccurate, we have devised a three dimensional model. This model allows the investigator to measure dentin apposition volumetrically, and simultaneously consider odontoblast activity and the geometric relationships which influence the configuration of the dentin.", "PMID": 109482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8768", "title": "Characterization of mouse allergens.", "content": "The major allergens present in mouse skin, serum, and urine have been identified. Skin extracts, serum, and urine were chromatographed, and the activities of the fractions were monitored by histamine release from the leukocytes of individuals sensitive to mice. Fractionation of skin extracts revealed two major allergens. The large allergen has a molecular weight of approximately 67,000 daltons and by biochemical and immunochemical criteria appears to be identical to mouse albumin. The smaller molecular weight allergen is approximately 17,000 daltons. The same two allergens are also found in mouse serum and mouse urine. Histamine release by leukocytes of individuals allergic to mice demonstrated that some individuals react predominantly to the large allergen, some to the small allergen, and one group of patients reacts to both allergens.", "contents": "Characterization of mouse allergens. The major allergens present in mouse skin, serum, and urine have been identified. Skin extracts, serum, and urine were chromatographed, and the activities of the fractions were monitored by histamine release from the leukocytes of individuals sensitive to mice. Fractionation of skin extracts revealed two major allergens. The large allergen has a molecular weight of approximately 67,000 daltons and by biochemical and immunochemical criteria appears to be identical to mouse albumin. The smaller molecular weight allergen is approximately 17,000 daltons. The same two allergens are also found in mouse serum and mouse urine. Histamine release by leukocytes of individuals allergic to mice demonstrated that some individuals react predominantly to the large allergen, some to the small allergen, and one group of patients reacts to both allergens.", "PMID": 109484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8769", "title": "The immunohistolocalization of carbonic anhydrase in rodent tissues.", "content": "Carbonic anhydrase has been localized with an immunoenzyme bridge technique in the following sites in paraffin sections of fixed rodent tissues: gastric parietal cells, the brush border of enterocytes in the small intestine, superficial nongoblet cells of the colon, selective segments of the nephron, glial cells, erythrocytes and adipose cells. Immunocytochemical localizations of carbonic anhydrase isozymes I and II in different histologic sites, by means of affinity column purified antibodies, agreed with the distribution of these enzymes in the various sites, as indicated by immunologic assays. The immunocytochemical results are compared with those reported for the cobalt-bicarbonate cytochemical method and with biochemical knowledge of the occurence of carbonic anhydrase.", "contents": "The immunohistolocalization of carbonic anhydrase in rodent tissues. Carbonic anhydrase has been localized with an immunoenzyme bridge technique in the following sites in paraffin sections of fixed rodent tissues: gastric parietal cells, the brush border of enterocytes in the small intestine, superficial nongoblet cells of the colon, selective segments of the nephron, glial cells, erythrocytes and adipose cells. Immunocytochemical localizations of carbonic anhydrase isozymes I and II in different histologic sites, by means of affinity column purified antibodies, agreed with the distribution of these enzymes in the various sites, as indicated by immunologic assays. The immunocytochemical results are compared with those reported for the cobalt-bicarbonate cytochemical method and with biochemical knowledge of the occurence of carbonic anhydrase.", "PMID": 109495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8770", "title": "The labeled antigen method of immunoenzymatic staining.", "content": "A two stage immunohistological technique (the \"labeled antigen\" procedure) has been assessed for the detection of a variety of human and animal cytoplasmic constituents in tissue sections. In this method specific antiserum is followed by antigen complexed to horseradish peroxidase or to alkaline phosphatase. The primary antibody acts bivalently, linking the labeled antigen to antigen in the tissue section. The major advantage of this technique is that nonantigen specific antibody in the primary antiserum cannot cause nonspecific staining since it has no affinity for the antigen:enzyme complex. Consequently the specificity of the reaction is assured, background staining is minimized and the total staining time (from wax section to mounted slide) can be reduced to as little as 30 min. Further advantages include the possibility of labeling Ig allotypes and the high efficiency of enzyme utilization. Covalent human IgG:horseradish peroxidase complexes can also be used in a triple sandwich in conjunction with human anti-viral or autoimmune antibodies.", "contents": "The labeled antigen method of immunoenzymatic staining. A two stage immunohistological technique (the \"labeled antigen\" procedure) has been assessed for the detection of a variety of human and animal cytoplasmic constituents in tissue sections. In this method specific antiserum is followed by antigen complexed to horseradish peroxidase or to alkaline phosphatase. The primary antibody acts bivalently, linking the labeled antigen to antigen in the tissue section. The major advantage of this technique is that nonantigen specific antibody in the primary antiserum cannot cause nonspecific staining since it has no affinity for the antigen:enzyme complex. Consequently the specificity of the reaction is assured, background staining is minimized and the total staining time (from wax section to mounted slide) can be reduced to as little as 30 min. Further advantages include the possibility of labeling Ig allotypes and the high efficiency of enzyme utilization. Covalent human IgG:horseradish peroxidase complexes can also be used in a triple sandwich in conjunction with human anti-viral or autoimmune antibodies.", "PMID": 109496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8771", "title": "Immunocytochemistry with osmium-fixed tissue. I. Light microscopic localization of growth hormone and prolactin with the unlabeled antibody-enzyme method.", "content": "Growth hormone and prolactin were localized on thin plastic  sections of rat anterior pituitary gland and mammosomatotropic tumor MtTW15 that were fixed with osmium tetroxide (alone,mixed with aldehydes, or after aldehydes). Intense immunocytochemical staining for both antigens was obtained after plastic was removed from sections with an alcoholic solution of sodium hydroxide. The results indicated that antigenic determinants of rat prolactin and growth hormone were not completely destroyed or inactivated by fixation with osmium and embedment in epoxy resin, and that removal of the polymerized epoxy resin was necessary to obtain light microscopic postembedding immunocytochemical staining of these antigens. The results also demonstrated that tissues which have been conventionally processed for  morphological evaluation by electron microscopy may be suitable for postembedding immunocytochemical staining of some antigens for light microscopy.", "contents": "Immunocytochemistry with osmium-fixed tissue. I. Light microscopic localization of growth hormone and prolactin with the unlabeled antibody-enzyme method. Growth hormone and prolactin were localized on thin plastic  sections of rat anterior pituitary gland and mammosomatotropic tumor MtTW15 that were fixed with osmium tetroxide (alone,mixed with aldehydes, or after aldehydes). Intense immunocytochemical staining for both antigens was obtained after plastic was removed from sections with an alcoholic solution of sodium hydroxide. The results indicated that antigenic determinants of rat prolactin and growth hormone were not completely destroyed or inactivated by fixation with osmium and embedment in epoxy resin, and that removal of the polymerized epoxy resin was necessary to obtain light microscopic postembedding immunocytochemical staining of these antigens. The results also demonstrated that tissues which have been conventionally processed for  morphological evaluation by electron microscopy may be suitable for postembedding immunocytochemical staining of some antigens for light microscopy.", "PMID": 109497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8772", "title": "Attempts to control clothes-borne infection in a burn unit, 2. Clothing routines in clinical use and the epidemiology of cross-colonization.", "content": "Previous investigations have shown that cross-contamination in a burn unit is mainly clothes-borne. New barrier garments have been designed and tried experimentally. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different clothing routines on cross-contamination. In a long-term study, the rates and routes of colonizations with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus groups A, B, C, F, and G and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined. The exogenous colonization rates were, with S. aureus 77%, with Streptococcus species 52% and with Ps. aeruginosa 32%. The colonization rate with Ps. aeruginosa was higher in patients with larger burns. Patients dispersed Streptococcus and Ps. aeruginosa as well as S. aureus into the air of their rooms in considerable amounts, but dispersers were not more important as sources of cross-colonization than non-dispersers. In comparison of clothing routines, there was no difference in overall colonization rates. The newly designed barrier garment that was made from apparently particle-tight material did not reduce the transfer of bacteria from patient to patient. A less rigid routine than that previously used did not increase the risk of cross-contamination. A thorough change of barrier dress after close contact nursing delayed the first exogenous S. aureus colonization from day 6 to day 14 after admission. This routine might be recommended for clinical use. Otherwise, methods must be developed for adequate selection of materials intended for barrier garments.", "contents": "Attempts to control clothes-borne infection in a burn unit, 2. Clothing routines in clinical use and the epidemiology of cross-colonization. Previous investigations have shown that cross-contamination in a burn unit is mainly clothes-borne. New barrier garments have been designed and tried experimentally. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different clothing routines on cross-contamination. In a long-term study, the rates and routes of colonizations with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus groups A, B, C, F, and G and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined. The exogenous colonization rates were, with S. aureus 77%, with Streptococcus species 52% and with Ps. aeruginosa 32%. The colonization rate with Ps. aeruginosa was higher in patients with larger burns. Patients dispersed Streptococcus and Ps. aeruginosa as well as S. aureus into the air of their rooms in considerable amounts, but dispersers were not more important as sources of cross-colonization than non-dispersers. In comparison of clothing routines, there was no difference in overall colonization rates. The newly designed barrier garment that was made from apparently particle-tight material did not reduce the transfer of bacteria from patient to patient. A less rigid routine than that previously used did not increase the risk of cross-contamination. A thorough change of barrier dress after close contact nursing delayed the first exogenous S. aureus colonization from day 6 to day 14 after admission. This routine might be recommended for clinical use. Otherwise, methods must be developed for adequate selection of materials intended for barrier garments.", "PMID": 109498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8773", "title": "Attempts to control clothes-borne infection in a burn unit, 3. An open-roofed plastic isolator or plastic aprons to prevent contact transfer of bacteria.", "content": "An open-roofed plastic isolator was built in a single patient isolation room in a burn unit. It was designed to prevent contact contamination only, as this had been shown to be the important route of cross-colonization in the unit. To exclude any possible effect on airborne transfer of bacteria, the isolator was first examined by means of an airborne particle tracer of the same size as bacteria-carrying particles. Such experiments indicated that the isolator might prevent some transfer out of but not into the isolator. This was not confirmed in simulated nursing experiments nor in a patient study, where the air counts of bacteria were practically the same inside and outside the isolator wall. Two patients only were nursed in the isolator. Both patients acquired exogenous colonizations from other patients, one with Ps. aeruginosa and the other with S. aureus. Nursing in the isolator was difficult and staff-demanding. In simulated nursing experiments, plastic aprons and gauntlets as the only protective measures against contact contamination gave as much protection to a mock patient as did the isolator. S. aureus were released from nurses' clothes more easily during work with the isolator than in open nursing with aprons and gauntlets. In conclusion, the isolator did not seem to be a realistic alternative to impermeable clothes such as plastic aprons as a means of preventing clothes-borne cross-contamination between burn patients.", "contents": "Attempts to control clothes-borne infection in a burn unit, 3. An open-roofed plastic isolator or plastic aprons to prevent contact transfer of bacteria. An open-roofed plastic isolator was built in a single patient isolation room in a burn unit. It was designed to prevent contact contamination only, as this had been shown to be the important route of cross-colonization in the unit. To exclude any possible effect on airborne transfer of bacteria, the isolator was first examined by means of an airborne particle tracer of the same size as bacteria-carrying particles. Such experiments indicated that the isolator might prevent some transfer out of but not into the isolator. This was not confirmed in simulated nursing experiments nor in a patient study, where the air counts of bacteria were practically the same inside and outside the isolator wall. Two patients only were nursed in the isolator. Both patients acquired exogenous colonizations from other patients, one with Ps. aeruginosa and the other with S. aureus. Nursing in the isolator was difficult and staff-demanding. In simulated nursing experiments, plastic aprons and gauntlets as the only protective measures against contact contamination gave as much protection to a mock patient as did the isolator. S. aureus were released from nurses' clothes more easily during work with the isolator than in open nursing with aprons and gauntlets. In conclusion, the isolator did not seem to be a realistic alternative to impermeable clothes such as plastic aprons as a means of preventing clothes-borne cross-contamination between burn patients.", "PMID": 109499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8774", "title": "The effect of three frequently applied antibiotics on the colonization resistance of the digestive tract of mice.", "content": "The influence of treatment with increasing oral doses of three absorbable antibiotics on the colonization resistance of the digestive tract was investigated in mice. Mice treated with ampicillin or epicillin in any of the applied doses had a strongly decreased colonization resistance as demonstrated by 'bacterial overgrowth' after contamination with resistant strains of Escherichia coli. After a treatment period 2 weeks, Streptococcus faecalis became resistant in a number of animals. Oral treatment with cephradine on the other hand had no obvious influence on the endogenous flora of the mice, nor was the colonization resistance decreased.", "contents": "The effect of three frequently applied antibiotics on the colonization resistance of the digestive tract of mice. The influence of treatment with increasing oral doses of three absorbable antibiotics on the colonization resistance of the digestive tract was investigated in mice. Mice treated with ampicillin or epicillin in any of the applied doses had a strongly decreased colonization resistance as demonstrated by 'bacterial overgrowth' after contamination with resistant strains of Escherichia coli. After a treatment period 2 weeks, Streptococcus faecalis became resistant in a number of animals. Oral treatment with cephradine on the other hand had no obvious influence on the endogenous flora of the mice, nor was the colonization resistance decreased.", "PMID": 109500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8775", "title": "Antibody responses of burned patients immunized with a polyvalent Pseudomonas vaccine.", "content": "In two controlled clinical trials of a polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine, vaccinated burned patients showed higher antibody titres to the 16 antigens in the vaccine and higher titres of a passively transferable protective antibody than was found in unvaccinated burned patients.", "contents": "Antibody responses of burned patients immunized with a polyvalent Pseudomonas vaccine. In two controlled clinical trials of a polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine, vaccinated burned patients showed higher antibody titres to the 16 antigens in the vaccine and higher titres of a passively transferable protective antibody than was found in unvaccinated burned patients.", "PMID": 109501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8776", "title": "Further characterization of thymic suppressor cells and a factor that suppress the generation of cells cytotoxic for a syngeneic tumor in DBA/2 mice.", "content": "Antigen-specific suppressor cells and suppressive extracts obtained from the thymuses of DBA/2 mice bearing small syngeneic P815 mastocytomas were compared for their immunogenetic properties and requirements. The assay for specific suppression involved the ability of either cells or extracts to inhibit the primary in vitro cytotoxic response of normal DBA/2 splenocytes to mitomycin-treated P815 cells. It was shown that pretreatment of suooressor cell populations with anti-Iad antiserum plus rabbit complement removed the suppressive activity. Similarly, absorption of the suppressor factor with anti-Iad antiserum removed the suppressive properties of the material. It was found that the suppressor cells, generated in DBA/2 tumor bearers, were capable of specifically suppressing the anti-P815 response of B6D2 F1 radiation chimeras possessing lymphoid cells of the H-2b or H-2t2 haplotype equally as well as they could suppress the response of H-2d-bearing effector cells. This indicates that the suppressor cells are not H-2 restricted with respect to K or D markers on the responder cells in this system.", "contents": "Further characterization of thymic suppressor cells and a factor that suppress the generation of cells cytotoxic for a syngeneic tumor in DBA/2 mice. Antigen-specific suppressor cells and suppressive extracts obtained from the thymuses of DBA/2 mice bearing small syngeneic P815 mastocytomas were compared for their immunogenetic properties and requirements. The assay for specific suppression involved the ability of either cells or extracts to inhibit the primary in vitro cytotoxic response of normal DBA/2 splenocytes to mitomycin-treated P815 cells. It was shown that pretreatment of suooressor cell populations with anti-Iad antiserum plus rabbit complement removed the suppressive activity. Similarly, absorption of the suppressor factor with anti-Iad antiserum removed the suppressive properties of the material. It was found that the suppressor cells, generated in DBA/2 tumor bearers, were capable of specifically suppressing the anti-P815 response of B6D2 F1 radiation chimeras possessing lymphoid cells of the H-2b or H-2t2 haplotype equally as well as they could suppress the response of H-2d-bearing effector cells. This indicates that the suppressor cells are not H-2 restricted with respect to K or D markers on the responder cells in this system.", "PMID": 109502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8777", "title": "Induction of suppressor cells in rat spleen: influence of microbial stimulation.", "content": "The role of the products of prostaglandin synthetase in the suppression of in vitro secondary antibody responses by rat spleen cells was examined. By including cells from both germfree and conventional rats in these studies, the effect of in vivo microbial stimulation on this suppression was also determined. We found that 1) the suppression that is normally present in the spleen cells of rats can be eliminated by the use of glass wool or indomethacin; 2) germfree rats do not display this suppressor activity, and 3) this \"deficit\" in the germfree rat may be due to a lack of a microbial-induced signal from a nonadherent cell to an adherent prostaglandin-containing macrophage, implying that at least two cells are involved in the prostaglandin-synthetase dependent suppressor effect. It is possible that large amounts of some or all microbial products activate \"suppressor\" macrophages and that inbred rats behave like \"chronically infected\" mice because of an inability to regulate their \"normal\" microbial flora.", "contents": "Induction of suppressor cells in rat spleen: influence of microbial stimulation. The role of the products of prostaglandin synthetase in the suppression of in vitro secondary antibody responses by rat spleen cells was examined. By including cells from both germfree and conventional rats in these studies, the effect of in vivo microbial stimulation on this suppression was also determined. We found that 1) the suppression that is normally present in the spleen cells of rats can be eliminated by the use of glass wool or indomethacin; 2) germfree rats do not display this suppressor activity, and 3) this \"deficit\" in the germfree rat may be due to a lack of a microbial-induced signal from a nonadherent cell to an adherent prostaglandin-containing macrophage, implying that at least two cells are involved in the prostaglandin-synthetase dependent suppressor effect. It is possible that large amounts of some or all microbial products activate \"suppressor\" macrophages and that inbred rats behave like \"chronically infected\" mice because of an inability to regulate their \"normal\" microbial flora.", "PMID": 109503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8778", "title": "Heavy chain variable region allotypic subspecificities of rabbit immunoglobulins. II. Selective escape of the a1-AB Ig subpopulation after the induction of auto anti-a1 antibody.", "content": "An a1a2 rabbit (P286-3), neonatally suppressed for the expression of the a1 allotype, was immunized with autologous a1 IgG at 2 months of age. Both auto anti-a1 Ab and a1 IgG molecules were found in the serum of this rabbit after the auto-immunization. The auto anti-a1 Ab and the IgG from the auto anti-a1 Ab-depleted serum were isolated. Of the previously defined a1-AB, a1-AC, and a1-AD Ig subpopulations, the a1 IgG in the IgG preparation from the rabbit P286-3 were all of the a1-AB Ig subpopulation. The auto anti-a1 Ab from rabbit P286-3 did not react with the a1-A, a1-B, and a1-C allotypic subspecificities; thus, it was presumably specific for the a1-AC and a1-D allotypic subspecificity. Thus, the a1-AB Ig subpopulation escaped from allotype suppression in rabbit P286-3, whereas the a1-AD Ig subpopulation remained suppressed. The a1-AD Ig subpopulation will probably remain suppressed for a long time and perhaps permanently since rabbit P286-3 has produced circulating auto-Ab specific for the a1-D allotypic subspecificity. These results indicate that the a1 Ig subpopulations are synthesized by distinct clones of lymphocytes under separate control.", "contents": "Heavy chain variable region allotypic subspecificities of rabbit immunoglobulins. II. Selective escape of the a1-AB Ig subpopulation after the induction of auto anti-a1 antibody. An a1a2 rabbit (P286-3), neonatally suppressed for the expression of the a1 allotype, was immunized with autologous a1 IgG at 2 months of age. Both auto anti-a1 Ab and a1 IgG molecules were found in the serum of this rabbit after the auto-immunization. The auto anti-a1 Ab and the IgG from the auto anti-a1 Ab-depleted serum were isolated. Of the previously defined a1-AB, a1-AC, and a1-AD Ig subpopulations, the a1 IgG in the IgG preparation from the rabbit P286-3 were all of the a1-AB Ig subpopulation. The auto anti-a1 Ab from rabbit P286-3 did not react with the a1-A, a1-B, and a1-C allotypic subspecificities; thus, it was presumably specific for the a1-AC and a1-D allotypic subspecificity. Thus, the a1-AB Ig subpopulation escaped from allotype suppression in rabbit P286-3, whereas the a1-AD Ig subpopulation remained suppressed. The a1-AD Ig subpopulation will probably remain suppressed for a long time and perhaps permanently since rabbit P286-3 has produced circulating auto-Ab specific for the a1-D allotypic subspecificity. These results indicate that the a1 Ig subpopulations are synthesized by distinct clones of lymphocytes under separate control.", "PMID": 109504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8779", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease. IX. Recombination between genes determining BALB/c antinuclease idiotypes and the heavy chain allotype locus.", "content": "The genetic linkage relationship of two antinuclease idiotypes produced by the BALB/c strain was investigated in the backcross (BALB/c x CB.20) X CB.20. These two idiotypes were detected by Lewis rat anti-idiotypic antisera prepared against affinity-purified A/J and SJL antinuclease antibodies, termed the A/J and SJL idiotypes, respectively. Both idiotypes were found to be linked to the IgCHa immunoglobulin heavy chain allotype locus. There was, however, a high frequency of recombination observed between both markers and the IgCHa locus, with eight of 83 backcross animals recombinant for the A/J idiotype and five of 83 recombinant for the SJL idiotype. All such recombinant animals were IgCHb/b homozygotes that had gained one or both idiotypes. These results are consistent with a genetic map of VHr region genes in the BALB/c strain in which genes determining the SJL idiotype are closer to the IgCHa allotype locus than are genes determining the A/J idiotype. This high frequency of recombination may indicate that the chromosome segment containing VH region genes is very large or that it has structural features that promote recombination.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease. IX. Recombination between genes determining BALB/c antinuclease idiotypes and the heavy chain allotype locus. The genetic linkage relationship of two antinuclease idiotypes produced by the BALB/c strain was investigated in the backcross (BALB/c x CB.20) X CB.20. These two idiotypes were detected by Lewis rat anti-idiotypic antisera prepared against affinity-purified A/J and SJL antinuclease antibodies, termed the A/J and SJL idiotypes, respectively. Both idiotypes were found to be linked to the IgCHa immunoglobulin heavy chain allotype locus. There was, however, a high frequency of recombination observed between both markers and the IgCHa locus, with eight of 83 backcross animals recombinant for the A/J idiotype and five of 83 recombinant for the SJL idiotype. All such recombinant animals were IgCHb/b homozygotes that had gained one or both idiotypes. These results are consistent with a genetic map of VHr region genes in the BALB/c strain in which genes determining the SJL idiotype are closer to the IgCHa allotype locus than are genes determining the A/J idiotype. This high frequency of recombination may indicate that the chromosome segment containing VH region genes is very large or that it has structural features that promote recombination.", "PMID": 109505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8780", "title": "IgA anti-dextran B1355 responses.", "content": "Injection of mice bearing the Ig-1a allotype with dextran B1355 results in an IgM antibody response that is generally regarded as thymus independent. Moreover, the antibody is directed to alpha[1,3] determinants on dextran B1355 and shares cross-reacting idiotypic determinants with a lambda 1 IgA (J558) myeloma protein as well as a lambda 1 IgM (MOPC 104E) myeloma protein. In this study, we show that BALB/c (Ig-1a) mice injected with dextran B1355 produced highly significant IgA anti-dextran responses with specificity directed to the alpha[1,3] epitope. Kinetics of the IgA anti-dextran response in BALB/c mice paralleled kinetics of the IgM response. However, the magnitude of the IgA response was markedly T cell dependent and age dependent.", "contents": "IgA anti-dextran B1355 responses. Injection of mice bearing the Ig-1a allotype with dextran B1355 results in an IgM antibody response that is generally regarded as thymus independent. Moreover, the antibody is directed to alpha[1,3] determinants on dextran B1355 and shares cross-reacting idiotypic determinants with a lambda 1 IgA (J558) myeloma protein as well as a lambda 1 IgM (MOPC 104E) myeloma protein. In this study, we show that BALB/c (Ig-1a) mice injected with dextran B1355 produced highly significant IgA anti-dextran responses with specificity directed to the alpha[1,3] epitope. Kinetics of the IgA anti-dextran response in BALB/c mice paralleled kinetics of the IgM response. However, the magnitude of the IgA response was markedly T cell dependent and age dependent.", "PMID": 109506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8781", "title": "Suppressor cells present in the spleens of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice.", "content": "Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi decreases the ability of spleen cells from mice to respond to either T cell, concanavalin A (Con A), or B cell, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), mitogens. The effect of infection on the mitogenic response depends on the elapsed time between the day of infection and the time of mitogen presentation. Responses early in infection are normal, whereas later responses to either mitogen are depressed. Spleen cells from late trypanosome-infected mice inhibit the ability of normal spleen cells to respond to Con A or LPS. The cell in the T. cruzi-infected spleen cells responsible for this effect is nonadherent, sensitive to treatment with anti-mouse thymus serum plus complement, but insensitive to treatment with anti-immunoglobulin plus complement. These data indicate that infection with T. cruzi elicits over time the generation of T cells suppressive to T and B cell mitogenic responses.", "contents": "Suppressor cells present in the spleens of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice. Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi decreases the ability of spleen cells from mice to respond to either T cell, concanavalin A (Con A), or B cell, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), mitogens. The effect of infection on the mitogenic response depends on the elapsed time between the day of infection and the time of mitogen presentation. Responses early in infection are normal, whereas later responses to either mitogen are depressed. Spleen cells from late trypanosome-infected mice inhibit the ability of normal spleen cells to respond to Con A or LPS. The cell in the T. cruzi-infected spleen cells responsible for this effect is nonadherent, sensitive to treatment with anti-mouse thymus serum plus complement, but insensitive to treatment with anti-immunoglobulin plus complement. These data indicate that infection with T. cruzi elicits over time the generation of T cells suppressive to T and B cell mitogenic responses.", "PMID": 109508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8782", "title": "Structural evidence for a polymorphic or allelic form of the heavy chain variable region.", "content": "The heavy (H) chains of anti-phosphocholine (PC) antibodies from C57BL/6J and CBA/J were sequenced through the N-terminal 36 residues and compared with previously published sequences of A/J anti-PC antibody and BALB/c PC-binding myeloma proteins T15, M603, and M511. Each of these antibody preparations contained molecules having light (L) chains and idiotypic determinants of T15, M511, and M603 indicating the presence of at least three different anti-PC antibodies in each pool. The structures of the C57BL/6J and CBA/J H chains each revealed a single sequence from positions 1 to 36 (which includes the first complementarity determining region (CDR), and they were identical. The first CDR was identical to that previously found for BALB/c and A/J indicating that this portion of these antibody molecules is highly conserved throughout inbred mice and is probably critical to PC-binding. A surprising finding was that both C57NL/6 and CBA sequence differed from the BALB/c and A/J sequences at two positions, residue 14 and 16. Since each of these strains differs at the allotype locus, the data indicates that the evolution of allotypy in mice occurred after variable region diversity for the particular genes.", "contents": "Structural evidence for a polymorphic or allelic form of the heavy chain variable region. The heavy (H) chains of anti-phosphocholine (PC) antibodies from C57BL/6J and CBA/J were sequenced through the N-terminal 36 residues and compared with previously published sequences of A/J anti-PC antibody and BALB/c PC-binding myeloma proteins T15, M603, and M511. Each of these antibody preparations contained molecules having light (L) chains and idiotypic determinants of T15, M511, and M603 indicating the presence of at least three different anti-PC antibodies in each pool. The structures of the C57BL/6J and CBA/J H chains each revealed a single sequence from positions 1 to 36 (which includes the first complementarity determining region (CDR), and they were identical. The first CDR was identical to that previously found for BALB/c and A/J indicating that this portion of these antibody molecules is highly conserved throughout inbred mice and is probably critical to PC-binding. A surprising finding was that both C57NL/6 and CBA sequence differed from the BALB/c and A/J sequences at two positions, residue 14 and 16. Since each of these strains differs at the allotype locus, the data indicates that the evolution of allotypy in mice occurred after variable region diversity for the particular genes.", "PMID": 109509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8783", "title": "Effect of inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism on mitogenesis in human lymphocytes: possible role of thromboxanes and products of the lipoxygenase pathway.", "content": "Although it is already known that prostaglandins inhibit lymphocyte responses to mitogens the role of other products of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism has not previously been investigated. Various inhibitors of AA metabolism were studied for their effects on mitogenesis in human lymphocytes, including imidazole, benzylimidazole, N-0164, L-8027, 5, 8, 11, 14 eicosatetraynoic acid, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, indomethacin, and aspirin. Selective or partially selective inhibitors of thromboxane synthesis, such as imidazole, benzylimidazole, N-0164, and L-8027 inhibited the mitogenic response at concentrations that also substantially affect thromboxane B2 synthesis in platelet-free lymphocyte preparations. Since indomethacin failed to reverse the inhibition by imidazole or N-0164, it is probably due to decreased thromboxane synthesis per se rather than secondary increases in prostaglandin synthesis. Eicosatetraynoic acid and nordihydroguaiaretic acid were more effective inhibitors of mitogenesis than of thromboxane synthesis. Since these agents also affect the lipoxygenase pathway, it is possible that part of their action is at this level. Thus, in addition to the inhibitory effects of prostaglandins on mitogenesis, other products of AA metabolism may promote the response.", "contents": "Effect of inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism on mitogenesis in human lymphocytes: possible role of thromboxanes and products of the lipoxygenase pathway. Although it is already known that prostaglandins inhibit lymphocyte responses to mitogens the role of other products of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism has not previously been investigated. Various inhibitors of AA metabolism were studied for their effects on mitogenesis in human lymphocytes, including imidazole, benzylimidazole, N-0164, L-8027, 5, 8, 11, 14 eicosatetraynoic acid, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, indomethacin, and aspirin. Selective or partially selective inhibitors of thromboxane synthesis, such as imidazole, benzylimidazole, N-0164, and L-8027 inhibited the mitogenic response at concentrations that also substantially affect thromboxane B2 synthesis in platelet-free lymphocyte preparations. Since indomethacin failed to reverse the inhibition by imidazole or N-0164, it is probably due to decreased thromboxane synthesis per se rather than secondary increases in prostaglandin synthesis. Eicosatetraynoic acid and nordihydroguaiaretic acid were more effective inhibitors of mitogenesis than of thromboxane synthesis. Since these agents also affect the lipoxygenase pathway, it is possible that part of their action is at this level. Thus, in addition to the inhibitory effects of prostaglandins on mitogenesis, other products of AA metabolism may promote the response.", "PMID": 109510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8784", "title": "Characterization of the spontaneous murine B cell leukemia (BCL1). III. Evidence for monoclonality by using an anti-idiotype antibody.", "content": "We have raised an anti-idiotypic antibody against the cell surface IgM of the murine BCL1 tumor cells. This antiserum reacts exclusively with the IgM expressed on the tumor cells and detects a unique population of cells in the spleen and blood of the tumor-bearing mice. When these cells are stimulated in vitro with LPS, they secrete an IgM bearing the same idiotype as the cell surface Ig. These results are discussed in terms of a model for the immunotherapy of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like syndrome in mice.", "contents": "Characterization of the spontaneous murine B cell leukemia (BCL1). III. Evidence for monoclonality by using an anti-idiotype antibody. We have raised an anti-idiotypic antibody against the cell surface IgM of the murine BCL1 tumor cells. This antiserum reacts exclusively with the IgM expressed on the tumor cells and detects a unique population of cells in the spleen and blood of the tumor-bearing mice. When these cells are stimulated in vitro with LPS, they secrete an IgM bearing the same idiotype as the cell surface Ig. These results are discussed in terms of a model for the immunotherapy of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like syndrome in mice.", "PMID": 109513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8785", "title": "An allotypic marker on chicken immunoglobulin light chains.", "content": "The first chicken immunoglobulin light (L) chain allotypic specificity (L-1.1) to be described that was present on IgM, 7S Ig, Fab, and L chains was detected by radioimmunoassay. The gene controlling the expression of L-1.1 is inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion at an autosomal locus and is unlinked to a constant region heavy chain locus, four blood group loci and three loci determining lymphocyte cell surface alloantigens.", "contents": "An allotypic marker on chicken immunoglobulin light chains. The first chicken immunoglobulin light (L) chain allotypic specificity (L-1.1) to be described that was present on IgM, 7S Ig, Fab, and L chains was detected by radioimmunoassay. The gene controlling the expression of L-1.1 is inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion at an autosomal locus and is unlinked to a constant region heavy chain locus, four blood group loci and three loci determining lymphocyte cell surface alloantigens.", "PMID": 109514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8786", "title": "Somatic cell hybrids of mouse myeloma cells and B lymphocytes from a patient with agammaglobulinemia: failure to secrete human immunoglobulin.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrid clones were isolated from the fusion of RPC5.4 mouse myeloma cells and B lymphocytes from a patient with common varied agammaglobuinemia. The patient has B lymphocytes that synthesize immunoglobulin but fail to secrete immunoglobulin. The hybrid character of the six clones was established by examination of metaphase chromosome spreads. Most of the hybrid clones expressed mouse and human surface immunoglobulin. All of the clones synthesized immunoglobulin of mouse and human parental origin. Mouse parental immunoglobulin was secreted, whereas the human parental immunoglobulin was not secreted. Human light chain molecules were secreted as part of hybrid H2L2 molecules formed with mouse heavy chains. Human heavy chains had a reduced m.w. in comparison to the mouse heavy chains. Kinetic experiments indicated that human Ig was synthesized in amounts that were comparable to the mouse Ig. Pulse-chase experiments showed that that the intracellular human Ig was removed from the cytoplasm, probably by degradation. These experiments demonstrate that the hybrid cells are an in vitro model of naturally occurring failure of immunoglobulin secretion from agammaglobulinemia. The failure of fusion with mouse myeloma cells to complement the secretion defect suggests that these B cells produce an altered immunoglobulin molecule that is not programmed for secretion.", "contents": "Somatic cell hybrids of mouse myeloma cells and B lymphocytes from a patient with agammaglobulinemia: failure to secrete human immunoglobulin. Somatic cell hybrid clones were isolated from the fusion of RPC5.4 mouse myeloma cells and B lymphocytes from a patient with common varied agammaglobuinemia. The patient has B lymphocytes that synthesize immunoglobulin but fail to secrete immunoglobulin. The hybrid character of the six clones was established by examination of metaphase chromosome spreads. Most of the hybrid clones expressed mouse and human surface immunoglobulin. All of the clones synthesized immunoglobulin of mouse and human parental origin. Mouse parental immunoglobulin was secreted, whereas the human parental immunoglobulin was not secreted. Human light chain molecules were secreted as part of hybrid H2L2 molecules formed with mouse heavy chains. Human heavy chains had a reduced m.w. in comparison to the mouse heavy chains. Kinetic experiments indicated that human Ig was synthesized in amounts that were comparable to the mouse Ig. Pulse-chase experiments showed that that the intracellular human Ig was removed from the cytoplasm, probably by degradation. These experiments demonstrate that the hybrid cells are an in vitro model of naturally occurring failure of immunoglobulin secretion from agammaglobulinemia. The failure of fusion with mouse myeloma cells to complement the secretion defect suggests that these B cells produce an altered immunoglobulin molecule that is not programmed for secretion.", "PMID": 109516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8787", "title": "Is genetically related macrophage factor (GRF) a soluble immune response (Ir) gene product?", "content": "The possibility that the antigen-presenting \"macrophages\" interacting with helper cells either directly or via the intermediary action of a soluble factor consisting of Ia antigen and a fragment of immunogen, termed GRG (genetically related factor), are a site of Ir gene action was investigated by using the synthetic polypeptide antigen (T,G)-A--L. It was found that T cells from (responder x nonresponder) F1 mice were stimulated by responder \"macrophages\" or GRF derived from these cells but not by the nonresponder macrophages of GRF from these cells. This suggests that the defect in helper cell induction in nonresponders is at the level of the presenting cell and that the macrophage factor GRF is a soluble Ir gene product. This conclusion was supported by the observation that there was normal presenting cell and GRF function in nonresponders, mouse strains such as CBA that yield helper cells and helper factor with (T,G)-A--L and have defects elsehwere.", "contents": "Is genetically related macrophage factor (GRF) a soluble immune response (Ir) gene product? The possibility that the antigen-presenting \"macrophages\" interacting with helper cells either directly or via the intermediary action of a soluble factor consisting of Ia antigen and a fragment of immunogen, termed GRG (genetically related factor), are a site of Ir gene action was investigated by using the synthetic polypeptide antigen (T,G)-A--L. It was found that T cells from (responder x nonresponder) F1 mice were stimulated by responder \"macrophages\" or GRF derived from these cells but not by the nonresponder macrophages of GRF from these cells. This suggests that the defect in helper cell induction in nonresponders is at the level of the presenting cell and that the macrophage factor GRF is a soluble Ir gene product. This conclusion was supported by the observation that there was normal presenting cell and GRF function in nonresponders, mouse strains such as CBA that yield helper cells and helper factor with (T,G)-A--L and have defects elsehwere.", "PMID": 109518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8788", "title": "Adaptive differentiation of murine lymphocytes. III. T and B lymphocytes display reciprocal preference for one another to develop optimal interacting partner cell sets.", "content": "Responses to the synthetic terpolymer L-glutanmic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine (GLphi) and hapten derivatives thereof are controlled by two complementing H-2 linked Ir genes in the mouse. F1 hybrids derived from two different nonresponder strains (one of which possesses the alpha and the other beta Ir-GLphi gene) are phenotypic responders to GLphi and 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-GLphi. Moreover, spleen cells from DNP-GLphi-primed F1 mice can adoptively transfer secondary anti-DNP antibody responses to irradiate been challenged with DNP-GLphi. When, however, GLphi-primed F1 helper T cells are transfered together with the DNP-specific F1 B cells that had been primed in separate mice altogether by DNP coupled to an unrelated protein carrier, such mixtures failed to develop adequate adoptive secondary anti-DNP responses to DNP-GLphi. This contrasted with the ability of the same GLphi-primed F1 T cells to provide helper activity for DNP-primed B cells from responder recombinant B10.A (5R) mice. More important, the apparent defect of GLphi-primed F1 T cells in providing help for DNP-primed F1 B cells (primed to a DNP-protein conjugate) could be readily overcome by using DNP-primed B cells from donor F1 mice primed with DNP-GLphi. As discussed herein, these results suggest that interacting T and B lymphocytes pair off into partner cell sets, any pair of which interact optimally when a \"best fit\" reciprocal self-recognition occurs between them.", "contents": "Adaptive differentiation of murine lymphocytes. III. T and B lymphocytes display reciprocal preference for one another to develop optimal interacting partner cell sets. Responses to the synthetic terpolymer L-glutanmic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine (GLphi) and hapten derivatives thereof are controlled by two complementing H-2 linked Ir genes in the mouse. F1 hybrids derived from two different nonresponder strains (one of which possesses the alpha and the other beta Ir-GLphi gene) are phenotypic responders to GLphi and 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-GLphi. Moreover, spleen cells from DNP-GLphi-primed F1 mice can adoptively transfer secondary anti-DNP antibody responses to irradiate been challenged with DNP-GLphi. When, however, GLphi-primed F1 helper T cells are transfered together with the DNP-specific F1 B cells that had been primed in separate mice altogether by DNP coupled to an unrelated protein carrier, such mixtures failed to develop adequate adoptive secondary anti-DNP responses to DNP-GLphi. This contrasted with the ability of the same GLphi-primed F1 T cells to provide helper activity for DNP-primed B cells from responder recombinant B10.A (5R) mice. More important, the apparent defect of GLphi-primed F1 T cells in providing help for DNP-primed F1 B cells (primed to a DNP-protein conjugate) could be readily overcome by using DNP-primed B cells from donor F1 mice primed with DNP-GLphi. As discussed herein, these results suggest that interacting T and B lymphocytes pair off into partner cell sets, any pair of which interact optimally when a \"best fit\" reciprocal self-recognition occurs between them.", "PMID": 109519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8789", "title": "Murine plasma cells secreting more than one class of immunoglobulin. VI. Secretion of completely assembled IgG2b and IgA molecules with segregated heavy chains and free light chains by spontaneous myeloma SAMM 368 in culture.", "content": "The antigenic and molecular characteristics of the two immunoglobulins secreted by a single cell line of plasmacytoma SAMM 368 were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of biosynthesized proteins. Adapted to continuous in vitro cultivation, this BALB/c plasmacytoma secretes at least 98% of its heavy chains as components of fully assembled and isotypically uniform IgG2b and IgA molecules. The IgA is secreted as monomers, dimers, and multimers with chemical properties typical of BALB/c myeloma IgA including disulfide bonded J chain and noncovalently bonded light chains. The noncovalently bonded light chains are monomers rather than dimers. Free light chains are also secreted. The ability to segregate heavy chains is attributed either to chemical, enzymatic, or compartmental regulatory factors operating within these plasma cells.", "contents": "Murine plasma cells secreting more than one class of immunoglobulin. VI. Secretion of completely assembled IgG2b and IgA molecules with segregated heavy chains and free light chains by spontaneous myeloma SAMM 368 in culture. The antigenic and molecular characteristics of the two immunoglobulins secreted by a single cell line of plasmacytoma SAMM 368 were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of biosynthesized proteins. Adapted to continuous in vitro cultivation, this BALB/c plasmacytoma secretes at least 98% of its heavy chains as components of fully assembled and isotypically uniform IgG2b and IgA molecules. The IgA is secreted as monomers, dimers, and multimers with chemical properties typical of BALB/c myeloma IgA including disulfide bonded J chain and noncovalently bonded light chains. The noncovalently bonded light chains are monomers rather than dimers. Free light chains are also secreted. The ability to segregate heavy chains is attributed either to chemical, enzymatic, or compartmental regulatory factors operating within these plasma cells.", "PMID": 109521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8790", "title": "Shared N-terminal sequences in monclonal IgMkappa and IgGkappa proteins from a patient with a complex multiple paraprotein disorder.", "content": "The N-terminal sequence analyses were performed on the heavy (H) and light (L) chains of the idiotypically identical IgM kappa and IgG kappa paraproteins isolated from the serum of patient, Cam. The N-terminal 39 residues of the kappa chains of the IgM and IgG were identical and belonged to the human V kappa III subgroup. This sequenced stretch included the first L chain hypervariable region. The N-terminal 27 residues of the variable regions (VH) of the respective mu and gamma heavy chains were also identical and belonged to the human VHIII subgroup. These identical VH sequences were unique with lysine residues at positions 13 and 19. This dual lysine substitution has not been seen in 37 other human VHIII sequences reported in the literature. This N-terminal sequence homology in the V-regions of Cam IgM kappa and IgG kappa paraproteins and the shared idiotypy expressed by Cam IgM, IgG, and IgA proteins strongly suggest the existence of complete structural homology in the variable regions of the and L chains of these Ig molecules of three separate Ig classes. At the cellular and genetic level, these results point toward a common clonal origin for the idiotypically related Ig molecules and suggest that identical V-region (VH and VL) genes were utilized by the Cam lymphoid clone in the biosynthesis of the respective IgM, IgC, and IgA proteins.", "contents": "Shared N-terminal sequences in monclonal IgMkappa and IgGkappa proteins from a patient with a complex multiple paraprotein disorder. The N-terminal sequence analyses were performed on the heavy (H) and light (L) chains of the idiotypically identical IgM kappa and IgG kappa paraproteins isolated from the serum of patient, Cam. The N-terminal 39 residues of the kappa chains of the IgM and IgG were identical and belonged to the human V kappa III subgroup. This sequenced stretch included the first L chain hypervariable region. The N-terminal 27 residues of the variable regions (VH) of the respective mu and gamma heavy chains were also identical and belonged to the human VHIII subgroup. These identical VH sequences were unique with lysine residues at positions 13 and 19. This dual lysine substitution has not been seen in 37 other human VHIII sequences reported in the literature. This N-terminal sequence homology in the V-regions of Cam IgM kappa and IgG kappa paraproteins and the shared idiotypy expressed by Cam IgM, IgG, and IgA proteins strongly suggest the existence of complete structural homology in the variable regions of the and L chains of these Ig molecules of three separate Ig classes. At the cellular and genetic level, these results point toward a common clonal origin for the idiotypically related Ig molecules and suggest that identical V-region (VH and VL) genes were utilized by the Cam lymphoid clone in the biosynthesis of the respective IgM, IgC, and IgA proteins.", "PMID": 109522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8791", "title": "In vitro stimulation of natural killer (NK) cells by soluble factor(s) generated in antigen-stimulated rhesus monkey peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) sensitized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), when stimulated in vitro with KLH, developed natural killer (NK) cell activity that was assayed with Rous Sarcoma virus-transformed marmoset fibroblasts as targets in a 4-hr 51Cr-release assay. The supernatant fluids from 24- to 25-hr KLH-activated cultures were capable of stimulating NK development in nonsensitive lymphocyte cultures. The effector cells were neither macrophages nor B cells (plastic and nylon-wool nonadherent) and did not form E-rosettes with neuraminidase-treated sheep red blood cells. Cultures depleted of EA-rosetting cells, i.e., Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes, were incapable of generating NK activity when stimulated in vitro. Kinetic studies showed that peak DNA synthesis, as measured by 3H-T incorporation, preceded maximum cytotoxicity. Elimination of dividing cells by 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine (BrdU) and light treatment during the interval from day 1 to day 4 inhibited the development of cytotoxicity on day 7. Cell replication was required for the induction of NK cells with KLH as well as with antigen-activated culture supernatant fluids. When cultures were left unstimulated for 4 days, NK activity could not be developed subsequently either by adding antigen, mitogen (PHA), or supernatant fluids from activated cultures.", "contents": "In vitro stimulation of natural killer (NK) cells by soluble factor(s) generated in antigen-stimulated rhesus monkey peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) sensitized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), when stimulated in vitro with KLH, developed natural killer (NK) cell activity that was assayed with Rous Sarcoma virus-transformed marmoset fibroblasts as targets in a 4-hr 51Cr-release assay. The supernatant fluids from 24- to 25-hr KLH-activated cultures were capable of stimulating NK development in nonsensitive lymphocyte cultures. The effector cells were neither macrophages nor B cells (plastic and nylon-wool nonadherent) and did not form E-rosettes with neuraminidase-treated sheep red blood cells. Cultures depleted of EA-rosetting cells, i.e., Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes, were incapable of generating NK activity when stimulated in vitro. Kinetic studies showed that peak DNA synthesis, as measured by 3H-T incorporation, preceded maximum cytotoxicity. Elimination of dividing cells by 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine (BrdU) and light treatment during the interval from day 1 to day 4 inhibited the development of cytotoxicity on day 7. Cell replication was required for the induction of NK cells with KLH as well as with antigen-activated culture supernatant fluids. When cultures were left unstimulated for 4 days, NK activity could not be developed subsequently either by adding antigen, mitogen (PHA), or supernatant fluids from activated cultures.", "PMID": 109523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8792", "title": "C1q: isolation from human serum in high yield by affinity chromatography and development of a highly sensitive hemolytic assay.", "content": "C1q, a subcomponent of the first component of complement, has been isolated from human serum in fully hemolytically active form by affinity column chromatography and gel filtration with Bio-Gel A-5M. The affinity column was prepared by covalent coupling of purified human IgG to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Final yields of C1q ranged from 25 to 40% with 650- 890-fold purification based on recovery of hemolytic activity. The preparations were free of contaminating serum proteins as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic and immunochemical criteria. The final C1q preparations were also devoid of any demonstrable C1q-inhibitor activity. A C1q-depleted reagent (C1qD) was obtained from the nonabsorbed protein containing fractions of the human IgG-Sepharose 4B affinity column and utilized in conjunction with sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) for the detection and quantitation of C1q hemolytic activity. Employing optimal quantities of C1qD in the hemolytic assay mixture, the highly purified C1q preparations contained 0.5 to 1 x 10(13) effective molecules/mg and 0.5 to 1 x 10(12) effective C1q molecules/ml of human serum. This assay would therefore reproducibly detect less than 1 ng of C1q hemolytic activity.", "contents": "C1q: isolation from human serum in high yield by affinity chromatography and development of a highly sensitive hemolytic assay. C1q, a subcomponent of the first component of complement, has been isolated from human serum in fully hemolytically active form by affinity column chromatography and gel filtration with Bio-Gel A-5M. The affinity column was prepared by covalent coupling of purified human IgG to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Final yields of C1q ranged from 25 to 40% with 650- 890-fold purification based on recovery of hemolytic activity. The preparations were free of contaminating serum proteins as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic and immunochemical criteria. The final C1q preparations were also devoid of any demonstrable C1q-inhibitor activity. A C1q-depleted reagent (C1qD) was obtained from the nonabsorbed protein containing fractions of the human IgG-Sepharose 4B affinity column and utilized in conjunction with sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) for the detection and quantitation of C1q hemolytic activity. Employing optimal quantities of C1qD in the hemolytic assay mixture, the highly purified C1q preparations contained 0.5 to 1 x 10(13) effective molecules/mg and 0.5 to 1 x 10(12) effective C1q molecules/ml of human serum. This assay would therefore reproducibly detect less than 1 ng of C1q hemolytic activity.", "PMID": 109524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8793", "title": "A monoclonal IgG4 (lambda) with factor V inhibitory activity.", "content": "A monoclonal IgG4 (lambda) with inhibitory activity to human coagulation factor V was isolated from the serum of a patient with a fatal hemorrhagic diathesis by using a combination of DE-52 ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing techniques. Using the criteria for defining a monoclonal immunoglobulin of restricted mobility on protein electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing, as well as neutralization with class, subclass, and light chain type antisera, we are the first to demonstrate a factor V inhibitor as a monoclonal IgG4 (lambda) detectable in serum or plasma.", "contents": "A monoclonal IgG4 (lambda) with factor V inhibitory activity. A monoclonal IgG4 (lambda) with inhibitory activity to human coagulation factor V was isolated from the serum of a patient with a fatal hemorrhagic diathesis by using a combination of DE-52 ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing techniques. Using the criteria for defining a monoclonal immunoglobulin of restricted mobility on protein electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing, as well as neutralization with class, subclass, and light chain type antisera, we are the first to demonstrate a factor V inhibitor as a monoclonal IgG4 (lambda) detectable in serum or plasma.", "PMID": 109525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8794", "title": "Surface expression and synthesis of I-A and I-E/C encoded molecules by B lymphocytes and Ig-secreting cells.", "content": "Splenocytes from recombinant mice were radiolabeled before or after deletion of subpopulations by cytotoxic anterisera (+C) directed against I-A, I-E/C, IgM, or Ig. Examination of the lysates of the surviving cells by immunoprecipitation demonstrated that 1) virtually all I-A and I-E/C molecules are co-expressed and synthesized by Ig+, IgM+ lymphocytes, 2) I-A, I-E/C, and IgM molecules are present on many of the cells secreting IgM and IgG, and 3) populations of Ig-bearing or Ig-secreting cells that lack detectable I-A and I-E/C antigens can be identified in spleen cell populations. The co-expression of I-A and I-E/C on most cells of the B cell lineage is discussed in terms of our present concepts of Ir gene control of immune responses.", "contents": "Surface expression and synthesis of I-A and I-E/C encoded molecules by B lymphocytes and Ig-secreting cells. Splenocytes from recombinant mice were radiolabeled before or after deletion of subpopulations by cytotoxic anterisera (+C) directed against I-A, I-E/C, IgM, or Ig. Examination of the lysates of the surviving cells by immunoprecipitation demonstrated that 1) virtually all I-A and I-E/C molecules are co-expressed and synthesized by Ig+, IgM+ lymphocytes, 2) I-A, I-E/C, and IgM molecules are present on many of the cells secreting IgM and IgG, and 3) populations of Ig-bearing or Ig-secreting cells that lack detectable I-A and I-E/C antigens can be identified in spleen cell populations. The co-expression of I-A and I-E/C on most cells of the B cell lineage is discussed in terms of our present concepts of Ir gene control of immune responses.", "PMID": 109526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8795", "title": "Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen and antibody in pathologic sera and tissues.", "content": "Heterophile, Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D) antigen was studied in pathologic sera by means of inhibition of agglutination of bovine erythrocytes by H-D antibodies. H-D antigen was demonstrated in 38% of random cancer sera, 25% of lymphoma or leukemia sera, 25% of leprosy sera, 8% of infectious mononucleosis sera, 6% of rheumatoid arthritis sera, and 27% of synovial fluids of rheumatoid arthritis patients. None of 134 normal human sera gave positive results. Some of the inhibition-positive cancer sera formed precipitation lines with H-D antibody-containing sera. Over 50% of various extracts of cancer tissues as well as spleens of lymphoma or leukemia patients were shown to contain H-D antigen by means of the inhibition test.", "contents": "Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen and antibody in pathologic sera and tissues. Heterophile, Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D) antigen was studied in pathologic sera by means of inhibition of agglutination of bovine erythrocytes by H-D antibodies. H-D antigen was demonstrated in 38% of random cancer sera, 25% of lymphoma or leukemia sera, 25% of leprosy sera, 8% of infectious mononucleosis sera, 6% of rheumatoid arthritis sera, and 27% of synovial fluids of rheumatoid arthritis patients. None of 134 normal human sera gave positive results. Some of the inhibition-positive cancer sera formed precipitation lines with H-D antibody-containing sera. Over 50% of various extracts of cancer tissues as well as spleens of lymphoma or leukemia patients were shown to contain H-D antigen by means of the inhibition test.", "PMID": 109527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8796", "title": "Macrophage-T cell interactions involving Listeria monocytogenes--role of the H-2 gene complex.", "content": "This study reports on the in vitro interactions between T cells from Listeria-immunized mice, macrophages from normal mice, and heat-killed Listeria organisms. This interaction was assayed either by determing the amount of thymocyte mitogen in culture fluids after 24 hr, or by estimating the degree of T cell proliferation after 96 hr. Each assay depended on critical concentrations of macrophages, T cells, and heat-killed Listeria, points that were evaluated in a number of experiments. Both assays required specific Listeria-immune T cells. For an effective interaction, the T cells and the macrophages had to share the I-A region of the H-2 gene complex. Macrophages bearing Ia, which represented a minor population of macrophages, were essential for the proliferative response to macrophage-associated Listeria. Also, Ia-bearing macrophages were an important component in the interactions leading to increased secretion of mitogen. The immunogenic moiety associated with Listeria was short-lived, disappearing 24 hr after uptake of Listeria by macrophages. The interactions were not blocked by anti-Listeria antibodies but were partially sensitive to trypsinization.", "contents": "Macrophage-T cell interactions involving Listeria monocytogenes--role of the H-2 gene complex. This study reports on the in vitro interactions between T cells from Listeria-immunized mice, macrophages from normal mice, and heat-killed Listeria organisms. This interaction was assayed either by determing the amount of thymocyte mitogen in culture fluids after 24 hr, or by estimating the degree of T cell proliferation after 96 hr. Each assay depended on critical concentrations of macrophages, T cells, and heat-killed Listeria, points that were evaluated in a number of experiments. Both assays required specific Listeria-immune T cells. For an effective interaction, the T cells and the macrophages had to share the I-A region of the H-2 gene complex. Macrophages bearing Ia, which represented a minor population of macrophages, were essential for the proliferative response to macrophage-associated Listeria. Also, Ia-bearing macrophages were an important component in the interactions leading to increased secretion of mitogen. The immunogenic moiety associated with Listeria was short-lived, disappearing 24 hr after uptake of Listeria by macrophages. The interactions were not blocked by anti-Listeria antibodies but were partially sensitive to trypsinization.", "PMID": 109529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8797", "title": "Accessory cell requirements for the generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes.", "content": "A system is presented that may simplify the study of accessory cell requirements for CTL generation. Cortisone resistant (CR) thymocytes containing alloreactive CTL precursors do not respond to allogeneic tumor cells unless non-T accessory cells are added to culture. In addition, splenic T cells do not respond to allogeneic tumor cells in the absence of non-T accessory cells. These accessory cells share several properties of macrophages.", "contents": "Accessory cell requirements for the generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes. A system is presented that may simplify the study of accessory cell requirements for CTL generation. Cortisone resistant (CR) thymocytes containing alloreactive CTL precursors do not respond to allogeneic tumor cells unless non-T accessory cells are added to culture. In addition, splenic T cells do not respond to allogeneic tumor cells in the absence of non-T accessory cells. These accessory cells share several properties of macrophages.", "PMID": 109533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8798", "title": "Regulation of autoimmune response to mouse thyroglobulin: influence of H-2D-end genes.", "content": "Studies were initiated to define the H-2-linked genetic control of response to self-determinants of MTg. In addition to the Ir gene control of H-2K end, a modifying effect of D end was seen. The extent of regulation depended upon the derivation of the K-end Ir-Tg gene(s) as well as the D-end genes. When the Ir-Tg gene was from good responder H-2k and H-Ss strains, and the H-2D-end gene from the d allele, antibody levels were moderate to high but cellular infiltration was significantly reduced. These findings demonstrate genetic interaction between I-region and D-end gene products in the response to a self-antigen, MTg.", "contents": "Regulation of autoimmune response to mouse thyroglobulin: influence of H-2D-end genes. Studies were initiated to define the H-2-linked genetic control of response to self-determinants of MTg. In addition to the Ir gene control of H-2K end, a modifying effect of D end was seen. The extent of regulation depended upon the derivation of the K-end Ir-Tg gene(s) as well as the D-end genes. When the Ir-Tg gene was from good responder H-2k and H-Ss strains, and the H-2D-end gene from the d allele, antibody levels were moderate to high but cellular infiltration was significantly reduced. These findings demonstrate genetic interaction between I-region and D-end gene products in the response to a self-antigen, MTg.", "PMID": 109534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8799", "title": "Gene dose effects in Ir gene-controlled systems.", "content": "(B10.A x B10.S)F1 hybrid mice produce lower levels of anti-GL phi antibody than B10.S(9R) and B10.HTT mice. To determine whether this difference is due to a gene dose or a cis-trans effect, [B10.S(9R) x B10.S(8R)]F1 mice were immunized with GL phi. These mice carry one dose of the responder Ir gene alleles in the cis position whereas the recombinant B10.S(9R) and B10.HTT mice carry two doses of the relevant genes. Both (B10.A x B10.S) and [B10.S(9R) x B10.S(8R)] F1 mice produced comparably lower amounts of antibodies as compared to the recombinant strains. The data therefore demonstrate that gene dose and not cis-trans effect accounts for the differences between F1 and recombinant strains in their antibody response to GL phi controlled by complementary Ir genes.", "contents": "Gene dose effects in Ir gene-controlled systems. (B10.A x B10.S)F1 hybrid mice produce lower levels of anti-GL phi antibody than B10.S(9R) and B10.HTT mice. To determine whether this difference is due to a gene dose or a cis-trans effect, [B10.S(9R) x B10.S(8R)]F1 mice were immunized with GL phi. These mice carry one dose of the responder Ir gene alleles in the cis position whereas the recombinant B10.S(9R) and B10.HTT mice carry two doses of the relevant genes. Both (B10.A x B10.S) and [B10.S(9R) x B10.S(8R)] F1 mice produced comparably lower amounts of antibodies as compared to the recombinant strains. The data therefore demonstrate that gene dose and not cis-trans effect accounts for the differences between F1 and recombinant strains in their antibody response to GL phi controlled by complementary Ir genes.", "PMID": 109535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8800", "title": "Structural studies on induced antibodies with defined idiotypic specificities. VII. The complete amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of anti-p-azophenylarsenate antibodies from A/J mice bearing a cross-reactive idiotype.", "content": "This paper reports the complete amino acid sequence of the variable region of heavy chains derived from A/J anti-p-azophenylarsenate antibodies bearing a cross-reactive idiotype. The structure of this induced idiotypically defined antibody is homogeneous and provides the first direct evidence that heritable idiotypes are defined chemical entities. There are certain similarities between the structure of this murine antibody and the human myeloma protein Eu as well as guinea pig anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies. The amino acid sequence of approximately 15% of the constant region of this IgG1 molecule is also described. Combined with our studies of the variable region of the light chains of these molecules, this study represents the first complete V domain structure of an induced idiotypically defined antibody with heritable characteristics.", "contents": "Structural studies on induced antibodies with defined idiotypic specificities. VII. The complete amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of anti-p-azophenylarsenate antibodies from A/J mice bearing a cross-reactive idiotype. This paper reports the complete amino acid sequence of the variable region of heavy chains derived from A/J anti-p-azophenylarsenate antibodies bearing a cross-reactive idiotype. The structure of this induced idiotypically defined antibody is homogeneous and provides the first direct evidence that heritable idiotypes are defined chemical entities. There are certain similarities between the structure of this murine antibody and the human myeloma protein Eu as well as guinea pig anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies. The amino acid sequence of approximately 15% of the constant region of this IgG1 molecule is also described. Combined with our studies of the variable region of the light chains of these molecules, this study represents the first complete V domain structure of an induced idiotypically defined antibody with heritable characteristics.", "PMID": 109536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8801", "title": "Analysis of the diversity of murine antibodies to dextran B1355: N-terminal amino acid sequences of heavy chains from serum antibody.", "content": "The N-terminal amino acid sequences of two gamma and two mu chains from normally induced serum antibodies to dextran in BALB/c mice are presented. These heavy chains are derived from antibodies with three distinguishable idiotypes. These variable region (VH) sequences are all identical as far as they have been analyzed (27 to 53 residues). The light chains from these antibodies are all of the lambda type and are identical by isoelectric focusing analysis. Accordingly, the diversity of dextran antibodies appears to reside primarily in the heavy chains. The implications of these observations for antibody diversity are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of the diversity of murine antibodies to dextran B1355: N-terminal amino acid sequences of heavy chains from serum antibody. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of two gamma and two mu chains from normally induced serum antibodies to dextran in BALB/c mice are presented. These heavy chains are derived from antibodies with three distinguishable idiotypes. These variable region (VH) sequences are all identical as far as they have been analyzed (27 to 53 residues). The light chains from these antibodies are all of the lambda type and are identical by isoelectric focusing analysis. Accordingly, the diversity of dextran antibodies appears to reside primarily in the heavy chains. The implications of these observations for antibody diversity are discussed.", "PMID": 109537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8802", "title": "Macrophage-mediated tumor cell killing: lack of dependence on the cyclooxygenase pathway of prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "M phi obtained directly from disaggregated murine Moloney sarcomas produced PGE2 and a hydroxy fatty acid derivative as the major products of arachidonic acid metabolism. M phi-immunoreactive PGE synthetic rates decreased substantially and cytotoxic activity was lost when freshly explanted tumor M phi were held in culture 24 hr. Such cultured M phi remained in a partially activated \"primed\" state, however, wherein the addition of minute (ng) amounts of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) returned cytolytic activity and PGE synthesis to original levels. Indomethacin-induced blockade of the M phi cyclooxygenase pathway inhibited PG synthesis by LPS-stimulated, primed M phi without affecting the return of cytolytic activity. We conclude, therefore, that the production of PG had no direct role in the mediation of tumor cell killing by activated M phi isolated from these neoplasms.", "contents": "Macrophage-mediated tumor cell killing: lack of dependence on the cyclooxygenase pathway of prostaglandin synthesis. M phi obtained directly from disaggregated murine Moloney sarcomas produced PGE2 and a hydroxy fatty acid derivative as the major products of arachidonic acid metabolism. M phi-immunoreactive PGE synthetic rates decreased substantially and cytotoxic activity was lost when freshly explanted tumor M phi were held in culture 24 hr. Such cultured M phi remained in a partially activated \"primed\" state, however, wherein the addition of minute (ng) amounts of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) returned cytolytic activity and PGE synthesis to original levels. Indomethacin-induced blockade of the M phi cyclooxygenase pathway inhibited PG synthesis by LPS-stimulated, primed M phi without affecting the return of cytolytic activity. We conclude, therefore, that the production of PG had no direct role in the mediation of tumor cell killing by activated M phi isolated from these neoplasms.", "PMID": 109539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8803", "title": "Studies on the terminal stages of immune hemolysis. V. Evidence that not all complement-produced transmembrane channels are equal.", "content": "The inhibitory effects of 0.1 M EDTA on the lysis of E prepared by incubating EA with whole GPC was studied. At high end point lysis (greater than 70%) 0.1 M EDTA failed to prevent hemoglobin release whereas at lower end point (less than 60%) 0.1 M EDTA was effective. In all cases hemoglobin release was inhibited by 25% BSA. When E were prepared by incubating EAC1-8 with C9, similar results were obtained. In this system the difference in the ability of 0.1 M EDTA to inhibit hemoglobin release at high or low end point lysis could not be correlated with the low end point lysis could not be correlated with the number of lesions/cell but appeared to be related to the C9 to SAC1-8 ratio. With limiting SAC1-8 and excess C9, E were produced from which hemoglobin release could not be prevented by 0.1 M EDTA whereas at lower C9 to SAC1-8 ratios hemoglobin release was prevented by 0.1 M EDTA. These differences most probably reflect functionally different sized transmembrane channels that were produced at different C9 to SAC1-8 ratios.", "contents": "Studies on the terminal stages of immune hemolysis. V. Evidence that not all complement-produced transmembrane channels are equal. The inhibitory effects of 0.1 M EDTA on the lysis of E prepared by incubating EA with whole GPC was studied. At high end point lysis (greater than 70%) 0.1 M EDTA failed to prevent hemoglobin release whereas at lower end point (less than 60%) 0.1 M EDTA was effective. In all cases hemoglobin release was inhibited by 25% BSA. When E were prepared by incubating EAC1-8 with C9, similar results were obtained. In this system the difference in the ability of 0.1 M EDTA to inhibit hemoglobin release at high or low end point lysis could not be correlated with the low end point lysis could not be correlated with the number of lesions/cell but appeared to be related to the C9 to SAC1-8 ratio. With limiting SAC1-8 and excess C9, E were produced from which hemoglobin release could not be prevented by 0.1 M EDTA whereas at lower C9 to SAC1-8 ratios hemoglobin release was prevented by 0.1 M EDTA. These differences most probably reflect functionally different sized transmembrane channels that were produced at different C9 to SAC1-8 ratios.", "PMID": 109540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8804", "title": "Studies on the terminal stages of immune hemolysis. VI. Osmotic blockers of differing Stokes' radii detect complement-induced transmembrane channels of differing size.", "content": "We have previously shown that 0.1 M EDTA could be used to distinguish functionally different transmembrane channels produced during complement-(C) mediated hemolysis of E. In this paper we have studied the ability of sugars of varying Stokes' radii to prevent hemoglobin release from E intermediates whose lysis was inhibitable or not inhibitable by EDTA. On the basis of these experiments we propose that the inhibition of E transformation by high molarity EDTA occurs by virtue of the size of the EDTA molecule in solution. Studies on the effect of EDTA on red cell lysis induced by polyene antibiotics that form transmembrane channels of a defined size support this conclusion. The results of these experiments were interpreted to mean: 1) The EDTA inhibitable lesion of E has a smaller effective radius than the noninhibitable lesion; 2) the effective radius of the smallest lesion that yields a lytic site was less than 3.6 A; 3) the lesions produced in the red cell membrane by C are not uniform but vary in size depending on the C9 to SACl-8 ratio used to produce E.", "contents": "Studies on the terminal stages of immune hemolysis. VI. Osmotic blockers of differing Stokes' radii detect complement-induced transmembrane channels of differing size. We have previously shown that 0.1 M EDTA could be used to distinguish functionally different transmembrane channels produced during complement-(C) mediated hemolysis of E. In this paper we have studied the ability of sugars of varying Stokes' radii to prevent hemoglobin release from E intermediates whose lysis was inhibitable or not inhibitable by EDTA. On the basis of these experiments we propose that the inhibition of E transformation by high molarity EDTA occurs by virtue of the size of the EDTA molecule in solution. Studies on the effect of EDTA on red cell lysis induced by polyene antibiotics that form transmembrane channels of a defined size support this conclusion. The results of these experiments were interpreted to mean: 1) The EDTA inhibitable lesion of E has a smaller effective radius than the noninhibitable lesion; 2) the effective radius of the smallest lesion that yields a lytic site was less than 3.6 A; 3) the lesions produced in the red cell membrane by C are not uniform but vary in size depending on the C9 to SACl-8 ratio used to produce E.", "PMID": 109541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8805", "title": "Aging model for unexposed human dermis.", "content": "Young human dermis is charterized by the presence of many fibroblasts with distended endoplasmic reticulum, extensive Golgi bodies, and orderly and \"clean\"-appearing groundwork. Older dermis contains inactive fibrocytes with lipofuscin-like granules, macrophages with dense granules, and extracellular spaces with evidence of degeneration. We have found the sex skin of cycling pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) a predictable model for studies on aging changes in human dermis. Swollen sex skin has many biochemical and ultrastructural properties that are similar to those of young dermis, and deflated sex skin resembles older human skin. Sex skin, however, is unique in that it becomes \"rejuvenated\" with each succeeding ovarian cycle. This animal model may prove useful to researchers attempting to increase their understanding of aging in connective tissue.", "contents": "Aging model for unexposed human dermis. Young human dermis is charterized by the presence of many fibroblasts with distended endoplasmic reticulum, extensive Golgi bodies, and orderly and \"clean\"-appearing groundwork. Older dermis contains inactive fibrocytes with lipofuscin-like granules, macrophages with dense granules, and extracellular spaces with evidence of degeneration. We have found the sex skin of cycling pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) a predictable model for studies on aging changes in human dermis. Swollen sex skin has many biochemical and ultrastructural properties that are similar to those of young dermis, and deflated sex skin resembles older human skin. Sex skin, however, is unique in that it becomes \"rejuvenated\" with each succeeding ovarian cycle. This animal model may prove useful to researchers attempting to increase their understanding of aging in connective tissue.", "PMID": 109542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8806", "title": "Aging of melanocytes.", "content": "Choroidal melanocytes of the eyes of postnatal animals are classified as postmitotic terminally differentiated cells. They have specific granules, the melanosomes, which undergo changes qualitatively and quantitatively correlated to the animal's increasing age. Epidermal melanocytes, which normally divide only on demand or by stimulation, are classified as intermittent mitotic cells. During their development, lentigines and nevi of the skin show progressive ultrastructural and cytochemical changes similar to those in the choroidal cells, and thus may be considered as aging populations of skin melanocytes. These facts have led to the conclusion that choroidal melanocytes may be used advantageously as a model for studying changes in cells from maturation to senescence.", "contents": "Aging of melanocytes. Choroidal melanocytes of the eyes of postnatal animals are classified as postmitotic terminally differentiated cells. They have specific granules, the melanosomes, which undergo changes qualitatively and quantitatively correlated to the animal's increasing age. Epidermal melanocytes, which normally divide only on demand or by stimulation, are classified as intermittent mitotic cells. During their development, lentigines and nevi of the skin show progressive ultrastructural and cytochemical changes similar to those in the choroidal cells, and thus may be considered as aging populations of skin melanocytes. These facts have led to the conclusion that choroidal melanocytes may be used advantageously as a model for studying changes in cells from maturation to senescence.", "PMID": 109543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8807", "title": "Protective and toxic effects of a nuclease-resistant derivative of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid on Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid, stabilized with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose (poly ICLC), favorably alters the pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in rhesus monkeys by decreasing the number of infected monkey that become detectably viremic and by delaying the onset of viremia in the remaining monkeys. Poly ICLC is known to induce high circulating levels of interferon in primates, and the interferon system is assumed to be the mechanism by which poly ICLC exerts its antiviral effect. Poly ICLC treatment was associated with a few deaths, but only under certain conditions of infection and handling. The death of some infected, treated monkeys in the absence of death in monkeys that were either infected and untreated or treated and uninfected suggests a synergistic toxicity resulting from the combination of infection, handling, and poly ICLC treatment, although other explanations are possible.", "contents": "Protective and toxic effects of a nuclease-resistant derivative of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid on Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in rhesus monkeys. Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid, stabilized with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose (poly ICLC), favorably alters the pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in rhesus monkeys by decreasing the number of infected monkey that become detectably viremic and by delaying the onset of viremia in the remaining monkeys. Poly ICLC is known to induce high circulating levels of interferon in primates, and the interferon system is assumed to be the mechanism by which poly ICLC exerts its antiviral effect. Poly ICLC treatment was associated with a few deaths, but only under certain conditions of infection and handling. The death of some infected, treated monkeys in the absence of death in monkeys that were either infected and untreated or treated and uninfected suggests a synergistic toxicity resulting from the combination of infection, handling, and poly ICLC treatment, although other explanations are possible.", "PMID": 109544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8808", "title": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa vasculitis and bacteremia following conjunctivitis: a simple model of fatal pseudomonas infection in neutropenia.", "content": "During attempts to create a realistic model of fatal bacteremia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa during immunosuppression, it was found that the invasive as well as the disseminated phase of infection could be mimicked by gentle instillation of 10(8) colony-forming units of P. aeruginosa into the intact conjunctival sac of agranulocytic rabbits. Within 48 hr animals developed conjunctivits leading to severe necrotizing vasculitis and fatal bacteremia. Twelve of 26 strains from patients with P. aeruginosa infections were virulent, causing death in 50%--100% of animals. Nine (75%) of 12 isolates from blood but only two (15%) of 13 isolates from sputum and urine were highly lethal. Neither proteolytic enzyme production nor serum resistance alone accounted for virulence. No infection developed in animals and normal leukocyte counts or in neutropenic animals given Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or non-aeruginosa pseudomonads. A rare vasculitic lesion was observed in animals inoculated with Serratia marcescens. This model, which illustrates the distinctive features of P. aeruginosa infection, is so simple and reproducible that it should be useful for evaluation of the efficacy of drugs and immunization against Pseudomonas in the compromised host.", "contents": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa vasculitis and bacteremia following conjunctivitis: a simple model of fatal pseudomonas infection in neutropenia. During attempts to create a realistic model of fatal bacteremia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa during immunosuppression, it was found that the invasive as well as the disseminated phase of infection could be mimicked by gentle instillation of 10(8) colony-forming units of P. aeruginosa into the intact conjunctival sac of agranulocytic rabbits. Within 48 hr animals developed conjunctivits leading to severe necrotizing vasculitis and fatal bacteremia. Twelve of 26 strains from patients with P. aeruginosa infections were virulent, causing death in 50%--100% of animals. Nine (75%) of 12 isolates from blood but only two (15%) of 13 isolates from sputum and urine were highly lethal. Neither proteolytic enzyme production nor serum resistance alone accounted for virulence. No infection developed in animals and normal leukocyte counts or in neutropenic animals given Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or non-aeruginosa pseudomonads. A rare vasculitic lesion was observed in animals inoculated with Serratia marcescens. This model, which illustrates the distinctive features of P. aeruginosa infection, is so simple and reproducible that it should be useful for evaluation of the efficacy of drugs and immunization against Pseudomonas in the compromised host.", "PMID": 109545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8809", "title": "Physiological characterization of a biphasic immune response to Trichinella spiralis in the rat.", "content": "Secondary infection with Trichinella spiralis in the rat was associated with a host response that prevented approximately 80% of the total number of larvae recovered after primary infection from embedding in the intestine. The host response occurred within 15 min after contract of the parasite with intestinal mucosa and was not associated with acute inflammatory cell infiltrates or with the pathophysiology of the primary infection. Eventual rejection of the residual population of embedded worms occurred between four and eight days after infection and involved tissue changes similar to those attending worm rejection during primary infection. Elimination of enteric stages of T. spiralis in primary infection probably involves a single response aimed at the expulsion of established worms. In contrast, immune rejection of worms in secondary infection involves physiologically and presumably immunologically distinct \"early\" and \"late\" responses, with each response having a different developmental stage of the parasite as its target.", "contents": "Physiological characterization of a biphasic immune response to Trichinella spiralis in the rat. Secondary infection with Trichinella spiralis in the rat was associated with a host response that prevented approximately 80% of the total number of larvae recovered after primary infection from embedding in the intestine. The host response occurred within 15 min after contract of the parasite with intestinal mucosa and was not associated with acute inflammatory cell infiltrates or with the pathophysiology of the primary infection. Eventual rejection of the residual population of embedded worms occurred between four and eight days after infection and involved tissue changes similar to those attending worm rejection during primary infection. Elimination of enteric stages of T. spiralis in primary infection probably involves a single response aimed at the expulsion of established worms. In contrast, immune rejection of worms in secondary infection involves physiologically and presumably immunologically distinct \"early\" and \"late\" responses, with each response having a different developmental stage of the parasite as its target.", "PMID": 109546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8810", "title": "Induction of congenital hydrocephalus with mumps virus in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Rhesus monkey fetuses were inoculated intracerebrally with wild-type mumps virus near the beginning of the last third of the gestation period. Within three days after inoculation, mumps virus was isolated from many fetal tissues. Thirteen animals receiving virus were delivered at term. Five of these showed slight to severe hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus was most prominent in the posterior horns of the lateral ventricles, but other lesions occurred at various levels of the ventricular system. Virus was isolated from three animals at one day of age (two months after inoculation). However, mumps virus was not recovered from one-month-old monkeys. The recovery of mumps virus from newborn rhesus monkeys two months after inoculation suggests that attempts should be made to document similar persistence of the virus in humans. Furthermore, this model indicates that mumps virus infection in humans may result in hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Induction of congenital hydrocephalus with mumps virus in rhesus monkeys. Rhesus monkey fetuses were inoculated intracerebrally with wild-type mumps virus near the beginning of the last third of the gestation period. Within three days after inoculation, mumps virus was isolated from many fetal tissues. Thirteen animals receiving virus were delivered at term. Five of these showed slight to severe hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus was most prominent in the posterior horns of the lateral ventricles, but other lesions occurred at various levels of the ventricular system. Virus was isolated from three animals at one day of age (two months after inoculation). However, mumps virus was not recovered from one-month-old monkeys. The recovery of mumps virus from newborn rhesus monkeys two months after inoculation suggests that attempts should be made to document similar persistence of the virus in humans. Furthermore, this model indicates that mumps virus infection in humans may result in hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 109547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8811", "title": "Influence of mucoidy on antibody coating of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Antibody-coated bacteria were found in only two of 34 urine sediments from 19 catheterized patients infected with a single epidemic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas 12 of 19 urine sediments from 16 outpatients contained antibody-coated P. aeruginosa. In urine sediments, individual cells and microcolonies of the epidemic strain of P. aeruginosa were enclosed in ruthenium red (polysaccharide)-positive material. This strain was extremely mucoid when grown in a liquid medium for enhancement of mucoid formation. Renal infections was present in some patients, as determined by the bladder washout test and by titers of antibody in serum, and antibody was present in the urine but not coating P. aeruginosa. We conclude that the mucoid layer interfered with antibody coating of the epidemic strain of P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Influence of mucoidy on antibody coating of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibody-coated bacteria were found in only two of 34 urine sediments from 19 catheterized patients infected with a single epidemic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas 12 of 19 urine sediments from 16 outpatients contained antibody-coated P. aeruginosa. In urine sediments, individual cells and microcolonies of the epidemic strain of P. aeruginosa were enclosed in ruthenium red (polysaccharide)-positive material. This strain was extremely mucoid when grown in a liquid medium for enhancement of mucoid formation. Renal infections was present in some patients, as determined by the bladder washout test and by titers of antibody in serum, and antibody was present in the urine but not coating P. aeruginosa. We conclude that the mucoid layer interfered with antibody coating of the epidemic strain of P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 109548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8812", "title": "A hospital food-borne outbreak of diarrhea caused by Bacillus cereus: clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiologic studies.", "content": "An outbreak of diarrhea involving 28 patients occurred in two wards of a chronic disease hospital. The illness was characterized by abdominal cramps and watery diarrhea without vomiting or fever. An epidemiologic investigation suggested food-borne intoxication and incriminated turkey loaf served at the preceding evening meal as the source of the outbreak. Bacillus cereus was isolated both from the stool of all 14 symptomatic patients who were cultured and from turkey loaf. No other enteropathogens were found. The isolate of B. cereus was shown to elaborate an enterotoxin that caused fluid secretion in assays in the rabbit ileal loop and suckling mice and that also caused a positive response in the Y-1 adrenal cell assay. B. cereus is an enteropathogen that should be sought in outbreaks of food-related gastroenteritis. This organism affects the gastrointestinal tract probably by the elaboration of enterotoxins.", "contents": "A hospital food-borne outbreak of diarrhea caused by Bacillus cereus: clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiologic studies. An outbreak of diarrhea involving 28 patients occurred in two wards of a chronic disease hospital. The illness was characterized by abdominal cramps and watery diarrhea without vomiting or fever. An epidemiologic investigation suggested food-borne intoxication and incriminated turkey loaf served at the preceding evening meal as the source of the outbreak. Bacillus cereus was isolated both from the stool of all 14 symptomatic patients who were cultured and from turkey loaf. No other enteropathogens were found. The isolate of B. cereus was shown to elaborate an enterotoxin that caused fluid secretion in assays in the rabbit ileal loop and suckling mice and that also caused a positive response in the Y-1 adrenal cell assay. B. cereus is an enteropathogen that should be sought in outbreaks of food-related gastroenteritis. This organism affects the gastrointestinal tract probably by the elaboration of enterotoxins.", "PMID": 109549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8813", "title": "Use of antimicrobial drugs in general hospitals. I. Description of population and definition of methods.", "content": "The patterns of use of antimicrobial drugs in a random sample of general hosptials in Pennsylvania were studied. The sample was tested for validity, and all deaths and discharges were analyzed for 10 random days drawn across the year spanning July 1973 to June 1974. Methods were developed for abstracting the hospital records and for determining the reproducibility of the findings of the physician and nonphysician chart reviewers. More than 99% of the requested charts were available. In the 5,288 charts reviewed, most of the required data were readily available. The study population was 84% white and 58% female; most patients were in hospitals that had more than 300 beds and that were located in towns with populations of greater than 10,000. In 41% of the 2,070 antimicrobial courses administered to almost 30% of the patients, an explicit clinical statement of why the drug was being given could be found in the chart. The information for review was found in clinical charts, but in half of the charts, the information required was not on face sheets and discharge summaries.", "contents": "Use of antimicrobial drugs in general hospitals. I. Description of population and definition of methods. The patterns of use of antimicrobial drugs in a random sample of general hosptials in Pennsylvania were studied. The sample was tested for validity, and all deaths and discharges were analyzed for 10 random days drawn across the year spanning July 1973 to June 1974. Methods were developed for abstracting the hospital records and for determining the reproducibility of the findings of the physician and nonphysician chart reviewers. More than 99% of the requested charts were available. In the 5,288 charts reviewed, most of the required data were readily available. The study population was 84% white and 58% female; most patients were in hospitals that had more than 300 beds and that were located in towns with populations of greater than 10,000. In 41% of the 2,070 antimicrobial courses administered to almost 30% of the patients, an explicit clinical statement of why the drug was being given could be found in the chart. The information for review was found in clinical charts, but in half of the charts, the information required was not on face sheets and discharge summaries.", "PMID": 109550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8814", "title": "Use of antimicrobial drugs in general hospitals. II. Analysis of patterns of use.", "content": "The hospital charts were surveyed of 5,288 patients in 20 hospitals that were randomly selected from the 194 general hospitals in Pennsylvania. Antimicrobial drugs were administered to 28% of the patients, with little variation in pattern according to hospital size. Surgical services accounted for 61% of the patients who received antimicrobial drugs, and the proportion of patients receiving such drugs varied from 84% on thoracic and cardiovascular surgical services to 13% on obstetrical services. General medicine accounted for 29% of the patients who received antimicrobial drugs and pediatrics for 9%. Eight percent of the hospital population accounted for 50% of all antimicrobial drugs used. Ampicillin was the most frequently used drug, being given in 22% of all courses, with cephalosporins (18%), benzylpenicillins (14%), and tetracycline (13%) next in order. Approximately 30% of the antimicrobial courses were used for prophylaxis.", "contents": "Use of antimicrobial drugs in general hospitals. II. Analysis of patterns of use. The hospital charts were surveyed of 5,288 patients in 20 hospitals that were randomly selected from the 194 general hospitals in Pennsylvania. Antimicrobial drugs were administered to 28% of the patients, with little variation in pattern according to hospital size. Surgical services accounted for 61% of the patients who received antimicrobial drugs, and the proportion of patients receiving such drugs varied from 84% on thoracic and cardiovascular surgical services to 13% on obstetrical services. General medicine accounted for 29% of the patients who received antimicrobial drugs and pediatrics for 9%. Eight percent of the hospital population accounted for 50% of all antimicrobial drugs used. Ampicillin was the most frequently used drug, being given in 22% of all courses, with cephalosporins (18%), benzylpenicillins (14%), and tetracycline (13%) next in order. Approximately 30% of the antimicrobial courses were used for prophylaxis.", "PMID": 109551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8815", "title": "Positional distribution of fatty acids in the glycerophospholipids of Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "The positional distributions of the fatty acids in the major glycerophospholipids of Tetrahymena pyriformis W were analyzed. A comparison was made of the acyl distributions in normal and ergosterol-grown cells. It was assumed that the positional arrangement of fatty acids would serve as an indicator of acyltransferase enzyme specificity. The acyltransferases in this protozoan have substrate specificities that direct unsaturated groups, particularly polyunsaturates, to the 2-carbon of the glycerophospholipids. An exception is gamma-linolenic acid, which represents a substantial proportion of the total acids at both carbons. Saturated and iso-acids are esterified primarily at the 1-carbon. The qualitative pattern of the fatty acyl distribution is the same in both normal and ergosterol-grown organisms. Sterol substitution produces quantitative differences in the acyl components at both the 1- and 2-carbons of the glycerophospholipids. These differences include a shortening of the average chain length and a decrease in total unsaturation at both the 1- and 2-positions. In addition, there is a modification at the 2-carbon in the relative amounts of the products of two pathways involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. The data are interpreted to indicate that the fatty acid transformations in the glycerophospholipids of organisms that contain ergosterol are not the result of altered acyltransferase specificities.", "contents": "Positional distribution of fatty acids in the glycerophospholipids of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The positional distributions of the fatty acids in the major glycerophospholipids of Tetrahymena pyriformis W were analyzed. A comparison was made of the acyl distributions in normal and ergosterol-grown cells. It was assumed that the positional arrangement of fatty acids would serve as an indicator of acyltransferase enzyme specificity. The acyltransferases in this protozoan have substrate specificities that direct unsaturated groups, particularly polyunsaturates, to the 2-carbon of the glycerophospholipids. An exception is gamma-linolenic acid, which represents a substantial proportion of the total acids at both carbons. Saturated and iso-acids are esterified primarily at the 1-carbon. The qualitative pattern of the fatty acyl distribution is the same in both normal and ergosterol-grown organisms. Sterol substitution produces quantitative differences in the acyl components at both the 1- and 2-carbons of the glycerophospholipids. These differences include a shortening of the average chain length and a decrease in total unsaturation at both the 1- and 2-positions. In addition, there is a modification at the 2-carbon in the relative amounts of the products of two pathways involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. The data are interpreted to indicate that the fatty acid transformations in the glycerophospholipids of organisms that contain ergosterol are not the result of altered acyltransferase specificities.", "PMID": 109555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8816", "title": "Effects of continuous and intermittent feeding on biliary lipid outputs in man: application for measurements of intestinal absorption of cholesterol and bile acids.", "content": "Hepatic outputs of biliary lipids can be measured by intestinal perfusion techniques, either during constant infusion of liquid formula into the duodenum or through-out a 24-hour period during which time three meals are given along with an overnight fast. The purpose of this study was to compare these two methods for estimating secretion of biliary lipids. In 21 subjects, mean hourly outputs measured during continuous feeding were highly comparable to those during intermittent feeding, showing that the constant infusion technique gave valid estimations of overall daily secretion rates of biliary lipids. On the other hand, the intermittent mode of feeding showed phasic changes of outputs and composition of biliary lipids in response to feeding and fasting apart from total outputs over 24 hours. However, it takes longer to complete and requires the use of a meal marker. By combining the intestinal perfusion technique with measurements of fecal excretion of neutral steroids and bile acids, this method may be used to estimate absorption of cholesterol and bile acids from the intestine. Thus, these measurements allow quantification of a number of parameters of the enterohepatic circulation.", "contents": "Effects of continuous and intermittent feeding on biliary lipid outputs in man: application for measurements of intestinal absorption of cholesterol and bile acids. Hepatic outputs of biliary lipids can be measured by intestinal perfusion techniques, either during constant infusion of liquid formula into the duodenum or through-out a 24-hour period during which time three meals are given along with an overnight fast. The purpose of this study was to compare these two methods for estimating secretion of biliary lipids. In 21 subjects, mean hourly outputs measured during continuous feeding were highly comparable to those during intermittent feeding, showing that the constant infusion technique gave valid estimations of overall daily secretion rates of biliary lipids. On the other hand, the intermittent mode of feeding showed phasic changes of outputs and composition of biliary lipids in response to feeding and fasting apart from total outputs over 24 hours. However, it takes longer to complete and requires the use of a meal marker. By combining the intestinal perfusion technique with measurements of fecal excretion of neutral steroids and bile acids, this method may be used to estimate absorption of cholesterol and bile acids from the intestine. Thus, these measurements allow quantification of a number of parameters of the enterohepatic circulation.", "PMID": 109556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8817", "title": "Comparative mutagenicity of palmotoxin Bo and aflatoxins B1 and M1.", "content": "The mutagenicity of palmotoxin Bo and of aflatoxin M1 relative to that of aflatoxin B1, the potent mutagen, was studied in five Ames' Tester Strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA-98, TA-100, TA-1535, TA-1537, TA-1538). Aflatoxins B1 and M1 are both highly mutagenic in a microsome-mediated system in TA-100. The prediction of the relative carcinogenicity of aflatoxin M1 to aflatoxin B1 posed by the mutation of TA-100 is probably more authentic than TA-87. The mutagenic potency of palmotoxin Bo is less than that of either aflatoxin B1 or M1.", "contents": "Comparative mutagenicity of palmotoxin Bo and aflatoxins B1 and M1. The mutagenicity of palmotoxin Bo and of aflatoxin M1 relative to that of aflatoxin B1, the potent mutagen, was studied in five Ames' Tester Strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA-98, TA-100, TA-1535, TA-1537, TA-1538). Aflatoxins B1 and M1 are both highly mutagenic in a microsome-mediated system in TA-100. The prediction of the relative carcinogenicity of aflatoxin M1 to aflatoxin B1 posed by the mutation of TA-100 is probably more authentic than TA-87. The mutagenic potency of palmotoxin Bo is less than that of either aflatoxin B1 or M1.", "PMID": 109559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8818", "title": "Thiamine deficiency induced by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) administration to rats.", "content": "To clarify the effect of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and other organochloride compounds on thiamine metabolism, rats were separated into six groups and placed on different admixed diets. Group 1 was fed a normal diet; group 2, a PCB-supplemented diet; group 3, a DDT-supplemented diet; group 4, a benzenehexachloride-supplemented (BHC) diet. After 50 days of these dietary regimens all animals were sacrificed and various studies were done on the excised tissues. In PCB-treated rats, thiamine levels in blood, liver and sciatic nerve decreased, transketolase activity in erythrocytes and liver decreased and TPP effect in erythrocytes and liver increased. In DDT-treated rats, thiamine levels in blood, brain and liver decreased, transketolase activity in brain and liver decreased and TPP effect in brain and liver increased. In other groups, no significant changes were observed regarding thiamine metabolism. Our findings provide direct evidence that changes occur in thiamine metabolism in PCB- and DDT-poisoned rats.", "contents": "Thiamine deficiency induced by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) administration to rats. To clarify the effect of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and other organochloride compounds on thiamine metabolism, rats were separated into six groups and placed on different admixed diets. Group 1 was fed a normal diet; group 2, a PCB-supplemented diet; group 3, a DDT-supplemented diet; group 4, a benzenehexachloride-supplemented (BHC) diet. After 50 days of these dietary regimens all animals were sacrificed and various studies were done on the excised tissues. In PCB-treated rats, thiamine levels in blood, liver and sciatic nerve decreased, transketolase activity in erythrocytes and liver decreased and TPP effect in erythrocytes and liver increased. In DDT-treated rats, thiamine levels in blood, brain and liver decreased, transketolase activity in brain and liver decreased and TPP effect in brain and liver increased. In other groups, no significant changes were observed regarding thiamine metabolism. Our findings provide direct evidence that changes occur in thiamine metabolism in PCB- and DDT-poisoned rats.", "PMID": 109560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8819", "title": "Acquisition of differentiative capacity in imaginal wing discs of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The wing discs from larvae undergoing the moult from 1st to 2nd instar are able to differentiate some parts of the adult wing when forced to undergo a premature metamorphosis. The first structures which differentiate are parts of the wing hinge and the wing blade. As development proceeds and older discs are forced through metamorphosis, the capacity to differentiate moves out both proximally and distally until gradually all of the derivatives of a mature wing disc are formed. Individual structures often differentiate from young discs in an incomplete form and pattern elements, such as bristles or sensilla, are added as older discs are tested.", "contents": "Acquisition of differentiative capacity in imaginal wing discs of Drosophila melanogaster. The wing discs from larvae undergoing the moult from 1st to 2nd instar are able to differentiate some parts of the adult wing when forced to undergo a premature metamorphosis. The first structures which differentiate are parts of the wing hinge and the wing blade. As development proceeds and older discs are forced through metamorphosis, the capacity to differentiate moves out both proximally and distally until gradually all of the derivatives of a mature wing disc are formed. Individual structures often differentiate from young discs in an incomplete form and pattern elements, such as bristles or sensilla, are added as older discs are tested.", "PMID": 109563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8820", "title": "Neonatal low-level lead exposure in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): effect on two-choice non-spatial form discrimination.", "content": "Monkeys were dosed orally with 500 microgram/kg/day of lead as lead acetate from day 1 of life. No overt signs of lead toxicity were observed. At 2--3 years of age they were tested on a two-choice non-spatial form discrimination using a WGTA apparatus. Treated monkeys showed deficits compared to controls on a series of 20 discrimination reversals; there was no difference between the groups in the effect of a series of \"overtraining\" trials introduced between reversals.", "contents": "Neonatal low-level lead exposure in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): effect on two-choice non-spatial form discrimination. Monkeys were dosed orally with 500 microgram/kg/day of lead as lead acetate from day 1 of life. No overt signs of lead toxicity were observed. At 2--3 years of age they were tested on a two-choice non-spatial form discrimination using a WGTA apparatus. Treated monkeys showed deficits compared to controls on a series of 20 discrimination reversals; there was no difference between the groups in the effect of a series of \"overtraining\" trials introduced between reversals.", "PMID": 109561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8821", "title": "Cellular and genetic control of antibody responses. V. Helper T-cell recognition of H-2 determinants on accessory cells but not B cells.", "content": "Requirements for helper T-cell recognition of H-2 determinants expressed on adherent accessory cells and on B cells was individually assessed in the anti-hapten PFC responses to TNP-KLH. Complicating allogeneic effects were minimized or avoided by the use of helper T cells from normal F1 hybrids, parent leads to F1 chimeras, and F1 leads to parent chimeras. The results of both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that: (a) helper T cells are not required to recognize the identical H-2 determinants on both accessory cells and B cells; (b) helper T cells are required to recognize K or I-A region-encoded determinants expressed on accessory cells; (c) no requirement was observed in vitro or in vivo for helper T-cell recognition of B-cell-expressed H-2 determinants; and (d) no requirement was observed for H-2 homology between accessory cells and B cells. The absence of required helper T-cell recognition of the identical H-2 determinants on both accessory cells and B cells was demonstrated in two ways: (a) naive of KLH-primed (A x B)F1 hybrid helper T cells collaborated equally well with B cells from either parentA or parentB in the presence of accessory cells from either parent; (b) A leads to (A x B)F1 chimeric spleen cells depleted of accessory cells collaborated equally well with accessory cells from either parentA or parentB, even though the B cells only expressed the H-2 determinants of parentA. A requirement for helper T-cell recognition of K or I-A region-encoded H-2 determinants on accessory cells was also demonstrated in two ways: (a) (A x B)F1 leads to parentA chimeric spleen cells depleted of accessory cells collaborated with accessory cells from parentA but not parentB; and (b) (A x B)F1 leads to parentA chimeric helper T cells collaborated with normal F1 B cells only in the presence of parental or recombinant accessory cells that expressed the K or I-A region-encoded determinants of parentA. Although restricted in their ability to recognize H-2 determinants on accessory cells, it was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo that (A x B)F1 leads to parentA chimeric helper T cells were able to collaborate with B cells from either parentA or parentB. In vitro in the presence of accessory cells from parentA, (A x B)F1 leads to parentA chimeric helper T cells collaborated equally well with B cells from either parent. In addition, the inability of (A x B)F1 leads to parentA chimeric helper T cells to collaborate with (B + accessory) cells from parentB was successfully reversed by the addition of parentA SAC as added accessory cells. In vivo, upon the addition of parentA accessory cells, (A x B)F1 leads to parentA chimeric helper T cells collaborated with parentB B cells in short-term adoptive transfer experiments.", "contents": "Cellular and genetic control of antibody responses. V. Helper T-cell recognition of H-2 determinants on accessory cells but not B cells. Requirements for helper T-cell recognition of H-2 determinants expressed on adherent accessory cells and on B cells was individually assessed in the anti-hapten PFC responses to TNP-KLH. Complicating allogeneic effects were minimized or avoided by the use of helper T cells from normal F1 hybrids, parent leads to F1 chimeras, and F1 leads to parent chimeras. The results of both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that: (a) helper T cells are not required to recognize the identical H-2 determinants on both accessory cells and B cells; (b) helper T cells are required to recognize K or I-A region-encoded determinants expressed on accessory cells; (c) no requirement was observed in vitro or in vivo for helper T-cell recognition of B-cell-expressed H-2 determinants; and (d) no requirement was observed for H-2 homology between accessory cells and B cells. The absence of required helper T-cell recognition of the identical H-2 determinants on both accessory cells and B cells was demonstrated in two ways: (a) naive of KLH-primed (A x B)F1 hybrid helper T cells collaborated equally well with B cells from either parentA or parentB in the presence of accessory cells from either parent; (b) A leads to (A x B)F1 chimeric spleen cells depleted of accessory cells collaborated equally well with accessory cells from either parentA or parentB, even though the B cells only expressed the H-2 determinants of parentA. A requirement for helper T-cell recognition of K or I-A region-encoded H-2 determinants on accessory cells was also demonstrated in two ways: (a) (A x B)F1 leads to parentA chimeric spleen cells depleted of accessory cells collaborated with accessory cells from parentA but not parentB; and (b) (A x B)F1 leads to parentA chimeric helper T cells collaborated with normal F1 B cells only in the presence of parental or recombinant accessory cells that expressed the K or I-A region-encoded determinants of parentA. Although restricted in their ability to recognize H-2 determinants on accessory cells, it was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo that (A x B)F1 leads to parentA chimeric helper T cells were able to collaborate with B cells from either parentA or parentB. In vitro in the presence of accessory cells from parentA, (A x B)F1 leads to parentA chimeric helper T cells collaborated equally well with B cells from either parent. In addition, the inability of (A x B)F1 leads to parentA chimeric helper T cells to collaborate with (B + accessory) cells from parentB was successfully reversed by the addition of parentA SAC as added accessory cells. In vivo, upon the addition of parentA accessory cells, (A x B)F1 leads to parentA chimeric helper T cells collaborated with parentB B cells in short-term adoptive transfer experiments.", "PMID": 109564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8822", "title": "Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in teleost liver following subacute exposure to PCB.", "content": "The response of the channel catfish liver to subacute exposure of polychlorinated biphenyls was evaluated using electron microscopic and biochemical techniques. After 21 days, treated fish displayed elevated microsomal enzyme activities. Morphologically, the liver produced several patterns of alteration involving the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Structural alterations included an increase in tubular smooth ER, production of parallel stacks of smooth ER showing continuity with rough ER, and membranous whorls. Biochemical and morphologic findings were correlated in exposed livers, and the relationship of these findings to similar studies in other species of fish is discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in teleost liver following subacute exposure to PCB. The response of the channel catfish liver to subacute exposure of polychlorinated biphenyls was evaluated using electron microscopic and biochemical techniques. After 21 days, treated fish displayed elevated microsomal enzyme activities. Morphologically, the liver produced several patterns of alteration involving the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Structural alterations included an increase in tubular smooth ER, production of parallel stacks of smooth ER showing continuity with rough ER, and membranous whorls. Biochemical and morphologic findings were correlated in exposed livers, and the relationship of these findings to similar studies in other species of fish is discussed.", "PMID": 109562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8823", "title": "Determination of the kappa anti-alpha(1,3) dextran immune response difference by A gene(s) in the VKappa-locus of mice.", "content": "Mice lacking the V(alpha(1,3) (h gamma1)-gene do not produce a gamma1 anti-alpha(1,3) dextran response. However, on hyperimmunization some strains mount a kappa-anti-alpha(1,3) dextran response, whereas other remain nonresponder. Responsiveness in dominant. The kappa-anti-alpha(1,3) response difference is linked to the Ly-3 locus on chromosone 6 and is likely the result of a structural Vkappa-gene(s). In conjunction with previous work, three Vkappa-allogroups can now be distinguished. At present, this is the only example of an immune responsiveness difference associated with the Vkappa-locus.", "contents": "Determination of the kappa anti-alpha(1,3) dextran immune response difference by A gene(s) in the VKappa-locus of mice. Mice lacking the V(alpha(1,3) (h gamma1)-gene do not produce a gamma1 anti-alpha(1,3) dextran response. However, on hyperimmunization some strains mount a kappa-anti-alpha(1,3) dextran response, whereas other remain nonresponder. Responsiveness in dominant. The kappa-anti-alpha(1,3) response difference is linked to the Ly-3 locus on chromosone 6 and is likely the result of a structural Vkappa-gene(s). In conjunction with previous work, three Vkappa-allogroups can now be distinguished. At present, this is the only example of an immune responsiveness difference associated with the Vkappa-locus.", "PMID": 109565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8824", "title": "Evidence supporting somatic assembly of the DNA segments (minigenes), coding for the framework, and complementarity-determining segments of immunoglobulin variable regions.", "content": "Two sets of apparently conflicting data on the genes coding for the variable region are being accumulated. One suggests that the sets of nucleotides coding for the framework segments of immunoglobulin light and heavy (VL and VH) chains assort independently and are therefore germ-line minigenes which, together with sets of nucleotides coding for the complementarity-determining regions (CDR) or segments assemble to form complete variable (V)-region genes (15, 16, 33). The other, based on the findings with clones from 12-d-old embryo and adult mouse coding for V-regions, infer that the first three frameworks and the three complementarity-determining segments are already assembled as germ-line V-genes (17-21). It is now generally accepted that the J segment, which in the one instance sequenced (21) is made up of nucleotides coding for framework (FR)4 plus two residues of CDR3, is a minigene. An examination of sequences of human, mouse, and rabbit V-regions, assuming the latter hypothesis, indicates that individual framework sets would have to be present in many copies. The FR2 segment found in one human, 20 mice, and 13 rabbits would have to be present in at least 10/14 copies in the NZB, and 5/6 in the BALB/c mouse, and 12/13 in the rabbit. The X-ray crystallographic data show this region to be a loop, projecting out from the V-domain, capable of accommodating many substiutions and 12 and 8 alternative sequences for this FR2 segment have been found in mouse and rabbit VK chains with substitutions possible at 13 of the 15 positions. These alternative sequences occur much less frequently than the preserved FR2 segment. Thus, there is no basis in the protein structure to account for evolutionary stability of this FR2 segment if it occurs in so many copies in germ-line genes coding for residues 1-96, but its stability is easily explained if it were coded for by a separate germ-line minigene present as a single copy; the alternative forms could then have arisen by duplication and mutation of this minigene. Somatic assembly of the minigene segments for the three framework and three complementarity-determining segments during differentiation would account completely for our assortment data from which FR4 was inferred to be a minigene.", "contents": "Evidence supporting somatic assembly of the DNA segments (minigenes), coding for the framework, and complementarity-determining segments of immunoglobulin variable regions. Two sets of apparently conflicting data on the genes coding for the variable region are being accumulated. One suggests that the sets of nucleotides coding for the framework segments of immunoglobulin light and heavy (VL and VH) chains assort independently and are therefore germ-line minigenes which, together with sets of nucleotides coding for the complementarity-determining regions (CDR) or segments assemble to form complete variable (V)-region genes (15, 16, 33). The other, based on the findings with clones from 12-d-old embryo and adult mouse coding for V-regions, infer that the first three frameworks and the three complementarity-determining segments are already assembled as germ-line V-genes (17-21). It is now generally accepted that the J segment, which in the one instance sequenced (21) is made up of nucleotides coding for framework (FR)4 plus two residues of CDR3, is a minigene. An examination of sequences of human, mouse, and rabbit V-regions, assuming the latter hypothesis, indicates that individual framework sets would have to be present in many copies. The FR2 segment found in one human, 20 mice, and 13 rabbits would have to be present in at least 10/14 copies in the NZB, and 5/6 in the BALB/c mouse, and 12/13 in the rabbit. The X-ray crystallographic data show this region to be a loop, projecting out from the V-domain, capable of accommodating many substiutions and 12 and 8 alternative sequences for this FR2 segment have been found in mouse and rabbit VK chains with substitutions possible at 13 of the 15 positions. These alternative sequences occur much less frequently than the preserved FR2 segment. Thus, there is no basis in the protein structure to account for evolutionary stability of this FR2 segment if it occurs in so many copies in germ-line genes coding for residues 1-96, but its stability is easily explained if it were coded for by a separate germ-line minigene present as a single copy; the alternative forms could then have arisen by duplication and mutation of this minigene. Somatic assembly of the minigene segments for the three framework and three complementarity-determining segments during differentiation would account completely for our assortment data from which FR4 was inferred to be a minigene.", "PMID": 109566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8825", "title": "Hapten-specific T-cell responses to 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl. I. Genetic control of delayed-type hypersensitivity by VH and I-A-region genes.", "content": "Hapten-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was induced in several strains of mice. (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl-bovine gamma globulin (NP-BGG)-primed mice which did not bear the Ig1b heavy-chain linkage group made a NP-specific DTH response when challenged with NP bovine serum albumin (BSA) and failed to respond to challenge with (4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl-bovine serum albumin (NIP-BSA). Strains of NP-BGG-primed mice bearing the Ig1b allotype, including SJL, responded to challenges of either NP-BSA or NIP-BSA. F1 hybrids between a cross-reactive strain, C57BL/6, and two other noncross-reactive strains were cross-reactive. Genetic mapping of the NIP-cross-reactive DTH response localized the trait to the VH-region of the Ig1b heavy-chain linkage group. The fine-specificity pattern of the T-cell anti-NP response, and the genetic mapping of this trait, were analogous to the reported fine specificity and mapping data of the humoral heteroclitic anti-NP response. Adoptive transfer studies on the ability to transfer NP-specific DTH between various strain combinations showed that the T-cell donors and the recipient must have homology for at least the I-A subregion. Whenever NP-specific reactivity was transferred from a strain which cross-reactively responded to NIP, the recipient also responded to both NP and NIP. The implications of the control of NP-primed DTH-reactive populations of T cells by two distinct genetic regions, VH and H-2, were discussed.", "contents": "Hapten-specific T-cell responses to 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl. I. Genetic control of delayed-type hypersensitivity by VH and I-A-region genes. Hapten-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was induced in several strains of mice. (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl-bovine gamma globulin (NP-BGG)-primed mice which did not bear the Ig1b heavy-chain linkage group made a NP-specific DTH response when challenged with NP bovine serum albumin (BSA) and failed to respond to challenge with (4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl-bovine serum albumin (NIP-BSA). Strains of NP-BGG-primed mice bearing the Ig1b allotype, including SJL, responded to challenges of either NP-BSA or NIP-BSA. F1 hybrids between a cross-reactive strain, C57BL/6, and two other noncross-reactive strains were cross-reactive. Genetic mapping of the NIP-cross-reactive DTH response localized the trait to the VH-region of the Ig1b heavy-chain linkage group. The fine-specificity pattern of the T-cell anti-NP response, and the genetic mapping of this trait, were analogous to the reported fine specificity and mapping data of the humoral heteroclitic anti-NP response. Adoptive transfer studies on the ability to transfer NP-specific DTH between various strain combinations showed that the T-cell donors and the recipient must have homology for at least the I-A subregion. Whenever NP-specific reactivity was transferred from a strain which cross-reactively responded to NIP, the recipient also responded to both NP and NIP. The implications of the control of NP-primed DTH-reactive populations of T cells by two distinct genetic regions, VH and H-2, were discussed.", "PMID": 109567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8826", "title": "Regulation of T-cell-mediated lympholysis by the murine major histocompatibility complex. I. Preferential in vitro responses to trinitrophenyl-modified self K- and D-coded gene products in parental and F1 hybrid mouse strains.", "content": "Spleen cells from H-2b,k,d C57Bl/10 congenic mice were sensitized in vitro to trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS)-modified autologous spleen cells. Cold target competition studies at the lytic phase demonstrated three distinct patterns of cytotoxic responsiveness: (a) H-2b spleen cells generated approximately equivalent CTL responses against Kb and Db modified self products, (b) H-2d spleen cells generated preferential responses against Dd modified self products, and (c) H-2k spleen cells generated cytotoxic responses which could only be detected against Kk self products in association with TNP. F1 spleen cells were sensitized against autologous TNBS-treated cells. The results showed that, although H-2b parental cells generated approximately equivalent Kb-TNP- and Db-TNP-specific CTL, the presence of the H-2b haplotype did not result in the generation of (a) Dk-TNP CTL response by (H-2b x H-2k) spleen cells, nor (b) a Db CTL response by (H-2b x H-2a) F1 spleen cells. Additionally, (H-2d x H-2k) F1 cells failed to generate detectable Dd-TNP-specific CTL, although H-2d parental cells generated D-regional-specific CTL. The findings demonstrated that these F1 response patterns paralleled those of the H-2k and H-2a parents, i.e. weak or no D-region TNP-specific CTL were induced. Because (H-2d x H-2a) F1 responders stimulated with H-2d TNBS-treated cells did generate good Dd TNP responses, the results illustrated that the presence of responder genes was not sufficient to result in a D-region TNP CML. It is suggested that the absence of Kk alleles on the stimulating population is necessary for the generation of D-region TNP CTL in these F1's. Mechanisms which could account for these response patterns in parental F1 mice are discussed including immunodominance, suppression, T-cell response , and Ir-gene defects.", "contents": "Regulation of T-cell-mediated lympholysis by the murine major histocompatibility complex. I. Preferential in vitro responses to trinitrophenyl-modified self K- and D-coded gene products in parental and F1 hybrid mouse strains. Spleen cells from H-2b,k,d C57Bl/10 congenic mice were sensitized in vitro to trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS)-modified autologous spleen cells. Cold target competition studies at the lytic phase demonstrated three distinct patterns of cytotoxic responsiveness: (a) H-2b spleen cells generated approximately equivalent CTL responses against Kb and Db modified self products, (b) H-2d spleen cells generated preferential responses against Dd modified self products, and (c) H-2k spleen cells generated cytotoxic responses which could only be detected against Kk self products in association with TNP. F1 spleen cells were sensitized against autologous TNBS-treated cells. The results showed that, although H-2b parental cells generated approximately equivalent Kb-TNP- and Db-TNP-specific CTL, the presence of the H-2b haplotype did not result in the generation of (a) Dk-TNP CTL response by (H-2b x H-2k) spleen cells, nor (b) a Db CTL response by (H-2b x H-2a) F1 spleen cells. Additionally, (H-2d x H-2k) F1 cells failed to generate detectable Dd-TNP-specific CTL, although H-2d parental cells generated D-regional-specific CTL. The findings demonstrated that these F1 response patterns paralleled those of the H-2k and H-2a parents, i.e. weak or no D-region TNP-specific CTL were induced. Because (H-2d x H-2a) F1 responders stimulated with H-2d TNBS-treated cells did generate good Dd TNP responses, the results illustrated that the presence of responder genes was not sufficient to result in a D-region TNP CML. It is suggested that the absence of Kk alleles on the stimulating population is necessary for the generation of D-region TNP CTL in these F1's. Mechanisms which could account for these response patterns in parental F1 mice are discussed including immunodominance, suppression, T-cell response , and Ir-gene defects.", "PMID": 109568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8827", "title": "H-2-linked genetic control of murine T-cell-mediated lympholysis to autologous cells modified with low concentrations of trinitrobenzene sulfonate.", "content": "Spleen cells from B10.BR and C57BL/10 (B10) mice were compared for their ability to generate primary in vitro cytotoxic responses to syngeneic cells modified with different concentrations (from 10 to 0.031 mM) of trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS) (TNP-self). Although both strains generated effector cells to TNP-self in the range of 10-0.25 mM TNBS modification, effector activity of B10 cells was weaker than that of B10.BR cells. B10 spleen cells did not respond to syngeneic stimulating cells modified at 0.1 mM or lower, whereas B10.BR cells generated effector activity even when stimulated by TNP-self modified with as low as 0.031 mM TNBS. Fluorescence analysis of the modified cells using the FACS II indicated that equivalent quantities of TNP were conjugated to the surfaces of B10.BR and B10 spleen cells for any given concentration of TNBS modification. Similar strain-dependent differences were observed when the TNP was diluted out in the cultures by reducing the number of stimulating cells modified with 10 mM TNBS. These response patterns were verified by stimulating cultures of B10.BR and B10 spleen cells either with TNP conjugated to bovine serum albumin or bovine gamma globulin (B10.BR but not B10 cells responded to TNP-conjugated proteins) or with TNBS-modified glass-adherent spleen cells. The strain-dependent differences could also be detected at the effector phase, because optimally stimulated B10.BR, but not B10 effector cells, could lyse 0.1 mM TNBS-modified syngeneic target cells. The genetic parameters associated with the response and nonresponse patterns of B10.BR and B10 mice were further investigated by comparing the cytotoxic responses to low doses of TNP-self of spleen cells from the following strains: (a) C3H/HeJ (H-2k) and C3H.SW (H-2b); (b) BALB.K (H-2k) and BALb.b (h-2b); and (c) B10.A (H-2a) and B10.D2 (H-2d). The H-2k and H-2a, but not the H-2b and H-2d, strains generated cytotoxic responses to TNP-self when the syngeneic stimulators were modified with 0.1 mM TNBS. Further studies using (B10 X B10.BR)F1 responding cells and parental or F1-modified stimulating cells, indicated that the F1 cells generated cytotoxic activity to low doses of TNP in association with H-2k but not in association with H-2b self products. The results of this study indicate that H-2-linked genetic factors, expressed in the target as well as in the responding and/or stimulating cell populations, control the ability of inbred mouse strains to generate cytotoxic effector cells to low doses of TNP-self. Such dose-dependent genetic effects may be important in the regulation of immune responses activated in vivo by chronic exposure to infectious agents.", "contents": "H-2-linked genetic control of murine T-cell-mediated lympholysis to autologous cells modified with low concentrations of trinitrobenzene sulfonate. Spleen cells from B10.BR and C57BL/10 (B10) mice were compared for their ability to generate primary in vitro cytotoxic responses to syngeneic cells modified with different concentrations (from 10 to 0.031 mM) of trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS) (TNP-self). Although both strains generated effector cells to TNP-self in the range of 10-0.25 mM TNBS modification, effector activity of B10 cells was weaker than that of B10.BR cells. B10 spleen cells did not respond to syngeneic stimulating cells modified at 0.1 mM or lower, whereas B10.BR cells generated effector activity even when stimulated by TNP-self modified with as low as 0.031 mM TNBS. Fluorescence analysis of the modified cells using the FACS II indicated that equivalent quantities of TNP were conjugated to the surfaces of B10.BR and B10 spleen cells for any given concentration of TNBS modification. Similar strain-dependent differences were observed when the TNP was diluted out in the cultures by reducing the number of stimulating cells modified with 10 mM TNBS. These response patterns were verified by stimulating cultures of B10.BR and B10 spleen cells either with TNP conjugated to bovine serum albumin or bovine gamma globulin (B10.BR but not B10 cells responded to TNP-conjugated proteins) or with TNBS-modified glass-adherent spleen cells. The strain-dependent differences could also be detected at the effector phase, because optimally stimulated B10.BR, but not B10 effector cells, could lyse 0.1 mM TNBS-modified syngeneic target cells. The genetic parameters associated with the response and nonresponse patterns of B10.BR and B10 mice were further investigated by comparing the cytotoxic responses to low doses of TNP-self of spleen cells from the following strains: (a) C3H/HeJ (H-2k) and C3H.SW (H-2b); (b) BALB.K (H-2k) and BALb.b (h-2b); and (c) B10.A (H-2a) and B10.D2 (H-2d). The H-2k and H-2a, but not the H-2b and H-2d, strains generated cytotoxic responses to TNP-self when the syngeneic stimulators were modified with 0.1 mM TNBS. Further studies using (B10 X B10.BR)F1 responding cells and parental or F1-modified stimulating cells, indicated that the F1 cells generated cytotoxic activity to low doses of TNP in association with H-2k but not in association with H-2b self products. The results of this study indicate that H-2-linked genetic factors, expressed in the target as well as in the responding and/or stimulating cell populations, control the ability of inbred mouse strains to generate cytotoxic effector cells to low doses of TNP-self. Such dose-dependent genetic effects may be important in the regulation of immune responses activated in vivo by chronic exposure to infectious agents.", "PMID": 109569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8828", "title": "Ef2: a new LY-3-linked light-chain marker expressed in normal mouse serum immunoglobulin.", "content": "A new light-chain marker has been detected in normal mouse serum immunoglobulin light chains by gel isoelectric focusing. The marker (Ef2) involves the presence of two major and several minor bands in the normal light-chain IF profiles. Strains expressing the marker IF bands are designated Igk-Ef2a, whereas those lacking the bands are Igk-Ef2b. The majority of inbred strains are Igk-Ef2a. Strains found to be Igk-Ef2b are NZB/BlNJ, BDP/J, C58/J, I/LnJ, CE/J, and P/J. The strain distribution of the alleles differs from the distribution of alleles at the Ly-2 and Ly-3 loci, suggesting the new marker may represent a separate locus. Genetic studies have shown that Igk-Ef2 locus is closely linked to Igk-Ef1 and Hd loci on Chromosome 6, indicating that it is also closely linked to Ly-3. The relative importance of the bands controlled by the Igk-Ef2 locus suggests that the entire normal light-chain pool could be controlled by as few as 100 such loci.", "contents": "Ef2: a new LY-3-linked light-chain marker expressed in normal mouse serum immunoglobulin. A new light-chain marker has been detected in normal mouse serum immunoglobulin light chains by gel isoelectric focusing. The marker (Ef2) involves the presence of two major and several minor bands in the normal light-chain IF profiles. Strains expressing the marker IF bands are designated Igk-Ef2a, whereas those lacking the bands are Igk-Ef2b. The majority of inbred strains are Igk-Ef2a. Strains found to be Igk-Ef2b are NZB/BlNJ, BDP/J, C58/J, I/LnJ, CE/J, and P/J. The strain distribution of the alleles differs from the distribution of alleles at the Ly-2 and Ly-3 loci, suggesting the new marker may represent a separate locus. Genetic studies have shown that Igk-Ef2 locus is closely linked to Igk-Ef1 and Hd loci on Chromosome 6, indicating that it is also closely linked to Ly-3. The relative importance of the bands controlled by the Igk-Ef2 locus suggests that the entire normal light-chain pool could be controlled by as few as 100 such loci.", "PMID": 109570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8829", "title": "The absence of H-2 antigens from mouse pancreatic beta-cells demonstrated by immunoferritin labeling.", "content": "Islets of Langerhans were isolated from mouse pancreases and fixed in periodatelysine-paraformaldehyde. The fixed islets were then dissociated with trypsin and EDTA to yield cell suspensions that contained mainly four cell types; beta-cells, capillary endothelial cells, acinar cells, and pancreatic duct epithelial cells. The nonislet cells were probably associated wtih the surface of the isolated islets.  The H-2 antigens of the dissociated pancreatic cells were labeled with an immunoferritin technique. Pancreatic duct epithelial cells showed specific ferritin labeling on their lateral cell membranes but not on apical microvillus membranes. Acinar cells were also labeled on lateral membranes, and the capillary endothelial cells were labeled on both the luminal and albuminal aspects of their surface membranes. In contrast, pancreatic beta-cells were unlabeled. The number of ferritin molecules per unit length of beta-cell membrane was essentially the same on cells from the antigenic strain and the congeneic control strain, and was about 200-fold less than on the labeled pancreatic duct epithelial cell lateral membranes. Pancreatic beta-cells are therefore one of six known epithelial cell types on which H-2 antigens can not be detected by immunoferritin labeling. The apparent absence of H-2 antigens from these cells suggests a study of the viability of beta-cells in allografts of dissociated islet cells, in which the beta-cell would not be in contact with antigenic cells. Such studies might lead to a new approach to the control of diabetes mellitus by transplantation.", "contents": "The absence of H-2 antigens from mouse pancreatic beta-cells demonstrated by immunoferritin labeling. Islets of Langerhans were isolated from mouse pancreases and fixed in periodatelysine-paraformaldehyde. The fixed islets were then dissociated with trypsin and EDTA to yield cell suspensions that contained mainly four cell types; beta-cells, capillary endothelial cells, acinar cells, and pancreatic duct epithelial cells. The nonislet cells were probably associated wtih the surface of the isolated islets.  The H-2 antigens of the dissociated pancreatic cells were labeled with an immunoferritin technique. Pancreatic duct epithelial cells showed specific ferritin labeling on their lateral cell membranes but not on apical microvillus membranes. Acinar cells were also labeled on lateral membranes, and the capillary endothelial cells were labeled on both the luminal and albuminal aspects of their surface membranes. In contrast, pancreatic beta-cells were unlabeled. The number of ferritin molecules per unit length of beta-cell membrane was essentially the same on cells from the antigenic strain and the congeneic control strain, and was about 200-fold less than on the labeled pancreatic duct epithelial cell lateral membranes. Pancreatic beta-cells are therefore one of six known epithelial cell types on which H-2 antigens can not be detected by immunoferritin labeling. The apparent absence of H-2 antigens from these cells suggests a study of the viability of beta-cells in allografts of dissociated islet cells, in which the beta-cell would not be in contact with antigenic cells. Such studies might lead to a new approach to the control of diabetes mellitus by transplantation.", "PMID": 109571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8830", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated antibacterial activity of human mononuclear cells. I. K lymphocytes and monocytes are effective against meningococi in cooperation with human imune sera.", "content": "In cooperation with human heat-inactivated antisera from adults immunized with group C meningococcal polysaccharide, normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells significantly decreased the viability of group C meningococci (Mgc) in vitro. K lymphocytes (Null cells) and monocytes, (but not T or B lymphocytes) were capable of effecting antibody-dependent cell-mediated (ADC) antibacterial activity in this system. The degree to which meningococcal viability was decreased was a function of the length of the test incubation, the concentration of effector cells, and the amount of antiserum used in the assay. When specific antibodies directed against Mgc were adsorbed from the antiserum, cell-mediated antibacterial activity was abolished. ADC antibacterial activity was also abrogated by performing the assay at 4 degrees C or by heating effector cells to 46 degrees C for 15 min before the assay, Similarities between the ADC antibacterial system and previously described ADCC assays are discussed. The data suggest the K cells (as well as monocytes) may play a role in host immune defense against pathogenic bacteria.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated antibacterial activity of human mononuclear cells. I. K lymphocytes and monocytes are effective against meningococi in cooperation with human imune sera. In cooperation with human heat-inactivated antisera from adults immunized with group C meningococcal polysaccharide, normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells significantly decreased the viability of group C meningococci (Mgc) in vitro. K lymphocytes (Null cells) and monocytes, (but not T or B lymphocytes) were capable of effecting antibody-dependent cell-mediated (ADC) antibacterial activity in this system. The degree to which meningococcal viability was decreased was a function of the length of the test incubation, the concentration of effector cells, and the amount of antiserum used in the assay. When specific antibodies directed against Mgc were adsorbed from the antiserum, cell-mediated antibacterial activity was abolished. ADC antibacterial activity was also abrogated by performing the assay at 4 degrees C or by heating effector cells to 46 degrees C for 15 min before the assay, Similarities between the ADC antibacterial system and previously described ADCC assays are discussed. The data suggest the K cells (as well as monocytes) may play a role in host immune defense against pathogenic bacteria.", "PMID": 109572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8831", "title": "Adaptive differentiation of murine lymphocytes. IV (Responder x nonresponder) F1 T cells can be taught to preferentially help nonresponder, rather than responder, B cells.", "content": "Responses to the synthetic terpolymer L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-tyrosine (GLT) in the mouse are controlled by H-2-1inked Ir-GLTgenes. (Responder x nonresponder) F(1) hybrid mice, themselves phenotypic responders, can be primed with GLT to develop specific helper cells capable of interacting with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hapten (DNP)-primed F(1) B cells in response to DNP-GLT. Unlike the indiscriminant ability of F(1) helper T cells for conventional antigens (i.e. not Ir gene-controlled), which can help B cells of either parental type (as well as F(1)) equally well, GLT-primed F(1) T cells can only provide help under normal circumstances for B lymphocytes of responder parent origin; they are unable to communicate effectively with nonresponder parental B cells (1, and the present studies). The present studies reveal, however, that the induction of a parental cell-induced allogeneic effect during priming of F(1) mice to GLT actually dictates the direction of cooperating preference that will be displayed by such F(1) helper cells for B cells of one parental type or the other. Thus, F(1) T cells, primed to GLT under the influence of an allogeneic effect induced by parental BALB/c cells, develop into effective helpers for nonresponder A/J B cells, but fail to develop effective helpers for responder BALB/c B cells, and vice-versa. In contrast, F(1) T cells, primed to GLT under the influence of an allogeneic effect induced by either parental type, display significantly enhanced levels of helper activity for B cells derived from F(1) donors. These results are interpreted to reflect the existence of two interdependent events provoked by the allogeneic effect: one event augments the differentiation of GLT-specific helper T cells belonging to the subset corresponding to the opposite parental type; this would explain the development of increased helper activity provided to partner B cells of opposite parental type (as well as of F(1) origin). The second event, we postulate, involves the production of responses against the receptors which normally self-recognize native cell interaction determinants; this form of anti-idiotype response is restricted against self- recognizing receptors of the same parental type used for induction of the allogeneic effect, hence explaining diminished helper activity of such F(1) cells for partner B lymphocytes of corresponding parental type.", "contents": "Adaptive differentiation of murine lymphocytes. IV (Responder x nonresponder) F1 T cells can be taught to preferentially help nonresponder, rather than responder, B cells. Responses to the synthetic terpolymer L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-tyrosine (GLT) in the mouse are controlled by H-2-1inked Ir-GLTgenes. (Responder x nonresponder) F(1) hybrid mice, themselves phenotypic responders, can be primed with GLT to develop specific helper cells capable of interacting with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hapten (DNP)-primed F(1) B cells in response to DNP-GLT. Unlike the indiscriminant ability of F(1) helper T cells for conventional antigens (i.e. not Ir gene-controlled), which can help B cells of either parental type (as well as F(1)) equally well, GLT-primed F(1) T cells can only provide help under normal circumstances for B lymphocytes of responder parent origin; they are unable to communicate effectively with nonresponder parental B cells (1, and the present studies). The present studies reveal, however, that the induction of a parental cell-induced allogeneic effect during priming of F(1) mice to GLT actually dictates the direction of cooperating preference that will be displayed by such F(1) helper cells for B cells of one parental type or the other. Thus, F(1) T cells, primed to GLT under the influence of an allogeneic effect induced by parental BALB/c cells, develop into effective helpers for nonresponder A/J B cells, but fail to develop effective helpers for responder BALB/c B cells, and vice-versa. In contrast, F(1) T cells, primed to GLT under the influence of an allogeneic effect induced by either parental type, display significantly enhanced levels of helper activity for B cells derived from F(1) donors. These results are interpreted to reflect the existence of two interdependent events provoked by the allogeneic effect: one event augments the differentiation of GLT-specific helper T cells belonging to the subset corresponding to the opposite parental type; this would explain the development of increased helper activity provided to partner B cells of opposite parental type (as well as of F(1) origin). The second event, we postulate, involves the production of responses against the receptors which normally self-recognize native cell interaction determinants; this form of anti-idiotype response is restricted against self- recognizing receptors of the same parental type used for induction of the allogeneic effect, hence explaining diminished helper activity of such F(1) cells for partner B lymphocytes of corresponding parental type.", "PMID": 109573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8832", "title": "Genetic control of immunoregulatory circuits. Genes linked to the Ig locus govern communication between regulatory T-cell sets.", "content": "Antigen-stimulated Ly1:Qa1+ cells induce a nonimmune set of T-acceptor cells (surface phenotype Ly123+Qa1+) to participate in the generation of specific suppressive activity. The experiments reported here were designed to test the possibility that the interaction between T-inducer and T-acceptor cells might be governed by genes linked to the Ig locus. We find that inducer:acceptor interactions occur only if the inducer and acceptor T-cell sets are obtained from donor that are identical at the Ig locus and are independent of the Ig locus expressed on the B cells used for assay of T-helper activity. In addition, experiments using inducer and acceptor T cells from the congenic recombinant BAB. 14 strain show that T-T interactions are not governed by Ig-CH genes, per se. These data indicate that T-inducer: T-acceptor interactions are governed by Ig-linked genes that may control expression of VH-like structures on T cells, or control expression of as yet unidentified cell-surface molecules.", "contents": "Genetic control of immunoregulatory circuits. Genes linked to the Ig locus govern communication between regulatory T-cell sets. Antigen-stimulated Ly1:Qa1+ cells induce a nonimmune set of T-acceptor cells (surface phenotype Ly123+Qa1+) to participate in the generation of specific suppressive activity. The experiments reported here were designed to test the possibility that the interaction between T-inducer and T-acceptor cells might be governed by genes linked to the Ig locus. We find that inducer:acceptor interactions occur only if the inducer and acceptor T-cell sets are obtained from donor that are identical at the Ig locus and are independent of the Ig locus expressed on the B cells used for assay of T-helper activity. In addition, experiments using inducer and acceptor T cells from the congenic recombinant BAB. 14 strain show that T-T interactions are not governed by Ig-CH genes, per se. These data indicate that T-inducer: T-acceptor interactions are governed by Ig-linked genes that may control expression of VH-like structures on T cells, or control expression of as yet unidentified cell-surface molecules.", "PMID": 109574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8833", "title": "The generation and specificity of cytotoxic T cells raised against syngeneic tumor cells bearing AKR/Gross murine leukemia virus antigens.", "content": "Efforts were made to generate C57BL/6 cytotoxic effector cells to a syngeneic leukemia (E{male}G2) bearing AKR/Gross virus antigens. As we were unable to induce significant cytotoxic activity by immunization with up to 10(8) irradiated E{male}G2 cells, even when cells from such primed animals were subsequently restimulated with E{male}G2 cells in vitro, C57BL/6 mice were immunized with an aliogeneic, virus-producing AKR leukemic cell line (AKR SL3). Peritoneal exudate cells and, to a lesser degree, spleen cells from these mice showed significant lytic activity toward the immunizing allogeneic tumor but not toward E{male}G2. When spleen cells were harvested from animals {approximately equal to}10 d after injection of AKR SL3 and rechallenged in vitro with either E{male}G2 or AKR.H-2(b) SL1, another tumor that displays AKR/Gross virus antigens, then a vigorous cytotoxic response against E{male}G2 and AKR. H-2(b) SL1 was obtained. Effector cells generated by AKR SL3 priming followed by in vitro stimulation with E{male}G2 or AKR.H-2(b) SL1 lysed only cells of H-2(b) haplotype which were strongly positive for the display of serologically detectable AKR/Gross virus antigens. Thus, AKR SL3 cells were not lysed nor were EL4 cells (H-2(b); but only weakly positive for gp70). Cells not bearing the MuLV antigens tested for, such as P815 mastocytoma cells and spleen cell \"blasts\" from C57BL/6 and CBA (H-2(k)) mice, were also insusceptible to attack. The cytotoxic effector cells induced bore Thy 1.2 alloantigen and were of the Lyt 1+2+ phenotype. Collectively, these findings are consistent with the conclusion that the cytotoxic T cells raised against E{male}G2 are directed against AKR/Gross virus-associated antigens and are H-2 restricted. It will be of interest to determine the relevance of such effector cells to the known resistance of the C57BL/6 mouse to AKR/Gross virus-induced leukemia.", "contents": "The generation and specificity of cytotoxic T cells raised against syngeneic tumor cells bearing AKR/Gross murine leukemia virus antigens. Efforts were made to generate C57BL/6 cytotoxic effector cells to a syngeneic leukemia (E{male}G2) bearing AKR/Gross virus antigens. As we were unable to induce significant cytotoxic activity by immunization with up to 10(8) irradiated E{male}G2 cells, even when cells from such primed animals were subsequently restimulated with E{male}G2 cells in vitro, C57BL/6 mice were immunized with an aliogeneic, virus-producing AKR leukemic cell line (AKR SL3). Peritoneal exudate cells and, to a lesser degree, spleen cells from these mice showed significant lytic activity toward the immunizing allogeneic tumor but not toward E{male}G2. When spleen cells were harvested from animals {approximately equal to}10 d after injection of AKR SL3 and rechallenged in vitro with either E{male}G2 or AKR.H-2(b) SL1, another tumor that displays AKR/Gross virus antigens, then a vigorous cytotoxic response against E{male}G2 and AKR. H-2(b) SL1 was obtained. Effector cells generated by AKR SL3 priming followed by in vitro stimulation with E{male}G2 or AKR.H-2(b) SL1 lysed only cells of H-2(b) haplotype which were strongly positive for the display of serologically detectable AKR/Gross virus antigens. Thus, AKR SL3 cells were not lysed nor were EL4 cells (H-2(b); but only weakly positive for gp70). Cells not bearing the MuLV antigens tested for, such as P815 mastocytoma cells and spleen cell \"blasts\" from C57BL/6 and CBA (H-2(k)) mice, were also insusceptible to attack. The cytotoxic effector cells induced bore Thy 1.2 alloantigen and were of the Lyt 1+2+ phenotype. Collectively, these findings are consistent with the conclusion that the cytotoxic T cells raised against E{male}G2 are directed against AKR/Gross virus-associated antigens and are H-2 restricted. It will be of interest to determine the relevance of such effector cells to the known resistance of the C57BL/6 mouse to AKR/Gross virus-induced leukemia.", "PMID": 109575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8834", "title": "Polymorphism, genetic stability, and autosomal location of trimeric nucleoside phosphorylase in Peromyscus eremicus cell lines.", "content": "Nucleoside phosphorylase (NP: EC 2.4.2.1) has not been demonstrated to be an extensively polymorphic enzyme locus in mammals. We have studied NP electrophoretically in five independently derived cell lines established from Peromyscus eremicus as well as in various tissues of a sixth animal. Four different NP phenotypes involving three different alleles were resolved. The data suggest that (1) the enzyme is trimeric and its genetic locus is polymorphic in P. eremicus, (2) heterozygous enzyme phenotypes are stable during long-term culture, and (3) the enzyme locus is autosomal in Peromyscus.", "contents": "Polymorphism, genetic stability, and autosomal location of trimeric nucleoside phosphorylase in Peromyscus eremicus cell lines. Nucleoside phosphorylase (NP: EC 2.4.2.1) has not been demonstrated to be an extensively polymorphic enzyme locus in mammals. We have studied NP electrophoretically in five independently derived cell lines established from Peromyscus eremicus as well as in various tissues of a sixth animal. Four different NP phenotypes involving three different alleles were resolved. The data suggest that (1) the enzyme is trimeric and its genetic locus is polymorphic in P. eremicus, (2) heterozygous enzyme phenotypes are stable during long-term culture, and (3) the enzyme locus is autosomal in Peromyscus.", "PMID": 109577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8835", "title": "Presence of free light chains in urine of patients suffering from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "The immunoelectrophoretic analysis of CSF of patients suffering from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) showed modifications in the IgG pattern. Using the same method and also the double diffusion in agar technique we have revealed in these patients the presence of free light chains in most urines studied. Isofocusing analysis of free light chains from urines of two patients suggests that these chains could be a monoclonal product.", "contents": "Presence of free light chains in urine of patients suffering from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The immunoelectrophoretic analysis of CSF of patients suffering from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) showed modifications in the IgG pattern. Using the same method and also the double diffusion in agar technique we have revealed in these patients the presence of free light chains in most urines studied. Isofocusing analysis of free light chains from urines of two patients suggests that these chains could be a monoclonal product.", "PMID": 109579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8836", "title": "Acute occlusion of the posterior spinal vein. Experimental study in monkeys.", "content": "The posterior spinal vein was occluded with silicone in seven rhesus monkeys, and locally resected in one. There were no neurological findings associated with acute venous obstruction of the cord. Follow-up arteriography revealed diversion of venous outflow into the anterior spinal venous system. Histology revealed gliosis associated with demyelinization confined to the posterior columns.", "contents": "Acute occlusion of the posterior spinal vein. Experimental study in monkeys. The posterior spinal vein was occluded with silicone in seven rhesus monkeys, and locally resected in one. There were no neurological findings associated with acute venous obstruction of the cord. Follow-up arteriography revealed diversion of venous outflow into the anterior spinal venous system. Histology revealed gliosis associated with demyelinization confined to the posterior columns.", "PMID": 109580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8837", "title": "D-Methionine utilization during parenteral nutrition in adult rats.", "content": "D-Methionine, present in some parenteral solutions, is poorly utilized by man. To evaluate some of the factors affecting utilization, methionine isomer excretion was measured in rats treated with two different parenteral regimens: total parenteral nutrition and protein sparing therapy. Within each regimen, nutrient solutions differing only in methionine isomer composition were compared. Eight rats on the total parenteral nutrition regimen were infused with a 33% glucose--2.8% amino acid solution at a rate providing 100% of energy requirement. Four rats received the parenteral sulution containing L-methionine, and four the solution containing DL-methionine. Eight additional rats on a protein sparing regimen were infused with an amino acid solution (8.5%) at a rate to provide 25% of energy requirement. Four rats were infused with a solution containing L-methionine, and four with a solution containing DL-methionine. Total methionine content of livers was not affected by differences in methionine isomer. Infusion of the solution containing DL-methionine significantly increased plasma methionine levels during protein sparing therapy, with the increase representing accumulation of the D-isomer. Rats receiving protein sparing therapy had significantly higher liver methionine levels than rats receiving total parenteral nutrition. Although rats infused with the solution containing DL-methionine had elevated plasma methionine levels during protein sparing therapy, urinary methionine losses were small, as were losses of methionine sulfoxide and alpha-keto-gamma-methiolbutyrate. In contrast to humans, adult rats utilized more than 99% of parenterally administered D- or L-methionine.", "contents": "D-Methionine utilization during parenteral nutrition in adult rats. D-Methionine, present in some parenteral solutions, is poorly utilized by man. To evaluate some of the factors affecting utilization, methionine isomer excretion was measured in rats treated with two different parenteral regimens: total parenteral nutrition and protein sparing therapy. Within each regimen, nutrient solutions differing only in methionine isomer composition were compared. Eight rats on the total parenteral nutrition regimen were infused with a 33% glucose--2.8% amino acid solution at a rate providing 100% of energy requirement. Four rats received the parenteral sulution containing L-methionine, and four the solution containing DL-methionine. Eight additional rats on a protein sparing regimen were infused with an amino acid solution (8.5%) at a rate to provide 25% of energy requirement. Four rats were infused with a solution containing L-methionine, and four with a solution containing DL-methionine. Total methionine content of livers was not affected by differences in methionine isomer. Infusion of the solution containing DL-methionine significantly increased plasma methionine levels during protein sparing therapy, with the increase representing accumulation of the D-isomer. Rats receiving protein sparing therapy had significantly higher liver methionine levels than rats receiving total parenteral nutrition. Although rats infused with the solution containing DL-methionine had elevated plasma methionine levels during protein sparing therapy, urinary methionine losses were small, as were losses of methionine sulfoxide and alpha-keto-gamma-methiolbutyrate. In contrast to humans, adult rats utilized more than 99% of parenterally administered D- or L-methionine.", "PMID": 109581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8838", "title": "Influence of dietary zinc on cataracts in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the cause of lens cataracts in hatchery trout fed diets containing white fish meal. After preliminary investigations, three experiments were conducted with fry of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) that were fed practical-type diets containing either 40% herring meal (control diet) or 40% white fish meal with and without various mineral supplements. In all experiments, the trout fed herring meal grew well and had normal lenses. Those fed the diet containing white fish meal without supplement grew slowly and developed bilateral cataracts determined by using a slit-lamp biomicroscope. The severity of cataracts was increased by supplementing the diet with a mixture of minerals (phosphates and carbonates of calcium, sodium and potassium). Cataracts were prevented, however, with supplemental Na2EDTA or zinc but not by supplements of manganese, copper, iron or various other minerals. The metabolic alterations responsible for the zinc-deficiency cataract were not determined.", "contents": "Influence of dietary zinc on cataracts in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The purpose of this study was to determine the cause of lens cataracts in hatchery trout fed diets containing white fish meal. After preliminary investigations, three experiments were conducted with fry of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) that were fed practical-type diets containing either 40% herring meal (control diet) or 40% white fish meal with and without various mineral supplements. In all experiments, the trout fed herring meal grew well and had normal lenses. Those fed the diet containing white fish meal without supplement grew slowly and developed bilateral cataracts determined by using a slit-lamp biomicroscope. The severity of cataracts was increased by supplementing the diet with a mixture of minerals (phosphates and carbonates of calcium, sodium and potassium). Cataracts were prevented, however, with supplemental Na2EDTA or zinc but not by supplements of manganese, copper, iron or various other minerals. The metabolic alterations responsible for the zinc-deficiency cataract were not determined.", "PMID": 109582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8839", "title": "Monoglyceryl acetoacetate: a ketone body-carbohydrate substrate for parenteral feeding of the rat.", "content": "The monoglyceride of acetoacetate was prepared from diketene and glycerol. The resulting mixture was composed of nearly equal amounts of 1- and 2-monoacetoacetin. This mixture was tested as a parenteral energy substrate by continuous intravenous infusion into the rat. This glyceride provided 71% of the daily energy for 7 consecutive days. Other groups were either fed ad libitum or fed ad libitum and supplemented with intravenous glucose isoenergetic to monoacetoacetin. All three groups had similar daily non-protein energy intake, and the two supplemented groups ate less protein than normal rats. All three groups gained weight similarly although the glucose group tended to gain fastest and the monoacetoacetin group tended to gain slowest. The rates were not significantly different. At the end of 7 days, the glucose group was hyperglycemic and the monoacetoacetin group was hyperketonemic compared to normal fed rats. The only significant differences among the livers was the small size found for the glucose group. Hepatic compositions were similar. It was concluded from these data that intravenous monoacetoacetin can support weight gain in rats and is a potential alternative to glucose as an energy source in parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Monoglyceryl acetoacetate: a ketone body-carbohydrate substrate for parenteral feeding of the rat. The monoglyceride of acetoacetate was prepared from diketene and glycerol. The resulting mixture was composed of nearly equal amounts of 1- and 2-monoacetoacetin. This mixture was tested as a parenteral energy substrate by continuous intravenous infusion into the rat. This glyceride provided 71% of the daily energy for 7 consecutive days. Other groups were either fed ad libitum or fed ad libitum and supplemented with intravenous glucose isoenergetic to monoacetoacetin. All three groups had similar daily non-protein energy intake, and the two supplemented groups ate less protein than normal rats. All three groups gained weight similarly although the glucose group tended to gain fastest and the monoacetoacetin group tended to gain slowest. The rates were not significantly different. At the end of 7 days, the glucose group was hyperglycemic and the monoacetoacetin group was hyperketonemic compared to normal fed rats. The only significant differences among the livers was the small size found for the glucose group. Hepatic compositions were similar. It was concluded from these data that intravenous monoacetoacetin can support weight gain in rats and is a potential alternative to glucose as an energy source in parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 109583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8840", "title": "Characteristics of thyroid function in experimental protein malnutrition.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of protein malnutrition on thyroid function. Resting oxygen consumption and serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured and correlated with thyroid histology, gain in weight, feed efficiency and carcass energy content in male rats fed isoenergetic diets ad libitum containing 22% (control) or 8% (protein malnourished, PM) casein for 28 or 32 days postweaning. A third group was pair-fed to the PM rats with the control diet. In experiment 2 additional groups were pair-fed to the PM rats with 8% casein diets in which the casein was substituted with different mixtures of carbohydrate and fat. Resting oxygen consumption/body weight (0.75) decreased as body weights increased in all groups, but was consistently greatest in PM rats. In PM rats, plasma T3 was 130% of controls after 11 days of the dietary regimen and averaged 215% of controls from days 18 through 32. In experiment 2 both T3 and T4 concentrations were approximately twice controls in all PM groups. TSH concentrations were within the normal range in all groups throughout. Feed efficiency averaged 36 to 40% of controls and mean weight gain was 30 g after 28 days in the PM groups, compared to 114 and 91 g, respectively, in the pair-fed control rats. Carcass energy content of PM rats after 28 days was significantly lower than in control or pair-fed control rats. Thyroid morphology was compatible with increased secretory activity in all the protein-malnourished groups, compared with normal activity in the control and pair-fed control groups. Thermogenesis, as measured by oxygen consumption, was markedly increased in the PM rats compared to controls. These observations are consistent with a diet-induced thermogenesis in the protein-malnourished rats. In contrast to simple under-nutrition where energy expenditure may be conserved by decreases in thyroid function and thermogenesis, increases in thyroid function and thermogenesis in protein malnutrition could provide an energy balancing mechanism whereby unneeded non-protein energy in the diet could be dissipated as heat, and survival enhanced.", "contents": "Characteristics of thyroid function in experimental protein malnutrition. Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of protein malnutrition on thyroid function. Resting oxygen consumption and serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured and correlated with thyroid histology, gain in weight, feed efficiency and carcass energy content in male rats fed isoenergetic diets ad libitum containing 22% (control) or 8% (protein malnourished, PM) casein for 28 or 32 days postweaning. A third group was pair-fed to the PM rats with the control diet. In experiment 2 additional groups were pair-fed to the PM rats with 8% casein diets in which the casein was substituted with different mixtures of carbohydrate and fat. Resting oxygen consumption/body weight (0.75) decreased as body weights increased in all groups, but was consistently greatest in PM rats. In PM rats, plasma T3 was 130% of controls after 11 days of the dietary regimen and averaged 215% of controls from days 18 through 32. In experiment 2 both T3 and T4 concentrations were approximately twice controls in all PM groups. TSH concentrations were within the normal range in all groups throughout. Feed efficiency averaged 36 to 40% of controls and mean weight gain was 30 g after 28 days in the PM groups, compared to 114 and 91 g, respectively, in the pair-fed control rats. Carcass energy content of PM rats after 28 days was significantly lower than in control or pair-fed control rats. Thyroid morphology was compatible with increased secretory activity in all the protein-malnourished groups, compared with normal activity in the control and pair-fed control groups. Thermogenesis, as measured by oxygen consumption, was markedly increased in the PM rats compared to controls. These observations are consistent with a diet-induced thermogenesis in the protein-malnourished rats. In contrast to simple under-nutrition where energy expenditure may be conserved by decreases in thyroid function and thermogenesis, increases in thyroid function and thermogenesis in protein malnutrition could provide an energy balancing mechanism whereby unneeded non-protein energy in the diet could be dissipated as heat, and survival enhanced.", "PMID": 109585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8841", "title": "A quantitative histologic study of tissue responses to ramal sagittal splitting procedures.", "content": "The viability of bone after sagittal splitting of the mandibular ramus by two techniques was studied. Decalcified sections of bone were studied with light microscopy; ground sections of bone labeled with tetracycline were studied with ultraviolet microscopy. The data indicate that avascular necrosis of the proximal fragment occurs after conventional Obwegeser-Dal Pont sagittal split osteotomy. Viability of the fragment was maintained by using a musculoperiosteal pedicle on the proximal fragment.", "contents": "A quantitative histologic study of tissue responses to ramal sagittal splitting procedures. The viability of bone after sagittal splitting of the mandibular ramus by two techniques was studied. Decalcified sections of bone were studied with light microscopy; ground sections of bone labeled with tetracycline were studied with ultraviolet microscopy. The data indicate that avascular necrosis of the proximal fragment occurs after conventional Obwegeser-Dal Pont sagittal split osteotomy. Viability of the fragment was maintained by using a musculoperiosteal pedicle on the proximal fragment.", "PMID": 109587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8842", "title": "Further characterization of responses of infants and children to meningococcal A polysaccharide vaccine.", "content": "The responses to 10 or 50 microgram doses of meningococcal group A polysaccharide vaccine were evaluated in infants and children. Although the 50 microgram dose was shown to be more effective in the induction of detectable anti-A antibody in vaccinees of all ages, only 6.5% (7/108) of infants smaller than or equal to 12 months demonstrated a \"protective level\" (greater than or equal to 2 mug/ml antibody protein) at 28 or 35 days postinoculation. Unexpected variations in the response to different lots, supplied by three different manufactures, were observed. These findings indicate the need for additional studies before routine immunization of young infants can be recommended.", "contents": "Further characterization of responses of infants and children to meningococcal A polysaccharide vaccine. The responses to 10 or 50 microgram doses of meningococcal group A polysaccharide vaccine were evaluated in infants and children. Although the 50 microgram dose was shown to be more effective in the induction of detectable anti-A antibody in vaccinees of all ages, only 6.5% (7/108) of infants smaller than or equal to 12 months demonstrated a \"protective level\" (greater than or equal to 2 mug/ml antibody protein) at 28 or 35 days postinoculation. Unexpected variations in the response to different lots, supplied by three different manufactures, were observed. These findings indicate the need for additional studies before routine immunization of young infants can be recommended.", "PMID": 109592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8843", "title": "A controlled trial of glucose versus glucose and amino acids in premature infants.", "content": "A controlled study comparing two intravenous fluid regimens was performed in sick, premature infants. The regimens were isocaloric at 60 calories/kg/day, one providing glucose alone, the other glucose plus 2.5 gm/kg of amino acids. There was no difference in changes in body weight between the two groups; infants receiving glucose alone were in negative nitrogen balance; those receiving glucose plus amino acids were in positive nitrogen balance. Plasma amino acid values were compared to published, postprandial normal values. The TEAA and TAA of infants receiving amino acids were not different from normal. Values of TEAA and TAA of infants receiving glucose alone were significantly lower. Essential fatty acid deficiency developed in infants receiving amino acids but not in those receiving glucose alone. It is concluded that the glucose plus amino acid regimen results in anabolism without undue metabolic costs.", "contents": "A controlled trial of glucose versus glucose and amino acids in premature infants. A controlled study comparing two intravenous fluid regimens was performed in sick, premature infants. The regimens were isocaloric at 60 calories/kg/day, one providing glucose alone, the other glucose plus 2.5 gm/kg of amino acids. There was no difference in changes in body weight between the two groups; infants receiving glucose alone were in negative nitrogen balance; those receiving glucose plus amino acids were in positive nitrogen balance. Plasma amino acid values were compared to published, postprandial normal values. The TEAA and TAA of infants receiving amino acids were not different from normal. Values of TEAA and TAA of infants receiving glucose alone were significantly lower. Essential fatty acid deficiency developed in infants receiving amino acids but not in those receiving glucose alone. It is concluded that the glucose plus amino acid regimen results in anabolism without undue metabolic costs.", "PMID": 109596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8844", "title": "Impaired parathyroid response to induced hypocalcemia in thalassemia major.", "content": "Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid-induced hypocalcemia was used as provocative test of parathyroid reserve in eight normocalcemic patients with thalassemia major (age 8 to 26 years) and five young adult control subjects (age 22 to 35). In response to an intravenous infusion of disodium EDTA (50 mg/kg), serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone rose by 1.97 +/- 1.93 (SD) microliterEq/ml in the patients, controls showing a rise of 10.6 +/- 3.6 microliterEq/ml (t = 5.46, P less than 0.001). There was no relationship between parathyroid response and total iron burden as measured by serum ferritin- or desferrioxamine-induced urinary iron excretion. Impairment of parathyroid reserve is common in transfused patients with thalassemia major and may serve as a marker of significant iron overload.", "contents": "Impaired parathyroid response to induced hypocalcemia in thalassemia major. Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid-induced hypocalcemia was used as provocative test of parathyroid reserve in eight normocalcemic patients with thalassemia major (age 8 to 26 years) and five young adult control subjects (age 22 to 35). In response to an intravenous infusion of disodium EDTA (50 mg/kg), serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone rose by 1.97 +/- 1.93 (SD) microliterEq/ml in the patients, controls showing a rise of 10.6 +/- 3.6 microliterEq/ml (t = 5.46, P less than 0.001). There was no relationship between parathyroid response and total iron burden as measured by serum ferritin- or desferrioxamine-induced urinary iron excretion. Impairment of parathyroid reserve is common in transfused patients with thalassemia major and may serve as a marker of significant iron overload.", "PMID": 109597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8845", "title": "Nephrotic syndrome in children: a randomized trial comparing two prednisone regimens in steroid-responsive patients who relapse early. Report of the international study of kidney disease in children.", "content": "Fifty-four children with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome relapsing within 6 months of their initial response were randomly allocated to receive two different regimens of prednisone therapy. The test regimen differed from the standard prednisone relapse regimen used by the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children in that the total dosage was about double, and the duration of daily therapy (8 weeks vs. a mean of 12 days) as well as the total duration of treatment (8 weeks vs. a mean of approximately 6 weeks) was longer. The proportion of patients relapsing during treatment was significantly smaller (8% vs. 40%) and the length of remission following treatment was significantly longer (3.27 vs. 1.48 months) in the test group. All patients in both groups relapsed by 8 months. During a period of approximately 6 months after this relapse, neither the frequency of relapses nor the mean number of days of proteinuria differed significantly. Opinions of participants in this multicenter trial varied concerning whether these statistically significant differences clinically justified exposing patients to the more intensive treatment regimen. However, all agreed that neither form of treatment was satisfactory in terms of preventing subsequent relapses.", "contents": "Nephrotic syndrome in children: a randomized trial comparing two prednisone regimens in steroid-responsive patients who relapse early. Report of the international study of kidney disease in children. Fifty-four children with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome relapsing within 6 months of their initial response were randomly allocated to receive two different regimens of prednisone therapy. The test regimen differed from the standard prednisone relapse regimen used by the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children in that the total dosage was about double, and the duration of daily therapy (8 weeks vs. a mean of 12 days) as well as the total duration of treatment (8 weeks vs. a mean of approximately 6 weeks) was longer. The proportion of patients relapsing during treatment was significantly smaller (8% vs. 40%) and the length of remission following treatment was significantly longer (3.27 vs. 1.48 months) in the test group. All patients in both groups relapsed by 8 months. During a period of approximately 6 months after this relapse, neither the frequency of relapses nor the mean number of days of proteinuria differed significantly. Opinions of participants in this multicenter trial varied concerning whether these statistically significant differences clinically justified exposing patients to the more intensive treatment regimen. However, all agreed that neither form of treatment was satisfactory in terms of preventing subsequent relapses.", "PMID": 109598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8846", "title": "A guide to the use of phototherapy in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.", "content": "Nomograms have been designed to provide rational and consistent guidelines for the use of phototherapy in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. In the management of 195 neonates in the first week of life, phototherapy, given according to these nomograms, was successful, except in some severe cases of Rhesus incompatability, in controlling hyperbilirubinemia in both premature and term neonates. When compared to the more random use before the introduction of the nomograms, phototherapy was reduced significantly without an increase in the requirement for exchange transfusions.", "contents": "A guide to the use of phototherapy in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Nomograms have been designed to provide rational and consistent guidelines for the use of phototherapy in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. In the management of 195 neonates in the first week of life, phototherapy, given according to these nomograms, was successful, except in some severe cases of Rhesus incompatability, in controlling hyperbilirubinemia in both premature and term neonates. When compared to the more random use before the introduction of the nomograms, phototherapy was reduced significantly without an increase in the requirement for exchange transfusions.", "PMID": 109599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8847", "title": "Emotional complications of adolescent grand mal epilepsy.", "content": "Adolescents who have grand mal epilepsy and their parents were interviewed, and the adolescents were evaluated neurologically. Better seizure control and less neurologic disability were unexpectedly associated with less open communication between the adolescents and their families and friends, and with a poorer self-image and poorer expectations for the future. These findings were unrelated to IQ or school performance. This outcome is consistent with other studies of invisible defects and stigmatization, and suggests that youngsters who have relatively mild defects involving social disability may be more troubled than those with more apparent defects, for which denial may be operative. An incidental finding in the study was that a question more predictive of overall family, social, and academic function than the neurologic findings was simply whether or not the youngster was attending the appropriate grade in school for his or her age.", "contents": "Emotional complications of adolescent grand mal epilepsy. Adolescents who have grand mal epilepsy and their parents were interviewed, and the adolescents were evaluated neurologically. Better seizure control and less neurologic disability were unexpectedly associated with less open communication between the adolescents and their families and friends, and with a poorer self-image and poorer expectations for the future. These findings were unrelated to IQ or school performance. This outcome is consistent with other studies of invisible defects and stigmatization, and suggests that youngsters who have relatively mild defects involving social disability may be more troubled than those with more apparent defects, for which denial may be operative. An incidental finding in the study was that a question more predictive of overall family, social, and academic function than the neurologic findings was simply whether or not the youngster was attending the appropriate grade in school for his or her age.", "PMID": 109600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8848", "title": "Animal infectivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi.", "content": "Rabbits, mice, rats and Rhesus monkeys were infected experimentally with a rabbit isolate of the mammalian microsporidan Encephalitozoon cuniculi. The lesions produced were typical of those occurring in spontaneous encephalitozoonosis in rabbits, mice, and rats, respectively. Viable E. cuniculi were recovered from tissues of injected animals with and without lesions. Titration of rabbit, mouse, and hamster isolates of E. cuniculi in mice and in rabbit choroid plexus cell cultures showed that the rabbit isolate was equally infectious for mice and cell cultures. Mouse and hamster isolates were less infectious for cell cultures than for mice. The results provide further evidence that the mouse, hamster, and rabbit isolates of E. cuniculi are identical.", "contents": "Animal infectivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Rabbits, mice, rats and Rhesus monkeys were infected experimentally with a rabbit isolate of the mammalian microsporidan Encephalitozoon cuniculi. The lesions produced were typical of those occurring in spontaneous encephalitozoonosis in rabbits, mice, and rats, respectively. Viable E. cuniculi were recovered from tissues of injected animals with and without lesions. Titration of rabbit, mouse, and hamster isolates of E. cuniculi in mice and in rabbit choroid plexus cell cultures showed that the rabbit isolate was equally infectious for mice and cell cultures. Mouse and hamster isolates were less infectious for cell cultures than for mice. The results provide further evidence that the mouse, hamster, and rabbit isolates of E. cuniculi are identical.", "PMID": 109602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8849", "title": "Glycogen synthase Hymenolepis diminuta. I. Allosteric activation and inhibition.", "content": "Glycogen synthase (UDP glucose: glycogen alpha-4-glycosyltransferase, EC2.4.1.11) of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta exists in 2 forms: 1) the I-form (independent), which has significant activity in the absence of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P); and 2) the phosphorylated D-form (dependent), which has no enzymatic activity unless G6P is present. The activity of the I-form is greatly enhanced by a variety of allosteric effectors which have, as their common feature, 1 or more phosphate groups. These include inorganic phosphate (Pi), several sugar phosphates, some phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates, and nucleoside mono- and triphosphates. Competition studies suggest that while most of the positive effectors act at the same site on the enzyme (the \"G6P site\"), fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3DPG) act at low concentrations to stimulate the enzyme at another locus (the \"diphosphate site\"), while at high concentrations they competitively inhibit the binding of G6P and of the other activators. The inhibition by high uridine monophosphate (UMP) concentrations is competitive only with the activator uridine triphosphate (UTP), suggesting the existence of a third type of allosteric site (the \"uridine nucleotide site\"). This third site may be the locus for feedback inhibition by the product uridine diphosphate (UDP), a control mechanism which has been observed to occur in mammalian systems. The allosteric control of the D-form of the enzyme is comparatively simple, apparently involving only one site (the \"G6P site\") that binds a few effects with greatly reduced affinity. Pi reverses the activation of the D-form by G6P.", "contents": "Glycogen synthase Hymenolepis diminuta. I. Allosteric activation and inhibition. Glycogen synthase (UDP glucose: glycogen alpha-4-glycosyltransferase, EC2.4.1.11) of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta exists in 2 forms: 1) the I-form (independent), which has significant activity in the absence of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P); and 2) the phosphorylated D-form (dependent), which has no enzymatic activity unless G6P is present. The activity of the I-form is greatly enhanced by a variety of allosteric effectors which have, as their common feature, 1 or more phosphate groups. These include inorganic phosphate (Pi), several sugar phosphates, some phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates, and nucleoside mono- and triphosphates. Competition studies suggest that while most of the positive effectors act at the same site on the enzyme (the \"G6P site\"), fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3DPG) act at low concentrations to stimulate the enzyme at another locus (the \"diphosphate site\"), while at high concentrations they competitively inhibit the binding of G6P and of the other activators. The inhibition by high uridine monophosphate (UMP) concentrations is competitive only with the activator uridine triphosphate (UTP), suggesting the existence of a third type of allosteric site (the \"uridine nucleotide site\"). This third site may be the locus for feedback inhibition by the product uridine diphosphate (UDP), a control mechanism which has been observed to occur in mammalian systems. The allosteric control of the D-form of the enzyme is comparatively simple, apparently involving only one site (the \"G6P site\") that binds a few effects with greatly reduced affinity. Pi reverses the activation of the D-form by G6P.", "PMID": 109603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8850", "title": "Experimental Babesia microti infections in non-splenectomized Macaca mulatta.", "content": "Eight non-splenectomized Macaca mulatta were inoculated intravenously with strains of Babesia microti that originally were isolated from 2 human cases of babesiosis and then were maintained in hamsters in the laboratory. Patent infections developed in 7 animals with peak parasitemias of 496 to 3,906 organisms/mm3 blood. Prepatent periods ranged from 15 to 46 days. Parasitemia persisted for at least 90 days in all animals and in one, organisms were still present 559 days after inoculation.", "contents": "Experimental Babesia microti infections in non-splenectomized Macaca mulatta. Eight non-splenectomized Macaca mulatta were inoculated intravenously with strains of Babesia microti that originally were isolated from 2 human cases of babesiosis and then were maintained in hamsters in the laboratory. Patent infections developed in 7 animals with peak parasitemias of 496 to 3,906 organisms/mm3 blood. Prepatent periods ranged from 15 to 46 days. Parasitemia persisted for at least 90 days in all animals and in one, organisms were still present 559 days after inoculation.", "PMID": 109604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8851", "title": "Hematozoa from Southern African vultures, with a description of Haemoproteus janovyi sp. n.", "content": "This study represents the first major survey of avian hematozoa from southern Africa and the only one dealing with blood parasites of vultures. Blood smears from 506 Rhodesian, Botswanan and South African vultures (Hooded, White-headed, Lappetfaced, Cape Griffon and Whitebacked Vultures) were examined for hematozoa. Haemoproteus janovyi sp. n. was observed in 35.2% of the vultures, Leucocytozoon toddi in 0.8%, Plasmodium fallax in 0.6%, Atoxoplasma sp. in 1.4% and microfilariae in 0.2%. Hematozoan prevalence increased with age of the vultures. Only 2 of 133 nestlings sampled during the dry season had patent parasitemias (L. toddi). Haemoproteid prevalence in immature vultures was depressed during the dry season, whereas it was stable throughout the year in adults. The only species which nests on cliffs (the Cape Griffon Vulture) did not harbor hematozoa whereas the other species which nest and roost in trees were infected with at least one hematozoan species.", "contents": "Hematozoa from Southern African vultures, with a description of Haemoproteus janovyi sp. n. This study represents the first major survey of avian hematozoa from southern Africa and the only one dealing with blood parasites of vultures. Blood smears from 506 Rhodesian, Botswanan and South African vultures (Hooded, White-headed, Lappetfaced, Cape Griffon and Whitebacked Vultures) were examined for hematozoa. Haemoproteus janovyi sp. n. was observed in 35.2% of the vultures, Leucocytozoon toddi in 0.8%, Plasmodium fallax in 0.6%, Atoxoplasma sp. in 1.4% and microfilariae in 0.2%. Hematozoan prevalence increased with age of the vultures. Only 2 of 133 nestlings sampled during the dry season had patent parasitemias (L. toddi). Haemoproteid prevalence in immature vultures was depressed during the dry season, whereas it was stable throughout the year in adults. The only species which nests on cliffs (the Cape Griffon Vulture) did not harbor hematozoa whereas the other species which nest and roost in trees were infected with at least one hematozoan species.", "PMID": 109605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8852", "title": "Glycogen synthase of Hymenolepis diminuta. II. Nutritional state, interconversion of forms, and primer glycogen molecular weight as control factors.", "content": "Glycogen synthase I (UDP glucose: glycogen alpha-4-glycosyltransferase, EC2.4.1.11) of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is the form of the enzyme which is active in vivo, while the D-form represents an inactive \"storage form.\" Utilizing the differential effect of inorganic phosphate (Pi) on the I and D-forms, the ratio of the 2 forms in vivo has been determined under conditions of starvation of the host and refeeding of the parasite with glucose. This procedure reveals that conversion of the inactive D-form to the active I-form takes place when glycogen-depleted worms are incubated in glucose. The activity of glycogen synthase I also is affected by the molecular weight of the primer glycogen. With certain molecular weight fractions, enzymatic activity is higher than with others. This specificity of the glycogen primer could explain the relatively low concentrations of those molecular weight fractions which confer the highest synthase activity.", "contents": "Glycogen synthase of Hymenolepis diminuta. II. Nutritional state, interconversion of forms, and primer glycogen molecular weight as control factors. Glycogen synthase I (UDP glucose: glycogen alpha-4-glycosyltransferase, EC2.4.1.11) of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is the form of the enzyme which is active in vivo, while the D-form represents an inactive \"storage form.\" Utilizing the differential effect of inorganic phosphate (Pi) on the I and D-forms, the ratio of the 2 forms in vivo has been determined under conditions of starvation of the host and refeeding of the parasite with glucose. This procedure reveals that conversion of the inactive D-form to the active I-form takes place when glycogen-depleted worms are incubated in glucose. The activity of glycogen synthase I also is affected by the molecular weight of the primer glycogen. With certain molecular weight fractions, enzymatic activity is higher than with others. This specificity of the glycogen primer could explain the relatively low concentrations of those molecular weight fractions which confer the highest synthase activity.", "PMID": 109607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8853", "title": "Susceptibility of owl monkeys to Plasmodium falciparum infection in relation to location of origin, phenotype, and karyotype.", "content": "The relationship among geographic origin, phenotype, karyotype, and susceptibility of owl monkeys to 2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum was investigated. Owl monkeys from Columbia and Panama were both susceptible to fatal infections with the Asian FVO (Vietnam-Oak Knoll) strain of P. falciparum. However, when inoculated with the African FUP (Uganda-Palo Alto) strain, most Colombian owl monkeys developed fatal or potentially fatal (bled out with parasitemias of over 25%) infections, but Panamanian monkeys generally survived. Colombian and Panamanian monkeys that spontaneously recovered from malaria infection were phenotypically indistinguishable from those which died. Karyotype analysis revealed that animals considered in this study were either Karyotype II (54 chromosomes) or II (53 chromosomes). Karyotype differences between individual monkeys did not correlate with increased susceptibility or resistance to malaria. Thus, the country of origin of owl monkeys appears to play a more important role in host susceptibility to malaria infection than karyotype.", "contents": "Susceptibility of owl monkeys to Plasmodium falciparum infection in relation to location of origin, phenotype, and karyotype. The relationship among geographic origin, phenotype, karyotype, and susceptibility of owl monkeys to 2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum was investigated. Owl monkeys from Columbia and Panama were both susceptible to fatal infections with the Asian FVO (Vietnam-Oak Knoll) strain of P. falciparum. However, when inoculated with the African FUP (Uganda-Palo Alto) strain, most Colombian owl monkeys developed fatal or potentially fatal (bled out with parasitemias of over 25%) infections, but Panamanian monkeys generally survived. Colombian and Panamanian monkeys that spontaneously recovered from malaria infection were phenotypically indistinguishable from those which died. Karyotype analysis revealed that animals considered in this study were either Karyotype II (54 chromosomes) or II (53 chromosomes). Karyotype differences between individual monkeys did not correlate with increased susceptibility or resistance to malaria. Thus, the country of origin of owl monkeys appears to play a more important role in host susceptibility to malaria infection than karyotype.", "PMID": 109608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8854", "title": "Inhibition of rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis by 3-(tetrazol-5-yl)quinolines.", "content": "Quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (3) was found to have weak oral activity in the rat passive cutaneous (PCA) assay. In an effort to increase activity, the synthesis of structurally related compounds was initiated. This led to substituted 3-(tetrazol-5-yl)quinolines, some of which are equal in potency, when given orally, to doxantrazole. Further work resulted in the synthesis of 4-oxoquinolines, one of which, 8-chloro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-(tetrazol-5-yl)quinoline (132), is 33-fold more active than disodium cromoglycate (ip) and 32-fold more active than doxantrazole (po).", "contents": "Inhibition of rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis by 3-(tetrazol-5-yl)quinolines. Quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (3) was found to have weak oral activity in the rat passive cutaneous (PCA) assay. In an effort to increase activity, the synthesis of structurally related compounds was initiated. This led to substituted 3-(tetrazol-5-yl)quinolines, some of which are equal in potency, when given orally, to doxantrazole. Further work resulted in the synthesis of 4-oxoquinolines, one of which, 8-chloro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-(tetrazol-5-yl)quinoline (132), is 33-fold more active than disodium cromoglycate (ip) and 32-fold more active than doxantrazole (po).", "PMID": 109613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8855", "title": "Azaprostanoic acid derivatives. Inhibitors of arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation.", "content": "A series of 13-azaprostanoic acids (4a-h) and a 15-azaprostanoic acid (11a) have been prepared. Synthesis of the 15-aza derivative is based on a novel transformation of a ketone to an N-substituted ethylenamine using a formylmethylimino phosphate derivative. Several of the azaprostanoic acid derivatives were found to be potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, whereas no effect was observed on ADP-induced primary aggregation, indicating blockade of the platelet arachidonic acid cascade. The compounds do not inhibit bovine cyclooxygenase activity and are postulated as acting beyond the synthesis of the prostaglandin endoperoxides. The inhibitory effect of the 13-aza series is highly sensitive to both stereochemistry and length of the amino side chain. Any deviation from the natural prostaglandin skeletal arrangement results in decreased biological activity.", "contents": "Azaprostanoic acid derivatives. Inhibitors of arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation. A series of 13-azaprostanoic acids (4a-h) and a 15-azaprostanoic acid (11a) have been prepared. Synthesis of the 15-aza derivative is based on a novel transformation of a ketone to an N-substituted ethylenamine using a formylmethylimino phosphate derivative. Several of the azaprostanoic acid derivatives were found to be potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, whereas no effect was observed on ADP-induced primary aggregation, indicating blockade of the platelet arachidonic acid cascade. The compounds do not inhibit bovine cyclooxygenase activity and are postulated as acting beyond the synthesis of the prostaglandin endoperoxides. The inhibitory effect of the 13-aza series is highly sensitive to both stereochemistry and length of the amino side chain. Any deviation from the natural prostaglandin skeletal arrangement results in decreased biological activity.", "PMID": 109614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8856", "title": "Folate analogues altered in the C9-N10 bridge region: 11-thiohomofolic acid.", "content": "The synthesis of 11-thiohomofolic acid (2) has been accomplished by an unambiguous procedure. Reaction of 1-chloro-4-[p-(carbomethoxy)thiophenoxy]-2-butanone (10) with hydroxylamine under carefully controlled conditions gave the corresponding oxime 33. Conversion of this oxime to 1-phthalimido-4-[p-(carbomethoxy)thiophenoxy]-2-butanone oxime (4) was carried out by its reaction with potassium phthalimide using crown 18 ether as a catalyst. Hydrazinolysis of compound 4 gave 1-amino-4-[p-(carbomethoxy)thiophenoxy]-2-butanone oxime (5), which was used for the construction of the title compound 2 by modification of the Boon and Leigh procedure. An alternate synthesis utilizing 1-hydroxy-4-[p-(carbomethoxy)thiophenoxy]-2-butanone (11) and 4-hydroxy-2,5,6-triaminopyrimidine has also been carried out. Compound 2 did not exhibit any antifolate activity against Lactobacillus casei or Streptococcus faecium. The dithionite reduction product, 7,8-dihydro-11-thiohomofolic acid, was able to function as a substrate of L. casei dihydrofolate reductase. The catalytic reduction product of 2, consisting of a mixture of diastereomers, exhibited powerful antifolate activity against both these organisms.", "contents": "Folate analogues altered in the C9-N10 bridge region: 11-thiohomofolic acid. The synthesis of 11-thiohomofolic acid (2) has been accomplished by an unambiguous procedure. Reaction of 1-chloro-4-[p-(carbomethoxy)thiophenoxy]-2-butanone (10) with hydroxylamine under carefully controlled conditions gave the corresponding oxime 33. Conversion of this oxime to 1-phthalimido-4-[p-(carbomethoxy)thiophenoxy]-2-butanone oxime (4) was carried out by its reaction with potassium phthalimide using crown 18 ether as a catalyst. Hydrazinolysis of compound 4 gave 1-amino-4-[p-(carbomethoxy)thiophenoxy]-2-butanone oxime (5), which was used for the construction of the title compound 2 by modification of the Boon and Leigh procedure. An alternate synthesis utilizing 1-hydroxy-4-[p-(carbomethoxy)thiophenoxy]-2-butanone (11) and 4-hydroxy-2,5,6-triaminopyrimidine has also been carried out. Compound 2 did not exhibit any antifolate activity against Lactobacillus casei or Streptococcus faecium. The dithionite reduction product, 7,8-dihydro-11-thiohomofolic acid, was able to function as a substrate of L. casei dihydrofolate reductase. The catalytic reduction product of 2, consisting of a mixture of diastereomers, exhibited powerful antifolate activity against both these organisms.", "PMID": 109615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8857", "title": "Methotrexate analogues. 12. Synthesis and biological properties of some aza homologues.", "content": "Methotrexate analogues, in which an additional nitrogen atom is inserted between the phenyl ring and the carbonyl group of the side chain, were prepared by photochemical methods. The compounds were less inhibitory toward dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase derived from Lactobacillus casei than was methotrexate. They were also less cytotoxic against human lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM). In vivo against L-1210 leukemia in mice, the aza homologue of methotrexate showed significant antitumor activity (%ILS = 55%) compared to methotrexate (%ILS = 88%).", "contents": "Methotrexate analogues. 12. Synthesis and biological properties of some aza homologues. Methotrexate analogues, in which an additional nitrogen atom is inserted between the phenyl ring and the carbonyl group of the side chain, were prepared by photochemical methods. The compounds were less inhibitory toward dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase derived from Lactobacillus casei than was methotrexate. They were also less cytotoxic against human lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM). In vivo against L-1210 leukemia in mice, the aza homologue of methotrexate showed significant antitumor activity (%ILS = 55%) compared to methotrexate (%ILS = 88%).", "PMID": 109616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8858", "title": "Synthesis of aza homologues of folic acid.", "content": "Folic acid analogues containing an additional nitrogen atom between the phenyl ring and the carbonyl group of the side chain were synthesized. None of the compounds showed significant inhibitory activity against human lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) in culture or against Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 7469) growth. Against L1210 leukemia in mice, the aza homologue of folic acid, 4, and the aspartic acid analogue, 14, showed no increase in life span over control animals. These compounds were more toxic in vivo than the corresponding methotrexate analogues. Compound 4 supported the growth of Streptococcus faecium (ATCC 8043), and its tetrahydro derivative supported the growth of Pediococcus cerevisiae (ATCC 8081). These results strongly suggest that 4 can substitute for folate derivatives as cofactors for serine transhydroxymethylase, thymidylate synthetase, and dihydrofolate reductase.", "contents": "Synthesis of aza homologues of folic acid. Folic acid analogues containing an additional nitrogen atom between the phenyl ring and the carbonyl group of the side chain were synthesized. None of the compounds showed significant inhibitory activity against human lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) in culture or against Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 7469) growth. Against L1210 leukemia in mice, the aza homologue of folic acid, 4, and the aspartic acid analogue, 14, showed no increase in life span over control animals. These compounds were more toxic in vivo than the corresponding methotrexate analogues. Compound 4 supported the growth of Streptococcus faecium (ATCC 8043), and its tetrahydro derivative supported the growth of Pediococcus cerevisiae (ATCC 8081). These results strongly suggest that 4 can substitute for folate derivatives as cofactors for serine transhydroxymethylase, thymidylate synthetase, and dihydrofolate reductase.", "PMID": 109617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8859", "title": "N-(2-Cyanoethyl) derivatives of meperidine, ketobemidone, and a potent 6,7-benzomorphan.", "content": "The N-(2-cyanoethyl)-9alpha-ethyl-5-methyl-6,7-benzomorphan (1c) is a more potent antinociceptive and has stronger receptor binding affinity than its N-methyl analogue 1b. The N-(2-cyanoethyl)-4-phenylpiperidine compounds 2b and 3b were almost inactive compared to their N-methyl congeners 2a and 3a, respectively. It appears that the pharmacological effect of the N-(2-cyanoethyl) moiety is dependent on the opioid on which it is substituted.", "contents": "N-(2-Cyanoethyl) derivatives of meperidine, ketobemidone, and a potent 6,7-benzomorphan. The N-(2-cyanoethyl)-9alpha-ethyl-5-methyl-6,7-benzomorphan (1c) is a more potent antinociceptive and has stronger receptor binding affinity than its N-methyl analogue 1b. The N-(2-cyanoethyl)-4-phenylpiperidine compounds 2b and 3b were almost inactive compared to their N-methyl congeners 2a and 3a, respectively. It appears that the pharmacological effect of the N-(2-cyanoethyl) moiety is dependent on the opioid on which it is substituted.", "PMID": 109618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8860", "title": "A computer program for parenteral nutrition solution preparation.", "content": "The preparation of single-bottle parenteral nutrition solutions for neonates has long posed a problem for pharmacists. Frequent formulation changes and the need for rapid supply of solutions after prescription has led to a variety of preparation techniques being developed. An interactive computer program is described which enables a nonspecialist pharmacist staff to safely and quickly produce the formula, label and fully document it from a prescription for parenteral nutrition. Ordered quantities are expressed in amounts required per kilogram per 24 hours, and are input to a computer using a \"prompt\" system. Features of the program include automatic compensations for all non-amino acid ingredients of a variety of commercial amino acid solutions; specified or unspecified chloride anion input; and logic checks which are tied to physiologie \"danger\" levels, signaling to the operator when \"greater than a critical level\" has been requested by the prescriber, as well as the conventional check of the logic. The program has allowed infinite variability to prescribing of all ingredients of parenteral nutrition, extremely rapid and accurate production of formulate and allows the computer storage of data about nutritional input to patients. The program is extremely simple in operation, and gives significant cuts in lag time between prescription and the commencement of the new formula.", "contents": "A computer program for parenteral nutrition solution preparation. The preparation of single-bottle parenteral nutrition solutions for neonates has long posed a problem for pharmacists. Frequent formulation changes and the need for rapid supply of solutions after prescription has led to a variety of preparation techniques being developed. An interactive computer program is described which enables a nonspecialist pharmacist staff to safely and quickly produce the formula, label and fully document it from a prescription for parenteral nutrition. Ordered quantities are expressed in amounts required per kilogram per 24 hours, and are input to a computer using a \"prompt\" system. Features of the program include automatic compensations for all non-amino acid ingredients of a variety of commercial amino acid solutions; specified or unspecified chloride anion input; and logic checks which are tied to physiologie \"danger\" levels, signaling to the operator when \"greater than a critical level\" has been requested by the prescriber, as well as the conventional check of the logic. The program has allowed infinite variability to prescribing of all ingredients of parenteral nutrition, extremely rapid and accurate production of formulate and allows the computer storage of data about nutritional input to patients. The program is extremely simple in operation, and gives significant cuts in lag time between prescription and the commencement of the new formula.", "PMID": 109629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8861", "title": "Distal decompression and proximal feeding for nutritional support during bowel obstruction.", "content": "The treatment for acute mechanical intestinal obstruction is a timely operation. A select group of patients may, however, be nutritionally supported with continual administration of elemental diet proximal to long tube decompression under two sets of circumstances: 1. while awaiting spontaneous or treatment-induced resolution of the underlying process, and 2. while reversing catabolism during evaluation prior to operation. Eleven patients with chronic intermittent bowel obstruction were studied: six with obstruction involving radiated small bowel, three with an acute exacerbation of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, one with obstruction secondary to an intra-abdominal phlegmon and one with a segmental motility problem. They received nutritional support with continual gastrointestinal administration of elemental diet proximal to long tube decompression after initial observation for signs or symptoms of altered intestinal viability and stabilization of fluid and electrolyte status. Six of the 11 patients eventually required operation. All patients maintained body weight and three gained weight. Mean nutritional input was 1,873 calories and 12.6 gm nitrogen/day. There were no complications related to the technique of proximal feeding and distal decompression because of careful patient selection and appropriate administration of elemental diet under carefully controlled guidelines.", "contents": "Distal decompression and proximal feeding for nutritional support during bowel obstruction. The treatment for acute mechanical intestinal obstruction is a timely operation. A select group of patients may, however, be nutritionally supported with continual administration of elemental diet proximal to long tube decompression under two sets of circumstances: 1. while awaiting spontaneous or treatment-induced resolution of the underlying process, and 2. while reversing catabolism during evaluation prior to operation. Eleven patients with chronic intermittent bowel obstruction were studied: six with obstruction involving radiated small bowel, three with an acute exacerbation of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, one with obstruction secondary to an intra-abdominal phlegmon and one with a segmental motility problem. They received nutritional support with continual gastrointestinal administration of elemental diet proximal to long tube decompression after initial observation for signs or symptoms of altered intestinal viability and stabilization of fluid and electrolyte status. Six of the 11 patients eventually required operation. All patients maintained body weight and three gained weight. Mean nutritional input was 1,873 calories and 12.6 gm nitrogen/day. There were no complications related to the technique of proximal feeding and distal decompression because of careful patient selection and appropriate administration of elemental diet under carefully controlled guidelines.", "PMID": 109631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8862", "title": "Human granulocyte and reticuloendothelial system function during intralipid infusion.", "content": "In six patients, the phagocytic and catabolic functions of the RES (reticuloendothelial system), as measured by using 125I-microaggregated human serum albumin as a test substance, were not affected by Intralipid infusion. The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of granulocytes, the NBT reduction and the bacplasma, was significantly lower in eight patients during Intralipid infusion than before this treatment. When heat-killed E. coli were added for phagocytic stimulation in vitro, the same result was obtained only in the absence of plasma. The bactericidal capacity of granulocytes was significantly decreased in six patients during Intralipid infusion. When Intralipid was added in vitro to granulocytes, the NBT reduction, and the bactericidal capacity of these cells were decreased and the effect was mainly dose-dependent. Electron micrographs show that granulocytes phagocytize Intralipid. The loading of granulocytes with lipid particles may block the engulfment of bacteria and may be a reason for the decreased bactericidal capacity of these cells. An influence exerted by the lipid on the cell membrane is the most conceivable reason for the decreased NBT reduction.", "contents": "Human granulocyte and reticuloendothelial system function during intralipid infusion. In six patients, the phagocytic and catabolic functions of the RES (reticuloendothelial system), as measured by using 125I-microaggregated human serum albumin as a test substance, were not affected by Intralipid infusion. The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of granulocytes, the NBT reduction and the bacplasma, was significantly lower in eight patients during Intralipid infusion than before this treatment. When heat-killed E. coli were added for phagocytic stimulation in vitro, the same result was obtained only in the absence of plasma. The bactericidal capacity of granulocytes was significantly decreased in six patients during Intralipid infusion. When Intralipid was added in vitro to granulocytes, the NBT reduction, and the bactericidal capacity of these cells were decreased and the effect was mainly dose-dependent. Electron micrographs show that granulocytes phagocytize Intralipid. The loading of granulocytes with lipid particles may block the engulfment of bacteria and may be a reason for the decreased bactericidal capacity of these cells. An influence exerted by the lipid on the cell membrane is the most conceivable reason for the decreased NBT reduction.", "PMID": 109632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8863", "title": "Specialized nutritional support and cancer.", "content": "Over a 7 1/2-year period, 94 cancer patients presenting considerable operative risk were managed by total parenteral nutrition (TPN). All were nutritionally depleted, had obstruction to the gastrointestinal tract or had postoperative complications such as enterocutaneous fistulas, evisceration or intra-abdominal sepsis, which left TPN as the only means of achieving anabolism. When TPN was started preoperatively and continued post-operatively (28 patients--Group 1), no deaths or significant complications occurred. When TPN was first started after life-threatening complications had occurred (58 patients--Group 2), the mortality was 17.2%, so that a high incidence of recovery was achieved. When TPN was used in inoperable cachectic patients (8 patients--Group 3) to enable them to tolerate radiotherapy or chemotherapy, the mortality was 37.5%. This latter group is small, but TPN is worthwhile in selected patients where significant palliation and improvement in the quality of life can occur. With careful technique, risk of sepsis with TPN was no greater than in noncancer patients.", "contents": "Specialized nutritional support and cancer. Over a 7 1/2-year period, 94 cancer patients presenting considerable operative risk were managed by total parenteral nutrition (TPN). All were nutritionally depleted, had obstruction to the gastrointestinal tract or had postoperative complications such as enterocutaneous fistulas, evisceration or intra-abdominal sepsis, which left TPN as the only means of achieving anabolism. When TPN was started preoperatively and continued post-operatively (28 patients--Group 1), no deaths or significant complications occurred. When TPN was first started after life-threatening complications had occurred (58 patients--Group 2), the mortality was 17.2%, so that a high incidence of recovery was achieved. When TPN was used in inoperable cachectic patients (8 patients--Group 3) to enable them to tolerate radiotherapy or chemotherapy, the mortality was 37.5%. This latter group is small, but TPN is worthwhile in selected patients where significant palliation and improvement in the quality of life can occur. With careful technique, risk of sepsis with TPN was no greater than in noncancer patients.", "PMID": 109633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8864", "title": "Elemental diet as an adjuvant for patients with locally advanced gastrointestinal cancer receiving radiation therapy: a prospectively randomized study.", "content": "Thirty patients with locally advanced, nonresectable, nonmetastatic cancer in the peripancreatic region, stomach and colorectum-anus, to be treated with radiation therapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy, were randomized to receive standard diet and either usual between-meal feedings or 300 calories tid of a high nitrogen elemental diet. Although weight loss associated with radiation therapy was not significantly reduced in those receiving the nutritional supplement, delayed hypersensitivity skin test responses tended to improve in patients receiving the elemental dietary supplement and to deteriorate in controls. Planned radiation therapy was completed in all nutritionally supported patients. One control patient expired shortly after treatment was halted abruptly, and three other control patients required rescue by total parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Elemental diet as an adjuvant for patients with locally advanced gastrointestinal cancer receiving radiation therapy: a prospectively randomized study. Thirty patients with locally advanced, nonresectable, nonmetastatic cancer in the peripancreatic region, stomach and colorectum-anus, to be treated with radiation therapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy, were randomized to receive standard diet and either usual between-meal feedings or 300 calories tid of a high nitrogen elemental diet. Although weight loss associated with radiation therapy was not significantly reduced in those receiving the nutritional supplement, delayed hypersensitivity skin test responses tended to improve in patients receiving the elemental dietary supplement and to deteriorate in controls. Planned radiation therapy was completed in all nutritionally supported patients. One control patient expired shortly after treatment was halted abruptly, and three other control patients required rescue by total parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 109635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8865", "title": "Intravenous feeding of a complete diet in a child: report of a case.", "content": "A 5-month-old white infant with Hirschsprung's disease, complicated by a digestive upset and upper respiratory infection, developed a most extreme picture of marasmus which gave every indication of an impending fatal termination. The baby was given a complete intravenous feeding for five days with fats, carbohydrate, and amino acids in proportions and quantities recommended in a normal infant's diet. There was a prompt dramatic improvement in the nutrition, permitting eventual successful treatment of the Hirschsprung's disease with prostigmine. We believe that this is the first case on record of complete feeding by vein alone for a significant period of time. The success in this child suggests strongly that total feedings by vein can be a practical and lifesaving procedure, especially applicable to children who are marasmic, or are for any reason unable to handle an adequate diet by mouth, or in whom it is desirable to withhold oral feedings for therapeutic purposes.", "contents": "Intravenous feeding of a complete diet in a child: report of a case. A 5-month-old white infant with Hirschsprung's disease, complicated by a digestive upset and upper respiratory infection, developed a most extreme picture of marasmus which gave every indication of an impending fatal termination. The baby was given a complete intravenous feeding for five days with fats, carbohydrate, and amino acids in proportions and quantities recommended in a normal infant's diet. There was a prompt dramatic improvement in the nutrition, permitting eventual successful treatment of the Hirschsprung's disease with prostigmine. We believe that this is the first case on record of complete feeding by vein alone for a significant period of time. The success in this child suggests strongly that total feedings by vein can be a practical and lifesaving procedure, especially applicable to children who are marasmic, or are for any reason unable to handle an adequate diet by mouth, or in whom it is desirable to withhold oral feedings for therapeutic purposes.", "PMID": 109636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8866", "title": "A review of hypersomolar hyperglycemic nonketotic dehydration (HHND): etiology, pathophysiology and prevention during intravenous hyperalimentation.", "content": "The records of 200 patients, nutritionally supported by synthetic means, were reviewed for evidence of clinical hyperosmolar  hyperglycemic nonketotic dehydration (HHND). There was a 3% incidence of morbidity, with a single mortality. Laboratory values demonstrated a positive correlation between persistent glucosuria and HHND. The pathophysiology of HHND demonstrated a relative insulin lack with sufficient insulin to prevent lipolysis, but insufficient to prevent hyperglycemia, glucosuria and osmotic diuresis. The mechanism and management of the pseudodiabetes of stress is reviewed. It is concluded that HHND is an avoidable iatrogenic morbidity. Prevention of osmotic diuresis secondary to glucosuria and, therefore, prevention of HHND is achieved by providing exogenous insulin sufficient to prevent glucosuria.", "contents": "A review of hypersomolar hyperglycemic nonketotic dehydration (HHND): etiology, pathophysiology and prevention during intravenous hyperalimentation. The records of 200 patients, nutritionally supported by synthetic means, were reviewed for evidence of clinical hyperosmolar  hyperglycemic nonketotic dehydration (HHND). There was a 3% incidence of morbidity, with a single mortality. Laboratory values demonstrated a positive correlation between persistent glucosuria and HHND. The pathophysiology of HHND demonstrated a relative insulin lack with sufficient insulin to prevent lipolysis, but insufficient to prevent hyperglycemia, glucosuria and osmotic diuresis. The mechanism and management of the pseudodiabetes of stress is reviewed. It is concluded that HHND is an avoidable iatrogenic morbidity. Prevention of osmotic diuresis secondary to glucosuria and, therefore, prevention of HHND is achieved by providing exogenous insulin sufficient to prevent glucosuria.", "PMID": 109637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8867", "title": "Measurement of urinary kallikrein acitvity by kinin radioimmunoassay.", "content": "We have established a simplified assay system for the measurement of urinary kallikrein activity by utilizing the sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay system of kinins previously reported from our laboratory. Kinins were generated by incubating urine samples (50 microliter) with kininogen (1500 ng) in the presence of kininase inhibitors, and the generated kinins were measured by radioimmunoassay. Since the cross reactivity of kininogen in the kinin radioimmunoassay system was not recognized at dose up to 1.0 microgram, the amount of untreated kininogen in the radioimmunoassay samples did not interfere with the measurement of kinins. This eliminated the necessity for a kininogen extraction procedure. A good linear correlation (r = 0.939, p less than 0.001) was observed between the urinary kallikrein activity determined by this assay system (kininogenase activity) and that by esterolytic acitvity. Urinary kallikrein activity was 3.3 +/- 0.9 microgram/min/24 hour urine (mean +/- SEM), 1.4 +/- 0.4 microgram/min/24 hour urine and 0.25 +/- 0.06 microgram/min/24 hour urine in 6 normal subjects, 7 patients with non-complicated essential hypertension and 4 patients with chronic renal failure, respectively. Thus, urinary kallikrein activity was significantly lower in the patients with essential hypertension (p less than 0.05) and the patients with chronic renal failure (p less than 0.01) than in the normal subjects.", "contents": "Measurement of urinary kallikrein acitvity by kinin radioimmunoassay. We have established a simplified assay system for the measurement of urinary kallikrein activity by utilizing the sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay system of kinins previously reported from our laboratory. Kinins were generated by incubating urine samples (50 microliter) with kininogen (1500 ng) in the presence of kininase inhibitors, and the generated kinins were measured by radioimmunoassay. Since the cross reactivity of kininogen in the kinin radioimmunoassay system was not recognized at dose up to 1.0 microgram, the amount of untreated kininogen in the radioimmunoassay samples did not interfere with the measurement of kinins. This eliminated the necessity for a kininogen extraction procedure. A good linear correlation (r = 0.939, p less than 0.001) was observed between the urinary kallikrein activity determined by this assay system (kininogenase activity) and that by esterolytic acitvity. Urinary kallikrein activity was 3.3 +/- 0.9 microgram/min/24 hour urine (mean +/- SEM), 1.4 +/- 0.4 microgram/min/24 hour urine and 0.25 +/- 0.06 microgram/min/24 hour urine in 6 normal subjects, 7 patients with non-complicated essential hypertension and 4 patients with chronic renal failure, respectively. Thus, urinary kallikrein activity was significantly lower in the patients with essential hypertension (p less than 0.05) and the patients with chronic renal failure (p less than 0.01) than in the normal subjects.", "PMID": 109645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8868", "title": "The effect of intravenous hyperalimentation on cell mediated immunity.", "content": "The effect of intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) on cell mediated immunity was examined in 22 patients. Each patient received PHA and PPD skin tests before and after the performance of IVH. In this study both PHA and PPD skin reactivity showed significant increase after IVH, and serum albumin levels had positive correlation with the PPD skin reaction changes. Absence of the established delayed hypersensitivity in the surgical patient, especially those with malignant diseases, is probably secondary to generalized malnutrition, and established cell mediated immunity can be restored by proper nutritional repletion.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous hyperalimentation on cell mediated immunity. The effect of intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) on cell mediated immunity was examined in 22 patients. Each patient received PHA and PPD skin tests before and after the performance of IVH. In this study both PHA and PPD skin reactivity showed significant increase after IVH, and serum albumin levels had positive correlation with the PPD skin reaction changes. Absence of the established delayed hypersensitivity in the surgical patient, especially those with malignant diseases, is probably secondary to generalized malnutrition, and established cell mediated immunity can be restored by proper nutritional repletion.", "PMID": 109691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8869", "title": "Phenol poisoning.", "content": "A case report of survival after severe ingestion of phenol is described. The patient developed coma, respiratory arrest 30 minutes postingestion, hypotension, ventricular arrhythmias, metabolic acidosis, seizures, selective elevation of uric acid and gastrointestinal disturbances. Treatment consisted of gastric lavage, olive oil, activated charcoal and supportive therapy. The exact amount of ingested substance was known, and ventricular arrhythmias specifically related to phenol, not its derivatives, could be described.", "contents": "Phenol poisoning. A case report of survival after severe ingestion of phenol is described. The patient developed coma, respiratory arrest 30 minutes postingestion, hypotension, ventricular arrhythmias, metabolic acidosis, seizures, selective elevation of uric acid and gastrointestinal disturbances. Treatment consisted of gastric lavage, olive oil, activated charcoal and supportive therapy. The exact amount of ingested substance was known, and ventricular arrhythmias specifically related to phenol, not its derivatives, could be described.", "PMID": 109693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8870", "title": "Effects of low-level X-radiation on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced lingual tumors in Syrian golden hamsters.", "content": "The effects of repeated low-dose-rate, high-dose-rate X-radiation of the head and neck on lingual tumor induction by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in Syrian golden hamsters were studied. Animals received either topical application as 0.5% DMBA in acetone on the lateral middle third of the tongue three times a week for 15 consecutive weeks, 20-R X-radiation exposures of the head and neck once a week for 15 consecutive weeks, or concurrent radiation and DMBA treatments for 15 consecutive weeks. Animals were examined visually at regular intervals, and all were killed 35 weeks after the start of treatments. All tissues were than examined histopathologically. Animals receiving radiation alone had no detectable changes. Animals receiving DMBA plus radiation had an excess of papillomas compared to animals receiving only DMBA (35% vs. 15%). In addition, an excess of nonlingual oral tumors (lip, gingiva, and floor of mouth) was found in DMBA-treated plus radiation-treated animals versus DMBA-treated animals. These results suggest that repeated, localized, low-level X-radiation exposures enhance chemical tumorigenesis in a variety of oral tissues of Syrian golden hamsters.", "contents": "Effects of low-level X-radiation on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced lingual tumors in Syrian golden hamsters. The effects of repeated low-dose-rate, high-dose-rate X-radiation of the head and neck on lingual tumor induction by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in Syrian golden hamsters were studied. Animals received either topical application as 0.5% DMBA in acetone on the lateral middle third of the tongue three times a week for 15 consecutive weeks, 20-R X-radiation exposures of the head and neck once a week for 15 consecutive weeks, or concurrent radiation and DMBA treatments for 15 consecutive weeks. Animals were examined visually at regular intervals, and all were killed 35 weeks after the start of treatments. All tissues were than examined histopathologically. Animals receiving radiation alone had no detectable changes. Animals receiving DMBA plus radiation had an excess of papillomas compared to animals receiving only DMBA (35% vs. 15%). In addition, an excess of nonlingual oral tumors (lip, gingiva, and floor of mouth) was found in DMBA-treated plus radiation-treated animals versus DMBA-treated animals. These results suggest that repeated, localized, low-level X-radiation exposures enhance chemical tumorigenesis in a variety of oral tissues of Syrian golden hamsters.", "PMID": 109694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8871", "title": "Aspects of the control of feeding: application of quantitation in psychobiology.", "content": "In rhesus monkeys equipped with indwelling gastric cannulae and studied in the unanesthetized state, it is possible to demonstrate that their feeding is a precisely regulated behavior functioning to maintain caloric intake quite constant. The infusion of nutrients into the stomach through the cannula results in a reduction in their feeding by an amount that is equivalent to the caloric value of the infusion. A similar precise recovery from caloric deficits by overeating can also be demonstrated. One means of controlling intake of food may derive from a remarkable change in gastric function that occurs with feeding. If the stomach is filled with non-nutrient saline it functions like a physiological \"pump\" expelling its contents into the small bowel in an exponential fashion--more rapidly with increasing volume. If the stomach is filled with nutrients then it functions like a precise \"valve,\" delivering its contents at a constant and linear rate of 0.4 kcal/min to the duodenum regardless (within limits) of the volume, concentration or character (carbohydrate, fat, protein) of the nutrient meal. This change in gastric activity is provoked by the calories that are passed into the duodenum and sustained for a period depending on the amount of calories in the duodenum. The relation of these physiological events to the control of feeding is discussed.", "contents": "Aspects of the control of feeding: application of quantitation in psychobiology. In rhesus monkeys equipped with indwelling gastric cannulae and studied in the unanesthetized state, it is possible to demonstrate that their feeding is a precisely regulated behavior functioning to maintain caloric intake quite constant. The infusion of nutrients into the stomach through the cannula results in a reduction in their feeding by an amount that is equivalent to the caloric value of the infusion. A similar precise recovery from caloric deficits by overeating can also be demonstrated. One means of controlling intake of food may derive from a remarkable change in gastric function that occurs with feeding. If the stomach is filled with non-nutrient saline it functions like a physiological \"pump\" expelling its contents into the small bowel in an exponential fashion--more rapidly with increasing volume. If the stomach is filled with nutrients then it functions like a precise \"valve,\" delivering its contents at a constant and linear rate of 0.4 kcal/min to the duodenum regardless (within limits) of the volume, concentration or character (carbohydrate, fat, protein) of the nutrient meal. This change in gastric activity is provoked by the calories that are passed into the duodenum and sustained for a period depending on the amount of calories in the duodenum. The relation of these physiological events to the control of feeding is discussed.", "PMID": 109695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8872", "title": "[Prostaglandins in cardiovascular and renal function. Biochemical, physiological and clinical findings (author's transl)].", "content": "Prostaglandins (PG) are highly unsaturated, cyclic fatty acids with 20 carbon atoms which are biosynthesized from dihomo-gamma-linolenic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. These fatty acids are either ingested or are biosynthesized from linoleic and linolenic acids, respectively. The PG-precursor fatty acids are liberated from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A and are converted to prostaglandins by the multienzyme complex PG-synthetase. The activity of the PG-system is influenced by extracellular hormonal, neural and mechanical stimuli and by intracellular factors such as ion-concentration and activity of the enzymes adenyl- and guanylcyclase. Prostaglandins are tissue hormones or autacoids which act on their receptors near their site of synthesis and degradation. The prostaglandin family constitutes a group of more than 10 natural occurring compounds showing a variety of biological actions. In arteries and veins the different PG:s have vasodilating as well as vasoconstricting effects. In addition, they are involved in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle proliferation. Within the kidney PG:s have vascular and tubular actions. They antagonize the effect of ADH, mediate renin secretion and are involved in the control of electrolyte balance. In the regulation of platelet aggregation and platelet adhesion PG:s have opposite functions: Prostacyclin which is synthesized in the vascular wall antagonizes the aggregating action of Thromboxane A2 which is formed in the platelets. A defect or an imbalance in the production of PG:s in the vascular wall, in platelets or in the kidney is assumed to play a pathogenetic role in a variety of cardiovascular and renal diseases such as in hypertension, atherosclerosis, persistent ductus arteriosus and Bartter's syndrome.", "contents": "[Prostaglandins in cardiovascular and renal function. Biochemical, physiological and clinical findings (author's transl)]. Prostaglandins (PG) are highly unsaturated, cyclic fatty acids with 20 carbon atoms which are biosynthesized from dihomo-gamma-linolenic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. These fatty acids are either ingested or are biosynthesized from linoleic and linolenic acids, respectively. The PG-precursor fatty acids are liberated from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A and are converted to prostaglandins by the multienzyme complex PG-synthetase. The activity of the PG-system is influenced by extracellular hormonal, neural and mechanical stimuli and by intracellular factors such as ion-concentration and activity of the enzymes adenyl- and guanylcyclase. Prostaglandins are tissue hormones or autacoids which act on their receptors near their site of synthesis and degradation. The prostaglandin family constitutes a group of more than 10 natural occurring compounds showing a variety of biological actions. In arteries and veins the different PG:s have vasodilating as well as vasoconstricting effects. In addition, they are involved in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle proliferation. Within the kidney PG:s have vascular and tubular actions. They antagonize the effect of ADH, mediate renin secretion and are involved in the control of electrolyte balance. In the regulation of platelet aggregation and platelet adhesion PG:s have opposite functions: Prostacyclin which is synthesized in the vascular wall antagonizes the aggregating action of Thromboxane A2 which is formed in the platelets. A defect or an imbalance in the production of PG:s in the vascular wall, in platelets or in the kidney is assumed to play a pathogenetic role in a variety of cardiovascular and renal diseases such as in hypertension, atherosclerosis, persistent ductus arteriosus and Bartter's syndrome.", "PMID": 109697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8873", "title": "Drinking of ethanol by adult and infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Levels of voluntary consumption of ethanol were obtained which were sufficient for use in developing a nonhuman primate model of heavy drinking.", "contents": "Drinking of ethanol by adult and infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Levels of voluntary consumption of ethanol were obtained which were sufficient for use in developing a nonhuman primate model of heavy drinking.", "PMID": 109702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8874", "title": "Combined chemoimmunotherapy and radiation therapy of inflammatory breast carcinoma.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with a diagnosis of primary inflammatory breast carcinoma were treated with combination chemoimmunotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), and cyclophosphamide (FAC) plus BCG followed by radiation therapy. This group of patients was compared to a group of 32 consecutive historical controls treated with radiation therapy alone. The estimated mean disease-free interval for the FAC-BCG group was 16 months, compared to 9 months for the radiation therapy alone group (P less than 0.01). The estimated median survival for the FAC-BCG treated group was 24 months, compared to 18 months for the radiation therapy alone group (P = less than 0.03). The combined modality approach consisting of chemoimmunotherapy and radiation therapy significantly improved the disease-free interval and survival of patients with inflammatory breast carcinoma.", "contents": "Combined chemoimmunotherapy and radiation therapy of inflammatory breast carcinoma. Thirty-two patients with a diagnosis of primary inflammatory breast carcinoma were treated with combination chemoimmunotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), and cyclophosphamide (FAC) plus BCG followed by radiation therapy. This group of patients was compared to a group of 32 consecutive historical controls treated with radiation therapy alone. The estimated mean disease-free interval for the FAC-BCG group was 16 months, compared to 9 months for the radiation therapy alone group (P less than 0.01). The estimated median survival for the FAC-BCG treated group was 24 months, compared to 18 months for the radiation therapy alone group (P = less than 0.03). The combined modality approach consisting of chemoimmunotherapy and radiation therapy significantly improved the disease-free interval and survival of patients with inflammatory breast carcinoma.", "PMID": 109703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8875", "title": "Comparison of intramural 5-fluorouracil and more conventional routes of drug administration on concentrations in gastric regional lymph nodes: a potential for trans-endoscopic adjuvant chemotherapy.", "content": "Intramural injection of 20 muCi (2-14C) 5-fluorouacil (5-FU) into the gastric submucosa of dogs and baboons was employed to evaluate the kinetics of 5-FU distribution following this route of administration and to compare these results with those following intraluminal, intravenous, and local intraarterial injections. Measurements of radioactivity taken over a six-hour period after injections demonstrated that the greatest concentration of isotope in samples of gastric wall and perigastric lymph nodes was found after administration of the drug directly into the stomach wall. Clinical application of intramural injections of 5-FU into the stomach wall under direct gastroscopic visual control, may be worthy of trial in patients with gastric cancer.", "contents": "Comparison of intramural 5-fluorouracil and more conventional routes of drug administration on concentrations in gastric regional lymph nodes: a potential for trans-endoscopic adjuvant chemotherapy. Intramural injection of 20 muCi (2-14C) 5-fluorouacil (5-FU) into the gastric submucosa of dogs and baboons was employed to evaluate the kinetics of 5-FU distribution following this route of administration and to compare these results with those following intraluminal, intravenous, and local intraarterial injections. Measurements of radioactivity taken over a six-hour period after injections demonstrated that the greatest concentration of isotope in samples of gastric wall and perigastric lymph nodes was found after administration of the drug directly into the stomach wall. Clinical application of intramural injections of 5-FU into the stomach wall under direct gastroscopic visual control, may be worthy of trial in patients with gastric cancer.", "PMID": 109704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8876", "title": "Lymphocytes subpopulation in normal family members of patients with alpha-chain disease.", "content": "Normal family members of eight diagnosed patients suffering from alpha-chain disease had been investigated by immunoelectrophoresis for abnormal alpha-chain protein in their serum. The pattern was demonstrated in four families only, of different members, but all are of the first-degree relationship. The aim of the study was to determine any possible hereditary defect of the immune system in such patients, as compared to the immune system of the normal members of the family who had abnormal protein in their serum. It was found that in both patients and normal members, the proportion of circulating B-lymphocytes was much higher than normal, whereas that of T-lymphocytes was lower than normal. Neither could be sensitized to DNCB, and their skin tests to tuberculin were negative. From all these findings, it was concluded that the disease was a B-cell disease of IgA type transmitted by a hereditary factor associated with a low level of cellular immunity. Further studies are required to support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Lymphocytes subpopulation in normal family members of patients with alpha-chain disease. Normal family members of eight diagnosed patients suffering from alpha-chain disease had been investigated by immunoelectrophoresis for abnormal alpha-chain protein in their serum. The pattern was demonstrated in four families only, of different members, but all are of the first-degree relationship. The aim of the study was to determine any possible hereditary defect of the immune system in such patients, as compared to the immune system of the normal members of the family who had abnormal protein in their serum. It was found that in both patients and normal members, the proportion of circulating B-lymphocytes was much higher than normal, whereas that of T-lymphocytes was lower than normal. Neither could be sensitized to DNCB, and their skin tests to tuberculin were negative. From all these findings, it was concluded that the disease was a B-cell disease of IgA type transmitted by a hereditary factor associated with a low level of cellular immunity. Further studies are required to support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 109705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8877", "title": "Transfer RNA in aging Drosophila: I. Extent of aminoacylation.", "content": "Transfer RNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been isolated from 5 day and 35 day old Drosophila melanogaster males. Transfer RNA isolated from old males cannot be aminoacylated to the same extent as tRNA from young flies. The average reduction is 16% and 53% for tRNALeu. The aminoacylation ability of some aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases isolated from 35 day old flies is reduced by more than 50%.", "contents": "Transfer RNA in aging Drosophila: I. Extent of aminoacylation. Transfer RNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been isolated from 5 day and 35 day old Drosophila melanogaster males. Transfer RNA isolated from old males cannot be aminoacylated to the same extent as tRNA from young flies. The average reduction is 16% and 53% for tRNALeu. The aminoacylation ability of some aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases isolated from 35 day old flies is reduced by more than 50%.", "PMID": 109706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8878", "title": "Transfer RNA in aging Drosophila: II. Isoacceptor patterns.", "content": "Transfer RNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been isolated from 5 and 35 day old Drosophila melanogaster males. The isoacceptor pattern of the following tRNAs is not changed irrespective of the source of the tRNA and amino-acylating enzymes: tRNAAla, tRNALeu, tRNAMet, and tRNASer. However, the Q base containing tRNAAsp, tRNAAsN, tRNAHis, and tRNATyr show dramatic changes in their isoacceptor patterns during the aging process. This probably reflects a change in the activity of a tRNA modifying enzyme. These findings are discussed in relation to Strehler's theory of aging and development.", "contents": "Transfer RNA in aging Drosophila: II. Isoacceptor patterns. Transfer RNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been isolated from 5 and 35 day old Drosophila melanogaster males. The isoacceptor pattern of the following tRNAs is not changed irrespective of the source of the tRNA and amino-acylating enzymes: tRNAAla, tRNALeu, tRNAMet, and tRNASer. However, the Q base containing tRNAAsp, tRNAAsN, tRNAHis, and tRNATyr show dramatic changes in their isoacceptor patterns during the aging process. This probably reflects a change in the activity of a tRNA modifying enzyme. These findings are discussed in relation to Strehler's theory of aging and development.", "PMID": 109707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8879", "title": "The biology of Encephalitozoon cuniculi.", "content": "Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a widespread and often sub-clinical microsporidian parasite of homeothermic animals, including man. The biology, pathology and taxonomy of the organism is reviewed and the available diagnostic methods discussed. Transmission is almost invariably via the oral route either by ingestion of contaminated tissues and other foods or by ingestion of infected urine, perhaps on food, or when animals lick the coats of others. Transplacental transmission does not seem common but can probably occur when susceptible animals are infected during pregnancy. It has been demonstrated once in mice and once in rabbits. The possibility of arthropod vector transmission awaits thorough investigation but this is unlikely to be as important as the oral route. No drugs have yet been found to be effective against E. cuniculi but control of the spread of encephalitozoonosis in laboratory animals, at least, can probably be achieved by maintaining laboratory hygiene.", "contents": "The biology of Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a widespread and often sub-clinical microsporidian parasite of homeothermic animals, including man. The biology, pathology and taxonomy of the organism is reviewed and the available diagnostic methods discussed. Transmission is almost invariably via the oral route either by ingestion of contaminated tissues and other foods or by ingestion of infected urine, perhaps on food, or when animals lick the coats of others. Transplacental transmission does not seem common but can probably occur when susceptible animals are infected during pregnancy. It has been demonstrated once in mice and once in rabbits. The possibility of arthropod vector transmission awaits thorough investigation but this is unlikely to be as important as the oral route. No drugs have yet been found to be effective against E. cuniculi but control of the spread of encephalitozoonosis in laboratory animals, at least, can probably be achieved by maintaining laboratory hygiene.", "PMID": 109708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8880", "title": "Air caloric testing in otitis media. (preliminary studies).", "content": "On certain occasions it becomes important to evaluate vestibular function in a patient with otitis media. The potential application of the air caloric test in evaluating such patients was examined. Patients with unilateral otitis media before and after surgery were studied to answer certain clinical questions. More questions were raised than answers provided. The preliminary conclusions from this study are: 1. Patients with tympanostomy tubes or small perforation of one ear may show a caloric response in the perforated ear equal to that of the intact ear. 2. Patients with a large tympanic membrane perforation on one side may show hyperactive caloric responses on the perforated side. 3. Patients with a moist ear may show inverted horizontal nystagmus to warm air caloric testing. This applies to patients with a large perforation or mastoidectomy cavity. 4. Patients with a dry open mastoid or fenestration cavity are likely to show a hyperactive caloric response on the side of previous surgery, accompanied by vegetative symptoms. This size of the cavity appears to be less important than the presence of the cavity per se. 5. Patients may be safely tested in the early postoperative period.", "contents": "Air caloric testing in otitis media. (preliminary studies). On certain occasions it becomes important to evaluate vestibular function in a patient with otitis media. The potential application of the air caloric test in evaluating such patients was examined. Patients with unilateral otitis media before and after surgery were studied to answer certain clinical questions. More questions were raised than answers provided. The preliminary conclusions from this study are: 1. Patients with tympanostomy tubes or small perforation of one ear may show a caloric response in the perforated ear equal to that of the intact ear. 2. Patients with a large tympanic membrane perforation on one side may show hyperactive caloric responses on the perforated side. 3. Patients with a moist ear may show inverted horizontal nystagmus to warm air caloric testing. This applies to patients with a large perforation or mastoidectomy cavity. 4. Patients with a dry open mastoid or fenestration cavity are likely to show a hyperactive caloric response on the side of previous surgery, accompanied by vegetative symptoms. This size of the cavity appears to be less important than the presence of the cavity per se. 5. Patients may be safely tested in the early postoperative period.", "PMID": 109711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8881", "title": "Nutritional concepts in the management of the head and neck cancer patient. I. Basic concepts.", "content": "Proper nutritional management has assumed an increasingly important role in the care of cancer patients in recent years. Head and neck cancer creates disturbances in host nutritional balances. Profound nutritional depletion and cachexia are induced by local and distant effects of head and neck carcinoma. Radiation, chemotherapy and surgery tend to compromise the host further by compounding these nutritional deficits. This paper reviews the factors responsible for the malnutrition associated with head and neck malignancy, and discusses the current methods available for identifying and following the nutritionally depleted patient.", "contents": "Nutritional concepts in the management of the head and neck cancer patient. I. Basic concepts. Proper nutritional management has assumed an increasingly important role in the care of cancer patients in recent years. Head and neck cancer creates disturbances in host nutritional balances. Profound nutritional depletion and cachexia are induced by local and distant effects of head and neck carcinoma. Radiation, chemotherapy and surgery tend to compromise the host further by compounding these nutritional deficits. This paper reviews the factors responsible for the malnutrition associated with head and neck malignancy, and discusses the current methods available for identifying and following the nutritionally depleted patient.", "PMID": 109712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8882", "title": "Nutritional concepts in the management of the head and neck cancer patient. II. Management concepts.", "content": "Essential to the management of the head and neck cancer patient is carefully monitored nutritional support. Traditionally, enteral alimentation, using the nasogastric feeding tube, has been the mainstay of treatment. Tube feedings should provide ample amounts of essential nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and adequate calories and protein. Knowledge of the tube feedings available and problems associated with their administration helps to avoid the pitfalls which limit their effectiveness. The inadequacies of enteral alimentation preclude its use in selected circumstances of severe nutritional depletion. Parenteral hyperalimentation, as a primary or adjuvant mode of therapy, may be capable of rapidly reversing deficits, improving postoperative morbidity and increasing tolerance to radiation and chemotherapy. Postoperative deglutition abnormalities may prolong the nutritional problems of head and neck cancer patients as well.", "contents": "Nutritional concepts in the management of the head and neck cancer patient. II. Management concepts. Essential to the management of the head and neck cancer patient is carefully monitored nutritional support. Traditionally, enteral alimentation, using the nasogastric feeding tube, has been the mainstay of treatment. Tube feedings should provide ample amounts of essential nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and adequate calories and protein. Knowledge of the tube feedings available and problems associated with their administration helps to avoid the pitfalls which limit their effectiveness. The inadequacies of enteral alimentation preclude its use in selected circumstances of severe nutritional depletion. Parenteral hyperalimentation, as a primary or adjuvant mode of therapy, may be capable of rapidly reversing deficits, improving postoperative morbidity and increasing tolerance to radiation and chemotherapy. Postoperative deglutition abnormalities may prolong the nutritional problems of head and neck cancer patients as well.", "PMID": 109713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8883", "title": "Adrenocortical function in experimental protein malnutrition.", "content": "Adrenocorticoid activity was investigated in experimentally induced protein malnutrition in Rhesus monkeys. Control studies were carried out in the same animals before inducing protein malnutrition. Plasma cortisol levels were elevated in the protein malnourished state. There was a total abolition of the diurnal rhythm of cortisol secretion. Fasting hypoglycemia was also observed in the protein malnourished state. It is concluded that increased adrenocorticoid activity and sustained steroidogenesis result from protein deficiency. Hypoglycemia may be an important stimulus, in addition to the metabolic stress imposed by the protein deprivation. The recognition of increased adrenocorticoid activity is important in a protein-deficient host, since the defense against infections might be impaired in such a situation.", "contents": "Adrenocortical function in experimental protein malnutrition. Adrenocorticoid activity was investigated in experimentally induced protein malnutrition in Rhesus monkeys. Control studies were carried out in the same animals before inducing protein malnutrition. Plasma cortisol levels were elevated in the protein malnourished state. There was a total abolition of the diurnal rhythm of cortisol secretion. Fasting hypoglycemia was also observed in the protein malnourished state. It is concluded that increased adrenocorticoid activity and sustained steroidogenesis result from protein deficiency. Hypoglycemia may be an important stimulus, in addition to the metabolic stress imposed by the protein deprivation. The recognition of increased adrenocorticoid activity is important in a protein-deficient host, since the defense against infections might be impaired in such a situation.", "PMID": 109732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8884", "title": "Treatment of diabetes mellitus: the future.", "content": "For more than half a century the management of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus has included rigid diets and intermittent subcutaneous insulin administration. These methods have been totally unsuccessful in restoring glucose homeostasis to normal in most diabetic patients. This review focuses on techniques that offer promise as alternatives or adjuncts to the current modalities of treatment. Specific areas discussed include pancreatic transplantation, islet cell transplantation, artificial beta cell devices, and the glucagon-suppressing agent somatostatin. Although many of these show promise for the future, a cure for the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes is not imminent.", "contents": "Treatment of diabetes mellitus: the future. For more than half a century the management of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus has included rigid diets and intermittent subcutaneous insulin administration. These methods have been totally unsuccessful in restoring glucose homeostasis to normal in most diabetic patients. This review focuses on techniques that offer promise as alternatives or adjuncts to the current modalities of treatment. Specific areas discussed include pancreatic transplantation, islet cell transplantation, artificial beta cell devices, and the glucagon-suppressing agent somatostatin. Although many of these show promise for the future, a cure for the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes is not imminent.", "PMID": 109734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8885", "title": "The genome of B. subtilis phage SSP1: the topology of DNA molecules.", "content": "DNA molecules of B. subtilis phage SPP1 exhibit terminal redundancy and are partially circularly permuted. This was established by the hybridization of selected EcoRI restriction fragments to single strands of SPP1 DNA and by an analysis of the distribution of denaturation loops in partially denatured SPP1 DNA molecules. Deletions in SSP1 DNA are not compensated by an increase in terminally repetitious DNA. This finding, which is unique to SPP1, is discussed in terms of a modification of the Streisinger/Botstein model of phage maturation.", "contents": "The genome of B. subtilis phage SSP1: the topology of DNA molecules. DNA molecules of B. subtilis phage SPP1 exhibit terminal redundancy and are partially circularly permuted. This was established by the hybridization of selected EcoRI restriction fragments to single strands of SPP1 DNA and by an analysis of the distribution of denaturation loops in partially denatured SPP1 DNA molecules. Deletions in SSP1 DNA are not compensated by an increase in terminally repetitious DNA. This finding, which is unique to SPP1, is discussed in terms of a modification of the Streisinger/Botstein model of phage maturation.", "PMID": 109737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8886", "title": "Evidence that induction and suppression of mutations and recombinations by chemical mutagens in S. cerevisiae during mitosis are jointly correlated.", "content": "Mutagen-induced intergenic and interallelic recombination as well as forward mutation were studied in one and the same strain of S. cerevisiae. In nontoxic dose ranges, the induction of mutants and recombinants was parallel after treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), N-methyl-N'-nitro-M-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), triethylene melamine (TEM), 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO), sodium nitrite (NaNO2), and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (2,4-DNFB). Acridine orange (AO) after treatment without light induced recombinants, but reduced the frequency of spontaneous mutations. In combination with TEM, AO exerted the same effect, i.e., reduced its mutagenic effect and enhanced its recombinogenic effect. 4,5,6-Trichloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol (Cl5-predioxin) induced mutants and intergenic recombinants, but specifically reduced the spontaneous frequency of interallelic recombinants. In combination with TEM, it enhanced its mutagenic and intergenic recombinogenic effects but reduced its interallelic recombinogenic effect. The main conclusions of the present study, that is 1. Essentially similar lesions can lead to different genetic consequences, and 2. Induction of mutation and recombination are jointly correlated, i.e., suppression of mutations leads to an enhancement of recombinations, while suppression of recombinations leads to an enhancement of mutations, are used to set up a speculative concept for mutation and recombination induction in the diploid yeast cell during mitosis.", "contents": "Evidence that induction and suppression of mutations and recombinations by chemical mutagens in S. cerevisiae during mitosis are jointly correlated. Mutagen-induced intergenic and interallelic recombination as well as forward mutation were studied in one and the same strain of S. cerevisiae. In nontoxic dose ranges, the induction of mutants and recombinants was parallel after treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), N-methyl-N'-nitro-M-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), triethylene melamine (TEM), 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO), sodium nitrite (NaNO2), and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (2,4-DNFB). Acridine orange (AO) after treatment without light induced recombinants, but reduced the frequency of spontaneous mutations. In combination with TEM, AO exerted the same effect, i.e., reduced its mutagenic effect and enhanced its recombinogenic effect. 4,5,6-Trichloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol (Cl5-predioxin) induced mutants and intergenic recombinants, but specifically reduced the spontaneous frequency of interallelic recombinants. In combination with TEM, it enhanced its mutagenic and intergenic recombinogenic effects but reduced its interallelic recombinogenic effect. The main conclusions of the present study, that is 1. Essentially similar lesions can lead to different genetic consequences, and 2. Induction of mutation and recombination are jointly correlated, i.e., suppression of mutations leads to an enhancement of recombinations, while suppression of recombinations leads to an enhancement of mutations, are used to set up a speculative concept for mutation and recombination induction in the diploid yeast cell during mitosis.", "PMID": 109736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8887", "title": "The genome of Bacillus subtilis phage SPP1: the arrangement of restriction endonuclease generated fragments.", "content": "SPP1 DNA was cleaved by the restriction endonucleases, BglI, BglII, EcoRI, KpnI, SmaI, and SalI. The molecular weights of the DNA fragments obtained by single enzyme digestion or by consecutive digestion with two enzymes were determined by electron microscopic measurements of contour length and by gel electrophoresis. The major fragments from the six digests could be ordered to give a consistent restriction map of SPP1. The electropherograms of several digests indicated that certain fragments occurred in less than stoichiometric amounts or were heterogeneous in size. Such bands carried a major part of radioactivity, when SPP1 DNA was terminally labelled with P32 prior to degradation by restriction enzymes. These results, and studies of the effect of exonuclease III treatment on restriction enzyme patterns define the terminal restriction fragments. All data obtained support the conclusion drawn in the preceding paper (Morelli et al., 1978 b) that the SPP1 genome is terminally redundant and partially circularly permuted.", "contents": "The genome of Bacillus subtilis phage SPP1: the arrangement of restriction endonuclease generated fragments. SPP1 DNA was cleaved by the restriction endonucleases, BglI, BglII, EcoRI, KpnI, SmaI, and SalI. The molecular weights of the DNA fragments obtained by single enzyme digestion or by consecutive digestion with two enzymes were determined by electron microscopic measurements of contour length and by gel electrophoresis. The major fragments from the six digests could be ordered to give a consistent restriction map of SPP1. The electropherograms of several digests indicated that certain fragments occurred in less than stoichiometric amounts or were heterogeneous in size. Such bands carried a major part of radioactivity, when SPP1 DNA was terminally labelled with P32 prior to degradation by restriction enzymes. These results, and studies of the effect of exonuclease III treatment on restriction enzyme patterns define the terminal restriction fragments. All data obtained support the conclusion drawn in the preceding paper (Morelli et al., 1978 b) that the SPP1 genome is terminally redundant and partially circularly permuted.", "PMID": 109739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8888", "title": "Different behaviour of Xbb+ and Xbb chromosomes in D. melanogaster with only one nucleolus organizer.", "content": "We have examined the rDNA content of male and female adult flies having only one nucleolus organizer (NO), using X chromosomes carrying wild or partially deleted bobbed loci (Xbb+/O, Xbb+/XNO- and Xbb/O, Xbb/XNO-). The results show that in Xbb+/O and Xbb+/XNO- flies, where only somatic gene compensation is supposed to occur, the rDNA increase, althought less pronounced than previously reported, is directly proportional to the number of rRNA genes initially present in the nucleolus organizer. In Xbb/O and in Xbb/Xbb/XNO- flies the rDNA increase is relatively much higher than that observed in flies carrying bb+ instead of bb. It is suggested that this may be due to rDNA premagnification and somatic gene compensation occurring simultaneously in the former flies.", "contents": "Different behaviour of Xbb+ and Xbb chromosomes in D. melanogaster with only one nucleolus organizer. We have examined the rDNA content of male and female adult flies having only one nucleolus organizer (NO), using X chromosomes carrying wild or partially deleted bobbed loci (Xbb+/O, Xbb+/XNO- and Xbb/O, Xbb/XNO-). The results show that in Xbb+/O and Xbb+/XNO- flies, where only somatic gene compensation is supposed to occur, the rDNA increase, althought less pronounced than previously reported, is directly proportional to the number of rRNA genes initially present in the nucleolus organizer. In Xbb/O and in Xbb/Xbb/XNO- flies the rDNA increase is relatively much higher than that observed in flies carrying bb+ instead of bb. It is suggested that this may be due to rDNA premagnification and somatic gene compensation occurring simultaneously in the former flies.", "PMID": 109740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8889", "title": "Mapping of the loci involved in the catabolic oxidation of L-hydroxyproline in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO.", "content": "Genes specifying the oxidative utilization of hydroxyproline (Hyp) in P. aeruginosa PAO were located on the chromosome, around 19th minute by conjugation experiments. A map order of his-68-his-07-Hyp was assigned. Confirmation of this gene order was also demonstrated by transductional mapping studies. All the genes determining the enzymes of Hyp dissimiliatory pathway were closely linked.", "contents": "Mapping of the loci involved in the catabolic oxidation of L-hydroxyproline in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. Genes specifying the oxidative utilization of hydroxyproline (Hyp) in P. aeruginosa PAO were located on the chromosome, around 19th minute by conjugation experiments. A map order of his-68-his-07-Hyp was assigned. Confirmation of this gene order was also demonstrated by transductional mapping studies. All the genes determining the enzymes of Hyp dissimiliatory pathway were closely linked.", "PMID": 109741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8890", "title": "Ultrastructure of the capsule of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 19213.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the firmly adherent capsule produced by Bacillus megaterium cultured on fructose mineral salts medium was examined using thin sectioning, freeze-etching, and critical point drying by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The capsule material was shown to be fibrillar, with most fibrils containing bulbous protrusions. Two types of fibres were resolved. These were termed primary and cross-linking fibres. Primary fibres originated at the cell wall and had a diameter of 34-50 nm. They also contained bulbous protrusions and enlarged areas where branching occurred. Cross-linking fibres connected the primary fibres. The cross-linking fibres were much smaller, usually 15 micro m in diameter, and contained few enlarged areas. The primary fibres originated at sites on the cell wall approximately equidistant and 0.26 micro m apart.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the capsule of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 19213. The ultrastructure of the firmly adherent capsule produced by Bacillus megaterium cultured on fructose mineral salts medium was examined using thin sectioning, freeze-etching, and critical point drying by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The capsule material was shown to be fibrillar, with most fibrils containing bulbous protrusions. Two types of fibres were resolved. These were termed primary and cross-linking fibres. Primary fibres originated at the cell wall and had a diameter of 34-50 nm. They also contained bulbous protrusions and enlarged areas where branching occurred. Cross-linking fibres connected the primary fibres. The cross-linking fibres were much smaller, usually 15 micro m in diameter, and contained few enlarged areas. The primary fibres originated at sites on the cell wall approximately equidistant and 0.26 micro m apart.", "PMID": 109742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8891", "title": "Spasticity due to phenytoin toxicity.", "content": "A young epileptic presented with spasticity as well as ataxia, diplopia and nystagmus; his serum phenytoin level was very high. All the abnormal signs disappeared after withdrawal of phenytoin. Spasticity, hyperreflexia, and clonus are features of phenytoin intoxication, present in this case, which are not commonly seen, and which have rarely been mentioned previously in the literature.", "contents": "Spasticity due to phenytoin toxicity. A young epileptic presented with spasticity as well as ataxia, diplopia and nystagmus; his serum phenytoin level was very high. All the abnormal signs disappeared after withdrawal of phenytoin. Spasticity, hyperreflexia, and clonus are features of phenytoin intoxication, present in this case, which are not commonly seen, and which have rarely been mentioned previously in the literature.", "PMID": 109744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8892", "title": "[Possible role of macromolecular components in the functioning of photosynthetic reaction centers of purple bacteria].", "content": "The temperature dependencies of the photoconversion of pigments P870--P890 were studied using isolated chromatophores and photosynthetic reaction centres (RC's) of purple bacteria. The samples were prepared by extraction with organic solvents (light petroleum and a combination of light petroleum and methanol) and modified through cross-linking the functional groups of proteins by treatment with glutaraldehyde or denatured by various physical and chemical treatments. The data provide further evidence that the pool of RC secondary acceptors is formed by the compounds of quinone nature located in the hydrophobic surrounding. Similar molecules localized in a more polar medium act as primary acceptors. The findings indicate on the essential role of macromolecular components in the RC's functioning and also suggest that the photochemical charge separation is conformation-controlled.", "contents": "[Possible role of macromolecular components in the functioning of photosynthetic reaction centers of purple bacteria]. The temperature dependencies of the photoconversion of pigments P870--P890 were studied using isolated chromatophores and photosynthetic reaction centres (RC's) of purple bacteria. The samples were prepared by extraction with organic solvents (light petroleum and a combination of light petroleum and methanol) and modified through cross-linking the functional groups of proteins by treatment with glutaraldehyde or denatured by various physical and chemical treatments. The data provide further evidence that the pool of RC secondary acceptors is formed by the compounds of quinone nature located in the hydrophobic surrounding. Similar molecules localized in a more polar medium act as primary acceptors. The findings indicate on the essential role of macromolecular components in the RC's functioning and also suggest that the photochemical charge separation is conformation-controlled.", "PMID": 109747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8893", "title": "[Heterochromatin and chromosomal polymorphism].", "content": "The structure and sizes of different short deletions of Drosophila melanogaster X-chromosome: left break in the region of locus y-ac-sc, right break in different parts of the heterochromatic region (HR) near the centromere, of the nuclei of salivary glands and metaphases of oogonia were compared. It is suggested, that the development of large blocks of deoxynucleoproteins by a small number of loci of the HR, observed in mitotic chromosomes, is due to their ability to undergo additional replication, as it previously has been shown for locus bobbed. HR in human chromosomes provide high polymorphism of the chromosome sets. The same chromosome can appear in several varieties within a population. The varieties differ in sizes of the HR and their ability for intensive fluorescence. The appearance of these heredical varieties are conditioned by deletions, duplications and inversions in the HR. Studies on revealing boundaries between normal and pathological HR polymorphism of human chromosomes are in progress.", "contents": "[Heterochromatin and chromosomal polymorphism]. The structure and sizes of different short deletions of Drosophila melanogaster X-chromosome: left break in the region of locus y-ac-sc, right break in different parts of the heterochromatic region (HR) near the centromere, of the nuclei of salivary glands and metaphases of oogonia were compared. It is suggested, that the development of large blocks of deoxynucleoproteins by a small number of loci of the HR, observed in mitotic chromosomes, is due to their ability to undergo additional replication, as it previously has been shown for locus bobbed. HR in human chromosomes provide high polymorphism of the chromosome sets. The same chromosome can appear in several varieties within a population. The varieties differ in sizes of the HR and their ability for intensive fluorescence. The appearance of these heredical varieties are conditioned by deletions, duplications and inversions in the HR. Studies on revealing boundaries between normal and pathological HR polymorphism of human chromosomes are in progress.", "PMID": 109749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8894", "title": "[Spectral position of the principal absorption band of pigment complex P870 and the kinetics of photo-induced oxidoreductions in the reaction centers and chromatophores of purple bacteria with preparations at different temperatures and having different degrees of hydration].", "content": "In isolated photosynthetic reaction centres of Rps. spheroides and chromatophores R. rubrum the spectral position of the longest wavelength absorption band of P870, effectiveness of electron removal from the photochemical pair (P870 -- primary electron acceptor, A1) and the rate constant for recombination of photooxidized P870 with photoreduced A1 undergo marked and fully reversible changes over the temperature interval from +20 to -70 degrees. Dehydration of the samples has the effect similar to that induced by temperature lowering. The data suggest that the spectral position of the main maximum of pigment complex P870 absorption band may be regarded as a sensitive inner probe of the structure-functional state of the investigated preparations.", "contents": "[Spectral position of the principal absorption band of pigment complex P870 and the kinetics of photo-induced oxidoreductions in the reaction centers and chromatophores of purple bacteria with preparations at different temperatures and having different degrees of hydration]. In isolated photosynthetic reaction centres of Rps. spheroides and chromatophores R. rubrum the spectral position of the longest wavelength absorption band of P870, effectiveness of electron removal from the photochemical pair (P870 -- primary electron acceptor, A1) and the rate constant for recombination of photooxidized P870 with photoreduced A1 undergo marked and fully reversible changes over the temperature interval from +20 to -70 degrees. Dehydration of the samples has the effect similar to that induced by temperature lowering. The data suggest that the spectral position of the main maximum of pigment complex P870 absorption band may be regarded as a sensitive inner probe of the structure-functional state of the investigated preparations.", "PMID": 109746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8895", "title": "A radioimmunoassay method for the rapid detection of Candida antibodies in experimental systemic candidiasis.", "content": "Rabbits were employed as experimental models to evaluate a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. Ten rabbits were inoculated subcutaneously to mimic superficial candidiasis and were found to produce no antibodies to Candida as determined by both immunodiffusion and RIA procedures. However, 94 per cent of 18 rabbits systemically infected by intravenous injection of Candida cells were observed to produce antibody as assessed by the RIA technique. These data encourage further tests with human sera and the continued development ofthis RIA procedure as a useful tool in the early serodiagnosis of systemic candidiasis.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay method for the rapid detection of Candida antibodies in experimental systemic candidiasis. Rabbits were employed as experimental models to evaluate a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. Ten rabbits were inoculated subcutaneously to mimic superficial candidiasis and were found to produce no antibodies to Candida as determined by both immunodiffusion and RIA procedures. However, 94 per cent of 18 rabbits systemically infected by intravenous injection of Candida cells were observed to produce antibody as assessed by the RIA technique. These data encourage further tests with human sera and the continued development ofthis RIA procedure as a useful tool in the early serodiagnosis of systemic candidiasis.", "PMID": 109767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8896", "title": "t-Haplotypes of the mouse may involve a change in intercalary DNA.", "content": "The naturally occurring t-haplotypes of the mouse exhibit a set of peculiar genetic properties, including strong suppression of crossing over in the segment of chromosome 17 between the loci of T and H--2. Study of the genetics of mutant haplotypes suggests that the observed effects on meiosis and embryonic development may be due to an altered form of intercalary DNA (iDNA) in the relevant chromosomal region (band 17B).", "contents": "t-Haplotypes of the mouse may involve a change in intercalary DNA. The naturally occurring t-haplotypes of the mouse exhibit a set of peculiar genetic properties, including strong suppression of crossing over in the segment of chromosome 17 between the loci of T and H--2. Study of the genetics of mutant haplotypes suggests that the observed effects on meiosis and embryonic development may be due to an altered form of intercalary DNA (iDNA) in the relevant chromosomal region (band 17B).", "PMID": 109773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8897", "title": "Autonomic nervous dysfunction in patients on long-term hemodialysis.", "content": "The level of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in subjects at rest was found to be significantly lower in 12 patients on long-term hemodialysis than in a healthy 8-member control group: 28.3 +/- 7.2 and 13.6 +/- 7.6 IU/1, respectively (p less than 0.01). Following immersion of one hand of each subject into cold water (4 degrees C) for 1 min, a significant rise was observed in both groups, 6.1 +/- 4.8 IU/1 for the control and 1.6 +/- 1.4 IU/1 for the patient group (p less than 0.01). Upon tilting up the head of all subjects, activity in both groups increased significantly, but a markedly smaller rise was found in the patient group: 5.8 +/- 4.8 and 1.1 +/- 1.6 IU/1 for the two groups, respectively (p less than 0.01). The data suggest an autonomic nervous dysfunction in patients on long-term hemodialysis.", "contents": "Autonomic nervous dysfunction in patients on long-term hemodialysis. The level of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in subjects at rest was found to be significantly lower in 12 patients on long-term hemodialysis than in a healthy 8-member control group: 28.3 +/- 7.2 and 13.6 +/- 7.6 IU/1, respectively (p less than 0.01). Following immersion of one hand of each subject into cold water (4 degrees C) for 1 min, a significant rise was observed in both groups, 6.1 +/- 4.8 IU/1 for the control and 1.6 +/- 1.4 IU/1 for the patient group (p less than 0.01). Upon tilting up the head of all subjects, activity in both groups increased significantly, but a markedly smaller rise was found in the patient group: 5.8 +/- 4.8 and 1.1 +/- 1.6 IU/1 for the two groups, respectively (p less than 0.01). The data suggest an autonomic nervous dysfunction in patients on long-term hemodialysis.", "PMID": 109781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8898", "title": "Diamine oxidase activity in plasma and urine in uremia.", "content": "Diamine oxidase activity was measured in plasma or urine in 12 normal men, 4 men with chronic liver or heart disease, 13 men with chronic renal failure, and 12 men undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Also in five studies in 4 patients, plasma diamine oxidase activity and total amine levels were measured at hourly intervals during a hemodialysis treatment. Plasma diamine oxidase activity was normal in patients with liver or heart disease and was at least three times normal in chronically uremic patients and in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Plasma diamine oxidase activities before and after a hemodialysis therapy were similar and did not change during dialysis until the 4th hour when they fell transiently; plasma total amine levels, which were elevated initially, tended to rise during the 4th hour of dialysis. Urinary diamine oxidase activity was reduced in the chronically uremic patients as compared to normal subjects. These observations are consistent with three alterations in diamine oxidase in patients with renal failure: activity (a) is increased in plasma of chronically uremic patients and those undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, (b) does not increase normally in response to heparin administration during dialysis therapy, and (c) is reduced in urine of chronically uremic patients.", "contents": "Diamine oxidase activity in plasma and urine in uremia. Diamine oxidase activity was measured in plasma or urine in 12 normal men, 4 men with chronic liver or heart disease, 13 men with chronic renal failure, and 12 men undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Also in five studies in 4 patients, plasma diamine oxidase activity and total amine levels were measured at hourly intervals during a hemodialysis treatment. Plasma diamine oxidase activity was normal in patients with liver or heart disease and was at least three times normal in chronically uremic patients and in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Plasma diamine oxidase activities before and after a hemodialysis therapy were similar and did not change during dialysis until the 4th hour when they fell transiently; plasma total amine levels, which were elevated initially, tended to rise during the 4th hour of dialysis. Urinary diamine oxidase activity was reduced in the chronically uremic patients as compared to normal subjects. These observations are consistent with three alterations in diamine oxidase in patients with renal failure: activity (a) is increased in plasma of chronically uremic patients and those undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, (b) does not increase normally in response to heparin administration during dialysis therapy, and (c) is reduced in urine of chronically uremic patients.", "PMID": 109782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8899", "title": "Brain region differences and some characteristics of monoamine oxidase type A and B activities in the vervet monkey.", "content": "Monoamine oxidase in the vervet monkey showed greater variations in activity in six brain regions when tyramine or phenylethylamine was used as the substrate (3.8- to 4.1-fold differences) than when serotonin was the substrate (1.8-fold differences). With phenylethylamine and tyramine as substrates, the highest MAO specific activities were found in the hypothalamus and the lowest in the cerebellum and cortex. With serotonin as the substrate, the highest specific activities were in the mesencephalon and cortex. The inhibition of tyramine deamination by clorgyline and deprenyl yielded biphasic plots indicative of the presence of MAO-A and MAO-B enzyme forms in the vervet brain. On the basis of these inhibitor curves, the vervet brain could be estimated to contain approximately 85% MAO-B and 15% MAO-A, in contrast to rat brain which contains 45% MAO-B and 5% MAO-A. The inhibition of serotonin deamination by deprenyl in vervet brain yielded a biphasic plot, suggesting that some serotonin deamination in the vervet is accomplished by the MAO-B enzyme form. Estimations of the relative amounts of MAO-A and MAO-B based on inhibitor curves or based on substrate ratios yielded proportionate results which were in close agreement across the different brain regions, supporting the validity of these approaches to estimating MAO-A and MAO-B activities.", "contents": "Brain region differences and some characteristics of monoamine oxidase type A and B activities in the vervet monkey. Monoamine oxidase in the vervet monkey showed greater variations in activity in six brain regions when tyramine or phenylethylamine was used as the substrate (3.8- to 4.1-fold differences) than when serotonin was the substrate (1.8-fold differences). With phenylethylamine and tyramine as substrates, the highest MAO specific activities were found in the hypothalamus and the lowest in the cerebellum and cortex. With serotonin as the substrate, the highest specific activities were in the mesencephalon and cortex. The inhibition of tyramine deamination by clorgyline and deprenyl yielded biphasic plots indicative of the presence of MAO-A and MAO-B enzyme forms in the vervet brain. On the basis of these inhibitor curves, the vervet brain could be estimated to contain approximately 85% MAO-B and 15% MAO-A, in contrast to rat brain which contains 45% MAO-B and 5% MAO-A. The inhibition of serotonin deamination by deprenyl in vervet brain yielded a biphasic plot, suggesting that some serotonin deamination in the vervet is accomplished by the MAO-B enzyme form. Estimations of the relative amounts of MAO-A and MAO-B based on inhibitor curves or based on substrate ratios yielded proportionate results which were in close agreement across the different brain regions, supporting the validity of these approaches to estimating MAO-A and MAO-B activities.", "PMID": 109783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8900", "title": "Myasthenia gravis and monoclonal IgG gammopathy.", "content": "Monoclonal IgG gammopathy of the lambda light-chain type was detected in a 51-year-old woman who had unexplained fever, muscle fatigue, and myalgia. One year later, myasthenia gravis was diagnosed. There was no evidence of myelomatosis or other malignancy. On the assumption that her M-component (gammopathic paraprotein) was related to myasthenia, she was treated with melphalan and cyclophosphamide, but her clinical condition was not improved. Despite therapeutic trials of other agents and a time course of 6 years, the quantity of the M-component remained unchanged. Serum AChR antibody activity was not located in the paraprotein peak. The findings do not support a relationship between the M-component and myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis and monoclonal IgG gammopathy. Monoclonal IgG gammopathy of the lambda light-chain type was detected in a 51-year-old woman who had unexplained fever, muscle fatigue, and myalgia. One year later, myasthenia gravis was diagnosed. There was no evidence of myelomatosis or other malignancy. On the assumption that her M-component (gammopathic paraprotein) was related to myasthenia, she was treated with melphalan and cyclophosphamide, but her clinical condition was not improved. Despite therapeutic trials of other agents and a time course of 6 years, the quantity of the M-component remained unchanged. Serum AChR antibody activity was not located in the paraprotein peak. The findings do not support a relationship between the M-component and myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 109788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8901", "title": "Effects of phenobarbital and 3-methylcolanthrene treatment on microsomes of Morris hepatoma 3924-A, tumour-bearing and normal rat liver.", "content": "Microsomal cytochromes and some oxidative activities were determined in normal rat liver, tumour-bearing rat liver and Morris hepatoma 3924-A. Except for a moderate lowering of cytochromes and enzymes in host livers, the relation between TPNH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 TPNH reduction, both increased by phenobarbital (PB) and decreased by 3-methylcolanthrene (3-MC) treatment, is noteworthy. In tumour cytochromes b5 and P-450 are absent and TPNH-cytochrome c reductase is unmeasurable and not induced by PB or 3-MC treatment. Aminopyrine demethylase activity, instead, is comparable with normal or host liver and it is modified by PB or 3-MC treatment in the same way, despite the microsomal enzymes pathway disorganization. Microsomal enzymatic defect selectivity in tumours may be due to a deranged microsome-linked growth control.", "contents": "Effects of phenobarbital and 3-methylcolanthrene treatment on microsomes of Morris hepatoma 3924-A, tumour-bearing and normal rat liver. Microsomal cytochromes and some oxidative activities were determined in normal rat liver, tumour-bearing rat liver and Morris hepatoma 3924-A. Except for a moderate lowering of cytochromes and enzymes in host livers, the relation between TPNH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 TPNH reduction, both increased by phenobarbital (PB) and decreased by 3-methylcolanthrene (3-MC) treatment, is noteworthy. In tumour cytochromes b5 and P-450 are absent and TPNH-cytochrome c reductase is unmeasurable and not induced by PB or 3-MC treatment. Aminopyrine demethylase activity, instead, is comparable with normal or host liver and it is modified by PB or 3-MC treatment in the same way, despite the microsomal enzymes pathway disorganization. Microsomal enzymatic defect selectivity in tumours may be due to a deranged microsome-linked growth control.", "PMID": 109803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8902", "title": "The laboratory diagnosis of plasma cell myeloma and related disorders.", "content": "Plasma cell myeloma constitutes the commonest primary malignant tumor affecting the skeleton of the adult. It is also one of several forms of monoclonal gammopathy that include Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia, the heavy chain diseases, \"benign\" (nonprogressive, asymptomatic) monoclonal gammopathy, and primary amyloidosis. The diagnosis of classic or advanced myeloma rests on the findings of sheets of plasmacytic cells in a bone marrow biopsy sample or aspirate; a serum monoclonal immunoglobulin usually of the IgG or IgA class or Bence Jones protein in the urine; and evidence of multiple lytic lesions in x-ray views of the skeleton. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of earlier or unusual forms of myeloma require a careful application of classic diagnostic criteria or of criteria established by clinical cooperative groups.", "contents": "The laboratory diagnosis of plasma cell myeloma and related disorders. Plasma cell myeloma constitutes the commonest primary malignant tumor affecting the skeleton of the adult. It is also one of several forms of monoclonal gammopathy that include Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia, the heavy chain diseases, \"benign\" (nonprogressive, asymptomatic) monoclonal gammopathy, and primary amyloidosis. The diagnosis of classic or advanced myeloma rests on the findings of sheets of plasmacytic cells in a bone marrow biopsy sample or aspirate; a serum monoclonal immunoglobulin usually of the IgG or IgA class or Bence Jones protein in the urine; and evidence of multiple lytic lesions in x-ray views of the skeleton. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of earlier or unusual forms of myeloma require a careful application of classic diagnostic criteria or of criteria established by clinical cooperative groups.", "PMID": 109804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8903", "title": "Traumatic pharyngeal pseudodiverticulum in neonates and infants. Two case reports and review of the literature.", "content": "Thirty one cases of pharyngeal pseudodiverticulum have been reported in the literature; twenty nine were diagnosed during the neonatal period. Respiratory distress, increased oral secretions, difficulty with feeding and the impossibility of passing a nasogastric catheter were the most common symptoms and/or signs. Pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, cervical emphysema and ectopic location of a feeding catheter, alone or in combination, were identified in the chest roentgenograms of 16 patients. Esophagography and/or endoscopy were the diagnostic methods of choice. The exact location of the perforation was identified in 18 patients. Most of the perforations were in either the posterior pharyngeal wall or in the pyriform sinuses. The survival rate was as good amongst the medically treated patients as in those who underwent surgery.", "contents": "Traumatic pharyngeal pseudodiverticulum in neonates and infants. Two case reports and review of the literature. Thirty one cases of pharyngeal pseudodiverticulum have been reported in the literature; twenty nine were diagnosed during the neonatal period. Respiratory distress, increased oral secretions, difficulty with feeding and the impossibility of passing a nasogastric catheter were the most common symptoms and/or signs. Pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, cervical emphysema and ectopic location of a feeding catheter, alone or in combination, were identified in the chest roentgenograms of 16 patients. Esophagography and/or endoscopy were the diagnostic methods of choice. The exact location of the perforation was identified in 18 patients. Most of the perforations were in either the posterior pharyngeal wall or in the pyriform sinuses. The survival rate was as good amongst the medically treated patients as in those who underwent surgery.", "PMID": 109805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8904", "title": "Fatal tuberculosis in young children.", "content": "Three young children with advanced cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis died between 1974 and 1978. Two of the patients had tuberculous meningitis as well. All diagnoses were verified at autopsy; however, all tuberculin skin tests were negative. These instances emphasize the difficulty of establishing the diagnosis of tuberculosis in young children. Tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cavitary chest disease in young children, even those with negative tuberculin skin tests.", "contents": "Fatal tuberculosis in young children. Three young children with advanced cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis died between 1974 and 1978. Two of the patients had tuberculous meningitis as well. All diagnoses were verified at autopsy; however, all tuberculin skin tests were negative. These instances emphasize the difficulty of establishing the diagnosis of tuberculosis in young children. Tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cavitary chest disease in young children, even those with negative tuberculin skin tests.", "PMID": 109806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8905", "title": "The use of rifampicin to evaluate tRNA transcriptional organization in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The antibiotic rifampicin, which in prokaryotes inhibits the initiation of RNA synthesis but not the completion of nascent strands, was used to explore tRNA gene transcriptional organization in Escherichia coli. Cultures were grown in [32P] orthophosphate to constant specific radioactivity and labeled with [3H] uridine in the presence of rifampicin. Numerous tRNA species then were isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their 3H/32P ratios determined; these ratios, following correction for the base compositions of the tRNAs, should reflect the distances of the corresponding tRNA genes from their promoters. Individual tRNA species were identified, where possible, by oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis. Observed isotopic ratios were correlated with promoter-gene distances, measured in nucleotides, using the nucleotide sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene as a reference. The protocols developed should be applicable to most prokaryotes.", "contents": "The use of rifampicin to evaluate tRNA transcriptional organization in Escherichia coli. The antibiotic rifampicin, which in prokaryotes inhibits the initiation of RNA synthesis but not the completion of nascent strands, was used to explore tRNA gene transcriptional organization in Escherichia coli. Cultures were grown in [32P] orthophosphate to constant specific radioactivity and labeled with [3H] uridine in the presence of rifampicin. Numerous tRNA species then were isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their 3H/32P ratios determined; these ratios, following correction for the base compositions of the tRNAs, should reflect the distances of the corresponding tRNA genes from their promoters. Individual tRNA species were identified, where possible, by oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis. Observed isotopic ratios were correlated with promoter-gene distances, measured in nucleotides, using the nucleotide sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene as a reference. The protocols developed should be applicable to most prokaryotes.", "PMID": 109809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8906", "title": "Sequence of 1000 nucleotides at the 3' end of tobacco mosaic virus RNA.", "content": "The sequence of 1000 nucleotides at the 3' end of tobacco mosaic virus RNA has been determined. The sequence contains the entire coat protein cistron as well as regions to its left and right. Sequence characterization was by conventional methods for use with uniformly 32P labeled RNA complemented by newer methods for in vitro 5' and 3' 32P end-labeling of RNA and its subsequent rapid analysis. The noncoding region separating the coat protein cistron from the 3' terminus is 204 residues long and may be folded into a clover-leaf-type secondary structure. The distribution of termination codons to the left of the coat protein cistron suggests that the end of the adjacent cistron is separated from the beginning of the coat protein cistron by only two nucleotides. The subgenomic viral coat protein mRNA was isolated from infected tissue and shown to be capped. The nontranslated sequence separating the cap from the AUG initiation codon is 9 residues long and thus overlaps a portion of the adjacent cistron on the genome RNA.", "contents": "Sequence of 1000 nucleotides at the 3' end of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. The sequence of 1000 nucleotides at the 3' end of tobacco mosaic virus RNA has been determined. The sequence contains the entire coat protein cistron as well as regions to its left and right. Sequence characterization was by conventional methods for use with uniformly 32P labeled RNA complemented by newer methods for in vitro 5' and 3' 32P end-labeling of RNA and its subsequent rapid analysis. The noncoding region separating the coat protein cistron from the 3' terminus is 204 residues long and may be folded into a clover-leaf-type secondary structure. The distribution of termination codons to the left of the coat protein cistron suggests that the end of the adjacent cistron is separated from the beginning of the coat protein cistron by only two nucleotides. The subgenomic viral coat protein mRNA was isolated from infected tissue and shown to be capped. The nontranslated sequence separating the cap from the AUG initiation codon is 9 residues long and thus overlaps a portion of the adjacent cistron on the genome RNA.", "PMID": 109810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8907", "title": "Cooperative interactions among protein and RNA components of the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Copperative interactions among constituents of the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli have been analyzed in order to elucidate its assembly and structural organization. Proteins L5 and L18 were shown to be necessary and sufficient to effect the association of the 5S and 23S RNAs into a quaternary complex that contains equimolar amounts of all four components. Measurement of diffusion constants by laser light scattering revealed that integration of the 5S RNA induced the 23S RNA to adopt a somewhat more open conformation. An investigation of relationships among proteins associated with the central and 3' portions of the 23S RNA demonstrated that attachment of L5, L10 + L11, and L28 depends upon the RNA-binding proteins L16, L2, and L1 + L3 + L6, respectively, and that L2 interacts with the central segment of the 23S RNA. These data, as well as the results of others, have been used to construct a scheme that depicts both direct and indirect associations of the 5S RNA, the 23S RNA, and over two-thirds of the subunit proteins. The 5' third of the 23S RNA apparently organizes the proteins required to nucleate essential reactions, whereas a region within 500 to 1500 bases of its 3' terminus is associated primarily with proteins involved in the major functional activities of the 50S ribosomal particle.", "contents": "Cooperative interactions among protein and RNA components of the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli. Copperative interactions among constituents of the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli have been analyzed in order to elucidate its assembly and structural organization. Proteins L5 and L18 were shown to be necessary and sufficient to effect the association of the 5S and 23S RNAs into a quaternary complex that contains equimolar amounts of all four components. Measurement of diffusion constants by laser light scattering revealed that integration of the 5S RNA induced the 23S RNA to adopt a somewhat more open conformation. An investigation of relationships among proteins associated with the central and 3' portions of the 23S RNA demonstrated that attachment of L5, L10 + L11, and L28 depends upon the RNA-binding proteins L16, L2, and L1 + L3 + L6, respectively, and that L2 interacts with the central segment of the 23S RNA. These data, as well as the results of others, have been used to construct a scheme that depicts both direct and indirect associations of the 5S RNA, the 23S RNA, and over two-thirds of the subunit proteins. The 5' third of the 23S RNA apparently organizes the proteins required to nucleate essential reactions, whereas a region within 500 to 1500 bases of its 3' terminus is associated primarily with proteins involved in the major functional activities of the 50S ribosomal particle.", "PMID": 109811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8908", "title": "The regulatory region of MS2 phage RNA replicase cistron. III. Characterization of fragments resulting from S1 nuclease digestion.", "content": "The functionally active fragments MS2 R(-53 leads to 6) and MS2 R(-53 leads to 3) comprising the regulatory region for the replicase cistron have been isolated from MS2 RNA-coat protein complex following T1 RNase digestion. In order to obtain shorter fragments, active in coat protein binding and initiation of translation, MS2 R(-53 leads to 6) was cleaved with S1 nuclease. The results indicate that S1 nuclease attacks the most susceptible loop regions of the two hairpin helices of MSZ R(-53) leads to 6). Among the three fragments which have been isolated, only MS2 R(-35/33 leads to 6) containing the intact hairpin (b) region with initiation codon AUG is active in the coat protein binding. Functional activity exerted by another polynucleotide MS R(-17 leads to 6) supports the assumption that specific binding with the coat protein is determined by the hairpin (b) region prior to the replicase cistron.", "contents": "The regulatory region of MS2 phage RNA replicase cistron. III. Characterization of fragments resulting from S1 nuclease digestion. The functionally active fragments MS2 R(-53 leads to 6) and MS2 R(-53 leads to 3) comprising the regulatory region for the replicase cistron have been isolated from MS2 RNA-coat protein complex following T1 RNase digestion. In order to obtain shorter fragments, active in coat protein binding and initiation of translation, MS2 R(-53 leads to 6) was cleaved with S1 nuclease. The results indicate that S1 nuclease attacks the most susceptible loop regions of the two hairpin helices of MSZ R(-53) leads to 6). Among the three fragments which have been isolated, only MS2 R(-35/33 leads to 6) containing the intact hairpin (b) region with initiation codon AUG is active in the coat protein binding. Functional activity exerted by another polynucleotide MS R(-17 leads to 6) supports the assumption that specific binding with the coat protein is determined by the hairpin (b) region prior to the replicase cistron.", "PMID": 109812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8909", "title": "Initiation of translation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage PP7 RNA: nucleotide sequence of the coat cistron ribosome binding site.", "content": "Initiation complex formation between PP7 RNA and ribosomes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli has been investigated. The PP7 RNA fragments protected by both species of ribosome have been isolated, and their sequences have been determined. Only one binding sites is available on the intact PP7 RNA strand, and this site is recognized by ribosomes of both species. The PP7 RNA binding site is approximately 38 nucleotides long. It contains two AUG sequences and a purine-rich segment near the 5'-end that is complementary to segments near the 3'-ends of the 16S ribosomal RNA's of both P. aeruginosa and E. coli. In order to establish which of the AUG codons acts as the initiator, the H2N-terminal amino acid sequence of PP7 coat protein was determined. This sequence is compatible with the codon sequence following the second AUG codon. The extent of the reaction of PP7 RNA with E. coli ribosomes is greater than with P. aeruginosa ribosomes, but our results do not indicate a qualitative difference in the initial interaction between intact PP7 RNA and the ribosomes of either species.", "contents": "Initiation of translation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage PP7 RNA: nucleotide sequence of the coat cistron ribosome binding site. Initiation complex formation between PP7 RNA and ribosomes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli has been investigated. The PP7 RNA fragments protected by both species of ribosome have been isolated, and their sequences have been determined. Only one binding sites is available on the intact PP7 RNA strand, and this site is recognized by ribosomes of both species. The PP7 RNA binding site is approximately 38 nucleotides long. It contains two AUG sequences and a purine-rich segment near the 5'-end that is complementary to segments near the 3'-ends of the 16S ribosomal RNA's of both P. aeruginosa and E. coli. In order to establish which of the AUG codons acts as the initiator, the H2N-terminal amino acid sequence of PP7 coat protein was determined. This sequence is compatible with the codon sequence following the second AUG codon. The extent of the reaction of PP7 RNA with E. coli ribosomes is greater than with P. aeruginosa ribosomes, but our results do not indicate a qualitative difference in the initial interaction between intact PP7 RNA and the ribosomes of either species.", "PMID": 109813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8910", "title": "Nucleosome periodicity in HeLa cell chromatin as probed by micrococcal nuclease.", "content": "When HeLa cell nuclei were treated with micrococcal nuclease (nucleate 3-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.7), lysed, and centrifuged, the supernatant from early digests contained two predominant classes of polynucleosomes of repeat size 8N and 16N. With increasing digestion time, the 16 N polynucleosome appeared to be cleaved to the 8N species and finally to the basic subunit of chromatin. The size of the polynucleosomes has been determined by DNA analysis and on polyacrylamide electrophoretic gels of native chromatin particles. The 16N polynucleosome appears to be a unique higher ordered structural component of HeLa cell chromatin. Our recent report, showing that the nuclear protein-modifying enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase increases in specific activity progressively with increasing nucleosome repeat size up to 8-10N, has been extended in the present study. Activity was also elevated in the polynucleosomes of the 16N structure preferentially cleaved by micrococcal nuclease, although specific activity of the enzyme was highest in octanucleosomes. Acceptors for poly(ADP-ribose) have also been determined in these particles.", "contents": "Nucleosome periodicity in HeLa cell chromatin as probed by micrococcal nuclease. When HeLa cell nuclei were treated with micrococcal nuclease (nucleate 3-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.7), lysed, and centrifuged, the supernatant from early digests contained two predominant classes of polynucleosomes of repeat size 8N and 16N. With increasing digestion time, the 16 N polynucleosome appeared to be cleaved to the 8N species and finally to the basic subunit of chromatin. The size of the polynucleosomes has been determined by DNA analysis and on polyacrylamide electrophoretic gels of native chromatin particles. The 16N polynucleosome appears to be a unique higher ordered structural component of HeLa cell chromatin. Our recent report, showing that the nuclear protein-modifying enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase increases in specific activity progressively with increasing nucleosome repeat size up to 8-10N, has been extended in the present study. Activity was also elevated in the polynucleosomes of the 16N structure preferentially cleaved by micrococcal nuclease, although specific activity of the enzyme was highest in octanucleosomes. Acceptors for poly(ADP-ribose) have also been determined in these particles.", "PMID": 109831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8911", "title": "Positive control of lac operon expression in vitro by guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate.", "content": "Maximal expression of the Escherichia coli lactose operon in a coupled in vitro transcription-translation system from a Salmonella typhimurium relA mutant was strongly dependent upon addition of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp). Without added ppGpp, at saturating 3',5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentrations, synthesis of beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) was reproducibly only 5-7% of that which can be obtained with 0.5-0.8 mM ppGpp. Experiments in which transcription was uncoupled from translation indicated that this 14- to 20-fold stimulation by ppGpp occurred at the level of transcription. When coupled beta-galactosidase synthesis was primed with a template containing a well-characterized mutant lac promoter (lacP(r)L8UV5), the dependence on ppGpp was greatly reduced. This result provides an important experimental control previously unavailable for verifying the significance of ppGpp effects on gene regulation in vitro; it indicates that activation of lacP(+) expression by ppGpp is specifically an effect of increased transcription initiations. Furthermore, the large ppGpp stimulation of lacP(+) DNA enabled the level of expression of this template to approach that of lacP(r)L8UV5 DNA, an observation expected from results in vivo but not obtained with other transcription-translation systems in vitro. The importance of these results is considered with respect to previous ideas on the physiological role of ppGpp as a supercontrol molecule in bacterial regulation.", "contents": "Positive control of lac operon expression in vitro by guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate. Maximal expression of the Escherichia coli lactose operon in a coupled in vitro transcription-translation system from a Salmonella typhimurium relA mutant was strongly dependent upon addition of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp). Without added ppGpp, at saturating 3',5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentrations, synthesis of beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) was reproducibly only 5-7% of that which can be obtained with 0.5-0.8 mM ppGpp. Experiments in which transcription was uncoupled from translation indicated that this 14- to 20-fold stimulation by ppGpp occurred at the level of transcription. When coupled beta-galactosidase synthesis was primed with a template containing a well-characterized mutant lac promoter (lacP(r)L8UV5), the dependence on ppGpp was greatly reduced. This result provides an important experimental control previously unavailable for verifying the significance of ppGpp effects on gene regulation in vitro; it indicates that activation of lacP(+) expression by ppGpp is specifically an effect of increased transcription initiations. Furthermore, the large ppGpp stimulation of lacP(+) DNA enabled the level of expression of this template to approach that of lacP(r)L8UV5 DNA, an observation expected from results in vivo but not obtained with other transcription-translation systems in vitro. The importance of these results is considered with respect to previous ideas on the physiological role of ppGpp as a supercontrol molecule in bacterial regulation.", "PMID": 109832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8912", "title": "Tryptic dissection and reconstitution of translocation activity for nascent presecretory proteins across microsomal membranes.", "content": "The ability of microsomal membranes to translocate nascent presecretory proteins across their lipid bilayer into the intravesicular space was investigated by using trypsin as a proteolytic probe. We found that under defined conditions trypsin is able to dissect the translocation activity of microsomal membranes into components that can be separated into two fractions, one soluble and the other membrane bound. The trypsinized membrane fraction has lost its translocation activity. Addition of the trypsin-generated soluble fraction, however, results in reconstitution of translocation activity. These results are compatible with the notion proposed in the signal hypothesis that the translocation activity of the microsomal membrane resides in transmembrane protein(s). We propose that trypsin effects solubilization from the membrane of cytosol-exposed domain(s) involved in recognition of the signal sequence or ribosome or both, leaving behind membrane-integrated domain(s) that provide the environment for the passage of the nascent chain across the membrane. Signal peptidase activity was unaffected by trypsinization of microsomal vesicles consistent with a localization of the active site of this enzyme on the cisternal side of the vesicles.", "contents": "Tryptic dissection and reconstitution of translocation activity for nascent presecretory proteins across microsomal membranes. The ability of microsomal membranes to translocate nascent presecretory proteins across their lipid bilayer into the intravesicular space was investigated by using trypsin as a proteolytic probe. We found that under defined conditions trypsin is able to dissect the translocation activity of microsomal membranes into components that can be separated into two fractions, one soluble and the other membrane bound. The trypsinized membrane fraction has lost its translocation activity. Addition of the trypsin-generated soluble fraction, however, results in reconstitution of translocation activity. These results are compatible with the notion proposed in the signal hypothesis that the translocation activity of the microsomal membrane resides in transmembrane protein(s). We propose that trypsin effects solubilization from the membrane of cytosol-exposed domain(s) involved in recognition of the signal sequence or ribosome or both, leaving behind membrane-integrated domain(s) that provide the environment for the passage of the nascent chain across the membrane. Signal peptidase activity was unaffected by trypsinization of microsomal vesicles consistent with a localization of the active site of this enzyme on the cisternal side of the vesicles.", "PMID": 109833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8913", "title": "Selective growth of some rodent epithelial cells in a medium containing citrulline.", "content": "We have defined a medium (called Sun's modified Waymouth medium) that selectively cultures some rodent epithelial cells that are capable of using citrulline in place of arginine. A growth-response study of the ability of 47 different mammalian cell cultures (of mouse, rat, Syrian hamster, Chinese hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, monkey, and human origin) to use arginine or its biosynthetic precursors, ornithine, citrulline, or argininosuccinate, showed that all epithelial cells and some fibroblasts are capable of growing in citrulline medium; however, primary embryo fibroblasts and 12 established fibroblast cell lines derived from Syrian hamsters failed to grow. The citrulline medium also allowed selective outgrowth of epithelial cells, without contaminating fibroblasts, from Syrian hamster tracheal explants. This absolute nutritional difference between Syrian hamster epithelial and fibroblast cells allows citrulline medium to be used for selective cultivation of epithelial cells, which should be valuable for study of growth, differentiation, and malignant transformation of mammalian epithelial cells.", "contents": "Selective growth of some rodent epithelial cells in a medium containing citrulline. We have defined a medium (called Sun's modified Waymouth medium) that selectively cultures some rodent epithelial cells that are capable of using citrulline in place of arginine. A growth-response study of the ability of 47 different mammalian cell cultures (of mouse, rat, Syrian hamster, Chinese hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, monkey, and human origin) to use arginine or its biosynthetic precursors, ornithine, citrulline, or argininosuccinate, showed that all epithelial cells and some fibroblasts are capable of growing in citrulline medium; however, primary embryo fibroblasts and 12 established fibroblast cell lines derived from Syrian hamsters failed to grow. The citrulline medium also allowed selective outgrowth of epithelial cells, without contaminating fibroblasts, from Syrian hamster tracheal explants. This absolute nutritional difference between Syrian hamster epithelial and fibroblast cells allows citrulline medium to be used for selective cultivation of epithelial cells, which should be valuable for study of growth, differentiation, and malignant transformation of mammalian epithelial cells.", "PMID": 109834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8914", "title": "Lateral and vertical displacement of integral membrane proteins during lipid phase transition in Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "Alterations in membrane structure as a result of lipid phase transitions have been studied in Anacystis nidulans, a blue-green alga. Cells grown at 38 degrees C were subjected to temperature transitions of 38 degrees C leads to 21 degrees C and 38 degrees C leads to 10 degrees C, previously shown to produce substantial changes in photosynthetic activities, and examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. As a result of these treatments, large particle-free regions appeared on the fracture faces of both the plasma and thylakoid membranes. Particle density measurements suggest that the displacement of the integral membrane protein complexes occurs in both lateral and vertical directions. Returning the cells to 38 degrees C resulted in the restoration of normal membrane morphology, indicating that the proteins were not lost from the membrane. Such displacement of the integral membrane protein complexes could contribute significantly to the temperature-dependent alterations in the functional activity of membrane-bound enzymatic complexes.", "contents": "Lateral and vertical displacement of integral membrane proteins during lipid phase transition in Anacystis nidulans. Alterations in membrane structure as a result of lipid phase transitions have been studied in Anacystis nidulans, a blue-green alga. Cells grown at 38 degrees C were subjected to temperature transitions of 38 degrees C leads to 21 degrees C and 38 degrees C leads to 10 degrees C, previously shown to produce substantial changes in photosynthetic activities, and examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. As a result of these treatments, large particle-free regions appeared on the fracture faces of both the plasma and thylakoid membranes. Particle density measurements suggest that the displacement of the integral membrane protein complexes occurs in both lateral and vertical directions. Returning the cells to 38 degrees C resulted in the restoration of normal membrane morphology, indicating that the proteins were not lost from the membrane. Such displacement of the integral membrane protein complexes could contribute significantly to the temperature-dependent alterations in the functional activity of membrane-bound enzymatic complexes.", "PMID": 109835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8915", "title": "Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA was purified from four species of higher primates (Guinea baboon, rhesus macaque, guenon, and human) and digested with 11 restriction endonucleases. A cleavage map was constructed for the mitochondrial DNA of each species. Comparison of the maps, aligned with respect to the origin and direction of DNA replication, revealed that the species differ from one another at most of the cleavage sites. The degree of divergence in nucleotide sequence at these sites was calculated from the fraction of cleavage sites shared by each pair of species. By plotting the degree of divergence in mitochondrial DNA against time of divergence, the rate of base substitution could be calculated from the initial slope of the curve. The value obtained, 0.02 substitutions per base pair per million years, was compared with the value for single-copy nuclear DNA. The rate of evolution of the mitochondrial genome appears to exceed that of the single-copy fraction of the nuclear genome by a factor of about 10. This high rate may be due, in part, to an elevated rate of mutation in mitochondrial DNA. Because of the high rate of evolution, mitochondrial DNA is likely to be an extremely useful molecule to employ for high-resolution analysis of the evolutionary process.", "contents": "Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA was purified from four species of higher primates (Guinea baboon, rhesus macaque, guenon, and human) and digested with 11 restriction endonucleases. A cleavage map was constructed for the mitochondrial DNA of each species. Comparison of the maps, aligned with respect to the origin and direction of DNA replication, revealed that the species differ from one another at most of the cleavage sites. The degree of divergence in nucleotide sequence at these sites was calculated from the fraction of cleavage sites shared by each pair of species. By plotting the degree of divergence in mitochondrial DNA against time of divergence, the rate of base substitution could be calculated from the initial slope of the curve. The value obtained, 0.02 substitutions per base pair per million years, was compared with the value for single-copy nuclear DNA. The rate of evolution of the mitochondrial genome appears to exceed that of the single-copy fraction of the nuclear genome by a factor of about 10. This high rate may be due, in part, to an elevated rate of mutation in mitochondrial DNA. Because of the high rate of evolution, mitochondrial DNA is likely to be an extremely useful molecule to employ for high-resolution analysis of the evolutionary process.", "PMID": 109836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8916", "title": "Bilirubin diglucuronide synthesis by a UDP-glucuronic acid-dependent enzyme system in rat liver microsomes.", "content": "Incubation of rat liver homogenate or microsomal preparations with bilirubin or bilirubin monoglucuronide with (BMG) resulted in formation of bilirubin diglucuronide (BDG). Both synthesis of BMG and its conversion to BDG were critically dependent on the presence of UDP-glucuronic acid. Pretreatment of the animals with phenobarbital stimulated both reactions. When 33 microM bilirubin was incubated with microsomal preparations from phenobarbital-treated rats, 80-90% of the substrate was converted to bilirubin glucuronides; the reaction products consisted of almost equal amounts of BMG and BDG. When phenobarbital pretreatment was omitted or when the substrate concentration was increased to 164 microM bilirubin, proportionally more BMG and less BDG were formed. Homogenate and microsomes from homozygous Gunn rats neither synthesized BMG nor converted BMG to BDG. These findings in vitro suggest an explanation for the observations in vivo that, in conditions of excess bilirubin load or of genetically decreased bilirubin UDP glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17) activity, proportionally more BMG and less BDG are excreted in bile.", "contents": "Bilirubin diglucuronide synthesis by a UDP-glucuronic acid-dependent enzyme system in rat liver microsomes. Incubation of rat liver homogenate or microsomal preparations with bilirubin or bilirubin monoglucuronide with (BMG) resulted in formation of bilirubin diglucuronide (BDG). Both synthesis of BMG and its conversion to BDG were critically dependent on the presence of UDP-glucuronic acid. Pretreatment of the animals with phenobarbital stimulated both reactions. When 33 microM bilirubin was incubated with microsomal preparations from phenobarbital-treated rats, 80-90% of the substrate was converted to bilirubin glucuronides; the reaction products consisted of almost equal amounts of BMG and BDG. When phenobarbital pretreatment was omitted or when the substrate concentration was increased to 164 microM bilirubin, proportionally more BMG and less BDG were formed. Homogenate and microsomes from homozygous Gunn rats neither synthesized BMG nor converted BMG to BDG. These findings in vitro suggest an explanation for the observations in vivo that, in conditions of excess bilirubin load or of genetically decreased bilirubin UDP glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17) activity, proportionally more BMG and less BDG are excreted in bile.", "PMID": 109837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8917", "title": "Selection and characteristics of a Vibrio cholerae mutant lacking the A (ADP-ribosylating) portion of the cholera enterotoxin.", "content": "After mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine and selection by immuno-halo techniques, an avirulent mutant, designated Texas Star-SR, which produces no detectable A (active; ADP-ribosylating) region of the cholera enterotoxin (choleragen) but produces the B region (choleragenoid) in amounts similar to the hypertoxinogenic wild-type parent Vibrio cholerae (biotype E1 Tor serotype Ogawa), has been isolated. The mutant retains the colonizing ability, motility, prototrophy, and serologic characteristics of the parent. In relevant intestinal experimental models, it has been shown to be avirulent and to induce protection against challenge with virulent cholera vibrios. The mutant appears to be suitable for further evaluation in volunteers as a candidate living enteric vaccine against cholera and related enterotoxic enteropathies.", "contents": "Selection and characteristics of a Vibrio cholerae mutant lacking the A (ADP-ribosylating) portion of the cholera enterotoxin. After mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine and selection by immuno-halo techniques, an avirulent mutant, designated Texas Star-SR, which produces no detectable A (active; ADP-ribosylating) region of the cholera enterotoxin (choleragen) but produces the B region (choleragenoid) in amounts similar to the hypertoxinogenic wild-type parent Vibrio cholerae (biotype E1 Tor serotype Ogawa), has been isolated. The mutant retains the colonizing ability, motility, prototrophy, and serologic characteristics of the parent. In relevant intestinal experimental models, it has been shown to be avirulent and to induce protection against challenge with virulent cholera vibrios. The mutant appears to be suitable for further evaluation in volunteers as a candidate living enteric vaccine against cholera and related enterotoxic enteropathies.", "PMID": 109838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8918", "title": "A genetic approach to analysis of transposons.", "content": "Integration of the tetracycline resistance transposon Tn10 into lacI of a lacI-lacZ gene fusion permits the isolation of deletions that excise DNA from one end of Tn10 and fuse Tn10 genes with lacZ in such a manner that chimeric proteins with beta-galactosidase activity are produced. The synthesis of the chimeric proteins is under the same control as the transposon genes. Thus, regulation of expression of Tn10 genes can be investigated by measuring beta-galactosidase activity. Analysis of Tn10-lacZ fusions revealed different deletion endpoints within Tn10; lacZ has been fused to at least three different Tn10 genes or operons. Two of these genes are under the control of a tetracycline repressor.", "contents": "A genetic approach to analysis of transposons. Integration of the tetracycline resistance transposon Tn10 into lacI of a lacI-lacZ gene fusion permits the isolation of deletions that excise DNA from one end of Tn10 and fuse Tn10 genes with lacZ in such a manner that chimeric proteins with beta-galactosidase activity are produced. The synthesis of the chimeric proteins is under the same control as the transposon genes. Thus, regulation of expression of Tn10 genes can be investigated by measuring beta-galactosidase activity. Analysis of Tn10-lacZ fusions revealed different deletion endpoints within Tn10; lacZ has been fused to at least three different Tn10 genes or operons. Two of these genes are under the control of a tetracycline repressor.", "PMID": 109839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8919", "title": "Reevaluation of level of genic heterozygosity in natural population of Drosophila melanogaster by two-dimensional electrophoresis.", "content": "We have found the two-dimensional electrophoretic technique of O'Farrell to be highly efficient in the detection of charge-change substitutions in a large number of proteins. We have applied this method to determine the level of heterozygosity of the most abundant proteins in Drosophila melanogaster adults from a natural population. The estimate of per-locus heterozygosity obtained from approximately 54 loci screened was 4% with 6 loci polymorphic. This is much lower than overall estimates obtained by standard gel electrophoresis but is not different from estimates for \"Group I\" enzymes--i.e., those utilizing a narrow spectrum of substrates of intracellular origin. We consider these data to throw open the question of the level of genetic variability in nature.", "contents": "Reevaluation of level of genic heterozygosity in natural population of Drosophila melanogaster by two-dimensional electrophoresis. We have found the two-dimensional electrophoretic technique of O'Farrell to be highly efficient in the detection of charge-change substitutions in a large number of proteins. We have applied this method to determine the level of heterozygosity of the most abundant proteins in Drosophila melanogaster adults from a natural population. The estimate of per-locus heterozygosity obtained from approximately 54 loci screened was 4% with 6 loci polymorphic. This is much lower than overall estimates obtained by standard gel electrophoresis but is not different from estimates for \"Group I\" enzymes--i.e., those utilizing a narrow spectrum of substrates of intracellular origin. We consider these data to throw open the question of the level of genetic variability in nature.", "PMID": 109840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8920", "title": "Mutation generating a fragment of the major heat shock-inducible polypeptide in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Drosophila melanogaster tissues carrying a third chromosome with the deletion Df(3R)Kar(D2) make a 40,000-dalton (Dal) heat shock protein not made by wild type. The unusual polypeptide was inducible in every tissue examined. Tryptic peptide fingerprints showed it to include part of the 70,000-Dal major heat shock protein. Mapping experiments placed the mutation responsible for the 40,000-Dal protein at or close to the kar(D2) deletion. One break point of the deletion is in subdivision 87A, close to or at a heat shock locus that codes for the 70,000-Dal protein. The results are consistent with the possibility that this break point is within a gene for the 70,000-Dal protein, leaving only the initial portion of its coding sequence. This would specify the direction of transcription of the mutant gene as proximal to distal on the normal chromosome. The 87A heat shock locus should contain at least two genes for the 70,000-Dal protein, because embryos homozygous for the kar(D2) deletion and lacking the heat shock locus at 87C, which also codes for the 70,000-Dal protein, nevertheless produced both the 40,000-Dal and the 70,000-Dal proteins upon temperature elevation. Using the presence of the 40,000-Dal protein to monitor chromosome segregation, we found that embryos homozygous for deletions of the heat shock puff site at 93D exhibited a normal electrophoretic pattern of heat shock proteins.", "contents": "Mutation generating a fragment of the major heat shock-inducible polypeptide in Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila melanogaster tissues carrying a third chromosome with the deletion Df(3R)Kar(D2) make a 40,000-dalton (Dal) heat shock protein not made by wild type. The unusual polypeptide was inducible in every tissue examined. Tryptic peptide fingerprints showed it to include part of the 70,000-Dal major heat shock protein. Mapping experiments placed the mutation responsible for the 40,000-Dal protein at or close to the kar(D2) deletion. One break point of the deletion is in subdivision 87A, close to or at a heat shock locus that codes for the 70,000-Dal protein. The results are consistent with the possibility that this break point is within a gene for the 70,000-Dal protein, leaving only the initial portion of its coding sequence. This would specify the direction of transcription of the mutant gene as proximal to distal on the normal chromosome. The 87A heat shock locus should contain at least two genes for the 70,000-Dal protein, because embryos homozygous for the kar(D2) deletion and lacking the heat shock locus at 87C, which also codes for the 70,000-Dal protein, nevertheless produced both the 40,000-Dal and the 70,000-Dal proteins upon temperature elevation. Using the presence of the 40,000-Dal protein to monitor chromosome segregation, we found that embryos homozygous for deletions of the heat shock puff site at 93D exhibited a normal electrophoretic pattern of heat shock proteins.", "PMID": 109841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8921", "title": "The effect of metal complex of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on locomotor activity of neonatal chicken.", "content": "Neonatal chickens were injected intraventricularly with Ni(II), Pd(II), Cu(II) or Zn(II) complex of TRH and the potencies of stimulating locomotor activity were compared with that of TRH, Ni(II)-TRH was more potent than the ligand while Pd(II)-TRH was inert. Cu(II)- and Zn(II)-TRH induced the response to the same extent of the ligand. These results indicate that the action of TRH in the CNS resulting in the locomotor hyperactivity is dependent on the tertiary conformation of molecule which is modified by chelate formation.", "contents": "The effect of metal complex of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on locomotor activity of neonatal chicken. Neonatal chickens were injected intraventricularly with Ni(II), Pd(II), Cu(II) or Zn(II) complex of TRH and the potencies of stimulating locomotor activity were compared with that of TRH, Ni(II)-TRH was more potent than the ligand while Pd(II)-TRH was inert. Cu(II)- and Zn(II)-TRH induced the response to the same extent of the ligand. These results indicate that the action of TRH in the CNS resulting in the locomotor hyperactivity is dependent on the tertiary conformation of molecule which is modified by chelate formation.", "PMID": 109864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8922", "title": "Interactions of acetylmethadol or methadone with other drugs in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Behavioral effects and blood or plasma levels of d-amphetamine, ethanol, cocaine, and diazepam were examined in rhesus monkeys treated chronically with alpha-l-acetylmethadol (LAAM), methadone, or vehicle. Chronic treatment with the opiates failed to alter blood or plasma levels and behavioral effects of d-amphetamine or ethanol. LAAM-maintained monkeys were somewhat less sensitive to rate-decreasing effects of cocaine on schedule-controlled responding, but cocaine plasma levels and half-lives generally did not differ across the chronic treatment conditions. Behavioral depression after diazepam was prolonged substantially in LAAM- and methadone-maintained monkeys, but blood levels of diazepam and metabolites were not increased prolonged in those animals. Naloxone partially antagonized the residual depression LAAM- and methadone-maintained monkeys 24 hr after diazepam, but had no effect on the weaker sesidual depression in vehicle-maintained aniamals. Thus, diazepam appeared to interfere with the metabolic inactivation of the opiates. One LAAM-maintained monkey showed recurrent episodes of LAAM overdose and eventually died during the course of the study.", "contents": "Interactions of acetylmethadol or methadone with other drugs in rhesus monkeys. Behavioral effects and blood or plasma levels of d-amphetamine, ethanol, cocaine, and diazepam were examined in rhesus monkeys treated chronically with alpha-l-acetylmethadol (LAAM), methadone, or vehicle. Chronic treatment with the opiates failed to alter blood or plasma levels and behavioral effects of d-amphetamine or ethanol. LAAM-maintained monkeys were somewhat less sensitive to rate-decreasing effects of cocaine on schedule-controlled responding, but cocaine plasma levels and half-lives generally did not differ across the chronic treatment conditions. Behavioral depression after diazepam was prolonged substantially in LAAM- and methadone-maintained monkeys, but blood levels of diazepam and metabolites were not increased prolonged in those animals. Naloxone partially antagonized the residual depression LAAM- and methadone-maintained monkeys 24 hr after diazepam, but had no effect on the weaker sesidual depression in vehicle-maintained aniamals. Thus, diazepam appeared to interfere with the metabolic inactivation of the opiates. One LAAM-maintained monkey showed recurrent episodes of LAAM overdose and eventually died during the course of the study.", "PMID": 109865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8923", "title": "Effects of the neuropeptide DG-AVP on morphine and food self-administration by dependent rhesus monkey.", "content": "Pretreatment with the neuropeptide DG-AVP (desglycrinamide9-arginine8-vasopressin) at two dose levels (25 and 125 mcg/kg) did not reduce intravenous morphine self-administration (0.25 mg/kg/inj) by morpine dependent monkeys, in comparison to pretreatment with saline or DG-AVP vehicle placebo. Food self-administration was also unaffected by DG-AVP pretreatment in comparison to control conditions. These data do not confirm previous reports of a dose-dependent suppression of heroin self-administration in rat following DG-AVP pretreatment [14].", "contents": "Effects of the neuropeptide DG-AVP on morphine and food self-administration by dependent rhesus monkey. Pretreatment with the neuropeptide DG-AVP (desglycrinamide9-arginine8-vasopressin) at two dose levels (25 and 125 mcg/kg) did not reduce intravenous morphine self-administration (0.25 mg/kg/inj) by morpine dependent monkeys, in comparison to pretreatment with saline or DG-AVP vehicle placebo. Food self-administration was also unaffected by DG-AVP pretreatment in comparison to control conditions. These data do not confirm previous reports of a dose-dependent suppression of heroin self-administration in rat following DG-AVP pretreatment [14].", "PMID": 109866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8924", "title": "Synthesis of quaternary 8-hydroxyquinoline and 8-hydroxyquinaldine-carbamates structurally related to cholinesterase.", "content": "The quaternary carbamates were synthesized by reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline and 8-hydroxyquinaldine with alkylisocyanates, then quaternizing the carbamates produced with alkylhalides, aralkylhalides or sulphate. The UV spectra of the compounds obtained showed lambdamax at 285 nm. The new quaternary carbamates were found to be of high toxicity and parasymapathomimetic activity in white mice.", "contents": "Synthesis of quaternary 8-hydroxyquinoline and 8-hydroxyquinaldine-carbamates structurally related to cholinesterase. The quaternary carbamates were synthesized by reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline and 8-hydroxyquinaldine with alkylisocyanates, then quaternizing the carbamates produced with alkylhalides, aralkylhalides or sulphate. The UV spectra of the compounds obtained showed lambdamax at 285 nm. The new quaternary carbamates were found to be of high toxicity and parasymapathomimetic activity in white mice.", "PMID": 109867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8925", "title": "Skin necrosis from extravasation of intravenous fluids in children.", "content": "From 16,380 administrations of I.V. fluid in children during a 6-month period, there were 1,800 extravasations (11%) with 40 skin sloughs. All that resulted in either partial or full-thickness skin loss were treated by one of 3 conservative protocols, and no skin grafts were needed in this series. Most of the extravasations resulting in skin loss were associated with hypertonic fluids and the use of infusion pumps. Careful hourly monitoring of such cases seems highly desirable. We found no discernible differences in the healing among the 3 treatment regimens used. The importance of systematic monitoring of children receiving I.V. fluids by nursing personnel, the elevation of an extremity involved in an extravasation, and the care of any resulting wounds are discussed.", "contents": "Skin necrosis from extravasation of intravenous fluids in children. From 16,380 administrations of I.V. fluid in children during a 6-month period, there were 1,800 extravasations (11%) with 40 skin sloughs. All that resulted in either partial or full-thickness skin loss were treated by one of 3 conservative protocols, and no skin grafts were needed in this series. Most of the extravasations resulting in skin loss were associated with hypertonic fluids and the use of infusion pumps. Careful hourly monitoring of such cases seems highly desirable. We found no discernible differences in the healing among the 3 treatment regimens used. The importance of systematic monitoring of children receiving I.V. fluids by nursing personnel, the elevation of an extremity involved in an extravasation, and the care of any resulting wounds are discussed.", "PMID": 109874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8926", "title": "Effects of piracetam on brain monoamine metabolism and serum prolactin levels in the rat.", "content": "Levels of monoamine metabolites in three different regions of the rat brain were determined following treatment with piracetam (0.5 and 5 g/kg, i.p.). The concentration of prolactin in serum was also measured. Piracetam, at 5 g/kg, increased the levels of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, whereas 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was unaffected. The drug also increased prolactin concentrations in serum. The level of dopamine was unchanged in the olfactory tubercle and the striatum. These effects are different from those obtained with amphetamine-like drugs. The results would seem to indicate that piracetam accelerates brain catecholamine (CA) turnover via a blockade of CA receptors, as suggested for neuroleptic drugs. This effect could be responsible for the therapeutic action of piracetam on psychotic symptoms in psycho-organic disorders of old age. A blockade of brain CA receptors by piracetam is not compatible with facilitated learning, which seems to be mediated via other neuron systems than CA pathways.", "contents": "Effects of piracetam on brain monoamine metabolism and serum prolactin levels in the rat. Levels of monoamine metabolites in three different regions of the rat brain were determined following treatment with piracetam (0.5 and 5 g/kg, i.p.). The concentration of prolactin in serum was also measured. Piracetam, at 5 g/kg, increased the levels of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, whereas 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was unaffected. The drug also increased prolactin concentrations in serum. The level of dopamine was unchanged in the olfactory tubercle and the striatum. These effects are different from those obtained with amphetamine-like drugs. The results would seem to indicate that piracetam accelerates brain catecholamine (CA) turnover via a blockade of CA receptors, as suggested for neuroleptic drugs. This effect could be responsible for the therapeutic action of piracetam on psychotic symptoms in psycho-organic disorders of old age. A blockade of brain CA receptors by piracetam is not compatible with facilitated learning, which seems to be mediated via other neuron systems than CA pathways.", "PMID": 109886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8927", "title": "Cholinergic involvement in ethanol intoxication and withdrawal-induced seizure susceptibility.", "content": "The enzymes of the cholinergic system have been investigated in discrete brain areas in alcohol-dependent rats, which were still intoxicated or were undergoing withdrawal. The ethanol intoxication resulted in a slight, but significant increase in choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in the caudate nucleus both 1 and 7 h after the last dose of ethanol. We also found a significant decrease in CAT activity in the temporal limbic cortex while rats were highly intoxicated. All other brain regions investigated, e.g., cerebellum, pons-medulla, frontoparietal cortex, hypothalamus and septum showed unchanged CAT activity. Rats were also analysed immediately following the onset of a withdrawal-induced audiogenic convulsive seizure where, in addition to the striatum, depressed CAT activity was observed in the hippocampus. In all the analysed situations acetylcholinesterase activity remained unchanged. These results show that ethanol intoxication leads to a perturbation in the synthetic capacity of acetylcholine in certain defined brain structures and that this may have some correlation to the observed behavioural impairments.", "contents": "Cholinergic involvement in ethanol intoxication and withdrawal-induced seizure susceptibility. The enzymes of the cholinergic system have been investigated in discrete brain areas in alcohol-dependent rats, which were still intoxicated or were undergoing withdrawal. The ethanol intoxication resulted in a slight, but significant increase in choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in the caudate nucleus both 1 and 7 h after the last dose of ethanol. We also found a significant decrease in CAT activity in the temporal limbic cortex while rats were highly intoxicated. All other brain regions investigated, e.g., cerebellum, pons-medulla, frontoparietal cortex, hypothalamus and septum showed unchanged CAT activity. Rats were also analysed immediately following the onset of a withdrawal-induced audiogenic convulsive seizure where, in addition to the striatum, depressed CAT activity was observed in the hippocampus. In all the analysed situations acetylcholinesterase activity remained unchanged. These results show that ethanol intoxication leads to a perturbation in the synthetic capacity of acetylcholine in certain defined brain structures and that this may have some correlation to the observed behavioural impairments.", "PMID": 109888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8928", "title": "Serotonergic function in mouse head twitches induced by lithium and reserpine.", "content": "We examined the relationship between lithium-induced head twitches and serotonergic neurons. Head twitches were elicited by combined treatment with lithium chloride (2 or 5 mEq/kg x 5, s.c. administered hourly) and rauwolfia alkaloids, i.e., reserpine (5 mg/kg, s.c.), tetrabenazine (20 mg/kg, s.c.), and syrosingopine (10 mg/kg, s.c.). Neither lithium nor the alkaloid alone induced the twitches; nor did combined administration of lithium with methamphetamine or p-chloroamphetamine. The head twitches induced by lithium in combination with reserpine were strongly inhibited by antiserotonin drugs, methysergide and cyproheptadine, and also by a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), when administered between lithium and reserpine. When PCPA was administered before lithium for 3 days, the head twitches were potentiated. In addition, the head twitches were potentiated by a serotonin receptor stimulant, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. The results imply that lithium can induce head twitches in the presence of rauwolfia alkaloids and may exert its effect in part by acting on the serotonergic neuron system.", "contents": "Serotonergic function in mouse head twitches induced by lithium and reserpine. We examined the relationship between lithium-induced head twitches and serotonergic neurons. Head twitches were elicited by combined treatment with lithium chloride (2 or 5 mEq/kg x 5, s.c. administered hourly) and rauwolfia alkaloids, i.e., reserpine (5 mg/kg, s.c.), tetrabenazine (20 mg/kg, s.c.), and syrosingopine (10 mg/kg, s.c.). Neither lithium nor the alkaloid alone induced the twitches; nor did combined administration of lithium with methamphetamine or p-chloroamphetamine. The head twitches induced by lithium in combination with reserpine were strongly inhibited by antiserotonin drugs, methysergide and cyproheptadine, and also by a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), when administered between lithium and reserpine. When PCPA was administered before lithium for 3 days, the head twitches were potentiated. In addition, the head twitches were potentiated by a serotonin receptor stimulant, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. The results imply that lithium can induce head twitches in the presence of rauwolfia alkaloids and may exert its effect in part by acting on the serotonergic neuron system.", "PMID": 109889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8929", "title": "[Influence of lithium and rubidium on exploratory behaviour and locomotor activity in isolated male mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of lithium and rubidium on curiosity rearing, and locomotor activity in isolated and group-housed male mice (DBA/2 Han) was investigated. LiCl and RbCl were given with the drinking water (30 mol/l) during 3 weeks. The behaviour of the animals was tested before and after the chronical application of either lithium or rubidium. The results show that lithium was able to enhance the decreased curiosity of the isolated mice which now was no longer different from that of normal group-housed animals. The locomotor activity of the isolated animals was also increased by LiCl, while rearing was not altered. Rubidium even more decreased the already diminished curiosity of the 'fighting mice' but had no influence on rearing and locomotor activity. Three weeks after cessation of treatment the behaviour of the isolated mice returned to predrug levels. Neither lithium nor rubidium had any influence of the behaviour of animals kept in groups.", "contents": "[Influence of lithium and rubidium on exploratory behaviour and locomotor activity in isolated male mice (author's transl)]. The effect of lithium and rubidium on curiosity rearing, and locomotor activity in isolated and group-housed male mice (DBA/2 Han) was investigated. LiCl and RbCl were given with the drinking water (30 mol/l) during 3 weeks. The behaviour of the animals was tested before and after the chronical application of either lithium or rubidium. The results show that lithium was able to enhance the decreased curiosity of the isolated mice which now was no longer different from that of normal group-housed animals. The locomotor activity of the isolated animals was also increased by LiCl, while rearing was not altered. Rubidium even more decreased the already diminished curiosity of the 'fighting mice' but had no influence on rearing and locomotor activity. Three weeks after cessation of treatment the behaviour of the isolated mice returned to predrug levels. Neither lithium nor rubidium had any influence of the behaviour of animals kept in groups.", "PMID": 109890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8930", "title": "Facilitation of responding for rewarding brain stimulation by a high dose of amphetamine when hyperthermia is prevented.", "content": "Rats given a 5 mg/kg injection of d-amphetamine did not respond for brain stimulation reward when tested under normal laboratory temperatures. In addition to the usual manifestations of stereotypy the rats were markedly hyperthermic. If the hyperthermia was prevented, however, by initially placing the rats in a cold room (10 degrees C) and subsequently testing for brain stimulation under a cool chamber temperature (14--16 degrees C), the rats responding for brain stimulation was facilitated. Thus, the occurrence of hyperthermia appears to be a critical factor responsible for this behavioral dysfunction produced by a high dose of amphetamine.", "contents": "Facilitation of responding for rewarding brain stimulation by a high dose of amphetamine when hyperthermia is prevented. Rats given a 5 mg/kg injection of d-amphetamine did not respond for brain stimulation reward when tested under normal laboratory temperatures. In addition to the usual manifestations of stereotypy the rats were markedly hyperthermic. If the hyperthermia was prevented, however, by initially placing the rats in a cold room (10 degrees C) and subsequently testing for brain stimulation under a cool chamber temperature (14--16 degrees C), the rats responding for brain stimulation was facilitated. Thus, the occurrence of hyperthermia appears to be a critical factor responsible for this behavioral dysfunction produced by a high dose of amphetamine.", "PMID": 109891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8931", "title": "L-Dopa feeding suppression: effect on catecholamine neurons of the perifornical lateral hypothalamus.", "content": "Injection of L-Dopa (0.8--200 nmoles) into the perifornical hypothalamus produced a dose-dependent suppression of feeding in hungry rats. This effect was positively correlated in magnitude with the same effect produced by the catecholamine agonists dopamine and epinephrine, and by the catecholamine-releasing drug amphetamine. L-Dopa's action was partially antagonized by separate injections of the dopaminergic blocker haloperidol (58% blockade) and the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol (38% blockade). Combined injections of these two antagonists produced a 90% blockade of L-Dopa's effect. Perifornical administration of the dopa decarboxylase inhibitors Ro 4-4602 and MK-486 was also shown to reverse L-Dopas feeding suppression, at doses that enhanced the effect of injected dopamine and epinephrine. On the basis of these findings, L-Dopa appears to suppress food consumption in part through increased catecholamine synthesis, specifically within dopaminergic and adrenergic neurons of the perifornical hypothalamic region.", "contents": "L-Dopa feeding suppression: effect on catecholamine neurons of the perifornical lateral hypothalamus. Injection of L-Dopa (0.8--200 nmoles) into the perifornical hypothalamus produced a dose-dependent suppression of feeding in hungry rats. This effect was positively correlated in magnitude with the same effect produced by the catecholamine agonists dopamine and epinephrine, and by the catecholamine-releasing drug amphetamine. L-Dopa's action was partially antagonized by separate injections of the dopaminergic blocker haloperidol (58% blockade) and the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol (38% blockade). Combined injections of these two antagonists produced a 90% blockade of L-Dopa's effect. Perifornical administration of the dopa decarboxylase inhibitors Ro 4-4602 and MK-486 was also shown to reverse L-Dopas feeding suppression, at doses that enhanced the effect of injected dopamine and epinephrine. On the basis of these findings, L-Dopa appears to suppress food consumption in part through increased catecholamine synthesis, specifically within dopaminergic and adrenergic neurons of the perifornical hypothalamic region.", "PMID": 109892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8932", "title": "Differential effects of chlordiazepoxide on conditioned and unconditioned behavior in mice with septal lesions.", "content": "The time course of action of repeated daily doses of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) was examined in mice with septal lesions. Bilateral septal lesions produced changes in both conditioned and unconditioned behavior. These lesions increased rate of operant responding on a VI-40 s schedule and produced hyperreactivity to tactile stimuli. The effects of repeated administration of CDP on these two classes of behavior were observed to follow different time courses. In a dose dependent fashion, CDP first reduced VI response rates in septal mice, but after several daily doses the response rate increased above post-surgical baseline levels. The suppressant effects of CDP on septal hyper-reactivity were quite different. Hyper-reactivity was persistently attenuated by all CDP doses tested during the eight-day drug regimen. The pattern of drug effects suggested that serotonin antagonism was involved in CDP's effects on lesion produced hyper-reactivity.", "contents": "Differential effects of chlordiazepoxide on conditioned and unconditioned behavior in mice with septal lesions. The time course of action of repeated daily doses of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) was examined in mice with septal lesions. Bilateral septal lesions produced changes in both conditioned and unconditioned behavior. These lesions increased rate of operant responding on a VI-40 s schedule and produced hyperreactivity to tactile stimuli. The effects of repeated administration of CDP on these two classes of behavior were observed to follow different time courses. In a dose dependent fashion, CDP first reduced VI response rates in septal mice, but after several daily doses the response rate increased above post-surgical baseline levels. The suppressant effects of CDP on septal hyper-reactivity were quite different. Hyper-reactivity was persistently attenuated by all CDP doses tested during the eight-day drug regimen. The pattern of drug effects suggested that serotonin antagonism was involved in CDP's effects on lesion produced hyper-reactivity.", "PMID": 109894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8933", "title": "Tolerance to amphetamine-induced impairment of rotarod performance in rats.", "content": "Acute administration of d-amphetamine sulfate (30 mg/kg, i.p.) caused muscle weakness and 80% failure in rotarod performance in rats. The incidence of performance failure progressively decreased to 30% in animals receiving d-amphetamine and tested daily for 8 days. A similar progressive reduction in performance impairment was observed in animals receiving d-amphetamine for 3, 5, or 7 days (12.5%) and evaluated only once after the last dose. The tolerance is attributable to a physiological or biochemical rather than learning phenomenon.", "contents": "Tolerance to amphetamine-induced impairment of rotarod performance in rats. Acute administration of d-amphetamine sulfate (30 mg/kg, i.p.) caused muscle weakness and 80% failure in rotarod performance in rats. The incidence of performance failure progressively decreased to 30% in animals receiving d-amphetamine and tested daily for 8 days. A similar progressive reduction in performance impairment was observed in animals receiving d-amphetamine for 3, 5, or 7 days (12.5%) and evaluated only once after the last dose. The tolerance is attributable to a physiological or biochemical rather than learning phenomenon.", "PMID": 109895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8934", "title": "The four basic types of evaluation: clinical reviews, clinical trials, program reviews, and program trials.", "content": "Four basic types of evaluation, each appropriate in a distinctive situation, are the clinical review and the clinical trial, which are concerned with the care of the individual patient, and the program review and program trial, which deal with programs or services directed at groups or populations. Evaluative reviews are primarily motivated by concern with the welfare of the specific population served, and they appraise specific activities in specific settings as a basis for decisions concerning these activities. Clinical and program trials aim to generate knowledge of more general applicability, especially concerning causal relationships between care and outcomes. The types of evaluation differ in the questions they pose and in the methods used to answer them. Failure to draw a distinction between program reviews and program trials is a frequent cause of wasteful or unhelpful evaluative studies.", "contents": "The four basic types of evaluation: clinical reviews, clinical trials, program reviews, and program trials. Four basic types of evaluation, each appropriate in a distinctive situation, are the clinical review and the clinical trial, which are concerned with the care of the individual patient, and the program review and program trial, which deal with programs or services directed at groups or populations. Evaluative reviews are primarily motivated by concern with the welfare of the specific population served, and they appraise specific activities in specific settings as a basis for decisions concerning these activities. Clinical and program trials aim to generate knowledge of more general applicability, especially concerning causal relationships between care and outcomes. The types of evaluation differ in the questions they pose and in the methods used to answer them. Failure to draw a distinction between program reviews and program trials is a frequent cause of wasteful or unhelpful evaluative studies.", "PMID": 109896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8935", "title": "Radiation therapy in bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Response of intrathoracic symptoms to thoracic irradiation was evaluated in 330 patients. Superior vena caval syndrome and hemoptysis showed the best response, with rates of 86% and 83%, respectively, compared to 73% for pain in the shoulder and arm and 60% for dyspnea and chest pain. Atelectasis showed re-expansion in only 23% of cases, but this figure increased to 57% for patients with oat-cell carcinoma. Vocal cord paralysis improved in only 6% of cases. Radiation therapy has a definite positive role in providing symptomatic relief for patients with carcinoma of the lung.", "contents": "Radiation therapy in bronchogenic carcinoma. Response of intrathoracic symptoms to thoracic irradiation was evaluated in 330 patients. Superior vena caval syndrome and hemoptysis showed the best response, with rates of 86% and 83%, respectively, compared to 73% for pain in the shoulder and arm and 60% for dyspnea and chest pain. Atelectasis showed re-expansion in only 23% of cases, but this figure increased to 57% for patients with oat-cell carcinoma. Vocal cord paralysis improved in only 6% of cases. Radiation therapy has a definite positive role in providing symptomatic relief for patients with carcinoma of the lung.", "PMID": 109898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8936", "title": "The inverse compensating filter.", "content": "When a single-field technique is used in megavoltage x-ray therapy, a uniform entrance dose is often required. If there is a large variation in source-to-surface distance over the field, an inverse type of compensating filter is necessary to achieve entrance dose uniformity. The production and utilization of these filters is discussed.", "contents": "The inverse compensating filter. When a single-field technique is used in megavoltage x-ray therapy, a uniform entrance dose is often required. If there is a large variation in source-to-surface distance over the field, an inverse type of compensating filter is necessary to achieve entrance dose uniformity. The production and utilization of these filters is discussed.", "PMID": 109899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8937", "title": "Relative biological effectiveness of low- and high-LET radiotherapy beams for jejunal crypt cell survival at low doses per fraction.", "content": "In order to determine the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of various low- and high-LET radiotherapy beams of low coses, LAF1 mice were exposed to one dose and 10 equally fractionated doses of 60Co gamma rays, 137Cs gamma rays, 4-MeV x rays, 300-kVp x rays, helium ions in the plateau and Bragg-peak region, and 15-MeV neutrons; survival of jejunal crypt cells with the microcolony assay of Withers and Elkind was determined using 60Co as the standard. RBE values for the survival of 10 cells/circumference for 10 fractionated exposures (2.4 Gy [240 rad] per fraction of 60Co) were: 1.07 for 137Cs, 1.06 for 4-MeV x rays, 1.16 for 300-kVp x rays, 1.10 for helium ions in the plateau, 1.29 for helium ions in the peak, and 3.02 for 15-MeV neutrons. As LET increased, RBE increased with decrease of dose/fraction.", "contents": "Relative biological effectiveness of low- and high-LET radiotherapy beams for jejunal crypt cell survival at low doses per fraction. In order to determine the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of various low- and high-LET radiotherapy beams of low coses, LAF1 mice were exposed to one dose and 10 equally fractionated doses of 60Co gamma rays, 137Cs gamma rays, 4-MeV x rays, 300-kVp x rays, helium ions in the plateau and Bragg-peak region, and 15-MeV neutrons; survival of jejunal crypt cells with the microcolony assay of Withers and Elkind was determined using 60Co as the standard. RBE values for the survival of 10 cells/circumference for 10 fractionated exposures (2.4 Gy [240 rad] per fraction of 60Co) were: 1.07 for 137Cs, 1.06 for 4-MeV x rays, 1.16 for 300-kVp x rays, 1.10 for helium ions in the plateau, 1.29 for helium ions in the peak, and 3.02 for 15-MeV neutrons. As LET increased, RBE increased with decrease of dose/fraction.", "PMID": 109900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8938", "title": "[EEG changes induced by long-term lithium therapy].", "content": "The effect of longstanding therapy using lithium salts compared to other psychotropic drugs in combination with lithium salts or other psychotropic drugs alone, on the human EEG is examined and compared with the literature. We found in our sample of 56 patients under lithium therapy: (1) that lithium salts - like other psychotropic drugs - evoke a significant increase in paroxysmal dysrhythmic activity and EEG abnormalities collectively; (2) that lithium salts cause an increase in rhythmical patterns and abnormalities in vigilance; and that (3) the combination of lithium salts with other psychotropic drugs leads to a significant augmentation of focal abnormalities of the left brain area and epileptic potentials, while EEG recordings without abnormalities are significantly diminished under this therapy. It results from this investigation that the risk for central decompensation in relation to the individual disposition seems to be especially high for the combination therapy.", "contents": "[EEG changes induced by long-term lithium therapy]. The effect of longstanding therapy using lithium salts compared to other psychotropic drugs in combination with lithium salts or other psychotropic drugs alone, on the human EEG is examined and compared with the literature. We found in our sample of 56 patients under lithium therapy: (1) that lithium salts - like other psychotropic drugs - evoke a significant increase in paroxysmal dysrhythmic activity and EEG abnormalities collectively; (2) that lithium salts cause an increase in rhythmical patterns and abnormalities in vigilance; and that (3) the combination of lithium salts with other psychotropic drugs leads to a significant augmentation of focal abnormalities of the left brain area and epileptic potentials, while EEG recordings without abnormalities are significantly diminished under this therapy. It results from this investigation that the risk for central decompensation in relation to the individual disposition seems to be especially high for the combination therapy.", "PMID": 109902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8939", "title": "Plasma and tissue levels of furosemide in dogs and monkeys following single and multiple oral doses.", "content": "35S-Furosemide was administered to beagle dogs and rhesus monkeys as an oral solution on a single and a 20 repeated 5 mg/kg/day dosing regimen. In both species, furosemide is rapidly but incompletely absorbed with peak plasma levels being achieved within one hour after dosing. The plasma level versus time profiles do not appear to be significantly altered as a result of the repetitive dosing regimen employed, although the profiles themselves are quite different for the two species studied. Following single oral doses, the observed peak plasma levels achieved in dogs are approximately eight-fold higher than in monkeys. In dogs, oral administration of furosemide results in a biexponential disposition curve while in monkeys the profile appears monoexponential. The major disposition phase in dogs has a half-life or approximately 30 minutes and is followed by a slow elimination phase with a half-life of approximately 7 hours. Only a small percentage of the absorbed dose is affected by the slow disposition phase and consequently accumulation of furosemide on the once-daily dosing regimen is slight. In the monkey studies, the rapid disposition phase was not observed and the slow disposition phase had a half-life of approximately 11 hours. On the repetitive dosing regimen, the monkey appeared to accumulate furosemide to a slightly greater extnet than the dog and showed a lesser degree of fluctuation within a dosing interval. In both species, liver and kidney radioactivity levels were not detectable three days after a single dose although low levels of furosemide and/or metabolites were observed for six days following the last dose of the multiple dosing regimen. At the dosage level and regimen employed, no unusual or \"typical\" lesions associated with furosemide were found in the dog and monkey tissues examined histopathologically.", "contents": "Plasma and tissue levels of furosemide in dogs and monkeys following single and multiple oral doses. 35S-Furosemide was administered to beagle dogs and rhesus monkeys as an oral solution on a single and a 20 repeated 5 mg/kg/day dosing regimen. In both species, furosemide is rapidly but incompletely absorbed with peak plasma levels being achieved within one hour after dosing. The plasma level versus time profiles do not appear to be significantly altered as a result of the repetitive dosing regimen employed, although the profiles themselves are quite different for the two species studied. Following single oral doses, the observed peak plasma levels achieved in dogs are approximately eight-fold higher than in monkeys. In dogs, oral administration of furosemide results in a biexponential disposition curve while in monkeys the profile appears monoexponential. The major disposition phase in dogs has a half-life or approximately 30 minutes and is followed by a slow elimination phase with a half-life of approximately 7 hours. Only a small percentage of the absorbed dose is affected by the slow disposition phase and consequently accumulation of furosemide on the once-daily dosing regimen is slight. In the monkey studies, the rapid disposition phase was not observed and the slow disposition phase had a half-life of approximately 11 hours. On the repetitive dosing regimen, the monkey appeared to accumulate furosemide to a slightly greater extnet than the dog and showed a lesser degree of fluctuation within a dosing interval. In both species, liver and kidney radioactivity levels were not detectable three days after a single dose although low levels of furosemide and/or metabolites were observed for six days following the last dose of the multiple dosing regimen. At the dosage level and regimen employed, no unusual or \"typical\" lesions associated with furosemide were found in the dog and monkey tissues examined histopathologically.", "PMID": 109903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8940", "title": "Antagonism of vasopressin-induced water flow by somatostatin.", "content": "The ability of somatostatin to modify the water premeability of the toad bladder was examined. Somatostatin had a small effect on basal water flow and antagonized the hydrosmotic effect of vasopressin. Water flow induced by cyclic AMP was enhanced. These results may explain the diuretic and hyposthenuric effects of somatostatin in vivo.", "contents": "Antagonism of vasopressin-induced water flow by somatostatin. The ability of somatostatin to modify the water premeability of the toad bladder was examined. Somatostatin had a small effect on basal water flow and antagonized the hydrosmotic effect of vasopressin. Water flow induced by cyclic AMP was enhanced. These results may explain the diuretic and hyposthenuric effects of somatostatin in vivo.", "PMID": 109904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8941", "title": "V. Efforts at stabilization of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase.", "content": "The best from a series of matrices for the covalent coupling of rat liver phenylalanine (Phe H) was activated thiol-Sepharose 4B. An average of 0.38 mumoles of enzyme thiol was coupled per mumole of matrix thiol, representing 21 mg of protein per g of carrier. After thiolation with N-acetylhomocysteine thiolactone the enzyme, bound to the same matrix, was thermally more stable with a broad pH range of optimal activity. Thiolation with S-acetylmercaptosuccinic anhydride markedly reduced hydroxylase activity whereas succinylation with succinic anhydride had little or no effect. Treatment of the thiolated enzyme with various oxidants to form disulfide bridges did not increase the thermal stability. Efforts to improve stability by formation of new linkages while the enzyme was still bound to the matrix were unsuccessful. The untreated or thiolated enzyme was inactivated upon reaction with glutaraldehyde.", "contents": "V. Efforts at stabilization of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase. The best from a series of matrices for the covalent coupling of rat liver phenylalanine (Phe H) was activated thiol-Sepharose 4B. An average of 0.38 mumoles of enzyme thiol was coupled per mumole of matrix thiol, representing 21 mg of protein per g of carrier. After thiolation with N-acetylhomocysteine thiolactone the enzyme, bound to the same matrix, was thermally more stable with a broad pH range of optimal activity. Thiolation with S-acetylmercaptosuccinic anhydride markedly reduced hydroxylase activity whereas succinylation with succinic anhydride had little or no effect. Treatment of the thiolated enzyme with various oxidants to form disulfide bridges did not increase the thermal stability. Efforts to improve stability by formation of new linkages while the enzyme was still bound to the matrix were unsuccessful. The untreated or thiolated enzyme was inactivated upon reaction with glutaraldehyde.", "PMID": 109905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8942", "title": "Is there a place for chemical and radiation synovectomy in rheumatic diseases?", "content": "Synoviorthesis has the same indications as surgical synovectomy. But it is easy to perform, can be repeated and does not leave any scars. It should be tied first. The choice of the product to be injected depends on the joint, the number of injections and the age of the patient. In all cases a long-acting local steroid should be tried first. In combination, osmic acid seems to potentiate the effect of the steroid. If osmium tetroxide damages the cartilage, it has been demonstrated that the damage is limited and superficial and as far as we know without clinical consequence. The fear of side-effects has limited the use of synoviortheses in the United States. Sledge et al. (1977), in animals, have used a new rare earth isotope, dysprosium-165, a beta-emitter with a maximum tissue penetrance of 5.7 mm and the advantage of a very short half-life of 140 minutes. In so far as systemic therapy is only partly successful there is still a place for chemical and radiation synovectomy in rheumatic diseases.", "contents": "Is there a place for chemical and radiation synovectomy in rheumatic diseases? Synoviorthesis has the same indications as surgical synovectomy. But it is easy to perform, can be repeated and does not leave any scars. It should be tied first. The choice of the product to be injected depends on the joint, the number of injections and the age of the patient. In all cases a long-acting local steroid should be tried first. In combination, osmic acid seems to potentiate the effect of the steroid. If osmium tetroxide damages the cartilage, it has been demonstrated that the damage is limited and superficial and as far as we know without clinical consequence. The fear of side-effects has limited the use of synoviortheses in the United States. Sledge et al. (1977), in animals, have used a new rare earth isotope, dysprosium-165, a beta-emitter with a maximum tissue penetrance of 5.7 mm and the advantage of a very short half-life of 140 minutes. In so far as systemic therapy is only partly successful there is still a place for chemical and radiation synovectomy in rheumatic diseases.", "PMID": 109906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8943", "title": "Retention in glass bead columns as a measure of leucocyte adhesiveness. I. Influence of sample size and erythrocyte sedimentation.", "content": "Erythrocyte sedimentation significantly influenced test results when leucocyte retention in glass bead columns was used as a measure of leucocyte adhesiveness. In blood with elevated ESR, this influence was especially evident. Erythrocyte sedimentation highly increased leucocyte retention in vertical columns with a downward flow, whereas in slightly tilted columns with an upward flow, the retention was reduced. The error in measurements caused by erythrocyte sedimentation could be corrected by means of the haematocrit values in samples and eluates. Correction was better for results obtained with slightly elevated than with vertical columns. The granulocyte retention rates increased with increasing sample size, whereas lymphocyte retention remained constant.", "contents": "Retention in glass bead columns as a measure of leucocyte adhesiveness. I. Influence of sample size and erythrocyte sedimentation. Erythrocyte sedimentation significantly influenced test results when leucocyte retention in glass bead columns was used as a measure of leucocyte adhesiveness. In blood with elevated ESR, this influence was especially evident. Erythrocyte sedimentation highly increased leucocyte retention in vertical columns with a downward flow, whereas in slightly tilted columns with an upward flow, the retention was reduced. The error in measurements caused by erythrocyte sedimentation could be corrected by means of the haematocrit values in samples and eluates. Correction was better for results obtained with slightly elevated than with vertical columns. The granulocyte retention rates increased with increasing sample size, whereas lymphocyte retention remained constant.", "PMID": 109909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8944", "title": "Erythrocyte and leucocyte enzymes in a case of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria.", "content": "In a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) enzymatic activities of erythrocytes and leucocytes were studied. Studies of autohaemolysis were also performed. The following erythrocytary enzymes were measured: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), pyruvate kinase (PK), glutathione reductase (GR), and acetylcholinesterase (AcChE). The following enzymes were measured in leucocytes: Adenosine deaminase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and adenosine kinase. Normal activity of G-6-PD, GR and PK in erythrocytes was found. In leucocytes and lymphocytes activity of purine nucleoside phosphorylase was reduced. Auto-haemolysis in vitro was increased, which could not be compensated by addition of glucose or ATP.", "contents": "Erythrocyte and leucocyte enzymes in a case of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. In a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) enzymatic activities of erythrocytes and leucocytes were studied. Studies of autohaemolysis were also performed. The following erythrocytary enzymes were measured: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), pyruvate kinase (PK), glutathione reductase (GR), and acetylcholinesterase (AcChE). The following enzymes were measured in leucocytes: Adenosine deaminase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and adenosine kinase. Normal activity of G-6-PD, GR and PK in erythrocytes was found. In leucocytes and lymphocytes activity of purine nucleoside phosphorylase was reduced. Auto-haemolysis in vitro was increased, which could not be compensated by addition of glucose or ATP.", "PMID": 109910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8945", "title": "Successful use of a bulk laxative to control the diarrhea of tube feeding.", "content": "The greatly increased nutritional demands of the severely burned patient frequently require the use of tube feeding for enternal hyperalimentation. At a time when general patient morale is low and motivation needs to be maximally maintained, there is nothing so dispiriting as the distress of a painful perianal region and uncontrollable liquid stools. Attempts to control the diarrhea which frequently accompanies tube feeding by changing the formula or the method of administration or a wide variety of constipating drugs have all met with very limited success. Based on the clinical observation of a noted gastroenterologist (Bockus), we have administered a mucilagenous hydrophilic colloid bulk laxative (Metamucil) to patients on tube feeding formulae. The dosage and frequency are adjusted to individual patient needs, but average 7 g per liter of liquid formula. The results have been dramatic; namely, the virtual elimination of the diarrhea problem in our burn patients on enteral hyperalimentation by gastric tube feeding. Colonic transit time increases. The stools become formed but soft, cohesive but not adhesive. Perianal irritation does not occur. Neither does soilage of wound, dressings, or bed. No rebound constipation or obstructive symptoms have been encountered. We attribute this response to the same water binding mechanism that allows these colloids to prevent chronic constipation. Our patients may be given as much as 5,000 to 6,000 calories of tube feeding per day. Our patients are not distressed by diarrhea. Our nursing staff is relieved of the burden that entails.", "contents": "Successful use of a bulk laxative to control the diarrhea of tube feeding. The greatly increased nutritional demands of the severely burned patient frequently require the use of tube feeding for enternal hyperalimentation. At a time when general patient morale is low and motivation needs to be maximally maintained, there is nothing so dispiriting as the distress of a painful perianal region and uncontrollable liquid stools. Attempts to control the diarrhea which frequently accompanies tube feeding by changing the formula or the method of administration or a wide variety of constipating drugs have all met with very limited success. Based on the clinical observation of a noted gastroenterologist (Bockus), we have administered a mucilagenous hydrophilic colloid bulk laxative (Metamucil) to patients on tube feeding formulae. The dosage and frequency are adjusted to individual patient needs, but average 7 g per liter of liquid formula. The results have been dramatic; namely, the virtual elimination of the diarrhea problem in our burn patients on enteral hyperalimentation by gastric tube feeding. Colonic transit time increases. The stools become formed but soft, cohesive but not adhesive. Perianal irritation does not occur. Neither does soilage of wound, dressings, or bed. No rebound constipation or obstructive symptoms have been encountered. We attribute this response to the same water binding mechanism that allows these colloids to prevent chronic constipation. Our patients may be given as much as 5,000 to 6,000 calories of tube feeding per day. Our patients are not distressed by diarrhea. Our nursing staff is relieved of the burden that entails.", "PMID": 109911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8946", "title": "Parenteral nutrition in severely burned children.", "content": "In adults supplemental parenteral nutrition (PN) is advisable in burns over 40% especially when weight loss exceeds 10% of body weight. In children with smaller reserves and higher requirement of proteins and energy no rigid scheme for parenteral supplementation is used at our unit. In a young infant it may be added already at a 20-30% deep burn, especially with connected gastrointestinal tract problems, infection etc. Metabolic and protein requirements are estimated 50-100% in addition to their normal needs. Hypertonic glucose (gradually increased from 20-40%), covered with insulin in the early phase, is used as source of carbohydrates. L-amino acid mixture containing the \"pediatric essential amino acids\" histidine and cysteine is given as a nitrogen source. 20% Intralipid is given in a gradually increased amount of 2-4 g/kg per day to provide calories and essential fatty acids. Among electrolytes K, Ca, P and Mg must be added. Increased amounts of vitamin C and folate are needed by burned children. Vitamin E is also required during prolonged lipid administration. Trace elements (Zn. Fe, etc.) are supplied orally or i.v. with special solutions or fresh  plasma infusions. Our experience with parenteral nutrition in severely burned children will be presented. There were no severe metabolic side-effects but sepsis represented the major problem. The concomitant heat preservation by warming the room and use of infra-red heaters is emphasized.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition in severely burned children. In adults supplemental parenteral nutrition (PN) is advisable in burns over 40% especially when weight loss exceeds 10% of body weight. In children with smaller reserves and higher requirement of proteins and energy no rigid scheme for parenteral supplementation is used at our unit. In a young infant it may be added already at a 20-30% deep burn, especially with connected gastrointestinal tract problems, infection etc. Metabolic and protein requirements are estimated 50-100% in addition to their normal needs. Hypertonic glucose (gradually increased from 20-40%), covered with insulin in the early phase, is used as source of carbohydrates. L-amino acid mixture containing the \"pediatric essential amino acids\" histidine and cysteine is given as a nitrogen source. 20% Intralipid is given in a gradually increased amount of 2-4 g/kg per day to provide calories and essential fatty acids. Among electrolytes K, Ca, P and Mg must be added. Increased amounts of vitamin C and folate are needed by burned children. Vitamin E is also required during prolonged lipid administration. Trace elements (Zn. Fe, etc.) are supplied orally or i.v. with special solutions or fresh  plasma infusions. Our experience with parenteral nutrition in severely burned children will be presented. There were no severe metabolic side-effects but sepsis represented the major problem. The concomitant heat preservation by warming the room and use of infra-red heaters is emphasized.", "PMID": 109912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8947", "title": "Pseudomonas resistance to gentamicin.", "content": "66 burned patients admitted to the Burn Unit from Jan. to Sept., 1977, were studied. Topical therapy employed was mafenide or silver sulfadiazine. The most common pathogens isolated in 288 burn wound cultures were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (42%), Klebsiella-Enterobacter (16%), and Staph, aureus (13%). Pseudomonas was sensitive to gentamicin in only 36.2% of instances. In 1976, 42% of Pseudomonas isolates was sensitive. During the period 1969-1973, 85.7% of the Pseudomonas was sensitive to gentamicin.", "contents": "Pseudomonas resistance to gentamicin. 66 burned patients admitted to the Burn Unit from Jan. to Sept., 1977, were studied. Topical therapy employed was mafenide or silver sulfadiazine. The most common pathogens isolated in 288 burn wound cultures were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (42%), Klebsiella-Enterobacter (16%), and Staph, aureus (13%). Pseudomonas was sensitive to gentamicin in only 36.2% of instances. In 1976, 42% of Pseudomonas isolates was sensitive. During the period 1969-1973, 85.7% of the Pseudomonas was sensitive to gentamicin.", "PMID": 109913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8948", "title": "Gold and thiol compounds in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: excretory fate and tissue distribution of thiomalate in relation to gold after administration of myocrisin (auro-thiomalate).", "content": "Double isotope-labelled auro thiomalate (Au195-C14-thiomalate) has been administered to mice and rats, and the excretory fate and tissue distribution have been studied. The results show that the gold and the thiomalate separate in vivo resulting in protein-bound gold and release of free thiomalate. About half of this thiol is excreted in the urine during the first day and the remaining half is taken up by the tissues. Thiomalate penetrates cellular membranes poorly, but is able to interact slowly with proteins (mixed disulphide formation). Part of the thiomalate which remains in the body is membrane bound. In contrast to penicillamine little thiomalate remains in circulation a few hours after administration. Gas chromatography--mass spectrometry has been used to search for the presence of free thiomalate in rheumatoid arthritis patients on Myocrisin (auro thiomalate) therapy. Thiomalate was found in their urine, but not in serum and synovial fluid 20 hours after administration. As thiomalate is released in the body after administration of Myocrisin. the question arises whether this thiol, like penicillamine, may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Gold and thiol compounds in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: excretory fate and tissue distribution of thiomalate in relation to gold after administration of myocrisin (auro-thiomalate). Double isotope-labelled auro thiomalate (Au195-C14-thiomalate) has been administered to mice and rats, and the excretory fate and tissue distribution have been studied. The results show that the gold and the thiomalate separate in vivo resulting in protein-bound gold and release of free thiomalate. About half of this thiol is excreted in the urine during the first day and the remaining half is taken up by the tissues. Thiomalate penetrates cellular membranes poorly, but is able to interact slowly with proteins (mixed disulphide formation). Part of the thiomalate which remains in the body is membrane bound. In contrast to penicillamine little thiomalate remains in circulation a few hours after administration. Gas chromatography--mass spectrometry has been used to search for the presence of free thiomalate in rheumatoid arthritis patients on Myocrisin (auro thiomalate) therapy. Thiomalate was found in their urine, but not in serum and synovial fluid 20 hours after administration. As thiomalate is released in the body after administration of Myocrisin. the question arises whether this thiol, like penicillamine, may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 109914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8949", "title": "Pulmonary infiltrates associated with gold therapy. Report of a case.", "content": "A case report is presented concerning diffuse pulmonary infiltrates due to sodium aurothiomalate therapy in a 67-year-old woman suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. After the gold treatment was stopped, prednisolone therapy produced complete remission of the pulmonary reaction.", "contents": "Pulmonary infiltrates associated with gold therapy. Report of a case. A case report is presented concerning diffuse pulmonary infiltrates due to sodium aurothiomalate therapy in a 67-year-old woman suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. After the gold treatment was stopped, prednisolone therapy produced complete remission of the pulmonary reaction.", "PMID": 109915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8950", "title": "[Protection from exertion-induced bronchial asthma with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) (cromolyn, lomudal, intal) and with ketotifen (zaditen). Doubly crossed double-blind study ].", "content": "16 cooperative asthmatic patients with exercise-induced asthma (with more than 15% decrease in FEV1 after strenuous work on a treadmill with 10% upward; pulse rates over 180 per minute during the work-phase) were selected to take part in a double-blind crossover trial. The 8 women and 8 men, with ages ranging from 15 to 57 years (mean 25) underwent 4 exercise tests. The effects on exercise-induced asthma of 20 mg disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) inhaled with a spinhaler 30 minutes before exercise were compared to 2 mg of ketotifen taken orally 3 hours before exercise, and likewise DSCG was compared to a placebo powder inhaled with a spinhaler, and ketotifen with placebo tablets. The whole study lasted from January to March. Ten minutes after exercise the following changes in FEV1 (in percent of control value measured before exercise) were seen: after inhalation of a placebo powder the FEV1 decreased to 66% with an almost equal decrease after taking placebo tablets (67%) (0.45 greater than p greater than 0.40) whereas, in comparison, the decrease in FEV1 after DSCG (84%) is smaller than that after inhalation of a placebo powder (66%) (p less than 0.0025). In contrast to these results was the equal decrease in FEV1 after ketotifen (70%) (0.35 greater than p greater than 0.30) and placebo tablets (67%). Although a relatively high chosen dosage of ketotifen was given, it does not seem capable of inhibiting mediator release from the bronchial mast-cells as DSCG does. It is concluded that ketotifen given orally 3 hours before the exercise test is not effective against exercise-induced asthma.", "contents": "[Protection from exertion-induced bronchial asthma with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) (cromolyn, lomudal, intal) and with ketotifen (zaditen). Doubly crossed double-blind study ]. 16 cooperative asthmatic patients with exercise-induced asthma (with more than 15% decrease in FEV1 after strenuous work on a treadmill with 10% upward; pulse rates over 180 per minute during the work-phase) were selected to take part in a double-blind crossover trial. The 8 women and 8 men, with ages ranging from 15 to 57 years (mean 25) underwent 4 exercise tests. The effects on exercise-induced asthma of 20 mg disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) inhaled with a spinhaler 30 minutes before exercise were compared to 2 mg of ketotifen taken orally 3 hours before exercise, and likewise DSCG was compared to a placebo powder inhaled with a spinhaler, and ketotifen with placebo tablets. The whole study lasted from January to March. Ten minutes after exercise the following changes in FEV1 (in percent of control value measured before exercise) were seen: after inhalation of a placebo powder the FEV1 decreased to 66% with an almost equal decrease after taking placebo tablets (67%) (0.45 greater than p greater than 0.40) whereas, in comparison, the decrease in FEV1 after DSCG (84%) is smaller than that after inhalation of a placebo powder (66%) (p less than 0.0025). In contrast to these results was the equal decrease in FEV1 after ketotifen (70%) (0.35 greater than p greater than 0.30) and placebo tablets (67%). Although a relatively high chosen dosage of ketotifen was given, it does not seem capable of inhibiting mediator release from the bronchial mast-cells as DSCG does. It is concluded that ketotifen given orally 3 hours before the exercise test is not effective against exercise-induced asthma.", "PMID": 109916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8951", "title": "[Hyperventilation and oxygen supply of the myocardium. II. Effect of nitroglycerin and dipyridamole].", "content": "1. Voluntary hyperventilation during rest in the recumbent position induces a fall in H+ concentration, PCO2 and PO2 in mixed venous blood and in the blood of the coronary sinus. 2. If the breathing volume is increased during voluntary hyperventilation between 2- and 2.5 fold above the volume at rest, O2 uptake increases by only 6% but CO2 excretion rises by 66%. 3. Cardiac output decreases by 8% and the O2 extraction of the myocard increases by 12%. There is a quantitative relationship between arterial pH or PCO2 and changes in the systemic and coronary circulation. Blood pressure decreases in the pulmonary circulation. 4. Nitroglycerin during hyperventilation produces an additional reduction in cardiac output but no effect on the O2 extractions of the myocard. 5. With dipyridamol, the O2 extraction of the myocard is reduced and the PO2 in the blood of the coronary sinus increases. 6. In the case of severe coronary obstruction, the effect of dipyridamol can cause acute angina pectoris and left heart insufficiency due to poststenotic ischemis (steal syndrome).", "contents": "[Hyperventilation and oxygen supply of the myocardium. II. Effect of nitroglycerin and dipyridamole]. 1. Voluntary hyperventilation during rest in the recumbent position induces a fall in H+ concentration, PCO2 and PO2 in mixed venous blood and in the blood of the coronary sinus. 2. If the breathing volume is increased during voluntary hyperventilation between 2- and 2.5 fold above the volume at rest, O2 uptake increases by only 6% but CO2 excretion rises by 66%. 3. Cardiac output decreases by 8% and the O2 extraction of the myocard increases by 12%. There is a quantitative relationship between arterial pH or PCO2 and changes in the systemic and coronary circulation. Blood pressure decreases in the pulmonary circulation. 4. Nitroglycerin during hyperventilation produces an additional reduction in cardiac output but no effect on the O2 extractions of the myocard. 5. With dipyridamol, the O2 extraction of the myocard is reduced and the PO2 in the blood of the coronary sinus increases. 6. In the case of severe coronary obstruction, the effect of dipyridamol can cause acute angina pectoris and left heart insufficiency due to poststenotic ischemis (steal syndrome).", "PMID": 109917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8952", "title": "Nuclear transcripts of mouse heavy chain immunoglobulin genes contain only the expressed class of C-region sequences.", "content": "In plasmacytoma cells producing IgG, IgA, or IgM immunoglobulin heavy chains, the large precursors of the heavy chain messenger RNA's contain nucleotide sequences that specify only the expressed class of constant region. This indicates that the switch from one class of heavy chain to another during B cell ontogeny does not occur by altered processing of a complex gene transcript.", "contents": "Nuclear transcripts of mouse heavy chain immunoglobulin genes contain only the expressed class of C-region sequences. In plasmacytoma cells producing IgG, IgA, or IgM immunoglobulin heavy chains, the large precursors of the heavy chain messenger RNA's contain nucleotide sequences that specify only the expressed class of constant region. This indicates that the switch from one class of heavy chain to another during B cell ontogeny does not occur by altered processing of a complex gene transcript.", "PMID": 109919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8953", "title": "Behavior maintained by termination of a schedule of self-administered cocaine.", "content": "Squirrel monkeys self-administered cocaine by pressing a lever while under a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. At the same time, they terminated the availability of self-administered cocaine by pressing a second lever while under a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. The maintenance of behavior by schedule drug injections and by termination of scheduled drug injections, usually considered to be processes associated with different classes of drugs, can occur simultaneously when behavior is controlled by different contingencies associated with a single drug.", "contents": "Behavior maintained by termination of a schedule of self-administered cocaine. Squirrel monkeys self-administered cocaine by pressing a lever while under a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. At the same time, they terminated the availability of self-administered cocaine by pressing a second lever while under a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. The maintenance of behavior by schedule drug injections and by termination of scheduled drug injections, usually considered to be processes associated with different classes of drugs, can occur simultaneously when behavior is controlled by different contingencies associated with a single drug.", "PMID": 109920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8954", "title": "Inhibitory, GABAergic nerve terminals decrease at sites of focal epilepsy.", "content": "Using an immunocytochemical method for the localization of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), we have observed GABAergic nerve terminals distributed throughout all layers of normal monkey sensorimotor cortex. These terminals displayed ultrastructural characteristics that suggested that they arose from aspinous and sparsely spinous stellate neurons. In monkeys (Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis) made epileptic by cortical application of alumina gel, a highly significant numerical decrease of GAD-positive nerve terminals occurred at sites of seizure foci indicating a functional loss of GABAergic inhibitory synapses. A loss of such inhibition at seizure foci could lead to epileptic activity of cortical pyramidal neurons.", "contents": "Inhibitory, GABAergic nerve terminals decrease at sites of focal epilepsy. Using an immunocytochemical method for the localization of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), we have observed GABAergic nerve terminals distributed throughout all layers of normal monkey sensorimotor cortex. These terminals displayed ultrastructural characteristics that suggested that they arose from aspinous and sparsely spinous stellate neurons. In monkeys (Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis) made epileptic by cortical application of alumina gel, a highly significant numerical decrease of GAD-positive nerve terminals occurred at sites of seizure foci indicating a functional loss of GABAergic inhibitory synapses. A loss of such inhibition at seizure foci could lead to epileptic activity of cortical pyramidal neurons.", "PMID": 109922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8955", "title": "Orientation anisotropy of visual stimuli in rhesus monkey: a behavior study.", "content": "The contrast sensitivity of the rhesus monkey was tested, according to a modified reaction-time paradigm, for sine-wave grating targets at different orientations. The monkey possesses an oblique effect slightly larger than that of humans. A reaction time analysis showed the oblique effect to be a suprathreshold as well as a threshold phenomenon. The presence of this effect further strengthens the use of the monkey as a model for the human visual system.", "contents": "Orientation anisotropy of visual stimuli in rhesus monkey: a behavior study. The contrast sensitivity of the rhesus monkey was tested, according to a modified reaction-time paradigm, for sine-wave grating targets at different orientations. The monkey possesses an oblique effect slightly larger than that of humans. A reaction time analysis showed the oblique effect to be a suprathreshold as well as a threshold phenomenon. The presence of this effect further strengthens the use of the monkey as a model for the human visual system.", "PMID": 109923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8956", "title": "Stress and coping factors influence tumor growth.", "content": "Growth of syngeneic P815 mastocytoma in DBA/2J male mice was evaluated as a result of various stress regimens. A single session of inescapable shock resulted in earlier tumor appearance, exaggeration of tumor size, and decreased survival time in recipient animals. Escapable shock had no such effects. The effects of the inescapable shock were mitigated if mice received long-term shock treatment.", "contents": "Stress and coping factors influence tumor growth. Growth of syngeneic P815 mastocytoma in DBA/2J male mice was evaluated as a result of various stress regimens. A single session of inescapable shock resulted in earlier tumor appearance, exaggeration of tumor size, and decreased survival time in recipient animals. Escapable shock had no such effects. The effects of the inescapable shock were mitigated if mice received long-term shock treatment.", "PMID": 109924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8957", "title": "Enchancement of luminance flicker by color-opponent mechanisms.", "content": "Color-opponent ganglion cells in the monkey retina respond to luminance flicker at high temporal frequencies. Color opponency, which makes these cells so selective of wavelength at low temporal frequencies, is progressively lost at high frequencies. This loss is due to a frequency-dependent phase shift between the responses of spectrally different center and surround mechanisms in the receptive field of each of these cells. Center and surround responses, which are antagonistic at low temporal frequencies, become synergistic at high ones, making these cells most responsive at high frequencies to those wavelengths to which they are least responsive at low frequencies. This phenomenon can explain the differences between chromatic and luminance flicker in human vision.", "contents": "Enchancement of luminance flicker by color-opponent mechanisms. Color-opponent ganglion cells in the monkey retina respond to luminance flicker at high temporal frequencies. Color opponency, which makes these cells so selective of wavelength at low temporal frequencies, is progressively lost at high frequencies. This loss is due to a frequency-dependent phase shift between the responses of spectrally different center and surround mechanisms in the receptive field of each of these cells. Center and surround responses, which are antagonistic at low temporal frequencies, become synergistic at high ones, making these cells most responsive at high frequencies to those wavelengths to which they are least responsive at low frequencies. This phenomenon can explain the differences between chromatic and luminance flicker in human vision.", "PMID": 109925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8958", "title": "Subicular input from temporal cortex in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The subicular cortices of the primate hippocampal formation form a physical and connectional link between the cortex of the temporal lobe and the hippocampus. Their direct connections with all classes of cortex in the temporal lobe except primary sensory cortex underscore the pivotal role of these areas in the potential interplay between the hippocampal formation and the association cortices.", "contents": "Subicular input from temporal cortex in the rhesus monkey. The subicular cortices of the primate hippocampal formation form a physical and connectional link between the cortex of the temporal lobe and the hippocampus. Their direct connections with all classes of cortex in the temporal lobe except primary sensory cortex underscore the pivotal role of these areas in the potential interplay between the hippocampal formation and the association cortices.", "PMID": 109926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8959", "title": "Serological differences among the dermatophytes.", "content": "Antigens were prepared from young mycelial growth of 20 species of dermatophytes, and tested by double diffusion against homologous and heterologous antisera raised in rabbits. 48 distinct antigens were recognised by the procedures used. Although there were a considerable number of common reactions, there were significant differences between species and groups. Species of Microsporum, with the exception of M. gypseum and M. persicolor, form a coherent group distinct from Epidermophyton and Trichophyton. All Trichophyton species investigated with the exception of T. ajelloi, were serologically closely related. M. gypseum, T. ajelloi and M. persicolor showed affinities with both Microsporum and Trichophyton, and possibly form an intermediate group. The system used does not permit differentiation of species by serological means, but gives a new dimension to the inter-relationships of these fungi.", "contents": "Serological differences among the dermatophytes. Antigens were prepared from young mycelial growth of 20 species of dermatophytes, and tested by double diffusion against homologous and heterologous antisera raised in rabbits. 48 distinct antigens were recognised by the procedures used. Although there were a considerable number of common reactions, there were significant differences between species and groups. Species of Microsporum, with the exception of M. gypseum and M. persicolor, form a coherent group distinct from Epidermophyton and Trichophyton. All Trichophyton species investigated with the exception of T. ajelloi, were serologically closely related. M. gypseum, T. ajelloi and M. persicolor showed affinities with both Microsporum and Trichophyton, and possibly form an intermediate group. The system used does not permit differentiation of species by serological means, but gives a new dimension to the inter-relationships of these fungi.", "PMID": 109928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8960", "title": "Evaluation of purified H and M antigens of histoplasmin as reagents in the complement fixation test.", "content": "Complement-fixation (CF) tests were performed with purified H and M antigens, histoplasmin, and Histoplasma capsulatum whole cell yeast phase antigen using sera of 126 patients with proven or suspected histoplasmosis. Specific titers for either H or for M antibody were obtained with the individual purified antigens; the highest titers were comparable to those obtained with histoplasmin. However, in sera containing only anti-M antibody, the titers obtained with the purified M antigen were 2 to 16 times those obtained with the histoplasmin or yeast phase antigens. The CF test for either H or M antibody was 4 to 32 times as reactive as the agar-gel microimmunodiffusion test; in general precipitin lines were obtained with either H or M antigens from sera with CF titers greater than or equal to 8. With sera containing H antibody, there was an excellent correlation between the CF titers obtained with purified M antigen and histoplasmin. The correlations of CF titers with H antigen and either histoplasmin or yeast phase antigen were very low.", "contents": "Evaluation of purified H and M antigens of histoplasmin as reagents in the complement fixation test. Complement-fixation (CF) tests were performed with purified H and M antigens, histoplasmin, and Histoplasma capsulatum whole cell yeast phase antigen using sera of 126 patients with proven or suspected histoplasmosis. Specific titers for either H or for M antibody were obtained with the individual purified antigens; the highest titers were comparable to those obtained with histoplasmin. However, in sera containing only anti-M antibody, the titers obtained with the purified M antigen were 2 to 16 times those obtained with the histoplasmin or yeast phase antigens. The CF test for either H or M antibody was 4 to 32 times as reactive as the agar-gel microimmunodiffusion test; in general precipitin lines were obtained with either H or M antigens from sera with CF titers greater than or equal to 8. With sera containing H antibody, there was an excellent correlation between the CF titers obtained with purified M antigen and histoplasmin. The correlations of CF titers with H antigen and either histoplasmin or yeast phase antigen were very low.", "PMID": 109929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8961", "title": "Adrenalectomy-oophorectomy and combined chemotherapy for carcinoma of the breast with metastases.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with carcinoma of the breast with metastases were treated by adrenalectomy-oophorectomy and randomized either for combined chemotherapy, vincristine, fluorouracil, methotrexate and thiotepa, beginning within one week after operation and continuing for three months or no chemotherapy. Statistical analyses were Gehan's modification of the Wilcoxon test for censored data, chi-square tests and life table analysis. Pretreatment characteristics--menopausal status, age, disease-free interval, prior hormone treatment and sites of metastases--of both groups were similar. Objective response occurred in 73 per cent of 11 patients in the treatment. A group compared with 47 per cent of 15 patients in the treatment B group, p greater than 0.50. Median duration to relapse in responders was 16 months in the treatment A group and 15 months in the treatment B group, p greater than 0.50. Median survival was 19 months in the treatment A group and 20 months in the treatment B group, p greater than 0.50. Results were not significant, and inclusion of five patients with less than three months of treatment, did not alter the results. Hence, the group receiving early symptomatic treatment did not show an improved response rate, improved duration of remission or enhanced survival time from ablative treatment.", "contents": "Adrenalectomy-oophorectomy and combined chemotherapy for carcinoma of the breast with metastases. Thirty-one patients with carcinoma of the breast with metastases were treated by adrenalectomy-oophorectomy and randomized either for combined chemotherapy, vincristine, fluorouracil, methotrexate and thiotepa, beginning within one week after operation and continuing for three months or no chemotherapy. Statistical analyses were Gehan's modification of the Wilcoxon test for censored data, chi-square tests and life table analysis. Pretreatment characteristics--menopausal status, age, disease-free interval, prior hormone treatment and sites of metastases--of both groups were similar. Objective response occurred in 73 per cent of 11 patients in the treatment. A group compared with 47 per cent of 15 patients in the treatment B group, p greater than 0.50. Median duration to relapse in responders was 16 months in the treatment A group and 15 months in the treatment B group, p greater than 0.50. Median survival was 19 months in the treatment A group and 20 months in the treatment B group, p greater than 0.50. Results were not significant, and inclusion of five patients with less than three months of treatment, did not alter the results. Hence, the group receiving early symptomatic treatment did not show an improved response rate, improved duration of remission or enhanced survival time from ablative treatment.", "PMID": 109935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8962", "title": "Ectopic epidural calvarial meningioma.", "content": "A rare case of ectopic epidural calvarial fibroblastic meningioma is reported in a 31-year-old male. Arising from the inner table of the skull, it produced an intracranial mass which resulted in hemiparesis and Jacksonian epilepsy.", "contents": "Ectopic epidural calvarial meningioma. A rare case of ectopic epidural calvarial fibroblastic meningioma is reported in a 31-year-old male. Arising from the inner table of the skull, it produced an intracranial mass which resulted in hemiparesis and Jacksonian epilepsy.", "PMID": 109937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8963", "title": "The effect of septic shock on skeletal muscle action potentials in the primate.", "content": "Techniques developed for the in vivo study of cellular physiology have been applied to septic shock in primates. Measurements of skeletal muscle transmembrane resting and action potentials were correlated with an analysis of fluid and electrolyte changes in the intracellular and extracellular compartments of skeletal muscle. The data obtained indicated a marked depletion of muscle extracellular water and an increase in intracellular sodium chloride and water content during shock. The significant decrease of resting membrane potential was associated with a decrease in amplitude of the action potential and prolongation of both the repolarization and depolarization time. In addition, there was a decrease of muscle intracellular potassium concentration during shock. This study demonstrates that the alterations in cellular membranes in hemorrhagic shock and septic shock are similar.", "contents": "The effect of septic shock on skeletal muscle action potentials in the primate. Techniques developed for the in vivo study of cellular physiology have been applied to septic shock in primates. Measurements of skeletal muscle transmembrane resting and action potentials were correlated with an analysis of fluid and electrolyte changes in the intracellular and extracellular compartments of skeletal muscle. The data obtained indicated a marked depletion of muscle extracellular water and an increase in intracellular sodium chloride and water content during shock. The significant decrease of resting membrane potential was associated with a decrease in amplitude of the action potential and prolongation of both the repolarization and depolarization time. In addition, there was a decrease of muscle intracellular potassium concentration during shock. This study demonstrates that the alterations in cellular membranes in hemorrhagic shock and septic shock are similar.", "PMID": 109938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8964", "title": "Steroid delta 4-5 beta-reductase in human mammary tumors.", "content": "Steroid delta 4-5 alpha- and delta 4-5 beta-reductase activity was determined in 16 human mammary tumors and 8 DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors using a spectrophotometric assay. Steroid delta 4-5 alpha-reductase was present in all tumors investigated while delta 4-5 beta-reductase was detected in only 6 estrogen receptor negative human breast tumors and absent in all estrogen receptor positive human breast tumors as well as in all rat mammary tumors. Further support for the presence of delta 4-5 beta-reductase was established by using a dual-labelling technique consisting of incubating tumor slices with [14C] testosterone and adding [3H] etiocholanolone, [3H] testosterone and [3H]-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone at the end of the reaction. Following extraction and chromic acid oxidation, 4-androstenedione, 5 beta-androstanedione and 5 alpha-androstanedione were isolated and purified, and the constancy of the 14C/3H ratio was used as proof of 5 alpha-reductase and 5 beta-reductase. These results were shown to be consistent with the data obtained using the spectrophotometric assay.", "contents": "Steroid delta 4-5 beta-reductase in human mammary tumors. Steroid delta 4-5 alpha- and delta 4-5 beta-reductase activity was determined in 16 human mammary tumors and 8 DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors using a spectrophotometric assay. Steroid delta 4-5 alpha-reductase was present in all tumors investigated while delta 4-5 beta-reductase was detected in only 6 estrogen receptor negative human breast tumors and absent in all estrogen receptor positive human breast tumors as well as in all rat mammary tumors. Further support for the presence of delta 4-5 beta-reductase was established by using a dual-labelling technique consisting of incubating tumor slices with [14C] testosterone and adding [3H] etiocholanolone, [3H] testosterone and [3H]-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone at the end of the reaction. Following extraction and chromic acid oxidation, 4-androstenedione, 5 beta-androstanedione and 5 alpha-androstanedione were isolated and purified, and the constancy of the 14C/3H ratio was used as proof of 5 alpha-reductase and 5 beta-reductase. These results were shown to be consistent with the data obtained using the spectrophotometric assay.", "PMID": 109950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8965", "title": "Chemical synthesis and bioassay of anordrin and dinordrin I and II.", "content": "The chemical synthesis of 2 alpha, 17 alpha-diethynyl-A-nor-5 alpha-androstane-2 beta, 17 beta-diol dipropionate (Anordrin) and the corresponding diacetate is reported. Similarly, the preparation of the 2 alpha, 17 alpha-diethynyl-A-nor-5 alpha-estrane-2 beta, 17 beta-diol, its diacetate and dipropionate (Dinordrin I), along with the corresponding 2 beta-epimer (Dinordrin II) from 17 beta-hydroxy-A-nor-5 alpha=estran-2-one is described. In rat uterotrophic activity bioassay, the slope of ethynylestradiol differed significantly from the slopes of the other three compounds, thus vitiating potency estimates with this reference compound. Dinordrin I was 20 times more potent than Anordrin and considerably more potent then Dinordrin II. The single-dose oral antifertility effect in rats generally paralleled uterotrophic activity. Immediate postovulatory contraceptive effectiveness was assessed in adult cycling female baboons given two doses daily for 4 days. Both Anordrin and Dinordrin I showed antifertility activity worthy of further study. Moreover, a definite luteolytic effect, with depression of both plasma estrogen and progesterone levels, was observed with these two steroids.", "contents": "Chemical synthesis and bioassay of anordrin and dinordrin I and II. The chemical synthesis of 2 alpha, 17 alpha-diethynyl-A-nor-5 alpha-androstane-2 beta, 17 beta-diol dipropionate (Anordrin) and the corresponding diacetate is reported. Similarly, the preparation of the 2 alpha, 17 alpha-diethynyl-A-nor-5 alpha-estrane-2 beta, 17 beta-diol, its diacetate and dipropionate (Dinordrin I), along with the corresponding 2 beta-epimer (Dinordrin II) from 17 beta-hydroxy-A-nor-5 alpha=estran-2-one is described. In rat uterotrophic activity bioassay, the slope of ethynylestradiol differed significantly from the slopes of the other three compounds, thus vitiating potency estimates with this reference compound. Dinordrin I was 20 times more potent than Anordrin and considerably more potent then Dinordrin II. The single-dose oral antifertility effect in rats generally paralleled uterotrophic activity. Immediate postovulatory contraceptive effectiveness was assessed in adult cycling female baboons given two doses daily for 4 days. Both Anordrin and Dinordrin I showed antifertility activity worthy of further study. Moreover, a definite luteolytic effect, with depression of both plasma estrogen and progesterone levels, was observed with these two steroids.", "PMID": 109951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8966", "title": "Complement fixation by Rh blood group antibodies.", "content": "Rh blood group antibodies normally do not fix complement. Rh positive intact red blood cells treated with papain do not lyse when incubated with corresponding antibody and complement. This study was done to determine if complement fixation occurs when antibodies were combined with Rh positive red blood cell ghosts untreated or treated with papain. Complement fixation was observed with IgG anti-D, anti-DC and anti-c when papain treated ghosts were used. No complement fixation or a smaller degree of it was observed in the case of untreated Rh positive red blood cell ghosts when incubated with similar anti-Rh antibodies. It is concluded that the papain treatment of Rh positive red blood cell ghosts, possibly by inducing aggregation of antigen sites, allowed complement binding by Rh antibodies.", "contents": "Complement fixation by Rh blood group antibodies. Rh blood group antibodies normally do not fix complement. Rh positive intact red blood cells treated with papain do not lyse when incubated with corresponding antibody and complement. This study was done to determine if complement fixation occurs when antibodies were combined with Rh positive red blood cell ghosts untreated or treated with papain. Complement fixation was observed with IgG anti-D, anti-DC and anti-c when papain treated ghosts were used. No complement fixation or a smaller degree of it was observed in the case of untreated Rh positive red blood cell ghosts when incubated with similar anti-Rh antibodies. It is concluded that the papain treatment of Rh positive red blood cell ghosts, possibly by inducing aggregation of antigen sites, allowed complement binding by Rh antibodies.", "PMID": 109952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8967", "title": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated exclusively with IgA of Rh specificity.", "content": "A nine-year-old boy had typical clinical, hematologic and blood group serologic findings of autoimmune hemolytic anemia except for one important exception; with most commercially available broad spectrum anti-human sera the direct antiglobulin tests were negative. With reagents prepared in the laboratory which were found to be relatively less potent in and anti-IgG and IgM activity but which utilize a short period of incubation after mixing with the washed cells, the tests were all clearly positive. If incubation were employed with the commercial reagents, the tests were positive. Further studies showed that the patient's cells were coated exclusively with IgA and that a commercial reagent, although potent in anti-IgG and anti-IgM, was relatively deficient in anti-IgA. It is proposed that incubation compensates for the latter and is cautioned that incubation, with reagents potent in anti-IgG, could lead to false negative reactions with weakly IgG sensitized cells due to antibody surplus prozones of inhibition. This case illustrates that the rare instances of \"Coombs negative immune hemolytic anemias\" may be based on mechanisms such as those reported here and, that to be ideal, a broad spectrum anti-human serum should have balanced anti-immunoglobulin activities in relation to its incubation time.", "contents": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated exclusively with IgA of Rh specificity. A nine-year-old boy had typical clinical, hematologic and blood group serologic findings of autoimmune hemolytic anemia except for one important exception; with most commercially available broad spectrum anti-human sera the direct antiglobulin tests were negative. With reagents prepared in the laboratory which were found to be relatively less potent in and anti-IgG and IgM activity but which utilize a short period of incubation after mixing with the washed cells, the tests were all clearly positive. If incubation were employed with the commercial reagents, the tests were positive. Further studies showed that the patient's cells were coated exclusively with IgA and that a commercial reagent, although potent in anti-IgG and anti-IgM, was relatively deficient in anti-IgA. It is proposed that incubation compensates for the latter and is cautioned that incubation, with reagents potent in anti-IgG, could lead to false negative reactions with weakly IgG sensitized cells due to antibody surplus prozones of inhibition. This case illustrates that the rare instances of \"Coombs negative immune hemolytic anemias\" may be based on mechanisms such as those reported here and, that to be ideal, a broad spectrum anti-human serum should have balanced anti-immunoglobulin activities in relation to its incubation time.", "PMID": 109953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8968", "title": "Systematic survey of monoclonal gammapathies in the sera from blood donors.", "content": "Routine screening of monoclonal gammapathies (M.G.) was performed on the serum of 13,914 blood donors by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Twenty-six cases of M.G. were detected corresponding to a frequency of 0.19 per cent. The incidence of the M.G. progresses with increasing age comparatively to the age distribution of the blood donors under investigation. Most of the M.G. detected can be classified as \"asymptomatic\" M.G. (23 of the 26) and heavy chain classes are only IgG or IgM with a large predominance of IgG class (about 90%). It is suggested that donors in whom M.G. have been detected should not be eligible for blood donation. A yearly clinical, hematologic and  immunoglobulin checkup is recommended for these patients in order to detect a possible malignant transformation.", "contents": "Systematic survey of monoclonal gammapathies in the sera from blood donors. Routine screening of monoclonal gammapathies (M.G.) was performed on the serum of 13,914 blood donors by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Twenty-six cases of M.G. were detected corresponding to a frequency of 0.19 per cent. The incidence of the M.G. progresses with increasing age comparatively to the age distribution of the blood donors under investigation. Most of the M.G. detected can be classified as \"asymptomatic\" M.G. (23 of the 26) and heavy chain classes are only IgG or IgM with a large predominance of IgG class (about 90%). It is suggested that donors in whom M.G. have been detected should not be eligible for blood donation. A yearly clinical, hematologic and  immunoglobulin checkup is recommended for these patients in order to detect a possible malignant transformation.", "PMID": 109954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8969", "title": "Liver transplantation--1978.", "content": "The development of liver transplantation has been made difficult because of the enormous technical difficulties of the procedure and because the postoperative management in early cases was defective in many instances. With surgical and medical improvements, the prospects for success have markedly increased recently. The wider use of thoracic duct fistula as an adjuvant measure during the first 1 or 2 postoperative months is being explored.", "contents": "Liver transplantation--1978. The development of liver transplantation has been made difficult because of the enormous technical difficulties of the procedure and because the postoperative management in early cases was defective in many instances. With surgical and medical improvements, the prospects for success have markedly increased recently. The wider use of thoracic duct fistula as an adjuvant measure during the first 1 or 2 postoperative months is being explored.", "PMID": 109961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8970", "title": "[Immunofluorescent study of the basic chromosomal protein set of green algae and Euglena].", "content": "Using antisera to fractions H1, H2a, H3 and H4 of the calf thymus histones, a comparative immunofluorescent investigation of these proteins in the nuclei of Chlamydomonas reinhardii, Haematococcus pluvialis, Dunaliella salina and Euglena gracilis was carried out. It has been shown that according to the immunofluorescent test, the nuclei of these algae contain proteins close to fractions H2a, H3 and H4 of the calf thymus histones. H1 fraction in these algae is either absent or can be considered as a protein immunochemically non-related to H1 fraction of the calf thymus histone. For quantitative evaluation (in units of the immunological distance) of the difference between histones of the algae and of the calf thymus in situ by indirect immunofluorescence, it was suggested to use the ultimate dilutions of antisera to histones. It was shown that the ultimate dilutions were correlated with titres of antisera in the reaction of microcomplement fixation. Such an approach and the data obtained are of interest for studying into the evolution of nucleosome histones in unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescent study of the basic chromosomal protein set of green algae and Euglena]. Using antisera to fractions H1, H2a, H3 and H4 of the calf thymus histones, a comparative immunofluorescent investigation of these proteins in the nuclei of Chlamydomonas reinhardii, Haematococcus pluvialis, Dunaliella salina and Euglena gracilis was carried out. It has been shown that according to the immunofluorescent test, the nuclei of these algae contain proteins close to fractions H2a, H3 and H4 of the calf thymus histones. H1 fraction in these algae is either absent or can be considered as a protein immunochemically non-related to H1 fraction of the calf thymus histone. For quantitative evaluation (in units of the immunological distance) of the difference between histones of the algae and of the calf thymus in situ by indirect immunofluorescence, it was suggested to use the ultimate dilutions of antisera to histones. It was shown that the ultimate dilutions were correlated with titres of antisera in the reaction of microcomplement fixation. Such an approach and the data obtained are of interest for studying into the evolution of nucleosome histones in unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.", "PMID": 109976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8971", "title": "Direct migration inhibition test with leukocytes as indicator of mycobacterial antigens in the human body.", "content": "In 32 patients with newly detected pulmonary tuberculosis positive on smear and culture, included in a controlled clinical trial, a significant correlation between diminishing inhibition of leukocyte migration (induced by PPD) and reduction of mycobacterial population in the sputum during the course of chemotherapy has been demonstrated. The changes of mycobacterial population in the host have been assessed in two ways: an indirect assessment was made from the time taken to achieve sputum smear and culture negativity; a direct assessment was based on repeated quantitative determinations of tubercle bacilli in the sputum. The direct migration inhibition test with peripheral buff-coated leukocytes, is an easy and reliable correlate of delayed hypersensitivity to mycobacterial antigens in the human body. It is suggested that its use in individual patients could indicate changes in mycobacterial population, particularly after microbiological negativity has been obtained, and thus could be helpful in estimating the optimum duration of chemotherapy.", "contents": "Direct migration inhibition test with leukocytes as indicator of mycobacterial antigens in the human body. In 32 patients with newly detected pulmonary tuberculosis positive on smear and culture, included in a controlled clinical trial, a significant correlation between diminishing inhibition of leukocyte migration (induced by PPD) and reduction of mycobacterial population in the sputum during the course of chemotherapy has been demonstrated. The changes of mycobacterial population in the host have been assessed in two ways: an indirect assessment was made from the time taken to achieve sputum smear and culture negativity; a direct assessment was based on repeated quantitative determinations of tubercle bacilli in the sputum. The direct migration inhibition test with peripheral buff-coated leukocytes, is an easy and reliable correlate of delayed hypersensitivity to mycobacterial antigens in the human body. It is suggested that its use in individual patients could indicate changes in mycobacterial population, particularly after microbiological negativity has been obtained, and thus could be helpful in estimating the optimum duration of chemotherapy.", "PMID": 109977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8972", "title": "Further studies of mycobacteriophage 33D (Warsaw) for differentiation of BCG from M. bovis and M. tubeculosis.", "content": "Mycobacteriophage 33D (Warsaw) was used to differentiate Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) strains from M. bovis and M. tuberculosis. Known strains as well as clinical strains of BCG were used in the study. Single plaque isolations and adsorption studies demonstrated that phage 33D (Warsaw) did not adsorb to BCG cultures.", "contents": "Further studies of mycobacteriophage 33D (Warsaw) for differentiation of BCG from M. bovis and M. tubeculosis. Mycobacteriophage 33D (Warsaw) was used to differentiate Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) strains from M. bovis and M. tuberculosis. Known strains as well as clinical strains of BCG were used in the study. Single plaque isolations and adsorption studies demonstrated that phage 33D (Warsaw) did not adsorb to BCG cultures.", "PMID": 109978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8973", "title": "Comparison of serum and prostatic levels of tobramycin.", "content": "Tobramycin sulfate, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. Because of this, a study was undertaken to determine the penetrance of tobramycin into the prostate gland. It was found that the drug is concentrated at inhibitory levels in the prostate gland after the routinely recommended administration and should be useful in the treatment of bacterial prostatic infection.", "contents": "Comparison of serum and prostatic levels of tobramycin. Tobramycin sulfate, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. Because of this, a study was undertaken to determine the penetrance of tobramycin into the prostate gland. It was found that the drug is concentrated at inhibitory levels in the prostate gland after the routinely recommended administration and should be useful in the treatment of bacterial prostatic infection.", "PMID": 109981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8974", "title": "Spermatic granuloma of vas deferens after vasectomy in rhesus monkeys and men: light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Spermatic granuloma of the vas deferens is a common complication of vasectomy which has received scant morphologic study. This study investigated the light and electron microscopic structure of such granulomas detected in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and man after various modes of vasectomy and postoperative periods. Unilateral experimental vasectomy in monkeys was performed by either silk ligation or clasp occlusion; in 4 of 13 ligated animals and 5 of 5 clasp vasectomized animals granulomas developed at the site of fasectomy. In man, portions of the vas deferens were excised adjacent to the site of vasectomy preparatory to vasovasostomy. Of 5 patients studied, unilateral spermatic granulomas developed in 3. Such granulomas in both monkey and man were characterized by (1) masses of sperm surrounded by epithelioid cells and connective tissue, and (2) multiple epithelial-lined channels which often contained sperm and spermiophages. In both species, fine structural characteristics of the epithelium lining such channels closely resembled those of the principal cells of the normal vas. Spermiophagic cells included macrophages, epithelioid cells, and, in the monkey only, neutrophils. Lymphocytic invasion was a common feature of the human granulomas but was found only occasionally in the monkey granulomas. As a greater number of granulomas are studied in humans and monkeys, it is hoped that the processes underlying granuloma formation and the role of such granulomas in the development of complications after vasectomy will be clarified.", "contents": "Spermatic granuloma of vas deferens after vasectomy in rhesus monkeys and men: light and electron microscopic study. Spermatic granuloma of the vas deferens is a common complication of vasectomy which has received scant morphologic study. This study investigated the light and electron microscopic structure of such granulomas detected in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and man after various modes of vasectomy and postoperative periods. Unilateral experimental vasectomy in monkeys was performed by either silk ligation or clasp occlusion; in 4 of 13 ligated animals and 5 of 5 clasp vasectomized animals granulomas developed at the site of fasectomy. In man, portions of the vas deferens were excised adjacent to the site of vasectomy preparatory to vasovasostomy. Of 5 patients studied, unilateral spermatic granulomas developed in 3. Such granulomas in both monkey and man were characterized by (1) masses of sperm surrounded by epithelioid cells and connective tissue, and (2) multiple epithelial-lined channels which often contained sperm and spermiophages. In both species, fine structural characteristics of the epithelium lining such channels closely resembled those of the principal cells of the normal vas. Spermiophagic cells included macrophages, epithelioid cells, and, in the monkey only, neutrophils. Lymphocytic invasion was a common feature of the human granulomas but was found only occasionally in the monkey granulomas. As a greater number of granulomas are studied in humans and monkeys, it is hoped that the processes underlying granuloma formation and the role of such granulomas in the development of complications after vasectomy will be clarified.", "PMID": 109982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8975", "title": "[Use of amikin for the parenteral feeding of patients after surgical interventions on the gastrointestinal tract organs].", "content": "A comparative study of the effectiveness of a home-made amino acide drug for nitrous parenteral feeding--amikin and Swedixh drug--aminosol hydrolysate was corried out in 84 patients operated upon gastrointestinal ograns. The effectiveness of the parenteral feeding was estimated on the grounds of the clinical condition of patients, their weight, state of nitrous balance, urinary excretion, of total amino and peptide nitrogen, blood urea nitrogen and ammonia.", "contents": "[Use of amikin for the parenteral feeding of patients after surgical interventions on the gastrointestinal tract organs]. A comparative study of the effectiveness of a home-made amino acide drug for nitrous parenteral feeding--amikin and Swedixh drug--aminosol hydrolysate was corried out in 84 patients operated upon gastrointestinal ograns. The effectiveness of the parenteral feeding was estimated on the grounds of the clinical condition of patients, their weight, state of nitrous balance, urinary excretion, of total amino and peptide nitrogen, blood urea nitrogen and ammonia.", "PMID": 109983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8976", "title": "The role of Pityrosporum pachydermatis in otitis externa of dogs: evaluation of a treatment with miconazole.", "content": "The bacterial and mycotic flora were assessed in 158 ears of dogs with otitis externa and in 101 ears of healthy control dogs. Pityrosporum pachydermatis occurred in 57 per cent of ears with otitis externa and in 17 per cent of clinically healthy ears. Staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the predominant bacteria in otitic ears, micrococci and Bacillus spp were the most frequent isolates from clinically healthy ears. P pachydermatis, Ps aeruginosa and Candida tropicalis occurred in monoculture in a significant number of mainly chronic cases of otitis externa. A combination preparation, containing miconazole, polymyzin B and prednisolone, was highly effective in controlling the clinical signs of otitis externa and eliminating flora from the affected ears. The data presented suggest that yeasts, and especially P pachydermatis, may be significant pathogens in otitis externa and that antimycotic treatment is an essential part of the treatment of otitis externa in dogs.", "contents": "The role of Pityrosporum pachydermatis in otitis externa of dogs: evaluation of a treatment with miconazole. The bacterial and mycotic flora were assessed in 158 ears of dogs with otitis externa and in 101 ears of healthy control dogs. Pityrosporum pachydermatis occurred in 57 per cent of ears with otitis externa and in 17 per cent of clinically healthy ears. Staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the predominant bacteria in otitic ears, micrococci and Bacillus spp were the most frequent isolates from clinically healthy ears. P pachydermatis, Ps aeruginosa and Candida tropicalis occurred in monoculture in a significant number of mainly chronic cases of otitis externa. A combination preparation, containing miconazole, polymyzin B and prednisolone, was highly effective in controlling the clinical signs of otitis externa and eliminating flora from the affected ears. The data presented suggest that yeasts, and especially P pachydermatis, may be significant pathogens in otitis externa and that antimycotic treatment is an essential part of the treatment of otitis externa in dogs.", "PMID": 109986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8977", "title": "[The bismuth-encephalopathy - a new pathological syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The publications concerning cases of bismuthencephalopathy seen in Australia, France, Switzerland and the Federal Republic of Germany are reported. The potential mechanisms of the development of this \"new disease\" are discussed.", "contents": "[The bismuth-encephalopathy - a new pathological syndrome (author's transl)]. The publications concerning cases of bismuthencephalopathy seen in Australia, France, Switzerland and the Federal Republic of Germany are reported. The potential mechanisms of the development of this \"new disease\" are discussed.", "PMID": 109997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8978", "title": "Muscular sarcosporidiosis in the common European weasel, Mustela nivalis.", "content": "Muscular sarcosporidiosis is reported for the first time in the common European weasel, Mustela nivalis. The morphology of the sarcocysts is described from fresh and stained histological preparations. Attempts to complete the sexual cycle of this mustelid parasite in a tawny owl, Strix aluco, are reported and the results discussed in the light of hypothetically likely sources of infection with muscular sarcosporidiosis for carnivores or omnivores, including man and other primates.", "contents": "Muscular sarcosporidiosis in the common European weasel, Mustela nivalis. Muscular sarcosporidiosis is reported for the first time in the common European weasel, Mustela nivalis. The morphology of the sarcocysts is described from fresh and stained histological preparations. Attempts to complete the sexual cycle of this mustelid parasite in a tawny owl, Strix aluco, are reported and the results discussed in the light of hypothetically likely sources of infection with muscular sarcosporidiosis for carnivores or omnivores, including man and other primates.", "PMID": 110000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8979", "title": "[Immunoglobulin content of the amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood].", "content": "The content of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM and total protein in amniotic fluid and foetal serum of healthy pregnant women and of pregnant women with anti-D-antibodies has been determined by the single radial immunodiffusion and biuret method. IgG and IgA was detectable in all samples of amniotic fluid, whereas IgM was only present in 10 p.c. IgA increased in amniotic fluid to the end of pregnancy and it can indicate the maturity of fetus. The pregnant women with anti-D-antibodies have high IgG values in the amniotic fluid with the begin of 34th week of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulin content of the amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood]. The content of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM and total protein in amniotic fluid and foetal serum of healthy pregnant women and of pregnant women with anti-D-antibodies has been determined by the single radial immunodiffusion and biuret method. IgG and IgA was detectable in all samples of amniotic fluid, whereas IgM was only present in 10 p.c. IgA increased in amniotic fluid to the end of pregnancy and it can indicate the maturity of fetus. The pregnant women with anti-D-antibodies have high IgG values in the amniotic fluid with the begin of 34th week of pregnancy.", "PMID": 110004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8980", "title": "[Individual and species interhemispheric asymmetry in animals].", "content": "Evidence of individual and species functional interhemispheric asymmetry (FIA) in animals is presented. Individual FIA was found in the majority of the experimental cats. The characteristics of individual FIA are defined. Several cases of species FIA are analysed: the dominance of the right fore-leg in hybrid mice, the dominance of the right hemisphere in albinos rats in differentiation of geometrical forms and the dominance of the right hemisphere in the EP amplitude of the cat's visual cortex.", "contents": "[Individual and species interhemispheric asymmetry in animals]. Evidence of individual and species functional interhemispheric asymmetry (FIA) in animals is presented. Individual FIA was found in the majority of the experimental cats. The characteristics of individual FIA are defined. Several cases of species FIA are analysed: the dominance of the right fore-leg in hybrid mice, the dominance of the right hemisphere in albinos rats in differentiation of geometrical forms and the dominance of the right hemisphere in the EP amplitude of the cat's visual cortex.", "PMID": 110002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8981", "title": "[Analysis of the trends in typhoid-paratyphoid morbidity in the USSR].", "content": "Mathematico-statistical analysis of typhoid-paratyphoid infection morbidity in the USSR during 1900--1940 revealed a regular many-year cyclic recurrence of the changes in the morbidity level. The intensity of the morbidity level reduction at the periods of decline--in 1900--1917, 1920--1928, and in 1932--1939--was similar. A successive reduction of morbidity of this group of infections, by 6.45% on the average, annually, occurred in 1930--1976. The character of reduction of typhoid-paratyphoid infections morbidity level in the USSR during that period is well described by the exponential function.", "contents": "[Analysis of the trends in typhoid-paratyphoid morbidity in the USSR]. Mathematico-statistical analysis of typhoid-paratyphoid infection morbidity in the USSR during 1900--1940 revealed a regular many-year cyclic recurrence of the changes in the morbidity level. The intensity of the morbidity level reduction at the periods of decline--in 1900--1917, 1920--1928, and in 1932--1939--was similar. A successive reduction of morbidity of this group of infections, by 6.45% on the average, annually, occurred in 1930--1976. The character of reduction of typhoid-paratyphoid infections morbidity level in the USSR during that period is well described by the exponential function.", "PMID": 110014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8982", "title": "[Ribosomal dysentery vaccine. III. An immunochemical and serological study].", "content": "Sh. sonnei rib oscmes, isolated by differential centrifugation, were previously shown to be highly protect ive against experimental keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs. Immunochemical study showed that ribosomal preparations were not uniform in their antigenic composition: as a result of immunoelectrophoretic analysis with the use of anti-ribosomal hyperimmune rabbit antisera, these preparations were found to contain up to 4 antigenic components with different migration rate. The anodic component with the highest elections obtained by the method of Boivin and Grasset and could be inactivated at 60 degrees C or by treatment with trypsin or RNA-se, which suggested its ribonucleoprotein nature. The second thermolabile antigenic component was found to have a moderate anodic mobility and, judging by the results of enzymatic treatment, seemed to be protein. Other antigens with low mobility were resistant to trypsin and RNA-se; one of them, forming a weak precipitation line, could be identified as endotoxin by its antigenic specificity. The use of tanned and ribosome-coated erythrocytes allowed to determine the level of antiribosomal antibodies in the passive hemagglutination test and to evaluate the serological activity of ribosomal preparations in the hemagglutination inhibition test (the minimum inhibiting concentration of ribosomes was 1--2 microgram/ml). The specificity of serological reactions was mainly determined by a highly mobile nucleoproteid component.", "contents": "[Ribosomal dysentery vaccine. III. An immunochemical and serological study]. Sh. sonnei rib oscmes, isolated by differential centrifugation, were previously shown to be highly protect ive against experimental keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs. Immunochemical study showed that ribosomal preparations were not uniform in their antigenic composition: as a result of immunoelectrophoretic analysis with the use of anti-ribosomal hyperimmune rabbit antisera, these preparations were found to contain up to 4 antigenic components with different migration rate. The anodic component with the highest elections obtained by the method of Boivin and Grasset and could be inactivated at 60 degrees C or by treatment with trypsin or RNA-se, which suggested its ribonucleoprotein nature. The second thermolabile antigenic component was found to have a moderate anodic mobility and, judging by the results of enzymatic treatment, seemed to be protein. Other antigens with low mobility were resistant to trypsin and RNA-se; one of them, forming a weak precipitation line, could be identified as endotoxin by its antigenic specificity. The use of tanned and ribosome-coated erythrocytes allowed to determine the level of antiribosomal antibodies in the passive hemagglutination test and to evaluate the serological activity of ribosomal preparations in the hemagglutination inhibition test (the minimum inhibiting concentration of ribosomes was 1--2 microgram/ml). The specificity of serological reactions was mainly determined by a highly mobile nucleoproteid component.", "PMID": 110015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8983", "title": "[Importance of humoral immunity indices in determining the Rickettsia prowazekii carrier state].", "content": "Experiments showed the possibility of making indirect conclusions concerning rickettsial carrier state by the method of determination of complement-fixing antibodies to R. prowazeki in the blood serum. Though not indicative of carrier state in individual animals, these antibodies, their dynamics and titers gave the evidence of group carrier state in cotton rats in respect of the causative agent of typhus. The number of animals carrying R. prowazeki increased with the rise of antibody titers. Negative seroconversion indicated the elimination of the causative agent from the body of the animal. The experimental results were confirmed by the data on the dynamics of the immunological structure of population, as well as by information contained in the literature on this problem.", "contents": "[Importance of humoral immunity indices in determining the Rickettsia prowazekii carrier state]. Experiments showed the possibility of making indirect conclusions concerning rickettsial carrier state by the method of determination of complement-fixing antibodies to R. prowazeki in the blood serum. Though not indicative of carrier state in individual animals, these antibodies, their dynamics and titers gave the evidence of group carrier state in cotton rats in respect of the causative agent of typhus. The number of animals carrying R. prowazeki increased with the rise of antibody titers. Negative seroconversion indicated the elimination of the causative agent from the body of the animal. The experimental results were confirmed by the data on the dynamics of the immunological structure of population, as well as by information contained in the literature on this problem.", "PMID": 110016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8984", "title": "[Problems of the immunoprophylaxis of experimental Pseudomonas pyocyanea wound sepsis].", "content": "An experimental study showed that a multicomponent Pseudomonas aeruginosa preparation, developed by the authors and named \"Pyoimmunogen\", had a pronounced protective effect against the culture of P. aeruginosa, most frequently isolated in surgical clinics. The immunization of rats carried out in accordance with a specially devised scheme allowed to decrease mortality rate in experimental pyocyanic wound sepsis to 6.9%, whereas in the control animals mortality rate reached 91.5%.", "contents": "[Problems of the immunoprophylaxis of experimental Pseudomonas pyocyanea wound sepsis]. An experimental study showed that a multicomponent Pseudomonas aeruginosa preparation, developed by the authors and named \"Pyoimmunogen\", had a pronounced protective effect against the culture of P. aeruginosa, most frequently isolated in surgical clinics. The immunization of rats carried out in accordance with a specially devised scheme allowed to decrease mortality rate in experimental pyocyanic wound sepsis to 6.9%, whereas in the control animals mortality rate reached 91.5%.", "PMID": 110018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8985", "title": "[Biological characteristics and the morphology of human and animal central nervous system tissue in organ culture].", "content": "It is shown that in using the method of multiple organ cultivation, the tissues of the CNS in the human and animal embryo preserve their organotypical characteristics. The use of a cartilage plate increases the viability of the tissues and the duration of its maintenance in cultures. During the process of explantation the cultivated tissue undergoes some morphological modifications. The data obtained are discussed in the light of a possible use of the CNS cultures for experimental purposes.", "contents": "[Biological characteristics and the morphology of human and animal central nervous system tissue in organ culture]. It is shown that in using the method of multiple organ cultivation, the tissues of the CNS in the human and animal embryo preserve their organotypical characteristics. The use of a cartilage plate increases the viability of the tissues and the duration of its maintenance in cultures. During the process of explantation the cultivated tissue undergoes some morphological modifications. The data obtained are discussed in the light of a possible use of the CNS cultures for experimental purposes.", "PMID": 110019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8986", "title": "Familial thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency in association with non-toxic goitre.", "content": "A kindred is presented in which 4 members in 3 generations showed absent or reduced serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). TBG was undetectable by radioimmunoassay in one male and decreased to varying extent in 3 female patients (4.0, 4.2 and 8.6 microgram/ml; normal range 12.5--26.0 microgram/ml). Total thyroxine serum concentrations in the affected subjects were well in the hypothyroid range without clinical evidence of hypothyroidism. The mode of transmission of the trait was consistent with X-chromosome linkage. A high incidence of non-toxic goitre was also present in most of the family members examined irrespective of TBG levels. The transmission of the goitre trait was compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance. Thus its association with transmission of TBG deficiency was interpreted as not causal but coincidental.", "contents": "Familial thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency in association with non-toxic goitre. A kindred is presented in which 4 members in 3 generations showed absent or reduced serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). TBG was undetectable by radioimmunoassay in one male and decreased to varying extent in 3 female patients (4.0, 4.2 and 8.6 microgram/ml; normal range 12.5--26.0 microgram/ml). Total thyroxine serum concentrations in the affected subjects were well in the hypothyroid range without clinical evidence of hypothyroidism. The mode of transmission of the trait was consistent with X-chromosome linkage. A high incidence of non-toxic goitre was also present in most of the family members examined irrespective of TBG levels. The transmission of the goitre trait was compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance. Thus its association with transmission of TBG deficiency was interpreted as not causal but coincidental.", "PMID": 110022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8987", "title": "[Hypothalamic peptide hormones].", "content": "After a review of the significance of the releasing and inhibiting polypeptide hormones of the hypothalamus, the clinical significance of the gonadotropin-releasing-hormone and the thyrotropin releasing hormone, is discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Hypothalamic peptide hormones]. After a review of the significance of the releasing and inhibiting polypeptide hormones of the hypothalamus, the clinical significance of the gonadotropin-releasing-hormone and the thyrotropin releasing hormone, is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 110023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8988", "title": "[Stimulation of prolactin secretion by drugs].", "content": "Intravenous administration of metaclopramide and cimetidine provokes an immediate rise in serum prolactin concentration. The results are compared with the response of serum prolactin to arginine, insulin and TRH.", "contents": "[Stimulation of prolactin secretion by drugs]. Intravenous administration of metaclopramide and cimetidine provokes an immediate rise in serum prolactin concentration. The results are compared with the response of serum prolactin to arginine, insulin and TRH.", "PMID": 110024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8989", "title": "Islet transplantation in diabetic rats. Long-term follow-up of glucose tolerance.", "content": "Inbred Lewis rats made diabetic by streptozotocin were transplanted with 430-870 islets from syngenic donors via the portal vein. Though fasting plasma glucose was normal, the tolerance to glucose given intraperitoneally (IPGTT) or orally (OGTT) remained impaired one month after transplantation. The higher the number of islets, however, the better the glucose tolerance. The results of IPGTT and OGTT in each animal correlated. Fasting plasma insulin levels were within the normal range suggesting that the action of insulin on the liver and its degradation by the liver is impaired due to the limited number of hepatocytes subjected to high insulin concentrations. Eight months after transplantation, the plasma insulin and glucose responses to OGTT were still unchanged while those of the less physiological IPGTT were worse. Thus, the functional capacity of the transplanted endocrine tissue does not appear to change with time.", "contents": "Islet transplantation in diabetic rats. Long-term follow-up of glucose tolerance. Inbred Lewis rats made diabetic by streptozotocin were transplanted with 430-870 islets from syngenic donors via the portal vein. Though fasting plasma glucose was normal, the tolerance to glucose given intraperitoneally (IPGTT) or orally (OGTT) remained impaired one month after transplantation. The higher the number of islets, however, the better the glucose tolerance. The results of IPGTT and OGTT in each animal correlated. Fasting plasma insulin levels were within the normal range suggesting that the action of insulin on the liver and its degradation by the liver is impaired due to the limited number of hepatocytes subjected to high insulin concentrations. Eight months after transplantation, the plasma insulin and glucose responses to OGTT were still unchanged while those of the less physiological IPGTT were worse. Thus, the functional capacity of the transplanted endocrine tissue does not appear to change with time.", "PMID": 110020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8990", "title": "Disodium chromoglycate therapy in perennial rhinitis.", "content": "DSCG was tested on 38 patients with perennial rhinitis in the form of a nasal spray (2%)in a double-blind cross-over trial. Few of the investigated parameters in the whole material showed any significant preference of DSCG. A marked drug order effect was shown; in the group receiving placebo first, most of the clinical parameters assessed both by the clinician and the patient were better for DSCG. A therapeutical trial with DSCG is worth trying in perennial rhinitis.", "contents": "Disodium chromoglycate therapy in perennial rhinitis. DSCG was tested on 38 patients with perennial rhinitis in the form of a nasal spray (2%)in a double-blind cross-over trial. Few of the investigated parameters in the whole material showed any significant preference of DSCG. A marked drug order effect was shown; in the group receiving placebo first, most of the clinical parameters assessed both by the clinician and the patient were better for DSCG. A therapeutical trial with DSCG is worth trying in perennial rhinitis.", "PMID": 110027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8991", "title": "DSCG eye drops in allergic rhino-conjunctivitis.", "content": "Thirty patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis were treated with eye drops containing 2% DSCG during the pollen season of 1977. Sixteen patients were treated with active substance and 14 with placebo. The results show a statistically significant difference in favour of the DSCG drops. DSCG in eye drops seems to be a valuable complement to the drugs available today for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.", "contents": "DSCG eye drops in allergic rhino-conjunctivitis. Thirty patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis were treated with eye drops containing 2% DSCG during the pollen season of 1977. Sixteen patients were treated with active substance and 14 with placebo. The results show a statistically significant difference in favour of the DSCG drops. DSCG in eye drops seems to be a valuable complement to the drugs available today for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.", "PMID": 110028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8992", "title": "Formation of cadaverine in the pregnant rat.", "content": "The formation as well as the content of cadaverine were determined in different tissues of pregnant and non-pregnant rats. The placenta and ovary were most potent in the ability to form cadaverine. To our knowledge this is the first report of an in vitro formation of cadaverine linked to a normal physiological process, i.e. pregnancy. The highest concentration of cadaverine was found in the placenta and ovary of the pregnant rat. Treatment with aminoguanidine generally elevated the content of cadaverine, indicating a role of diamine oxidase as a regulator of diamine content.", "contents": "Formation of cadaverine in the pregnant rat. The formation as well as the content of cadaverine were determined in different tissues of pregnant and non-pregnant rats. The placenta and ovary were most potent in the ability to form cadaverine. To our knowledge this is the first report of an in vitro formation of cadaverine linked to a normal physiological process, i.e. pregnancy. The highest concentration of cadaverine was found in the placenta and ovary of the pregnant rat. Treatment with aminoguanidine generally elevated the content of cadaverine, indicating a role of diamine oxidase as a regulator of diamine content.", "PMID": 110032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8993", "title": "Ossification of femoral head in infancy. II. Ossification in infants treated for congenital dislocation.", "content": "A review of the films obtained in 124 infants conservatively treated for congenital dislocation of the hip revealed deviations from ordinary development of the femoral head before as well as after the treatment. Analysis of these deviations suggested initial acceleration of ossification, modified by retardation ipsilateral to dislocation and followed by bilateral deceleration of growth after treatment.", "contents": "Ossification of femoral head in infancy. II. Ossification in infants treated for congenital dislocation. A review of the films obtained in 124 infants conservatively treated for congenital dislocation of the hip revealed deviations from ordinary development of the femoral head before as well as after the treatment. Analysis of these deviations suggested initial acceleration of ossification, modified by retardation ipsilateral to dislocation and followed by bilateral deceleration of growth after treatment.", "PMID": 110033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8994", "title": "Hip joint instability after the neonatal period. I. Value of measuring the acetabular angle.", "content": "The acetabular angle was measured by two independent observers in a consecutive series of 29 infants with idiopathic instability of the hip. The diagnosis was made at the age of 1 1/2 to 21 months, and was confirmed by arthrography. The average difference in the measurement values between the two observers was less than 2 degrees. In infants with unilateral instability the acetabular angle was always greater on the unstable side. This difference decreased after treatment. Criteria for pathologic angles are discussed. Measurement of the acetabular angle is of greatest value for assessing the effect of treatment, but is of limited usefulness in diagnosing instability, especially during the first 6 months of life, as the cartilaginous component of the joint is not included in the measurement. Arthrography is recommended in cases difficult to evaluate.", "contents": "Hip joint instability after the neonatal period. I. Value of measuring the acetabular angle. The acetabular angle was measured by two independent observers in a consecutive series of 29 infants with idiopathic instability of the hip. The diagnosis was made at the age of 1 1/2 to 21 months, and was confirmed by arthrography. The average difference in the measurement values between the two observers was less than 2 degrees. In infants with unilateral instability the acetabular angle was always greater on the unstable side. This difference decreased after treatment. Criteria for pathologic angles are discussed. Measurement of the acetabular angle is of greatest value for assessing the effect of treatment, but is of limited usefulness in diagnosing instability, especially during the first 6 months of life, as the cartilaginous component of the joint is not included in the measurement. Arthrography is recommended in cases difficult to evaluate.", "PMID": 110034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8995", "title": "Spondylometaepiphyseal dysplasia in a mother and her child.", "content": "Variant types of spondylometaepiphyseal dysplasia in a mother and her child is reported. Several stages of the disorder are presented, demonstrating the principal difficulties in distinguishing variant types of skeletal dysplasia.", "contents": "Spondylometaepiphyseal dysplasia in a mother and her child. Variant types of spondylometaepiphyseal dysplasia in a mother and her child is reported. Several stages of the disorder are presented, demonstrating the principal difficulties in distinguishing variant types of skeletal dysplasia.", "PMID": 110035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8996", "title": "Immunochemical studies in a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.", "content": "Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia was studied in a 46 year old Iranian male with anemia, bleeding, ecchymose and splenomegaly. The diagnosis of Macroglobulinemia was established by the presence of very high level of IgM paraprotein in sera which was detectable by immunoelectrophoresis and rocket immunoelectrophoresis, and by the presence of bone marrow infiltration of plasmocytes. Family studies revealed a high IgM level in one of the patient's daughters.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies in a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia was studied in a 46 year old Iranian male with anemia, bleeding, ecchymose and splenomegaly. The diagnosis of Macroglobulinemia was established by the presence of very high level of IgM paraprotein in sera which was detectable by immunoelectrophoresis and rocket immunoelectrophoresis, and by the presence of bone marrow infiltration of plasmocytes. Family studies revealed a high IgM level in one of the patient's daughters.", "PMID": 110036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8997", "title": "Percutaneous catheter drainage of abdominal abscesses guided by ultrasound and computed tomography.", "content": "Ultrasonography and computed tomography were used to diagnose, localize, and guide the percutaneous drainage of 24 intraabdominal and retroperitoneal abscesses in 23 surgical and medical inpatients 16 of whom had abscess formation as a postoperative complication. On the basis of anatomic detail from sectional imaging, safe percutaneous drainage routes similar to surgical approaches were defined. After confirmation by needle aspiration, one of two methods of percutaneous catheter introduction were used: (1) a modified Seldinger technique for placement of an 8 French pigtail catheter and (2) a trocar catheter technique for placement of a 12 or 16 French catheter. Once in position, the catheters were managed as a surgically placed drain. In 22 of 24 cases, percutaneous catheter drainage was curative with no surgery required. There were no deaths or recurrences with an average follow-up period of 12 months ranging from 1 week to 3 years. Percutaneous aspiration and drainage should be considered as an alternative to surgery in the treatment of intraabdominal or retroperitoneal abscess.", "contents": "Percutaneous catheter drainage of abdominal abscesses guided by ultrasound and computed tomography. Ultrasonography and computed tomography were used to diagnose, localize, and guide the percutaneous drainage of 24 intraabdominal and retroperitoneal abscesses in 23 surgical and medical inpatients 16 of whom had abscess formation as a postoperative complication. On the basis of anatomic detail from sectional imaging, safe percutaneous drainage routes similar to surgical approaches were defined. After confirmation by needle aspiration, one of two methods of percutaneous catheter introduction were used: (1) a modified Seldinger technique for placement of an 8 French pigtail catheter and (2) a trocar catheter technique for placement of a 12 or 16 French catheter. Once in position, the catheters were managed as a surgically placed drain. In 22 of 24 cases, percutaneous catheter drainage was curative with no surgery required. There were no deaths or recurrences with an average follow-up period of 12 months ranging from 1 week to 3 years. Percutaneous aspiration and drainage should be considered as an alternative to surgery in the treatment of intraabdominal or retroperitoneal abscess.", "PMID": 110038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8998", "title": "Gray scale ultrasound: evaluation of iliopsoas hematomas in hemophiliacs.", "content": "Because of its insidious nature, intramuscular bleeding, in contrast to hemarthrosis, is missed or belatedly recognized in hemophiliacs. Sixteen patients with suspected iliopsoas bleeding were studied by gray scale ultrasonography. In 12 patients it was possible to confirm the diagnosis of iliopsoas hematoma because of enlargement and rounding of the psoas muscle.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasound: evaluation of iliopsoas hematomas in hemophiliacs. Because of its insidious nature, intramuscular bleeding, in contrast to hemarthrosis, is missed or belatedly recognized in hemophiliacs. Sixteen patients with suspected iliopsoas bleeding were studied by gray scale ultrasonography. In 12 patients it was possible to confirm the diagnosis of iliopsoas hematoma because of enlargement and rounding of the psoas muscle.", "PMID": 110039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_8999", "title": "Ultrasonic differentiation of types of ascitic fluid.", "content": "A review of 65 cases of proven ascites was done to assess the accuracy of ultrasound in distinguishing transudates from exudates. In 10 patients with malignant ascites, ultrasound suggested this in six by showing matted bowel loops, loculation, or hepatic metastasis. In each of the five patients with peritonitis, infected ascites was suggested by observing septations or debris within the fluid. A sonographic diagnosis of exudate was not made in any of the 50 confirmed transudates. The echographic characteristics which may suggest infected or malignant ascites are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonic differentiation of types of ascitic fluid. A review of 65 cases of proven ascites was done to assess the accuracy of ultrasound in distinguishing transudates from exudates. In 10 patients with malignant ascites, ultrasound suggested this in six by showing matted bowel loops, loculation, or hepatic metastasis. In each of the five patients with peritonitis, infected ascites was suggested by observing septations or debris within the fluid. A sonographic diagnosis of exudate was not made in any of the 50 confirmed transudates. The echographic characteristics which may suggest infected or malignant ascites are discussed.", "PMID": 110040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9000", "title": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy of osteolytic metastatic lesions.", "content": "The use of fine needle aspiration biopsy of solitary osteolytic-type bone metastases in 24 patients is described. A positive diagnosis of malignancy was obtained in 21 patients, as the softness of the osteolytic lesion yielded enough cell material for cytologic examination. No complications were encountered. The procedure can be performed with ease, even on an outpatient basis, without discomfort to the patient.", "contents": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy of osteolytic metastatic lesions. The use of fine needle aspiration biopsy of solitary osteolytic-type bone metastases in 24 patients is described. A positive diagnosis of malignancy was obtained in 21 patients, as the softness of the osteolytic lesion yielded enough cell material for cytologic examination. No complications were encountered. The procedure can be performed with ease, even on an outpatient basis, without discomfort to the patient.", "PMID": 110055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9001", "title": "Accuracy of ultrasonography in diagnosis of hepatocellular disease.", "content": "Retrospective evaluations were made of abdominal echograms in 61 patients who underwent liver biopsy within 3 weeks after ultrasound study. Without knowledge of clinical or biopsy data, determinations were made by two independent observers of: (1) liver size, (2) beam penetration, (3) echogenicity, (4) vascularity, (5) ancillary abnormality, and (6) diagnostic impression. Using these parameters, the presence of generalized parenchymal disease was identified in 81% of reviews of patients with cirrhosis. Thus, in patients with known cirrhosis, there was a 19% false negative rate. In normal patients, 76% were correctly called normal by the reviewers. However, in 24% generalized parenchymal disease was suggested (24% false positive). Patients with fatty liver could not be reliably distinguished from patients with cirrhosis, nor could patients with hepatitis be easily separated from those with normal livers. In all of these determinations, the combination of several features provided more diagnostic accuracy than any single echographic finding.", "contents": "Accuracy of ultrasonography in diagnosis of hepatocellular disease. Retrospective evaluations were made of abdominal echograms in 61 patients who underwent liver biopsy within 3 weeks after ultrasound study. Without knowledge of clinical or biopsy data, determinations were made by two independent observers of: (1) liver size, (2) beam penetration, (3) echogenicity, (4) vascularity, (5) ancillary abnormality, and (6) diagnostic impression. Using these parameters, the presence of generalized parenchymal disease was identified in 81% of reviews of patients with cirrhosis. Thus, in patients with known cirrhosis, there was a 19% false negative rate. In normal patients, 76% were correctly called normal by the reviewers. However, in 24% generalized parenchymal disease was suggested (24% false positive). Patients with fatty liver could not be reliably distinguished from patients with cirrhosis, nor could patients with hepatitis be easily separated from those with normal livers. In all of these determinations, the combination of several features provided more diagnostic accuracy than any single echographic finding.", "PMID": 110064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9002", "title": "Terminal phalangeal tufts: earliest site of renal osteodystrophy findings in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Direct magnificaiton of the hands of 44 patients on maintenance hemodialysis showed that the earliest unequivocal changes of renal osteodystrophy occur in the tufts. Some workers made a similar observation, but no previous objective study confirmed or refuted the sensitivity of the tufts in the diagnosis of renal osteodystrophy. The macroradiograph is consistently reproducible and serves as an excellent visual record of subtle changes.", "contents": "Terminal phalangeal tufts: earliest site of renal osteodystrophy findings in hemodialysis patients. Direct magnificaiton of the hands of 44 patients on maintenance hemodialysis showed that the earliest unequivocal changes of renal osteodystrophy occur in the tufts. Some workers made a similar observation, but no previous objective study confirmed or refuted the sensitivity of the tufts in the diagnosis of renal osteodystrophy. The macroradiograph is consistently reproducible and serves as an excellent visual record of subtle changes.", "PMID": 110065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9003", "title": "Orbital venography in painful ophthalmoplegia (Tolosa-Hunt syndrome).", "content": "Twenty-six patients with painful ophthalmoplegia were classified as having the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome on the basis of their clinical findings and response to steroid therapy. All patients underwent orbital venography, a review of which forms the contents of this investigation. Orbital venography, a review of which forms the contents of this investigation. Orbital venograms were normal in 16 patients and abnormal in 10. The major abnormalities were (1) obstruction of the superior ophthalmic vein in its third segment without displacement; (2) collateral venous flow through small venous channels or collateral veins; and (3) poor opacification of the ipsilateral cavernous sinus.", "contents": "Orbital venography in painful ophthalmoplegia (Tolosa-Hunt syndrome). Twenty-six patients with painful ophthalmoplegia were classified as having the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome on the basis of their clinical findings and response to steroid therapy. All patients underwent orbital venography, a review of which forms the contents of this investigation. Orbital venography, a review of which forms the contents of this investigation. Orbital venograms were normal in 16 patients and abnormal in 10. The major abnormalities were (1) obstruction of the superior ophthalmic vein in its third segment without displacement; (2) collateral venous flow through small venous channels or collateral veins; and (3) poor opacification of the ipsilateral cavernous sinus.", "PMID": 110066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9004", "title": "Simplified plain film screening examination for erosive otitis media.", "content": "A simplified plain film examination for erosive otitis media was evaluated in 202 ears. In most of the operated cases (86.5%), a perorbital anteroposterior and an oblique lateral were sufficiency for diagnosis. Considerable attention should be paid to the configuration of the attic-antrum area, and in particular the presence or absence of K\u00f6rner's septum (the petrosquamous suture).", "contents": "Simplified plain film screening examination for erosive otitis media. A simplified plain film examination for erosive otitis media was evaluated in 202 ears. In most of the operated cases (86.5%), a perorbital anteroposterior and an oblique lateral were sufficiency for diagnosis. Considerable attention should be paid to the configuration of the attic-antrum area, and in particular the presence or absence of K\u00f6rner's septum (the petrosquamous suture).", "PMID": 110067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9005", "title": "Initial chest radiography in the neonatal intensive care unit: value of the lateral view.", "content": "This study was designed to assess the diagnostic efficacy of the routine lateral chest film in symptomatic newborn infants. The initial anteroposterior chest film was supplemented by alateral view in 53 consecutive patients on admission to the newborn intensive care unit. Subsequently three radiologists and two neonatologists performed independent analysis of the anterposterior films with and without the lateral view. A total of 530 observations were tabulated. Assessment of degree of lung inflation and discovery of abnormalities of the heart, mediastinum, and trachea were unaffected by the use of the lateral radiograph. A correct primary diagnosis was made in 74% of all cases by the anteroposterior chest film alone and in 71% by the anteroposterior/lateral series. Degree of confidence in the primary diagnosis did not change when the lateral chest radiograph was added. There was no appreciable difference in detection of complicatins of the primary disease in either series. We conclude that the risks (e.g., radiation and environmental disturbance) of the routine admission lateral chest radiograph are substantially greater than any benefits to be gained.", "contents": "Initial chest radiography in the neonatal intensive care unit: value of the lateral view. This study was designed to assess the diagnostic efficacy of the routine lateral chest film in symptomatic newborn infants. The initial anteroposterior chest film was supplemented by alateral view in 53 consecutive patients on admission to the newborn intensive care unit. Subsequently three radiologists and two neonatologists performed independent analysis of the anterposterior films with and without the lateral view. A total of 530 observations were tabulated. Assessment of degree of lung inflation and discovery of abnormalities of the heart, mediastinum, and trachea were unaffected by the use of the lateral radiograph. A correct primary diagnosis was made in 74% of all cases by the anteroposterior chest film alone and in 71% by the anteroposterior/lateral series. Degree of confidence in the primary diagnosis did not change when the lateral chest radiograph was added. There was no appreciable difference in detection of complicatins of the primary disease in either series. We conclude that the risks (e.g., radiation and environmental disturbance) of the routine admission lateral chest radiograph are substantially greater than any benefits to be gained.", "PMID": 110068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9006", "title": "Reduced lung volume associated with acquired pulmonary artery obstruction in children.", "content": "The effect of postnatal pulmonary artery obstruction on lung growth has not previously been reported. This report describes two patients in whom pulmonary artery banding in early infancy was complicated by complete occlusion of the right pulmonary arter. In each case, the right lung became less voluminous than the left. In one patient, the alevoli of the affected lung were found to be smaller than normal at autopsy. In the other patient, surgical reconstitution of pulmonary arterial flow resulted in a return to normal volume of the affected lung. Observations suggest that pulmonary arterial flow should be restored as early as possible to minimize impairment of lung growth and to avoid irreversible pulmonary hypertension in the opposite lung.", "contents": "Reduced lung volume associated with acquired pulmonary artery obstruction in children. The effect of postnatal pulmonary artery obstruction on lung growth has not previously been reported. This report describes two patients in whom pulmonary artery banding in early infancy was complicated by complete occlusion of the right pulmonary arter. In each case, the right lung became less voluminous than the left. In one patient, the alevoli of the affected lung were found to be smaller than normal at autopsy. In the other patient, surgical reconstitution of pulmonary arterial flow resulted in a return to normal volume of the affected lung. Observations suggest that pulmonary arterial flow should be restored as early as possible to minimize impairment of lung growth and to avoid irreversible pulmonary hypertension in the opposite lung.", "PMID": 110069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9007", "title": "Membranous laryngotracheobronchitis (membranous croup).", "content": "Membranous laryngotracheobronchitis (membranous croup), not previously described as a distinct entity, is characterized by diffuse inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi with adherent or semiadherent mucopurulent membranes in the subglottic trachea (conus elasticus) and in the upper trachea distal to the conus elasticus. We reviewed 28 cases of membranous croup diagnosed by endoscopy and/or radiographic examination. The importance of the recognition of membranous croup as a distinct entity is discussed. The characteristic radiologic findings consist of subglottic tracheal narrowing, irregularity of contour of the proximal tracheal mucosa, and sometimes detached or partially detached proximal tracheal membranes, which can be mistaken for tracheal foreign bodies.", "contents": "Membranous laryngotracheobronchitis (membranous croup). Membranous laryngotracheobronchitis (membranous croup), not previously described as a distinct entity, is characterized by diffuse inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi with adherent or semiadherent mucopurulent membranes in the subglottic trachea (conus elasticus) and in the upper trachea distal to the conus elasticus. We reviewed 28 cases of membranous croup diagnosed by endoscopy and/or radiographic examination. The importance of the recognition of membranous croup as a distinct entity is discussed. The characteristic radiologic findings consist of subglottic tracheal narrowing, irregularity of contour of the proximal tracheal mucosa, and sometimes detached or partially detached proximal tracheal membranes, which can be mistaken for tracheal foreign bodies.", "PMID": 110070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9008", "title": "Pulmonary manifestations of Mycobacterium intracellularis.", "content": "Pulmonary manifestations in 114 patients with at least two sputum cultures positive for M. intracellularis, no history of any kind of tuberculosis, and not other potential pathogen are described. Even with these stringent diagnostic criteria, seven patients had normal chest radiographs and another seven had reticulonodular-appearing disease without a definite focus of infection. In the other 100 patients, 92% had infiltrates in the apical and/or posterior segments of the upper lobes, and 88% had cavitary disease. The cavities were usually multiple and frequently measured over 4 cm. Scarring and volume loss were common, occurring to some degree in 70% of upper lobe foci. Pleural effusions were uncommon (5%) and usually small. Adenopathy was less common (4%) and usually occurred with upper lobe disease in younger patients. Most patients had some degree of endobronchial spread (81%). The radiographic characteristics of Mycobacterium intracellularis are not believed distinctive enought to differentiate it from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.", "contents": "Pulmonary manifestations of Mycobacterium intracellularis. Pulmonary manifestations in 114 patients with at least two sputum cultures positive for M. intracellularis, no history of any kind of tuberculosis, and not other potential pathogen are described. Even with these stringent diagnostic criteria, seven patients had normal chest radiographs and another seven had reticulonodular-appearing disease without a definite focus of infection. In the other 100 patients, 92% had infiltrates in the apical and/or posterior segments of the upper lobes, and 88% had cavitary disease. The cavities were usually multiple and frequently measured over 4 cm. Scarring and volume loss were common, occurring to some degree in 70% of upper lobe foci. Pleural effusions were uncommon (5%) and usually small. Adenopathy was less common (4%) and usually occurred with upper lobe disease in younger patients. Most patients had some degree of endobronchial spread (81%). The radiographic characteristics of Mycobacterium intracellularis are not believed distinctive enought to differentiate it from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.", "PMID": 110071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9009", "title": "CT demonstration of cardiac structures.", "content": "Cross-sectional cardiac anatomy was studied by computed tomography (CT) in normal patients and in patients with well documented cardiac pathology. Specific cardiac chambers, aortic and pulmonary artery enlargement, ventricular aneurysms, coronary artery, and intracardiac calcifications were demonstrated using a 3 sec scan time with and without intravenous iodinated contrast media. Although CT imaging of the heart is in its infancy, the clarity with which cardiac chambers and other structures were visualized is encouraging and suggests the potential value of CT scanning for detecting significant intracardiac pathology on routine thoracic CT scans.", "contents": "CT demonstration of cardiac structures. Cross-sectional cardiac anatomy was studied by computed tomography (CT) in normal patients and in patients with well documented cardiac pathology. Specific cardiac chambers, aortic and pulmonary artery enlargement, ventricular aneurysms, coronary artery, and intracardiac calcifications were demonstrated using a 3 sec scan time with and without intravenous iodinated contrast media. Although CT imaging of the heart is in its infancy, the clarity with which cardiac chambers and other structures were visualized is encouraging and suggests the potential value of CT scanning for detecting significant intracardiac pathology on routine thoracic CT scans.", "PMID": 110073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9010", "title": "The hypernephroma halo.", "content": "Most renal adenocarcinomas (hypernephromas) are characterized histologically by a dense, avascular, fibrous capsule. This capsule is rare or nonexistent in other benign or malignant renal tumors. The capsule was identified as a thin radiolucent stripe surrounding parts of the tumor periphery in 30 renal angiograms performed on a group of 70 patients with pathologically proven hypernephromas. Only one of 65 normal kidneys and 137 other benign or malignant renal tumors or pseudotumors exhibited angiographic evidence of this lucent stripe. This stripe is therefore referred to as the \"hypernephroma halo.\" Its identification on an excretory urogram is occasionally possible; in five patients it was recognized prior to angiography suggesting the lesion causing it is a hypernephroma.", "contents": "The hypernephroma halo. Most renal adenocarcinomas (hypernephromas) are characterized histologically by a dense, avascular, fibrous capsule. This capsule is rare or nonexistent in other benign or malignant renal tumors. The capsule was identified as a thin radiolucent stripe surrounding parts of the tumor periphery in 30 renal angiograms performed on a group of 70 patients with pathologically proven hypernephromas. Only one of 65 normal kidneys and 137 other benign or malignant renal tumors or pseudotumors exhibited angiographic evidence of this lucent stripe. This stripe is therefore referred to as the \"hypernephroma halo.\" Its identification on an excretory urogram is occasionally possible; in five patients it was recognized prior to angiography suggesting the lesion causing it is a hypernephroma.", "PMID": 110074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9011", "title": "Intraabdominal abscess: current concepts in radiologic evaluation.", "content": "Forty patients with suspected abdominal abscess had computed tomography (CT) and plain film examinations; 15 also had ultrasound study. CT was found to be the most consistently accurate examination, both for the detection of abscess and evaluation of its extent. Ultrasound was positive in a high percentage of cases in which it was used. Although plain films correctly suggested the presence of an abscess in over half the proven cases, confirmatory evidence from CT or ultrasound was often required to persuade clinicians of the presence of an abscess and to provide detailed information regarding its extent and configuration.", "contents": "Intraabdominal abscess: current concepts in radiologic evaluation. Forty patients with suspected abdominal abscess had computed tomography (CT) and plain film examinations; 15 also had ultrasound study. CT was found to be the most consistently accurate examination, both for the detection of abscess and evaluation of its extent. Ultrasound was positive in a high percentage of cases in which it was used. Although plain films correctly suggested the presence of an abscess in over half the proven cases, confirmatory evidence from CT or ultrasound was often required to persuade clinicians of the presence of an abscess and to provide detailed information regarding its extent and configuration.", "PMID": 110075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9012", "title": "Evaluation of nuclear imaging for detecting posttransplant fluid collection.", "content": "A series of 26 renal allograft recipients studied by both B-mode gray scale ultrasonography and 99mTc DTPA renal nuclear imaging was reviewed. All conclusions were based on written reports generated at the original examination, and B-mode gray scale ultrasonography was considered the definitive examination for fluid collection detection. Sensitivity of nuclear imaging for the detection of fluid was 73%; however, it becomes 85% when fluid collections in close proximity to the bladder are excluded. Renal allograft nuclear imaging is a useful examination for primary detection of lymphoceles and also for demonstrating abnormalities in renal dynamics and drainage.", "contents": "Evaluation of nuclear imaging for detecting posttransplant fluid collection. A series of 26 renal allograft recipients studied by both B-mode gray scale ultrasonography and 99mTc DTPA renal nuclear imaging was reviewed. All conclusions were based on written reports generated at the original examination, and B-mode gray scale ultrasonography was considered the definitive examination for fluid collection detection. Sensitivity of nuclear imaging for the detection of fluid was 73%; however, it becomes 85% when fluid collections in close proximity to the bladder are excluded. Renal allograft nuclear imaging is a useful examination for primary detection of lymphoceles and also for demonstrating abnormalities in renal dynamics and drainage.", "PMID": 110076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9013", "title": "\"Contrast buttle\": a sign indicating perforation of the digestive tract.", "content": "Bubble formation outside the digestive tract that correlated with small perforations was observed in two infants during water-soluble contrast material studies using a 50% solution of Gastrografin in water. The causes of extraluminal bubbles are discussed; in vitro experiments demonstrated the mechanism of formation and the radiographic characteristics of the various types of bubbles. Extraluminal bubbles appearing during a water-soluble contrast material examination actually represent contrast bubbles. The radiographic density of the bubble walls varies. When the bubbles are small and diluted contrast material is used, it is not possible to detect the presence of contrast material radiographically. Contrast material bubbles are likely to be observed only if a low surface tension contrast agent is used, such as Gastrografin full- or half-strength in water). Extraluminal contrast material bubble formation may identify and localize a small perforation of the gut when other findings are inconclusive.", "contents": "\"Contrast buttle\": a sign indicating perforation of the digestive tract. Bubble formation outside the digestive tract that correlated with small perforations was observed in two infants during water-soluble contrast material studies using a 50% solution of Gastrografin in water. The causes of extraluminal bubbles are discussed; in vitro experiments demonstrated the mechanism of formation and the radiographic characteristics of the various types of bubbles. Extraluminal bubbles appearing during a water-soluble contrast material examination actually represent contrast bubbles. The radiographic density of the bubble walls varies. When the bubbles are small and diluted contrast material is used, it is not possible to detect the presence of contrast material radiographically. Contrast material bubbles are likely to be observed only if a low surface tension contrast agent is used, such as Gastrografin full- or half-strength in water). Extraluminal contrast material bubble formation may identify and localize a small perforation of the gut when other findings are inconclusive.", "PMID": 110077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9014", "title": "A new look at pattern recognition of diffuse pulmonary disease.", "content": "The common practice of describing the histologic distribution of pulmonary lesions from their radiographic patterns is often inaccurate. Recognition of disease entities is more successful if a given pattern is analyzed for its probable causes, rather than by attempting to predict its microscopic distribution. This represents a change in attitude toward the correlation of the radiographic and pathologic findings in disseminated diseases of the lung. The objective of this communication is to enable radiologists to become more secure in recognizing diffuse pulmonary patterns, to understand the shortcomings of this approach, and to stop trying to predict microscopic distribution from the chest radiograph.", "contents": "A new look at pattern recognition of diffuse pulmonary disease. The common practice of describing the histologic distribution of pulmonary lesions from their radiographic patterns is often inaccurate. Recognition of disease entities is more successful if a given pattern is analyzed for its probable causes, rather than by attempting to predict its microscopic distribution. This represents a change in attitude toward the correlation of the radiographic and pathologic findings in disseminated diseases of the lung. The objective of this communication is to enable radiologists to become more secure in recognizing diffuse pulmonary patterns, to understand the shortcomings of this approach, and to stop trying to predict microscopic distribution from the chest radiograph.", "PMID": 110078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9015", "title": "Radiographic features of recurrent intrathoracic Hodgkin's disease following radiation therapy.", "content": "Of 254 consecutive, surgically staged, IA-IIIB Hodgkin's disease patients treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy between April 1969 and July 1976, 21 developed intrathoracic relapses. This study evaluated the radiographic features of relapse in these 21 patients. The superior mediastinum (nine patients) and the lung parenchyma (10) were the most frequent sites of involvement. In contrast to patients who initially had Hodgkin's disease, extranodal lung relapses were not associated with radiographically detectable relapses in the hilum or mediastinum. The appearance of the pulmonary relapses included both single and multiple nodules, with or without cavitation, and with both sharp and irregular margins. Due to this nonspecific appearance at relapse, tissue should be obtained in patients suspected of having recurrent Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Radiographic features of recurrent intrathoracic Hodgkin's disease following radiation therapy. Of 254 consecutive, surgically staged, IA-IIIB Hodgkin's disease patients treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy between April 1969 and July 1976, 21 developed intrathoracic relapses. This study evaluated the radiographic features of relapse in these 21 patients. The superior mediastinum (nine patients) and the lung parenchyma (10) were the most frequent sites of involvement. In contrast to patients who initially had Hodgkin's disease, extranodal lung relapses were not associated with radiographically detectable relapses in the hilum or mediastinum. The appearance of the pulmonary relapses included both single and multiple nodules, with or without cavitation, and with both sharp and irregular margins. Due to this nonspecific appearance at relapse, tissue should be obtained in patients suspected of having recurrent Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 110079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9016", "title": "Fatty tumors of the thorax demonstrated by CT.", "content": "The radiographic signs previously described for fatty tumors of the thorax although helpful are nonspecific. In the past, the diagnosis of benign fatty tumors of the chest in asymptomatic patients required surgical intervention. This report illustrates the gamut of fat-containing tumors of the thorax encountered over a recent 1 year period. CT proved to be helpful in the diagnosis and management on these cases. When the CT numbers of the fatty lesion was around -55 EMI units, intervention was felt to be unnecessary. However, when the CT number of the mass ranged from --10 to--20 EMI units, intervention was felt to be necessary since a malignancy could not be excluded on the basis of the CT findings alone.", "contents": "Fatty tumors of the thorax demonstrated by CT. The radiographic signs previously described for fatty tumors of the thorax although helpful are nonspecific. In the past, the diagnosis of benign fatty tumors of the chest in asymptomatic patients required surgical intervention. This report illustrates the gamut of fat-containing tumors of the thorax encountered over a recent 1 year period. CT proved to be helpful in the diagnosis and management on these cases. When the CT numbers of the fatty lesion was around -55 EMI units, intervention was felt to be unnecessary. However, when the CT number of the mass ranged from --10 to--20 EMI units, intervention was felt to be necessary since a malignancy could not be excluded on the basis of the CT findings alone.", "PMID": 110080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9017", "title": "Upper airway obstruction during sleep in children.", "content": "Cinefluoroscopic findings are described in nine children with sleep-related upper airway obstruction who are asymptomatic while awake. Asleep, these patients show strikingly similar changes in the region of the hypopharynx. During inspiration, the tongue and hypopharyngeal soft tissues are approximate, obliterating the hypopharyngeal air space causing intermittent and almost complete obstruction to air flow. The value of cinefluoroscopic studies on sleeping children with clinical symptoms of airway obstruction during sleep is emphasized.", "contents": "Upper airway obstruction during sleep in children. Cinefluoroscopic findings are described in nine children with sleep-related upper airway obstruction who are asymptomatic while awake. Asleep, these patients show strikingly similar changes in the region of the hypopharynx. During inspiration, the tongue and hypopharyngeal soft tissues are approximate, obliterating the hypopharyngeal air space causing intermittent and almost complete obstruction to air flow. The value of cinefluoroscopic studies on sleeping children with clinical symptoms of airway obstruction during sleep is emphasized.", "PMID": 110081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9018", "title": "Plain film diaphragm view as adjunct to full lung tomography.", "content": "Full lung tomography with the addition of a plain film diaphragm view was performed on 319 patients. Information not evident on tomography was found on the additional view in 13% of the cases. The plain film diaphragm view is recommended as a simple and inexpensive adjunct to linear and pluridirectional full lung tomography.", "contents": "Plain film diaphragm view as adjunct to full lung tomography. Full lung tomography with the addition of a plain film diaphragm view was performed on 319 patients. Information not evident on tomography was found on the additional view in 13% of the cases. The plain film diaphragm view is recommended as a simple and inexpensive adjunct to linear and pluridirectional full lung tomography.", "PMID": 110082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9019", "title": "Intraperitoneal contrast infusion for assessment of intraperitoneal fluid dynamics.", "content": "For patients undergoing intraperitoneal (\"belly bath\") chemotherapy, it is useful to verify the distribution of infusion fluid. For this reason, 10 patients were examined by computed tomography (CT) after intraperitoneal instillation of dialysate mixed with water soluble contrast material. The extent of intraperitoneal distribution was assessed, and in two patients filling defects, presumably representing tumor, were identified.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal contrast infusion for assessment of intraperitoneal fluid dynamics. For patients undergoing intraperitoneal (\"belly bath\") chemotherapy, it is useful to verify the distribution of infusion fluid. For this reason, 10 patients were examined by computed tomography (CT) after intraperitoneal instillation of dialysate mixed with water soluble contrast material. The extent of intraperitoneal distribution was assessed, and in two patients filling defects, presumably representing tumor, were identified.", "PMID": 110083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9020", "title": "Significance of a dilated pancreatic duct on CT examination.", "content": "The infrequency of reports demonstrating dilatation of the pancreatic ducts in patients with chronic pancreatitis by CT, despite its frequent demonstration on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), prompted a review of 500 cases performed at the University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital for suspected pancreatic disease. Pancreatic duct dilatation was demonstrated in 10 patients. An equal occurrence was documented in patients with chronic pancreatitis and with carcinoma. Therefore, the presence of dilated pancreatic duct only confirms the presence of pancreatic disease. No etiology should be favored by the isolated finding of a dilated duct on CT scanning.", "contents": "Significance of a dilated pancreatic duct on CT examination. The infrequency of reports demonstrating dilatation of the pancreatic ducts in patients with chronic pancreatitis by CT, despite its frequent demonstration on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), prompted a review of 500 cases performed at the University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital for suspected pancreatic disease. Pancreatic duct dilatation was demonstrated in 10 patients. An equal occurrence was documented in patients with chronic pancreatitis and with carcinoma. Therefore, the presence of dilated pancreatic duct only confirms the presence of pancreatic disease. No etiology should be favored by the isolated finding of a dilated duct on CT scanning.", "PMID": 110084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9021", "title": "Tuberculosis of the transverse colon.", "content": "Segmental tuberculosis of the transverse colon is very rare and when present is usually associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis. These patients may have initial symptoms suggestive of neoplasm or of Crohn's disease. Radiographically the lesion manifests itself as a fairly long area of narrowing with nodular and ulcerated mucosa. Sinuses and fistulae may arise from the area of involvement. These changes are not specific for tuberculosis. The lesion is unpredictable. It may respond to medical therapy, but complications such as bleeding and sinus tract formation may require surgical intervention.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the transverse colon. Segmental tuberculosis of the transverse colon is very rare and when present is usually associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis. These patients may have initial symptoms suggestive of neoplasm or of Crohn's disease. Radiographically the lesion manifests itself as a fairly long area of narrowing with nodular and ulcerated mucosa. Sinuses and fistulae may arise from the area of involvement. These changes are not specific for tuberculosis. The lesion is unpredictable. It may respond to medical therapy, but complications such as bleeding and sinus tract formation may require surgical intervention.", "PMID": 110085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9022", "title": "Medial indentation of the duodenal sweep by common bile duct dilatation.", "content": "The dilated common bile duct has long been recognized as a cause for a smooth, tubular impression across the duodenal bulb or immediate postbulbar duodenum. Only scattered references suggest that a smooth indentation on the medial aspect of the descending duodenum might also be due to an enlarged, tortuous common duct. Three cases of this condition are reported. The dilated common duct impression can mimic a pancreatic mass. While computed tomography, ultrasonography, or transhepatic cholangiography readily suggest the true diagnosis, potential pitfalls in patient management are possible when the first radiographic procedure is an upper gastrointestinal series.", "contents": "Medial indentation of the duodenal sweep by common bile duct dilatation. The dilated common bile duct has long been recognized as a cause for a smooth, tubular impression across the duodenal bulb or immediate postbulbar duodenum. Only scattered references suggest that a smooth indentation on the medial aspect of the descending duodenum might also be due to an enlarged, tortuous common duct. Three cases of this condition are reported. The dilated common duct impression can mimic a pancreatic mass. While computed tomography, ultrasonography, or transhepatic cholangiography readily suggest the true diagnosis, potential pitfalls in patient management are possible when the first radiographic procedure is an upper gastrointestinal series.", "PMID": 110086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9023", "title": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis: ultrasound and CT features.", "content": "The sonographic and computed tomographic (CT) findings in three cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis are illustrated. Its clinical, laboratory, and conventional radiographic findings are often nonspecific. The sonographic findings consist of an extensive retroperitoneal, extrarenal, anechoic, well marginated, and irregularly contoured mass. Computed tomography depicts a paraspinal, extrarenal, and well marginated lesion that is isodense with the surrounding muscles. Through other abnormalities present similar sonographic and CT findings, the differential diagnosis is limited so that correlation of the clinical and radiographic changes allows a preoperative diagnosis with high confidence.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis: ultrasound and CT features. The sonographic and computed tomographic (CT) findings in three cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis are illustrated. Its clinical, laboratory, and conventional radiographic findings are often nonspecific. The sonographic findings consist of an extensive retroperitoneal, extrarenal, anechoic, well marginated, and irregularly contoured mass. Computed tomography depicts a paraspinal, extrarenal, and well marginated lesion that is isodense with the surrounding muscles. Through other abnormalities present similar sonographic and CT findings, the differential diagnosis is limited so that correlation of the clinical and radiographic changes allows a preoperative diagnosis with high confidence.", "PMID": 110087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9024", "title": "Transvenous xeroarteriography: noninvasive method for demonstrating peripheral arteries.", "content": "Xeroradiography allows visualization of peripheral arteries after intravenous injection of relatively low quantities of contrast medium. By means of a special changer, several exposures are chosen according to standardized programs. Determination of the arrival time of the contrast medium after its passage through the heart and the lungs is not necessary. The method has proved effective in demonstration of localized vascular lesions and evaluation of postoperative status and soft tissue tumors. Transvenous examinations of 237 patients are reported.", "contents": "Transvenous xeroarteriography: noninvasive method for demonstrating peripheral arteries. Xeroradiography allows visualization of peripheral arteries after intravenous injection of relatively low quantities of contrast medium. By means of a special changer, several exposures are chosen according to standardized programs. Determination of the arrival time of the contrast medium after its passage through the heart and the lungs is not necessary. The method has proved effective in demonstration of localized vascular lesions and evaluation of postoperative status and soft tissue tumors. Transvenous examinations of 237 patients are reported.", "PMID": 110088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9025", "title": "Double aortic arch anomalies: diagnosis by countercurrent right brachial arteriography.", "content": "The clinical, radiologic, angiographic, and operative findings in 15 patients with double aortic arch are described. In five patients, both arches were functional; in the other 10, a portion of the left arch was atretic. Depending on the location of the atretic segment, the anomalies were classified into types A, B, and C double aortic arch. We considered an additional type D double aortic arch which as yet remains a theoretical possibility. With the help of refined angiographic signs obtained by countercurrent right brachial angiography and on the basis of clinical and radiologic signs of tracheoesophageal compression, the differential diagnosis among various types of double aortic arch and right aortic arch anomalies was improved.", "contents": "Double aortic arch anomalies: diagnosis by countercurrent right brachial arteriography. The clinical, radiologic, angiographic, and operative findings in 15 patients with double aortic arch are described. In five patients, both arches were functional; in the other 10, a portion of the left arch was atretic. Depending on the location of the atretic segment, the anomalies were classified into types A, B, and C double aortic arch. We considered an additional type D double aortic arch which as yet remains a theoretical possibility. With the help of refined angiographic signs obtained by countercurrent right brachial angiography and on the basis of clinical and radiologic signs of tracheoesophageal compression, the differential diagnosis among various types of double aortic arch and right aortic arch anomalies was improved.", "PMID": 110089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9026", "title": "Diverticulosis of the left ventricle.", "content": "Nine patients, 4--60 years old, had single or multiple left ventricular outpouchings, best seen during diastole, and believed to represent congenital diverticula. The 14 diverticula, 5--28 mm long, were either along the diaphragmatic or anterior ventricular wall. Only one patient had his diverticulum surgically removed; the wall was lined by thick endocardium surrounded by normal myocardium. The lesions did not produce local or systemic complications. All patients had normal chest radiographs. The material suggests that left ventricular diverticula not associated with midline anomalies are perhaps not very rare and should be distinguished from cardiac aneurysm.", "contents": "Diverticulosis of the left ventricle. Nine patients, 4--60 years old, had single or multiple left ventricular outpouchings, best seen during diastole, and believed to represent congenital diverticula. The 14 diverticula, 5--28 mm long, were either along the diaphragmatic or anterior ventricular wall. Only one patient had his diverticulum surgically removed; the wall was lined by thick endocardium surrounded by normal myocardium. The lesions did not produce local or systemic complications. All patients had normal chest radiographs. The material suggests that left ventricular diverticula not associated with midline anomalies are perhaps not very rare and should be distinguished from cardiac aneurysm.", "PMID": 110090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9027", "title": "Incidence and distribution of venous extension in 70 hypernephromas.", "content": "Angiographic, surgical, and pathologic observations of 70 patients with single hypervascular renal cell carcinomas were reviewed. To correlate size and location with extension into the renal veins or inferior vena cava, the tumors were divided into three groups on the basis of size. Of the 32 group 1 tumors (3--5 cm), four showed venous extension. Three involved only the right renal vein, while one extended through the right renal vein into the inferior vena cava. Of the 24 group II tumors (5--7cm), 12 showed venous extension. Only one of these was confined to the right renal vein, while 11 extended through the renal vein into the inferior vena cava. Eight of the 13 group III tumors (greater than 7 cm) showed venous extension. Three of these were confined to the renal vein, while five extended through the right renal vein into the inferior vena cava. This investigation indicates that venous extension is more frequent with tumors of the right kidney and with tumors of larger size.", "contents": "Incidence and distribution of venous extension in 70 hypernephromas. Angiographic, surgical, and pathologic observations of 70 patients with single hypervascular renal cell carcinomas were reviewed. To correlate size and location with extension into the renal veins or inferior vena cava, the tumors were divided into three groups on the basis of size. Of the 32 group 1 tumors (3--5 cm), four showed venous extension. Three involved only the right renal vein, while one extended through the right renal vein into the inferior vena cava. Of the 24 group II tumors (5--7cm), 12 showed venous extension. Only one of these was confined to the right renal vein, while 11 extended through the renal vein into the inferior vena cava. Eight of the 13 group III tumors (greater than 7 cm) showed venous extension. Three of these were confined to the renal vein, while five extended through the right renal vein into the inferior vena cava. This investigation indicates that venous extension is more frequent with tumors of the right kidney and with tumors of larger size.", "PMID": 110091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9028", "title": "Spinal computed tomography: limitations and applications.", "content": "A comprehensive review of 188 spinal computed tomography (CT) scans done over a 9-month period was performed to establish both the shortcomings and applications of the technique. The value of intrathecal enhancement was reviewed in an attempt to establish indications for its use. The data base comprised 51 abnormal scans including cases of spinal trauma, dysraphism, intra- and extraspinal neoplasm, and spinal stenosis. Results indicate that: (1) the introduction of intrathecal contrast media greatly extends the morphologic capabilities of spinal CT in practically all cases where altered anatomy of the spinal canal and its contents is suspected; (2) conventional screening procedures such as plain films of the spine and myelography should be obtained prior to spinal CT in most cases because of their value in defining the location and longitudinal extent of the pathologic process; (3) spinal CT examinations tailored to specific areas of interest result in better characterization of traumatic, dysraphic, and stenotic conditions conceivably leading to better surgical management and more accurate prognosis. At present, spinal CT has its greatest diagnostic usefulness in the evaluation of trauma and its sequela.", "contents": "Spinal computed tomography: limitations and applications. A comprehensive review of 188 spinal computed tomography (CT) scans done over a 9-month period was performed to establish both the shortcomings and applications of the technique. The value of intrathecal enhancement was reviewed in an attempt to establish indications for its use. The data base comprised 51 abnormal scans including cases of spinal trauma, dysraphism, intra- and extraspinal neoplasm, and spinal stenosis. Results indicate that: (1) the introduction of intrathecal contrast media greatly extends the morphologic capabilities of spinal CT in practically all cases where altered anatomy of the spinal canal and its contents is suspected; (2) conventional screening procedures such as plain films of the spine and myelography should be obtained prior to spinal CT in most cases because of their value in defining the location and longitudinal extent of the pathologic process; (3) spinal CT examinations tailored to specific areas of interest result in better characterization of traumatic, dysraphic, and stenotic conditions conceivably leading to better surgical management and more accurate prognosis. At present, spinal CT has its greatest diagnostic usefulness in the evaluation of trauma and its sequela.", "PMID": 110092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9029", "title": "Anterior cervical subluxation: an unstable position.", "content": "The radiologic signs of cervical anterior subluxation are subtle. Even when recognized, the injury may not be considered significant. However, anterior subluxation is the most unstable cervical spinal injury. The two case histories illustrate instability of the cervical spine in this type of injury. The radiologically diagnostic features on the lateral radiograph are described and the recognition of instability on mobility studies is discussed.", "contents": "Anterior cervical subluxation: an unstable position. The radiologic signs of cervical anterior subluxation are subtle. Even when recognized, the injury may not be considered significant. However, anterior subluxation is the most unstable cervical spinal injury. The two case histories illustrate instability of the cervical spine in this type of injury. The radiologically diagnostic features on the lateral radiograph are described and the recognition of instability on mobility studies is discussed.", "PMID": 110093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9030", "title": "Synovial hyperemia in giant cell tumor of bone: angiographic pitfall.", "content": "Arteriography has been found useful in the clinical staging of giant cell tumors of bone in its capacity to demonstrate the presence and extent of soft tissue, extraosseous extension of the tumor. A potential source of error is the presence of hyperemic synovial tissue that may closely resemble tumor vascularity, and therefore be confused with tumor extraosseous extension. Of the 48 giant cell tumors in this series, 21 demonstrated extraosseous vascularity representing synovial hyperemia. Two patients were considered to have extraosseous tumor extent but only hypertrophic synovial tissue was found at surgery. The angiographic features of synovial hyperemia are outlined.", "contents": "Synovial hyperemia in giant cell tumor of bone: angiographic pitfall. Arteriography has been found useful in the clinical staging of giant cell tumors of bone in its capacity to demonstrate the presence and extent of soft tissue, extraosseous extension of the tumor. A potential source of error is the presence of hyperemic synovial tissue that may closely resemble tumor vascularity, and therefore be confused with tumor extraosseous extension. Of the 48 giant cell tumors in this series, 21 demonstrated extraosseous vascularity representing synovial hyperemia. Two patients were considered to have extraosseous tumor extent but only hypertrophic synovial tissue was found at surgery. The angiographic features of synovial hyperemia are outlined.", "PMID": 110094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9031", "title": "Choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle: a useful CT landmark.", "content": "The choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle is a sensitive, symmetrical CT landmark which can often be visualized in overlapped scans performed in the orbital plane during rapid infusion of a high dose of iodinated contrast substance. Normal and pertinent abnormal plexus configurations are described and illustrated.", "contents": "Choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle: a useful CT landmark. The choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle is a sensitive, symmetrical CT landmark which can often be visualized in overlapped scans performed in the orbital plane during rapid infusion of a high dose of iodinated contrast substance. Normal and pertinent abnormal plexus configurations are described and illustrated.", "PMID": 110095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9032", "title": "Uterine cervical cancer: treatment with megavoltage radiation results and afterloading intracavitary techniques.", "content": "Results were evaluated for 651 consecutive patients with invasive cancer of the intact uterine cervix. From 1963 through 1967 319 patients were treated primarily with the older Los Angeles County Hospital system of orthovoltage radiation and intracavitary radium therapy. Thereafter, 1968--1974, 332 patients were treated primarily with a newer modified M. D. Anderson Tumor Institute system of megavoltage radiation and afterloading intracavitary radium therapy. Age distribution and histology were similar for both groups, but clinical stage was slightly more advanced for patients treated earlier. Crude and net 5 year survival rates were 36% and 49% for the early group and 54% and 67% for the later group. Net 5 year survival rates for the earlier group by stage were: stage I, 74%; II, 62%; III, 23%; and IV, 6%. Survival rates for the later group were: I, 81%; II 76%; III, 50%; and IV, 15%. We believe this improvement can be attributed to more effective intracavitary radium therapy for handling local cancer and to delivery of cancericidal doses of radiation to regional nodes with the megavoltage radiation apparatus, as well as to the greater cooperative efforts put forth in the management of County Hospital patients.", "contents": "Uterine cervical cancer: treatment with megavoltage radiation results and afterloading intracavitary techniques. Results were evaluated for 651 consecutive patients with invasive cancer of the intact uterine cervix. From 1963 through 1967 319 patients were treated primarily with the older Los Angeles County Hospital system of orthovoltage radiation and intracavitary radium therapy. Thereafter, 1968--1974, 332 patients were treated primarily with a newer modified M. D. Anderson Tumor Institute system of megavoltage radiation and afterloading intracavitary radium therapy. Age distribution and histology were similar for both groups, but clinical stage was slightly more advanced for patients treated earlier. Crude and net 5 year survival rates were 36% and 49% for the early group and 54% and 67% for the later group. Net 5 year survival rates for the earlier group by stage were: stage I, 74%; II, 62%; III, 23%; and IV, 6%. Survival rates for the later group were: I, 81%; II 76%; III, 50%; and IV, 15%. We believe this improvement can be attributed to more effective intracavitary radium therapy for handling local cancer and to delivery of cancericidal doses of radiation to regional nodes with the megavoltage radiation apparatus, as well as to the greater cooperative efforts put forth in the management of County Hospital patients.", "PMID": 110097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9033", "title": "Occult thyrotoxicosis: a correctable cause of \"idiopathic\" atrial fibrillation.", "content": "Serum total thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone were measured in 75 consecutive patients presenting to a cardiology clinic with atrial fibrillation with no obvious cardiovascular cause. A lack of response of serum thyrotropin to thyrotropin-releasing hormone, indicative of thyrotoxicosis, was found in 10 patients (13 percent), not all whom had raised serum thyroid hormone levels. These 10 patients were predominantly male, had no clinical signs of thyrotoxicosis and a relative excess of nonpalpable autonomous thyroid nodules demonstrated with scintigraphy. Eight of the 10 patients had reversion to stable sinus rhythm after treatment with iodine-131 or carbimazole, either spontaneously or after direct current cardioversion. It would appear that clinically occult thyrotoxicosis can be identified consistently only with the thyrotropin-releasing hormone test and is the cause of \"idiopathic\" atrial fibrillation in a significant proportion of patients.", "contents": "Occult thyrotoxicosis: a correctable cause of \"idiopathic\" atrial fibrillation. Serum total thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone were measured in 75 consecutive patients presenting to a cardiology clinic with atrial fibrillation with no obvious cardiovascular cause. A lack of response of serum thyrotropin to thyrotropin-releasing hormone, indicative of thyrotoxicosis, was found in 10 patients (13 percent), not all whom had raised serum thyroid hormone levels. These 10 patients were predominantly male, had no clinical signs of thyrotoxicosis and a relative excess of nonpalpable autonomous thyroid nodules demonstrated with scintigraphy. Eight of the 10 patients had reversion to stable sinus rhythm after treatment with iodine-131 or carbimazole, either spontaneously or after direct current cardioversion. It would appear that clinically occult thyrotoxicosis can be identified consistently only with the thyrotropin-releasing hormone test and is the cause of \"idiopathic\" atrial fibrillation in a significant proportion of patients.", "PMID": 110126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9034", "title": "Body composition in middle-aged women with special reference to the correlation between body fat mass and anthropometric data.", "content": "A variety of anthropometric measurements was made in a randomized population sample of middle-aged women in five age strata in whom body composition was estimated from total body potassium and total body water determined by whole body counting and isotope dilution technique, respectively. No significant differences with age were found for total body potassium or total body water. A significant age difference was found for body fat mass. Simple linear correlations between anthropometric variables and body fat mass estimates were found to be 0.90, 0.86, 0.77 for body weight, buttock circumference, and sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that these three variables accounted for 80 to 91% of the variation in body fat in the different age strata studied. Multiple regression equations for prediction of body fat from anthropometric variables are given. In about two-thirds of the subjects, the difference between predicted body fat mass and estimated body fat mass was found to be less than +/- 2.5 kg.", "contents": "Body composition in middle-aged women with special reference to the correlation between body fat mass and anthropometric data. A variety of anthropometric measurements was made in a randomized population sample of middle-aged women in five age strata in whom body composition was estimated from total body potassium and total body water determined by whole body counting and isotope dilution technique, respectively. No significant differences with age were found for total body potassium or total body water. A significant age difference was found for body fat mass. Simple linear correlations between anthropometric variables and body fat mass estimates were found to be 0.90, 0.86, 0.77 for body weight, buttock circumference, and sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that these three variables accounted for 80 to 91% of the variation in body fat in the different age strata studied. Multiple regression equations for prediction of body fat from anthropometric variables are given. In about two-thirds of the subjects, the difference between predicted body fat mass and estimated body fat mass was found to be less than +/- 2.5 kg.", "PMID": 110127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9035", "title": "Blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity in normal subjects and in surgical patients with and without cancer in New Zealand.", "content": "This study was carried out in Otago, South Island, where most arable land has a low soil selenium content (less than 0.5 microgram/g) and where selenium (Se) responsive diseases in livestock are common. Se concentration in whole blood, erythrocytes and plasma, and activity of glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) were measured in blood from 104 healthy Otago residents, 80 patients with cancer and 66 noncancer surgical patients. The older residents over 60 years had lower blood Se levels (0.047 +/- 0.010 microgram Se/ml blood) than the young and middle-aged (0.060 +/- 0.012 microgram Se/ml). Blood Se levels of cancer patients were no lower than those of elderly subjects and patients without cancer, and were less than half comparable United States values. Blood Se levels were decreasing in two cancer patients, and the lowest values (less than 0.03 microgram Se/ml blood) were obtained for five cancer patients, and two noncancer patients after a long period of inanition; these were similar to values for patients on parenteral nutrition with negligible intakes. Lower blood Se levels were associated with lower serum albumin and enzyme activities. It is suggested that low Se status of cancer patients was more likely a consequence of their illness than the cause of the cancer.", "contents": "Blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity in normal subjects and in surgical patients with and without cancer in New Zealand. This study was carried out in Otago, South Island, where most arable land has a low soil selenium content (less than 0.5 microgram/g) and where selenium (Se) responsive diseases in livestock are common. Se concentration in whole blood, erythrocytes and plasma, and activity of glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) were measured in blood from 104 healthy Otago residents, 80 patients with cancer and 66 noncancer surgical patients. The older residents over 60 years had lower blood Se levels (0.047 +/- 0.010 microgram Se/ml blood) than the young and middle-aged (0.060 +/- 0.012 microgram Se/ml). Blood Se levels of cancer patients were no lower than those of elderly subjects and patients without cancer, and were less than half comparable United States values. Blood Se levels were decreasing in two cancer patients, and the lowest values (less than 0.03 microgram Se/ml blood) were obtained for five cancer patients, and two noncancer patients after a long period of inanition; these were similar to values for patients on parenteral nutrition with negligible intakes. Lower blood Se levels were associated with lower serum albumin and enzyme activities. It is suggested that low Se status of cancer patients was more likely a consequence of their illness than the cause of the cancer.", "PMID": 110128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9036", "title": "A comparison of essential and general amino acid infusions in protein-depleted patients receiving parenteral alimentation.", "content": "Six malnourished patients were studied during intravenous nutrition therapy to compare the efficiency of essential and general amino acids when given as the sole nitrogen source during intravenous nitrogen therapy. A cross-over design was used so that each patient received both essential amino acids plus arginine and histidine and a general amino acid solution in random order. Glucose provided the remainder of the energy and both infusions contained 2 g of amino acid per 100 kcal. Each patient's daily urea nitrogen production was greater during infusion of the general amino acid solution. Consequently, nitrogen intake minus urea nitrogen production was significantly greater when the essential amino acid solution was infused. Plasma amino acid levels were determined on each patient during both essential and general amino acid infusion. Abnormalities tend to reflect the composition of the amino acid solutions as well as their administration directly into the systemic circulation bypassing the portal circulation.", "contents": "A comparison of essential and general amino acid infusions in protein-depleted patients receiving parenteral alimentation. Six malnourished patients were studied during intravenous nutrition therapy to compare the efficiency of essential and general amino acids when given as the sole nitrogen source during intravenous nitrogen therapy. A cross-over design was used so that each patient received both essential amino acids plus arginine and histidine and a general amino acid solution in random order. Glucose provided the remainder of the energy and both infusions contained 2 g of amino acid per 100 kcal. Each patient's daily urea nitrogen production was greater during infusion of the general amino acid solution. Consequently, nitrogen intake minus urea nitrogen production was significantly greater when the essential amino acid solution was infused. Plasma amino acid levels were determined on each patient during both essential and general amino acid infusion. Abnormalities tend to reflect the composition of the amino acid solutions as well as their administration directly into the systemic circulation bypassing the portal circulation.", "PMID": 110129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9037", "title": "Simultaneous and consecutive administration of nutrients in parenteral nutrition.", "content": "In seven patients, six with Crohn's disease and one with pancreatitis, two methods of parenteral nutrition were compared: the partial consecutive administration of the components of a parenteral nutrition regimen versus the administration of all nutrients simultaneously. With respect to the consecutive regimen, the simultaneous infusion regimen gave an improvement in the nitrogen balance of 13% and a decrease in urinary lactic acid of about 50%. Urinary excretion of alpha-amino nitrogen, glucose, and fructose was very small in both cases but was slightly lower during the simultaneous infusion regimen. The improvement in the nitrogen balance attained with the simultaneous infusion regimen can be explained by the fact that infused nutrients, especially carbohydrates, cause fewer metabolic disturbances. The simultaneous infusion regimen has three other advantages. The patients rarely complain of headache and nausea, the infusion regimen is markedly simplified and the risk of contamination when nutrients are added to the infusion bottles in the ward is considerably diminished.", "contents": "Simultaneous and consecutive administration of nutrients in parenteral nutrition. In seven patients, six with Crohn's disease and one with pancreatitis, two methods of parenteral nutrition were compared: the partial consecutive administration of the components of a parenteral nutrition regimen versus the administration of all nutrients simultaneously. With respect to the consecutive regimen, the simultaneous infusion regimen gave an improvement in the nitrogen balance of 13% and a decrease in urinary lactic acid of about 50%. Urinary excretion of alpha-amino nitrogen, glucose, and fructose was very small in both cases but was slightly lower during the simultaneous infusion regimen. The improvement in the nitrogen balance attained with the simultaneous infusion regimen can be explained by the fact that infused nutrients, especially carbohydrates, cause fewer metabolic disturbances. The simultaneous infusion regimen has three other advantages. The patients rarely complain of headache and nausea, the infusion regimen is markedly simplified and the risk of contamination when nutrients are added to the infusion bottles in the ward is considerably diminished.", "PMID": 110130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9038", "title": "Assessment of protein nutrition in surgical patients--the value of anthropometrics.", "content": "In order to evaluate the reliability of anthropometry in assessing protein stores we have compared, in 10 normal adults and 82 surgical patients with varying degrees of weight loss, measurements of weight/height, arm circumference, arm muscle circumference, and arm muscle area with direct measurements of body nitrogen using in vivo neutron activation analysis. Anthropometry is reliable for the assessment of protein nutrition in groups of patients (for 100 patients 95% confidence limits are +/- 30 g nitrogen) but the magnitude of variance shown makes it inappropriate for assessing the individual as a single measurement (95% confidence limits are +/- 300 g nitrogen). Repeat measurements were made after 2 weeks on 35 patients and there was no correlation between changes in body nitrogen and changes in the anthropometric measurements. Anthropometry is not reliable in following changes in body nitrogen in individual patients over short periods of time.", "contents": "Assessment of protein nutrition in surgical patients--the value of anthropometrics. In order to evaluate the reliability of anthropometry in assessing protein stores we have compared, in 10 normal adults and 82 surgical patients with varying degrees of weight loss, measurements of weight/height, arm circumference, arm muscle circumference, and arm muscle area with direct measurements of body nitrogen using in vivo neutron activation analysis. Anthropometry is reliable for the assessment of protein nutrition in groups of patients (for 100 patients 95% confidence limits are +/- 30 g nitrogen) but the magnitude of variance shown makes it inappropriate for assessing the individual as a single measurement (95% confidence limits are +/- 300 g nitrogen). Repeat measurements were made after 2 weeks on 35 patients and there was no correlation between changes in body nitrogen and changes in the anthropometric measurements. Anthropometry is not reliable in following changes in body nitrogen in individual patients over short periods of time.", "PMID": 110131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9039", "title": "Properties of a cytotoxic kidney antibody associated with human renal transplantation.", "content": "A technic for demonstrating a complement-dependent cytotoxic response specific for human kidney cells was developed. Positive and negative sera from kidney-transplant recipients were subjected to several assay and adsorption procedures. The cytotoxic antibody reaction appeared to be specific against human kidney in tests with a variety of target cells. Manifestation of the typical cytotoxic effect depended on kidney explant target-cell surface changes following attachment, outgrowth, and dispersion of the first passage monolayer. A comparison of serum responses to lymphocytes and to kidney cells indicated that the cytotoxic response by human kidney cells is not related to the lymphocytotoxic antibodies associated with the HLA system.", "contents": "Properties of a cytotoxic kidney antibody associated with human renal transplantation. A technic for demonstrating a complement-dependent cytotoxic response specific for human kidney cells was developed. Positive and negative sera from kidney-transplant recipients were subjected to several assay and adsorption procedures. The cytotoxic antibody reaction appeared to be specific against human kidney in tests with a variety of target cells. Manifestation of the typical cytotoxic effect depended on kidney explant target-cell surface changes following attachment, outgrowth, and dispersion of the first passage monolayer. A comparison of serum responses to lymphocytes and to kidney cells indicated that the cytotoxic response by human kidney cells is not related to the lymphocytotoxic antibodies associated with the HLA system.", "PMID": 110132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9040", "title": "An investigation into the distribution of radial immunodiffusion quality control data.", "content": "Quality control data from routine radial immunodiffusion assays for IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C4 and alpha1-antitrypsin were tested by the Kolmogorov--Smirnov procedure for gaussian distribution. All but alpha1-antitrypsin were nongaussian in type. Further analysis of these date by plotting on log-normal probability paper showed them to have a log-normal distribution. Treatment of the date by either gaussian or nonparametric statistical methods produced little difference in confidence limits. It does not appear necessary to use nonparametric methods to calculate confidence limits from quality control data for the procedures studied.", "contents": "An investigation into the distribution of radial immunodiffusion quality control data. Quality control data from routine radial immunodiffusion assays for IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C4 and alpha1-antitrypsin were tested by the Kolmogorov--Smirnov procedure for gaussian distribution. All but alpha1-antitrypsin were nongaussian in type. Further analysis of these date by plotting on log-normal probability paper showed them to have a log-normal distribution. Treatment of the date by either gaussian or nonparametric statistical methods produced little difference in confidence limits. It does not appear necessary to use nonparametric methods to calculate confidence limits from quality control data for the procedures studied.", "PMID": 110133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9041", "title": "The type and antibody screen, revisited.", "content": "The type and antibody screen is a safe, economical substitute for \"routine\" two-unit crossmatch in those elective surgical procedures rarely necessitating blood transfusion. This report confirms a previous finding that the type and antibody screen is 99.99% effective in preventing the transfusion of incompatible blood. The type and antibody screen is even safer than the stated 99.99%, when the immediate spin, saline and albumin procedures (the initial portion of the authors' complete crossmatch) are performed prior to releasing blood in an emergency situation. The immediate spin procedures not only verify the ABO compatibility but also detect any high-titer antibodies directed against low-incidence antigens that might not have been present on the screening reagent erythrocytes. The use of the type and antibody screen is applicable only in those medical facilities that have moderate reserves of blood readily available for transfusion.", "contents": "The type and antibody screen, revisited. The type and antibody screen is a safe, economical substitute for \"routine\" two-unit crossmatch in those elective surgical procedures rarely necessitating blood transfusion. This report confirms a previous finding that the type and antibody screen is 99.99% effective in preventing the transfusion of incompatible blood. The type and antibody screen is even safer than the stated 99.99%, when the immediate spin, saline and albumin procedures (the initial portion of the authors' complete crossmatch) are performed prior to releasing blood in an emergency situation. The immediate spin procedures not only verify the ABO compatibility but also detect any high-titer antibodies directed against low-incidence antigens that might not have been present on the screening reagent erythrocytes. The use of the type and antibody screen is applicable only in those medical facilities that have moderate reserves of blood readily available for transfusion.", "PMID": 110134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9042", "title": "A guideline for anticipated blood usage during elective surgical procedures.", "content": "A realistic guideline for transfusion therapy was prepared, with the cooperation of the departments of anesthesiology and surgery, in order to reduce excessive crossmatching. The guideline recommends an ABO-Rh type and an antibody screen, instead of the \"\"routine'' two-unit crossmatch, for elective surgical procedures where blood is seldom used. For those operations normally necessitating hemotherapy, the number of units suggested for the preoperative crossmatch was determined by examination of the average number of units transfused in the past for that particular procedure. The guideline provides the anesthesiologic and surgical staff with the knowledge of how much blood was usually used during a particular elective surgical procedure and therefore how much blood should be preoperatively crossmatched for that procedure. Implementation of this guideline allows the blood bank to distribute its limited blood resources more efficiently and also decreases patient and laboratory costs.", "contents": "A guideline for anticipated blood usage during elective surgical procedures. A realistic guideline for transfusion therapy was prepared, with the cooperation of the departments of anesthesiology and surgery, in order to reduce excessive crossmatching. The guideline recommends an ABO-Rh type and an antibody screen, instead of the \"\"routine'' two-unit crossmatch, for elective surgical procedures where blood is seldom used. For those operations normally necessitating hemotherapy, the number of units suggested for the preoperative crossmatch was determined by examination of the average number of units transfused in the past for that particular procedure. The guideline provides the anesthesiologic and surgical staff with the knowledge of how much blood was usually used during a particular elective surgical procedure and therefore how much blood should be preoperatively crossmatched for that procedure. Implementation of this guideline allows the blood bank to distribute its limited blood resources more efficiently and also decreases patient and laboratory costs.", "PMID": 110135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9043", "title": "Theoretic and experimental analysis of the ability of a commercially prepared system to detect mixtures of bacteria.", "content": "The validity of the biochemical identification of bacteria presumes that the inoculum consists of a pure growth of bacteria. The detection of mixtures of bacteria with the Analytab Enteric (API 20E) system was tested. Using a computer to predict the response of the API 20E system to mixed cultures, the presence of a mixture was not detected in 15% of all pairwise combinations of 324 common organisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family and in 19% of all pairwise combinations of Enterobacteriaceae with four gram-positive cocci. These theoretic predictions were confirmed experimentally for selected mixtures in which the bacteria were combined in equal concentrations. These results indicate that a purity subculture plate must be used to insure the detection of mixtures of bacteria, because the API 20E system fails to detect a large number of mixtures and may erroneously identify the organisms in such mixtures.", "contents": "Theoretic and experimental analysis of the ability of a commercially prepared system to detect mixtures of bacteria. The validity of the biochemical identification of bacteria presumes that the inoculum consists of a pure growth of bacteria. The detection of mixtures of bacteria with the Analytab Enteric (API 20E) system was tested. Using a computer to predict the response of the API 20E system to mixed cultures, the presence of a mixture was not detected in 15% of all pairwise combinations of 324 common organisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family and in 19% of all pairwise combinations of Enterobacteriaceae with four gram-positive cocci. These theoretic predictions were confirmed experimentally for selected mixtures in which the bacteria were combined in equal concentrations. These results indicate that a purity subculture plate must be used to insure the detection of mixtures of bacteria, because the API 20E system fails to detect a large number of mixtures and may erroneously identify the organisms in such mixtures.", "PMID": 110136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9044", "title": "Study of gammopathies with immunofixation electrophoresis.", "content": "Immunofixation electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis were compared in 60 samples (51 sera and 9 urines) containing apparently homogenous bands, detected by electrophoresis. To determine the correlation with clinical findings, the patients were divided into three groups: (1) symptomatic with monoclonal immunoelectrophoretic patterns; (2) asymptomatic with monoclonal immunoelectrophoretic patterns; (3) asymptomatic with polyclonal immunoelectrophoretic patterns. The results from immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis were consistent with each other in all cases of Groups I and III in terms of clonality (i.e., whether monoclonal or polyclonal) and immunoglobulin class; whereas in Group II, which was composed of asymptomatic patients, two sera and three urines were identified to have monoclonal changes by immunoelectrophoresis but polyclonal changes by immunofixation  electrophoresis. It is recommended that immunoelectrophoresis still be used for routine clinical service, but supplemented by immunofixation electrophoresis in equivocal cases, namely: (1) light-chain changes masked by an umbrella effect of immunoglobulin G (IgG); (2) abnormal bands located in atypical areas or overlapped with a normal serum protein; (3) a normal-looking \"free\" light chain present in the urine, mimicking Bence Jones protein; (4) controversial cases of biclonal gammopathy; (5) mini-monoclonal or oligoclonal protein bands; (6) immune complexes.", "contents": "Study of gammopathies with immunofixation electrophoresis. Immunofixation electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis were compared in 60 samples (51 sera and 9 urines) containing apparently homogenous bands, detected by electrophoresis. To determine the correlation with clinical findings, the patients were divided into three groups: (1) symptomatic with monoclonal immunoelectrophoretic patterns; (2) asymptomatic with monoclonal immunoelectrophoretic patterns; (3) asymptomatic with polyclonal immunoelectrophoretic patterns. The results from immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis were consistent with each other in all cases of Groups I and III in terms of clonality (i.e., whether monoclonal or polyclonal) and immunoglobulin class; whereas in Group II, which was composed of asymptomatic patients, two sera and three urines were identified to have monoclonal changes by immunoelectrophoresis but polyclonal changes by immunofixation  electrophoresis. It is recommended that immunoelectrophoresis still be used for routine clinical service, but supplemented by immunofixation electrophoresis in equivocal cases, namely: (1) light-chain changes masked by an umbrella effect of immunoglobulin G (IgG); (2) abnormal bands located in atypical areas or overlapped with a normal serum protein; (3) a normal-looking \"free\" light chain present in the urine, mimicking Bence Jones protein; (4) controversial cases of biclonal gammopathy; (5) mini-monoclonal or oligoclonal protein bands; (6) immune complexes.", "PMID": 110139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9045", "title": "Subclinical hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-e.", "content": "A case of subclinical hemolytic disease of the newborn resulting in reticulocytosis and positive direct and indirect antiglobulin tests in an infant both ABO- and Rh(D)-compatible with its mother is reported. The antibody was an IgG, non-complement-binding molecule present in low titer with a low avidity for the antigen, acted optimally in enzyme systems, did not manifest dosage effect, and caused slight extravascular destruction of fetal erythrocytes. Routine antibody screening of all pregnant women should be performed and neonatal cord blood specimens analyzed to avoid unexpected infant morbidity and mortality, and to characterize hemolytic disease of the newborn due to rare atypical antibodies more fully.", "contents": "Subclinical hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-e. A case of subclinical hemolytic disease of the newborn resulting in reticulocytosis and positive direct and indirect antiglobulin tests in an infant both ABO- and Rh(D)-compatible with its mother is reported. The antibody was an IgG, non-complement-binding molecule present in low titer with a low avidity for the antigen, acted optimally in enzyme systems, did not manifest dosage effect, and caused slight extravascular destruction of fetal erythrocytes. Routine antibody screening of all pregnant women should be performed and neonatal cord blood specimens analyzed to avoid unexpected infant morbidity and mortality, and to characterize hemolytic disease of the newborn due to rare atypical antibodies more fully.", "PMID": 110140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9046", "title": "Effect of medium temperature on recovery of gonococci.", "content": "The temperature of the isolation medium exerted no significant effect on the rate of positive cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. However, significantly more colonies were obtained on ambient-temperature medium than on cold (4C) medium. A small number of specimens (six) failed to grow on cold medium but grew on ambient-temperature medium. Viable counts showed essentially no effect of medium temperature on the nondiscriminating strain, a 90% reduction on the cold medium for the cold-intolerant strain, and for the strains with warm medium preference, about twice as many colonies on warm as on cold or ambient-temperature medium.", "contents": "Effect of medium temperature on recovery of gonococci. The temperature of the isolation medium exerted no significant effect on the rate of positive cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. However, significantly more colonies were obtained on ambient-temperature medium than on cold (4C) medium. A small number of specimens (six) failed to grow on cold medium but grew on ambient-temperature medium. Viable counts showed essentially no effect of medium temperature on the nondiscriminating strain, a 90% reduction on the cold medium for the cold-intolerant strain, and for the strains with warm medium preference, about twice as many colonies on warm as on cold or ambient-temperature medium.", "PMID": 110141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9047", "title": "Ileovesical fistula. Failure of T.P.N. role of oral 14C PEG (polyethylene glycol) and charcoal in diagnosis.", "content": "A patient with regional enteritis presenting with symptoms of fecaluria and pneumaturia is presented. Most of the established technics such as upper gastrointestinal series, cystography, cystoscopy and colonoscopy failed to demonstrate the fistula in this patient. 14C PEG as a nonabsorbable marker was given by mouth and a seven-fold increase in the counts at the fourth hour of urine collection confirmed the presence of an ileovesical fistula. This increase in counts was not seen when 14C PEG test was repeated after closure of this fistula surgically and was also not seen in a similar disease control patient and a healthy normal volunteer. Total parenteral nutrition with intralipids, Freamine II and glucose given in a peripheral vein for 45 days failed to close this fistula.", "contents": "Ileovesical fistula. Failure of T.P.N. role of oral 14C PEG (polyethylene glycol) and charcoal in diagnosis. A patient with regional enteritis presenting with symptoms of fecaluria and pneumaturia is presented. Most of the established technics such as upper gastrointestinal series, cystography, cystoscopy and colonoscopy failed to demonstrate the fistula in this patient. 14C PEG as a nonabsorbable marker was given by mouth and a seven-fold increase in the counts at the fourth hour of urine collection confirmed the presence of an ileovesical fistula. This increase in counts was not seen when 14C PEG test was repeated after closure of this fistula surgically and was also not seen in a similar disease control patient and a healthy normal volunteer. Total parenteral nutrition with intralipids, Freamine II and glucose given in a peripheral vein for 45 days failed to close this fistula.", "PMID": 110142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9048", "title": "Meningococcal colonization and infection in children and their household contacts.", "content": "A bacteriologic survey was performed to estimate the prevalence and duration of meningococcal carriage in children in Montreal, Canada. Infants and children with proven meningococcal infection, or with asymptomatic meningococcal nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage, and their household contacts, were also studied to define communicability. N. meningitidis was present in 30 (2.4%) of the NP cultures from 1238 asymptomatic infants and children in this civilian population during a non-epidemic period. Meningococcal carriage was not found in 278 subjects 1--60 days of age; there was no difference in carriage rates between the sexes and between hospitalized and non-hospitalized children in all age groups. Meningococci were initially isolated from 11 of 106 household contacts of 29 ill index cases and from 15 of 104 contacts of 29 asymptomatic carriers; 35% of all contacts (index cases and carriers) were colonized by the eighth week of surveillance. Duration of NP carriage was longer (mean 15.2 weeks) in disease-free families than in families of ill patients (mean 5.5 weeks). Serogroups B and C were most commonly isolated from both ill and asymptomatic subjects. Resistance to sulfadiazine (MIC greater than or equal to mg/100 ml) was present in 6.5% and 39.4% of group B and group C strains, respectively. Although chemoprophylaxis was not used, there were no secondary cases among the 29 families of index cases.", "contents": "Meningococcal colonization and infection in children and their household contacts. A bacteriologic survey was performed to estimate the prevalence and duration of meningococcal carriage in children in Montreal, Canada. Infants and children with proven meningococcal infection, or with asymptomatic meningococcal nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage, and their household contacts, were also studied to define communicability. N. meningitidis was present in 30 (2.4%) of the NP cultures from 1238 asymptomatic infants and children in this civilian population during a non-epidemic period. Meningococcal carriage was not found in 278 subjects 1--60 days of age; there was no difference in carriage rates between the sexes and between hospitalized and non-hospitalized children in all age groups. Meningococci were initially isolated from 11 of 106 household contacts of 29 ill index cases and from 15 of 104 contacts of 29 asymptomatic carriers; 35% of all contacts (index cases and carriers) were colonized by the eighth week of surveillance. Duration of NP carriage was longer (mean 15.2 weeks) in disease-free families than in families of ill patients (mean 5.5 weeks). Serogroups B and C were most commonly isolated from both ill and asymptomatic subjects. Resistance to sulfadiazine (MIC greater than or equal to mg/100 ml) was present in 6.5% and 39.4% of group B and group C strains, respectively. Although chemoprophylaxis was not used, there were no secondary cases among the 29 families of index cases.", "PMID": 110143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9049", "title": "The epidemiology of influenza B in a rural setting in 1977.", "content": "An epidemic of influenza B began in January, 1977, in two rural parishes in northeastern Louisiana and quickly spread to involve 29% of their population with clinical influenza. This epidemic was investigated using a standard questionnaire and a random sample of 4.2% of the population. The clinical illness was typical of influenza, with predominant fever, cough, malaise and headache. Gastrointestinal symptoms were part of the clinical syndrome. Rhinitis and diarrhea were significantly more common in children aged five years or less. Clinical attack rates increased with larger household size. The youngest age groups had clinical attack rate of 40--55%, but the elderly had very low attack rates. The direct cost of influenza-like illness during the epidemic averaged almost $30.00 per case. Knowledge of the cost of influenza-like illness and age-specific attack rates should be useful in planning future control efforts for influenza B.", "contents": "The epidemiology of influenza B in a rural setting in 1977. An epidemic of influenza B began in January, 1977, in two rural parishes in northeastern Louisiana and quickly spread to involve 29% of their population with clinical influenza. This epidemic was investigated using a standard questionnaire and a random sample of 4.2% of the population. The clinical illness was typical of influenza, with predominant fever, cough, malaise and headache. Gastrointestinal symptoms were part of the clinical syndrome. Rhinitis and diarrhea were significantly more common in children aged five years or less. Clinical attack rates increased with larger household size. The youngest age groups had clinical attack rate of 40--55%, but the elderly had very low attack rates. The direct cost of influenza-like illness during the epidemic averaged almost $30.00 per case. Knowledge of the cost of influenza-like illness and age-specific attack rates should be useful in planning future control efforts for influenza B.", "PMID": 110144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9050", "title": "Pharmacist as team leader for total parenteral nutrition therapy.", "content": "A total parenteral nutrition program in a 635-bed private nonteaching institution which uses the pharmacist as team leader is described. To initiate TPN therapy, the attending physician writes a request for a consulation with the pharmacist. Prior to initiation of TPN therapy, the pharmacist reviews the chart, conducts a physical and nutritional assessment of the patient, orders any laboratory tests needed for further assessment of the patient and uses these results to classify the patient's nutritional status. The pharmacist then writes all TPN-related orders, including orders for laboratory tests and nursing care. Communications between the pharmacist and the attending physician concerning the progress of the patient and TPN changes are conducted orally on rounds and via chart notes. The number of patients receiving TPN therapy has increased each year--from six patients during 1976, to 19 patients during 1977 and 54 in 1978. Of the two preventable complications that developed in these 79 patients, both were quickly resolved by the pharmacist. Physicians who, in the past, opted not to place patients on TPN because of lack knowledge or lack of a TPN consultant, now rely on the pharmacist for this service.", "contents": "Pharmacist as team leader for total parenteral nutrition therapy. A total parenteral nutrition program in a 635-bed private nonteaching institution which uses the pharmacist as team leader is described. To initiate TPN therapy, the attending physician writes a request for a consulation with the pharmacist. Prior to initiation of TPN therapy, the pharmacist reviews the chart, conducts a physical and nutritional assessment of the patient, orders any laboratory tests needed for further assessment of the patient and uses these results to classify the patient's nutritional status. The pharmacist then writes all TPN-related orders, including orders for laboratory tests and nursing care. Communications between the pharmacist and the attending physician concerning the progress of the patient and TPN changes are conducted orally on rounds and via chart notes. The number of patients receiving TPN therapy has increased each year--from six patients during 1976, to 19 patients during 1977 and 54 in 1978. Of the two preventable complications that developed in these 79 patients, both were quickly resolved by the pharmacist. Physicians who, in the past, opted not to place patients on TPN because of lack knowledge or lack of a TPN consultant, now rely on the pharmacist for this service.", "PMID": 110145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9051", "title": "Diagnosis of lymphomatous leptomeningitis by cerebrospinal fluid lymphocyte cell surface markers.", "content": "We present a patient with metastatic lymphomatous leptomeningitis in whom the diagnosis was made on the basis of cerebrospinal fluid lymphocyte surface markers and later confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid cytology. The diagnosis of metastatic leptomeningitis can be elusive, and the differential includes a wide variety of infectious and noninfectious processes. We propose that lymphocyte surface marker studies can be a useful technique in expediting the evaluation of certain patients with lymphoma who have evidence of central nervous sytem involvement.", "contents": "Diagnosis of lymphomatous leptomeningitis by cerebrospinal fluid lymphocyte cell surface markers. We present a patient with metastatic lymphomatous leptomeningitis in whom the diagnosis was made on the basis of cerebrospinal fluid lymphocyte surface markers and later confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid cytology. The diagnosis of metastatic leptomeningitis can be elusive, and the differential includes a wide variety of infectious and noninfectious processes. We propose that lymphocyte surface marker studies can be a useful technique in expediting the evaluation of certain patients with lymphoma who have evidence of central nervous sytem involvement.", "PMID": 110146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9052", "title": "The baboon as a primate model for the study of endometrium.", "content": "A series of transcervical uterine biopsy specimens were obtained at various stages of the menstrual cycle from a colony of 11 normally cycling female baboons, Papio anubis and Papio cynocephalus. Morphologically, baboon endometrium appeared to be similar to human endometrium. Alkaline phosphatase activity was maximal throughout the preovulatory phase and during the late postovulatory period. During the preovulatory phase acid phosphatase was not demonstrable but increased after ovulation to reach maximal activity prior to menstruation. While differences exist between human and baboon endometria, the overall morphologic and histochemical changes are similar. In addition, the baboon's endometrium is readily accessible by transcervical uterine biopsy, thus making these animals valuable primate models for study of human reproductive problems.", "contents": "The baboon as a primate model for the study of endometrium. A series of transcervical uterine biopsy specimens were obtained at various stages of the menstrual cycle from a colony of 11 normally cycling female baboons, Papio anubis and Papio cynocephalus. Morphologically, baboon endometrium appeared to be similar to human endometrium. Alkaline phosphatase activity was maximal throughout the preovulatory phase and during the late postovulatory period. During the preovulatory phase acid phosphatase was not demonstrable but increased after ovulation to reach maximal activity prior to menstruation. While differences exist between human and baboon endometria, the overall morphologic and histochemical changes are similar. In addition, the baboon's endometrium is readily accessible by transcervical uterine biopsy, thus making these animals valuable primate models for study of human reproductive problems.", "PMID": 110149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9053", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid hormones in amniotic fluid.", "content": "Immunoassayable TRH (iTRH) was measured in 50 amniotic fluid specimens with a mean concentration of 207 +/- 26 (SE) pg/ml. This iTRH demonstrates parallelism with the standard curve for synthetic TRH. With increasing gestational age there is an increase in iTRH levels in amniotic fluid with a decrease in 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine levels (rT3), while thyroxine levels (T4) remain unaltered. Preliminary data suggest that iTRH levels in amniotic fluid that are less than 150 pg/ml after 32 weeks of gestation may correlate well with low Apgar scores at birth. There was no correlation of rT3 or T4 amniotic fluid levels with the Apgar scores.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid hormones in amniotic fluid. Immunoassayable TRH (iTRH) was measured in 50 amniotic fluid specimens with a mean concentration of 207 +/- 26 (SE) pg/ml. This iTRH demonstrates parallelism with the standard curve for synthetic TRH. With increasing gestational age there is an increase in iTRH levels in amniotic fluid with a decrease in 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine levels (rT3), while thyroxine levels (T4) remain unaltered. Preliminary data suggest that iTRH levels in amniotic fluid that are less than 150 pg/ml after 32 weeks of gestation may correlate well with low Apgar scores at birth. There was no correlation of rT3 or T4 amniotic fluid levels with the Apgar scores.", "PMID": 110151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9054", "title": "Radionuclide methods in the assessment of left ventricular function.", "content": "The recent introduction of newer scintillation cameras, convenient radiopharmaceuticals and innovative data-processing systems has hastened the use of radionuclide methods in the evaluation of cardiac function. This review familiarizes the primary internist with physics and instrumentation required in understanding cardiovascular nuclear images. Basic principles underlying the gated cardiac blood-pool scan and the first-pass study are described. Authoritative references are given to readers seeking more complete information. The major emphasis of the review, however, is on the clinical applications of these techniques. The role of these noninvasive methods in myocardial infarction, diagnosis and prognosis of ischemic heart disease, assessment of cardiomyopathies, study of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and left atrial myxoma is discussed. Finally, mention is made of newer applications: evaluation of nitroglycerin action on viable but ischemic myocardium and determination of the hemodynamic effects of propranolol in patients with coronary-artery disease.", "contents": "Radionuclide methods in the assessment of left ventricular function. The recent introduction of newer scintillation cameras, convenient radiopharmaceuticals and innovative data-processing systems has hastened the use of radionuclide methods in the evaluation of cardiac function. This review familiarizes the primary internist with physics and instrumentation required in understanding cardiovascular nuclear images. Basic principles underlying the gated cardiac blood-pool scan and the first-pass study are described. Authoritative references are given to readers seeking more complete information. The major emphasis of the review, however, is on the clinical applications of these techniques. The role of these noninvasive methods in myocardial infarction, diagnosis and prognosis of ischemic heart disease, assessment of cardiomyopathies, study of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and left atrial myxoma is discussed. Finally, mention is made of newer applications: evaluation of nitroglycerin action on viable but ischemic myocardium and determination of the hemodynamic effects of propranolol in patients with coronary-artery disease.", "PMID": 110147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9055", "title": "Intraocular penetration of trifluridine.", "content": "We studied intraocular penetration of topically applied trifluridine in five patients with herpetic keratitis undergoing penetrating keratoplasty. We compared the concentration of trifluridine and its metabolite 5-carboxy 2'-deoxyuridine in the aqueous humor to those of normal control patients undergoing routine cataract extraction without preoperative antiviral therapy. Significant concentrations of intact trifluridine were achieved in the acqueous humor after topical application of 1% trifluridine ophthalmic drops. The metabolite, 5-carboxy 2'-deoxyuridine, was not found in the aqueous humor. Unlike idoxuridine and vidarabine, it is possible to achieve therapeutic levels of trifluridine at intraocular sites that would be advantageous in the treatment of deep herpetic disease involving the stroma and iris.", "contents": "Intraocular penetration of trifluridine. We studied intraocular penetration of topically applied trifluridine in five patients with herpetic keratitis undergoing penetrating keratoplasty. We compared the concentration of trifluridine and its metabolite 5-carboxy 2'-deoxyuridine in the aqueous humor to those of normal control patients undergoing routine cataract extraction without preoperative antiviral therapy. Significant concentrations of intact trifluridine were achieved in the acqueous humor after topical application of 1% trifluridine ophthalmic drops. The metabolite, 5-carboxy 2'-deoxyuridine, was not found in the aqueous humor. Unlike idoxuridine and vidarabine, it is possible to achieve therapeutic levels of trifluridine at intraocular sites that would be advantageous in the treatment of deep herpetic disease involving the stroma and iris.", "PMID": 110152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9056", "title": "Galactorrhea in sarcoidosis: dynamic studies of prolactin, growth and gonadotropic hormone levels.", "content": "Five of 300 women with sarcoidosis had galactorrhea. Basal prolactin levels were mildly but significantly elevated when compared to controls and sarcoidosis patients without galactorrhea. Prolactin levels responded to thyrotropin releasing hormone and L-dopa administration, but not chlorpromazine. Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations responded normally to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in all sarcoidosis patients studied, as did growth hormone to insulin hypoglycemia. These results indicate that galactorrhea in sarcoidosis is an uncommon phenomenon, probably due to hypothalamic dysfunction and associated with mildly elevated prolactin levels.", "contents": "Galactorrhea in sarcoidosis: dynamic studies of prolactin, growth and gonadotropic hormone levels. Five of 300 women with sarcoidosis had galactorrhea. Basal prolactin levels were mildly but significantly elevated when compared to controls and sarcoidosis patients without galactorrhea. Prolactin levels responded to thyrotropin releasing hormone and L-dopa administration, but not chlorpromazine. Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations responded normally to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in all sarcoidosis patients studied, as did growth hormone to insulin hypoglycemia. These results indicate that galactorrhea in sarcoidosis is an uncommon phenomenon, probably due to hypothalamic dysfunction and associated with mildly elevated prolactin levels.", "PMID": 110148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9057", "title": "Paradoxical lithium neurotoxicity: a report of five cases and a hypothesis about risk for neurotoxicity.", "content": "There have been many reports of probable lithium-induced organic brain syndromes occurring when serum lithium levels are within or close to the therapeutic range. The authors report on five patients who developed clinical syndromes suggestive of severe neurotoxicity during lithium treatment. In all cases lithium levels were between .75 and 1.7 mEq/liter. The patients who developed neurotoxicity had markedly higher global ratings of psychotic symptomatology and anxiety in the pretoxic period than did patients who never deveoped neurotoxicity. When the acute manic state is characterized by marked psychotic symptoms and intense anxiety, it may be associated with increased vulnerability to the development of severe lithium neurotoxicity.", "contents": "Paradoxical lithium neurotoxicity: a report of five cases and a hypothesis about risk for neurotoxicity. There have been many reports of probable lithium-induced organic brain syndromes occurring when serum lithium levels are within or close to the therapeutic range. The authors report on five patients who developed clinical syndromes suggestive of severe neurotoxicity during lithium treatment. In all cases lithium levels were between .75 and 1.7 mEq/liter. The patients who developed neurotoxicity had markedly higher global ratings of psychotic symptomatology and anxiety in the pretoxic period than did patients who never deveoped neurotoxicity. When the acute manic state is characterized by marked psychotic symptoms and intense anxiety, it may be associated with increased vulnerability to the development of severe lithium neurotoxicity.", "PMID": 110153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9058", "title": "Controlling the cost of dental care.", "content": "Methods for controlling dental care expenditures are taking on greater importance with the rapid increase in prepaid dental plans. The use of regulatory systems to monitor provider performance are necessary to prevent gross over-utilization but are unlikely to result in net savings of more than five per cent of total gross premiums. Theoretically, prepaid group dental practice (PGDP) may reduce expenditures by changing the mix of services patients receive. The modest estimated savings and the small number of PGDPs presently in operation limit the importance of this alternative for the next five to ten years. If substantial reductions in dental expenditures are to be obtained, it will be necessary to limit dental insurance plans to cover only those services which have demonstrated cost-effectiveness in improving health for the majority of people. The concept that richer benefit plans may have small marginal effects on improving oral health may not be easy for the public to accept but, until they do, expenditures for dental care will be difficult to control.", "contents": "Controlling the cost of dental care. Methods for controlling dental care expenditures are taking on greater importance with the rapid increase in prepaid dental plans. The use of regulatory systems to monitor provider performance are necessary to prevent gross over-utilization but are unlikely to result in net savings of more than five per cent of total gross premiums. Theoretically, prepaid group dental practice (PGDP) may reduce expenditures by changing the mix of services patients receive. The modest estimated savings and the small number of PGDPs presently in operation limit the importance of this alternative for the next five to ten years. If substantial reductions in dental expenditures are to be obtained, it will be necessary to limit dental insurance plans to cover only those services which have demonstrated cost-effectiveness in improving health for the majority of people. The concept that richer benefit plans may have small marginal effects on improving oral health may not be easy for the public to accept but, until they do, expenditures for dental care will be difficult to control.", "PMID": 110154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9059", "title": "Control of schistosomiasis: report of a workshop.", "content": "Nineteen scientists, field workers, and representatives of funding agencies active in schistosomiasis research and control met in Bellagio, Italy in October 1977 to attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of current control methods and what might be accomplished with available technology. The deliberations included summaries of knowledge on the biology, transmission, and control of schistosomiasis and assessment of major control programs and methodologies. The groups concluded that in the major endemic areas considerable gains in control of schistosomiasis could be made with current technology. However, maintenance of control in most countries, and establishment of serious control programs in countries in which schistosomiasis is a less severe public health problem, would require development of less expensive modalities which would need little monitoring and possibly have benefits extending beyond schistosomiasis control.", "contents": "Control of schistosomiasis: report of a workshop. Nineteen scientists, field workers, and representatives of funding agencies active in schistosomiasis research and control met in Bellagio, Italy in October 1977 to attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of current control methods and what might be accomplished with available technology. The deliberations included summaries of knowledge on the biology, transmission, and control of schistosomiasis and assessment of major control programs and methodologies. The groups concluded that in the major endemic areas considerable gains in control of schistosomiasis could be made with current technology. However, maintenance of control in most countries, and establishment of serious control programs in countries in which schistosomiasis is a less severe public health problem, would require development of less expensive modalities which would need little monitoring and possibly have benefits extending beyond schistosomiasis control.", "PMID": 110155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9060", "title": "Immunological study of hydatidosis. I. Evaluation of immunoelectrodiffusion tests and enzyme-linked immunoelectrodiffusion assay (ELIEDA) in human hydatidosis.", "content": "The comparative sensitivity, specificity and rapidity of immunoelectrodiffusion (IED) on cellulose acetate membranes and of immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) on agarose gel, were evaluated in the diagnosis of hydatidosis. Pooled crude fluid from several cattle hydatis cysts was used as antigen in tests on 1,750 non-hydatis and 400 hydatis sera obtained from patients with hepatic, pulmonary, splenic, peritoneal and cerebral hydatidosis before and after surgery. Coupled to a specific human reference serum for arc 5, IED shows a specificity comparable to that of IEP but its sensitivity is slightly higher and the amount of antigen needed is very small. The appearance of a typical \"gloved finger\" pattern in sera from patients with ruptured cysts emphasizes the interest of quick results (3 hours) obtained by this method. In order to increase the sensitivity of IED and to define the class of immunoglobulins involved in the antigen-antibody reaction, we have coupled this method to an enzymatic technique. The immune complexes precipitated by IED were treated with peroxidase-labelled antibodies specific to each class of human immunoglobulins. The specificity of this enzyme-linked immunoelectrodiffusion assay (ELIEDA) permits one to follow the immunologic evolution of hydatidosis and to identify IgM in ruptured hepatic cysts and IgA in pulmonary cysts.", "contents": "Immunological study of hydatidosis. I. Evaluation of immunoelectrodiffusion tests and enzyme-linked immunoelectrodiffusion assay (ELIEDA) in human hydatidosis. The comparative sensitivity, specificity and rapidity of immunoelectrodiffusion (IED) on cellulose acetate membranes and of immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) on agarose gel, were evaluated in the diagnosis of hydatidosis. Pooled crude fluid from several cattle hydatis cysts was used as antigen in tests on 1,750 non-hydatis and 400 hydatis sera obtained from patients with hepatic, pulmonary, splenic, peritoneal and cerebral hydatidosis before and after surgery. Coupled to a specific human reference serum for arc 5, IED shows a specificity comparable to that of IEP but its sensitivity is slightly higher and the amount of antigen needed is very small. The appearance of a typical \"gloved finger\" pattern in sera from patients with ruptured cysts emphasizes the interest of quick results (3 hours) obtained by this method. In order to increase the sensitivity of IED and to define the class of immunoglobulins involved in the antigen-antibody reaction, we have coupled this method to an enzymatic technique. The immune complexes precipitated by IED were treated with peroxidase-labelled antibodies specific to each class of human immunoglobulins. The specificity of this enzyme-linked immunoelectrodiffusion assay (ELIEDA) permits one to follow the immunologic evolution of hydatidosis and to identify IgM in ruptured hepatic cysts and IgA in pulmonary cysts.", "PMID": 110156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9061", "title": "Host selection patterns of some Pakistan mosquitoes.", "content": "The host selection patterns of 18 species of Pakistan mosquitoes are described, emphasizing the presumed malaria vectors, Anopheles culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, and An. stephensi, and the probable vectors of West Nile virus, Culex pipiens fatigans and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. All species tested, with the exception of Cx, p. fatigans, were considered to be essentially zoophilic. Few human feeds were recorded for An. annularis (0.7%), An. culicifacies (0.5%), An. fluviatilis (1.1%), An. nigerrimus (14.3%), and Cx. bitaeniorhynchus (2.8%), while Cx. p. fatigans (37.6%) commonly fed on man. No human positive feeds were recorded for An. stephensi. Temporal or spatial changes in host selection patterns were not discerned with the exception of Cx. p. fatigans, whose feeding patterns varied opportunistically with host availability. Cx. p. fatigans females collected from houses fed more commonly on man than those resting in cattle sheds or in agricultural fields. Cx. p. fatigans resting in cattle sheds during winter fed mostly on birds and bovids, changing to man and bovids during the spring and then to man and birds during summer. The relationships between these results and vector-borne disease transmission in Pakistan are discussed.", "contents": "Host selection patterns of some Pakistan mosquitoes. The host selection patterns of 18 species of Pakistan mosquitoes are described, emphasizing the presumed malaria vectors, Anopheles culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, and An. stephensi, and the probable vectors of West Nile virus, Culex pipiens fatigans and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. All species tested, with the exception of Cx, p. fatigans, were considered to be essentially zoophilic. Few human feeds were recorded for An. annularis (0.7%), An. culicifacies (0.5%), An. fluviatilis (1.1%), An. nigerrimus (14.3%), and Cx. bitaeniorhynchus (2.8%), while Cx. p. fatigans (37.6%) commonly fed on man. No human positive feeds were recorded for An. stephensi. Temporal or spatial changes in host selection patterns were not discerned with the exception of Cx. p. fatigans, whose feeding patterns varied opportunistically with host availability. Cx. p. fatigans females collected from houses fed more commonly on man than those resting in cattle sheds or in agricultural fields. Cx. p. fatigans resting in cattle sheds during winter fed mostly on birds and bovids, changing to man and bovids during the spring and then to man and birds during summer. The relationships between these results and vector-borne disease transmission in Pakistan are discussed.", "PMID": 110157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9062", "title": "The gonotrophic cycle in Simulium ochraceum.", "content": "Oogenesis in Simulium ochraceum is characterized in terms of distinct stages of follicular development following emergence, sugar feeding, and completion of a blood meal. Changes in the ovary following the first oviposition are also described. This black fly species was found to be anautogenous and exhibited gonotrophic concordance. The formation of follicular dilatations after oviposition followed a distinct pattern with traces of cellular debris evident up to 144 hours. The presence of fructose, as detected by the cold Anthrone test, indicated that both parous and nulliparous flies routinely imbibe nectars as part of their foraging behavior. The availability and frequent use of nectar may contribute significantly to longevity of parous flies, hence increasing their vector potential.", "contents": "The gonotrophic cycle in Simulium ochraceum. Oogenesis in Simulium ochraceum is characterized in terms of distinct stages of follicular development following emergence, sugar feeding, and completion of a blood meal. Changes in the ovary following the first oviposition are also described. This black fly species was found to be anautogenous and exhibited gonotrophic concordance. The formation of follicular dilatations after oviposition followed a distinct pattern with traces of cellular debris evident up to 144 hours. The presence of fructose, as detected by the cold Anthrone test, indicated that both parous and nulliparous flies routinely imbibe nectars as part of their foraging behavior. The availability and frequent use of nectar may contribute significantly to longevity of parous flies, hence increasing their vector potential.", "PMID": 110158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9063", "title": "Chemotherapy with ethidium bromide-DNA complex in established Chagas' disease.", "content": "Two different strains of mice (AKR and NMRI-IVIC) were inoculated intraperitoneally with the virulent Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi, and then treated with the lysosomotropic ethidium bromide-DNA complex, according to several different treatment schedules. When animals were treated 48 hours after intraperitoneal inoculation with three intraperitoneal doses of EB-DNA no parasitemia was detected, even after 11 weeks, confirming previous results. However, when infection was allowed to become fully established, that is 3-4 weeks after inoculation, and then challenged with several different treatment schedules (with varied doses and timing of administration) we failed to cure established Chagas' disease, suggesting that the claim of effectiveness for this EB-DNA complex is limited to early Chagas' disease.", "contents": "Chemotherapy with ethidium bromide-DNA complex in established Chagas' disease. Two different strains of mice (AKR and NMRI-IVIC) were inoculated intraperitoneally with the virulent Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi, and then treated with the lysosomotropic ethidium bromide-DNA complex, according to several different treatment schedules. When animals were treated 48 hours after intraperitoneal inoculation with three intraperitoneal doses of EB-DNA no parasitemia was detected, even after 11 weeks, confirming previous results. However, when infection was allowed to become fully established, that is 3-4 weeks after inoculation, and then challenged with several different treatment schedules (with varied doses and timing of administration) we failed to cure established Chagas' disease, suggesting that the claim of effectiveness for this EB-DNA complex is limited to early Chagas' disease.", "PMID": 110160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9064", "title": "Prevalence of parasitemia and seroreactivity to Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural population of Northeast Brazil.", "content": "Age-specific prevalence rates of parasitemia and seroreactivity to Trypanosoma cruzi were determined in a rural area endemic for Chagas' disease in Northeast Brazil. Parasitemia was detected by blood cultures and xenodiagnosis, and serum antibodies to the parasite were measured by the complement fixation (CF) and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) tests. Of the 116 persons examined, 39 (33.7%) had antibodies and 23 (19.8%) had parasitemia. Ninety-six percent of parasitemic individuals were seropositive and 56% of seropositive individuals were parasitemic. The percentage of seropositive individuals with detectable parasitemia declined with age; all seropositive children in the 1- to 4-year age group and two-thirds of seropositive persons 5-19 years old had parasitemia while only one-third of seropositive adults above 19 years had parasitemia. CF and IFA tests were equally sensitive in detecting persons with parasitemia. Xenodiagnosis was more sensitive than culture for detecting parasitemia, but the two methods together were more sensitive than either method alone. Using the age-dependent relationship of parasitemia to seropositivity determined in this study, the prevalence rate of T. cruzi parasitemia was estimated in a much larger adjacent population in which seropositivity rates and the demographic structure were already known.", "contents": "Prevalence of parasitemia and seroreactivity to Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural population of Northeast Brazil. Age-specific prevalence rates of parasitemia and seroreactivity to Trypanosoma cruzi were determined in a rural area endemic for Chagas' disease in Northeast Brazil. Parasitemia was detected by blood cultures and xenodiagnosis, and serum antibodies to the parasite were measured by the complement fixation (CF) and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) tests. Of the 116 persons examined, 39 (33.7%) had antibodies and 23 (19.8%) had parasitemia. Ninety-six percent of parasitemic individuals were seropositive and 56% of seropositive individuals were parasitemic. The percentage of seropositive individuals with detectable parasitemia declined with age; all seropositive children in the 1- to 4-year age group and two-thirds of seropositive persons 5-19 years old had parasitemia while only one-third of seropositive adults above 19 years had parasitemia. CF and IFA tests were equally sensitive in detecting persons with parasitemia. Xenodiagnosis was more sensitive than culture for detecting parasitemia, but the two methods together were more sensitive than either method alone. Using the age-dependent relationship of parasitemia to seropositivity determined in this study, the prevalence rate of T. cruzi parasitemia was estimated in a much larger adjacent population in which seropositivity rates and the demographic structure were already known.", "PMID": 110161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9065", "title": "Enteral and parenteral feeding to evaluate malabsorption in intestinal parasitism.", "content": "General evidence of malnutrition such as loss in body weight associated with intestinal parasitism has been attributed to decreased food intake, to intestinal malabsorption, and to change in host basal metabolism. To establish the relative importance of these factors in this regard, rats with trichinosis were studied. The weights of infected and uninfected animals were followed after being placed on one of three feeding regimens for 1 week--stock diet ad libitum, intraduodenal nutrition, and intravenous nutrition. Infected rats on a stock diet lost weight whereas those on the other two regimens maintained the same weight pattern as uninfected counterparts. The maintainance of body weight occurred despite alterations at the level of the intestinal brush border as indicated by a depression of intestinal disaccharidase activities (sucrase and lactase) and by reduction of monosaccharide absorption (measured as accumulation of beta-methyl glucoside) in the proximal, heavily infected region of the small intestine. There was no compensatory increase in enzyme activity nor in the absorptive capacity in the distal gut. Results support the conclusion that inadequate oral food intake rather than changes in basal metabolism or intestinal pathophysiology accounts for weight loss during the intestinal phase of infection.", "contents": "Enteral and parenteral feeding to evaluate malabsorption in intestinal parasitism. General evidence of malnutrition such as loss in body weight associated with intestinal parasitism has been attributed to decreased food intake, to intestinal malabsorption, and to change in host basal metabolism. To establish the relative importance of these factors in this regard, rats with trichinosis were studied. The weights of infected and uninfected animals were followed after being placed on one of three feeding regimens for 1 week--stock diet ad libitum, intraduodenal nutrition, and intravenous nutrition. Infected rats on a stock diet lost weight whereas those on the other two regimens maintained the same weight pattern as uninfected counterparts. The maintainance of body weight occurred despite alterations at the level of the intestinal brush border as indicated by a depression of intestinal disaccharidase activities (sucrase and lactase) and by reduction of monosaccharide absorption (measured as accumulation of beta-methyl glucoside) in the proximal, heavily infected region of the small intestine. There was no compensatory increase in enzyme activity nor in the absorptive capacity in the distal gut. Results support the conclusion that inadequate oral food intake rather than changes in basal metabolism or intestinal pathophysiology accounts for weight loss during the intestinal phase of infection.", "PMID": 110162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9066", "title": "Schistosomiasis in Omo National Park of southwest Ethiopia.", "content": "Schistosomiasis mansoni infection was found in more than 50 tourists who had visited Omo National Park, Ethiopia, and bathed and swum in the Mui River. A survey revealed Schistosoma mansoni infection in 41% of Park residents and in 33% of the neighboring Suri people. Eggs were found in stools and adult worms at autopsy of wild Papio anubis and Cercopithecus aethiops. Trematode larvae were found in 27% of Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails found in the Mui River. The source of the disease and the implications of its spread with the future development of the Omo Valley are discussed.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis in Omo National Park of southwest Ethiopia. Schistosomiasis mansoni infection was found in more than 50 tourists who had visited Omo National Park, Ethiopia, and bathed and swum in the Mui River. A survey revealed Schistosoma mansoni infection in 41% of Park residents and in 33% of the neighboring Suri people. Eggs were found in stools and adult worms at autopsy of wild Papio anubis and Cercopithecus aethiops. Trematode larvae were found in 27% of Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails found in the Mui River. The source of the disease and the implications of its spread with the future development of the Omo Valley are discussed.", "PMID": 110163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9067", "title": "Epidemiologic studies among Amerindian populations of Amaz\u00f4nia. I. Pyoderma: prevalence and associated pathogens.", "content": "Pyoderma was studied among a representative sample of the residents of four remote Amerindian villages, Amazonas State, Brazil, during July-August 1976. The overall prevalence among the 775 inhabitants examined was 11%, with little intervillage variation. When the attack rates for the entire sample population were calculated by 5-year age intervals, the 0- to 4-year-olds had the highest rate, 31%. The highest prevalence, 38%, was found among 3-year-olds. Attack rates were not apparently related to sex. Cultures which were taken from representative pyoderma lesions from people in the four survey villages and from three additional villages were studied by a modified delayed culture technique for recovery of gram-positive pathogens from silica-gel desiccated swabs. Group A and group G B-hemolytic streptococci, coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae were isolated. Group A S. pyogenes was most commonly found, occasionally as the sole pathogenic species. No nephritogenic M-types were found, although most isolates were not M-typable. The T-types found corresponded to those previously reported as being pyoderma-associated. Most pyoderma-associated C. diphtheriae isolates were non-toxigenic. Biotypes gravis and mitis were equally represented.", "contents": "Epidemiologic studies among Amerindian populations of Amaz\u00f4nia. I. Pyoderma: prevalence and associated pathogens. Pyoderma was studied among a representative sample of the residents of four remote Amerindian villages, Amazonas State, Brazil, during July-August 1976. The overall prevalence among the 775 inhabitants examined was 11%, with little intervillage variation. When the attack rates for the entire sample population were calculated by 5-year age intervals, the 0- to 4-year-olds had the highest rate, 31%. The highest prevalence, 38%, was found among 3-year-olds. Attack rates were not apparently related to sex. Cultures which were taken from representative pyoderma lesions from people in the four survey villages and from three additional villages were studied by a modified delayed culture technique for recovery of gram-positive pathogens from silica-gel desiccated swabs. Group A and group G B-hemolytic streptococci, coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae were isolated. Group A S. pyogenes was most commonly found, occasionally as the sole pathogenic species. No nephritogenic M-types were found, although most isolates were not M-typable. The T-types found corresponded to those previously reported as being pyoderma-associated. Most pyoderma-associated C. diphtheriae isolates were non-toxigenic. Biotypes gravis and mitis were equally represented.", "PMID": 110164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9068", "title": "The continuous cultivation of Plasmodium fragile by the method of Trager-Jensen.", "content": "Using the Trager-Jensen method, a second malaria species, Plasmodium fragile, a simian counterpart to the human malaria P. falciparum, has been cultivated successfully. The average growth rate every 3--4 days was 5-fold and the average number of merozoites observed was 14. To date, only rhesus monkey red blood cells (RBC) would support the long-term cultivation of this parasite. Short-term observations indicate that RBC from the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) may support growth but human RBC of each of the four major AB-O types failed to support growth of the parasite. Availability of the P. fragile-rhesus monkey model would allow for a second parasite-host system for the in vitro and in vivo study of the immunologic responses of the falciparum-like parasite in a more natural host.", "contents": "The continuous cultivation of Plasmodium fragile by the method of Trager-Jensen. Using the Trager-Jensen method, a second malaria species, Plasmodium fragile, a simian counterpart to the human malaria P. falciparum, has been cultivated successfully. The average growth rate every 3--4 days was 5-fold and the average number of merozoites observed was 14. To date, only rhesus monkey red blood cells (RBC) would support the long-term cultivation of this parasite. Short-term observations indicate that RBC from the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) may support growth but human RBC of each of the four major AB-O types failed to support growth of the parasite. Availability of the P. fragile-rhesus monkey model would allow for a second parasite-host system for the in vitro and in vivo study of the immunologic responses of the falciparum-like parasite in a more natural host.", "PMID": 110165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9069", "title": "Surgical technic for treatment of splenic rupture.", "content": "In nine baboons and one dog, a technic for suturing the injured spleen and also providing immediate control of hemorrhage is described. By placing Silastic strips along the wound edges of the transverse incision into the spleen and along the surface and bottom edges of the wound after resection, it was possible to control bleeding with deep U sutures passing through the Silastic bolsters and the spleen tissue. The procedure appears to provide a reliable method of salvaging splenic tissue and thus avoiding the hazard of postsplenectomy sepsis.", "contents": "Surgical technic for treatment of splenic rupture. In nine baboons and one dog, a technic for suturing the injured spleen and also providing immediate control of hemorrhage is described. By placing Silastic strips along the wound edges of the transverse incision into the spleen and along the surface and bottom edges of the wound after resection, it was possible to control bleeding with deep U sutures passing through the Silastic bolsters and the spleen tissue. The procedure appears to provide a reliable method of salvaging splenic tissue and thus avoiding the hazard of postsplenectomy sepsis.", "PMID": 110166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9070", "title": "Operative and postoperative choledochofiberoscopy.", "content": "Choledochofiberoscopy is effective for both diagnosis and therapy. It is a valuable diagnostic technic because it permits a definite diagnosis and it allows the surgeon to determine the operative method by direct viewing and by biopsy of the biliary tract wall. Choledochofiberoscopy is therapeutically valuable because it permits cleaning of the bile duct, the removal of retained or remnant stones in the common and intrahepatic ducts, and the removal of granuloma and benign tumor with forceps under direct vision.", "contents": "Operative and postoperative choledochofiberoscopy. Choledochofiberoscopy is effective for both diagnosis and therapy. It is a valuable diagnostic technic because it permits a definite diagnosis and it allows the surgeon to determine the operative method by direct viewing and by biopsy of the biliary tract wall. Choledochofiberoscopy is therapeutically valuable because it permits cleaning of the bile duct, the removal of retained or remnant stones in the common and intrahepatic ducts, and the removal of granuloma and benign tumor with forceps under direct vision.", "PMID": 110167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9071", "title": "An SEM AND TEM study of suppression of eye development in eyeless mutant axolotls.", "content": "Morphology of the primary optic rudiment of normal eyed and mutant eyeless (e/e) axolotl embryos was studied at light. Tem and SEM levels. The presumptive eyeforming region of eyeless embryos differs from that of normal embryos in several important respects including premature formation of basal lamina, separation from overlying ectoderm by mesenchyme cells and persistence of granules in the interspace surrounding the optic anlage into relatively late developmental stages. These differences suggest that the gene that causes failure of eye formation in the mutant axolotls produces structural differences that interfer with normal physical and/or biochemical inductive interactions between neurectoderm and mesenchyme cells due primarily to the precocious development of basal lamina over the extermal surface of the optic primordia.", "contents": "An SEM AND TEM study of suppression of eye development in eyeless mutant axolotls. Morphology of the primary optic rudiment of normal eyed and mutant eyeless (e/e) axolotl embryos was studied at light. Tem and SEM levels. The presumptive eyeforming region of eyeless embryos differs from that of normal embryos in several important respects including premature formation of basal lamina, separation from overlying ectoderm by mesenchyme cells and persistence of granules in the interspace surrounding the optic anlage into relatively late developmental stages. These differences suggest that the gene that causes failure of eye formation in the mutant axolotls produces structural differences that interfer with normal physical and/or biochemical inductive interactions between neurectoderm and mesenchyme cells due primarily to the precocious development of basal lamina over the extermal surface of the optic primordia.", "PMID": 110173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9072", "title": "Mutagenicity studies with halothane in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Halothane was investigated for its mutagenic effects in Drosophila melanogaster. The induction of sex-linked recessive lethals was used as an indicator of genetic damage. Adult male flies were exposed to halothane either for 14 days at 1,000 or 1,600 ppm (v/v) or for one or two days in 2,100 or 20,000 ppm. In several experiments slight increases of the mutation frequency were observed. For the pooled data of the 14 day-exposure experiments, the increase amounted to a doubling of the spontaneous rate, just reaching the level of 5 per cent significance. The authors consider this a borderline result, indicating, with a fair degree of probability, that halothane has weak mutagenic activity, under the conditions studied.", "contents": "Mutagenicity studies with halothane in Drosophila melanogaster. Halothane was investigated for its mutagenic effects in Drosophila melanogaster. The induction of sex-linked recessive lethals was used as an indicator of genetic damage. Adult male flies were exposed to halothane either for 14 days at 1,000 or 1,600 ppm (v/v) or for one or two days in 2,100 or 20,000 ppm. In several experiments slight increases of the mutation frequency were observed. For the pooled data of the 14 day-exposure experiments, the increase amounted to a doubling of the spontaneous rate, just reaching the level of 5 per cent significance. The authors consider this a borderline result, indicating, with a fair degree of probability, that halothane has weak mutagenic activity, under the conditions studied.", "PMID": 110175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9073", "title": "Prolongation of pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade by intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin.", "content": "Based upon clinical observation of undue prolongation of pancuronium-induced blockade in the presence of intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin, neuromuscular blockades produced by pancuronium, succinylcholine and d-tubocurarine were studied in 51 cats using the sciatic-gastrocnemius nerve-muscle preparation. Pancuronium-induced blockade was found to be significantly prolonged (P less than 0.1) in the presence of a nitroglycerin infusion of 1 microgram/kg/min (65 vs. 127 min). Less, but still significant, prolongation occurred when nitroglycerin, 0.5 microgram/kg/min, was infused. The intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin must be started prior to the pancuronium injection for the block to be prolonged. Neuromuscular blocks produced by succinylcholine and d-tubocurarine were not altered by nitroglycerin. In experiments using the isolated rat diaphragm preparation, the depth of pancuronium-induced block was found not to be changed by nitroglycerin, suggesting an effect of nitroglycerin on the process of recovery from blockade. These findings indicate a selective pancuronium-nitroglycerin interaction.", "contents": "Prolongation of pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade by intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin. Based upon clinical observation of undue prolongation of pancuronium-induced blockade in the presence of intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin, neuromuscular blockades produced by pancuronium, succinylcholine and d-tubocurarine were studied in 51 cats using the sciatic-gastrocnemius nerve-muscle preparation. Pancuronium-induced blockade was found to be significantly prolonged (P less than 0.1) in the presence of a nitroglycerin infusion of 1 microgram/kg/min (65 vs. 127 min). Less, but still significant, prolongation occurred when nitroglycerin, 0.5 microgram/kg/min, was infused. The intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin must be started prior to the pancuronium injection for the block to be prolonged. Neuromuscular blocks produced by succinylcholine and d-tubocurarine were not altered by nitroglycerin. In experiments using the isolated rat diaphragm preparation, the depth of pancuronium-induced block was found not to be changed by nitroglycerin, suggesting an effect of nitroglycerin on the process of recovery from blockade. These findings indicate a selective pancuronium-nitroglycerin interaction.", "PMID": 110176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9074", "title": "Cromolyn DSG effects in hyperkinetic and psychotic children with allergies.", "content": "Preliminary findings of an open trial of cromolyn in hyperkinetic and psychotic children indicates that the medication is useful, safe and well tolerated. Further controlled studies are suggested to determine the efficacy and indications of cromolyn in child psychiatry. Positive findings could clarify the biochemical mechanisms of hyperkinesis.", "contents": "Cromolyn DSG effects in hyperkinetic and psychotic children with allergies. Preliminary findings of an open trial of cromolyn in hyperkinetic and psychotic children indicates that the medication is useful, safe and well tolerated. Further controlled studies are suggested to determine the efficacy and indications of cromolyn in child psychiatry. Positive findings could clarify the biochemical mechanisms of hyperkinesis.", "PMID": 110179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9075", "title": "Prophylactic drugs in the management of childhood asthma.", "content": "Recurrences of explosive, severe asthma in children can often be prevented by immunotherapy and constant surveillance of environmental and dietary control. In addition, judicious and preserving use of pharmaceuticals may be employed for prophylaxis in childhood asthma. These include cromolyn sodium by inhalation, beclomethasone dipropionate aerosols, round-the-clock methylxanthines and beta 2 adrenergic bronchodilator agents. Their application is discussed.", "contents": "Prophylactic drugs in the management of childhood asthma. Recurrences of explosive, severe asthma in children can often be prevented by immunotherapy and constant surveillance of environmental and dietary control. In addition, judicious and preserving use of pharmaceuticals may be employed for prophylaxis in childhood asthma. These include cromolyn sodium by inhalation, beclomethasone dipropionate aerosols, round-the-clock methylxanthines and beta 2 adrenergic bronchodilator agents. Their application is discussed.", "PMID": 110180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9076", "title": "Elevated concentrations in serum immunoglobulins due to infection by ovine progressive pneumonia virus.", "content": "Sixty-seven serum samples were obtained from 2 sheep flocks. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) was used to separate progressive pneumonia virus (PPV)-infected sheep from noninfected sheep by the presence of precipitating antibodies. Immunoglobulin (Ig), total protein, and albumin concentrations were then measured from all 67 sera to determine whether differences existed between PPV-infected and non-infected sheep. A significant difference (P less than 0.0005) was found in both total protein and Ig concentration between PPV-infected and noninfected sheep. This corresponding difference was absent in albumin measurements. The significant differences (P less than 0.0005) in Ig and total protein concentrations were then used to evaluate a field test for diagnosing progressive pneumonia. The possibility of using either total protein or Ig concentrations as a field test was found to be highly unlikely due to variation in individual values.", "contents": "Elevated concentrations in serum immunoglobulins due to infection by ovine progressive pneumonia virus. Sixty-seven serum samples were obtained from 2 sheep flocks. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) was used to separate progressive pneumonia virus (PPV)-infected sheep from noninfected sheep by the presence of precipitating antibodies. Immunoglobulin (Ig), total protein, and albumin concentrations were then measured from all 67 sera to determine whether differences existed between PPV-infected and non-infected sheep. A significant difference (P less than 0.0005) was found in both total protein and Ig concentration between PPV-infected and noninfected sheep. This corresponding difference was absent in albumin measurements. The significant differences (P less than 0.0005) in Ig and total protein concentrations were then used to evaluate a field test for diagnosing progressive pneumonia. The possibility of using either total protein or Ig concentrations as a field test was found to be highly unlikely due to variation in individual values.", "PMID": 110182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9077", "title": "U.S. Public Health Service Cooperative trial of three rifampin-isoniazid regimens in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "A total of 822 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis were assigned randomly to one of 3 daily rifampin-isoniazid (RIF-INH) regimens: 450, 600, or 750 mg of RIF in combination with 300 mg of INH. After an initial 20 weeks of therapy with RIF-INH, patients recieved 300 mg of INH and 15 mg of ethambutol (EMB) per kg of body weight for either 12 or 18 months after their sputum cultures became negative. The rate of bacteriologic conversion of sputum among the 3 RIF-INH regimens was compared for 552 patients who completed the 20 weeks of RIF-INH therapy. Apporximately 60 per cent of these patients also completed their assigned INH-EMB therapy and were examined for relapse for at least one year after therapy was stopped. There was no significant difference in the rate of sputum conversion or rate of relapse between the group of patients who received 600 mg of RIF and those who received 750 mg of RIF. However, the 450-mg RIF regimen was significantly less effective than the other 2 regimens, as manifested by a lower rate of sputum conversion and a higher rate of treatment failures. Further analysis showed that RIF dosages of less than 9 mg per kg of body weight per day may be inadequate for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. The acceptability of these regimens was high, and the incidence of adverse reactions requiring discontinuation of RIF-INH therapy was quite low (3.3 per cent). A large proportion of patients (44 per cent) developed increased concentrations of transaminase during therapy with RIF-INH. These abnormalities were usually transient and, in most cases, of no clinical significance. In the relapse analysis, 12 months of chemotherapy after sputum conversion was shown to be as effective as 18 months of therapy after conversion of these RIF-containing regimens.", "contents": "U.S. Public Health Service Cooperative trial of three rifampin-isoniazid regimens in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. A total of 822 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis were assigned randomly to one of 3 daily rifampin-isoniazid (RIF-INH) regimens: 450, 600, or 750 mg of RIF in combination with 300 mg of INH. After an initial 20 weeks of therapy with RIF-INH, patients recieved 300 mg of INH and 15 mg of ethambutol (EMB) per kg of body weight for either 12 or 18 months after their sputum cultures became negative. The rate of bacteriologic conversion of sputum among the 3 RIF-INH regimens was compared for 552 patients who completed the 20 weeks of RIF-INH therapy. Apporximately 60 per cent of these patients also completed their assigned INH-EMB therapy and were examined for relapse for at least one year after therapy was stopped. There was no significant difference in the rate of sputum conversion or rate of relapse between the group of patients who received 600 mg of RIF and those who received 750 mg of RIF. However, the 450-mg RIF regimen was significantly less effective than the other 2 regimens, as manifested by a lower rate of sputum conversion and a higher rate of treatment failures. Further analysis showed that RIF dosages of less than 9 mg per kg of body weight per day may be inadequate for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. The acceptability of these regimens was high, and the incidence of adverse reactions requiring discontinuation of RIF-INH therapy was quite low (3.3 per cent). A large proportion of patients (44 per cent) developed increased concentrations of transaminase during therapy with RIF-INH. These abnormalities were usually transient and, in most cases, of no clinical significance. In the relapse analysis, 12 months of chemotherapy after sputum conversion was shown to be as effective as 18 months of therapy after conversion of these RIF-containing regimens.", "PMID": 110184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9078", "title": "Sodium cromoglycate-induced changes in the dose-response curve of inhaled methacholine and histamine in asthmatic children.", "content": "The effect of inhalation of 2 per cent solution of sodium cromoglycate compared to that of saline on the bronchial response to methacholine and histamine was studied in 30 asthmatic children. Seven of 17 children challenged with methacholine showed decreased sensitivity after pretreatment with sodium cromoglycate. In 4 of 13 children, sodium cromoglycate attenuated the response to inhaled histamine. We conclude that in some asthmatic children, sodium cromoglycate provides significant protection against these nonallergenic challenges. This may have some therapeutic implications in the management of these patients. Our findings raise the possibility that sodium cromoglycate might have an action on cholinergic or irritant receptor sites in addition to inhibition of mast cell degranulation.", "contents": "Sodium cromoglycate-induced changes in the dose-response curve of inhaled methacholine and histamine in asthmatic children. The effect of inhalation of 2 per cent solution of sodium cromoglycate compared to that of saline on the bronchial response to methacholine and histamine was studied in 30 asthmatic children. Seven of 17 children challenged with methacholine showed decreased sensitivity after pretreatment with sodium cromoglycate. In 4 of 13 children, sodium cromoglycate attenuated the response to inhaled histamine. We conclude that in some asthmatic children, sodium cromoglycate provides significant protection against these nonallergenic challenges. This may have some therapeutic implications in the management of these patients. Our findings raise the possibility that sodium cromoglycate might have an action on cholinergic or irritant receptor sites in addition to inhibition of mast cell degranulation.", "PMID": 110185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9079", "title": "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: analysis of airway and alveolar proteins.", "content": "Lavage effluents from the lungs of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis were analyzed for soluble constitutents. Antiserums monospecific for normal plasma components, C-reactive protein, and secretory piece were used to investigate the presence of these proteins in lavage effluent, wheras 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis provided a comprehensive map of the major proteins that were present. The proteins of lung washing obtained from normal subjects and of patient and normal serums were similarly analyzed. Most of the soluble-phase proteins from lavage of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis were also found in patient serum, and were present in amounts consistent with a theory that they originate from the plasma by passage through channels of approximately normal size and selectivity. This findings suggests that the abundant soluble protein found in the alveoli of the lungs of these patients does not arise by leakage through a serverly damaged blood-air barrier. Patients had in their lung lavage effluents 2 soluble proteins of molecular weights 47,000 and 52,000 daltons not found in their serum and not present in lung washings from normal subjects. Uniformly increased concentrations of immunoglobulins in patient lavage effluent, abnormal immunoglobulin concentrations in patient serum, and the presence of C-reactive protein in the serum from 4 of 5 patients indicate a response of the immune system to the disease process and suggest that an atypical hypersensitivity reaction may be involved.", "contents": "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: analysis of airway and alveolar proteins. Lavage effluents from the lungs of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis were analyzed for soluble constitutents. Antiserums monospecific for normal plasma components, C-reactive protein, and secretory piece were used to investigate the presence of these proteins in lavage effluent, wheras 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis provided a comprehensive map of the major proteins that were present. The proteins of lung washing obtained from normal subjects and of patient and normal serums were similarly analyzed. Most of the soluble-phase proteins from lavage of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis were also found in patient serum, and were present in amounts consistent with a theory that they originate from the plasma by passage through channels of approximately normal size and selectivity. This findings suggests that the abundant soluble protein found in the alveoli of the lungs of these patients does not arise by leakage through a serverly damaged blood-air barrier. Patients had in their lung lavage effluents 2 soluble proteins of molecular weights 47,000 and 52,000 daltons not found in their serum and not present in lung washings from normal subjects. Uniformly increased concentrations of immunoglobulins in patient lavage effluent, abnormal immunoglobulin concentrations in patient serum, and the presence of C-reactive protein in the serum from 4 of 5 patients indicate a response of the immune system to the disease process and suggest that an atypical hypersensitivity reaction may be involved.", "PMID": 110187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9080", "title": "Possible correlation between induction modes of hepatic enzymes by PCBs and their toxicity in rats.", "content": "Acute toxicity of individual PCBs, which were categorized as either phenobarbital (PB)- or 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-type inducers, was examined in young male Wistar rats, comparing their effects on growth rate, organ weight and liver lipid content, 5 days after a single i.p. injection. PB-type PCBs (2,4,3',4'- and 2,5,2'5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl), which slightly increased a content of cytochrome P450, did not show any significant toxicity at a dose of 100 mg/kg. On the contrary, MC-type PCBs (3,4,5,3',4'-pentachloro- and 3,4,5,3',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl), which markedly increased a content of cytochrome P448, strongly reduced growth rate and weights of thymus and spleen at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Liver enlargement accompanied by fatty liver was also observed only with MC-type PCBs. 3,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl was also toxic at a dose of 50 mg/kg, in keeping with its weak MC-type-inducing ability. Pretreatment with MC affected neither growth rate, spleen weight, nor liver lipid content. These results suggest that the toxic potency of PCBs is related to their MC-type inducing ability, but the toxic characteristics are different from those of MC itself.", "contents": "Possible correlation between induction modes of hepatic enzymes by PCBs and their toxicity in rats. Acute toxicity of individual PCBs, which were categorized as either phenobarbital (PB)- or 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-type inducers, was examined in young male Wistar rats, comparing their effects on growth rate, organ weight and liver lipid content, 5 days after a single i.p. injection. PB-type PCBs (2,4,3',4'- and 2,5,2'5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl), which slightly increased a content of cytochrome P450, did not show any significant toxicity at a dose of 100 mg/kg. On the contrary, MC-type PCBs (3,4,5,3',4'-pentachloro- and 3,4,5,3',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl), which markedly increased a content of cytochrome P448, strongly reduced growth rate and weights of thymus and spleen at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Liver enlargement accompanied by fatty liver was also observed only with MC-type PCBs. 3,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl was also toxic at a dose of 50 mg/kg, in keeping with its weak MC-type-inducing ability. Pretreatment with MC affected neither growth rate, spleen weight, nor liver lipid content. These results suggest that the toxic potency of PCBs is related to their MC-type inducing ability, but the toxic characteristics are different from those of MC itself.", "PMID": 110191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9081", "title": "Decrease in vital capacity in PCB-exposed workers in a capacitor manufacturing facility.", "content": "Pulmonary function was evaluated in 243 workers exposed to PCB in the manufacture of capacitors. Mean employment was greater than 15 years. Thirty-four of the workers (14%) were found to have a reduced Forced Vital Capacity (FVC less than 80% of Morris' predicted). Of the 34 with reduced FVC, 27 (80%) demonstrated a restrictive pattern of impairment (FEV1/FVC greater than 0.7). Only one of these 27 workers had an abnormal chest roentgenogram (greater than or equal to 1/0 by ILO UC Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses). These findings are of interest in view of recent experimental data indicating the accumulation of PCBs and PCB metabolites in lung tissue (Brandt and Jansson). Restrictive spirometric impairment with no radiographic change is unusual in occupational exposure.", "contents": "Decrease in vital capacity in PCB-exposed workers in a capacitor manufacturing facility. Pulmonary function was evaluated in 243 workers exposed to PCB in the manufacture of capacitors. Mean employment was greater than 15 years. Thirty-four of the workers (14%) were found to have a reduced Forced Vital Capacity (FVC less than 80% of Morris' predicted). Of the 34 with reduced FVC, 27 (80%) demonstrated a restrictive pattern of impairment (FEV1/FVC greater than 0.7). Only one of these 27 workers had an abnormal chest roentgenogram (greater than or equal to 1/0 by ILO UC Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses). These findings are of interest in view of recent experimental data indicating the accumulation of PCBs and PCB metabolites in lung tissue (Brandt and Jansson). Restrictive spirometric impairment with no radiographic change is unusual in occupational exposure.", "PMID": 110195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9082", "title": "Neuropathology of \"spinning syndrome\" induced by prenatal intoxication with a PCB in mice.", "content": "A striking motor dysfunction, \"spinning syndrome,\" developed with a high frequency in weaning mice whose dams received oral 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (4-CB) during gestation (day 10 through day 16). The syndrome is permanent and is characterized by swift circling movements sustained in one direction at a minimal rate of 40 turns/min (usually 50 to 150 turns/min), restlessness, and hyperkinesia. Twenty-four spinners and 4-CB nonspinners and age-matched controls were subjected to histopathologic, histofluorescent, histochemical, and electron microscopic studies. The most reliable histopathologic marker for prenatal 4-CB injury to the CNS is the presence of cylindrical CNS peninsulas (CCPs) in the spinal and cranial nerve roots. The CCPs consist of either CNS-type myelinated fibers, unmyelinated fibers, or astroglial bundles in varying proportions, and are enclosed by a basement membrane. The CCPs are also observed in 4-CB nonspinners but in none of 12 controls studied. A selective defect in synaptogenesis induced prenatally by 4-CB is proposed as the primary event pursuant to the development of the CCPs, while interference with synaptogenesis may have occurred selectively in the striatonigral dopaminergic system. This is suggested by electron microscopy on the nucleus accumbens and also by the responses to administration of dopaminergic agonists and antagonist. The 4-CB induced clinico-pathologic anomaly may serve as a singular model for understanding human neurologic disorders, in particular, Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and minimal brain dysfunction syndrome.", "contents": "Neuropathology of \"spinning syndrome\" induced by prenatal intoxication with a PCB in mice. A striking motor dysfunction, \"spinning syndrome,\" developed with a high frequency in weaning mice whose dams received oral 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (4-CB) during gestation (day 10 through day 16). The syndrome is permanent and is characterized by swift circling movements sustained in one direction at a minimal rate of 40 turns/min (usually 50 to 150 turns/min), restlessness, and hyperkinesia. Twenty-four spinners and 4-CB nonspinners and age-matched controls were subjected to histopathologic, histofluorescent, histochemical, and electron microscopic studies. The most reliable histopathologic marker for prenatal 4-CB injury to the CNS is the presence of cylindrical CNS peninsulas (CCPs) in the spinal and cranial nerve roots. The CCPs consist of either CNS-type myelinated fibers, unmyelinated fibers, or astroglial bundles in varying proportions, and are enclosed by a basement membrane. The CCPs are also observed in 4-CB nonspinners but in none of 12 controls studied. A selective defect in synaptogenesis induced prenatally by 4-CB is proposed as the primary event pursuant to the development of the CCPs, while interference with synaptogenesis may have occurred selectively in the striatonigral dopaminergic system. This is suggested by electron microscopy on the nucleus accumbens and also by the responses to administration of dopaminergic agonists and antagonist. The 4-CB induced clinico-pathologic anomaly may serve as a singular model for understanding human neurologic disorders, in particular, Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and minimal brain dysfunction syndrome.", "PMID": 110196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9083", "title": "Developmental toxicology of the halogenated aromatics: effects on enzyme development.", "content": "Our studies were designed to define structure-activity relationships for the effects of pure PCB congeners and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on hepatic enzyme development. The organohalogens were usually administered to pregnant rats and enzyme activities measured in fetuses and offspring (6, 20, and 55 days after birth). Offspring of pregnant rats exposed to TCDD had elevated levels of benzpyrene hydroxylase and nonsteroid UDP glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT). Postnatal inductive actions of TCDD were caused primarily by newborn exposure to TCDD in milk. 3,4-3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (4-CB) induced P448-dependent enzymes in 6- and 20 day-old rats whereas 2,4,5-2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (6-CB) induced P450-dependent enzymes. 4-CB was a potent teratogen (behavioral and kidney abnormalities) but 6-CB produced no such developmental defects. 4-CB might also alter the normal imprinting of sexual differentiation of hepatic metabolism as evidenced by a feminization (decrease) of UDPGT in adult male rats which were exposed neonatally to 4-CB. Therefore, the organohalogens might alter the ontogeny of hepatic metabolism in two ways: induction and imprinting.", "contents": "Developmental toxicology of the halogenated aromatics: effects on enzyme development. Our studies were designed to define structure-activity relationships for the effects of pure PCB congeners and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on hepatic enzyme development. The organohalogens were usually administered to pregnant rats and enzyme activities measured in fetuses and offspring (6, 20, and 55 days after birth). Offspring of pregnant rats exposed to TCDD had elevated levels of benzpyrene hydroxylase and nonsteroid UDP glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT). Postnatal inductive actions of TCDD were caused primarily by newborn exposure to TCDD in milk. 3,4-3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (4-CB) induced P448-dependent enzymes in 6- and 20 day-old rats whereas 2,4,5-2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (6-CB) induced P450-dependent enzymes. 4-CB was a potent teratogen (behavioral and kidney abnormalities) but 6-CB produced no such developmental defects. 4-CB might also alter the normal imprinting of sexual differentiation of hepatic metabolism as evidenced by a feminization (decrease) of UDPGT in adult male rats which were exposed neonatally to 4-CB. Therefore, the organohalogens might alter the ontogeny of hepatic metabolism in two ways: induction and imprinting.", "PMID": 110198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9084", "title": "Quantification of total IgM and IgG and specific IgM and IgG to a thymus-independent (LPS) and a thymus-dependent (tetanus toxoid) antigen in the rat by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).", "content": "Rat IgM and IgG was determined by mechanized \"sandwich\" enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using peroxidase labeled anti-rat-IgM and -IgG. Linear ranges in standard curves of a reference rat serum had a slope similar to the slopes found with sera of 25 rats of various age. IgM and IgG measurements by ELISA in these sera correlated well with results obtained by single radial immuno-diffusion (SRID). In addition, the precision of the enzyme immunoassay was the same as obtained with the SRID. Compared with SRID, ELISA is less time consuming and the amount of antiserum used in the macro-ELISA is one order of magnitude lower; and again 10 times lower in the mechanized micro-ELISA that is currently being developed. In conclusion, the ELISA is a specific, reliable, sensitive, and economic method for routine measurement of rat serum IgG and IgM e.g. in toxicity studies. In the second part of this study, ELISA and the passive hemagglutination test were compared to determine the primary and secondary antibody response to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tetanus toxoid in rats. In the ELISA, the antigens were bound to the wells of polystyrene microplates. Tetanus toxoid was coated directly, LPS after complexing with methylated bovine serum albumin. After incubation with dilutions of the rat sera, the amount of antibody bound to the solid phase was quantified by means of peroxidase-labeled antiimmunoglobulin. The specificity of the enzyme immunoassay was tested by absorption of the sera with the respective antigens. ELISA proved to be more sensitive than the hemagglution reaction, except when titers were determined during the secondary response to tetanus toxoid. Besides its specificity and sensitivity, ELISA is a convenient method for measuring both IgM and IgG antibodies. Finally, evidence is presented that in the rat, the humoral immune response to LPS is a thymus-independent phenomenon. Thus, by using the antibody response to LPS and tetanus toxoid in function studies of the immune system of the rat, insight can be obtained in the thymus-independent and thymus-dependent humoral immune response.", "contents": "Quantification of total IgM and IgG and specific IgM and IgG to a thymus-independent (LPS) and a thymus-dependent (tetanus toxoid) antigen in the rat by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Rat IgM and IgG was determined by mechanized \"sandwich\" enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using peroxidase labeled anti-rat-IgM and -IgG. Linear ranges in standard curves of a reference rat serum had a slope similar to the slopes found with sera of 25 rats of various age. IgM and IgG measurements by ELISA in these sera correlated well with results obtained by single radial immuno-diffusion (SRID). In addition, the precision of the enzyme immunoassay was the same as obtained with the SRID. Compared with SRID, ELISA is less time consuming and the amount of antiserum used in the macro-ELISA is one order of magnitude lower; and again 10 times lower in the mechanized micro-ELISA that is currently being developed. In conclusion, the ELISA is a specific, reliable, sensitive, and economic method for routine measurement of rat serum IgG and IgM e.g. in toxicity studies. In the second part of this study, ELISA and the passive hemagglutination test were compared to determine the primary and secondary antibody response to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tetanus toxoid in rats. In the ELISA, the antigens were bound to the wells of polystyrene microplates. Tetanus toxoid was coated directly, LPS after complexing with methylated bovine serum albumin. After incubation with dilutions of the rat sera, the amount of antibody bound to the solid phase was quantified by means of peroxidase-labeled antiimmunoglobulin. The specificity of the enzyme immunoassay was tested by absorption of the sera with the respective antigens. ELISA proved to be more sensitive than the hemagglution reaction, except when titers were determined during the secondary response to tetanus toxoid. Besides its specificity and sensitivity, ELISA is a convenient method for measuring both IgM and IgG antibodies. Finally, evidence is presented that in the rat, the humoral immune response to LPS is a thymus-independent phenomenon. Thus, by using the antibody response to LPS and tetanus toxoid in function studies of the immune system of the rat, insight can be obtained in the thymus-independent and thymus-dependent humoral immune response.", "PMID": 110200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9085", "title": "PCB removal from the Duwamish River estuary: implications to the management alternative for the Hudson River PCB cleanup.", "content": "The results of the Duwamish River PCB cleanup and recovery project are discussed as a basis for comparison in selecting potential management alternatives for removing PCB residues in the Hudson River. Application of the Pneuma dredge system at the Duwamish River spill site removed approximately 92% of the PCBs spilled. No significant changes in the PCB load of suspended matter and water column were observed. These results suggest that a carefully planned dredge/disposal operation can be effective in minimizing environmental impacts in the Hudson River. On the basis of observations of the Duwamish case, the existing baseline data on the distribution of PCBs in the Hudson River, and the removal alternatives and associated environmental tradeoffs, hot spot dredging is recommended as the best practical alternative.", "contents": "PCB removal from the Duwamish River estuary: implications to the management alternative for the Hudson River PCB cleanup. The results of the Duwamish River PCB cleanup and recovery project are discussed as a basis for comparison in selecting potential management alternatives for removing PCB residues in the Hudson River. Application of the Pneuma dredge system at the Duwamish River spill site removed approximately 92% of the PCBs spilled. No significant changes in the PCB load of suspended matter and water column were observed. These results suggest that a carefully planned dredge/disposal operation can be effective in minimizing environmental impacts in the Hudson River. On the basis of observations of the Duwamish case, the existing baseline data on the distribution of PCBs in the Hudson River, and the removal alternatives and associated environmental tradeoffs, hot spot dredging is recommended as the best practical alternative.", "PMID": 110204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9086", "title": "World PCBs map: storage and effects in man and his biologic environment in the 1970s.", "content": "PCB residues are found in biota all over the world. A biologic magnification of PCBs has been demonstrated in the food chain: plankton-fish-fish eating birds. A world map of the PCBs residues in biota and some of their biologic effects are given in this study. The biologic effects of PCBs are varied and may generally be explained by the induction or inhibition of the activity of a large number of enzymes, which upsets quantitatively, normal biochemical processes. Harm to reproduction, growth, development, defense systems, tissues, and organs appeared in susceptible organisms as a result of such changes or as a chain reaction to heterostases. The adverse health effects, observed in persons occupationally exposed and in those accidentally poisoned, point to the risk for the general population of an ever-increasing environmental pollution by PCBs. There is need for an integrated approach, consisting of epidemiologic studies on high risk groups in the general population and in persons occupationally exposed, as well as periodic assessment of PCB residues in man, his food, and feed supplies.", "contents": "World PCBs map: storage and effects in man and his biologic environment in the 1970s. PCB residues are found in biota all over the world. A biologic magnification of PCBs has been demonstrated in the food chain: plankton-fish-fish eating birds. A world map of the PCBs residues in biota and some of their biologic effects are given in this study. The biologic effects of PCBs are varied and may generally be explained by the induction or inhibition of the activity of a large number of enzymes, which upsets quantitatively, normal biochemical processes. Harm to reproduction, growth, development, defense systems, tissues, and organs appeared in susceptible organisms as a result of such changes or as a chain reaction to heterostases. The adverse health effects, observed in persons occupationally exposed and in those accidentally poisoned, point to the risk for the general population of an ever-increasing environmental pollution by PCBs. There is need for an integrated approach, consisting of epidemiologic studies on high risk groups in the general population and in persons occupationally exposed, as well as periodic assessment of PCB residues in man, his food, and feed supplies.", "PMID": 110205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9087", "title": "Congenital nonprogressive facial hemiatrophy with ipsilateral eye abnormalities and juvenile glaucoma.", "content": "Congenital nonprogressive facial hemiatrophy is reported in association with anisometropia and ipsilateral cornea, iris, angle abnormalities, and juvenile glaucoma. The importance of complete ocular examination in patients with this uncommon abnormality is emphasized.", "contents": "Congenital nonprogressive facial hemiatrophy with ipsilateral eye abnormalities and juvenile glaucoma. Congenital nonprogressive facial hemiatrophy is reported in association with anisometropia and ipsilateral cornea, iris, angle abnormalities, and juvenile glaucoma. The importance of complete ocular examination in patients with this uncommon abnormality is emphasized.", "PMID": 110207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9088", "title": "Bacillus cereus panophthalmitis after intravenous heroin.", "content": "Two healthy young black men developed panophthalmitis after intravenous heroin injections. Bacillus cereus, considered to be a relatively noncommon pathogen for man, was found to be the causative agent as it was recovered from the anterior chamber and viterous cavity of both cases. The ocular findings were unilateral in each case, and neither patient had any sistemic involvement from the bacteremia. The onset of visual symptoms varied from 24 to 36 hours after the last intravenous injection with the eye becoming rapidly blind. Photographs of the early fundus lesions included preretinal hypopyon-like lesions and peculiar changes in the blood vasculature. Intracameral gentamicin and steroids did not alter the cause, and treatment was enucleation.", "contents": "Bacillus cereus panophthalmitis after intravenous heroin. Two healthy young black men developed panophthalmitis after intravenous heroin injections. Bacillus cereus, considered to be a relatively noncommon pathogen for man, was found to be the causative agent as it was recovered from the anterior chamber and viterous cavity of both cases. The ocular findings were unilateral in each case, and neither patient had any sistemic involvement from the bacteremia. The onset of visual symptoms varied from 24 to 36 hours after the last intravenous injection with the eye becoming rapidly blind. Photographs of the early fundus lesions included preretinal hypopyon-like lesions and peculiar changes in the blood vasculature. Intracameral gentamicin and steroids did not alter the cause, and treatment was enucleation.", "PMID": 110208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9089", "title": "Are changes in serum immunoglobulin and complement levels following open heart surgery influenced by oxygenator type or postoperative parenteral nutrition?", "content": "The serum IgG and IgA concentrations significantly decreased through the seventh day and the serum IgM and complement (C3 and C4) concentrations through the second day after elective open heart surgery for heart valve disease in a series of 16 patients. A significant increase over the preoperative concentration was seen, however, in the serum IgA, IgM, C3 and C4 on day 14 postoperatively. The serum IgG and IgM concentrations declined significantly only in patients perfused by a bubble oxygenator, although the two small series of patients perfused by bubble and membrane oxygenator did not differ significantly from each other. Parenteral nutrition had no effect on postoperative changes in serum immunoglobulin and complement concentrations.", "contents": "Are changes in serum immunoglobulin and complement levels following open heart surgery influenced by oxygenator type or postoperative parenteral nutrition? The serum IgG and IgA concentrations significantly decreased through the seventh day and the serum IgM and complement (C3 and C4) concentrations through the second day after elective open heart surgery for heart valve disease in a series of 16 patients. A significant increase over the preoperative concentration was seen, however, in the serum IgA, IgM, C3 and C4 on day 14 postoperatively. The serum IgG and IgM concentrations declined significantly only in patients perfused by a bubble oxygenator, although the two small series of patients perfused by bubble and membrane oxygenator did not differ significantly from each other. Parenteral nutrition had no effect on postoperative changes in serum immunoglobulin and complement concentrations.", "PMID": 110211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9090", "title": "Atenolol once daily in angina.", "content": "Both atenolol 50 mg daily (A-50) and atenolol 100 mg daily (A-100) significantly reduced the angina attacks per week compared with placebo (p less than 0.05). Nitroglycerine consumption was less on A-50 (p less than 0.05) and on A-100 (p less than 0.025) than on placebo. There was no difference between the atenolol dosages in these respects. In comparison with placebo, atenolol gave a significant increase in total work performed until the appearance of 1 mm ST segment depression in bicycle exercise tests made between 3--4 p.m. (A-50: p less than 0.05; A-100: p less than 0.0017). The rate-pressure products (systolic BP X heart rate X 10(-2) at 6' at 30 W) was 163.5 +/- 12.5 (S.E.) on placebo. It diminished to 129.8 +/- 7.9 on A-50 (p less than 0.01) and to 113.9 +/- 6.6 on A-100 (p less than 0.001). The effect of A-100 on the rate-pressure product was stronger than that of A-50 (p less than 0.05). Relative heart volume did not change on A-50 compared with placebo but A-100 resulted in a slight enlargement of 22 ml/m2 BSA when compared to placebo (p less than 0.01). Side effects were minimal.", "contents": "Atenolol once daily in angina. Both atenolol 50 mg daily (A-50) and atenolol 100 mg daily (A-100) significantly reduced the angina attacks per week compared with placebo (p less than 0.05). Nitroglycerine consumption was less on A-50 (p less than 0.05) and on A-100 (p less than 0.025) than on placebo. There was no difference between the atenolol dosages in these respects. In comparison with placebo, atenolol gave a significant increase in total work performed until the appearance of 1 mm ST segment depression in bicycle exercise tests made between 3--4 p.m. (A-50: p less than 0.05; A-100: p less than 0.0017). The rate-pressure products (systolic BP X heart rate X 10(-2) at 6' at 30 W) was 163.5 +/- 12.5 (S.E.) on placebo. It diminished to 129.8 +/- 7.9 on A-50 (p less than 0.01) and to 113.9 +/- 6.6 on A-100 (p less than 0.001). The effect of A-100 on the rate-pressure product was stronger than that of A-50 (p less than 0.05). Relative heart volume did not change on A-50 compared with placebo but A-100 resulted in a slight enlargement of 22 ml/m2 BSA when compared to placebo (p less than 0.01). Side effects were minimal.", "PMID": 110212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9091", "title": "Reconstruction of the audiogram using brain stem responses and high-pass noise masking.", "content": "Contributions to the brain stem electrical responses (BSER) presumably initiated from specific frequency regions of the cochlea with center frequencies similar to the major audiometric frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz) are derived by the application of a high-pass noise masking technique utilizing click stimuli. In normal hearing subjects, these derived narrow-band responses from the midfrequency regions (4, 2, and 1 kHz) can be recognized at click levels as low as 10 dB HL. For the frequency regions around 8 kHz and 0.5 kHz, these derived responses can be discerned at click levels of 30 dB HL and higher. When one uses the lowest click level at which these derived responses can be obtained from a given frequency region, the differences between a patient with a hearing loss and a normal hearing subject correlate well with the amount of hearing loss (air conduction) recorded by conventional pure tone audiometry. Use of the high-pass noise masking technique to reconstruct the audiogram may be of great potential value in assessing young children and other individuals who cannot or will not respond to conventional audiometry.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the audiogram using brain stem responses and high-pass noise masking. Contributions to the brain stem electrical responses (BSER) presumably initiated from specific frequency regions of the cochlea with center frequencies similar to the major audiometric frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz) are derived by the application of a high-pass noise masking technique utilizing click stimuli. In normal hearing subjects, these derived narrow-band responses from the midfrequency regions (4, 2, and 1 kHz) can be recognized at click levels as low as 10 dB HL. For the frequency regions around 8 kHz and 0.5 kHz, these derived responses can be discerned at click levels of 30 dB HL and higher. When one uses the lowest click level at which these derived responses can be obtained from a given frequency region, the differences between a patient with a hearing loss and a normal hearing subject correlate well with the amount of hearing loss (air conduction) recorded by conventional pure tone audiometry. Use of the high-pass noise masking technique to reconstruct the audiogram may be of great potential value in assessing young children and other individuals who cannot or will not respond to conventional audiometry.", "PMID": 110210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9092", "title": "[Biochemical mutants of Actinomyces griseus, a producer of the antibiotic grisin. The isolation of the mutants and a study of the level of grisin antibiotic synthesis].", "content": "Biochemical mutants of Actinomyces griseus producing grisin were obtained under the action of chemical mutagens. The mutants were divided into 2 groups. The mutants with impaired synthesis of amino acids of the aspartic acid family, i.e. lysine, homoserine and methionine were included into the 1st group. The 2nd group included the mutants with impaired synthesis of the other amino acids, i.e. histidine, arginine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and valine. The antibiotic production level in the biochemical mutants was studied. It was found that the level of the antibiotic production was decreased in most of the biochemical mutants. A necessity for increased fonds of lysine and arginine for biosynthesis of grisin was shown.", "contents": "[Biochemical mutants of Actinomyces griseus, a producer of the antibiotic grisin. The isolation of the mutants and a study of the level of grisin antibiotic synthesis]. Biochemical mutants of Actinomyces griseus producing grisin were obtained under the action of chemical mutagens. The mutants were divided into 2 groups. The mutants with impaired synthesis of amino acids of the aspartic acid family, i.e. lysine, homoserine and methionine were included into the 1st group. The 2nd group included the mutants with impaired synthesis of the other amino acids, i.e. histidine, arginine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and valine. The antibiotic production level in the biochemical mutants was studied. It was found that the level of the antibiotic production was decreased in most of the biochemical mutants. A necessity for increased fonds of lysine and arginine for biosynthesis of grisin was shown.", "PMID": 110249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9093", "title": "[Comparative antiviral and interferonogenic activity of natural and synthetic interferon inducers in vitro and in vivo].", "content": "Biological activities of the RNA replicative form of phage f2, a natural interferon inductor and poly-I -- poly-C, a synthetic polyribonucleotide complex were studied comparatively. Differences in the comparative interferonogenic and antiviral activity of the inductors were as dependent on the type of the cell system. It was shown that DEAE-dextran increased the interferon-inducing activity of RFf2 in the cell culture by 4 to 8 times. The dynamics of the interferonogenic and antiviral activity of RFf2 in the L-929 cell culture was studied. Interferon appeared in the culture fluid in 6--8 hours and reached its maximum titers (128 IU50/ml) by the 24th hour, the maximum protection of the cells being also developed by the 12th--24th hour, reaching on an average 51 g PFU/ml. It was shown in the experiments with green marmosets that administration of RFf2 in the form of aerosol in a dose of 2.3 mg/kg induced interferon production in the blood serum the titers of which amounted to 80--160 IU50/ml 24 hours after the administration.", "contents": "[Comparative antiviral and interferonogenic activity of natural and synthetic interferon inducers in vitro and in vivo]. Biological activities of the RNA replicative form of phage f2, a natural interferon inductor and poly-I -- poly-C, a synthetic polyribonucleotide complex were studied comparatively. Differences in the comparative interferonogenic and antiviral activity of the inductors were as dependent on the type of the cell system. It was shown that DEAE-dextran increased the interferon-inducing activity of RFf2 in the cell culture by 4 to 8 times. The dynamics of the interferonogenic and antiviral activity of RFf2 in the L-929 cell culture was studied. Interferon appeared in the culture fluid in 6--8 hours and reached its maximum titers (128 IU50/ml) by the 24th hour, the maximum protection of the cells being also developed by the 12th--24th hour, reaching on an average 51 g PFU/ml. It was shown in the experiments with green marmosets that administration of RFf2 in the form of aerosol in a dose of 2.3 mg/kg induced interferon production in the blood serum the titers of which amounted to 80--160 IU50/ml 24 hours after the administration.", "PMID": 110250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9094", "title": "[Effect of penicillin series antibiotics on the properties of Brucella].", "content": "Investigation of the properties of antibiotic-resistant variants obtained experimentally from various species of Brucella indicated that benzylpenicillin, ampicillin and ceporin induced significant changes in the main properties of Brucella, i.e. phagolysability, agglutinability, production of brucellacin and hydrogen sulfate, attitude to dyes. Only the nutrient requirements of Brucella did not change when it was grown on synthetic media which is of great importance for investigation of changed Brucella strains.", "contents": "[Effect of penicillin series antibiotics on the properties of Brucella]. Investigation of the properties of antibiotic-resistant variants obtained experimentally from various species of Brucella indicated that benzylpenicillin, ampicillin and ceporin induced significant changes in the main properties of Brucella, i.e. phagolysability, agglutinability, production of brucellacin and hydrogen sulfate, attitude to dyes. Only the nutrient requirements of Brucella did not change when it was grown on synthetic media which is of great importance for investigation of changed Brucella strains.", "PMID": 110251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9095", "title": "Iron requirement and chelator production of staphylococci, Streptococcus faecalis and enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The effect of iron deprivation on growth of 101 aerobic strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was studied on agar media in the presence of various concentrations of the synthetic iron chelator ethylene diamine diorthohydroxyphenyl acetic acid (EDDA) and the iron binding protein transferrin. Growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis was inhibited by 15 mM EDDA and 1.5 mM transferrin. Staphylococcus aureus was only inhibited by 44 mM EDDA and not by transferrin. None of the strains of S. faecalis was inhibited. The majority of the enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp) was inhibited by 44 mM EDDA and 1.5 mM transferrin. The relation between susceptibility and concentration of EDDA and transferrin was expressed as S-value for each species. Iron supply with various iron compounds could restore the effects of inhibition. In all species except in S. faecalis iron chelator production could be demonstrated, using indicator plates of media containing EDDA and flooded with 10(4)--10(5) colony forming units of indicator organisms. The iron chelator of both S. epidermidis and S. aureus could stimulate growth of S. epidermidis, but not that of enterobacteriaceae. Iron chelators from all gram-negative bacteria were functionally interchangeable, but did not stimulate growth of gram-positive bacteria.", "contents": "Iron requirement and chelator production of staphylococci, Streptococcus faecalis and enterobacteriaceae. The effect of iron deprivation on growth of 101 aerobic strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was studied on agar media in the presence of various concentrations of the synthetic iron chelator ethylene diamine diorthohydroxyphenyl acetic acid (EDDA) and the iron binding protein transferrin. Growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis was inhibited by 15 mM EDDA and 1.5 mM transferrin. Staphylococcus aureus was only inhibited by 44 mM EDDA and not by transferrin. None of the strains of S. faecalis was inhibited. The majority of the enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp) was inhibited by 44 mM EDDA and 1.5 mM transferrin. The relation between susceptibility and concentration of EDDA and transferrin was expressed as S-value for each species. Iron supply with various iron compounds could restore the effects of inhibition. In all species except in S. faecalis iron chelator production could be demonstrated, using indicator plates of media containing EDDA and flooded with 10(4)--10(5) colony forming units of indicator organisms. The iron chelator of both S. epidermidis and S. aureus could stimulate growth of S. epidermidis, but not that of enterobacteriaceae. Iron chelators from all gram-negative bacteria were functionally interchangeable, but did not stimulate growth of gram-positive bacteria.", "PMID": 110252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9096", "title": "A glucan from the cell wall of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.", "content": "A polysaccharide was isolated from the cell wall of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Hydrolysis of the polysaccharide only yielded glucose. Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry of the polysaccharide resulted in a spectrum very similar to that of beta-1,2-glucan. Probably the glucan originates from the fibrillar inner layer of the cell wall.", "contents": "A glucan from the cell wall of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. A polysaccharide was isolated from the cell wall of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Hydrolysis of the polysaccharide only yielded glucose. Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry of the polysaccharide resulted in a spectrum very similar to that of beta-1,2-glucan. Probably the glucan originates from the fibrillar inner layer of the cell wall.", "PMID": 110253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9097", "title": "Impairments and recovery of the spatial and temporal components of a visuomotor pointing movement after unilateral destruction of the dentate nucleus in the baboon.", "content": "In baboons trained to perform visuomotor pointing movements, unilateral electrolytic lesions are performed in the dentate nucleus. The consequences of these lesions on the following movement parameters are then studied:--temporal parameters: reaction time and movement time;--spatial parameters: pointing area and directional errors. From the observations taken 3 months after the dentate nucleus exclusion, a distinction can be made between parameters showing recovery phenomena (reaction time and pointing area) and components definitively affected (movement time and directional error).", "contents": "Impairments and recovery of the spatial and temporal components of a visuomotor pointing movement after unilateral destruction of the dentate nucleus in the baboon. In baboons trained to perform visuomotor pointing movements, unilateral electrolytic lesions are performed in the dentate nucleus. The consequences of these lesions on the following movement parameters are then studied:--temporal parameters: reaction time and movement time;--spatial parameters: pointing area and directional errors. From the observations taken 3 months after the dentate nucleus exclusion, a distinction can be made between parameters showing recovery phenomena (reaction time and pointing area) and components definitively affected (movement time and directional error).", "PMID": 110263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9098", "title": "Conditions for induction of bacteriophage from lysogenic Bacillus megaterium with aflatoxin B1.", "content": "The present study was conducted to determine whether or not aflatoxin B1 was an effective inducing agent for lysogenic bacteria and to characterize some of the parameters involved in induction. A lysogenic strain of Bacillus megaterium (NRRL-B-3695) and an indicator strain of this species (NRRL-B-3694) were used. Cultures of the lysogenic strain were incubated for various periods of time in the presence of aflatoxin B1. Plaque-forming units as well as colony-forming units were then determined. Results of the present study indicated that bacteriophage lysogenizing B. megaterium could be induced with aflatoxin B1. The optimum concentration for induction was 25 micrograms of toxin per ml of early-log-phase culture. Evidence suggested that: (i) higher concentrations of aflatoxin B1 formed hydrophobic complexes which would not efficiently induce B. megaterium; (ii) the toxic effect of aflatoxin B1 severely limited the number of cells which could be induced prior to killing action of the toxin; and (iii) concentrations less than 25 micrograms of aflatoxin B1 per ml were not efficient inducers of bacteriophage production nor did they demonstrate the toxic effect observed at higher concentrations.", "contents": "Conditions for induction of bacteriophage from lysogenic Bacillus megaterium with aflatoxin B1. The present study was conducted to determine whether or not aflatoxin B1 was an effective inducing agent for lysogenic bacteria and to characterize some of the parameters involved in induction. A lysogenic strain of Bacillus megaterium (NRRL-B-3695) and an indicator strain of this species (NRRL-B-3694) were used. Cultures of the lysogenic strain were incubated for various periods of time in the presence of aflatoxin B1. Plaque-forming units as well as colony-forming units were then determined. Results of the present study indicated that bacteriophage lysogenizing B. megaterium could be induced with aflatoxin B1. The optimum concentration for induction was 25 micrograms of toxin per ml of early-log-phase culture. Evidence suggested that: (i) higher concentrations of aflatoxin B1 formed hydrophobic complexes which would not efficiently induce B. megaterium; (ii) the toxic effect of aflatoxin B1 severely limited the number of cells which could be induced prior to killing action of the toxin; and (iii) concentrations less than 25 micrograms of aflatoxin B1 per ml were not efficient inducers of bacteriophage production nor did they demonstrate the toxic effect observed at higher concentrations.", "PMID": 110264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9099", "title": "Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by mixed microbial cultures.", "content": "Three different enriched mixed cultures capable of degrading polychlorinated biphenylas were isolated from two soil samples and a river sediment, respectively. The predominant organisms found in all three mixed cultures were Alcaligenes odorans, Alcaligenes dentrificans, and an unidentified bacterium. The polychlorinated biphenyl isomers that were more water soluble and had lower chlorination were not only degraded at a faster rate than those that were less water soluble and had higher chlorination, but were also more completely utilized by these mixed cultures. This resulted in the presence in the environment of polychlorinated biphenyl residues consisting mainly of higher-chlorinated isomers. A form of cometabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls was also found with these cultures in the presence of acetate as the cosubstrate.", "contents": "Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by mixed microbial cultures. Three different enriched mixed cultures capable of degrading polychlorinated biphenylas were isolated from two soil samples and a river sediment, respectively. The predominant organisms found in all three mixed cultures were Alcaligenes odorans, Alcaligenes dentrificans, and an unidentified bacterium. The polychlorinated biphenyl isomers that were more water soluble and had lower chlorination were not only degraded at a faster rate than those that were less water soluble and had higher chlorination, but were also more completely utilized by these mixed cultures. This resulted in the presence in the environment of polychlorinated biphenyl residues consisting mainly of higher-chlorinated isomers. A form of cometabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls was also found with these cultures in the presence of acetate as the cosubstrate.", "PMID": 110265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9100", "title": "Contact dermatitis due to nitroglycerin ointment.", "content": "Topical nitroglycerin ointment is among the most effective long-acting vasodilators currently available. We report two cases of contact dermatitis in which patch testing showed allergy to nitroglycerin-containing compounds. The severity of this dermatitis necessitated the discontinuation of topical nitroglycerin therapy in both patients. A potent corticosteroid cream applied once to previous nitroglycerin application sites prevented or minimized this dermatitis and enabled continuation of topical nitroglycerin therapy. Contact dermatitis due to topical nitroglycerin preparations may be more common than is presently realized.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis due to nitroglycerin ointment. Topical nitroglycerin ointment is among the most effective long-acting vasodilators currently available. We report two cases of contact dermatitis in which patch testing showed allergy to nitroglycerin-containing compounds. The severity of this dermatitis necessitated the discontinuation of topical nitroglycerin therapy in both patients. A potent corticosteroid cream applied once to previous nitroglycerin application sites prevented or minimized this dermatitis and enabled continuation of topical nitroglycerin therapy. Contact dermatitis due to topical nitroglycerin preparations may be more common than is presently realized.", "PMID": 110268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9101", "title": "Cutaneous melanoma in a patient with neurofibromatosis.", "content": "Although neurofibromatosis and cutaneous melanoma are both diseases of neuroectodermal origin, reports of their association are rare. The case history of a patient with histologically documented neurofibromatosis and a nodular melanoma unrelated to a cafe-au-lait spot or congenital nevus is reported, and the literature reviewed. The appearance of only one patient with neurofibromatosis in a series of 900 patients with melanoma suggests that these diseases are probably not associated with greater frequency than that predicted by chance alone.", "contents": "Cutaneous melanoma in a patient with neurofibromatosis. Although neurofibromatosis and cutaneous melanoma are both diseases of neuroectodermal origin, reports of their association are rare. The case history of a patient with histologically documented neurofibromatosis and a nodular melanoma unrelated to a cafe-au-lait spot or congenital nevus is reported, and the literature reviewed. The appearance of only one patient with neurofibromatosis in a series of 900 patients with melanoma suggests that these diseases are probably not associated with greater frequency than that predicted by chance alone.", "PMID": 110269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9102", "title": "Drug metabolism in malnourished children: a study with antipyrine.", "content": "The effect of malnutrition on hepatic drug-metabolising enzymes was investigated in 8 Sudanese children aged between 9 and 12.5 years using as a model the drug antipyrine. Antipyrine half-life and clearance were measured in the malnourished state and after 3 or 4 weeks of good nutrition. Associated with the improvement in nutritional state was a shortening of antipyrine half-life and an increase in its clearance. There was also a rise in serum triiodothyronine. It is concluded that poor nutrition is associated with impairment of drug metabolic capacity and that many factors are responsible.", "contents": "Drug metabolism in malnourished children: a study with antipyrine. The effect of malnutrition on hepatic drug-metabolising enzymes was investigated in 8 Sudanese children aged between 9 and 12.5 years using as a model the drug antipyrine. Antipyrine half-life and clearance were measured in the malnourished state and after 3 or 4 weeks of good nutrition. Associated with the improvement in nutritional state was a shortening of antipyrine half-life and an increase in its clearance. There was also a rise in serum triiodothyronine. It is concluded that poor nutrition is associated with impairment of drug metabolic capacity and that many factors are responsible.", "PMID": 110271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9103", "title": "Intrapartum sensitisation of human infants to the Rhesus-D antigen.", "content": "A study is reported of the numbers of nonimmunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes specifically binding to Rhesus-D positive erythrocytes in the blood of Rhesus-dd infants born to either Rhesus-dd or Rhesus-Dd mothers, at birth and at 6 months of age. There was a significant increase in the number of such antigen-binding cells by age 6 months in babies born to Rhesus-Dd mothers. It is concluded that the Rhesus-negative offspring of Rhesus-positive mothers may be sensitised against the Rhesus-D antigen at birth and that protection of such female infants by the injection of antiRhesus-D antibody should be considered.", "contents": "Intrapartum sensitisation of human infants to the Rhesus-D antigen. A study is reported of the numbers of nonimmunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes specifically binding to Rhesus-D positive erythrocytes in the blood of Rhesus-dd infants born to either Rhesus-dd or Rhesus-Dd mothers, at birth and at 6 months of age. There was a significant increase in the number of such antigen-binding cells by age 6 months in babies born to Rhesus-Dd mothers. It is concluded that the Rhesus-negative offspring of Rhesus-positive mothers may be sensitised against the Rhesus-D antigen at birth and that protection of such female infants by the injection of antiRhesus-D antibody should be considered.", "PMID": 110272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9104", "title": "Adequate anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass determined by activated clotting time and the appearance of fibrin monomer.", "content": "The adequacy of anticoagulation during 2 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass at 30 degrees C in 9 rhesus monkeys was determined by measuring the whole-blood activated clotting time (ACT) and by noting the appearance of thrombin-altered fibrin (fibrin monomer) and the relative consumption of clotting factors. Factor V and VIII, the heparin cofactor, antithrombin III, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, ACT, platelets, hematocrit, fibrinogen, and fibrin monomer were determined prior to heparinization and after protamine. In 6 of 9 experiments, fibrin monomer became positive in the plasma during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), indicating that active coagulation was occurring. In 5 of the 6 animals, initial ACT was less than 400 seconds, and fibrin monomer appeared within the first 30 minutes of bypass. In 1 animal with an initial ACT of 439 seconds, fibrin monomer appeared after 60 minutes of bypass, at which time the ACT was less than 400 seconds. An abnormal level of fibrin monomer was not detected in 5 pediatric patients with an ACT greater than 450 seconds during CPB. Our experimental study and clinical data suggest that the lower limit, as measured by the ACT, for anticoagulant effect to provide coagulation-free CPB is at least 400 seconds.", "contents": "Adequate anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass determined by activated clotting time and the appearance of fibrin monomer. The adequacy of anticoagulation during 2 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass at 30 degrees C in 9 rhesus monkeys was determined by measuring the whole-blood activated clotting time (ACT) and by noting the appearance of thrombin-altered fibrin (fibrin monomer) and the relative consumption of clotting factors. Factor V and VIII, the heparin cofactor, antithrombin III, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, ACT, platelets, hematocrit, fibrinogen, and fibrin monomer were determined prior to heparinization and after protamine. In 6 of 9 experiments, fibrin monomer became positive in the plasma during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), indicating that active coagulation was occurring. In 5 of the 6 animals, initial ACT was less than 400 seconds, and fibrin monomer appeared within the first 30 minutes of bypass. In 1 animal with an initial ACT of 439 seconds, fibrin monomer appeared after 60 minutes of bypass, at which time the ACT was less than 400 seconds. An abnormal level of fibrin monomer was not detected in 5 pediatric patients with an ACT greater than 450 seconds during CPB. Our experimental study and clinical data suggest that the lower limit, as measured by the ACT, for anticoagulant effect to provide coagulation-free CPB is at least 400 seconds.", "PMID": 110273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9105", "title": "Diverticula in association with the proximal left subclavian artery: a cause of mediastinal mass lesions.", "content": "The case reports of 5 patients with an aortic arch diverticulum associated with the proximal left subclavian artery are presented. In 3 patients, the left subclavian artery arose from a diverticulum off a right aortic arch and traversed the retroesophageal area to the opposite arm. In 1 patient, the left subclavian artery arose from a diverticulum off a left aortic arch; this represents the second instance of this anomaly to be reported in the literature. In 1 patient, the left subclavian artery was not attached to the aorta, and a diverticulum was present in the expected area of attachment. Confusion of these anomalies with solid mediastinal mass lesions and with aortic aneurysms may occur. Treatment is predicted on symptomatology, and resection is usually not indicated. It is necessary to remain cognizant of aortic diverticula and to differentiate them from other mediastinal mass lesions.", "contents": "Diverticula in association with the proximal left subclavian artery: a cause of mediastinal mass lesions. The case reports of 5 patients with an aortic arch diverticulum associated with the proximal left subclavian artery are presented. In 3 patients, the left subclavian artery arose from a diverticulum off a right aortic arch and traversed the retroesophageal area to the opposite arm. In 1 patient, the left subclavian artery arose from a diverticulum off a left aortic arch; this represents the second instance of this anomaly to be reported in the literature. In 1 patient, the left subclavian artery was not attached to the aorta, and a diverticulum was present in the expected area of attachment. Confusion of these anomalies with solid mediastinal mass lesions and with aortic aneurysms may occur. Treatment is predicted on symptomatology, and resection is usually not indicated. It is necessary to remain cognizant of aortic diverticula and to differentiate them from other mediastinal mass lesions.", "PMID": 110274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9106", "title": "Selective nonoperative management of contained intrathoracic esophageal disruptions.", "content": "Eight patients with intrathoracic esophageal disruptions were managed nonoperatively and without pleural drainage. Criteria for nonoperative treatment included the following: disruption contained in the mediastinum or between the mediastinum and visceral lung pleura; drainage of the cavity back into the esophagus; minimal symptoms; and minimal signs of clinical sepsis. Cause of the esophageal perforation was pneumostatic dilatation (1 patient), vomiting (2), and a leak following esophageal operation (5). Antibiotics were administered intravenously to all patients; hyperalimentation was accomplished intravenously in 5, and nasogastric suction was used in only 1. The cavities contracted and the esophageal leaks sealed in all instances. Time before oral intake was resumed ranged from 7 to 38 days (average, 18 days). Days until discharge ranged from 15 to 52 days (average, 28 days).", "contents": "Selective nonoperative management of contained intrathoracic esophageal disruptions. Eight patients with intrathoracic esophageal disruptions were managed nonoperatively and without pleural drainage. Criteria for nonoperative treatment included the following: disruption contained in the mediastinum or between the mediastinum and visceral lung pleura; drainage of the cavity back into the esophagus; minimal symptoms; and minimal signs of clinical sepsis. Cause of the esophageal perforation was pneumostatic dilatation (1 patient), vomiting (2), and a leak following esophageal operation (5). Antibiotics were administered intravenously to all patients; hyperalimentation was accomplished intravenously in 5, and nasogastric suction was used in only 1. The cavities contracted and the esophageal leaks sealed in all instances. Time before oral intake was resumed ranged from 7 to 38 days (average, 18 days). Days until discharge ranged from 15 to 52 days (average, 28 days).", "PMID": 110275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9107", "title": "Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: preoperative assessment and reduced mortality.", "content": "One hundred twenty-nine infants with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula were reviewed from 1955 to 1978. The overall mortality was 38%. Factors associated with the increased mortality include prematurity, pneumonia, and congenital defects other than this anomaly. A classification based on these factors in introduced, which provides the clinician with a prognostic survival rate greater than 90% with only physical examination, chest and abdominal roentgenography, and intravenous pyelography. Postoperative mortality was reduced to 11% in the last five years of the study; this is attributed to the exclusive use of the retropleural approach to the esophagus, more intensive postoperative ventilatory support, and routine use of parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: preoperative assessment and reduced mortality. One hundred twenty-nine infants with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula were reviewed from 1955 to 1978. The overall mortality was 38%. Factors associated with the increased mortality include prematurity, pneumonia, and congenital defects other than this anomaly. A classification based on these factors in introduced, which provides the clinician with a prognostic survival rate greater than 90% with only physical examination, chest and abdominal roentgenography, and intravenous pyelography. Postoperative mortality was reduced to 11% in the last five years of the study; this is attributed to the exclusive use of the retropleural approach to the esophagus, more intensive postoperative ventilatory support, and routine use of parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 110277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9108", "title": "Thyroid axis in patients with Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "Thyroid hormone values and serum thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) responses to the intravenous administration of 400 micrograms of protirelin were determined in ten patients with Cushing's syndrome and in ten matched normal subjects. In patients with Cushing's syndrome, the serum thyroxine (T4) level was mildly depressed and free T4 level was normal. The mean (+/- SD) concentrations of serum triiodothyronine (T3) and free T3 were both reduced in patients compared with normal subjects (P less than .001). At 20 and 60 minutes after protirelin administration, serum TSH levels were, respectively, 3.3 +/- 2.7 microU/mL and 2.6 +/- 2.3 microU/mL in patients with Cushing's syndrome and 12.3 +/- 5.4 microU/mL and 10.7 +/- 5.4 microU/mL in normal subjects (P less than .001). The reduced serum T3 and free T3 levels are due to a glucocorticoid suppressive effect on the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. The protirelin test is of limited value in assessing the thyroid status because the response of TSH is frequently blunted or absent due to glucocorticoid excess.", "contents": "Thyroid axis in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Thyroid hormone values and serum thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) responses to the intravenous administration of 400 micrograms of protirelin were determined in ten patients with Cushing's syndrome and in ten matched normal subjects. In patients with Cushing's syndrome, the serum thyroxine (T4) level was mildly depressed and free T4 level was normal. The mean (+/- SD) concentrations of serum triiodothyronine (T3) and free T3 were both reduced in patients compared with normal subjects (P less than .001). At 20 and 60 minutes after protirelin administration, serum TSH levels were, respectively, 3.3 +/- 2.7 microU/mL and 2.6 +/- 2.3 microU/mL in patients with Cushing's syndrome and 12.3 +/- 5.4 microU/mL and 10.7 +/- 5.4 microU/mL in normal subjects (P less than .001). The reduced serum T3 and free T3 levels are due to a glucocorticoid suppressive effect on the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. The protirelin test is of limited value in assessing the thyroid status because the response of TSH is frequently blunted or absent due to glucocorticoid excess.", "PMID": 110278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9109", "title": "Reversible adrenocorticol insufficiency in fulminant meningococcemia.", "content": "A 13-year-old girl who had been well previously was admitted with fulminant meningococcemic purpura. Her plasma cortisol level was only 3 micrograms/dL and failed to rise after cosyntropin administration. Maintenance doses of corticosteroid were administered. As her infection cleared her adrenal glands were restimulated and shown to have near normal response. Replacement doses of corticosteroids should be given to patients with fulminant meningococcemia until adrenal cortical insufficiency can be excluded because of the high incidence of adrenal failure in these patients and the possibility that excessive adrenal stimulation might contribute to adrenal abnormality.", "contents": "Reversible adrenocorticol insufficiency in fulminant meningococcemia. A 13-year-old girl who had been well previously was admitted with fulminant meningococcemic purpura. Her plasma cortisol level was only 3 micrograms/dL and failed to rise after cosyntropin administration. Maintenance doses of corticosteroid were administered. As her infection cleared her adrenal glands were restimulated and shown to have near normal response. Replacement doses of corticosteroids should be given to patients with fulminant meningococcemia until adrenal cortical insufficiency can be excluded because of the high incidence of adrenal failure in these patients and the possibility that excessive adrenal stimulation might contribute to adrenal abnormality.", "PMID": 110279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9110", "title": "[Preparation and testing of polyvalent EDTA-Na-extract vaccine from Escherichia coli strains pathogenic to Swine].", "content": "Monovalent vaccines were prepared of E. coli strains with pathogenicity to swine by means of a technique described elsewhere. A polyvalent vaccine was obtained by mixing the monovalent vaccines. This polyvalent vaccine was tested by criteria usually applied to vaccine of E. coli strains with pathogenicity to man, and it exhibited the same quality characteristics.", "contents": "[Preparation and testing of polyvalent EDTA-Na-extract vaccine from Escherichia coli strains pathogenic to Swine]. Monovalent vaccines were prepared of E. coli strains with pathogenicity to swine by means of a technique described elsewhere. A polyvalent vaccine was obtained by mixing the monovalent vaccines. This polyvalent vaccine was tested by criteria usually applied to vaccine of E. coli strains with pathogenicity to man, and it exhibited the same quality characteristics.", "PMID": 110280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9111", "title": "Cushing's syndrome and autoimmunity.", "content": "Is Cushing's syndrome ever caused by adrenal stimulating autoantibodies? Specific antiadrenal antibodies were found in the serum of three of seven patients with Cushing's syndrome. The immunologic techniques that showed positive results were complement fixation, tanned RBC hemagglutination, and immunofluorescence. Lymphocytic infiltration of the adrenal was present in two cases, in one of which nodular hyperplasia seemed to be of primary adrenal origin with autoimmunity as a possible cause. However, in cases with clear-cut pituitary origin, the lymphocytic adrenalitis and circulating adrenal antibodies are likely secondary to antigen leaking from damaged tissue.", "contents": "Cushing's syndrome and autoimmunity. Is Cushing's syndrome ever caused by adrenal stimulating autoantibodies? Specific antiadrenal antibodies were found in the serum of three of seven patients with Cushing's syndrome. The immunologic techniques that showed positive results were complement fixation, tanned RBC hemagglutination, and immunofluorescence. Lymphocytic infiltration of the adrenal was present in two cases, in one of which nodular hyperplasia seemed to be of primary adrenal origin with autoimmunity as a possible cause. However, in cases with clear-cut pituitary origin, the lymphocytic adrenalitis and circulating adrenal antibodies are likely secondary to antigen leaking from damaged tissue.", "PMID": 110282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9112", "title": "Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia associated with a mixed cryoglobulin. Report of a case with partial precipitation in vitro at 37 degrees C.", "content": "A 68-year-old man had Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia associated with a mixed cryoglobulin (monoclonal IgM kappa and polyclonal IgG, 0.96 g/dL) manifested by purpura, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, and proteinuria. On cooling of serum warmed to 50 degrees C, the cryoglobulin begins to precipitate above 40 degrees C, with substantial precipitation at body temperature. Incubation at 37 degrees C (after equilibration at 50 degrees C) causes approximately two thirds of the cryoglobulin to precipitate in 30 to 60 minutes; the precipitate dissolves on rewarming the serum to 50 degrees C. The ability of this cryoglobulin to precipitate at 37 degrees C in vitro indicates that the temperature spectrum of cyroglobulin precipitation can extend to body temperature or above it, and suggests that some serum samples that contain cryoglubulins must be separated quickly at a temperature of 37 degrees C or higher.", "contents": "Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia associated with a mixed cryoglobulin. Report of a case with partial precipitation in vitro at 37 degrees C. A 68-year-old man had Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia associated with a mixed cryoglobulin (monoclonal IgM kappa and polyclonal IgG, 0.96 g/dL) manifested by purpura, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, and proteinuria. On cooling of serum warmed to 50 degrees C, the cryoglobulin begins to precipitate above 40 degrees C, with substantial precipitation at body temperature. Incubation at 37 degrees C (after equilibration at 50 degrees C) causes approximately two thirds of the cryoglobulin to precipitate in 30 to 60 minutes; the precipitate dissolves on rewarming the serum to 50 degrees C. The ability of this cryoglobulin to precipitate at 37 degrees C in vitro indicates that the temperature spectrum of cyroglobulin precipitation can extend to body temperature or above it, and suggests that some serum samples that contain cryoglubulins must be separated quickly at a temperature of 37 degrees C or higher.", "PMID": 110284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9113", "title": "Formaldehyde toxicity.", "content": "The presence of formaldehyde in biologically active concentrations in several occupational and environmental atmospheres has created concern about the hazards of exposure to these contaminated atmospheres. A review of the clinical and animal toxicologic data demonstrate both primary irritant and sensitizing actions of the compound. The minimal concentration of formaldehyde that can be detected by odor is similar to the level that produces minimal irritant effects on the eyes and in the pulmonary airway, thereby serving as a warning of exposure to the compound. The irritant effects are reversible when exposure is discontinued. Some persons show allergic type responses to concentrations of the compound that are well below the odor threshold. The very limited amount of toxicologic data concerned with effects from prolonged and chronic exposures suggest that the compound does not produce specific delayed types of toxicity. I discuss the factors that influence establishment of \"safe\" conditions or levels of exposure to formaldehyde.", "contents": "Formaldehyde toxicity. The presence of formaldehyde in biologically active concentrations in several occupational and environmental atmospheres has created concern about the hazards of exposure to these contaminated atmospheres. A review of the clinical and animal toxicologic data demonstrate both primary irritant and sensitizing actions of the compound. The minimal concentration of formaldehyde that can be detected by odor is similar to the level that produces minimal irritant effects on the eyes and in the pulmonary airway, thereby serving as a warning of exposure to the compound. The irritant effects are reversible when exposure is discontinued. Some persons show allergic type responses to concentrations of the compound that are well below the odor threshold. The very limited amount of toxicologic data concerned with effects from prolonged and chronic exposures suggest that the compound does not produce specific delayed types of toxicity. I discuss the factors that influence establishment of \"safe\" conditions or levels of exposure to formaldehyde.", "PMID": 110285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9114", "title": "Judgments of the potential benefits of rehabilitation research.", "content": "A critical step in a project to develop a benefit-cost approach to evaluating proposed rehabilitation research has been to specify the potential benefits of such research in a reasonably systematic and comprehensive manner. The purposes of this study were: (1) to assess the contemporary relevance of 46 benefit factors yielded by a 1973 survey: (2) to acquire judgmental data to reduce these factors to fewer and more generic 2nd-order factors: (3) to compare 7 different rehabilitation role groups in terms of how the potential benefits of rehabilitation research are valued. \"Hierarchical clustering\" analyses of similarity judgments by 96 participants yielded 18 2nd-order benefit factors. A number of reliable differences were identified among the role groups regarding the value placed upon specific potential benefits of rehabilitation research.", "contents": "Judgments of the potential benefits of rehabilitation research. A critical step in a project to develop a benefit-cost approach to evaluating proposed rehabilitation research has been to specify the potential benefits of such research in a reasonably systematic and comprehensive manner. The purposes of this study were: (1) to assess the contemporary relevance of 46 benefit factors yielded by a 1973 survey: (2) to acquire judgmental data to reduce these factors to fewer and more generic 2nd-order factors: (3) to compare 7 different rehabilitation role groups in terms of how the potential benefits of rehabilitation research are valued. \"Hierarchical clustering\" analyses of similarity judgments by 96 participants yielded 18 2nd-order benefit factors. A number of reliable differences were identified among the role groups regarding the value placed upon specific potential benefits of rehabilitation research.", "PMID": 110286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9115", "title": "Spinal cord injury: effect of thyrocalcitonin on periarticular bone formation in three subjects.", "content": "Sodium fluoride 18F scintimetry was performed before and after 1 month of salmon thyrocalcitonin treatment of 3 spinal cord injured patients with periarticular ossification of the hips and knees. Thyrocalcitonin therapy caused a marked diminution of 18F uptake in 1 patient with long-standing periarticular bone of both hips. Clinically, the range of motion in this subject increased by 25 degrees and there was a marked decrease in pain locally. The results were, however, not duplicated in the 2 patients with periarticular bone formation of short duration.", "contents": "Spinal cord injury: effect of thyrocalcitonin on periarticular bone formation in three subjects. Sodium fluoride 18F scintimetry was performed before and after 1 month of salmon thyrocalcitonin treatment of 3 spinal cord injured patients with periarticular ossification of the hips and knees. Thyrocalcitonin therapy caused a marked diminution of 18F uptake in 1 patient with long-standing periarticular bone of both hips. Clinically, the range of motion in this subject increased by 25 degrees and there was a marked decrease in pain locally. The results were, however, not duplicated in the 2 patients with periarticular bone formation of short duration.", "PMID": 110287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9116", "title": "Maintenance of home hyperalimentation in patients with high-output jejunostomies.", "content": "We studied four patients with high-output end jejunostomies (greater than 3,000 mL/day) who were receiving home hyperalimentation. With knowledge of urine and stoma output, standard total parenteral nutrition fluid was infused and titrated according to individual needs, first during the hospital stay and then on follow-up office visits. Mean daily stoma output for the group was 3,556 mL/day. With oral fluid intake restricted to 1,500 mL/day, average daily stoma output dropped to 2,892 mL. The mean daily volume of nutrient fluid required to achieve stabel biochemistries and weight was 3,550 mL. Daily caloric requirements ranged from 23 kcal/kg to 44 kcal/kg, with a mean of 32.5 kcal/kg. Amino acid requirements averaged 1.6 g/kg. With 65 patient months of continuous overnight catheter infusion, there have been no serious metabolic derangements or deaths. The program of home hyperalimentation can maintain a satisfactory metabolic state in patients with high-output jejunostomies.", "contents": "Maintenance of home hyperalimentation in patients with high-output jejunostomies. We studied four patients with high-output end jejunostomies (greater than 3,000 mL/day) who were receiving home hyperalimentation. With knowledge of urine and stoma output, standard total parenteral nutrition fluid was infused and titrated according to individual needs, first during the hospital stay and then on follow-up office visits. Mean daily stoma output for the group was 3,556 mL/day. With oral fluid intake restricted to 1,500 mL/day, average daily stoma output dropped to 2,892 mL. The mean daily volume of nutrient fluid required to achieve stabel biochemistries and weight was 3,550 mL. Daily caloric requirements ranged from 23 kcal/kg to 44 kcal/kg, with a mean of 32.5 kcal/kg. Amino acid requirements averaged 1.6 g/kg. With 65 patient months of continuous overnight catheter infusion, there have been no serious metabolic derangements or deaths. The program of home hyperalimentation can maintain a satisfactory metabolic state in patients with high-output jejunostomies.", "PMID": 110288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9117", "title": "Effects of 4-dimethylaminophenol and Co2EDTA on circulation, respiration, and blood homeostasis in dogs.", "content": "The effects of intravenously injected 4-dimethylaminophenol and Co2EDTA on peripheral circulation, respiration, acid-base balance, and several other physiological and biochemical parameters were studied on dogs. DMAP increased the respiratory minute volume and mean arterial pressure, diminished the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, and induced an increase in arterial oxygen pressure caused by liberation of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin during the formation of ferrihemoglobin. A study in vitro of the fate of the oxygen during the reaction between DMAP and oxyhemoglobin showed that only 30--40% of the oxygen released by the formation of ferrihemoglobin appeared in the gas phase. Co2EDTA caused circulatory depression, hyperventilation, and metabolic acidosis resulting in a decrease in base-excess and pH. The concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, potassium, and urea nitrogen and the hemoglobin content were increased by Co2EDTA. The side effects of Co2EDTA in therapeutic doses were more serious than those of DMAP. Thus the latter is superior in the therapy of cyanide poisoning, all the more since it detoxifies more cyanide.", "contents": "Effects of 4-dimethylaminophenol and Co2EDTA on circulation, respiration, and blood homeostasis in dogs. The effects of intravenously injected 4-dimethylaminophenol and Co2EDTA on peripheral circulation, respiration, acid-base balance, and several other physiological and biochemical parameters were studied on dogs. DMAP increased the respiratory minute volume and mean arterial pressure, diminished the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, and induced an increase in arterial oxygen pressure caused by liberation of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin during the formation of ferrihemoglobin. A study in vitro of the fate of the oxygen during the reaction between DMAP and oxyhemoglobin showed that only 30--40% of the oxygen released by the formation of ferrihemoglobin appeared in the gas phase. Co2EDTA caused circulatory depression, hyperventilation, and metabolic acidosis resulting in a decrease in base-excess and pH. The concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, potassium, and urea nitrogen and the hemoglobin content were increased by Co2EDTA. The side effects of Co2EDTA in therapeutic doses were more serious than those of DMAP. Thus the latter is superior in the therapy of cyanide poisoning, all the more since it detoxifies more cyanide.", "PMID": 110289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9118", "title": "Photoreactivation of ultraviolet irradiated blue-green alga: Anacystis nidulans and cyanophage AS-1.", "content": "Ultraviolet (UV) inactivation and photoreactivation of Anacystis nidulans and cyanophage AS-1 was studied at different wavelengths. UV inactivation of free phage particles and one and two hour host-phage complexes (intracellular phages) were exponential. UV resistance of plaque forming units was attained at the latter phase of latent period. Black, blue and white lights were able to photoreactivate the UV irradiated A. nidulans whereas green, yellow and red lights were not. However, incubation of A. nidulans for more than 2 hours in black light resulted in loss of viability but shift to red light caused significant recovery. This suggests the involvement of two types of photoreactivation, i.e. of photoenzymatic repair of DNA and of the repair of the photosynthetic apparatus of A. nidulans.", "contents": "Photoreactivation of ultraviolet irradiated blue-green alga: Anacystis nidulans and cyanophage AS-1. Ultraviolet (UV) inactivation and photoreactivation of Anacystis nidulans and cyanophage AS-1 was studied at different wavelengths. UV inactivation of free phage particles and one and two hour host-phage complexes (intracellular phages) were exponential. UV resistance of plaque forming units was attained at the latter phase of latent period. Black, blue and white lights were able to photoreactivate the UV irradiated A. nidulans whereas green, yellow and red lights were not. However, incubation of A. nidulans for more than 2 hours in black light resulted in loss of viability but shift to red light caused significant recovery. This suggests the involvement of two types of photoreactivation, i.e. of photoenzymatic repair of DNA and of the repair of the photosynthetic apparatus of A. nidulans.", "PMID": 110290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9119", "title": "Messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes containing in vitro-synthesized 26S and 42S Semliki Forest virus RNA.", "content": "An extract derived from Semliki Forest virus (SFV) infected cells is described which catalyzes the synthesis of virus-specific RNAs. The newly-synthesized 26S and 42S RNAs are found complexed with protein as messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs). These mRNPs either are non-membrane bound or are associated with large cytoplasmic lipoprotein membranes, and they are found as free mRNPs as well as mRNPs bound to ribosomal subunits, ribosomes, and polysomes. Following treatment with Tween 40 and deoxycholate, membrane-bound mRNPs containing in vitro-synthesized 26S RNA are dissociated and sediment at 33S. These membrane-dissociated mRNPs contain relatively little protein. In contrast, the free or ribosome-bound mRNPs, which are isolated as 30S to 160S particles, remain heterogeneous after detergent treatment and have a much higher protein content. Addition of purified, native 40S ribosomal subunits to the extract leads to the formation of complexes between the added ribosomal subunits and the newly-synthesized viral mRNA. The in vitro-synthesized 26S and 42S RNAs participate in the assembly of translational initiation and elongation complexes.", "contents": "Messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes containing in vitro-synthesized 26S and 42S Semliki Forest virus RNA. An extract derived from Semliki Forest virus (SFV) infected cells is described which catalyzes the synthesis of virus-specific RNAs. The newly-synthesized 26S and 42S RNAs are found complexed with protein as messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs). These mRNPs either are non-membrane bound or are associated with large cytoplasmic lipoprotein membranes, and they are found as free mRNPs as well as mRNPs bound to ribosomal subunits, ribosomes, and polysomes. Following treatment with Tween 40 and deoxycholate, membrane-bound mRNPs containing in vitro-synthesized 26S RNA are dissociated and sediment at 33S. These membrane-dissociated mRNPs contain relatively little protein. In contrast, the free or ribosome-bound mRNPs, which are isolated as 30S to 160S particles, remain heterogeneous after detergent treatment and have a much higher protein content. Addition of purified, native 40S ribosomal subunits to the extract leads to the formation of complexes between the added ribosomal subunits and the newly-synthesized viral mRNA. The in vitro-synthesized 26S and 42S RNAs participate in the assembly of translational initiation and elongation complexes.", "PMID": 110291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9120", "title": "A novel plaque method for attenuated rubella virus in Vero cell cultures. Brief report.", "content": "Under defined plaquing conditions, three attenuated strains of rubella virus showed different plaque morphology and plaque size when tested in Vero cell cultures. The Cendehill strain of rubella virus formed distinct, ring-shaped plaques, while strains HPV77 and RA27/3 produced clear plaques that could be distinguished by their different size. These distinguishing characteristics remained preserved even after the vaccine strains were passaged five consecutive times in Vero cell cultures.", "contents": "A novel plaque method for attenuated rubella virus in Vero cell cultures. Brief report. Under defined plaquing conditions, three attenuated strains of rubella virus showed different plaque morphology and plaque size when tested in Vero cell cultures. The Cendehill strain of rubella virus formed distinct, ring-shaped plaques, while strains HPV77 and RA27/3 produced clear plaques that could be distinguished by their different size. These distinguishing characteristics remained preserved even after the vaccine strains were passaged five consecutive times in Vero cell cultures.", "PMID": 110292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9121", "title": "[Morphological analysis of spontaneous hemoblastoses in dogs and cats].", "content": "Information of the frequency and morphological characteristics of spontaneous hemoblastoses in dogs and cats observed in 1966-1978 are presented. Hemoblastoses were diagnosed in 90 dogs and 12 cats. Lymphoproliferative diseases were most frequent: lymphosarcomas (80 cases) and lymphocytic leukemias (11 cases). Ten dogs had mastocytomas and one--myeloid leukemia. The cell composition of the organs and tissues involved permitted to distinguish 3 cellular variants of lymphosarcoma: poorly differentiated, lymphoblastic, and prolymphocytic; in both species the poorly differentiated type of lymphosarcoma was predominant (47 cases). It is recommended to use spontaneous hemoblastoses of dogs and cats as an experimental model for investigations of the pathogenesis and therapy of human leukemias.", "contents": "[Morphological analysis of spontaneous hemoblastoses in dogs and cats]. Information of the frequency and morphological characteristics of spontaneous hemoblastoses in dogs and cats observed in 1966-1978 are presented. Hemoblastoses were diagnosed in 90 dogs and 12 cats. Lymphoproliferative diseases were most frequent: lymphosarcomas (80 cases) and lymphocytic leukemias (11 cases). Ten dogs had mastocytomas and one--myeloid leukemia. The cell composition of the organs and tissues involved permitted to distinguish 3 cellular variants of lymphosarcoma: poorly differentiated, lymphoblastic, and prolymphocytic; in both species the poorly differentiated type of lymphosarcoma was predominant (47 cases). It is recommended to use spontaneous hemoblastoses of dogs and cats as an experimental model for investigations of the pathogenesis and therapy of human leukemias.", "PMID": 110293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9122", "title": "Valproic acid. Review of a new antiepileptic drug.", "content": "Valproic acid is a new antiepileptic drug. It has a marked effect on generalized spike-wave discharges. The exact mechanism of action is uncertain; however, some evidence suggests an effect on the metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Concurrent administration with phenobarbital may result in elevated phenobarbital plasma concentrations. Administration with phenytoin sodium may transiently result in lower total phenytoin plasma levels. Side effects are generally mild and include fatigue, GI disturbances, weight gain, a fine postural and resting tremor, mild thrombocytopenia, and an increase in hepatic enzymes. Platelet counts and liver function monitoring should be done during valproic acid therapy. Drowsiness may be seen in patients receiving other antiepileptic drugs concurrently.", "contents": "Valproic acid. Review of a new antiepileptic drug. Valproic acid is a new antiepileptic drug. It has a marked effect on generalized spike-wave discharges. The exact mechanism of action is uncertain; however, some evidence suggests an effect on the metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Concurrent administration with phenobarbital may result in elevated phenobarbital plasma concentrations. Administration with phenytoin sodium may transiently result in lower total phenytoin plasma levels. Side effects are generally mild and include fatigue, GI disturbances, weight gain, a fine postural and resting tremor, mild thrombocytopenia, and an increase in hepatic enzymes. Platelet counts and liver function monitoring should be done during valproic acid therapy. Drowsiness may be seen in patients receiving other antiepileptic drugs concurrently.", "PMID": 110294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9123", "title": "Absence status (petit mal status) with focal characteristics.", "content": "Two patients, aged 23 and 74 years, manifested prolonged episodes of mildly impaired consciousness in conjunction with rhythmical spike waves or spikes (mostly 3/s). This paroxysmal EEG activity was consistently accentuated unilaterally over the superior frontal regions. The first patient showed ictal aphasia and occasional right hemiparesis during these episodes, and partial left frontal lobectomy resulted in temporary freedom from seizures. The classification of these ictal episodes is difficult. They apparently fall into the category of absence status (petit mal status), but the focal neurological signs do not fit the presently valid definitions of absence status, nor does the lack of symmetrical bilateral-synchronous paroxysmal discharges. Perhaps a special category of status epilepticus should be established.", "contents": "Absence status (petit mal status) with focal characteristics. Two patients, aged 23 and 74 years, manifested prolonged episodes of mildly impaired consciousness in conjunction with rhythmical spike waves or spikes (mostly 3/s). This paroxysmal EEG activity was consistently accentuated unilaterally over the superior frontal regions. The first patient showed ictal aphasia and occasional right hemiparesis during these episodes, and partial left frontal lobectomy resulted in temporary freedom from seizures. The classification of these ictal episodes is difficult. They apparently fall into the category of absence status (petit mal status), but the focal neurological signs do not fit the presently valid definitions of absence status, nor does the lack of symmetrical bilateral-synchronous paroxysmal discharges. Perhaps a special category of status epilepticus should be established.", "PMID": 110295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9124", "title": "Effect of Salmonella enteritidis 11RX infection on two-stage skin carcinogenesis in mice.", "content": "S. enteritidis 11RX infection inhibits the growth of a number of transplantable tumours in mice. In addition, oral infection of mice with S. enteritidis 11RX inhibits colon carcinogenesis by 1,2 dimethylhydrazine. This study has examined the effect of S. enteritidis 11RX infection on two-stage skin carcinogenesis in mice using 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) as initiator and croton oil as promoter. No protection was observed in either LACA or (BALB/c x C57Bl/6J)F1 mice when live 11RX was repeatedly administered i.v. during promotion. When a protein antigen extract from S. enteritidis 11RX was administered i.v. to previously immunised mice during skin carcinogenesis, significant protection was observed both in terms of the number of mice with papillomas and the number of papillomas per mouse. However, the protection was weak and transient. LACA mice were much more susceptible to skin carcinogenesis by DMBA and croton oil than were (BALB/c x C57B1/6J)F1 mice. A preliminary study indicated that BALB/c, C57B1 and CBA mice were also relatively resistant to skin carcinogensis.", "contents": "Effect of Salmonella enteritidis 11RX infection on two-stage skin carcinogenesis in mice. S. enteritidis 11RX infection inhibits the growth of a number of transplantable tumours in mice. In addition, oral infection of mice with S. enteritidis 11RX inhibits colon carcinogenesis by 1,2 dimethylhydrazine. This study has examined the effect of S. enteritidis 11RX infection on two-stage skin carcinogenesis in mice using 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) as initiator and croton oil as promoter. No protection was observed in either LACA or (BALB/c x C57Bl/6J)F1 mice when live 11RX was repeatedly administered i.v. during promotion. When a protein antigen extract from S. enteritidis 11RX was administered i.v. to previously immunised mice during skin carcinogenesis, significant protection was observed both in terms of the number of mice with papillomas and the number of papillomas per mouse. However, the protection was weak and transient. LACA mice were much more susceptible to skin carcinogenesis by DMBA and croton oil than were (BALB/c x C57B1/6J)F1 mice. A preliminary study indicated that BALB/c, C57B1 and CBA mice were also relatively resistant to skin carcinogensis.", "PMID": 110298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9125", "title": "Biochemical properties of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Biochemical properties of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster were investigated using partially purified preparations from three genotypes, 1/1, 1/2, and 2/2. The molecular weight of the enzyme is estimated to be about 90,000, and treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate cleaves the enzyme into four units with a molecular weight of about 22,000. The activity toward 28 naturally occurring esters was assayed and shown to vary considerably with substrate, the 1/1 preparation having in general higher activity than 1/2 and 2/2, which were very similar. Heat sensitivity, the effect of metal ions, and the effects of the presence or absence of an end product were also studied. The differences demonstrated between allozymes would allow considerable scope, under appropriate conditions, for differential selection to operate between genotypes.", "contents": "Biochemical properties of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochemical properties of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster were investigated using partially purified preparations from three genotypes, 1/1, 1/2, and 2/2. The molecular weight of the enzyme is estimated to be about 90,000, and treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate cleaves the enzyme into four units with a molecular weight of about 22,000. The activity toward 28 naturally occurring esters was assayed and shown to vary considerably with substrate, the 1/1 preparation having in general higher activity than 1/2 and 2/2, which were very similar. Heat sensitivity, the effect of metal ions, and the effects of the presence or absence of an end product were also studied. The differences demonstrated between allozymes would allow considerable scope, under appropriate conditions, for differential selection to operate between genotypes.", "PMID": 110312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9126", "title": "Isolation and biochemical analysis of a temperature-sensitive scarlet eye color mutant of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Six new ems-induced scarlet mutants were selected. Four of these were partially pigmented, with xanthommatin levels ranging from 12% to 45% of normal. In one (st754ts), pigment production was temperature sensitive; the level of xanthommatin changed from less than 10% of normal at 29 C to more than 70% at 18 C. In all of the new mutants tested, the level of early pupal 3-hydroxykynurenine was as low as that in st1. Thus reduced larval accumulation of this metabolite also appears to be a characteristic feature of scarlet mutants. Temperature-pulse and temperature-shift experiments were carried out with st754ts to determine the temperature-sensitive period for the scarlet gene during development. The major sensitive period commenced prior to the onset of pigmentation and was over before adult emergence. Thus the initiation of xanthommatin synthesis is not brought about by the activation of the scarlet gene. In similar experiments carried out with a temperature-sensitive white mutant (Wbl), a similar temperature-sensitive period was obtained.", "contents": "Isolation and biochemical analysis of a temperature-sensitive scarlet eye color mutant of Drosophila melanogaster. Six new ems-induced scarlet mutants were selected. Four of these were partially pigmented, with xanthommatin levels ranging from 12% to 45% of normal. In one (st754ts), pigment production was temperature sensitive; the level of xanthommatin changed from less than 10% of normal at 29 C to more than 70% at 18 C. In all of the new mutants tested, the level of early pupal 3-hydroxykynurenine was as low as that in st1. Thus reduced larval accumulation of this metabolite also appears to be a characteristic feature of scarlet mutants. Temperature-pulse and temperature-shift experiments were carried out with st754ts to determine the temperature-sensitive period for the scarlet gene during development. The major sensitive period commenced prior to the onset of pigmentation and was over before adult emergence. Thus the initiation of xanthommatin synthesis is not brought about by the activation of the scarlet gene. In similar experiments carried out with a temperature-sensitive white mutant (Wbl), a similar temperature-sensitive period was obtained.", "PMID": 110313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9127", "title": "Studies of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster. I. The genetics of a posttranslational modification.", "content": "A locus has been found, an allele of which causes a modification of some allozymes of the enzyme esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster. There are two alleles of this locus, one of which is dominant to the other and results in increased electrophoretic mobility of affected allozymes. The locus responsible has been mapped to 3-56.7 on the standard genetic map (Est-6 is at 3-36.8). Of 13 other enzyme systems analyzed, only leucine aminopeptidase is affected by the modifier locus. Neuraminidase incubations of homogenates altered the electrophoretic mobility of esterase 6 allozymes, but the mobility differences found are not large enough to conclude that esterase 6 is sialylated.", "contents": "Studies of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster. I. The genetics of a posttranslational modification. A locus has been found, an allele of which causes a modification of some allozymes of the enzyme esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster. There are two alleles of this locus, one of which is dominant to the other and results in increased electrophoretic mobility of affected allozymes. The locus responsible has been mapped to 3-56.7 on the standard genetic map (Est-6 is at 3-36.8). Of 13 other enzyme systems analyzed, only leucine aminopeptidase is affected by the modifier locus. Neuraminidase incubations of homogenates altered the electrophoretic mobility of esterase 6 allozymes, but the mobility differences found are not large enough to conclude that esterase 6 is sialylated.", "PMID": 110315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9128", "title": "Developmental changes of sepiapterin synthase activity associated with a variegated purple gene in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A variegated position effect on the autonomous gene, purple, has been studid enzymologically in Drosophila melanogaster. Sepiapterin synthase, the enzyme system associated with pr+, was examined for activity in different developmental stages of the fly. The results indicate that T(y:22)prc5, cn/prc4 cn flies (flies in which pr+ has been translocated and which exhibit variegation) have a reduced amount of enzyme activity as compared with both Oregon-R and pr1 flies. This reduction in activity was not found in larval stages, which suggests that the inactivation process probably occurs in late larval or early pupal stages. The phenotype of the variegated adult has white eyes with red-colored spots and patches where drosopterins occur. The phenotype of the fly carrying the translocation is modified by the presence of additional Y chromosomes. This extends the observation from other systems that extra heterochromatin acts to suppress the variegated position effect. The advantages of studying the variegation by measuring enzyme activity, as well as the phenotypic expression, are several; for example, the developmental time at which variegation occurs may be estimated even though drosopterin synthesis is not occurring.", "contents": "Developmental changes of sepiapterin synthase activity associated with a variegated purple gene in Drosophila melanogaster. A variegated position effect on the autonomous gene, purple, has been studid enzymologically in Drosophila melanogaster. Sepiapterin synthase, the enzyme system associated with pr+, was examined for activity in different developmental stages of the fly. The results indicate that T(y:22)prc5, cn/prc4 cn flies (flies in which pr+ has been translocated and which exhibit variegation) have a reduced amount of enzyme activity as compared with both Oregon-R and pr1 flies. This reduction in activity was not found in larval stages, which suggests that the inactivation process probably occurs in late larval or early pupal stages. The phenotype of the variegated adult has white eyes with red-colored spots and patches where drosopterins occur. The phenotype of the fly carrying the translocation is modified by the presence of additional Y chromosomes. This extends the observation from other systems that extra heterochromatin acts to suppress the variegated position effect. The advantages of studying the variegation by measuring enzyme activity, as well as the phenotypic expression, are several; for example, the developmental time at which variegation occurs may be estimated even though drosopterin synthesis is not occurring.", "PMID": 110316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9129", "title": "Form II DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster: general in vitro catalytic properties and template interactions.", "content": "Several in vitro properties of partially purified form II RNA polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster embryo nuclei are described. The enzyme preparation is free from contaminating RNase, protein kinase, and polyphosphate kinase activities and can be used to study the incorporation of gamma-32P-labeled nucleoside triphosphates. The enzyme exhibits a biphasic heat inactivation pattern which is probably related to differential lability of its two subforms. However, a considerable protection against heat inactivation is provided by the nucleoside triphosphates present in the in vitro reaction system such that the enzyme catalyzes RNA synthesis in a nearly linear mode for over 2 hr at 30 C. Two initiation inhibitors, rifamycin AF/013 was found unsuitable for critical studies because of the high concentrations necessary for total inhibition (200 micrograms/ml) and particularly because of the obligate use of solvents which secondarily have a destabilizing effect on native DNA. Poly[I] was found to effectively block initiation at very low concentrations (1 microgram/ml). The enzyme rapidly forms poly[I]-resistant preinitiation complexes on both double- and single-stranded DNA. These complexes decay with a half-life of 2.5--3 min. RNA synthesis from poly[I]-resistant complexes amounts to 10% of the total potential synthesis on both double- and single-stranded DNA. Enzyme-DNA saturation experiments indicate that the form II enzyme discriminates two types of sites on Drosophila DNA, tight binding and weak binding, from which RNA synthesis proceeds slowly and rapidly, respectively. The tight-binding sites appear to be analogous to those sites with which the enzyme is able to form poly[I]-resistant complexes.", "contents": "Form II DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster: general in vitro catalytic properties and template interactions. Several in vitro properties of partially purified form II RNA polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster embryo nuclei are described. The enzyme preparation is free from contaminating RNase, protein kinase, and polyphosphate kinase activities and can be used to study the incorporation of gamma-32P-labeled nucleoside triphosphates. The enzyme exhibits a biphasic heat inactivation pattern which is probably related to differential lability of its two subforms. However, a considerable protection against heat inactivation is provided by the nucleoside triphosphates present in the in vitro reaction system such that the enzyme catalyzes RNA synthesis in a nearly linear mode for over 2 hr at 30 C. Two initiation inhibitors, rifamycin AF/013 was found unsuitable for critical studies because of the high concentrations necessary for total inhibition (200 micrograms/ml) and particularly because of the obligate use of solvents which secondarily have a destabilizing effect on native DNA. Poly[I] was found to effectively block initiation at very low concentrations (1 microgram/ml). The enzyme rapidly forms poly[I]-resistant preinitiation complexes on both double- and single-stranded DNA. These complexes decay with a half-life of 2.5--3 min. RNA synthesis from poly[I]-resistant complexes amounts to 10% of the total potential synthesis on both double- and single-stranded DNA. Enzyme-DNA saturation experiments indicate that the form II enzyme discriminates two types of sites on Drosophila DNA, tight binding and weak binding, from which RNA synthesis proceeds slowly and rapidly, respectively. The tight-binding sites appear to be analogous to those sites with which the enzyme is able to form poly[I]-resistant complexes.", "PMID": 110317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9130", "title": "Enumeration of drosophila form II DNA-dependent RNA polymerase initiation sites on Drosophila DNA.", "content": "The in vitro incorporation of gamma-32P-labeled nucleoside triphosphates into RNA by Drosophila melanogaster form II RNA polymerase from template sites which afford protection from the initiation inhibitor, polyriboinosinic acid (poly [I]), is used as a method for enumerating a specific class of transcription initiation sites on D. melanogaster DNA. Such sites number about 4000 per haploid genome for D. melanogaster. This value is in good agreement with the number of functional genetic units in the D. melanogaster genome as determined by classical cytogenetics.", "contents": "Enumeration of drosophila form II DNA-dependent RNA polymerase initiation sites on Drosophila DNA. The in vitro incorporation of gamma-32P-labeled nucleoside triphosphates into RNA by Drosophila melanogaster form II RNA polymerase from template sites which afford protection from the initiation inhibitor, polyriboinosinic acid (poly [I]), is used as a method for enumerating a specific class of transcription initiation sites on D. melanogaster DNA. Such sites number about 4000 per haploid genome for D. melanogaster. This value is in good agreement with the number of functional genetic units in the D. melanogaster genome as determined by classical cytogenetics.", "PMID": 110318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9131", "title": "Energy-dependence of calcium accumulation during sporulation of Bacillus megaterium KM.", "content": "Ca2+ accumulation and endogenous respiration of sporulating Bacillus megaterium are inhibited to the same extent by electron-transport of inhibitors and the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, suggesting that Ca2+ is accumulated by an active transport process. Forespores isolated in stage V of sporulation demonstrated Ca2+-specific carrier-mediated Ca2+ uptake, consistent with downhill transfer [Hogarth & Ellar (1978) Biochem. J. 176, 197-203]. In the present studies forespore Ca2+ uptake was unaffected by carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and by concentrations of respiratory inhibitor that inhibited forespore endogenous respiration by 85%. These data suggest that Ca2+ enters the isolated forespore by facilitated diffusion. Ca2+ uptake into sporulating protoplasts was completely inhibited by concentrations of respiratory inhibitors that had no effect on either Ca2+ uptake or respiration of stage-V forespores, but which resulted in inhibition of mother-cell membrane NADH oxidase. These results indicate that the mother-cell membrane is a site for active transport of Ca2+ into the sporulating cell. The effects of the adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide on mother-cell membrane adenosine triphosphatase, NADH oxidase and protoplast Ca2+ uptake were examined.", "contents": "Energy-dependence of calcium accumulation during sporulation of Bacillus megaterium KM. Ca2+ accumulation and endogenous respiration of sporulating Bacillus megaterium are inhibited to the same extent by electron-transport of inhibitors and the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, suggesting that Ca2+ is accumulated by an active transport process. Forespores isolated in stage V of sporulation demonstrated Ca2+-specific carrier-mediated Ca2+ uptake, consistent with downhill transfer [Hogarth & Ellar (1978) Biochem. J. 176, 197-203]. In the present studies forespore Ca2+ uptake was unaffected by carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and by concentrations of respiratory inhibitor that inhibited forespore endogenous respiration by 85%. These data suggest that Ca2+ enters the isolated forespore by facilitated diffusion. Ca2+ uptake into sporulating protoplasts was completely inhibited by concentrations of respiratory inhibitors that had no effect on either Ca2+ uptake or respiration of stage-V forespores, but which resulted in inhibition of mother-cell membrane NADH oxidase. These results indicate that the mother-cell membrane is a site for active transport of Ca2+ into the sporulating cell. The effects of the adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide on mother-cell membrane adenosine triphosphatase, NADH oxidase and protoplast Ca2+ uptake were examined.", "PMID": 110319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9132", "title": "C3 activation by monosodium urate monohydrate and other crystalline material.", "content": "Monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM) is a potent activator of the complement system as measured by electrophoretic conversion of beta1C to beta1A. Activation of C3 in human serum by MSUM is both time- and dose-dependent. The sensitivity of the assay allows detection of C3 activation by as little as 0.2 mg/ml of MSUM. It was observed that C3 activation is calcium dependent and elimination by both EDTA and EGTA, a finding that demonstrated the major role of the classic pathway of complement activation. Excess calcium or magnesium alone inhibited C3 activation by MSUM in accord with the inhibitory effect of these cations on sensitized sheep cell hemolysis by complement. Heating of MSUM at 200 degrees C for 2 hours removes the water of crystallization such that heated crystals may no longer be considered MSUM. Such treatment has a variable effect on C3 activation. Of the crystals and other material studied, only zymosan was more potent than MSUM in activating C3. Calcium prophosphate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite activated significant amounts of C3. Asbestos, glass wool, or a variety of microcrystalline steroids activated little or no C3.", "contents": "C3 activation by monosodium urate monohydrate and other crystalline material. Monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM) is a potent activator of the complement system as measured by electrophoretic conversion of beta1C to beta1A. Activation of C3 in human serum by MSUM is both time- and dose-dependent. The sensitivity of the assay allows detection of C3 activation by as little as 0.2 mg/ml of MSUM. It was observed that C3 activation is calcium dependent and elimination by both EDTA and EGTA, a finding that demonstrated the major role of the classic pathway of complement activation. Excess calcium or magnesium alone inhibited C3 activation by MSUM in accord with the inhibitory effect of these cations on sensitized sheep cell hemolysis by complement. Heating of MSUM at 200 degrees C for 2 hours removes the water of crystallization such that heated crystals may no longer be considered MSUM. Such treatment has a variable effect on C3 activation. Of the crystals and other material studied, only zymosan was more potent than MSUM in activating C3. Calcium prophosphate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite activated significant amounts of C3. Asbestos, glass wool, or a variety of microcrystalline steroids activated little or no C3.", "PMID": 110337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9133", "title": "Acute metabolic effects of nitrogen mustard and thiotepa on rabbit articular cartilage and synovium.", "content": "Metabolic alterations in immature rabbit joint tissue were examined following in vitro and in vivo exposure to the alkylating agents Thiotepa and nitrogen mustard. Brief exposure in vitro to either agent resulted in marked suppression of incorporation of radiolabeled precursors of protein, RNA, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in articular cartilage, which was partially reversible after Thiotepa exposure. In vivo, nitrogen mustard has little effect on synovium and transient inhibitory effects on cartilage vital processes, whereas Thiotepa caused a prolonged inhibition of synovial metabolism with little effect on cartilage. Autoradiographic localization of labeled agents indicated that synovial tissue and cartilage were readily penetrated by nitrogen mustard, but only a few synovial lining cells and superficial chondrocytes were labeled with 35S-Thiotepa. Furthermore, trypsin significantly reduced labeling of cartilage with 14C-nitrogen mustard. These data suggest that alkylating agents differentially affect metabolic processes in joint tissues in vivo and that with Thiotepa, this interference occurs primarily in the synovium. The degree of interference is apparently dependent upon the time of exposure to the agents and the relative DNA-RNA synthetic activity of the joint tissue.", "contents": "Acute metabolic effects of nitrogen mustard and thiotepa on rabbit articular cartilage and synovium. Metabolic alterations in immature rabbit joint tissue were examined following in vitro and in vivo exposure to the alkylating agents Thiotepa and nitrogen mustard. Brief exposure in vitro to either agent resulted in marked suppression of incorporation of radiolabeled precursors of protein, RNA, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in articular cartilage, which was partially reversible after Thiotepa exposure. In vivo, nitrogen mustard has little effect on synovium and transient inhibitory effects on cartilage vital processes, whereas Thiotepa caused a prolonged inhibition of synovial metabolism with little effect on cartilage. Autoradiographic localization of labeled agents indicated that synovial tissue and cartilage were readily penetrated by nitrogen mustard, but only a few synovial lining cells and superficial chondrocytes were labeled with 35S-Thiotepa. Furthermore, trypsin significantly reduced labeling of cartilage with 14C-nitrogen mustard. These data suggest that alkylating agents differentially affect metabolic processes in joint tissues in vivo and that with Thiotepa, this interference occurs primarily in the synovium. The degree of interference is apparently dependent upon the time of exposure to the agents and the relative DNA-RNA synthetic activity of the joint tissue.", "PMID": 110338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9134", "title": "Changes in thylakoid structure associated with the differentiation of heterocysts in the cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica.", "content": "The thylakoids of vegetative cells of the filamentous cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica, are capable of oxygen-evolving photosynthesis and contain both Photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII). The heterocysts, cells specialized for nitrogen fixation, do not produce oxygen and lack Photosystem II activity, the major accessory pigments, and perhaps the chlorophyll a associated with PSII. Freeze-fracture replicas of vegetative cells and of heterocysts reveal differences in the structure of the thylakoids. A histogram of particle sizes on the exoplasmic fracture face (E-face, EF) of vegetative cell thylakoids has two major peaks, at 75 and 100 A. The corresponding histogram for heterocyst thylakoids lacks the 100 A size class, but has a very large peak at about 55 A with a shoulder at 75 A. Histograms of protoplasmic fracture face (P-face, PF) particle diameters show single broad peaks, the mean diameter being 71 A for vegetative cells and 64 A for heterocysts. The thylakoids of both cell types have about 5600 particles/micrometers2 on the P-face. On the E-face, the density drops from 939 particles/micrometers2 on vegetative cell thylakoids to 715 particles/micrometers2 on heterocyst thylakoids. The data suggest that the 100 A E-face particle of vegetative cell thylakoids is a PSII complex. The 55 A EF particle of heterocysts may be part of the nitrogenase complex or a remnant of the PSII complex. The role of the 75 A EF particle is unknown. Other functions localized on cyanobacterial thylakoids, such as respiration and hydrogenase activity, must be considered when interpreting the structure of these complex thylakoids.", "contents": "Changes in thylakoid structure associated with the differentiation of heterocysts in the cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica. The thylakoids of vegetative cells of the filamentous cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica, are capable of oxygen-evolving photosynthesis and contain both Photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII). The heterocysts, cells specialized for nitrogen fixation, do not produce oxygen and lack Photosystem II activity, the major accessory pigments, and perhaps the chlorophyll a associated with PSII. Freeze-fracture replicas of vegetative cells and of heterocysts reveal differences in the structure of the thylakoids. A histogram of particle sizes on the exoplasmic fracture face (E-face, EF) of vegetative cell thylakoids has two major peaks, at 75 and 100 A. The corresponding histogram for heterocyst thylakoids lacks the 100 A size class, but has a very large peak at about 55 A with a shoulder at 75 A. Histograms of protoplasmic fracture face (P-face, PF) particle diameters show single broad peaks, the mean diameter being 71 A for vegetative cells and 64 A for heterocysts. The thylakoids of both cell types have about 5600 particles/micrometers2 on the P-face. On the E-face, the density drops from 939 particles/micrometers2 on vegetative cell thylakoids to 715 particles/micrometers2 on heterocyst thylakoids. The data suggest that the 100 A E-face particle of vegetative cell thylakoids is a PSII complex. The 55 A EF particle of heterocysts may be part of the nitrogenase complex or a remnant of the PSII complex. The role of the 75 A EF particle is unknown. Other functions localized on cyanobacterial thylakoids, such as respiration and hydrogenase activity, must be considered when interpreting the structure of these complex thylakoids.", "PMID": 110342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9135", "title": "Photosynthetic vesicles with bound phycobilisomes from Anabaena variabilis.", "content": "Photosynthetically active vesicles with attached phycobilisomes from Anabaena variabilis, were isolated and shown to transfer excitation energy from phycobiliproteins to F696 chlorophyll (Photosystem II). The best results were obtained when cells were disrupted in a sucrose/phosphate/citrate mixture (0.3 : 0.5 : 0.3 M, respectively) containing 1.5% serum albumin. The vesicles showed a phycocyanin/chlorophyll ratio essentially identical to that of whole cells, and oxygen evolution rates of 250 mumol O2/h per mg chlorophyll (with 4 mM ferricyanide added as oxidant), whereas whole cells had rates of up to 450. Excitation of the vesicles by 600 nm light produced fluorescence peaks (-196 degrees C) at 644, 662, 685, 695, and 730 nm. On aging of the vesicles, or upon dilution, the fluorescence yield of the 695 nm emission peak gradually decreased with an accompanying increase and final predominant peak at 685 nm. This shift was accompanied by a decrease in the quantum efficiency of Photosystem II activity from an initial 0.05 to as low as 0.01 mol O2/einstein (605 nm), with a lesser change in the Vmax values. The decrease in the quantum efficiency is mainly attributed to excitation uncoupling between phycobilisomes and Photosystem II. It is concluded that the F685 nm emission peak, often exclusively attributed to Photosystem II chlorophyll, arises from more than one component with phycobilisome emission being a major contributor. Vesicles from which phycobilisomes had been removed, as verified by electron microscopy and spectroscopy, had an almost negligible emission at 685 nm.", "contents": "Photosynthetic vesicles with bound phycobilisomes from Anabaena variabilis. Photosynthetically active vesicles with attached phycobilisomes from Anabaena variabilis, were isolated and shown to transfer excitation energy from phycobiliproteins to F696 chlorophyll (Photosystem II). The best results were obtained when cells were disrupted in a sucrose/phosphate/citrate mixture (0.3 : 0.5 : 0.3 M, respectively) containing 1.5% serum albumin. The vesicles showed a phycocyanin/chlorophyll ratio essentially identical to that of whole cells, and oxygen evolution rates of 250 mumol O2/h per mg chlorophyll (with 4 mM ferricyanide added as oxidant), whereas whole cells had rates of up to 450. Excitation of the vesicles by 600 nm light produced fluorescence peaks (-196 degrees C) at 644, 662, 685, 695, and 730 nm. On aging of the vesicles, or upon dilution, the fluorescence yield of the 695 nm emission peak gradually decreased with an accompanying increase and final predominant peak at 685 nm. This shift was accompanied by a decrease in the quantum efficiency of Photosystem II activity from an initial 0.05 to as low as 0.01 mol O2/einstein (605 nm), with a lesser change in the Vmax values. The decrease in the quantum efficiency is mainly attributed to excitation uncoupling between phycobilisomes and Photosystem II. It is concluded that the F685 nm emission peak, often exclusively attributed to Photosystem II chlorophyll, arises from more than one component with phycobilisome emission being a major contributor. Vesicles from which phycobilisomes had been removed, as verified by electron microscopy and spectroscopy, had an almost negligible emission at 685 nm.", "PMID": 110343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9136", "title": "Differential perturbation of erythrocyte membrane-associated transport and enzyme activities by structurally related lipophilic compounds.", "content": "The alteration of two erythrocyte plasma membrane functions, acetylcholine hydrolysis and glucose exchange, by a series of structurally related small lipophilic compounds which exhibit antihemolytic behavior was studied. 2-Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene is a more potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase than the 3'-methyl analogue, while the unsubstituted compound fails to inhibit. Esterase inhibition by the 2-methyl compound is non-competitive and dependent on the anion composition of the assay buffer. The temperature dependence of acetylcholinesterase activity in the presence of the 2-methyl compound suggests that interaction with inhibitor is influenced by the state of lipids tightly bound to the enzyme. Glucose exchange is inhibited to the same extent by both methyl derivatives but not by the unsubstituted dye, and the temperature dependence in the presence of inhibitor is not grossly altered. The lack of correlation between inhibition of membrane function adn stabilization of erythrocytes against osmotic hemolysis is discussed.", "contents": "Differential perturbation of erythrocyte membrane-associated transport and enzyme activities by structurally related lipophilic compounds. The alteration of two erythrocyte plasma membrane functions, acetylcholine hydrolysis and glucose exchange, by a series of structurally related small lipophilic compounds which exhibit antihemolytic behavior was studied. 2-Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene is a more potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase than the 3'-methyl analogue, while the unsubstituted compound fails to inhibit. Esterase inhibition by the 2-methyl compound is non-competitive and dependent on the anion composition of the assay buffer. The temperature dependence of acetylcholinesterase activity in the presence of the 2-methyl compound suggests that interaction with inhibitor is influenced by the state of lipids tightly bound to the enzyme. Glucose exchange is inhibited to the same extent by both methyl derivatives but not by the unsubstituted dye, and the temperature dependence in the presence of inhibitor is not grossly altered. The lack of correlation between inhibition of membrane function adn stabilization of erythrocytes against osmotic hemolysis is discussed.", "PMID": 110344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9137", "title": "Hydrophobic membrane protein from chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum. Structural and spectroscopic studies of monolayers and multilayers.", "content": "A hydrophobic, lipid- and pigment-free polypeptide from the chromatophore membrane of Rhodospirillum rubrum was spread from chloroform/methanol, pyridine and formic acid solutions at an air-water interface. Surface pressure versus area isotherms of the monolayers formed at the interface were partially dependent upon the spreading solvent used. From the surface area at 20 dynes/cm compression, an average molecular area of 12.9 nm2/molecule was calculated for a polypeptide monolayer spread from chloroform/methanol. Multilayers built up on germanium plates at different surface pressures were subjected to attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. In all cases the amide I and II absorption bands were typical of alpha-helical and random conformations. Electron microscopy of transferred monolayers replicated by rotary platinum shadowing revealed domains of regular texture in specimens prepared at 20 dynes/cm. Such domains were virtually absent in specimens prepared at 10 and 30 dynes/cm. Light optical diffractometry of the ordered arrays yielded a smallest repetitive area of 13.5 nm2 which agrees well with the molecular area obtained from the monolayer surface. Although no drastic changes in secondary structure were detected in the course of this study, some conformational changes are indicated by solvent-dependent differences in the surface pressure versus area isotherms.", "contents": "Hydrophobic membrane protein from chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum. Structural and spectroscopic studies of monolayers and multilayers. A hydrophobic, lipid- and pigment-free polypeptide from the chromatophore membrane of Rhodospirillum rubrum was spread from chloroform/methanol, pyridine and formic acid solutions at an air-water interface. Surface pressure versus area isotherms of the monolayers formed at the interface were partially dependent upon the spreading solvent used. From the surface area at 20 dynes/cm compression, an average molecular area of 12.9 nm2/molecule was calculated for a polypeptide monolayer spread from chloroform/methanol. Multilayers built up on germanium plates at different surface pressures were subjected to attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. In all cases the amide I and II absorption bands were typical of alpha-helical and random conformations. Electron microscopy of transferred monolayers replicated by rotary platinum shadowing revealed domains of regular texture in specimens prepared at 20 dynes/cm. Such domains were virtually absent in specimens prepared at 10 and 30 dynes/cm. Light optical diffractometry of the ordered arrays yielded a smallest repetitive area of 13.5 nm2 which agrees well with the molecular area obtained from the monolayer surface. Although no drastic changes in secondary structure were detected in the course of this study, some conformational changes are indicated by solvent-dependent differences in the surface pressure versus area isotherms.", "PMID": 110346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9138", "title": "Sugar hydrolases of the infant rat intestine and their arrangement of the brush border membrane.", "content": "Lactase and maltase, the predominant sugar hydrolases associated with the intestinal brush bordermembrane of the suckling rat, were purified essentially free of the other to near homogeneity (lactase at specific activity 23, maltase at specific activity 58), and their specific physiocochemical properties determined. Antisera prepared to each showed by immunodiffusion a single common precipitin line with pure enzyme and solubilized proteins of the brush border membrane. Brush border membranes were purified 26--35-fold from infant rat intestine. Membranes prepared from 10-day-old rats contained 32% protein, 43% lipid and 25% carbohydrate with lactase and maltase estimated to comprise in excess of 10% and 2%, respectively, of the membrane protein. Immunotitration curves of lactase and maltase showed equivalent antibody binding by the membrane-bound and free enzyme forms. Furthermore, antibody binding to one enzyme did not affect the immunotitration curve or the extractability (by papain or Triton X-100) of the other membrane-bound enzyme. It was concluded that the lactase and maltase molecules are attached singly on the external membrane surface in a spatially independent manner with their antigenic sites as freely available to antibody binding as exhibited by their papain-solubilized counterparts.", "contents": "Sugar hydrolases of the infant rat intestine and their arrangement of the brush border membrane. Lactase and maltase, the predominant sugar hydrolases associated with the intestinal brush bordermembrane of the suckling rat, were purified essentially free of the other to near homogeneity (lactase at specific activity 23, maltase at specific activity 58), and their specific physiocochemical properties determined. Antisera prepared to each showed by immunodiffusion a single common precipitin line with pure enzyme and solubilized proteins of the brush border membrane. Brush border membranes were purified 26--35-fold from infant rat intestine. Membranes prepared from 10-day-old rats contained 32% protein, 43% lipid and 25% carbohydrate with lactase and maltase estimated to comprise in excess of 10% and 2%, respectively, of the membrane protein. Immunotitration curves of lactase and maltase showed equivalent antibody binding by the membrane-bound and free enzyme forms. Furthermore, antibody binding to one enzyme did not affect the immunotitration curve or the extractability (by papain or Triton X-100) of the other membrane-bound enzyme. It was concluded that the lactase and maltase molecules are attached singly on the external membrane surface in a spatially independent manner with their antigenic sites as freely available to antibody binding as exhibited by their papain-solubilized counterparts.", "PMID": 110347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9139", "title": "Replication of the linear mitochondrial DNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "1. Electron micrographs of the linear mtDNA from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL show linear molecules with a duplex 'eye' of variable size in the middle. This indicates that replication of this DNA starts near the middle of the molecule and proceeds bidirectionally to the ends, as previously shown for the mtDNA of strain ST (Arnberg, A.C., Van Bruggen, E.F.J., Clegg, R.A., Upholt, W.B. and Borst, P. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 361, 266-276). The mtDNAs of these two strains have little base sequence homology beyond the ribosomal RNA cistron (Goldbach, R.W., Bollen-De Boer, J.E., Van Bruggen, E.F.J. and Borst, P. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 521, 187-197). 2. Electron micrographs of mtDNA from strain ST, spread under non-denaturing conditions, contain only molecules with fully duplex ends. mtDNA spread under conditions of early denaturation contains duplex loops on one end (40% of all molecules) or both ends (37%). The loops are stable to partial denaturation and vary in size from 0.15 to approximately 1.0 micron, most loops measuring 0.25--0.40 micron. No loops are formed with single-stranded DNA under analogous conditions and we conclude from this result that loop formation is based on the presence of straight, rather than inverted, duplications near the ends. 3. When full-length 3H-labelled mtDNA from strain ST, 32P-labelled at the 5'-termini with T4 polynucleotide kinase, was sedimented in alkaline sucrose gradients, greater than 70% of the 3H and less than 30% of the 32P cosedimented with full-length molecules; the remaining 32P sedimented heterogeneously and predominantly with the DNA less than 10% the size of intact single strands. Brief incubations of full-length mtDNA with DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli and labelled dNTPs at 15 degrees C did not lead to preferential labelling of terminal EcoRI fragments of the DNA. From these results we infer that the DNA contains nicks or gaps near the termini and that these are not bordered by free 3'-OH groups. 4. A model is presented in which straight sequence repetitions at the termini of Tetrahymena pyriformis mtDNA are involved in the later stages of replication. This model can also account for the pronounced terminal heterogeneity previously observed in this DNA.", "contents": "Replication of the linear mitochondrial DNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis. 1. Electron micrographs of the linear mtDNA from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL show linear molecules with a duplex 'eye' of variable size in the middle. This indicates that replication of this DNA starts near the middle of the molecule and proceeds bidirectionally to the ends, as previously shown for the mtDNA of strain ST (Arnberg, A.C., Van Bruggen, E.F.J., Clegg, R.A., Upholt, W.B. and Borst, P. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 361, 266-276). The mtDNAs of these two strains have little base sequence homology beyond the ribosomal RNA cistron (Goldbach, R.W., Bollen-De Boer, J.E., Van Bruggen, E.F.J. and Borst, P. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 521, 187-197). 2. Electron micrographs of mtDNA from strain ST, spread under non-denaturing conditions, contain only molecules with fully duplex ends. mtDNA spread under conditions of early denaturation contains duplex loops on one end (40% of all molecules) or both ends (37%). The loops are stable to partial denaturation and vary in size from 0.15 to approximately 1.0 micron, most loops measuring 0.25--0.40 micron. No loops are formed with single-stranded DNA under analogous conditions and we conclude from this result that loop formation is based on the presence of straight, rather than inverted, duplications near the ends. 3. When full-length 3H-labelled mtDNA from strain ST, 32P-labelled at the 5'-termini with T4 polynucleotide kinase, was sedimented in alkaline sucrose gradients, greater than 70% of the 3H and less than 30% of the 32P cosedimented with full-length molecules; the remaining 32P sedimented heterogeneously and predominantly with the DNA less than 10% the size of intact single strands. Brief incubations of full-length mtDNA with DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli and labelled dNTPs at 15 degrees C did not lead to preferential labelling of terminal EcoRI fragments of the DNA. From these results we infer that the DNA contains nicks or gaps near the termini and that these are not bordered by free 3'-OH groups. 4. A model is presented in which straight sequence repetitions at the termini of Tetrahymena pyriformis mtDNA are involved in the later stages of replication. This model can also account for the pronounced terminal heterogeneity previously observed in this DNA.", "PMID": 110348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9140", "title": "Regular, rodlike, macromolecular structures in Artemia salina.", "content": "Artemia salina of different origins and in different developmental stages contains regular, rodlike, macromolecular structures. The particles were visualized by electron microscopy after negative staining. They can be purified from the postmitochondrial supernatant by sucrose gradient centrifugation in the presence of EDTA. Their size distribution has been measured from electron micrographs. The particles are probably nucleoprotein complexes.", "contents": "Regular, rodlike, macromolecular structures in Artemia salina. Artemia salina of different origins and in different developmental stages contains regular, rodlike, macromolecular structures. The particles were visualized by electron microscopy after negative staining. They can be purified from the postmitochondrial supernatant by sucrose gradient centrifugation in the presence of EDTA. Their size distribution has been measured from electron micrographs. The particles are probably nucleoprotein complexes.", "PMID": 110349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9141", "title": "Kinetic mechanism of the aliphatic amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The kinetic constants for hydrolysis and transfer (with hydroxylamine as the alternate acceptor) of the aliphatic amidase (acylamide amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.4) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined for a variety of acetyl and propionyl derivatives. The results obtained were consistent with a ping-pong or substitution mechanism. Product inhibition, which was pH dependent, implicated an acyl-enzyme compound as a compulsory intermediate and indicated that ammonia combined additionally with the free enzyme in a dead-end manner. The uncompetitive activation of acetamide hydrolysis by hydroxylamine and the observation that the partitioning of products between acetic acid and acetohydroxamate was linearly dependent on the hydroxylamine concentration substantiated these conclusions and indicated that deacylation was at least partially rate limiting. With propionamide as the acyl donor apparently anomalous results, which included inequalities in certain kinetic constants and a hyperbolic dependence of the partition ratio on the hydroxylamine concentration, could be explained by postulating a compulsory isomerisation of the acyl-enzyme intermediate prior to the transfer reaction.", "contents": "Kinetic mechanism of the aliphatic amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The kinetic constants for hydrolysis and transfer (with hydroxylamine as the alternate acceptor) of the aliphatic amidase (acylamide amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.4) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined for a variety of acetyl and propionyl derivatives. The results obtained were consistent with a ping-pong or substitution mechanism. Product inhibition, which was pH dependent, implicated an acyl-enzyme compound as a compulsory intermediate and indicated that ammonia combined additionally with the free enzyme in a dead-end manner. The uncompetitive activation of acetamide hydrolysis by hydroxylamine and the observation that the partitioning of products between acetic acid and acetohydroxamate was linearly dependent on the hydroxylamine concentration substantiated these conclusions and indicated that deacylation was at least partially rate limiting. With propionamide as the acyl donor apparently anomalous results, which included inequalities in certain kinetic constants and a hyperbolic dependence of the partition ratio on the hydroxylamine concentration, could be explained by postulating a compulsory isomerisation of the acyl-enzyme intermediate prior to the transfer reaction.", "PMID": 110350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9142", "title": "Differential biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Tetrahymena supplemented with ergosterol.", "content": "Tetrahymena grown with foreign sterols such as ergosterol incorporate them into cellular membranes at the expense of the native compound, tetrahymanol. It is shown that cells grown with ergosterol have a lessened capacity to produce the polyunsaturated linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids from [14C]oleic acid. However, the same cells have normal capacities to introduce double bonds at C-6 into linoleate, alpha-linolenate, or cis-vaccenate. Thus, a presumed 12-desaturase is inhibited in the presence of ergosterol, while desaturation at C-6 is unaffected.", "contents": "Differential biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Tetrahymena supplemented with ergosterol. Tetrahymena grown with foreign sterols such as ergosterol incorporate them into cellular membranes at the expense of the native compound, tetrahymanol. It is shown that cells grown with ergosterol have a lessened capacity to produce the polyunsaturated linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids from [14C]oleic acid. However, the same cells have normal capacities to introduce double bonds at C-6 into linoleate, alpha-linolenate, or cis-vaccenate. Thus, a presumed 12-desaturase is inhibited in the presence of ergosterol, while desaturation at C-6 is unaffected.", "PMID": 110351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9143", "title": "Rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin can be stable at low ionic strength, provided trace amounts of Ca2+ are absent.", "content": "Addition of low concentrations (0.2--2.0 mM) of EGTA to rabbit skeletal muscle G-actin in the presence of ATP caused increase in viscosity. The effect is probably due to chelation of Ca2+. EGTA-polymerized actin was sedimented in the ultracentrifuge as a pellet which could be depolymerized in the presence of Ca2+ and then repolymerized. Electron microscopy indicated that formation of filamentous actin which appears to be somewhat more flexible than F-actin obtained by polymerization with KCl. The EGTA-polymerized actin was dissociated by DNAase I faster than KCl-polymerized actin. F-Actin can thus be stable also in very low ionic strength media if Ca2+ is removed whereas for G-actin to be the only form of the protein in such media, micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ must be present.", "contents": "Rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin can be stable at low ionic strength, provided trace amounts of Ca2+ are absent. Addition of low concentrations (0.2--2.0 mM) of EGTA to rabbit skeletal muscle G-actin in the presence of ATP caused increase in viscosity. The effect is probably due to chelation of Ca2+. EGTA-polymerized actin was sedimented in the ultracentrifuge as a pellet which could be depolymerized in the presence of Ca2+ and then repolymerized. Electron microscopy indicated that formation of filamentous actin which appears to be somewhat more flexible than F-actin obtained by polymerization with KCl. The EGTA-polymerized actin was dissociated by DNAase I faster than KCl-polymerized actin. F-Actin can thus be stable also in very low ionic strength media if Ca2+ is removed whereas for G-actin to be the only form of the protein in such media, micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ must be present.", "PMID": 110352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9144", "title": "Raman spectra and conformational structures of Fab mu and (Fc)5 mu fragments of cryoglobulin IgM-kappa McE.", "content": "Raman spectra have been obtained on aqueous solutions of the following human immunoglobulins: IgM-kappa McE, IgG-kappa Ger, IgM-kappa WSm and IgG-lambda Gui. The former two species exhibit the property of cryoprecipitation. Comparison of the spectra shows that all immunoglobulins have similar secondary structures, predominantly of the beta-sheet type. Fab mu and (Fc)5 mu fragments of IgM-kappa McE also yield Raman spectra which indicate closely similar secondary structures. Minor differences among the spectra can be explained by differences in amino acid compositions of the respective proteins.", "contents": "Raman spectra and conformational structures of Fab mu and (Fc)5 mu fragments of cryoglobulin IgM-kappa McE. Raman spectra have been obtained on aqueous solutions of the following human immunoglobulins: IgM-kappa McE, IgG-kappa Ger, IgM-kappa WSm and IgG-lambda Gui. The former two species exhibit the property of cryoprecipitation. Comparison of the spectra shows that all immunoglobulins have similar secondary structures, predominantly of the beta-sheet type. Fab mu and (Fc)5 mu fragments of IgM-kappa McE also yield Raman spectra which indicate closely similar secondary structures. Minor differences among the spectra can be explained by differences in amino acid compositions of the respective proteins.", "PMID": 110353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9145", "title": "Solution conformation of virginiamycin S. II. The conformation of allohydroxy- and deoxyvirginiamycin S.", "content": "The experimental results of 1H- and 13C-NMR studies of allohydroxy-, and of deoxyvirginiamycin S strongly confirm the conformation that was proposed earlier for the parent virginiamycin S (Anteunis, Callens and Tavernier (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 58, 259--268). The changing nature of dipole-induced dipole interaction is responsible for the specific gradually increasing libration of the N-MePhe side chain along the series virginiamycin S, allohydroxy-, deoxyvirginiamycin S. Previous methods for the estimation of rotameric populations around the alpha, beta bonds are critically evaluated and compared to the present results obtained from interpretation of geminal 2J (beta) coupling constants.", "contents": "Solution conformation of virginiamycin S. II. The conformation of allohydroxy- and deoxyvirginiamycin S. The experimental results of 1H- and 13C-NMR studies of allohydroxy-, and of deoxyvirginiamycin S strongly confirm the conformation that was proposed earlier for the parent virginiamycin S (Anteunis, Callens and Tavernier (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 58, 259--268). The changing nature of dipole-induced dipole interaction is responsible for the specific gradually increasing libration of the N-MePhe side chain along the series virginiamycin S, allohydroxy-, deoxyvirginiamycin S. Previous methods for the estimation of rotameric populations around the alpha, beta bonds are critically evaluated and compared to the present results obtained from interpretation of geminal 2J (beta) coupling constants.", "PMID": 110354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9146", "title": "Solution conformation of virginiamycin S. III. Patricin A: A further model for cooperative effects of the Pro ring conformation and backbone.", "content": "Although the main characteristics of the parent virginiamycin S conformation i.e. a bend of type VI (Lewis, P.N., Momamy, F.A. and Scheraga, H.A. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 303, 211--229) formed by the Pro-N-MePhe-X-PhGly sequence is still present in patricin A, the substitution of X = pipecolic acid by proline in the latter results in a destabilization of the tertiary structure of the depsipeptide, since two isomeric states of a peptidic bond appear in C2HC13 solution. Addition of +/- 30% (v:v) (C2H3)2SO totally shifts this equilibrium in favor of the major parent isomer. These results completely fit with what is known up to now on the occurrence and structure of turns (Chou and Fasman (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 115,135--175).", "contents": "Solution conformation of virginiamycin S. III. Patricin A: A further model for cooperative effects of the Pro ring conformation and backbone. Although the main characteristics of the parent virginiamycin S conformation i.e. a bend of type VI (Lewis, P.N., Momamy, F.A. and Scheraga, H.A. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 303, 211--229) formed by the Pro-N-MePhe-X-PhGly sequence is still present in patricin A, the substitution of X = pipecolic acid by proline in the latter results in a destabilization of the tertiary structure of the depsipeptide, since two isomeric states of a peptidic bond appear in C2HC13 solution. Addition of +/- 30% (v:v) (C2H3)2SO totally shifts this equilibrium in favor of the major parent isomer. These results completely fit with what is known up to now on the occurrence and structure of turns (Chou and Fasman (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 115,135--175).", "PMID": 110355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9147", "title": "The presence of a Ca2+ bridge within the gamma chain of human fibrinogen.", "content": "The presence of Ca2+ increased the mobility of fragment D, and the gamma chain from fibrinogen on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, suggesting that a Ca2+ was associated with these fibrinogen derivatives. The mobilities of the constituent chains from fragment D produced under various conditions, indicate that Ca2+ bound to fibrinogen form an intrachain bridge towards the C-terminus of each gamma chain.", "contents": "The presence of a Ca2+ bridge within the gamma chain of human fibrinogen. The presence of Ca2+ increased the mobility of fragment D, and the gamma chain from fibrinogen on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, suggesting that a Ca2+ was associated with these fibrinogen derivatives. The mobilities of the constituent chains from fragment D produced under various conditions, indicate that Ca2+ bound to fibrinogen form an intrachain bridge towards the C-terminus of each gamma chain.", "PMID": 110356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9148", "title": "Manual solid phase sequence analysis of polypeptides using 4-N-N,-dimethylaminoazobenzene 4'-isothiocyanate.", "content": "A manual solid-phase method for sequence analysis of polypeptides is described. The immobilized polypeptide was subjected to stepwise degradation by Edman-type reagent, using the 4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene 4'-isothiocyanate phenyllisothiocyanate double coupling method. The N-terminal amino acids were released (after conversion reaction) as 4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene 4'-thiohydantoin (identified by thin layer chromatography) and phenylthiohydantoin derivatives. The method required 2--10 nmol polypeptide.", "contents": "Manual solid phase sequence analysis of polypeptides using 4-N-N,-dimethylaminoazobenzene 4'-isothiocyanate. A manual solid-phase method for sequence analysis of polypeptides is described. The immobilized polypeptide was subjected to stepwise degradation by Edman-type reagent, using the 4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene 4'-isothiocyanate phenyllisothiocyanate double coupling method. The N-terminal amino acids were released (after conversion reaction) as 4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene 4'-thiohydantoin (identified by thin layer chromatography) and phenylthiohydantoin derivatives. The method required 2--10 nmol polypeptide.", "PMID": 110357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9149", "title": "Immunological comparison of proline-rich proteins from human and primate parotid secretion.", "content": "Antisera raised in response to proline-rich proteins purified from parotid secretions of man and the primate Macaca fascicularis were employed to investigate the interrelationships of these proteins by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and the combined use of disc gel acrylamide electrophoresis with radial immunodiffusion. The major human proline-rich proteins, PRP I, PRP II, PRP III and PRP IV as well as several minor proline-rich proteins cross-react with antiserum to PRP I or PRP III. Similarly primate parotid saliva contains several components cross-reacting with antiserum directed against a purified primate proline-rich protein, MPRP. Antiserum to PRP I or PRP III cross-reacted with MPRP and primate parotid saliva protein, whereas antiserum to MPRP cross-reacted only with human parotid saliva protein and not with the isolated human proline-rich proteins. The immunological relationships of these salivary proline-rich proteins within and between species suggest their origin from a common precursor molecule.", "contents": "Immunological comparison of proline-rich proteins from human and primate parotid secretion. Antisera raised in response to proline-rich proteins purified from parotid secretions of man and the primate Macaca fascicularis were employed to investigate the interrelationships of these proteins by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and the combined use of disc gel acrylamide electrophoresis with radial immunodiffusion. The major human proline-rich proteins, PRP I, PRP II, PRP III and PRP IV as well as several minor proline-rich proteins cross-react with antiserum to PRP I or PRP III. Similarly primate parotid saliva contains several components cross-reacting with antiserum directed against a purified primate proline-rich protein, MPRP. Antiserum to PRP I or PRP III cross-reacted with MPRP and primate parotid saliva protein, whereas antiserum to MPRP cross-reacted only with human parotid saliva protein and not with the isolated human proline-rich proteins. The immunological relationships of these salivary proline-rich proteins within and between species suggest their origin from a common precursor molecule.", "PMID": 110358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9150", "title": "Characterization of an inhibitor of the intracellular protease from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A specific inhibitor of intracellular serylprotease from Bacillus subtilis has been isolated from both growing and sporulating cells. Like other protease inhibitors isolated from eukaryotic cells, the inhibitor from B. subtilis is a thermostable protein. A purification method is described. The molecular weight estimated by Biogel filtration and SDS gel electrophoresis is about 15,500. Both proteolytic and esterolytic activities of intracellular protease are equally sensitive to inhibition. With azocoll or Z-tyrosine p-nitrophenylester as substrates, noncompetitive inhibition patterns are observed. The inhibitor has no effect on the proteolytic or esterolytic activities of the extracellular serylprotease. A similar thermostable inhibitor is also present in Bacillus megaterium.", "contents": "Characterization of an inhibitor of the intracellular protease from Bacillus subtilis. A specific inhibitor of intracellular serylprotease from Bacillus subtilis has been isolated from both growing and sporulating cells. Like other protease inhibitors isolated from eukaryotic cells, the inhibitor from B. subtilis is a thermostable protein. A purification method is described. The molecular weight estimated by Biogel filtration and SDS gel electrophoresis is about 15,500. Both proteolytic and esterolytic activities of intracellular protease are equally sensitive to inhibition. With azocoll or Z-tyrosine p-nitrophenylester as substrates, noncompetitive inhibition patterns are observed. The inhibitor has no effect on the proteolytic or esterolytic activities of the extracellular serylprotease. A similar thermostable inhibitor is also present in Bacillus megaterium.", "PMID": 110359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9151", "title": "[Subtilisin 72: a serine protease from Bac. subtilis strain 72 - an enzyme similar to subtilisin Carlsberg].", "content": "Subtilisin 72, a serine proteinase secreted by Bac. subtilis strain 72 was purified by covalent chromatography on Sepharose sorbent containing p-(omega-aminomethyl)phenylboronic acid as a ligand. The homogeneity of subtilisin 72 was confirmed by isoelectrofocusing in a thin layer of polyacrylamide gel (pl 8.6). The amino acid composition of this enzyme is different from that of other subtilisins, e. g. subtilisin Carlsberg. The N = terminal amino acid sequence of subtilisin 72 traced up to the 35th residue turned to be the same as that of subtilisin Carlsberg with the exception of the 21st (Tyr) and the 30th (Ile) residues. This very pronounced extent of homology shows that subtilisin 72 is very similar although not identical to subtilisin Carlsberg.", "contents": "[Subtilisin 72: a serine protease from Bac. subtilis strain 72 - an enzyme similar to subtilisin Carlsberg]. Subtilisin 72, a serine proteinase secreted by Bac. subtilis strain 72 was purified by covalent chromatography on Sepharose sorbent containing p-(omega-aminomethyl)phenylboronic acid as a ligand. The homogeneity of subtilisin 72 was confirmed by isoelectrofocusing in a thin layer of polyacrylamide gel (pl 8.6). The amino acid composition of this enzyme is different from that of other subtilisins, e. g. subtilisin Carlsberg. The N = terminal amino acid sequence of subtilisin 72 traced up to the 35th residue turned to be the same as that of subtilisin Carlsberg with the exception of the 21st (Tyr) and the 30th (Ile) residues. This very pronounced extent of homology shows that subtilisin 72 is very similar although not identical to subtilisin Carlsberg.", "PMID": 110360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9152", "title": "Porous polysulfone as an attachment vehicle for orthopedic and dental implants.", "content": "The mechanical properties of porous polysulfone (PSF) were determined and its performance as a surface coating on orthopedic and dental implants evaluated. Ten coated femoral prostheses were implanted in nine dogs. A second series of four uncoated \"control\" prostheses and all of the acetabular cups were implanted using conventional bone cement techniques. Six porous PSF coated tooth roots were implanted in healed mandibular premolar extraction sites in three Rhesus monkeys. The shear strength of porous PSF (6 MPa) was comparable to that of trabecular bone. Pushout tests of 1cm. thick sections of the prostheses yielded interfacial shear strength values over 1.4 MPa for the PSF coated hips after 14 weeks and mean values under 0.7 MPa for the bone cemented specimens after 3 and 36 weeks. Bone and fibrous tissue was identified in the pores of coated specimens. Preliminary clinical evaluation of the functioning dental implants revealed zero mobility and other favorable clinical and radiographic indications after 2 months.", "contents": "Porous polysulfone as an attachment vehicle for orthopedic and dental implants. The mechanical properties of porous polysulfone (PSF) were determined and its performance as a surface coating on orthopedic and dental implants evaluated. Ten coated femoral prostheses were implanted in nine dogs. A second series of four uncoated \"control\" prostheses and all of the acetabular cups were implanted using conventional bone cement techniques. Six porous PSF coated tooth roots were implanted in healed mandibular premolar extraction sites in three Rhesus monkeys. The shear strength of porous PSF (6 MPa) was comparable to that of trabecular bone. Pushout tests of 1cm. thick sections of the prostheses yielded interfacial shear strength values over 1.4 MPa for the PSF coated hips after 14 weeks and mean values under 0.7 MPa for the bone cemented specimens after 3 and 36 weeks. Bone and fibrous tissue was identified in the pores of coated specimens. Preliminary clinical evaluation of the functioning dental implants revealed zero mobility and other favorable clinical and radiographic indications after 2 months.", "PMID": 110374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9153", "title": "Enzyme immobilization techniques on poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) carrier with penicillin amidase as model.", "content": "Two types of bead-form macroporous carriers based on glycidyl methacrylate with ethylene dimethacrylate copolymers were used for the immobilization of penicillin amidase either directly or after chemical modification. Direct binding through oxirane groups, which is equally efficient at pH 4.2 and 7, is relatively slow and brings about an activity loss at low enzyme concentrations. The most efficient immobilization was achieved on glutaraldehyde-activated amino carrier, irrespective of whether the amino groups were formed by ammonia or 1,6-diaminohexane treatment of the original oxirane carrier. Hydrazine treatment gave lower immobilization yields. The same is true of the azide method independent of the length of the spacer. Most enzyme activity was preserved by coupling the carbodiimide-activated enzyme to the carrier with alkyl or arylamino groups at the end of a longer substituent. Immobilization on diazo-modified carrier gave average results. Rapid immobilization by a lysine-modified phosgene-treated carrier resulted in an activity loss. It is suggested that multipoint and very tight attachment of the enzyme molecule to the matrix decreased the activity. The immobilized activity is quite stable in solution and very stable upon lyophilization with sucrose.", "contents": "Enzyme immobilization techniques on poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) carrier with penicillin amidase as model. Two types of bead-form macroporous carriers based on glycidyl methacrylate with ethylene dimethacrylate copolymers were used for the immobilization of penicillin amidase either directly or after chemical modification. Direct binding through oxirane groups, which is equally efficient at pH 4.2 and 7, is relatively slow and brings about an activity loss at low enzyme concentrations. The most efficient immobilization was achieved on glutaraldehyde-activated amino carrier, irrespective of whether the amino groups were formed by ammonia or 1,6-diaminohexane treatment of the original oxirane carrier. Hydrazine treatment gave lower immobilization yields. The same is true of the azide method independent of the length of the spacer. Most enzyme activity was preserved by coupling the carbodiimide-activated enzyme to the carrier with alkyl or arylamino groups at the end of a longer substituent. Immobilization on diazo-modified carrier gave average results. Rapid immobilization by a lysine-modified phosgene-treated carrier resulted in an activity loss. It is suggested that multipoint and very tight attachment of the enzyme molecule to the matrix decreased the activity. The immobilized activity is quite stable in solution and very stable upon lyophilization with sucrose.", "PMID": 110376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9154", "title": "Secretion of cellulase and beta-glucosidase by Trichoderma viride ITCC-1433 in submerged culture on different substrates.", "content": "Trichoderma viride ITCC-1433 produces high yields of cellulase and especially beta-glucosidase when grown in submerged culture on different carbon sources. Cellulase synthesis was strongly repressed in the presence of glucose and only a low constitutive activity of beta-glucosidase and carboxymethylcellulase, but no Avicelase, could be demonstrated when culturing T. viride on glucose. With carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a substrate the secretion of enzyme as well as growth depended on the degree of substitution, but in general CMC cannot be regarded either as a powerful inducer or as a carbon source. With insoluble cellulose, maximum enzyme production and activities were obtained using an alkali-treated cellulose powder. On this substrate the excretion of soluble protein into the culture broth increased and the protein concentration corresponded to cellulolytic activities.", "contents": "Secretion of cellulase and beta-glucosidase by Trichoderma viride ITCC-1433 in submerged culture on different substrates. Trichoderma viride ITCC-1433 produces high yields of cellulase and especially beta-glucosidase when grown in submerged culture on different carbon sources. Cellulase synthesis was strongly repressed in the presence of glucose and only a low constitutive activity of beta-glucosidase and carboxymethylcellulase, but no Avicelase, could be demonstrated when culturing T. viride on glucose. With carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a substrate the secretion of enzyme as well as growth depended on the degree of substitution, but in general CMC cannot be regarded either as a powerful inducer or as a carbon source. With insoluble cellulose, maximum enzyme production and activities were obtained using an alkali-treated cellulose powder. On this substrate the excretion of soluble protein into the culture broth increased and the protein concentration corresponded to cellulolytic activities.", "PMID": 110377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9155", "title": "[Myoglobin content and oxygen tension in the muscle tissues in allergic reactions].", "content": "The influence of sensitization to horse serum, brucelia and BCG, and the allergic reactions induced by these antigens, on the oxygen tension and myoglobin content in the muscle tissues was studied. The lowering of myoglobin concentration associated with higher sensitivity formation was noted only in sensitization to living microbial strains. The allergic responses of immediate and delayed types provoked the decrease in myoglobin content both in the heart and skeletal muscles. The tension of oxygen in the skeletal muscle was reduced.", "contents": "[Myoglobin content and oxygen tension in the muscle tissues in allergic reactions]. The influence of sensitization to horse serum, brucelia and BCG, and the allergic reactions induced by these antigens, on the oxygen tension and myoglobin content in the muscle tissues was studied. The lowering of myoglobin concentration associated with higher sensitivity formation was noted only in sensitization to living microbial strains. The allergic responses of immediate and delayed types provoked the decrease in myoglobin content both in the heart and skeletal muscles. The tension of oxygen in the skeletal muscle was reduced.", "PMID": 110378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9156", "title": "[Effect of 7,8-benzoflavone on the incidence of skin tumors induced by polycyclic hydrocarbons].", "content": "Tumours were induced in CBA mice or (C57BL X CBA)F1 hybrids by the application of benz(a)pyrene (BP), 6-methylBP, 6-formylBP or 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) to the skin. 7,8-benzoflavone (BF) used in combination with the mentioned agents decreased the carcinogenic action of methyl-substituted hydrocarbons--DMBA and 6-methylBP and had no effect on the carcinogenic action of BP and 6-formylBP. It is suggested that the inhibitory action of BF on carcinogenesis induced by methyl-substituted hydrocarbons was due to the inhibited oxidation of the methyl group.", "contents": "[Effect of 7,8-benzoflavone on the incidence of skin tumors induced by polycyclic hydrocarbons]. Tumours were induced in CBA mice or (C57BL X CBA)F1 hybrids by the application of benz(a)pyrene (BP), 6-methylBP, 6-formylBP or 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) to the skin. 7,8-benzoflavone (BF) used in combination with the mentioned agents decreased the carcinogenic action of methyl-substituted hydrocarbons--DMBA and 6-methylBP and had no effect on the carcinogenic action of BP and 6-formylBP. It is suggested that the inhibitory action of BF on carcinogenesis induced by methyl-substituted hydrocarbons was due to the inhibited oxidation of the methyl group.", "PMID": 110379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9157", "title": "[Smoking as a psychological and social problem].", "content": "1. The ill-effects of smoking on health not only concern the smoker but the entire population living in the same society and sharing the economy. Smoking is associated with a general increase of costs involved with increased morbidity, lowering of the social product and excess mortality. 2. The main prolem in weaning from smoking is related to the origin of smoking which is in large measure unknown. Smoking habits should not be analyzed on an individual basis only. It represents a \"minor addiction\" with the origin within the society. This is the result of an analysis of motives leading to smoking. Social habits, examples, deprivation of senses, dullness, anxiety, stress, and smoking as a symbol of status play a major role. 3. Stress carries a dual risk, it encourages to smoking and it exerts direct effects an organ function. 4. Smoking is enhanced by its somatic effects which activate in turn again smoking. Weaning from smoking does not affect the origin of the addiction thereby remaining symptomatic treatment. 5. There is a constant replacement of old smokers with smokers originating in the young generation. Smoking habits have the tendency to spread out of the smoking population over the non-smokers. A combat against this infiltration can only be successful by creating new values and by producing a new habit of non-smoking.", "contents": "[Smoking as a psychological and social problem]. 1. The ill-effects of smoking on health not only concern the smoker but the entire population living in the same society and sharing the economy. Smoking is associated with a general increase of costs involved with increased morbidity, lowering of the social product and excess mortality. 2. The main prolem in weaning from smoking is related to the origin of smoking which is in large measure unknown. Smoking habits should not be analyzed on an individual basis only. It represents a \"minor addiction\" with the origin within the society. This is the result of an analysis of motives leading to smoking. Social habits, examples, deprivation of senses, dullness, anxiety, stress, and smoking as a symbol of status play a major role. 3. Stress carries a dual risk, it encourages to smoking and it exerts direct effects an organ function. 4. Smoking is enhanced by its somatic effects which activate in turn again smoking. Weaning from smoking does not affect the origin of the addiction thereby remaining symptomatic treatment. 5. There is a constant replacement of old smokers with smokers originating in the young generation. Smoking habits have the tendency to spread out of the smoking population over the non-smokers. A combat against this infiltration can only be successful by creating new values and by producing a new habit of non-smoking.", "PMID": 110384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9158", "title": "Loss and recovery of reactivity to noxious stimuli in monkeys with primary spinothalamic cordotomies, followed by secondary and tertiary lesions of other cord sectors.", "content": "Cebus albifrons monkeys were trained to escape electrical stimulation of either leg at five intensities, spanning a range from mild tingle to intense but tolerable pain, as judged by human observers who experienced the same stimuli. The average duration of stimulation received by the animals at each intensity was plotted for each leg during the period required for recovery of responsiveness to noxious electrical stimulation following ventrolateral spinal cordotomy. Recovery of escape responding was observed similarly following subsequent lesions to the spinal cord, in an attempt to define the pathways that subserve pain conduction after readjustment from cordotomies that produced substantial deficits of escape behaviour. The most enduring elevations of duration of stimulation by lesion I (left cordotomy) were produced by lesions that involved all of the ventrolateral column and most or all of one or both ventral columns. Secondary lesions of the dorsal columns, Lissauer's tract and the dorsolateral columns, in various combinations, did not produce long-term effects on escape responding. In contrast, a complete ventral hemisection produced a pronounced bilateral deficit that did not recover fully over three hundred and five post-operative days. The major conclusions are: (1) that the dorsal pathways do not play a major role in the rostral conduction of information critical for pain perception in monkeys, even though these pathways receive input from high threshold receptors; and (2) in order to produce a lasting decrease of pain sensitivity in primates by spinal surgery, the lesion must be bilateral and must involve both the ventrolateral and ventral columns.", "contents": "Loss and recovery of reactivity to noxious stimuli in monkeys with primary spinothalamic cordotomies, followed by secondary and tertiary lesions of other cord sectors. Cebus albifrons monkeys were trained to escape electrical stimulation of either leg at five intensities, spanning a range from mild tingle to intense but tolerable pain, as judged by human observers who experienced the same stimuli. The average duration of stimulation received by the animals at each intensity was plotted for each leg during the period required for recovery of responsiveness to noxious electrical stimulation following ventrolateral spinal cordotomy. Recovery of escape responding was observed similarly following subsequent lesions to the spinal cord, in an attempt to define the pathways that subserve pain conduction after readjustment from cordotomies that produced substantial deficits of escape behaviour. The most enduring elevations of duration of stimulation by lesion I (left cordotomy) were produced by lesions that involved all of the ventrolateral column and most or all of one or both ventral columns. Secondary lesions of the dorsal columns, Lissauer's tract and the dorsolateral columns, in various combinations, did not produce long-term effects on escape responding. In contrast, a complete ventral hemisection produced a pronounced bilateral deficit that did not recover fully over three hundred and five post-operative days. The major conclusions are: (1) that the dorsal pathways do not play a major role in the rostral conduction of information critical for pain perception in monkeys, even though these pathways receive input from high threshold receptors; and (2) in order to produce a lasting decrease of pain sensitivity in primates by spinal surgery, the lesion must be bilateral and must involve both the ventrolateral and ventral columns.", "PMID": 110388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9159", "title": "Rehabilitation following early malnutrition in the rat: body weight, brain size, and cerebral cortex development.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats were malnourished by giving their mothers an 8% casein diet starting at day 10 of gestation, while controls were fed a 24% casein diet. Starting at postnatal day 20 (P20), rehabilitation of the malnourished animals was attempted by: (1) feeding both mother and young a 24% casein diet, (2) leaving the pups with their mothers until they were 40 days old, and (3) reducing the litter size from 8 to 4 pups. Observations were made on aldehyde-perfused tissue from animals 20, 40 and 70 days old. The somatosensory cortex from one hemisphere was embedded in Araldite, and that from the other side was processed fro Golgi staining. At 20 days of age the body weight of the malnourished animals was 21% that of the controls, but at 70 days it was no longer different. The anterior-posterior length, the width, and the height of the cerebral hemispheres were also significantly reduced at P20, but the differences had disappeared by P70. The thickness of area 3 of the cerebral cortex was measured in 1 micron sections. It was significantly reduced in the malnourished animals at P20, but at P40, following rehabilitation, the difference was no longer statistically significant. In tangential 1 micron sections the fraction of the volume of tissue occupied by neuropil was measured in layers II through IV. At P20 it was significantly reduced only in the upper half of layers II/III of the malnourished animals; at P40 this difference was no longer present. The mean volume of upper layer II/III cell bodies was estimated and found to be significantly reduced in the experimental animals at P20 but not at P40. In the Golgi preparations, pyramidal cells in upper layer II/III were studied. Their estimated volume, as well as the thickness of their basal dendrites, was significantly reduced in the 20 day malnourished animals, but not in the rehabilitated animals. These results show that animals severely malnourished until 20 days of age can reach normal body weight and attain cerebral hemispheres of normal size when proper nutrition is provided. The effects of malnutrition on the cerebral cortex of these animals are most apparent in upper layer II/III which, during the time of nutritional restriction, is the least developed of the cortical layers. However, when proper nutrition is provided, the cerebral cortex may attain normal morphology.", "contents": "Rehabilitation following early malnutrition in the rat: body weight, brain size, and cerebral cortex development. Sprague-Dawley rats were malnourished by giving their mothers an 8% casein diet starting at day 10 of gestation, while controls were fed a 24% casein diet. Starting at postnatal day 20 (P20), rehabilitation of the malnourished animals was attempted by: (1) feeding both mother and young a 24% casein diet, (2) leaving the pups with their mothers until they were 40 days old, and (3) reducing the litter size from 8 to 4 pups. Observations were made on aldehyde-perfused tissue from animals 20, 40 and 70 days old. The somatosensory cortex from one hemisphere was embedded in Araldite, and that from the other side was processed fro Golgi staining. At 20 days of age the body weight of the malnourished animals was 21% that of the controls, but at 70 days it was no longer different. The anterior-posterior length, the width, and the height of the cerebral hemispheres were also significantly reduced at P20, but the differences had disappeared by P70. The thickness of area 3 of the cerebral cortex was measured in 1 micron sections. It was significantly reduced in the malnourished animals at P20, but at P40, following rehabilitation, the difference was no longer statistically significant. In tangential 1 micron sections the fraction of the volume of tissue occupied by neuropil was measured in layers II through IV. At P20 it was significantly reduced only in the upper half of layers II/III of the malnourished animals; at P40 this difference was no longer present. The mean volume of upper layer II/III cell bodies was estimated and found to be significantly reduced in the experimental animals at P20 but not at P40. In the Golgi preparations, pyramidal cells in upper layer II/III were studied. Their estimated volume, as well as the thickness of their basal dendrites, was significantly reduced in the 20 day malnourished animals, but not in the rehabilitated animals. These results show that animals severely malnourished until 20 days of age can reach normal body weight and attain cerebral hemispheres of normal size when proper nutrition is provided. The effects of malnutrition on the cerebral cortex of these animals are most apparent in upper layer II/III which, during the time of nutritional restriction, is the least developed of the cortical layers. However, when proper nutrition is provided, the cerebral cortex may attain normal morphology.", "PMID": 110391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9160", "title": "The pathology of tumors. Part II: Diagnostic techniques.", "content": "Frozen section diagnosis of cancer is generally used to 1) determine the type and extent of treatment while the patient is in the operating room and 2) to confirm the adequacy of surgical excision. Frozen section diagnosis forms the basis for further surgery. Because of the pathologist's role in this decision, he should be as familiar as possible with pertinent clinical data (e.g., previous biopsy or surgery) prior to operation. In some cases he may wish to observe the lesion in situ or suggest an area to be biopsied. Frozen section is very reliable in cancer diagnosis. A recent review of 2,240 consecutive sections has shown an overall accuracy of 99.3 percent with 13 false-negatives and only five false-positives. The technique is useful for most specimens, even tissue from needle biopsies. When the pathologist receives the gross specimen he must orient it and describe the color, consistency and size of the tumor and record its appearance prior to sectioning. The specimen must be carefully examined for any indications of inadequate tumor excision. Specimens may have critical areas close to the wound limits and the sections must be careflly oriented to prove or disprove adequate excision. Specimen roentgenography is very useful in evaluating excision and in pinpointing the tumor area. Microscopic description of tumors includes details of pattern, nuclear changes, stroma, and many others. However, only the microscopic findings which have prognostic or therapeutic significance should be emphasized to the surgeon. Summarizing the pertinent findings in a final paragraph of the pathology report can translate routine microscopic description into constructive clinical information which will give the surgeon a clear idea of the probable behavior of the tumor. In addition to the standard procedures for preparing and examining specimens for final diagnosis, there are some special techniques which are extremely useful. These include immunohistochemical staining, electron microscopy, tissue culture and biochemical studies.", "contents": "The pathology of tumors. Part II: Diagnostic techniques. Frozen section diagnosis of cancer is generally used to 1) determine the type and extent of treatment while the patient is in the operating room and 2) to confirm the adequacy of surgical excision. Frozen section diagnosis forms the basis for further surgery. Because of the pathologist's role in this decision, he should be as familiar as possible with pertinent clinical data (e.g., previous biopsy or surgery) prior to operation. In some cases he may wish to observe the lesion in situ or suggest an area to be biopsied. Frozen section is very reliable in cancer diagnosis. A recent review of 2,240 consecutive sections has shown an overall accuracy of 99.3 percent with 13 false-negatives and only five false-positives. The technique is useful for most specimens, even tissue from needle biopsies. When the pathologist receives the gross specimen he must orient it and describe the color, consistency and size of the tumor and record its appearance prior to sectioning. The specimen must be carefully examined for any indications of inadequate tumor excision. Specimens may have critical areas close to the wound limits and the sections must be careflly oriented to prove or disprove adequate excision. Specimen roentgenography is very useful in evaluating excision and in pinpointing the tumor area. Microscopic description of tumors includes details of pattern, nuclear changes, stroma, and many others. However, only the microscopic findings which have prognostic or therapeutic significance should be emphasized to the surgeon. Summarizing the pertinent findings in a final paragraph of the pathology report can translate routine microscopic description into constructive clinical information which will give the surgeon a clear idea of the probable behavior of the tumor. In addition to the standard procedures for preparing and examining specimens for final diagnosis, there are some special techniques which are extremely useful. These include immunohistochemical staining, electron microscopy, tissue culture and biochemical studies.", "PMID": 110397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9161", "title": "Distribution of the perilacunar hypomineralized areas in cortical bone from patients with familial hypophosphatemic (vitamin D-resistant) rickets.", "content": "The perilacunar areas of low mineral density in microradiographs from cortical bone of patients with hypophosphatemic (vitamin D-resistant) rickets are not evenly distributed throughout the bone tissue. Their frequency and distribution were determined in bone from 9 patients with this disease. It was found that the lesion was more frequent in haversian bone than in interstitial bone, and along the inner circumference of growing haversian systems as compared with outer circumference. These findings indicate that the lesion is the result of retarded mineralization, and that mineralization slowly proceeds in these areas as the bone becomes older. A relatively high frequency of the lesion was also found in osteons with an elliptical cross section along the long axis of the ellipse. The cause of the abundance of the lesion at these sites is not clear, but it is possible to explain the uneven distribution in elliptical osteons by assuming an unequal rate of bone formation in these structures.", "contents": "Distribution of the perilacunar hypomineralized areas in cortical bone from patients with familial hypophosphatemic (vitamin D-resistant) rickets. The perilacunar areas of low mineral density in microradiographs from cortical bone of patients with hypophosphatemic (vitamin D-resistant) rickets are not evenly distributed throughout the bone tissue. Their frequency and distribution were determined in bone from 9 patients with this disease. It was found that the lesion was more frequent in haversian bone than in interstitial bone, and along the inner circumference of growing haversian systems as compared with outer circumference. These findings indicate that the lesion is the result of retarded mineralization, and that mineralization slowly proceeds in these areas as the bone becomes older. A relatively high frequency of the lesion was also found in osteons with an elliptical cross section along the long axis of the ellipse. The cause of the abundance of the lesion at these sites is not clear, but it is possible to explain the uneven distribution in elliptical osteons by assuming an unequal rate of bone formation in these structures.", "PMID": 110410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9162", "title": "Age-related changes in the density and tensile strength of human femoral cortical bone.", "content": "In order to ascertain whether the intrinsic strength of human bone changes with age or not, we have determined the ultimate tensile strength and density of strips of femoral cortical bone. These femora were collected from cadavers varying in age from 13 to 97 years. The results show that both density and intrinsic strength of bone increase up to about the fourth decade of life and then decrease with age. However, the rate of decrease of strength is greater than that of density. This indicates that the density of bone is not the sole determining factor of its strength, and that some other factors play an important part.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the density and tensile strength of human femoral cortical bone. In order to ascertain whether the intrinsic strength of human bone changes with age or not, we have determined the ultimate tensile strength and density of strips of femoral cortical bone. These femora were collected from cadavers varying in age from 13 to 97 years. The results show that both density and intrinsic strength of bone increase up to about the fourth decade of life and then decrease with age. However, the rate of decrease of strength is greater than that of density. This indicates that the density of bone is not the sole determining factor of its strength, and that some other factors play an important part.", "PMID": 110411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9163", "title": "Noninvasive measures of bone bending rigidity in the monkey (M. nemestrina).", "content": "The in vivo bending rigidity and bone mineral content of monkey ulnae and tibiae were measured. Bending rigidity in the anteroposterior plane was measured by an impedance probe technique. Forced vibrations of the bones were induced with an electromechanical shaker, and force and velocity at the driving point were determined. The responses over the range of 100-250 Hz were utilized to compute the bending rigidity. Bone mineral content in the cross section was determined by a photon absorption technique. Seventeen male monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) weighing 6-14 kg were evaluated. Repeatability of the rigidity measures was 4%. Bone mineral content was measured with a precision of 3.5%. Bending rigidity was correlated with the mineral content of the cross section, r = 0.899. Two monkeys were evaluated during prolonged hypodynamic restraint. Restraint produced regional losses of bone most obviously in the proximal tibia. Local bone mineral content declines 17 to 24% and the average bending rigidity declines 12 to 22%. Changes in bones leading to a reduction in mineral content and stiffness are discussed.", "contents": "Noninvasive measures of bone bending rigidity in the monkey (M. nemestrina). The in vivo bending rigidity and bone mineral content of monkey ulnae and tibiae were measured. Bending rigidity in the anteroposterior plane was measured by an impedance probe technique. Forced vibrations of the bones were induced with an electromechanical shaker, and force and velocity at the driving point were determined. The responses over the range of 100-250 Hz were utilized to compute the bending rigidity. Bone mineral content in the cross section was determined by a photon absorption technique. Seventeen male monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) weighing 6-14 kg were evaluated. Repeatability of the rigidity measures was 4%. Bone mineral content was measured with a precision of 3.5%. Bending rigidity was correlated with the mineral content of the cross section, r = 0.899. Two monkeys were evaluated during prolonged hypodynamic restraint. Restraint produced regional losses of bone most obviously in the proximal tibia. Local bone mineral content declines 17 to 24% and the average bending rigidity declines 12 to 22%. Changes in bones leading to a reduction in mineral content and stiffness are discussed.", "PMID": 110412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9164", "title": "Comparative uptake of fluoride from sodium fluoride, ammonium fluoride, and barium fluoride in rat teeth when predominantly administered in the pre-eruptive stage of development.", "content": "A comparative study was undertaken which focused on the systemic uptake of sodium fluoride (NaF), ammonium fluoride (NH4F), and barium fluoride (BaF2) in rat pups. Two critical achievements made this comparative study possible: (a) the demonstration of significant increases in fluoride (F) uptake-deposition in the treatment group pups relative to control group rats as a result of stomach tube feeding; and (b) the demonstration of clear-cut differences in F concentration levels between the treatment groups as a result of this stomach tube-systemic uptake. Data were reliable and significant enough to suggest that, of the 3 compounds in question, NH4F is absorbed most successfully in a systemic fashion, whereas BaF2 is the least absorbed.", "contents": "Comparative uptake of fluoride from sodium fluoride, ammonium fluoride, and barium fluoride in rat teeth when predominantly administered in the pre-eruptive stage of development. A comparative study was undertaken which focused on the systemic uptake of sodium fluoride (NaF), ammonium fluoride (NH4F), and barium fluoride (BaF2) in rat pups. Two critical achievements made this comparative study possible: (a) the demonstration of significant increases in fluoride (F) uptake-deposition in the treatment group pups relative to control group rats as a result of stomach tube feeding; and (b) the demonstration of clear-cut differences in F concentration levels between the treatment groups as a result of this stomach tube-systemic uptake. Data were reliable and significant enough to suggest that, of the 3 compounds in question, NH4F is absorbed most successfully in a systemic fashion, whereas BaF2 is the least absorbed.", "PMID": 110413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9165", "title": "Studies on the incongruent solubility of hydroxyapatite.", "content": "The solubility of hydroxyapatite was examined in calcium phosphate mixtures produced by combining Ca(OH)2 and H3PO4 in varying proportions under a wide variety of conditions. Analyses of supernatants for calcium, phosphorus, and pH provided the data for solubility calculations. Alteration of the solid/liquid ratio by removing supernatant or by evacuating water from equilibrated mixtures had little effect on the solubility product. However, when precipitates separated from some mixtures were reequilibrated at various solid/solution ratios in either water, acetate buffer, or supernatants obtained from previous equilibrations, incongruent solubility was demonstrated and was attributed to the formation of other calcium phosphate phases which coated the apatite. The experiments indicated that hydroxyapatite has a thermodynamic solubility product between 10(-57) and 10(-60), but the exact value is difficult to determine because of the formation of surface coats.", "contents": "Studies on the incongruent solubility of hydroxyapatite. The solubility of hydroxyapatite was examined in calcium phosphate mixtures produced by combining Ca(OH)2 and H3PO4 in varying proportions under a wide variety of conditions. Analyses of supernatants for calcium, phosphorus, and pH provided the data for solubility calculations. Alteration of the solid/liquid ratio by removing supernatant or by evacuating water from equilibrated mixtures had little effect on the solubility product. However, when precipitates separated from some mixtures were reequilibrated at various solid/solution ratios in either water, acetate buffer, or supernatants obtained from previous equilibrations, incongruent solubility was demonstrated and was attributed to the formation of other calcium phosphate phases which coated the apatite. The experiments indicated that hydroxyapatite has a thermodynamic solubility product between 10(-57) and 10(-60), but the exact value is difficult to determine because of the formation of surface coats.", "PMID": 110416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9166", "title": "Effect of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on osteoporosis in rats induced by oophorectomy.", "content": "Fifty adult female rats were used to study the effect of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OH-D3) on bone after oophorectomy. The experimental period was 6 months. At the end of the experiment the femurs and the tibias were investigated for bone mass and composition. Significant signs of osteopenia occurred as a result of oophorectomy. The treatment with 1alpha-OH-D3 induced only minor changes in blood chemistry but increased bone mass significantly. The findings support the view that 1alpha-OH-D3 may be a valuable tool in the treatment of osteoporosis resulting from ovarian insufficiency.", "contents": "Effect of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on osteoporosis in rats induced by oophorectomy. Fifty adult female rats were used to study the effect of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OH-D3) on bone after oophorectomy. The experimental period was 6 months. At the end of the experiment the femurs and the tibias were investigated for bone mass and composition. Significant signs of osteopenia occurred as a result of oophorectomy. The treatment with 1alpha-OH-D3 induced only minor changes in blood chemistry but increased bone mass significantly. The findings support the view that 1alpha-OH-D3 may be a valuable tool in the treatment of osteoporosis resulting from ovarian insufficiency.", "PMID": 110417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9167", "title": "Precipitation of calcium phosphates under conditions of double diffusion in collagen and gels of gelatin and agar.", "content": "One-dimensional double diffusion was applied to determine critical concentrations at which the precipitation of calcium phosphates occurs in reconstituted connective tissue collagen and agar gels at 37 degrees C and in gelatin gels at 25 degrees C. Experiments were performed in the presence of unbuffered 0.15 mol dm-3 NaCl, or 0.15 mol dm-3 NaCl-veronal adjusted to pH 7.4. It was found that critical concentrations of precipitation of both precipitating components, CaCl2 and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), were equimolar and independent of the ratios of initial concentrations of the components. Critical concentrations of precipitation were not affected by the concentrations and kinds of gels used. The first-formed precipitates showed amorphous structure by X-ray diffraction analyses. Infrared (IR) spectra of the precipitates indicated CaHPO4 . H2O to be their predominant species. The molar Ca/P ratio obtained by chemical analyses was 1.08. This precipitate transformed in time into octacalcium phosphate. In all experiments, two very thin membranes of precipitate were formed in the gel column at the onset of precipitation simultaneously on both sides of the actual disc of precipitate. IR spectra and chemical analyses showed that both membranes were identical to the actual precipitation discs.", "contents": "Precipitation of calcium phosphates under conditions of double diffusion in collagen and gels of gelatin and agar. One-dimensional double diffusion was applied to determine critical concentrations at which the precipitation of calcium phosphates occurs in reconstituted connective tissue collagen and agar gels at 37 degrees C and in gelatin gels at 25 degrees C. Experiments were performed in the presence of unbuffered 0.15 mol dm-3 NaCl, or 0.15 mol dm-3 NaCl-veronal adjusted to pH 7.4. It was found that critical concentrations of precipitation of both precipitating components, CaCl2 and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), were equimolar and independent of the ratios of initial concentrations of the components. Critical concentrations of precipitation were not affected by the concentrations and kinds of gels used. The first-formed precipitates showed amorphous structure by X-ray diffraction analyses. Infrared (IR) spectra of the precipitates indicated CaHPO4 . H2O to be their predominant species. The molar Ca/P ratio obtained by chemical analyses was 1.08. This precipitate transformed in time into octacalcium phosphate. In all experiments, two very thin membranes of precipitate were formed in the gel column at the onset of precipitation simultaneously on both sides of the actual disc of precipitate. IR spectra and chemical analyses showed that both membranes were identical to the actual precipitation discs.", "PMID": 110419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9168", "title": "Identification of phosphopeptides and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing peptides in epiphyseal growth plate cartilage.", "content": "Uncalcified cartilage from the epiphyseal portion of bovine scapulae, both distant and adjacent to the epiphyseal growth plate, and the calcified cartilage of the epiphyseal growth plate itself were analyzed for the presence of O-phosphoserine [Ser(P)], O-phosphothreonine [Thr(P)] and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (G1a). Only trace amounts of these Ca2+-binding amino acids or the peptides containing them were found in the unmineralized tissues. In contrast, whole calcified cartilage, and especially the most mineralized fraction obtained by density centrifugation, contained considerable amounts of all three amino acids. Essentially all of the G1a and the majority of the Ser(P) and Thr(P) were present in non-collagenous, non-diffusible proteins extractable in EDTA at near-neutral pH.", "contents": "Identification of phosphopeptides and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing peptides in epiphyseal growth plate cartilage. Uncalcified cartilage from the epiphyseal portion of bovine scapulae, both distant and adjacent to the epiphyseal growth plate, and the calcified cartilage of the epiphyseal growth plate itself were analyzed for the presence of O-phosphoserine [Ser(P)], O-phosphothreonine [Thr(P)] and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (G1a). Only trace amounts of these Ca2+-binding amino acids or the peptides containing them were found in the unmineralized tissues. In contrast, whole calcified cartilage, and especially the most mineralized fraction obtained by density centrifugation, contained considerable amounts of all three amino acids. Essentially all of the G1a and the majority of the Ser(P) and Thr(P) were present in non-collagenous, non-diffusible proteins extractable in EDTA at near-neutral pH.", "PMID": 110421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9169", "title": "Bone fluoride concentrations associated with fluoridated drinking water.", "content": "Recently published bone fluoride values from Iowa are very high compared to earlier reports, suggesting an increase in fluoride intake. Reanalysis of the Iowa specimens shows levels one-fourth those reported by the Iowa laboratory indicating an error in the original report. Seventeen bone specimens, collected from long-term residents of Rochester, New York, drinking 1 ppm F- water, had a mean value of 2085 +/- 270 ppm F- on an ashed-weight basis. This value is not significantly different from that predicted by the data of Zipkin et al. in 1958. These data, therefore, do not support the contention that there has been an increase in fluoride intake.", "contents": "Bone fluoride concentrations associated with fluoridated drinking water. Recently published bone fluoride values from Iowa are very high compared to earlier reports, suggesting an increase in fluoride intake. Reanalysis of the Iowa specimens shows levels one-fourth those reported by the Iowa laboratory indicating an error in the original report. Seventeen bone specimens, collected from long-term residents of Rochester, New York, drinking 1 ppm F- water, had a mean value of 2085 +/- 270 ppm F- on an ashed-weight basis. This value is not significantly different from that predicted by the data of Zipkin et al. in 1958. These data, therefore, do not support the contention that there has been an increase in fluoride intake.", "PMID": 110423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9170", "title": "A proposed nucleotide sequence for the 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "Rainbow trout cell cultures have been exposed to 32P-labelled inorganic phosphate and the labelled RNA has been isolated. The 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (5S rRNA) was purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, then digested with RNase T1 or pancreatic RNase. The products of complete digestion were separated and their sequences determined. These analyses have allowed a sequence to be proposed which differs in eight positions from that of mammalian 5S rRNAs.", "contents": "A proposed nucleotide sequence for the 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Rainbow trout cell cultures have been exposed to 32P-labelled inorganic phosphate and the labelled RNA has been isolated. The 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (5S rRNA) was purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, then digested with RNase T1 or pancreatic RNase. The products of complete digestion were separated and their sequences determined. These analyses have allowed a sequence to be proposed which differs in eight positions from that of mammalian 5S rRNAs.", "PMID": 110424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9171", "title": "Aminopeptidase I activities in several microorganisms.", "content": "Aminopeptidase I activity which was found to be localized in the same subcellular fraction and to be similarly heat stable was partially purified by a common procedure from Escherichia coli B, Escherichia coli K12, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. The enzyme preparations were shown to contain a single animopeptidase active toward both leucylleucine and methionylalanylserine by mixed-substrate initial-velocity kinetic analysis. The Km value for leucylleucine was virtually identical for the aminopeptidases of all of the organisms, as was the Km value for methionylalanylserine.", "contents": "Aminopeptidase I activities in several microorganisms. Aminopeptidase I activity which was found to be localized in the same subcellular fraction and to be similarly heat stable was partially purified by a common procedure from Escherichia coli B, Escherichia coli K12, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. The enzyme preparations were shown to contain a single animopeptidase active toward both leucylleucine and methionylalanylserine by mixed-substrate initial-velocity kinetic analysis. The Km value for leucylleucine was virtually identical for the aminopeptidases of all of the organisms, as was the Km value for methionylalanylserine.", "PMID": 110425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9172", "title": "The 2.8 A resolution structure of Streptomyces griseus protease B and its homology with alpha-chymotrypsin and Streptomyces griseus protease A.", "content": "The 2.8 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) resolution structure of the crystalline orthorhombic form of the microbial serine protease Streptomyces griseus protease B (SGPB) has been solved by the method of multiple isomorphous replacement using five heavy-atom derivatives. The geometrical arrangement of the active site quartet, Ser-214, Asp-102, His-57, and Ser-195, is similar to that found for pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsin. SGPB and alpha-chymotrypsin have only 18% identity of primary structure but their tertiary structures are 63% topologically equivalent within a root mean square deviation of 2.07 A. The major tertiary structural differences between the bacterial enzyme SGPB and the pancreatic enzymes is due to the zymogen requirement of the multicellular organisms in order to protect themselves against autolytic degradation. The two pronase enzymes, SGPB and Streptomyces griseus protease A (SGPA), have 61% identity of sequence and their tertiary structures are 85% topologically equivalent within a root mean square deviation of 1.46 A. The active site regions of SGPA and SGPB are similar and their tertiary structures differ only in three minor regions of surface loops.", "contents": "The 2.8 A resolution structure of Streptomyces griseus protease B and its homology with alpha-chymotrypsin and Streptomyces griseus protease A. The 2.8 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) resolution structure of the crystalline orthorhombic form of the microbial serine protease Streptomyces griseus protease B (SGPB) has been solved by the method of multiple isomorphous replacement using five heavy-atom derivatives. The geometrical arrangement of the active site quartet, Ser-214, Asp-102, His-57, and Ser-195, is similar to that found for pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsin. SGPB and alpha-chymotrypsin have only 18% identity of primary structure but their tertiary structures are 63% topologically equivalent within a root mean square deviation of 2.07 A. The major tertiary structural differences between the bacterial enzyme SGPB and the pancreatic enzymes is due to the zymogen requirement of the multicellular organisms in order to protect themselves against autolytic degradation. The two pronase enzymes, SGPB and Streptomyces griseus protease A (SGPA), have 61% identity of sequence and their tertiary structures are 85% topologically equivalent within a root mean square deviation of 1.46 A. The active site regions of SGPA and SGPB are similar and their tertiary structures differ only in three minor regions of surface loops.", "PMID": 110426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9173", "title": "Antibody to an artificial disaccharide antigen cross-reactive with Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "An artificial antigen was prepared from 4-O-beta-I-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose (lactose) and 8-ethoxycarbonyloctanol. Covalent attachment to bovine serum albumin provided an antigen that elicited antilactose antibody in rabbits and goat. These antibodies were active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipopolysaccharide in passive hemagglutination tests. The same antibody agglutinated cells of Streptococcus faecalis, strain N, and precipitated the lactose-containing cell wall diheteroglycan of this organism. Fractionation of rabbit and goat antibody raised against the synthetic antigen of S. faecalis vaccine provided two antibody fractions only one of which, eluted from the immunoadsorbent by galactose, was active against N. gonorrhoeae lipopolysaccharide.", "contents": "Antibody to an artificial disaccharide antigen cross-reactive with Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipopolysaccharide. An artificial antigen was prepared from 4-O-beta-I-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose (lactose) and 8-ethoxycarbonyloctanol. Covalent attachment to bovine serum albumin provided an antigen that elicited antilactose antibody in rabbits and goat. These antibodies were active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipopolysaccharide in passive hemagglutination tests. The same antibody agglutinated cells of Streptococcus faecalis, strain N, and precipitated the lactose-containing cell wall diheteroglycan of this organism. Fractionation of rabbit and goat antibody raised against the synthetic antigen of S. faecalis vaccine provided two antibody fractions only one of which, eluted from the immunoadsorbent by galactose, was active against N. gonorrhoeae lipopolysaccharide.", "PMID": 110427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9174", "title": "Rieger's anomaly with congenital glaucoma a case presentation of postnatal anterior segment maturation.", "content": "We describe an unusual case of Rieger's anomaly with congenital glaucoma in an infant in whom significant maturation of the anterior segment occurred postnatally. Medical treatment of the glaucoma was successful. The control of the glaucoma coincided with the maturation of the angle, suggesting that the two events could be related.", "contents": "Rieger's anomaly with congenital glaucoma a case presentation of postnatal anterior segment maturation. We describe an unusual case of Rieger's anomaly with congenital glaucoma in an infant in whom significant maturation of the anterior segment occurred postnatally. Medical treatment of the glaucoma was successful. The control of the glaucoma coincided with the maturation of the angle, suggesting that the two events could be related.", "PMID": 110428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9175", "title": "Evidence for a periplasmic location in Comamonas terrigena of the inducible tyrosine sulfate sulfohydrolase.", "content": "The location of the inducible and constitutive forms of tyrosine sulfate sulfohydrolase in Comamonas terrigena was investigated by subjecting resting cells to osmotic shock and to treatment with lysozyme in the presence of EDTA. The bulk of this enzyme present in induced cells was released by these procedures, suggesting that the induced form is cell wall associated. The constitutive form present in noninduced cells was not released under these conditions. Evidence was also presented which suggests that SO4(2-)release by intact cells during exposure to tyrosine sulfate was primarily due to the action of the inducible form of the enzyme.", "contents": "Evidence for a periplasmic location in Comamonas terrigena of the inducible tyrosine sulfate sulfohydrolase. The location of the inducible and constitutive forms of tyrosine sulfate sulfohydrolase in Comamonas terrigena was investigated by subjecting resting cells to osmotic shock and to treatment with lysozyme in the presence of EDTA. The bulk of this enzyme present in induced cells was released by these procedures, suggesting that the induced form is cell wall associated. The constitutive form present in noninduced cells was not released under these conditions. Evidence was also presented which suggests that SO4(2-)release by intact cells during exposure to tyrosine sulfate was primarily due to the action of the inducible form of the enzyme.", "PMID": 110429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9176", "title": "Protection of mammalian cells from diphtheria toxin by exogenous nucleotides.", "content": "Exogenous nucleotides were found to protect mammalian cells from the lethal effects of diphtheria toxin. Protective potency of a given nucleotide was base specific and phosphate chain length dependent. Full expression of protective potency required an intact nucleotide, but the effect did not appear to be mediated by nucleotide-induced phosphorylation. Nucleotides antagonized the binding of diphtheria toxin to its cell surface receptor in a manner that correlated with the degree of protection. It was concluded that cellular protection from diphtheria toxin by nucleotides results from inhibition of toxin-receptor binding and that nucleotides therefore may serve as valuable research tools for future studies.", "contents": "Protection of mammalian cells from diphtheria toxin by exogenous nucleotides. Exogenous nucleotides were found to protect mammalian cells from the lethal effects of diphtheria toxin. Protective potency of a given nucleotide was base specific and phosphate chain length dependent. Full expression of protective potency required an intact nucleotide, but the effect did not appear to be mediated by nucleotide-induced phosphorylation. Nucleotides antagonized the binding of diphtheria toxin to its cell surface receptor in a manner that correlated with the degree of protection. It was concluded that cellular protection from diphtheria toxin by nucleotides results from inhibition of toxin-receptor binding and that nucleotides therefore may serve as valuable research tools for future studies.", "PMID": 110430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9177", "title": "Response of various cell lines to Escherichia coli toxic products.", "content": "Seven cell lines were compared with Y-1 and Vero cells for morphological response to E. coli toxic products. FL and WI-38, like Y-1 and Vero, responded to heat-labile enterotoxin. FL, HEp-2, HeLa, and BGM, like Vero but not Y-1, responded to heat-labile cytotoxin. FL was comparable to Vero in sensitivity to these two toxic products.", "contents": "Response of various cell lines to Escherichia coli toxic products. Seven cell lines were compared with Y-1 and Vero cells for morphological response to E. coli toxic products. FL and WI-38, like Y-1 and Vero, responded to heat-labile enterotoxin. FL, HEp-2, HeLa, and BGM, like Vero but not Y-1, responded to heat-labile cytotoxin. FL was comparable to Vero in sensitivity to these two toxic products.", "PMID": 110431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9178", "title": "Release of rhodanese from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by cold shock and its localization within the cell.", "content": "Whole cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa possess rhodanese activity. The enzyme can be released by rapidly resuspending the cells in cold Tris--HCl buffer. Approximately 95% of the rhodanese activity is released by cold shock. Release of the enzyme can be inhibited either by preincubating the cells with Mg2+ or by incorporating Mg2+ into the shocking buffer. The effect of Mg2+ can be reversed by washing the cells twice with buffer prior to cold shock. While rhodanese can be released from P. aeruginosa by cold shock, lactic dehydrogenase, a cytoplasmic enzyme, remains within the cell. Diazo-7-amino-1,3-napthalenedisulfonic acid, a compound which does not penetrate the cytoplasmic membrane, completely inactivated rhodanese and alkaline phosphatase, a periplasmic enzyme, whereas lactic dehydrogenase retained its full activity. These data suggest that rhodanese in P. aeruginosa, like alkaline phosphatase, is located distal to the cytoplasmic membrane in the periplasmic space. Electron micrographs also show that portions of the lipopolysaccharide outer membrane are shed from the cell during cold shock, while cells preincubated with Mg2+ did not release segments of their outer membrane.", "contents": "Release of rhodanese from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by cold shock and its localization within the cell. Whole cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa possess rhodanese activity. The enzyme can be released by rapidly resuspending the cells in cold Tris--HCl buffer. Approximately 95% of the rhodanese activity is released by cold shock. Release of the enzyme can be inhibited either by preincubating the cells with Mg2+ or by incorporating Mg2+ into the shocking buffer. The effect of Mg2+ can be reversed by washing the cells twice with buffer prior to cold shock. While rhodanese can be released from P. aeruginosa by cold shock, lactic dehydrogenase, a cytoplasmic enzyme, remains within the cell. Diazo-7-amino-1,3-napthalenedisulfonic acid, a compound which does not penetrate the cytoplasmic membrane, completely inactivated rhodanese and alkaline phosphatase, a periplasmic enzyme, whereas lactic dehydrogenase retained its full activity. These data suggest that rhodanese in P. aeruginosa, like alkaline phosphatase, is located distal to the cytoplasmic membrane in the periplasmic space. Electron micrographs also show that portions of the lipopolysaccharide outer membrane are shed from the cell during cold shock, while cells preincubated with Mg2+ did not release segments of their outer membrane.", "PMID": 110432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9179", "title": "The extraction and analysis of lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO, and three rough mutants.", "content": "Three spontaneously arising rough mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been isolated by selection for resistance to virulent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) specific bacteriophages. In addition, the first phages specific for rough mutants of P. aeruginosa were isolated. Using these phage and autoagglutination patterns in 4% NaCl and acriflavine, these mutants could be clearly distinguished from the wild-type strain and each other. Chemical analysis of the LPS together with chromatographic resolution of the polysaccharide moieties showed alterations in both O-specific side chains and core regions.", "contents": "The extraction and analysis of lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO, and three rough mutants. Three spontaneously arising rough mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been isolated by selection for resistance to virulent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) specific bacteriophages. In addition, the first phages specific for rough mutants of P. aeruginosa were isolated. Using these phage and autoagglutination patterns in 4% NaCl and acriflavine, these mutants could be clearly distinguished from the wild-type strain and each other. Chemical analysis of the LPS together with chromatographic resolution of the polysaccharide moieties showed alterations in both O-specific side chains and core regions.", "PMID": 110433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9180", "title": "Activation of serum prophenoloxidase in arthropod immunity. The specificity of cell wall glucan activation and activation by purified fungal glycoproteins of crayfish phenoloxidase.", "content": "This study shows that the activation of crayfish serum prophenoloxidase by carbohydrates was specific for beta-1,3-glucans. Fractionation of the beta-1,3-glucan laminaran into laminaran M and laminaran G showed that both activated the proenzyme, but the G-chain had somewhat higher affinity for the proenzyme. Methylation analysis of these two fractions revealed that there were no 1,6-linkages present. Laminaripentaose, a linear pentasaccharide composed of (1 leads to 3)-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl residues was also active but had a lower affinity for the proenzyme than laminaran G. Laminaran completely inhibited the activation of prophenoloxidase by the pentaose. In the concentrations tested, laminaran was not inhibitory to the phenoloxidase activity. Purified extracellular glycoproteins of the parasitic fungus Aphanomyces astaci also strongly activated crayfish serum prophenoloxidase. Only high molecular weight glycoproteins were effective. Exo-beta-1,3-glucanase treatment decreased the activating capacity, suggesting that at least part of the glycoproteins consisted of beta-1,3-glucans. The significance of these results in the defence against parasitic fungi in crayfish is discussed.", "contents": "Activation of serum prophenoloxidase in arthropod immunity. The specificity of cell wall glucan activation and activation by purified fungal glycoproteins of crayfish phenoloxidase. This study shows that the activation of crayfish serum prophenoloxidase by carbohydrates was specific for beta-1,3-glucans. Fractionation of the beta-1,3-glucan laminaran into laminaran M and laminaran G showed that both activated the proenzyme, but the G-chain had somewhat higher affinity for the proenzyme. Methylation analysis of these two fractions revealed that there were no 1,6-linkages present. Laminaripentaose, a linear pentasaccharide composed of (1 leads to 3)-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl residues was also active but had a lower affinity for the proenzyme than laminaran G. Laminaran completely inhibited the activation of prophenoloxidase by the pentaose. In the concentrations tested, laminaran was not inhibitory to the phenoloxidase activity. Purified extracellular glycoproteins of the parasitic fungus Aphanomyces astaci also strongly activated crayfish serum prophenoloxidase. Only high molecular weight glycoproteins were effective. Exo-beta-1,3-glucanase treatment decreased the activating capacity, suggesting that at least part of the glycoproteins consisted of beta-1,3-glucans. The significance of these results in the defence against parasitic fungi in crayfish is discussed.", "PMID": 110434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9181", "title": "Lymphoplasmacytic myeloma: an immunological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study.", "content": "An unusual case of a light chain plasma cell myeloma is described. The disease was initially characterized by a diffuse lymphoplasmacytic bone marrow involvement, but subsequently developed widespread extramedullary metastases with anaplastic tumors in the skin which histologically resembled a \"histiocytic lymphoma.\" Electron microscopic examination, in vitro protein synthesis of bone marrow lymphoidal cells, chemical and immunochemical studies of serum and urine proteins, and intracellular immunoglobulin study by the immunoperoxidase technique on the skin biopsy and postmortem tumor tissue demonstrated evidence for lambda light chain synthesis and secretion. These findings provide further support to the notion that the wide spectrum of diverse morphologic patterns seen in lymphoplasmacytic disorders originates from the same progenitor B-lymphoid cell. Distinguishing anaplastic variant of plasma cell myeloma from other undifferentiated neoplasms offers a challenge.", "contents": "Lymphoplasmacytic myeloma: an immunological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. An unusual case of a light chain plasma cell myeloma is described. The disease was initially characterized by a diffuse lymphoplasmacytic bone marrow involvement, but subsequently developed widespread extramedullary metastases with anaplastic tumors in the skin which histologically resembled a \"histiocytic lymphoma.\" Electron microscopic examination, in vitro protein synthesis of bone marrow lymphoidal cells, chemical and immunochemical studies of serum and urine proteins, and intracellular immunoglobulin study by the immunoperoxidase technique on the skin biopsy and postmortem tumor tissue demonstrated evidence for lambda light chain synthesis and secretion. These findings provide further support to the notion that the wide spectrum of diverse morphologic patterns seen in lymphoplasmacytic disorders originates from the same progenitor B-lymphoid cell. Distinguishing anaplastic variant of plasma cell myeloma from other undifferentiated neoplasms offers a challenge.", "PMID": 110436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9182", "title": "Pseudolymphoma of breast.", "content": "A lymphoid infiltrate in the breast of a 77-year-old woman exhibited histological features warranting a diagnosis of pseudolymphoma. Detection of surface markers on cell suspensions of the lesion revealed approximately equal numbers of B aand T cells and kappa and lambda light chains in the immunoglobulins of the former. This represents ancillary evidence that is consonant with the pseudolymphomatous nature of the infiltration. Recognition of pseudolymphoma of the breast as an entity appears significant from practical and theoretical standpoints and is relevant to considerations concerning the incidence of so-called primary lymphoma of this organ.", "contents": "Pseudolymphoma of breast. A lymphoid infiltrate in the breast of a 77-year-old woman exhibited histological features warranting a diagnosis of pseudolymphoma. Detection of surface markers on cell suspensions of the lesion revealed approximately equal numbers of B aand T cells and kappa and lambda light chains in the immunoglobulins of the former. This represents ancillary evidence that is consonant with the pseudolymphomatous nature of the infiltration. Recognition of pseudolymphoma of the breast as an entity appears significant from practical and theoretical standpoints and is relevant to considerations concerning the incidence of so-called primary lymphoma of this organ.", "PMID": 110437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9183", "title": "Pathologic stage I and II Hodgkin's disease, 1968--1975: relapse and results of retreatment.", "content": "Sixty-seven previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease, pathologic stages I and II, seen during a 7-year period were evaluted with respect to initial staging and treatment, as well as relapse and retreatment results. The initial treatment consisted of radiation therapy (RT) to an involved field (IF) or an extended field (EF) for patients with stages IA and IIA, or RT and, in recent cases, combination chemotherapy [cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, procarbazine, and prednisone (COPP)] for patients with stages IB and IIB. Nineteen of the 67 patients relapsed (28%), including 11 of 56 patients with stages IA and IIA (20%) and 8 of 11 patients with stages IB and IIB (73%). Seventeen of the 19 relapses occurred within 24 months after completion of the initial therapy (89%). The relapse-free survival at 5 years was 75% for the A patients and 25% for the B patients. The actuarial survival of stage IA and stage IIA patients at 5 years was 91%; there was no significant difference between patients treated initially with either IF or EF. The actuarial survival at 5 years for the patients with stages IB and IIB was 88%, as most responded to a second program of induction therapy. No correlation could be found between the pattern of relapse and the initial pathologic stage or the mode of treatment.", "contents": "Pathologic stage I and II Hodgkin's disease, 1968--1975: relapse and results of retreatment. Sixty-seven previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease, pathologic stages I and II, seen during a 7-year period were evaluted with respect to initial staging and treatment, as well as relapse and retreatment results. The initial treatment consisted of radiation therapy (RT) to an involved field (IF) or an extended field (EF) for patients with stages IA and IIA, or RT and, in recent cases, combination chemotherapy [cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, procarbazine, and prednisone (COPP)] for patients with stages IB and IIB. Nineteen of the 67 patients relapsed (28%), including 11 of 56 patients with stages IA and IIA (20%) and 8 of 11 patients with stages IB and IIB (73%). Seventeen of the 19 relapses occurred within 24 months after completion of the initial therapy (89%). The relapse-free survival at 5 years was 75% for the A patients and 25% for the B patients. The actuarial survival of stage IA and stage IIA patients at 5 years was 91%; there was no significant difference between patients treated initially with either IF or EF. The actuarial survival at 5 years for the patients with stages IB and IIB was 88%, as most responded to a second program of induction therapy. No correlation could be found between the pattern of relapse and the initial pathologic stage or the mode of treatment.", "PMID": 110438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9184", "title": "Covalent binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to adenine correlates with tumorigenesis in mouse skin.", "content": "Mouse epidermal homogenates were utilized to convert various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to metabolites capable of binding covalently with nucleic acids. Poly(G) showed the highest capacity to bind covalently with the hydrocarbons; however, there was no correlation between binding to poly(G) and mouse skin tumorigenicity. On the other hand, covalent binding to poly(A) correlated well with values obtained for binding to DNA and mouse skin tumorigenicity. The order of binding to poly(A) was; 7,12-dimethylbenza[a]anthracene greater than benzo[a]pyrene greater than dibenz[a,h]anthracene greater than dibenz[a,c]anthracene.", "contents": "Covalent binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to adenine correlates with tumorigenesis in mouse skin. Mouse epidermal homogenates were utilized to convert various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to metabolites capable of binding covalently with nucleic acids. Poly(G) showed the highest capacity to bind covalently with the hydrocarbons; however, there was no correlation between binding to poly(G) and mouse skin tumorigenicity. On the other hand, covalent binding to poly(A) correlated well with values obtained for binding to DNA and mouse skin tumorigenicity. The order of binding to poly(A) was; 7,12-dimethylbenza[a]anthracene greater than benzo[a]pyrene greater than dibenz[a,h]anthracene greater than dibenz[a,c]anthracene.", "PMID": 110439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9185", "title": "The induction of sister chromatid exchanges by dihydrodiols derived from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and 3-methylcholanthrene.", "content": "The in vitro induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by the polycyclic hydrocarbons, 7,12-dimethylbena[a]anthracene and 3-methylcholanthrene and some of the related dihydrodiols was investigated. Increased numbers of SCEs were seen in the chromosomes of cells exposed to non-K-region dihydrodiols. The most active compounds were the 3,4-dihydrodiol of 7,12-dimethylbenza[a]anthracene and the 7,8- and 9,10-dihydrodiols of 3-methylcholanthrene: the parent hydrocarbons and their corresponding K-region dihydrodiols were relatively less active. The results are consistent with others that suggest that the metabolic activation of both hydrocarbons proceeds through the conversion of non-K-region dihydrodiols into vicinal diol-epoxides.", "contents": "The induction of sister chromatid exchanges by dihydrodiols derived from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and 3-methylcholanthrene. The in vitro induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by the polycyclic hydrocarbons, 7,12-dimethylbena[a]anthracene and 3-methylcholanthrene and some of the related dihydrodiols was investigated. Increased numbers of SCEs were seen in the chromosomes of cells exposed to non-K-region dihydrodiols. The most active compounds were the 3,4-dihydrodiol of 7,12-dimethylbenza[a]anthracene and the 7,8- and 9,10-dihydrodiols of 3-methylcholanthrene: the parent hydrocarbons and their corresponding K-region dihydrodiols were relatively less active. The results are consistent with others that suggest that the metabolic activation of both hydrocarbons proceeds through the conversion of non-K-region dihydrodiols into vicinal diol-epoxides.", "PMID": 110440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9186", "title": "The effects of weak or non-carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene skin tumor-initiation.", "content": "Benzo[e]pyrene (B[e]P) inhibited 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) skin tumor-initiation in mice by 84%, whereas pyrene and fluoranthene inhibited DMBA initiation by 50 and 34%, respectively. However, B[e]P, pyrene and fluoranthene had either no significant effect or a slight enhancing effect on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) skin tumor-initiation. In addition, B[e]P had essentially no effect on the initiating ability of (+/-)B[a]P-7 beta,8 alpha-diol-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxide. As a tumor-initiator, B[e]P was found to have very weak activity at a 252 microgram/level (0.4 papillomas/mouse at 40 weeks) and no activity at 100 microgram. When given at a dose of 100 microgram twice weekly, B[e]P induced 2.1 papillomas/mouse at 30 weeks, and 25% of the mice had carcinomas at 40 weeks. However, B[e]P carcinogenic activity is weak when compared to B[a]P, which can induce a comparable tumor response at a dose of 5 microgram twice weekly. When B[e]P was tested as a tumor promoter at a dose of 100 microgram twice weekly after DMBA initiation, it induced 4.5 papillomas/mouse at 30 weeks and a 45% carcinoma incidence at 40 weeks, which was approximately twice as effective as B[e]P alone. The data show that B[e]P is a very weak tumor initiator, a weak complete carcinogen, a moderate tumor promoter, possibly a weak co-tumor-initiator when given with B[a]P, and a potent anit-tumor-initiator when given with DMBA. The anti-tumor initiating and co-tumor-initiating effects of B[e]P appear to be related to its ability to modify the conversion of the tumor initiator into an electrophilic intermediate(s) which are capable of covalently binding to DNA. In addition, B[e]P induced epidermal cellular proliferation which may be related to its promoting ability.", "contents": "The effects of weak or non-carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene skin tumor-initiation. Benzo[e]pyrene (B[e]P) inhibited 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) skin tumor-initiation in mice by 84%, whereas pyrene and fluoranthene inhibited DMBA initiation by 50 and 34%, respectively. However, B[e]P, pyrene and fluoranthene had either no significant effect or a slight enhancing effect on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) skin tumor-initiation. In addition, B[e]P had essentially no effect on the initiating ability of (+/-)B[a]P-7 beta,8 alpha-diol-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxide. As a tumor-initiator, B[e]P was found to have very weak activity at a 252 microgram/level (0.4 papillomas/mouse at 40 weeks) and no activity at 100 microgram. When given at a dose of 100 microgram twice weekly, B[e]P induced 2.1 papillomas/mouse at 30 weeks, and 25% of the mice had carcinomas at 40 weeks. However, B[e]P carcinogenic activity is weak when compared to B[a]P, which can induce a comparable tumor response at a dose of 5 microgram twice weekly. When B[e]P was tested as a tumor promoter at a dose of 100 microgram twice weekly after DMBA initiation, it induced 4.5 papillomas/mouse at 30 weeks and a 45% carcinoma incidence at 40 weeks, which was approximately twice as effective as B[e]P alone. The data show that B[e]P is a very weak tumor initiator, a weak complete carcinogen, a moderate tumor promoter, possibly a weak co-tumor-initiator when given with B[a]P, and a potent anit-tumor-initiator when given with DMBA. The anti-tumor initiating and co-tumor-initiating effects of B[e]P appear to be related to its ability to modify the conversion of the tumor initiator into an electrophilic intermediate(s) which are capable of covalently binding to DNA. In addition, B[e]P induced epidermal cellular proliferation which may be related to its promoting ability.", "PMID": 110441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9187", "title": "Collagen synthesis in capsules surrounding dimethylbenzanthracene-induced rat breast tumors and the effect of pretreatment with beta-aminopropionitrile.", "content": "Collagen synthesis is increased over three-fold in capsules surrounding dimethylbenzanthracene-induced rat breast tumors compared to the tumor parenchyma and over six-fold compared to normal breast connective tissue. Increased collagen synthesis is independent of the rate of tumor growth and final tumor size. Pretreatment of animals with beta-aminopropionitrile to inhibit collagen cross-linking caused an 82% decrease in tumor formation and a significant reduction in tumor volume (approximately 0.4 cu cm) compared to controls (approximately 10 cu cm). The four small tumors that did develop in the lathyritic animals had increased collagen synthesis in the interior tumor stroma and reduced collagen synthesis in the tumor capsule. These findings suggest that the collagenous capsule surrounding dimethylbenzanthracene tumors functions as a physical barrier to protect the tumor from the immune system of the host. The apparent antitumor effects of beta-aminopropionitrile may be due to immunopotentiation and/or cytotoxic actions of the drug.", "contents": "Collagen synthesis in capsules surrounding dimethylbenzanthracene-induced rat breast tumors and the effect of pretreatment with beta-aminopropionitrile. Collagen synthesis is increased over three-fold in capsules surrounding dimethylbenzanthracene-induced rat breast tumors compared to the tumor parenchyma and over six-fold compared to normal breast connective tissue. Increased collagen synthesis is independent of the rate of tumor growth and final tumor size. Pretreatment of animals with beta-aminopropionitrile to inhibit collagen cross-linking caused an 82% decrease in tumor formation and a significant reduction in tumor volume (approximately 0.4 cu cm) compared to controls (approximately 10 cu cm). The four small tumors that did develop in the lathyritic animals had increased collagen synthesis in the interior tumor stroma and reduced collagen synthesis in the tumor capsule. These findings suggest that the collagenous capsule surrounding dimethylbenzanthracene tumors functions as a physical barrier to protect the tumor from the immune system of the host. The apparent antitumor effects of beta-aminopropionitrile may be due to immunopotentiation and/or cytotoxic actions of the drug.", "PMID": 110442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9188", "title": "Interactions of the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide with the non-protein thiols of mammalian cells.", "content": "The carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) was found to rapidly deplete non-protein thiols (NPSH) from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and V79 Chinese hamster fibroblasts. The effects of NPSH on 4-NQO metabolism were studied by measuring 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide formation, CN- -insensitive oxygen consumption, and reduction of ferricytochromes c + c1 in normal cells and in cells pretreated with the thiol reagent N-ethylmaleimide. Removal of thiols before treatment with 4-NQO resulted in increased production of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide and increased production of nitro radicals. The NPSH thus appeared to play a significant role in 4-NQO detoxification. Glutathione, when present in culture medium during 4-NQO treatment, protected V79 cells from 4-NQO toxicity. Several mechanisms for reaction of 4-NQO with intracellular NPSH were indicated. Both V79 and Ehrlich cells contained appreciable amounts of glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18), which catalyzes the nucleophilic substitution of the nitro group of 4-NQO with thiols. Greater thiol loss under oxic than under hypoxic conditions suggested oxidation by superoxide, peroxide, or hydroxyl radical formed in the course of 4-NQO reduction. In addition, reaction of thiols with nitro radicals or with nitrosoquinoline 1-oxide was indicated by the inhibitory effect of glutathione on oxygen consumption in solutions of 4-NQO and sodium ascorbate.", "contents": "Interactions of the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide with the non-protein thiols of mammalian cells. The carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) was found to rapidly deplete non-protein thiols (NPSH) from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and V79 Chinese hamster fibroblasts. The effects of NPSH on 4-NQO metabolism were studied by measuring 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide formation, CN- -insensitive oxygen consumption, and reduction of ferricytochromes c + c1 in normal cells and in cells pretreated with the thiol reagent N-ethylmaleimide. Removal of thiols before treatment with 4-NQO resulted in increased production of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide and increased production of nitro radicals. The NPSH thus appeared to play a significant role in 4-NQO detoxification. Glutathione, when present in culture medium during 4-NQO treatment, protected V79 cells from 4-NQO toxicity. Several mechanisms for reaction of 4-NQO with intracellular NPSH were indicated. Both V79 and Ehrlich cells contained appreciable amounts of glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18), which catalyzes the nucleophilic substitution of the nitro group of 4-NQO with thiols. Greater thiol loss under oxic than under hypoxic conditions suggested oxidation by superoxide, peroxide, or hydroxyl radical formed in the course of 4-NQO reduction. In addition, reaction of thiols with nitro radicals or with nitrosoquinoline 1-oxide was indicated by the inhibitory effect of glutathione on oxygen consumption in solutions of 4-NQO and sodium ascorbate.", "PMID": 110443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9189", "title": "Experimental animal models of adriamycin cardiotoxicity.", "content": "Since patients exhibit both acute and chronic cardiac toxic effects from Adriamycin, the salient characteristics of the reported animal models for both acute and chronic cardiotoxicity are reviewed. This review reveals that while the pathology of these models is often well-characterized, the physiologic, biochemical, and nutritional variables are, in general, poorly defined.", "contents": "Experimental animal models of adriamycin cardiotoxicity. Since patients exhibit both acute and chronic cardiac toxic effects from Adriamycin, the salient characteristics of the reported animal models for both acute and chronic cardiotoxicity are reviewed. This review reveals that while the pathology of these models is often well-characterized, the physiologic, biochemical, and nutritional variables are, in general, poorly defined.", "PMID": 110445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9190", "title": "Types of degenerating geniculocortical axon terminals and their contribution to layer IV of area 17 in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri).", "content": "Radiofrequency lesions were made in the lateral geniculate nuclei of six squirrel monkeys. The resulting degenerating terminals and their postsynaptic structures in layer IV of area 17 were quantitatively categorized on photomontages covering large areas of neuropil. Two to five days after the lesion, numerous axon terminals were affected by a variety of degenerative changes, i.e., enlargement and distortion of synaptic vesicles, neurofilamentous hyperplasia, electron-lucent and electron-dense reactions. Based on the aggregation of electron-dense material beneath the postsynaptic membrane, the degenerating terminals were considered to be of the asymmetric type. Among the degenerating boutons were the largest axon endings that occur in layer IV. Three days postoperatively, degenerating boutons contributed an average of 16.2% to the total synapse population; five days postoperatively, the average had increased to 19.3%. The percentage of degenerating boutons on individual montages, however, amounted to as much as 29%. This amount probably reflects more closely the actual contribution of the geniculocortical fiber system to layer IV of striate cortex. The postsynaptic structure most frequently contacted by degenerating axon endings was the dendritic spine, followed by dendrites of small diameter. To account for the diversity of degenerative changes in the same fiber system, we offer the tentative suggestion that heterogeneously degenerating axon terminals arise from a heterogeneous population of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus, i.e., from magnocellular versus parvocellular laminae.", "contents": "Types of degenerating geniculocortical axon terminals and their contribution to layer IV of area 17 in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri). Radiofrequency lesions were made in the lateral geniculate nuclei of six squirrel monkeys. The resulting degenerating terminals and their postsynaptic structures in layer IV of area 17 were quantitatively categorized on photomontages covering large areas of neuropil. Two to five days after the lesion, numerous axon terminals were affected by a variety of degenerative changes, i.e., enlargement and distortion of synaptic vesicles, neurofilamentous hyperplasia, electron-lucent and electron-dense reactions. Based on the aggregation of electron-dense material beneath the postsynaptic membrane, the degenerating terminals were considered to be of the asymmetric type. Among the degenerating boutons were the largest axon endings that occur in layer IV. Three days postoperatively, degenerating boutons contributed an average of 16.2% to the total synapse population; five days postoperatively, the average had increased to 19.3%. The percentage of degenerating boutons on individual montages, however, amounted to as much as 29%. This amount probably reflects more closely the actual contribution of the geniculocortical fiber system to layer IV of striate cortex. The postsynaptic structure most frequently contacted by degenerating axon endings was the dendritic spine, followed by dendrites of small diameter. To account for the diversity of degenerative changes in the same fiber system, we offer the tentative suggestion that heterogeneously degenerating axon terminals arise from a heterogeneous population of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus, i.e., from magnocellular versus parvocellular laminae.", "PMID": 110450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9191", "title": "Sequence organization of two recombinant plasmids containing genes for the major heat shock-induced protein of D. melanogaster.", "content": "We have isolated recombinant DNA clones which include cDNA and chromosomal DNA sequences of the major heat shock-inducible gene of Drosophila. With the cDNA fragments used as specific hybridization probes, DNA:DNA reassociation and in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that the DNA sequences are repeated approximately 7 times in the haploid Drosophila genome, and that gene sequences are present at both the 87A and 87C loci on the cytological map. The cloned cDNA and homologous cloned chromosomal DNA hybridized to mRNA which translated in vitro into the major 70K heat shock-specific protein. Here we summarize a study of the organization of genes coding for the 70K heat shock-specific protein contained in the two recombinant chromosomal DNA plasmids pG3 and pG5. On the basis of R loop hybridization experiments and restriction enzyme analysis, we conclude that a 14 kb fragment, G3, contains three copies of the gene coding for the 70K protein. A second 9.2 kb fragment, G5, contains one copy of the gene coding for the 70K protein. Hybridization of labeled poly(A)-containing RNA to restriction endonuclease-cleaved DNA indicates that the mRNA coding regions in G3 and G5 are each approximately 2100 bp long. The three tandemly repeated genes of G3 are separated by approximately 1400 bp of spacer DNA. The two internal spacer regions in G3 appear to be identical, whereas differences in restriction enzyme sites indicate that the sequences adjacent to the cluster differ from the internal spacer and from each other.", "contents": "Sequence organization of two recombinant plasmids containing genes for the major heat shock-induced protein of D. melanogaster. We have isolated recombinant DNA clones which include cDNA and chromosomal DNA sequences of the major heat shock-inducible gene of Drosophila. With the cDNA fragments used as specific hybridization probes, DNA:DNA reassociation and in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that the DNA sequences are repeated approximately 7 times in the haploid Drosophila genome, and that gene sequences are present at both the 87A and 87C loci on the cytological map. The cloned cDNA and homologous cloned chromosomal DNA hybridized to mRNA which translated in vitro into the major 70K heat shock-specific protein. Here we summarize a study of the organization of genes coding for the 70K heat shock-specific protein contained in the two recombinant chromosomal DNA plasmids pG3 and pG5. On the basis of R loop hybridization experiments and restriction enzyme analysis, we conclude that a 14 kb fragment, G3, contains three copies of the gene coding for the 70K protein. A second 9.2 kb fragment, G5, contains one copy of the gene coding for the 70K protein. Hybridization of labeled poly(A)-containing RNA to restriction endonuclease-cleaved DNA indicates that the mRNA coding regions in G3 and G5 are each approximately 2100 bp long. The three tandemly repeated genes of G3 are separated by approximately 1400 bp of spacer DNA. The two internal spacer regions in G3 appear to be identical, whereas differences in restriction enzyme sites indicate that the sequences adjacent to the cluster differ from the internal spacer and from each other.", "PMID": 110452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9192", "title": "Identification and time of synthesis of chorion proteins in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The chorion of Drosophila melanogaster consists of proteins secreted by the follicular epithelium during late oogenesis. Petri, Wyman and Kafatos (1976) have described six major protein components of the Drosophila chorion and reported the synthesis of these proteins in vitro by mass-isolated egg chambers. We have used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to identify approximately twenty components in highly purified chorion preparations. The synthesis patterns of these proteins in vivo were determined by isolating egg chambers of different developmental stages from flies injected with 14C amino acids. Chorion proteins constitute a large fraction of the protein synthesized by ovarian egg chambers in stages 12--14. The sizes and times of synthesis of the chorion proteins correlate closely with the production of poly(A)-containing RNAs by the follicle cells (Spradling and Mahowald, 1979).", "contents": "Identification and time of synthesis of chorion proteins in Drosophila melanogaster. The chorion of Drosophila melanogaster consists of proteins secreted by the follicular epithelium during late oogenesis. Petri, Wyman and Kafatos (1976) have described six major protein components of the Drosophila chorion and reported the synthesis of these proteins in vitro by mass-isolated egg chambers. We have used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to identify approximately twenty components in highly purified chorion preparations. The synthesis patterns of these proteins in vivo were determined by isolating egg chambers of different developmental stages from flies injected with 14C amino acids. Chorion proteins constitute a large fraction of the protein synthesized by ovarian egg chambers in stages 12--14. The sizes and times of synthesis of the chorion proteins correlate closely with the production of poly(A)-containing RNAs by the follicle cells (Spradling and Mahowald, 1979).", "PMID": 110454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9193", "title": "A 9.6 kb intervening sequence in D. virilis rDNA, and sequence homology in rDNA interruptions of diverse species of Drosophila and other diptera.", "content": "A large proportion of the 28S ribosomal RNA genes in Drosophila virilis are interrupted by a DNA sequence 9.6 kilobase pairs long. As regards both its presence and its position in the 28S gene (about two thirds of the way in), the D. virilis rDNA intervening sequence is similar to that found in D. melanogaster rDNA, but lengths differ markedly between the two species. Degrees of nucleotide sequence homology have been detected bewteen rDNA interruptions of the two species. This homology extends to putative rDNA intervening sequences in diverse higher diptera (other Drosophila species, the house fly and the flesh fly), but hybridization of cloned D. melanogaster and D. virilis rDNA interruption segments to DNA of several lower diptera has been negative. As is the case with melanogaster rDNA interruptions, segments of the virilis rDNA intervening sequence hybridize with non-rDNA components of the virilis genome, and interspecific homology may involve these non-rDNA sequences as well as rDNA interruptions. There is, however, evidence from buoyant density fractionation of DNA that the distributions of interruption-related sequences are distinct in D. melanogaster and D. virilis genomes. Moreover, thermal denaturation studies have indicated differing extents of homology between hybridizable sequences in D. virilis DNA and different segments of the D. melanogaster rDNA intervening sequence. We infer from our studies that rDNA intervening sequences are prevalent among higher diptera; that in the course of the evolution of these organisms, elements of the intervening sequences have been moderately to highly conserved; and that this conservation extends in at least two distantly related species of Drosophila to similar sequences found elsewhere in the genomes.", "contents": "A 9.6 kb intervening sequence in D. virilis rDNA, and sequence homology in rDNA interruptions of diverse species of Drosophila and other diptera. A large proportion of the 28S ribosomal RNA genes in Drosophila virilis are interrupted by a DNA sequence 9.6 kilobase pairs long. As regards both its presence and its position in the 28S gene (about two thirds of the way in), the D. virilis rDNA intervening sequence is similar to that found in D. melanogaster rDNA, but lengths differ markedly between the two species. Degrees of nucleotide sequence homology have been detected bewteen rDNA interruptions of the two species. This homology extends to putative rDNA intervening sequences in diverse higher diptera (other Drosophila species, the house fly and the flesh fly), but hybridization of cloned D. melanogaster and D. virilis rDNA interruption segments to DNA of several lower diptera has been negative. As is the case with melanogaster rDNA interruptions, segments of the virilis rDNA intervening sequence hybridize with non-rDNA components of the virilis genome, and interspecific homology may involve these non-rDNA sequences as well as rDNA interruptions. There is, however, evidence from buoyant density fractionation of DNA that the distributions of interruption-related sequences are distinct in D. melanogaster and D. virilis genomes. Moreover, thermal denaturation studies have indicated differing extents of homology between hybridizable sequences in D. virilis DNA and different segments of the D. melanogaster rDNA intervening sequence. We infer from our studies that rDNA intervening sequences are prevalent among higher diptera; that in the course of the evolution of these organisms, elements of the intervening sequences have been moderately to highly conserved; and that this conservation extends in at least two distantly related species of Drosophila to similar sequences found elsewhere in the genomes.", "PMID": 110456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9194", "title": "Physical map of two D. melanogaster DNA segments containing sequences coding for the 70,000 dalton heat shock protein.", "content": "The isolation of the two hybrid plasmids 56H8 and 132E3, which contain D. melanogaster (Dm) DNA sequences complementary to the mRNA coding for the 70,000 dalton heat shock protein, has been reported (Schedl et al., 1978). Here we compare the sequence arrangement in the two cloned Dm DNA segments by restriction, cross-hybridization and heteroduplex analysis. The results show that the two cloned DNA segments derive from nonoverlapping regions of the Dm genome; that they contain homologous regions present once in 56H8 and twice in 132E3; and that each homologous region is composed of three distinct contiguous sequence elements, x, y and z, which together define a 3 kb common unit. While the 2.5 kb z elements show a high degree of sequence homology in all three common units, the three x and y elements display an intriguing relationship. The localization of the mRNA coding sequences within each of these common units is presented in the accompanying paper (Artavanis-Tsakonas et al., 1979).", "contents": "Physical map of two D. melanogaster DNA segments containing sequences coding for the 70,000 dalton heat shock protein. The isolation of the two hybrid plasmids 56H8 and 132E3, which contain D. melanogaster (Dm) DNA sequences complementary to the mRNA coding for the 70,000 dalton heat shock protein, has been reported (Schedl et al., 1978). Here we compare the sequence arrangement in the two cloned Dm DNA segments by restriction, cross-hybridization and heteroduplex analysis. The results show that the two cloned DNA segments derive from nonoverlapping regions of the Dm genome; that they contain homologous regions present once in 56H8 and twice in 132E3; and that each homologous region is composed of three distinct contiguous sequence elements, x, y and z, which together define a 3 kb common unit. While the 2.5 kb z elements show a high degree of sequence homology in all three common units, the three x and y elements display an intriguing relationship. The localization of the mRNA coding sequences within each of these common units is presented in the accompanying paper (Artavanis-Tsakonas et al., 1979).", "PMID": 110458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9195", "title": "In vitro synthesis of a 5S RNA precursor by isolated nuclei of rat liver and HeLa cells.", "content": "Isolated rat liver nuclei were incubated under appropriate conditions in the presence of 0.5 micrograms/ml alpha-amanitin and an RNAase inhibitor prepared from cytosol fraction, together with alpha-32P-UTP or alpha-32P-CTP and three other nucleoside triphosphates. RNA extracted by an SDS-hot phenol procedure was fractionated with sucrose density gradient centrifugation followed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fingerprint analysis of the in vitro synthesized \"5S\" RNA, which was slightly larger than mature 5S RNA on gel electrophoresis, showed that it contained all the sequences of mature 5S RNA except for the oligonucleotide at the 3' end. Instead, it contained two additional spots which were not present in mature 5S RNA. Analysis of the extra spots revealed that they were derived from the 3' end of the in vitro synthesized \"5S RNA, which were sequenced tentatively as -CUUGAUGCUUoh (extra sequence underlined). The 5' end of the product was (p)pGU--. Isolated HeLa cell nuclei synthesized similar sized \"5S\" RNA under the same conditions. We conclude from these results that in isolated nuclei of these mammalian cells RNA polymerase III starts transcription of 5S RNA gene at the same site as the 5' end of mature 5S RNA, proceeds toward the 3' direction and stops at a site probably 8 nucleotides downstream from the 3' end of mature 5S RNA. Experiments with a short pulse and with various \"chases\" have demonstrated the presence of a short-lived precursor 5S RNA which is similar in size and sequence to in vitro \"5S\" RNA, suggesting that 5S RNA is synthesized in vivo as a longer precursor molecular as demonstrated in this in vitro system, and is rapidly processed into mature 5S RNA.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of a 5S RNA precursor by isolated nuclei of rat liver and HeLa cells. Isolated rat liver nuclei were incubated under appropriate conditions in the presence of 0.5 micrograms/ml alpha-amanitin and an RNAase inhibitor prepared from cytosol fraction, together with alpha-32P-UTP or alpha-32P-CTP and three other nucleoside triphosphates. RNA extracted by an SDS-hot phenol procedure was fractionated with sucrose density gradient centrifugation followed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fingerprint analysis of the in vitro synthesized \"5S\" RNA, which was slightly larger than mature 5S RNA on gel electrophoresis, showed that it contained all the sequences of mature 5S RNA except for the oligonucleotide at the 3' end. Instead, it contained two additional spots which were not present in mature 5S RNA. Analysis of the extra spots revealed that they were derived from the 3' end of the in vitro synthesized \"5S RNA, which were sequenced tentatively as -CUUGAUGCUUoh (extra sequence underlined). The 5' end of the product was (p)pGU--. Isolated HeLa cell nuclei synthesized similar sized \"5S\" RNA under the same conditions. We conclude from these results that in isolated nuclei of these mammalian cells RNA polymerase III starts transcription of 5S RNA gene at the same site as the 5' end of mature 5S RNA, proceeds toward the 3' direction and stops at a site probably 8 nucleotides downstream from the 3' end of mature 5S RNA. Experiments with a short pulse and with various \"chases\" have demonstrated the presence of a short-lived precursor 5S RNA which is similar in size and sequence to in vitro \"5S\" RNA, suggesting that 5S RNA is synthesized in vivo as a longer precursor molecular as demonstrated in this in vitro system, and is rapidly processed into mature 5S RNA.", "PMID": 110459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9196", "title": "Tandem promoters direct E. coli ribosomal RNA synthesis.", "content": "To determine the special feature of ribosomal RNA promoters that might account for the highly efficient and regulated synthesis of rRNA in E. coli, we have analyzed the beginnings of two ribosomal RNA operons, rrnD and rrnX. DNA sequences for 425 bp preceding those specifying mature 16s rRNA are reported. In vitro transcription of restriction endonuclease fragments containing this region from either operon reveals the presence of two promoters about 110 nucleotides apart; they are denoted P1 and P2. RNA synthesis from P1 is initiated with GTP at position -284 (relative to 16s sequences) in rrnD and with ATP at position -285 in rrnX. At P2, the RNA starts with CTP primarily at position-176 in both operons. The DNA sequences of the two operons are identical for 231 bp preceding the 16s rDNA (including a substantial region around P2); they then diverge almost completely, except for a notable 18 bp homology just preceding the transcription start site for P1. Certain sequences implicated in the recognition of promoters by E. coli RNA polymerase are clearly identifiable in both P1 and P2; other features include an extended region preceding P1 which is strikingly rich in AT base pairs. Possible mechansims by which these tandem promoters contribute to the high frequency of rRNA transcription and to the differential expression of the E. coli rrn operons are discussed.", "contents": "Tandem promoters direct E. coli ribosomal RNA synthesis. To determine the special feature of ribosomal RNA promoters that might account for the highly efficient and regulated synthesis of rRNA in E. coli, we have analyzed the beginnings of two ribosomal RNA operons, rrnD and rrnX. DNA sequences for 425 bp preceding those specifying mature 16s rRNA are reported. In vitro transcription of restriction endonuclease fragments containing this region from either operon reveals the presence of two promoters about 110 nucleotides apart; they are denoted P1 and P2. RNA synthesis from P1 is initiated with GTP at position -284 (relative to 16s sequences) in rrnD and with ATP at position -285 in rrnX. At P2, the RNA starts with CTP primarily at position-176 in both operons. The DNA sequences of the two operons are identical for 231 bp preceding the 16s rDNA (including a substantial region around P2); they then diverge almost completely, except for a notable 18 bp homology just preceding the transcription start site for P1. Certain sequences implicated in the recognition of promoters by E. coli RNA polymerase are clearly identifiable in both P1 and P2; other features include an extended region preceding P1 which is strikingly rich in AT base pairs. Possible mechansims by which these tandem promoters contribute to the high frequency of rRNA transcription and to the differential expression of the E. coli rrn operons are discussed.", "PMID": 110460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9197", "title": "Genes for the 70,000 dalton heat shock protein in two cloned D. melanogaster DNA segments.", "content": "Two hybrid plasmids, 56H8 and 132E3, which contain D. melanogaster (Dm) DNA segments coding for the 70,000 dalton heat shock protein, have been isolated (Schedl et al., 1978). The analysis of the sequence arrangement presented in the accompanying paper (Moran et al., 1979) shows that both Dm segments contain homologous regions composed of three distinct sequence elements which together define a common unit. We report here that the sequences complementary to the 70,000 dalton protein mRNA appear to be confined to a major portion of the largest element of the common unit and that the other sequence elements are located at the 5' end of the gene. We have also determined the cytogenetic location of the 70,000 dalton protein genes and have investigated whether these sites are transcriptionally active in salivary gland chromosomes.", "contents": "Genes for the 70,000 dalton heat shock protein in two cloned D. melanogaster DNA segments. Two hybrid plasmids, 56H8 and 132E3, which contain D. melanogaster (Dm) DNA segments coding for the 70,000 dalton heat shock protein, have been isolated (Schedl et al., 1978). The analysis of the sequence arrangement presented in the accompanying paper (Moran et al., 1979) shows that both Dm segments contain homologous regions composed of three distinct sequence elements which together define a common unit. We report here that the sequences complementary to the 70,000 dalton protein mRNA appear to be confined to a major portion of the largest element of the common unit and that the other sequence elements are located at the 5' end of the gene. We have also determined the cytogenetic location of the 70,000 dalton protein genes and have investigated whether these sites are transcriptionally active in salivary gland chromosomes.", "PMID": 110461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9198", "title": "Transposition of elements of the 412, copia and 297 dispersed repeated gene families in Drosophila.", "content": "The stability of elements of three different dispersed repeated gene families in the genome of Drosophila tissue culture cells has been examined. Different amounts of sequences homologous to elements of 412, copia and 297 dispersed repeated gene families are found in the genomes of D. melanogaster embryonic and tissue culture cells. In general the amount of these sequences is increased in the cell lines. The additional sequences homologous to 412, copia and 297 occur as intact elements and are dispersed to new sites in the cell culture genome. It appears that these elements can insert at many alternative sites. We also describe a DNA sequence arrangement found in the D. melanogaster embryo genome which appears to result from a transposition of an element of the copia dispersed repeated gene family into a new chromosomal site. The mechanism of insertion of this copia element is precise to within 90 bp and may involve a region of weak sequence homology between the site of insertion and the direct terminal repeats of the copia element.", "contents": "Transposition of elements of the 412, copia and 297 dispersed repeated gene families in Drosophila. The stability of elements of three different dispersed repeated gene families in the genome of Drosophila tissue culture cells has been examined. Different amounts of sequences homologous to elements of 412, copia and 297 dispersed repeated gene families are found in the genomes of D. melanogaster embryonic and tissue culture cells. In general the amount of these sequences is increased in the cell lines. The additional sequences homologous to 412, copia and 297 occur as intact elements and are dispersed to new sites in the cell culture genome. It appears that these elements can insert at many alternative sites. We also describe a DNA sequence arrangement found in the D. melanogaster embryo genome which appears to result from a transposition of an element of the copia dispersed repeated gene family into a new chromosomal site. The mechanism of insertion of this copia element is precise to within 90 bp and may involve a region of weak sequence homology between the site of insertion and the direct terminal repeats of the copia element.", "PMID": 110463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9199", "title": "Polymorphisms in the chromosomal locations of elements of the 412, copia and 297 dispersed repeated gene families in Drosophila.", "content": "The number and chromosomal locations of elements of the 412, copia and 297 dispersed repeated gene families differ extensively when the genomes of four D. melanogaster strains are compared. Differences among individuals from the same laboratory stock in the arrangement of these elements are also observed. In contrast to these polymorphisms, the structures of the elements themselves are closely conserved. Our results indicate that 412, copia and 297 are capable of evolutionarily rapid transpositions to new chromosomal sites.", "contents": "Polymorphisms in the chromosomal locations of elements of the 412, copia and 297 dispersed repeated gene families in Drosophila. The number and chromosomal locations of elements of the 412, copia and 297 dispersed repeated gene families differ extensively when the genomes of four D. melanogaster strains are compared. Differences among individuals from the same laboratory stock in the arrangement of these elements are also observed. In contrast to these polymorphisms, the structures of the elements themselves are closely conserved. Our results indicate that 412, copia and 297 are capable of evolutionarily rapid transpositions to new chromosomal sites.", "PMID": 110464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9200", "title": "Structural and image analysis of a crystalline layer from dipteran eggshell.", "content": "A crystalline layer has been identified as a constituent of the eggshell in the dipteran Drosophila melanogaster. This 400A thick intermediate chorionic layer (ICL) is composed of eight 50A thick sublayers and lies between the vitelline membrane and the endochorion. Whole mount views of isolated ICL after negative staining reveal P2 planar periodicity which, when analyzed further by optical diffraction and filtering, showed 1st (100A), 2nd, 3rd and 4th order reflections.", "contents": "Structural and image analysis of a crystalline layer from dipteran eggshell. A crystalline layer has been identified as a constituent of the eggshell in the dipteran Drosophila melanogaster. This 400A thick intermediate chorionic layer (ICL) is composed of eight 50A thick sublayers and lies between the vitelline membrane and the endochorion. Whole mount views of isolated ICL after negative staining reveal P2 planar periodicity which, when analyzed further by optical diffraction and filtering, showed 1st (100A), 2nd, 3rd and 4th order reflections.", "PMID": 110467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9201", "title": "[Tuberculosis in patients deceased of renal insufficiency in a long-term hemodialysis program].", "content": "Eight cases of tuberculosis were seen in a series of patients dying of renal insufficiency after having been subjected to a long-term haemodialysis. In 5 cases Mycobacterium tuberculosis was successfully cultivated (4 were typed as human, 1 as bovine). In 5 cases the disease affected mainly the lymph nodes, not the lungs. In 3 of these a prevalence of abscessing specific granulomas with the presence of leucocytes was noted on microscopical examination. The findings have been regarded as possibly related to an impairment of cellular (lymphocytic) immunity, presumably caused by chronic uraemia or long-term haemodialysis.", "contents": "[Tuberculosis in patients deceased of renal insufficiency in a long-term hemodialysis program]. Eight cases of tuberculosis were seen in a series of patients dying of renal insufficiency after having been subjected to a long-term haemodialysis. In 5 cases Mycobacterium tuberculosis was successfully cultivated (4 were typed as human, 1 as bovine). In 5 cases the disease affected mainly the lymph nodes, not the lungs. In 3 of these a prevalence of abscessing specific granulomas with the presence of leucocytes was noted on microscopical examination. The findings have been regarded as possibly related to an impairment of cellular (lymphocytic) immunity, presumably caused by chronic uraemia or long-term haemodialysis.", "PMID": 110471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9202", "title": "The formation of dihydrodiols by the chemical or enzymic oxidation of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene and the possible role of hydroxymethyl dihydrodiols in the metabolic activation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene.", "content": "The formation of dihydrodiols from 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene by rat-liver microsomal fractions, by mouse skin in short-term organ culture and by chemical oxidation in an ascorbic acid/ferrous sulphate/EDTA system has been studied using a combination of thin-layer chromatography and high pressure liquie chromatography. The 3,4-, 8,9- and 10,11-dihydrodiols were formed in all three systems. The 5,6-dihydrodiol was formed in rat-liver microsomal fractions and in chemical oxidation but was not detected as a metabolite of [7-3H]hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene when this compound was incubated with mouse skin in short-term organ culture. The possible role of hydroxymethyl dihydrodiols in the in vivo metabolic activation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene in mouse skin has been studied using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The results show that the hydrocarbon-nucleic acid products formed following the treatment of mouse skin in vivo with [7,12-3H]dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene are not the same as those that are formed following the treatment of mouse skin under the same conditions with either 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene or 7-methyl-12-hydroxymethylbenz[alpha]anthracene.", "contents": "The formation of dihydrodiols by the chemical or enzymic oxidation of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene and the possible role of hydroxymethyl dihydrodiols in the metabolic activation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene. The formation of dihydrodiols from 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene by rat-liver microsomal fractions, by mouse skin in short-term organ culture and by chemical oxidation in an ascorbic acid/ferrous sulphate/EDTA system has been studied using a combination of thin-layer chromatography and high pressure liquie chromatography. The 3,4-, 8,9- and 10,11-dihydrodiols were formed in all three systems. The 5,6-dihydrodiol was formed in rat-liver microsomal fractions and in chemical oxidation but was not detected as a metabolite of [7-3H]hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene when this compound was incubated with mouse skin in short-term organ culture. The possible role of hydroxymethyl dihydrodiols in the in vivo metabolic activation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene in mouse skin has been studied using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The results show that the hydrocarbon-nucleic acid products formed following the treatment of mouse skin in vivo with [7,12-3H]dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene are not the same as those that are formed following the treatment of mouse skin under the same conditions with either 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene or 7-methyl-12-hydroxymethylbenz[alpha]anthracene.", "PMID": 110475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9203", "title": "The formation of dihydrodiols from benzo[alpha]pyrene by oxidation with an ascorbic acid/ferrous sulphate/EDTA system.", "content": "In the oxidation of benzo[alpha]pyrene in an abscorbic acid-ferrous sulphate-EDTA system, four dihydrodiols were detected. Three, trans-4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene, trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene and trans-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene were identified by their UV spectra and by direct comparisons of their chromatographic properties, using HPLC, with those of the authentic compounds. The fourth compound appeared to be trans-11,12-dihydro-11,12-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene since its ultraviolet spectrum was identical to that of the cis-dihydrodiol. Time-course experiments showed that the maximum amounts of products were obtained after 8 h of oxidation. A re-examination of the dihydrodiols formed from benzo[alpha]pyrene by rat-liver microsomal fractions failed to show the formation of the trans-11,12-dihydrodiol.", "contents": "The formation of dihydrodiols from benzo[alpha]pyrene by oxidation with an ascorbic acid/ferrous sulphate/EDTA system. In the oxidation of benzo[alpha]pyrene in an abscorbic acid-ferrous sulphate-EDTA system, four dihydrodiols were detected. Three, trans-4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene, trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene and trans-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene were identified by their UV spectra and by direct comparisons of their chromatographic properties, using HPLC, with those of the authentic compounds. The fourth compound appeared to be trans-11,12-dihydro-11,12-dihydroxybenzo[alpha]pyrene since its ultraviolet spectrum was identical to that of the cis-dihydrodiol. Time-course experiments showed that the maximum amounts of products were obtained after 8 h of oxidation. A re-examination of the dihydrodiols formed from benzo[alpha]pyrene by rat-liver microsomal fractions failed to show the formation of the trans-11,12-dihydrodiol.", "PMID": 110476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9204", "title": "The association of bacterial mutagenicity of hydrocarbon-derived 'bay-region' dihydrodiols with the Iball indices for carcinogenicity and with the extents of DNA-binding on mouse skin of the parent hydrocarbons.", "content": "The mutagenic activities of benz[alpha]anthracene, 7-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo[alpha]pyrene, together with those of the trans-dihydrodiols derived from these hydrocarbons that would be expected to yield 'bay-region' vicinal diolepoxides on further metabolism have been examined in assays with S. typhimurium TA100 using post-mitochondrial supernatant fractions prepared from the livers of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. Mutagenic activities obtained have been compared with: (a) the extents of reaction with DNA that occur in mouse skin following treatment with these hydrocarbons; (b) the carcinogenicities of the hydrocarbons expressed as Iball indices; (c) their activities as tumour-initiating agents on mouse skin. Close positive associations were found between the microsome-mediated mutagenicities of the dihydrodiols that could yield \"bay-region\" diol-epoxides and: (a) the extents of reaction with DNA in hydrocarbon-treated mouse skin; (b) the carcinogenic potencies of the parent hydrocarbons; although these correlations are not perfect, the mutagenic activities of the hydrocarbons themselves in microsome-mediated assays with S. typhimurium show no correlation with their extents of DNA binding on mouse skin and a poor correlation with their activities as initiating agents. These comparisons also indicated a statistically-significant positive correlation between carcinogenicity and the in vivo DNA binding on mouse skin treated with the hydrocarbons. Differences in the metabolic pathways by which polycyclic hydrocarbons are activated in vivo and in vitro are discussed in relation to the improved correlations found with the dihydrodiols.", "contents": "The association of bacterial mutagenicity of hydrocarbon-derived 'bay-region' dihydrodiols with the Iball indices for carcinogenicity and with the extents of DNA-binding on mouse skin of the parent hydrocarbons. The mutagenic activities of benz[alpha]anthracene, 7-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo[alpha]pyrene, together with those of the trans-dihydrodiols derived from these hydrocarbons that would be expected to yield 'bay-region' vicinal diolepoxides on further metabolism have been examined in assays with S. typhimurium TA100 using post-mitochondrial supernatant fractions prepared from the livers of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. Mutagenic activities obtained have been compared with: (a) the extents of reaction with DNA that occur in mouse skin following treatment with these hydrocarbons; (b) the carcinogenicities of the hydrocarbons expressed as Iball indices; (c) their activities as tumour-initiating agents on mouse skin. Close positive associations were found between the microsome-mediated mutagenicities of the dihydrodiols that could yield \"bay-region\" diol-epoxides and: (a) the extents of reaction with DNA in hydrocarbon-treated mouse skin; (b) the carcinogenic potencies of the parent hydrocarbons; although these correlations are not perfect, the mutagenic activities of the hydrocarbons themselves in microsome-mediated assays with S. typhimurium show no correlation with their extents of DNA binding on mouse skin and a poor correlation with their activities as initiating agents. These comparisons also indicated a statistically-significant positive correlation between carcinogenicity and the in vivo DNA binding on mouse skin treated with the hydrocarbons. Differences in the metabolic pathways by which polycyclic hydrocarbons are activated in vivo and in vitro are discussed in relation to the improved correlations found with the dihydrodiols.", "PMID": 110477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9205", "title": "Chemical and ultrastructural examination of lead-induced morphological convertants of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Actively-growing Bacillus subtilis 168 cells, exposed to lead nitrate, had only slightly decreased ability to bind the divalent cation magnesium. The nature and quantity of the major cell wall metal binding components, teichoic and teichuronic acids, and the carbohydrate constituents of the peptidoglycan remained relatively constant. Purified cell walls, isolated from cells exposed to lead for 6 and 13 days, retained 9.9 micrograms Pb+2 and 3.5 micrograns Pb+2/mg cell wall, respectively. The occurrence of this lead in the isolated cell wall did not interfere with its Mg2+-binding capacity. While cationic binding properties, growth rate and cell yield indicated non-interference from lead, light and electron microscopic studies clearly demonstrated morphological alterations in approx. 30--50% of the lead treated cells. These alterations included the conversion to irregular spherical forms, some of which contained thickened cell walls. These anomalies are virtually identical to those reported for mutants of this bacterium derived via the introduction of classical mutagens. Protoplasts, similar to those produced by antibiotic and enzymatic treatments, were also present in the lead-treated cells. Although the most tenable explanation appeared to be cellular mutations, the morphological convertants appear to be derived from lead's interference with cell wall biosynthesis process and/or the assemblage of cell wall subunits.", "contents": "Chemical and ultrastructural examination of lead-induced morphological convertants of Bacillus subtilis. Actively-growing Bacillus subtilis 168 cells, exposed to lead nitrate, had only slightly decreased ability to bind the divalent cation magnesium. The nature and quantity of the major cell wall metal binding components, teichoic and teichuronic acids, and the carbohydrate constituents of the peptidoglycan remained relatively constant. Purified cell walls, isolated from cells exposed to lead for 6 and 13 days, retained 9.9 micrograms Pb+2 and 3.5 micrograns Pb+2/mg cell wall, respectively. The occurrence of this lead in the isolated cell wall did not interfere with its Mg2+-binding capacity. While cationic binding properties, growth rate and cell yield indicated non-interference from lead, light and electron microscopic studies clearly demonstrated morphological alterations in approx. 30--50% of the lead treated cells. These alterations included the conversion to irregular spherical forms, some of which contained thickened cell walls. These anomalies are virtually identical to those reported for mutants of this bacterium derived via the introduction of classical mutagens. Protoplasts, similar to those produced by antibiotic and enzymatic treatments, were also present in the lead-treated cells. Although the most tenable explanation appeared to be cellular mutations, the morphological convertants appear to be derived from lead's interference with cell wall biosynthesis process and/or the assemblage of cell wall subunits.", "PMID": 110478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9206", "title": "[Topography of the tecto-tectal component of the main ipsilateral visual pathway of the frog (Rana esculenta L.)].", "content": "The detailed topography of the tecto-tectal component of the Frog's ipsilateral visual pathway is electrophysiologically obtained by mapping the optic lobes. This linkage transfers the visual information explored along a transversal tectal row on to an homologous line oriented at 130 degrees on the opposite tectum. The ipsilateral projection of the temporo-nasal axis of the retina, but not of the antero-posterior axis of the visual field, is reversed compared to its contralateral projection. Finally, the majority of the homologous tectal points are asymmetrical with respect to the animal's sagittal axis.", "contents": "[Topography of the tecto-tectal component of the main ipsilateral visual pathway of the frog (Rana esculenta L.)]. The detailed topography of the tecto-tectal component of the Frog's ipsilateral visual pathway is electrophysiologically obtained by mapping the optic lobes. This linkage transfers the visual information explored along a transversal tectal row on to an homologous line oriented at 130 degrees on the opposite tectum. The ipsilateral projection of the temporo-nasal axis of the retina, but not of the antero-posterior axis of the visual field, is reversed compared to its contralateral projection. Finally, the majority of the homologous tectal points are asymmetrical with respect to the animal's sagittal axis.", "PMID": 110480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9207", "title": "[Immunohistochemical identification, in an anuran amphibian (Xenopus laevis Daud.) of infundibular neurons reacting with antigastrin serum].", "content": "Neurons containing peptides immunocytologically related to gastrin have been revealed by immuno-cytology in the post-chiasmatic hypothalamus of Xenopus laevis. Their pericarya are localized in the postero-dorsal zone of the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum; their axons end on the capillaries of the external zone of the median eminence.", "contents": "[Immunohistochemical identification, in an anuran amphibian (Xenopus laevis Daud.) of infundibular neurons reacting with antigastrin serum]. Neurons containing peptides immunocytologically related to gastrin have been revealed by immuno-cytology in the post-chiasmatic hypothalamus of Xenopus laevis. Their pericarya are localized in the postero-dorsal zone of the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum; their axons end on the capillaries of the external zone of the median eminence.", "PMID": 110481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9208", "title": "[Cytolysis through cells dependent on immunization against cellular antigens: identification and enumeration of cytotoxic cells].", "content": "In this report we show how to identify and enumerate alloantigen-dependent killer cells. Individual effector cells are associated by micromanipulation to target cells and the doublets are incubated at 37 degrees C. Killers are identified by the lysis of the associated target. Killer cells can be subdivided into two subpopulations: cell responsible for the lysis of the specific target cells which bear the immunizing H-2 antigens and cells which kill only lectin pretreated targets.", "contents": "[Cytolysis through cells dependent on immunization against cellular antigens: identification and enumeration of cytotoxic cells]. In this report we show how to identify and enumerate alloantigen-dependent killer cells. Individual effector cells are associated by micromanipulation to target cells and the doublets are incubated at 37 degrees C. Killers are identified by the lysis of the associated target. Killer cells can be subdivided into two subpopulations: cell responsible for the lysis of the specific target cells which bear the immunizing H-2 antigens and cells which kill only lectin pretreated targets.", "PMID": 110482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9209", "title": "[A model for determination of the expected numbers of chromosome alterations and break points].", "content": "The assumption that the expected number of chromosome break points is simple and directly proportional to the length of chromosomes is criticized. Translocations and inversions imply two dependent break points in relation to their distribution on the whole karyotype, that is why, this assumption should be modified. A model is presented which takes the dependence into account and which provides the formulas for the calculations of probabilities of binary rearrangements and of their respectives break points. We apply the model to the human karyotype.", "contents": "[A model for determination of the expected numbers of chromosome alterations and break points]. The assumption that the expected number of chromosome break points is simple and directly proportional to the length of chromosomes is criticized. Translocations and inversions imply two dependent break points in relation to their distribution on the whole karyotype, that is why, this assumption should be modified. A model is presented which takes the dependence into account and which provides the formulas for the calculations of probabilities of binary rearrangements and of their respectives break points. We apply the model to the human karyotype.", "PMID": 110483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9210", "title": "[Demonstration and evolution of chorionic gonadotropin in ewes].", "content": "Occurrence of ovine Chorionic Gonadotropin (oCG) is demonstrated in placenta and amniotic fluid with the use of a radioreceptor assay (corpus luteum membranes) in ewes. Identification of oCG is possible as early as 15th day of pregnancy. It should be secreted at a constant rate, and its maximum concentration is recorded on the 130th day. This hormonal factor might be one of the major components accountable for high progesteronemia observed during the 100 last days of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Demonstration and evolution of chorionic gonadotropin in ewes]. Occurrence of ovine Chorionic Gonadotropin (oCG) is demonstrated in placenta and amniotic fluid with the use of a radioreceptor assay (corpus luteum membranes) in ewes. Identification of oCG is possible as early as 15th day of pregnancy. It should be secreted at a constant rate, and its maximum concentration is recorded on the 130th day. This hormonal factor might be one of the major components accountable for high progesteronemia observed during the 100 last days of pregnancy.", "PMID": 110484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9211", "title": "[Effects of feeding corn infested by Fusarium to sows].", "content": "The effects of feeding Gilts with mouldy Corn containing 3,61 mg/kg zearalenone were tested. Ingestion of this mycotoxin by puberous Gilts blocked the sexual cycles in more than half of the animals. Uterine horns were enlarged and corpora lutea didn't regress into corpora albicantia. The presence of zearalenone in the diet of pregnant Gilts had no effect on embryonic mortality at 80 days of pregnancy, but reduced foetal weight by 26%.", "contents": "[Effects of feeding corn infested by Fusarium to sows]. The effects of feeding Gilts with mouldy Corn containing 3,61 mg/kg zearalenone were tested. Ingestion of this mycotoxin by puberous Gilts blocked the sexual cycles in more than half of the animals. Uterine horns were enlarged and corpora lutea didn't regress into corpora albicantia. The presence of zearalenone in the diet of pregnant Gilts had no effect on embryonic mortality at 80 days of pregnancy, but reduced foetal weight by 26%.", "PMID": 110485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9212", "title": "[Fourier transform analysis of glycolipid depots in Fabry's disease].", "content": "An application of the Fourier Transform Process to the Fabry inclusion study has been made. The study, which rests upon five tissues and eight persons, brings out a new low frequency stratification. Various degrees of freedom exist for the basic molecule association. The periods are given for the three fundamental directions of the inclusion.", "contents": "[Fourier transform analysis of glycolipid depots in Fabry's disease]. An application of the Fourier Transform Process to the Fabry inclusion study has been made. The study, which rests upon five tissues and eight persons, brings out a new low frequency stratification. Various degrees of freedom exist for the basic molecule association. The periods are given for the three fundamental directions of the inclusion.", "PMID": 110486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9213", "title": "Uptake and distribution of daunorubicin and daunorubicin-DNA complex in mice as studied by whole-body autoradiography and liquid chromatography.", "content": "The tissue distribution of daunorubicin (D) and daunorubicin-DNA complex (D-DNA) was studied in mice by means of whole-body autoradiography (WBA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A higher accumulation of radioactivity in the blood after 1 min and a lower initial accumulation in the cardiac muscle were found after administration of 3H-D-DNA than after the infection of free drug. Comparative studies of plasma levels of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol (DOH) in D- and D-DNA-treated animals by HPLC showed that the initial differences were negligible from 2 h onward. A rapid accumulation of D in bone marrow occurred in both D- and D-DNA-treated mice. D reached its maximum level after 1 h and was almost constant for 12 h. A new WBA finding was a rapid and specific accumulation of radioactivity in the pituitary gland, in the thyroid, and in the pancreatic islets, which might be of some interest in consideration of possible late endocrine side effects of anthraquinone glycoside therapy.", "contents": "Uptake and distribution of daunorubicin and daunorubicin-DNA complex in mice as studied by whole-body autoradiography and liquid chromatography. The tissue distribution of daunorubicin (D) and daunorubicin-DNA complex (D-DNA) was studied in mice by means of whole-body autoradiography (WBA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A higher accumulation of radioactivity in the blood after 1 min and a lower initial accumulation in the cardiac muscle were found after administration of 3H-D-DNA than after the infection of free drug. Comparative studies of plasma levels of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol (DOH) in D- and D-DNA-treated animals by HPLC showed that the initial differences were negligible from 2 h onward. A rapid accumulation of D in bone marrow occurred in both D- and D-DNA-treated mice. D reached its maximum level after 1 h and was almost constant for 12 h. A new WBA finding was a rapid and specific accumulation of radioactivity in the pituitary gland, in the thyroid, and in the pancreatic islets, which might be of some interest in consideration of possible late endocrine side effects of anthraquinone glycoside therapy.", "PMID": 110487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9214", "title": "Microvascular architecture of anthropoid primate intestine.", "content": "Microvascular architecture of the small intestine of New World monkey, ape, and man was examined with the silicone rubber injection technique and the results compared to previous observations in dogs and Old World monkeys. In man, chimpanzee, and New World monkey the small intestine villus contains a single centrally located vein draining a subepithelial capillary plexus converging at the apex of the villus. These villi also contain a single eccentrically located artery rising to the midlevel of the villus, where it branches into subepithelial capillaries over the rest of its length. This vascular architecture most closely resembles that observed in the gut of Old World monkeys in which the villus artery is absent altogether. This observation contrasts the microvascular architecture of canine intestinal villi in which marginal arteries surround a centrally located vein. These patterns of microvascular anatomy are analyzed in terms of the role of the gut in the pathogenesis of experimental shock. The differences observed may account for the known species variations in canine and primate experimental shock.", "contents": "Microvascular architecture of anthropoid primate intestine. Microvascular architecture of the small intestine of New World monkey, ape, and man was examined with the silicone rubber injection technique and the results compared to previous observations in dogs and Old World monkeys. In man, chimpanzee, and New World monkey the small intestine villus contains a single centrally located vein draining a subepithelial capillary plexus converging at the apex of the villus. These villi also contain a single eccentrically located artery rising to the midlevel of the villus, where it branches into subepithelial capillaries over the rest of its length. This vascular architecture most closely resembles that observed in the gut of Old World monkeys in which the villus artery is absent altogether. This observation contrasts the microvascular architecture of canine intestinal villi in which marginal arteries surround a centrally located vein. These patterns of microvascular anatomy are analyzed in terms of the role of the gut in the pathogenesis of experimental shock. The differences observed may account for the known species variations in canine and primate experimental shock.", "PMID": 110488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9215", "title": "Prolonged shock in the baboon subjected to infusion of E. coli endotoxin.", "content": "This study was designed to examine the response of the baboon during a 24-hour period following Escherichia coli endotoxin infusion. Experiments were conducted on young adult baboons, unrestrained and maintained at a light plane of anesthesia induced with pentobarbital sodium. Light and electron microscopic studies on lung, heart, liver, and kidney were conducted; hematologic changes and physiologic responses were measured. The efficacy of heparin to prevent the coagulopathy and increase survivability was assayed. Hepatic sinusoidal fibrin thrombi with underlying hepatocyte cellular damage was seen in the endotoxin-treated group. In contrast, the experimental group receiving heparin showed no sinusoidal fibrin thrombi but demonstrated hepatocellular damage. Liver dysfunction was indicated by elevation of blood levels of enzymes. Glomerular fibrin thrombi were not present. Although heparin prevented the formation of hepatic thrombi in endotoxin-treated baboons, it did not increase survival. Platelet and complement levels decreased in both experimental groups, while wide variations in white blood cell and fibrinogen levels were observed. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte-platelet aggregations previously reported in the pulmonary vasculature during acute shock were not observed in the present study, and their absence may have been related to the longer time of survival.", "contents": "Prolonged shock in the baboon subjected to infusion of E. coli endotoxin. This study was designed to examine the response of the baboon during a 24-hour period following Escherichia coli endotoxin infusion. Experiments were conducted on young adult baboons, unrestrained and maintained at a light plane of anesthesia induced with pentobarbital sodium. Light and electron microscopic studies on lung, heart, liver, and kidney were conducted; hematologic changes and physiologic responses were measured. The efficacy of heparin to prevent the coagulopathy and increase survivability was assayed. Hepatic sinusoidal fibrin thrombi with underlying hepatocyte cellular damage was seen in the endotoxin-treated group. In contrast, the experimental group receiving heparin showed no sinusoidal fibrin thrombi but demonstrated hepatocellular damage. Liver dysfunction was indicated by elevation of blood levels of enzymes. Glomerular fibrin thrombi were not present. Although heparin prevented the formation of hepatic thrombi in endotoxin-treated baboons, it did not increase survival. Platelet and complement levels decreased in both experimental groups, while wide variations in white blood cell and fibrinogen levels were observed. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte-platelet aggregations previously reported in the pulmonary vasculature during acute shock were not observed in the present study, and their absence may have been related to the longer time of survival.", "PMID": 110489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9216", "title": "Pulmonary vasodilator activity of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the cat.", "content": "We studied the pulmonary vascular effects of prostacylin, PGI2, in the cat with intact chest under conditions of controlled blood flow. Intralobar injections of PGI2, 0.03--1 microgram, decreased arterial pressure in the perfused lobe in a dose-dependent manner. Inasmuch as lobar blood flow was held constant and left artrial pressure was unchanged, the fall in lobar arterial pressure reflects a decrease in lobar vascular resistance. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and nitroglycerin also decreased lobar arterial pressure; however, PGI2 had greater vasodilator activity than did these substances. Vasodilator responses to PGI2, PGE1, and nitroglycerin in absolute terms were dependent on the baseline level of tone in the pulmonary vascular bed. Prostacyclin reversed the hypertensive and platelet aggregating effects of ADP in the lobar vascular bed. These data indicate that PGI2 has significant vasodilator activity in the feline pulmonary lobar vascular bed.", "contents": "Pulmonary vasodilator activity of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the cat. We studied the pulmonary vascular effects of prostacylin, PGI2, in the cat with intact chest under conditions of controlled blood flow. Intralobar injections of PGI2, 0.03--1 microgram, decreased arterial pressure in the perfused lobe in a dose-dependent manner. Inasmuch as lobar blood flow was held constant and left artrial pressure was unchanged, the fall in lobar arterial pressure reflects a decrease in lobar vascular resistance. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and nitroglycerin also decreased lobar arterial pressure; however, PGI2 had greater vasodilator activity than did these substances. Vasodilator responses to PGI2, PGE1, and nitroglycerin in absolute terms were dependent on the baseline level of tone in the pulmonary vascular bed. Prostacyclin reversed the hypertensive and platelet aggregating effects of ADP in the lobar vascular bed. These data indicate that PGI2 has significant vasodilator activity in the feline pulmonary lobar vascular bed.", "PMID": 110490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9217", "title": "Valve replacement for aortic regurgitation: long-term follow-up with factors influencing the results.", "content": "One hundred consecutive cases of valve replacement for aortic regurgitation performed between 1967--1971 were analyzed to identify and quantitate factors related to a favorable result. Of 83 perioperative survivors, 78% (n = 65) became asymptomatic and 58% (n = 48) were alive 5--9 years postoperatively. The cause of aortic regurgitation affected both the speed of progression of symptoms and the postoperative result. Death due to myocardial failure may be prevented by optimal timing of operation. Accordingly, we identified variables that discriminated between patients who had an excellent postoperative result and those who died of myocardial failure. The most important discriminators were the severity (p = 0.03) and duration (p = 0.04) of dyspnea, the extent of therapy for heart failure (p = 0.001), physical findings of left ventricular failure (p = 0.002), the cardiothoracic ratio (p = 0.007), the resting pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (p = 0.01), and a cardiac index less than 2.2 1/min/m2 (p = 0.03). The data suggest that evidence of left ventricular failure, even of mild degree, is an indication for operation in patients with severe aortic regurgitation.", "contents": "Valve replacement for aortic regurgitation: long-term follow-up with factors influencing the results. One hundred consecutive cases of valve replacement for aortic regurgitation performed between 1967--1971 were analyzed to identify and quantitate factors related to a favorable result. Of 83 perioperative survivors, 78% (n = 65) became asymptomatic and 58% (n = 48) were alive 5--9 years postoperatively. The cause of aortic regurgitation affected both the speed of progression of symptoms and the postoperative result. Death due to myocardial failure may be prevented by optimal timing of operation. Accordingly, we identified variables that discriminated between patients who had an excellent postoperative result and those who died of myocardial failure. The most important discriminators were the severity (p = 0.03) and duration (p = 0.04) of dyspnea, the extent of therapy for heart failure (p = 0.001), physical findings of left ventricular failure (p = 0.002), the cardiothoracic ratio (p = 0.007), the resting pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (p = 0.01), and a cardiac index less than 2.2 1/min/m2 (p = 0.03). The data suggest that evidence of left ventricular failure, even of mild degree, is an indication for operation in patients with severe aortic regurgitation.", "PMID": 110491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9218", "title": "The T3/TBG ratio and the biochemical investigation of thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "The relationship between serum tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) has been studied in euthyroid subjects. This relationship is similar to that previously described for thyroxine (T4) and TBG. Serum T3, TBG and T4 data are presented for euthyroid subjects of all ages and the T4:T3 and T3:TBG ratios calculated. Similar data has been derived for patients with clinically proven thyrotoxicosis and for patients in which the diagnosis was in doubt. The results suggest the T3:TBG ratio enhances the use of the T3 assay to confirm thyrotoxicosis. The fact that 25% of our patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis had apparently normal serum T4 levels reinforces the contention that a serum TBG assay must be carried out as part of a basic thyroid function screen.", "contents": "The T3/TBG ratio and the biochemical investigation of thyrotoxicosis. The relationship between serum tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) has been studied in euthyroid subjects. This relationship is similar to that previously described for thyroxine (T4) and TBG. Serum T3, TBG and T4 data are presented for euthyroid subjects of all ages and the T4:T3 and T3:TBG ratios calculated. Similar data has been derived for patients with clinically proven thyrotoxicosis and for patients in which the diagnosis was in doubt. The results suggest the T3:TBG ratio enhances the use of the T3 assay to confirm thyrotoxicosis. The fact that 25% of our patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis had apparently normal serum T4 levels reinforces the contention that a serum TBG assay must be carried out as part of a basic thyroid function screen.", "PMID": 110492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9219", "title": "Variation in values for iodothyronine hormones, thyrotropin, and thyroxine-binding globulin in normal umbilical-cord serum with season and duration of storage.", "content": "We measured concentrations of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, reverse triiodothyronine, thyroxine-binding globulin, and thyrotropin in pooled samples of cord sera from normal newborns. Sera collected in winter contain significantly (p less than 0.05) higher concentrations of the first tour--14.9, 13.4, 9k9, and 7.5%, respectively--than do sera collected in summer; thyrotropin concentrations are similar in samples collected during winter and summer (p greater than 0.05). With storage, the values for the thyronines and thyrotropin decreased progressively at rates between 0.9 and 5.3% per year; those for thyroxine-binding globulin did not change significantly.", "contents": "Variation in values for iodothyronine hormones, thyrotropin, and thyroxine-binding globulin in normal umbilical-cord serum with season and duration of storage. We measured concentrations of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, reverse triiodothyronine, thyroxine-binding globulin, and thyrotropin in pooled samples of cord sera from normal newborns. Sera collected in winter contain significantly (p less than 0.05) higher concentrations of the first tour--14.9, 13.4, 9k9, and 7.5%, respectively--than do sera collected in summer; thyrotropin concentrations are similar in samples collected during winter and summer (p greater than 0.05). With storage, the values for the thyronines and thyrotropin decreased progressively at rates between 0.9 and 5.3% per year; those for thyroxine-binding globulin did not change significantly.", "PMID": 110493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9220", "title": "Radial and linear thin-layer chromatographic prodedures compared for screening urines to detect oligosaccharidoses.", "content": "We describe a circular (radial) thin-layer chromatographic procedure for separating urinary oligosaccharides. Results were better than those obtained by a single linear development. Bands and specific patterns were finely resolved for various known oligosaccharidoses. The procedure provides a simple means of screening for these disorders.", "contents": "Radial and linear thin-layer chromatographic prodedures compared for screening urines to detect oligosaccharidoses. We describe a circular (radial) thin-layer chromatographic procedure for separating urinary oligosaccharides. Results were better than those obtained by a single linear development. Bands and specific patterns were finely resolved for various known oligosaccharidoses. The procedure provides a simple means of screening for these disorders.", "PMID": 110494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9221", "title": "Evaluation of a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for insulin in human serum.", "content": "We describe a \"sandwich-type\" enzyme immunoassay for insulin in serum, in which antibody Fab'-beta-D-galactosidase conjugate and an antibody-immobilized silicone rubber solid-phase are used. The interference by serum factors with the solid-phase enzyme immunoassay can now be removed by using a buffer containing gelatin. Serum samples of 50 microL can be analyzed by the enzyme immunoassay, which is as sensitive as radioimmunoassay for human insulin. Our results correlate well with those for radioimmunoassay (r = 0.97, slope = 0.92, y-intercept = 4.6 milli-int. units /L for 181 samples). Between-assay and within-assay coefficients of variation are less than 15% over the useful ranges of the assay (5--160 milli-int. units/L).", "contents": "Evaluation of a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for insulin in human serum. We describe a \"sandwich-type\" enzyme immunoassay for insulin in serum, in which antibody Fab'-beta-D-galactosidase conjugate and an antibody-immobilized silicone rubber solid-phase are used. The interference by serum factors with the solid-phase enzyme immunoassay can now be removed by using a buffer containing gelatin. Serum samples of 50 microL can be analyzed by the enzyme immunoassay, which is as sensitive as radioimmunoassay for human insulin. Our results correlate well with those for radioimmunoassay (r = 0.97, slope = 0.92, y-intercept = 4.6 milli-int. units /L for 181 samples). Between-assay and within-assay coefficients of variation are less than 15% over the useful ranges of the assay (5--160 milli-int. units/L).", "PMID": 110495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9222", "title": "Human amylase isoenzymes separated on concanavalin A--Sepharose.", "content": "Human salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase were purified and characterized. These amylases gave two bands and one band, respectively, each staining for both protein and sugar, after electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel. The relative molecular mass (Mr) or pancreatic amylase was calculated to be 60 000; for the two components (A and B) of salivary amylase the Mr were 61 000 and 64 000. The two salivary amylases were separated by chromatography on concanavalin A--Sepharose; only component B bound to concanavalin A. The carbohydrate content of pancreatic amylase was 1.61 +/- 1.02% (SD), and of salivary amylases A and B 2. 18 +/- 0.71% and 8.77 +/- 2.28%, respectively. The salivary and pancreatic amylases had completely identical antigenicities against antibody to either. On isoelectric focusing, pancreatic amylase showed one peak at pH 7.0, salivary amylase A showed a major peak at pH 6.4 WITH A TRACE OF MATERIAL At pH 5.9, and salivary amylase B a major peak at pH 5.9 and one minor peak at pH 6.4. Serum amylase was separated into two major peaks with isoelectric points (pl) of 6.4 and 7.0, respectively, and one minor peak, with a pl of 5.9. Only a small part of the serum amylase with a pl of 5.9 combined with concanavalin A; the two other serum amylases did not.", "contents": "Human amylase isoenzymes separated on concanavalin A--Sepharose. Human salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase were purified and characterized. These amylases gave two bands and one band, respectively, each staining for both protein and sugar, after electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel. The relative molecular mass (Mr) or pancreatic amylase was calculated to be 60 000; for the two components (A and B) of salivary amylase the Mr were 61 000 and 64 000. The two salivary amylases were separated by chromatography on concanavalin A--Sepharose; only component B bound to concanavalin A. The carbohydrate content of pancreatic amylase was 1.61 +/- 1.02% (SD), and of salivary amylases A and B 2. 18 +/- 0.71% and 8.77 +/- 2.28%, respectively. The salivary and pancreatic amylases had completely identical antigenicities against antibody to either. On isoelectric focusing, pancreatic amylase showed one peak at pH 7.0, salivary amylase A showed a major peak at pH 6.4 WITH A TRACE OF MATERIAL At pH 5.9, and salivary amylase B a major peak at pH 5.9 and one minor peak at pH 6.4. Serum amylase was separated into two major peaks with isoelectric points (pl) of 6.4 and 7.0, respectively, and one minor peak, with a pl of 5.9. Only a small part of the serum amylase with a pl of 5.9 combined with concanavalin A; the two other serum amylases did not.", "PMID": 110498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9223", "title": "Improved double-antibody enzyme immunoassay for methotrexate.", "content": "We report an enzyme immunoassay procedure for methotrexate measurement that takes less than 3 h to perform. beta-D-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) from Escherichia coli was conjugated to methotrexate by means of the mixed anhydride reaction. Bound and free labeled drug were separated by a preincubated cubic complex of first and second antibody. The enzyme activity of the bound fraction was measured with o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside as substrate. The standard curve covered the range 1 to 10 micrograms of methotrexate per liter. One microgram of methotrexate per liter inhibited binding of the tracer by 17%. The assay is specific for methotrexate in the presence of folinic acid (citrovorum factor), folic acid, tetrahydrofolic acid, and other methotrexate metabolities. Intra- and inter-assay CVs were less than 5 and 10%, respectively. Results obtained with this enzyme immunoassay method agreed well with those obtained with an established radioimmunoassay method.", "contents": "Improved double-antibody enzyme immunoassay for methotrexate. We report an enzyme immunoassay procedure for methotrexate measurement that takes less than 3 h to perform. beta-D-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) from Escherichia coli was conjugated to methotrexate by means of the mixed anhydride reaction. Bound and free labeled drug were separated by a preincubated cubic complex of first and second antibody. The enzyme activity of the bound fraction was measured with o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside as substrate. The standard curve covered the range 1 to 10 micrograms of methotrexate per liter. One microgram of methotrexate per liter inhibited binding of the tracer by 17%. The assay is specific for methotrexate in the presence of folinic acid (citrovorum factor), folic acid, tetrahydrofolic acid, and other methotrexate metabolities. Intra- and inter-assay CVs were less than 5 and 10%, respectively. Results obtained with this enzyme immunoassay method agreed well with those obtained with an established radioimmunoassay method.", "PMID": 110499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9224", "title": "Induction of craniofacial malformations in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Administration of cyclophosphamide to pregnant rhesus monkeys induces two syndromes of craniofacial malformations characterized by underdevelopment of the face of different pattern depending on the timing of treatment. The first is cleft lip with cleft palate and exophthalmos. The second is a craniofacial dysmorphia with marked underdevelopment of the midfacial bones, highly arched closed palate, and either meningoencephalocele or persistent anterior fontanel. Since cleft lip and palate are among the most common malformations in man, and several human syndromes involving abnormal craniofacial development have features in common with the dysmorphic monkeys, these induced anomalies may prove valuable in investigations on the pathogenesis of such malformations and as surgical models.", "contents": "Induction of craniofacial malformations in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with cyclophosphamide. Administration of cyclophosphamide to pregnant rhesus monkeys induces two syndromes of craniofacial malformations characterized by underdevelopment of the face of different pattern depending on the timing of treatment. The first is cleft lip with cleft palate and exophthalmos. The second is a craniofacial dysmorphia with marked underdevelopment of the midfacial bones, highly arched closed palate, and either meningoencephalocele or persistent anterior fontanel. Since cleft lip and palate are among the most common malformations in man, and several human syndromes involving abnormal craniofacial development have features in common with the dysmorphic monkeys, these induced anomalies may prove valuable in investigations on the pathogenesis of such malformations and as surgical models.", "PMID": 110501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9225", "title": "Glycosidases in serum of cystic fibrosis patients.", "content": "In a study of eight glycosidases in serum samples from 72 cystic fibrosis patients, 85 cystic fibrosis parents and 34 healthy and diseased controls, significant elevations of mean alpha-glucosidase levels were found in cystic fibrosis patients. All other glycosidases did not show any significant change. Mean alpha-glucosidase levels in obligate heterozygotes were the same as in control individuals. Moreover, alpha-glucosidase levels in cystic fibrosis patients correlated with the degree of clinical impairment as measured by the Schwachman score.", "contents": "Glycosidases in serum of cystic fibrosis patients. In a study of eight glycosidases in serum samples from 72 cystic fibrosis patients, 85 cystic fibrosis parents and 34 healthy and diseased controls, significant elevations of mean alpha-glucosidase levels were found in cystic fibrosis patients. All other glycosidases did not show any significant change. Mean alpha-glucosidase levels in obligate heterozygotes were the same as in control individuals. Moreover, alpha-glucosidase levels in cystic fibrosis patients correlated with the degree of clinical impairment as measured by the Schwachman score.", "PMID": 110502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9226", "title": "Myoclonus and the electroencephalogram, a review.", "content": "Myoclonus is a phenomenon which cuts through a considerable number of neurological conditions. It occurs in a variety of epileptic conditions (Primary generalized epilepsy, hypsarrhythmia, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, also known as \"petit mal variant\"), in inborn errors of metabolism (Tay-Sachs disease, forms of ceroid lipofuscinosis), in neurobiochemically still poorly understood forms of degenerative processes such as Essential hereditary myoclonus epilepsy (Lafora-Unverricht-Lundborg), in benign heredo-degenerative disorders (Hartung's syndrome), in CNS infections (SSPE, Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease), in metabolic encephalopathies (renal failure, hypoglycemia), in CNS poisoning, in acute cerebral anoxia and in post-anoxic states. The EEG plays a crucial role in the differential diagnosis of these conditions by the demonstration of a) presence or absence of typical inter-ictal abnormalities, and b) various correlates of the myoclonic ictal event.", "contents": "Myoclonus and the electroencephalogram, a review. Myoclonus is a phenomenon which cuts through a considerable number of neurological conditions. It occurs in a variety of epileptic conditions (Primary generalized epilepsy, hypsarrhythmia, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, also known as \"petit mal variant\"), in inborn errors of metabolism (Tay-Sachs disease, forms of ceroid lipofuscinosis), in neurobiochemically still poorly understood forms of degenerative processes such as Essential hereditary myoclonus epilepsy (Lafora-Unverricht-Lundborg), in benign heredo-degenerative disorders (Hartung's syndrome), in CNS infections (SSPE, Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease), in metabolic encephalopathies (renal failure, hypoglycemia), in CNS poisoning, in acute cerebral anoxia and in post-anoxic states. The EEG plays a crucial role in the differential diagnosis of these conditions by the demonstration of a) presence or absence of typical inter-ictal abnormalities, and b) various correlates of the myoclonic ictal event.", "PMID": 110503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9227", "title": "Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone inhibits the pentagastrin stimulated gastric secretion in man. A dose response study.", "content": "Actions of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) have generally been confined to the central nervous system (CNS). We have studied the effect of increasing doses of TRH i.v. (8, 40, 200 and 1000 microgram/h) on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion in ten normal individuals. All doses caused stepwise inhibition of gastric juice (volume), acid and pepsin output. When employing the largest dose of i.v. TRH (1000 microgram/h) the inhibition was 44% for gastric volume, 51% for acid output and 57% for pepsin output. This study shows that TRH inhibits gastric secretion, and indicates that TRH has actions outside the CNS in man.", "contents": "Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone inhibits the pentagastrin stimulated gastric secretion in man. A dose response study. Actions of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) have generally been confined to the central nervous system (CNS). We have studied the effect of increasing doses of TRH i.v. (8, 40, 200 and 1000 microgram/h) on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion in ten normal individuals. All doses caused stepwise inhibition of gastric juice (volume), acid and pepsin output. When employing the largest dose of i.v. TRH (1000 microgram/h) the inhibition was 44% for gastric volume, 51% for acid output and 57% for pepsin output. This study shows that TRH inhibits gastric secretion, and indicates that TRH has actions outside the CNS in man.", "PMID": 110504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9228", "title": "Characterization of 'e' antigen associated with hepatitis B.", "content": "Hepatitis B 'e' antigen (HBe) from the serum of a chronic carrier of HBsAg has been partially purified and characterized. It behaves as an acidic protein, pI 4.5--5.0, which is thermolabile and sulphydryl-sensitive. In serum it usually has a flotation density 1.3 g/cm3, but is sometimes found at density 1.15 g/cm3 because of its association with lipid. HBe from serum is polydisperse on gel filtration although most antigen is recovered with a nominal molecular weight of 3 x 10(5) Daltons. In contrast, in the presence of chaotropic ions, the bulk of serum HBe is found as a species of 3 X 10(4) Daltons previously detected in small amounts under non-dissociating conditions. This suggests that the larger material is formed by non-covalent association of the 3 X 10(4) Dalton species either with itself or other serum components. This would include IgG, although there is no evidence that HBe itself bears immunoglobulin determinants. Analysis of HBe precipitins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing and dissociating conditions suggests that its component polypeptide chains are about 1.7 X 10(4) Daltons.", "contents": "Characterization of 'e' antigen associated with hepatitis B. Hepatitis B 'e' antigen (HBe) from the serum of a chronic carrier of HBsAg has been partially purified and characterized. It behaves as an acidic protein, pI 4.5--5.0, which is thermolabile and sulphydryl-sensitive. In serum it usually has a flotation density 1.3 g/cm3, but is sometimes found at density 1.15 g/cm3 because of its association with lipid. HBe from serum is polydisperse on gel filtration although most antigen is recovered with a nominal molecular weight of 3 x 10(5) Daltons. In contrast, in the presence of chaotropic ions, the bulk of serum HBe is found as a species of 3 X 10(4) Daltons previously detected in small amounts under non-dissociating conditions. This suggests that the larger material is formed by non-covalent association of the 3 X 10(4) Dalton species either with itself or other serum components. This would include IgG, although there is no evidence that HBe itself bears immunoglobulin determinants. Analysis of HBe precipitins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing and dissociating conditions suggests that its component polypeptide chains are about 1.7 X 10(4) Daltons.", "PMID": 110505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9229", "title": "Value of operating auxiliary personnel for caries diagnosis in dental epidemiology.", "content": "The ability of a suitably trained operating auxiliary to obtain similar diagnostic results to those of a dentist was tested on 200 11--12 year-old boys and girls selected from a larger sample taking part in a 3-year caries prophylactic clinical trial. A clinical and radiographic examinati-n of all children was performed by both examiners at the beginning of the study and at three subsequent yearly examinations. The reliability of the caries prevalence and incremental data was high for both the dentist and hygienist. Differences between mean caries scores were consistently found between the examiners at the initial lesion level for clinical and radiographic diagnosis. Over the incremental periods of the study neither examiner revealed a significant difference between control and test groups until the end of the 3rd year when both measured a significant difference in mean DMFS at the clinical cavitation level, 26.2% for the dentist and 25.2% for the hygienist.", "contents": "Value of operating auxiliary personnel for caries diagnosis in dental epidemiology. The ability of a suitably trained operating auxiliary to obtain similar diagnostic results to those of a dentist was tested on 200 11--12 year-old boys and girls selected from a larger sample taking part in a 3-year caries prophylactic clinical trial. A clinical and radiographic examinati-n of all children was performed by both examiners at the beginning of the study and at three subsequent yearly examinations. The reliability of the caries prevalence and incremental data was high for both the dentist and hygienist. Differences between mean caries scores were consistently found between the examiners at the initial lesion level for clinical and radiographic diagnosis. Over the incremental periods of the study neither examiner revealed a significant difference between control and test groups until the end of the 3rd year when both measured a significant difference in mean DMFS at the clinical cavitation level, 26.2% for the dentist and 25.2% for the hygienist.", "PMID": 110510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9230", "title": "Forearm pseudarthrosis--neurofibromatosis: case report.", "content": "A 3 1/2-year-old white girl with neurofibromatosis sustained left radius and ulna fractures. The radius was sclerotic with no medullary canal at the fracture site, and the ulna was hypoplastic distal to the fracture. The fractures failed to unite when immobilized in a long arm plaster cast for 5 months and pseudarthrosis developed. Three subsequent operative attempts to obtain union of the pseudarthrosis by means of internal fixation and bone grafting over the next 30 months were also unsuccessful, and the pseudarthrosis persisted. The forearm was supported in a custom molded leather brace until the child was 13 1/2 years old and had reached skeletal maturity. Osseous union was then operatively obtained using dual onlay tibial cortical and cancellous bone grafts. There has been no recurrence of the pseudarthrosis 3 years and 2 months after bone grafting. The author recommends postponing surgical attempts to achieve union of the forearm bone pseudarthrosis associated with neurofibromatosis until the patient reaches skeletal maturity.", "contents": "Forearm pseudarthrosis--neurofibromatosis: case report. A 3 1/2-year-old white girl with neurofibromatosis sustained left radius and ulna fractures. The radius was sclerotic with no medullary canal at the fracture site, and the ulna was hypoplastic distal to the fracture. The fractures failed to unite when immobilized in a long arm plaster cast for 5 months and pseudarthrosis developed. Three subsequent operative attempts to obtain union of the pseudarthrosis by means of internal fixation and bone grafting over the next 30 months were also unsuccessful, and the pseudarthrosis persisted. The forearm was supported in a custom molded leather brace until the child was 13 1/2 years old and had reached skeletal maturity. Osseous union was then operatively obtained using dual onlay tibial cortical and cancellous bone grafts. There has been no recurrence of the pseudarthrosis 3 years and 2 months after bone grafting. The author recommends postponing surgical attempts to achieve union of the forearm bone pseudarthrosis associated with neurofibromatosis until the patient reaches skeletal maturity.", "PMID": 110507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9231", "title": "A new principle of injectable depot contraceptives. I Drug selection and studies in monkeys.", "content": "The aim of the investigations was to develop a long-acting depot contraceptive on the basis of norethisterone or levonorgestrel. Disappointing results with levonorgestrel nonanoate and levonorgestrel undecylate showed that elongation of the fatty acid, esterified with the steroid, decreased the bioavailability of the latter due to incomplete hydrolysis of the ester. Therefore, several new compounds were synthesized which contained a bifunctional molecule between the steroid and the fatty acid. In vivo studies showed an increase in hydrolysis when glycolic acid was taken as the \"bridge\", compared to the hitherto known esters. Due to the new principle of the steroid-fatty acid connection, in the case of norethisterone, it was possible to introduce tridecanoic acid as lipophilic release controlling substituent without a loss of bioavailability in the baboon. This compound (called: \"norethisterone glycotridecanoate\") and the corresponding levonorgestral derivative were chosen for a pharmacokinetic-clinical study in women.", "contents": "A new principle of injectable depot contraceptives. I Drug selection and studies in monkeys. The aim of the investigations was to develop a long-acting depot contraceptive on the basis of norethisterone or levonorgestrel. Disappointing results with levonorgestrel nonanoate and levonorgestrel undecylate showed that elongation of the fatty acid, esterified with the steroid, decreased the bioavailability of the latter due to incomplete hydrolysis of the ester. Therefore, several new compounds were synthesized which contained a bifunctional molecule between the steroid and the fatty acid. In vivo studies showed an increase in hydrolysis when glycolic acid was taken as the \"bridge\", compared to the hitherto known esters. Due to the new principle of the steroid-fatty acid connection, in the case of norethisterone, it was possible to introduce tridecanoic acid as lipophilic release controlling substituent without a loss of bioavailability in the baboon. This compound (called: \"norethisterone glycotridecanoate\") and the corresponding levonorgestral derivative were chosen for a pharmacokinetic-clinical study in women.", "PMID": 110513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9232", "title": "Epididymitis in rams: effect of vaccination and culling on the clinical incidence of the disease.", "content": "Ram epidiymitis caused by Brucella ovis can be effective controlled by an annual program combining rigorous culling clinically affected animals and appropriate vaccination of the remaining animals. Yearling rams purchased or saved as replacement breeders should be immunized at 4-5 months of age by two injections of Br. ovis bacterin spaced 3-6 weeks apart. Annually, approximately one month prior to the breeding season, all rams, replacements and older breeders as well, should be carefully examined by palpation of the scrotal contents. Every ram evidencing an abnormality should be culled as a breeder. All the remaining rams should receive a \"booster\" injection of Br. ovis bacterin.", "contents": "Epididymitis in rams: effect of vaccination and culling on the clinical incidence of the disease. Ram epidiymitis caused by Brucella ovis can be effective controlled by an annual program combining rigorous culling clinically affected animals and appropriate vaccination of the remaining animals. Yearling rams purchased or saved as replacement breeders should be immunized at 4-5 months of age by two injections of Br. ovis bacterin spaced 3-6 weeks apart. Annually, approximately one month prior to the breeding season, all rams, replacements and older breeders as well, should be carefully examined by palpation of the scrotal contents. Every ram evidencing an abnormality should be culled as a breeder. All the remaining rams should receive a \"booster\" injection of Br. ovis bacterin.", "PMID": 110514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9233", "title": "Epididymitis in rams: studies on vaccine efficacy.", "content": "Simultaneous inoculation with Br. ovis bacterin plus Br. abortus strain 19 produced the greatest immunity. This procedure was not permitted, however, as widespread use of Br. abortus in sheep might pose a hazard to the brucellosis eradication program in cattle. Subsequent work demonstrated that an aluminum hydroxide adsorbed bacterin, administered as two injections spaced 3-6 weeks apart, conferred a significant and acceptable level of immunity.", "contents": "Epididymitis in rams: studies on vaccine efficacy. Simultaneous inoculation with Br. ovis bacterin plus Br. abortus strain 19 produced the greatest immunity. This procedure was not permitted, however, as widespread use of Br. abortus in sheep might pose a hazard to the brucellosis eradication program in cattle. Subsequent work demonstrated that an aluminum hydroxide adsorbed bacterin, administered as two injections spaced 3-6 weeks apart, conferred a significant and acceptable level of immunity.", "PMID": 110515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9234", "title": "Biochemical and serological studies on Pasteurella multocida isolated from cattle in the Sudan.", "content": "Of 42 strains of Pasteurella meltocida isolated from different outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicaemia and from healthy cattle in various parts of the Suden, 38 belonged to Carters' type B and four to type E. The strain used for vaccine production was type E. With respect to somatic antigen determination, there was some correlation between the results of the gel diffusion and the agglutination tests as most strains reacted with 0 groups 6 antisera in both tests. However, some antigens cross-reacted with antisera of different 0 groups in the gel diffusion test. No correlation was observed between the pattern of biochemical reactions and the serological types.", "contents": "Biochemical and serological studies on Pasteurella multocida isolated from cattle in the Sudan. Of 42 strains of Pasteurella meltocida isolated from different outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicaemia and from healthy cattle in various parts of the Suden, 38 belonged to Carters' type B and four to type E. The strain used for vaccine production was type E. With respect to somatic antigen determination, there was some correlation between the results of the gel diffusion and the agglutination tests as most strains reacted with 0 groups 6 antisera in both tests. However, some antigens cross-reacted with antisera of different 0 groups in the gel diffusion test. No correlation was observed between the pattern of biochemical reactions and the serological types.", "PMID": 110516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9235", "title": "Avian mite dermatitis.", "content": "A case of dermatitis caused by the Northern fowl mite is presented. Fowl mites and their clinical significance are discussed.", "contents": "Avian mite dermatitis. A case of dermatitis caused by the Northern fowl mite is presented. Fowl mites and their clinical significance are discussed.", "PMID": 110519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9236", "title": "The comparative efficacy of minocycline and penicillin-V in Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections.", "content": "The antistaphylococcal properties of orally administered minocycline and penicillin-V were compared for one hundred and fifteen patients receiving minocycline and one hundred and twenty-eight receiving penicillin-V for various types of cutaneous infections. The majority of bacterial isolates were staphylococcal organisms. Of these 82 percent showed initial in vitro sensitivity to minocycline while only 20 percent did to penicillin-V. The percentage of clinical cures was higher with minocycline (74 percent) than with penicillin-V (54 percent), however, most patients, in both groups, showed clinical improvement. The rate of clinical improvement appeared to be significantly faster with minocycline. There was a higher percentage of adverse, chiefly vestibular, effects in the minocycline group (16 percent vs 7 percent). The study clearly demonstrates the superior antistaphylococcal properties of minocycline as compared with penicillin-V.", "contents": "The comparative efficacy of minocycline and penicillin-V in Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections. The antistaphylococcal properties of orally administered minocycline and penicillin-V were compared for one hundred and fifteen patients receiving minocycline and one hundred and twenty-eight receiving penicillin-V for various types of cutaneous infections. The majority of bacterial isolates were staphylococcal organisms. Of these 82 percent showed initial in vitro sensitivity to minocycline while only 20 percent did to penicillin-V. The percentage of clinical cures was higher with minocycline (74 percent) than with penicillin-V (54 percent), however, most patients, in both groups, showed clinical improvement. The rate of clinical improvement appeared to be significantly faster with minocycline. There was a higher percentage of adverse, chiefly vestibular, effects in the minocycline group (16 percent vs 7 percent). The study clearly demonstrates the superior antistaphylococcal properties of minocycline as compared with penicillin-V.", "PMID": 110520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9237", "title": "Tuberculosis in Oriental immigrants: a study in military dependents.", "content": "Tuberculosis in Oriental immigrants is likely to be resistant to therapy with certain drugs. In 73 military dependents with positive cultures for tuberculosis who immigrated from six Asian countries, the tuberculosis was found to be resistant to isoniazid in 58 percent (42 patients), to streptomycin in 36 percent (26 patients), to p-amino-salicylic acid in 14 percent (ten patients), to rifampin in 7 percent (five patients), and to ethambutol in 7 percent (five patients). Despite the presence of drug-resistant organisms and often extensive disease, negative cultures were attained in all but one patient. Consideration of the high incidence of drug-resistant tuberculosis should be made in planning a program of treatment for these patients. Recognition of cultural differences may also be of value in the successful treatment of this difficult group of patients.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in Oriental immigrants: a study in military dependents. Tuberculosis in Oriental immigrants is likely to be resistant to therapy with certain drugs. In 73 military dependents with positive cultures for tuberculosis who immigrated from six Asian countries, the tuberculosis was found to be resistant to isoniazid in 58 percent (42 patients), to streptomycin in 36 percent (26 patients), to p-amino-salicylic acid in 14 percent (ten patients), to rifampin in 7 percent (five patients), and to ethambutol in 7 percent (five patients). Despite the presence of drug-resistant organisms and often extensive disease, negative cultures were attained in all but one patient. Consideration of the high incidence of drug-resistant tuberculosis should be made in planning a program of treatment for these patients. Recognition of cultural differences may also be of value in the successful treatment of this difficult group of patients.", "PMID": 110538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9238", "title": "Diagnosis of tuberculosis: routine cultures of bronchial washings are not indicated.", "content": "During a five-year period, cultures of bronchial washings for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were obtained almost routinely (859 of 1,012 bronchoscopic examinations.). This practice proved costly, and the diagnostic yield was extremely low. Only three cases were diagnosed solely by this method (0.35 percent). Five other cases were false-positive. Additionally, 39 patients with known active pulmonary tuberculosis had false-negative cultures of bronchial washings; 13 of these 39 patients were receiving antituberculosis drugs at the time of their bronchoscopic examinations. The inhibitory effect of local anesthetics upon the growth of M tuberculosis is the possible cause for the remaining 26 false-negative cultures. We conclude that bronchoscopic examination and culture of bronchial washings are not the best sources for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and that cultures of sputum and/or gastric washings are usually sufficient. The practice of obtaining routine cultures of bronchial washings in known pulmonary tuberculosis is of questionable value, when nearly two-thirds may be false-negative.", "contents": "Diagnosis of tuberculosis: routine cultures of bronchial washings are not indicated. During a five-year period, cultures of bronchial washings for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were obtained almost routinely (859 of 1,012 bronchoscopic examinations.). This practice proved costly, and the diagnostic yield was extremely low. Only three cases were diagnosed solely by this method (0.35 percent). Five other cases were false-positive. Additionally, 39 patients with known active pulmonary tuberculosis had false-negative cultures of bronchial washings; 13 of these 39 patients were receiving antituberculosis drugs at the time of their bronchoscopic examinations. The inhibitory effect of local anesthetics upon the growth of M tuberculosis is the possible cause for the remaining 26 false-negative cultures. We conclude that bronchoscopic examination and culture of bronchial washings are not the best sources for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and that cultures of sputum and/or gastric washings are usually sufficient. The practice of obtaining routine cultures of bronchial washings in known pulmonary tuberculosis is of questionable value, when nearly two-thirds may be false-negative.", "PMID": 110539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9239", "title": "Studies with cefuroxime: a new beta-lactamase resistant cephalosporin.", "content": "28 patients suffering from a variety of bacterial infections have been treated with cefuroxime. 18 were cured and 6 improved during treatment. Side effects were minimal and intramuscular injection was well tolerated. Serum and urine levels well in excess of the MICs of sensitive organisms were obtained using dosages of 750 mg 8 hourly. Biliary excretion was impaired in the presence of obstruction, but adequate bile levels of cefuroxime were observed following relief of the obstruction. Cefuroxime was widely active against gram-negative bacilli and against Streptococcus faecalis, but less active against Bacteroides spp.", "contents": "Studies with cefuroxime: a new beta-lactamase resistant cephalosporin. 28 patients suffering from a variety of bacterial infections have been treated with cefuroxime. 18 were cured and 6 improved during treatment. Side effects were minimal and intramuscular injection was well tolerated. Serum and urine levels well in excess of the MICs of sensitive organisms were obtained using dosages of 750 mg 8 hourly. Biliary excretion was impaired in the presence of obstruction, but adequate bile levels of cefuroxime were observed following relief of the obstruction. Cefuroxime was widely active against gram-negative bacilli and against Streptococcus faecalis, but less active against Bacteroides spp.", "PMID": 110540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9240", "title": "Schizontocidal activity of antibiotics against blood-induced Plasmodium gallinaceum infection.", "content": "Comparative studies on the blood schizontocidal activity of antibiotics against Plasmodium gallinaceum infection of chicks have shown that doxycycline, minocycline, demeclocycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline possess high antimalarial activity as judged by suppression of parasitaemia and extension of survival period. Of these, demeclocycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline were effective only at high dose level. Chloramphenicol, erythromycin and gentamicin were relatively inactive. Treatment in 5- to 6-day-old established infection of chicks has shown that doxycycline and minocycline are relatively more effective than oxytetracycline and tetracycline in controlling acute infection.", "contents": "Schizontocidal activity of antibiotics against blood-induced Plasmodium gallinaceum infection. Comparative studies on the blood schizontocidal activity of antibiotics against Plasmodium gallinaceum infection of chicks have shown that doxycycline, minocycline, demeclocycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline possess high antimalarial activity as judged by suppression of parasitaemia and extension of survival period. Of these, demeclocycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline were effective only at high dose level. Chloramphenicol, erythromycin and gentamicin were relatively inactive. Treatment in 5- to 6-day-old established infection of chicks has shown that doxycycline and minocycline are relatively more effective than oxytetracycline and tetracycline in controlling acute infection.", "PMID": 110541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9241", "title": "[The effect of parenteral nutrition on cellular immune status in patients with gastrointestinal cancer].", "content": "In a pilot study, the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood and skin tests with recall antigens have been examined in 42 patients with gastrointestinal cancer before and during a perioperative parenteral hyperalimentation. Concerning the calories and the concentrations of amino acids and carbohydrates, two different solution regimens were applied. During parenteral nutrition with 2400 and 2200 kcal especially the absolute numbers of lymphocyte subpopulations increase reflecting the changes of total lymphocyte count. There was no marked difference between the 2 groups. Both solutions are qualified to balance the preoperative catabolic situation indicated by preoperative lymphopenia. This kind of parenteral nutrition did not influence the patient's cellular immunological status which was tested by 3 recall antigens. It must, however, be considered that the physical i.e. nutritional situation of the patients was not reduced to an extent where the immunological status was impaired. Our results suggest that in the perioperative period cancer patients should be supported by hypercaloric parenteral nutrition. On the other hand more sensitive immunological tests such as DNCB for skin testing and functional assays for in vitro tests are necessary to assess the effects of this kind of therapy.", "contents": "[The effect of parenteral nutrition on cellular immune status in patients with gastrointestinal cancer]. In a pilot study, the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood and skin tests with recall antigens have been examined in 42 patients with gastrointestinal cancer before and during a perioperative parenteral hyperalimentation. Concerning the calories and the concentrations of amino acids and carbohydrates, two different solution regimens were applied. During parenteral nutrition with 2400 and 2200 kcal especially the absolute numbers of lymphocyte subpopulations increase reflecting the changes of total lymphocyte count. There was no marked difference between the 2 groups. Both solutions are qualified to balance the preoperative catabolic situation indicated by preoperative lymphopenia. This kind of parenteral nutrition did not influence the patient's cellular immunological status which was tested by 3 recall antigens. It must, however, be considered that the physical i.e. nutritional situation of the patients was not reduced to an extent where the immunological status was impaired. Our results suggest that in the perioperative period cancer patients should be supported by hypercaloric parenteral nutrition. On the other hand more sensitive immunological tests such as DNCB for skin testing and functional assays for in vitro tests are necessary to assess the effects of this kind of therapy.", "PMID": 110558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9242", "title": "[Surface changes of the pulmonary valve following pulmonary valve xenotransplantation in the descending aorta. An experimental study in dogs].", "content": "Upon implantation in the descending aorta, glutaraldehyde-conditioned pulmonary valves (n = 46) are immediately covered by a protein layer, followed by a fibrinous layer. Two to thirty minutes later platelets, WBCs, macrophages, and microthrombi are incorporated into the valve's surface. After 3 weeks the first collagen fibers appear on the surface and slowly build a collagen layer that grows toward the free edge. These changes are very similar to the surface changes of bioprostheses implanted in humans.", "contents": "[Surface changes of the pulmonary valve following pulmonary valve xenotransplantation in the descending aorta. An experimental study in dogs]. Upon implantation in the descending aorta, glutaraldehyde-conditioned pulmonary valves (n = 46) are immediately covered by a protein layer, followed by a fibrinous layer. Two to thirty minutes later platelets, WBCs, macrophages, and microthrombi are incorporated into the valve's surface. After 3 weeks the first collagen fibers appear on the surface and slowly build a collagen layer that grows toward the free edge. These changes are very similar to the surface changes of bioprostheses implanted in humans.", "PMID": 110559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9243", "title": "[Studies on the modification of wound healing by a lack of essential fatty acids].", "content": "A fat-free diet produces a deficiency of essential fatty acids in Wistar rats. This is associated with disturbances of wound healing in the colon and skin due to an impaired collagen metabolism, since hydroxyproline content in the wound area is decreased. The results are of clinical significance with regard to total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients.", "contents": "[Studies on the modification of wound healing by a lack of essential fatty acids]. A fat-free diet produces a deficiency of essential fatty acids in Wistar rats. This is associated with disturbances of wound healing in the colon and skin due to an impaired collagen metabolism, since hydroxyproline content in the wound area is decreased. The results are of clinical significance with regard to total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients.", "PMID": 110560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9244", "title": "[The effect of exocrine glandular tissue on the transplantation results of isolated islands of Langerhans].", "content": "Islet cells were transplanted into isologous rat strains with exocrine pancreatic tissue as contaminant. The relationship of transplant function to the degree of contamination was tested. No influence on transplant success was found despite a five fold amount of exocrine tissue in one group after transplantation into livers of diabetic animals. But a 12-fold contamination of the 2000 isolated islets of Langerhans did not allow a normalization of blood sugar content. The glucose assimilation coefficient was constantly below 1.0. Purification of islet cell transplants was estimated by determination of amylase activity per islet according to SUTHERLAND.", "contents": "[The effect of exocrine glandular tissue on the transplantation results of isolated islands of Langerhans]. Islet cells were transplanted into isologous rat strains with exocrine pancreatic tissue as contaminant. The relationship of transplant function to the degree of contamination was tested. No influence on transplant success was found despite a five fold amount of exocrine tissue in one group after transplantation into livers of diabetic animals. But a 12-fold contamination of the 2000 isolated islets of Langerhans did not allow a normalization of blood sugar content. The glucose assimilation coefficient was constantly below 1.0. Purification of islet cell transplants was estimated by determination of amylase activity per islet according to SUTHERLAND.", "PMID": 110561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9245", "title": "[Nitrogen-saving effect of a 3% solution of amino acid infusion in the postoperative period].", "content": "Infusion of a 3% amino acid solution after moderate abdominal surgery for 4 - 6 days postoperatively results in a nitrogen-saving effect as compared with an infusion of carbohydrates or a combination of carbohydrates and amino acids. Patients who received only amino acids showed the lowest blood glucose levels, but a significant increase of ketone bodies and triglycerides in serum, which is an indication of lipolysis.", "contents": "[Nitrogen-saving effect of a 3% solution of amino acid infusion in the postoperative period]. Infusion of a 3% amino acid solution after moderate abdominal surgery for 4 - 6 days postoperatively results in a nitrogen-saving effect as compared with an infusion of carbohydrates or a combination of carbohydrates and amino acids. Patients who received only amino acids showed the lowest blood glucose levels, but a significant increase of ketone bodies and triglycerides in serum, which is an indication of lipolysis.", "PMID": 110562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9246", "title": "[Therapy of hepatic encephalopathy. Modification of the plasma aminogram using amino acid infusions].", "content": "When amino acid solutions with high concentrations of branched chained amino acids and low concentrations of aromatic amino acids were administered to patients with cirrhosis of the liver 1. the serum levels of tyrosine and phenylalanine were significantly reduced, 2. the molar ratio of the branched chained amino acids to the aromatic amino acids substantially increased, and 3. as therapeutic response in all cases treated, a marked improvement of hepatic encephalopathy was achieved.", "contents": "[Therapy of hepatic encephalopathy. Modification of the plasma aminogram using amino acid infusions]. When amino acid solutions with high concentrations of branched chained amino acids and low concentrations of aromatic amino acids were administered to patients with cirrhosis of the liver 1. the serum levels of tyrosine and phenylalanine were significantly reduced, 2. the molar ratio of the branched chained amino acids to the aromatic amino acids substantially increased, and 3. as therapeutic response in all cases treated, a marked improvement of hepatic encephalopathy was achieved.", "PMID": 110563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9247", "title": "[Predictive value of metabolic profiles in multiple trauma].", "content": "An increase in the lactate:pyruvate ratio as well as in serum gluocse levels and a decrease in base excess values permit an early prediction of vital outcome in severely traumatized patients. Further laboratory data such as enzymes, bilirubin, and amino-acid concentrations, however, demonstrate significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivros at a later stage, i.e., from the 6th day on.", "contents": "[Predictive value of metabolic profiles in multiple trauma]. An increase in the lactate:pyruvate ratio as well as in serum gluocse levels and a decrease in base excess values permit an early prediction of vital outcome in severely traumatized patients. Further laboratory data such as enzymes, bilirubin, and amino-acid concentrations, however, demonstrate significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivros at a later stage, i.e., from the 6th day on.", "PMID": 110564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9248", "title": "Crohn's disease with spontaneous ileoumbilical and ileovesical fistulae.", "content": "A 17-year-old male with Crohn's disease involving the terminal ileum and cecum developed an umbilical fistula in the absence of previous surgery. While on intravenous hyperalimentation he developed an enterovesical fistula and was successfully treated by surgical resection. This combination of an enterovesical and umbilical fistula has not been previously reported. An aggressive approach to treatment is suggested.", "contents": "Crohn's disease with spontaneous ileoumbilical and ileovesical fistulae. A 17-year-old male with Crohn's disease involving the terminal ileum and cecum developed an umbilical fistula in the absence of previous surgery. While on intravenous hyperalimentation he developed an enterovesical fistula and was successfully treated by surgical resection. This combination of an enterovesical and umbilical fistula has not been previously reported. An aggressive approach to treatment is suggested.", "PMID": 110569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9249", "title": "Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on lower esophageal sphincter in awake baboons: comparison with glucagon and secretin.", "content": "The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), glucagon, and secretin on lower esophageal sphincter pressure were investigated in awake baboons. The three hormones were compared with respect to effect on (1) resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure and (2) maximal stimulatory response to pentagastrin. VIP was shown to reduce resting and pentagastrin-stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure with significantly greater potency than either secretin or glucagon. For reduction of resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure, the potency ratio of VIP to secretin was 16:1 and of VIP to glucagon was 32:1 (P less than 0.05). For inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated sphincter pressure, the potency ratio of VIP to secretin was 32:1 and of VIP to glucagon was 64:1 (P less than 0.02). This demonstration of significantly increased potency of VIP over known inhibitory hormones strengthens the suggestion that VIP may have a physiologic role in the control of lower esophageal sphincter function.", "contents": "Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on lower esophageal sphincter in awake baboons: comparison with glucagon and secretin. The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), glucagon, and secretin on lower esophageal sphincter pressure were investigated in awake baboons. The three hormones were compared with respect to effect on (1) resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure and (2) maximal stimulatory response to pentagastrin. VIP was shown to reduce resting and pentagastrin-stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure with significantly greater potency than either secretin or glucagon. For reduction of resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure, the potency ratio of VIP to secretin was 16:1 and of VIP to glucagon was 32:1 (P less than 0.05). For inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated sphincter pressure, the potency ratio of VIP to secretin was 32:1 and of VIP to glucagon was 64:1 (P less than 0.02). This demonstration of significantly increased potency of VIP over known inhibitory hormones strengthens the suggestion that VIP may have a physiologic role in the control of lower esophageal sphincter function.", "PMID": 110570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9250", "title": "Choleresis and cholestasis produced by infusion of taurocholic acid or taurodehydrocholic acid combined with BSP in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "To study the determinants of BSP Tm in rhesus monkeys, animals with indwelling silastic catheters were infused with sufficient BSP to produce a rising plasma concentration and normal saline or taurocholic acid 3.5 mumol/min, 7.0 mumol/min, or 10.5 mumol/min. BSP Tm was 3.84 +/- 0.11 mg/kg/10 min during normal saline infusion, 5.52 +/- 0.53 mg/kg/10 min during taurocholic acid 3.5 mumol/min, despite greater bile flow with the latter compound. Higher infusion rates of taurocholic acid inhibited BSP Tm and the proportion of conjugated BSP secreted into bile, as well as bile flow and bile acid secretion. Taurodehydrocholic acid 7.0 mumol/min produced similar but less marked effects. These results indicate that bile flow does not explain the effects of bile acids on BSP Tm and suggests that bile acids exert varying effects on BSP transport or binding in micelles. The cholestasis observed with combined BSP and higher bile acid infusion rates is probably due to inhibition of liver cell intermediary metabolism or to liver cell toxicity.", "contents": "Choleresis and cholestasis produced by infusion of taurocholic acid or taurodehydrocholic acid combined with BSP in the rhesus monkey. To study the determinants of BSP Tm in rhesus monkeys, animals with indwelling silastic catheters were infused with sufficient BSP to produce a rising plasma concentration and normal saline or taurocholic acid 3.5 mumol/min, 7.0 mumol/min, or 10.5 mumol/min. BSP Tm was 3.84 +/- 0.11 mg/kg/10 min during normal saline infusion, 5.52 +/- 0.53 mg/kg/10 min during taurocholic acid 3.5 mumol/min, despite greater bile flow with the latter compound. Higher infusion rates of taurocholic acid inhibited BSP Tm and the proportion of conjugated BSP secreted into bile, as well as bile flow and bile acid secretion. Taurodehydrocholic acid 7.0 mumol/min produced similar but less marked effects. These results indicate that bile flow does not explain the effects of bile acids on BSP Tm and suggests that bile acids exert varying effects on BSP transport or binding in micelles. The cholestasis observed with combined BSP and higher bile acid infusion rates is probably due to inhibition of liver cell intermediary metabolism or to liver cell toxicity.", "PMID": 110571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9251", "title": "Resonance Raman spectroscopy of chlorophyll-protein complexes.", "content": "Resonance Raman spectra of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and of Chl b were selectively obtained, at low temperature, from chlorophyll-protein complexes prepared from green and blue-green algae and from higher plants. Antenna Chl a in the Chl a-P700-protein complexes (CP I) and in the light-harvesting Chl a/b-protein complexes (CP ii gives resonance Raman spectra extremely close in all their features to those previously obtained from intact cells and chloroplasts. In particular, the same multiplicity of binding sites for the ketone carbonyl groups of Chl a is observed in both CP I and CP II as in intact membranes. These bindings sites are probably the same types as those observed in the intact membranes and are not the magnesium atoms of other chlorophylls. The magnesium atoms of most Chl a molecules in both CP I and CP II bind a single external ligand. Resonance Raman spectra of Chl b in CP II preparations, although very similar to those from intact membranes, show partial rearrangement of one of the two environmental subspecies of Chl b previously found in intact membranes. These results provide evidence that chlorophyll-protein complexes closely represent the state of the bulk of antenna chlorophyll in vivo.", "contents": "Resonance Raman spectroscopy of chlorophyll-protein complexes. Resonance Raman spectra of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and of Chl b were selectively obtained, at low temperature, from chlorophyll-protein complexes prepared from green and blue-green algae and from higher plants. Antenna Chl a in the Chl a-P700-protein complexes (CP I) and in the light-harvesting Chl a/b-protein complexes (CP ii gives resonance Raman spectra extremely close in all their features to those previously obtained from intact cells and chloroplasts. In particular, the same multiplicity of binding sites for the ketone carbonyl groups of Chl a is observed in both CP I and CP II as in intact membranes. These bindings sites are probably the same types as those observed in the intact membranes and are not the magnesium atoms of other chlorophylls. The magnesium atoms of most Chl a molecules in both CP I and CP II bind a single external ligand. Resonance Raman spectra of Chl b in CP II preparations, although very similar to those from intact membranes, show partial rearrangement of one of the two environmental subspecies of Chl b previously found in intact membranes. These results provide evidence that chlorophyll-protein complexes closely represent the state of the bulk of antenna chlorophyll in vivo.", "PMID": 110567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9252", "title": "The preparation and characterization of different types of light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes from some purple bacteria.", "content": "A general strategy, with some specific examples, is given for the isolation and purification of detergent-soluble, antenna pigment-protein complexes from the photosynthetic membranes. Absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra, and the pigment and protein composition of B800-B850-protein and B890-protein complexes of some purple bacteria (Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and Rps. capsulata and Chromatium vinosum) are discussed. We conclude that there are probably two major classes of antenna carotenochlorophyll-proteins in purple bacteria containing bacteriochlorophyll a: a B890 complex which has one carotenoid and two bacteriochlorophyll molecules in the minimal unit (probable molecular weight around 20,000), and a B800 + B850 complex which has one carotenoid and three bacteriochlorophyll molecules in a similar-sized minimal unit. The whole cell spectrum of any purple bacterium can be reconstituted by combining different proportions of the spectra of these two complexes with that of the photochemical reaction centre.", "contents": "The preparation and characterization of different types of light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes from some purple bacteria. A general strategy, with some specific examples, is given for the isolation and purification of detergent-soluble, antenna pigment-protein complexes from the photosynthetic membranes. Absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra, and the pigment and protein composition of B800-B850-protein and B890-protein complexes of some purple bacteria (Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and Rps. capsulata and Chromatium vinosum) are discussed. We conclude that there are probably two major classes of antenna carotenochlorophyll-proteins in purple bacteria containing bacteriochlorophyll a: a B890 complex which has one carotenoid and two bacteriochlorophyll molecules in the minimal unit (probable molecular weight around 20,000), and a B800 + B850 complex which has one carotenoid and three bacteriochlorophyll molecules in a similar-sized minimal unit. The whole cell spectrum of any purple bacterium can be reconstituted by combining different proportions of the spectra of these two complexes with that of the photochemical reaction centre.", "PMID": 110568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9253", "title": "[Antibacterial in-vitro activity of pipemidic acid and nalidixic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "The in-vitro activity of nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid was investigated in a combined study in 450 freshly isolated bacterial strains using the agar dilution test. Gram-positive cocci were resistant to both substances except for a few pipemidic acid sensitive staphylococci. Both substances had good antibacterial activity in the gram-negative spectrum. However, the MIC values of pipemidic acid were generally clearly lower than those of nalidixic acid. Only pipemidic acid showed activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thus the in-vitro results showed that pipemidic acid has clear-cut and valuable advantages for the treatment of urinary tract infections when compared with nalidixic acid.", "contents": "[Antibacterial in-vitro activity of pipemidic acid and nalidixic acid (author's transl)]. The in-vitro activity of nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid was investigated in a combined study in 450 freshly isolated bacterial strains using the agar dilution test. Gram-positive cocci were resistant to both substances except for a few pipemidic acid sensitive staphylococci. Both substances had good antibacterial activity in the gram-negative spectrum. However, the MIC values of pipemidic acid were generally clearly lower than those of nalidixic acid. Only pipemidic acid showed activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thus the in-vitro results showed that pipemidic acid has clear-cut and valuable advantages for the treatment of urinary tract infections when compared with nalidixic acid.", "PMID": 110574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9254", "title": "[Diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (author's transl)].", "content": "The positive demonstration of ds-DNA in a particular concentration is a diagnostic criterium for systemic lupus erythematosus. The most commonly used test at present has the disadvantage that radioactively marked substances are required. Thus a test method was developed for the laser nephelometer which is simple and which detects the antigen-antibody complex directly. First measurements on sera from SLE patients showed a good correlation with radioimmuno assay.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (author's transl)]. The positive demonstration of ds-DNA in a particular concentration is a diagnostic criterium for systemic lupus erythematosus. The most commonly used test at present has the disadvantage that radioactively marked substances are required. Thus a test method was developed for the laser nephelometer which is simple and which detects the antigen-antibody complex directly. First measurements on sera from SLE patients showed a good correlation with radioimmuno assay.", "PMID": 110575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9255", "title": "[Development of ossification in children with chronic digestive insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "In 84 children suffering from chronic insufficiency of digestion, ossification of both hands was observed by means of fluoroscopic controls for several years. In 48 of 71 patients there was a retarded ossification; in 23 it was normal, or respectively more advanced. 18 boys and girls succeeded in making up for there retardation by means of consequent diet so that it might be regarded as a \"spurt of growth\". But in 10 of them retardation was constant, and in 14 children it increased. The causes of insufficient improvement were: late diagnosis and therapy, failures of diet, but also additional diseases--different from digestive insufficiency--, and long-term use of corticosteroides. In 30 of 84 children ossification was always normal or advanced. They had received early and consequent diet for years. Only in few cases, slight or moderate diseases were diagnosed. Development of ossification was parallel to body height, but not to weight gain.", "contents": "[Development of ossification in children with chronic digestive insufficiency (author's transl)]. In 84 children suffering from chronic insufficiency of digestion, ossification of both hands was observed by means of fluoroscopic controls for several years. In 48 of 71 patients there was a retarded ossification; in 23 it was normal, or respectively more advanced. 18 boys and girls succeeded in making up for there retardation by means of consequent diet so that it might be regarded as a \"spurt of growth\". But in 10 of them retardation was constant, and in 14 children it increased. The causes of insufficient improvement were: late diagnosis and therapy, failures of diet, but also additional diseases--different from digestive insufficiency--, and long-term use of corticosteroides. In 30 of 84 children ossification was always normal or advanced. They had received early and consequent diet for years. Only in few cases, slight or moderate diseases were diagnosed. Development of ossification was parallel to body height, but not to weight gain.", "PMID": 110578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9256", "title": "The dynamics of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone metabolism in the adult male rhesus monkey.", "content": "MCRs of testosterone (T) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were determined in the morning and evening in four chronically chaired adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by means of steady state infusion of [4-14C]testosterone and [1,2-3H]dihydrotestosterone. Morning and evening MCRs were comparable for both T and DHT, averaging 169 and 212 ml/min for T and 93 and 108 ml/min for DHT, respectively, indicating that temporal differences in blood steroid concentrations are the result of changes in glandular secretion and/or synthesis and not differences in MCRs. Blood transfer factors for the conversion of T to DHT were also similar at these two times (0.024 and 0.022). MCRs were determined in one monkey by the single injection of [14C]T and [3H]DHT. From the rates at which the hormones disappeared from the circulation, MCRT and MCRDHT were calculated to be 172 ml/min for T and 92.2 ml/min for DHT. The inner volumes of hormone distribution were 4.04 liters for T and 3.67 liters for DHT.", "contents": "The dynamics of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone metabolism in the adult male rhesus monkey. MCRs of testosterone (T) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were determined in the morning and evening in four chronically chaired adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by means of steady state infusion of [4-14C]testosterone and [1,2-3H]dihydrotestosterone. Morning and evening MCRs were comparable for both T and DHT, averaging 169 and 212 ml/min for T and 93 and 108 ml/min for DHT, respectively, indicating that temporal differences in blood steroid concentrations are the result of changes in glandular secretion and/or synthesis and not differences in MCRs. Blood transfer factors for the conversion of T to DHT were also similar at these two times (0.024 and 0.022). MCRs were determined in one monkey by the single injection of [14C]T and [3H]DHT. From the rates at which the hormones disappeared from the circulation, MCRT and MCRDHT were calculated to be 172 ml/min for T and 92.2 ml/min for DHT. The inner volumes of hormone distribution were 4.04 liters for T and 3.67 liters for DHT.", "PMID": 110580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9257", "title": "Further studies on the effects of lesions in the rostral hypothalamus on gonadotropin secretion in the female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Bilateral radiofrequency lesions were stereotaxically placed in the rostral hypothalamus of four adult female rhesus monkeys. These lesions resulted in extensive destruction of the ventromedial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (POA-AHA) and included the suprachiasmatic nucleus as well as, with the exception of one animal, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. In three of these four animals, gonadotropin surges similar to those observed before surgery were elicited in response to either a spontaneous increment in serum estrogen concentration or an estradiol benzoate injection. This stimulatory action of estradiol on LH and FSH release was not demonstratable in the remaining lesioned animal, but estradiol benzoate injections also failed to elicit a gonadotropin discharge in one of a series of five normal control animals. These findings fail to support the view that destruction of the ventromedial POA-AHA in this species compromises the ability of the hypothalamicohypophysial apparatus to respond to the positive feedback action of estradiol. The diurnal variation in serum cortisol concentration was not interrupted by placement of the lesions in the ventromedial POA-AHA.", "contents": "Further studies on the effects of lesions in the rostral hypothalamus on gonadotropin secretion in the female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Bilateral radiofrequency lesions were stereotaxically placed in the rostral hypothalamus of four adult female rhesus monkeys. These lesions resulted in extensive destruction of the ventromedial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (POA-AHA) and included the suprachiasmatic nucleus as well as, with the exception of one animal, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. In three of these four animals, gonadotropin surges similar to those observed before surgery were elicited in response to either a spontaneous increment in serum estrogen concentration or an estradiol benzoate injection. This stimulatory action of estradiol on LH and FSH release was not demonstratable in the remaining lesioned animal, but estradiol benzoate injections also failed to elicit a gonadotropin discharge in one of a series of five normal control animals. These findings fail to support the view that destruction of the ventromedial POA-AHA in this species compromises the ability of the hypothalamicohypophysial apparatus to respond to the positive feedback action of estradiol. The diurnal variation in serum cortisol concentration was not interrupted by placement of the lesions in the ventromedial POA-AHA.", "PMID": 110581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9258", "title": "Pharmacological interactions of mesuximide with phenobarbital and phenytoin in hospitalized epileptic patients.", "content": "In order to study the pharmacological interactions of the anticonvulsant drugs mesuximide (MSM), phenobarbital (PB), and phenytoin (PHT), serum concentrations of N-desmethyl-mesuximide (N-DESM-MSM, the main metabolite of MSM), PB, and PHT were determined in 94 hospitalized patients suffering from petit mal epilepsy. When MSM was administered to patients on stable PB or primidone therapy, the mean concentrations of PB increased by statistically significant amounts of 38 and 40%, respectively. Similarly, the additional administration of MSM caused the mean concentration of PHT to rise by 78%. The data also indicate that patients with PB and/or PHT comedication have higher N-DESM-MSM serum concentrations than patients without comedication. The pharmacological reasons for these interactions are discussed. These studies demonstrate that the disturbing side effects of MSM are often due to the co-medication. A carefully planned therapeutical dose procedure with regular serum level determinations is proposed to avoid or at least reduce the adverse effects of MSM.", "contents": "Pharmacological interactions of mesuximide with phenobarbital and phenytoin in hospitalized epileptic patients. In order to study the pharmacological interactions of the anticonvulsant drugs mesuximide (MSM), phenobarbital (PB), and phenytoin (PHT), serum concentrations of N-desmethyl-mesuximide (N-DESM-MSM, the main metabolite of MSM), PB, and PHT were determined in 94 hospitalized patients suffering from petit mal epilepsy. When MSM was administered to patients on stable PB or primidone therapy, the mean concentrations of PB increased by statistically significant amounts of 38 and 40%, respectively. Similarly, the additional administration of MSM caused the mean concentration of PHT to rise by 78%. The data also indicate that patients with PB and/or PHT comedication have higher N-DESM-MSM serum concentrations than patients without comedication. The pharmacological reasons for these interactions are discussed. These studies demonstrate that the disturbing side effects of MSM are often due to the co-medication. A carefully planned therapeutical dose procedure with regular serum level determinations is proposed to avoid or at least reduce the adverse effects of MSM.", "PMID": 110583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9259", "title": "The influence of attending on seizure activity in epileptic monkeys.", "content": "Six studies are presented on the influence of attending upon epileptic activity in the alumina-gel monkey model of focal motor and secondarily generalized tonic--clonic seizures. Seizure frequency and EEG paroxysms are reported during (a) scheduled feeding periods, (b) visual attending, and (c) three different operant tasks, including the conditioning of single neurons. An explanatory hypothesis of the cumulative data is proposed in terms of the different bursting behavior of group 1 (strongly epileptic) and group 2 (weakly epileptic) neurons of the epileptogenic focus. It is suggested that attending, or participation in operant tasks, results in a decrease in bursting of group 2 neurons and a disruption of synchrony between group 1 (pacemaker), group 2, and normal neurons. This desynchronization is said to lower the probability of an ictal event occurring either during or immediately following an operant task. Attending factors may be responsible for some of the conflicting findings in therapeutic studies of epilepsy which have not controlled for this parameter.", "contents": "The influence of attending on seizure activity in epileptic monkeys. Six studies are presented on the influence of attending upon epileptic activity in the alumina-gel monkey model of focal motor and secondarily generalized tonic--clonic seizures. Seizure frequency and EEG paroxysms are reported during (a) scheduled feeding periods, (b) visual attending, and (c) three different operant tasks, including the conditioning of single neurons. An explanatory hypothesis of the cumulative data is proposed in terms of the different bursting behavior of group 1 (strongly epileptic) and group 2 (weakly epileptic) neurons of the epileptogenic focus. It is suggested that attending, or participation in operant tasks, results in a decrease in bursting of group 2 neurons and a disruption of synchrony between group 1 (pacemaker), group 2, and normal neurons. This desynchronization is said to lower the probability of an ictal event occurring either during or immediately following an operant task. Attending factors may be responsible for some of the conflicting findings in therapeutic studies of epilepsy which have not controlled for this parameter.", "PMID": 110584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9260", "title": "Carbamazepine revisited in a monkey model.", "content": "In a previous study on carbamazepine (Lockard et al., 1974), the problem of its low bioavailability in solid form and its short half-life in monkey were addressed. The present research was designed to evaluate carbamazepine under constant-rate intravenous infusion in our alumina-gel monkey model. Since carbamazepine is insoluble in an aqueous solution, polyethylene glycol 400 was used as the vehicle for administration of this drug to a group of 8 epileptic monkeys. The attenuation of seizures by carbamazepine was not statistically significant since the serum levels of carbamazepine after enzyme induction were less than 2.0 micrograms/ml. This study (a) illustrates that some problems in drug evaluation may be insoluble with our present technology even though we are cognizant of them; (b) makes explicit the fact that the efficacy of carbamazepine is a function of adequate serum levels; (c) demonstrates endogenous oscillations of carbamazepine serum concentrations; and (d) reports simultaneous serum levels of carbamazepine and its 10--11 epoxide in the monkey model.", "contents": "Carbamazepine revisited in a monkey model. In a previous study on carbamazepine (Lockard et al., 1974), the problem of its low bioavailability in solid form and its short half-life in monkey were addressed. The present research was designed to evaluate carbamazepine under constant-rate intravenous infusion in our alumina-gel monkey model. Since carbamazepine is insoluble in an aqueous solution, polyethylene glycol 400 was used as the vehicle for administration of this drug to a group of 8 epileptic monkeys. The attenuation of seizures by carbamazepine was not statistically significant since the serum levels of carbamazepine after enzyme induction were less than 2.0 micrograms/ml. This study (a) illustrates that some problems in drug evaluation may be insoluble with our present technology even though we are cognizant of them; (b) makes explicit the fact that the efficacy of carbamazepine is a function of adequate serum levels; (c) demonstrates endogenous oscillations of carbamazepine serum concentrations; and (d) reports simultaneous serum levels of carbamazepine and its 10--11 epoxide in the monkey model.", "PMID": 110585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9261", "title": "Factors influencing the response of human blood platelets to analogues of ADP which may act as partial agonists at the ADP receptor.", "content": "1. The prior addition of non-aggregating concentrations of the divalent cation ionophore, A-23187, causes human platelets to aggregate in response to a subsequent addition of the 2',3'-dialdehyde and 2',3'-dialcohol derivatives of ADP (oADP and or ADP). Previous studies [Pearce et al. (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 88, 543--555] have shown that these derivatives act as partial agonists at the platelet ADP receptor inducing only the transition from discoid to globular morphology ('shape change'). A secretion response is also observed on addition of a low concentration of ionophore A-23187 prior to orADP. These responses are not observed if ionophore A-23187 is added prior to the 2',3'-dialdehyde and 2',3'-dialcohol derivatives of ATP (oATP and or ATP) and are markedly inhibited by prior addition of the ADP antagonist, adenosine 5'-[beta, gamma-methylene]triphosphate. 2. The aggregation response to oADP in the presence of ionophore A-23187 is reduced but not eliminated by addition of 3 mM EGTA when studies are performed in heparinised platelet-rich plasma. Additions of 3 mM EGTA in citrated platelet-rich plasma, or of 4 mM EDTA in either system completely inhibits this response. Inhibitors which are reported to elevate the intracellular concentration of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) or to prevent Ca2+ movement also inhibit the aggregation response to oADP which is observed in the presence of ionophore A-23187. 3. Prior addition of inhibitors of adenylate cyclase fails to cause an aggregation response to subsequent addition of oADP or orADP. Certain of these inhibitors enhance and prolong the shape change response to oADP or orADP but only at concentrations an order of magnitude in excess of those required to antagonise inhibition by agents such as prostaglandin E1, which act by increasing the concentration of cyclic AMP. 4. The concentration of prostaglandin E1, adenosine or papaverine required to inhibit shape change induced by oADP is one to two orders of magnitude lower than that required to inhibit shape change induced by ADP. 5. Prior addition of oADP decreases the lag phase in the response of human platelets to arachidonate while also increasing the concentration required to observe half-maximal response, and causing a decrease in the extent of the response. Prior addition of oATP also diminishes the extent of this response and increases the concentration of arachidonate required but has no effect on the lag phase. 6. The data suggest that oADP and orADP are capable only of acting as partial agonists at the ADP receptor because of a defective ability to increase cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. The defect is rectified by the presence of low concentrations of ionophore A-23187, which promotes mobilisation of Ca2+ from an intracellular store. The results do not appear consistent with the thesis that a decrease in platelet cyclic AMP is an initiating event in aggregation induced by ADP, but do support a model which implicates cyclic AMP in depletion of cytosolic Ca2+.", "contents": "Factors influencing the response of human blood platelets to analogues of ADP which may act as partial agonists at the ADP receptor. 1. The prior addition of non-aggregating concentrations of the divalent cation ionophore, A-23187, causes human platelets to aggregate in response to a subsequent addition of the 2',3'-dialdehyde and 2',3'-dialcohol derivatives of ADP (oADP and or ADP). Previous studies [Pearce et al. (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 88, 543--555] have shown that these derivatives act as partial agonists at the platelet ADP receptor inducing only the transition from discoid to globular morphology ('shape change'). A secretion response is also observed on addition of a low concentration of ionophore A-23187 prior to orADP. These responses are not observed if ionophore A-23187 is added prior to the 2',3'-dialdehyde and 2',3'-dialcohol derivatives of ATP (oATP and or ATP) and are markedly inhibited by prior addition of the ADP antagonist, adenosine 5'-[beta, gamma-methylene]triphosphate. 2. The aggregation response to oADP in the presence of ionophore A-23187 is reduced but not eliminated by addition of 3 mM EGTA when studies are performed in heparinised platelet-rich plasma. Additions of 3 mM EGTA in citrated platelet-rich plasma, or of 4 mM EDTA in either system completely inhibits this response. Inhibitors which are reported to elevate the intracellular concentration of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) or to prevent Ca2+ movement also inhibit the aggregation response to oADP which is observed in the presence of ionophore A-23187. 3. Prior addition of inhibitors of adenylate cyclase fails to cause an aggregation response to subsequent addition of oADP or orADP. Certain of these inhibitors enhance and prolong the shape change response to oADP or orADP but only at concentrations an order of magnitude in excess of those required to antagonise inhibition by agents such as prostaglandin E1, which act by increasing the concentration of cyclic AMP. 4. The concentration of prostaglandin E1, adenosine or papaverine required to inhibit shape change induced by oADP is one to two orders of magnitude lower than that required to inhibit shape change induced by ADP. 5. Prior addition of oADP decreases the lag phase in the response of human platelets to arachidonate while also increasing the concentration required to observe half-maximal response, and causing a decrease in the extent of the response. Prior addition of oATP also diminishes the extent of this response and increases the concentration of arachidonate required but has no effect on the lag phase. 6. The data suggest that oADP and orADP are capable only of acting as partial agonists at the ADP receptor because of a defective ability to increase cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. The defect is rectified by the presence of low concentrations of ionophore A-23187, which promotes mobilisation of Ca2+ from an intracellular store. The results do not appear consistent with the thesis that a decrease in platelet cyclic AMP is an initiating event in aggregation induced by ADP, but do support a model which implicates cyclic AMP in depletion of cytosolic Ca2+.", "PMID": 110586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9262", "title": "Synthesis of carbonic anhydrase in rabbit and chicken reticulocyte lysates.", "content": "The synthesis of carbonic anhydrase, the second most abundant soluble protein of red blood cells, is shown to occur in rabbit and chicken reticulocyte lysates. This translation product was identified by chloroform/ethanol extraction, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate and peptide mapping. In rabbit retic-locyte lysates, predominantly one of the two red cell isozymes, carbonic anhydrase I, is synthesised. The proportion of carbonic anhydrase synthesis (0.2-0.8% of total protein synthesis) in vitro is comparable to that (0.2-1.0%) in vivo for both rabbit and chicken reticulocytes.", "contents": "Synthesis of carbonic anhydrase in rabbit and chicken reticulocyte lysates. The synthesis of carbonic anhydrase, the second most abundant soluble protein of red blood cells, is shown to occur in rabbit and chicken reticulocyte lysates. This translation product was identified by chloroform/ethanol extraction, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate and peptide mapping. In rabbit retic-locyte lysates, predominantly one of the two red cell isozymes, carbonic anhydrase I, is synthesised. The proportion of carbonic anhydrase synthesis (0.2-0.8% of total protein synthesis) in vitro is comparable to that (0.2-1.0%) in vivo for both rabbit and chicken reticulocytes.", "PMID": 110587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9263", "title": "Colivirus-T3-coded S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase.", "content": "Bacteriophage T3 induces an enzyme activity which hydrolyzes S-adenosylmethionine. This S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase is interesting, not only because of its unique activity, but also because the protein has to overcome host restriction [F. W. Studier and N. R. Movva (1976) J. Virol. 19, 136-145]. S-Adenosylmethionine hydrolase was purified to homogeneity using affinity chromatography on S-adenosylhomocysteine-Sepharose. The enzyme occurs in two forms, A and B. Form A consists of the viral peptide chain only; its native and subunit molecular weight is 17,000. Form B contains, in addition, a host subunit with a molecular weight of 49,000. The host subunit does not modify S-adenosylmethionine cleavage in vitro and no apparent relationship to the host-restriction system could be detected.", "contents": "Colivirus-T3-coded S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase. Bacteriophage T3 induces an enzyme activity which hydrolyzes S-adenosylmethionine. This S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase is interesting, not only because of its unique activity, but also because the protein has to overcome host restriction [F. W. Studier and N. R. Movva (1976) J. Virol. 19, 136-145]. S-Adenosylmethionine hydrolase was purified to homogeneity using affinity chromatography on S-adenosylhomocysteine-Sepharose. The enzyme occurs in two forms, A and B. Form A consists of the viral peptide chain only; its native and subunit molecular weight is 17,000. Form B contains, in addition, a host subunit with a molecular weight of 49,000. The host subunit does not modify S-adenosylmethionine cleavage in vitro and no apparent relationship to the host-restriction system could be detected.", "PMID": 110588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9264", "title": "Inhibition of the aliphatic amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by urea and related compounds.", "content": "The time-dependent inhibition of amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain AI 3 by urea, hydroxyurea and cyanate displayed saturation kinetics fitting a model for the reaction sequence in which formation of a complex in a reversible step was followed by an irreversible step. Altered amidases from mutant strains AIU 1N and OUCH 4, selected for their resistance to inhibition of growth by urea and hydroxyurea respectively, had altered kinetic constants for inhibition indicating reduced binding capacity for the inhibitors. The substrate acetamide protected AI 3 amidase against inhibition by urea,.and altered Ki values for inhibition of the mutant amidases were paralleled by alterations in Km values for acetamide indicating that urea acted at the active site. Inhibition of AI 3 amidase involved the binding of one molecule of urea per molecule of enzyme. Urea inhibited amidase slowly regained activity at pH 7.2 through release of urea.", "contents": "Inhibition of the aliphatic amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by urea and related compounds. The time-dependent inhibition of amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain AI 3 by urea, hydroxyurea and cyanate displayed saturation kinetics fitting a model for the reaction sequence in which formation of a complex in a reversible step was followed by an irreversible step. Altered amidases from mutant strains AIU 1N and OUCH 4, selected for their resistance to inhibition of growth by urea and hydroxyurea respectively, had altered kinetic constants for inhibition indicating reduced binding capacity for the inhibitors. The substrate acetamide protected AI 3 amidase against inhibition by urea,.and altered Ki values for inhibition of the mutant amidases were paralleled by alterations in Km values for acetamide indicating that urea acted at the active site. Inhibition of AI 3 amidase involved the binding of one molecule of urea per molecule of enzyme. Urea inhibited amidase slowly regained activity at pH 7.2 through release of urea.", "PMID": 110589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9265", "title": "A novel SH-type carboxypeptidase in the inner membrane of rat-liver mitochondria.", "content": "A carboxypeptidase from rat liver mitochondria was partially purified by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation, washes with NaCl/KBr/Tris buffer, and solubilization with 2 M NaCl in the presence of soybean trypsin inhibitor bound to CM-cellulose. By means of dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a molecular weight of 34,500 was determined; a value of 38,000 was estimated by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The carboxypeptidase was completely inhibited by 3 mM Hg2+. In the presence of 3 mM Cu2+ 50% of the catalytic activity was inhibited. Among several peptides tested Cbz-Ala-Phe, Cbz-Leu-Phe, Cbz-Phe-Leu, and Cbz-Phe-Phe, were good substrates. The enzyme activity exhibited a pH optimum of around 9 with Cbz-Ala-Phe as a substrate. After submitochondrial fractionation it was found that the carboxypeptidase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "A novel SH-type carboxypeptidase in the inner membrane of rat-liver mitochondria. A carboxypeptidase from rat liver mitochondria was partially purified by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation, washes with NaCl/KBr/Tris buffer, and solubilization with 2 M NaCl in the presence of soybean trypsin inhibitor bound to CM-cellulose. By means of dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a molecular weight of 34,500 was determined; a value of 38,000 was estimated by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The carboxypeptidase was completely inhibited by 3 mM Hg2+. In the presence of 3 mM Cu2+ 50% of the catalytic activity was inhibited. Among several peptides tested Cbz-Ala-Phe, Cbz-Leu-Phe, Cbz-Phe-Leu, and Cbz-Phe-Phe, were good substrates. The enzyme activity exhibited a pH optimum of around 9 with Cbz-Ala-Phe as a substrate. After submitochondrial fractionation it was found that the carboxypeptidase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.", "PMID": 110590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9266", "title": "The role of components of the endoplasmic reticulum in the biosynthesis of cytochrome P-450.", "content": "1. Antibodies have been prepared to rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 and their specificity demonstrated. These antibodies have been used to investigate the biosynthesis of cytochrome P-450 in vitro and in situ in various components of the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. A preparation of heavy rough endoplasmic reticulum translocates proteins newly biosynthesized in vitro vectorially into the luminal space and these are released by low concentrations of deoxycholate. A significant proportion of the radioactivity found in this released fraction is incorporated into cytochrome P-450. 3. Following incorporation of [14C]leucine by perfused rat liver, radioactively labelled cytochrome P-450 can be found in the intrascisternal content of heavy rough, light rough and smooth endopalsmic reticulum and also in a solublized Golgi preparation. 4. We suggest that at least part of the newly biosynthesized cytochrome P-450 is translocated into the intracisternal space of the rough endoplasmic and then passes through the other components of the endoplasmic reticulum before insertion at its ultimate membrane locus.", "contents": "The role of components of the endoplasmic reticulum in the biosynthesis of cytochrome P-450. 1. Antibodies have been prepared to rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 and their specificity demonstrated. These antibodies have been used to investigate the biosynthesis of cytochrome P-450 in vitro and in situ in various components of the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. A preparation of heavy rough endoplasmic reticulum translocates proteins newly biosynthesized in vitro vectorially into the luminal space and these are released by low concentrations of deoxycholate. A significant proportion of the radioactivity found in this released fraction is incorporated into cytochrome P-450. 3. Following incorporation of [14C]leucine by perfused rat liver, radioactively labelled cytochrome P-450 can be found in the intrascisternal content of heavy rough, light rough and smooth endopalsmic reticulum and also in a solublized Golgi preparation. 4. We suggest that at least part of the newly biosynthesized cytochrome P-450 is translocated into the intracisternal space of the rough endoplasmic and then passes through the other components of the endoplasmic reticulum before insertion at its ultimate membrane locus.", "PMID": 110591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9267", "title": "Antiepileptic therapy with phenytoin: which is the optimum serum level?", "content": "114 patients suffering from generalized grand mal seizures were treated with phenytoin only. Serum-phenytoin was monitored, and its relation to the frequency of attacks was established in each case, observing steady state periods of at least 3 months' duration. In a group of 44 patients the reduction in pretreatment frequency of attacks was used to evaluate the drug effect. The probability of attacks followed an exponential function of serum-phenytoin. Curves of equal probability for further attacks were plotted: they may assist in determining the initial regimen. However, the high variability in responsiveness during a serum-phenytoin below 10 mg/l suggested that the effective level has to be determined separately and repeatedly for every single patient.", "contents": "Antiepileptic therapy with phenytoin: which is the optimum serum level? 114 patients suffering from generalized grand mal seizures were treated with phenytoin only. Serum-phenytoin was monitored, and its relation to the frequency of attacks was established in each case, observing steady state periods of at least 3 months' duration. In a group of 44 patients the reduction in pretreatment frequency of attacks was used to evaluate the drug effect. The probability of attacks followed an exponential function of serum-phenytoin. Curves of equal probability for further attacks were plotted: they may assist in determining the initial regimen. However, the high variability in responsiveness during a serum-phenytoin below 10 mg/l suggested that the effective level has to be determined separately and repeatedly for every single patient.", "PMID": 110592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9268", "title": "Tendency to periodic recurrence of EEG changes in Lafora's disease. Case report.", "content": "A young male patient affected with Lafora's disease and concomitant mental deterioration, myoclonic jerks and epileptic seizures is reported. A cerebral biopsy showed round PAS-positive myoclonus bodies in nerve cells and neuropile. A tendency to periodic recurrence of paroxysmal activity in the EEG tracings, an unusual finding in Lafora's disease, is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Tendency to periodic recurrence of EEG changes in Lafora's disease. Case report. A young male patient affected with Lafora's disease and concomitant mental deterioration, myoclonic jerks and epileptic seizures is reported. A cerebral biopsy showed round PAS-positive myoclonus bodies in nerve cells and neuropile. A tendency to periodic recurrence of paroxysmal activity in the EEG tracings, an unusual finding in Lafora's disease, is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 110593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9269", "title": "Chronic administration of chenodeoxycholic acid increases cholesterol saturation in bile in the dog.", "content": "Six dogs were given chenodeoxycholic acid, 200 mg/day for 15 days; gallbladder and hepatic bile samples were taken and biliary bile acids, phospholipids and cholesterol were compared to those of fourteen control dogs. It was found that: (1) the cholesterol saturation index of gallbladder bile was higher in treated dogs (0.12 +/- 0.06; m +/- SD) than in controls (0.07 +/- 0.01; P less than 0.05); the proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid in gallbladder bile was higher in treated dogs (27.8 +/- 12.5%) than in controls (4.5 +/- 1.9%; P less than 0.01); (2) in hepatic bile, the saturation index and proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid were significantly higher in treated dogs (respectively 0.13 +/- 0.03 and 21.6 +/- 8.8%) than in control dogs (respectively 0.07 +/- 0.01; P less than 0.01 and 4.6 +/- 2.2%; P less than 0.01). In the dog, chronic administration of chenodeoxycholic acid increases cholesterol saturation in bile. It is concluded that the difference of effect of chenodeoxycholic acid in man and in the dog is not related to the duration of administration, but to a species difference.", "contents": "Chronic administration of chenodeoxycholic acid increases cholesterol saturation in bile in the dog. Six dogs were given chenodeoxycholic acid, 200 mg/day for 15 days; gallbladder and hepatic bile samples were taken and biliary bile acids, phospholipids and cholesterol were compared to those of fourteen control dogs. It was found that: (1) the cholesterol saturation index of gallbladder bile was higher in treated dogs (0.12 +/- 0.06; m +/- SD) than in controls (0.07 +/- 0.01; P less than 0.05); the proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid in gallbladder bile was higher in treated dogs (27.8 +/- 12.5%) than in controls (4.5 +/- 1.9%; P less than 0.01); (2) in hepatic bile, the saturation index and proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid were significantly higher in treated dogs (respectively 0.13 +/- 0.03 and 21.6 +/- 8.8%) than in control dogs (respectively 0.07 +/- 0.01; P less than 0.01 and 4.6 +/- 2.2%; P less than 0.01). In the dog, chronic administration of chenodeoxycholic acid increases cholesterol saturation in bile. It is concluded that the difference of effect of chenodeoxycholic acid in man and in the dog is not related to the duration of administration, but to a species difference.", "PMID": 110595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9270", "title": "Renal excretion of proteins and enzymes in workers exposed to cadmium.", "content": "The proteinuria rate and the relative clearances of beta 2-microglobulin, orosomucoid, albumin, transferrin and IgG were measured in forty-two workers exposed to cadmium and in seventy-seven control workers. A tubular type proteinuria with an increased excretion of beta 2-microglobulin and often also a glomerular type proteinuria with an increased excretion of orosomucoid, albumin, transferrin and IgG were observed mainly in workers exposed to cadmium for more than 25 years and whose cadmium concentration in blood exceeded 1 microgram Cd/100 ml and that in urine 10 microgram Cd/g creatinine. The glomerular dysfunction was also suggested by an increased plasma level of beta 2-microglobulin and creatinine. Both tubular and glomerular impairments occurred with the same prevalence and were not necessarily associated. The increased release of beta-galactosidase by the kidney suggested that cadmium can damage some epithelial cells.", "contents": "Renal excretion of proteins and enzymes in workers exposed to cadmium. The proteinuria rate and the relative clearances of beta 2-microglobulin, orosomucoid, albumin, transferrin and IgG were measured in forty-two workers exposed to cadmium and in seventy-seven control workers. A tubular type proteinuria with an increased excretion of beta 2-microglobulin and often also a glomerular type proteinuria with an increased excretion of orosomucoid, albumin, transferrin and IgG were observed mainly in workers exposed to cadmium for more than 25 years and whose cadmium concentration in blood exceeded 1 microgram Cd/100 ml and that in urine 10 microgram Cd/g creatinine. The glomerular dysfunction was also suggested by an increased plasma level of beta 2-microglobulin and creatinine. Both tubular and glomerular impairments occurred with the same prevalence and were not necessarily associated. The increased release of beta-galactosidase by the kidney suggested that cadmium can damage some epithelial cells.", "PMID": 110596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9271", "title": "Uraemic sympathetic neuropathy after haemodialysis and transplantation.", "content": "Autonomic function in patients with uraemia treated conservatively, by haemodialysis, and by transplantation was evaluated by the pupillary reaction to tyramine, the Valsalva manoeuvre and a postural tolerance test. The pupillary reaction to tyramine is diminished in haemodialysis patients compared with control subjects. Renal transplantation improves, but does not correct the pupillary reaction to tyramine. The frequency of the diminished response roughly correlates with the degree of renal insufficiency, with results of a Valsalva manoeuvre, and with postural tolerance tests. Our data show that uraemic autonomic dysfunction is improved by successful renal transplantation, but not by adequate haemodialysis.", "contents": "Uraemic sympathetic neuropathy after haemodialysis and transplantation. Autonomic function in patients with uraemia treated conservatively, by haemodialysis, and by transplantation was evaluated by the pupillary reaction to tyramine, the Valsalva manoeuvre and a postural tolerance test. The pupillary reaction to tyramine is diminished in haemodialysis patients compared with control subjects. Renal transplantation improves, but does not correct the pupillary reaction to tyramine. The frequency of the diminished response roughly correlates with the degree of renal insufficiency, with results of a Valsalva manoeuvre, and with postural tolerance tests. Our data show that uraemic autonomic dysfunction is improved by successful renal transplantation, but not by adequate haemodialysis.", "PMID": 110597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9272", "title": "Effects of chlorpromazine hydrochloride on bile salt synthesis, bile formation and biliary lipid secretion in the rhesus monkey: a model for chlorpromazine-induced cholestasis.", "content": "We studied the acute effects of intravenous infusions of chlorpromazine hydrochloride on bile salt synthesis, bile formation and biliary lipid secretion in the alert female Rhesus monkey prepared with a total biliary fistula and in a steady bile salt secretory state. In twelve studies (three animals), five doses of radiolabelled chlorpromazine hydrochloride (1-10 mg identical to 2.8-28 mumol/kg) were infused intravenously for 1 h in random order. Cholestasis was induced within minutes in all experiments. The radiolabel appeared rapidly in bile, with similar recoveries in bile and urine and a 90% total cumulative output in 4 days. Both bile flow, bile salt and other biliary lipid outputs were inhibited in a dose related and reversible manner. The apparent bile salt independent bile flow was consistently abolished, and a prompt return to basal values occurred when biliary concentration of the drug and metabolities fell below 1-2 mM. When chlorpromazine hydrochloride was infused at three doses (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg identical to 7-28 mumol/kg) during constant intravenous infusion of 14C sodium taurocholate (300 mumol/h), bile flow, total bile salt output and 14C taurocholate output decreased within minutes. This was accompanied by a progressive rise in the serum 14C taurocholate concentration. After 90 min the taurocholate specific activity in bile increased significantly indicating that bile salt synthesis was inhibited. Secretion of retained bile salts and reversal of inhibition of bile salt synthesis occurred with time: the course of both events was correlated with the dose of the drug. Thus, in monkeys, chlorpromazine hydrochloride induces reversible, dose related cholestasis suppression of the bile salt dependent and independent flow, inhibition of bile salt synthesis and impairment of biliary lipid secretion. We suggest that these effects are due to both bile salt-chlorpromazine interactions and the effect of the latter on canalicular and other membranes.", "contents": "Effects of chlorpromazine hydrochloride on bile salt synthesis, bile formation and biliary lipid secretion in the rhesus monkey: a model for chlorpromazine-induced cholestasis. We studied the acute effects of intravenous infusions of chlorpromazine hydrochloride on bile salt synthesis, bile formation and biliary lipid secretion in the alert female Rhesus monkey prepared with a total biliary fistula and in a steady bile salt secretory state. In twelve studies (three animals), five doses of radiolabelled chlorpromazine hydrochloride (1-10 mg identical to 2.8-28 mumol/kg) were infused intravenously for 1 h in random order. Cholestasis was induced within minutes in all experiments. The radiolabel appeared rapidly in bile, with similar recoveries in bile and urine and a 90% total cumulative output in 4 days. Both bile flow, bile salt and other biliary lipid outputs were inhibited in a dose related and reversible manner. The apparent bile salt independent bile flow was consistently abolished, and a prompt return to basal values occurred when biliary concentration of the drug and metabolities fell below 1-2 mM. When chlorpromazine hydrochloride was infused at three doses (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg identical to 7-28 mumol/kg) during constant intravenous infusion of 14C sodium taurocholate (300 mumol/h), bile flow, total bile salt output and 14C taurocholate output decreased within minutes. This was accompanied by a progressive rise in the serum 14C taurocholate concentration. After 90 min the taurocholate specific activity in bile increased significantly indicating that bile salt synthesis was inhibited. Secretion of retained bile salts and reversal of inhibition of bile salt synthesis occurred with time: the course of both events was correlated with the dose of the drug. Thus, in monkeys, chlorpromazine hydrochloride induces reversible, dose related cholestasis suppression of the bile salt dependent and independent flow, inhibition of bile salt synthesis and impairment of biliary lipid secretion. We suggest that these effects are due to both bile salt-chlorpromazine interactions and the effect of the latter on canalicular and other membranes.", "PMID": 110598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9273", "title": "Partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase:evidence for a structural mutation in a patient with gout.", "content": "A mutant hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8.) from a patient with gout is examined. The activity of the erythrocyte enzyme is about 5% of normal in this case. Immunoprecipitation studies using antiserum against highly purified human hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase reveal that the patient's erythrocytes contain a normal amount of cross-reacting material. The mutant enzyme has an altered net charge as shown by preparative isoelectric focusing (pI values of 5.75 and 4.55). The influence of chemical modification on enzymic activity was studied using a number of different reagents directed against sulfhydryl-, amino-, and guanidino-groups. Compared with normal hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase the mutant enzyme shows a generally lowered susceptibility to active site-directed inhibition. It is concluded that the patient's enzyme is the product of a structural mutation.", "contents": "Partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase:evidence for a structural mutation in a patient with gout. A mutant hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8.) from a patient with gout is examined. The activity of the erythrocyte enzyme is about 5% of normal in this case. Immunoprecipitation studies using antiserum against highly purified human hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase reveal that the patient's erythrocytes contain a normal amount of cross-reacting material. The mutant enzyme has an altered net charge as shown by preparative isoelectric focusing (pI values of 5.75 and 4.55). The influence of chemical modification on enzymic activity was studied using a number of different reagents directed against sulfhydryl-, amino-, and guanidino-groups. Compared with normal hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase the mutant enzyme shows a generally lowered susceptibility to active site-directed inhibition. It is concluded that the patient's enzyme is the product of a structural mutation.", "PMID": 110599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9274", "title": "The effects of albumin bound fatty acids on the platelet inhibitory function of human endothelial cells.", "content": "This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of albumin-bound fatty acids on the anti-platelet effects of endothelial cells. Primary cultures of human endothelial cells (ECM), grown in confluent monolayers, were incubated with plasma or growth medium enriched with albumin-bound fatty acids (FA) for 2-20 h. The effects of ECM on ADP-induced platelet aggregation (PA) and collagen-induced PA and prostaglandin synthesis in platelet-rich plasma were tested. ECM released an inhibitor of platelet reactions which resembled the activity of PGI2 (prostacyclin). The inhibitory activity was increased by preincubation of ECM with arachidonic acid (AA). A moderate decrease of the activity was obtained by incubation with long-chain saturated, monoenoic and dienoic unsaturated fatty acids. A pronounced decrease of the inhibitor was obtained by incubation with di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid (DHLA). Paired combinations of AA with the other fatty acids in the incubation medium partially restored the inhibitory activity obtained by the separate FA. The stimulation of the inhibitor by AA was dose dependent and high concentrations of AA reduced this activity. The present study indicates that the quantity and quality of the plasma free fatty acids can affect the endothelial cells' ability to act as a non-thrombogenic surface.", "contents": "The effects of albumin bound fatty acids on the platelet inhibitory function of human endothelial cells. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of albumin-bound fatty acids on the anti-platelet effects of endothelial cells. Primary cultures of human endothelial cells (ECM), grown in confluent monolayers, were incubated with plasma or growth medium enriched with albumin-bound fatty acids (FA) for 2-20 h. The effects of ECM on ADP-induced platelet aggregation (PA) and collagen-induced PA and prostaglandin synthesis in platelet-rich plasma were tested. ECM released an inhibitor of platelet reactions which resembled the activity of PGI2 (prostacyclin). The inhibitory activity was increased by preincubation of ECM with arachidonic acid (AA). A moderate decrease of the activity was obtained by incubation with long-chain saturated, monoenoic and dienoic unsaturated fatty acids. A pronounced decrease of the inhibitor was obtained by incubation with di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid (DHLA). Paired combinations of AA with the other fatty acids in the incubation medium partially restored the inhibitory activity obtained by the separate FA. The stimulation of the inhibitor by AA was dose dependent and high concentrations of AA reduced this activity. The present study indicates that the quantity and quality of the plasma free fatty acids can affect the endothelial cells' ability to act as a non-thrombogenic surface.", "PMID": 110601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9275", "title": "Esterification of cholesterol in human small intestine: the importance of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase.", "content": "Human intestinal mucosa contains acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. The enzyme has been studied by using oleylcarnitine, CoA and carnitine palmitoyltransferase as an oleyl-CoA regenerating system. The enzyme was found in the particulate fraction of the cells, it had a pH optimum between 7.2 and 8.2, and was inhibited by taurocholate. The specific enzymic activity in biopsies from intestinal mucosa of normal men was found to be 3.6 +/- 1.37 nmol cholesteryl ester formed mg protein-1 h-1, an activity which can account for all cholesteryl esters in intestinal lymph. Low enzymic activity was found in biopsies from patients with small intestinal disorders. Two pancreatectomized patients had values within the normal range.", "contents": "Esterification of cholesterol in human small intestine: the importance of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. Human intestinal mucosa contains acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. The enzyme has been studied by using oleylcarnitine, CoA and carnitine palmitoyltransferase as an oleyl-CoA regenerating system. The enzyme was found in the particulate fraction of the cells, it had a pH optimum between 7.2 and 8.2, and was inhibited by taurocholate. The specific enzymic activity in biopsies from intestinal mucosa of normal men was found to be 3.6 +/- 1.37 nmol cholesteryl ester formed mg protein-1 h-1, an activity which can account for all cholesteryl esters in intestinal lymph. Low enzymic activity was found in biopsies from patients with small intestinal disorders. Two pancreatectomized patients had values within the normal range.", "PMID": 110602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9276", "title": "Renin, aldosterone and renal haemodynamics in cirrhosis with ascites.", "content": "The interrelationships between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, renal haemodynamics and urinary sodium excretion were investigated in fifty-six non-azotaemic cirrhotics with ascites. In twelve additional patients the renal renin secretion rate was also studied. Plasma renin activity and concentration and plasma aldosterone ranged from normal to very high values. There was a significant inverse relationship between plasma aldosterone and the urinary sodium excretion. Plasma aldosterone showed a highly significant direct correlation with plasma renin activity, and plasma renin concentration was closely and directly related to the estimated renin secretion rate. Neither plasma renin activity, plasma renin concnetration nor the estimated renin secretion rate correlated with the renal plasma flow or the glomerular filtration rate. These results suggest that in non-azotaemic cirrhosis with ascites the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is an important factor influencing sodium excretion, increased plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations are mainly due to an increased secretion rate, and total renal perfusion is not a major factor influencing renin secretion.", "contents": "Renin, aldosterone and renal haemodynamics in cirrhosis with ascites. The interrelationships between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, renal haemodynamics and urinary sodium excretion were investigated in fifty-six non-azotaemic cirrhotics with ascites. In twelve additional patients the renal renin secretion rate was also studied. Plasma renin activity and concentration and plasma aldosterone ranged from normal to very high values. There was a significant inverse relationship between plasma aldosterone and the urinary sodium excretion. Plasma aldosterone showed a highly significant direct correlation with plasma renin activity, and plasma renin concentration was closely and directly related to the estimated renin secretion rate. Neither plasma renin activity, plasma renin concnetration nor the estimated renin secretion rate correlated with the renal plasma flow or the glomerular filtration rate. These results suggest that in non-azotaemic cirrhosis with ascites the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is an important factor influencing sodium excretion, increased plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations are mainly due to an increased secretion rate, and total renal perfusion is not a major factor influencing renin secretion.", "PMID": 110603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9277", "title": "A clinical and immunopathological study of 304 cases of glomerulonephritis in Tunisia.", "content": "304 cases of glomerulonephritis were biopsied in Tunisia and studied morphologically. The incidence of glomerulonephritis with marked proliferation of endocapillary cells was 60%, a figure considerably higher than in other large series. Using a Clq binding assay, statistically significant levels of immune complexes were found in cases of acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. Amongst other types of glomerulonephritis, circulating immune complexes were frequently found in systemic lupus erythematosus but only in a low percentage of primary glomerulonephritis with or without immunoglobulin deposits.", "contents": "A clinical and immunopathological study of 304 cases of glomerulonephritis in Tunisia. 304 cases of glomerulonephritis were biopsied in Tunisia and studied morphologically. The incidence of glomerulonephritis with marked proliferation of endocapillary cells was 60%, a figure considerably higher than in other large series. Using a Clq binding assay, statistically significant levels of immune complexes were found in cases of acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. Amongst other types of glomerulonephritis, circulating immune complexes were frequently found in systemic lupus erythematosus but only in a low percentage of primary glomerulonephritis with or without immunoglobulin deposits.", "PMID": 110604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9278", "title": "Visual suppression from nondominant eye in the lateral geniculate nucleus: a comparison of cat and monkey.", "content": "We have studied the suppression of firing in single LGN cells of cat and monkey in response to visual stimulation of the nondominant eye. In the cat LGN most of the cells of each of the main laminae show this nondominat suppression. X cells having their dominant input from the ipsilateral eye were suppressed to a significantly greater degree than any other cell type in the cat LGN. In the monkey LGN nondominant suppression was absent in all 19 X-like cells studied, whereas 6 of 21 Y-like cells showed nondominant suppression. Thus nondominant suppression is present in the magnocellular laminae of the monkey LGN, where the Y-like cells are found, but appears to be absent from the parvocellular laminae, where the X-like cells are found.", "contents": "Visual suppression from nondominant eye in the lateral geniculate nucleus: a comparison of cat and monkey. We have studied the suppression of firing in single LGN cells of cat and monkey in response to visual stimulation of the nondominant eye. In the cat LGN most of the cells of each of the main laminae show this nondominat suppression. X cells having their dominant input from the ipsilateral eye were suppressed to a significantly greater degree than any other cell type in the cat LGN. In the monkey LGN nondominant suppression was absent in all 19 X-like cells studied, whereas 6 of 21 Y-like cells showed nondominant suppression. Thus nondominant suppression is present in the magnocellular laminae of the monkey LGN, where the Y-like cells are found, but appears to be absent from the parvocellular laminae, where the X-like cells are found.", "PMID": 110611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9279", "title": "Three methods to elicit sigma-optokinetic nystagmus in Java monkeys.", "content": "Sigma-optokinetic nystagmus (sigma-OKN) can be elicited in awake Java monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) when stationary periodic visual patterns (grid of black white stripes, row of equally spaced dots) are illuminated stroboscopically. Three methods were found to be useful in inducing the sigma-OKN: postrotatory nystagmus, optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN) following normal OKN and a gradual transition from phi-movement (phi-OKN) to sigma-OKN. The properties found for sigma-OKN in man are also present in monkeys with the one exception that monkeys have a long-lasting sigma-OKAN in darkness which is not present in man. The average angular speed Ve of sigma-OKN slow phases was related to the flash frequency fs and the spatial period Ps of the stripe pattern according to the following equation: Ve = k.Ps . fs [degrees . s-1] The constant k was 1 or close to 1.", "contents": "Three methods to elicit sigma-optokinetic nystagmus in Java monkeys. Sigma-optokinetic nystagmus (sigma-OKN) can be elicited in awake Java monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) when stationary periodic visual patterns (grid of black white stripes, row of equally spaced dots) are illuminated stroboscopically. Three methods were found to be useful in inducing the sigma-OKN: postrotatory nystagmus, optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN) following normal OKN and a gradual transition from phi-movement (phi-OKN) to sigma-OKN. The properties found for sigma-OKN in man are also present in monkeys with the one exception that monkeys have a long-lasting sigma-OKAN in darkness which is not present in man. The average angular speed Ve of sigma-OKN slow phases was related to the flash frequency fs and the spatial period Ps of the stripe pattern according to the following equation: Ve = k.Ps . fs [degrees . s-1] The constant k was 1 or close to 1.", "PMID": 110612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9280", "title": "A quantitative study of chromatic organisation and receptive fields of cells in the lateral geniculate body of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The responses of neurones in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) were investigated in anaesthetised rhesus monkeys. A new classification for cells in the parvocellular layers (PCL) is proposed, based on their spectral response curve and their response to white stimuli: (A) narrow-band, short wavelength (NS) excited cells, activity suppressed by white stimuli; (B) wide-band, short-wavelength (WS) excited cells, excited by white stimuli; (C) wide-band, long-wavelength (WL) excited cells, (D) narrow-band, long-wavelength (NL) excited cells, activity suppressed by white stimuli; (E) light suppressed (LI) cells, activity suppressed by all wavelengths, usually with some concealed excitatory input at extreme short or long wavelengths. Responses to moving bars and to spots of various diameters (area response curves) were determined for various wavelengths. It was found that the receptive fields from which wavelength-dependent excitatory or suppressive effects could be elicited are concentrically superimposed. The spectral responsiveness of the excitatory inputs to individual cell types corresponds to the absorption curves of single cones (S-, M- or L-cone for NS, WS and WL cells respectively), the spectral distribution of the suppressive mechanisms of all cells was panchromatic and approximately fitted to a sum of all cones. The excitatory input to NL-cells cannot be related to any of the known cone absorption curves, and a simple (L-M) subtraction model is questioned. Neurones in the magnocellular layers (MCL) can be divided into on- and off-centre cells as in the cat's LGN and give qualitatively similar responses over the whole spectrum. In contrast to the tonic responses of PCL cells, MCL cells respond phasically to chromatic and white flashed spots, even with the smallest stimuli. Implications of these findings for colour processing in the LGN are discussed.", "contents": "A quantitative study of chromatic organisation and receptive fields of cells in the lateral geniculate body of the rhesus monkey. The responses of neurones in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) were investigated in anaesthetised rhesus monkeys. A new classification for cells in the parvocellular layers (PCL) is proposed, based on their spectral response curve and their response to white stimuli: (A) narrow-band, short wavelength (NS) excited cells, activity suppressed by white stimuli; (B) wide-band, short-wavelength (WS) excited cells, excited by white stimuli; (C) wide-band, long-wavelength (WL) excited cells, (D) narrow-band, long-wavelength (NL) excited cells, activity suppressed by white stimuli; (E) light suppressed (LI) cells, activity suppressed by all wavelengths, usually with some concealed excitatory input at extreme short or long wavelengths. Responses to moving bars and to spots of various diameters (area response curves) were determined for various wavelengths. It was found that the receptive fields from which wavelength-dependent excitatory or suppressive effects could be elicited are concentrically superimposed. The spectral responsiveness of the excitatory inputs to individual cell types corresponds to the absorption curves of single cones (S-, M- or L-cone for NS, WS and WL cells respectively), the spectral distribution of the suppressive mechanisms of all cells was panchromatic and approximately fitted to a sum of all cones. The excitatory input to NL-cells cannot be related to any of the known cone absorption curves, and a simple (L-M) subtraction model is questioned. Neurones in the magnocellular layers (MCL) can be divided into on- and off-centre cells as in the cat's LGN and give qualitatively similar responses over the whole spectrum. In contrast to the tonic responses of PCL cells, MCL cells respond phasically to chromatic and white flashed spots, even with the smallest stimuli. Implications of these findings for colour processing in the LGN are discussed.", "PMID": 110613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9281", "title": "The responses of magno- and parvocellular cells of the monkey's lateral geniculate body to moving stimuli.", "content": "The responses to moving stimuli of single cells in the parvo- and magnocellular layers (PCL and MCL) of the macaque lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) have been studied. PCL cells respond with a monophasic increase or decrease in firing when a bar passes across the receptive field, according to the wavelength composition of the stimulus. MCL cells respond with a biphasic sequence of excitation and suppression or vice versa dependent on whether a cell is on-centre or off-centre and on stimulus contrast direction. With large stimuli, PCL cells respond as long as the stimulus covers the receptive field while MCL cells respond only at the contrast borders. MCL cell responses are maximal with bars just long enough to cover the field centre, while PCL cell responses show a variable relation with bar length, depending on stimulus wavelength and receptive field structure. PCL cells show broad velocity tuning while at least some MCL cells were more sharply tuned. Many cells in the macaque LGN show weak orientation or direction preference.", "contents": "The responses of magno- and parvocellular cells of the monkey's lateral geniculate body to moving stimuli. The responses to moving stimuli of single cells in the parvo- and magnocellular layers (PCL and MCL) of the macaque lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) have been studied. PCL cells respond with a monophasic increase or decrease in firing when a bar passes across the receptive field, according to the wavelength composition of the stimulus. MCL cells respond with a biphasic sequence of excitation and suppression or vice versa dependent on whether a cell is on-centre or off-centre and on stimulus contrast direction. With large stimuli, PCL cells respond as long as the stimulus covers the receptive field while MCL cells respond only at the contrast borders. MCL cell responses are maximal with bars just long enough to cover the field centre, while PCL cell responses show a variable relation with bar length, depending on stimulus wavelength and receptive field structure. PCL cells show broad velocity tuning while at least some MCL cells were more sharply tuned. Many cells in the macaque LGN show weak orientation or direction preference.", "PMID": 110614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9282", "title": "Rural and urban family planning services in the United States.", "content": "Family planning programs have become more efficient. It cost $66 per patient in 1976 to provide services in both rural and urban programs--the same cost reported in 1971, despite a 40 percent increase in prices since that time. Rural programs are dominated by health departments, lack health professionals, are more likely to insist teenagers have parental consent.", "contents": "Rural and urban family planning services in the United States. Family planning programs have become more efficient. It cost $66 per patient in 1976 to provide services in both rural and urban programs--the same cost reported in 1971, despite a 40 percent increase in prices since that time. Rural programs are dominated by health departments, lack health professionals, are more likely to insist teenagers have parental consent.", "PMID": 110616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9283", "title": "Gastrointestinal peptides in the brain.", "content": "Both immunoreactive intact cholecystokinin (CCK33) and its COOH-terminal octapeptide (CCK8) are detected in brain and gut extracts of monkey, dog, and pig using an antiserum with equivalent sensitivities for detecting CCK8 in the free form or when incorporated in the intact molecule. The failure to detect intact cholecystokinin in extracts from monkey or dog by using an antiserum developed by immunization with porcine CCK33 is due to marked species differences in the NH2-terminal portion of the molecule. Immunohistochemical staining reveals the presence of CCK peptides in rabbit cerebral cortical tissue neurons. Subcellular fractionation of rat cerebral cortical tissue demonstrates that CCK immunoreactivity is concentrated in the pellet identified by electron microscopy to contain a high proportion of synaptic vesicles. A converting enzyme that differs from trypsin has been partially purified from canine and porcine cerebral cortical extracts. It converts porcine CCK to smaller immunoreactive forms, but fails to convert big gastrin to heptadecapeptide gastrin. This enzyme differs from trypsin not only in substrate specificity but also in several physicochemical properties. Cerebral cortical extracts from hyperphagic ob/ob mice have strikingly lower contents of CCK than those from their lean littermates and other normal mice. These studies taken together are consistent with a role for CCK as a neurotransmitter involved in the overall regulation of appetite.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal peptides in the brain. Both immunoreactive intact cholecystokinin (CCK33) and its COOH-terminal octapeptide (CCK8) are detected in brain and gut extracts of monkey, dog, and pig using an antiserum with equivalent sensitivities for detecting CCK8 in the free form or when incorporated in the intact molecule. The failure to detect intact cholecystokinin in extracts from monkey or dog by using an antiserum developed by immunization with porcine CCK33 is due to marked species differences in the NH2-terminal portion of the molecule. Immunohistochemical staining reveals the presence of CCK peptides in rabbit cerebral cortical tissue neurons. Subcellular fractionation of rat cerebral cortical tissue demonstrates that CCK immunoreactivity is concentrated in the pellet identified by electron microscopy to contain a high proportion of synaptic vesicles. A converting enzyme that differs from trypsin has been partially purified from canine and porcine cerebral cortical extracts. It converts porcine CCK to smaller immunoreactive forms, but fails to convert big gastrin to heptadecapeptide gastrin. This enzyme differs from trypsin not only in substrate specificity but also in several physicochemical properties. Cerebral cortical extracts from hyperphagic ob/ob mice have strikingly lower contents of CCK than those from their lean littermates and other normal mice. These studies taken together are consistent with a role for CCK as a neurotransmitter involved in the overall regulation of appetite.", "PMID": 110622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9284", "title": "Neurohypophyseal principles and memory.", "content": "The neurohypophyseal hormones vasopressin and oxytocin modulate memory processes. Vasopressin facilitates, while oxytocin attenuates memory consolidation and retrieval. These influences are located in different regions of the molecules. Thus, the neurohypophyseal hormones act as precursor molecules for neuropeptides involved in memory processes. The covalent ring structures of both vasopressin and oxytocin mainly affect consolidation; the linear parts, retrieval processes; while nearly the whole oxytocin or vasotocin molecule is needed for attenuation of consolidation and retrieval. Regional studies, utilizing microdissection techniques in combination with a sensitive radioenzymatic catecholamine assay, revealed a distinct pattern of effects on cerebral alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methylester-induced catecholamine disappearance following intraventricular vasopressin administration in limbic midbrain structures. In situations in which the amount of bioavailable vasopressin in the brain is absent, as is the case in the Brattleboro rat with hereditary diabetes insipidus, or neutralized in normal Wistar rats following the intraventricular administration of antivasopressin serum, regional catecholamine disappearance in most cases is altered in a direction opposite to that observed after intracerebroventricular vasopressin administration. These results indicate that vasopressin modulates memory processes by modulation of neurotransmission in distinct catecholamine systems. Recent experiments suggest that the influence of vasopressin on memory consolidation is mediated by the dorsal noradrenergic bundle via terminal regions of this bundle.", "contents": "Neurohypophyseal principles and memory. The neurohypophyseal hormones vasopressin and oxytocin modulate memory processes. Vasopressin facilitates, while oxytocin attenuates memory consolidation and retrieval. These influences are located in different regions of the molecules. Thus, the neurohypophyseal hormones act as precursor molecules for neuropeptides involved in memory processes. The covalent ring structures of both vasopressin and oxytocin mainly affect consolidation; the linear parts, retrieval processes; while nearly the whole oxytocin or vasotocin molecule is needed for attenuation of consolidation and retrieval. Regional studies, utilizing microdissection techniques in combination with a sensitive radioenzymatic catecholamine assay, revealed a distinct pattern of effects on cerebral alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methylester-induced catecholamine disappearance following intraventricular vasopressin administration in limbic midbrain structures. In situations in which the amount of bioavailable vasopressin in the brain is absent, as is the case in the Brattleboro rat with hereditary diabetes insipidus, or neutralized in normal Wistar rats following the intraventricular administration of antivasopressin serum, regional catecholamine disappearance in most cases is altered in a direction opposite to that observed after intracerebroventricular vasopressin administration. These results indicate that vasopressin modulates memory processes by modulation of neurotransmission in distinct catecholamine systems. Recent experiments suggest that the influence of vasopressin on memory consolidation is mediated by the dorsal noradrenergic bundle via terminal regions of this bundle.", "PMID": 110623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9285", "title": "[Changes in the millivolt potential of brain structures during micropolarization influencing trace phenomena].", "content": "In chronic experiments on monkeys and cats, the effects of intracerebral micropolarization modulating memory processes, on the mV potential of cerebral structures, were studied. A connection was revealed between trace fixing and processes of systemic kindling on the one hand, and the following stabilizing of mV potential, on the other hand. The data obtained suggest that the distant changes of the mV potential reflect a general \"tuning\" of cerebral systems, are realized by means of specialized regulatory neuronal networks and connected with shifts in metabolic processes.", "contents": "[Changes in the millivolt potential of brain structures during micropolarization influencing trace phenomena]. In chronic experiments on monkeys and cats, the effects of intracerebral micropolarization modulating memory processes, on the mV potential of cerebral structures, were studied. A connection was revealed between trace fixing and processes of systemic kindling on the one hand, and the following stabilizing of mV potential, on the other hand. The data obtained suggest that the distant changes of the mV potential reflect a general \"tuning\" of cerebral systems, are realized by means of specialized regulatory neuronal networks and connected with shifts in metabolic processes.", "PMID": 110624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9286", "title": "[Effect of parenterally administered amino acids and protein hydrolysate on the electrical activity of brain structures].", "content": "Glycin, glutamic acid or casein hydrolysate induced high frequency and high voltage electrical waves in the brain-stem RF and often in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus and cortex. These changes were more obvious during feeding of the dogs. Sham feeding and parenteral administration of glucose or 0.9% solution of NaCl evoked responses different from the above ones. Gastric secretion stimulated by i.v. administration of nitrous substances by food was not directly related to the above responses either. The impulses responsible for the secretion seem to arise at another level of the brain.", "contents": "[Effect of parenterally administered amino acids and protein hydrolysate on the electrical activity of brain structures]. Glycin, glutamic acid or casein hydrolysate induced high frequency and high voltage electrical waves in the brain-stem RF and often in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus and cortex. These changes were more obvious during feeding of the dogs. Sham feeding and parenteral administration of glucose or 0.9% solution of NaCl evoked responses different from the above ones. Gastric secretion stimulated by i.v. administration of nitrous substances by food was not directly related to the above responses either. The impulses responsible for the secretion seem to arise at another level of the brain.", "PMID": 110626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9287", "title": "Specific binding of 20-hydroxyecdysone to nuclei of imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Specific binding of the insect steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone to imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster has been investigated. Evidence is presented showing that most of the specific binding is located in the nuclear fraction at the time changes in gene function are observed. Nuclear binding is high affinity, analog specific, apparently saturable, and unaffected by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. The association kinetics of nuclear binding are very similar to those of specific binding in whole cells. Specific binding to whole discs and to disc nuclei is temperature-dependent, but equal levels of nuclear binding are achieved after 1 h at 25 degrees C and 8 h at 0-4 degrees C. There is little or no lag in the nuclear location of specific binding at either temperature. The biochemical properties of the specific nuclear binding are consistent with the involvement of these sites in the hormone detection and response system mediating imaginal disc morphogenesis.", "contents": "Specific binding of 20-hydroxyecdysone to nuclei of imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster. Specific binding of the insect steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone to imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster has been investigated. Evidence is presented showing that most of the specific binding is located in the nuclear fraction at the time changes in gene function are observed. Nuclear binding is high affinity, analog specific, apparently saturable, and unaffected by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. The association kinetics of nuclear binding are very similar to those of specific binding in whole cells. Specific binding to whole discs and to disc nuclei is temperature-dependent, but equal levels of nuclear binding are achieved after 1 h at 25 degrees C and 8 h at 0-4 degrees C. There is little or no lag in the nuclear location of specific binding at either temperature. The biochemical properties of the specific nuclear binding are consistent with the involvement of these sites in the hormone detection and response system mediating imaginal disc morphogenesis.", "PMID": 110630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9288", "title": "Ontogeny of the visual evoked response in the stump-tailed macaque.", "content": "Visual evoked responses (VER's) of stump-tailed macaques were studied from birth to 80 weeks in an attempt to establish the utility of this species as a model of human neurophysiological development. Although human subjects and monkeys share a unique complexity of the VER at birth, the postnatal development of their VER's does not appear to follow a parallel sequence. The relatively dynamic nature of the VER during the 1st few weeks in a monkey's life may limit the usefulness of this species as a model of human development. The rapid changes in the VER of the developing monkey and the observation that these changes continue beyond 2 years of age should be considered in studies of the VER in which repeated measures are obtained over a prolonged period of time.", "contents": "Ontogeny of the visual evoked response in the stump-tailed macaque. Visual evoked responses (VER's) of stump-tailed macaques were studied from birth to 80 weeks in an attempt to establish the utility of this species as a model of human neurophysiological development. Although human subjects and monkeys share a unique complexity of the VER at birth, the postnatal development of their VER's does not appear to follow a parallel sequence. The relatively dynamic nature of the VER during the 1st few weeks in a monkey's life may limit the usefulness of this species as a model of human development. The rapid changes in the VER of the developing monkey and the observation that these changes continue beyond 2 years of age should be considered in studies of the VER in which repeated measures are obtained over a prolonged period of time.", "PMID": 110637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9289", "title": "Auditory evoked potentials and auditory behavior following prenatal and perinatal asphyxia in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Two types of asphyxia were studied in monkeys, total asphyxia during mid-pregnancy (94--98 days gestation) and combined partial and total axphyxia at term (165 days gestation). Auditory evoked potentials and the acquisition of 2 auditory discrimination tasks were studied in asphyxiated animals as well as in group of controls. The brains of all asphyxiates were examined histologically. No auditory discrimination deficit was found in the asphyxiated animals; however, the auditory evoked potentials differentiated between control and asphyxiated animals, especially those with verified inferior colliculus damage.", "contents": "Auditory evoked potentials and auditory behavior following prenatal and perinatal asphyxia in rhesus monkeys. Two types of asphyxia were studied in monkeys, total asphyxia during mid-pregnancy (94--98 days gestation) and combined partial and total axphyxia at term (165 days gestation). Auditory evoked potentials and the acquisition of 2 auditory discrimination tasks were studied in asphyxiated animals as well as in group of controls. The brains of all asphyxiates were examined histologically. No auditory discrimination deficit was found in the asphyxiated animals; however, the auditory evoked potentials differentiated between control and asphyxiated animals, especially those with verified inferior colliculus damage.", "PMID": 110638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9290", "title": "Ligation or external fistulation of the common bile duct in the rat. II. Intestinal disaccharidase activities.", "content": "72 h after ligation or external fistulation of the common duct the activities of maltase, sucrase and lactase in the homogenate of the small intestinal mucosa of the rat were determined. The experiments were performed in connexion with intestinal perfusion studies, and the disaccharidase activities were measured in unperfused intestinal segments as well as in intestinal loops which had previously been perfused with a sucrose-containing solution. After bile duct ligation, the sucrase and maltase activities in a previously perfused intestinal loop were not different from those in sham-operated animals, the lactase activity was diminished. In a nonperfused segment, the sucrase activity was greater, the maltase activity was unchanged, and the lactase activity was lower than in control animals. After bile duct fistulation, the sucrase, maltase and lactase activities in a perfused segment were lower than in sham-operated rats. In a nonperfused loop, the sucrase activity was greater, the maltase activity was unchanged, and the lactase activity was lower then in the corresponding control group. These data suggest that bile is a factor which influences the total mucosal disaccharidase activities, and, probably, the intracellular enzyme distribution.", "contents": "Ligation or external fistulation of the common bile duct in the rat. II. Intestinal disaccharidase activities. 72 h after ligation or external fistulation of the common duct the activities of maltase, sucrase and lactase in the homogenate of the small intestinal mucosa of the rat were determined. The experiments were performed in connexion with intestinal perfusion studies, and the disaccharidase activities were measured in unperfused intestinal segments as well as in intestinal loops which had previously been perfused with a sucrose-containing solution. After bile duct ligation, the sucrase and maltase activities in a previously perfused intestinal loop were not different from those in sham-operated animals, the lactase activity was diminished. In a nonperfused segment, the sucrase activity was greater, the maltase activity was unchanged, and the lactase activity was lower than in control animals. After bile duct fistulation, the sucrase, maltase and lactase activities in a perfused segment were lower than in sham-operated rats. In a nonperfused loop, the sucrase activity was greater, the maltase activity was unchanged, and the lactase activity was lower then in the corresponding control group. These data suggest that bile is a factor which influences the total mucosal disaccharidase activities, and, probably, the intracellular enzyme distribution.", "PMID": 110639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9291", "title": "Jejunal diverticulosis and chronic pneumoperitoneum.", "content": "A unique case of pneumoperitoneum, without peritonitis or perforation, associated with jejunal diverticulosis is presented. Pneumoperitoneum is documented over the course of many years, with recurrence after partial small bowel resection. Jejunal diverticulosis is one of the leading gastrointestinal causes of pneumoperitoneum without peritonitis or surgery. The distended diverticular mucosa may function as a semipermeable membrane allowing transmural gas equilibration.", "contents": "Jejunal diverticulosis and chronic pneumoperitoneum. A unique case of pneumoperitoneum, without peritonitis or perforation, associated with jejunal diverticulosis is presented. Pneumoperitoneum is documented over the course of many years, with recurrence after partial small bowel resection. Jejunal diverticulosis is one of the leading gastrointestinal causes of pneumoperitoneum without peritonitis or surgery. The distended diverticular mucosa may function as a semipermeable membrane allowing transmural gas equilibration.", "PMID": 110640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9292", "title": "A mutational analysis of the triplo-lethal region of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The extensive analysis of the impact of segmental aneuploidy by Lindsley et al. (1972) showed that there are relatively few haplo-lethal loci in the genome and that, with one exception, all loci are triplo-viable. The exceptional locus, which lies in salivary gland chromosome region 83D-E, is associated with lethality when present in either one or three doses in an otherwise diploid individual (Denell 1976). The genetic nature of the phenomenon has been studied by examining the rates of induction, by ionizing radiation and chemical mutagens, of mutations affecting the dose-sensitive behavior. For both types of mutagens, the frequency of inactivation of the locus is relatively low, and a high proportion of such mutations is associated with chromosomal deficiencies. These data indicate that the locus is infrequently and perhaps never inactivated by a DNA base-pair substitution and thus that the triplo-lethal phenomenon is not associated with a \"typical\" structural gene. It is possible that the triplo-lethal locus is very small, is reiterated or otherwise complex or is functionally insensitive to base-pair substitutions. The result that all mutations that complement a duplication of the triplo-lethal locus are lethal in heterozygous combination with a normal third chromosome argues that triplo- and haplo-lethality are concomitants of the same phenomenon. Salivary gland chromosome analysis of newly induced deficiencies and duplications localizes the locus to 83D4,5--83E1,2, and further cytogenetic mapipulation shows that the dose-sensitive behavior is independent of the position of the locus in the genome.", "contents": "A mutational analysis of the triplo-lethal region of Drosophila melanogaster. The extensive analysis of the impact of segmental aneuploidy by Lindsley et al. (1972) showed that there are relatively few haplo-lethal loci in the genome and that, with one exception, all loci are triplo-viable. The exceptional locus, which lies in salivary gland chromosome region 83D-E, is associated with lethality when present in either one or three doses in an otherwise diploid individual (Denell 1976). The genetic nature of the phenomenon has been studied by examining the rates of induction, by ionizing radiation and chemical mutagens, of mutations affecting the dose-sensitive behavior. For both types of mutagens, the frequency of inactivation of the locus is relatively low, and a high proportion of such mutations is associated with chromosomal deficiencies. These data indicate that the locus is infrequently and perhaps never inactivated by a DNA base-pair substitution and thus that the triplo-lethal phenomenon is not associated with a \"typical\" structural gene. It is possible that the triplo-lethal locus is very small, is reiterated or otherwise complex or is functionally insensitive to base-pair substitutions. The result that all mutations that complement a duplication of the triplo-lethal locus are lethal in heterozygous combination with a normal third chromosome argues that triplo- and haplo-lethality are concomitants of the same phenomenon. Salivary gland chromosome analysis of newly induced deficiencies and duplications localizes the locus to 83D4,5--83E1,2, and further cytogenetic mapipulation shows that the dose-sensitive behavior is independent of the position of the locus in the genome.", "PMID": 110655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9293", "title": "Heterochromatic effects on the behavior of reversed acrocentric compound-X chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Previous studies of reversed acrocentric compound-X chromosomes suggested peculiar influences of heterochromatin on both the synthesis and meiotic behavior of such compunds. It seemed, with respect to synthesis, that the long arm of the Y chromosome on an X.Y(L) chromosome was necessary in order for the heterochromatic exchange giving rise to reversed acrocentrics to occur, even though Y(L) itself did not participate in the compound-generating event. With respect to behavior, the resulting compounds appeared, presumably as a consequence of their singular generation, to contain an interstitial heterochromatic region that caused the distribution of exchanges between the elements of the compound to be abnormal (many zero and two-exchange tetrads with few, if any, single-exchange tetrads). Removing the intersititial heterochromatin (or, curiously, appending Y(L) as a second arm of the compound) eliminated the recombinational anomalies and resulted in typical tetrad distributions.--We provide evidence that these peculiarities, while presumably real, were likely the consequence of a special X.Y(L) chromosome that was used to synthesize the reversed acrocentrics examined in the early studies and are not general properties of either reversed acrocentric compounds or of interstitial heterochromatin. However, we show that specific heterochromatic regions do, in fact, profoundly influence the behavior of (apparently all) reversed acrocentric compound-X chromosomes. In particular, we demonstrate that specific portions of the Y chromosome and of the basal X-chromosome heterochromatin, when present as homologs for reversed acrocentric compounds, markedly and coordinately increase both the frequency of exchange between the elements of the compound and the fertility (egg production) of compound-bearing females. It is, we suppose, some aspect of this heterochromatic effect, produced by the special X.Y(L) chromosome, that caused the earlier-analyzed compounds to exhibit the observed anomalies.", "contents": "Heterochromatic effects on the behavior of reversed acrocentric compound-X chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster. Previous studies of reversed acrocentric compound-X chromosomes suggested peculiar influences of heterochromatin on both the synthesis and meiotic behavior of such compunds. It seemed, with respect to synthesis, that the long arm of the Y chromosome on an X.Y(L) chromosome was necessary in order for the heterochromatic exchange giving rise to reversed acrocentrics to occur, even though Y(L) itself did not participate in the compound-generating event. With respect to behavior, the resulting compounds appeared, presumably as a consequence of their singular generation, to contain an interstitial heterochromatic region that caused the distribution of exchanges between the elements of the compound to be abnormal (many zero and two-exchange tetrads with few, if any, single-exchange tetrads). Removing the intersititial heterochromatin (or, curiously, appending Y(L) as a second arm of the compound) eliminated the recombinational anomalies and resulted in typical tetrad distributions.--We provide evidence that these peculiarities, while presumably real, were likely the consequence of a special X.Y(L) chromosome that was used to synthesize the reversed acrocentrics examined in the early studies and are not general properties of either reversed acrocentric compounds or of interstitial heterochromatin. However, we show that specific heterochromatic regions do, in fact, profoundly influence the behavior of (apparently all) reversed acrocentric compound-X chromosomes. In particular, we demonstrate that specific portions of the Y chromosome and of the basal X-chromosome heterochromatin, when present as homologs for reversed acrocentric compounds, markedly and coordinately increase both the frequency of exchange between the elements of the compound and the fertility (egg production) of compound-bearing females. It is, we suppose, some aspect of this heterochromatic effect, produced by the special X.Y(L) chromosome, that caused the earlier-analyzed compounds to exhibit the observed anomalies.", "PMID": 110656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9294", "title": "An attempt to select for increased longevity in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Eight generations of selection towards a higher longevity were made in a wild strain of Drosophila melanogaster. Two control lines were also observed. Absolutely no response to selection was obtained whilst a major increase in longevity occurred between F2 and F4 in the three lines under observation. It is shown that the major increase in longevity is due neither to genetic drift, nor to changes in classical environmental conditions. The absence of response to selection is demonstrated to be due neither to a too low selection differential, nor to the absence of genetic variability in the strain, nor to inaccuracy in the measurements, nor to recurrent reproduction at an old age. The impossibility to select towards a higher longevity and the total absence of relation between parental and offspring longevities demonstrate that the very large phenotypic variability displayed by longevity in wild strains of D. melanogaster does not depend on a precise set of specific genes or polygenes with additive action. The results are briefly discussed in relation with inbreeding depression and heterosis for longevity and with similar results obtained in experiments of selection for duration of development.", "contents": "An attempt to select for increased longevity in Drosophila melanogaster. Eight generations of selection towards a higher longevity were made in a wild strain of Drosophila melanogaster. Two control lines were also observed. Absolutely no response to selection was obtained whilst a major increase in longevity occurred between F2 and F4 in the three lines under observation. It is shown that the major increase in longevity is due neither to genetic drift, nor to changes in classical environmental conditions. The absence of response to selection is demonstrated to be due neither to a too low selection differential, nor to the absence of genetic variability in the strain, nor to inaccuracy in the measurements, nor to recurrent reproduction at an old age. The impossibility to select towards a higher longevity and the total absence of relation between parental and offspring longevities demonstrate that the very large phenotypic variability displayed by longevity in wild strains of D. melanogaster does not depend on a precise set of specific genes or polygenes with additive action. The results are briefly discussed in relation with inbreeding depression and heterosis for longevity and with similar results obtained in experiments of selection for duration of development.", "PMID": 110657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9295", "title": "2-Deoxy-D-lyxo-hexonic acid from 2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexose by Pseudomonas aeruginosa fermentation.", "content": "Aerobic fermentation of media or solutions containing 2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexose and calcium carbonate by bacterial cells capable of oxidizing aldoses to aldonic acids was used to prepare 2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexonic acid; the acid was isolated in a 62% yield in the form of its 1,4-lactone.", "contents": "2-Deoxy-D-lyxo-hexonic acid from 2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexose by Pseudomonas aeruginosa fermentation. Aerobic fermentation of media or solutions containing 2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexose and calcium carbonate by bacterial cells capable of oxidizing aldoses to aldonic acids was used to prepare 2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexonic acid; the acid was isolated in a 62% yield in the form of its 1,4-lactone.", "PMID": 110658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9296", "title": "The differential effect of insulin in vivo on the peripheral utilization of glucose and ketone bodies in the rat.", "content": "This in vivo study assessed the immediate effects of insulin on glucose and ketone body utilization in the fed, fasted, and diabetic ketoacidotic rat. The experimental design consisted of the functional removal of the liver (the site of glucose and ketone body production) and the pancreas from the anesthetized animals. This surgical procedure permitted the assessment of the effect of exogenously administered insulin on the rate of both glucose and ketone body utilization by peripheral tissues. Insulin exerted hypoglycemic activity in all three metabolic states studied. This hypoglycemic activity contrasted to the lack of demonstrable effect of this hormone on ketone body uptake by peripheral tissues. It was concluded that in the rat, the immediate effect of insulin, i.e. within 30 minutes, was to exert hypoglycemic activity without simultaneous hypoketoniemic activity.", "contents": "The differential effect of insulin in vivo on the peripheral utilization of glucose and ketone bodies in the rat. This in vivo study assessed the immediate effects of insulin on glucose and ketone body utilization in the fed, fasted, and diabetic ketoacidotic rat. The experimental design consisted of the functional removal of the liver (the site of glucose and ketone body production) and the pancreas from the anesthetized animals. This surgical procedure permitted the assessment of the effect of exogenously administered insulin on the rate of both glucose and ketone body utilization by peripheral tissues. Insulin exerted hypoglycemic activity in all three metabolic states studied. This hypoglycemic activity contrasted to the lack of demonstrable effect of this hormone on ketone body uptake by peripheral tissues. It was concluded that in the rat, the immediate effect of insulin, i.e. within 30 minutes, was to exert hypoglycemic activity without simultaneous hypoketoniemic activity.", "PMID": 110659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9297", "title": "Kinetic analysis of plasma TSH dynamics after TRH stimulation.", "content": "Kinetic analysis of the time course of plasma TSH after TRH stimulation was performed by means of a single compartment model with first order input. This kinetic model showed satisfactory fit to the data, and was found to be useful enough for the characterization of plasma TSH dynamics. In endocrinologically normal short children, the amount of TSH release per unit volume of distribution space (Q0/V), the rate constant for the TSH release (alpha), and the rate constant for TSH elimination (beta) were averaged 23.4 microU/ml, 6.981 hr-1 and 0.813 hr-1, respectively. Elevated Q0/V values with lowered alpha and beta were obtained in the hypothyroid children. Variable results, with the exception of low alpha values, were obtained in the children with pituitary dwarfism.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of plasma TSH dynamics after TRH stimulation. Kinetic analysis of the time course of plasma TSH after TRH stimulation was performed by means of a single compartment model with first order input. This kinetic model showed satisfactory fit to the data, and was found to be useful enough for the characterization of plasma TSH dynamics. In endocrinologically normal short children, the amount of TSH release per unit volume of distribution space (Q0/V), the rate constant for the TSH release (alpha), and the rate constant for TSH elimination (beta) were averaged 23.4 microU/ml, 6.981 hr-1 and 0.813 hr-1, respectively. Elevated Q0/V values with lowered alpha and beta were obtained in the hypothyroid children. Variable results, with the exception of low alpha values, were obtained in the children with pituitary dwarfism.", "PMID": 110660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9298", "title": "Primary lymphomas of the small intestine in Iraq: a pathological study of 145 cases.", "content": "The histopathology of 145 malignant lymphomas of the small intestine in Iraq have been studied and results compared with the clinical and immunological findings. The most common pathology was an intense mucosal lymphoplasmacytic proliferation effacing the villi and crypts partially or completely. This was either 'pure', usually of mature plasma cells limited to the lamina propria or associated with a fullblown lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, almost always of the upper small intestine. The syndrome presented as abdominal pain, chronic diarrhoea, clubbing and, sometimes, the serological demonstration of alpha heavy chains. Other types of lymphomas were associated with 'non-specific' mucosal inflammation or follicular lymphoid hyperplasia. They were either lymphocytic, plasmacytic or lymphoblastic with 'starry sky' histiocytic reaction, representing distinct clinicopathological entities unrelated to 'alpha heavy chain disease'. Hodgkin's disease was extremely rare in this series.", "contents": "Primary lymphomas of the small intestine in Iraq: a pathological study of 145 cases. The histopathology of 145 malignant lymphomas of the small intestine in Iraq have been studied and results compared with the clinical and immunological findings. The most common pathology was an intense mucosal lymphoplasmacytic proliferation effacing the villi and crypts partially or completely. This was either 'pure', usually of mature plasma cells limited to the lamina propria or associated with a fullblown lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, almost always of the upper small intestine. The syndrome presented as abdominal pain, chronic diarrhoea, clubbing and, sometimes, the serological demonstration of alpha heavy chains. Other types of lymphomas were associated with 'non-specific' mucosal inflammation or follicular lymphoid hyperplasia. They were either lymphocytic, plasmacytic or lymphoblastic with 'starry sky' histiocytic reaction, representing distinct clinicopathological entities unrelated to 'alpha heavy chain disease'. Hodgkin's disease was extremely rare in this series.", "PMID": 110662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9299", "title": "Community HMO built by Ford.", "content": "Ford Motor Company believes HMOs promote competition that cuts health care costs for employers, employees, and communities/Its development of a Detroit HMO is described here.", "contents": "Community HMO built by Ford. Ford Motor Company believes HMOs promote competition that cuts health care costs for employers, employees, and communities/Its development of a Detroit HMO is described here.", "PMID": 110665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9300", "title": "Comparisons show construction management's benefits.", "content": "Analysis of competitive bid, design-build, and construction management approaches shows that construction management offers owners substantial advantages regarding project cost and quality and substantial involvement and control throughout the process.", "contents": "Comparisons show construction management's benefits. Analysis of competitive bid, design-build, and construction management approaches shows that construction management offers owners substantial advantages regarding project cost and quality and substantial involvement and control throughout the process.", "PMID": 110667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9301", "title": "XY gonadal dysgenesis and the H-Y antigen. Report on 12 cases.", "content": "H-Y antigen was determined in 12 patients affected by XY gonadal dysgenesis. Of these, three proved to be H-Y negative, and nine, including two sisters, were H-Y positive; two of the unrelated positive cases exhibited a reduced antigen titer. Therefore, this clinical condition must be genetically heterogeneous. It is assumed that in the negative cases and possibly in those with reduced antigen titer, the H-Y generating system is affected by mutation, while in the regular positive cases the target cells are unable to respond due to a defect of the gonad-specific H-Y antigen receptor.", "contents": "XY gonadal dysgenesis and the H-Y antigen. Report on 12 cases. H-Y antigen was determined in 12 patients affected by XY gonadal dysgenesis. Of these, three proved to be H-Y negative, and nine, including two sisters, were H-Y positive; two of the unrelated positive cases exhibited a reduced antigen titer. Therefore, this clinical condition must be genetically heterogeneous. It is assumed that in the negative cases and possibly in those with reduced antigen titer, the H-Y generating system is affected by mutation, while in the regular positive cases the target cells are unable to respond due to a defect of the gonad-specific H-Y antigen receptor.", "PMID": 110669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9302", "title": "Partial trisomy 6p.", "content": "A case of trisomy 6p21 leads to 6pter resulting from a maternal balanced t(2;6)(p25;p21) translocation is reported. The main clinical abnormalities were psychomotor retardation, hypotrophy, blepharophimosis, nystagmus, high nasal bridge, small mouth, sacral dimple, and systolic murmur. Other anomalies might have been due to partial 2p monosomy. Comparison with seven other cases of trisomy 6p allowed the delineation of a clinical entity. Direct proof of the localization of HLA genes was given by the presence of three haplotypes in the index patient.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 6p. A case of trisomy 6p21 leads to 6pter resulting from a maternal balanced t(2;6)(p25;p21) translocation is reported. The main clinical abnormalities were psychomotor retardation, hypotrophy, blepharophimosis, nystagmus, high nasal bridge, small mouth, sacral dimple, and systolic murmur. Other anomalies might have been due to partial 2p monosomy. Comparison with seven other cases of trisomy 6p allowed the delineation of a clinical entity. Direct proof of the localization of HLA genes was given by the presence of three haplotypes in the index patient.", "PMID": 110670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9303", "title": "Familial XX true hermaphroditism and the H-Y antigen.", "content": "Two 46,XX sibs, one of female, one of male gender, and both with ambiguous external genitalia and ovotestis, were H-Y positive. The mother was H-Y negative. It is assumed that the underlying mutation was transmitted by the father, resulting in an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The common origin and the nature of the mutation leading to XX sex reversal are discussed.", "contents": "Familial XX true hermaphroditism and the H-Y antigen. Two 46,XX sibs, one of female, one of male gender, and both with ambiguous external genitalia and ovotestis, were H-Y positive. The mother was H-Y negative. It is assumed that the underlying mutation was transmitted by the father, resulting in an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The common origin and the nature of the mutation leading to XX sex reversal are discussed.", "PMID": 110671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9304", "title": "An ultramicrochemical test for mycoplasmal contamination of cultured cells.", "content": "A sensitive ultramicrochemical enzyme test for mycoplasmal contamination of cultured cells, based on the determination of the activity of adenosine phosphorylase, is described. The test was performed by assaying the enzymatic conversion of [8-14C]adenine and ribose-1-phosphate to [8-14C]adenosine by incubating a plastic leaflet carrying a counted number of cells (1 to 10). These leaflets were isolated from the bottom of the same plastic film dish in which the cells were cultured for experimental or diagnostic purposes, e.g. prenatal diagnosis or inborn errors of metabolism. The present test should be several 1000-fold more sensitive than the originally reported enzymatic method because (a) the adenosine-phosphorylase reaction is measured in the nucleoside forming direction which is by far the most active; and (b) the assay is performed with the cells and not with the culture medium. The latter is of special importance for the detection of those low-grade contamination in which most of the mycoplasma particles are attached to cell membranes.", "contents": "An ultramicrochemical test for mycoplasmal contamination of cultured cells. A sensitive ultramicrochemical enzyme test for mycoplasmal contamination of cultured cells, based on the determination of the activity of adenosine phosphorylase, is described. The test was performed by assaying the enzymatic conversion of [8-14C]adenine and ribose-1-phosphate to [8-14C]adenosine by incubating a plastic leaflet carrying a counted number of cells (1 to 10). These leaflets were isolated from the bottom of the same plastic film dish in which the cells were cultured for experimental or diagnostic purposes, e.g. prenatal diagnosis or inborn errors of metabolism. The present test should be several 1000-fold more sensitive than the originally reported enzymatic method because (a) the adenosine-phosphorylase reaction is measured in the nucleoside forming direction which is by far the most active; and (b) the assay is performed with the cells and not with the culture medium. The latter is of special importance for the detection of those low-grade contamination in which most of the mycoplasma particles are attached to cell membranes.", "PMID": 110674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9305", "title": "[Plasma protein levels during postoperative parenteral feeding].", "content": "In 58 adult intensive care patients, the concentration changes of some plasma proteins and of the immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM were examined postoperatively under parenteral feeding. In three groups of patients with different operations (trepanation, gastrectomy, vascular surgery), the initial and subsequent values were not the same. A comparison with simultaneous nitrogen balances showed no complete agreement. Transferrin, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin seem to be suitable parameters for the measurement of catabolism.", "contents": "[Plasma protein levels during postoperative parenteral feeding]. In 58 adult intensive care patients, the concentration changes of some plasma proteins and of the immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM were examined postoperatively under parenteral feeding. In three groups of patients with different operations (trepanation, gastrectomy, vascular surgery), the initial and subsequent values were not the same. A comparison with simultaneous nitrogen balances showed no complete agreement. Transferrin, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin seem to be suitable parameters for the measurement of catabolism.", "PMID": 110676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9306", "title": "[The effect of combined parenteral-peroral nutrition on the protein status of undernourished elderly patients].", "content": "Eight elderly undernourished patients with bronchopneumonia were admitted into the clinic for treatment as well as intentive, combined parenteral-peroral nutrition. The improved protein status achieved was evidenced by a significant increase in the serum concentration of total protein, prealbumin and retinol-binding protein. There was a significant decrease of haptoglobin in all patients, measured in the upper normal range, even though it was extremely high at the onset of therapy due to the inflammatory process. These findings emphasize the influence of consequent nutritional therapy in the treatment of pneumonia, especially for elderly patients.", "contents": "[The effect of combined parenteral-peroral nutrition on the protein status of undernourished elderly patients]. Eight elderly undernourished patients with bronchopneumonia were admitted into the clinic for treatment as well as intentive, combined parenteral-peroral nutrition. The improved protein status achieved was evidenced by a significant increase in the serum concentration of total protein, prealbumin and retinol-binding protein. There was a significant decrease of haptoglobin in all patients, measured in the upper normal range, even though it was extremely high at the onset of therapy due to the inflammatory process. These findings emphasize the influence of consequent nutritional therapy in the treatment of pneumonia, especially for elderly patients.", "PMID": 110677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9307", "title": "[Physiologic-chemical parameters during postoperative infusions].", "content": "Individual parenteral alimentation with infusions of combined carbohydrates and amino-acids produced no clinical side effects, however, the electrolyte, acid-base and phosphate balance had to be observed strictly.", "contents": "[Physiologic-chemical parameters during postoperative infusions]. Individual parenteral alimentation with infusions of combined carbohydrates and amino-acids produced no clinical side effects, however, the electrolyte, acid-base and phosphate balance had to be observed strictly.", "PMID": 110678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9308", "title": "Behavior of Escherichia coli K antigens K88ab, K88ac, and K88ad in immunoelectrophoresis, double diffusion, and hemagglutination.", "content": "Porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains were found to possess a variant of the K88 antigen provisionally termed K88ad. We propose to include this antigen into the international E. coli typing scheme. Ultrasonic extracts of field strains of E. coli possessing the K88ab, K88ac, or K88ad antigen and their E. coli K-12 K88+ transconjugants showed a specific K88 precipitation line in immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion only when grown at 37 degrees C, but not when grown at 18 degrees C. By using agarose gels, K88ab, K88ac, and K88ad antigens showed anodic mobility in immunoelectrophoresis. When using Difco Noble agar gels, K88ad was not mobile or anodic, K88ab was cathodic; K88ac of 17 strains was cathodic and of 24 strains was anodic. The immunoelectrophoretic behavior of a K88 antigen (K88ab, K88ac, or K88ad) did not alter after transfer of the corresponding plasmid to E. coli K-12. Anodic and cathodic K88ac antigens could not be distinguished serologically. The differences between the results obtained in Noble agar gels and agarose gels are due to electro-endosmotic flow. We describe a procedure which increases the detection level of K88+ transconjugants in a mating mixture. It is based on the specific mannose-resistant attachment of K88+ cells to guinea pig erythrocytes.", "contents": "Behavior of Escherichia coli K antigens K88ab, K88ac, and K88ad in immunoelectrophoresis, double diffusion, and hemagglutination. Porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains were found to possess a variant of the K88 antigen provisionally termed K88ad. We propose to include this antigen into the international E. coli typing scheme. Ultrasonic extracts of field strains of E. coli possessing the K88ab, K88ac, or K88ad antigen and their E. coli K-12 K88+ transconjugants showed a specific K88 precipitation line in immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion only when grown at 37 degrees C, but not when grown at 18 degrees C. By using agarose gels, K88ab, K88ac, and K88ad antigens showed anodic mobility in immunoelectrophoresis. When using Difco Noble agar gels, K88ad was not mobile or anodic, K88ab was cathodic; K88ac of 17 strains was cathodic and of 24 strains was anodic. The immunoelectrophoretic behavior of a K88 antigen (K88ab, K88ac, or K88ad) did not alter after transfer of the corresponding plasmid to E. coli K-12. Anodic and cathodic K88ac antigens could not be distinguished serologically. The differences between the results obtained in Noble agar gels and agarose gels are due to electro-endosmotic flow. We describe a procedure which increases the detection level of K88+ transconjugants in a mating mixture. It is based on the specific mannose-resistant attachment of K88+ cells to guinea pig erythrocytes.", "PMID": 110679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9309", "title": "Interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus.", "content": "The bactericidal activity of guinea pig and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) against a smooth-intermediate strain (45/0) and a rough strain (45/20) of Brucella abortus has been examined. After incubation for 120 min, guinea pig PMNs incubated with either the smooth strain 45/0 or the rough strain 45/20 exhibited no bactericidal activity against the former and caused only a 34% decrease in viability of the latter. Human PMNs were more bactericidal than guinea pig PMNs to both strains; however, the killing of strain 45/20 by human PMNs was less than that observed in control experiments with S. aureus strain 502A. Both strains of B. abortus readily associated with guinea pig and human PMNs, and the bacteria were apparently ingested without stimulation of the hexose monophosphate pathway. Lysates (10 micrograms/ml, pH 5.5), prepared from guinea pig or human granules, were not particularly toxic to either strain unless supplemented with H2O2 and a halide (I- or Cl-). An oxygen-dependent killing system appeared to be lethal against both strains of B. abortus, with I- being more active than Cl- in the presence of H2O2 and granule lysate. The data suggest that degranulation after ingestion of Brucella by phagocytes does not occur due to the lack of a proper stimulus or possibly the baccilli actively inhibit the degranulation process thereby protecting the microbe from killing systems normally effective against extracellular parasites.", "contents": "Interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus. The bactericidal activity of guinea pig and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) against a smooth-intermediate strain (45/0) and a rough strain (45/20) of Brucella abortus has been examined. After incubation for 120 min, guinea pig PMNs incubated with either the smooth strain 45/0 or the rough strain 45/20 exhibited no bactericidal activity against the former and caused only a 34% decrease in viability of the latter. Human PMNs were more bactericidal than guinea pig PMNs to both strains; however, the killing of strain 45/20 by human PMNs was less than that observed in control experiments with S. aureus strain 502A. Both strains of B. abortus readily associated with guinea pig and human PMNs, and the bacteria were apparently ingested without stimulation of the hexose monophosphate pathway. Lysates (10 micrograms/ml, pH 5.5), prepared from guinea pig or human granules, were not particularly toxic to either strain unless supplemented with H2O2 and a halide (I- or Cl-). An oxygen-dependent killing system appeared to be lethal against both strains of B. abortus, with I- being more active than Cl- in the presence of H2O2 and granule lysate. The data suggest that degranulation after ingestion of Brucella by phagocytes does not occur due to the lack of a proper stimulus or possibly the baccilli actively inhibit the degranulation process thereby protecting the microbe from killing systems normally effective against extracellular parasites.", "PMID": 110680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9310", "title": "Studies on gonococcus infection. XVIII. 125I-labeled peptide mapping of the major protein of the gonococcal cell wall outer membrane.", "content": "The major outer membrane proteins from 10 gonococcal strains were examined after 125I-labeling of the proteins as single bands resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. These 125I-proteins were then treated with either trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin, and the resultant 125I-peptides were visualized by autoradiography after two-dimensional electrophoretic and chromatographic separation on thin-layer cellulose sheets. Several 125I-peptides were present in all the major outer membrane proteins examined. The presence and absence of additional 125I-peptides segregated the major proteins into two pattern groups. One group consisted of major outer membranes with molecular weights of 34,000 or 33,000; major proteins with molecular weights of 32,000 constituted the other group. Two beta-lactamase-producing gonococcal isolates were examined. Their major outer membrane proteins were identical in apparent molecular weights and alpha-chymotryptic 125I-peptide fingerprints; these proteins contained 125I-peptides not found in other gonococcal major proteins. No 125I-peptide differences were found among the major outer membrane proteins of strain F62 gonococci that exhibited differences in piliation and/or colony opacity characteristics.", "contents": "Studies on gonococcus infection. XVIII. 125I-labeled peptide mapping of the major protein of the gonococcal cell wall outer membrane. The major outer membrane proteins from 10 gonococcal strains were examined after 125I-labeling of the proteins as single bands resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. These 125I-proteins were then treated with either trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin, and the resultant 125I-peptides were visualized by autoradiography after two-dimensional electrophoretic and chromatographic separation on thin-layer cellulose sheets. Several 125I-peptides were present in all the major outer membrane proteins examined. The presence and absence of additional 125I-peptides segregated the major proteins into two pattern groups. One group consisted of major outer membranes with molecular weights of 34,000 or 33,000; major proteins with molecular weights of 32,000 constituted the other group. Two beta-lactamase-producing gonococcal isolates were examined. Their major outer membrane proteins were identical in apparent molecular weights and alpha-chymotryptic 125I-peptide fingerprints; these proteins contained 125I-peptides not found in other gonococcal major proteins. No 125I-peptide differences were found among the major outer membrane proteins of strain F62 gonococci that exhibited differences in piliation and/or colony opacity characteristics.", "PMID": 110681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9311", "title": "Chemical characterization and biological properties of lipopolysaccharides isolated from smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus.", "content": "The chemical composition and some of the biological activities of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted from a smooth-intermediate strain (45/0) and a rough strain (45/20) of Brucella abortus have been examined. LPS were found in both the phenolic and aqueous extraction phases of strain 45/0, but only in the aqueous phase of 45/20. The phenolic LPS contained 9- to 16-fold-lower levels of heptose and reduced amounts of dideoxyaldoses compared with aqueous fractions. The major neutral sugars were glucose, galactose, and mannose. beta-Hydroxymyristic-acid, a common marker of enteric LPS, was not detected. Fatty acids present in highest amounts were hydroxylated and nonhydroxylated species with chain lengths of 16, 18, and 20 carbons. Only the phenolic LPS of strain 45/0 exhibited mouse lethality and a curable wasting disease; however, both phenolic and aqueous fractions caused carbohydrate depletion in mice. The toxicity of aqueous LPS could not be potentiated with Pb(OAc)4. These data, coupled with the lack of mitogenic activity for B-lymphocytes, are indicative of the unique structure-function relationships of Brucella LPS.", "contents": "Chemical characterization and biological properties of lipopolysaccharides isolated from smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus. The chemical composition and some of the biological activities of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted from a smooth-intermediate strain (45/0) and a rough strain (45/20) of Brucella abortus have been examined. LPS were found in both the phenolic and aqueous extraction phases of strain 45/0, but only in the aqueous phase of 45/20. The phenolic LPS contained 9- to 16-fold-lower levels of heptose and reduced amounts of dideoxyaldoses compared with aqueous fractions. The major neutral sugars were glucose, galactose, and mannose. beta-Hydroxymyristic-acid, a common marker of enteric LPS, was not detected. Fatty acids present in highest amounts were hydroxylated and nonhydroxylated species with chain lengths of 16, 18, and 20 carbons. Only the phenolic LPS of strain 45/0 exhibited mouse lethality and a curable wasting disease; however, both phenolic and aqueous fractions caused carbohydrate depletion in mice. The toxicity of aqueous LPS could not be potentiated with Pb(OAc)4. These data, coupled with the lack of mitogenic activity for B-lymphocytes, are indicative of the unique structure-function relationships of Brucella LPS.", "PMID": 110682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9312", "title": "Surface macromolecules and virulence in intracellular parasitism: comparison of cell envelope components of smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus.", "content": "The surface topography of whole cells and the chemical composition of cell envelopes of a smooth-intermediate strain (45/0) and a rough strain (45/20) of Brucella abortus was examined. Electron microscopy of whole cells and thin sections did not reveal any gross surface difference(s). Only minor quantitative differences were observed in total lipids, proteins, and the murein layer. However, the lipopolysaccharide composition of the two strains was quite different. Both phenol- and water-soluble lipopolysaccharide fractions were obtained from the strain of higher virulence (45/0), whereas only aqueous lipopolysaccharide could be isolated from the rough strain. In addition to being toxic, the phenol-soluble lipopolysaccharide may be a key virulence factor in intracellular survival of B. obortus within phagocytic cells.", "contents": "Surface macromolecules and virulence in intracellular parasitism: comparison of cell envelope components of smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus. The surface topography of whole cells and the chemical composition of cell envelopes of a smooth-intermediate strain (45/0) and a rough strain (45/20) of Brucella abortus was examined. Electron microscopy of whole cells and thin sections did not reveal any gross surface difference(s). Only minor quantitative differences were observed in total lipids, proteins, and the murein layer. However, the lipopolysaccharide composition of the two strains was quite different. Both phenol- and water-soluble lipopolysaccharide fractions were obtained from the strain of higher virulence (45/0), whereas only aqueous lipopolysaccharide could be isolated from the rough strain. In addition to being toxic, the phenol-soluble lipopolysaccharide may be a key virulence factor in intracellular survival of B. obortus within phagocytic cells.", "PMID": 110683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9313", "title": "Isolation, characterization, and biological properties of an endotoxin-like material from the gram-positive organism Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "The bacterial component responsible for the induction of transient cold agglutinin syndrome in rabbits after intravenous injection of heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes type 4B has been purified and biologically and chemically characterized. A purified immunoglobulin M cold agglutinin was prepared from high-titer sera resulting from the immunization of rabbits with heat-killed L. monocytogenes type 4B and was subsequently used to monitor the purification of the bacterial component responsible for its induction. The bacterial component was isolated from a hot phenol-water extract of lyophilized L. monocytogenes type 4B by multiple molecular sieve chromatography. Upon chemical analysis the purified material was found to be strikingly similar in chemical composition to gram-negative lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. The material contained 15% total fatty acid (of which 50% was beta-hydroxymyristic acid), 40 to 45% neutral sugar (glucose, galactose, and rhamnose), 11.5% amino sugar, 12% uronic acid, 2.5% 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, 2% heptose, 0.87% phosphorus, and 1.6% amino acid, thereby accounting for 85 to 90% of the weight of the component. Electron micrographs of the purified material were similar to those of lipopolysaccharide preparations from gram-negative organisms. The purified material exist in aqueous solutions as large aggregates, but can be dissociated into a single smaller subunit (3.1S) by dialysis against sodium dodecyl sulfate buffer. The listerial component was toxic and pyrogenic to rabbits, producing symptoms typical of gram-negative endotoxins. Activity in the limulus lysate gelation assay and in the carbocyanine dye assay provides a further link of this material with classical gram-negative endotoxins.", "contents": "Isolation, characterization, and biological properties of an endotoxin-like material from the gram-positive organism Listeria monocytogenes. The bacterial component responsible for the induction of transient cold agglutinin syndrome in rabbits after intravenous injection of heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes type 4B has been purified and biologically and chemically characterized. A purified immunoglobulin M cold agglutinin was prepared from high-titer sera resulting from the immunization of rabbits with heat-killed L. monocytogenes type 4B and was subsequently used to monitor the purification of the bacterial component responsible for its induction. The bacterial component was isolated from a hot phenol-water extract of lyophilized L. monocytogenes type 4B by multiple molecular sieve chromatography. Upon chemical analysis the purified material was found to be strikingly similar in chemical composition to gram-negative lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. The material contained 15% total fatty acid (of which 50% was beta-hydroxymyristic acid), 40 to 45% neutral sugar (glucose, galactose, and rhamnose), 11.5% amino sugar, 12% uronic acid, 2.5% 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, 2% heptose, 0.87% phosphorus, and 1.6% amino acid, thereby accounting for 85 to 90% of the weight of the component. Electron micrographs of the purified material were similar to those of lipopolysaccharide preparations from gram-negative organisms. The purified material exist in aqueous solutions as large aggregates, but can be dissociated into a single smaller subunit (3.1S) by dialysis against sodium dodecyl sulfate buffer. The listerial component was toxic and pyrogenic to rabbits, producing symptoms typical of gram-negative endotoxins. Activity in the limulus lysate gelation assay and in the carbocyanine dye assay provides a further link of this material with classical gram-negative endotoxins.", "PMID": 110684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9314", "title": "Relationship between superoxide dismutase and pathogenic mechanisms of Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "Listeria monocytogenes was examined for superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity. Two catalase-negative strains possessed at least twofold greater SOD activities than the catalase-positive L. monocytogenes strains examined. Growth conditions such as aeration and iron concentration influenced the specific activity of SOD obtained from cells cultured in defined media. L. monocytogenes SOD from crude extracts and after partial purification was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Iron was associated with the single band of SOD activity detected in the gels. SOD activity appeared to be primarily extracytoplasmic. Survival of organisms in a superoxide-generating medium was studied, with photoactivation of riboflavin used as the source of free radical formation. Virulent, catalase-positive L. monocytogenes strains were relatively resistant to killing in a pH 7 superoxide-containing medium. An intact-cell assay for SOD was developed, which used the superoxide-generating system and employed the superoxide-dependent oxidation of sulfite, added to the medium, and inhibition of this oxidation by SOD. Maximal SOD activites of intact cells were observed when 100 to 400 micrograms (dry weight) of viable Listeria cells per ml was added to the medium. A possible role for SOD in the pathogenesis of listeric infection is discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between superoxide dismutase and pathogenic mechanisms of Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria monocytogenes was examined for superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity. Two catalase-negative strains possessed at least twofold greater SOD activities than the catalase-positive L. monocytogenes strains examined. Growth conditions such as aeration and iron concentration influenced the specific activity of SOD obtained from cells cultured in defined media. L. monocytogenes SOD from crude extracts and after partial purification was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Iron was associated with the single band of SOD activity detected in the gels. SOD activity appeared to be primarily extracytoplasmic. Survival of organisms in a superoxide-generating medium was studied, with photoactivation of riboflavin used as the source of free radical formation. Virulent, catalase-positive L. monocytogenes strains were relatively resistant to killing in a pH 7 superoxide-containing medium. An intact-cell assay for SOD was developed, which used the superoxide-generating system and employed the superoxide-dependent oxidation of sulfite, added to the medium, and inhibition of this oxidation by SOD. Maximal SOD activites of intact cells were observed when 100 to 400 micrograms (dry weight) of viable Listeria cells per ml was added to the medium. A possible role for SOD in the pathogenesis of listeric infection is discussed.", "PMID": 110685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9315", "title": "Thymus-dependent control of host defense mechanisms against Trypanosoma cruzi infection.", "content": "Congenitally athymic homozygous (nu/nu) mice were shown to be significantly more susceptible to Trypanosoma cruzi infection than their thymus-bearing heterozygous (nu/+) littermates, as measured by increased parasitemia, mortality rate, and shortened survival time. In addition, transplantation of neonatal thymus into athymic mice reestablished normal levels of resistance to T. cruzi, i.e., comparable to those of normal littermates. These results constitute conclusive evidence that host defense mechanisms active in experimental Chagas' disease are under thymic control.", "contents": "Thymus-dependent control of host defense mechanisms against Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Congenitally athymic homozygous (nu/nu) mice were shown to be significantly more susceptible to Trypanosoma cruzi infection than their thymus-bearing heterozygous (nu/+) littermates, as measured by increased parasitemia, mortality rate, and shortened survival time. In addition, transplantation of neonatal thymus into athymic mice reestablished normal levels of resistance to T. cruzi, i.e., comparable to those of normal littermates. These results constitute conclusive evidence that host defense mechanisms active in experimental Chagas' disease are under thymic control.", "PMID": 110686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9316", "title": "Production of exotoxin A by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a chemically defined medium.", "content": "A defined medium was developed in which easily measured quantities of exotoxin A (PE) were produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-103. The medium contained three L-amino acids (arginine, aspartic acid, and alanine), basal and trace salts including 14 mM K2HPO4, 14 mM glucose, and 140 mM glycerol. The concentrations of amino acids which yielded most satisfactory results were 6 mM alanine, 13 mM aspartic acid, and 16 mM arginine. The identity of PE in the culture supernatant fluid was demonstrated by adenosine diphosphate-ribosyl transferase activity and by immunodiffusion with sheep antitoxin elicited with purified PE and with PE produced in Trypticase soy broth dialysate and pure PE as controls. PE production was also demonstrated by mouse lethality and passive hemagglutination. As compared to Trypticase soy broth dialysate, P. aeruginosa produced 25 to 50% PE in the defined medium. Different strains of P. aeruginosa produced PE in the defined medium in proportions relative to those in Trypticase soy broth dialysate.", "contents": "Production of exotoxin A by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a chemically defined medium. A defined medium was developed in which easily measured quantities of exotoxin A (PE) were produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-103. The medium contained three L-amino acids (arginine, aspartic acid, and alanine), basal and trace salts including 14 mM K2HPO4, 14 mM glucose, and 140 mM glycerol. The concentrations of amino acids which yielded most satisfactory results were 6 mM alanine, 13 mM aspartic acid, and 16 mM arginine. The identity of PE in the culture supernatant fluid was demonstrated by adenosine diphosphate-ribosyl transferase activity and by immunodiffusion with sheep antitoxin elicited with purified PE and with PE produced in Trypticase soy broth dialysate and pure PE as controls. PE production was also demonstrated by mouse lethality and passive hemagglutination. As compared to Trypticase soy broth dialysate, P. aeruginosa produced 25 to 50% PE in the defined medium. Different strains of P. aeruginosa produced PE in the defined medium in proportions relative to those in Trypticase soy broth dialysate.", "PMID": 110687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9317", "title": "Adjuvant effects of low doses of a nuclease-resistant derivative of polyinosinic acid . polycytidylic acid on antibody responses of monkeys to inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine.", "content": "Polyriboinosinic.polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I).poly(C)] stabilized with poly-l-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose [poly(ICLC)] has been previously shown to be a compound with marked adjuvant activity when given in high doses with inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus vaccine. This study investigated the effects of much lower doses of poly(ICLC) on the magnitude and kinetics of the primary and secondary humoral antibody responses of rhesus monkeys to inactivated VEE virus vaccine. Monkeys given a single injection of vaccine developed very low neutralizing antibody titers, whereas those given adjuvant plus vaccine had 30- to 100-fold-higher titers which remained elevated for longer than 6 months. Low doses of poly(ICLC) given with VEE virus vaccine resulted in a profound but transient increase in priming of secondary antibody responses to the antigen. In contrast, the administration of poly-l-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose alone without the poly(I).poly(C) component of the complex had no adjuvant effect on antibody responses of monkeys to VEE virus vaccine. The temporal development of antibody by class (immunoglobulin M-immunoglobulin G) in monkeys given two injections of adjuvant-vaccine was not different from that with vaccine alone. Serial hematological and clinical chemistry determinations on monkeys given single or multiple doses of poly(ICLC) with vaccine were not different from values in monkeys given vaccine alone.", "contents": "Adjuvant effects of low doses of a nuclease-resistant derivative of polyinosinic acid . polycytidylic acid on antibody responses of monkeys to inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine. Polyriboinosinic.polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I).poly(C)] stabilized with poly-l-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose [poly(ICLC)] has been previously shown to be a compound with marked adjuvant activity when given in high doses with inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus vaccine. This study investigated the effects of much lower doses of poly(ICLC) on the magnitude and kinetics of the primary and secondary humoral antibody responses of rhesus monkeys to inactivated VEE virus vaccine. Monkeys given a single injection of vaccine developed very low neutralizing antibody titers, whereas those given adjuvant plus vaccine had 30- to 100-fold-higher titers which remained elevated for longer than 6 months. Low doses of poly(ICLC) given with VEE virus vaccine resulted in a profound but transient increase in priming of secondary antibody responses to the antigen. In contrast, the administration of poly-l-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose alone without the poly(I).poly(C) component of the complex had no adjuvant effect on antibody responses of monkeys to VEE virus vaccine. The temporal development of antibody by class (immunoglobulin M-immunoglobulin G) in monkeys given two injections of adjuvant-vaccine was not different from that with vaccine alone. Serial hematological and clinical chemistry determinations on monkeys given single or multiple doses of poly(ICLC) with vaccine were not different from values in monkeys given vaccine alone.", "PMID": 110688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9318", "title": "Effect of type-specific active immunization on the development and progression of experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa endocarditis.", "content": "Rabbits with intracardiac catheters were immunized with heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa or saline and challenged with either 10(9) (high inoculum) or 10(7) (low inoculum) pseudomonas. Immunization did not decrease the incidence of endocarditis when compared with controls, but it did significantly prolong survival. The longer survival of immunized rabbits after high-inoculum challenge was not due to prolongation of the course of endocarditis but to type-specific protection from early, overwhelming bacteremia. However, after low-inoculum challenge there were no early deaths and there was a significantly (P < 0.01) longer survival of immunized (17.4 days) than unimmunized (10.6 days) animals dying of endocarditis. Increased survival was associated with higher total and 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant hemagglutinating antibody titers 1 week after challenge in immunized as compared with unimmunized rabbits. Early (48 h after challenge) vegetation colonization was also significantly (P < 0.05) greater after type-specific as opposed to non-type-specific or saline immunization and low-inoculum challenge. However, whereas 67% of type-specifically immunized rabbits had colonized vegetations at 48 h, only 38.9% died with bacteremic endocarditis. Another 19.2% of immunized rabbits had vegetations colonized with > 10(5) colony-forming units of pseudomonas at elective sacrifice 2 weeks after challenge but no bacteremia; no unimmunized rabbit exhibited similar late colonization. Preexisting antibody may be important in the pathogenesis of pseudomonas endocarditis in drug addicts, and its presence may explain the subacute and often protracted course of the disease.", "contents": "Effect of type-specific active immunization on the development and progression of experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa endocarditis. Rabbits with intracardiac catheters were immunized with heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa or saline and challenged with either 10(9) (high inoculum) or 10(7) (low inoculum) pseudomonas. Immunization did not decrease the incidence of endocarditis when compared with controls, but it did significantly prolong survival. The longer survival of immunized rabbits after high-inoculum challenge was not due to prolongation of the course of endocarditis but to type-specific protection from early, overwhelming bacteremia. However, after low-inoculum challenge there were no early deaths and there was a significantly (P < 0.01) longer survival of immunized (17.4 days) than unimmunized (10.6 days) animals dying of endocarditis. Increased survival was associated with higher total and 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant hemagglutinating antibody titers 1 week after challenge in immunized as compared with unimmunized rabbits. Early (48 h after challenge) vegetation colonization was also significantly (P < 0.05) greater after type-specific as opposed to non-type-specific or saline immunization and low-inoculum challenge. However, whereas 67% of type-specifically immunized rabbits had colonized vegetations at 48 h, only 38.9% died with bacteremic endocarditis. Another 19.2% of immunized rabbits had vegetations colonized with > 10(5) colony-forming units of pseudomonas at elective sacrifice 2 weeks after challenge but no bacteremia; no unimmunized rabbit exhibited similar late colonization. Preexisting antibody may be important in the pathogenesis of pseudomonas endocarditis in drug addicts, and its presence may explain the subacute and often protracted course of the disease.", "PMID": 110689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9319", "title": "Assessment of protease (elastase) as a Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor in experimental mouse burn infection.", "content": "The data presented indicate that in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of mice, protease enhances the virulence of the organism. Anesthetized CBA/L\u00fc mice were subjected to a 15-s flame burn and infected with a wild-type protease-producing strain and two of its protease-deficient mutants. The average bacterial cell mean lethal dose (LD50) of 3.8 +/- 0.3 standard deviation (log10) for mice infected with the protease-producing P. aeruginosa was at least 1 log lower than the LD50 of the protease-deficient mutants (0.02 greater than P greater than 0.01). The addition of purified protease to the infecting inoculum of protease-deficient strains reduced the LD50. Although the generation time in vitro was the same for all three bacterial strains used, there were consistently fewer viable bacteria in the blood of mice infected with protease-deficient strains than in those infected with the protease-producing strain. When a protease-deficient strain was mixed with the protease-producing wild-type strain, the number of protease-producing pseudomonas found in the blood remained constant, whereas the number of protease-deficient organisms increased, suggesting that protease contributed to the invasiveness of the organisms. The survival of mice infected with protease-producing pseudomonas was enhanced by antiprotease serum. Antiprotease serum had no effect in mice infected with protease-deficient mutants.", "contents": "Assessment of protease (elastase) as a Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor in experimental mouse burn infection. The data presented indicate that in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of mice, protease enhances the virulence of the organism. Anesthetized CBA/L\u00fc mice were subjected to a 15-s flame burn and infected with a wild-type protease-producing strain and two of its protease-deficient mutants. The average bacterial cell mean lethal dose (LD50) of 3.8 +/- 0.3 standard deviation (log10) for mice infected with the protease-producing P. aeruginosa was at least 1 log lower than the LD50 of the protease-deficient mutants (0.02 greater than P greater than 0.01). The addition of purified protease to the infecting inoculum of protease-deficient strains reduced the LD50. Although the generation time in vitro was the same for all three bacterial strains used, there were consistently fewer viable bacteria in the blood of mice infected with protease-deficient strains than in those infected with the protease-producing strain. When a protease-deficient strain was mixed with the protease-producing wild-type strain, the number of protease-producing pseudomonas found in the blood remained constant, whereas the number of protease-deficient organisms increased, suggesting that protease contributed to the invasiveness of the organisms. The survival of mice infected with protease-producing pseudomonas was enhanced by antiprotease serum. Antiprotease serum had no effect in mice infected with protease-deficient mutants.", "PMID": 110690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9320", "title": "Protease and elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: inactivation of human plasma alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor.", "content": "The present study indicates that crystalline elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a very potent inactivator of human plasma alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, the enzyme (E) inactivated the inhibitor (I) almost completely within 1 h at 25 degrees C at a molar ratio of E/I = 1:100. The crystalline P. aeruginosa protease also inactivated the inhibitor, but 100-fold less. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor inactivated by the elastase and protease showed decreases in molecular weight of approximately 5,000 and 10,000, respectively. Regeneration of trypsin was negligible even when bovine trypsin-alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor complex (E/I = 1.0) was treated with the elastase. The affinity of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor to trypsin was much higher than that to elastase. It was suggested that, assuming the pseudomonal proteases are produced and can inactivate alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor in vivo during pseudomonal diseases, the loss of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor activity may permit the endogenous serine proteases to cause tissue destruction.", "contents": "Protease and elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: inactivation of human plasma alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. The present study indicates that crystalline elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a very potent inactivator of human plasma alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, the enzyme (E) inactivated the inhibitor (I) almost completely within 1 h at 25 degrees C at a molar ratio of E/I = 1:100. The crystalline P. aeruginosa protease also inactivated the inhibitor, but 100-fold less. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor inactivated by the elastase and protease showed decreases in molecular weight of approximately 5,000 and 10,000, respectively. Regeneration of trypsin was negligible even when bovine trypsin-alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor complex (E/I = 1.0) was treated with the elastase. The affinity of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor to trypsin was much higher than that to elastase. It was suggested that, assuming the pseudomonal proteases are produced and can inactivate alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor in vivo during pseudomonal diseases, the loss of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor activity may permit the endogenous serine proteases to cause tissue destruction.", "PMID": 110691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9321", "title": "Pili of Neisseria meningitidis: effect of media on maintenance of piliation, characteristics of Pili, and colonial morphology.", "content": "In contrast to information in the literature which indicates that meningococci rapidly lose pili upon cultivation in vitro, we found that piliation of meningococci could be maintained in vitro for 15 or more passages. Pili were present on all eight isolates tested, whether from asymptomatic carriers or from subjects with meningococcal disease. Complete loss of piliation occurred in the same two strains on two of the three media tested. On one medium (Thayer-Martin medium with supplement B), there was partial or complete loss of pili by all strains. The optimal medium for maintaining pili was chocolate agar with 1% IsoVitaleX; 95% or more of the microorganisms of six of the eight strains tested were piliated after 15 passages in vitro, and more than 60% of the microorganisms of the other two strains were piliated. Meningococci passed on this medium generally maintained their initial density of piliation (3 to 34 pili per diplococcus). The ability to predictably cultivate piliated meningococci in vitro and to select piliated and nonpiliated clones of the same strain should allow investigation of the biochemical and immunological properties of meningococcal pili as well as their possible role in the pathogenicity of Neisseria meningitidis.", "contents": "Pili of Neisseria meningitidis: effect of media on maintenance of piliation, characteristics of Pili, and colonial morphology. In contrast to information in the literature which indicates that meningococci rapidly lose pili upon cultivation in vitro, we found that piliation of meningococci could be maintained in vitro for 15 or more passages. Pili were present on all eight isolates tested, whether from asymptomatic carriers or from subjects with meningococcal disease. Complete loss of piliation occurred in the same two strains on two of the three media tested. On one medium (Thayer-Martin medium with supplement B), there was partial or complete loss of pili by all strains. The optimal medium for maintaining pili was chocolate agar with 1% IsoVitaleX; 95% or more of the microorganisms of six of the eight strains tested were piliated after 15 passages in vitro, and more than 60% of the microorganisms of the other two strains were piliated. Meningococci passed on this medium generally maintained their initial density of piliation (3 to 34 pili per diplococcus). The ability to predictably cultivate piliated meningococci in vitro and to select piliated and nonpiliated clones of the same strain should allow investigation of the biochemical and immunological properties of meningococcal pili as well as their possible role in the pathogenicity of Neisseria meningitidis.", "PMID": 110692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9322", "title": "Intramuscular and/or intralumbar postexposure treatment of rabies virus-infected cynomolgus monkeys with human interferon.", "content": "From 9 to 10 of 10 cynomolgus monkeys infected with rabies street virus died of rabies about 20 days postinfection (pI). Symptoms of illness appeared 1 to 4 days before death. In an attempt to protect infected animals from the disease, human leukocyte interferon (HIF) was administered intramuscularly (i.m.) near the site of infection or into the cerebrospinal fluid between the first and second lumbar vertebrae (i.e., intralumbarly [i.l.]). Multiple HIF doses given over a period of several days proved more effective than a single HIF dose. In every experiment, i.m. HIF treatment was started 1 day pI. The best result obtained was a survival rate of 7 of 10 monkeys. The i.l. HIF administration schedules, consisting of multiple doses given over a period of at least 8 days, were started on day 3, 7, or 11 pI. Here the best result noted was the protection of 5 of 10 treated monkeys. The latest successful postexposure i.l. HIF treatment began on day 11 pI. The highest protection rate, 8 survivors of 10 treated monkeys, was achieved by a combined i.m. and i.l. HIF treatment. From these results we conclude that human patients severely bitten by rabid animals should in addition to an active immunization be i.m. and i.l. treated with HIF. Particularly, i.l. HIF administration could be effective, even when given several days pI. Whether an HIF administration starting after the appearance of clinical symptoms of rabies can help cannot be decided upon from the studies made in this monkey model. The most obvious difference between rabies in humans and cynomolgus monkeys is the duration of illness between the outbreak of the disease and death (1 to 4 days only in this animal model). It might have been due to this short period of illness that i.l. and i.m. HIF treatment at the appearance of clinical symptoms failed to help any of the monkeys treated.", "contents": "Intramuscular and/or intralumbar postexposure treatment of rabies virus-infected cynomolgus monkeys with human interferon. From 9 to 10 of 10 cynomolgus monkeys infected with rabies street virus died of rabies about 20 days postinfection (pI). Symptoms of illness appeared 1 to 4 days before death. In an attempt to protect infected animals from the disease, human leukocyte interferon (HIF) was administered intramuscularly (i.m.) near the site of infection or into the cerebrospinal fluid between the first and second lumbar vertebrae (i.e., intralumbarly [i.l.]). Multiple HIF doses given over a period of several days proved more effective than a single HIF dose. In every experiment, i.m. HIF treatment was started 1 day pI. The best result obtained was a survival rate of 7 of 10 monkeys. The i.l. HIF administration schedules, consisting of multiple doses given over a period of at least 8 days, were started on day 3, 7, or 11 pI. Here the best result noted was the protection of 5 of 10 treated monkeys. The latest successful postexposure i.l. HIF treatment began on day 11 pI. The highest protection rate, 8 survivors of 10 treated monkeys, was achieved by a combined i.m. and i.l. HIF treatment. From these results we conclude that human patients severely bitten by rabid animals should in addition to an active immunization be i.m. and i.l. treated with HIF. Particularly, i.l. HIF administration could be effective, even when given several days pI. Whether an HIF administration starting after the appearance of clinical symptoms of rabies can help cannot be decided upon from the studies made in this monkey model. The most obvious difference between rabies in humans and cynomolgus monkeys is the duration of illness between the outbreak of the disease and death (1 to 4 days only in this animal model). It might have been due to this short period of illness that i.l. and i.m. HIF treatment at the appearance of clinical symptoms failed to help any of the monkeys treated.", "PMID": 110693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9323", "title": "Depression of the antibody response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-injected mice.", "content": "Heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibit antibody response in C57BL/6 mice. The depression of this response is dependent on the dose of bacteria injected, on the time interval between microorganism injection and antigen administration, and on the nature of the antigen used. Cell transfer experiments provide evidence that suppressor cells are not operative in this model. Furthermore, the results show that P. aeruginosa induces a marked dose-dependent proliferation of spleen cells in vivo, and the in vitro targets of this proliferative effect are B lymphocytes. It is suggested that whole, heat-killed P. aeruginosa in vivo also behave as cell mitogens on B lymphocytes which, when strongly stimulated to proliferate, temporarily lose their capacity to mount a normal antibody response.", "contents": "Depression of the antibody response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-injected mice. Heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibit antibody response in C57BL/6 mice. The depression of this response is dependent on the dose of bacteria injected, on the time interval between microorganism injection and antigen administration, and on the nature of the antigen used. Cell transfer experiments provide evidence that suppressor cells are not operative in this model. Furthermore, the results show that P. aeruginosa induces a marked dose-dependent proliferation of spleen cells in vivo, and the in vitro targets of this proliferative effect are B lymphocytes. It is suggested that whole, heat-killed P. aeruginosa in vivo also behave as cell mitogens on B lymphocytes which, when strongly stimulated to proliferate, temporarily lose their capacity to mount a normal antibody response.", "PMID": 110694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9324", "title": "Strain differentiation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by reverse passive hemagglutination.", "content": "A reverse passive hemagglutination test that utilizes human erythrocytes coated with antibody to gonococci was developed to distinguish differences among 11 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Different rabbits were immunized with each strain of gonococcus. Antibody was purified by passing antiserum over an immunoadsorbent column containing homologous cell walls trapped in a cross-linked polyacrylamide gel. Antibody, after absorption with N. meningitidis, was used for coating 11 individual suspensions of erythrocytes, each with antibody to one gonococcal strain. The panel of coated erythrocytes was added to microtiter trays containing dilutions of homologous bacterial lysate and lysates from 10 heterologous strains. Agglutination titers were highest with homologous lysates, although cross-reactions occurred among some heterologous lysates. Lysates of nongonococcal Neisseria species and of other genera did not agglutinate coated erythrocytes. The reverse passive hemagglutination test can be a useful procedure to distinguish differences among strains of N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Strain differentiation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by reverse passive hemagglutination. A reverse passive hemagglutination test that utilizes human erythrocytes coated with antibody to gonococci was developed to distinguish differences among 11 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Different rabbits were immunized with each strain of gonococcus. Antibody was purified by passing antiserum over an immunoadsorbent column containing homologous cell walls trapped in a cross-linked polyacrylamide gel. Antibody, after absorption with N. meningitidis, was used for coating 11 individual suspensions of erythrocytes, each with antibody to one gonococcal strain. The panel of coated erythrocytes was added to microtiter trays containing dilutions of homologous bacterial lysate and lysates from 10 heterologous strains. Agglutination titers were highest with homologous lysates, although cross-reactions occurred among some heterologous lysates. Lysates of nongonococcal Neisseria species and of other genera did not agglutinate coated erythrocytes. The reverse passive hemagglutination test can be a useful procedure to distinguish differences among strains of N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 110695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9325", "title": "Immunobiology and species distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 5.", "content": "The immunobiology and mycobacterial species distribution of immunoabsorbent affinity chromatography-purified Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 5 have been studied. In delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, antigen 5 was nearly equipotent with tuberculin-purified protein derivative in sensitized guinea pigs. In vitro, antigen 5 was capable of stimulating the production of migration inhibitory factor by cultured lymphocytes from sensitized guinea pigs and humans. Antigen 5 stimulated thymidine incorporation by cultured guinea pig lymphocytes but did not stimulate thymidine incorporation by cultured human lymphocytes. Although erythrocytes were readily sensitized with antigen 5 for passive hemagglutination, their use did not offer any advantage over previous hemagglutination techniques for the serodiagnosis or evaluation of patients with tuberculosis. By immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion, antigen 5 was readily identified in culture filtrates of 10 strains of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis but not in those of 30 strains of 12 other myobacterial species.", "contents": "Immunobiology and species distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 5. The immunobiology and mycobacterial species distribution of immunoabsorbent affinity chromatography-purified Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 5 have been studied. In delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, antigen 5 was nearly equipotent with tuberculin-purified protein derivative in sensitized guinea pigs. In vitro, antigen 5 was capable of stimulating the production of migration inhibitory factor by cultured lymphocytes from sensitized guinea pigs and humans. Antigen 5 stimulated thymidine incorporation by cultured guinea pig lymphocytes but did not stimulate thymidine incorporation by cultured human lymphocytes. Although erythrocytes were readily sensitized with antigen 5 for passive hemagglutination, their use did not offer any advantage over previous hemagglutination techniques for the serodiagnosis or evaluation of patients with tuberculosis. By immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion, antigen 5 was readily identified in culture filtrates of 10 strains of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis but not in those of 30 strains of 12 other myobacterial species.", "PMID": 110696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9326", "title": "Antigenic differences between extracts of actively replicating and synchronized resting cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.", "content": "Protein extracts were prepared from aerobically replicating cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and from synchronized non-replicating cells derived from the sediments of non-agitated cultures. Although both preparations share a number of antigens, the extracts of the non-replicating cells also contain antigenic components that are not shared by the replicating cells, and which can be isolated and visualized by immunoaffinity chromatography and immunoelectrophoretic techniques.", "contents": "Antigenic differences between extracts of actively replicating and synchronized resting cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Protein extracts were prepared from aerobically replicating cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and from synchronized non-replicating cells derived from the sediments of non-agitated cultures. Although both preparations share a number of antigens, the extracts of the non-replicating cells also contain antigenic components that are not shared by the replicating cells, and which can be isolated and visualized by immunoaffinity chromatography and immunoelectrophoretic techniques.", "PMID": 110697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9327", "title": "Immune and mitogenic responses by BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, and nude mice to Brucella abortus bacterin and lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "The immunogenic and mitogenic properties of Brucella abortus 1119-3 bacterin (BA) and biologically active B. abortus lipopolysaccharide (BA-LPS) were studied using normal and athymic (nude) BALB/c and C3H/HeJ mice. Although BA stimulated 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive (2-ME-S) primary and secondary antibody responses in all mice, nude mice, in contrast to normal BALB/c and C3H/HeJ mice, did not make substantial 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant (2-ME-R) antibody responses. Similarly, all mice injected with BA-LPS made 2-ME-S primary responses, and the secondary response of thymus-bearing mice contained a substantial 2-ME-R component. Collectively, these observations suggest that although both BA and BA-LPS can stimulate thymus-independent 2-ME-S antibody synthesis, thymus-derived cells are required for optimal immune responses containing a 2-ME-R component. The antibody responses of normal BALB/c and C3H/HeJ mice to BA and BA-LPS were qualitatively and quantitatively similar. Both BA and BA-LPS were mitogenic for spleen cells from normal and nude BALB/c and C3H/HeJ mice but not for thymus cells from normal BALB/c or C3H/HeJ mice, suggesting that both preparations are B-cell mitogens.", "contents": "Immune and mitogenic responses by BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, and nude mice to Brucella abortus bacterin and lipopolysaccharide. The immunogenic and mitogenic properties of Brucella abortus 1119-3 bacterin (BA) and biologically active B. abortus lipopolysaccharide (BA-LPS) were studied using normal and athymic (nude) BALB/c and C3H/HeJ mice. Although BA stimulated 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive (2-ME-S) primary and secondary antibody responses in all mice, nude mice, in contrast to normal BALB/c and C3H/HeJ mice, did not make substantial 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant (2-ME-R) antibody responses. Similarly, all mice injected with BA-LPS made 2-ME-S primary responses, and the secondary response of thymus-bearing mice contained a substantial 2-ME-R component. Collectively, these observations suggest that although both BA and BA-LPS can stimulate thymus-independent 2-ME-S antibody synthesis, thymus-derived cells are required for optimal immune responses containing a 2-ME-R component. The antibody responses of normal BALB/c and C3H/HeJ mice to BA and BA-LPS were qualitatively and quantitatively similar. Both BA and BA-LPS were mitogenic for spleen cells from normal and nude BALB/c and C3H/HeJ mice but not for thymus cells from normal BALB/c or C3H/HeJ mice, suggesting that both preparations are B-cell mitogens.", "PMID": 110698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9328", "title": "Mechanisms of immunity in typhus infection: adoptive transfer of immunity to Rickettsia mooseri.", "content": "When nonimmune guinea pigs are inoculated intradermally (i.d.) with Rickettsia mooseri (R. typhi), the rickettsiae replicate at the site of inoculation, leading to the development of a grossly observable lesion. In contrast, guinea pigs which have recovered from R. mooseri infection are resistant to challenge and prevent both rickettsial growth and the formation of lesions. To study the mechanisms of this immunity, sera or splenic cells collected from nonimmune or immune guinea pigs were inoculated separetely into nonimmune recipients. Splenic cells collected from immune donors protected R. mooseri-naive recipients from i.d. challenge as measured by control of rickettsial growth and by prevention of development of lesions at i.d. sites of inoculation. In contrast, serum from immune and nonimmune doners failed to protect nonimmune recipients by either criterion.", "contents": "Mechanisms of immunity in typhus infection: adoptive transfer of immunity to Rickettsia mooseri. When nonimmune guinea pigs are inoculated intradermally (i.d.) with Rickettsia mooseri (R. typhi), the rickettsiae replicate at the site of inoculation, leading to the development of a grossly observable lesion. In contrast, guinea pigs which have recovered from R. mooseri infection are resistant to challenge and prevent both rickettsial growth and the formation of lesions. To study the mechanisms of this immunity, sera or splenic cells collected from nonimmune or immune guinea pigs were inoculated separetely into nonimmune recipients. Splenic cells collected from immune donors protected R. mooseri-naive recipients from i.d. challenge as measured by control of rickettsial growth and by prevention of development of lesions at i.d. sites of inoculation. In contrast, serum from immune and nonimmune doners failed to protect nonimmune recipients by either criterion.", "PMID": 110699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9329", "title": "Inhibitory effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the phagacytic and killing activities of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes: purification and characterization of an inhibitor of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function.", "content": "A clinically isolated strain of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-resistant Pseudomonas was found to produce an extracellular substance (PMN inhibitor) that inhibits the phagocytic and killing activities of PMN. The PMN inhibitor was purified from culture filtrates by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 and chromatography on phosphocellulose, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, and Sephadex G-100. The preparation was homogenous as judged by disc gel electrophoresis. The purified PMN inhibitor appeared to be a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 65,000 that was inactivated by heating and by exposure to a proteolytic enzyme.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the phagacytic and killing activities of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes: purification and characterization of an inhibitor of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function. A clinically isolated strain of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-resistant Pseudomonas was found to produce an extracellular substance (PMN inhibitor) that inhibits the phagocytic and killing activities of PMN. The PMN inhibitor was purified from culture filtrates by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 and chromatography on phosphocellulose, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, and Sephadex G-100. The preparation was homogenous as judged by disc gel electrophoresis. The purified PMN inhibitor appeared to be a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 65,000 that was inactivated by heating and by exposure to a proteolytic enzyme.", "PMID": 110700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9330", "title": "Inhibitory effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the phagocytic and killing activity of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes: mechanisms of action of a polymorphonuclear leukocyte inhibitor.", "content": "The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) inhibitor isolated from a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is resistant to the phagocytic and killing activities of rabbit PMN inhibited migration of PMN and engulfment of latex particles by PMN. In studies of the bactericidal metabolism of PMN, the PMN inhibitor did not inhibit the intracellular activity and extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes. However, the PMN inhibitor caused a decrease of Nitro Blue Tetrazolium reduction. The PMN inhibitor had a cytotoxic effect on PMN and inhibited [14C]tyrosine uptake in intact PMN inhibitor had no inhibitory effect on protein synthesis in cell extracts.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the phagocytic and killing activity of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes: mechanisms of action of a polymorphonuclear leukocyte inhibitor. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) inhibitor isolated from a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is resistant to the phagocytic and killing activities of rabbit PMN inhibited migration of PMN and engulfment of latex particles by PMN. In studies of the bactericidal metabolism of PMN, the PMN inhibitor did not inhibit the intracellular activity and extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes. However, the PMN inhibitor caused a decrease of Nitro Blue Tetrazolium reduction. The PMN inhibitor had a cytotoxic effect on PMN and inhibited [14C]tyrosine uptake in intact PMN inhibitor had no inhibitory effect on protein synthesis in cell extracts.", "PMID": 110701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9331", "title": "Immunological cross-reactivity of oral non-streptococcal bacteria with mammalian tissue.", "content": "The presence of cross-reacting antigens between oral non-steptococcal bacteria and human and monkey tissue was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence. Rabbit antisera, prepared against 22 oral bacteria, were incubated with cryostatcut sections of heart, skeletal muscle, brain cord, liver, kidney, and skin. A cell wall antigen of Lactobacillus casei was shared with neuroglial brain cells, and an antigenic component of Propionibacterium acnes was shared with kidney glomeruli. Tissue-reactive antibodies were absorbed from the sera with preparations of both the homologous bacterium and tissue fractions.", "contents": "Immunological cross-reactivity of oral non-streptococcal bacteria with mammalian tissue. The presence of cross-reacting antigens between oral non-steptococcal bacteria and human and monkey tissue was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence. Rabbit antisera, prepared against 22 oral bacteria, were incubated with cryostatcut sections of heart, skeletal muscle, brain cord, liver, kidney, and skin. A cell wall antigen of Lactobacillus casei was shared with neuroglial brain cells, and an antigenic component of Propionibacterium acnes was shared with kidney glomeruli. Tissue-reactive antibodies were absorbed from the sera with preparations of both the homologous bacterium and tissue fractions.", "PMID": 110702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9332", "title": "Neisseria meningitidis infection in mice: influence of iron, variations in virulence among strains, and pathology.", "content": "The influence of iron on Neisseria meningitidis infection in C-57 mice was examined. Iron sulfate, ferric ammonium citrate, and iron sorbitol citrate all proved to be too toxic for use as infection-enhancing agents. Iron dextran displayed an extremely low toxicity, enhanced infection in a dose-dependent manner, and resulted in infection enhancement factors approaching 10(9) for virulent strains of N. meningitidis. Fatal iron dextran-enhanced infection was shown to be reversible by in vivo chelation of iron. Virulent strains of N. meningitidis produced symptoms of infection and pathological lesions in mice both with and without iron pretreatment, but an avirulent strain failed to produce symptoms of infection or pathological lesions, regardless of iron administration. Iron dextran-enhanced infection in mice proved to be a useful model for the examination of virulence of various N. meningitidis strains. All of 9 isolates from clinical disease possessed virulence, whereas only 3 of 10 isolates from carriers possessed virulence, when examined by using this model.", "contents": "Neisseria meningitidis infection in mice: influence of iron, variations in virulence among strains, and pathology. The influence of iron on Neisseria meningitidis infection in C-57 mice was examined. Iron sulfate, ferric ammonium citrate, and iron sorbitol citrate all proved to be too toxic for use as infection-enhancing agents. Iron dextran displayed an extremely low toxicity, enhanced infection in a dose-dependent manner, and resulted in infection enhancement factors approaching 10(9) for virulent strains of N. meningitidis. Fatal iron dextran-enhanced infection was shown to be reversible by in vivo chelation of iron. Virulent strains of N. meningitidis produced symptoms of infection and pathological lesions in mice both with and without iron pretreatment, but an avirulent strain failed to produce symptoms of infection or pathological lesions, regardless of iron administration. Iron dextran-enhanced infection in mice proved to be a useful model for the examination of virulence of various N. meningitidis strains. All of 9 isolates from clinical disease possessed virulence, whereas only 3 of 10 isolates from carriers possessed virulence, when examined by using this model.", "PMID": 110703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9333", "title": "Methods of assessing the cost-effectiveness of caries preventive agents and procedures.", "content": "Before public finance is committed to a particular public health measure it is essential that the project should be analytically evaluated. Cost-benefit analysis is one method of choosing between alternative programmes. It suffers from the disadvantage that, while costs can be accurately assessed, the benefit to an individual of freedom from pain, discomfort or inconvenience cannot be simply expressed in monetary terms. Such benefits may therefore be omitted from calculations of cost-benefit and a programme with valuable indirect or intangible benefits may not receive adequate consideration in competition with other alternatives. Futhermore, since benefits may only accrue some time after expenditure has been incurred, inflation distorts the significance of cost-benefit calculations. Cost-effectiveness analysis is an alternative method which enables one to determine the least expensive of several alternative methods of achieving a stated objective. The application of these concepts to preventive programmes against dental caries is described. Distinction must be made between the effectiveness of preventive measures during controlled clinical trials on limited numbers of subjects and their value when applied under field conditions to the whole community. Detailed comparisons are made between various methods of the application of fluorides caries prevention by community fluoridation water supply, school water fluoridation and topical application of fluorides. It is concluded that while completely accurate and valid analyses of cost-effectiveness are not possible, they do enable dentistry to view its activities more objectively and to indentify the real issues which should affect future decisions.", "contents": "Methods of assessing the cost-effectiveness of caries preventive agents and procedures. Before public finance is committed to a particular public health measure it is essential that the project should be analytically evaluated. Cost-benefit analysis is one method of choosing between alternative programmes. It suffers from the disadvantage that, while costs can be accurately assessed, the benefit to an individual of freedom from pain, discomfort or inconvenience cannot be simply expressed in monetary terms. Such benefits may therefore be omitted from calculations of cost-benefit and a programme with valuable indirect or intangible benefits may not receive adequate consideration in competition with other alternatives. Futhermore, since benefits may only accrue some time after expenditure has been incurred, inflation distorts the significance of cost-benefit calculations. Cost-effectiveness analysis is an alternative method which enables one to determine the least expensive of several alternative methods of achieving a stated objective. The application of these concepts to preventive programmes against dental caries is described. Distinction must be made between the effectiveness of preventive measures during controlled clinical trials on limited numbers of subjects and their value when applied under field conditions to the whole community. Detailed comparisons are made between various methods of the application of fluorides caries prevention by community fluoridation water supply, school water fluoridation and topical application of fluorides. It is concluded that while completely accurate and valid analyses of cost-effectiveness are not possible, they do enable dentistry to view its activities more objectively and to indentify the real issues which should affect future decisions.", "PMID": 110704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9334", "title": "The benefit of preventive procedures for high risk groups.", "content": "The clinical effectiveness of many caries prophylactic agents has been demonstrated but their public health value questioned from the viewpoint of economic efficiency. However, some groups within the population may have enhanced response to certain agents and for these subjects a more acceptable cost-value situation may occur. The effectiveness of agents may be measured by the extent to which they reduce operative treatment need. Therefore by costing treatment carried out in both groups in a clinical trial and adding, for the test group, the cost of prevention, the cost effectiveness of treatment plus prevention compared with treatment alone can be investigated. A computer was programmed to estimate from DMFS data, maintenance treatment carried out during clinical trials and that needed at the end to render subjects free of caries. Treatment was costed on the Resource Related Index. In an examination of two experimental clinical trials among adolescents it was found that supervised daily brushing in school with MFP dentifrice produced a 25 per cent reduction in DMFS over three years, but cost six and a half times as much as the operative treatment saved. However, for a high risk group of girls the cost was only two and a half times as much. When APF topical applications by hygienists were added to the same brushing programme it became even less economically efficient. Neither experimental programme was cost-effective for any group unless a weighting factor was introduced to take account of the desirablity of a sound as opposed to a filled tooth.", "contents": "The benefit of preventive procedures for high risk groups. The clinical effectiveness of many caries prophylactic agents has been demonstrated but their public health value questioned from the viewpoint of economic efficiency. However, some groups within the population may have enhanced response to certain agents and for these subjects a more acceptable cost-value situation may occur. The effectiveness of agents may be measured by the extent to which they reduce operative treatment need. Therefore by costing treatment carried out in both groups in a clinical trial and adding, for the test group, the cost of prevention, the cost effectiveness of treatment plus prevention compared with treatment alone can be investigated. A computer was programmed to estimate from DMFS data, maintenance treatment carried out during clinical trials and that needed at the end to render subjects free of caries. Treatment was costed on the Resource Related Index. In an examination of two experimental clinical trials among adolescents it was found that supervised daily brushing in school with MFP dentifrice produced a 25 per cent reduction in DMFS over three years, but cost six and a half times as much as the operative treatment saved. However, for a high risk group of girls the cost was only two and a half times as much. When APF topical applications by hygienists were added to the same brushing programme it became even less economically efficient. Neither experimental programme was cost-effective for any group unless a weighting factor was introduced to take account of the desirablity of a sound as opposed to a filled tooth.", "PMID": 110705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9335", "title": "Cost-effectiveness considerations in planning a preventive dental programme for British Columbia.", "content": "The Government of British Columbia, Canada, with organized dentistry, in 1974, sponsored research towards the introduction of a comprehensive children's dental programme. Dental care was at that time primarily provided by private practitioners on a personal fee-for-service basis, which system was working close to capacity. Educational and preventive dental programmes in school and health centres were sponsored by governments. Utilization of treatment services by children was estimated at a maximum of 60 per cent per annum. For the improvement of overall dental health, it was adjudged this should be at least 90 per cent. Approximately 45 per cent of children's treatment was related to dental caries. Four possible dental care delivery systems were costed. It was essential that the comprehensive programmed include proven anti-cariogenic measures and that they be the most effective in cost and in the utilization of professional personnel. Techniques for measurement of effectiveness were reviewed. Using a modified Davies cost-benefit ratio, four professionally applied and four self-administered topical fluoride systems were compared. The Knutson-Szwejda technique scored highest when used by community dental health programmes. In a private practice system or in large paediatric clinics the annual application of acidulated phosphate fluoride would be preferable. In British Columbia, experience has indicated problems with continuing school cooperation in mouth rinse programmes. Statistical proof of the effectiveness of \"brush-in\" programmes was adjudged as inconclusive but hopeful.", "contents": "Cost-effectiveness considerations in planning a preventive dental programme for British Columbia. The Government of British Columbia, Canada, with organized dentistry, in 1974, sponsored research towards the introduction of a comprehensive children's dental programme. Dental care was at that time primarily provided by private practitioners on a personal fee-for-service basis, which system was working close to capacity. Educational and preventive dental programmes in school and health centres were sponsored by governments. Utilization of treatment services by children was estimated at a maximum of 60 per cent per annum. For the improvement of overall dental health, it was adjudged this should be at least 90 per cent. Approximately 45 per cent of children's treatment was related to dental caries. Four possible dental care delivery systems were costed. It was essential that the comprehensive programmed include proven anti-cariogenic measures and that they be the most effective in cost and in the utilization of professional personnel. Techniques for measurement of effectiveness were reviewed. Using a modified Davies cost-benefit ratio, four professionally applied and four self-administered topical fluoride systems were compared. The Knutson-Szwejda technique scored highest when used by community dental health programmes. In a private practice system or in large paediatric clinics the annual application of acidulated phosphate fluoride would be preferable. In British Columbia, experience has indicated problems with continuing school cooperation in mouth rinse programmes. Statistical proof of the effectiveness of \"brush-in\" programmes was adjudged as inconclusive but hopeful.", "PMID": 110706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9336", "title": "Some factors affecting the long-term performance of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked heteroprostheses.", "content": "Crosslinked proteins undergo degradation in the physiological environment. Recent cumulative evidence with glutaraldehyde-crosslinked xenograft heart valves emphasizes the fact that caution is in order, despite the generally good performance of these valves in comparison to early formaldehyde-crosslinked prostheses. Glutaraldehyde involves complex chemistry yielding heterogeneous crosslinks with respect to the nature and number of crosslinks with proteins and mucopolysaccharides, all of which contribute significantly to physical and biological performance.", "contents": "Some factors affecting the long-term performance of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked heteroprostheses. Crosslinked proteins undergo degradation in the physiological environment. Recent cumulative evidence with glutaraldehyde-crosslinked xenograft heart valves emphasizes the fact that caution is in order, despite the generally good performance of these valves in comparison to early formaldehyde-crosslinked prostheses. Glutaraldehyde involves complex chemistry yielding heterogeneous crosslinks with respect to the nature and number of crosslinks with proteins and mucopolysaccharides, all of which contribute significantly to physical and biological performance.", "PMID": 110709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9337", "title": "Cell-mediated mutagenesis in cultured Chinese hamster cells by polycyclic hydrocarbons: mutagenicity and DNA reaction related to carcinogenicity in a series of compounds.", "content": "Three polycyclic hydrocarbons, benz(a)anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, have been studied in a cell-mediated mutagenesis system using BHK 21 cells to metabolize the hydrocarbons and V-79 cells as targets for detecting induced cytotoxicity and mutation. In large-scale experiments, the DNA of V-79 cells was analyzed by column chromatography to determine the nature and true extent of reaction of hydrocarbons with dexoyribonucleosides. Products with DNA formed by the two carcinogenic compounds were qualitatively very similar to those reported to occur in vivo and in primary cell cultures. Binding indices were calculated from the tritium content of DNA-hydrocarbon products, related to overall metabolism, for these two compounds together with benzo(a)pyrene and 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene using data from a previous study. These values reflected differences in carcinogenic potency between the compounds. Induced mutation frequencies were related to the extent of DNA reaction with each compound. At equivalent extents of DNA reaction with hydrocarbon products, levels of induced mutation were not significantly different.", "contents": "Cell-mediated mutagenesis in cultured Chinese hamster cells by polycyclic hydrocarbons: mutagenicity and DNA reaction related to carcinogenicity in a series of compounds. Three polycyclic hydrocarbons, benz(a)anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, have been studied in a cell-mediated mutagenesis system using BHK 21 cells to metabolize the hydrocarbons and V-79 cells as targets for detecting induced cytotoxicity and mutation. In large-scale experiments, the DNA of V-79 cells was analyzed by column chromatography to determine the nature and true extent of reaction of hydrocarbons with dexoyribonucleosides. Products with DNA formed by the two carcinogenic compounds were qualitatively very similar to those reported to occur in vivo and in primary cell cultures. Binding indices were calculated from the tritium content of DNA-hydrocarbon products, related to overall metabolism, for these two compounds together with benzo(a)pyrene and 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene using data from a previous study. These values reflected differences in carcinogenic potency between the compounds. Induced mutation frequencies were related to the extent of DNA reaction with each compound. At equivalent extents of DNA reaction with hydrocarbon products, levels of induced mutation were not significantly different.", "PMID": 110710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9338", "title": "Intraocular pressure of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). I. An initial survey of two free-breeding colonies.", "content": "As part of an ophthalmic and anthropometric survey of two free-breeding rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) populations, intraocular pressure (IOP) of 114 animals was measured under ketamine catalepsia with the use of a floating-tip pneumatonometer. The mean IOP of the 102 animals included in the main analyses was 14.9 +/- 2.1 (S.D.) mm Hg. The age distribution of animals in this sample ranged from 7 months to 21 years and reflected reasonably well the estimated age distribution in the total population (approximately 1600 macaques). Since ketamine does not have a barbiturate-like effect on IOP, this value can be regarded as a good estimate of the normal IOP of rhesus monkeys. No significant differences were found between left and right eyes nor between males and females. However, the mean IOP of infants and juveniles (7 months to 3 years) was significantly higher (15.7 +/- 2.0 mm Hg; n = 33) than that of young adult and adult rhesus monkeys (14.5 +/- 2.0; n = 69). The IOP of young animals (less than or equal to 6 years) showed a decline between 9 A.M. and 2 P.M., whereas the IOPs of older animals showed only small fluctuations between 8 A.M. and 5 P.M. This study shows that the normal IOP of macaques is remarkably similar to that of humans and demonstrates the fesibility of surveying IOP in free-ranging primates.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). I. An initial survey of two free-breeding colonies. As part of an ophthalmic and anthropometric survey of two free-breeding rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) populations, intraocular pressure (IOP) of 114 animals was measured under ketamine catalepsia with the use of a floating-tip pneumatonometer. The mean IOP of the 102 animals included in the main analyses was 14.9 +/- 2.1 (S.D.) mm Hg. The age distribution of animals in this sample ranged from 7 months to 21 years and reflected reasonably well the estimated age distribution in the total population (approximately 1600 macaques). Since ketamine does not have a barbiturate-like effect on IOP, this value can be regarded as a good estimate of the normal IOP of rhesus monkeys. No significant differences were found between left and right eyes nor between males and females. However, the mean IOP of infants and juveniles (7 months to 3 years) was significantly higher (15.7 +/- 2.0 mm Hg; n = 33) than that of young adult and adult rhesus monkeys (14.5 +/- 2.0; n = 69). The IOP of young animals (less than or equal to 6 years) showed a decline between 9 A.M. and 2 P.M., whereas the IOPs of older animals showed only small fluctuations between 8 A.M. and 5 P.M. This study shows that the normal IOP of macaques is remarkably similar to that of humans and demonstrates the fesibility of surveying IOP in free-ranging primates.", "PMID": 110720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9339", "title": "Evidence of a high-activity C type of carbonic anhydrase in human ciliary processes.", "content": "Carbonic anhydrase activity was found in the ciliary process of fresh human donor eyes, originating from an enzyme antigenically similar to the erythrocyte high-activity isoenzyme HCA C. It was sensitive to inhibition by acetazolamide and resistant to inhibition by halides like HCA C. The enzyme is probably identical with HCA C. Its tissue concentration was one fifth to one tenth of that in the human kidney. The erythrocyte low-activity isoenzyme HCA B was also found in the processes as a contaminant.", "contents": "Evidence of a high-activity C type of carbonic anhydrase in human ciliary processes. Carbonic anhydrase activity was found in the ciliary process of fresh human donor eyes, originating from an enzyme antigenically similar to the erythrocyte high-activity isoenzyme HCA C. It was sensitive to inhibition by acetazolamide and resistant to inhibition by halides like HCA C. The enzyme is probably identical with HCA C. Its tissue concentration was one fifth to one tenth of that in the human kidney. The erythrocyte low-activity isoenzyme HCA B was also found in the processes as a contaminant.", "PMID": 110722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9340", "title": "The transport of para-aminohippuric acid by the ciliary body and by the iris of the primate eye.", "content": "Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) accumulates against a concentration gradient in the ciliary body and independently in the iris of the rhesus monkey eye. This accumulation is inhibited by incubation of 0 degrees C and shows saturation kinetics in both tissues. Cyanide, ouabain, dinitrophenol, iodopyracet, and probenecid effectively depress PAH uptake in both tissues, but anaerobic incubation conditions have little effect on uptake in either tissue. The washout of preaccumulated PAH occurs 2.5 times faster from the iris than from the ciliary body. The effects on washout of 10(-4)M PAH, 0 degrees C, and 10(-5)M dinitrophenol are consistent with washout occurring by a diffusional mechanism in both tissues, with some reaccumulation occurring in the ciliary body only. In addition, nonsaturable uptake of PAH, studied in both tissues under high PAH concentrations, also occurs significantly faster in the iris than in the ciliary body. The kinetic analysis of active PAH uptake in both tissues is discussed in terms of initial uptake and in terms of a steady-state model. This steady-state model compensates for some technical problems in applying in vitro incubation techniques to primate tissues and also includes a correction for the additional exchange processes that affect the two tissues differently. Results of the kinetic analysis suggest that, at least to an order of magnitude, iris uptake is significant with respect to ciliary body uptake.", "contents": "The transport of para-aminohippuric acid by the ciliary body and by the iris of the primate eye. Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) accumulates against a concentration gradient in the ciliary body and independently in the iris of the rhesus monkey eye. This accumulation is inhibited by incubation of 0 degrees C and shows saturation kinetics in both tissues. Cyanide, ouabain, dinitrophenol, iodopyracet, and probenecid effectively depress PAH uptake in both tissues, but anaerobic incubation conditions have little effect on uptake in either tissue. The washout of preaccumulated PAH occurs 2.5 times faster from the iris than from the ciliary body. The effects on washout of 10(-4)M PAH, 0 degrees C, and 10(-5)M dinitrophenol are consistent with washout occurring by a diffusional mechanism in both tissues, with some reaccumulation occurring in the ciliary body only. In addition, nonsaturable uptake of PAH, studied in both tissues under high PAH concentrations, also occurs significantly faster in the iris than in the ciliary body. The kinetic analysis of active PAH uptake in both tissues is discussed in terms of initial uptake and in terms of a steady-state model. This steady-state model compensates for some technical problems in applying in vitro incubation techniques to primate tissues and also includes a correction for the additional exchange processes that affect the two tissues differently. Results of the kinetic analysis suggest that, at least to an order of magnitude, iris uptake is significant with respect to ciliary body uptake.", "PMID": 110723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9341", "title": "Cholic acid accumulation by the ciliary body and by the iris of the primate eye.", "content": "Cholic acid accumulates in both the ciliary body and the iris of the primate eye during in vitro incubations at 37 degrees C for 1 hr. Incubation at 0 degrees C depresses uptake in both tissues. The washout of preaccumulated cholic acid occurs some 3.4 times faster from the iris than from the ciliary body. The mechanism of cholic acid accumulation in both tissues is less sensitive to inhibition by high iodipamide concentrations and also is less sensitive to inhibition by high hippurate concentrations than the mechanism of p-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation. Therefore, although overlap may exist, the cholic acid--uptake mechanism differs from the PAH-uptake mechanism in both the primate ciliary body and the primate iris.", "contents": "Cholic acid accumulation by the ciliary body and by the iris of the primate eye. Cholic acid accumulates in both the ciliary body and the iris of the primate eye during in vitro incubations at 37 degrees C for 1 hr. Incubation at 0 degrees C depresses uptake in both tissues. The washout of preaccumulated cholic acid occurs some 3.4 times faster from the iris than from the ciliary body. The mechanism of cholic acid accumulation in both tissues is less sensitive to inhibition by high iodipamide concentrations and also is less sensitive to inhibition by high hippurate concentrations than the mechanism of p-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation. Therefore, although overlap may exist, the cholic acid--uptake mechanism differs from the PAH-uptake mechanism in both the primate ciliary body and the primate iris.", "PMID": 110724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9342", "title": "Identification of isoenzyme C as the principal carbonic anhydrase in human ciliary processes.", "content": "Carbonic anhydrase was extracted from the excised processes of the ciliary bodies of 10 pairs of enucleated human eyes, and the isoenzyme composition was assayed by measuring the degree of inhibition produced by acetazolamide at two standard concentrations. Also, the effect of incubating with iodoacetate was determined in two pairs of these eyes. Only isoenzyme C was detected. Accordingly, it seems that differences in reduction of intraocular pressure that are common among patients treated for glaucoma with systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, despite uniform serum concentrations, are not attributable to interindividual variation of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in the ciliary processes.", "contents": "Identification of isoenzyme C as the principal carbonic anhydrase in human ciliary processes. Carbonic anhydrase was extracted from the excised processes of the ciliary bodies of 10 pairs of enucleated human eyes, and the isoenzyme composition was assayed by measuring the degree of inhibition produced by acetazolamide at two standard concentrations. Also, the effect of incubating with iodoacetate was determined in two pairs of these eyes. Only isoenzyme C was detected. Accordingly, it seems that differences in reduction of intraocular pressure that are common among patients treated for glaucoma with systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, despite uniform serum concentrations, are not attributable to interindividual variation of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in the ciliary processes.", "PMID": 110725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9343", "title": "Aqueous humor dynamics following total iridectomy in the cynomolgus monkey.", "content": "Twenty-two cynomolgus monkeys underwent unilateral total iridectomy in vivo. Several weeks to several months postoperatively, intraocular pressure (IOP) was determined bilaterally by manometry under pentobarbital anesthesia (15 monkeys), by a minified Goldmann applanation tonometer under CI-744 anesthesia (16 monkeys), and by a minified Draeger applanation tonometer under light phencyclidine catalepsia (4 monkeys). Mean IOP in aniridic eyes was about 0.3 mm Hg, or about 3%, lower than in opposite eyes. IOPs of aniridic and opposite eyes of the individual monkeys were highly correlated in all groups. In 11 monkeys, resting total outflow facility and the facility response to intravenous pilocarpine were determined 6 to 9 weeks postoperatively by two-level constant-pressure perfusion under pentobarbital anesthesia. There were no significant differences between mean resting facility, postpilocarpine facility, or facility response to pilocarpine of aniridic and opposite eyes. Resting facility, postpilocarpine facility, and facility response to pilocarpine in aniridic and opposite eyes of the individual monkeys were each highly correlated. Total iridectomy in the cynomolgus monkey apparently has little, if any, effect on IOP, outflow facility, or facility response to intravenous pilocarpine, and the iris plays little, if any, role in mediating the facility response to intravenous pilocarpine.", "contents": "Aqueous humor dynamics following total iridectomy in the cynomolgus monkey. Twenty-two cynomolgus monkeys underwent unilateral total iridectomy in vivo. Several weeks to several months postoperatively, intraocular pressure (IOP) was determined bilaterally by manometry under pentobarbital anesthesia (15 monkeys), by a minified Goldmann applanation tonometer under CI-744 anesthesia (16 monkeys), and by a minified Draeger applanation tonometer under light phencyclidine catalepsia (4 monkeys). Mean IOP in aniridic eyes was about 0.3 mm Hg, or about 3%, lower than in opposite eyes. IOPs of aniridic and opposite eyes of the individual monkeys were highly correlated in all groups. In 11 monkeys, resting total outflow facility and the facility response to intravenous pilocarpine were determined 6 to 9 weeks postoperatively by two-level constant-pressure perfusion under pentobarbital anesthesia. There were no significant differences between mean resting facility, postpilocarpine facility, or facility response to pilocarpine of aniridic and opposite eyes. Resting facility, postpilocarpine facility, and facility response to pilocarpine in aniridic and opposite eyes of the individual monkeys were each highly correlated. Total iridectomy in the cynomolgus monkey apparently has little, if any, effect on IOP, outflow facility, or facility response to intravenous pilocarpine, and the iris plays little, if any, role in mediating the facility response to intravenous pilocarpine.", "PMID": 110726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9344", "title": "[Demonstration of Neisseria meningitides in the urogenital tract].", "content": "The occurence of Neisseria meningitidis in the urogenital tract is a rarity but nevertheless this may lead to a false diagnosis of gonorrhea, even when the Thayer-Martin-selective-medium is used and oxidase-reaction is performed. This is demonstrated in our case. A complete diagnosis, including sugar-fermentation, is necessary, when gram-negative diplococci are isolated from urogenital swabs. In the case Neisseria meningitidis is isolated, it is not required by law to report it to the public health authorities.", "contents": "[Demonstration of Neisseria meningitides in the urogenital tract]. The occurence of Neisseria meningitidis in the urogenital tract is a rarity but nevertheless this may lead to a false diagnosis of gonorrhea, even when the Thayer-Martin-selective-medium is used and oxidase-reaction is performed. This is demonstrated in our case. A complete diagnosis, including sugar-fermentation, is necessary, when gram-negative diplococci are isolated from urogenital swabs. In the case Neisseria meningitidis is isolated, it is not required by law to report it to the public health authorities.", "PMID": 110728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9345", "title": "Candida osteomyelitis as a complication of parenteral nutrition in an infant. Successful treatment with flucytosine.", "content": "Hematogenous Candida osteomyelitis is described in a two-month-old infant, as a complication of Candida septicemia which occurred during a parenteral hyperalimentation regimen. Treatment with flucytosine led to full recovery. The scarcity of reports on hematogenous Candida osteomyelitis in infants, despite an increased incidence of Candida septicemia, and the non-specific symptomatology which the disease may assume in this age group, indicate the need for greater awareness of this complication. Flucytosine is an antifungal drug which can also be given by mouth and carries relatively low toxicity. We found flucytosine to be extremely effective in the treatment of disseminated infantile Candida osteomyelitis.", "contents": "Candida osteomyelitis as a complication of parenteral nutrition in an infant. Successful treatment with flucytosine. Hematogenous Candida osteomyelitis is described in a two-month-old infant, as a complication of Candida septicemia which occurred during a parenteral hyperalimentation regimen. Treatment with flucytosine led to full recovery. The scarcity of reports on hematogenous Candida osteomyelitis in infants, despite an increased incidence of Candida septicemia, and the non-specific symptomatology which the disease may assume in this age group, indicate the need for greater awareness of this complication. Flucytosine is an antifungal drug which can also be given by mouth and carries relatively low toxicity. We found flucytosine to be extremely effective in the treatment of disseminated infantile Candida osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 110730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9346", "title": "The efficiency of aldehyde fixation for electron microscopy: stabilization of rat brain tissue to withstand osmotic stress.", "content": "Rat brains were fixed either with glutaraldehyde (GA) or formaldehyde (FA). After 20 min or 24 h fixation the osmotic sensitivity of the tissue was tested by immersion in (a) distilled water (b) 0.15 M or (c) 0.3 M cacodylate buffer. GA-fixed material retained some sensitivity to osmotic stress after 20 min fixation but was entirely resistant after 24 h fixation. Ultrastructural preservation was good after only 20 min GA-fixation, provided that the subsequent treatment was with isotonic solutions. The fixation with FA was less efficient and slower. Dark neurons and other artifacts were commonly seen after the 20 min fixation with FA. Prolongation of the FA-fixation overnight gave markedly better preservation, but however, never equivalent to that with GA.", "contents": "The efficiency of aldehyde fixation for electron microscopy: stabilization of rat brain tissue to withstand osmotic stress. Rat brains were fixed either with glutaraldehyde (GA) or formaldehyde (FA). After 20 min or 24 h fixation the osmotic sensitivity of the tissue was tested by immersion in (a) distilled water (b) 0.15 M or (c) 0.3 M cacodylate buffer. GA-fixed material retained some sensitivity to osmotic stress after 20 min fixation but was entirely resistant after 24 h fixation. Ultrastructural preservation was good after only 20 min GA-fixation, provided that the subsequent treatment was with isotonic solutions. The fixation with FA was less efficient and slower. Dark neurons and other artifacts were commonly seen after the 20 min fixation with FA. Prolongation of the FA-fixation overnight gave markedly better preservation, but however, never equivalent to that with GA.", "PMID": 110731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9347", "title": "Comparative physiology of the high-pressure neurological syndrome--compression rate effects.", "content": "The effect of compression rate on onset of high-pressure convulsions has been studied in 14 vertebrate species, as well as in 10 mouse strains and 4 rat strains. Compression rate effects were observed in 9 of the 14 species. They appear to be independent of exposure temperature, correlate only very loosely with phylogenetic position, and appear to reflect species-specific compensatory mechanisms grafted onto an underlying convulsion-producing effect of high hydrostatic pressure. Five vertebrate species distributed among three of the four classes tested failed to show a significant degree of compression rate dependence of high-pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS) convulsion thresholds. The implications of this finding for the formulation of hypotheses regarding the biophysical basis for HPNS convulsions has been discussed. Comparison of intrinsic HPNS susceptibility in different species, in the light of these findings, requires that the comparison be made at a common compression rate. Four of the five lower vertebrate species fall consistently into the category showing high HPNS convulsion threshold pressures regardless of the compression rate employed, whereas the two primates and the one carnivore tested equally consistently fall in the low convulsion threshold pressure category. The data suggest a parallel between the degree of brain development and the relative HPNS susceptibility of a given species and contrast with the inverse relations observed during maturation of newborn mice and rats. The results are compared with data for other convulsants and suggest grouping HPNS and pentylenetetrazole seizures as against electroshock, hyperoxic, flurothyl, strychine, or picrotoxin convulsions.", "contents": "Comparative physiology of the high-pressure neurological syndrome--compression rate effects. The effect of compression rate on onset of high-pressure convulsions has been studied in 14 vertebrate species, as well as in 10 mouse strains and 4 rat strains. Compression rate effects were observed in 9 of the 14 species. They appear to be independent of exposure temperature, correlate only very loosely with phylogenetic position, and appear to reflect species-specific compensatory mechanisms grafted onto an underlying convulsion-producing effect of high hydrostatic pressure. Five vertebrate species distributed among three of the four classes tested failed to show a significant degree of compression rate dependence of high-pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS) convulsion thresholds. The implications of this finding for the formulation of hypotheses regarding the biophysical basis for HPNS convulsions has been discussed. Comparison of intrinsic HPNS susceptibility in different species, in the light of these findings, requires that the comparison be made at a common compression rate. Four of the five lower vertebrate species fall consistently into the category showing high HPNS convulsion threshold pressures regardless of the compression rate employed, whereas the two primates and the one carnivore tested equally consistently fall in the low convulsion threshold pressure category. The data suggest a parallel between the degree of brain development and the relative HPNS susceptibility of a given species and contrast with the inverse relations observed during maturation of newborn mice and rats. The results are compared with data for other convulsants and suggest grouping HPNS and pentylenetetrazole seizures as against electroshock, hyperoxic, flurothyl, strychine, or picrotoxin convulsions.", "PMID": 110755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9348", "title": "Isoproterenol and aminophylline reduce lung capillary filtration during high permeability.", "content": "Pseudomonas bacteremia in sheep causes a prolonged increase in lung vascular permeability to protein. Isoproterenol and aminophylline could effect lung fluid balance after Pseudomonas by reducing vascular pressures or by blocking release of permeability mediators. We measured vascular pressures, lung lymph flow, and lymph and plasma protein concentrations in unanesthetized sheep under baseline conditions and during steady-state increased permeability after Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas caused pulmonary vascular pressures to rise and lung lymph flow to increase fivefold, but lymph/plasma protein concentration did not change. Pulmonary vascular pressures and lung lymph flow decreased during intravenous infusion of isoproterenol and aminophylline. The decrease in lymph flow after isoproterenol and isoproterenol plus aminophylline was linearly related to the decrease in microvascular pressure (r = 0.71). Lymph/plasma total protein concentration ratios and lymph clearance of proteins with molecular radii 36--96 A remained high during isoproterenol and aminophylline. These drugs can substantially reduce transvascular filtration primarily because they reduce lung vascular pressures.", "contents": "Isoproterenol and aminophylline reduce lung capillary filtration during high permeability. Pseudomonas bacteremia in sheep causes a prolonged increase in lung vascular permeability to protein. Isoproterenol and aminophylline could effect lung fluid balance after Pseudomonas by reducing vascular pressures or by blocking release of permeability mediators. We measured vascular pressures, lung lymph flow, and lymph and plasma protein concentrations in unanesthetized sheep under baseline conditions and during steady-state increased permeability after Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas caused pulmonary vascular pressures to rise and lung lymph flow to increase fivefold, but lymph/plasma protein concentration did not change. Pulmonary vascular pressures and lung lymph flow decreased during intravenous infusion of isoproterenol and aminophylline. The decrease in lymph flow after isoproterenol and isoproterenol plus aminophylline was linearly related to the decrease in microvascular pressure (r = 0.71). Lymph/plasma total protein concentration ratios and lymph clearance of proteins with molecular radii 36--96 A remained high during isoproterenol and aminophylline. These drugs can substantially reduce transvascular filtration primarily because they reduce lung vascular pressures.", "PMID": 110756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9349", "title": "Respiratory mechanics in normal bonnet and rhesus monkeys.", "content": "We measured lung volumes and quasi-static volume-pressure relationships in 22 normal upright bonnet (Macaca radiata) and 12 rhesus (M. mulatta) monkeys. In comparison with interspecies pulmonary function/body weight regressions our monkeys' lung volumes are larger and their lungs are considerably more compliant, but their chest wall compliance is similar to a wide range of mammalian species. However, chest wall compliance of our monkeys was found to be considerably less than that of other more commonly used experimental mammals such as dogs, cats, and rodents. The monkey chest walls were found to be about four times as stiff (3.3 +/- 0.1 (ml/cmH2O)/kg), whereas their lungs were nearly twice as compliant (9.2 +/- 0.7 (ml/cmH2O)/kg) compared to those of supine beagle dogs. Thus, their stiff chest wall sets their functional residual capacity (64.1 +/- 1.2% TLC30) at a much larger percentage of total lung capacity (TLC30) than that of the supine beagle dog (33.8% TLC30). Residual volume (13.2 +/- 1.9% TLC30) equaled the trapped gas volume after bilateral thoracotomy and was set by airway closure. We found more hysteresis area in the chest wall than in the lungs. Our measurements indicate that the static mechanical behavior of the respiratory system of the monkey compares well to man and that the monkey has considerable merit as an animal model for human respiratory function and disease research.", "contents": "Respiratory mechanics in normal bonnet and rhesus monkeys. We measured lung volumes and quasi-static volume-pressure relationships in 22 normal upright bonnet (Macaca radiata) and 12 rhesus (M. mulatta) monkeys. In comparison with interspecies pulmonary function/body weight regressions our monkeys' lung volumes are larger and their lungs are considerably more compliant, but their chest wall compliance is similar to a wide range of mammalian species. However, chest wall compliance of our monkeys was found to be considerably less than that of other more commonly used experimental mammals such as dogs, cats, and rodents. The monkey chest walls were found to be about four times as stiff (3.3 +/- 0.1 (ml/cmH2O)/kg), whereas their lungs were nearly twice as compliant (9.2 +/- 0.7 (ml/cmH2O)/kg) compared to those of supine beagle dogs. Thus, their stiff chest wall sets their functional residual capacity (64.1 +/- 1.2% TLC30) at a much larger percentage of total lung capacity (TLC30) than that of the supine beagle dog (33.8% TLC30). Residual volume (13.2 +/- 1.9% TLC30) equaled the trapped gas volume after bilateral thoracotomy and was set by airway closure. We found more hysteresis area in the chest wall than in the lungs. Our measurements indicate that the static mechanical behavior of the respiratory system of the monkey compares well to man and that the monkey has considerable merit as an animal model for human respiratory function and disease research.", "PMID": 110757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9350", "title": "Flow-volume curves and total pulmonary resistance in normal bonnet and rhesus monkeys.", "content": "We measured expiratory flow-volume curves and total pulmonary resistance in 15 normal, anesthetized, upright bonnet (Macaca radiata) and 8 rhesus (M. mulatta) monkeys. Absolute maximum flows are about half that found in humans, but, if expressed in vital capacities per second, monkey flows are about four times that of humans. However, irrespective of flow rate, the typical shape of maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves of rhesus monkeys is similar to that of normal young adults and that of bonnet monkeys is similar to that of normal older adults. Flow-limiting mechanisms that may determine MEFV curve shape and explain the differences and similarities of monkey and human MEFV curves are discussed. We propose that differences in function between bonnet and rhesus monkeys relates to the concept of dysanaptic lung growth that evolved to subserve behavioral differences between the two species of monkey.", "contents": "Flow-volume curves and total pulmonary resistance in normal bonnet and rhesus monkeys. We measured expiratory flow-volume curves and total pulmonary resistance in 15 normal, anesthetized, upright bonnet (Macaca radiata) and 8 rhesus (M. mulatta) monkeys. Absolute maximum flows are about half that found in humans, but, if expressed in vital capacities per second, monkey flows are about four times that of humans. However, irrespective of flow rate, the typical shape of maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves of rhesus monkeys is similar to that of normal young adults and that of bonnet monkeys is similar to that of normal older adults. Flow-limiting mechanisms that may determine MEFV curve shape and explain the differences and similarities of monkey and human MEFV curves are discussed. We propose that differences in function between bonnet and rhesus monkeys relates to the concept of dysanaptic lung growth that evolved to subserve behavioral differences between the two species of monkey.", "PMID": 110758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9351", "title": "Isolation and structure elucidation of a novel griseorhodin.", "content": "Three antibiotics possessing cytotoxic properties were isolated from a strain of Streptomyces griseus (FCRC-57). One was found to be identical with griseorhodin A. A second, FCRC-57-U, was found to be identical to griseorhodin C. FCRC-57-G is a new antibiotic structurally related to griseorhodins A and C, and is active against KB cells in vitro. The structure of this new antibiotic was determined using mass spectrometry, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and synthesis.", "contents": "Isolation and structure elucidation of a novel griseorhodin. Three antibiotics possessing cytotoxic properties were isolated from a strain of Streptomyces griseus (FCRC-57). One was found to be identical with griseorhodin A. A second, FCRC-57-U, was found to be identical to griseorhodin C. FCRC-57-G is a new antibiotic structurally related to griseorhodins A and C, and is active against KB cells in vitro. The structure of this new antibiotic was determined using mass spectrometry, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and synthesis.", "PMID": 110759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9352", "title": "beta-Galactosidase-inhibiting new isoflavonoids produced by actinomycetes.", "content": "Six isoflavonoids having beta-galactosidase inhibiting activity were isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces xanthophaeus. Their structures were determined by spectral analyses to be daidzein, daidzein 7-alpha-L-rhamnoside, daidzein 4',7-di-alpha-L-rhamnoside, genistein, genistein 7-alpha-L-rhamnoside and genistein 4',7-di-alpha-L-rhamnoside.", "contents": "beta-Galactosidase-inhibiting new isoflavonoids produced by actinomycetes. Six isoflavonoids having beta-galactosidase inhibiting activity were isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces xanthophaeus. Their structures were determined by spectral analyses to be daidzein, daidzein 7-alpha-L-rhamnoside, daidzein 4',7-di-alpha-L-rhamnoside, genistein, genistein 7-alpha-L-rhamnoside and genistein 4',7-di-alpha-L-rhamnoside.", "PMID": 110760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9353", "title": "R plasmids R91 and R91a from Pseudomonas aeruginosa share only the gene for carbenicillin resistance.", "content": "Plasmid R91a of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 9169 is homologous with RP1. Plasmid R91 carried by the same strain is related in the Tn1 region but is otherwise unrelated to R91a.", "contents": "R plasmids R91 and R91a from Pseudomonas aeruginosa share only the gene for carbenicillin resistance. Plasmid R91a of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 9169 is homologous with RP1. Plasmid R91 carried by the same strain is related in the Tn1 region but is otherwise unrelated to R91a.", "PMID": 110763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9354", "title": "Lactose metabolism involving phospho-beta-galactosidase in Klebsiella.", "content": "Klebsiella strain RE1755A is a Lac- Gal- mutant which has lost both of its lac operons, but possesses a gene specifying beta-galactosidase III, an enzyme which hydrolyzes o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside but does not hydrolyze lactose. Selective pressure was applied to isolate mutants able to utilize lactose. The lactose-utilizing mutants obtained were shown to possess an unaltered beta-galactosidase III. Lactose utilization was shown to result from a pleiotropic mutation which also (i) permits galactose utilization and (ii) prevents induction of beta-galactosidase III synthesis by lactose. Evidence is presented suggesting that a phospho-beta-galactosidase enzyme is involved in lactose metabolism.", "contents": "Lactose metabolism involving phospho-beta-galactosidase in Klebsiella. Klebsiella strain RE1755A is a Lac- Gal- mutant which has lost both of its lac operons, but possesses a gene specifying beta-galactosidase III, an enzyme which hydrolyzes o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside but does not hydrolyze lactose. Selective pressure was applied to isolate mutants able to utilize lactose. The lactose-utilizing mutants obtained were shown to possess an unaltered beta-galactosidase III. Lactose utilization was shown to result from a pleiotropic mutation which also (i) permits galactose utilization and (ii) prevents induction of beta-galactosidase III synthesis by lactose. Evidence is presented suggesting that a phospho-beta-galactosidase enzyme is involved in lactose metabolism.", "PMID": 110764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9355", "title": "Release of autolytic enzyme from Streptococcus, faecium cell walls by treatment with dilute alkali.", "content": "The autolytic enzyme (endo-beta-1,4-N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase) of Streptococcus faecium (S. faecalis ATCC 9790) was released in a soluble form from insoluble cell wall-autolytic enzyme complexes by treatment with dilute NaOH at 0 degree C. Treatment of cell wall-enzyme complexes, obtained from either exponential- or stationary-phase cells, with 0.008 to 0.01 N NaOH gave maximum yields of autolytic enzyme activity. At a fixed concentration of NaOH, the yield of autolysin increased with increasing wall densities and was accompanied by the release of methylpentose and phosphorus in amounts proportional to the autolysin. Since extraction of wall-enzyme complexes with 4.5 M LiCl at 0 degree C also removed methylpentose and phosphorus, release of enzyme with NaOH did not appear to result from hydrolysis of covalent linkages. The autolytic enzyme activity released from intact cells, or cell walls, was predominantly in the later (proteinase activable) form which could be activated by trypsin or a proteinase present in commerical bovine plasma albumin.", "contents": "Release of autolytic enzyme from Streptococcus, faecium cell walls by treatment with dilute alkali. The autolytic enzyme (endo-beta-1,4-N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase) of Streptococcus faecium (S. faecalis ATCC 9790) was released in a soluble form from insoluble cell wall-autolytic enzyme complexes by treatment with dilute NaOH at 0 degree C. Treatment of cell wall-enzyme complexes, obtained from either exponential- or stationary-phase cells, with 0.008 to 0.01 N NaOH gave maximum yields of autolytic enzyme activity. At a fixed concentration of NaOH, the yield of autolysin increased with increasing wall densities and was accompanied by the release of methylpentose and phosphorus in amounts proportional to the autolysin. Since extraction of wall-enzyme complexes with 4.5 M LiCl at 0 degree C also removed methylpentose and phosphorus, release of enzyme with NaOH did not appear to result from hydrolysis of covalent linkages. The autolytic enzyme activity released from intact cells, or cell walls, was predominantly in the later (proteinase activable) form which could be activated by trypsin or a proteinase present in commerical bovine plasma albumin.", "PMID": 110765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9356", "title": "Use of chlC-lac fusions to determine regulation of gene chlC in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Gene fusions between the lac structural genes and the chlC locus were isolated, and the regulation of lac gene expression was studied. The fused lac genes were induced by nitrate anaerobically and repressed by the presence of oxygen.", "contents": "Use of chlC-lac fusions to determine regulation of gene chlC in Escherichia coli K-12. Gene fusions between the lac structural genes and the chlC locus were isolated, and the regulation of lac gene expression was studied. The fused lac genes were induced by nitrate anaerobically and repressed by the presence of oxygen.", "PMID": 110766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9357", "title": "Suppressor mutation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Suppressor mutations were identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a comparison was made with Escherichia coli suppressor systems. A suppressor-sensitive (sus) derivative of a plasmid, RP4 trp, and several Sus mutants of IncP1 plasmid-specific phages, were isolated by using E. coli. Plasmid RP4 trp (sus) was transferred to P. aeruginosa strains carrying trp markers which did not complement RP4 trp(sus), and Trp+ variants were selected. Some, but not all such revertants, could propagate PRD1 Sus phages, and these mutants were found to be supressor positive. Plating efficiencies of various Sus phages on these strains were compared with on E. coli strains carrying known suppressor genes. The results suggested that the Pseudomonas suppressors were probably amber suppressors. In iddition, some Sus phages (PRD1sus-55, PRD1sus-56) were obtained which, although apparently of the amber type for E. coli, were able to propagate equally well on sup+ or sup strains of P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, several mutants of phage PRR1 which were suppressed in E. coli were not suppressed by the P. aeruginosa suppressor. Suppressor-sensitive mutants were also isolated with P. aeruginosa bacteriophages E79 and D3.", "contents": "Suppressor mutation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Suppressor mutations were identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a comparison was made with Escherichia coli suppressor systems. A suppressor-sensitive (sus) derivative of a plasmid, RP4 trp, and several Sus mutants of IncP1 plasmid-specific phages, were isolated by using E. coli. Plasmid RP4 trp (sus) was transferred to P. aeruginosa strains carrying trp markers which did not complement RP4 trp(sus), and Trp+ variants were selected. Some, but not all such revertants, could propagate PRD1 Sus phages, and these mutants were found to be supressor positive. Plating efficiencies of various Sus phages on these strains were compared with on E. coli strains carrying known suppressor genes. The results suggested that the Pseudomonas suppressors were probably amber suppressors. In iddition, some Sus phages (PRD1sus-55, PRD1sus-56) were obtained which, although apparently of the amber type for E. coli, were able to propagate equally well on sup+ or sup strains of P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, several mutants of phage PRR1 which were suppressed in E. coli were not suppressed by the P. aeruginosa suppressor. Suppressor-sensitive mutants were also isolated with P. aeruginosa bacteriophages E79 and D3.", "PMID": 110767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9358", "title": "Genetic exchange mechanisms in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "There are two mechanisms for genetic exchange in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid can be transferred by conjugation, which is dependent on the presence of a 24.5-megadalton plasmid in the donor cell. We have shown that chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid can be exchanged between all colonial variants by transformation, but not by conjugation. In the nonpiliated variants, however, this exchange was dependent on the presence of the 24.5-megadalton plasmid in the recipient cell.", "contents": "Genetic exchange mechanisms in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. There are two mechanisms for genetic exchange in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid can be transferred by conjugation, which is dependent on the presence of a 24.5-megadalton plasmid in the donor cell. We have shown that chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid can be exchanged between all colonial variants by transformation, but not by conjugation. In the nonpiliated variants, however, this exchange was dependent on the presence of the 24.5-megadalton plasmid in the recipient cell.", "PMID": 110768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9359", "title": "Genetic basis for colonial variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "When the piliated colony types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which predominate in recent isolates, were nonselectively subcultured in vitro, they gave rise to large numbers of nonpiliated, avirulent colonial variants. Evidence is presented to show that most of this variation occurs after active growth has ceased and that the variation is sensitive to the action of deoxyribonuclease. We suggest that this variation is a result of transformation. A second variation in colonial morphology involved differing levels of \"colony opacity-associated proteins\" in the outer membrane. This variation was also inhibited by the presence of deoxyribonuclease, but the genetic basis for it is not as yet clear.", "contents": "Genetic basis for colonial variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. When the piliated colony types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which predominate in recent isolates, were nonselectively subcultured in vitro, they gave rise to large numbers of nonpiliated, avirulent colonial variants. Evidence is presented to show that most of this variation occurs after active growth has ceased and that the variation is sensitive to the action of deoxyribonuclease. We suggest that this variation is a result of transformation. A second variation in colonial morphology involved differing levels of \"colony opacity-associated proteins\" in the outer membrane. This variation was also inhibited by the presence of deoxyribonuclease, but the genetic basis for it is not as yet clear.", "PMID": 110769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9360", "title": "Biosynthesis of phenazine pigments in mutant and wild-type cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Pigmentation mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, selected by observed visual differences in coloration from the wild-type strain, were examined for altered patterns of phenazine synthesis. Three classes of mutants that were incapable of pyocyanine production were identified. Pigmentation patterns that were found to characterize the various mutant classes implicated precursor-product relationships, and a biochemical scheme covering the terminal reactions of pyocyanine biosynthesis is proposed. Among compounds tested as inhibitors of pigmentation, two effectively inhibited pyocyanine production production while allowing cell growth. p-Aminobenzoate inhibited total pigmentation; i.e., no other phenazine accumulated. m-Aminobenzoate inhibited a presumptive methylation step in pyocyanine biosynthesis, abolishing the formation of pyocyanine and aeruginosin pigments but increasing the yields of phenazine 1-carboxylic acid and oxychlororaphin. D-[2,3,4,5(n)-14C]shikimate was most efficiently incorporated into phenazines in the middle to late exponential phase of growth. Label was incorporated predominantly into pyocyanine in the absence of inhibitors and into phenazine 1-carboxylic acid when the organism was grown in the presence of m-aminobenzoate.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of phenazine pigments in mutant and wild-type cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pigmentation mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, selected by observed visual differences in coloration from the wild-type strain, were examined for altered patterns of phenazine synthesis. Three classes of mutants that were incapable of pyocyanine production were identified. Pigmentation patterns that were found to characterize the various mutant classes implicated precursor-product relationships, and a biochemical scheme covering the terminal reactions of pyocyanine biosynthesis is proposed. Among compounds tested as inhibitors of pigmentation, two effectively inhibited pyocyanine production production while allowing cell growth. p-Aminobenzoate inhibited total pigmentation; i.e., no other phenazine accumulated. m-Aminobenzoate inhibited a presumptive methylation step in pyocyanine biosynthesis, abolishing the formation of pyocyanine and aeruginosin pigments but increasing the yields of phenazine 1-carboxylic acid and oxychlororaphin. D-[2,3,4,5(n)-14C]shikimate was most efficiently incorporated into phenazines in the middle to late exponential phase of growth. Label was incorporated predominantly into pyocyanine in the absence of inhibitors and into phenazine 1-carboxylic acid when the organism was grown in the presence of m-aminobenzoate.", "PMID": 110770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9361", "title": "Use of 8-hydroxyquinoline to enrich for temperature-sensitive mutants of Tetrahymena.", "content": "The effects of the chelating agent 8-hydroxyquinoline (Hq) on Tetrahymena thermophila were examined. Cell division was completely inhibited by 5 micrograms of Hq per ml. At this concentration deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein syntheses were also completely and nonselectively inhibited. The inhibition was reversible after 6 h of Hq treatment. At concentrations above 20 micrograms/ml a 10,000-fold decrease in survival as seen after 2 h in the drug. The sensitivity of Tetrahymena to Hq was found to be dependent upon cell concentration, wild-type strain, medium, and length of time the culture is at 38 degrees C before Hq is added. Mutants of Tetrahymena that are unable to divide at the restrictive temperature, but which continue macromolecular synthesis, were found to be resistant to Hq treatment. Conditions were obtained in which more than a 1,000-fold difference in survival was seen between this class of mutant and the wild type. The effect of Hq on three other classes of temperature-sensitive mutants was examined, and the results are discussed.", "contents": "Use of 8-hydroxyquinoline to enrich for temperature-sensitive mutants of Tetrahymena. The effects of the chelating agent 8-hydroxyquinoline (Hq) on Tetrahymena thermophila were examined. Cell division was completely inhibited by 5 micrograms of Hq per ml. At this concentration deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein syntheses were also completely and nonselectively inhibited. The inhibition was reversible after 6 h of Hq treatment. At concentrations above 20 micrograms/ml a 10,000-fold decrease in survival as seen after 2 h in the drug. The sensitivity of Tetrahymena to Hq was found to be dependent upon cell concentration, wild-type strain, medium, and length of time the culture is at 38 degrees C before Hq is added. Mutants of Tetrahymena that are unable to divide at the restrictive temperature, but which continue macromolecular synthesis, were found to be resistant to Hq treatment. Conditions were obtained in which more than a 1,000-fold difference in survival was seen between this class of mutant and the wild type. The effect of Hq on three other classes of temperature-sensitive mutants was examined, and the results are discussed.", "PMID": 110771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9362", "title": "Selective association of the chromosome with membrane in a stable L-form of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A stalbe L-form (Sal-1) of Bacillus subtilis was found to have retained a markedly modified chromosome-membrane association when compared to intact cells. The membrane-deoxyribonucleic acid complex of the L-form was similar to that of its parental strain in quantity and stability. Genetic analysis of the L-form membrane-deoxyribonucleic acid complex revealed enrichment for markers close to the replication origin, but not for internal markers, indicating preferential attachment of the origin of chromosomal replication to the membrane. These results are in close agreement with those found for the parental bacterial form. In contrast, the replication termius region was not preferentially attached to the membrane of the L-form, even though it is enriched in the bacterial form. The association of the chromosome with the membrane at the replication terminus does not appear to be necessary for cell growth and separation, but because the L-form divides aberrantly, it may be one of the factors required for normal deoxyribonucleic acid segregation and septation.", "contents": "Selective association of the chromosome with membrane in a stable L-form of Bacillus subtilis. A stalbe L-form (Sal-1) of Bacillus subtilis was found to have retained a markedly modified chromosome-membrane association when compared to intact cells. The membrane-deoxyribonucleic acid complex of the L-form was similar to that of its parental strain in quantity and stability. Genetic analysis of the L-form membrane-deoxyribonucleic acid complex revealed enrichment for markers close to the replication origin, but not for internal markers, indicating preferential attachment of the origin of chromosomal replication to the membrane. These results are in close agreement with those found for the parental bacterial form. In contrast, the replication termius region was not preferentially attached to the membrane of the L-form, even though it is enriched in the bacterial form. The association of the chromosome with the membrane at the replication terminus does not appear to be necessary for cell growth and separation, but because the L-form divides aberrantly, it may be one of the factors required for normal deoxyribonucleic acid segregation and septation.", "PMID": 110772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9363", "title": "Transient growth inhibition of Escherichia coli K-12 by ion chelators: \"in vivo\" inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis.", "content": "The ion chelators picolinic acid, quinaldic acid, 1,10-phenanthroline, and 8-hydroxyquinoline, but not ethylenediaminetetraacetate, ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetate, or dipicolinic acid, rapidly but transiently arrest growth of Escherichia coli K-12. Cells adapt and become resistant to growth inhibition by these agents, a process which requires protein synthesis. Mn2+, at low concentrations, decreases the time required for resumption of growth. Proteins synthesized during the lag are quantitatively and qualitatively different from those synthesized during normal growth. Inhibition of growth can explained by an effect on RNA polymerase, a known metalloenzyme.", "contents": "Transient growth inhibition of Escherichia coli K-12 by ion chelators: \"in vivo\" inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis. The ion chelators picolinic acid, quinaldic acid, 1,10-phenanthroline, and 8-hydroxyquinoline, but not ethylenediaminetetraacetate, ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetate, or dipicolinic acid, rapidly but transiently arrest growth of Escherichia coli K-12. Cells adapt and become resistant to growth inhibition by these agents, a process which requires protein synthesis. Mn2+, at low concentrations, decreases the time required for resumption of growth. Proteins synthesized during the lag are quantitatively and qualitatively different from those synthesized during normal growth. Inhibition of growth can explained by an effect on RNA polymerase, a known metalloenzyme.", "PMID": 110773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9364", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence common to staphylococcal and streptococcal plasmids which specify erythromycin resistance.", "content": "Plasmids from erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus faecalis show deoxyribonucleic acid sequence homology. The homologous sequences can be localized to specific restriction endonuclease fragments, which in the case of S. aureus plasmid pI258 involves a single fragment from either EcoRI or HindIII digest known to contain the erythromycin resistance determinant. Complementary ribonucleic acid probes prepared from S. aureus plasmid pI258 and S. sanguis plasmid pAM77 also hybridize to specific fragments in restriction endonuclease digests of deoxyribonucleic acid from erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus progenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae. These studies suggest a common origin for a class of erythromycin resistance determinants in unrelated strains of pathogenic bacteria for which exchange of genetic material has not been demonstrated.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence common to staphylococcal and streptococcal plasmids which specify erythromycin resistance. Plasmids from erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus faecalis show deoxyribonucleic acid sequence homology. The homologous sequences can be localized to specific restriction endonuclease fragments, which in the case of S. aureus plasmid pI258 involves a single fragment from either EcoRI or HindIII digest known to contain the erythromycin resistance determinant. Complementary ribonucleic acid probes prepared from S. aureus plasmid pI258 and S. sanguis plasmid pAM77 also hybridize to specific fragments in restriction endonuclease digests of deoxyribonucleic acid from erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus progenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae. These studies suggest a common origin for a class of erythromycin resistance determinants in unrelated strains of pathogenic bacteria for which exchange of genetic material has not been demonstrated.", "PMID": 110774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9365", "title": "Effect of carbamoyl phosphate on nitrogenase in Anabaena cylindrica Lemm.", "content": "Carbamoyl phosphate inhibited acetylene reduction by whole cells and cell-free extracts of Anabaena cylindrica. Higher levels of both endogenous carbamoyl phosphate and carbamoyl phosphate synthase activity were present in NH4+-grown cells (in which acetylene reduction was absent) than in N2-grown cells (in which acetylene reduction was present). However, inhibition of acetylene reduction was observed also with cyanate, the main initial decomposition product under the conditions used. It is concluded that carbamoyl phosphate or one of its metabolites may act as a physiological regulator of both nitrogenase activity and synthesis, but caution must be used in interpreting effects observed several hours after the addition of carbamoyl phosphate, because the effects may be due to cyanate.", "contents": "Effect of carbamoyl phosphate on nitrogenase in Anabaena cylindrica Lemm. Carbamoyl phosphate inhibited acetylene reduction by whole cells and cell-free extracts of Anabaena cylindrica. Higher levels of both endogenous carbamoyl phosphate and carbamoyl phosphate synthase activity were present in NH4+-grown cells (in which acetylene reduction was absent) than in N2-grown cells (in which acetylene reduction was present). However, inhibition of acetylene reduction was observed also with cyanate, the main initial decomposition product under the conditions used. It is concluded that carbamoyl phosphate or one of its metabolites may act as a physiological regulator of both nitrogenase activity and synthesis, but caution must be used in interpreting effects observed several hours after the addition of carbamoyl phosphate, because the effects may be due to cyanate.", "PMID": 110775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9366", "title": "Sites within gene lacZ of Escherichia coli for formation of active hybrid beta-galactosidase molecules.", "content": "We describe the genetic analysis of 21 Escherichia coli strains in which the amino-terminal sequence of beta-galactosidase has been removed and replaced by an amino-terminal sequence from one or another of the proteins involved in maltose transport. Genetic mapping of the lacZ end of these fused genes indicates that only those fusions in which fewer than 41 amino acids are removed from the amino-terminal sequence of beta-galactosidase result in enzymatically active molecules. Within the region between amino acid 17 and amino acid 41 there are at least four or five sites where enzymatically active hybrid proteins can be formed.", "contents": "Sites within gene lacZ of Escherichia coli for formation of active hybrid beta-galactosidase molecules. We describe the genetic analysis of 21 Escherichia coli strains in which the amino-terminal sequence of beta-galactosidase has been removed and replaced by an amino-terminal sequence from one or another of the proteins involved in maltose transport. Genetic mapping of the lacZ end of these fused genes indicates that only those fusions in which fewer than 41 amino acids are removed from the amino-terminal sequence of beta-galactosidase result in enzymatically active molecules. Within the region between amino acid 17 and amino acid 41 there are at least four or five sites where enzymatically active hybrid proteins can be formed.", "PMID": 110776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9367", "title": "Transduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a mutant of bacteriophage E79.", "content": "A mutant of the virulent bacteriophage E79 was isolated which mediated generalized transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Variable recovery of transductants as a result of phage killing was avoided by the use of recipients carrying the IncP-2 plasmid R38, and transduction frequencies of 4 X 10(-6) to 1 X 10(-5) per plaque-forming unit were obtained. Linkage studies have indicated that the coinheritance frequencies are less than would be expected from the published molecular weight of E79 deoxyribonucleic acid (120 X 10(6). By using recipients carrying R38, low-frequency transduction by wild-type E79 and two other virulent phages, F8 and phi 16, was demonstrated.", "contents": "Transduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a mutant of bacteriophage E79. A mutant of the virulent bacteriophage E79 was isolated which mediated generalized transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Variable recovery of transductants as a result of phage killing was avoided by the use of recipients carrying the IncP-2 plasmid R38, and transduction frequencies of 4 X 10(-6) to 1 X 10(-5) per plaque-forming unit were obtained. Linkage studies have indicated that the coinheritance frequencies are less than would be expected from the published molecular weight of E79 deoxyribonucleic acid (120 X 10(6). By using recipients carrying R38, low-frequency transduction by wild-type E79 and two other virulent phages, F8 and phi 16, was demonstrated.", "PMID": 110777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9368", "title": "Use of gene fusion to study secretion of maltose-binding protein into Escherichia coli periplasm.", "content": "We have employed the technique of gene fusion to fuse the LacZ gene encoding the cytoplasmic enzyme beta-galactosidase with the malE gene encoding the periplasmic maltose binding protein (MBP). Strains were obtained which synthesize malE-lacZ hybrid proteins of various sizes. These proteins have, at their amino terminus, a portion of the MBP and at their carboxyl terminus, enzymatically active beta-galactosidase. When the hybrid protein includes only a small, amino-terminal portion of the MBP, the hybrid protein residues in the cytoplasm. When the hybrid protein contains enough of the MBP to include an intact MBP signal sequence, a significant portion of the hybrid protein is found in the cytoplasmic membrane, suggesting that secretion of the hybrid protein has been initiated. However, in no case is the hybrid protein secreted into the periplasm, even when the hybrid protein includes almost the entire MBP. In the latter case, the synthesis and attempted export of the hybrid protein interferes with the export of at least certain normal envelope proteins, which accumulate in the cell in their precursor forms, and the cell dies. These results suggest that a number of envelope proteins may be exported at a common site, and that there are only a limited number of such sites. Also, these results indicate that it is not sufficient to simply attach an amino-terminal signal sequence to a polypeptide to assure its export.", "contents": "Use of gene fusion to study secretion of maltose-binding protein into Escherichia coli periplasm. We have employed the technique of gene fusion to fuse the LacZ gene encoding the cytoplasmic enzyme beta-galactosidase with the malE gene encoding the periplasmic maltose binding protein (MBP). Strains were obtained which synthesize malE-lacZ hybrid proteins of various sizes. These proteins have, at their amino terminus, a portion of the MBP and at their carboxyl terminus, enzymatically active beta-galactosidase. When the hybrid protein includes only a small, amino-terminal portion of the MBP, the hybrid protein residues in the cytoplasm. When the hybrid protein contains enough of the MBP to include an intact MBP signal sequence, a significant portion of the hybrid protein is found in the cytoplasmic membrane, suggesting that secretion of the hybrid protein has been initiated. However, in no case is the hybrid protein secreted into the periplasm, even when the hybrid protein includes almost the entire MBP. In the latter case, the synthesis and attempted export of the hybrid protein interferes with the export of at least certain normal envelope proteins, which accumulate in the cell in their precursor forms, and the cell dies. These results suggest that a number of envelope proteins may be exported at a common site, and that there are only a limited number of such sites. Also, these results indicate that it is not sufficient to simply attach an amino-terminal signal sequence to a polypeptide to assure its export.", "PMID": 110778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9369", "title": "Three types of mycolic acid from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Br\u00e9vanne: implications for structure-function relationships in pathogenesis.", "content": "Saponification of the chloroform-soluble wax from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Br\u00e9vanne led to the isolation of three classes of mycolic acid containing characteristic functional groups along the methylene backbone: type alpha (two cyclopropane rings); type beta (methoxyl, methyl, and cyclopropane); and type gamma (ketone, methyl, and cyclopropane). The structures of these acids were elucidated principally by mass spectrometry. The high mass region of the keto mycolate is presented showing the meromycolal and molecular ion regions. This is first time a molecular peak for this mycolic acid has been reported. The structure of the keto mycolate was further substantiated by study of the mass spectral fragmentation of its dithioketal derivative. Within each type of acid, a series of homologs was encountered, varying according to the number of methylene units in the backbone chain. Chromatographic and infrared spectrophotometric evidence is presented for the alkali-induced isomerization of the three types of mycolates.", "contents": "Three types of mycolic acid from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Br\u00e9vanne: implications for structure-function relationships in pathogenesis. Saponification of the chloroform-soluble wax from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Br\u00e9vanne led to the isolation of three classes of mycolic acid containing characteristic functional groups along the methylene backbone: type alpha (two cyclopropane rings); type beta (methoxyl, methyl, and cyclopropane); and type gamma (ketone, methyl, and cyclopropane). The structures of these acids were elucidated principally by mass spectrometry. The high mass region of the keto mycolate is presented showing the meromycolal and molecular ion regions. This is first time a molecular peak for this mycolic acid has been reported. The structure of the keto mycolate was further substantiated by study of the mass spectral fragmentation of its dithioketal derivative. Within each type of acid, a series of homologs was encountered, varying according to the number of methylene units in the backbone chain. Chromatographic and infrared spectrophotometric evidence is presented for the alkali-induced isomerization of the three types of mycolates.", "PMID": 110779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9370", "title": "Gap-filling repair synthesis induced by ultraviolet light in a Bacillus subtilis Uvr- mutant.", "content": "Deoxyribonucleic acid repair synthesis was studied in one wild-type and two mutant strains of Bacillus subtilis that are defective in excision of pyrimidine dimers. The cells were irradiated with ultraviolet light, and 6-(p-hydroxyphenyl-azo)-uracil was used to block replicative synthesis, allowing only repair synthesis. One of the mutations (uvs-42) resulted in a severe inhibition of incision, dimer excision, and repair synthesis. In contrast, the other mutant (uvr-1) slowly incised and excised dimers and did repair synthesis in patches which appear to be several-fold longer than those in the wild-type strain, apparently because large gaps are produced at excision sites. The results indicate that the primary defect in uvs-42 cells is in initiation of dimer excision, whereas the uvr-1 mutation appears to be a defect in the exonuclease normally used to complete dimer excision.", "contents": "Gap-filling repair synthesis induced by ultraviolet light in a Bacillus subtilis Uvr- mutant. Deoxyribonucleic acid repair synthesis was studied in one wild-type and two mutant strains of Bacillus subtilis that are defective in excision of pyrimidine dimers. The cells were irradiated with ultraviolet light, and 6-(p-hydroxyphenyl-azo)-uracil was used to block replicative synthesis, allowing only repair synthesis. One of the mutations (uvs-42) resulted in a severe inhibition of incision, dimer excision, and repair synthesis. In contrast, the other mutant (uvr-1) slowly incised and excised dimers and did repair synthesis in patches which appear to be several-fold longer than those in the wild-type strain, apparently because large gaps are produced at excision sites. The results indicate that the primary defect in uvs-42 cells is in initiation of dimer excision, whereas the uvr-1 mutation appears to be a defect in the exonuclease normally used to complete dimer excision.", "PMID": 110780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9371", "title": "Pyrimidine dimer excision in a Bacillus subtilis Uvr- mutant.", "content": "A technique which allows the measurement of small numbers of pyrimidine dimers in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of cells of Bacillus subtilis irradiated with ultraviolet light has been used to show that a strain mutant at the uvr-1 locus is able to excise pyrimidine dimers. Excision repair in this strain was slow, but incision may not be rate limiting because single-strand breaks in DNA accumulate under some conditions. Excision repair probably accounted for a liquid-holding recovery previously reported to occur in this strain. Recombinational exchange of pyrimidine dimers into newly replicated DNA was readily detected in uvr-1 cells, but this exchange did not account for more than a minor fraction of the dimers removed from parental DNA. Excision repair in the uvr-1 strain was inhibited by a drug which complexes DNA polymerase III with DNA gaps. This inhibition may be limited to a number of sites equal to the number of DNA polymerase III molecules, and it is inferred that large gaps are produced by excision of dimers. Because the uvr-1 mutation specifically interferes with excision of dimers at incision sites, it is concluded that the uvr-1 gene product may be an exonuclease which is essential for efficient dimer excision.", "contents": "Pyrimidine dimer excision in a Bacillus subtilis Uvr- mutant. A technique which allows the measurement of small numbers of pyrimidine dimers in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of cells of Bacillus subtilis irradiated with ultraviolet light has been used to show that a strain mutant at the uvr-1 locus is able to excise pyrimidine dimers. Excision repair in this strain was slow, but incision may not be rate limiting because single-strand breaks in DNA accumulate under some conditions. Excision repair probably accounted for a liquid-holding recovery previously reported to occur in this strain. Recombinational exchange of pyrimidine dimers into newly replicated DNA was readily detected in uvr-1 cells, but this exchange did not account for more than a minor fraction of the dimers removed from parental DNA. Excision repair in the uvr-1 strain was inhibited by a drug which complexes DNA polymerase III with DNA gaps. This inhibition may be limited to a number of sites equal to the number of DNA polymerase III molecules, and it is inferred that large gaps are produced by excision of dimers. Because the uvr-1 mutation specifically interferes with excision of dimers at incision sites, it is concluded that the uvr-1 gene product may be an exonuclease which is essential for efficient dimer excision.", "PMID": 110781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9372", "title": "Transposition of Tn7 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and isolation of alk::Tn7 mutations.", "content": "Conjugal crosses with Pseudomonas aeruginosa donors carrying the CAM-OCT and RP4::Tn7 plasmids result in transfer of the Tn7 trimethoprim resistance (Tp(r)) determinant independently of RP4 markers. All Tp(r) exconjugants which lack RP4 markers have CAM-OCT genes and therefore must have received CAM-OCT::Tn7 plasmids formed by transposition of Tn7 from RP4::Tn7 to CAM-OCT. Most crosses yield exconjugants carrying mutant CAM-OCT plasmids which no longer determine either camphor or alkane utilization and thus appear to carry Tn7 inserts in the cam or alk loci, respectively. Transduction and reversion experiments indicated that at least 13 alkane-negative, camphor-positive, Tp(r) CAM-OCT::Tn7 plasmids carry an alk::Tn7 mutation. Determination of linkage between the alk mutation and the Tp(r) determinant of Tn7 on these plasmids is complicated by the presence of multiple copies of the Tn7 element in the genome. Generalized transduction will remove Tn7 from a CAM-OCT alk::Tn7 plasmid to yield alk(+) cells which carry no Tp(r) determinant on the CAM-OCT plasmid (as shown by transfer of the plasmid to a second strain). But the transduction to alk(+) does not remove all Tp(r) determinants from the genome of the recipient cell because the alkane-positive transductants remain trimethoprim resistant. Thus, it appears that copies of Tn7 can accumulate in the genome of P. aeruginosa (CAM-OCT alk::Tn7) strains without leaving their original site. This result is consistent with transposition models that involve replication of the transposable element without excision from the original site.", "contents": "Transposition of Tn7 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and isolation of alk::Tn7 mutations. Conjugal crosses with Pseudomonas aeruginosa donors carrying the CAM-OCT and RP4::Tn7 plasmids result in transfer of the Tn7 trimethoprim resistance (Tp(r)) determinant independently of RP4 markers. All Tp(r) exconjugants which lack RP4 markers have CAM-OCT genes and therefore must have received CAM-OCT::Tn7 plasmids formed by transposition of Tn7 from RP4::Tn7 to CAM-OCT. Most crosses yield exconjugants carrying mutant CAM-OCT plasmids which no longer determine either camphor or alkane utilization and thus appear to carry Tn7 inserts in the cam or alk loci, respectively. Transduction and reversion experiments indicated that at least 13 alkane-negative, camphor-positive, Tp(r) CAM-OCT::Tn7 plasmids carry an alk::Tn7 mutation. Determination of linkage between the alk mutation and the Tp(r) determinant of Tn7 on these plasmids is complicated by the presence of multiple copies of the Tn7 element in the genome. Generalized transduction will remove Tn7 from a CAM-OCT alk::Tn7 plasmid to yield alk(+) cells which carry no Tp(r) determinant on the CAM-OCT plasmid (as shown by transfer of the plasmid to a second strain). But the transduction to alk(+) does not remove all Tp(r) determinants from the genome of the recipient cell because the alkane-positive transductants remain trimethoprim resistant. Thus, it appears that copies of Tn7 can accumulate in the genome of P. aeruginosa (CAM-OCT alk::Tn7) strains without leaving their original site. This result is consistent with transposition models that involve replication of the transposable element without excision from the original site.", "PMID": 110782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9373", "title": "Genetic recombination during transformation in Bacillus subtilis: appearance of a deoxyribonucleic acid methylase.", "content": "In Bacillus subtilis the ability to take up deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and undergo genetic transformation may coincide with the induction of defective phage(s) and the expression of possibly related cryptic genes. A restriction-modification enzyme system appears to be expressed. Targets of the restriction activity on the DNA can be blocked my methylation catalyzed by the methyl transferase. It is shown that cellular DNA becomes progressively methylated and reaches the maxium level during the peak of competency. Deoxycytidine residues of both incoming donor and resident DNA are methylated. The possible participation of these enzymes in recombination and the general role of cryptic genes in inducible functions are discussed.", "contents": "Genetic recombination during transformation in Bacillus subtilis: appearance of a deoxyribonucleic acid methylase. In Bacillus subtilis the ability to take up deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and undergo genetic transformation may coincide with the induction of defective phage(s) and the expression of possibly related cryptic genes. A restriction-modification enzyme system appears to be expressed. Targets of the restriction activity on the DNA can be blocked my methylation catalyzed by the methyl transferase. It is shown that cellular DNA becomes progressively methylated and reaches the maxium level during the peak of competency. Deoxycytidine residues of both incoming donor and resident DNA are methylated. The possible participation of these enzymes in recombination and the general role of cryptic genes in inducible functions are discussed.", "PMID": 110783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9374", "title": "Demonstration of an internal fraction plane in cell walls of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "The proposed lower internal density of the gram-positive wall was confirmed by observed an internal fracture plane in the walls of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans. However, the granular surfaces produced by this cleavage appeared to be more of a reflection of distortion during preparation than of subunit construction.", "contents": "Demonstration of an internal fraction plane in cell walls of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans. The proposed lower internal density of the gram-positive wall was confirmed by observed an internal fracture plane in the walls of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans. However, the granular surfaces produced by this cleavage appeared to be more of a reflection of distortion during preparation than of subunit construction.", "PMID": 110784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9375", "title": "Altered membrane proteins in a minicell-producing mutant of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The Bacillus subtilis minicell-producing mutant divIV-B1 has a membrane protein profile that is strikingly different from that of the other minicell-producing mutant, divIV-A1, or that of wild-type strain CU403.", "contents": "Altered membrane proteins in a minicell-producing mutant of Bacillus subtilis. The Bacillus subtilis minicell-producing mutant divIV-B1 has a membrane protein profile that is strikingly different from that of the other minicell-producing mutant, divIV-A1, or that of wild-type strain CU403.", "PMID": 110785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9376", "title": "Introduction of host-controlled modification and restriction systems of Bacillus subtilis IAM1247 into Bacillus subtilis 168.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis IAM1247 had two modification and restriction systems (Bsu1247I and Bsu1247II), the former producing an isoschizomer of PstI endonuclease. A transformant clone was isolated which had Bsu 168, BsuR, and Bsu1247I systems coexisting within a genome.", "contents": "Introduction of host-controlled modification and restriction systems of Bacillus subtilis IAM1247 into Bacillus subtilis 168. Bacillus subtilis IAM1247 had two modification and restriction systems (Bsu1247I and Bsu1247II), the former producing an isoschizomer of PstI endonuclease. A transformant clone was isolated which had Bsu 168, BsuR, and Bsu1247I systems coexisting within a genome.", "PMID": 110786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9377", "title": "Characteristics of Anabaena variabilis influencing plaque formation by cyanophage N-1.", "content": "Phage N-1 grown in Anabaena strain 7120 [N-1 . 7120] forms plaques on A. variabilis about 10(-7) to 10(-6) as efficiently as on Anabaena 7120. By manipulating different characteristics of the interaction between phage and host, it was possible to increase the relative efficiency of plaque formation to 0.38. Growth of A. variabilis at 40 degrees C for at least three generations resulted in an increase in the rate of phage adsorption and a 10-fold increase in the efficiency of plaque formation. The efficiency of plaque formation was further increased about 42-fold, with little or no further increase in rate of adsorption, in a variant strain. A. variabilis strain FD, isolated from a culture of A. variabilis which had grown for more than 30 generations at 40 degrees C. The low relative efficiency of plaque formation by N-1 . 7120 on A. variabilis could be partially accounted for if A. variabilis contains a deoxyribonucleic acid restriction endonuclease which is absent from Anabaena 7120. Indirect evidence for such an endonuclease included the following: (i) phage N-1 grown in A. variabilis (N-1 . Av) had approximately a 7 X 10(3)-fold higher relative efficiency of plaque formation on A. variabilis than had N-1 . 7120; and (ii) the efficiency of plaque formation by N-1 . 7120 on A. variabilis strain FD was increased by up to 146-fold after heating the latter organism at 51 degrees C.", "contents": "Characteristics of Anabaena variabilis influencing plaque formation by cyanophage N-1. Phage N-1 grown in Anabaena strain 7120 [N-1 . 7120] forms plaques on A. variabilis about 10(-7) to 10(-6) as efficiently as on Anabaena 7120. By manipulating different characteristics of the interaction between phage and host, it was possible to increase the relative efficiency of plaque formation to 0.38. Growth of A. variabilis at 40 degrees C for at least three generations resulted in an increase in the rate of phage adsorption and a 10-fold increase in the efficiency of plaque formation. The efficiency of plaque formation was further increased about 42-fold, with little or no further increase in rate of adsorption, in a variant strain. A. variabilis strain FD, isolated from a culture of A. variabilis which had grown for more than 30 generations at 40 degrees C. The low relative efficiency of plaque formation by N-1 . 7120 on A. variabilis could be partially accounted for if A. variabilis contains a deoxyribonucleic acid restriction endonuclease which is absent from Anabaena 7120. Indirect evidence for such an endonuclease included the following: (i) phage N-1 grown in A. variabilis (N-1 . Av) had approximately a 7 X 10(3)-fold higher relative efficiency of plaque formation on A. variabilis than had N-1 . 7120; and (ii) the efficiency of plaque formation by N-1 . 7120 on A. variabilis strain FD was increased by up to 146-fold after heating the latter organism at 51 degrees C.", "PMID": 110787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9378", "title": "Genetic evidence for possible interaction between a ribonucleic acid polymerase subunit and the spo0C gene product of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Spontaneous rifampin-resistant mutants (9V Rifr) were isolated from a mutant strain of Bacillus subtilis, 9V, which has a spo0C mutation. Whereas 90% of the 9V Rifr double mutants maintained the Spo0C phenotype (Spo- Abs +/-), the remaining 10% had the Spo0A phenotype (Spo- Abs-). The latter mutants, termed 9V Rifr Spo- Abs-, were revealed to have other Spo0A characters, such as reduced transformability, higher sensitivity to phage phi 2, and reduced frequency of lysogenization by phage phi 105. The rif mutation of these 9V Rifr Spo- Abs- strains was mapped near the cysA locus. The phenotype of the Rifr transformants of strain 9V by deoxyribonucleic acid derived from these 9V Rifr Spo- Abs- strains was Spo0A, and that of the Rifr transformants of strain 168 was Spo+ Abs+. The ribonucleic acid polymerase of the 9V Rifr Spo- Abs- strains was shown to be resistant to rifampin.", "contents": "Genetic evidence for possible interaction between a ribonucleic acid polymerase subunit and the spo0C gene product of Bacillus subtilis. Spontaneous rifampin-resistant mutants (9V Rifr) were isolated from a mutant strain of Bacillus subtilis, 9V, which has a spo0C mutation. Whereas 90% of the 9V Rifr double mutants maintained the Spo0C phenotype (Spo- Abs +/-), the remaining 10% had the Spo0A phenotype (Spo- Abs-). The latter mutants, termed 9V Rifr Spo- Abs-, were revealed to have other Spo0A characters, such as reduced transformability, higher sensitivity to phage phi 2, and reduced frequency of lysogenization by phage phi 105. The rif mutation of these 9V Rifr Spo- Abs- strains was mapped near the cysA locus. The phenotype of the Rifr transformants of strain 9V by deoxyribonucleic acid derived from these 9V Rifr Spo- Abs- strains was Spo0A, and that of the Rifr transformants of strain 168 was Spo+ Abs+. The ribonucleic acid polymerase of the 9V Rifr Spo- Abs- strains was shown to be resistant to rifampin.", "PMID": 110788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9379", "title": "Isolation and characterization of two tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes, indoleglycerol phosphate synthase and phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase, from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Two of the enzymes responsible for tryptophan biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis have been extensively purified. These proteins are indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase and N-(5'-phosphoribosyl) anthranilate isomerase. By comparison to the non-differentiating enteric bacteria in which these two enzymes are fused into a single polypeptide, the isolation of the indoleglycerol phosphate synthase and phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase from B. subtilis has demonstrated that the two proteins are separate species in this organism. The two enzymes were clearly separable by anion-exchange chromatography without any significant loss of activity. Molecular weights were determined for both enzymes by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-slab gel electrophoresis, and indicated that the indoleglycerol phosphate synthase is the slightly larger of the two proteins. The minimum molecular weight for indoleglycerol phosphate synthase was 23,500, and that for phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase was 21,800. Both enzymes have been examined as to conditions necessary to achieve maximal activity of their individual functions and to maintain that activity.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of two tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes, indoleglycerol phosphate synthase and phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase, from Bacillus subtilis. Two of the enzymes responsible for tryptophan biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis have been extensively purified. These proteins are indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase and N-(5'-phosphoribosyl) anthranilate isomerase. By comparison to the non-differentiating enteric bacteria in which these two enzymes are fused into a single polypeptide, the isolation of the indoleglycerol phosphate synthase and phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase from B. subtilis has demonstrated that the two proteins are separate species in this organism. The two enzymes were clearly separable by anion-exchange chromatography without any significant loss of activity. Molecular weights were determined for both enzymes by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-slab gel electrophoresis, and indicated that the indoleglycerol phosphate synthase is the slightly larger of the two proteins. The minimum molecular weight for indoleglycerol phosphate synthase was 23,500, and that for phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase was 21,800. Both enzymes have been examined as to conditions necessary to achieve maximal activity of their individual functions and to maintain that activity.", "PMID": 110789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9380", "title": "Localization of low-molecular-weight basic proteins in Bacillus megaterium spores by cross-linking with ultraviolet light.", "content": "Two low-molecular-weight basic proteins, termed A and B proteins, comprise about 15% of the protein of dormant spores of Bacillus megaterium. Irradiation of intact dormant spores with ultraviolet light results in covalent cross-linking of the A and B proteins to other spore macromolecules. The cross-linked A and B proteins are precipitated by ethanol and can be solubilized by treatment with deoxyribonuclease (75%) or ribonuclease (25%). Irradiation of complexes formed in vitro between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid and a mixture of the low-molecular-weight basic proteins from spores also resulted in cross-linking of A and B proteins to nucleic acids. The dose-response curves for formation of covalent cross-links were similar for irradiation of both a protein-DNA complex in vitro and intact spores. However, if irradiation was carried out in vitro under conditions where DNA-protein complexes were disrupted, no covalent cross-links were formed. These data suggest that significant amounts of the low-molecular-weight basic proteins unique to bacterial spores are associated with spore DNA in vivo.", "contents": "Localization of low-molecular-weight basic proteins in Bacillus megaterium spores by cross-linking with ultraviolet light. Two low-molecular-weight basic proteins, termed A and B proteins, comprise about 15% of the protein of dormant spores of Bacillus megaterium. Irradiation of intact dormant spores with ultraviolet light results in covalent cross-linking of the A and B proteins to other spore macromolecules. The cross-linked A and B proteins are precipitated by ethanol and can be solubilized by treatment with deoxyribonuclease (75%) or ribonuclease (25%). Irradiation of complexes formed in vitro between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid and a mixture of the low-molecular-weight basic proteins from spores also resulted in cross-linking of A and B proteins to nucleic acids. The dose-response curves for formation of covalent cross-links were similar for irradiation of both a protein-DNA complex in vitro and intact spores. However, if irradiation was carried out in vitro under conditions where DNA-protein complexes were disrupted, no covalent cross-links were formed. These data suggest that significant amounts of the low-molecular-weight basic proteins unique to bacterial spores are associated with spore DNA in vivo.", "PMID": 110790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9381", "title": "Coupling of energy to folate transport in Lactobacillus casei.", "content": "Lactobacillus casei cells can accumulate folate to an intracellular concentration in excess of 500 muM and to concentration gradients (relative to the extracellular compartment) of several thousand-fold. Maximum rates of folate transport are achieved rapidly (t(1/2) < 1 min) after the addition of glucose to energy-depleted cells and occur at intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate concentrations above 625 muM. The rate of folate transport and the adenosine 5'-triphosphate content of cells are both extremely sensitive to arsenate and decrease in parallel with increasing concentrations of the inhibitor, indicating a requirement for phosphate-bond energy in the transport process. The energy source is not a membrane potential or a pH gradient generated via the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase, since dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (an adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (a proton conductor) have little effect on the uptake process. The K(+)-ionophore, valinomycin, is an inhibitor of folate transport, but does not act via a mechanism involving dissipation of the membrane potential. This can be deduced from the facts that the inhibition by valinomycin is relatively insensitive to pH, is considerably greater in Na(+)- than in K(+)-containing buffers, and is not enhanced by the addition of proton conductors. Folate efflux is not affected by valinomycin, glucose, or various metabolic inhibitors, although a rapid release of the accumulated vitamin can be achieved by the addition of unlabeled folate together with an energy source (glucose). These results suggest that the active transport of folate into L. casei is energized by adenosine 5'-triphosphate or an equivalent energy-rich compound, and that coupling occurs not via the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase but by direct interaction of the energy source with a component of the transport system.", "contents": "Coupling of energy to folate transport in Lactobacillus casei. Lactobacillus casei cells can accumulate folate to an intracellular concentration in excess of 500 muM and to concentration gradients (relative to the extracellular compartment) of several thousand-fold. Maximum rates of folate transport are achieved rapidly (t(1/2) < 1 min) after the addition of glucose to energy-depleted cells and occur at intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate concentrations above 625 muM. The rate of folate transport and the adenosine 5'-triphosphate content of cells are both extremely sensitive to arsenate and decrease in parallel with increasing concentrations of the inhibitor, indicating a requirement for phosphate-bond energy in the transport process. The energy source is not a membrane potential or a pH gradient generated via the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase, since dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (an adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (a proton conductor) have little effect on the uptake process. The K(+)-ionophore, valinomycin, is an inhibitor of folate transport, but does not act via a mechanism involving dissipation of the membrane potential. This can be deduced from the facts that the inhibition by valinomycin is relatively insensitive to pH, is considerably greater in Na(+)- than in K(+)-containing buffers, and is not enhanced by the addition of proton conductors. Folate efflux is not affected by valinomycin, glucose, or various metabolic inhibitors, although a rapid release of the accumulated vitamin can be achieved by the addition of unlabeled folate together with an energy source (glucose). These results suggest that the active transport of folate into L. casei is energized by adenosine 5'-triphosphate or an equivalent energy-rich compound, and that coupling occurs not via the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase but by direct interaction of the energy source with a component of the transport system.", "PMID": 110791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9382", "title": "Ribonucleic acid polymerase mutation affecting glutamate synthase activity in and sporulation of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Spore formation of 15 rifampin-resistant (Rifr) mutants of Bacillus subtilis strain 168 was examined. As a pleiotropic effect of a Rifr mutation, glutamate synthase activity was lost in these mutants. Twelve of the 15 mutants examined formed as many spores as the parent, but the remaining 3 formed significantly fewer (1%) spores. One of the latter mutants characterized further (RF301) was blocked in its sporulation process at stage 0. Thus, it was concluded that a certain modification of ribonucleic acid polymerase may affect specifically the gene expression of glutamate synthase and also the sporulation process at the initial stage.", "contents": "Ribonucleic acid polymerase mutation affecting glutamate synthase activity in and sporulation of Bacillus subtilis. Spore formation of 15 rifampin-resistant (Rifr) mutants of Bacillus subtilis strain 168 was examined. As a pleiotropic effect of a Rifr mutation, glutamate synthase activity was lost in these mutants. Twelve of the 15 mutants examined formed as many spores as the parent, but the remaining 3 formed significantly fewer (1%) spores. One of the latter mutants characterized further (RF301) was blocked in its sporulation process at stage 0. Thus, it was concluded that a certain modification of ribonucleic acid polymerase may affect specifically the gene expression of glutamate synthase and also the sporulation process at the initial stage.", "PMID": 110792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9383", "title": "Genetic location of the Bacillus subtilis sup-3 suppressor mutation.", "content": "The sup-3 suppressor mutation of Bacillus subtilis has been located between the aroI and mtlB loci by PBS-1 phage transduction.", "contents": "Genetic location of the Bacillus subtilis sup-3 suppressor mutation. The sup-3 suppressor mutation of Bacillus subtilis has been located between the aroI and mtlB loci by PBS-1 phage transduction.", "PMID": 110793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9384", "title": "Increased synthesis of ribonucleotide reductase after deoxyribonucleic acid inhibition in various species of bacteria.", "content": "The specific activity of ribonucleotide reductase was found to increase significantly after deoxyribonucleic acid inhibition in seven species of bacteria investigated. This group of bacteria includes species with B12-dependent ribonucleotide reductase as well as some with an Escherichia coli-type ribonucleotide reductase.", "contents": "Increased synthesis of ribonucleotide reductase after deoxyribonucleic acid inhibition in various species of bacteria. The specific activity of ribonucleotide reductase was found to increase significantly after deoxyribonucleic acid inhibition in seven species of bacteria investigated. This group of bacteria includes species with B12-dependent ribonucleotide reductase as well as some with an Escherichia coli-type ribonucleotide reductase.", "PMID": 110794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9385", "title": "Properties of common wheat ferredoxin, and a comparison with ferredoxins from related species of triticum and aegilops.", "content": "Wheat ferredoxin was purified from the leaves of common wheat (Triticum aestivum). The absorption spectrum showed maxima at 465, 425, 332, and 278 nm. The absorbance ratio, A425 nm/A278 nm was 0.49, and the millimolar extinction coefficient at 425 nm was 10.8 mM-1. cm-1. The amino acid composition was determined to be Lys5, His2, Arg1, Asp11, Thr5, Ser7, Glu18, Pro5, Gly6, Ala7, Cys5, Val7, Met1, Ile4, Leu7, Tyr4, Phe1, and Trp1. The total number of amino acid residues was 97. The molecular weight was calculated from the amino acid composition to be 10,829, including iron and sulfur atoms. This value was confirmed by other methods, which were based on the contents of non-heme iron and of terminal amino acid. The N-terminal amino acid was alanine, and the C-terminal amino acid sequence was -Glu-Leu-Thr-AlaCOOH. Comparative studies were performed between T. aestivum ferredoxin and ferredoxins isolated from closely related species; these were T. aegilopoides, T. durum, Ae. squarrosa, and Ae. ovata. No significant differences in the properties of these ferredoxins were detected. It was also shown that these ferredoxins are immunologically homologous. It is, therefore, likely that one molecular species of ferredoxin is distributed through two genera of Triticum and Aegilops.", "contents": "Properties of common wheat ferredoxin, and a comparison with ferredoxins from related species of triticum and aegilops. Wheat ferredoxin was purified from the leaves of common wheat (Triticum aestivum). The absorption spectrum showed maxima at 465, 425, 332, and 278 nm. The absorbance ratio, A425 nm/A278 nm was 0.49, and the millimolar extinction coefficient at 425 nm was 10.8 mM-1. cm-1. The amino acid composition was determined to be Lys5, His2, Arg1, Asp11, Thr5, Ser7, Glu18, Pro5, Gly6, Ala7, Cys5, Val7, Met1, Ile4, Leu7, Tyr4, Phe1, and Trp1. The total number of amino acid residues was 97. The molecular weight was calculated from the amino acid composition to be 10,829, including iron and sulfur atoms. This value was confirmed by other methods, which were based on the contents of non-heme iron and of terminal amino acid. The N-terminal amino acid was alanine, and the C-terminal amino acid sequence was -Glu-Leu-Thr-AlaCOOH. Comparative studies were performed between T. aestivum ferredoxin and ferredoxins isolated from closely related species; these were T. aegilopoides, T. durum, Ae. squarrosa, and Ae. ovata. No significant differences in the properties of these ferredoxins were detected. It was also shown that these ferredoxins are immunologically homologous. It is, therefore, likely that one molecular species of ferredoxin is distributed through two genera of Triticum and Aegilops.", "PMID": 110795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9386", "title": "Sulfhydryl groups of pyocin R1. Morphology and activity modified with sulfhydryl reagents.", "content": "Electron microscopic observation of pyocin R1 with the negative staining technique demonstrated that pyocin R1 retained its phage tail-like shape of an extended sheath even when it was inactivated by treatment with p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB) or 4-(p-sulfophenylazo)-2-mercuriphenol (SAMP). Thus it was shown that the contraction and extension of the sheath does not occur reversibly on the modification of sulfhydryl groups accompanying the change of activity. The activity lost under these conditions was restored to the original level by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). Numbers of sulfhydryl groups in the pyocin R1 particle were determined to be 208 mol and 152 mol per mol (11.8 x 10(6) daltons) by spectrophotometric titration with SAMP and by membrane-filter assay with radioactive PCMB, respectively. Most of these cysteine residues appeared to be localized in the substructure other than the sheath and core. It was also shown that all of these sulfhydryl groups were not necessary for expression of its activity but a part of them were essential for adsorption to the sensitive cells.", "contents": "Sulfhydryl groups of pyocin R1. Morphology and activity modified with sulfhydryl reagents. Electron microscopic observation of pyocin R1 with the negative staining technique demonstrated that pyocin R1 retained its phage tail-like shape of an extended sheath even when it was inactivated by treatment with p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB) or 4-(p-sulfophenylazo)-2-mercuriphenol (SAMP). Thus it was shown that the contraction and extension of the sheath does not occur reversibly on the modification of sulfhydryl groups accompanying the change of activity. The activity lost under these conditions was restored to the original level by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). Numbers of sulfhydryl groups in the pyocin R1 particle were determined to be 208 mol and 152 mol per mol (11.8 x 10(6) daltons) by spectrophotometric titration with SAMP and by membrane-filter assay with radioactive PCMB, respectively. Most of these cysteine residues appeared to be localized in the substructure other than the sheath and core. It was also shown that all of these sulfhydryl groups were not necessary for expression of its activity but a part of them were essential for adsorption to the sensitive cells.", "PMID": 110797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9387", "title": "Refolding of the immunoglobulin light chain.", "content": "The kinetics of the refolding reactions of type lambda Bence Jones proteins from 4 M GuHCl were studied by CD, ultraviolet absorption, and fluorescence spectrophotometry. The kinetics were complex and consisted of at least three phases, an undetectable fast phase, a detectable fast phase, and a slow phase. The slow phase followed first-order kinetics and the three experimental methods used gave similar rate constants for all the Bence Jones proteins (about 3 X 10(-3) s-1). The refolding reaction of VL fragment was too fast to be measured in the present experiments. The refolding process of CL fragment was very similar to those of Bence Jones proteins except that the detectable fast phase was less significant. The rate constant of the slow phase observed for the CL fragment was similar to those of the slow phase observed for Bence Jones proteins. The activation energy of the slow phase was the same for a Bence Jones protein and its CL fragment. These results indicate that the refolding kinetics of the CL domain are very similar to those of isolated CL fragment and that refolding of the VL domain precedes refolding of the CL domain, even though both domains have similar immunoglobulin folds. However, the results of refolding experiments on Bence Jones proteins, and VL and CL fragments in the presence of ANS, as well as the other lines of evidence, indicate that the refolding kinetics of the Bence Jones protein molecule cannot be expressed as simple sum of the refolding reactions of isolated VL and CL fragments.", "contents": "Refolding of the immunoglobulin light chain. The kinetics of the refolding reactions of type lambda Bence Jones proteins from 4 M GuHCl were studied by CD, ultraviolet absorption, and fluorescence spectrophotometry. The kinetics were complex and consisted of at least three phases, an undetectable fast phase, a detectable fast phase, and a slow phase. The slow phase followed first-order kinetics and the three experimental methods used gave similar rate constants for all the Bence Jones proteins (about 3 X 10(-3) s-1). The refolding reaction of VL fragment was too fast to be measured in the present experiments. The refolding process of CL fragment was very similar to those of Bence Jones proteins except that the detectable fast phase was less significant. The rate constant of the slow phase observed for the CL fragment was similar to those of the slow phase observed for Bence Jones proteins. The activation energy of the slow phase was the same for a Bence Jones protein and its CL fragment. These results indicate that the refolding kinetics of the CL domain are very similar to those of isolated CL fragment and that refolding of the VL domain precedes refolding of the CL domain, even though both domains have similar immunoglobulin folds. However, the results of refolding experiments on Bence Jones proteins, and VL and CL fragments in the presence of ANS, as well as the other lines of evidence, indicate that the refolding kinetics of the Bence Jones protein molecule cannot be expressed as simple sum of the refolding reactions of isolated VL and CL fragments.", "PMID": 110798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9388", "title": "Taxonomic implications of primate dental tissues.", "content": "Histological studies of dental tissues will provide new and important insights into mammalian evolution. From studies of dental histology, hominoid evolution has become much clearer. Data as to the thickness of enamel and enamel prism patterns clearly provide quantitative support concerning theories of hominoid/hominid differentiation. The importance of comparative dental histology has only recently been realized and when extended to other mammalian orders, including both living and fossil forms, a more complete and clearer understanding of mammalian evolution will emerge. Caution must be emphasized, however, for these features are extremely complex structures and without a thorough knowledge of comparative dental histology and the applications of the SEM results may be misleading or incorrect.", "contents": "Taxonomic implications of primate dental tissues. Histological studies of dental tissues will provide new and important insights into mammalian evolution. From studies of dental histology, hominoid evolution has become much clearer. Data as to the thickness of enamel and enamel prism patterns clearly provide quantitative support concerning theories of hominoid/hominid differentiation. The importance of comparative dental histology has only recently been realized and when extended to other mammalian orders, including both living and fossil forms, a more complete and clearer understanding of mammalian evolution will emerge. Caution must be emphasized, however, for these features are extremely complex structures and without a thorough knowledge of comparative dental histology and the applications of the SEM results may be misleading or incorrect.", "PMID": 110799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9389", "title": "Identification of an NADH-linked disulfide reductase from Bacillus megaterium specific for disulfides containing pantethine 4',4''-diphosphate moieties.", "content": "Bacillus megaterium contains an NADH-linked disulfide reductase that is specific for disulfides containing pantethine 4',4''-diphosphate moieties. This reductase is at its highest level in cells late in sporulation and in dormant spores, and could be involved in the formation and cleavage of coenzyme A-protein disulfides which take place late in sporulation and early in spore germination, respectively.", "contents": "Identification of an NADH-linked disulfide reductase from Bacillus megaterium specific for disulfides containing pantethine 4',4''-diphosphate moieties. Bacillus megaterium contains an NADH-linked disulfide reductase that is specific for disulfides containing pantethine 4',4''-diphosphate moieties. This reductase is at its highest level in cells late in sporulation and in dormant spores, and could be involved in the formation and cleavage of coenzyme A-protein disulfides which take place late in sporulation and early in spore germination, respectively.", "PMID": 110800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9390", "title": "Recombination of heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins. Use of specific variable and constant region probes to monitor reassociation reactions.", "content": "The reassociation of antibody (IgG)-derived heavy (gamma) and light (L) chains was studied by utilizing two specifically localized fluorescent probes. L chains labeled in either the variable domain with fluorescein (specific antigen) or the constant domain with N-(iodoacetamidoethyl)-5-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid were prepared. Reassociation of these chains with isolated, unlabeled, gamma chains was monitored by following an increase in the fluorescence polarization of fluorophores at 4 degrees C. Results obtained indicate that the reassociation reaction could be resolved into two distinct steps; the primary interaction of the reactants occurring rapidly, followed by a slower secondary phase possibly representing conformational changes in the variable domains of the reactants after reassociation.", "contents": "Recombination of heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins. Use of specific variable and constant region probes to monitor reassociation reactions. The reassociation of antibody (IgG)-derived heavy (gamma) and light (L) chains was studied by utilizing two specifically localized fluorescent probes. L chains labeled in either the variable domain with fluorescein (specific antigen) or the constant domain with N-(iodoacetamidoethyl)-5-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid were prepared. Reassociation of these chains with isolated, unlabeled, gamma chains was monitored by following an increase in the fluorescence polarization of fluorophores at 4 degrees C. Results obtained indicate that the reassociation reaction could be resolved into two distinct steps; the primary interaction of the reactants occurring rapidly, followed by a slower secondary phase possibly representing conformational changes in the variable domains of the reactants after reassociation.", "PMID": 110803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9391", "title": "The relationship between glandular kallikrein and growth factor-processing proteases of mouse submaxillary gland.", "content": "Three highly specific trypsin-like proteases from mouse submaxillary gland; nerve growth factor gamma subunit, beta nerve growth factor-endopeptidase, and epidermal growth factor-binding protein were tested for kallikrein activity. Low molecular weight kininogen was purified from mouse plasma and used as substrate for the three enzymes, and the kinin released by the enzymes was assayed by its ability to induce contraction of isolated rat uterus. All three enzymes were found to have significant kininogenase activity, and the most active enzyme, beta nerve growth factor-endopeptidase, has activity comparable to authentic kallikreins from other glandular sources. Essentially all of the kininogenase activity of submaxillary gland co-purifies with beta nerve growth factor-endopeptidase. Hence, beta nerve growth factor-endopeptidase appears to be identical with submaxillary gland kallikrein. Nerve growth factor gamma subunit, epidermal growth factor-binding protein, and beta nerve growth factor-endopeptidase have similar amino acid compositions and molecular weights, and are immunologically similar. Comparison of published partial primary sequence data confirms our conclusion that nerve growth factor gamma subunit, epidermal growth factor-binding protein, and kallikrein are very closely related enzymes. It is postulated that these three enzymes are members of a larger family of similar enzymes, all of which are involved in the processing of precursors to polypeptide hormones and growth factors.", "contents": "The relationship between glandular kallikrein and growth factor-processing proteases of mouse submaxillary gland. Three highly specific trypsin-like proteases from mouse submaxillary gland; nerve growth factor gamma subunit, beta nerve growth factor-endopeptidase, and epidermal growth factor-binding protein were tested for kallikrein activity. Low molecular weight kininogen was purified from mouse plasma and used as substrate for the three enzymes, and the kinin released by the enzymes was assayed by its ability to induce contraction of isolated rat uterus. All three enzymes were found to have significant kininogenase activity, and the most active enzyme, beta nerve growth factor-endopeptidase, has activity comparable to authentic kallikreins from other glandular sources. Essentially all of the kininogenase activity of submaxillary gland co-purifies with beta nerve growth factor-endopeptidase. Hence, beta nerve growth factor-endopeptidase appears to be identical with submaxillary gland kallikrein. Nerve growth factor gamma subunit, epidermal growth factor-binding protein, and beta nerve growth factor-endopeptidase have similar amino acid compositions and molecular weights, and are immunologically similar. Comparison of published partial primary sequence data confirms our conclusion that nerve growth factor gamma subunit, epidermal growth factor-binding protein, and kallikrein are very closely related enzymes. It is postulated that these three enzymes are members of a larger family of similar enzymes, all of which are involved in the processing of precursors to polypeptide hormones and growth factors.", "PMID": 110805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9392", "title": "Transport and binding of riboflavin by Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Riboflavine uptake and membrane-associated riboflavin-binding activity has been investigated in Bacillus subtilis. Riboflavin uptake proceeds via a system whose general properties are indicative of a carrier-mediated process: it is inhibited by substrate analogues, exhibits saturation kinetics, and is temperature-dependent. The organism concentrates riboflavin primarily as the phosphorylated cofactors FMN and FAD. Energy is required for uptake but whether the energy demand is required for both uptake and phosphorylation or only for the phosphorylation step is not known. Membrane-associated binding activity for riboflavin has also been demonstrated in membrane vesicles prepared from B. subtilis, and the binding component can be \"solubilized\" with Triton X-100. Evidence supporting the function of the binding component in riboflavin uptake by the intact cells includes the following. (i) Riboflavin analogues inhibit binding and uptake to nearly the same extent and with similar specificity of action. (ii) The KD for riboflavin-binding and the Km for uptake are in the same range. Similarly the Ki determined for the inhibitory analogue 5-deazariboflavin in the uptake assay and the KD for its interaction with the riboflavin-binding component of membrane vesicles are in the same range. (iii) Uptake in cells and binding in vesicles vary in the same direction with differences in growth conditions.", "contents": "Transport and binding of riboflavin by Bacillus subtilis. Riboflavine uptake and membrane-associated riboflavin-binding activity has been investigated in Bacillus subtilis. Riboflavin uptake proceeds via a system whose general properties are indicative of a carrier-mediated process: it is inhibited by substrate analogues, exhibits saturation kinetics, and is temperature-dependent. The organism concentrates riboflavin primarily as the phosphorylated cofactors FMN and FAD. Energy is required for uptake but whether the energy demand is required for both uptake and phosphorylation or only for the phosphorylation step is not known. Membrane-associated binding activity for riboflavin has also been demonstrated in membrane vesicles prepared from B. subtilis, and the binding component can be \"solubilized\" with Triton X-100. Evidence supporting the function of the binding component in riboflavin uptake by the intact cells includes the following. (i) Riboflavin analogues inhibit binding and uptake to nearly the same extent and with similar specificity of action. (ii) The KD for riboflavin-binding and the Km for uptake are in the same range. Similarly the Ki determined for the inhibitory analogue 5-deazariboflavin in the uptake assay and the KD for its interaction with the riboflavin-binding component of membrane vesicles are in the same range. (iii) Uptake in cells and binding in vesicles vary in the same direction with differences in growth conditions.", "PMID": 110806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9393", "title": "The primary structure of the alpha subunit of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase. I. Isolation and sequence of the tryptic peptides.", "content": "The carboxymethylated alpha subunit of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase was digested with trypsin. The 14 tryptic peptides were isolated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and by gel filtration chromatography. Automated Edman degradation and carboxypeptidase Y and B digestion were used to establish the sequence of these peptides. Further fragmentation of two tryptic peptides, T3 and T5, by Staphylococcus aureus protease and cyanogen bromide, respectively, was necessary to complete the sequences. The tryptic peptides accounted for a minimum of 199 residues out of a total of 202 residues predicted by amino acid analysis.", "contents": "The primary structure of the alpha subunit of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase. I. Isolation and sequence of the tryptic peptides. The carboxymethylated alpha subunit of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase was digested with trypsin. The 14 tryptic peptides were isolated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and by gel filtration chromatography. Automated Edman degradation and carboxypeptidase Y and B digestion were used to establish the sequence of these peptides. Further fragmentation of two tryptic peptides, T3 and T5, by Staphylococcus aureus protease and cyanogen bromide, respectively, was necessary to complete the sequences. The tryptic peptides accounted for a minimum of 199 residues out of a total of 202 residues predicted by amino acid analysis.", "PMID": 110807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9394", "title": "In vivo evaluation of a high-strength, high-ductility stainless steel for use in surgical implants.", "content": "A high-strength, high-ductility, austenitic stainless steel has been evaluated for use in surgical implants by performing in vivo tests in rats, rabbits, dogs, and rhesus monkeys. This stainless steel, a TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) steel containing about 4% Mo, was compared with two alloys in current clinical use: Type 316L stainless steel and cast Vitallium. Compared with the other two alloys, cast Vitallium generally had higher resistance to corrosion and superior biocompatibility in all animals. The tests in rats and dogs indicated that the corrosion resistances of the TRIP steel and the Type 316L stainless steel were similar and that the tissue reactions caused by these alloys were also similar. However, in rhesus monkeys, the TRIP steel was shown to be susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking and much more susceptible to crevice corrosion than Type 316L stainless steel. Limited tests in rabbits supported the observation that the TRIP steel is susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking. These inconsistencies in the in vivo tests underline the need for a reevaluation of the popular test techniques and of the animals commonly chosen for assessing the suitability of candidate implant materials. The \"worst case\" results from the rhesus monkey tests were entirely consistent with previous results obtained from in vitro studies. However, further work must be performed before the behavior of metals in humans, rhesus monkeys, or any other animal, can be predicted with confidence from an in vitro test program.", "contents": "In vivo evaluation of a high-strength, high-ductility stainless steel for use in surgical implants. A high-strength, high-ductility, austenitic stainless steel has been evaluated for use in surgical implants by performing in vivo tests in rats, rabbits, dogs, and rhesus monkeys. This stainless steel, a TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) steel containing about 4% Mo, was compared with two alloys in current clinical use: Type 316L stainless steel and cast Vitallium. Compared with the other two alloys, cast Vitallium generally had higher resistance to corrosion and superior biocompatibility in all animals. The tests in rats and dogs indicated that the corrosion resistances of the TRIP steel and the Type 316L stainless steel were similar and that the tissue reactions caused by these alloys were also similar. However, in rhesus monkeys, the TRIP steel was shown to be susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking and much more susceptible to crevice corrosion than Type 316L stainless steel. Limited tests in rabbits supported the observation that the TRIP steel is susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking. These inconsistencies in the in vivo tests underline the need for a reevaluation of the popular test techniques and of the animals commonly chosen for assessing the suitability of candidate implant materials. The \"worst case\" results from the rhesus monkey tests were entirely consistent with previous results obtained from in vitro studies. However, further work must be performed before the behavior of metals in humans, rhesus monkeys, or any other animal, can be predicted with confidence from an in vitro test program.", "PMID": 110810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9395", "title": "Tissue response to surface-treated tantalum implants: preliminary observations in primates.", "content": "Samples of capacitor grade tantalum were surface-treated by a variety of methods. These surface treatments allowed testing of the same basic material which was mill-finished, metallurgically polished, electrochemically oxidized, sintered with a porous surface, and glow-discharged. Surface characterization was accomplished by contact angle measurements, Scanning Electron Microscopy, energy-dispensed x-ray analysis, and internal reflection spectroscopy. Subsequent to characterization, the material was surgically implanted in the subperiosteal region of the mandible, the buccal mucosa, and the subcutaneous paravertebral region of the back of Macaca speciosa (stumptail monkey). The tissue reaction at intervals of up to three weeks was evaluated morphologically and ultrastructurally. Significant differences in tissue response were noted at the interfaces with glow-discharge-treated versus lower surface energy samples. Adjacent to the glow-discharge-treated implants, two distinct tissue zones were identified. Zone No. 1, nearest the implant, exhibited an increased cellularity. This consisted of 4-5 layers of highly active mesenchymal cells or fibroblast-like cells with spindle-shaped nuclei and prominent cytoplasmic features. At various foci along the interface, hyperchromatic nuclear forms were noted to project into the space left by removal of the implant. These observations, coupled with a predominance of intercellular ground-substance material and less collagen at the interface, may indicate some form of bioadhesion. The deeper Zone No. 2 was 2-3 times as thick consisted of typical fibroblastic cells with a lamellar configuration, bordered by an occasional delicate-lined space. Independent of implantation site or surface texture, all other implants showed occasional multinucleated giant cells and a decrease in the cellular character of Zone No. 1. Both zones were reduced in thickness and composed of more mature fibroblasts. Some specimens exhibited intracytoplasmic vacuolization. It may be concluded, therefore, that surface-free energy of the implanted specimens played a significant role in inducing differential tissue response to otherwise similar pure metal samples.", "contents": "Tissue response to surface-treated tantalum implants: preliminary observations in primates. Samples of capacitor grade tantalum were surface-treated by a variety of methods. These surface treatments allowed testing of the same basic material which was mill-finished, metallurgically polished, electrochemically oxidized, sintered with a porous surface, and glow-discharged. Surface characterization was accomplished by contact angle measurements, Scanning Electron Microscopy, energy-dispensed x-ray analysis, and internal reflection spectroscopy. Subsequent to characterization, the material was surgically implanted in the subperiosteal region of the mandible, the buccal mucosa, and the subcutaneous paravertebral region of the back of Macaca speciosa (stumptail monkey). The tissue reaction at intervals of up to three weeks was evaluated morphologically and ultrastructurally. Significant differences in tissue response were noted at the interfaces with glow-discharge-treated versus lower surface energy samples. Adjacent to the glow-discharge-treated implants, two distinct tissue zones were identified. Zone No. 1, nearest the implant, exhibited an increased cellularity. This consisted of 4-5 layers of highly active mesenchymal cells or fibroblast-like cells with spindle-shaped nuclei and prominent cytoplasmic features. At various foci along the interface, hyperchromatic nuclear forms were noted to project into the space left by removal of the implant. These observations, coupled with a predominance of intercellular ground-substance material and less collagen at the interface, may indicate some form of bioadhesion. The deeper Zone No. 2 was 2-3 times as thick consisted of typical fibroblastic cells with a lamellar configuration, bordered by an occasional delicate-lined space. Independent of implantation site or surface texture, all other implants showed occasional multinucleated giant cells and a decrease in the cellular character of Zone No. 1. Both zones were reduced in thickness and composed of more mature fibroblasts. Some specimens exhibited intracytoplasmic vacuolization. It may be concluded, therefore, that surface-free energy of the implanted specimens played a significant role in inducing differential tissue response to otherwise similar pure metal samples.", "PMID": 110811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9396", "title": "Influence of methyl methacrylate on quantitative gel diffusion assay of immunoglobulins.", "content": "Infection is not a common problem following implant surgery using the bone cement, polymethyl methacrylate. When infection occurs, its often disastrous results makes for major complications. Many methods have been used in an attempt to reduce bacterial contamination at the time of implant surgery, but little attention has been given to the problem of possible effects of implant materials on the immune mechanisms of the host. In the experiments reported here, the in vitro effect of methyl methacrylate monomer on human immunoglobulins was determined using a quantitative gel diffusion technique. When methyl methacrylate monomer was added to serum samples containing immunoglobulin, it caused no statistically significant change in the immunoglobulin concentration of immunoglobulin-G, immunoglobulin-A, or immunoglobulin-M. It is possible that methyl methacrylate could affect other types of antigen antibody reactions which may be important in resisting infection, but the evidence reported here indicates that in low concentrations, methyl methacrylate monomer does not affect the normal reactivity of immunoglobulins of the G, M, or A class.", "contents": "Influence of methyl methacrylate on quantitative gel diffusion assay of immunoglobulins. Infection is not a common problem following implant surgery using the bone cement, polymethyl methacrylate. When infection occurs, its often disastrous results makes for major complications. Many methods have been used in an attempt to reduce bacterial contamination at the time of implant surgery, but little attention has been given to the problem of possible effects of implant materials on the immune mechanisms of the host. In the experiments reported here, the in vitro effect of methyl methacrylate monomer on human immunoglobulins was determined using a quantitative gel diffusion technique. When methyl methacrylate monomer was added to serum samples containing immunoglobulin, it caused no statistically significant change in the immunoglobulin concentration of immunoglobulin-G, immunoglobulin-A, or immunoglobulin-M. It is possible that methyl methacrylate could affect other types of antigen antibody reactions which may be important in resisting infection, but the evidence reported here indicates that in low concentrations, methyl methacrylate monomer does not affect the normal reactivity of immunoglobulins of the G, M, or A class.", "PMID": 110812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9397", "title": "Spine deformity in neurofibromatosis. A review of one hundred and two patients.", "content": "The natural history, associated anomalies, and response to operative and nonoperative treatment were reviewed in 102 patients with neurofibromatosis and spine deformity. Eighty patients were found to have curvatures associated with dystrophic changes in the vertebrae and ribs. The presence of dystrophic changes such as rib penciling, spindling of the transverse processes, vertebral scalloping, severe apical vertebral rotation, foraminal enlargement, and adjacent soft-tissue neurofibromas was found to be highly significant in prognosis and management. Brace treatment of dystrophic curves was unsuccessful. Posterior fusion, with or without internal fixation, was the procedure of choice for problems due purely to scoliosis. Patients with dystrophic kyphoscoliosis required both anterior and posterior fusion to achieve stability. Sixteen patients had compression of the spinal cord or cauda equina.", "contents": "Spine deformity in neurofibromatosis. A review of one hundred and two patients. The natural history, associated anomalies, and response to operative and nonoperative treatment were reviewed in 102 patients with neurofibromatosis and spine deformity. Eighty patients were found to have curvatures associated with dystrophic changes in the vertebrae and ribs. The presence of dystrophic changes such as rib penciling, spindling of the transverse processes, vertebral scalloping, severe apical vertebral rotation, foraminal enlargement, and adjacent soft-tissue neurofibromas was found to be highly significant in prognosis and management. Brace treatment of dystrophic curves was unsuccessful. Posterior fusion, with or without internal fixation, was the procedure of choice for problems due purely to scoliosis. Patients with dystrophic kyphoscoliosis required both anterior and posterior fusion to achieve stability. Sixteen patients had compression of the spinal cord or cauda equina.", "PMID": 110813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9398", "title": "Cervical spine abnormalities in neurofibromatosis.", "content": "Fifty-six patients with neurofibromatosis were examined for abnormalities of the cervical spine and seventeen of them had demonstrated lesions there. Of the thirty-four patients who had scoliosis or kyphoscoliosis, fifteen (44 per cent) had cervical lesions. Many of the patients with those lesions were asymptomatic. To avoid the complications attributable to the cervical spine, we recommend roentgenographic examination in all neurofibromatosis patients who are about to have general anesthesia or skull traction for treatment of scoliosis.", "contents": "Cervical spine abnormalities in neurofibromatosis. Fifty-six patients with neurofibromatosis were examined for abnormalities of the cervical spine and seventeen of them had demonstrated lesions there. Of the thirty-four patients who had scoliosis or kyphoscoliosis, fifteen (44 per cent) had cervical lesions. Many of the patients with those lesions were asymptomatic. To avoid the complications attributable to the cervical spine, we recommend roentgenographic examination in all neurofibromatosis patients who are about to have general anesthesia or skull traction for treatment of scoliosis.", "PMID": 110814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9399", "title": "The surgical treatment of heterotopic ossification at the elbow following long-term coma.", "content": "Nine cases of heterotopic ossification at the elbow in seven patients who had a cerebral injury and prolonged coma were treated by excision of the extra-articular bone bridge from the humerus to the ulna. The bridge was either anterior or posterior, and did not involve the radius. The articular cartilage in all elbows showed no significant evidence of degeneration in spite of the prolonged immobility of the joints during the period of coma. Two of the patients also had resection of heterotopic bone about the hip joint which resulted in rapid reformation of bone. In all patients there was restoration of satisfactory function in the elbow operated on without reformation of bone. Follow-up was from ten months to 8.7 years.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of heterotopic ossification at the elbow following long-term coma. Nine cases of heterotopic ossification at the elbow in seven patients who had a cerebral injury and prolonged coma were treated by excision of the extra-articular bone bridge from the humerus to the ulna. The bridge was either anterior or posterior, and did not involve the radius. The articular cartilage in all elbows showed no significant evidence of degeneration in spite of the prolonged immobility of the joints during the period of coma. Two of the patients also had resection of heterotopic bone about the hip joint which resulted in rapid reformation of bone. In all patients there was restoration of satisfactory function in the elbow operated on without reformation of bone. Follow-up was from ten months to 8.7 years.", "PMID": 110815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9400", "title": "Comparison of purified anti-actin and fluorescent-heavy meromyosin staining patterns in dividing cells.", "content": "We purified actin antibodies by affinity chromatography from the serum of rabbits immunized with glutaraldehyde-fixed chicken gizzard actin filaments and used this anti-actin to localize actin in myofibrils and fixed cultured cells at each stage of the cell cycle. By double immunodiffusion the anti-actin reacted with both smooth and skeletal muscle actin. Several blocking and absorption experiments demonstrated that the antibodies also bound specifically to actin in nonmuscle cells. The same structures stained using either the direct or the indirect fluorescent antibody technique; and, while the indirect method was more sensitive, the direct method was superior because there was no detectable nonspecific staining. As expected, anti-actin stained the I-band of myofibrils. It also stained stress fibers and membrane ruffles in HeLa cells. Some PtK-2 cells have straight stress fibers which stained with anti-actin, but in confluent cultures all PtK-2 cells have, instead, sinuous phase-dense fibers which stained with antibody. At prophase the whole cytoplasm stained uniformly with anti-actin. During metaphase and anaphase, anti-actin staining was concentrated diffusely in the mitotic spindle. In contrast, fluorescent heavy meromyosin stained discrete fine spindle fibers in these fixed cells. During cytokinesis, anti-actin stained the whole cytoplasm uniformly and was not concentrated in the cleavage furrow.", "contents": "Comparison of purified anti-actin and fluorescent-heavy meromyosin staining patterns in dividing cells. We purified actin antibodies by affinity chromatography from the serum of rabbits immunized with glutaraldehyde-fixed chicken gizzard actin filaments and used this anti-actin to localize actin in myofibrils and fixed cultured cells at each stage of the cell cycle. By double immunodiffusion the anti-actin reacted with both smooth and skeletal muscle actin. Several blocking and absorption experiments demonstrated that the antibodies also bound specifically to actin in nonmuscle cells. The same structures stained using either the direct or the indirect fluorescent antibody technique; and, while the indirect method was more sensitive, the direct method was superior because there was no detectable nonspecific staining. As expected, anti-actin stained the I-band of myofibrils. It also stained stress fibers and membrane ruffles in HeLa cells. Some PtK-2 cells have straight stress fibers which stained with anti-actin, but in confluent cultures all PtK-2 cells have, instead, sinuous phase-dense fibers which stained with antibody. At prophase the whole cytoplasm stained uniformly with anti-actin. During metaphase and anaphase, anti-actin staining was concentrated diffusely in the mitotic spindle. In contrast, fluorescent heavy meromyosin stained discrete fine spindle fibers in these fixed cells. During cytokinesis, anti-actin stained the whole cytoplasm uniformly and was not concentrated in the cleavage furrow.", "PMID": 110816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9401", "title": "Reversible alteration  in the neuromuscular junctions of Drosophila melanogaster bearing a temperature-sensitive mutation, shibire.", "content": "In this study we report a relationship between the ultrastruct of the neuromuscular junctions of tibial muscles and the temperature-induced paralysis in shibire flies. There is a decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles of neuromuscular junctions in flies which are held at or above 29 degrees. Shortly after return to 22 degrees C, the synaptic vesicles are again present in large numbers. Prior treatment with tetrodotoxin or barbiturate protects the junctions from the temperature change in morphology.", "contents": "Reversible alteration  in the neuromuscular junctions of Drosophila melanogaster bearing a temperature-sensitive mutation, shibire. In this study we report a relationship between the ultrastruct of the neuromuscular junctions of tibial muscles and the temperature-induced paralysis in shibire flies. There is a decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles of neuromuscular junctions in flies which are held at or above 29 degrees. Shortly after return to 22 degrees C, the synaptic vesicles are again present in large numbers. Prior treatment with tetrodotoxin or barbiturate protects the junctions from the temperature change in morphology.", "PMID": 110817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9402", "title": "A precursor of cytoplasmic actin in cultured Drosophila cells.", "content": "In continuous lines of cultured Drosophila cells two forms of cytoplasmic actin, designated II and III, are detected after a 25- to 120-min pulse label with [35S]methionine. However, only one of these, actin II, accumulates in the cell. With the use of a pulse-chase protocol and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, it has been found that actin III is synthesized as a precursor of the more stable cytoplasmic actin II. The half-life of actin III was estimated to be approximately 50 min.", "contents": "A precursor of cytoplasmic actin in cultured Drosophila cells. In continuous lines of cultured Drosophila cells two forms of cytoplasmic actin, designated II and III, are detected after a 25- to 120-min pulse label with [35S]methionine. However, only one of these, actin II, accumulates in the cell. With the use of a pulse-chase protocol and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, it has been found that actin III is synthesized as a precursor of the more stable cytoplasmic actin II. The half-life of actin III was estimated to be approximately 50 min.", "PMID": 110818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9403", "title": "Effects of hydrostatic pressure in the range 100-300 atmospheres on cell division and protein synthesis in synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis: a comparison with cycloheximide and emetine.", "content": "Heat-synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis have been subjected to 5-, 15- and 30-minute pulses of hydrostatic pressure in the range 100-300 atm, without being simultaneously subjected to significant heats of compression. The pressure-induced division delays depend on (1) the level of pressure used, (2) the length of pressure pulse and (3) the time after the synchronizing treatment at which the pressure is applied. A pressure-dependent inhibition of 3H-leucine incorporation into protein was also measured. Comparison of the effects of pressure with those of pulse treatments of cycloheximide and emetine on cell division and protein synthesis revealed that the physical agent produced characteristically different responses from those of the chemical agents. Of particular interest was the fact that the division delays induced by pressures of 200 atm and above were greater than those observed after treatments with cyclohexmide and emetine which produced comparable levels of protein synthesis inhibition. Pressure also delayed cells if it was applied at a time when addition of chemical inhibitors had little effect on the first synchronous division. The results show that inhibition of protein synthesis by pressure cannot entirely account for pressure-induced effects on cell division. The possibility that pressure may also directly affect other processes, such as the assembly of proteins into structure required for division, is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of hydrostatic pressure in the range 100-300 atmospheres on cell division and protein synthesis in synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis: a comparison with cycloheximide and emetine. Heat-synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis have been subjected to 5-, 15- and 30-minute pulses of hydrostatic pressure in the range 100-300 atm, without being simultaneously subjected to significant heats of compression. The pressure-induced division delays depend on (1) the level of pressure used, (2) the length of pressure pulse and (3) the time after the synchronizing treatment at which the pressure is applied. A pressure-dependent inhibition of 3H-leucine incorporation into protein was also measured. Comparison of the effects of pressure with those of pulse treatments of cycloheximide and emetine on cell division and protein synthesis revealed that the physical agent produced characteristically different responses from those of the chemical agents. Of particular interest was the fact that the division delays induced by pressures of 200 atm and above were greater than those observed after treatments with cyclohexmide and emetine which produced comparable levels of protein synthesis inhibition. Pressure also delayed cells if it was applied at a time when addition of chemical inhibitors had little effect on the first synchronous division. The results show that inhibition of protein synthesis by pressure cannot entirely account for pressure-induced effects on cell division. The possibility that pressure may also directly affect other processes, such as the assembly of proteins into structure required for division, is discussed.", "PMID": 110819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9404", "title": "Dual capacity for nutrient uptake in Tetrahymena. V. Utilization of amino acids and proteins.", "content": "We investigated the relative contributions of phagocytosis and plasma membrane transport to the uptake of amino acids and a protein (egg albumin) in amounts which allow Tetrahymena thermophila to grow and multiply. We used a mutant capable of indefinite growth without food vacuole formation (phagocytosis) and its wild type (phagocytosis-competent) isogenic parental strain. Our results suggest that phagocytosis is not required for free amino acid uptake, most or all of which can be attributed to carrier-mediated transport systems, apparently located on the plasma membrane. In contrast, phagocytosis is required for utilization of the protein. Proteins can supply required amino acids in amounts sufficient for growth only when food vacuoles are formed. We conclude that Tetrahymena thermophila either possesses no endocytic mechanisms at the cell surface other than food vacuole formation or, if it does, these putative mechanisms are not capable of nutritionally meaningful rates of protein uptake.", "contents": "Dual capacity for nutrient uptake in Tetrahymena. V. Utilization of amino acids and proteins. We investigated the relative contributions of phagocytosis and plasma membrane transport to the uptake of amino acids and a protein (egg albumin) in amounts which allow Tetrahymena thermophila to grow and multiply. We used a mutant capable of indefinite growth without food vacuole formation (phagocytosis) and its wild type (phagocytosis-competent) isogenic parental strain. Our results suggest that phagocytosis is not required for free amino acid uptake, most or all of which can be attributed to carrier-mediated transport systems, apparently located on the plasma membrane. In contrast, phagocytosis is required for utilization of the protein. Proteins can supply required amino acids in amounts sufficient for growth only when food vacuoles are formed. We conclude that Tetrahymena thermophila either possesses no endocytic mechanisms at the cell surface other than food vacuole formation or, if it does, these putative mechanisms are not capable of nutritionally meaningful rates of protein uptake.", "PMID": 110820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9405", "title": "Investigation of a corticosteroid-binding globulin-like molecule in human placenta.", "content": "The existence of an endogenous corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)-like molecule in human placenta has been reported in studies which depended largely on immunological techniques. The experiments reported herein do not support that contention. Using a well characterized antibody to purified human CBG, we were unable to demonstrate CBG in placental cytosol. Although the immunological methods were too insensitive to detect CBG, the presence of small amounts of it were detected in binding experiments with [3H]cortisol. Simultaneous measurement of serum albumin indicated that the presence of CBG in the placental cytosol could be accounted for by contamination of the preparation with plasma.", "contents": "Investigation of a corticosteroid-binding globulin-like molecule in human placenta. The existence of an endogenous corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)-like molecule in human placenta has been reported in studies which depended largely on immunological techniques. The experiments reported herein do not support that contention. Using a well characterized antibody to purified human CBG, we were unable to demonstrate CBG in placental cytosol. Although the immunological methods were too insensitive to detect CBG, the presence of small amounts of it were detected in binding experiments with [3H]cortisol. Simultaneous measurement of serum albumin indicated that the presence of CBG in the placental cytosol could be accounted for by contamination of the preparation with plasma.", "PMID": 110822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9406", "title": "Inherited abnormal thyroid hormone-binding protein causing selective increase of total serum thyroxine.", "content": "A 9-yr-old boy is described in whom increased serum T4 concentration, increased T3 uptake, and increased free T4 index were associated with a euthyroid clinical state with normal total serum T3. T4-binding globulin (TBG), measured by RIA, was decreased. Reverse flow paper electrophoresis of serum proteins after reaction with radioactively labeled T4 demonstrated increased binding of T4 to a protein with electrophoretic mobility corresponding to albumin. Displacement of serum protein-bo-nd [125I]T4 activity by increasing concentrations of T4 revealed the presence of a low affinity, high binding capacity system with an association constant similar to that of T4-binding prealbumin. This low affinity binding protein cochromatographed with TBG on a DEAE-Sephadex column which normally separates TBG from T4-binding prealbumin. At free T4 concentrations equivalent to those present in the plasma of normal individuals, the T4 bound to free ratio is higher in the patient than in normals and the total serum T4 level is increased in the presence of normal free T4 concentrations. The relative affinity of this abnormal T4-binding protein for T3 is low compared to that of TBG. The patient's father had the same abnormal binding protein, which was not found in his mother or fraternal twin brother. These data suggest an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance of an aberration leading to synthesis of a new protein instead of normal TBG. The new protein is different from TBG in electrophoretic mobility, T4 and T3 binding, and antigenic properties.", "contents": "Inherited abnormal thyroid hormone-binding protein causing selective increase of total serum thyroxine. A 9-yr-old boy is described in whom increased serum T4 concentration, increased T3 uptake, and increased free T4 index were associated with a euthyroid clinical state with normal total serum T3. T4-binding globulin (TBG), measured by RIA, was decreased. Reverse flow paper electrophoresis of serum proteins after reaction with radioactively labeled T4 demonstrated increased binding of T4 to a protein with electrophoretic mobility corresponding to albumin. Displacement of serum protein-bo-nd [125I]T4 activity by increasing concentrations of T4 revealed the presence of a low affinity, high binding capacity system with an association constant similar to that of T4-binding prealbumin. This low affinity binding protein cochromatographed with TBG on a DEAE-Sephadex column which normally separates TBG from T4-binding prealbumin. At free T4 concentrations equivalent to those present in the plasma of normal individuals, the T4 bound to free ratio is higher in the patient than in normals and the total serum T4 level is increased in the presence of normal free T4 concentrations. The relative affinity of this abnormal T4-binding protein for T3 is low compared to that of TBG. The patient's father had the same abnormal binding protein, which was not found in his mother or fraternal twin brother. These data suggest an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance of an aberration leading to synthesis of a new protein instead of normal TBG. The new protein is different from TBG in electrophoretic mobility, T4 and T3 binding, and antigenic properties.", "PMID": 110823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9407", "title": "Hen fluorescein-labeled gonococcal lipopolysaccharide antibody in the delayed fluorescent antibody technique for the confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "A fluorescent antibody reagent (termed anti-LPS conjugate) was prepared from sera obtained from hens immunized with gonococcal R-type lipopolysaccharide. The reagent was absorbed with Formalin-treated cells of Neisseria meningitidis. The anti-LPS conjugate gave uniform brilliant staining of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with little background fluorescence, thus making interpretation and reading of fluorescence simple. The conjugate did not significantly stain cultures of N. meningitidis, Neisseria lactamica, nonpathogenic Neisseria species, or other gram-negative bacteria. Several preparations of the conjugate provided the same specificity and reproducibility of staining. The anti-LPS conjugate was compared with Difco Laboratories fluorescent antibody conjugate for staining of N. gonorrhoeae. Both conjugates stained cells of the light and dark variants of gonococcal colony types 1 and 2, as well as cells of colony types 3 and 4. When used for the confirmation of N. gonorrhoeae, the anti-LPS and Difco conjugates stained 426 of 431 (98.8%) and 210 of 213 (98.6%) of the gonococcal cultures, respectively. Absorption of the anti-LPS conjugate with R-type lipopolysaccharide removed the staining of gonococci. However, absorption of Difco conjugate with R-type lipopolysaccharide did not remove the staining of gonococci, suggesting that the majority of fluorescein-labeled antibody present in the Difco conjugate is directed to gonococcal cell surface components other than lipopolysaccharide. The results of this study indicate that fluorescein-labeled gonococcal lipopolysaccharide antibody should be a reliable fluorescent antibody reagent for the confirmation of N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Hen fluorescein-labeled gonococcal lipopolysaccharide antibody in the delayed fluorescent antibody technique for the confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A fluorescent antibody reagent (termed anti-LPS conjugate) was prepared from sera obtained from hens immunized with gonococcal R-type lipopolysaccharide. The reagent was absorbed with Formalin-treated cells of Neisseria meningitidis. The anti-LPS conjugate gave uniform brilliant staining of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with little background fluorescence, thus making interpretation and reading of fluorescence simple. The conjugate did not significantly stain cultures of N. meningitidis, Neisseria lactamica, nonpathogenic Neisseria species, or other gram-negative bacteria. Several preparations of the conjugate provided the same specificity and reproducibility of staining. The anti-LPS conjugate was compared with Difco Laboratories fluorescent antibody conjugate for staining of N. gonorrhoeae. Both conjugates stained cells of the light and dark variants of gonococcal colony types 1 and 2, as well as cells of colony types 3 and 4. When used for the confirmation of N. gonorrhoeae, the anti-LPS and Difco conjugates stained 426 of 431 (98.8%) and 210 of 213 (98.6%) of the gonococcal cultures, respectively. Absorption of the anti-LPS conjugate with R-type lipopolysaccharide removed the staining of gonococci. However, absorption of Difco conjugate with R-type lipopolysaccharide did not remove the staining of gonococci, suggesting that the majority of fluorescein-labeled antibody present in the Difco conjugate is directed to gonococcal cell surface components other than lipopolysaccharide. The results of this study indicate that fluorescein-labeled gonococcal lipopolysaccharide antibody should be a reliable fluorescent antibody reagent for the confirmation of N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 110824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9408", "title": "Standardization of direct susceptibility test for blood cultures.", "content": "Insufficient data are available to establish the reliability of direct disk diffusion susceptibility tests performed utilizing positive blood culture broth as inoculum. When Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were used, 0.03 ml of turbid overnight blood culture broth was found to produce zone diameters closely approximating the size of diameters obtained by a standardized method. Results of direct (0.03 ml of inoculum) and standardized susceptibility tests were then compared for 116 positive blood cultures (1,069 individual disk comparisons). There were 1,011 test agreements (94.6%). There were also 48 (4.5%) minor discrepancies (change between sensitive and intermediate or between intermediate and resistant) and 10 (0.9%) major discrepancies (change between sensitive and resistant). The major discrepancies were randomly distributed among several organisms and antibiotics. Discrepancies occurred most frequently in the more clinically acceptable direction; i.e., in 79.3% the direct test indicted greater resistance than the standardized test. These data establish that 0.03 ml of turbid overnight blood culture broth produces results which compare closely to those obtained with standard methods, and in practice yield direct susceptibility results with a clinically acceptable level of reliability.", "contents": "Standardization of direct susceptibility test for blood cultures. Insufficient data are available to establish the reliability of direct disk diffusion susceptibility tests performed utilizing positive blood culture broth as inoculum. When Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were used, 0.03 ml of turbid overnight blood culture broth was found to produce zone diameters closely approximating the size of diameters obtained by a standardized method. Results of direct (0.03 ml of inoculum) and standardized susceptibility tests were then compared for 116 positive blood cultures (1,069 individual disk comparisons). There were 1,011 test agreements (94.6%). There were also 48 (4.5%) minor discrepancies (change between sensitive and intermediate or between intermediate and resistant) and 10 (0.9%) major discrepancies (change between sensitive and resistant). The major discrepancies were randomly distributed among several organisms and antibiotics. Discrepancies occurred most frequently in the more clinically acceptable direction; i.e., in 79.3% the direct test indicted greater resistance than the standardized test. These data establish that 0.03 ml of turbid overnight blood culture broth produces results which compare closely to those obtained with standard methods, and in practice yield direct susceptibility results with a clinically acceptable level of reliability.", "PMID": 110825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9409", "title": "Characterization and identification of 95 diphtheroid (group JK) cultures isolated from clinical specimens.", "content": "Ninety-five cultures of group JK bacteria isolated from clinical specimens were characterized morphologically and biochemically. The microorganisms were isolated primarily from blood cultures. The bacterial cultures produced positive reactions when tested for catalase, Tween hydrolysis, and carbohydrate fermentation. Glucose and galactose were fermented by more than 90% of the organisms. Gas-liquid chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of whole-cell hydrolysates of some of the group JK cultures yielded nearly identical elution profiles. The group JK microorganisms were susceptible to vancomycin but were resistant to most of the other 17 antimicrobial agents tested. A method is presented for differentiating the group JK microorganisms from other similar bacteria encountered in clinical specimens. Although these bacteria rarely occur in clinical specimens, they are capable of producing fatal infections (endocarditis and sepsis) in humans.", "contents": "Characterization and identification of 95 diphtheroid (group JK) cultures isolated from clinical specimens. Ninety-five cultures of group JK bacteria isolated from clinical specimens were characterized morphologically and biochemically. The microorganisms were isolated primarily from blood cultures. The bacterial cultures produced positive reactions when tested for catalase, Tween hydrolysis, and carbohydrate fermentation. Glucose and galactose were fermented by more than 90% of the organisms. Gas-liquid chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of whole-cell hydrolysates of some of the group JK cultures yielded nearly identical elution profiles. The group JK microorganisms were susceptible to vancomycin but were resistant to most of the other 17 antimicrobial agents tested. A method is presented for differentiating the group JK microorganisms from other similar bacteria encountered in clinical specimens. Although these bacteria rarely occur in clinical specimens, they are capable of producing fatal infections (endocarditis and sepsis) in humans.", "PMID": 110826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9410", "title": "Evaluation of two transport systems for gonorrhea cultures.", "content": "The ability of the Transgrow and JEMBEC systems to yield positive cultures when transported to a central laboratory was compared. There were no significant differences in the recovery rates of the two systems. Statistically significant decreases in recovery rate were noted when each system was compared with the traditional plate-candle jar technique.", "contents": "Evaluation of two transport systems for gonorrhea cultures. The ability of the Transgrow and JEMBEC systems to yield positive cultures when transported to a central laboratory was compared. There were no significant differences in the recovery rates of the two systems. Statistically significant decreases in recovery rate were noted when each system was compared with the traditional plate-candle jar technique.", "PMID": 110827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9411", "title": "Rapid and inexpensive microcapillary immunodiffusion assay technique.", "content": "A simple, rapid, and inexpensive single-gel immunodiffusion technique requiring but 1 mul of sample for analysis and an incubation period of only 2 h is described.", "contents": "Rapid and inexpensive microcapillary immunodiffusion assay technique. A simple, rapid, and inexpensive single-gel immunodiffusion technique requiring but 1 mul of sample for analysis and an incubation period of only 2 h is described.", "PMID": 110828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9412", "title": "Use of 2-aminoacetophenone production in identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A grapelike odor is often of diagnostic importance in detecting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in culture and in burn wounds. The compound responsible for the odor has been identified as 2-aminoacetophenone by mass spectroscopy. Although the grape odor is sometimes difficult to detect in culture media, gas chromatographic, fluorometric, and colorimetric methods can be utilized to assay 2-aminoacetophenone production in a variety of media. Its synthesis occurs relatively early in the growth cycle. It has proved easy and convenient to detect 2-aminoacetophenone excretion by P. aeruginosa after 24 h of incubation on blood agar plates employing a fluorometric assay of ether extracts of the agar medium.", "contents": "Use of 2-aminoacetophenone production in identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A grapelike odor is often of diagnostic importance in detecting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in culture and in burn wounds. The compound responsible for the odor has been identified as 2-aminoacetophenone by mass spectroscopy. Although the grape odor is sometimes difficult to detect in culture media, gas chromatographic, fluorometric, and colorimetric methods can be utilized to assay 2-aminoacetophenone production in a variety of media. Its synthesis occurs relatively early in the growth cycle. It has proved easy and convenient to detect 2-aminoacetophenone excretion by P. aeruginosa after 24 h of incubation on blood agar plates employing a fluorometric assay of ether extracts of the agar medium.", "PMID": 110829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9413", "title": "Nuclease enhancement of specific cell agglutination in a serodiagnostic test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Antiserum to a purified type R lipopolysaccharide antigen isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae was used in a slide agglutination test and compared with conventional carbohydrate utilization and fluorescent antibody tests to confirm the identity of laboratory cultures classified as typical or \"atypical\" N. gonorrhoeae. Cultures of Corynebacterium vaginalis, N. meningitidis, N. catarrhalis, N. sicca, and N. lactamicus were also tested in the slide agglutination procedure. The addition of both deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease (1 mg/ml) to the cell suspension medium of phosphate-buffered saline improved the sensitivity and specificity of the agglutination reaction for N. gonorrhoeae. Problems relating to the agglutination test as an aid in identification of N. gonorrhoeae are discussed.", "contents": "Nuclease enhancement of specific cell agglutination in a serodiagnostic test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antiserum to a purified type R lipopolysaccharide antigen isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae was used in a slide agglutination test and compared with conventional carbohydrate utilization and fluorescent antibody tests to confirm the identity of laboratory cultures classified as typical or \"atypical\" N. gonorrhoeae. Cultures of Corynebacterium vaginalis, N. meningitidis, N. catarrhalis, N. sicca, and N. lactamicus were also tested in the slide agglutination procedure. The addition of both deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease (1 mg/ml) to the cell suspension medium of phosphate-buffered saline improved the sensitivity and specificity of the agglutination reaction for N. gonorrhoeae. Problems relating to the agglutination test as an aid in identification of N. gonorrhoeae are discussed.", "PMID": 110830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9414", "title": "A more sensitive plate assay for detection of protease production by Pseudomanas aeruginosa.", "content": "A plate assay to measure protease production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is described. This assay is more sensitive and rapid than established methods.", "contents": "A more sensitive plate assay for detection of protease production by Pseudomanas aeruginosa. A plate assay to measure protease production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is described. This assay is more sensitive and rapid than established methods.", "PMID": 110831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9415", "title": "Serogroup identification of meningococci by a modified antiserum agar method.", "content": "Modifications in the antiserum agar method for serogroup identification of meningococci, which reduce the amount of group-specific antisera required and increase long-term storage of prepoured antiserum agar plates, are described.", "contents": "Serogroup identification of meningococci by a modified antiserum agar method. Modifications in the antiserum agar method for serogroup identification of meningococci, which reduce the amount of group-specific antisera required and increase long-term storage of prepoured antiserum agar plates, are described.", "PMID": 110832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9416", "title": "Selective depression of the xenogeneic cell-mediated lympholysis in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The immunological responsiveness of a panel of 17 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied in an in vitro model of xenogeneic sensitization against mouse lymphoid cells. Generation of cytotoxic thymus-derived (T) cells evaluated by a chromium release assay against labeled target cells was found to be drastically impaired in these lupus patients. Such depression was independent of drug therapy at the time of the study, clinical status, and other immunological parameters such as antibodies against native DNA, complement levels, cryoglobulinemia, circulating immune complexes, or T- and bone marrow-derived (B)-cell numbers. In contrast to the cytotoxic response, the proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin, to allogeneic lymphocytes, and to xenogeneic lymphocytes were not significantly different from those of normal individuals. The latter response was shown to be H-2 restricted with the primed lymphocyte test. These results suggest the presence of a selective defect in the generation or in the expression of killer cells rather than a deficiency in antigen recognition by T cells. The role of serum factor(s) was examined by educating the lymphocytes of normal subjects in the presence of serum from SLE patients. Such manipulation affected both the generation of killer cells and the proliferative response. Finally our observations indicate that depression of cell-mediated immunity in SLE patients may be associated with several mechanisms including a cellular one, specifically affecting the generation of killer T cells, and a humoral one possibly as a result of antilymphocytic antibodies and(or) immune complexes.", "contents": "Selective depression of the xenogeneic cell-mediated lympholysis in systemic lupus erythematosus. The immunological responsiveness of a panel of 17 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied in an in vitro model of xenogeneic sensitization against mouse lymphoid cells. Generation of cytotoxic thymus-derived (T) cells evaluated by a chromium release assay against labeled target cells was found to be drastically impaired in these lupus patients. Such depression was independent of drug therapy at the time of the study, clinical status, and other immunological parameters such as antibodies against native DNA, complement levels, cryoglobulinemia, circulating immune complexes, or T- and bone marrow-derived (B)-cell numbers. In contrast to the cytotoxic response, the proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin, to allogeneic lymphocytes, and to xenogeneic lymphocytes were not significantly different from those of normal individuals. The latter response was shown to be H-2 restricted with the primed lymphocyte test. These results suggest the presence of a selective defect in the generation or in the expression of killer cells rather than a deficiency in antigen recognition by T cells. The role of serum factor(s) was examined by educating the lymphocytes of normal subjects in the presence of serum from SLE patients. Such manipulation affected both the generation of killer cells and the proliferative response. Finally our observations indicate that depression of cell-mediated immunity in SLE patients may be associated with several mechanisms including a cellular one, specifically affecting the generation of killer T cells, and a humoral one possibly as a result of antilymphocytic antibodies and(or) immune complexes.", "PMID": 110833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9417", "title": "Endocrine consequences of continuous antiestrogen therapy with tamoxifen in premenopausal women.", "content": "Daily administration of estrogen antagonists to premenopausal women has been incorporated into the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. We have studied the changes in reproductive hormones, pituitary responses to hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and endometrial histology during treatment with the antiestrogen tamoxifen in five healthy, premenopausal women. These studies were carried out during one menstrual cycle before and during two cycles of antiestrogen treatment. All subjects continued to have regular menses with biphasic basal body temperature records. During treatment, estradiol (E2) levels were increased but followed the usual pattern reflecting follicular maturation and corpus luteum formation. The mean E2 concentration at the midcycle peak and during the luteal phase was twice that observed during the non-treatment cycle. By contrast, the concentrations and secretory patterns of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were not greatly changed, and the gonadotropin responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone were not suppressed. Endometrial biopsies obtained during the follicular phase of control and tamoxifen treatment cycles showed no differences whereas biopsies obtained during the luteal phase of tamoxifen cycles uniformly showed a lack of changes attributed to progesterone action with no progression of histologic changes beyond those expected on day 7-8 of the luteal phase. These observations are consistent with maturation of multiple ovarian follicles, a surprising finding considering the normal gonadotropin concentrations. The retarded development of the endometrium in the presence of supranormal serum E2 and progesterone concentrations is a morphologic demonstration of the antiprogestational effect of antiestrogens. The lack of gonadotropin suppression in the presence of hyperestrogenemia suggests a major antiestrogen action on the hypothalmus and pituitary gland.", "contents": "Endocrine consequences of continuous antiestrogen therapy with tamoxifen in premenopausal women. Daily administration of estrogen antagonists to premenopausal women has been incorporated into the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. We have studied the changes in reproductive hormones, pituitary responses to hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and endometrial histology during treatment with the antiestrogen tamoxifen in five healthy, premenopausal women. These studies were carried out during one menstrual cycle before and during two cycles of antiestrogen treatment. All subjects continued to have regular menses with biphasic basal body temperature records. During treatment, estradiol (E2) levels were increased but followed the usual pattern reflecting follicular maturation and corpus luteum formation. The mean E2 concentration at the midcycle peak and during the luteal phase was twice that observed during the non-treatment cycle. By contrast, the concentrations and secretory patterns of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were not greatly changed, and the gonadotropin responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone were not suppressed. Endometrial biopsies obtained during the follicular phase of control and tamoxifen treatment cycles showed no differences whereas biopsies obtained during the luteal phase of tamoxifen cycles uniformly showed a lack of changes attributed to progesterone action with no progression of histologic changes beyond those expected on day 7-8 of the luteal phase. These observations are consistent with maturation of multiple ovarian follicles, a surprising finding considering the normal gonadotropin concentrations. The retarded development of the endometrium in the presence of supranormal serum E2 and progesterone concentrations is a morphologic demonstration of the antiprogestational effect of antiestrogens. The lack of gonadotropin suppression in the presence of hyperestrogenemia suggests a major antiestrogen action on the hypothalmus and pituitary gland.", "PMID": 110834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9418", "title": "Experimental arterial thromboembolism in baboons. Mechanism, quantitation, and pharmacologic prevention.", "content": "A quantitative primate model of arterial thromboembolism has been characterized with respect to mechanism and usefulness in evaluating modifying variables. The model involved the kinetic measurements of (51)Cr-platelets and (125)I-fibrinogen consumption by femoral arteriovenous cannulae in chaired baboons. Cannula platelet consumption correlated directly with exposed cannular area for irradiated Silastic and polyurethane (correlation coefficients of 0.940 and 0.901, respectively; P < 0.001) and remained steady state for months. Nonirradiated Silastic was only minimally reactive with platelets. Despite increased rates of platelet consumption circulating fibrinogen was not measurably destroyed by any of the cannulae tested. Cannula platelet consumption was independent of cannula flow rate, platelet count, heparin anti-coagulation, and ancrod defibrinogenation.(111)In-platelet imaging of irradiated Silastic cannulae demonstrated luminal accumulation and subsequent embolization of irregular platelet masses. When irradiated Silastic cannulae were inserted as extension segments in the renal arteries of four animals the glomerular vessels became progressively occluded with nonfibrin-containing platelet thromboemboli. Nonirradiated Silastic cannulae in control arteries produced no significant vascular occlusion. Because the survival of platelets from animals with consumptive cannulae was not shortened in normal recipient animals we concluded that platelets were either irreversibly removed through thromboembolic consumption or unaffected in their viability. Oral administration of dipyridamole and sulfinpyrazone decreased cannula platelet consumption in a dose-dependent manner with complete interruption at 20 and 250 mumol/kg body wt per d (in three divided doses), respectively, whereas oral acetylsalicylic acid (10-330 mumol/kg per d) had no measurable effect on cannula platelet consumption. We conclude that this primate model simulates arterial thrombotic processes in man and that this model is suitable for the in vivo evaluation of biomaterials and of drugs that modify platelet behavior.", "contents": "Experimental arterial thromboembolism in baboons. Mechanism, quantitation, and pharmacologic prevention. A quantitative primate model of arterial thromboembolism has been characterized with respect to mechanism and usefulness in evaluating modifying variables. The model involved the kinetic measurements of (51)Cr-platelets and (125)I-fibrinogen consumption by femoral arteriovenous cannulae in chaired baboons. Cannula platelet consumption correlated directly with exposed cannular area for irradiated Silastic and polyurethane (correlation coefficients of 0.940 and 0.901, respectively; P < 0.001) and remained steady state for months. Nonirradiated Silastic was only minimally reactive with platelets. Despite increased rates of platelet consumption circulating fibrinogen was not measurably destroyed by any of the cannulae tested. Cannula platelet consumption was independent of cannula flow rate, platelet count, heparin anti-coagulation, and ancrod defibrinogenation.(111)In-platelet imaging of irradiated Silastic cannulae demonstrated luminal accumulation and subsequent embolization of irregular platelet masses. When irradiated Silastic cannulae were inserted as extension segments in the renal arteries of four animals the glomerular vessels became progressively occluded with nonfibrin-containing platelet thromboemboli. Nonirradiated Silastic cannulae in control arteries produced no significant vascular occlusion. Because the survival of platelets from animals with consumptive cannulae was not shortened in normal recipient animals we concluded that platelets were either irreversibly removed through thromboembolic consumption or unaffected in their viability. Oral administration of dipyridamole and sulfinpyrazone decreased cannula platelet consumption in a dose-dependent manner with complete interruption at 20 and 250 mumol/kg body wt per d (in three divided doses), respectively, whereas oral acetylsalicylic acid (10-330 mumol/kg per d) had no measurable effect on cannula platelet consumption. We conclude that this primate model simulates arterial thrombotic processes in man and that this model is suitable for the in vivo evaluation of biomaterials and of drugs that modify platelet behavior.", "PMID": 110835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9419", "title": "Sonically guided renal biopsy.", "content": "The results of 91 sonically guided renal biopsies are reported. In the 53 cases where renal size and function allowed other localization techniques, renal tissue was obtained in 100 percent and glomeruli in 88.6 percent. In 38 cases no other techniques could have been used because of poor renal function (serum creatinine greater than or equal to 4.0 mg/dl) and/or decreased renal size (less than or equal to 10 cm); in these biopsies renal tissue was obtained in 86.8 percent and glomeruli in 73.7 percent.", "contents": "Sonically guided renal biopsy. The results of 91 sonically guided renal biopsies are reported. In the 53 cases where renal size and function allowed other localization techniques, renal tissue was obtained in 100 percent and glomeruli in 88.6 percent. In 38 cases no other techniques could have been used because of poor renal function (serum creatinine greater than or equal to 4.0 mg/dl) and/or decreased renal size (less than or equal to 10 cm); in these biopsies renal tissue was obtained in 86.8 percent and glomeruli in 73.7 percent.", "PMID": 110839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9420", "title": "The influence of hydration and bladder distension on the sonographic diagnosis of hydronephrosis.", "content": "Renal sonography is frequently employed to exclude obstructive uropathy in patients with uremia. Sonographic findings of moderate bilateral hydronephrosis were encountered in a dehydrated patient undergoing rehydration. Subsequent excretory urography and a follow-up renal sonogram were normal. To investigate the possibility that hydration and bladder distension in an otherwise normal and unobstructed collecting system could result in hydronephrosis detectable by ultrasound, 23 apparently normal volunteers underwent renal sonography in the hydrated and basal states. The filled urinary bladder in a patient undergoing hydration frequently results in the sonographic appearance of hydronephrosis.", "contents": "The influence of hydration and bladder distension on the sonographic diagnosis of hydronephrosis. Renal sonography is frequently employed to exclude obstructive uropathy in patients with uremia. Sonographic findings of moderate bilateral hydronephrosis were encountered in a dehydrated patient undergoing rehydration. Subsequent excretory urography and a follow-up renal sonogram were normal. To investigate the possibility that hydration and bladder distension in an otherwise normal and unobstructed collecting system could result in hydronephrosis detectable by ultrasound, 23 apparently normal volunteers underwent renal sonography in the hydrated and basal states. The filled urinary bladder in a patient undergoing hydration frequently results in the sonographic appearance of hydronephrosis.", "PMID": 110840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9421", "title": "The sonographic findings of splenic metastases.", "content": "The sonographic findings in five patients with metastases to the spleen are demonstrated. Hypoechoic lesions were seen in patients with histiocytic lymphoma, and both echogenic and hypoechoic lesions were seen in patients with melanoma. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "The sonographic findings of splenic metastases. The sonographic findings in five patients with metastases to the spleen are demonstrated. Hypoechoic lesions were seen in patients with histiocytic lymphoma, and both echogenic and hypoechoic lesions were seen in patients with melanoma. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 110841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9422", "title": "A simple optical method for observing medical ultrasound pulse characteristics in vitro.", "content": "An optical method is described for studying the spatial and temporal characteristics of broad-band ultrasonic pulses propagating in transparent media. The simplicity of the approach suggests its consideration as a method for calibration and comparison of the transmitted pulse characteristics of medical ultrasound systems.", "contents": "A simple optical method for observing medical ultrasound pulse characteristics in vitro. An optical method is described for studying the spatial and temporal characteristics of broad-band ultrasonic pulses propagating in transparent media. The simplicity of the approach suggests its consideration as a method for calibration and comparison of the transmitted pulse characteristics of medical ultrasound systems.", "PMID": 110842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9423", "title": "Sonographic anatomy of the normal placenta.", "content": "The normal anatomy of the placenta and the retroplacental area can be well defined with gray scale sonography. The placenta has a characteristic granular echo pattern, with strong echoes emanating from the chorionic plate. After 37 weeks, strong echoes representing calcification may appear; this is a normal physiologic process. The significance of early calcification is unclear. The retroplacental myometrium and venous drainage of the placenta are easily visualized by sonography. Variations in the appearance of the retroplacental myometrium result from different degrees of bladder filling and from uterine contractions. These normal retroplacental structures should not be mistaken for myomas or hematomas.", "contents": "Sonographic anatomy of the normal placenta. The normal anatomy of the placenta and the retroplacental area can be well defined with gray scale sonography. The placenta has a characteristic granular echo pattern, with strong echoes emanating from the chorionic plate. After 37 weeks, strong echoes representing calcification may appear; this is a normal physiologic process. The significance of early calcification is unclear. The retroplacental myometrium and venous drainage of the placenta are easily visualized by sonography. Variations in the appearance of the retroplacental myometrium result from different degrees of bladder filling and from uterine contractions. These normal retroplacental structures should not be mistaken for myomas or hematomas.", "PMID": 110843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9424", "title": "Genetic amniocentesis in multiple pregnancy.", "content": "Eleven cases of twin pregnancy presenting for genetic diagnosis in the second trimester are reported. In all 11 cases, a correct chromosomal diagnosis was made on each of the twins. The technique used required only ultrasound and Evan's blue dye for direction of the amniocentesis. Amniography was not performed. The technique used is described in detail, and its advantages over more standard techniques are described.", "contents": "Genetic amniocentesis in multiple pregnancy. Eleven cases of twin pregnancy presenting for genetic diagnosis in the second trimester are reported. In all 11 cases, a correct chromosomal diagnosis was made on each of the twins. The technique used required only ultrasound and Evan's blue dye for direction of the amniocentesis. Amniography was not performed. The technique used is described in detail, and its advantages over more standard techniques are described.", "PMID": 110844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9425", "title": "An anatomical reinvestigation of the termination of the spinothalamic tract in the monkey.", "content": "The projections of the spinothalamic tract in the macaque monkey have been reinvestigated using the Wiitanen modification of the Fink-Heimer technique. In agreement with previous studies in the monkey (mehler, Bowsher, Kerr) it was found that the spinothalamic tract ascends outside the medial lemniscus, enters the thalamus just dorsal to this structure, and terminates in the posterior, intralaminar and ventral regions, as well as in the zona incerta. The posteromedial nucleus (POm) receives a dense spinothalamic projection medially and ventromedially; elsewhere in the POm the projection is more scattered. The fibers to the intralaminar region terminate in the nucleus centralis lateralis (CL) with a distinct pattern of the distribution. The nucleus centralis medialis (CeM) has a minute projection. There was no evidence for somatotopic organization in the projections to the POm or to the intralaminar region. The distribution of the terminal degeneration in the ventral region was more complex. Although present in the whole nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL), the degeneration was unevenly distributed and also extended beyond the VPL. So-called clusters of dense degeneration lay in the outskirts of the forelimb and hindlimb representation areas, namely at its ventral, ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and medial borders. Centrally the degeneration was scattered. Thus, most of the VPL receives only a sparse spinothalamic projection, but a small portion contains dense networks of terminal spinal fibers. A somatotopic pattern was evident, for after low thoracic lesions most of the medial VPL lacked degeneration. Spinothalamic fibers pass beyond the VPL to terminate in a zone of transition (nucleus ventralis intermedius of V.im of Hassler, '59; Mehler, '71) between the rostral pole of the VPL and the nucleus ventralis lateralis (VL). This zone also reportedly receives cerebellar and vestibular afferent fibers. Observations suggesting that the evolution of the spinothalamic tract and the spino-cervico-thalamic pathway in carnivores and primates may be linked are discussed. The spinothalamic clusters in the monkey's VPL appear to be homologous to much of the cervicothalamic tract projection to the VPL in the cat.", "contents": "An anatomical reinvestigation of the termination of the spinothalamic tract in the monkey. The projections of the spinothalamic tract in the macaque monkey have been reinvestigated using the Wiitanen modification of the Fink-Heimer technique. In agreement with previous studies in the monkey (mehler, Bowsher, Kerr) it was found that the spinothalamic tract ascends outside the medial lemniscus, enters the thalamus just dorsal to this structure, and terminates in the posterior, intralaminar and ventral regions, as well as in the zona incerta. The posteromedial nucleus (POm) receives a dense spinothalamic projection medially and ventromedially; elsewhere in the POm the projection is more scattered. The fibers to the intralaminar region terminate in the nucleus centralis lateralis (CL) with a distinct pattern of the distribution. The nucleus centralis medialis (CeM) has a minute projection. There was no evidence for somatotopic organization in the projections to the POm or to the intralaminar region. The distribution of the terminal degeneration in the ventral region was more complex. Although present in the whole nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL), the degeneration was unevenly distributed and also extended beyond the VPL. So-called clusters of dense degeneration lay in the outskirts of the forelimb and hindlimb representation areas, namely at its ventral, ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and medial borders. Centrally the degeneration was scattered. Thus, most of the VPL receives only a sparse spinothalamic projection, but a small portion contains dense networks of terminal spinal fibers. A somatotopic pattern was evident, for after low thoracic lesions most of the medial VPL lacked degeneration. Spinothalamic fibers pass beyond the VPL to terminate in a zone of transition (nucleus ventralis intermedius of V.im of Hassler, '59; Mehler, '71) between the rostral pole of the VPL and the nucleus ventralis lateralis (VL). This zone also reportedly receives cerebellar and vestibular afferent fibers. Observations suggesting that the evolution of the spinothalamic tract and the spino-cervico-thalamic pathway in carnivores and primates may be linked are discussed. The spinothalamic clusters in the monkey's VPL appear to be homologous to much of the cervicothalamic tract projection to the VPL in the cat.", "PMID": 110850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9426", "title": "Layer I of striate cortex of Tupaia glis and Galago senegalensis: projections from thalamus and claustrum revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "We have examined the origin of the subcortical projections to the superficial layers of the striate cortex in Tupaia glis and Galago senegalensis by using the retrograde transport of HRP. Crystals of HRP were laid directly on the moist pial surface of the cortex which had been gently pricked with a small glass pipette. The diffusion of HRP was limited to layers I and II by restricting the length of time that the HRP was in contact with the surface. Following the application of HRP to the striate cortex, labeled cells were found in restricted regions of the lateral geniculate body of both species. Layers 4 and 5 of galago and layer 3 of tree shrew contained dense clusters of labeled cells. Labeled neurons were also found in the zones between the layers of the lateral geniculate body in both species and these cells were always in register with the labeled cells within the layers. In galago, curved columns of labeled cells were observed in the inferior and superior subdivisions of the pulvinar nucleus. These columns were arranged in the shape of two arcs, joined at the fiber bundle which separates the two subdivisions. The position of the bands in the pulvinar nucleus varied with the locus of the application in the striate cortex. While no labeled cells were seen in the body of the pulvinar nucleus of tree shrew, small labeled neurons were found in the external medullary lamina forming the capsule of the pulvinar nucleus. These cells were continuous with a larger population of labeled cells in the lateral intermediate nucleus. In both species, labeled cells were also found in the intralaminar nuclei (particularly the paracentral nucleus) and in the dorsal-caudal portion of the claustrum. In the claustrum, few unlabeled neurons were present within the zone containing labeled cells. In conclusion, layer I os striate cortex appears to be the site of convergence of several projection systems originating from principal and intralaminar thalamic nuclei as well as the claustrum. The significance of this overlap is discussed in terms of the total cortical extent of each system.", "contents": "Layer I of striate cortex of Tupaia glis and Galago senegalensis: projections from thalamus and claustrum revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. We have examined the origin of the subcortical projections to the superficial layers of the striate cortex in Tupaia glis and Galago senegalensis by using the retrograde transport of HRP. Crystals of HRP were laid directly on the moist pial surface of the cortex which had been gently pricked with a small glass pipette. The diffusion of HRP was limited to layers I and II by restricting the length of time that the HRP was in contact with the surface. Following the application of HRP to the striate cortex, labeled cells were found in restricted regions of the lateral geniculate body of both species. Layers 4 and 5 of galago and layer 3 of tree shrew contained dense clusters of labeled cells. Labeled neurons were also found in the zones between the layers of the lateral geniculate body in both species and these cells were always in register with the labeled cells within the layers. In galago, curved columns of labeled cells were observed in the inferior and superior subdivisions of the pulvinar nucleus. These columns were arranged in the shape of two arcs, joined at the fiber bundle which separates the two subdivisions. The position of the bands in the pulvinar nucleus varied with the locus of the application in the striate cortex. While no labeled cells were seen in the body of the pulvinar nucleus of tree shrew, small labeled neurons were found in the external medullary lamina forming the capsule of the pulvinar nucleus. These cells were continuous with a larger population of labeled cells in the lateral intermediate nucleus. In both species, labeled cells were also found in the intralaminar nuclei (particularly the paracentral nucleus) and in the dorsal-caudal portion of the claustrum. In the claustrum, few unlabeled neurons were present within the zone containing labeled cells. In conclusion, layer I os striate cortex appears to be the site of convergence of several projection systems originating from principal and intralaminar thalamic nuclei as well as the claustrum. The significance of this overlap is discussed in terms of the total cortical extent of each system.", "PMID": 110851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9427", "title": "A quantitative investigation of spine and dendrite development of neurons in visual cortex (area 17) of Macaca nemestrina monkeys.", "content": "In a previous Golgi study (Lund et al., '77) which examined the development of the macaque monkey striate cortex (area 17) it was observed that the dendrites of neurons within the visual cortex show a marked increase in the number of spines on their surface during the first eight weeks of postnatal life. The qualitative observation was also made that all neurons then showed a marked decrease in spine numbers by the time the animal was adult. Since these spines are known to be sites of synaptic contact, changes in their numbers may reflect changes in synapse populations on these neurons. This study examines quantitatively spine frequency and total dendritic development of Golgi impregnated neurons in monkeys ranging in age from 145 days gestation to adult. Four cell types were studied: spiny stellate neurons from laminae IVCalpha and IVCbeta and pyramidal neurons with soma in either lamina IIIB or upper lamina VI. After consideration of possible sources of variation in spine numbers several conclusions are made: (1) Dendritic spine development appears to be a tightly controlled process both in terms of actual numbers of spines on a neuron at any one age and in the rate of change of spine frequency. (2) The neurons populations examined all show a gradual increase in spine numbers up to eight weeks of age. (3) At least two different trends are found in spine population maturation after the eight week point: (A)-the spine population may remain constant at the eight week level for same period of time or (B)-there may be a rapid decline in spine numbers following the eight week peak. (4) There is a suggestion that those neurons associated with direct input, or early stages in the relays, from the parvocellular geniculate laminae show trend B, while those associated with magnocellular input, or later order combined relays within the cortex, show trend A. (5) Different parts of a single pyramidal neuron dendrite may show either trend A or trend B, depending on the lamina location of the dendritic segment considered. (6) All neurons show spine population decreases between nine months of age and adult (5-7 years) suggesting continuing long term maturational changes.", "contents": "A quantitative investigation of spine and dendrite development of neurons in visual cortex (area 17) of Macaca nemestrina monkeys. In a previous Golgi study (Lund et al., '77) which examined the development of the macaque monkey striate cortex (area 17) it was observed that the dendrites of neurons within the visual cortex show a marked increase in the number of spines on their surface during the first eight weeks of postnatal life. The qualitative observation was also made that all neurons then showed a marked decrease in spine numbers by the time the animal was adult. Since these spines are known to be sites of synaptic contact, changes in their numbers may reflect changes in synapse populations on these neurons. This study examines quantitatively spine frequency and total dendritic development of Golgi impregnated neurons in monkeys ranging in age from 145 days gestation to adult. Four cell types were studied: spiny stellate neurons from laminae IVCalpha and IVCbeta and pyramidal neurons with soma in either lamina IIIB or upper lamina VI. After consideration of possible sources of variation in spine numbers several conclusions are made: (1) Dendritic spine development appears to be a tightly controlled process both in terms of actual numbers of spines on a neuron at any one age and in the rate of change of spine frequency. (2) The neurons populations examined all show a gradual increase in spine numbers up to eight weeks of age. (3) At least two different trends are found in spine population maturation after the eight week point: (A)-the spine population may remain constant at the eight week level for same period of time or (B)-there may be a rapid decline in spine numbers following the eight week peak. (4) There is a suggestion that those neurons associated with direct input, or early stages in the relays, from the parvocellular geniculate laminae show trend B, while those associated with magnocellular input, or later order combined relays within the cortex, show trend A. (5) Different parts of a single pyramidal neuron dendrite may show either trend A or trend B, depending on the lamina location of the dendritic segment considered. (6) All neurons show spine population decreases between nine months of age and adult (5-7 years) suggesting continuing long term maturational changes.", "PMID": 110852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9428", "title": "Contrasts in visual responsiveness and emotional arousal between rhesus monkeys raised with living and those raised with inanimate substitute mothers.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were raised with dogs or inanimate surrogates in outdoor cages which provided them with complex, highly varied visual surroundings. Visual responsiveness to a variety of colored transparencies was investigated in three experiments, completed when the monkeys were between 18 and 30 mo old. Results indicated that the frequency and duration of looking at slides was significantly higher for dog-raised than for inanimate-surrogate-raised monkeys and that dog-raised monkeys were much more responsive to the novelty, complexity, ansal were obtained during the final experiment. Heart rate, vocalization, and changes in plasma cortisol were higher for monkeys raised with dogs. The frequency of most self-directed behaviors, however, was higher for monkeys raised with inanimate surrogates. Differences between rearing groups can only be the result of contrasts in attributes of the substitute mothers.", "contents": "Contrasts in visual responsiveness and emotional arousal between rhesus monkeys raised with living and those raised with inanimate substitute mothers. Rhesus monkeys were raised with dogs or inanimate surrogates in outdoor cages which provided them with complex, highly varied visual surroundings. Visual responsiveness to a variety of colored transparencies was investigated in three experiments, completed when the monkeys were between 18 and 30 mo old. Results indicated that the frequency and duration of looking at slides was significantly higher for dog-raised than for inanimate-surrogate-raised monkeys and that dog-raised monkeys were much more responsive to the novelty, complexity, ansal were obtained during the final experiment. Heart rate, vocalization, and changes in plasma cortisol were higher for monkeys raised with dogs. The frequency of most self-directed behaviors, however, was higher for monkeys raised with inanimate surrogates. Differences between rearing groups can only be the result of contrasts in attributes of the substitute mothers.", "PMID": 110854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9429", "title": "The posterior pararenal space: an escape route for retrocrural masses.", "content": "In two patients with retrocrural tumors, dissection of the tumors selectively into the posterior pararenal space was observed by computed tomography. Cadaver studies confirmed the presence of potential communications between the retrocrural space and the extrapleural space of the thorax or the posterior pararneal space of the abdomen.", "contents": "The posterior pararenal space: an escape route for retrocrural masses. In two patients with retrocrural tumors, dissection of the tumors selectively into the posterior pararenal space was observed by computed tomography. Cadaver studies confirmed the presence of potential communications between the retrocrural space and the extrapleural space of the thorax or the posterior pararneal space of the abdomen.", "PMID": 110855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9430", "title": "Characterization of groups N and D streptococci isolated from rumen fluids.", "content": "Twelve strains of streptococci of serological groups N and D were isolated from rumen fluids of nine cows on four rations although both groups were not isolated from the same animal. The twelve were representative of a larger number of streptococci isolated by enrichment in milk. Generally, the physiological characteristics of the isolates indicated members of the lactic or enterococcus groups; however, several were atypical in one or more of the tolerance tests. Physiologically typical Streptococcus lactis but not S. cremoris, were isolated.", "contents": "Characterization of groups N and D streptococci isolated from rumen fluids. Twelve strains of streptococci of serological groups N and D were isolated from rumen fluids of nine cows on four rations although both groups were not isolated from the same animal. The twelve were representative of a larger number of streptococci isolated by enrichment in milk. Generally, the physiological characteristics of the isolates indicated members of the lactic or enterococcus groups; however, several were atypical in one or more of the tolerance tests. Physiologically typical Streptococcus lactis but not S. cremoris, were isolated.", "PMID": 110856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9431", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of exocrine enzymes in normal rat pancreas.", "content": "On the basis of morphological and biochemical differences, the exocrine pancreatic tissue has been divided in peri- and teleinsular regions. In the present study the enzymatic profile of these regions has been investigated by the immunofluorescent technique using antibodies against nine pancreatic enzymes (alpha-amylase, lipase, chymotrypsinogen A, trypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase A and B, DNase and RNase A). These antibodies were specific to their antigens without cross reaction. By immunofluorescence, most acinar cells of the normal rat pancreas were positive to the nine enzymes tested. However, an inhomogeneity in the staining pattern was found; specifically, the cells located in the periinsular region of many islets showed a brighter fluorescence than acinar cells in the teleinsular tissue. These data add a new parameter to describe the inhomogeneity of the exocrine pancreas.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of exocrine enzymes in normal rat pancreas. On the basis of morphological and biochemical differences, the exocrine pancreatic tissue has been divided in peri- and teleinsular regions. In the present study the enzymatic profile of these regions has been investigated by the immunofluorescent technique using antibodies against nine pancreatic enzymes (alpha-amylase, lipase, chymotrypsinogen A, trypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase A and B, DNase and RNase A). These antibodies were specific to their antigens without cross reaction. By immunofluorescence, most acinar cells of the normal rat pancreas were positive to the nine enzymes tested. However, an inhomogeneity in the staining pattern was found; specifically, the cells located in the periinsular region of many islets showed a brighter fluorescence than acinar cells in the teleinsular tissue. These data add a new parameter to describe the inhomogeneity of the exocrine pancreas.", "PMID": 110872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9432", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase ferredoxin in the renal tissue of chick.", "content": "The chick renal mitochondrial 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase is composed of three proteins, namely, cytochrome P-450, iron-sulfur protein (ferredoxin) and flavoprotein. Antibodies were raised in rabbits against homogeneous preparations of the ferredoxin. The antibodies were used in indirect immunofluorescence studies to localize the ferrdoxin along the nephron of renal tissues obtained either from vitamin D3-deficient or vitamin D3-sufficient chicks. The ferredoxin is predominantly localized in the glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubules. These results suggest that, in addition to the mitochondrial localization of the 1-hydroxylase, the enzyme may also be present in renal nuclei. The amount of the ferredoxin in kidney, as evidenced by the intensity of fluorescence, appeared to be independent of the vitamin D status of the chick. This finding indicated that changes in the concentration of the renal ferredoxin is not a major factor in the regulation of the 1-hydroxylase activity.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase ferredoxin in the renal tissue of chick. The chick renal mitochondrial 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase is composed of three proteins, namely, cytochrome P-450, iron-sulfur protein (ferredoxin) and flavoprotein. Antibodies were raised in rabbits against homogeneous preparations of the ferredoxin. The antibodies were used in indirect immunofluorescence studies to localize the ferrdoxin along the nephron of renal tissues obtained either from vitamin D3-deficient or vitamin D3-sufficient chicks. The ferredoxin is predominantly localized in the glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubules. These results suggest that, in addition to the mitochondrial localization of the 1-hydroxylase, the enzyme may also be present in renal nuclei. The amount of the ferredoxin in kidney, as evidenced by the intensity of fluorescence, appeared to be independent of the vitamin D status of the chick. This finding indicated that changes in the concentration of the renal ferredoxin is not a major factor in the regulation of the 1-hydroxylase activity.", "PMID": 110873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9433", "title": "Spectra of cells in flow cytometry using a vidicon detector.", "content": "A TV type vidicon detector was interfaced to a flow cytometer (FCM) to obtain spectra of fluorophores in cells during flow. The normal operations of the FCM are undisturbed. A spectrograph spreads 320 nm of the fluorophore fluorescence emission across the 500 channels of the detector. Spectra of fluorescamine (a surface labeling agent) and of propidium iodide (a nuclear stain) were obtained from Balb 3T3 cells, and the chlorophyll and phycobilin peaks were resolved from flowing blue-green algae in the FCM. Under typical flow conditions, operation of the vidicon in the continuous mode gives for these fluorophores a S/N of several hundred to one in approximately 3 sec. The vidicon was also gated to obtain spectra of single cells and of cells in selected portions of the cell cycle. For example, the spectrum of fluorescamine was obtained from cells in the G1 phase of the growth cycle by using as a gate trigger the FCM discriminator output derived from the propidium iodide signal.", "contents": "Spectra of cells in flow cytometry using a vidicon detector. A TV type vidicon detector was interfaced to a flow cytometer (FCM) to obtain spectra of fluorophores in cells during flow. The normal operations of the FCM are undisturbed. A spectrograph spreads 320 nm of the fluorophore fluorescence emission across the 500 channels of the detector. Spectra of fluorescamine (a surface labeling agent) and of propidium iodide (a nuclear stain) were obtained from Balb 3T3 cells, and the chlorophyll and phycobilin peaks were resolved from flowing blue-green algae in the FCM. Under typical flow conditions, operation of the vidicon in the continuous mode gives for these fluorophores a S/N of several hundred to one in approximately 3 sec. The vidicon was also gated to obtain spectra of single cells and of cells in selected portions of the cell cycle. For example, the spectrum of fluorescamine was obtained from cells in the G1 phase of the growth cycle by using as a gate trigger the FCM discriminator output derived from the propidium iodide signal.", "PMID": 110874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9434", "title": "Measurement of endotoxins with the limulus test in burned patients.", "content": "High titres of endotoxin as measured by the Limulus test were usually found in burned patients who had raised body temperatures, and were colonized with gram-negative bacteria; also some infected patients showed raised endotoxin without a raised temperature. Patients vaccinated with an antipseudomonas vaccine rarely showed endotoxin in their plasma but occasional plasma samples from vaccinated patients had a high titre of endotoxin which appeared unrelated to infection or to a raised temperature in the patient.", "contents": "Measurement of endotoxins with the limulus test in burned patients. High titres of endotoxin as measured by the Limulus test were usually found in burned patients who had raised body temperatures, and were colonized with gram-negative bacteria; also some infected patients showed raised endotoxin without a raised temperature. Patients vaccinated with an antipseudomonas vaccine rarely showed endotoxin in their plasma but occasional plasma samples from vaccinated patients had a high titre of endotoxin which appeared unrelated to infection or to a raised temperature in the patient.", "PMID": 110875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9435", "title": "Vaccination against influenza: a five-year study in the Post Office.", "content": "An injection of influenza vaccine was offered to approximately 60 000 Postal and Telecommunications staff at the beginning of five successive winters. The sickness absence of this group, which included those who accepted the offer of vaccine as well as those who did not, was compared throughout the winter with that of a similar number of employees who were not offered vaccine. The two groups, ;vaccinated' and control, comprised the staff of nearly 400 Post Office units scattered throughout Great Britain, the units of the two groups being matched as far as practicable for numbers employed, type of work, region and type of location.The proportion who accepted vaccine fell from 42% in the first year (when only 26 000 Telecommunications employees were offered vaccine) to 35% in the second year, and 25% by the fifth year.With the exception of Telecommunications employees in 1972-73, the sickness absence rate of the group offered vaccine was less than that of the group not offered vaccine, and the difference was evident during the winter observation periods both when influenza was prevalent and when it was not. In the last four years of the study the average difference in sickness absence between the ;vaccinated' and control groups was 1.26 days per 100 employees per week during and 1.12 days outside the influenza periods. Moreover, the difference during the influenza periods was greater than could be expected from the acceptance rate of vaccine and the estimated attack rate of influenza. The apparent reduction in sickness absence of the group offered vaccine in comparison with the group not offered vaccine represented an appreciable saving in cost.It is suggested than an annual influenza vaccination campaign in industry may produce financial benefit, but that only a proportion of the benefit is due to an improvement in health.", "contents": "Vaccination against influenza: a five-year study in the Post Office. An injection of influenza vaccine was offered to approximately 60 000 Postal and Telecommunications staff at the beginning of five successive winters. The sickness absence of this group, which included those who accepted the offer of vaccine as well as those who did not, was compared throughout the winter with that of a similar number of employees who were not offered vaccine. The two groups, ;vaccinated' and control, comprised the staff of nearly 400 Post Office units scattered throughout Great Britain, the units of the two groups being matched as far as practicable for numbers employed, type of work, region and type of location.The proportion who accepted vaccine fell from 42% in the first year (when only 26 000 Telecommunications employees were offered vaccine) to 35% in the second year, and 25% by the fifth year.With the exception of Telecommunications employees in 1972-73, the sickness absence rate of the group offered vaccine was less than that of the group not offered vaccine, and the difference was evident during the winter observation periods both when influenza was prevalent and when it was not. In the last four years of the study the average difference in sickness absence between the ;vaccinated' and control groups was 1.26 days per 100 employees per week during and 1.12 days outside the influenza periods. Moreover, the difference during the influenza periods was greater than could be expected from the acceptance rate of vaccine and the estimated attack rate of influenza. The apparent reduction in sickness absence of the group offered vaccine in comparison with the group not offered vaccine represented an appreciable saving in cost.It is suggested than an annual influenza vaccination campaign in industry may produce financial benefit, but that only a proportion of the benefit is due to an improvement in health.", "PMID": 110876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9436", "title": "Modulation of natural cytotoxicity by alloantibodies. I. Alloantisera enhancement of cytotoxicity of mouse spleen cells toward a human myeloid cell line.", "content": "Natural killer activity of spleen cells obtained from different strains of mice against the human myeloid leukemia cell line, K562, and two mouse cell lines P815 and L1210 was measured by using the 4-hr chromium release assay. The level of cytotoxic activity of spleen cells against the K562 target was usually less than 4% lysis. However, treatment of the spleen cells with a specific anti-H-2 antiserum resulted in a dose-dependent augmentation of the degree of lysis of K562 cells. The augmentation of cytotoxic activity could be obtained by pretreatment of the spleen cells with antisera or by directly adding the antisera to the cytotox-incubation medium. Anti-thy-1 and anti-immunoglobulin antisera had no enhancing effect under similar conditions. The specific alloantisera-treated spleen cells did not show any increase in cytotoxicity against P815 and L1210 target cells. Spleen cells responsible for the alloantiserum-mediated augmentation of cytotoxicity against K562 cells appear to be different from T or B cells as indicated by their resistance to anti-thy-1 and complement treatment and lack of adherence to nylon wool columns.", "contents": "Modulation of natural cytotoxicity by alloantibodies. I. Alloantisera enhancement of cytotoxicity of mouse spleen cells toward a human myeloid cell line. Natural killer activity of spleen cells obtained from different strains of mice against the human myeloid leukemia cell line, K562, and two mouse cell lines P815 and L1210 was measured by using the 4-hr chromium release assay. The level of cytotoxic activity of spleen cells against the K562 target was usually less than 4% lysis. However, treatment of the spleen cells with a specific anti-H-2 antiserum resulted in a dose-dependent augmentation of the degree of lysis of K562 cells. The augmentation of cytotoxic activity could be obtained by pretreatment of the spleen cells with antisera or by directly adding the antisera to the cytotox-incubation medium. Anti-thy-1 and anti-immunoglobulin antisera had no enhancing effect under similar conditions. The specific alloantisera-treated spleen cells did not show any increase in cytotoxicity against P815 and L1210 target cells. Spleen cells responsible for the alloantiserum-mediated augmentation of cytotoxicity against K562 cells appear to be different from T or B cells as indicated by their resistance to anti-thy-1 and complement treatment and lack of adherence to nylon wool columns.", "PMID": 110883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9437", "title": "Sensitive and convenient quantitation of antibody binding to cellular antigens using glutaraldehyde preserved cells.", "content": "As a preliminary step in the identification and isolation of antibodies to human cancers, we have developed a sensitive and convenient assay for antibody binding to cellular antigens. The basis for the method is antibody binding to glutaraldehyde-fixed cells (AbGfC) and quantitation with radioiodinated staphylococcal protein A (SpA). Glutaraldehyde fixation of intact cells, which does not appear to effect the ability to form antigen-antibody complexes, provides a convenient and standard supply of target cells which may be stored at 4 degrees C and used in the assay over a period of several months. The amount of antibody specifically bound to the cells is quantitated by the addition of 125I-labeled SpA. The sensitivity of the method was compared with two complement-dependent cytotoxicity methods (trypan blue exclusion and 51Cr release assays) and tested with two antisera to human lung cancer and one antiserum to a membrane antigen of a murine lymphoma. These comparisons indicated much greater sensitivity when compared with the trypan blue exclusion assay and equivalent sensitivity with greater dose response characteristics when compared with the 51Cr release assay.", "contents": "Sensitive and convenient quantitation of antibody binding to cellular antigens using glutaraldehyde preserved cells. As a preliminary step in the identification and isolation of antibodies to human cancers, we have developed a sensitive and convenient assay for antibody binding to cellular antigens. The basis for the method is antibody binding to glutaraldehyde-fixed cells (AbGfC) and quantitation with radioiodinated staphylococcal protein A (SpA). Glutaraldehyde fixation of intact cells, which does not appear to effect the ability to form antigen-antibody complexes, provides a convenient and standard supply of target cells which may be stored at 4 degrees C and used in the assay over a period of several months. The amount of antibody specifically bound to the cells is quantitated by the addition of 125I-labeled SpA. The sensitivity of the method was compared with two complement-dependent cytotoxicity methods (trypan blue exclusion and 51Cr release assays) and tested with two antisera to human lung cancer and one antiserum to a membrane antigen of a murine lymphoma. These comparisons indicated much greater sensitivity when compared with the trypan blue exclusion assay and equivalent sensitivity with greater dose response characteristics when compared with the 51Cr release assay.", "PMID": 110884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9438", "title": "Alveolar macrophages. I. A simple technique for the preparation of high numbers of viable alveolar macrophages from small laboratory animals.", "content": "A simple technique is described for the collection of substantial numbers of alveolar macrophages by repeated in situ endobronchial lavage. Macrophage recoveries are maximized by the inclusion of the local anaesthetic lignocaine in the lavage fluids. The technique is suitable for mice, rats and guinea pigs, and yields up to 2.4, 6.7 and 25.3 X 10(6) viable macrophages per animal from these 3 species respectively. A one-step adherence procedure yields alveolar macrophages in excess of 95% purity.", "contents": "Alveolar macrophages. I. A simple technique for the preparation of high numbers of viable alveolar macrophages from small laboratory animals. A simple technique is described for the collection of substantial numbers of alveolar macrophages by repeated in situ endobronchial lavage. Macrophage recoveries are maximized by the inclusion of the local anaesthetic lignocaine in the lavage fluids. The technique is suitable for mice, rats and guinea pigs, and yields up to 2.4, 6.7 and 25.3 X 10(6) viable macrophages per animal from these 3 species respectively. A one-step adherence procedure yields alveolar macrophages in excess of 95% purity.", "PMID": 110886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9439", "title": "Immunoregulation in infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: the presence of suppressor monocytes and the alteration of subpopulations of T lymphocytes.", "content": "This study was designed to characterize qualitative and quantitative alterations, occurring before and during chemotherapy, in the mononuclear cells of patients with infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A hemolytic plaque-forming (PFC) assay indicated that the production of antibody to sheep red blood cells by pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated lymphocytes was suppressed in treated and untreated patients as compared with that in normal adult donors (P less than 0.001). The removal of adherent cells from the suspensions of mononuclear cells significantly enhanced the responses to the PFC assay for both the untreated (P less than 0.01) and treated (P less than 0.05) patients. Mononuclear cells from patients with tuberculosis, however, did not suppress the PFC responses of allogeneic normal mononuclear cells (P greater than 0.02). Thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes were proportionally reduced in untreated subjects (P less than 0.001) but returned to normal levels after four to six weeks of therapy (P greater than 0.2). Both groups of patients had a consistent reduction in the absolute number of circulating T cells. However, untreated patients had a relative increase in the percentage of TG cells (the subpopulation of T cells with receptors for the Fc portion of IgG) (P less than 0.001) and a concomitant decrease in TM cells (the subpopulation with Fc receptors for IgM) (P less than 0.05). These alterations in the subsets of T cells were reversed after four to six weeks of therapy.", "contents": "Immunoregulation in infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: the presence of suppressor monocytes and the alteration of subpopulations of T lymphocytes. This study was designed to characterize qualitative and quantitative alterations, occurring before and during chemotherapy, in the mononuclear cells of patients with infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A hemolytic plaque-forming (PFC) assay indicated that the production of antibody to sheep red blood cells by pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated lymphocytes was suppressed in treated and untreated patients as compared with that in normal adult donors (P less than 0.001). The removal of adherent cells from the suspensions of mononuclear cells significantly enhanced the responses to the PFC assay for both the untreated (P less than 0.01) and treated (P less than 0.05) patients. Mononuclear cells from patients with tuberculosis, however, did not suppress the PFC responses of allogeneic normal mononuclear cells (P greater than 0.02). Thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes were proportionally reduced in untreated subjects (P less than 0.001) but returned to normal levels after four to six weeks of therapy (P greater than 0.2). Both groups of patients had a consistent reduction in the absolute number of circulating T cells. However, untreated patients had a relative increase in the percentage of TG cells (the subpopulation of T cells with receptors for the Fc portion of IgG) (P less than 0.001) and a concomitant decrease in TM cells (the subpopulation with Fc receptors for IgM) (P less than 0.05). These alterations in the subsets of T cells were reversed after four to six weeks of therapy.", "PMID": 110887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9440", "title": "Lipopolysaccharide pseudomonas vaccine: efficacy against pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurs with increased frequency and high mortality in certain populations of patients. The potential of vaccination with a heptavalent lipopolysaccharide pseudomonas vaccine for specific protection of respiratory tissues from infection with Pseudomonas was evaluated with a guinea pig model of experimental pseudomonas pneumonia. Animals routinely responded to vaccination with a fourfold rise in titer of serum hemagglutinating antibody to Pseudomonas. Of 25 control animals, all but nine died after lung challenge with Pseudomonas, whereas vaccinated animals had a greater survival rate (22 of 25 animals survived; P less than 0.01). Rates of clearance of viable Pseudomonas from lung tissue were significantly greater in vaccinated animals than in controls during the first 6 hr after infection. Both gross and microscopic findings of lung tissue damage from pseudomonas pneumonia were less in vaccinated than in control animals. Thus, lipopolysaccharide pseudomonas vaccine appears to produce a local protective response in respiratory tissue against Pseudomonas.", "contents": "Lipopolysaccharide pseudomonas vaccine: efficacy against pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurs with increased frequency and high mortality in certain populations of patients. The potential of vaccination with a heptavalent lipopolysaccharide pseudomonas vaccine for specific protection of respiratory tissues from infection with Pseudomonas was evaluated with a guinea pig model of experimental pseudomonas pneumonia. Animals routinely responded to vaccination with a fourfold rise in titer of serum hemagglutinating antibody to Pseudomonas. Of 25 control animals, all but nine died after lung challenge with Pseudomonas, whereas vaccinated animals had a greater survival rate (22 of 25 animals survived; P less than 0.01). Rates of clearance of viable Pseudomonas from lung tissue were significantly greater in vaccinated animals than in controls during the first 6 hr after infection. Both gross and microscopic findings of lung tissue damage from pseudomonas pneumonia were less in vaccinated than in control animals. Thus, lipopolysaccharide pseudomonas vaccine appears to produce a local protective response in respiratory tissue against Pseudomonas.", "PMID": 110888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9441", "title": "Antibodies to Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a study of the urethral exudates of 232 men.", "content": "The results of a study of the antibodies that react with Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the urethral exudates of 232 men who attended a clinic of the Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases at Glasgow, Scotland, are presented. Of 132 men with gonorrhea, antibodies to the gonococcus were identified by use of an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test in 129 (98%): IgA antibody was found in all 129 (98%), IgG antibody in 119 (90%), and IgM antibody in 64 (49%). IgA antibody to the gonococcus was found in the secretions of only one (1%) of another 100 patients who did not have gonococcal urethritis (50 had nongonococcal urethritis and 50 had no evidence of urethritis). IgG antibody was found in 13 (26%) of the 50 men with nongonococcal urethritis and in none of the 50 men who had no evidence of urethritis. When treatment of gonorrhea was successful, the titers of IgA and IgM antibody declined rapidly and were generally undetectable within 14 days; the titers of IgG declined more slowly and could still be detected 28 days after treatment.", "contents": "Antibodies to Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a study of the urethral exudates of 232 men. The results of a study of the antibodies that react with Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the urethral exudates of 232 men who attended a clinic of the Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases at Glasgow, Scotland, are presented. Of 132 men with gonorrhea, antibodies to the gonococcus were identified by use of an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test in 129 (98%): IgA antibody was found in all 129 (98%), IgG antibody in 119 (90%), and IgM antibody in 64 (49%). IgA antibody to the gonococcus was found in the secretions of only one (1%) of another 100 patients who did not have gonococcal urethritis (50 had nongonococcal urethritis and 50 had no evidence of urethritis). IgG antibody was found in 13 (26%) of the 50 men with nongonococcal urethritis and in none of the 50 men who had no evidence of urethritis. When treatment of gonorrhea was successful, the titers of IgA and IgM antibody declined rapidly and were generally undetectable within 14 days; the titers of IgG declined more slowly and could still be detected 28 days after treatment.", "PMID": 110889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9442", "title": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: susceptibility of 100 blood culture isolates to seven antimicrobial agents and its clinical significance.", "content": "The susceptibility of 100 blood culture isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa observed during 4 1/2 years was tested for tobramycin, netilimicin, gentamicin, amikacin, pirbenicillin, ticarcillin and carbenicillin, singly and in combination. For aminoglycosides, the agar MICs were twofold to threefold greater than tube dilution MICs but for the penicillins they were similar. For aminoglycosides and ticarcillin, the MBCs were twofold greater than the tube dilution MICs. The MBCs were not achieved at concentrations as high as 512 micrograms/ml for 40% of the isolates for pirbenicillin and for 10% for carbenicillin. Tobramycin and pirbenicillin had the lowest MICs for the aminoglycosides and penicillins, respectively. Synergism was tested and observed between tobramycin + ticarcillin and amikacin + ticarcillin. No overall increase in resistance to gentamicin or carbenicillin was seen from 1974 to 1977. However, patients given repeated courses of gentamicin had more resistant strains. Following the administration of 1.5 mg/kg/dose of gentamicin, peak serum concentrations failed to achieve the MIC for the microorganism in 22% of the patients. The MIC was achieved in all patients receiving the same dose of tobramycin. The overall fatality rate was 67% with one third of the patients dying within 36 hr. There was no relationship of patient fatality rate and MIC for the microorganism. Although in the rapidly fatal group of all patients receiving inappropriate therapy died, the fatality rates of appropriately or inappropriately treated patients in the ultimately fatal and nonfatal groups were similar. Underlying host disease was the major determining factor in patient survival.", "contents": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: susceptibility of 100 blood culture isolates to seven antimicrobial agents and its clinical significance. The susceptibility of 100 blood culture isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa observed during 4 1/2 years was tested for tobramycin, netilimicin, gentamicin, amikacin, pirbenicillin, ticarcillin and carbenicillin, singly and in combination. For aminoglycosides, the agar MICs were twofold to threefold greater than tube dilution MICs but for the penicillins they were similar. For aminoglycosides and ticarcillin, the MBCs were twofold greater than the tube dilution MICs. The MBCs were not achieved at concentrations as high as 512 micrograms/ml for 40% of the isolates for pirbenicillin and for 10% for carbenicillin. Tobramycin and pirbenicillin had the lowest MICs for the aminoglycosides and penicillins, respectively. Synergism was tested and observed between tobramycin + ticarcillin and amikacin + ticarcillin. No overall increase in resistance to gentamicin or carbenicillin was seen from 1974 to 1977. However, patients given repeated courses of gentamicin had more resistant strains. Following the administration of 1.5 mg/kg/dose of gentamicin, peak serum concentrations failed to achieve the MIC for the microorganism in 22% of the patients. The MIC was achieved in all patients receiving the same dose of tobramycin. The overall fatality rate was 67% with one third of the patients dying within 36 hr. There was no relationship of patient fatality rate and MIC for the microorganism. Although in the rapidly fatal group of all patients receiving inappropriate therapy died, the fatality rates of appropriately or inappropriately treated patients in the ultimately fatal and nonfatal groups were similar. Underlying host disease was the major determining factor in patient survival.", "PMID": 110892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9443", "title": "Molecular heterogeneity of Hageman trait (factor XII deficiency): evidence that two of 49 subjects are cross-reacting material positive (CRM+).", "content": "We have studied plasmas of 49 individuals with homozygous Hageman trait from 42 kindreds, all of which contained less than 1% of the Hageman factor (factor XII) clotting activity of pooled normal plasmas. Forty-seven plasmas contained less than 1% of Hageman factor antigen. In two other, unrelated individuals with Hageman trait, nonfunctional material immunologically indistinguishable from normal Hageman factor was detected in plasma by radioimmunoassay at concentrations of 39% and 80%, respectively. These plasmas did not contain circulating anticoagulants against Hageman factor and, as in ordinary Hageman trait, displayed impaired surface-mediated plasma reactions such as fibrinolysis and kinin generation. Upon immunodiffusion against anti-Hageman factor serum, these plasmas formed a single precipitin line of complete identity with normal plasma or purified Hageman factor. Upon immunoelectrophoresis, the precipitin line had the same mobility as normal Hageman factor. Nonfunctional Hageman factor and normal Hageman factor behaved identically on a Sephadex G-150 column (apparent MW = 100,000) and on sucrose density-gradient centrifugation (4.5S). Nonfunctional Hageman factor was adsorbed to kaolin as readily as normal Hageman factor, suggesting that the binding site to negatively charged surfaces is different from functional sites. Antiserum raised against Hageman factor-like material in a CRM+ Hageman trait plasma specifically inactivated Hageman factor activity in normal plasma. The plasmas of three heterozygotes in these families contained approximately twice as much Hageman factor antigen as Hageman factor activity, whereas those of 16 heterozygotes in ordinary (CRM-) Hageman trait families contained approximately equal amounts of activity and antigen. The present study indicates that rarely homozygous Hageman trait may be CRM+ and that this defect is genetically determined.", "contents": "Molecular heterogeneity of Hageman trait (factor XII deficiency): evidence that two of 49 subjects are cross-reacting material positive (CRM+). We have studied plasmas of 49 individuals with homozygous Hageman trait from 42 kindreds, all of which contained less than 1% of the Hageman factor (factor XII) clotting activity of pooled normal plasmas. Forty-seven plasmas contained less than 1% of Hageman factor antigen. In two other, unrelated individuals with Hageman trait, nonfunctional material immunologically indistinguishable from normal Hageman factor was detected in plasma by radioimmunoassay at concentrations of 39% and 80%, respectively. These plasmas did not contain circulating anticoagulants against Hageman factor and, as in ordinary Hageman trait, displayed impaired surface-mediated plasma reactions such as fibrinolysis and kinin generation. Upon immunodiffusion against anti-Hageman factor serum, these plasmas formed a single precipitin line of complete identity with normal plasma or purified Hageman factor. Upon immunoelectrophoresis, the precipitin line had the same mobility as normal Hageman factor. Nonfunctional Hageman factor and normal Hageman factor behaved identically on a Sephadex G-150 column (apparent MW = 100,000) and on sucrose density-gradient centrifugation (4.5S). Nonfunctional Hageman factor was adsorbed to kaolin as readily as normal Hageman factor, suggesting that the binding site to negatively charged surfaces is different from functional sites. Antiserum raised against Hageman factor-like material in a CRM+ Hageman trait plasma specifically inactivated Hageman factor activity in normal plasma. The plasmas of three heterozygotes in these families contained approximately twice as much Hageman factor antigen as Hageman factor activity, whereas those of 16 heterozygotes in ordinary (CRM-) Hageman trait families contained approximately equal amounts of activity and antigen. The present study indicates that rarely homozygous Hageman trait may be CRM+ and that this defect is genetically determined.", "PMID": 110893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9444", "title": "Lysosomal hydrolases in neuronal, astroglial, and olidodendroglial enriched fractions of rabbit and beef brain.", "content": "Arylsulfatases A, B, and C, beta-galactosidase, and acid phosphatase were assayed in neuronal, astroglial, and oligodendroglial fractions isolated from adult rabbit and beef brains. The specific activities of all acid hydrolases were lower in beef cells compared to rabbit cells. The lysosomal enzymes of the rabbit neuronal fraction showed 10--25 time higher activities than the oligodendroglial fraction and 5-fold higher activities than the astroglial fraction. In beef brain, the specific activities of these enzymes were similar in oligodendroglia and astrocytes but 4--10 times lower than in neurons. The low activity of arylsulfatase A and beta-galactosidase in oligodendroglial cells may suggest that the low turnover of cerebroside and sulfatide in myelin may be regulated in part by the enzymes that catalyze their degradation.", "contents": "Lysosomal hydrolases in neuronal, astroglial, and olidodendroglial enriched fractions of rabbit and beef brain. Arylsulfatases A, B, and C, beta-galactosidase, and acid phosphatase were assayed in neuronal, astroglial, and oligodendroglial fractions isolated from adult rabbit and beef brains. The specific activities of all acid hydrolases were lower in beef cells compared to rabbit cells. The lysosomal enzymes of the rabbit neuronal fraction showed 10--25 time higher activities than the oligodendroglial fraction and 5-fold higher activities than the astroglial fraction. In beef brain, the specific activities of these enzymes were similar in oligodendroglia and astrocytes but 4--10 times lower than in neurons. The low activity of arylsulfatase A and beta-galactosidase in oligodendroglial cells may suggest that the low turnover of cerebroside and sulfatide in myelin may be regulated in part by the enzymes that catalyze their degradation.", "PMID": 110895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9445", "title": "Purification of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus by hydrophobic chromatography on palmitoyl cellulose.", "content": "Phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine choline-phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.E) from Bacillus cereus (IAM-1208) was adsorbed to palmitoyl cellulose from a crude enzyme solution at pH 5--9. The adsorption was not influenced by ionic strength up to 2 M NaCl. The adsorbed enzyme was eluted almost completely by washing the cellulose with a suitable detergent, such as Triton X-100, Adekatol SO-120, Cation DT-205, or sodium deoxycholate. The enzyme was then purified by column chromatography on a palmitoylated textile (palmitoylated gauze) with an overall recovery of 91% and a 467-fold increase in specific activity over that of enzyme in the crude culture supernatant. Subsequent fractionation with acetone and chromatography on a Sephadex G-75 column separated two nearly homogeneous phospholipase C's. The enzyme adsorbed on palmitoyl cellulose was active, although its activity was about one-fourth that of free phospholipase C. Therefore, the enzyme appeared to be adsorbed to the cellulose through a hydrophobic site that was distinct from the catalytic site on the enzyme molecule.", "contents": "Purification of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus by hydrophobic chromatography on palmitoyl cellulose. Phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine choline-phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.E) from Bacillus cereus (IAM-1208) was adsorbed to palmitoyl cellulose from a crude enzyme solution at pH 5--9. The adsorption was not influenced by ionic strength up to 2 M NaCl. The adsorbed enzyme was eluted almost completely by washing the cellulose with a suitable detergent, such as Triton X-100, Adekatol SO-120, Cation DT-205, or sodium deoxycholate. The enzyme was then purified by column chromatography on a palmitoylated textile (palmitoylated gauze) with an overall recovery of 91% and a 467-fold increase in specific activity over that of enzyme in the crude culture supernatant. Subsequent fractionation with acetone and chromatography on a Sephadex G-75 column separated two nearly homogeneous phospholipase C's. The enzyme adsorbed on palmitoyl cellulose was active, although its activity was about one-fourth that of free phospholipase C. Therefore, the enzyme appeared to be adsorbed to the cellulose through a hydrophobic site that was distinct from the catalytic site on the enzyme molecule.", "PMID": 110896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9446", "title": "Synthesis of DNA and lecithin in tissue culture and oestrogen receptor activity in rat mammary tumours dependent on and independent of the ovary.", "content": "Dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA)-induced and transplanted rat mammary tumours (2 lines) were examined for oestrogen receptor activity, and for sensitivity to hormones in vivo (by ovariectomy) and in vitro (by tissue culture). In vivo, the growth of all tumours induced by the administration of DMBA in random-bred Sprague-Dawley rats was found to be dependent on the ovary, whilst in all transplanted tumours (12 TG-3 and six TG-5 lines), maintained in an inbred strain of Sprague-dawley rats, growth was found to be independent of the ovary. In vitro, the capacity for DNA synthesis in DMBA-induced tumours was better maintained after 24 h when insulin (10 microgram/ml) and corticosterone (5 microgram/ml) or insulin, corticosterone and prolactin (each 5 microgram/ml) were present in the medium (five out of 12 and eight out of 11 tumours respectively); no effect of hormones in the media was detected after 48 h. In the transplanted tumours, no effect of hormones on DNA synthesis was detected after either 24 or 48 h of culture. Synthesis of lecithin was not detectably influenced by the presence of hormones in either DMBA-induced or transplanted tumours. Oestrogen receptor concentrations were, on average, significantly higher in the DMBA-induced tumours than in either line of transplanted tumour. For 22 DMBA-induced tumours and 15 transplanted tumours, the effect of hormones in vitro ('response') was directly correlated with receptor concentration at time 0 (Spearman's rho = +0.59) and inversely correlated with the rate of DNA synthesis ('basal') at time 0 (Spearman's rho = -0.62). No single parameter or pair of parameters permitted accurate distinction between the tumour types.", "contents": "Synthesis of DNA and lecithin in tissue culture and oestrogen receptor activity in rat mammary tumours dependent on and independent of the ovary. Dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA)-induced and transplanted rat mammary tumours (2 lines) were examined for oestrogen receptor activity, and for sensitivity to hormones in vivo (by ovariectomy) and in vitro (by tissue culture). In vivo, the growth of all tumours induced by the administration of DMBA in random-bred Sprague-Dawley rats was found to be dependent on the ovary, whilst in all transplanted tumours (12 TG-3 and six TG-5 lines), maintained in an inbred strain of Sprague-dawley rats, growth was found to be independent of the ovary. In vitro, the capacity for DNA synthesis in DMBA-induced tumours was better maintained after 24 h when insulin (10 microgram/ml) and corticosterone (5 microgram/ml) or insulin, corticosterone and prolactin (each 5 microgram/ml) were present in the medium (five out of 12 and eight out of 11 tumours respectively); no effect of hormones in the media was detected after 48 h. In the transplanted tumours, no effect of hormones on DNA synthesis was detected after either 24 or 48 h of culture. Synthesis of lecithin was not detectably influenced by the presence of hormones in either DMBA-induced or transplanted tumours. Oestrogen receptor concentrations were, on average, significantly higher in the DMBA-induced tumours than in either line of transplanted tumour. For 22 DMBA-induced tumours and 15 transplanted tumours, the effect of hormones in vitro ('response') was directly correlated with receptor concentration at time 0 (Spearman's rho = +0.59) and inversely correlated with the rate of DNA synthesis ('basal') at time 0 (Spearman's rho = -0.62). No single parameter or pair of parameters permitted accurate distinction between the tumour types.", "PMID": 110901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9447", "title": "The temporal stability of the Drosophila oocyte.", "content": "Individual female Drosophila melanogaster were maintained without yeast for up to 18 days. Some of the females did not lay any eggs during this holding period. The females produce mature oocytes (stage 14) by day 3 and from day 5 onward the females each held about 60 mature oocytes. The nulliparous females were mated and its was shown that the first egg produced by females held up to 18 days before mating could be viable and develop into a normal, fertile adult. On day 2 each female contained about 500 oocytes in post-oogonial stages of oogenesis. The first 500 fertilized eggs were collected from females that had been held nulliparous for 7-10 days before mating. No period of significantly reduced viability was found. It is concluded that the developmental program of Drosophila eggs can be interrupted between oogenesis and fertilization for at least 15 days without loss of the ability to produce normal, fertile adult progeny.", "contents": "The temporal stability of the Drosophila oocyte. Individual female Drosophila melanogaster were maintained without yeast for up to 18 days. Some of the females did not lay any eggs during this holding period. The females produce mature oocytes (stage 14) by day 3 and from day 5 onward the females each held about 60 mature oocytes. The nulliparous females were mated and its was shown that the first egg produced by females held up to 18 days before mating could be viable and develop into a normal, fertile adult. On day 2 each female contained about 500 oocytes in post-oogonial stages of oogenesis. The first 500 fertilized eggs were collected from females that had been held nulliparous for 7-10 days before mating. No period of significantly reduced viability was found. It is concluded that the developmental program of Drosophila eggs can be interrupted between oogenesis and fertilization for at least 15 days without loss of the ability to produce normal, fertile adult progeny.", "PMID": 110902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9448", "title": "Alloantigen-specific idiotype-bearing receptors on mouse T lymphocytes. I. Specificity characterization and genetic association with the heavy-chain IgG allotype.", "content": "The present study describes the qualitative reactions of a xenogeneic anti-idiotype (Id) antiserum produced in a mouse-gamma-globulin-tolerant rabbit (5,936) against B6 anti-CBA IgG antibodies. The results showed that such an anti-Id antiserum reacts specifically against anti-H-2k antibodies and against H-2k alloantigen-activated T cells from the following pairs of congenic mice: B10 (H-2b) and B10.D2 (H-2d); and A.BY (H-2b) and A.SW (H-2s), but not against C3H.SW (H-2b) and C3H.OH (H-2o); and BALB/b (H-2b) and BALB/c (H-2d). CB 20 (BALB/c mice with the Ig-1b allotype) anti-CBA T blasts also express idiotypic determinants that react with rabbit 5,936 antiserum. Thus, positive reactions are obtained between rabbit 5,936 anti-Id antiserum and anti-H-2k IgG preparations and T blasts from mice carrying the Ig-1b or Ig-1e allotype, but not from mice carrying the Ig-1a allotype. These reactions are qualitatively independent of the H-2 genotype of the Id-producing mice. Such a finding strongly suggests that the Id-bearing receptor molecules on mouse T cells are coded for by genes that are associated with the Ig heavy-chain-linkage group and not to the mouse histocompatibility complex. Furthermore, the anti-Id antibodies studied react preferentially against anti-H-2k antibodies or T cells with specificity toward the IAk-region-associated serological specificities. Thus, genes associated with the Ig heavy-chain-linkage group seem to be structural genes for at least T-cell receptors with specificity for IA-region-coded membrane antigens.", "contents": "Alloantigen-specific idiotype-bearing receptors on mouse T lymphocytes. I. Specificity characterization and genetic association with the heavy-chain IgG allotype. The present study describes the qualitative reactions of a xenogeneic anti-idiotype (Id) antiserum produced in a mouse-gamma-globulin-tolerant rabbit (5,936) against B6 anti-CBA IgG antibodies. The results showed that such an anti-Id antiserum reacts specifically against anti-H-2k antibodies and against H-2k alloantigen-activated T cells from the following pairs of congenic mice: B10 (H-2b) and B10.D2 (H-2d); and A.BY (H-2b) and A.SW (H-2s), but not against C3H.SW (H-2b) and C3H.OH (H-2o); and BALB/b (H-2b) and BALB/c (H-2d). CB 20 (BALB/c mice with the Ig-1b allotype) anti-CBA T blasts also express idiotypic determinants that react with rabbit 5,936 antiserum. Thus, positive reactions are obtained between rabbit 5,936 anti-Id antiserum and anti-H-2k IgG preparations and T blasts from mice carrying the Ig-1b or Ig-1e allotype, but not from mice carrying the Ig-1a allotype. These reactions are qualitatively independent of the H-2 genotype of the Id-producing mice. Such a finding strongly suggests that the Id-bearing receptor molecules on mouse T cells are coded for by genes that are associated with the Ig heavy-chain-linkage group and not to the mouse histocompatibility complex. Furthermore, the anti-Id antibodies studied react preferentially against anti-H-2k antibodies or T cells with specificity toward the IAk-region-associated serological specificities. Thus, genes associated with the Ig heavy-chain-linkage group seem to be structural genes for at least T-cell receptors with specificity for IA-region-coded membrane antigens.", "PMID": 110903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9449", "title": "[Radioenzymatic micromethod for the determination of UDP-glucuronic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "A new senitive and specific micromethod for determination of UDP-glucuronic acid is described Extracts from 2.5 mg of liver are incubated with twice washed guinea pig microsomes (as a source of UDP-glucuronyl transferase) and [14C]p-nitrophenol. The content of UDP-glucuronic acid is calculated from the [14C]p-nitrophenyl glucuronide/[14C]p-nitrophenol radioactivity ratio and the known amount of introduced [14C]p-nitrophenol. These values are corrected for losses of UDP-glucuronic acid by a calibration experiment, containing in addition to the aforementioned constituents, a known amount of UDP-glucuronic acid. The mean concentration of UDP-glucuronic acid in mice liver was found to be 171 mumol/kg wet weight.", "contents": "[Radioenzymatic micromethod for the determination of UDP-glucuronic acid (author's transl)]. A new senitive and specific micromethod for determination of UDP-glucuronic acid is described Extracts from 2.5 mg of liver are incubated with twice washed guinea pig microsomes (as a source of UDP-glucuronyl transferase) and [14C]p-nitrophenol. The content of UDP-glucuronic acid is calculated from the [14C]p-nitrophenyl glucuronide/[14C]p-nitrophenol radioactivity ratio and the known amount of introduced [14C]p-nitrophenol. These values are corrected for losses of UDP-glucuronic acid by a calibration experiment, containing in addition to the aforementioned constituents, a known amount of UDP-glucuronic acid. The mean concentration of UDP-glucuronic acid in mice liver was found to be 171 mumol/kg wet weight.", "PMID": 110904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9450", "title": "The quality of medical care: a concept in search of a definition.", "content": "Patient care has two components: technical and interpersonal. The quality of technical management depends on the balance of its expected benefits and risks. The quality of the interpersonal process consists in conformity to legitimate patient expectations and to social and professional norms. Since this conformity is expected to result in social and personal benefit, a unified definition of quality can be derived by including the benefits and risks of both aspects of care. When the patient's health and welfare are judged by professional criteria, and the cost of care is not considered, one has an \"absolutist\" definition of quality. By contrast, an \"individualized\" definition accepts the informed patient's valuation of the consequences of care, and includes the cost to the patient as an unwanted consequence. The \"social\" definition includes monetary cost even when not borne directly by the patient, may place a different valuation on patients and their interests, and pays attention to the social distribution of the cost and net benefits of care. Thus, the physician who wishes to do the best for each patient may be in conflict with what society dictates to be the best of all. The health care professions must resolve this moral dilemma.", "contents": "The quality of medical care: a concept in search of a definition. Patient care has two components: technical and interpersonal. The quality of technical management depends on the balance of its expected benefits and risks. The quality of the interpersonal process consists in conformity to legitimate patient expectations and to social and professional norms. Since this conformity is expected to result in social and personal benefit, a unified definition of quality can be derived by including the benefits and risks of both aspects of care. When the patient's health and welfare are judged by professional criteria, and the cost of care is not considered, one has an \"absolutist\" definition of quality. By contrast, an \"individualized\" definition accepts the informed patient's valuation of the consequences of care, and includes the cost to the patient as an unwanted consequence. The \"social\" definition includes monetary cost even when not borne directly by the patient, may place a different valuation on patients and their interests, and pays attention to the social distribution of the cost and net benefits of care. Thus, the physician who wishes to do the best for each patient may be in conflict with what society dictates to be the best of all. The health care professions must resolve this moral dilemma.", "PMID": 110905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9451", "title": "Genetics analysis of spore germination mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168: the correlation of phenotype with map location.", "content": "The isolation and characterization of 29 new germination (Ger) mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 is described. These were classified, along with previously described mutants, into seven groups according to map location. The mutations in 26 GerA mutants mapped between cysB and thr; detailed mapping of two of these has located them very close to citG. These mutants were deficient in germination in alanine, but responded to the germinative combination of asparagine, glucose, fructose and KCl. One GerB mutant mapped on the origin-proximal side of hisA; it was normal in germination in alanine, but deficient in termination in a mixture of asparagine, glucose, fructose and KCl. Two GerC mutants were linked to lys, but were separable from a temperature-sensitive growth deficiency mapping between lys and trp. The GerC mutants had a similar germination phenotype to the GerA mutants. Three GerD mutants did not germinate in either of the above germinants or in Penassay Broth. They were located on the side of ery distal to cysA. The GerE mutant, which did not germinate in any of the three germinants, was located very close to citF and possessed an altered spore coat. The two GerF mutants were defective in germination in all three germinants and mapped on the origin proximal-side of hisA, but much closer to his than did the GerB mutant. A phosphoglycerate kinase-negative mutant altered in germination mapped between cysB and hisA (GerG). These mutants have established a minimum of seven locations important to germination, and will be useful in the development and appraisal of theories of spore germination.", "contents": "Genetics analysis of spore germination mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168: the correlation of phenotype with map location. The isolation and characterization of 29 new germination (Ger) mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 is described. These were classified, along with previously described mutants, into seven groups according to map location. The mutations in 26 GerA mutants mapped between cysB and thr; detailed mapping of two of these has located them very close to citG. These mutants were deficient in germination in alanine, but responded to the germinative combination of asparagine, glucose, fructose and KCl. One GerB mutant mapped on the origin-proximal side of hisA; it was normal in germination in alanine, but deficient in termination in a mixture of asparagine, glucose, fructose and KCl. Two GerC mutants were linked to lys, but were separable from a temperature-sensitive growth deficiency mapping between lys and trp. The GerC mutants had a similar germination phenotype to the GerA mutants. Three GerD mutants did not germinate in either of the above germinants or in Penassay Broth. They were located on the side of ery distal to cysA. The GerE mutant, which did not germinate in any of the three germinants, was located very close to citF and possessed an altered spore coat. The two GerF mutants were defective in germination in all three germinants and mapped on the origin proximal-side of hisA, but much closer to his than did the GerB mutant. A phosphoglycerate kinase-negative mutant altered in germination mapped between cysB and hisA (GerG). These mutants have established a minimum of seven locations important to germination, and will be useful in the development and appraisal of theories of spore germination.", "PMID": 110906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9452", "title": "Molecular characterization of a small Haemophilus influenzae plasmid specifying beta-lactamase and its relationship to R factors from Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strain Ve445 which caused purulent meningitis and septicaemia in a newborn child in Germany contained a 4.4 megadalton (Mdal) plasmid (pVe445) and produced a TEM type beta-lactamase. The transformation to ampicillin resistance of a sensitive Escherichia coli strain with isolated pVe445 DNA proved that the structural gene for the beta-lactamase resided on this plasmid genome. Molecular DNA-DNA hybridization studies and electron microscope DNA heteroduplex analysis indicated that pVe445 probably contained 38 to 41% of the ampicillin translocation DNA segment (TnA) found on R factors of enteric origin. The TnA fragment present in pVe445 most likely does not contain both of the inverted repeat sequences of TnA. DNA-DNA polynucleotide sequence studies indicated that the 4.4 Mdal plasmid pVe445 was unrelated to the 30 to 38 Mdal H. influenzae R plasmids but was closely related to the 4.1 Mdal ampicillin resistance specifying H. influenzae plasmid RSF0885 isolated in the U.S.A. The H. influenzae plasmid pVe445 shared 91% of its base sequences with the beta-lactamase specifying Neisseria gonorrhoeae plasmid pMR0360 (4.4 Mdal) and had 85% of its base sequences in common with the beta-lactamase specifying N. gonorrhoeae plasmid pMR0200 (3.2 Mdal). All of the four 3.2 to 4.4 Mdal beta-lactamase specifying R plasmids of H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae investigated probably have a common evolutionary origin.", "contents": "Molecular characterization of a small Haemophilus influenzae plasmid specifying beta-lactamase and its relationship to R factors from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strain Ve445 which caused purulent meningitis and septicaemia in a newborn child in Germany contained a 4.4 megadalton (Mdal) plasmid (pVe445) and produced a TEM type beta-lactamase. The transformation to ampicillin resistance of a sensitive Escherichia coli strain with isolated pVe445 DNA proved that the structural gene for the beta-lactamase resided on this plasmid genome. Molecular DNA-DNA hybridization studies and electron microscope DNA heteroduplex analysis indicated that pVe445 probably contained 38 to 41% of the ampicillin translocation DNA segment (TnA) found on R factors of enteric origin. The TnA fragment present in pVe445 most likely does not contain both of the inverted repeat sequences of TnA. DNA-DNA polynucleotide sequence studies indicated that the 4.4 Mdal plasmid pVe445 was unrelated to the 30 to 38 Mdal H. influenzae R plasmids but was closely related to the 4.1 Mdal ampicillin resistance specifying H. influenzae plasmid RSF0885 isolated in the U.S.A. The H. influenzae plasmid pVe445 shared 91% of its base sequences with the beta-lactamase specifying Neisseria gonorrhoeae plasmid pMR0360 (4.4 Mdal) and had 85% of its base sequences in common with the beta-lactamase specifying N. gonorrhoeae plasmid pMR0200 (3.2 Mdal). All of the four 3.2 to 4.4 Mdal beta-lactamase specifying R plasmids of H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae investigated probably have a common evolutionary origin.", "PMID": 110907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9453", "title": "Mechanisms for vitamin A transfer from blood to milk in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "In order to study vitamin transport during lactation tritium labeled vitamin A, attached to serum lipoproteins or retinol-binding protein (RBP), was injected intravenously into eight Rhesus monkeys. The turnover rate of vitamin A in plasma and its appearance in milk was quantitatively and qualitatively investigated. The turnover of plasma RBP-retinol, which was somewhat faster in lactating than in non-lactating animals, exceeded that of lipoprotein-vitamin A by a factor of three. Tritium--vitamin A appeared in milk mainly as retinylesters. The fractional rate of transfer was about 60% higher for vitamin bound to RBP than for other forms of plasma vitamin A. Consequently, about 90% of the vitamin A appearing in milk will normally be derived from the retinol-RBP complex. The importance of the lipoprotein-mediated transfer of vitamin A will probably increase during a high intake of the vitamin.", "contents": "Mechanisms for vitamin A transfer from blood to milk in rhesus monkeys. In order to study vitamin transport during lactation tritium labeled vitamin A, attached to serum lipoproteins or retinol-binding protein (RBP), was injected intravenously into eight Rhesus monkeys. The turnover rate of vitamin A in plasma and its appearance in milk was quantitatively and qualitatively investigated. The turnover of plasma RBP-retinol, which was somewhat faster in lactating than in non-lactating animals, exceeded that of lipoprotein-vitamin A by a factor of three. Tritium--vitamin A appeared in milk mainly as retinylesters. The fractional rate of transfer was about 60% higher for vitamin bound to RBP than for other forms of plasma vitamin A. Consequently, about 90% of the vitamin A appearing in milk will normally be derived from the retinol-RBP complex. The importance of the lipoprotein-mediated transfer of vitamin A will probably increase during a high intake of the vitamin.", "PMID": 110911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9454", "title": "The effect of protein-energy malnutrition on the development of bones in newborn rats.", "content": "Collagen synthesis, 45Ca uptake, and the half-life of 45Ca in mandibles and long bones of rat pups suckled on dams fed 25 or 6% protein diets were determined. Collagen synthesis in both mandibles and long bones was impaired in the malnourished group at an early age. Protein-energy malnutrition appears to affect different developmental processes in these two bones. The principal interference with collagen synthesis in the mandible occurs when bone proline is converted into hydroxyproline. In contrast, proline uptake from the blood for deposit in bone matrix is the step of collagen synthesis mainly affected in long bone. In addition, the critical growth period of mandible was different from that of long bone. The calcium complex fraction (calcium bound to protein plus that in inorganic salts) was the main compartment affected in the malnourished group. However, the efficiency of calcification per milligram of matrix in the calcium complex fraction of the mandible and long bone was approximately the same in the control and malnourished groups, thus suggesting that accumulation of calcium occurs in parallel with the formation of bone matrix regardless of the nutritional conditions. The half-life of 45Ca in the various calcium fractions of both types of bone was 72 hours in both the control and malnourished groups except the calcium complex portion of the long bone of the control group, which was about 100 hours.", "contents": "The effect of protein-energy malnutrition on the development of bones in newborn rats. Collagen synthesis, 45Ca uptake, and the half-life of 45Ca in mandibles and long bones of rat pups suckled on dams fed 25 or 6% protein diets were determined. Collagen synthesis in both mandibles and long bones was impaired in the malnourished group at an early age. Protein-energy malnutrition appears to affect different developmental processes in these two bones. The principal interference with collagen synthesis in the mandible occurs when bone proline is converted into hydroxyproline. In contrast, proline uptake from the blood for deposit in bone matrix is the step of collagen synthesis mainly affected in long bone. In addition, the critical growth period of mandible was different from that of long bone. The calcium complex fraction (calcium bound to protein plus that in inorganic salts) was the main compartment affected in the malnourished group. However, the efficiency of calcification per milligram of matrix in the calcium complex fraction of the mandible and long bone was approximately the same in the control and malnourished groups, thus suggesting that accumulation of calcium occurs in parallel with the formation of bone matrix regardless of the nutritional conditions. The half-life of 45Ca in the various calcium fractions of both types of bone was 72 hours in both the control and malnourished groups except the calcium complex portion of the long bone of the control group, which was about 100 hours.", "PMID": 110912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9455", "title": "Physical and biochemical changes of the mandible and long bone in protein-energy malnourished newborn rats.", "content": "The activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases, the linear dimensions and volumes of mandibles and long bones, and the level of calcitonin in serum of rat pups suckled on dams fed 25 or 6% protein diets were determined. In both mandibles and long bones, alkaline phosphatase activity corresponded to the calcification pattern, and acid phosphatase activity paralleled organic matrix formation. The calcitonin level in blood serum of the malnourished pups differed from that of controls only on day 5. The linear dimensions and volume were consistently more affected in long bones than in mandibles. These results may be explained in terms of the critical growth periods of these bones. In the mandible, the critical growth period appears to occur prenatally, whereas in the long bone it occurs postnatally, when the nutritional stress of this experiment was applied. Long bones were thus generally more affected than mandibles.", "contents": "Physical and biochemical changes of the mandible and long bone in protein-energy malnourished newborn rats. The activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases, the linear dimensions and volumes of mandibles and long bones, and the level of calcitonin in serum of rat pups suckled on dams fed 25 or 6% protein diets were determined. In both mandibles and long bones, alkaline phosphatase activity corresponded to the calcification pattern, and acid phosphatase activity paralleled organic matrix formation. The calcitonin level in blood serum of the malnourished pups differed from that of controls only on day 5. The linear dimensions and volume were consistently more affected in long bones than in mandibles. These results may be explained in terms of the critical growth periods of these bones. In the mandible, the critical growth period appears to occur prenatally, whereas in the long bone it occurs postnatally, when the nutritional stress of this experiment was applied. Long bones were thus generally more affected than mandibles.", "PMID": 110913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9456", "title": "Is Fourier analysis performed by the visual system or by the visual investigator.", "content": "A numerical Fourier transform was made of the pincushion grid illusion and the spectral components orthogonal to the illusory lines were isolated. Their inverse transform creates a picture of the illusion. The spatial-frequency response of cortical, simple receptive field neurons similarly filters the grid. A complete set of these neurons thus approximates a two-dimensional Fourier analyzer. One cannot conclude, however, that the brain actually uses frequency-domain information to interpret visual images.", "contents": "Is Fourier analysis performed by the visual system or by the visual investigator. A numerical Fourier transform was made of the pincushion grid illusion and the spectral components orthogonal to the illusory lines were isolated. Their inverse transform creates a picture of the illusion. The spatial-frequency response of cortical, simple receptive field neurons similarly filters the grid. A complete set of these neurons thus approximates a two-dimensional Fourier analyzer. One cannot conclude, however, that the brain actually uses frequency-domain information to interpret visual images.", "PMID": 110914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9457", "title": "Kinetics of biotransformation of clonazepam to its 7-amino metabolite in the monkey.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic behavior of the 7-amino metabolite of clonazepam administered exogenously and formed endogenously from the parent drug was studied in a group of rhesus monkeys using constant rate intravenous infusions. Plasma levels of the 7-amino metabolite and/or clonazepam were determined with a GC-CI-MS method. The biological half-life of the 7-amino metabolite (2.2 +/- 1.0 hr) was shorter than that of clonazepam (4.9 +/- 0.2 hr). Total body clearance of the metabolite (0.83 +/- 0.16 liters/hr/kg) was larger than that of the parent drug (0.55 +/- 0.09 liters/hr/kg). The kinetics of in vivo biotransformation were described by a two-compartment model in which formation and disposition of the metabolite follow first-order processes. The fraction of a dose of clonazepam appearing in the systemic circulation as 7-amino metabolite was 0.70 +/- 0.30. This value may underestimate the actual fraction formed, if the metabolite is susceptible to first-pass metabolism following in situ formation.", "contents": "Kinetics of biotransformation of clonazepam to its 7-amino metabolite in the monkey. The pharmacokinetic behavior of the 7-amino metabolite of clonazepam administered exogenously and formed endogenously from the parent drug was studied in a group of rhesus monkeys using constant rate intravenous infusions. Plasma levels of the 7-amino metabolite and/or clonazepam were determined with a GC-CI-MS method. The biological half-life of the 7-amino metabolite (2.2 +/- 1.0 hr) was shorter than that of clonazepam (4.9 +/- 0.2 hr). Total body clearance of the metabolite (0.83 +/- 0.16 liters/hr/kg) was larger than that of the parent drug (0.55 +/- 0.09 liters/hr/kg). The kinetics of in vivo biotransformation were described by a two-compartment model in which formation and disposition of the metabolite follow first-order processes. The fraction of a dose of clonazepam appearing in the systemic circulation as 7-amino metabolite was 0.70 +/- 0.30. This value may underestimate the actual fraction formed, if the metabolite is susceptible to first-pass metabolism following in situ formation.", "PMID": 110917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9458", "title": "Possibility for error in FDA diffusion assays.", "content": "Computational procedures specified for the FDA single-dose diffusion assay for antibiotics may cause substantial error in estimated sample potency. An unrecognized mistake in reference solution concentration is the source of error. It is caused by correcting responses from standard and sample plates differently. The error can be avoided by correcting both standard and sample responses to the observed reference response.", "contents": "Possibility for error in FDA diffusion assays. Computational procedures specified for the FDA single-dose diffusion assay for antibiotics may cause substantial error in estimated sample potency. An unrecognized mistake in reference solution concentration is the source of error. It is caused by correcting responses from standard and sample plates differently. The error can be avoided by correcting both standard and sample responses to the observed reference response.", "PMID": 110918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9459", "title": "Familial band-shaped keratopathy.", "content": "A brother and sister out of a consanguinous family of four siblings are presented as prototypes of primary band-shaped keratopathy. The disease manifested sever progressive changes of secondary nature over two years of follow-up. Histology and treatment are described.", "contents": "Familial band-shaped keratopathy. A brother and sister out of a consanguinous family of four siblings are presented as prototypes of primary band-shaped keratopathy. The disease manifested sever progressive changes of secondary nature over two years of follow-up. Histology and treatment are described.", "PMID": 110915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9460", "title": "Acetazolamide binding to two carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in human erythrocytes.", "content": "Acetazolamide binding to high activity and low activity carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in red blood cells was studied. Inhibitory constants of 0.041 and 2.72 microM and maximum binding capacities of 17.2 and 155 microM, respectively, were found.", "contents": "Acetazolamide binding to two carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in human erythrocytes. Acetazolamide binding to high activity and low activity carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in red blood cells was studied. Inhibitory constants of 0.041 and 2.72 microM and maximum binding capacities of 17.2 and 155 microM, respectively, were found.", "PMID": 110919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9461", "title": "Urate excretion: drug interactions.", "content": "A derivative of probenecid, 2-nitroprobenecid, was studied in chimpanzees and Cebus monkeys. The uricosuria induced by the drug could be diminished by the infusion of p-aminohippurate (chimpanzee) or hippurate (monkey). Both hippurates inhibited the secretion of the drug and it is likely that the diminished response was the result of decreased access of 2-nitroprobenecid to its site of action. In contrast, pyrazinoate diminished the response to 2-nitroprobenecid without disturbing its renal disposition (both species). This action of pyrazinoate is attributed to its ability to inhibit the secretory flux of urate. The effect of pyrazinoate is diminished at high levels of 2-nitroprobenecid, i.e., it appears as if pyrazinoate causes a shift to the right of the concentration-response curve of 2-nitroprobenecid. A mathematical model is developed which seems to explain this apparent shift in the concentration-response curve. This model requires that the transepithelial fluxes for urate be very large. In the chimpanzee the action of salicylate resembles that of pyrazinoate but it is less prominent.", "contents": "Urate excretion: drug interactions. A derivative of probenecid, 2-nitroprobenecid, was studied in chimpanzees and Cebus monkeys. The uricosuria induced by the drug could be diminished by the infusion of p-aminohippurate (chimpanzee) or hippurate (monkey). Both hippurates inhibited the secretion of the drug and it is likely that the diminished response was the result of decreased access of 2-nitroprobenecid to its site of action. In contrast, pyrazinoate diminished the response to 2-nitroprobenecid without disturbing its renal disposition (both species). This action of pyrazinoate is attributed to its ability to inhibit the secretory flux of urate. The effect of pyrazinoate is diminished at high levels of 2-nitroprobenecid, i.e., it appears as if pyrazinoate causes a shift to the right of the concentration-response curve of 2-nitroprobenecid. A mathematical model is developed which seems to explain this apparent shift in the concentration-response curve. This model requires that the transepithelial fluxes for urate be very large. In the chimpanzee the action of salicylate resembles that of pyrazinoate but it is less prominent.", "PMID": 110920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9462", "title": "Behavioral effects of self-administered cocaine: responding maintained alternately by cocaine and electric shock in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "Squirrel monkeys responded under a fixed-interval schedule of intravenous cocaine injection that alternated with a fixed-interval schedule of either presentation of electric shock or termination of a stimulus associated with electric shock. As the dose of cocaine was increased from 10 to 1000 microgram/kg/injection, responding maintained by cocaine injection or alternately by electric shock first increased and then decreased. The lowest doses of cocaine that reliably maintained self-administration often increased responding maintained by electric shock; the highest doses of cocaine that continued to maintain self-administration often decreased responding maintained by electric shock. When saline was substituted for cocaine, responding that had previously been maintained by cocaine injection occurred irregularly and at very low rates, whereas rates and patterns of responding maintained by electric shock were characteristic of fixed-interval schedules. When the fixed-interval schedule of cocaine injection was replaced by intravenous injections that occurred without regard to antecedent responding, the effects of cocaine on responding maintained by electric shock were found to be independent of the way in which cocaine was administered.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of self-administered cocaine: responding maintained alternately by cocaine and electric shock in squirrel monkeys. Squirrel monkeys responded under a fixed-interval schedule of intravenous cocaine injection that alternated with a fixed-interval schedule of either presentation of electric shock or termination of a stimulus associated with electric shock. As the dose of cocaine was increased from 10 to 1000 microgram/kg/injection, responding maintained by cocaine injection or alternately by electric shock first increased and then decreased. The lowest doses of cocaine that reliably maintained self-administration often increased responding maintained by electric shock; the highest doses of cocaine that continued to maintain self-administration often decreased responding maintained by electric shock. When saline was substituted for cocaine, responding that had previously been maintained by cocaine injection occurred irregularly and at very low rates, whereas rates and patterns of responding maintained by electric shock were characteristic of fixed-interval schedules. When the fixed-interval schedule of cocaine injection was replaced by intravenous injections that occurred without regard to antecedent responding, the effects of cocaine on responding maintained by electric shock were found to be independent of the way in which cocaine was administered.", "PMID": 110922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9463", "title": "Pulpal response to an epimine plastic.", "content": "Pulpal reactions to three dental materials, Scutan, a self-curing resin, and zinc oxide-eugenol cement, were comparable. The pulpal reactions to Scutan appeared to be milder than those to a self-curing resin or to zinc oxide-eugenol cement.", "contents": "Pulpal response to an epimine plastic. Pulpal reactions to three dental materials, Scutan, a self-curing resin, and zinc oxide-eugenol cement, were comparable. The pulpal reactions to Scutan appeared to be milder than those to a self-curing resin or to zinc oxide-eugenol cement.", "PMID": 110924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9464", "title": "Dietary protein and human pregnancy performance.", "content": "Low birth weight is an important predictor of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Women of low socioeconomic classes give birth to disproportionate numbers of low-birth-weight infants and eat poorer diets than those of higher classes. Although maternal weight gain in pregnancy is positively associated with birth weight, and although animal studies demonstrate the important effects of protein restricti-n on reproductive performance, the significance or lack thereof of diet in general and of protein intake in particular in pregnant women in generally well-nourished populations has not been established. The conflicting data on human pregnancy performance and diet are critically reviewed.", "contents": "Dietary protein and human pregnancy performance. Low birth weight is an important predictor of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Women of low socioeconomic classes give birth to disproportionate numbers of low-birth-weight infants and eat poorer diets than those of higher classes. Although maternal weight gain in pregnancy is positively associated with birth weight, and although animal studies demonstrate the important effects of protein restricti-n on reproductive performance, the significance or lack thereof of diet in general and of protein intake in particular in pregnant women in generally well-nourished populations has not been established. The conflicting data on human pregnancy performance and diet are critically reviewed.", "PMID": 110926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9465", "title": "Multivariate analysis and quantitative structure-activity relationships. Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase by quinazolines.", "content": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been established for the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase by 2,4-diaminoquinazoline-glutamic acid analogues. For dihydrofolate reductase from both human acute lymphocytic leukemia cells and murine L1210R cells, QSAR's obtained with 50 quinazolines were similar. On the other hand, for the inhibition of thymidylate synthetase from murine L1210S cells and from Lactobacillus casei, QSAR's formulated on the basis of data measured with 33 compounds were different, indicating that the two enzymes are dissimilar. The use of multivariate statistics including cluster analysis, factor analysis, and discriminant analysis is shown to facilitate the formulation of a satisfactory correlation equation. The procedure is demonstrated by the development of QSAR for the inhibition of thymidylate synthetase.", "contents": "Multivariate analysis and quantitative structure-activity relationships. Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase by quinazolines. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been established for the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase by 2,4-diaminoquinazoline-glutamic acid analogues. For dihydrofolate reductase from both human acute lymphocytic leukemia cells and murine L1210R cells, QSAR's obtained with 50 quinazolines were similar. On the other hand, for the inhibition of thymidylate synthetase from murine L1210S cells and from Lactobacillus casei, QSAR's formulated on the basis of data measured with 33 compounds were different, indicating that the two enzymes are dissimilar. The use of multivariate statistics including cluster analysis, factor analysis, and discriminant analysis is shown to facilitate the formulation of a satisfactory correlation equation. The procedure is demonstrated by the development of QSAR for the inhibition of thymidylate synthetase.", "PMID": 110930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9466", "title": "Synthesis of 5-selenium-substituted uracil derivatives. Inhibition of thymidylate synthetase by 5-hydroseleno-2'-deoxyuridylate.", "content": "5-Selenium-substituted derivatives (diselenides) or uracil, 2'-deoxyuridine, and 2'-deoxyuridylic acid were synthesized via the addition of methyl hypobromite to the 5,6 double bond, followed by reaction of the adducts with sodium diselenide. The physical and chemical properties of these compounds (including their facile reduction by dithiothreitol and rapid reoxidation) were similar to those of the corresponding 5-sulfur analogues. 5-Hydroseleno-2'-deoxyuridylic acid was as potent as 5-mercapto-2'-deoxyuridylate in inhibiting thymidylate synthetase from L. casei (ki approximately 6 X 10(-8) M) but the nucleoside III was considerably less active than 5-mercapto-2'-deoxyuridine in the inhibition of growth of the leukemia L1210 cell in culture.", "contents": "Synthesis of 5-selenium-substituted uracil derivatives. Inhibition of thymidylate synthetase by 5-hydroseleno-2'-deoxyuridylate. 5-Selenium-substituted derivatives (diselenides) or uracil, 2'-deoxyuridine, and 2'-deoxyuridylic acid were synthesized via the addition of methyl hypobromite to the 5,6 double bond, followed by reaction of the adducts with sodium diselenide. The physical and chemical properties of these compounds (including their facile reduction by dithiothreitol and rapid reoxidation) were similar to those of the corresponding 5-sulfur analogues. 5-Hydroseleno-2'-deoxyuridylic acid was as potent as 5-mercapto-2'-deoxyuridylate in inhibiting thymidylate synthetase from L. casei (ki approximately 6 X 10(-8) M) but the nucleoside III was considerably less active than 5-mercapto-2'-deoxyuridine in the inhibition of growth of the leukemia L1210 cell in culture.", "PMID": 110931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9467", "title": "Synthesis of some 4-substituted 8-amino-6-methoxyquinolines as potential antimalarials.", "content": "The 4-vinyl, 4-ethyl, and three 4-[beta-(arylthio)ethyl] derivatives of primaquine and other 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial agents were prepared for antimalarial evaluation. 8-[(4'-Amino-1'-methylbutyl)amino]-4-ethyl-6-methoxyquinoline (4-ethylprimaquine), which showed activity approximately equal to that of primaquine against Plasmodia cynomolgi in Rhesus monkey, was the most active of the compounds tested. 4-Ethylprimaquine was also less toxic than primaquine, as measured in the Rane mouse screen.", "contents": "Synthesis of some 4-substituted 8-amino-6-methoxyquinolines as potential antimalarials. The 4-vinyl, 4-ethyl, and three 4-[beta-(arylthio)ethyl] derivatives of primaquine and other 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial agents were prepared for antimalarial evaluation. 8-[(4'-Amino-1'-methylbutyl)amino]-4-ethyl-6-methoxyquinoline (4-ethylprimaquine), which showed activity approximately equal to that of primaquine against Plasmodia cynomolgi in Rhesus monkey, was the most active of the compounds tested. 4-Ethylprimaquine was also less toxic than primaquine, as measured in the Rane mouse screen.", "PMID": 110932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9468", "title": "Slow onset anti-rheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: could the presence of antinuclear antibody influence the therapeutic results?", "content": "The therapeutic value of sodium aurothiomalate, D-penicillamine and levamisole was evaluated in three comparable groups of 20 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. There was no intergroup difference after a 3-month follow-up and all were significantly improved (p less than 0.001). To verify if, in these patients, the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) had influenced the therapeutic results, each group was retrospectively subdivided according to the ANA status. To start with, all the sub-groups were statistically comparable on the basis of measures of disease activity. The D-penicillamine group could not be analyzed. In the gold treated group, the ANA negative patients were more improved than the ANA positive (p = 0.03), and very significantly more than the levamisole-treated ANA-negative patients (p = 0.005). The ANA negative patients taking levamisole had less pain relief (p = 0.01) and showed a tendency for less overall improvement (p = 0.15) than the ANA positive patients. This preliminary study supports the idea that systematic ANA testing in RA may be of practical and theoretical value.", "contents": "Slow onset anti-rheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: could the presence of antinuclear antibody influence the therapeutic results? The therapeutic value of sodium aurothiomalate, D-penicillamine and levamisole was evaluated in three comparable groups of 20 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. There was no intergroup difference after a 3-month follow-up and all were significantly improved (p less than 0.001). To verify if, in these patients, the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) had influenced the therapeutic results, each group was retrospectively subdivided according to the ANA status. To start with, all the sub-groups were statistically comparable on the basis of measures of disease activity. The D-penicillamine group could not be analyzed. In the gold treated group, the ANA negative patients were more improved than the ANA positive (p = 0.03), and very significantly more than the levamisole-treated ANA-negative patients (p = 0.005). The ANA negative patients taking levamisole had less pain relief (p = 0.01) and showed a tendency for less overall improvement (p = 0.15) than the ANA positive patients. This preliminary study supports the idea that systematic ANA testing in RA may be of practical and theoretical value.", "PMID": 110929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9469", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of cis-3,4,4a,9a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrano[3,4-b]benzofuran-1-ones. Tricyclic analogues related to the antilipidemic drug clofibrate.", "content": "The chemistry and pharmacology of two delta-lactones, cis-6-chloro-9a-methyl-3,4,4a,9a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrano[3,4-b]benzofuran-1-one (2) and the 9a-demethyl analogue 3, are reported. Lactones were prepared from dihydrobenzofuran precursors possessing geometrical configurations confirmed both by synthesis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. All cis-dihydrobenzofurans exhibited Jvic = 9.0-10.8 Hz, whereas their trans isomers exhibited Jvic = 5.0--6.0 Hz in agreement with predictions based on the Karplus equation. The pharmacological profiles for 2 and 3 were compared to that of clofibrate (1) in normal male Sprague-Dawley rats. Using equimolar doses (0.4 mmol/kg, po, twice daily for 7 days), 1 exhibited both anticholesterolemic and antitriglyceridemic activity, lactone 2 exhibited only antitriglyceridemic activity, and 3 was inactive as an antilipidemic agent. No correlation was observed for inhibition of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity and serum cholesterol lowering.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of cis-3,4,4a,9a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrano[3,4-b]benzofuran-1-ones. Tricyclic analogues related to the antilipidemic drug clofibrate. The chemistry and pharmacology of two delta-lactones, cis-6-chloro-9a-methyl-3,4,4a,9a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrano[3,4-b]benzofuran-1-one (2) and the 9a-demethyl analogue 3, are reported. Lactones were prepared from dihydrobenzofuran precursors possessing geometrical configurations confirmed both by synthesis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. All cis-dihydrobenzofurans exhibited Jvic = 9.0-10.8 Hz, whereas their trans isomers exhibited Jvic = 5.0--6.0 Hz in agreement with predictions based on the Karplus equation. The pharmacological profiles for 2 and 3 were compared to that of clofibrate (1) in normal male Sprague-Dawley rats. Using equimolar doses (0.4 mmol/kg, po, twice daily for 7 days), 1 exhibited both anticholesterolemic and antitriglyceridemic activity, lactone 2 exhibited only antitriglyceridemic activity, and 3 was inactive as an antilipidemic agent. No correlation was observed for inhibition of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity and serum cholesterol lowering.", "PMID": 110933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9470", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of 8-oxadihydropteridines.", "content": "A series of 6-substituted and 6,7-disubstituted pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]oxazines (8-oxadihydropteridines) was synthesized through the condensation of an alpha-halo ketone and 2,5-diamino-4,6-pyrimidinediol. The resulting 8-oxadihydropteridines were assayed as potential antifolates in a dihydrofolate reductase enzyme system. The 2-amino-4-hydroxyoxa-dihydropteridines were found to possess greater biological activity than the corresponding 2,4-diamino compounds. The pteroic acid homeostere 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-phenethyl-8-oxadihydropteridine was the most potent of the compounds tested.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of 8-oxadihydropteridines. A series of 6-substituted and 6,7-disubstituted pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]oxazines (8-oxadihydropteridines) was synthesized through the condensation of an alpha-halo ketone and 2,5-diamino-4,6-pyrimidinediol. The resulting 8-oxadihydropteridines were assayed as potential antifolates in a dihydrofolate reductase enzyme system. The 2-amino-4-hydroxyoxa-dihydropteridines were found to possess greater biological activity than the corresponding 2,4-diamino compounds. The pteroic acid homeostere 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-phenethyl-8-oxadihydropteridine was the most potent of the compounds tested.", "PMID": 110934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9471", "title": "Detection of gonococcal antigens in urine by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A method of detecting gonococcal antigens by solid-phase radioimmunoassay with radioactively labelled antibody is described. A specificity test has been developed that enables this method to be used to detect gonococcal antigens in urine sediments. When sediments from samples of urine from male patients with gonorrhoea were tested, 31 (74%) of 42 gave positive results, clearly distinguishing them from sediments from urine samples from men with non-specific urethritis, none of which was positive. Ten of 14 urine sediments from urine samples from women with gonorrhoea gave positive results, as did 3 of 18 sediments from urine samples from women patients without gonorrhoea. These experiments demonstrate that gonococcal antigens can be detected in urine by radioimmunoassay; the method could be useful in diagnosis if, after refinement, its sensitivity and specificity were to be increased.", "contents": "Detection of gonococcal antigens in urine by radioimmunoassay. A method of detecting gonococcal antigens by solid-phase radioimmunoassay with radioactively labelled antibody is described. A specificity test has been developed that enables this method to be used to detect gonococcal antigens in urine sediments. When sediments from samples of urine from male patients with gonorrhoea were tested, 31 (74%) of 42 gave positive results, clearly distinguishing them from sediments from urine samples from men with non-specific urethritis, none of which was positive. Ten of 14 urine sediments from urine samples from women with gonorrhoea gave positive results, as did 3 of 18 sediments from urine samples from women patients without gonorrhoea. These experiments demonstrate that gonococcal antigens can be detected in urine by radioimmunoassay; the method could be useful in diagnosis if, after refinement, its sensitivity and specificity were to be increased.", "PMID": 110935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9472", "title": "Inhibitors in urine of radioimmunoassay for the detection of gonococcal antigens.", "content": "Several substances in urine were found to inhibit the radioimmunoassay of added gonococcal antigens. The supernatants of two-thirds of urine samples from male patients with either gonorrhoea or non-specific urethritis (NSU) were inhibitory. The inhibition caused by many, but not all, samples was reduced or completely abolished by the addition of soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI); STI-sensitive inhibition is thought to be due to proteolytic enzymes, probably from pus cells. Their inhibitory effect was shown to be due to their action on gonoccocal antigens and not on antibodies in the assay system. Some supernatants contained other inhibitors unaffected by STI; some of these were dialysable and others were not. Sediments from the urine of patients with NSU or gonorrhoea were often strongly inhibitory, but treatment with STI annulled all but very slight inhibition. STI-treated sediments could, therefore, be used in an assay designed to detect gonococcal antigens.", "contents": "Inhibitors in urine of radioimmunoassay for the detection of gonococcal antigens. Several substances in urine were found to inhibit the radioimmunoassay of added gonococcal antigens. The supernatants of two-thirds of urine samples from male patients with either gonorrhoea or non-specific urethritis (NSU) were inhibitory. The inhibition caused by many, but not all, samples was reduced or completely abolished by the addition of soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI); STI-sensitive inhibition is thought to be due to proteolytic enzymes, probably from pus cells. Their inhibitory effect was shown to be due to their action on gonoccocal antigens and not on antibodies in the assay system. Some supernatants contained other inhibitors unaffected by STI; some of these were dialysable and others were not. Sediments from the urine of patients with NSU or gonorrhoea were often strongly inhibitory, but treatment with STI annulled all but very slight inhibition. STI-treated sediments could, therefore, be used in an assay designed to detect gonococcal antigens.", "PMID": 110936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9473", "title": "Infection of artificial air pouches in the connective tissue of mice with Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Artificial air pouches in the connective tissue of mice were evaluated as a means of studying Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Animals inoculated with type-1 N. gonorrhoeae cells developed an infection characterised by infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Viable cocci could be recovered from the air pouches for up to 10 days after infection and intracellular cocci were evident in electronmicrographs within connective-tissue fibroblasts for at least 35 days, indicating that a persistent infection had been established. The mouse air pouch should be of value in the study of gonococcal and other infections.", "contents": "Infection of artificial air pouches in the connective tissue of mice with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Artificial air pouches in the connective tissue of mice were evaluated as a means of studying Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Animals inoculated with type-1 N. gonorrhoeae cells developed an infection characterised by infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Viable cocci could be recovered from the air pouches for up to 10 days after infection and intracellular cocci were evident in electronmicrographs within connective-tissue fibroblasts for at least 35 days, indicating that a persistent infection had been established. The mouse air pouch should be of value in the study of gonococcal and other infections.", "PMID": 110937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9474", "title": "Urinary chorionic gonadotropin levels in pregnant golden lion tamarins. Preliminary observations.", "content": "We have established the interval over which urinary chorionic gonadotropin can be detected by a radioimmunoassay during pregnancy in the golden lion tamarin. Preliminary findings indicate the potential value of this radioimmunoassay system for (1) diagnosis of pregnancy at about four weeks after fertilization; (2) estimation of the expected time of delivery; and (3) identification of individual monkeys having an apparent high risk of spontaneous abortion.", "contents": "Urinary chorionic gonadotropin levels in pregnant golden lion tamarins. Preliminary observations. We have established the interval over which urinary chorionic gonadotropin can be detected by a radioimmunoassay during pregnancy in the golden lion tamarin. Preliminary findings indicate the potential value of this radioimmunoassay system for (1) diagnosis of pregnancy at about four weeks after fertilization; (2) estimation of the expected time of delivery; and (3) identification of individual monkeys having an apparent high risk of spontaneous abortion.", "PMID": 110938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9475", "title": "Lung lecithin synthesis in primates as related to respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Lecithin is synthesized de novo in the lung by two biochemical pathways, choline incorporation and phosphatidylethanolamine methylation. These studies in the Macaca mulatta fetus and neonate have demonstrated the relative contributions of the two pathways and the timing in monkey gestation of increased pulmonary lecithin production.", "contents": "Lung lecithin synthesis in primates as related to respiratory distress syndrome. Lecithin is synthesized de novo in the lung by two biochemical pathways, choline incorporation and phosphatidylethanolamine methylation. These studies in the Macaca mulatta fetus and neonate have demonstrated the relative contributions of the two pathways and the timing in monkey gestation of increased pulmonary lecithin production.", "PMID": 110939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9476", "title": "Cellular and shunt conductances of toad bladder epithelium.", "content": "Toad urinary bladders were mounted in Ussing-type chambers and volt-age-clamped. At nonzero voltages only, small fluctuations in current, delta I, and therefore in tissue conductance, delta Gt, were detected. These fluctuations were caused by the smooth muscle of the underlying tissue which could be monitored continuously and simultaneously with the current, I. Inhibition of the smooth muscle contraction with verapamil (2 X 10(-5) M) abolished the fluctuations in I and Gt. Amiloride (10(-4) M) had no significant effect on the magnitude of delta Gt, oxytocin increased Gt without affecting delta Gt, and mucosal hypertonicity produced by mannitol increased delta Gt. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that two parallel pathways exist for passive current flow across the toad urinary bladder: one, the cellular pathway, was not affected by smooth muscle activity; the other, the paracellular pathway, was the route whose conductance was altered by the action of the smooth muscle. Thus the relationship between the cellular and shunt conductances of the epithelium of the toad urinary bladder, under a variety of conditions, can be investigated by utilizing the effects of the movement of the smooth muscle.", "contents": "Cellular and shunt conductances of toad bladder epithelium. Toad urinary bladders were mounted in Ussing-type chambers and volt-age-clamped. At nonzero voltages only, small fluctuations in current, delta I, and therefore in tissue conductance, delta Gt, were detected. These fluctuations were caused by the smooth muscle of the underlying tissue which could be monitored continuously and simultaneously with the current, I. Inhibition of the smooth muscle contraction with verapamil (2 X 10(-5) M) abolished the fluctuations in I and Gt. Amiloride (10(-4) M) had no significant effect on the magnitude of delta Gt, oxytocin increased Gt without affecting delta Gt, and mucosal hypertonicity produced by mannitol increased delta Gt. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that two parallel pathways exist for passive current flow across the toad urinary bladder: one, the cellular pathway, was not affected by smooth muscle activity; the other, the paracellular pathway, was the route whose conductance was altered by the action of the smooth muscle. Thus the relationship between the cellular and shunt conductances of the epithelium of the toad urinary bladder, under a variety of conditions, can be investigated by utilizing the effects of the movement of the smooth muscle.", "PMID": 110941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9477", "title": "Fine structural comparison of the antennal nerve in the homeotic mutant Antennapedia with the wild-type antennal and second leg nerves of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "In D. melanogaster the cross-sectioned nerve of the leg-like antenna in the homeotic mutant Antennapedia was ultrastructurally compared with the nerves of the morphologically related second leg and the wild-type antenna. The nerves of the normal antenna and the second leg differ from one another in both the numbers and arrangement of axons. According to these criteria the nerve of the homeotic appendage was structurally identified as a leg nerve. Most of the antennal nerves studied showed a consistent grouping of axons in the profile. This suggests that the assemblage of the axons does not occur randomly, but in an ordered fashion.", "contents": "Fine structural comparison of the antennal nerve in the homeotic mutant Antennapedia with the wild-type antennal and second leg nerves of Drosophila melanogaster. In D. melanogaster the cross-sectioned nerve of the leg-like antenna in the homeotic mutant Antennapedia was ultrastructurally compared with the nerves of the morphologically related second leg and the wild-type antenna. The nerves of the normal antenna and the second leg differ from one another in both the numbers and arrangement of axons. According to these criteria the nerve of the homeotic appendage was structurally identified as a leg nerve. Most of the antennal nerves studied showed a consistent grouping of axons in the profile. This suggests that the assemblage of the axons does not occur randomly, but in an ordered fashion.", "PMID": 110943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9478", "title": "Transurethral treatment of urethral diverticula in women.", "content": "Six women with urethral diverticulitis and a history of having had previous operations for diverticula were subjected to transurethral diverticulotomy with a knife electrode. Each patient had multiple diverticula, some compartmented, located in the mid or most proximal segments of the urethra. All patients have been relieved of the symptoms and infection during the postoperative period, varying from 1 1/2 to 7 years.", "contents": "Transurethral treatment of urethral diverticula in women. Six women with urethral diverticulitis and a history of having had previous operations for diverticula were subjected to transurethral diverticulotomy with a knife electrode. Each patient had multiple diverticula, some compartmented, located in the mid or most proximal segments of the urethra. All patients have been relieved of the symptoms and infection during the postoperative period, varying from 1 1/2 to 7 years.", "PMID": 110944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9479", "title": "The vesicoureteral hiatus and paraureteral diverticula.", "content": "Two ureteral sheaths and the vesical musculature combine to form a watertight ureterovesical junction but the precise anatomy and function of each component are still somewhat contentious. The morphology was studied in postmortem specimens of children with and without paraureteral diverticula and urethral obstruction, and function by deductive reasoning from radiographic and surgical observations in living children. Waldeyer's fascia (the superficial sheath) of the ureter was found to seal the potential space between the tunnel wall and the ureter, and deficiencies were associated with hiatal hernias. The deep sheath provided anchorage of the ureter to the trigone and through the attachments of the superficial sheath to the bladder wall. Both sheaths and the tunnel muscles could be identified clearly and dissected precisely at operations involving the ureterovesical junction to facilitate the surgical procedures.", "contents": "The vesicoureteral hiatus and paraureteral diverticula. Two ureteral sheaths and the vesical musculature combine to form a watertight ureterovesical junction but the precise anatomy and function of each component are still somewhat contentious. The morphology was studied in postmortem specimens of children with and without paraureteral diverticula and urethral obstruction, and function by deductive reasoning from radiographic and surgical observations in living children. Waldeyer's fascia (the superficial sheath) of the ureter was found to seal the potential space between the tunnel wall and the ureter, and deficiencies were associated with hiatal hernias. The deep sheath provided anchorage of the ureter to the trigone and through the attachments of the superficial sheath to the bladder wall. Both sheaths and the tunnel muscles could be identified clearly and dissected precisely at operations involving the ureterovesical junction to facilitate the surgical procedures.", "PMID": 110945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9480", "title": "The hydrodynamics of pyelorenal reflux.", "content": "Our study was done to determine the hydrodynamics of pyelorenal reflux. It is considered important in the pathophysiology of chronic pyelonephritis. An animal model of pyelorenal reflux was studied. The model seems to approximate closely the findings in man, both in the pressure required and the types of pyelorenal reflux observed.", "contents": "The hydrodynamics of pyelorenal reflux. Our study was done to determine the hydrodynamics of pyelorenal reflux. It is considered important in the pathophysiology of chronic pyelonephritis. An animal model of pyelorenal reflux was studied. The model seems to approximate closely the findings in man, both in the pressure required and the types of pyelorenal reflux observed.", "PMID": 110946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9481", "title": "A longitudinal study of patients with superficial bladder carcinoma successfully treated with weekly intravesical thio-tepa.", "content": "Herein is reported further results of a prospective clinical investigation to determine the effect of weekly intravesical bladder instillation of thio-tepa in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Patients with superficial bladder carcinoma were treated according to 2 protocols. The first protocol consisted of patients with persistent tumor who were treated with weekly thio-tepa for 8 weeks. Of the 33 patients 18 responded to this therapy, and they and 24 other patients who had been rendered free of tumor by transurethral resection alone were assigned to the second protocol in which patients either were treated with monthly instillations of thio-tepa or they were observed every 3 months in a prescribed fashion. Monthly thio-tepa instillations had no significant effect in lowering the recurrence rate in either group. However, in the patients who had responded to weekly thio-tepa benefit was noted in terms of 1) fewer recurrences, with 8 of 18 (44 per cent) previously pre-treated patients having a recurrence versus 19 of 24 patients (79 per cent) previously untreated, 2) delay in tumor recurrence with an interval free of tumor of 15.1 months in pre-treated patients versus 4.3 months in the untreated group and 3) diminished frequency of new tumors (0.33 recurrences yearly) in comparison to the untreated group (1.78 recurrences yearly). The remaining patients are free of tumors at 15.7 months average followup.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of patients with superficial bladder carcinoma successfully treated with weekly intravesical thio-tepa. Herein is reported further results of a prospective clinical investigation to determine the effect of weekly intravesical bladder instillation of thio-tepa in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Patients with superficial bladder carcinoma were treated according to 2 protocols. The first protocol consisted of patients with persistent tumor who were treated with weekly thio-tepa for 8 weeks. Of the 33 patients 18 responded to this therapy, and they and 24 other patients who had been rendered free of tumor by transurethral resection alone were assigned to the second protocol in which patients either were treated with monthly instillations of thio-tepa or they were observed every 3 months in a prescribed fashion. Monthly thio-tepa instillations had no significant effect in lowering the recurrence rate in either group. However, in the patients who had responded to weekly thio-tepa benefit was noted in terms of 1) fewer recurrences, with 8 of 18 (44 per cent) previously pre-treated patients having a recurrence versus 19 of 24 patients (79 per cent) previously untreated, 2) delay in tumor recurrence with an interval free of tumor of 15.1 months in pre-treated patients versus 4.3 months in the untreated group and 3) diminished frequency of new tumors (0.33 recurrences yearly) in comparison to the untreated group (1.78 recurrences yearly). The remaining patients are free of tumors at 15.7 months average followup.", "PMID": 110947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9482", "title": "Steroid hormone receptors in the prostate.", "content": "Specific receptors for dihydrotestosterone and estradiol-17-beta have been identified in cytosols of the human and baboon prostate. Binding of radioactive estradiol-17-beta to the 0.4 M potassium chloride extractable component of human prostate nuclei also was demonstrated. Cyproterone acetate and diethylstilbestrol, agents of known high affinity for dihydrotestosterone and estradiol-17-beta receptors, respectively, did not bind significantly to sex hormone binding globulin and, therefore, were useful as competitors in distinguishing binding of dihydrotestosterone and estradiol-17-beta to sex hormone binding globulin and to their specific receptors. Displacement of [3H]-estradiol-17-beta binding by diethylstilbestrol in cytosols of 11 needle biopsy specimens (mean equals 16.8 mg.) from prostatic cancer patients was analyzed. These preliminary data indicated a trend towards greater competition by diethylstilbestrol for high affinity binding sites in differentiated tumor specimens from men who were not receiving estrogen therapy. Objective and subjective responses to hormone therapy were recorded in these patients, whereas the disease in those men with low displacement assay values progressed.", "contents": "Steroid hormone receptors in the prostate. Specific receptors for dihydrotestosterone and estradiol-17-beta have been identified in cytosols of the human and baboon prostate. Binding of radioactive estradiol-17-beta to the 0.4 M potassium chloride extractable component of human prostate nuclei also was demonstrated. Cyproterone acetate and diethylstilbestrol, agents of known high affinity for dihydrotestosterone and estradiol-17-beta receptors, respectively, did not bind significantly to sex hormone binding globulin and, therefore, were useful as competitors in distinguishing binding of dihydrotestosterone and estradiol-17-beta to sex hormone binding globulin and to their specific receptors. Displacement of [3H]-estradiol-17-beta binding by diethylstilbestrol in cytosols of 11 needle biopsy specimens (mean equals 16.8 mg.) from prostatic cancer patients was analyzed. These preliminary data indicated a trend towards greater competition by diethylstilbestrol for high affinity binding sites in differentiated tumor specimens from men who were not receiving estrogen therapy. Objective and subjective responses to hormone therapy were recorded in these patients, whereas the disease in those men with low displacement assay values progressed.", "PMID": 110948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9483", "title": "Sarcocystis in free-ranging herbivores on the National Bison Range.", "content": "Heart, esophagus, diaphragm and skeletal muscle obtained from various herbivores on the National Bison Range were examined grossly for Sarcocystis. Sarcocystis was found in 81, 50, 50, and 13% of the mule deer, (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (O. virginianus), elk (Cervus elaphus), and bison (Bison bison), respectively.", "contents": "Sarcocystis in free-ranging herbivores on the National Bison Range. Heart, esophagus, diaphragm and skeletal muscle obtained from various herbivores on the National Bison Range were examined grossly for Sarcocystis. Sarcocystis was found in 81, 50, 50, and 13% of the mule deer, (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (O. virginianus), elk (Cervus elaphus), and bison (Bison bison), respectively.", "PMID": 110949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9484", "title": "Acute hemodynamic effects of intravenous fat emulsion in dogs.", "content": "An intravenous infusion of Intralipid-10% was observed to exert a negative inotropic effect on left ventricular performance in a canine isovolumetric left heart preparation. There was no effect on diastolic compliance, however. Intravenous fat emulsion also produced significant decreases in systemic vascular resistance. The mechanism of these actions has not been elucidated, but it is postulated that free fatty acid (FFA) components or their metabolites directly affect the contractile properties of both myocardium and smooth muscle. These results suggest that until suitable clinical studies can be obtained, caution should be exercised in administering intravenous fat emulsions, particularly at maximum rates of infusion or in conjunction with sodium heparin in patients with known cardiac dysfunction.", "contents": "Acute hemodynamic effects of intravenous fat emulsion in dogs. An intravenous infusion of Intralipid-10% was observed to exert a negative inotropic effect on left ventricular performance in a canine isovolumetric left heart preparation. There was no effect on diastolic compliance, however. Intravenous fat emulsion also produced significant decreases in systemic vascular resistance. The mechanism of these actions has not been elucidated, but it is postulated that free fatty acid (FFA) components or their metabolites directly affect the contractile properties of both myocardium and smooth muscle. These results suggest that until suitable clinical studies can be obtained, caution should be exercised in administering intravenous fat emulsions, particularly at maximum rates of infusion or in conjunction with sodium heparin in patients with known cardiac dysfunction.", "PMID": 110951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9485", "title": "Exerience with the Broviac catheter for prolonged parenteral alimentation.", "content": "Home hyperalimentation is now recognized as a technique which allows patients with severe short bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease to return to a near normal life style. The success of this program is dependent on the longterm use of a catheter through which intravenous fluids are infused. In the past 20 months, we have inserted 32 catheters into 22 patients for purposes of home parenteral nutrition. In a 1 to 20-month follow-up, the average duration of catheter insertion was 6 months, the longest has been 19 months in 2 patients. One patient with superior vena cava thrombosis has had a catheter inserted via a femoral vein which has been functioning well for 5 months. Thirteen catheters have been removed: 3 for obstruction, 2 for sepsis, 1 due to breakage of the catheter, 4 for slippage (3 were pulled out by the patient, and 1 was removed because of inability to psychologically accept the presence of the catheter). The removal of 6 of these 13 catheters was necessitated by breaks in the proper techniques of catheter care, which include daily dressing changes and heparinization of the catheter at least once daily. Techniques of catheter insertion and catheter care will be presented", "contents": "Exerience with the Broviac catheter for prolonged parenteral alimentation. Home hyperalimentation is now recognized as a technique which allows patients with severe short bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease to return to a near normal life style. The success of this program is dependent on the longterm use of a catheter through which intravenous fluids are infused. In the past 20 months, we have inserted 32 catheters into 22 patients for purposes of home parenteral nutrition. In a 1 to 20-month follow-up, the average duration of catheter insertion was 6 months, the longest has been 19 months in 2 patients. One patient with superior vena cava thrombosis has had a catheter inserted via a femoral vein which has been functioning well for 5 months. Thirteen catheters have been removed: 3 for obstruction, 2 for sepsis, 1 due to breakage of the catheter, 4 for slippage (3 were pulled out by the patient, and 1 was removed because of inability to psychologically accept the presence of the catheter). The removal of 6 of these 13 catheters was necessitated by breaks in the proper techniques of catheter care, which include daily dressing changes and heparinization of the catheter at least once daily. Techniques of catheter insertion and catheter care will be presented", "PMID": 110952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9486", "title": "Permanent total parenteral nutrition: psychological and social responses of the early stages.", "content": "Permanent Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is a life-saving but complicated procedure which has profound effects upon the lives of patients and their families, but there is a dearth of information on the the psychosocial consequences of this unique form of therapy. The authors worked with 19 consecutive TPN patients in hospital and after discharge and observed their reactions. It was found that the earliest stages were the most difficult, with anxiety, depression, fear, and negative body image predictable and universal experiences. Major adjustment problems centered around the loss of the basic function, eating. This artificial form of feeding forced multiple alterations in the patients' life styles. Their ability to cope with this intrusive procedure was related to the level of restitution of physical health, ego strength, and the family and hospital support systems. If, in addition to being a life-sustaining procedure, TPN is to restore the psychological stability of patients, all team members must be aware of the psychosocial factors involved.", "contents": "Permanent total parenteral nutrition: psychological and social responses of the early stages. Permanent Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is a life-saving but complicated procedure which has profound effects upon the lives of patients and their families, but there is a dearth of information on the the psychosocial consequences of this unique form of therapy. The authors worked with 19 consecutive TPN patients in hospital and after discharge and observed their reactions. It was found that the earliest stages were the most difficult, with anxiety, depression, fear, and negative body image predictable and universal experiences. Major adjustment problems centered around the loss of the basic function, eating. This artificial form of feeding forced multiple alterations in the patients' life styles. Their ability to cope with this intrusive procedure was related to the level of restitution of physical health, ego strength, and the family and hospital support systems. If, in addition to being a life-sustaining procedure, TPN is to restore the psychological stability of patients, all team members must be aware of the psychosocial factors involved.", "PMID": 110953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9487", "title": "Subjective distresses of nasogastric tube feeding.", "content": "Health care professionals assume that tube feeding is an unpleasant, distressing experience for patients, which is only partially substantiated by experience. Thirty patients were interviewed via a tube feeding and hospital experience checklist (a 47-item interview schedule). Common experiences were operationally defined as those felt by at least 50%; subjectively distressful experiences were those identified by patients as causing distress. The most common and most distressful experiences of nasogastric tube feeding were: sensory irritations and sensory deprivation. The psychosensory irritation experiences were: thirst, sore nose or throat, dry mouth, runny nose, a tube in the nose, taking food through a tube, breathing through the mouth, breathing with a tube in the nose, taking food in a treatment type container, and taking food with a different texture and smell than usual. The psychosensory deprivation experiences were: an unsatisfied appetite for certain foods, deprivation of tasting, chewing, swallowing food, and drinking liquids, limited mobility, and deprivation of regular food. Except for burping, gastrointestinal symptoms were not common though they were usually distressful. This information has been used to develop teaching programs which are being tested for effectiveness in reducing distress associated with nasogastric tube feeding.", "contents": "Subjective distresses of nasogastric tube feeding. Health care professionals assume that tube feeding is an unpleasant, distressing experience for patients, which is only partially substantiated by experience. Thirty patients were interviewed via a tube feeding and hospital experience checklist (a 47-item interview schedule). Common experiences were operationally defined as those felt by at least 50%; subjectively distressful experiences were those identified by patients as causing distress. The most common and most distressful experiences of nasogastric tube feeding were: sensory irritations and sensory deprivation. The psychosensory irritation experiences were: thirst, sore nose or throat, dry mouth, runny nose, a tube in the nose, taking food through a tube, breathing through the mouth, breathing with a tube in the nose, taking food in a treatment type container, and taking food with a different texture and smell than usual. The psychosensory deprivation experiences were: an unsatisfied appetite for certain foods, deprivation of tasting, chewing, swallowing food, and drinking liquids, limited mobility, and deprivation of regular food. Except for burping, gastrointestinal symptoms were not common though they were usually distressful. This information has been used to develop teaching programs which are being tested for effectiveness in reducing distress associated with nasogastric tube feeding.", "PMID": 110954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9488", "title": "Evolution of the technique of home parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Experience with use of the artificial kidney in the home led to the concept of self-infusion of parenteral nutrients at home. Originally called an artificial gut, the term has been changed to home parenteral nutrition. The original method proposed for circulatory access, a side-arm on an A-V shunt, failed and forced the development of a right atrial catheter which proved to be both safe and longlasting. A safe and rapid self-mix system of nutrient preparation was developed which made the patient independent of the hospital pharmacy. A wearable infusion device proved workable but was abandoned because it was unnecessary and greatly interfered with patient rehabilitation. A portable infusion system has been developed which facilitates patient mobility during infusions as well as patient travel.", "contents": "Evolution of the technique of home parenteral nutrition. Experience with use of the artificial kidney in the home led to the concept of self-infusion of parenteral nutrients at home. Originally called an artificial gut, the term has been changed to home parenteral nutrition. The original method proposed for circulatory access, a side-arm on an A-V shunt, failed and forced the development of a right atrial catheter which proved to be both safe and longlasting. A safe and rapid self-mix system of nutrient preparation was developed which made the patient independent of the hospital pharmacy. A wearable infusion device proved workable but was abandoned because it was unnecessary and greatly interfered with patient rehabilitation. A portable infusion system has been developed which facilitates patient mobility during infusions as well as patient travel.", "PMID": 110955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9489", "title": "Computer optimization of enteral hyperalimentation.", "content": "A computer program has been developed to allow the generation of written orders for the logical progression of enteral hyperalimentation by the technique of continuous nasogastric infusion. Data required for entry include name, age, sex, height, usual and current weights, degree of stress, and if indicated, restrictions of nitrogen, fluids, sodium and potassium. A specific formulation may be requested, or the computer will pick a single nutrient solution or combination of two solutions that will best meet the requested constraints. Output includes entered data with English and Metric interconversion, surface area, and estimates of basal energy expenditure, protein wastage, protein and caloric requirements. If requested, daily orders are written to include a reasonable progression of infusion rates and concentrations of the solutions(s). Daily values are printed for the total amounts to be infused of fluid, calories, protein, sodium, potassium, and mOsm. The programs have been demonstrated to run in either on-line or batch mode. The system is easily accessible by physician, dietician, nurse, or other interested professionals.", "contents": "Computer optimization of enteral hyperalimentation. A computer program has been developed to allow the generation of written orders for the logical progression of enteral hyperalimentation by the technique of continuous nasogastric infusion. Data required for entry include name, age, sex, height, usual and current weights, degree of stress, and if indicated, restrictions of nitrogen, fluids, sodium and potassium. A specific formulation may be requested, or the computer will pick a single nutrient solution or combination of two solutions that will best meet the requested constraints. Output includes entered data with English and Metric interconversion, surface area, and estimates of basal energy expenditure, protein wastage, protein and caloric requirements. If requested, daily orders are written to include a reasonable progression of infusion rates and concentrations of the solutions(s). Daily values are printed for the total amounts to be infused of fluid, calories, protein, sodium, potassium, and mOsm. The programs have been demonstrated to run in either on-line or batch mode. The system is easily accessible by physician, dietician, nurse, or other interested professionals.", "PMID": 110960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9490", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition solution preparation utilizing amino acid sources with and without pre-added electrolytes: a time and cost comparison.", "content": "A comparison study of the time and cost of preparation of total parenteral nutrition solutions using a crystalline amino acid source with pre-added electrolytes and an amino acid source without electrolytes is presented. Four pharmacists and 4 technicians each prepared 4 solutions, utilizing each of the two amino acid sources. Both time of preparation and time of checking were measured. Utilizing list prices as acquisition costs for ingredients and the average salary for pharmacists and technicians at Medical University Hospital to determine the labor ocst, the average cost of preparing each solution was determined. The results of this study demonstrated that a potential savings of 10.3% and 9.9% was possible for pharmacist-prepared and technician-prepared solutions, respectively, when amino acid solutions containing pre-added electrolytes are utilized. The authors concluded that the use of crystalline amino acid solutions with pre-added electrolytes could offer substantial savings of labor and money for the hospital pharmacy. These solutions could also represent a significant cost savings to home-prepared parenteral nutrition formulas.", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition solution preparation utilizing amino acid sources with and without pre-added electrolytes: a time and cost comparison. A comparison study of the time and cost of preparation of total parenteral nutrition solutions using a crystalline amino acid source with pre-added electrolytes and an amino acid source without electrolytes is presented. Four pharmacists and 4 technicians each prepared 4 solutions, utilizing each of the two amino acid sources. Both time of preparation and time of checking were measured. Utilizing list prices as acquisition costs for ingredients and the average salary for pharmacists and technicians at Medical University Hospital to determine the labor ocst, the average cost of preparing each solution was determined. The results of this study demonstrated that a potential savings of 10.3% and 9.9% was possible for pharmacist-prepared and technician-prepared solutions, respectively, when amino acid solutions containing pre-added electrolytes are utilized. The authors concluded that the use of crystalline amino acid solutions with pre-added electrolytes could offer substantial savings of labor and money for the hospital pharmacy. These solutions could also represent a significant cost savings to home-prepared parenteral nutrition formulas.", "PMID": 110961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9491", "title": "Effect of nutritional status and 5-fluorouracil on protein synthesis in parenterally alimented LEW/Mai rats.", "content": "LEW/Mal rats bearing transplantable adenocarcinomas were maintained parenterally for 4 days on 1) a regimen adequate in amino acids and glucose and 2) severely hypocaloric glucose. Rats from both groups were given 17.5 mg 5-fluorouracil (FUra)/kg/day as a continuous infusion for 3 days. Cumulative nitrogen balance, fractional tissue protein synthesis rates, and liver and muscle distribution of FUra and its metabolites were determined. Results were compared to those found with a series of control rats that were not treated with FUra. No changes attributable to FUra were found in the starved rats (1.25 g glucose/day). In the fed rats (15 g glucose plus 2.5 g amino acids/day), FUra decreased the liver and diaphragm fractional protein synthesis rates and the nitrogen retention.", "contents": "Effect of nutritional status and 5-fluorouracil on protein synthesis in parenterally alimented LEW/Mai rats. LEW/Mal rats bearing transplantable adenocarcinomas were maintained parenterally for 4 days on 1) a regimen adequate in amino acids and glucose and 2) severely hypocaloric glucose. Rats from both groups were given 17.5 mg 5-fluorouracil (FUra)/kg/day as a continuous infusion for 3 days. Cumulative nitrogen balance, fractional tissue protein synthesis rates, and liver and muscle distribution of FUra and its metabolites were determined. Results were compared to those found with a series of control rats that were not treated with FUra. No changes attributable to FUra were found in the starved rats (1.25 g glucose/day). In the fed rats (15 g glucose plus 2.5 g amino acids/day), FUra decreased the liver and diaphragm fractional protein synthesis rates and the nitrogen retention.", "PMID": 110969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9492", "title": "Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced tumor promotion in mice by vitamin A analog and anti-inflammatory steroid.", "content": "The effects of a vitamin A analog, TMMP ethyl retinoate [or ethyl-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-trans-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoate] (abbreviated Ro 10-9359), and an anti-inflammatory steroid, fluocinolone acetonide (or 6 alpha, 9 alpha-difluoro-11 beta, 16 alpha, 17,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione cyclic 16,17-acetal) (abbreviated FA), given alone or together were studied in a two-stage carcinogensis system. The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was used as the tumor promoter in a 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-initiated mouse skin system. Two stocks of female mice, CD-1 and Sencar, which differ in their degrees of sensitivity to skin carcinogenesis, were used. A dose-dependent inhibition of carcinogenic expression, as determined by a decreased number of papillomas per animal, was observed in each mouse stock with the use of both FA and Ro 10-9359 when given alone. When FA and Ro 10-9359 were given together, an enhanced effect on the lowering of tumor incidence was noted. FA effectively inhibited tumor formation in the sensitive mouse stock even when the steroid was given 1 day prior to TPA treatment under conditions of unusually high doses of initiator (DMBA) and/or promoter (TPA). These results suggest that both anti-inflammatory steroids and retinoids inhibit tumor promotion and can be effectively used as a combination regimen for increased chemopreventive response.", "contents": "Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced tumor promotion in mice by vitamin A analog and anti-inflammatory steroid. The effects of a vitamin A analog, TMMP ethyl retinoate [or ethyl-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-trans-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoate] (abbreviated Ro 10-9359), and an anti-inflammatory steroid, fluocinolone acetonide (or 6 alpha, 9 alpha-difluoro-11 beta, 16 alpha, 17,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione cyclic 16,17-acetal) (abbreviated FA), given alone or together were studied in a two-stage carcinogensis system. The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was used as the tumor promoter in a 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-initiated mouse skin system. Two stocks of female mice, CD-1 and Sencar, which differ in their degrees of sensitivity to skin carcinogenesis, were used. A dose-dependent inhibition of carcinogenic expression, as determined by a decreased number of papillomas per animal, was observed in each mouse stock with the use of both FA and Ro 10-9359 when given alone. When FA and Ro 10-9359 were given together, an enhanced effect on the lowering of tumor incidence was noted. FA effectively inhibited tumor formation in the sensitive mouse stock even when the steroid was given 1 day prior to TPA treatment under conditions of unusually high doses of initiator (DMBA) and/or promoter (TPA). These results suggest that both anti-inflammatory steroids and retinoids inhibit tumor promotion and can be effectively used as a combination regimen for increased chemopreventive response.", "PMID": 110970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9493", "title": "[Macular changes due to corticosteroids (author's transl)].", "content": "After fives years administration of high doses of corticosteroids, an nine-year-old girl developed a Cushing's syndrome with osteoporosis. Striate and circular pigmental fissures appeared in the macula of both eyes with opening of the circle to papilla.", "contents": "[Macular changes due to corticosteroids (author's transl)]. After fives years administration of high doses of corticosteroids, an nine-year-old girl developed a Cushing's syndrome with osteoporosis. Striate and circular pigmental fissures appeared in the macula of both eyes with opening of the circle to papilla.", "PMID": 110974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9494", "title": "[Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar diabetic coma in childhood. Low-dose continuous intravenous infusion of insulin (author's transl)].", "content": "Continuous intravenous infusion of low doses of insulin has been successfully used since 1972 in the treatment of \"diabetic coma\". The achieved levels of plasma insulin satisfy the transport of glucose and the inhibition of lipolysis. We are to report upon 8 children (mean age: 8.5 years), 6 with diabetic ketoacidosis and 2 with hyperosmolar diabetic coma. Blood sugar levels of 300 mg/dl or less were reached after averagely 8 hours of therapy and an average consumption of 0.8 U insulin/kg. Sodium and potassium levels, osmolality and acid base parameters for the first 24 hours are described. Low-dose continuous intravenous insulin infusion was effective, simple and safe in all cases. The presently recommended dosage of 0.1 insulin/kg x hour is to be used flexibly (range: 0.05--0.2 U/kg x hour). The administration of bicarbonate should be cautiously used for patients with severe acidosis. Infusion of hypotonic solutions as part of the treatment of the hyperosmolar diabetic coma can be dangerous. A new therapeutic regime based on our results is proposed.", "contents": "[Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar diabetic coma in childhood. Low-dose continuous intravenous infusion of insulin (author's transl)]. Continuous intravenous infusion of low doses of insulin has been successfully used since 1972 in the treatment of \"diabetic coma\". The achieved levels of plasma insulin satisfy the transport of glucose and the inhibition of lipolysis. We are to report upon 8 children (mean age: 8.5 years), 6 with diabetic ketoacidosis and 2 with hyperosmolar diabetic coma. Blood sugar levels of 300 mg/dl or less were reached after averagely 8 hours of therapy and an average consumption of 0.8 U insulin/kg. Sodium and potassium levels, osmolality and acid base parameters for the first 24 hours are described. Low-dose continuous intravenous insulin infusion was effective, simple and safe in all cases. The presently recommended dosage of 0.1 insulin/kg x hour is to be used flexibly (range: 0.05--0.2 U/kg x hour). The administration of bicarbonate should be cautiously used for patients with severe acidosis. Infusion of hypotonic solutions as part of the treatment of the hyperosmolar diabetic coma can be dangerous. A new therapeutic regime based on our results is proposed.", "PMID": 110975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9495", "title": "The effectiveness of non-physicians as providers of family planning services.", "content": "Population growth and advances in contraceptive technology are discussed in relation to changes in birth control attitudes and practices and the expansion of public family planning programs. The literature describing training, utilization, and effectiveness of non-physicians in providing family planning services is reviewed. Studies comparing physician and non-physician provision of oral contraceptives and IUD insertions are discussed. On the basis of extensive supporting data, the author concludes that many functions which formerly were in the physician's province are as safely and perhaps more appropriately performed by persons with less medical sophistication. Recommendations are made regarding the present and future role of nurses as primary care providers in family planning.", "contents": "The effectiveness of non-physicians as providers of family planning services. Population growth and advances in contraceptive technology are discussed in relation to changes in birth control attitudes and practices and the expansion of public family planning programs. The literature describing training, utilization, and effectiveness of non-physicians in providing family planning services is reviewed. Studies comparing physician and non-physician provision of oral contraceptives and IUD insertions are discussed. On the basis of extensive supporting data, the author concludes that many functions which formerly were in the physician's province are as safely and perhaps more appropriately performed by persons with less medical sophistication. Recommendations are made regarding the present and future role of nurses as primary care providers in family planning.", "PMID": 110971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9496", "title": "Comparative normal levels of serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine in nonhuman primates.", "content": "Normative values were obtained for triiodothyronine and thyroxine from four species of Old World primate (chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, African green monkeys and talopoin monkeys) and a single species of New World primate (squirrel monkeys) represented by two subspecies, Colombian and Bolivian. The Bolivian squirrel monkeys exhibited the lowest values for both triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Male talapoins had the highest levels of thyroxine. Significant differences were found in levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine between males and females of the same species and between the two subspecies of squirrel monkeys. Triiodothyronine:thryroxine ratios were consistently lower in the males of all species examined.", "contents": "Comparative normal levels of serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine in nonhuman primates. Normative values were obtained for triiodothyronine and thyroxine from four species of Old World primate (chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, African green monkeys and talopoin monkeys) and a single species of New World primate (squirrel monkeys) represented by two subspecies, Colombian and Bolivian. The Bolivian squirrel monkeys exhibited the lowest values for both triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Male talapoins had the highest levels of thyroxine. Significant differences were found in levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine between males and females of the same species and between the two subspecies of squirrel monkeys. Triiodothyronine:thryroxine ratios were consistently lower in the males of all species examined.", "PMID": 110976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9497", "title": "Baseline blood chemistry determinations in the squirrel monkey (SAimiri sciureus).", "content": "Sera from 129 squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, were analyzed for 15 chemical constituents. The values obtained were then analyzed for statistical significance causing the following sets of variables: (1) colony-bred versus noncolony-bred, (2) karyotype (3) vendor, (4) sex and (5) dietary iodine supplementation versus nonsupplementation. Calcium, inorganic phosphorous, albumin, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, alkaline phosphatase and potassium were high in colony-bred animals. Cholesterol, total protein and chloride were lower in colony-bred animals than in noncolony-bred animals. No differences were seen in total bilirubin, lactic dehydrogenase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and sodium. When the noncolony-bred animals were separated by karyotype, total protein was higher and chloride was lower between animals from Peru versus from Guyana. Colombian animals had total protein values lower than Peruvian and lactic dehydrogenase values higher than Peruvian. Colony-bred Peruvian monkeys had serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase values higher than colony-bred Colombian monkeys. No differences were observed between monkeys from different vendors. Chemical constituents higher between noncolony-bred males and females were calcium and alkaline phosphatase. There were no differences observed for colony-bred males and females. Dietary iodine supplementation appeared to increase both total bilirubin and calcium.", "contents": "Baseline blood chemistry determinations in the squirrel monkey (SAimiri sciureus). Sera from 129 squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, were analyzed for 15 chemical constituents. The values obtained were then analyzed for statistical significance causing the following sets of variables: (1) colony-bred versus noncolony-bred, (2) karyotype (3) vendor, (4) sex and (5) dietary iodine supplementation versus nonsupplementation. Calcium, inorganic phosphorous, albumin, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, alkaline phosphatase and potassium were high in colony-bred animals. Cholesterol, total protein and chloride were lower in colony-bred animals than in noncolony-bred animals. No differences were seen in total bilirubin, lactic dehydrogenase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and sodium. When the noncolony-bred animals were separated by karyotype, total protein was higher and chloride was lower between animals from Peru versus from Guyana. Colombian animals had total protein values lower than Peruvian and lactic dehydrogenase values higher than Peruvian. Colony-bred Peruvian monkeys had serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase values higher than colony-bred Colombian monkeys. No differences were observed between monkeys from different vendors. Chemical constituents higher between noncolony-bred males and females were calcium and alkaline phosphatase. There were no differences observed for colony-bred males and females. Dietary iodine supplementation appeared to increase both total bilirubin and calcium.", "PMID": 110977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9498", "title": "A comparison of bacterial flora isolated by transtracheal aspiration and pharyngeal swabs in Macaca fascicularis.", "content": "The pulmonary flora of 30 monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) was sampled by the transtracheal aspiration technique and the pharyngeal swab method, and the results were compared. The transtracheal aspiration technique yielded lower numbers of bacteria in both aerobic and anaerobic cultures. The bacteria isolated by transtracheal aspiration were predominately pure culture, thereby lowering the possibility of contamination from commensal flora. Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from 23.3% of the monkeys by transtracheal aspiration, but this organism was not isolated when samples were collected with pharyngeal swabs.", "contents": "A comparison of bacterial flora isolated by transtracheal aspiration and pharyngeal swabs in Macaca fascicularis. The pulmonary flora of 30 monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) was sampled by the transtracheal aspiration technique and the pharyngeal swab method, and the results were compared. The transtracheal aspiration technique yielded lower numbers of bacteria in both aerobic and anaerobic cultures. The bacteria isolated by transtracheal aspiration were predominately pure culture, thereby lowering the possibility of contamination from commensal flora. Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from 23.3% of the monkeys by transtracheal aspiration, but this organism was not isolated when samples were collected with pharyngeal swabs.", "PMID": 110978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9499", "title": "Immobilization of a chronic intravenous catheter in the saphenous vein of African green and rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Long-term immobilization of intravenous catheters in the saphenous vein of nonhuman primates was accomplished through the application of a lightweight fiberglass tape casting system developed for human orthopedic use. The advantages of this technique are that it (a) permits successful retention of superficial vein catheters, (b) eliminates the need for deep vessel surgical procedures when only blood collection or perfusion protocols are being implemented and (c) permits repeated use of a single preparation without maintaining the animal under rigid restraint.", "contents": "Immobilization of a chronic intravenous catheter in the saphenous vein of African green and rhesus monkeys. Long-term immobilization of intravenous catheters in the saphenous vein of nonhuman primates was accomplished through the application of a lightweight fiberglass tape casting system developed for human orthopedic use. The advantages of this technique are that it (a) permits successful retention of superficial vein catheters, (b) eliminates the need for deep vessel surgical procedures when only blood collection or perfusion protocols are being implemented and (c) permits repeated use of a single preparation without maintaining the animal under rigid restraint.", "PMID": 110979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9500", "title": "Nasogastric intubation technique for bile sampling in the baboon (Papio ursinus).", "content": "A duodenal tube was introduced into the duodenum of the fasted baboon via the nasal passage. After the application of vacuum for several minutes, the baboon received an intravenous injection of pancreozymin and cholecystokinin which caused contraction of the gall bladder. Aspiration of the bile sample was carried out via the duodenal tube.", "contents": "Nasogastric intubation technique for bile sampling in the baboon (Papio ursinus). A duodenal tube was introduced into the duodenum of the fasted baboon via the nasal passage. After the application of vacuum for several minutes, the baboon received an intravenous injection of pancreozymin and cholecystokinin which caused contraction of the gall bladder. Aspiration of the bile sample was carried out via the duodenal tube.", "PMID": 110980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9501", "title": "Clinical description of tetanus in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "Nineteen cases of clinical tetanus developed in Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) which were housed in outdoor corrals with soil-based floors. The disease was initially characterized by stiffness in gait followed by extensor rigidity, trismus and opisthotonus. Eleven of the 19 monkeys (58%) had evidence of external wounds. The case fatality rate was 100%. Tetanus accounted for 12% of adult female and 19% of adult male mortalities in the colony. Immunization with tetanus toxoid was effective in reducing the incidence of tetanus.", "contents": "Clinical description of tetanus in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Nineteen cases of clinical tetanus developed in Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) which were housed in outdoor corrals with soil-based floors. The disease was initially characterized by stiffness in gait followed by extensor rigidity, trismus and opisthotonus. Eleven of the 19 monkeys (58%) had evidence of external wounds. The case fatality rate was 100%. Tetanus accounted for 12% of adult female and 19% of adult male mortalities in the colony. Immunization with tetanus toxoid was effective in reducing the incidence of tetanus.", "PMID": 110981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9502", "title": "Glomerular basement membrane thickness following islet transplantation in the diabetic rat.", "content": "Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickness was measured in diabetic rats prior to and following islet transplantation. Over the course of the experiment (from 7 to 13 months of diabetes) GBM thickness in diabetic animals exceeded that of littermate controls. After 7 months of diabetes a group of animals received successful intraportal transplants of neonatal pancreatic tissue. GBM thickness at 2 and 6 months following islet transplantation matched the thickness in nontransplanted diabetic rats and exceeded that in control animals. Failure to reverse GBM thickening in diabetic rats following islet transplantation may be due to very slow rates of GBM tunover in the rat. Previous work has demonstrated normalization of urinary albumin excretion after islet transplantation, suggesting that GBM thickening, per se, is not a significant factor causing albuminuria in rats with longstanding diabetes.", "contents": "Glomerular basement membrane thickness following islet transplantation in the diabetic rat. Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickness was measured in diabetic rats prior to and following islet transplantation. Over the course of the experiment (from 7 to 13 months of diabetes) GBM thickness in diabetic animals exceeded that of littermate controls. After 7 months of diabetes a group of animals received successful intraportal transplants of neonatal pancreatic tissue. GBM thickness at 2 and 6 months following islet transplantation matched the thickness in nontransplanted diabetic rats and exceeded that in control animals. Failure to reverse GBM thickening in diabetic rats following islet transplantation may be due to very slow rates of GBM tunover in the rat. Previous work has demonstrated normalization of urinary albumin excretion after islet transplantation, suggesting that GBM thickening, per se, is not a significant factor causing albuminuria in rats with longstanding diabetes.", "PMID": 110982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9503", "title": "Achalasia of the esophagus associated with Hodgkin disease.", "content": "Esophageal achalasia has not been reported in the literature as a complication of Hodgkin disease. Involvement of the esophagus is rare but when present, consists mostly of bleeding, ulceration or diverticuli. A case is reported in a fifty-one year old female with achalasia of the distal third of the esophagus associated with Hodgkin disease, Stage II B.", "contents": "Achalasia of the esophagus associated with Hodgkin disease. Esophageal achalasia has not been reported in the literature as a complication of Hodgkin disease. Involvement of the esophagus is rare but when present, consists mostly of bleeding, ulceration or diverticuli. A case is reported in a fifty-one year old female with achalasia of the distal third of the esophagus associated with Hodgkin disease, Stage II B.", "PMID": 110985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9504", "title": "Quantitative analysis of mating behavior in aging male Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Dynamic changes in quantitative aspects of mating behavior of the male fruit fly as its life unfolds, from eclosion through maturity (peak performance) and \"physiological death\" (loss of fertility followed by complete loss of ability to mate), towards actual death, have been identified in this work by observations and measurements on 28 male fruit flies of the Oregon R strain studied individually. At weekly sessions from the first day of their imaginal life until their natural death, each fly was given the opportunity to mate with up to three virgin females during a one-hour period. Length of the latency period of each accomplished mating and duration of copulation were recorded. After mating the females were allowed to lay eggs for 24 hours and the number of offspring was counted 26 days later. The period between 1 and 4 weeks of age is characterized by peak and fairly constant performance: multiple matings, short latencies, long durations of copulation, and high degree of fertility (number of offspring); then a decline sets in, in some measures slower than in others, as the flies age. Large intra- and inter-individual variabilities were, however, found which obscure possible correlations between individual measures of mating ability and length of life. At the individual level, a preliminary analysis showed a good correlation (r = 0.80 and 0.79) between life span and week of last mating (onset of impotence) or week of last fertile mating (onset of sterility). At the population level it was found that a number of measures, i.e. number of remaining maters at each age, number of remaining fertile maters and total number of matings, had an age-course similar to survivorship but anticipated it by 4--6 weeks. Other measures, such as number of multiple matings and number of offspring declined with age faster than survivorship.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of mating behavior in aging male Drosophila melanogaster. Dynamic changes in quantitative aspects of mating behavior of the male fruit fly as its life unfolds, from eclosion through maturity (peak performance) and \"physiological death\" (loss of fertility followed by complete loss of ability to mate), towards actual death, have been identified in this work by observations and measurements on 28 male fruit flies of the Oregon R strain studied individually. At weekly sessions from the first day of their imaginal life until their natural death, each fly was given the opportunity to mate with up to three virgin females during a one-hour period. Length of the latency period of each accomplished mating and duration of copulation were recorded. After mating the females were allowed to lay eggs for 24 hours and the number of offspring was counted 26 days later. The period between 1 and 4 weeks of age is characterized by peak and fairly constant performance: multiple matings, short latencies, long durations of copulation, and high degree of fertility (number of offspring); then a decline sets in, in some measures slower than in others, as the flies age. Large intra- and inter-individual variabilities were, however, found which obscure possible correlations between individual measures of mating ability and length of life. At the individual level, a preliminary analysis showed a good correlation (r = 0.80 and 0.79) between life span and week of last mating (onset of impotence) or week of last fertile mating (onset of sterility). At the population level it was found that a number of measures, i.e. number of remaining maters at each age, number of remaining fertile maters and total number of matings, had an age-course similar to survivorship but anticipated it by 4--6 weeks. Other measures, such as number of multiple matings and number of offspring declined with age faster than survivorship.", "PMID": 110987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9505", "title": "[Two cases of meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes in a 73-year-old man and a 77-year-old woman are described. Both patients were admitted to an Emergency Department in acute state, probably caused by cerebral stroke. Neither presented clinical symptoms of meningitis. No other concomitant conditions which might weaken the patient's general state were known to be present. The first patient died after 16 hours, the second after 5. The analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid gave the following information: Case 1: 1,500 cells, 80 percent of which were polynuclear neutrophils; Pandy's reaction was positive; albumin 1.5 g/l and glucose 0.65 g/l. Case 2: 197 cells/mm3, 90 percent of which were polynuclear neutrophils; Pandy's reaction was positive; albumin and glucose were 0.60 and 0.10 g/l respectively. Samples of the cerebrospinal fluid were cultured in various media and pure cultures of Listeria monocytogenes, subtype 4b, were isolated. The source of the infection could not be determined in either of the two cases.", "contents": "[Two cases of meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)]. Two cases of meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes in a 73-year-old man and a 77-year-old woman are described. Both patients were admitted to an Emergency Department in acute state, probably caused by cerebral stroke. Neither presented clinical symptoms of meningitis. No other concomitant conditions which might weaken the patient's general state were known to be present. The first patient died after 16 hours, the second after 5. The analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid gave the following information: Case 1: 1,500 cells, 80 percent of which were polynuclear neutrophils; Pandy's reaction was positive; albumin 1.5 g/l and glucose 0.65 g/l. Case 2: 197 cells/mm3, 90 percent of which were polynuclear neutrophils; Pandy's reaction was positive; albumin and glucose were 0.60 and 0.10 g/l respectively. Samples of the cerebrospinal fluid were cultured in various media and pure cultures of Listeria monocytogenes, subtype 4b, were isolated. The source of the infection could not be determined in either of the two cases.", "PMID": 110989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9506", "title": "Serum alpha-lipoprotein responses to variations in dietary cholesterol, protein and carbohydrate in different non-human primate species.", "content": "Serum alpha-lipoprotein responses to variations in dietary cholesterol, protein, and carbohydrate were studied in different nonhuman primate species. Chimpanzee, rhesus, green, patas, squirrel and spider monkeys all showed significant interspecies differences in serum total cholesterol responses to 1.84 mg/kcal exogenous cholesterol. Dietary cholesterol significantly increased the alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol in all species except rhesus and chimpanzee. Among these species, there was no relationship between the basal serum lipoprotein profile and subsequent lipoprotein responses to dietary cholesterol. Although the level of dietary protein at 6%, 12%, and 37% of calories had no appreciable main effect on serum total cholesterol in spider monkeys, very low protein diet (6% of calories) produced a significant elevation in alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol. Serum alpha-lipoprotein responses to exogenous cholesterol (1.84 mg/kcal) was highest for the very low protein diet and lowest for low protein diet (12% of calories). Diets with high sucrose (76.5% of calories) and low saturated fat (12.5% of calories) containing no added cholesterol were tested in squirrel and spider monkeys and produced a consistent serum total cholesterol response; the alpha-lipoprotein response was significantly higher in squirrel monkeys than in spider monkeys. The above findings have implications in experimentally induced and comparative atherogenesis.", "contents": "Serum alpha-lipoprotein responses to variations in dietary cholesterol, protein and carbohydrate in different non-human primate species. Serum alpha-lipoprotein responses to variations in dietary cholesterol, protein, and carbohydrate were studied in different nonhuman primate species. Chimpanzee, rhesus, green, patas, squirrel and spider monkeys all showed significant interspecies differences in serum total cholesterol responses to 1.84 mg/kcal exogenous cholesterol. Dietary cholesterol significantly increased the alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol in all species except rhesus and chimpanzee. Among these species, there was no relationship between the basal serum lipoprotein profile and subsequent lipoprotein responses to dietary cholesterol. Although the level of dietary protein at 6%, 12%, and 37% of calories had no appreciable main effect on serum total cholesterol in spider monkeys, very low protein diet (6% of calories) produced a significant elevation in alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol. Serum alpha-lipoprotein responses to exogenous cholesterol (1.84 mg/kcal) was highest for the very low protein diet and lowest for low protein diet (12% of calories). Diets with high sucrose (76.5% of calories) and low saturated fat (12.5% of calories) containing no added cholesterol were tested in squirrel and spider monkeys and produced a consistent serum total cholesterol response; the alpha-lipoprotein response was significantly higher in squirrel monkeys than in spider monkeys. The above findings have implications in experimentally induced and comparative atherogenesis.", "PMID": 110992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9507", "title": "Hypolipidemic effects in monkeys of ML-236B, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase.", "content": "The fungal metabolite ML-236B, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, has been shown to be significantly effective in lowering serum cholesterol levels in cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 20-50 mg/kg per day. Levels of serum phospholipids and triglycerides were, however, not significantly changed by the administration of the drug. Of the serum lipoprotein fractions, a beta-lipoprotein corresponding to low density lipoprotein was preferentially reduced by the drug treatment. Fecal excretion of neutral sterols was unaffected but that of bile acids and slightly elevated by the administration of ML-236B.", "contents": "Hypolipidemic effects in monkeys of ML-236B, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. The fungal metabolite ML-236B, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, has been shown to be significantly effective in lowering serum cholesterol levels in cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 20-50 mg/kg per day. Levels of serum phospholipids and triglycerides were, however, not significantly changed by the administration of the drug. Of the serum lipoprotein fractions, a beta-lipoprotein corresponding to low density lipoprotein was preferentially reduced by the drug treatment. Fecal excretion of neutral sterols was unaffected but that of bile acids and slightly elevated by the administration of ML-236B.", "PMID": 110993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9508", "title": "[A study of the serological response of Sudanese children to three associated immunizations (measles, tetanus, meningococcal A meningitis) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors first emphasize the efficiency and economic value of associated immunizations in developping countries. They report the first data collected in a campaign of immunization with a single injection of an extemporaneous mixture of antimeasles, antitetanus and antimeningococcal meningitis vaccines. This campaign took place in the Republic of Suddan from may 1976 to july 1977 and concerned 87 children. The specifications of each vaccine as well as the procedures of vaccination and serological control are given. The study of serological rates shows: -- a good response for measles with, in Africa, an optimal \u00e2ge of 6 months and a new injection 6 months later; -- a low and late antibodies rise in tetanus with a good immunological memory giving way to an acute rise under a 2nd injection one year later; -- an immediate increase of the basic low rate of meningococcic antibodies existing in most Suddanese children before the injection. The authors consider the advantage of using also anti C meningococcal vaccine and to add an inactivated poliomyelitic vaccine. They give notice of the good stability in tropical environment of the vaccinal mixture they used.", "contents": "[A study of the serological response of Sudanese children to three associated immunizations (measles, tetanus, meningococcal A meningitis) (author's transl)]. The authors first emphasize the efficiency and economic value of associated immunizations in developping countries. They report the first data collected in a campaign of immunization with a single injection of an extemporaneous mixture of antimeasles, antitetanus and antimeningococcal meningitis vaccines. This campaign took place in the Republic of Suddan from may 1976 to july 1977 and concerned 87 children. The specifications of each vaccine as well as the procedures of vaccination and serological control are given. The study of serological rates shows: -- a good response for measles with, in Africa, an optimal \u00e2ge of 6 months and a new injection 6 months later; -- a low and late antibodies rise in tetanus with a good immunological memory giving way to an acute rise under a 2nd injection one year later; -- an immediate increase of the basic low rate of meningococcic antibodies existing in most Suddanese children before the injection. The authors consider the advantage of using also anti C meningococcal vaccine and to add an inactivated poliomyelitic vaccine. They give notice of the good stability in tropical environment of the vaccinal mixture they used.", "PMID": 110997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9509", "title": "Lethal effect of protamine and histone on competent Bacillus subtilis cells. Inhibition of genetic transformation by protamine in sublethal concentration.", "content": "Under experimental conditions of genetic transformation, protamine and total histone were bactericidal for Bacillus subtilis cells. The abilities to cause lethality were very similar for both, either protamine or histone, with no antagonistic effects amongst these natural polycations. With both basic proteins acting simultaneously the enhancement was higher than a summation of the separate lethal effects. Sublethal concentration of protamine added at the beginning of transformation time, produced a strong inhibition of transforming efficiency. The same concentration added later than 10 min from the start of transformation had no inhibitory effect. These facts together with the absence of inhibition by simple pretreatment of DNA alone as well as the cell protection by protamine against lytic activity of lysozyme, suggest a protamine-cell surface interaction which impedes DNA uptake events.", "contents": "Lethal effect of protamine and histone on competent Bacillus subtilis cells. Inhibition of genetic transformation by protamine in sublethal concentration. Under experimental conditions of genetic transformation, protamine and total histone were bactericidal for Bacillus subtilis cells. The abilities to cause lethality were very similar for both, either protamine or histone, with no antagonistic effects amongst these natural polycations. With both basic proteins acting simultaneously the enhancement was higher than a summation of the separate lethal effects. Sublethal concentration of protamine added at the beginning of transformation time, produced a strong inhibition of transforming efficiency. The same concentration added later than 10 min from the start of transformation had no inhibitory effect. These facts together with the absence of inhibition by simple pretreatment of DNA alone as well as the cell protection by protamine against lytic activity of lysozyme, suggest a protamine-cell surface interaction which impedes DNA uptake events.", "PMID": 111002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9510", "title": "Physico- and immunochemical properties of staphylococcal protein A extracellularly produced by a set of mutants from Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I.", "content": "Mutant strains of Staphylococcus aureus have been isloated using a simple cosedimentation technique. While the parental strain contains predominantly a cell-bound protein A, the mutant strains exclusively produce extracellular protein A. The mutant forms of protein A all have lower molecular weights than that of protein A from the parental strain. They showed the same antigenicity as the parental protein A and gave similar reactivity with immunoglobulin to the parental one except for one mutant. A conspicuous spur was observed between the parental protein A and that produced by the mutant against normal dog serum in the micro-Ouchterlony immunodiffusion test.", "contents": "Physico- and immunochemical properties of staphylococcal protein A extracellularly produced by a set of mutants from Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I. Mutant strains of Staphylococcus aureus have been isloated using a simple cosedimentation technique. While the parental strain contains predominantly a cell-bound protein A, the mutant strains exclusively produce extracellular protein A. The mutant forms of protein A all have lower molecular weights than that of protein A from the parental strain. They showed the same antigenicity as the parental protein A and gave similar reactivity with immunoglobulin to the parental one except for one mutant. A conspicuous spur was observed between the parental protein A and that produced by the mutant against normal dog serum in the micro-Ouchterlony immunodiffusion test.", "PMID": 111003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9511", "title": "Serotype-dependent inhibition of glucan synthesis and cell adherence of Streptococcus mutans by antibody against glucosyltransferase of serotype e S. mutans.", "content": "A crude glucosyltransferase (GTase) preparation was obtained from the culture supernatant of Streptococcus mutans strain MT703 (serotype e) by 50% ammonium sulphate precipitation. Antiserum specific against the GTase was prepared by immunizing rabbits intramuscularly with the GTase in Freund incomplete adjuvant, followed by GTase without adjuvant intravenously. Gamma globulin fractions of the antiserum and normal serum were partially purified by 1/3 saturated ammonium sulphate precipitation. The antibody strongly inhibited the GTase activity (greater than 90%) of type c, e and f S. mutans, whereas the GTase of type a, d and g was not affected by the antibody. The GTase from type b S. mutans was slightly inhibited. The adherence of viable cells of type c, e, and f S. mutans to a glass surface due to synthesis of glucan by the cell-associated GTase was also significantly inhibited by the antibody to the enzyme. These results suggest that type c, e, and f and types a, d, and g S. mutans can be separated into two major groups in terms of the immunological relationship of GTase.", "contents": "Serotype-dependent inhibition of glucan synthesis and cell adherence of Streptococcus mutans by antibody against glucosyltransferase of serotype e S. mutans. A crude glucosyltransferase (GTase) preparation was obtained from the culture supernatant of Streptococcus mutans strain MT703 (serotype e) by 50% ammonium sulphate precipitation. Antiserum specific against the GTase was prepared by immunizing rabbits intramuscularly with the GTase in Freund incomplete adjuvant, followed by GTase without adjuvant intravenously. Gamma globulin fractions of the antiserum and normal serum were partially purified by 1/3 saturated ammonium sulphate precipitation. The antibody strongly inhibited the GTase activity (greater than 90%) of type c, e and f S. mutans, whereas the GTase of type a, d and g was not affected by the antibody. The GTase from type b S. mutans was slightly inhibited. The adherence of viable cells of type c, e, and f S. mutans to a glass surface due to synthesis of glucan by the cell-associated GTase was also significantly inhibited by the antibody to the enzyme. These results suggest that type c, e, and f and types a, d, and g S. mutans can be separated into two major groups in terms of the immunological relationship of GTase.", "PMID": 111004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9512", "title": "The evolution of an immune system.", "content": "A model for the molecular evolution of an imune system is presented. It suggests how a system of cell surface-fixed antigen receptors, called FR, to be thought of as \"primitive\" but still functional antibodies, could evolve into the \"modern\" labile T cell and antibody system, the receptors for which may be called CER (clonal expansion receptors). Perhaps the most significant insight to be gained from the theory concerns the conclusion that the immune system of an embryo may be primed by the interaction between two types of cells with complementary surface specificities. In the first type of cell the interacting molecule is an FR molecule coded by a gene of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) which has undergone a somatic mutation; in the second type it is a CER molecule also coded by a gene which has undergone a recent somatic mutation. It is believed that this insight eliminates some of the problems experienced in understanding generation of diversity, and renders unnecessary some of the more complex hypotheses about immune networks. The mechanism of action of immune response genes is easily explained by the theory.", "contents": "The evolution of an immune system. A model for the molecular evolution of an imune system is presented. It suggests how a system of cell surface-fixed antigen receptors, called FR, to be thought of as \"primitive\" but still functional antibodies, could evolve into the \"modern\" labile T cell and antibody system, the receptors for which may be called CER (clonal expansion receptors). Perhaps the most significant insight to be gained from the theory concerns the conclusion that the immune system of an embryo may be primed by the interaction between two types of cells with complementary surface specificities. In the first type of cell the interacting molecule is an FR molecule coded by a gene of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) which has undergone a somatic mutation; in the second type it is a CER molecule also coded by a gene which has undergone a recent somatic mutation. It is believed that this insight eliminates some of the problems experienced in understanding generation of diversity, and renders unnecessary some of the more complex hypotheses about immune networks. The mechanism of action of immune response genes is easily explained by the theory.", "PMID": 111008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9513", "title": "A case of pulsating proptosis.", "content": "The long-term follow-up of a case of unilateral pulsating proptosis is reported. The clinical signs in this patient were due to a defect in the bony wall of the orbit which is an unusual manifestation of neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "A case of pulsating proptosis. The long-term follow-up of a case of unilateral pulsating proptosis is reported. The clinical signs in this patient were due to a defect in the bony wall of the orbit which is an unusual manifestation of neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 111010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9514", "title": "Creutzfeld-Jakob disease and corneal grafts.", "content": "The possible danger of surgical transmission of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease from one human being to another has been reported in three instances. Although laboratory attempts at transmission of this disease by corneal grafting have so far failed in animals, it is emphasized that great care should be exercised in the selection of donor material for corneal grafts and renal transplants.", "contents": "Creutzfeld-Jakob disease and corneal grafts. The possible danger of surgical transmission of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease from one human being to another has been reported in three instances. Although laboratory attempts at transmission of this disease by corneal grafting have so far failed in animals, it is emphasized that great care should be exercised in the selection of donor material for corneal grafts and renal transplants.", "PMID": 111011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9515", "title": "[Determination of serum digitoxin by means of a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (author's transl)].", "content": "A solid-phase ELISA-technique for clinical applications is described. It requires little apparatus other than a photometer and allows the rapid determination of serum digitoxin levels. It differs from the original technique only in the sample volume being smaller and a digitoxin calibration curve being required. Concurrent assays by a reference method (86Rb-erythrocyte assay) gave results in excellent agreement with the values obtained by the modified ELISA-technique on samples from patients under long-term therapy with digitoxin (r = 0.95).", "contents": "[Determination of serum digitoxin by means of a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (author's transl)]. A solid-phase ELISA-technique for clinical applications is described. It requires little apparatus other than a photometer and allows the rapid determination of serum digitoxin levels. It differs from the original technique only in the sample volume being smaller and a digitoxin calibration curve being required. Concurrent assays by a reference method (86Rb-erythrocyte assay) gave results in excellent agreement with the values obtained by the modified ELISA-technique on samples from patients under long-term therapy with digitoxin (r = 0.95).", "PMID": 111013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9516", "title": "Neutron energy spectra of d(49)-Be and p(41)-Be neutron radiotherapy sources.", "content": "Zero-degree neutron energy spectra for the p(41)-Be and d(49)-Be reactions were measured by time-of-flight for neutrons with energies above 1.9 and 1.4 MeV, respectively. Spectral changes resulting from the addition of copper, aluminum, and polyethylene filters to unfiltered beams were determined. Integral yields, average energies, filter material attenuation coefficients, and kerma fractions were computed for these spectra. Calculated spectra for neutron beams filtered by various thicknesses of polyethylene compared favorably with experimental results", "contents": "Neutron energy spectra of d(49)-Be and p(41)-Be neutron radiotherapy sources. Zero-degree neutron energy spectra for the p(41)-Be and d(49)-Be reactions were measured by time-of-flight for neutrons with energies above 1.9 and 1.4 MeV, respectively. Spectral changes resulting from the addition of copper, aluminum, and polyethylene filters to unfiltered beams were determined. Integral yields, average energies, filter material attenuation coefficients, and kerma fractions were computed for these spectra. Calculated spectra for neutron beams filtered by various thicknesses of polyethylene compared favorably with experimental results", "PMID": 111016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9517", "title": "Variation in output factor caused by secondary blocking for 7-16 MeV electron beams.", "content": "The effect of secondary blocking on the output for 7-16 MeV electron beams is investigated for the two most widely used methods of field shaping, i.e.,(a) shield on surface, and (b) shield at end of cone with subsequent air gap. For those two methods differences in output on the order of 10% are observed. These effects are explained in terms of the blocking geometry and its influence on scattered radiation.", "contents": "Variation in output factor caused by secondary blocking for 7-16 MeV electron beams. The effect of secondary blocking on the output for 7-16 MeV electron beams is investigated for the two most widely used methods of field shaping, i.e.,(a) shield on surface, and (b) shield at end of cone with subsequent air gap. For those two methods differences in output on the order of 10% are observed. These effects are explained in terms of the blocking geometry and its influence on scattered radiation.", "PMID": 111017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9518", "title": "Computer algorithm for electron beam treatment planning.", "content": "A computer algorithm has been developed for electron beam treatment planning. The method uses a limited amount of stored experimental dose distribution data, performs interpolation, and stores generated beam information on an optimized fan line-depth line grid. Experimental verification of the computer program showed agreement within +/-5% for beam generation and air gap correction.", "contents": "Computer algorithm for electron beam treatment planning. A computer algorithm has been developed for electron beam treatment planning. The method uses a limited amount of stored experimental dose distribution data, performs interpolation, and stores generated beam information on an optimized fan line-depth line grid. Experimental verification of the computer program showed agreement within +/-5% for beam generation and air gap correction.", "PMID": 111018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9519", "title": "Photon contamination in 8-20-MeV electron beams from a linear accelerator.", "content": "The amount of x-ray contamination near the surface of a phantom irradiated with electron beams was measured directly. Measurements were done to ascertain if photon contamination in the beam contributes a higher dose to the more superficial layers of an irradiated medium than indicated by conventional methods. A 1.4-kG magnetic field was used to deflect the electron beams generated by a Philips SL/75-20 linear accelerator. The electron energies studied were 8, 10, 12, 14, 17, and 20 Mev. After sweeping the electron beam, a significant amount of photon contamination was measured in all cases. The characteristic qualities of the photon contamination were measured directly in a water tank. They were found to agree with those of bremsstrahlung spectra generated in a thin target with a virtual source at the location of the scattering foil.", "contents": "Photon contamination in 8-20-MeV electron beams from a linear accelerator. The amount of x-ray contamination near the surface of a phantom irradiated with electron beams was measured directly. Measurements were done to ascertain if photon contamination in the beam contributes a higher dose to the more superficial layers of an irradiated medium than indicated by conventional methods. A 1.4-kG magnetic field was used to deflect the electron beams generated by a Philips SL/75-20 linear accelerator. The electron energies studied were 8, 10, 12, 14, 17, and 20 Mev. After sweeping the electron beam, a significant amount of photon contamination was measured in all cases. The characteristic qualities of the photon contamination were measured directly in a water tank. They were found to agree with those of bremsstrahlung spectra generated in a thin target with a virtual source at the location of the scattering foil.", "PMID": 111019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9520", "title": "On the constancy in composition of polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate plastics.", "content": "Variations in the atomic composition, and mass and electron densities of polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate (PMM) plastics were assessed from experimentally determined mass attenuation coefficients for 125I and 137Cs gamma rays. The means and standard deviations in the mass densities of 16 samples of PMM and 10 samples of polystyrene were found to be 1.174 +/- 1.4% and 1.042 +/- 0.6% g/cm3, respectively. Based upon transmission measurements on various solutions of ethyl alcohol in water, the standard deviations in the effective atomic numbers of PMM and polystyrene were determined to be 0.77% and 1.3%, respectively. Based upon experimentally determined mass attenuation coefficients for 137Cs, the standard deviations in electron density for PMM and polystyrene were 0.5% and 1.2% respectively. Similar measurements on tap water and two grades of distilled water failed to detect any differences in atomic composition.", "contents": "On the constancy in composition of polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate plastics. Variations in the atomic composition, and mass and electron densities of polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate (PMM) plastics were assessed from experimentally determined mass attenuation coefficients for 125I and 137Cs gamma rays. The means and standard deviations in the mass densities of 16 samples of PMM and 10 samples of polystyrene were found to be 1.174 +/- 1.4% and 1.042 +/- 0.6% g/cm3, respectively. Based upon transmission measurements on various solutions of ethyl alcohol in water, the standard deviations in the effective atomic numbers of PMM and polystyrene were determined to be 0.77% and 1.3%, respectively. Based upon experimentally determined mass attenuation coefficients for 137Cs, the standard deviations in electron density for PMM and polystyrene were 0.5% and 1.2% respectively. Similar measurements on tap water and two grades of distilled water failed to detect any differences in atomic composition.", "PMID": 111020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9521", "title": "HnRNP core proteins: synthesis, turnover and intracellular distribution.", "content": "Our present data indicate that the Mr 34-40,000 polypeptides which are involved in the binding of a large fraction of hnRNA sequences, including mRNA, are for the most part metabolically stable species in mouse ascites tumor cells. An exception to this generalization is the smallest of 30S RNP core polypeptides, the Mr 34,000 protein, which has a relatively high turnover rate. The relationship of the various synthesis and degradation rates to the physiological state of mammalian cells remains to be determined, as does the pathway of assembly and disassembly of RNP substructures during re-utilization of the proteins and during their turnover. Immunofluorescent studies, which have confirmed the expected nucleoplasmic or euchromatic localization of the RNP core proteins, have also indicated that these species are stable during mitosis, at which time they are dispersed through the cell away from the condensed chromosomes. The proteins appear to relocate in the nucleus as soon as the nuclear envelope is reformed.", "contents": "HnRNP core proteins: synthesis, turnover and intracellular distribution. Our present data indicate that the Mr 34-40,000 polypeptides which are involved in the binding of a large fraction of hnRNA sequences, including mRNA, are for the most part metabolically stable species in mouse ascites tumor cells. An exception to this generalization is the smallest of 30S RNP core polypeptides, the Mr 34,000 protein, which has a relatively high turnover rate. The relationship of the various synthesis and degradation rates to the physiological state of mammalian cells remains to be determined, as does the pathway of assembly and disassembly of RNP substructures during re-utilization of the proteins and during their turnover. Immunofluorescent studies, which have confirmed the expected nucleoplasmic or euchromatic localization of the RNP core proteins, have also indicated that these species are stable during mitosis, at which time they are dispersed through the cell away from the condensed chromosomes. The proteins appear to relocate in the nucleus as soon as the nuclear envelope is reformed.", "PMID": 111032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9522", "title": "[Selection and some properties of recombinant clones of lambda bacteriophage containing structural genes of Drosophila melanogaster].", "content": "The lambdagt clones containing fragments of D. melanogaster genome were prepared and characterized by hybridization of their DNA with complementary RNA synthesized on the lambdagt DNA, C fragment of lambdagt DNA and total D. melanogaster DNA, and also with mRNA and a stable cytoplasmic poly(A)-RNA both isolated from D. melanogaster cells grown in culture. The technique for a simple selection of hybrid clones is described. The hybridization with mRNA allows one to select the clones containing structural genes of D. melanogaster. It was found that in all cases when the clone contains the structural gene it also contains the reiterated base sequences of the D. melanogaster genome. Several clones containing D. melanogaster DNA fragments with a size of (2--4) X 10(6) daltons which hybridized with a relatively large portion of mRNA were selcted for further analysis.", "contents": "[Selection and some properties of recombinant clones of lambda bacteriophage containing structural genes of Drosophila melanogaster]. The lambdagt clones containing fragments of D. melanogaster genome were prepared and characterized by hybridization of their DNA with complementary RNA synthesized on the lambdagt DNA, C fragment of lambdagt DNA and total D. melanogaster DNA, and also with mRNA and a stable cytoplasmic poly(A)-RNA both isolated from D. melanogaster cells grown in culture. The technique for a simple selection of hybrid clones is described. The hybridization with mRNA allows one to select the clones containing structural genes of D. melanogaster. It was found that in all cases when the clone contains the structural gene it also contains the reiterated base sequences of the D. melanogaster genome. Several clones containing D. melanogaster DNA fragments with a size of (2--4) X 10(6) daltons which hybridized with a relatively large portion of mRNA were selcted for further analysis.", "PMID": 111033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9523", "title": "[Conformational regulation of functional activity of photosynthetic membranes of purple bacteria].", "content": "In reaction centres of photosynthetic membranes of R, rubrum the efficiency of redox interactions of the photoreduced primary electron acceptor with secondary acceptors and photooxidized bacteriochlorophyll has a marked and reversible dependence on temperature over the range from -20 degrees to -80 degrees. Similar temperature dependences were observed for correlation times of the rotational diffusion of a spin probe bound to the hydrophobic region of the membrane and of a spin label bound to SH-groups of the protein constituent of the membrane, as well as for characteristics of resonance absorption of the M\u00f6ssbauer probe (57Fe), embedded in the membrane by biosynthesis. Using the same indicators of intramolecular mobility, a correlation has been observed between photoactivity and structure of the membrane in experiments involving hydratation changes of samples. The data suggest the existence of a close interrelationship between the conformational mobility of the constituents of the photosynthetic membrane and their specific reaction capacity.", "contents": "[Conformational regulation of functional activity of photosynthetic membranes of purple bacteria]. In reaction centres of photosynthetic membranes of R, rubrum the efficiency of redox interactions of the photoreduced primary electron acceptor with secondary acceptors and photooxidized bacteriochlorophyll has a marked and reversible dependence on temperature over the range from -20 degrees to -80 degrees. Similar temperature dependences were observed for correlation times of the rotational diffusion of a spin probe bound to the hydrophobic region of the membrane and of a spin label bound to SH-groups of the protein constituent of the membrane, as well as for characteristics of resonance absorption of the M\u00f6ssbauer probe (57Fe), embedded in the membrane by biosynthesis. Using the same indicators of intramolecular mobility, a correlation has been observed between photoactivity and structure of the membrane in experiments involving hydratation changes of samples. The data suggest the existence of a close interrelationship between the conformational mobility of the constituents of the photosynthetic membrane and their specific reaction capacity.", "PMID": 111034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9524", "title": "[Isolation and properties of B. subtilis DNA-binding proteins inhibiting ATP-dependent deoxyribonuclease].", "content": "The fraction inhibiting ATP-dependent DNAase and some other enzyme activities was found in B. subtilis cell extracts. Two methods of its isolation were elaborated. It is established that the inhibiting activity fraction represents a set of some positively charged thermostable proteins of low molecular weight (M 9000--25 000). The inhibiting effect of the proteins in question may be attributed to their ability to form a complex with DNA. The complex is formed in low ionic strength conditions. The elevation of NaCl concentration to 0,3 M removes some proteins from the complex and causes the complete loss of inhibiting activity. At 0,5 M NaCl DNA-protein complex is completely dissociated. The discovered proteins seems to be localized in DNA-membrane cell fraction. It is supposed that these proteins (or some of them) are the structural ones of the bacterial nucleoid.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of B. subtilis DNA-binding proteins inhibiting ATP-dependent deoxyribonuclease]. The fraction inhibiting ATP-dependent DNAase and some other enzyme activities was found in B. subtilis cell extracts. Two methods of its isolation were elaborated. It is established that the inhibiting activity fraction represents a set of some positively charged thermostable proteins of low molecular weight (M 9000--25 000). The inhibiting effect of the proteins in question may be attributed to their ability to form a complex with DNA. The complex is formed in low ionic strength conditions. The elevation of NaCl concentration to 0,3 M removes some proteins from the complex and causes the complete loss of inhibiting activity. At 0,5 M NaCl DNA-protein complex is completely dissociated. The discovered proteins seems to be localized in DNA-membrane cell fraction. It is supposed that these proteins (or some of them) are the structural ones of the bacterial nucleoid.", "PMID": 111035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9525", "title": "[How Johannes Brahms died].", "content": "In 1896, when he was 63 years old, Johannes Brahms, who had always been demonstrably in good health, developed an icterus of increasing intensity together with a considerable enlargement of the liver and loss of weight. Since infectious hepatitis could scarcely come into the question, from the medical point of view a neoplasm in the region of the liver as well as cirrhosis of the liver were considered. While hepatic carcinoma is a relatively rare disease in Europe even today and Brahms, on the other hand, had consumed copious quantities of concentrated alcoholic drinks during his lifetime, cirrhosis of the liver is the most probable diagnosis, especially as at the end hemorrhages from esophageal varices and the lower intestinal segments occurred.", "contents": "[How Johannes Brahms died]. In 1896, when he was 63 years old, Johannes Brahms, who had always been demonstrably in good health, developed an icterus of increasing intensity together with a considerable enlargement of the liver and loss of weight. Since infectious hepatitis could scarcely come into the question, from the medical point of view a neoplasm in the region of the liver as well as cirrhosis of the liver were considered. While hepatic carcinoma is a relatively rare disease in Europe even today and Brahms, on the other hand, had consumed copious quantities of concentrated alcoholic drinks during his lifetime, cirrhosis of the liver is the most probable diagnosis, especially as at the end hemorrhages from esophageal varices and the lower intestinal segments occurred.", "PMID": 111050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9526", "title": "[Pain after nerve injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "After cut injuries to nerves, about 70% of the persons injured are stricken with painful hypersensitivity, and at least 50% with non-causalgic pain. Clinical reports on peace-time injuries have had scarce regard to both forms. In about 80% of the injured, the painful hypersensitivity sets in within 6 months of the surgical reconstruction and ceases in half of the the patients up to the end of the second year; in the other half the disturbances seem to persist much longer. Non-causalgic pain commence earlier than the painful hypersensitivity, often already shortly after the trauma. Complete remission of this pain is rare. In the event of greater intensity, both painful hypersensitivity and non-causalgic pain entail the risk of abuse of analgesics. As to differential diagnosis, non-causalgic pain must be discriminated from genuine causalgia in which continuous pain is superimposed by paroxysms of pain.", "contents": "[Pain after nerve injuries (author's transl)]. After cut injuries to nerves, about 70% of the persons injured are stricken with painful hypersensitivity, and at least 50% with non-causalgic pain. Clinical reports on peace-time injuries have had scarce regard to both forms. In about 80% of the injured, the painful hypersensitivity sets in within 6 months of the surgical reconstruction and ceases in half of the the patients up to the end of the second year; in the other half the disturbances seem to persist much longer. Non-causalgic pain commence earlier than the painful hypersensitivity, often already shortly after the trauma. Complete remission of this pain is rare. In the event of greater intensity, both painful hypersensitivity and non-causalgic pain entail the risk of abuse of analgesics. As to differential diagnosis, non-causalgic pain must be discriminated from genuine causalgia in which continuous pain is superimposed by paroxysms of pain.", "PMID": 111063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9527", "title": "[Children's eating habits at breakfast and snacks between meals (author's transl)].", "content": "Detailed inquiries into the eating habits of 86 children attending schools and kindergartens was carried out and a nut-nougat cream spread was evaluated in a 14-day investigation. The selection of food for the snacks requires some correction according to these results e. g. for salt biscuits, sweets, soft drinks. 22% of the parents still compel their children to eat everything up, more than 1/3 leave the purchase of snacks to the children. The nut-nougat cream enjoys enormous popularity as a spread for bread so that even large food undertakings cannot face this development with equanimity. From the nutritional physiology aspect this product is only to be considered positively if spreading of any fat under it can be avoided -- a question of explanation and education, because only then will a superfluity of calories be prevented.", "contents": "[Children's eating habits at breakfast and snacks between meals (author's transl)]. Detailed inquiries into the eating habits of 86 children attending schools and kindergartens was carried out and a nut-nougat cream spread was evaluated in a 14-day investigation. The selection of food for the snacks requires some correction according to these results e. g. for salt biscuits, sweets, soft drinks. 22% of the parents still compel their children to eat everything up, more than 1/3 leave the purchase of snacks to the children. The nut-nougat cream enjoys enormous popularity as a spread for bread so that even large food undertakings cannot face this development with equanimity. From the nutritional physiology aspect this product is only to be considered positively if spreading of any fat under it can be avoided -- a question of explanation and education, because only then will a superfluity of calories be prevented.", "PMID": 111065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9528", "title": "[Cerebral attacks in childhood and adolescence. Types, diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities (author's transl)].", "content": "General practitioners, pediatricians, welfare and school medical officers are frequently first confronted with cerebral attacks in childhood and adolescence. The diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities have been considerably widened in recent decades, they are more differentiated and more extensive. The prognosis of many attacks is therefore often favorable today. Close cooperation between the practitioner and specially equipped departments (neuropediatric and child psychiatric outpatients and clinics) is, however, indispensable for a successful therapeutic procedure and should be further intensified in the future. The phenomenology and incidence, frequency and age-dependence of childhood attacks are discussed and also the present state of diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives in general and hospital practice.", "contents": "[Cerebral attacks in childhood and adolescence. Types, diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities (author's transl)]. General practitioners, pediatricians, welfare and school medical officers are frequently first confronted with cerebral attacks in childhood and adolescence. The diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities have been considerably widened in recent decades, they are more differentiated and more extensive. The prognosis of many attacks is therefore often favorable today. Close cooperation between the practitioner and specially equipped departments (neuropediatric and child psychiatric outpatients and clinics) is, however, indispensable for a successful therapeutic procedure and should be further intensified in the future. The phenomenology and incidence, frequency and age-dependence of childhood attacks are discussed and also the present state of diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives in general and hospital practice.", "PMID": 111080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9529", "title": "[A computer-controlled monitoring and therapy system for shock compensation in severe burns (author's transl)].", "content": "A computer-controlled control loop for the automatic diagnosis of shock and infusion therapy is reported. External information (off-line) and vital parameters measured with serial devices (on-line) are used by the computer for the automatic control of infusion pumps. By this method the critical shock phase could be prevented in five seriously burned patients. The construction of the system also permits its use in other shock conditions.", "contents": "[A computer-controlled monitoring and therapy system for shock compensation in severe burns (author's transl)]. A computer-controlled control loop for the automatic diagnosis of shock and infusion therapy is reported. External information (off-line) and vital parameters measured with serial devices (on-line) are used by the computer for the automatic control of infusion pumps. By this method the critical shock phase could be prevented in five seriously burned patients. The construction of the system also permits its use in other shock conditions.", "PMID": 111082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9530", "title": "[Therapeutic experience with osyrol 100/Lasix in the treatment of congestive heart failure (author's transl)].", "content": "Under general practice conditions 18 patients with congestive heart failure which did not respond satisfactorily to digitalization and saluretic therapy were treated with Osyrol 100/Lasix for a period of 3 months while retaining the digitalis medication. The application gave good to satisfactory results in over 90% of the cases. This very good result in patients with previously unsatisfactory response underlines the high therapeutic efficacy of this preparation. The findings of this study confirm that Osytol 100/Lasix is a reliably effective, well tolerated preparation with a low risk and is particularly suitable for the ambulant treatment of patients with congestive heart failure.", "contents": "[Therapeutic experience with osyrol 100/Lasix in the treatment of congestive heart failure (author's transl)]. Under general practice conditions 18 patients with congestive heart failure which did not respond satisfactorily to digitalization and saluretic therapy were treated with Osyrol 100/Lasix for a period of 3 months while retaining the digitalis medication. The application gave good to satisfactory results in over 90% of the cases. This very good result in patients with previously unsatisfactory response underlines the high therapeutic efficacy of this preparation. The findings of this study confirm that Osytol 100/Lasix is a reliably effective, well tolerated preparation with a low risk and is particularly suitable for the ambulant treatment of patients with congestive heart failure.", "PMID": 111084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9531", "title": "[Treatment of alcoholic toxic fatty liver. A placebo-controlled trial with hepavis (author's transl)].", "content": "A placebo-controlled double-blind study of 30 patients with advanced chronic fatty liver was intended to show how far treatment with a liver preparation, in this case Hepavis, is superior to alcohol abstinence alone. Examination of the laboratory parameters, especially of gamma GT shows that treatment with Hepavis with simultaneous withdrawal of alcohol produces a rapid normalization or improvement of the laboratory findings and consequently an accelerated improvement in the course of the disease. This leads to the conclusion that the pathological activity of the liver cell is reduced more quickly by the constituents of Hepavis than without suitable therapy, and that a more favorable prognosis for the fatty liver as a potential precurser of cirrhosis is to be attained. Not only is elimination of the lipogenic factor, alcohol, essential in the treatment of fatty liver, but also treatment with hepatotropic substances.", "contents": "[Treatment of alcoholic toxic fatty liver. A placebo-controlled trial with hepavis (author's transl)]. A placebo-controlled double-blind study of 30 patients with advanced chronic fatty liver was intended to show how far treatment with a liver preparation, in this case Hepavis, is superior to alcohol abstinence alone. Examination of the laboratory parameters, especially of gamma GT shows that treatment with Hepavis with simultaneous withdrawal of alcohol produces a rapid normalization or improvement of the laboratory findings and consequently an accelerated improvement in the course of the disease. This leads to the conclusion that the pathological activity of the liver cell is reduced more quickly by the constituents of Hepavis than without suitable therapy, and that a more favorable prognosis for the fatty liver as a potential precurser of cirrhosis is to be attained. Not only is elimination of the lipogenic factor, alcohol, essential in the treatment of fatty liver, but also treatment with hepatotropic substances.", "PMID": 111085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9532", "title": "[Postnatal infections with problem organisms (author's transl)].", "content": "Two problems are discussed: hospital infection of neonates and potentially fatal neonatal infections caused by group B streptococci and E. coli K1. The incidence of hospital acquired infections in a neonatal intensive care ward was 12.4%. Premature infants with an average weight of 1673 g were particularly prone to infection. On the average, infected patients stayed in hospital 34.8 days, uninfected patients 6.8 days. The most common infections were sepsis, skin infections, infections of the upper and lower airways and meningitis. Group B streptococci are among the most frequent pathogens of potentially fatal postnatal infections. The \"early\" form (usually sepsis) and \"late\" form (usually meningitis) are presented in detail.", "contents": "[Postnatal infections with problem organisms (author's transl)]. Two problems are discussed: hospital infection of neonates and potentially fatal neonatal infections caused by group B streptococci and E. coli K1. The incidence of hospital acquired infections in a neonatal intensive care ward was 12.4%. Premature infants with an average weight of 1673 g were particularly prone to infection. On the average, infected patients stayed in hospital 34.8 days, uninfected patients 6.8 days. The most common infections were sepsis, skin infections, infections of the upper and lower airways and meningitis. Group B streptococci are among the most frequent pathogens of potentially fatal postnatal infections. The \"early\" form (usually sepsis) and \"late\" form (usually meningitis) are presented in detail.", "PMID": 111099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9533", "title": "[Perforation of the uterus by intrauterine pessaries (author's transl)].", "content": "This study presents 4 cases of perforation of the uterus caused by intrauterine devices. The marked complications and frequent difficulty in relocating the I.U.D. are also described. Three devices had to be removed by laparotomy because adhesions made non-invasive removal impossible. In these three cases, the intestine was perforated spontaneously. The last pessary is still within the uterine wall at the present time. To lower the complication rate, intrauterine devices should only be inserted by physicians experienced in gynecological techniques.", "contents": "[Perforation of the uterus by intrauterine pessaries (author's transl)]. This study presents 4 cases of perforation of the uterus caused by intrauterine devices. The marked complications and frequent difficulty in relocating the I.U.D. are also described. Three devices had to be removed by laparotomy because adhesions made non-invasive removal impossible. In these three cases, the intestine was perforated spontaneously. The last pessary is still within the uterine wall at the present time. To lower the complication rate, intrauterine devices should only be inserted by physicians experienced in gynecological techniques.", "PMID": 111102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9534", "title": "[Therapy of cerebrovascular insufficiency. A psychometric double-blind trial with a slow-release form of xantinol nicotinate (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 80 geriatric patients with cerebral insufficiency, 40 received 1000 mg of a slow-release form of xantinol nicotinate (XN) and 40 a placebo twice daily for 12 weeks. According to the co-variant analytical evaluation of the placebo/verum differences with the initial values as covariable after 12 weeks' application, XN influenced most of the investigated geriatric complaints favorably and improved the general intellectual capacity. Central activation and concentration are already improved after 6 weeks' treatment with XN.", "contents": "[Therapy of cerebrovascular insufficiency. A psychometric double-blind trial with a slow-release form of xantinol nicotinate (author's transl)]. Of 80 geriatric patients with cerebral insufficiency, 40 received 1000 mg of a slow-release form of xantinol nicotinate (XN) and 40 a placebo twice daily for 12 weeks. According to the co-variant analytical evaluation of the placebo/verum differences with the initial values as covariable after 12 weeks' application, XN influenced most of the investigated geriatric complaints favorably and improved the general intellectual capacity. Central activation and concentration are already improved after 6 weeks' treatment with XN.", "PMID": 111104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9535", "title": "[Special diagnostic and therapeutic methods for changes affecting urodynamics in diseases of the urogenital tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Special diagnostic and therapeutic methods for changes affecting the urodynamics of the urogenital tract are reported from the urological point of view. First of all the causal connection between disorders of drainage and urinary infection are referred to. Then the special methods of investigation to clarify these urodynamically active urethral changes are mentioned. The radiological visualization of the urethra during miction and the retrograde introduction of contrast media are particularly stressed. In connection with this the endoscopic verification of these pathological changes is emphasized. A number of very demonstrative pathological changes in the region of the entire subvesicular urinary tract are demonstrated both by X-ray and uroscopic pictures. Finally the therapeutic possibilities are reviewed in relation to the findings.", "contents": "[Special diagnostic and therapeutic methods for changes affecting urodynamics in diseases of the urogenital tract (author's transl)]. Special diagnostic and therapeutic methods for changes affecting the urodynamics of the urogenital tract are reported from the urological point of view. First of all the causal connection between disorders of drainage and urinary infection are referred to. Then the special methods of investigation to clarify these urodynamically active urethral changes are mentioned. The radiological visualization of the urethra during miction and the retrograde introduction of contrast media are particularly stressed. In connection with this the endoscopic verification of these pathological changes is emphasized. A number of very demonstrative pathological changes in the region of the entire subvesicular urinary tract are demonstrated both by X-ray and uroscopic pictures. Finally the therapeutic possibilities are reviewed in relation to the findings.", "PMID": 111110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9536", "title": "[The value of echography in the care of patients with chronic renal insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Echography permits information on the shape of the kidneys and ureteral system without reference to their function, and on the perirenal tissue. This is illustrated by a typical example. Echography also provides rapid orientation in the recognition of collections of fluid in the preformed body cavities, which can rapidly bring the affected patient into a life-threatening condition, particularly in the shape of a pericardial effusion. For this reason the inclusion of echography in the investigation program in the care of patients with chronic renal insufficiency is recommended.", "contents": "[The value of echography in the care of patients with chronic renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. Echography permits information on the shape of the kidneys and ureteral system without reference to their function, and on the perirenal tissue. This is illustrated by a typical example. Echography also provides rapid orientation in the recognition of collections of fluid in the preformed body cavities, which can rapidly bring the affected patient into a life-threatening condition, particularly in the shape of a pericardial effusion. For this reason the inclusion of echography in the investigation program in the care of patients with chronic renal insufficiency is recommended.", "PMID": 111112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9537", "title": "[The effect of weather on blood sugar fluctuations in insulin-dependent patients. Medical meteorological observations (author's transl)].", "content": "In agreement with the results of urinary sugar examinations obtained by other authors it was established that there are probable connections between biochemical parameters and climatic events and that the reaction of the blood sugar to meterological changes may be an index for the changing responses of the body to weather as a stress factor. Further investigations, especially on the temporal distribution of hypoglycemias should contribute to a clearer explanation of the undoubtedly important correlation which could be shown to be helpful in the optimal stabilization of diabetics.", "contents": "[The effect of weather on blood sugar fluctuations in insulin-dependent patients. Medical meteorological observations (author's transl)]. In agreement with the results of urinary sugar examinations obtained by other authors it was established that there are probable connections between biochemical parameters and climatic events and that the reaction of the blood sugar to meterological changes may be an index for the changing responses of the body to weather as a stress factor. Further investigations, especially on the temporal distribution of hypoglycemias should contribute to a clearer explanation of the undoubtedly important correlation which could be shown to be helpful in the optimal stabilization of diabetics.", "PMID": 111113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9538", "title": "Mutagenic effects of sodium azide in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The mutagenic effects of sodium azide (NaN3) were studied at low pH in male Drosophila melanogaster using the sex-linked recessive-lethal test. No significant increase in the mutation frequency was observed after abdominal injection of azide solutions buffered at either pH 3.8 OR 4.6. However, a weak mutagenic effect was noticed in the flies fed for 3 days on 0.1 mM azide (pH 4.6) solution.", "contents": "Mutagenic effects of sodium azide in Drosophila melanogaster. The mutagenic effects of sodium azide (NaN3) were studied at low pH in male Drosophila melanogaster using the sex-linked recessive-lethal test. No significant increase in the mutation frequency was observed after abdominal injection of azide solutions buffered at either pH 3.8 OR 4.6. However, a weak mutagenic effect was noticed in the flies fed for 3 days on 0.1 mM azide (pH 4.6) solution.", "PMID": 111116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9539", "title": "Effects of N-nitrosopiperidine substitutions on mutagenicity in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "N-Nitrosopiperidine (NP) and various derivatives were fed to Drosophila melanogaster males over a wide concentration range in order to assess their mutagenic potency in the induction of X-linked recessive lethals and chromosome loss. NP was effective in inducing lethals, as were its halogen and methyl-substituted derivatives, with the exception of 2,6-dimethyl NP. (Methyl substitutions at the alpha carbon atoms reduce or eliminate mutagenic activity.) Substitution of halogen groups on the piperidine ring enhanced the mutagenic activity, with the 3-chloro compound being the most mutagenic. In contrast, substitutions with a hydroxyl, carboxyl, or keto group resulted in a loss of mutagenicity. None of the compounds tested increased the frequency of chromosome loss or breakage in mature sperm.", "contents": "Effects of N-nitrosopiperidine substitutions on mutagenicity in Drosophila melanogaster. N-Nitrosopiperidine (NP) and various derivatives were fed to Drosophila melanogaster males over a wide concentration range in order to assess their mutagenic potency in the induction of X-linked recessive lethals and chromosome loss. NP was effective in inducing lethals, as were its halogen and methyl-substituted derivatives, with the exception of 2,6-dimethyl NP. (Methyl substitutions at the alpha carbon atoms reduce or eliminate mutagenic activity.) Substitution of halogen groups on the piperidine ring enhanced the mutagenic activity, with the 3-chloro compound being the most mutagenic. In contrast, substitutions with a hydroxyl, carboxyl, or keto group resulted in a loss of mutagenicity. None of the compounds tested increased the frequency of chromosome loss or breakage in mature sperm.", "PMID": 111117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9540", "title": "Cefoxitin as a single-dose treatment for urethritis caused by penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Gonococci that resist standard penicillin regimens by production of a penicillinase are now well established in certain areas of the world. Because cefoxitin, a semisynthetic cephamycin, resists gonococcal penicillinase in vitro, we compared procaine penicillin G and cefoxitin in treatment of gonorrhea in an area where 40 per cent of isolates produce penicillinase. One hundred and seven men with culture-proved gonococcal urethritis were given a single dose of either procaine penicillin G, 4.8 million U, or cefoxitin, 2 g, intramuscularly. Both groups took 1 g of probenecid orally; cefoxitin was given with lidocaine to reduce pain at the injection site. In men infected with penicillinase-negative gonococci, both cefoxitin and penicillin were highly effective. Penicillin failed in 77 per cent of men with penicillinase-positive strains, whereas cefoxitin was completely successful. Cefoxitin is an effective alternative to spectinomycin for single-session therapy of urethritis caused by penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Cefoxitin as a single-dose treatment for urethritis caused by penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gonococci that resist standard penicillin regimens by production of a penicillinase are now well established in certain areas of the world. Because cefoxitin, a semisynthetic cephamycin, resists gonococcal penicillinase in vitro, we compared procaine penicillin G and cefoxitin in treatment of gonorrhea in an area where 40 per cent of isolates produce penicillinase. One hundred and seven men with culture-proved gonococcal urethritis were given a single dose of either procaine penicillin G, 4.8 million U, or cefoxitin, 2 g, intramuscularly. Both groups took 1 g of probenecid orally; cefoxitin was given with lidocaine to reduce pain at the injection site. In men infected with penicillinase-negative gonococci, both cefoxitin and penicillin were highly effective. Penicillin failed in 77 per cent of men with penicillinase-positive strains, whereas cefoxitin was completely successful. Cefoxitin is an effective alternative to spectinomycin for single-session therapy of urethritis caused by penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 111119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9541", "title": "Oral disodium cromoglycate in the treatment of systemic mastocytosis.", "content": "A double-blind crossover study of the efficacy of disodium cromoglycate given by mouth to control the cutaneous, gastrointestinal and central-nervous-system manifestations of systemic mastocytosis was carried out in five patients for periods of eight to 32 months. In 15 of 18 trials, disodium cromoglycate produced marked amelioration of the clinical manifestations of pruritus, whealing, flushing, diarrhea, abdominal pain and disorders of cognitive function. By contrast, in all 19 trials with placebo, there was no improvement in these symptoms and signs. Histaminuria and peripheral-blood eosinophilia were unrelated to disease activity and were unaffected by drug therapy. Although it is poorly absorbed after administration by mouth, disodium cromoglycate is of clinical benefit to patients with systemic mastocytosis.", "contents": "Oral disodium cromoglycate in the treatment of systemic mastocytosis. A double-blind crossover study of the efficacy of disodium cromoglycate given by mouth to control the cutaneous, gastrointestinal and central-nervous-system manifestations of systemic mastocytosis was carried out in five patients for periods of eight to 32 months. In 15 of 18 trials, disodium cromoglycate produced marked amelioration of the clinical manifestations of pruritus, whealing, flushing, diarrhea, abdominal pain and disorders of cognitive function. By contrast, in all 19 trials with placebo, there was no improvement in these symptoms and signs. Histaminuria and peripheral-blood eosinophilia were unrelated to disease activity and were unaffected by drug therapy. Although it is poorly absorbed after administration by mouth, disodium cromoglycate is of clinical benefit to patients with systemic mastocytosis.", "PMID": 111124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9542", "title": "[Effect of the trace element supply on element dependent enzymes in man].", "content": "Whole blood samples from 40 male and 40 female individuals were analyzed for zinc, copper, selenium and iron, and in part also for cadmium and lead. Correlations were established between the element contents and the activities of blood enzymes (carbo-anhydrase, leucine aminopeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, glutathione peroxidase). The zinc-copper ratio exerted no effect on the zinc-dependent enzymes. There was a correlation between the glutathione peroxidase activity and the selenium content in whole blood (r greater than 0.73). A cluster analysis was performed. In women, the authors stated a significant effect of oral contraceptives especially on the zinc and copper balance. It was evidenced that detectable (more marked) changes in the mineral equilibrium are not produced in all cases by the contraceptives. Nevertheless, changes in the mineral equilibrium are likely to occur in 25% of all women. In the present study further changes (for example in enzymes) were observed in 50% of all women. The results obtained from the male individuals were indicative of certain relationships between the zinc-copper ratio and the content of total lipids or lipid fractions in human blood.", "contents": "[Effect of the trace element supply on element dependent enzymes in man]. Whole blood samples from 40 male and 40 female individuals were analyzed for zinc, copper, selenium and iron, and in part also for cadmium and lead. Correlations were established between the element contents and the activities of blood enzymes (carbo-anhydrase, leucine aminopeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, glutathione peroxidase). The zinc-copper ratio exerted no effect on the zinc-dependent enzymes. There was a correlation between the glutathione peroxidase activity and the selenium content in whole blood (r greater than 0.73). A cluster analysis was performed. In women, the authors stated a significant effect of oral contraceptives especially on the zinc and copper balance. It was evidenced that detectable (more marked) changes in the mineral equilibrium are not produced in all cases by the contraceptives. Nevertheless, changes in the mineral equilibrium are likely to occur in 25% of all women. In the present study further changes (for example in enzymes) were observed in 50% of all women. The results obtained from the male individuals were indicative of certain relationships between the zinc-copper ratio and the content of total lipids or lipid fractions in human blood.", "PMID": 111126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9543", "title": "Patterns of tobacco use in the United States.", "content": "Overall, then, the picture of decrease in cigarette smoking is an encouraging one, with the exception of the increased rate of smoking among teenage girls. However, this change probably reflects the tenor of the times and an alteration in the concept of what has traditionally been considered \"feminine\" behavior.", "contents": "Patterns of tobacco use in the United States. Overall, then, the picture of decrease in cigarette smoking is an encouraging one, with the exception of the increased rate of smoking among teenage girls. However, this change probably reflects the tenor of the times and an alteration in the concept of what has traditionally been considered \"feminine\" behavior.", "PMID": 111140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9544", "title": "Sequences at the somatic recombination sites of immunoglobulin light-chain genes.", "content": "The entire nucleotide sequence of a 1.7-kilobase embryonic DNA fragment containing five joining (J) DNA segments for mouse immunoglobulin kappa chain gene has been determined. Each J DNA segment can encode amino acid residues 96--108. Comparison of one of the five J DNA sequences with those of an embryonic variable (V) gene and a complete kappa chain gene permitted localisation of a precise recombination site. The 5'-flanking regions of J DNA segments could form an inverted stem structure with the 3'-non-coding region of embryonic V genes. This hypothetical structure and gel-blotting analysis of total embryo and myeloma DNA suggest that the somatic recombination may be accompanied by excision of an entire DNA segment between a V gene and a J DNA segment. Antibody diversity may in part be generated by modulation of the precise recombination sites.", "contents": "Sequences at the somatic recombination sites of immunoglobulin light-chain genes. The entire nucleotide sequence of a 1.7-kilobase embryonic DNA fragment containing five joining (J) DNA segments for mouse immunoglobulin kappa chain gene has been determined. Each J DNA segment can encode amino acid residues 96--108. Comparison of one of the five J DNA sequences with those of an embryonic variable (V) gene and a complete kappa chain gene permitted localisation of a precise recombination site. The 5'-flanking regions of J DNA segments could form an inverted stem structure with the 3'-non-coding region of embryonic V genes. This hypothetical structure and gel-blotting analysis of total embryo and myeloma DNA suggest that the somatic recombination may be accompanied by excision of an entire DNA segment between a V gene and a J DNA segment. Antibody diversity may in part be generated by modulation of the precise recombination sites.", "PMID": 111144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9545", "title": "A kappa-immunoglobulin gene is formed by site-specific recombination without further somatic mutation.", "content": "The active gene for a kappa light chain is formed by a somatic recombination event that joins one of several hundred variable region genes to one of a series of recombination sites (J-segments) encoded close to the kappa constant region gene. The nucleotide sequences of cloned germ line and somatically recombined genes define the precise organisation of these genetic segments and the site  and nature of the recombination event that joined them. Apart from somatic recombination, no further alteration of ther germ line sequence has occurred. The J-segment is of special interest as it encodes signals for both DNA and RNA splicing and provides a means of generating further immunoglobulin gene diversity.", "contents": "A kappa-immunoglobulin gene is formed by site-specific recombination without further somatic mutation. The active gene for a kappa light chain is formed by a somatic recombination event that joins one of several hundred variable region genes to one of a series of recombination sites (J-segments) encoded close to the kappa constant region gene. The nucleotide sequences of cloned germ line and somatically recombined genes define the precise organisation of these genetic segments and the site  and nature of the recombination event that joined them. Apart from somatic recombination, no further alteration of ther germ line sequence has occurred. The J-segment is of special interest as it encodes signals for both DNA and RNA splicing and provides a means of generating further immunoglobulin gene diversity.", "PMID": 111146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9546", "title": "Lack of evidence for an inhibitory role played by tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons on TSH secretion in the rat.", "content": "The role of dopamine (DA) in the control of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion in basal or cold stimulated conditions was investigated by using pharmacological or neurosurgical tools. The intraventricular injection of DA (5 micrograms/animal) or the subcutaneus (s.c.) injection of a dopaminomimetic agent failed to induce changes of TSH plasma levels in normal or in cold stimulated conditions. The same results were obtained by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of haloperidol, a blocker of dopaminergic receptors. The complete deafferentation of hypothalamus, which causes degeneration of norepinephrinergic nerve endings and leaves the DA tuberoinfundibular system unaffected, prevented the TSH release evoked by cold exposure. alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MpT) (250 mg/kg i.p.), which causes a remarkable reduction of DA in the median eminence (ME) of deafferented animals, was unable to restore the TSH response to cold. Collectively these results seem to suggest that DA does not play a significative role in the control of TSH secretion in the rat.", "contents": "Lack of evidence for an inhibitory role played by tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons on TSH secretion in the rat. The role of dopamine (DA) in the control of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion in basal or cold stimulated conditions was investigated by using pharmacological or neurosurgical tools. The intraventricular injection of DA (5 micrograms/animal) or the subcutaneus (s.c.) injection of a dopaminomimetic agent failed to induce changes of TSH plasma levels in normal or in cold stimulated conditions. The same results were obtained by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of haloperidol, a blocker of dopaminergic receptors. The complete deafferentation of hypothalamus, which causes degeneration of norepinephrinergic nerve endings and leaves the DA tuberoinfundibular system unaffected, prevented the TSH release evoked by cold exposure. alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MpT) (250 mg/kg i.p.), which causes a remarkable reduction of DA in the median eminence (ME) of deafferented animals, was unable to restore the TSH response to cold. Collectively these results seem to suggest that DA does not play a significative role in the control of TSH secretion in the rat.", "PMID": 111151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9547", "title": "Alterations in cortical oxygen tension during the development of ischemic cerebral edema in primates (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "With a closed head primate stroke model, acute cerebral ischemia limited to the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory was produced by macrosphere embolization of the internal carotid artery bifurcation. Measurements of the oxygen tension (PO2) at the cerebral cortical surface were obtained by continuous on-line mass spectrometry. Percentage of dry weight and tissue sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations from ischemic and nonischemic hemispheres were determined at various times. With this preparation, we registered the precise onset of cortical surface PO2 depletion, which showed an exponential downward trend (fast component from 0 to 5 minutes, t 1/2 = 0.8 minute, rate of change = 89% per minute; slow component from 5 to 240 minutes, t 1/2 = 285 minutes, rate of change = 0.3% per minute). After the onset of cerebral ischemia, there was an immediate fall of the cortical surface PO2 with reductions of more than 45% at 5 minutes before definite hemiparesis and electroencephalographic abnormalities were recognized. During the secondary phase from 5 to 240 minutes the cortical surface PO2 fell by only an additional 23% of the steady state. Even so, when cortical surface PO2 was maintained at this critically low level, the earliest cerebral cortical edema was evident 180 minutes after MCA occlusion. Thereafter, progressive accumulation of edema fluid in the cortex (90 to 170.8 microliters per g of tissue) and in the white matter (19 to 46.2 microliter per g of tissue) was detected by the end of 240 minutes of cerebral ischemia.", "contents": "Alterations in cortical oxygen tension during the development of ischemic cerebral edema in primates (Macaca mulatta). With a closed head primate stroke model, acute cerebral ischemia limited to the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory was produced by macrosphere embolization of the internal carotid artery bifurcation. Measurements of the oxygen tension (PO2) at the cerebral cortical surface were obtained by continuous on-line mass spectrometry. Percentage of dry weight and tissue sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations from ischemic and nonischemic hemispheres were determined at various times. With this preparation, we registered the precise onset of cortical surface PO2 depletion, which showed an exponential downward trend (fast component from 0 to 5 minutes, t 1/2 = 0.8 minute, rate of change = 89% per minute; slow component from 5 to 240 minutes, t 1/2 = 285 minutes, rate of change = 0.3% per minute). After the onset of cerebral ischemia, there was an immediate fall of the cortical surface PO2 with reductions of more than 45% at 5 minutes before definite hemiparesis and electroencephalographic abnormalities were recognized. During the secondary phase from 5 to 240 minutes the cortical surface PO2 fell by only an additional 23% of the steady state. Even so, when cortical surface PO2 was maintained at this critically low level, the earliest cerebral cortical edema was evident 180 minutes after MCA occlusion. Thereafter, progressive accumulation of edema fluid in the cortex (90 to 170.8 microliters per g of tissue) and in the white matter (19 to 46.2 microliter per g of tissue) was detected by the end of 240 minutes of cerebral ischemia.", "PMID": 111152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9548", "title": "Cranioplasty: a review of 1030 cases of penetrating head injury.", "content": "A total of 491 cranioplasties performed in a population of 1030 cases of penetrating head injury are reviewed. The morbidity rate was 5.5%, and the mortality rate was 0.2%. The clinical criteria of improving cosmetic defects and restoring craniocerebral protection are established, based on the location and size of the skull defect. Cranioplasty after penetrating head injury should be deferred for a minimum of 1 year to control morbidity. Complication of the original injury and surgical debridement increase the morbidity rate of cranioplasty. Post-traumatic epilepsy is not related to skull defects per se; neither is it affected by cranioplasty. Acrylic is an acceptable cranioplasty material if there is strict adherence to good surgical technique.", "contents": "Cranioplasty: a review of 1030 cases of penetrating head injury. A total of 491 cranioplasties performed in a population of 1030 cases of penetrating head injury are reviewed. The morbidity rate was 5.5%, and the mortality rate was 0.2%. The clinical criteria of improving cosmetic defects and restoring craniocerebral protection are established, based on the location and size of the skull defect. Cranioplasty after penetrating head injury should be deferred for a minimum of 1 year to control morbidity. Complication of the original injury and surgical debridement increase the morbidity rate of cranioplasty. Post-traumatic epilepsy is not related to skull defects per se; neither is it affected by cranioplasty. Acrylic is an acceptable cranioplasty material if there is strict adherence to good surgical technique.", "PMID": 111153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9549", "title": "[Current trends of complementary therapy in radical surgery of colo-rectal cancer].", "content": "Large surgical series are agreed on the fact that the prognosis for radically operated colorectal cancer has improved little in the last twenty years. Reasons for these failures are, of course, local or remote recurrences. To improve the number of stable cures, experiments have been carried out with complementary or coadjuvant techniques whose purpose is to limit intra-operative dissemination of the tumour and to monitor the number of cancer cells that might remain after radical surgery. Such techniques have been applied at preoperative, intra-operative and post-operative phases. Results obtained so far have been uncertain but seem to point to the usefulness of intraoperative procedures in reducing the number of local recurrences and of postoperative chemotherapy with 5 FU which has improved five-year survival indices by 5-7%.", "contents": "[Current trends of complementary therapy in radical surgery of colo-rectal cancer]. Large surgical series are agreed on the fact that the prognosis for radically operated colorectal cancer has improved little in the last twenty years. Reasons for these failures are, of course, local or remote recurrences. To improve the number of stable cures, experiments have been carried out with complementary or coadjuvant techniques whose purpose is to limit intra-operative dissemination of the tumour and to monitor the number of cancer cells that might remain after radical surgery. Such techniques have been applied at preoperative, intra-operative and post-operative phases. Results obtained so far have been uncertain but seem to point to the usefulness of intraoperative procedures in reducing the number of local recurrences and of postoperative chemotherapy with 5 FU which has improved five-year survival indices by 5-7%.", "PMID": 111161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9550", "title": "[Multiple diverticulosis of the small intestine].", "content": "A case of jejunum-ileum multiple diverticulosis observed during a cholecystectomy due to cholelithiasis, is reported. Stress is laid on this unusual localization of diverticulosis in the small intestine. The clinical picture can be silent or present an acute or chronic symptomatology and radical surgical treatment can performed or not. When the disease involves all the intestine, without presenting serious inflammatory phenomena and without clinical symptoms (as in the case observed), medical and not surgical treatment can be envisaged.", "contents": "[Multiple diverticulosis of the small intestine]. A case of jejunum-ileum multiple diverticulosis observed during a cholecystectomy due to cholelithiasis, is reported. Stress is laid on this unusual localization of diverticulosis in the small intestine. The clinical picture can be silent or present an acute or chronic symptomatology and radical surgical treatment can performed or not. When the disease involves all the intestine, without presenting serious inflammatory phenomena and without clinical symptoms (as in the case observed), medical and not surgical treatment can be envisaged.", "PMID": 111163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9551", "title": "[Current status in transplantation of the endocrine pancreas in the treatment of diabetes mellitus 2. Transplantation of fetal pancreas].", "content": "The latest findings support hypotheses that diabetes complications are secondary to metabolic control which current insulin therapy is unable to render constant. Surgical attempts to transplant the pancreas and Langerhans islets in the treatment of diabetes mellitus are reviewed and special attention paid to the use of the foetal pancreas which has proved particularly suitable in preventing microangiopathic complication. Comments are based on a careful review of the literature, made in the light of personal experience.", "contents": "[Current status in transplantation of the endocrine pancreas in the treatment of diabetes mellitus 2. Transplantation of fetal pancreas]. The latest findings support hypotheses that diabetes complications are secondary to metabolic control which current insulin therapy is unable to render constant. Surgical attempts to transplant the pancreas and Langerhans islets in the treatment of diabetes mellitus are reviewed and special attention paid to the use of the foetal pancreas which has proved particularly suitable in preventing microangiopathic complication. Comments are based on a careful review of the literature, made in the light of personal experience.", "PMID": 111165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9552", "title": "Projection of precentral motor cortex upon nucleus medialis dorsalis thalami in the monkey.", "content": "The efferent connections of the lateral aspects of the precentral, premotor and granular frontal cortex were reexamined in 12 monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) by means of anterograde labelling techniques using radioactive proline and leucine. A distinct projection of the precentral gyrus upon the paralamellar portion of the nucleus medialis dorsalis (MD) was observed. The somatotopic arrangement within this projection is less well defined than within the ventrolateral thalamic complex. The facial division of area 4 has not only a marked ipsilateral but in contrast to the body representation also a distinct if much weaker contralateral projection. No label was found in MD after injections in the postcentral gyrus. Thus, MD represents a thalamic link between agranular (motor) and granular (association) cortex of the frontal lobe.", "contents": "Projection of precentral motor cortex upon nucleus medialis dorsalis thalami in the monkey. The efferent connections of the lateral aspects of the precentral, premotor and granular frontal cortex were reexamined in 12 monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) by means of anterograde labelling techniques using radioactive proline and leucine. A distinct projection of the precentral gyrus upon the paralamellar portion of the nucleus medialis dorsalis (MD) was observed. The somatotopic arrangement within this projection is less well defined than within the ventrolateral thalamic complex. The facial division of area 4 has not only a marked ipsilateral but in contrast to the body representation also a distinct if much weaker contralateral projection. No label was found in MD after injections in the postcentral gyrus. Thus, MD represents a thalamic link between agranular (motor) and granular (association) cortex of the frontal lobe.", "PMID": 111168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9553", "title": "Interlaminar connections of tree shrew visual cortex.", "content": "The intracortical projections of neurons in layers II and upper III of tree shrew visual cortex were studied after terminal lesions in the supragranular layers of area 17. Examination for terminal degeneration was made using ultrastructural techniques. The majority of degenerating terminals were found in layers V and, to a lesser extent, VI, and were presynaptic to neural profiles in the following distribution: 80.5% on spines of small to medium size dendrites, 19% on dendrite shafts, and less than 1% on neuronal perikarya. Degenerating axons coursed in vertical bundles through layers III, IV, V and VI. These findings are similar to those previously described in rat visual cortex.", "contents": "Interlaminar connections of tree shrew visual cortex. The intracortical projections of neurons in layers II and upper III of tree shrew visual cortex were studied after terminal lesions in the supragranular layers of area 17. Examination for terminal degeneration was made using ultrastructural techniques. The majority of degenerating terminals were found in layers V and, to a lesser extent, VI, and were presynaptic to neural profiles in the following distribution: 80.5% on spines of small to medium size dendrites, 19% on dendrite shafts, and less than 1% on neuronal perikarya. Degenerating axons coursed in vertical bundles through layers III, IV, V and VI. These findings are similar to those previously described in rat visual cortex.", "PMID": 111169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9554", "title": "Cells of origin of the frontal projections to magnocellular and parvocellular red nucleus and superior colliculus in cynomolgus monkey. An HRP study.", "content": "Cells of origin of frontal cortical projections to parvocellular and magnocellular red nucleus (MRN) and superior colliculus were identified by means of retrograde HRP transport. The cells projecting to parvocellular red nucleus (PRN) are mainly located in areas 6 and 4, and are situated in the upper part of layer V, i.e. above the Betz cells, while those projecting to MRN are mainly located posteriorly in area 4, and are situated deep in layer V, i.e. at the level of the Betz cells. The neurons projecting to superior colliculus are located deep in layer V of areas 9, 8 and 6.", "contents": "Cells of origin of the frontal projections to magnocellular and parvocellular red nucleus and superior colliculus in cynomolgus monkey. An HRP study. Cells of origin of frontal cortical projections to parvocellular and magnocellular red nucleus (MRN) and superior colliculus were identified by means of retrograde HRP transport. The cells projecting to parvocellular red nucleus (PRN) are mainly located in areas 6 and 4, and are situated in the upper part of layer V, i.e. above the Betz cells, while those projecting to MRN are mainly located posteriorly in area 4, and are situated deep in layer V, i.e. at the level of the Betz cells. The neurons projecting to superior colliculus are located deep in layer V of areas 9, 8 and 6.", "PMID": 111171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9555", "title": "Localization of motoneurons innervating the posterior belly of the digastric muscle: a comparative anatomical study by the HRP method.", "content": "Motoneurons innervating the posterior belly of the digastric muscle were identified in the monkey, cat, dog, guinea pig and rat by the HRP method. After injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, two groups of HRP-labeled motoneurons were observed; the rostral group was seen as a small cluster of neurons in the lateral reticular area along the medial border of the descending root of the facial nerve, and the neurons of the caudal group were distributed among the ascending root fibers of the facial nerve. The distribution pattern of these neurons corresponded to that of the accessory facial nucleus neurons. The accessory facial nucleus was lacking in the rabbit in which the posterior digastric (PD) muscle is nonexistent.", "contents": "Localization of motoneurons innervating the posterior belly of the digastric muscle: a comparative anatomical study by the HRP method. Motoneurons innervating the posterior belly of the digastric muscle were identified in the monkey, cat, dog, guinea pig and rat by the HRP method. After injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, two groups of HRP-labeled motoneurons were observed; the rostral group was seen as a small cluster of neurons in the lateral reticular area along the medial border of the descending root of the facial nerve, and the neurons of the caudal group were distributed among the ascending root fibers of the facial nerve. The distribution pattern of these neurons corresponded to that of the accessory facial nucleus neurons. The accessory facial nucleus was lacking in the rabbit in which the posterior digastric (PD) muscle is nonexistent.", "PMID": 111172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9556", "title": "Neuronal activity in the cortical supplementary motor area related with distal and proximal forelimb movements.", "content": "Monkeys were trained to perform two different motor acts, one involving muscle activity in distal forelimb muscles and the other in proximal forelimb and shoulder girdle muscles. After confirming spatial and temporal dissociation of muscle activity in the two motor acts, single unit activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) was recorded. SMA neurons related with the distal and proximal forelimb movements were found to be arranged rostrocaudally with a considerable overlap. In the overlapping region, neurons related with the distal movement were located more deeply.", "contents": "Neuronal activity in the cortical supplementary motor area related with distal and proximal forelimb movements. Monkeys were trained to perform two different motor acts, one involving muscle activity in distal forelimb muscles and the other in proximal forelimb and shoulder girdle muscles. After confirming spatial and temporal dissociation of muscle activity in the two motor acts, single unit activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) was recorded. SMA neurons related with the distal and proximal forelimb movements were found to be arranged rostrocaudally with a considerable overlap. In the overlapping region, neurons related with the distal movement were located more deeply.", "PMID": 111173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9557", "title": "Neurons responding to visual stimuli in the frontal lobe of macaque monkeys.", "content": "Responses to visual stimuli of single cortical neurons in arcuate and prearcuate regions were studied in 6 immobilized macaque monkeys. Neurons responding to visual stimuli were found in both regions, some of them responded to conventional light stimuli, others required more complex visual stimulation. The former were found posteriorly in the arcuate region, the latter anterioly and in the prearcuate region. According to their functional properties the latter neurons were subdivided into: (a) neurons responding to stimuli near the eyes; (b) neurons triggered by complex visual stimuli; (c) neurons inhibited by visual stimuli.", "contents": "Neurons responding to visual stimuli in the frontal lobe of macaque monkeys. Responses to visual stimuli of single cortical neurons in arcuate and prearcuate regions were studied in 6 immobilized macaque monkeys. Neurons responding to visual stimuli were found in both regions, some of them responded to conventional light stimuli, others required more complex visual stimulation. The former were found posteriorly in the arcuate region, the latter anterioly and in the prearcuate region. According to their functional properties the latter neurons were subdivided into: (a) neurons responding to stimuli near the eyes; (b) neurons triggered by complex visual stimuli; (c) neurons inhibited by visual stimuli.", "PMID": 111174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9558", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase activity in myelin fractions from rat optic nerves.", "content": "The carbonic anhydrase activity of myelin fractions isolated from the optic nerves of adult and immature (20-day-old) rats was examined. The specific activity in both total homogenate and myelin fractions was about 2-fold higher in adult than in immature animals and at both ages, the activity in the homogenate was higher than in myelin. After subfractionation by zonal gradient centrifugation, it was shown that carbonic anhydrase activity was greatest in the heaviest myelin particles at both ages. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a small proportion of the total enzyme activity is localised in myelin.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase activity in myelin fractions from rat optic nerves. The carbonic anhydrase activity of myelin fractions isolated from the optic nerves of adult and immature (20-day-old) rats was examined. The specific activity in both total homogenate and myelin fractions was about 2-fold higher in adult than in immature animals and at both ages, the activity in the homogenate was higher than in myelin. After subfractionation by zonal gradient centrifugation, it was shown that carbonic anhydrase activity was greatest in the heaviest myelin particles at both ages. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a small proportion of the total enzyme activity is localised in myelin.", "PMID": 111175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9559", "title": "Age-dependent changes in the inactivation of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone by different areas of rat brain.", "content": "Age-dependent changes in the inactivation of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) were investigated in two subcellular fractions prepared from hypothalamus, thalamus, cortex and cerebellum of male rats. It was found that, in both supernatant and particulate fractions from the four brain areas, enzyme activity increased to a peak at 10-25 days of age and then decreased gradually until adult levels were reached. The changes in TRH degradation observed may be related to alterations in hypothalamic TRH content with age and to maturation of the tripeptide's putative neurotransmitter/neuromodulator function.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes in the inactivation of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone by different areas of rat brain. Age-dependent changes in the inactivation of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) were investigated in two subcellular fractions prepared from hypothalamus, thalamus, cortex and cerebellum of male rats. It was found that, in both supernatant and particulate fractions from the four brain areas, enzyme activity increased to a peak at 10-25 days of age and then decreased gradually until adult levels were reached. The changes in TRH degradation observed may be related to alterations in hypothalamic TRH content with age and to maturation of the tripeptide's putative neurotransmitter/neuromodulator function.", "PMID": 111176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9560", "title": "[Electrophoretic and immunofluorescent study of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes during eye regeneration in adult tritons].", "content": "The spectrum of LDH isozymes was studied at the successive stages of retinal regeneration from the pigment epithelium and lens cells from the iris margin in the adults Pleurodeles waltlii. The combination of two methods, electrophoresis and immunofluorescence, has revealed the slow and rapid LDH isozymes with different intensity of histochemical staining in cells of the tissues under study (pigment epithelium, retina, iris and lens). During the regeneration the spectra of LDH isozymes peculiar to the pigment epithelium and iris and characterized by the predominance of slow forms were substituted by those peculiar to the retina and iris and characterized by the predominance of rapid forms. The rearrangement is realized in the proliferative phase during the transformation of one cell type into another.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic and immunofluorescent study of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes during eye regeneration in adult tritons]. The spectrum of LDH isozymes was studied at the successive stages of retinal regeneration from the pigment epithelium and lens cells from the iris margin in the adults Pleurodeles waltlii. The combination of two methods, electrophoresis and immunofluorescence, has revealed the slow and rapid LDH isozymes with different intensity of histochemical staining in cells of the tissues under study (pigment epithelium, retina, iris and lens). During the regeneration the spectra of LDH isozymes peculiar to the pigment epithelium and iris and characterized by the predominance of slow forms were substituted by those peculiar to the retina and iris and characterized by the predominance of rapid forms. The rearrangement is realized in the proliferative phase during the transformation of one cell type into another.", "PMID": 111201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9561", "title": "Sickled erythrocytes, hyphema, and secondary glaucoma: II. Injected sickle cell erythrocytes into human, monkey, and guinea pig anterior chambers: the induction of sickling and secondary glaucoma.", "content": "Injection of sickle cell erythrocytes (SS, SC, Sthal, and AS) into the anterior chambers of living human, monkey, and guinea pig eyes resulted in conversion of erythrocytes to the sickled configuration. Immune responses did not appear to play an important role in influencing this phenomenon. The number of cells sickled was directly related to the concentration of hemoglobin S. In human and monkey eyes, the severity of elevated IOP appeared to be related to the type of cells injected and their concentration of hemoglobin S. Even the ordinarily benign genotype of sickle cell trait demonstrated sickling in the anterior chamber and elevation of the IOP.", "contents": "Sickled erythrocytes, hyphema, and secondary glaucoma: II. Injected sickle cell erythrocytes into human, monkey, and guinea pig anterior chambers: the induction of sickling and secondary glaucoma. Injection of sickle cell erythrocytes (SS, SC, Sthal, and AS) into the anterior chambers of living human, monkey, and guinea pig eyes resulted in conversion of erythrocytes to the sickled configuration. Immune responses did not appear to play an important role in influencing this phenomenon. The number of cells sickled was directly related to the concentration of hemoglobin S. In human and monkey eyes, the severity of elevated IOP appeared to be related to the type of cells injected and their concentration of hemoglobin S. Even the ordinarily benign genotype of sickle cell trait demonstrated sickling in the anterior chamber and elevation of the IOP.", "PMID": 111202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9562", "title": "Sickled erythrocytes, hyphema, and secondary glaucoma: VII. The passage of sickled erythrocytes out of the anterior chamber of the human and monkey eye: light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Sickled erythrocytes leave the anterior chamber of human and monkey eyes by several mechanisms: intracameral and intratrabecular hemolysis and phagocytosis; entry into and phagocytosis within the iris and ciliary body; and passage into Schlemm's canal. Sickled erythrocytes used as biologic tracers allowed definite confirmation, for the first time in the human, that intracameral erythrocytes can enter Schlemm's canal in the orthograde direction. Erythrocytes appeared to traverse the inner wall of Schlemm's canal through the cytoplasm of individual endothelial cells, rather than between adjacent endothelial cells -- a mechanism similar to that employed by red and white blood cells elsewhere in the body. Although some sickled erythrocytes did pass into Schlemm's canal, considerable obstruction appeared to occur at the corneoscleral meshwork, juxtacanalicular connective tissue, and inner wall of Schlemm's canal, caused largely by the elongated, rigid nature of the sickled cells. Total blockage of Schlemm's canal was not observed.", "contents": "Sickled erythrocytes, hyphema, and secondary glaucoma: VII. The passage of sickled erythrocytes out of the anterior chamber of the human and monkey eye: light and electron microscopic studies. Sickled erythrocytes leave the anterior chamber of human and monkey eyes by several mechanisms: intracameral and intratrabecular hemolysis and phagocytosis; entry into and phagocytosis within the iris and ciliary body; and passage into Schlemm's canal. Sickled erythrocytes used as biologic tracers allowed definite confirmation, for the first time in the human, that intracameral erythrocytes can enter Schlemm's canal in the orthograde direction. Erythrocytes appeared to traverse the inner wall of Schlemm's canal through the cytoplasm of individual endothelial cells, rather than between adjacent endothelial cells -- a mechanism similar to that employed by red and white blood cells elsewhere in the body. Although some sickled erythrocytes did pass into Schlemm's canal, considerable obstruction appeared to occur at the corneoscleral meshwork, juxtacanalicular connective tissue, and inner wall of Schlemm's canal, caused largely by the elongated, rigid nature of the sickled cells. Total blockage of Schlemm's canal was not observed.", "PMID": 111203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9563", "title": "Chemical carcinogenesis of submandibular salivary gland in BALB/c mice and syngeneic passage of the tumor.", "content": "Twenty-two male BALB/c mice were used in this investigation. A pellet of dry 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene powder was implanted in the submandibular salivary gland. Fifteen epidermoid carcinomas and four sarcomas were induced within a period ranging from 7 to 15 weeks. Epidermoid carcinomas were sucessfully transplanted into syngeneic mice.", "contents": "Chemical carcinogenesis of submandibular salivary gland in BALB/c mice and syngeneic passage of the tumor. Twenty-two male BALB/c mice were used in this investigation. A pellet of dry 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene powder was implanted in the submandibular salivary gland. Fifteen epidermoid carcinomas and four sarcomas were induced within a period ranging from 7 to 15 weeks. Epidermoid carcinomas were sucessfully transplanted into syngeneic mice.", "PMID": 111204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9564", "title": "[Nitrogen balance in premature babies during parenteral nutrition (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper represents a continuation of research into the nitrogen (N) balances in seriously premature babies. During parenteral nutrition an increased amount of 400 mg N/kg body weight/24 hrs. was administered in the form of L-aminoacids together with glucose and fat emulsion. No change in the amount of retained aminoacids occurred (some 80%). On the other hand several increased values of N-metabolites demonstrate that this dosis of aminoacids can be considered as the maximal value.", "contents": "[Nitrogen balance in premature babies during parenteral nutrition (author's transl)]. This paper represents a continuation of research into the nitrogen (N) balances in seriously premature babies. During parenteral nutrition an increased amount of 400 mg N/kg body weight/24 hrs. was administered in the form of L-aminoacids together with glucose and fat emulsion. No change in the amount of retained aminoacids occurred (some 80%). On the other hand several increased values of N-metabolites demonstrate that this dosis of aminoacids can be considered as the maximal value.", "PMID": 111208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9565", "title": "[Kryptophthalmus syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "This peper describes the rare cryptophthalmus syndrome combined with several other malformations of the urogenital tract and of the nose, in addition to dyscephalia and cutaneous syndactilism of fingers and toes. Because of a high incidence of parental consanguinity autosomal recessive heredity is discussed.", "contents": "[Kryptophthalmus syndrome (author's transl)]. This peper describes the rare cryptophthalmus syndrome combined with several other malformations of the urogenital tract and of the nose, in addition to dyscephalia and cutaneous syndactilism of fingers and toes. Because of a high incidence of parental consanguinity autosomal recessive heredity is discussed.", "PMID": 111209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9566", "title": "Organochlorine residues in harp seal (Phagophilus groenlandicus) tissues, Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1971, 1973.", "content": "Levels of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-TDE, p,p'-DDE, dieldrin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and HCB were determined in certain tissues of 31 harp seals (P hagophilus groenlandicus) taken from the Gulf of St. Lawrence during 1971 and 1973. The seals ranged in age from less than two weeks to 18 years. Mean concentrations of PCBs and sigma DDT in the various tissues were about the same sigma DDT levels were 1.64--9.88 ppm in adult seal blubber and 1.08--3.73 ppm in seal pup blubber. Organochlorine levels in harp seal samples taken in 1973 were similar to those reported by other workers for samples collected in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during 1967-71.", "contents": "Organochlorine residues in harp seal (Phagophilus groenlandicus) tissues, Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1971, 1973. Levels of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-TDE, p,p'-DDE, dieldrin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and HCB were determined in certain tissues of 31 harp seals (P hagophilus groenlandicus) taken from the Gulf of St. Lawrence during 1971 and 1973. The seals ranged in age from less than two weeks to 18 years. Mean concentrations of PCBs and sigma DDT in the various tissues were about the same sigma DDT levels were 1.64--9.88 ppm in adult seal blubber and 1.08--3.73 ppm in seal pup blubber. Organochlorine levels in harp seal samples taken in 1973 were similar to those reported by other workers for samples collected in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during 1967-71.", "PMID": 111215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9567", "title": "Nationwide residues of organochlorine compounds in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), 1976.", "content": "Organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in starlings from 126 sites within the contiguous 48 states were monitored during fall 1976. The average nationwide level of DDE and PCBs has increased significantly since 1974, but the number of sites reporting PCB residues has decreased fivefold. Dieldrin residues have remained unchanged since 1974. Highest DDE levels occurred in samples from parts of Arizona, Arkansas, California, Louisiana, and New Mexico.", "contents": "Nationwide residues of organochlorine compounds in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), 1976. Organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in starlings from 126 sites within the contiguous 48 states were monitored during fall 1976. The average nationwide level of DDE and PCBs has increased significantly since 1974, but the number of sites reporting PCB residues has decreased fivefold. Dieldrin residues have remained unchanged since 1974. Highest DDE levels occurred in samples from parts of Arizona, Arkansas, California, Louisiana, and New Mexico.", "PMID": 111216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9568", "title": "Effects of adrenaline administration on the activity of glycogen metabolizing enzymes in different muscle types.", "content": "Adrenaline administration which leads to glycogen changes different in fast and slow twitch muscles (Gorski, 1978) causes very similar acute changes in the activities of glycogen synthase I and of glycogen phosphorylase 'a' in these two types of rat muscle.", "contents": "Effects of adrenaline administration on the activity of glycogen metabolizing enzymes in different muscle types. Adrenaline administration which leads to glycogen changes different in fast and slow twitch muscles (Gorski, 1978) causes very similar acute changes in the activities of glycogen synthase I and of glycogen phosphorylase 'a' in these two types of rat muscle.", "PMID": 111217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9569", "title": "[Major metabolic disturbances occur in diabetic patients whether they are obese or not (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyzed the effects of obesity/non-obesity in 162 epidoses of severe metabolic disturbances. Ketoacidosis and hypoglycaemics comas were more frequent in the non-obese group of diabetics, who were often insulin treated; whereas hyperosmolar coma and lactic acidosis were frequent in the obese group of diabetics, usually not treated with insulin. In the obese group both advanced age as well as a higher frequency of degenerative complications impaired the prognosis of these metabolic accidents. However the mortality rate was not significantly different in the two groups of patients. Despite the importance of the weight balance in the natural history of diabetes mellitus, it did not seem to influence the clinical aspects nor did it modify the therapeutic management of the major metabolic disturbances which occur in diabetes.", "contents": "[Major metabolic disturbances occur in diabetic patients whether they are obese or not (author's transl)]. The authors analyzed the effects of obesity/non-obesity in 162 epidoses of severe metabolic disturbances. Ketoacidosis and hypoglycaemics comas were more frequent in the non-obese group of diabetics, who were often insulin treated; whereas hyperosmolar coma and lactic acidosis were frequent in the obese group of diabetics, usually not treated with insulin. In the obese group both advanced age as well as a higher frequency of degenerative complications impaired the prognosis of these metabolic accidents. However the mortality rate was not significantly different in the two groups of patients. Despite the importance of the weight balance in the natural history of diabetes mellitus, it did not seem to influence the clinical aspects nor did it modify the therapeutic management of the major metabolic disturbances which occur in diabetes.", "PMID": 111220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9570", "title": "[Islet cell transplantation and diabetes (author's transl)].", "content": "It is now apparent that transplantation of islet cells is biologically feasible in experimental animals utilizing adult neonatal or fetal islet cells and employing many different sites for implantation of the islet cells. It is reasonable to expect that with successful acquisition of new basic information in immunology, endocrinology, metabolism and developmental biology islet cell transplantation should be used as a therapeutic approach to human diabetes.", "contents": "[Islet cell transplantation and diabetes (author's transl)]. It is now apparent that transplantation of islet cells is biologically feasible in experimental animals utilizing adult neonatal or fetal islet cells and employing many different sites for implantation of the islet cells. It is reasonable to expect that with successful acquisition of new basic information in immunology, endocrinology, metabolism and developmental biology islet cell transplantation should be used as a therapeutic approach to human diabetes.", "PMID": 111221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9571", "title": "[Alcoholic ketoacidosis. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe ketoacidosis sometimes develops in chronic alcoholics after increased alcohol intake associated with dietary restriction. This particular case was unusual from two standpoints: a considerable, prolonged and unexplained increase in serum free fatty acid, and discordance between the degree of ketonaemia and an abundant liver glycogen load.", "contents": "[Alcoholic ketoacidosis. One case (author's transl)]. Severe ketoacidosis sometimes develops in chronic alcoholics after increased alcohol intake associated with dietary restriction. This particular case was unusual from two standpoints: a considerable, prolonged and unexplained increase in serum free fatty acid, and discordance between the degree of ketonaemia and an abundant liver glycogen load.", "PMID": 111225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9572", "title": "Incorporation of lysine into Y base of phenylalanine tRNA in Vero cells.", "content": "Vero cells, a line derived from African green monkey kidney, contains a hypermodified base, called Y, adjacent to the 3' end of the anticodon of tRNAPhe. Two types of evidence are presented suggesting that lysine is involved in biosynthesis of Y base in these cells. First, when Vero cells are starved for lysine, a new, early-eluting species of tRNAPhe which lacks the fully modified Y base can be detected by reversed phase chromatography (RPC-5). After addition of lysine to the medium, this new species disappears. Second, when these cells are grown in low-lysine medium and then exposed to [3H]lysine, radioactivity from the lysine comigrates with tRNAPhe. The Y base can be selectively excised from tRNAPhe by incubation at pH 2.9, and extracted into ethyl acetate. Thin-layer chromatography of acid-excised material from these cells reveals that lysine-derived radioactivity comigrates with genuine Y base from calf liver tRNAPhe and the acid-excised tRNA no longer contains radioactivity. These results are consistent with the model that lysine is a structural precursor of Y base in tRNAPhe of Vero cells.", "contents": "Incorporation of lysine into Y base of phenylalanine tRNA in Vero cells. Vero cells, a line derived from African green monkey kidney, contains a hypermodified base, called Y, adjacent to the 3' end of the anticodon of tRNAPhe. Two types of evidence are presented suggesting that lysine is involved in biosynthesis of Y base in these cells. First, when Vero cells are starved for lysine, a new, early-eluting species of tRNAPhe which lacks the fully modified Y base can be detected by reversed phase chromatography (RPC-5). After addition of lysine to the medium, this new species disappears. Second, when these cells are grown in low-lysine medium and then exposed to [3H]lysine, radioactivity from the lysine comigrates with tRNAPhe. The Y base can be selectively excised from tRNAPhe by incubation at pH 2.9, and extracted into ethyl acetate. Thin-layer chromatography of acid-excised material from these cells reveals that lysine-derived radioactivity comigrates with genuine Y base from calf liver tRNAPhe and the acid-excised tRNA no longer contains radioactivity. These results are consistent with the model that lysine is a structural precursor of Y base in tRNAPhe of Vero cells.", "PMID": 111226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9573", "title": "Transfer RNATyr of melanoma tissues and cells: relevance to melanin synthesis?", "content": "The tRNA present in swine melanoma tumor tissue and normal gray skin tissue were compared by aminoacylation of the unfractionated tRNA preparations. Of the seventeen amino acids studied, seven showed differences in rate of acceptance to tRNAs from normal and tumor tissues; the tRNAs of two amino acids, tyrosine and glycine, showed dramatic three fold increases in melanoma tumor. As melanin biosynthesis proceeds from tyrosine oxidation the investigations focused on the increase in tyrosine tRNA. Kinetic analysis of tyrosine aminoacylation to normal and melanoma tRNAs revealed no differences. Analysis of the isoaccepting species of tRNATyr from normal skin and melanoma tumor tissues identified three isoacceptors; tRNATyr, represented the predominant species in normal gray skin, while tRNA2Tyr predominated in melanoma tumor tissue. The tyrosine acceptances by tRNAs from three human melanoma cell lines were analyzed and found to be variable, but isoaccepting species analysis of the tRNATyr of these three cell lines still showed a correlation between the preponderance of tRNA2Tyr and extent of tyrosine acceptance. Additionally the enzymatic activity for the oxidation of tyrosine was found to be related to tyrosine acceptance and tRNA2Tyr predominance..", "contents": "Transfer RNATyr of melanoma tissues and cells: relevance to melanin synthesis? The tRNA present in swine melanoma tumor tissue and normal gray skin tissue were compared by aminoacylation of the unfractionated tRNA preparations. Of the seventeen amino acids studied, seven showed differences in rate of acceptance to tRNAs from normal and tumor tissues; the tRNAs of two amino acids, tyrosine and glycine, showed dramatic three fold increases in melanoma tumor. As melanin biosynthesis proceeds from tyrosine oxidation the investigations focused on the increase in tyrosine tRNA. Kinetic analysis of tyrosine aminoacylation to normal and melanoma tRNAs revealed no differences. Analysis of the isoaccepting species of tRNATyr from normal skin and melanoma tumor tissues identified three isoacceptors; tRNATyr, represented the predominant species in normal gray skin, while tRNA2Tyr predominated in melanoma tumor tissue. The tyrosine acceptances by tRNAs from three human melanoma cell lines were analyzed and found to be variable, but isoaccepting species analysis of the tRNATyr of these three cell lines still showed a correlation between the preponderance of tRNA2Tyr and extent of tyrosine acceptance. Additionally the enzymatic activity for the oxidation of tyrosine was found to be related to tyrosine acceptance and tRNA2Tyr predominance..", "PMID": 111227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9574", "title": "The conformational properties of ribosomal protein S1.", "content": "The proton NMR spectrum of S1 reveals that S1 has considerable tertiary structure in physiological buffers, but more structural flexibility than normal for globular proteins. S1's NMR spectrum is independent of the method of preparation.", "contents": "The conformational properties of ribosomal protein S1. The proton NMR spectrum of S1 reveals that S1 has considerable tertiary structure in physiological buffers, but more structural flexibility than normal for globular proteins. S1's NMR spectrum is independent of the method of preparation.", "PMID": 111228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9575", "title": "Effect of lucanthone (miracil D) on transcription of ribosomal RNA genes from Tetrahymena in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Addition of lucanthone (1-5 mug/ml) to cultures of Tetrahymena results in a preferential inhibition of the synthesis of ribosomal RNA. Transcriptional studies with isolated nucleoli from Tetrahymena demonstrate that the endogenous RNA polymerases of the r-chromatin (chromatin form of rDNA) do not recognize the normal termination and move into the spacer region distal to the terminator in the presence of lucanthone. This is shown by hybridization of the transcript synthesized in the presence of the drug to restriction fragments of rDNA. Lucanthone seems specific in its action on termination as it does not inhibit the elongation process on the chromatin. Among various DNA-binding drugs tested only lucanthone and proflavine are found to cause repression of the termination. The data obtained suggest that the reduced synthesis of rRNA in lucanthone-treated eukaryotic cells is due to lack of reinitiating RNA polymerases possibly caused by improper termination.", "contents": "Effect of lucanthone (miracil D) on transcription of ribosomal RNA genes from Tetrahymena in vivo and in vitro. Addition of lucanthone (1-5 mug/ml) to cultures of Tetrahymena results in a preferential inhibition of the synthesis of ribosomal RNA. Transcriptional studies with isolated nucleoli from Tetrahymena demonstrate that the endogenous RNA polymerases of the r-chromatin (chromatin form of rDNA) do not recognize the normal termination and move into the spacer region distal to the terminator in the presence of lucanthone. This is shown by hybridization of the transcript synthesized in the presence of the drug to restriction fragments of rDNA. Lucanthone seems specific in its action on termination as it does not inhibit the elongation process on the chromatin. Among various DNA-binding drugs tested only lucanthone and proflavine are found to cause repression of the termination. The data obtained suggest that the reduced synthesis of rRNA in lucanthone-treated eukaryotic cells is due to lack of reinitiating RNA polymerases possibly caused by improper termination.", "PMID": 111229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9576", "title": "Evidence for the protection of specific RNA sequences in globin messenger ribonucleoprotein particles.", "content": "Purified 15 S globin mRNA-protein (mRNP) complexes obtained by EDTA dissociation of duck reticulocytes polyribosomes were digested with the calcium dependant Staphylococcus aureus nuclease (EC 3. 1. 4. 7.). 25% of the globin mRNA sequences were resistant to extensive nuclease digestion as determined by TCA precipitation of the digested 15 S particles labelled in vivo with tritiated uridine. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNA from nuclease digested 15 S particles showed that the protected oligoribonucleotides were distributed into two distinct size classes of 25,000 and 12,000 MW. Comparison between in vitro iodine-labelled 9 S globin mRNA extracted from Staphylococcal nuclease digested 15 S mRNP particles was carried out by fingerprinting. Mapping of T1 ribonuclease digests by high-voltage electrophoresis and homochromatography showed that specific oligoribonucleotides were protected against nuclease attack by proteins of the 15 S mRNP.", "contents": "Evidence for the protection of specific RNA sequences in globin messenger ribonucleoprotein particles. Purified 15 S globin mRNA-protein (mRNP) complexes obtained by EDTA dissociation of duck reticulocytes polyribosomes were digested with the calcium dependant Staphylococcus aureus nuclease (EC 3. 1. 4. 7.). 25% of the globin mRNA sequences were resistant to extensive nuclease digestion as determined by TCA precipitation of the digested 15 S particles labelled in vivo with tritiated uridine. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNA from nuclease digested 15 S particles showed that the protected oligoribonucleotides were distributed into two distinct size classes of 25,000 and 12,000 MW. Comparison between in vitro iodine-labelled 9 S globin mRNA extracted from Staphylococcal nuclease digested 15 S mRNP particles was carried out by fingerprinting. Mapping of T1 ribonuclease digests by high-voltage electrophoresis and homochromatography showed that specific oligoribonucleotides were protected against nuclease attack by proteins of the 15 S mRNP.", "PMID": 111230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9577", "title": "Apurinic acid endonuclease activity from mouse epidermal cells.", "content": "An endonuclease activity making single-strand breaks into depurinated and alkylated DNA has been purified 500-fold from carcinogen-transformed mouse epidermal cells. The enzyme was active only at apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, regardless of whether they were produced by heating at an acidic pH or by alkylation with the ultimate carcinogen MeSO2OMe. The enzyme did not act on native DNA nor on ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine-dimers nor on steric distortions caused by modification of DNA with the carcinogen (Ac)2ONFln. The enzyme was active in the presence of 1 mM EDTA; however, at pH 7.4 optimal conditions were: 6mM MgCl2 and 40--120 mM KCl or 10--40 mM potassium phosphate. The enzyme eluted from hydroxyapatite, phosphocellulose and heparin-cellulose between 100--250 mM potassium phosphate but did not bind to DEAE-cellulose. Using four chromatographic steps the endonuclease was obtained free of exonuclease, demethylase and DNA glycosylase activity specific for DNA bases methylated with MeSO2OMe or MeNOUr. The molecular weight was 31 000 +/- 3000 as calculated from the diffusion coefficient (8.2 x 10-7 cm2/s) and the sedimentation value (2.7 S).", "contents": "Apurinic acid endonuclease activity from mouse epidermal cells. An endonuclease activity making single-strand breaks into depurinated and alkylated DNA has been purified 500-fold from carcinogen-transformed mouse epidermal cells. The enzyme was active only at apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, regardless of whether they were produced by heating at an acidic pH or by alkylation with the ultimate carcinogen MeSO2OMe. The enzyme did not act on native DNA nor on ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine-dimers nor on steric distortions caused by modification of DNA with the carcinogen (Ac)2ONFln. The enzyme was active in the presence of 1 mM EDTA; however, at pH 7.4 optimal conditions were: 6mM MgCl2 and 40--120 mM KCl or 10--40 mM potassium phosphate. The enzyme eluted from hydroxyapatite, phosphocellulose and heparin-cellulose between 100--250 mM potassium phosphate but did not bind to DEAE-cellulose. Using four chromatographic steps the endonuclease was obtained free of exonuclease, demethylase and DNA glycosylase activity specific for DNA bases methylated with MeSO2OMe or MeNOUr. The molecular weight was 31 000 +/- 3000 as calculated from the diffusion coefficient (8.2 x 10-7 cm2/s) and the sedimentation value (2.7 S).", "PMID": 111231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9578", "title": "Leptospirosis and acute renal failure--clinical experiences and a review of the literature.", "content": "About 50 cases of leptospirosis are diagnosed each year in the United Kingdom, with an overall mortality of 5%. Renal failure, in association with jaundice, is commonly held responsible for this figure. Over a period of 18 years, 6 cases of leptospirosis complicated by renal failure were treated at the Royal Air Force Renal Unit; there were 4 survivors. The 2 deaths occurred before the unit policy of daily haemodialysis and total parenteral nutrition, and were both from haemorrhagic complications. The authors believe that patients with leptospirosis and progressive renal impairment should be managed in renal units experienced in the management of the hypercatabolic patient, and that this should improve their prognosis.", "contents": "Leptospirosis and acute renal failure--clinical experiences and a review of the literature. About 50 cases of leptospirosis are diagnosed each year in the United Kingdom, with an overall mortality of 5%. Renal failure, in association with jaundice, is commonly held responsible for this figure. Over a period of 18 years, 6 cases of leptospirosis complicated by renal failure were treated at the Royal Air Force Renal Unit; there were 4 survivors. The 2 deaths occurred before the unit policy of daily haemodialysis and total parenteral nutrition, and were both from haemorrhagic complications. The authors believe that patients with leptospirosis and progressive renal impairment should be managed in renal units experienced in the management of the hypercatabolic patient, and that this should improve their prognosis.", "PMID": 111233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9579", "title": "[The role of anaesthesiology in intensive care (author's transl)].", "content": "The German Society of Anaesthesia and Resuscitation was founded in 1953. The change of name to \"German Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care\" in 1977 reflects the development that this specialty has undergone since 1953; it is also an indication of the claim of anaesthesia to play a part in the care of the critically ill surgical patient. To the questions: what is the basis for this claim, what can anaesthesia contribute towards the care of these cases, where is the dividing line between anaesthesia and the other disciplines concerned in intensive care, what effect has intensive care work on the training of the anaesthetist, the answers are as follows: the concern of the anaesthetist is the care of the patient whose vital functions are impaired by surgery, anaesthesia or disease; he has therefore acquired techniques and means to maintain and assist these vital functions. His work in the intensive care ward is thus often no more than a continuation of the work he is doing in the operating theatre. This does not mean that he should replace the clinician of the traditional specialties working in the intensive care unit; rather that he should function as a co-ordinator as regards the type and course of treatment and nursing. For the anaesthetist there is the advantage that he can enlarge and consolidate the skill and knowledge acquired in the operating theatre, deepen his understanding of pathophysiological conditions and gain experience and assurance in evaluation of a variety of clinical situations. By becoming competent in diverse fields (at a time when the general trend is for ever more specialization) he will contribute towards raising the status of the anaesthetist who is still apt to be regarded as merely a technician.", "contents": "[The role of anaesthesiology in intensive care (author's transl)]. The German Society of Anaesthesia and Resuscitation was founded in 1953. The change of name to \"German Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care\" in 1977 reflects the development that this specialty has undergone since 1953; it is also an indication of the claim of anaesthesia to play a part in the care of the critically ill surgical patient. To the questions: what is the basis for this claim, what can anaesthesia contribute towards the care of these cases, where is the dividing line between anaesthesia and the other disciplines concerned in intensive care, what effect has intensive care work on the training of the anaesthetist, the answers are as follows: the concern of the anaesthetist is the care of the patient whose vital functions are impaired by surgery, anaesthesia or disease; he has therefore acquired techniques and means to maintain and assist these vital functions. His work in the intensive care ward is thus often no more than a continuation of the work he is doing in the operating theatre. This does not mean that he should replace the clinician of the traditional specialties working in the intensive care unit; rather that he should function as a co-ordinator as regards the type and course of treatment and nursing. For the anaesthetist there is the advantage that he can enlarge and consolidate the skill and knowledge acquired in the operating theatre, deepen his understanding of pathophysiological conditions and gain experience and assurance in evaluation of a variety of clinical situations. By becoming competent in diverse fields (at a time when the general trend is for ever more specialization) he will contribute towards raising the status of the anaesthetist who is still apt to be regarded as merely a technician.", "PMID": 111234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9580", "title": "[Physiological and pathological aspects of the immune reactions (author's transl)].", "content": "The basic principles of modern immunology are reviewed. In analogy to the nervous defence mechanism of the body the immune reactions are divided into a \"specific\" afferent, \"unspecific\" efferent and central regulatory part. The old conception of the \"lock and key\" relation between antigen and antibody is re-interpreted in terms of molecular chemistry. The dual aspects of the immune response is interpreted as part of an over-all network within which the humoral and cellular defence systems are organized to act in concert. Allergy is considered to be solely a special type of immune reaction; while its disease-producing effects are undisputed its physiological significance is still obscure. The immune mechanism involved in specific densitization is discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Physiological and pathological aspects of the immune reactions (author's transl)]. The basic principles of modern immunology are reviewed. In analogy to the nervous defence mechanism of the body the immune reactions are divided into a \"specific\" afferent, \"unspecific\" efferent and central regulatory part. The old conception of the \"lock and key\" relation between antigen and antibody is re-interpreted in terms of molecular chemistry. The dual aspects of the immune response is interpreted as part of an over-all network within which the humoral and cellular defence systems are organized to act in concert. Allergy is considered to be solely a special type of immune reaction; while its disease-producing effects are undisputed its physiological significance is still obscure. The immune mechanism involved in specific densitization is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 111235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9581", "title": "[Oral desensitization in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "1) There is some evidence that orally administered allergens are absorbed. 2) 75% of the children considered oral desensitization to be effective. 3) As judged by bronchial flow resistance after provocation, oral and subcutaneous desensitization appear to be equally effective in reducing bronchial hypersensitivity. The reduction in hypersensitivity after oral desensitization was of the same magnitude as that induced by 1 capsule of DNCG. Reduced bronchial hypersensitivity was also observed in children who had received sympatomatic anti-asthma treatment over periods of 1-3 years.", "contents": "[Oral desensitization in childhood (author's transl)]. 1) There is some evidence that orally administered allergens are absorbed. 2) 75% of the children considered oral desensitization to be effective. 3) As judged by bronchial flow resistance after provocation, oral and subcutaneous desensitization appear to be equally effective in reducing bronchial hypersensitivity. The reduction in hypersensitivity after oral desensitization was of the same magnitude as that induced by 1 capsule of DNCG. Reduced bronchial hypersensitivity was also observed in children who had received sympatomatic anti-asthma treatment over periods of 1-3 years.", "PMID": 111236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9582", "title": "Multiple discrete sites for premature RNA chain termination late in adenovirus-2 infection: enhancement by 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole.", "content": "Discrete-sized short RNA chains that contain the distinctive oligonucleotides, including the 5'-capped oligonucleotide, characteristic of the first 600 nucleotides of the adenovirus type 2 (Ad-2) large, late, rightward-reading transcriptional unit (16.4-99) accumulate in Ad-2-infected HeLa cells. In the presence of 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole the accumulation of these chains is enhanced, as is the accumulation of short chains from a neighbouring rightward-reading transcriptional unit (3.0-10.7). These short chains appear to represent prematurely terminated transcripts. Late in infection there is a marked increase in RNA synthesis, including that of prematurely terminated short chains, from the large late transcriptional unit. This suggests that the increase in transcription and mRNA production from this region late in infection is not due to reduced \"attenuation\" of RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Multiple discrete sites for premature RNA chain termination late in adenovirus-2 infection: enhancement by 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole. Discrete-sized short RNA chains that contain the distinctive oligonucleotides, including the 5'-capped oligonucleotide, characteristic of the first 600 nucleotides of the adenovirus type 2 (Ad-2) large, late, rightward-reading transcriptional unit (16.4-99) accumulate in Ad-2-infected HeLa cells. In the presence of 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole the accumulation of these chains is enhanced, as is the accumulation of short chains from a neighbouring rightward-reading transcriptional unit (3.0-10.7). These short chains appear to represent prematurely terminated transcripts. Late in infection there is a marked increase in RNA synthesis, including that of prematurely terminated short chains, from the large late transcriptional unit. This suggests that the increase in transcription and mRNA production from this region late in infection is not due to reduced \"attenuation\" of RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 111239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9583", "title": "[Content and dynamics of sulfhydryl compounds in the blood during treatment of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The results of the study of the level of sulfhydryl groups in the whole blood and serum of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus are presented. A total of 170 patients with diabetes mellitus aged from 16 to 70 years were investigated. A severe form of the disease was revealed in 31.2% of the patients, moderately severe in 50.0%, and a mild form--in 18.8%. A significant sulfhydryl groups deficiency (P less than 0.005) was displayed by diabetic patients. The lowest content was found in patients with a severe form of the disease and with ketoacidosis. The existing methods of diabetics treatment failed to completely restore the level of sulfhydril groups. Other additional therapeutic methods are necessary for complete compensation.", "contents": "[Content and dynamics of sulfhydryl compounds in the blood during treatment of diabetes mellitus]. The results of the study of the level of sulfhydryl groups in the whole blood and serum of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus are presented. A total of 170 patients with diabetes mellitus aged from 16 to 70 years were investigated. A severe form of the disease was revealed in 31.2% of the patients, moderately severe in 50.0%, and a mild form--in 18.8%. A significant sulfhydryl groups deficiency (P less than 0.005) was displayed by diabetic patients. The lowest content was found in patients with a severe form of the disease and with ketoacidosis. The existing methods of diabetics treatment failed to completely restore the level of sulfhydril groups. Other additional therapeutic methods are necessary for complete compensation.", "PMID": 111237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9584", "title": "Mechanism of penicillin action: penicillin and substrate bind covalently to the same active site serine in two bacterial D-alanine carboxypeptidases.", "content": "It has been hypothesized that penicillin acts as a structural analog of the acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of nascent bacterial cell wall and that it consequently binds to and acylates the active site of the enzyme(s) that crosslinks the cell wall to form an inactive penicilloyl enzyme [Tipper, D.J. & Strominger, J.L. (1965) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 64, 1133-1138]. This study directly proves that penicillin acylates the active site of two penicillin-sensitive enzymes, D-alanine carboxypeptidases from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis. Active site peptides were generated by chemical or enzymatic cleavage of these carboxypeptidases after covalently labeling with [14C]penicillin G or after trapping an acyl-enzyme intermediate derived from the depsipeptide substrate. [14C]diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-lactate. The amino acid sequences of the penicillin- and substrate-labeled peptides were identical. Both penicillin and substrate were covalently bound via an ester linkage to the same active site residue, a serine at position 36 of the B. stearothermophilus carboxypeptidase and the corresponding serine in the B. subtilis carboxypeptidase. The two D-alanine carboxypeptidases showed significant homology around the active site. Moreover, homology between these two enzymes and four beta-lactamases of known sequence suggests that these two groups of enzymes are evolutionally related.", "contents": "Mechanism of penicillin action: penicillin and substrate bind covalently to the same active site serine in two bacterial D-alanine carboxypeptidases. It has been hypothesized that penicillin acts as a structural analog of the acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of nascent bacterial cell wall and that it consequently binds to and acylates the active site of the enzyme(s) that crosslinks the cell wall to form an inactive penicilloyl enzyme [Tipper, D.J. & Strominger, J.L. (1965) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 64, 1133-1138]. This study directly proves that penicillin acylates the active site of two penicillin-sensitive enzymes, D-alanine carboxypeptidases from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis. Active site peptides were generated by chemical or enzymatic cleavage of these carboxypeptidases after covalently labeling with [14C]penicillin G or after trapping an acyl-enzyme intermediate derived from the depsipeptide substrate. [14C]diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-lactate. The amino acid sequences of the penicillin- and substrate-labeled peptides were identical. Both penicillin and substrate were covalently bound via an ester linkage to the same active site residue, a serine at position 36 of the B. stearothermophilus carboxypeptidase and the corresponding serine in the B. subtilis carboxypeptidase. The two D-alanine carboxypeptidases showed significant homology around the active site. Moreover, homology between these two enzymes and four beta-lactamases of known sequence suggests that these two groups of enzymes are evolutionally related.", "PMID": 111240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9585", "title": "Chromosomal assignment of the mouse kappa light chain genes.", "content": "Mouse-hamster somatic cell hybrids containing a variable number of mouse chromosomes have been used in experiments to determine which mouse chromosome carries the immunoglobulin kappa light chain genes. It has been shown by nucleic acid hybridization that the kappa constant gene and the genes for at least one variable region subgroup are on mouse chromosome 6. This somatic cell genetic mapping procedure appears to be general and can be applied to any expressed or silent gene for which an appropriate nucleic acid probe exists.", "contents": "Chromosomal assignment of the mouse kappa light chain genes. Mouse-hamster somatic cell hybrids containing a variable number of mouse chromosomes have been used in experiments to determine which mouse chromosome carries the immunoglobulin kappa light chain genes. It has been shown by nucleic acid hybridization that the kappa constant gene and the genes for at least one variable region subgroup are on mouse chromosome 6. This somatic cell genetic mapping procedure appears to be general and can be applied to any expressed or silent gene for which an appropriate nucleic acid probe exists.", "PMID": 111241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9586", "title": "Keratin cytoskeletons in epithelial cells of internal organs.", "content": "An antiserum against human epidermal keratins was used to detect keratins in frozen sections of various rabbit and human tissues by indirect immunofluorescence. Strong staining was observed in all stratified squamous epithelia (epidermis, cornea, conjunctiva, tongue, esophagus, vagina, and anus), in epidermal appendages (hair follicle, sebaceous gland, ductal and myoepithelial cells of sweat glands), as well as in Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus, indicating that all contain abundant keratins. No staining by the antiserum was observed in fibroblasts, muscle of any type, cartilage, blood vessel, nerve tissue, iris or lens epithelium, or the glomerular or tubular cells of the kidney. In contrast, the antiserum stained the cells of most epithelia of the intestinal tract, urinary tract (urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting ducts of kidney), female genital tract (cervix, cervical glands, uterus, and oviduct), and respiratory tract (trachea and bronchi). Epithelial cells of the fine ductal system in the pancreas and submaxillary gland also stained well. When primary cultures of epithelial cells derived from bladder, intestine, kidney, and trachea were grown on glass coverslips and stained with anti-keratin, fiber networks similar to those of cultured keratinocytes were observed. These results show that keratins constitute a cytoskeleton in epithelial cells of diverse morphology and embryological origin. The stability of keratin filaments probably confers the structural strength necessary for cells covering a free surface. Keratin staining can be used to obtain information about the origin of cell lines.", "contents": "Keratin cytoskeletons in epithelial cells of internal organs. An antiserum against human epidermal keratins was used to detect keratins in frozen sections of various rabbit and human tissues by indirect immunofluorescence. Strong staining was observed in all stratified squamous epithelia (epidermis, cornea, conjunctiva, tongue, esophagus, vagina, and anus), in epidermal appendages (hair follicle, sebaceous gland, ductal and myoepithelial cells of sweat glands), as well as in Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus, indicating that all contain abundant keratins. No staining by the antiserum was observed in fibroblasts, muscle of any type, cartilage, blood vessel, nerve tissue, iris or lens epithelium, or the glomerular or tubular cells of the kidney. In contrast, the antiserum stained the cells of most epithelia of the intestinal tract, urinary tract (urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting ducts of kidney), female genital tract (cervix, cervical glands, uterus, and oviduct), and respiratory tract (trachea and bronchi). Epithelial cells of the fine ductal system in the pancreas and submaxillary gland also stained well. When primary cultures of epithelial cells derived from bladder, intestine, kidney, and trachea were grown on glass coverslips and stained with anti-keratin, fiber networks similar to those of cultured keratinocytes were observed. These results show that keratins constitute a cytoskeleton in epithelial cells of diverse morphology and embryological origin. The stability of keratin filaments probably confers the structural strength necessary for cells covering a free surface. Keratin staining can be used to obtain information about the origin of cell lines.", "PMID": 111242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9587", "title": "Two processing steps in maturation of vitellogenin polypeptides in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Synthesis of the three vitellogenin polypeptides (molecular weights of 44,000, 45,000, and 46,000) of Drosophila melanogaster has been analyzed in vivo and in a cell-free system. After labeling periods in vivo, the three vitellogenin polypeptides were made as the principal synthetic products of the female fat body. During a short (0.5 min) labeling period, they were identified as discrete species on two-dimensional gels. Two of the polypeptides have molecular weights of 45,000 and a third has a molecular weight of 44,000. After longer labeling periods (5-45 min) the three mature vitellogenins appeared. Both immunoprecipitation and peptide mapping confirmed that the species labeled at 0.5 min are immature forms of the vitellogenin polypeptides. In vitro translation of poly(A)-RNA from female fat body indicated another processing step in vitellogenin synthesis. Three polypeptides were obtained that were identified as precursors of the vitellogenins on the basis of immunoprecipitation and peptide mapping. Two of the translation products have a molecular weight of 46,000 and the third has a molecular weight of 45,000. Because the vitellogenins are secreted proteins, we interpret the higher molecular weight of the in vitro translation products as being due to signal peptides.", "contents": "Two processing steps in maturation of vitellogenin polypeptides in Drosophila melanogaster. Synthesis of the three vitellogenin polypeptides (molecular weights of 44,000, 45,000, and 46,000) of Drosophila melanogaster has been analyzed in vivo and in a cell-free system. After labeling periods in vivo, the three vitellogenin polypeptides were made as the principal synthetic products of the female fat body. During a short (0.5 min) labeling period, they were identified as discrete species on two-dimensional gels. Two of the polypeptides have molecular weights of 45,000 and a third has a molecular weight of 44,000. After longer labeling periods (5-45 min) the three mature vitellogenins appeared. Both immunoprecipitation and peptide mapping confirmed that the species labeled at 0.5 min are immature forms of the vitellogenin polypeptides. In vitro translation of poly(A)-RNA from female fat body indicated another processing step in vitellogenin synthesis. Three polypeptides were obtained that were identified as precursors of the vitellogenins on the basis of immunoprecipitation and peptide mapping. Two of the translation products have a molecular weight of 46,000 and the third has a molecular weight of 45,000. Because the vitellogenins are secreted proteins, we interpret the higher molecular weight of the in vitro translation products as being due to signal peptides.", "PMID": 111243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9588", "title": "Hemoglobin ontogeny during normal mouse fetal development.", "content": "Pure populations of large, nucleated erythrocytes derived from yolk sac blood islands were obtained during normal fetal mouse development. Embryonic hemoglobins were present in these cells early in gestation. Later in gestation, an increasing amount of adults hemoglobin was also synthesized and accumulated in this population of primitive nucleated erythrocytes, as demonstrated by both biochemical and immunocytochemical techniques.", "contents": "Hemoglobin ontogeny during normal mouse fetal development. Pure populations of large, nucleated erythrocytes derived from yolk sac blood islands were obtained during normal fetal mouse development. Embryonic hemoglobins were present in these cells early in gestation. Later in gestation, an increasing amount of adults hemoglobin was also synthesized and accumulated in this population of primitive nucleated erythrocytes, as demonstrated by both biochemical and immunocytochemical techniques.", "PMID": 111244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9589", "title": "Structural evidence for independent joining region gene in immunoglobulin heavy chains from anti-galactan myeloma proteins and its potential role in generating diversity in complementarity-determining regions.", "content": "We have determined the variable region sequences of four heavy chains from beta(1-6)D-galactan-binding myeloma proteins. Two of these proteins are identical to position 100 which is located in the third complementarity-determining region (CDR-3). The remaining two differ at a total of 8 positions over the first 100 amino acids, and all of the differences can be explained by single-base mutations at the DNA level. When an assessment is made of the protein segment following CDR-3, which has been termed \"J segment\" or \"FR4,\" a completely different pattern of variation is observed. The J segments from the four proteins can be divided into two sets. Members of each set share a series of linked amino acids not found in members of the alternative set. The two proteins identical to position 100 have J segments from the two different sets, suggesting that recombination has occurred between V and J genes. An examination of the CDR-3 sequences from the four heavy chains reveals substitutions at positions 100 and 105. Gly is found at 100 in two of the proteins and His in the remaining two. In the two proteins with Gly-100, the following J sequence is limited to one of the two sets of J segments defined by linked amino acids. Similarly, the two heavy chains with His-100 have J segments from the second set. Thus, at the protein level an apparent association is seen between CDR-3 and J segment. If CDR-3 should be found linked to J segment at the DNA level, a new mechanism would be introduced for increasing antibody diversity by recombining various CDR-3 plus J genes with genes coding for the remainder of the variable region. Alternatively, if CDR-3 were coded for by the V gene, then the recombination of V with J may provide an opportunity to introduce mutations in CDR-3. In this case the linkage of amino acids in CDR-3 and the J segments would suggest that recognition signals are used such that certain V genes only pair with a given J gene.", "contents": "Structural evidence for independent joining region gene in immunoglobulin heavy chains from anti-galactan myeloma proteins and its potential role in generating diversity in complementarity-determining regions. We have determined the variable region sequences of four heavy chains from beta(1-6)D-galactan-binding myeloma proteins. Two of these proteins are identical to position 100 which is located in the third complementarity-determining region (CDR-3). The remaining two differ at a total of 8 positions over the first 100 amino acids, and all of the differences can be explained by single-base mutations at the DNA level. When an assessment is made of the protein segment following CDR-3, which has been termed \"J segment\" or \"FR4,\" a completely different pattern of variation is observed. The J segments from the four proteins can be divided into two sets. Members of each set share a series of linked amino acids not found in members of the alternative set. The two proteins identical to position 100 have J segments from the two different sets, suggesting that recombination has occurred between V and J genes. An examination of the CDR-3 sequences from the four heavy chains reveals substitutions at positions 100 and 105. Gly is found at 100 in two of the proteins and His in the remaining two. In the two proteins with Gly-100, the following J sequence is limited to one of the two sets of J segments defined by linked amino acids. Similarly, the two heavy chains with His-100 have J segments from the second set. Thus, at the protein level an apparent association is seen between CDR-3 and J segment. If CDR-3 should be found linked to J segment at the DNA level, a new mechanism would be introduced for increasing antibody diversity by recombining various CDR-3 plus J genes with genes coding for the remainder of the variable region. Alternatively, if CDR-3 were coded for by the V gene, then the recombination of V with J may provide an opportunity to introduce mutations in CDR-3. In this case the linkage of amino acids in CDR-3 and the J segments would suggest that recognition signals are used such that certain V genes only pair with a given J gene.", "PMID": 111245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9590", "title": "Immunosuppression by a mouse tumor resembles antigenic competition.", "content": "The intraperitoneal injection of gamma-radiated, UV-radiated, or unradiated P-815 tumor cells into syngeneic or allogeneic mice suppressed the immune response to a subsequent intraperitoneal injection of sheep erythrocytes in a manner similar to the suppression caused by the injection of manner similar to the suppression caused by the injection of horse erythrocytes and termed antigenic competition. In both cases, the greatest suppression occurred when the sheep erythrocytes were injected at the same site (intraperitoneal) as the tumor or antigen several days after the tumor or antigen and in a dose of 10(8) erythrocytes or less.", "contents": "Immunosuppression by a mouse tumor resembles antigenic competition. The intraperitoneal injection of gamma-radiated, UV-radiated, or unradiated P-815 tumor cells into syngeneic or allogeneic mice suppressed the immune response to a subsequent intraperitoneal injection of sheep erythrocytes in a manner similar to the suppression caused by the injection of manner similar to the suppression caused by the injection of horse erythrocytes and termed antigenic competition. In both cases, the greatest suppression occurred when the sheep erythrocytes were injected at the same site (intraperitoneal) as the tumor or antigen several days after the tumor or antigen and in a dose of 10(8) erythrocytes or less.", "PMID": 111246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9591", "title": "Amino acid sequence of a mouse immunoglobulin mu chain.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the mouse mu chain from the BALB/c myeloma tumor MOPC 104E is reported. The C mu region contains four consecutive homology regions of approximately 110 residues and a COOH-terminal region of 19 residues. A comparison of this mu chain from mouse with a complete mu sequence from human (Ou) and a partial mu chain sequence from dog (Moo) reveals a striking gradient of increasing homology from the NH2-terminal to the COOH-terminal portion of these mu chains, with the former being the least and the latter the most highly conserved. Four of the five sites of carbohydrate attachment appear to be at identical residue positions when the constant regions of the mouse and human mu chains are compared. The mu chain of MOPC 104E has a carbohydrate moiety attached in the second hypervariable region. This is particularly interesting in view of the fact that MOPC 104E binds alpha-(1 leads to 3)-dextran, a simple carbohydrate. The structural and functional constraints imposed by these comparative sequence analyses are discussed.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of a mouse immunoglobulin mu chain. The complete amino acid sequence of the mouse mu chain from the BALB/c myeloma tumor MOPC 104E is reported. The C mu region contains four consecutive homology regions of approximately 110 residues and a COOH-terminal region of 19 residues. A comparison of this mu chain from mouse with a complete mu sequence from human (Ou) and a partial mu chain sequence from dog (Moo) reveals a striking gradient of increasing homology from the NH2-terminal to the COOH-terminal portion of these mu chains, with the former being the least and the latter the most highly conserved. Four of the five sites of carbohydrate attachment appear to be at identical residue positions when the constant regions of the mouse and human mu chains are compared. The mu chain of MOPC 104E has a carbohydrate moiety attached in the second hypervariable region. This is particularly interesting in view of the fact that MOPC 104E binds alpha-(1 leads to 3)-dextran, a simple carbohydrate. The structural and functional constraints imposed by these comparative sequence analyses are discussed.", "PMID": 111247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9592", "title": "Fetal and adult albumins are indistinguishable by immunological and physicochemical criteria.", "content": "The existence of a functionally immature fetal albumin has been postulated to explain the reduced ability of newborn plasma to bind bilirubin and various drugs. In support of this, cord and adult albumin, isolated by a simple salting-out technique, were reported to differ in electrophoretic and chromatographic properties and in their resistance to alkali and proteolytic enzymes. However, the interpretation of these findings has since been questioned. To resolve this controversy, we have purified to homogeneity human serum albumins from pooled umbilical cord and adult donor plasma. The two albumins were compared and found to be indistinguishable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with and without sodium dodecyl sulfate, as well as by immunoelectrophoresis and double immunodiffusion using specific antibodies against both albumins. Furthermore, the amino acid compositions, the aminoterminal sequence (Asp-Ala-His-Lys-Ser-Glu-Val-Ala-), the carboxy terminus (Leu), and the peptide fingerprints were identical in the two albumins. No significant differences were found by circular dichroism in the ultraviolet (200-350 nm). Binding studies with bilirubin showed association constants of 3.7 +/- 0.7 x 10(7) M(-1) for cord and 2.9 +/- 0.3 x 10(7) M(-1) for adult albumin, respectively. The circular dichroic spectra of 1:1 bilirubin.albumin complexes showed considerable variation between the batches but were not significantly different. The only difference was found in the fluorescence spectra of the bilirubin.albumin complexes, in which complexes with adult albumin showed only 75% of the relative fluorescence exhibited with cord albumin. The combined results nevertheless strongly indicate that fetal and adult albumins are very similar, if not identical.", "contents": "Fetal and adult albumins are indistinguishable by immunological and physicochemical criteria. The existence of a functionally immature fetal albumin has been postulated to explain the reduced ability of newborn plasma to bind bilirubin and various drugs. In support of this, cord and adult albumin, isolated by a simple salting-out technique, were reported to differ in electrophoretic and chromatographic properties and in their resistance to alkali and proteolytic enzymes. However, the interpretation of these findings has since been questioned. To resolve this controversy, we have purified to homogeneity human serum albumins from pooled umbilical cord and adult donor plasma. The two albumins were compared and found to be indistinguishable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with and without sodium dodecyl sulfate, as well as by immunoelectrophoresis and double immunodiffusion using specific antibodies against both albumins. Furthermore, the amino acid compositions, the aminoterminal sequence (Asp-Ala-His-Lys-Ser-Glu-Val-Ala-), the carboxy terminus (Leu), and the peptide fingerprints were identical in the two albumins. No significant differences were found by circular dichroism in the ultraviolet (200-350 nm). Binding studies with bilirubin showed association constants of 3.7 +/- 0.7 x 10(7) M(-1) for cord and 2.9 +/- 0.3 x 10(7) M(-1) for adult albumin, respectively. The circular dichroic spectra of 1:1 bilirubin.albumin complexes showed considerable variation between the batches but were not significantly different. The only difference was found in the fluorescence spectra of the bilirubin.albumin complexes, in which complexes with adult albumin showed only 75% of the relative fluorescence exhibited with cord albumin. The combined results nevertheless strongly indicate that fetal and adult albumins are very similar, if not identical.", "PMID": 111248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9593", "title": "Partial purification of Rho (D) antigen from Rh positive and negative erythrocytes.", "content": "A rapid method is described for partial purification of Rho(D) antigen from sodium deoxycholate-solubilized erythrocyte membranes by affinity chromatography on a column coupled with anti-Rho(D) IgG. The Rho(D) antigen is a low molecular weight membrane protein that comigrates with the lipid zone of erythrocytes during sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Similar quantities of Rho(D) antigen were present in Rh positive and negative erythrocytes. However, in the latter erythrocytes the antigen may not be exposed to the external cell surface, explaining why these cells are not agglutinated by anti-Rho(D) antiserum. LW antigen was also present in the fraction containing Rho(D) antigen. The genetic implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Partial purification of Rho (D) antigen from Rh positive and negative erythrocytes. A rapid method is described for partial purification of Rho(D) antigen from sodium deoxycholate-solubilized erythrocyte membranes by affinity chromatography on a column coupled with anti-Rho(D) IgG. The Rho(D) antigen is a low molecular weight membrane protein that comigrates with the lipid zone of erythrocytes during sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Similar quantities of Rho(D) antigen were present in Rh positive and negative erythrocytes. However, in the latter erythrocytes the antigen may not be exposed to the external cell surface, explaining why these cells are not agglutinated by anti-Rho(D) antiserum. LW antigen was also present in the fraction containing Rho(D) antigen. The genetic implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 111249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9594", "title": "Roots of neglect of the long-term mentally ill.", "content": "A pattern of neglect of the severely mentally ill, then outrage and movements for reform, followed again by a lapse into neglect has been characteristic of the mental health professions and society generally. This article explores the possibility that neglect of the mentally ill may be rooted in professionals' dissatisfaction with meeting chronic dependency needs, a moral disapproval of dependency and passivity, a distaste for the lower social classes, and an inclination, like that in the larger society, to exclude the mentally ill. The discussion then turns to the problem of the overselling of rehabilitation and the observation that despite the powerful dependency needs and limited tolerance for stress of the mentally disabled, when attention is finally turned to them, neglect often gives way to unrealistic expectations of rehabilitation. The paper concludes with recommendations for alleviating these problems.", "contents": "Roots of neglect of the long-term mentally ill. A pattern of neglect of the severely mentally ill, then outrage and movements for reform, followed again by a lapse into neglect has been characteristic of the mental health professions and society generally. This article explores the possibility that neglect of the mentally ill may be rooted in professionals' dissatisfaction with meeting chronic dependency needs, a moral disapproval of dependency and passivity, a distaste for the lower social classes, and an inclination, like that in the larger society, to exclude the mentally ill. The discussion then turns to the problem of the overselling of rehabilitation and the observation that despite the powerful dependency needs and limited tolerance for stress of the mentally disabled, when attention is finally turned to them, neglect often gives way to unrealistic expectations of rehabilitation. The paper concludes with recommendations for alleviating these problems.", "PMID": 111271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9595", "title": "Tryptophan-free diet: effects on the acoustic startle reflex in rats.", "content": "In Experiment 1, body weights of rats fed a powdered tryptophan-free (TF) diet decreased monotonically during a 13-day period. Control animals fed the same diet supplemented with 0.5% L-tryptophan gained weight. The groups did not differ significantly in acoustic startle amplitude measured at 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, and 13 days despite a 28% decrease in whole-brain serotonin in the TF rats. In Experiment 2, daily intubation of rats with a syrup form of each diet maintained the two groups' body weights at comparable levels. TF diet intubation decreased whole-brain serotonin by 64% and produced significantly elevated startle amplitudes, which returned to control levels when 0.5% L-tryptophan was added to the diet. Changes in whole-brain serotonin level preceded changes in startle amplitude by several days. In Experiment 3, acute injections of 125 mg/kg L-tryptophan significantly reduced the startle amplitude of TF diet intubated rats and significantly raised their brain serotonin levels. The results show that acoustic startle reflex is increased by a TF diet, provided the animals receive adequate nourishment, and suggest that this facilitation may result from depletion of brain serotonin.", "contents": "Tryptophan-free diet: effects on the acoustic startle reflex in rats. In Experiment 1, body weights of rats fed a powdered tryptophan-free (TF) diet decreased monotonically during a 13-day period. Control animals fed the same diet supplemented with 0.5% L-tryptophan gained weight. The groups did not differ significantly in acoustic startle amplitude measured at 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, and 13 days despite a 28% decrease in whole-brain serotonin in the TF rats. In Experiment 2, daily intubation of rats with a syrup form of each diet maintained the two groups' body weights at comparable levels. TF diet intubation decreased whole-brain serotonin by 64% and produced significantly elevated startle amplitudes, which returned to control levels when 0.5% L-tryptophan was added to the diet. Changes in whole-brain serotonin level preceded changes in startle amplitude by several days. In Experiment 3, acute injections of 125 mg/kg L-tryptophan significantly reduced the startle amplitude of TF diet intubated rats and significantly raised their brain serotonin levels. The results show that acoustic startle reflex is increased by a TF diet, provided the animals receive adequate nourishment, and suggest that this facilitation may result from depletion of brain serotonin.", "PMID": 111272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9596", "title": "Dopaminergic supersensitivity: influence of dopamine agonists, cholinergics, anticholinergics, and drugs used for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "Single and repeated administration of neuroleptics induce supersensitivity to dopamine agonists like apomorphine and methylphenidate. The degree of this supersensitivity depends on the period of the preceding administration of the neuroleptic. In the development phase additional administration of apomorphine can reverse the hyperdopaminergic behaviour, whereas addition of cholinergic/anticholinergic treatment does not modify the enhanced receptor response. In the supersensitivity phase additional treatment with deanol does not modify the supersensitivity. Pheobarbital, diazepam, and muscimol increase and cis (Z)-flupenthixol decreases the supersensitivity. It is concluded that supersensitivity induced by neuroleptics is time-dependent and that it can be prevented by additional treatment with DA-agonists but not by cholinergic/anticholinergic treatment. In the supersensitivity phase, the syndrome is suppressed by dopamine antagonists but enhanced by GABA-agonists, benzodiazepine and phenobarbital.", "contents": "Dopaminergic supersensitivity: influence of dopamine agonists, cholinergics, anticholinergics, and drugs used for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Single and repeated administration of neuroleptics induce supersensitivity to dopamine agonists like apomorphine and methylphenidate. The degree of this supersensitivity depends on the period of the preceding administration of the neuroleptic. In the development phase additional administration of apomorphine can reverse the hyperdopaminergic behaviour, whereas addition of cholinergic/anticholinergic treatment does not modify the enhanced receptor response. In the supersensitivity phase additional treatment with deanol does not modify the supersensitivity. Pheobarbital, diazepam, and muscimol increase and cis (Z)-flupenthixol decreases the supersensitivity. It is concluded that supersensitivity induced by neuroleptics is time-dependent and that it can be prevented by additional treatment with DA-agonists but not by cholinergic/anticholinergic treatment. In the supersensitivity phase, the syndrome is suppressed by dopamine antagonists but enhanced by GABA-agonists, benzodiazepine and phenobarbital.", "PMID": 111273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9597", "title": "Comparative behavioral effects of clorgyline and pargyline in man: a preliminary evaluation.", "content": "The antidepressant and other behavioral effects of clorgyline, a preferential inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) type A, were compared with those of pargyline, a preferential inhibitor of MAO type B, in 16 depressed patients. In a subgroup of more severely depressed patients, clorgyline treatment for 4 weeks resulted in significant improvement on both observer-rated and self-rated scales, while minimal changes occurred during pargyline treatment. Similarly, in a crossover study that included 8 patients examined with multiple scales, clorgyline had generally greater antidepressant and antianxiety effects than did pargyline, although pargyline had some activating effects and also tended to produce more side effects. MAO type A inhibition may be more important than MAO type B inhibition for antidepressant efficacy.", "contents": "Comparative behavioral effects of clorgyline and pargyline in man: a preliminary evaluation. The antidepressant and other behavioral effects of clorgyline, a preferential inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) type A, were compared with those of pargyline, a preferential inhibitor of MAO type B, in 16 depressed patients. In a subgroup of more severely depressed patients, clorgyline treatment for 4 weeks resulted in significant improvement on both observer-rated and self-rated scales, while minimal changes occurred during pargyline treatment. Similarly, in a crossover study that included 8 patients examined with multiple scales, clorgyline had generally greater antidepressant and antianxiety effects than did pargyline, although pargyline had some activating effects and also tended to produce more side effects. MAO type A inhibition may be more important than MAO type B inhibition for antidepressant efficacy.", "PMID": 111274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9598", "title": "Selectivity of clorgyline and pargyline as inhibitors of monoamine oxidases A and B in vivo in man.", "content": "During 4 weeks of treatment with clorgyline, a selective MAO-A inhibitor, platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was unchanged. During a similar 4-week crossover treatment period with pargyline, a selective MAO-B inhibitor, platelet MAO activity was essentially completely inhibited in the same individuals. The differential effects of the two drugs on platelet MAO, which consists exclusively of the MAO-B form, suggests that the in vitro selectivity of clorgyline, and possibly of pargyline, on MAO-A and MAO-B may be maintained in vivo during long-term administration in man. Reductions in blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma amine oxidase activity were generally similar in magnitude during treatment with both drugs, however, suggesting that either these effects are nonspecific consequences of both MAO-A and MAO-B inhibition, or that pargyline also inhibited MAO-A activity.", "contents": "Selectivity of clorgyline and pargyline as inhibitors of monoamine oxidases A and B in vivo in man. During 4 weeks of treatment with clorgyline, a selective MAO-A inhibitor, platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was unchanged. During a similar 4-week crossover treatment period with pargyline, a selective MAO-B inhibitor, platelet MAO activity was essentially completely inhibited in the same individuals. The differential effects of the two drugs on platelet MAO, which consists exclusively of the MAO-B form, suggests that the in vitro selectivity of clorgyline, and possibly of pargyline, on MAO-A and MAO-B may be maintained in vivo during long-term administration in man. Reductions in blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma amine oxidase activity were generally similar in magnitude during treatment with both drugs, however, suggesting that either these effects are nonspecific consequences of both MAO-A and MAO-B inhibition, or that pargyline also inhibited MAO-A activity.", "PMID": 111275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9599", "title": "Plasma levels of d-amphetamine in hyperactive children. Serial behavior and motor responses.", "content": "Amphetamine has been clearly documented to be an efficacious treatment for hyperactive children. The pharmacokinetics of amphetamine have been studied in adults, but not in children. Sixteen male children who scored greater than 2SD from norms on Factors I and IV of Conner's Teacher Rating Scale and who were not excluded for reasons to do with medical or psychiatric conditions, intelligence, or age, had a plasma d-amphetamine apparent elimination half-life of 6.8 +/- 0.5h. Peak plasma level occurred between 3 and 4h (62.7 +/- 3.8 and 65.9 +/- 3.6 ng/ml, respectively). Six of these children had a repeat study and there were no significant differences within subject in apparent elimination half-lives and attained peak blood levels. The variation in plasma levels was greater during absorption than during elimination. Both behavioral and motor activity responses as analyzed by differences between amphetamine and placebo days (by paired t-tests) indicate significant responses between hours 1--4; however, these responses do not correlate with plasma amphetamine levels; they occur during the absorption phase. The decreased response to later similar plasma levels of d-amphetamine may be related to depletion of catecholamine stores, to replacement by a 'false neurotransmitter' metabolite of amphetamine, or to alteration in receptor sensitivity.", "contents": "Plasma levels of d-amphetamine in hyperactive children. Serial behavior and motor responses. Amphetamine has been clearly documented to be an efficacious treatment for hyperactive children. The pharmacokinetics of amphetamine have been studied in adults, but not in children. Sixteen male children who scored greater than 2SD from norms on Factors I and IV of Conner's Teacher Rating Scale and who were not excluded for reasons to do with medical or psychiatric conditions, intelligence, or age, had a plasma d-amphetamine apparent elimination half-life of 6.8 +/- 0.5h. Peak plasma level occurred between 3 and 4h (62.7 +/- 3.8 and 65.9 +/- 3.6 ng/ml, respectively). Six of these children had a repeat study and there were no significant differences within subject in apparent elimination half-lives and attained peak blood levels. The variation in plasma levels was greater during absorption than during elimination. Both behavioral and motor activity responses as analyzed by differences between amphetamine and placebo days (by paired t-tests) indicate significant responses between hours 1--4; however, these responses do not correlate with plasma amphetamine levels; they occur during the absorption phase. The decreased response to later similar plasma levels of d-amphetamine may be related to depletion of catecholamine stores, to replacement by a 'false neurotransmitter' metabolite of amphetamine, or to alteration in receptor sensitivity.", "PMID": 111276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9600", "title": "Joint effects of ethanol and caffeine on schedule-controlled responding in the pigeon.", "content": "Interactions between ethanol and caffeine were studied in pigeons keypecking under a multiple fixed ratio 30 fixed interval 5-min schedule of food presentation. When ethanol was administered alone, rates of responding under both components of the multiple schedule were generally decreased in a dose-related manner. Caffeine alone either decreased or had no effect on rates of responding under both the fixed ratio and fixed interval components. When caffeine and ethanol were combined, doses of caffeine which did not decrease rates of responding when given alone attenuated the rate-decreasing effects of ethanol.", "contents": "Joint effects of ethanol and caffeine on schedule-controlled responding in the pigeon. Interactions between ethanol and caffeine were studied in pigeons keypecking under a multiple fixed ratio 30 fixed interval 5-min schedule of food presentation. When ethanol was administered alone, rates of responding under both components of the multiple schedule were generally decreased in a dose-related manner. Caffeine alone either decreased or had no effect on rates of responding under both the fixed ratio and fixed interval components. When caffeine and ethanol were combined, doses of caffeine which did not decrease rates of responding when given alone attenuated the rate-decreasing effects of ethanol.", "PMID": 111277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9601", "title": "Effects of LSD-25 on avoidance behavior and locomotor activity in mice.", "content": "C57BL/6(C57) mice were tested in a shuttle box under the influence of LSD-25 in two sets of experiments. In the first set, the pretrial administrations of LSD (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg) were followed by dose-related performance improvements. In the second set, the posttrial administration of LSD (0.2 mg/kg) immediately after each experimental session improved the performances of the mice. No effect was evident when the hallucinogen was injected 2 h after training, thus showing that LSD improved the memory processes of the C57 mice in these experimental conditions. Dose-related activity depressant effects were evident in a third set of experiments, carried out in a toggle-floor box.", "contents": "Effects of LSD-25 on avoidance behavior and locomotor activity in mice. C57BL/6(C57) mice were tested in a shuttle box under the influence of LSD-25 in two sets of experiments. In the first set, the pretrial administrations of LSD (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg) were followed by dose-related performance improvements. In the second set, the posttrial administration of LSD (0.2 mg/kg) immediately after each experimental session improved the performances of the mice. No effect was evident when the hallucinogen was injected 2 h after training, thus showing that LSD improved the memory processes of the C57 mice in these experimental conditions. Dose-related activity depressant effects were evident in a third set of experiments, carried out in a toggle-floor box.", "PMID": 111278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9602", "title": "Every-other-day acetylmethadol disturbs circadian cycles of human motility.", "content": "1-Alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) maintenance treatment has been proposed as a favorable alternative to methadone maintenance. With an unobtrusive actometer we recorded two successive 24-h cycles of spontaneous motor activity from 12 patients receiving LAAM every other day, and from five receiving methadone every day. LAAM patients were about 50% more active on days of drug administration than on no-dose days (P less than 0.001). There were no significant day-to-day differences in motility of methadone patients. LAAM administered every other day may significantly modify the human circadian rhythm of spontaneous motility; further research is thus needed before this treatment is widely adopted.", "contents": "Every-other-day acetylmethadol disturbs circadian cycles of human motility. 1-Alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) maintenance treatment has been proposed as a favorable alternative to methadone maintenance. With an unobtrusive actometer we recorded two successive 24-h cycles of spontaneous motor activity from 12 patients receiving LAAM every other day, and from five receiving methadone every day. LAAM patients were about 50% more active on days of drug administration than on no-dose days (P less than 0.001). There were no significant day-to-day differences in motility of methadone patients. LAAM administered every other day may significantly modify the human circadian rhythm of spontaneous motility; further research is thus needed before this treatment is widely adopted.", "PMID": 111279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9603", "title": "Evidence of central cholinergic mechanisms in the appearance of affective aggressive behaviour: dissociation of aggression from autonomic and motor phenomena.", "content": "Carbachol, muscarine, eserine and neostigmine injected into the cerebral ventricles of conscious cats evoked emotional behaviour with aggression, autonomic and motor phenomena as well as clonic-tonic convulsions. The main and the most impressive feature of the gross behavioural effects of intraventricular carbachol, muscarine, eserine and neostigmine in conscious cats was the affective type of aggression. However, neostigmine produced aggressive behaviour only in about one-quarter of the experiments. After intraventricular hemicholinium-3 and triethylcholine carbachol, muscarine, eserine and neostigmine elicited autonomic and motor phenomena. In these cats cholinomimetics and anticholinesterases evoked only slight hissing and snarling. Choline administered into the cerebral ventricles of hemicholinium-3 and triethylcholine-treated cats restored the emotional behaviour with aggression, autonomic and motor phenomena as well as clonic-tonic convulsions to intraventricular carbachol, muscarine, eserine and neostigmine. The restored gross behavioural changes to eserine were almost of the same intensity, while those to carbachol and muscarine were of lesser intensity than in control cats. From these experiments it is concluded that cholinergic neurones are involved in the appearance of the affective type of aggression resulting from intraventricular carbachol, muscarine, eserine and neostigmine.", "contents": "Evidence of central cholinergic mechanisms in the appearance of affective aggressive behaviour: dissociation of aggression from autonomic and motor phenomena. Carbachol, muscarine, eserine and neostigmine injected into the cerebral ventricles of conscious cats evoked emotional behaviour with aggression, autonomic and motor phenomena as well as clonic-tonic convulsions. The main and the most impressive feature of the gross behavioural effects of intraventricular carbachol, muscarine, eserine and neostigmine in conscious cats was the affective type of aggression. However, neostigmine produced aggressive behaviour only in about one-quarter of the experiments. After intraventricular hemicholinium-3 and triethylcholine carbachol, muscarine, eserine and neostigmine elicited autonomic and motor phenomena. In these cats cholinomimetics and anticholinesterases evoked only slight hissing and snarling. Choline administered into the cerebral ventricles of hemicholinium-3 and triethylcholine-treated cats restored the emotional behaviour with aggression, autonomic and motor phenomena as well as clonic-tonic convulsions to intraventricular carbachol, muscarine, eserine and neostigmine. The restored gross behavioural changes to eserine were almost of the same intensity, while those to carbachol and muscarine were of lesser intensity than in control cats. From these experiments it is concluded that cholinergic neurones are involved in the appearance of the affective type of aggression resulting from intraventricular carbachol, muscarine, eserine and neostigmine.", "PMID": 111280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9604", "title": "Failure of apomorphine to induce dopamine receptor hypersensitivity.", "content": "Apomorphine, a direct dopamine agonist, failed to induce the so called dopamine receptor supersensitivity. Furthermore, a review of the evidence strongly suggests that the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are not purely dopaminergic. This phenomenon is more complex than one of simple changes in the sensitivity or number of a particular type of receptor. Also sexual differences were observed and the literature suggest an involvement of serotoninergic mechanisms in sterotyped behavior.", "contents": "Failure of apomorphine to induce dopamine receptor hypersensitivity. Apomorphine, a direct dopamine agonist, failed to induce the so called dopamine receptor supersensitivity. Furthermore, a review of the evidence strongly suggests that the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are not purely dopaminergic. This phenomenon is more complex than one of simple changes in the sensitivity or number of a particular type of receptor. Also sexual differences were observed and the literature suggest an involvement of serotoninergic mechanisms in sterotyped behavior.", "PMID": 111281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9605", "title": "Mood alterations during deanol therapy.", "content": "An imbalance between central cholinergic and adrenergic influences may affect mood disorders. Of 38 patients taking high doses of deanol, a putative acetylcholine precursor, eight developed changes in mood: five became depressed and three became hypomanic. A predisposition is suggested as seven of these eight patients had histories of affective symptoms. There was no relationship between the changes in dyskinesias and mood. These observations have both practical and heuristic implications for the management of patients and for further research into the pharmacology of affective disorders and deanol.", "contents": "Mood alterations during deanol therapy. An imbalance between central cholinergic and adrenergic influences may affect mood disorders. Of 38 patients taking high doses of deanol, a putative acetylcholine precursor, eight developed changes in mood: five became depressed and three became hypomanic. A predisposition is suggested as seven of these eight patients had histories of affective symptoms. There was no relationship between the changes in dyskinesias and mood. These observations have both practical and heuristic implications for the management of patients and for further research into the pharmacology of affective disorders and deanol.", "PMID": 111283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9606", "title": "Naloxone enhancement of DMT and LSD-25 induced suppression of food-rewarded bar pressing behavior in the rat.", "content": "The narcotic antagonist naloxone was tested to determine its possible interaction with N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD) in adult male Holtzman rats trained to press a bar on a fixed-ratio four schedule (FR4), i.e., every fourth press earned a reward of 0.01 ml sugar sweetened milk. LSD (0.1 mg/kg) or increasing doses of DMT (1.0, 3.2, and 10.0 mg/kg) were administered i.p. to disrupt food-rewarded fixed ratio bar pressing in a dose related fashion. Pretreatment (5--10 min) with behaviorally ineffective doses of naloxone (1.0--5.6 mg/kg) dramatically enhanced the effects of DMT and LSD. The content of DMT in the brain and liver of rats injected with DMT alone (10 mg/kg) and with a 5 min pretreatment of naloxone (3.2 mg/kg) was determined by radiochemical analysis at 30 and 90 min after 14C-DMT injection. There was no significant difference for either brain or liver 14C-DMT levels when control DMT rats were compared with the naloxone pretreated rats. These results seem to rule out interference by naloxone with the metabolism of DMT as a mechanism of the observed behavioral potentiation.", "contents": "Naloxone enhancement of DMT and LSD-25 induced suppression of food-rewarded bar pressing behavior in the rat. The narcotic antagonist naloxone was tested to determine its possible interaction with N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD) in adult male Holtzman rats trained to press a bar on a fixed-ratio four schedule (FR4), i.e., every fourth press earned a reward of 0.01 ml sugar sweetened milk. LSD (0.1 mg/kg) or increasing doses of DMT (1.0, 3.2, and 10.0 mg/kg) were administered i.p. to disrupt food-rewarded fixed ratio bar pressing in a dose related fashion. Pretreatment (5--10 min) with behaviorally ineffective doses of naloxone (1.0--5.6 mg/kg) dramatically enhanced the effects of DMT and LSD. The content of DMT in the brain and liver of rats injected with DMT alone (10 mg/kg) and with a 5 min pretreatment of naloxone (3.2 mg/kg) was determined by radiochemical analysis at 30 and 90 min after 14C-DMT injection. There was no significant difference for either brain or liver 14C-DMT levels when control DMT rats were compared with the naloxone pretreated rats. These results seem to rule out interference by naloxone with the metabolism of DMT as a mechanism of the observed behavioral potentiation.", "PMID": 111285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9607", "title": "Interaction of alcohol and reward in an achievement situation.", "content": "Effects of psychological stress on acute alcohol intoxication following intake of 2 ml whisky/kg body weight were examined in 12 healthy subjects. Each subject performed a 45-min psychomotor task under four conditions, two of which increased achievement stress by promising the subject a monetary reward for rapid and accurate performance. The conditions were (a) task only, (b) task + reward, (c) task + alcohol, and (d) task + reward + alcohol. In condition (b) reward improved performance and heightened both physiological and subjective arousal, and in condition (c) alcohol impaired performance, lowered subjective arousal, and increased physiological arousal. In condition (d) the reward counteracted the depressant effects of alcohol on performance and mood, whereas an additive, arousing effect was obtained in all physiological variables, i.e., catecholamine and cortisol excretion and heart rate.", "contents": "Interaction of alcohol and reward in an achievement situation. Effects of psychological stress on acute alcohol intoxication following intake of 2 ml whisky/kg body weight were examined in 12 healthy subjects. Each subject performed a 45-min psychomotor task under four conditions, two of which increased achievement stress by promising the subject a monetary reward for rapid and accurate performance. The conditions were (a) task only, (b) task + reward, (c) task + alcohol, and (d) task + reward + alcohol. In condition (b) reward improved performance and heightened both physiological and subjective arousal, and in condition (c) alcohol impaired performance, lowered subjective arousal, and increased physiological arousal. In condition (d) the reward counteracted the depressant effects of alcohol on performance and mood, whereas an additive, arousing effect was obtained in all physiological variables, i.e., catecholamine and cortisol excretion and heart rate.", "PMID": 111286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9608", "title": "Paradoxical effect of amphetamine in an endogenous model of the hyperkinetic syndrome in a hybrid dog: correlation with amphetamine and p-hydroxyamphetamine blood levels.", "content": "A telomian-beagle hybrid has been studied as a possible model for the hyperkinetic syndrome in children. Behavior tests showed that hybrids, like children, exhibit hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and impaired learning. Two groups of hybrid could be differentiated; the behaviour of one improved after amphetamine (responders) while that of the other did not (nonresponders). Moreover hybrids were less responsive than beagles to other effects of amphetamine such as stereotyped behaviour and hyperthermia. Measurement of blood levels of amphetamine and its active metabolite p-hydroxyamphetamine (pOA) showed that hybrids form less pOA. We propose that the lesser response of hybrids to toxic effects of amphetamine is due to this difference in amphetamine metabolism. Responders showed higher peak blood levels of amphetamine than nonresponders and their improvement on amphetamine correlated with blood levels of amphetamine. Therefore high levels of amphetamine appear to be necessary for its 'paradoxical' effect in this model. This suggests that amphetamine acts by activating both noradrenergic and dopaminergic neuronal systems in the CNS.", "contents": "Paradoxical effect of amphetamine in an endogenous model of the hyperkinetic syndrome in a hybrid dog: correlation with amphetamine and p-hydroxyamphetamine blood levels. A telomian-beagle hybrid has been studied as a possible model for the hyperkinetic syndrome in children. Behavior tests showed that hybrids, like children, exhibit hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and impaired learning. Two groups of hybrid could be differentiated; the behaviour of one improved after amphetamine (responders) while that of the other did not (nonresponders). Moreover hybrids were less responsive than beagles to other effects of amphetamine such as stereotyped behaviour and hyperthermia. Measurement of blood levels of amphetamine and its active metabolite p-hydroxyamphetamine (pOA) showed that hybrids form less pOA. We propose that the lesser response of hybrids to toxic effects of amphetamine is due to this difference in amphetamine metabolism. Responders showed higher peak blood levels of amphetamine than nonresponders and their improvement on amphetamine correlated with blood levels of amphetamine. Therefore high levels of amphetamine appear to be necessary for its 'paradoxical' effect in this model. This suggests that amphetamine acts by activating both noradrenergic and dopaminergic neuronal systems in the CNS.", "PMID": 111287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9609", "title": "EEG effects of physostigmine and choline chloride in humans.", "content": "Seventeen normal volunteers received either 0.5 mg, 1.5 mg, or 2.5 mg physostigmine i.v. in a placebo-drug-placebo single-blind design. EEG was recorded simultaneously and analyzed by computerized spectral analysis. Eleven healthy elderly volunteers (mean age = 69.1 years) with mild memory impairment were treated with placebo, followed by oral choline chloride (either 8 g/day for 3 weeks, or 16 g/day for 1 week), and then, again, placebo. Recordings of spontaneous EEG and EEG event-related potentials (contingent negative variation) were obtained during both placebo and choline treatments. The larger doses of physostigmine produced an increase in low frequency activity and a slowing of the peak alpha frequency. Oral choline chloride had no effect on the EEG as measured by spectral analysis, but appears to have differential effects on contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitude and reaction time, depending upon the initial CNV amplitude.", "contents": "EEG effects of physostigmine and choline chloride in humans. Seventeen normal volunteers received either 0.5 mg, 1.5 mg, or 2.5 mg physostigmine i.v. in a placebo-drug-placebo single-blind design. EEG was recorded simultaneously and analyzed by computerized spectral analysis. Eleven healthy elderly volunteers (mean age = 69.1 years) with mild memory impairment were treated with placebo, followed by oral choline chloride (either 8 g/day for 3 weeks, or 16 g/day for 1 week), and then, again, placebo. Recordings of spontaneous EEG and EEG event-related potentials (contingent negative variation) were obtained during both placebo and choline treatments. The larger doses of physostigmine produced an increase in low frequency activity and a slowing of the peak alpha frequency. Oral choline chloride had no effect on the EEG as measured by spectral analysis, but appears to have differential effects on contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitude and reaction time, depending upon the initial CNV amplitude.", "PMID": 111288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9610", "title": "Naloxone antagonizes theophylline-induced potentiation of morphine inhibition of a nociceptive reaction in rats.", "content": "In the rat, theophylline has been shown to potentiate the effect of morphine on the threshold for vocalisation after withdrawal of stimulation. This response to painful stimulation is considered to be integrated at the level of the thalamus-hypothalamus-rhinencephalon. Naloxone antagonized the effect of the combined treatment with morphine and theophylline, suggesting pharmacological specificity for morphine. Moreover, the theophylline-induced enhancement of this pharmacological response to morphine was attenuated after pimozide pretreatment, indicating an underlying dopaminergic mechanism.", "contents": "Naloxone antagonizes theophylline-induced potentiation of morphine inhibition of a nociceptive reaction in rats. In the rat, theophylline has been shown to potentiate the effect of morphine on the threshold for vocalisation after withdrawal of stimulation. This response to painful stimulation is considered to be integrated at the level of the thalamus-hypothalamus-rhinencephalon. Naloxone antagonized the effect of the combined treatment with morphine and theophylline, suggesting pharmacological specificity for morphine. Moreover, the theophylline-induced enhancement of this pharmacological response to morphine was attenuated after pimozide pretreatment, indicating an underlying dopaminergic mechanism.", "PMID": 111289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9611", "title": "Sources of variation in locomotor activity and stereotypy in rats treated with d-amphetamine.", "content": "Rats injected with doses of d-amphetamine 0--5.0 mg/kg were observed continuously in either an enclosed Y-maze or on an elevated Y-shaped platform. Patterns of increased walking and stereotypy were unaffected by the type of apparatus, but rearing remained totally suppressed at all dose levels on the elevated platform. In the second experiment, groups of rats where given single short tests in the enclosed Y-maze, which was novel to them. The stimulant actions of d-amphetamine on locomotion were obscured by high baseline levels of motor activity induced by the novel environment. Continuous measurements of habituated rats may provide a more sensitive means of evaluating stimulant actions of drugs in screening tests. The observed changes in patterns of onset and offset of increased locomotion and of stereotypy were consistent with the view that these types of behaviour are, to some extent, independently, mediated.", "contents": "Sources of variation in locomotor activity and stereotypy in rats treated with d-amphetamine. Rats injected with doses of d-amphetamine 0--5.0 mg/kg were observed continuously in either an enclosed Y-maze or on an elevated Y-shaped platform. Patterns of increased walking and stereotypy were unaffected by the type of apparatus, but rearing remained totally suppressed at all dose levels on the elevated platform. In the second experiment, groups of rats where given single short tests in the enclosed Y-maze, which was novel to them. The stimulant actions of d-amphetamine on locomotion were obscured by high baseline levels of motor activity induced by the novel environment. Continuous measurements of habituated rats may provide a more sensitive means of evaluating stimulant actions of drugs in screening tests. The observed changes in patterns of onset and offset of increased locomotion and of stereotypy were consistent with the view that these types of behaviour are, to some extent, independently, mediated.", "PMID": 111290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9612", "title": "Effects of ethyl alcohol on development and social behaviour in the offspring of laboratory mice.", "content": "Behavioural and developmental effects of exposure to a low level of ethyl alcohol from conception to adulthood have been examined in mice. A 5% solution of alcohol in the drinking fluid of male and female adults did not impair fertility. The offspring of treated mice were significantly lighter at birth than their controls and remained so throughout their life span. No congenital malformations were observed. Behaviour of the offspring 3--4 weeks of age and in adulthood was examined by ethological analysis of encounters between alcohol-treated and control mice of the same sex. In male and female juvenile mice receiving 5% alcohol, the frequency and duration of social investigation were significantly lower than those of control partners and the duration of non-social behaviour was raised. Individual elements of 'investigate' and 'sniff' were significantly reduced in frequency. In alcohol-treated adults, the only behavioural difference from controls was an increased frequency of flight elements occurring in males. It is suggested that long-term exposure to alcohol may lead to behavioural adaptation.", "contents": "Effects of ethyl alcohol on development and social behaviour in the offspring of laboratory mice. Behavioural and developmental effects of exposure to a low level of ethyl alcohol from conception to adulthood have been examined in mice. A 5% solution of alcohol in the drinking fluid of male and female adults did not impair fertility. The offspring of treated mice were significantly lighter at birth than their controls and remained so throughout their life span. No congenital malformations were observed. Behaviour of the offspring 3--4 weeks of age and in adulthood was examined by ethological analysis of encounters between alcohol-treated and control mice of the same sex. In male and female juvenile mice receiving 5% alcohol, the frequency and duration of social investigation were significantly lower than those of control partners and the duration of non-social behaviour was raised. Individual elements of 'investigate' and 'sniff' were significantly reduced in frequency. In alcohol-treated adults, the only behavioural difference from controls was an increased frequency of flight elements occurring in males. It is suggested that long-term exposure to alcohol may lead to behavioural adaptation.", "PMID": 111291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9613", "title": "Feeding parameters with two food textures after chlordiazepoxide administration, alone or in combination with d-amphetamine or fenfluramine.", "content": "Chlordiazepoxide (5.0, 10.0 mg/kg) reduced the rate of eating and extended the duration of feeding in a 10 min feeding test. It also reduced the latency to feed. Both fenfluramine (1.0 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.25 mg/kg) acted to reduce food intake, but by differing mechanisms. Fenfluramine reduced eating rate without affecting eating duration, whilst d-amphetamine reduced eating duration without reducing eating rate. The effects of chlordiazepoxide on feeding parameters were generally additive with those of either d-amphetamine or fenfluramine, whenever chlordiazepoxide was given in combination with one of the anorectic drugs. Food texture affected feeding behaviour; rats ate standard diet in pellet form faster than powdered food, although they spent longer eating the powdered food. Textural differences did not significantly interact with the changes in feeding responses induced by the 3 drugs, except that latency to eat after either d-amphetamine or fenfluramine injection, when pellets were available, was significantly prolonged. Characterising drug effects on feeding in terms of a 2-dimensional matrix of eating rate and duration is recommended, rather than relying solely on amount of food consumption as the measure of drug effects.", "contents": "Feeding parameters with two food textures after chlordiazepoxide administration, alone or in combination with d-amphetamine or fenfluramine. Chlordiazepoxide (5.0, 10.0 mg/kg) reduced the rate of eating and extended the duration of feeding in a 10 min feeding test. It also reduced the latency to feed. Both fenfluramine (1.0 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.25 mg/kg) acted to reduce food intake, but by differing mechanisms. Fenfluramine reduced eating rate without affecting eating duration, whilst d-amphetamine reduced eating duration without reducing eating rate. The effects of chlordiazepoxide on feeding parameters were generally additive with those of either d-amphetamine or fenfluramine, whenever chlordiazepoxide was given in combination with one of the anorectic drugs. Food texture affected feeding behaviour; rats ate standard diet in pellet form faster than powdered food, although they spent longer eating the powdered food. Textural differences did not significantly interact with the changes in feeding responses induced by the 3 drugs, except that latency to eat after either d-amphetamine or fenfluramine injection, when pellets were available, was significantly prolonged. Characterising drug effects on feeding in terms of a 2-dimensional matrix of eating rate and duration is recommended, rather than relying solely on amount of food consumption as the measure of drug effects.", "PMID": 111292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9614", "title": "Effects of alcohol, instructions, and consumption rate on affect and physiological sensations.", "content": "Sixty-four male normal drinkers participated in a study designed to assess the effects of alcohol, instructions that one has consumed alcohol, and rate of alcohol consumption on self-reports of affect and physiological sensations. Subjects were instructed that they would be consuming either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage, were actually administered either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage, and consumed their beverages at either a slow or rapid rate. The results showed that consumption of a moderate dose of alcohol induced positive affect and produced a variety of changes in physiological sensations. Instructions and consumption rate also selectively influenced some affects and sensations. These results suggest the need for controlling instructions and consumption rate in future research on alcohol's effects on affect and physiological sensations.", "contents": "Effects of alcohol, instructions, and consumption rate on affect and physiological sensations. Sixty-four male normal drinkers participated in a study designed to assess the effects of alcohol, instructions that one has consumed alcohol, and rate of alcohol consumption on self-reports of affect and physiological sensations. Subjects were instructed that they would be consuming either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage, were actually administered either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage, and consumed their beverages at either a slow or rapid rate. The results showed that consumption of a moderate dose of alcohol induced positive affect and produced a variety of changes in physiological sensations. Instructions and consumption rate also selectively influenced some affects and sensations. These results suggest the need for controlling instructions and consumption rate in future research on alcohol's effects on affect and physiological sensations.", "PMID": 111293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9615", "title": "Brain tryptophan metabolism in schizophrenia: a post mortem study of metabolites of the serotonin and kynurenine pathways in schizophrenic and control subjects.", "content": "Serotonin (5HT), its chief metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5 HIAA), its precursor tryptophan, and kynurenine, another metabolite of tryptophan, have been measured in post mortem human brain samples. Concentrations of these metabolites were not found to be significantly different in putamen, hippocampus or temporal cortex from 23 normal subjects compared with 15 subjects in whom a diagnosis of schizophrenia could be restrospectively confirmed. The results have been analysed with respect to cause of death, medication and post mortem changes. Post mortem increases in tryptophan and kynurenine were observed. Some interrelationships between the variables measured within and between the different areas studied are discussed. It is concluded that there is no evidence for a generalised deficit of 5HT in the brain in schizophrenia, nor for gross changes in turnover along the serotonin or kynurenine pathways of tryptophan metabolism in brain.", "contents": "Brain tryptophan metabolism in schizophrenia: a post mortem study of metabolites of the serotonin and kynurenine pathways in schizophrenic and control subjects. Serotonin (5HT), its chief metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5 HIAA), its precursor tryptophan, and kynurenine, another metabolite of tryptophan, have been measured in post mortem human brain samples. Concentrations of these metabolites were not found to be significantly different in putamen, hippocampus or temporal cortex from 23 normal subjects compared with 15 subjects in whom a diagnosis of schizophrenia could be restrospectively confirmed. The results have been analysed with respect to cause of death, medication and post mortem changes. Post mortem increases in tryptophan and kynurenine were observed. Some interrelationships between the variables measured within and between the different areas studied are discussed. It is concluded that there is no evidence for a generalised deficit of 5HT in the brain in schizophrenia, nor for gross changes in turnover along the serotonin or kynurenine pathways of tryptophan metabolism in brain.", "PMID": 111294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9616", "title": "The central action of pizotifen.", "content": "The central action of the potential antidepressant drug pizotifen (Sandomigran) was studied in mice, rats and rabbits. Pizotifen in doses up to 10 mg/kg i.p. was ineffective in classic tests for antidepressant activity. It neither antagonized the effects of reserpine in rats (hypothermia, ptosis) nor potentiated the effects of amphetamine (in mice and rats), nialamide or L-dopa (in mice) on locomotor activity. However, its antidepressant activitiy was found in the 'despair test' in rats. On the other hand, pizotifen inhibited the head twitch reaction induced by L-5-hydroxytryptophan in mice (ED50 = 0.009 mg/kg, i.p.) and by 5-methoxytryptamine (+ tranylcypromine) in rats (ED50 = 0.45 mg/kg, i.p.). It also antagonized tryptamine-induced clonic convulsions of fore-paws in rats (ED50 = 0.35 mg/kg, i.p.), and in doses of 5--10 mg/kg s.c. inhibited hyperthermia produced by LSD in rabbits. Finally, pizotifen (0.1--0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) inhibited or abolished LSD- or quipazine-induced stimulation of the hind limb flexor reflex of spinal rats; the above effect was not due to noradrenolytic action of the drug. These results suggest that pizotifen strongly blocks the central postsynaptic serotonin receptors.", "contents": "The central action of pizotifen. The central action of the potential antidepressant drug pizotifen (Sandomigran) was studied in mice, rats and rabbits. Pizotifen in doses up to 10 mg/kg i.p. was ineffective in classic tests for antidepressant activity. It neither antagonized the effects of reserpine in rats (hypothermia, ptosis) nor potentiated the effects of amphetamine (in mice and rats), nialamide or L-dopa (in mice) on locomotor activity. However, its antidepressant activitiy was found in the 'despair test' in rats. On the other hand, pizotifen inhibited the head twitch reaction induced by L-5-hydroxytryptophan in mice (ED50 = 0.009 mg/kg, i.p.) and by 5-methoxytryptamine (+ tranylcypromine) in rats (ED50 = 0.45 mg/kg, i.p.). It also antagonized tryptamine-induced clonic convulsions of fore-paws in rats (ED50 = 0.35 mg/kg, i.p.), and in doses of 5--10 mg/kg s.c. inhibited hyperthermia produced by LSD in rabbits. Finally, pizotifen (0.1--0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) inhibited or abolished LSD- or quipazine-induced stimulation of the hind limb flexor reflex of spinal rats; the above effect was not due to noradrenolytic action of the drug. These results suggest that pizotifen strongly blocks the central postsynaptic serotonin receptors.", "PMID": 111296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9617", "title": "Behavioral effects produced by long-term administration of a neuroleptic drug (flupenthixol) upon social interaction in a group of eight rats.", "content": "The behavioral effects produced by chronic treatment with alpha-flupenthixol decanoate followed by a 3-month pause upon social interaction in a group of eight rats were studied. alpha-Flupenthixol decanoate induced total disruption of two of the group formations studied, i.e., three or more in a group outside a corner and three or more following (running in a row)--the overall behavioral change shows a general depressive effect of the drug and a change in the pattern of social interaction. The shift in balance between the behavioral categories measured appeared as a significant difference in the time spent in the various group formations. Disintegration of group coherence, as shown in the measures of the degree of isolation, appeared only in the alpha-flupenthixol decanoate-treated group. An apomorphine test, which concluded the experiment 3 months after the last alpha-flupenthixol decanoate injection, revealed a significant difference in relation to licking response between the test group and the control group. The apomorphine test reported in this paper showed effects up to 90 days after the last drug treatment.", "contents": "Behavioral effects produced by long-term administration of a neuroleptic drug (flupenthixol) upon social interaction in a group of eight rats. The behavioral effects produced by chronic treatment with alpha-flupenthixol decanoate followed by a 3-month pause upon social interaction in a group of eight rats were studied. alpha-Flupenthixol decanoate induced total disruption of two of the group formations studied, i.e., three or more in a group outside a corner and three or more following (running in a row)--the overall behavioral change shows a general depressive effect of the drug and a change in the pattern of social interaction. The shift in balance between the behavioral categories measured appeared as a significant difference in the time spent in the various group formations. Disintegration of group coherence, as shown in the measures of the degree of isolation, appeared only in the alpha-flupenthixol decanoate-treated group. An apomorphine test, which concluded the experiment 3 months after the last alpha-flupenthixol decanoate injection, revealed a significant difference in relation to licking response between the test group and the control group. The apomorphine test reported in this paper showed effects up to 90 days after the last drug treatment.", "PMID": 111297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9618", "title": "Naloxone effects on schedule-controlled behavior in morphine-pelleted rats.", "content": "The effects of morphine pellet implantation and naloxone administration were examined in rats lever pressing under inter-response time schedules of food presentation. Subcutaneous implantation of a morphine pellet initially decreased lever-pressing rates. Tolerance to this effect developed within 3--4 days. Naloxone (0.25--1.0 mg/kg) decreased response rates in morphine-pelleted rats in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. All doses of naloxone severely decreased rates of lever pressing on days four to nine post-pellet. This rate-decreasing effect persisted 7--17 days for 0.25 mg/kg naloxone, 9--22 days for 0.50 mg/kg, and 13--28 days for 1.0 mg/kg. Decreases in response rate were due to an increased frequency of long pauses and not to marked shifts in the temporal patterning of those lever presses that did occur. Changes in response rate after naloxone were accompanied by body weight loss. Area values summarizing the naloxone-induced changes in response rate or body weight over time after pellet implantation increased as a function of naloxone dose. Naloxone (0.25--1.0 mg/kg) did not alter performance by placebo-pelleted rats.", "contents": "Naloxone effects on schedule-controlled behavior in morphine-pelleted rats. The effects of morphine pellet implantation and naloxone administration were examined in rats lever pressing under inter-response time schedules of food presentation. Subcutaneous implantation of a morphine pellet initially decreased lever-pressing rates. Tolerance to this effect developed within 3--4 days. Naloxone (0.25--1.0 mg/kg) decreased response rates in morphine-pelleted rats in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. All doses of naloxone severely decreased rates of lever pressing on days four to nine post-pellet. This rate-decreasing effect persisted 7--17 days for 0.25 mg/kg naloxone, 9--22 days for 0.50 mg/kg, and 13--28 days for 1.0 mg/kg. Decreases in response rate were due to an increased frequency of long pauses and not to marked shifts in the temporal patterning of those lever presses that did occur. Changes in response rate after naloxone were accompanied by body weight loss. Area values summarizing the naloxone-induced changes in response rate or body weight over time after pellet implantation increased as a function of naloxone dose. Naloxone (0.25--1.0 mg/kg) did not alter performance by placebo-pelleted rats.", "PMID": 111298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9619", "title": "Arthrosonography: gray-scale ultrasound evaluation of the shoulder.", "content": "Gray-scale ultrasound images of the shoulders of 6 rhesus monkeys were obtained before and after fluid instillation to assess the ability of ultrasound to diagnose joint disorders. The normal bony landmarks and muscular structures were shown. After the fluid was introduced, fluid collections were identified in the axillary pouch and subscapular bursa. Ultrasound is a promising new method of detecting intra-articular effusions of the shoulder.", "contents": "Arthrosonography: gray-scale ultrasound evaluation of the shoulder. Gray-scale ultrasound images of the shoulders of 6 rhesus monkeys were obtained before and after fluid instillation to assess the ability of ultrasound to diagnose joint disorders. The normal bony landmarks and muscular structures were shown. After the fluid was introduced, fluid collections were identified in the axillary pouch and subscapular bursa. Ultrasound is a promising new method of detecting intra-articular effusions of the shoulder.", "PMID": 111302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9620", "title": "Preliminary observations on the potential of 99mTc-sulfur colloid as a radiopharmaceutical for detection of deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "The potential usefulness of 99mTc-sulfur colloid (Tc-SC) as a radiopharmaceutical for thrombus detection was evaluated in an animal model of deep vein thrombosis. One hour after injection of Tc-SC and 24 hours after induction of thrombus formation, a mean thrombus-to-blood uptake ratio of 11.38 was obtained in 12 beagles. This ratio is high enough to allow external detection.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on the potential of 99mTc-sulfur colloid as a radiopharmaceutical for detection of deep vein thrombosis. The potential usefulness of 99mTc-sulfur colloid (Tc-SC) as a radiopharmaceutical for thrombus detection was evaluated in an animal model of deep vein thrombosis. One hour after injection of Tc-SC and 24 hours after induction of thrombus formation, a mean thrombus-to-blood uptake ratio of 11.38 was obtained in 12 beagles. This ratio is high enough to allow external detection.", "PMID": 111303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9621", "title": "Radiation dose to the eyes using a \"German helmet\" field with the 4-MV linear accelerator.", "content": "A \"German helmet\" field defined by depleted uranium or Asarcola blocks was used to reduce the dose to the lens. With the uranium blocks, the lenticular dose was reduced to about 60% of the central axis dose (CAD). The Asarcola blocks reduced the lenticular dose to about 43% of the CAD. Even further reduction (15% CAD) was achieved by tilting the gantry 5 degrees or 10 degrees.", "contents": "Radiation dose to the eyes using a \"German helmet\" field with the 4-MV linear accelerator. A \"German helmet\" field defined by depleted uranium or Asarcola blocks was used to reduce the dose to the lens. With the uranium blocks, the lenticular dose was reduced to about 60% of the central axis dose (CAD). The Asarcola blocks reduced the lenticular dose to about 43% of the CAD. Even further reduction (15% CAD) was achieved by tilting the gantry 5 degrees or 10 degrees.", "PMID": 111304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9622", "title": "Field shaping for electron-beam radiation therapy.", "content": "A system for designing electron-beam treatment fields of any shape and size using the low-melting alloy Lipowitz's metal is described. An individualized shield is produced for each patient. The shields are designed to be mounted on any of the six cone sizes provided with the Varian Clinac 18 linear accelerator but should be adaptable to most accelerators which use cones for electron-beam collimation. Materials are reusable upon completion of treatment.", "contents": "Field shaping for electron-beam radiation therapy. A system for designing electron-beam treatment fields of any shape and size using the low-melting alloy Lipowitz's metal is described. An individualized shield is produced for each patient. The shields are designed to be mounted on any of the six cone sizes provided with the Varian Clinac 18 linear accelerator but should be adaptable to most accelerators which use cones for electron-beam collimation. Materials are reusable upon completion of treatment.", "PMID": 111305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9623", "title": "Prevention of blockage of partially obstructed coronary arteries with prostacyclin correlates with inhibition of platelet aggregation.", "content": "Coronary arteries (circumflex or left anterior descending) of anesthetized dogs were partially obstructed to approximately 5% of the normal lumen size by fitting a plastic cylinder around the vessel. Under these conditions, blood flow in the artery was not maintained but, instead, gradually declined over a few minutes until the vessel was completely blocked. Shaking the plastic obstructor restored blood flow temporarily, however, flow gradually declined again to zero. Sometimes flow was spontaneously restored by immediate increases that occurred at irregular intervals while, on other occasions, blood flow had to be restored by shaking the obstructor every time the rate declined to near zero. Intravenous infusion of prostacyclin (PGI2) at 15 to 150 ng/kg/min reversed and prevented the blockage of the coronary arteries. The efficacy of PGI2 in preventing blockage correlated with inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in platelet rich plasma prepared from blood samples withdrawn from the dogs during PGI2 infusion. Other coronary vasodilators, nitroglycerin and PGE2, that have no antiaggregatory effects, failed to prevent blockage whereas PGE1 and indomethacin, which do block aggregation, also prevented blockage of the vessels. PGI2 or its precursor, PGH2, dripped topically on the obstructed site prevented the blockage of the artery. This local effect of IGI2 could be obtained with amounts too small to cause systemic inhibition of platelet aggregation. The results show that PGI2 prevents blockage of partially obstructed coronary arteries and this effect correlates with inhibition of platelet aggregation. Furthermore, the data suggest that locally produced PGI2 may have a local antiaggregatory effect without inhibiting platelet aggregation in the general circulation.", "contents": "Prevention of blockage of partially obstructed coronary arteries with prostacyclin correlates with inhibition of platelet aggregation. Coronary arteries (circumflex or left anterior descending) of anesthetized dogs were partially obstructed to approximately 5% of the normal lumen size by fitting a plastic cylinder around the vessel. Under these conditions, blood flow in the artery was not maintained but, instead, gradually declined over a few minutes until the vessel was completely blocked. Shaking the plastic obstructor restored blood flow temporarily, however, flow gradually declined again to zero. Sometimes flow was spontaneously restored by immediate increases that occurred at irregular intervals while, on other occasions, blood flow had to be restored by shaking the obstructor every time the rate declined to near zero. Intravenous infusion of prostacyclin (PGI2) at 15 to 150 ng/kg/min reversed and prevented the blockage of the coronary arteries. The efficacy of PGI2 in preventing blockage correlated with inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in platelet rich plasma prepared from blood samples withdrawn from the dogs during PGI2 infusion. Other coronary vasodilators, nitroglycerin and PGE2, that have no antiaggregatory effects, failed to prevent blockage whereas PGE1 and indomethacin, which do block aggregation, also prevented blockage of the vessels. PGI2 or its precursor, PGH2, dripped topically on the obstructed site prevented the blockage of the artery. This local effect of IGI2 could be obtained with amounts too small to cause systemic inhibition of platelet aggregation. The results show that PGI2 prevents blockage of partially obstructed coronary arteries and this effect correlates with inhibition of platelet aggregation. Furthermore, the data suggest that locally produced PGI2 may have a local antiaggregatory effect without inhibiting platelet aggregation in the general circulation.", "PMID": 111306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9624", "title": "Influence of angiotensins (I, II, & III), bradykinin and arachidonic acid on renomedullary PGE production in vitro.", "content": "Renomedullary tissue from rabbit or rat was incubated with angiotensin I, II, III, arachidonic acid, bradykinin, indomethacin and meclofenamate to study their effect on PGE2 production. Arachidonic acid and bradykinin enhanced PGE2 production significantly. Indomethacin and meclofenamate inhibited PGE2 production by more than 70%. Angiotensin I, II and III did not influence PGE2 production. These results suggest that bradykinin and arachidonic acid stimulate PGE2 production by a direct cellular action whereas the angiotensins do not.", "contents": "Influence of angiotensins (I, II, & III), bradykinin and arachidonic acid on renomedullary PGE production in vitro. Renomedullary tissue from rabbit or rat was incubated with angiotensin I, II, III, arachidonic acid, bradykinin, indomethacin and meclofenamate to study their effect on PGE2 production. Arachidonic acid and bradykinin enhanced PGE2 production significantly. Indomethacin and meclofenamate inhibited PGE2 production by more than 70%. Angiotensin I, II and III did not influence PGE2 production. These results suggest that bradykinin and arachidonic acid stimulate PGE2 production by a direct cellular action whereas the angiotensins do not.", "PMID": 111307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9625", "title": "[Early immunological aspects in rats infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. II. Soluble antigen circulation and the modifications of serum complement from animals in sucessive days of the infection (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of rats was infected by the Y strain of T. cruzi and three animals were bled daily from the 4th to the 13th days. The sera obtained each day, after being mixed, were used for dosing serum complement and for acting as antigens in the CFT with a Chagas' disease serum. The amount of circulating antigen increased gradually, reached a maximum in the 5th and 6th days and then decreased up to the 10th day; thereafter it increased attaining a new maximum in the 11th day and again decreased up to the 13th day. The dosage of the complement showed that the 50 per cent unit was about 70 x 10(-4) in the first few days of the infection, reached 130 -- 135 x 10(-4) in the 7th and 8th days, and was back again to the initial levels in the 13th day. These results suggest a relation between the circulation of antigens, the formation of antigen antibody complexes, and the fixation of the complement by such complexes.", "contents": "[Early immunological aspects in rats infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. II. Soluble antigen circulation and the modifications of serum complement from animals in sucessive days of the infection (author's transl)]. A group of rats was infected by the Y strain of T. cruzi and three animals were bled daily from the 4th to the 13th days. The sera obtained each day, after being mixed, were used for dosing serum complement and for acting as antigens in the CFT with a Chagas' disease serum. The amount of circulating antigen increased gradually, reached a maximum in the 5th and 6th days and then decreased up to the 10th day; thereafter it increased attaining a new maximum in the 11th day and again decreased up to the 13th day. The dosage of the complement showed that the 50 per cent unit was about 70 x 10(-4) in the first few days of the infection, reached 130 -- 135 x 10(-4) in the 7th and 8th days, and was back again to the initial levels in the 13th day. These results suggest a relation between the circulation of antigens, the formation of antigen antibody complexes, and the fixation of the complement by such complexes.", "PMID": 111312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9626", "title": "Subsets of T lymphocytes and lymphocyte cooperation. Modulation of the immunocellular response.", "content": "Recent advances in the characterization of T cell subsets suggests that the various subsets of T cells described in mice also occur in man. These various subsets of T cells can be detected by the use of appropriated antisera, co-cultivation of purified lymphoid cell preparations and differential sensitivity to radiation. Clinical applications from these new observations are now underway and it is hopeful that they should help to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for autoimmunity, neoplasias and the various primary and secondary immunologic deficiencies.", "contents": "Subsets of T lymphocytes and lymphocyte cooperation. Modulation of the immunocellular response. Recent advances in the characterization of T cell subsets suggests that the various subsets of T cells described in mice also occur in man. These various subsets of T cells can be detected by the use of appropriated antisera, co-cultivation of purified lymphoid cell preparations and differential sensitivity to radiation. Clinical applications from these new observations are now underway and it is hopeful that they should help to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for autoimmunity, neoplasias and the various primary and secondary immunologic deficiencies.", "PMID": 111313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9627", "title": "[Diverticula of the duodenal orifice].", "content": "The authors present a synthesis of data from the literature, as well as of particularities that have confronted them in connection with 16 observations of mucous diverticuli of duodenal windows (of which 7 were interposed and 9 were juxtaposed). After a definition of the window diverticuli, of their types and of their repercussions, clinical data are commented upon, the possibilities offered by paraclinical investigations and by the intra-operatory methods, as well as the different therapeutical procedures. In relation with the clinical manifestation the diverticuli may be latent (or asymptomatic), they may be accompanied by direct signs of stasis and inflammation, or with biliary and pancreatic signs--an expression of the unfavourable influence exerted by the diverticuli on the biliary and pancreatic transits. The choice of the therapeutical procedure depends on the type of the diverticuli, the modality of the clinical expression and the bilio-pancreatic effects determined by them. Direct interventions can be performed on juxtaposed diverticuli, although this implies considerable risk, but indirect interventions are to be preffered, in which, in relation with the particularities of the case, the biliary transit is derivated or the duodenum is excluded from the digestive pathways.", "contents": "[Diverticula of the duodenal orifice]. The authors present a synthesis of data from the literature, as well as of particularities that have confronted them in connection with 16 observations of mucous diverticuli of duodenal windows (of which 7 were interposed and 9 were juxtaposed). After a definition of the window diverticuli, of their types and of their repercussions, clinical data are commented upon, the possibilities offered by paraclinical investigations and by the intra-operatory methods, as well as the different therapeutical procedures. In relation with the clinical manifestation the diverticuli may be latent (or asymptomatic), they may be accompanied by direct signs of stasis and inflammation, or with biliary and pancreatic signs--an expression of the unfavourable influence exerted by the diverticuli on the biliary and pancreatic transits. The choice of the therapeutical procedure depends on the type of the diverticuli, the modality of the clinical expression and the bilio-pancreatic effects determined by them. Direct interventions can be performed on juxtaposed diverticuli, although this implies considerable risk, but indirect interventions are to be preffered, in which, in relation with the particularities of the case, the biliary transit is derivated or the duodenum is excluded from the digestive pathways.", "PMID": 111314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9628", "title": "Adjuvant therapy of T1 bladder carcinoma: preliminary results of an EORTC randomized study.", "content": "This paper reports the preliminary results of an ongoing clinical trial in patients with category T1 bladder cancer who are randomized after transurethral resection to receive either thiotepa, VM-26, or no treatment. While there are no significant differences between the three treatment groups with respect to the time until first recurrence, thiotepa has significantly reduced the recurrence rate as compared to either VM-26 (P = 0.03) or no treatment (P = 0.04) among the 215 patients for whom follow-up information is currently available.", "contents": "Adjuvant therapy of T1 bladder carcinoma: preliminary results of an EORTC randomized study. This paper reports the preliminary results of an ongoing clinical trial in patients with category T1 bladder cancer who are randomized after transurethral resection to receive either thiotepa, VM-26, or no treatment. While there are no significant differences between the three treatment groups with respect to the time until first recurrence, thiotepa has significantly reduced the recurrence rate as compared to either VM-26 (P = 0.03) or no treatment (P = 0.04) among the 215 patients for whom follow-up information is currently available.", "PMID": 111322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9629", "title": "DNA single strand breaks caused by 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and its metabolites.", "content": "Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread environmental pollutants which have been shown to be carcinogenic. One possible mechanism for the apparent carcinogenicity of PCBs is their metabolism to phenolic metabolites through an arene oxide intermediate, with the arene oxide that is formed being the ultimate mutagenic or carcinogenic species. The ability of a tetrachlorobiphenyl and its phenolic and arene oxide metabolites to cause single strand breaks in DNA was therefore examined. 2,2',5,5'-TCB-3,4-epoxide was more potent in causing DNA single strand breaks than either 2,2',5,5'-TCB or a mixture of 3-hydroxy and 4-hydroxy-2,2',5,5'-TCB. These results support the idea that PCB epoxide may be involved in PCB carcinogenesis.", "contents": "DNA single strand breaks caused by 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and its metabolites. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread environmental pollutants which have been shown to be carcinogenic. One possible mechanism for the apparent carcinogenicity of PCBs is their metabolism to phenolic metabolites through an arene oxide intermediate, with the arene oxide that is formed being the ultimate mutagenic or carcinogenic species. The ability of a tetrachlorobiphenyl and its phenolic and arene oxide metabolites to cause single strand breaks in DNA was therefore examined. 2,2',5,5'-TCB-3,4-epoxide was more potent in causing DNA single strand breaks than either 2,2',5,5'-TCB or a mixture of 3-hydroxy and 4-hydroxy-2,2',5,5'-TCB. These results support the idea that PCB epoxide may be involved in PCB carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 111326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9630", "title": "[Minimal protein and calories parenteral route requirements in order to have a positive nitrogen balance in patients with acute diseases].", "content": "A study was conducted on a group of 30 patients with mormal nutritional conditions who required parenteral alimentation. Three groups were selected at random. They received glucose as a calorie source and nitrogen from amino acids derived from hidrolizate of natural protein. Group I received 40 Kcal/kg/day and 250 mg of nitrogen/day. Group II 30 Kcal/kg/day and 175 mg nitrogen/kg/24 hours. And group III received 20 Kcal/kg/day and 100 mg of nitrogen/kg/24 hours. The first two groups had a positive nitrogen balance and the third group had negative balance. The positive nitrogen balance of group I, was only 670 mg better than the obtained for group II. Group I received 4 gr more of nitrogen than group II. This study show that the scheme of calories and nitrogen administered to the group II was the best for the maintenance of the nutritional conditions in the patients studied.", "contents": "[Minimal protein and calories parenteral route requirements in order to have a positive nitrogen balance in patients with acute diseases]. A study was conducted on a group of 30 patients with mormal nutritional conditions who required parenteral alimentation. Three groups were selected at random. They received glucose as a calorie source and nitrogen from amino acids derived from hidrolizate of natural protein. Group I received 40 Kcal/kg/day and 250 mg of nitrogen/day. Group II 30 Kcal/kg/day and 175 mg nitrogen/kg/24 hours. And group III received 20 Kcal/kg/day and 100 mg of nitrogen/kg/24 hours. The first two groups had a positive nitrogen balance and the third group had negative balance. The positive nitrogen balance of group I, was only 670 mg better than the obtained for group II. Group I received 4 gr more of nitrogen than group II. This study show that the scheme of calories and nitrogen administered to the group II was the best for the maintenance of the nutritional conditions in the patients studied.", "PMID": 111332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9631", "title": "[Typical changes of the intestinal wall due to oral stenosing processes (author's transl)].", "content": "Two different changes of the intestinal wall, which seem to be of stenotic orgin, can be observed pr\u00e4-stenotically. One of these changes is represented by diverticulosis, whereas the other is the so-called ischaemic-ulcerous lesion of the mucosa. The latter accompanying disease supplies highly important preoperative information. This condition can be diagnosed practically exclusively by the roentgenologist. In many cases, stenosis makes endoscopic assessment impossible. Diverticulosis is of theoretical interest in this connection. The article goes into the possible aetiology of the changes. Two typical cases underline the importance of the diseased conditions under discussion, which are relatively rare, as is evident from a statistical evaluation of the author's case material.", "contents": "[Typical changes of the intestinal wall due to oral stenosing processes (author's transl)]. Two different changes of the intestinal wall, which seem to be of stenotic orgin, can be observed pr\u00e4-stenotically. One of these changes is represented by diverticulosis, whereas the other is the so-called ischaemic-ulcerous lesion of the mucosa. The latter accompanying disease supplies highly important preoperative information. This condition can be diagnosed practically exclusively by the roentgenologist. In many cases, stenosis makes endoscopic assessment impossible. Diverticulosis is of theoretical interest in this connection. The article goes into the possible aetiology of the changes. Two typical cases underline the importance of the diseased conditions under discussion, which are relatively rare, as is evident from a statistical evaluation of the author's case material.", "PMID": 111337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9632", "title": "[Antibacterial immunity in diphtheria. Experimental research].", "content": "A number of 700 guinea pigs were immunized by parenteral route with non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains, then inoculated with various doses of homologous and heterologous toxigenic C. diphitheriae strains. The results showed that non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae strains confer a certain degree of protection when the challenge is done with homologous toxigenous strains, especially when not more than 500 million germs/ml are used for the challenge dose. This suggests that the carriage of non-toxigenic diphtheriae bacilli is a useful phenomenon for maintaining an immune balance in diphtheria in the present epidemiological context, and that their sterilization is not opportune.", "contents": "[Antibacterial immunity in diphtheria. Experimental research]. A number of 700 guinea pigs were immunized by parenteral route with non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains, then inoculated with various doses of homologous and heterologous toxigenic C. diphitheriae strains. The results showed that non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae strains confer a certain degree of protection when the challenge is done with homologous toxigenous strains, especially when not more than 500 million germs/ml are used for the challenge dose. This suggests that the carriage of non-toxigenic diphtheriae bacilli is a useful phenomenon for maintaining an immune balance in diphtheria in the present epidemiological context, and that their sterilization is not opportune.", "PMID": 111333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9633", "title": "[Laboratory diagnosis of group D Streptococcus].", "content": "After taxonomic listing of group D streptococci, the authors discuss the methodology of the bacteriologic diagnosis of infections produced by these bacteria, showing the way in which the pathological products are collected, the strains isolated and seeded. The strains are identified in two stages: (1) group identification by group antigen identification, resistance to oxacillin, development at +45 degrees, development on bilaesculin media; (2) species and variety identification by biochemical, physiologic and metabolic tests, by lysotyping and enterocinotyping. A description is given of the testing of sensitivity of the strain to antibiotics by determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration. The formulas of the media used for culture and identification are given.", "contents": "[Laboratory diagnosis of group D Streptococcus]. After taxonomic listing of group D streptococci, the authors discuss the methodology of the bacteriologic diagnosis of infections produced by these bacteria, showing the way in which the pathological products are collected, the strains isolated and seeded. The strains are identified in two stages: (1) group identification by group antigen identification, resistance to oxacillin, development at +45 degrees, development on bilaesculin media; (2) species and variety identification by biochemical, physiologic and metabolic tests, by lysotyping and enterocinotyping. A description is given of the testing of sensitivity of the strain to antibiotics by determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration. The formulas of the media used for culture and identification are given.", "PMID": 111334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9634", "title": "[Rapid methods useful for determination of streptococcal groups with special reference to streptococci of groups B and D].", "content": "A study was carried out on the efficiency of certain rapid methods for the identification of streptococcal groups, especially groups B and D, methods based upon physiologic properties such as hippurate hydrolysis, production of pigment, esculin hydrolysis, tolerance to salt and bilolysis, associated with the classical tests, for instance the hemolysis type and sensitivity to bacitracin and optochin. By these tests, accessible to hospital laboratories, a number of 3083 streptococcal strains were correctly identified within 2 to 18 hours, of which 2567 group A, 31 group B, 184 group C, G, 113 group D, 155 Str. pneumoniae and 31 viridans, strains isolated from pathological products.", "contents": "[Rapid methods useful for determination of streptococcal groups with special reference to streptococci of groups B and D]. A study was carried out on the efficiency of certain rapid methods for the identification of streptococcal groups, especially groups B and D, methods based upon physiologic properties such as hippurate hydrolysis, production of pigment, esculin hydrolysis, tolerance to salt and bilolysis, associated with the classical tests, for instance the hemolysis type and sensitivity to bacitracin and optochin. By these tests, accessible to hospital laboratories, a number of 3083 streptococcal strains were correctly identified within 2 to 18 hours, of which 2567 group A, 31 group B, 184 group C, G, 113 group D, 155 Str. pneumoniae and 31 viridans, strains isolated from pathological products.", "PMID": 111335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9635", "title": "[Prevention of sequelae after transcutaneous radiotherapy for epitheliomas of the oral cavity (author's transl)].", "content": "Close cooperation between the radiotherapist, surgeon, and patient is necessary in order to prevent sequelae following transcutaneous radiotherapy for epitheliomas of the oral cavity. The most effective therapeutic results combined with a minimum of sequelae are obtained by the use of a good irradiation technique, close supervision, careful treatment of any oral or dental affection, prescribing simple medications only, and stopping the use of tobacco and alcohol.", "contents": "[Prevention of sequelae after transcutaneous radiotherapy for epitheliomas of the oral cavity (author's transl)]. Close cooperation between the radiotherapist, surgeon, and patient is necessary in order to prevent sequelae following transcutaneous radiotherapy for epitheliomas of the oral cavity. The most effective therapeutic results combined with a minimum of sequelae are obtained by the use of a good irradiation technique, close supervision, careful treatment of any oral or dental affection, prescribing simple medications only, and stopping the use of tobacco and alcohol.", "PMID": 111344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9636", "title": "Meningitis and bacteremia due to Neisseria meningitidis: clinical and laboratory findings in 69 cases from Orebro county, 1965 to 1977.", "content": "The records for 69 patients with meningococcal disease during 13 years in Orebro County were reviewed. The mean incidence during this period was 2.0/100 000 persons/year. The age group less than 1 year had the highest incidence, 15/100 000 infants/year. The mortality was 7.2% and sequelae were found in 13% of the patients. Four factors were significantly more frequent in the 7 patients with psycho-neurological sequelae: (1) Age greater than 40 years; (2) A condition prior to meningococcal disease that might have been associated with a lowered resistance; (3) Muscular hypertonia and/or marked irritability on admission; (4) Fever greater than 8 days after initiation of adequate treatment. Prodromal symptoms from the upper respiratory tract were noted in 50% of the cases. Signs and symptoms before and on admission, laboratory data and complicating events were analysed for each of 4 groups: meningitis without meningococcemia (12 patients); meningitis with meningococcemia (46): fulminant meningococcemia without meningitis (6); and benign meningococcemia (5).", "contents": "Meningitis and bacteremia due to Neisseria meningitidis: clinical and laboratory findings in 69 cases from Orebro county, 1965 to 1977. The records for 69 patients with meningococcal disease during 13 years in Orebro County were reviewed. The mean incidence during this period was 2.0/100 000 persons/year. The age group less than 1 year had the highest incidence, 15/100 000 infants/year. The mortality was 7.2% and sequelae were found in 13% of the patients. Four factors were significantly more frequent in the 7 patients with psycho-neurological sequelae: (1) Age greater than 40 years; (2) A condition prior to meningococcal disease that might have been associated with a lowered resistance; (3) Muscular hypertonia and/or marked irritability on admission; (4) Fever greater than 8 days after initiation of adequate treatment. Prodromal symptoms from the upper respiratory tract were noted in 50% of the cases. Signs and symptoms before and on admission, laboratory data and complicating events were analysed for each of 4 groups: meningitis without meningococcemia (12 patients); meningitis with meningococcemia (46): fulminant meningococcemia without meningitis (6); and benign meningococcemia (5).", "PMID": 111345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9637", "title": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose maps movement-specific nervous activity in the second visual ganglion of Drosophila.", "content": "Adult Drosophila were fed with tritium labeled deoxyglucose prior to a 5-hour period of visual stimulation. A flickering disk of light and a moving grating were presented to the left and right eyes, respectively. Autoradiography revealed enhanced labeling solely in that part of the second optic ganglion (medulla) whose visual field was stimulated by movement.", "contents": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose maps movement-specific nervous activity in the second visual ganglion of Drosophila. Adult Drosophila were fed with tritium labeled deoxyglucose prior to a 5-hour period of visual stimulation. A flickering disk of light and a moving grating were presented to the left and right eyes, respectively. Autoradiography revealed enhanced labeling solely in that part of the second optic ganglion (medulla) whose visual field was stimulated by movement.", "PMID": 111349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9638", "title": "Target velocity signals of visual tracking in vermal Purkinje cells of the monkey.", "content": "Discharges of Purkinje cells were recorded from the vermis, lobules VI and VII, of a monkey trained to track a visual target. When the monkey tracked a sinusoidally oscillating target, cellular activity changes in phase with the velocity signal of the eye movement. When the monkey fixated a stationary point, almost identical modulation in activity occurred, reflecting the velocity signal of the motion of the retinal image of the target. The data suggest that the vermis participates in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements by providing the oculomotor system with the actual target velocity information which is the sum of eye velocity and retinal image velocity signals.", "contents": "Target velocity signals of visual tracking in vermal Purkinje cells of the monkey. Discharges of Purkinje cells were recorded from the vermis, lobules VI and VII, of a monkey trained to track a visual target. When the monkey tracked a sinusoidally oscillating target, cellular activity changes in phase with the velocity signal of the eye movement. When the monkey fixated a stationary point, almost identical modulation in activity occurred, reflecting the velocity signal of the motion of the retinal image of the target. The data suggest that the vermis participates in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements by providing the oculomotor system with the actual target velocity information which is the sum of eye velocity and retinal image velocity signals.", "PMID": 111350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9639", "title": "Evaluation of high-protein supplements in children with protein energy malnutrition.", "content": "The present study was designed to test the comparative efficacy of cow's milk, a protein, vitamin and mineral mixture (PVM) and soybean textured vegetable protein (SOMOS) as supplements to maize meal porridge in the dietary treatment of children with protein energy malnutrition (PEM). Each diet was designed to provide approximately 480 kJ/kg with 2 protein/kg from the test protein, and 1,8 g protein/kg from maize. Response to treatment was measured by loss of oedema, subsequent weight gain, rate of generation of serum albumin, and serum amino acid patterns. In 36 children studied to date the three dietary regimens all produced satisfactory rates of cure of PEM. The clinical and economic implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of high-protein supplements in children with protein energy malnutrition. The present study was designed to test the comparative efficacy of cow's milk, a protein, vitamin and mineral mixture (PVM) and soybean textured vegetable protein (SOMOS) as supplements to maize meal porridge in the dietary treatment of children with protein energy malnutrition (PEM). Each diet was designed to provide approximately 480 kJ/kg with 2 protein/kg from the test protein, and 1,8 g protein/kg from maize. Response to treatment was measured by loss of oedema, subsequent weight gain, rate of generation of serum albumin, and serum amino acid patterns. In 36 children studied to date the three dietary regimens all produced satisfactory rates of cure of PEM. The clinical and economic implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 111358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9640", "title": "Preventive social work intervention with families of children with epilepsy.", "content": "The need for preventive social work intervention with families of children with epilepsy is discussed. Issues in such counseling are identified as (a) exploring fantasies and fears about epilepsy, (b) interpreting facts about this disorder, (c) assisting parents in establishing realistic behavioral expectations and limits for the child, and (d) enabling parents to disclose information about the child's condition in such a way as to be beneficial to the child. This paper addresses itself to the needs of normal families with adjustment problems in coping with the child's epilepsy.", "contents": "Preventive social work intervention with families of children with epilepsy. The need for preventive social work intervention with families of children with epilepsy is discussed. Issues in such counseling are identified as (a) exploring fantasies and fears about epilepsy, (b) interpreting facts about this disorder, (c) assisting parents in establishing realistic behavioral expectations and limits for the child, and (d) enabling parents to disclose information about the child's condition in such a way as to be beneficial to the child. This paper addresses itself to the needs of normal families with adjustment problems in coping with the child's epilepsy.", "PMID": 111360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9641", "title": "Sector-related variation on psychosocial dimensions in long-term care for the aged.", "content": "Quality psychosocial care was investigated among residents living in nonprofit homes, in proprietary nursing homes offering services primarily to privately paying consumers, and in homes that serve primarily Medicaid beneficiaries. A sector-related trend was found with regard to the care quality but not with regard to the importance attributed by residents to psychosocial dimensions of care.", "contents": "Sector-related variation on psychosocial dimensions in long-term care for the aged. Quality psychosocial care was investigated among residents living in nonprofit homes, in proprietary nursing homes offering services primarily to privately paying consumers, and in homes that serve primarily Medicaid beneficiaries. A sector-related trend was found with regard to the care quality but not with regard to the importance attributed by residents to psychosocial dimensions of care.", "PMID": 111361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9642", "title": "Branched chain amino acid administration and metabolism during starvation, injury, and infection.", "content": "Branched chain amino acids were administered intragastrically in a septic-fractured rat model to determine the degree and mechanism of their protein-sparing ability. The septic injury model was first shown to produce a metabolic response characterized by hyperglycemia, reduced ketonemia and increased nitrogen loss. Branched chain amino acids were then administered either alone or as 25% or 50% (w/w) of a complete crystalline amino acid solution. L-(U-14C)-tyrosine was added to the diet to estimate protein synthesis in individual tissues. Branched chain amino acids, when given alone, spared total body nitrogen as compared with fasting by increasing the fractional synthesis of both mixed liver and muscle protein. Although the two complete amino acid mixtures produced similar nitrogen preservation and muscle synthesis in the septic animals, the crystalline amino acid diet containing 50% branched chain amino acids resulted in the greatest preservation of total liver nitrogen and the highest fractional synthetic rate. The effect of branched chain amino acids would not appear to be explained by their nitrogen content alone, and in starvation with injury and infection, increased intakes may have potential benefit. Clinical trials in starved, injured man appear to be indicated.", "contents": "Branched chain amino acid administration and metabolism during starvation, injury, and infection. Branched chain amino acids were administered intragastrically in a septic-fractured rat model to determine the degree and mechanism of their protein-sparing ability. The septic injury model was first shown to produce a metabolic response characterized by hyperglycemia, reduced ketonemia and increased nitrogen loss. Branched chain amino acids were then administered either alone or as 25% or 50% (w/w) of a complete crystalline amino acid solution. L-(U-14C)-tyrosine was added to the diet to estimate protein synthesis in individual tissues. Branched chain amino acids, when given alone, spared total body nitrogen as compared with fasting by increasing the fractional synthesis of both mixed liver and muscle protein. Although the two complete amino acid mixtures produced similar nitrogen preservation and muscle synthesis in the septic animals, the crystalline amino acid diet containing 50% branched chain amino acids resulted in the greatest preservation of total liver nitrogen and the highest fractional synthetic rate. The effect of branched chain amino acids would not appear to be explained by their nitrogen content alone, and in starvation with injury and infection, increased intakes may have potential benefit. Clinical trials in starved, injured man appear to be indicated.", "PMID": 111363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9643", "title": "Evidence that the cholinergic enteropancreatic reflex may be independent of cholecystokinin release.", "content": "Studies were performed in four dogs with chronic gastric and pancreatic fistulas following intraduodenal perfusion with 10 mmole hr-1 of sodium oleate for 30 minutes. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) of plasma CCK LI was undertaken by an RIA method using labeled, desulfated CCK 8 I125 and an antiserum raised to CCK 8. The detection limit for the assay was 0.25 to 0.5 fmole and the lowest detectable plasma level was 5 to 10 fmoles ml-1. Since there was equal cross-reactivity to gastrin, a gastrin-specific assay also was employed to evaluate any changes in gastrin levels. After oleate infusion the plasma CCK increment above basal was 50 +/- 11 fmoles ml-1, with return to basal levels after 60 minutes. Administration of atropine significantly (P less than 0.01) inhibited the release of CCK in the first 20 minutes. Thereafter CCK release was not reduced. Plasma gastrin values did not change before and after oleate perfusion. Pancreatic protein output increased from 72 +/- 12 to 420 +/- 55 mg/10 min-1 after oleate administration. However, after atropinization the rise in pancreatic protein output was significantly lower (152 +/- 36 mg/10 min-1) (P less than 0.01). We have shown that, using our RIA method, there is a measurable rise in plasma CCK LI after intraduodenal oleate. After atropinization the CCK response was decreased significantly during the first 30 minutes, but was virtually unchanged during the second 30 minutes, when the fall in pancreatic protein output was most marked. We conclude that the cholinergic mechanism which plays a role in the endogenous stimulation of pancreatic protein secretion by intraduodenal oleate cannot be explained simply be decreased CCK release. This mechanism may be hormonal, distinct from secretin, or neural possibly, via activation of an enteropancreatic reflex.", "contents": "Evidence that the cholinergic enteropancreatic reflex may be independent of cholecystokinin release. Studies were performed in four dogs with chronic gastric and pancreatic fistulas following intraduodenal perfusion with 10 mmole hr-1 of sodium oleate for 30 minutes. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) of plasma CCK LI was undertaken by an RIA method using labeled, desulfated CCK 8 I125 and an antiserum raised to CCK 8. The detection limit for the assay was 0.25 to 0.5 fmole and the lowest detectable plasma level was 5 to 10 fmoles ml-1. Since there was equal cross-reactivity to gastrin, a gastrin-specific assay also was employed to evaluate any changes in gastrin levels. After oleate infusion the plasma CCK increment above basal was 50 +/- 11 fmoles ml-1, with return to basal levels after 60 minutes. Administration of atropine significantly (P less than 0.01) inhibited the release of CCK in the first 20 minutes. Thereafter CCK release was not reduced. Plasma gastrin values did not change before and after oleate perfusion. Pancreatic protein output increased from 72 +/- 12 to 420 +/- 55 mg/10 min-1 after oleate administration. However, after atropinization the rise in pancreatic protein output was significantly lower (152 +/- 36 mg/10 min-1) (P less than 0.01). We have shown that, using our RIA method, there is a measurable rise in plasma CCK LI after intraduodenal oleate. After atropinization the CCK response was decreased significantly during the first 30 minutes, but was virtually unchanged during the second 30 minutes, when the fall in pancreatic protein output was most marked. We conclude that the cholinergic mechanism which plays a role in the endogenous stimulation of pancreatic protein secretion by intraduodenal oleate cannot be explained simply be decreased CCK release. This mechanism may be hormonal, distinct from secretin, or neural possibly, via activation of an enteropancreatic reflex.", "PMID": 111364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9644", "title": "The additive effect of timolol on open angle glaucoma patients on maximal medical therapy.", "content": "Thirty-one eyes of 20 glaucomatous patients on maximum medication were treated with timolol drops for a mean period of 9 months. Adequate levels of control of intraocular pressures were obtained in 21 eyes. No significant ocular or systemic side effects were noted. Timolol has an additive effect in further lowering intraocular pressures in patients being treated with a combination of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, pilocarpine, epinephrine, and the anticholinesterases.", "contents": "The additive effect of timolol on open angle glaucoma patients on maximal medical therapy. Thirty-one eyes of 20 glaucomatous patients on maximum medication were treated with timolol drops for a mean period of 9 months. Adequate levels of control of intraocular pressures were obtained in 21 eyes. No significant ocular or systemic side effects were noted. Timolol has an additive effect in further lowering intraocular pressures in patients being treated with a combination of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, pilocarpine, epinephrine, and the anticholinesterases.", "PMID": 111362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9645", "title": "Interfering factors in the assay of plasminogen activators by the fibrin plate method. Occurrence of different inhibitors against tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase.", "content": "The assay of plasminogen activator activities on fibrin plates was re-evaluated with special reference to fibrinolysis inhibitors present in samples and in fibrin plates. The nature, action and stability of inhibiting material were studied in tissue with considerable differences in activator and inhibitor contents: human lung, liver and placenta. Extracts were tested for inhibitory capacity against purified human uterine tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase and plasmin of fibrin plates prepared from different grades of fibrinogen and fibrin. The tissue extracts inhibited fibrinolysis on fibrin plates to varying degrees, dependent on the sample medium, the type of fibrin plate and the kind of plasminogen activator. The influence of inhibitors in the sample and in the fibrin plate was partly abolished by the presence of 2 M KSCN in the sample. The procedure for preparing the samples as described by Astrup and Albrechtsen did not completely eliminate the inhibitory action against the added plasminogen activators. Comparison of urokinase inhibition with tissue activator inhibition by the tissue extracts as to the degree of denaturation in the Astrup and Albrechtsen procedure showed that they have much in common. Nevertheless, some differences were found which indicated the possible existence of separate urokinase and tissue activator inhibitors or of different inhibition mechanisms for these plasminogen activators.", "contents": "Interfering factors in the assay of plasminogen activators by the fibrin plate method. Occurrence of different inhibitors against tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase. The assay of plasminogen activator activities on fibrin plates was re-evaluated with special reference to fibrinolysis inhibitors present in samples and in fibrin plates. The nature, action and stability of inhibiting material were studied in tissue with considerable differences in activator and inhibitor contents: human lung, liver and placenta. Extracts were tested for inhibitory capacity against purified human uterine tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase and plasmin of fibrin plates prepared from different grades of fibrinogen and fibrin. The tissue extracts inhibited fibrinolysis on fibrin plates to varying degrees, dependent on the sample medium, the type of fibrin plate and the kind of plasminogen activator. The influence of inhibitors in the sample and in the fibrin plate was partly abolished by the presence of 2 M KSCN in the sample. The procedure for preparing the samples as described by Astrup and Albrechtsen did not completely eliminate the inhibitory action against the added plasminogen activators. Comparison of urokinase inhibition with tissue activator inhibition by the tissue extracts as to the degree of denaturation in the Astrup and Albrechtsen procedure showed that they have much in common. Nevertheless, some differences were found which indicated the possible existence of separate urokinase and tissue activator inhibitors or of different inhibition mechanisms for these plasminogen activators.", "PMID": 111368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9646", "title": "Investigation of a valuable biochemical indicator in radiotherapy. I. Immunological tests and reticulocyte number.", "content": "Patients with different cancers were treated by 200-kV X-rays, high-energy X-rays and 60Co-gamma rays. Changes in the immunoglobulin level were observed by immunoelectrophoresis qualitatively and by immunodiffusion quantitatively. Reticulocyte count was made in smears. It was concluded that immunoelectrophoresis was only of limited value in the investigation of a biochemical indicator in radiotherapy; immunodiffusion was more promising. Slight immunosuppressive tendency and return to the control level was observed during treatment. An increase in reticulocyte number during radiotherapy seems to be a good prospect in evaluating the effectivity of the treatment.", "contents": "Investigation of a valuable biochemical indicator in radiotherapy. I. Immunological tests and reticulocyte number. Patients with different cancers were treated by 200-kV X-rays, high-energy X-rays and 60Co-gamma rays. Changes in the immunoglobulin level were observed by immunoelectrophoresis qualitatively and by immunodiffusion quantitatively. Reticulocyte count was made in smears. It was concluded that immunoelectrophoresis was only of limited value in the investigation of a biochemical indicator in radiotherapy; immunodiffusion was more promising. Slight immunosuppressive tendency and return to the control level was observed during treatment. An increase in reticulocyte number during radiotherapy seems to be a good prospect in evaluating the effectivity of the treatment.", "PMID": 111375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9647", "title": "[Lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin-stimulation after extended radiation therapy in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated DNA-synthesis of lymphocytes was measured in 35 patients with Hodgkin's disease in continuous remission 1 to 8 years after intensive high-energy radiotherapy. In comparison to a normal control group we found there was no significant difference between the values of patients in complete remission and healthy subjects. We conclude that the extremely suppressed lymphocytic reactivity as measured by DNA-synthesis during irradiation may again reach normal values one or two years after radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin-stimulation after extended radiation therapy in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated DNA-synthesis of lymphocytes was measured in 35 patients with Hodgkin's disease in continuous remission 1 to 8 years after intensive high-energy radiotherapy. In comparison to a normal control group we found there was no significant difference between the values of patients in complete remission and healthy subjects. We conclude that the extremely suppressed lymphocytic reactivity as measured by DNA-synthesis during irradiation may again reach normal values one or two years after radiotherapy.", "PMID": 111376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9648", "title": "Competitive inhibition of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-target cell conjugation. A direct evaluation of membrane antigens involved in cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "A method to determine directly the antigenic similarity of target cells (TCs) involved in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-TC interactions is described. When fluorescently labeled TC (FL-TCs) are bound (conjugated) to CTLs in the presence of antigenically similar but unlabeled TCs, the percentage of CTL-TC conjugates containing unlabeled TCs corresponds linearly to the number of unlabeled TCs in the TC population. This assay is specific, permits direct observation of individual CTLs and TCs which interact to form conjugates, can be completed within 10 min, eliminates complications attributable to CTL recycling, and the degree of competition observed fits that theoretically expected. The results of this paper provide the theoretical basis for \"cold\" (unlabeled) target inhibition of radioactive assays of lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis.", "contents": "Competitive inhibition of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-target cell conjugation. A direct evaluation of membrane antigens involved in cell-mediated immunity. A method to determine directly the antigenic similarity of target cells (TCs) involved in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-TC interactions is described. When fluorescently labeled TC (FL-TCs) are bound (conjugated) to CTLs in the presence of antigenically similar but unlabeled TCs, the percentage of CTL-TC conjugates containing unlabeled TCs corresponds linearly to the number of unlabeled TCs in the TC population. This assay is specific, permits direct observation of individual CTLs and TCs which interact to form conjugates, can be completed within 10 min, eliminates complications attributable to CTL recycling, and the degree of competition observed fits that theoretically expected. The results of this paper provide the theoretical basis for \"cold\" (unlabeled) target inhibition of radioactive assays of lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis.", "PMID": 111379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9649", "title": "Cytotoxic and agglutinating H-Y antibodies in multiparous female mice.", "content": "Pregnancy in inbred mice is associated with long-term accceptance of H-Y-incompatible skin grafts (in some \"rejector\" strain females) and with the formation of cytotoxic and agglutinating H-Y antibodies (in females generally). Yet there is no evident correlation between the two phenomena; postpartum females of nonrejector (H-2k), intermediate rejector (H-2d), and rejector (H-2b) strains all may produce H-Y antibodies, and postpartum H-2b females bearing H-Y-incompatible male skin grafts of long-standing may or may not produce H-Y antibodies depending on the individual recipient. Thus, it remains to be seen whether the presence of H-Y antibodies, as detectable to our sperm cytotoxicity and Protein A-SRBC agglutaination tests, signifies a corresponding presence of enhancing H-Y antibodies in pregnant females, and indeed whether enhancement (with respect to H-Y antigen) may play any part in the survival of the inbred male fetus.", "contents": "Cytotoxic and agglutinating H-Y antibodies in multiparous female mice. Pregnancy in inbred mice is associated with long-term accceptance of H-Y-incompatible skin grafts (in some \"rejector\" strain females) and with the formation of cytotoxic and agglutinating H-Y antibodies (in females generally). Yet there is no evident correlation between the two phenomena; postpartum females of nonrejector (H-2k), intermediate rejector (H-2d), and rejector (H-2b) strains all may produce H-Y antibodies, and postpartum H-2b females bearing H-Y-incompatible male skin grafts of long-standing may or may not produce H-Y antibodies depending on the individual recipient. Thus, it remains to be seen whether the presence of H-Y antibodies, as detectable to our sperm cytotoxicity and Protein A-SRBC agglutaination tests, signifies a corresponding presence of enhancing H-Y antibodies in pregnant females, and indeed whether enhancement (with respect to H-Y antigen) may play any part in the survival of the inbred male fetus.", "PMID": 111380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9650", "title": "[Effect of the fungal metabolites of Aspergillus flavus and A. niger on the tissue sorptive capacity of the large intestine].", "content": "Effects of metabolites of the tiny fungi of Aspergillus flavus and A. niger on the ability of mucuos membrane cells of the large intestine to absorb and exterminate certain dyes has been studied experimentally on guinea-pigs. It has been shown that under these influences, a violation of the cell and tissue metabolism in the large intestine occurs, namely, the absorbtion of the neutral red increased by 1.7 and 1.4 times, respectively, and the processes of extermination of the cells were inhibited by 1.5--1.6 times.", "contents": "[Effect of the fungal metabolites of Aspergillus flavus and A. niger on the tissue sorptive capacity of the large intestine]. Effects of metabolites of the tiny fungi of Aspergillus flavus and A. niger on the ability of mucuos membrane cells of the large intestine to absorb and exterminate certain dyes has been studied experimentally on guinea-pigs. It has been shown that under these influences, a violation of the cell and tissue metabolism in the large intestine occurs, namely, the absorbtion of the neutral red increased by 1.7 and 1.4 times, respectively, and the processes of extermination of the cells were inhibited by 1.5--1.6 times.", "PMID": 111381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9651", "title": "Role of catecholamine degradative enzymes and the adrenergic innervation in determining the cerebrovascular response to infused norepinephrine.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow responses to intra-arterial infusion of norepinephrine (NE) at 0.55 microgram/kg/min and 1.1 microgram/kg/min were studied in 3 groups of baboons. The flow was measured by the intracarotid 133xenon clearance technique using a computer program to calculate flow (height over area--H/A) flow (initial slope--is) and cerebral metabolic utilization of oxygen (CMRO2). The normal response to NE was to increase flow without significant changes in CMRO2. Blockade of catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) produced vasoconstrictor responses to these same NE doses. Monoamine oxidase blockade abolished the normal vasodilation. Denervation of the cerebral circulation with intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine produced vasoconstrictor responses with flow (H/A) but not with flow (is). It is concluded that the extra-neuronal COMT enzyme is important in limiting the access of blood-borne NE to cerebrovascular constrictor receptors.", "contents": "Role of catecholamine degradative enzymes and the adrenergic innervation in determining the cerebrovascular response to infused norepinephrine. Cerebral blood flow responses to intra-arterial infusion of norepinephrine (NE) at 0.55 microgram/kg/min and 1.1 microgram/kg/min were studied in 3 groups of baboons. The flow was measured by the intracarotid 133xenon clearance technique using a computer program to calculate flow (height over area--H/A) flow (initial slope--is) and cerebral metabolic utilization of oxygen (CMRO2). The normal response to NE was to increase flow without significant changes in CMRO2. Blockade of catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) produced vasoconstrictor responses to these same NE doses. Monoamine oxidase blockade abolished the normal vasodilation. Denervation of the cerebral circulation with intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine produced vasoconstrictor responses with flow (H/A) but not with flow (is). It is concluded that the extra-neuronal COMT enzyme is important in limiting the access of blood-borne NE to cerebrovascular constrictor receptors.", "PMID": 111378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9652", "title": "Infectivity of ground-up tick supernates prepared from Theilerai annulata infected Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.", "content": "Groups of Theileria annulata infected Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum adults prefed on a calf for 1 to 6 days were separately ground in tissue culture medium-199, supplemented with bovine albumin powder, Fraction-V. Supernatant fluid was collected, made up with additional medium, so that each millilitre represented material from 25 ticks, and was injected subcutaneously into groups of cross-bred male calves. The results indicated that ground-up tick supernate (GUTS) prepared from unfed ticks was not infective, whereas that prepared from 1 to 6 days prefed ticks was infective. GUTS prepared from 3 days prefed ticks appeared to contain highest infectivity and 1 ml of it induced fatal theileriosis.", "contents": "Infectivity of ground-up tick supernates prepared from Theilerai annulata infected Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Groups of Theileria annulata infected Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum adults prefed on a calf for 1 to 6 days were separately ground in tissue culture medium-199, supplemented with bovine albumin powder, Fraction-V. Supernatant fluid was collected, made up with additional medium, so that each millilitre represented material from 25 ticks, and was injected subcutaneously into groups of cross-bred male calves. The results indicated that ground-up tick supernate (GUTS) prepared from unfed ticks was not infective, whereas that prepared from 1 to 6 days prefed ticks was infective. GUTS prepared from 3 days prefed ticks appeared to contain highest infectivity and 1 ml of it induced fatal theileriosis.", "PMID": 111383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9653", "title": "Case report of heterotopic bone formation in metastatic carcinoma of the colon.", "content": "The case of an 83-year-old woman, who was operated on for an adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon and died with retroperitoneal matastases, is described. The post mortem examination showed widespread heterotopic bone formation in these metastases. Gastrointestinal cancers and their metastases are liable to calcify and ossify, and they do so more frequently than other malignant epithelial tumors. A search through the literature led to the discovery of 35 other cases of this type. The highest frequency of heterotopic bone formation occurs in cancers of the distal portion of the large intestine and in pulmonary and lymph node metastases. The results of the present case support the view that bone formation derives from the metaplasia of stromal fibroblasts into osteoblasts. The knowledge that gastrointestinal cancers can calcify and ossify has a definite diagnostic relevance for the radiologist and gastroenterologist.", "contents": "Case report of heterotopic bone formation in metastatic carcinoma of the colon. The case of an 83-year-old woman, who was operated on for an adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon and died with retroperitoneal matastases, is described. The post mortem examination showed widespread heterotopic bone formation in these metastases. Gastrointestinal cancers and their metastases are liable to calcify and ossify, and they do so more frequently than other malignant epithelial tumors. A search through the literature led to the discovery of 35 other cases of this type. The highest frequency of heterotopic bone formation occurs in cancers of the distal portion of the large intestine and in pulmonary and lymph node metastases. The results of the present case support the view that bone formation derives from the metaplasia of stromal fibroblasts into osteoblasts. The knowledge that gastrointestinal cancers can calcify and ossify has a definite diagnostic relevance for the radiologist and gastroenterologist.", "PMID": 111384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9654", "title": "Transurethral treatment of urethral diverticula in women.", "content": "Six women with urethral diverticulitis and a history of having had previous operations for diverticula were subjected to transurethral diverticulotomy with a knife electrode. Each patient had multiple diverticula, some compartmented, located in the mid or most proximal segments of the urethra. All patients have been releived of the symptoms and infection during the postoperative period, varying from 1 1/2 to 7 years.", "contents": "Transurethral treatment of urethral diverticula in women. Six women with urethral diverticulitis and a history of having had previous operations for diverticula were subjected to transurethral diverticulotomy with a knife electrode. Each patient had multiple diverticula, some compartmented, located in the mid or most proximal segments of the urethra. All patients have been releived of the symptoms and infection during the postoperative period, varying from 1 1/2 to 7 years.", "PMID": 111388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9655", "title": "Experimental neurogenic bladder disorder in non-human primates.", "content": "These studies indicate that the monkey Macaca nemestrina provides a suitable model to evaluate the neurological mechanism of micturition. This animal has a sacral spinal center for micturition whereby the classification of primary patterns of neurogenic disorder into spinal reflex after suprasacral spinal cord section and autonomous after cauda equina section is validated. Attempts at dissociation of the spinal and vesical neurons by section of the cauda equina were characterized generally by raised rather than lowered tonus, irrespective of previous urinary diversion to prevent inadvertent overstretch of the bladder. No evidence was obtained to indicate that overstretch of the autonomous bladder is followed by loss of tonus but the survival times of the animals after cauda equina section were comparatively short. There was some indication that overstretch may induce coordinated contractility of the bladder when only the peripheral neuron and sympathetic innervation of the bladder are intact. Evidence was obtained that the monkey has a dual innervation of the mid urethra, in which the pressure profile is supported by alpha adrenergic receptors as well as some somatic neural control. The resting urethral pressure profile is preserved after low level section of the spinal cord or division of the cauda equina but is lower in amplitide after  overstretch of the autonomous bladder.", "contents": "Experimental neurogenic bladder disorder in non-human primates. These studies indicate that the monkey Macaca nemestrina provides a suitable model to evaluate the neurological mechanism of micturition. This animal has a sacral spinal center for micturition whereby the classification of primary patterns of neurogenic disorder into spinal reflex after suprasacral spinal cord section and autonomous after cauda equina section is validated. Attempts at dissociation of the spinal and vesical neurons by section of the cauda equina were characterized generally by raised rather than lowered tonus, irrespective of previous urinary diversion to prevent inadvertent overstretch of the bladder. No evidence was obtained to indicate that overstretch of the autonomous bladder is followed by loss of tonus but the survival times of the animals after cauda equina section were comparatively short. There was some indication that overstretch may induce coordinated contractility of the bladder when only the peripheral neuron and sympathetic innervation of the bladder are intact. Evidence was obtained that the monkey has a dual innervation of the mid urethra, in which the pressure profile is supported by alpha adrenergic receptors as well as some somatic neural control. The resting urethral pressure profile is preserved after low level section of the spinal cord or division of the cauda equina but is lower in amplitide after  overstretch of the autonomous bladder.", "PMID": 111389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9656", "title": "The vesicoureteral hiatus and paraureteral diverticula.", "content": "Two ureteral sheaths and the vesical musculature combine to form a watertight ureterovesical junction but the precise anatomy and function of each component are still somewhat contentious. The morphology was studied in postmortem specimens of children with and without paraureteral diverticula and urethral obstruction, and function by deductive reasoning from radiographic and surgical observations in living children. Waldeyer's fascia (the superficial sheath) of the ureter was found to seal the potential space between the tunnel wall and the ureter, and deficiencies were associated with hiatal hernias. The deep sheath provided anchorage of the ureter to the trigone and through the attachments of the superficial sheath to the bladder wall. Both sheaths and the tunnel muscles could be identified clearly and dissected precisely at operations involving the ureterovesical junction to facilitate the surgical procedures.", "contents": "The vesicoureteral hiatus and paraureteral diverticula. Two ureteral sheaths and the vesical musculature combine to form a watertight ureterovesical junction but the precise anatomy and function of each component are still somewhat contentious. The morphology was studied in postmortem specimens of children with and without paraureteral diverticula and urethral obstruction, and function by deductive reasoning from radiographic and surgical observations in living children. Waldeyer's fascia (the superficial sheath) of the ureter was found to seal the potential space between the tunnel wall and the ureter, and deficiencies were associated with hiatal hernias. The deep sheath provided anchorage of the ureter to the trigone and through the attachments of the superficial sheath to the bladder wall. Both sheaths and the tunnel muscles could be identified clearly and dissected precisely at operations involving the ureterovesical junction to facilitate the surgical procedures.", "PMID": 111390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9657", "title": "[A graphic method for the statistical evaluation of metabolic tests].", "content": "A graphical method was developed for the statistical evaluation of the results of metabolic tests; this method affords evaluation with due respect to the variance of characters in selected sets and the size of the tested group of animals. In principle, the method is based on the determination of the arithmetical mean and a 95% confidence interval of the selective mean of the values for each parameter of biochemism in each group of animals; these values are then expressed as per cent with regard to a mean reference value. Graphical comparison is enabled for both score and interval estimation of the distribution of a character in the studied group of animals, with a reference interval and reference mean.", "contents": "[A graphic method for the statistical evaluation of metabolic tests]. A graphical method was developed for the statistical evaluation of the results of metabolic tests; this method affords evaluation with due respect to the variance of characters in selected sets and the size of the tested group of animals. In principle, the method is based on the determination of the arithmetical mean and a 95% confidence interval of the selective mean of the values for each parameter of biochemism in each group of animals; these values are then expressed as per cent with regard to a mean reference value. Graphical comparison is enabled for both score and interval estimation of the distribution of a character in the studied group of animals, with a reference interval and reference mean.", "PMID": 111392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9658", "title": "[Economic significance of the prevention of losses caused by blood-sucking diptera in grazing dairy cows].", "content": "It was was demonstrated in an experiment that the blood-sucking dipterous insects adversely affected the efficiency of cows on pasture; these cows showed a significantly decreased milk yield and milk fat percentage. The experiment was conducted in South Bohemia at Chlum u Trebon\u0115 where seven species of gnats occurred in considerable abundancy, including the largest populations of Aedes sticticus (Meig.), Ae. cinereus Meig., Ae. vexans Meig. and Ae. punctor Kirby, which represented more than 80% of all gnats, and where gad-flies lived at the same time, represented by 18 species of five genera, chief among which were the species Tabanus bromius (L.) and T. maculicornis (Zett.), forming over 60% of all gad-flies. The experiment with 25 control dairy cows of the Bohemian Spotted breed lasted 62 days (July, August 1977). Diethyltoluamide in a 10% water emulsion was used as repellent with which cows were sprayed (with a special spraying apparatus) in 48h intervals. In the experimental (sprayed) cows, compared with the untreated control cows, milk yield per head per day increased by 6.23%, i. e. 43.56 kg milk, and butterfat percentage increased by 11,81%, representing 3.62 kg per head per day. In conversion to fat-corrected milk (milk with a constant 4% fat content), milk yield increased by 9.69%. In conversion to values per 1000 cows on pasture the net value of milk increased by 709.41 Kcs per day. The return rate of the money expended is 1.31 crowns. The results were statistically significant to highly significant.", "contents": "[Economic significance of the prevention of losses caused by blood-sucking diptera in grazing dairy cows]. It was was demonstrated in an experiment that the blood-sucking dipterous insects adversely affected the efficiency of cows on pasture; these cows showed a significantly decreased milk yield and milk fat percentage. The experiment was conducted in South Bohemia at Chlum u Trebon\u0115 where seven species of gnats occurred in considerable abundancy, including the largest populations of Aedes sticticus (Meig.), Ae. cinereus Meig., Ae. vexans Meig. and Ae. punctor Kirby, which represented more than 80% of all gnats, and where gad-flies lived at the same time, represented by 18 species of five genera, chief among which were the species Tabanus bromius (L.) and T. maculicornis (Zett.), forming over 60% of all gad-flies. The experiment with 25 control dairy cows of the Bohemian Spotted breed lasted 62 days (July, August 1977). Diethyltoluamide in a 10% water emulsion was used as repellent with which cows were sprayed (with a special spraying apparatus) in 48h intervals. In the experimental (sprayed) cows, compared with the untreated control cows, milk yield per head per day increased by 6.23%, i. e. 43.56 kg milk, and butterfat percentage increased by 11,81%, representing 3.62 kg per head per day. In conversion to fat-corrected milk (milk with a constant 4% fat content), milk yield increased by 9.69%. In conversion to values per 1000 cows on pasture the net value of milk increased by 709.41 Kcs per day. The return rate of the money expended is 1.31 crowns. The results were statistically significant to highly significant.", "PMID": 111393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9659", "title": "[Toxoplasmosis of sheep in the lowland region of Western Slovakia].", "content": "The author describes the serological demonstration of toxoplasma antibodies in sheep of ten flocks kept in the lowland region of western Slovakia. The results of serological examination by the complement-fixation reaction (CFR) were positive in different degrees in nine flocks. In the remaining flock the blood of the sheep was not found to contain such antibodies. At the locality L. the author selected a small group of serologically positive sheep from the group of animals to be slaughtered and he studied the CFR values of antibodies in the course of nine months. Toxoplasma strain denoted as H-1 was isolated from the brain of a ram of this group which had a 1 : 256 antibody titre in the blood. This strain was found to be highly virulent for white mice. Toxoplasma antibodies were also identified in the blood of exposed workers, in the blood of dogs, mice and sewer rats. The patho-anatomic picture and isolation of toxoplasma strains from the brain of dead sheep or their foetuses which had the antibodies in the blood before death -- all this demonstrated the occurrence of congenital infection.", "contents": "[Toxoplasmosis of sheep in the lowland region of Western Slovakia]. The author describes the serological demonstration of toxoplasma antibodies in sheep of ten flocks kept in the lowland region of western Slovakia. The results of serological examination by the complement-fixation reaction (CFR) were positive in different degrees in nine flocks. In the remaining flock the blood of the sheep was not found to contain such antibodies. At the locality L. the author selected a small group of serologically positive sheep from the group of animals to be slaughtered and he studied the CFR values of antibodies in the course of nine months. Toxoplasma strain denoted as H-1 was isolated from the brain of a ram of this group which had a 1 : 256 antibody titre in the blood. This strain was found to be highly virulent for white mice. Toxoplasma antibodies were also identified in the blood of exposed workers, in the blood of dogs, mice and sewer rats. The patho-anatomic picture and isolation of toxoplasma strains from the brain of dead sheep or their foetuses which had the antibodies in the blood before death -- all this demonstrated the occurrence of congenital infection.", "PMID": 111394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9660", "title": "[Biochemical and hematological changes in sows during estrus].", "content": "After the second and fourth parturition of piglets, ten clinically healthy sows, weaned on the second day of life, were subjected to examination two to three days before heat, during heat (defined by typical changes on the outer genitals and immobilization in the presence of a boar) and two days after insemination. During the morning hours, four hours after the last feeding, blood was taken from V. cava cranialis. Seventeen parameters were determined in whole blood and in the blood serum. In the period of oestrus, compared with the period two to three days before this period and two days after insemination, a marked increase was observed in the concentration of the serum levels of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids, iron, and in the activity of alanine aminotransferase. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase was increased in heat only in comparison with the period of the two days after insemination. The concentration of haemaglobin in whole blood was significantly increased in comparison with the period before oestrus and after insemination. Further, in the heat period -- as compared with the time before it -- a considerable drop was observed in the content of inorganic phosphorus and vitamin A. The possible mechanism of the occurrence of other changes is discussed.", "contents": "[Biochemical and hematological changes in sows during estrus]. After the second and fourth parturition of piglets, ten clinically healthy sows, weaned on the second day of life, were subjected to examination two to three days before heat, during heat (defined by typical changes on the outer genitals and immobilization in the presence of a boar) and two days after insemination. During the morning hours, four hours after the last feeding, blood was taken from V. cava cranialis. Seventeen parameters were determined in whole blood and in the blood serum. In the period of oestrus, compared with the period two to three days before this period and two days after insemination, a marked increase was observed in the concentration of the serum levels of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids, iron, and in the activity of alanine aminotransferase. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase was increased in heat only in comparison with the period of the two days after insemination. The concentration of haemaglobin in whole blood was significantly increased in comparison with the period before oestrus and after insemination. Further, in the heat period -- as compared with the time before it -- a considerable drop was observed in the content of inorganic phosphorus and vitamin A. The possible mechanism of the occurrence of other changes is discussed.", "PMID": 111395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9661", "title": "[Dynamics of urea concentration in blood cells of the domestic fowl during early post-incubation ontogenesis].", "content": "Urea was determined by means of diacetyl monoxim in the blood cells of 80 cockerels of the initial breed White Leghorn, commercial hybrid Primant. The highest urea concentration was ascertained on the 15th day of life: 392.33 +/- 85 mg per 10(12) blood cells. The content of urea in the blood cells irregularly deceased with the age of the cockerels. The minimum urea concentration was obtained on the 40th day of post-incubation life: 63.40 +/- 56.5 mg per 10(12) blood cells.", "contents": "[Dynamics of urea concentration in blood cells of the domestic fowl during early post-incubation ontogenesis]. Urea was determined by means of diacetyl monoxim in the blood cells of 80 cockerels of the initial breed White Leghorn, commercial hybrid Primant. The highest urea concentration was ascertained on the 15th day of life: 392.33 +/- 85 mg per 10(12) blood cells. The content of urea in the blood cells irregularly deceased with the age of the cockerels. The minimum urea concentration was obtained on the 40th day of post-incubation life: 63.40 +/- 56.5 mg per 10(12) blood cells.", "PMID": 111396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9662", "title": "[Effect of chorionic gonadotropin administration on the concentration of testosterone in the blood of boars].", "content": "In intact boars, intravenous administration of 100 to 6000 I. U. chorionic gonadotropin elicited a pronounced rise in the plasma level of testosterone, depending on the time interval from the administration of chorionic gonadotropin and on the size of the administered dose. In the blood of castrated boars such an application of choronic gonadotropin did not influence the concentration of testosterone. It was inferred that the rise in the levels of blood testosterone in boars after administration of chorionic gonadotropin was specific for testicular incretion and indicated the endocrine reserve of the testes. There is a discussion concerning the importance of the functional testing of the incretion capacity of testes for differential diagnosis different forms o incretion hypogonadism.", "contents": "[Effect of chorionic gonadotropin administration on the concentration of testosterone in the blood of boars]. In intact boars, intravenous administration of 100 to 6000 I. U. chorionic gonadotropin elicited a pronounced rise in the plasma level of testosterone, depending on the time interval from the administration of chorionic gonadotropin and on the size of the administered dose. In the blood of castrated boars such an application of choronic gonadotropin did not influence the concentration of testosterone. It was inferred that the rise in the levels of blood testosterone in boars after administration of chorionic gonadotropin was specific for testicular incretion and indicated the endocrine reserve of the testes. There is a discussion concerning the importance of the functional testing of the incretion capacity of testes for differential diagnosis different forms o incretion hypogonadism.", "PMID": 111397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9663", "title": "[Serum selenium levels in sheep from birth to 90 days of age].", "content": "The results of the study of the dynamics of selenium in the blood serum were compared in 31 piglets from birth to the age of 90 days. The analyzed selenium values in the blood serum immediately after birth (0.14--0.20 ppm) provide evidence of the intra-uterine placental passage of selenium. In the period of colostral and milk nutrition, the serum concentrations of selenium showed a statistically insignificant variation, followed by an abrupt drop of the level of the microelement in the weaning period (60th day). The individual values in this period ranged from 0.08 to 0.12 ppm. Towards the end of the study, the level of selenium in the blood serum of the piglets returned to its initial value; this indicates that although the critical period connected with weaning has a transient nature, it should be averted for preventing the occurrence of a selenium-deficit disease; this can be done by adding a supplement of 0.2% solution of sodium selenate or a combined preparation of selenium and vitamin E-Selevit.", "contents": "[Serum selenium levels in sheep from birth to 90 days of age]. The results of the study of the dynamics of selenium in the blood serum were compared in 31 piglets from birth to the age of 90 days. The analyzed selenium values in the blood serum immediately after birth (0.14--0.20 ppm) provide evidence of the intra-uterine placental passage of selenium. In the period of colostral and milk nutrition, the serum concentrations of selenium showed a statistically insignificant variation, followed by an abrupt drop of the level of the microelement in the weaning period (60th day). The individual values in this period ranged from 0.08 to 0.12 ppm. Towards the end of the study, the level of selenium in the blood serum of the piglets returned to its initial value; this indicates that although the critical period connected with weaning has a transient nature, it should be averted for preventing the occurrence of a selenium-deficit disease; this can be done by adding a supplement of 0.2% solution of sodium selenate or a combined preparation of selenium and vitamin E-Selevit.", "PMID": 111398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9664", "title": "[Effects of Mebendazole and Cambendazole on enterohelminths in pigs].", "content": "Mebendazole, administered at a dose of 30 mg active substance per 1 kg of feed, was found to have 100% effectiveness on Ascaris suum and Cambendazole, administered at a dose of 1.5 g per 1 kg of liver weight, showed the same effectiveness in the control of Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum. The effectiveness of both drugs on Trichocephalus suis and Strongyloides ransomi was low. Mebendazole and Cambendazole can be recommended for mass dehelminthization of pigs in affected stocks. Helminthoovoscopical examination of sows and fattened pigs showed an 88.6% extensity of invasion in sows, and a 28.3% and 33.9% extensity in three- and five-month-old pigs, respectively. Coccidiosis was found in 51.4% of the sows and Balantidium coli had an occurrence rate of 80.7 to 98.2%.", "contents": "[Effects of Mebendazole and Cambendazole on enterohelminths in pigs]. Mebendazole, administered at a dose of 30 mg active substance per 1 kg of feed, was found to have 100% effectiveness on Ascaris suum and Cambendazole, administered at a dose of 1.5 g per 1 kg of liver weight, showed the same effectiveness in the control of Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum. The effectiveness of both drugs on Trichocephalus suis and Strongyloides ransomi was low. Mebendazole and Cambendazole can be recommended for mass dehelminthization of pigs in affected stocks. Helminthoovoscopical examination of sows and fattened pigs showed an 88.6% extensity of invasion in sows, and a 28.3% and 33.9% extensity in three- and five-month-old pigs, respectively. Coccidiosis was found in 51.4% of the sows and Balantidium coli had an occurrence rate of 80.7 to 98.2%.", "PMID": 111399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9665", "title": "[Devitalization of Bordetella bronchiseptica in vitro using vapors of Persterile and triethyl glycol].", "content": "Using the method of bacterial carriers, the devitalizing effect was studied of Persteril and triethylene glycol vapours, acting in vitro, on a 24-hour culture of a mixture of 39 strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica, isolated from the nasal cavity of pigs which came from five stocks suffering from the clinical form atrophic rhinitis. After exposure of the carriers of Bordetella bronchiseptica to the action of spontaneously developing vapours o the mentioned chemicals, the devitalizing effect was determined by bacteriological examination. The vapours of the water solution of Persteril, containing 0.1% of peracetic acid, showed a 90.91 to 93.83% devitalizing effect after 48-hour exposure at room temperature. When the vapours of warmed concentrated triethylene glycol were used, a 98.57 to 100% devitalizingeff ect was obtained after a 72-hour exposure under the same temperature conditions. In experiements performed at a temperature of 37 degrees C, a 24-hour exposure sufficed for obtaining 91.67 to 100% devitalizing effectiveness. There is a discussion concerning the importance of the obtained results and the need for testing them experimentally by a methodically simple and cheap continual disinfection of the air and stable surfaces in premises for pig stocks affected by atrophic rhinitis.", "contents": "[Devitalization of Bordetella bronchiseptica in vitro using vapors of Persterile and triethyl glycol]. Using the method of bacterial carriers, the devitalizing effect was studied of Persteril and triethylene glycol vapours, acting in vitro, on a 24-hour culture of a mixture of 39 strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica, isolated from the nasal cavity of pigs which came from five stocks suffering from the clinical form atrophic rhinitis. After exposure of the carriers of Bordetella bronchiseptica to the action of spontaneously developing vapours o the mentioned chemicals, the devitalizing effect was determined by bacteriological examination. The vapours of the water solution of Persteril, containing 0.1% of peracetic acid, showed a 90.91 to 93.83% devitalizing effect after 48-hour exposure at room temperature. When the vapours of warmed concentrated triethylene glycol were used, a 98.57 to 100% devitalizingeff ect was obtained after a 72-hour exposure under the same temperature conditions. In experiements performed at a temperature of 37 degrees C, a 24-hour exposure sufficed for obtaining 91.67 to 100% devitalizing effectiveness. There is a discussion concerning the importance of the obtained results and the need for testing them experimentally by a methodically simple and cheap continual disinfection of the air and stable surfaces in premises for pig stocks affected by atrophic rhinitis.", "PMID": 111400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9666", "title": "[Resistance of Staphylococcus-aureus strains, isolated from food, to antibiotics].", "content": "Resistance to selected antibiotics was studied in 325 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from foodstuffs. Out of these strains, 50.46% were resistant to penicillin, 15.7% to ampicillin, 4% to streptomycin, 5.2% to erythromycin, 5.8% to chloramphenicol, 18.5% to tetracycline, 18.2% to oxytetracycline, 2.5% to gentamycin, 1.6% to canamycin, 53.5% to colistine and 9.2% to bacitracin. Eighty-five strains (26.15%) were sensitive to all the antibiotics used; 107 strains (32.92%) were resistant to one antibiotic, and 133 strains (40.93%) to two or more antibiotics.", "contents": "[Resistance of Staphylococcus-aureus strains, isolated from food, to antibiotics]. Resistance to selected antibiotics was studied in 325 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from foodstuffs. Out of these strains, 50.46% were resistant to penicillin, 15.7% to ampicillin, 4% to streptomycin, 5.2% to erythromycin, 5.8% to chloramphenicol, 18.5% to tetracycline, 18.2% to oxytetracycline, 2.5% to gentamycin, 1.6% to canamycin, 53.5% to colistine and 9.2% to bacitracin. Eighty-five strains (26.15%) were sensitive to all the antibiotics used; 107 strains (32.92%) were resistant to one antibiotic, and 133 strains (40.93%) to two or more antibiotics.", "PMID": 111401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9667", "title": "[Pathogenicity of aerobically sporulating microorganisms: Bacillus cereus].", "content": "The pathogenicity of the metabolites of B. cereus was determined by bioassays with white mice, chick embryos, rabbits, and kittens. Cell-free filtrates of the cultures of several strains of B. cereus were used for application; in the mice the application was done i. v., i. p. and p. o., in the chick embryos via the allantoic sac, in the kittens p. o. and i. p., in the rabbits via tied-up sections of the small intestine by the loop-test method. It was revealed that some strains of B. cereus produced substances of exotoxin nature under suitable conditions. White mice and chick embryos were the best materials for their detection.", "contents": "[Pathogenicity of aerobically sporulating microorganisms: Bacillus cereus]. The pathogenicity of the metabolites of B. cereus was determined by bioassays with white mice, chick embryos, rabbits, and kittens. Cell-free filtrates of the cultures of several strains of B. cereus were used for application; in the mice the application was done i. v., i. p. and p. o., in the chick embryos via the allantoic sac, in the kittens p. o. and i. p., in the rabbits via tied-up sections of the small intestine by the loop-test method. It was revealed that some strains of B. cereus produced substances of exotoxin nature under suitable conditions. White mice and chick embryos were the best materials for their detection.", "PMID": 111402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9668", "title": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis in a monkey (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "An adult male Macaca fascicularis monkey developed toxic epidermal necrolysis after ingestion of methylmercury. The clinical picture was characterized by the development of large cutaneous bullae with subsequent full-thickness epidermal exfoliation. Areas of sparse pelage were most affected, with the most severe exfoliation occurring on the palms, soles, face and ears. Erosions also developed within the oral mucosa and conjunctivae.", "contents": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis in a monkey (Macaca fascicularis). An adult male Macaca fascicularis monkey developed toxic epidermal necrolysis after ingestion of methylmercury. The clinical picture was characterized by the development of large cutaneous bullae with subsequent full-thickness epidermal exfoliation. Areas of sparse pelage were most affected, with the most severe exfoliation occurring on the palms, soles, face and ears. Erosions also developed within the oral mucosa and conjunctivae.", "PMID": 111406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9669", "title": "Neutralizing influenza antibodies, IgA and total protein in the nasopharyngeal secretions of subjects vaccinated by nasal route with the inactivated influenza vaccine prepared in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology.", "content": "Intranasal administration of two doses of the inactivated influenza vaccine prepared in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology was followed by rises in the level of neutralizing secretory influenza antibodies in 82% of the cases. The concomitant study of secretory antibody, IgA and total protein levels, as well as of the serum HAI influenza antibodies demonstrated that their evolution was parallel only in 23% of the vaccinees. The percentage of secretory antibody conversion was similar to the rate of protection conferred by the vaccine.", "contents": "Neutralizing influenza antibodies, IgA and total protein in the nasopharyngeal secretions of subjects vaccinated by nasal route with the inactivated influenza vaccine prepared in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology. Intranasal administration of two doses of the inactivated influenza vaccine prepared in the \"Stefan S. Nicolau\" Institute of Virology was followed by rises in the level of neutralizing secretory influenza antibodies in 82% of the cases. The concomitant study of secretory antibody, IgA and total protein levels, as well as of the serum HAI influenza antibodies demonstrated that their evolution was parallel only in 23% of the vaccinees. The percentage of secretory antibody conversion was similar to the rate of protection conferred by the vaccine.", "PMID": 111408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9670", "title": "[Assessment of the results of treating II- and III-stage cervical cancer, parametrial variant, by using different sources of teleradiation].", "content": "The data on patients with the parametrial spread of cervical cancer, stage II and III, treated by different types of distant radiotherapy are analysed. An insignificant improvement of the 5-year cure results was noted only in patients in stage II, when treated on modern gammatron machines as compared with the previously used roentgenotherapy, and it may be due to a larger radiation dosage. The number of early and late complications is found to increase. Some methodical recommendations for treatment of these patients are given.", "contents": "[Assessment of the results of treating II- and III-stage cervical cancer, parametrial variant, by using different sources of teleradiation]. The data on patients with the parametrial spread of cervical cancer, stage II and III, treated by different types of distant radiotherapy are analysed. An insignificant improvement of the 5-year cure results was noted only in patients in stage II, when treated on modern gammatron machines as compared with the previously used roentgenotherapy, and it may be due to a larger radiation dosage. The number of early and late complications is found to increase. Some methodical recommendations for treatment of these patients are given.", "PMID": 111415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9671", "title": "[Quantitative changes in the cellular makeup of the spleen in mice infected with the Rauscher leukemia virus and Brucella abortus].", "content": "Changes in the absolute number of splenic cells of mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) and a day later--with living Brucella (BA) were studied. The increase in the absolute number of splenic cells of mice infected with RLV + BA was initially caused by the lymphoid tissue reaction to Brycella and then by the development of leukemia. The number of reticular cells in the spleen appeared to be larger than the control (RLV) within all observation periods; the number of basophilic normocytes amounted to the control, but an increase in the erythroblasts number was noted a week later and reached the control level by the 30th day, practically being unchanged subsequently. In mice receiving RLV + BA there was the increased monocyte, plasmatic cell, megakaryocyte, myeloid series cell count. The shift of splenic granulocytes to the \"left\", the development of leukocytosis, blood neutrophilia, in particular, lagged 1--2 weeks behind in such mice. The number of normocytes getting into the blood was decreased. All this would result in a significant extension of the lifespan in mice RLV + BA.", "contents": "[Quantitative changes in the cellular makeup of the spleen in mice infected with the Rauscher leukemia virus and Brucella abortus]. Changes in the absolute number of splenic cells of mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) and a day later--with living Brucella (BA) were studied. The increase in the absolute number of splenic cells of mice infected with RLV + BA was initially caused by the lymphoid tissue reaction to Brycella and then by the development of leukemia. The number of reticular cells in the spleen appeared to be larger than the control (RLV) within all observation periods; the number of basophilic normocytes amounted to the control, but an increase in the erythroblasts number was noted a week later and reached the control level by the 30th day, practically being unchanged subsequently. In mice receiving RLV + BA there was the increased monocyte, plasmatic cell, megakaryocyte, myeloid series cell count. The shift of splenic granulocytes to the \"left\", the development of leukocytosis, blood neutrophilia, in particular, lagged 1--2 weeks behind in such mice. The number of normocytes getting into the blood was decreased. All this would result in a significant extension of the lifespan in mice RLV + BA.", "PMID": 111416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9672", "title": "[Distribution of 3H-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in the rat neuroendocrine system].", "content": "Under study was the tritium distribution in tissues of the neuroendocrines system, liver and muscle after intravenous injection into female rats of an aqueous-lipid emulsion containing 3H-DMBA in a dose of 0.05 mci/kg. Thirty minutes following the injection the specific radioactivity of the liver, endocrinous glands, anterior and mediobasal hypothalamus tissues was higher than that of the cerebral cortex, dorsal hypothalamus. Label incorporation into the mediobasal hypothalamus was maintained at a higher level during 12 hours after 3N-DMBA administration than in the anterior and medial hypothalamus, cerebral cortex or muscle. A preliminary injection of adebit or I-DOPA failed to influence the character or rate of tritium uptake by tissues 30 minutes, after the labelled carcinogen was injected. The significance of DMBA retention in the hypothalamus for the mechanism of its action on the neuroendocrinous system is discussed.", "contents": "[Distribution of 3H-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in the rat neuroendocrine system]. Under study was the tritium distribution in tissues of the neuroendocrines system, liver and muscle after intravenous injection into female rats of an aqueous-lipid emulsion containing 3H-DMBA in a dose of 0.05 mci/kg. Thirty minutes following the injection the specific radioactivity of the liver, endocrinous glands, anterior and mediobasal hypothalamus tissues was higher than that of the cerebral cortex, dorsal hypothalamus. Label incorporation into the mediobasal hypothalamus was maintained at a higher level during 12 hours after 3N-DMBA administration than in the anterior and medial hypothalamus, cerebral cortex or muscle. A preliminary injection of adebit or I-DOPA failed to influence the character or rate of tritium uptake by tissues 30 minutes, after the labelled carcinogen was injected. The significance of DMBA retention in the hypothalamus for the mechanism of its action on the neuroendocrinous system is discussed.", "PMID": 111417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9673", "title": "A radial immunodiffusion method for the measurement of rat fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products.", "content": "The present report describes a technique for the production of monospecific rabbit antiserum to rat fibrinogen and its use in a quantitative radial immunodiffusion assay for measurement of rat fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products. It is a suitable technique for measurement of these parameters in small samples which can be repeatedly obtained from animals the size of rats.", "contents": "A radial immunodiffusion method for the measurement of rat fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products. The present report describes a technique for the production of monospecific rabbit antiserum to rat fibrinogen and its use in a quantitative radial immunodiffusion assay for measurement of rat fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products. It is a suitable technique for measurement of these parameters in small samples which can be repeatedly obtained from animals the size of rats.", "PMID": 111420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9674", "title": "Homozygous.D.", "content": "A homozygote for the Rh complex .D. associated with the rare Evans antigen was identified and her family tested: .D./.D. can be clearly distinguished serologically from -D-/-D-. The immune antibody in the serum of the propositus reacts with all cells tested except homozygous -D-, CwD-, cD- and Rhnull cells.", "contents": "Homozygous.D. A homozygote for the Rh complex .D. associated with the rare Evans antigen was identified and her family tested: .D./.D. can be clearly distinguished serologically from -D-/-D-. The immune antibody in the serum of the propositus reacts with all cells tested except homozygous -D-, CwD-, cD- and Rhnull cells.", "PMID": 111421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9675", "title": "Failure of anti-D immunoglobulin to remove fetal red cells from maternal circulation.", "content": "A Rhesus negative female was found post delivery to have circulating cells of fetal origin. The neonate was typed as D-positive. In spite of more than conventionally adequate doses of anti-D immunoglobulin given to the mother, the fetal cell count in the maternal circulation remained unchanged. Further investigation showed the fetus to be a Du variant and to exhibit a diminished reaction with the batch of anti-D immunoglobulin used.", "contents": "Failure of anti-D immunoglobulin to remove fetal red cells from maternal circulation. A Rhesus negative female was found post delivery to have circulating cells of fetal origin. The neonate was typed as D-positive. In spite of more than conventionally adequate doses of anti-D immunoglobulin given to the mother, the fetal cell count in the maternal circulation remained unchanged. Further investigation showed the fetus to be a Du variant and to exhibit a diminished reaction with the batch of anti-D immunoglobulin used.", "PMID": 111422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9676", "title": "Sibship asymmetries of rhesus blood groups in the presence of maternal antibodies.", "content": "The genotypes of the children of R1r, R2r, and R1R2 fathers, and Rh-immunized rr mothers, were examined. R1r fathers had an excess of R1r over rr children, and R1R2 fathers had an excess of R1 r over R2r children. These asymmetries confirm the findings of a previous study. The possibilities of artefactual self-selection, of genotyping errors, and of errors in assigning paternity, were examined and excluded. Alternative models of genetic transmission and of antigenic structure were studied, but no basis for explaining the findings was found or formulated. Three possible biological explanations were formulated including (a) asymmetric segregation of the rhesus genes, (b) selective early fetal loss, and (c) a selective effect upon the performance of sperms bearing different haplotypes. The first of these three appeared unlikely. The data did not provide a basis for supporting or rejecting or differentiating the other two.", "contents": "Sibship asymmetries of rhesus blood groups in the presence of maternal antibodies. The genotypes of the children of R1r, R2r, and R1R2 fathers, and Rh-immunized rr mothers, were examined. R1r fathers had an excess of R1r over rr children, and R1R2 fathers had an excess of R1 r over R2r children. These asymmetries confirm the findings of a previous study. The possibilities of artefactual self-selection, of genotyping errors, and of errors in assigning paternity, were examined and excluded. Alternative models of genetic transmission and of antigenic structure were studied, but no basis for explaining the findings was found or formulated. Three possible biological explanations were formulated including (a) asymmetric segregation of the rhesus genes, (b) selective early fetal loss, and (c) a selective effect upon the performance of sperms bearing different haplotypes. The first of these three appeared unlikely. The data did not provide a basis for supporting or rejecting or differentiating the other two.", "PMID": 111423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9677", "title": "Characteristics of different rhesus alloantibodies in lymphocyte dependent (K cell) cytotoxicity to human erythrocytes.", "content": "The property of rhesus alloantibodies to elicit antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against target erythrocytes carrying various Rh genotypes was studied. The killer activity of normal peripheral lymphocytes on human erythrocyte target cells carrying the appropriate antigens elicited by alloantisera was measured by 51Cr release at 18 h. There was no correlation between ADCC and antibodies directed to the antigens present on the surface of different genotypes of Rh-positive red blood cells. The agglutinin titre of different Rh antibodies showed no correlation with the level of ADCC although the degree of cellular cytotoxicity was different with different anti-D sera. Anti-C + D+ E antibody caused higher ADCC than anti-C + D and the lowest cytotoxicity was observed with anti-D and anti-D+ E. This raised the possibility that ADCC was elicited by antibodies directed to other specificities. K cell lysis of human red cells by human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro suggests that a similar mechanism may operate in vitro in the destruction of erythrocytes coated by allo or autoantibodies.", "contents": "Characteristics of different rhesus alloantibodies in lymphocyte dependent (K cell) cytotoxicity to human erythrocytes. The property of rhesus alloantibodies to elicit antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against target erythrocytes carrying various Rh genotypes was studied. The killer activity of normal peripheral lymphocytes on human erythrocyte target cells carrying the appropriate antigens elicited by alloantisera was measured by 51Cr release at 18 h. There was no correlation between ADCC and antibodies directed to the antigens present on the surface of different genotypes of Rh-positive red blood cells. The agglutinin titre of different Rh antibodies showed no correlation with the level of ADCC although the degree of cellular cytotoxicity was different with different anti-D sera. Anti-C + D+ E antibody caused higher ADCC than anti-C + D and the lowest cytotoxicity was observed with anti-D and anti-D+ E. This raised the possibility that ADCC was elicited by antibodies directed to other specificities. K cell lysis of human red cells by human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro suggests that a similar mechanism may operate in vitro in the destruction of erythrocytes coated by allo or autoantibodies.", "PMID": 111424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9678", "title": "Application of microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay to the determination of hepatitis B e antigen.", "content": "Microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay (micro-SPRIA) was applied to the detection of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in the serum. Antibody against HBeAg to coat the microtiter plate and for radiolabeling was obtained from the serum of asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen by an affinity column of partially purified HBeAg. The micro-SPRIA was sensitive and could be performed without prior concentration of the test serum. HBeAg was detected in 21 (35%) out of 60 serum samples positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, all of which were negative by the conventional immunodiffusion method even after they had been concentrated threefold.", "contents": "Application of microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay to the determination of hepatitis B e antigen. Microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay (micro-SPRIA) was applied to the detection of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in the serum. Antibody against HBeAg to coat the microtiter plate and for radiolabeling was obtained from the serum of asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen by an affinity column of partially purified HBeAg. The micro-SPRIA was sensitive and could be performed without prior concentration of the test serum. HBeAg was detected in 21 (35%) out of 60 serum samples positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, all of which were negative by the conventional immunodiffusion method even after they had been concentrated threefold.", "PMID": 111425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9679", "title": "[HBs-antigenemia and the state of cellular and humoral immunity in children with chronic viral hepatitis B].", "content": "In chronic virus hepatitis B the causative virus replicates for a long time as manifested by HBsAg persistence. Examinations of 92 sick children revealed changes in cellular and humoral immunity indices. The content of T-lymphocytes (determined according to Bach et al.) was reduced to 31.5 +/- 1.4% in the exacerbation stage (the normal content 50.8 +/- 1.3%), the percentage of O-cells increased, while the number of B-cells according to Mendes et al. did not change significantly. The inhibition of adhesion of A-cells (Halliday et al.--A. F. Blyuger) and \"immune\" plaque formation (according to A. F. Blyuger) in the presence of HBsAg were also increased maximally in the exacerbation stage. HBs-antigenemia was found to occur most frequently in the exacerbation stage. The content of immunoglobulin G was reduced. An increase in the number of tissue lymphocytes and their blast forms (in the \"skin window\" sample by Rebuck) was demonstrated. The authors assume that the long-term persistence of HBs-Ag and, consequently, the maintenance of the pathologic process activity are due to a defficiency of cellular immunity factors. The prospects of enhancing cellular immunity in virus hepatitis B in children are discussed.", "contents": "[HBs-antigenemia and the state of cellular and humoral immunity in children with chronic viral hepatitis B]. In chronic virus hepatitis B the causative virus replicates for a long time as manifested by HBsAg persistence. Examinations of 92 sick children revealed changes in cellular and humoral immunity indices. The content of T-lymphocytes (determined according to Bach et al.) was reduced to 31.5 +/- 1.4% in the exacerbation stage (the normal content 50.8 +/- 1.3%), the percentage of O-cells increased, while the number of B-cells according to Mendes et al. did not change significantly. The inhibition of adhesion of A-cells (Halliday et al.--A. F. Blyuger) and \"immune\" plaque formation (according to A. F. Blyuger) in the presence of HBsAg were also increased maximally in the exacerbation stage. HBs-antigenemia was found to occur most frequently in the exacerbation stage. The content of immunoglobulin G was reduced. An increase in the number of tissue lymphocytes and their blast forms (in the \"skin window\" sample by Rebuck) was demonstrated. The authors assume that the long-term persistence of HBs-Ag and, consequently, the maintenance of the pathologic process activity are due to a defficiency of cellular immunity factors. The prospects of enhancing cellular immunity in virus hepatitis B in children are discussed.", "PMID": 111426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9680", "title": "Malnutrition and gastroenteritis among Jamaican children.", "content": "In response to Resolution No. 7 of the Fifth Caribbean Health Minsters Conference of February 1973, the Executive Secretary convened a meeting of a stering committee comprising members of staff of CFNI, the Faculty of Medicine, U.W.I., PAHO, WHO and FAO. Arising from this, it was decided to produce the Strategy and Plan of Action of Combat Gastroenteritis and Malnutrition in children under two years of age. The implementation of that programme was launched in Jamaica in January 1976 by Dr. A.W. Patterson, the Principal Medical Officer of the Ministry of Health and Environmental Control. This preliminary report deals with observations of progess made in the field and the hospitals from the time of initial launching of the programme in Jamaica. Observation covers the time peroid from April 12, to July 27, 1976; and compares favourably with the situation as it exists in the country of Nigeria. Based upon observations, discussions, site visits and data collected, the following preliminary report provides implications for the implementation of strategies related to the SPACGEM PROJECT and the ultimate reduction of malnutrition and gastroenteritis among children under two years old in Jamaica.", "contents": "Malnutrition and gastroenteritis among Jamaican children. In response to Resolution No. 7 of the Fifth Caribbean Health Minsters Conference of February 1973, the Executive Secretary convened a meeting of a stering committee comprising members of staff of CFNI, the Faculty of Medicine, U.W.I., PAHO, WHO and FAO. Arising from this, it was decided to produce the Strategy and Plan of Action of Combat Gastroenteritis and Malnutrition in children under two years of age. The implementation of that programme was launched in Jamaica in January 1976 by Dr. A.W. Patterson, the Principal Medical Officer of the Ministry of Health and Environmental Control. This preliminary report deals with observations of progess made in the field and the hospitals from the time of initial launching of the programme in Jamaica. Observation covers the time peroid from April 12, to July 27, 1976; and compares favourably with the situation as it exists in the country of Nigeria. Based upon observations, discussions, site visits and data collected, the following preliminary report provides implications for the implementation of strategies related to the SPACGEM PROJECT and the ultimate reduction of malnutrition and gastroenteritis among children under two years old in Jamaica.", "PMID": 111435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9681", "title": "[Effect of drugs used for the prevention of urinary calculi recurrence on the growth and metabolism of young experimental animals].", "content": "In the animal experiment should be made clear whether several medicaments which stood the test in the prevention of relapses of urinary calculi may be used without any danger also in the infantile carrier of concrements. For this purpose young rabbits high doses of diuretics, kation exchangers, aluminium oxide, extracts of the root of rubia tinctorum, succinimide and diphosphonate were given. Growth and development of the animals were negatively influenced by the medicaments, with the exception of the kation exchanger and the extracts of the root of rubia tinctorum. Numerous animals died under the administration of duiretics. The results of the examinations of metabolism only partly allow general conclusions. The medicamentous long-term metaphylaxis of the urolithiasis in childhood is also to be used like dietetic restrictions under strong indication and permanent control.", "contents": "[Effect of drugs used for the prevention of urinary calculi recurrence on the growth and metabolism of young experimental animals]. In the animal experiment should be made clear whether several medicaments which stood the test in the prevention of relapses of urinary calculi may be used without any danger also in the infantile carrier of concrements. For this purpose young rabbits high doses of diuretics, kation exchangers, aluminium oxide, extracts of the root of rubia tinctorum, succinimide and diphosphonate were given. Growth and development of the animals were negatively influenced by the medicaments, with the exception of the kation exchanger and the extracts of the root of rubia tinctorum. Numerous animals died under the administration of duiretics. The results of the examinations of metabolism only partly allow general conclusions. The medicamentous long-term metaphylaxis of the urolithiasis in childhood is also to be used like dietetic restrictions under strong indication and permanent control.", "PMID": 111438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9682", "title": "[Experience with the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate in the management of hirsutism].", "content": "Use of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate in the treatment of hirsutism.--25 women with hirsutism or hypertrichosis faciei were subject to a \"reverse sequential therapy\" with cyproterone acetate (Hammerstein's regimen) for 1 to 3 years. In 8 patients, a limited, in 14 patients a satisfactory and in one woman a good result could be recorded. Cycle irregularities and subjective side effects were within a tolerable range. Studies of the hair pattern in 15 patients revealed a higher telogen rate as well as increased diameters of the hair stalks, compared with controls, in the temporal region of the head. These alterations disappeared in the course of the treatment. In the parietal region of the head no significant differences of the hair pattern were found in comparison with the controls and during application of the steroids.", "contents": "[Experience with the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate in the management of hirsutism]. Use of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate in the treatment of hirsutism.--25 women with hirsutism or hypertrichosis faciei were subject to a \"reverse sequential therapy\" with cyproterone acetate (Hammerstein's regimen) for 1 to 3 years. In 8 patients, a limited, in 14 patients a satisfactory and in one woman a good result could be recorded. Cycle irregularities and subjective side effects were within a tolerable range. Studies of the hair pattern in 15 patients revealed a higher telogen rate as well as increased diameters of the hair stalks, compared with controls, in the temporal region of the head. These alterations disappeared in the course of the treatment. In the parietal region of the head no significant differences of the hair pattern were found in comparison with the controls and during application of the steroids.", "PMID": 111439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9683", "title": "[Heteromorphism of the corynebacteria. III. D- (dark) and C- (clear) cell types and multiseptate specimens].", "content": "A population of Corynebacterium diphtheriae may consist of cells with accented (osmiophilic) cytoplasm (cells of the \"dark\" type, or D type) and cells with cytoplasm having no pronounced osmiophilic properties (cells of the \"clear\" type, or C type). The divergence of the population into cells of the D and C types occurs at the stage of cell division, the original mother cell being able to divide into 2 or more individual cells belonging to different types (elongated multiseptate cells). At the same time no morphological disturbances in septation may be observed. The ability of each type of cells for division into the corresponding individual daughter cells indicates their being biologically valid. The mixed (D--C) population of Corynebacterium diphtheriae is considered to be a sign of the dissociation of bacterial culture.", "contents": "[Heteromorphism of the corynebacteria. III. D- (dark) and C- (clear) cell types and multiseptate specimens]. A population of Corynebacterium diphtheriae may consist of cells with accented (osmiophilic) cytoplasm (cells of the \"dark\" type, or D type) and cells with cytoplasm having no pronounced osmiophilic properties (cells of the \"clear\" type, or C type). The divergence of the population into cells of the D and C types occurs at the stage of cell division, the original mother cell being able to divide into 2 or more individual cells belonging to different types (elongated multiseptate cells). At the same time no morphological disturbances in septation may be observed. The ability of each type of cells for division into the corresponding individual daughter cells indicates their being biologically valid. The mixed (D--C) population of Corynebacterium diphtheriae is considered to be a sign of the dissociation of bacterial culture.", "PMID": 111440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9684", "title": "[Structural changes in spores under high temperature exposure].", "content": "The electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of B. cereus spores showed that no lysis and destructive changes occurred in the main structural components of the spores when heated to 99 degrees C (in distilled water). By the time 99% of the population were destroyed, the spores seemed to preserve the exosporium of the sporoderm, the cortex and the sporoblast intact. Even autoclaving at 120 degrees C for 15 min brought about no visible changes in the ultrastructure of the spores, though it killed the whole spore population.", "contents": "[Structural changes in spores under high temperature exposure]. The electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of B. cereus spores showed that no lysis and destructive changes occurred in the main structural components of the spores when heated to 99 degrees C (in distilled water). By the time 99% of the population were destroyed, the spores seemed to preserve the exosporium of the sporoderm, the cortex and the sporoblast intact. Even autoclaving at 120 degrees C for 15 min brought about no visible changes in the ultrastructure of the spores, though it killed the whole spore population.", "PMID": 111441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9685", "title": "[Experience in using P. hamadryas for assessing the effectiveness of a peroral vaccination method against plague].", "content": "For the first time P. hamadryas were used for studying the effectiveness of oral immunization with dried live plague vaccine. Oral immunization was shown to produce morphological changes in the organs and tissues of the monkeys, which indicated the immune transformation of the organism. The challenge of the immunized animals with the infective agent introduced in aerosol showed the effectiveness of the inhalation and oral methods of immunization. P. hamadryas proved to be a suitable model for the evaluation of the effectiveness of oral vaccination. A more precise quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of oral vaccination against plague requires further research.", "contents": "[Experience in using P. hamadryas for assessing the effectiveness of a peroral vaccination method against plague]. For the first time P. hamadryas were used for studying the effectiveness of oral immunization with dried live plague vaccine. Oral immunization was shown to produce morphological changes in the organs and tissues of the monkeys, which indicated the immune transformation of the organism. The challenge of the immunized animals with the infective agent introduced in aerosol showed the effectiveness of the inhalation and oral methods of immunization. P. hamadryas proved to be a suitable model for the evaluation of the effectiveness of oral vaccination. A more precise quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of oral vaccination against plague requires further research.", "PMID": 111442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9686", "title": "[Pathogenicity of clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa].", "content": "The study of 208 Ps. aeruginosa clinical strains, introduced intraperitoneally into white mice, revealed the statistically significant prevalence of pathogenic cultures (87.5--100%). The pathogenic strains of Ps. aeruginosa were found to have statistically significant differences in their cultural and biochemical properties depending on the kind of clinical material: the strains isolated from blood formed mucoid colonies, the zones of hemolysis and thermolabile or thermostable alkaline phosphatase, and typing could be made in 100% of the isolated cultures; the strains isolated from material of closed cavities formed mucoid colonies and the zones of hemolysis; the pathogenic strains isolated from material of open cavities showed only a tendency towards greater activity in the formation of extracellular sline and greater capacity for the formation of clarification zones on yolk agar as compared with nonpathogenic cultures.", "contents": "[Pathogenicity of clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. The study of 208 Ps. aeruginosa clinical strains, introduced intraperitoneally into white mice, revealed the statistically significant prevalence of pathogenic cultures (87.5--100%). The pathogenic strains of Ps. aeruginosa were found to have statistically significant differences in their cultural and biochemical properties depending on the kind of clinical material: the strains isolated from blood formed mucoid colonies, the zones of hemolysis and thermolabile or thermostable alkaline phosphatase, and typing could be made in 100% of the isolated cultures; the strains isolated from material of closed cavities formed mucoid colonies and the zones of hemolysis; the pathogenic strains isolated from material of open cavities showed only a tendency towards greater activity in the formation of extracellular sline and greater capacity for the formation of clarification zones on yolk agar as compared with nonpathogenic cultures.", "PMID": 111443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9687", "title": "[Use of the A-1 and A-2 elective nutrient media for isolating Ps. aeruginosa].", "content": "A total of 327 samples of material obtained from patients with surgical infection and 434 samples taken from various objects of the hospital environment were studied with the use of elective culture media A-1 and A-2. 72 cultures of Ps. aeruginosa were isolated, their biochemical properties and the character of their growth were studied; and the clinical strains were also tested for sensitivity to phages and antibiotics. In 677 cases the capacity of Ps. aeruginosa to proliferate in media A-1 and A-2 was compared with their capacity to proliferate in other culture media (blood agar, serum agar, Levine's medium). The results of this study showed considerable advantages of the elective culture media under study for the isolation of pseudomonades, especially from the objects of the hospital environment.", "contents": "[Use of the A-1 and A-2 elective nutrient media for isolating Ps. aeruginosa]. A total of 327 samples of material obtained from patients with surgical infection and 434 samples taken from various objects of the hospital environment were studied with the use of elective culture media A-1 and A-2. 72 cultures of Ps. aeruginosa were isolated, their biochemical properties and the character of their growth were studied; and the clinical strains were also tested for sensitivity to phages and antibiotics. In 677 cases the capacity of Ps. aeruginosa to proliferate in media A-1 and A-2 was compared with their capacity to proliferate in other culture media (blood agar, serum agar, Levine's medium). The results of this study showed considerable advantages of the elective culture media under study for the isolation of pseudomonades, especially from the objects of the hospital environment.", "PMID": 111444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9688", "title": "Effect of D-Trp6-LH-RH on the pituitary-gonadal axis during the luteal phase in the baboon.", "content": "An effect of E-Trp6-LH-RH (superactive LH-RH agonist) in the pituitary and ovarian function was examined. Four regularly cycling baboons were used for this study. After determination of control values of plasma levels of LH, oestrogen and progesterone during the entire menstural cycle, D-Trp6-LH-RH was infused subcutaneously for 7 days during the early luteal phase in these four baboons. An infusion of D-Trp6-LH-RH increased plasma LH and oestrogen, but it failed to alter the plasma level of progesterone. From these results, it seems unlikely that 1) D-Trp6-LH-RH has a luteolytic effect, and 2) an increased ovarian oestrogen causes luteolysis in the baboon.", "contents": "Effect of D-Trp6-LH-RH on the pituitary-gonadal axis during the luteal phase in the baboon. An effect of E-Trp6-LH-RH (superactive LH-RH agonist) in the pituitary and ovarian function was examined. Four regularly cycling baboons were used for this study. After determination of control values of plasma levels of LH, oestrogen and progesterone during the entire menstural cycle, D-Trp6-LH-RH was infused subcutaneously for 7 days during the early luteal phase in these four baboons. An infusion of D-Trp6-LH-RH increased plasma LH and oestrogen, but it failed to alter the plasma level of progesterone. From these results, it seems unlikely that 1) D-Trp6-LH-RH has a luteolytic effect, and 2) an increased ovarian oestrogen causes luteolysis in the baboon.", "PMID": 111445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9689", "title": "Suppression of the TSH response to TRH by thyroxine therapy in differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients.", "content": "Absent response of serum thyrotrophin (TSH) after stimulation with 200 micrograms synthetic thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) was used as a criterion of adequate suppression of TSH in the treatment of thyroid carcinoma patients with thyroxine. The mean causing total suppression of the response was 223 micrograms of thyroxine per day. At this dose level about 40% of the patients had serum thyroxine concentrations above the upper reference interval and only 10% had elevated triiodothyronine concentrations. In some patients the TSH response to TRH varied between absent and low normal when tested at long intervals. The ideal dose of thyroxine is obviously slightly higher than the smallest one causing total suppression of the TSH response to TRH, i.e. about 250 micrograms a day. The individual dose must be found using the TRH stimulation test because serum thyroid hormone levels cannot be used as a guideline for adequate dosage. In some patients the thyroid remnant of apparently normal thyroid tissue was not totally suppressed although the thyroxine dose was definitely above the level causing suppression of the response to TRH.", "contents": "Suppression of the TSH response to TRH by thyroxine therapy in differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients. Absent response of serum thyrotrophin (TSH) after stimulation with 200 micrograms synthetic thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) was used as a criterion of adequate suppression of TSH in the treatment of thyroid carcinoma patients with thyroxine. The mean causing total suppression of the response was 223 micrograms of thyroxine per day. At this dose level about 40% of the patients had serum thyroxine concentrations above the upper reference interval and only 10% had elevated triiodothyronine concentrations. In some patients the TSH response to TRH varied between absent and low normal when tested at long intervals. The ideal dose of thyroxine is obviously slightly higher than the smallest one causing total suppression of the TSH response to TRH, i.e. about 250 micrograms a day. The individual dose must be found using the TRH stimulation test because serum thyroid hormone levels cannot be used as a guideline for adequate dosage. In some patients the thyroid remnant of apparently normal thyroid tissue was not totally suppressed although the thyroxine dose was definitely above the level causing suppression of the response to TRH.", "PMID": 111446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9690", "title": "Enhanced TSH stimulating effect of TRH by sulpiride in man.", "content": "Sulpiride, a specific dopaminergic blocker, was administered im to 6 normal male volunteers (100 mg) alone or in association with L-DOPA (500 mg per os, 90 min before sulpiride) or with TRH (400 micrograms iv in bolus, 30 min after sulpiride) and blood samples were obtained for TSH radioimmunoassay at various intervals before and after the treatments. Sulpiride alone produced a slight increase of plasma TSH levels which was inhibited by L-DOPA pre-treatment. The previous administration of sulpiride resulted in a marked increase of the TSH response to TRH. It is suggested that dopamine and TRH may interact to modulate pituitary secretion of both TSH and prolactin, though the hypophyseal thyrotrophs and lactotrophs show a different sensitivity to the common stimulatory and inhibitory substances.", "contents": "Enhanced TSH stimulating effect of TRH by sulpiride in man. Sulpiride, a specific dopaminergic blocker, was administered im to 6 normal male volunteers (100 mg) alone or in association with L-DOPA (500 mg per os, 90 min before sulpiride) or with TRH (400 micrograms iv in bolus, 30 min after sulpiride) and blood samples were obtained for TSH radioimmunoassay at various intervals before and after the treatments. Sulpiride alone produced a slight increase of plasma TSH levels which was inhibited by L-DOPA pre-treatment. The previous administration of sulpiride resulted in a marked increase of the TSH response to TRH. It is suggested that dopamine and TRH may interact to modulate pituitary secretion of both TSH and prolactin, though the hypophyseal thyrotrophs and lactotrophs show a different sensitivity to the common stimulatory and inhibitory substances.", "PMID": 111447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9691", "title": "Effects of methylmercaptoimidazole (MMI), propylthiouracil (PTU), potassium perchlorate (KClO4) and potassium iodide (KI) on the serum concentrations of thyrotrophin (TSH) and thyroid hormones in the rat.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given graded doses of methylmercaptoimidazole (MMI), propylthiouracil (PTU), KClO4 or KI in drinking water for 4 days, or the lowest effective dose of each drug for various times. The rats were sacrificed at 1--2 p.m. and serum T3, T4 and TSH concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassays. It was found that administration of 5 mg/l of MMI, 10 mg/l of PTU and 100 mg/l of KClO4 for 4--14 days induced a transient rise in serum TSH and a fall in serum T3 or T4 or in both. The effects of KI were not consistent. In another series of experiments, PTU (10 mg/l) was given in drinking water for 4 days, and then graded doses of T3 or T4 were given iv, or 100 ng of TRH was injected into a tail vein, or the animals were exposed to 4 degrees C for 30 min. The initial high TSH levels were further increased by TRH and cold and decreased by T3 and T4. The PTU-treated animals had goitres after 4 days. We infer that low doses, that is to say 10--100 times lower than previously described, of antithyroid drugs induce a hypothyroidism characterized by an increased TSH level and a decreased serum T3 or T4 level or both. A 4 days' treatment with PTU (40 mg/l in tap water) is a suitable tool for studying the effect of various conditions on TSH secretion.", "contents": "Effects of methylmercaptoimidazole (MMI), propylthiouracil (PTU), potassium perchlorate (KClO4) and potassium iodide (KI) on the serum concentrations of thyrotrophin (TSH) and thyroid hormones in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given graded doses of methylmercaptoimidazole (MMI), propylthiouracil (PTU), KClO4 or KI in drinking water for 4 days, or the lowest effective dose of each drug for various times. The rats were sacrificed at 1--2 p.m. and serum T3, T4 and TSH concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassays. It was found that administration of 5 mg/l of MMI, 10 mg/l of PTU and 100 mg/l of KClO4 for 4--14 days induced a transient rise in serum TSH and a fall in serum T3 or T4 or in both. The effects of KI were not consistent. In another series of experiments, PTU (10 mg/l) was given in drinking water for 4 days, and then graded doses of T3 or T4 were given iv, or 100 ng of TRH was injected into a tail vein, or the animals were exposed to 4 degrees C for 30 min. The initial high TSH levels were further increased by TRH and cold and decreased by T3 and T4. The PTU-treated animals had goitres after 4 days. We infer that low doses, that is to say 10--100 times lower than previously described, of antithyroid drugs induce a hypothyroidism characterized by an increased TSH level and a decreased serum T3 or T4 level or both. A 4 days' treatment with PTU (40 mg/l in tap water) is a suitable tool for studying the effect of various conditions on TSH secretion.", "PMID": 111448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9692", "title": "Effect of two sulphonylureas on the dose kinetics of glucose-induced insulin release in normal and diabetic subjects.", "content": "The effect of two second generation sulphonylureas, gliquidone and glibenclamide, on insulin secretion has been studied in the basal state and in combination with glucose infusions in normal controls, patients with mild maturity-onset diabetes, and subjects with normal glucose tolerance but low insulin response. When injected intravenously, gliquidone caused rapid elevation of plasma insulin, peaking at 5 min in all groups, while glibenclamide induced a slow rise in insulin. Insulin response was somewhat smaller than normal in diabetics and low insulin responders. In all groups, 25 micrograms/kg glibenclamide and 200 micrograms/kg gliquidone were equipotent in generating an insulin response at the basal state. Equipotent amounts of sulphonylureas were combined with glucose in fusions at three different dose levels. The glucose-insulin dose relationships, established by giving glucose alone, demonstrated curves that were flatter, and shifted to the right of the control in diabetics and low insulin responders, the changes being more marked in the former group. Addition of sulphonylurea induced a left shift in the dose-response relationships in controls and low insulin responders; under these conditions the effect of glibenclamide was more pronounced than that of gliquidone. The dose-response relation for glucose-induced insulin release was completely normalized in low responders when sulphonylureas were added. In the group of mild diabetics, insulin response to glucose was enhanced by sulphonylureas only to a modest extent, the dose-response curves remaining grossly abnormal.", "contents": "Effect of two sulphonylureas on the dose kinetics of glucose-induced insulin release in normal and diabetic subjects. The effect of two second generation sulphonylureas, gliquidone and glibenclamide, on insulin secretion has been studied in the basal state and in combination with glucose infusions in normal controls, patients with mild maturity-onset diabetes, and subjects with normal glucose tolerance but low insulin response. When injected intravenously, gliquidone caused rapid elevation of plasma insulin, peaking at 5 min in all groups, while glibenclamide induced a slow rise in insulin. Insulin response was somewhat smaller than normal in diabetics and low insulin responders. In all groups, 25 micrograms/kg glibenclamide and 200 micrograms/kg gliquidone were equipotent in generating an insulin response at the basal state. Equipotent amounts of sulphonylureas were combined with glucose in fusions at three different dose levels. The glucose-insulin dose relationships, established by giving glucose alone, demonstrated curves that were flatter, and shifted to the right of the control in diabetics and low insulin responders, the changes being more marked in the former group. Addition of sulphonylurea induced a left shift in the dose-response relationships in controls and low insulin responders; under these conditions the effect of glibenclamide was more pronounced than that of gliquidone. The dose-response relation for glucose-induced insulin release was completely normalized in low responders when sulphonylureas were added. In the group of mild diabetics, insulin response to glucose was enhanced by sulphonylureas only to a modest extent, the dose-response curves remaining grossly abnormal.", "PMID": 111449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9693", "title": "Drug-induced kinetic perturbations of the marrow blasts in acute leukemia. Effects of the daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine combination.", "content": "Cell kinetic changes induced in the marrow blasts by treatment with a triple cytotoxic regimen including daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine (DAT) were investigated in 6 previously untreated acute nonlymphocytic leukemia patients. A decrease in the labeling and mitotic indices was consistently observed 24 h after administration of daunorubicin, suggesting a G2 block and a preferential lytic effect on the S-phase cells operated by the drug. Conversely, cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine in combination induced a series of kinetic perturbations variable from case to case; however, three principal patterns of kinetic response were recogized and discussed in detail. Useful information for the planning of a more rational antileukemic therapy can be drawn from a systematic study of the kinetic effects induced by drug combinations.", "contents": "Drug-induced kinetic perturbations of the marrow blasts in acute leukemia. Effects of the daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine combination. Cell kinetic changes induced in the marrow blasts by treatment with a triple cytotoxic regimen including daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine (DAT) were investigated in 6 previously untreated acute nonlymphocytic leukemia patients. A decrease in the labeling and mitotic indices was consistently observed 24 h after administration of daunorubicin, suggesting a G2 block and a preferential lytic effect on the S-phase cells operated by the drug. Conversely, cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine in combination induced a series of kinetic perturbations variable from case to case; however, three principal patterns of kinetic response were recogized and discussed in detail. Useful information for the planning of a more rational antileukemic therapy can be drawn from a systematic study of the kinetic effects induced by drug combinations.", "PMID": 111451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9694", "title": "A modified assay for studies of cultured granulocyte precursors: cryopreservation of stimulating mononuclear cells.", "content": "Mononuclear cells (MNC), isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors, were cryoprotected by dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in liquid nitrogen. Colony-stimulating factor (CSF), produced by cryopreserved MNC, was compared with that of nonfrozen controls in a double-layer agar system with human bone marrow as target cells. Our results indicate that cryopreserved MNC retain their ability to stimulate myelopoiesis-committed stem cells after freezing. In addition, evidence was obtained that CSF of feeder layers changes, depending on the duration of preincubation and cell concentration. In a system where either stimulating or target cells are cryopreserved the dynamics of interactions between normal or abnormal cell lines can thus be studied.", "contents": "A modified assay for studies of cultured granulocyte precursors: cryopreservation of stimulating mononuclear cells. Mononuclear cells (MNC), isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors, were cryoprotected by dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in liquid nitrogen. Colony-stimulating factor (CSF), produced by cryopreserved MNC, was compared with that of nonfrozen controls in a double-layer agar system with human bone marrow as target cells. Our results indicate that cryopreserved MNC retain their ability to stimulate myelopoiesis-committed stem cells after freezing. In addition, evidence was obtained that CSF of feeder layers changes, depending on the duration of preincubation and cell concentration. In a system where either stimulating or target cells are cryopreserved the dynamics of interactions between normal or abnormal cell lines can thus be studied.", "PMID": 111452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9695", "title": "Erythroid repopulating ability of bone marrow cells in polycythaemic mice.", "content": "The erythroid repopulating ability (ERA) of femoral bone marrow cells was determined in polycythaemic CBA, C57Bl and Balb/c mice. Polycythaemia was induced by hypertransfusion or exposure to chronic hypoxia in silicone rubber membrane enclosures. The results obtained demonstrate decreased ERA after both types of polycythaemia, with the exception of ex-hypoxic Balb/c mice. A decrease in the number of erythroid repopulating cells in DNA synthesis was found in hypertransfused and exhypoxic CBA mice in comparison to normal values. These studies indirectly indicate the contribution of cells committed to erythropoiesis in measurement of ERA.", "contents": "Erythroid repopulating ability of bone marrow cells in polycythaemic mice. The erythroid repopulating ability (ERA) of femoral bone marrow cells was determined in polycythaemic CBA, C57Bl and Balb/c mice. Polycythaemia was induced by hypertransfusion or exposure to chronic hypoxia in silicone rubber membrane enclosures. The results obtained demonstrate decreased ERA after both types of polycythaemia, with the exception of ex-hypoxic Balb/c mice. A decrease in the number of erythroid repopulating cells in DNA synthesis was found in hypertransfused and exhypoxic CBA mice in comparison to normal values. These studies indirectly indicate the contribution of cells committed to erythropoiesis in measurement of ERA.", "PMID": 111453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9696", "title": "Biosynthetic studies and gamma-chain composition in the Greek type of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin and in its association with beta-thalassemia.", "content": "Hematological data, biosynthetic studies and gamma-chain structure of three heterozygotes for HPFH Greek type and of two heterozygotes for both HPFH and beta-thalassemia are reported. In the HPFH heterozygotes, hematological data were normal and globin chain synthesis balanced, while subjects carrying both HPFH and beta-thalassemia presented a thalassemic picture and the same degree of alpha/non-alpha-chain imbalance as the beta-thalassemia carrier belonging to the same family. The gamma-chain composition studies showed only the presence of Agamma-chains in HPFH; in the association HPFH/beta-thalassemia also some Ggamma and Tgamma were found. The mechanisms determining the high production of Hb F in the association HPFH/beta-thalassemia are discussed.", "contents": "Biosynthetic studies and gamma-chain composition in the Greek type of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin and in its association with beta-thalassemia. Hematological data, biosynthetic studies and gamma-chain structure of three heterozygotes for HPFH Greek type and of two heterozygotes for both HPFH and beta-thalassemia are reported. In the HPFH heterozygotes, hematological data were normal and globin chain synthesis balanced, while subjects carrying both HPFH and beta-thalassemia presented a thalassemic picture and the same degree of alpha/non-alpha-chain imbalance as the beta-thalassemia carrier belonging to the same family. The gamma-chain composition studies showed only the presence of Agamma-chains in HPFH; in the association HPFH/beta-thalassemia also some Ggamma and Tgamma were found. The mechanisms determining the high production of Hb F in the association HPFH/beta-thalassemia are discussed.", "PMID": 111454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9697", "title": "The unstable Hb Genova (beta 28Leu replaced by Pro) in an East African Family. Family study and the effect of splenectomy.", "content": "A fifth family with the unstable Hb Genova is reported from Kenya, East Africa. This almost certainly represents an independent mutation. The beneficial effect of splenectomy has been carefully assessed in one member of the family.", "contents": "The unstable Hb Genova (beta 28Leu replaced by Pro) in an East African Family. Family study and the effect of splenectomy. A fifth family with the unstable Hb Genova is reported from Kenya, East Africa. This almost certainly represents an independent mutation. The beneficial effect of splenectomy has been carefully assessed in one member of the family.", "PMID": 111455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9698", "title": "Reticuloendothelial phagocytic function in children with beta-thalassemia major.", "content": "Reticuloendothelial phagocytic capacity (REPC) was determined in 14 children with beta-thalassemia major, by means of technetium 99m sulfur colloid uptake, who had not had splenectomy. No difference was observed in the REPC between patient and controls. The REPC of liver and spleen were evaluated separately by determining the half-time for the clearance of 99mTc from the blood. The REPC of both liver and spleen in patients was expected to be decreased when compared with controls; however, we found that the REPC of the liver was increased in patients and that there was no difference between patients' and controls' spleen values. This suggests that chronic anemia and hemosiderosis do not alter the REPC in beta-thalassemia major.", "contents": "Reticuloendothelial phagocytic function in children with beta-thalassemia major. Reticuloendothelial phagocytic capacity (REPC) was determined in 14 children with beta-thalassemia major, by means of technetium 99m sulfur colloid uptake, who had not had splenectomy. No difference was observed in the REPC between patient and controls. The REPC of liver and spleen were evaluated separately by determining the half-time for the clearance of 99mTc from the blood. The REPC of both liver and spleen in patients was expected to be decreased when compared with controls; however, we found that the REPC of the liver was increased in patients and that there was no difference between patients' and controls' spleen values. This suggests that chronic anemia and hemosiderosis do not alter the REPC in beta-thalassemia major.", "PMID": 111456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9699", "title": "Identification of an erythrocyte pyruvate kinase variant in a family from Latium with non-spherocytic congenital haemolytic anaemia.", "content": "Erythrocyte PK deficiency was detected in a family from Latium in Italy. This PK variant is characterized by normal or increased activity immediately after blood collection, instability to storage, to heat and to urea. Only in the propositus the mutant enzyme exhibited an increased Michaelis constant for PEP, slightly increased inhibition by ATP and an altered optimum pH value. The kinetic anomaly was only partially corrected by activation with F-1, 6-DP and by addition of 2-ME. From these results it can be concluded that in the family observed two distinct erythrocyte PK alterations were demonstrable: instability in the propositus and his father; low affinity for PEP and altered optimum pH value only in the propositus.", "contents": "Identification of an erythrocyte pyruvate kinase variant in a family from Latium with non-spherocytic congenital haemolytic anaemia. Erythrocyte PK deficiency was detected in a family from Latium in Italy. This PK variant is characterized by normal or increased activity immediately after blood collection, instability to storage, to heat and to urea. Only in the propositus the mutant enzyme exhibited an increased Michaelis constant for PEP, slightly increased inhibition by ATP and an altered optimum pH value. The kinetic anomaly was only partially corrected by activation with F-1, 6-DP and by addition of 2-ME. From these results it can be concluded that in the family observed two distinct erythrocyte PK alterations were demonstrable: instability in the propositus and his father; low affinity for PEP and altered optimum pH value only in the propositus.", "PMID": 111457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9700", "title": "Differences between individuals with hemoglobins Istanbul and Saint-Etienne (alpha 2 beta 2 92F8 His replaced by Gln).", "content": "The unstable hemoglobins Istanbul and Saint-Etienne have the same amino acid substitution (alpha 2 beta 2 92F8 His leads to Gln). Despite this, there are some clinical and hematological differences between the individual with Hb Istanbul and the one with Hb Saint-Etienne. These are: (1) the clinical course of the patient with Hb Istanbul before splenectomy was more severe when compared with that of the individual with Hb Saint-Etienne; (2) although Hb F was found within normal range in the individual with Hb Istanbul, a high level of Hb F (19%) was observed in the patient with Hb Saint-Etienne. The alkali-resistant Hb found in the former was of adult type and in the latter case it was of fetal type. The possible explanations for these differences are discussed.", "contents": "Differences between individuals with hemoglobins Istanbul and Saint-Etienne (alpha 2 beta 2 92F8 His replaced by Gln). The unstable hemoglobins Istanbul and Saint-Etienne have the same amino acid substitution (alpha 2 beta 2 92F8 His leads to Gln). Despite this, there are some clinical and hematological differences between the individual with Hb Istanbul and the one with Hb Saint-Etienne. These are: (1) the clinical course of the patient with Hb Istanbul before splenectomy was more severe when compared with that of the individual with Hb Saint-Etienne; (2) although Hb F was found within normal range in the individual with Hb Istanbul, a high level of Hb F (19%) was observed in the patient with Hb Saint-Etienne. The alkali-resistant Hb found in the former was of adult type and in the latter case it was of fetal type. The possible explanations for these differences are discussed.", "PMID": 111458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9701", "title": "Two cases of acute leukaemia in pregnancy.", "content": "2 cases of acute leukaemia which developed in the course of pregnancy are reported. The first was a 34-year-old woman who presented with acute myeloblastic leukaemia late in the second trimester and received combination chemotherapy. A normal male infant was delivered. The second patient, aged 24 years, presented with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia early in the second trimester and was treated with the same regime. Pre-eclamptic toxaemia developed at 29 weeks gestation. Intra-uterine death was confirmed 1 week later.", "contents": "Two cases of acute leukaemia in pregnancy. 2 cases of acute leukaemia which developed in the course of pregnancy are reported. The first was a 34-year-old woman who presented with acute myeloblastic leukaemia late in the second trimester and received combination chemotherapy. A normal male infant was delivered. The second patient, aged 24 years, presented with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia early in the second trimester and was treated with the same regime. Pre-eclamptic toxaemia developed at 29 weeks gestation. Intra-uterine death was confirmed 1 week later.", "PMID": 111459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9702", "title": "Effect of long term treatment with hydrophilic colloid on serum lipids.", "content": "Thirteen patients with essential hyperlipoproteinaemia were treated over periods of 2--29 months with hydrophilic colloid made from Psyllium. Reduction of the increased serum cholesterol levels averaged 16.9 per cent, and the corresponding figure for the increased triglyceride levels was 52.0 per cent. The reduction of cholesterol and triglyceride was statistically significant (p less than 0.0025 and p less than 0.0005 respectively). No significant change in normal blood lipid levels was observed on administration of the Psyllium colloid.", "contents": "Effect of long term treatment with hydrophilic colloid on serum lipids. Thirteen patients with essential hyperlipoproteinaemia were treated over periods of 2--29 months with hydrophilic colloid made from Psyllium. Reduction of the increased serum cholesterol levels averaged 16.9 per cent, and the corresponding figure for the increased triglyceride levels was 52.0 per cent. The reduction of cholesterol and triglyceride was statistically significant (p less than 0.0025 and p less than 0.0005 respectively). No significant change in normal blood lipid levels was observed on administration of the Psyllium colloid.", "PMID": 111460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9703", "title": "Vaterian diverticula as a cause of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "The association of duodenal diverticula and pancreatitis is rare. Various types of such diverticula are reviewed, especially intra- and extraluminal Vaterian diverticula in which common and pancreatic duct terminate. The pathogenesis of the pancreatitis in case of interposed Vaterian diverticula is thought to be mechanical by means of the creation of a closed Vaterian pouch in which higher pressures produce reflux of bile and pancreatic enzymes. Two patients with this particular type of duodenal diverticula are presented.", "contents": "Vaterian diverticula as a cause of acute pancreatitis. The association of duodenal diverticula and pancreatitis is rare. Various types of such diverticula are reviewed, especially intra- and extraluminal Vaterian diverticula in which common and pancreatic duct terminate. The pathogenesis of the pancreatitis in case of interposed Vaterian diverticula is thought to be mechanical by means of the creation of a closed Vaterian pouch in which higher pressures produce reflux of bile and pancreatic enzymes. Two patients with this particular type of duodenal diverticula are presented.", "PMID": 111461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9704", "title": "Neurotoxicity of sodium cyanate. New pathological and ultrastructural observations in Maccaca nemestrina.", "content": "The effects of sodium cyanate (NaNCO) on the nervous system of Maccaca nemestrina were studied at 2, 4, and 6 months of administration of the drug. The two groups injected with daily doses of 35 and 25 mg/kg/day of Na-cyanate developed a predominantly demyelinating lesion in the pyramidal tracts of the spinal cord. No neuronal changes were observed in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, midbrain, medulla or anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. There was no evidence of peripheral neuropathy. A comparison between the cyanate induced neuropathy in the rat and in the primate was drawn. Ultrastructurally, both species developed a demyelinating process of central or peripheral myelin characterized by vacuolation of the myelin sheath, removal of myelin debris by macrophages and re-myelination. There was little evidence of axoplasmic damage except for an occasional distended fiber containing abundant dense bodies and whorls of neurofilaments. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells were electron microscopically intact and participated actively in remyelination. Maccacas maintained at 15 mg/day and sham animals remained normal clinically and anatomically. The predominantly myelinotoxic effect of cyanate is similar to that produced by other myelinotoxic agents and is attributed to a selective modification of myelin proteins by carbamylation.", "contents": "Neurotoxicity of sodium cyanate. New pathological and ultrastructural observations in Maccaca nemestrina. The effects of sodium cyanate (NaNCO) on the nervous system of Maccaca nemestrina were studied at 2, 4, and 6 months of administration of the drug. The two groups injected with daily doses of 35 and 25 mg/kg/day of Na-cyanate developed a predominantly demyelinating lesion in the pyramidal tracts of the spinal cord. No neuronal changes were observed in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, midbrain, medulla or anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. There was no evidence of peripheral neuropathy. A comparison between the cyanate induced neuropathy in the rat and in the primate was drawn. Ultrastructurally, both species developed a demyelinating process of central or peripheral myelin characterized by vacuolation of the myelin sheath, removal of myelin debris by macrophages and re-myelination. There was little evidence of axoplasmic damage except for an occasional distended fiber containing abundant dense bodies and whorls of neurofilaments. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells were electron microscopically intact and participated actively in remyelination. Maccacas maintained at 15 mg/day and sham animals remained normal clinically and anatomically. The predominantly myelinotoxic effect of cyanate is similar to that produced by other myelinotoxic agents and is attributed to a selective modification of myelin proteins by carbamylation.", "PMID": 111462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9705", "title": "Side-effects of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors.", "content": "A short review is given of some of the adverse reactions to prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Broadly, these side-effects can be divided into those common to the whole group, and those more or less characteristic of the individual drugs. Among the former, symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract and from the central nervous system are the most conspicuous. Skin reactions, bronchospasm, and serious blood dyscrasias have been reported for several of these drugs and the list of more rare side-effects is long. It is concluded that drugs like phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone should not be used for treatment of dysmenorrhea because of the risks of serious adverse reactions. However, even if among the newly introduced compounds none can be said to be free from risks, some seem to have an acceptable ratio between therapeutic efficacy and side-effects.", "contents": "Side-effects of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. A short review is given of some of the adverse reactions to prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Broadly, these side-effects can be divided into those common to the whole group, and those more or less characteristic of the individual drugs. Among the former, symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract and from the central nervous system are the most conspicuous. Skin reactions, bronchospasm, and serious blood dyscrasias have been reported for several of these drugs and the list of more rare side-effects is long. It is concluded that drugs like phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone should not be used for treatment of dysmenorrhea because of the risks of serious adverse reactions. However, even if among the newly introduced compounds none can be said to be free from risks, some seem to have an acceptable ratio between therapeutic efficacy and side-effects.", "PMID": 111463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9706", "title": "Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Drugs which affect arachidonic acid metabolism.", "content": "Drugs may alter prostaglandin production by acting on the various pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. The liberation of arachidonic acid from membrane-bound phospholipids, induced by the enzyme phospholipase A2, may be inhibited by mepacrine and the steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The bio-transformation of the free arachidonic acid, by the enzyme cyclooxygenase, to the unstable endoperoxide intermediates is inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Thus, the generation of all the prostaglandin products is prevented. This action can explain the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic actions as well as the ulcerogenic properties of these aspirin-like compounds. An alternative metabolic pathway of arachidonic acid, via the lipoxygenase system, can be inhibited by an acetylenic analogue and a newer compound, phenidone. The unstable endoperoxide intermediates can be transformed by blood platelets into the pro-aggregating products, thromboxanes. This pathway can be selectively inhibited by a variety of experimental compounds. Prostacyclin, a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation is the major product of endoperoxide transformation in blood vessels. Its formation can be inhibited by lipid peroxides. Selective actions on one or more steps in arachidonic acid metabolism can lead to a different profile of the products subsequently generated. Such a diversion of biosynthetic pathways may be an underlying mechanism in certain pathological conditions, perhaps even in dysmenorrhea.", "contents": "Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Drugs which affect arachidonic acid metabolism. Drugs may alter prostaglandin production by acting on the various pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. The liberation of arachidonic acid from membrane-bound phospholipids, induced by the enzyme phospholipase A2, may be inhibited by mepacrine and the steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The bio-transformation of the free arachidonic acid, by the enzyme cyclooxygenase, to the unstable endoperoxide intermediates is inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Thus, the generation of all the prostaglandin products is prevented. This action can explain the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic actions as well as the ulcerogenic properties of these aspirin-like compounds. An alternative metabolic pathway of arachidonic acid, via the lipoxygenase system, can be inhibited by an acetylenic analogue and a newer compound, phenidone. The unstable endoperoxide intermediates can be transformed by blood platelets into the pro-aggregating products, thromboxanes. This pathway can be selectively inhibited by a variety of experimental compounds. Prostacyclin, a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation is the major product of endoperoxide transformation in blood vessels. Its formation can be inhibited by lipid peroxides. Selective actions on one or more steps in arachidonic acid metabolism can lead to a different profile of the products subsequently generated. Such a diversion of biosynthetic pathways may be an underlying mechanism in certain pathological conditions, perhaps even in dysmenorrhea.", "PMID": 111464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9707", "title": "Suppression of uterine activity by prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors.", "content": "During hypertonic saline induction, the evolution of intrauterine pressure, the oxytocin response and abortion were delayed in naproxen-treated patients. The PG synthesis inhibitors naproxen, mefenamic acid and ibuprofen decreased the high uterine resting pressure ('tone'), the frequency of contractions but not always the active pressure ('amplitude') in dysmenorrheic patients, with a coincident decrease in pain. The naproxen-sodium treatment decreased prostaglandins F and E in menstrual blood and uterine jet washings by 60--80 per cent.", "contents": "Suppression of uterine activity by prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. During hypertonic saline induction, the evolution of intrauterine pressure, the oxytocin response and abortion were delayed in naproxen-treated patients. The PG synthesis inhibitors naproxen, mefenamic acid and ibuprofen decreased the high uterine resting pressure ('tone'), the frequency of contractions but not always the active pressure ('amplitude') in dysmenorrheic patients, with a coincident decrease in pain. The naproxen-sodium treatment decreased prostaglandins F and E in menstrual blood and uterine jet washings by 60--80 per cent.", "PMID": 111465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9708", "title": "Endogenous prostaglandins in dysmenorrhea and the effect of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (PGSI) on uterine contractility.", "content": "The plasma concentration of 13,14-dihydro-PGF2 alpha during menstruation were determined by gas chromatography in 6 non-dysmenorrheic and 10 dysmenorrheic women. Nine out of 10 dysmenorrheic women were found to have increased levels (greater than 50 pg/ml) of the metabolite compared with mean level 25 pg/ml for non-dysmenorrheic women. All 9 women with elevated PGF2 alpha-metabolite levels responded favourably to treatment of dysmenorrhea with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Determinations of PGF2 alpha in the endometrium carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed 4 times higher concentrations in 5 dysmenorrheic women compared with 5 non-dysmenorrheic subjects. Treatment of dysmenorrhea with placebo or naproxen 250 mg and 500 mg in 6 patients resulted in decrease in tonus and amplitude of the contractions with a more rapid effect following administration of naproxen 500 mg while no effect was seen in 5 out of 6 patients following administration of placebo.", "contents": "Endogenous prostaglandins in dysmenorrhea and the effect of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (PGSI) on uterine contractility. The plasma concentration of 13,14-dihydro-PGF2 alpha during menstruation were determined by gas chromatography in 6 non-dysmenorrheic and 10 dysmenorrheic women. Nine out of 10 dysmenorrheic women were found to have increased levels (greater than 50 pg/ml) of the metabolite compared with mean level 25 pg/ml for non-dysmenorrheic women. All 9 women with elevated PGF2 alpha-metabolite levels responded favourably to treatment of dysmenorrhea with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Determinations of PGF2 alpha in the endometrium carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed 4 times higher concentrations in 5 dysmenorrheic women compared with 5 non-dysmenorrheic subjects. Treatment of dysmenorrhea with placebo or naproxen 250 mg and 500 mg in 6 patients resulted in decrease in tonus and amplitude of the contractions with a more rapid effect following administration of naproxen 500 mg while no effect was seen in 5 out of 6 patients following administration of placebo.", "PMID": 111466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9709", "title": "Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors and dysmenorrhea. A survey and personal clinical experience.", "content": "A survey of earlier published studies on treatment of dysmenorrhea with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors is given and personal clinical experiences are presented. The time when treatment should start in relation to the onset of bleeding is also discussed. A survey of studies published in English and Scandinavian literature yielded 532 patients. Pain relief was experienced in 64 to 100 per cent of the patients in these studies. The incidence of side-effects has generally been low but in a few studies a high incidence was reported. In the current study 34 patients with prinary dysmenorrhea completed the douule-blind, placebo controlled study on naproxen. The patients were treated for two cycles, 16 with naproxen and 18 with placebo. The mean relief score indicated a \"slight to good\" pain relief in the naproxen group and \"no alleviation\" in the placebo group. The difference is statistically significant (p = 0.003). Supplementary medication was much more used in the placebo group compared to the naproxen group (p = 0.01). In the placebo group no change whatsoever was demonstrated in alleviation of interference with every-day life, whereas there was a statistically significant improvement in the naproxen group. No major side-effect was registered. Thus none of the subjects withdrew from the study.", "contents": "Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors and dysmenorrhea. A survey and personal clinical experience. A survey of earlier published studies on treatment of dysmenorrhea with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors is given and personal clinical experiences are presented. The time when treatment should start in relation to the onset of bleeding is also discussed. A survey of studies published in English and Scandinavian literature yielded 532 patients. Pain relief was experienced in 64 to 100 per cent of the patients in these studies. The incidence of side-effects has generally been low but in a few studies a high incidence was reported. In the current study 34 patients with prinary dysmenorrhea completed the douule-blind, placebo controlled study on naproxen. The patients were treated for two cycles, 16 with naproxen and 18 with placebo. The mean relief score indicated a \"slight to good\" pain relief in the naproxen group and \"no alleviation\" in the placebo group. The difference is statistically significant (p = 0.003). Supplementary medication was much more used in the placebo group compared to the naproxen group (p = 0.01). In the placebo group no change whatsoever was demonstrated in alleviation of interference with every-day life, whereas there was a statistically significant improvement in the naproxen group. No major side-effect was registered. Thus none of the subjects withdrew from the study.", "PMID": 111467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9710", "title": "Influence of surface lipids on skin carcinogenesis in rats.", "content": "Skin tumours were indeuced in female Wistar SPF-rats by different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP), dibenz[alpha, h]anthracene (DBA), 7,12-dimethylbenz]alpha]anthracene (DMBA), and 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) being applied on the dorsal skin of 20 rats each. DBA was not carcinogenic under the experimental conditions. DMBA proved the most potent carcinogen, and MCA was more potent than BP. Half of the animals in each group underwent skin-surface lipid extraction (SSLE) before the application of carcinogen. SSLE did not influence the cumulative number of rats with skin tumours during an observation period of 15 months nor the type of tumours induced. The lipid extraction, however, increased the latency period and decreased the rate of tumour development when BP and MCA acted as carcinogens. On the contrary, SSLE enhanced the rate of tumour production by DMBA and reduced the latency period. The role of sebum and its composition in skin carcinogenesis is discussed, and an explanation of the different influence of SSLE on BP and MCA carcinogenesis is discussed, and and explanation of the different influence of SSLE  on BP and MCA carcinogenesis in contrast to DMBA carcinogenesis is sought in differences in metabolic activation of the carcinogens.", "contents": "Influence of surface lipids on skin carcinogenesis in rats. Skin tumours were indeuced in female Wistar SPF-rats by different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP), dibenz[alpha, h]anthracene (DBA), 7,12-dimethylbenz]alpha]anthracene (DMBA), and 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) being applied on the dorsal skin of 20 rats each. DBA was not carcinogenic under the experimental conditions. DMBA proved the most potent carcinogen, and MCA was more potent than BP. Half of the animals in each group underwent skin-surface lipid extraction (SSLE) before the application of carcinogen. SSLE did not influence the cumulative number of rats with skin tumours during an observation period of 15 months nor the type of tumours induced. The lipid extraction, however, increased the latency period and decreased the rate of tumour development when BP and MCA acted as carcinogens. On the contrary, SSLE enhanced the rate of tumour production by DMBA and reduced the latency period. The role of sebum and its composition in skin carcinogenesis is discussed, and an explanation of the different influence of SSLE on BP and MCA carcinogenesis is discussed, and and explanation of the different influence of SSLE  on BP and MCA carcinogenesis in contrast to DMBA carcinogenesis is sought in differences in metabolic activation of the carcinogens.", "PMID": 111469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9711", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase activity in mouse endocrine pancreas.", "content": "Histochemical staining for carbonic anhydrase (CAH) was demonstrated in the mouse pancreas. Light microscopically, a strong reaction for CAH was found in the B-cell region of the islets, in blood vessels inside and outside the islets, and in centroacinar cells and ductules. In contrast, no distinct reaction was seen in the peripheral A- and D-cell regions of the islets, or in the cytoplasm of the acinar cells. A weak, irregular staining could, however, be observed in some nuclei of the acinar parenchyma. A newly-developed ultrastructural modification disclosed a distinct reaction in a varying number of the secretory granules of the B-cells, whereas a sparse, irregularly-distributed reaction was observed in the nuclei and cytoplasmic ground substance, and in association to the plasma membranes and microvilli of these cells. The CAH reaction was in all portions of the pancreas abolished by acetazolamide. The specificity of these results is discussed. The findings are suggested to indicate presence of a true CAH activity in the B-cells of the mouse pancreas.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase activity in mouse endocrine pancreas. Histochemical staining for carbonic anhydrase (CAH) was demonstrated in the mouse pancreas. Light microscopically, a strong reaction for CAH was found in the B-cell region of the islets, in blood vessels inside and outside the islets, and in centroacinar cells and ductules. In contrast, no distinct reaction was seen in the peripheral A- and D-cell regions of the islets, or in the cytoplasm of the acinar cells. A weak, irregular staining could, however, be observed in some nuclei of the acinar parenchyma. A newly-developed ultrastructural modification disclosed a distinct reaction in a varying number of the secretory granules of the B-cells, whereas a sparse, irregularly-distributed reaction was observed in the nuclei and cytoplasmic ground substance, and in association to the plasma membranes and microvilli of these cells. The CAH reaction was in all portions of the pancreas abolished by acetazolamide. The specificity of these results is discussed. The findings are suggested to indicate presence of a true CAH activity in the B-cells of the mouse pancreas.", "PMID": 111470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9712", "title": "The effect of centrally administered TRH on blood pressure, heart rate and ventilation in rat.", "content": "Different doses (3, 16, 80, 400 and 2 000 ng per rat) of TRH or alternatively saline were infused into the lateral ventricle of urethane-anaesthetized rats and blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate and tidal volume were recorded. A dose of 3 ng TRH caused a significant elevation of blood pressure and heart rate, whereas 16 ng was needed for respiration rate to be elevated. There was no change in respiratory minute volume during the experiment. We conclude that TRH has profound physiological effects and that TRH, given centrally, is a potent hypertensive, chronotropic and tachypnoeic agent.", "contents": "The effect of centrally administered TRH on blood pressure, heart rate and ventilation in rat. Different doses (3, 16, 80, 400 and 2 000 ng per rat) of TRH or alternatively saline were infused into the lateral ventricle of urethane-anaesthetized rats and blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate and tidal volume were recorded. A dose of 3 ng TRH caused a significant elevation of blood pressure and heart rate, whereas 16 ng was needed for respiration rate to be elevated. There was no change in respiratory minute volume during the experiment. We conclude that TRH has profound physiological effects and that TRH, given centrally, is a potent hypertensive, chronotropic and tachypnoeic agent.", "PMID": 111471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9713", "title": "Thyroid hormones and TSH, prolactin and LH responses to repeated TRH and LRH injections in depressed patients.", "content": "Twelve patients with unipolar depressive disorders received 600 microgram of synthetic TRH or LRH, in a random order, for 3 days each. Placebo injections were given as two 3-day courses prior to and between the active treatments. Serum TSH, prolactin (Prl) and LH were measured by radioimmunoassays prior to the experiment as well as immediately before and 20 min after each injection. Serum T4 and T3 were determined by radioimmunoassays before the treatments and 24 h after the first two TRH injections. Serum T4 level in depressed patients did not differ from controls. Serum T3 level in depressed patients was significantly below, and the reverse T3 level was slightly above the normal mean. However, the latter difference was not statistically significant due to the large variation of rT3 levels among the depressed patients. The TSH  responses did not differ from that of controls after the first injection but the responses after the second injection were lower than in a control study. The Prl responses to TRH were sub-normal in seven out of eight patients. Blunted LH responses to LRH were seen in three patients.", "contents": "Thyroid hormones and TSH, prolactin and LH responses to repeated TRH and LRH injections in depressed patients. Twelve patients with unipolar depressive disorders received 600 microgram of synthetic TRH or LRH, in a random order, for 3 days each. Placebo injections were given as two 3-day courses prior to and between the active treatments. Serum TSH, prolactin (Prl) and LH were measured by radioimmunoassays prior to the experiment as well as immediately before and 20 min after each injection. Serum T4 and T3 were determined by radioimmunoassays before the treatments and 24 h after the first two TRH injections. Serum T4 level in depressed patients did not differ from controls. Serum T3 level in depressed patients was significantly below, and the reverse T3 level was slightly above the normal mean. However, the latter difference was not statistically significant due to the large variation of rT3 levels among the depressed patients. The TSH  responses did not differ from that of controls after the first injection but the responses after the second injection were lower than in a control study. The Prl responses to TRH were sub-normal in seven out of eight patients. Blunted LH responses to LRH were seen in three patients.", "PMID": 111472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9714", "title": "Inhibitory effect of charcoal-treated porcine follicular fluid upon serum FSH levels and follicular development in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Injection of charcoal treated porcine follicular fluid into 4 intact, 4 long term castrate and 2 postmenopausal rhesus monkeys brought about a selective decline in serum FSH levels. Luteinizing hormone levels were not significantly decreased. Intraperitoneal injection of 4 ml porcine follicular fluid every 8 hours for the first 4 days of the menstrual cycle led to a decrease in follicle and granulosa cell growth observed at that midcycle. Treatment with porcine serum did not exert this effect.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of charcoal-treated porcine follicular fluid upon serum FSH levels and follicular development in the rhesus monkey. Injection of charcoal treated porcine follicular fluid into 4 intact, 4 long term castrate and 2 postmenopausal rhesus monkeys brought about a selective decline in serum FSH levels. Luteinizing hormone levels were not significantly decreased. Intraperitoneal injection of 4 ml porcine follicular fluid every 8 hours for the first 4 days of the menstrual cycle led to a decrease in follicle and granulosa cell growth observed at that midcycle. Treatment with porcine serum did not exert this effect.", "PMID": 111474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9715", "title": "Luteal phase deficiencies in peripubertal rhesus monkeys: mechanistic considerations.", "content": "Short luteal phases in peripubertal monkeys were identified by abbreviated progesterone secretion. Evaluation of the hormonal profiles for LH, FSH, and estradiol revealed that depressed serum concentrations of FSH during the follicular phase and LH and estradiol during the luteal phase were associated with luteal defects. In addition, morphological differences in the corpora lutea of short and normal luteal phases were identified. A mechanism is presented whereby inadequate follicular phase FSH secretion results in abbreviated luteal function.", "contents": "Luteal phase deficiencies in peripubertal rhesus monkeys: mechanistic considerations. Short luteal phases in peripubertal monkeys were identified by abbreviated progesterone secretion. Evaluation of the hormonal profiles for LH, FSH, and estradiol revealed that depressed serum concentrations of FSH during the follicular phase and LH and estradiol during the luteal phase were associated with luteal defects. In addition, morphological differences in the corpora lutea of short and normal luteal phases were identified. A mechanism is presented whereby inadequate follicular phase FSH secretion results in abbreviated luteal function.", "PMID": 111475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9716", "title": "Prostaglandin F2 alpha and its 13-dehydro analogs: comparative luteolytic effects in vivo.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) was identified as a luteolytic hormone in sheep (Nature, New Biol. 238, 129, 1972). Attempts to use PGF2 alpha for the pharmacological control of luteolysis in normal cycling sheep met with only partial success due to the rapid clearance of PGF2 alpha from the blood. In addition treated animals showed moderate to severe cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects. Accordingly, experiments were carried out to determine whether PG analogs might be more effective as pharmacological luteolytic agents. These compounds, which consisted of a number of the 13-dehydro analogs of PGF2 alpha, were administered to both sheep and monkeys either directly into the ovary or into the systemic circulation to examine them respectively for direct luteolytic activity and for resistance to metabolism. In addition in both the sheep and the monkey smooth muscle activity of the analogs was determined by recording uterine contractions in vivo. Several 13-dehydro analogs including some 16-fluoro derivatives were shown to have luteolytic activity equal to, or in some cases greater than, PGF2 alpha itself. Furthermore most of these compounds showed a marked resistance to the 15-OH-PG-dehydrogenase enzyme in vivo as evidenced by their luteolytic activity when infused intravenously. In terms of uterine contractions, several luteolytic analogs showed markedly diminished smooth muscle activity, and in some cases, complete absence of activity. These results suggest that the receptors governing the luteolytic effect on the one hand, and the smooth muscle effect on the other, possess different structural specificities. Recent studies which we have carried out on the effect of PGF2 alpha on corpus luteum (CL) blood flow support this conclusion. CL capillary blood flow was continuously monitored by means of a miniaturized Geiger-M\u00fcller probe inserted through the center of the CL in both the in situ and the autotransplanted ovary of the sheep. Capillary blood flow was measured by the clearance rate of 85Krypton injected periodically into the ovarian artery before and during the induction of luteolysis with PGF2 alpha. It was concluded that the initiation of luteolysis is not dependent on a smooth muscle effect of PGF2 alpha on the capillaries of the CL, a finding which supports the results with the synthetic analogs devoid of smooth muscle activity. More recently, in the primate model used (Macaca fascicularis) we have demonstrated that certain metabolically stable analogs are luteolytic when given intravenously, subcutaneously, or orally. These results demonstrate a rational approach to both drug synthesis and biological evaluation and suggest that a once-a-month contraceptive agent, based on a luteolytic analog of PGF2 alpha, devoid of smooth muscle activity (side effects) and metabolically stable in the bloodstream may become a reality.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2 alpha and its 13-dehydro analogs: comparative luteolytic effects in vivo. Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) was identified as a luteolytic hormone in sheep (Nature, New Biol. 238, 129, 1972). Attempts to use PGF2 alpha for the pharmacological control of luteolysis in normal cycling sheep met with only partial success due to the rapid clearance of PGF2 alpha from the blood. In addition treated animals showed moderate to severe cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects. Accordingly, experiments were carried out to determine whether PG analogs might be more effective as pharmacological luteolytic agents. These compounds, which consisted of a number of the 13-dehydro analogs of PGF2 alpha, were administered to both sheep and monkeys either directly into the ovary or into the systemic circulation to examine them respectively for direct luteolytic activity and for resistance to metabolism. In addition in both the sheep and the monkey smooth muscle activity of the analogs was determined by recording uterine contractions in vivo. Several 13-dehydro analogs including some 16-fluoro derivatives were shown to have luteolytic activity equal to, or in some cases greater than, PGF2 alpha itself. Furthermore most of these compounds showed a marked resistance to the 15-OH-PG-dehydrogenase enzyme in vivo as evidenced by their luteolytic activity when infused intravenously. In terms of uterine contractions, several luteolytic analogs showed markedly diminished smooth muscle activity, and in some cases, complete absence of activity. These results suggest that the receptors governing the luteolytic effect on the one hand, and the smooth muscle effect on the other, possess different structural specificities. Recent studies which we have carried out on the effect of PGF2 alpha on corpus luteum (CL) blood flow support this conclusion. CL capillary blood flow was continuously monitored by means of a miniaturized Geiger-M\u00fcller probe inserted through the center of the CL in both the in situ and the autotransplanted ovary of the sheep. Capillary blood flow was measured by the clearance rate of 85Krypton injected periodically into the ovarian artery before and during the induction of luteolysis with PGF2 alpha. It was concluded that the initiation of luteolysis is not dependent on a smooth muscle effect of PGF2 alpha on the capillaries of the CL, a finding which supports the results with the synthetic analogs devoid of smooth muscle activity. More recently, in the primate model used (Macaca fascicularis) we have demonstrated that certain metabolically stable analogs are luteolytic when given intravenously, subcutaneously, or orally. These results demonstrate a rational approach to both drug synthesis and biological evaluation and suggest that a once-a-month contraceptive agent, based on a luteolytic analog of PGF2 alpha, devoid of smooth muscle activity (side effects) and metabolically stable in the bloodstream may become a reality.", "PMID": 111476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9717", "title": "Relative quantitation of monoamine histofluorescence in young and old non-human primates.", "content": "The relative content of monoamines within identified brain stem neurons in 4 and 20-year old monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) was determined with microspectrofluorometric techniques. Intraneuronal monoamine content was found to decrease with age in the locus coeruleus, substantia nigra and raphe and was found to be reduced further in the locus coeruleus by the presence of lipofuscin granules. These data indicate that intraneuronal monoamine content is reduced in the aged macaque.", "contents": "Relative quantitation of monoamine histofluorescence in young and old non-human primates. The relative content of monoamines within identified brain stem neurons in 4 and 20-year old monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) was determined with microspectrofluorometric techniques. Intraneuronal monoamine content was found to decrease with age in the locus coeruleus, substantia nigra and raphe and was found to be reduced further in the locus coeruleus by the presence of lipofuscin granules. These data indicate that intraneuronal monoamine content is reduced in the aged macaque.", "PMID": 111478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9718", "title": "Integrated morphology of neuronal catecholamines and neurophysin in the aged macaque.", "content": "A new method for the simultaneous visualization of brain peptides and monoamine neurotransmitters was employed to analyze the integrated morphology of hypothalamic catecholamines and neurophysins in young and old monkeys. Immunocytochemical analysis using bovine neurophysin revealed a dual papulation of light and dark stained cells in the paraventricular nucleus in young and old macaques. In general, both populations of neurons stained with less density in old macaques indicating the possibility of a reduced content of neurophysin. Further analysis using specific neurophysin antisera for vasopressin or oxytocin revealed an appreciable decrease in the number of vassopressin-containing perikarya in the 20 year monkey whereas oxytocin-synthesizing neurons did not show a similar change in numbers with age. Qualitatively, terminal innervation patterns of hypothalamic catecholamines remained strikingly constant in spite of marked reductions in dark-stained neurophysin perikarya of the paraventricular nucleus.", "contents": "Integrated morphology of neuronal catecholamines and neurophysin in the aged macaque. A new method for the simultaneous visualization of brain peptides and monoamine neurotransmitters was employed to analyze the integrated morphology of hypothalamic catecholamines and neurophysins in young and old monkeys. Immunocytochemical analysis using bovine neurophysin revealed a dual papulation of light and dark stained cells in the paraventricular nucleus in young and old macaques. In general, both populations of neurons stained with less density in old macaques indicating the possibility of a reduced content of neurophysin. Further analysis using specific neurophysin antisera for vasopressin or oxytocin revealed an appreciable decrease in the number of vassopressin-containing perikarya in the 20 year monkey whereas oxytocin-synthesizing neurons did not show a similar change in numbers with age. Qualitatively, terminal innervation patterns of hypothalamic catecholamines remained strikingly constant in spite of marked reductions in dark-stained neurophysin perikarya of the paraventricular nucleus.", "PMID": 111479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9719", "title": "Isolation and partial identification of immunoglobulin from T cells.", "content": "Using fowl anti mouse (Fab)2 antibody, a protein has been collected from culture fluid and cell lysates of thymoma cells and stimulated thymocytes. This protein did show an immunoglobulin arc on immunoelectrophoresis against abovementioned antibody and against rabbit anti mouse Ig serum. No precipitation lines have been produced by mono-specific anti-mouse gamma, mu and alpha sera. On reduced PAGE heavy and light chains were present. Mobility of the heavy chain was between mu and gamma chains and its apparent molecular weight was calculated at appr. 65,000 daltons. The light chain mobility corresponded to mouse serum kappa chains.", "contents": "Isolation and partial identification of immunoglobulin from T cells. Using fowl anti mouse (Fab)2 antibody, a protein has been collected from culture fluid and cell lysates of thymoma cells and stimulated thymocytes. This protein did show an immunoglobulin arc on immunoelectrophoresis against abovementioned antibody and against rabbit anti mouse Ig serum. No precipitation lines have been produced by mono-specific anti-mouse gamma, mu and alpha sera. On reduced PAGE heavy and light chains were present. Mobility of the heavy chain was between mu and gamma chains and its apparent molecular weight was calculated at appr. 65,000 daltons. The light chain mobility corresponded to mouse serum kappa chains.", "PMID": 111480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9720", "title": "The stimulation of a T cell response in the syngeneic host by the P-815 mastocytoma cell and the isolation of a tumor-associated antigen which has some H-2 antigen characteristics.", "content": "Although not obviously immunogenic when developing intraperitoneally or subcutaneously, the P-815 mastocytoma cell induces a significant immune response when injected intradermally into the syngeneic host. In some animals the immune reaction leads to spontaneous tumor regression and survival of the animals, but in most cases the effectively initiated immune-reaction is abrogated by as yet unknown mechanisms. The T cell is identified as the killer cell both in vivo and in vitro during the described period of immune reactivity. By means of two antibodies from two different species, rendered specific for the P-815 tumor cell by in vivo absorption in DBA/2 mice, two distinct antigens have been identified, isolated and partially purified from P-815 cell membranes. One of them is obviously different from H-2 antigens, the other one shows striking similarities with H-2 antigens (molecular weight, lectin binding properties), but does not coprecipitate with H-2 antigens in an indirect precipitation assay, using Staph. aureus Cowan I as the Fc-binding agent.", "contents": "The stimulation of a T cell response in the syngeneic host by the P-815 mastocytoma cell and the isolation of a tumor-associated antigen which has some H-2 antigen characteristics. Although not obviously immunogenic when developing intraperitoneally or subcutaneously, the P-815 mastocytoma cell induces a significant immune response when injected intradermally into the syngeneic host. In some animals the immune reaction leads to spontaneous tumor regression and survival of the animals, but in most cases the effectively initiated immune-reaction is abrogated by as yet unknown mechanisms. The T cell is identified as the killer cell both in vivo and in vitro during the described period of immune reactivity. By means of two antibodies from two different species, rendered specific for the P-815 tumor cell by in vivo absorption in DBA/2 mice, two distinct antigens have been identified, isolated and partially purified from P-815 cell membranes. One of them is obviously different from H-2 antigens, the other one shows striking similarities with H-2 antigens (molecular weight, lectin binding properties), but does not coprecipitate with H-2 antigens in an indirect precipitation assay, using Staph. aureus Cowan I as the Fc-binding agent.", "PMID": 111488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9721", "title": "Comparison of alterations in the histamine-diamine oxidase system during acute intestinal ischaemia in pigs, dogs and rabbits; evidence for a uniform pathophysiological mechanism?", "content": "Among various vasoactive substances histamine was also suggested to induce circulatory arrest following superior mesenteric artery occlusion. Thus the involvement of the histamine-diamine oxidase system was studied in intestinal ischaemia using three animal species. In pigs, dogs and rabbits aminoguanidine, the specific inhibitor of diamine oxidase, shortened the survival time after mesenteric infarction. Under these conditions the diamine oxidase activity in the intestinal wall was reduced in animals treated by saline whereas the histamine content was not altered significantly. Plasma histamine levels were increased considerably in the portal vein of pigs during the revascularization period if the animal were pretreated by aminoguanidine. Similar findings were obtained in dogs. It was concluded that in all three species investigated the diamine oxidase protects the organism against the deleterious effects of at least one of its vasoactive substrates-histamine.", "contents": "Comparison of alterations in the histamine-diamine oxidase system during acute intestinal ischaemia in pigs, dogs and rabbits; evidence for a uniform pathophysiological mechanism? Among various vasoactive substances histamine was also suggested to induce circulatory arrest following superior mesenteric artery occlusion. Thus the involvement of the histamine-diamine oxidase system was studied in intestinal ischaemia using three animal species. In pigs, dogs and rabbits aminoguanidine, the specific inhibitor of diamine oxidase, shortened the survival time after mesenteric infarction. Under these conditions the diamine oxidase activity in the intestinal wall was reduced in animals treated by saline whereas the histamine content was not altered significantly. Plasma histamine levels were increased considerably in the portal vein of pigs during the revascularization period if the animal were pretreated by aminoguanidine. Similar findings were obtained in dogs. It was concluded that in all three species investigated the diamine oxidase protects the organism against the deleterious effects of at least one of its vasoactive substrates-histamine.", "PMID": 111494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9722", "title": "B-mode echoencephalography in the normal and high risk infant.", "content": "Commercially available high resolution, contact, gray scale imaging systems can now dependably visualize the normal and abnormal ventricular system as well as some other intracranial structures in all newborns. On 25 normal infants and 41 high risk infants, 135 B-mode echoencephalograms were performed. The technique for obtaining these scans is described. The normal lateral ventricle at the midbody in term infants is 0.9--1.3 cm wide (mean, 1.1 cm). Normal ratio of lateral ventricle to hemisphere is 28% (range, 24%--30%). High risk premature infants have a ratio of 31% (range, 24%--34%). The demonstration of hydrocephalus and cystic intracranial masses is reliable and the correlation with computed tomography is excellent. Postoperative or high risk infants can be repeatedly evaluated without radiation, at a lower cost, and more rapidly with ultrasound than with computed tomography. Ventricular size can be closely monitored and shunt failure detected at any early stage.", "contents": "B-mode echoencephalography in the normal and high risk infant. Commercially available high resolution, contact, gray scale imaging systems can now dependably visualize the normal and abnormal ventricular system as well as some other intracranial structures in all newborns. On 25 normal infants and 41 high risk infants, 135 B-mode echoencephalograms were performed. The technique for obtaining these scans is described. The normal lateral ventricle at the midbody in term infants is 0.9--1.3 cm wide (mean, 1.1 cm). Normal ratio of lateral ventricle to hemisphere is 28% (range, 24%--30%). High risk premature infants have a ratio of 31% (range, 24%--34%). The demonstration of hydrocephalus and cystic intracranial masses is reliable and the correlation with computed tomography is excellent. Postoperative or high risk infants can be repeatedly evaluated without radiation, at a lower cost, and more rapidly with ultrasound than with computed tomography. Ventricular size can be closely monitored and shunt failure detected at any early stage.", "PMID": 111495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9723", "title": "John Caffey Award: lithiasis due to interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts.", "content": "Bile salts are formed from cholesterol and conjugated in the liver, excreted via the biliary system into the duodenum, reabsorbed in the ileum, stored temporarily in the hepatic bile salt pool, and reexcreted into the biliary system. This normal enterohepatic circulation of bile salts is both efficient and rapid. Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts may cause cholesterol cholelithiasis or oxalate urolithiasis. Clinical and radiologic features of pediatric patients with gallstones and urolithiasis secondary to abnormalities of the ileum are reported. The pathophysiology of lithiasis due to interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts is discussed. This enteric cause is included in the differential diagnosis of cholelithiasis and urolithiasis in infants and children.", "contents": "John Caffey Award: lithiasis due to interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Bile salts are formed from cholesterol and conjugated in the liver, excreted via the biliary system into the duodenum, reabsorbed in the ileum, stored temporarily in the hepatic bile salt pool, and reexcreted into the biliary system. This normal enterohepatic circulation of bile salts is both efficient and rapid. Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts may cause cholesterol cholelithiasis or oxalate urolithiasis. Clinical and radiologic features of pediatric patients with gallstones and urolithiasis secondary to abnormalities of the ileum are reported. The pathophysiology of lithiasis due to interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts is discussed. This enteric cause is included in the differential diagnosis of cholelithiasis and urolithiasis in infants and children.", "PMID": 111496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9724", "title": "Radiographic evaluation of adenoidal size in children: adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio.", "content": "Adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratios (AN ratios) obtained by simple linear measurements from lateral skull radiographs are described. The AN ratio reliably expresses adenoidal size and patency of the nasopharyngeal airway. The validity of the ratio as an indicator of adenoidal size was determined by evaluation of measurements of radiographs of 1,398 infants and children and comparison with a subjective visual assessment made by experienced observers in 92 patients. An AN ratio greater than 0.80 was present in 34 of 36 patients (94%) subjectively judged to have enlarged adenoids.", "contents": "Radiographic evaluation of adenoidal size in children: adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio. Adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratios (AN ratios) obtained by simple linear measurements from lateral skull radiographs are described. The AN ratio reliably expresses adenoidal size and patency of the nasopharyngeal airway. The validity of the ratio as an indicator of adenoidal size was determined by evaluation of measurements of radiographs of 1,398 infants and children and comparison with a subjective visual assessment made by experienced observers in 92 patients. An AN ratio greater than 0.80 was present in 34 of 36 patients (94%) subjectively judged to have enlarged adenoids.", "PMID": 111497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9725", "title": "The so-called megaureter-megacystis syndrome.", "content": "Megaureter-megacystis describes the appearance of the urinary tract in children with massive primary vesicoureteric reflux and it sequellae. The initial symptoms, radiographic findings, diagnostic misconceptions, and treatment for 22 male children are discussed. Incorrect diagnoses, including obstruction, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, and \"megacystis,\" were made in 16 children; treatment was inappropriate in 14. In only eight boys were diagnosis and treatment prompt and correct.", "contents": "The so-called megaureter-megacystis syndrome. Megaureter-megacystis describes the appearance of the urinary tract in children with massive primary vesicoureteric reflux and it sequellae. The initial symptoms, radiographic findings, diagnostic misconceptions, and treatment for 22 male children are discussed. Incorrect diagnoses, including obstruction, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, and \"megacystis,\" were made in 16 children; treatment was inappropriate in 14. In only eight boys were diagnosis and treatment prompt and correct.", "PMID": 111498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9726", "title": "Pulmonary pseudocysts in newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Twelve neonates who developed intrathoracic cystlike structures (\"pseudocysts\") are described. All infants had clinical and radiographic respiratory distress syndrome and all were treated with assisted ventilation. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema preceded the development of the pseudocysts in all cases. The pseudocysts appeared between 0 and 6 days of life (average, 2.4 days), and radiographically documented disappearance occurred in 10 patients at 3--18 days old (average, 7.0 days). Two patients had persisting pseudocysts at 8 and 25 days of age, and no subsequent radiographs. In no case did these structures persist symptomatically or require surgical intervention such as has been described with patients in other series. In two cases, abrupt disappearance of the pseudocysts was accompanied by increased extraalveolar gas in other locations. Eight patients developed radiographic bronchopulmonary dysplasia, which was severe in two of the cases.", "contents": "Pulmonary pseudocysts in newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Twelve neonates who developed intrathoracic cystlike structures (\"pseudocysts\") are described. All infants had clinical and radiographic respiratory distress syndrome and all were treated with assisted ventilation. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema preceded the development of the pseudocysts in all cases. The pseudocysts appeared between 0 and 6 days of life (average, 2.4 days), and radiographically documented disappearance occurred in 10 patients at 3--18 days old (average, 7.0 days). Two patients had persisting pseudocysts at 8 and 25 days of age, and no subsequent radiographs. In no case did these structures persist symptomatically or require surgical intervention such as has been described with patients in other series. In two cases, abrupt disappearance of the pseudocysts was accompanied by increased extraalveolar gas in other locations. Eight patients developed radiographic bronchopulmonary dysplasia, which was severe in two of the cases.", "PMID": 111499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9727", "title": "Ultrasound of renal sinus: new observations.", "content": "Technical factors and diagnostic criteria that permit discrimination among diseases of the renal sinus are described. Because the size of the collecting system changes with the state of hydration, a standard approach permits optimal comparison of examinations performed on different occasions. A fluid challenge is indicated if relative or partial obstruction is suspected. Ureteric compression permits optimal delineation of the collecting system but is indicated only in selected situations. Both tumor and blood clot within the renal sinus appear as echogenic masses without a significant acoustic shadow. Serial ultrasound studies demonstrate the resolution of the blood clot. Both in vivo and in vitro studies of renal stones demonstrate that the acoustic shadow of nephrolithiasis is best seen with low gain and with the stone within the focal zone of the transducer.", "contents": "Ultrasound of renal sinus: new observations. Technical factors and diagnostic criteria that permit discrimination among diseases of the renal sinus are described. Because the size of the collecting system changes with the state of hydration, a standard approach permits optimal comparison of examinations performed on different occasions. A fluid challenge is indicated if relative or partial obstruction is suspected. Ureteric compression permits optimal delineation of the collecting system but is indicated only in selected situations. Both tumor and blood clot within the renal sinus appear as echogenic masses without a significant acoustic shadow. Serial ultrasound studies demonstrate the resolution of the blood clot. Both in vivo and in vitro studies of renal stones demonstrate that the acoustic shadow of nephrolithiasis is best seen with low gain and with the stone within the focal zone of the transducer.", "PMID": 111502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9728", "title": "Intraarterial vasopressin infusion for treatment of Mallory-Weiss tears of the esophagogastric junction.", "content": "Five patients with refractory gastrointestinal bleeding from Mallory-Weiss tears of the esophagus were successfully treated with intraarterial infusions of vasopressin. Although transcatheter embolization has been shown to control the hemorrhage from these lesions, increased experience with and ease of vasopressin infusion suggest that infusion therapy should be the primary treatment method when more conservative measures are inadequate. Embolization techniques may be reserved for cases in which vasopressin therapy is contraindicated or unsuccessful.", "contents": "Intraarterial vasopressin infusion for treatment of Mallory-Weiss tears of the esophagogastric junction. Five patients with refractory gastrointestinal bleeding from Mallory-Weiss tears of the esophagus were successfully treated with intraarterial infusions of vasopressin. Although transcatheter embolization has been shown to control the hemorrhage from these lesions, increased experience with and ease of vasopressin infusion suggest that infusion therapy should be the primary treatment method when more conservative measures are inadequate. Embolization techniques may be reserved for cases in which vasopressin therapy is contraindicated or unsuccessful.", "PMID": 111503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9729", "title": "Focal spot size and scatter suppression in magnification mammography.", "content": "The improved image quality using magnification in film-screen mammography is related to a complicated interplay between focal spot size, x-ray tube output, detector resolution and sensitivity, air gap size, and target dimensions. Preliminary clinical evaluation of magnification mammography indicates that accuracy of diagnosis has been considerably enhanced. Additional technical and clinical evaluations are continuing, as suggested by mathematical modeling, in order to determine the best possible magnification protocols. While a small focal spot (less than 300 micrometers) is highly recommended for both contact and magnification with the film-screen systems, the smallest focal spot sizes (150 micrometers and smaller) may neither be necessary nor the best in all situations of reduced dose magnification mammography.", "contents": "Focal spot size and scatter suppression in magnification mammography. The improved image quality using magnification in film-screen mammography is related to a complicated interplay between focal spot size, x-ray tube output, detector resolution and sensitivity, air gap size, and target dimensions. Preliminary clinical evaluation of magnification mammography indicates that accuracy of diagnosis has been considerably enhanced. Additional technical and clinical evaluations are continuing, as suggested by mathematical modeling, in order to determine the best possible magnification protocols. While a small focal spot (less than 300 micrometers) is highly recommended for both contact and magnification with the film-screen systems, the smallest focal spot sizes (150 micrometers and smaller) may neither be necessary nor the best in all situations of reduced dose magnification mammography.", "PMID": 111504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9730", "title": "Esophageal cancer: radiographic chest findings and their prognostic significance.", "content": "In 103 patients with a diagnosis of carcinoma of the esophagus, admission chest films were reviewed for abnormal findings attributable to the carcinoma. The presence or absence of these findings was analyzed and correlated with tumor resectability, complications, overall survival, and survival as related to tumor location. Unexpectedly, the group of patients who had normal films had a lower resectability rate (30% vs. 41%). There was no significant difference in survival rates of patients with or without chest film abnormalities (12.4 vs. 11.7 months).", "contents": "Esophageal cancer: radiographic chest findings and their prognostic significance. In 103 patients with a diagnosis of carcinoma of the esophagus, admission chest films were reviewed for abnormal findings attributable to the carcinoma. The presence or absence of these findings was analyzed and correlated with tumor resectability, complications, overall survival, and survival as related to tumor location. Unexpectedly, the group of patients who had normal films had a lower resectability rate (30% vs. 41%). There was no significant difference in survival rates of patients with or without chest film abnormalities (12.4 vs. 11.7 months).", "PMID": 111505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9731", "title": "Complications of central venous catheterization.", "content": "The complications of central venous catheterization are discussed in a review of experience and of the literature. The anatomy surrounding the subclavian and internal jugular veins is described. Indications and contraindications of catheterization are reported. Common and unusual complications are discussed and illustrated. Laceration of pleura, subclavian artery puncture, hematoma, catheter malposition, fragment embolization, air embolism, venous thrombosis, and infection are included. The radiologist is responsible for recognizing immediate, as well as delayed, complications of central venous catheterization.", "contents": "Complications of central venous catheterization. The complications of central venous catheterization are discussed in a review of experience and of the literature. The anatomy surrounding the subclavian and internal jugular veins is described. Indications and contraindications of catheterization are reported. Common and unusual complications are discussed and illustrated. Laceration of pleura, subclavian artery puncture, hematoma, catheter malposition, fragment embolization, air embolism, venous thrombosis, and infection are included. The radiologist is responsible for recognizing immediate, as well as delayed, complications of central venous catheterization.", "PMID": 111506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9732", "title": "A new computed tomographic sign of pancreatitis.", "content": "Computed body tomography has become useful in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. Pancreatitis frequently results in lateral and posterior extension of inflammatory tissue into the pararenal fat planes, which can be visualized by CT. In our series it was associated with clinically diagnosed pancreatitis. Of 100 cases studied for abdominal pathology where pancreatic visualization was optimum, 10 had enlargement of the pancreas with destruction of soft tissue planes extending into the left pararenal space and clinical findings of pancreatitis. Carcinoma of the pancreas was identified in 12; no abnormality was identified in 49; the remaining cases were mixed intraabdominal and retroperitoneal pathology. The value of this sign lies in separating inflammatory processes from neoplastic disease; the sign was not found in normals.", "contents": "A new computed tomographic sign of pancreatitis. Computed body tomography has become useful in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. Pancreatitis frequently results in lateral and posterior extension of inflammatory tissue into the pararenal fat planes, which can be visualized by CT. In our series it was associated with clinically diagnosed pancreatitis. Of 100 cases studied for abdominal pathology where pancreatic visualization was optimum, 10 had enlargement of the pancreas with destruction of soft tissue planes extending into the left pararenal space and clinical findings of pancreatitis. Carcinoma of the pancreas was identified in 12; no abnormality was identified in 49; the remaining cases were mixed intraabdominal and retroperitoneal pathology. The value of this sign lies in separating inflammatory processes from neoplastic disease; the sign was not found in normals.", "PMID": 111507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9733", "title": "Double-contrast gastrography of the fundus and cardia: normal landmarks and their pathologic changes.", "content": "The normal radiographic landmarks of the gastric fundus are the macromucosal (rugal) pattern, the micromucosal (areae gastricae) pattern, and the esophageal rosette. In a comparison of 100 normal double-contrast and conventional barium examinations, the landmarks were most consistently and reliably demonstrated by double-contrast technique. In a group of 36 patients with various types of fundal pathology, double-contrast gastrography demonstrated distinctive changes in these landmarks and led to reliable diagnoses in the majority of patients. Double-contrast gastrography is considered the preferred method for examining patients with suspected abnormalities of the fundus or cardia.", "contents": "Double-contrast gastrography of the fundus and cardia: normal landmarks and their pathologic changes. The normal radiographic landmarks of the gastric fundus are the macromucosal (rugal) pattern, the micromucosal (areae gastricae) pattern, and the esophageal rosette. In a comparison of 100 normal double-contrast and conventional barium examinations, the landmarks were most consistently and reliably demonstrated by double-contrast technique. In a group of 36 patients with various types of fundal pathology, double-contrast gastrography demonstrated distinctive changes in these landmarks and led to reliable diagnoses in the majority of patients. Double-contrast gastrography is considered the preferred method for examining patients with suspected abnormalities of the fundus or cardia.", "PMID": 111508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9734", "title": "Cholecystokinetic cholecystography: comparison of the effect of intramuscular ceruletide to a fatty meal.", "content": "A comparison study of 80 patients using either intramuscular ceruletide or a fatty meal to contract the gallbladder after oral cholecystography is described. The maximum mean percentage reduction of the gallbladder area was significantly greater with ceruletide (59%) compared to a fatty meal (29%). At all time intervals, a 40% or more reduction in gallbladder area occurred in a higher percentage of patients receiving ceruletide, with improvement in cystic and/or common duct visualization occurring at an earlier time than with a fatty meal. There were no adverse effects after gallbladder contraction when large or small calculi were present.", "contents": "Cholecystokinetic cholecystography: comparison of the effect of intramuscular ceruletide to a fatty meal. A comparison study of 80 patients using either intramuscular ceruletide or a fatty meal to contract the gallbladder after oral cholecystography is described. The maximum mean percentage reduction of the gallbladder area was significantly greater with ceruletide (59%) compared to a fatty meal (29%). At all time intervals, a 40% or more reduction in gallbladder area occurred in a higher percentage of patients receiving ceruletide, with improvement in cystic and/or common duct visualization occurring at an earlier time than with a fatty meal. There were no adverse effects after gallbladder contraction when large or small calculi were present.", "PMID": 111509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9735", "title": "Ultrasound appearance of decidual reaction in the uterus during normal pregnancy.", "content": "The sonographic appearance of the decidual changes undergone by the uterus during normal pregnancy is described in 88 ultrasound examinations on 75 obstetrical patients. The relation of these decidual changes to the site of placental implantation and their preferential location in the posterior uterus suggests that they represent a combination of choriodecidual sinuses and prominent draining uterine veins. The decidual reaction is most prominent between 18 and 32 weeks with a decline near term. There is also a wide variation in the extent of decidual reaction during normal pregnancy preventing its use as a sensitive indicator of normal versus abnormal pregnancy.", "contents": "Ultrasound appearance of decidual reaction in the uterus during normal pregnancy. The sonographic appearance of the decidual changes undergone by the uterus during normal pregnancy is described in 88 ultrasound examinations on 75 obstetrical patients. The relation of these decidual changes to the site of placental implantation and their preferential location in the posterior uterus suggests that they represent a combination of choriodecidual sinuses and prominent draining uterine veins. The decidual reaction is most prominent between 18 and 32 weeks with a decline near term. There is also a wide variation in the extent of decidual reaction during normal pregnancy preventing its use as a sensitive indicator of normal versus abnormal pregnancy.", "PMID": 111510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9736", "title": "Lateral wall of the olfactory fossa in determining intracranial extension of sinus carcinomas.", "content": "The role of plain skull radiography and pluridirectional tomography in determining anterior cranial fossa extension of paranasal sinus tumors is reassessed. The lateral wall of the olfactory fossa, a thin bony plate forming part of the roof of the ethmoid sinuses, is routinely visualized on plain skull radiography and pluridirectional tomography in the coronal plane and serves as an indicator of intracranial tumor extension. In a series of 47 patients with paranasal sinus tumors, 100% true positive and 3% false negative interpretations of the integrity of the lateral wall of the olfactory fossa were made with pluridirectional tomography. Interpretations with plain skull radiography were 90% true positive and 3% false negative. Assessment of the integrity of the lateral wall of the olfactory fossa by these techniques provides an accurate evaluation of the presence of intracranial tumor extension by this route. Computed tomography in the coronal plane with contrast infusion is a useful adjunct.", "contents": "Lateral wall of the olfactory fossa in determining intracranial extension of sinus carcinomas. The role of plain skull radiography and pluridirectional tomography in determining anterior cranial fossa extension of paranasal sinus tumors is reassessed. The lateral wall of the olfactory fossa, a thin bony plate forming part of the roof of the ethmoid sinuses, is routinely visualized on plain skull radiography and pluridirectional tomography in the coronal plane and serves as an indicator of intracranial tumor extension. In a series of 47 patients with paranasal sinus tumors, 100% true positive and 3% false negative interpretations of the integrity of the lateral wall of the olfactory fossa were made with pluridirectional tomography. Interpretations with plain skull radiography were 90% true positive and 3% false negative. Assessment of the integrity of the lateral wall of the olfactory fossa by these techniques provides an accurate evaluation of the presence of intracranial tumor extension by this route. Computed tomography in the coronal plane with contrast infusion is a useful adjunct.", "PMID": 111511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9737", "title": "Carpal injuries: analytic approach and case exercises.", "content": "Radiographic wrist relationships are reviewed emphasizing the posteroanterior view, and analyzing the three normal arcs, principles of parallelism, and overlapping articular surfaces. Use of these concepts, which are not stressed in the literature, enables the radiographic interpreter to easily arrive at a definitive diagnosis and to detect and interpret subtle and complex abnormalities. Case material is included to emphasize major different diagnostic points.", "contents": "Carpal injuries: analytic approach and case exercises. Radiographic wrist relationships are reviewed emphasizing the posteroanterior view, and analyzing the three normal arcs, principles of parallelism, and overlapping articular surfaces. Use of these concepts, which are not stressed in the literature, enables the radiographic interpreter to easily arrive at a definitive diagnosis and to detect and interpret subtle and complex abnormalities. Case material is included to emphasize major different diagnostic points.", "PMID": 111512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9738", "title": "Evaluation of the chronic inhalation toxicity of a manganese oxide aerosol. III. Pulmonary function, electromyograms, limb tremor, and tissue manganese data.", "content": "Monkeys and rats were exposed to 11.6, 112.5, and 1152 micrograms Mn/m3 as an Mn3O4 aerosol twenty-four hours per day for nine months. Various evaluations of pulmonary function, electromyographic activity, limb tremor, and tissue manganese levels were conducted. No exposure related effects on pulmonary function, limb tremor, or electromyographic activity were observed. After nine months of exposure Mn levels were elevated in a near dose related manner in kidney, lung, spleen, and blood. However, by six months postexposure there were no differences as compared to the control group in tissue Mn levels which could be attributed to the exposure conditions.", "contents": "Evaluation of the chronic inhalation toxicity of a manganese oxide aerosol. III. Pulmonary function, electromyograms, limb tremor, and tissue manganese data. Monkeys and rats were exposed to 11.6, 112.5, and 1152 micrograms Mn/m3 as an Mn3O4 aerosol twenty-four hours per day for nine months. Various evaluations of pulmonary function, electromyographic activity, limb tremor, and tissue manganese levels were conducted. No exposure related effects on pulmonary function, limb tremor, or electromyographic activity were observed. After nine months of exposure Mn levels were elevated in a near dose related manner in kidney, lung, spleen, and blood. However, by six months postexposure there were no differences as compared to the control group in tissue Mn levels which could be attributed to the exposure conditions.", "PMID": 111536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9739", "title": "Jejunal mucosa in marasmic children. Clinical, pathological, and fine structural evaluation of the effect of protein-energy malnutrition and environmental contamination.", "content": "Seven children suffering from marasmus were investigated clinically, biochemically and morphologically. The fine structure of the jejunal mucosa obtained by peroral biopsy was evaluated. The mucosal changes noted agree with the only other ultrastructural study reported by Brunser et al. (8) and add information on three additional features: an increase in theliolymphocytes, excessive epithelial cell extrusion and abnormalities in the appearances of the mucosal plasma cells, suggesting possible local deficiency in immune function.", "contents": "Jejunal mucosa in marasmic children. Clinical, pathological, and fine structural evaluation of the effect of protein-energy malnutrition and environmental contamination. Seven children suffering from marasmus were investigated clinically, biochemically and morphologically. The fine structure of the jejunal mucosa obtained by peroral biopsy was evaluated. The mucosal changes noted agree with the only other ultrastructural study reported by Brunser et al. (8) and add information on three additional features: an increase in theliolymphocytes, excessive epithelial cell extrusion and abnormalities in the appearances of the mucosal plasma cells, suggesting possible local deficiency in immune function.", "PMID": 111537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9740", "title": "The effect of oral pancreatic enzymes on the intestinal flora of protein-deficient vervet monkeys challenged with Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Jejunal bacterial flora in 11 protein deficient vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) and four controls was studied. These were the same animals from an investigation previously reported in which it was shown that pancreatic extract modified the course of cholera infection in protein-deficient monkeys. The present study reports in addition that these animals the fluid in the upper jejunum contained significantly increased numbers of bacteria including Enterobacteriaceae compared to its predietary state and to that of the controls. After challenge to these animals with Vibrio cholerae, the jejunal bacterial flora in the protein-deficient animals given placebo remained unchanged, whereas pancreatic extract-treated animals showed a quantitative and qualitative recovery of their jejunal bacterial flora. Pancreatic extract hastened the return of altered intestinal flora to predietary levels.", "contents": "The effect of oral pancreatic enzymes on the intestinal flora of protein-deficient vervet monkeys challenged with Vibrio cholerae. Jejunal bacterial flora in 11 protein deficient vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) and four controls was studied. These were the same animals from an investigation previously reported in which it was shown that pancreatic extract modified the course of cholera infection in protein-deficient monkeys. The present study reports in addition that these animals the fluid in the upper jejunum contained significantly increased numbers of bacteria including Enterobacteriaceae compared to its predietary state and to that of the controls. After challenge to these animals with Vibrio cholerae, the jejunal bacterial flora in the protein-deficient animals given placebo remained unchanged, whereas pancreatic extract-treated animals showed a quantitative and qualitative recovery of their jejunal bacterial flora. Pancreatic extract hastened the return of altered intestinal flora to predietary levels.", "PMID": 111538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9741", "title": "Changes in nitrogen balance of depleted patients with increasing infusions of glucose.", "content": "Depleted patients were maintained on intravenous infusions of amino acids and glucose with constant N intake (173 mg/kg body weight), and three different levels of energy intake (15.4, 37.6, and 58.5 kcal/kg) given sequentially for 4 days each. Changes in N balance were abrupt and maximal in 1 to 2 days. Maximal changes in N balance preceded, and were not dependent on maximal changes in fat and glucose metabolism. N retention increased 1.7 mg/kcal of increased energy balance, during both hypocaloric and hypercaloric intakes, a value similar to that observed in normal adults. No increase in resting energy expenditure occurred with increasing energy intake during negative energy balance. During positive energy balance resting energy expenditure increased by 1 kcal for each 5 of intake. It seems likely that increasing energy restores mainly that portion of lean body mass associated with fat deposition; and rapid restoration of lean body mass requires high N intakes. At zero energy balance, N balance in these depleted patients was only slightly positive at an intake of 173 mg N per kilogram. This is about twice the intake of N required to maintain zero N balance in normal adults.", "contents": "Changes in nitrogen balance of depleted patients with increasing infusions of glucose. Depleted patients were maintained on intravenous infusions of amino acids and glucose with constant N intake (173 mg/kg body weight), and three different levels of energy intake (15.4, 37.6, and 58.5 kcal/kg) given sequentially for 4 days each. Changes in N balance were abrupt and maximal in 1 to 2 days. Maximal changes in N balance preceded, and were not dependent on maximal changes in fat and glucose metabolism. N retention increased 1.7 mg/kcal of increased energy balance, during both hypocaloric and hypercaloric intakes, a value similar to that observed in normal adults. No increase in resting energy expenditure occurred with increasing energy intake during negative energy balance. During positive energy balance resting energy expenditure increased by 1 kcal for each 5 of intake. It seems likely that increasing energy restores mainly that portion of lean body mass associated with fat deposition; and rapid restoration of lean body mass requires high N intakes. At zero energy balance, N balance in these depleted patients was only slightly positive at an intake of 173 mg N per kilogram. This is about twice the intake of N required to maintain zero N balance in normal adults.", "PMID": 111539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9742", "title": "Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia and dermal histiocytosis. In Von Recklinghausen's disease.", "content": "A 4-year-old boy with multiple caf\u00e9-au-lait spots and a family history of neurofibromatosis had generalized edema, histiocytic rash characterized by benign histiocytic infiltration, hepatomegaly, and life-threatening infection. Six months later, progessive splenomegaly led to juvenile chronic myelocytic leukemia that eventually proved fata. The case represents an important association of diseases.", "contents": "Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia and dermal histiocytosis. In Von Recklinghausen's disease. A 4-year-old boy with multiple caf\u00e9-au-lait spots and a family history of neurofibromatosis had generalized edema, histiocytic rash characterized by benign histiocytic infiltration, hepatomegaly, and life-threatening infection. Six months later, progessive splenomegaly led to juvenile chronic myelocytic leukemia that eventually proved fata. The case represents an important association of diseases.", "PMID": 111541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9743", "title": "Rocky mountain spotted fever in Connecticut: human cases, spotted-fever group rickettsiae in ticks, and antibodies in mammals.", "content": "Three parameters were used in 1976 and 1977 to assess the status of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in Connecticut--compilation and review of clinical data on suspected human cases for the 13-year period 1965--1977, examination of tick tissues for spotted fever-group rickettsiae by the hemolymph test and direct immunofluorescence, and analyses of mammalian sera for antibodies against Rickettsia rickettsii. There were six presumptive RMSF cases which probably originated in Connecticut. Four of these cases occurred in areas where the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, abounds. A total of 2994 ticks were examined by the hemolymph test. Rickettsia-like organisms were observed in 67 (2.9%) of 2330 D. variabilis and two (0.6%) of 351 Ixodes sp. near scapularis. Fewer than one-half of these organisms stained positively with spotted fever-group conjugate. Microagglutination tests on 1093 mammalian sera indicated that eight (16%) of 49 raccoons, 14 (2.6%) of 549 white-tailed deer, eight (1.7%) of 470 white-footed mice, and one of two gray squirrels had agglutinins in titers greater than or equal to 1:8 against R.  rickettsii. Spotted fever-group rickettsiae are present at low frequency in inland as well as coastal regions of Connecticut.", "contents": "Rocky mountain spotted fever in Connecticut: human cases, spotted-fever group rickettsiae in ticks, and antibodies in mammals. Three parameters were used in 1976 and 1977 to assess the status of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in Connecticut--compilation and review of clinical data on suspected human cases for the 13-year period 1965--1977, examination of tick tissues for spotted fever-group rickettsiae by the hemolymph test and direct immunofluorescence, and analyses of mammalian sera for antibodies against Rickettsia rickettsii. There were six presumptive RMSF cases which probably originated in Connecticut. Four of these cases occurred in areas where the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, abounds. A total of 2994 ticks were examined by the hemolymph test. Rickettsia-like organisms were observed in 67 (2.9%) of 2330 D. variabilis and two (0.6%) of 351 Ixodes sp. near scapularis. Fewer than one-half of these organisms stained positively with spotted fever-group conjugate. Microagglutination tests on 1093 mammalian sera indicated that eight (16%) of 49 raccoons, 14 (2.6%) of 549 white-tailed deer, eight (1.7%) of 470 white-footed mice, and one of two gray squirrels had agglutinins in titers greater than or equal to 1:8 against R.  rickettsii. Spotted fever-group rickettsiae are present at low frequency in inland as well as coastal regions of Connecticut.", "PMID": 111543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9744", "title": "Heterochromatin and satellite DNA in man: properties and prospects.", "content": "In reviewing the properties of heterochromatin and satellite DNA in man, it is clear that the human genome does not readily lend itself to experimental tests of the postulated functions for satellite DNA. Since the spectrum of known structural properties of vertebrate and invertebrate satellite DNAs are broadly overlapping, an alternative avenue is to experimentally manipulate the heterochromatin of an organism, and then evaluate the generality of the results. When this is done in Drosophila melanogaster, the one organism where such an experimental approach is indeed possible, the results provide no support for most of the popular hypotheses concerning satellite DNA function. They do, however, reveal an important effect on the meiotic system, namely that the position of crossover events can be markedly altered in the presence of heterochromatin known to be rich in satellite DNAs. This effect is not peculiar to Drosophila, since supporting data are readily available from natural situations in both mammals and grasshoppers. In all such cases, the effects are most easily discernible where the heterochromatic blocks are substantial in size, and non-centric in location, situations which do not apply in man. The human system, however, offers other potentials. The ubiquity of naturally occurring heterochromatic polymorphisms, coupled with the extreme sensitivity of the human genome to perturbation, offers some scope for assessing the possible somatic effects of alterations in the amount of satellite DNA.", "contents": "Heterochromatin and satellite DNA in man: properties and prospects. In reviewing the properties of heterochromatin and satellite DNA in man, it is clear that the human genome does not readily lend itself to experimental tests of the postulated functions for satellite DNA. Since the spectrum of known structural properties of vertebrate and invertebrate satellite DNAs are broadly overlapping, an alternative avenue is to experimentally manipulate the heterochromatin of an organism, and then evaluate the generality of the results. When this is done in Drosophila melanogaster, the one organism where such an experimental approach is indeed possible, the results provide no support for most of the popular hypotheses concerning satellite DNA function. They do, however, reveal an important effect on the meiotic system, namely that the position of crossover events can be markedly altered in the presence of heterochromatin known to be rich in satellite DNAs. This effect is not peculiar to Drosophila, since supporting data are readily available from natural situations in both mammals and grasshoppers. In all such cases, the effects are most easily discernible where the heterochromatic blocks are substantial in size, and non-centric in location, situations which do not apply in man. The human system, however, offers other potentials. The ubiquity of naturally occurring heterochromatic polymorphisms, coupled with the extreme sensitivity of the human genome to perturbation, offers some scope for assessing the possible somatic effects of alterations in the amount of satellite DNA.", "PMID": 111544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9745", "title": "Prophylaxis against ampicillin-associated diarrhea with a lactobacillus preparation.", "content": "The efficacy of a lactobacillus preparation (Lactinex) in preventing ampicillin-associated diarrhea in adult inpatients was studied. In a double-blind procedure, 98 patients were assigned randomly to receive one packet of Lactinex (Lactobacillus acidophilus and L bulgaricus) or placebo four times daily for the first five days of ampicillin therapy. Cases of diarrhea were reviewed independently and classified according to etiology. Complete data were obtained for 79 patients--43 received placebo and 36 received Lactinex. Diarrhea occurred in nine (21%) patients receiving placebo and in three (8.3%) patients receiving Lactinex; the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.21, Fisher's Exact Test). When the patients with diarrhea unrelated to ampicillin were excluded (50%), the incidence of ampicillin-induced diarrhea in the placebo group (14%) was significantly greater (p = 0.03, Fisher's Exact Test) than in the Lactinex group (0%). Prophylactic administration of lactobacillus preparations may be effective in preventing ampicillin-induced diarrhea; however, prophylactic administration appears to be justified, on a cost/benefit basis, only in patients with a history of antibiotic-induced diarrhea.", "contents": "Prophylaxis against ampicillin-associated diarrhea with a lactobacillus preparation. The efficacy of a lactobacillus preparation (Lactinex) in preventing ampicillin-associated diarrhea in adult inpatients was studied. In a double-blind procedure, 98 patients were assigned randomly to receive one packet of Lactinex (Lactobacillus acidophilus and L bulgaricus) or placebo four times daily for the first five days of ampicillin therapy. Cases of diarrhea were reviewed independently and classified according to etiology. Complete data were obtained for 79 patients--43 received placebo and 36 received Lactinex. Diarrhea occurred in nine (21%) patients receiving placebo and in three (8.3%) patients receiving Lactinex; the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.21, Fisher's Exact Test). When the patients with diarrhea unrelated to ampicillin were excluded (50%), the incidence of ampicillin-induced diarrhea in the placebo group (14%) was significantly greater (p = 0.03, Fisher's Exact Test) than in the Lactinex group (0%). Prophylactic administration of lactobacillus preparations may be effective in preventing ampicillin-induced diarrhea; however, prophylactic administration appears to be justified, on a cost/benefit basis, only in patients with a history of antibiotic-induced diarrhea.", "PMID": 111546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9746", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: pharmacotherapy of diarrhea.", "content": "Gastrointestinal physiology, and the pathophysiology, diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea are reviewed. Drugs used in the treatment of diarrhea include opiates (morphine, codeine), synthetic anti-diarrheals (diphenoxylate, loperamide), anticholinergics (atropine, propantheline), adsorbents (kaolin, pectin, cholestyramine resin) and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Chronic diarrhea and acute diarrhea caused by microorgansims, drugs and viruses are described. The management of diarrhea can be divided into three categories: (1) supportive therapy (fluid and electrolyte replacement); (2) symptomatic therapy which improves the consistency of the stool and reduces the frequency of bowel movements; and (3) specific therapy aimed at treating the cause (e.g., antibiotics for bacteria-induced diarrhea) or blocking the cellular mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte loss. Most acute diarrheal conditions can be managed successfully by avoiding oral solids and ingesting carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions. Synthetic antidiarrheals may increase the toxicity associated with bacterial diahhrea.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: pharmacotherapy of diarrhea. Gastrointestinal physiology, and the pathophysiology, diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea are reviewed. Drugs used in the treatment of diarrhea include opiates (morphine, codeine), synthetic anti-diarrheals (diphenoxylate, loperamide), anticholinergics (atropine, propantheline), adsorbents (kaolin, pectin, cholestyramine resin) and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Chronic diarrhea and acute diarrhea caused by microorgansims, drugs and viruses are described. The management of diarrhea can be divided into three categories: (1) supportive therapy (fluid and electrolyte replacement); (2) symptomatic therapy which improves the consistency of the stool and reduces the frequency of bowel movements; and (3) specific therapy aimed at treating the cause (e.g., antibiotics for bacteria-induced diarrhea) or blocking the cellular mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte loss. Most acute diarrheal conditions can be managed successfully by avoiding oral solids and ingesting carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions. Synthetic antidiarrheals may increase the toxicity associated with bacterial diahhrea.", "PMID": 111547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9747", "title": "Pharmacist monitoring of parenteral nutrition: clinical and cost effectiveness.", "content": "The effect of pharmacist involvement in total parenteral nutrient (TPN) therapy on patient outcome and cost of therapy was studied. Data from 26 patients who received standard TPN solutions without pharmacist monitoring (Group 1) were compared with those from 26 patients whose TPN therapy was individualized (by use of a minicomputer) and monitored by a pharmacist (Group 2). Six patients from each group who were 35 days of age or younger and who received TPN as the only caloric source for 8 to 20 days were compared for clinical response. Mean duration of TPN therapy increased form 12.3 +/- 9 days for Group 1 to 14.8 +/- 12 days for Group 2, and the TPN use rate for Group 2 was 31% above that for group 1. The mean daily charge for TPN was greater for Group 1 ($72.00) than for Group 2 ($50.18). The pharmacy's mean cost per course of TPN for Group 2 was $44.10 less than that for Group 1. The mean weight gain in Group 1 was significantly less (4 g/day) than that in Group 2 (17 g/day) (p less than 0.05) (for the six patients per group compared). Pharmacist monitoring of TPN reduced the pharmacy's costs and patient charges for TPN and improved the patients' clinical responses to TPN.", "contents": "Pharmacist monitoring of parenteral nutrition: clinical and cost effectiveness. The effect of pharmacist involvement in total parenteral nutrient (TPN) therapy on patient outcome and cost of therapy was studied. Data from 26 patients who received standard TPN solutions without pharmacist monitoring (Group 1) were compared with those from 26 patients whose TPN therapy was individualized (by use of a minicomputer) and monitored by a pharmacist (Group 2). Six patients from each group who were 35 days of age or younger and who received TPN as the only caloric source for 8 to 20 days were compared for clinical response. Mean duration of TPN therapy increased form 12.3 +/- 9 days for Group 1 to 14.8 +/- 12 days for Group 2, and the TPN use rate for Group 2 was 31% above that for group 1. The mean daily charge for TPN was greater for Group 1 ($72.00) than for Group 2 ($50.18). The pharmacy's mean cost per course of TPN for Group 2 was $44.10 less than that for Group 1. The mean weight gain in Group 1 was significantly less (4 g/day) than that in Group 2 (17 g/day) (p less than 0.05) (for the six patients per group compared). Pharmacist monitoring of TPN reduced the pharmacy's costs and patient charges for TPN and improved the patients' clinical responses to TPN.", "PMID": 111548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9748", "title": "Cellular immune deficiency with autoimmune hemolytic anemia in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency.", "content": "Immunologic and metabolic abnormalities were studied in a five year old boy with 0.07 per cent of normal erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity. The clinical course is characterized by severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia, a transient neurologic disorder with tremor and ataxia, and minor infectious illnesses. There is severe lymphopenia with decreased absolute numbers of T and B lymphocytes. Mitogen-stimulated blastogenesis is reduced, but response to allogeneic lymphocytes is normal. A monoclonal IgG protein is present. There is hypouricemia, elevated plasma inosine level, hypouricosuria and an increase in the urinary concentration of inosine and guanosine. The pattern of heterozygote distribution in the patient's family is compatible with an autosomal recessive trait in which heterozygotes are identifiable. In addition, the unusual laboratory and clinical manifestations of this patient illustrate the heterogeneity of the clinical syndrome associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency.", "contents": "Cellular immune deficiency with autoimmune hemolytic anemia in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Immunologic and metabolic abnormalities were studied in a five year old boy with 0.07 per cent of normal erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity. The clinical course is characterized by severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia, a transient neurologic disorder with tremor and ataxia, and minor infectious illnesses. There is severe lymphopenia with decreased absolute numbers of T and B lymphocytes. Mitogen-stimulated blastogenesis is reduced, but response to allogeneic lymphocytes is normal. A monoclonal IgG protein is present. There is hypouricemia, elevated plasma inosine level, hypouricosuria and an increase in the urinary concentration of inosine and guanosine. The pattern of heterozygote distribution in the patient's family is compatible with an autosomal recessive trait in which heterozygotes are identifiable. In addition, the unusual laboratory and clinical manifestations of this patient illustrate the heterogeneity of the clinical syndrome associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency.", "PMID": 111549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9749", "title": "Calcium binding by a myeloma protein.", "content": "We describe a patient with immunoglobulin G (IgG)-kappa myeloma and severe, long-standing, asymptomatic hypercalcemia. Serum nonprotein-bound calcium concentration was 5.2 mg/dl (normal 4.2 to 5.0 mg/dl) at a time when total serum calcium concentration was 17.8 mg/dl. The patient's myeloma protein, IgGCAB, and Fab fragments of IgGCAB migrated more anodally when agarose gel electrophoresis was performed in the absence of calcium ion than when electrophoresis was performed in the presence of calcium ion; 60 other myeloma proteins did not demonstrate such behavior. Purified IgGCAB bound 1.5 calcium ions with a single dissociation constant of 1.2 X 10(-4) M. We speculate that the rare syndrome of myeloma and high protein-bound calcium is due to binding of calcium to variable regions of the myeloma antibody molecules.", "contents": "Calcium binding by a myeloma protein. We describe a patient with immunoglobulin G (IgG)-kappa myeloma and severe, long-standing, asymptomatic hypercalcemia. Serum nonprotein-bound calcium concentration was 5.2 mg/dl (normal 4.2 to 5.0 mg/dl) at a time when total serum calcium concentration was 17.8 mg/dl. The patient's myeloma protein, IgGCAB, and Fab fragments of IgGCAB migrated more anodally when agarose gel electrophoresis was performed in the absence of calcium ion than when electrophoresis was performed in the presence of calcium ion; 60 other myeloma proteins did not demonstrate such behavior. Purified IgGCAB bound 1.5 calcium ions with a single dissociation constant of 1.2 X 10(-4) M. We speculate that the rare syndrome of myeloma and high protein-bound calcium is due to binding of calcium to variable regions of the myeloma antibody molecules.", "PMID": 111550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9750", "title": "Effect of dexamethasone on prolactin secretion in late pregnancy.", "content": "It is established that PRL secretion is regulated by estrogens. Glucocorticoids, on the other hand, suppress estrogen secretion during pregnancy and may also inhibit PRL by direct hypothalamopituitary action. In this study PRL and estradiol were determined with specific radioimmunoassays in 14 women during gestational weeks 28 to 34 prior to, during, and following short-term intramuscular dexamethasone administration (12, 8, and 4 mg on three consecutive days) used for prophylaxis of RDS in preterm infants. There were no significant alterations in PRL serum concentrations; estradiol showed a significant drop (P less than 0.001) during all 3 days of treatment, returning to the pretreatment level on posttreatment day 1. The PRL and TSH responses to 200 micrograms of intravenous TRH on day 2 or 3 of dexamethasone treatment in six women during late pregnancy were not inhibited. Short-term dexamethasone treatment with pharmacologic doses does not suppress the physiologic secretion and release of PRL or the release induced by TRH during late pregnancy.", "contents": "Effect of dexamethasone on prolactin secretion in late pregnancy. It is established that PRL secretion is regulated by estrogens. Glucocorticoids, on the other hand, suppress estrogen secretion during pregnancy and may also inhibit PRL by direct hypothalamopituitary action. In this study PRL and estradiol were determined with specific radioimmunoassays in 14 women during gestational weeks 28 to 34 prior to, during, and following short-term intramuscular dexamethasone administration (12, 8, and 4 mg on three consecutive days) used for prophylaxis of RDS in preterm infants. There were no significant alterations in PRL serum concentrations; estradiol showed a significant drop (P less than 0.001) during all 3 days of treatment, returning to the pretreatment level on posttreatment day 1. The PRL and TSH responses to 200 micrograms of intravenous TRH on day 2 or 3 of dexamethasone treatment in six women during late pregnancy were not inhibited. Short-term dexamethasone treatment with pharmacologic doses does not suppress the physiologic secretion and release of PRL or the release induced by TRH during late pregnancy.", "PMID": 111552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9751", "title": "Pregnancy-associated ovarian refractoriness to gonadotropin: a myth.", "content": "Ovulation was induced in three of five rhesus monkeys during midpregnancy using human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin therapy. No evidence of ovarian refractoriness to gonadotropic stimulation was found. It is concluded that cyclic ovarian function in these primates is suspended during gestation and into the puerperium because pituitary gonadotropin secretion is insufficient to support folliculogenesis.", "contents": "Pregnancy-associated ovarian refractoriness to gonadotropin: a myth. Ovulation was induced in three of five rhesus monkeys during midpregnancy using human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin therapy. No evidence of ovarian refractoriness to gonadotropic stimulation was found. It is concluded that cyclic ovarian function in these primates is suspended during gestation and into the puerperium because pituitary gonadotropin secretion is insufficient to support folliculogenesis.", "PMID": 111553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9752", "title": "Deposition of IgA in renal glomeruli of mink affected with Aleutian disease.", "content": "The glomerular deposition of immunoglobulin (Ig) was studied in sapphire mink affected with terminal Aleutian disease (AD). Fluorescein conjugated Ig-class specific antiserums were used to evaluate and identify the glomerular Ig. Kidneys of all 28 mink with documented AD had deposits of IgA and beta 1 C in a capillary and mesangial distribution. Only 7 of 28 mink had demonstrable glomerular IgG and/or IgM. In addition, interstitial plasma cell infiltrates in 17 of 19 kidneys stained exclusively with anti-IgA. All antiserums used in this study were evaluated for Ig-class specificity by both gel diffusion and agarose-bead techniques. The striking Ig class restriction demonstrated for glomerular Ig deposition in AD is discussed in light of current knowledge of the pathogenesis of AD glomerulopathy.", "contents": "Deposition of IgA in renal glomeruli of mink affected with Aleutian disease. The glomerular deposition of immunoglobulin (Ig) was studied in sapphire mink affected with terminal Aleutian disease (AD). Fluorescein conjugated Ig-class specific antiserums were used to evaluate and identify the glomerular Ig. Kidneys of all 28 mink with documented AD had deposits of IgA and beta 1 C in a capillary and mesangial distribution. Only 7 of 28 mink had demonstrable glomerular IgG and/or IgM. In addition, interstitial plasma cell infiltrates in 17 of 19 kidneys stained exclusively with anti-IgA. All antiserums used in this study were evaluated for Ig-class specificity by both gel diffusion and agarose-bead techniques. The striking Ig class restriction demonstrated for glomerular Ig deposition in AD is discussed in light of current knowledge of the pathogenesis of AD glomerulopathy.", "PMID": 111554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9753", "title": "The volar skin of primates: its frictional characteristics and their functional significance.", "content": "Friction of volar skin on wood is not proportional to load in human beings and prosimians, but to load raised to a fractional power. This meets theoretical expectations for the frictional characteristics of convex elastic surfaces. Although this enables small clawless primates to cling to steeper slopes and larger vertical supports than would otherwise be possible, the magnitude of the effect is not great enough to overcome the disadvantages of clawlessness in climbing vertical or steeply-sloping tree trunks and branches. In human subjects, friction appears to be more nearly proportional to load than in small prosimians used as experimental subjects. It is suggested that this is due to the fact that the small animals have discrete, elevated volar pads. Pad coalescence in large primates may be an adaptation for increasing the power to which load must be raised to become proportional to friction; increasing this exponent yields more friction per unit of adduction force on supports that are small relative to the animals' dimensions and weights.", "contents": "The volar skin of primates: its frictional characteristics and their functional significance. Friction of volar skin on wood is not proportional to load in human beings and prosimians, but to load raised to a fractional power. This meets theoretical expectations for the frictional characteristics of convex elastic surfaces. Although this enables small clawless primates to cling to steeper slopes and larger vertical supports than would otherwise be possible, the magnitude of the effect is not great enough to overcome the disadvantages of clawlessness in climbing vertical or steeply-sloping tree trunks and branches. In human subjects, friction appears to be more nearly proportional to load than in small prosimians used as experimental subjects. It is suggested that this is due to the fact that the small animals have discrete, elevated volar pads. Pad coalescence in large primates may be an adaptation for increasing the power to which load must be raised to become proportional to friction; increasing this exponent yields more friction per unit of adduction force on supports that are small relative to the animals' dimensions and weights.", "PMID": 111555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9754", "title": "Case report. An autonomously functioning thyroid adenoma in a male with thyroxine-binding globulin excess.", "content": "A male with thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) excess and an autonomously functioning thyroid adenoma is presented. The problem of diagnosing hyperthyroidism in the presence of TBG excess is discussed. The utility of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone test (TRH) is emphasized.", "contents": "Case report. An autonomously functioning thyroid adenoma in a male with thyroxine-binding globulin excess. A male with thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) excess and an autonomously functioning thyroid adenoma is presented. The problem of diagnosing hyperthyroidism in the presence of TBG excess is discussed. The utility of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone test (TRH) is emphasized.", "PMID": 111551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9755", "title": "Sexual activity of male rhesus monkeys introduced into a heterosexual group.", "content": "Unfamiliar males were introduced during the breeding season to a stable heterosexual group of rhesus monkeys to determine how the presence of more dominant resident males affected their mating activity and how their entry was received by resident females. Initially, new males were allowed access to females under controlled conditions both in the presence and absence of resident males, simulating situations which may occur under natural conditions. Results indicated that the sexual activity, including ejaculation rate, of the new males was initially inhibited by the presence of more dominant, resident males, but these inhibiting properties did not carry over to periods when the resident males were absent and were diminished with time. Group females preferentially directed their behavior towards the new males throughout the study. These data suggest that although entry of new males into a stable group is at low rank, their subsequent reproductive success may not be reduced and that the association with resident females may facilitate male rhesus transfer between groups observed during the breeding season.", "contents": "Sexual activity of male rhesus monkeys introduced into a heterosexual group. Unfamiliar males were introduced during the breeding season to a stable heterosexual group of rhesus monkeys to determine how the presence of more dominant resident males affected their mating activity and how their entry was received by resident females. Initially, new males were allowed access to females under controlled conditions both in the presence and absence of resident males, simulating situations which may occur under natural conditions. Results indicated that the sexual activity, including ejaculation rate, of the new males was initially inhibited by the presence of more dominant, resident males, but these inhibiting properties did not carry over to periods when the resident males were absent and were diminished with time. Group females preferentially directed their behavior towards the new males throughout the study. These data suggest that although entry of new males into a stable group is at low rank, their subsequent reproductive success may not be reduced and that the association with resident females may facilitate male rhesus transfer between groups observed during the breeding season.", "PMID": 111556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9756", "title": "On the adaptive pattern of \"Ramapithecus\".", "content": "A reconstruction of the adaptive pattern of the Miocene hominoid \"Ramapithecus,\" supported by comparative data and morphological comparisons, is presented. It is based upon the completely known dentition, inferior portion of the face, and on the paleoecology and geographic distribution of \"Ramapithecus\" bearing deposits. The known adaptive and morphological patterns of the \"Ramapithecus\" species are almost indistinguishable from those of the contemporary species of Sivapithecus, which has taxonomic priority. The \"Ramapithecus\" species are therefore referred to Sivapithecus, a dryopithecine genus which apparently radiated throughout Eurasia and Africa during the Middle Miocene.", "contents": "On the adaptive pattern of \"Ramapithecus\". A reconstruction of the adaptive pattern of the Miocene hominoid \"Ramapithecus,\" supported by comparative data and morphological comparisons, is presented. It is based upon the completely known dentition, inferior portion of the face, and on the paleoecology and geographic distribution of \"Ramapithecus\" bearing deposits. The known adaptive and morphological patterns of the \"Ramapithecus\" species are almost indistinguishable from those of the contemporary species of Sivapithecus, which has taxonomic priority. The \"Ramapithecus\" species are therefore referred to Sivapithecus, a dryopithecine genus which apparently radiated throughout Eurasia and Africa during the Middle Miocene.", "PMID": 111557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9757", "title": "Correlates between locomotor anatomy and behavior in two sympatric of Lemur.", "content": "Sympatric populations of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus show major differences in their occupation of canopy forest levels. Lemur catta is usually found in the lowest levels of the forest, and uses the ground for travel over 65% of the time. Lemur fulvus uses the upper levels of the canopy forest and is observed on the ground in less than 2% of all observations. Comparison of hindlimb musculoskeletal anatomy show statistically significant differences in the lengths of the long bones and the height of the talus. Differences also occur in ranges of tibio-talar and mid-talar joint mobility. The details of insertion of the biceps femoris muscle are distinct in the two species as is the relative mass of muscle associated with flexion of the pedal digits, and flexion of th tibio-talar joint. The metric and morphological differences in the hindlimb anatomy of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus are consistent with differences in habitat and substrate utilization.", "contents": "Correlates between locomotor anatomy and behavior in two sympatric of Lemur. Sympatric populations of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus show major differences in their occupation of canopy forest levels. Lemur catta is usually found in the lowest levels of the forest, and uses the ground for travel over 65% of the time. Lemur fulvus uses the upper levels of the canopy forest and is observed on the ground in less than 2% of all observations. Comparison of hindlimb musculoskeletal anatomy show statistically significant differences in the lengths of the long bones and the height of the talus. Differences also occur in ranges of tibio-talar and mid-talar joint mobility. The details of insertion of the biceps femoris muscle are distinct in the two species as is the relative mass of muscle associated with flexion of the pedal digits, and flexion of th tibio-talar joint. The metric and morphological differences in the hindlimb anatomy of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus are consistent with differences in habitat and substrate utilization.", "PMID": 111558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9758", "title": "Studies on the condition and structure of bone of the Saldanha fossil cranium.", "content": "The external surface of the Saldanha cranium shows extensive exfoliation and cracking. In a few places remnants of the probable original bone surfaces can be observed. These are orange-brown in color, contrasting with the nearly white color of exposed deeper layers, and are subdivided into small segments with pits in their centers. Causes of the color differences are uncertain but merit investigation. The surface cracking and exfoliation probably result from weathering before fossilization. This conclusion is based on the observation that the endocranial surfaces show no such effects, despite the scattering of the cranial fragments at the time of discovery. A depressed fracture in the frontal bone indicates a heavy blow at or shortly after the time of death. This blow probably created some of the fragments, but there are also incomplete fracture cracks which may have resulted from the blow. Unresolved taphonomic problems include the manner in which the cranium held together after decay of soft tissues allowed weathering, and the manner in which the fragments were subsequently scattered. Chips from the cranial vault indicate that the outer table was very thick, tending to support recent proposals that the specimen and assoicated fauna and tools are from a considerably earlier time period than originally believed. The surface damage to the brow ridges gives information on the structure of deeper layers. These are lacking orientation, supporting the hypothesis that hominid brow ridges are not primarily a response to masticatory forces, but may afford protection for the eyes.", "contents": "Studies on the condition and structure of bone of the Saldanha fossil cranium. The external surface of the Saldanha cranium shows extensive exfoliation and cracking. In a few places remnants of the probable original bone surfaces can be observed. These are orange-brown in color, contrasting with the nearly white color of exposed deeper layers, and are subdivided into small segments with pits in their centers. Causes of the color differences are uncertain but merit investigation. The surface cracking and exfoliation probably result from weathering before fossilization. This conclusion is based on the observation that the endocranial surfaces show no such effects, despite the scattering of the cranial fragments at the time of discovery. A depressed fracture in the frontal bone indicates a heavy blow at or shortly after the time of death. This blow probably created some of the fragments, but there are also incomplete fracture cracks which may have resulted from the blow. Unresolved taphonomic problems include the manner in which the cranium held together after decay of soft tissues allowed weathering, and the manner in which the fragments were subsequently scattered. Chips from the cranial vault indicate that the outer table was very thick, tending to support recent proposals that the specimen and assoicated fauna and tools are from a considerably earlier time period than originally believed. The surface damage to the brow ridges gives information on the structure of deeper layers. These are lacking orientation, supporting the hypothesis that hominid brow ridges are not primarily a response to masticatory forces, but may afford protection for the eyes.", "PMID": 111559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9759", "title": "On a new australopithecine partial endocast.", "content": "A newly discovered right parietal/temporal/frontal fragment from an australopithecine natural endocast is described and compared to other australopithecine endocasts. This specimen shows that the central sulcus was arched, rather than straight as previously believed, and reveals frontal lobe convolutions not preserved in other australopithecine endocasts.", "contents": "On a new australopithecine partial endocast. A newly discovered right parietal/temporal/frontal fragment from an australopithecine natural endocast is described and compared to other australopithecine endocasts. This specimen shows that the central sulcus was arched, rather than straight as previously believed, and reveals frontal lobe convolutions not preserved in other australopithecine endocasts.", "PMID": 111560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9760", "title": "Effect of ethanol on disaccharidases of hamster jejunal brush border membrane.", "content": "This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of alcohol on the activity of jejunal disaccharidases (DS). The activity of DS in a preparation of purified brush border membrane of hamster jejunum was measured in the absence and in the presence (0.8 to 6.4% wt/vol) of ethanol. To compare the effect of alcohol on DS with its action on a brush border enzyme of a different group, we also measured the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) under similar conditions. Ethanol depressed the activity of sucrase, maltase, and lactase in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, but it stimulated the activity of AP. The ethanol-induced inhibition of DS was completely reversible. Kinetic studies indicate that ethanol depressed the Vmax and increased the Km of sucrase and lactase. The Vmax of maltase also decreased, but the Km of this hydrolase was not affected by ethanol. From the results of this study it would appear that acute exposure of the jejunal brush border to ethanol depresses the DS activity of the membrane and that (because the AP was not depressed) the ethanol-induced inhibition of DS is not the result of a general inhibition of all enzymes of the brush border.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on disaccharidases of hamster jejunal brush border membrane. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of alcohol on the activity of jejunal disaccharidases (DS). The activity of DS in a preparation of purified brush border membrane of hamster jejunum was measured in the absence and in the presence (0.8 to 6.4% wt/vol) of ethanol. To compare the effect of alcohol on DS with its action on a brush border enzyme of a different group, we also measured the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) under similar conditions. Ethanol depressed the activity of sucrase, maltase, and lactase in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, but it stimulated the activity of AP. The ethanol-induced inhibition of DS was completely reversible. Kinetic studies indicate that ethanol depressed the Vmax and increased the Km of sucrase and lactase. The Vmax of maltase also decreased, but the Km of this hydrolase was not affected by ethanol. From the results of this study it would appear that acute exposure of the jejunal brush border to ethanol depresses the DS activity of the membrane and that (because the AP was not depressed) the ethanol-induced inhibition of DS is not the result of a general inhibition of all enzymes of the brush border.", "PMID": 111561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9761", "title": "Somatostatin effects on lower esophageal sphincter function.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin (GH-RIH) infusion (2 microgram/min) on lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) responses to various stimuli was evaluated in adult male baboons. GH-RIH infusion did not affect basal LESP, but did cause a significant suppression of mean immunoreactive insulin (IRI) to 5.8% of basal values (P less than 0.05). Pentagastrin IV caused dose-related increases in LESP that were unaffected by GH-RIH. Abdominal compression caused a threefold rise in LESP (P less than 0.005) both without and with GH-RIH. However, atropine (20 microgram/kg iv bolus) completely blocked this cholinergic LES pressure response. Intragastric alkali as well as intragastric glycine caused significant increases in LESP (P less than 0.05). These LESP responses to alkali and to glycine were totally abolished by GH-RIH. In conclusion, GH-RIH infusion in the baboon does not affect basal LESP, LES smooth muscle response to exogenous stimulation, nor a cholinergically mediated LES response. GH-RIH does inhibit the response of LESP both to intragastric alkali and to glycine by the apparent suppression of a hormonally mediated mechanism.", "contents": "Somatostatin effects on lower esophageal sphincter function. The effect of somatostatin (GH-RIH) infusion (2 microgram/min) on lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) responses to various stimuli was evaluated in adult male baboons. GH-RIH infusion did not affect basal LESP, but did cause a significant suppression of mean immunoreactive insulin (IRI) to 5.8% of basal values (P less than 0.05). Pentagastrin IV caused dose-related increases in LESP that were unaffected by GH-RIH. Abdominal compression caused a threefold rise in LESP (P less than 0.005) both without and with GH-RIH. However, atropine (20 microgram/kg iv bolus) completely blocked this cholinergic LES pressure response. Intragastric alkali as well as intragastric glycine caused significant increases in LESP (P less than 0.05). These LESP responses to alkali and to glycine were totally abolished by GH-RIH. In conclusion, GH-RIH infusion in the baboon does not affect basal LESP, LES smooth muscle response to exogenous stimulation, nor a cholinergically mediated LES response. GH-RIH does inhibit the response of LESP both to intragastric alkali and to glycine by the apparent suppression of a hormonally mediated mechanism.", "PMID": 111562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9762", "title": "Vasopressin release and drinking induced by intracranial injection of angiotensin II in monkey.", "content": "The effects of intracerebral injection of angiotensin II (AII) on both water intake and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) release were tested on unanesthetized rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Injection of 10(-10) mol of peptide was administered with a cannula microinjection system stereotaxically implanted into different diencephalic structures. The preoptic area, anterior part of third ventricle, caudate nucleus, and septum appeared to be the injection sites most effective in eliciting both drinking behavior and AVP release when the animal did not have access to water. On the contrary, when water was presented, AVP release was blocked after AII microinjections in the preoptic area and the third ventricle. No drinking was observed after microinjection in the supraopticus nucleus although AVP release was stimulated. These data suggest that AII might be effective in the regulation of water balance by centrally controlling both the input (drinking) and the output (ADH secretion) of water.", "contents": "Vasopressin release and drinking induced by intracranial injection of angiotensin II in monkey. The effects of intracerebral injection of angiotensin II (AII) on both water intake and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) release were tested on unanesthetized rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Injection of 10(-10) mol of peptide was administered with a cannula microinjection system stereotaxically implanted into different diencephalic structures. The preoptic area, anterior part of third ventricle, caudate nucleus, and septum appeared to be the injection sites most effective in eliciting both drinking behavior and AVP release when the animal did not have access to water. On the contrary, when water was presented, AVP release was blocked after AII microinjections in the preoptic area and the third ventricle. No drinking was observed after microinjection in the supraopticus nucleus although AVP release was stimulated. These data suggest that AII might be effective in the regulation of water balance by centrally controlling both the input (drinking) and the output (ADH secretion) of water.", "PMID": 111563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9763", "title": "Interaction of acetylcholine and cholecystokinin with dispersed smooth muscle cells.", "content": "Isolated gastric smooth muscle cells were prepared from the stomach of Bufo marinus by successive incubation in collagenase without added trypsin. Contraction was determined by image-splitting micrometry and expressed as the mean percentage decrease in cell length from control. Peak contractile response was attained within 30 s. Dose-response curves constructed from peak responses showed that the maximal responses to CCK-OP (37.2 +/- 3.8%), acetylcholine (35.3 +/- 2.5%), and Ca2+ (42.3 +/- 0.9%) were similar. The D50s for octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-OP) and acetylcholine were around 10(-12) M and 10(-11) M, respectively. The response to a combination of submaximal concentrations of acetylcholine and CCK-OP exceeded the individual responses but did not exceed the maximal response to either agent alone. A low concentration of atropine (5 X 10(-10) M) inhibited specifically the maximal response to acetylcholine. A high concentration of atropine (5 X 10(-8) M) inhibited partially the maximal response to CCK-OP but had no effect on the maximal response to Ca2+. It was concluded that 1) dispersed gastric smooth muscle cells are highly sensitive to stimulation; 2) CCK-OP has a direct (myogenic) contractile effect on gastric smooth muscle; and 3) the effect of CCK-OP and acetylcholine are mediated by separate receptors.", "contents": "Interaction of acetylcholine and cholecystokinin with dispersed smooth muscle cells. Isolated gastric smooth muscle cells were prepared from the stomach of Bufo marinus by successive incubation in collagenase without added trypsin. Contraction was determined by image-splitting micrometry and expressed as the mean percentage decrease in cell length from control. Peak contractile response was attained within 30 s. Dose-response curves constructed from peak responses showed that the maximal responses to CCK-OP (37.2 +/- 3.8%), acetylcholine (35.3 +/- 2.5%), and Ca2+ (42.3 +/- 0.9%) were similar. The D50s for octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-OP) and acetylcholine were around 10(-12) M and 10(-11) M, respectively. The response to a combination of submaximal concentrations of acetylcholine and CCK-OP exceeded the individual responses but did not exceed the maximal response to either agent alone. A low concentration of atropine (5 X 10(-10) M) inhibited specifically the maximal response to acetylcholine. A high concentration of atropine (5 X 10(-8) M) inhibited partially the maximal response to CCK-OP but had no effect on the maximal response to Ca2+. It was concluded that 1) dispersed gastric smooth muscle cells are highly sensitive to stimulation; 2) CCK-OP has a direct (myogenic) contractile effect on gastric smooth muscle; and 3) the effect of CCK-OP and acetylcholine are mediated by separate receptors.", "PMID": 111564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9764", "title": "Amphotericin B and K+ transport across excised toad urinary bladder.", "content": "The transmural electric PD of bladders bathed by Na2SO4 Ringer was not affected by amphotericin (5 x 10(-6) M, mucosal) but the PD followed the direction for K+ diffusion in the presence of a transmural K+ gradient. Increases in bathing solution K+ increased conductance. Ouabain pretreatment did not affect drug-induced changes in PD or conductance. Unidirectional fluxes of radiolabeled Na+ and K+ but not SO42- across the short-circuited bladder were increased by amphotericin. Ninety percent of the rise in the serosal-to-mucosal flow of Na+ disappeared when mucosal Na+ was replaced by choline. Amphotericin induced a 20-fold increase in mucosal-to-serosal K+ flux but K+ serosal-to-mucosal flow increased 200-fold. This flux asymmetry persisted for 110 min, was abolished by pre- or posttreatment with ouabain, and was immeasurable when bathing solution K+ was increased from 2.4 to 59 meq/liter. With 2.4 meq K+/liter the ratio of active Na+ reabsorption to K+ secretion was 8 to 1, but K+ secretion was not closely linked to Na+ transport. The results suggest that amphotericin induces a paracellular K+-selective path, Na+ isotope exchange, and K+ secretion.", "contents": "Amphotericin B and K+ transport across excised toad urinary bladder. The transmural electric PD of bladders bathed by Na2SO4 Ringer was not affected by amphotericin (5 x 10(-6) M, mucosal) but the PD followed the direction for K+ diffusion in the presence of a transmural K+ gradient. Increases in bathing solution K+ increased conductance. Ouabain pretreatment did not affect drug-induced changes in PD or conductance. Unidirectional fluxes of radiolabeled Na+ and K+ but not SO42- across the short-circuited bladder were increased by amphotericin. Ninety percent of the rise in the serosal-to-mucosal flow of Na+ disappeared when mucosal Na+ was replaced by choline. Amphotericin induced a 20-fold increase in mucosal-to-serosal K+ flux but K+ serosal-to-mucosal flow increased 200-fold. This flux asymmetry persisted for 110 min, was abolished by pre- or posttreatment with ouabain, and was immeasurable when bathing solution K+ was increased from 2.4 to 59 meq/liter. With 2.4 meq K+/liter the ratio of active Na+ reabsorption to K+ secretion was 8 to 1, but K+ secretion was not closely linked to Na+ transport. The results suggest that amphotericin induces a paracellular K+-selective path, Na+ isotope exchange, and K+ secretion.", "PMID": 111565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9765", "title": "Auxotonic contractions in cardiac muscle segments.", "content": "The dynamics of segment shortening have been measured in the central regions of isolated papillary muscles during muscle isometric and after-loaded isotonic contractions. Segment lengths are inferred from muscle cross-sectional area using an assumption that the segments remain isovolumic. Area is assessed with a magnetic induction technique. Infused microspheres have been used as visual markers to corroborate the segment length measurement. The results confirm the existence of major segmental shortening during muscle isometric conditions. However, the time course of shortening is not the same as that of force development. Rather, the segments remain shortened until after force has fallen significantly from its peak value. This behavior appears in the force-segment length plane as counterclockwise loops. The relationship of peak force to segment length has been determined and found to depend on the mechanical conditions under which the muscle is equilibrated. These results demonstrate the utility of the new technique and indicate central segment behavior that is substantially different from that observed for the whole muscle.", "contents": "Auxotonic contractions in cardiac muscle segments. The dynamics of segment shortening have been measured in the central regions of isolated papillary muscles during muscle isometric and after-loaded isotonic contractions. Segment lengths are inferred from muscle cross-sectional area using an assumption that the segments remain isovolumic. Area is assessed with a magnetic induction technique. Infused microspheres have been used as visual markers to corroborate the segment length measurement. The results confirm the existence of major segmental shortening during muscle isometric conditions. However, the time course of shortening is not the same as that of force development. Rather, the segments remain shortened until after force has fallen significantly from its peak value. This behavior appears in the force-segment length plane as counterclockwise loops. The relationship of peak force to segment length has been determined and found to depend on the mechanical conditions under which the muscle is equilibrated. These results demonstrate the utility of the new technique and indicate central segment behavior that is substantially different from that observed for the whole muscle.", "PMID": 111566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9766", "title": "Light and electron microstructure of a Sarcocystis sp. from the Malaysian long-tailed monkey, Macaca fascicularis.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the cyst wall and zoites of a species of Sarcocystis from the skeletal muscles of a naturally-infected Malaysian long-tailed monkey, Macaca fascicularis, is described in detail. The wavy, electron-dense primary cyst wall is thin (55 nm) and invaginated. Cytophaneres are absent. The ground substance contains electron-dense granules and bundles of parallel, fibrillar elements in some areas. Thin trabeculae are present. The zoites measure 1.2 X 4.7 microns and have an interior conoid, 22 subpellicular microtubules, 50-60 micronemes, 4-6 rhoptries, and a posteriorly situated nucleus. Some ultrastructural aspects of the cyst wall and the zoites of this parasite resemble those of Sarcocystis species of the moonrat, rhesus monkey, tamarin, and baboon. The light microscopic appearance of this species from M. fascicularis also bears some resemblance to that of parasites from the four cases of human Sarcocystis reported in Malaysia. The cyst in all these human cases were thin-walled, with no cytophaners. Although the final hosts of these species of Sarcocystis are not known, it is quite possible that man, monkeys, and perhaps the moonrat (an insectivore) may serve as common intermediate hosts for one or several species of Sarcocystis.", "contents": "Light and electron microstructure of a Sarcocystis sp. from the Malaysian long-tailed monkey, Macaca fascicularis. The ultrastructure of the cyst wall and zoites of a species of Sarcocystis from the skeletal muscles of a naturally-infected Malaysian long-tailed monkey, Macaca fascicularis, is described in detail. The wavy, electron-dense primary cyst wall is thin (55 nm) and invaginated. Cytophaneres are absent. The ground substance contains electron-dense granules and bundles of parallel, fibrillar elements in some areas. Thin trabeculae are present. The zoites measure 1.2 X 4.7 microns and have an interior conoid, 22 subpellicular microtubules, 50-60 micronemes, 4-6 rhoptries, and a posteriorly situated nucleus. Some ultrastructural aspects of the cyst wall and the zoites of this parasite resemble those of Sarcocystis species of the moonrat, rhesus monkey, tamarin, and baboon. The light microscopic appearance of this species from M. fascicularis also bears some resemblance to that of parasites from the four cases of human Sarcocystis reported in Malaysia. The cyst in all these human cases were thin-walled, with no cytophaners. Although the final hosts of these species of Sarcocystis are not known, it is quite possible that man, monkeys, and perhaps the moonrat (an insectivore) may serve as common intermediate hosts for one or several species of Sarcocystis.", "PMID": 111569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9767", "title": "Improvements in routine xenodiagnosis with first instar Dipetalogaster maximus (Uhler 1894) (Triatominae).", "content": "First instar Dipetalogaster maximus proved as effective as third instar Triatoma infestans in detecting circulating Trypanosoma cruzi in patients with chronic infections examined in a routine xenodiagnostic laboratory. Since rearing costs are diminished, D. maximus has now replaced T. infestans as the xenodiagnostic agent in our laboratory. However, further work is needed to define the optimal conditions necessary when using this species in xenodiagnosis.", "contents": "Improvements in routine xenodiagnosis with first instar Dipetalogaster maximus (Uhler 1894) (Triatominae). First instar Dipetalogaster maximus proved as effective as third instar Triatoma infestans in detecting circulating Trypanosoma cruzi in patients with chronic infections examined in a routine xenodiagnostic laboratory. Since rearing costs are diminished, D. maximus has now replaced T. infestans as the xenodiagnostic agent in our laboratory. However, further work is needed to define the optimal conditions necessary when using this species in xenodiagnosis.", "PMID": 111570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9768", "title": "Coagulation abnormalities induced by Russell's viper venom in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Coagulation studies were carried out in a group of non-human primates (rhesus monkeys) following envenomation with lethal and sublethal doses of Russell's viper venom. The envenomated animals showed significant fibrinogenopenia in association with or without disseminated intravascular coagulation. The findings offer a rational explanation for the bleeding manifestations seen in clinical cases of Russell's viper bite.", "contents": "Coagulation abnormalities induced by Russell's viper venom in the rhesus monkey. Coagulation studies were carried out in a group of non-human primates (rhesus monkeys) following envenomation with lethal and sublethal doses of Russell's viper venom. The envenomated animals showed significant fibrinogenopenia in association with or without disseminated intravascular coagulation. The findings offer a rational explanation for the bleeding manifestations seen in clinical cases of Russell's viper bite.", "PMID": 111572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9769", "title": "Acute complications of jejuno-ileal pseudodiverticulosis: surgical implications and management.", "content": "Acute inflammatory complications of jejuno-ileal pseudodiverticulosis that necessitate surgical intervention are attended by excessive mortality rates of 20 to 40 per cent primarily because of delay in diagnosis. Early diagnosis is confused by the frequent coexistence of other gastrointestinal pathology, most commonly perforated gastric or duodenal ulcers, colonic pseudodiverticulitis, and acute appendicitis with rupture. Resection of pseudodiverticula-containing segments with primary reanastomosis is the preferred method of surgical management for perforation, bleeding, and obstruction. Recommendations are made for more accurate and earlier detection and management.", "contents": "Acute complications of jejuno-ileal pseudodiverticulosis: surgical implications and management. Acute inflammatory complications of jejuno-ileal pseudodiverticulosis that necessitate surgical intervention are attended by excessive mortality rates of 20 to 40 per cent primarily because of delay in diagnosis. Early diagnosis is confused by the frequent coexistence of other gastrointestinal pathology, most commonly perforated gastric or duodenal ulcers, colonic pseudodiverticulitis, and acute appendicitis with rupture. Resection of pseudodiverticula-containing segments with primary reanastomosis is the preferred method of surgical management for perforation, bleeding, and obstruction. Recommendations are made for more accurate and earlier detection and management.", "PMID": 111574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9770", "title": "Fine structural demonstration of tyrosinase activity in the retinal pigment epithelium of normal and PTU-treated chick embryos.", "content": "The effect of phenylthiourea (PTU) on the retinal pigment epithelium of chick embryo was studied by using electron microscopy and electron-microscopic histochemistry. In the retinal pigment epithelium of PTU-treated, 10-day-old chick embryo, there is an abundance of premelanosomes and relative increases in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and in the smooth-surfaced anastomosing tubular channels. Reaction products resulting from electron-microscopic histochemistry are first observed in some cisternae of the distal or active face of the Golgi apparatus and occasionally in small vesicles in the 5-day-old embryo, and these reactions become more intense with time. PTU treatment blocks melanin synthesis in the premelanosomes of 10-day-old chick embryo. Electron-microscopic histochemistry is completely inhibited by PTU treatment. Removal of PTU allows a weak positive reaction to histochemistry in some elements of the Golgi apparatus and in some small vesicles.", "contents": "Fine structural demonstration of tyrosinase activity in the retinal pigment epithelium of normal and PTU-treated chick embryos. The effect of phenylthiourea (PTU) on the retinal pigment epithelium of chick embryo was studied by using electron microscopy and electron-microscopic histochemistry. In the retinal pigment epithelium of PTU-treated, 10-day-old chick embryo, there is an abundance of premelanosomes and relative increases in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and in the smooth-surfaced anastomosing tubular channels. Reaction products resulting from electron-microscopic histochemistry are first observed in some cisternae of the distal or active face of the Golgi apparatus and occasionally in small vesicles in the 5-day-old embryo, and these reactions become more intense with time. PTU treatment blocks melanin synthesis in the premelanosomes of 10-day-old chick embryo. Electron-microscopic histochemistry is completely inhibited by PTU treatment. Removal of PTU allows a weak positive reaction to histochemistry in some elements of the Golgi apparatus and in some small vesicles.", "PMID": 111576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9771", "title": "Structure of the soft palate and composition of the oral mucous membrane in monkeys.", "content": "The soft palate of monkeys (M. irus, mulatta, fasciculata; 2.3 +/- 0.4 kg in weight) was studied morphologically and stereologically. After fixation by perfusion, the tissue was disected free, divided in halves and the halves into 5 segments each, and processed for light, transmission- and scanning electron microscopy. Morphometric techniques and a newly developed computer program for automatic data processing (Mumana) were employed in order to estimate, at the light microscopic level, the volumetric composition of the oral soft palate mucosa. The latter showed a different composition in anterior and uvular segments, without significant differences between male and female animals, but with slight changes possibly due to age. The main constituents of the oral soft palate mucosa were glandular and connective tissue, and lymph follicles, the latter being associated with the glandular duct system. The epithelial lining of the oral and nasal aspects were described, and taste buds embedded in island of orthokeratinizing stratified epithelium were demonstrated. The association between lymph follicles and the glandular duct system was discussed in relation to similar structures in man, and in relation to the hypothesis that they are concerned in local antigen recognition.", "contents": "Structure of the soft palate and composition of the oral mucous membrane in monkeys. The soft palate of monkeys (M. irus, mulatta, fasciculata; 2.3 +/- 0.4 kg in weight) was studied morphologically and stereologically. After fixation by perfusion, the tissue was disected free, divided in halves and the halves into 5 segments each, and processed for light, transmission- and scanning electron microscopy. Morphometric techniques and a newly developed computer program for automatic data processing (Mumana) were employed in order to estimate, at the light microscopic level, the volumetric composition of the oral soft palate mucosa. The latter showed a different composition in anterior and uvular segments, without significant differences between male and female animals, but with slight changes possibly due to age. The main constituents of the oral soft palate mucosa were glandular and connective tissue, and lymph follicles, the latter being associated with the glandular duct system. The epithelial lining of the oral and nasal aspects were described, and taste buds embedded in island of orthokeratinizing stratified epithelium were demonstrated. The association between lymph follicles and the glandular duct system was discussed in relation to similar structures in man, and in relation to the hypothesis that they are concerned in local antigen recognition.", "PMID": 111581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9772", "title": "A fine structural analysis of the myelin sheath in rat spinal roots.", "content": "The present study is concerned with the fine structure of the myelin sheath in rat and monkey spinal roots. Pictures are obtained that show that the intraperiod gap of the myelin sheath is continuous and opens into both the internal and external mesaxons, which in turn open into the periaxonal and endoneurial extracellular spaces. These results are compatible with the idea that the intraperiod gap is a cleft that traverses the thickness of the myelin sheath and links the periaxonal and endoneurial extracellular spaces.", "contents": "A fine structural analysis of the myelin sheath in rat spinal roots. The present study is concerned with the fine structure of the myelin sheath in rat and monkey spinal roots. Pictures are obtained that show that the intraperiod gap of the myelin sheath is continuous and opens into both the internal and external mesaxons, which in turn open into the periaxonal and endoneurial extracellular spaces. These results are compatible with the idea that the intraperiod gap is a cleft that traverses the thickness of the myelin sheath and links the periaxonal and endoneurial extracellular spaces.", "PMID": 111582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9773", "title": "Lens extraction with anterior chamber lens implantation in the macaque.", "content": "Three macaques (Macaca arctoides) had anterior chamber implantations with the Choyce Mark VIII lenses in 5 eyes. The eyes were monitored clinically and histologically for approximately 2 years. Histologic sections verified that these lenses were well tolerated in the eyes of the macaques.", "contents": "Lens extraction with anterior chamber lens implantation in the macaque. Three macaques (Macaca arctoides) had anterior chamber implantations with the Choyce Mark VIII lenses in 5 eyes. The eyes were monitored clinically and histologically for approximately 2 years. Histologic sections verified that these lenses were well tolerated in the eyes of the macaques.", "PMID": 111587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9774", "title": "Recovery of alveolar macrophages from rhesus and cynomolgus macaques by lung lavage.", "content": "A lung lavage technique was developed to recover alveolar macrophages from rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Sterile saline solution was injected through an endotracheal tube in anesthetized macaques; lung wash fluids containing leukocytes were withdrawn. The lung wash fluids from each animal routinely contained more than 16 x 10(6) leukocytes. The predominant cell type was the alveolar macrophage; lung wash fluids contained more than 53% and 80% alveolar macrophages from rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, respectively. Lung lavage was performed each week for 6 weeks in both species with no ill effects. This technique has many applications in the study of infection and of pulmonary defense mechanisms.", "contents": "Recovery of alveolar macrophages from rhesus and cynomolgus macaques by lung lavage. A lung lavage technique was developed to recover alveolar macrophages from rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Sterile saline solution was injected through an endotracheal tube in anesthetized macaques; lung wash fluids containing leukocytes were withdrawn. The lung wash fluids from each animal routinely contained more than 16 x 10(6) leukocytes. The predominant cell type was the alveolar macrophage; lung wash fluids contained more than 53% and 80% alveolar macrophages from rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, respectively. Lung lavage was performed each week for 6 weeks in both species with no ill effects. This technique has many applications in the study of infection and of pulmonary defense mechanisms.", "PMID": 111588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9775", "title": "[Acute meningococcal infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors report 49 patients bacteriologicallyly diagnosed of acute meningococcal infection collected during a 12 months period out of a series of 76 cases diagnosed on clinical grounds. \"N. meningitidis\" was found in 18 blood and 43 CSF cultures. 31 cases were of the B-group, one was A-group and 17 were not typed. All of them were sulphamide resistant. Hyperthermia with vomiting, cephalea, arthralgia and seizures were the initial symptoms. All patients showed pettechiae, purpura and/or ecchymoses. Endotoxic shock was diagnosed in 26,5% of the cases. In them systolic blood pressures were under p-5. Overall mortality was 14%, and that of endotoxic patients 53%. Therapeutic routines and chemoprophylaxis are reviewed.", "contents": "[Acute meningococcal infection (author's transl)]. Authors report 49 patients bacteriologicallyly diagnosed of acute meningococcal infection collected during a 12 months period out of a series of 76 cases diagnosed on clinical grounds. \"N. meningitidis\" was found in 18 blood and 43 CSF cultures. 31 cases were of the B-group, one was A-group and 17 were not typed. All of them were sulphamide resistant. Hyperthermia with vomiting, cephalea, arthralgia and seizures were the initial symptoms. All patients showed pettechiae, purpura and/or ecchymoses. Endotoxic shock was diagnosed in 26,5% of the cases. In them systolic blood pressures were under p-5. Overall mortality was 14%, and that of endotoxic patients 53%. Therapeutic routines and chemoprophylaxis are reviewed.", "PMID": 111589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9776", "title": "IgA antibasement membrane nephritis with pulmonary hemorrhage.", "content": "Goodpasture's syndrome has characteristically been described as being mediated by IgG antibodies. We have recently seen a 55-year-old man who developed renal failure and hemoptysis; a renal biopsy showed linear deposits of IgA and C3 involving glomerular and tubular basement membrane. Serologic tests for detecting (IgG) antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies were negative. Elution studies of kidney and lung showed the presence of an IgA antibasement membrane antibody only. The patient's serum contained IgA, but not IgG, antibodies reactive with glomerular and tubular basement membrane of normal human kidney and alveolar basement membrane of normal human lung. Attempts to transfer disease with the patient's IgA antibody to a monkey and to Lewis and Brown-Norway rats were unsuccessful. Immunoglobulin A antibasement membrane antibody must be considered in the design of immunoserologic procedures for the diagnosis of Goodpasture's syndrome.", "contents": "IgA antibasement membrane nephritis with pulmonary hemorrhage. Goodpasture's syndrome has characteristically been described as being mediated by IgG antibodies. We have recently seen a 55-year-old man who developed renal failure and hemoptysis; a renal biopsy showed linear deposits of IgA and C3 involving glomerular and tubular basement membrane. Serologic tests for detecting (IgG) antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies were negative. Elution studies of kidney and lung showed the presence of an IgA antibasement membrane antibody only. The patient's serum contained IgA, but not IgG, antibodies reactive with glomerular and tubular basement membrane of normal human kidney and alveolar basement membrane of normal human lung. Attempts to transfer disease with the patient's IgA antibody to a monkey and to Lewis and Brown-Norway rats were unsuccessful. Immunoglobulin A antibasement membrane antibody must be considered in the design of immunoserologic procedures for the diagnosis of Goodpasture's syndrome.", "PMID": 111592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9777", "title": "Safety of changing intravenous delivery systems at longer than 24-hour intervals.", "content": "Routinely changing the intravenous delivery system (fluid containers and administration set) every 24 h is widely practiced in American hospitals to reduce the risk of septicemia caused by contaminated infusate. We did a prospective clinical study to ascertain whether changing at longer intervals could be justified. At the conclusion of infusion therapy through one system, both the cannula and an aliquot of remaining fluid were cultured quantitatively. Of 790 infusions, contaminated infusate was detected in one (0.39%) of 258 discontinued and sampled after 1 to 24 h of continuous use, three (0.84%) of 259 after 25 to 48 h, and one (0.58%) of 173 after 49 to 71 h; none of these five contaminated systems produced septicemia. However, five cannula-related septicemias were identified during the study, none associated with concordant contamination of infusate. Routinely replacing the delivery system every 48 h seems to be justified and could result in considerable savings to hospitals. Infection of the cannula wound and contamination of infusate seem to be unrelated.", "contents": "Safety of changing intravenous delivery systems at longer than 24-hour intervals. Routinely changing the intravenous delivery system (fluid containers and administration set) every 24 h is widely practiced in American hospitals to reduce the risk of septicemia caused by contaminated infusate. We did a prospective clinical study to ascertain whether changing at longer intervals could be justified. At the conclusion of infusion therapy through one system, both the cannula and an aliquot of remaining fluid were cultured quantitatively. Of 790 infusions, contaminated infusate was detected in one (0.39%) of 258 discontinued and sampled after 1 to 24 h of continuous use, three (0.84%) of 259 after 25 to 48 h, and one (0.58%) of 173 after 49 to 71 h; none of these five contaminated systems produced septicemia. However, five cannula-related septicemias were identified during the study, none associated with concordant contamination of infusate. Routinely replacing the delivery system every 48 h seems to be justified and could result in considerable savings to hospitals. Infection of the cannula wound and contamination of infusate seem to be unrelated.", "PMID": 111593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9778", "title": "Hyperamylasemia in diabetic ketoacidosis: sources and significance.", "content": "The origins and clinical significance of hyperamylasemia during diabetic ketoacidosis are unclear. We have therefore correlated important clinical and laboratory indices of diabetic ketoacidosis with sequential determinations of serum and urine amylase concentrations, amylase/creatinine clearance ratios, and specific amylase isozyme types. Hyperamylasemia occurred in 79% of our patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, often after admission to the hospital. Among these patients, 48% had pancreatic-type, 36% salivary-type, and 16% mixed-type (pancreatic and salivary) hyperamylasemia. There were no correlations between the presence, degree, or isozyme type of hyperamylasemia and most laboratory or clinical characteristics, including gastrointestinal symptoms. Patients with pancreatic-type hyperamylasemia tended to have higher amylase/creatinine clearance ratios, but it was not possible to unequivocably diagnose acute pancreatitis during diabetic ketoacidosis with current routine clinical or laboratory procedures.", "contents": "Hyperamylasemia in diabetic ketoacidosis: sources and significance. The origins and clinical significance of hyperamylasemia during diabetic ketoacidosis are unclear. We have therefore correlated important clinical and laboratory indices of diabetic ketoacidosis with sequential determinations of serum and urine amylase concentrations, amylase/creatinine clearance ratios, and specific amylase isozyme types. Hyperamylasemia occurred in 79% of our patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, often after admission to the hospital. Among these patients, 48% had pancreatic-type, 36% salivary-type, and 16% mixed-type (pancreatic and salivary) hyperamylasemia. There were no correlations between the presence, degree, or isozyme type of hyperamylasemia and most laboratory or clinical characteristics, including gastrointestinal symptoms. Patients with pancreatic-type hyperamylasemia tended to have higher amylase/creatinine clearance ratios, but it was not possible to unequivocably diagnose acute pancreatitis during diabetic ketoacidosis with current routine clinical or laboratory procedures.", "PMID": 111594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9779", "title": "Amino acid deficiency and the skin rash associated with glucagonoma.", "content": "A 47-year-old white man had a malignant glucagonoma and severe necrolytic migratory erythema. His plasma glucagon levels were markedly elevated at 50 ng/mL and plasma amino acids diminished to 45% of normal. To test the hypothesis that the skin rash associated with a glucagonoma is secondary to an amino acid deficiency, we obtained 2 d of fasting baseline laboratory data from the patient while he consumed his usual diet. He was then given 3 L/d of supplemental intravenous amino acids for 3 d. His plasma amino acid levels increased slightly, and there was some improvement in his skin rash. Immediately thereafter, total parenteral nutrition was administered for 3 d without added zinc or fatty acids. During total parenteral nutrition, 14 of 17 plasma amino acids became normal, and the patient's skin rash rapidly disappeared. These findings suggest that the skin rash associated with a glucagonoma is most likely due to an amino acid deficiency and can be reversed by parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Amino acid deficiency and the skin rash associated with glucagonoma. A 47-year-old white man had a malignant glucagonoma and severe necrolytic migratory erythema. His plasma glucagon levels were markedly elevated at 50 ng/mL and plasma amino acids diminished to 45% of normal. To test the hypothesis that the skin rash associated with a glucagonoma is secondary to an amino acid deficiency, we obtained 2 d of fasting baseline laboratory data from the patient while he consumed his usual diet. He was then given 3 L/d of supplemental intravenous amino acids for 3 d. His plasma amino acid levels increased slightly, and there was some improvement in his skin rash. Immediately thereafter, total parenteral nutrition was administered for 3 d without added zinc or fatty acids. During total parenteral nutrition, 14 of 17 plasma amino acids became normal, and the patient's skin rash rapidly disappeared. These findings suggest that the skin rash associated with a glucagonoma is most likely due to an amino acid deficiency and can be reversed by parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 111595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9780", "title": "Hemoperfusion to treat intoxications.", "content": "Hemoperfusion is being increasingly proposed and used for the treatment of a large variety of exogenous intoxications. This procedure has been shown to achieve high clearance rates of most common intoxicants, and case reports have claimed that its application has been, on occasion, life-saving. We tabulated our experience in the treatment of 94 consecutive patients with severe intoxications who were treated with supportive management only; this group constituted 25% of all patients admitted with a diagnosis of drug overdose. Of the 94 patients only one died; all others were discharged without sequelae resulting from the intoxication or its complications; only 21% required more than a 48-hour stay in the intensive care unit. We propose that supportive management must remain the mainstay of therapy even in severely intoxicated patients; with few exceptions, hemoperfusion must be considered an as yet unproven form of therapy; further controlled studies are necessary to establish its range of indications, potential benefits, and cost effectiveness.", "contents": "Hemoperfusion to treat intoxications. Hemoperfusion is being increasingly proposed and used for the treatment of a large variety of exogenous intoxications. This procedure has been shown to achieve high clearance rates of most common intoxicants, and case reports have claimed that its application has been, on occasion, life-saving. We tabulated our experience in the treatment of 94 consecutive patients with severe intoxications who were treated with supportive management only; this group constituted 25% of all patients admitted with a diagnosis of drug overdose. Of the 94 patients only one died; all others were discharged without sequelae resulting from the intoxication or its complications; only 21% required more than a 48-hour stay in the intensive care unit. We propose that supportive management must remain the mainstay of therapy even in severely intoxicated patients; with few exceptions, hemoperfusion must be considered an as yet unproven form of therapy; further controlled studies are necessary to establish its range of indications, potential benefits, and cost effectiveness.", "PMID": 111596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9781", "title": "An evaluation of serum thyroxine binding globulin as a routine test of thyroid function.", "content": "Serum thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) values were correlated with other thyroid function test results and with the clinical condition in 680 patients. The estimation of serum TBG was helpful in the evaluation of thyroid status only in those patients who were either acutely ill, were taking the contraceptive pill, or were pregnant. Further, the derived index, thyroxine: TBG ratio, proved to be a better diagnostic index than the thyroxine:tri-iodothyronine uptake ratio and in many cases would have avoided the use of more expensive and time-consuming tests.", "contents": "An evaluation of serum thyroxine binding globulin as a routine test of thyroid function. Serum thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) values were correlated with other thyroid function test results and with the clinical condition in 680 patients. The estimation of serum TBG was helpful in the evaluation of thyroid status only in those patients who were either acutely ill, were taking the contraceptive pill, or were pregnant. Further, the derived index, thyroxine: TBG ratio, proved to be a better diagnostic index than the thyroxine:tri-iodothyronine uptake ratio and in many cases would have avoided the use of more expensive and time-consuming tests.", "PMID": 111597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9782", "title": "Serological and chemical studies of latent allotypes in the rabbit.", "content": "Genetic data has shown that antigenic variants or allotypes of variable and constant regions of the heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins represent products of allelic structural genes. New findings in several animal systems have demonstrated the non-allelic behavior of immunoglobulin allotypes. In the present study we report the results of our efforts to confirm the presence of latent allotypes in rabbit sera. Varying amounts of latent allotypes for groups a and b markers were detected in 95% of all normal and immune sera tested. Several rabbits expressed high levels of latent a and b allotypes (in excess of 200 micrograms/ml of serum). By gel diffusion and radioimmune inhibition analysis, the latent b4 marker from one b6b6 rabbit, B240, was identical to the nominal b4 allotype. Also, the L chains bearing the latent b4 marker were isolated from B240 IgG and analyzed chemically by taking advantage of an acid-labile aspartic acid-proline bond at positions 109 and 110, which is unique for b4 and b9 kappa L chains.", "contents": "Serological and chemical studies of latent allotypes in the rabbit. Genetic data has shown that antigenic variants or allotypes of variable and constant regions of the heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins represent products of allelic structural genes. New findings in several animal systems have demonstrated the non-allelic behavior of immunoglobulin allotypes. In the present study we report the results of our efforts to confirm the presence of latent allotypes in rabbit sera. Varying amounts of latent allotypes for groups a and b markers were detected in 95% of all normal and immune sera tested. Several rabbits expressed high levels of latent a and b allotypes (in excess of 200 micrograms/ml of serum). By gel diffusion and radioimmune inhibition analysis, the latent b4 marker from one b6b6 rabbit, B240, was identical to the nominal b4 allotype. Also, the L chains bearing the latent b4 marker were isolated from B240 IgG and analyzed chemically by taking advantage of an acid-labile aspartic acid-proline bond at positions 109 and 110, which is unique for b4 and b9 kappa L chains.", "PMID": 111600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9783", "title": "Expression of latent allotypes in SJL mice.", "content": "SJL mice (CH allogroup Igb) were immunized against immunoglobulins from strain BALB/c (allogroup Iga). We used either animals purchased directly from the Jackson Institute, or Jackson-derived mice which had been inbred further in our laboratory. In some mice from three independent immunization series we observed, contrary to expectation, the expression of molecules carrying allotypic determinants of Iga instead of the expected production of antibodies against these determinants. Various types of breeding experiments were carried out with parents being either \"orthodox\" SJL mice, or animals expressing the \"wrong\" allotype. Among the progeny, as analyzed so far, we again found animals which changed their allotype after antiallotypic immunization. The data do not appear to be compatible with a single-gene, dominant mendelian inheritance of allotypic determinants in this stock of mice.", "contents": "Expression of latent allotypes in SJL mice. SJL mice (CH allogroup Igb) were immunized against immunoglobulins from strain BALB/c (allogroup Iga). We used either animals purchased directly from the Jackson Institute, or Jackson-derived mice which had been inbred further in our laboratory. In some mice from three independent immunization series we observed, contrary to expectation, the expression of molecules carrying allotypic determinants of Iga instead of the expected production of antibodies against these determinants. Various types of breeding experiments were carried out with parents being either \"orthodox\" SJL mice, or animals expressing the \"wrong\" allotype. Among the progeny, as analyzed so far, we again found animals which changed their allotype after antiallotypic immunization. The data do not appear to be compatible with a single-gene, dominant mendelian inheritance of allotypic determinants in this stock of mice.", "PMID": 111601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9784", "title": "A hypothetical explanation of saccadic oscillations.", "content": "Eye movements in a patient with saccadic oscillations (ocular flutter) were recorded and analyzed. Findings were related to recent microelectrode studies in the monkey pontine reticular formation which have identified three types of premotor neurons related to saccadic eye movements: burst, tonic, and pause cells. We incorporated these cell types into a hypothetical circuit that generates saccades by rapidly driving the eye to a designated orbital position rather than preprogramming a distance for movement. Physiological measurements suggest that this neural network is unstable and that the burst neurons must be tonically inhibited to prevent saccadic oscillations during periods of fixation. Pause cells, which discharge tonically except during saccades, when they pause, appear to inhibit burst cells and prevent such saccadic oscillations. Analysis of our patient's behavior indicates that many types of saccadic oscillations can be explained and classified by assuming an abnormality of pause cell control over saccadic burst neurons.", "contents": "A hypothetical explanation of saccadic oscillations. Eye movements in a patient with saccadic oscillations (ocular flutter) were recorded and analyzed. Findings were related to recent microelectrode studies in the monkey pontine reticular formation which have identified three types of premotor neurons related to saccadic eye movements: burst, tonic, and pause cells. We incorporated these cell types into a hypothetical circuit that generates saccades by rapidly driving the eye to a designated orbital position rather than preprogramming a distance for movement. Physiological measurements suggest that this neural network is unstable and that the burst neurons must be tonically inhibited to prevent saccadic oscillations during periods of fixation. Pause cells, which discharge tonically except during saccades, when they pause, appear to inhibit burst cells and prevent such saccadic oscillations. Analysis of our patient's behavior indicates that many types of saccadic oscillations can be explained and classified by assuming an abnormality of pause cell control over saccadic burst neurons.", "PMID": 111605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9785", "title": "Regeneration of the magnocellular system of the rhesus monkey following hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "The hypothalamic magnocellular system of the rhesus monkey was studied with specific immunocytochemical techniques in animals that had undergone hypothalamic lesions. The results indicate that this system maintains a regenerative capacity even when its tracts are interrupted within the hypothalamus. New neurohemal units are reconstituted from newly formed vessels within the scar as well as from preexistent blood vessels, such as perforating and pial arterioles, and the vessels of the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland, which normally do not contain neurosecretory terminals.", "contents": "Regeneration of the magnocellular system of the rhesus monkey following hypothalamic lesions. The hypothalamic magnocellular system of the rhesus monkey was studied with specific immunocytochemical techniques in animals that had undergone hypothalamic lesions. The results indicate that this system maintains a regenerative capacity even when its tracts are interrupted within the hypothalamus. New neurohemal units are reconstituted from newly formed vessels within the scar as well as from preexistent blood vessels, such as perforating and pial arterioles, and the vessels of the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland, which normally do not contain neurosecretory terminals.", "PMID": 111606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9786", "title": "[Gentamycin activity in combination with etonium in relation to Pseudomonas aeruginosa].", "content": "Gentamicin is one of the most effective drugs for treatment of infections caused by Ps. aeruginosa. However, isolation of the strains resistant to the antibiotics was not infrequent. It was shown in the experiments with 40 cultures that the activity of gentamicin against Ps. aeruginosa increased approximately 20 times when it was used in combination with ethonium, a derivative of bis-quaternary ammonium compounds.", "contents": "[Gentamycin activity in combination with etonium in relation to Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. Gentamicin is one of the most effective drugs for treatment of infections caused by Ps. aeruginosa. However, isolation of the strains resistant to the antibiotics was not infrequent. It was shown in the experiments with 40 cultures that the activity of gentamicin against Ps. aeruginosa increased approximately 20 times when it was used in combination with ethonium, a derivative of bis-quaternary ammonium compounds.", "PMID": 111608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9787", "title": "Immunoglobulin allotypy of allophenic rabbits.", "content": "We obtained two allophenic rabbits formed by the manipulation of blastocysts from strains which differed by their coat colour and their immunoglobulin allotypic specificities. The phenotype of these two rabbits was a1,a2,a3,b4. They were chimeras for their lymphocytic system but not for their coat colour as they had the homogeneous brown coat colour of one of their parental strain. The IgG concentration in the serum of these allophenic rabbits was of the same order of magnitude as the IgG concentration in the serum of normal rabbits of the same age. Twenty-five weeks after birth, one of the allophenic rabbits expressed predominantly the a1 allotypic specificity (around 70% a1, 5% a2, 20% a3) which came from its brown parents, while the second one expressed predominantly the a3 allotypic specificity (around 2% a1, 20% a2, 60% a3) which came from its white parents. Each allotypically different IgG produced by these allophenic rabbits possessed the whole set of allotypic determinants found on IgG carrying the same specificity and produced by normal rabbits. We did not find significant signs of genetic information transfers from the cells of one parental strain to the cells of the other parental strain, or of eventual perturbations of the functional haploidy of the immunoglobulin-producing cells. As these allophenic rabbits only had different a series allotypic specificities, the probability of finding such signs was certainly low as they would have implied hybrid IgG molecules with two allotypically different heavy chains. We now have allophenic rabbits in which different a and b series allotypic specificities are involved and with which we will look for hybrid IgG molecules with heavy chains from one parental strain and light chains from the other parental strain. With these two rabbits we observed the \"chimeric drift\", namely the slow disappearance of constituants (here one allotypic specificity) coming from one parental strain. The first progeny tests carried out with these allophenic rabbits indicated that they did not seem to be chimeras at the germinal cell level. All their first offspring which were homogeneously brown and homozygous a1,b4 expressed the whole set of variants and determinants of the a1 or the b4 allotypic specificity.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin allotypy of allophenic rabbits. We obtained two allophenic rabbits formed by the manipulation of blastocysts from strains which differed by their coat colour and their immunoglobulin allotypic specificities. The phenotype of these two rabbits was a1,a2,a3,b4. They were chimeras for their lymphocytic system but not for their coat colour as they had the homogeneous brown coat colour of one of their parental strain. The IgG concentration in the serum of these allophenic rabbits was of the same order of magnitude as the IgG concentration in the serum of normal rabbits of the same age. Twenty-five weeks after birth, one of the allophenic rabbits expressed predominantly the a1 allotypic specificity (around 70% a1, 5% a2, 20% a3) which came from its brown parents, while the second one expressed predominantly the a3 allotypic specificity (around 2% a1, 20% a2, 60% a3) which came from its white parents. Each allotypically different IgG produced by these allophenic rabbits possessed the whole set of allotypic determinants found on IgG carrying the same specificity and produced by normal rabbits. We did not find significant signs of genetic information transfers from the cells of one parental strain to the cells of the other parental strain, or of eventual perturbations of the functional haploidy of the immunoglobulin-producing cells. As these allophenic rabbits only had different a series allotypic specificities, the probability of finding such signs was certainly low as they would have implied hybrid IgG molecules with two allotypically different heavy chains. We now have allophenic rabbits in which different a and b series allotypic specificities are involved and with which we will look for hybrid IgG molecules with heavy chains from one parental strain and light chains from the other parental strain. With these two rabbits we observed the \"chimeric drift\", namely the slow disappearance of constituants (here one allotypic specificity) coming from one parental strain. The first progeny tests carried out with these allophenic rabbits indicated that they did not seem to be chimeras at the germinal cell level. All their first offspring which were homogeneously brown and homozygous a1,b4 expressed the whole set of variants and determinants of the a1 or the b4 allotypic specificity.", "PMID": 111603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9788", "title": "Evolutionary conservation of a gene which controls the VH regions of an anti-hapten antibody (NP).", "content": "Wild mice of eight types were immunized with hapten NP, and the occurrence of a genetically controlled idiotype NP-b in their sera was studied. Five of the mouse types were subspecies of Mus musculus, the others were M. cervicolor, M. dunni and M. caroli. An idiotype indistinguishable from NP-b was the prediminant anti-NP antibody in M. m. molossinus, the other seven types of mice did not have this antibody population. Lack of the idiotype in these mice does not show that they do not have the VH gene controlling its expression since the idiotypic population must have the lambda light chain, and the seven types of mice either have little of lambda immunoglobulin or have lambda chains different from the lambda chains of the laboratory mice.", "contents": "Evolutionary conservation of a gene which controls the VH regions of an anti-hapten antibody (NP). Wild mice of eight types were immunized with hapten NP, and the occurrence of a genetically controlled idiotype NP-b in their sera was studied. Five of the mouse types were subspecies of Mus musculus, the others were M. cervicolor, M. dunni and M. caroli. An idiotype indistinguishable from NP-b was the prediminant anti-NP antibody in M. m. molossinus, the other seven types of mice did not have this antibody population. Lack of the idiotype in these mice does not show that they do not have the VH gene controlling its expression since the idiotypic population must have the lambda light chain, and the seven types of mice either have little of lambda immunoglobulin or have lambda chains different from the lambda chains of the laboratory mice.", "PMID": 111604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9789", "title": "In vitro activity of piperacillin compared with that of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, and cefamandole against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "Piperacillin (T-1220), a semisynthetic derivative of aminobenzylpenicillin, was more active than either carbenicillin or ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; over 60% of isolates were inhibited at a concentration of 6.3 mug/ml. Piperacillin was bactericidal for 84% of Pseudomonas strains at 100 mug/ml, carbenicillin killed 60%, and ticarcillin killed 68% at that concentration. Piperacillin was also more active than the other penicillins against isolates of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, and Proteus mirabilis. The combination of piperacillin and tobramycin, demonstrating synergistic inhibition of 87% of strains of P. aeruginosa, was the most active of the penicillin-aminoglycoside combinations tested for synergism.", "contents": "In vitro activity of piperacillin compared with that of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, and cefamandole against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae. Piperacillin (T-1220), a semisynthetic derivative of aminobenzylpenicillin, was more active than either carbenicillin or ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; over 60% of isolates were inhibited at a concentration of 6.3 mug/ml. Piperacillin was bactericidal for 84% of Pseudomonas strains at 100 mug/ml, carbenicillin killed 60%, and ticarcillin killed 68% at that concentration. Piperacillin was also more active than the other penicillins against isolates of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, and Proteus mirabilis. The combination of piperacillin and tobramycin, demonstrating synergistic inhibition of 87% of strains of P. aeruginosa, was the most active of the penicillin-aminoglycoside combinations tested for synergism.", "PMID": 111609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9790", "title": "Comparative study of anti-pseudomonas activity of azlocillin, mezlocillin, and ticarcillin.", "content": "The anti-pseudomonas activities of azlocillin and mezlocillin were compared with that of ticarcillin. We measured the minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations of the three drugs against 20 different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and found significantly lower values for azlocillin than for the other two drugs. We then infused 5 g of each drug into 10 volunteers on three consecutive days and determined the serum levels of the three antibiotics at 1-h intervals from 1 to 6 h after injection. The levels of azlocillin were significantly higher than those of mezlocillin and ticarcillin (at 1 h: 236.55 mug/ml +/- 12.9 for azlocillin, 192.45 mug/ml +/- 28.8 for mezlocillin, and 131.5 mug/ml +/- 10.9 for ticarcillin). The inhibitory and bactericidal activities of the sera obtained 1 and 6 h after the injection against the same 20 strains of P. aeruginosa demonstrated a significantly greater anti-pseudomonas activity of azlocillin when compared with mezlocillin and ticarcillin; mezlocillin and ticarcillin had approximately the same activity. The mean values for bactericidal activity against the strains tested were 1/32 for azlocillin, 1/8 for mezlocillin, and 1/8 for ticarcillin. Azlocillin thus appears to be a promising anti-pseudomonas drug and should be tested in clinical trials.", "contents": "Comparative study of anti-pseudomonas activity of azlocillin, mezlocillin, and ticarcillin. The anti-pseudomonas activities of azlocillin and mezlocillin were compared with that of ticarcillin. We measured the minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations of the three drugs against 20 different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and found significantly lower values for azlocillin than for the other two drugs. We then infused 5 g of each drug into 10 volunteers on three consecutive days and determined the serum levels of the three antibiotics at 1-h intervals from 1 to 6 h after injection. The levels of azlocillin were significantly higher than those of mezlocillin and ticarcillin (at 1 h: 236.55 mug/ml +/- 12.9 for azlocillin, 192.45 mug/ml +/- 28.8 for mezlocillin, and 131.5 mug/ml +/- 10.9 for ticarcillin). The inhibitory and bactericidal activities of the sera obtained 1 and 6 h after the injection against the same 20 strains of P. aeruginosa demonstrated a significantly greater anti-pseudomonas activity of azlocillin when compared with mezlocillin and ticarcillin; mezlocillin and ticarcillin had approximately the same activity. The mean values for bactericidal activity against the strains tested were 1/32 for azlocillin, 1/8 for mezlocillin, and 1/8 for ticarcillin. Azlocillin thus appears to be a promising anti-pseudomonas drug and should be tested in clinical trials.", "PMID": 111610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9791", "title": "Dihydrofolate reductase from Neisseria sp.", "content": "Members of the genus Neisseria are relatively nonsusceptible to trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. For example, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of trimethoprim for N. gonorrhoeae ranges from 2 to 70 mug/ml, whereas the MIC for Escherichia coli is 0.2 mug/ml or less. In an effort to understand this difference, dihydrofolate reductase was partially purified from five Neisseria species and compared with the enzyme from E. coli. N. gonorrhoeae dihydrofolate reductase was similar to that from E. coli in molecular weight (18,000) and affinity for the substrates reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and dihydrofolate (K(m) = 13 and 8 muM, respectively). However, the gonococcal enzyme had a decreased affinity for trimethoprim, with an apparent K(i) of 45 x 10(-9) M, some 30-fold greater than the E. coli value of 1.2 x 10(-9) M. These enzymes also differed in their isoelectric points and pH activity profiles. Within the genus Neisseria, the dihydrofolate reductase isolated from N. meningitidis and N. lactamica resembled the N. gonorrhoeae enzyme, and only small differences were detected for the N. flavescens and Branhamella catarrhalis dihydrofolate reductases. These data indicate that the relatively poor affinity of trimethoprim for the dihydrofolate reductase from these organisms may be largely responsible for the relative nonsusceptibility of Neisseria sp. to trimethoprim. The contribution of other resistance mechanisms to the overall nonsusceptibility was assessed. Strains of N. gonorrhoeae with altered cell envelope permeability had MIC values less than twofold different from those of isogenic wild-type strains. Also, a direct relationship was observed between the affinity of trimethoprim analogs for gonococcal dihydrofolate reductase and the MIC of these compounds for the gonococcus. These observations suggest that the cell envelope of N. gonorrhoeae is not impermeable to trimethoprim. Changes in the amount of dihydrofolate reductase activity could cause alterations in the susceptibility of the gonococcus to trimethoprim, as demonstrated with N. gonorrhoeae strains selected for trimethoprim resistance after chemical mutagenesis. However, the level of dihydrofolate reductase activity in wild-type N. gonorrhoeae was similar to that of E. coli, indicating that the difference in the susceptibility of these organisms is not due to greater amounts of enzyme in N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Dihydrofolate reductase from Neisseria sp. Members of the genus Neisseria are relatively nonsusceptible to trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. For example, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of trimethoprim for N. gonorrhoeae ranges from 2 to 70 mug/ml, whereas the MIC for Escherichia coli is 0.2 mug/ml or less. In an effort to understand this difference, dihydrofolate reductase was partially purified from five Neisseria species and compared with the enzyme from E. coli. N. gonorrhoeae dihydrofolate reductase was similar to that from E. coli in molecular weight (18,000) and affinity for the substrates reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and dihydrofolate (K(m) = 13 and 8 muM, respectively). However, the gonococcal enzyme had a decreased affinity for trimethoprim, with an apparent K(i) of 45 x 10(-9) M, some 30-fold greater than the E. coli value of 1.2 x 10(-9) M. These enzymes also differed in their isoelectric points and pH activity profiles. Within the genus Neisseria, the dihydrofolate reductase isolated from N. meningitidis and N. lactamica resembled the N. gonorrhoeae enzyme, and only small differences were detected for the N. flavescens and Branhamella catarrhalis dihydrofolate reductases. These data indicate that the relatively poor affinity of trimethoprim for the dihydrofolate reductase from these organisms may be largely responsible for the relative nonsusceptibility of Neisseria sp. to trimethoprim. The contribution of other resistance mechanisms to the overall nonsusceptibility was assessed. Strains of N. gonorrhoeae with altered cell envelope permeability had MIC values less than twofold different from those of isogenic wild-type strains. Also, a direct relationship was observed between the affinity of trimethoprim analogs for gonococcal dihydrofolate reductase and the MIC of these compounds for the gonococcus. These observations suggest that the cell envelope of N. gonorrhoeae is not impermeable to trimethoprim. Changes in the amount of dihydrofolate reductase activity could cause alterations in the susceptibility of the gonococcus to trimethoprim, as demonstrated with N. gonorrhoeae strains selected for trimethoprim resistance after chemical mutagenesis. However, the level of dihydrofolate reductase activity in wild-type N. gonorrhoeae was similar to that of E. coli, indicating that the difference in the susceptibility of these organisms is not due to greater amounts of enzyme in N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 111611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9792", "title": "In vitro activity of HR 756, a new cephalosporin, against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The in vitro activity of HR 756 was compared with penicillin, cefamandole, cefoxitin, and tetracycline against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A total of 192 randomly selected isolates (of which 23 had minimal inhibitory concentrations of >/=0.5 mug/ml for penicillin) and three beta-lactamase-producing isolates were tested. HR 756 was the most active antibiotic tested, with more than 90% of the isolates inhibited by 0.008 mug/ml and all inhibited by 0.25 mug/ml.", "contents": "In vitro activity of HR 756, a new cephalosporin, against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The in vitro activity of HR 756 was compared with penicillin, cefamandole, cefoxitin, and tetracycline against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A total of 192 randomly selected isolates (of which 23 had minimal inhibitory concentrations of >/=0.5 mug/ml for penicillin) and three beta-lactamase-producing isolates were tested. HR 756 was the most active antibiotic tested, with more than 90% of the isolates inhibited by 0.008 mug/ml and all inhibited by 0.25 mug/ml.", "PMID": 111612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9793", "title": "Peptidoglycan transpeptidase inhibition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli by Penicillins and Cephalosporins.", "content": "Peptidoglycan transpeptidase activity has been studied in cells of Escherichia coli 146 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 56 made permeable to exogenous, nucleotide-sugar peptidoglycan precursors by ether treatment. Transpeptidase activity was inhibited, in both organisms, by a range of penicillins and cephalosporins, the Pseudomonas enzyme being more sensitive to inhibition in each case. Conversely, growth of E. coli 146 was more susceptible to these antibiotics than growth of P. aeruginosa 56. Furthermore, similar transpeptidase inhibition values were ob-obtained for the four penicillins examined against the Pseudomonas enzyme, although only two of these (carbenicillin and pirbenicillin) inhibited the growth of this organism. We therefore conclude that the high resistance of P. aeruginosa 56 to growth inhibition by most beta-lactam antibiotics cannot be due to an insensitive peptidoglycan transpeptidase.", "contents": "Peptidoglycan transpeptidase inhibition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli by Penicillins and Cephalosporins. Peptidoglycan transpeptidase activity has been studied in cells of Escherichia coli 146 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 56 made permeable to exogenous, nucleotide-sugar peptidoglycan precursors by ether treatment. Transpeptidase activity was inhibited, in both organisms, by a range of penicillins and cephalosporins, the Pseudomonas enzyme being more sensitive to inhibition in each case. Conversely, growth of E. coli 146 was more susceptible to these antibiotics than growth of P. aeruginosa 56. Furthermore, similar transpeptidase inhibition values were ob-obtained for the four penicillins examined against the Pseudomonas enzyme, although only two of these (carbenicillin and pirbenicillin) inhibited the growth of this organism. We therefore conclude that the high resistance of P. aeruginosa 56 to growth inhibition by most beta-lactam antibiotics cannot be due to an insensitive peptidoglycan transpeptidase.", "PMID": 111613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9794", "title": "Conditional antifolate resistance in Bacillus subtilis thyA.", "content": "Resistance to antifolates in Bacillus subtilis strains results from the presence of an antifolate resistance mutation (afo). Strains which are thyA(+)afo are unconditionally resistant to antifolates. The conditional resistance of thyA afo strains is hypothesized to be due to the thyB(+) gene product (thymidylate synthetase B) having a high K(m) for the folate substrate, thus leading to thymineless death in the presence of antifolates. An alternative model for conditional antifolate resistance was shown to be incorrect by analysis of folate metabolism in methotrexate-treated cells. Genetic analysis and studies of the response of afo(+) cells to methotrexate suggested that most, if not all, B. subtilis thymine-requiring mutants are afo. Analysis of dihydrofolate reductase from afo cells did not reveal an obvious mechanism for antifolate resistance in those cells.", "contents": "Conditional antifolate resistance in Bacillus subtilis thyA. Resistance to antifolates in Bacillus subtilis strains results from the presence of an antifolate resistance mutation (afo). Strains which are thyA(+)afo are unconditionally resistant to antifolates. The conditional resistance of thyA afo strains is hypothesized to be due to the thyB(+) gene product (thymidylate synthetase B) having a high K(m) for the folate substrate, thus leading to thymineless death in the presence of antifolates. An alternative model for conditional antifolate resistance was shown to be incorrect by analysis of folate metabolism in methotrexate-treated cells. Genetic analysis and studies of the response of afo(+) cells to methotrexate suggested that most, if not all, B. subtilis thymine-requiring mutants are afo. Analysis of dihydrofolate reductase from afo cells did not reveal an obvious mechanism for antifolate resistance in those cells.", "PMID": 111614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9795", "title": "Antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains from Europe and Africa.", "content": "The in vitro activities of 16 antimicrobial agents were tested by a plate dilution method against 268 unselected isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Belgium, Rwanda, Swaziland, and Zaire. Fifteen beta-lactamase-producing strains isolated in Europe from various origins were also tested. There were significant regional variations in antimicrobial agent susceptibility, even among the African isolates, with the Rwandan and Zairean strains being most resistant. Benzylpenicillin and ampicillin were equally active in all but the beta-lactamase-producing strains. Among the cephalosporins, cefotaxime was by far the most active, followed by cefuroxime, cefamandole, cefoxitin, and cefaclor, in that order. All strains were susceptible to spectinomycin, thiamphenicol, kanamycin, and rifampin, with the exception of one highly rifampin-resistant isolate and a moderately thiamphenicol-resistant strain. Twenty-six percent of the isolates were highly resistant to streptomycin. Six percent of the gonococci had a minimal inhibitory concentration for tetracycline greater than 2 mug/ml. Clavulanic acid inhibited the beta-lactamase activity of the gonococci tested and improved markedly the activities of ampicillin and amoxicillin against beta-lactamase-producing strains.", "contents": "Antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains from Europe and Africa. The in vitro activities of 16 antimicrobial agents were tested by a plate dilution method against 268 unselected isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Belgium, Rwanda, Swaziland, and Zaire. Fifteen beta-lactamase-producing strains isolated in Europe from various origins were also tested. There were significant regional variations in antimicrobial agent susceptibility, even among the African isolates, with the Rwandan and Zairean strains being most resistant. Benzylpenicillin and ampicillin were equally active in all but the beta-lactamase-producing strains. Among the cephalosporins, cefotaxime was by far the most active, followed by cefuroxime, cefamandole, cefoxitin, and cefaclor, in that order. All strains were susceptible to spectinomycin, thiamphenicol, kanamycin, and rifampin, with the exception of one highly rifampin-resistant isolate and a moderately thiamphenicol-resistant strain. Twenty-six percent of the isolates were highly resistant to streptomycin. Six percent of the gonococci had a minimal inhibitory concentration for tetracycline greater than 2 mug/ml. Clavulanic acid inhibited the beta-lactamase activity of the gonococci tested and improved markedly the activities of ampicillin and amoxicillin against beta-lactamase-producing strains.", "PMID": 111615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9796", "title": "Comparative in vitro activity of azlocillin, ampicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin, alone and in combination with an aminoglycoside.", "content": "The in vitro activities of the newer semisynthetic penicillins azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin were compared with those of ampicillin and ticarcillin by using 290 clinical laboratory isolates. Piperacillin and mezlocillin were the most active against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter spp. When Pseudomonas aeruginosa was tested, piperacillin and azlocillin were more active than either mezlocillin or ticarcillin. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae species were highly susceptible to all of the penicillins tested. Ticarcillin had relatively poor activity against enterococci. The rate of bacterial killing with multiples of the minimal inhibitory concentration of azlocillin, ampicillin, or ticarcillin was tested for E. coli, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, and Klebsiella spp. Increasing concentrations increased the bactericidal effect. The effect of combining azlocillin, ampicillin, or ticarcillin with an aminoglycoside was studied by using both killing curves and checkerboards. The isobolograms constructed from the checkerboards showed a synergistic pattern for the organisms tested, which included E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., P. mirabilis, and enterococci. However, the rate of killing was increased by the combination only for P. aeruginosa and enterococci.", "contents": "Comparative in vitro activity of azlocillin, ampicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin, alone and in combination with an aminoglycoside. The in vitro activities of the newer semisynthetic penicillins azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin were compared with those of ampicillin and ticarcillin by using 290 clinical laboratory isolates. Piperacillin and mezlocillin were the most active against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter spp. When Pseudomonas aeruginosa was tested, piperacillin and azlocillin were more active than either mezlocillin or ticarcillin. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae species were highly susceptible to all of the penicillins tested. Ticarcillin had relatively poor activity against enterococci. The rate of bacterial killing with multiples of the minimal inhibitory concentration of azlocillin, ampicillin, or ticarcillin was tested for E. coli, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, and Klebsiella spp. Increasing concentrations increased the bactericidal effect. The effect of combining azlocillin, ampicillin, or ticarcillin with an aminoglycoside was studied by using both killing curves and checkerboards. The isobolograms constructed from the checkerboards showed a synergistic pattern for the organisms tested, which included E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., P. mirabilis, and enterococci. However, the rate of killing was increased by the combination only for P. aeruginosa and enterococci.", "PMID": 111616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9797", "title": "Comparative susceptibility of penicillinase-positive and -negative Neisseria gonorrhoeae to 30 antibiotics.", "content": "The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 30 antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method for 17 penicillinase-positive and 50 penicillinase-negative strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The latter included 42 strains that were penicillin susceptible (pen S) (minimal inhibitory concentration, <0.125 mug/ml) and 8 strains with intermediate resistance to penicillin (pen I; minimal inhibitory concentration, 0.125 to 0.5 mug/ml). Two penicillinase-resistant penicillins (methicillin and nafcillin) were inhibitory for penicillin-resistant (pen R) strains. Three new cephalosporins (cefuroxime, cefamandole, cefaclor) and a cephamycin (cefoxitin) were bacteriostatic (minimal inhibitory concentration </=0.8 mug/ml) for 90% of pen S, pen I, and pen R strains. Pen I strains were more resistant than pen R strains to 6 of 13 cephalosporins. Rifampin, erythromycin, spectinomycin, chloramphenicol, and the tetracyclines were inhibitory for both pen S and pen R strains. The minimal bactericidal concentrations of cefuroxime, cefamandole, cefaclor, and cefoxitin were measured for 17 pen R strains and eight pen I strains by serial dilution of the antibiotics in Trypticase soy broth supplemented with 1% Iso VitaleX and 1% hemoglobin. All tubes were subcultured after overnight incubation at 37 degrees C. Cefuroxime and cefoxitin were bactericidal at low concentrations (minimal bactericidal concentration, </=1.0 mug/ml) for 16 of 17 pen R strains and 6 of 8 pen I strains.", "contents": "Comparative susceptibility of penicillinase-positive and -negative Neisseria gonorrhoeae to 30 antibiotics. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 30 antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method for 17 penicillinase-positive and 50 penicillinase-negative strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The latter included 42 strains that were penicillin susceptible (pen S) (minimal inhibitory concentration, <0.125 mug/ml) and 8 strains with intermediate resistance to penicillin (pen I; minimal inhibitory concentration, 0.125 to 0.5 mug/ml). Two penicillinase-resistant penicillins (methicillin and nafcillin) were inhibitory for penicillin-resistant (pen R) strains. Three new cephalosporins (cefuroxime, cefamandole, cefaclor) and a cephamycin (cefoxitin) were bacteriostatic (minimal inhibitory concentration </=0.8 mug/ml) for 90% of pen S, pen I, and pen R strains. Pen I strains were more resistant than pen R strains to 6 of 13 cephalosporins. Rifampin, erythromycin, spectinomycin, chloramphenicol, and the tetracyclines were inhibitory for both pen S and pen R strains. The minimal bactericidal concentrations of cefuroxime, cefamandole, cefaclor, and cefoxitin were measured for 17 pen R strains and eight pen I strains by serial dilution of the antibiotics in Trypticase soy broth supplemented with 1% Iso VitaleX and 1% hemoglobin. All tubes were subcultured after overnight incubation at 37 degrees C. Cefuroxime and cefoxitin were bactericidal at low concentrations (minimal bactericidal concentration, </=1.0 mug/ml) for 16 of 17 pen R strains and 6 of 8 pen I strains.", "PMID": 111617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9798", "title": "Dermopathic changes in hypozincemia.", "content": "In seven patients with chronic debilitating gastrointestinal disease who were being given total parenteral nutrition using L-amino acids and concentrated dextrose solution, severe hypozincemia (less than 60 micrograms/dL) developed with characteristic skin lesions and alopecia. The lesions were similar to seborrheic dermatitis, and they occurred in areas of high sebaceous gland concentration. Hyperkeratotic lesions were also seen on the extensor surfaces of large joints. The skin lesions and alopecia disappeared when serum zinc values were raised to levels above 60 micrograms/dL, with appropriate zinc sulfate replacement. A hypothesis on the etiology and clinical manifestations is presented.", "contents": "Dermopathic changes in hypozincemia. In seven patients with chronic debilitating gastrointestinal disease who were being given total parenteral nutrition using L-amino acids and concentrated dextrose solution, severe hypozincemia (less than 60 micrograms/dL) developed with characteristic skin lesions and alopecia. The lesions were similar to seborrheic dermatitis, and they occurred in areas of high sebaceous gland concentration. Hyperkeratotic lesions were also seen on the extensor surfaces of large joints. The skin lesions and alopecia disappeared when serum zinc values were raised to levels above 60 micrograms/dL, with appropriate zinc sulfate replacement. A hypothesis on the etiology and clinical manifestations is presented.", "PMID": 111624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9799", "title": "Thiotepa-induced leukoderma.", "content": "Periorbital depigmentation developed in a black man approximately six months after the application of an ophthalmic solution containing thiotepa. The drug was used postoperatively to prevent revascularization after removal of a pterygium. By light and electron microscopy, melanocytes were apparently absent in the depigmented area. The list of medications and chemicals that can cause cutaneous depigmentation is growing. An appropriate history may be of considerable value in the evaluation of vitiligo-like conditions.", "contents": "Thiotepa-induced leukoderma. Periorbital depigmentation developed in a black man approximately six months after the application of an ophthalmic solution containing thiotepa. The drug was used postoperatively to prevent revascularization after removal of a pterygium. By light and electron microscopy, melanocytes were apparently absent in the depigmented area. The list of medications and chemicals that can cause cutaneous depigmentation is growing. An appropriate history may be of considerable value in the evaluation of vitiligo-like conditions.", "PMID": 111625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9800", "title": "[Daily bath and its effect on the normal human skin flora quantitative and qualitative investigations of the aerobic skin flora (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of the aerobic skin flora of the flexor sides of the forearm, under a daily repeated bath during 21 days, using two marketable bath-supplements, was investigated in 24 volunteers for its quantitative and qualitative aspects. The combined scrubbing-washing-method was used as described by Burtenshaw with Ringer's solution. After the daily baths, using Wilcoxon-test, statistically no significant changes in the total number of microorganizations and in the number of the single groups of bacteria were found in the areas investigated by intermittent samplings of the skin flora. In the analysis of the composition of the normal aerobic skin flora, however, changes were obvious in 4 volunteers. There were no clinical changes of the skin surface in any of the volunteers.", "contents": "[Daily bath and its effect on the normal human skin flora quantitative and qualitative investigations of the aerobic skin flora (author's transl)]. The behaviour of the aerobic skin flora of the flexor sides of the forearm, under a daily repeated bath during 21 days, using two marketable bath-supplements, was investigated in 24 volunteers for its quantitative and qualitative aspects. The combined scrubbing-washing-method was used as described by Burtenshaw with Ringer's solution. After the daily baths, using Wilcoxon-test, statistically no significant changes in the total number of microorganizations and in the number of the single groups of bacteria were found in the areas investigated by intermittent samplings of the skin flora. In the analysis of the composition of the normal aerobic skin flora, however, changes were obvious in 4 volunteers. There were no clinical changes of the skin surface in any of the volunteers.", "PMID": 111626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9801", "title": "[Pyocin typing of 111 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in Tuscany, using the Gillies and Govan method].", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from Tuscany have been typed for pyocine production against Govan and Gillies' extended set of indicator strains; results have been expressed following a binary code. Among 111 strains only 6 could not be typed; the remaining 105 strains (94.6%) presented 59 different patterns, 44 of which were represented by one isolate only. The most commonly encountered pattern (n. 8045, corresponding to Govan and Gillies' subtype 1e) was shared by 13 strains. Isolates from outpatients or from the environment tended to a uniform distribution of pyocine patterns; those from two different hospitals tended to group into distinct subtypes.", "contents": "[Pyocin typing of 111 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in Tuscany, using the Gillies and Govan method]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from Tuscany have been typed for pyocine production against Govan and Gillies' extended set of indicator strains; results have been expressed following a binary code. Among 111 strains only 6 could not be typed; the remaining 105 strains (94.6%) presented 59 different patterns, 44 of which were represented by one isolate only. The most commonly encountered pattern (n. 8045, corresponding to Govan and Gillies' subtype 1e) was shared by 13 strains. Isolates from outpatients or from the environment tended to a uniform distribution of pyocine patterns; those from two different hospitals tended to group into distinct subtypes.", "PMID": 111627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9802", "title": "[Sensitivity to antibiotics of the \"Neisseria meningitidis\" strains isolated among healthy subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1977, from March through April, 16 strains of N. meningitidis were isolated among 400 healthy subjects: 334 school-children 6-11 years of age and 66 adults, with a carrier rate of 3.85% and 4.5% respectively. The serological identification carried out by slide agglutination showed: 1 strain belonging to serogroup A; 4 strains to serogroup B; 1 strain to serogroup C; 1 strain to serogroup Y; 3 strains were autoagglutinable and 5 nonagglutinable. Minimum inhibiting concentrations of sulfamethoxypyrazine and some antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, rifampicin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracyclin) were determined for 12 strains. All the isolates were inhibited by a concentration of rifampicin of 0.2 microgram/ml, whereas 2 strains were resistant, respectively, to 0.8 UI/ml of penicillin (M.I.C. greater than 0.8 less than or equal to 1 UI/ml) and to 4 UI/ml (M.I.C. greater than 4 less than or equal to 6 UI/ml). Various levels of resistance to sulfamethoxypyrazine and other antibiotics were also noted.", "contents": "[Sensitivity to antibiotics of the \"Neisseria meningitidis\" strains isolated among healthy subjects (author's transl)]. In 1977, from March through April, 16 strains of N. meningitidis were isolated among 400 healthy subjects: 334 school-children 6-11 years of age and 66 adults, with a carrier rate of 3.85% and 4.5% respectively. The serological identification carried out by slide agglutination showed: 1 strain belonging to serogroup A; 4 strains to serogroup B; 1 strain to serogroup C; 1 strain to serogroup Y; 3 strains were autoagglutinable and 5 nonagglutinable. Minimum inhibiting concentrations of sulfamethoxypyrazine and some antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, rifampicin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracyclin) were determined for 12 strains. All the isolates were inhibited by a concentration of rifampicin of 0.2 microgram/ml, whereas 2 strains were resistant, respectively, to 0.8 UI/ml of penicillin (M.I.C. greater than 0.8 less than or equal to 1 UI/ml) and to 4 UI/ml (M.I.C. greater than 4 less than or equal to 6 UI/ml). Various levels of resistance to sulfamethoxypyrazine and other antibiotics were also noted.", "PMID": 111628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9803", "title": "Influence of increasing carbohydrate intake on glucose kinetics in injured patients.", "content": "The metabolic and hormonal effect of glucose loads, ranging from 125 to 504 g/70 kg/day, were studied in severely injured patients. There was little or no correlation of glucose intake with nitrogen balance, plasma glucose, fatty acid concentrations, or epinephrine excretion. Increased norepinephrine excretion correlated with and may have resulted from increased glucose intake. Serum glucagon concentrations averaged 320 pg/ml and were not depressed by glucose intake. Insulin concentrations rose with glucose intake but were low for the level of plasma glucose. Glucose oxidation and non-oxidative metabolism, including glycogen deposition, correlated well with glucose intake. Gluconeogenesis from alanine was much higher than normal but was completely suppressed at very high intakes. The data imply that cycling of glucose, with glycerol, glycogen, or both, increased with increasing glucose intake.", "contents": "Influence of increasing carbohydrate intake on glucose kinetics in injured patients. The metabolic and hormonal effect of glucose loads, ranging from 125 to 504 g/70 kg/day, were studied in severely injured patients. There was little or no correlation of glucose intake with nitrogen balance, plasma glucose, fatty acid concentrations, or epinephrine excretion. Increased norepinephrine excretion correlated with and may have resulted from increased glucose intake. Serum glucagon concentrations averaged 320 pg/ml and were not depressed by glucose intake. Insulin concentrations rose with glucose intake but were low for the level of plasma glucose. Glucose oxidation and non-oxidative metabolism, including glycogen deposition, correlated well with glucose intake. Gluconeogenesis from alanine was much higher than normal but was completely suppressed at very high intakes. The data imply that cycling of glucose, with glycerol, glycogen, or both, increased with increasing glucose intake.", "PMID": 111634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9804", "title": "Nondialysis uses for vascular access procedures.", "content": "Chemotherapeutic agents, blood products and hyperalimentation solutions have been administered and recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis has been treated via vascular access procedures in 13 patients during the period from 1972 through 1977. Bovine heterograft, saphenous vein graft and the direct arteriovenous fistulae have been successfully utilized in the construction of arteriovenous fistulae in patients requiring vascular access for nonhemodialysis purposes. Operative techniques and therapeutic usefulness are discussed.", "contents": "Nondialysis uses for vascular access procedures. Chemotherapeutic agents, blood products and hyperalimentation solutions have been administered and recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis has been treated via vascular access procedures in 13 patients during the period from 1972 through 1977. Bovine heterograft, saphenous vein graft and the direct arteriovenous fistulae have been successfully utilized in the construction of arteriovenous fistulae in patients requiring vascular access for nonhemodialysis purposes. Operative techniques and therapeutic usefulness are discussed.", "PMID": 111635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9805", "title": "[Reiterant contaminations by \"pseudomonas aeruginosa\" on culture cell lines in a hospital virology service (author's transl)].", "content": "The selection of antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains by an indiscriminate administration of antibiotics has been observed. The consequences induced by Ps. aeruginosa on the tissue culture cell lines (both primary and continuos) are harmful, velding a sharp pH drop from a slight initial increase, followed by the destruction of the cell layer. Sometimes the cells succeed in growing up for some passages since antibiotics are usually present in the growth medium. Tissue culture contamination can be avoided by carrying out drastic disinfection treatments. A profilatic measure would amply to keep the Virology laboratories separated from the rest of the hospital in which Ps. aeruginosa is often present.", "contents": "[Reiterant contaminations by \"pseudomonas aeruginosa\" on culture cell lines in a hospital virology service (author's transl)]. The selection of antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains by an indiscriminate administration of antibiotics has been observed. The consequences induced by Ps. aeruginosa on the tissue culture cell lines (both primary and continuos) are harmful, velding a sharp pH drop from a slight initial increase, followed by the destruction of the cell layer. Sometimes the cells succeed in growing up for some passages since antibiotics are usually present in the growth medium. Tissue culture contamination can be avoided by carrying out drastic disinfection treatments. A profilatic measure would amply to keep the Virology laboratories separated from the rest of the hospital in which Ps. aeruginosa is often present.", "PMID": 111632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9806", "title": "Effect of protein depletion and repletion on liver structures, nitrogen content and serum proteins.", "content": "The data presented in this paper demonstrate that a liver which has been severely damaged by protein malnutrition can be restored to normal composition, anatomy and functional capability by central venous feeding. An atypical serum protein electrophoretic pattern characterizes protein malnutrition. TPN repletion restores all of the protein fractions back to normal except for the gamma globulin levels. Liver nitrogen is a very sensitive index of both protein malnutrition and TPN repletion. The liver is dramatically effected by protein malnutrition and its return toward normal can be achieved by TPN support as demonstrated in this paper.", "contents": "Effect of protein depletion and repletion on liver structures, nitrogen content and serum proteins. The data presented in this paper demonstrate that a liver which has been severely damaged by protein malnutrition can be restored to normal composition, anatomy and functional capability by central venous feeding. An atypical serum protein electrophoretic pattern characterizes protein malnutrition. TPN repletion restores all of the protein fractions back to normal except for the gamma globulin levels. Liver nitrogen is a very sensitive index of both protein malnutrition and TPN repletion. The liver is dramatically effected by protein malnutrition and its return toward normal can be achieved by TPN support as demonstrated in this paper.", "PMID": 111636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9807", "title": "Major complications of small bowel diverticula.", "content": "Complications of diverticula of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, exclusive of Meckel's diverticula are extremely rare but can produce major diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Major reported complications include hemorrhage, perforation, biliary and pancreatic obstruction, and inflammation with intestinal obstruction. The mortality of complicated duodenal diverticula is reported from 33 to 48%. Our experience with some of these complications is reported. This experience and a review of other reported cases have led to the following recommendations for surgical treatment. 1) Massively bleeding duodenal diverticulum. Precise localization of the bleeding point by endoscopy and/or arteriography is highly desirable. Excision or partial excision of the diverticulum with suture ligation of the bleeding point is necessary. 2) Perforated duodenal diverticulum. Excision or partial excision, secure closure and drainage are necessary. If peri-Vaterian, a probe should be passed through the ampulla of Vater via the common duct. Unless an entirely satisfactory closure is achieved, complete diversion of the enteric stream from the duodenum by vagotomy, antrectomy with closure of duodenal stump, and Billroth II anastomosis is recommended. 3) Choledochal obstruction due to duodenal diverticulum. Choledocho-duodenostomy. 4) Perforation, bleeding, or obstruction due to jejunal or ileal diverticulum. In rare cases, local excision of the diverticulum is feasible. Usually, resection of the involved segment with primary anastomosis is indicated.", "contents": "Major complications of small bowel diverticula. Complications of diverticula of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, exclusive of Meckel's diverticula are extremely rare but can produce major diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Major reported complications include hemorrhage, perforation, biliary and pancreatic obstruction, and inflammation with intestinal obstruction. The mortality of complicated duodenal diverticula is reported from 33 to 48%. Our experience with some of these complications is reported. This experience and a review of other reported cases have led to the following recommendations for surgical treatment. 1) Massively bleeding duodenal diverticulum. Precise localization of the bleeding point by endoscopy and/or arteriography is highly desirable. Excision or partial excision of the diverticulum with suture ligation of the bleeding point is necessary. 2) Perforated duodenal diverticulum. Excision or partial excision, secure closure and drainage are necessary. If peri-Vaterian, a probe should be passed through the ampulla of Vater via the common duct. Unless an entirely satisfactory closure is achieved, complete diversion of the enteric stream from the duodenum by vagotomy, antrectomy with closure of duodenal stump, and Billroth II anastomosis is recommended. 3) Choledochal obstruction due to duodenal diverticulum. Choledocho-duodenostomy. 4) Perforation, bleeding, or obstruction due to jejunal or ileal diverticulum. In rare cases, local excision of the diverticulum is feasible. Usually, resection of the involved segment with primary anastomosis is indicated.", "PMID": 111637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9808", "title": "Review of 404 patients with gastrointestinal fistulas. Impact of parenteral nutrition.", "content": "This paper represents an extensive review, spanning 30 years of experience with 404 patients with gastrointestinal fistulas. It includes the first period (1945-1960) during the introduction of antibiotics, the second period (1960-1970) which saw rapid improvements in parasurgical care including, respiratory support, perfection of antibiotics, some introduction of nutritional support and improved monitoring, and the third period which saw the introduction of parenteral nutrition specifically central venous hyperalimentation using hypertonic glucose and amino acids (1970-1975) in the treatment of patients with fistulas. The principal causes for mortality in the historical sense were malnutrition, sepsis and electrolyte imbalance. Mortality among patients with gastrointestinal cutaneous fistulas decreased between the first and second periods from approximately 48 to 15%. Surprisingly, mortality did not decrease further in the \"hyperalimentation period\" although spontaneous closure of gastrointestinal fistulase increased. The results suggest that the improvement in mortality in patients with gastrointestinal cutaneous fistulas is mostly due to the introduction of improved parasurgical care. It is acknowledged that nutritional support was practiced in the 1960's although this was generally not in the form of hyperalimentation. The addition of hyperalimentation in large scale to the treatment of gastrointestinal cutaneous fistulas has improved spontaneous closure and is a valuable part of the armamentarium. The decrease in mortality however, cannot be attributed to parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Review of 404 patients with gastrointestinal fistulas. Impact of parenteral nutrition. This paper represents an extensive review, spanning 30 years of experience with 404 patients with gastrointestinal fistulas. It includes the first period (1945-1960) during the introduction of antibiotics, the second period (1960-1970) which saw rapid improvements in parasurgical care including, respiratory support, perfection of antibiotics, some introduction of nutritional support and improved monitoring, and the third period which saw the introduction of parenteral nutrition specifically central venous hyperalimentation using hypertonic glucose and amino acids (1970-1975) in the treatment of patients with fistulas. The principal causes for mortality in the historical sense were malnutrition, sepsis and electrolyte imbalance. Mortality among patients with gastrointestinal cutaneous fistulas decreased between the first and second periods from approximately 48 to 15%. Surprisingly, mortality did not decrease further in the \"hyperalimentation period\" although spontaneous closure of gastrointestinal fistulase increased. The results suggest that the improvement in mortality in patients with gastrointestinal cutaneous fistulas is mostly due to the introduction of improved parasurgical care. It is acknowledged that nutritional support was practiced in the 1960's although this was generally not in the form of hyperalimentation. The addition of hyperalimentation in large scale to the treatment of gastrointestinal cutaneous fistulas has improved spontaneous closure and is a valuable part of the armamentarium. The decrease in mortality however, cannot be attributed to parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 111638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9809", "title": "Intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis within primate extremities during tourniquet ischemia.", "content": "A common although infrequently recognized complication associated with the use of a pneumatic tourniquet is profuse bleeding from the wound after deflation of the tourniquet. The purpose of this study was to determine whether intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis could be induced in subhuman primates by tourniquet ischemia, and whether this phenomenon could be altered by pretreatment of the animal with heparin. It was shown that, after 2(1/2) hours of tourniquet ischemia, (400 mmHg) to one lower limb, fibrinogen levels were significantly lower (p < .005), antithrombin III levels were significantly lower (p < .05), plasminogen levels were significantly lower (p < .05), fibrin split products significantly higher (p < .025) and fibrinopeptide A levels were significantly higher (p < .02) than values measured simultaneously in the control limbs. After pre-treatment with sodium heparin, 30 units/kg, there was no change in antithrombin III levels or fibrinogen levels, but fibrin split products in the experimental limbs were significantly elevated (p < .05) when compared to control limbs. In both groups the abnormal levels returned to control levels 5-30 minutes after tourniquet deflation. We conclude that intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis develop within ischemic subhuman primate limbs during tourniquet ischemia. Pretreatment with heparin prevents the consumption of fibrinogen and antithrombin III but does not prevent the increase in fibrin split products which was observed. It is possible that intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis contribute to post tourniquet bleeding.", "contents": "Intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis within primate extremities during tourniquet ischemia. A common although infrequently recognized complication associated with the use of a pneumatic tourniquet is profuse bleeding from the wound after deflation of the tourniquet. The purpose of this study was to determine whether intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis could be induced in subhuman primates by tourniquet ischemia, and whether this phenomenon could be altered by pretreatment of the animal with heparin. It was shown that, after 2(1/2) hours of tourniquet ischemia, (400 mmHg) to one lower limb, fibrinogen levels were significantly lower (p < .005), antithrombin III levels were significantly lower (p < .05), plasminogen levels were significantly lower (p < .05), fibrin split products significantly higher (p < .025) and fibrinopeptide A levels were significantly higher (p < .02) than values measured simultaneously in the control limbs. After pre-treatment with sodium heparin, 30 units/kg, there was no change in antithrombin III levels or fibrinogen levels, but fibrin split products in the experimental limbs were significantly elevated (p < .05) when compared to control limbs. In both groups the abnormal levels returned to control levels 5-30 minutes after tourniquet deflation. We conclude that intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis develop within ischemic subhuman primate limbs during tourniquet ischemia. Pretreatment with heparin prevents the consumption of fibrinogen and antithrombin III but does not prevent the increase in fibrin split products which was observed. It is possible that intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis contribute to post tourniquet bleeding.", "PMID": 111639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9810", "title": "Left main coronary artery stenosis: hemodynamic monitoring to reduce mortality.", "content": "A review of 20 consecutive patients with left main coronary artery stenosis operated on in 1976 indicated a general hemodynamic pattern characterized by systolic hypertension and an increase in heart rate that occurred early during the induction phase of anesthesia. From January through August, 1977, 28 patients with this stenotic condition were operated on with hemodynamic monitoring of left ventricular pressure and cardiac output by a Swan-Ganz catheter inserted before induction of anesthesia. Pharmacological interventions to optimize preload with volume, reduce afterload with nitroprusside or nitroglycerine, control heart rate with propranolol, and improve contractility with dopamine resulted in a decrease in mortality from 20% in Group 1 (1976) to 3.5% in Group 2 (1977). We conclude that control of systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and preload has notably reduced the mortality in this group of patients and that hemodynamic monitoring provides precise guidelines for therapeutic interventions.", "contents": "Left main coronary artery stenosis: hemodynamic monitoring to reduce mortality. A review of 20 consecutive patients with left main coronary artery stenosis operated on in 1976 indicated a general hemodynamic pattern characterized by systolic hypertension and an increase in heart rate that occurred early during the induction phase of anesthesia. From January through August, 1977, 28 patients with this stenotic condition were operated on with hemodynamic monitoring of left ventricular pressure and cardiac output by a Swan-Ganz catheter inserted before induction of anesthesia. Pharmacological interventions to optimize preload with volume, reduce afterload with nitroprusside or nitroglycerine, control heart rate with propranolol, and improve contractility with dopamine resulted in a decrease in mortality from 20% in Group 1 (1976) to 3.5% in Group 2 (1977). We conclude that control of systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and preload has notably reduced the mortality in this group of patients and that hemodynamic monitoring provides precise guidelines for therapeutic interventions.", "PMID": 111640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9811", "title": "[Tolerance and digestibility of Peruvian \"common foods\" in malnourished infants].", "content": "Six diets were prepared based on commonly used Peruvian foods, mainly of vegetable origin, which were offered to eight infants (mean age: 12.8 +/- 8.2 months) recovering from malnutrition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acceptability, tolerance and digestibility of the diets in question. Five were prepared with a potato and wheat base (noodle) and the sixth with a quinua-oats base. The acceptability and tolerance was satisfacotry, allowing maintenance of an adequate calorie and protein intake in all patients except one. On the quinua-oats based diet, the mean apparent absorption of nitrogen and fat was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than in the case of the other diets. The increase in height coefficient (height age/chronological age X 100) and weight/age proved to be adequate during the study, except in the three youngest patients. The authors consider that this type of diets (potato-wheat based) can be recommended for infant feeding after the first year of life, and that the quinua-oats based diet still needs a more thorough evaluation prior to recommending its use.", "contents": "[Tolerance and digestibility of Peruvian \"common foods\" in malnourished infants]. Six diets were prepared based on commonly used Peruvian foods, mainly of vegetable origin, which were offered to eight infants (mean age: 12.8 +/- 8.2 months) recovering from malnutrition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acceptability, tolerance and digestibility of the diets in question. Five were prepared with a potato and wheat base (noodle) and the sixth with a quinua-oats base. The acceptability and tolerance was satisfacotry, allowing maintenance of an adequate calorie and protein intake in all patients except one. On the quinua-oats based diet, the mean apparent absorption of nitrogen and fat was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than in the case of the other diets. The increase in height coefficient (height age/chronological age X 100) and weight/age proved to be adequate during the study, except in the three youngest patients. The authors consider that this type of diets (potato-wheat based) can be recommended for infant feeding after the first year of life, and that the quinua-oats based diet still needs a more thorough evaluation prior to recommending its use.", "PMID": 111642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9812", "title": "Factors determining peripheral vein tolerance to amino acid infusions.", "content": "The tolerance of peripheral veins to intravenous infusions was evaluated. Of 83 infusions studied, 67 contained amino acids. Phlebitis occurred more commonly with the use of solutions that contained the amino acids. The important factors in the production of phlebitis by amino acid solutions were osmolarity, and the amount of potassium infused per day. Phlebitis was universal when osmolarity exceeded 600 mOsm. Other factors that promoted phlebitis were the presence of antibiotics and the size of the vein.", "contents": "Factors determining peripheral vein tolerance to amino acid infusions. The tolerance of peripheral veins to intravenous infusions was evaluated. Of 83 infusions studied, 67 contained amino acids. Phlebitis occurred more commonly with the use of solutions that contained the amino acids. The important factors in the production of phlebitis by amino acid solutions were osmolarity, and the amount of potassium infused per day. Phlebitis was universal when osmolarity exceeded 600 mOsm. Other factors that promoted phlebitis were the presence of antibiotics and the size of the vein.", "PMID": 111645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9813", "title": "Short term effects of Clophen A 50 and of dichlorobiphenyl in rats.", "content": "In short term experiments, rats were treated with single oral doses of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), Clophen A 50 (high chlorinated compound) and dichlorobiphenyl (low chlorinated compound). Clophen A 50 treatment resulted in a marked increase in liver weight and in the activities of GPT, GOT and G1DH in rat serum at 1000 mg/kg similar effects were observed, but to a lesser degree. The levels of the serum lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly elevated at both dose levels and they remained elevated up to seven days. In contrast, one single oral dose of 1000 mg of dichlorobiphenyl per kg did not cause significant changes in the above mentioned parameters. Histological examination of the liver showed irregularly disseminated droplets of fat in both experiments. These results indicate that Clophen A 50 causes liver damage and alters the lipid metabolism of rats, whereas the low chlorinated dichlorobiphenyl does not exert such effects.", "contents": "Short term effects of Clophen A 50 and of dichlorobiphenyl in rats. In short term experiments, rats were treated with single oral doses of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), Clophen A 50 (high chlorinated compound) and dichlorobiphenyl (low chlorinated compound). Clophen A 50 treatment resulted in a marked increase in liver weight and in the activities of GPT, GOT and G1DH in rat serum at 1000 mg/kg similar effects were observed, but to a lesser degree. The levels of the serum lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly elevated at both dose levels and they remained elevated up to seven days. In contrast, one single oral dose of 1000 mg of dichlorobiphenyl per kg did not cause significant changes in the above mentioned parameters. Histological examination of the liver showed irregularly disseminated droplets of fat in both experiments. These results indicate that Clophen A 50 causes liver damage and alters the lipid metabolism of rats, whereas the low chlorinated dichlorobiphenyl does not exert such effects.", "PMID": 111646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9814", "title": "An experimental model for the study of hepatic transport and metabolism of toxic compounds.", "content": "The usefulness of isolated liver cells for the study of hepatocellular transport and metabolism is demonstrated, using 1-naphthol and 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl as model compounds. More than 60% of both substances is rapidly taken up by the cells. Naphthol is conjugated with sulphate and with glucuronic acid. These conjugates are released from the cells. Conjugation of dichlorobiphenyl and release of the conjugates is about 25 times slower than that of naphthol.", "contents": "An experimental model for the study of hepatic transport and metabolism of toxic compounds. The usefulness of isolated liver cells for the study of hepatocellular transport and metabolism is demonstrated, using 1-naphthol and 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl as model compounds. More than 60% of both substances is rapidly taken up by the cells. Naphthol is conjugated with sulphate and with glucuronic acid. These conjugates are released from the cells. Conjugation of dichlorobiphenyl and release of the conjugates is about 25 times slower than that of naphthol.", "PMID": 111647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9815", "title": "[Age and thymus morphology of pavian hamadrils].", "content": "By different histological methods, 23 thymi have been studied in Papio hamadryas of 5 age groups: fetuses, newborn, one-year-old, mature and old animals. By morphometric methods percentage of quantitative relations of the cortical and medullary substances, as well as their cell composition have been estimated. A rather great similarity in morphogenesis and age histology has been noted in human and monkey thymus. The character of histochemical reactions in thymus corpusculi supports the view on participation of some epithelial structures in the organ's functional activity. Similar supposition is made on the thymus cystic formations.", "contents": "[Age and thymus morphology of pavian hamadrils]. By different histological methods, 23 thymi have been studied in Papio hamadryas of 5 age groups: fetuses, newborn, one-year-old, mature and old animals. By morphometric methods percentage of quantitative relations of the cortical and medullary substances, as well as their cell composition have been estimated. A rather great similarity in morphogenesis and age histology has been noted in human and monkey thymus. The character of histochemical reactions in thymus corpusculi supports the view on participation of some epithelial structures in the organ's functional activity. Similar supposition is made on the thymus cystic formations.", "PMID": 111648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9816", "title": "[Valve of detection of the Du blood group factor in hospital transfusion practice].", "content": "Following a description of factor Du, a variant of factor D, a personal series of about 3% is described and the technique using indirect Coombs test is indicated. Identification of factor Du takes on importance in the prophylaxis of post-transfusional isoimmunization as donors of Rh negative blood with Du positive must be considered Rh positive donors.", "contents": "[Valve of detection of the Du blood group factor in hospital transfusion practice]. Following a description of factor Du, a variant of factor D, a personal series of about 3% is described and the technique using indirect Coombs test is indicated. Identification of factor Du takes on importance in the prophylaxis of post-transfusional isoimmunization as donors of Rh negative blood with Du positive must be considered Rh positive donors.", "PMID": 111644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9817", "title": "[Fronto-striate relationships in primate ontogeny].", "content": "A comparative investigation on the development of fields in the brain cortical frontal area and in the caudate nucleus was performed in pre- and postnatal life of the monkey and the man. Cyto- and myeloarchitectonics and quantitative methods were applied. Volumes of fields 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 47, complex of fields 44+45+56 and the caudate nucleus were measured, the size of neuronal bodies was determined. A definite connection in the development of the caudate nucleus and the fields of the frontal area was stated. The development of these formations was found to proceed unevenly: to a definite period, the development of the caudate nucleus dominates (in Macacus ontogenesis--up to a half--one year of life, in human ontogenesis--up to 2-4 years of life). Then the development of the caudate nucleus becomes slower comparing that of the frontal fields.", "contents": "[Fronto-striate relationships in primate ontogeny]. A comparative investigation on the development of fields in the brain cortical frontal area and in the caudate nucleus was performed in pre- and postnatal life of the monkey and the man. Cyto- and myeloarchitectonics and quantitative methods were applied. Volumes of fields 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 47, complex of fields 44+45+56 and the caudate nucleus were measured, the size of neuronal bodies was determined. A definite connection in the development of the caudate nucleus and the fields of the frontal area was stated. The development of these formations was found to proceed unevenly: to a definite period, the development of the caudate nucleus dominates (in Macacus ontogenesis--up to a half--one year of life, in human ontogenesis--up to 2-4 years of life). Then the development of the caudate nucleus becomes slower comparing that of the frontal fields.", "PMID": 111649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9818", "title": "[Intravenous mogadon in epileptic patients. Clinico-electroencephalographic study].", "content": "Mogadon as a parenteral solution was employed for treating status epilepticus (15 cases), intermitent epileptic seizures (10 cases), Lennox syndrome (14 cases), myoclonic seizures (5 cases) and absences (6 cases). The dosage layed between 3,3 mg and 10 mg according to each individual case. Status epilepticus and intermitent seizures disappeared following the injection and so did the irritative EEG alterations. Remission was observed in 10 Lennox cases while the remaining 4 improved. Mogadon abolished myoclonic seizures, in some cases beyond 6 hours. In simple absence improvement was also evident, although more shortlived than in myoclonic seizures. Sleepiness was side-effect, occurring in some cases.", "contents": "[Intravenous mogadon in epileptic patients. Clinico-electroencephalographic study]. Mogadon as a parenteral solution was employed for treating status epilepticus (15 cases), intermitent epileptic seizures (10 cases), Lennox syndrome (14 cases), myoclonic seizures (5 cases) and absences (6 cases). The dosage layed between 3,3 mg and 10 mg according to each individual case. Status epilepticus and intermitent seizures disappeared following the injection and so did the irritative EEG alterations. Remission was observed in 10 Lennox cases while the remaining 4 improved. Mogadon abolished myoclonic seizures, in some cases beyond 6 hours. In simple absence improvement was also evident, although more shortlived than in myoclonic seizures. Sleepiness was side-effect, occurring in some cases.", "PMID": 111652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9819", "title": "Hypertensive breakdown of cerebral but not of retinal blood vessels in rhesus monkey.", "content": "Acute hypertension, induced either by intravenous injection of metaraminol bitartrate (Aramine), infusion of isotonic saline into the common carotid artery, or a combination of both procedures did not in the rhesus monkey lead to breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. Whereas the cerebral vasculature was made permeable to blood-borne dye at carotid pressure above 160 mm Hg, the retinal blood vessels were intact even at pressures as high as 310 mm Hg. Hypertensive blood-brain barrier opening was associated with neurologic defects and brain edema. The results indicate that the retina is more resistant to acute hypertension than is the brain. The greater resistance in the retina may be due to the high number of contractile, perivascular mural cells counteracting increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure. An alternative or supplementary explanation is that choroidal and retinal blood vessels are better protected from surges in blood pressure than are brain blood vessels. Differences between the innervation of brain and ocular blood vessels could account for this.", "contents": "Hypertensive breakdown of cerebral but not of retinal blood vessels in rhesus monkey. Acute hypertension, induced either by intravenous injection of metaraminol bitartrate (Aramine), infusion of isotonic saline into the common carotid artery, or a combination of both procedures did not in the rhesus monkey lead to breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. Whereas the cerebral vasculature was made permeable to blood-borne dye at carotid pressure above 160 mm Hg, the retinal blood vessels were intact even at pressures as high as 310 mm Hg. Hypertensive blood-brain barrier opening was associated with neurologic defects and brain edema. The results indicate that the retina is more resistant to acute hypertension than is the brain. The greater resistance in the retina may be due to the high number of contractile, perivascular mural cells counteracting increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure. An alternative or supplementary explanation is that choroidal and retinal blood vessels are better protected from surges in blood pressure than are brain blood vessels. Differences between the innervation of brain and ocular blood vessels could account for this.", "PMID": 111654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9820", "title": "Scleral buckles and rotation of the ciliary body.", "content": "Angle closure glaucoma is a well-known complication of scleral buckling and it is of particular interest when it occurs in eyes with previously normal angles. Forward rotation of the ciliary body about the scleral spur has been postulated as one possible mechanism for such angle closure. Large buckles were used in macaque rhesus monkeys and histopathologic examination indicated rotation of the ciliary body about the scleral spur as the cause of angle closure. Pupillary block was not present and large choroidal detachments were not needed to produce the observed closure. The exaggerated buckles used do not allow these monkeys to serve as a clinical model and great caution is stressed in making clinical extrapolations.", "contents": "Scleral buckles and rotation of the ciliary body. Angle closure glaucoma is a well-known complication of scleral buckling and it is of particular interest when it occurs in eyes with previously normal angles. Forward rotation of the ciliary body about the scleral spur has been postulated as one possible mechanism for such angle closure. Large buckles were used in macaque rhesus monkeys and histopathologic examination indicated rotation of the ciliary body about the scleral spur as the cause of angle closure. Pupillary block was not present and large choroidal detachments were not needed to produce the observed closure. The exaggerated buckles used do not allow these monkeys to serve as a clinical model and great caution is stressed in making clinical extrapolations.", "PMID": 111655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9821", "title": "Ectropion after blepharoplasty. Experimental and clinical observations.", "content": "Ectropion, or eversion of the lower lid, is the most common serious complication of blepharoplasty. Although many factors can be related to the production of this phenomenon, excess tension on the suture line has been implicated as a causal factor in the past. Because of the lack of instrumentation for measuring suture line tensions during the performance of blepharoplasty, and the relative difficulty in identifying suitable animal models, there has been little investigation of excess suture line tension as a cause of ectropion. This study was designed to establish a technique for measuring suture line tension during the performance of blepharoplasty and evaluating the effects of excessive suture line tension in the experimental production of ectropion in the stump-tailed monkey. In both monkey and human eyelid excisions, suture line tension is evaluated with the use of a fine-balance dynamometer. Suture line tension is shown to be a measurable parameter, and the technique of measurement is described. Excessive suture line tension has been demonstrated in monkeys and humans to be a causal factor in the production of ectropion following eyelid excisions.", "contents": "Ectropion after blepharoplasty. Experimental and clinical observations. Ectropion, or eversion of the lower lid, is the most common serious complication of blepharoplasty. Although many factors can be related to the production of this phenomenon, excess tension on the suture line has been implicated as a causal factor in the past. Because of the lack of instrumentation for measuring suture line tensions during the performance of blepharoplasty, and the relative difficulty in identifying suitable animal models, there has been little investigation of excess suture line tension as a cause of ectropion. This study was designed to establish a technique for measuring suture line tension during the performance of blepharoplasty and evaluating the effects of excessive suture line tension in the experimental production of ectropion in the stump-tailed monkey. In both monkey and human eyelid excisions, suture line tension is evaluated with the use of a fine-balance dynamometer. Suture line tension is shown to be a measurable parameter, and the technique of measurement is described. Excessive suture line tension has been demonstrated in monkeys and humans to be a causal factor in the production of ectropion following eyelid excisions.", "PMID": 111656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9822", "title": "Insulin secretion in non-obese (J-type) diabetics in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Nine of ten non-obese non-ketotic diabetics attending Port Moresby General Hospital had detectable C-peptide in plasma. All had received insulin for at least two months at the time of study. It is concluded that many non-obese non-ketotic young diabetics in Papua New Guinea retain pancreatic insulin secretion and so resemble the maturity onset diabetics of \"Western\" countries.", "contents": "Insulin secretion in non-obese (J-type) diabetics in Papua New Guinea. Nine of ten non-obese non-ketotic diabetics attending Port Moresby General Hospital had detectable C-peptide in plasma. All had received insulin for at least two months at the time of study. It is concluded that many non-obese non-ketotic young diabetics in Papua New Guinea retain pancreatic insulin secretion and so resemble the maturity onset diabetics of \"Western\" countries.", "PMID": 111657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9823", "title": "Abdominal drainage: a clinical review.", "content": "A review of the indications for, and technique of, abdominal drainage is presented. An analysis is made of the physical characteristics of the commonly used types of drains. Evidence is presented that abdominal drains, although sometimes life-saving, are potentially harmfully and should be used only when a clear indication is present. When drainage is employed, it should be of the most efficient, closed type, and the drain should be removed at the earliest safe time after operation.", "contents": "Abdominal drainage: a clinical review. A review of the indications for, and technique of, abdominal drainage is presented. An analysis is made of the physical characteristics of the commonly used types of drains. Evidence is presented that abdominal drains, although sometimes life-saving, are potentially harmfully and should be used only when a clear indication is present. When drainage is employed, it should be of the most efficient, closed type, and the drain should be removed at the earliest safe time after operation.", "PMID": 111658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9824", "title": "Recent developments in vaccination against bovine brucellosis.", "content": "Recent research in vaccination against bovine brucellosis has been directed towards reducing the serological response to vaccination and to developing serological tests better able to distinguish vaccinal titres from those resulting from field infection. In the case of strain 19 vaccination, developments such as reducing the dose of vaccine and improving serological tests have so reduced the serological response as to allow adult vaccination to be carried out in combination with eradiction by test and slaughter. B. abortus 45/20 vaccine is being increasingly used as a combined diagnostic aid and protective agent. Progress has been made in identifying antibodies produced in response to this vaccine.", "contents": "Recent developments in vaccination against bovine brucellosis. Recent research in vaccination against bovine brucellosis has been directed towards reducing the serological response to vaccination and to developing serological tests better able to distinguish vaccinal titres from those resulting from field infection. In the case of strain 19 vaccination, developments such as reducing the dose of vaccine and improving serological tests have so reduced the serological response as to allow adult vaccination to be carried out in combination with eradiction by test and slaughter. B. abortus 45/20 vaccine is being increasingly used as a combined diagnostic aid and protective agent. Progress has been made in identifying antibodies produced in response to this vaccine.", "PMID": 111660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9825", "title": "Observations on single brucellosis reactors in large herds.", "content": "Over a 3 year period specimens were collected from single reacting cattle to the complement fixation test for brucellosis from large herds in north Queensland. Twenty-four such reactors were destroyed for culture, and Brucella abortus was isolated on 3 occasions. The existence of such low levels of Br. abortus in large herds should not be overlooked in the eradication campaign. Explanations were found for 17 of the single reactors, and included introduction of cattle to the herd, exposure to adjoining infected herds or vaccination with Strain 19.", "contents": "Observations on single brucellosis reactors in large herds. Over a 3 year period specimens were collected from single reacting cattle to the complement fixation test for brucellosis from large herds in north Queensland. Twenty-four such reactors were destroyed for culture, and Brucella abortus was isolated on 3 occasions. The existence of such low levels of Br. abortus in large herds should not be overlooked in the eradication campaign. Explanations were found for 17 of the single reactors, and included introduction of cattle to the herd, exposure to adjoining infected herds or vaccination with Strain 19.", "PMID": 111662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9826", "title": "An oesophageal diverticulum in a dog.", "content": "An 11-month-old male Miniature Poodle was found to regurgitate small volumes of fluid and food particles due to a diverticulum in the thoracic oesophagus. The diverticulum was removed surgically. Histologically the wall contained extensive scar tissue. Longterm recovery was uneventful and 5 months after surgery the dog is in good health", "contents": "An oesophageal diverticulum in a dog. An 11-month-old male Miniature Poodle was found to regurgitate small volumes of fluid and food particles due to a diverticulum in the thoracic oesophagus. The diverticulum was removed surgically. Histologically the wall contained extensive scar tissue. Longterm recovery was uneventful and 5 months after surgery the dog is in good health", "PMID": 111663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9827", "title": "Reproductive adaptation in Drosophila exposed to oxygen-enriched atmospheres.", "content": "Ten successive generations of a Drosophila melanogaster population were exposed to an atmospheric mix of 50% oxygen/50% nitrogen at standard pressure. This atmospheric mix has been shown to be toxic to this species and causes significantly shortened life span. By the fifth generation, survivorship and life span for the first 25-30 days were identical to control populations and total life span was shorter by only a few days. Egg-laying rates were stable in the experimental populations but below those of the controls. Hatching success was identical between experimental and control populations. Even though the egg-laying rates were lower in 50% oxygen, it was concluded that the population had adapted and could maintain a stable population in these conditions. The near-normal life spans, normal hatching rates, and overall population stability, exhibited following five generations of adaptation, were considered sufficient to allow continued reproduction in spite of a reduced egg-laying rate.", "contents": "Reproductive adaptation in Drosophila exposed to oxygen-enriched atmospheres. Ten successive generations of a Drosophila melanogaster population were exposed to an atmospheric mix of 50% oxygen/50% nitrogen at standard pressure. This atmospheric mix has been shown to be toxic to this species and causes significantly shortened life span. By the fifth generation, survivorship and life span for the first 25-30 days were identical to control populations and total life span was shorter by only a few days. Egg-laying rates were stable in the experimental populations but below those of the controls. Hatching success was identical between experimental and control populations. Even though the egg-laying rates were lower in 50% oxygen, it was concluded that the population had adapted and could maintain a stable population in these conditions. The near-normal life spans, normal hatching rates, and overall population stability, exhibited following five generations of adaptation, were considered sufficient to allow continued reproduction in spite of a reduced egg-laying rate.", "PMID": 111664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9828", "title": "Effect of hypoxia on the development of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen).", "content": "Specimens of Oregon-R Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) were bred in a defined sexual ratio in test chambers under different partial pressures of O2. In the gas mixture of 5--7% O2 plus 93--95% N2, the number of ovules dropped to nearly half even in the first generation, the time period of each development stage was considerably extended, and the size of the larvae decreased to a fraction of that of the controls. In the groups kept in a mixture of 10--12% O2 plus 88--90% N2, the same changes took place at a much slower rate, through several generations.", "contents": "Effect of hypoxia on the development of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen). Specimens of Oregon-R Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) were bred in a defined sexual ratio in test chambers under different partial pressures of O2. In the gas mixture of 5--7% O2 plus 93--95% N2, the number of ovules dropped to nearly half even in the first generation, the time period of each development stage was considerably extended, and the size of the larvae decreased to a fraction of that of the controls. In the groups kept in a mixture of 10--12% O2 plus 88--90% N2, the same changes took place at a much slower rate, through several generations.", "PMID": 111665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9829", "title": "A tissue culture model of cartilage breakdown in rheumatoid arthritis. III. Effects of antirheumatic drugs.", "content": "The effects of hydrocortisone, indomethacin, and gold thiomalate on proteoglycan release were assessed in bovine nasal cartilage-rheumatoid synovium cocultures. Of the three agents, only hydrocortisone consistently inhibited both basal and synovium-stimulated cartilage breakdown. Hydrocortisone responsivity was a direct function of the degradative capacity of synovial specimens, and this was equally well demonstrated both in patients receiving long-term therapy and those given perioperative glucocorticoid therapy. The data are consistent with significant hydrocortisone inhibition of lysosomal enzyme-mediated degradation of cartilage.", "contents": "A tissue culture model of cartilage breakdown in rheumatoid arthritis. III. Effects of antirheumatic drugs. The effects of hydrocortisone, indomethacin, and gold thiomalate on proteoglycan release were assessed in bovine nasal cartilage-rheumatoid synovium cocultures. Of the three agents, only hydrocortisone consistently inhibited both basal and synovium-stimulated cartilage breakdown. Hydrocortisone responsivity was a direct function of the degradative capacity of synovial specimens, and this was equally well demonstrated both in patients receiving long-term therapy and those given perioperative glucocorticoid therapy. The data are consistent with significant hydrocortisone inhibition of lysosomal enzyme-mediated degradation of cartilage.", "PMID": 111678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9830", "title": "Immunoblastic sarcoma with features of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "A patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and features of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus is presented. Clinical features included generalized lymphadenopathy, rash, alopecia, and synovitis, with associated laboratory abnormalities of a positive antinuclear factor and double-stranded DNA antibodies, positive lupus band test, and hemolytic anemia. Symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome included dry eyes and mouth and swollen parotid gland; biopsy results of the accessory salivary glands were positive. At autopsy immunoblastic sarcoma was found that involved the myocardium, which stained for both kappa and lambda light chains by immunoperoxidase techniques.", "contents": "Immunoblastic sarcoma with features of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and features of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus is presented. Clinical features included generalized lymphadenopathy, rash, alopecia, and synovitis, with associated laboratory abnormalities of a positive antinuclear factor and double-stranded DNA antibodies, positive lupus band test, and hemolytic anemia. Symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome included dry eyes and mouth and swollen parotid gland; biopsy results of the accessory salivary glands were positive. At autopsy immunoblastic sarcoma was found that involved the myocardium, which stained for both kappa and lambda light chains by immunoperoxidase techniques.", "PMID": 111679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9831", "title": "[Thyroid function in prophylactic therapy with lithium (author's transl)].", "content": "In 62 out-patients under maintenance treatment with lithium, thyroid function was evaluated. 21% of the patients exhibited goiter II0; 34% showed elevated thyrotrophin (TSH) serum levels; in 42% exaggerated TSH response to intravenous thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) was found.", "contents": "[Thyroid function in prophylactic therapy with lithium (author's transl)]. In 62 out-patients under maintenance treatment with lithium, thyroid function was evaluated. 21% of the patients exhibited goiter II0; 34% showed elevated thyrotrophin (TSH) serum levels; in 42% exaggerated TSH response to intravenous thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) was found.", "PMID": 111680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9832", "title": "[Preparation of Di3H(9,10)-hydroergot Alkaloids (author's transl)].", "content": "In katalytic hydrogenation of native ergot alkaloids with tritium a specific addition of 3H in 9,10 position of the molecules results. The most favourable technique is described in detail on the example of ergotamine/dihydroergotamine.", "contents": "[Preparation of Di3H(9,10)-hydroergot Alkaloids (author's transl)]. In katalytic hydrogenation of native ergot alkaloids with tritium a specific addition of 3H in 9,10 position of the molecules results. The most favourable technique is described in detail on the example of ergotamine/dihydroergotamine.", "PMID": 111681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9833", "title": "Some properties of deoxycholate and dodecyl sulphate in relation to macroionic complexes and their biochemical implications.", "content": "The present communication describes new properties and re-explores some poorly understood characteristics of deoxycholate (DOC, bile salts) and dodecyl sulphate (SDS). These anionic detergents form complexes with basic compounds including drugs and biologically important compounds; the excess of the reagents generally dissolves a complex. A variety of two-component macroionic complexes involving oppositely charged compounds are also dissolved by these reagents. This process implies the dissociation of a complex into its constituent components by DOC/SDS. This would suggest a new attribute of the anionic detergents of breaking up ionic linkages involved in macroionic complexes. This technique makes it possible to obtain quantitative information on the behaviour of binary macroionic complexes. The newly explored characteristics of bile salts might even operate in vivo and thereby explain some of their harmful effects in disorders associated with their elevated levels in vivo. An interference with the action of drugs by bile salts could be another side effect of the latter in the relevant pathological conditions.", "contents": "Some properties of deoxycholate and dodecyl sulphate in relation to macroionic complexes and their biochemical implications. The present communication describes new properties and re-explores some poorly understood characteristics of deoxycholate (DOC, bile salts) and dodecyl sulphate (SDS). These anionic detergents form complexes with basic compounds including drugs and biologically important compounds; the excess of the reagents generally dissolves a complex. A variety of two-component macroionic complexes involving oppositely charged compounds are also dissolved by these reagents. This process implies the dissociation of a complex into its constituent components by DOC/SDS. This would suggest a new attribute of the anionic detergents of breaking up ionic linkages involved in macroionic complexes. This technique makes it possible to obtain quantitative information on the behaviour of binary macroionic complexes. The newly explored characteristics of bile salts might even operate in vivo and thereby explain some of their harmful effects in disorders associated with their elevated levels in vivo. An interference with the action of drugs by bile salts could be another side effect of the latter in the relevant pathological conditions.", "PMID": 111682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9834", "title": "Effects of anticalcifying and antifibrobrotic drugs on pre-established atherosclerosis in the rabbit.", "content": "The effects of the anticalcifying drug, ethane-hydroxydiphosphonate (EHDP) and the inhibitors of collagen biosynthesis, colchicine, penicillamine and azetidine were studied in the rabbit with pre-established atherosclerosis. The drugs were administered with a cholesterol-free diet (regression diet) for 8 weeks following the induction of atherosclerosis by feeding a hypercholesterolemic diet containing 2% cholesterol and 8% peanut oil for 8 weeks. The extent and severity of aortic atherosclerosis, as revealed by the morphological and biochemical findings, increased significantly during the regression period. In rabbits treated with EHDP (5 mg/kg/day) the aorta had fewer gross lesions and contained significantly less cholesterol, collagen and elastin than did the aorta of the rabbits fed the regression diet alone. These changes were associated with a significant reduction in aortic calcium caused by EHDP. The aortic content of cholesterol, collagen and elastin in the EHDP-treated rabbits, although less than that of the rabbits fed the regression diet alone, was about the same as that of the rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. Both colchicine (0.2 mg/kg/day) and penicillamine (100 mg/kg/day) had a selective action on the induced plaques in that they suppressed the fibrous proliferation in the lesions without preventing lipid and calcium accumulation in the lesions. Neither colchicine nor penicillamine reduced the extent of aortic atherosclerosis as determined by gross examination of the vessel. Azetidine had no significant effect on the pre-established atherosclerotic lesions. The lipid, fibrous protein and calcium content of the aorta of the azetidine-treated animals was not significantly different from that of the untreated animals. The biochemical findings in the aorta were consistent with the microscopic changes.", "contents": "Effects of anticalcifying and antifibrobrotic drugs on pre-established atherosclerosis in the rabbit. The effects of the anticalcifying drug, ethane-hydroxydiphosphonate (EHDP) and the inhibitors of collagen biosynthesis, colchicine, penicillamine and azetidine were studied in the rabbit with pre-established atherosclerosis. The drugs were administered with a cholesterol-free diet (regression diet) for 8 weeks following the induction of atherosclerosis by feeding a hypercholesterolemic diet containing 2% cholesterol and 8% peanut oil for 8 weeks. The extent and severity of aortic atherosclerosis, as revealed by the morphological and biochemical findings, increased significantly during the regression period. In rabbits treated with EHDP (5 mg/kg/day) the aorta had fewer gross lesions and contained significantly less cholesterol, collagen and elastin than did the aorta of the rabbits fed the regression diet alone. These changes were associated with a significant reduction in aortic calcium caused by EHDP. The aortic content of cholesterol, collagen and elastin in the EHDP-treated rabbits, although less than that of the rabbits fed the regression diet alone, was about the same as that of the rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. Both colchicine (0.2 mg/kg/day) and penicillamine (100 mg/kg/day) had a selective action on the induced plaques in that they suppressed the fibrous proliferation in the lesions without preventing lipid and calcium accumulation in the lesions. Neither colchicine nor penicillamine reduced the extent of aortic atherosclerosis as determined by gross examination of the vessel. Azetidine had no significant effect on the pre-established atherosclerotic lesions. The lipid, fibrous protein and calcium content of the aorta of the azetidine-treated animals was not significantly different from that of the untreated animals. The biochemical findings in the aorta were consistent with the microscopic changes.", "PMID": 111683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9835", "title": "The effect of various dietary regimens and cholestyramine on aortic glycosaminoglycans during regression of atherosclerotic lesions in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The effect of various diets on the aortic glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition was studied in rhesus monkeys. Aortas were obtained from monkeys fed diets containing cholesterol and comparative fats including coconut oil--butter and peanut oil and with and without cholestyramine. Additional groups in each experiment were placed on regression diets of low-fat, low-cholesterol with and without cholestyramine. Further, an atherogenic diet of coconut oil--butter was alternated every 2 months with a diet enriched with corn oil. GAG isolated from intima and media--adventitia indicated slight variations in the concentration of total GAG among different dietary groups but major differences in the concentration of individual GAG. The concentrations of hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate were generally greater in aortas of monkeys fed corn oil diets than in those fed coconut oil--butter or peanut oil diets. The concentration of dermatan suulfate generally decreased during regression of lesions induced by the saturated fat--cholesterol diet. Furthermore, the aortas of monkeys with lesions from feeding peanut oil showed higher levels of dermatan sulfate and lower levels of chondroitin 4-sulfate than the saturated fat-fed groups. The addition of cholestyramine enhanced the effects of regression. These observations show that the composition of GAG of the arterial wall can be influenced by various dietary programs and that GAG play a role in induction and regression of experimental atherosclerotic lesions.", "contents": "The effect of various dietary regimens and cholestyramine on aortic glycosaminoglycans during regression of atherosclerotic lesions in rhesus monkeys. The effect of various diets on the aortic glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition was studied in rhesus monkeys. Aortas were obtained from monkeys fed diets containing cholesterol and comparative fats including coconut oil--butter and peanut oil and with and without cholestyramine. Additional groups in each experiment were placed on regression diets of low-fat, low-cholesterol with and without cholestyramine. Further, an atherogenic diet of coconut oil--butter was alternated every 2 months with a diet enriched with corn oil. GAG isolated from intima and media--adventitia indicated slight variations in the concentration of total GAG among different dietary groups but major differences in the concentration of individual GAG. The concentrations of hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate were generally greater in aortas of monkeys fed corn oil diets than in those fed coconut oil--butter or peanut oil diets. The concentration of dermatan suulfate generally decreased during regression of lesions induced by the saturated fat--cholesterol diet. Furthermore, the aortas of monkeys with lesions from feeding peanut oil showed higher levels of dermatan sulfate and lower levels of chondroitin 4-sulfate than the saturated fat-fed groups. The addition of cholestyramine enhanced the effects of regression. These observations show that the composition of GAG of the arterial wall can be influenced by various dietary programs and that GAG play a role in induction and regression of experimental atherosclerotic lesions.", "PMID": 111684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9836", "title": "Studies on the disposition of diosgenin in rats, dogs, monkeys and man.", "content": "Rats, dogs and squirrel monkeys were given a single oral dose of [4-(14)C]diosgenin. Virtually all of the radioactivity was excreted in the feces. All of the absorbed radioactivity was eliminated via the bile. The percent of dose absorbed decreased with increasing dose. The amount of radioactivity in livers of rats given [4-(14)C]diosgenin was less than that after [4-(14)C]cholesterol, but more than after [4-(14)C]beta-sitosterol. Absorbed radioactivity in rats distributed into tissues, most notably the liver, adrenals, and walls of the gastrointestinal tract. No serum diosgenin was detected after a single large dose to rats and dogs. After multiple doses (100 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks) of diosgenin to dogs, up to 15 micrograms/ml of unchanged diosgenin was found in serum. Serum from human subjects receiving 3 g/day of diosgenin for 4 weeks contained less than 1 microgram/ml of unchanged drug. After a single dose of [14C]diosgenin, several metabolites were detected in the bile of rats and dogs; the pattern of metabolites was dissimilar in the two species. No diosgenin or 7-hydroxydiosgenin was found. One of the major biliary metabolites was diosgenin monohydroxylated in the F ring, but the location of the hydroxyl group was different in the two species. Although rat caecal contents were capable of reducing diosgenin to smilagenin in vitro, no smilagenin was present in the feces of rats given chow supplemented with diosgenin. It was concluded that diosgenin is poorly absorbed in the species tested, and that the amount which is absorbed undergoes extensive biotransformation.", "contents": "Studies on the disposition of diosgenin in rats, dogs, monkeys and man. Rats, dogs and squirrel monkeys were given a single oral dose of [4-(14)C]diosgenin. Virtually all of the radioactivity was excreted in the feces. All of the absorbed radioactivity was eliminated via the bile. The percent of dose absorbed decreased with increasing dose. The amount of radioactivity in livers of rats given [4-(14)C]diosgenin was less than that after [4-(14)C]cholesterol, but more than after [4-(14)C]beta-sitosterol. Absorbed radioactivity in rats distributed into tissues, most notably the liver, adrenals, and walls of the gastrointestinal tract. No serum diosgenin was detected after a single large dose to rats and dogs. After multiple doses (100 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks) of diosgenin to dogs, up to 15 micrograms/ml of unchanged diosgenin was found in serum. Serum from human subjects receiving 3 g/day of diosgenin for 4 weeks contained less than 1 microgram/ml of unchanged drug. After a single dose of [14C]diosgenin, several metabolites were detected in the bile of rats and dogs; the pattern of metabolites was dissimilar in the two species. No diosgenin or 7-hydroxydiosgenin was found. One of the major biliary metabolites was diosgenin monohydroxylated in the F ring, but the location of the hydroxyl group was different in the two species. Although rat caecal contents were capable of reducing diosgenin to smilagenin in vitro, no smilagenin was present in the feces of rats given chow supplemented with diosgenin. It was concluded that diosgenin is poorly absorbed in the species tested, and that the amount which is absorbed undergoes extensive biotransformation.", "PMID": 111685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9837", "title": "[Ossification of the transverse ligament of the atlas. A report on three new cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Following the publication of the first two cases reported of ossification of the transverse ligament, the authors describe three recent observations of this lesion. In contrast to the first two cases, in which ossification was reported at the level of the cervico-occipital articulation, which was normal, these three new cases were noted to have associated acquired or congenital abnormalities of the craniovertebral junction.", "contents": "[Ossification of the transverse ligament of the atlas. A report on three new cases (author's transl)]. Following the publication of the first two cases reported of ossification of the transverse ligament, the authors describe three recent observations of this lesion. In contrast to the first two cases, in which ossification was reported at the level of the cervico-occipital articulation, which was normal, these three new cases were noted to have associated acquired or congenital abnormalities of the craniovertebral junction.", "PMID": 111686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9838", "title": "[Severe protein-calorie malnutrition in the infant].", "content": "In fifty infants with early and severe protein-calorie malnutrition, an essentially ambulatory treatment was pursued by a multiprofessional health group from the South-western Area of Santiago attaining nutritional recovery in all of them. The investigation only included malnourished children of primary etiology (low feeding). Babies with birth weight of or under 2,500 g. were excluded. Among them 26, were malnourished of 2nd degree and 24 were 3rd degree malnourished. The following period of these patients was 22 months. Once the nutritional improvement was achieved, the follow-up was continued for 12 months. The last control showed that only 3 infants relapsed in their malnutrition, but in a lower degree. Most of the group was in the same or in a better nutritional state. The socioeconomical status of these infants at the beginning of the study was very poor. A short period of breast feeding was confirmed together with poor conditions of formula preparation and none or low alimentary education in most of the group of mothers. The measurements of these infants at the onset and when they recovered and were discharged are reported including weight for age, length for age and weight for length.", "contents": "[Severe protein-calorie malnutrition in the infant]. In fifty infants with early and severe protein-calorie malnutrition, an essentially ambulatory treatment was pursued by a multiprofessional health group from the South-western Area of Santiago attaining nutritional recovery in all of them. The investigation only included malnourished children of primary etiology (low feeding). Babies with birth weight of or under 2,500 g. were excluded. Among them 26, were malnourished of 2nd degree and 24 were 3rd degree malnourished. The following period of these patients was 22 months. Once the nutritional improvement was achieved, the follow-up was continued for 12 months. The last control showed that only 3 infants relapsed in their malnutrition, but in a lower degree. Most of the group was in the same or in a better nutritional state. The socioeconomical status of these infants at the beginning of the study was very poor. A short period of breast feeding was confirmed together with poor conditions of formula preparation and none or low alimentary education in most of the group of mothers. The measurements of these infants at the onset and when they recovered and were discharged are reported including weight for age, length for age and weight for length.", "PMID": 111688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9839", "title": "Relationship of natural killer-cell activity to rhesus antigens in man.", "content": "A number of previous studies have shown that the level of natural killer (NK) cell activity in humans is relatively constant for a given individual but varies widely between individuals. The factors which determine this variability are largely unknown, but genetic factors appear to be involved. In the present study it was found that Rh- normal subjects and melanoma patients had significantly higher natural cytotoxicity to target cells than Rh+ patients. This difference did not appear to be due to sensitization against Rh antigens on the target cell and may indicate that genes determining NK-cell activity are associated with those determining the expression of Rh antigens. Analysis of the survival data for Rh- and Rh+ patients did not reveal any increase in survival attributable to the higher natural cytotoxicity in Rh- patients.", "contents": "Relationship of natural killer-cell activity to rhesus antigens in man. A number of previous studies have shown that the level of natural killer (NK) cell activity in humans is relatively constant for a given individual but varies widely between individuals. The factors which determine this variability are largely unknown, but genetic factors appear to be involved. In the present study it was found that Rh- normal subjects and melanoma patients had significantly higher natural cytotoxicity to target cells than Rh+ patients. This difference did not appear to be due to sensitization against Rh antigens on the target cell and may indicate that genes determining NK-cell activity are associated with those determining the expression of Rh antigens. Analysis of the survival data for Rh- and Rh+ patients did not reveal any increase in survival attributable to the higher natural cytotoxicity in Rh- patients.", "PMID": 111695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9840", "title": "Non-immunological cell death of intravenously injected murine tumour cells.", "content": "Most DBA mastocytoma and Sarcoma 180 cells trapped in the lungs of mice after i.v. injection died within 7 h.  Rates of cell death were similar for both tumour cell lines. Rates of tumour cell death were unrelated to whether the cells were allogeneic or syngeneic, induced platelet aggregation or not, had different patterns of subsequent tumour growth, or were injected in varying numbers. Cell death was by coagulative necrosis, not apoptosis. Sarcoma 180 tumour cells were quickly localized in the lung and enclosed in platelet aggregates which remained, with degranulation, until the time of tumour cell death. However, platelet aggregation did not appear to play a role in tumour cell killing. The prevention of platelet aggregation by pretreatment of mice with an anticoagulant had little effect on the rate of death of tumour cells in the lung. Mastocytoma tumour cells did not cause platelet aggregation, yet died in the lung at similar rates to Sarcoma 180 cells. The killing of tumour cells in the lung did not appear to be cell-mediated. No mononuclear cells were seen in the vicinity of tumour cells and the type of cell death was not that associated with cell-mediated killing. The tumour cells did not die within 6 h of being injected into the peritoneal cavity. It is suggested that a nonspecific non-immunological process results in the death of intravenously injected tumour cells in the lung. This process was not affected by differing oxygen levels in the inhaled gas.", "contents": "Non-immunological cell death of intravenously injected murine tumour cells. Most DBA mastocytoma and Sarcoma 180 cells trapped in the lungs of mice after i.v. injection died within 7 h.  Rates of cell death were similar for both tumour cell lines. Rates of tumour cell death were unrelated to whether the cells were allogeneic or syngeneic, induced platelet aggregation or not, had different patterns of subsequent tumour growth, or were injected in varying numbers. Cell death was by coagulative necrosis, not apoptosis. Sarcoma 180 tumour cells were quickly localized in the lung and enclosed in platelet aggregates which remained, with degranulation, until the time of tumour cell death. However, platelet aggregation did not appear to play a role in tumour cell killing. The prevention of platelet aggregation by pretreatment of mice with an anticoagulant had little effect on the rate of death of tumour cells in the lung. Mastocytoma tumour cells did not cause platelet aggregation, yet died in the lung at similar rates to Sarcoma 180 cells. The killing of tumour cells in the lung did not appear to be cell-mediated. No mononuclear cells were seen in the vicinity of tumour cells and the type of cell death was not that associated with cell-mediated killing. The tumour cells did not die within 6 h of being injected into the peritoneal cavity. It is suggested that a nonspecific non-immunological process results in the death of intravenously injected tumour cells in the lung. This process was not affected by differing oxygen levels in the inhaled gas.", "PMID": 111696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9841", "title": "ADCC (K-cell)lysis of human erythrocytes sensitized with rhesus alloantibodies. I. Investigation of in vitro culture variables.", "content": "An ADCC system has been developed using anti-D and papainized group O rhesus (D) positive red cells as the targets. Monocyte depleted mononuclear cell suspensions were effective in lysing appropriately sensitized red cells and papainization considerably enhanced the degree of specific lysis. Variation in culture volume and incubation in tubes or microplates were not critical to the degree of specific lysis obtained provided that the number of effector cells and target cells per culture was constant and the anti-D not diluted below the optimal concentration. Cytolytic activity was seen down to levels of 3 ng anti-D per culture. Specificity for lysis resided with the anti-D and not the effector cells. Several sources of anti-D were effective in inducing lysis of D positive red cells although individual variation was noted. Anti-c and anti-E were also shown to be effective in inducing specific lysis of red cells with the appropriate antigens.", "contents": "ADCC (K-cell)lysis of human erythrocytes sensitized with rhesus alloantibodies. I. Investigation of in vitro culture variables. An ADCC system has been developed using anti-D and papainized group O rhesus (D) positive red cells as the targets. Monocyte depleted mononuclear cell suspensions were effective in lysing appropriately sensitized red cells and papainization considerably enhanced the degree of specific lysis. Variation in culture volume and incubation in tubes or microplates were not critical to the degree of specific lysis obtained provided that the number of effector cells and target cells per culture was constant and the anti-D not diluted below the optimal concentration. Cytolytic activity was seen down to levels of 3 ng anti-D per culture. Specificity for lysis resided with the anti-D and not the effector cells. Several sources of anti-D were effective in inducing lysis of D positive red cells although individual variation was noted. Anti-c and anti-E were also shown to be effective in inducing specific lysis of red cells with the appropriate antigens.", "PMID": 111698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9842", "title": "ADCC (K-cell) lysis of human erythrocytes sensitized with rhesus alloantibodies. II. Investigation into the mechanism of lysis.", "content": "The mechanism of lysis of anti-D coated human erythrocytes by human mononuclear K-cells was investigated. Red cell lysis was measurable after 30 min incubation and reached a maximum by 18--20 h. Cell-to-cell contact was necessary for lysis, phagocytosis was not a prerequisite, and intact microfilament function was required. The divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ were both required for lysis to occur. Studies with metabolic inhibitors indicate that some RNA and protein synthesis is required for maximum expression of ADCC and intact microtubule function is essential. In the present system lysis was mediated by IgG1 anti-D antibodies and was significantly inhibited by IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses with some inhibition by IgG2 but not by IgG4, IgA or IgM. This suggests that the K-cell receptor is specific for IgG but that there is major cross-reactivity between IgG1 and IgG3. The inhibiting effect of hydrocortisone suggests that ADCC inhibition may be one mode of action of corticosteroids in ameliorating autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.", "contents": "ADCC (K-cell) lysis of human erythrocytes sensitized with rhesus alloantibodies. II. Investigation into the mechanism of lysis. The mechanism of lysis of anti-D coated human erythrocytes by human mononuclear K-cells was investigated. Red cell lysis was measurable after 30 min incubation and reached a maximum by 18--20 h. Cell-to-cell contact was necessary for lysis, phagocytosis was not a prerequisite, and intact microfilament function was required. The divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ were both required for lysis to occur. Studies with metabolic inhibitors indicate that some RNA and protein synthesis is required for maximum expression of ADCC and intact microtubule function is essential. In the present system lysis was mediated by IgG1 anti-D antibodies and was significantly inhibited by IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses with some inhibition by IgG2 but not by IgG4, IgA or IgM. This suggests that the K-cell receptor is specific for IgG but that there is major cross-reactivity between IgG1 and IgG3. The inhibiting effect of hydrocortisone suggests that ADCC inhibition may be one mode of action of corticosteroids in ameliorating autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.", "PMID": 111699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9843", "title": "Respiratory function in coffee workers.", "content": "Respiratory function was studied in three groups of workers employed in processing coffee. The prevalence of almost all chronic respiratory symptoms was significantly higher in coffee processors than in control workers. In each group during the Monday work shift there was a significant mean acute decrease in the maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% vital capacity (VC), ranging from 4.0% to 8.7%, and at 25% VC, ranging from 6.0% to 18.5%. Acute reductions in FEV1.0 were considerably lower, ranging from 1.3% to 2.8%. On Thursdays the acute ventilatory function changes were somewhat lower than on Mondays. Acute decreases in flow rates at low lung volumes suggest that the bronchoconstrictor effect of the dust acts mostly on smaller airways. Administration of Intal (disodium cromoglycate) before the shift considerably diminished acute reductions in flow rates. A comparison of Monday pre-shift values of ventilatory capacity in coffee workers with those in controls indicates that exposure to dust in green or roasted coffee processing may lead to persistent loss of pulmonary function.", "contents": "Respiratory function in coffee workers. Respiratory function was studied in three groups of workers employed in processing coffee. The prevalence of almost all chronic respiratory symptoms was significantly higher in coffee processors than in control workers. In each group during the Monday work shift there was a significant mean acute decrease in the maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% vital capacity (VC), ranging from 4.0% to 8.7%, and at 25% VC, ranging from 6.0% to 18.5%. Acute reductions in FEV1.0 were considerably lower, ranging from 1.3% to 2.8%. On Thursdays the acute ventilatory function changes were somewhat lower than on Mondays. Acute decreases in flow rates at low lung volumes suggest that the bronchoconstrictor effect of the dust acts mostly on smaller airways. Administration of Intal (disodium cromoglycate) before the shift considerably diminished acute reductions in flow rates. A comparison of Monday pre-shift values of ventilatory capacity in coffee workers with those in controls indicates that exposure to dust in green or roasted coffee processing may lead to persistent loss of pulmonary function.", "PMID": 111700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9844", "title": "Experimental retinal branch vein occlusion in rhesus monkeys. I. Clinical appearances.", "content": "Branch and hemisphere vein occlusion were produced in rhesus monkeys by argon laser photocoagulation. The following observations were made: (1) Immediately after occlusion there was venous dilatation, delayed filling of the artery, delayed drainage by the occluded vein, and capillary leakage. (2) Two patterns of evolution were identified within the first week. In some animals the fundus changes resolved and the retina returned to normal, while in others there was progressive retinal capillary closure. (3) Those animals destined to have capillary closure had diffuse or cluster retinal haemorrhages at 24 hours. (4) Capillary closure took place over 1 week and was usually complete over large areas of retina. (5) Retinal atrophy and major vessel changes occurred over several weeks. (6) Retinal revascularisation occurred in those areas of closure, though this was often limited. It was concluded that the early changes mimicked those seen in human retinal vein occlusion, though persistent retinal oedema and preretinal neovascularisation were not identified.", "contents": "Experimental retinal branch vein occlusion in rhesus monkeys. I. Clinical appearances. Branch and hemisphere vein occlusion were produced in rhesus monkeys by argon laser photocoagulation. The following observations were made: (1) Immediately after occlusion there was venous dilatation, delayed filling of the artery, delayed drainage by the occluded vein, and capillary leakage. (2) Two patterns of evolution were identified within the first week. In some animals the fundus changes resolved and the retina returned to normal, while in others there was progressive retinal capillary closure. (3) Those animals destined to have capillary closure had diffuse or cluster retinal haemorrhages at 24 hours. (4) Capillary closure took place over 1 week and was usually complete over large areas of retina. (5) Retinal atrophy and major vessel changes occurred over several weeks. (6) Retinal revascularisation occurred in those areas of closure, though this was often limited. It was concluded that the early changes mimicked those seen in human retinal vein occlusion, though persistent retinal oedema and preretinal neovascularisation were not identified.", "PMID": 111701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9845", "title": "Experimental retinal branch vein occlusion in rhesus monkeys. II. Retinal blood flow studies.", "content": "Experimental branch vein occlusion by laser photocoagulation in the rhesus monkey leads to early, marked, and lasting reduction of blood flow to the affected retinal region. The radioactive microsphere method demonstrates this reduction of blood flow in both gamma counting and autoradiography. The reduction of flow becomes evident as early as 2 hours after occlusion and persists up to 1 week. The mechanism of the altered flow is discussed.", "contents": "Experimental retinal branch vein occlusion in rhesus monkeys. II. Retinal blood flow studies. Experimental branch vein occlusion by laser photocoagulation in the rhesus monkey leads to early, marked, and lasting reduction of blood flow to the affected retinal region. The radioactive microsphere method demonstrates this reduction of blood flow in both gamma counting and autoradiography. The reduction of flow becomes evident as early as 2 hours after occlusion and persists up to 1 week. The mechanism of the altered flow is discussed.", "PMID": 111702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9846", "title": "Experimental retinal branch vein occlusion in rhesus monkeys. III. Histopathological and electron microscopical studies.", "content": "Experimental retinal vein occlusion in monkeys was followed by an immediate increase in capillary permeability which was accompanied by retinal oedema. This functional capillary change was followed at about 6 hours after occlusion by structural damage to the capillary wall. Thrombus formation occurred in the damaged vessels, and areas of stasis were thus produced with associated retinal haemorrhages. Finally, there was complete loss of the capillary endothelium and pericytes, and the acellular capillaries were invaded by proliferating glial cell processes, so producing permanent capillary closure.", "contents": "Experimental retinal branch vein occlusion in rhesus monkeys. III. Histopathological and electron microscopical studies. Experimental retinal vein occlusion in monkeys was followed by an immediate increase in capillary permeability which was accompanied by retinal oedema. This functional capillary change was followed at about 6 hours after occlusion by structural damage to the capillary wall. Thrombus formation occurred in the damaged vessels, and areas of stasis were thus produced with associated retinal haemorrhages. Finally, there was complete loss of the capillary endothelium and pericytes, and the acellular capillaries were invaded by proliferating glial cell processes, so producing permanent capillary closure.", "PMID": 111703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9847", "title": "Treatment of amoeboid herpetic ulcers with adenine arabinoside or trifluorothymidine.", "content": "In previous studies adenine arabinoside and trifluorothymidine were found to be equally effective treatments for dendritic ulcers of the cornea, but a trend emerged which suggested that in amoeboid ulcers trifluorothymidine was more effective. The collection of additional cases confirms the superiority of trifluorothymidine in such cases.", "contents": "Treatment of amoeboid herpetic ulcers with adenine arabinoside or trifluorothymidine. In previous studies adenine arabinoside and trifluorothymidine were found to be equally effective treatments for dendritic ulcers of the cornea, but a trend emerged which suggested that in amoeboid ulcers trifluorothymidine was more effective. The collection of additional cases confirms the superiority of trifluorothymidine in such cases.", "PMID": 111704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9848", "title": "Treatment of experimental herpes simplex keratitis with acycloguanosine.", "content": "Acycloguanosine, a recently developed compound with high inhibitory activity against viruses belonging to the herpes group, has been evaluated in experimental herpes simplex keratitis in rabbits in comparison with trifluorothymidine and preparations of idoxuridine and vidarabine at present in clinical use. All compunds were used in the form of ophthalmic ointments which were applied 5 times a day at intervals of 2 hours. Treatment began on the third day of infection and was continued for 4 days. Complete cure was obtained with acycloguanosine and idoxurdine; trifluorothymidine and vidarabine were considerably less effective. Acycloguanosine was equally effective when given intravenously in the form of its sodium salt, and could be detected in the tear fluid in inhibitory concentrations when given by mouth. The compound was relatively free from toxicity.", "contents": "Treatment of experimental herpes simplex keratitis with acycloguanosine. Acycloguanosine, a recently developed compound with high inhibitory activity against viruses belonging to the herpes group, has been evaluated in experimental herpes simplex keratitis in rabbits in comparison with trifluorothymidine and preparations of idoxuridine and vidarabine at present in clinical use. All compunds were used in the form of ophthalmic ointments which were applied 5 times a day at intervals of 2 hours. Treatment began on the third day of infection and was continued for 4 days. Complete cure was obtained with acycloguanosine and idoxurdine; trifluorothymidine and vidarabine were considerably less effective. Acycloguanosine was equally effective when given intravenously in the form of its sodium salt, and could be detected in the tear fluid in inhibitory concentrations when given by mouth. The compound was relatively free from toxicity.", "PMID": 111705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9849", "title": "Peroxidatic oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene and prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "content": "The arachidonic acid dependent oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene to a mixture of 3,6-, 1,6-, and 6,12-quinones has been studied by using enzyme preparations from sheep seminal vesicles. Maximal oxidation is observed at 100 microM benzo[a]pyrene and 150 microM arachidonic acid. The arachidonic acid dependent oxidation is peroxidatic and utilizes prostaglandin G2 (PGG2), generated in situ from arachidonate, as the hydroperoxide substrate. 15-Hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid is equivalent to PGG2 as a hydroperoxide substrate, but hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide are much poorer substrates. Arachidonic acid dependent benzo[a]pyrene oxidation by microsomal and solubilized enzyme preparations is markedly.", "contents": "Peroxidatic oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene and prostaglandin biosynthesis. The arachidonic acid dependent oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene to a mixture of 3,6-, 1,6-, and 6,12-quinones has been studied by using enzyme preparations from sheep seminal vesicles. Maximal oxidation is observed at 100 microM benzo[a]pyrene and 150 microM arachidonic acid. The arachidonic acid dependent oxidation is peroxidatic and utilizes prostaglandin G2 (PGG2), generated in situ from arachidonate, as the hydroperoxide substrate. 15-Hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid is equivalent to PGG2 as a hydroperoxide substrate, but hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide are much poorer substrates. Arachidonic acid dependent benzo[a]pyrene oxidation by microsomal and solubilized enzyme preparations is markedly.", "PMID": 111706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9850", "title": "Proteolytic activity of nerve growth factor: a case of autocatalytic activation.", "content": "Nerve growth factor is a highly specific protease that can convert plasminogen to plasmin and that can hydrolyze certain synthetic N-substituted arginine esters (e.g., Nalpha=p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME); N.S. Orenstein et al. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 5497). Hydrolysis of TAME is characterized by a lag phase of lower velocity which precedes development of the steady-state maximal velcity. Kinetic analyses indicate that this behavior stems from autocatalytic activation of a nerve growth factor (NGF)-zymogen by NGF. As isolated from the mouse submandibular gland at high concentration, NGF is largely enzymically inactive. Upon high dilution, the protein undergoes autocatalytic activation with concomitant generation of full enzymic activity. The biologic significance of this unusual property of NGF is not clear, but it may serve to prevent expression of enzymic activity until the protein reaches its target cell(s) or until it recognizes its physiological substrate.", "contents": "Proteolytic activity of nerve growth factor: a case of autocatalytic activation. Nerve growth factor is a highly specific protease that can convert plasminogen to plasmin and that can hydrolyze certain synthetic N-substituted arginine esters (e.g., Nalpha=p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME); N.S. Orenstein et al. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 5497). Hydrolysis of TAME is characterized by a lag phase of lower velocity which precedes development of the steady-state maximal velcity. Kinetic analyses indicate that this behavior stems from autocatalytic activation of a nerve growth factor (NGF)-zymogen by NGF. As isolated from the mouse submandibular gland at high concentration, NGF is largely enzymically inactive. Upon high dilution, the protein undergoes autocatalytic activation with concomitant generation of full enzymic activity. The biologic significance of this unusual property of NGF is not clear, but it may serve to prevent expression of enzymic activity until the protein reaches its target cell(s) or until it recognizes its physiological substrate.", "PMID": 111709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9851", "title": "The electrophoretic isolation and partial characterization of three chlorophyll-protein complexes from blue-green algae.", "content": "Three chlorophyll-protein complexes have been resolved from blue-green algae using an improved procedure for membrane solubilization and electrophoretic fractionation. One complex has a red absorbance maximum of 676 nm and a molecular weight equivalency of 255 000 +/- 15 000. A second complex has an absorbance maximum of 676 nm, a molecular weight equivalency of 118 000 +/- 8000, and resembles the previously described P-700-chlorophyll a-protein (CPI) of higher plants and algae. The third chlorophyll-protein has a red absorbance maximum of 671 nm and a molecular weight equivalency of 58 000 +/- 5000. Blue-green algal membrane fractions enriched in Photosystem I and heterocyst cells do not contain this third chlorophyll-protein, whereas Photosystem II-enriched membrane fractions and vegetative cells do. A component of the same spectral characteristics and molecular weight equivalency was also observed in chlorophyll b-deficient mutants of barley and maize. It is hypothesized that this third complex is involved in some manner with Photosystem II.", "contents": "The electrophoretic isolation and partial characterization of three chlorophyll-protein complexes from blue-green algae. Three chlorophyll-protein complexes have been resolved from blue-green algae using an improved procedure for membrane solubilization and electrophoretic fractionation. One complex has a red absorbance maximum of 676 nm and a molecular weight equivalency of 255 000 +/- 15 000. A second complex has an absorbance maximum of 676 nm, a molecular weight equivalency of 118 000 +/- 8000, and resembles the previously described P-700-chlorophyll a-protein (CPI) of higher plants and algae. The third chlorophyll-protein has a red absorbance maximum of 671 nm and a molecular weight equivalency of 58 000 +/- 5000. Blue-green algal membrane fractions enriched in Photosystem I and heterocyst cells do not contain this third chlorophyll-protein, whereas Photosystem II-enriched membrane fractions and vegetative cells do. A component of the same spectral characteristics and molecular weight equivalency was also observed in chlorophyll b-deficient mutants of barley and maize. It is hypothesized that this third complex is involved in some manner with Photosystem II.", "PMID": 111710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9852", "title": "Analysis of absorption spectra changes induced by temperature lowering on phycobilisomes, thylakoids and chlorophyll-protein complexes.", "content": "Using fourth derivative analysis, differences between room and low temperature absorption spectra were studied. The positions of most absorption bands of the water-soluble, accessory pigment complex, the phycobilisome, remained unchanged after cooling. The stability of the wavelength positions of chlorophyll a forms in vivo as a function of temperature (Gulyaev, B.A. and Litvin, F.F. (1967) Biofizika 12, 845--854) was generally confirmed. The wavelength positions of all chlorophyll a forms in the P-700 chlorophyll a protein complex were unchanged when the preparations were cooled to -196 degrees C. Likewise, with other chlorophyll-containing materials: the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex and the thylakoids of higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, the wavelengths positions of most chlorophyll a forms were stable upon cooling. An exception was a 680 nm chlorophyll a band which was generally split at low temperature into two bands with the materials investigated. An interpretation of the multiplicity of chlorophyll spectral forms and the spectral changes induced by cooling for these forms is given using exciton theory and the energy-coupling variation of chlorophyll a molecules.", "contents": "Analysis of absorption spectra changes induced by temperature lowering on phycobilisomes, thylakoids and chlorophyll-protein complexes. Using fourth derivative analysis, differences between room and low temperature absorption spectra were studied. The positions of most absorption bands of the water-soluble, accessory pigment complex, the phycobilisome, remained unchanged after cooling. The stability of the wavelength positions of chlorophyll a forms in vivo as a function of temperature (Gulyaev, B.A. and Litvin, F.F. (1967) Biofizika 12, 845--854) was generally confirmed. The wavelength positions of all chlorophyll a forms in the P-700 chlorophyll a protein complex were unchanged when the preparations were cooled to -196 degrees C. Likewise, with other chlorophyll-containing materials: the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex and the thylakoids of higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, the wavelengths positions of most chlorophyll a forms were stable upon cooling. An exception was a 680 nm chlorophyll a band which was generally split at low temperature into two bands with the materials investigated. An interpretation of the multiplicity of chlorophyll spectral forms and the spectral changes induced by cooling for these forms is given using exciton theory and the energy-coupling variation of chlorophyll a molecules.", "PMID": 111711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9853", "title": "Chelating agents protect hydrogenase against oxygen inactivation.", "content": "The effect of chelation on rate or air inactivation of hydrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum has been investigated. All chelating agents used, whether water-soluble or water-insoluble, afforded protection against oxygen inactivation. EDTA appeared to be the most effective. Thus, in the absence of EDTA, hydrogenase in aqueous solution was nearly totally inactivated after 1 hour incubation in air, whereas 0.5 M EDTA (which did not affect significantly catalytic activity) allowed 41% retention of the initial activity even after 3 days incubation.", "contents": "Chelating agents protect hydrogenase against oxygen inactivation. The effect of chelation on rate or air inactivation of hydrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum has been investigated. All chelating agents used, whether water-soluble or water-insoluble, afforded protection against oxygen inactivation. EDTA appeared to be the most effective. Thus, in the absence of EDTA, hydrogenase in aqueous solution was nearly totally inactivated after 1 hour incubation in air, whereas 0.5 M EDTA (which did not affect significantly catalytic activity) allowed 41% retention of the initial activity even after 3 days incubation.", "PMID": 111712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9854", "title": "Binding of 4'-aminomethyl 4,5',8-trimethyl psoralen to DNA, RNA and protein in HeLa cells and Drosophila cells.", "content": "In Drosophila cells and HeLa cells treated with 4'-aminomethyl trioxsalen and ultraviolet light, this compound binds covalently to DNA and RNA. The maximum number of molecules bound to 10(3) base pairs in DNA is 60 and in RNA it is 20. In nuclei treated likewise the number of molecules bound to 10(3) base pairs in DNA can be as high as 376. When cells are irradiated in the frozen state the number of 4'-aminomethyl trioxsalen molecules bound per 10(3) base pairs in DNA is about 40 and in RNA about 20. DNA molecules from cells or nuclei treated with 4'-aminomethyl trioxsalen and ultraviolet light are highly crosslinked and appear as loops interspersed by double stranded regions when analyzed in the electron microscope under denaturing conditions. The loop sizes are heterogeneous and the fraction of double stranded regions increases to almost complete double-strandedness at high degrees of reaction. No secondary structures could be found in ribosomal RNA from Drosophila cells or HeLa cells after treatment with 4'-aminomethyl trioxsalen and ultraviolet light. In cells treated with 4'-aminomethyl trioxsalen and ultraviolet light the RNAase activity is increased considerably suggesting a release of lysosomal enzymes. 4'-aminomethyl trioxsalen and its photodecomposition products bind strongly to cellular proteins.", "contents": "Binding of 4'-aminomethyl 4,5',8-trimethyl psoralen to DNA, RNA and protein in HeLa cells and Drosophila cells. In Drosophila cells and HeLa cells treated with 4'-aminomethyl trioxsalen and ultraviolet light, this compound binds covalently to DNA and RNA. The maximum number of molecules bound to 10(3) base pairs in DNA is 60 and in RNA it is 20. In nuclei treated likewise the number of molecules bound to 10(3) base pairs in DNA can be as high as 376. When cells are irradiated in the frozen state the number of 4'-aminomethyl trioxsalen molecules bound per 10(3) base pairs in DNA is about 40 and in RNA about 20. DNA molecules from cells or nuclei treated with 4'-aminomethyl trioxsalen and ultraviolet light are highly crosslinked and appear as loops interspersed by double stranded regions when analyzed in the electron microscope under denaturing conditions. The loop sizes are heterogeneous and the fraction of double stranded regions increases to almost complete double-strandedness at high degrees of reaction. No secondary structures could be found in ribosomal RNA from Drosophila cells or HeLa cells after treatment with 4'-aminomethyl trioxsalen and ultraviolet light. In cells treated with 4'-aminomethyl trioxsalen and ultraviolet light the RNAase activity is increased considerably suggesting a release of lysosomal enzymes. 4'-aminomethyl trioxsalen and its photodecomposition products bind strongly to cellular proteins.", "PMID": 111713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9855", "title": "Methods for limiting the action of SP3 DNAase and for the determination of the direction of hydrolysis of processive exonucleases.", "content": "The action of the exonuclease SP3 DNAase is inhibited by chemical modification of DNA with the cation N-cyclohexyl-N'-beta-(4-methylmorpholinium)-ethylcarbodiimide (CME). The limited activity of the enzyme on CMA-modified DNA makes it possible to demonstrate that the enzyme also initiates its attack on polydeoxyribonucleotides at the 5'-termini. This was determined by the analysis of the products from the digestion of CME-modified DNA containing labeled 5'-terminal phosphate groups. Such procedure can be adopted as a general approach for the determination of the direction of hydrolysis of other processive exonucleases. SP3 DNAase has been shown able to degrade oligo- and polydeoxyribonucleotides with or without 5'-terminal phosphate groups with equal efficiency (Aposhian, H.V., Friedman, N., Nichihara M., Heimer, E.P., and Nussbaum, A.L. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 49, 367-379). The present work also shows that the enzyme can even hydrolyze oligo- and polynucleotides containing derivatized phosphate groups.", "contents": "Methods for limiting the action of SP3 DNAase and for the determination of the direction of hydrolysis of processive exonucleases. The action of the exonuclease SP3 DNAase is inhibited by chemical modification of DNA with the cation N-cyclohexyl-N'-beta-(4-methylmorpholinium)-ethylcarbodiimide (CME). The limited activity of the enzyme on CMA-modified DNA makes it possible to demonstrate that the enzyme also initiates its attack on polydeoxyribonucleotides at the 5'-termini. This was determined by the analysis of the products from the digestion of CME-modified DNA containing labeled 5'-terminal phosphate groups. Such procedure can be adopted as a general approach for the determination of the direction of hydrolysis of other processive exonucleases. SP3 DNAase has been shown able to degrade oligo- and polydeoxyribonucleotides with or without 5'-terminal phosphate groups with equal efficiency (Aposhian, H.V., Friedman, N., Nichihara M., Heimer, E.P., and Nussbaum, A.L. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 49, 367-379). The present work also shows that the enzyme can even hydrolyze oligo- and polynucleotides containing derivatized phosphate groups.", "PMID": 111714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9856", "title": "[Study of the regulation of plastid development in Euglena gracilis. II. Functional localisation and synthesis of ribosomal chloroplast particles (author's transl)].", "content": "Chloroplast ribosomes in greening cells of Euglena gracilis are found either in the stroma or bound to thylakoid membranes. The membrane-bound chloroplast ribosomes are of two main types: those which can be released by 0.5 M KCl or by puromycin and 0.5 M KCl, and those which are released by detergent (deoxycholate or Triton X-100) and KCl. The ribosomes which are released by puromycin are presumably bound to chloroplast membrane by nascent peptide chains. Ribosomes released by puromycin are found only during the course of plastidial differentiation at the time of active thylacoid membrane synthesis. Following greening, those ribosomes remain bound to the membranes but can be removed by KCl alone. An analysis of RNA labelling showed that 30-S but not 53-S subunits of membrane-bound ribosomes are of uniform specific activity. This suggests that 30-S subunit exchange in a common pool while 53 S subunits remain membrane bound and do not exchange in a common pool. Membrane-bound chloroplast ribosomes which are released either by puromycin or by detergent are originally derived from loosely bound particles, released by 0.5 M KCl.", "contents": "[Study of the regulation of plastid development in Euglena gracilis. II. Functional localisation and synthesis of ribosomal chloroplast particles (author's transl)]. Chloroplast ribosomes in greening cells of Euglena gracilis are found either in the stroma or bound to thylakoid membranes. The membrane-bound chloroplast ribosomes are of two main types: those which can be released by 0.5 M KCl or by puromycin and 0.5 M KCl, and those which are released by detergent (deoxycholate or Triton X-100) and KCl. The ribosomes which are released by puromycin are presumably bound to chloroplast membrane by nascent peptide chains. Ribosomes released by puromycin are found only during the course of plastidial differentiation at the time of active thylacoid membrane synthesis. Following greening, those ribosomes remain bound to the membranes but can be removed by KCl alone. An analysis of RNA labelling showed that 30-S but not 53-S subunits of membrane-bound ribosomes are of uniform specific activity. This suggests that 30-S subunit exchange in a common pool while 53 S subunits remain membrane bound and do not exchange in a common pool. Membrane-bound chloroplast ribosomes which are released either by puromycin or by detergent are originally derived from loosely bound particles, released by 0.5 M KCl.", "PMID": 111715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9857", "title": "Inactivation of the plasminogen activator from HeLa cells by peptides of arginine chloromethyl ketone.", "content": "The binding specificities of human urinary urokinase (EC 3.4.99.26) and HeLa cell plasminogen activator were studied using peptidyl chloromethyl ketone inhibitors. A 125I-labeled fibrin assay has been developed to yield kinetic information. Reagents of the sequence X-Gly-ArgCH2Cl were the most effective. The susceptibility of the HeLa cell plasminogen activator differed from that of urokinase in several respects indicating the utility of this type of inhibitor in distinguishing between proteases of this specificity.", "contents": "Inactivation of the plasminogen activator from HeLa cells by peptides of arginine chloromethyl ketone. The binding specificities of human urinary urokinase (EC 3.4.99.26) and HeLa cell plasminogen activator were studied using peptidyl chloromethyl ketone inhibitors. A 125I-labeled fibrin assay has been developed to yield kinetic information. Reagents of the sequence X-Gly-ArgCH2Cl were the most effective. The susceptibility of the HeLa cell plasminogen activator differed from that of urokinase in several respects indicating the utility of this type of inhibitor in distinguishing between proteases of this specificity.", "PMID": 111716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9858", "title": "Studies on the subcellular localization of the membrane-bound fraction of intestinal calcium-binding protein.", "content": "Sorbitol density gradient centrifugation applied to intestinal mucosa homogenates resulted in a complete separation of soluble calcium-binding protein from the bound fraction of calcium-binding protein, providing further documentation of the bound pool of calcium-binding protein. The peak of the bound calcium-binding protein was not associated with the major peaks of any of the markers used, but was associated with minor peaks of alkaline phosphatase, RNA, and glucose-6-phosphatase. Lack of association of bound calcium-binding protein with (Na+ + K+)-ATPase indicated that the bound calcium-binding protein is not on the basolateral membrane. Differential centrifugation fractionation indicated that the bound calcium-binding protein is not associated with nuclei or mitochondria. The bound calcium-binding protein also could not be detected in partially purified brush borders. Exclusion of the brush border and basolateral membranes as the location of the bound calcium-binding protein suggests an intracellular locale.", "contents": "Studies on the subcellular localization of the membrane-bound fraction of intestinal calcium-binding protein. Sorbitol density gradient centrifugation applied to intestinal mucosa homogenates resulted in a complete separation of soluble calcium-binding protein from the bound fraction of calcium-binding protein, providing further documentation of the bound pool of calcium-binding protein. The peak of the bound calcium-binding protein was not associated with the major peaks of any of the markers used, but was associated with minor peaks of alkaline phosphatase, RNA, and glucose-6-phosphatase. Lack of association of bound calcium-binding protein with (Na+ + K+)-ATPase indicated that the bound calcium-binding protein is not on the basolateral membrane. Differential centrifugation fractionation indicated that the bound calcium-binding protein is not associated with nuclei or mitochondria. The bound calcium-binding protein also could not be detected in partially purified brush borders. Exclusion of the brush border and basolateral membranes as the location of the bound calcium-binding protein suggests an intracellular locale.", "PMID": 111717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9859", "title": "The phosphoenolpyruvate : methyl-alpha-d-glucoside phosphotransferase system in Bacillus subtilis Marburg : kinetic studies of enzyme ii and evidence for a phosphoryl enzyme ii intermediate.", "content": "The Enzyme II complex catalyzing the phosphoryl transfer from P-HPr to sugar in the inducible methyl-alpha-D-glucoside : phosphotransferase system in Bacillus subtilis acts according to a ping-pong mechanism, implying a phosphorylated Enzyme II intermediate. This result is supported by the demonstration of a specific transphosphorylation between [14C] alphaMG and glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of an induced Enzyme II preparation.", "contents": "The phosphoenolpyruvate : methyl-alpha-d-glucoside phosphotransferase system in Bacillus subtilis Marburg : kinetic studies of enzyme ii and evidence for a phosphoryl enzyme ii intermediate. The Enzyme II complex catalyzing the phosphoryl transfer from P-HPr to sugar in the inducible methyl-alpha-D-glucoside : phosphotransferase system in Bacillus subtilis acts according to a ping-pong mechanism, implying a phosphorylated Enzyme II intermediate. This result is supported by the demonstration of a specific transphosphorylation between [14C] alphaMG and glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of an induced Enzyme II preparation.", "PMID": 111719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9860", "title": "[Comparative electrophoretic properties of histones from trout and chicken erythrocytes and calf thymus at different concentrations of EDTA].", "content": "An introduction of EDTA into an electrophoretic system was found to cause specific changes in the histone distribution patterns. The electrophoretic mobility of histones H3, H2b and H2a from three evolutionally unrelated sources (trout and chicken erythrocytes and calf thymus) is increased and that for histones H1 and H5 is decreased with respect to histone H4. In general the decrease of electrophoretic mobility of the histones in the presence of EDTA is correlated with the content of basic amino acids in these histones. The effect observed can be used from electrophoretic analysis of histones.", "contents": "[Comparative electrophoretic properties of histones from trout and chicken erythrocytes and calf thymus at different concentrations of EDTA]. An introduction of EDTA into an electrophoretic system was found to cause specific changes in the histone distribution patterns. The electrophoretic mobility of histones H3, H2b and H2a from three evolutionally unrelated sources (trout and chicken erythrocytes and calf thymus) is increased and that for histones H1 and H5 is decreased with respect to histone H4. In general the decrease of electrophoretic mobility of the histones in the presence of EDTA is correlated with the content of basic amino acids in these histones. The effect observed can be used from electrophoretic analysis of histones.", "PMID": 111722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9861", "title": "[Resolution of the structure of the absorption spectrum of blue-green algae by a method of measuring the 2d derivative at -196 degrees C].", "content": "By measuring the 2nd derivative at -196 degrees C the thin structure of the absorption spectrum of intact cells, isolated in phycobilisomes and pure pigments of blue-green algae Anabaena variabilis and Aphanizomanon flos-aquae is shown. 8 absorption bands in the region 669--710 nm pertaining to chlorophyll a in different aggregation region were found. Almost the same number of bands were found in the region 550--660 nm. The latter were conditioned by the absorption of allophycocyanin, phycocyanin, and probably by phycoerythrin present in the form of different associates.", "contents": "[Resolution of the structure of the absorption spectrum of blue-green algae by a method of measuring the 2d derivative at -196 degrees C]. By measuring the 2nd derivative at -196 degrees C the thin structure of the absorption spectrum of intact cells, isolated in phycobilisomes and pure pigments of blue-green algae Anabaena variabilis and Aphanizomanon flos-aquae is shown. 8 absorption bands in the region 669--710 nm pertaining to chlorophyll a in different aggregation region were found. Almost the same number of bands were found in the region 550--660 nm. The latter were conditioned by the absorption of allophycocyanin, phycocyanin, and probably by phycoerythrin present in the form of different associates.", "PMID": 111718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9862", "title": "[Interrelationship between glucoside-bound and free alcohols during ether oil formation in rose petals].", "content": "Some data on the dynamics of free and glucoside-bound monoterpenic and aromatic (beta-phenylethyl) ethers content and the changes in the beta-glucosidase activity in rose petals at different stages of the flower development and on the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of these glucosides are presented. The phase specificity of beta-glucosidase coinciding with the maximal accumulation of glucoside-bound and free alcohols is revealed. The data obtained suggest that the formation of glucosides may precede the accumulation of corresponding free alcohols of terpenic and aromatic origin.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between glucoside-bound and free alcohols during ether oil formation in rose petals]. Some data on the dynamics of free and glucoside-bound monoterpenic and aromatic (beta-phenylethyl) ethers content and the changes in the beta-glucosidase activity in rose petals at different stages of the flower development and on the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of these glucosides are presented. The phase specificity of beta-glucosidase coinciding with the maximal accumulation of glucoside-bound and free alcohols is revealed. The data obtained suggest that the formation of glucosides may precede the accumulation of corresponding free alcohols of terpenic and aromatic origin.", "PMID": 111723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9863", "title": "The problem of corrosion and tarnish of dental restorative and implant metals.", "content": "The linear polarization technique has been used to measure polarization resistances and corrosion currents directly in the mouths of baboons and in vitro for a wide range of dental and implant alloys. Good correlations were found to exist between these two conditions, indicating that this test is accurate and valid as well as being simple to perform. Intraoral corrosion proceeded faster, probably due to abrasion by foodstuffs. Tarnish has also been measured using an intraoral tristimulus colorimeter and results were compared with the corrosion determinations. The tarnish of pure metals (Au, Ag, and Cu) was inversely proportional to corrosion. Gold alloys tarnished little but varied in corrosion current. Dental amalgams corroded the most but the tarnish experience depended more on their chemistry than their precious metal composition.", "contents": "The problem of corrosion and tarnish of dental restorative and implant metals. The linear polarization technique has been used to measure polarization resistances and corrosion currents directly in the mouths of baboons and in vitro for a wide range of dental and implant alloys. Good correlations were found to exist between these two conditions, indicating that this test is accurate and valid as well as being simple to perform. Intraoral corrosion proceeded faster, probably due to abrasion by foodstuffs. Tarnish has also been measured using an intraoral tristimulus colorimeter and results were compared with the corrosion determinations. The tarnish of pure metals (Au, Ag, and Cu) was inversely proportional to corrosion. Gold alloys tarnished little but varied in corrosion current. Dental amalgams corroded the most but the tarnish experience depended more on their chemistry than their precious metal composition.", "PMID": 111724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9864", "title": "Influence of the geroprotector 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine hydrochloride on the lifetime of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A slowdown of the aging process was established in Drosophila melanogaster than received the geroprotector 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine hydrochloride. The action of the preparation in a dose of 0.01% at the larval stage of development leads to an 18--20% increase in the average lifetime of females and males and lengthens the maximum lifespan of males. The older the individuals by the beginning of the experiment, the weaker the influence of the geroprotector: The average lifetime of females taken in the experiment at one day old is increased 12%; the influence at an age greater than 20 days is ineffective.", "contents": "Influence of the geroprotector 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine hydrochloride on the lifetime of Drosophila melanogaster. A slowdown of the aging process was established in Drosophila melanogaster than received the geroprotector 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine hydrochloride. The action of the preparation in a dose of 0.01% at the larval stage of development leads to an 18--20% increase in the average lifetime of females and males and lengthens the maximum lifespan of males. The older the individuals by the beginning of the experiment, the weaker the influence of the geroprotector: The average lifetime of females taken in the experiment at one day old is increased 12%; the influence at an age greater than 20 days is ineffective.", "PMID": 111721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9865", "title": "Future developments and applications of biomaterials: an overview.", "content": "It is recommended that the emphasis of biomaterials research and development for the future should be to achieve improved reliability. Use of increasing numbers of implants per year coupled with decreasing long term (greater than 5 years) success rates are resulting in progressively larger numbers of reparative implant operations. This trend can be altered by emphasizing three areas of R&D: 1) Studies of composite biomaterial systems offering unique combinations of biological surface behavior and substrate mechanical performance; 2) Investigate mechanisms of interfacial reactions so that long term responses of the host-implant can be predicted; 3) Develop long term predictive relationships for biomaterials reliability based upon interfacial reactions, biomechanics, fracture mechanics, fatigue testing, and retrieval analysis. Brief examples of efforts to develop undrestanding in these three areas are described using bioglass coated metal and bioglass coated alumina implants.", "contents": "Future developments and applications of biomaterials: an overview. It is recommended that the emphasis of biomaterials research and development for the future should be to achieve improved reliability. Use of increasing numbers of implants per year coupled with decreasing long term (greater than 5 years) success rates are resulting in progressively larger numbers of reparative implant operations. This trend can be altered by emphasizing three areas of R&D: 1) Studies of composite biomaterial systems offering unique combinations of biological surface behavior and substrate mechanical performance; 2) Investigate mechanisms of interfacial reactions so that long term responses of the host-implant can be predicted; 3) Develop long term predictive relationships for biomaterials reliability based upon interfacial reactions, biomechanics, fracture mechanics, fatigue testing, and retrieval analysis. Brief examples of efforts to develop undrestanding in these three areas are described using bioglass coated metal and bioglass coated alumina implants.", "PMID": 111725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9866", "title": "Biosynthesis and metabolism of the basic alkaloids.", "content": "A summary of studies on the biosynthesis of the basic alkaloids of Anabasis aphylla is given. The role of lysine, aspartic acid, methionine, acetate, and cadaverine in the formation of anabasine, lupinine, aphylline, and anabasamine was indicated. The pathways of biosynthesis of the piperidine heterocycle, which is the structural basis of all the alkaloids of this plant, were examined. Studies of the metabolism of anabasine, lupinine, and aphyllinic acid were analyzed, and the possibility of their interconversion was examined.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and metabolism of the basic alkaloids. A summary of studies on the biosynthesis of the basic alkaloids of Anabasis aphylla is given. The role of lysine, aspartic acid, methionine, acetate, and cadaverine in the formation of anabasine, lupinine, aphylline, and anabasamine was indicated. The pathways of biosynthesis of the piperidine heterocycle, which is the structural basis of all the alkaloids of this plant, were examined. Studies of the metabolism of anabasine, lupinine, and aphyllinic acid were analyzed, and the possibility of their interconversion was examined.", "PMID": 111720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9867", "title": "Rotor speed dependent sedimentation of circular and linear DNA.", "content": "The sedimentation rate of large, linear DNA molecules has been shown to be rotor speed dependent (Rubenstein and Leighton, Biophys. Chem. 1 (1974)). In this communication we report the first studies designed to measure the rotor speed effect with a homogenous, linear viral DNA larger than bacteriophage T2 DNA. We also report the first studies using a homogenous, circular episomal DNA of known molecular weight. For this circular DNA a small rotor speed effect, previously unsuspected, was discovered.", "contents": "Rotor speed dependent sedimentation of circular and linear DNA. The sedimentation rate of large, linear DNA molecules has been shown to be rotor speed dependent (Rubenstein and Leighton, Biophys. Chem. 1 (1974)). In this communication we report the first studies designed to measure the rotor speed effect with a homogenous, linear viral DNA larger than bacteriophage T2 DNA. We also report the first studies using a homogenous, circular episomal DNA of known molecular weight. For this circular DNA a small rotor speed effect, previously unsuspected, was discovered.", "PMID": 111726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9868", "title": "[Dimethylaminochalcone, an indicator of the structural changes in the cellular envelop of E. coli under the action of Ca2+ cations and tris buffer].", "content": "An attempt was made to detect possible structural changes in E. coli cell envelope induced by Ca2+ treatment with the help of an uncharged fluorescent probe 4-dimethylaminochalcon (DMC). The effects of the treatment with tris buffer (0.01 M) at 0 degrees C and other agents (Mg2+ and EDTA) were also studied for the purpose of comparison. It is shown that Ca2+ treatment of E. coli cells results in structural changes in the cell envelope surface, whick differ from those induced by tris-buffer at 0 degrees C, Mg2+ and EDTA. DMC can be used successfully as a suitable probe for monitoring structural changes in biomembranes.", "contents": "[Dimethylaminochalcone, an indicator of the structural changes in the cellular envelop of E. coli under the action of Ca2+ cations and tris buffer]. An attempt was made to detect possible structural changes in E. coli cell envelope induced by Ca2+ treatment with the help of an uncharged fluorescent probe 4-dimethylaminochalcon (DMC). The effects of the treatment with tris buffer (0.01 M) at 0 degrees C and other agents (Mg2+ and EDTA) were also studied for the purpose of comparison. It is shown that Ca2+ treatment of E. coli cells results in structural changes in the cell envelope surface, whick differ from those induced by tris-buffer at 0 degrees C, Mg2+ and EDTA. DMC can be used successfully as a suitable probe for monitoring structural changes in biomembranes.", "PMID": 111728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9869", "title": "Loss of Rh antigen associated with acquired Rh antibodies and a chromosome translocation in a patient with myeloid metaplasia.", "content": "Myeloid metaplasia is a clonal disease of the marrow pluripotent stem cell in which a constant cytogenetic abnormality could result in an altered antigenic characteristic of hematopoietic cells. A 57-yr-old man who had acquired myeloid metaplasia at age 37 was noted to be Rh negative, although blood typing at age 33 was Rh positive. His erythrocytes reacted with anti-c and anti-e, typical for an Rh negative individual. Analysis of 11 metaphase bone marrow cells by G-banding revealed 46 chromosomes with a consistent anomaly in 100% of cells involving chromosomes 1 and 13. The changes were consistent with a reciprocal translocation, with break points at approximately 1p32 and 13q22, although break points at 1p13 and 13q14 were also possible. Since previous cytogenetic data have localized the Rh gene to the short arm of chromosome 1, our data indicate the Rh gene lies within the segment u13 leads to 1p32. Serum of this patient had circulating anti-D and anti-C antibodies. Consequently, this patient lost immunologic tolerance to a \"self antigen\" after losing the ability to express this antigen.", "contents": "Loss of Rh antigen associated with acquired Rh antibodies and a chromosome translocation in a patient with myeloid metaplasia. Myeloid metaplasia is a clonal disease of the marrow pluripotent stem cell in which a constant cytogenetic abnormality could result in an altered antigenic characteristic of hematopoietic cells. A 57-yr-old man who had acquired myeloid metaplasia at age 37 was noted to be Rh negative, although blood typing at age 33 was Rh positive. His erythrocytes reacted with anti-c and anti-e, typical for an Rh negative individual. Analysis of 11 metaphase bone marrow cells by G-banding revealed 46 chromosomes with a consistent anomaly in 100% of cells involving chromosomes 1 and 13. The changes were consistent with a reciprocal translocation, with break points at approximately 1p32 and 13q22, although break points at 1p13 and 13q14 were also possible. Since previous cytogenetic data have localized the Rh gene to the short arm of chromosome 1, our data indicate the Rh gene lies within the segment u13 leads to 1p32. Serum of this patient had circulating anti-D and anti-C antibodies. Consequently, this patient lost immunologic tolerance to a \"self antigen\" after losing the ability to express this antigen.", "PMID": 111729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9870", "title": "[The problems raised by the irradiation of pregnant women. Effects of ionizing radiations on the embryon and foetus (author's transl)].", "content": "In man, the period of maximum risk for the embryo and foetus is between the second and tenth week after conception. The most frequent and most severe malformation is microcephaly which in extreme cases is accompanied by mental retardation. The results of studies in experimental animals and man agree that it is impossible to demonstrate any increased risk of malformation with doses below 15 rads, and that the increase over the spontaneous incidence of malformation is slight at doses below 25 rads. A very small increase in the frequency of leukaemias and cancers has been observed after irradiation in utero for pelvimetry, which delivers a few rads; it can be estimated from these data that a dose of 2 rads induces at the most the risk of one case of cancer in 2,000 children. In practice, it is only exceptionally that an abortion is advised after a diagnostic radiological examination, since the doses in these circumstances are relatively low. A therapeutic termination of pregnancy should be advised when the dose is greater than 20 rads, but it is necessary to take into account other medico-social factors. Conversely, it is important to avoid any irradiation in women who could be pregnant and in particular avoid any irradiation of the true pelvis during the 10 days prior to menses and especially if there has been a delay in the start of menstruation. In pregnant women radiological examinations should only be made if they are of paramount importance for the mother, and all precautions taken to reduce the dose to the uterus in the absolute minimum.", "contents": "[The problems raised by the irradiation of pregnant women. Effects of ionizing radiations on the embryon and foetus (author's transl)]. In man, the period of maximum risk for the embryo and foetus is between the second and tenth week after conception. The most frequent and most severe malformation is microcephaly which in extreme cases is accompanied by mental retardation. The results of studies in experimental animals and man agree that it is impossible to demonstrate any increased risk of malformation with doses below 15 rads, and that the increase over the spontaneous incidence of malformation is slight at doses below 25 rads. A very small increase in the frequency of leukaemias and cancers has been observed after irradiation in utero for pelvimetry, which delivers a few rads; it can be estimated from these data that a dose of 2 rads induces at the most the risk of one case of cancer in 2,000 children. In practice, it is only exceptionally that an abortion is advised after a diagnostic radiological examination, since the doses in these circumstances are relatively low. A therapeutic termination of pregnancy should be advised when the dose is greater than 20 rads, but it is necessary to take into account other medico-social factors. Conversely, it is important to avoid any irradiation in women who could be pregnant and in particular avoid any irradiation of the true pelvis during the 10 days prior to menses and especially if there has been a delay in the start of menstruation. In pregnant women radiological examinations should only be made if they are of paramount importance for the mother, and all precautions taken to reduce the dose to the uterus in the absolute minimum.", "PMID": 111730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9871", "title": "\"The chemistry of bone mineral\".", "content": "In this treatise there has been a general introduction to the nature of bone mineral. Without the studies on the chemistry and structure of hydroxyapatites precipitated under physiological conditions it would have been difficult to interpret the data from bone mineral. Earlier studies on well-crystallized apatite systems helped to delineate the nature of the smaller bone crystals which are so difficult to study by standard crystallographic methods. It was shown that bone mineral is submicroscopic in crystal size and thus, has a high surface area which is highly reactive to specific chemical species. Bone mineral apatite is not an equilibrium phase and is slowly perfecting chemically and in crystal size. It is this lack of perfection resulting from crystalline imperfections due to (a) the presence of carbonate, sodium and other ions, and, (b) the deficiency in Ca and OH, which combine to make bone mineral metabolically active. In closing, it is necessary to point out that this is just a brief introduction to the subject of bone mineral. The interested reader is encouraged to seek more details in the bone text books of Vaughan (1975), Bourne (1972) and Zipkin (1973) and the various review articles noted in the body of this exposition.", "contents": "\"The chemistry of bone mineral\". In this treatise there has been a general introduction to the nature of bone mineral. Without the studies on the chemistry and structure of hydroxyapatites precipitated under physiological conditions it would have been difficult to interpret the data from bone mineral. Earlier studies on well-crystallized apatite systems helped to delineate the nature of the smaller bone crystals which are so difficult to study by standard crystallographic methods. It was shown that bone mineral is submicroscopic in crystal size and thus, has a high surface area which is highly reactive to specific chemical species. Bone mineral apatite is not an equilibrium phase and is slowly perfecting chemically and in crystal size. It is this lack of perfection resulting from crystalline imperfections due to (a) the presence of carbonate, sodium and other ions, and, (b) the deficiency in Ca and OH, which combine to make bone mineral metabolically active. In closing, it is necessary to point out that this is just a brief introduction to the subject of bone mineral. The interested reader is encouraged to seek more details in the bone text books of Vaughan (1975), Bourne (1972) and Zipkin (1973) and the various review articles noted in the body of this exposition.", "PMID": 111746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9872", "title": "The treatment of difficult cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomata with electrons.", "content": "The use of electron beam therapy with energies up to 10 MeV in the treatment of basal and squamous cell carcinomata of the skin is described. The results of treatment of 15 cases are presented with photographs of six cases. Excellent clinical and cosmetic results have been obtained. Electron therapy has been found to be simple and convenient, avoiding the necessity for the use of radium moulds in a number of cases and thus avoiding radiation exposure of staff.", "contents": "The treatment of difficult cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomata with electrons. The use of electron beam therapy with energies up to 10 MeV in the treatment of basal and squamous cell carcinomata of the skin is described. The results of treatment of 15 cases are presented with photographs of six cases. Excellent clinical and cosmetic results have been obtained. Electron therapy has been found to be simple and convenient, avoiding the necessity for the use of radium moulds in a number of cases and thus avoiding radiation exposure of staff.", "PMID": 111748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9873", "title": "Total-body irradiation in advanced lymphosarcoma.", "content": "Thirty patients with stage III and IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated by total-body irradiation (TBI). Eleven patients had previously received local radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Toxicity was confined to haematological depression. Complete remission of disease was achieved in 14 patients. Non-leukaemic patients who had received no previous treatment reacted best to TBI (ten complete remissions in 13 patients). We consider TBI a helpful treatment in non-leukaemic patients with advanced lymphosarcoma.", "contents": "Total-body irradiation in advanced lymphosarcoma. Thirty patients with stage III and IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated by total-body irradiation (TBI). Eleven patients had previously received local radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Toxicity was confined to haematological depression. Complete remission of disease was achieved in 14 patients. Non-leukaemic patients who had received no previous treatment reacted best to TBI (ten complete remissions in 13 patients). We consider TBI a helpful treatment in non-leukaemic patients with advanced lymphosarcoma.", "PMID": 111751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9874", "title": "The influence of early post-operative intravenous nutrition upon recovery after total cystectomy.", "content": "A retrospective review was made of the effect of early post-operative total parenteral nutrition on recovery from total cystectomy with formation of an ileal conduit. No difference in mortality or time spent in hospital after operation was noted between 2 groups receiving either total parenteral nutrition or isotonic dextrose-saline solutions.", "contents": "The influence of early post-operative intravenous nutrition upon recovery after total cystectomy. A retrospective review was made of the effect of early post-operative total parenteral nutrition on recovery from total cystectomy with formation of an ileal conduit. No difference in mortality or time spent in hospital after operation was noted between 2 groups receiving either total parenteral nutrition or isotonic dextrose-saline solutions.", "PMID": 111752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9875", "title": "Single sample estimates of renal clearances.", "content": "Thirty adult patients were investigated with 36 125I Hippuran and 40 51Cr EDTA single injection clearance studies. \"Volumes of distribution\" obtained from single samples have been correlated with the slope clearances and regression equations have been determined. From these equations it is possible to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) from single plasma samples and the method is sufficiently accurate for routine application.", "contents": "Single sample estimates of renal clearances. Thirty adult patients were investigated with 36 125I Hippuran and 40 51Cr EDTA single injection clearance studies. \"Volumes of distribution\" obtained from single samples have been correlated with the slope clearances and regression equations have been determined. From these equations it is possible to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) from single plasma samples and the method is sufficiently accurate for routine application.", "PMID": 111753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9876", "title": "Rationalising requests for x-ray examination of acute ankle injuries.", "content": "Radiographs of injured ankles represent about 1 in 50 of all radiological examinations. The notes and radiographs of 100 patients with ankle injuries were reviewed, and the films of a further 93 patients who had ankle fractures treated by immobilisation were also scrutinised to assess the presence of absence of soft tissue swelling over the malleoli. Any accompanying radiographs of the foot requested at the same time were also studied. In 65 of the 100 cases of ankle injury there was no soft tissue swelling, and none of the patients had a major fracture, while 92 of the 93 patients with a major fracture had soft tissue swelling at the level of the malleoli. In 32 of the 100 cases of ankle injury foot radiographs had also been requested, but only three foot injuries were found. If the simple maxim of \"No swelling adjacent to a malleolus, no radiographs\" were applied radiography of twisted ankles could be reduced by as much as two-thirds. Moreover, if this maxim included the rider \"and no routine foot films\" the total casualty radiographic work load could be reduced by 8%.", "contents": "Rationalising requests for x-ray examination of acute ankle injuries. Radiographs of injured ankles represent about 1 in 50 of all radiological examinations. The notes and radiographs of 100 patients with ankle injuries were reviewed, and the films of a further 93 patients who had ankle fractures treated by immobilisation were also scrutinised to assess the presence of absence of soft tissue swelling over the malleoli. Any accompanying radiographs of the foot requested at the same time were also studied. In 65 of the 100 cases of ankle injury there was no soft tissue swelling, and none of the patients had a major fracture, while 92 of the 93 patients with a major fracture had soft tissue swelling at the level of the malleoli. In 32 of the 100 cases of ankle injury foot radiographs had also been requested, but only three foot injuries were found. If the simple maxim of \"No swelling adjacent to a malleolus, no radiographs\" were applied radiography of twisted ankles could be reduced by as much as two-thirds. Moreover, if this maxim included the rider \"and no routine foot films\" the total casualty radiographic work load could be reduced by 8%.", "PMID": 111756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9877", "title": "Deaths from rhesus haemolytic disease in England and Wales in 1977: accuracy of records and assessment of anti-D prophylaxis.", "content": "All the death certificates for deaths in 1977 where haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) was the principal, an antecedent, or a contributory cause were obtained from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS). The hospital notes of all 54 of the live-born cases and all of the 101 stillbirths were also obtained. The cause of the death indicated by the notes was compared with the cause and coding on the death certificate. In about a quarter of the cases death was not due to haemolytic disease of any type. The commonest errors arose because the International Classification of Diseases (8th edition) stipulates that hydrops without mention of cause should be coded as HDN and because stillbirths to rhesus-negative mothers tend to be attributed to rhesus HDN automatically. Though deaths from HDN may be overestimated in this way, they are also underestimated because rhesus disease, although mentioned on the certificate, is not selected as the underlying cause, which it may be. These cases were found through multiple coding of all the contributory causes of death, which OPCS performs on a 25% sample of all death certificates for research purposes. These two sources of inaccuracy tend to cancel each other out, but statistics from death certificates give a misleading picture of the efficacy of anti-D prophylaxis because anti-D can never prevent cases which are not in fact due to rhesus HDN. Most of the mothers studied had become immunised before anti-D became available, but in those who could have been treated 75% had not received prophylaxis. As this was a sample of deaths, however, it would not be accurate to extrapolate this high figure to the population at risk. Nevertheless, the organisation of prophylaxis is clearly deficient and should be remedied before providing antenatal anti-D to supplement postnatal treatment.", "contents": "Deaths from rhesus haemolytic disease in England and Wales in 1977: accuracy of records and assessment of anti-D prophylaxis. All the death certificates for deaths in 1977 where haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) was the principal, an antecedent, or a contributory cause were obtained from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS). The hospital notes of all 54 of the live-born cases and all of the 101 stillbirths were also obtained. The cause of the death indicated by the notes was compared with the cause and coding on the death certificate. In about a quarter of the cases death was not due to haemolytic disease of any type. The commonest errors arose because the International Classification of Diseases (8th edition) stipulates that hydrops without mention of cause should be coded as HDN and because stillbirths to rhesus-negative mothers tend to be attributed to rhesus HDN automatically. Though deaths from HDN may be overestimated in this way, they are also underestimated because rhesus disease, although mentioned on the certificate, is not selected as the underlying cause, which it may be. These cases were found through multiple coding of all the contributory causes of death, which OPCS performs on a 25% sample of all death certificates for research purposes. These two sources of inaccuracy tend to cancel each other out, but statistics from death certificates give a misleading picture of the efficacy of anti-D prophylaxis because anti-D can never prevent cases which are not in fact due to rhesus HDN. Most of the mothers studied had become immunised before anti-D became available, but in those who could have been treated 75% had not received prophylaxis. As this was a sample of deaths, however, it would not be accurate to extrapolate this high figure to the population at risk. Nevertheless, the organisation of prophylaxis is clearly deficient and should be remedied before providing antenatal anti-D to supplement postnatal treatment.", "PMID": 111758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9878", "title": "Reduction of catheter-associated sepsis in parenteral nutrition using low-dose intravenous heparin.", "content": "To assess whether adding low-dose heparin to the infusate of patients receiving parenteral nutrition reduced the incidence of septic complications related to the central venous catheter, 80 consecutive patients requiring intravenous feeding were studied. Half of these patients received heparin 1 unit/ml of infusate, while in the remaining 40 (controls) an equal volume of physiological saline was added to the infusate. Strict criteria for the management of the indwelling CVC were observed. The catheter tips were cultured after removal: only one was infected in the heparin group compared with nine in the control group. This significant reduction may have been due to the heparin preventing a fibrin sleeve from forming around the catheter tip. It is recommended that, as well as observing the usual aseptic precautions in managing the cannula, 500 units of heparin are added to each 500 ml of fluid infused to reduce the incidence of catheter-associated sepsis.", "contents": "Reduction of catheter-associated sepsis in parenteral nutrition using low-dose intravenous heparin. To assess whether adding low-dose heparin to the infusate of patients receiving parenteral nutrition reduced the incidence of septic complications related to the central venous catheter, 80 consecutive patients requiring intravenous feeding were studied. Half of these patients received heparin 1 unit/ml of infusate, while in the remaining 40 (controls) an equal volume of physiological saline was added to the infusate. Strict criteria for the management of the indwelling CVC were observed. The catheter tips were cultured after removal: only one was infected in the heparin group compared with nine in the control group. This significant reduction may have been due to the heparin preventing a fibrin sleeve from forming around the catheter tip. It is recommended that, as well as observing the usual aseptic precautions in managing the cannula, 500 units of heparin are added to each 500 ml of fluid infused to reduce the incidence of catheter-associated sepsis.", "PMID": 111759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9879", "title": "Anti-keratin antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A naturally occurring antibody that reacts with the keratinised tissue of animal oesophagus was found in the serum of 75 out of 129 patients (58%) with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but not in sera from 105 healthy people. Detection of the antibody, which is unrelated to rheumatoid factor, is more specific for RA than the reaction in the sheep-cell agglutination test but less sensitive.", "contents": "Anti-keratin antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. A naturally occurring antibody that reacts with the keratinised tissue of animal oesophagus was found in the serum of 75 out of 129 patients (58%) with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but not in sera from 105 healthy people. Detection of the antibody, which is unrelated to rheumatoid factor, is more specific for RA than the reaction in the sheep-cell agglutination test but less sensitive.", "PMID": 111762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9880", "title": "Assessment of a selective medium for the isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Specimens of urethral pus from 312 men with gonorrhoea were diluted and inoculated on to non-selective and selective media, the latter containing vancomycin, colistin, nystatin, and trimethoprim. Although three (1%) isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were inhibited by trimethoprim 4 mg/1 and 10 by vancomycin 2 mg/1, only two failed to grow on a selective medium from large inocula but eight strains sensitive to vancomycin failed to grow on a selective medium from a light inoculum. These few failures do not appear to negate the value of the selective medium.", "contents": "Assessment of a selective medium for the isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Specimens of urethral pus from 312 men with gonorrhoea were diluted and inoculated on to non-selective and selective media, the latter containing vancomycin, colistin, nystatin, and trimethoprim. Although three (1%) isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were inhibited by trimethoprim 4 mg/1 and 10 by vancomycin 2 mg/1, only two failed to grow on a selective medium from large inocula but eight strains sensitive to vancomycin failed to grow on a selective medium from a light inoculum. These few failures do not appear to negate the value of the selective medium.", "PMID": 111763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9881", "title": "Comparison of anal and rectal swabs in the diagnosis of anorectal gonorrhoea in women.", "content": "Among 228 women with gonorrhoea (confirmed by culture), swabs taken blindly from the anal canal gave positive results in 26.3% and those taken from the rectum under direct vision in 27.6%. Swabs from both sites gave positive results in 23.2% of patients, from the anal canal alone in 3.1%, and from the rectum alone in 4.4%. Thus, culuture of anal canal swabs seems to give as reliable results as rectal swabs when proctoscopy cannot be carried out.", "contents": "Comparison of anal and rectal swabs in the diagnosis of anorectal gonorrhoea in women. Among 228 women with gonorrhoea (confirmed by culture), swabs taken blindly from the anal canal gave positive results in 26.3% and those taken from the rectum under direct vision in 27.6%. Swabs from both sites gave positive results in 23.2% of patients, from the anal canal alone in 3.1%, and from the rectum alone in 4.4%. Thus, culuture of anal canal swabs seems to give as reliable results as rectal swabs when proctoscopy cannot be carried out.", "PMID": 111764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9882", "title": "Individual susceptibility to neisserial infection?", "content": "Specimens from genital, anorectal, and pharyngeal sites from 1671 men and 1419 women were cultured for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Pharyngeal specimens were also cultured for Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonnorrhoeae was isolated from a genital site 2.7 times more often in men and 1.8 times more in women who also carried meningococci in their pharynx than from those who did not; the meningococcus was isolated 3.4 times more often from men and 2.0 times more often from women with genital gonorrhoea than from those without. In both men and women the association of each organism with the other was statistically significant (p less than 0.001) and may be related to sexual behaviour rather than to individual susceptibility to neisserial infection.", "contents": "Individual susceptibility to neisserial infection? Specimens from genital, anorectal, and pharyngeal sites from 1671 men and 1419 women were cultured for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Pharyngeal specimens were also cultured for Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonnorrhoeae was isolated from a genital site 2.7 times more often in men and 1.8 times more in women who also carried meningococci in their pharynx than from those who did not; the meningococcus was isolated 3.4 times more often from men and 2.0 times more often from women with genital gonorrhoea than from those without. In both men and women the association of each organism with the other was statistically significant (p less than 0.001) and may be related to sexual behaviour rather than to individual susceptibility to neisserial infection.", "PMID": 111765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9883", "title": "Mezlocillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea.", "content": "A single, intramuscular dose of 2 g of mezlocillin was used for the treatment of 158 patients with gonorrhoea. In only three out of 144 patients with urogential gonorrhoea who were re-examined did the treatment fail. Of 12 patients with pharyngeal gonorrhoea who were examined after treatment 10 were treated successfully with the same dose. The sensitivities of the gonococci to mezlocillin and penicillin G correlated well, although mezlocillin seemed to be active at lower concentrations on both highly sensitive and less sensitive isolates.", "contents": "Mezlocillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea. A single, intramuscular dose of 2 g of mezlocillin was used for the treatment of 158 patients with gonorrhoea. In only three out of 144 patients with urogential gonorrhoea who were re-examined did the treatment fail. Of 12 patients with pharyngeal gonorrhoea who were examined after treatment 10 were treated successfully with the same dose. The sensitivities of the gonococci to mezlocillin and penicillin G correlated well, although mezlocillin seemed to be active at lower concentrations on both highly sensitive and less sensitive isolates.", "PMID": 111766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9884", "title": "Chlamydia trachomatis in acute salpingitis.", "content": "In a study to evaluate the possible role of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in acute salpingitis, 26% of 106 patients with severe symptoms had positive culture results for C. trachomatis; 43% of the 72 patients from whom paired sera were obtained had either positive culture results for or seroconversion in the single antigen immunofluorescence test to C. trachomatis. Twenty-six per cent of patients harboured N. gohorrhoeae and 14% had gonococcal complement-fixing antibody titres greater than or equal to 8. Intrauterine devices were used by 48% of patients, no difference being found in the frequency of use between patients harbouring C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae. The possible role of C. trachomatis should be considered in the treatment of acute salpingitis.", "contents": "Chlamydia trachomatis in acute salpingitis. In a study to evaluate the possible role of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in acute salpingitis, 26% of 106 patients with severe symptoms had positive culture results for C. trachomatis; 43% of the 72 patients from whom paired sera were obtained had either positive culture results for or seroconversion in the single antigen immunofluorescence test to C. trachomatis. Twenty-six per cent of patients harboured N. gohorrhoeae and 14% had gonococcal complement-fixing antibody titres greater than or equal to 8. Intrauterine devices were used by 48% of patients, no difference being found in the frequency of use between patients harbouring C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae. The possible role of C. trachomatis should be considered in the treatment of acute salpingitis.", "PMID": 111767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9885", "title": "Topographical distribution of estrogen target cells in the forebrain of platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus, studied by autoradiography.", "content": "In the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus, after injection of [3H]estradiol-17 beta, nuclear concentration of radioactivity is observed in certain cells of the forebrain. These labeled cells are accumulated in periventricular midline regions that include in the telencephalon the ventral precommissural and dorsal supracommissural areas, and in the diencephalon the preoptic, central hypothalamic and thalamic areas. The specialized ependyma of the subcommissural organ also shows nuclear concentration of radioactivity, while other ependymal cells remain unlabeled. Similar to other vertebrate classes, the accumulations of estrogen target cells exist characteristically in the vicinity of the ventricular system, especially its recesses. This implies close topographical relationships between estrogen target cells and the ventricular recess organs, including the optic recess organ, the infundibular recess organ, the paraventricular organ and the subcommissural organ. Different from other vertebrate classes, no pallial accumulations of estrogen target cells are seen in the teleost.", "contents": "Topographical distribution of estrogen target cells in the forebrain of platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus, studied by autoradiography. In the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus, after injection of [3H]estradiol-17 beta, nuclear concentration of radioactivity is observed in certain cells of the forebrain. These labeled cells are accumulated in periventricular midline regions that include in the telencephalon the ventral precommissural and dorsal supracommissural areas, and in the diencephalon the preoptic, central hypothalamic and thalamic areas. The specialized ependyma of the subcommissural organ also shows nuclear concentration of radioactivity, while other ependymal cells remain unlabeled. Similar to other vertebrate classes, the accumulations of estrogen target cells exist characteristically in the vicinity of the ventricular system, especially its recesses. This implies close topographical relationships between estrogen target cells and the ventricular recess organs, including the optic recess organ, the infundibular recess organ, the paraventricular organ and the subcommissural organ. Different from other vertebrate classes, no pallial accumulations of estrogen target cells are seen in the teleost.", "PMID": 111768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9886", "title": "Efferents of area 4 in a South American monkey (Saimiri). I. Terminations in the spinal cord.", "content": "A single injection of either tritiated proline or a mixture of proline and leucine was made in area 4 of 8 squirrel monkeys. The locus of the injection was systematically varied from medial to lateral among animals. Autoradiographs revealed a strong contralateral lateral corticospinal tract. A sparsely labelled ipsilateral lateral tract was also present in all animals. In 2 animals, a few labelled fibers indicative of an ipsilateral anterior tract were observed; the fibers terminated at lumbar levels. Grain counts over the cervical and lumbar gray showed that area 4 efferents terminated contralaterally in laminae IV--IX with a peak in lamina VII; only sparse input was seen in the vicinity of the large alpha-motoneurons of lamina IX. On the ipsilateral side, the terminals were largely confined to lamina VIII. This pattern was in accordance with that reported in other primates. The terminal fields at sacral and coccygeal levels were radically different in that large numbers of fibers recrossed to the ipsilateral side and ended in laminae V through IX; the functional significance of this strong bilateral termination was discussed.", "contents": "Efferents of area 4 in a South American monkey (Saimiri). I. Terminations in the spinal cord. A single injection of either tritiated proline or a mixture of proline and leucine was made in area 4 of 8 squirrel monkeys. The locus of the injection was systematically varied from medial to lateral among animals. Autoradiographs revealed a strong contralateral lateral corticospinal tract. A sparsely labelled ipsilateral lateral tract was also present in all animals. In 2 animals, a few labelled fibers indicative of an ipsilateral anterior tract were observed; the fibers terminated at lumbar levels. Grain counts over the cervical and lumbar gray showed that area 4 efferents terminated contralaterally in laminae IV--IX with a peak in lamina VII; only sparse input was seen in the vicinity of the large alpha-motoneurons of lamina IX. On the ipsilateral side, the terminals were largely confined to lamina VIII. This pattern was in accordance with that reported in other primates. The terminal fields at sacral and coccygeal levels were radically different in that large numbers of fibers recrossed to the ipsilateral side and ended in laminae V through IX; the functional significance of this strong bilateral termination was discussed.", "PMID": 111769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9887", "title": "Operant control of precentral neurons in monkeys: evidence against open loop control.", "content": "Four normal monkeys were operantly conditioned to change the firing pattern of 111 precentral neurons from phasic to tonic using an operant paradigm which quantifies the control of single neurons. Two monkeys then had their contralateral pyramidal tract (PT) sectioned and one monkey had C5-7 ventral rhizotomies. Postlesion data were: (1) contralateral C1-2PT lesions did not encumber the monkeys' control of precentral PTNs: (2) contralateral C5-7 ventral rhizotomies completely abolished accurate control of precentral neurons which received proprioceptive feedback from flaccid arm regions. These results indicate that precentral neurons are operantly controlled through proprioceptive feedback from peripheral mechanoreceptors. The output of the mechanoreceptors is probably dependent upon discrete joint angles and/or muscle tension which is maintained through non-PT pathways. These data do not support the concept that precentral neurons are operantly controlled directly from a central; 'open loop', pathway.", "contents": "Operant control of precentral neurons in monkeys: evidence against open loop control. Four normal monkeys were operantly conditioned to change the firing pattern of 111 precentral neurons from phasic to tonic using an operant paradigm which quantifies the control of single neurons. Two monkeys then had their contralateral pyramidal tract (PT) sectioned and one monkey had C5-7 ventral rhizotomies. Postlesion data were: (1) contralateral C1-2PT lesions did not encumber the monkeys' control of precentral PTNs: (2) contralateral C5-7 ventral rhizotomies completely abolished accurate control of precentral neurons which received proprioceptive feedback from flaccid arm regions. These results indicate that precentral neurons are operantly controlled through proprioceptive feedback from peripheral mechanoreceptors. The output of the mechanoreceptors is probably dependent upon discrete joint angles and/or muscle tension which is maintained through non-PT pathways. These data do not support the concept that precentral neurons are operantly controlled directly from a central; 'open loop', pathway.", "PMID": 111771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9888", "title": "Prefrontal and cingulate unit activity during timing behavior in the monkey.", "content": "Single unit activity was recorded from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex while monkeys were performing a modified differential reinforcement of long latencies (DRLL) task. A total of 252 prefrontal units and 218 anterior cingulate units showed an obvious change in discharge rate (increase or decrease) in association with one or more of the events of a DRLL task. Related units were classified into 3 main groups: S--R event units, reward-error units, and timing units. S--R event units consisted of three subtypes: stimulus-related, response-related, and stimulus--response-related units. Reward-error units contained reward-related units and error-recognition units. Error-recognition units showed a vigorous increase in firing only after incorrect responses. These units were also responsive to omission of reinforcement on correct trials. Three types of timing units were distinguishable. The first one showed an anticipatory change prior to stimulus onset, and the second one exhibited a gradual anticipatory change preceding the time of responding. The third one manifested a sustained change during delay and an abrupt cessation of change in firing at the time of response initiation.", "contents": "Prefrontal and cingulate unit activity during timing behavior in the monkey. Single unit activity was recorded from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex while monkeys were performing a modified differential reinforcement of long latencies (DRLL) task. A total of 252 prefrontal units and 218 anterior cingulate units showed an obvious change in discharge rate (increase or decrease) in association with one or more of the events of a DRLL task. Related units were classified into 3 main groups: S--R event units, reward-error units, and timing units. S--R event units consisted of three subtypes: stimulus-related, response-related, and stimulus--response-related units. Reward-error units contained reward-related units and error-recognition units. Error-recognition units showed a vigorous increase in firing only after incorrect responses. These units were also responsive to omission of reinforcement on correct trials. Three types of timing units were distinguishable. The first one showed an anticipatory change prior to stimulus onset, and the second one exhibited a gradual anticipatory change preceding the time of responding. The third one manifested a sustained change during delay and an abrupt cessation of change in firing at the time of response initiation.", "PMID": 111772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9889", "title": "The activity of supplementary motor area neurons during a maintained precision grip.", "content": "Two monkeys were trained to exert a precision grip of the thumb and forefinger and to maintain constant near-isometric force for a one-second duration. Both animals were trained to perform the task with about equal proficiency with either hand. A total of 134 neurons were recorded from the supplementary motor area (SMA) of the hemisphere contralateral to the performing hand. SMA neurons were identified by either the presence of peripheral fields on the contralateral arm or by consistent changes in discharge frequency during contralateral arm movement. Sixty-one cells demonstrated reliable changes in firing frequency during performance of the maintained precision grip. SMA neurons showed little tendency to discharge at higher frequency during force change rather than during maintained force. Only two neurons significantly increased firing frequency with increased finger force and no modulation of discharge related to rate of force change could be shown. The changes in spike frequency among SMA cells related to the arm were, on the average, about 100 msec after the onset of contraction in the forearm flexors and extensors of the wrist and fingers, although a contingent of cells discharging consistently before the onset of muscular activity was found.", "contents": "The activity of supplementary motor area neurons during a maintained precision grip. Two monkeys were trained to exert a precision grip of the thumb and forefinger and to maintain constant near-isometric force for a one-second duration. Both animals were trained to perform the task with about equal proficiency with either hand. A total of 134 neurons were recorded from the supplementary motor area (SMA) of the hemisphere contralateral to the performing hand. SMA neurons were identified by either the presence of peripheral fields on the contralateral arm or by consistent changes in discharge frequency during contralateral arm movement. Sixty-one cells demonstrated reliable changes in firing frequency during performance of the maintained precision grip. SMA neurons showed little tendency to discharge at higher frequency during force change rather than during maintained force. Only two neurons significantly increased firing frequency with increased finger force and no modulation of discharge related to rate of force change could be shown. The changes in spike frequency among SMA cells related to the arm were, on the average, about 100 msec after the onset of contraction in the forearm flexors and extensors of the wrist and fingers, although a contingent of cells discharging consistently before the onset of muscular activity was found.", "PMID": 111775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9890", "title": "Differential effects of reciprocal wrist torques on responses of somatotopically identified neurons of precentral cortex in awake primates.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to investigate the functional significance of previous observations that both reciprocal and bidirectional responses are found in the forelimb area of precentral cortex following oppositely directed torques delivered about a single forelimb joint. Extracellular unit recordings were made in the contralateral precentral cortex of awake monkeys. These units were classified, according to their responses to passive somatosensory stimulation and to the effects of local intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), as being functionally coupled to single joints. Both joint- and cutaneous-sensitive neurons were included. The responses of such classified neurons to oppositely directed torques were then studied. All of the joint-sensitive wrist (flexion-extension) units responded reciprocally to the oppositely directed torques. In contrast reciprocally and bidirectionally responsive neurons were found in the cutaneous-sensitive wrist population and in both the joint- and cutaneous-sensitive non-wrist (F-E) populations. These results are discussed in terms of the expected receptor actions of the applied torques, and are consistent with other evidence that a correlation exists between activities of precentral neurons which respond to sensory events at or about a single forelimb joint, and voluntary movement about the same joint.", "contents": "Differential effects of reciprocal wrist torques on responses of somatotopically identified neurons of precentral cortex in awake primates. The present study was undertaken to investigate the functional significance of previous observations that both reciprocal and bidirectional responses are found in the forelimb area of precentral cortex following oppositely directed torques delivered about a single forelimb joint. Extracellular unit recordings were made in the contralateral precentral cortex of awake monkeys. These units were classified, according to their responses to passive somatosensory stimulation and to the effects of local intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), as being functionally coupled to single joints. Both joint- and cutaneous-sensitive neurons were included. The responses of such classified neurons to oppositely directed torques were then studied. All of the joint-sensitive wrist (flexion-extension) units responded reciprocally to the oppositely directed torques. In contrast reciprocally and bidirectionally responsive neurons were found in the cutaneous-sensitive wrist population and in both the joint- and cutaneous-sensitive non-wrist (F-E) populations. These results are discussed in terms of the expected receptor actions of the applied torques, and are consistent with other evidence that a correlation exists between activities of precentral neurons which respond to sensory events at or about a single forelimb joint, and voluntary movement about the same joint.", "PMID": 111776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9891", "title": "Central thermosensitivity during fever produced by intra-PO/AH and intravenous injections of pyrogen.", "content": "Squirrel monkeys with thermodes implanted in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) region and the medulla oblongata were used to examine three questions about central thermoresponsiveness in fever: Does thermoresponsiveness of the PO/AH region and medulla change during fevers caused by injection of bacterial endotoxin IV or directly into the PO/AH region? Does thermosensitivity of these brain regions determine the upper fever limit? Is thermoresponsiveness of the PO/AH region affected by local injections of salicylate? Changes in rectal temperature and oxygen consumption in response to heating and cooling the PO/AH region were reduced during fever caused by intra-PO/AH injections of bacterial endotoxin compared with changes produced during afebrile periods. PO/AH thermosensitivity was also reduced during fever caused by IV administration of bacterial pyrogen. Prolonged cooling of the PO/AH region or the medulla oblongata during fever produced by peripheral and central pyrogen injections did not cause rectal temperature (Tre) to rise above 41.1 degrees C although local heating reduced Tre or limited the fever maximum. From the latter result it is concluded that both pools of central thermoreceptors can limit maximal fever by reacting to local high temperature but that lowered temperature in neither region can raise Tre above a level determined by antagonistic input from thermoreceptors in other parts of the body. Injections of sodium salicylate into the PO/AH region had no effect on thermoresponsiveness of the region. This finding reinforces the idea that salicylates do not produce antipyresis by acting directly on thermosensitive cells of the central temperature control system.", "contents": "Central thermosensitivity during fever produced by intra-PO/AH and intravenous injections of pyrogen. Squirrel monkeys with thermodes implanted in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) region and the medulla oblongata were used to examine three questions about central thermoresponsiveness in fever: Does thermoresponsiveness of the PO/AH region and medulla change during fevers caused by injection of bacterial endotoxin IV or directly into the PO/AH region? Does thermosensitivity of these brain regions determine the upper fever limit? Is thermoresponsiveness of the PO/AH region affected by local injections of salicylate? Changes in rectal temperature and oxygen consumption in response to heating and cooling the PO/AH region were reduced during fever caused by intra-PO/AH injections of bacterial endotoxin compared with changes produced during afebrile periods. PO/AH thermosensitivity was also reduced during fever caused by IV administration of bacterial pyrogen. Prolonged cooling of the PO/AH region or the medulla oblongata during fever produced by peripheral and central pyrogen injections did not cause rectal temperature (Tre) to rise above 41.1 degrees C although local heating reduced Tre or limited the fever maximum. From the latter result it is concluded that both pools of central thermoreceptors can limit maximal fever by reacting to local high temperature but that lowered temperature in neither region can raise Tre above a level determined by antagonistic input from thermoreceptors in other parts of the body. Injections of sodium salicylate into the PO/AH region had no effect on thermoresponsiveness of the region. This finding reinforces the idea that salicylates do not produce antipyresis by acting directly on thermosensitive cells of the central temperature control system.", "PMID": 111777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9892", "title": "Regioal distribution of immunoreactive neurotension in monkey brain.", "content": "The regional distribution of immunoreactive neurotensin (IRNT) in 66 different areas of the monkey brain and spinal cord was studied by radioimmunoassay using specific rabbit antisera to synthetic neurotensin. Each area was found to contain IRNT in uneven concentrations. Highest concentrations were present in the hypothalamic areas and the interpeduncular nucleus, values reaching around 80 pg IRNT/mg wet tissue weight. The habenula, subthalamus and preoptic area were also rich in IRNT. A relatively selective distribution of IRNT was found in the thalamic regions. Low values were obtained in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex, striatum, substantia nigra and white matter areas. Among the fiber bundle studied, the olfactory tract contained a significant amount of IRNT. The present finding of a selective distribution of IRNT suggests a specific neuronal action of neurotensin in primate central nervous system.", "contents": "Regioal distribution of immunoreactive neurotension in monkey brain. The regional distribution of immunoreactive neurotensin (IRNT) in 66 different areas of the monkey brain and spinal cord was studied by radioimmunoassay using specific rabbit antisera to synthetic neurotensin. Each area was found to contain IRNT in uneven concentrations. Highest concentrations were present in the hypothalamic areas and the interpeduncular nucleus, values reaching around 80 pg IRNT/mg wet tissue weight. The habenula, subthalamus and preoptic area were also rich in IRNT. A relatively selective distribution of IRNT was found in the thalamic regions. Low values were obtained in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex, striatum, substantia nigra and white matter areas. Among the fiber bundle studied, the olfactory tract contained a significant amount of IRNT. The present finding of a selective distribution of IRNT suggests a specific neuronal action of neurotensin in primate central nervous system.", "PMID": 111778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9893", "title": "Effect of neonatal malnutrition on leucine renewal and protein biosynthesis in neurons of rats.", "content": "Starting 1--3 days before delivery, pregnant rats were fed isocaloric diets containing either a low (5% casein) or a normal (20% casein) level of protein. At 14 days of age, the malnourished pups showed lower body, brain, and forebrain weights. The number of cells in the forebrain was lower and their size was smaller in the malnourished group. In order to study the turnover rate of 14C-leucine in the free amino acid pool and the rate of 14C-leucine incorporation into TCA-precipitable protein in neuronal cell bodies, a neuronal enriched fraction (NEF) was prepared. Malnutrition altered the free amino acid pool of the NEF by increasing the content of lysine+ornithine, glycine, and aspartic and glutamic acids and lowering that of histidine and threonine. The pools of the remaining amino acids were not altered. The turnover rate of free 14C-luecine was reduced to 60% of that of the controls. The rate of 14C-leucine incorporation into TCA-precipitable protein, corrected for its turnover rate in the free pool, was reduced to 64% of that of the controls.", "contents": "Effect of neonatal malnutrition on leucine renewal and protein biosynthesis in neurons of rats. Starting 1--3 days before delivery, pregnant rats were fed isocaloric diets containing either a low (5% casein) or a normal (20% casein) level of protein. At 14 days of age, the malnourished pups showed lower body, brain, and forebrain weights. The number of cells in the forebrain was lower and their size was smaller in the malnourished group. In order to study the turnover rate of 14C-leucine in the free amino acid pool and the rate of 14C-leucine incorporation into TCA-precipitable protein in neuronal cell bodies, a neuronal enriched fraction (NEF) was prepared. Malnutrition altered the free amino acid pool of the NEF by increasing the content of lysine+ornithine, glycine, and aspartic and glutamic acids and lowering that of histidine and threonine. The pools of the remaining amino acids were not altered. The turnover rate of free 14C-luecine was reduced to 60% of that of the controls. The rate of 14C-leucine incorporation into TCA-precipitable protein, corrected for its turnover rate in the free pool, was reduced to 64% of that of the controls.", "PMID": 111779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9894", "title": "Mixed-image longitudimetry: a new method of length measurement in microscopy.", "content": "A simple and inexpensive instrument called a longitudimeter for measuring distances in microscopy was constructed from a precision map-measuring device and an electric lamp positioned eccentrically on a stand. A precision better than 1% was readily obtained in measurements of the perimeters of trabecular surfaces in cancellous bone. Mixed-image longitudimetry was devised for length measurements in cancellous bone, but the method seems suitable for a wider application in quantitative microscopy.", "contents": "Mixed-image longitudimetry: a new method of length measurement in microscopy. A simple and inexpensive instrument called a longitudimeter for measuring distances in microscopy was constructed from a precision map-measuring device and an electric lamp positioned eccentrically on a stand. A precision better than 1% was readily obtained in measurements of the perimeters of trabecular surfaces in cancellous bone. Mixed-image longitudimetry was devised for length measurements in cancellous bone, but the method seems suitable for a wider application in quantitative microscopy.", "PMID": 111783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9895", "title": "Monkey pyramidal tract neurons and changes of movement parameters in visual tracking.", "content": "During a single-step visual tracking task of monkeys, parametric changes of the wrist extension-flexion movement and related discharge rate changes of pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) of hand-arm motor area were studied. The task consisted of preparatory, precontraction, contraction and target periods. If the displacement amplitude was changed from narrow (10-20 degrees) to moderate (40 degrees) range, peak velocity, peak acceleration and contraction period increased linearly but precontraction period decreased slightly. In 61 movement-related PTNs, no linear relationships were found between PTN discharge rate during precontraction or contraction period and displacement amplitude, velocity, acceleration, precontraction period or contraction period. In less than 20% of PTNs, however, correlations between PTN discharge rate during precontraction period and velocity or acceleration were found in the moderate range task. It occurred less frequently in narrow range task. It is said in a visual tracking task that PTN activity is not dependent upon factors related to the task parameters, such as velocity, acceleration. Possible related factors were discussed.", "contents": "Monkey pyramidal tract neurons and changes of movement parameters in visual tracking. During a single-step visual tracking task of monkeys, parametric changes of the wrist extension-flexion movement and related discharge rate changes of pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) of hand-arm motor area were studied. The task consisted of preparatory, precontraction, contraction and target periods. If the displacement amplitude was changed from narrow (10-20 degrees) to moderate (40 degrees) range, peak velocity, peak acceleration and contraction period increased linearly but precontraction period decreased slightly. In 61 movement-related PTNs, no linear relationships were found between PTN discharge rate during precontraction or contraction period and displacement amplitude, velocity, acceleration, precontraction period or contraction period. In less than 20% of PTNs, however, correlations between PTN discharge rate during precontraction period and velocity or acceleration were found in the moderate range task. It occurred less frequently in narrow range task. It is said in a visual tracking task that PTN activity is not dependent upon factors related to the task parameters, such as velocity, acceleration. Possible related factors were discussed.", "PMID": 111780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9896", "title": "Interaction of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone on bone enzymes in vitro.", "content": "The in vitro effects of vitamin D3 metabolites, parathyroid extract (PTE), purified parathyroid hormone (bPTH), vitamin A, and heparin on acid and alkaline phosphatases in rat or mouse calvaria in culture were investigated. Results show that: (a) when compared to values found in half calvaria incubated for 24 h in control medium, the bone acid and alkaline phosphatase content is significantly higher in paired halves incubated with PTE (L USP/ml), bPTH (4 x 10(-8)M), heparin (5 USP/ml), vitamin A (23 USP/ml), 25-(OH)D3 (2.5 x 10(-11) to 2.5 x 10(-8)M), 24,25-(OH)2D3, and 1,25-(OH)2D3 (2.5 x 10(-12) to 2.5 x 10(-7M); (b) the presence of 24,25-(OH)2D3 at low concentrations in the incubation medium decreases significantly the PTE, bPTH, vitamin A, or heparin induced stimulation of the phosphatase activities. This interaction is also observed when measuring beta glucuronidase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities and 45Ca release from previously labeled mouse calvaria; (c) a similar activity could not be found with 1,25-(OH)2D3 suggesting that 24,25-(OH)2D3 may have a specific role in bone metabolism.", "contents": "Interaction of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone on bone enzymes in vitro. The in vitro effects of vitamin D3 metabolites, parathyroid extract (PTE), purified parathyroid hormone (bPTH), vitamin A, and heparin on acid and alkaline phosphatases in rat or mouse calvaria in culture were investigated. Results show that: (a) when compared to values found in half calvaria incubated for 24 h in control medium, the bone acid and alkaline phosphatase content is significantly higher in paired halves incubated with PTE (L USP/ml), bPTH (4 x 10(-8)M), heparin (5 USP/ml), vitamin A (23 USP/ml), 25-(OH)D3 (2.5 x 10(-11) to 2.5 x 10(-8)M), 24,25-(OH)2D3, and 1,25-(OH)2D3 (2.5 x 10(-12) to 2.5 x 10(-7M); (b) the presence of 24,25-(OH)2D3 at low concentrations in the incubation medium decreases significantly the PTE, bPTH, vitamin A, or heparin induced stimulation of the phosphatase activities. This interaction is also observed when measuring beta glucuronidase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities and 45Ca release from previously labeled mouse calvaria; (c) a similar activity could not be found with 1,25-(OH)2D3 suggesting that 24,25-(OH)2D3 may have a specific role in bone metabolism.", "PMID": 111787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9897", "title": "The amelogenin problem: a comparison of purified enamel matrix proteins.", "content": "Using a combination of gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, together with small-scale preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we isolated five proteins (amelogenins) from demineralized bovine fetal dental enamel matrix. These purified proteins were characterized by amino acid analysis and gel electrophoresis. Comparisons of these data with those of other workers suggest that, although there are similarities in the published data between components of comparable electrophoretic mobility, there are gross differences in the reported amino acid compositions. It is suggested that these differences are due not to separative problems arising from reversible aggregations, but to inadequate comparisons of the electrophoretic and amino acid analytical data.", "contents": "The amelogenin problem: a comparison of purified enamel matrix proteins. Using a combination of gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, together with small-scale preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we isolated five proteins (amelogenins) from demineralized bovine fetal dental enamel matrix. These purified proteins were characterized by amino acid analysis and gel electrophoresis. Comparisons of these data with those of other workers suggest that, although there are similarities in the published data between components of comparable electrophoretic mobility, there are gross differences in the reported amino acid compositions. It is suggested that these differences are due not to separative problems arising from reversible aggregations, but to inadequate comparisons of the electrophoretic and amino acid analytical data.", "PMID": 111790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9898", "title": "Effect of diphosphonates on hydroxyapatite formation induced by calcium-phospholipid-phosphate complexes.", "content": "The diphosphonates disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) prevent hydroxyapatite (HA) formation in metastable calcium phosphate solutions, induced by calcium-phospholipid-phosphate complexes and by the acidic phospholipids phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol. The diphosphonates appear to act not only as HA crystal poisons but also as surfactants which probably change the nature of the lipid micelle and the charge and conformational properties of the lipid molecules. The surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Non-Idet P-40 (NP-40), like the diphosphonates, prevent HA formation by the acidic phospholipids and complexed lipids, but do not act as HA surface poisons. The lipid surfactant lyso-phosphatidyl serine did not induce HA formation from solution. The relevance of the ability of the diphosphonates to act as lipid surfactants to the in vivo use of these agents is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of diphosphonates on hydroxyapatite formation induced by calcium-phospholipid-phosphate complexes. The diphosphonates disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) prevent hydroxyapatite (HA) formation in metastable calcium phosphate solutions, induced by calcium-phospholipid-phosphate complexes and by the acidic phospholipids phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol. The diphosphonates appear to act not only as HA crystal poisons but also as surfactants which probably change the nature of the lipid micelle and the charge and conformational properties of the lipid molecules. The surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Non-Idet P-40 (NP-40), like the diphosphonates, prevent HA formation by the acidic phospholipids and complexed lipids, but do not act as HA surface poisons. The lipid surfactant lyso-phosphatidyl serine did not induce HA formation from solution. The relevance of the ability of the diphosphonates to act as lipid surfactants to the in vivo use of these agents is discussed.", "PMID": 111792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9899", "title": "Preoperative electrocardiography: its cost-effectiveness in detecting abnormalities when a previous tracing exists.", "content": "In 812 patients who underwent routine preoperative electrocardiography a mean of 24.6 months after undergoing electrocardiography at the same institution, the frequency of new abnormalities was estimated to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this procedure prior to an operation. New abnormalities were judged to be either relevant or irrelevant to the assessment of operative risk, depending upon their previously demonstrated correlation with operative and postoperative morbidity and mortality. Since new abnormalities, especially new relevant abnormalities, were found to be relatively infrequent, the cost-effectiveness of routine preoperative electrocardiography was considered to be low. The evidence suggested that when a previous tracing exists preoperative electrocardiography is most clearly indicated for patients who are 60 years of age or older or whose previous tracing exhibited abnormalities. However, further research is required to develop more sensitive and specific protocols, and to evaluate the role of repeat electrocardiography in clinical decision-making.", "contents": "Preoperative electrocardiography: its cost-effectiveness in detecting abnormalities when a previous tracing exists. In 812 patients who underwent routine preoperative electrocardiography a mean of 24.6 months after undergoing electrocardiography at the same institution, the frequency of new abnormalities was estimated to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this procedure prior to an operation. New abnormalities were judged to be either relevant or irrelevant to the assessment of operative risk, depending upon their previously demonstrated correlation with operative and postoperative morbidity and mortality. Since new abnormalities, especially new relevant abnormalities, were found to be relatively infrequent, the cost-effectiveness of routine preoperative electrocardiography was considered to be low. The evidence suggested that when a previous tracing exists preoperative electrocardiography is most clearly indicated for patients who are 60 years of age or older or whose previous tracing exhibited abnormalities. However, further research is required to develop more sensitive and specific protocols, and to evaluate the role of repeat electrocardiography in clinical decision-making.", "PMID": 111793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9900", "title": "Quality assurance strategies in U.S. and Canadian psychiatry.", "content": "Quality Assurance Strategies in Psychiatry and Medicine in general have developed rapidly and have been applied widely in the last few years, particularly in the United States. This paper reviews some of those developments both from a methodological and a socio-political point of view. The relevance to the Canadian scene is evaluated, and it is concluded that, although quality assurance is now accepted as an obligation of the health profession, some of the strategies being widely applied in the United States are of questionable value in themselves, and some, particularly cost control techniques, would seem to be irrelevant to the Canadian health field which already has a variety of checks and balances in its universal health insurance system. Though cost control and quality control logically overlap, at times they are allowed to merge and cause conceptual confusion. Finally, as systems are developed in Canada, it is suggested that a means of self-assessment be built in so that the validity and reliability are not in doubt.", "contents": "Quality assurance strategies in U.S. and Canadian psychiatry. Quality Assurance Strategies in Psychiatry and Medicine in general have developed rapidly and have been applied widely in the last few years, particularly in the United States. This paper reviews some of those developments both from a methodological and a socio-political point of view. The relevance to the Canadian scene is evaluated, and it is concluded that, although quality assurance is now accepted as an obligation of the health profession, some of the strategies being widely applied in the United States are of questionable value in themselves, and some, particularly cost control techniques, would seem to be irrelevant to the Canadian health field which already has a variety of checks and balances in its universal health insurance system. Though cost control and quality control logically overlap, at times they are allowed to merge and cause conceptual confusion. Finally, as systems are developed in Canada, it is suggested that a means of self-assessment be built in so that the validity and reliability are not in doubt.", "PMID": 111797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9901", "title": "Thymidine and thymine in biologic fluids during high-dose infusions of thymidine in mice, monkeys, and man.", "content": "Measurements were made to determine if millimolar thymidine (TdR) concentrations, shown to have antitumor activity in vitro, could be attained in vivo. An adaptation of an ion-exclusion liquid chromatography method was used to quantitate TdR and thymine in various biologic fluids. Millimolar concentrations of TdR were attained in plasma of mice, monkeys, and man by constant infusions of large quantities of TdR (approximately 80 g/m2/day). Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of TdR at equilibrium were one tenth of the plasma concentration in the monkey. The primary route of removal of TdR at these high plasma concentrations is kidney clearance of intact TdR. Metabolism, which plays a major role in the clearance of TdR at micromolar concentrations in plasma, appears to be saturated at millimolar concentrations of TdR.", "contents": "Thymidine and thymine in biologic fluids during high-dose infusions of thymidine in mice, monkeys, and man. Measurements were made to determine if millimolar thymidine (TdR) concentrations, shown to have antitumor activity in vitro, could be attained in vivo. An adaptation of an ion-exclusion liquid chromatography method was used to quantitate TdR and thymine in various biologic fluids. Millimolar concentrations of TdR were attained in plasma of mice, monkeys, and man by constant infusions of large quantities of TdR (approximately 80 g/m2/day). Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of TdR at equilibrium were one tenth of the plasma concentration in the monkey. The primary route of removal of TdR at these high plasma concentrations is kidney clearance of intact TdR. Metabolism, which plays a major role in the clearance of TdR at micromolar concentrations in plasma, appears to be saturated at millimolar concentrations of TdR.", "PMID": 111798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9902", "title": "Fluorescence histochemical study on regional differences in the sympathetic nerve supply of the choroid plexus from various laboratory animals.", "content": "The adrenergic nerve supply of the choroid plexus in all four ventricles was studied by the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence technique in nine different species, and the noradrenaline concentration in whole plexus tissue was determined by a radioenzymatic method. The nerve density was usually in the order: third greater than lateral greater than fourth ventricular plexuses. Plexuses of the pig and cat possessed the largest number of nerves; the innervation was intermediary in the baboon, guinea-pig, rat, rabbit and hamster, whereas only few fluorescent nerves were found in the cow and mouse plexuses. Sympathetic denervation showed an ipsilateral supply from the superior cervical ganglia to the lateral plexuses and a mixed contribution to the midline plexuses. The total noradrenaline concentration varied between 0.10 and 0.73 ng per mg protein.", "contents": "Fluorescence histochemical study on regional differences in the sympathetic nerve supply of the choroid plexus from various laboratory animals. The adrenergic nerve supply of the choroid plexus in all four ventricles was studied by the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence technique in nine different species, and the noradrenaline concentration in whole plexus tissue was determined by a radioenzymatic method. The nerve density was usually in the order: third greater than lateral greater than fourth ventricular plexuses. Plexuses of the pig and cat possessed the largest number of nerves; the innervation was intermediary in the baboon, guinea-pig, rat, rabbit and hamster, whereas only few fluorescent nerves were found in the cow and mouse plexuses. Sympathetic denervation showed an ipsilateral supply from the superior cervical ganglia to the lateral plexuses and a mixed contribution to the midline plexuses. The total noradrenaline concentration varied between 0.10 and 0.73 ng per mg protein.", "PMID": 111799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9903", "title": "Glutathione adducts of N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene formed in vivo and by reaction of N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene with glutathione.", "content": "N-Benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (N-BzO-MAB) is believed to be an analogue of the ultimate carcinogenic form of N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene (DAB). The reaction of N-BzO-MAB with glutathione in vitro yielded one major and two minor aminoazo dye-glutathione adducts. After purification by ion exchange chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography, analysis of chemical properties, and the measurement of ultraviolet, visible, proton magnetic resonance, and mass spectra, the major and one minor adduct were identified as 3-(glutathion-S-yl)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (3-GS-MAB) and 2'-(glutathion-S-yl)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (2'-GS-MAB) respectively. The other minor adduct was tentatively identified as 4'-(glutathion-S-yl)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (4'-GS-MAB). Fractionation and analyses of biliary metabolites from rats given DAB revealed the presence of two aminoazo dye-glutathione adducts. One of these was identical to 3-GS-MAB in its chromatographic and chemical properties and its visible and ultraviolet spectra. The other adduct was partially characterized and judged to be a 4-aminoazobenzene-glutathione adduct. The role of glutathione in the detoxification of carcinogenic aminoazo dyes is discussed.", "contents": "Glutathione adducts of N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene formed in vivo and by reaction of N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene with glutathione. N-Benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (N-BzO-MAB) is believed to be an analogue of the ultimate carcinogenic form of N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene (DAB). The reaction of N-BzO-MAB with glutathione in vitro yielded one major and two minor aminoazo dye-glutathione adducts. After purification by ion exchange chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography, analysis of chemical properties, and the measurement of ultraviolet, visible, proton magnetic resonance, and mass spectra, the major and one minor adduct were identified as 3-(glutathion-S-yl)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (3-GS-MAB) and 2'-(glutathion-S-yl)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (2'-GS-MAB) respectively. The other minor adduct was tentatively identified as 4'-(glutathion-S-yl)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (4'-GS-MAB). Fractionation and analyses of biliary metabolites from rats given DAB revealed the presence of two aminoazo dye-glutathione adducts. One of these was identical to 3-GS-MAB in its chromatographic and chemical properties and its visible and ultraviolet spectra. The other adduct was partially characterized and judged to be a 4-aminoazobenzene-glutathione adduct. The role of glutathione in the detoxification of carcinogenic aminoazo dyes is discussed.", "PMID": 111801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9904", "title": "Binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to DNA of cells in culture: a rapid method for its analysis using hydroxylapatite column chromatography.", "content": "A rapid procedure to study the interaction of carcinogens with DNA in cultured cells has been developed. The cells, which are labeled with 7,12-[3H]dimethylbenz[a] anthracene ([3H]DMBA), are lysed with 0.24 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 8 M urea and 0.01 M ethylenediamine-tetraacetate (EDTA) and sonicated. The cell lysates are fractionated on columns of hydroxylapatite. Proteins and RNA are removed with 8 M urea in 0.24 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). DMBA-bound DNA is eluted with 0.4 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). DMBA-DNA isolated by this procedure is virtually free from proteins and RNA. Thermal stability, ultraviolet spectra and the density of DNA is not altered by DMBA binding. The uptake of DMBA by mouse epidermal cells is rapid and the binding of DMBA to DNA is linear for the first 8 h of exposure. DMBA binds to DNA in all phases of the cell cycle. However, the highest binding occurs immediately following maximum DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to DNA of cells in culture: a rapid method for its analysis using hydroxylapatite column chromatography. A rapid procedure to study the interaction of carcinogens with DNA in cultured cells has been developed. The cells, which are labeled with 7,12-[3H]dimethylbenz[a] anthracene ([3H]DMBA), are lysed with 0.24 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 8 M urea and 0.01 M ethylenediamine-tetraacetate (EDTA) and sonicated. The cell lysates are fractionated on columns of hydroxylapatite. Proteins and RNA are removed with 8 M urea in 0.24 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). DMBA-bound DNA is eluted with 0.4 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). DMBA-DNA isolated by this procedure is virtually free from proteins and RNA. Thermal stability, ultraviolet spectra and the density of DNA is not altered by DMBA binding. The uptake of DMBA by mouse epidermal cells is rapid and the binding of DMBA to DNA is linear for the first 8 h of exposure. DMBA binds to DNA in all phases of the cell cycle. However, the highest binding occurs immediately following maximum DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 111802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9905", "title": "Biochemical effects of pure isomers of hexachlorobiphenyl: fatty livers and cell structure.", "content": "The effects of a single oral dose (50 mg/kg body wt.) of 3,4,5,3',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB), 2,4,5,2',4',5'-HCB or 2,3,5,2',3',5'-HCB for a period of 72 h have been studied in the male rat. Only 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HCB caused necrosis of thymocytes. 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HCB caused marked pathological changes in the liver with less marked effects being caused by 2,4,5,2',4',5'-HCB and 2,3,5,2',3',5'-HCB. Total lipid content was increased by all the isomers studied, but 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HCB had more pronounced effect on total lipid content. Lipid accumulation was pericentral in the livers obtained from rats treated with 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HCB, but midzonal in the liver obtained from the rats treated with the other two isomers. Analysis of various lipid fractions showed that triacylglycerols were increased seven-fold only by 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HCB, while phospholipids were increased slightly by 2,4,5,2',4',5'-HCB or 2,3,5,2',3',5'-HCB. Only 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HCB increased the level of total and esterified cholesterol. These results show that the fatty livers caused by 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HCB were qualitatively and quantitatively different from those caused by the other two isomers at the same dose. For the first time a hexachlorobiphenyl unchlorinated in the para position, 2,3,5,2',3',5'-HCB has been shown to be a specific inducer of cytochrome P-450. The effects of 2,3,5,2',3',5'-HCB on cell structure and phospholipid content were quantitatively similar to those caused by 2,4,5,2',4',5'-HCB. Thus, chlorination at para (4,4') positions in chlorobiphenyls is not necessarily required for biological activity. It is hypothesized that net stereoelectronic properties of the isomers or resistance to metabolism may be the underlying factor in determining structure-activity relationships.", "contents": "Biochemical effects of pure isomers of hexachlorobiphenyl: fatty livers and cell structure. The effects of a single oral dose (50 mg/kg body wt.) of 3,4,5,3',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB), 2,4,5,2',4',5'-HCB or 2,3,5,2',3',5'-HCB for a period of 72 h have been studied in the male rat. Only 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HCB caused necrosis of thymocytes. 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HCB caused marked pathological changes in the liver with less marked effects being caused by 2,4,5,2',4',5'-HCB and 2,3,5,2',3',5'-HCB. Total lipid content was increased by all the isomers studied, but 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HCB had more pronounced effect on total lipid content. Lipid accumulation was pericentral in the livers obtained from rats treated with 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HCB, but midzonal in the liver obtained from the rats treated with the other two isomers. Analysis of various lipid fractions showed that triacylglycerols were increased seven-fold only by 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HCB, while phospholipids were increased slightly by 2,4,5,2',4',5'-HCB or 2,3,5,2',3',5'-HCB. Only 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HCB increased the level of total and esterified cholesterol. These results show that the fatty livers caused by 3,4,5,3',4',5'-HCB were qualitatively and quantitatively different from those caused by the other two isomers at the same dose. For the first time a hexachlorobiphenyl unchlorinated in the para position, 2,3,5,2',3',5'-HCB has been shown to be a specific inducer of cytochrome P-450. The effects of 2,3,5,2',3',5'-HCB on cell structure and phospholipid content were quantitatively similar to those caused by 2,4,5,2',4',5'-HCB. Thus, chlorination at para (4,4') positions in chlorobiphenyls is not necessarily required for biological activity. It is hypothesized that net stereoelectronic properties of the isomers or resistance to metabolism may be the underlying factor in determining structure-activity relationships.", "PMID": 111803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9906", "title": "Metabolism of benzo[A]pyrene and the related enzyme activities in hamster embryo cells.", "content": "The rate of metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and changes in related enzyme activities in cultured hamster embryo cells during successive subculture were studied. The activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) was the highest when embryo cells were first dispersed in tissue culture flasks and decreased during subsequent passages. On the other hand, UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity increased gradually during successive subculture. Treatment of the cells with 13 nmol/ml of benz[a]anthracene (BA) for 24 h increased the activity of AHH but not that of UDP-glucuronyl transferase. The metabolism of BP was measured in cells of the passages 1, 3 and 7; metabolism of BP was most efficient in cells in passage 3 and their formation of glucuronic acid conjugates of BP, one of the major metabolites found in the medium, was 3- and 10-fold more than those of cells in passages 1 and 7, respectively. Analysis of BP-metabolites extracted from the medium with ethylacetate showed that the main metabolites were 9,10-diol and 7,8-diol. Phenols and quinones were released by treatment of the medium with beta- glucuronidase and their amounts were larger than those of diols at all passages. These results show that in hamster embryo cells in early passage, BP is metabolized to conjugates of phenols with glucuronic acid.", "contents": "Metabolism of benzo[A]pyrene and the related enzyme activities in hamster embryo cells. The rate of metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and changes in related enzyme activities in cultured hamster embryo cells during successive subculture were studied. The activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) was the highest when embryo cells were first dispersed in tissue culture flasks and decreased during subsequent passages. On the other hand, UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity increased gradually during successive subculture. Treatment of the cells with 13 nmol/ml of benz[a]anthracene (BA) for 24 h increased the activity of AHH but not that of UDP-glucuronyl transferase. The metabolism of BP was measured in cells of the passages 1, 3 and 7; metabolism of BP was most efficient in cells in passage 3 and their formation of glucuronic acid conjugates of BP, one of the major metabolites found in the medium, was 3- and 10-fold more than those of cells in passages 1 and 7, respectively. Analysis of BP-metabolites extracted from the medium with ethylacetate showed that the main metabolites were 9,10-diol and 7,8-diol. Phenols and quinones were released by treatment of the medium with beta- glucuronidase and their amounts were larger than those of diols at all passages. These results show that in hamster embryo cells in early passage, BP is metabolized to conjugates of phenols with glucuronic acid.", "PMID": 111804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9907", "title": "Increased integration of viral genome following chemical and viral treatment of hamster embryo cells.", "content": "Treatment of hamster embryo cells with diverse classes of chemical carcinogens enhances transformation by a carcinogenic simian adenovirus, SA7. Virus transformed foci selected from plates pretreated with 3-methyl-cholanthrene (MCA), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and established as cell lines in culture, contained equivalent amounts of SA7 viral genome. However, hamster embryo cultures treated with MMS or nickel sulfate had increased amounts of SA7 DNA integrated into cellular DNA when examined 2--9 days after chemical treatment and viral inoculation. An increased uptake of SA7 DNA was demonstrated in hamster cells treated with MMS during DNA repair synthesis in cells retricted in scheduled DNA synthesis by amino acid deprivation; addition of virus after the repair period did not result in an increased integration of viral DNA. These data suggest that enhancement of viral oncogenesis by chemical carcinogens or mutagens may be related to the formation of additional attachment sites in cellular DNA for insertion of viral DNA, thereby increasing the probability of viral transformation.", "contents": "Increased integration of viral genome following chemical and viral treatment of hamster embryo cells. Treatment of hamster embryo cells with diverse classes of chemical carcinogens enhances transformation by a carcinogenic simian adenovirus, SA7. Virus transformed foci selected from plates pretreated with 3-methyl-cholanthrene (MCA), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and established as cell lines in culture, contained equivalent amounts of SA7 viral genome. However, hamster embryo cultures treated with MMS or nickel sulfate had increased amounts of SA7 DNA integrated into cellular DNA when examined 2--9 days after chemical treatment and viral inoculation. An increased uptake of SA7 DNA was demonstrated in hamster cells treated with MMS during DNA repair synthesis in cells retricted in scheduled DNA synthesis by amino acid deprivation; addition of virus after the repair period did not result in an increased integration of viral DNA. These data suggest that enhancement of viral oncogenesis by chemical carcinogens or mutagens may be related to the formation of additional attachment sites in cellular DNA for insertion of viral DNA, thereby increasing the probability of viral transformation.", "PMID": 111805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9908", "title": "Evidence for translational control of the binding of 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene to DNA of murine epidermal cell in culture.", "content": "The effects of various inhibitors of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), antioxidants, inhibitors of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, and protease inhibitors on the binding of [7,12-3H]dimethylbenz[a]anthracene ([3H] DMBA) to DNA of murine epidermal cells in culture have been investigated. 7,8-Benzoflavone, 5,6-benzoflavone and methyrapone (inhibitors of AAH) and antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), efficiently reduced the binding of [3H] DMBA to cellular DNA. Inhibitors of DNA and RNA synthesis did not affect this process whereas inhibitors of protein synthesis suppressed the binding of [3H] DMBA to cellular DNA. Protease inhibitors p-tosylamide-2-phenylchloromethyl ketone (TPCK) and p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) also reduced the interaction between DMBA and DNA. Thus, it appears that binding of DMBA to cellular DNA is regulated at the level of translation or/and post translation.", "contents": "Evidence for translational control of the binding of 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene to DNA of murine epidermal cell in culture. The effects of various inhibitors of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), antioxidants, inhibitors of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, and protease inhibitors on the binding of [7,12-3H]dimethylbenz[a]anthracene ([3H] DMBA) to DNA of murine epidermal cells in culture have been investigated. 7,8-Benzoflavone, 5,6-benzoflavone and methyrapone (inhibitors of AAH) and antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), efficiently reduced the binding of [3H] DMBA to cellular DNA. Inhibitors of DNA and RNA synthesis did not affect this process whereas inhibitors of protein synthesis suppressed the binding of [3H] DMBA to cellular DNA. Protease inhibitors p-tosylamide-2-phenylchloromethyl ketone (TPCK) and p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) also reduced the interaction between DMBA and DNA. Thus, it appears that binding of DMBA to cellular DNA is regulated at the level of translation or/and post translation.", "PMID": 111806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9909", "title": "[Heterogeneous effects of sinusoidal muscular stretching on frequency grams of primary endings due to stimulation of static gamma axons].", "content": "The action of sinusoidal stretching at 1,5 Hz on primary ending frequencygrams due to repetitive stimulation of static gamma axons has been studied, in nembutalized cats, on flexor hallucis longus muscle spindles. Whenever, in static conditions, driving is elicited by the repetitive stimulation of gamma axons, the elementary components of the frequencygrams increase in amplitude during muscle stretch. This effect is not observed when the stimulation of the gamma axons gives a regular acceleration of the primary endings without \"driving\".", "contents": "[Heterogeneous effects of sinusoidal muscular stretching on frequency grams of primary endings due to stimulation of static gamma axons]. The action of sinusoidal stretching at 1,5 Hz on primary ending frequencygrams due to repetitive stimulation of static gamma axons has been studied, in nembutalized cats, on flexor hallucis longus muscle spindles. Whenever, in static conditions, driving is elicited by the repetitive stimulation of gamma axons, the elementary components of the frequencygrams increase in amplitude during muscle stretch. This effect is not observed when the stimulation of the gamma axons gives a regular acceleration of the primary endings without \"driving\".", "PMID": 111807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9910", "title": "[Estimation of systemic catecholamine levels in the frog, using the technic of radio-enzymatic assay].", "content": "We have developed a radio-enzymatic assay for systemic catecholamines in the frog. Such are its specificity and sensibility that adrenaline and noradrenaline may be measured in 50 microliter of plasma samples, the withdrawal of which strongly influenced the results. The smaller values were obtained in plasma withdrawn from canulated animals. In this case, adrenaline was the major catecholamine in the plasma: 190 +/- 55 ng/100 ml versus 35 +/- 18 ng/100 ml for noradrenaline.", "contents": "[Estimation of systemic catecholamine levels in the frog, using the technic of radio-enzymatic assay]. We have developed a radio-enzymatic assay for systemic catecholamines in the frog. Such are its specificity and sensibility that adrenaline and noradrenaline may be measured in 50 microliter of plasma samples, the withdrawal of which strongly influenced the results. The smaller values were obtained in plasma withdrawn from canulated animals. In this case, adrenaline was the major catecholamine in the plasma: 190 +/- 55 ng/100 ml versus 35 +/- 18 ng/100 ml for noradrenaline.", "PMID": 111808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9911", "title": "[Functional inhibition of isolated pancreatic cells, new technic for the detection of macrophage cytotoxicity].", "content": "It is usually accepted that macrophages \"activated\" by lymphokines may be found cytotoxic against tumoral target cells but show no detectable cytotoxicity in in vitro tests using normal non tumoral cells as target cells. These data have been obtained mainly with the chromium-release test. The present paper describes a new test using normal isolated pancreatic cells as target cells and evaluating the effect of activated or non-activated macrophages on the insulin secretion response to glucose stimulation. The results show a striking decrease in this response following an 18-hr incubation of pancreatic islet cells with activated macrophages, as compared to that of the same cells incubated with control macrophages. This is clear evidence that activated macrophages may alter normal cells and suggests that their cytotoxic properties are not restricted to tumoral target cells.", "contents": "[Functional inhibition of isolated pancreatic cells, new technic for the detection of macrophage cytotoxicity]. It is usually accepted that macrophages \"activated\" by lymphokines may be found cytotoxic against tumoral target cells but show no detectable cytotoxicity in in vitro tests using normal non tumoral cells as target cells. These data have been obtained mainly with the chromium-release test. The present paper describes a new test using normal isolated pancreatic cells as target cells and evaluating the effect of activated or non-activated macrophages on the insulin secretion response to glucose stimulation. The results show a striking decrease in this response following an 18-hr incubation of pancreatic islet cells with activated macrophages, as compared to that of the same cells incubated with control macrophages. This is clear evidence that activated macrophages may alter normal cells and suggests that their cytotoxic properties are not restricted to tumoral target cells.", "PMID": 111810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9912", "title": "[Presentation and automatic treatment of evolutive data in medicine. Application to clinical pancreatic pathology].", "content": "In this paper we propose a method allowing the representation of time-dependent changes in symptomatology. In algorithm, which automatically generates the sequence of stable states in patient's symptomatology evolution, describes slow, as well as fast, variations of diseases. This sequential representation of data can then be analysed by classical statistical procedures in a population of patients suffering from pancreatic diseases, to estimate the rate of global modification of clinical symptomatology in time.", "contents": "[Presentation and automatic treatment of evolutive data in medicine. Application to clinical pancreatic pathology]. In this paper we propose a method allowing the representation of time-dependent changes in symptomatology. In algorithm, which automatically generates the sequence of stable states in patient's symptomatology evolution, describes slow, as well as fast, variations of diseases. This sequential representation of data can then be analysed by classical statistical procedures in a population of patients suffering from pancreatic diseases, to estimate the rate of global modification of clinical symptomatology in time.", "PMID": 111811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9913", "title": "[Renewal of pulmonary insoluble collagen in the adult rat].", "content": "Study of polymeric pulmonary collagen in adult Rats showed that about 70% of collagen was renewed with a half-time equal to 525 days. This value is to be compared with the median life-span of this rat strain, 890 days. The remaining 30% of polymeric collagen is renewed with a shorter half time, about 30 days.", "contents": "[Renewal of pulmonary insoluble collagen in the adult rat]. Study of polymeric pulmonary collagen in adult Rats showed that about 70% of collagen was renewed with a half-time equal to 525 days. This value is to be compared with the median life-span of this rat strain, 890 days. The remaining 30% of polymeric collagen is renewed with a shorter half time, about 30 days.", "PMID": 111812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9914", "title": "[Procaine, a local anesthetic, interacting with the cell membrane and inhibiting the processing of exported protein precursors in Escherichia coli].", "content": "In E. coli cells grown in the presence of procaine (0.55% w/v), precursor forms of alkaline phosphatase and of glutamine binding protein accumulate besides mature forms synthesized prior to procaine addition. An experimental technique, of general application, for isolation and purification of mature and precursor forms obtained under these conditions, is described.", "contents": "[Procaine, a local anesthetic, interacting with the cell membrane and inhibiting the processing of exported protein precursors in Escherichia coli]. In E. coli cells grown in the presence of procaine (0.55% w/v), precursor forms of alkaline phosphatase and of glutamine binding protein accumulate besides mature forms synthesized prior to procaine addition. An experimental technique, of general application, for isolation and purification of mature and precursor forms obtained under these conditions, is described.", "PMID": 111813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9915", "title": "[Mesenchyme-associated antigen: a new immunochemical marker of human tumors].", "content": "An antiserum raised in Rabbits against brain glycoprotein precipitated an identical antigen in faetal dermis and intestine extracts, and also in non nervous tumors (breast adenocarcinomas and adenofibromas, ovarian cystadenoma, gastric and colonic adenocarcinomas, hepatomas, malignant melanomas, rhabdomvosarcoma, fibrosarcomas). By the indirect immunofluorescence technique, this antigen was always found associated with the mesenchymal proliferation, either malignant (fibrosarcoma) or reactive (fibrous stroma reaction of carcinomas).", "contents": "[Mesenchyme-associated antigen: a new immunochemical marker of human tumors]. An antiserum raised in Rabbits against brain glycoprotein precipitated an identical antigen in faetal dermis and intestine extracts, and also in non nervous tumors (breast adenocarcinomas and adenofibromas, ovarian cystadenoma, gastric and colonic adenocarcinomas, hepatomas, malignant melanomas, rhabdomvosarcoma, fibrosarcomas). By the indirect immunofluorescence technique, this antigen was always found associated with the mesenchymal proliferation, either malignant (fibrosarcoma) or reactive (fibrous stroma reaction of carcinomas).", "PMID": 111814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9916", "title": "[Response to an antiestrogen as a criterion for hormonal sensitivity of endometrial cancer].", "content": "A test is described for the evaluation of hormone sensitivity of endometrial cancer in vivo. The concentrations of progesterone and estradiol receptors, and the activities of ornithine-decarboxylase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxido-reductase enzymes have been measured in the tumor, before and after administration of the anti-estrogen tamoxifen. The responses observed, in particular the increase of progesterone receptor, could allow a more rational approach to hormonal therapy of endometrial cancer.", "contents": "[Response to an antiestrogen as a criterion for hormonal sensitivity of endometrial cancer]. A test is described for the evaluation of hormone sensitivity of endometrial cancer in vivo. The concentrations of progesterone and estradiol receptors, and the activities of ornithine-decarboxylase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxido-reductase enzymes have been measured in the tumor, before and after administration of the anti-estrogen tamoxifen. The responses observed, in particular the increase of progesterone receptor, could allow a more rational approach to hormonal therapy of endometrial cancer.", "PMID": 111815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9917", "title": "[A fast osmotic transition method for the study of pulmonary transcapillary exchange: theoretical model].", "content": "A theoretical model allowed the simultaneous determination of the reflexion coefficients of capillary membrane to small hydrophilic molecules and of the ratios of their permeability to filtration coefficient. This was applied to dilution curves obtained after injection of a hypertonic solution containing a vascular tracer. The calculated variables did not depend on the capillary exchange surface area.", "contents": "[A fast osmotic transition method for the study of pulmonary transcapillary exchange: theoretical model]. A theoretical model allowed the simultaneous determination of the reflexion coefficients of capillary membrane to small hydrophilic molecules and of the ratios of their permeability to filtration coefficient. This was applied to dilution curves obtained after injection of a hypertonic solution containing a vascular tracer. The calculated variables did not depend on the capillary exchange surface area.", "PMID": 111816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9918", "title": "[Distribution of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and somatostatin in the skin of the green frog (Rana esculenta)].", "content": "High concentrations of Thyrotrophin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) have been found in the dorsal skin of the Frog Rana esculenta, lower levels being measured in the ventral skin. alpha-MSH and somatostatin were undetectable in these tissues. Nor was TRH detected in the blood of these animals. The concentration of somatostatin in the pancreas was similar to that of the hypothalamus and twice or one hundred times higher than in the intestine or stomach respectively.", "contents": "[Distribution of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and somatostatin in the skin of the green frog (Rana esculenta)]. High concentrations of Thyrotrophin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) have been found in the dorsal skin of the Frog Rana esculenta, lower levels being measured in the ventral skin. alpha-MSH and somatostatin were undetectable in these tissues. Nor was TRH detected in the blood of these animals. The concentration of somatostatin in the pancreas was similar to that of the hypothalamus and twice or one hundred times higher than in the intestine or stomach respectively.", "PMID": 111817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9919", "title": "[Energy transfer from tryptophan to 1, N6-ethenoadenosine in frozen aqueous solution].", "content": "Mixed aggregates of tryptophan and 1, N6-ethenoadenosine (epsilon Ado) are formed in frozen aqueous solutions at 77 K. In these aggregates one observes a quenching of tryptophan fluorescence by small amounts of epsilon Ado together with a sensitized fluorescence of epsilon Ado. About 70 tryptophan molecules are able to transfer their energy to one epsilon Ado molecule.", "contents": "[Energy transfer from tryptophan to 1, N6-ethenoadenosine in frozen aqueous solution]. Mixed aggregates of tryptophan and 1, N6-ethenoadenosine (epsilon Ado) are formed in frozen aqueous solutions at 77 K. In these aggregates one observes a quenching of tryptophan fluorescence by small amounts of epsilon Ado together with a sensitized fluorescence of epsilon Ado. About 70 tryptophan molecules are able to transfer their energy to one epsilon Ado molecule.", "PMID": 111818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9920", "title": "[Stimulation of induction or inhibition of crown-gall tumor development by RNA-fragments U2. Interference by auxin].", "content": "RNA-fragments U2 obtained by mild degradation with RNase U2 of ribosomal RNA containing A and G nucleotides in excess are capable of exhibiting either a stimulatory effect on the induction of Crown-gall tumors or an inhibitory action on their subsequent development. These different effects are dependent on the moment at which RNA-fragments were introduced into wounded Pea seedlings infected by Agrobacterium tumefaciens B6. The results obtained in vitro and in vivo suggest that an interaction between auxin and RNA-fragments U2 may take place, either increasing the tumor induction or inhibiting the proliferation of tumourous cells.", "contents": "[Stimulation of induction or inhibition of crown-gall tumor development by RNA-fragments U2. Interference by auxin]. RNA-fragments U2 obtained by mild degradation with RNase U2 of ribosomal RNA containing A and G nucleotides in excess are capable of exhibiting either a stimulatory effect on the induction of Crown-gall tumors or an inhibitory action on their subsequent development. These different effects are dependent on the moment at which RNA-fragments were introduced into wounded Pea seedlings infected by Agrobacterium tumefaciens B6. The results obtained in vitro and in vivo suggest that an interaction between auxin and RNA-fragments U2 may take place, either increasing the tumor induction or inhibiting the proliferation of tumourous cells.", "PMID": 111819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9921", "title": "[Construction of derivatives of lambda phage carrying the lamB gene inserted downstream from the promotors of the lactose operon].", "content": "The expression of gene lamB, the structural gene for the lambda receptor in E. coli K-12, has been put under the control of the promoter of the lactose operon. This has been done by in vitro recombination using vectors which are derivatives of phage lambda.", "contents": "[Construction of derivatives of lambda phage carrying the lamB gene inserted downstream from the promotors of the lactose operon]. The expression of gene lamB, the structural gene for the lambda receptor in E. coli K-12, has been put under the control of the promoter of the lactose operon. This has been done by in vitro recombination using vectors which are derivatives of phage lambda.", "PMID": 111820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9922", "title": "[Transient photopotential of rhodopsin on a vesicle preparation of retinal rod membranes].", "content": "A potentiometric technique allowed us to observe and measure a photopotential of rhodopsin containing vesicles obtained from retinal disc membranes. The signal is proportional to the unbleached amount of rhodopsin in the sample, is photoreversible, related to some stages of photoconversion of the protein, and is nearly insensitive to modifications of physicochemical parameters.", "contents": "[Transient photopotential of rhodopsin on a vesicle preparation of retinal rod membranes]. A potentiometric technique allowed us to observe and measure a photopotential of rhodopsin containing vesicles obtained from retinal disc membranes. The signal is proportional to the unbleached amount of rhodopsin in the sample, is photoreversible, related to some stages of photoconversion of the protein, and is nearly insensitive to modifications of physicochemical parameters.", "PMID": 111821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9923", "title": "[Electrophoretic profiles of proteins and glycoproteins of chick embryo fibroblasts during development].", "content": "The variations of proteins and glycoproteins of Chick embryo fibroblasts are studied during development. This investigation is carried out using polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in SDS. Two glycoproteins of high apparent molecular weight (250,000 and 200,000) undergo quantitative modification: they increase from the 8th to 12th day of development and then remain unchanged to the 16th day. They are cell surface components as suggested by fluorescamine labelling and trypsin sensitivity. The results are discussed in terms of relationship between tumor- and embryo cells.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic profiles of proteins and glycoproteins of chick embryo fibroblasts during development]. The variations of proteins and glycoproteins of Chick embryo fibroblasts are studied during development. This investigation is carried out using polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in SDS. Two glycoproteins of high apparent molecular weight (250,000 and 200,000) undergo quantitative modification: they increase from the 8th to 12th day of development and then remain unchanged to the 16th day. They are cell surface components as suggested by fluorescamine labelling and trypsin sensitivity. The results are discussed in terms of relationship between tumor- and embryo cells.", "PMID": 111822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9924", "title": "[A new variety of acute non-promyelocytic leukemia with t(15;17)].", "content": "Three cases of a new variety of acute leukemia have been reported. The main features were: hyperleukocytosis made of large-sized blasts with a double shaped nucleus, few or no granulations in the cytoplasm, and in a few cell faggots or unique Auer rods; mycloperoxydase reaction was positive. This feature was associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome and t(15;17)(q22;q21) translocation in the majority of mitoses.", "contents": "[A new variety of acute non-promyelocytic leukemia with t(15;17)]. Three cases of a new variety of acute leukemia have been reported. The main features were: hyperleukocytosis made of large-sized blasts with a double shaped nucleus, few or no granulations in the cytoplasm, and in a few cell faggots or unique Auer rods; mycloperoxydase reaction was positive. This feature was associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome and t(15;17)(q22;q21) translocation in the majority of mitoses.", "PMID": 111826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9925", "title": "[Rheumatism caused by lipid thesaurismosis. Articular involvement in hyperlipoproteinemia type II : presence of microcrystals in the mitochondria of synoviocytes].", "content": "For 13 years polyarthritis with specific synovial involvement was observed in a case of type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Microcrystals similar to those described in Gaucher's and Fabry's disease were seen in synovial cytoplasm and mitochondria. These data suggest a microcrystalline pathogenesis for type II hyperlipoproteinemia arthritis as in gout and chondrocalcinosis.", "contents": "[Rheumatism caused by lipid thesaurismosis. Articular involvement in hyperlipoproteinemia type II : presence of microcrystals in the mitochondria of synoviocytes]. For 13 years polyarthritis with specific synovial involvement was observed in a case of type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Microcrystals similar to those described in Gaucher's and Fabry's disease were seen in synovial cytoplasm and mitochondria. These data suggest a microcrystalline pathogenesis for type II hyperlipoproteinemia arthritis as in gout and chondrocalcinosis.", "PMID": 111827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9926", "title": "[Influence of the thymus hormone on radioleucosis in mice].", "content": "A partially purified thymic extract has determined the development of leucosis in 10 thymectomized irradiated CC57Bl mice out of 25. The pure hormone isolated from the same extract prevented the development of leucosis in intact irradiated Mice. This seems to indicate the presence of a second active substance in the extract (enhancing the development of the leucosis).", "contents": "[Influence of the thymus hormone on radioleucosis in mice]. A partially purified thymic extract has determined the development of leucosis in 10 thymectomized irradiated CC57Bl mice out of 25. The pure hormone isolated from the same extract prevented the development of leucosis in intact irradiated Mice. This seems to indicate the presence of a second active substance in the extract (enhancing the development of the leucosis).", "PMID": 111828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9927", "title": "[Immunohistochemistry of the basal plate of the full-term human placenta : x cell characterization with anti-hCS and anti-hCG sera labeled with peroxidase].", "content": "Immunohistochemical reaction with peroxydase has been applied in human full-term placentas for the detection of the cells of the basal plate containing hCG and hCS. This reaction was positive with both optic and electronic microscopes in the so-called X cells. This fact seems to confirm the trophoblastic origin and the endocrine function of the cells.", "contents": "[Immunohistochemistry of the basal plate of the full-term human placenta : x cell characterization with anti-hCS and anti-hCG sera labeled with peroxidase]. Immunohistochemical reaction with peroxydase has been applied in human full-term placentas for the detection of the cells of the basal plate containing hCG and hCS. This reaction was positive with both optic and electronic microscopes in the so-called X cells. This fact seems to confirm the trophoblastic origin and the endocrine function of the cells.", "PMID": 111829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9928", "title": "[The cause of the primary asymmetry of germ cell distribution in the gonadal primordia of chick embryo].", "content": "The primary asymmetry of the distribution of PGCs in the germinal epithelia of the chick embryo is the result of a numerically unequal distribution of these cells in the left and right vascular networks. A statistical proportionality exists between the increases in the degree of primary asymmetry and those in the degree of asymmetry of distribution in the circulation.", "contents": "[The cause of the primary asymmetry of germ cell distribution in the gonadal primordia of chick embryo]. The primary asymmetry of the distribution of PGCs in the germinal epithelia of the chick embryo is the result of a numerically unequal distribution of these cells in the left and right vascular networks. A statistical proportionality exists between the increases in the degree of primary asymmetry and those in the degree of asymmetry of distribution in the circulation.", "PMID": 111830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9929", "title": "[Effect of the gas phase of cigarette smoke on the rate of sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes in vitro].", "content": "A technique of differential staining of chromatids after BudR treatment enabled us to study the influence of the gas phase of cigarette smoke on human lymphocytes. We ascertained that the number of exchanges increased in proportion to the concentration of gas phase extant in the medium. Moreover, the base-line exchange rate was a little higher in smokers than in nonsmokers.", "contents": "[Effect of the gas phase of cigarette smoke on the rate of sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes in vitro]. A technique of differential staining of chromatids after BudR treatment enabled us to study the influence of the gas phase of cigarette smoke on human lymphocytes. We ascertained that the number of exchanges increased in proportion to the concentration of gas phase extant in the medium. Moreover, the base-line exchange rate was a little higher in smokers than in nonsmokers.", "PMID": 111831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9930", "title": "[Localization of immunoreactive sites with anti met-enkephalin and anti alpha-endorphin sera in carp brain].", "content": "In the brain of the Carp an anti met-enkephalin serum reveals some telencephalic fibres, about half of the N.P.O. cells and furthermore a subependymal zone of nervous tissue close to the third ventricle of the superior hypothalamus and thalamus. These structures do not react with an anti alpha-endorphin serum, which however reveals cells of the lateral N.L.T. and the corresponding fibres.", "contents": "[Localization of immunoreactive sites with anti met-enkephalin and anti alpha-endorphin sera in carp brain]. In the brain of the Carp an anti met-enkephalin serum reveals some telencephalic fibres, about half of the N.P.O. cells and furthermore a subependymal zone of nervous tissue close to the third ventricle of the superior hypothalamus and thalamus. These structures do not react with an anti alpha-endorphin serum, which however reveals cells of the lateral N.L.T. and the corresponding fibres.", "PMID": 111832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9931", "title": "[Presence of lectin-like substances in the basement membrane of the human kidney glomerulus].", "content": "Crude extracts from the human glomerular basement membranes solubilized by pepsin or bacterial collagenase agglutinate normal or transformed human cells. Cytoagglutination is inhibited by N-acetyl-osamines. These properties are reminiscent of lectins. When agglutinated cells are incubated for an additional 20 hrs. period in minimal serum free medium but in presence of these basement membrane extracts, they attach to the glass and spread out.", "contents": "[Presence of lectin-like substances in the basement membrane of the human kidney glomerulus]. Crude extracts from the human glomerular basement membranes solubilized by pepsin or bacterial collagenase agglutinate normal or transformed human cells. Cytoagglutination is inhibited by N-acetyl-osamines. These properties are reminiscent of lectins. When agglutinated cells are incubated for an additional 20 hrs. period in minimal serum free medium but in presence of these basement membrane extracts, they attach to the glass and spread out.", "PMID": 111833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9932", "title": "[Differentiation and tumorigenicity of human malignant melanocytes. Comparative study of two \"non pigmented\" and pigmented lines from the same fibroblastoid cells].", "content": "A morphological, caryological and biochemical study of two established cell lines of human malignant melanocytes derived from the same original tumour, when compared with heterotransplantation results in nude Mice, showed that \"non-pigmented\" cells are more tumorigenic than pigmented cells. Differentiation and tumorigenicity, although concomitant, here seem to be two independent phenomena.", "contents": "[Differentiation and tumorigenicity of human malignant melanocytes. Comparative study of two \"non pigmented\" and pigmented lines from the same fibroblastoid cells]. A morphological, caryological and biochemical study of two established cell lines of human malignant melanocytes derived from the same original tumour, when compared with heterotransplantation results in nude Mice, showed that \"non-pigmented\" cells are more tumorigenic than pigmented cells. Differentiation and tumorigenicity, although concomitant, here seem to be two independent phenomena.", "PMID": 111834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9933", "title": "[In vitro malignant transformation of hamster lung cells by 2-chlorobutadiene].", "content": "Normal Hamster lung cells from an established line were treated with 1-500 microgram . ml-1 2-chlorobutadiene. Those treated with 1 microgram . ml-1 of the compound showed malignant transformations 14 weeks after treatment. The treatment with higher concentrations did not accelerate the transformation process.", "contents": "[In vitro malignant transformation of hamster lung cells by 2-chlorobutadiene]. Normal Hamster lung cells from an established line were treated with 1-500 microgram . ml-1 2-chlorobutadiene. Those treated with 1 microgram . ml-1 of the compound showed malignant transformations 14 weeks after treatment. The treatment with higher concentrations did not accelerate the transformation process.", "PMID": 111835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9934", "title": "[Blood histamine and response of spleen cells to phytohemagglutinins during moderate magnesium deficiency in the rat].", "content": "Blood histamine and spleen cell stimulation index by PHA were determined in either magnesium deficient or control Rats. Between the 10th and 17th days of diet (hyperemia and dermatosis period), histaminemia was significantly higher in deficient animals (485 ng/ml) than in control ones (112 ng/ml), but at the 32nd day it came back to normal values. The mean spleen cell stimulation index by PHA was depressed in deficient animals mainly between the 10th and 17th day of the deficiency; 33% of control mean value. A negative correlation is found between histamine level and stimulation index.", "contents": "[Blood histamine and response of spleen cells to phytohemagglutinins during moderate magnesium deficiency in the rat]. Blood histamine and spleen cell stimulation index by PHA were determined in either magnesium deficient or control Rats. Between the 10th and 17th days of diet (hyperemia and dermatosis period), histaminemia was significantly higher in deficient animals (485 ng/ml) than in control ones (112 ng/ml), but at the 32nd day it came back to normal values. The mean spleen cell stimulation index by PHA was depressed in deficient animals mainly between the 10th and 17th day of the deficiency; 33% of control mean value. A negative correlation is found between histamine level and stimulation index.", "PMID": 111836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9935", "title": "[Experimental bases and primary trials of photochemotherapy of psoriasis by a non-cancerigenic monofunctional furocoumarin, 3-carbethoxypsoralen].", "content": "The carcinogenic risk of the photochemotherapy (PUVA) with bifunctional furocoumarins such as 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) forming cross-links in cellular DNA has initiated a search for active but less dangerous psoralens. The 3-carbethoxypsoralen (3-CPs), studied in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been very photoactive on DNA forming only monoadditions to DNA. In Mice it was demonstrated that after local or intra-peritoneal administration, 3-CPs is non toxic, non erythematogenic and non carcinogenic in contrast to 8-MOP. A limited study on ten psoriatic patients has shown that after local application 3-CPs exhibits about the same therapeutic activity as 8-MOP.", "contents": "[Experimental bases and primary trials of photochemotherapy of psoriasis by a non-cancerigenic monofunctional furocoumarin, 3-carbethoxypsoralen]. The carcinogenic risk of the photochemotherapy (PUVA) with bifunctional furocoumarins such as 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) forming cross-links in cellular DNA has initiated a search for active but less dangerous psoralens. The 3-carbethoxypsoralen (3-CPs), studied in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been very photoactive on DNA forming only monoadditions to DNA. In Mice it was demonstrated that after local or intra-peritoneal administration, 3-CPs is non toxic, non erythematogenic and non carcinogenic in contrast to 8-MOP. A limited study on ten psoriatic patients has shown that after local application 3-CPs exhibits about the same therapeutic activity as 8-MOP.", "PMID": 111837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9936", "title": "[Occurrence of circulating immunocytes in the process of graft rejection in nemertines of the genus Lineus (acelomate invertebrates)].", "content": "Performed upon bispecific Lineus chimaeras of a suitable constitution, the grafting of tissues excised from nemerteans of a third Lineus species resulted in a confrontation between graft cells, fixed cells from one chimaera component and mobile cells which originate from the second chimaera component. Survival of such grafts was dependent only upon compatibility in the \"graft cells/mobile cells of recipient\" interspecific combination. This result shows evidence for the existence of circulating immunocompetent cells which are responsible for the specific immune response to tissue transplantation in nemerteans of the genus Lineus.", "contents": "[Occurrence of circulating immunocytes in the process of graft rejection in nemertines of the genus Lineus (acelomate invertebrates)]. Performed upon bispecific Lineus chimaeras of a suitable constitution, the grafting of tissues excised from nemerteans of a third Lineus species resulted in a confrontation between graft cells, fixed cells from one chimaera component and mobile cells which originate from the second chimaera component. Survival of such grafts was dependent only upon compatibility in the \"graft cells/mobile cells of recipient\" interspecific combination. This result shows evidence for the existence of circulating immunocompetent cells which are responsible for the specific immune response to tissue transplantation in nemerteans of the genus Lineus.", "PMID": 111838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9937", "title": "[Primary and secondary cerebral lesions produced by kainic acid injections in the rat].", "content": "Systematic (i. p.) or intra-amygdaloid injections of kainic acid elicit typical generalised convulsive seizures with typical electrographic correlates. Depending on the survival time and the amount of neurotoxin administered, secondary pathological damage is invariably found in various brain structures removed from the injection site such as various hippocompal fields, midline thalamic nuclei and neocortical layers III and VI. Various lines of evidence are reported which suggest that the secondary pathological damage is not due to the spread of the neurotoxin but to the epileptic status it induces.", "contents": "[Primary and secondary cerebral lesions produced by kainic acid injections in the rat]. Systematic (i. p.) or intra-amygdaloid injections of kainic acid elicit typical generalised convulsive seizures with typical electrographic correlates. Depending on the survival time and the amount of neurotoxin administered, secondary pathological damage is invariably found in various brain structures removed from the injection site such as various hippocompal fields, midline thalamic nuclei and neocortical layers III and VI. Various lines of evidence are reported which suggest that the secondary pathological damage is not due to the spread of the neurotoxin but to the epileptic status it induces.", "PMID": 111839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9938", "title": "[Ultrastructural demonstration of transferrin synthesis in the adult rat liver].", "content": "An ultrastructural immunoenzymatic study allowed us to demonstrate in Rat adult hepatocytes the presence of transferrin on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus. Such localizations suggest that the different steps of transferrin synthesis could possibly be related topographically to them. These results further an approach to the problems of maturation and secretion of transferrin.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural demonstration of transferrin synthesis in the adult rat liver]. An ultrastructural immunoenzymatic study allowed us to demonstrate in Rat adult hepatocytes the presence of transferrin on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus. Such localizations suggest that the different steps of transferrin synthesis could possibly be related topographically to them. These results further an approach to the problems of maturation and secretion of transferrin.", "PMID": 111842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9939", "title": "[Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in the chicken ciliary ganglion; changes after denervation, axotomy and double section].", "content": "Four main molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with sedimentation coefficients of 5, 7.5, 11.5 and 20 S, are found in Chicken ciliary ganglion. After denervation, the loss in 11.5 and 20 S forms occuring in 48 hrs coincides with the disappearance of presynaptic structures. In contrast, axotomy induces an early and durable increase in 7.5 S form. From these results, it is inferred that 11.5 and 20 S forms are predominant in presynaptic structures and 7.5 S form is mainly postsynaptic. In addition, the effects observed after simultaneous denervation and axotomy show a reciprocal control between pre- and postsynaptic elements. Finally, a trans-synaptic effect is exerted on 20 S AChE in controlateral ganglion after preganglionic sections.", "contents": "[Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in the chicken ciliary ganglion; changes after denervation, axotomy and double section]. Four main molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with sedimentation coefficients of 5, 7.5, 11.5 and 20 S, are found in Chicken ciliary ganglion. After denervation, the loss in 11.5 and 20 S forms occuring in 48 hrs coincides with the disappearance of presynaptic structures. In contrast, axotomy induces an early and durable increase in 7.5 S form. From these results, it is inferred that 11.5 and 20 S forms are predominant in presynaptic structures and 7.5 S form is mainly postsynaptic. In addition, the effects observed after simultaneous denervation and axotomy show a reciprocal control between pre- and postsynaptic elements. Finally, a trans-synaptic effect is exerted on 20 S AChE in controlateral ganglion after preganglionic sections.", "PMID": 111843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9940", "title": "[Cellular fusion induced in vitro by the mouse scrapie agent].", "content": "A method is described to demonstrate and measure the cell-fusion in vitro induced by viruses. This technique has been established using Sendai virus. It has been used to study the fusing ability of the Scrapie agent which is responsible of a slowly progressing spongiform encephalopathy in Mice. In Vero cells, the Scrapie agent induces a fusion which appears slowly and remains moderate. This test can help to detect the human spongiform encephalopathies.", "contents": "[Cellular fusion induced in vitro by the mouse scrapie agent]. A method is described to demonstrate and measure the cell-fusion in vitro induced by viruses. This technique has been established using Sendai virus. It has been used to study the fusing ability of the Scrapie agent which is responsible of a slowly progressing spongiform encephalopathy in Mice. In Vero cells, the Scrapie agent induces a fusion which appears slowly and remains moderate. This test can help to detect the human spongiform encephalopathies.", "PMID": 111844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9941", "title": "[A fast transient osmotic method. Simultaneous in vivo determination of the reflexion coefficient and of the permeability/filtration coefficient ratio of the pulmonary capillary endothelium in the dog].", "content": "Thermodynamic variables characterizing the transport of water and urea across Dog pulmonary capillary membrane were obtained in vivo by means of a pulse transient osmotic method. Results were inconsistent with the hypothesis of a homoporous membrane. When data were interpreted in terms of an exclusive water channel and of a shared pore pathway, the value of the pore reflexion coefficient was close to zero for urea.", "contents": "[A fast transient osmotic method. Simultaneous in vivo determination of the reflexion coefficient and of the permeability/filtration coefficient ratio of the pulmonary capillary endothelium in the dog]. Thermodynamic variables characterizing the transport of water and urea across Dog pulmonary capillary membrane were obtained in vivo by means of a pulse transient osmotic method. Results were inconsistent with the hypothesis of a homoporous membrane. When data were interpreted in terms of an exclusive water channel and of a shared pore pathway, the value of the pore reflexion coefficient was close to zero for urea.", "PMID": 111846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9942", "title": "[The corneal stroma and its physical properties].", "content": "The author has studied the correlation existing between the transparency of the corneal stroma and its microscopic fine structure. The paper is an analysis of the results obtained through diffraction and specular approaches. In addition, the paper gives an objective means to determine the ocular spectral characteristics.", "contents": "[The corneal stroma and its physical properties]. The author has studied the correlation existing between the transparency of the corneal stroma and its microscopic fine structure. The paper is an analysis of the results obtained through diffraction and specular approaches. In addition, the paper gives an objective means to determine the ocular spectral characteristics.", "PMID": 111847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9943", "title": "[Production and detection of antibody against estradiol receptor in the calf uterus. Interaction with the estrogen receptor from the hen oviduct].", "content": "The antibodies against estrogen receptor were obtained after injecting Rabbits with a cytoplasmic receptor fraction isolated from Calf uterus. The estrogen receptor was partially proteolysed by the action of trypsin and subsequently purified by affinity chromatography (purification 4,000 to 10,000 fold, to a purity of 5-20%). The affinity of the antibody for the proteolysed receptor is KD approximately 1 nM and serum titres have reached values of approximately 50 nM. The values remained constant after the third injection. Preliminary results indicate that the antibody has approximately the same affinity for \"native\" cytoplasmic estrogen receptor from Calf uterus, as well as for the \"trypsinized\" forms of estrogen receptor isolated from Calf uterine cytosol and Hen oviduct nuclei.", "contents": "[Production and detection of antibody against estradiol receptor in the calf uterus. Interaction with the estrogen receptor from the hen oviduct]. The antibodies against estrogen receptor were obtained after injecting Rabbits with a cytoplasmic receptor fraction isolated from Calf uterus. The estrogen receptor was partially proteolysed by the action of trypsin and subsequently purified by affinity chromatography (purification 4,000 to 10,000 fold, to a purity of 5-20%). The affinity of the antibody for the proteolysed receptor is KD approximately 1 nM and serum titres have reached values of approximately 50 nM. The values remained constant after the third injection. Preliminary results indicate that the antibody has approximately the same affinity for \"native\" cytoplasmic estrogen receptor from Calf uterus, as well as for the \"trypsinized\" forms of estrogen receptor isolated from Calf uterine cytosol and Hen oviduct nuclei.", "PMID": 111848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9944", "title": "[Ligase activity of lig- bacteria infected with mu bacteriophage at non-permissive temperatures].", "content": "Infection of bacteria E. coli lig ts7, which contain a thermosensitive ligase by phage Mu results in a decrease in the sensitivity to the lethal action of ultraviolet irradiation and stimulation of lysogenization among the surviving cells. These observations suggest the existence of a phage coded ligase which has the character of an integrase.", "contents": "[Ligase activity of lig- bacteria infected with mu bacteriophage at non-permissive temperatures]. Infection of bacteria E. coli lig ts7, which contain a thermosensitive ligase by phage Mu results in a decrease in the sensitivity to the lethal action of ultraviolet irradiation and stimulation of lysogenization among the surviving cells. These observations suggest the existence of a phage coded ligase which has the character of an integrase.", "PMID": 111849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9945", "title": "[Measurement of the position and intensity of chromosomal denaturation bands by an automatic system].", "content": "The band density profile of a marked chromosome was obtained using a photodiode collector combined with a minicalculator, working with an ordinary photographic document. The measurement was carried out over 10 to 20 300-point lines oriented longitudinally along the chromosome. The profile obtained corresponds to the sum of the values of each of these lines. The proposed systems's originality resides in its ability to determine the position and intensity of a band over the entire thickness of the chromosome.", "contents": "[Measurement of the position and intensity of chromosomal denaturation bands by an automatic system]. The band density profile of a marked chromosome was obtained using a photodiode collector combined with a minicalculator, working with an ordinary photographic document. The measurement was carried out over 10 to 20 300-point lines oriented longitudinally along the chromosome. The profile obtained corresponds to the sum of the values of each of these lines. The proposed systems's originality resides in its ability to determine the position and intensity of a band over the entire thickness of the chromosome.", "PMID": 111850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9946", "title": "[Calcium and magnesium deficiency and C3 fraction of complement].", "content": "The third (C3) and fourth (C4) components of complement and C3 proactivator (C3PA) were determined in 55 children with low serum levels of calcium and magnesium and 30 normal children. The concentrations of serum C3, C4 and C3PA were significantly reduced in children with double deficiences of calcium and magnesium. There were significant correlations between calcium and C3 and magnesium and C3PA. The relations between calcium, magnesium and the classical or alternate pathway of complement systems are discussed.", "contents": "[Calcium and magnesium deficiency and C3 fraction of complement]. The third (C3) and fourth (C4) components of complement and C3 proactivator (C3PA) were determined in 55 children with low serum levels of calcium and magnesium and 30 normal children. The concentrations of serum C3, C4 and C3PA were significantly reduced in children with double deficiences of calcium and magnesium. There were significant correlations between calcium and C3 and magnesium and C3PA. The relations between calcium, magnesium and the classical or alternate pathway of complement systems are discussed.", "PMID": 111851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9947", "title": "[Measurement of fluorescence decay of substances absorbed by an isolated living cell: an experimental device and early results].", "content": "A microfluorometric system allowing the mesurements of fluorescence decay (i.e. fluorescence lifetime) has been built. It will complete the microspectrofluorometric studies of absorbed compounds-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metabolites of benzo (a) pyrene-by single living cells and allows a better understanding of the intake and metabolisation of these compounds. The preliminary results with benzo (a) pyrene, dibenzocarbazole, pyrene are shown.", "contents": "[Measurement of fluorescence decay of substances absorbed by an isolated living cell: an experimental device and early results]. A microfluorometric system allowing the mesurements of fluorescence decay (i.e. fluorescence lifetime) has been built. It will complete the microspectrofluorometric studies of absorbed compounds-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metabolites of benzo (a) pyrene-by single living cells and allows a better understanding of the intake and metabolisation of these compounds. The preliminary results with benzo (a) pyrene, dibenzocarbazole, pyrene are shown.", "PMID": 111852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9948", "title": "[A vector system designed to allow excretion of a protein encoded by a cloned gene].", "content": "We describe a method which should allow construction of bacterial strains able to export a given protein through the cytoplasmic membrane. The principle is to fuse the structural gene of the protein to the proximal part of gene lamB, the structural gene of the lambda receptor, an outer membrane protein of E. coli K-12.", "contents": "[A vector system designed to allow excretion of a protein encoded by a cloned gene]. We describe a method which should allow construction of bacterial strains able to export a given protein through the cytoplasmic membrane. The principle is to fuse the structural gene of the protein to the proximal part of gene lamB, the structural gene of the lambda receptor, an outer membrane protein of E. coli K-12.", "PMID": 111853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9949", "title": "[Adsorption of phospholipids by chrysotile fibers : comparison of data from chemical analysis and photoelectron spectrometry (PSX method)].", "content": "The adsorption of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) by chrysotile fibers was carried out by chemical and photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The adsorption isotherms have shown that maximum adsorption was about 130 microgram of DPPC per milligram of chrysotile. The results are in good agreement with estimates of a bilayer adsorption.", "contents": "[Adsorption of phospholipids by chrysotile fibers : comparison of data from chemical analysis and photoelectron spectrometry (PSX method)]. The adsorption of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) by chrysotile fibers was carried out by chemical and photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The adsorption isotherms have shown that maximum adsorption was about 130 microgram of DPPC per milligram of chrysotile. The results are in good agreement with estimates of a bilayer adsorption.", "PMID": 111854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9950", "title": "[Effects of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine on in vivo synthesis of noradrenaline and serotonin in different parts of the rat brain].", "content": "S-adenosylmethionine (0,1 mg/kg/ip) decreases in vivo, norepinephrine (NE) synthesis and does not affect 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) synthesis in the Rat brain. S-adenosylhomocysteine (7 mg/kg/ip) increases NE synthesis and decreases 5 HT synthesis. Neither nucleoside affects dopamine synthesis.", "contents": "[Effects of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine on in vivo synthesis of noradrenaline and serotonin in different parts of the rat brain]. S-adenosylmethionine (0,1 mg/kg/ip) decreases in vivo, norepinephrine (NE) synthesis and does not affect 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) synthesis in the Rat brain. S-adenosylhomocysteine (7 mg/kg/ip) increases NE synthesis and decreases 5 HT synthesis. Neither nucleoside affects dopamine synthesis.", "PMID": 111855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9951", "title": "[Plasma growth hormone in the rabbit fetus. Relation to maturation of the liver and lung].", "content": "Day 25 after insemination is a date of peculiar importance in the maturation of several organs in the Rabbit fetus. From day 25 onward the fetal liver stores increasing amounts of glycogen and the lung stores increasing amounts of lecithins, concomitant with sudden rise in the activity of lung phosphatidic-acid phosphohydrolase. Earlier studies on decapitated fetuses established that glycogen storage in the liver is dependent on a dual hormonal control, comprising a pituitary hormone like growth hormone or prolactin (some placental hormones share the same activity) and corticosteroids (Jost, 1961). Since the variations in endogenous corticosteroids do not seem to herald these liver or lung changes (Mulay et al., 1973), a study was made of growth hormone. Plasma immunoreactive growth hormone--determined with a heterologous Rat system (Kervran et al., 1976)--increases eightfold between days 23 and 25. During the same time plasma prolactin does not change according to McNeily and Friesen, 1978, and to unpublished data obtained with Dr McNeilly. In preliminary assays, Rat growth hormone was seen to increase phosphorylase \"a\" activity in the lung of 18.5 day-old Rat fetuses, thus anticipating normal development. We suggest that growth hormone plays a role in initiating liver and lung maturation.", "contents": "[Plasma growth hormone in the rabbit fetus. Relation to maturation of the liver and lung]. Day 25 after insemination is a date of peculiar importance in the maturation of several organs in the Rabbit fetus. From day 25 onward the fetal liver stores increasing amounts of glycogen and the lung stores increasing amounts of lecithins, concomitant with sudden rise in the activity of lung phosphatidic-acid phosphohydrolase. Earlier studies on decapitated fetuses established that glycogen storage in the liver is dependent on a dual hormonal control, comprising a pituitary hormone like growth hormone or prolactin (some placental hormones share the same activity) and corticosteroids (Jost, 1961). Since the variations in endogenous corticosteroids do not seem to herald these liver or lung changes (Mulay et al., 1973), a study was made of growth hormone. Plasma immunoreactive growth hormone--determined with a heterologous Rat system (Kervran et al., 1976)--increases eightfold between days 23 and 25. During the same time plasma prolactin does not change according to McNeily and Friesen, 1978, and to unpublished data obtained with Dr McNeilly. In preliminary assays, Rat growth hormone was seen to increase phosphorylase \"a\" activity in the lung of 18.5 day-old Rat fetuses, thus anticipating normal development. We suggest that growth hormone plays a role in initiating liver and lung maturation.", "PMID": 111856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9952", "title": "[Biochemical effects of reperfusion after regional myocardial ischemia of different duration in the open chest dog].", "content": "Restoration of blood flow after 15 or 45 min. of ischemia induced an immediate recovery of phosphocreatine level and adenylate energy charge whereas ATP and total adenine nucleotides remained significantly below their normal values. These results prove that oxidative phosphorylations are not impaired but that a pool of myocardial adenine nucleotides is lost during ischemia which cannot be restored shortly after reperfusion. The significance of energy charge as a regulatory parameter in the myocardium is discussed.", "contents": "[Biochemical effects of reperfusion after regional myocardial ischemia of different duration in the open chest dog]. Restoration of blood flow after 15 or 45 min. of ischemia induced an immediate recovery of phosphocreatine level and adenylate energy charge whereas ATP and total adenine nucleotides remained significantly below their normal values. These results prove that oxidative phosphorylations are not impaired but that a pool of myocardial adenine nucleotides is lost during ischemia which cannot be restored shortly after reperfusion. The significance of energy charge as a regulatory parameter in the myocardium is discussed.", "PMID": 111859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9953", "title": "[Seasonal variation in plasma testosterone in a teleost fish].", "content": "The plasma free testosterone levels show distinct variations related to the seasonal testicular cycle. The conjugated testosterone presents correlative but not strictly parallel changes.", "contents": "[Seasonal variation in plasma testosterone in a teleost fish]. The plasma free testosterone levels show distinct variations related to the seasonal testicular cycle. The conjugated testosterone presents correlative but not strictly parallel changes.", "PMID": 111860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9954", "title": "[Effects of estradiol-7 alpha-butyric acid on hypothalamus cells].", "content": "When Rat uterus was incubated at 37 degrees with estradiol-7 alpha-butyric acid (OII-7 alpha-bu), no interference was observed with the intracellular estradiol receptors. In addition, OII-7 alpha-bu did not display estrogenic effect such as in vivo inhibition of LH secretion in Rat and in vitro increased activity of the enzyme ornithine-decarboxylase in the chick oviduct. Contrary to these negative findings, we have observed preoptic and septal cells in the guinea pig where micro-iontophoresis of OII-7 alpha-bu triggers changes of the electric activity within a second. We submit therefore, that this latter response is due to an interaction between the acid estrogen and the neuron membrane.", "contents": "[Effects of estradiol-7 alpha-butyric acid on hypothalamus cells]. When Rat uterus was incubated at 37 degrees with estradiol-7 alpha-butyric acid (OII-7 alpha-bu), no interference was observed with the intracellular estradiol receptors. In addition, OII-7 alpha-bu did not display estrogenic effect such as in vivo inhibition of LH secretion in Rat and in vitro increased activity of the enzyme ornithine-decarboxylase in the chick oviduct. Contrary to these negative findings, we have observed preoptic and septal cells in the guinea pig where micro-iontophoresis of OII-7 alpha-bu triggers changes of the electric activity within a second. We submit therefore, that this latter response is due to an interaction between the acid estrogen and the neuron membrane.", "PMID": 111861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9955", "title": "[Ribosomal crystallization and hibernation in a viviparous lizard].", "content": "Part of the ribosomes crystallize in the ovarian follicles during hibernation. The association between ribosomes crystals and endoplasmic reticulum membranes depends on the cell types of the follicle. The cytoplasm of oocytes with a nucleolus shows ribosome crystals. In larger oocytes, without nucleolus, there is no ribosome crystallization. The ribosomes which crystallize would be newly synthesized.", "contents": "[Ribosomal crystallization and hibernation in a viviparous lizard]. Part of the ribosomes crystallize in the ovarian follicles during hibernation. The association between ribosomes crystals and endoplasmic reticulum membranes depends on the cell types of the follicle. The cytoplasm of oocytes with a nucleolus shows ribosome crystals. In larger oocytes, without nucleolus, there is no ribosome crystallization. The ribosomes which crystallize would be newly synthesized.", "PMID": 111862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9956", "title": "[Immunocytologic differentiation of hypophyseal innervation in carp using anti met-enkephalin and anti-alpha-endorphin serums].", "content": "The immunocytological reactions with anti-met-enkephalin and anti-alpha-endorphin reveal two types of fibres in the intermediate lobe of the Carp. Their pathways through the adenohypophysis and the localization of their terminals are different. The anti-met-enkephalin positive fibres terminate mainly in a zone close to the proximal pars distalis; however some fibres terminate deeper in the intermediate lobe. The anti-alpha-endorphin positive fibres penetrate mainly in the central and ventral part where thye are more numerous than the former. It seems that the anti-met-enkephalin positive fibres belong to the gomori positive preoptico-hypophyseal tract, whereas the anti-alpha-endorphin positive fibres are gomori negative.", "contents": "[Immunocytologic differentiation of hypophyseal innervation in carp using anti met-enkephalin and anti-alpha-endorphin serums]. The immunocytological reactions with anti-met-enkephalin and anti-alpha-endorphin reveal two types of fibres in the intermediate lobe of the Carp. Their pathways through the adenohypophysis and the localization of their terminals are different. The anti-met-enkephalin positive fibres terminate mainly in a zone close to the proximal pars distalis; however some fibres terminate deeper in the intermediate lobe. The anti-alpha-endorphin positive fibres penetrate mainly in the central and ventral part where thye are more numerous than the former. It seems that the anti-met-enkephalin positive fibres belong to the gomori positive preoptico-hypophyseal tract, whereas the anti-alpha-endorphin positive fibres are gomori negative.", "PMID": 111863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9957", "title": "[Experimental studies on the symmetry reaction of axolotl oocytes and eggs: factors affecting the early appearance of the grey crescent following heat shock].", "content": "A heat-shock (36.8 degrees C for 10 min.) can induce the immediate appearance of the grey crescent in a high proportion of freshly laid fertilised or artificially activated Axolotl eggs, but only if that shock occurs within 1 h 30 min. following deposit of eggs (at 18 degrees C) and if eggs are not dejellied. On non-activated virgin eggs, the heat-shock is efficient during at least 3 hrs. This symmetry reaction can be induced on in vitro artificially matured oocytes, still protected by follicular cells. It is uncommon in oocytes taken from coelomic cavity or from the anterior part of the oviduct, but occurs with a high frequency as soon as the occytes are coated with the innermost and medium jelly layers.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the symmetry reaction of axolotl oocytes and eggs: factors affecting the early appearance of the grey crescent following heat shock]. A heat-shock (36.8 degrees C for 10 min.) can induce the immediate appearance of the grey crescent in a high proportion of freshly laid fertilised or artificially activated Axolotl eggs, but only if that shock occurs within 1 h 30 min. following deposit of eggs (at 18 degrees C) and if eggs are not dejellied. On non-activated virgin eggs, the heat-shock is efficient during at least 3 hrs. This symmetry reaction can be induced on in vitro artificially matured oocytes, still protected by follicular cells. It is uncommon in oocytes taken from coelomic cavity or from the anterior part of the oviduct, but occurs with a high frequency as soon as the occytes are coated with the innermost and medium jelly layers.", "PMID": 111864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9958", "title": "[Determination of apparent mean mass of proteins associated with heme in the hemoglobin molecule of Arenicola marina (L.), Annelida, Polychaeta].", "content": "Protein and iron concentrations and maximum combined oxygen concentration were measured in the blood of the lugworm Arenicola marina. The calculated mean molecular mass of the heme-associated proteins was higher than that reported for known invertebrate and vertebrate intracellular hemoglobins. The difference is probably due to the presence of polypeptide chains not linked to heme groups in the extracellular annelid hemoglobins.", "contents": "[Determination of apparent mean mass of proteins associated with heme in the hemoglobin molecule of Arenicola marina (L.), Annelida, Polychaeta]. Protein and iron concentrations and maximum combined oxygen concentration were measured in the blood of the lugworm Arenicola marina. The calculated mean molecular mass of the heme-associated proteins was higher than that reported for known invertebrate and vertebrate intracellular hemoglobins. The difference is probably due to the presence of polypeptide chains not linked to heme groups in the extracellular annelid hemoglobins.", "PMID": 111865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9959", "title": "[Demonstration of cobalt in histological sections using ion microanalysis by high mass resolution : application to the study of experimental chronic epilepsy in the rat].", "content": "Cobalt is specifically detected in ion microanalysis by high mass resolution. This method allows detection of the remaining cobalt in histological sections of Rat's cortex, after treatment by topic application of cobalt powder and demonstrates a diffusion of the metal into the epileptic area.", "contents": "[Demonstration of cobalt in histological sections using ion microanalysis by high mass resolution : application to the study of experimental chronic epilepsy in the rat]. Cobalt is specifically detected in ion microanalysis by high mass resolution. This method allows detection of the remaining cobalt in histological sections of Rat's cortex, after treatment by topic application of cobalt powder and demonstrates a diffusion of the metal into the epileptic area.", "PMID": 111866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9960", "title": "[Coating of centrospheres by reticulum cisternae and formation of spindle residues in segmentation mitosis under the action of an antitubulin substance: nocodazole].", "content": "When cleaving eggs are treated by nocodazole the reticulum cisternae coat the centrospheres instead of the chromosomes, as normally occurs at the late anaphase. At the same time the spindle is reduced to a common mass or spindle remnant, constituted of unorientated and fragmented microtubules which embed the kinetochores, i. e. the star configuration of the chromosomes. This action is quite similar to that of chloralhydrate but is different from that of colchicine.", "contents": "[Coating of centrospheres by reticulum cisternae and formation of spindle residues in segmentation mitosis under the action of an antitubulin substance: nocodazole]. When cleaving eggs are treated by nocodazole the reticulum cisternae coat the centrospheres instead of the chromosomes, as normally occurs at the late anaphase. At the same time the spindle is reduced to a common mass or spindle remnant, constituted of unorientated and fragmented microtubules which embed the kinetochores, i. e. the star configuration of the chromosomes. This action is quite similar to that of chloralhydrate but is different from that of colchicine.", "PMID": 111867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9961", "title": "[Placing the activity rhythm in Araneus cornutus].", "content": "Araneus cornutus spiderling activities recorded from hatching to scattering show a particular distribution of the general motor activity over a 24-hour period. More motor activity is first observed during the light sequence, while at a nocturnal activity distribution appears after the 2nd nymphean ecdysis.", "contents": "[Placing the activity rhythm in Araneus cornutus]. Araneus cornutus spiderling activities recorded from hatching to scattering show a particular distribution of the general motor activity over a 24-hour period. More motor activity is first observed during the light sequence, while at a nocturnal activity distribution appears after the 2nd nymphean ecdysis.", "PMID": 111868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9962", "title": "[Effect of gonadal extract of Helix aspersa M\u00fcller in the dominant male stage on in-vitro gametogenesis in juvenile and adult animals].", "content": "Juvenile and adult gonads of Helix aspersa M\u00fcller have been cultivated with or without gonadal extract of animals at the male stage. With this extract a better survival of the germinative epithelium and development of the different stages of meiosis in the male cells are observed.", "contents": "[Effect of gonadal extract of Helix aspersa M\u00fcller in the dominant male stage on in-vitro gametogenesis in juvenile and adult animals]. Juvenile and adult gonads of Helix aspersa M\u00fcller have been cultivated with or without gonadal extract of animals at the male stage. With this extract a better survival of the germinative epithelium and development of the different stages of meiosis in the male cells are observed.", "PMID": 111869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9963", "title": "[Methylmercury toxicity in insect: detection of mercury in lysosomes using electron microprobe].", "content": "Intoxication of Blattella by methylmercury leads to a storage of the ingested metal within the lysosomes of ileum. Mercury is always found associated with zinc, sulphur and copper. Lysosome, therefore, intervenes in a detoxication process in Insects which have been exposed to organic mercury. It is suggested that mercury might be trapped by metallothionein.", "contents": "[Methylmercury toxicity in insect: detection of mercury in lysosomes using electron microprobe]. Intoxication of Blattella by methylmercury leads to a storage of the ingested metal within the lysosomes of ileum. Mercury is always found associated with zinc, sulphur and copper. Lysosome, therefore, intervenes in a detoxication process in Insects which have been exposed to organic mercury. It is suggested that mercury might be trapped by metallothionein.", "PMID": 111870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9964", "title": "[Study of a correlation between glycolipids and tumorigenesis in 6 cell lines derived from human brain tumors].", "content": "By silica gel chromatography we have studied the various glycolipids of six established lines derived from human brain tumors. Among the glycolipids, the GM3 ganglioside appeared as one of the major components in the three lines rejected by athymic nude Mice. On the contrary, GM3 was absent, or present in trace, in the three tumorigenic lines.", "contents": "[Study of a correlation between glycolipids and tumorigenesis in 6 cell lines derived from human brain tumors]. By silica gel chromatography we have studied the various glycolipids of six established lines derived from human brain tumors. Among the glycolipids, the GM3 ganglioside appeared as one of the major components in the three lines rejected by athymic nude Mice. On the contrary, GM3 was absent, or present in trace, in the three tumorigenic lines.", "PMID": 111871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9965", "title": "A placebo-controlled trial of ketotifen (HC 20-511, Sandoz) in allergen induced asthma and comparison with disodium cromoglycate.", "content": "Ketotifen failed to protect against cat fur allergen induced asthma in a double blind placebo-controlled trial in ten asthmatic children. Disodium cromoglycate gave effective protection against the immediate and the late asthmatic reactions but there were no significant differences between the effects of ketotifen and a placebo.", "contents": "A placebo-controlled trial of ketotifen (HC 20-511, Sandoz) in allergen induced asthma and comparison with disodium cromoglycate. Ketotifen failed to protect against cat fur allergen induced asthma in a double blind placebo-controlled trial in ten asthmatic children. Disodium cromoglycate gave effective protection against the immediate and the late asthmatic reactions but there were no significant differences between the effects of ketotifen and a placebo.", "PMID": 111873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9966", "title": "T-, B- and Fc-gamma-receptor-bearing lymphocytes in asthma.", "content": "T-, B- and Fc-gamma-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were detected using six different membrane markers in patients suffering from asthma having either normal or low serum IgA levels. E rosettes, aE rosettes and a human anti-T lymphocyte antiserum (HTLA) were used for T cell determination. In patients with low serum IgA levels E rosettes were significantly decreased. B lymphocytes were identified by EAC rosette formation and visualization of surface membrane immunoglobulins (SmIg). No significant difference was seen. Fc-gamma-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were assessed by the EA rosette assay and were significantly decreased in asthmatics with normal IgA levels. This result might be explained by the presence of immune complexes.", "contents": "T-, B- and Fc-gamma-receptor-bearing lymphocytes in asthma. T-, B- and Fc-gamma-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were detected using six different membrane markers in patients suffering from asthma having either normal or low serum IgA levels. E rosettes, aE rosettes and a human anti-T lymphocyte antiserum (HTLA) were used for T cell determination. In patients with low serum IgA levels E rosettes were significantly decreased. B lymphocytes were identified by EAC rosette formation and visualization of surface membrane immunoglobulins (SmIg). No significant difference was seen. Fc-gamma-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were assessed by the EA rosette assay and were significantly decreased in asthmatics with normal IgA levels. This result might be explained by the presence of immune complexes.", "PMID": 111874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9967", "title": "Group comparative trial of 2% sodium cromoglycate (Opticrom) with placebo in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.", "content": "A double-blind group comparative trial comparing Opticrom with a matching placebo, over a four-week period, in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is reported. Overall assessment of treatment benefit made at the end of the trial by the patients and the clinician showed a statistically significant difference in favour of Opticrom. Of the patients on Opticrom, eighteen (90%) said they improved while in the clinicians opinion, seventeen (85%) improved. Six patients using Opticrom and five using placebo complained of stinging of the eyes, while one patient using placebo complained of his eyes becoming bloodshot and watering.", "contents": "Group comparative trial of 2% sodium cromoglycate (Opticrom) with placebo in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. A double-blind group comparative trial comparing Opticrom with a matching placebo, over a four-week period, in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is reported. Overall assessment of treatment benefit made at the end of the trial by the patients and the clinician showed a statistically significant difference in favour of Opticrom. Of the patients on Opticrom, eighteen (90%) said they improved while in the clinicians opinion, seventeen (85%) improved. Six patients using Opticrom and five using placebo complained of stinging of the eyes, while one patient using placebo complained of his eyes becoming bloodshot and watering.", "PMID": 111876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9968", "title": "Viable and total cell masses in dental plaque as measured by bioluminescence methods.", "content": "Bioluminescence methods have been applied to the measurement of the viable and total cell masses of small samples of dental plaque. The total adenine nucleotide content of dental plaque samples and of a pure culture of bacteria was determined and the adenylate energy charge calculated from this. When a pure culture of bacteria was killed with heat, the adenylate energy charge decreased exponentially with duration of treatment and corresponded with a decrease in the count of viable organisms.", "contents": "Viable and total cell masses in dental plaque as measured by bioluminescence methods. Bioluminescence methods have been applied to the measurement of the viable and total cell masses of small samples of dental plaque. The total adenine nucleotide content of dental plaque samples and of a pure culture of bacteria was determined and the adenylate energy charge calculated from this. When a pure culture of bacteria was killed with heat, the adenylate energy charge decreased exponentially with duration of treatment and corresponded with a decrease in the count of viable organisms.", "PMID": 111878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9969", "title": "McArdle's disease: a study on the molecular basis of two different etiologies of myophosphorylase deficiency.", "content": "Three patients with myophosphorylase deficiency were investigated. Two had no detectable activity, while one had 1% residual activity. The patient with 1% residual activity had 40% of the normal amount of myophosphorylase protein. No myophosphorylase protein could be detected in the other two cases. A precipitin band in the Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion test was not present in any case. This study showed that modifying the normal enzyme (without changing the molecular weight) changed the immunoprecipitin activity of the phosphorylase protein. Therefore, immunoprecipitation is not a valid technique for differentiation of the variants of myophosphorylase deficiency, and another method, for example SDS-electrophoresis, should be applied.", "contents": "McArdle's disease: a study on the molecular basis of two different etiologies of myophosphorylase deficiency. Three patients with myophosphorylase deficiency were investigated. Two had no detectable activity, while one had 1% residual activity. The patient with 1% residual activity had 40% of the normal amount of myophosphorylase protein. No myophosphorylase protein could be detected in the other two cases. A precipitin band in the Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion test was not present in any case. This study showed that modifying the normal enzyme (without changing the molecular weight) changed the immunoprecipitin activity of the phosphorylase protein. Therefore, immunoprecipitation is not a valid technique for differentiation of the variants of myophosphorylase deficiency, and another method, for example SDS-electrophoresis, should be applied.", "PMID": 111879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9970", "title": "Detection of immune complexes by a new assay, the polyethylene glycol precipitation-complement consumption test (PEG-CC).", "content": "A new assay for the detection of circulating immune complexes, the polyethylene glycol precipitation-complement consumption assay (PEG-CC), is described. The test is both simple and sensitive, and exhibits a high degree of specificity. Immune complexes are first isolated from serum by precipitation in 2.5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) and concentrated. They are then assayed functionally by measuring their ability to fix complement using a sensitive kinetic assay for total haemolytic complement. The test can detect aggregated IgG in serum at concentrations around 6.0 micrograms/ml (about 2.0 micrograms absolute. Using DNA-anti-DNA and ovalbumin-anti-ovalbumin immune complexes prepared in vitro, antigen concentrations less than 0.5 micrograms/ml can be detected. Interference by endogenous complement, polyanions and other factors in test sera has been virtually eliminted by the design of the assay. The increased specificity of the PEG-CC test for immune complexes, should prove useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of immune complex-mediated diseases.", "contents": "Detection of immune complexes by a new assay, the polyethylene glycol precipitation-complement consumption test (PEG-CC). A new assay for the detection of circulating immune complexes, the polyethylene glycol precipitation-complement consumption assay (PEG-CC), is described. The test is both simple and sensitive, and exhibits a high degree of specificity. Immune complexes are first isolated from serum by precipitation in 2.5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) and concentrated. They are then assayed functionally by measuring their ability to fix complement using a sensitive kinetic assay for total haemolytic complement. The test can detect aggregated IgG in serum at concentrations around 6.0 micrograms/ml (about 2.0 micrograms absolute. Using DNA-anti-DNA and ovalbumin-anti-ovalbumin immune complexes prepared in vitro, antigen concentrations less than 0.5 micrograms/ml can be detected. Interference by endogenous complement, polyanions and other factors in test sera has been virtually eliminted by the design of the assay. The increased specificity of the PEG-CC test for immune complexes, should prove useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of immune complex-mediated diseases.", "PMID": 111880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9971", "title": "Activation of the alternative pathway of human complement by haemoglobin.", "content": "Haemoglobin solutions (concentration greater than 1.5 mg/ml), prepared from lysates of erythrocytes from a normal subject and from a patient with sickle cell anaemia, caused factor B and C3 cleavage and loss of haemolytic activity of factor B wehn incubated with fresh autologous serum. Under the same experimental conditions, preparations of erythrocyte stroma or of buffycoat lysates did not produce factor B and C3 cleavage. This reaction required Mg++ but not C1q or C4, indicating that the alternative complement pathway was activated.", "contents": "Activation of the alternative pathway of human complement by haemoglobin. Haemoglobin solutions (concentration greater than 1.5 mg/ml), prepared from lysates of erythrocytes from a normal subject and from a patient with sickle cell anaemia, caused factor B and C3 cleavage and loss of haemolytic activity of factor B wehn incubated with fresh autologous serum. Under the same experimental conditions, preparations of erythrocyte stroma or of buffycoat lysates did not produce factor B and C3 cleavage. This reaction required Mg++ but not C1q or C4, indicating that the alternative complement pathway was activated.", "PMID": 111881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9972", "title": "Human immunoglobulin D in colostrum, saliva and amniotic fluid.", "content": "An antiserum raised to a partially purified preparation of secretory IgA isolated from human colostrum was shown to contain antibodies directed against human IgD. The inferred presence of IgD in the human colostrum was confirmed and also its association with antibody activity, as demonstrated by the presence of anti-E. coli antibodies. IgD was also shown to be present in whole saliva, parotid saliva and amniotic fluid, but could not be detected in jejunal juice.", "contents": "Human immunoglobulin D in colostrum, saliva and amniotic fluid. An antiserum raised to a partially purified preparation of secretory IgA isolated from human colostrum was shown to contain antibodies directed against human IgD. The inferred presence of IgD in the human colostrum was confirmed and also its association with antibody activity, as demonstrated by the presence of anti-E. coli antibodies. IgD was also shown to be present in whole saliva, parotid saliva and amniotic fluid, but could not be detected in jejunal juice.", "PMID": 111882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9973", "title": "Immunological and structural properties of human monoclonal IgG cryoglobulins.", "content": "Structural and immunological properties were determined for sixteen IgG and one Bence-Jones, human monoclonal cryoglobulins. The heavy chain subclass percentages were 47% IgG1, 14% IgG2 and 29% IgG3, and were different from previously reported distributions of myeloma proteins. In addition, 69% (eleven out of fifteen) of the cryoglobulins and 100% (seven out of seven) of the IgG1 cryos contained type lambda light chains. Electrofocussing of the cryoproteins by analytical liquid gradient column showed the isoelectric points to be included in the range of pH 6.3--8.9. The pI of six light chains and five out of six heavy chains were at acidic and slightly basic pH, respectively. The pI of the intact cryoglobulins were thus close to those of their constituent heavy chains. Six out of seven of the heavy chains were subjected to automated Edman degradation and were classified as containing vH-i or vH-ii variable region subgroups on the basis of their blocked amino termini. One type lambda light chain was unusual in that it contained an amino terminal sequence initially described in an amyloid fibril protein and is the first instance in which light chains with this sequence have been isolated from IgG. The data support the notion that the cryoglobulins are IgGs with unique structural and immunological properties which separate them from non-cryoprecipitable IgGs.", "contents": "Immunological and structural properties of human monoclonal IgG cryoglobulins. Structural and immunological properties were determined for sixteen IgG and one Bence-Jones, human monoclonal cryoglobulins. The heavy chain subclass percentages were 47% IgG1, 14% IgG2 and 29% IgG3, and were different from previously reported distributions of myeloma proteins. In addition, 69% (eleven out of fifteen) of the cryoglobulins and 100% (seven out of seven) of the IgG1 cryos contained type lambda light chains. Electrofocussing of the cryoproteins by analytical liquid gradient column showed the isoelectric points to be included in the range of pH 6.3--8.9. The pI of six light chains and five out of six heavy chains were at acidic and slightly basic pH, respectively. The pI of the intact cryoglobulins were thus close to those of their constituent heavy chains. Six out of seven of the heavy chains were subjected to automated Edman degradation and were classified as containing vH-i or vH-ii variable region subgroups on the basis of their blocked amino termini. One type lambda light chain was unusual in that it contained an amino terminal sequence initially described in an amyloid fibril protein and is the first instance in which light chains with this sequence have been isolated from IgG. The data support the notion that the cryoglobulins are IgGs with unique structural and immunological properties which separate them from non-cryoprecipitable IgGs.", "PMID": 111883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9974", "title": "Circulating antibodies to peripheral nerve in American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease).", "content": "An antibody reacting with Schwann sheaths of myelinated somatic and unmyelinated autonomic peripheral nerve was found in sixty-one out of seventy-one chronic, and nine out of ten acute, Chagas' disease sera. Indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) was carried out on rat, mouse and human somatic nerves and rat sympathetic nerves with initial serum dilutions of 1 : 10, and the staining reached a final titre of 1 : 320 in some cases. The antibodies fixed complement and were absorbed out by lyophilized epimastigotes of T. cruzi. Lipid extraction of the tissue sections enhanced the staining of myelinated nerve, whereas unfixed unmyelinated sympathetic nerve was strongly reactive. Central nervous tissue did not display any positive staining on neurons, glial cells or periaxonal sheaths. Furthermore, by using a double-labelled IFL technique, it was possible to show that a rabbit antiserum raised against guinea-pig spinal cord and the chagasic anti-nerve antibodies reacted with different structures in the rat sciatic nerve. These findings suggest that the reactive antigen(s) could be located on Schwann cells. The majority, but not all, of the chagasic individuals with anti-nerve antibodies also showed the sarcolemmal and endothelial staining (EVI) previously described in Chagas' disease. The possible recognition of Schwann cell antigens by circulating antibodies in Chagas' disease could be relevant, since an autonomic denervation has been postulated as a pathogenic mechanism of cardiomyopathy and megaviscera in this condition.", "contents": "Circulating antibodies to peripheral nerve in American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease). An antibody reacting with Schwann sheaths of myelinated somatic and unmyelinated autonomic peripheral nerve was found in sixty-one out of seventy-one chronic, and nine out of ten acute, Chagas' disease sera. Indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) was carried out on rat, mouse and human somatic nerves and rat sympathetic nerves with initial serum dilutions of 1 : 10, and the staining reached a final titre of 1 : 320 in some cases. The antibodies fixed complement and were absorbed out by lyophilized epimastigotes of T. cruzi. Lipid extraction of the tissue sections enhanced the staining of myelinated nerve, whereas unfixed unmyelinated sympathetic nerve was strongly reactive. Central nervous tissue did not display any positive staining on neurons, glial cells or periaxonal sheaths. Furthermore, by using a double-labelled IFL technique, it was possible to show that a rabbit antiserum raised against guinea-pig spinal cord and the chagasic anti-nerve antibodies reacted with different structures in the rat sciatic nerve. These findings suggest that the reactive antigen(s) could be located on Schwann cells. The majority, but not all, of the chagasic individuals with anti-nerve antibodies also showed the sarcolemmal and endothelial staining (EVI) previously described in Chagas' disease. The possible recognition of Schwann cell antigens by circulating antibodies in Chagas' disease could be relevant, since an autonomic denervation has been postulated as a pathogenic mechanism of cardiomyopathy and megaviscera in this condition.", "PMID": 111884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9975", "title": "Low-dose continuous intravenous insulin infusion in childhood diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "We studied 58 children with diabetic ketoacidosis using a random, prospective protocol, with insulin administered either as a low-dose continuous infusion or as high-dose intermittent subcutaneous injections. There were no statistically significant differences between admission pH and glucose determinations or the time to metabolic correction. The incidence of hypoglycemia and hypokalemia was higher in patients receiving subcutaneous insulin. Insulin levels in the low-dose patients were 85--160 microU/ml. The insulin required to achieve metabolic recovery was 1.6 U/kg in the low-dose group and 4.5 U/kg in the high-dose group (p less than 0.01). Glucose administered at a rate of 3 to 4 g er unit of insulin infused in the low-dose group maintained a serum glucose of 150 to 250 mg/dl. Our studies suggest that low-dose intravenous insulin therapy is safe, as effective as high-dose intermittent subcutaneous injections and avoids the risks of hypoglycemia and hypokalemia. Meticulous attention to individual patient care, however, must remain the most important single variable.", "contents": "Low-dose continuous intravenous insulin infusion in childhood diabetic ketoacidosis. We studied 58 children with diabetic ketoacidosis using a random, prospective protocol, with insulin administered either as a low-dose continuous infusion or as high-dose intermittent subcutaneous injections. There were no statistically significant differences between admission pH and glucose determinations or the time to metabolic correction. The incidence of hypoglycemia and hypokalemia was higher in patients receiving subcutaneous insulin. Insulin levels in the low-dose patients were 85--160 microU/ml. The insulin required to achieve metabolic recovery was 1.6 U/kg in the low-dose group and 4.5 U/kg in the high-dose group (p less than 0.01). Glucose administered at a rate of 3 to 4 g er unit of insulin infused in the low-dose group maintained a serum glucose of 150 to 250 mg/dl. Our studies suggest that low-dose intravenous insulin therapy is safe, as effective as high-dose intermittent subcutaneous injections and avoids the risks of hypoglycemia and hypokalemia. Meticulous attention to individual patient care, however, must remain the most important single variable.", "PMID": 111886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9976", "title": "Carcinoma of the cervix: results of a hyperbaric oxygen trial associated with the use of the cathetron.", "content": "Since 1971, 82 patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix have been included in a randomised clinical trial in association with the Working Party on Radiotherapy and Hyperbaric Oxygen of the Medical Research Council. External irradiation was given in 10 fractions by an unconventional schedule, either in air or HBO, and combined with three large fractions of intracavitary irradiation using the Cathetron. The results are acceptable overall, with 69% local control, 15% with tumour developing outside the treated volume and 40% survival at five years, but no improvement has been shown with HBO. Symptoms suggestive of some degree of late damage to the small bowel were present in 13% of patients, with a higher but not statistically significant, incidence in the HBO group. It is postulated that the schedule of radiotherapy used has allowed reoxygenation during treatment and that no further gain due to the use of HBO may be achieved. After a review of the results from other centres and taking into account the difficulties of treatment in HBO it is concluded that for advanced carcinoma of the cervix the addition of HBO to radiotherapy is not clinically worthwhile.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the cervix: results of a hyperbaric oxygen trial associated with the use of the cathetron. Since 1971, 82 patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix have been included in a randomised clinical trial in association with the Working Party on Radiotherapy and Hyperbaric Oxygen of the Medical Research Council. External irradiation was given in 10 fractions by an unconventional schedule, either in air or HBO, and combined with three large fractions of intracavitary irradiation using the Cathetron. The results are acceptable overall, with 69% local control, 15% with tumour developing outside the treated volume and 40% survival at five years, but no improvement has been shown with HBO. Symptoms suggestive of some degree of late damage to the small bowel were present in 13% of patients, with a higher but not statistically significant, incidence in the HBO group. It is postulated that the schedule of radiotherapy used has allowed reoxygenation during treatment and that no further gain due to the use of HBO may be achieved. After a review of the results from other centres and taking into account the difficulties of treatment in HBO it is concluded that for advanced carcinoma of the cervix the addition of HBO to radiotherapy is not clinically worthwhile.", "PMID": 111890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9977", "title": "The radiological features of craniofacial neurofibromatosis.", "content": "Three cases of neurofibromatosis are reported showing a wide spectrum of roentgen abnormalities affecting the skull and facial bones. One case had macrocrania and multiple calvarial defects; enlargement of the sella turcica and middle cranial fossa was also present. All the three cases had orbital changes either in the form of enlargement, reduced anteroposterior width or loss of bony outlines with an appearance of emptiness. The other two cases showed predominantly facial involvement with hypoplasia of the mandibular body and ramus, abnormal coronoid process, zygomatic arch, hypoplastic maxilla, cystic mandible with abnormal dentition and absence of the osseous external auditory meatus. Intra-orbital calcification was present in one case. The radiological projections required to evaluate such cases are discussed. The 20 degrees occipito-mental view has been found extremely useful and is recommended.", "contents": "The radiological features of craniofacial neurofibromatosis. Three cases of neurofibromatosis are reported showing a wide spectrum of roentgen abnormalities affecting the skull and facial bones. One case had macrocrania and multiple calvarial defects; enlargement of the sella turcica and middle cranial fossa was also present. All the three cases had orbital changes either in the form of enlargement, reduced anteroposterior width or loss of bony outlines with an appearance of emptiness. The other two cases showed predominantly facial involvement with hypoplasia of the mandibular body and ramus, abnormal coronoid process, zygomatic arch, hypoplastic maxilla, cystic mandible with abnormal dentition and absence of the osseous external auditory meatus. Intra-orbital calcification was present in one case. The radiological projections required to evaluate such cases are discussed. The 20 degrees occipito-mental view has been found extremely useful and is recommended.", "PMID": 111891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9978", "title": "Cardiac output response to extreme hemodilution with hemoglobin solutions of various P50 values.", "content": "Cardiovascular responses have been studied in baboons, after total exchange transfusion with hemoglobin solutions having various P50 values. At the end of the exchange transfusion, the hematocrit was 1.5%, the mean hemoglobin concentration was 4.4 g/dl, and the P50 varied between 12 and 26 mm Hg. Cardiac output did not change during the study, although heart rate increased, and stroke volume and MAP decreased. Hemoglobin concentration, per se, does not appear to be the critical stimulus for an increase in cardiac output with hemoglobin solution. In addition, the position of the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve does not appear to influence these hemodynamic responses. The physiological response to anemia in the presence of hemoglobin solution appears different from that observed in the absence of plasma O2 carriers.", "contents": "Cardiac output response to extreme hemodilution with hemoglobin solutions of various P50 values. Cardiovascular responses have been studied in baboons, after total exchange transfusion with hemoglobin solutions having various P50 values. At the end of the exchange transfusion, the hematocrit was 1.5%, the mean hemoglobin concentration was 4.4 g/dl, and the P50 varied between 12 and 26 mm Hg. Cardiac output did not change during the study, although heart rate increased, and stroke volume and MAP decreased. Hemoglobin concentration, per se, does not appear to be the critical stimulus for an increase in cardiac output with hemoglobin solution. In addition, the position of the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve does not appear to influence these hemodynamic responses. The physiological response to anemia in the presence of hemoglobin solution appears different from that observed in the absence of plasma O2 carriers.", "PMID": 111894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9979", "title": "Cytological studies of heterochromatin function in the Drosophila melanogaster male: autosomal meiotic paring.", "content": "In Drosophila melanogaster it is now documented that the different satellite DNA sequences make up the majority of the centromeric heterochromatin of all chromosomes. The most popular hypothesis on this class of DNA is that satellite DNA itself is important to the pairing processes of chromosomes. Evidence in support of such a hypothesis is, however, circumstantial. This hypothesis has been evaluated by direct cytological examination of the meiotic behaviour of heterochromatically and/or euchromatically rear-ranged autosomes in the male. It was found that neither substantial deletions nor rearrangements of the autosomal heterochromatin cause any disruption of meiotic pairing. Autosomal pairing depends on homologs retaining sufficient euchromatic homology. This is the first clear demonstration that the highly repeated satellite DNA sequences in the heterochromatin of the second, third and fourth chromosomes are not important in meiotic pairing, but rather than some euchromatic homology in the autosome is essential to ensure a regular meiotic process. These results on the autosomes, when taken in conjunction with our previous studies on sex chromosome pairing, clearly indicate that satellite DNA is not crucial for male meiotic chromosome pairing of any member of the D. melanogaster genome.", "contents": "Cytological studies of heterochromatin function in the Drosophila melanogaster male: autosomal meiotic paring. In Drosophila melanogaster it is now documented that the different satellite DNA sequences make up the majority of the centromeric heterochromatin of all chromosomes. The most popular hypothesis on this class of DNA is that satellite DNA itself is important to the pairing processes of chromosomes. Evidence in support of such a hypothesis is, however, circumstantial. This hypothesis has been evaluated by direct cytological examination of the meiotic behaviour of heterochromatically and/or euchromatically rear-ranged autosomes in the male. It was found that neither substantial deletions nor rearrangements of the autosomal heterochromatin cause any disruption of meiotic pairing. Autosomal pairing depends on homologs retaining sufficient euchromatic homology. This is the first clear demonstration that the highly repeated satellite DNA sequences in the heterochromatin of the second, third and fourth chromosomes are not important in meiotic pairing, but rather than some euchromatic homology in the autosome is essential to ensure a regular meiotic process. These results on the autosomes, when taken in conjunction with our previous studies on sex chromosome pairing, clearly indicate that satellite DNA is not crucial for male meiotic chromosome pairing of any member of the D. melanogaster genome.", "PMID": 111905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9980", "title": "Sexual and aggressive behaviour in social groups of talapoin monkeys.", "content": "In social groups not all monkeys are equal, in terms of either their behaviour or their endocrine status. When a dominant monkey is compared with one that is subordinate the level of sexual behaviour is high in the dominant and low in the subordinate monkey, while levels of aggression received follow an inverse pattern. Attention in terms of visual monitoring is primarily focused on the dominant animal even when overt aggression is extremely low. Cortisol and prolactin concentrations tend to be higher in subordinate monkeys while only the dominant male shows elevated testosterone levels during group interactions with attractive females. A question of some importance is whether these differences in endocrine status are a determinant of the differences in behaviour or whether they reflect the behaviour and, if the latter, to what purpose. Recent attempts to answer this problem have focused on the hypothalmo-pituitary axis in order to examine whether differences in behaviour between dominant and subordinate monkeys are reflected in differences in its responsiveness to endocrine changes.", "contents": "Sexual and aggressive behaviour in social groups of talapoin monkeys. In social groups not all monkeys are equal, in terms of either their behaviour or their endocrine status. When a dominant monkey is compared with one that is subordinate the level of sexual behaviour is high in the dominant and low in the subordinate monkey, while levels of aggression received follow an inverse pattern. Attention in terms of visual monitoring is primarily focused on the dominant animal even when overt aggression is extremely low. Cortisol and prolactin concentrations tend to be higher in subordinate monkeys while only the dominant male shows elevated testosterone levels during group interactions with attractive females. A question of some importance is whether these differences in endocrine status are a determinant of the differences in behaviour or whether they reflect the behaviour and, if the latter, to what purpose. Recent attempts to answer this problem have focused on the hypothalmo-pituitary axis in order to examine whether differences in behaviour between dominant and subordinate monkeys are reflected in differences in its responsiveness to endocrine changes.", "PMID": 111907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9981", "title": "The effects of neonatal exposure to testosterone on the development of behaviour in female marmoset monkeys.", "content": "Experimental investigations of sexual differentiation in primates have been mainly confined to the rhesus monkey, a highly polygamous species with marked anatomical and behavioural sexual dimorphism. The marmoset is a monogamous monkey which shows little anatomical or behavioural sexual dimorphism, and both sexes exhibit positive feedback in response to the administration of oestradiol. This monkey has a relatively short gestation period of 144 days and usually gives birth to dizygotic twins. These share a common placental circulation and hence develop as haematopoietic chimaeras. However, a female with a male co-twin is not adversely affected as a result of this and the freemartin condition does not occur. Since the newborn male experiences raised testosterone levels soon after birth it is possible that the 'critical period' for sexual marmosets were implanted with 25 mg of testosterone for 50 days after birth. After removal of the implants their genitalia remained partly masculinized and they initiated more masculine rough-and-tumble play than their controls. After puberty they exhibited a mixture of male and female sexual behaviour when presented with unfamiliar normal males and females during 15-minute behavioural trials. Four of the implanted females have also ovulated. Neonatal administration of testosterone therefore has had an organizing effect on female behaviour. Whether the marmoset is exceptional in this respect, or whether other primates which exhibit a male neonatal testosterone surge, such as man and the rhesus monkey, also undergo some postnatal behavioural differentation, remains to be seen.", "contents": "The effects of neonatal exposure to testosterone on the development of behaviour in female marmoset monkeys. Experimental investigations of sexual differentiation in primates have been mainly confined to the rhesus monkey, a highly polygamous species with marked anatomical and behavioural sexual dimorphism. The marmoset is a monogamous monkey which shows little anatomical or behavioural sexual dimorphism, and both sexes exhibit positive feedback in response to the administration of oestradiol. This monkey has a relatively short gestation period of 144 days and usually gives birth to dizygotic twins. These share a common placental circulation and hence develop as haematopoietic chimaeras. However, a female with a male co-twin is not adversely affected as a result of this and the freemartin condition does not occur. Since the newborn male experiences raised testosterone levels soon after birth it is possible that the 'critical period' for sexual marmosets were implanted with 25 mg of testosterone for 50 days after birth. After removal of the implants their genitalia remained partly masculinized and they initiated more masculine rough-and-tumble play than their controls. After puberty they exhibited a mixture of male and female sexual behaviour when presented with unfamiliar normal males and females during 15-minute behavioural trials. Four of the implanted females have also ovulated. Neonatal administration of testosterone therefore has had an organizing effect on female behaviour. Whether the marmoset is exceptional in this respect, or whether other primates which exhibit a male neonatal testosterone surge, such as man and the rhesus monkey, also undergo some postnatal behavioural differentation, remains to be seen.", "PMID": 111908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9982", "title": "[Animal experimental short and long-term study of a calcium hydroxide line].", "content": "Thirty-two cavities (class 5) out of total of 64 were coated either with the test substance Hydroxyline or with the control substance Dycal and closed with the standard compound Adaptic. Statistical analysis of seven criteria evaluated histologically (rating: 0-3) revealed no significant differences between the tested characteristics of the control substance Dycal and Hydroxyline in either the short-term or the long-term study.", "contents": "[Animal experimental short and long-term study of a calcium hydroxide line]. Thirty-two cavities (class 5) out of total of 64 were coated either with the test substance Hydroxyline or with the control substance Dycal and closed with the standard compound Adaptic. Statistical analysis of seven criteria evaluated histologically (rating: 0-3) revealed no significant differences between the tested characteristics of the control substance Dycal and Hydroxyline in either the short-term or the long-term study.", "PMID": 111914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9983", "title": "The effect of estrogen on the tubal epithelium of immature ovariectomized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "The effect of 3 doses of estradiol dipropionate (EDP) on tubal epithelium of immature ovariectomized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was studied under both light and electron microscopy. EDP at a dose of 5 microgram/kg/day for 6 consecutive days changed differentiation of the epithelial cells into clear and dark cell-types; ciliogenesis, formation of some ciliary buds and even a few cilia were also induced in some clear cells throughout the tubal epithelium. Development of ciliated cells with fully formed ciliary apparatus was accelerated at 10 microgram/kg dosage. The secretory granules (SG) appeared at this dose in some nonciliated cells of the infundibular and ampullary but not the isthmic segments of the tube; some of the infundibular secretory cells, so formed, exhibited even a tendency to secrete. Nearly complete maturation of the tubal epithelium occurred at 20 microgram/kg dose; further signs of secretory activity appeared in all tubal segments. The results indicated that--(i) Nearly complete transformation of tubal epithelium of the immature animal into one of the adult type could be achieved by EDP at a dose not less than 20 microgram/kg under the present conditions. (ii) The response of undifferentiated cells to EDP differed depending upon the location of the epithelial cell within the tube and nature of the cell-type to be formed. (iii) The mode of tubal secretion in this infra-human species was probably apocrine.", "contents": "The effect of estrogen on the tubal epithelium of immature ovariectomized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The effect of 3 doses of estradiol dipropionate (EDP) on tubal epithelium of immature ovariectomized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was studied under both light and electron microscopy. EDP at a dose of 5 microgram/kg/day for 6 consecutive days changed differentiation of the epithelial cells into clear and dark cell-types; ciliogenesis, formation of some ciliary buds and even a few cilia were also induced in some clear cells throughout the tubal epithelium. Development of ciliated cells with fully formed ciliary apparatus was accelerated at 10 microgram/kg dosage. The secretory granules (SG) appeared at this dose in some nonciliated cells of the infundibular and ampullary but not the isthmic segments of the tube; some of the infundibular secretory cells, so formed, exhibited even a tendency to secrete. Nearly complete maturation of the tubal epithelium occurred at 20 microgram/kg dose; further signs of secretory activity appeared in all tubal segments. The results indicated that--(i) Nearly complete transformation of tubal epithelium of the immature animal into one of the adult type could be achieved by EDP at a dose not less than 20 microgram/kg under the present conditions. (ii) The response of undifferentiated cells to EDP differed depending upon the location of the epithelial cell within the tube and nature of the cell-type to be formed. (iii) The mode of tubal secretion in this infra-human species was probably apocrine.", "PMID": 111917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9984", "title": "Characteristics of elderly people admitted to hospital, Part III homes, and sheltered housing.", "content": "Approximately 100 consecutive admissions in Southampton to sheltered housing, to Part III homes, and to long-stay geriatric hospital beds in 1975 and 1976 were selected and data were collected by interview with patients and staff. There was a total of 299 admissions in the final sample. The sheltered housing group were younger and more often married than those admitted to Part III homes, who were more often married but only slightly younger than the new geriatric patients. The three groups were separated on dependency measures with almost no overlap between the sheltered housing and the other groups, but a little more evidence of overlap and interchange between Part III and hospital admissions. The patients in hospital whose dependency scores were more typical of Part III residents were almost all special cases and this was found to be true of other apparently misplaced individuals. Most of the sheltered housing admissions were suffering from heart, chest, and musculoskeletal complaints, while new Part III residents had more psychiatric disturbance; cerebrovascular and psychiatric problems occurred most often in the hospital group. The three groups of admissions form distinct categories and it is arguable that this is a concomitant of underprovision. This also shows that there is no great measure of misplacement on the basis of the current norm, although the suitability of this norm in sheltered housing is open to question.", "contents": "Characteristics of elderly people admitted to hospital, Part III homes, and sheltered housing. Approximately 100 consecutive admissions in Southampton to sheltered housing, to Part III homes, and to long-stay geriatric hospital beds in 1975 and 1976 were selected and data were collected by interview with patients and staff. There was a total of 299 admissions in the final sample. The sheltered housing group were younger and more often married than those admitted to Part III homes, who were more often married but only slightly younger than the new geriatric patients. The three groups were separated on dependency measures with almost no overlap between the sheltered housing and the other groups, but a little more evidence of overlap and interchange between Part III and hospital admissions. The patients in hospital whose dependency scores were more typical of Part III residents were almost all special cases and this was found to be true of other apparently misplaced individuals. Most of the sheltered housing admissions were suffering from heart, chest, and musculoskeletal complaints, while new Part III residents had more psychiatric disturbance; cerebrovascular and psychiatric problems occurred most often in the hospital group. The three groups of admissions form distinct categories and it is arguable that this is a concomitant of underprovision. This also shows that there is no great measure of misplacement on the basis of the current norm, although the suitability of this norm in sheltered housing is open to question.", "PMID": 111922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9985", "title": "Identification and characterization of a 19-S complex containing a 27 000-Mr protein in Artemia salina.", "content": "The cytoplasm of the cryptobiotic Artemia salina gastrula contains a large quantity of a unique 19-S complex. This particle is a specific aggregated form of a 27 000-Mr protein, having a molecular weight of 10(6) and an apparent buoyant density of 1.25 -- 1.26 g/cm3 in sucrose and 1.31 g/cm3 in CsCl. The relative quantity of this 19-S complex decreases significantly with respect to 80-S monoribosomes during the postgastrula development. Biochemical and immunological studies indicate that the 27 000-Mr protein is one of the RNA-binding proteins [Ovchinnikov et al., FEBS Lett. 88, 21 -- 26 (1978)] but is absent in the protein components associated with poly(A)-containing ribonucleoprotein complexes. The possibility is also suggested that the 27 000-Mr protein and Artemia elongation factor eEF-Ts might be related to each other on the basis of amino acid composition and immunological cross-reactivity.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of a 19-S complex containing a 27 000-Mr protein in Artemia salina. The cytoplasm of the cryptobiotic Artemia salina gastrula contains a large quantity of a unique 19-S complex. This particle is a specific aggregated form of a 27 000-Mr protein, having a molecular weight of 10(6) and an apparent buoyant density of 1.25 -- 1.26 g/cm3 in sucrose and 1.31 g/cm3 in CsCl. The relative quantity of this 19-S complex decreases significantly with respect to 80-S monoribosomes during the postgastrula development. Biochemical and immunological studies indicate that the 27 000-Mr protein is one of the RNA-binding proteins [Ovchinnikov et al., FEBS Lett. 88, 21 -- 26 (1978)] but is absent in the protein components associated with poly(A)-containing ribonucleoprotein complexes. The possibility is also suggested that the 27 000-Mr protein and Artemia elongation factor eEF-Ts might be related to each other on the basis of amino acid composition and immunological cross-reactivity.", "PMID": 111924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9986", "title": "The lipoxygenase of reticulocytes. Purification, characterization and biological dynamics of the lipoxygenase; its identity with the respiratory inhibitors of the reticulocyte.", "content": "A lipoxygenase has been purified from rabbit reticulocyte-rich anaemic blood cells. It possesses a molecular weight of 78 000 and an isoelectric point of 5.5 and contains 5% neutral sugars and two iron atoms per enzyme molecule. The lipoxygenase has proved to be identical with the inhibitors of respiratory proteins described formerly. The actions of the lipoxygenase on linoleic acid, phospholipids, mitochondrial and erythrocyte membranes and electron transfer particles were studied. A special feature of the reticulocyte lipoxygenase is the suicidal character of its action on lipids. With electron transfer particles the reticulocyte lipoxygenase causes a loss of acid-labile sulfur which accompanies respiratory inhibition; the strong respiratory inhibition is not exerted by soybean lipoxygenase. The reticulocyte lipoxygenase acts preferably on mitochondrial membranes as compared with cell membranes of the erythrocyte; erythrocyte cytosol moderates the action on mitochondrial membranes. Furthermore, the lipoxygenase reaction can concomitantly and irreversibly inactivate sulfhydryl enzymes as demonstrated with muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The occurrence of the lipoxygenase here described is restricted to reticulocytes; very low amounts were observed in bone marrow and no lipoxygenase was detectable in normal blood. During the course of an experimental anaemia the lipoxygenase is produced owing to superinduction in large amounts, which may persist for a long time since they escape inactivation. Preliminary evidence was obtained for the occurrence of other lipoxygenases in tissues of lung, spleen, kidney and also epithelial tumours.", "contents": "The lipoxygenase of reticulocytes. Purification, characterization and biological dynamics of the lipoxygenase; its identity with the respiratory inhibitors of the reticulocyte. A lipoxygenase has been purified from rabbit reticulocyte-rich anaemic blood cells. It possesses a molecular weight of 78 000 and an isoelectric point of 5.5 and contains 5% neutral sugars and two iron atoms per enzyme molecule. The lipoxygenase has proved to be identical with the inhibitors of respiratory proteins described formerly. The actions of the lipoxygenase on linoleic acid, phospholipids, mitochondrial and erythrocyte membranes and electron transfer particles were studied. A special feature of the reticulocyte lipoxygenase is the suicidal character of its action on lipids. With electron transfer particles the reticulocyte lipoxygenase causes a loss of acid-labile sulfur which accompanies respiratory inhibition; the strong respiratory inhibition is not exerted by soybean lipoxygenase. The reticulocyte lipoxygenase acts preferably on mitochondrial membranes as compared with cell membranes of the erythrocyte; erythrocyte cytosol moderates the action on mitochondrial membranes. Furthermore, the lipoxygenase reaction can concomitantly and irreversibly inactivate sulfhydryl enzymes as demonstrated with muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The occurrence of the lipoxygenase here described is restricted to reticulocytes; very low amounts were observed in bone marrow and no lipoxygenase was detectable in normal blood. During the course of an experimental anaemia the lipoxygenase is produced owing to superinduction in large amounts, which may persist for a long time since they escape inactivation. Preliminary evidence was obtained for the occurrence of other lipoxygenases in tissues of lung, spleen, kidney and also epithelial tumours.", "PMID": 111925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9987", "title": "Synthesis of non-globin proteins in rabbit-erythroid cells. Synthesis of a lipoxygenase in reticulocytes.", "content": "Peripheral rabbit reticulocytes synthesize at least 30 non-globin proteins. One of them is identified as a characteristic lipoxygenase on the basis of its molecular weight, its immunological properties and its behaviour on an ion-exchange column. The enzyme is not produced in bone marrow cells. The synthesis of the lipoxygenase in peripheral blood cells commences on the 3rd day of a bleeding anaemia, increases up to the 5th day and stays constant thereafter at least up to the 14th day. It is concluded that the appearence of the lipoxygenase, which plays a key role in the degradation of mitochondria in the course of maturation of reticulocytes to erythrocytes, is regulated at the translational level.", "contents": "Synthesis of non-globin proteins in rabbit-erythroid cells. Synthesis of a lipoxygenase in reticulocytes. Peripheral rabbit reticulocytes synthesize at least 30 non-globin proteins. One of them is identified as a characteristic lipoxygenase on the basis of its molecular weight, its immunological properties and its behaviour on an ion-exchange column. The enzyme is not produced in bone marrow cells. The synthesis of the lipoxygenase in peripheral blood cells commences on the 3rd day of a bleeding anaemia, increases up to the 5th day and stays constant thereafter at least up to the 14th day. It is concluded that the appearence of the lipoxygenase, which plays a key role in the degradation of mitochondria in the course of maturation of reticulocytes to erythrocytes, is regulated at the translational level.", "PMID": 111926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9988", "title": "Methylation of basic proteins in ribosomes from wild-type and thiostrepton-resistant strains of Bacillus megaterium and their electrophoretic analysis.", "content": "Ribosomes, radioactively labelled in vivo with both [1-14C]methionine and [methyl-3H]methionine, have been isolated from both wild-type and thiostrepton-resistant strains of Bacillus megaterium and their constituent proteins separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Ribosomes from the wild-type strain possess one basic protein that is extensively methylated. In contrast no such protein can be detected in ribosomes from the thiostrepton-resistant strain.", "contents": "Methylation of basic proteins in ribosomes from wild-type and thiostrepton-resistant strains of Bacillus megaterium and their electrophoretic analysis. Ribosomes, radioactively labelled in vivo with both [1-14C]methionine and [methyl-3H]methionine, have been isolated from both wild-type and thiostrepton-resistant strains of Bacillus megaterium and their constituent proteins separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Ribosomes from the wild-type strain possess one basic protein that is extensively methylated. In contrast no such protein can be detected in ribosomes from the thiostrepton-resistant strain.", "PMID": 111927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9989", "title": "Chemical evidence for a codon-induced allosteric change in tRNALys involving the 7-methylguanosine residue 46.", "content": "[32P]TRNALys, from Escherichia coli, was modified with kethoxal, in the presence and absence of the oligonucleotide codon (A)4. The presence of the codon resulted in a faster modification rate of the tRNA at three guanine sites which were identified by a diagonal fingerprint method. A large increase in the modification rate occurred at the 7-methylguanosine residue 46 (m7G-46) in the presence of the codon: weakly enhanced modification was observed at G-15 and G-57. It is concluded that the formation of a codon-anticodon complex induces, primarily, a conformational change involving disruption of the m7G-46 from the m7G-46 . G-22 . C-13 base triple. Subsequently, the guanines of G-15 and G-57, in the D and T loops, respectively, become slightly more reactive, suggesting a weak tendency for these two interacting arms to unfold. The results are interpreted in terms of an equilibrium between two main conformers, and a third minor one; the possible significance of these conformers in protein biosynthesis, is considered.", "contents": "Chemical evidence for a codon-induced allosteric change in tRNALys involving the 7-methylguanosine residue 46. [32P]TRNALys, from Escherichia coli, was modified with kethoxal, in the presence and absence of the oligonucleotide codon (A)4. The presence of the codon resulted in a faster modification rate of the tRNA at three guanine sites which were identified by a diagonal fingerprint method. A large increase in the modification rate occurred at the 7-methylguanosine residue 46 (m7G-46) in the presence of the codon: weakly enhanced modification was observed at G-15 and G-57. It is concluded that the formation of a codon-anticodon complex induces, primarily, a conformational change involving disruption of the m7G-46 from the m7G-46 . G-22 . C-13 base triple. Subsequently, the guanines of G-15 and G-57, in the D and T loops, respectively, become slightly more reactive, suggesting a weak tendency for these two interacting arms to unfold. The results are interpreted in terms of an equilibrium between two main conformers, and a third minor one; the possible significance of these conformers in protein biosynthesis, is considered.", "PMID": 111928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9990", "title": "Regions of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa essential for antitumor and interferon-inducing activities.", "content": "Resistance against ascites tumor development and interferon-inducing activity were demonstrated in lipopolysaccharide derived from the protein-lipopolysaccharide complex obtained from an autolysate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lipid A obtained from the lipopolysaccharide was sufficient to induce interferon in vitro but no antitumor activity was found if lipid A or the polysaccharide derived from lipopolysaccharide was injected into the animal. Chemical modification of the polysaccharide portion or deacylation of the lipopolysaccharide also diminished antitumor activity. In contrast, interferon was induced by these incomplete lipopolysaccharides. These results indicate that both the lipid A portion and covalently linked polysaccharide are necessary for the inhibition of ascites tumor development, whereas incomplete lipid A with amide-linked fatty acids is sufficient to induce interferon in vitro.", "contents": "Regions of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa essential for antitumor and interferon-inducing activities. Resistance against ascites tumor development and interferon-inducing activity were demonstrated in lipopolysaccharide derived from the protein-lipopolysaccharide complex obtained from an autolysate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lipid A obtained from the lipopolysaccharide was sufficient to induce interferon in vitro but no antitumor activity was found if lipid A or the polysaccharide derived from lipopolysaccharide was injected into the animal. Chemical modification of the polysaccharide portion or deacylation of the lipopolysaccharide also diminished antitumor activity. In contrast, interferon was induced by these incomplete lipopolysaccharides. These results indicate that both the lipid A portion and covalently linked polysaccharide are necessary for the inhibition of ascites tumor development, whereas incomplete lipid A with amide-linked fatty acids is sufficient to induce interferon in vitro.", "PMID": 111929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9991", "title": "Purification of rat-liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Separation of two enzyme forms inducible by 3-methylcholanthrene or phenobarbital.", "content": "Glucuronidation reactions catalysed by rat liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase are differentially inducible by 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital. To elucidate the molecular basis of this functional heterogeneity the enzyme was purified from livers of rats pretreated with the inducing agents. Using cholate solubilization, chromatography on Bio-Gel A-1.5m and on DEAE-cellulose in the presence of the nonionic detergent Brij 58, two enzyme forms could be separated. Both forms were subsequently purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography on UDP-hexanolamine Sepharose 4B, 3-Methylcholanthrene-inducible enzyme activity towards 1-naphthol, 4-nitrophenol, 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and N-hydroxy-2-naphthylamine copurified with one enzyme form (enzyme 1). In contrast phenobarbital-inducible enzyme activity towards morphine, chloramphenicol and 4-hydroxybiphenyl was associated with the other enzyme fraction (enzyme 2). Sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gels showed similar molecular weights of 54000 for enzyme 1 and 56000 for enzyme 2. The results suggest the presence of at least two forms of UDP-glucuronyltransferase in rat liver. Factors affecting enzyme activity in purified and membrane-bound states are discussed.", "contents": "Purification of rat-liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Separation of two enzyme forms inducible by 3-methylcholanthrene or phenobarbital. Glucuronidation reactions catalysed by rat liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase are differentially inducible by 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital. To elucidate the molecular basis of this functional heterogeneity the enzyme was purified from livers of rats pretreated with the inducing agents. Using cholate solubilization, chromatography on Bio-Gel A-1.5m and on DEAE-cellulose in the presence of the nonionic detergent Brij 58, two enzyme forms could be separated. Both forms were subsequently purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography on UDP-hexanolamine Sepharose 4B, 3-Methylcholanthrene-inducible enzyme activity towards 1-naphthol, 4-nitrophenol, 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and N-hydroxy-2-naphthylamine copurified with one enzyme form (enzyme 1). In contrast phenobarbital-inducible enzyme activity towards morphine, chloramphenicol and 4-hydroxybiphenyl was associated with the other enzyme fraction (enzyme 2). Sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gels showed similar molecular weights of 54000 for enzyme 1 and 56000 for enzyme 2. The results suggest the presence of at least two forms of UDP-glucuronyltransferase in rat liver. Factors affecting enzyme activity in purified and membrane-bound states are discussed.", "PMID": 111930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9992", "title": "Binding of thiostrepton to a complex of 23-S rRNA with ribosomal protein L11.", "content": "Thiostrepton binds with high affinity and with a 1 : 1 stoichiometry to a complex formed between Escherichia coli 23-S ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein L11 of E. coli or the homologous protein BM-L11 of Bacillus megaterium. In the presence of T1 ribonuclease, protein BM-L11 and thiostrepton protect from degradation a fragment of E. coli 23-S RNA estimated to be about 50 nucleotides in length.", "contents": "Binding of thiostrepton to a complex of 23-S rRNA with ribosomal protein L11. Thiostrepton binds with high affinity and with a 1 : 1 stoichiometry to a complex formed between Escherichia coli 23-S ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein L11 of E. coli or the homologous protein BM-L11 of Bacillus megaterium. In the presence of T1 ribonuclease, protein BM-L11 and thiostrepton protect from degradation a fragment of E. coli 23-S RNA estimated to be about 50 nucleotides in length.", "PMID": 111931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9993", "title": "RNA synthesis in starved deciliated Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "Tetrahymena pyriformis which has been starved for 20 h by incubation in buffer, and then deciliated, can regenerate its cilia in about 90 min while still in suspension in non-nutrient medium. The process of reciliation is accompanied by protein synthesis which begins a few minutes after deciliation and by synthesis of ribosomal and messenger RNAs during a period extending from about 1 h to about 3 h after deciliation. Although net synthesis of RNA remains at a very low level until 1 h after deciliation, a qualitative change in the translatable poly(A)-containing messenger RNA content of deciliated cells, and in particular, formation of beta-tubulin mRNA can be detected almost immediately after deciliation.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in starved deciliated Tetrahymena pyriformis. Tetrahymena pyriformis which has been starved for 20 h by incubation in buffer, and then deciliated, can regenerate its cilia in about 90 min while still in suspension in non-nutrient medium. The process of reciliation is accompanied by protein synthesis which begins a few minutes after deciliation and by synthesis of ribosomal and messenger RNAs during a period extending from about 1 h to about 3 h after deciliation. Although net synthesis of RNA remains at a very low level until 1 h after deciliation, a qualitative change in the translatable poly(A)-containing messenger RNA content of deciliated cells, and in particular, formation of beta-tubulin mRNA can be detected almost immediately after deciliation.", "PMID": 111932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9994", "title": "A lipopolysaccharide-binding cell-surface protein from Salmonella minnesota. Isolation, partial characterization and occurrence in different Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "1. Protein extracts obtained from Salmonella minnesota Re mutant cells by treatment with EDTA/NaC1 solution contain a protein which exhibits high affinity to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. The isolation and partial characterization of this lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is described. 2. The protein was purified from EDTA extracts by a two-step procedure consisting of ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 9.5. The yield of the total purification procedure was around 16%. 3. The resulting protein preparation was homogeneous on the basis of disc gel electrophoresis, dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel and immunoelectrophoresis. 4. The isoelectric point of the protein was found to be 10.3 at 4 degrees C. Its molecular weight determined by dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis is 15000. Its amino acid composition is characterized by the absence of histidine and proline, a low content in tyrosine and high amounts of alanine, lysine, aspartic and glutamic acid residues, or their respective amides. 5. The lipopolysaccharide-protein association was shown to be mainly due to ionic interactions of the basic protein with negatively charged groups (probably phosphate and pyrophosphate groups) of the lipid A moiety. 6. Purified lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is immunogenic in rabbits, thus enabling the preparation of specific antiserum. 7. The protein is located at the surface of Salmonella minnesota Re mutant cells as revealed by antiserum absorption with total bacteria. Ferritin-labelling studies further demonstrated that it is evenly spread over the entire cell surface. 8. Comparative antiserum absorption studies using smooth and rough strains of Salmonella minnesota, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Shigella revealed the presence of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (or a serologically cross-reacting antigen) in most of the strains tested. From these results the protein can be considered as a common antigen of Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "A lipopolysaccharide-binding cell-surface protein from Salmonella minnesota. Isolation, partial characterization and occurrence in different Enterobacteriaceae. 1. Protein extracts obtained from Salmonella minnesota Re mutant cells by treatment with EDTA/NaC1 solution contain a protein which exhibits high affinity to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. The isolation and partial characterization of this lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is described. 2. The protein was purified from EDTA extracts by a two-step procedure consisting of ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 9.5. The yield of the total purification procedure was around 16%. 3. The resulting protein preparation was homogeneous on the basis of disc gel electrophoresis, dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel and immunoelectrophoresis. 4. The isoelectric point of the protein was found to be 10.3 at 4 degrees C. Its molecular weight determined by dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis is 15000. Its amino acid composition is characterized by the absence of histidine and proline, a low content in tyrosine and high amounts of alanine, lysine, aspartic and glutamic acid residues, or their respective amides. 5. The lipopolysaccharide-protein association was shown to be mainly due to ionic interactions of the basic protein with negatively charged groups (probably phosphate and pyrophosphate groups) of the lipid A moiety. 6. Purified lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is immunogenic in rabbits, thus enabling the preparation of specific antiserum. 7. The protein is located at the surface of Salmonella minnesota Re mutant cells as revealed by antiserum absorption with total bacteria. Ferritin-labelling studies further demonstrated that it is evenly spread over the entire cell surface. 8. Comparative antiserum absorption studies using smooth and rough strains of Salmonella minnesota, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Shigella revealed the presence of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (or a serologically cross-reacting antigen) in most of the strains tested. From these results the protein can be considered as a common antigen of Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 111933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9995", "title": "Purification and properties of nitrogenase from the cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica.", "content": "The nitrogenase complex was isolated from nitrogen-starved cultures of Anabaema cylindrica. Sodium dithionite, photochemically reduced ferredoxin, and NADPH were found to be effective election donors to nitro genase in crude extracts whereas hydrogen and pyruvate were not. The Km for acetylene in vivo is ten-fold higher than the Km in vitro, whereas this pattern does not hold for the non-heterocystous cyanobacterium, Plectonema boryanum. This indicates that at least one mechanism of oxygen protection in vivo involves a gas diffusion barrier presented by the heterocyst cell wall. The Mo-Fe component was purified to homogeneity. Its molecular weight (220,000), subunit composition, isoelectric point (4.8), Mo, Fe, and S2- content (2, 20 and 20 mol/mol component), and amino acid composition indicate that this component has similar properties to Mo-Fe-containing components isolated from other bacterial sources. The isolated components from A. cylindrica were found to cross-react, to varying degrees, with components isolated from Azotobacter vinelandii, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and P. boryanum.", "contents": "Purification and properties of nitrogenase from the cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica. The nitrogenase complex was isolated from nitrogen-starved cultures of Anabaema cylindrica. Sodium dithionite, photochemically reduced ferredoxin, and NADPH were found to be effective election donors to nitro genase in crude extracts whereas hydrogen and pyruvate were not. The Km for acetylene in vivo is ten-fold higher than the Km in vitro, whereas this pattern does not hold for the non-heterocystous cyanobacterium, Plectonema boryanum. This indicates that at least one mechanism of oxygen protection in vivo involves a gas diffusion barrier presented by the heterocyst cell wall. The Mo-Fe component was purified to homogeneity. Its molecular weight (220,000), subunit composition, isoelectric point (4.8), Mo, Fe, and S2- content (2, 20 and 20 mol/mol component), and amino acid composition indicate that this component has similar properties to Mo-Fe-containing components isolated from other bacterial sources. The isolated components from A. cylindrica were found to cross-react, to varying degrees, with components isolated from Azotobacter vinelandii, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and P. boryanum.", "PMID": 111934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9996", "title": "Characterization of long guanosine-free RNA sequences from the Dahlemense and U2 strains of tobacco mosaic virus.", "content": "Four naturally occurring strains of tobacco mosaic virus, U2, Dahlemense, CV4, and the bean form of tobacco mosaic virus, were tested for the existence of long T1 RNAase oligonucleotides analogous to the oligonucleotide omega found in the common or U1 strain of tobacco mosaic virus and which makes up the 5' non-coding region of the RNA molecule. U2 and Dahlemense RNA were each found to contain this type of long T1 RNAase oligonucleotide with chain lengths of 54 and 74--77 residues, respectively. The sequence of the two oligonucleotides was determined mostly by using 5'-32P-labelled material in vitro and rapid polyacrylamide gel sequencing techniques.", "contents": "Characterization of long guanosine-free RNA sequences from the Dahlemense and U2 strains of tobacco mosaic virus. Four naturally occurring strains of tobacco mosaic virus, U2, Dahlemense, CV4, and the bean form of tobacco mosaic virus, were tested for the existence of long T1 RNAase oligonucleotides analogous to the oligonucleotide omega found in the common or U1 strain of tobacco mosaic virus and which makes up the 5' non-coding region of the RNA molecule. U2 and Dahlemense RNA were each found to contain this type of long T1 RNAase oligonucleotide with chain lengths of 54 and 74--77 residues, respectively. The sequence of the two oligonucleotides was determined mostly by using 5'-32P-labelled material in vitro and rapid polyacrylamide gel sequencing techniques.", "PMID": 111935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9997", "title": "A clinical comparison of 2 h and 4 h bone scans obtained with 99Tc H.E.D.P.", "content": "A comparison of 2 h and 4 h bone scan images obtained with technetium labelled H.E.D.P. in ten patients demonstrated no increase in lesion detection rate between the 2 h and 4 h scans. The 2 h bone scans were of sufficient quality to permit identification of tumours in all cases.", "contents": "A clinical comparison of 2 h and 4 h bone scans obtained with 99Tc H.E.D.P. A comparison of 2 h and 4 h bone scan images obtained with technetium labelled H.E.D.P. in ten patients demonstrated no increase in lesion detection rate between the 2 h and 4 h scans. The 2 h bone scans were of sufficient quality to permit identification of tumours in all cases.", "PMID": 111937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9998", "title": "A new unidirectional moving whole body scanner: comparative study of performances.", "content": "A new whole-body unidirectional moving scanner was built using a single large bar crystal, 12 photomultipliers on its top, and a delay line system to compute the X coordinate. Motion is required in only one direction on the Y-axis, and a special collimation is adapted in order to equal the X and Y performances of the detector. The performances of this detector (C.G.R. Scanicamera) (SC) were compared under the same conditions with those of a moving rectilinear scanner (R.S.) (Ohio Nuclear F 84 dual-head scanner, 12.5 cm crystal) and with an Anger gammacamera equipped with its whole body attachment (W.B.C.) Nuclear Chicago Pho Gamma III H.P.). The general impression is that this new whole-body unidirectional moving scanner is a very convenient device for whole body studies and can also be used for large scintigraphies.", "contents": "A new unidirectional moving whole body scanner: comparative study of performances. A new whole-body unidirectional moving scanner was built using a single large bar crystal, 12 photomultipliers on its top, and a delay line system to compute the X coordinate. Motion is required in only one direction on the Y-axis, and a special collimation is adapted in order to equal the X and Y performances of the detector. The performances of this detector (C.G.R. Scanicamera) (SC) were compared under the same conditions with those of a moving rectilinear scanner (R.S.) (Ohio Nuclear F 84 dual-head scanner, 12.5 cm crystal) and with an Anger gammacamera equipped with its whole body attachment (W.B.C.) Nuclear Chicago Pho Gamma III H.P.). The general impression is that this new whole-body unidirectional moving scanner is a very convenient device for whole body studies and can also be used for large scintigraphies.", "PMID": 111938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_9999", "title": "Serum kinetics of doxycycline polyphosphate in dogs.", "content": "Serum kinetics of Doxycycline polyphosphate (DPP) have been studied in dogs after oral administration of 10 mg.kg-1 by measurement of total serum concentration (Ct) of tetracycline derivatives by a chemical assay and active concentration (Ca) by a microbiological method. Kinetics have been studied using a one compartment open model with absorption by oral route. DPP is rapidly absorbed, the peak serum level is reached three hours after absorption and slowly eliminated (elimination half-life = 12 hours). The main differences observed between Ct and Ca kinetics are in the values of the areas under the curves (AUC) and the peak serum level. The values obtained for these parameters for Ca kinetics were found to be 50% of those obtained for Ct, the volumes of distribution being in inverse proportion. These results are in a good agreement with the correlation and linear regression observed between Ca and Ct showing that 55% of total serum Doxycycline possesses immediate antibacterial activity. It is postulated that this difference between Ct and Ca kinetics is essentially a reflection of the ratios of bound and free drug. Similar results were obtained with the finished pharmaceutical form except for a 15% increase of AUC indicating improvement of the bioavailability of the drug.", "contents": "Serum kinetics of doxycycline polyphosphate in dogs. Serum kinetics of Doxycycline polyphosphate (DPP) have been studied in dogs after oral administration of 10 mg.kg-1 by measurement of total serum concentration (Ct) of tetracycline derivatives by a chemical assay and active concentration (Ca) by a microbiological method. Kinetics have been studied using a one compartment open model with absorption by oral route. DPP is rapidly absorbed, the peak serum level is reached three hours after absorption and slowly eliminated (elimination half-life = 12 hours). The main differences observed between Ct and Ca kinetics are in the values of the areas under the curves (AUC) and the peak serum level. The values obtained for these parameters for Ca kinetics were found to be 50% of those obtained for Ct, the volumes of distribution being in inverse proportion. These results are in a good agreement with the correlation and linear regression observed between Ca and Ct showing that 55% of total serum Doxycycline possesses immediate antibacterial activity. It is postulated that this difference between Ct and Ca kinetics is essentially a reflection of the ratios of bound and free drug. Similar results were obtained with the finished pharmaceutical form except for a 15% increase of AUC indicating improvement of the bioavailability of the drug.", "PMID": 111939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10000", "title": "Therapeutic effects of pindolol and nifedipine in patients with stable angina pectoris and asymptomatic resting ischemia.", "content": "A single blind randomized parallel study designed to assess the anti-anginal efficacy of pindolol and nifedipine was carried out in 42 ambulatory coronary patients with stable angina pectoris. Drug efficacy was assessed in terms of (a) pain, (b) frequency of anginal episodes, (c) nitroglycerin consumption, (d) exercise tolerance and (e) ST-segment changes. The effect of these drugs on asymptomatic resting myocardial ischemia was also assessed by means of 24-h dynamic electrocardiography (DCG). All patients were checked at weekly intervals. At the end of a 4-wk placebo period, the patients were randomly assigned either to the pindolol or nifedipine group. The treatment lasted for 45 days. During the placebo period, ischemic ECG changes and symptoms of coronary insufficiency were detected in all patients. Furthermore, 12 out of 42 patients had asymptomatic myocardial ischemia at rest. One patient from each group was dropped because of tolerance. At the end of the 45-day study, pindolol and nifedipine were equi-effective on spontaneous and effort-related angina. There were, however, some differences: increased tolerance to exercise appeared earlier with pindolol: the pindolol group showed a slightly reduced while the nifedipine group showed a slightly increased heart rate. Furthermore, nifedipine reduced or eliminated asymptomatic myocardial ischemia in 6 out of 7 patients while only 1 out of 5 improved in the pindolol group.", "contents": "Therapeutic effects of pindolol and nifedipine in patients with stable angina pectoris and asymptomatic resting ischemia. A single blind randomized parallel study designed to assess the anti-anginal efficacy of pindolol and nifedipine was carried out in 42 ambulatory coronary patients with stable angina pectoris. Drug efficacy was assessed in terms of (a) pain, (b) frequency of anginal episodes, (c) nitroglycerin consumption, (d) exercise tolerance and (e) ST-segment changes. The effect of these drugs on asymptomatic resting myocardial ischemia was also assessed by means of 24-h dynamic electrocardiography (DCG). All patients were checked at weekly intervals. At the end of a 4-wk placebo period, the patients were randomly assigned either to the pindolol or nifedipine group. The treatment lasted for 45 days. During the placebo period, ischemic ECG changes and symptoms of coronary insufficiency were detected in all patients. Furthermore, 12 out of 42 patients had asymptomatic myocardial ischemia at rest. One patient from each group was dropped because of tolerance. At the end of the 45-day study, pindolol and nifedipine were equi-effective on spontaneous and effort-related angina. There were, however, some differences: increased tolerance to exercise appeared earlier with pindolol: the pindolol group showed a slightly reduced while the nifedipine group showed a slightly increased heart rate. Furthermore, nifedipine reduced or eliminated asymptomatic myocardial ischemia in 6 out of 7 patients while only 1 out of 5 improved in the pindolol group.", "PMID": 111940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10001", "title": "Pituitary hormones and the small bowel: effect of hypophysectomy on intestinal adaptation to small bowel resection in the rat.", "content": "The influence of pituitary hormones on intestinal adaptation to small bowel resection was studied by examining jejunal and ileal structure and function in control and in sham-operated rats, and in animals with 50% proximal or distal resection which were divided into three main groups: normally-fed, hypophysectomized. and pair-fed. The pituitary was removed 2 weeks before intestinal surgery and gut structure and function were studied 4 weeks later. The effectiveness of hypophysectomy was confirmed by histological examination of the aspirated pituitary, and by showing a significant subsequent reduction in weight of the testes and adrenals. Food intake and body weight fell significantly after removing the pituitary; intestinal surgery caused a transient further decrease in food intake. Measurements of intestinal villus height and crypt depth, indices of mucosal mass (mucosal wet weight, protein and DNA content/cm intestine), measurements of mucosal alpha-glucosidase activity, and in vivo galactose absorption/unit length of intestine all showed comparable results. In rats with an intact intestine, resection resulted in mucosal hyperplasia and increased segmental absorption. Following hypophysectomy, there was marked mucosal hypoplasia and hypofunction which seemed to be due largely to associated hypophagia since comparable changes were found in the pair-fed, sham-operated rats. However following pituitary removal, both distal jejunum and proximal ileum retained their capacity to regenerate though the magnitude of this adaptive change was much greater in the resected, pair-fed rats suggesting that hypophagia alone cannot explain the diminished adaptation to resection after hypophysectomy. By inference, pituitary hormones do influence the adaptive response to resection.", "contents": "Pituitary hormones and the small bowel: effect of hypophysectomy on intestinal adaptation to small bowel resection in the rat. The influence of pituitary hormones on intestinal adaptation to small bowel resection was studied by examining jejunal and ileal structure and function in control and in sham-operated rats, and in animals with 50% proximal or distal resection which were divided into three main groups: normally-fed, hypophysectomized. and pair-fed. The pituitary was removed 2 weeks before intestinal surgery and gut structure and function were studied 4 weeks later. The effectiveness of hypophysectomy was confirmed by histological examination of the aspirated pituitary, and by showing a significant subsequent reduction in weight of the testes and adrenals. Food intake and body weight fell significantly after removing the pituitary; intestinal surgery caused a transient further decrease in food intake. Measurements of intestinal villus height and crypt depth, indices of mucosal mass (mucosal wet weight, protein and DNA content/cm intestine), measurements of mucosal alpha-glucosidase activity, and in vivo galactose absorption/unit length of intestine all showed comparable results. In rats with an intact intestine, resection resulted in mucosal hyperplasia and increased segmental absorption. Following hypophysectomy, there was marked mucosal hypoplasia and hypofunction which seemed to be due largely to associated hypophagia since comparable changes were found in the pair-fed, sham-operated rats. However following pituitary removal, both distal jejunum and proximal ileum retained their capacity to regenerate though the magnitude of this adaptive change was much greater in the resected, pair-fed rats suggesting that hypophagia alone cannot explain the diminished adaptation to resection after hypophysectomy. By inference, pituitary hormones do influence the adaptive response to resection.", "PMID": 111942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10002", "title": "Impaired feedback control of fat induced gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) secretion by insulin in obesity and glucose intolerance.", "content": "To investigate the role of endogenous insulin on the secretion of immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IR-GIP) the response of IR-GIP and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) to an oral fat load (100 g triglyceride) alone and during an intravenous glucose infusion (0.7 g/kg/h) was examined in normal weight and obese subjects. In normal weight subjects the fat induced integrated rise of IR-GIP was 112.7 +/- 9.4 ng/ml/120 min. When glucose and fat were given together this IR-GIP response was lowered to 46.2 +/- 2.9 ng/ml/120 min while the serum IRI response to i.v. glucose and the glucose tolerance were enhanced by fat ingestion. In obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance the GIP suppressing effect of i.v. glucose infusion was less marked than in controls. The integrated IR-GIP response to fat ingestion was 225.6 +/- 20.3 mg/ml/120 min and to fat plus glucose 152.6 +/- 14.8 ng/ml/120 min. In obese subjects with glucose intolerance i.v. glucose completely failed to lower the exaggerated secretion of IR-GIP following oral fat. Thus, a graded abnormality of the GIP response to glucose induced insulin release occurs in obesity with normal and pathological glucose tolerance. After reducing the ideal body weight of six obese subjects with glucose intolerance by hypocaloric diet for 3 weeks the exaggerated rise of IR-GIP after oral fat was reversed and the lowering effect of i.v. glucose on the IR-GIP response re-established.", "contents": "Impaired feedback control of fat induced gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) secretion by insulin in obesity and glucose intolerance. To investigate the role of endogenous insulin on the secretion of immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IR-GIP) the response of IR-GIP and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) to an oral fat load (100 g triglyceride) alone and during an intravenous glucose infusion (0.7 g/kg/h) was examined in normal weight and obese subjects. In normal weight subjects the fat induced integrated rise of IR-GIP was 112.7 +/- 9.4 ng/ml/120 min. When glucose and fat were given together this IR-GIP response was lowered to 46.2 +/- 2.9 ng/ml/120 min while the serum IRI response to i.v. glucose and the glucose tolerance were enhanced by fat ingestion. In obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance the GIP suppressing effect of i.v. glucose infusion was less marked than in controls. The integrated IR-GIP response to fat ingestion was 225.6 +/- 20.3 mg/ml/120 min and to fat plus glucose 152.6 +/- 14.8 ng/ml/120 min. In obese subjects with glucose intolerance i.v. glucose completely failed to lower the exaggerated secretion of IR-GIP following oral fat. Thus, a graded abnormality of the GIP response to glucose induced insulin release occurs in obesity with normal and pathological glucose tolerance. After reducing the ideal body weight of six obese subjects with glucose intolerance by hypocaloric diet for 3 weeks the exaggerated rise of IR-GIP after oral fat was reversed and the lowering effect of i.v. glucose on the IR-GIP response re-established.", "PMID": 111943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10003", "title": "Polymyalgia arteritica: a clinical review.", "content": "In a series of thirty-seven consecutive patients with polymyalgia arteritica, twenty-five had polymyalgia rheumatica and twelve had cranial arteritis. Some failed to respond promptly to low doses of prednisolone and it is recommended that the initial dose should be in the order of 40 mg daily. An ESR above 40 mm in the first hour was present in four patients 3 months after admission; three were found to have rheumatoid disease and one pulmonary tuberculosis. Symptomatic relapses occurred in fourteen patients on twenty-one occasions and all responded to an increase in the daily dose of maintenance prednisolone. Most occurred in the first year and were attributable to an excessively rapid reduction in steroid therapy. Relapses occurring in patients on a stable dose of prednisolone were commonly associated with the development of rheumatoid disease. In elderly patients who have relapsed, or who have had arteritic complications, life-long prednisolone therapy appears justifiable.", "contents": "Polymyalgia arteritica: a clinical review. In a series of thirty-seven consecutive patients with polymyalgia arteritica, twenty-five had polymyalgia rheumatica and twelve had cranial arteritis. Some failed to respond promptly to low doses of prednisolone and it is recommended that the initial dose should be in the order of 40 mg daily. An ESR above 40 mm in the first hour was present in four patients 3 months after admission; three were found to have rheumatoid disease and one pulmonary tuberculosis. Symptomatic relapses occurred in fourteen patients on twenty-one occasions and all responded to an increase in the daily dose of maintenance prednisolone. Most occurred in the first year and were attributable to an excessively rapid reduction in steroid therapy. Relapses occurring in patients on a stable dose of prednisolone were commonly associated with the development of rheumatoid disease. In elderly patients who have relapsed, or who have had arteritic complications, life-long prednisolone therapy appears justifiable.", "PMID": 111944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10004", "title": "Inhibition of gastrin secretion by hypertonic solutions in patients with pernicious anaemia and duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Serum gastrin increased in patients with pernicious anaemia after a beef-meal, but decreased after an oral load of glucose, xylose or sodium chloride. 50 g of glucose and 25 or 75 g of xylose suppressed serum gastrin to approximately 40% of basal values at 60 min and were slightly more effective than 10 g of sodium chloride. There was no rise in beef-meal stimulated serum gastrin concentration in vagotomized patients and only a slight rise in two patients with duodenal ulcer when an oral dose of 10 g of sodium chloride was given together with the beef-meal. 25 g of xylose suppressed basal serum gastrin concentration significantly in six vagotomized patients. Nasal administration of small amounts of vasopressin decreased basal serum gastrin significantly in six vagotomized patients. Nasal administration of small amounts of vasopressin decreased basal serum gastrin significantly in all subjects examined. Further studies indicated, however, that vasopressin was only effective when pharmacological plasma concenten orally and intraduodenally were compared in six patients with pernicious anaemia. Serum gastrin concentration decreased approximately to the same extent in both experiments. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of glucose on gastrin secretion most likely is mediated hormonally via osmo-receptors located in the small intestine.", "contents": "Inhibition of gastrin secretion by hypertonic solutions in patients with pernicious anaemia and duodenal ulcer. Serum gastrin increased in patients with pernicious anaemia after a beef-meal, but decreased after an oral load of glucose, xylose or sodium chloride. 50 g of glucose and 25 or 75 g of xylose suppressed serum gastrin to approximately 40% of basal values at 60 min and were slightly more effective than 10 g of sodium chloride. There was no rise in beef-meal stimulated serum gastrin concentration in vagotomized patients and only a slight rise in two patients with duodenal ulcer when an oral dose of 10 g of sodium chloride was given together with the beef-meal. 25 g of xylose suppressed basal serum gastrin concentration significantly in six vagotomized patients. Nasal administration of small amounts of vasopressin decreased basal serum gastrin significantly in six vagotomized patients. Nasal administration of small amounts of vasopressin decreased basal serum gastrin significantly in all subjects examined. Further studies indicated, however, that vasopressin was only effective when pharmacological plasma concenten orally and intraduodenally were compared in six patients with pernicious anaemia. Serum gastrin concentration decreased approximately to the same extent in both experiments. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of glucose on gastrin secretion most likely is mediated hormonally via osmo-receptors located in the small intestine.", "PMID": 111945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10005", "title": "Effect of hyperglycaemia-induced hyperosmolality on heart function in the dog.", "content": "Changes in myocardial water content, left ventricular diastolic stiffness, cardiac performance, coronary blood flow, myocardial contractile force, rate of change of myocardial force, and peak acceleration of the aortic volume flow were examined in twenty-five dogs during glucose-induced hyperosmolality before and after pancreatectomy, the latter with and without insulin treatment. Glucose-induced hyperosmolality accounted for myocardial dehydration, increased diastolic stiffness and consequent decrease of left ventricular performance only in the absence of insulin, while coronary blood flow, myocardial contractile force, rate of change of myocardial force and peak acceleration of the aortic volume flow increased independently from the presence or absence of insulin during the glucose-induced hyperosmolality. These findings suggest that the frequent development of heart failure in hyperosmolar diabetic coma could partly be explained by myocardial dehydration and by the consequent decrease in left ventricular compliance and performance.", "contents": "Effect of hyperglycaemia-induced hyperosmolality on heart function in the dog. Changes in myocardial water content, left ventricular diastolic stiffness, cardiac performance, coronary blood flow, myocardial contractile force, rate of change of myocardial force, and peak acceleration of the aortic volume flow were examined in twenty-five dogs during glucose-induced hyperosmolality before and after pancreatectomy, the latter with and without insulin treatment. Glucose-induced hyperosmolality accounted for myocardial dehydration, increased diastolic stiffness and consequent decrease of left ventricular performance only in the absence of insulin, while coronary blood flow, myocardial contractile force, rate of change of myocardial force and peak acceleration of the aortic volume flow increased independently from the presence or absence of insulin during the glucose-induced hyperosmolality. These findings suggest that the frequent development of heart failure in hyperosmolar diabetic coma could partly be explained by myocardial dehydration and by the consequent decrease in left ventricular compliance and performance.", "PMID": 111946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10006", "title": "Differential effects of fibroblast and leucocyte interferon in HBsAg positive chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "Six patients with hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B 'e' antigen positive chronic active hepatitis, and elevated hepatitis B specific DNA polymerase activity were treated sequentially with fibroblast and leucocyte interferon. Fibroblast interferon induced a fall in serum transaminase activities in all patients, whereas a consistent decline in DNA polymerase activity was observed during leucocyte interferon administration only. After treatment one patient remained persistently DNA polymerase and hepatitis B 'e' antigen negative, whereas relapse to initial values occurred in others. Side effects included severe but reversible granulocytopenia, and chills responding to promethazine treatment. The differential biologies with their non-identity in in vitro studies.", "contents": "Differential effects of fibroblast and leucocyte interferon in HBsAg positive chronic active hepatitis. Six patients with hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B 'e' antigen positive chronic active hepatitis, and elevated hepatitis B specific DNA polymerase activity were treated sequentially with fibroblast and leucocyte interferon. Fibroblast interferon induced a fall in serum transaminase activities in all patients, whereas a consistent decline in DNA polymerase activity was observed during leucocyte interferon administration only. After treatment one patient remained persistently DNA polymerase and hepatitis B 'e' antigen negative, whereas relapse to initial values occurred in others. Side effects included severe but reversible granulocytopenia, and chills responding to promethazine treatment. The differential biologies with their non-identity in in vitro studies.", "PMID": 111947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10007", "title": "Effects of weight reduction on squalene, methyl sterols and cholesterol and on their synthesis in human adipose tissue.", "content": "Quantitation of cholesterol and its precursors from human adipose tissue biopsies revealed very high squalene and moderately high methyl sterol concentrations. The squalene and cholesterol values were correlated with each other. Weight reduction in obese subjects following a jejuno-ileal bypass resulted in a significant but transient increase in adipose tissue cholesterol. The squalene concentration was also increased postoperatively, the maximum being reached about 6 months later than that of cholesterol as if the mobilization of squalene from shrunken adipocytes had been slow. Weight reduction with a 2--14 day total fast significantly reduced the adipocyte size but had no consistent effect on adipose tissue squalene, methyl sterol and cholesterol concentrations or on their adipocyte contents. Incubation of adipose tissue with labelled acetate and mevalonate revealed that the bulk of the labels in non-saponifiable lipids stayed in the large intermediate pools of methyl sterols and squalene in particular, fairly little being found in the cholesterol fraction itself. The total fast inhibited the incorporation of both 14C-acetate and 3H-mevalonate to squalene, methyl sterols and cholesterol, suggesting that cholesterol synthesis was inhibited before and after the mevalonate step.", "contents": "Effects of weight reduction on squalene, methyl sterols and cholesterol and on their synthesis in human adipose tissue. Quantitation of cholesterol and its precursors from human adipose tissue biopsies revealed very high squalene and moderately high methyl sterol concentrations. The squalene and cholesterol values were correlated with each other. Weight reduction in obese subjects following a jejuno-ileal bypass resulted in a significant but transient increase in adipose tissue cholesterol. The squalene concentration was also increased postoperatively, the maximum being reached about 6 months later than that of cholesterol as if the mobilization of squalene from shrunken adipocytes had been slow. Weight reduction with a 2--14 day total fast significantly reduced the adipocyte size but had no consistent effect on adipose tissue squalene, methyl sterol and cholesterol concentrations or on their adipocyte contents. Incubation of adipose tissue with labelled acetate and mevalonate revealed that the bulk of the labels in non-saponifiable lipids stayed in the large intermediate pools of methyl sterols and squalene in particular, fairly little being found in the cholesterol fraction itself. The total fast inhibited the incorporation of both 14C-acetate and 3H-mevalonate to squalene, methyl sterols and cholesterol, suggesting that cholesterol synthesis was inhibited before and after the mevalonate step.", "PMID": 111948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10008", "title": "Beneficial effects of colchicine in experimental nephrotoxic serum nephritis in the rat.", "content": "Glomerulonephritis was induced in rats by multiple injections of rabbit anti-rat kidney serum. Colchicine was administered daily for 4 months to nephrotoxic serum treated rats and untreated control animals. Nephritic rats receiving colchicine had significantly less proteinuria and less glomerular damage than unprotected nephritis animals. A possible role for colchicine in the early treatment of human glomerulonephritis is suggested.", "contents": "Beneficial effects of colchicine in experimental nephrotoxic serum nephritis in the rat. Glomerulonephritis was induced in rats by multiple injections of rabbit anti-rat kidney serum. Colchicine was administered daily for 4 months to nephrotoxic serum treated rats and untreated control animals. Nephritic rats receiving colchicine had significantly less proteinuria and less glomerular damage than unprotected nephritis animals. A possible role for colchicine in the early treatment of human glomerulonephritis is suggested.", "PMID": 111949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10009", "title": "Kinetics of escape from suppression of Ig heavy chain allotypes in multiheterozygous rabbits.", "content": "Three rabbits of genotype a1n81f73g74/a2n82f71g75 which had been injected at birth with anti-a l (VH) antiserum and which were previously shown to be suppressed for the paternal allotypes a 1, n81, f73 and g74 at 8 weeks of age, were monitored over a 2-year period for the concentration of suppressed and nonsuppressed allotypes in their sera. In all three suppressed animals, the f73 (C alpha) and g 74 (C alpha) allotypes were expressed again at a much greater rate than the a1 (VH) and n81 (C mu) allotypes. In one suppressed animal, the a l (VH) allotype was re-expressed at a much greater rate than the n81 (C mu) allotype and reflected primarily the reappearance of a l IgG. Thus, the escape from allotype suppression in this animal was in the order IgA, IgG, IgM which is the reverse of the order of appearance of these Ig classes during ontogeny. While the al(VH) and n81 (C mu) allotyes remained suppressed, the f73 (C alpha) and g74 (C alpha) allotypes were re-expressed to the same concentration as in the unsuppressed controls, and no compensatory decrease of the f71 and g75 allotypes occurred. During the re-expression of the f73 and g74 allotypes, the ratio of the concentrations of f73/g74 remained approximately constant.", "contents": "Kinetics of escape from suppression of Ig heavy chain allotypes in multiheterozygous rabbits. Three rabbits of genotype a1n81f73g74/a2n82f71g75 which had been injected at birth with anti-a l (VH) antiserum and which were previously shown to be suppressed for the paternal allotypes a 1, n81, f73 and g74 at 8 weeks of age, were monitored over a 2-year period for the concentration of suppressed and nonsuppressed allotypes in their sera. In all three suppressed animals, the f73 (C alpha) and g 74 (C alpha) allotypes were expressed again at a much greater rate than the a1 (VH) and n81 (C mu) allotypes. In one suppressed animal, the a l (VH) allotype was re-expressed at a much greater rate than the n81 (C mu) allotype and reflected primarily the reappearance of a l IgG. Thus, the escape from allotype suppression in this animal was in the order IgA, IgG, IgM which is the reverse of the order of appearance of these Ig classes during ontogeny. While the al(VH) and n81 (C mu) allotyes remained suppressed, the f73 (C alpha) and g74 (C alpha) allotypes were re-expressed to the same concentration as in the unsuppressed controls, and no compensatory decrease of the f71 and g75 allotypes occurred. During the re-expression of the f73 and g74 allotypes, the ratio of the concentrations of f73/g74 remained approximately constant.", "PMID": 111951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10010", "title": "Disodium cromoglycate: a novel gastric antiulcer agent?", "content": "The influence of oral pretreatment with disodium cromoglycate (2.5 or 5 mg/kg X 9 doses) on the 4-h gastric effects of i.p. injected reserpine (5 mg/kg) was examined in rats. Disodium cromoglycate markedly prevented reserpine-induced ulceration, mucosal mast cell degranulation and superficial mucosal microcirculatory changes in the glandular portion of the stomach wall. These interesting results points to the possibility that disodium cromoglycate may also have gastric antiulcer effects in man.", "contents": "Disodium cromoglycate: a novel gastric antiulcer agent? The influence of oral pretreatment with disodium cromoglycate (2.5 or 5 mg/kg X 9 doses) on the 4-h gastric effects of i.p. injected reserpine (5 mg/kg) was examined in rats. Disodium cromoglycate markedly prevented reserpine-induced ulceration, mucosal mast cell degranulation and superficial mucosal microcirculatory changes in the glandular portion of the stomach wall. These interesting results points to the possibility that disodium cromoglycate may also have gastric antiulcer effects in man.", "PMID": 111954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10011", "title": "The afferents and projections of the ventroposterolateral thalamus in the monkey.", "content": "In seven monkeys (M. fascicularis), recordings were made from neurones in subnuclei VPLo and VPLc of the thalamus. The peripheral inputs to these cells from the forelimb were established by stimulating muscle, skin and joint nerves, and cutaneous receptive fields were examined by natural stimulation of the skin. The projection of the same cells to motor and sensory cortex was examined by stimulation of the cortex to demonstrate antidromic responses and by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into these regions of cortex. Of the 139 neurones which were driven by stimulation of peripheral nerves, 73 were located in VPLo. This suggests that there is a significant projection of forelimb afferents to VPLo in the monkey. Of the 73 neurones located in VPLo, 60 responsed to stimualtion of muscle or joint nerves. The projection to VPLo is therefore predominantly from deep receptors. Twenty-one of these 73 neurones had convergent inputs. The latencies of activation of units in VPLo were short (4--8 ms) and consistent with a lemniscal pathway via the dorsal column nuclei. Injection of horseradish peroxidase into the arm area of the motor cortex labelled cells in VPLo and not in VPLc. The neurones from which recordings were made in VPLo were located within the population of cells labelled with horseradish peroxidase after injections into the primary motor area. This suggests that this subnucleus is the thalamic relay for the sensory input from peripheral receptors to cells of the motor cortex.", "contents": "The afferents and projections of the ventroposterolateral thalamus in the monkey. In seven monkeys (M. fascicularis), recordings were made from neurones in subnuclei VPLo and VPLc of the thalamus. The peripheral inputs to these cells from the forelimb were established by stimulating muscle, skin and joint nerves, and cutaneous receptive fields were examined by natural stimulation of the skin. The projection of the same cells to motor and sensory cortex was examined by stimulation of the cortex to demonstrate antidromic responses and by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into these regions of cortex. Of the 139 neurones which were driven by stimulation of peripheral nerves, 73 were located in VPLo. This suggests that there is a significant projection of forelimb afferents to VPLo in the monkey. Of the 73 neurones located in VPLo, 60 responsed to stimualtion of muscle or joint nerves. The projection to VPLo is therefore predominantly from deep receptors. Twenty-one of these 73 neurones had convergent inputs. The latencies of activation of units in VPLo were short (4--8 ms) and consistent with a lemniscal pathway via the dorsal column nuclei. Injection of horseradish peroxidase into the arm area of the motor cortex labelled cells in VPLo and not in VPLc. The neurones from which recordings were made in VPLo were located within the population of cells labelled with horseradish peroxidase after injections into the primary motor area. This suggests that this subnucleus is the thalamic relay for the sensory input from peripheral receptors to cells of the motor cortex.", "PMID": 111956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10012", "title": "[Brodmann's area 18 and area 19].", "content": "This article, written on the 60th anniversary of Korbinian Brodmann's death, discusses his schematic cytoarchitectonic chart of the cerebral cortex in relation to the brain sections from which it was derived and draws attention to the discrepancies between the two.", "contents": "[Brodmann's area 18 and area 19]. This article, written on the 60th anniversary of Korbinian Brodmann's death, discusses his schematic cytoarchitectonic chart of the cerebral cortex in relation to the brain sections from which it was derived and draws attention to the discrepancies between the two.", "PMID": 111957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10013", "title": "The sparing effect of dose-fractionation in adult Drosophila.", "content": "The sparing effect of dose-fractionation was observed in adult male and female Drosophila melanogaster; 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-h-old female flies, in general, show a higher recovery (increase in life-span) following dose-fractionation as compared to the males of the respective age. Recovery in 72-h-old females is maximal (31% increase in life-span) as against only 12% increase in the life span of the males.", "contents": "The sparing effect of dose-fractionation in adult Drosophila. The sparing effect of dose-fractionation was observed in adult male and female Drosophila melanogaster; 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-h-old female flies, in general, show a higher recovery (increase in life-span) following dose-fractionation as compared to the males of the respective age. Recovery in 72-h-old females is maximal (31% increase in life-span) as against only 12% increase in the life span of the males.", "PMID": 111963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10014", "title": "Anticonvulsant action of YG 19-256 in baboons with photosensitive epilepsy.", "content": "YG 19-256, 4-(1,3,4,9b-tetrahydro-5 methyl-2H-indeno[1,2-c]pyridine-2-yl)-2-butanone methane sulphonate, 1-3 mg/kg i.v., abolished or reduced photically-induced myoclonic responses for 1.5-6.5 h in baboons, Papio papio, without producing signs of acute neurological toxicity.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant action of YG 19-256 in baboons with photosensitive epilepsy. YG 19-256, 4-(1,3,4,9b-tetrahydro-5 methyl-2H-indeno[1,2-c]pyridine-2-yl)-2-butanone methane sulphonate, 1-3 mg/kg i.v., abolished or reduced photically-induced myoclonic responses for 1.5-6.5 h in baboons, Papio papio, without producing signs of acute neurological toxicity.", "PMID": 111964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10015", "title": "Enhancement by caffeine of sister-chromatid exchange frequency induced by antineoplastic agents in human lymphocytes.", "content": "The SCE frequency induced by Thiotepa and the effect of this antineoplastic drug in combination with caffeine have been studied in cultures of human peripheral blood. Caffeine was found to enchance SCE and breakage frequencies induced by Thiotepa in human lymphocytes.", "contents": "Enhancement by caffeine of sister-chromatid exchange frequency induced by antineoplastic agents in human lymphocytes. The SCE frequency induced by Thiotepa and the effect of this antineoplastic drug in combination with caffeine have been studied in cultures of human peripheral blood. Caffeine was found to enchance SCE and breakage frequencies induced by Thiotepa in human lymphocytes.", "PMID": 111965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10016", "title": "The effect of protein-energy malnutrition on appositional bone growth in the rat.", "content": "During protein-energy malnutrition appositional bone growth in the seventh caudal vertebra of the rat slows and finally ceases. During rehabilitation appositional growth begins agains and attains a rate in excess of that of the controls. This may account for alterations in skeletal proportions resulting from malnutrition.", "contents": "The effect of protein-energy malnutrition on appositional bone growth in the rat. During protein-energy malnutrition appositional bone growth in the seventh caudal vertebra of the rat slows and finally ceases. During rehabilitation appositional growth begins agains and attains a rate in excess of that of the controls. This may account for alterations in skeletal proportions resulting from malnutrition.", "PMID": 111966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10017", "title": "Prolactin response to TRH after intravenous cimetidine.", "content": "Cimetidine administered intravenously to six healthy volunteers caused a significant increase in plasma prolactin response to TRH. The meaning of these results and their relation with the physiological role of histamine H2-receptors in the control of prolactin secretion is discussed.", "contents": "Prolactin response to TRH after intravenous cimetidine. Cimetidine administered intravenously to six healthy volunteers caused a significant increase in plasma prolactin response to TRH. The meaning of these results and their relation with the physiological role of histamine H2-receptors in the control of prolactin secretion is discussed.", "PMID": 111967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10018", "title": "The interaction of ligands with enzymes. A starting point in drug design.", "content": "The problem of inhibiting a specific enzyme of a pathogen without inhibiting the corresponding enzyme of the host is one which has intrigued medicinal chemists for years. While it is easy to find potent inhibitors of purified enzymes transforming these inhibitors into effective drugs, it still is a very poorly understood business. This report discusses studies with two enzymes, papain and dihydrofolate reductase, and the nonspecific (phi and MR correlated) interaction of ligands with them. The QSAR which has been developed for the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase by triazines is compared with the QSAR which has been reported for the same inhibitors acting against S. aureus.", "contents": "The interaction of ligands with enzymes. A starting point in drug design. The problem of inhibiting a specific enzyme of a pathogen without inhibiting the corresponding enzyme of the host is one which has intrigued medicinal chemists for years. While it is easy to find potent inhibitors of purified enzymes transforming these inhibitors into effective drugs, it still is a very poorly understood business. This report discusses studies with two enzymes, papain and dihydrofolate reductase, and the nonspecific (phi and MR correlated) interaction of ligands with them. The QSAR which has been developed for the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase by triazines is compared with the QSAR which has been reported for the same inhibitors acting against S. aureus.", "PMID": 111968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10019", "title": "[Studies on growth hormone secretion in starved rats under urethane anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Adult male wistar rats averaging 200 g each were subjected to food removal for 1--6 days or fed ad libitum throughout (controls). Plasma GH levels and pituitary GH contents were measured by radioimmunoassay. The GH responses to intravenous injection of TRH (2.5 microgram/100 g B.W.), PGE1(5 microgram/100 g B.W.), LH-RH (1 microgram/100 g B.W.) and Chlorpromazine (CPZ, 100 microgram/100 g B.W.) were tested under urethane anesthesia. Circulating GH levels were significantly increased by prolonged starvation, while pituitary GH contents progressively decreased with increased periods of starvation. In addition, following the TRH administration, plasma GH levels increased in starved rats compared to the control rats. A similar effect was also observed with PGE1. In contrast, the administration of CPZ, which was reported to act at the hypothalamic level, failed to potentiate GH release in starved rats under urethane anesthesia. These observations suggest an increased susceptibility of starved rats to urethane anesthesia with the administration of TRH and PGE1 in the GH secretory mechanism. In addition, the fact that no further potentiation of GH release was observed by CPZ treatment may indicate an abnormality of the hypothalamic dopaminergic mechanism in starved animals.", "contents": "[Studies on growth hormone secretion in starved rats under urethane anesthesia (author's transl)]. Adult male wistar rats averaging 200 g each were subjected to food removal for 1--6 days or fed ad libitum throughout (controls). Plasma GH levels and pituitary GH contents were measured by radioimmunoassay. The GH responses to intravenous injection of TRH (2.5 microgram/100 g B.W.), PGE1(5 microgram/100 g B.W.), LH-RH (1 microgram/100 g B.W.) and Chlorpromazine (CPZ, 100 microgram/100 g B.W.) were tested under urethane anesthesia. Circulating GH levels were significantly increased by prolonged starvation, while pituitary GH contents progressively decreased with increased periods of starvation. In addition, following the TRH administration, plasma GH levels increased in starved rats compared to the control rats. A similar effect was also observed with PGE1. In contrast, the administration of CPZ, which was reported to act at the hypothalamic level, failed to potentiate GH release in starved rats under urethane anesthesia. These observations suggest an increased susceptibility of starved rats to urethane anesthesia with the administration of TRH and PGE1 in the GH secretory mechanism. In addition, the fact that no further potentiation of GH release was observed by CPZ treatment may indicate an abnormality of the hypothalamic dopaminergic mechanism in starved animals.", "PMID": 111974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10020", "title": "Effect of hormones and related compounds on the multiplication of Tetrahymena.", "content": "The vertebrate hormone triiodothyronine, the commonly occurring animal and plant hormone serotonin, and the plant alkaloid gramine, chemically related to the latter, stimulated the multiplication of Tetrahymena. Neither epinephrine nor gibberellin had such an effect. These experimental observations support the previous suggestion that unicellular animals possess structures capable of responding to certain hormones, which do not seem to elicit specific responses of the unicellular animal, but rather act through the activation of certain general functions.", "contents": "Effect of hormones and related compounds on the multiplication of Tetrahymena. The vertebrate hormone triiodothyronine, the commonly occurring animal and plant hormone serotonin, and the plant alkaloid gramine, chemically related to the latter, stimulated the multiplication of Tetrahymena. Neither epinephrine nor gibberellin had such an effect. These experimental observations support the previous suggestion that unicellular animals possess structures capable of responding to certain hormones, which do not seem to elicit specific responses of the unicellular animal, but rather act through the activation of certain general functions.", "PMID": 111976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10021", "title": "Combination of attenuated measles vaccine (Schwarz) with meningococcus A and A + C vaccine.", "content": "There is an obvious interest in a combined meningococcus-measles vaccine since the two diseases are widespread and serious in Third World countries among children under five years of age. The purpose of our study was to show the safety and effectiveness of such a combined preparation. The study covered 110 children between 8 months and 4 years of age who were followed systematically in a maternal child health center in the Paris area. Only 93 of them were checked before and after the immunization. The serologic titrations by the hemagglutination assay (IHA) for measles, and by radioimmunological assay (RIA) for meningococcus A and C showed that the Schwarz strain measles vaccine combined with meningococcus A or the association A+C does not interfere with the increase of A or C titers. 100% of the children showed a seroconversion equal to or less than 2 micrograms per ml, in the case of meningococcus A, as well as for C, regardless of age. Furthermore, 88% of the subjects showed a titer greater than or equal to 4 micrograms for the meningococcus A and 79% for C. On the other hand, meningococcus A or the association A+C seem to depress measles vaccine activity. Nevertheless, more than 80% of the children tested showed seroconversion when the measles vaccine was combined with meningococcus A, and only 69% when combined with meningococcus A and C.", "contents": "Combination of attenuated measles vaccine (Schwarz) with meningococcus A and A + C vaccine. There is an obvious interest in a combined meningococcus-measles vaccine since the two diseases are widespread and serious in Third World countries among children under five years of age. The purpose of our study was to show the safety and effectiveness of such a combined preparation. The study covered 110 children between 8 months and 4 years of age who were followed systematically in a maternal child health center in the Paris area. Only 93 of them were checked before and after the immunization. The serologic titrations by the hemagglutination assay (IHA) for measles, and by radioimmunological assay (RIA) for meningococcus A and C showed that the Schwarz strain measles vaccine combined with meningococcus A or the association A+C does not interfere with the increase of A or C titers. 100% of the children showed a seroconversion equal to or less than 2 micrograms per ml, in the case of meningococcus A, as well as for C, regardless of age. Furthermore, 88% of the subjects showed a titer greater than or equal to 4 micrograms for the meningococcus A and 79% for C. On the other hand, meningococcus A or the association A+C seem to depress measles vaccine activity. Nevertheless, more than 80% of the children tested showed seroconversion when the measles vaccine was combined with meningococcus A, and only 69% when combined with meningococcus A and C.", "PMID": 111980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10022", "title": "The expanded program in immunization. Ghana's experience.", "content": "The expanded programme on immunization feasibility studies is currently running into its second year of operations. The objectives of the study are to test the possibility of increased coverage using both fixed centre and mobile field teams for the vaccination of children under the age of 2 years against measles, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis and smallpox and also to test the immunological response to two doses of pertussis and two doses of oral polio. Reports so far indicate some success in the areas of training and manpower development as well as the development of the cold chain system which is considered to be the most important requirement for an efficient, expanded immunization programme. It goes without saying that the progress of the study has been marked by some technical, social and administrative constraints.", "contents": "The expanded program in immunization. Ghana's experience. The expanded programme on immunization feasibility studies is currently running into its second year of operations. The objectives of the study are to test the possibility of increased coverage using both fixed centre and mobile field teams for the vaccination of children under the age of 2 years against measles, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis and smallpox and also to test the immunological response to two doses of pertussis and two doses of oral polio. Reports so far indicate some success in the areas of training and manpower development as well as the development of the cold chain system which is considered to be the most important requirement for an efficient, expanded immunization programme. It goes without saying that the progress of the study has been marked by some technical, social and administrative constraints.", "PMID": 111981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10023", "title": "Tuberculosis in nonhuman primates as a threat to humans.", "content": "Nonhuman primates are used in many laboratories either as modest systems for studies of disease processes or as a source of these tissues for cell culture and vaccine production. Much too frequently, the health of these donor animals is taken for granted, although T.B. testing is one of the few procedures routinely performed. In spite of this screening, outbreaks of T.B. among various simian species are still sufficiently commonplace to make maintenance and use of these animals a continuing source of danger to the human population. Development of rampant fatal tuberculosis in established colony animals (chimpanzees, baboons, others) previously tested as tuberculin negative suggests the need for continuing monitoring as well as extreme caution in handling of these animals, especially at necropsy. Further, use of complete Freund's adjuvant or isoniazid either experimentally or therapeutically will obscure the interpretation of the skin test. Present lack of concern by many investigators for biohazards associated with use of nonhuman primates makes the problem of laboratory-associated infections a major source of concern. Positive conversion of animal handlers has occurred a sufficient number of times to make development of tuberculosis in a colony of animals a matter of more than academic interest.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in nonhuman primates as a threat to humans. Nonhuman primates are used in many laboratories either as modest systems for studies of disease processes or as a source of these tissues for cell culture and vaccine production. Much too frequently, the health of these donor animals is taken for granted, although T.B. testing is one of the few procedures routinely performed. In spite of this screening, outbreaks of T.B. among various simian species are still sufficiently commonplace to make maintenance and use of these animals a continuing source of danger to the human population. Development of rampant fatal tuberculosis in established colony animals (chimpanzees, baboons, others) previously tested as tuberculin negative suggests the need for continuing monitoring as well as extreme caution in handling of these animals, especially at necropsy. Further, use of complete Freund's adjuvant or isoniazid either experimentally or therapeutically will obscure the interpretation of the skin test. Present lack of concern by many investigators for biohazards associated with use of nonhuman primates makes the problem of laboratory-associated infections a major source of concern. Positive conversion of animal handlers has occurred a sufficient number of times to make development of tuberculosis in a colony of animals a matter of more than academic interest.", "PMID": 111982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10024", "title": "Studies on insulin secreted by isolated islets of the monkey, Macaca radiata radiata.", "content": "The effects of various experimental conditions during the isolation of monkey islets by the collagenase method on the insulinogenic response of the isolated islets to glucose have been studied and compared with rat islets isolated under similar conditions. The monkey islets gave a normal response for at least 120 min. The results are compared with available studies on primate islets.", "contents": "Studies on insulin secreted by isolated islets of the monkey, Macaca radiata radiata. The effects of various experimental conditions during the isolation of monkey islets by the collagenase method on the insulinogenic response of the isolated islets to glucose have been studied and compared with rat islets isolated under similar conditions. The monkey islets gave a normal response for at least 120 min. The results are compared with available studies on primate islets.", "PMID": 111984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10025", "title": "Prolactin response to TRH in diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "The prolactin response to 200 microgram thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) IV was studied in seven patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, at the start of the treatment, and again, in the same patients, five days after recovery, when the diabetes was well controlled. Normal basal prolactin concentrations and prolactin responses to TRH were found in both situations. There was no correlation between basal prolactin concentrations, or magnitude of prolactin responses to TRH, and any of the metabolic variables measured. These findings do no suggest a role for prolactin in the development of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "contents": "Prolactin response to TRH in diabetic ketoacidosis. The prolactin response to 200 microgram thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) IV was studied in seven patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, at the start of the treatment, and again, in the same patients, five days after recovery, when the diabetes was well controlled. Normal basal prolactin concentrations and prolactin responses to TRH were found in both situations. There was no correlation between basal prolactin concentrations, or magnitude of prolactin responses to TRH, and any of the metabolic variables measured. These findings do no suggest a role for prolactin in the development of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 111989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10026", "title": "Radiologic abnormalities and autonomic neuropathology in the digestive tract of the ketonuric diabetic Chinese hamster.", "content": "Barium x-ray patterns of ketonuric diabetic Chinese hamsters displayed marked dilatation of the stomach, small and large intestine. Hypomotility was manifested by flocculation of barium in the small and large bowel. Impaired transit time was further characterized by prolonged emptying of the stomach (mean 570 min diabetics; 200 min controls) and delayed stool formation (mean 230 min diabetics; and 100 min controls) and passage (mean 457 min diabetics; 210 min controls). Ultrastructural analysis of Auerbach's myenteric plexuses of the small intestine indicated acute degeneration in certain distal, unmyelinated axons. Swelling, deposition of glycogen, aggregation of neurofilaments and dense accumulation of lamellar bodies were observed. The severity and frequency of barium flocculation, glycogen deposition, aggregation of neurofilaments and lamellar inclusion bodies in axons were directly related to duration of ketonuria. The data strongly suggest that autonomic neuropathology in the plexuses of Auerbach may be a critical factor underlying gastrointestinal dysfunction in the ketonuric diabetic Chinese hamster.", "contents": "Radiologic abnormalities and autonomic neuropathology in the digestive tract of the ketonuric diabetic Chinese hamster. Barium x-ray patterns of ketonuric diabetic Chinese hamsters displayed marked dilatation of the stomach, small and large intestine. Hypomotility was manifested by flocculation of barium in the small and large bowel. Impaired transit time was further characterized by prolonged emptying of the stomach (mean 570 min diabetics; 200 min controls) and delayed stool formation (mean 230 min diabetics; and 100 min controls) and passage (mean 457 min diabetics; 210 min controls). Ultrastructural analysis of Auerbach's myenteric plexuses of the small intestine indicated acute degeneration in certain distal, unmyelinated axons. Swelling, deposition of glycogen, aggregation of neurofilaments and dense accumulation of lamellar bodies were observed. The severity and frequency of barium flocculation, glycogen deposition, aggregation of neurofilaments and lamellar inclusion bodies in axons were directly related to duration of ketonuria. The data strongly suggest that autonomic neuropathology in the plexuses of Auerbach may be a critical factor underlying gastrointestinal dysfunction in the ketonuric diabetic Chinese hamster.", "PMID": 111990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10027", "title": "Cell interactions in the differentiation of a melanotic tumor in Drosophila.", "content": "The cellular events in the formation of melanotic tumors in the tu-W mutant larva of Drosophila melanogaster are described. The first step is the differentiation of spherical hemocytes to flattened cells, the lamellocyte variants. Subsequently, the surface of the caudal fat body undergoes changes to which the hemocytes respond by forming cellular capsules. The hemocytes utilize two mechanisms in this process: (1) phagocytosis of small particulate materials escaping from the adipose cells, (2) adhesion to form a multilayered wall of lamellocytes. Differentiating hemocytes in the vicinity of the tumor-forming site extrude membrane-bound vesicles that tend to adhere to the hemocyte surfaces. These vesicles are trapped between the lamellocytes as they pile in layers to form the capsule wall. It is suggested that the vesicles play a role in lamellocyte-to-lamellocyte adhesion during the initial stages of hemocyte aggregation at the tumor-forming site.", "contents": "Cell interactions in the differentiation of a melanotic tumor in Drosophila. The cellular events in the formation of melanotic tumors in the tu-W mutant larva of Drosophila melanogaster are described. The first step is the differentiation of spherical hemocytes to flattened cells, the lamellocyte variants. Subsequently, the surface of the caudal fat body undergoes changes to which the hemocytes respond by forming cellular capsules. The hemocytes utilize two mechanisms in this process: (1) phagocytosis of small particulate materials escaping from the adipose cells, (2) adhesion to form a multilayered wall of lamellocytes. Differentiating hemocytes in the vicinity of the tumor-forming site extrude membrane-bound vesicles that tend to adhere to the hemocyte surfaces. These vesicles are trapped between the lamellocytes as they pile in layers to form the capsule wall. It is suggested that the vesicles play a role in lamellocyte-to-lamellocyte adhesion during the initial stages of hemocyte aggregation at the tumor-forming site.", "PMID": 111992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10028", "title": "Effect of aluminium chloride on metabolism of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide.", "content": "Aluminium chloride was subcutaneously administered to mice and its effect on the activities of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) reductase and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-HAQO) reductase, and the organ distribution of carcinogen(s) in mouse lung and liver were examined. Subcutaneous administration of aluminium chloride in mice results in significant elevation of 4-NQO reductase and 4-HAQO reductase activities in their lung and liver, compared with those of the control. Simultaneous subcutaneous administration of aluminium chloride with 4-nitroquinoline[5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10-14C] 1-oxide (14C-4-NQO) and examination of radioactivity distribution in the lung and liver showed that the radioactivity per tissue, 0.5 and 1 hr after the administration, decreased in the lung but inversely increased in the liver. Radioactivity in the lung and liver 2 hr after the administration was not different from that of the control. Simultaneous subcutaneous administration of 14C-4-NQO and aluminium chloride resulted in decreased distribution of 4-NQO and 4-HAQO in the lung compared with that of the control, while the distribution of their metabolites, 4-aminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-AQO) and 4-hydroxyquinoline 1-oxide (4-OHQO), inversely increased. Distribution of 4-aminoquinoline (4-AQ) and 4-hydroxyquinoline (4-OHQ) in the lung was not different from that of the control. These results suggest that the rapid metabolic changes of carcinogenic 4-NQO and 4-HAQO to noncarcinogenic substance(s) and decrease in the concentration of carcinogenic substances in the lung by the subcutaneous administration of aluminium chloride constitutes one of the factors for the mechanism of the suppression of carcinogenesis by aluminium chloride.", "contents": "Effect of aluminium chloride on metabolism of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Aluminium chloride was subcutaneously administered to mice and its effect on the activities of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) reductase and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-HAQO) reductase, and the organ distribution of carcinogen(s) in mouse lung and liver were examined. Subcutaneous administration of aluminium chloride in mice results in significant elevation of 4-NQO reductase and 4-HAQO reductase activities in their lung and liver, compared with those of the control. Simultaneous subcutaneous administration of aluminium chloride with 4-nitroquinoline[5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10-14C] 1-oxide (14C-4-NQO) and examination of radioactivity distribution in the lung and liver showed that the radioactivity per tissue, 0.5 and 1 hr after the administration, decreased in the lung but inversely increased in the liver. Radioactivity in the lung and liver 2 hr after the administration was not different from that of the control. Simultaneous subcutaneous administration of 14C-4-NQO and aluminium chloride resulted in decreased distribution of 4-NQO and 4-HAQO in the lung compared with that of the control, while the distribution of their metabolites, 4-aminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-AQO) and 4-hydroxyquinoline 1-oxide (4-OHQO), inversely increased. Distribution of 4-aminoquinoline (4-AQ) and 4-hydroxyquinoline (4-OHQ) in the lung was not different from that of the control. These results suggest that the rapid metabolic changes of carcinogenic 4-NQO and 4-HAQO to noncarcinogenic substance(s) and decrease in the concentration of carcinogenic substances in the lung by the subcutaneous administration of aluminium chloride constitutes one of the factors for the mechanism of the suppression of carcinogenesis by aluminium chloride.", "PMID": 111994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10029", "title": "Blastogenic potency of concanavalin-A-bound L1210 leukemic vaccine associated with its immunogenic activity.", "content": "Glutaraldehyde-treated L1210 murine leukemic cells induced immune resistance in mice when concanavalin-A (Con-A) was bound to their surface. They were not immunogenic when Con-A was separately inoculated, indicating requirement of vaccine-bound Con-A for enhancing immunogenic potency of the vaccine. Based on the finding that vaccine-bound Con-A induced in vitro blastogenesis of spleen cells 10 times as efficiently as unbound Con-A did, the association of blastogenic potency of Con-A-bound vaccine with its immunogenic activity was examined. The possibility of their association was supported by the finding that induction of immune resistance by vaccines was reduced when their blastogenic activities had been reduced by treatment of the vaccine with anti-Con-A antisera or by substituting succinyl-Con-A or other lectins for Con-A. Moreover, the fact that combined inoculations of Con-A-bound vaccine, assumed to be blastogenic to T cells, with anti-thymocyte sera, but not with cyclophosphamide or carrageenan, resulted in reduced production of resistant animals was also consistent with, but not proving, this possibility. Feasibility of this possibility was further supported by the finding that Con-A-bound vaccine did not induce immune resistance in animals that had been abrogated in blastogenic activity of spleen cells by prior administration of Con-A.", "contents": "Blastogenic potency of concanavalin-A-bound L1210 leukemic vaccine associated with its immunogenic activity. Glutaraldehyde-treated L1210 murine leukemic cells induced immune resistance in mice when concanavalin-A (Con-A) was bound to their surface. They were not immunogenic when Con-A was separately inoculated, indicating requirement of vaccine-bound Con-A for enhancing immunogenic potency of the vaccine. Based on the finding that vaccine-bound Con-A induced in vitro blastogenesis of spleen cells 10 times as efficiently as unbound Con-A did, the association of blastogenic potency of Con-A-bound vaccine with its immunogenic activity was examined. The possibility of their association was supported by the finding that induction of immune resistance by vaccines was reduced when their blastogenic activities had been reduced by treatment of the vaccine with anti-Con-A antisera or by substituting succinyl-Con-A or other lectins for Con-A. Moreover, the fact that combined inoculations of Con-A-bound vaccine, assumed to be blastogenic to T cells, with anti-thymocyte sera, but not with cyclophosphamide or carrageenan, resulted in reduced production of resistant animals was also consistent with, but not proving, this possibility. Feasibility of this possibility was further supported by the finding that Con-A-bound vaccine did not induce immune resistance in animals that had been abrogated in blastogenic activity of spleen cells by prior administration of Con-A.", "PMID": 111995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10030", "title": "Effect of aluminium chloride on binding of 4-hydroxyamino-quinoline 1-oxide to nucleotides.", "content": "Effect of aluminium chloride on the binding of carcinogenic 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-HAQO) with mouse lung DNA, RNA, and various homopolyribonucleotides was examined in vitro, in the presence of seryl-AMP. Mouse lung DNA, RNA, or homopolyribonucleotide [poly(A), poly(G), poly(I), poly(X), poly(C), or poly(U)] was pretreated with aluminium chloride in an ice bath and the binding with 4-HAQO was examined. Binding with DNA, RNA, poly(A), and poly(G) was markedly inhibited, and their binding rates were 46%, 56%, 53%, and 18% of that of the control, respectively. Binding with poly(C) and poly(U) was hardly different from that of the control. Consequently, effect of aluminium chloride in inhibiting the binding of 4-HAQO with mouse lung DNA and RNA is assumed to be due to the inhibition of its binding with guanine. Effect of various metals (Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+) on the binding of 4-HAQO with mouse lung DNA was examined and it was found that aluminium chloride had the strongest inhibitory effect, followed by copper and zinc. Trivalent iron showed hardly any inhibition.", "contents": "Effect of aluminium chloride on binding of 4-hydroxyamino-quinoline 1-oxide to nucleotides. Effect of aluminium chloride on the binding of carcinogenic 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-HAQO) with mouse lung DNA, RNA, and various homopolyribonucleotides was examined in vitro, in the presence of seryl-AMP. Mouse lung DNA, RNA, or homopolyribonucleotide [poly(A), poly(G), poly(I), poly(X), poly(C), or poly(U)] was pretreated with aluminium chloride in an ice bath and the binding with 4-HAQO was examined. Binding with DNA, RNA, poly(A), and poly(G) was markedly inhibited, and their binding rates were 46%, 56%, 53%, and 18% of that of the control, respectively. Binding with poly(C) and poly(U) was hardly different from that of the control. Consequently, effect of aluminium chloride in inhibiting the binding of 4-HAQO with mouse lung DNA and RNA is assumed to be due to the inhibition of its binding with guanine. Effect of various metals (Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+) on the binding of 4-HAQO with mouse lung DNA was examined and it was found that aluminium chloride had the strongest inhibitory effect, followed by copper and zinc. Trivalent iron showed hardly any inhibition.", "PMID": 111996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10031", "title": "Effect of an elemental diet on body composition. A comparison with intravenous nutrition.", "content": "Measurements of changes in body fat, protein, and water were carried out on two comparable groups of 14 ill surgical patients each over 2-wk period during which one group received an elemental diet (nonprotein energy source was 67% carbohydrate and 33% fat) and the other a course of intravenous nutrition (nonprotein energy source was 100% carbohydrate). The patients fed with the elemental diet had no significant changes in body weight, fat, protein, water, or plasma proteins over the study period, and although the patients fed intravenously also had no changes in body protein or plasma proteins, there was an average gain of 3.2 kg of body weight. This weight gain was mainly extracellular water. It is concluded that the administration of the elemental diet by continuous infusion was comparable to intravenous nutrition in maintaining body protein in these very ill patients and had the advantage of being cheaper and easier to manage. The problem of extracellular water accumulation seen in the patients fed intravenously was not present in the patients who received the elemental diet.", "contents": "Effect of an elemental diet on body composition. A comparison with intravenous nutrition. Measurements of changes in body fat, protein, and water were carried out on two comparable groups of 14 ill surgical patients each over 2-wk period during which one group received an elemental diet (nonprotein energy source was 67% carbohydrate and 33% fat) and the other a course of intravenous nutrition (nonprotein energy source was 100% carbohydrate). The patients fed with the elemental diet had no significant changes in body weight, fat, protein, water, or plasma proteins over the study period, and although the patients fed intravenously also had no changes in body protein or plasma proteins, there was an average gain of 3.2 kg of body weight. This weight gain was mainly extracellular water. It is concluded that the administration of the elemental diet by continuous infusion was comparable to intravenous nutrition in maintaining body protein in these very ill patients and had the advantage of being cheaper and easier to manage. The problem of extracellular water accumulation seen in the patients fed intravenously was not present in the patients who received the elemental diet.", "PMID": 111998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10032", "title": "Synthesis and degradation of proteins and DNA in Streptomyces aureofaciens.", "content": "The rate of protein synthesis in Streptomyces aureofaciens, measured by incorporation of U-14C-L-leucine into cells, fluctuated during the production phase in the range of 10-15% of the values determined in the phase of intensive growth. Tetracycline partially inhibited the protein synthesis during the growth phase only. The proteins synthesized between the 6th and 18th hour of growth, were 75% degraded by the 48th hour. The DNA synthesis, measured by means of incorporation of 2-14C-thymine into the mycelium, occurred predominantly during the first 24 h of cultivation. Similarly, DNA synthesized between the 6th and 12th hour of cultivation was degraded by 75% after 48 h. The turnover of culture proteins is thus caused largely by degradation of old cells and growth of new ones which are more resistant to tetracycline. The activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase increase substantially towards the end of fermentation.", "contents": "Synthesis and degradation of proteins and DNA in Streptomyces aureofaciens. The rate of protein synthesis in Streptomyces aureofaciens, measured by incorporation of U-14C-L-leucine into cells, fluctuated during the production phase in the range of 10-15% of the values determined in the phase of intensive growth. Tetracycline partially inhibited the protein synthesis during the growth phase only. The proteins synthesized between the 6th and 18th hour of growth, were 75% degraded by the 48th hour. The DNA synthesis, measured by means of incorporation of 2-14C-thymine into the mycelium, occurred predominantly during the first 24 h of cultivation. Similarly, DNA synthesized between the 6th and 12th hour of cultivation was degraded by 75% after 48 h. The turnover of culture proteins is thus caused largely by degradation of old cells and growth of new ones which are more resistant to tetracycline. The activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase increase substantially towards the end of fermentation.", "PMID": 112013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10033", "title": "Genetic mapping of the region c of the bacteriophage G101 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa).", "content": "Morphological mutants of the c type of the bacteriophage G101 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were isolated after mutagenesis with hydroxylamine. Complementation analysis of 27 c mutants showed that the c region is formed by at least two genes. Two types of c mutants were obtained. One of them (cI26) behaves analogously to a mutant in the gene controlling the synthesis of the repressor of phage lambda. The second type of the c mutants (cII1, cII18) specifies a gene having probably an auxiliary function in the \"c\" region. According to the low frequency of recombination between the genes cI26 and c II18 (1.37 recombination units), these genes responsible for lysogenization are localized in a short region of the chromosome.", "contents": "Genetic mapping of the region c of the bacteriophage G101 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Morphological mutants of the c type of the bacteriophage G101 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were isolated after mutagenesis with hydroxylamine. Complementation analysis of 27 c mutants showed that the c region is formed by at least two genes. Two types of c mutants were obtained. One of them (cI26) behaves analogously to a mutant in the gene controlling the synthesis of the repressor of phage lambda. The second type of the c mutants (cII1, cII18) specifies a gene having probably an auxiliary function in the \"c\" region. According to the low frequency of recombination between the genes cI26 and c II18 (1.37 recombination units), these genes responsible for lysogenization are localized in a short region of the chromosome.", "PMID": 112014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10034", "title": "Inhibition of germination of Bacillus cereus T spores by phenylglyoxal.", "content": "Phenylgloxal at a concentration of 0.6 mM inhibited germination of Bacillus cereus T spores as characterized by a decrease in absorbance, dipicolinic acid and loss in heat resistance in a chemically defined growth and sporulation medium. In a germination medium containing L-alanine and adenosine, phenylglyoxal inhibited decrease in absorbance and affected partial loss of viability. It is postulated that phenylglyoxal interacts with free amino groups of various enzymes or amino compounds present in the spore structure thereby causing the inhibition of germination.", "contents": "Inhibition of germination of Bacillus cereus T spores by phenylglyoxal. Phenylgloxal at a concentration of 0.6 mM inhibited germination of Bacillus cereus T spores as characterized by a decrease in absorbance, dipicolinic acid and loss in heat resistance in a chemically defined growth and sporulation medium. In a germination medium containing L-alanine and adenosine, phenylglyoxal inhibited decrease in absorbance and affected partial loss of viability. It is postulated that phenylglyoxal interacts with free amino groups of various enzymes or amino compounds present in the spore structure thereby causing the inhibition of germination.", "PMID": 112015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10035", "title": "Microorganisms in the rhizosphere of wheat colonized by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici.", "content": "The population of microorganisms in wheat rhizosphere changed in the presence of the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici causing the take-all of wheat. In the majority of cases when the soil was artificially contaminated by the fungus, both the number of bacteria in the rhizosphere and the bacteria/fungi ratio temporarily increased. At the beginning bacteria growing in the presence of NH4+ predominated, later bacteria utilizing organic N-substances prevailed. Pseudomonas fluorescens and the related species colonized the rhizosphere and the soil to a greater extent in the presence of G. graminis. The wheat rhizosphere with G. graminis was found to contain a higher level of the slime-producing bacterium Agrobacterium spp.; this microorganism occurred on hyphal surfaces (in hyphosphere) of both G. graminis growing in soil and Mucor spp. Changes in microbial populations in the wheat rhizosphere during the first stage of colonization by G. graminis can be partly explained by a simultaneous rhizosphere colonization by microorganisms which accompany this fungus in soil. In the period of increase in the number of bacteria in rhizosphere a temporary stimulation of wheat growth was observed.", "contents": "Microorganisms in the rhizosphere of wheat colonized by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. The population of microorganisms in wheat rhizosphere changed in the presence of the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici causing the take-all of wheat. In the majority of cases when the soil was artificially contaminated by the fungus, both the number of bacteria in the rhizosphere and the bacteria/fungi ratio temporarily increased. At the beginning bacteria growing in the presence of NH4+ predominated, later bacteria utilizing organic N-substances prevailed. Pseudomonas fluorescens and the related species colonized the rhizosphere and the soil to a greater extent in the presence of G. graminis. The wheat rhizosphere with G. graminis was found to contain a higher level of the slime-producing bacterium Agrobacterium spp.; this microorganism occurred on hyphal surfaces (in hyphosphere) of both G. graminis growing in soil and Mucor spp. Changes in microbial populations in the wheat rhizosphere during the first stage of colonization by G. graminis can be partly explained by a simultaneous rhizosphere colonization by microorganisms which accompany this fungus in soil. In the period of increase in the number of bacteria in rhizosphere a temporary stimulation of wheat growth was observed.", "PMID": 112016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10036", "title": "Long-term perspectives of thyroxine administration in neonatal rats.", "content": "Newborn pups were injected with normal saline (group A) and exogenous thyroxine (group B). Elevated T4 and decreased TSH levels from day 7 in group B continued until day 35. T4 and TSH were in normal range by day 42 and were similar to group A. Weight gain was significantly lower in group B. On day 45, half hourly injections (subcutaneous) of TRH were given to half of group A and group B each. Remaining halves were injected with saline. TSH response to TRH was significantly decreased in group B rats. Thus, neonatal hyperthyroidism results in (1) permanent decrease in pituitary reserve of TSH secretion and (2) a permanent imprinting regarding growth and thyroidal development and thus, neonatal period is critical for thyroidal development.", "contents": "Long-term perspectives of thyroxine administration in neonatal rats. Newborn pups were injected with normal saline (group A) and exogenous thyroxine (group B). Elevated T4 and decreased TSH levels from day 7 in group B continued until day 35. T4 and TSH were in normal range by day 42 and were similar to group A. Weight gain was significantly lower in group B. On day 45, half hourly injections (subcutaneous) of TRH were given to half of group A and group B each. Remaining halves were injected with saline. TSH response to TRH was significantly decreased in group B rats. Thus, neonatal hyperthyroidism results in (1) permanent decrease in pituitary reserve of TSH secretion and (2) a permanent imprinting regarding growth and thyroidal development and thus, neonatal period is critical for thyroidal development.", "PMID": 112019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10037", "title": "Amino acid sequences of antibody light chain variable regions of pedigreed rabbits: kappa light chain K49-501 (allotype b4 anti-streptococcal group A-variant polysaccharide antibody).", "content": "The amino acid sequence of positions 1--150 of a light chain, isolated from another monoclonal rabbit anti-streptococcal group A-variant polysaccharide antibody, was determined. The analysis was performed with 2 mumol of polypeptide chain, using a grossly modified Beckman 890B sequenator. This sequence stretch accounts for the whole variable region and a considerable part of the constant region at a total length of 218 amino acids. This allotype b4 light chain was isolated from a non-precipitating, end-group-specific antibody with a KD = 1.3 X 10(-5)M. This brings the present number of totally known rabbit VL sequences of antigen elicited antibodies to 21. A comparison of these 21 sequences reveals a building plan of ribbit VL homologous to that of human and murine VL regions. The observed variability does follow a pattern of linked amino acid substitutions, indicating that this information must be contained in the germ-line of the rabbit in the form of multiple VL region genes. This conclusion, however, does not rule out the occasional variant being due to somatic rearrangement. Finally, this comparison reveals that the joining peptide between positions 96--110 is also a separate entity in rabbit VL region sequences.", "contents": "Amino acid sequences of antibody light chain variable regions of pedigreed rabbits: kappa light chain K49-501 (allotype b4 anti-streptococcal group A-variant polysaccharide antibody). The amino acid sequence of positions 1--150 of a light chain, isolated from another monoclonal rabbit anti-streptococcal group A-variant polysaccharide antibody, was determined. The analysis was performed with 2 mumol of polypeptide chain, using a grossly modified Beckman 890B sequenator. This sequence stretch accounts for the whole variable region and a considerable part of the constant region at a total length of 218 amino acids. This allotype b4 light chain was isolated from a non-precipitating, end-group-specific antibody with a KD = 1.3 X 10(-5)M. This brings the present number of totally known rabbit VL sequences of antigen elicited antibodies to 21. A comparison of these 21 sequences reveals a building plan of ribbit VL homologous to that of human and murine VL regions. The observed variability does follow a pattern of linked amino acid substitutions, indicating that this information must be contained in the germ-line of the rabbit in the form of multiple VL region genes. This conclusion, however, does not rule out the occasional variant being due to somatic rearrangement. Finally, this comparison reveals that the joining peptide between positions 96--110 is also a separate entity in rabbit VL region sequences.", "PMID": 112020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10038", "title": "[The primary structure of the Bence-Jones protein Kue. The amino acid sequence of the variable part of a human L-chain of the kappa-type (author's transl)].", "content": "The complete primary structure of the variable region of Bence-Jones protein Kue was elucitated with the aid of a few tryptic peptides, as well as one chymotryptic and one BNPS-scatol fragment. As a consequence of the evident homologies to other proteins this protein belongs to subgroup k/I. Protein Kue has some amino acid exchanges in certain positions in common with other proteins, probably giving rise to a new sub-subgroup. The constant region shows no amino acid exchanges in comparison with other human kappa L-chains. With valine covering position 191, protein Kue should be grouped per definition as an allotype Km (3).", "contents": "[The primary structure of the Bence-Jones protein Kue. The amino acid sequence of the variable part of a human L-chain of the kappa-type (author's transl)]. The complete primary structure of the variable region of Bence-Jones protein Kue was elucitated with the aid of a few tryptic peptides, as well as one chymotryptic and one BNPS-scatol fragment. As a consequence of the evident homologies to other proteins this protein belongs to subgroup k/I. Protein Kue has some amino acid exchanges in certain positions in common with other proteins, probably giving rise to a new sub-subgroup. The constant region shows no amino acid exchanges in comparison with other human kappa L-chains. With valine covering position 191, protein Kue should be grouped per definition as an allotype Km (3).", "PMID": 112021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10039", "title": "Selling mental health services to businesses: concepts and strategies.", "content": "In order to interest businesses in buying mental health services for their employees, professionals must be able to speak the businessman's language and market their product--mental health services. They must emphasize the cost-effectiveness of mental health care and explain how the business can benefit from including such services in the company's benefits package. The authors describe some concepts and strategies they found helpful when they ventured into the business community to \"sell\" the services of their community mental health center. They discuss such factors as the need to present a polished, professional image and to gear services to the needs of the particular employer and his employees.", "contents": "Selling mental health services to businesses: concepts and strategies. In order to interest businesses in buying mental health services for their employees, professionals must be able to speak the businessman's language and market their product--mental health services. They must emphasize the cost-effectiveness of mental health care and explain how the business can benefit from including such services in the company's benefits package. The authors describe some concepts and strategies they found helpful when they ventured into the business community to \"sell\" the services of their community mental health center. They discuss such factors as the need to present a polished, professional image and to gear services to the needs of the particular employer and his employees.", "PMID": 112024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10040", "title": "How to evaluate health promotion.", "content": "Evaluation of health promotion programs' impact, rather than their outcome or process, currently is needed most.", "contents": "How to evaluate health promotion. Evaluation of health promotion programs' impact, rather than their outcome or process, currently is needed most.", "PMID": 112025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10041", "title": "The development, enhancement, and reversal of the secondary complications of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Diabetic glomerulopathy continues as a major problem in the management of the patient with diabetes mellitus; however, evidence in man and in animals underlines the fact that good control of diabetes favorably alters the course of this complication. Islet transplantation in the diabetic rat returns plasma glucose and insulin levels to normal. In parallel mesangial matrix thickening, mesangial deposition of immunoglobulin and urinary excretion of albumin markedly improve following islet transplantation. Although amelioration of diabetes affects the course of glomerulopathy, other factors (most notably measures that increase glomerular capillary pressure) enhance the development of the diabetic renal lesions. Following uninephrectomy or clipping of a renal artery, the remaining (in the case of uninephrectomy) or unclipped diabetic kidney develops the morphologic and functional changes of diabetic nephropathy at a rate greater than in kidneys in an intact diabetic rat. The clipped kidney demonstrates diminished diabetic changes, suggesting a protective effect with decreased glomerular capillary pressures. In addition to measures improving the control of diabetes, procedures reducing factors accelerating diabetic complications may improve the prognosis in diabetic glomerulopathy.", "contents": "The development, enhancement, and reversal of the secondary complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic glomerulopathy continues as a major problem in the management of the patient with diabetes mellitus; however, evidence in man and in animals underlines the fact that good control of diabetes favorably alters the course of this complication. Islet transplantation in the diabetic rat returns plasma glucose and insulin levels to normal. In parallel mesangial matrix thickening, mesangial deposition of immunoglobulin and urinary excretion of albumin markedly improve following islet transplantation. Although amelioration of diabetes affects the course of glomerulopathy, other factors (most notably measures that increase glomerular capillary pressure) enhance the development of the diabetic renal lesions. Following uninephrectomy or clipping of a renal artery, the remaining (in the case of uninephrectomy) or unclipped diabetic kidney develops the morphologic and functional changes of diabetic nephropathy at a rate greater than in kidneys in an intact diabetic rat. The clipped kidney demonstrates diminished diabetic changes, suggesting a protective effect with decreased glomerular capillary pressures. In addition to measures improving the control of diabetes, procedures reducing factors accelerating diabetic complications may improve the prognosis in diabetic glomerulopathy.", "PMID": 112028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10042", "title": "Myocarditis with microabscess formation caused by Listeria monocytogenes associated with myocardial infarct.", "content": "Myocardial infarction complicated by bacterial infection is rare. The present case is an instance in which the infecting organism, Listeria monocytogenes, is also rare--an instance not previously reported. The clinical findings were fever without localized infection, severe atherosclerotic heart disease, a myocardial infarct of indeterminate age, and a left ventricular aneurysm. Additional electrocardiographic findings include left bundle branch block, intraventricular conduction defect, and multiple episodes of ventricular tachycardia, all of which may be associated with myocardial infarction and none of which is specific for suppurative myocarditis. Myocardial enzyme abnormalities were absent. Listeria monocytogenes was identified from blood cultures on the day following the patient's death. This case illustrates the difficulty in diagnosing suppurative myocarditis complicating myocardial infarction and the dire consequence of such infection. A review of the literature is included.", "contents": "Myocarditis with microabscess formation caused by Listeria monocytogenes associated with myocardial infarct. Myocardial infarction complicated by bacterial infection is rare. The present case is an instance in which the infecting organism, Listeria monocytogenes, is also rare--an instance not previously reported. The clinical findings were fever without localized infection, severe atherosclerotic heart disease, a myocardial infarct of indeterminate age, and a left ventricular aneurysm. Additional electrocardiographic findings include left bundle branch block, intraventricular conduction defect, and multiple episodes of ventricular tachycardia, all of which may be associated with myocardial infarction and none of which is specific for suppurative myocarditis. Myocardial enzyme abnormalities were absent. Listeria monocytogenes was identified from blood cultures on the day following the patient's death. This case illustrates the difficulty in diagnosing suppurative myocarditis complicating myocardial infarction and the dire consequence of such infection. A review of the literature is included.", "PMID": 112029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10043", "title": "Chromosomal evolution in primates: tentative phylogeny from Microcebus murinus (Prosimian) to man.", "content": "The karyotypes of more than 60 species of Primates are studied and compared, with the use of almost all existing banding techniques. There is a very close analogy of chromosome banding between the Simians studied and man. The quantitative or qualitative variations detected all involve the heterochromatin. It is very likely that all the euchromatin (nonvariable R and Q bands) is identical in all the species. Approximately 70% of the bands are common to the Simians and to the Lemurs (Prosimians). In the remaining 30%, technical difficulties prevented a valuable comparison, but this does not exclude the possibility that a complete analogy may exist. Thus, it is very likely that chromosomal evolutions of the Simians, and probably of all the Primates, has occurred without duplication or deficiency of the euchromatin. Approximately 150 rearrangements could be identified and related to the human chromosomes. The types of rearrangement vary from one group (suborder, family, genus) to another. For instance, Robertsonian translocations are preponderant among the Lemuridae (44/57), but are nonexistent among the Pongidae. Chromosome fissions are very frequent amng the Cercopithecidae (10/23), but were not found elsewhere, and pericentric inversions are preponderant in the evolution of Pongidae and man (17/28). This suggest that the chromosomal evolution may be directed by the genic constitution (favouring the occurrence of a particular type of rearrangement, by enzymatic reaction), by the chromosomal morphology (the probability that Robertsonian translocation will be formed depends at least partially on the number of acrocentrics), and by the reproductive behaviour of the animals. Reconstitution of the sequence of the chromosomal rearrangements allowed us to propose a fairly precise genealogy of many Primates, giving the positions of the Catarrhines, the Platyrrhines, and the Prosimians. It was also possible to reconstruct the karyotypes of ancestors that died out several dozen million years ago. The possible role of chromosomal rearrangements in evolution is discussed. It appears necessary to consider different categories of rearrangements separately, depending on their behaviour. The 'nonfavoured' rearrangements, such as pericentric inversions, need to occur in an isolated small population for implanting, by an equivalent of genic derivation. The 'favoured' rearrangements, e.g., Robertsonian translocations, may occur and diffuse in panmictic populations, and accumulate. Their role of gametic barrier could be much more progressive. For discrimination between these two categories, it was necessary to differentiate the selective advantage or disadvantage of the rearrangement itself. It was not possible to show that chromosomal rearrangements play a direct role in modification of the phenotype by position effect. Comparison of the rearrangement that have occurred during evolution and those detected in the human population shows a strong correlation for some of them...", "contents": "Chromosomal evolution in primates: tentative phylogeny from Microcebus murinus (Prosimian) to man. The karyotypes of more than 60 species of Primates are studied and compared, with the use of almost all existing banding techniques. There is a very close analogy of chromosome banding between the Simians studied and man. The quantitative or qualitative variations detected all involve the heterochromatin. It is very likely that all the euchromatin (nonvariable R and Q bands) is identical in all the species. Approximately 70% of the bands are common to the Simians and to the Lemurs (Prosimians). In the remaining 30%, technical difficulties prevented a valuable comparison, but this does not exclude the possibility that a complete analogy may exist. Thus, it is very likely that chromosomal evolutions of the Simians, and probably of all the Primates, has occurred without duplication or deficiency of the euchromatin. Approximately 150 rearrangements could be identified and related to the human chromosomes. The types of rearrangement vary from one group (suborder, family, genus) to another. For instance, Robertsonian translocations are preponderant among the Lemuridae (44/57), but are nonexistent among the Pongidae. Chromosome fissions are very frequent amng the Cercopithecidae (10/23), but were not found elsewhere, and pericentric inversions are preponderant in the evolution of Pongidae and man (17/28). This suggest that the chromosomal evolution may be directed by the genic constitution (favouring the occurrence of a particular type of rearrangement, by enzymatic reaction), by the chromosomal morphology (the probability that Robertsonian translocation will be formed depends at least partially on the number of acrocentrics), and by the reproductive behaviour of the animals. Reconstitution of the sequence of the chromosomal rearrangements allowed us to propose a fairly precise genealogy of many Primates, giving the positions of the Catarrhines, the Platyrrhines, and the Prosimians. It was also possible to reconstruct the karyotypes of ancestors that died out several dozen million years ago. The possible role of chromosomal rearrangements in evolution is discussed. It appears necessary to consider different categories of rearrangements separately, depending on their behaviour. The 'nonfavoured' rearrangements, such as pericentric inversions, need to occur in an isolated small population for implanting, by an equivalent of genic derivation. The 'favoured' rearrangements, e.g., Robertsonian translocations, may occur and diffuse in panmictic populations, and accumulate. Their role of gametic barrier could be much more progressive. For discrimination between these two categories, it was necessary to differentiate the selective advantage or disadvantage of the rearrangement itself. It was not possible to show that chromosomal rearrangements play a direct role in modification of the phenotype by position effect. Comparison of the rearrangement that have occurred during evolution and those detected in the human population shows a strong correlation for some of them...", "PMID": 112030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10044", "title": "On the incidence of blood group O and Gm(-1) phenotypes in patients with malignant melanoma.", "content": "Fifteen polymorphic systems of the blood (ABO, MNSs, Rhesus, P, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, Hp, Gc, Gm, Inv, aP, PGM1, EsD, and 6-PGD) were examined in 191 unrelated male and female patients suffering from malignant melanoma. These polymorphic systems were compared with the corresponding phenotype and gene frequencies of controls from the same geographical area (Rhineland-Palatinate). The only associations discovered were the ABO and Gm polymorphisms: The incidence of O and Gm(-1) phenotypes in patients is obviously higher than in controls. These observations agree with the findings in other population samples from Germany and Bulgaria.", "contents": "On the incidence of blood group O and Gm(-1) phenotypes in patients with malignant melanoma. Fifteen polymorphic systems of the blood (ABO, MNSs, Rhesus, P, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, Hp, Gc, Gm, Inv, aP, PGM1, EsD, and 6-PGD) were examined in 191 unrelated male and female patients suffering from malignant melanoma. These polymorphic systems were compared with the corresponding phenotype and gene frequencies of controls from the same geographical area (Rhineland-Palatinate). The only associations discovered were the ABO and Gm polymorphisms: The incidence of O and Gm(-1) phenotypes in patients is obviously higher than in controls. These observations agree with the findings in other population samples from Germany and Bulgaria.", "PMID": 112031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10045", "title": "Progressive myoclonus epilepsy. A variant with probable X-linked inheritance.", "content": "The syndrome of myoclonus, epilepsy, and mental deficiency is observed in a number of distinct nosologic entities differing with respect to clinical course, (--) pathologic, and biochemical findings. Genetically, the heterogeneity within this group of disorders is shown by the occurrence of autosomal recessive and dominant forms with incomplete penetrance. In this paper we report on a sibship with at least four affected males suffering from progressive myoclonus epilepsy, ataxia, and mental deterioration. The syndrome is probably X-linked, as suggested by the maternal transmission and mild, variable symptoms in some female carriers. In a survey of the literature we have found another pedigree suggesting X-linked inheritance of this variant of progressive myoclonus epilepsy.", "contents": "Progressive myoclonus epilepsy. A variant with probable X-linked inheritance. The syndrome of myoclonus, epilepsy, and mental deficiency is observed in a number of distinct nosologic entities differing with respect to clinical course, (--) pathologic, and biochemical findings. Genetically, the heterogeneity within this group of disorders is shown by the occurrence of autosomal recessive and dominant forms with incomplete penetrance. In this paper we report on a sibship with at least four affected males suffering from progressive myoclonus epilepsy, ataxia, and mental deterioration. The syndrome is probably X-linked, as suggested by the maternal transmission and mild, variable symptoms in some female carriers. In a survey of the literature we have found another pedigree suggesting X-linked inheritance of this variant of progressive myoclonus epilepsy.", "PMID": 112032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10046", "title": "Linkage studies on the human Pi, Gm, GLO, and HLA genes.", "content": "Linkage data of the four gene markers Pi, Gm, GLO, and HLA exclude Gm and Pi gene assignment to the short arm of chromosome 6. The findings, however, do not disprove the following gene order: HLA--GLO--centromere--Gm--Pi.", "contents": "Linkage studies on the human Pi, Gm, GLO, and HLA genes. Linkage data of the four gene markers Pi, Gm, GLO, and HLA exclude Gm and Pi gene assignment to the short arm of chromosome 6. The findings, however, do not disprove the following gene order: HLA--GLO--centromere--Gm--Pi.", "PMID": 112033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10047", "title": "Another family with purine neucleoside phosphorylase deficiency.", "content": "A brief genetic report is given on a family with a child affected by nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Our observations confirm the genetic heterogeneity of this enzyme deficiency which is inherited as a mendelian autosomal trait.", "contents": "Another family with purine neucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. A brief genetic report is given on a family with a child affected by nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Our observations confirm the genetic heterogeneity of this enzyme deficiency which is inherited as a mendelian autosomal trait.", "PMID": 112034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10048", "title": "Mechanisms of clonal abortion tolerogenesis. II. Clonal behaviour of immature B cells following exposure to anti-mu chain antibody.", "content": "This paper uses B-lymphocyte cloning methods to quantify the effects of anti-mu chain antibody on immature and mature B cells. Nude mouse spleen lymphocytes were incubated with various concentrations of sheep anti-mouse mu chain antibody for times varying from 10 min to 24 h. They were then washed and plated in the agar B-cell colony formation assay. Five to six days later, control B cells had developed into colonies with a plating efficiency of about 5%. B cells from newborn mice pretreated with anti-mu yielded fewer colonies. Remarkably low concentrations sufficed to inhibit subsequent mitogenesis. For example, 3 microgram/ml acting for 1 h or 0.1 microgram/ml acting for 24 h gave greater than 50% inhibition. Adult B cells were about thirty-fold more resistant to negative signalling. Immature cells become more profoundly inhibited as anti-mu treatment was prolonged. Anti-Ia or anti-H2 antibodies, in the absence of complement, did not deliver a negative signal. Anti-mu pretreatment also reduced the capacity of immature B cells to form clones of anti-hapten antibody-forming cells in a liquid microculture system where the triggering stimulus was a T-cell independent antigen. Mature 'T-independent' B cells were not inhibited. Populations of hapten-specific B cells prepared by the hapten-gelatin method were investigated in the agar cloning system. Pretreatment of immature cells with anti-mu reduced their capacity to form colonies, this subpopulation of cells behaving like unfractionated B cells. Furthermore, hapten-HGG delivered a negative signal also. Mature hapten-specific cells or unfractionated immature spleen cells formed normal numbers of colonies following hapten-HGG treatment. Overall, the studies support the view that anti-mu antibody and hapten-HGG deliver strong negative signals to immature but not mature cells with appropriate receptors. The value of anti-mu as a model, universal tolerogen was supported. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis was performed to study the relationships between functional inhibition and Ig receptor modulation. We confirmed that the IgM receptors of immature B cells are more readily modulated by anti-mu antibody than those of mature cells. Furthermore, the receptor regeneration could be partially inhibited amongst immature but not mature B cells. There was not a close quantitative relationship between the degree of modulation and the degree of functional inhibition. The results did not support the view that irreversible receptor modulation as such was the cause of functional inhibition.", "contents": "Mechanisms of clonal abortion tolerogenesis. II. Clonal behaviour of immature B cells following exposure to anti-mu chain antibody. This paper uses B-lymphocyte cloning methods to quantify the effects of anti-mu chain antibody on immature and mature B cells. Nude mouse spleen lymphocytes were incubated with various concentrations of sheep anti-mouse mu chain antibody for times varying from 10 min to 24 h. They were then washed and plated in the agar B-cell colony formation assay. Five to six days later, control B cells had developed into colonies with a plating efficiency of about 5%. B cells from newborn mice pretreated with anti-mu yielded fewer colonies. Remarkably low concentrations sufficed to inhibit subsequent mitogenesis. For example, 3 microgram/ml acting for 1 h or 0.1 microgram/ml acting for 24 h gave greater than 50% inhibition. Adult B cells were about thirty-fold more resistant to negative signalling. Immature cells become more profoundly inhibited as anti-mu treatment was prolonged. Anti-Ia or anti-H2 antibodies, in the absence of complement, did not deliver a negative signal. Anti-mu pretreatment also reduced the capacity of immature B cells to form clones of anti-hapten antibody-forming cells in a liquid microculture system where the triggering stimulus was a T-cell independent antigen. Mature 'T-independent' B cells were not inhibited. Populations of hapten-specific B cells prepared by the hapten-gelatin method were investigated in the agar cloning system. Pretreatment of immature cells with anti-mu reduced their capacity to form colonies, this subpopulation of cells behaving like unfractionated B cells. Furthermore, hapten-HGG delivered a negative signal also. Mature hapten-specific cells or unfractionated immature spleen cells formed normal numbers of colonies following hapten-HGG treatment. Overall, the studies support the view that anti-mu antibody and hapten-HGG deliver strong negative signals to immature but not mature cells with appropriate receptors. The value of anti-mu as a model, universal tolerogen was supported. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis was performed to study the relationships between functional inhibition and Ig receptor modulation. We confirmed that the IgM receptors of immature B cells are more readily modulated by anti-mu antibody than those of mature cells. Furthermore, the receptor regeneration could be partially inhibited amongst immature but not mature B cells. There was not a close quantitative relationship between the degree of modulation and the degree of functional inhibition. The results did not support the view that irreversible receptor modulation as such was the cause of functional inhibition.", "PMID": 112040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10049", "title": "In vitro complement activation by rabbit lymphocytes and thymocytes in autologous serum.", "content": "The activation of C3, previously demonstrated to occur during the isolation of lymphocytes from rabbit blood, has been investigated further by in vitro exposure of blood and lymph node lymphocytes and thymocytes to autologous serum. Activated C3 deposited on the lymphoid cell-surface was detected by (i) anti-C3, (ii) immune adherence reaction, and (iii) blocking of receptors for C3. An affinity shown by guinea-pig erythrocytes for activated complement was also investigated. Using EGTA, which inhibits the classical complement pathway while leaving the alternative pathway unaffected, it was shown that either pathway may be activated by rabbit cells depending on the temperature of incubation. The classical pathway was triggered at 4 degrees, probably by the reaction of cold auto-antibodies with lymphoid cell-surface determinants. At 37 degrees, however, comlement activation followed the alternative pathway in a similar manner to that reported by other workers with human lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "contents": "In vitro complement activation by rabbit lymphocytes and thymocytes in autologous serum. The activation of C3, previously demonstrated to occur during the isolation of lymphocytes from rabbit blood, has been investigated further by in vitro exposure of blood and lymph node lymphocytes and thymocytes to autologous serum. Activated C3 deposited on the lymphoid cell-surface was detected by (i) anti-C3, (ii) immune adherence reaction, and (iii) blocking of receptors for C3. An affinity shown by guinea-pig erythrocytes for activated complement was also investigated. Using EGTA, which inhibits the classical complement pathway while leaving the alternative pathway unaffected, it was shown that either pathway may be activated by rabbit cells depending on the temperature of incubation. The classical pathway was triggered at 4 degrees, probably by the reaction of cold auto-antibodies with lymphoid cell-surface determinants. At 37 degrees, however, comlement activation followed the alternative pathway in a similar manner to that reported by other workers with human lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "PMID": 112041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10050", "title": "In vivo effects of antiserum to IgD on surface immunoglobulins, serum immunoglobulins and lymphocyte blastogenesis in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The effects of injecting monkeys with goat antiserum to IgD, the IgG fraction of that antiserum or normal goat serum (NGS) were compared. The subcutaneous injection of 4 ml/kg of the whole antiserum resulted in decreased percentages of lymphocytes with surface IgD or IgM lasting from day 1 through day 7 post-injection followed by substantial recovery on day 10. Lymphocytes from these animals were stimulated as indicated by the increased incorporation of 3H-TdR by cells placed in culture on days 7-21 post-injection. The increased blastogenesis occurred in rosette-depleted (B cell) populations and did not occur in rosette-enriched (T cell) preparations. Hypergammaglobulinaemia and increased concentration of serum IgG were first detected on day 10 postinjection, maximal on day 14 and were in decline by day 18. Injection of 4 ml/kg NGS did not alter the percentages of lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins, result in hypergammaglobulinaemia, or stimulate the degree of blastogenesis observed after anti-IgD. Injection of the IgG fraction of the antiserum resulted in decreased lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins but did not stimulate hypergammaglobulinaemia or increase blastogenesis. Injection of one monkey with the IgG fraction of anti-IgD combined with NGS resulted in increased serum IgG and increased blastogenesis. Both antibody to IgD and multiple antigenic challenge appear to be required for these responses.", "contents": "In vivo effects of antiserum to IgD on surface immunoglobulins, serum immunoglobulins and lymphocyte blastogenesis in rhesus monkeys. The effects of injecting monkeys with goat antiserum to IgD, the IgG fraction of that antiserum or normal goat serum (NGS) were compared. The subcutaneous injection of 4 ml/kg of the whole antiserum resulted in decreased percentages of lymphocytes with surface IgD or IgM lasting from day 1 through day 7 post-injection followed by substantial recovery on day 10. Lymphocytes from these animals were stimulated as indicated by the increased incorporation of 3H-TdR by cells placed in culture on days 7-21 post-injection. The increased blastogenesis occurred in rosette-depleted (B cell) populations and did not occur in rosette-enriched (T cell) preparations. Hypergammaglobulinaemia and increased concentration of serum IgG were first detected on day 10 postinjection, maximal on day 14 and were in decline by day 18. Injection of 4 ml/kg NGS did not alter the percentages of lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins, result in hypergammaglobulinaemia, or stimulate the degree of blastogenesis observed after anti-IgD. Injection of the IgG fraction of the antiserum resulted in decreased lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins but did not stimulate hypergammaglobulinaemia or increase blastogenesis. Injection of one monkey with the IgG fraction of anti-IgD combined with NGS resulted in increased serum IgG and increased blastogenesis. Both antibody to IgD and multiple antigenic challenge appear to be required for these responses.", "PMID": 112042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10051", "title": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity and acquired cellular resistance in mice immunized with killed Listeria monocytogenes and adjuvants.", "content": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DH) and acquired cellular resistance (ARC) to Listeria monocytogenes in mice was studied following immunization with killed bacteria in combination with Freund's complete adjuvant or the adjuvant dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA). Intracutaneous or intraperitoneal injections of killed listeria mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant did neither result in DH nor in ACR. Intracutaneous injections of killed listeria and DDA resulted in an antigen-dose dependent DH but not in ACR. Intraperitoneal injections of listeria and DDA, however, induced ACR but no DH. Optimal conditions for the induction of ACR were simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg DDA/kg body weight and 10(7) or 10(8) listeria. The optimal interval between immunization and challenge was 7 days. No protection was found against challenge with a lethal dose of Salmonella enteritidis, suggesting that the protection is specific. Intraperitoneal injection of mice with DDA resulted in inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages harvested 24 h later. Interference with macrophage activity is discussed as one of the possible mechanisms for the adjuvant effect of DDA.", "contents": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity and acquired cellular resistance in mice immunized with killed Listeria monocytogenes and adjuvants. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DH) and acquired cellular resistance (ARC) to Listeria monocytogenes in mice was studied following immunization with killed bacteria in combination with Freund's complete adjuvant or the adjuvant dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA). Intracutaneous or intraperitoneal injections of killed listeria mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant did neither result in DH nor in ACR. Intracutaneous injections of killed listeria and DDA resulted in an antigen-dose dependent DH but not in ACR. Intraperitoneal injections of listeria and DDA, however, induced ACR but no DH. Optimal conditions for the induction of ACR were simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg DDA/kg body weight and 10(7) or 10(8) listeria. The optimal interval between immunization and challenge was 7 days. No protection was found against challenge with a lethal dose of Salmonella enteritidis, suggesting that the protection is specific. Intraperitoneal injection of mice with DDA resulted in inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages harvested 24 h later. Interference with macrophage activity is discussed as one of the possible mechanisms for the adjuvant effect of DDA.", "PMID": 112043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10052", "title": "The effect of soluble material from mouldy hay dust on the complement system.", "content": "The soluble material derived from the respirable fraction of mouldy hay dust has anti-complementary as well as enzyme activity. The anti-complementary activity resides in a heavy molecular weight fraction (approx. 800,000) and acts directly on C1 without combination with or alteration of IgG or IgM. The enzyme function has a lower molecular weight (approx. 30,000-38,000) and is related to papain in that IgG is split into two distinct components of similar molecular weight and with antigenic determinants the same as Fab and Fc pieces respectively. C1 activation leads to C3-9 depletion and on a per sample basis it is calculated that the soluble mouldy hay dust material is up to sixty-six times more active at C3-9 activation than the particulate material in mouldy hay dust. It is probable that the capacity to activate C1 resides in other dusts and may be a basis for non-immune histamine release in the lungs when such a dust is inhaled. It is also probable that non-specific skin reactions are related to C1 activation. The finding of an enzyme with papain-like activity is significant since the introduction of papain into the lungs of the experimental animal leads to emphysema and this has been described as a feature of farmer's lung.", "contents": "The effect of soluble material from mouldy hay dust on the complement system. The soluble material derived from the respirable fraction of mouldy hay dust has anti-complementary as well as enzyme activity. The anti-complementary activity resides in a heavy molecular weight fraction (approx. 800,000) and acts directly on C1 without combination with or alteration of IgG or IgM. The enzyme function has a lower molecular weight (approx. 30,000-38,000) and is related to papain in that IgG is split into two distinct components of similar molecular weight and with antigenic determinants the same as Fab and Fc pieces respectively. C1 activation leads to C3-9 depletion and on a per sample basis it is calculated that the soluble mouldy hay dust material is up to sixty-six times more active at C3-9 activation than the particulate material in mouldy hay dust. It is probable that the capacity to activate C1 resides in other dusts and may be a basis for non-immune histamine release in the lungs when such a dust is inhaled. It is also probable that non-specific skin reactions are related to C1 activation. The finding of an enzyme with papain-like activity is significant since the introduction of papain into the lungs of the experimental animal leads to emphysema and this has been described as a feature of farmer's lung.", "PMID": 112044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10053", "title": "The mechanism of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity. VII. Lysis of isolated cytoplasts and karyoplasts.", "content": "Isolated P815 karyoplasts are up to four times more susceptible to lysis by T cells than intact cells, suggesting that the target cells nucleus or a nuclear associated structure may be particularly sensitive to cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cytoplasts showed variable susceptibility. The morphological changes seen by time-lapse cinematography show that the first change seen with intact cells is a burst of zeiosis (membrane blebbing), whereas neither cytoplasts nor karyoplasts exhibit zeiosis. These observations suggest that zeiosis results from changes in the cytoskeletal system. This is discussed in relation to the possibility that T cells kill target cells by causing physical damage to a critical organelle inside the cell rather than to the membrane itself.", "contents": "The mechanism of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity. VII. Lysis of isolated cytoplasts and karyoplasts. Isolated P815 karyoplasts are up to four times more susceptible to lysis by T cells than intact cells, suggesting that the target cells nucleus or a nuclear associated structure may be particularly sensitive to cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cytoplasts showed variable susceptibility. The morphological changes seen by time-lapse cinematography show that the first change seen with intact cells is a burst of zeiosis (membrane blebbing), whereas neither cytoplasts nor karyoplasts exhibit zeiosis. These observations suggest that zeiosis results from changes in the cytoskeletal system. This is discussed in relation to the possibility that T cells kill target cells by causing physical damage to a critical organelle inside the cell rather than to the membrane itself.", "PMID": 112045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10054", "title": "Receptors for activated C3 on thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes of normal guinea-pigs.", "content": "In a survey of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal guinea-pig blood, lymph node, spleen, thymus and peritoneal cavity, a considerable overlap was observed between the percentages of C3-receptor bearing lymphocytes (CRL) and of thymus-dependent (T) cells in lymph nodes. Simultaneous rosette-formation reactions with sheep erythrocytes carrying rabbit complement (EAC) and papain-treated rabbit erythrocytes (a T-cell marker) revealed that 20--50% of the lymph node CRL were T lymphocytes. These experiments and others on cell suspensions depleted of Ig-bearing (B) lymphocytes showed that between 8 and 36% of lymph node T cells have complement receptors. The frequency of T-CRL in other lymphoid tissues was lower, representing between 0 and 8% of the T-cell population. The reaction of T-CRL and EAC was not inhibited by EDTA which is known to inhibit the C3 receptor activity on macrophages.", "contents": "Receptors for activated C3 on thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes of normal guinea-pigs. In a survey of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal guinea-pig blood, lymph node, spleen, thymus and peritoneal cavity, a considerable overlap was observed between the percentages of C3-receptor bearing lymphocytes (CRL) and of thymus-dependent (T) cells in lymph nodes. Simultaneous rosette-formation reactions with sheep erythrocytes carrying rabbit complement (EAC) and papain-treated rabbit erythrocytes (a T-cell marker) revealed that 20--50% of the lymph node CRL were T lymphocytes. These experiments and others on cell suspensions depleted of Ig-bearing (B) lymphocytes showed that between 8 and 36% of lymph node T cells have complement receptors. The frequency of T-CRL in other lymphoid tissues was lower, representing between 0 and 8% of the T-cell population. The reaction of T-CRL and EAC was not inhibited by EDTA which is known to inhibit the C3 receptor activity on macrophages.", "PMID": 112046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10055", "title": "Neisseria meningitidis bacteremia in association with deficiency of the sixth component of complement.", "content": "The serum of a 26-year-old black man with a recent episode of meningococcemia complicated by meningitis and arthritis was found to lack hemolytic complement activity. The sixth component of complement was not detected by functional or immunochemical assays whereas other components were normal by hemolytic assay. His fresh acute-phase serum lacked complement-mediated bactericidal activity against the homologous strain of Neisseria meningitidis, but the addition of fresh normal serum or purified C6 restored bactericidal activity as well as hemolytic activity. The absence of C6 activity could not be accounted for on the basis of an inhibitor. Opsonization and chemotaxis functioned normally. Histocompatibility typing of family members did not demonstrate evidence for genetic linkage of C6 deficiency with the major histocompatibility loci. This report represents the first published case of C6 deficiency associated with bacteremic Neisseria infections in which antimeningococcal bactericidal antibodies have been definitively demonstrated against the homologous strain in the acute phase of the illness.", "contents": "Neisseria meningitidis bacteremia in association with deficiency of the sixth component of complement. The serum of a 26-year-old black man with a recent episode of meningococcemia complicated by meningitis and arthritis was found to lack hemolytic complement activity. The sixth component of complement was not detected by functional or immunochemical assays whereas other components were normal by hemolytic assay. His fresh acute-phase serum lacked complement-mediated bactericidal activity against the homologous strain of Neisseria meningitidis, but the addition of fresh normal serum or purified C6 restored bactericidal activity as well as hemolytic activity. The absence of C6 activity could not be accounted for on the basis of an inhibitor. Opsonization and chemotaxis functioned normally. Histocompatibility typing of family members did not demonstrate evidence for genetic linkage of C6 deficiency with the major histocompatibility loci. This report represents the first published case of C6 deficiency associated with bacteremic Neisseria infections in which antimeningococcal bactericidal antibodies have been definitively demonstrated against the homologous strain in the acute phase of the illness.", "PMID": 112055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10056", "title": "Suppressive effect of bacterial endotoxin on the expression of cell-mediated anti-Listeria immunity.", "content": "Intravenous injection of bacterial endotoxin into mice at any time during ongoing infection with Listeria monocytogenes resulted in a markedly increased multiplication of this organism in the liver and spleen. Experiments designed to investigate the basis of this infection-enhancing effect revealed that endotoxin was also capable of inhibiting the expression of adoptive T-cell-mediated anti-Listeria immunity if given to normal recipient mice up to 48 h before they were infused with protective T-cells. On the other hand, endotoxin had only a marginal effect on the expression of adoptive immunity if given to donor mice before their spleen cells were harvested for adoptive transfer. Taken together, these results indicate that endotoxin probably interferes with the antibacterial function of macrophages rather than with mediator lymphocytes. The additional finding that the infection-enhancing action of endotoxin could be greatly reduced by making mice \"tolerant\" to endotoxin suggests that the acquisition of tolerance to this effect of endotoxin may be an important adaptive mechanism in acquired resistance to infection with gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "Suppressive effect of bacterial endotoxin on the expression of cell-mediated anti-Listeria immunity. Intravenous injection of bacterial endotoxin into mice at any time during ongoing infection with Listeria monocytogenes resulted in a markedly increased multiplication of this organism in the liver and spleen. Experiments designed to investigate the basis of this infection-enhancing effect revealed that endotoxin was also capable of inhibiting the expression of adoptive T-cell-mediated anti-Listeria immunity if given to normal recipient mice up to 48 h before they were infused with protective T-cells. On the other hand, endotoxin had only a marginal effect on the expression of adoptive immunity if given to donor mice before their spleen cells were harvested for adoptive transfer. Taken together, these results indicate that endotoxin probably interferes with the antibacterial function of macrophages rather than with mediator lymphocytes. The additional finding that the infection-enhancing action of endotoxin could be greatly reduced by making mice \"tolerant\" to endotoxin suggests that the acquisition of tolerance to this effect of endotoxin may be an important adaptive mechanism in acquired resistance to infection with gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 112056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10057", "title": "Correlation between genetic regulation of antibody responsiveness and protective immunity induced by Plasmodium berghei vaccination.", "content": "High (H) and low (L) antibody responder lines of mice were produced by two independent bidirectional selective breedings for quantitative antibody responsiveness to heterologous erythrocytes (selection I and selection II). In both selections the antibody response to P. berghei antigens was 8- to 10-fold higher in H than in L lines. The character \"high response\" presents an incomplete dominance o- 18% in selection I and 67% in selection II. In selection II the variance analysis indicates that at least three independent loci intervene in the regulation of responsiveness to P. berghei antigens. The innate resistance and the protective efficacy of vaccination against P. berghei infection induced by parasitized erythrocytes was measured in H and L lines and in the interline hybrids F1, BcH, and BcL of selections I and II. No very significant difference was observed in the innate resistance to P. berghei infection between H and L mice of both selections. Vaccination induced a very efficient protection in the two H lines (94 and 95% survival), whereas only a weak protection was induced in the two L lines (16 and 31% survival); the degree of protection is intermediate in interline hybrids F1, BcH, and BcL. In both selections a good linear correlation was demonstrated between the level of vaccination-induced antibody and the degree of resistance measured as percentage of survival. The present results indicate that the vaccination-induced P. berghei immunity is essentially due to the antibody response, whereas the bactericidal activity of macrophages and the cell-mediated immunity do not play a determinant role.", "contents": "Correlation between genetic regulation of antibody responsiveness and protective immunity induced by Plasmodium berghei vaccination. High (H) and low (L) antibody responder lines of mice were produced by two independent bidirectional selective breedings for quantitative antibody responsiveness to heterologous erythrocytes (selection I and selection II). In both selections the antibody response to P. berghei antigens was 8- to 10-fold higher in H than in L lines. The character \"high response\" presents an incomplete dominance o- 18% in selection I and 67% in selection II. In selection II the variance analysis indicates that at least three independent loci intervene in the regulation of responsiveness to P. berghei antigens. The innate resistance and the protective efficacy of vaccination against P. berghei infection induced by parasitized erythrocytes was measured in H and L lines and in the interline hybrids F1, BcH, and BcL of selections I and II. No very significant difference was observed in the innate resistance to P. berghei infection between H and L mice of both selections. Vaccination induced a very efficient protection in the two H lines (94 and 95% survival), whereas only a weak protection was induced in the two L lines (16 and 31% survival); the degree of protection is intermediate in interline hybrids F1, BcH, and BcL. In both selections a good linear correlation was demonstrated between the level of vaccination-induced antibody and the degree of resistance measured as percentage of survival. The present results indicate that the vaccination-induced P. berghei immunity is essentially due to the antibody response, whereas the bactericidal activity of macrophages and the cell-mediated immunity do not play a determinant role.", "PMID": 112057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10058", "title": "Production of exoenzyme S during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of burned mice.", "content": "Antisera which distinguished between Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S and toxin A neutralized the adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase activity of the homologous, but not the heterologous, enzyme. Skin extracts and sera from burned mice infected with the exoenzyme S-producing strain P. aeruginosa 388 contained adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase activity that was not found in skin extracts or sera from uninfected mice. On the basis of immunological reactivity and enzymatic properties, the adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase activity present in skin extracts and sera from P. aeruginosa 388-infected mice was identified as exoenzyme S. Active elongation factor 2 levels in tissues from strain 388-infected mice were normal at 24 h postinfection, indicating that strain 388 does not produce detectable amounts of toxin A in vivo. An unexpected finding in this investigation was the presence of exoenzyme S-inactivating activity in the sera from some nonimmunized animals.", "contents": "Production of exoenzyme S during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of burned mice. Antisera which distinguished between Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S and toxin A neutralized the adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase activity of the homologous, but not the heterologous, enzyme. Skin extracts and sera from burned mice infected with the exoenzyme S-producing strain P. aeruginosa 388 contained adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase activity that was not found in skin extracts or sera from uninfected mice. On the basis of immunological reactivity and enzymatic properties, the adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase activity present in skin extracts and sera from P. aeruginosa 388-infected mice was identified as exoenzyme S. Active elongation factor 2 levels in tissues from strain 388-infected mice were normal at 24 h postinfection, indicating that strain 388 does not produce detectable amounts of toxin A in vivo. An unexpected finding in this investigation was the presence of exoenzyme S-inactivating activity in the sera from some nonimmunized animals.", "PMID": 112058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10059", "title": "Humoral response to experimental petriellidiosis.", "content": "The humoral antibody response elicited by experimental infection with Petriellidium boydii and Monosporium apiospermum was studied. The variables of fungus strain, route of inoculation, and concentration of inoculum were examined. Viable spores from three strains of P. boydii and from three strains of M. apiospermum were inoculated intravenously into mice. Serum specimens were tested for antibody by the microtiter indirect hemagglutination assay. At 4 weeks after infection, the percentage of positive specimens among survivortically related either to the incidence of positive specimens or to the magnitude of the humoral response. Mice inoculated by either the subcutaneous or the intramuscular route with viable or killed spores from M. apiospermum 813 developed antibody. The mean antibody titer was greater in those animals receiving viable spores, and the magnitude of the humoral response was dose dependent. Animals inoculated intravenously with comparable inocula of the same strain developed similar levels of antibody. However, cultural studies of infected mice showed chronic infection only after intravenous inoculation. The kidney was the organ most consistently involved.", "contents": "Humoral response to experimental petriellidiosis. The humoral antibody response elicited by experimental infection with Petriellidium boydii and Monosporium apiospermum was studied. The variables of fungus strain, route of inoculation, and concentration of inoculum were examined. Viable spores from three strains of P. boydii and from three strains of M. apiospermum were inoculated intravenously into mice. Serum specimens were tested for antibody by the microtiter indirect hemagglutination assay. At 4 weeks after infection, the percentage of positive specimens among survivortically related either to the incidence of positive specimens or to the magnitude of the humoral response. Mice inoculated by either the subcutaneous or the intramuscular route with viable or killed spores from M. apiospermum 813 developed antibody. The mean antibody titer was greater in those animals receiving viable spores, and the magnitude of the humoral response was dose dependent. Animals inoculated intravenously with comparable inocula of the same strain developed similar levels of antibody. However, cultural studies of infected mice showed chronic infection only after intravenous inoculation. The kidney was the organ most consistently involved.", "PMID": 112059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10060", "title": "Release of soluble peptidoglycan from growing gonococci: hexaminidase and amidase activities.", "content": "Peptidoglycan (PG) turnover in exponentially growing Neisseria gonorrhoeae RD5 type 4 was accompanied by release of soluble PG fragments into the medium. Turnover of the D-[14C]glucosamine-labeled glycan moiety and of the meso-[3H]diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-labeled peptide region occurred at similar rates (ca. 35% per generation). Turnover of D-[14C]alanine-labeled sites within the peptide side chain of PG occurred at roughly twice this rate; no turnover of L-[3H]proline-labeled protein was detected. Gel filtration of supernatants of cultures grown in the presence of labeled DAP, glucosamine, and D-alanine as described above and paper chromatography of hydrolyzed peak fractions revealed four major types of soluble PG. Two of these contained both peptide and glycan moieties and appeared to represent forms of disaccharide peptide monomers and dimers. The other two were (i) a 3H-labeled product lacking 14C and (ii) a 14C-containing product lacking 3H, which were similar in size to that expected for free tetrapeptides and free disaccharides, respectively. Together the appearance of these PG fragments and the concurrent turnover of glycan and peptide regions indicate that both glycan splitting and amidase PG hydrolase activities are involved in the turnover of PG in growing gonococci. If released during gonococcal infections, similar soluble PG fragments might influence the consequences of host-gonococcus interactions.", "contents": "Release of soluble peptidoglycan from growing gonococci: hexaminidase and amidase activities. Peptidoglycan (PG) turnover in exponentially growing Neisseria gonorrhoeae RD5 type 4 was accompanied by release of soluble PG fragments into the medium. Turnover of the D-[14C]glucosamine-labeled glycan moiety and of the meso-[3H]diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-labeled peptide region occurred at similar rates (ca. 35% per generation). Turnover of D-[14C]alanine-labeled sites within the peptide side chain of PG occurred at roughly twice this rate; no turnover of L-[3H]proline-labeled protein was detected. Gel filtration of supernatants of cultures grown in the presence of labeled DAP, glucosamine, and D-alanine as described above and paper chromatography of hydrolyzed peak fractions revealed four major types of soluble PG. Two of these contained both peptide and glycan moieties and appeared to represent forms of disaccharide peptide monomers and dimers. The other two were (i) a 3H-labeled product lacking 14C and (ii) a 14C-containing product lacking 3H, which were similar in size to that expected for free tetrapeptides and free disaccharides, respectively. Together the appearance of these PG fragments and the concurrent turnover of glycan and peptide regions indicate that both glycan splitting and amidase PG hydrolase activities are involved in the turnover of PG in growing gonococci. If released during gonococcal infections, similar soluble PG fragments might influence the consequences of host-gonococcus interactions.", "PMID": 112060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10061", "title": "Bound immunoglobulin and foreign antigen in lungs of sudden infant death syndrome victims.", "content": "Lung sections from 33 infants who died suddenly and unexpectedly and were diagnosed by medical examiners as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) gave evidence of bound immunoglobulin G (IgG) when examined by direct fluorescent antibody technique. Ten tissues from appropriate control infants were negative. Specimens containing IgG exhibited no IgA or IgE, but three contained IgM. Sixty-one percent of lung sections with IgG contained either K or lambda antigens; the remainder contained both. The indirect fluorescent antibody technique gave similar results. Blood sera of some individuals in the study which were tested all contained both K and lambda antigens. Fluorescent-labeled immunoglobulin from one SIDS victim stained 7 of 17 SIDS lung sections tested, including his own. Labeled immunoglobulin from three mothers of SIDS victims exhibited differential selectivity in reaction with antigen in lungs of a group of 18 SIDS infants. They did not react with 10 control infant tissues. Various labeled adult sera, cord sera, and serum from an apneic child did not react with the various lungs of SIDS victims in the study.", "contents": "Bound immunoglobulin and foreign antigen in lungs of sudden infant death syndrome victims. Lung sections from 33 infants who died suddenly and unexpectedly and were diagnosed by medical examiners as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) gave evidence of bound immunoglobulin G (IgG) when examined by direct fluorescent antibody technique. Ten tissues from appropriate control infants were negative. Specimens containing IgG exhibited no IgA or IgE, but three contained IgM. Sixty-one percent of lung sections with IgG contained either K or lambda antigens; the remainder contained both. The indirect fluorescent antibody technique gave similar results. Blood sera of some individuals in the study which were tested all contained both K and lambda antigens. Fluorescent-labeled immunoglobulin from one SIDS victim stained 7 of 17 SIDS lung sections tested, including his own. Labeled immunoglobulin from three mothers of SIDS victims exhibited differential selectivity in reaction with antigen in lungs of a group of 18 SIDS infants. They did not react with 10 control infant tissues. Various labeled adult sera, cord sera, and serum from an apneic child did not react with the various lungs of SIDS victims in the study.", "PMID": 112061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10062", "title": "Experimental bacterial keratitis in neutropenic guinea pigs: polymorphonuclear leukocytes in corneal host defense.", "content": "Quantitative techniques were used to determine the relative concentrations of viable bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the corneas of neutropenic and non-neutropenic guinea pigs with experimental bacterial keratitis induced with three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Neutropenia was produced by whole-body X-irradiation 1 week before infection. Significantly greater numbers of bacteria were present in the cornea of neutropenic animals 48 h after infection than were present in the corneas of non-neutropenic animals. The same was true 24 and 48 h after infecting animals with Staphylococcus aureus. Examination of histological sections showed that fewer PMNs were present in the corneas of infected neutropenic animals than in the corneas of infected non-neutropenic animals. Radiolabeling of PMNs confirmed a significant reduction in PMN concentration in the corneas of infected neutropenic animals. Tears and the corneal epithelium appear to be the most important elements protecting the cornea against local invasion by bacteria. However, once bacterial keratitis is established, PMNs play a role in limiting bacterial multiplication.", "contents": "Experimental bacterial keratitis in neutropenic guinea pigs: polymorphonuclear leukocytes in corneal host defense. Quantitative techniques were used to determine the relative concentrations of viable bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the corneas of neutropenic and non-neutropenic guinea pigs with experimental bacterial keratitis induced with three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Neutropenia was produced by whole-body X-irradiation 1 week before infection. Significantly greater numbers of bacteria were present in the cornea of neutropenic animals 48 h after infection than were present in the corneas of non-neutropenic animals. The same was true 24 and 48 h after infecting animals with Staphylococcus aureus. Examination of histological sections showed that fewer PMNs were present in the corneas of infected neutropenic animals than in the corneas of infected non-neutropenic animals. Radiolabeling of PMNs confirmed a significant reduction in PMN concentration in the corneas of infected neutropenic animals. Tears and the corneal epithelium appear to be the most important elements protecting the cornea against local invasion by bacteria. However, once bacterial keratitis is established, PMNs play a role in limiting bacterial multiplication.", "PMID": 112062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10063", "title": "In vivo conjugal transfer of R plasmids in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "In vivo R plasmid transfer between two Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains was detected in the absence of antibiotic pressure.", "contents": "In vivo conjugal transfer of R plasmids in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In vivo R plasmid transfer between two Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains was detected in the absence of antibiotic pressure.", "PMID": 112063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10064", "title": "Nephelometric activity as a criterion of adequate antisera for use in immunofluorescence.", "content": "We have characterized monospecific sheep antisera to human IgG, IgA and IgM using Ouchterlony double diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, quantitative precipitation and nephelometric activity. The antisera were conjugated at high and low F/P ratios, absorbed and subsequently evaluated in both direct and indirect immunofluorescence. Antisera which exhibited excellent reactivity in double diffusion, IEP and quantitative precipitation but gave a poor nephelometric response (Ab dilution greater than 1/25 gave no measurable response in the Technicon Fluoronephelometer) showed a marked decreased effectiveness in both direct and indirect fluorescence. Antisera which exhibited a strong nephelometric response were invariably excellent in double diffusion, IEP and quantitative precipitation and gave strong positive fluorescence at reasonable dilutions in both direct and indirect fluorescence. We suggest nephelometry prior to conjugation is the method of choice in screening antisera usable in immunofluorescence.", "contents": "Nephelometric activity as a criterion of adequate antisera for use in immunofluorescence. We have characterized monospecific sheep antisera to human IgG, IgA and IgM using Ouchterlony double diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, quantitative precipitation and nephelometric activity. The antisera were conjugated at high and low F/P ratios, absorbed and subsequently evaluated in both direct and indirect immunofluorescence. Antisera which exhibited excellent reactivity in double diffusion, IEP and quantitative precipitation but gave a poor nephelometric response (Ab dilution greater than 1/25 gave no measurable response in the Technicon Fluoronephelometer) showed a marked decreased effectiveness in both direct and indirect fluorescence. Antisera which exhibited a strong nephelometric response were invariably excellent in double diffusion, IEP and quantitative precipitation and gave strong positive fluorescence at reasonable dilutions in both direct and indirect fluorescence. We suggest nephelometry prior to conjugation is the method of choice in screening antisera usable in immunofluorescence.", "PMID": 112064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10065", "title": "Large agarose beads for extracorporeal detoxification systems. Preparation and enzymatic properties of agarose-bound UDP-glucuronyltransferase.", "content": "UDP-glucuronlytransferase, E.C. 2.4.1.17, has been solubilised from the microsomal fraction of liver homogenate from phenobarbital pretreated rabbits by lipase or detergent treatments. A 110-fold purification of the enzyme with respect to the crude homogenate was achieved by precipitation and column separations. The cholate-detergent solubilised enzyme was far more stable than that prepared by the lipase method. The partially purified UDP-glucuronyltransferase has been covalently bound to cyanogen bromide-activated agarose in the form of large haemocompatible beads to the extent of 0.22 mg protein per mg agarose dryweight, equivalent to about 25 mg of swollen gel. The acceptors for glucuronidation employed were the non-physiological phenolic compounds p-nitrophenol and 1-naphthol, and an exogenous and endogenous substance of physiological importance, namely paracetamol and phenol respectively. The immobilised enzyme exhibited at least 80% of the original activity of the solubilised enzyme, and the catalytic function was preserved for a much longer period of time in the carrier-bound form. The system described in this publication could well be applied in an extracorporeal liver assist device for the replacement of glucuronidation function.", "contents": "Large agarose beads for extracorporeal detoxification systems. Preparation and enzymatic properties of agarose-bound UDP-glucuronyltransferase. UDP-glucuronlytransferase, E.C. 2.4.1.17, has been solubilised from the microsomal fraction of liver homogenate from phenobarbital pretreated rabbits by lipase or detergent treatments. A 110-fold purification of the enzyme with respect to the crude homogenate was achieved by precipitation and column separations. The cholate-detergent solubilised enzyme was far more stable than that prepared by the lipase method. The partially purified UDP-glucuronyltransferase has been covalently bound to cyanogen bromide-activated agarose in the form of large haemocompatible beads to the extent of 0.22 mg protein per mg agarose dryweight, equivalent to about 25 mg of swollen gel. The acceptors for glucuronidation employed were the non-physiological phenolic compounds p-nitrophenol and 1-naphthol, and an exogenous and endogenous substance of physiological importance, namely paracetamol and phenol respectively. The immobilised enzyme exhibited at least 80% of the original activity of the solubilised enzyme, and the catalytic function was preserved for a much longer period of time in the carrier-bound form. The system described in this publication could well be applied in an extracorporeal liver assist device for the replacement of glucuronidation function.", "PMID": 112067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10066", "title": "Diflunisal, a new analgesic, in the treatment of postoperative pain following removal of impacted mandibular third molars.", "content": "Diflunisal, 5-(2', 4'-difluorophenyl) -salicylic acid, has been shown in animal and human studies to possess pronounced analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The objective of the present investigation wa to compare the analgesic effect and safety of three doses of 500 mg diflunisal, given orally over 36 h, with placebo in the treatment of pain following surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. A total of 60 patients, 30 patients in each treatment group, participated in this double-blind, completely randomized study. The treatment groups were compared for demographic data, disease-related variables and pretreatment severity of pain. According to both the investigator's and the patient's overall evaluation of treatment efficacy on postoperative pain, diflunisal was significantly better than placebo (P less than 0.0001). Clinical adverse reactions were reported by seven patients (25%) in the diflunisal group compared to three patients (11%) in the control group. In two instances the adverse reactions were rated by the investigator to have been \"unacceptable\". The overall conclusion of this study is that diflunisal, compared to placebo, is a highly effective and well-tolerated analgesic in the treatment of postoperative pain following surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars.", "contents": "Diflunisal, a new analgesic, in the treatment of postoperative pain following removal of impacted mandibular third molars. Diflunisal, 5-(2', 4'-difluorophenyl) -salicylic acid, has been shown in animal and human studies to possess pronounced analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The objective of the present investigation wa to compare the analgesic effect and safety of three doses of 500 mg diflunisal, given orally over 36 h, with placebo in the treatment of pain following surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. A total of 60 patients, 30 patients in each treatment group, participated in this double-blind, completely randomized study. The treatment groups were compared for demographic data, disease-related variables and pretreatment severity of pain. According to both the investigator's and the patient's overall evaluation of treatment efficacy on postoperative pain, diflunisal was significantly better than placebo (P less than 0.0001). Clinical adverse reactions were reported by seven patients (25%) in the diflunisal group compared to three patients (11%) in the control group. In two instances the adverse reactions were rated by the investigator to have been \"unacceptable\". The overall conclusion of this study is that diflunisal, compared to placebo, is a highly effective and well-tolerated analgesic in the treatment of postoperative pain following surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars.", "PMID": 112068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10067", "title": "Facial asymmetries following unilateral condylar replacement. An experimental study in monkeys using metatarsal transplants.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the effect of metatarsal transplantation on the mandibular condylar region. Two series of experiments were performed in four groups of Rhesus monkeys, a fifth group served as a nonoperated control group. The surgical procedures involved either the condyle and part of the ramus or the condyle only. Following the postoperative observation period the skulls of the animals were examined macroscopically, measured anthropologically and measured indirectly on vertical cephalograms. A new method developed by the authors for description of facial asymmetries was used. In all of the operated animals well-functioning joint structures were revealed, though all experimental groups showed the classical deformation features. Continued growth of the transplant was observed in only one case. The facial asymmetries were described as angular deviations from the true symmetry axis. No significant difference between the transplant and the corresponding nontransplant groups was detected for the two kinds of resection performed. However a difference in the degree of asymmetry between the ramus resection group and the condylectomy group was seen. It is concluded that a metatarsal transplant does not prevent the development of facial asymmetry following plain condylectomy or resection of the posterior third of the ramus of the mandible including the condyle.", "contents": "Facial asymmetries following unilateral condylar replacement. An experimental study in monkeys using metatarsal transplants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the effect of metatarsal transplantation on the mandibular condylar region. Two series of experiments were performed in four groups of Rhesus monkeys, a fifth group served as a nonoperated control group. The surgical procedures involved either the condyle and part of the ramus or the condyle only. Following the postoperative observation period the skulls of the animals were examined macroscopically, measured anthropologically and measured indirectly on vertical cephalograms. A new method developed by the authors for description of facial asymmetries was used. In all of the operated animals well-functioning joint structures were revealed, though all experimental groups showed the classical deformation features. Continued growth of the transplant was observed in only one case. The facial asymmetries were described as angular deviations from the true symmetry axis. No significant difference between the transplant and the corresponding nontransplant groups was detected for the two kinds of resection performed. However a difference in the degree of asymmetry between the ramus resection group and the condylectomy group was seen. It is concluded that a metatarsal transplant does not prevent the development of facial asymmetry following plain condylectomy or resection of the posterior third of the ramus of the mandible including the condyle.", "PMID": 112069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10068", "title": "Unilateral enlargement of the masseter muscle.", "content": "Benign hypertrophy of the masseter muscle is a relatively uncommon condition which may occur unilaterally or bilaterally. The etiology of the ailment is unclear in the majority of cases, and the histopathological features are usually those of normal muscle. A case of unilateral masseter muscle enlargement is described in a 19-year-old Arab male. The histopathological findings were compatible with a mild myopathic disorder. The characteristics, differential diagnosis, etiology, treatment and histopathological features of masserteric hypertrophy are discussed.", "contents": "Unilateral enlargement of the masseter muscle. Benign hypertrophy of the masseter muscle is a relatively uncommon condition which may occur unilaterally or bilaterally. The etiology of the ailment is unclear in the majority of cases, and the histopathological features are usually those of normal muscle. A case of unilateral masseter muscle enlargement is described in a 19-year-old Arab male. The histopathological findings were compatible with a mild myopathic disorder. The characteristics, differential diagnosis, etiology, treatment and histopathological features of masserteric hypertrophy are discussed.", "PMID": 112070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10069", "title": "Penetration of disposable needles.", "content": "Six types of disposable injection needles were tested clinically for the intensity of pain caused, and their penetration capacity measured. The force nedded differed greatly with different needle types (120-250 mN). The design of the needle point was observed to have the greatest effect on the pentration capacity and the intensity of pain. To penetrate the tissue well, the needle point should have secondary bevels at the tip of the bevelled surface. The majority of the needles fulfilled this requirement.", "contents": "Penetration of disposable needles. Six types of disposable injection needles were tested clinically for the intensity of pain caused, and their penetration capacity measured. The force nedded differed greatly with different needle types (120-250 mN). The design of the needle point was observed to have the greatest effect on the pentration capacity and the intensity of pain. To penetrate the tissue well, the needle point should have secondary bevels at the tip of the bevelled surface. The majority of the needles fulfilled this requirement.", "PMID": 112071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10070", "title": "Herpes zoster of the maxillary branch of the trigeminus nerve. Virological and serological studies.", "content": "A 70-year-old male had erythematous and vesiculous lesions in the area of the right maxillary branch of the trigeminus nerve and was clinically diagnosed as having herpes zoster; virological and serological investigations of this case were carried out. Consequently, an electron microscopic observation revealed a great number of virus particles of herpes type in the vesiculous lesion and in baby hamster kidney BHK21/WI-21 cells, cultured after inoculating the fluid from the vesicle formed on the patient's upper lip or from serum harvested during the viremia. When BHK21/WI-21 cells infected with this virus were tested for antigenicity by an indirect immunofluorescent staining technique, they showed a positive staining to antivaricella-zoster virus. When serum of this patient was assayed fof the antibody level against varicella-zoster virus by the complement fixation test at various time intervals during the therapeutic period, this antibody titer on recovery period showed a threefold increase in comparison to that at onset. From these findings, this infectious disease was precisely diagnosed as herpes zoster.", "contents": "Herpes zoster of the maxillary branch of the trigeminus nerve. Virological and serological studies. A 70-year-old male had erythematous and vesiculous lesions in the area of the right maxillary branch of the trigeminus nerve and was clinically diagnosed as having herpes zoster; virological and serological investigations of this case were carried out. Consequently, an electron microscopic observation revealed a great number of virus particles of herpes type in the vesiculous lesion and in baby hamster kidney BHK21/WI-21 cells, cultured after inoculating the fluid from the vesicle formed on the patient's upper lip or from serum harvested during the viremia. When BHK21/WI-21 cells infected with this virus were tested for antigenicity by an indirect immunofluorescent staining technique, they showed a positive staining to antivaricella-zoster virus. When serum of this patient was assayed fof the antibody level against varicella-zoster virus by the complement fixation test at various time intervals during the therapeutic period, this antibody titer on recovery period showed a threefold increase in comparison to that at onset. From these findings, this infectious disease was precisely diagnosed as herpes zoster.", "PMID": 112072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10071", "title": "Lingual sulcoplasty with a modified preparation technique.", "content": "Different techniques to improve the denture supporting area in the mandible by means of lingual sulcoplastry are discussed. A method for lingual sulcoplastry is presented and compared with other methods. This method is considered superior to transplantation and flap techniques as it causes less pain and discomfort and allows an early finish of the denture work. Yet the result of the operations with this technique seems to be compatible.", "contents": "Lingual sulcoplasty with a modified preparation technique. Different techniques to improve the denture supporting area in the mandible by means of lingual sulcoplastry are discussed. A method for lingual sulcoplastry is presented and compared with other methods. This method is considered superior to transplantation and flap techniques as it causes less pain and discomfort and allows an early finish of the denture work. Yet the result of the operations with this technique seems to be compatible.", "PMID": 112073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10072", "title": "Sagittal split technique I. Immediate postoperative conditions. A radiographic follow-up study.", "content": "The postoperative appearance of 28 patients was studied following sagittal split osteotomy. A radiological evaluation of the direction and location of the split, secondary unwanted fractures and the area of overlap and contact relationship between the fragments was carried out. In 70% of the cases examined the line of cleavage broke through on the medial surface of the ramus. Unwanted fractures occurred in five of the 56 operated rami, however, these did not influence the postoperative healing to a great extent. The area of overlap between the fragments varied from 3-10 cm2. In some cases diastases of up to 8 mm were noted. The true area of contact as such was significantly less than the area of overlap.", "contents": "Sagittal split technique I. Immediate postoperative conditions. A radiographic follow-up study. The postoperative appearance of 28 patients was studied following sagittal split osteotomy. A radiological evaluation of the direction and location of the split, secondary unwanted fractures and the area of overlap and contact relationship between the fragments was carried out. In 70% of the cases examined the line of cleavage broke through on the medial surface of the ramus. Unwanted fractures occurred in five of the 56 operated rami, however, these did not influence the postoperative healing to a great extent. The area of overlap between the fragments varied from 3-10 cm2. In some cases diastases of up to 8 mm were noted. The true area of contact as such was significantly less than the area of overlap.", "PMID": 112074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10073", "title": "Sagittal split technique. II. Radiographic findings during the fixation period. A radiographic follow-up study.", "content": "The radiological appearance of 28 patients following sagittal split osteotomy was studied during the fixation period. Larger areas of overlap and smaller diastasis between the fragments were more frequently associated with short periods of fixation (7 weeks or less). This difference was not statistically significant. In 84% of the operated sides varying degrees of decalcification could be seen within the bone structures. Using tomographic images callus formation between fragments could be registered in 75% of the cases before or at the termination of the fixation; these cases were all stable after removal of fixation. With the exception of two cases the remaining 25% were clinically stable, however, although callus formation could not be demonstrated radiographically.", "contents": "Sagittal split technique. II. Radiographic findings during the fixation period. A radiographic follow-up study. The radiological appearance of 28 patients following sagittal split osteotomy was studied during the fixation period. Larger areas of overlap and smaller diastasis between the fragments were more frequently associated with short periods of fixation (7 weeks or less). This difference was not statistically significant. In 84% of the operated sides varying degrees of decalcification could be seen within the bone structures. Using tomographic images callus formation between fragments could be registered in 75% of the cases before or at the termination of the fixation; these cases were all stable after removal of fixation. With the exception of two cases the remaining 25% were clinically stable, however, although callus formation could not be demonstrated radiographically.", "PMID": 112075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10074", "title": "Sagittal split technique. III. Postoperative rest conditions. A radiographic follow-up study.", "content": "The radiological appearance of 26 patients was studied 11--53 months postoperatively following sagittal split osteotomy. In 75% of the cases examined an increase in the mandibular angle could be noted compared to pretreatment values. This differences was statistically significant. In 70% of the cases the angle increased by 1--10 degrees. In 25% there was no change or reduction in the angle. The antero-posterior width of the rami was found to decrease; when this was combined with an increase in the mandibular angle, extensive morphological changes were found. These postoperative conditions must be regarded as unsatisfactory and a modification of the technique of sagittal split osteotomy should be considered as for example advocated by EPKER4.", "contents": "Sagittal split technique. III. Postoperative rest conditions. A radiographic follow-up study. The radiological appearance of 26 patients was studied 11--53 months postoperatively following sagittal split osteotomy. In 75% of the cases examined an increase in the mandibular angle could be noted compared to pretreatment values. This differences was statistically significant. In 70% of the cases the angle increased by 1--10 degrees. In 25% there was no change or reduction in the angle. The antero-posterior width of the rami was found to decrease; when this was combined with an increase in the mandibular angle, extensive morphological changes were found. These postoperative conditions must be regarded as unsatisfactory and a modification of the technique of sagittal split osteotomy should be considered as for example advocated by EPKER4.", "PMID": 112076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10075", "title": "Cryosurgery in stomato-oncology. A report of experiences gained over three years.", "content": "An account is given of the application and results of cryosurgery in stomato-oncology based on experiences gained over a 3-year period. Altogether 277 patients were treated for oral neoplasia and hemangiomas. It is stressed that cryosurgery is especially applicable for treating benign and malignant lesions of the anterior third of the oral cavity where healing is good, complications few, and inspection fairly easy. To date the short observation periods offers no adequate basis for making a direct comparison of this method with other more conventional techniques in complex tumor therapy.", "contents": "Cryosurgery in stomato-oncology. A report of experiences gained over three years. An account is given of the application and results of cryosurgery in stomato-oncology based on experiences gained over a 3-year period. Altogether 277 patients were treated for oral neoplasia and hemangiomas. It is stressed that cryosurgery is especially applicable for treating benign and malignant lesions of the anterior third of the oral cavity where healing is good, complications few, and inspection fairly easy. To date the short observation periods offers no adequate basis for making a direct comparison of this method with other more conventional techniques in complex tumor therapy.", "PMID": 112077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10076", "title": "Diagnosis of an obstructed calyceal diverticulum by ultrasonography.", "content": "A case is reported in which diagnosis of a calyceal diverticulum, at the time of observation of cystic appearance, was made by ultrasonography, without requiring special roentgen diagnostic procedures of limited safety.", "contents": "Diagnosis of an obstructed calyceal diverticulum by ultrasonography. A case is reported in which diagnosis of a calyceal diverticulum, at the time of observation of cystic appearance, was made by ultrasonography, without requiring special roentgen diagnostic procedures of limited safety.", "PMID": 112078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10077", "title": "Local application of THIO-TEPA in the prevention of recurrent papillary carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "Prophylactic total THIO-TEPA treatment was employed in 44 cases over a period of five years, following radical surgery (including reoperations) for recurrent vesical papillomatosis or carcinoma, and numerous subsequent transurethral coagulations or resections owing to multiple recurrences. Three patients have been now free from recurrences for five years, 13 patients for four years, 11 patients for three years and 9 patients for two years. Eight patients proved unresponsive, the recurrence rate having remained unaffected. No toxic effects requiring any special measures were encountered.", "contents": "Local application of THIO-TEPA in the prevention of recurrent papillary carcinoma of the bladder. Prophylactic total THIO-TEPA treatment was employed in 44 cases over a period of five years, following radical surgery (including reoperations) for recurrent vesical papillomatosis or carcinoma, and numerous subsequent transurethral coagulations or resections owing to multiple recurrences. Three patients have been now free from recurrences for five years, 13 patients for four years, 11 patients for three years and 9 patients for two years. Eight patients proved unresponsive, the recurrence rate having remained unaffected. No toxic effects requiring any special measures were encountered.", "PMID": 112079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10078", "title": "Chronic pyelonephritis. Electron microscopic study. III. The ureter.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the ureter in the nonhuman primate is described. In experimentally produced chronic pyelonephritis, the ureter shows extensive ultrastructural changes throughout the wall. The epithelium has cellular damage progressing from the basal cells to the superficial cells. There is an invasion of leukocytes into the intercellular spaces at all levels. The connective tissue layer seems thickened with an increase in active fibroblasts, leukocytes, collagen, and elastic fibers. There are various stages of damage in the smooth muscle layer and an abnormal increase of connective tissues between bundles and smooth muscle cells. The interdigitating nexuses seem stretched and altered. The changes are similar to those seen in ureteral obstruction and are assumed to be reparative.", "contents": "Chronic pyelonephritis. Electron microscopic study. III. The ureter. The ultrastructure of the ureter in the nonhuman primate is described. In experimentally produced chronic pyelonephritis, the ureter shows extensive ultrastructural changes throughout the wall. The epithelium has cellular damage progressing from the basal cells to the superficial cells. There is an invasion of leukocytes into the intercellular spaces at all levels. The connective tissue layer seems thickened with an increase in active fibroblasts, leukocytes, collagen, and elastic fibers. There are various stages of damage in the smooth muscle layer and an abnormal increase of connective tissues between bundles and smooth muscle cells. The interdigitating nexuses seem stretched and altered. The changes are similar to those seen in ureteral obstruction and are assumed to be reparative.", "PMID": 112082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10079", "title": "Normalized thyroxine as a screening test for hypothyroidism in full-term and preterm newborn babies.", "content": "Thyroid function was assessed in full-term and preterm newborn babies by serum thyroxine (T4), normalized thyroxine (T4N) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) assays. At age 24 h, there was a significant difference in T4 and TSH values between the full-term and preterm groups; no such difference was found in the T4N values. By 21 days of age, the TSH values were still significantly higher in full-term babies compared with preterm ones, but the T4 values were similar. The T4, T4N and TSH values at 24 h in preterm newborns with respiratory distress syndrome were similar to those in normal preterm babies, and the changes in these values with age had no consistent pattern. In preterm babies with low 24-h T4 and T4N values, these two parameters increased with age, reaching normal adult values by 21 days. We concluded that T4N could serve as a useful thyroid function test in the newborn.", "contents": "Normalized thyroxine as a screening test for hypothyroidism in full-term and preterm newborn babies. Thyroid function was assessed in full-term and preterm newborn babies by serum thyroxine (T4), normalized thyroxine (T4N) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) assays. At age 24 h, there was a significant difference in T4 and TSH values between the full-term and preterm groups; no such difference was found in the T4N values. By 21 days of age, the TSH values were still significantly higher in full-term babies compared with preterm ones, but the T4 values were similar. The T4, T4N and TSH values at 24 h in preterm newborns with respiratory distress syndrome were similar to those in normal preterm babies, and the changes in these values with age had no consistent pattern. In preterm babies with low 24-h T4 and T4N values, these two parameters increased with age, reaching normal adult values by 21 days. We concluded that T4N could serve as a useful thyroid function test in the newborn.", "PMID": 112084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10080", "title": "Restoration of CSF [HCO3-] after its experimental lowering in normocapnic conditions.", "content": "It is accepted that in hypercapnia the rise in cerebrospinal fluid bicarbonate concentration (CSF [HCO3-]) occurs because of local HCO3--generating mechanisms, dependent on carbonic anhydrase, as well as on diffusion of HCO3- from plasma. To investigate further the regulation of CSF [HCO3-], CSF HCO3- formation was studied under conditions of pure isocapnic CSF \"metabolic\" acidosis. In anesthetized normocapnic dogs CSF [HCO3-] was lowered to approximately 15 mmol/l by perfusing the brain ventricles with a low HCO3- solution for 45 min. In dogs with normal plasma [HCO3-], CSF [HCO3-] rose by approximately 7 mmol/l in 2 h after the end of the perfusion. Lowering plasma [HCO3-] to 10 mmol/l by infusing HCl, limited the CSF [HCO3-] rise to 2 mmol/l, indicating the importance of plasma HCO3- for the restoration of CSF [HCO3-]. The small and persistent rise of CSF [HCO3-] at low plasma [HCO3-] occurred against a concentration gradient with blood. Intraventricular injection of acetazolamide had no further effect on this small rise. It is concluded that under the conditions of our experiments the CSF [HCO3-] rise is significantly dependent on plasma [HCO3-] and the caronic anhydrase-dependent HCO3- generation in the CNS is less important.", "contents": "Restoration of CSF [HCO3-] after its experimental lowering in normocapnic conditions. It is accepted that in hypercapnia the rise in cerebrospinal fluid bicarbonate concentration (CSF [HCO3-]) occurs because of local HCO3--generating mechanisms, dependent on carbonic anhydrase, as well as on diffusion of HCO3- from plasma. To investigate further the regulation of CSF [HCO3-], CSF HCO3- formation was studied under conditions of pure isocapnic CSF \"metabolic\" acidosis. In anesthetized normocapnic dogs CSF [HCO3-] was lowered to approximately 15 mmol/l by perfusing the brain ventricles with a low HCO3- solution for 45 min. In dogs with normal plasma [HCO3-], CSF [HCO3-] rose by approximately 7 mmol/l in 2 h after the end of the perfusion. Lowering plasma [HCO3-] to 10 mmol/l by infusing HCl, limited the CSF [HCO3-] rise to 2 mmol/l, indicating the importance of plasma HCO3- for the restoration of CSF [HCO3-]. The small and persistent rise of CSF [HCO3-] at low plasma [HCO3-] occurred against a concentration gradient with blood. Intraventricular injection of acetazolamide had no further effect on this small rise. It is concluded that under the conditions of our experiments the CSF [HCO3-] rise is significantly dependent on plasma [HCO3-] and the caronic anhydrase-dependent HCO3- generation in the CNS is less important.", "PMID": 112088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10081", "title": "Effect of betamethasone on pressure-volume relationship of fetal rhesus monkey lung.", "content": "We have investigated the acceleration of fetal lung maturity following glucocorticoid administration. Air-filling of saline-filling pressure-volume curves were obtained on fetal rhesus monkey lungs after treatment with betamethasone. With air filling there was a marked increase in the total lung capacity (ml air/g at 40 cmH2O) in the treated animals. By normalizing the curves and plotting volume as a percent maximal volume, we examined the shape of deflation curves, a common functional measure of surfactant activity. We found little difference in the shapes between control and steroid-treated animals. With saline filling there was also a similar increase in the lung capacity. As surface tension has a negligible effect on saline pressure-volume curves, we conclude that the primary functional effect of glucocorticoids on the fetal lung may not be an alteration of surface forces. Rather the glucocorticoids seem to accelerate maturity more by increasing lung compliance through structural changes that allow the lung to contain more air for equivalent transpulmonary pressures or pressure changes. This may occur either by increasing the distensibility of already inflatable alveoli or by recruiting new units.", "contents": "Effect of betamethasone on pressure-volume relationship of fetal rhesus monkey lung. We have investigated the acceleration of fetal lung maturity following glucocorticoid administration. Air-filling of saline-filling pressure-volume curves were obtained on fetal rhesus monkey lungs after treatment with betamethasone. With air filling there was a marked increase in the total lung capacity (ml air/g at 40 cmH2O) in the treated animals. By normalizing the curves and plotting volume as a percent maximal volume, we examined the shape of deflation curves, a common functional measure of surfactant activity. We found little difference in the shapes between control and steroid-treated animals. With saline filling there was also a similar increase in the lung capacity. As surface tension has a negligible effect on saline pressure-volume curves, we conclude that the primary functional effect of glucocorticoids on the fetal lung may not be an alteration of surface forces. Rather the glucocorticoids seem to accelerate maturity more by increasing lung compliance through structural changes that allow the lung to contain more air for equivalent transpulmonary pressures or pressure changes. This may occur either by increasing the distensibility of already inflatable alveoli or by recruiting new units.", "PMID": 112089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10082", "title": "Isolation of mutants deregulated in phosphate control of candicidin biosynthesis.", "content": "Mutants have been isolated in which phosphate does not inhibit the biosynthesis of candicidin. At high phosphate concentrations, candicidin production by phosphate-deregulated mutants is still inhibited, but to a lesser extent than in the wild type. Some of these mutants are higher candicidin producers than the wild type, not only in phosphate-supplemented medium but also in non-supplemented production medium. The high candicidin production by these mutants is due to (1) a high specific rate of candicidin biosynthesis and (2) an extended production phase. None of the phosphate-deregulated mutants in which uptake of [32P]phosphate was measured was a phosphate-permeability mutant.", "contents": "Isolation of mutants deregulated in phosphate control of candicidin biosynthesis. Mutants have been isolated in which phosphate does not inhibit the biosynthesis of candicidin. At high phosphate concentrations, candicidin production by phosphate-deregulated mutants is still inhibited, but to a lesser extent than in the wild type. Some of these mutants are higher candicidin producers than the wild type, not only in phosphate-supplemented medium but also in non-supplemented production medium. The high candicidin production by these mutants is due to (1) a high specific rate of candicidin biosynthesis and (2) an extended production phase. None of the phosphate-deregulated mutants in which uptake of [32P]phosphate was measured was a phosphate-permeability mutant.", "PMID": 112091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10083", "title": "Aggregation of sponge cells. Function of a lectin in its homologous biological system.", "content": "For the first time, the biological role of a lectin in the process of reaggregation of single cells from the same species (marine sponge: Geodia cydonium Jam.) is described. The galactose-specific lectin does not promote aggregation, but prevents the antiaggregation receptor from disaggregating cell clumps. Competition experiments showed that the lectin inactivates the antiaggregation receptor by binding to it, most likely via its terminal galactose residues. The lectin converts reversibly aggregation-deficient cells (carrying functional cell membrane-bound antiaggregation receptor molecules) to aggregation-susceptible cells.", "contents": "Aggregation of sponge cells. Function of a lectin in its homologous biological system. For the first time, the biological role of a lectin in the process of reaggregation of single cells from the same species (marine sponge: Geodia cydonium Jam.) is described. The galactose-specific lectin does not promote aggregation, but prevents the antiaggregation receptor from disaggregating cell clumps. Competition experiments showed that the lectin inactivates the antiaggregation receptor by binding to it, most likely via its terminal galactose residues. The lectin converts reversibly aggregation-deficient cells (carrying functional cell membrane-bound antiaggregation receptor molecules) to aggregation-susceptible cells.", "PMID": 112094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10084", "title": "Purification and properties of Bacillus subtilis inositol dehydrogenase.", "content": "Inositol 2-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.18) activity appears during growth of Bacillus subtilis (strain 60015) in nutrient sporulation medium. Its synthesis is induced by myo-inositol and repressed by D-glucose. The enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 155,000 to 160,000 as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and it is comprised of four subunits, each having a molecular weight of 39,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point of the enzyme is 4.4 as determined by column isoelectric focusing. The enzyme shows the highest Vmax and lowest Km with myo-inositol as substrate but does not react with scyllo-inositol; it also reacts with the alpha anomer (but not the beta anomer) of D-glucose and with D-xylose. Apparently, the enzyme can remove only the single equatorial hydrogen of the cyclitol or pyranose ring. In contrast to the glucose dehydrogenase of spores, which reacts with D-glucose or 2-deoxy-D-glucose and with NAD or NADP, inositol dehydrogenase requires NAD and does not react with 2-deoxy-D-glucose.", "contents": "Purification and properties of Bacillus subtilis inositol dehydrogenase. Inositol 2-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.18) activity appears during growth of Bacillus subtilis (strain 60015) in nutrient sporulation medium. Its synthesis is induced by myo-inositol and repressed by D-glucose. The enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 155,000 to 160,000 as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and it is comprised of four subunits, each having a molecular weight of 39,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point of the enzyme is 4.4 as determined by column isoelectric focusing. The enzyme shows the highest Vmax and lowest Km with myo-inositol as substrate but does not react with scyllo-inositol; it also reacts with the alpha anomer (but not the beta anomer) of D-glucose and with D-xylose. Apparently, the enzyme can remove only the single equatorial hydrogen of the cyclitol or pyranose ring. In contrast to the glucose dehydrogenase of spores, which reacts with D-glucose or 2-deoxy-D-glucose and with NAD or NADP, inositol dehydrogenase requires NAD and does not react with 2-deoxy-D-glucose.", "PMID": 112095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10085", "title": "Purification and properties of phosphorylated isocitrate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Phosphorylated NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from in vivo 32P-labeled Escherichia coli. The cells used as the source of phosphorylated enzyme were harvested 1 h after the addition of 5 mCi of [32P]orthophosphoric acid and 25 mM sodium acetate to cultures grown to early stationary phase on a low phosphate medium with limiting glucose. Double immunodiffusion and autoradiography demonstrated immunological identity between the 32P-labeled NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase and the enzyme isolated from glucose-grown E. coli. The phosphoenzyme had an apparent subunit molecular weight of 51,000 as determined by denaturing acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the radioactivity co-electrophoresed with NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity when purified enzyme was subjected to nondenaturing gel electrophoresis. [32P]Phosphoserine was identified following partial acid hydrolysis of the purified phosphoenzyme.", "contents": "Purification and properties of phosphorylated isocitrate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli. Phosphorylated NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from in vivo 32P-labeled Escherichia coli. The cells used as the source of phosphorylated enzyme were harvested 1 h after the addition of 5 mCi of [32P]orthophosphoric acid and 25 mM sodium acetate to cultures grown to early stationary phase on a low phosphate medium with limiting glucose. Double immunodiffusion and autoradiography demonstrated immunological identity between the 32P-labeled NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase and the enzyme isolated from glucose-grown E. coli. The phosphoenzyme had an apparent subunit molecular weight of 51,000 as determined by denaturing acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the radioactivity co-electrophoresed with NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity when purified enzyme was subjected to nondenaturing gel electrophoresis. [32P]Phosphoserine was identified following partial acid hydrolysis of the purified phosphoenzyme.", "PMID": 112096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10086", "title": "Ribosomal protein alterations in thiostrepton- and Micrococcin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Ribosomal proteins of parental thiostrepton- and micrococcin-sensitive Bacillus subtilis cysA14 and thiostrepton-and micrococcin-resistant mutants were compared. Several electrophoretic and immunochemical techniques showed unambiguously that BS-L11 was not present on 50 S ribosomal subunits from the six thiostrepton-resistant mutants. Protein BS-L11 reappeared in all six revertants from thiostrepton resistance to thiostrepton sensitivity. No definitive protein alteration could be ascribed to the mutation from micrococcin sensitivity to resistance. It was also demonstrated that B. subtilis protein BS-L11 is homologous to Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L11. The finding that ribosomes from thiostrepton-resistant mutants do not contain protein L11 suggests that L11 not only is involved in binding of thiostrepton, but also, when mutationally altered, confers resistance to this antibiotic. Although the ribosomes of these strains do not contain protein L11, all thiostrepton-resistant mutants showed the same viability as the parental strain. Thus protein L11 cannot be obligatory for the structure and function of the ribosome.", "contents": "Ribosomal protein alterations in thiostrepton- and Micrococcin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis. Ribosomal proteins of parental thiostrepton- and micrococcin-sensitive Bacillus subtilis cysA14 and thiostrepton-and micrococcin-resistant mutants were compared. Several electrophoretic and immunochemical techniques showed unambiguously that BS-L11 was not present on 50 S ribosomal subunits from the six thiostrepton-resistant mutants. Protein BS-L11 reappeared in all six revertants from thiostrepton resistance to thiostrepton sensitivity. No definitive protein alteration could be ascribed to the mutation from micrococcin sensitivity to resistance. It was also demonstrated that B. subtilis protein BS-L11 is homologous to Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L11. The finding that ribosomes from thiostrepton-resistant mutants do not contain protein L11 suggests that L11 not only is involved in binding of thiostrepton, but also, when mutationally altered, confers resistance to this antibiotic. Although the ribosomes of these strains do not contain protein L11, all thiostrepton-resistant mutants showed the same viability as the parental strain. Thus protein L11 cannot be obligatory for the structure and function of the ribosome.", "PMID": 112097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10087", "title": "Effect of endo-beta-galactosidase on intact human erythrocytes.", "content": "Endo-beta-galactosidase, a glycosidase that hydrolyzes Gal beta 1-4 GlcNAc linkages in glycoconjugates, has been used to probe the plasma membrane of human erythrocytes. Coomassie blue staining of stroma components separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that treatment of red cells with endo-beta-galactosidase converts Protein 3, the anion transporter of the erythrocyte, to a more compact staining band. No other components detected by Coomassie staining are affected. Following labeling of red cells with galactose oxidase + NaB3H4, 45 to 50% of the [3H]galactose residues can be released by endo-beta-galactosidase. In contrast, only 5% of the label incorporated by treatment with periodate + NaB3H4, can be removed. [3H]Galactose residues are released from three components: Protein 3, Band 4.5, and the megaloglycolipids. The susceptibility of these components to endo-beta-galactosidase, together with the high content of Gal and GlcNAc present in Protein 3 and the megaloglycolipids, suggests that the erythrocyte membrane contains several components with N-acetyllactosamine repeating units, a structure commonly found in connective tissue glycoconjugates.", "contents": "Effect of endo-beta-galactosidase on intact human erythrocytes. Endo-beta-galactosidase, a glycosidase that hydrolyzes Gal beta 1-4 GlcNAc linkages in glycoconjugates, has been used to probe the plasma membrane of human erythrocytes. Coomassie blue staining of stroma components separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that treatment of red cells with endo-beta-galactosidase converts Protein 3, the anion transporter of the erythrocyte, to a more compact staining band. No other components detected by Coomassie staining are affected. Following labeling of red cells with galactose oxidase + NaB3H4, 45 to 50% of the [3H]galactose residues can be released by endo-beta-galactosidase. In contrast, only 5% of the label incorporated by treatment with periodate + NaB3H4, can be removed. [3H]Galactose residues are released from three components: Protein 3, Band 4.5, and the megaloglycolipids. The susceptibility of these components to endo-beta-galactosidase, together with the high content of Gal and GlcNAc present in Protein 3 and the megaloglycolipids, suggests that the erythrocyte membrane contains several components with N-acetyllactosamine repeating units, a structure commonly found in connective tissue glycoconjugates.", "PMID": 112098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10088", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of rat liver bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase.", "content": "Bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.95) converts bilirubin monoglucuronide to bilirubin diglucuronide and is concentrated in plasma membrane-enriched fractions of rat liver homogenates. The enzyme was purified 2,000-fold to homogeneity from rat liver. The pI of the enzyme is 7.9 +/- 0.2. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 160,000 and is an oligomer of 28,000 dalton subunits. Km for purified enzyme was 35 microM and Vmax was 2.2 mumol of bilirubin diglucuronide formed/min/mg of protein. Freshly biosynthesized bilirubin monoglucuronide was injected intravenously into homozygous Gunn rats which had bile duct cannulation. Gunn rats lack UDP-glucuronate glucuronyltransferase activity (EC 2.4.1.17), have normal bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase activity, cannot form bilirubin monoglucuronide in vitro or in vivo, and do not excrete bilirubin glucuronides after intravenous injection of unconjugated bilirubin. Within 1 h, approximately 75% of the injected conjugated bilirubin was recovered in bile, of which 20% consisted of bilirubin diglucuronide. These results indicate that bilirubin glucuronide glucuronosyltransferase catalyzes conversion of bilirubin monoglucuronide to diglucuronide in vivo.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of rat liver bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase. Bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.95) converts bilirubin monoglucuronide to bilirubin diglucuronide and is concentrated in plasma membrane-enriched fractions of rat liver homogenates. The enzyme was purified 2,000-fold to homogeneity from rat liver. The pI of the enzyme is 7.9 +/- 0.2. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 160,000 and is an oligomer of 28,000 dalton subunits. Km for purified enzyme was 35 microM and Vmax was 2.2 mumol of bilirubin diglucuronide formed/min/mg of protein. Freshly biosynthesized bilirubin monoglucuronide was injected intravenously into homozygous Gunn rats which had bile duct cannulation. Gunn rats lack UDP-glucuronate glucuronyltransferase activity (EC 2.4.1.17), have normal bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase activity, cannot form bilirubin monoglucuronide in vitro or in vivo, and do not excrete bilirubin glucuronides after intravenous injection of unconjugated bilirubin. Within 1 h, approximately 75% of the injected conjugated bilirubin was recovered in bile, of which 20% consisted of bilirubin diglucuronide. These results indicate that bilirubin glucuronide glucuronosyltransferase catalyzes conversion of bilirubin monoglucuronide to diglucuronide in vivo.", "PMID": 112100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10089", "title": "DNA-directed in vitro synthesis of beta-galactosidase. Purification and characterization of stimulatory factors in an ascites extract.", "content": "Previous studies have described a partially defined system for the DNA-directed in vitro synthesis of beta-galactosidase (Kung, H.F., Redfield, B., Treadwell, B.V., Eskin, B., Spears, C., and Weissbach, H. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 6889-6894). An Ehrlich ascites extract was shown in these in vitro studies to acylate Escherichia coli tRNA with 13 amino acids, and the ascites extract was used in place of the corresponding 13 E. coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The present studies indicate that the ascites extract is supplying an additional protein factor, besides the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, that stimulates the DNA-directed synthesis of beta-galactosidase. The protein factor has been highly purified and may be functioning by protecting mRNA against degradation. In addition, NAD or T4 DNA ligase stimulates the synthesis of beta-galactosidase in the partially defined system.", "contents": "DNA-directed in vitro synthesis of beta-galactosidase. Purification and characterization of stimulatory factors in an ascites extract. Previous studies have described a partially defined system for the DNA-directed in vitro synthesis of beta-galactosidase (Kung, H.F., Redfield, B., Treadwell, B.V., Eskin, B., Spears, C., and Weissbach, H. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 6889-6894). An Ehrlich ascites extract was shown in these in vitro studies to acylate Escherichia coli tRNA with 13 amino acids, and the ascites extract was used in place of the corresponding 13 E. coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The present studies indicate that the ascites extract is supplying an additional protein factor, besides the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, that stimulates the DNA-directed synthesis of beta-galactosidase. The protein factor has been highly purified and may be functioning by protecting mRNA against degradation. In addition, NAD or T4 DNA ligase stimulates the synthesis of beta-galactosidase in the partially defined system.", "PMID": 112101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10090", "title": "Membrane-bound and soluble extracellular alpha-amylase from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Extracellular alpha-amylase was purified to homogeneity from a Marburg strain of Bacillus subtilis. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight approximately 67,000. Its NH2-terminal amino acid sequence is Leu-Thr-Ala-Pro-Ser-Ile-Lys. A membrane-derived alpha-amylase was solubilizing from membrane vesicles by treatment with Triton X-100 and was highly purified by chromatography on an anti-alpha-amylase-protein A-Sepharose column. Membrane-derived alpha-amylase was indistinguishable from the soluble extracellular enzyme by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and radioimmunoassay. The membrane-derived enzyme contains phospholipid. Approximately 30 to 80% of the phospholipid was extracted from the purified enzyme by chloroform:methanol. The extracted phospholipid was predominately phosphatidylethanolamine. Treatment with phospholipase D released phosphatidic acid. Membrane-bound alpha-amylase was latent in membrane vesicles. Release of membrane-bound alpha-amylase from vesicles by an endogenous enzyme was maximal at pH 8.5, was inhibited by metal chelators and diisopropyl fluorophosphate and was stimulated by Ca2+ and Mg2+. The amount of membrane-bound alpha-amylase was related to the level of secretion.", "contents": "Membrane-bound and soluble extracellular alpha-amylase from Bacillus subtilis. Extracellular alpha-amylase was purified to homogeneity from a Marburg strain of Bacillus subtilis. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight approximately 67,000. Its NH2-terminal amino acid sequence is Leu-Thr-Ala-Pro-Ser-Ile-Lys. A membrane-derived alpha-amylase was solubilizing from membrane vesicles by treatment with Triton X-100 and was highly purified by chromatography on an anti-alpha-amylase-protein A-Sepharose column. Membrane-derived alpha-amylase was indistinguishable from the soluble extracellular enzyme by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and radioimmunoassay. The membrane-derived enzyme contains phospholipid. Approximately 30 to 80% of the phospholipid was extracted from the purified enzyme by chloroform:methanol. The extracted phospholipid was predominately phosphatidylethanolamine. Treatment with phospholipase D released phosphatidic acid. Membrane-bound alpha-amylase was latent in membrane vesicles. Release of membrane-bound alpha-amylase from vesicles by an endogenous enzyme was maximal at pH 8.5, was inhibited by metal chelators and diisopropyl fluorophosphate and was stimulated by Ca2+ and Mg2+. The amount of membrane-bound alpha-amylase was related to the level of secretion.", "PMID": 112102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10091", "title": "[Heavy chain disease: humoral and cellular findings in six patients with mu chain disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical and chemical findings in 6 patients with mu-chain disease are reported. In all of these patients a lymphoproliferative disease was observed which by its symptoms resembled CLL. This similarity was underlined by the finding of an impaired response of PBL of the patients to mitogens as PHA, PWM, and Con A. A substantial result of our studies lies in the fact that the presence of mu-chains in the serum does not correlate with a clinically defined entity. Moreover, mu-chains have been observed in a case of benign lymphadenopathy. In one case a good remission of 4 years duration could be induced by the application of cytostatic agents.", "contents": "[Heavy chain disease: humoral and cellular findings in six patients with mu chain disease (author's transl)]. Clinical and chemical findings in 6 patients with mu-chain disease are reported. In all of these patients a lymphoproliferative disease was observed which by its symptoms resembled CLL. This similarity was underlined by the finding of an impaired response of PBL of the patients to mitogens as PHA, PWM, and Con A. A substantial result of our studies lies in the fact that the presence of mu-chains in the serum does not correlate with a clinically defined entity. Moreover, mu-chains have been observed in a case of benign lymphadenopathy. In one case a good remission of 4 years duration could be induced by the application of cytostatic agents.", "PMID": 112103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10092", "title": "Degradation of proteins microinjected into cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "Iodinated proteins were degraded after injection into HeLa cells at first-order rates with half-lives varying from three hours for the trout monhistone chromosomal protein, HMG-T, -to 60 hours for whale myoglobin. Fluoresceinated-bovine serum albumin (fl-BSA) was degraded almost twice as fast as unmodified BSA. The rate of degradation of 125I-BSA was very similar in eight cell lines of mouse, human, monkey and rat origin. Microinjected proteins were analyzed on SDS-acrylamide gels after injection, and for BSA and immunoglobin G, all remaining intracellular 125I migrated at the molecular weight of the injected proteins. By contrasting, more than 80% of the extracellular 125I chromatographed as iodotyrosine. With the exception of fl-BSA, which exhibited perinuclear accumulation in approximately one-half of the injected cells, autoradiography showed that throughout the period of study the injected proteins remained dispersed in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Degradation of proteins microinjected into cultured mammalian cells. Iodinated proteins were degraded after injection into HeLa cells at first-order rates with half-lives varying from three hours for the trout monhistone chromosomal protein, HMG-T, -to 60 hours for whale myoglobin. Fluoresceinated-bovine serum albumin (fl-BSA) was degraded almost twice as fast as unmodified BSA. The rate of degradation of 125I-BSA was very similar in eight cell lines of mouse, human, monkey and rat origin. Microinjected proteins were analyzed on SDS-acrylamide gels after injection, and for BSA and immunoglobin G, all remaining intracellular 125I migrated at the molecular weight of the injected proteins. By contrasting, more than 80% of the extracellular 125I chromatographed as iodotyrosine. With the exception of fl-BSA, which exhibited perinuclear accumulation in approximately one-half of the injected cells, autoradiography showed that throughout the period of study the injected proteins remained dispersed in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 112104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10093", "title": "Lymphocytes with immunoglobulin E Fc receptors in patients with atopic disorders.", "content": "Lymphocytes from normal nonallergic donors and patients with atopic disorders were analyzed for subpopulations bearing Fc receptors for immunoglobulin (Ig)E (Fc(epsilon)) and IgG (Fc(gamma)), surface IgM (sIgM) and IgD (sIgD), and for T cells forming spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E). The patients were divided into three groups according to serum IgE concentrations and systemic corticosteroid treatment. Group I consisted of 12 atopic patients with either normal or moderately increased IgE levels up to 4,000 U/ml. Four patients of group II and three of group III had 10,500-31,000 U/ml and severe atopic dermatitis. Patients of group III, but not I and II, were receiving corticosteroids systemically. The percentage (mean +/-SD) and total number of Fc(epsilon) (+) lymphocytes were 1.2+/-0.5%, 41+/-24/mm(3) in 12 normals; 1.6+/-0.9%, 59+/-43/mm(3) in patients of group I: 7.0+/-2.0%, 187+/-67/mm(3) in group II; and 0.3+/-0.1%, 13+/-5/mm(3) in patients of group III. The increase in group II and decrease in group III of Fc(epsilon) (+) cells were statistically significantly different from the normal persons and patients of group I. In contrast, the patients did not differ significantly from the donors in sIgM(+), sIgD(+), Fc(gamma) (+), and E(+) cell populations. As shown by depletion of sIg(+) cells in four patients with atopic disorders, the great majority of the Fc(epsilon) (+) lymphocytes were B cells. However, two patients with elevated Fc(epsilon) (+) cell numbers had small numbers of mixed E- and Fc(epsilon)-rosetting cells, presumably T cells. Two patients of group II were examined during an acute herpes simplex infection. Both showed an congruent with80% decrease of Fc(epsilon) (+) cells at that time. No apparent correlation between numbers of Fc(epsilon) (+) cells and IgE level existed in patients of group I. Injection of an IgE myeloma protein into two monkeys did not significantly change their percentages of Fc(epsilon) (+) lymphocytes. The data indicate that Fc(epsilon) (+) lymphocytes are increased in patients with markedly elevated serum IgE and severe atopic disease, suggesting that these cells may be involved in the regulation and(or) synthesis of IgE antibody formation.", "contents": "Lymphocytes with immunoglobulin E Fc receptors in patients with atopic disorders. Lymphocytes from normal nonallergic donors and patients with atopic disorders were analyzed for subpopulations bearing Fc receptors for immunoglobulin (Ig)E (Fc(epsilon)) and IgG (Fc(gamma)), surface IgM (sIgM) and IgD (sIgD), and for T cells forming spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E). The patients were divided into three groups according to serum IgE concentrations and systemic corticosteroid treatment. Group I consisted of 12 atopic patients with either normal or moderately increased IgE levels up to 4,000 U/ml. Four patients of group II and three of group III had 10,500-31,000 U/ml and severe atopic dermatitis. Patients of group III, but not I and II, were receiving corticosteroids systemically. The percentage (mean +/-SD) and total number of Fc(epsilon) (+) lymphocytes were 1.2+/-0.5%, 41+/-24/mm(3) in 12 normals; 1.6+/-0.9%, 59+/-43/mm(3) in patients of group I: 7.0+/-2.0%, 187+/-67/mm(3) in group II; and 0.3+/-0.1%, 13+/-5/mm(3) in patients of group III. The increase in group II and decrease in group III of Fc(epsilon) (+) cells were statistically significantly different from the normal persons and patients of group I. In contrast, the patients did not differ significantly from the donors in sIgM(+), sIgD(+), Fc(gamma) (+), and E(+) cell populations. As shown by depletion of sIg(+) cells in four patients with atopic disorders, the great majority of the Fc(epsilon) (+) lymphocytes were B cells. However, two patients with elevated Fc(epsilon) (+) cell numbers had small numbers of mixed E- and Fc(epsilon)-rosetting cells, presumably T cells. Two patients of group II were examined during an acute herpes simplex infection. Both showed an congruent with80% decrease of Fc(epsilon) (+) cells at that time. No apparent correlation between numbers of Fc(epsilon) (+) cells and IgE level existed in patients of group I. Injection of an IgE myeloma protein into two monkeys did not significantly change their percentages of Fc(epsilon) (+) lymphocytes. The data indicate that Fc(epsilon) (+) lymphocytes are increased in patients with markedly elevated serum IgE and severe atopic disease, suggesting that these cells may be involved in the regulation and(or) synthesis of IgE antibody formation.", "PMID": 112109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10094", "title": "Differential diagnosis of hypoechoic and anechoic masses with gray scale sonography: new observations.", "content": "With the technological advances in gray scale sonography that have permitted the use of higher-frequency transducers and expansion of the acoustic dynamic range, increasing problems in differentiating solid masses and fluid-filled masses have become apparent. These difficulties can be overcome by strict adherence to proper scanning techniques, which involve transducer selection, tissue attenuation compensation, and alterations in patient position. The availability of variable-dynamic-range signal processing and the use of real-time scanning can further increase one's confidence in the correct interpretation of these masses. The primary criteria for determining that a mass is fluid-filled have been expanded to include the presence of reverberation echoes, the \"lateral shades\" sign, and the presence of septations. In the past, hypoechoic masses with low-level internal echoes were termed \"complex\". Both fluid-filled masses and solid masses may fall into this category. By use of the sonographic criteria, an attempt should be made to determine whether a mass is primarily fluid-filled or solid. Specific anatomic locations and pathologic conditions in which differential diagnosis may be difficult are illustrated; these include abdominal masses, hepatic and renal masses, and pelvic masses.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of hypoechoic and anechoic masses with gray scale sonography: new observations. With the technological advances in gray scale sonography that have permitted the use of higher-frequency transducers and expansion of the acoustic dynamic range, increasing problems in differentiating solid masses and fluid-filled masses have become apparent. These difficulties can be overcome by strict adherence to proper scanning techniques, which involve transducer selection, tissue attenuation compensation, and alterations in patient position. The availability of variable-dynamic-range signal processing and the use of real-time scanning can further increase one's confidence in the correct interpretation of these masses. The primary criteria for determining that a mass is fluid-filled have been expanded to include the presence of reverberation echoes, the \"lateral shades\" sign, and the presence of septations. In the past, hypoechoic masses with low-level internal echoes were termed \"complex\". Both fluid-filled masses and solid masses may fall into this category. By use of the sonographic criteria, an attempt should be made to determine whether a mass is primarily fluid-filled or solid. Specific anatomic locations and pathologic conditions in which differential diagnosis may be difficult are illustrated; these include abdominal masses, hepatic and renal masses, and pelvic masses.", "PMID": 112111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10095", "title": "In vitro investigation of gallstone shadowing with ultrasound tomography.", "content": "A phantom was constructed to simulate the in vivo situation of gallstone detection. Gallstone specimens from 37 patients were scanned. All gallstones cast acoustic shadows, regardles of the specific properties of the stones. Experimental evidence concerning factors that affect the detection of acoustic shadows from gallstones is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro investigation of gallstone shadowing with ultrasound tomography. A phantom was constructed to simulate the in vivo situation of gallstone detection. Gallstone specimens from 37 patients were scanned. All gallstones cast acoustic shadows, regardles of the specific properties of the stones. Experimental evidence concerning factors that affect the detection of acoustic shadows from gallstones is discussed.", "PMID": 112112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10096", "title": "Ultrasonic real-time guidance for percutaneous puncture.", "content": "Real-time scanning was applied to the sonically guided puncture technique. A special puncture attachment connected to the ultrasound sector scanner was developed for this purpose. A puncture needle is introduced into the scanning plane through the canal in the attachment. Excellent real-time images of both the target lesion and the needle can be clearly seen on the oscilloscope during the puncture procedure. Puncture not only for cystic structures but also for solid masses can be made easily and safely by this new technique. Successful applications of the technique have been carried out for renal cyst puncture, percutaneous antegrade pyelography, percutaneous nephrostomy, percutaneous renal biopsy, and perineal prostatic biopsy.", "contents": "Ultrasonic real-time guidance for percutaneous puncture. Real-time scanning was applied to the sonically guided puncture technique. A special puncture attachment connected to the ultrasound sector scanner was developed for this purpose. A puncture needle is introduced into the scanning plane through the canal in the attachment. Excellent real-time images of both the target lesion and the needle can be clearly seen on the oscilloscope during the puncture procedure. Puncture not only for cystic structures but also for solid masses can be made easily and safely by this new technique. Successful applications of the technique have been carried out for renal cyst puncture, percutaneous antegrade pyelography, percutaneous nephrostomy, percutaneous renal biopsy, and perineal prostatic biopsy.", "PMID": 112114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10097", "title": "Echogenic fluid: a pitfall in the ultrasonographic diagnosis of cystic lesions.", "content": "Although it is well known that biliary sludge can produce fine diffuse echoes within the gallbladder, it is less commonly appreciated that other cystic structures may contain echogenic fluid and therefore be mistaken sonographically for solid lesions. In this article three cases of splenic cysts and one case each of pyrometrocolpos, hydroureter, and pyonephrosis presented with diffuse fine echoes in the fluid. Three of these cases were misinterpreted as a result of this echogenic appearance. These cases serve to emphasize the need for awareness of the echogenicity of some types of fluid and the value of other signs of cystic lesions besides absence of internal echoes.", "contents": "Echogenic fluid: a pitfall in the ultrasonographic diagnosis of cystic lesions. Although it is well known that biliary sludge can produce fine diffuse echoes within the gallbladder, it is less commonly appreciated that other cystic structures may contain echogenic fluid and therefore be mistaken sonographically for solid lesions. In this article three cases of splenic cysts and one case each of pyrometrocolpos, hydroureter, and pyonephrosis presented with diffuse fine echoes in the fluid. Three of these cases were misinterpreted as a result of this echogenic appearance. These cases serve to emphasize the need for awareness of the echogenicity of some types of fluid and the value of other signs of cystic lesions besides absence of internal echoes.", "PMID": 112115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10098", "title": "Ultrasound evaluation of American Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "Burkitt's lymphoma is a childhood disease that characteristically produces large, bulky abdominal tumors. Although these are potentially curable, chemotherapy can produce rapid tumor lysis, with subsequent life-threatening metabolic abnormalities, especially in those patients with large tumors or those who have compromised renal function. Twenty-two patients with proven Burkitt's lymphoma were evaluated by ultrasound. Thirteen patients had abdominal masses. These masses tended to be large, solitary, and acoustically homogeneous. Although most of these tumors were found in the pelvis, upper abdominal and retroperitoneal tumors were also encountered. None of the patients had the typical paravertebral mantle of enlarged nodes seen in other types of lymphoma. In 11 patients with abnormal intravenous pyelograms, ultrasound successfully distinguished between renal lymphoma, hydronephrosis, and, by exclusion, metabolic renal disease. The absence of lymph node disease and the presence of bulky homogeneous extranodal tumor are characteristic ultrasound findings in Burkitt's lymphoma. By locating and quantifying tumor mass and distinguishing between renal lymphoma and hydronephrosis, ultrasound proved to be clinically useful in the management of this disease.", "contents": "Ultrasound evaluation of American Burkitt's lymphoma. Burkitt's lymphoma is a childhood disease that characteristically produces large, bulky abdominal tumors. Although these are potentially curable, chemotherapy can produce rapid tumor lysis, with subsequent life-threatening metabolic abnormalities, especially in those patients with large tumors or those who have compromised renal function. Twenty-two patients with proven Burkitt's lymphoma were evaluated by ultrasound. Thirteen patients had abdominal masses. These masses tended to be large, solitary, and acoustically homogeneous. Although most of these tumors were found in the pelvis, upper abdominal and retroperitoneal tumors were also encountered. None of the patients had the typical paravertebral mantle of enlarged nodes seen in other types of lymphoma. In 11 patients with abnormal intravenous pyelograms, ultrasound successfully distinguished between renal lymphoma, hydronephrosis, and, by exclusion, metabolic renal disease. The absence of lymph node disease and the presence of bulky homogeneous extranodal tumor are characteristic ultrasound findings in Burkitt's lymphoma. By locating and quantifying tumor mass and distinguishing between renal lymphoma and hydronephrosis, ultrasound proved to be clinically useful in the management of this disease.", "PMID": 112116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10099", "title": "Ultrasound characteristics of abdominal abscesses involving foreign bodies (gauze).", "content": "Three cases of abdominal abscesses involving gauze were studied by B-mode ultrasound. Thick irregular boundary echoes and irregular internal echoes of high amplitude were most characteristic. The ultrasound tomograms are presented, and their characteristics are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasound characteristics of abdominal abscesses involving foreign bodies (gauze). Three cases of abdominal abscesses involving gauze were studied by B-mode ultrasound. Thick irregular boundary echoes and irregular internal echoes of high amplitude were most characteristic. The ultrasound tomograms are presented, and their characteristics are discussed.", "PMID": 112117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10100", "title": "Cancer therapy with ultrasound: a historical review.", "content": "The 45-year history of research in cancer therapy involving ultrasound may be divided into the four periods of initiation, enthusiasm, pessimism and revival. There have been three approaches to the subject: studies have sought to measure the effects on tumors of a) ultrasound alone; b) ultrasound in combination with radiotherapy, and c) ultrasound in combination with chemotherapy. With the first approach the results have varied. In some cases, decreased growth rates or regressions of tumors have been reported; in other cases, either no effect has been observed or growth has been increased. With the second approach, for some tumors, combined treatment has produced greater effects on tumors than has x-ray alone, whereas in other tumors the addition of ultrasound has produced no change. With the third approach, enhancement of the effects of drugs has been observed in melanoma and mouse tumor cells treated with ultrasound and several anticancer drugs. The mechanism of action in most (but not all) cases has appeared to be absorption heating. The potential of ultrasound to provide local tumor control and to enhance other therapy modes has motivated the current efforts by several groups to further study and understand it actions on malignancies.", "contents": "Cancer therapy with ultrasound: a historical review. The 45-year history of research in cancer therapy involving ultrasound may be divided into the four periods of initiation, enthusiasm, pessimism and revival. There have been three approaches to the subject: studies have sought to measure the effects on tumors of a) ultrasound alone; b) ultrasound in combination with radiotherapy, and c) ultrasound in combination with chemotherapy. With the first approach the results have varied. In some cases, decreased growth rates or regressions of tumors have been reported; in other cases, either no effect has been observed or growth has been increased. With the second approach, for some tumors, combined treatment has produced greater effects on tumors than has x-ray alone, whereas in other tumors the addition of ultrasound has produced no change. With the third approach, enhancement of the effects of drugs has been observed in melanoma and mouse tumor cells treated with ultrasound and several anticancer drugs. The mechanism of action in most (but not all) cases has appeared to be absorption heating. The potential of ultrasound to provide local tumor control and to enhance other therapy modes has motivated the current efforts by several groups to further study and understand it actions on malignancies.", "PMID": 112118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10101", "title": "A monoclonal macroglobulin with antinuclear activity.", "content": "Serum containing a monoclonal IgM protein from a patient with Waldenstroms' macroglobulinaemia gave intense immunofluorescent staining of kidney nuclei. The Fab mu fragments of this immunoglobulin were obtained. The IgM and Fab fragments reacted in vitro with kidney nuclei using unfixed cryostat sections of rat or mouse kidney. After treatment of the patient with chemotherapy, the monoclonal IgM disappeared, and no more antinuclear activity could be detected in the serum. The results strongly suggest that this IgM protein had antinuclear activity.", "contents": "A monoclonal macroglobulin with antinuclear activity. Serum containing a monoclonal IgM protein from a patient with Waldenstroms' macroglobulinaemia gave intense immunofluorescent staining of kidney nuclei. The Fab mu fragments of this immunoglobulin were obtained. The IgM and Fab fragments reacted in vitro with kidney nuclei using unfixed cryostat sections of rat or mouse kidney. After treatment of the patient with chemotherapy, the monoclonal IgM disappeared, and no more antinuclear activity could be detected in the serum. The results strongly suggest that this IgM protein had antinuclear activity.", "PMID": 112123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10102", "title": "Intravenous feeding in a gastroenterological unit: a prospective study of infective complications.", "content": "We have assessed the bacteriological safety of a system of intravenous feeding by culturing catheters on removal, swabs taken from the catheter's skin entry sites, and samples of infusion fluid. Among 38 treatment periods using 51 catheters over 1551 patient days, septicaemia due to Staphylococcus aureus was observed in one treatment period and bacteraemias due to Staphylococcus albus and Diphtheroid species in two others. The Staph. aureus and the diphtheroids probably gained access via the skin entry site along the outside of the catheter. The origin of the Staph. albus was uncertain. Parenteral nutrition over extended periods can be a safe procedure if aseptic precautions are taken. The importance of the catheter's skin entry site as a source of contaiminating organisms is emphasised.", "contents": "Intravenous feeding in a gastroenterological unit: a prospective study of infective complications. We have assessed the bacteriological safety of a system of intravenous feeding by culturing catheters on removal, swabs taken from the catheter's skin entry sites, and samples of infusion fluid. Among 38 treatment periods using 51 catheters over 1551 patient days, septicaemia due to Staphylococcus aureus was observed in one treatment period and bacteraemias due to Staphylococcus albus and Diphtheroid species in two others. The Staph. aureus and the diphtheroids probably gained access via the skin entry site along the outside of the catheter. The origin of the Staph. albus was uncertain. Parenteral nutrition over extended periods can be a safe procedure if aseptic precautions are taken. The importance of the catheter's skin entry site as a source of contaiminating organisms is emphasised.", "PMID": 112124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10103", "title": "Prospective economic evaluation of lead poisoning prevention programs.", "content": "This paper illustrates an economic methodology for the prospective evaluation of individual lead poisoning screening and prevention programs. A method is presented for prospectively estimating the prevalence and expected health consequences of lead poisoning in an urban population. The economic costs of these consequences are calculated and cost-benefit analysis is used to complete the evaluation. A case study is developed to illustrate the potential utility of the model as a framework for the prospective evaluation of programs under funding consideration.", "contents": "Prospective economic evaluation of lead poisoning prevention programs. This paper illustrates an economic methodology for the prospective evaluation of individual lead poisoning screening and prevention programs. A method is presented for prospectively estimating the prevalence and expected health consequences of lead poisoning in an urban population. The economic costs of these consequences are calculated and cost-benefit analysis is used to complete the evaluation. A case study is developed to illustrate the potential utility of the model as a framework for the prospective evaluation of programs under funding consideration.", "PMID": 112125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10104", "title": "A pathological basis for the cutaneous papules of mucopolysaccharidosis II (the Hunter syndrome).", "content": "Cutaneous papules of two patients with the Hunter snydrome (mucopolysaccharidosis II) were compared with their normal appearing skin by light and electron microscopic techniques. While most fibrocytes of normal and papular skin contained metachromatic cytoplasmic material and characteristic vacuoles, only the papules had extracellular accumulation of metachromatic material and evidence of coalescence and rupture of vacuoles. Alcohol fixation provides better preservation of the mucosubstances.", "contents": "A pathological basis for the cutaneous papules of mucopolysaccharidosis II (the Hunter syndrome). Cutaneous papules of two patients with the Hunter snydrome (mucopolysaccharidosis II) were compared with their normal appearing skin by light and electron microscopic techniques. While most fibrocytes of normal and papular skin contained metachromatic cytoplasmic material and characteristic vacuoles, only the papules had extracellular accumulation of metachromatic material and evidence of coalescence and rupture of vacuoles. Alcohol fixation provides better preservation of the mucosubstances.", "PMID": 112128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10105", "title": "Post-secretory aggregation of caseins.", "content": "Particles as large as several micrometer diam. have been observed occasionally in normal milk and commonly in prepartum and postpartum colostrum. These particles can be dissociated by EDTA and their appearance closely resembles that of normal casein micelles. However, they are often too large to have been completely formed within the Golgi vesicles of mammary epithelium and hence some degree of post-secretory aggregation of caseins is thought to occur. Two possible mechanisms of post-secretory aggregation of caseins are: (1) a continuation of the normal processes of micelle assembly in the alveolus and (2) aggregation as a result of limited proteolysis of the caseins during the time the milk is in the mammary gland. Incubation of milk with fibrinolysin, however, failed to produce aggregation of normal micelles.", "contents": "Post-secretory aggregation of caseins. Particles as large as several micrometer diam. have been observed occasionally in normal milk and commonly in prepartum and postpartum colostrum. These particles can be dissociated by EDTA and their appearance closely resembles that of normal casein micelles. However, they are often too large to have been completely formed within the Golgi vesicles of mammary epithelium and hence some degree of post-secretory aggregation of caseins is thought to occur. Two possible mechanisms of post-secretory aggregation of caseins are: (1) a continuation of the normal processes of micelle assembly in the alveolus and (2) aggregation as a result of limited proteolysis of the caseins during the time the milk is in the mammary gland. Incubation of milk with fibrinolysin, however, failed to produce aggregation of normal micelles.", "PMID": 112129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10106", "title": "Implementation of a personalized clothing policy for long stay psychiatric patients: a study of communication.", "content": "This study raises the following question. Should the policy maker be responsible for ensuring adequate monitoring of policy implementation? A policy lays down a course of action for achieving a particular end. Implementation of a policy implies adherence to the course of action stated in the policy. This study was concerned with the relationship between a policy of personalized clothing and the implementation of a particular scheme. Divergence from the original policy occurred because of inadequate communication between those who formulated the policy, those who implemented the policy and the staff who were responsible for day-to-day management associated with the policy. The finding of this study was that the way policy was implemented did not relate to the original objective of the policy. Policy relating to a particular area of health cannot progress scientifically unless evaluation of the implementation of formulated policy occurs. This research therefore advocates that the policy maker should be responsible for ensuring adequate monitoring of the policy when it is implemented.", "contents": "Implementation of a personalized clothing policy for long stay psychiatric patients: a study of communication. This study raises the following question. Should the policy maker be responsible for ensuring adequate monitoring of policy implementation? A policy lays down a course of action for achieving a particular end. Implementation of a policy implies adherence to the course of action stated in the policy. This study was concerned with the relationship between a policy of personalized clothing and the implementation of a particular scheme. Divergence from the original policy occurred because of inadequate communication between those who formulated the policy, those who implemented the policy and the staff who were responsible for day-to-day management associated with the policy. The finding of this study was that the way policy was implemented did not relate to the original objective of the policy. Policy relating to a particular area of health cannot progress scientifically unless evaluation of the implementation of formulated policy occurs. This research therefore advocates that the policy maker should be responsible for ensuring adequate monitoring of the policy when it is implemented.", "PMID": 112133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10107", "title": "Permeability of the hard tissue bridge formed after pulpotomy with calcium hydroxide: a histologic study.", "content": "Analysis of these results shows that complete hard tissue bridges, aside from occurring with great frequency, produce a satisfactory protection to the pulp. In a case in which the barrier is incomplete, some future clinical problems may result as an incomplete barrier does not offer adequate protection as shown by the chronic inflammatory reaction in the remaining pulp tissue.", "contents": "Permeability of the hard tissue bridge formed after pulpotomy with calcium hydroxide: a histologic study. Analysis of these results shows that complete hard tissue bridges, aside from occurring with great frequency, produce a satisfactory protection to the pulp. In a case in which the barrier is incomplete, some future clinical problems may result as an incomplete barrier does not offer adequate protection as shown by the chronic inflammatory reaction in the remaining pulp tissue.", "PMID": 112134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10108", "title": "Relationship between airway hyperreactivity and hyperpermeability in Ascaris-sensitive monkeys.", "content": "In four Ascaris-sensitive rhesus monkeys, we measured the fractional absorption of 3H-histamine (3HH) and airway response, as pulmonary resistance (R1), to standard histamine aerosols containing tracer amounts of 3HH for control runs (Run 1) and runs after Ascaris antigen challenge (Run 2). The mean rate of accumulation of radioactivity in the plasma volume as a function of delivered dose during histamine exposure (2 min) was fivefold greater for Run 2 (0.047% delivered dose/min) as compared with Run 1 (0.009% delivered dose/min). Whereas histamine inhalation led to insignificant (less than 25%) increases in R1 over control in Run 1. R1 increased by 247% over control after histamine inhalation in Run 2. Thus, both airway hyperpermeability and hyperreactivity to inhaled histamine were observed following specific antigen challenge in this animal model. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that airway mucosal hyperpermeability induced by an allergic reaction is one of the factors contributing to airway hyperreactivity by increasing flows of inhaled bronchoactive agents to effector sites in the airway wall.", "contents": "Relationship between airway hyperreactivity and hyperpermeability in Ascaris-sensitive monkeys. In four Ascaris-sensitive rhesus monkeys, we measured the fractional absorption of 3H-histamine (3HH) and airway response, as pulmonary resistance (R1), to standard histamine aerosols containing tracer amounts of 3HH for control runs (Run 1) and runs after Ascaris antigen challenge (Run 2). The mean rate of accumulation of radioactivity in the plasma volume as a function of delivered dose during histamine exposure (2 min) was fivefold greater for Run 2 (0.047% delivered dose/min) as compared with Run 1 (0.009% delivered dose/min). Whereas histamine inhalation led to insignificant (less than 25%) increases in R1 over control in Run 1. R1 increased by 247% over control after histamine inhalation in Run 2. Thus, both airway hyperpermeability and hyperreactivity to inhaled histamine were observed following specific antigen challenge in this animal model. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that airway mucosal hyperpermeability induced by an allergic reaction is one of the factors contributing to airway hyperreactivity by increasing flows of inhaled bronchoactive agents to effector sites in the airway wall.", "PMID": 112136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10109", "title": "Spin-off cost/benefits of expanded nutritional care.", "content": "Eight years ago, in caring for persons with diabetes at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, priority was given to the use of oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin, with only minimal attention to nutrition. In 1971, an \"expanded nutritional care program\" was instituted, with emphasis on nutritional education and follow-up. Use of oral agents was discontinued, and, since 1972, less insulin has been used. The new dietary program, with dietitians playing a key role, includes a one-week total fast, stringent low-calorie diets, individualized dietary planning and instruction, and careful follow-up monitoring. Comparative pre-1971 and current data show: a 50 per cent reduction in lower extremity amputations, less diabetic ketoacidosis, fewer hospitalizations, weight reduction of 40 per cent with no increase in plasma glucose (in a 127-patient cohort with complete follow-up), and a savings to the hospital of more than $96,000 in the cost of medications and $3,700,000 in hospitalizations in eight years.", "contents": "Spin-off cost/benefits of expanded nutritional care. Eight years ago, in caring for persons with diabetes at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, priority was given to the use of oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin, with only minimal attention to nutrition. In 1971, an \"expanded nutritional care program\" was instituted, with emphasis on nutritional education and follow-up. Use of oral agents was discontinued, and, since 1972, less insulin has been used. The new dietary program, with dietitians playing a key role, includes a one-week total fast, stringent low-calorie diets, individualized dietary planning and instruction, and careful follow-up monitoring. Comparative pre-1971 and current data show: a 50 per cent reduction in lower extremity amputations, less diabetic ketoacidosis, fewer hospitalizations, weight reduction of 40 per cent with no increase in plasma glucose (in a 127-patient cohort with complete follow-up), and a savings to the hospital of more than $96,000 in the cost of medications and $3,700,000 in hospitalizations in eight years.", "PMID": 112138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10110", "title": "Erythrocyte folate levels in young and old.", "content": "Erythrocyte folate levels were compared among 25 young healthy subjects (mean age, 27 years), 29 healthy subjects aged over 75 living in the community, 62 subjects (mean age, 75) admitted to a geriatric assessment ward (acute illnesses), and 32 subjects (aged over 65) in a ward for long-term physical or mental illnesses. Overall, the female/male sex ratio varied from 2:1 to 3:1. For the three elderly groups, the incidence of low erythrocyte folate levels (less than 100 mmicrogram/100 ml) were 24 percent, 16 percent, and 18 percent, respectively. For the young group, the mean value would be over 296 mmicrogram/100 ml. Dietary folate deficiency may often account for low folate blood levels in the elderly, but other factors should also be implicated, e.g., the ability to absorb folate.", "contents": "Erythrocyte folate levels in young and old. Erythrocyte folate levels were compared among 25 young healthy subjects (mean age, 27 years), 29 healthy subjects aged over 75 living in the community, 62 subjects (mean age, 75) admitted to a geriatric assessment ward (acute illnesses), and 32 subjects (aged over 65) in a ward for long-term physical or mental illnesses. Overall, the female/male sex ratio varied from 2:1 to 3:1. For the three elderly groups, the incidence of low erythrocyte folate levels (less than 100 mmicrogram/100 ml) were 24 percent, 16 percent, and 18 percent, respectively. For the young group, the mean value would be over 296 mmicrogram/100 ml. Dietary folate deficiency may often account for low folate blood levels in the elderly, but other factors should also be implicated, e.g., the ability to absorb folate.", "PMID": 112139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10111", "title": "Improving the quality of life for the elderly.", "content": "The United States Senator from Maryland, as speaker at the Awards luncheon of the American Geriatrics Society (Washington meeting), presented his views on priorities in various health programs for the elderly, and asked for the Society's cooperation in making some of the difficult decisions that lie ahead. An important item is cost-effectiveness. These decisions will affect every discipline involved in geriatrics, and have an important bearing upon the quality of life for the elderly. A better understanding is needed of the interaction between aging and disease, and the use of preventive measures.", "contents": "Improving the quality of life for the elderly. The United States Senator from Maryland, as speaker at the Awards luncheon of the American Geriatrics Society (Washington meeting), presented his views on priorities in various health programs for the elderly, and asked for the Society's cooperation in making some of the difficult decisions that lie ahead. An important item is cost-effectiveness. These decisions will affect every discipline involved in geriatrics, and have an important bearing upon the quality of life for the elderly. A better understanding is needed of the interaction between aging and disease, and the use of preventive measures.", "PMID": 112140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10112", "title": "Thinning of capillary walls and declining numbers of endothelial mitochondria in the cerebral cortex of the aging primate, Macaca nemestrina.", "content": "Samples were obtained from the frontal and occipital cortex of Macaque monkeys at 4, 10 and 20 years of age. Electron microscopic studies revealed attenuation of capillary walls and declining numbers of endothelial mitochondria per capillary profile with increasing age. The basal lamina surrounding the capillary increased in thickness between 4 and 10 years of age; however, it did not undergo further change between 10 and 20 years. These results corroborate morphological and biochemical studies indicative of declining numbers of mitochondria, and decreasing mitochondrial ATP synthesis and ATPase activity in other tissues during aging.", "contents": "Thinning of capillary walls and declining numbers of endothelial mitochondria in the cerebral cortex of the aging primate, Macaca nemestrina. Samples were obtained from the frontal and occipital cortex of Macaque monkeys at 4, 10 and 20 years of age. Electron microscopic studies revealed attenuation of capillary walls and declining numbers of endothelial mitochondria per capillary profile with increasing age. The basal lamina surrounding the capillary increased in thickness between 4 and 10 years of age; however, it did not undergo further change between 10 and 20 years. These results corroborate morphological and biochemical studies indicative of declining numbers of mitochondria, and decreasing mitochondrial ATP synthesis and ATPase activity in other tissues during aging.", "PMID": 112144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10113", "title": "Histochemical detection of carbonic anhydrase with diemthylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonamide.", "content": "A new specific method for the detection of carbonic anhydrase, EC 4.2.1.1, in tissues is described. The reaction of carbonic anhydrase with dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonamide (DNSA) forms a highly fluorescent complex. The specificity of the method is proved by the quenching of this fluorescence with ethoxzolamide (6-ethoxybenzothiazole-5-sulfonamide). The difference in the wavelength makes it possible to absorb the fluorescence of the unbound dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonamide by filters. Kidney, proventriculus, and bone from chicken have been examined. Carbonic anhydrase has been detected in the cytoplasm of the columnar lining cells, proximal tubule cells, and osteoclasts.", "contents": "Histochemical detection of carbonic anhydrase with diemthylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonamide. A new specific method for the detection of carbonic anhydrase, EC 4.2.1.1, in tissues is described. The reaction of carbonic anhydrase with dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonamide (DNSA) forms a highly fluorescent complex. The specificity of the method is proved by the quenching of this fluorescence with ethoxzolamide (6-ethoxybenzothiazole-5-sulfonamide). The difference in the wavelength makes it possible to absorb the fluorescence of the unbound dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonamide by filters. Kidney, proventriculus, and bone from chicken have been examined. Carbonic anhydrase has been detected in the cytoplasm of the columnar lining cells, proximal tubule cells, and osteoclasts.", "PMID": 112177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10114", "title": "Very low frequency and small intensity electromagnetic and magnetic fields as an oecological factor.", "content": "The effect on microorganisms of electromagnetic and magnetic fields (EMF, MF), the frequency and intensity of which were similar to natural ones, was studied. They were found to influence the physiology of bacteria. Changes in the rate of proliferation of microbes, in their susceptibility to antibiotic the frequency of formation of recombinants and partial diploids during conjugation of colibacterium were observed during cultivation in these fields.", "contents": "Very low frequency and small intensity electromagnetic and magnetic fields as an oecological factor. The effect on microorganisms of electromagnetic and magnetic fields (EMF, MF), the frequency and intensity of which were similar to natural ones, was studied. They were found to influence the physiology of bacteria. Changes in the rate of proliferation of microbes, in their susceptibility to antibiotic the frequency of formation of recombinants and partial diploids during conjugation of colibacterium were observed during cultivation in these fields.", "PMID": 112178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10115", "title": "[Epidemiologic and serologic study of listeriosis in man and domestic and wild animals in Austria].", "content": "In the framework of a study aimed to ascertain the possibilities of infection transmission from mother to child the athors examined serologically gravid women for toxoplasmosis and antibodies against listeriosis, using routine methods, in Austria in 1974, 1975 and 1975. Almost all gynecologists of the region of Styria (Austrial), who systematically delivered data concerning abortions, premature births and stillbirths, were invited to take part in the study. At the same time data concerning domestic and wild animals examined for antibodies against listeriosis in Austria in 1974, 1975, 1976 and 1977, were compared.", "contents": "[Epidemiologic and serologic study of listeriosis in man and domestic and wild animals in Austria]. In the framework of a study aimed to ascertain the possibilities of infection transmission from mother to child the athors examined serologically gravid women for toxoplasmosis and antibodies against listeriosis, using routine methods, in Austria in 1974, 1975 and 1975. Almost all gynecologists of the region of Styria (Austrial), who systematically delivered data concerning abortions, premature births and stillbirths, were invited to take part in the study. At the same time data concerning domestic and wild animals examined for antibodies against listeriosis in Austria in 1974, 1975, 1976 and 1977, were compared.", "PMID": 112179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10116", "title": "Nutritional support in patients with malignant disease.", "content": "Clinicians have long been aware of the major nutritional and metabolic abnormalities that occur in patients with cancer. Such abnormalities are varied and hence both the indications and techniques for their correction are also diverse. The aim of the present paper is to consider certain specific aspects of nutritional support in cancer and the authors end with a brief review of areas of study which may prove useful in future.", "contents": "Nutritional support in patients with malignant disease. Clinicians have long been aware of the major nutritional and metabolic abnormalities that occur in patients with cancer. Such abnormalities are varied and hence both the indications and techniques for their correction are also diverse. The aim of the present paper is to consider certain specific aspects of nutritional support in cancer and the authors end with a brief review of areas of study which may prove useful in future.", "PMID": 112180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10117", "title": "Genetics of Drosophila subobscura populations. VIII. Allozyme loci and their chromosome maps.", "content": "Genetic information on 25 enzyme polymorphisms in Drosophila subobscura, the location of corresponding genes, and cytological and genetic maps of the chromosomes are presented, as well as photographic maps of the salivary gland chromosomes in the third instar larva and white-case early pupal stages. Biochemical markers were used to establish chromosomal homologies among D. subobscura, D. pseudoobscura, D. melanogaster, and D. willistoni.", "contents": "Genetics of Drosophila subobscura populations. VIII. Allozyme loci and their chromosome maps. Genetic information on 25 enzyme polymorphisms in Drosophila subobscura, the location of corresponding genes, and cytological and genetic maps of the chromosomes are presented, as well as photographic maps of the salivary gland chromosomes in the third instar larva and white-case early pupal stages. Biochemical markers were used to establish chromosomal homologies among D. subobscura, D. pseudoobscura, D. melanogaster, and D. willistoni.", "PMID": 112146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10118", "title": "Parenteral nutrition in the cancer patient.", "content": "The nutritional state of patients with malignant disease must be assessed at the beginning of treatment. Nutritional supplements, given either orally or intravenously, enable patients to tolerate larger doses of chemotherapy and radiotherapy and the clinical response may be enhanced by nutritional support. Crystalline L aminoacids and glucose are the main nutrients used intravenously and fat emulsions are required in prolonged parenteral nutrition. Hypophosphataemia related to glucose administration and infection related to access to the circulation are the main complications, both of which are preventable. Total parenteral nutrition alone will not improve the results of cancer treatment significantly but its careful use in association with surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy can be most valuable.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition in the cancer patient. The nutritional state of patients with malignant disease must be assessed at the beginning of treatment. Nutritional supplements, given either orally or intravenously, enable patients to tolerate larger doses of chemotherapy and radiotherapy and the clinical response may be enhanced by nutritional support. Crystalline L aminoacids and glucose are the main nutrients used intravenously and fat emulsions are required in prolonged parenteral nutrition. Hypophosphataemia related to glucose administration and infection related to access to the circulation are the main complications, both of which are preventable. Total parenteral nutrition alone will not improve the results of cancer treatment significantly but its careful use in association with surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy can be most valuable.", "PMID": 112181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10119", "title": "Hyperthermia and radiation-induced dominant lethals and chromosome loss in female Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The hyperthermia treatment, 38 degrees C for 1 hour significantly increased the dominant lethals induced by 1000R of X-rays in immature oocytes. The viability and chromosome loss in mature eggs were affected by either heat treatment or radiation. Hyperthermia treatment given before radiation exposure also significantly increased radiation-induced loss of the X chromosome in immature oocytes. Heat treatment did not increase radiation-induced nondisjunction of the chromosomes.", "contents": "Hyperthermia and radiation-induced dominant lethals and chromosome loss in female Drosophila melanogaster. The hyperthermia treatment, 38 degrees C for 1 hour significantly increased the dominant lethals induced by 1000R of X-rays in immature oocytes. The viability and chromosome loss in mature eggs were affected by either heat treatment or radiation. Hyperthermia treatment given before radiation exposure also significantly increased radiation-induced loss of the X chromosome in immature oocytes. Heat treatment did not increase radiation-induced nondisjunction of the chromosomes.", "PMID": 112147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10120", "title": "The carboxy-terminal peptides of in vitro precursor and in vivo mature kappa light chains are identical.", "content": "Protein structural analysis of several precursor light chains indicates that these in vitro products include a cysteine-containing tryptic peptide that is indistinguishable from the carboxy-terminal tryptic tripeptide present in in vivo mature kappa light chains. It is concluded that although in vitro precursor light chains contain an additional amino-terminal sequence, their carboxy-terminus is the same as that found in in vivo mature light chains.", "contents": "The carboxy-terminal peptides of in vitro precursor and in vivo mature kappa light chains are identical. Protein structural analysis of several precursor light chains indicates that these in vitro products include a cysteine-containing tryptic peptide that is indistinguishable from the carboxy-terminal tryptic tripeptide present in in vivo mature kappa light chains. It is concluded that although in vitro precursor light chains contain an additional amino-terminal sequence, their carboxy-terminus is the same as that found in in vivo mature light chains.", "PMID": 112183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10121", "title": "An immunologic approach for the detection of tumor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with malignant lymphoma; implications for the diagnosis of minimal disease.", "content": "Lymphocytes were isolated from infiltrated lymph nodes and blood of eight patients with malignant lymphocytic lymphoma. All patients had normal numbers of circulating lymphocytes with normal morphology. None of the patients had serum paraproteins. The isolated lymphocytes from patients and controls were stained with affinity purified antibody specific for kappa- or lambda-light chains and analyzed by using a fluorescence activated cell sorter. Cells from infiltrated nodes stained for only one light chain type at high levels of fluorescence intensity. An increase in the number of brightly stained cells bearing the light chain type found in the involved node was readily detected in the peripheral blood of all but one of the patients with lymphoma. Similar changes in the ratio of kappa+- to lambda+-cells were not observed in 41 samples from nomral individuals and patients with other diseases.", "contents": "An immunologic approach for the detection of tumor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with malignant lymphoma; implications for the diagnosis of minimal disease. Lymphocytes were isolated from infiltrated lymph nodes and blood of eight patients with malignant lymphocytic lymphoma. All patients had normal numbers of circulating lymphocytes with normal morphology. None of the patients had serum paraproteins. The isolated lymphocytes from patients and controls were stained with affinity purified antibody specific for kappa- or lambda-light chains and analyzed by using a fluorescence activated cell sorter. Cells from infiltrated nodes stained for only one light chain type at high levels of fluorescence intensity. An increase in the number of brightly stained cells bearing the light chain type found in the involved node was readily detected in the peripheral blood of all but one of the patients with lymphoma. Similar changes in the ratio of kappa+- to lambda+-cells were not observed in 41 samples from nomral individuals and patients with other diseases.", "PMID": 112185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10122", "title": "Murine cell surface immunoglobulin: two forms of delta-heavy chain.", "content": "The heavy chain of isolated murine cell surface IgD is present in two forms, separable by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gels. Both forms of delta-heavy chain are present on the surface of intact spleen cells and have apparent m.w. of approximately 70,000 (delta1) and 68,000 (delta2). Treatment of surface IgD with neuraminidase before isolation results in a single IgD heavy chain band on SDS gels having an apparent m.w. of 65,000, indicating that delta 1 and delta 2 differ in sialic acid content. Delta 2 is removed from the cell surface by papain more readily than delta 1, suggesting a possible functional significance for the two forms.", "contents": "Murine cell surface immunoglobulin: two forms of delta-heavy chain. The heavy chain of isolated murine cell surface IgD is present in two forms, separable by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gels. Both forms of delta-heavy chain are present on the surface of intact spleen cells and have apparent m.w. of approximately 70,000 (delta1) and 68,000 (delta2). Treatment of surface IgD with neuraminidase before isolation results in a single IgD heavy chain band on SDS gels having an apparent m.w. of 65,000, indicating that delta 1 and delta 2 differ in sialic acid content. Delta 2 is removed from the cell surface by papain more readily than delta 1, suggesting a possible functional significance for the two forms.", "PMID": 112186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10123", "title": "Ir gene defects may reflect a regulatory imbalance. I. Helper T cell activity revealed in a strain whose lack of response is controlled by suppression.", "content": "A singular responsiveness to HEL was revealed in a peripheral lymphoid compartment of the genetically nonresponsive H-2b mouse. Although i.p. injection of HEL induces suppression and a lack of anti-HEL production, following footpad injection there is an early emergence in the popliteal lymph node (P-LN) of HEL-specific helper activity and plaque-forming cells. Furthermore, the early P-LN transiently expresses one of two T cell types needed for initiation of suppression. Delayed recruitment of the second required cell-type permits the induction of efficient suppression. There is only a short period during which there is concurrent representation of the two T cell subpopulations, and by mixing early and late deficient P-LN T cells, suppression could be established. The general implication of these results is that although a vigorous helper cell potential may exist in a strain nonresponsive to a multideterminant antigen, it can be obscured by a regulatory cell imbalance that results in the manifestation of a generalized Ir gene \"defect.\"", "contents": "Ir gene defects may reflect a regulatory imbalance. I. Helper T cell activity revealed in a strain whose lack of response is controlled by suppression. A singular responsiveness to HEL was revealed in a peripheral lymphoid compartment of the genetically nonresponsive H-2b mouse. Although i.p. injection of HEL induces suppression and a lack of anti-HEL production, following footpad injection there is an early emergence in the popliteal lymph node (P-LN) of HEL-specific helper activity and plaque-forming cells. Furthermore, the early P-LN transiently expresses one of two T cell types needed for initiation of suppression. Delayed recruitment of the second required cell-type permits the induction of efficient suppression. There is only a short period during which there is concurrent representation of the two T cell subpopulations, and by mixing early and late deficient P-LN T cells, suppression could be established. The general implication of these results is that although a vigorous helper cell potential may exist in a strain nonresponsive to a multideterminant antigen, it can be obscured by a regulatory cell imbalance that results in the manifestation of a generalized Ir gene \"defect.\"", "PMID": 112191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10124", "title": "Immunoquantitation of antibody to placental phosphatase by single radial immunodiffusion; effect of antibody avidity and immunization protocol.", "content": "The radial immunodiffusion method was used to titer antisera to human placental alkaline phosphatase. When this was done with diluted enzyme and antisera, it was found that early-course antisera consistently yielded low titers. This observation was consistent with the known low avidity of such antisera.", "contents": "Immunoquantitation of antibody to placental phosphatase by single radial immunodiffusion; effect of antibody avidity and immunization protocol. The radial immunodiffusion method was used to titer antisera to human placental alkaline phosphatase. When this was done with diluted enzyme and antisera, it was found that early-course antisera consistently yielded low titers. This observation was consistent with the known low avidity of such antisera.", "PMID": 112192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10125", "title": "Is the d an allelic gene of D in the Rh blood group system? A quantitative study using 99mTechnetium-pyrophosphate-labelled antibody (TcLA) method.", "content": "This article reports on studies of Rh antigens, such as D, Du and d, using uranyl-labelled antibody (ULA) and TcLA (99mTc-pyrophosphate-labelled antibody) methods for the first time for this purpose. TcLA method proved to be simple in labelling and very sensitive (20--100 times more so than the indirect Coombs test) in the detection of Rh antigen-antibody binding. Results of this quantitative study demonstrate convincingly that the d is not an allelic gene of D but rather the weakest of the series D less than Du less than d. Although the evidence from this study demonstrates clearly that differences between D and d are only quantitative, the authors do not think that the Rh nomenclature should be changed but they do think that the present evidence should be used in regard to the understanding of the allelism in the Rh blood group system. The c is an allelic gene of C as the e is an allelic gene of E; specific test sera detecting every one of these antigens exist and the family studies verify these statements. However, the d is not a distinct antigen as c and e are, even if the pattern of inheritance from family studies, using the existent anti-D serum, would suggest the allelism as probability. That is why in the past the anti-Du and anti-d specific test sera never incidentally found or artificially produced.", "contents": "Is the d an allelic gene of D in the Rh blood group system? A quantitative study using 99mTechnetium-pyrophosphate-labelled antibody (TcLA) method. This article reports on studies of Rh antigens, such as D, Du and d, using uranyl-labelled antibody (ULA) and TcLA (99mTc-pyrophosphate-labelled antibody) methods for the first time for this purpose. TcLA method proved to be simple in labelling and very sensitive (20--100 times more so than the indirect Coombs test) in the detection of Rh antigen-antibody binding. Results of this quantitative study demonstrate convincingly that the d is not an allelic gene of D but rather the weakest of the series D less than Du less than d. Although the evidence from this study demonstrates clearly that differences between D and d are only quantitative, the authors do not think that the Rh nomenclature should be changed but they do think that the present evidence should be used in regard to the understanding of the allelism in the Rh blood group system. The c is an allelic gene of C as the e is an allelic gene of E; specific test sera detecting every one of these antigens exist and the family studies verify these statements. However, the d is not a distinct antigen as c and e are, even if the pattern of inheritance from family studies, using the existent anti-D serum, would suggest the allelism as probability. That is why in the past the anti-Du and anti-d specific test sera never incidentally found or artificially produced.", "PMID": 112193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10126", "title": "Familial incidence of precipitating antibodies in von Willebrand's disease: a study of four cases.", "content": "Precipitating antibodies directed toward human F.VIII/WF were found in the plasma of four out of 17 multitransfused patients with severe, homozygous-like VWD. The familial incidence was illustrated by the development of these antibodies in three patients from the same kindred. Such antibodies, titrated with newly developed quantitative assays of anti-VIIIR:Ag and anti-VIIIR:RCo, were directed toward only these components of F.VIII/WF. VIII:C was neutralized in a time-independent manner in plasma and was not inactivated when separated from F.VIII/WF by solid-phase PE absorption. Plasma, serum, or immunoglobulin reacted in precipitation systems (immunodiffusion, EID, CIE) with human VIIIR:Ag, with some degree of cross-reactivity toward VIIIR:Ag from other mammalian plasmas. When used in IRMA, these antibodies demonstrated the same abnormalities as heterologous antisera in variant VWD: decreased binding affinity or nonparallelism of the dose-response curves. They are polyclonal IgG with both kappa and lambda light chains. It is suggested that in some patients with severe homozygous-like VWD, the synthesis of the component of F.VIII/WF carrying VIIIR:Ag and VIIIR:RCo is suppressed whereas VIII:C production is not completely abolished.", "contents": "Familial incidence of precipitating antibodies in von Willebrand's disease: a study of four cases. Precipitating antibodies directed toward human F.VIII/WF were found in the plasma of four out of 17 multitransfused patients with severe, homozygous-like VWD. The familial incidence was illustrated by the development of these antibodies in three patients from the same kindred. Such antibodies, titrated with newly developed quantitative assays of anti-VIIIR:Ag and anti-VIIIR:RCo, were directed toward only these components of F.VIII/WF. VIII:C was neutralized in a time-independent manner in plasma and was not inactivated when separated from F.VIII/WF by solid-phase PE absorption. Plasma, serum, or immunoglobulin reacted in precipitation systems (immunodiffusion, EID, CIE) with human VIIIR:Ag, with some degree of cross-reactivity toward VIIIR:Ag from other mammalian plasmas. When used in IRMA, these antibodies demonstrated the same abnormalities as heterologous antisera in variant VWD: decreased binding affinity or nonparallelism of the dose-response curves. They are polyclonal IgG with both kappa and lambda light chains. It is suggested that in some patients with severe homozygous-like VWD, the synthesis of the component of F.VIII/WF carrying VIIIR:Ag and VIIIR:RCo is suppressed whereas VIII:C production is not completely abolished.", "PMID": 112210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10127", "title": "Model of the bacterial flagellar motor: response to varying viscous load.", "content": "A model of bacterial flagellar drive by cytomembrane streaming is described and applied to experiments of bacterial propulsion under varying viscous load. The theory predicts a linear dependence of the reciprocal propulsion velocity on the viscosity of the suspension medium, if the velocity of cytomembrane streaming far from the basal body of the flagella is assumed independent of the external viscosity. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with experiments on free-swimming and on tethered bacteria. From comparison of the theory with experiments, the surface viscosity of the bacterial cytomembrane is evaluated for different bacterial species and turns out to be in the range observed experimentally on lipid monolayers.", "contents": "Model of the bacterial flagellar motor: response to varying viscous load. A model of bacterial flagellar drive by cytomembrane streaming is described and applied to experiments of bacterial propulsion under varying viscous load. The theory predicts a linear dependence of the reciprocal propulsion velocity on the viscosity of the suspension medium, if the velocity of cytomembrane streaming far from the basal body of the flagella is assumed independent of the external viscosity. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with experiments on free-swimming and on tethered bacteria. From comparison of the theory with experiments, the surface viscosity of the bacterial cytomembrane is evaluated for different bacterial species and turns out to be in the range observed experimentally on lipid monolayers.", "PMID": 112211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10128", "title": "Purification of the cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor from mammary tumours induced in rats with dimethylbenzanthracene.", "content": "The oestrogen receptor from mammary tumours induced in rats by dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene has been extensively purified by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The unpurified cytoplasmic 8 S oestrogen receptor had a molecular weight of 240,000, a Stokes radius of 5.4 nm and a frictional ratio of 1.32; the Km (dissociation constant) at 4 degrees C for [3H]oestradiol-17 beta was 0.184 nmol/l. At the end of affinity chromatography the molecular weight was still 240,000 but under the conditions of isoelectric focusing it was reduced to 110,000, with a Stokes radius of 4.0 nm, a frictional ratio of 1.26 and an isoelectric point of 6.4.", "contents": "Purification of the cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor from mammary tumours induced in rats with dimethylbenzanthracene. The oestrogen receptor from mammary tumours induced in rats by dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene has been extensively purified by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The unpurified cytoplasmic 8 S oestrogen receptor had a molecular weight of 240,000, a Stokes radius of 5.4 nm and a frictional ratio of 1.32; the Km (dissociation constant) at 4 degrees C for [3H]oestradiol-17 beta was 0.184 nmol/l. At the end of affinity chromatography the molecular weight was still 240,000 but under the conditions of isoelectric focusing it was reduced to 110,000, with a Stokes radius of 4.0 nm, a frictional ratio of 1.26 and an isoelectric point of 6.4.", "PMID": 112212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10129", "title": "Intra-uterine tissues from late-pregnant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) produce 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha in vitro.", "content": "The rates of production of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-oxo-PGF1 alpha) in vitro by intra-uterine tissues taken from late-pregnant monkeys at Caesarean section have been determined. For tissues obtained between days 140 and 149 of pregnancy (late pregnancy) the general quantitative order of rates of production (per unit weight) was decidua basalis greater than placenta greater than decidua parietalis greater than amnion greater than chorion = myometrium. When tissues were taken between days 160 and 168 of pregnancy (near term) this order was placenta greater than decidua parietalis = amnion greater than myometrium = decidua basalis greater than chorion. There was a significant reduction near term in the rate of production of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha by decidua basalis; all other tissues exhibited similar rates of production at the two gestational periods investigated.", "contents": "Intra-uterine tissues from late-pregnant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) produce 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha in vitro. The rates of production of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-oxo-PGF1 alpha) in vitro by intra-uterine tissues taken from late-pregnant monkeys at Caesarean section have been determined. For tissues obtained between days 140 and 149 of pregnancy (late pregnancy) the general quantitative order of rates of production (per unit weight) was decidua basalis greater than placenta greater than decidua parietalis greater than amnion greater than chorion = myometrium. When tissues were taken between days 160 and 168 of pregnancy (near term) this order was placenta greater than decidua parietalis = amnion greater than myometrium = decidua basalis greater than chorion. There was a significant reduction near term in the rate of production of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha by decidua basalis; all other tissues exhibited similar rates of production at the two gestational periods investigated.", "PMID": 112213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10130", "title": "Prostaglandin E, thromboxane B2 and 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) during the latter third of gestation.", "content": "The concentrations of prostaglandin E (PGE), thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-oxo-PGF1 alpha) were measured by radioimmunoassay in serial samples of amniotic fluid and maternal peripheral plasma in the latter third of pregnancy in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The samples were collected under ketamine-induced anaesthesia. The concentration of PGE was undetectable in amniotic fluid until a few days before delivery when a large increase was observed in three of the five animals. There were small increases of TXB2 and 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha in amniotic fluid before delivery. In maternal plasma the concentrations of PGE, TXB2 and 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha were generally higher and more variable than in amniotic fluid and did not increase with advancing gestation. It is suggested that increased production of primary prostaglandins occurs before, and is involved in, the onset of parturition in the rhesus monkey.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E, thromboxane B2 and 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) during the latter third of gestation. The concentrations of prostaglandin E (PGE), thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-oxo-PGF1 alpha) were measured by radioimmunoassay in serial samples of amniotic fluid and maternal peripheral plasma in the latter third of pregnancy in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The samples were collected under ketamine-induced anaesthesia. The concentration of PGE was undetectable in amniotic fluid until a few days before delivery when a large increase was observed in three of the five animals. There were small increases of TXB2 and 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha in amniotic fluid before delivery. In maternal plasma the concentrations of PGE, TXB2 and 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha were generally higher and more variable than in amniotic fluid and did not increase with advancing gestation. It is suggested that increased production of primary prostaglandins occurs before, and is involved in, the onset of parturition in the rhesus monkey.", "PMID": 112214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10131", "title": "Effect of thyrotropin releasing factor on body weight of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.", "content": "Earlier studies had demonstrated that in Lymnaea stagnalis thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) may be the secretory product of the so-called dark green neurosecretory cells. The dark green cells are believed to serve an osmoregulatory function. If TRF is the secretory product of the dark green cells, it should be capable of controlling the salt and water balance in L. stagnalis. In this study, the effect and fate of synthetic TRF injected in vivo into L. stagnalis was assessed. It was found that TRF caused an increase in the rate of loss of body water which normally occurs after anaesthesia. TRF also increased the loss of body water when it was administered to unanaesthetized animals. The peptide was accumulated and degraded by the tissues of the foot, mantle, and head regions, tissues which are believed to be the targets of the hormone of the dark green cells. Our results support the hypothesis that TRF may be the secretory product of the dark green cells and may be involved in osmoregulation in L. stagnalis.", "contents": "Effect of thyrotropin releasing factor on body weight of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Earlier studies had demonstrated that in Lymnaea stagnalis thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) may be the secretory product of the so-called dark green neurosecretory cells. The dark green cells are believed to serve an osmoregulatory function. If TRF is the secretory product of the dark green cells, it should be capable of controlling the salt and water balance in L. stagnalis. In this study, the effect and fate of synthetic TRF injected in vivo into L. stagnalis was assessed. It was found that TRF caused an increase in the rate of loss of body water which normally occurs after anaesthesia. TRF also increased the loss of body water when it was administered to unanaesthetized animals. The peptide was accumulated and degraded by the tissues of the foot, mantle, and head regions, tissues which are believed to be the targets of the hormone of the dark green cells. Our results support the hypothesis that TRF may be the secretory product of the dark green cells and may be involved in osmoregulation in L. stagnalis.", "PMID": 112215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10132", "title": "Dopamine-dependent hyperactivity in the rat following manipulation of GABA mechanisms in the region of the nucleus accumbens.", "content": "The effect of manipulation of GABA mechanisms in the region of the nucleus accumbens on dopamine-dependent locomotor hyperactivity in the rat has been studied. Two models of hyperactivity were used: (1) the injection of dopamine into the region of the nucleus accumbens in nialamide-pretreated animals and (2) the systemic administration of d-amphetamine. Both GABA and the GABA agonist 3-aminopropane sulphonic acid (3-APS) depressed hyperactivity in a dose-related manner. High concentrations of GABA (greater than 100 micrograms) were required to produce a significant effect and the response was short-lived possibly reflecting the efficient GABA inactivating mechanisms. 3-APS proved to be approximately 10 times more potent as compared to GABA in the dopamine-accumbens hyperactivity model. Conversely GABA receptor antagonism with low doses of either picrotoxin or bicuculline enhanced the mild locomotor response induced by a low dose of dopamine injected into the nucleus accumbens. However such results were difficult to evaluate fairly as higher doses of the GABA antagonists resulted in varying degrees of generalized seizures. Blockade of GABA uptake systems with cis-1, 3-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid (ACHC), nipecotic acid or beta-alanine within the region of the nucleus accumbens produced dose-related depression of dopamine-dependent hyperactivity in both models. GABA uptake blockade (nipecotic acid) significantly enhanced the GABA-mediated depression of hyperactivity induced by bilateral injection of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens. The results demonstrate an inhibitory action of GABA and drugs facilitating GABA-ergic transmission on dopamine-dependent hyperactivity in the rat. Although open to criticisms of not being able to distinguish between true GABA effects and the results of non-specific neuronal depression the hyperactivity model underlines the potency of the GABA uptake blocking compounds and their possible potential for future clinical use.", "contents": "Dopamine-dependent hyperactivity in the rat following manipulation of GABA mechanisms in the region of the nucleus accumbens. The effect of manipulation of GABA mechanisms in the region of the nucleus accumbens on dopamine-dependent locomotor hyperactivity in the rat has been studied. Two models of hyperactivity were used: (1) the injection of dopamine into the region of the nucleus accumbens in nialamide-pretreated animals and (2) the systemic administration of d-amphetamine. Both GABA and the GABA agonist 3-aminopropane sulphonic acid (3-APS) depressed hyperactivity in a dose-related manner. High concentrations of GABA (greater than 100 micrograms) were required to produce a significant effect and the response was short-lived possibly reflecting the efficient GABA inactivating mechanisms. 3-APS proved to be approximately 10 times more potent as compared to GABA in the dopamine-accumbens hyperactivity model. Conversely GABA receptor antagonism with low doses of either picrotoxin or bicuculline enhanced the mild locomotor response induced by a low dose of dopamine injected into the nucleus accumbens. However such results were difficult to evaluate fairly as higher doses of the GABA antagonists resulted in varying degrees of generalized seizures. Blockade of GABA uptake systems with cis-1, 3-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid (ACHC), nipecotic acid or beta-alanine within the region of the nucleus accumbens produced dose-related depression of dopamine-dependent hyperactivity in both models. GABA uptake blockade (nipecotic acid) significantly enhanced the GABA-mediated depression of hyperactivity induced by bilateral injection of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens. The results demonstrate an inhibitory action of GABA and drugs facilitating GABA-ergic transmission on dopamine-dependent hyperactivity in the rat. Although open to criticisms of not being able to distinguish between true GABA effects and the results of non-specific neuronal depression the hyperactivity model underlines the potency of the GABA uptake blocking compounds and their possible potential for future clinical use.", "PMID": 112217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10133", "title": "Kinetics of interaction of ligands with carboxypeptidase A.", "content": "Rate constants for the interaction of a number of ligands with the active site zinc ion of carboxypeptidase A have been measured at pH 7.0, 25 degrees, 1.0 M NaCl. Polydentate ligands such as EDTA, NTA or CyDta do not accelerate the rate at which the zinc ion dissociates from the protein. Bidentate or tridentate ligands on the other hand are able to attack the zinc ion directly; the rates are first order in enzyme and first order in ligand. A mechanism for the reaction is proposed, in which a ternary complex LZnCPA is formed which rapidly dissociates into ZnL and apo CPA. Comparison of results for a variety of ligands leads to the conclusion that in the ternary complex tridentate ligands bind to the zinc ion through only two donor groups. The reaction of 1.10-phenanthroline with ZnCPA has been studied from pH 6 to 9, and a mechanism proposed which accounts for the pH profile of the reaction.", "contents": "Kinetics of interaction of ligands with carboxypeptidase A. Rate constants for the interaction of a number of ligands with the active site zinc ion of carboxypeptidase A have been measured at pH 7.0, 25 degrees, 1.0 M NaCl. Polydentate ligands such as EDTA, NTA or CyDta do not accelerate the rate at which the zinc ion dissociates from the protein. Bidentate or tridentate ligands on the other hand are able to attack the zinc ion directly; the rates are first order in enzyme and first order in ligand. A mechanism for the reaction is proposed, in which a ternary complex LZnCPA is formed which rapidly dissociates into ZnL and apo CPA. Comparison of results for a variety of ligands leads to the conclusion that in the ternary complex tridentate ligands bind to the zinc ion through only two donor groups. The reaction of 1.10-phenanthroline with ZnCPA has been studied from pH 6 to 9, and a mechanism proposed which accounts for the pH profile of the reaction.", "PMID": 112218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10134", "title": "Identification of dorsal root synaptic terminals on monkey ventral horn cells by electron microscopic autoradiography.", "content": "The projection of dorsal root fibres to the motor nucleus of the macaque monkey spinal cord has been examined utilizing light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Light microscopy demonstrates a very sparse labelling of primary afferent fibres in the ventral horn. Silver grains overlying radioactive sources are frequently clustered into small groups, often adjacent to dendritic profiles. Under the electron microscope, myelinated axons and a few large synaptic profiles containing rounded synaptic vesicles were overlain by numerous silver grains. These labelled profiles made synaptic contact with dendrites 1-3 micron in diameter. The labelled profiles did not contact cell bodies or large proximal dendrites of ventral horn neurons. Frequently, small synaptic profiles containing flattened vesicles were presynaptic to the large labelled terminals and it is suggested that these axoaxonal synapses may mediate presynaptic inhibition of the primary afferent fibres. The relationship of the present findings to previously published physiological and anatomical studies is discussed.", "contents": "Identification of dorsal root synaptic terminals on monkey ventral horn cells by electron microscopic autoradiography. The projection of dorsal root fibres to the motor nucleus of the macaque monkey spinal cord has been examined utilizing light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Light microscopy demonstrates a very sparse labelling of primary afferent fibres in the ventral horn. Silver grains overlying radioactive sources are frequently clustered into small groups, often adjacent to dendritic profiles. Under the electron microscope, myelinated axons and a few large synaptic profiles containing rounded synaptic vesicles were overlain by numerous silver grains. These labelled profiles made synaptic contact with dendrites 1-3 micron in diameter. The labelled profiles did not contact cell bodies or large proximal dendrites of ventral horn neurons. Frequently, small synaptic profiles containing flattened vesicles were presynaptic to the large labelled terminals and it is suggested that these axoaxonal synapses may mediate presynaptic inhibition of the primary afferent fibres. The relationship of the present findings to previously published physiological and anatomical studies is discussed.", "PMID": 112222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10135", "title": "A cohort study on mortality among dynamite workers.", "content": "Exposure to nitroglycerine and nitroglycol in the explosives industry is suspected of having caused isolated cases of sudden death. There have also been suggestions of an increased risk of chronic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases among dynamite workers. This study examines the mortality experience of a cohort of male workers from a small Swedish dynamite industry. Cause-, sex-, age-, and calendar-year-specific national incidence rates were used to calculate the expected number of deaths in a group of individuals with exposure to the dynamite manufacturing process and in an unexposed group from the same industry. During the period 1965-77, nine deaths from cardiocerebrovascular diseases were observed, versus 4.5 expected (p less than 0.05), among men with at least one year of exposure to dynamite and 20 years of induction-latency time. The unexposed group had a mortality pattern in good agreement with the national average. Exposure occurred by inhalation as well as through the skin. Precautions are urged to diminish exposure from both these absorption routes as the findings of the study support earlier reports regarding chronic vascular effects.", "contents": "A cohort study on mortality among dynamite workers. Exposure to nitroglycerine and nitroglycol in the explosives industry is suspected of having caused isolated cases of sudden death. There have also been suggestions of an increased risk of chronic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases among dynamite workers. This study examines the mortality experience of a cohort of male workers from a small Swedish dynamite industry. Cause-, sex-, age-, and calendar-year-specific national incidence rates were used to calculate the expected number of deaths in a group of individuals with exposure to the dynamite manufacturing process and in an unexposed group from the same industry. During the period 1965-77, nine deaths from cardiocerebrovascular diseases were observed, versus 4.5 expected (p less than 0.05), among men with at least one year of exposure to dynamite and 20 years of induction-latency time. The unexposed group had a mortality pattern in good agreement with the national average. Exposure occurred by inhalation as well as through the skin. Precautions are urged to diminish exposure from both these absorption routes as the findings of the study support earlier reports regarding chronic vascular effects.", "PMID": 112227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10136", "title": "The significance of alterations of pulpal respiration. A review of literature.", "content": "Several methods of assessing pulpal injury due to cavity preparation and cytotoxic properties of restorative materials have been developed by previous investigators. Seldom in the literature are the mechanisms of these injuries considered beyond the histological level. This article examines pulpal injury on an ultrastructural and biochemical basis.", "contents": "The significance of alterations of pulpal respiration. A review of literature. Several methods of assessing pulpal injury due to cavity preparation and cytotoxic properties of restorative materials have been developed by previous investigators. Seldom in the literature are the mechanisms of these injuries considered beyond the histological level. This article examines pulpal injury on an ultrastructural and biochemical basis.", "PMID": 112228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10137", "title": "Basal cell extensions in human oral mucosa.", "content": "Basal cell extensions have frequently been observed in a variety of odontogenic lesions as well as in the fibrous epulis (fibrous hyperplasia of the gingiva). In order to determine the frequency of these extensions in normal human oral nucosa, a study using autopsy and surgical material was conducted. The results indicated that a specific type of rete ridge morphology exists for gingiva, including the presence of thin double stranded extensions which may be related to the functional role of the gingiva or to the fact that the odontogenic apparatus is derived from surface epithelium in this region in the developing embryo, or both. Similar extensions have not been found in other oral epithelia.", "contents": "Basal cell extensions in human oral mucosa. Basal cell extensions have frequently been observed in a variety of odontogenic lesions as well as in the fibrous epulis (fibrous hyperplasia of the gingiva). In order to determine the frequency of these extensions in normal human oral nucosa, a study using autopsy and surgical material was conducted. The results indicated that a specific type of rete ridge morphology exists for gingiva, including the presence of thin double stranded extensions which may be related to the functional role of the gingiva or to the fact that the odontogenic apparatus is derived from surface epithelium in this region in the developing embryo, or both. Similar extensions have not been found in other oral epithelia.", "PMID": 112229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10138", "title": "Immunologic manipulation of DMBA tumorigenesis in hamster cheek pouch by DNCB contact hypersensitivity.", "content": "Hamster cheek pouches were sensitized with the potent allergen DNCB either before the initiation of DMBA tumorigenesis or by direct application to already developed tumors. Among animals treated prior to tumorigenesis induction there was an apparent delay in onset of tumors and decreased rate of tumor growth. Direct application of DNCB to already established tumors seemed to temporarily arrest tumor growth; later, however, tumor growth rate resumed to approximately that in untreated control animals. It is concluded that DNCB contact hypersensitivity may exert some influence on the DMBA tumorigenesis process as manifested by delay in tumor onset or by temporarily retarding growth of established tumors. It appears that DNCB sensitization prior to tumorigenesis is generally more effective than DNCB applied after tumor development.", "contents": "Immunologic manipulation of DMBA tumorigenesis in hamster cheek pouch by DNCB contact hypersensitivity. Hamster cheek pouches were sensitized with the potent allergen DNCB either before the initiation of DMBA tumorigenesis or by direct application to already developed tumors. Among animals treated prior to tumorigenesis induction there was an apparent delay in onset of tumors and decreased rate of tumor growth. Direct application of DNCB to already established tumors seemed to temporarily arrest tumor growth; later, however, tumor growth rate resumed to approximately that in untreated control animals. It is concluded that DNCB contact hypersensitivity may exert some influence on the DMBA tumorigenesis process as manifested by delay in tumor onset or by temporarily retarding growth of established tumors. It appears that DNCB sensitization prior to tumorigenesis is generally more effective than DNCB applied after tumor development.", "PMID": 112230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10139", "title": "224 Ra and 226Ra experimentally induced dental changes in rats.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats received intragastrically a single dose of 226Ra or 224Ra once weekly for 21 weeks. During this period the animals of both groups were thus exposed to comparable doses. After 12 weeks, a shortening of the maxillary incisors was observed, and this progressed during the course of the 55-week experiment. Radiologically, a loss of pulpal transparency and an apical irregular opacity in the maxillary incisors were demonstrable. Histologically, dysplastic changes of the maxillary incisors and multiple resorptions at the cemento-enamel junction of the molars were seen. The observed alterations were more pronounced in the 226Ra group than in the 224Ra treated group. The experimentally induced resorptions were comparable to those observed in patients who had incorporated 224Ra or 226Ra. Clinical, radiological, histological, gamma-spectrometrical, and autoradiographical findings, as well as dose-estimations, are described.", "contents": "224 Ra and 226Ra experimentally induced dental changes in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats received intragastrically a single dose of 226Ra or 224Ra once weekly for 21 weeks. During this period the animals of both groups were thus exposed to comparable doses. After 12 weeks, a shortening of the maxillary incisors was observed, and this progressed during the course of the 55-week experiment. Radiologically, a loss of pulpal transparency and an apical irregular opacity in the maxillary incisors were demonstrable. Histologically, dysplastic changes of the maxillary incisors and multiple resorptions at the cemento-enamel junction of the molars were seen. The observed alterations were more pronounced in the 226Ra group than in the 224Ra treated group. The experimentally induced resorptions were comparable to those observed in patients who had incorporated 224Ra or 226Ra. Clinical, radiological, histological, gamma-spectrometrical, and autoradiographical findings, as well as dose-estimations, are described.", "PMID": 112231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10140", "title": "Pigment in the lining of nasopalatine duct cysts: report of two cases.", "content": "In a review of 20 nasopalatine duct cysts, two cases were encountered with a pigmented epithelial lining. In the literature we have found one similar case only. The pigment in our cases was shown to be melanin. The authors suggest that the melanin-containing epithelial cells are derived from Jacobson's organs and, therefore, most likely should be considered olfactory epithelium.", "contents": "Pigment in the lining of nasopalatine duct cysts: report of two cases. In a review of 20 nasopalatine duct cysts, two cases were encountered with a pigmented epithelial lining. In the literature we have found one similar case only. The pigment in our cases was shown to be melanin. The authors suggest that the melanin-containing epithelial cells are derived from Jacobson's organs and, therefore, most likely should be considered olfactory epithelium.", "PMID": 112232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10141", "title": "Fluoride distribution in the facial surfaces of human maxillary central incisors.", "content": "The fluoride distributions in the incisal, middle and cervical regions of the facial surfaces of six maxillary central incisors were determined by three successive acid etch biopsy procedures. The fluoride concentrations were adjusted to standardized depths of 0--10 micron, 10--20 micron and 20--30 micron. In the biopsy areas the enamel fluoride concentrations decreased with increasing depth. In all the teeth the fluoride content was lowest in the incisal region and highest at the cervical third.", "contents": "Fluoride distribution in the facial surfaces of human maxillary central incisors. The fluoride distributions in the incisal, middle and cervical regions of the facial surfaces of six maxillary central incisors were determined by three successive acid etch biopsy procedures. The fluoride concentrations were adjusted to standardized depths of 0--10 micron, 10--20 micron and 20--30 micron. In the biopsy areas the enamel fluoride concentrations decreased with increasing depth. In all the teeth the fluoride content was lowest in the incisal region and highest at the cervical third.", "PMID": 112234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10142", "title": "Electromyography after lateral pterygoid myotomy in monkeys.", "content": "Neuromuscular patterns of five female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were studied to determine the effect of laternal pterygoid myotomy on the function of selected groups of masticatory muscles. Activity characteristics of the lateral pterygoid muscle were recorded as early as four days postoperatively. By the end of the second postoperative month, bilateral lateral pterygoid muscle activity was demonstrated in all animals. In all cases, it closely resembled preoperative patterns of lateral pterygoid muscle function. The activity was observed regardless of whether an inert barrier was used to prevent reattachment of the muscle. The results of this study indicate that the lateral pterygoid myotomy does not have a long-term effect of inhibiting the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle.", "contents": "Electromyography after lateral pterygoid myotomy in monkeys. Neuromuscular patterns of five female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were studied to determine the effect of laternal pterygoid myotomy on the function of selected groups of masticatory muscles. Activity characteristics of the lateral pterygoid muscle were recorded as early as four days postoperatively. By the end of the second postoperative month, bilateral lateral pterygoid muscle activity was demonstrated in all animals. In all cases, it closely resembled preoperative patterns of lateral pterygoid muscle function. The activity was observed regardless of whether an inert barrier was used to prevent reattachment of the muscle. The results of this study indicate that the lateral pterygoid myotomy does not have a long-term effect of inhibiting the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle.", "PMID": 112236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10143", "title": "Presurgical infusion of Proplast: primate facial augmentation.", "content": "Presurgical infusion of Proplast (Vitek, Inc., Houston) with various solutions has been advoccated to enhance rapid ingrowth of tissue and stabilization of the implant. A comparison of Proplast blocks infused with saline solution, autogenous plasma, plasma with antibiotics, and control blocks was done after subperiosteal implantation in the maxillas and mandibles of primates. At specified time intervals from two to 66 weeks, implants were removed and examined for the character and degree of infiltration of tissue as well as for local cellular response to the alloplast. Microscopic examination of the implant showed increasing stabilization of tissue and decreasing local cellular response with increasing time of implantation. Examination of these parameters showed blocks infused with plasma to be least desirable.", "contents": "Presurgical infusion of Proplast: primate facial augmentation. Presurgical infusion of Proplast (Vitek, Inc., Houston) with various solutions has been advoccated to enhance rapid ingrowth of tissue and stabilization of the implant. A comparison of Proplast blocks infused with saline solution, autogenous plasma, plasma with antibiotics, and control blocks was done after subperiosteal implantation in the maxillas and mandibles of primates. At specified time intervals from two to 66 weeks, implants were removed and examined for the character and degree of infiltration of tissue as well as for local cellular response to the alloplast. Microscopic examination of the implant showed increasing stabilization of tissue and decreasing local cellular response with increasing time of implantation. Examination of these parameters showed blocks infused with plasma to be least desirable.", "PMID": 112237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10144", "title": "The keratinization potential of crevicular epithelium: an experimental study.", "content": "Free grafts, consisting of nonkeratinized crevicular epithelium and supporting connective tissue, were placed into recipient beds prepared in nonkeratinized alveolar mucosa of the rhesus monkey. Four weeks later these grafts clinically resembled keratinized gingiva and this was confirmed by biopsy and histological examination. Electron microscopy indicated that the connective tissue supporting the crevicular epithelium changed to resemble that supporting keratinized gingiva in the 4-week graft. These findings were interpreted to indicate that crevicular epithelium has the potential to keratinize and that this potential is only realized when the inflammation is resolved in its supporting connective tissue.", "contents": "The keratinization potential of crevicular epithelium: an experimental study. Free grafts, consisting of nonkeratinized crevicular epithelium and supporting connective tissue, were placed into recipient beds prepared in nonkeratinized alveolar mucosa of the rhesus monkey. Four weeks later these grafts clinically resembled keratinized gingiva and this was confirmed by biopsy and histological examination. Electron microscopy indicated that the connective tissue supporting the crevicular epithelium changed to resemble that supporting keratinized gingiva in the 4-week graft. These findings were interpreted to indicate that crevicular epithelium has the potential to keratinize and that this potential is only realized when the inflammation is resolved in its supporting connective tissue.", "PMID": 112238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10145", "title": "Dependence of p-aminohippurate transport on calcium in canine renal cortical slices.", "content": "1. Experiments were conducted on renal cortical slices from sixty-one adult mongrel dogs in order to evaluate the relationship between p-aminohippurate (PAH) transport and calcium. Tissues were found to be viable for at least 180 min.2. PAH uptake and the slice/medium (S/M) concentration ratio increased in normal tissues from 3 to 90 min whether data were expressed on a tissue weight or protein content basis. PAH uptake increased with time in calcium-depleted tissues, but all values were lower than normal. At 90 min, PAH S/M in calcium-depleted tissues (4.20 +/- 0.18) was reduced 40% compared to normal tissues (6.90 +/- 0.23).3. Over the time period of 3-90 min incubation, protein concentration ranged from 89.4 to 99.4 mg/g cortex in calcium-depleted tissues. During the same time period in normal tissues, protein concentration ranged from 105 to 117.6 mg/g cortex. No change was observed in medium protein concentration of calcium-depleted tissues.4. Lineweaver-Burke analysis showed similar values for K(m) in normal and calcium-depleted tissues (0.45-0.50 mumole ml.(-1)) although V(max) fell from control values of 0.082 to 0.052 mumole g(-1) min(-1) during calcium depletion.5. After 90 min incubation, addition of EGTA (7, 14 or 21 x 10(-3)M) to media containing calcium was associated with decreased S/M and uptake rates compared to control values from the same animals. The decreases observed were similar to those seen in tissues incubated in calcium-free media.6. Increased cell volume in the presence of calcium was not associated with decreased PAH uptake. Removal of calcium in association with constant cell volume was associated with reduced PAH uptake. Replacement of calcium, but not magnesium, is associated with a return of uptake to normal rates.7. It is concluded that (a) calcium removal causes increased water uptake into cells, (b) calcium removal causes a reduced V(max), (c) calcium is required for maintenance of intracellular PAH, (d) the effect of calcium on PAH is specific and reversible, and (e) the effect of calcium is not mediated by volume changes.", "contents": "Dependence of p-aminohippurate transport on calcium in canine renal cortical slices. 1. Experiments were conducted on renal cortical slices from sixty-one adult mongrel dogs in order to evaluate the relationship between p-aminohippurate (PAH) transport and calcium. Tissues were found to be viable for at least 180 min.2. PAH uptake and the slice/medium (S/M) concentration ratio increased in normal tissues from 3 to 90 min whether data were expressed on a tissue weight or protein content basis. PAH uptake increased with time in calcium-depleted tissues, but all values were lower than normal. At 90 min, PAH S/M in calcium-depleted tissues (4.20 +/- 0.18) was reduced 40% compared to normal tissues (6.90 +/- 0.23).3. Over the time period of 3-90 min incubation, protein concentration ranged from 89.4 to 99.4 mg/g cortex in calcium-depleted tissues. During the same time period in normal tissues, protein concentration ranged from 105 to 117.6 mg/g cortex. No change was observed in medium protein concentration of calcium-depleted tissues.4. Lineweaver-Burke analysis showed similar values for K(m) in normal and calcium-depleted tissues (0.45-0.50 mumole ml.(-1)) although V(max) fell from control values of 0.082 to 0.052 mumole g(-1) min(-1) during calcium depletion.5. After 90 min incubation, addition of EGTA (7, 14 or 21 x 10(-3)M) to media containing calcium was associated with decreased S/M and uptake rates compared to control values from the same animals. The decreases observed were similar to those seen in tissues incubated in calcium-free media.6. Increased cell volume in the presence of calcium was not associated with decreased PAH uptake. Removal of calcium in association with constant cell volume was associated with reduced PAH uptake. Replacement of calcium, but not magnesium, is associated with a return of uptake to normal rates.7. It is concluded that (a) calcium removal causes increased water uptake into cells, (b) calcium removal causes a reduced V(max), (c) calcium is required for maintenance of intracellular PAH, (d) the effect of calcium on PAH is specific and reversible, and (e) the effect of calcium is not mediated by volume changes.", "PMID": 112240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10146", "title": "Effects of permeant monovalent cations on end-plate channels.", "content": "1. The time constant of decay (tau D) and peak amplitude of miniature end-plate currents (m.e.p.c.s) were recorded in voltage-clamped toad sartorius fibres. The conductance (gamma) and average lifetime (tau N) of end-plate channels activated by ionophoretically applied acetylcholine were calculated from records of current fluctuations and null potentials recorded in the same fibres. tau D was significantly greater than tau N measured at the same end-plate. 2. Substitution for LiCl for NaCl increased tau D and tau N but decreased gamma and the peak amplitude of m.e.p.c.s. In contrast substitution of CsCl for NaCl decreased tau D and tau N but increased gamma and the peak amplitude of m.e.p.c.s. 3. In normal (Na) solution and in solutions in which Na had been replaced with Li, Cs and K, the ratios of average decay time constants of m.e.p.c.s and average channel lifetimes followed the sequence (tau(Li) greater than tau(Na) greater than tau(Cs) greater than tau(K)). 4. Substitution of Li, Cs or K for Na had little effect on the acetylcholine null potential. Average null potentials in Li, Na and Cs solutions were -6.1, -3.2 and 0.1 mV at 20 degrees C, and -7.3, -5.3 and -0.1 mV at 8 degrees C, respectively. The average null potential in K solution measured at 8 degrees C was -2.4 mV. 5. Peak conductance during an m.e.p.c. (Gp) followed the sequence (Gp(K) greater than or equal to Gp(Cs) greater than Gp(Na) greater than Gp(Li)). Single channel conductance followed a similar sequence of gamma(K) greater than or equal to gamma(Cs) greater than gamma(Na) greater than gamma(Li). 6. The voltage sensitivity of the rate of decay of m.e.p.c.s and of average channel lifetime was affected by substituting monovalent cations for Na, being greater in Li solution and less in Cs or K solutions. The total amount of charge moving across a single channel or across channels activated during an m.e.p.c. was largely unchanged in Li, Na, Cs and K solutions. 7. Single channel conductance and peak conductance during an m.e.p.c. varied with membrane potential in normal (Na) solution, decreasing with membrane hyperpolarization. This effect was more marked in Li solution but was less evident in Cs or K solutions.", "contents": "Effects of permeant monovalent cations on end-plate channels. 1. The time constant of decay (tau D) and peak amplitude of miniature end-plate currents (m.e.p.c.s) were recorded in voltage-clamped toad sartorius fibres. The conductance (gamma) and average lifetime (tau N) of end-plate channels activated by ionophoretically applied acetylcholine were calculated from records of current fluctuations and null potentials recorded in the same fibres. tau D was significantly greater than tau N measured at the same end-plate. 2. Substitution for LiCl for NaCl increased tau D and tau N but decreased gamma and the peak amplitude of m.e.p.c.s. In contrast substitution of CsCl for NaCl decreased tau D and tau N but increased gamma and the peak amplitude of m.e.p.c.s. 3. In normal (Na) solution and in solutions in which Na had been replaced with Li, Cs and K, the ratios of average decay time constants of m.e.p.c.s and average channel lifetimes followed the sequence (tau(Li) greater than tau(Na) greater than tau(Cs) greater than tau(K)). 4. Substitution of Li, Cs or K for Na had little effect on the acetylcholine null potential. Average null potentials in Li, Na and Cs solutions were -6.1, -3.2 and 0.1 mV at 20 degrees C, and -7.3, -5.3 and -0.1 mV at 8 degrees C, respectively. The average null potential in K solution measured at 8 degrees C was -2.4 mV. 5. Peak conductance during an m.e.p.c. (Gp) followed the sequence (Gp(K) greater than or equal to Gp(Cs) greater than Gp(Na) greater than Gp(Li)). Single channel conductance followed a similar sequence of gamma(K) greater than or equal to gamma(Cs) greater than gamma(Na) greater than gamma(Li). 6. The voltage sensitivity of the rate of decay of m.e.p.c.s and of average channel lifetime was affected by substituting monovalent cations for Na, being greater in Li solution and less in Cs or K solutions. The total amount of charge moving across a single channel or across channels activated during an m.e.p.c. was largely unchanged in Li, Na, Cs and K solutions. 7. Single channel conductance and peak conductance during an m.e.p.c. varied with membrane potential in normal (Na) solution, decreasing with membrane hyperpolarization. This effect was more marked in Li solution but was less evident in Cs or K solutions.", "PMID": 112241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10147", "title": "The membrane current of single rod outer segments.", "content": "1. Outer segments of individual rods in the retina of the toad, Bufo marinus, were drawn into a glass pipette to record the membrane current. 2. Light flashes evoked transient outward currents. The peak response amplitude was related to flash intensity by a Michaelis equation with half-saturating intensity about 1 photon mum-2. 3. The saturating response amplitude ranged up to 27 pA and corresponded closely to complete suppression of the steady inward current present in darkness. 4. For a given cell the saturating response amplitude varied linearly with the length of outer segment within the pipette. This is consistent with a uniform density of light-sensitive channels and negligible gradient of membrane potential along the outer segment. 5. Responses to bright flashes never showed the relaxation from an initial peak seen previously in intracellular voltage recordings, suggesting that the conductance change responsible for the relaxation does not occur in the outer segment. 6. Responses to local illumination of only the recorded outer segment were very similar to those obtained with diffuse light at the same intensity, indicating that peripheral rods made little contribution to the responses. 7. The spectral sensitivity of 'red' rods was consistent with a retinal1-based pigment with lambda max = 498 +/- 2 nm. 8. The kinetics of the response were consistent with four stages of delay affecting action of the internal transmitter. Responses were faster at the basal end of the outer segment than at the distal tip. 9. Background light reduced the sensitivity to a superposed dim test flash and shortened the time course of the response, indicating that adapting light modifies the kinetics and gain of the transduction mechanism within the outer segment. 10. Responses to dim lights exhibited pronounced fluctuations which are attributed in the succeeding paper (Baylor, Lamb & Yau, 1979) to the quantal nature of light.", "contents": "The membrane current of single rod outer segments. 1. Outer segments of individual rods in the retina of the toad, Bufo marinus, were drawn into a glass pipette to record the membrane current. 2. Light flashes evoked transient outward currents. The peak response amplitude was related to flash intensity by a Michaelis equation with half-saturating intensity about 1 photon mum-2. 3. The saturating response amplitude ranged up to 27 pA and corresponded closely to complete suppression of the steady inward current present in darkness. 4. For a given cell the saturating response amplitude varied linearly with the length of outer segment within the pipette. This is consistent with a uniform density of light-sensitive channels and negligible gradient of membrane potential along the outer segment. 5. Responses to bright flashes never showed the relaxation from an initial peak seen previously in intracellular voltage recordings, suggesting that the conductance change responsible for the relaxation does not occur in the outer segment. 6. Responses to local illumination of only the recorded outer segment were very similar to those obtained with diffuse light at the same intensity, indicating that peripheral rods made little contribution to the responses. 7. The spectral sensitivity of 'red' rods was consistent with a retinal1-based pigment with lambda max = 498 +/- 2 nm. 8. The kinetics of the response were consistent with four stages of delay affecting action of the internal transmitter. Responses were faster at the basal end of the outer segment than at the distal tip. 9. Background light reduced the sensitivity to a superposed dim test flash and shortened the time course of the response, indicating that adapting light modifies the kinetics and gain of the transduction mechanism within the outer segment. 10. Responses to dim lights exhibited pronounced fluctuations which are attributed in the succeeding paper (Baylor, Lamb & Yau, 1979) to the quantal nature of light.", "PMID": 112242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10148", "title": "Responses of retinal rods to single photons.", "content": "1. A suction electrode was used to record the membrane current of single rod outer segments in pieces of toad retina. During dim illumination the membrane current showed pronounced fluctuations. 2. Amplitude histograms of responses to dim flashes of fixed intensity exhibited two discrete peaks, one at 0 pA and one near 1 pA, suggesting that the response was quantized. By setting a criterion amplitude level, flash responses could be classed as 'failures' (no response) or as 'successes' (at least one quantal event). 3. The variation of fraction of successes with flash intensity was consistent with the hypothesis that each quantal electrical event resulted from a single photoisomerization. 4. The quantal event had a mean amplitude of about 1 pA (5% of the standing dark current) and a standard deviation of 0.2 pA. Dispersion in the event amplitude prevented identification of histogram peaks corresponding to two or more photoisomerizations. 5. Individual quantal responses exhibited a smooth shape very similar to that of the average quantal response. This suggests that a single photoisomerization releases many particles of transmitter and that radial diffusion of internal transmitter is not a major source of delay in the light response. 6. The 'quantum efficiency' with which an absorbed photon generated an electrical event was measured as 0.5 +/- 0.1 (S.E. of mean, n = 4). This is slightly lower than the quantum efficiency of photoisomerization obtained previously for rhodopsin in solution. 7. At wavelengths between 420 and 700 nm the quantal event was invariant in size, although the cell's sensitivity varied over a range of 10(5). 8. The power spectrum of the fluctuations in dim steady light was predicted by assuming that a random series of quantal events occurred independently. 9. In brighter light the fluctuations were faster, and the response to an incremental flash was reduced in size and duration. The power spectrum could be predicted by assuming random superposition of events with the shape of the incremental flash response.", "contents": "Responses of retinal rods to single photons. 1. A suction electrode was used to record the membrane current of single rod outer segments in pieces of toad retina. During dim illumination the membrane current showed pronounced fluctuations. 2. Amplitude histograms of responses to dim flashes of fixed intensity exhibited two discrete peaks, one at 0 pA and one near 1 pA, suggesting that the response was quantized. By setting a criterion amplitude level, flash responses could be classed as 'failures' (no response) or as 'successes' (at least one quantal event). 3. The variation of fraction of successes with flash intensity was consistent with the hypothesis that each quantal electrical event resulted from a single photoisomerization. 4. The quantal event had a mean amplitude of about 1 pA (5% of the standing dark current) and a standard deviation of 0.2 pA. Dispersion in the event amplitude prevented identification of histogram peaks corresponding to two or more photoisomerizations. 5. Individual quantal responses exhibited a smooth shape very similar to that of the average quantal response. This suggests that a single photoisomerization releases many particles of transmitter and that radial diffusion of internal transmitter is not a major source of delay in the light response. 6. The 'quantum efficiency' with which an absorbed photon generated an electrical event was measured as 0.5 +/- 0.1 (S.E. of mean, n = 4). This is slightly lower than the quantum efficiency of photoisomerization obtained previously for rhodopsin in solution. 7. At wavelengths between 420 and 700 nm the quantal event was invariant in size, although the cell's sensitivity varied over a range of 10(5). 8. The power spectrum of the fluctuations in dim steady light was predicted by assuming that a random series of quantal events occurred independently. 9. In brighter light the fluctuations were faster, and the response to an incremental flash was reduced in size and duration. The power spectrum could be predicted by assuming random superposition of events with the shape of the incremental flash response.", "PMID": 112243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10149", "title": "[Electrophysiological study of hypothalamic neurons and gonadotropin regulation in rhesus monkey (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrical activity of various hypothalamic areas was recorded in anesthetized (sodium pentobartital) (n = 3) and unanesthetized (n = 3) ovariectomized rhesus monkeys. The plasma gonadotropin levels of the animals during the recording sessions were obtained by a chronic cardiac catheter. 1. Sodium pentobarbital greatly affected the electrical activity of most hypothalamic neurons (84%). The mean spontaneous electrical unit activity of neurons in the unanesthetized animals (n = 30) was 1.5 spike/sec. This value decreased to 0.1 spike/sec in the anesthetized group (n = 30). However, a small number of hypothalamic neurons were insensitive to the anaesthetic. 2. The multiunit electrical activity recorded in the median eminence showed marked periodic increases, about 200 sec before LH was observed to rise in the plasma (10/12). This increased firing lasted about 10 min (Fig. 1A). 3. In a few cases (2/12), however, increased firing was not associated with LH release. Since, in this area, multiunit activity represents the summation of a large number of axon terminals, the release of a hypothalamic hormone other than Gn-RH is put foreward as a possible hypothesis. 4. Of 51 neurons recorded in various hypothalamic areas, 3 showed periodic increases of electrical unit activity which corresponded to a rise in plasma LH levels (Fig. 1 B). These neurons are located in the arcuate area. 5. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of a relation between the electrical activity of some hypothalamic neurons and the periodical LH discharges observed in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological study of hypothalamic neurons and gonadotropin regulation in rhesus monkey (author's transl)]. The electrical activity of various hypothalamic areas was recorded in anesthetized (sodium pentobartital) (n = 3) and unanesthetized (n = 3) ovariectomized rhesus monkeys. The plasma gonadotropin levels of the animals during the recording sessions were obtained by a chronic cardiac catheter. 1. Sodium pentobarbital greatly affected the electrical activity of most hypothalamic neurons (84%). The mean spontaneous electrical unit activity of neurons in the unanesthetized animals (n = 30) was 1.5 spike/sec. This value decreased to 0.1 spike/sec in the anesthetized group (n = 30). However, a small number of hypothalamic neurons were insensitive to the anaesthetic. 2. The multiunit electrical activity recorded in the median eminence showed marked periodic increases, about 200 sec before LH was observed to rise in the plasma (10/12). This increased firing lasted about 10 min (Fig. 1A). 3. In a few cases (2/12), however, increased firing was not associated with LH release. Since, in this area, multiunit activity represents the summation of a large number of axon terminals, the release of a hypothalamic hormone other than Gn-RH is put foreward as a possible hypothesis. 4. Of 51 neurons recorded in various hypothalamic areas, 3 showed periodic increases of electrical unit activity which corresponded to a rise in plasma LH levels (Fig. 1 B). These neurons are located in the arcuate area. 5. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of a relation between the electrical activity of some hypothalamic neurons and the periodical LH discharges observed in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey.", "PMID": 112245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10150", "title": "Hypothalamic neurones in culture. I. A short review of the literature.", "content": "This article probably represents the first comprehensive attempt to review the fast growing literature dealing with mammalian hypothalamic neurones in long-term cultures. The bulk of the experimental data on this topic printed before the second half of 1978 deals with endocrine neurones, their development, their bioelectric properties, their biosynthetic capabilities and with mechanisms of hormone secretion. Most initial studies had been concerned with providing evidence that hypothalamic endocrine neurones preserve some of their characteristic properties in culture. The time has come to gain new insights into their functioning with the use of in vitro techniques that allow the composition of the external environment of the cells to the markedly altered.", "contents": "Hypothalamic neurones in culture. I. A short review of the literature. This article probably represents the first comprehensive attempt to review the fast growing literature dealing with mammalian hypothalamic neurones in long-term cultures. The bulk of the experimental data on this topic printed before the second half of 1978 deals with endocrine neurones, their development, their bioelectric properties, their biosynthetic capabilities and with mechanisms of hormone secretion. Most initial studies had been concerned with providing evidence that hypothalamic endocrine neurones preserve some of their characteristic properties in culture. The time has come to gain new insights into their functioning with the use of in vitro techniques that allow the composition of the external environment of the cells to the markedly altered.", "PMID": 112246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10151", "title": "[Ontogenesis of hypothalamic control of adenohypophyseal secretions in the human foetus (author's transl)].", "content": "The endocrine glands of the human foetus are active early in gestation, and various foetal and placental hormonal contributions are essential for growth and sexual differentiation. 1. The anterior pituitary gland has the ability to synthesize, store and secrete hormones early in gestation. The patterns of change in plasma concentrations of hGH (Fig. 1), ACTH, LH and FSH (Fig. 2) during gestation indicate that secretion is at a maximum at mid-gestation, followed by a progressive decrease towards term. The high levels at mid-gestation can be interpreted as due simultaneously to a high secretion rate, low peripheral catabolism and absence of feedback mechanism. In contrast, the secretions of PRL (Fig. 1) and TSH are moderate at mid-gestation and only increase in the last trimester of gestation. 2. Effective control by the central nervous system (CNS) of the pituitary secretions is still immature at mid-gestation. The presence in the foetal hypothalamus of releasing factors such as LRF (Fig. 5) and TRF, and of somatostatin (Fig. 6), a growth hormone release inhibiting factor (GIF), has been established. TRF and GIF, but not LRF, are also present in the cerebral cortex. It has been postulated that, early in life, relatively autonomous and unrestrained secretion of hypothalamic hypophysiotropic releasing factors occurs, and that, later in development, there is a maturation of inhibitory or restraining influences mediated via the CNS (feedback mechanisms) that modulates the secretion of the foetal adenohypophyseal hormones (Fig. 3 and 4). 3. Observations made with anencephalic newborn confirm that a functional hypothalamus is necessary during foetal life for the secretion of each of the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland with the exception of PRL, the secretion of which is normal in anencephaly. Although somatostatin probably participates in the regulation of hGH during foetal life, it appears evident from the anencephaly data that this regulation can only be fully understood by postulating the existence of a growth hormone releasing factor (GRF).", "contents": "[Ontogenesis of hypothalamic control of adenohypophyseal secretions in the human foetus (author's transl)]. The endocrine glands of the human foetus are active early in gestation, and various foetal and placental hormonal contributions are essential for growth and sexual differentiation. 1. The anterior pituitary gland has the ability to synthesize, store and secrete hormones early in gestation. The patterns of change in plasma concentrations of hGH (Fig. 1), ACTH, LH and FSH (Fig. 2) during gestation indicate that secretion is at a maximum at mid-gestation, followed by a progressive decrease towards term. The high levels at mid-gestation can be interpreted as due simultaneously to a high secretion rate, low peripheral catabolism and absence of feedback mechanism. In contrast, the secretions of PRL (Fig. 1) and TSH are moderate at mid-gestation and only increase in the last trimester of gestation. 2. Effective control by the central nervous system (CNS) of the pituitary secretions is still immature at mid-gestation. The presence in the foetal hypothalamus of releasing factors such as LRF (Fig. 5) and TRF, and of somatostatin (Fig. 6), a growth hormone release inhibiting factor (GIF), has been established. TRF and GIF, but not LRF, are also present in the cerebral cortex. It has been postulated that, early in life, relatively autonomous and unrestrained secretion of hypothalamic hypophysiotropic releasing factors occurs, and that, later in development, there is a maturation of inhibitory or restraining influences mediated via the CNS (feedback mechanisms) that modulates the secretion of the foetal adenohypophyseal hormones (Fig. 3 and 4). 3. Observations made with anencephalic newborn confirm that a functional hypothalamus is necessary during foetal life for the secretion of each of the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland with the exception of PRL, the secretion of which is normal in anencephaly. Although somatostatin probably participates in the regulation of hGH during foetal life, it appears evident from the anencephaly data that this regulation can only be fully understood by postulating the existence of a growth hormone releasing factor (GRF).", "PMID": 112247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10152", "title": "Peripheral plasma levels of progesterone, oestradiol-17 beta, oestrone, testosterone, androstenedione and chorionic gonadotrophin during pregnancy in the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus.", "content": "Concentrations of LH/CG, androstenedione and testosterone rose in early pregnancy to maximum values at 6--10 weeks. Thereafter LH/CG levels declined and androstenedione and testosterone levels remained at plateau values or declined until term. Progesterone, oestradiol-17 beta and oestrone increased after ovulation and remained high throughout pregnancy. At 12 weeks, when LH/CG levels were falling, progesterone and oestradiol rose well above the luteal-phase levels which were maintained for the first 12 weeks. Progesterone declined in the 2 weeks before birth, while oestradiol and oestrone remained high. Pregnancies of an unknown stage were dated by reference to a graph of uterine diameter, measured by abdominal palpation, in animals at known times after conception. Measurement of progesterone concentrations during the conception cycle gave more accurate dating and showed that the gestation length was 144 days.", "contents": "Peripheral plasma levels of progesterone, oestradiol-17 beta, oestrone, testosterone, androstenedione and chorionic gonadotrophin during pregnancy in the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus. Concentrations of LH/CG, androstenedione and testosterone rose in early pregnancy to maximum values at 6--10 weeks. Thereafter LH/CG levels declined and androstenedione and testosterone levels remained at plateau values or declined until term. Progesterone, oestradiol-17 beta and oestrone increased after ovulation and remained high throughout pregnancy. At 12 weeks, when LH/CG levels were falling, progesterone and oestradiol rose well above the luteal-phase levels which were maintained for the first 12 weeks. Progesterone declined in the 2 weeks before birth, while oestradiol and oestrone remained high. Pregnancies of an unknown stage were dated by reference to a graph of uterine diameter, measured by abdominal palpation, in animals at known times after conception. Measurement of progesterone concentrations during the conception cycle gave more accurate dating and showed that the gestation length was 144 days.", "PMID": 112249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10153", "title": "Cyclic changes in the circulating and urinary levels of ovarian steroids in the adult female owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus).", "content": "Circulating levels of oestrone and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassays in plasma samles from 5 female owl monkeys on 60 consecutive days. Both steroids exhibited cyclic fluctuations and based on nadir to nadir intervals the ovarian cycle was estimated to be 15.92 +/- 0.26 days. Levels of oestrone and pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide were also measured in daily urine samples. The fluctuations of urinary steroids reflected those observed in plasma. Ketamine sedation had no effect on the length of the cycle. Peak values of plasma progesterone and oestrone were 250.48 +/- 11.37 and 3.59 +/- 0.066 ng/ml respectively. There was no clear hormonal distinction between the follicular and luteal phase of the cycle in these owl monkeys.", "contents": "Cyclic changes in the circulating and urinary levels of ovarian steroids in the adult female owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). Circulating levels of oestrone and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassays in plasma samles from 5 female owl monkeys on 60 consecutive days. Both steroids exhibited cyclic fluctuations and based on nadir to nadir intervals the ovarian cycle was estimated to be 15.92 +/- 0.26 days. Levels of oestrone and pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide were also measured in daily urine samples. The fluctuations of urinary steroids reflected those observed in plasma. Ketamine sedation had no effect on the length of the cycle. Peak values of plasma progesterone and oestrone were 250.48 +/- 11.37 and 3.59 +/- 0.066 ng/ml respectively. There was no clear hormonal distinction between the follicular and luteal phase of the cycle in these owl monkeys.", "PMID": 112250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10154", "title": "Observations on progesterone production and clearance in normal pregnant and fetectomized rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and production rate (PR) of progesterone were measured in rhesus monkeys both before and during intravenous infusion of progesterone at rates which approximately doubled or tripled the peripheral plasma levels. The monkeys were normally pregnant or fetectomized and were studied during the second half of pregnancy. Raising the peripheral plasma levels did not significantly after the MCR or the PR of progesterone. We conclude that peripheral progesterone levels are not the factor which controls the PR of progesterone in rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "Observations on progesterone production and clearance in normal pregnant and fetectomized rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and production rate (PR) of progesterone were measured in rhesus monkeys both before and during intravenous infusion of progesterone at rates which approximately doubled or tripled the peripheral plasma levels. The monkeys were normally pregnant or fetectomized and were studied during the second half of pregnancy. Raising the peripheral plasma levels did not significantly after the MCR or the PR of progesterone. We conclude that peripheral progesterone levels are not the factor which controls the PR of progesterone in rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 112251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10155", "title": "Choosing priorities.", "content": "Dr Gray leaves us with a question at the conclusion of his article--how should we choose priorities? He says that the debate so far has been mainly on what we should choose, but perhaps we should consider how to choose even more. Under the various subheadings of Criteria, Principles and Persons Dr Gray sets out the pros and cons of the arguments in the priority debates and tries to offer some more specific guidelines to offset the criticism that the government's priority discussions have been too generalised. Yet this is a difficult task when everyone's priorities are so different.", "contents": "Choosing priorities. Dr Gray leaves us with a question at the conclusion of his article--how should we choose priorities? He says that the debate so far has been mainly on what we should choose, but perhaps we should consider how to choose even more. Under the various subheadings of Criteria, Principles and Persons Dr Gray sets out the pros and cons of the arguments in the priority debates and tries to offer some more specific guidelines to offset the criticism that the government's priority discussions have been too generalised. Yet this is a difficult task when everyone's priorities are so different.", "PMID": 112252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10156", "title": "Protection by monospecific gonococcal antisera of the chicken embryo challenged with Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The protective effects of monospecific gonococcal antisera on 11-day chick embryos challenged with a known lethal dose of gonococci were assessed. The monospecific antisera were prepared by immunisation of rabbits with purified gonococcal antigens, and removal of trace amounts of unwanted antibodies was achieved by absorption with antigen covalently bound to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose beads. The antisera were standardised for IgG by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Antiserum raised against whole outer membrane was protective and antiserum raised against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was moderately protective. Outer-membrane antiserum from which the LPS component was removed by absorption was less protective than either of these sera. Investigation of the protective mechanism of anti-LPS antibodies indicated that in addition to any antitoxic effect, these antibodies inhibited the multiplication of gonococci. Antisera raised against individual outer-membrane proteins offered no protection in this test. Out of five antisera tested, antipilus serum gave the strongest protection when piliate gonococci were used as the challenge in this model; antipilus serum did not protect against challenge with non-piliate gonococci.", "contents": "Protection by monospecific gonococcal antisera of the chicken embryo challenged with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The protective effects of monospecific gonococcal antisera on 11-day chick embryos challenged with a known lethal dose of gonococci were assessed. The monospecific antisera were prepared by immunisation of rabbits with purified gonococcal antigens, and removal of trace amounts of unwanted antibodies was achieved by absorption with antigen covalently bound to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose beads. The antisera were standardised for IgG by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Antiserum raised against whole outer membrane was protective and antiserum raised against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was moderately protective. Outer-membrane antiserum from which the LPS component was removed by absorption was less protective than either of these sera. Investigation of the protective mechanism of anti-LPS antibodies indicated that in addition to any antitoxic effect, these antibodies inhibited the multiplication of gonococci. Antisera raised against individual outer-membrane proteins offered no protection in this test. Out of five antisera tested, antipilus serum gave the strongest protection when piliate gonococci were used as the challenge in this model; antipilus serum did not protect against challenge with non-piliate gonococci.", "PMID": 112253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10157", "title": "Transfer of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in Auckland.", "content": "Of 422 clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 23 (5.5%) were resistant to gentamicin; 19 were also resistant to tobramycin and sisomycin, and one was resistant to tobramycin, sisomycin and amikacin. Of the gentamicin-resistant strains, 20 were also resistant to kanamycin. Sixteen strains with a high level of resistance to gentamicin (MIC greater than 160 microgram/ml) transferred all their resistance determinants to recipient strains of P. aeruginosa and four transferred some resistance determinants to P. aeruginosa but none transferred resistance to a recipient strain of E. coli K12. These results show that gentamicin resistance in strains of P. aeruginosa isolated in Auckland is mediated by R plasmids.", "contents": "Transfer of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in Auckland. Of 422 clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 23 (5.5%) were resistant to gentamicin; 19 were also resistant to tobramycin and sisomycin, and one was resistant to tobramycin, sisomycin and amikacin. Of the gentamicin-resistant strains, 20 were also resistant to kanamycin. Sixteen strains with a high level of resistance to gentamicin (MIC greater than 160 microgram/ml) transferred all their resistance determinants to recipient strains of P. aeruginosa and four transferred some resistance determinants to P. aeruginosa but none transferred resistance to a recipient strain of E. coli K12. These results show that gentamicin resistance in strains of P. aeruginosa isolated in Auckland is mediated by R plasmids.", "PMID": 112254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10158", "title": "Sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to partially purified R-type pyocines and a possible approach to epidemiological typing.", "content": "Strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from a variety of sources were examined for sensitivity to 11 partially purified R-type pyocines from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Selective inhibition of gonococci by pyocines of Kageyama groups R1 and R5 was observed. \"Matched isolates\", those from consorts or different body sites of individual patients, usually had very similar pyocine-sensitivity patterns and identical sensitivities to five antibiotics tested. This study included local isolates, strains from diverse geographic regions, and strains from disseminated gonococcal infections. It also proposed a relationship between pyocine-receptor sites in the lipopolysaccharide of Ps. aeruginosa and N. gonorrhoeae. Topics needing further evaluation are discussed.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to partially purified R-type pyocines and a possible approach to epidemiological typing. Strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from a variety of sources were examined for sensitivity to 11 partially purified R-type pyocines from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Selective inhibition of gonococci by pyocines of Kageyama groups R1 and R5 was observed. \"Matched isolates\", those from consorts or different body sites of individual patients, usually had very similar pyocine-sensitivity patterns and identical sensitivities to five antibiotics tested. This study included local isolates, strains from diverse geographic regions, and strains from disseminated gonococcal infections. It also proposed a relationship between pyocine-receptor sites in the lipopolysaccharide of Ps. aeruginosa and N. gonorrhoeae. Topics needing further evaluation are discussed.", "PMID": 112255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10159", "title": "Differentiation of fluorescent pseudomonads by their effect on milk agar.", "content": "Eighty-six clinical isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads that did not produce pyocyanin on Diagnostic Sensitivity Test Agar or Cetrimide Agar were identified on the basis of their antibiotic sensitivity, production of pigment on King's \"A\" medium, growth at 42 degrees C, production of lecithinase and hydrolysis of gelatin. The identity of the strains was confirmed in tests with the ammonium salt sugars ethanol, glucose and mannitol. These tests were adequate for distinguishing between the three important fluorescent pseudomonads. The detection of casein hydrolysis on milk agar was assessed as a rapid method of distinguishing P. aeruginosa from the other species of fluorescent pseudomonads but proved unhelpful when compared with, or included in, a small set of tests. Most strains of P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens hydrolysed casein.", "contents": "Differentiation of fluorescent pseudomonads by their effect on milk agar. Eighty-six clinical isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads that did not produce pyocyanin on Diagnostic Sensitivity Test Agar or Cetrimide Agar were identified on the basis of their antibiotic sensitivity, production of pigment on King's \"A\" medium, growth at 42 degrees C, production of lecithinase and hydrolysis of gelatin. The identity of the strains was confirmed in tests with the ammonium salt sugars ethanol, glucose and mannitol. These tests were adequate for distinguishing between the three important fluorescent pseudomonads. The detection of casein hydrolysis on milk agar was assessed as a rapid method of distinguishing P. aeruginosa from the other species of fluorescent pseudomonads but proved unhelpful when compared with, or included in, a small set of tests. Most strains of P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens hydrolysed casein.", "PMID": 112257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10160", "title": "Absence of ocular pathology after repeated exposure of unanesthetized monkeys to 9.3-GHz microwaves.", "content": "Unfettered monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have been trained to expose the face and eyes to pulsed microwave radiation at a frequency of 9.31 GHz and an average power density of 150 mW/cm2. Performance of an operant response required the monkeys to maintain the head within the field of the radiation source. Twelve monkeys were individually irradiated during 30 to 40 sessions and then were observed for a period of one year. No deleterious effects such as cataracts have been observed.", "contents": "Absence of ocular pathology after repeated exposure of unanesthetized monkeys to 9.3-GHz microwaves. Unfettered monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have been trained to expose the face and eyes to pulsed microwave radiation at a frequency of 9.31 GHz and an average power density of 150 mW/cm2. Performance of an operant response required the monkeys to maintain the head within the field of the radiation source. Twelve monkeys were individually irradiated during 30 to 40 sessions and then were observed for a period of one year. No deleterious effects such as cataracts have been observed.", "PMID": 112258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10161", "title": "Mandatory open reduction: its role in displaced ankle fractures.", "content": "\"Satisfactory reduction\" is insufficient in discussing ankle fractures; only perfect anatomic reduction will suffice. Fractures extending into joint surfaces carry a higher incidence of disability than those involving the metaphysis and/or diaphysis. The end result is further adversely affected when such fractures occur in weight-bearing joints with resulting disability from persistent pain and stiffness. It is our belief that anatomic reduction of displaced ankle fractures, especially the restoration of fibular length, is almost impossible by closed reduction. Closed reduction may require frequent manipulation and plaster changes as the swelling subsides, and the fragments become displaced. This encourages ankle and subtalar stiffness. For these reasons mandatory open reduction and rigid internal fixation of these fractures are recommended. A review of 300 nonconsecutive cases of open and closed displaced ankle fractures treated by open reduction had an overall infection rate of 1% and an incidence of degenerative arthritis of 3%.", "contents": "Mandatory open reduction: its role in displaced ankle fractures. \"Satisfactory reduction\" is insufficient in discussing ankle fractures; only perfect anatomic reduction will suffice. Fractures extending into joint surfaces carry a higher incidence of disability than those involving the metaphysis and/or diaphysis. The end result is further adversely affected when such fractures occur in weight-bearing joints with resulting disability from persistent pain and stiffness. It is our belief that anatomic reduction of displaced ankle fractures, especially the restoration of fibular length, is almost impossible by closed reduction. Closed reduction may require frequent manipulation and plaster changes as the swelling subsides, and the fragments become displaced. This encourages ankle and subtalar stiffness. For these reasons mandatory open reduction and rigid internal fixation of these fractures are recommended. A review of 300 nonconsecutive cases of open and closed displaced ankle fractures treated by open reduction had an overall infection rate of 1% and an incidence of degenerative arthritis of 3%.", "PMID": 112259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10162", "title": "The catch-22's of cost containment.", "content": "While exploring the problem of escalation of health care expenditures in urology and analyzing various means to curtail this escalation, we noted a recurrent problem relating to the negative incentives inherent in presently used reimbursement mechanisms. Proposed solutions to a particular problem usually are accompanied by new economic difficulties arising from the solution. A series of Catch-22's are encountered in many different problems concerning economic health care delivery. We herein elucidate a number of these problems and propose a novel reimbursement system in which there are positive incentives provided to those urologists who make an honest effort at cost containment.", "contents": "The catch-22's of cost containment. While exploring the problem of escalation of health care expenditures in urology and analyzing various means to curtail this escalation, we noted a recurrent problem relating to the negative incentives inherent in presently used reimbursement mechanisms. Proposed solutions to a particular problem usually are accompanied by new economic difficulties arising from the solution. A series of Catch-22's are encountered in many different problems concerning economic health care delivery. We herein elucidate a number of these problems and propose a novel reimbursement system in which there are positive incentives provided to those urologists who make an honest effort at cost containment.", "PMID": 112260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10163", "title": "Case report: congenital ureteral diverticulum and solitary kidney.", "content": "A case of true congenital diverticulum of the ureter associated with a solitary kidney is reported. The diverticulum was producing hydroureteronephrosis. Treatment consisted of excision of the diverticulum and repair of the narrowed area in the ureter. At 4-year followup there was no deterioration on excretory urography and renal function tests have remained normal.", "contents": "Case report: congenital ureteral diverticulum and solitary kidney. A case of true congenital diverticulum of the ureter associated with a solitary kidney is reported. The diverticulum was producing hydroureteronephrosis. Treatment consisted of excision of the diverticulum and repair of the narrowed area in the ureter. At 4-year followup there was no deterioration on excretory urography and renal function tests have remained normal.", "PMID": 112261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10164", "title": "Urinary ascites in children owing to extravasation of urine from the bladder.", "content": "Three cases of urinary ascites in infants secondary to extravasation of urine from the bladder are reported. The first reported case of intraperitoneal extravasation from a perforated bladder resulting from an umbilical cutdown and the second reported case of an intraperitoneal rupture of a congenital diverticulum of the bladder are included. Successful management of urinary ascites was achieved by immediate diversion. The diagnosis of a vesical perforation should be considered in an infant presenting with ascites.", "contents": "Urinary ascites in children owing to extravasation of urine from the bladder. Three cases of urinary ascites in infants secondary to extravasation of urine from the bladder are reported. The first reported case of intraperitoneal extravasation from a perforated bladder resulting from an umbilical cutdown and the second reported case of an intraperitoneal rupture of a congenital diverticulum of the bladder are included. Successful management of urinary ascites was achieved by immediate diversion. The diagnosis of a vesical perforation should be considered in an infant presenting with ascites.", "PMID": 112262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10165", "title": "Bladder diverticula causing posterior urethral obstruction in children.", "content": "Two cases of bladder diverticula causing posterior urethral obstruction, which was corrected surgically, are presented. Five similar cases have been found in the literature.", "contents": "Bladder diverticula causing posterior urethral obstruction in children. Two cases of bladder diverticula causing posterior urethral obstruction, which was corrected surgically, are presented. Five similar cases have been found in the literature.", "PMID": 112263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10166", "title": "Use of cromolyn in combined gastrointestinal allergy.", "content": "A double-blind clinical trial was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of orally given cromolyn sodium vs that of pacebo in the management of food allergy. Fourteen children, aged 2 to 15 years, with milk allergy and concomitant allergies to one or more foods were given cromolyn or placebo. Eleven had positive intradermal skin reactions or coproantibodies to offending antigens. Treatment was begun while the children were receiving elimination diets; they were challenged with specific antigen only after 48 hours of drug administration. Crossover took place if the initial agent was ineffective. Cromolyn afforded protection in 11 of 13 trials, whereas placebo was effective in only three of nine trials. By chi 2 analysis, the drug's effect was statistically significant.", "contents": "Use of cromolyn in combined gastrointestinal allergy. A double-blind clinical trial was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of orally given cromolyn sodium vs that of pacebo in the management of food allergy. Fourteen children, aged 2 to 15 years, with milk allergy and concomitant allergies to one or more foods were given cromolyn or placebo. Eleven had positive intradermal skin reactions or coproantibodies to offending antigens. Treatment was begun while the children were receiving elimination diets; they were challenged with specific antigen only after 48 hours of drug administration. Crossover took place if the initial agent was ineffective. Cromolyn afforded protection in 11 of 13 trials, whereas placebo was effective in only three of nine trials. By chi 2 analysis, the drug's effect was statistically significant.", "PMID": 112265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10167", "title": "Surgical treatment of the radiation injured bowel.", "content": "Over the last 10 years, 9 patients treated by surgical procedure for radiation injuries of the bowel were studied with the following conclusions: The damage to the small intestine caused by external irradiation leads to adhesion of the bowel, perforation and postoperative anastomotic dehiscence if the irradiated bowel is used in the anastomosis. Surgical treatment for the small intestine is resection of the damaged loop. In order to determine the extent of the resection it is important that during the operation fibrosis and obstruction of vessels in the submucosa and subserosa is examined by biopsy. On the other hand, rectal ulcer and/or rectovaginal fistula is chiefly caused by intracavitary application plus external irradiation. For these lesion Hartmann operation or colostomy is performed, and the postoperative course is uneventful.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of the radiation injured bowel. Over the last 10 years, 9 patients treated by surgical procedure for radiation injuries of the bowel were studied with the following conclusions: The damage to the small intestine caused by external irradiation leads to adhesion of the bowel, perforation and postoperative anastomotic dehiscence if the irradiated bowel is used in the anastomosis. Surgical treatment for the small intestine is resection of the damaged loop. In order to determine the extent of the resection it is important that during the operation fibrosis and obstruction of vessels in the submucosa and subserosa is examined by biopsy. On the other hand, rectal ulcer and/or rectovaginal fistula is chiefly caused by intracavitary application plus external irradiation. For these lesion Hartmann operation or colostomy is performed, and the postoperative course is uneventful.", "PMID": 112308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10168", "title": "Response of canine mast cell tumors to radiation.", "content": "Twenty-three dogs completed a fractionated course of ionizing radiation therapy for mast cell tumors. In 10 dogs the response was satisfactory, and the tumors were considered controlled 12 months after completion of the prescribed course of therapy. Treatment was considered unsatisfactory for the remaining 13 dogs due to failure to control the tumor locally, generalized metastasis, or both. A dose effect was noted in the response of the tumors to radiation. Of 6 dogs, 5 responded satisfactorily when the tumor dose was 4,000 rads or greater. When the tumor dose was less than 4,000 rads, 5 of 17 dogs responded satisfactorily. The dose calculated to control 50% of the meat cell tumors was 3,625 rads (95% confidence interval: 3,265-4,024 rads). Adverse normal tissue reactions, which consisted of moist desquamation in 10 animals and necrosis in 4, were recorded. The dose calculated to cause desquamation in 50% of the dogs was 3,750 rads (95% confidence interval: 3,348-4,200 rads).", "contents": "Response of canine mast cell tumors to radiation. Twenty-three dogs completed a fractionated course of ionizing radiation therapy for mast cell tumors. In 10 dogs the response was satisfactory, and the tumors were considered controlled 12 months after completion of the prescribed course of therapy. Treatment was considered unsatisfactory for the remaining 13 dogs due to failure to control the tumor locally, generalized metastasis, or both. A dose effect was noted in the response of the tumors to radiation. Of 6 dogs, 5 responded satisfactorily when the tumor dose was 4,000 rads or greater. When the tumor dose was less than 4,000 rads, 5 of 17 dogs responded satisfactorily. The dose calculated to control 50% of the meat cell tumors was 3,625 rads (95% confidence interval: 3,265-4,024 rads). Adverse normal tissue reactions, which consisted of moist desquamation in 10 animals and necrosis in 4, were recorded. The dose calculated to cause desquamation in 50% of the dogs was 3,750 rads (95% confidence interval: 3,348-4,200 rads).", "PMID": 112313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10169", "title": "[Extracardiac effect of nitroglycerin in chronic ischemic heart disease according to the study of microcirculation].", "content": "Study of the dynamics of circulation in the microvessels of the eye conjunctiva under the effect of nitroglycerin in 50 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease showed short-lived dilatation of the postcapillaries and venules in most of them. Simultaneous fall in venous pressure may be evidence of a diminution of the venous tonus with a tendency to the storage of blood in the microcirculation system. The encountered shifts in the systemic hemodynamics may possibly be due to the reaction of the microcirculation channel, the labile character of which in the various \"micro-areas\" of the conjunctiva testifies to the complex reorganization of microcirculation under the effect of nitroglycerin.", "contents": "[Extracardiac effect of nitroglycerin in chronic ischemic heart disease according to the study of microcirculation]. Study of the dynamics of circulation in the microvessels of the eye conjunctiva under the effect of nitroglycerin in 50 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease showed short-lived dilatation of the postcapillaries and venules in most of them. Simultaneous fall in venous pressure may be evidence of a diminution of the venous tonus with a tendency to the storage of blood in the microcirculation system. The encountered shifts in the systemic hemodynamics may possibly be due to the reaction of the microcirculation channel, the labile character of which in the various \"micro-areas\" of the conjunctiva testifies to the complex reorganization of microcirculation under the effect of nitroglycerin.", "PMID": 112318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10170", "title": "[Supplementary intravenous nutrition in term and preterm neonates (author's transl)].", "content": "16 term and preterm neonates received intravenous nutriton for at least three days. The dosage was 1--2 g amino acids, 1 g of fat, and 8--10 g glucose per kg body weight and day. Compatibility was investigated by daily determinations of the amino acid pattern in the serum and measurement of free fatty acids and triglycerides. All results were compared to five neonates who were fed completely orally from the first day of life. Leucine, methionine, proline, and valine levels were elevated during intravenous nutrition, but only the high methionine levels were regarded as a nutrional imbalance. Free fatty acids and triglycerides showed no significant differences as compared to the control group.", "contents": "[Supplementary intravenous nutrition in term and preterm neonates (author's transl)]. 16 term and preterm neonates received intravenous nutriton for at least three days. The dosage was 1--2 g amino acids, 1 g of fat, and 8--10 g glucose per kg body weight and day. Compatibility was investigated by daily determinations of the amino acid pattern in the serum and measurement of free fatty acids and triglycerides. All results were compared to five neonates who were fed completely orally from the first day of life. Leucine, methionine, proline, and valine levels were elevated during intravenous nutrition, but only the high methionine levels were regarded as a nutrional imbalance. Free fatty acids and triglycerides showed no significant differences as compared to the control group.", "PMID": 112320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10171", "title": "Do dollars spent relate to outcomes in burn care?", "content": "In light of limited health care funds, there is a need for reliable information relating costs to clinical outcomes. Distinction should be made between diseases for which improved outcomes relate to intensity of care and those for which limits of current knowledge preclude improved results. A survey of 1,656 burn admissions to 73 hospitals over a one-year period showed that length of stay, unpaid bills, and the proportion of unpaid bills to total bills were two to six times greater than for nonburn admissions to the same hospitals. Three hospitals had special burn facilities, and even when adjustments were made for severity of injury, these hospitals had poorer outcomes and higher costs when all their burn patients were studied. When only those patients with greater than 30 per cent burn were compared between hospitals with and without special burn programs, or when patients were matched for degree of burn the hospitals with the special programs still had no better patient outcomes than those without such facilities. The crucial question, then, is whether mortality and complications were lower in special facilities. Although there was no evidence in this survey that they were, the final answer must come from a prospective study of outcome. If these survey results are confirmed, burns might be identified as an illness for which current limits in management abilities limit the ultimate proportion of successful outcomes.", "contents": "Do dollars spent relate to outcomes in burn care? In light of limited health care funds, there is a need for reliable information relating costs to clinical outcomes. Distinction should be made between diseases for which improved outcomes relate to intensity of care and those for which limits of current knowledge preclude improved results. A survey of 1,656 burn admissions to 73 hospitals over a one-year period showed that length of stay, unpaid bills, and the proportion of unpaid bills to total bills were two to six times greater than for nonburn admissions to the same hospitals. Three hospitals had special burn facilities, and even when adjustments were made for severity of injury, these hospitals had poorer outcomes and higher costs when all their burn patients were studied. When only those patients with greater than 30 per cent burn were compared between hospitals with and without special burn programs, or when patients were matched for degree of burn the hospitals with the special programs still had no better patient outcomes than those without such facilities. The crucial question, then, is whether mortality and complications were lower in special facilities. Although there was no evidence in this survey that they were, the final answer must come from a prospective study of outcome. If these survey results are confirmed, burns might be identified as an illness for which current limits in management abilities limit the ultimate proportion of successful outcomes.", "PMID": 112336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10172", "title": "[Treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion with demethylchlortetracycline (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion secondary to an undifferentiated bronchogenic carcinoma with distant metastases was treated with demethylchlortetracycline. Up until recently, treatment of this syndrome was based on water restriction and when the plasma sodium concentration became extremely low, hypertonic saline solution administration. Recently it has been demonstrated that the antibiotic demethylchlortetracycline inhibits the action of the antidiuretic hormone on the renal tubules. The drug has been used successfully in five patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. The administration of 900 mg of demethylchlortetracycline per day for 7 days in our patient produced an increase of free water clearance, diuresis, plasma sodium concentration, and plasma osmolarity. Urinary excretion of sodium and urinary osmolarity declined. Furthermore, the neurological symptoms attributed to hyponatremia improved markedly. The patient lost 6 kg during treatment, probably because of negative water balance induced by demethylchlortetracycline. Even though the administration of demethylchlortetracycline did not produce significant decreases in the glomerular filtration rate or renal blood flow in our patient, it is advisable to control the renal function in individuals treated with this drug since it may on occasion determine renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion with demethylchlortetracycline (author's transl)]. A patient with a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion secondary to an undifferentiated bronchogenic carcinoma with distant metastases was treated with demethylchlortetracycline. Up until recently, treatment of this syndrome was based on water restriction and when the plasma sodium concentration became extremely low, hypertonic saline solution administration. Recently it has been demonstrated that the antibiotic demethylchlortetracycline inhibits the action of the antidiuretic hormone on the renal tubules. The drug has been used successfully in five patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. The administration of 900 mg of demethylchlortetracycline per day for 7 days in our patient produced an increase of free water clearance, diuresis, plasma sodium concentration, and plasma osmolarity. Urinary excretion of sodium and urinary osmolarity declined. Furthermore, the neurological symptoms attributed to hyponatremia improved markedly. The patient lost 6 kg during treatment, probably because of negative water balance induced by demethylchlortetracycline. Even though the administration of demethylchlortetracycline did not produce significant decreases in the glomerular filtration rate or renal blood flow in our patient, it is advisable to control the renal function in individuals treated with this drug since it may on occasion determine renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 112337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10173", "title": "[Effect of nitrogen-containing compounds on hydrogen light emission and nitrogen fixation by purple bacteria].", "content": "The cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum and Thiocapsa roseopersicina grown in media containing glutamate and arginine, respectively, as well as under conditions of nitrogen fixation evolve H2 in the light. If the cultures were grown in media with NH4+, NO3-, urea, glutamine or asparagine, hydrogen photoevolution by the cells and acetylene reduction started after the lag-phase and proceeded at a low rate. Extracts of such cells did not display the activity of nitrogenase which could be assayed by the ATP-dependent evolution of H2 from dithionite. The data obtained confirm the fact that hydrogen photoevolution by purple bacteria involves nitrogenase whose synthesis is regulated (according to the action of glutamine) with the participation of glutamine synthetase. NH4+, glutamine and asparagine inhibit also hydrogen photoproduction by purple bacteria and acetylene photoreduction. However, they have no effect on hydrogen evolution in the dark by the cells of R. rubrum and T. roseopersicina in the presence of formiate or pyruvate, respectively, whereas carbon monoxide inhibits hydrogen production. Therefore, hydrogen production by purple bacteria in the dark must be catalyzed by hydrogenase.", "contents": "[Effect of nitrogen-containing compounds on hydrogen light emission and nitrogen fixation by purple bacteria]. The cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum and Thiocapsa roseopersicina grown in media containing glutamate and arginine, respectively, as well as under conditions of nitrogen fixation evolve H2 in the light. If the cultures were grown in media with NH4+, NO3-, urea, glutamine or asparagine, hydrogen photoevolution by the cells and acetylene reduction started after the lag-phase and proceeded at a low rate. Extracts of such cells did not display the activity of nitrogenase which could be assayed by the ATP-dependent evolution of H2 from dithionite. The data obtained confirm the fact that hydrogen photoevolution by purple bacteria involves nitrogenase whose synthesis is regulated (according to the action of glutamine) with the participation of glutamine synthetase. NH4+, glutamine and asparagine inhibit also hydrogen photoproduction by purple bacteria and acetylene photoreduction. However, they have no effect on hydrogen evolution in the dark by the cells of R. rubrum and T. roseopersicina in the presence of formiate or pyruvate, respectively, whereas carbon monoxide inhibits hydrogen production. Therefore, hydrogen production by purple bacteria in the dark must be catalyzed by hydrogenase.", "PMID": 112358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10174", "title": "CT and nuclear medicine in screening for neurological disease.", "content": "Unit costs of computerized tomography (CT) in Australian hospital practice are considerably lower than those reported in the United States' literature, and not significantly higher than those of nuclear brain scanning which is at a threefold to fourfold disadvantage in false negative rates. CT is cost-effective not only in defining but in screening for neurological disease, and should replace radionuclide scans in both roles.", "contents": "CT and nuclear medicine in screening for neurological disease. Unit costs of computerized tomography (CT) in Australian hospital practice are considerably lower than those reported in the United States' literature, and not significantly higher than those of nuclear brain scanning which is at a threefold to fourfold disadvantage in false negative rates. CT is cost-effective not only in defining but in screening for neurological disease, and should replace radionuclide scans in both roles.", "PMID": 112363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10175", "title": "[Use of urea by purple bacteria].", "content": "Strains of purple sulfur bacteria (Chromatium minutissimum, Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii, Thiocapsa roseopersicina, Lamprobacter modestohalophilus) and nonsulfur bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Rh. spheroides, Rhodospirillum rubrum) grow in media containing urea as a source of nitrogen at concentrations from 0.5 to 5.0%. They can also utilize the carbon of urea and thus grow in the absence of bicarbonate. Urea is decomposed by all the studied purple bacteria with the participation of urease. In a number of strains, the enzyme is inducible and is synthesized only in the presence of urea. However, it is constitutive in certain purple bacteria (L. modestohalophilus, Rh. palustris, Rh. spheroides). The strains of purple bacteria differ in the activity of urease and in its susceptibility to ammonium ions.", "contents": "[Use of urea by purple bacteria]. Strains of purple sulfur bacteria (Chromatium minutissimum, Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii, Thiocapsa roseopersicina, Lamprobacter modestohalophilus) and nonsulfur bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Rh. spheroides, Rhodospirillum rubrum) grow in media containing urea as a source of nitrogen at concentrations from 0.5 to 5.0%. They can also utilize the carbon of urea and thus grow in the absence of bicarbonate. Urea is decomposed by all the studied purple bacteria with the participation of urease. In a number of strains, the enzyme is inducible and is synthesized only in the presence of urea. However, it is constitutive in certain purple bacteria (L. modestohalophilus, Rh. palustris, Rh. spheroides). The strains of purple bacteria differ in the activity of urease and in its susceptibility to ammonium ions.", "PMID": 112359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10176", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of thylakoid structure in cyanobacteria].", "content": "Two or three thylakoids can be detected in Synechococcus elongatus, strain 58, and Plectonema boryanum if sections are successful. Peripheral thylakoids sometimes seem to be connected with the cytoplasmic membrane. Partitions and septa, as well as small electron-dense granules typical of cells which underwent lysis, are found in the intrathylakoidal space. Branching of thylakoids is described. Particles 16 and 11 nm in size whose possible nature is discussed can be discerned on the fracture faces. Phycobilisomes have not been discovered by the technique of freeze-etching.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of thylakoid structure in cyanobacteria]. Two or three thylakoids can be detected in Synechococcus elongatus, strain 58, and Plectonema boryanum if sections are successful. Peripheral thylakoids sometimes seem to be connected with the cytoplasmic membrane. Partitions and septa, as well as small electron-dense granules typical of cells which underwent lysis, are found in the intrathylakoidal space. Branching of thylakoids is described. Particles 16 and 11 nm in size whose possible nature is discussed can be discerned on the fracture faces. Phycobilisomes have not been discovered by the technique of freeze-etching.", "PMID": 112360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10177", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of cefazedon on patients with urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficacy and tolerance of Cefazedon, a new antibiotic, was investigated clinically on 90 patients with urinary tract infections who also required surgical treatment. Good clinical results were achieved in over 90% of patients after 6 to 7 days of treatment. The bacteriological examination revealed complete elimination of the initially identified pathogens in 89 cases. No difference in treatment results could be established when applying the dose 2 or 3 times daily. On the third day of treatment skin reactions were observed in one case which necessitated discontinuation of treatment. Laboratory blood values as well as control of liver and kidney function before treatment, after and one week past treatment showed no negative influence due to the drug. In approximately 27% a new colonisation mainly with Pseudomonas could not be prevented.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of cefazedon on patients with urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. The efficacy and tolerance of Cefazedon, a new antibiotic, was investigated clinically on 90 patients with urinary tract infections who also required surgical treatment. Good clinical results were achieved in over 90% of patients after 6 to 7 days of treatment. The bacteriological examination revealed complete elimination of the initially identified pathogens in 89 cases. No difference in treatment results could be established when applying the dose 2 or 3 times daily. On the third day of treatment skin reactions were observed in one case which necessitated discontinuation of treatment. Laboratory blood values as well as control of liver and kidney function before treatment, after and one week past treatment showed no negative influence due to the drug. In approximately 27% a new colonisation mainly with Pseudomonas could not be prevented.", "PMID": 112365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10178", "title": "[Changes in the ultrastructures of Anacystis nidulans cells at different temperatures].", "content": "If the cells of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans are put in the unfavourable conditions, the pairs of photosynthetic membranes separate, vacuoles are formed within thylakoids, and degradation of the photosynthetic apparatus occurs the earlier the sooner photosynthetic electron transport stops functioning: after 7--9 days in the dark, after 7--10 days in the light at 5 degrees C, after 5--7 days at 45 degrees C. If the cells are incubated at 5 and 45 degrees C, they become longer and form rods upto 10--12 mcm in length; at 45 degrees C, degradation takes place and the cell contents separate. The stationary phase of growth in the optimal conditions at 37 degrees C takes more time and the cells are degraded only after 45 days. If the temperature is lowered to 20 degrees C in the light, the cells remain viable for a long time and are degraded only after 60 days. In these conditions, invaginations of photosynthetic lamellae appear in the living cells, and the activity of TTC reduction in the light remains high for a long period of time. The cell wall remains intact upon degradation in remains high for a long period of time. The cell wall remains intact upon degradation in all the variants. Pigments are not destroyed both at a high (45 degrees C) and low (5 degrees C) temperature longer in the dark than in the light; therefore, photodestruction is involved in degradation of the lamellar apparatus in the light. The order in which pigments decompose differs depending on the conditions: chlorophyll is the first to be destroyed at 5 degrees C, phycocyanin at 45 degrees C, chlorophyll and phycocyanin at 37 degrees C; the rate of degradation of all pigments is almost the same at 20 degrees C. Apparently, additional pigments play different role in the processes of degradation occurring in the light.", "contents": "[Changes in the ultrastructures of Anacystis nidulans cells at different temperatures]. If the cells of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans are put in the unfavourable conditions, the pairs of photosynthetic membranes separate, vacuoles are formed within thylakoids, and degradation of the photosynthetic apparatus occurs the earlier the sooner photosynthetic electron transport stops functioning: after 7--9 days in the dark, after 7--10 days in the light at 5 degrees C, after 5--7 days at 45 degrees C. If the cells are incubated at 5 and 45 degrees C, they become longer and form rods upto 10--12 mcm in length; at 45 degrees C, degradation takes place and the cell contents separate. The stationary phase of growth in the optimal conditions at 37 degrees C takes more time and the cells are degraded only after 45 days. If the temperature is lowered to 20 degrees C in the light, the cells remain viable for a long time and are degraded only after 60 days. In these conditions, invaginations of photosynthetic lamellae appear in the living cells, and the activity of TTC reduction in the light remains high for a long period of time. The cell wall remains intact upon degradation in remains high for a long period of time. The cell wall remains intact upon degradation in all the variants. Pigments are not destroyed both at a high (45 degrees C) and low (5 degrees C) temperature longer in the dark than in the light; therefore, photodestruction is involved in degradation of the lamellar apparatus in the light. The order in which pigments decompose differs depending on the conditions: chlorophyll is the first to be destroyed at 5 degrees C, phycocyanin at 45 degrees C, chlorophyll and phycocyanin at 37 degrees C; the rate of degradation of all pigments is almost the same at 20 degrees C. Apparently, additional pigments play different role in the processes of degradation occurring in the light.", "PMID": 112361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10179", "title": "[Resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline in Bavaria (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro sensitivity of tetracycline and doxycycline is compared. Streptococcus and staphylococcus are more sensitive to doxycycline whereas pseudomonas and proteus spec. are more sensitive to tetracycline.", "contents": "[Resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline in Bavaria (author's transl)]. The in vitro sensitivity of tetracycline and doxycycline is compared. Streptococcus and staphylococcus are more sensitive to doxycycline whereas pseudomonas and proteus spec. are more sensitive to tetracycline.", "PMID": 112366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10180", "title": "Cytological changes related to Brucella canis variants uptake in vitro.", "content": "In this study, evidence for in vitro uptake, invasion, and cytopathogonomic effects of normal and variant strains of B. canis on tissue culture, is presented. B. canis L-phase were penicillin-induced and these microorganisms produced revertants on penicillin-free media. Tissue culture (LLC-MK2) cells were divided into different normal and variant-infected groups (I-IV), including controls. Bright-field and electron microscopic observations indicated uptake of all the strains and recognizable host cell damage (CPE) to varying degrees. At 72 h after infection, the extent of damage by L-phase was the least (55.5% CPE). The L-phase-derived revertants resulted in 80% damage; this approximates the adverse effect of normal B. canis (85%). In addition to these gross changes, various structural abnormalities, including pyknosis, nuclear disorganization, vacuolation, and karyorrhexis, were apparent. The implications of these findings and the indirect role of the L-phase in brucellosis due to B. canis are discussed.", "contents": "Cytological changes related to Brucella canis variants uptake in vitro. In this study, evidence for in vitro uptake, invasion, and cytopathogonomic effects of normal and variant strains of B. canis on tissue culture, is presented. B. canis L-phase were penicillin-induced and these microorganisms produced revertants on penicillin-free media. Tissue culture (LLC-MK2) cells were divided into different normal and variant-infected groups (I-IV), including controls. Bright-field and electron microscopic observations indicated uptake of all the strains and recognizable host cell damage (CPE) to varying degrees. At 72 h after infection, the extent of damage by L-phase was the least (55.5% CPE). The L-phase-derived revertants resulted in 80% damage; this approximates the adverse effect of normal B. canis (85%). In addition to these gross changes, various structural abnormalities, including pyknosis, nuclear disorganization, vacuolation, and karyorrhexis, were apparent. The implications of these findings and the indirect role of the L-phase in brucellosis due to B. canis are discussed.", "PMID": 112368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10181", "title": "Simple method to detect virus-specific IgM antibodies in patients' serum samples after immunosorption of immunoglobulins G and A.", "content": "By absorption with protein A and specific immunosorption using insolubilized adsorbentia (CPG), a method was developed for rapid elimination of IgG and IgA from patients' serum samples. This test technique was examined in the diagnosis of rubella infections, i.e., rubella-specific IgM antibodies. The procedure has proven to be as reliable as determinations carried out with IgM fractions separated on a sucroe density gradient.", "contents": "Simple method to detect virus-specific IgM antibodies in patients' serum samples after immunosorption of immunoglobulins G and A. By absorption with protein A and specific immunosorption using insolubilized adsorbentia (CPG), a method was developed for rapid elimination of IgG and IgA from patients' serum samples. This test technique was examined in the diagnosis of rubella infections, i.e., rubella-specific IgM antibodies. The procedure has proven to be as reliable as determinations carried out with IgM fractions separated on a sucroe density gradient.", "PMID": 112369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10182", "title": "Dosimetric properties of neutrons from 21-MeV deuteron bombardment of a deuterium gas target.", "content": "Spectra, yields, average energies, and kerma rates in tissue of neutrons from 21-MeV deuteron bombardment of deuterium gas targets have been calculated for target thicknesses of 1, 3.5, and 5 MeV. A high pressure gas cell was constructed and was filled with 33 atm of D2 gas (equivalent to an energy loss of 3.5 MeV for 21-MeV deuterons); dose rate, dose buildup, and depth-dose properties of neutrons produced by the D(d,n) reaction were measured. Dosimetric properties of these neutrons are superior to those of neutrons from a thick Be target bombarded by a deuteron beam of the same energy.", "contents": "Dosimetric properties of neutrons from 21-MeV deuteron bombardment of a deuterium gas target. Spectra, yields, average energies, and kerma rates in tissue of neutrons from 21-MeV deuteron bombardment of deuterium gas targets have been calculated for target thicknesses of 1, 3.5, and 5 MeV. A high pressure gas cell was constructed and was filled with 33 atm of D2 gas (equivalent to an energy loss of 3.5 MeV for 21-MeV deuterons); dose rate, dose buildup, and depth-dose properties of neutrons produced by the D(d,n) reaction were measured. Dosimetric properties of these neutrons are superior to those of neutrons from a thick Be target bombarded by a deuteron beam of the same energy.", "PMID": 112370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10183", "title": "Choosing a therapy electron accelerator target.", "content": "Angular distributions of photon depth dose produced by 25-MeV electrons incident on several fully stopping single-element targets (C, Al, Cu, Mo, Ta, Pb) and two composite layered targets (Ni-Al, W-Al) were studied. Depth-dose curves measured using TLD-700 (thermoluminescent dosimeter) chips embedded in lucite phantoms. Several useful therapy electron accelerator design curves were determined, including relative flattener thickness as a function of target atomic number, \"effective\" bremsstrahlung endpoint energy or beam \"hardness\" as a function of target atomic number and photon emission angle, and estimates of shielding thickness as a function of angle required to reduce the radiation outside the treatment cone to required levels.", "contents": "Choosing a therapy electron accelerator target. Angular distributions of photon depth dose produced by 25-MeV electrons incident on several fully stopping single-element targets (C, Al, Cu, Mo, Ta, Pb) and two composite layered targets (Ni-Al, W-Al) were studied. Depth-dose curves measured using TLD-700 (thermoluminescent dosimeter) chips embedded in lucite phantoms. Several useful therapy electron accelerator design curves were determined, including relative flattener thickness as a function of target atomic number, \"effective\" bremsstrahlung endpoint energy or beam \"hardness\" as a function of target atomic number and photon emission angle, and estimates of shielding thickness as a function of angle required to reduce the radiation outside the treatment cone to required levels.", "PMID": 112371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10184", "title": "Some perspectives on the transfer of cell-mediated immunity by immune-RNA.", "content": "Ribonucleic acid extracts of lymphoid cells from immune hosts were used to transfer in vivo and in vitro cell-mediated immune reactivity to a variety of antigens. The in vivo immune responses transferred by RNA included the delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to fungal and chemically-defined antigens and the tumor-rejection reaction to guinea pig hepatoma antigens. The in vitro immune responses transferred by RNA included macrophage migration inhibition by fungal, chemically-defined, and tumor antigens. The transfer activity of RNA preparations was contained in the 8 s to 18 s species of RNA and was sensitive to RNase but not to DNase or trypsin. Antigen was not detectable in the RNA preparations and appeared to have no role in the transfer activity. Syngeneic, allogeneic, or xenogeneic sources of RNA could transfer immune reactivity. In each system tested, the transfer of cell-mediated reactivity by RNA was specific for the antigen used to sensitize the RNA donor. The potential use of RNA-mediated transfer of immunity is discussed.", "contents": "Some perspectives on the transfer of cell-mediated immunity by immune-RNA. Ribonucleic acid extracts of lymphoid cells from immune hosts were used to transfer in vivo and in vitro cell-mediated immune reactivity to a variety of antigens. The in vivo immune responses transferred by RNA included the delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to fungal and chemically-defined antigens and the tumor-rejection reaction to guinea pig hepatoma antigens. The in vitro immune responses transferred by RNA included macrophage migration inhibition by fungal, chemically-defined, and tumor antigens. The transfer activity of RNA preparations was contained in the 8 s to 18 s species of RNA and was sensitive to RNase but not to DNase or trypsin. Antigen was not detectable in the RNA preparations and appeared to have no role in the transfer activity. Syngeneic, allogeneic, or xenogeneic sources of RNA could transfer immune reactivity. In each system tested, the transfer of cell-mediated reactivity by RNA was specific for the antigen used to sensitize the RNA donor. The potential use of RNA-mediated transfer of immunity is discussed.", "PMID": 112379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10185", "title": "Insulin sensitivity of liver glycogen synthase b into a conversion.", "content": "Liver glycogen synthase b phosphatase, chromatographically separable from phosphorylase a phosphatase, is decreased in 48-hour alloxan diabetic rats. The phosphatase activities are measured in an in vitro system using exogenous isolated phospho-enzyme as substrates with added phosphatases. Synthase and phosphorylase phosphatases were shown to have differential catalytic properties by their reactivity in the presence of Pi, the heat-stable inhibitor of phosphorylase phosphatase and after incubation with added cAMP-dependent protein kinase.", "contents": "Insulin sensitivity of liver glycogen synthase b into a conversion. Liver glycogen synthase b phosphatase, chromatographically separable from phosphorylase a phosphatase, is decreased in 48-hour alloxan diabetic rats. The phosphatase activities are measured in an in vitro system using exogenous isolated phospho-enzyme as substrates with added phosphatases. Synthase and phosphorylase phosphatases were shown to have differential catalytic properties by their reactivity in the presence of Pi, the heat-stable inhibitor of phosphorylase phosphatase and after incubation with added cAMP-dependent protein kinase.", "PMID": 112380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10186", "title": "[Neurological cardinal symptoms of internal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The old rule:\"Frequent is frequent, Seldom is seldom\" is only true of etiological entities. With symptoms and syndromes which are hastily diagnosed as \"typical\" or \"atypical\" just because they are frequent, serious misdiagnoses may occur and critical details both in the history and in the physical examination may be overlooked. The terminal reaction of the body, i. e. the phenomenological entities are a principium cognoscendi for the doctor as for the patient they are principium agendi which send him to the doctor. The task of the neurologist is to set out the neurological cardinal and warning symptoms as signposts for a satisfactory internist investigation and to a jointly controlled therapy.", "contents": "[Neurological cardinal symptoms of internal diseases (author's transl)]. The old rule:\"Frequent is frequent, Seldom is seldom\" is only true of etiological entities. With symptoms and syndromes which are hastily diagnosed as \"typical\" or \"atypical\" just because they are frequent, serious misdiagnoses may occur and critical details both in the history and in the physical examination may be overlooked. The terminal reaction of the body, i. e. the phenomenological entities are a principium cognoscendi for the doctor as for the patient they are principium agendi which send him to the doctor. The task of the neurologist is to set out the neurological cardinal and warning symptoms as signposts for a satisfactory internist investigation and to a jointly controlled therapy.", "PMID": 112407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10187", "title": "[Syncope. An important border-line between neurology and internal medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "It is important for the neurologist to know the variations of the Adams-Stokes's attack so that the important differential diagnosis between an epileptic reaction and an Adams-Stokes's attack due to cardiac rhythmic disorder can be made. The Adams-Stokes's syndrome is not only due to asystoles in the sense of cardiac arrest but also to ventricular fibrillation and especially to the very common syndrome of the pathological sinoauricular node. The great importance of digitalis overdose is pointed out as an eliciting factor for the kind of arrhythmia which runs a course similar to that of the Adams-Stokes's syndrome.", "contents": "[Syncope. An important border-line between neurology and internal medicine (author's transl)]. It is important for the neurologist to know the variations of the Adams-Stokes's attack so that the important differential diagnosis between an epileptic reaction and an Adams-Stokes's attack due to cardiac rhythmic disorder can be made. The Adams-Stokes's syndrome is not only due to asystoles in the sense of cardiac arrest but also to ventricular fibrillation and especially to the very common syndrome of the pathological sinoauricular node. The great importance of digitalis overdose is pointed out as an eliciting factor for the kind of arrhythmia which runs a course similar to that of the Adams-Stokes's syndrome.", "PMID": 112408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10188", "title": "[Encephalopathy and liver diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "As the central organ of metabolism the liver is of the highest importance for the nervous system and for the brain in particular, which only becomes apparent under pathological conditions. It is of importance to neurologists that for them the differential diagnosis of subclinical or chronic intermittent decompensating types of hepatic encephalopathy is predominant. We are actually concerned here with encephalomyeloneuropathies which become manifest by failure on the part of the spinal marrow and the peripheral nervous system. Among the various hepatocerebral diseases the rare Wilson's disease and sporadic Wilsonismus should be mentioned from the differential diagnostic point of view, and especially the differential diagnosis of the porphyrias should be given attention, since they may first appear spontaneously and suddenly under metabolic stress, e. g. anesthesia.", "contents": "[Encephalopathy and liver diseases (author's transl)]. As the central organ of metabolism the liver is of the highest importance for the nervous system and for the brain in particular, which only becomes apparent under pathological conditions. It is of importance to neurologists that for them the differential diagnosis of subclinical or chronic intermittent decompensating types of hepatic encephalopathy is predominant. We are actually concerned here with encephalomyeloneuropathies which become manifest by failure on the part of the spinal marrow and the peripheral nervous system. Among the various hepatocerebral diseases the rare Wilson's disease and sporadic Wilsonismus should be mentioned from the differential diagnostic point of view, and especially the differential diagnosis of the porphyrias should be given attention, since they may first appear spontaneously and suddenly under metabolic stress, e. g. anesthesia.", "PMID": 112411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10189", "title": "[Bowen carcinoma following many years' use of a \"radium cushion\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is reported of a 73-year old female patient in whom precancerous symptoms appeared in the mid-abdominal area of application which for a long time were mistaken for chronic eczema, until after 7 years the development of a skin carcinoma was clinically and histologically confirmed. The case provides a reason to draw attention to the \"Radium Cushion\" and to restate publicly that they should be delivered to the health authorities. Suspected cases must be thoroughly investigated medically.", "contents": "[Bowen carcinoma following many years' use of a \"radium cushion\" (author's transl)]. A case is reported of a 73-year old female patient in whom precancerous symptoms appeared in the mid-abdominal area of application which for a long time were mistaken for chronic eczema, until after 7 years the development of a skin carcinoma was clinically and histologically confirmed. The case provides a reason to draw attention to the \"Radium Cushion\" and to restate publicly that they should be delivered to the health authorities. Suspected cases must be thoroughly investigated medically.", "PMID": 112420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10190", "title": "[Prevention of urinary tract toxicity of oxazaphosphorines by a \"uroprotector\". Report on a field study (author's transl)].", "content": "In an open multicenter phase III trial, prophylaxis of the urinary tract with sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (Mesnum) was carried out in 242 patients treated with oxazaphosphorines for various malignant tumors. Under the protection of Mesnum 29 patients were treated with cyclophosphamide (Endoxan), 195 with ifosfamide (Holoxan) and 8 with trofosfamide (Ixoten). Other cytostatics were also used (polychemotherapy) in 92 cases. On administration of Mesnum, 7 macrohematurias reappeared, only 3 of them however with correct application, and 22 microhematurias, 12 of them with correct application. Cylindrurias were re-established in 3 patients. In Mesnum we have a compound which can control the urotoxicity (\"uroprotector\") of oxazaphosphorines which limits their therapeutic use.", "contents": "[Prevention of urinary tract toxicity of oxazaphosphorines by a \"uroprotector\". Report on a field study (author's transl)]. In an open multicenter phase III trial, prophylaxis of the urinary tract with sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (Mesnum) was carried out in 242 patients treated with oxazaphosphorines for various malignant tumors. Under the protection of Mesnum 29 patients were treated with cyclophosphamide (Endoxan), 195 with ifosfamide (Holoxan) and 8 with trofosfamide (Ixoten). Other cytostatics were also used (polychemotherapy) in 92 cases. On administration of Mesnum, 7 macrohematurias reappeared, only 3 of them however with correct application, and 22 microhematurias, 12 of them with correct application. Cylindrurias were re-established in 3 patients. In Mesnum we have a compound which can control the urotoxicity (\"uroprotector\") of oxazaphosphorines which limits their therapeutic use.", "PMID": 112422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10191", "title": "[Treatment of chlamydial urethroadnexitis with erythromycin (author's transl)].", "content": "Chlamydia are primarily to be considered as possible pathogens in abacterial urethroadnexitis besides mycoplasma and ureaplasma. Beside these, yeasts, trichomonads and herpes viruses play a subordinate role only. Treatment with with erythromycin is promising. This is shown in the comparison of the concentrations we found by the Blenk and Blenk MIC determinations in serum, in material expressed from the prostate and in urine.", "contents": "[Treatment of chlamydial urethroadnexitis with erythromycin (author's transl)]. Chlamydia are primarily to be considered as possible pathogens in abacterial urethroadnexitis besides mycoplasma and ureaplasma. Beside these, yeasts, trichomonads and herpes viruses play a subordinate role only. Treatment with with erythromycin is promising. This is shown in the comparison of the concentrations we found by the Blenk and Blenk MIC determinations in serum, in material expressed from the prostate and in urine.", "PMID": 112423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10192", "title": "[Surgery of the hand--a medical duty (author's transl)].", "content": "The considerable technical progress in surgery of the hand, especially in the field of microsurgery which made replantation of detached fingers possible, may give the impression that hand surgery is primarily a technical discipline. It is intended to show that besides the technique, surgery of the hand includes many other important factors such as assessing the natural facts and taking into account the biological possibilities. But especially important is concern for the patient. This doctor-patient relationship in hand surgery is decisive for the result.", "contents": "[Surgery of the hand--a medical duty (author's transl)]. The considerable technical progress in surgery of the hand, especially in the field of microsurgery which made replantation of detached fingers possible, may give the impression that hand surgery is primarily a technical discipline. It is intended to show that besides the technique, surgery of the hand includes many other important factors such as assessing the natural facts and taking into account the biological possibilities. But especially important is concern for the patient. This doctor-patient relationship in hand surgery is decisive for the result.", "PMID": 112433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10193", "title": "[Mountain sickness or alpine climber's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The symptoms of mountain sickness extend from slight malaise to severe clinical disease. From our own observations in the Himalayas the most serious symptoms appear at night, i. e. at less than the meximum height achieved and when physically at rest. The etiology is not completely clear; the reduced oxygen partial pressure at a height plays a principal role. Prophylactic measures are empirical, scientific methods are being worked on. Treatment is symptomatic, causal therapy consists of rapid removal from the height and oxygen respiration.", "contents": "[Mountain sickness or alpine climber's disease (author's transl)]. The symptoms of mountain sickness extend from slight malaise to severe clinical disease. From our own observations in the Himalayas the most serious symptoms appear at night, i. e. at less than the meximum height achieved and when physically at rest. The etiology is not completely clear; the reduced oxygen partial pressure at a height plays a principal role. Prophylactic measures are empirical, scientific methods are being worked on. Treatment is symptomatic, causal therapy consists of rapid removal from the height and oxygen respiration.", "PMID": 112448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10194", "title": "[Infusion solutions: a controllable factor in hospital costs (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of costs for fluid treatment in a general hospital during four years is reported. A considerable lowering of costs could be attained by reduction of proprietary specialities without dispensing with individual therapy. Problems arising are discussed.", "contents": "[Infusion solutions: a controllable factor in hospital costs (author's transl)]. The development of costs for fluid treatment in a general hospital during four years is reported. A considerable lowering of costs could be attained by reduction of proprietary specialities without dispensing with individual therapy. Problems arising are discussed.", "PMID": 112452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10195", "title": "[Stress among businessmen (author's transl)].", "content": "An enquiry was conducted into the stress problems of 118 independent businessmen in Switzerland aged between 24 and 67 years. 19% were receiving medical treatment compared with 21% of 1260 representatively registered employed men from 44 random samples from factories in North Switzerland. About one third of the treatment diagnoses were due to stress conditions. 45% of those registered were smokers, 14% of them pipe smokers. 57% were overweight. 91% took exercise, 19% of them for up to 10 hours weekly. 2% described the general feeling of stress as very strong, 29% as strong, 36% as medium and 31% as weak and 11% none at all. Only 4% admitted very severe or severe family stress, 16% medium, 23% slight and 57% none, but 21% complained of very great or great business stress, 34% medium, 33% slight and only 11% none.", "contents": "[Stress among businessmen (author's transl)]. An enquiry was conducted into the stress problems of 118 independent businessmen in Switzerland aged between 24 and 67 years. 19% were receiving medical treatment compared with 21% of 1260 representatively registered employed men from 44 random samples from factories in North Switzerland. About one third of the treatment diagnoses were due to stress conditions. 45% of those registered were smokers, 14% of them pipe smokers. 57% were overweight. 91% took exercise, 19% of them for up to 10 hours weekly. 2% described the general feeling of stress as very strong, 29% as strong, 36% as medium and 31% as weak and 11% none at all. Only 4% admitted very severe or severe family stress, 16% medium, 23% slight and 57% none, but 21% complained of very great or great business stress, 34% medium, 33% slight and only 11% none.", "PMID": 112454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10196", "title": "[Neurosurgical aspects of cerebral ischemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Besides purely conservative treatment and cerebrovascular surgery, the extra-intracranial bypass operation forming an end-to-end anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and a cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery offers a neurosurgical possibility for therapy. The indications for this operation lie principally in the transitory cerebral ischemic attacks, the precursors of ischemic insults. In contrast to this the indications for the microneurosurgical vascular interventions possible in the regions supplied by the vertebral and basilar arteries cannot presently be comprehensively defined.", "contents": "[Neurosurgical aspects of cerebral ischemia (author's transl)]. Besides purely conservative treatment and cerebrovascular surgery, the extra-intracranial bypass operation forming an end-to-end anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and a cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery offers a neurosurgical possibility for therapy. The indications for this operation lie principally in the transitory cerebral ischemic attacks, the precursors of ischemic insults. In contrast to this the indications for the microneurosurgical vascular interventions possible in the regions supplied by the vertebral and basilar arteries cannot presently be comprehensively defined.", "PMID": 112455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10197", "title": "[Dental aspects of atypical neuralgia in the maxillofacial region (author's transl)].", "content": "The complicated anatomy of the masticatory system with its coordinated functional elements offers a multitude of noxae for atypical neuralgias. More specifically, affections of the pulp, apical periodontopathies with cyst formation, impacted teeth, aggressive osteopathies and malignant growth come into consideration. In addition, dysfunctional unions must be borne in mind. The styloid syndrome also deserves attention. Because of this causal complex the discovery of other puzzling painful conditions needs dental investigation.", "contents": "[Dental aspects of atypical neuralgia in the maxillofacial region (author's transl)]. The complicated anatomy of the masticatory system with its coordinated functional elements offers a multitude of noxae for atypical neuralgias. More specifically, affections of the pulp, apical periodontopathies with cyst formation, impacted teeth, aggressive osteopathies and malignant growth come into consideration. In addition, dysfunctional unions must be borne in mind. The styloid syndrome also deserves attention. Because of this causal complex the discovery of other puzzling painful conditions needs dental investigation.", "PMID": 112456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10198", "title": "[Advances in the conservative treatment of acute traumatic cerebral edema. Controlled clinical trial with follow-up examination (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies in 142 accident victims with severe craniocerebral trauma showed that the intravenous application of sodium escinate over several days considerably reduced the dangerous rise in intracranial pressure and also the total mortality in comparison with corticosteroid therapy alone. Both groups, each of 71 patients, were adjusted from an initial intraventricular pressure of 500--250 mm H2O to the same basic pressure of 150 mm H2O hydrostatically. In the same way, sodium escinate shortened the duration of unconsciousness. The renal function in patients was good. Follow-up examinations at least 2 to a maximum of 3.5 years after the accident and treatment showed a significantly higher rehabilitation rate in the sodium escinate group.", "contents": "[Advances in the conservative treatment of acute traumatic cerebral edema. Controlled clinical trial with follow-up examination (author's transl)]. Studies in 142 accident victims with severe craniocerebral trauma showed that the intravenous application of sodium escinate over several days considerably reduced the dangerous rise in intracranial pressure and also the total mortality in comparison with corticosteroid therapy alone. Both groups, each of 71 patients, were adjusted from an initial intraventricular pressure of 500--250 mm H2O to the same basic pressure of 150 mm H2O hydrostatically. In the same way, sodium escinate shortened the duration of unconsciousness. The renal function in patients was good. Follow-up examinations at least 2 to a maximum of 3.5 years after the accident and treatment showed a significantly higher rehabilitation rate in the sodium escinate group.", "PMID": 112457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10199", "title": "[Computer tomography on the pancreas. A diagnostic extension from the surgical aspect (author's transl)].", "content": "125 patients were subjected to computer tomography on account of suspected pancreatic disease. 48 patients were operated on--the computer tomography (CT) diagnosis was confirmed in 85.5% of the cases. Acute pancreatitis can be detected by CT if it is accompanied by an appropriate enlargement of the organ. Chronic pancreatitis can be recognized by deformations of the organ, calcifications or formation of pseudocysts. Pancreatic carcinoma is recognizable when it is larger than 3 cm accompanied by a change in the shape of the organ or if infiltration of neighboring structures has occurred. Computer tomography offers patients a safe, non-invasive method of performing follow-up examinations at short intervals.", "contents": "[Computer tomography on the pancreas. A diagnostic extension from the surgical aspect (author's transl)]. 125 patients were subjected to computer tomography on account of suspected pancreatic disease. 48 patients were operated on--the computer tomography (CT) diagnosis was confirmed in 85.5% of the cases. Acute pancreatitis can be detected by CT if it is accompanied by an appropriate enlargement of the organ. Chronic pancreatitis can be recognized by deformations of the organ, calcifications or formation of pseudocysts. Pancreatic carcinoma is recognizable when it is larger than 3 cm accompanied by a change in the shape of the organ or if infiltration of neighboring structures has occurred. Computer tomography offers patients a safe, non-invasive method of performing follow-up examinations at short intervals.", "PMID": 112464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10200", "title": "[Medical secrecy and the pathologist's obligation of notification (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathologist, like every other doctor, is pledged to secrecy. The pledge of secrecy also extends to what he has found in the body of the deceased be they secrets of the patient or of a third party. Third party secrets are not protected by the obligation of secrecy if safequarding them would be against the \"projected interests of the patient\". The present obligation to notify according to the burial laws of some states applies to pathologists even when possible medical contributary faults are established, but he faces a dilemma which cannot be solved juridically at present. Alteration of the law should take this into account.", "contents": "[Medical secrecy and the pathologist's obligation of notification (author's transl)]. The pathologist, like every other doctor, is pledged to secrecy. The pledge of secrecy also extends to what he has found in the body of the deceased be they secrets of the patient or of a third party. Third party secrets are not protected by the obligation of secrecy if safequarding them would be against the \"projected interests of the patient\". The present obligation to notify according to the burial laws of some states applies to pathologists even when possible medical contributary faults are established, but he faces a dilemma which cannot be solved juridically at present. Alteration of the law should take this into account.", "PMID": 112466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10201", "title": "[Recommendations for transfusion therapy. Volume substitution, raising oxygen transport capacity and replacement of clotting factors (author's transl)].", "content": "The principal aims of whole blood transfusion therapy are simultaneous volume substitution, raising the oxygen transport capacity and the replacement of clotting factors. The necessary control factors for volume substitution are described. It must be borne in mind that the blood undergoes changes during storage which among other things affects the ability of the blood to transport oxygen and the clotting potential. Not only the destruction of thrombocytes must be considered but also the loss of activity of the proaccelerin and the antihemophilic globulin A. For this reason for massive blood transfusions using older blood conserves it is recommended that the loss of activity be compensated by antihemophilic cryoprecipitate.", "contents": "[Recommendations for transfusion therapy. Volume substitution, raising oxygen transport capacity and replacement of clotting factors (author's transl)]. The principal aims of whole blood transfusion therapy are simultaneous volume substitution, raising the oxygen transport capacity and the replacement of clotting factors. The necessary control factors for volume substitution are described. It must be borne in mind that the blood undergoes changes during storage which among other things affects the ability of the blood to transport oxygen and the clotting potential. Not only the destruction of thrombocytes must be considered but also the loss of activity of the proaccelerin and the antihemophilic globulin A. For this reason for massive blood transfusions using older blood conserves it is recommended that the loss of activity be compensated by antihemophilic cryoprecipitate.", "PMID": 112468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10202", "title": "Induced nondisjunction in drosophila oocytes.", "content": "Nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes and compound-second chromosomes was induced in Drosophila melanogaster by irradiation of immature oocytes and cold treatment of mature oocytes. These two treatments cause nondisjunction by different mechanisms. This results in a differential for stage sensitivity and the production of relatively different frequencies of the various exceptional progeny classes.", "contents": "Induced nondisjunction in drosophila oocytes. Nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes and compound-second chromosomes was induced in Drosophila melanogaster by irradiation of immature oocytes and cold treatment of mature oocytes. These two treatments cause nondisjunction by different mechanisms. This results in a differential for stage sensitivity and the production of relatively different frequencies of the various exceptional progeny classes.", "PMID": 112472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10203", "title": "Trenimon: biochemical, physiological and genetic effects on cells and organisms.", "content": "The trifunctional alkylating mutagen Trenimon interferes with the genetic material of a variety of organisms and test systems with respect to the induction of point and chromosomal mutations, sister-chromatid exchanges, recombination phenomena and phage induction. Beneath these mutagenic effects several biochemical and cell physiological aspects have been investigated. In this review we discuss chemical and cell physiological effects of Trenimon, aspects of cancer therapy with Trenimon and genetic effects induced by Trenimon. The available data on mutagenic effects of Trenimon are presented according to organisms or test systems. A short discussion on a possible genetic load by therapy with Trenimon in man concludes this review. DNA damage, especially the induction of cross-linkings, seems to represent the common reason for most of the described effects of Trenimon on cells and organisms.", "contents": "Trenimon: biochemical, physiological and genetic effects on cells and organisms. The trifunctional alkylating mutagen Trenimon interferes with the genetic material of a variety of organisms and test systems with respect to the induction of point and chromosomal mutations, sister-chromatid exchanges, recombination phenomena and phage induction. Beneath these mutagenic effects several biochemical and cell physiological aspects have been investigated. In this review we discuss chemical and cell physiological effects of Trenimon, aspects of cancer therapy with Trenimon and genetic effects induced by Trenimon. The available data on mutagenic effects of Trenimon are presented according to organisms or test systems. A short discussion on a possible genetic load by therapy with Trenimon in man concludes this review. DNA damage, especially the induction of cross-linkings, seems to represent the common reason for most of the described effects of Trenimon on cells and organisms.", "PMID": 112473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10204", "title": "Prevention of thrombosis in patients on hemodialysis by low-dose aspirin.", "content": "Since platelet cyclo-oxygenase is much more sensitive to inactivation by aspirin than is the enzyme in the arterial wall and low doses of aspirin may prevent thrombosis by blocking thromboxane synthesis, we conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of aspirin (160 mg per day) vs. placebo in 44 patients on chronic hemodialysis. The study was continued until there were 24 patients with thrombi and both groups had been under observation for a mean of nearly five months. Thrombi occurred in 18 of 25 (72 per cent) of patients given placebo and 16 of 19 (32 per cent) of those given aspirin (P less than 0.01). The incidence of thrombosis was reduced from 0.46 thrombi per patient month in the placebo group to 0.16 thrombi per patient month in the aspirin group (p less than 0.005). A dose of 160 mg of aspirin per day is an effective, nontoxic antithrombotic regimen in patients on hemodialysis.", "contents": "Prevention of thrombosis in patients on hemodialysis by low-dose aspirin. Since platelet cyclo-oxygenase is much more sensitive to inactivation by aspirin than is the enzyme in the arterial wall and low doses of aspirin may prevent thrombosis by blocking thromboxane synthesis, we conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of aspirin (160 mg per day) vs. placebo in 44 patients on chronic hemodialysis. The study was continued until there were 24 patients with thrombi and both groups had been under observation for a mean of nearly five months. Thrombi occurred in 18 of 25 (72 per cent) of patients given placebo and 16 of 19 (32 per cent) of those given aspirin (P less than 0.01). The incidence of thrombosis was reduced from 0.46 thrombi per patient month in the placebo group to 0.16 thrombi per patient month in the aspirin group (p less than 0.005). A dose of 160 mg of aspirin per day is an effective, nontoxic antithrombotic regimen in patients on hemodialysis.", "PMID": 112475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10205", "title": "Life history and histopathology of ultraviolet light-induced skin tumors.", "content": "The life history and histopathology of UV light-induced skin tumors were studied in NMR rats, outbred female Swiss mice, and Syrian golden hamsters. High intensity UV light of medium wavelengths produced hyperplasia and papillomas, as well as a dysplastic, intermediary solar keratosis-like stage, with distinct cellular atypia leading to several types of squamous cell carcinomas. High doses of UV irradiation of short duration caused scars, which developed into fibromas and fibrosarcomas composed of \"light\" and \"dark\" cells. Carcinomas with neoplastic squamous and fibrous components were uncommon; however, collision tumors with two components were occasionally seen. Angiomas and angiosarcomas with a proliferating endothelial structure were observed, but adnexal tumors, with follicular or sebaceous differentiation, and basal cell carcinomas were infrequent. Pigment cell tumors were found only rarely. The number of tumors and tumor-bearing animals at different stages of the experiment were also studied. Tumors were compared with lesions induced by chemical carcinogens in different systems. UV carcinogenesis was characterized by many tumor-bearing animals, but with a low total tumor count and a high mortality, thereby decreasing the number of animals-at-risk. The tumor types, their progression from on type to another, and the distribution of certain biologic characteristics were also analyzed. We concluded that UV irradiation is an effective tumor inducer in animal skin, and the type of tumor, its behavior, and location depend on the experimental conditions.", "contents": "Life history and histopathology of ultraviolet light-induced skin tumors. The life history and histopathology of UV light-induced skin tumors were studied in NMR rats, outbred female Swiss mice, and Syrian golden hamsters. High intensity UV light of medium wavelengths produced hyperplasia and papillomas, as well as a dysplastic, intermediary solar keratosis-like stage, with distinct cellular atypia leading to several types of squamous cell carcinomas. High doses of UV irradiation of short duration caused scars, which developed into fibromas and fibrosarcomas composed of \"light\" and \"dark\" cells. Carcinomas with neoplastic squamous and fibrous components were uncommon; however, collision tumors with two components were occasionally seen. Angiomas and angiosarcomas with a proliferating endothelial structure were observed, but adnexal tumors, with follicular or sebaceous differentiation, and basal cell carcinomas were infrequent. Pigment cell tumors were found only rarely. The number of tumors and tumor-bearing animals at different stages of the experiment were also studied. Tumors were compared with lesions induced by chemical carcinogens in different systems. UV carcinogenesis was characterized by many tumor-bearing animals, but with a low total tumor count and a high mortality, thereby decreasing the number of animals-at-risk. The tumor types, their progression from on type to another, and the distribution of certain biologic characteristics were also analyzed. We concluded that UV irradiation is an effective tumor inducer in animal skin, and the type of tumor, its behavior, and location depend on the experimental conditions.", "PMID": 112477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10206", "title": "Insulin release by tolbutamide and glibenclamide. A comparative study on the perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "Glibenclamide, a \"second generation\" sulfonylurea, produced the same pattern of insulin release from the perfused rat pancreas as did tolbutamide. The stimulatory effect was closely dependent on the glucose concentration present. Both agents enhanced insulin secretion at 5--10 mM glucose, whereas no additional insulin was released when maximally stimulating levels of glucose (20 and 30 mM) were present. The concentrations of glibenclamide stimulating insulin release were 100--400 times lower than equieffective levels of tolbutamide. At glucose levels of 3 or 8 mM, however, glibenclamide did not liberate significantly more insulin from the pancreas than did tolbutamide. Thus the differences of tolbutamide and glibenclamide were quantitative rather than qualitative. Although the active concentrations differed the effects produced were comparable.", "contents": "Insulin release by tolbutamide and glibenclamide. A comparative study on the perfused rat pancreas. Glibenclamide, a \"second generation\" sulfonylurea, produced the same pattern of insulin release from the perfused rat pancreas as did tolbutamide. The stimulatory effect was closely dependent on the glucose concentration present. Both agents enhanced insulin secretion at 5--10 mM glucose, whereas no additional insulin was released when maximally stimulating levels of glucose (20 and 30 mM) were present. The concentrations of glibenclamide stimulating insulin release were 100--400 times lower than equieffective levels of tolbutamide. At glucose levels of 3 or 8 mM, however, glibenclamide did not liberate significantly more insulin from the pancreas than did tolbutamide. Thus the differences of tolbutamide and glibenclamide were quantitative rather than qualitative. Although the active concentrations differed the effects produced were comparable.", "PMID": 112482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10207", "title": "Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone and maternal plasma TRH-peptidase activity in protein-deficient and food-restricted pregnant rats and their fetuses.", "content": "This study examined the effects of protein deficiency and food restriction on hypothalamic TRH in pregnant rats and their fetuses. The absolute and relative amounts of TRH in hypothalami were not significantly changed by diet in either dams or fetuses. Plasma TRH-peptidase activity in the dam was significantly reduced by protein deprivation, whereas food restriction caused a lesser reduction. Fetal hypothalamic TRH was less affected by maternal malnutrition than was fetal body size.", "contents": "Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone and maternal plasma TRH-peptidase activity in protein-deficient and food-restricted pregnant rats and their fetuses. This study examined the effects of protein deficiency and food restriction on hypothalamic TRH in pregnant rats and their fetuses. The absolute and relative amounts of TRH in hypothalami were not significantly changed by diet in either dams or fetuses. Plasma TRH-peptidase activity in the dam was significantly reduced by protein deprivation, whereas food restriction caused a lesser reduction. Fetal hypothalamic TRH was less affected by maternal malnutrition than was fetal body size.", "PMID": 112486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10208", "title": "[Case of intrapancreatic duodenal diverticulum].", "content": "A case of intrapancreatic duodenal diverticulum is presented and the possibility of pancreatitis is considered. A digital manoeuvre is described for the non-invasive location of a large diverticulum in case where Kocher's manoeuvre is insufficient. The usefulness of surgery as a mean of preventing what may prove dramatic complications is recognised.", "contents": "[Case of intrapancreatic duodenal diverticulum]. A case of intrapancreatic duodenal diverticulum is presented and the possibility of pancreatitis is considered. A digital manoeuvre is described for the non-invasive location of a large diverticulum in case where Kocher's manoeuvre is insufficient. The usefulness of surgery as a mean of preventing what may prove dramatic complications is recognised.", "PMID": 112507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10209", "title": "Prophylaxis of minor febrile and major infectious morbidity following hysterectomy.", "content": "A retrospective analysis was conducted of 668 consecutive cases using T-tube suction drainage and/or prophylactic antibiotics as infection prophylaxis for hysterectomy. The data are analyzed for the incidence of minor febrile morbidity (temperature greater than 100.4 for 2 days) and for major infection (hospital stay more than 14 days, reoperation or readmission for the management of pelvic abscess or pelvic thrombophlebitis). The study also compares a minor febrile and major infection group with a noninfected group by measuring parameters of patient discomfort, medical staff effort, and financial costs. It is concluded that 1) minor febrile morbidity frequently follows abdominal (20--30%) and vaginal (30--50%) hysterectomy; 2) minor febrile morbidity has temporary but significant consequences in the form of increased patient discomfort, medical staff effort, and financial costs; 3) major infections are rare following abdominal hysterectomy (less than 0.5%) and uncommon following vaginal hysterectomy (1--4%); 4) suction drainage used alone, prophylactic antibiotics used alone, or a combination of suction drainage and antibiotic prophylaxis is each associated with a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of minor febrile morbidity following both abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy (P = less than 0.01); and 5) such infection prophylaxis may also reduce the incidence of major infection following vaginal hysterectomy.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of minor febrile and major infectious morbidity following hysterectomy. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 668 consecutive cases using T-tube suction drainage and/or prophylactic antibiotics as infection prophylaxis for hysterectomy. The data are analyzed for the incidence of minor febrile morbidity (temperature greater than 100.4 for 2 days) and for major infection (hospital stay more than 14 days, reoperation or readmission for the management of pelvic abscess or pelvic thrombophlebitis). The study also compares a minor febrile and major infection group with a noninfected group by measuring parameters of patient discomfort, medical staff effort, and financial costs. It is concluded that 1) minor febrile morbidity frequently follows abdominal (20--30%) and vaginal (30--50%) hysterectomy; 2) minor febrile morbidity has temporary but significant consequences in the form of increased patient discomfort, medical staff effort, and financial costs; 3) major infections are rare following abdominal hysterectomy (less than 0.5%) and uncommon following vaginal hysterectomy (1--4%); 4) suction drainage used alone, prophylactic antibiotics used alone, or a combination of suction drainage and antibiotic prophylaxis is each associated with a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of minor febrile morbidity following both abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy (P = less than 0.01); and 5) such infection prophylaxis may also reduce the incidence of major infection following vaginal hysterectomy.", "PMID": 112514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10210", "title": "Effects of piperonyl butoxide on the toxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene and 4-acetylaminobiphenyl, and their n-hydroxylated derivatives, following administration of newborn mice.", "content": "Neonatal ICR/Ha mice were injected subcutaneously with a single dose of 25, 50 and 100 microgram of 4-acetylaminobiphenyl (AAB), N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl (N-OH-AAB), 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), or N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) alone or together with 2,5% piperonyl butoxide (PB) in tricaprylin, negative control groups were injected with tricaprylin, and positive control groups were injected with 30 microgram of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), alone or with PB. PB induced synergistic toxicity in the various groups of mice injected with the nonhydroxylated and hydroxylated amine carcinogens, or with DMBA, as compared with groups injected with carcinogen alone. AAB, N-OH-AAB, AAF, and N-OH-AAF all induced dose-related hepatocarcinogenicity in male, but not female mice, which was not consistently influenced by concomitant administration of PB. DMBA control groups developed pulmonary adenomas and lymphomas in both sexes, and hepatomas in males, whose incidences were not modified by PB.", "contents": "Effects of piperonyl butoxide on the toxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene and 4-acetylaminobiphenyl, and their n-hydroxylated derivatives, following administration of newborn mice. Neonatal ICR/Ha mice were injected subcutaneously with a single dose of 25, 50 and 100 microgram of 4-acetylaminobiphenyl (AAB), N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl (N-OH-AAB), 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), or N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) alone or together with 2,5% piperonyl butoxide (PB) in tricaprylin, negative control groups were injected with tricaprylin, and positive control groups were injected with 30 microgram of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), alone or with PB. PB induced synergistic toxicity in the various groups of mice injected with the nonhydroxylated and hydroxylated amine carcinogens, or with DMBA, as compared with groups injected with carcinogen alone. AAB, N-OH-AAB, AAF, and N-OH-AAF all induced dose-related hepatocarcinogenicity in male, but not female mice, which was not consistently influenced by concomitant administration of PB. DMBA control groups developed pulmonary adenomas and lymphomas in both sexes, and hepatomas in males, whose incidences were not modified by PB.", "PMID": 112518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10211", "title": "Extraction and identification of a human pancreatic-tumor-associated antigen.", "content": "In attempting to develop an immunoassay to aid in the early diagnosis of cancer of the pancreas, a pancreatic-tumor-associated antigen (TAA) was identified and partially purified. The antigen has a molecular weight of approximately 380,000, does not cross-react with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and is apparently either not present or not readily detectable in normal pancreatic tissue. The development of an immunoassay employing such an antigen to aid in the diagnosis of cancer of the pancreas at an early stage of development is discussed.", "contents": "Extraction and identification of a human pancreatic-tumor-associated antigen. In attempting to develop an immunoassay to aid in the early diagnosis of cancer of the pancreas, a pancreatic-tumor-associated antigen (TAA) was identified and partially purified. The antigen has a molecular weight of approximately 380,000, does not cross-react with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and is apparently either not present or not readily detectable in normal pancreatic tissue. The development of an immunoassay employing such an antigen to aid in the diagnosis of cancer of the pancreas at an early stage of development is discussed.", "PMID": 112519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10212", "title": "Comparison of Dycal and formocresol pulpotomies in young permanent teeth in monkeys.", "content": "This study compared Dycal and formocresol pulpotomies on young healthy permanent teeth with respect to continued dentinogenesis and root end development. Pulpotomy was performed on a total of forty permanent teeth with incompletely developed roots in three young stump-tailed monkeys (Macaca speciosa). Twenty teeth were treated with Dycal and twenty with formocresol. At the end of the experimental periods the animals were killed and the specimens were prepared and sectioned en bloc for histologic examination. The interval between treatment and death ranged between 7 and 797 days. Before each experimental procedure a Procion vital dye was administered as a marking agent for continued root development. Twelve of twenty teeth treated with Dycal and seventeen of twenty teeth treated with formocresol were judged to be successful as evidenced by continued root development, absence of periapical pathoses, and the presence of noninflamed or only mildly inflamed pulps. Brown and Brenn staining showed bacteria within the pulps of the teeth that failed. All but one of the teeth in this study showed evidence of continued root development as confirmed by Procion labeling.", "contents": "Comparison of Dycal and formocresol pulpotomies in young permanent teeth in monkeys. This study compared Dycal and formocresol pulpotomies on young healthy permanent teeth with respect to continued dentinogenesis and root end development. Pulpotomy was performed on a total of forty permanent teeth with incompletely developed roots in three young stump-tailed monkeys (Macaca speciosa). Twenty teeth were treated with Dycal and twenty with formocresol. At the end of the experimental periods the animals were killed and the specimens were prepared and sectioned en bloc for histologic examination. The interval between treatment and death ranged between 7 and 797 days. Before each experimental procedure a Procion vital dye was administered as a marking agent for continued root development. Twelve of twenty teeth treated with Dycal and seventeen of twenty teeth treated with formocresol were judged to be successful as evidenced by continued root development, absence of periapical pathoses, and the presence of noninflamed or only mildly inflamed pulps. Brown and Brenn staining showed bacteria within the pulps of the teeth that failed. All but one of the teeth in this study showed evidence of continued root development as confirmed by Procion labeling.", "PMID": 112521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10213", "title": "The surgical biopsy.", "content": "A cost-benefit analysis of biopsy techniques for deep cervical lesions reveals that the aspiration biopsy is superior in terms of cost, speed, and morbidity but inferior in accuracy. Aspiration is most accurate for the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma in cervical lymph nodes. An early diagnosis of malignancy by needle aspiration can be of benefit in several stages of patients management.", "contents": "The surgical biopsy. A cost-benefit analysis of biopsy techniques for deep cervical lesions reveals that the aspiration biopsy is superior in terms of cost, speed, and morbidity but inferior in accuracy. Aspiration is most accurate for the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma in cervical lymph nodes. An early diagnosis of malignancy by needle aspiration can be of benefit in several stages of patients management.", "PMID": 112525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10214", "title": "Conservative surgical management of tracheal stenosis.", "content": "Tracheal stenosis has become an increasing complication following tracheostomy or prolonged intubation for mechanical ventilation and is directly related to trauma. Tracheal resection up to 4 to 5 cm with end-to-end anastomosis is the generally accepted treatment. However, tracheal resection carries mortality and considerable morbidity. From 1974 to 1977 all patients seen with tracheal stenosis, regardless of the etiology and age, were initially treated with a conserative surgical management. It consists of dilation, severance of the stenotic ring, intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide, and stenting with a silicone T tube for 90 days. Nine out of 11 patients had good results and enjoy an adequate airway without a tracheostomy tube. The longest follow-up is three years and the shortest is eight months. Intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide is essential for a successful treatment. No serious complications due to this treatment have occurred. This technique appears worthy of trial prior to contemplating a more extensive procedure.", "contents": "Conservative surgical management of tracheal stenosis. Tracheal stenosis has become an increasing complication following tracheostomy or prolonged intubation for mechanical ventilation and is directly related to trauma. Tracheal resection up to 4 to 5 cm with end-to-end anastomosis is the generally accepted treatment. However, tracheal resection carries mortality and considerable morbidity. From 1974 to 1977 all patients seen with tracheal stenosis, regardless of the etiology and age, were initially treated with a conserative surgical management. It consists of dilation, severance of the stenotic ring, intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide, and stenting with a silicone T tube for 90 days. Nine out of 11 patients had good results and enjoy an adequate airway without a tracheostomy tube. The longest follow-up is three years and the shortest is eight months. Intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide is essential for a successful treatment. No serious complications due to this treatment have occurred. This technique appears worthy of trial prior to contemplating a more extensive procedure.", "PMID": 112527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10215", "title": "Acute mastoiditis and cholesteatoma.", "content": "Acute coalescent mastoiditis is an uncommon sequela of acute otitis media. It occurs principally in the well-pneumatized temporal bone. The findings of fever, pain, postauricular swelling, and otorrhea are classic. Cholesteatoma, on the other hand, being associated with chronic infection, usually occurs in the sclerotic temporal bone. The signs and symptoms are isidious in nature and consist of chronic discharge and hearing loss which result from its mass, bone erosion, and secondary infection. Of 17 consecutive cases of acute mastoiditis over a six-year period, four were atypical because they were complications of chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma, yet they had the physical findings of acute mastoiditis-subperiosteal abscess and purulent otorrhea, plus radiographic evidence of mastoid coalescence.", "contents": "Acute mastoiditis and cholesteatoma. Acute coalescent mastoiditis is an uncommon sequela of acute otitis media. It occurs principally in the well-pneumatized temporal bone. The findings of fever, pain, postauricular swelling, and otorrhea are classic. Cholesteatoma, on the other hand, being associated with chronic infection, usually occurs in the sclerotic temporal bone. The signs and symptoms are isidious in nature and consist of chronic discharge and hearing loss which result from its mass, bone erosion, and secondary infection. Of 17 consecutive cases of acute mastoiditis over a six-year period, four were atypical because they were complications of chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma, yet they had the physical findings of acute mastoiditis-subperiosteal abscess and purulent otorrhea, plus radiographic evidence of mastoid coalescence.", "PMID": 112528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10216", "title": "Audiometric and histologic correlates of the interaction between kanamycin and subtraumatic levels of noise in the chinchilla.", "content": "Difficulty in assessment of potentiating interaction between noise-induced and kanamycin-induced injury of hearing is compounded by the great variability of intersubject response to the same drug dosage. However, in a given subject, response of the two cochleas to kanamycin intoxication may resonably be assumed to be symmetric. The present study was designed to utilize this similarity, in determining whether kanamycin intoxication would potentiate a normally subtraumatic noise stimulus. Under the experimental conditions outlined, it was found that after a dosage of 150 mg/kg/day of kanamycin given to a physiologic end point, normally subtraumatic noise caused consistent increas in hearing loss.", "contents": "Audiometric and histologic correlates of the interaction between kanamycin and subtraumatic levels of noise in the chinchilla. Difficulty in assessment of potentiating interaction between noise-induced and kanamycin-induced injury of hearing is compounded by the great variability of intersubject response to the same drug dosage. However, in a given subject, response of the two cochleas to kanamycin intoxication may resonably be assumed to be symmetric. The present study was designed to utilize this similarity, in determining whether kanamycin intoxication would potentiate a normally subtraumatic noise stimulus. Under the experimental conditions outlined, it was found that after a dosage of 150 mg/kg/day of kanamycin given to a physiologic end point, normally subtraumatic noise caused consistent increas in hearing loss.", "PMID": 112529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10217", "title": "Hemangiopericytoma of the nasal cavity.", "content": "Only 12 cases of nasal hemangiopericytoma have been reported in the literature. Ten additional cases are presented herein. Surgical excision is the recommended treatment; cryosurgery was used in one of our patients. Four of the tem patients had recurrences, one of which proved to be malignant (with distant metastases to the lung) and was ultimately fatal.", "contents": "Hemangiopericytoma of the nasal cavity. Only 12 cases of nasal hemangiopericytoma have been reported in the literature. Ten additional cases are presented herein. Surgical excision is the recommended treatment; cryosurgery was used in one of our patients. Four of the tem patients had recurrences, one of which proved to be malignant (with distant metastases to the lung) and was ultimately fatal.", "PMID": 112530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10218", "title": "The tensor tympani, stapedius, and tensor veli palatini muscles--an electromyographic study.", "content": "Electromyographic recordings of the activity of the tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, and stapedius muscles were obtained from several adult human subjects. Muscle responses were recorded under four stimulus conditions, ie, contralateral intense wide-band noise, air jet to the eye, swallow, and electrical stimulation of the tongue. The results indicated that the two tensor muscles responded to the same stimuli in similar patterns. The latter muscle differed from the response of the stapedius.", "contents": "The tensor tympani, stapedius, and tensor veli palatini muscles--an electromyographic study. Electromyographic recordings of the activity of the tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, and stapedius muscles were obtained from several adult human subjects. Muscle responses were recorded under four stimulus conditions, ie, contralateral intense wide-band noise, air jet to the eye, swallow, and electrical stimulation of the tongue. The results indicated that the two tensor muscles responded to the same stimuli in similar patterns. The latter muscle differed from the response of the stapedius.", "PMID": 112531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10219", "title": "Soluble immune complexes in sera from head and neck cancer patients: a preliminary report.", "content": "With the recent demonstration of circulating immune complexes in a variety of malignant and nonmalignant diseases, we have examined the sera of head and neck cancer patients for evidence of soluble immune compleses. Using the Raji, cell test, we have shown that immune complexes are present in over 80% of the cancer sera examined as compared to less than 10% of normal control sera, and that these complexes persist following treatment of the patients by surgery or radiation therapy. These complexes may be acting as blocking factors which would account for the anergic state of these patients.", "contents": "Soluble immune complexes in sera from head and neck cancer patients: a preliminary report. With the recent demonstration of circulating immune complexes in a variety of malignant and nonmalignant diseases, we have examined the sera of head and neck cancer patients for evidence of soluble immune compleses. Using the Raji, cell test, we have shown that immune complexes are present in over 80% of the cancer sera examined as compared to less than 10% of normal control sera, and that these complexes persist following treatment of the patients by surgery or radiation therapy. These complexes may be acting as blocking factors which would account for the anergic state of these patients.", "PMID": 112532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10220", "title": "Basilar artery migraine presenting as fluctuating hearing loss and vertigo.", "content": "A review of the literature on basilar artery migraine as well as a brief overview of classic migraine is given. Diagnosis and management are also discussed as well as six case histories.", "contents": "Basilar artery migraine presenting as fluctuating hearing loss and vertigo. A review of the literature on basilar artery migraine as well as a brief overview of classic migraine is given. Diagnosis and management are also discussed as well as six case histories.", "PMID": 112535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10221", "title": "Local anesthesia in facial plastic surgery.", "content": "Although local anesthesia is ideal for cosmetic facial surgery, it must be prepared and administered with at least as much care and attention to detail as with general anesthesia. Relegating the responsibility to ancillary help in both hospital and office operating rooms adds to the legal jeopardy to which the surgeon is exposed. The choice and dosage of local anesthetics and safety measures to be followed in their usage are discussed.", "contents": "Local anesthesia in facial plastic surgery. Although local anesthesia is ideal for cosmetic facial surgery, it must be prepared and administered with at least as much care and attention to detail as with general anesthesia. Relegating the responsibility to ancillary help in both hospital and office operating rooms adds to the legal jeopardy to which the surgeon is exposed. The choice and dosage of local anesthetics and safety measures to be followed in their usage are discussed.", "PMID": 112537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10222", "title": "Cochlear communication routes in the guinea pig--spiral ganglia and osseous spiral laminae: an electron microscope study using microsphere tracers.", "content": "The microscopic and ultrastructural anatomy of the spiral ganglia and osseous spiral laminae (OSL) of the guinea pig were studied using the transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The nerve and vascular elements within the spiral ganglia and OSL are surrounded by distinct perineural and perivascular spaces maintained by a loose meshwork of cells and connective tissue fibers. The connective tissue cells are fibers within the OSL and spiral ganglia are distinctly different from the arachnoid-like reticular cells and elastin fibers of the modiolus described in an earlier study. The present experiment demonstrates a pathway between the perineural spaces of the modiolus, spiral ganglia, and OSL. The perineural spaces of the modiolus were previously shown to communicate with the subarachnoid space; therefore, perineural communication from the cerebrospinal fluid to the perilymph via this route is likely. Using mircosphere tracers injected intrathecally, this communication route between the subarachnoid space and scala tympani was further defined. The tracer experiment suggests that the perineural spaces within the internal acoustic meatus, modiolus, spiral ganglia, and OSL are normally patent and do not represent artifacts induced during tissue processing.", "contents": "Cochlear communication routes in the guinea pig--spiral ganglia and osseous spiral laminae: an electron microscope study using microsphere tracers. The microscopic and ultrastructural anatomy of the spiral ganglia and osseous spiral laminae (OSL) of the guinea pig were studied using the transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The nerve and vascular elements within the spiral ganglia and OSL are surrounded by distinct perineural and perivascular spaces maintained by a loose meshwork of cells and connective tissue fibers. The connective tissue cells are fibers within the OSL and spiral ganglia are distinctly different from the arachnoid-like reticular cells and elastin fibers of the modiolus described in an earlier study. The present experiment demonstrates a pathway between the perineural spaces of the modiolus, spiral ganglia, and OSL. The perineural spaces of the modiolus were previously shown to communicate with the subarachnoid space; therefore, perineural communication from the cerebrospinal fluid to the perilymph via this route is likely. Using mircosphere tracers injected intrathecally, this communication route between the subarachnoid space and scala tympani was further defined. The tracer experiment suggests that the perineural spaces within the internal acoustic meatus, modiolus, spiral ganglia, and OSL are normally patent and do not represent artifacts induced during tissue processing.", "PMID": 112534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10223", "title": "Benign cervical cystic teratoma.", "content": "Teratomas of the neck are rare in adults. Nine adult patients have been previously reported on in the world literature; six had malignant and three had benign lesions. Most of the lesions were seen as a mass in the neck, but teratoma is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of neck lesions. A tenth patient, whose case we are presenting, had a supraclavicular sinus mass that was diagnosed at surgical exploration. The tumor was successfully resected and proved to be benign.", "contents": "Benign cervical cystic teratoma. Teratomas of the neck are rare in adults. Nine adult patients have been previously reported on in the world literature; six had malignant and three had benign lesions. Most of the lesions were seen as a mass in the neck, but teratoma is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of neck lesions. A tenth patient, whose case we are presenting, had a supraclavicular sinus mass that was diagnosed at surgical exploration. The tumor was successfully resected and proved to be benign.", "PMID": 112538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10224", "title": "Head and neck manifestations of relapsing polychondritis: review of 29 cases.", "content": "This review of 29 patients with relapsing polychondritis seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1962 and 1976 emphasizes the head and neck manifestations of the disease and the role of the otolaryngologist in its diagnosis and treatment. The major clinical features included inflammation of the pinna, eye involvement, nasal cartilage involvement, laryngotracheal involvement, arthropathy, hearing loss, costal chondritis, and fever. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was often elevated, and mild anemia was not uncommon.", "contents": "Head and neck manifestations of relapsing polychondritis: review of 29 cases. This review of 29 patients with relapsing polychondritis seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1962 and 1976 emphasizes the head and neck manifestations of the disease and the role of the otolaryngologist in its diagnosis and treatment. The major clinical features included inflammation of the pinna, eye involvement, nasal cartilage involvement, laryngotracheal involvement, arthropathy, hearing loss, costal chondritis, and fever. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was often elevated, and mild anemia was not uncommon.", "PMID": 112539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10225", "title": "The otolaryngologic presentation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive dengenerative neuromuscular disease of insidious onset. It involves upper and lower motor neurons and causes both spastic and atrophic muscular symptoms. More than one fourth of patients have complaints relating to the head and neck (bulbar palsy); thus, the otolaryngologist may be the first physician to see them. Predominant symptoms are slurred speech, hoarseness, dysphagia, and dyspnea. Muscular weakness, atrophy, and fasciculation are noted on examination. The course is relentless, and only 20% of patients survive five years after diagnosis.", "contents": "The otolaryngologic presentation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive dengenerative neuromuscular disease of insidious onset. It involves upper and lower motor neurons and causes both spastic and atrophic muscular symptoms. More than one fourth of patients have complaints relating to the head and neck (bulbar palsy); thus, the otolaryngologist may be the first physician to see them. Predominant symptoms are slurred speech, hoarseness, dysphagia, and dyspnea. Muscular weakness, atrophy, and fasciculation are noted on examination. The course is relentless, and only 20% of patients survive five years after diagnosis.", "PMID": 112540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10226", "title": "The use of reconstituted bovine collagen for tympanic membrane grafting.", "content": "Reconstituted bovine collagen is an incomplete protein; it will not support bacterial growth and causes minimal local reaction. It has been used in numerous experiments on animals throughout the phylogenetic scale. With these facts, tympanoplasty was performed on 63 persons. Five years of follow-up indicate acceptable tympanic membrane repair with eight failures.", "contents": "The use of reconstituted bovine collagen for tympanic membrane grafting. Reconstituted bovine collagen is an incomplete protein; it will not support bacterial growth and causes minimal local reaction. It has been used in numerous experiments on animals throughout the phylogenetic scale. With these facts, tympanoplasty was performed on 63 persons. Five years of follow-up indicate acceptable tympanic membrane repair with eight failures.", "PMID": 112541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10227", "title": "The case for small fenestra stapedectomy.", "content": "Eight hundred stapedectomies were analyzed to evaluate the long-term results with four prostheses. It was concluded that limitation of fenestra size played a most important part in the outcome of stapedectomy, especially in regard to the preservation of high-frequency bone conduction response over prolonged periods. Other advantages deriving from small fenestra stapedectomy included significantly fewer fistulae and severe sensorineural losses.", "contents": "The case for small fenestra stapedectomy. Eight hundred stapedectomies were analyzed to evaluate the long-term results with four prostheses. It was concluded that limitation of fenestra size played a most important part in the outcome of stapedectomy, especially in regard to the preservation of high-frequency bone conduction response over prolonged periods. Other advantages deriving from small fenestra stapedectomy included significantly fewer fistulae and severe sensorineural losses.", "PMID": 112542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10228", "title": "The role of photoplethysmography in the prediction of the experimental flap survival.", "content": "A standard photoplethysmography, modified to differentiate between arterial and venous vasculature in skin tissue, has been used to measure arterial supply in 100 unipedicle skin flap in 25 pigs. A datum transform from a light intensity scale to a relative arterial blood density scale has been introduced and empirically labeled the vascular coefficient (VC). Statistical analysis of the VC data shows a significant difference between necrotic and surviving flap group mean data as early as 24 hours. Additional analysis in which a normal ogive was fitted to the sample VC data distributions suggests that statistically significant predictions of the probability of eventral flap necrosis can be made using VC measurements obtained immediately postoperatively. It is concluded that the modified photoplethysmograph, in conjunction with the VC data transform constitutes a usable measuring technique for skin flap viability prediction in the experimental animal.", "contents": "The role of photoplethysmography in the prediction of the experimental flap survival. A standard photoplethysmography, modified to differentiate between arterial and venous vasculature in skin tissue, has been used to measure arterial supply in 100 unipedicle skin flap in 25 pigs. A datum transform from a light intensity scale to a relative arterial blood density scale has been introduced and empirically labeled the vascular coefficient (VC). Statistical analysis of the VC data shows a significant difference between necrotic and surviving flap group mean data as early as 24 hours. Additional analysis in which a normal ogive was fitted to the sample VC data distributions suggests that statistically significant predictions of the probability of eventral flap necrosis can be made using VC measurements obtained immediately postoperatively. It is concluded that the modified photoplethysmograph, in conjunction with the VC data transform constitutes a usable measuring technique for skin flap viability prediction in the experimental animal.", "PMID": 112543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10229", "title": "Eustachian tube bypass: experimental evidence for total eustachian tube substitution.", "content": "Several preliminary reports have appeared in the medical literature in respect to eustachian tube substitution since Zollner first described his inability to open the obstructed eustachian tube. These procedures have the disadvantage that the distal end of the eustachian tube subsitute is inaccessible by other than another operation. This paper is follow-up report to our clinical experience. The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether the middle ear was ventilated by the tympano-oropharyngeal substitute eustachian tube and whether ascending infection occurred. Fourteen ears underwent eustachian tube substitution. The natrual eustachian tubes of these ears were obliterated three to five months after eustachian tube substitution had been performed. The animals were killed three to four months after obliteration of the natural eustachian tubes. Studies of the decalcified sections showed an absence of infection in six of the ears, with mild to severe inflammation in the rest of the specimens.", "contents": "Eustachian tube bypass: experimental evidence for total eustachian tube substitution. Several preliminary reports have appeared in the medical literature in respect to eustachian tube substitution since Zollner first described his inability to open the obstructed eustachian tube. These procedures have the disadvantage that the distal end of the eustachian tube subsitute is inaccessible by other than another operation. This paper is follow-up report to our clinical experience. The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether the middle ear was ventilated by the tympano-oropharyngeal substitute eustachian tube and whether ascending infection occurred. Fourteen ears underwent eustachian tube substitution. The natrual eustachian tubes of these ears were obliterated three to five months after eustachian tube substitution had been performed. The animals were killed three to four months after obliteration of the natural eustachian tubes. Studies of the decalcified sections showed an absence of infection in six of the ears, with mild to severe inflammation in the rest of the specimens.", "PMID": 112544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10230", "title": "Airway intervention in croup and epiglottitis: the changing role of the otolaryngologist.", "content": "Recent evidence indicates that endotracheal intubation is supplanting tracheostomy for the short-term treatment of airway obstruction in epiglottitis and croup. Care should be provided by a triumvirate of physicians to include and otolaryngologist, a pediatrician, and an anesthesiologist. Intensive care facilities are also a prerequisite. Standard tracheostomy should be considered in cases requiring intubation longer than 72 hours.", "contents": "Airway intervention in croup and epiglottitis: the changing role of the otolaryngologist. Recent evidence indicates that endotracheal intubation is supplanting tracheostomy for the short-term treatment of airway obstruction in epiglottitis and croup. Care should be provided by a triumvirate of physicians to include and otolaryngologist, a pediatrician, and an anesthesiologist. Intensive care facilities are also a prerequisite. Standard tracheostomy should be considered in cases requiring intubation longer than 72 hours.", "PMID": 112547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10231", "title": "The otolaryngologist and the hearing aid delivery system: current federal regulations.", "content": "New proposed rules and regulations concerning trade practices for the hearing aid industry have been developed in response to political pressures from Congress and consumer groups. Revisions to the trade regulations proposed by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) include (1) more stringent limitations in advertising, (2) written permission to sell a hearing aid at home or in the buyer's place of business, and (3) the right of a buyer to cancel a hearing aid sale, rental, or lease within 30 days. Testimony on hearings regarding this rule are being reviewed by the FTC presiding officer. Food and Drug Administration national standards for the labeling and sale of hearing aids became effective Aug 15, 1977. A medical evaluation by a licensed physician is required before a hearing aid may be sold. Fully informed adults may request a waiver of this requirement for religious or personal beliefs, but a medical evaluation is mandatory for persons under 18 years of age. A User Instructional Brochure, which lists several conditions for which medical advice is advised, must be reviewed with the prospective buyer. In the recognition that some physicians may be dispensers of hearing aids, the Judicial Council of the American Medical Association has recommended that a physician may dispense hearing aids if it is in the best interest of the patient, but that a physician should not be encouraged to retail hearing aids in his office if other adequate community facilities exist.", "contents": "The otolaryngologist and the hearing aid delivery system: current federal regulations. New proposed rules and regulations concerning trade practices for the hearing aid industry have been developed in response to political pressures from Congress and consumer groups. Revisions to the trade regulations proposed by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) include (1) more stringent limitations in advertising, (2) written permission to sell a hearing aid at home or in the buyer's place of business, and (3) the right of a buyer to cancel a hearing aid sale, rental, or lease within 30 days. Testimony on hearings regarding this rule are being reviewed by the FTC presiding officer. Food and Drug Administration national standards for the labeling and sale of hearing aids became effective Aug 15, 1977. A medical evaluation by a licensed physician is required before a hearing aid may be sold. Fully informed adults may request a waiver of this requirement for religious or personal beliefs, but a medical evaluation is mandatory for persons under 18 years of age. A User Instructional Brochure, which lists several conditions for which medical advice is advised, must be reviewed with the prospective buyer. In the recognition that some physicians may be dispensers of hearing aids, the Judicial Council of the American Medical Association has recommended that a physician may dispense hearing aids if it is in the best interest of the patient, but that a physician should not be encouraged to retail hearing aids in his office if other adequate community facilities exist.", "PMID": 112549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10232", "title": "Efficacy of cefazolin as a prophylactic antibiotic in head and neck surgery.", "content": "The rationale for use of perioperative shortterm prophylactic antibiotics in prevention of postoperative infection in major head and neck surgery was reviewed. Cefazolin and placebo were compared in 50 patients and results showed that short-term perioperative cefazolin was a useful adjunct in reduction of postoperative infection. Findings suggest perioperative antibiotics may be safely and effectively used to reduce postoperative morbidity from infection after surgical procedures in volving skin and mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract.", "contents": "Efficacy of cefazolin as a prophylactic antibiotic in head and neck surgery. The rationale for use of perioperative shortterm prophylactic antibiotics in prevention of postoperative infection in major head and neck surgery was reviewed. Cefazolin and placebo were compared in 50 patients and results showed that short-term perioperative cefazolin was a useful adjunct in reduction of postoperative infection. Findings suggest perioperative antibiotics may be safely and effectively used to reduce postoperative morbidity from infection after surgical procedures in volving skin and mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract.", "PMID": 112550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10233", "title": "Wegener's granulomatosis: presentation as an otologic problem.", "content": "Presentation of Wegener's granulomatosis as an otologic problem is unusual and leads to incorrect diagnosis and unsuccessful therapy. In seven years, five patients with a diagnosis of otitis media failed to respond to the usual therapeutic regimens. All had surgical manipulations on the middle ear or mastoid, or both. Wegener's granulomatosis was suspected because of persistence of the otologic problem. All patients developed pulmonary lesions and had positive diagnoses by biopsy of either the lung, kidney, or upper respiratory mucosa. Withe timely treatment, all patients have survived.", "contents": "Wegener's granulomatosis: presentation as an otologic problem. Presentation of Wegener's granulomatosis as an otologic problem is unusual and leads to incorrect diagnosis and unsuccessful therapy. In seven years, five patients with a diagnosis of otitis media failed to respond to the usual therapeutic regimens. All had surgical manipulations on the middle ear or mastoid, or both. Wegener's granulomatosis was suspected because of persistence of the otologic problem. All patients developed pulmonary lesions and had positive diagnoses by biopsy of either the lung, kidney, or upper respiratory mucosa. Withe timely treatment, all patients have survived.", "PMID": 112551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10234", "title": "Head and neck manifestations of malignant osteopetrosis.", "content": "Malignant osteopetrosis is the autosomal recessive form of osteopetrosis. Besides anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and the osteopetrotic bone seen on roentgenogram, the head and neck manifestations are important to the diagnosis and clinical course of this disease. Eye, ear, nose, face, teeth, mandible, maxilla, central nervous system structures, and cranial nerves are often involved.", "contents": "Head and neck manifestations of malignant osteopetrosis. Malignant osteopetrosis is the autosomal recessive form of osteopetrosis. Besides anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and the osteopetrotic bone seen on roentgenogram, the head and neck manifestations are important to the diagnosis and clinical course of this disease. Eye, ear, nose, face, teeth, mandible, maxilla, central nervous system structures, and cranial nerves are often involved.", "PMID": 112552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10235", "title": "Experimental studies on the role of vitamin A in the inner ear.", "content": "With the sole exception of the hair cells of the inner ear, where information is lacking, all special somatic afferent receptor cells have been shown to be dependent upon vitamin A for normal function. In view of the paucity of information on the role of vitamin A in the inner ear, three experiments were performed to examine this relationship. Temporal bone histopathology was studied in rats deprived of vitamin A. In a second experiment, vitamin A-deficient rats were maintained with vitamin A acid and the histopathology was studied under the light microscope. In the third experiment, a microfluorometric estimate of the content of vitamin A in the guinea pig cochlea was performed. A fluorescent compound with the exact spectral characteristics of vitamin A was found in the guinea pig cochlea at a concentration of 21.2 micrograms/gm, which is ten times the vitamin A concentration found in most other tissues.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the role of vitamin A in the inner ear. With the sole exception of the hair cells of the inner ear, where information is lacking, all special somatic afferent receptor cells have been shown to be dependent upon vitamin A for normal function. In view of the paucity of information on the role of vitamin A in the inner ear, three experiments were performed to examine this relationship. Temporal bone histopathology was studied in rats deprived of vitamin A. In a second experiment, vitamin A-deficient rats were maintained with vitamin A acid and the histopathology was studied under the light microscope. In the third experiment, a microfluorometric estimate of the content of vitamin A in the guinea pig cochlea was performed. A fluorescent compound with the exact spectral characteristics of vitamin A was found in the guinea pig cochlea at a concentration of 21.2 micrograms/gm, which is ten times the vitamin A concentration found in most other tissues.", "PMID": 112553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10236", "title": "Emerging characteristics of the acoustic reflex in infants.", "content": "One hundred ninety-nine infants (birth to 15 weeks) were administered an impedance battery to describe emerging characteristics of the acoustic reflex in this age range. Tympanometry results suggest that the middle ear system changes from a highly flaccid state at birth to a relatively normal compliance by 15 weeks. Acoustic reflexes were observed infrequently in the newborn population and gradually increased as a function of age, but never exceeding 43% of the ears tested. A conservative approach regarding the relevance of the presence of the reflex in young children is warranted.", "contents": "Emerging characteristics of the acoustic reflex in infants. One hundred ninety-nine infants (birth to 15 weeks) were administered an impedance battery to describe emerging characteristics of the acoustic reflex in this age range. Tympanometry results suggest that the middle ear system changes from a highly flaccid state at birth to a relatively normal compliance by 15 weeks. Acoustic reflexes were observed infrequently in the newborn population and gradually increased as a function of age, but never exceeding 43% of the ears tested. A conservative approach regarding the relevance of the presence of the reflex in young children is warranted.", "PMID": 112557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10237", "title": "Gram-negative germs infections in infancy.", "content": "The incidence of systemic or local infections due to gram-negative bacilli in an Infant Ward from September 1969 to December 1976 was 7.9%. The 29.34% were septicemia, most of them as epidemic outbreaks caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella-Enterobacter and Serratia marcescens. Two facts are to be emphasized: an almost complete disappearance of systemic infections with Pseudomonas starting from 1972, and the global predominance of the group Klebsiella-Enterobacter, particularly evident from 1970 to 1972.", "contents": "Gram-negative germs infections in infancy. The incidence of systemic or local infections due to gram-negative bacilli in an Infant Ward from September 1969 to December 1976 was 7.9%. The 29.34% were septicemia, most of them as epidemic outbreaks caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella-Enterobacter and Serratia marcescens. Two facts are to be emphasized: an almost complete disappearance of systemic infections with Pseudomonas starting from 1972, and the global predominance of the group Klebsiella-Enterobacter, particularly evident from 1970 to 1972.", "PMID": 112565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10238", "title": "Aspiration cytology for diagnosis of head and neck masses.", "content": "Most American clinicans have been relectant to utilize aspiration biopsy due to poor interpretive skills by the pathologists in the past and a fear of tumor spread by the needle. Voluminous European series and recent American series have proved aspiration to be safe and reliable. In our series of 78 cases, both thin-needle aspiration and conventional tissue biopsies were made. The diagnoses were compared and the overall agreement rate was 90%.", "contents": "Aspiration cytology for diagnosis of head and neck masses. Most American clinicans have been relectant to utilize aspiration biopsy due to poor interpretive skills by the pathologists in the past and a fear of tumor spread by the needle. Voluminous European series and recent American series have proved aspiration to be safe and reliable. In our series of 78 cases, both thin-needle aspiration and conventional tissue biopsies were made. The diagnoses were compared and the overall agreement rate was 90%.", "PMID": 112561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10239", "title": "Dermal-fat-fascia grafts.", "content": "Free dermal-fat-fascia grafts are used for subdermal augmentation in soft tissue or bony deficiencies resulting from surgical extirpation of cancer, congenitally arrested development, and trauma. The most important determinant for graft survival is the health of the recipient area and the volume of the graft. At least 70% resorption of these large grafts must be anticipated. Imitial overcorrection has some justification but may be self-defeating. Calcification of dermal-fat-fascia grafts, common in other areas of the body, does not appear to be a problem in the head and neck region. When possible, other types of augmentation procedures should be considered.", "contents": "Dermal-fat-fascia grafts. Free dermal-fat-fascia grafts are used for subdermal augmentation in soft tissue or bony deficiencies resulting from surgical extirpation of cancer, congenitally arrested development, and trauma. The most important determinant for graft survival is the health of the recipient area and the volume of the graft. At least 70% resorption of these large grafts must be anticipated. Imitial overcorrection has some justification but may be self-defeating. Calcification of dermal-fat-fascia grafts, common in other areas of the body, does not appear to be a problem in the head and neck region. When possible, other types of augmentation procedures should be considered.", "PMID": 112560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10240", "title": "Humero-spinal dysostosis.", "content": "A 2 year old boy with humero-spinal dysostosis is described. This is the third case of this disease reported in the literature. Humero-spinal dysostosis is characterised radiologically by distal humeral bifurcation, elbow subluxation and coronal cleft vertebrae. Congenital, progressive heart disease, possibly with fatal outcome, is probably part of the syndrome.", "contents": "Humero-spinal dysostosis. A 2 year old boy with humero-spinal dysostosis is described. This is the third case of this disease reported in the literature. Humero-spinal dysostosis is characterised radiologically by distal humeral bifurcation, elbow subluxation and coronal cleft vertebrae. Congenital, progressive heart disease, possibly with fatal outcome, is probably part of the syndrome.", "PMID": 112567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10241", "title": "Nocturnal gastric drip feeding in glucose-6-phosphatase deficient children.", "content": "Six patients with glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency were treated for 12 hr at night with gastric drip feeding (GDF), containing soy milk plus glucose, dextrimaltose, and starch. An alarm system (thermistor), connected to the gastric tube, was devised in case of displacement of the tube by the child. The effects of GDF were as follows. Base deficit and lacticaciduria decreased, but did not normalize. Serum cholesterol levels tended to normalize, but serum triglycerides remained elevated. The hepatic and extrahepatic components of plasma lipoprotein lipase were measured separately 5 and 40 min after iv heparin injection. Hepatic triglyceride lipase activities which were subnormal to normal increased to the lower normal range. Extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase activities, though increasing after GDF, remained abnormally low. Catch-up growth occurred in all four growth-retarded children. The pronounced liver enlargement of the five patients, not previously treated with GDF, decreased markedly. Nocturnal GDF in glucose-6-phosphatase deficient children, suppresses the tendency for hypoglycemia and acidosis which are causes for stress, catabolism, and anorexia. By suppressing these factors, GDF promotes anabolism and caloric intake, thus accounting for the catch-up growth seen in the patients with growth retardation.", "contents": "Nocturnal gastric drip feeding in glucose-6-phosphatase deficient children. Six patients with glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency were treated for 12 hr at night with gastric drip feeding (GDF), containing soy milk plus glucose, dextrimaltose, and starch. An alarm system (thermistor), connected to the gastric tube, was devised in case of displacement of the tube by the child. The effects of GDF were as follows. Base deficit and lacticaciduria decreased, but did not normalize. Serum cholesterol levels tended to normalize, but serum triglycerides remained elevated. The hepatic and extrahepatic components of plasma lipoprotein lipase were measured separately 5 and 40 min after iv heparin injection. Hepatic triglyceride lipase activities which were subnormal to normal increased to the lower normal range. Extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase activities, though increasing after GDF, remained abnormally low. Catch-up growth occurred in all four growth-retarded children. The pronounced liver enlargement of the five patients, not previously treated with GDF, decreased markedly. Nocturnal GDF in glucose-6-phosphatase deficient children, suppresses the tendency for hypoglycemia and acidosis which are causes for stress, catabolism, and anorexia. By suppressing these factors, GDF promotes anabolism and caloric intake, thus accounting for the catch-up growth seen in the patients with growth retardation.", "PMID": 112568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10242", "title": "Arteriovenous malformation of the mandible.", "content": "A recent case of a vascular malvormation involving the mandible prompted the review of this subject. There are less than 80 cases of this rare but serious disease reported in the literature. There is no accepted standard treatment, but recent contributions have improved the safety and effectiveness of therapy.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformation of the mandible. A recent case of a vascular malvormation involving the mandible prompted the review of this subject. There are less than 80 cases of this rare but serious disease reported in the literature. There is no accepted standard treatment, but recent contributions have improved the safety and effectiveness of therapy.", "PMID": 112563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10243", "title": "Treatment of sudden hearing loss with diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque).", "content": "Between March and November 1976, 30 patients with sudden hearing loss (SHL) were treated with vasodilators and diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque). Nine (30%) of the patients had a good response, 7 (23%) had a moderate response, and 14 (47%) had no response to treatment. Most of the patients who responded were treated within the first month and had no vertigo associated on their onset of SHL. Their hearing loss was also less than 90 dB for any of the frequencies tested. Using the criteria of SHL of less than one month's duration, no vertigo associated with onset, and a loss less than 90 dB, seven patients were treated with vasodilator plus Hypaque during the period between January and August 1977. Six (86%) of the seven patients had return of serviceable hearing.", "contents": "Treatment of sudden hearing loss with diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque). Between March and November 1976, 30 patients with sudden hearing loss (SHL) were treated with vasodilators and diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque). Nine (30%) of the patients had a good response, 7 (23%) had a moderate response, and 14 (47%) had no response to treatment. Most of the patients who responded were treated within the first month and had no vertigo associated on their onset of SHL. Their hearing loss was also less than 90 dB for any of the frequencies tested. Using the criteria of SHL of less than one month's duration, no vertigo associated with onset, and a loss less than 90 dB, seven patients were treated with vasodilator plus Hypaque during the period between January and August 1977. Six (86%) of the seven patients had return of serviceable hearing.", "PMID": 112564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10244", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone increases the amount of surfactant in lung lavage from fetal rabbits.", "content": "Administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to pregnant rabbits at 25 and 26 days of gestation results in increased pulmonary surfactant production by the fetus at 27 days (full term is 31 days). There was 60% more total phospholipid and 150% more phosphatidylcholine (the major component of surfactant) in the lung lavage from the fetuses in the treated group than in that from the controls. Lung lavage from the fetuses in the treated litters contained 13.4 +/- 1.6 micrograms of total phospholipid phosphorus/g lung dry wt and 5.6 +/- 1.1 micrograms of phosphatidylcholine phosphorus while that from the fetuses in the control litters contained only 8.2 +/- 1.1 micrograms and 2.2 +/- 0.4 micrograms, respectively. The phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio increased from 1.0 in the lavage from the controls to 2.2 in that from the treated group. These changes in lung lavage phospholipid content and composition are in the direction of increased lung maturation. TRH administration had no effect on the incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine in fetal lung slices. These data suggest that TRH stimulates surfactant release rather than synthesis. TRH has a physiologic role in fetal lung maturation and surfactant production. It may potentially be used in the prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in humans.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone increases the amount of surfactant in lung lavage from fetal rabbits. Administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to pregnant rabbits at 25 and 26 days of gestation results in increased pulmonary surfactant production by the fetus at 27 days (full term is 31 days). There was 60% more total phospholipid and 150% more phosphatidylcholine (the major component of surfactant) in the lung lavage from the fetuses in the treated group than in that from the controls. Lung lavage from the fetuses in the treated litters contained 13.4 +/- 1.6 micrograms of total phospholipid phosphorus/g lung dry wt and 5.6 +/- 1.1 micrograms of phosphatidylcholine phosphorus while that from the fetuses in the control litters contained only 8.2 +/- 1.1 micrograms and 2.2 +/- 0.4 micrograms, respectively. The phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio increased from 1.0 in the lavage from the controls to 2.2 in that from the treated group. These changes in lung lavage phospholipid content and composition are in the direction of increased lung maturation. TRH administration had no effect on the incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine in fetal lung slices. These data suggest that TRH stimulates surfactant release rather than synthesis. TRH has a physiologic role in fetal lung maturation and surfactant production. It may potentially be used in the prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in humans.", "PMID": 112569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10245", "title": "Lung development in the fetal primate Macaca nemestrina. III. HMD.", "content": "Delivery of M. nemestrina at 80% of normal gestation provides a population of neonates at high risk for hyaline membrane disease (HMD). The diagnosis of HMD was made by the presence of reticulogranular densities and air bronchograms on chest radiographs. Patchy atelectasis was seen in the lungs of animals assigned by clinical and radiographic criteria to the HMD group and not in the normal lungs of animals matched for gestational and postnatal age. Total phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine in whole lung, airway lavage fluid, and surface-active materials were lower in animals with HMD. Amniotic fluid L/S ratios were lower in the group that developed HMD. Pressure-volume measurements indicated decreased distensibility and unstable terminal air spaces in the HMD group. Alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure differences were greater in animals with HMD. There were no differences between HMD and normal groups in body weight, lung weight, percent dry lung weight, gestational age, and postnatal age at death. This primate species, subjected to premature delivery, is a suitable animal model of HMD in human neonates.", "contents": "Lung development in the fetal primate Macaca nemestrina. III. HMD. Delivery of M. nemestrina at 80% of normal gestation provides a population of neonates at high risk for hyaline membrane disease (HMD). The diagnosis of HMD was made by the presence of reticulogranular densities and air bronchograms on chest radiographs. Patchy atelectasis was seen in the lungs of animals assigned by clinical and radiographic criteria to the HMD group and not in the normal lungs of animals matched for gestational and postnatal age. Total phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine in whole lung, airway lavage fluid, and surface-active materials were lower in animals with HMD. Amniotic fluid L/S ratios were lower in the group that developed HMD. Pressure-volume measurements indicated decreased distensibility and unstable terminal air spaces in the HMD group. Alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure differences were greater in animals with HMD. There were no differences between HMD and normal groups in body weight, lung weight, percent dry lung weight, gestational age, and postnatal age at death. This primate species, subjected to premature delivery, is a suitable animal model of HMD in human neonates.", "PMID": 112570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10246", "title": "Streptobacillary rat-bite fever: a pediatric problem.", "content": "A case of streptobacillary rat-bite fever in an 11-year-old boy from rural North Carolina is described. The child's clinical course was unique in that he developed a subglottic mass and bilateral parotid swelling. He responded initially to tetracycline but relapsed after therapy. Cure was ultimately achieved with a three-week course of penicillin. A review of the literature concerning this unusual clinical entity is presented.", "contents": "Streptobacillary rat-bite fever: a pediatric problem. A case of streptobacillary rat-bite fever in an 11-year-old boy from rural North Carolina is described. The child's clinical course was unique in that he developed a subglottic mass and bilateral parotid swelling. He responded initially to tetracycline but relapsed after therapy. Cure was ultimately achieved with a three-week course of penicillin. A review of the literature concerning this unusual clinical entity is presented.", "PMID": 112571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10247", "title": "Disease due to serogroup W135 Neisseria meningitidis.", "content": "Five cases of disseminated meningococcal disease due to serogroup W135 Neisseria meningitidis are presented. The cases ranged in age from 16 months to 23 years, and spanned a clinical spectrum from mild meningitis without rash or evidence of meningococcal septicemia to severe meningoencephalitis with fulminant meningococcemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and death. These cases demonstrate that serogroup W135 N meningitidis is fully pathogenic for man and capable of producing the full spectrum of disseminated meningococcal disease associated with other serogroups. Since this serogroup has recently emerged as a significant cause of disease in Europe, attention should be focused on the correct serogroup designation of strains of N meningitidis isolated from clinical material and reported as \"nongroupable\" by clinical laboratories, so that additional clinical and epidemiologic information may be obtained.", "contents": "Disease due to serogroup W135 Neisseria meningitidis. Five cases of disseminated meningococcal disease due to serogroup W135 Neisseria meningitidis are presented. The cases ranged in age from 16 months to 23 years, and spanned a clinical spectrum from mild meningitis without rash or evidence of meningococcal septicemia to severe meningoencephalitis with fulminant meningococcemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and death. These cases demonstrate that serogroup W135 N meningitidis is fully pathogenic for man and capable of producing the full spectrum of disseminated meningococcal disease associated with other serogroups. Since this serogroup has recently emerged as a significant cause of disease in Europe, attention should be focused on the correct serogroup designation of strains of N meningitidis isolated from clinical material and reported as \"nongroupable\" by clinical laboratories, so that additional clinical and epidemiologic information may be obtained.", "PMID": 112572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10248", "title": "Meningococcal group Y pneumonia in an adolescent female.", "content": "Neisseria meningitidis group Y has been considered to be an uncommon pathogen. Meningococcal group Y disease has recently been reported with increased frequency in military training camps coincident with the routine use of meningococcal group C vaccine. Pneumonia produced by the group Y organism may mimic disease caused by common respiratory tract pathogens, and isolation by routine methods may be difficult. A 16-year-old asthmatic female developed lobar pneumonia secondary to N meningitidis group Y while on alternate day steroids. We speculate that neither steroid therapy nor an isolated serum IgA deficiency in the presence of secretory IgA discovered after her recovery predisposed her to sinopulmonary disease. The true incidence of group Y disease is unknown. Awareness of its potential pathogenicity may have clinical significance with the availability of a group Y vaccine.", "contents": "Meningococcal group Y pneumonia in an adolescent female. Neisseria meningitidis group Y has been considered to be an uncommon pathogen. Meningococcal group Y disease has recently been reported with increased frequency in military training camps coincident with the routine use of meningococcal group C vaccine. Pneumonia produced by the group Y organism may mimic disease caused by common respiratory tract pathogens, and isolation by routine methods may be difficult. A 16-year-old asthmatic female developed lobar pneumonia secondary to N meningitidis group Y while on alternate day steroids. We speculate that neither steroid therapy nor an isolated serum IgA deficiency in the presence of secretory IgA discovered after her recovery predisposed her to sinopulmonary disease. The true incidence of group Y disease is unknown. Awareness of its potential pathogenicity may have clinical significance with the availability of a group Y vaccine.", "PMID": 112573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10249", "title": "[Fabry's disease: two patients improved by fetal liver cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The first patient reported was a 33 years old male with clinical manifestations of Fabry's disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by ophthalmologic, histological and enzymatic studies. Because of inefficacity of treatment with plasma transfusions and of symptomatic therapies, a transplant of cells with normal enzymatic activities was envisioned. In this patient without renal failure, a renal transplant was not justified and a transplant of fetal liver cells was decided. The improvement of extra-renal manifestations of the disease with this new treatment was comparable to that obtained with kidney transplantation. In particular, objective and subjective clinical symptoms were significantly improved: sweating appeared became normal, cutaneous lesions appeared slightly decreased and pains disappeared. This improvement was still persistent 3 years after the fetal liver transplant, the viability of which was initially followed using dosages of circulating alphafoetoprotein. The second case-report is comparable. Fabry's disease was diagnosed in a 26 years old male on the clinical manifestations, the histological lesions and the enzyme deficiency. After failure of one plasma transfusion, the patient received a fetal liver transplant. It is still too early to evaluate the efficacy of the transplant in this second case, especially as the patient had normal sweating and relatively few pains except at the cold season. The mechanism which may be held responsible for possible improvement in our patients, as in recipients of a kidney transplant, is not completely elucidated. The cells, rather than steroids or azathioprine, seemed to support the efficacy. Was the enzyme activity exerted in situ? Was there a \"colonization\" by lysosomial enzymes? From the results observed after several years will derive the significance of this therapeutic approach in Fabry's disease, more generally, in many diseases associated with a genetic enzyme deficiency.", "contents": "[Fabry's disease: two patients improved by fetal liver cells (author's transl)]. The first patient reported was a 33 years old male with clinical manifestations of Fabry's disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by ophthalmologic, histological and enzymatic studies. Because of inefficacity of treatment with plasma transfusions and of symptomatic therapies, a transplant of cells with normal enzymatic activities was envisioned. In this patient without renal failure, a renal transplant was not justified and a transplant of fetal liver cells was decided. The improvement of extra-renal manifestations of the disease with this new treatment was comparable to that obtained with kidney transplantation. In particular, objective and subjective clinical symptoms were significantly improved: sweating appeared became normal, cutaneous lesions appeared slightly decreased and pains disappeared. This improvement was still persistent 3 years after the fetal liver transplant, the viability of which was initially followed using dosages of circulating alphafoetoprotein. The second case-report is comparable. Fabry's disease was diagnosed in a 26 years old male on the clinical manifestations, the histological lesions and the enzyme deficiency. After failure of one plasma transfusion, the patient received a fetal liver transplant. It is still too early to evaluate the efficacy of the transplant in this second case, especially as the patient had normal sweating and relatively few pains except at the cold season. The mechanism which may be held responsible for possible improvement in our patients, as in recipients of a kidney transplant, is not completely elucidated. The cells, rather than steroids or azathioprine, seemed to support the efficacy. Was the enzyme activity exerted in situ? Was there a \"colonization\" by lysosomial enzymes? From the results observed after several years will derive the significance of this therapeutic approach in Fabry's disease, more generally, in many diseases associated with a genetic enzyme deficiency.", "PMID": 112574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10250", "title": "[Consumption hypocomplementemia: comparative value of haemolytic and protein estimations of the components of the classical pathway (author's transl)].", "content": "Titrations of total complement (CH50) and of the different components of the classical pathway of the complement system in patients with supposed consumption hypocomplementemia, show that the complement depression involves in an order of decreasing severity hemolytic C4, hemolytic C2, total complement, hemolytic C1, protein C4 and protein C3. These results as well as correlative studies between these different parameters suggest that C4 is the most specific target of activited C1 esterase (C1s). They stress the interest of hemolytic titrations as well as the strong limitations of protein titrations.", "contents": "[Consumption hypocomplementemia: comparative value of haemolytic and protein estimations of the components of the classical pathway (author's transl)]. Titrations of total complement (CH50) and of the different components of the classical pathway of the complement system in patients with supposed consumption hypocomplementemia, show that the complement depression involves in an order of decreasing severity hemolytic C4, hemolytic C2, total complement, hemolytic C1, protein C4 and protein C3. These results as well as correlative studies between these different parameters suggest that C4 is the most specific target of activited C1 esterase (C1s). They stress the interest of hemolytic titrations as well as the strong limitations of protein titrations.", "PMID": 112575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10251", "title": "[Hyperoctanoatemia and the hepatic encephalopathy of cirrhosis. 150 dosages in 61 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "A new and sensitive method for determination of octanoate in serum by gas-liquid chromatography is described. It was validated by mass spectrometry. Octanoate concentrations were determined in the serum of 61 fasting cirrhotic patients of which 47 also had hepatic encephalopathy. Concentrations in arterial and venous blood were higher in cirrhotic patients with encephalopathy than in those without and higher in the latter than in controls. Arterial concentrations were higher than venous concentrations and octanoate and ammonia varied independently. A predominant endogenous origin is likely. Data obtained from studies using palmitic acid labeled at different loci suggest that recovered serum octanoate was formed mostly by incomplete oxidation of long chain fatty acids. Sodium octanoate infusion to rhesus monkeys studied polygraphically induces a temporary coma.", "contents": "[Hyperoctanoatemia and the hepatic encephalopathy of cirrhosis. 150 dosages in 61 patients (author's transl)]. A new and sensitive method for determination of octanoate in serum by gas-liquid chromatography is described. It was validated by mass spectrometry. Octanoate concentrations were determined in the serum of 61 fasting cirrhotic patients of which 47 also had hepatic encephalopathy. Concentrations in arterial and venous blood were higher in cirrhotic patients with encephalopathy than in those without and higher in the latter than in controls. Arterial concentrations were higher than venous concentrations and octanoate and ammonia varied independently. A predominant endogenous origin is likely. Data obtained from studies using palmitic acid labeled at different loci suggest that recovered serum octanoate was formed mostly by incomplete oxidation of long chain fatty acids. Sodium octanoate infusion to rhesus monkeys studied polygraphically induces a temporary coma.", "PMID": 112576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10252", "title": "[Inappropriate secretion of antiduiuretic hormone during acute leukaemia treated with vincristine. Two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "One the basis of two special typical cases, the authors detail the symptoms and signs and consider the physiopathology of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone related to vincristine. Urinary ADH was measured in both cases. ADH levels could be studied on ten consecutive occasions during the course of one of the cases (obs. n 1). Eleven similar cases have been found in the literature. ADH was measured in only three of them. Methods of treatment are considered, with particular emphasis on the role of demeclocycline.", "contents": "[Inappropriate secretion of antiduiuretic hormone during acute leukaemia treated with vincristine. Two cases (author's transl)]. One the basis of two special typical cases, the authors detail the symptoms and signs and consider the physiopathology of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone related to vincristine. Urinary ADH was measured in both cases. ADH levels could be studied on ten consecutive occasions during the course of one of the cases (obs. n 1). Eleven similar cases have been found in the literature. ADH was measured in only three of them. Methods of treatment are considered, with particular emphasis on the role of demeclocycline.", "PMID": 112579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10253", "title": "Maintenance therapy of 32P-induced remission in polycythemia vera. A clinical trial of chlorambucil and hydroxy-urea in 109 cases.", "content": "In 109 patients with polycythemia vera, previously treated by 32P without maintenance therapy, a trial was carried out to determine the best way to reduce the number of injections needed. Chlorambucil and hydroxy-urea have been used to lengthnen the remission. Both of them are well tolerated and compatible with follow-up at reasonable time intervals. Chlorambucil maintenance increases the mean duration of remission by 12 months, the best results being observed when the drug was used continuously, instead of an intermittent (3 consecutive days every fortnight) schedule. Hydroxy-urea does not produce statistically demonstrable advantage whatever it is given, continuously or intermittently. Our study shows that, if a long-term cooperative study of the possible advantage of maintenance therapy in P.V. was undertaken in the future, low-dosage maintenance by chlorambucil could be the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Maintenance therapy of 32P-induced remission in polycythemia vera. A clinical trial of chlorambucil and hydroxy-urea in 109 cases. In 109 patients with polycythemia vera, previously treated by 32P without maintenance therapy, a trial was carried out to determine the best way to reduce the number of injections needed. Chlorambucil and hydroxy-urea have been used to lengthnen the remission. Both of them are well tolerated and compatible with follow-up at reasonable time intervals. Chlorambucil maintenance increases the mean duration of remission by 12 months, the best results being observed when the drug was used continuously, instead of an intermittent (3 consecutive days every fortnight) schedule. Hydroxy-urea does not produce statistically demonstrable advantage whatever it is given, continuously or intermittently. Our study shows that, if a long-term cooperative study of the possible advantage of maintenance therapy in P.V. was undertaken in the future, low-dosage maintenance by chlorambucil could be the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 112580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10254", "title": "Seizures during lithium-amitriptyline therapy.", "content": "Epileptiform seizures occurred in a 34-year-old woman who was receiving amitriptyline and lithium carbonate therapy for treatment of endogenous depression. While receiving amitriptyline maintenance therapy, she was given lithium on two separate occasions, and despite serum levels of lithium in the therapeutic range, grand mal seizures developed. The seizures may represent a toxic reaction either to lithium or to combined drug therapy. Controlled studies are needed to evaluate both the efficacy and toxicity of combined drug therapy in affective disorders.", "contents": "Seizures during lithium-amitriptyline therapy. Epileptiform seizures occurred in a 34-year-old woman who was receiving amitriptyline and lithium carbonate therapy for treatment of endogenous depression. While receiving amitriptyline maintenance therapy, she was given lithium on two separate occasions, and despite serum levels of lithium in the therapeutic range, grand mal seizures developed. The seizures may represent a toxic reaction either to lithium or to combined drug therapy. Controlled studies are needed to evaluate both the efficacy and toxicity of combined drug therapy in affective disorders.", "PMID": 112590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10255", "title": "Purification of the protein employed in an immunodiffusion test to diagnose infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.", "content": "The antigen used in an immunodiffusion test to diagnose infectious bovine rhinotracheitis has been purified by affinity chromatography. The homogeneity of the antigen was indicated by sedimentation rate and sedimentation equilibrium experiments. A So20,w of 0.749 was determined and a molecular weight of 8900 was calculated from sedimentation equilibrium analysis. The purified antigen formed precipitin lines of identity with crude diagnostic antigen. Purified antigen remained serologically active in the immunodiffusion test after lyophilization and subsequent reconstitution.", "contents": "Purification of the protein employed in an immunodiffusion test to diagnose infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. The antigen used in an immunodiffusion test to diagnose infectious bovine rhinotracheitis has been purified by affinity chromatography. The homogeneity of the antigen was indicated by sedimentation rate and sedimentation equilibrium experiments. A So20,w of 0.749 was determined and a molecular weight of 8900 was calculated from sedimentation equilibrium analysis. The purified antigen formed precipitin lines of identity with crude diagnostic antigen. Purified antigen remained serologically active in the immunodiffusion test after lyophilization and subsequent reconstitution.", "PMID": 112593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10256", "title": "Neutron dosimetry in high energy X-ray beams of medical accelerators.", "content": "High energy X-ray beams from medical accelerators are used in cancer therapy. In such beams, neutrons are also produced due to photon-neutron interactions in the target material, collimator and beam flattening filter. The feasibility of employing fast-neutron-induced recoil particle tracks in polycarbonate foils developed by the electrochemical etching (ECE) method for the dosimetry of such neutrons was investigated. The experiments were carried out in, and out of, the beam of a Varian Clinac-18, an Allis-Chalmers 25 MeV betatron and a Brown Boveri 45 MeV betatron. Neutron dose equivalents were found both as a function of the photon dose and of the distance away from the centre of the beam. The neutron dose equivalent was found to be 0.6 and 1.3% of the X-ray dose at the centre position of the beam for a TSD = 100 cm and a 10 x 10 cm2 field for the 25 and 45 MeV betatrons respectively. Although the dosemeter showed adequate sensitivity to neutrons in the beam of the betatrons, it showed insensitivity to neutrons in the beam of the Clinac-18 which has a softer spectrum than the neutron energy threshold of the dosemeter. It can be concluded that this dosimetry method provides a new approach with a number of advantages compared to some other existing techniques for such measurements above the energy threshold of the dosemeter.", "contents": "Neutron dosimetry in high energy X-ray beams of medical accelerators. High energy X-ray beams from medical accelerators are used in cancer therapy. In such beams, neutrons are also produced due to photon-neutron interactions in the target material, collimator and beam flattening filter. The feasibility of employing fast-neutron-induced recoil particle tracks in polycarbonate foils developed by the electrochemical etching (ECE) method for the dosimetry of such neutrons was investigated. The experiments were carried out in, and out of, the beam of a Varian Clinac-18, an Allis-Chalmers 25 MeV betatron and a Brown Boveri 45 MeV betatron. Neutron dose equivalents were found both as a function of the photon dose and of the distance away from the centre of the beam. The neutron dose equivalent was found to be 0.6 and 1.3% of the X-ray dose at the centre position of the beam for a TSD = 100 cm and a 10 x 10 cm2 field for the 25 and 45 MeV betatrons respectively. Although the dosemeter showed adequate sensitivity to neutrons in the beam of the betatrons, it showed insensitivity to neutrons in the beam of the Clinac-18 which has a softer spectrum than the neutron energy threshold of the dosemeter. It can be concluded that this dosimetry method provides a new approach with a number of advantages compared to some other existing techniques for such measurements above the energy threshold of the dosemeter.", "PMID": 112596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10257", "title": "Measurement of stopping power ratios for 60 MeV positive or negative pions.", "content": "Pion stopping power ratios are essential parameters for pion radiotherapy treatment planning. The validity of scaling proton stopping powers to pions is called into question since the pion mass is intermediate between the electron and proton masses. Direct measurements of stopping power ratios with respect to water were made for 60 MeV pions of both charges in Teflon, Plexiglas, nylon, paraffin, gelatine, tissue-equivalent plastic (Shonka A150), graphite, aluminium, steel and copper. Corrections for multiple scattering and energy dependence of the stopping power are applied. Measured stopping power ratios at an accuracy of 0.6% are in agreement to within the limits of experimental error with stopping power ratios calculated from the Bethe-Bloch equation using elemental I-values and Bragg additivity.", "contents": "Measurement of stopping power ratios for 60 MeV positive or negative pions. Pion stopping power ratios are essential parameters for pion radiotherapy treatment planning. The validity of scaling proton stopping powers to pions is called into question since the pion mass is intermediate between the electron and proton masses. Direct measurements of stopping power ratios with respect to water were made for 60 MeV pions of both charges in Teflon, Plexiglas, nylon, paraffin, gelatine, tissue-equivalent plastic (Shonka A150), graphite, aluminium, steel and copper. Corrections for multiple scattering and energy dependence of the stopping power are applied. Measured stopping power ratios at an accuracy of 0.6% are in agreement to within the limits of experimental error with stopping power ratios calculated from the Bethe-Bloch equation using elemental I-values and Bragg additivity.", "PMID": 112597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10258", "title": "Some linguistic considerations related to the issue of female orgasm.", "content": "The purpose of this paper has been to identify a linguistic issue that continues to cloud our thinking about the subject of female orgasm. A specific technical revision has been recommended, i.e., that female orgasms be described as either coital or noncoital. It has been suggested that we help our female patients to become aware of this vocabulary and that we let them know that the clitoral/vaginal dichotomy is incorrect. Systematic adherence to the correct vocabulary is therapeutic. The linguistic implications concerning the issue of female orgasm have been examined as they relate to both theory and practice. It has been argued that linguistic usage pertaining to female sexuality generally is the product of a patriarchal value structure and, as such, reflects patriarchal prejudices about female sexuality. It has been suggested that the apparent inability of many women to achieve coital orgasms is related to centuries-old cultural attitudes and that linguistic usages, particularly dichotomies, tend to perpetuate the prejudices that underlie many cultural attitudes. Freud's view of the role of language in clinical practice has been indicated. Finally, it has been suggested that the linguistic recommendation made in this paper can be viewed as implementing the process by which recent biological findings are used to strengthen psychoanalytic theory and practice.", "contents": "Some linguistic considerations related to the issue of female orgasm. The purpose of this paper has been to identify a linguistic issue that continues to cloud our thinking about the subject of female orgasm. A specific technical revision has been recommended, i.e., that female orgasms be described as either coital or noncoital. It has been suggested that we help our female patients to become aware of this vocabulary and that we let them know that the clitoral/vaginal dichotomy is incorrect. Systematic adherence to the correct vocabulary is therapeutic. The linguistic implications concerning the issue of female orgasm have been examined as they relate to both theory and practice. It has been argued that linguistic usage pertaining to female sexuality generally is the product of a patriarchal value structure and, as such, reflects patriarchal prejudices about female sexuality. It has been suggested that the apparent inability of many women to achieve coital orgasms is related to centuries-old cultural attitudes and that linguistic usages, particularly dichotomies, tend to perpetuate the prejudices that underlie many cultural attitudes. Freud's view of the role of language in clinical practice has been indicated. Finally, it has been suggested that the linguistic recommendation made in this paper can be viewed as implementing the process by which recent biological findings are used to strengthen psychoanalytic theory and practice.", "PMID": 112606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10259", "title": "Amenorrhoea, body weight and serum hormone concentrations, with particular reference to prolactin and thyroid hormones in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Twenty women with anorexia nervosa were investigated at varying stages during weight gain. Basal prolactin and TSH and prolactin responses to TRH were normal and unrelated to body weight. LH, FSH and 17 beta oestradiol were low in emaciated patients and rose with weight gain. There was no correlation between serum gonadotrophin and prolactin concentrations. T3 and T4 concentrations were low but T3 rose with weight gain during refeeding over 4-6 weeks, whereas T4 remained low. A positive correlation was found between the TSH response to TRH and body weight. The abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis were similar to those seen in a variety of chronic illnesses and appear to be unrelated to the amenorrhoea. The failure of restoration of normal function at least after short-term refeeding requires further investigation. It was concluded that the amenorrhoea in anorexia nervosa is not associated with changes in prolactin secretion but is determined primarily by changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. These changes are induced largely by nutritional factors but psychological factors may also be involved.", "contents": "Amenorrhoea, body weight and serum hormone concentrations, with particular reference to prolactin and thyroid hormones in anorexia nervosa. Twenty women with anorexia nervosa were investigated at varying stages during weight gain. Basal prolactin and TSH and prolactin responses to TRH were normal and unrelated to body weight. LH, FSH and 17 beta oestradiol were low in emaciated patients and rose with weight gain. There was no correlation between serum gonadotrophin and prolactin concentrations. T3 and T4 concentrations were low but T3 rose with weight gain during refeeding over 4-6 weeks, whereas T4 remained low. A positive correlation was found between the TSH response to TRH and body weight. The abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis were similar to those seen in a variety of chronic illnesses and appear to be unrelated to the amenorrhoea. The failure of restoration of normal function at least after short-term refeeding requires further investigation. It was concluded that the amenorrhoea in anorexia nervosa is not associated with changes in prolactin secretion but is determined primarily by changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. These changes are induced largely by nutritional factors but psychological factors may also be involved.", "PMID": 112613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10260", "title": "Effect of morphine on the brain histamine levels in stress-exposed rats.", "content": "The effect of morphine on brain histamine levels in stress-exposed rats was investigated. It seemed that the brain histamine level was not directly affected by stressors. However, morphine induced a sharp rise in the brain histamine levels in both morphine-treated and morphine-treated stressed groups. This effect of morphine was reversed by naloxone.", "contents": "Effect of morphine on the brain histamine levels in stress-exposed rats. The effect of morphine on brain histamine levels in stress-exposed rats was investigated. It seemed that the brain histamine level was not directly affected by stressors. However, morphine induced a sharp rise in the brain histamine levels in both morphine-treated and morphine-treated stressed groups. This effect of morphine was reversed by naloxone.", "PMID": 112615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10261", "title": "Acute effects of alcohol on saccadic eye movements.", "content": "Four components of 20 degrees horizontal saccadic eye movements, i.e., latency, mean and maximum velocities, and duration were measured in 16 students under the influence of alcohol and also in a control situation. The experimental procedures were standardized and automated as much as possible. Latency (simple eye reaction time) was not influenced by alcohol in blood concentrations of 0.056--0.116%. Mean and maximum eye velocities decreased by about 9% and duration of saccades increased by 11%. The maximum changes occurred 90--120 min after the start of alcohol ingestion. The changes in velocities and durations correlated more closely with feelings of intoxication than with blood alcohol concentrations. There were great intra- and intersubject variations in reactions to alcohol. The close resemblance between the effects of certain psychotropic drugs, alcohol, fatigue, and decreased attention on eye movement control suggest that all these may act upon the same nervous structures in the brain stem.", "contents": "Acute effects of alcohol on saccadic eye movements. Four components of 20 degrees horizontal saccadic eye movements, i.e., latency, mean and maximum velocities, and duration were measured in 16 students under the influence of alcohol and also in a control situation. The experimental procedures were standardized and automated as much as possible. Latency (simple eye reaction time) was not influenced by alcohol in blood concentrations of 0.056--0.116%. Mean and maximum eye velocities decreased by about 9% and duration of saccades increased by 11%. The maximum changes occurred 90--120 min after the start of alcohol ingestion. The changes in velocities and durations correlated more closely with feelings of intoxication than with blood alcohol concentrations. There were great intra- and intersubject variations in reactions to alcohol. The close resemblance between the effects of certain psychotropic drugs, alcohol, fatigue, and decreased attention on eye movement control suggest that all these may act upon the same nervous structures in the brain stem.", "PMID": 112616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10262", "title": "Postnatal orotate treatment: effects on learning and memory in adult rats.", "content": "During the postnatal period, male Wistar rats were treated with orotate, either from the 6th to 15th, 16th to 25th, or 26th to 35th day of life. Learning and memory were tested in adulthood. Rats that received orotate from the 6th to 15th day showed a better retention of a learned brightness discrimination (Y-maze) than controls. An active avoidance (pole jumping) was learned more quickly by the rats orotate-treated from the 6th to 15th day than by controls. The spontaneous locomotor activity of previously orotate-treated rats was the same as in controls. Body weight measurements revealed no differences between orotate rats and control rats. The results suggest that memory retention in adulthood can be improved by postnatal orotate treatment.", "contents": "Postnatal orotate treatment: effects on learning and memory in adult rats. During the postnatal period, male Wistar rats were treated with orotate, either from the 6th to 15th, 16th to 25th, or 26th to 35th day of life. Learning and memory were tested in adulthood. Rats that received orotate from the 6th to 15th day showed a better retention of a learned brightness discrimination (Y-maze) than controls. An active avoidance (pole jumping) was learned more quickly by the rats orotate-treated from the 6th to 15th day than by controls. The spontaneous locomotor activity of previously orotate-treated rats was the same as in controls. Body weight measurements revealed no differences between orotate rats and control rats. The results suggest that memory retention in adulthood can be improved by postnatal orotate treatment.", "PMID": 112617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10263", "title": "Effects of chlordiazepoxide on maze performance of rats subjected to undernutrition in early life.", "content": "The purpose of this research was to study the isolated effects of and interactions between undernutrition and emotional reactivity upon maze performance in rats. This work compares the effects of chlordiazepoxide on learning performance in two groups of adult rats: one undernourished early in life and then rehabilitated, and the other normally nourished. Chlordiazepoxide was used at 5 mg/kg body weight administered i.p. 30 min before each test. The response was evaluated in a Hebb-Williams maze. Water was used as reinforcement. Chlordiazepoxide improved performance in the early undernourished group 197 +/- 55.9 errors to 149 +/- 33.6 (mean +/- SD). Chlordiazepoxide impaired performance of the normal group from 107 +/- 22.7 errors to 197 +/- 42.2 errors. Analysis of variance gave an F = 6.64, which is significant (P less than 0.01). This supports the hypothesis that the high emotional level of previously undernourished subjects acts negatively upon problem-solving performance.", "contents": "Effects of chlordiazepoxide on maze performance of rats subjected to undernutrition in early life. The purpose of this research was to study the isolated effects of and interactions between undernutrition and emotional reactivity upon maze performance in rats. This work compares the effects of chlordiazepoxide on learning performance in two groups of adult rats: one undernourished early in life and then rehabilitated, and the other normally nourished. Chlordiazepoxide was used at 5 mg/kg body weight administered i.p. 30 min before each test. The response was evaluated in a Hebb-Williams maze. Water was used as reinforcement. Chlordiazepoxide improved performance in the early undernourished group 197 +/- 55.9 errors to 149 +/- 33.6 (mean +/- SD). Chlordiazepoxide impaired performance of the normal group from 107 +/- 22.7 errors to 197 +/- 42.2 errors. Analysis of variance gave an F = 6.64, which is significant (P less than 0.01). This supports the hypothesis that the high emotional level of previously undernourished subjects acts negatively upon problem-solving performance.", "PMID": 112618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10264", "title": "An improved method for detecting drug effects in the open field.", "content": "A double test cross-over design was applied to the testing of rats in the open field. When used to examine the effects of atropine, chlorpromazine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on open field behaviour, this design proved 4--40 times more sensitive than the previously popular single test design. In no case was the double test design less sensitive. Results are discussed in relation to screening of medically useful compounds.", "contents": "An improved method for detecting drug effects in the open field. A double test cross-over design was applied to the testing of rats in the open field. When used to examine the effects of atropine, chlorpromazine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on open field behaviour, this design proved 4--40 times more sensitive than the previously popular single test design. In no case was the double test design less sensitive. Results are discussed in relation to screening of medically useful compounds.", "PMID": 112619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10265", "title": "Effect of lithium carbonate on memory processes of bipolar affectively ill patients.", "content": "The effect of long-term lithium carbonate treatment on parameters of immediate, short-, and long-term memory was examined in a group of bipolar affectively ill patients. The lithium treatment group recalled significantly fewer words across trials on a verbal learning task than a group of bipolar affectively ill patients receiving no medication. The ability to consistently recall material for which prior learning had been demonstrated was also decreased and accounted for most of the variance in total number of words recalled. Possible mechanisms of effect are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of lithium carbonate on memory processes of bipolar affectively ill patients. The effect of long-term lithium carbonate treatment on parameters of immediate, short-, and long-term memory was examined in a group of bipolar affectively ill patients. The lithium treatment group recalled significantly fewer words across trials on a verbal learning task than a group of bipolar affectively ill patients receiving no medication. The ability to consistently recall material for which prior learning had been demonstrated was also decreased and accounted for most of the variance in total number of words recalled. Possible mechanisms of effect are discussed.", "PMID": 112620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10266", "title": "Effects of chronic d-amphetamine treatment on schedule-controlled behavior.", "content": "The effect of d-amphetamine added to the drinking water on the rate of conditioned lever pressing by rats was determined using fixed-ratio 30 (FR-30) and fixed-interval 2-min (FI-2) schedules of food presentation. After 32 days of gradual increase in drug concentration the average drug ingestion was 13 mg/kg/day. In tests with various doses of d-amphetamine injected before and after the chronic ingestion regimen, the rate-decreasing effects of d-amphetamine on FR responding were attenuated after chronic treatment, indicating development of a two- to three-fold tolerance. However, the rate-decreasing effect of d-amphetamine on FI responding was not altered by chronic ingestion. Since acute amphetamine treatment reduced the reinforcement frequency under the FR but not the FI schedule, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that a 'behavioral tolerance' will develop most readily to drug effects that decrease the frequency of reinforcement. Upon removal of d-amphetamine from the drinking water there was some increase in the rate of FR responding, but no change in FI responding.", "contents": "Effects of chronic d-amphetamine treatment on schedule-controlled behavior. The effect of d-amphetamine added to the drinking water on the rate of conditioned lever pressing by rats was determined using fixed-ratio 30 (FR-30) and fixed-interval 2-min (FI-2) schedules of food presentation. After 32 days of gradual increase in drug concentration the average drug ingestion was 13 mg/kg/day. In tests with various doses of d-amphetamine injected before and after the chronic ingestion regimen, the rate-decreasing effects of d-amphetamine on FR responding were attenuated after chronic treatment, indicating development of a two- to three-fold tolerance. However, the rate-decreasing effect of d-amphetamine on FI responding was not altered by chronic ingestion. Since acute amphetamine treatment reduced the reinforcement frequency under the FR but not the FI schedule, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that a 'behavioral tolerance' will develop most readily to drug effects that decrease the frequency of reinforcement. Upon removal of d-amphetamine from the drinking water there was some increase in the rate of FR responding, but no change in FI responding.", "PMID": 112622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10267", "title": "Long-term nitrazepam treatment in psychiatric out-patients with insomnia.", "content": "Psychiatric patients (N = 26) were treated chronically (from 1 week to 12 years) with nitrazepam, because of insomnia. The patients gave their subjective estimations of the effects and side effects of nitrazepam. The concentrations of nitrazepam in the plasma were measured by 63Ni-EC-gas-liquid chromatography. The pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam were compared between the psychiatric patients and healthy volunteers (N = 11). The steady-state concentrations and the half-life of nitrazepam in the psychiatric patients were comparable to those of the healthy volunteers. The subjective hypnotic effect of nitrazepam was mostly good or satisfactory and remained unchanged during long-term treatment. Only a few, mild side effects were reported. Nitrazepam does not seem to cause enzyme induction with lowered plasma levels and may therefore be of special value in the treatment of chronic insomnia.", "contents": "Long-term nitrazepam treatment in psychiatric out-patients with insomnia. Psychiatric patients (N = 26) were treated chronically (from 1 week to 12 years) with nitrazepam, because of insomnia. The patients gave their subjective estimations of the effects and side effects of nitrazepam. The concentrations of nitrazepam in the plasma were measured by 63Ni-EC-gas-liquid chromatography. The pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam were compared between the psychiatric patients and healthy volunteers (N = 11). The steady-state concentrations and the half-life of nitrazepam in the psychiatric patients were comparable to those of the healthy volunteers. The subjective hypnotic effect of nitrazepam was mostly good or satisfactory and remained unchanged during long-term treatment. Only a few, mild side effects were reported. Nitrazepam does not seem to cause enzyme induction with lowered plasma levels and may therefore be of special value in the treatment of chronic insomnia.", "PMID": 112623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10268", "title": "A possible intraneuronal site of action of thymoleptics.", "content": "The uptake of catecholamines (CAs) into crude mitochondria preparations (P2 fractions) and vesicle preparations from rat hypothalamus and striatum were compared in terms of the inhibition by thymoleptics and other drugs. Thymoleptics preferentially inhibited the uptake of CAs into hypothalamic P2 fractions, while ATPase inhibitors preferentially inhibited the uptake of dopamine into striatal P2 fractions. When the preparation obtained from rats pretreated with reserpine was used, the preferential inhibition of hypothalamic uptake by thymoleptics was entirely abolished. When P2 fractions from both regions were incubated with 10(-6) M 14C-imipramine, the intrasynaptosomal distribution of labeled imipramine revealed its affinity not only to the synaptosomal membrane, but also to the synaptic vesicles. Accumulated 3H-norepinephrine (NE) could be released by a hypoosomotic shock from striatal P2 fractions, but not from hypothalamic P2 fractions. The ATP-Mg2+-dependent uptake of 3H-NE into the synaptic vesicles from rat brain stem was inhibited by desipramine. These results indicate that the inhibition of CA uptake by thymoleptics in the hypothalamus is predominantly due to the inhibition at the synpatic vesicle, while in the striatum the uptake at the synaptosomal membrane is predominantly inhibited.", "contents": "A possible intraneuronal site of action of thymoleptics. The uptake of catecholamines (CAs) into crude mitochondria preparations (P2 fractions) and vesicle preparations from rat hypothalamus and striatum were compared in terms of the inhibition by thymoleptics and other drugs. Thymoleptics preferentially inhibited the uptake of CAs into hypothalamic P2 fractions, while ATPase inhibitors preferentially inhibited the uptake of dopamine into striatal P2 fractions. When the preparation obtained from rats pretreated with reserpine was used, the preferential inhibition of hypothalamic uptake by thymoleptics was entirely abolished. When P2 fractions from both regions were incubated with 10(-6) M 14C-imipramine, the intrasynaptosomal distribution of labeled imipramine revealed its affinity not only to the synaptosomal membrane, but also to the synaptic vesicles. Accumulated 3H-norepinephrine (NE) could be released by a hypoosomotic shock from striatal P2 fractions, but not from hypothalamic P2 fractions. The ATP-Mg2+-dependent uptake of 3H-NE into the synaptic vesicles from rat brain stem was inhibited by desipramine. These results indicate that the inhibition of CA uptake by thymoleptics in the hypothalamus is predominantly due to the inhibition at the synpatic vesicle, while in the striatum the uptake at the synaptosomal membrane is predominantly inhibited.", "PMID": 112624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10269", "title": "Effects of nicotine administration and its withdrawal on plasma corticosterone and brain 5-hydroxyindoles.", "content": "The effects of nicotine administration and its withdrawal on the levels of brain hydroxyindoles and plasma corticosterone have been studied in the rat. Daily injections of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg s.c.) rapidly induced tolerance to the increase in plasma corticosterone seen in response to acute nicotine. Withdrawal of the drug from chronically treated animals caused a significant increase in plasma corticosterone. Hippocampal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was reduced in nicotine-treated rats, significantly so in those treated for more than 20 days. The 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) concentration in the hippocampus was also reduced by nicotine although this was not a consistent observation. Hypothalamic 5-hydroxyindoles were not affected by nicotine administration itself, but, if the drug was withdrawn, the concentration of 5-HT was increased after 5 days treatment. The changes in the hypothalamus and hippocampus appeared to be relatively specific since they differed from those seen in the rest of the brain. None of the effects could be related directly to changes in the plasma corticosterone concentration.", "contents": "Effects of nicotine administration and its withdrawal on plasma corticosterone and brain 5-hydroxyindoles. The effects of nicotine administration and its withdrawal on the levels of brain hydroxyindoles and plasma corticosterone have been studied in the rat. Daily injections of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg s.c.) rapidly induced tolerance to the increase in plasma corticosterone seen in response to acute nicotine. Withdrawal of the drug from chronically treated animals caused a significant increase in plasma corticosterone. Hippocampal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was reduced in nicotine-treated rats, significantly so in those treated for more than 20 days. The 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) concentration in the hippocampus was also reduced by nicotine although this was not a consistent observation. Hypothalamic 5-hydroxyindoles were not affected by nicotine administration itself, but, if the drug was withdrawn, the concentration of 5-HT was increased after 5 days treatment. The changes in the hypothalamus and hippocampus appeared to be relatively specific since they differed from those seen in the rest of the brain. None of the effects could be related directly to changes in the plasma corticosterone concentration.", "PMID": 112625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10270", "title": "Actions and interactions of cocaine on self-stimulation behavior in rats.", "content": "The effect of cocaine, over a dose range of 2--60 mg/kg, i.p., on self-stimulation (SS) behavior was studied in rats with electrodes either in the posterior hypothalamus (PH, monoaminergic) or the area ventralis tegmentum (A10, dopaminergic). The drug increased SS behavior with peak effects at 30 mg/kg in PH rats and 20 mg/kg in A10 rats. Azaperone (an alpha-adrenergic blocker) and haloperidol (an antidopaminergic neuroleptic) given at doses that did not affect baseline SS responses reduced cocaine-induced enhancement of SS in both PH and A10 rats, showing the involvement of both noradrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms in SS behavior. A scopolamine dose that itself facilitated SS responding enhanced the effect of cocaine on this behavior, thus suggesting an additional involvement of cholinergic mechanisms in cocaine effect.", "contents": "Actions and interactions of cocaine on self-stimulation behavior in rats. The effect of cocaine, over a dose range of 2--60 mg/kg, i.p., on self-stimulation (SS) behavior was studied in rats with electrodes either in the posterior hypothalamus (PH, monoaminergic) or the area ventralis tegmentum (A10, dopaminergic). The drug increased SS behavior with peak effects at 30 mg/kg in PH rats and 20 mg/kg in A10 rats. Azaperone (an alpha-adrenergic blocker) and haloperidol (an antidopaminergic neuroleptic) given at doses that did not affect baseline SS responses reduced cocaine-induced enhancement of SS in both PH and A10 rats, showing the involvement of both noradrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms in SS behavior. A scopolamine dose that itself facilitated SS responding enhanced the effect of cocaine on this behavior, thus suggesting an additional involvement of cholinergic mechanisms in cocaine effect.", "PMID": 112626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10271", "title": "Attenuating the rate-decreasing effects of phenylpiperidine analgesics by pentobarbital.", "content": "The ability of pentobarbital, diazepam, and chlorpromazine to attenuate the rate-decreasing effects of a high dose (10 or 30 mg/kg) of meperidine was tested in pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule of food presentation. Pentobarbital (10 mg/kg) attenuated the meperidine-induced rate decreases, whereas diazepam (0.3--3 mg/kg) or chlorpromazine (3--30 mg/kg) did not reliably attenuate the response rate decreases. The combination of 10 mg/kg of pentobarbital and meperidine resulted in a marked disruption of the pattern of responding in the fixed-interval component of the multiple schedule. Pentobarbital (1, 3, 10, and 17.5 mg/kg) was also tested in combination with rate-decreasing doses of normeperidine (17.5 mg/kg), anileridine (10 mg/kg), alphaprodine (10 mg/kg), and fentanyl (0.3 mg/kg). Pentobarbital reliably attenuated the rate-decreasing effects of normeperidine, anileridine, and alphaprodine, but not the rate decreases induced by fentanyl.", "contents": "Attenuating the rate-decreasing effects of phenylpiperidine analgesics by pentobarbital. The ability of pentobarbital, diazepam, and chlorpromazine to attenuate the rate-decreasing effects of a high dose (10 or 30 mg/kg) of meperidine was tested in pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule of food presentation. Pentobarbital (10 mg/kg) attenuated the meperidine-induced rate decreases, whereas diazepam (0.3--3 mg/kg) or chlorpromazine (3--30 mg/kg) did not reliably attenuate the response rate decreases. The combination of 10 mg/kg of pentobarbital and meperidine resulted in a marked disruption of the pattern of responding in the fixed-interval component of the multiple schedule. Pentobarbital (1, 3, 10, and 17.5 mg/kg) was also tested in combination with rate-decreasing doses of normeperidine (17.5 mg/kg), anileridine (10 mg/kg), alphaprodine (10 mg/kg), and fentanyl (0.3 mg/kg). Pentobarbital reliably attenuated the rate-decreasing effects of normeperidine, anileridine, and alphaprodine, but not the rate decreases induced by fentanyl.", "PMID": 112627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10272", "title": "Methadone-induced changes in the visual evoked response recorded from multiple sites in the cat brain.", "content": "Visual evoked responses (VERs) and EEG were recorded following the i.p. administration of five doses of methadone (0.5--4 mg/kg) to 12 adult cats, which were implanted with cortical and subcortical electrodes. Additional cats, subjected to the same drug regimen, were used to evaluate plasma methadone concentrations. Doses of methadone that produced plasma concentrations between 80 and 190 ng/ml differentially affected VERs recorded from cortical and subcortical sites. Of the subcortical structures evaluated, the limbic system, specifically the hippocampus, was the most sensitive to the effects of the drug. These effects appeared to be primarily depressant. Responses recorded from the reticular formation and centromedian were affected only by the highest dose of methadone, while VERs recorded from cortical sites were reliably altered following the two highest doses and appeared to reflect both excitation and depression. Behavioral changes, however, were clearly evidenced in some cats at lower doses of methadone. Therefore, the data suggest (1) that those structures evaluated electrophysiologically did not reflect the full force of the drug's action as evidenced by its effect on behavior, (2) that cortical and subcortical recording sites have differential sensitivities, and (3) that one clearly defined, principal size of action of methadone is absent in the cat.", "contents": "Methadone-induced changes in the visual evoked response recorded from multiple sites in the cat brain. Visual evoked responses (VERs) and EEG were recorded following the i.p. administration of five doses of methadone (0.5--4 mg/kg) to 12 adult cats, which were implanted with cortical and subcortical electrodes. Additional cats, subjected to the same drug regimen, were used to evaluate plasma methadone concentrations. Doses of methadone that produced plasma concentrations between 80 and 190 ng/ml differentially affected VERs recorded from cortical and subcortical sites. Of the subcortical structures evaluated, the limbic system, specifically the hippocampus, was the most sensitive to the effects of the drug. These effects appeared to be primarily depressant. Responses recorded from the reticular formation and centromedian were affected only by the highest dose of methadone, while VERs recorded from cortical sites were reliably altered following the two highest doses and appeared to reflect both excitation and depression. Behavioral changes, however, were clearly evidenced in some cats at lower doses of methadone. Therefore, the data suggest (1) that those structures evaluated electrophysiologically did not reflect the full force of the drug's action as evidenced by its effect on behavior, (2) that cortical and subcortical recording sites have differential sensitivities, and (3) that one clearly defined, principal size of action of methadone is absent in the cat.", "PMID": 112628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10273", "title": "Action of psychoactive drugs on sex-related differences of OF1 mice; intraspecific aggressiveness and acute hypoxia survival.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine (1) whether there were a relationship between the sex-related differences in 51-day-old OF1 mice, regarding male aggressiveness and their sensitivity to an acute hypoxic (nitrogen) 50% lethal challenge, and (2) whether these sex-related differences could be modified by psychoactive drugs acutely injected at nonincapacitating doses. The introduction of a previously isolated male in grouped (10) mice decreased survival to the hypoxic challenge more in females than in males. The previously isolated male, which acted as an 'aggressor' with grouped mice (fights and flights in male groups, and mounts in female groups), had a higher hypoxic mortality than the mice of the groups under aggression. Psychoactive drugs were intraperitoneally injected in grouped mice before the introduction of the male aggressor. Clorazepate (5 and 25 mg/kg) abolished the sex-related difference in hypoxic survival in groups in the presence of, but not in the absence of, the previously isolated male. Conversely, hydroxyzine (5 mg/kg) and dexamphetamine (1 mg/kg) suppressed the sex-related difference only in the absence of the aggressor. The effects of these drugs appeared to be associated more with flight than with fight reactions provoked by the introduction of the male aggressor. A deep hypothermia was noted in clorazepate-treated mice at the issue of the hypoxic challenge.", "contents": "Action of psychoactive drugs on sex-related differences of OF1 mice; intraspecific aggressiveness and acute hypoxia survival. The purpose of this study was to examine (1) whether there were a relationship between the sex-related differences in 51-day-old OF1 mice, regarding male aggressiveness and their sensitivity to an acute hypoxic (nitrogen) 50% lethal challenge, and (2) whether these sex-related differences could be modified by psychoactive drugs acutely injected at nonincapacitating doses. The introduction of a previously isolated male in grouped (10) mice decreased survival to the hypoxic challenge more in females than in males. The previously isolated male, which acted as an 'aggressor' with grouped mice (fights and flights in male groups, and mounts in female groups), had a higher hypoxic mortality than the mice of the groups under aggression. Psychoactive drugs were intraperitoneally injected in grouped mice before the introduction of the male aggressor. Clorazepate (5 and 25 mg/kg) abolished the sex-related difference in hypoxic survival in groups in the presence of, but not in the absence of, the previously isolated male. Conversely, hydroxyzine (5 mg/kg) and dexamphetamine (1 mg/kg) suppressed the sex-related difference only in the absence of the aggressor. The effects of these drugs appeared to be associated more with flight than with fight reactions provoked by the introduction of the male aggressor. A deep hypothermia was noted in clorazepate-treated mice at the issue of the hypoxic challenge.", "PMID": 112629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10274", "title": "Inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake by amitryptyline an zimelidine and its relationship to their therapeutic action.", "content": "Amitriptyline and zimelidine significantly reduce the uptake of 5-HT into the blood platelets of depressive patients. The degree of inhibition is significantly correlated with the plasma drug level of amitriptyline. No significant relationship could be detected between the degree of inhibition of uptake and therapeutic outcome. The accepted mode of action of tricyclic antidepressant drugs and the deficiency hypotheses of affective disorders are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake by amitryptyline an zimelidine and its relationship to their therapeutic action. Amitriptyline and zimelidine significantly reduce the uptake of 5-HT into the blood platelets of depressive patients. The degree of inhibition is significantly correlated with the plasma drug level of amitriptyline. No significant relationship could be detected between the degree of inhibition of uptake and therapeutic outcome. The accepted mode of action of tricyclic antidepressant drugs and the deficiency hypotheses of affective disorders are discussed.", "PMID": 112630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10275", "title": "Dimethylaminoethanol (deanol): effect on apomorphine-induced stereotypy and an animal model of tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) was administered acutely to rats subsequently injected with spomorphine. A dose of 80 mg of DMAE had no effect on the severity of apomorphine-induced stereotypy. However, 160 mg of DMAE significantly diminished the severity of apomorphine-induced stereotypy. This dose of DMAE did not significantly alter spontaneous locomotor activity. DMAE did not reduced apomorphine-induced stereotypy in animals previously exposed to haloperidol and presumed to have postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity. These results with DMAE are contrasted with the effects of choline chloride, and suggest that choline chloride may be more effective than DMAE at augmenting striatal cholinergic activity.", "contents": "Dimethylaminoethanol (deanol): effect on apomorphine-induced stereotypy and an animal model of tardive dyskinesia. Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) was administered acutely to rats subsequently injected with spomorphine. A dose of 80 mg of DMAE had no effect on the severity of apomorphine-induced stereotypy. However, 160 mg of DMAE significantly diminished the severity of apomorphine-induced stereotypy. This dose of DMAE did not significantly alter spontaneous locomotor activity. DMAE did not reduced apomorphine-induced stereotypy in animals previously exposed to haloperidol and presumed to have postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity. These results with DMAE are contrasted with the effects of choline chloride, and suggest that choline chloride may be more effective than DMAE at augmenting striatal cholinergic activity.", "PMID": 112632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10276", "title": "Lithium administration antagonizes cholinergic behavioral effects in rodents.", "content": "Physostigmine, a centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitor, antagonizes methylphenidate-induced stereotyped gnawing behavior in mice and rats. This effect is significantly attenuated when lithium chloride is concurrently administered, indicating that lithium chloride may antagonize central cholinergic activity. This observation may have theoretical implications for an adrenergic-cholinergic balance hypothesis of affective disorders.", "contents": "Lithium administration antagonizes cholinergic behavioral effects in rodents. Physostigmine, a centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitor, antagonizes methylphenidate-induced stereotyped gnawing behavior in mice and rats. This effect is significantly attenuated when lithium chloride is concurrently administered, indicating that lithium chloride may antagonize central cholinergic activity. This observation may have theoretical implications for an adrenergic-cholinergic balance hypothesis of affective disorders.", "PMID": 112633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10277", "title": "Rats bred for ethanol sensitivity: impairment of swimming by ethanol and pentobarbital.", "content": "Rats selectively bred for disparate degrees of ethanol-induced depression of spontaneous locomotor activity ('most affected' = MA; 'least affected' = LA) were trained on a swim task. Undrugged rats of the MA line swam significantly faster than rats of the LA line. Ethanol, 0.0--2.25 g/kg i.p., produced dose-dependent increases in swim time in rats of the 13 generation (F13). Averaged over trials, these increases were greater in LA than in MA rats and greater in males than in females, but there was no sex difference in peak impairment. Increases in swin time were uncorrelated with predrug performance. These findings were confirmed in younger F17 rats receiving 1.75 g EtOH/kg i.p. Although the lines differed in ethanol-induced impairment, F17 males of the two lines were not differentially impaired by pentobarbital (12.5--22.5 mg/kg, i.p.). The existence of task-dependent line differences in ethanol sensitivity emphasizes the nonunitary nature of ethanol-induced 'behavioral depression.'", "contents": "Rats bred for ethanol sensitivity: impairment of swimming by ethanol and pentobarbital. Rats selectively bred for disparate degrees of ethanol-induced depression of spontaneous locomotor activity ('most affected' = MA; 'least affected' = LA) were trained on a swim task. Undrugged rats of the MA line swam significantly faster than rats of the LA line. Ethanol, 0.0--2.25 g/kg i.p., produced dose-dependent increases in swim time in rats of the 13 generation (F13). Averaged over trials, these increases were greater in LA than in MA rats and greater in males than in females, but there was no sex difference in peak impairment. Increases in swin time were uncorrelated with predrug performance. These findings were confirmed in younger F17 rats receiving 1.75 g EtOH/kg i.p. Although the lines differed in ethanol-induced impairment, F17 males of the two lines were not differentially impaired by pentobarbital (12.5--22.5 mg/kg, i.p.). The existence of task-dependent line differences in ethanol sensitivity emphasizes the nonunitary nature of ethanol-induced 'behavioral depression.'", "PMID": 112634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10278", "title": "Interaction between delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and morphine on the motor activity of mice.", "content": "The present experiments dealt the effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on the locomotor activity stimulating action of morphine in mice. In the first series of experiments, the pretreatments of mice by THC in doses up to 20 mg/kg have been found to potentiate the morphine-induced hyperactivity in dose-dependent manner, but higher doses of THC did not produce such an action. In the second series of experiments the dose-response curve of morphine for the motor activity has been found to shift to the left by the pretreatment of mice with 10 mg/kg of THC. These results show a synergism between morphine and THC and suggest that both drugs may share some common site of action.", "contents": "Interaction between delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and morphine on the motor activity of mice. The present experiments dealt the effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on the locomotor activity stimulating action of morphine in mice. In the first series of experiments, the pretreatments of mice by THC in doses up to 20 mg/kg have been found to potentiate the morphine-induced hyperactivity in dose-dependent manner, but higher doses of THC did not produce such an action. In the second series of experiments the dose-response curve of morphine for the motor activity has been found to shift to the left by the pretreatment of mice with 10 mg/kg of THC. These results show a synergism between morphine and THC and suggest that both drugs may share some common site of action.", "PMID": 112635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10279", "title": "Effect of an inhibitor of dopamin-beta-hydroxylase on the acquistion and retention of four different avoidance tasks in mice.", "content": "The effect of [bis-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)-disulfide] (FLA-63) (40 mg/kg, i.p.) on acquisition and retention in four different avoidance tasks was evaluated in mice. In all tasks animals were submitted to a training session on one day and to a retest session 24 h later. The drug or its vehicle were given either 2 h prior to training and/or retest (pretrial treatments) or immediately after the end of the training session (posttrial treatments). Two hours after injection, FLA-63 was found to lower brain norepinephrine (NE) levels by 51% without affecting those of dopamine (DA). Pretrial administration of the drug resulted in poorer performance of step-through and step-down passive avoidance as well as of step-up active avoidance in retest sessions. There was no apparent posttrial effect of the drug nor any effect on acquisition in these tasks. The drug was without influence on either acquisition or retention in an any-way passive avoidance task in which the response required from the animals was immobility. No evidence for state-dependent learning was detected in any of the tasks. The data are consistent with the hypothesis of an involvement of NE either in memory processes or in events parallel and related to memory processes. The present results rule out, however, several such possible parallel events (effects on acquisition, motor disturbances, and effects on reactivity to shocks).", "contents": "Effect of an inhibitor of dopamin-beta-hydroxylase on the acquistion and retention of four different avoidance tasks in mice. The effect of [bis-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)-disulfide] (FLA-63) (40 mg/kg, i.p.) on acquisition and retention in four different avoidance tasks was evaluated in mice. In all tasks animals were submitted to a training session on one day and to a retest session 24 h later. The drug or its vehicle were given either 2 h prior to training and/or retest (pretrial treatments) or immediately after the end of the training session (posttrial treatments). Two hours after injection, FLA-63 was found to lower brain norepinephrine (NE) levels by 51% without affecting those of dopamine (DA). Pretrial administration of the drug resulted in poorer performance of step-through and step-down passive avoidance as well as of step-up active avoidance in retest sessions. There was no apparent posttrial effect of the drug nor any effect on acquisition in these tasks. The drug was without influence on either acquisition or retention in an any-way passive avoidance task in which the response required from the animals was immobility. No evidence for state-dependent learning was detected in any of the tasks. The data are consistent with the hypothesis of an involvement of NE either in memory processes or in events parallel and related to memory processes. The present results rule out, however, several such possible parallel events (effects on acquisition, motor disturbances, and effects on reactivity to shocks).", "PMID": 112636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10280", "title": "Binding of imipramine to plasma protein and to brain tissue: relationship to CSF tricyclic levels in man.", "content": "The possible clinical significance of the plasma protein binding of tricyclic antidepressants has been evaluated using imipramine (IMI), a typical tricyclic. Using equilibrium dialysis, the in vitro binding of IMI to plasma was compared to that of brain tissue. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IMI was used as an independent measure of 'free' drug in the central nervous system. Intrinsic metabolic clearances were calculated on the basis of steady-state plasma IMI concentrations. There were three significant results: (1) variations in plasma binding are not great; (2) plasma protein binding does not limit the entry of IMI into the CSF; (3) variations in metabolism (intrinsic clearance) account for almost all variations in CSF concentrations of drug. It is concluded that measurement of free tricyclic antidepressant is not indicated in studies of clinical efficacy.", "contents": "Binding of imipramine to plasma protein and to brain tissue: relationship to CSF tricyclic levels in man. The possible clinical significance of the plasma protein binding of tricyclic antidepressants has been evaluated using imipramine (IMI), a typical tricyclic. Using equilibrium dialysis, the in vitro binding of IMI to plasma was compared to that of brain tissue. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IMI was used as an independent measure of 'free' drug in the central nervous system. Intrinsic metabolic clearances were calculated on the basis of steady-state plasma IMI concentrations. There were three significant results: (1) variations in plasma binding are not great; (2) plasma protein binding does not limit the entry of IMI into the CSF; (3) variations in metabolism (intrinsic clearance) account for almost all variations in CSF concentrations of drug. It is concluded that measurement of free tricyclic antidepressant is not indicated in studies of clinical efficacy.", "PMID": 112637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10281", "title": "Circadian variations in the effect of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine on avoidance learning.", "content": "Circadian variations in alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine's (alpha MT) disruption of active avoidance acquisition were studied, alpha MT administered between 11.0 and 13.00 h, 17.00 and 19.00 h and 23.00 and 01.00 h impaired learning, but alpha MT administered between 05.00 and 07.00 h did not impair learning. The time of alpha MT ineffectiveness corresponds with the reported circadian peak in brain catecholamines, suggesting that the circadian susceptibility rhythm of alpha MT depends upon circadian fluctuations of brain catecholamines.", "contents": "Circadian variations in the effect of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine on avoidance learning. Circadian variations in alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine's (alpha MT) disruption of active avoidance acquisition were studied, alpha MT administered between 11.0 and 13.00 h, 17.00 and 19.00 h and 23.00 and 01.00 h impaired learning, but alpha MT administered between 05.00 and 07.00 h did not impair learning. The time of alpha MT ineffectiveness corresponds with the reported circadian peak in brain catecholamines, suggesting that the circadian susceptibility rhythm of alpha MT depends upon circadian fluctuations of brain catecholamines.", "PMID": 112638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10282", "title": "Gamma-ray spectrometry of humans at the University of Utah.", "content": "A human total-body counter was designed and built with two 20 X 10 cm NaI (Tl) crystals suspended over an \"isoresponse surface\" upon which the subject reclines. This surface is curved from head to knee and from left to right, so that a gamma-ray emitting object is detected with equal efficiency when placed anywhere upon it. The positioner and detectors are housed in a low background enclosure constructed of steel 31 cm thick with a graded inner lining of lead + cadmium + copper. Calibration of the system was accomplished by administering trace amounts of various radionuclides to 48 human subjects of various sizes, ranging in age from 4--80 years. Counting rates per retained muCi at 0.53, 0.66, 1.53, and 2.75 MeV (83Rb, 137Cs, 42K, and 24Na) were determined as a function of body size and were compared with counting rates per muCi of corresponding emitters centered in a polyethylene cylinder of radius 10.3 cm. Limits of detection, corresponding to three times the standard deviation of a 50 min background, were 170 nCi 90Sr (via Bremsstrahlung X-rays), 0.78 nCi 131I, 0.48 nCi 83Rb, 0.52 nCi 137 Cs, 4.9 nCi 40K (or 5.8 g of natural potassium) and 1.7 nCi 222Rn.", "contents": "Gamma-ray spectrometry of humans at the University of Utah. A human total-body counter was designed and built with two 20 X 10 cm NaI (Tl) crystals suspended over an \"isoresponse surface\" upon which the subject reclines. This surface is curved from head to knee and from left to right, so that a gamma-ray emitting object is detected with equal efficiency when placed anywhere upon it. The positioner and detectors are housed in a low background enclosure constructed of steel 31 cm thick with a graded inner lining of lead + cadmium + copper. Calibration of the system was accomplished by administering trace amounts of various radionuclides to 48 human subjects of various sizes, ranging in age from 4--80 years. Counting rates per retained muCi at 0.53, 0.66, 1.53, and 2.75 MeV (83Rb, 137Cs, 42K, and 24Na) were determined as a function of body size and were compared with counting rates per muCi of corresponding emitters centered in a polyethylene cylinder of radius 10.3 cm. Limits of detection, corresponding to three times the standard deviation of a 50 min background, were 170 nCi 90Sr (via Bremsstrahlung X-rays), 0.78 nCi 131I, 0.48 nCi 83Rb, 0.52 nCi 137 Cs, 4.9 nCi 40K (or 5.8 g of natural potassium) and 1.7 nCi 222Rn.", "PMID": 112640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10283", "title": "Incidence of cataracts in rhesus monkeys treated with whole-body irradiation.", "content": "The incidence of cataract formation was investigated in rhesus monkeys exposed to different doses of whole-body irradiation. Application of 850-900 rad (8.5-9 Gy) caused cataracts in 17% of the monkeys within 3 years after treatment; after 10 to 15 years, incidence increased to 100%. \"Young\" lenses showed a significantly lower incidence than \"adult\" lenses, although no differences in the stage of cataractogenesis could be demonstrated. Sex differences did not play a role in incidence and severity of cataracts. Lower doses (400 rad or 4 Gy) did not cause cataracts. In view of the close similarity between monkeys and humans, these results indicate that a single dose of 850-900 rad, sometimes employed in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in children, carries a strong risk of cataract development.", "contents": "Incidence of cataracts in rhesus monkeys treated with whole-body irradiation. The incidence of cataract formation was investigated in rhesus monkeys exposed to different doses of whole-body irradiation. Application of 850-900 rad (8.5-9 Gy) caused cataracts in 17% of the monkeys within 3 years after treatment; after 10 to 15 years, incidence increased to 100%. \"Young\" lenses showed a significantly lower incidence than \"adult\" lenses, although no differences in the stage of cataractogenesis could be demonstrated. Sex differences did not play a role in incidence and severity of cataracts. Lower doses (400 rad or 4 Gy) did not cause cataracts. In view of the close similarity between monkeys and humans, these results indicate that a single dose of 850-900 rad, sometimes employed in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in children, carries a strong risk of cataract development.", "PMID": 112646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10284", "title": "A technique for scatter dose calculation.", "content": "The intent of this article is twofold: to gain a basic understanding of radiotherapy dosimetric techniques that separate primary radiation dose from tissue scatter dose, and to introduce the use of a polar grid to simplify manual calculation of scatter dose in irregularly blocked fields. This technique requires the introduction of a new term, 'scatter-pixel,' which is defined in terms of more familiar expressions. Finally, the polar grid technique is evaluated against measured data for various cases of blocking and contour fall-off.", "contents": "A technique for scatter dose calculation. The intent of this article is twofold: to gain a basic understanding of radiotherapy dosimetric techniques that separate primary radiation dose from tissue scatter dose, and to introduce the use of a polar grid to simplify manual calculation of scatter dose in irregularly blocked fields. This technique requires the introduction of a new term, 'scatter-pixel,' which is defined in terms of more familiar expressions. Finally, the polar grid technique is evaluated against measured data for various cases of blocking and contour fall-off.", "PMID": 112645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10285", "title": "Inactivation of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) by lipoxidase.", "content": "Lipoxidase (E.C.1.13.1.13) inactivates rat SRS-A. The inactivation is time, temperature, and concentration-dependent. Linoleic acid and eicosatetraynoic acid inhibit the enzymatic deactivation of the mediator. It is concluded that SRS-A is a genuine substrate for lipoxidase and contains a cis, cis-1, 4-pentadiene structure. It is suggested that lipoxidase could play a major role in tissue removal of the mediator during hypersensitivity reactions.", "contents": "Inactivation of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) by lipoxidase. Lipoxidase (E.C.1.13.1.13) inactivates rat SRS-A. The inactivation is time, temperature, and concentration-dependent. Linoleic acid and eicosatetraynoic acid inhibit the enzymatic deactivation of the mediator. It is concluded that SRS-A is a genuine substrate for lipoxidase and contains a cis, cis-1, 4-pentadiene structure. It is suggested that lipoxidase could play a major role in tissue removal of the mediator during hypersensitivity reactions.", "PMID": 112651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10286", "title": "[The clinical, radiological and epidemiological aspects of duodenal diverticula (author's transl)].", "content": "Ninety-five cases of duodenal divertigestive apparatus. The epidemiological, clinical and radiological features of this form are discussed with particular reference to its complications and associated diseases. The indications for surgery are examined and several cases are presented, along with their radiographical pictures.", "contents": "[The clinical, radiological and epidemiological aspects of duodenal diverticula (author's transl)]. Ninety-five cases of duodenal divertigestive apparatus. The epidemiological, clinical and radiological features of this form are discussed with particular reference to its complications and associated diseases. The indications for surgery are examined and several cases are presented, along with their radiographical pictures.", "PMID": 112652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10287", "title": "Immunologic and morphologic effects of cryosurgery of the monkey (macaque) prostate.", "content": "A reduction in size of the Macaque prostate following single and multiple in situ freezings was accompanied by histologic alterations, which occurred predominately in the caudal lobe and were characterized by what appeared to be specific periacinar foci of lymphocytic infiltrates. These lymphocytes were observed to infiltrate onto acinar epithelial cells, resulting in their subsequent separation from the basal lamina and epithelial destruction. Other histologic alterations were in consonance with studies of the prostate following cryosurgery by others. Circulating antibodies specific for prostate were present in only one of the seven animals at the time at which these histologic observations were made. These observations suggest the possible development of a cellular immunologic response following cryosurgery of the prostate. The relevancy of these observations to those obtained following cryoprostatectomy in man and other species is considered. Pending confirmation, they may be of potential significance in providing an explanation of reported cases of eradication of human prostatic carcinomas following cryotherapy.", "contents": "Immunologic and morphologic effects of cryosurgery of the monkey (macaque) prostate. A reduction in size of the Macaque prostate following single and multiple in situ freezings was accompanied by histologic alterations, which occurred predominately in the caudal lobe and were characterized by what appeared to be specific periacinar foci of lymphocytic infiltrates. These lymphocytes were observed to infiltrate onto acinar epithelial cells, resulting in their subsequent separation from the basal lamina and epithelial destruction. Other histologic alterations were in consonance with studies of the prostate following cryosurgery by others. Circulating antibodies specific for prostate were present in only one of the seven animals at the time at which these histologic observations were made. These observations suggest the possible development of a cellular immunologic response following cryosurgery of the prostate. The relevancy of these observations to those obtained following cryoprostatectomy in man and other species is considered. Pending confirmation, they may be of potential significance in providing an explanation of reported cases of eradication of human prostatic carcinomas following cryotherapy.", "PMID": 112655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10288", "title": "Protective effect of ketotifen and disodium cromoglycate against bronchoconstriction induced by aspirin, benzoic acid or tartrazine in intolerant asthmatics.", "content": "Oral challenge tests with acetylsalicylic acid, tartrazine or benzoic acid were performed in 7 intolerant asthmatic patients after a 3-day treatment with either orally taken ketotifen (1 mg twice daily) or inhaled disodium cromoglycate (20 mg four times daily) at random. Protection was noted with ketotifen in 5, with DSCG in 3 patients. On the evaluation of the mean percentage of the maximum decline in the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) only ketotifen afforded significant protection statistically (p less than 0.05). All the intolerant asthmatics studies showed, as an immunological abnormity, a slight, but significant decrease of the C1-inhibitor levels. Moreover, in three out of these the alpha 1-antitrypsin serum values were under the lower normal range.", "contents": "Protective effect of ketotifen and disodium cromoglycate against bronchoconstriction induced by aspirin, benzoic acid or tartrazine in intolerant asthmatics. Oral challenge tests with acetylsalicylic acid, tartrazine or benzoic acid were performed in 7 intolerant asthmatic patients after a 3-day treatment with either orally taken ketotifen (1 mg twice daily) or inhaled disodium cromoglycate (20 mg four times daily) at random. Protection was noted with ketotifen in 5, with DSCG in 3 patients. On the evaluation of the mean percentage of the maximum decline in the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) only ketotifen afforded significant protection statistically (p less than 0.05). All the intolerant asthmatics studies showed, as an immunological abnormity, a slight, but significant decrease of the C1-inhibitor levels. Moreover, in three out of these the alpha 1-antitrypsin serum values were under the lower normal range.", "PMID": 112656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10289", "title": "[Temporal post-traumatic epilepsy: corticographic and ultrastructural study of a case].", "content": "A case of post-traumatic temporal epilepsy, submitted to a temporal lobectomy, is reported. During surgery, electrocorticography was carried out in order to differentiate epileptic areas from normal tissue. The ultrastructural study of nervous tissue removed from both normal and epileptogenic areas showed diffuse and aspecific process of neuronal alterations without a correlation to the electrographic epileptic areas. The importance of trauma in the evolution of these alterations is discussed.", "contents": "[Temporal post-traumatic epilepsy: corticographic and ultrastructural study of a case]. A case of post-traumatic temporal epilepsy, submitted to a temporal lobectomy, is reported. During surgery, electrocorticography was carried out in order to differentiate epileptic areas from normal tissue. The ultrastructural study of nervous tissue removed from both normal and epileptogenic areas showed diffuse and aspecific process of neuronal alterations without a correlation to the electrographic epileptic areas. The importance of trauma in the evolution of these alterations is discussed.", "PMID": 112666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10290", "title": "[Epilepsy and pregnancy: preliminary studies].", "content": "The study concerns 17 clinical cases of epilepsy during the progress of 32 pregnancies. It is reported the frequency variations of epileptic fits, the eventual pharmacological adjustments and also some parameters of influence on the newborn. The result are briefly argued.", "contents": "[Epilepsy and pregnancy: preliminary studies]. The study concerns 17 clinical cases of epilepsy during the progress of 32 pregnancies. It is reported the frequency variations of epileptic fits, the eventual pharmacological adjustments and also some parameters of influence on the newborn. The result are briefly argued.", "PMID": 112667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10291", "title": "[Proteolytic enzymes in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The paper is a review of the literature on the role of proteolytic enzymes in the human and experimental demyelinating diseases.", "contents": "[Proteolytic enzymes in multiple sclerosis]. The paper is a review of the literature on the role of proteolytic enzymes in the human and experimental demyelinating diseases.", "PMID": 112668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10292", "title": "Use of a macrophage cytotoxicity system to show macrophage activation by Listeria monocytogenes cell wall fraction.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine whether a partially purified listeria cell wall fraction could stimulate macrophages to high levels of activation. To detect activation of macrophages, a macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity system were established. The data demonstrate that listeria cell wall components are capable of activating thioglycollate-induced adherent peritoneal exudate cells to be cytotoxic for 51Cr-labelled target tumour cells, and that the listeria fraction is as effective as bacterial lipopolysaccharide in inducing cytotoxicity. The listeria fraction can also induce peritoneal exudate cells from congenitally thymusless nude mice to become cytotoxic, suggesting that mature T cells are not required. Furthermore, thioglycollate-induced adherent peritoneal exudate cells from mice hyperimmunized to live Listeria organisms are already stimulated to be cytotoxic for tumour cells, and do not need to be activated in vitro. Additional data are presented which characterize the system. These data demonstrate that a critical concentration of adherent peritoneal cells is required for in vitro activation. Moreover, only peritoneal cells induced with aged batches of thioglycollate, and not uniduced peritoneal cells or those induced with fresh thioglycollate or with protease peptone can be activated in vitro to kill tumour cells. Evidence is presented which suggests that the cytotoxic cell is a macrophage.", "contents": "Use of a macrophage cytotoxicity system to show macrophage activation by Listeria monocytogenes cell wall fraction. Experiments were conducted to determine whether a partially purified listeria cell wall fraction could stimulate macrophages to high levels of activation. To detect activation of macrophages, a macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity system were established. The data demonstrate that listeria cell wall components are capable of activating thioglycollate-induced adherent peritoneal exudate cells to be cytotoxic for 51Cr-labelled target tumour cells, and that the listeria fraction is as effective as bacterial lipopolysaccharide in inducing cytotoxicity. The listeria fraction can also induce peritoneal exudate cells from congenitally thymusless nude mice to become cytotoxic, suggesting that mature T cells are not required. Furthermore, thioglycollate-induced adherent peritoneal exudate cells from mice hyperimmunized to live Listeria organisms are already stimulated to be cytotoxic for tumour cells, and do not need to be activated in vitro. Additional data are presented which characterize the system. These data demonstrate that a critical concentration of adherent peritoneal cells is required for in vitro activation. Moreover, only peritoneal cells induced with aged batches of thioglycollate, and not uniduced peritoneal cells or those induced with fresh thioglycollate or with protease peptone can be activated in vitro to kill tumour cells. Evidence is presented which suggests that the cytotoxic cell is a macrophage.", "PMID": 112673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10293", "title": "The immune response to the alpha 1-6 epitope of dextran is determined by a gene linked to the IgCH locus.", "content": "There is a marked strain variability in the immune response against the alpha 1-6 epitope of dextran B512. Responsiveness was independent of the H-2 genotype of the strains but completely determined by the IgCH allotypes of the strains. Thus, IgCHb and IgCHj allotypes characteristic of C57BL and CBA strains, respectively, determined high responsiveness, whereas strains possessing all other allotypes studied were low responders. Backcross analysis indicated that a gene(s) determined responsiveness and that this gene was linked to allotypes of the IgCH locus. F1 hybrids between high and low responder strains always gave a response, but the number of plaque-forming cells was approximately half of that obtained in the high responder strains.", "contents": "The immune response to the alpha 1-6 epitope of dextran is determined by a gene linked to the IgCH locus. There is a marked strain variability in the immune response against the alpha 1-6 epitope of dextran B512. Responsiveness was independent of the H-2 genotype of the strains but completely determined by the IgCH allotypes of the strains. Thus, IgCHb and IgCHj allotypes characteristic of C57BL and CBA strains, respectively, determined high responsiveness, whereas strains possessing all other allotypes studied were low responders. Backcross analysis indicated that a gene(s) determined responsiveness and that this gene was linked to allotypes of the IgCH locus. F1 hybrids between high and low responder strains always gave a response, but the number of plaque-forming cells was approximately half of that obtained in the high responder strains.", "PMID": 112674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10294", "title": "Efficient conjugation of rabbit Fab' with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "An efficient procedure for the conjugation of rabbit Fab' with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli using N,N-o-phenylenedimaleimide is described. Thiol groups of Fab' were stabilized by the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and malemide groups were shown to be stable at pH 5 at 4 degrees C. The stability of thiol and maleimide groups enabled an efficient introduction of maleimide groups into Fab' and the average number of maleimide groups introduced into Fab' was 0.76 (range 0.73-0.79; n = 10) per molecule. As a result, 43.4% (range 41.3-46.9%; n = 6) of Fab' used could be conjugated with most of beta-D-galactosidase used. The average number of Fab' molecules conjugated per enzyme molecule was calculated to be 4.2 (range 4.0-4.6; n = 6). Both the enzyme and antibody activities were well preserved in the conjugate. There was no self-coupling of Fab', although the enzyme was polymerized to some extent during the conjugation reaction. The enzyme activity and cross-link in the conjugate was stable at pH 6.0-7.0 at 4 degrees C for at least 3 months.", "contents": "Efficient conjugation of rabbit Fab' with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. An efficient procedure for the conjugation of rabbit Fab' with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli using N,N-o-phenylenedimaleimide is described. Thiol groups of Fab' were stabilized by the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and malemide groups were shown to be stable at pH 5 at 4 degrees C. The stability of thiol and maleimide groups enabled an efficient introduction of maleimide groups into Fab' and the average number of maleimide groups introduced into Fab' was 0.76 (range 0.73-0.79; n = 10) per molecule. As a result, 43.4% (range 41.3-46.9%; n = 6) of Fab' used could be conjugated with most of beta-D-galactosidase used. The average number of Fab' molecules conjugated per enzyme molecule was calculated to be 4.2 (range 4.0-4.6; n = 6). Both the enzyme and antibody activities were well preserved in the conjugate. There was no self-coupling of Fab', although the enzyme was polymerized to some extent during the conjugation reaction. The enzyme activity and cross-link in the conjugate was stable at pH 6.0-7.0 at 4 degrees C for at least 3 months.", "PMID": 112675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10295", "title": "Formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds in corn-bread inoculated with fungi.", "content": "DMNA, DENA and MBNA are formed in corn-bread which has been inoculated with the most common species of fungi found in foodstuffs of Lin Xian County, Henan Province, such as F. moniliforme, A. flavus and others, and then, added with small amount of NaNO2 after a few days of incubation. These carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds can induce cancer of the liver or/and esophagus in experimental animals. Results of the present study show the capability of some fungi to produce chemical carcinogens as well as mycotoxins in contaminated food, and thus, open a new field of research in cancer etiology.", "contents": "Formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds in corn-bread inoculated with fungi. DMNA, DENA and MBNA are formed in corn-bread which has been inoculated with the most common species of fungi found in foodstuffs of Lin Xian County, Henan Province, such as F. moniliforme, A. flavus and others, and then, added with small amount of NaNO2 after a few days of incubation. These carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds can induce cancer of the liver or/and esophagus in experimental animals. Results of the present study show the capability of some fungi to produce chemical carcinogens as well as mycotoxins in contaminated food, and thus, open a new field of research in cancer etiology.", "PMID": 112676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10296", "title": "A new N-nitroso compound, N-3-methylbutyl-N-1-methylacetonylnitrosamine, in corn-bread inoculated with fungi.", "content": "A new N--nitroso compound, N--1--methylacetonyl--N--3--methylbutylnitrosamine (MAMBNA) is found in corn-bread inoculated with the common fungi, such as Fusarium moniliforme, Geotrichun candidum, Aspergillus terreus or A. flavipes, encountered in food of Lin Xian County, Henan Province. The preliminary identification of this compound with TLC has been confirmed by GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, we have synthesized the MAMBNA and the chemical analysis shows that it is identical with the MAMBNA isolated from the corn-bread extract. In addition to the MAMBNA, dimethylnitrosamine, diethylnitrosamine and methylbenzylnitrosamine are formed also in the fungus-inoculated corn-bread after 8-day incubation and an addition of a small amount of sodium nitrite. The presence of precursor compounds for the formation of nitrosamine in the mouldy maize flour and their significance in respect to the etiology of esophageal cancer in high-risk areas have been discussed.", "contents": "A new N-nitroso compound, N-3-methylbutyl-N-1-methylacetonylnitrosamine, in corn-bread inoculated with fungi. A new N--nitroso compound, N--1--methylacetonyl--N--3--methylbutylnitrosamine (MAMBNA) is found in corn-bread inoculated with the common fungi, such as Fusarium moniliforme, Geotrichun candidum, Aspergillus terreus or A. flavipes, encountered in food of Lin Xian County, Henan Province. The preliminary identification of this compound with TLC has been confirmed by GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, we have synthesized the MAMBNA and the chemical analysis shows that it is identical with the MAMBNA isolated from the corn-bread extract. In addition to the MAMBNA, dimethylnitrosamine, diethylnitrosamine and methylbenzylnitrosamine are formed also in the fungus-inoculated corn-bread after 8-day incubation and an addition of a small amount of sodium nitrite. The presence of precursor compounds for the formation of nitrosamine in the mouldy maize flour and their significance in respect to the etiology of esophageal cancer in high-risk areas have been discussed.", "PMID": 112677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10297", "title": "Temperature dependence of ADH-induced water flow and intramembranous particle aggregates in toad bladder.", "content": "Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-induced luminal intramembranous particle aggregates and hormonally stimulated water flow in toad urinary bladder are reduced simultaneously with a reduction in temperature. When water movement is factored by the aggregation response, the apparent activation energy for this process decreases from 12.1 +/- 1.6 to 3.0 +/- 2.3 kilocalories per mole. The data are consistent with the view that the particle aggregates contain sites for transmembrane water movement and that these sites behave as pores.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of ADH-induced water flow and intramembranous particle aggregates in toad bladder. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-induced luminal intramembranous particle aggregates and hormonally stimulated water flow in toad urinary bladder are reduced simultaneously with a reduction in temperature. When water movement is factored by the aggregation response, the apparent activation energy for this process decreases from 12.1 +/- 1.6 to 3.0 +/- 2.3 kilocalories per mole. The data are consistent with the view that the particle aggregates contain sites for transmembrane water movement and that these sites behave as pores.", "PMID": 112678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10298", "title": "Cognitive deficit caused by regional depletion of dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkey.", "content": "Depletion of dopamine in a circumscribed area of association cortex in rhesus monkeys produces an impairment in spatial delayed alternation performance nearly as severe as that caused by surgical ablation of the same area. This behavioral deficit can be pharmacologically reversed with dopamine agonists such as L-dopa and apomorphine. These data provide direct evidence that dopamine plays an important role in a specific cortical function.", "contents": "Cognitive deficit caused by regional depletion of dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkey. Depletion of dopamine in a circumscribed area of association cortex in rhesus monkeys produces an impairment in spatial delayed alternation performance nearly as severe as that caused by surgical ablation of the same area. This behavioral deficit can be pharmacologically reversed with dopamine agonists such as L-dopa and apomorphine. These data provide direct evidence that dopamine plays an important role in a specific cortical function.", "PMID": 112679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10299", "title": "Basic principles of ROC analysis.", "content": "The limitations of diagnostic \"accuracy\" as a measure of decision performance require introduction of the concepts of the \"sensitivity\" and \"specificity\" of a diagnostic test. These measures and the related indices, \"true positive fraction\" and \"false positive fraction,\" are more meaningful than \"accuracy,\" yet do not provide a unique description of diagnostic performance because they depend on the arbitrary selection of a decision threshold. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is shown to be a simple yet complete empirical description of this decision threshold effect, indicating all possible combinations of the relative frequencies of the various kinds of correct and incorrect decisions. Practical experimental techniques for measuring ROC curves are described, and the issues of case selection and curve-fitting are discussed briefly. Possible generalizations of conventional ROC analysis to account for decision performance in complex diagnostic tasks are indicated. ROC analysis is shown to be related in a direct and natural way to cost/benefit analysis of diagnostic decision making. The concepts of \"average diagnostic cost\" and \"average net benefit\" are developed and used to identify the optimal compromise among various kinds of diagnostic error. Finally, the way in which ROC analysis can be employed to optimize diagnostic strategies is suggested.", "contents": "Basic principles of ROC analysis. The limitations of diagnostic \"accuracy\" as a measure of decision performance require introduction of the concepts of the \"sensitivity\" and \"specificity\" of a diagnostic test. These measures and the related indices, \"true positive fraction\" and \"false positive fraction,\" are more meaningful than \"accuracy,\" yet do not provide a unique description of diagnostic performance because they depend on the arbitrary selection of a decision threshold. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is shown to be a simple yet complete empirical description of this decision threshold effect, indicating all possible combinations of the relative frequencies of the various kinds of correct and incorrect decisions. Practical experimental techniques for measuring ROC curves are described, and the issues of case selection and curve-fitting are discussed briefly. Possible generalizations of conventional ROC analysis to account for decision performance in complex diagnostic tasks are indicated. ROC analysis is shown to be related in a direct and natural way to cost/benefit analysis of diagnostic decision making. The concepts of \"average diagnostic cost\" and \"average net benefit\" are developed and used to identify the optimal compromise among various kinds of diagnostic error. Finally, the way in which ROC analysis can be employed to optimize diagnostic strategies is suggested.", "PMID": 112681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10300", "title": "General problems in medical decision making with comments on ROC analysis.", "content": "Medical decision-making studies continue to focus on two questions: How do physicians make decisions? How should physicians make decisions? Researchers pursuing the first question emphasize human cognitive processes and the programming of symbol systems to model observed human behavior. Those researchers concentrating on the second question assume that there is a standard of performance against which the physician's decisions can be judged, and to help the physician improve his performance, an array of tools is proposed. These tools include decision trees, Bayesian analysis, decision matrices, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, and cost-benefit considerations including utility measures. Medical decision-making questions must be answered in an ethical context where ethics and decision analysis are interviewed.", "contents": "General problems in medical decision making with comments on ROC analysis. Medical decision-making studies continue to focus on two questions: How do physicians make decisions? How should physicians make decisions? Researchers pursuing the first question emphasize human cognitive processes and the programming of symbol systems to model observed human behavior. Those researchers concentrating on the second question assume that there is a standard of performance against which the physician's decisions can be judged, and to help the physician improve his performance, an array of tools is proposed. These tools include decision trees, Bayesian analysis, decision matrices, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, and cost-benefit considerations including utility measures. Medical decision-making questions must be answered in an ethical context where ethics and decision analysis are interviewed.", "PMID": 112682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10301", "title": "Efficacy...what's that??", "content": "We need to develop techniques for measuring the usefulness of medical services. If resources are limited, and we cannot do all the diagnostic tests we would like to do, we must be able to select those that are most useful. To do this we need to known how to weigh benefits against risks and how to measure the worth of a given outcome. This article discusses efficacy, in diagnosis, management, and outcome. Diagnostic efficacy of a test is measured by its ability to change the probability of disease (pre- versus post-test likelihood). Management efficacy is a measure of how the test changes patient management. Outcome efficacy, which may take years to evaluate, is the ultimate yardstick of usefulness. Even though there are many problems in estimating the likelihood of a disease (subjectivity, varying terminology, etc.), physicians can make reasonably close estimates, as shown by the American College of Radiology's Efficacy Study, which analyzed the diagnostic process in 9000 cases. Efficacy studies may be a mixed blessing, however, as they may result in overly strict criteria and sweeping economic changes. They may be ignored because of the difficulty in following the \"perfect\" protocol for a given clinical situation, and it remains to be shown that they themselves are efficacious. Nevertheless, we are finally coming to grips with the question of how useful our tests are in patient management.", "contents": "Efficacy...what's that?? We need to develop techniques for measuring the usefulness of medical services. If resources are limited, and we cannot do all the diagnostic tests we would like to do, we must be able to select those that are most useful. To do this we need to known how to weigh benefits against risks and how to measure the worth of a given outcome. This article discusses efficacy, in diagnosis, management, and outcome. Diagnostic efficacy of a test is measured by its ability to change the probability of disease (pre- versus post-test likelihood). Management efficacy is a measure of how the test changes patient management. Outcome efficacy, which may take years to evaluate, is the ultimate yardstick of usefulness. Even though there are many problems in estimating the likelihood of a disease (subjectivity, varying terminology, etc.), physicians can make reasonably close estimates, as shown by the American College of Radiology's Efficacy Study, which analyzed the diagnostic process in 9000 cases. Efficacy studies may be a mixed blessing, however, as they may result in overly strict criteria and sweeping economic changes. They may be ignored because of the difficulty in following the \"perfect\" protocol for a given clinical situation, and it remains to be shown that they themselves are efficacious. Nevertheless, we are finally coming to grips with the question of how useful our tests are in patient management.", "PMID": 112683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10302", "title": "Rationale for the use of bone scans in selected metastatic and primary bone tumors.", "content": "Since the introduction of bone scans in 1951, there have been many studies comparing biologic and physical characteristics of new bone-imaging agents and the results of scintigraphy and radiology in large numbers of patients. Relatively speaking, there have been fewer studies detailing the health benefits and financial cost associated with the use of skeletal scintigraphy. This review concerns these aspects in patients with malignancies of various sites and stages. About 2% of patients with stage I or II breast cancer have bone metastases at the time they first present, whereas nearly 28% of patients with stage III disease have bone metastases. A large percentage of patients with initially negative scans develop bone metastases during the first 3--4 yr; many of them develop them within the first 12--18 mo after initial diagnosis. For patients with lung cancer, the use of bone scans in staging their disease is somewhat controversial. Several studies indicate that the yield of positive bone scans may range from as low as 2% to as high as 35%. Data on the use of bone scans in staging prostatic cancer initially are similar to those in patients with breast cancer, that is, yields of 7% in patients with stage I or II disease and a yield of about 20% with stage III disease. Children with osteosarcoma or Ewing's sarcoma rarely have bone disease distant from the site of their primary bone lesion at presentation. However, a large percentage of them (30%--40% or so) develop bone metastases during the follow-up period. As in the case with patients with breast cancer, about half of these bone metastases are evident by 12--18 mo.", "contents": "Rationale for the use of bone scans in selected metastatic and primary bone tumors. Since the introduction of bone scans in 1951, there have been many studies comparing biologic and physical characteristics of new bone-imaging agents and the results of scintigraphy and radiology in large numbers of patients. Relatively speaking, there have been fewer studies detailing the health benefits and financial cost associated with the use of skeletal scintigraphy. This review concerns these aspects in patients with malignancies of various sites and stages. About 2% of patients with stage I or II breast cancer have bone metastases at the time they first present, whereas nearly 28% of patients with stage III disease have bone metastases. A large percentage of patients with initially negative scans develop bone metastases during the first 3--4 yr; many of them develop them within the first 12--18 mo after initial diagnosis. For patients with lung cancer, the use of bone scans in staging their disease is somewhat controversial. Several studies indicate that the yield of positive bone scans may range from as low as 2% to as high as 35%. Data on the use of bone scans in staging prostatic cancer initially are similar to those in patients with breast cancer, that is, yields of 7% in patients with stage I or II disease and a yield of about 20% with stage III disease. Children with osteosarcoma or Ewing's sarcoma rarely have bone disease distant from the site of their primary bone lesion at presentation. However, a large percentage of them (30%--40% or so) develop bone metastases during the follow-up period. As in the case with patients with breast cancer, about half of these bone metastases are evident by 12--18 mo.", "PMID": 112684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10303", "title": "Recurrent streptococcal endocarditis.", "content": "A woman is described who suffered from multiple episodes of Streptococcus viridans endocarditis over a decade. The possible mechanisms for recurrence are discussed and the past literature on recurrent endocarditis is reviewed. In addition, the patient developed fever and eosinophilia in response to penicillin V, while tolerating penicillin G without incident.", "contents": "Recurrent streptococcal endocarditis. A woman is described who suffered from multiple episodes of Streptococcus viridans endocarditis over a decade. The possible mechanisms for recurrence are discussed and the past literature on recurrent endocarditis is reviewed. In addition, the patient developed fever and eosinophilia in response to penicillin V, while tolerating penicillin G without incident.", "PMID": 112689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10304", "title": "Exceptionally high arterial oxygen tension in diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "We recently managed a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis who had an exceptionally high arterial oxygen tension of 144 mm Hg while breathing room air. This was higher than the calculated alveolar oxygen tension and suggested the impossible situation of an uphill diffusion gradient. We were surprised to find this is a relatively common phenomenon (occurring in 25% of a retrospective study of similar patients). There are a number of probable mechanisms responsible for this observation, all of which reflect the severe metabolic aberration occurring in these patients.", "contents": "Exceptionally high arterial oxygen tension in diabetic ketoacidosis. We recently managed a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis who had an exceptionally high arterial oxygen tension of 144 mm Hg while breathing room air. This was higher than the calculated alveolar oxygen tension and suggested the impossible situation of an uphill diffusion gradient. We were surprised to find this is a relatively common phenomenon (occurring in 25% of a retrospective study of similar patients). There are a number of probable mechanisms responsible for this observation, all of which reflect the severe metabolic aberration occurring in these patients.", "PMID": 112690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10305", "title": "Spondylitis caused by Brucella abortus.", "content": "A case of severe chronic spondylitis of the lumbar spine caused by Brucella abortus is presented. Infection was probably associated with ingestion of raw cow's milk. A technetium bone scan provided evidence of activity as early as two years before the radiographic abnormalities were evident. Although rarely seen in brucellosis, a large left psoas abscess formed. After extensive resection and debridement of all necrotic tissue, along with prolonged use of oral doxycycline, the patient recovered completely. The clinical, laboratory, therapeutic, and pathogenic aspects of Brucella spondylitis are discussed.", "contents": "Spondylitis caused by Brucella abortus. A case of severe chronic spondylitis of the lumbar spine caused by Brucella abortus is presented. Infection was probably associated with ingestion of raw cow's milk. A technetium bone scan provided evidence of activity as early as two years before the radiographic abnormalities were evident. Although rarely seen in brucellosis, a large left psoas abscess formed. After extensive resection and debridement of all necrotic tissue, along with prolonged use of oral doxycycline, the patient recovered completely. The clinical, laboratory, therapeutic, and pathogenic aspects of Brucella spondylitis are discussed.", "PMID": 112691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10306", "title": "[The influence of endogenous insulin and glucagon on the free fatty acids in the circulating blood plasma].", "content": "The effect of increased endogenous plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations on the free fatty acid (FFA) levels in the circulating blood was investigated in sheep, 2 baboons and 1 vervet monkey. Elevation of the plasma insulin level was obtained by vagal stimulation or intravenous glucose administration and vagal stimulation, whereas increased glucagon levels were induced by sympathetic stimulation, increased plasma insulin levels, with simultaneous increased plasma glucose concentrations (in our experiments with sheep), produced a pronounced lowering of the FFA levels. From this observation a lipogenetic function could be ascribed to insulin. However, in the primate experiments, increased plasma insulin without concomitant glucose administration caused an elevation of FFA levels, and would indicate a lipolytic rather than a lipogenetic action of insulin. Increased glucagon levels, as produced by sympathetic stimulation, did not alter the FFA concentrations significantly. It thus appears that glucagon has no lipolytic effect, as claimed by previous investigators. In our experiment on the vervet monkey, sympathetic stimulation, with increased plasma glucagon, even caused a decrease in FFA levels.", "contents": "[The influence of endogenous insulin and glucagon on the free fatty acids in the circulating blood plasma]. The effect of increased endogenous plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations on the free fatty acid (FFA) levels in the circulating blood was investigated in sheep, 2 baboons and 1 vervet monkey. Elevation of the plasma insulin level was obtained by vagal stimulation or intravenous glucose administration and vagal stimulation, whereas increased glucagon levels were induced by sympathetic stimulation, increased plasma insulin levels, with simultaneous increased plasma glucose concentrations (in our experiments with sheep), produced a pronounced lowering of the FFA levels. From this observation a lipogenetic function could be ascribed to insulin. However, in the primate experiments, increased plasma insulin without concomitant glucose administration caused an elevation of FFA levels, and would indicate a lipolytic rather than a lipogenetic action of insulin. Increased glucagon levels, as produced by sympathetic stimulation, did not alter the FFA concentrations significantly. It thus appears that glucagon has no lipolytic effect, as claimed by previous investigators. In our experiment on the vervet monkey, sympathetic stimulation, with increased plasma glucagon, even caused a decrease in FFA levels.", "PMID": 112697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10307", "title": "Neurofibromatosis and hypertension. A case report.", "content": "The case of a 12-year-old boy with neurofibromatosis, kyphoscoliosis, and hypertension is reported. The association of neuroflibromatosis and kryphoscoliosis is well known. There are no reports on the association of neurofibromatosis and hypertension in the orthopaedic literature. The cause was found to be intrarenal vascular abnormalities which are characteristic of neurofibromatosis. Other possible causes of hypertension in this disease are discussed. This patient was successfully treated by a partial nephrectomy.", "contents": "Neurofibromatosis and hypertension. A case report. The case of a 12-year-old boy with neurofibromatosis, kyphoscoliosis, and hypertension is reported. The association of neuroflibromatosis and kryphoscoliosis is well known. There are no reports on the association of neurofibromatosis and hypertension in the orthopaedic literature. The cause was found to be intrarenal vascular abnormalities which are characteristic of neurofibromatosis. Other possible causes of hypertension in this disease are discussed. This patient was successfully treated by a partial nephrectomy.", "PMID": 112695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10308", "title": "The importance of different calorie sources in the intravenous nutrition of infants and children.", "content": "The intravenous infusion of amino acid and carbohydrate solutions is a well-established technique for nutritional support of the pediatric surgical patient. By using peripheral veins for total parenteral nutrition (TPN), weight gain can be achieved and the complications of central venous catheters avoided. Over a 2-year period, 45 patients from 1 day to 16 years of age received peripheral TPN in which fat provided a major portion of the daily calories. Treatment periods ranged from 5 to 74 days. Each patient received 125 cc/kg/day, with 30% of the calories derived from a fat emulsion and the remainder from a 12% glucose-2% amino acid solution. All 29 patients under 1 year of age gained weight, averaging 18 gm/day. These infants received an average of 98.8 calories/kg/day, with 31 calories provided by fat. In this group, the mean nonprotein calorie to nitrogen ratio (CNR) was 285 calories/gm, ranging from 239 to 343. Fat calorie and carbohydrate CNRs were determined and no correlation to weight gain could be found for either calorie source. The few complications related to this technique included three episodes of phlebitis, two small skin sloughs, two subcutaneous abscesses, and two episodes of jaundice. Normal weight gain can be achieved in infants after operation by employing peripherally infused, intravenous fat as a major calorie source. Furthermore, regardless of calorie source, a CNR of 285 calories/gm allows normal growth and weight gain in these critically ill neonates.", "contents": "The importance of different calorie sources in the intravenous nutrition of infants and children. The intravenous infusion of amino acid and carbohydrate solutions is a well-established technique for nutritional support of the pediatric surgical patient. By using peripheral veins for total parenteral nutrition (TPN), weight gain can be achieved and the complications of central venous catheters avoided. Over a 2-year period, 45 patients from 1 day to 16 years of age received peripheral TPN in which fat provided a major portion of the daily calories. Treatment periods ranged from 5 to 74 days. Each patient received 125 cc/kg/day, with 30% of the calories derived from a fat emulsion and the remainder from a 12% glucose-2% amino acid solution. All 29 patients under 1 year of age gained weight, averaging 18 gm/day. These infants received an average of 98.8 calories/kg/day, with 31 calories provided by fat. In this group, the mean nonprotein calorie to nitrogen ratio (CNR) was 285 calories/gm, ranging from 239 to 343. Fat calorie and carbohydrate CNRs were determined and no correlation to weight gain could be found for either calorie source. The few complications related to this technique included three episodes of phlebitis, two small skin sloughs, two subcutaneous abscesses, and two episodes of jaundice. Normal weight gain can be achieved in infants after operation by employing peripherally infused, intravenous fat as a major calorie source. Furthermore, regardless of calorie source, a CNR of 285 calories/gm allows normal growth and weight gain in these critically ill neonates.", "PMID": 112700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10309", "title": "Unusual muscle abnormalities associated with thalidomide treatment in a rhesus monkey: a case report.", "content": "Unusual musculotendinous abnormalities were observed in the forelimbs of a rhesus monkey treated prenatally with thalidomide (10 mg/kg maternal body weight, gestation days 33, 34, and 35). Although the hindlimbs exhibited malformations typical of thalidomide dysmelia, the forelimbs appeared relatively normal externally. However, dissection revealed totally anomalous insertions of preaxial muscles of both forearms. Extensor muscles inserted on flexor surfaces even though normal sites of insertion were present and unoccupied. Radiographs revealed only minor ossification deficiencies in the carpus and distal radius. These observations suggest that thalidomide, given at the appropriate time, can disrupt condensation and splitting of pre-muscle masses without greatly disturbing condensation of corresponding preskeletal elements. These types of musculoskeletal relationships are unusual findings in congenital malformations of the limbs and have not been widely associated with thalidomide teratogenesis.", "contents": "Unusual muscle abnormalities associated with thalidomide treatment in a rhesus monkey: a case report. Unusual musculotendinous abnormalities were observed in the forelimbs of a rhesus monkey treated prenatally with thalidomide (10 mg/kg maternal body weight, gestation days 33, 34, and 35). Although the hindlimbs exhibited malformations typical of thalidomide dysmelia, the forelimbs appeared relatively normal externally. However, dissection revealed totally anomalous insertions of preaxial muscles of both forearms. Extensor muscles inserted on flexor surfaces even though normal sites of insertion were present and unoccupied. Radiographs revealed only minor ossification deficiencies in the carpus and distal radius. These observations suggest that thalidomide, given at the appropriate time, can disrupt condensation and splitting of pre-muscle masses without greatly disturbing condensation of corresponding preskeletal elements. These types of musculoskeletal relationships are unusual findings in congenital malformations of the limbs and have not been widely associated with thalidomide teratogenesis.", "PMID": 112707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10310", "title": "[Periosteal new bone formation in the horse induced by trauma. (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological interpretation of periosteal new bone formation in the horse induced by trauma is described and illustrated by some casereports. The better the margins of the new bone can be defined the lesser the activity. The greater the density of the new bone, the longer the duration of time since injury.", "contents": "[Periosteal new bone formation in the horse induced by trauma. (author's transl)]. The radiological interpretation of periosteal new bone formation in the horse induced by trauma is described and illustrated by some casereports. The better the margins of the new bone can be defined the lesser the activity. The greater the density of the new bone, the longer the duration of time since injury.", "PMID": 112712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10311", "title": "Effect of alternating magnetic fields (60--100 gauss, 60 Hz) on Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "Tetrahymena pyriformis and neuroblastoma cells were studied following exposure to low intensity low frequency alternating magnetic fields. Tetrahymena showed cytomorphologic changes, with delayed and reduced cell division concurrent with increased oxygen uptake. The resulting dead cells appeared intact, as compared with dissolution characteristic of the control group. In contrast, magnetically exposed actively growing neuroblastoma cells showed no growth alterations in vitro, but were affected when exposed in vivo.", "contents": "Effect of alternating magnetic fields (60--100 gauss, 60 Hz) on Tetrahymena pyriformis. Tetrahymena pyriformis and neuroblastoma cells were studied following exposure to low intensity low frequency alternating magnetic fields. Tetrahymena showed cytomorphologic changes, with delayed and reduced cell division concurrent with increased oxygen uptake. The resulting dead cells appeared intact, as compared with dissolution characteristic of the control group. In contrast, magnetically exposed actively growing neuroblastoma cells showed no growth alterations in vitro, but were affected when exposed in vivo.", "PMID": 112713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10312", "title": "[Polychlorinated biphenyl intoxication and nutrition. I. Effect of dietary variations on PCB storage in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats were fed three dietary variations containing 100 ppm of Phenoclor DP6 (a commercial PCB mixture) for 30 days. Compared to the normal diet, rats on high fat (20%, and low protein (3,5%) diets had a same curve of PCB storage in liver and carcase fat. However the DP6 in whole body (as per cent of ingested dose) was lower in rats receiving unbalanced diets. Intestinal absorption of DP6 was unaffected by higher-fat diet ingestion.", "contents": "[Polychlorinated biphenyl intoxication and nutrition. I. Effect of dietary variations on PCB storage in the rat (author's transl)]. Rats were fed three dietary variations containing 100 ppm of Phenoclor DP6 (a commercial PCB mixture) for 30 days. Compared to the normal diet, rats on high fat (20%, and low protein (3,5%) diets had a same curve of PCB storage in liver and carcase fat. However the DP6 in whole body (as per cent of ingested dose) was lower in rats receiving unbalanced diets. Intestinal absorption of DP6 was unaffected by higher-fat diet ingestion.", "PMID": 112714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10313", "title": "Effect of blockade of the reticuloendothelial system on the carbaryl toxicity in the rat.", "content": "The time dependence of the level of blood cholinesterase was determined in rats with the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) inhibited with colloidal carbon and in control rats after i.v. administration of 2 does of carbaryl: 0.75 mg and 1.50 mg/100 g body wt. Pretreatment with colloidal carbon had no effect on the blood cholinesterase activity when compared with the controls. Carbaryl rapidly inhibits cholinesterase; the time of \"reactivation\" of this enzyme increases with the administered dose. However, when the RES is inhibited with colloidal carbon, \"reactivation\" of cholinesterase is significantly slowed down, to a varying degree, depending on the dose of carbaryl. Our results bring to light a relationship between the inhibition of the RES and the toxicity of carbaryl, inhibition increasing the anticholinesterase effect of the insecticide.", "contents": "Effect of blockade of the reticuloendothelial system on the carbaryl toxicity in the rat. The time dependence of the level of blood cholinesterase was determined in rats with the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) inhibited with colloidal carbon and in control rats after i.v. administration of 2 does of carbaryl: 0.75 mg and 1.50 mg/100 g body wt. Pretreatment with colloidal carbon had no effect on the blood cholinesterase activity when compared with the controls. Carbaryl rapidly inhibits cholinesterase; the time of \"reactivation\" of this enzyme increases with the administered dose. However, when the RES is inhibited with colloidal carbon, \"reactivation\" of cholinesterase is significantly slowed down, to a varying degree, depending on the dose of carbaryl. Our results bring to light a relationship between the inhibition of the RES and the toxicity of carbaryl, inhibition increasing the anticholinesterase effect of the insecticide.", "PMID": 112721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10314", "title": "[Results from radiotherapy of cancer of the vallecula or of the base of the tongue obtained in 171 patients between 1950 and 1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of radiotherapy in 171 patients with cancer of the base of the tongue or vallecula from the period between 1950 and 1976 are reported. 19% of all patients were cured (5 years no evidence of disease). There is no difference of the cure rate between conventional kilovoltage and highvoltage irradiation. In early cases, there can be achieved a cure rate of about 60% by irradiation with 1900 to 2000 ret without an unacceptable rate of complications. In the majority of the patients, however, there is a moderate or advanced stage of the tumour at the time of the diagnosis. In the moderately advanced stages, the cure rate is between 20 and 50%, whereas only a small percentage of the patients with advanced tumours (T3 or N2 + N3) can be cured by radiotherapy. In order to achieve significantly higher cure rates in this cancer, further development of radiotherapy is decisive, especially perhaps radiotherapy with fast neutrons and development of agents which modify the radiation effects selectively in normal or in cancer cells.", "contents": "[Results from radiotherapy of cancer of the vallecula or of the base of the tongue obtained in 171 patients between 1950 and 1976 (author's transl)]. The results of radiotherapy in 171 patients with cancer of the base of the tongue or vallecula from the period between 1950 and 1976 are reported. 19% of all patients were cured (5 years no evidence of disease). There is no difference of the cure rate between conventional kilovoltage and highvoltage irradiation. In early cases, there can be achieved a cure rate of about 60% by irradiation with 1900 to 2000 ret without an unacceptable rate of complications. In the majority of the patients, however, there is a moderate or advanced stage of the tumour at the time of the diagnosis. In the moderately advanced stages, the cure rate is between 20 and 50%, whereas only a small percentage of the patients with advanced tumours (T3 or N2 + N3) can be cured by radiotherapy. In order to achieve significantly higher cure rates in this cancer, further development of radiotherapy is decisive, especially perhaps radiotherapy with fast neutrons and development of agents which modify the radiation effects selectively in normal or in cancer cells.", "PMID": 112724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10315", "title": "A study of leptospirosis among animals in Barbados W.I.", "content": "Microscopic agglutination tests performed during 1971 and 1972 on Barbadian livestock showed positive serological reactions for leptospirosis as follows: cattle 51%, pigs 13%, sheep 18%, horses 64% and goats 19%. The serogroup Autumnalis predominated in all but horses in which the reactions to the Pyrogenes group appeared slightly higher. After the isolation of a strain of Leptospira serotype fort-bragg (Barbadian strain No. 119) of the Autumnalis serogroup in 1973, and its subsequent inclusion in our test battery of leptospiral antigens, high percentages of cattle, dogs, mongooses and man showed sero-positive reactions against the strain. Attention is called to the wide dissemination of the fort-bragg serotype on the island and to the role of rodents and the mongoose in its spread. 74 clinically affected Barbadian cattle from three herds were studied during 1975-76; 60 (81%) were serologically positive and nine different serogroups were represented. Predominant sero-positive reactions to Hebdomadis, Autumnalis, Ballum and Pyrogenes antigens were recorded. The highest titres were against Autumnalis, Hebdomadis and Pomona. Hebdomadis and Pomona serogroup antibodies may be due to many importations of cattle with those infections into Barbados.", "contents": "A study of leptospirosis among animals in Barbados W.I. Microscopic agglutination tests performed during 1971 and 1972 on Barbadian livestock showed positive serological reactions for leptospirosis as follows: cattle 51%, pigs 13%, sheep 18%, horses 64% and goats 19%. The serogroup Autumnalis predominated in all but horses in which the reactions to the Pyrogenes group appeared slightly higher. After the isolation of a strain of Leptospira serotype fort-bragg (Barbadian strain No. 119) of the Autumnalis serogroup in 1973, and its subsequent inclusion in our test battery of leptospiral antigens, high percentages of cattle, dogs, mongooses and man showed sero-positive reactions against the strain. Attention is called to the wide dissemination of the fort-bragg serotype on the island and to the role of rodents and the mongoose in its spread. 74 clinically affected Barbadian cattle from three herds were studied during 1975-76; 60 (81%) were serologically positive and nine different serogroups were represented. Predominant sero-positive reactions to Hebdomadis, Autumnalis, Ballum and Pyrogenes antigens were recorded. The highest titres were against Autumnalis, Hebdomadis and Pomona. Hebdomadis and Pomona serogroup antibodies may be due to many importations of cattle with those infections into Barbados.", "PMID": 112729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10316", "title": "Chagas's Disease in the Amazon Basin: 1. Trypanosoma cruzi infections in silvatic mammals, triatomine bugs and man in the State of Par\u00e1, north Brazil.", "content": "A total of 1,197 wild animals from Par\u00e1 State north Brazil, were examined for haematozoa. Trypanosoma cruzi-like parasites were found in 13 different species, and were particularly common in a variety of marsupials (Didelphidae), porcupines (Coendou spp.), armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) and coatimundis(Nasua nasua). Three human infections are reported, making a total of seven autochthonous cases of Chagas's disease from Par\u00e1 since the first were described in 1969. A serological survey of 5,319 inhabitants from the Bel\u00e9m suburbs revealed 14 positive reactions with immunofluorescent antibody titres greater than 1:64, and 15 equivocal reactions at 1:16. No evidence was found of silvatic species of triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) colonizing houses, but occasional infected specimens of Panstrongylus geniculatus and Rhodnius pictipes were found in suburban houses, near the forest. Human infection is considered to be silvatic in origin. Chagas's disease could become endemic in the Amazon Basin if silvatic triatomine bugs were able to adapt to a domestic habitat: the real danger, however, is in the possible importation of already domiciliated vector-species along the newly opened highways, from other endemic regions of Brazil. Other Trypanosoma species were recorded in a variety of wild animals. Haemogregarines were found in some marsupials and rodents, and piroplasms in marsupials and a single armadillo.", "contents": "Chagas's Disease in the Amazon Basin: 1. Trypanosoma cruzi infections in silvatic mammals, triatomine bugs and man in the State of Par\u00e1, north Brazil. A total of 1,197 wild animals from Par\u00e1 State north Brazil, were examined for haematozoa. Trypanosoma cruzi-like parasites were found in 13 different species, and were particularly common in a variety of marsupials (Didelphidae), porcupines (Coendou spp.), armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) and coatimundis(Nasua nasua). Three human infections are reported, making a total of seven autochthonous cases of Chagas's disease from Par\u00e1 since the first were described in 1969. A serological survey of 5,319 inhabitants from the Bel\u00e9m suburbs revealed 14 positive reactions with immunofluorescent antibody titres greater than 1:64, and 15 equivocal reactions at 1:16. No evidence was found of silvatic species of triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) colonizing houses, but occasional infected specimens of Panstrongylus geniculatus and Rhodnius pictipes were found in suburban houses, near the forest. Human infection is considered to be silvatic in origin. Chagas's disease could become endemic in the Amazon Basin if silvatic triatomine bugs were able to adapt to a domestic habitat: the real danger, however, is in the possible importation of already domiciliated vector-species along the newly opened highways, from other endemic regions of Brazil. Other Trypanosoma species were recorded in a variety of wild animals. Haemogregarines were found in some marsupials and rodents, and piroplasms in marsupials and a single armadillo.", "PMID": 112730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10317", "title": "Domiciliary biting frequency and blood ingestion of the Chagas's disease vector Rhodnius prolixus St\u00e5hl (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), in Venezuela.", "content": "Demolition of a rural house in the State of Cojedes, Venezuela, provided a collection of 7.934 Rhodnius prolixus of which a random sample of 1,415 was weighed within 48 hours. The field weights, coupled with laboratory information of weight loss (in %) with time, average blood ingestion and meal size sufficient to promote moulting, were used to estimate biting rate under domiciliary conditions. The results show that in this particularly highly infested house, the R. prolixus population bites, on the average, at a rate of 58 times/person/day, draining blood at a rate of about 100 cm3/person/month; this meant a total of 1.2 litres/month from the 11 people inhabiting the house. It was found that the more advanced R. prolixus is in its development, the more aggressive it is in securing its meal: 15, 25, 30, 59 and 77% of fed insects of instar 1 through 5, respectively, were able to achieve moulting with only one meal. Applying the estimated biting rate to R. prolixus collections of other 13 demolished houses, with more typical insect population densities, an average biting rate of 9 bites/person/day was obtained; this value was, however, extremely variable, ranging from 0.2 bites/person/day (once every five days) to 33 bites/person/day.", "contents": "Domiciliary biting frequency and blood ingestion of the Chagas's disease vector Rhodnius prolixus St\u00e5hl (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), in Venezuela. Demolition of a rural house in the State of Cojedes, Venezuela, provided a collection of 7.934 Rhodnius prolixus of which a random sample of 1,415 was weighed within 48 hours. The field weights, coupled with laboratory information of weight loss (in %) with time, average blood ingestion and meal size sufficient to promote moulting, were used to estimate biting rate under domiciliary conditions. The results show that in this particularly highly infested house, the R. prolixus population bites, on the average, at a rate of 58 times/person/day, draining blood at a rate of about 100 cm3/person/month; this meant a total of 1.2 litres/month from the 11 people inhabiting the house. It was found that the more advanced R. prolixus is in its development, the more aggressive it is in securing its meal: 15, 25, 30, 59 and 77% of fed insects of instar 1 through 5, respectively, were able to achieve moulting with only one meal. Applying the estimated biting rate to R. prolixus collections of other 13 demolished houses, with more typical insect population densities, an average biting rate of 9 bites/person/day was obtained; this value was, however, extremely variable, ranging from 0.2 bites/person/day (once every five days) to 33 bites/person/day.", "PMID": 112731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10318", "title": "Anti-Rh39--a \"new\" specificity Rh system antibody.", "content": "Two examples of an autoantibody that defines a hitherto unrecognized Rh system antigen are described. Both were produced by C-negative individuals and ostensibly resembled anti-C in specificity. However, adsorption studies showed that the antigen that the autoantibodies define is present on all red blood cells with a \"normal\" Rh phenotype and on D--/D-- and Dc--/Dc--samples. The antigen detected is not present on Rhnull red blood cells. Serologic studies have shown that the new antibody, that has been named anti-Rh39, has a different specificity from those that define the antigens C, Ce(rhi), G, Hro, Hr, CG, LW, Rh:29, Rh:34 and U. A possible relationship between auto-anti-Rh39 and allo-anti-C, in terms of the immune response, is discussed.", "contents": "Anti-Rh39--a \"new\" specificity Rh system antibody. Two examples of an autoantibody that defines a hitherto unrecognized Rh system antigen are described. Both were produced by C-negative individuals and ostensibly resembled anti-C in specificity. However, adsorption studies showed that the antigen that the autoantibodies define is present on all red blood cells with a \"normal\" Rh phenotype and on D--/D-- and Dc--/Dc--samples. The antigen detected is not present on Rhnull red blood cells. Serologic studies have shown that the new antibody, that has been named anti-Rh39, has a different specificity from those that define the antigens C, Ce(rhi), G, Hro, Hr, CG, LW, Rh:29, Rh:34 and U. A possible relationship between auto-anti-Rh39 and allo-anti-C, in terms of the immune response, is discussed.", "PMID": 112734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10319", "title": "The immunoglobulin structure of human anti-M agglutinins.", "content": "Fifty examples of human anti-M agglutinins were subjected to reductive cleavage using both 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and dithiothreitol (DTT). Thirty-nine (78%) were resistant to inactivation by sulphydryl compounds indicating IgG composition. This was confirmed by column chromatography. The remaining eleven sera were sensitive to reduction cleavage. There was no obvious association of immunoglobulin composition of the antibody with previous immune exposure to the M antigen. These results confirm observations in the literature that anti-M agglutinins are an exception to the generally expected correlation of saline agglutinating activity with IgM structure.", "contents": "The immunoglobulin structure of human anti-M agglutinins. Fifty examples of human anti-M agglutinins were subjected to reductive cleavage using both 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and dithiothreitol (DTT). Thirty-nine (78%) were resistant to inactivation by sulphydryl compounds indicating IgG composition. This was confirmed by column chromatography. The remaining eleven sera were sensitive to reduction cleavage. There was no obvious association of immunoglobulin composition of the antibody with previous immune exposure to the M antigen. These results confirm observations in the literature that anti-M agglutinins are an exception to the generally expected correlation of saline agglutinating activity with IgM structure.", "PMID": 112735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10320", "title": "The flotation method for detection of tubercle bacilli in sputum smears.", "content": "Both the flotation smear examination and culture techniques yielded results for detection of tubercle bacilli which were superior to either direct smear examination or to examination of smear from liquefied or liquefied-centrifuged sputum specimens.", "contents": "The flotation method for detection of tubercle bacilli in sputum smears. Both the flotation smear examination and culture techniques yielded results for detection of tubercle bacilli which were superior to either direct smear examination or to examination of smear from liquefied or liquefied-centrifuged sputum specimens.", "PMID": 112743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10321", "title": "Tuberculin hypersensitivity following BCG vaccination in Brisbane school children.", "content": "Seven hundred and fifty Brisbane school children were tuberculin tested, in paired groups, with purified protein derivatives of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bovis, BCG and avium. Reaction to avian PPD were stronger than to any of the others used. This finding may be of some importance in interpreting the variation in protection afforded by BCG vaccination.", "contents": "Tuberculin hypersensitivity following BCG vaccination in Brisbane school children. Seven hundred and fifty Brisbane school children were tuberculin tested, in paired groups, with purified protein derivatives of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bovis, BCG and avium. Reaction to avian PPD were stronger than to any of the others used. This finding may be of some importance in interpreting the variation in protection afforded by BCG vaccination.", "PMID": 112744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10322", "title": "Hydroxylamine sensitivity and salt tolerance in screening and identifying mycobacteria.", "content": "Hydroxylamine sensitivity offered no advantage over p-nitrobenzoic acid in distinguishing between tubercle bacilli and other (opportunist and non-significant) mycobacteria. It was of limited use in identification procedures. Salt tolerance assisted in the identification of strains which may be Mycobacterium triviale and M. chelonei var borstelense.", "contents": "Hydroxylamine sensitivity and salt tolerance in screening and identifying mycobacteria. Hydroxylamine sensitivity offered no advantage over p-nitrobenzoic acid in distinguishing between tubercle bacilli and other (opportunist and non-significant) mycobacteria. It was of limited use in identification procedures. Salt tolerance assisted in the identification of strains which may be Mycobacterium triviale and M. chelonei var borstelense.", "PMID": 112745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10323", "title": "Intrascrotal rhabdomyosarcoma.", "content": "Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most frequent spermatic cord tumor of infants, children, and young adults, but also occurs as a primary tumor in the testis, epididumis, and testicular tunics. In the last fifteen years, 7 patients with intrascrotal rhabdomyosarcoma were treated at our institution, and an additional 155 cases were found on review of the English literature. On the basis of these 162 cases, incidence and survival statistics were calculated with particular attention to employed forms of therapy. An over-all survival of greater than 73 per cent should be obtainable with proper utilization of surgery, radiation therapy, and combination chemotherapy.", "contents": "Intrascrotal rhabdomyosarcoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most frequent spermatic cord tumor of infants, children, and young adults, but also occurs as a primary tumor in the testis, epididumis, and testicular tunics. In the last fifteen years, 7 patients with intrascrotal rhabdomyosarcoma were treated at our institution, and an additional 155 cases were found on review of the English literature. On the basis of these 162 cases, incidence and survival statistics were calculated with particular attention to employed forms of therapy. An over-all survival of greater than 73 per cent should be obtainable with proper utilization of surgery, radiation therapy, and combination chemotherapy.", "PMID": 112750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10324", "title": "Photocoagulation of the fovea.", "content": "The visual outcome, histopathology, and electrodiagnostic tests of a man with a malignant melanoma of the choroid who received foveal argon laser photocoagulation prior to enucleatiion are described. The low intensity foveal burn destroyed only the outer retinal layers and spared the inner retina. Vision was reduced to 20/50 immediately, but recovered to 20/30 after one day. The visually-evoked-potential (VEP) was altered in both amplitude and waveform by the small foveal burn. A patient with solar retinopathy and permanent visual loss demonstrated only waveform changes on VEP testing. Monkeys with mild experimental foveal burns demonstrated outer layer retinal damage and waveform changes on VEP testing. The retinal energy density threshold for argon laser photocoagulation of the fovea is lower than 0.13 joules/mm.2.", "contents": "Photocoagulation of the fovea. The visual outcome, histopathology, and electrodiagnostic tests of a man with a malignant melanoma of the choroid who received foveal argon laser photocoagulation prior to enucleatiion are described. The low intensity foveal burn destroyed only the outer retinal layers and spared the inner retina. Vision was reduced to 20/50 immediately, but recovered to 20/30 after one day. The visually-evoked-potential (VEP) was altered in both amplitude and waveform by the small foveal burn. A patient with solar retinopathy and permanent visual loss demonstrated only waveform changes on VEP testing. Monkeys with mild experimental foveal burns demonstrated outer layer retinal damage and waveform changes on VEP testing. The retinal energy density threshold for argon laser photocoagulation of the fovea is lower than 0.13 joules/mm.2.", "PMID": 112751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10325", "title": "[Method for immobilization of enzymic preparations catalyzing the splitting of low-molecular substrates].", "content": "A new method is suggested for immobilizing enzymes, catalyzing the splitting of low-molecular substrates. It consists in applying the layer of the enzymic preparation with a filler and a stabilizer onto the inert carrier by the rolling-up method in the dredging box and the subsequent coating of particles with a semipermeable film. The efficiency of the mentioned method is examined in two enzymic preparations: beta-galactosidase and beta-fructofuranosidase. Its advantages are discussed, the main of which are the simplicity of technology possibilities of using the enzymes technical preparations, maximal preservation of native properties.", "contents": "[Method for immobilization of enzymic preparations catalyzing the splitting of low-molecular substrates]. A new method is suggested for immobilizing enzymes, catalyzing the splitting of low-molecular substrates. It consists in applying the layer of the enzymic preparation with a filler and a stabilizer onto the inert carrier by the rolling-up method in the dredging box and the subsequent coating of particles with a semipermeable film. The efficiency of the mentioned method is examined in two enzymic preparations: beta-galactosidase and beta-fructofuranosidase. Its advantages are discussed, the main of which are the simplicity of technology possibilities of using the enzymes technical preparations, maximal preservation of native properties.", "PMID": 112747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10326", "title": "[Biosynthesis of rat skin collagen under amino acid imbalance].", "content": "Protein differing from the normal one by the content of S-S-bonds and by the amount of the carbohydrate component was found in the acid-soluble fraction of skin collagen in rats which were fed the protein-free diet and the protein-free diet with the glycine loading for 3 and 14 days and tryptophan for 1, 2 and 3 days. The result testifies to the fact that under extremal states in the animal skin there occurs the synthesis of collagen the structure of which differs from that in the normal animal skin.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of rat skin collagen under amino acid imbalance]. Protein differing from the normal one by the content of S-S-bonds and by the amount of the carbohydrate component was found in the acid-soluble fraction of skin collagen in rats which were fed the protein-free diet and the protein-free diet with the glycine loading for 3 and 14 days and tryptophan for 1, 2 and 3 days. The result testifies to the fact that under extremal states in the animal skin there occurs the synthesis of collagen the structure of which differs from that in the normal animal skin.", "PMID": 112748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10327", "title": "Retinal oxygenation via the choroidal circulation.", "content": "The possibility of supplying normal amounts of oxygen to the inner layers of the retina by diffusion from the choroid in the presence of retinal arterial obstruction was studied in cats and rhesus monkeys. While the animals were under general anesthesia, an oxygen electrode was placed in the vitreous cavity immediately adjacent to the retina, and a retinal artery blocker probe was used to occlude various segments of the retina blood supply. The inspired oxygen concentration was alternated between 20% and 100%. The choroidal circulation was intermittently occluded by elevating the intraocular pressure. In all animals it was possible to return the oxygen tension of the innermost retina to normal concentrations or above while the retinal arterial circulation alone was occluded, by having the animal breathe 100% oxygen at one atmosphere pressure. This could not be done when the intraocular pressure was elevated to 85 mm Hg, occluding the choroidal as well as the retinal circulation. The electroretinogram and the visually evoked response were recorded in cats while the retinal circulation was occluded and the inspired oxygen concentration changed from 20% to 100% at one atmosphere pressure. The electroretinogram and the visually evoked response were extinguished by occluding the retinal circulation while the animal was breathing 20% oxygen, and these responses were returned to normal by changing to a 100% inspired oxygen concentration.", "contents": "Retinal oxygenation via the choroidal circulation. The possibility of supplying normal amounts of oxygen to the inner layers of the retina by diffusion from the choroid in the presence of retinal arterial obstruction was studied in cats and rhesus monkeys. While the animals were under general anesthesia, an oxygen electrode was placed in the vitreous cavity immediately adjacent to the retina, and a retinal artery blocker probe was used to occlude various segments of the retina blood supply. The inspired oxygen concentration was alternated between 20% and 100%. The choroidal circulation was intermittently occluded by elevating the intraocular pressure. In all animals it was possible to return the oxygen tension of the innermost retina to normal concentrations or above while the retinal arterial circulation alone was occluded, by having the animal breathe 100% oxygen at one atmosphere pressure. This could not be done when the intraocular pressure was elevated to 85 mm Hg, occluding the choroidal as well as the retinal circulation. The electroretinogram and the visually evoked response were recorded in cats while the retinal circulation was occluded and the inspired oxygen concentration changed from 20% to 100% at one atmosphere pressure. The electroretinogram and the visually evoked response were extinguished by occluding the retinal circulation while the animal was breathing 20% oxygen, and these responses were returned to normal by changing to a 100% inspired oxygen concentration.", "PMID": 112752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10328", "title": "Altered myocardial function and collagen in diabetic rhesus monkeys on atherogenic diet.", "content": "We have demonstrated that in rhesus monkeys, 18 months of diabetes alters the end-diastolic pressure, end-diastolic volume relations without hypertrophy. Accumulation of collagen in the myocardial interstitium was the apparent basis for abnormal left ventricular performance. Neither collagen concentration nor left ventricular performance were signigicantly affected by dietary lipid composition. These myocardial abnormalities occurred at a stage when coronary atherosclerosis was limited. However, the relative influence of coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial alterations during more prolonged lipid feeding remains to be determined.", "contents": "Altered myocardial function and collagen in diabetic rhesus monkeys on atherogenic diet. We have demonstrated that in rhesus monkeys, 18 months of diabetes alters the end-diastolic pressure, end-diastolic volume relations without hypertrophy. Accumulation of collagen in the myocardial interstitium was the apparent basis for abnormal left ventricular performance. Neither collagen concentration nor left ventricular performance were signigicantly affected by dietary lipid composition. These myocardial abnormalities occurred at a stage when coronary atherosclerosis was limited. However, the relative influence of coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial alterations during more prolonged lipid feeding remains to be determined.", "PMID": 112754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10329", "title": "The half-life of bovine (incomplete) antibodies to Brucella abortus.", "content": "The half-life of bovine immunoglobulins was established in a group of 60 calves suckled on non-infected dams immunised with antigens to Brucella abortus. The half-life of the \"incomplete antibody\" as determined by the anti-bovine globulin test was 20.9 days. Up to 45 days, the mean half-life of antibodies in the calves was 17.1 days; from 46 to 99 days it was 21.1 days and for periods exceeding 100 days it was 24.4 days. In 39 calves born of and suckled on infected dams the mean half-life of antibodies was 22.4 days. Up to 100 days the figure was 19.5 days; over 100 days it was 22.8 days. There was no significant difference in the mean half-life of antibody between calves from infected and non-infected dams. In both cases the antibodies appear to be catabolised at a progressively slower rate.", "contents": "The half-life of bovine (incomplete) antibodies to Brucella abortus. The half-life of bovine immunoglobulins was established in a group of 60 calves suckled on non-infected dams immunised with antigens to Brucella abortus. The half-life of the \"incomplete antibody\" as determined by the anti-bovine globulin test was 20.9 days. Up to 45 days, the mean half-life of antibodies in the calves was 17.1 days; from 46 to 99 days it was 21.1 days and for periods exceeding 100 days it was 24.4 days. In 39 calves born of and suckled on infected dams the mean half-life of antibodies was 22.4 days. Up to 100 days the figure was 19.5 days; over 100 days it was 22.8 days. There was no significant difference in the mean half-life of antibody between calves from infected and non-infected dams. In both cases the antibodies appear to be catabolised at a progressively slower rate.", "PMID": 112757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10330", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of acute leukemia in adults].", "content": "Apart from the most essential aspects of the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute leukaemias concerning the early diagnosis of leukaemias the author deals with the so-called praeleukaemia. On the basis of a survey of international literature the modern polychemotherapy and its successes are characterized as well as the necessary supportive haemotherapy) are dealt with. Despite the improved frequency of remissions the survival time of acute leukaemias could only little be prolonged, that of the first remission could not be prolonged. Perhaps it is possible by an in future improved immunotherapy and by allogenic transplantation of the bone-marrow after supralethal total body irradiation to set new measures in the treatment of acute leukaemias.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of acute leukemia in adults]. Apart from the most essential aspects of the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute leukaemias concerning the early diagnosis of leukaemias the author deals with the so-called praeleukaemia. On the basis of a survey of international literature the modern polychemotherapy and its successes are characterized as well as the necessary supportive haemotherapy) are dealt with. Despite the improved frequency of remissions the survival time of acute leukaemias could only little be prolonged, that of the first remission could not be prolonged. Perhaps it is possible by an in future improved immunotherapy and by allogenic transplantation of the bone-marrow after supralethal total body irradiation to set new measures in the treatment of acute leukaemias.", "PMID": 112788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10331", "title": "[Emergency endoscopy in acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: Does the effectiveness justify the effort?].", "content": "On the basis of a common care of patients with acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage by internists, surgeons, and anaesthetists lasting several years advantages and disadvantages of emergency endoscopy are analysed from the standpoint of effectivity. High diagnostic ability, help in the decision concerning operative or conservative activity, the influence of the operative-tactic approach and the furthering influence on the close cooperation of the specialities are to be emphasized. Criteria of effectivity, such as mortality rates, duration of the stay in the hospital and frequency of relapsing haemorrhages underlie many factors of influence. They express results of therapy, to which emergency endoscopy may at present contribute only limitedly. The basic decision to medical activity -- active striving for a rapid, exact diagnosis or waiting when the diagnosis is uncertain -- does not inessentially influence the standpoint in the controversy about the emergency endoscopy.", "contents": "[Emergency endoscopy in acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: Does the effectiveness justify the effort?]. On the basis of a common care of patients with acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage by internists, surgeons, and anaesthetists lasting several years advantages and disadvantages of emergency endoscopy are analysed from the standpoint of effectivity. High diagnostic ability, help in the decision concerning operative or conservative activity, the influence of the operative-tactic approach and the furthering influence on the close cooperation of the specialities are to be emphasized. Criteria of effectivity, such as mortality rates, duration of the stay in the hospital and frequency of relapsing haemorrhages underlie many factors of influence. They express results of therapy, to which emergency endoscopy may at present contribute only limitedly. The basic decision to medical activity -- active striving for a rapid, exact diagnosis or waiting when the diagnosis is uncertain -- does not inessentially influence the standpoint in the controversy about the emergency endoscopy.", "PMID": 112789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10332", "title": "[Clinical diagnosis and course of arteriosclerosis obliterans].", "content": "The great diagnostic importance of the clinical heart and circulation state as well as of the simple clinical functional tests in comparison to the apparative bloody and unbloody diagnostics is emphasized. Concerning the course the unfavourable prognosis is elaborated on the basis of the survival rates and the appearance of cardiovascular complications. The role of the essential prognostic influence factors, such as age of manifestation, concomitant diseases and long-term therapy is proved by instances. It is referred to the favourable effect of the prolonged treatment with anticoagulants on the prognosis quoad vitam and to the retardation of the cardiovascular progressing. The long-term dispensary care is generally recommended.", "contents": "[Clinical diagnosis and course of arteriosclerosis obliterans]. The great diagnostic importance of the clinical heart and circulation state as well as of the simple clinical functional tests in comparison to the apparative bloody and unbloody diagnostics is emphasized. Concerning the course the unfavourable prognosis is elaborated on the basis of the survival rates and the appearance of cardiovascular complications. The role of the essential prognostic influence factors, such as age of manifestation, concomitant diseases and long-term therapy is proved by instances. It is referred to the favourable effect of the prolonged treatment with anticoagulants on the prognosis quoad vitam and to the retardation of the cardiovascular progressing. The long-term dispensary care is generally recommended.", "PMID": 112790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10333", "title": "[The effect of various steroid hormones on the course of pseudomonas infections in 3rd grade burns].", "content": "The effect of hydrocortisone, aldosterone, and estrogen on the course of pseudomonas infection after third-degree burns was examined in animal experiments. The effect of the drugs is represented by different lethality rates. Hydrolytic hydrocortisone reduced the average survival time as well as aldosterone. Estrogen, however, had no statistically ascertained effect on lethality.", "contents": "[The effect of various steroid hormones on the course of pseudomonas infections in 3rd grade burns]. The effect of hydrocortisone, aldosterone, and estrogen on the course of pseudomonas infection after third-degree burns was examined in animal experiments. The effect of the drugs is represented by different lethality rates. Hydrolytic hydrocortisone reduced the average survival time as well as aldosterone. Estrogen, however, had no statistically ascertained effect on lethality.", "PMID": 112791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10334", "title": "Thyroid function in chronic liver disease.", "content": "There is a recent hypothesis that thyroxine (T4), secreted by the thyroid gland under physiological conditions, is mono-deiodinated in extrathyroidal sites to form the more active 3, 3', 5-tri-iodothyronine (T3) before exerting biological activity at target tissue level. Futhermore, circumstantial evidence suggests that the liver is an important site for the extra-thyroidal conversion of T4 to T3. Thyoid hormone pathophysiology in liver disease is therefore of interest. Patients with hepatic cirrhosis have normal or raised plasma T4 concentration and markedly reduced plasma T3 concentration. Free hormone measurement reflect this pattern and three is kinetic and other evidence to support the concept that extra-thyroidal conversion of T4 to T3 is reduced in patients with liver dysfunction. Comparable finding have however been reported in patients with other non-hepatic chronic systemic diseases but, unlike in hepatic cirrhosis, serum thyrotropin (TSH) is not increased. Increased serum TSH is found in hepatic cirrhois and is often accompanied by an abnormal TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) suggesting, in addition, disordered hypothalamic-pituitary control of thyroid function in these patients. Thyroid physiology is clearly markedly disturbed in hepatic cirrhosis but no single hypothesis adequately accounts for all the observed abnormalities. The recent finding of increased plasma 3, 3', 5-tri-iodothyronine (reverse t3; rT3) concentration in hepatic cirrhosis may ulimately clarify our understanding.", "contents": "Thyroid function in chronic liver disease. There is a recent hypothesis that thyroxine (T4), secreted by the thyroid gland under physiological conditions, is mono-deiodinated in extrathyroidal sites to form the more active 3, 3', 5-tri-iodothyronine (T3) before exerting biological activity at target tissue level. Futhermore, circumstantial evidence suggests that the liver is an important site for the extra-thyroidal conversion of T4 to T3. Thyoid hormone pathophysiology in liver disease is therefore of interest. Patients with hepatic cirrhosis have normal or raised plasma T4 concentration and markedly reduced plasma T3 concentration. Free hormone measurement reflect this pattern and three is kinetic and other evidence to support the concept that extra-thyroidal conversion of T4 to T3 is reduced in patients with liver dysfunction. Comparable finding have however been reported in patients with other non-hepatic chronic systemic diseases but, unlike in hepatic cirrhosis, serum thyrotropin (TSH) is not increased. Increased serum TSH is found in hepatic cirrhois and is often accompanied by an abnormal TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) suggesting, in addition, disordered hypothalamic-pituitary control of thyroid function in these patients. Thyroid physiology is clearly markedly disturbed in hepatic cirrhosis but no single hypothesis adequately accounts for all the observed abnormalities. The recent finding of increased plasma 3, 3', 5-tri-iodothyronine (reverse t3; rT3) concentration in hepatic cirrhosis may ulimately clarify our understanding.", "PMID": 112792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10335", "title": "Thyroid status in fifty patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.", "content": "Because the liver is of considerable importance in metabolism of thyroid hormones, plasma levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodotyronine (T3) with their unbound fractions (FT4 and FT3), reverse T3 (rT3)--an inactive isomer of T3-tyrotropin (TSH) and TSH response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH; 250 micrograms i.V.) were determined by radioimmunoassays in 50 clinically euthyroid patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. T4 mean concentration (7.3 micrograms/dl) did not differ from normal values but T3 was decreased (101 vs 154 ng/dl; p less than 0.001) and was correlated with the degree of liver damage appreciated by a clinico-biological index. FT4 was elevated in patients (17.1 vs 13.1 pg/ml; p less than 0.02) although FT3 was slightly decreased (3.4 vs 4.5 pg/ml; p less than 0.10) with an increased FT4: FT3 ratio (7.0 vs 3.0; p less than 0.02). rT3 was elevated (592 vs 206 ng/100 ml; p less than 0.001) and correlated with FT4/FT3: rT3/T3 ratio (p less than 0.01) and with the severity of the cirrhosis. Basal TSH levels (3.3 microU/ml) and TSH responsiveness to TRH was normal though very scattered, and independant from T3 and T4 values. It may be concluded that: 1. euthyroidy in cirrhosis assessed by a normal responsiveness to TRH, results from a compensatory increase in FT4. 2. The low T3 and FT3 levels may proceed from an impairment of peripheral T4 in to T3 conversion with a deviation pathway towards rT3. 3. T3 and rT3 levels provide valuable index of the severity of the cirrhosis.", "contents": "Thyroid status in fifty patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Because the liver is of considerable importance in metabolism of thyroid hormones, plasma levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodotyronine (T3) with their unbound fractions (FT4 and FT3), reverse T3 (rT3)--an inactive isomer of T3-tyrotropin (TSH) and TSH response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH; 250 micrograms i.V.) were determined by radioimmunoassays in 50 clinically euthyroid patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. T4 mean concentration (7.3 micrograms/dl) did not differ from normal values but T3 was decreased (101 vs 154 ng/dl; p less than 0.001) and was correlated with the degree of liver damage appreciated by a clinico-biological index. FT4 was elevated in patients (17.1 vs 13.1 pg/ml; p less than 0.02) although FT3 was slightly decreased (3.4 vs 4.5 pg/ml; p less than 0.10) with an increased FT4: FT3 ratio (7.0 vs 3.0; p less than 0.02). rT3 was elevated (592 vs 206 ng/100 ml; p less than 0.001) and correlated with FT4/FT3: rT3/T3 ratio (p less than 0.01) and with the severity of the cirrhosis. Basal TSH levels (3.3 microU/ml) and TSH responsiveness to TRH was normal though very scattered, and independant from T3 and T4 values. It may be concluded that: 1. euthyroidy in cirrhosis assessed by a normal responsiveness to TRH, results from a compensatory increase in FT4. 2. The low T3 and FT3 levels may proceed from an impairment of peripheral T4 in to T3 conversion with a deviation pathway towards rT3. 3. T3 and rT3 levels provide valuable index of the severity of the cirrhosis.", "PMID": 112793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10336", "title": "Isolation of late complement components by affinity chromatography: I. Purification of the human complement component C9 and production of a C9-defective human serum.", "content": "A new procedure for the isolation of the human complement component C9 is described. This procedure offers the possibility to prepare functionally pure C9 in a one-step procedure with a high recovery of 10-22% of the biological activity. The 125iodinated C9 had a molecular weight of 78,000 daltons and was only contaminated in traces with other proteins. Further purification by absorption with an \"anti-impurity\" column lead to a C9 preparation which behaved as a homogenous single polypeptide chain in SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after reduction with mercaptoethanol. It formed a single bell-shaped precipitate in crossed immunoelectrophoresis with antibodies against human serum in the gel of the second dimension. The recovery of the biological activity after the second purification step was in the order of 6-10%. Both preparative steps could be performed within a few hours 450 microgram C9 protein were isolated from 135 ml human serum. A human serum completely defective in C9 was prepared by the extensive absorption of a smaller volume of human serum proteins with the anti-C9 column.", "contents": "Isolation of late complement components by affinity chromatography: I. Purification of the human complement component C9 and production of a C9-defective human serum. A new procedure for the isolation of the human complement component C9 is described. This procedure offers the possibility to prepare functionally pure C9 in a one-step procedure with a high recovery of 10-22% of the biological activity. The 125iodinated C9 had a molecular weight of 78,000 daltons and was only contaminated in traces with other proteins. Further purification by absorption with an \"anti-impurity\" column lead to a C9 preparation which behaved as a homogenous single polypeptide chain in SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after reduction with mercaptoethanol. It formed a single bell-shaped precipitate in crossed immunoelectrophoresis with antibodies against human serum in the gel of the second dimension. The recovery of the biological activity after the second purification step was in the order of 6-10%. Both preparative steps could be performed within a few hours 450 microgram C9 protein were isolated from 135 ml human serum. A human serum completely defective in C9 was prepared by the extensive absorption of a smaller volume of human serum proteins with the anti-C9 column.", "PMID": 112795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10337", "title": "A method for the preparation of solidified colloidal sulphur media.", "content": "The chemical reaction between tetrathionate and sulphide produces colloidal sulphur and thiosulphate. This reaction can be employed to prepare agar media containing thiosulphate and finely divided colloidal sulphur particles.", "contents": "A method for the preparation of solidified colloidal sulphur media. The chemical reaction between tetrathionate and sulphide produces colloidal sulphur and thiosulphate. This reaction can be employed to prepare agar media containing thiosulphate and finely divided colloidal sulphur particles.", "PMID": 112803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10338", "title": "[Toxins and enzymes of several species of Bacillus, especially of the B. cereus-thuringiensis group (author's transl)].", "content": "In the examined strains the production of following toxins or enzymes was determined by bioassay or by semiquantitative and routine diagnostical tests: delta-endotoxin, alpha-exotoxin, beta-exotoxin hemolysin, phospholipase C, proteinase. The production of delta-endotoxin (= a parasporal crystal toxic for several insects) is the only character in that B. thuringiensis differs from B. cereus. Other biochemical features as production of so-called alpha-exotoxin (= soluble toxic protein), hemolysin, phospholipase or proteinase are common in both species. Strains of B. megaterium may produce proteinase, but no phospholipase, hemolysin or alpha-exotoxin. The identity of the alpha-exotoxin of the B. cereus-thuringiensis group with any of the exoenzymes studied here could not be confirmed. At present, this toxin is only demonstrable by bioassay. Formation of beta-exotoxin (= soluble toxic nucleotide) is restricted to special strains of the B. cereus-thuringiensis group. -- All strains of B. megaterium tested do not produce any of the toxins quoted; they have found to be apathogenic under the experimental conditions. As the so-called \"egg yolk clearing factor\" is produced by all strains of B. megaterium (in contrast to strains of the B. cereus-thuringiensis group) it does not represent a factor of pathogenicity and therefore the term \"gamma-exotoxin\" is unfounded. -- Not too much attention should be paid in connection with taxonomic studies to the ability or non-ability of strains of bacteria to produce a special toxin.", "contents": "[Toxins and enzymes of several species of Bacillus, especially of the B. cereus-thuringiensis group (author's transl)]. In the examined strains the production of following toxins or enzymes was determined by bioassay or by semiquantitative and routine diagnostical tests: delta-endotoxin, alpha-exotoxin, beta-exotoxin hemolysin, phospholipase C, proteinase. The production of delta-endotoxin (= a parasporal crystal toxic for several insects) is the only character in that B. thuringiensis differs from B. cereus. Other biochemical features as production of so-called alpha-exotoxin (= soluble toxic protein), hemolysin, phospholipase or proteinase are common in both species. Strains of B. megaterium may produce proteinase, but no phospholipase, hemolysin or alpha-exotoxin. The identity of the alpha-exotoxin of the B. cereus-thuringiensis group with any of the exoenzymes studied here could not be confirmed. At present, this toxin is only demonstrable by bioassay. Formation of beta-exotoxin (= soluble toxic nucleotide) is restricted to special strains of the B. cereus-thuringiensis group. -- All strains of B. megaterium tested do not produce any of the toxins quoted; they have found to be apathogenic under the experimental conditions. As the so-called \"egg yolk clearing factor\" is produced by all strains of B. megaterium (in contrast to strains of the B. cereus-thuringiensis group) it does not represent a factor of pathogenicity and therefore the term \"gamma-exotoxin\" is unfounded. -- Not too much attention should be paid in connection with taxonomic studies to the ability or non-ability of strains of bacteria to produce a special toxin.", "PMID": 112804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10339", "title": "[Effect of successive electric stimulation of different brain regions on delayed spatial choice in monkeys].", "content": "The effect of paired successive electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, caudate nucleus head and mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus on the delayed spatial choice was studied in two rhesus monkeys. During the first second of delay one structure was stimulated, during its last second--another one. It was found that some combinations of paired successive stimulation interfere with the precision of solving the experimental problem by animals. The obtained results are discussed with regard to the complex temporal dynamics of brain structures interactions during short-term memorizing.", "contents": "[Effect of successive electric stimulation of different brain regions on delayed spatial choice in monkeys]. The effect of paired successive electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, caudate nucleus head and mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus on the delayed spatial choice was studied in two rhesus monkeys. During the first second of delay one structure was stimulated, during its last second--another one. It was found that some combinations of paired successive stimulation interfere with the precision of solving the experimental problem by animals. The obtained results are discussed with regard to the complex temporal dynamics of brain structures interactions during short-term memorizing.", "PMID": 112800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10340", "title": "[Diagnostics and therapy of the carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "By well organized preventive examinations early tumour stages can be recognized. The diagnosis of prostatic cancer has to be secured by biopsy. The primary reliability of aspiration biopsies (cytology) was 94% compared with punch biopsies (histology) amounting to 73%. Indications and results of aspiration biopsies, radiological and nuclear medical techniques in diagnosing prostatic cancer are described. The combined anti-androgenic hormonal therapy (infusions of cytonal, subcapsular orchiectomy, permanent administration of oestrogen) is considered to be the unchanged basis of treatment. Comparative cytologic investigations in therapy indicate that high-voltage treatment connected with hormonal therapy seems to be superior to exclusive hormonal treatment. Observations after additional therapy by a radionuclid (89-Strontium) for affecting metastases are encouraging. Indications of a therapy by cytostatica in progressive prostatic cancer are explained.", "contents": "[Diagnostics and therapy of the carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)]. By well organized preventive examinations early tumour stages can be recognized. The diagnosis of prostatic cancer has to be secured by biopsy. The primary reliability of aspiration biopsies (cytology) was 94% compared with punch biopsies (histology) amounting to 73%. Indications and results of aspiration biopsies, radiological and nuclear medical techniques in diagnosing prostatic cancer are described. The combined anti-androgenic hormonal therapy (infusions of cytonal, subcapsular orchiectomy, permanent administration of oestrogen) is considered to be the unchanged basis of treatment. Comparative cytologic investigations in therapy indicate that high-voltage treatment connected with hormonal therapy seems to be superior to exclusive hormonal treatment. Observations after additional therapy by a radionuclid (89-Strontium) for affecting metastases are encouraging. Indications of a therapy by cytostatica in progressive prostatic cancer are explained.", "PMID": 112805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10341", "title": "[Ability of birds of the Corvidae family to operate by the empirical dimensions of figures].", "content": "The reasoning ability was investigated in 29 Corvidae birds. The experimental task consisted in finding a hidden bait, the task being based on the fact that volumetric bait could be hidden in a volumetric geometrical figure only and not in a flat one. Thus it was possible to value the bird's ability to operate the empirical dimensions of objects. It was found that although the structure of bird brain is basically different from that of mammals, Corvidae surpass carnivorous mammals (dogs and cats) in solving this problem, their ability to operate the dimensions of objects being developped almost as well as that of monkeys.", "contents": "[Ability of birds of the Corvidae family to operate by the empirical dimensions of figures]. The reasoning ability was investigated in 29 Corvidae birds. The experimental task consisted in finding a hidden bait, the task being based on the fact that volumetric bait could be hidden in a volumetric geometrical figure only and not in a flat one. Thus it was possible to value the bird's ability to operate the empirical dimensions of objects. It was found that although the structure of bird brain is basically different from that of mammals, Corvidae surpass carnivorous mammals (dogs and cats) in solving this problem, their ability to operate the dimensions of objects being developped almost as well as that of monkeys.", "PMID": 112801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10342", "title": "[Interaction between the hippocampus and posterior hypothalamus in actualization of the orienting reflex].", "content": "Unit activity of the dorsal hippocampus in response to electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus was recorded in 3--3.5 months old alert rabbits in chronic and acute experiments. Electrical stimulation of the sties of the posterior hypothalamus which had produced orienting behavior in preliminary tests, led to the appearance in the majority of cells at all hippocampal levels of tonic inhibitory and activational reactions with a long-term after-effect. With increased frequency of the stimulating current there was an increase in the number of responding elements and in the reactivity of neurones. The conditioning stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus increased the pronouncement and duration of hippocampal unit responses to sound stimuli. It is concluded that functional manifestations of the afferentation, ascending from the posterior hypothalamus to the hippocampus during the development of orienting reaction, are determined by a nonspecific character of its influences on the neurones of the dorsal hippocampus.", "contents": "[Interaction between the hippocampus and posterior hypothalamus in actualization of the orienting reflex]. Unit activity of the dorsal hippocampus in response to electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus was recorded in 3--3.5 months old alert rabbits in chronic and acute experiments. Electrical stimulation of the sties of the posterior hypothalamus which had produced orienting behavior in preliminary tests, led to the appearance in the majority of cells at all hippocampal levels of tonic inhibitory and activational reactions with a long-term after-effect. With increased frequency of the stimulating current there was an increase in the number of responding elements and in the reactivity of neurones. The conditioning stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus increased the pronouncement and duration of hippocampal unit responses to sound stimuli. It is concluded that functional manifestations of the afferentation, ascending from the posterior hypothalamus to the hippocampus during the development of orienting reaction, are determined by a nonspecific character of its influences on the neurones of the dorsal hippocampus.", "PMID": 112802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10343", "title": "[Interrelationship of toxin formation with proteolytic enzyme synthesis in the process of cultivating diptheria microorganisms].", "content": "For the first time the synthesis of proteolytic enzymes by Corynebacterium diphtheriae has been shown to precede the process of toxin formation. The process of controlling the proteolytic activity of enzymes seems to be a suitable basis for the evaluation of toxin formation in mathematically planned experiments with strictly controlled tasks.", "contents": "[Interrelationship of toxin formation with proteolytic enzyme synthesis in the process of cultivating diptheria microorganisms]. For the first time the synthesis of proteolytic enzymes by Corynebacterium diphtheriae has been shown to precede the process of toxin formation. The process of controlling the proteolytic activity of enzymes seems to be a suitable basis for the evaluation of toxin formation in mathematically planned experiments with strictly controlled tasks.", "PMID": 112807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10344", "title": "[Evaluation of the immunogenicity of meningococcal vaccines in experiments on mice].", "content": "The immunogenicity of 2 meningococcal vaccines, multicomponent vaccine produced at the Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera in Moscow and polysaccharide vaccine obtained from Merck Sharp & Dohme (USA), was evaluated on experimental meningococcal sepsis in mice, produced by the injection of meningococcal culture in mucin suspension. The protective effect of these 2 vaccines, expressed in terms of ED50, was 0.28 +/- 0.12 for the multicomponent vaccine and 0.25 +/- 0.24 for the polysaccharide vaccine; the challenge dose used in the test was 10 LD50 of the culture. The multicomponent vaccine gave the maximum immunological effect in a dose of 8 micrograms, while higher or lower doses induced a lesser increase in antibody titer and thus gave lower protection to mice against infection.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the immunogenicity of meningococcal vaccines in experiments on mice]. The immunogenicity of 2 meningococcal vaccines, multicomponent vaccine produced at the Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera in Moscow and polysaccharide vaccine obtained from Merck Sharp & Dohme (USA), was evaluated on experimental meningococcal sepsis in mice, produced by the injection of meningococcal culture in mucin suspension. The protective effect of these 2 vaccines, expressed in terms of ED50, was 0.28 +/- 0.12 for the multicomponent vaccine and 0.25 +/- 0.24 for the polysaccharide vaccine; the challenge dose used in the test was 10 LD50 of the culture. The multicomponent vaccine gave the maximum immunological effect in a dose of 8 micrograms, while higher or lower doses induced a lesser increase in antibody titer and thus gave lower protection to mice against infection.", "PMID": 112808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10345", "title": "[Telemetric electroencephalographic and stereoelectroencephalographic studies in the topical diagnosis of an epileptic focus].", "content": "Telemetrical recordings of the EEG and stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG) studies of patients with generalized epilepsy demonstrated a high informativeness of these techniques. The existence of focal changes in the routine EEG recording require an obligatory control by telemetrical EEG studies. An absence of focal changes in the EEG and teleEEG recording may serve as an indication for teleSEEG studies with the use of durative deep electrodoes. In patients with generalized seizures a trigger focus in the frontal or temporal lobe may be found quite frequently.", "contents": "[Telemetric electroencephalographic and stereoelectroencephalographic studies in the topical diagnosis of an epileptic focus]. Telemetrical recordings of the EEG and stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG) studies of patients with generalized epilepsy demonstrated a high informativeness of these techniques. The existence of focal changes in the routine EEG recording require an obligatory control by telemetrical EEG studies. An absence of focal changes in the EEG and teleEEG recording may serve as an indication for teleSEEG studies with the use of durative deep electrodoes. In patients with generalized seizures a trigger focus in the frontal or temporal lobe may be found quite frequently.", "PMID": 112809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10346", "title": "[Clinico-electroencephalographic analysis of wakeful epilepsy and sleep epilepsy].", "content": "Some results of a clinico-physiological analysis of epileptic patients with a different diurnal distribution of generalized convulsive seizures in the sleep-vigilance cycle are reported. It is demonstrated that in vigilant epilepsy there is an intensification of L-rhythms in the EEG recordings in the different functional states of vigilance, combined with a prevalence of delta-sleep in the sleep structure. In sleep epilepsy there is a predominance of the 2nd sleep stage in the sleep structure, besides an EEG desynchronization in the state of vigilance. These results indicate some differences in the activity of nonspecific (synchronizing and desynchronizing) structures in epilepsy with a different diurnal distribution of generilized convulsive seizures.", "contents": "[Clinico-electroencephalographic analysis of wakeful epilepsy and sleep epilepsy]. Some results of a clinico-physiological analysis of epileptic patients with a different diurnal distribution of generalized convulsive seizures in the sleep-vigilance cycle are reported. It is demonstrated that in vigilant epilepsy there is an intensification of L-rhythms in the EEG recordings in the different functional states of vigilance, combined with a prevalence of delta-sleep in the sleep structure. In sleep epilepsy there is a predominance of the 2nd sleep stage in the sleep structure, besides an EEG desynchronization in the state of vigilance. These results indicate some differences in the activity of nonspecific (synchronizing and desynchronizing) structures in epilepsy with a different diurnal distribution of generilized convulsive seizures.", "PMID": 112810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10347", "title": "[Generalized epileptic seizures].", "content": "Some important questions concerning the pathogenetical mechanisms of the so-called primary-generalized epileptic seizures are discussed. Reviewing the large literary material and personal clinical experience, the author attracts attention of neurologists and psychiatrists to the necessity of very thorough and detailed anamnestic data and eventual neurological observations, in order to detect a focal onset of a generalized seizure. This is very important bor purposes of clinical practice, especially from the standpoint of indications for neurosurgical operations.", "contents": "[Generalized epileptic seizures]. Some important questions concerning the pathogenetical mechanisms of the so-called primary-generalized epileptic seizures are discussed. Reviewing the large literary material and personal clinical experience, the author attracts attention of neurologists and psychiatrists to the necessity of very thorough and detailed anamnestic data and eventual neurological observations, in order to detect a focal onset of a generalized seizure. This is very important bor purposes of clinical practice, especially from the standpoint of indications for neurosurgical operations.", "PMID": 112811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10348", "title": "Cell wall characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its carbenicillin-induced L-form.", "content": "L-forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were induced and cultured on a medium supplemented with carbenicillin. Morphological studies of the passaged variant revealed the presence of a triple-layered cell wall similar to that found in the parent species. Furthermore, the L-form was found to be more susceptible to gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline and colistin sulphate. Chemical analysis of the lipopolysaccharide fraction showed a difference in phosphorus content, and changes in cell wall envelope fatty acid content were also exhibited. It is suggested that these differences may influence the transport of certain antibiotics through the cell wall.", "contents": "Cell wall characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its carbenicillin-induced L-form. L-forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were induced and cultured on a medium supplemented with carbenicillin. Morphological studies of the passaged variant revealed the presence of a triple-layered cell wall similar to that found in the parent species. Furthermore, the L-form was found to be more susceptible to gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline and colistin sulphate. Chemical analysis of the lipopolysaccharide fraction showed a difference in phosphorus content, and changes in cell wall envelope fatty acid content were also exhibited. It is suggested that these differences may influence the transport of certain antibiotics through the cell wall.", "PMID": 112813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10349", "title": "Genetic relatedness between streptomycin-producing and non-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus, studied by means of DNA-DNA hybridization.", "content": "DNA-DNA hybridization was studied in order to determine the genetic relatedness between a streptomycin-producing and a non-producing mutant of Streptomyces griseus. The latter strain of short vegetative life cycle had been developed from the streptomycin-producing strain by means of nitrogen mustard treatment. Since the two strains differ in several features, we were prompted to examine the sequence homology between their DNAs. Hybridization experiments carried out with the membrane filter method yielded 73.8% and 67.3% DNA homology values, respectively. The results indicate that there is a significant, but not very close, relatedness between the DNA sequences that corresponds to the similarities and differences observed between the phenotypes of the two strains. Further aspects of established homology are also discussed.", "contents": "Genetic relatedness between streptomycin-producing and non-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus, studied by means of DNA-DNA hybridization. DNA-DNA hybridization was studied in order to determine the genetic relatedness between a streptomycin-producing and a non-producing mutant of Streptomyces griseus. The latter strain of short vegetative life cycle had been developed from the streptomycin-producing strain by means of nitrogen mustard treatment. Since the two strains differ in several features, we were prompted to examine the sequence homology between their DNAs. Hybridization experiments carried out with the membrane filter method yielded 73.8% and 67.3% DNA homology values, respectively. The results indicate that there is a significant, but not very close, relatedness between the DNA sequences that corresponds to the similarities and differences observed between the phenotypes of the two strains. Further aspects of established homology are also discussed.", "PMID": 112814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10350", "title": "[Preparation of hybrid antibodies with mouse IgG and ferritin specifities for the immune electron microscopic detection of cell membrane antigens].", "content": "Use of hybrid antibodies with one specifity for mouse-IgG and the other one for ferritin is particularly suitable for immune electron microscopical detection of cell surface antigens. Preparation of antibodies of such kind is described, whereby the method introduced by HMMERLING et al. is varied within some steps of preparation. These variations are discussed here. Activity of produced hybrid antibodies is demonstrated by labeling the THY 1.1. antigen on the cell surface of the thymocytes of the mouse. The advantages of utilizing the hybrid antibodies in comparison with known immune electron microscopical techniques are an excellent location of the antigens, the possibility of using distinct particles for labeling, the application of a multiple labeling, and the fact that investigations by both the transmission and the scanning electron microscope can be carried out by means of the same preparation of hybrid antibodies.", "contents": "[Preparation of hybrid antibodies with mouse IgG and ferritin specifities for the immune electron microscopic detection of cell membrane antigens]. Use of hybrid antibodies with one specifity for mouse-IgG and the other one for ferritin is particularly suitable for immune electron microscopical detection of cell surface antigens. Preparation of antibodies of such kind is described, whereby the method introduced by HMMERLING et al. is varied within some steps of preparation. These variations are discussed here. Activity of produced hybrid antibodies is demonstrated by labeling the THY 1.1. antigen on the cell surface of the thymocytes of the mouse. The advantages of utilizing the hybrid antibodies in comparison with known immune electron microscopical techniques are an excellent location of the antigens, the possibility of using distinct particles for labeling, the application of a multiple labeling, and the fact that investigations by both the transmission and the scanning electron microscope can be carried out by means of the same preparation of hybrid antibodies.", "PMID": 112815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10351", "title": "The effect of metoclopramide, TRH and L-dopa on prolactin secretion in pituitary adenoma and in \"functional\" galactorrhoea syndrome.", "content": "The degree of autonomy in prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas and also prolactin secretory reserve in cases with suspected functional galactorrhea syndrome was evaluated with the use of metoclopramide, TRH and L-DOPA. It was found that in patients with pituitary adenoma the basal prolactin (PRL) level often exceeded 150 micrograms/l and the response to stimulation with TRH and/or metoclopramide was markedly diminished or even nonexistent, while the response to L-DOPA was usually retained. In patients with galactorrhoea and/or amenorrhoea, with normal skull X-ray the basal PRL level was either normal or moderately raised but the response to stimulation was various; mostly it was excessive, it was sometimes normal, but in some other cases it was markedly diminished as in patients with adenoma. In the author's opinion the so-called \"functional disorder\" of prolactin secretion is mainly hyperresponsiveness to stimulation, whereas the basal PRL level in those cases is usually normal or only intermittently raised. In the cases with a moderate hyperprolactinaemia, especially if it appears to be constant, and the response to stimulation is diminished or none at all, we suspect a pituitary microadenoma. Finally, there are rare cases of galactorrhoea with normal basal PRL and normal response to stimulation, in which the sensitivity of the mammary PRL receptor is probably increased. We suggest therefore that the above mentioned PRL stimulation tests may help in distinguishing between tumoural and functional hyperprolactinaemia.", "contents": "The effect of metoclopramide, TRH and L-dopa on prolactin secretion in pituitary adenoma and in \"functional\" galactorrhoea syndrome. The degree of autonomy in prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas and also prolactin secretory reserve in cases with suspected functional galactorrhea syndrome was evaluated with the use of metoclopramide, TRH and L-DOPA. It was found that in patients with pituitary adenoma the basal prolactin (PRL) level often exceeded 150 micrograms/l and the response to stimulation with TRH and/or metoclopramide was markedly diminished or even nonexistent, while the response to L-DOPA was usually retained. In patients with galactorrhoea and/or amenorrhoea, with normal skull X-ray the basal PRL level was either normal or moderately raised but the response to stimulation was various; mostly it was excessive, it was sometimes normal, but in some other cases it was markedly diminished as in patients with adenoma. In the author's opinion the so-called \"functional disorder\" of prolactin secretion is mainly hyperresponsiveness to stimulation, whereas the basal PRL level in those cases is usually normal or only intermittently raised. In the cases with a moderate hyperprolactinaemia, especially if it appears to be constant, and the response to stimulation is diminished or none at all, we suspect a pituitary microadenoma. Finally, there are rare cases of galactorrhoea with normal basal PRL and normal response to stimulation, in which the sensitivity of the mammary PRL receptor is probably increased. We suggest therefore that the above mentioned PRL stimulation tests may help in distinguishing between tumoural and functional hyperprolactinaemia.", "PMID": 112817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10352", "title": "Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: prolactin dynamics before and after transsphenoidal surgery.", "content": "Twenty women with hyperprolactinaemia secondary to a pituitary adenoma were studied before and after selective transsphenoidal removal of the tumour. Pre-operatively, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) (200 micrograms iv) and metoclopramide (MCP) (10 mg po) did not produce a positive PRL response in the tumour patients. By contrast, 14 post-partum lactating women, who were used as controls, exhibited a positive response to MCP administration. Methergoline (4 mg po) was shown to decrease serum PRL levels in 8 normal subjects, in 6 puerperal women, and 9 of 10 tumour patients. Bromoergocriptine (CB-154, 2.5 mg po) decreased serum PRL levels in 10 tumour patients. Following transsphenoidal removal of the adenoma serum PRL levels were reduced in all patients, and returned to normal in 14 patients. Prognostics for completely normalizing PRL secretion after transsphenoidal surgery is bettery when initial serum PRL levels are below 200 ng/ml. After surgery all hyperprolactinaemic patients failed to show a positive PRL response to TRH and MCP. Nine normoprolactinaemic patients had a positive response to both stimuli while 3 patients failed to show a positive response immediately following surgery. Long-term studies, however, showed that a positive PRL response was obtained in all patients tested 8-14 months after treatment. A positive PRL response to methergoline and bromocriptine was observed post-operatively in the patients tested regardless of their basal PRL level. Data from this study indicate that surgically proven PRL-secreting adenomas are invariably associated with negative PRL responses to TRH and MCP. The normalization of the prolactin regulation after surgery points toward the intrapituitary localization of the lesion associated with PRL-secreting adenomas.", "contents": "Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: prolactin dynamics before and after transsphenoidal surgery. Twenty women with hyperprolactinaemia secondary to a pituitary adenoma were studied before and after selective transsphenoidal removal of the tumour. Pre-operatively, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) (200 micrograms iv) and metoclopramide (MCP) (10 mg po) did not produce a positive PRL response in the tumour patients. By contrast, 14 post-partum lactating women, who were used as controls, exhibited a positive response to MCP administration. Methergoline (4 mg po) was shown to decrease serum PRL levels in 8 normal subjects, in 6 puerperal women, and 9 of 10 tumour patients. Bromoergocriptine (CB-154, 2.5 mg po) decreased serum PRL levels in 10 tumour patients. Following transsphenoidal removal of the adenoma serum PRL levels were reduced in all patients, and returned to normal in 14 patients. Prognostics for completely normalizing PRL secretion after transsphenoidal surgery is bettery when initial serum PRL levels are below 200 ng/ml. After surgery all hyperprolactinaemic patients failed to show a positive PRL response to TRH and MCP. Nine normoprolactinaemic patients had a positive response to both stimuli while 3 patients failed to show a positive response immediately following surgery. Long-term studies, however, showed that a positive PRL response was obtained in all patients tested 8-14 months after treatment. A positive PRL response to methergoline and bromocriptine was observed post-operatively in the patients tested regardless of their basal PRL level. Data from this study indicate that surgically proven PRL-secreting adenomas are invariably associated with negative PRL responses to TRH and MCP. The normalization of the prolactin regulation after surgery points toward the intrapituitary localization of the lesion associated with PRL-secreting adenomas.", "PMID": 112818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10353", "title": "Autoradiographic study of the neonatal rat retina after labelled uridine uptake.", "content": "Labelled uridine uptake in the neonatal rat retinas was found to exhibit different patterns in the different regions. Also the affinities of different cell types to uridine uptake was observed to be different.", "contents": "Autoradiographic study of the neonatal rat retina after labelled uridine uptake. Labelled uridine uptake in the neonatal rat retinas was found to exhibit different patterns in the different regions. Also the affinities of different cell types to uridine uptake was observed to be different.", "PMID": 112820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10354", "title": "[Clinical trial of Trive 1000 in long-term parenteral nutrition (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a study of long-term parenteral nutrition with a homogeneous media (produce? Solution?) containing glucido-lipidic calories and essential amino-acids. This solution has the advantage of an easy dosage of the number of calories and of grams of nitrogen to administer; it also decreases the risks of bacterial contamination from \"handicraft\" mixing and excessive manipulations.", "contents": "[Clinical trial of Trive 1000 in long-term parenteral nutrition (author's transl)]. The authors report a study of long-term parenteral nutrition with a homogeneous media (produce? Solution?) containing glucido-lipidic calories and essential amino-acids. This solution has the advantage of an easy dosage of the number of calories and of grams of nitrogen to administer; it also decreases the risks of bacterial contamination from \"handicraft\" mixing and excessive manipulations.", "PMID": 112816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10355", "title": "Nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity in normal and diseased human breast.", "content": "Nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity was identified in human normal and diseased breasts with the use of the calcium-cobalt, the lead-nitrate, and the azo-dye methods. The results varied not only with the staining method, but also with the functional status of the breast structures. In normal, dysplastic, and fibroadenomatous tissues there was a strong parallelism between myoepithelial and capillary enzyme activities. The calcium-cobalt method was the only technique which allowed staining of carcinoma cells; cancer stromal enzyme activity was evidenced only with the use of the same method. Our findings suggest that nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity probably reflects a functional status of the labelled structures; the enzyme activity of myoepithelial cells is variable and not really specific.", "contents": "Nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity in normal and diseased human breast. Nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity was identified in human normal and diseased breasts with the use of the calcium-cobalt, the lead-nitrate, and the azo-dye methods. The results varied not only with the staining method, but also with the functional status of the breast structures. In normal, dysplastic, and fibroadenomatous tissues there was a strong parallelism between myoepithelial and capillary enzyme activities. The calcium-cobalt method was the only technique which allowed staining of carcinoma cells; cancer stromal enzyme activity was evidenced only with the use of the same method. Our findings suggest that nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity probably reflects a functional status of the labelled structures; the enzyme activity of myoepithelial cells is variable and not really specific.", "PMID": 112821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10356", "title": "[Electron microscopical and enzyme histochemical investigation of kidney and liver of the albino rat after cytostatic treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Within 5 days following treatment with cytostatics (vincristine, vinblastine, trenimon, 5-fluorouracil) enzyme-histochemical and ultrastructural changes occurred in the kidney and liver of Wistar rats. The enzyme activities were influenzed by cytostatics in different ways. It was found that the activity of some enzymes increased whereas that of others decreased. Kidney and liver showed a different response in their enzymatic behaviour. The cytostatics used did not have the same effect. The histochemical changes following injection of cytostatics in juvenile rats do not agree with those in adult ones. The electronmicroscopic findings reveal marked morphological changes of the kidney and liver cells within the first 5 days following injection of cytostatics. From the 8th day on after administration of cytostatics neither histochemical nor ultrastructural changes as compared with the controlls were found.", "contents": "[Electron microscopical and enzyme histochemical investigation of kidney and liver of the albino rat after cytostatic treatment (author's transl)]. Within 5 days following treatment with cytostatics (vincristine, vinblastine, trenimon, 5-fluorouracil) enzyme-histochemical and ultrastructural changes occurred in the kidney and liver of Wistar rats. The enzyme activities were influenzed by cytostatics in different ways. It was found that the activity of some enzymes increased whereas that of others decreased. Kidney and liver showed a different response in their enzymatic behaviour. The cytostatics used did not have the same effect. The histochemical changes following injection of cytostatics in juvenile rats do not agree with those in adult ones. The electronmicroscopic findings reveal marked morphological changes of the kidney and liver cells within the first 5 days following injection of cytostatics. From the 8th day on after administration of cytostatics neither histochemical nor ultrastructural changes as compared with the controlls were found.", "PMID": 112822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10357", "title": "[Occurrence of glycogen-deposites in acinar cells of pancreas in prediabetic sand rats (Psammomys obesus) (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigations were in 6 prediabetic and 8 normoglycemic sand rats carried out with a histochemical method (PAS-reaction). Glycogen is present in pancreatic acinar cells in various quantity. It is in the cytoplasm homogenously distributed. The PAS positive acini are near the islets of Langerhans localized, which have in their B cells also glycogen deposites. The phenomenon is by the vascularisation of the pancreas explained.", "contents": "[Occurrence of glycogen-deposites in acinar cells of pancreas in prediabetic sand rats (Psammomys obesus) (author's transl)]. The investigations were in 6 prediabetic and 8 normoglycemic sand rats carried out with a histochemical method (PAS-reaction). Glycogen is present in pancreatic acinar cells in various quantity. It is in the cytoplasm homogenously distributed. The PAS positive acini are near the islets of Langerhans localized, which have in their B cells also glycogen deposites. The phenomenon is by the vascularisation of the pancreas explained.", "PMID": 112823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10358", "title": "Analysis of hyaluronidase diffusion for histochemical purposes.", "content": "Observations on hyaluronidase difussion from natural and artificial objects to precipitated medium are described. The conclusions from this investigation are: (1) hyaluronidase diffusing from biological objects in a precipitated medium is an active enzyme. (2) hyaluronidase diffusion may be utilized for localization of the enzyme. (3) certain parameters of the reaction hyaluronidase--hyaluronic acid may be measured with the use of the notion \"diffusion radius\".", "contents": "Analysis of hyaluronidase diffusion for histochemical purposes. Observations on hyaluronidase difussion from natural and artificial objects to precipitated medium are described. The conclusions from this investigation are: (1) hyaluronidase diffusing from biological objects in a precipitated medium is an active enzyme. (2) hyaluronidase diffusion may be utilized for localization of the enzyme. (3) certain parameters of the reaction hyaluronidase--hyaluronic acid may be measured with the use of the notion \"diffusion radius\".", "PMID": 112824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10359", "title": "Alteration of the enucleating erythroblast glycocalyx.", "content": "Plasmalemmal differentiation of the enucleating normoblast of rabbit and rat was studied by means of cytochemical methods and freeze-etching. Staining with colloidal iron revealed about identical amounts of iron particles bound to various areas of the normoblast membrane. Cationized ferritin and ruthenium red, likewise, failed in the demonstration of significant changes of the enucleating normoblast glycocalyx. Despite these findings the topo-optical staining with toluidine blue showed the plasmalemmal envelope of the protruding normoblast nucleus moderately birefringent, clearly discriminated from the intense anisotropic staining of the future reticulocyte membrane. The ferritin-labeled snail lectin anti AHP localized a great number of binding sites at the plasmalemmal envelope of the nucleus under extrusion. That is in sharp contrast with rather low lectin binding to the future reticulocyte membrane which amounts to about 30 to 50% of the nuclear envelope label. The findings provide evidence of unmasking of bindings sites of the normoblast membrane. Apparently, the effect is due to conformational changes of the cell membrane, rather than it could be attributed to degradation of glycoproteins. Moreover, enucleation kinetics may also be related to supramolecular changes of membrane structure albeit missing evidence for the rearrangement of membrane particles.", "contents": "Alteration of the enucleating erythroblast glycocalyx. Plasmalemmal differentiation of the enucleating normoblast of rabbit and rat was studied by means of cytochemical methods and freeze-etching. Staining with colloidal iron revealed about identical amounts of iron particles bound to various areas of the normoblast membrane. Cationized ferritin and ruthenium red, likewise, failed in the demonstration of significant changes of the enucleating normoblast glycocalyx. Despite these findings the topo-optical staining with toluidine blue showed the plasmalemmal envelope of the protruding normoblast nucleus moderately birefringent, clearly discriminated from the intense anisotropic staining of the future reticulocyte membrane. The ferritin-labeled snail lectin anti AHP localized a great number of binding sites at the plasmalemmal envelope of the nucleus under extrusion. That is in sharp contrast with rather low lectin binding to the future reticulocyte membrane which amounts to about 30 to 50% of the nuclear envelope label. The findings provide evidence of unmasking of bindings sites of the normoblast membrane. Apparently, the effect is due to conformational changes of the cell membrane, rather than it could be attributed to degradation of glycoproteins. Moreover, enucleation kinetics may also be related to supramolecular changes of membrane structure albeit missing evidence for the rearrangement of membrane particles.", "PMID": 112825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10360", "title": "[Further observations on the stimulation of the secondary immunological response in the Rh system].", "content": "The present paper is a continuation of studies for establishing the optimal schedule of blood-donor immunization for obtaining of plasma suitable for production of anti-RhD immunoglobulin. After 3 years of observation of 12 immunized subjects it was found that stimulation of the secondary immune response should be done with small doses (0.5-1 ml) of blood injected intravenously at long time intervals, that is 1-3 times in a year. This method leads to a high and long-term rise in the titre of antibodies exceeding in all cases the value of 1/128 in indirect antiglobulin test, that is suitable for production of the preparation Gamma anti-D 150.", "contents": "[Further observations on the stimulation of the secondary immunological response in the Rh system]. The present paper is a continuation of studies for establishing the optimal schedule of blood-donor immunization for obtaining of plasma suitable for production of anti-RhD immunoglobulin. After 3 years of observation of 12 immunized subjects it was found that stimulation of the secondary immune response should be done with small doses (0.5-1 ml) of blood injected intravenously at long time intervals, that is 1-3 times in a year. This method leads to a high and long-term rise in the titre of antibodies exceeding in all cases the value of 1/128 in indirect antiglobulin test, that is suitable for production of the preparation Gamma anti-D 150.", "PMID": 112819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10361", "title": "Localization of the rat epidermal SH-protease inhibitor in proventricular and vaginal squamous epithelium. An immunofluorescence study.", "content": "The rat epidermal SH-protease inhibitor was localized with the indirect immunofluorescence method in the rat proventricle and vagina fixed in cold phosphate-buffered formalin. Bright fluorescence was seen in the cytoplasms of the superficial layers of these squamous epithelia only when a highly specific antiinhibitor serum was used. The fluorescence diminished when normal rabbit serum or a rabbit antiserum againts bovine serum albumin was used instead of the anti-inhibitor serum. When the anti-inhibitor serum was neutralized with the purified epidermal inhibitor, the fluorescence was again markedly weakened. The results confirm our previous observations showing that the epidermal SH-protease inhibitor also occurs in other squamous epithelia, especially in the cytoplasms of the cells in their upper layers.", "contents": "Localization of the rat epidermal SH-protease inhibitor in proventricular and vaginal squamous epithelium. An immunofluorescence study. The rat epidermal SH-protease inhibitor was localized with the indirect immunofluorescence method in the rat proventricle and vagina fixed in cold phosphate-buffered formalin. Bright fluorescence was seen in the cytoplasms of the superficial layers of these squamous epithelia only when a highly specific antiinhibitor serum was used. The fluorescence diminished when normal rabbit serum or a rabbit antiserum againts bovine serum albumin was used instead of the anti-inhibitor serum. When the anti-inhibitor serum was neutralized with the purified epidermal inhibitor, the fluorescence was again markedly weakened. The results confirm our previous observations showing that the epidermal SH-protease inhibitor also occurs in other squamous epithelia, especially in the cytoplasms of the cells in their upper layers.", "PMID": 112827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10362", "title": "Localization of the rat epidermal SH-protease inhibitor in the proventricular squamous epithelium using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method.", "content": "The rat epidermal SH-protease inhibitor was localized by the PAP method in the squamous epithelium of rat proventricle. Brown accumulation due to the peroxidase reaction was seen in the superficial and middle layers of squamous epithelia. The localization of the inhibitor in squamous epithelium is the same as we have demonstrated with immunofluorescence staining.", "contents": "Localization of the rat epidermal SH-protease inhibitor in the proventricular squamous epithelium using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. The rat epidermal SH-protease inhibitor was localized by the PAP method in the squamous epithelium of rat proventricle. Brown accumulation due to the peroxidase reaction was seen in the superficial and middle layers of squamous epithelia. The localization of the inhibitor in squamous epithelium is the same as we have demonstrated with immunofluorescence staining.", "PMID": 112828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10363", "title": "[Contribution on standardisation of the colloidal iron binding reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "The iron binding reaction provides inconstant results with respect to the number of electron dense particles bound to cell surfaces if acetic acid has been used for the production of the colloid and for washing procedures in the course of iron binding. In the present paper it is shown that the dilution of colloidal iron hydroxide by adding acetic acid changes the size distribution of the colloidal particles, resulting in a marked decrease of iron binding. For that reason, a standard method is proposed in which hydrochloric acid is used instead of acetic acid. By this modification more reproducible results are gained with regard to the above mentioned quantitative aspects.", "contents": "[Contribution on standardisation of the colloidal iron binding reaction (author's transl)]. The iron binding reaction provides inconstant results with respect to the number of electron dense particles bound to cell surfaces if acetic acid has been used for the production of the colloid and for washing procedures in the course of iron binding. In the present paper it is shown that the dilution of colloidal iron hydroxide by adding acetic acid changes the size distribution of the colloidal particles, resulting in a marked decrease of iron binding. For that reason, a standard method is proposed in which hydrochloric acid is used instead of acetic acid. By this modification more reproducible results are gained with regard to the above mentioned quantitative aspects.", "PMID": 112829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10364", "title": "[Fluorescence histochemical investigations on the distribution of GABA in the hippocampus of rat (author's transl)].", "content": "1. In the hippocampal region of the rat brain GABA was demonstrated with a modified reaction according to WOLMAN (1971). 2. In the various regions of hippocampus different intensities of GABA-fluorescence were demonstrable: A maximum of intensity being present in the area dentata and in the CA 3 region; it is very low in the CA 1 and CA 4 region. 3. The fluorescence of GABA was found to be localized around the pyramidal neurons and the dentate granule cells, respectively.", "contents": "[Fluorescence histochemical investigations on the distribution of GABA in the hippocampus of rat (author's transl)]. 1. In the hippocampal region of the rat brain GABA was demonstrated with a modified reaction according to WOLMAN (1971). 2. In the various regions of hippocampus different intensities of GABA-fluorescence were demonstrable: A maximum of intensity being present in the area dentata and in the CA 3 region; it is very low in the CA 1 and CA 4 region. 3. The fluorescence of GABA was found to be localized around the pyramidal neurons and the dentate granule cells, respectively.", "PMID": 112830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10365", "title": "[Fluorescence histochemical investigations on the topic of GABA and dopamine in the neostriatum of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "In the neostriatum of adult rats the distribution of Dopamine and GABA was investigated by means of fluorescence histochemical methods. There is a different mode of distribution of the transmitters in this brain region. The animals were treated with cycloserin, acting as an inhibitor of the GABA transaminase, in order to enhance the GABA content. In the neostriatum GABA containing neurons and GABA-ergic afferents could be demonstrated. GABA containing fibers are present in the whole striatum. Varicose Dopamine fibers appear as a dense fluorescent network.", "contents": "[Fluorescence histochemical investigations on the topic of GABA and dopamine in the neostriatum of the rat (author's transl)]. In the neostriatum of adult rats the distribution of Dopamine and GABA was investigated by means of fluorescence histochemical methods. There is a different mode of distribution of the transmitters in this brain region. The animals were treated with cycloserin, acting as an inhibitor of the GABA transaminase, in order to enhance the GABA content. In the neostriatum GABA containing neurons and GABA-ergic afferents could be demonstrated. GABA containing fibers are present in the whole striatum. Varicose Dopamine fibers appear as a dense fluorescent network.", "PMID": 112831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10366", "title": "Localization of non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase in human fibroblast from skeletal muscle atrophy.", "content": "The intracellular localization of non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase was investigated in human fibroblast cells from skeletal muscle atrophy. Non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase positive sites were visualized ultrastructurally in the fibroblast. Electron microscopy for the cytochemistry of these enzyme was performed in human atrophic skeletal muscle by using thiol acetate esterase method and GOMORI'S method. Lipofuscin pigment granules in fibroblast cells contain dense pigment, granular matrix and lipid droplet. Reaction products of non-specific esterase are seen in the pigment and granular matrix, and they may therefore be called residual bodies. Reaction products of acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase were found to be located in lysosomes.", "contents": "Localization of non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase in human fibroblast from skeletal muscle atrophy. The intracellular localization of non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase was investigated in human fibroblast cells from skeletal muscle atrophy. Non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase positive sites were visualized ultrastructurally in the fibroblast. Electron microscopy for the cytochemistry of these enzyme was performed in human atrophic skeletal muscle by using thiol acetate esterase method and GOMORI'S method. Lipofuscin pigment granules in fibroblast cells contain dense pigment, granular matrix and lipid droplet. Reaction products of non-specific esterase are seen in the pigment and granular matrix, and they may therefore be called residual bodies. Reaction products of acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase were found to be located in lysosomes.", "PMID": 112832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10367", "title": "Ant-egg cataract. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the ant-egg cataractous lens has been studied. Comparison of tissue demineralized by means of EDTA with untreated tissue showed the calcium salts in the ant-eggs to be mostly crystalline. A laminar appearance of the ant-egg seen in EDTA treated material suggested an intermittent growth of the structure. In the ant-eggs, as well as in some areas separate from these, membrane limited cytoplasmic bodies could be seen in many cases, the membranes of which were partly joint and partly separated by an electron dense material. It is suggested that the calcifications seen as the ant-eggs are secondary phenomena to an abnormal metabolism, morphologically seen as membrane limited cytoplasmic bodies.", "contents": "Ant-egg cataract. An electron microscopic study. The ultrastructure of the ant-egg cataractous lens has been studied. Comparison of tissue demineralized by means of EDTA with untreated tissue showed the calcium salts in the ant-eggs to be mostly crystalline. A laminar appearance of the ant-egg seen in EDTA treated material suggested an intermittent growth of the structure. In the ant-eggs, as well as in some areas separate from these, membrane limited cytoplasmic bodies could be seen in many cases, the membranes of which were partly joint and partly separated by an electron dense material. It is suggested that the calcifications seen as the ant-eggs are secondary phenomena to an abnormal metabolism, morphologically seen as membrane limited cytoplasmic bodies.", "PMID": 112833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10368", "title": "Biological indicators for the control of ethylene oxide sterilization.", "content": "A new biological indicator has been developed for  the control of ethylene oxide sterilization, particularly for large scale sterilization of disposable medical equipment. The aim has been to provide the new indicator with the same resistance to the combined effect of ethylene oxide and water vapour as the biological indicator referred to by the health authorities in Scandinavia. The reference indicator contains spores of a Danish test strain, Bacillus subtilis, in sand. The new one contains spores of a test strain used extensively for biological indicators, viz. B. subtilis var. niger (B. globigii). The spores in the new preparation are dried in pieces of cotton yarn. The two indicators were exposed to ethylene oxide and water vapour in five different series of experiments and almost the same resistance was found. In simulated routine sterilization procedures, the new indicator was placed at locations not easily accessible for the gas and water vapour, and the results reflected the blockage of diffusion. The experiments included samples of household dust. The resistance of the microorganisms in the dust was compared with that of the biological indicators. Based on these comparisons, it is concluded that the resistance of the two biological indicators to ethylene oxide is in accordance with the official Scandinavian standard for sterilized medical equipment when used in the control of sterilization of products with low microbial contamination.", "contents": "Biological indicators for the control of ethylene oxide sterilization. A new biological indicator has been developed for  the control of ethylene oxide sterilization, particularly for large scale sterilization of disposable medical equipment. The aim has been to provide the new indicator with the same resistance to the combined effect of ethylene oxide and water vapour as the biological indicator referred to by the health authorities in Scandinavia. The reference indicator contains spores of a Danish test strain, Bacillus subtilis, in sand. The new one contains spores of a test strain used extensively for biological indicators, viz. B. subtilis var. niger (B. globigii). The spores in the new preparation are dried in pieces of cotton yarn. The two indicators were exposed to ethylene oxide and water vapour in five different series of experiments and almost the same resistance was found. In simulated routine sterilization procedures, the new indicator was placed at locations not easily accessible for the gas and water vapour, and the results reflected the blockage of diffusion. The experiments included samples of household dust. The resistance of the microorganisms in the dust was compared with that of the biological indicators. Based on these comparisons, it is concluded that the resistance of the two biological indicators to ethylene oxide is in accordance with the official Scandinavian standard for sterilized medical equipment when used in the control of sterilization of products with low microbial contamination.", "PMID": 112834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10369", "title": "[Comparative sensitivity of 4 different cell cultures in the isolation and identification of mumps virus].", "content": "Three different continuous cell lines (Am 57, Hela, Vero) and primary cell culture of human embryo kidney are compared with regard to their susceptibility for isolation of mumps virus from saliva and cerebrospinal fluid. For this purpose the Vero cell line appeared to be more suitable among the studied cell systems regarding the following reasons: it allows the highest percentage of mumps virus isolation. The cytopathic effect caused by mumps virus occurs comparatively rapidly in this cell culture. This cytopathic effect is typical enough to allow for a preliminary diagnosis of mumps virus.", "contents": "[Comparative sensitivity of 4 different cell cultures in the isolation and identification of mumps virus]. Three different continuous cell lines (Am 57, Hela, Vero) and primary cell culture of human embryo kidney are compared with regard to their susceptibility for isolation of mumps virus from saliva and cerebrospinal fluid. For this purpose the Vero cell line appeared to be more suitable among the studied cell systems regarding the following reasons: it allows the highest percentage of mumps virus isolation. The cytopathic effect caused by mumps virus occurs comparatively rapidly in this cell culture. This cytopathic effect is typical enough to allow for a preliminary diagnosis of mumps virus.", "PMID": 112836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10370", "title": "Identification of renal tubular epithelial cells in urine with immunofluorescence.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with human kidney homogenate. The rabbit sera, after absorption with human liver homogenate, showed antibody activity against human kidney, renal pelvis and urinary bladder. The sera were then absorbed with human renal pelvis and urinary bladder mucosa and subsequently showed no antibody activity against urinary bladder or renal pelvis. Immunofluorescence examinations showed fluorescing cells in kidney tubules, but not elsewhere. The finally absorbed antihuman kidney sera were used for indirect immunofluorescence examination of urinary sediments from patients with renal disease. Phase contrast microscopy was used simultaneously. Fluorescence was found in cells which in phase contrast microscopy were judged to be renal tubular cells. Fluorescing cells were often found in casts, but free cells were also seen. Immunofluorescence may thus provide a means of identifying renal tubular cells in urine.", "contents": "Identification of renal tubular epithelial cells in urine with immunofluorescence. Rabbits were immunized with human kidney homogenate. The rabbit sera, after absorption with human liver homogenate, showed antibody activity against human kidney, renal pelvis and urinary bladder. The sera were then absorbed with human renal pelvis and urinary bladder mucosa and subsequently showed no antibody activity against urinary bladder or renal pelvis. Immunofluorescence examinations showed fluorescing cells in kidney tubules, but not elsewhere. The finally absorbed antihuman kidney sera were used for indirect immunofluorescence examination of urinary sediments from patients with renal disease. Phase contrast microscopy was used simultaneously. Fluorescence was found in cells which in phase contrast microscopy were judged to be renal tubular cells. Fluorescing cells were often found in casts, but free cells were also seen. Immunofluorescence may thus provide a means of identifying renal tubular cells in urine.", "PMID": 112837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10371", "title": "Defective life cycle and low antibiotic production in submerged cultures of Streptomyces fradiae.", "content": "The life cycle of a Streptomyces fradiae strain producing high amounts of neomycin under industrial conditions has been investigated in liquid soybean medium where the production of antibiotic proved to be comparatively low. The changes occurring in the main macromolecular components and the enzyme activities of the mycelium during the life cycle and cytological observations proved that there was a block in the normal proecess of reproductive differentiation and a lack of exocellular alkaline phosphatase activity was found.", "contents": "Defective life cycle and low antibiotic production in submerged cultures of Streptomyces fradiae. The life cycle of a Streptomyces fradiae strain producing high amounts of neomycin under industrial conditions has been investigated in liquid soybean medium where the production of antibiotic proved to be comparatively low. The changes occurring in the main macromolecular components and the enzyme activities of the mycelium during the life cycle and cytological observations proved that there was a block in the normal proecess of reproductive differentiation and a lack of exocellular alkaline phosphatase activity was found.", "PMID": 112838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10372", "title": "The influence of chronic deep brain stimulation on excitability and morphology of the stimulated tissue.", "content": "Bipolar electrical stimulations of the rostal hippocampus and of the amygdala were performed at irregular intervals in wakeful unrestrained cats via chronically implanted glass-insulated stainless steel electrodes. The excitability of the stimulated tissue remained unchanged during the whole investigation period of six months up to one and a half years, as was revealed by regularly performed comparisons of shape, latency, and amplitude of evoked potentials elicited by electrical stimulation of the rostral hippocampus and recorded within the ipsilateral mammillary body. The histological examination of the stimulated tissue revealed a fibrillary gliosis due to the trauma caused by the insertion of the electrodes, but no signs of additional tissue damage due to electrical stimulation or chronic mechanical irritation. The results indicate that it is possible to perform therapeutic stimulations of deep brain structures for long periods without inducing relevant changes in morphology or electrical responsiveness of the stimulated tissue. No kindling phenomena are to be expected, if the stimulations are performed at irregular intervals.", "contents": "The influence of chronic deep brain stimulation on excitability and morphology of the stimulated tissue. Bipolar electrical stimulations of the rostal hippocampus and of the amygdala were performed at irregular intervals in wakeful unrestrained cats via chronically implanted glass-insulated stainless steel electrodes. The excitability of the stimulated tissue remained unchanged during the whole investigation period of six months up to one and a half years, as was revealed by regularly performed comparisons of shape, latency, and amplitude of evoked potentials elicited by electrical stimulation of the rostral hippocampus and recorded within the ipsilateral mammillary body. The histological examination of the stimulated tissue revealed a fibrillary gliosis due to the trauma caused by the insertion of the electrodes, but no signs of additional tissue damage due to electrical stimulation or chronic mechanical irritation. The results indicate that it is possible to perform therapeutic stimulations of deep brain structures for long periods without inducing relevant changes in morphology or electrical responsiveness of the stimulated tissue. No kindling phenomena are to be expected, if the stimulations are performed at irregular intervals.", "PMID": 112839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10373", "title": "Evaluation of the chronic inhalation toxocity of a manganese oxide aerosol. II. Clinical observations, hematology, clinical chemistry and histopathology.", "content": "Monkeys and rats were exposed to 11.6, 112.5, or 1152 microgram Mn/m3 as an Mn3O4 aerosol twenty-four hours per day for nine months. Various serum biochemical, and hematologic evaluations were conducted on both specie. Body weight gain was accelerated in rats exposed to 1152 microgram Mn/m3. Hemoglobin concentrations were slightly elevated for both sexes and both specie exposed to 1152 microgram Mn/m3; however, the effect may not be directly related to Mn. Some evidence of hypophosphatemia was observed. No exposure related effects were demonstrated by organ weight or histopathologic observations.", "contents": "Evaluation of the chronic inhalation toxocity of a manganese oxide aerosol. II. Clinical observations, hematology, clinical chemistry and histopathology. Monkeys and rats were exposed to 11.6, 112.5, or 1152 microgram Mn/m3 as an Mn3O4 aerosol twenty-four hours per day for nine months. Various serum biochemical, and hematologic evaluations were conducted on both specie. Body weight gain was accelerated in rats exposed to 1152 microgram Mn/m3. Hemoglobin concentrations were slightly elevated for both sexes and both specie exposed to 1152 microgram Mn/m3; however, the effect may not be directly related to Mn. Some evidence of hypophosphatemia was observed. No exposure related effects were demonstrated by organ weight or histopathologic observations.", "PMID": 112847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10374", "title": "Density variation in the humeral cortex of Macaca.", "content": "The purpose of this research was to describe patterns of density variation throughout the cortex of the humeral shaft in Macaca and to attempt to explain these variations in terms of the gross anatomy and mechanical function of the bone. One hundred ninety transverse sections were taken from five sites along the humeral diaphyses of 38 Macaca. The density at eight positions around each section was measured using radiographic and densitometric techniques. Analysis of variance indicated significant (p less than 0.02) differences among cross-sectional levels and positions within each level. No sexual dimorphism in density could be demonstrated, although sexual dimorphism in density has been reported for the femora of this same sample. This relationship between humerus and femur parallels that found in humans. Density increased distally in the humerus, probably due to major areas of muscle attachment. Comparison with similar data from the femur of Macaca indicated unexpected differences in density pattern which may underlie differences in the strength and mechanics of the upper and lower extremities.", "contents": "Density variation in the humeral cortex of Macaca. The purpose of this research was to describe patterns of density variation throughout the cortex of the humeral shaft in Macaca and to attempt to explain these variations in terms of the gross anatomy and mechanical function of the bone. One hundred ninety transverse sections were taken from five sites along the humeral diaphyses of 38 Macaca. The density at eight positions around each section was measured using radiographic and densitometric techniques. Analysis of variance indicated significant (p less than 0.02) differences among cross-sectional levels and positions within each level. No sexual dimorphism in density could be demonstrated, although sexual dimorphism in density has been reported for the femora of this same sample. This relationship between humerus and femur parallels that found in humans. Density increased distally in the humerus, probably due to major areas of muscle attachment. Comparison with similar data from the femur of Macaca indicated unexpected differences in density pattern which may underlie differences in the strength and mechanics of the upper and lower extremities.", "PMID": 112848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10375", "title": "The linoleic acid and trans fatty acids of margarines.", "content": "Fifty brands of margarine were analysed for cis-polyunsaturated acids by lipoxidase, for trans fatty acid by infared spectroscopy, and for fatty acid composition by gas-liquid chromatography. High concentrations of trans fatty acids tended to be associated with low concentrations of linoleic acid. Later analyses on eight of the brands, respresenting various proportions of linoleic to trans fatty acids, indicated that two of them contained still higher levels of trans fatty acids (greater than 60%) and negligible amounts of linoleic acid. It is proposed that margarine could be a vehicle for the distribution of some dietary linoleic acid and that the level of linoleic acid and the summation of the saturated plus trans fatty acids be known to ascertain nutritional characteristics.", "contents": "The linoleic acid and trans fatty acids of margarines. Fifty brands of margarine were analysed for cis-polyunsaturated acids by lipoxidase, for trans fatty acid by infared spectroscopy, and for fatty acid composition by gas-liquid chromatography. High concentrations of trans fatty acids tended to be associated with low concentrations of linoleic acid. Later analyses on eight of the brands, respresenting various proportions of linoleic to trans fatty acids, indicated that two of them contained still higher levels of trans fatty acids (greater than 60%) and negligible amounts of linoleic acid. It is proposed that margarine could be a vehicle for the distribution of some dietary linoleic acid and that the level of linoleic acid and the summation of the saturated plus trans fatty acids be known to ascertain nutritional characteristics.", "PMID": 112850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10376", "title": "Assessment of the efficiency of protein utilization in young squirrel and macaque monkeys.", "content": "The efficiency of protein utilization was assessed in three groups of infant squirrel monkeys fed diets containing restricted amounts of lactalbumin, casein, and soy protein isolate as the sole nitrogen source for 3-week periods. Lactalbumin was fed in similar conditions to a group of macaques for comparison. The regression of weight gain on protein intake was calculated for each dietary protein yielding an estimate of protein needs for weight maintenance and an estimate of the efficiency of utilization of protein for growth (slope X percentage protein in tissue). Mean requirements for weight maintenance of infant squirrel monkeys for lactalbumin, casein and soy protein isolate were 3.43, 3.63, and 7.96 g/kg per day and growth was accomplished with an efficiency of 27.8, 32.1, and 22.2%, respectively. In contrast, the macaques utilized lactalbumin with an efficiency of 65%, similar to that of the infant cebus monkey and adult man. The low efficiency found in young squirrel monkeys was altered neither when the habitual feeding schedule was prolonged from 16 to 24 hr per day in a group of casein-fed animals nor when sulfur amino acids were added to casein.", "contents": "Assessment of the efficiency of protein utilization in young squirrel and macaque monkeys. The efficiency of protein utilization was assessed in three groups of infant squirrel monkeys fed diets containing restricted amounts of lactalbumin, casein, and soy protein isolate as the sole nitrogen source for 3-week periods. Lactalbumin was fed in similar conditions to a group of macaques for comparison. The regression of weight gain on protein intake was calculated for each dietary protein yielding an estimate of protein needs for weight maintenance and an estimate of the efficiency of utilization of protein for growth (slope X percentage protein in tissue). Mean requirements for weight maintenance of infant squirrel monkeys for lactalbumin, casein and soy protein isolate were 3.43, 3.63, and 7.96 g/kg per day and growth was accomplished with an efficiency of 27.8, 32.1, and 22.2%, respectively. In contrast, the macaques utilized lactalbumin with an efficiency of 65%, similar to that of the infant cebus monkey and adult man. The low efficiency found in young squirrel monkeys was altered neither when the habitual feeding schedule was prolonged from 16 to 24 hr per day in a group of casein-fed animals nor when sulfur amino acids were added to casein.", "PMID": 112851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10377", "title": "IgD myeloma. Report of a case with unusual clinical and immunologic features.", "content": "A case of IgD myeloma in a 48-year-old Caucasian man is reported. The unusual features of this case included the absence of osteolytic lesions by x-ray, absence of anemia, absence of monoclonal spike on serum electrophoresis, association of kappa light chains, absence of Bence Jones proteinemia and Bence Jones proteinuria, and a remarkable, temporary clinical response to therapy. Immunoelectrophoresis of whole serum yielded a pattern consistent with IgD kappa monoclonal gammopathy. Immunoelectrophoresis of a pure serum IgD preparation, previously separated by gel chromatography (Sephadex G-200), revealed definitive information about an IgD kappa monoclonal gammopathy. Immunomicroscopic examination of bonemarrow smears showed the presence of delta and kappa chains only in the cytoplasm of plasma cells.", "contents": "IgD myeloma. Report of a case with unusual clinical and immunologic features. A case of IgD myeloma in a 48-year-old Caucasian man is reported. The unusual features of this case included the absence of osteolytic lesions by x-ray, absence of anemia, absence of monoclonal spike on serum electrophoresis, association of kappa light chains, absence of Bence Jones proteinemia and Bence Jones proteinuria, and a remarkable, temporary clinical response to therapy. Immunoelectrophoresis of whole serum yielded a pattern consistent with IgD kappa monoclonal gammopathy. Immunoelectrophoresis of a pure serum IgD preparation, previously separated by gel chromatography (Sephadex G-200), revealed definitive information about an IgD kappa monoclonal gammopathy. Immunomicroscopic examination of bonemarrow smears showed the presence of delta and kappa chains only in the cytoplasm of plasma cells.", "PMID": 112852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10378", "title": "Comparison of fetomaternal hemorrhage detection methods and Rh immune globulin usage.", "content": "A 1977 College of American Pathologists survey of hospitals has been analyzed to compare Rh immune globulin usage (RhIgG) with methods used to screen and confirm fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH). The survey data show that there is a correlation between the rate of multiple vial usage and the confirmation method used. Laboratories using Fetaldex administered multiple vials of Rh immune globulin significantly more often than laboratories using other acid elution technics. This difference was independent of the screening methods used and was not related to the number of patients tested in laboratories giving fewer than 300 vials of Rh immune globulin per year. The incidence of fetomaternal hemorrhages of greater than 30 ml has been reported to be 0.3% by various groups using Kleihauer procedures to test large numbers of women after delivery. In 61 of 374 laboratories using Fetaldex and 15 of 253 laboratories using Kleihauer-Betke procedure more than ten times the expected number of recipients were given multiple vials.", "contents": "Comparison of fetomaternal hemorrhage detection methods and Rh immune globulin usage. A 1977 College of American Pathologists survey of hospitals has been analyzed to compare Rh immune globulin usage (RhIgG) with methods used to screen and confirm fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH). The survey data show that there is a correlation between the rate of multiple vial usage and the confirmation method used. Laboratories using Fetaldex administered multiple vials of Rh immune globulin significantly more often than laboratories using other acid elution technics. This difference was independent of the screening methods used and was not related to the number of patients tested in laboratories giving fewer than 300 vials of Rh immune globulin per year. The incidence of fetomaternal hemorrhages of greater than 30 ml has been reported to be 0.3% by various groups using Kleihauer procedures to test large numbers of women after delivery. In 61 of 374 laboratories using Fetaldex and 15 of 253 laboratories using Kleihauer-Betke procedure more than ten times the expected number of recipients were given multiple vials.", "PMID": 112853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10379", "title": "Platelet counts in capillary blood.", "content": "Samples of venous and capillary blood were collected simultaneously from healthy adults to assess the accuracy of platelet counts in capillary blood as determined by an automated particle counter. The difference between the mean venous blood platelet count (248,300) and the mean capillary blood count (215,500) was highly significant (P less than .001). For 24% (7/29) of the subjects, the capillary blood platelet count underestimated the venous blood count by greater than or equal to 25%, with three subjects erroneously classified as thrombocytopenic. A heterogeneous group of thrombocytopenic patients showed a similar difference in mean platelet counts (venous blood: 72,500/microliter; capillary blood: 65,400/microliter; P = 0.01). In most clinical situations, capillary blood platelet counts were adequate for patient evaluation; however, when an accurate platelet count is necessary, venous blood should be used.", "contents": "Platelet counts in capillary blood. Samples of venous and capillary blood were collected simultaneously from healthy adults to assess the accuracy of platelet counts in capillary blood as determined by an automated particle counter. The difference between the mean venous blood platelet count (248,300) and the mean capillary blood count (215,500) was highly significant (P less than .001). For 24% (7/29) of the subjects, the capillary blood platelet count underestimated the venous blood count by greater than or equal to 25%, with three subjects erroneously classified as thrombocytopenic. A heterogeneous group of thrombocytopenic patients showed a similar difference in mean platelet counts (venous blood: 72,500/microliter; capillary blood: 65,400/microliter; P = 0.01). In most clinical situations, capillary blood platelet counts were adequate for patient evaluation; however, when an accurate platelet count is necessary, venous blood should be used.", "PMID": 112854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10380", "title": "Closing the Rh immune globulin utilization gap.", "content": "A simple and effective system, designed to achieve 100% utilization of Rh immune globulin in a general hospital, is presented. During a one-year period, all Rh-negative women exposed to events capable of inducing Rh sensitization were identified. In every case the protection of these women was verified. Four major oversights were discovered and immediately corrected, resulting in adequate protection of all Rh-negative women at risk of Rh sensitization. The system is compared with two other successful programs currently in use. The role of the Pathology Department, as a fail-safe mechanism to close potential loopholes in a Rh prophylaxis program, is emphasized.", "contents": "Closing the Rh immune globulin utilization gap. A simple and effective system, designed to achieve 100% utilization of Rh immune globulin in a general hospital, is presented. During a one-year period, all Rh-negative women exposed to events capable of inducing Rh sensitization were identified. In every case the protection of these women was verified. Four major oversights were discovered and immediately corrected, resulting in adequate protection of all Rh-negative women at risk of Rh sensitization. The system is compared with two other successful programs currently in use. The role of the Pathology Department, as a fail-safe mechanism to close potential loopholes in a Rh prophylaxis program, is emphasized.", "PMID": 112855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10381", "title": "Pseudogonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. Branhamella (Neisseria) catarrhalis conjunctivitis.", "content": "A culture from conjunctivitis occurring in a neonate in association with a recurrent fever yielded a nearly pure growth of Branhamella (Neisseria) catarrhalis. The conjunctivitis was not appreciated and effectively treated until a second hospitalization in the fourth week of life. Partial suppression of symptoms had followed short-term parenteral antibiotic therapy during the first admission. Resolution quickly occurred in response to instillation of sodium sulfacetamide ophthalmic solution. Although B. catarrhalis is considered a non-pathogen, the literature reviewed included a number of diverse infections, but no previous instance of conjunctivitis. The organism's close similarities to Neisseria gonorrhoeae necessitate isolation and correct biochemical differentiation. Misdiagnosis of gonococcal conjunctivitis carries obvious social, psychological and medical impact.", "contents": "Pseudogonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. Branhamella (Neisseria) catarrhalis conjunctivitis. A culture from conjunctivitis occurring in a neonate in association with a recurrent fever yielded a nearly pure growth of Branhamella (Neisseria) catarrhalis. The conjunctivitis was not appreciated and effectively treated until a second hospitalization in the fourth week of life. Partial suppression of symptoms had followed short-term parenteral antibiotic therapy during the first admission. Resolution quickly occurred in response to instillation of sodium sulfacetamide ophthalmic solution. Although B. catarrhalis is considered a non-pathogen, the literature reviewed included a number of diverse infections, but no previous instance of conjunctivitis. The organism's close similarities to Neisseria gonorrhoeae necessitate isolation and correct biochemical differentiation. Misdiagnosis of gonococcal conjunctivitis carries obvious social, psychological and medical impact.", "PMID": 112856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10382", "title": "Cryptosporidiosis in an immunosuppressed renal-transplant recipient with IgA deficiency.", "content": "Cryptosporidia are sporozoan parasites that infect epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Infection with cryptosporidia has been found most commonly in a variety of animal species and only rarely in man. The authors report a case of an immunosuppressed renal-transplant recipient with IgA deficiency who experienced diarrhea and fever and was found to have cryptosporidia in a jejunal biopsy specimen and in air-dried smears of the specimen. By electron microscopy, trophozoite, schizont, and macrogamete forms were identified, and these forms ahd morphologic features similar to those of cryptosporidia previously found in guinea pigs. Treatment of the cryptosporidial infection in this case was with trisulfapyrimidines. The efficacy of this treatment could not be evaluated because of complications.", "contents": "Cryptosporidiosis in an immunosuppressed renal-transplant recipient with IgA deficiency. Cryptosporidia are sporozoan parasites that infect epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Infection with cryptosporidia has been found most commonly in a variety of animal species and only rarely in man. The authors report a case of an immunosuppressed renal-transplant recipient with IgA deficiency who experienced diarrhea and fever and was found to have cryptosporidia in a jejunal biopsy specimen and in air-dried smears of the specimen. By electron microscopy, trophozoite, schizont, and macrogamete forms were identified, and these forms ahd morphologic features similar to those of cryptosporidia previously found in guinea pigs. Treatment of the cryptosporidial infection in this case was with trisulfapyrimidines. The efficacy of this treatment could not be evaluated because of complications.", "PMID": 112857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10383", "title": "Zinc therapy of depressed cellular immunity in acrodermatitis enteropathica. Its correction.", "content": "A child with hypogammaglobulinemia and intractable diarrhea underwent parenteral alimentation for five months. A clinical syndrome of acrodermatitis enteropathica subsequently developed associated with a depression in thymus-dependent lymphocyte (T cell) numbers, abnormal T-cell mitogen-induced blast transformation, and anergy to skin test antigens. Plasma zinc levels were found to be abnormally low. Zinc therapy resulted in dramatic resolution of the clinical manifestations of acrodermatitis enteropathica. Cell-mediated immune function was also restored to normal, suggesting an important role for zinc and possibly other trace metals in cellular immune responses.", "contents": "Zinc therapy of depressed cellular immunity in acrodermatitis enteropathica. Its correction. A child with hypogammaglobulinemia and intractable diarrhea underwent parenteral alimentation for five months. A clinical syndrome of acrodermatitis enteropathica subsequently developed associated with a depression in thymus-dependent lymphocyte (T cell) numbers, abnormal T-cell mitogen-induced blast transformation, and anergy to skin test antigens. Plasma zinc levels were found to be abnormally low. Zinc therapy resulted in dramatic resolution of the clinical manifestations of acrodermatitis enteropathica. Cell-mediated immune function was also restored to normal, suggesting an important role for zinc and possibly other trace metals in cellular immune responses.", "PMID": 112858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10384", "title": "State of the art: total parenteral nutrition: a guide for its use.", "content": "A brief review of TPN might more clearly point out and explain some of the major areas of this protocol. The use of subclavian vein catheterization for hyperosmolar solutions is the key to TPN. The tip of the catheter resides in the superior vena cava, so solutions with a concentration of 1,500-2,200 mOsm/l. (over five times the osmolarity of serum) can be infused at a rate of 2-3 ml./min. while being diluted by a blood flow of 2-5 l./min. (a dilution factor of a thousand). The site of the catheter is in a large vein. The cutaneous entry site of the catheter is in the pectoral skin below the clavicle; site must be kept scrupulously clean and dressed sterilely. Because of potential complications, the patient should be carefully observed and monitored.", "contents": "State of the art: total parenteral nutrition: a guide for its use. A brief review of TPN might more clearly point out and explain some of the major areas of this protocol. The use of subclavian vein catheterization for hyperosmolar solutions is the key to TPN. The tip of the catheter resides in the superior vena cava, so solutions with a concentration of 1,500-2,200 mOsm/l. (over five times the osmolarity of serum) can be infused at a rate of 2-3 ml./min. while being diluted by a blood flow of 2-5 l./min. (a dilution factor of a thousand). The site of the catheter is in a large vein. The cutaneous entry site of the catheter is in the pectoral skin below the clavicle; site must be kept scrupulously clean and dressed sterilely. Because of potential complications, the patient should be carefully observed and monitored.", "PMID": 112860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10385", "title": "Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome: case report.", "content": "The oculocerebrofacial syndrome was described from siblings of both sexes in 1971 by Kaufman. A 12-year-old child with a set of corresponding malformations is described. This would suggest that the original report did not describe a \"private\" syndrome.", "contents": "Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome: case report. The oculocerebrofacial syndrome was described from siblings of both sexes in 1971 by Kaufman. A 12-year-old child with a set of corresponding malformations is described. This would suggest that the original report did not describe a \"private\" syndrome.", "PMID": 112864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10386", "title": "Radioangiographic measurement of the internal diameters of the uteroplacental arteries in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The internal diameters of successive anatomic segments of the uteroplacental arteries in Macaca mulatta were measured at 100 to 150 dyas' gestation. Although the absolute values vary widely, the proportional relationships between segments are uniform from animal to animal and from one time in gestation to another. We also observed that each of the two uterine arteries supplies a restricted portion of the placenta with little overlap, that there is predominance of one uterine artery over the other in the number of placental lobes supplied, and that two radial arteries occasionally contribute to a single spiral artery, giving rise to an anastomotic loop.", "contents": "Radioangiographic measurement of the internal diameters of the uteroplacental arteries in rhesus monkeys. The internal diameters of successive anatomic segments of the uteroplacental arteries in Macaca mulatta were measured at 100 to 150 dyas' gestation. Although the absolute values vary widely, the proportional relationships between segments are uniform from animal to animal and from one time in gestation to another. We also observed that each of the two uterine arteries supplies a restricted portion of the placenta with little overlap, that there is predominance of one uterine artery over the other in the number of placental lobes supplied, and that two radial arteries occasionally contribute to a single spiral artery, giving rise to an anastomotic loop.", "PMID": 112866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10387", "title": "Premature onset of labor, neonatal patent ductus arteriosus, and prostaglandin synthetase antagonists--a rat model of a human problem.", "content": "Premature labor and patent ductus arteriosus are two potentially fatal hazards of the human newborn infant. Prostaglandin synthetase antagonists have thus been used to suppress early labor and to close the ductus of the neonate. Indomethacin has been most effective but not free of significant complications. Neuronal necrosis may result from numerous systemic aberrations. A controlled rat model study was therefore devised to investigate fetal neuronal necrosis in relation to maternal indomethacin dose. Dams were given various treatments of 2 mg/kg of 4 mg/kg indomethacin within the last 3 days of gestation. Liquid chromatography was used to assess serum maternal and fetal drug levels. From light microscopy of more than 200 brains it was apparent that fetal neuronal necrosis correlates with maternal dose.", "contents": "Premature onset of labor, neonatal patent ductus arteriosus, and prostaglandin synthetase antagonists--a rat model of a human problem. Premature labor and patent ductus arteriosus are two potentially fatal hazards of the human newborn infant. Prostaglandin synthetase antagonists have thus been used to suppress early labor and to close the ductus of the neonate. Indomethacin has been most effective but not free of significant complications. Neuronal necrosis may result from numerous systemic aberrations. A controlled rat model study was therefore devised to investigate fetal neuronal necrosis in relation to maternal indomethacin dose. Dams were given various treatments of 2 mg/kg of 4 mg/kg indomethacin within the last 3 days of gestation. Liquid chromatography was used to assess serum maternal and fetal drug levels. From light microscopy of more than 200 brains it was apparent that fetal neuronal necrosis correlates with maternal dose.", "PMID": 112867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10388", "title": "Vascular anastomoses between the iris and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous.", "content": "Prominent radial iris blood vessels created small but definite pupillary notches in five children with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous and persistence of the tunica vasculosa lentis. Detection of these abnormal iris vessels suggested the presence of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous and related syndromes even when the diagnosis was obscured by the presence of an opaque lens. These vessels represented early developmental arrest and may have been associated with abnormal development of the macula and optic nerve. Surgical and amblyopia therapy, therefore, may not provide useful vision, and should be undertaken with caution.", "contents": "Vascular anastomoses between the iris and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Prominent radial iris blood vessels created small but definite pupillary notches in five children with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous and persistence of the tunica vasculosa lentis. Detection of these abnormal iris vessels suggested the presence of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous and related syndromes even when the diagnosis was obscured by the presence of an opaque lens. These vessels represented early developmental arrest and may have been associated with abnormal development of the macula and optic nerve. Surgical and amblyopia therapy, therefore, may not provide useful vision, and should be undertaken with caution.", "PMID": 112868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10389", "title": "Method of production and natural history of experimental posterior penetrating eye injury in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "We developed an experimental model for a posterior penetrating eye injury that resulted in traction retinal detachment in 21 rhesus monkey eyes. The standard injury was an incision through the pars plana with vitreous prolapse and incarceration; the wound was then carefully closed with microsurgical techniques. At one to two weeks after injury, detachment of the posterior vitreous occurred and detachment of the retina occurred between seven and 11 weeks. The development of retinal detachment was related to traction on the peripheral retina over the vitreous base; and to the contraction of epiretinal membranes on the peripheral and equatorial retina. Our study supports clinical observations on the importance of blood in the vitreous in the development of vitreous traction and traction retinal detachment after a posterior penetrating injury.", "contents": "Method of production and natural history of experimental posterior penetrating eye injury in the rhesus monkey. We developed an experimental model for a posterior penetrating eye injury that resulted in traction retinal detachment in 21 rhesus monkey eyes. The standard injury was an incision through the pars plana with vitreous prolapse and incarceration; the wound was then carefully closed with microsurgical techniques. At one to two weeks after injury, detachment of the posterior vitreous occurred and detachment of the retina occurred between seven and 11 weeks. The development of retinal detachment was related to traction on the peripheral retina over the vitreous base; and to the contraction of epiretinal membranes on the peripheral and equatorial retina. Our study supports clinical observations on the importance of blood in the vitreous in the development of vitreous traction and traction retinal detachment after a posterior penetrating injury.", "PMID": 112869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10390", "title": "Histology of wound, vitreous, and retina in experimental posterior penetrating eye injury in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "We performed a histologic study to support our clinical observations on the mechanisms responsible for traction retinal detachment after a penetrating injury in the rhesus monkey eye. The monkey eyes (40 eyes; 40 monkeys) were characterized by intraocular fibrosis with the formation of a cyclitic membrane and epiretinal and subretinal membranes. The progression to a fibrous ingrowth from the wound occurred only in eyes with blood in the vitreous. The intravitreal fibroblastic proliferation had its origin mainly from the stroma of the ciliary body and choroid at the wound but probably also from the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium. A fibroblastic response was present within the vitreous as early as four days after injury, and had progressed to form a cyclitic membrane by six weeks. Epiretinal membranes were identified as early as four weeks after injury. They were most prominent over the peripheral retina anterior to the equator. It is likely that they are derived from multiple cellular sources including the fibrous ingrowth from the wound but they were also connected to the surface of the retina by bridges of tissue indicating a glial origin. The subretinal membranes appeared to be derived from both retinal pigment epithelium cells and glial cells.", "contents": "Histology of wound, vitreous, and retina in experimental posterior penetrating eye injury in the rhesus monkey. We performed a histologic study to support our clinical observations on the mechanisms responsible for traction retinal detachment after a penetrating injury in the rhesus monkey eye. The monkey eyes (40 eyes; 40 monkeys) were characterized by intraocular fibrosis with the formation of a cyclitic membrane and epiretinal and subretinal membranes. The progression to a fibrous ingrowth from the wound occurred only in eyes with blood in the vitreous. The intravitreal fibroblastic proliferation had its origin mainly from the stroma of the ciliary body and choroid at the wound but probably also from the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium. A fibroblastic response was present within the vitreous as early as four days after injury, and had progressed to form a cyclitic membrane by six weeks. Epiretinal membranes were identified as early as four weeks after injury. They were most prominent over the peripheral retina anterior to the equator. It is likely that they are derived from multiple cellular sources including the fibrous ingrowth from the wound but they were also connected to the surface of the retina by bridges of tissue indicating a glial origin. The subretinal membranes appeared to be derived from both retinal pigment epithelium cells and glial cells.", "PMID": 112870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10391", "title": "Lysophosphatidic acids. Influence on platelet aggregation and intracellular calcium flux.", "content": "Decanoyl-, palmitoyl-, and oleoyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) were studied for their effects on platelet aggregation and intracellular calcium flux. Palmitoyl-LPA and oleoyl-LPA both caused a concentration-dependent aggregation of human blood platelets at concentrations of 12--300 microM. Aggregation by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was enhanced at slightly lower concentrations. First-wave aggregation induced by these LPAs was not blocked by aspirin, indomethacin, or heparin, suggesting similarities to ADP aggregation. However, in washed platelets with a high calcium concentration, no serotonin secretion was observed, even though full aggregation occurred, suggesting that aggregation was not due to released ADP. This concept was supported by studies of platelets deficient in the storage pool of ADP and serotonin, which had a normal first-wave aggregation response to palmitoyl-LPA. Aggregation induced by palmitoyl LPA was inhibited by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), theophylline, and ethylenediaminotetraacetate (EDTA), though in the presence of EDTA shape change occurred. Aggregation stimulated by palmitoyl-LPA or oleoyl-LPA was characterized by changes in the shape of the platelets with development of pseudopods and centralization of granules closely surrounded by contractile microfilaments and supporting microtubules. The addition of palmitoyl-LPA and oleoyl-LPA, but not decanoyl-LPA, caused the release of calcium from a platelet membrane fraction that contains elements of the intracellular calcium storage system and actively concentrates this cation in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and magnesium. It is suggested that LPAs cause aggregation by stimulating the release of calcium intracellularly.", "contents": "Lysophosphatidic acids. Influence on platelet aggregation and intracellular calcium flux. Decanoyl-, palmitoyl-, and oleoyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) were studied for their effects on platelet aggregation and intracellular calcium flux. Palmitoyl-LPA and oleoyl-LPA both caused a concentration-dependent aggregation of human blood platelets at concentrations of 12--300 microM. Aggregation by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was enhanced at slightly lower concentrations. First-wave aggregation induced by these LPAs was not blocked by aspirin, indomethacin, or heparin, suggesting similarities to ADP aggregation. However, in washed platelets with a high calcium concentration, no serotonin secretion was observed, even though full aggregation occurred, suggesting that aggregation was not due to released ADP. This concept was supported by studies of platelets deficient in the storage pool of ADP and serotonin, which had a normal first-wave aggregation response to palmitoyl-LPA. Aggregation induced by palmitoyl LPA was inhibited by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), theophylline, and ethylenediaminotetraacetate (EDTA), though in the presence of EDTA shape change occurred. Aggregation stimulated by palmitoyl-LPA or oleoyl-LPA was characterized by changes in the shape of the platelets with development of pseudopods and centralization of granules closely surrounded by contractile microfilaments and supporting microtubules. The addition of palmitoyl-LPA and oleoyl-LPA, but not decanoyl-LPA, caused the release of calcium from a platelet membrane fraction that contains elements of the intracellular calcium storage system and actively concentrates this cation in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and magnesium. It is suggested that LPAs cause aggregation by stimulating the release of calcium intracellularly.", "PMID": 112871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10392", "title": "Susceptibility of the mammary gland to carcinogenesis: I Differentiation of the mammary gland as determinant of tumor incidence and type of lesion.", "content": "The influence of age and mammary gland differentiation on the incidence of tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was studied by correlating the development of the mammary glands of 20-180-day-old, virgin Sprague-Dawley rats with the number and type of tumors induced by DMBA administered at those various ages. The number of terminal end buds (TEBs), terminal ducts (TDs), and alveolar buds (ABs)/sq mm and their DNA-labeling indices (DNA-LI) were determined. Highest density of TEB occurred when the rats were 20 days old, decreasing thereafter. DNA-LI ranged between 25.2 and 29 in TEB of rats aged 30-55 days, which was coincident with the highest incidence of carcinomas. With aging, the number of TEBs and their DNA-LI decreased and the number of TDs and ABs increased, although with a low DNA-LI, which correlated with a lower incidence of carcinomas and higher incidence of benign lesions.", "contents": "Susceptibility of the mammary gland to carcinogenesis: I Differentiation of the mammary gland as determinant of tumor incidence and type of lesion. The influence of age and mammary gland differentiation on the incidence of tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was studied by correlating the development of the mammary glands of 20-180-day-old, virgin Sprague-Dawley rats with the number and type of tumors induced by DMBA administered at those various ages. The number of terminal end buds (TEBs), terminal ducts (TDs), and alveolar buds (ABs)/sq mm and their DNA-labeling indices (DNA-LI) were determined. Highest density of TEB occurred when the rats were 20 days old, decreasing thereafter. DNA-LI ranged between 25.2 and 29 in TEB of rats aged 30-55 days, which was coincident with the highest incidence of carcinomas. With aging, the number of TEBs and their DNA-LI decreased and the number of TDs and ABs increased, although with a low DNA-LI, which correlated with a lower incidence of carcinomas and higher incidence of benign lesions.", "PMID": 112872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10393", "title": "Interstitial anion distribution in striated muscle determined with [35S]sulfate and [3H]sucrose.", "content": "The distributions of a charged and an uncharged extracellular tracer in the interstitial spaces of skeletal and heart muscles were examined in vivo by a double-labeling technique. 35SO4(2-) and [3H]sucrose were simultaneously injected intraperitoneally into rats and toads, and extracellular volume was determined in the rat gastrocnemius and left ventricle and in the toad semitendinosus. In nephrectomized rats and in toads with intact kidneys, sucrose and SO4(2-) spaces were constant for several hours. Sucrose and SO4(2-) spaces did not significantly differ in rat ventricle (P greater than 0.80); in rat gastrocnemius the sucrose space was much larger than SO4(2-) space (2P less than 0.0005), while in toad semitendinosus sucrose space was somewhat smaller than SO4(2-) space (2P less than 0.005). These observations suggest that fixed charges in the interstitial compartment can lead to extracellular anion exclusion in some tissues and perhaps to accumulation in others. The magnitude and direction of these effects differ for different striated muscles.", "contents": "Interstitial anion distribution in striated muscle determined with [35S]sulfate and [3H]sucrose. The distributions of a charged and an uncharged extracellular tracer in the interstitial spaces of skeletal and heart muscles were examined in vivo by a double-labeling technique. 35SO4(2-) and [3H]sucrose were simultaneously injected intraperitoneally into rats and toads, and extracellular volume was determined in the rat gastrocnemius and left ventricle and in the toad semitendinosus. In nephrectomized rats and in toads with intact kidneys, sucrose and SO4(2-) spaces were constant for several hours. Sucrose and SO4(2-) spaces did not significantly differ in rat ventricle (P greater than 0.80); in rat gastrocnemius the sucrose space was much larger than SO4(2-) space (2P less than 0.0005), while in toad semitendinosus sucrose space was somewhat smaller than SO4(2-) space (2P less than 0.005). These observations suggest that fixed charges in the interstitial compartment can lead to extracellular anion exclusion in some tissues and perhaps to accumulation in others. The magnitude and direction of these effects differ for different striated muscles.", "PMID": 112873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10394", "title": "Kinetics of bicarbonate/chloride exchange in dogfish erythrocytes.", "content": "A stopped-flow rapid reaction apparatus was used to monitor changes in extracellular pH in dogfish (Mustelus canis) erythrocyte suspensions under conditions where dpH/dt was determined by the rate of HCO3-/Cl- exchange across the red cell membrane. Experiments were performed on erythrocytes suspended either in their own plasma or in elasmobranch Ringer solution over a range of temperatures from 5 to 35 degrees C. The exchange fluxes at 25 degrees C for red blood cells suspended in their own plasma (2.03 nmol/cm2-s) or in Ringer solution (2.00 nmol/cm2-s) are not significantly different and can be compared to those obtained under similar conditions for human red cell suspensions (0.910 nmol/cm2-s). The flux for dogfish erythrocytes suspended in Ringer solution was reduced by 80% after exposure of the cells to SITS. An Arrhenius plot of the exchange rate constant yielded an activation energy of about 13.2 kcal/mol. We conclude that 1) plasma has no inhibitory effect of HCO3-/Cl- exchange across the dogfish erythrocyte membrane or on activity of intraerythrocyte carbonic anhydrase, 2) HCO3-/Cl- exchange probably occurs via the same mechanism in fish and mammalian erythrocytes, and 3) the conversion of plasms HCO3- to CO2 in dogfish can be catalyzed by intraerythrocyte carbonic anhydrase.", "contents": "Kinetics of bicarbonate/chloride exchange in dogfish erythrocytes. A stopped-flow rapid reaction apparatus was used to monitor changes in extracellular pH in dogfish (Mustelus canis) erythrocyte suspensions under conditions where dpH/dt was determined by the rate of HCO3-/Cl- exchange across the red cell membrane. Experiments were performed on erythrocytes suspended either in their own plasma or in elasmobranch Ringer solution over a range of temperatures from 5 to 35 degrees C. The exchange fluxes at 25 degrees C for red blood cells suspended in their own plasma (2.03 nmol/cm2-s) or in Ringer solution (2.00 nmol/cm2-s) are not significantly different and can be compared to those obtained under similar conditions for human red cell suspensions (0.910 nmol/cm2-s). The flux for dogfish erythrocytes suspended in Ringer solution was reduced by 80% after exposure of the cells to SITS. An Arrhenius plot of the exchange rate constant yielded an activation energy of about 13.2 kcal/mol. We conclude that 1) plasma has no inhibitory effect of HCO3-/Cl- exchange across the dogfish erythrocyte membrane or on activity of intraerythrocyte carbonic anhydrase, 2) HCO3-/Cl- exchange probably occurs via the same mechanism in fish and mammalian erythrocytes, and 3) the conversion of plasms HCO3- to CO2 in dogfish can be catalyzed by intraerythrocyte carbonic anhydrase.", "PMID": 112874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10395", "title": "Cost-effectiveness evaluation of a home visiting triage program for family planning in Turkey.", "content": "Graduate Turkish midwives were trained in triage rules for determining family planning home visit frequency based on risk of couples. In a sample of 542 couples followed for six months, modern contraceptive use increased 22 per cent among high-risk and about 15 per cent among moderate- and low-risk couples. After making assumptions about the fecundity, contraceptive success, and pregnancy complications, the estimated average cost per complication averted was $61 for high-risk, $177 for moderate-risk and $526 for low-risk couples.", "contents": "Cost-effectiveness evaluation of a home visiting triage program for family planning in Turkey. Graduate Turkish midwives were trained in triage rules for determining family planning home visit frequency based on risk of couples. In a sample of 542 couples followed for six months, modern contraceptive use increased 22 per cent among high-risk and about 15 per cent among moderate- and low-risk couples. After making assumptions about the fecundity, contraceptive success, and pregnancy complications, the estimated average cost per complication averted was $61 for high-risk, $177 for moderate-risk and $526 for low-risk couples.", "PMID": 112875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10396", "title": "Specific granules of the rat atrial muscle cell.", "content": "The specific granules found in the atrial cardiac muscle cells of the normal rat were studied. The ultrastructural appearance of these granules demonstrated a fixative-dependent lability. Fixation with cacodylate buffered aldehydes yields three types of granules. However, fixation with phosphate buffered aldehydes or primary fixation with OsO4 yields granules of uniform appearance. The granules are found predominantly in the perinuclear zone; 78% of the granules are within ten linear micrometers of the center of the nucleus. Two independent methods of measurement demonstrate spherical diameters of these granules of 0.30 micron and 0.37 micron respectively. The granules are found in greater concentration at one pole of the nucleus than at the other. On the high density side there are 4.07 granules/micrometers3 which occupy 5.8% of the cytoplasmic volume. On the low density side there are 2.15 granules/micrometers3 which occupy 3.0% of the cytoplasmic volume. The granules at both poles are the same size. Atrial walls were incubated in a modified Tyrode's solution. One hour of incubation caused no change in the atrial granules. Addition of norepinephrine or L-Dopa resulted in the appearance of more granules but the size of the granules remained the same. Incubation with reserpine had no effect upon the atrial granules. Apparently the atrial myocardial cell is stimulated by exogenous catecholamine to synthesize more atrial granules which themselves do not appear to contain catecholamines.", "contents": "Specific granules of the rat atrial muscle cell. The specific granules found in the atrial cardiac muscle cells of the normal rat were studied. The ultrastructural appearance of these granules demonstrated a fixative-dependent lability. Fixation with cacodylate buffered aldehydes yields three types of granules. However, fixation with phosphate buffered aldehydes or primary fixation with OsO4 yields granules of uniform appearance. The granules are found predominantly in the perinuclear zone; 78% of the granules are within ten linear micrometers of the center of the nucleus. Two independent methods of measurement demonstrate spherical diameters of these granules of 0.30 micron and 0.37 micron respectively. The granules are found in greater concentration at one pole of the nucleus than at the other. On the high density side there are 4.07 granules/micrometers3 which occupy 5.8% of the cytoplasmic volume. On the low density side there are 2.15 granules/micrometers3 which occupy 3.0% of the cytoplasmic volume. The granules at both poles are the same size. Atrial walls were incubated in a modified Tyrode's solution. One hour of incubation caused no change in the atrial granules. Addition of norepinephrine or L-Dopa resulted in the appearance of more granules but the size of the granules remained the same. Incubation with reserpine had no effect upon the atrial granules. Apparently the atrial myocardial cell is stimulated by exogenous catecholamine to synthesize more atrial granules which themselves do not appear to contain catecholamines.", "PMID": 112880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10397", "title": "Intracranial pressure in the cat during nitroglycerin-induced hypotension.", "content": "Intracranial pressure measurements were made during nitroglycerin-induced hypotension in the cat anesthetized with halothane. A total of 48 individual observations were made in eight animals. The administration of sufficient nitroglycerin to decrease mean arterial pressure from a control value of 87 +/- 7 torr by 12 +/- 4 torr resulted in an increase in mean intracranial pressure from a control value of 7 +/- 2 torr to 12 +/- 2 torr. Larger decreases in mean blood pressure were associated with larger increases in intracranial pressure. The increase in intracranial pressure was similar to that previously reported for nitroprusside, and greater as well as more reproducible than that reported for trimethaphan. Thus, nitroglycerin may produce significant increases in intracranial pressure, and this may be a limiting factor in its clinical use.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure in the cat during nitroglycerin-induced hypotension. Intracranial pressure measurements were made during nitroglycerin-induced hypotension in the cat anesthetized with halothane. A total of 48 individual observations were made in eight animals. The administration of sufficient nitroglycerin to decrease mean arterial pressure from a control value of 87 +/- 7 torr by 12 +/- 4 torr resulted in an increase in mean intracranial pressure from a control value of 7 +/- 2 torr to 12 +/- 2 torr. Larger decreases in mean blood pressure were associated with larger increases in intracranial pressure. The increase in intracranial pressure was similar to that previously reported for nitroprusside, and greater as well as more reproducible than that reported for trimethaphan. Thus, nitroglycerin may produce significant increases in intracranial pressure, and this may be a limiting factor in its clinical use.", "PMID": 112882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10398", "title": "Serologic study of Pasteurella aerogenes sp n.", "content": "The antigenic attributes of Pasteurella aerogenes sp n were serologically compared with species of the genera Actinobacillus and Pasteurella. Examination included the tube-agglutination and double-immunodiffusion techniques. The results indicated the possibility of serologically different strains of P aerogenes. Antisera prepared from strains of P aerogenes also reacted well with antigens prepared from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (P pseudotuberculosis) and P pneumotropica.", "contents": "Serologic study of Pasteurella aerogenes sp n. The antigenic attributes of Pasteurella aerogenes sp n were serologically compared with species of the genera Actinobacillus and Pasteurella. Examination included the tube-agglutination and double-immunodiffusion techniques. The results indicated the possibility of serologically different strains of P aerogenes. Antisera prepared from strains of P aerogenes also reacted well with antigens prepared from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (P pseudotuberculosis) and P pneumotropica.", "PMID": 112888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10399", "title": "Bovine saccocystosis: patholgic features of naturally occurring infection with Sarcocystis cruzi.", "content": "Naturally occurring bovine sarcocystosis caused death and illness in eight dairy heifers. Clinical disease was characterized by cachexia, peripheral lymph node enlargement, and anemia. Increased amounts of serum enzymes and anti-Sarcocystis antibody titers were present in affected animal. Macroscopic findings in two heifers at necropsy included emaciation and serous atrophy. Necropsied heifers (No. 1 and 2) contained different developmental stages of Sarcocystis cruzi; each stage was characterized by specific histopathologic findings. Heifer 1 had vascular endothelial schizonts in various soft tissues, with mild mononuclear cell infiltration, alveolar capillary fibrinous thrombi, and multifocal splenic necrosis. Heifer 2 had developing young S cruzi cysts, in myofibrils of cardiac and skeletal muscles, with a concurrent multifocal degenerative myositis. Marked lymphoid hyperplasia occurred in both heifers.", "contents": "Bovine saccocystosis: patholgic features of naturally occurring infection with Sarcocystis cruzi. Naturally occurring bovine sarcocystosis caused death and illness in eight dairy heifers. Clinical disease was characterized by cachexia, peripheral lymph node enlargement, and anemia. Increased amounts of serum enzymes and anti-Sarcocystis antibody titers were present in affected animal. Macroscopic findings in two heifers at necropsy included emaciation and serous atrophy. Necropsied heifers (No. 1 and 2) contained different developmental stages of Sarcocystis cruzi; each stage was characterized by specific histopathologic findings. Heifer 1 had vascular endothelial schizonts in various soft tissues, with mild mononuclear cell infiltration, alveolar capillary fibrinous thrombi, and multifocal splenic necrosis. Heifer 2 had developing young S cruzi cysts, in myofibrils of cardiac and skeletal muscles, with a concurrent multifocal degenerative myositis. Marked lymphoid hyperplasia occurred in both heifers.", "PMID": 112889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10400", "title": "Immunization against bovine tropical theileriosis, using 60Co-irradiated infective particles of Theileria annulata (Dschunkowsky and Luhs 1904) derived from ticks.", "content": "Portions of ground supernate material from Theileria annulata-infected and prefed adults of the Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum were irridiated by 60Co source at 0, 3, 5, 6, 7, or 9 krads. These portions were injected subcutaneously into different groups of cross-bred calves. The calves injected with 0-, 3-, or 5-krad irradiated tick supernate had severe reactions (rectal temperature 39.8 to 41.6 C, two- to fourfold enlargement of prescapular lymph gland, mean peak parasitemia 27.3% to 32.5% infected erythrocytes, decreased PCV 41.7% to 60.7%, and hemoglobin concentration 37.5% to 50.8%), and many died, whereas those injected with 6- or 7-krad irradiated tick supernate had minimal reactions (rectal temperature 39.2 to 39.8 C, slight enlargement of prescapular lymph gland, parasitemia less than 1%, decrease packed cell volume 15.1%, and hemoglobin concentration 20.1%), with no mortality. All surviving calves injected with nonirradiated (0-) or 3-, 5-, 6-, or 7-krad irradiated tick supernate developed comparable indirect fluorescent antibody titers and were resistant to challenge exposure with infective material from 30 ticks. The calves injected with 9-krad irradiated tick supernate showed no reactions and did not develop indirect fluorescent antibody titers; they were also susceptible to challenge exposure with infective tick material.", "contents": "Immunization against bovine tropical theileriosis, using 60Co-irradiated infective particles of Theileria annulata (Dschunkowsky and Luhs 1904) derived from ticks. Portions of ground supernate material from Theileria annulata-infected and prefed adults of the Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum were irridiated by 60Co source at 0, 3, 5, 6, 7, or 9 krads. These portions were injected subcutaneously into different groups of cross-bred calves. The calves injected with 0-, 3-, or 5-krad irradiated tick supernate had severe reactions (rectal temperature 39.8 to 41.6 C, two- to fourfold enlargement of prescapular lymph gland, mean peak parasitemia 27.3% to 32.5% infected erythrocytes, decreased PCV 41.7% to 60.7%, and hemoglobin concentration 37.5% to 50.8%), and many died, whereas those injected with 6- or 7-krad irradiated tick supernate had minimal reactions (rectal temperature 39.2 to 39.8 C, slight enlargement of prescapular lymph gland, parasitemia less than 1%, decrease packed cell volume 15.1%, and hemoglobin concentration 20.1%), with no mortality. All surviving calves injected with nonirradiated (0-) or 3-, 5-, 6-, or 7-krad irradiated tick supernate developed comparable indirect fluorescent antibody titers and were resistant to challenge exposure with infective material from 30 ticks. The calves injected with 9-krad irradiated tick supernate showed no reactions and did not develop indirect fluorescent antibody titers; they were also susceptible to challenge exposure with infective tick material.", "PMID": 112890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10401", "title": "Specificity in response of vaccinated swine and mice to challenge exposure with strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of various serotypes.", "content": "Swine and mice were vaccinated with standard erysipelas adsorbate bacterins made from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of serotype 2 and were subsequently exposed to pathogenic strains of E rhusiopathiae, serotypes 1, 2, 4, 9, 10, and 11. Response to challenge of immunity in swine was determined by presence of urticarial lesions at the sites of intradermal injection of culture; response in mice was determined by the quantal (live-dead) method. After vaccination with standard bacterins, swine and mice were significantly more susceptible (P less than of equal to 0.01) to infection with strains of serotypes 9 and 10 than with strains of serotypes 1, 2, 4, or 11. An adsorbate bacterin made from the challenge strain of serotype 10 induced specific immunity to homologous challenge exposure in swine but not in mice. Bacterins made from the other challenge strains induced little or no immunity.", "contents": "Specificity in response of vaccinated swine and mice to challenge exposure with strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of various serotypes. Swine and mice were vaccinated with standard erysipelas adsorbate bacterins made from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of serotype 2 and were subsequently exposed to pathogenic strains of E rhusiopathiae, serotypes 1, 2, 4, 9, 10, and 11. Response to challenge of immunity in swine was determined by presence of urticarial lesions at the sites of intradermal injection of culture; response in mice was determined by the quantal (live-dead) method. After vaccination with standard bacterins, swine and mice were significantly more susceptible (P less than of equal to 0.01) to infection with strains of serotypes 9 and 10 than with strains of serotypes 1, 2, 4, or 11. An adsorbate bacterin made from the challenge strain of serotype 10 induced specific immunity to homologous challenge exposure in swine but not in mice. Bacterins made from the other challenge strains induced little or no immunity.", "PMID": 112891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10402", "title": "Frequency of Sarcocystis in pigs in Ohio and attempted transmission to cats and dogs.", "content": "Tissues of 236 sows, obtained at slaughter in Xenia, Ohio, were examined microscopically after trypsin digestion. Sarcocystis bradyzoites were found in eight of 236 (3.4%) pigs (in 8 diaphragms, 7 esophagi, and 1 heart) and in three of 101 tongues. After these infected porcine tissues were fed to three dogs and three cats, none of the animals shed Sarcocystis sporocysts in their feces.", "contents": "Frequency of Sarcocystis in pigs in Ohio and attempted transmission to cats and dogs. Tissues of 236 sows, obtained at slaughter in Xenia, Ohio, were examined microscopically after trypsin digestion. Sarcocystis bradyzoites were found in eight of 236 (3.4%) pigs (in 8 diaphragms, 7 esophagi, and 1 heart) and in three of 101 tongues. After these infected porcine tissues were fed to three dogs and three cats, none of the animals shed Sarcocystis sporocysts in their feces.", "PMID": 112892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10403", "title": "Evaluation of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting Brucella abortus antibodies.", "content": "The specificity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) corresponds to conventional methods for detecting brucella antibodies in bovine serum. The ELISA test detected brucella antibodies early in only 12.5% of the cattle sera tested. Also, the sensitivity of ELISA was comparable to complement-fixation and Rivanol methods, but less sensitive than the standard tube agglutination method.", "contents": "Evaluation of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting Brucella abortus antibodies. The specificity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) corresponds to conventional methods for detecting brucella antibodies in bovine serum. The ELISA test detected brucella antibodies early in only 12.5% of the cattle sera tested. Also, the sensitivity of ELISA was comparable to complement-fixation and Rivanol methods, but less sensitive than the standard tube agglutination method.", "PMID": 112893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10404", "title": "Alveolar macrophage migration. Influence of lung lining material and acute lung insult.", "content": "Migration of alveolar macrophages collected by lavage from normal rhesus monkeys was tested in an under agarose migration system. Lung lining material and serum albumin obtained from normal rhesus monkeys enhanced the random migration of alveolar macrophages. A chemotactic effect for alveolar macrophages was demonstrated in response to lung lining material. Gel filtration of lung lining material using Sephadex G-200 indicated the presence of 4 distinct fractions. Fraction IV, which had a molecular weight of less than 5,000 daltons, had the greatest ability to enhance alveolar macrophage migration. Macrophages obtained from lungs of rhesus monkeys after they breathed an oxidant gas (ozone) for 7 days demonstrated decreases in both the number of cells randomly migrating and the distance they migrated. The addition of normal lung lining material to macrophages exposed to ozone enhanced their random mobility but did not restore migration values to control values. Ozonized lung lining material or rhesus monkey serum did not significantly alter alveolar macrophage migration from that of control lung lining material or serum. These data indicate that components of the acellular lining material of the lung can produce directional migration of alveolar macrophages and may serve to direct the central flow and clearance of macrophages from alveolar regions. Intraluminal alveolar macrophage accumulation during lung insult with ozone appeared to be related more to migration inhibition of resident cells than to recruitment of additional cells by chemotaxis.", "contents": "Alveolar macrophage migration. Influence of lung lining material and acute lung insult. Migration of alveolar macrophages collected by lavage from normal rhesus monkeys was tested in an under agarose migration system. Lung lining material and serum albumin obtained from normal rhesus monkeys enhanced the random migration of alveolar macrophages. A chemotactic effect for alveolar macrophages was demonstrated in response to lung lining material. Gel filtration of lung lining material using Sephadex G-200 indicated the presence of 4 distinct fractions. Fraction IV, which had a molecular weight of less than 5,000 daltons, had the greatest ability to enhance alveolar macrophage migration. Macrophages obtained from lungs of rhesus monkeys after they breathed an oxidant gas (ozone) for 7 days demonstrated decreases in both the number of cells randomly migrating and the distance they migrated. The addition of normal lung lining material to macrophages exposed to ozone enhanced their random mobility but did not restore migration values to control values. Ozonized lung lining material or rhesus monkey serum did not significantly alter alveolar macrophage migration from that of control lung lining material or serum. These data indicate that components of the acellular lining material of the lung can produce directional migration of alveolar macrophages and may serve to direct the central flow and clearance of macrophages from alveolar regions. Intraluminal alveolar macrophage accumulation during lung insult with ozone appeared to be related more to migration inhibition of resident cells than to recruitment of additional cells by chemotaxis.", "PMID": 112895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10405", "title": "[Role of the mycelium in the elimination of aflatoxin B1 from contaminated substrates].", "content": "When the aflatoxin-producing strain of Aspergillus flavus, nr 14409 developed in mixed cultures with non toxigenic strains, in solid or liquid media, it produced less aflatoxin than in pure culture. Investigations in view to elucidate the process promoting the toxin disappearance showed that the mycelium could immobilize a large amount of aflatoxin by adsorption on its walls.", "contents": "[Role of the mycelium in the elimination of aflatoxin B1 from contaminated substrates]. When the aflatoxin-producing strain of Aspergillus flavus, nr 14409 developed in mixed cultures with non toxigenic strains, in solid or liquid media, it produced less aflatoxin than in pure culture. Investigations in view to elucidate the process promoting the toxin disappearance showed that the mycelium could immobilize a large amount of aflatoxin by adsorption on its walls.", "PMID": 112901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10406", "title": "Human obesity and some of its experimental counterparts.", "content": "Human obesity is a manifestation of a positive energy balance. A variety of different factors influence this balance. The varieties of human obesity may be classified as follows: 1. Childhood onset with or without an increased number of adipocytes; 2. The syndromes of neuroendocrine dysfunction including hypothalamic obesity, Cushing's disease, and hyperinsulinism; 3. Dietary obesity; 4. Obesity due to physical inactivity; and 5. Genetic forms of obesity. Among the genetic form of obesity are the Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Alstrom's syndrome, and possibly the Prader-Willi syndrome. Studies in experimental animals have increased our understanding of two of these forms of human obesity. These are: 1. Hypothalamic obesity associated with decreased sympathetic activity, hyperphagia and an increased secretion of insulin. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy can reverse this syndrome; 2. Genetic forms of obesity inherited as recessive or dominant traits.", "contents": "Human obesity and some of its experimental counterparts. Human obesity is a manifestation of a positive energy balance. A variety of different factors influence this balance. The varieties of human obesity may be classified as follows: 1. Childhood onset with or without an increased number of adipocytes; 2. The syndromes of neuroendocrine dysfunction including hypothalamic obesity, Cushing's disease, and hyperinsulinism; 3. Dietary obesity; 4. Obesity due to physical inactivity; and 5. Genetic forms of obesity. Among the genetic form of obesity are the Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Alstrom's syndrome, and possibly the Prader-Willi syndrome. Studies in experimental animals have increased our understanding of two of these forms of human obesity. These are: 1. Hypothalamic obesity associated with decreased sympathetic activity, hyperphagia and an increased secretion of insulin. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy can reverse this syndrome; 2. Genetic forms of obesity inherited as recessive or dominant traits.", "PMID": 112902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10407", "title": "Pleiotropic control mutations affecting the sporulation of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Mutations affecting quantitatively the production of the sporulation-associated extracellular alkaline protease were isolated and characterized. They fall into at least five genes, three of which, ScoA, B and C, were mapped in the argC-metC region. The pleiotropic effects of these mutations concern several or all of the following: rate and timing of protease production, synthesis of alkaline phosphatase, time-course of spore formation. Electron microscopic evidence indicates delayed switch from one morphological stage to another. The nature of the Sco mutations and the genetic regulation of sporulation are discussed.", "contents": "Pleiotropic control mutations affecting the sporulation of Bacillus subtilis. Mutations affecting quantitatively the production of the sporulation-associated extracellular alkaline protease were isolated and characterized. They fall into at least five genes, three of which, ScoA, B and C, were mapped in the argC-metC region. The pleiotropic effects of these mutations concern several or all of the following: rate and timing of protease production, synthesis of alkaline phosphatase, time-course of spore formation. Electron microscopic evidence indicates delayed switch from one morphological stage to another. The nature of the Sco mutations and the genetic regulation of sporulation are discussed.", "PMID": 112899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10408", "title": "Immunogenic activity of a cell wall fraction extracted from Brucella abortus in guinea-pigs.", "content": "A cell wall fraction (F8) extracted by boiling sodium dodecylsulfate at 4 % from Brucella abortus 99S was used with oil adjuvant to vaccinate groups of ten guinea-pigs, at doses equivalent to 1 X 10(9) and 1 X 10(10) bacteria, once or twice at 3 month intervals. H38 vaccine, a total cell vaccine from formalized B. melitensis 53 H38, was used as a reference, at doses 3 X 10(8) and 3 X 10(9) bacteria. These doses were chosen since they have about the same vaccinal activity in mice being respectively equal to 10 and 100 mice optimal dose (MOD). One extra-group of guinea-pigs received two injections of 100 microgram of smooth-lipopolysaccharide (LPS-S) of B. melitensis 16M, in adjuvant. Control group received the adjuvant only. Guinea-pigs were challenged 3 months after the last vaccination with 5,000 colony-forming units of B. abortus 544, and autopsied 40 days later. The spleen and 8 lymph nodes were cultured: a guinea-pig is considered as protected if no Brucella was found in any sample. Protection afforded by the two vaccines is dose-dependent. H38 vaccine gives a better protection (infected 24 %) than F8 (46 %) since a higher dose is needed to obtain the same level of protection: i. e., 100 MOD of F8 is about equal to 10 MOD of H38 (35 and 37 % respectively). Contrary to what was previously shown in mice, recall does not improve the immunity and LPS-S does not vaccinate at all.", "contents": "Immunogenic activity of a cell wall fraction extracted from Brucella abortus in guinea-pigs. A cell wall fraction (F8) extracted by boiling sodium dodecylsulfate at 4 % from Brucella abortus 99S was used with oil adjuvant to vaccinate groups of ten guinea-pigs, at doses equivalent to 1 X 10(9) and 1 X 10(10) bacteria, once or twice at 3 month intervals. H38 vaccine, a total cell vaccine from formalized B. melitensis 53 H38, was used as a reference, at doses 3 X 10(8) and 3 X 10(9) bacteria. These doses were chosen since they have about the same vaccinal activity in mice being respectively equal to 10 and 100 mice optimal dose (MOD). One extra-group of guinea-pigs received two injections of 100 microgram of smooth-lipopolysaccharide (LPS-S) of B. melitensis 16M, in adjuvant. Control group received the adjuvant only. Guinea-pigs were challenged 3 months after the last vaccination with 5,000 colony-forming units of B. abortus 544, and autopsied 40 days later. The spleen and 8 lymph nodes were cultured: a guinea-pig is considered as protected if no Brucella was found in any sample. Protection afforded by the two vaccines is dose-dependent. H38 vaccine gives a better protection (infected 24 %) than F8 (46 %) since a higher dose is needed to obtain the same level of protection: i. e., 100 MOD of F8 is about equal to 10 MOD of H38 (35 and 37 % respectively). Contrary to what was previously shown in mice, recall does not improve the immunity and LPS-S does not vaccinate at all.", "PMID": 112900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10409", "title": "[Cutaneous manifestations observed during prolonged intravenous feeding: 3 cases. Review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "3 patients (one infant and two adults) in prolonged intravenous feeding for digestive diseases developed cutaneous symptoms resembling acrodermatitis enteropathica. Essential fatty acid and hypozincemia (in 2 of 3 cases) are found. The dermatitis disappeared slowly with oral alimentation in 2 cases, and in a few days in the third one, with oral zinc sulfate. Review of literature shows that dermatitis occurring during prolonged intravenous feeding is attributed to essential fatty acid, zinc, or less often amino acid, deficiency. But resemblance of dermatitis with acrodermatitis enteropathica in most cases, high frequency of hypozincemia, and dramatic effects of treatment with zinc salts allow to think, that zinc is a key factor. Nevertheless, it is necessary to study simultaneously those different parameters and also vitamins A, E and B to conclude whether it exists or not many deficiencies (related or not) as an etiologic factor for cutaneous symptoms.", "contents": "[Cutaneous manifestations observed during prolonged intravenous feeding: 3 cases. Review of the literature (author's transl)]. 3 patients (one infant and two adults) in prolonged intravenous feeding for digestive diseases developed cutaneous symptoms resembling acrodermatitis enteropathica. Essential fatty acid and hypozincemia (in 2 of 3 cases) are found. The dermatitis disappeared slowly with oral alimentation in 2 cases, and in a few days in the third one, with oral zinc sulfate. Review of literature shows that dermatitis occurring during prolonged intravenous feeding is attributed to essential fatty acid, zinc, or less often amino acid, deficiency. But resemblance of dermatitis with acrodermatitis enteropathica in most cases, high frequency of hypozincemia, and dramatic effects of treatment with zinc salts allow to think, that zinc is a key factor. Nevertheless, it is necessary to study simultaneously those different parameters and also vitamins A, E and B to conclude whether it exists or not many deficiencies (related or not) as an etiologic factor for cutaneous symptoms.", "PMID": 112905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10410", "title": "Enteral and parenteral nutrition in patients with head and neck cancer.", "content": "Head and neck cancer patients present with special problems in nutritional homoeostasis because of local phayngeal discomfort and obstruction and difficulty with deglutition due to either the neoplasm or the surgical alterations in the upper aerodigestive tract. Pretreatment malnutrition and vitamin deficiency are only compounded by the nutritional stress imposed by radiation and surgery. Reduced wound complications occur if the patients are nutritionally replenished before treatment. While nasogastric feedings will suffice in many patients, rapid nutritional restoration by this method is limited, and positive nitrogen balance may be difficult to achieve in the severely malnourished patient. Intravenous hyperalimentation offers a rapid and efficacious alternative in selected cases. The case histories of two patients are presented to illustrate these concepts.", "contents": "Enteral and parenteral nutrition in patients with head and neck cancer. Head and neck cancer patients present with special problems in nutritional homoeostasis because of local phayngeal discomfort and obstruction and difficulty with deglutition due to either the neoplasm or the surgical alterations in the upper aerodigestive tract. Pretreatment malnutrition and vitamin deficiency are only compounded by the nutritional stress imposed by radiation and surgery. Reduced wound complications occur if the patients are nutritionally replenished before treatment. While nasogastric feedings will suffice in many patients, rapid nutritional restoration by this method is limited, and positive nitrogen balance may be difficult to achieve in the severely malnourished patient. Intravenous hyperalimentation offers a rapid and efficacious alternative in selected cases. The case histories of two patients are presented to illustrate these concepts.", "PMID": 112904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10411", "title": "A critical comparison of the virus neutralizaiton, radioimmunoprecipitation and immunodiffusion tests for the serological diagnosis of BLV infection.", "content": "Several serological tests are available for the detection of antibodies to BLV. Thus far, only the virus neutralization antibody (VNA) test, the immunofluorescence test, and the immunodiffusion test with the major internal virion protein have been critically evaluated as diagnostic methods for the identification of BLV-infected cattle. Of these tests, the VNA test is the most sensitive and specific. Therefore, in the present study the VNA test has been applied to evaluate the reliability of the radioimmunoassay for BLV p25 (RIAp25) and of the immunodiffusion test with BLV-associated glycoprotein antigen (IDgp). The results show a very close agreement between the RIAp25, and the VNA test. The IDgp test is less sensitive than the RIAp25, particularly for the detection of BLV antibodies in early stages of infection. The RIAp25 is more rapid than the VNA test and does not require tissue culture techniques. Thus, the RIAp25 seems to be the most practical and sensitive available method for the serolgical diagnosis of BLV infection in cattle.", "contents": "A critical comparison of the virus neutralizaiton, radioimmunoprecipitation and immunodiffusion tests for the serological diagnosis of BLV infection. Several serological tests are available for the detection of antibodies to BLV. Thus far, only the virus neutralization antibody (VNA) test, the immunofluorescence test, and the immunodiffusion test with the major internal virion protein have been critically evaluated as diagnostic methods for the identification of BLV-infected cattle. Of these tests, the VNA test is the most sensitive and specific. Therefore, in the present study the VNA test has been applied to evaluate the reliability of the radioimmunoassay for BLV p25 (RIAp25) and of the immunodiffusion test with BLV-associated glycoprotein antigen (IDgp). The results show a very close agreement between the RIAp25, and the VNA test. The IDgp test is less sensitive than the RIAp25, particularly for the detection of BLV antibodies in early stages of infection. The RIAp25 is more rapid than the VNA test and does not require tissue culture techniques. Thus, the RIAp25 seems to be the most practical and sensitive available method for the serolgical diagnosis of BLV infection in cattle.", "PMID": 112908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10412", "title": "[Periodic modifications of the preoptico-terminal LRH tract in the squirrel monkey during the estrous cycle (author's transl)].", "content": "The quantities of specific immunoreactive material along the preoptico-terminal LRH tract show important modifications during the estrous cycle in the squirrel monkey. During the late follicular phase and the peri-ovulatory period the preoptico-terminal LRH tract shows \"low\" or \"very low\" fluorescence intensity. A progressive but very important increase occurs during the luteal phase, followed by great variations during the early and middle follicular phases. These variations suggest a conspicuous release of LRH, especially during the middle follicular phase. It is supposed that the preoptico-terminal LRH tract (whose LRH is released into the capillaries of the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis and reaches the systemic blood) controls gonadotropic cell sensitivity to the preovulatory discharge of the hypothalamo-infundibular LRH tract, and perhaps also gonadotropins synthesis.", "contents": "[Periodic modifications of the preoptico-terminal LRH tract in the squirrel monkey during the estrous cycle (author's transl)]. The quantities of specific immunoreactive material along the preoptico-terminal LRH tract show important modifications during the estrous cycle in the squirrel monkey. During the late follicular phase and the peri-ovulatory period the preoptico-terminal LRH tract shows \"low\" or \"very low\" fluorescence intensity. A progressive but very important increase occurs during the luteal phase, followed by great variations during the early and middle follicular phases. These variations suggest a conspicuous release of LRH, especially during the middle follicular phase. It is supposed that the preoptico-terminal LRH tract (whose LRH is released into the capillaries of the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis and reaches the systemic blood) controls gonadotropic cell sensitivity to the preovulatory discharge of the hypothalamo-infundibular LRH tract, and perhaps also gonadotropins synthesis.", "PMID": 112909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10413", "title": "Blood groups and reproduction in Hebridean women.", "content": "The distribution of ABO and RH blood groups was studied in 910 fertile women from the Isles of Lewis and Harris. The frequencies of group O mothers fell and of RH-mothers rose with increasing parity, but there were no significant changes in the ABO and RH blood group distributions among their offspring when they were subdivided according to their mothers' parity. When mother-offspring pairs classified according to their ABO and RH compatibility status it was found that RH incompatibility was associated with greater number of previous pregnancies and of abortions. Regression coefficients of birth weight on maternal stature and maternal age were significant only for doubly compatible female offspring and on number of previous pregnancies only for doubly compatible offspring of both sexes. When offspring were classified according to their own and their mothers' ABO blood groups, considerable variations in sex ratio were found. However, the only statistically significant finding was a deficit of A females among the offspring of O mothers. It is suggested that for the ABO blood groups system incompatibility selection, which favours homozygotes rather than heterozygotes, can be counterbalanced by selection for greater maternal tolerance of incompatible offspring with increasing parity. Hence the loss of heterozygotes in lower parity mothers may be compensated by an increase production in higher parity mothers. For the Rh system the same mechanism may occur, but there is evidence additionally of reproductive compensation.", "contents": "Blood groups and reproduction in Hebridean women. The distribution of ABO and RH blood groups was studied in 910 fertile women from the Isles of Lewis and Harris. The frequencies of group O mothers fell and of RH-mothers rose with increasing parity, but there were no significant changes in the ABO and RH blood group distributions among their offspring when they were subdivided according to their mothers' parity. When mother-offspring pairs classified according to their ABO and RH compatibility status it was found that RH incompatibility was associated with greater number of previous pregnancies and of abortions. Regression coefficients of birth weight on maternal stature and maternal age were significant only for doubly compatible female offspring and on number of previous pregnancies only for doubly compatible offspring of both sexes. When offspring were classified according to their own and their mothers' ABO blood groups, considerable variations in sex ratio were found. However, the only statistically significant finding was a deficit of A females among the offspring of O mothers. It is suggested that for the ABO blood groups system incompatibility selection, which favours homozygotes rather than heterozygotes, can be counterbalanced by selection for greater maternal tolerance of incompatible offspring with increasing parity. Hence the loss of heterozygotes in lower parity mothers may be compensated by an increase production in higher parity mothers. For the Rh system the same mechanism may occur, but there is evidence additionally of reproductive compensation.", "PMID": 112910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10414", "title": "Synthesis of high affinity antibodies in irradiated rabbits grafted with allogeneic cells from hyperimmune donors.", "content": "Irradiated rabbits grafted with allogeneic lymph node, spleen and bone marrow cells from a donor rabbit hyperimmunized against TMV synthesize high affinity antibodies, displaying mainly recipient allotypic specificities, after antigen boosting. By contrast, recipient rabbits from non-immune donors synthesize antibodies of lower affinity. It is suggested that the differentiation of new emerging host B cells is specifically influenced by the presence of donor-memory cells.", "contents": "Synthesis of high affinity antibodies in irradiated rabbits grafted with allogeneic cells from hyperimmune donors. Irradiated rabbits grafted with allogeneic lymph node, spleen and bone marrow cells from a donor rabbit hyperimmunized against TMV synthesize high affinity antibodies, displaying mainly recipient allotypic specificities, after antigen boosting. By contrast, recipient rabbits from non-immune donors synthesize antibodies of lower affinity. It is suggested that the differentiation of new emerging host B cells is specifically influenced by the presence of donor-memory cells.", "PMID": 112911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10415", "title": "Penetrability of the outer membrane of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in relation to acquired resistance to penicillin and other antibiotics.", "content": "Acquired antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is principally associated with three genetic markers, penA, mtr, and penB. penA is a specific marker for penicillin resistance, whereas mtr and penB are nonspecific in conferring resistance to penicillin and several other antibiotics as well. It has been suggested that the nonspecific markers may cause a general decrease in the penetrability of the gonococcal outer membrane. To investigate this, antibiotic penetration of the outer membrane was studied in two isogenic strains-FA19 (susceptible parent) and FA140 (containing penA, mtr, and penB)-and also in a clinical isolate with multiple resistance. The method involved brief treatment of exponential cells with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at 5 degrees C to disrupt the outer membrane barrier. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics for treated and normal cells were measured turbidimetrically, and from their ratios outer membrane penetration barriers were calculated. Small barriers were observed for actinomycin D and benzylpenicillin, and these were very similar in the susceptible and resistant strains. Also, in FA140 no significant barriers for rifampin, erythromycin, and tetracycline were detected. These results suggest that mechanism(s) other than reduced outer membrane penetrability underlie acquired resistance due to penA, mtr, and penB.", "contents": "Penetrability of the outer membrane of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in relation to acquired resistance to penicillin and other antibiotics. Acquired antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is principally associated with three genetic markers, penA, mtr, and penB. penA is a specific marker for penicillin resistance, whereas mtr and penB are nonspecific in conferring resistance to penicillin and several other antibiotics as well. It has been suggested that the nonspecific markers may cause a general decrease in the penetrability of the gonococcal outer membrane. To investigate this, antibiotic penetration of the outer membrane was studied in two isogenic strains-FA19 (susceptible parent) and FA140 (containing penA, mtr, and penB)-and also in a clinical isolate with multiple resistance. The method involved brief treatment of exponential cells with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at 5 degrees C to disrupt the outer membrane barrier. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics for treated and normal cells were measured turbidimetrically, and from their ratios outer membrane penetration barriers were calculated. Small barriers were observed for actinomycin D and benzylpenicillin, and these were very similar in the susceptible and resistant strains. Also, in FA140 no significant barriers for rifampin, erythromycin, and tetracycline were detected. These results suggest that mechanism(s) other than reduced outer membrane penetrability underlie acquired resistance due to penA, mtr, and penB.", "PMID": 112915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10416", "title": "Plasmid-related transmissibility and multiple drug resistance in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes strain DS16.", "content": "Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes strain DS16 was found to harbor two plasmids, designated pAD1 (35 megadaltons) and pAD2 (15 megadaltons). pAD1 is transmissible and determines a hemolysin-bacteriocin, whereas pAD2 is non-conjugative and determines resistance to erythromycin, streptomycin, and kanamycin. pAD2 could be mobilized by pAD1, but usually involved formation of a pAD1-pAD2 cointegrate.", "contents": "Plasmid-related transmissibility and multiple drug resistance in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes strain DS16. Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes strain DS16 was found to harbor two plasmids, designated pAD1 (35 megadaltons) and pAD2 (15 megadaltons). pAD1 is transmissible and determines a hemolysin-bacteriocin, whereas pAD2 is non-conjugative and determines resistance to erythromycin, streptomycin, and kanamycin. pAD2 could be mobilized by pAD1, but usually involved formation of a pAD1-pAD2 cointegrate.", "PMID": 112916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10417", "title": "Isoniazid inhibition of the synthesis of monounsaturated long-chain fatty acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra.", "content": "Isoniazid inhibited C(24) and C(26) monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Time courses of this inhibition and that of mycolic acid synthesis were similar.", "contents": "Isoniazid inhibition of the synthesis of monounsaturated long-chain fatty acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Isoniazid inhibited C(24) and C(26) monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Time courses of this inhibition and that of mycolic acid synthesis were similar.", "PMID": 112917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10418", "title": "In vitro synthesis of peptidoglycan by beta-lactam-sensitive and -resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: effects of beta-lactam and other antibiotics.", "content": "The synthesis in vitro of peptidoglycan by Neisseria gonorrhoeae was studied in organisms made permeable to nucleotide precursors by treatment with ether. Optimum synthesis occurred at 30 degrees C in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-maleate buffer (0.05 M; pH 6) in the presence of 20 mM Mg(2+). The incorporation from uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetyl-[(14)C]glucosamine into peptidoglycan, measured after precipitation of the cells with trichloroacetic acid, was sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics, bacitracin, diumycin, and tunicamycin and relatively resistant to spectinomycin and tetracycline. Differences in sensitivity between preparations from a beta-lactamase producer and a laboratory segregant derived from it were not great. Synthesized peptidoglycan was also fractionated into sodium dodecyl sulfate-soluble and -insoluble portions. beta-Lactam antibiotics at concentrations equivalent to the minimal inhibitory concentrations for growth of the organisms did not inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis, but rather caused a small enhancement. At higher concentrations, above about 0.5 mug/ml, incorporation into sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble material was progressively inhibited, whereas the amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate-soluble product increased greatly, more than compensating for the loss of the precipitable fraction. Similar observations were made with three strains, and also with the beta-lactam clavulanic acid, normally considered as a beta-lactamase inhibitor rather than as itself an effective antibiotic.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of peptidoglycan by beta-lactam-sensitive and -resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: effects of beta-lactam and other antibiotics. The synthesis in vitro of peptidoglycan by Neisseria gonorrhoeae was studied in organisms made permeable to nucleotide precursors by treatment with ether. Optimum synthesis occurred at 30 degrees C in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-maleate buffer (0.05 M; pH 6) in the presence of 20 mM Mg(2+). The incorporation from uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetyl-[(14)C]glucosamine into peptidoglycan, measured after precipitation of the cells with trichloroacetic acid, was sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics, bacitracin, diumycin, and tunicamycin and relatively resistant to spectinomycin and tetracycline. Differences in sensitivity between preparations from a beta-lactamase producer and a laboratory segregant derived from it were not great. Synthesized peptidoglycan was also fractionated into sodium dodecyl sulfate-soluble and -insoluble portions. beta-Lactam antibiotics at concentrations equivalent to the minimal inhibitory concentrations for growth of the organisms did not inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis, but rather caused a small enhancement. At higher concentrations, above about 0.5 mug/ml, incorporation into sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble material was progressively inhibited, whereas the amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate-soluble product increased greatly, more than compensating for the loss of the precipitable fraction. Similar observations were made with three strains, and also with the beta-lactam clavulanic acid, normally considered as a beta-lactamase inhibitor rather than as itself an effective antibiotic.", "PMID": 112918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10419", "title": "Antibacterial activity of a new parenteral cephalosporin--HR 756: comparison with cefamandole and ceforanide.", "content": "HR 756, a new parenteral cephalosporin that is beta-lactamase resistant, was tested against 271 bacterial isolates. Both agar and broth dilution testing were employed, using two media and two inoculum sizes of bacteria. Antibacterial activity of the drug was compared to that of cefamandole (CFM) and ceforanide (CFN). In agar, HR 756 was more active than CFM and CFN against all bacteria tested except isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, which were better inhibited by CFM. HR 756 exhibited some antipseudomonas activity in agar, although a marked inoculum effect was apparent. A comparison of median minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations in broth showed again that HR 756 was the most active of these three drugs. HR 756 demonstrated enhanced antibacterial activity compared to CFM and CFN against bacteria sensitive to all three drugs as well as against more resistant isolates of Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter species, and indole-positive Proteus. As with other cephalosporins, results for most bacteria were affected by inoculum size, medium, and type of dilution test employed in in vitro studies.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of a new parenteral cephalosporin--HR 756: comparison with cefamandole and ceforanide. HR 756, a new parenteral cephalosporin that is beta-lactamase resistant, was tested against 271 bacterial isolates. Both agar and broth dilution testing were employed, using two media and two inoculum sizes of bacteria. Antibacterial activity of the drug was compared to that of cefamandole (CFM) and ceforanide (CFN). In agar, HR 756 was more active than CFM and CFN against all bacteria tested except isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, which were better inhibited by CFM. HR 756 exhibited some antipseudomonas activity in agar, although a marked inoculum effect was apparent. A comparison of median minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations in broth showed again that HR 756 was the most active of these three drugs. HR 756 demonstrated enhanced antibacterial activity compared to CFM and CFN against bacteria sensitive to all three drugs as well as against more resistant isolates of Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter species, and indole-positive Proteus. As with other cephalosporins, results for most bacteria were affected by inoculum size, medium, and type of dilution test employed in in vitro studies.", "PMID": 112919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10420", "title": "In vitro comparison of rosamicin and erythromycin against urinary tract pathogens.", "content": "The in vitro activity of rosamicin and erythromycin was compared at various pH values against 311 strains of bacteria representing common urinary tract pathogens. Alkalinization of the media consistently and significantly increased the antibacterial activity of rosamicin against all of the organisms tested. This was also true for erythromycin except when tested against strains of Proteus. At pH 8, rosamicin was two- to sixfold more active than erythromycin against Enterobacteriaceae. The activity of both antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was very similar when tested at pH 8. Erythromycin was twice as active as rosamicin at pH 8 against group D streptococci. The activity of both antibiotics was bacteriostatic and inoculum size dependent, regardless of the organism tested or the pH of the test media. The greater activity of rosamicin against Enterobacteriaceae warrants clinical investigation.", "contents": "In vitro comparison of rosamicin and erythromycin against urinary tract pathogens. The in vitro activity of rosamicin and erythromycin was compared at various pH values against 311 strains of bacteria representing common urinary tract pathogens. Alkalinization of the media consistently and significantly increased the antibacterial activity of rosamicin against all of the organisms tested. This was also true for erythromycin except when tested against strains of Proteus. At pH 8, rosamicin was two- to sixfold more active than erythromycin against Enterobacteriaceae. The activity of both antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was very similar when tested at pH 8. Erythromycin was twice as active as rosamicin at pH 8 against group D streptococci. The activity of both antibiotics was bacteriostatic and inoculum size dependent, regardless of the organism tested or the pH of the test media. The greater activity of rosamicin against Enterobacteriaceae warrants clinical investigation.", "PMID": 112920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10421", "title": "Circular myotomy as an aid to resection and end-to-end anastomosis of the esophagus.", "content": "Segments ranging from 40 to 70% of the thoracic esophagus were resected in 80 mongrel dogs. End-to-end anastomosis was effected after circular myotomy either proximal or distal, or both proximal and distal, to the anastomosis. Among dogs undergoing resection of 60% of the esophagus, distal myotomy enabled 6 of 8 animals to survive, and combined proximal and distal myotomy permitted 8 of 10 to survive. Cineesophagography was performed in a majority of the 50 surviving animals and showed no appreciable delay of peristalsis at the myotomy sites. When these sites were examined at postmortem examination up to 13 months after operation, 1 dog showed a small diverticulum but none showed dilatation or stricture. It is concluded that circular myotomy holds real promise as a means of extending the clinical application of esophageal resection with end-to-end anastomosis.", "contents": "Circular myotomy as an aid to resection and end-to-end anastomosis of the esophagus. Segments ranging from 40 to 70% of the thoracic esophagus were resected in 80 mongrel dogs. End-to-end anastomosis was effected after circular myotomy either proximal or distal, or both proximal and distal, to the anastomosis. Among dogs undergoing resection of 60% of the esophagus, distal myotomy enabled 6 of 8 animals to survive, and combined proximal and distal myotomy permitted 8 of 10 to survive. Cineesophagography was performed in a majority of the 50 surviving animals and showed no appreciable delay of peristalsis at the myotomy sites. When these sites were examined at postmortem examination up to 13 months after operation, 1 dog showed a small diverticulum but none showed dilatation or stricture. It is concluded that circular myotomy holds real promise as a means of extending the clinical application of esophageal resection with end-to-end anastomosis.", "PMID": 112930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10422", "title": "Study of two new non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs having a pyrazole structure (LM 22070 and LM 22102).", "content": "Two derivatives from a new heteroarylacetic series, 1,3,4-triphenylpyrazole-5-acetic acid (LM 22102) and 1-isobutyl-3,4-diphenylpyrazole-5-acetic acid (LM 22070), were selected on the basis of their anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties. In the mouse, LM 22102 and LM 22070 were respectively 15 and 30 times less active than indomethacin in Koster's test, but they were 9 and 13 times less toxic than the reference drugs. In contrast, they were very active in the rat and the guinea-pig. LM 22102 appeared to be as active as indomethacin in the various tests performed: Randall and Selitto's test for analgesic activity, hyperthermic rat, experimental models of inflammation (UV erythema, carrageenin-induced oedema, cotton granuloma, adjuvant-induced arthritis). In vitro, its inhibition of prostaglandin-synthetase in guinea-pig lung was appreciably more powerful than that of indomethacin. Like all potent non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs it has ulcerogenic activity, similar to that of indomethacin, which accounts for its acute oral toxicity in the rat. The activity of LM 22070 is either the same as (antipyretic action) or inferior to (analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity and inhibition of prostaglandin-synthetase) that of indomethacin, but always markedly superior to that of phenylbutazone. Its ulcerogenic activity and oral acute toxicity in the rat are respectively 2.5 and 3 times weaker than those of indomethacin.", "contents": "Study of two new non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs having a pyrazole structure (LM 22070 and LM 22102). Two derivatives from a new heteroarylacetic series, 1,3,4-triphenylpyrazole-5-acetic acid (LM 22102) and 1-isobutyl-3,4-diphenylpyrazole-5-acetic acid (LM 22070), were selected on the basis of their anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties. In the mouse, LM 22102 and LM 22070 were respectively 15 and 30 times less active than indomethacin in Koster's test, but they were 9 and 13 times less toxic than the reference drugs. In contrast, they were very active in the rat and the guinea-pig. LM 22102 appeared to be as active as indomethacin in the various tests performed: Randall and Selitto's test for analgesic activity, hyperthermic rat, experimental models of inflammation (UV erythema, carrageenin-induced oedema, cotton granuloma, adjuvant-induced arthritis). In vitro, its inhibition of prostaglandin-synthetase in guinea-pig lung was appreciably more powerful than that of indomethacin. Like all potent non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs it has ulcerogenic activity, similar to that of indomethacin, which accounts for its acute oral toxicity in the rat. The activity of LM 22070 is either the same as (antipyretic action) or inferior to (analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity and inhibition of prostaglandin-synthetase) that of indomethacin, but always markedly superior to that of phenylbutazone. Its ulcerogenic activity and oral acute toxicity in the rat are respectively 2.5 and 3 times weaker than those of indomethacin.", "PMID": 112931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10423", "title": "[Systematic study of ventriculo-auricular conduction and its importance in the detection of aberrant conduction pathways].", "content": "Ventriculo-atrial conduction was studied by ventricular pacing in three groups of patients: 34 cases with the preexcitation syndrome on surface ECG, 35 cases with documented paroxysmal atrial tachycardia but with otherwise normal ECGs and 120 cases without either of these two conditions. This conduction time was unchanged up to pacing rates of over 160/min in 88 p. 100 cases with preexcitation and was thus a sign of a nodal short-circuit. This phenomenon was also observed in 85 p. 100 cases with isolated paroxysmal atrial tachycardia and in 20 p. 100 normal cases which suggests the presence of a latent accessory pathway in these patients.", "contents": "[Systematic study of ventriculo-auricular conduction and its importance in the detection of aberrant conduction pathways]. Ventriculo-atrial conduction was studied by ventricular pacing in three groups of patients: 34 cases with the preexcitation syndrome on surface ECG, 35 cases with documented paroxysmal atrial tachycardia but with otherwise normal ECGs and 120 cases without either of these two conditions. This conduction time was unchanged up to pacing rates of over 160/min in 88 p. 100 cases with preexcitation and was thus a sign of a nodal short-circuit. This phenomenon was also observed in 85 p. 100 cases with isolated paroxysmal atrial tachycardia and in 20 p. 100 normal cases which suggests the presence of a latent accessory pathway in these patients.", "PMID": 112933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10424", "title": "[Automatic activity of the pre-excitation pathways].", "content": "The possibility of preexcitation pathways exhibiting automatic activity was demonstrated in 3 cases: in two cases electrophysiological studies supported this diagnosis which was confirmed in the third case by histological examination of the preexcitation pathway. During sinus node dysfunction, spontaneous or induced (by rapid right atrial pacing or by a reciprocating tachycardia), the substitute rhythm arose from the Kent Bundle either transiently or for a longer period: rhythms arising from the Kent Bundle can only be diagnosed after eliminating the possibility of an atrioventricular junctional rhythm conducted to the ventricles by Maha\u00efm fibres.", "contents": "[Automatic activity of the pre-excitation pathways]. The possibility of preexcitation pathways exhibiting automatic activity was demonstrated in 3 cases: in two cases electrophysiological studies supported this diagnosis which was confirmed in the third case by histological examination of the preexcitation pathway. During sinus node dysfunction, spontaneous or induced (by rapid right atrial pacing or by a reciprocating tachycardia), the substitute rhythm arose from the Kent Bundle either transiently or for a longer period: rhythms arising from the Kent Bundle can only be diagnosed after eliminating the possibility of an atrioventricular junctional rhythm conducted to the ventricles by Maha\u00efm fibres.", "PMID": 112935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10425", "title": "[Detection of pulmonary embolisms by recording of the variations of thoracic impedance at each lung].", "content": "It is possible to record changes of volume caused by variations of the blood supply to each lung by measuring the transthoracic electrical impedance. A theoretical study was performed beforehand to define the variations of the impedance of the deep-lying structures. The form, number and distribution of the electrodes were determined by experiments on a model so that only variations of the impedance of the pulmonary parenchyma, and not of the mediastinum, were recorded. In this way the origins of the signals recorded were known. The validity of the method was tested on patients having undergone pneumonectomy and on patients with defects of pulmonary perfusion. Using the data obtained during the preceding experimental studies it was possible to defect perfusion defects caused by pulmonary embolism. Five cases of pulmonary embolism, confirmed by angiography and lung scan, of varying severity and chronicity, are reported. The amplitude of the impedance curve was reduced on the affected side, the difference of amplitude between the two being related to the degree of vascular amputation.", "contents": "[Detection of pulmonary embolisms by recording of the variations of thoracic impedance at each lung]. It is possible to record changes of volume caused by variations of the blood supply to each lung by measuring the transthoracic electrical impedance. A theoretical study was performed beforehand to define the variations of the impedance of the deep-lying structures. The form, number and distribution of the electrodes were determined by experiments on a model so that only variations of the impedance of the pulmonary parenchyma, and not of the mediastinum, were recorded. In this way the origins of the signals recorded were known. The validity of the method was tested on patients having undergone pneumonectomy and on patients with defects of pulmonary perfusion. Using the data obtained during the preceding experimental studies it was possible to defect perfusion defects caused by pulmonary embolism. Five cases of pulmonary embolism, confirmed by angiography and lung scan, of varying severity and chronicity, are reported. The amplitude of the impedance curve was reduced on the affected side, the difference of amplitude between the two being related to the degree of vascular amputation.", "PMID": 112936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10426", "title": "[1st degree and 2nd degree blocks (Wenckebach type) during right ventricular stimulation in the course of Prinzmetal's angina].", "content": "Right axial deviation and delay between stimulation and ventricular response was observed during pacing of the apex of the right ventricle in Prinzmetal angina. The degree of deformation of the ventricular complex and the length of this delay appear to be related to the severity of the anginan, the length of the preceding diastolic period and the amplitude of stimulation. This observation demonstrates the presence of conduction defects at the heart of ischaemic myocardium and may explain the failure of prophylactic pacing in Prinzmetal angina complicated by paroxysmal atrioventricular block.", "contents": "[1st degree and 2nd degree blocks (Wenckebach type) during right ventricular stimulation in the course of Prinzmetal's angina]. Right axial deviation and delay between stimulation and ventricular response was observed during pacing of the apex of the right ventricle in Prinzmetal angina. The degree of deformation of the ventricular complex and the length of this delay appear to be related to the severity of the anginan, the length of the preceding diastolic period and the amplitude of stimulation. This observation demonstrates the presence of conduction defects at the heart of ischaemic myocardium and may explain the failure of prophylactic pacing in Prinzmetal angina complicated by paroxysmal atrioventricular block.", "PMID": 112937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10427", "title": "[Prinzmetal's angina initiated by interruption of exercise. 5 cases with normal coronary radiograms].", "content": "Five male patients, aged between 31 and 58 years, presented with anginal chest pain with nausea and sweating after the interruption of exercise. Prinzmetal variant angina was observed during the recovery phase of exercise tolerance testing. Coronary arteriography and selective left ventricular angiography were normal in all cases. Ergonovine, used in one case, induced coronary artery spasm. The angina was eased by Nifedipine in three patients and passed off with time in the other two patients. In one case attack occurred with amiodarone therapy and in another with glyceril trinitrate, after normal exercise tolerance tests. Vagotonia, all the more pronounced when sympathetic tonus is increased, and hyperventilation seem to be the causative factors of what probably results from coronary artery spasm. Nifedipine, a calcium-blocking agent would appear to be the treatment of choice.", "contents": "[Prinzmetal's angina initiated by interruption of exercise. 5 cases with normal coronary radiograms]. Five male patients, aged between 31 and 58 years, presented with anginal chest pain with nausea and sweating after the interruption of exercise. Prinzmetal variant angina was observed during the recovery phase of exercise tolerance testing. Coronary arteriography and selective left ventricular angiography were normal in all cases. Ergonovine, used in one case, induced coronary artery spasm. The angina was eased by Nifedipine in three patients and passed off with time in the other two patients. In one case attack occurred with amiodarone therapy and in another with glyceril trinitrate, after normal exercise tolerance tests. Vagotonia, all the more pronounced when sympathetic tonus is increased, and hyperventilation seem to be the causative factors of what probably results from coronary artery spasm. Nifedipine, a calcium-blocking agent would appear to be the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 112938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10428", "title": "[Septal rupture after myocardial infarct. Early operation; 31 cases].", "content": "31 survivors of a group of 49 patients with septal rupture during acute myocardial infarction were operated on average 8 days after the onset of necrosis. The operation was performed after a period of circulatory assistance in 23 cases and consisted of septal reinforcement, closure of the perforation and resection of necrotic tissue. The results were satisfactory in patients operated on early after effective resuscitation (91 p. 100 survival), and better than in the patients operated on after the maximum possible delay (50 p. 100 survival) and in patients in whom poor tolerance of the VSD led to an emergency salvage operation (29 p. 100 survival).", "contents": "[Septal rupture after myocardial infarct. Early operation; 31 cases]. 31 survivors of a group of 49 patients with septal rupture during acute myocardial infarction were operated on average 8 days after the onset of necrosis. The operation was performed after a period of circulatory assistance in 23 cases and consisted of septal reinforcement, closure of the perforation and resection of necrotic tissue. The results were satisfactory in patients operated on early after effective resuscitation (91 p. 100 survival), and better than in the patients operated on after the maximum possible delay (50 p. 100 survival) and in patients in whom poor tolerance of the VSD led to an emergency salvage operation (29 p. 100 survival).", "PMID": 112939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10429", "title": "[Hemodynamic and cartographic study of intravenous trinitrin in the acute stage of myocardial infarct].", "content": "12 cases of acute myocardial infarction were prescribed intravenous trinitrin. Haemodynamically, the drug invariably affected the pre-load whether the haemodynamic state was normal (group I), or disturbed by left ventricular failure (group II). Myocardial function was only improved in cases with left ventricular failure. Mapping studies, performed to assess, at least theoretically, the degree of ischaemia, only showed a transient lowering of the ST elevation compared to a control group, and limitation of the ischaemic area around the myocardial necrosis could not be proved.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic and cartographic study of intravenous trinitrin in the acute stage of myocardial infarct]. 12 cases of acute myocardial infarction were prescribed intravenous trinitrin. Haemodynamically, the drug invariably affected the pre-load whether the haemodynamic state was normal (group I), or disturbed by left ventricular failure (group II). Myocardial function was only improved in cases with left ventricular failure. Mapping studies, performed to assess, at least theoretically, the degree of ischaemia, only showed a transient lowering of the ST elevation compared to a control group, and limitation of the ischaemic area around the myocardial necrosis could not be proved.", "PMID": 112940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10430", "title": "[Effect of nitrate derivatives on the contractility and relaxation of papillary muscle in hypoxia and reoxygenation].", "content": "The direct action of nitrate derivatives on myocardial contractility is not fully understood. The effects of Glyceryl Trinitrate (1 mM/L.) and Sodium Nitro prussiate (3 X 10(-5) M/L.) on papillary muscle were studied during 30 minutes hypoxia followed by 60 minutes reoxygenation: Both conditions were analysed every 5 minutes: 1. Contractility was assessed by maximal shortening velocity with no load (Vmax), maximal isometric force (PF), number of active cross-bridges and peak time (TPF), a characteristic of the period of activity. 2. Relaxation was assessed by the relaxation velocity (V relax) and the 1/2 relaxation time (THR). The two nitrate derivatives had the same effects: during anoxia, a notable reduction of the maximal force was observed; myocardial depression continued during the first 15 minutes of reoxygenation. After the 30th minute of investigation all parameters increased significantly (107-110 p. 100, p less than 0,01); TPF and THR returned to normal. A positive inotropic effect and improvement of the relaxation phase were observed at the end of reoxygenation. This effect is not attributed to improved segmental performance especially as it occurred at dosages close to those used in therapeutics.", "contents": "[Effect of nitrate derivatives on the contractility and relaxation of papillary muscle in hypoxia and reoxygenation]. The direct action of nitrate derivatives on myocardial contractility is not fully understood. The effects of Glyceryl Trinitrate (1 mM/L.) and Sodium Nitro prussiate (3 X 10(-5) M/L.) on papillary muscle were studied during 30 minutes hypoxia followed by 60 minutes reoxygenation: Both conditions were analysed every 5 minutes: 1. Contractility was assessed by maximal shortening velocity with no load (Vmax), maximal isometric force (PF), number of active cross-bridges and peak time (TPF), a characteristic of the period of activity. 2. Relaxation was assessed by the relaxation velocity (V relax) and the 1/2 relaxation time (THR). The two nitrate derivatives had the same effects: during anoxia, a notable reduction of the maximal force was observed; myocardial depression continued during the first 15 minutes of reoxygenation. After the 30th minute of investigation all parameters increased significantly (107-110 p. 100, p less than 0,01); TPF and THR returned to normal. A positive inotropic effect and improvement of the relaxation phase were observed at the end of reoxygenation. This effect is not attributed to improved segmental performance especially as it occurred at dosages close to those used in therapeutics.", "PMID": 112941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10431", "title": "[Use of dopamine in sequelae of extracorporeal circulation. Apropos of 50 patients].", "content": "Dopamine was used after open heart surgery in a group of 50 patients. The therapeutic indications were: diffuse coronary insufficiency in 27 cases, myocardial infarction in 12 cases and early septicaemic shock in 6 cases. In the other 5 cases, dopamine was prescribed for short lasting circulatory insufficiency. The dosage varied between 3-15 gammas/kg/min. The variations of different parameters were studied over 12 hours. Improvement of cardiac efficiency was an early feature (less than 3 h) and was observed for all dosages (above 3 gammas/kg/min). It was accompanied by a marked diuresis. The chromotropic effects were non-existent at these dosages. At medium-term dopamine was effective in 40 patients (80 p. 100). Dopamine is effective in over 3 out of 4 cases after cardiopulmonary bypass. Its effect is immediate, and is observed in dosages less than 10 gammas/kg/min.", "contents": "[Use of dopamine in sequelae of extracorporeal circulation. Apropos of 50 patients]. Dopamine was used after open heart surgery in a group of 50 patients. The therapeutic indications were: diffuse coronary insufficiency in 27 cases, myocardial infarction in 12 cases and early septicaemic shock in 6 cases. In the other 5 cases, dopamine was prescribed for short lasting circulatory insufficiency. The dosage varied between 3-15 gammas/kg/min. The variations of different parameters were studied over 12 hours. Improvement of cardiac efficiency was an early feature (less than 3 h) and was observed for all dosages (above 3 gammas/kg/min). It was accompanied by a marked diuresis. The chromotropic effects were non-existent at these dosages. At medium-term dopamine was effective in 40 patients (80 p. 100). Dopamine is effective in over 3 out of 4 cases after cardiopulmonary bypass. Its effect is immediate, and is observed in dosages less than 10 gammas/kg/min.", "PMID": 112942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10432", "title": "[Study of the long-term psychological consequences of heart valve prostheses].", "content": "The present follow-up period of cardiac surgery allows assessment of the long-term consequences of valvular prostheses, the short-term consequences having already been the object of many studies. 50 patients of both sexes, operated on for aortic or mitral valve disease between 1973 and 1974 were interviewed to assess their degree of psychological adaptation with regard to their cardiac status and the principal factors of adaptation. The position of the prosthetic valve (aortic or mitral) seemed to be of little importance and the prognosis depended rather on sex, age at operation, previous personality, intelligence quotient, postoperative psychiatric complications and the interval between diagnosis of the disease and operation.", "contents": "[Study of the long-term psychological consequences of heart valve prostheses]. The present follow-up period of cardiac surgery allows assessment of the long-term consequences of valvular prostheses, the short-term consequences having already been the object of many studies. 50 patients of both sexes, operated on for aortic or mitral valve disease between 1973 and 1974 were interviewed to assess their degree of psychological adaptation with regard to their cardiac status and the principal factors of adaptation. The position of the prosthetic valve (aortic or mitral) seemed to be of little importance and the prognosis depended rather on sex, age at operation, previous personality, intelligence quotient, postoperative psychiatric complications and the interval between diagnosis of the disease and operation.", "PMID": 112943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10433", "title": "Behavioral and endocrine responses of schizophrenic patients to TRH (protirelin).", "content": "We studied the effects of intravenous protirelin (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) in 17 schizophrenic patients and 17 normal subjects. A total of 12 patients received protirelin, 0.5 mg, and, on another occasion, niacin, 2 mg, in a double-blind, crossover design. Both behavioral and endocrine data were collected. Five patients received protirelin in an open trial; only endocrine data were collected. Protirelin caused about a 50% prompt decrease in psychotic symptoms. Patients then tended slowly to experience a relapse. Side effects were about as infrequent after protirelin as after niacin. We assayed serum prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), L-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Free T4 (FT4) index was calculated. The values for PRL, GH, and TSH at baseline and after protirelin stimulation were normal. Patients showed lower T3 values at baseline, but a brisker T3 response to protirelin, than controls. Their FT4 indices were higher at baseline. Patients showed diminished T4 binding sites rather than increased total T4. The causes of these alterations in thyroid dynamics are unidentified.", "contents": "Behavioral and endocrine responses of schizophrenic patients to TRH (protirelin). We studied the effects of intravenous protirelin (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) in 17 schizophrenic patients and 17 normal subjects. A total of 12 patients received protirelin, 0.5 mg, and, on another occasion, niacin, 2 mg, in a double-blind, crossover design. Both behavioral and endocrine data were collected. Five patients received protirelin in an open trial; only endocrine data were collected. Protirelin caused about a 50% prompt decrease in psychotic symptoms. Patients then tended slowly to experience a relapse. Side effects were about as infrequent after protirelin as after niacin. We assayed serum prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), L-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Free T4 (FT4) index was calculated. The values for PRL, GH, and TSH at baseline and after protirelin stimulation were normal. Patients showed lower T3 values at baseline, but a brisker T3 response to protirelin, than controls. Their FT4 indices were higher at baseline. Patients showed diminished T4 binding sites rather than increased total T4. The causes of these alterations in thyroid dynamics are unidentified.", "PMID": 112944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10434", "title": "The role of receptors of the autonomic system in regulation of glycogen synthetase activity in the heart and skeletal muscle in rats.", "content": "By determining glycogen synthetase activity, rate of 14C-glucose incorporation and glycogen levels, using pharmacologic agents which act on the alpha, beta M and N receptors, the influence of the autonomic system on synthesis of this polysaccharide in heart and skeletal muscle was analysed. The results indicate that the autonomic system is involved in intracellular autoregulation of glycogen synthetase activity through tissue receptors. Drugs which stimulate the cholinergic system depress this enzyme activity in the heart and skeletal muscle indirectly by releasing endogeneous catecholamines (nicotine-gangliconic effect) and also inhibit utilization of energetic ATP and phosphocreatinine reserves in the heart (muscarinic effect). Stimulation of the alpha-adrenergic receptor enhances glycogen anabolism in both types of muscles depending on the stimulatory influence of nonsterified sugers released in the process of glycogen hydrolysis and depression of cAMP level and presence of glucosteroids. Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors induces opposite changes. Analysis of the influence of pharmacologic agents that stimulate and inhibit decomposition and synthesis of glycogen showed that hydrolytic decomposition is probably one of the main processes of intracellular autoregulation of glycogen synthetase activity.", "contents": "The role of receptors of the autonomic system in regulation of glycogen synthetase activity in the heart and skeletal muscle in rats. By determining glycogen synthetase activity, rate of 14C-glucose incorporation and glycogen levels, using pharmacologic agents which act on the alpha, beta M and N receptors, the influence of the autonomic system on synthesis of this polysaccharide in heart and skeletal muscle was analysed. The results indicate that the autonomic system is involved in intracellular autoregulation of glycogen synthetase activity through tissue receptors. Drugs which stimulate the cholinergic system depress this enzyme activity in the heart and skeletal muscle indirectly by releasing endogeneous catecholamines (nicotine-gangliconic effect) and also inhibit utilization of energetic ATP and phosphocreatinine reserves in the heart (muscarinic effect). Stimulation of the alpha-adrenergic receptor enhances glycogen anabolism in both types of muscles depending on the stimulatory influence of nonsterified sugers released in the process of glycogen hydrolysis and depression of cAMP level and presence of glucosteroids. Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors induces opposite changes. Analysis of the influence of pharmacologic agents that stimulate and inhibit decomposition and synthesis of glycogen showed that hydrolytic decomposition is probably one of the main processes of intracellular autoregulation of glycogen synthetase activity.", "PMID": 112945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10435", "title": "New derivatives of 6-hyroxy-coumaranone-2-acetic acid with anti-prostaglandin activity.", "content": "Sixteen new amide and ether derivatives of 6-hydroxy-coumaranone-2-acetic acid (1) were synthetized, some of which were screened pharmacologically for anti-prostaglandin activity.", "contents": "New derivatives of 6-hyroxy-coumaranone-2-acetic acid with anti-prostaglandin activity. Sixteen new amide and ether derivatives of 6-hydroxy-coumaranone-2-acetic acid (1) were synthetized, some of which were screened pharmacologically for anti-prostaglandin activity.", "PMID": 112946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10436", "title": "Epidemiological markers for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. VII. Nosocomial occurrence in urological ward. Comparison of two phage typing sets, pyocine typing, and serogrouping.", "content": "A comparison of two pyocine typing methods with serogrouping, and two phage typing sets has been made. In one instance, a contaminated bladder irrigation fluid of 0.05% silver nitrate solution caused a series of urinary tract infections. By all systems, fewer of the presentstrains were typable than usual. Among the phage typing sets the one developed by LINDBERG et al. typed only 66% whereas that selected by BERGAN typed 83%, both less than observed previously. The set of LINDBERG et al. also rendered longer pattern codes, and yielded more variable results with related strains. A set of pyocine indicator strains, selected among the strains to be typed, was more suitable than one developed elsewhere. Comparison of five different methods of epidemiological typing of Ps. aeruginosa indicated that phage typing alone is not entirely satisfactory for this species and should therefore always be combined with serogrouping.", "contents": "Epidemiological markers for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. VII. Nosocomial occurrence in urological ward. Comparison of two phage typing sets, pyocine typing, and serogrouping. A comparison of two pyocine typing methods with serogrouping, and two phage typing sets has been made. In one instance, a contaminated bladder irrigation fluid of 0.05% silver nitrate solution caused a series of urinary tract infections. By all systems, fewer of the presentstrains were typable than usual. Among the phage typing sets the one developed by LINDBERG et al. typed only 66% whereas that selected by BERGAN typed 83%, both less than observed previously. The set of LINDBERG et al. also rendered longer pattern codes, and yielded more variable results with related strains. A set of pyocine indicator strains, selected among the strains to be typed, was more suitable than one developed elsewhere. Comparison of five different methods of epidemiological typing of Ps. aeruginosa indicated that phage typing alone is not entirely satisfactory for this species and should therefore always be combined with serogrouping.", "PMID": 112947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10437", "title": "Retarded ejaculation: a review.", "content": "Retarded ejaculation is the persistent difficulty or inability to ejaculate despite the presence of adequate sexual desire, erection, and stimulation. The causes of this dysfunction may be organic, i.e., medical illness or drug ingestion (particularly medications with antiadrenergic effects), the result of surgical interventions, or secondary to inhibiting psychological factors. With regard to psychological determinants, fear, guilt, resentment, and passively have all been implicated, although objective studies are rare. The sexual object choice of men with retarded ejaculation has ben reported by several clinicians and investigators to be other than adult members of the opposite sex, while the marital relationship of these males has been considered etiological in other instances. Outcome assessment to date consists mostly of individual case reports or reports on small groups of patients treated without controls. To some extent, routine reliance on long-term traditional therapy has yielded to shorter, symptomatic learning-based treatments. While improved outcomes have been reported, many patients do not respond well. It is not yet possible to objectively predict succes or failure. Since it is our impression that this sexual dysfunction is more common than previously assumed (or is increasing in frequency), our present lack of data should soon be remedied.", "contents": "Retarded ejaculation: a review. Retarded ejaculation is the persistent difficulty or inability to ejaculate despite the presence of adequate sexual desire, erection, and stimulation. The causes of this dysfunction may be organic, i.e., medical illness or drug ingestion (particularly medications with antiadrenergic effects), the result of surgical interventions, or secondary to inhibiting psychological factors. With regard to psychological determinants, fear, guilt, resentment, and passively have all been implicated, although objective studies are rare. The sexual object choice of men with retarded ejaculation has ben reported by several clinicians and investigators to be other than adult members of the opposite sex, while the marital relationship of these males has been considered etiological in other instances. Outcome assessment to date consists mostly of individual case reports or reports on small groups of patients treated without controls. To some extent, routine reliance on long-term traditional therapy has yielded to shorter, symptomatic learning-based treatments. While improved outcomes have been reported, many patients do not respond well. It is not yet possible to objectively predict succes or failure. Since it is our impression that this sexual dysfunction is more common than previously assumed (or is increasing in frequency), our present lack of data should soon be remedied.", "PMID": 112949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10438", "title": "Intrathoracic meningoceles and neurofibromatosis.", "content": "We describe here four additional cases of intrathoracic meningoceles associated with neurofibromatosis, bringing the total number of reported cases of thoracic meningoceles to 88. Seventy-five (85%) have been associated with neurofibromatosis. Possibly, both dural and regional vertebral dysplasia are intrinsic to neurofibromatosis and contribute to the development of the meningocele.", "contents": "Intrathoracic meningoceles and neurofibromatosis. We describe here four additional cases of intrathoracic meningoceles associated with neurofibromatosis, bringing the total number of reported cases of thoracic meningoceles to 88. Seventy-five (85%) have been associated with neurofibromatosis. Possibly, both dural and regional vertebral dysplasia are intrinsic to neurofibromatosis and contribute to the development of the meningocele.", "PMID": 112952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10439", "title": "Sorption and movement of pesticides on thin layer plates of Brazilian soils.", "content": "The sorption from aqueous solution (Table II), and movement in water on thin layers plates (Figure 1) of 7 soils (Table 1) of 3 organochlorine, 2 organophosphorus and 1 carbamate insecticide was determined in the laboratory. Generally, all substances were sorbed most and moved least on soils richest in organic matter. However, sorption was not a function of organic matter content alone (Table III). Aldrin and DDT were most strongly sorbed and did not move from the point of application on the thin layer plates of any soil. On all 7 soils, carbaryl was the least strongly sorbed insecticide. On 5 soils, lindane, parathion and malathion were increasingly strongly sorbed, but on the other 2 soils lindane was mostly strongly sorbed. The apparent greater mobility of 14C-labelled malathion on thin layers of soils repeatedly leached could be explained by the formation of more polar substances.", "contents": "Sorption and movement of pesticides on thin layer plates of Brazilian soils. The sorption from aqueous solution (Table II), and movement in water on thin layers plates (Figure 1) of 7 soils (Table 1) of 3 organochlorine, 2 organophosphorus and 1 carbamate insecticide was determined in the laboratory. Generally, all substances were sorbed most and moved least on soils richest in organic matter. However, sorption was not a function of organic matter content alone (Table III). Aldrin and DDT were most strongly sorbed and did not move from the point of application on the thin layer plates of any soil. On all 7 soils, carbaryl was the least strongly sorbed insecticide. On 5 soils, lindane, parathion and malathion were increasingly strongly sorbed, but on the other 2 soils lindane was mostly strongly sorbed. The apparent greater mobility of 14C-labelled malathion on thin layers of soils repeatedly leached could be explained by the formation of more polar substances.", "PMID": 112948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10440", "title": "Pseudomonas corneal ulcer. The causative role of contaminated eye cosmetics.", "content": "The clinical significance of contaminated ocular cosmetics is illustrated by the case of a 47-year-old woman in whom a Pseudomonas corneal ulcer developed immediately after she sustained minor corneal trauma with a mascara applicator. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured from the corneal ulcer and the mascara. In addition to the causative role in acute corneal ulcers, contaminated eye cosmetics contribute to chronic external eye infections. Retail eye cosmetics are typically free of contamination when purchased. The inoculation of the cosmetic occurs during normal use.", "contents": "Pseudomonas corneal ulcer. The causative role of contaminated eye cosmetics. The clinical significance of contaminated ocular cosmetics is illustrated by the case of a 47-year-old woman in whom a Pseudomonas corneal ulcer developed immediately after she sustained minor corneal trauma with a mascara applicator. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured from the corneal ulcer and the mascara. In addition to the causative role in acute corneal ulcers, contaminated eye cosmetics contribute to chronic external eye infections. Retail eye cosmetics are typically free of contamination when purchased. The inoculation of the cosmetic occurs during normal use.", "PMID": 112953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10441", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in the ganglion cells in and near the temporal bone.", "content": "The distribution pattern of alkaline phosphatase was studied in the ganglion cells in and near the temporal bone of some mammals. No or extremely weak activity of alkaline phosphatase was observed in or near the spiral and vestibular ganglion cells of the bat, rat, cat, and monkey. However, intense to moderate enzyme activity was noted exclusively in the peripheral areas of the spiral and vestibular ganglion cells of the guinea pig. The enzyme activity was also demonstrated in the nerve fibers at some distance from both axonal and dendritic processes of the spiral and vestibular ganglion cells of the guinea pig. Trigeminal and geniculate ganglion cells of all mammals examined showed intense to moderate enzyme activity in their capsular cells. There is a marked difference in the phosphate metabolism in the capsular tissues of the ganglion cells in or near the temporal bone of various mammals.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in the ganglion cells in and near the temporal bone. The distribution pattern of alkaline phosphatase was studied in the ganglion cells in and near the temporal bone of some mammals. No or extremely weak activity of alkaline phosphatase was observed in or near the spiral and vestibular ganglion cells of the bat, rat, cat, and monkey. However, intense to moderate enzyme activity was noted exclusively in the peripheral areas of the spiral and vestibular ganglion cells of the guinea pig. The enzyme activity was also demonstrated in the nerve fibers at some distance from both axonal and dendritic processes of the spiral and vestibular ganglion cells of the guinea pig. Trigeminal and geniculate ganglion cells of all mammals examined showed intense to moderate enzyme activity in their capsular cells. There is a marked difference in the phosphate metabolism in the capsular tissues of the ganglion cells in or near the temporal bone of various mammals.", "PMID": 112955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10442", "title": "Transformation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO with bacteriophage and plasmid DNA.", "content": "A procedure has been developed which allows transformation of P. aeruginosa strain PAO with plasmid and bacteriophage DNA at a frequency of 10(-6) per recipient cell. The method is similar in outline to that developed for Escherichia coli. It involves growing the recipient cells to 3-5 x 10(8) per ml in nutrient broth, washing the cells with 0.1 M MgCl2, resuspending in 0.175 M CaCl2 for 20 min, exposing to DNA for 1 h and then heat pulsing at 42 degrees C for 1 min. Some plasmid markers are expressed immediately, whereas others require time for phenotypic expression.", "contents": "Transformation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO with bacteriophage and plasmid DNA. A procedure has been developed which allows transformation of P. aeruginosa strain PAO with plasmid and bacteriophage DNA at a frequency of 10(-6) per recipient cell. The method is similar in outline to that developed for Escherichia coli. It involves growing the recipient cells to 3-5 x 10(8) per ml in nutrient broth, washing the cells with 0.1 M MgCl2, resuspending in 0.175 M CaCl2 for 20 min, exposing to DNA for 1 h and then heat pulsing at 42 degrees C for 1 min. Some plasmid markers are expressed immediately, whereas others require time for phenotypic expression.", "PMID": 112956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10443", "title": "[Immunologic diagnosis of animal hydatidosis--Preliminary results].", "content": "Immunological reactions for diagnosis of Hydatidosis in cattle and swine are studied, such as Casoni, Latex agglutination and Serum-precipitation. The preliminary data shows that procedures may be useful in clinical practice of bovines. The same techniques in swine shows much promise, but requires further evaluation. The intradermal test for Hydatic disease, introduced by Casoni (1911) has been employed in some parts of the world and seems to be of high sensitivity in bovine. Latex agglutination and precipitation Test may be used in cases of weak skin reactions.", "contents": "[Immunologic diagnosis of animal hydatidosis--Preliminary results]. Immunological reactions for diagnosis of Hydatidosis in cattle and swine are studied, such as Casoni, Latex agglutination and Serum-precipitation. The preliminary data shows that procedures may be useful in clinical practice of bovines. The same techniques in swine shows much promise, but requires further evaluation. The intradermal test for Hydatic disease, introduced by Casoni (1911) has been employed in some parts of the world and seems to be of high sensitivity in bovine. Latex agglutination and precipitation Test may be used in cases of weak skin reactions.", "PMID": 112951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10444", "title": "[Sensitization to E and C erythrocyte antigens].", "content": "The appearance of sentibilition on antigens E and c was described, noticed for the first time after many years identification on our sera.", "contents": "[Sensitization to E and C erythrocyte antigens]. The appearance of sentibilition on antigens E and c was described, noticed for the first time after many years identification on our sera.", "PMID": 112993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10445", "title": "Rabbit erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Initial-velocity studies.", "content": "1. Concave-downward double-reciprocal plots were obtained for rabbit erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase when the concentration of Pi was varied over a wide range at a fixed saturating concentration of either inosine or deoxyinosine. Similar behaviour was also displayed by the calf spleen enzyme. 2. The degree of curvature of double-reciprocal plots was greatly modified by the presence of SO42-, introduced into the assay mixture with the linking enzyme xanthine oxidase; competitive inhibition by SO42- was observed over a narrow range of high Pi concentrations. 3. Partial inactivation with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) resulted in a marked alteration in the kinetic properties of the enzyme when Pi was the variable substrate. 4. Initial-velocity data are expressed in the form of Hill plots, and the significance of such plots is discussed.", "contents": "Rabbit erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Initial-velocity studies. 1. Concave-downward double-reciprocal plots were obtained for rabbit erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase when the concentration of Pi was varied over a wide range at a fixed saturating concentration of either inosine or deoxyinosine. Similar behaviour was also displayed by the calf spleen enzyme. 2. The degree of curvature of double-reciprocal plots was greatly modified by the presence of SO42-, introduced into the assay mixture with the linking enzyme xanthine oxidase; competitive inhibition by SO42- was observed over a narrow range of high Pi concentrations. 3. Partial inactivation with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) resulted in a marked alteration in the kinetic properties of the enzyme when Pi was the variable substrate. 4. Initial-velocity data are expressed in the form of Hill plots, and the significance of such plots is discussed.", "PMID": 112994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10446", "title": "Rabbit erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Differential-inactivation studies.", "content": "1. Qualitative studies on the stability of rabbit erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase showed a marked decrease in the susceptibility of the enzyme to thermal inactivation and digestion by proteinases of different specificities in response to certain of its substrates. 2. The extent to which inosine stabilizes the enzyme against thermal and proteolytic inactivation is related in a quantitative manner to the concentration of this substrate; it is proposed that differences in the rates of inactivation of the enzyme may reflect substrate-induced conformational changes in the enzyme structure that could alter the binding properties of the enzyme in a kinetically significant way. 3. A synergistic effect in the stabilization of the enzyme is observed in response to both substrates, inosine and phosphate, when the enzyme is inactivated with Pronase. 4. In the presence of substrate an increased rate of inactivation after reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) is reported. 5. Differential-inactivation studies were also carried out with calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and the results are discussed in relation to the kinetic properties displayed by this enzyme.", "contents": "Rabbit erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Differential-inactivation studies. 1. Qualitative studies on the stability of rabbit erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase showed a marked decrease in the susceptibility of the enzyme to thermal inactivation and digestion by proteinases of different specificities in response to certain of its substrates. 2. The extent to which inosine stabilizes the enzyme against thermal and proteolytic inactivation is related in a quantitative manner to the concentration of this substrate; it is proposed that differences in the rates of inactivation of the enzyme may reflect substrate-induced conformational changes in the enzyme structure that could alter the binding properties of the enzyme in a kinetically significant way. 3. A synergistic effect in the stabilization of the enzyme is observed in response to both substrates, inosine and phosphate, when the enzyme is inactivated with Pronase. 4. In the presence of substrate an increased rate of inactivation after reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) is reported. 5. Differential-inactivation studies were also carried out with calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and the results are discussed in relation to the kinetic properties displayed by this enzyme.", "PMID": 112995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10447", "title": "Phospholipid-dependence of oestrone UDP-glucuronyltransferase and p-nitrophenol UDP-glucuronyltransferase.", "content": "Hepatic UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity was resolved into two fractions, one exhibiting oestrone glucuronyltransferase activity and the other exhibiting p-nitrophenol glucuronyltransferase activity. Hydroxyapatite-column chromatography removed greater than 95% of the phospholipids from both preparations. The partially purified delipidated enzymes were essentially devoid of catalytic activity, but activities were restored by the addition of phospholipids or phosphatidylcholine mixtures containing various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Both oestrone and p-nitrophenol glucuronyl-transferase activities were reconstituted to similar degrees with the phosphatidylcholine mixtures. When purified phospholipids were tested, phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine were most effective in restoring activity, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine was the least effective. These results further suggest that oestrone and p-nitrophenol UDP-glucuronyltransferases are dependent on phospholipids for their activity.", "contents": "Phospholipid-dependence of oestrone UDP-glucuronyltransferase and p-nitrophenol UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Hepatic UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity was resolved into two fractions, one exhibiting oestrone glucuronyltransferase activity and the other exhibiting p-nitrophenol glucuronyltransferase activity. Hydroxyapatite-column chromatography removed greater than 95% of the phospholipids from both preparations. The partially purified delipidated enzymes were essentially devoid of catalytic activity, but activities were restored by the addition of phospholipids or phosphatidylcholine mixtures containing various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Both oestrone and p-nitrophenol glucuronyl-transferase activities were reconstituted to similar degrees with the phosphatidylcholine mixtures. When purified phospholipids were tested, phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine were most effective in restoring activity, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine was the least effective. These results further suggest that oestrone and p-nitrophenol UDP-glucuronyltransferases are dependent on phospholipids for their activity.", "PMID": 112996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10448", "title": "The isolation and properties of a second glycoprotein (LGP-II) from the articular lubricating fraction from bovine synovial fluid.", "content": "A high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (LGP-I) was shown [Swann, Sotman, Dixon & Brooks (1977) Biochem. J. 161, 473--485] to be the major constituent in the articular lubricating fraction from bovine synovial fluid. In addition to the LGP-I component, a second glycoprotein (LGP-II) was also present. After fractionation of bovine synovial fluid by sequential sedimentation in CsCl density gradients, the LGP-I and LGP-II components were separated by gel-permeation chromatography. The LGP-II component was then purified by chromatography on DEAE Bio-Gel A and Bio-Gel P-150. The molecular weight of the LGP-II component was 48,800 calculated from sedimentation-equilibrium measurements. Amino acids represented 53% (w/w) and carbohydrate constituents 36% (w/w) of the molecule. Glutamic acid and lysine (144 and 100 residues/1000 residues) were the major amino acids. Glucosamine, mannose, galactose and N-acetylneuraminic acid [representing 8.0, 6.6, 9.5 and 11.9% (w/w) respectively] were the only carbohydrate constituents detected. Immunodiffusion analysis showed that LGP-II component did not form a detectable precipitin line with antiserum to bovine serum. It appears likely, therefore, that this glycoprotein is synthesized by the joint tissues and is not derived from serum.", "contents": "The isolation and properties of a second glycoprotein (LGP-II) from the articular lubricating fraction from bovine synovial fluid. A high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (LGP-I) was shown [Swann, Sotman, Dixon & Brooks (1977) Biochem. J. 161, 473--485] to be the major constituent in the articular lubricating fraction from bovine synovial fluid. In addition to the LGP-I component, a second glycoprotein (LGP-II) was also present. After fractionation of bovine synovial fluid by sequential sedimentation in CsCl density gradients, the LGP-I and LGP-II components were separated by gel-permeation chromatography. The LGP-II component was then purified by chromatography on DEAE Bio-Gel A and Bio-Gel P-150. The molecular weight of the LGP-II component was 48,800 calculated from sedimentation-equilibrium measurements. Amino acids represented 53% (w/w) and carbohydrate constituents 36% (w/w) of the molecule. Glutamic acid and lysine (144 and 100 residues/1000 residues) were the major amino acids. Glucosamine, mannose, galactose and N-acetylneuraminic acid [representing 8.0, 6.6, 9.5 and 11.9% (w/w) respectively] were the only carbohydrate constituents detected. Immunodiffusion analysis showed that LGP-II component did not form a detectable precipitin line with antiserum to bovine serum. It appears likely, therefore, that this glycoprotein is synthesized by the joint tissues and is not derived from serum.", "PMID": 112997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10449", "title": "Purification of alcohol dehydrogenase from Drosophila by general-ligand affinity chromatography.", "content": "A method for the purification of alcohol dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster is described. The method makes use of 8-(6-aminohexyl)amino-5'-AMP, immobilized on Sepharose 4B, as an affinity ligand. Since alcohol dehydrogenase from Drosophila shows weak affinity for this column, a novel technique was developed to separate alcohol dehydrogenase from both unbound proteins and more strongly bound enzymes. The purification procedure is simple to operate and give a homogeneous preparation in good yield after only three steps.", "contents": "Purification of alcohol dehydrogenase from Drosophila by general-ligand affinity chromatography. A method for the purification of alcohol dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster is described. The method makes use of 8-(6-aminohexyl)amino-5'-AMP, immobilized on Sepharose 4B, as an affinity ligand. Since alcohol dehydrogenase from Drosophila shows weak affinity for this column, a novel technique was developed to separate alcohol dehydrogenase from both unbound proteins and more strongly bound enzymes. The purification procedure is simple to operate and give a homogeneous preparation in good yield after only three steps.", "PMID": 112998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10450", "title": "Strain differences in rat liver (UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity towards androsterone.", "content": "Male Donryu, Wistar King rats showed discontinuous variations in hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities towards androsterone, but not towards testosterone, bilirubin, phenolphthalein and 4-nitrophenol. Fresh microsomal fraction with a low transferase activity towards androsterone formed 0.049--0.080 nmole of glucuronide/min per mg of protein, whereas fresh microsomal fraction with a high transferase activity towards androsterone formed 0.335--0.557 nmol of glucuronide/min per mg of protein. The microsomal fraction with low enzyme activity towards androsterone was not stimulated by treatment with Triton X-100 or freezing and thawing. In contrast, male Long Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats did not exhibit such diversity.", "contents": "Strain differences in rat liver (UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity towards androsterone. Male Donryu, Wistar King rats showed discontinuous variations in hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities towards androsterone, but not towards testosterone, bilirubin, phenolphthalein and 4-nitrophenol. Fresh microsomal fraction with a low transferase activity towards androsterone formed 0.049--0.080 nmole of glucuronide/min per mg of protein, whereas fresh microsomal fraction with a high transferase activity towards androsterone formed 0.335--0.557 nmol of glucuronide/min per mg of protein. The microsomal fraction with low enzyme activity towards androsterone was not stimulated by treatment with Triton X-100 or freezing and thawing. In contrast, male Long Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats did not exhibit such diversity.", "PMID": 112999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10451", "title": "Unfolding and refolding of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus in solutions of guanidinium chloride.", "content": "1. Protein-fluorescence studies indicated that phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus is denatured in solutions of guanidinium chloride. The denaturation was not thermodynamically reversible and followed biphasic kinetics. 2. Guanidinium chloride solutions released the structural Zn2+ from the enzyme and rendered all histidine residues chemically reactive. In the presence of free Zn1+ the enzyme was much more resistant to denaturation. Also, the addition for free Zn2+ to the denatured enzyme induced refolding. 3. The Zn2+-free apoenzyme was much more sensitive to guanidinium chloride than was the native enzyme and the denaturation appeared to be thermodynamically reversible. 4. Guanidinium chloride denaturation was associated with a reversible inactivation of the enzyme. Heat-inactivated, coagulated enzyme was substantially re-activated on dissolution in guanidinium chloride solutions followed by dialysis against a Zn2+-containing buffer.", "contents": "Unfolding and refolding of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus in solutions of guanidinium chloride. 1. Protein-fluorescence studies indicated that phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus is denatured in solutions of guanidinium chloride. The denaturation was not thermodynamically reversible and followed biphasic kinetics. 2. Guanidinium chloride solutions released the structural Zn2+ from the enzyme and rendered all histidine residues chemically reactive. In the presence of free Zn1+ the enzyme was much more resistant to denaturation. Also, the addition for free Zn2+ to the denatured enzyme induced refolding. 3. The Zn2+-free apoenzyme was much more sensitive to guanidinium chloride than was the native enzyme and the denaturation appeared to be thermodynamically reversible. 4. Guanidinium chloride denaturation was associated with a reversible inactivation of the enzyme. Heat-inactivated, coagulated enzyme was substantially re-activated on dissolution in guanidinium chloride solutions followed by dialysis against a Zn2+-containing buffer.", "PMID": 113000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10452", "title": "Conjugated and unconjugated bilirubins in humans and rhesus monkeys. Structural identity of bilirubins from biles and meconiums of newborn humans and rhesus monkeys.", "content": "1. Bilirubin-IXalpha monoglucuronide was the predominant bilirubin in biles and meconiums of newborn humans and rhesus monkeys. Rhesus-monkey baby biles contained slightly more diglucuronide than did human baby biles. 2. Bilrubin-IXalpha glucoside, bilirubin-IXalpha xyloside and bilirubin-IXbeta were also constituents of human and rhesus-monkey baby biles and meconiums. Bilirubin-IXalpha glucuronide glucoside was present in human and rhesus-monkey baby biles but not in meconiums. The identity of the bilirubins was confirmed by u.v.-visible and mass spectroscopy of the azodipyrroles obtained by treating the bilirubins with diazotized ethyl anthranilate. The resulting azodipyrroles were identical with the corresponding azodipyrroles obtained from human adult biles and also from reduced isomers of biliverdin. 3. Bilirubin-IXbeta was present in much higher proportions in the extracts of meconiums than in the extracts of biles from the same babies. 4. Oxidation of bilirubins to biliverdins occurs in utero to a small but undetermined extent. The resulting green pigments were present in meconiums collected from the lower small and large intestines of newborn babies and rhesus monkeys. 5. Butanol extracted most of the bilirubins present in biles. This modified method proved to be quick and easy. Little hydrolysis of bilirubins took place during extraction or separation by t.l.c.", "contents": "Conjugated and unconjugated bilirubins in humans and rhesus monkeys. Structural identity of bilirubins from biles and meconiums of newborn humans and rhesus monkeys. 1. Bilirubin-IXalpha monoglucuronide was the predominant bilirubin in biles and meconiums of newborn humans and rhesus monkeys. Rhesus-monkey baby biles contained slightly more diglucuronide than did human baby biles. 2. Bilrubin-IXalpha glucoside, bilirubin-IXalpha xyloside and bilirubin-IXbeta were also constituents of human and rhesus-monkey baby biles and meconiums. Bilirubin-IXalpha glucuronide glucoside was present in human and rhesus-monkey baby biles but not in meconiums. The identity of the bilirubins was confirmed by u.v.-visible and mass spectroscopy of the azodipyrroles obtained by treating the bilirubins with diazotized ethyl anthranilate. The resulting azodipyrroles were identical with the corresponding azodipyrroles obtained from human adult biles and also from reduced isomers of biliverdin. 3. Bilirubin-IXbeta was present in much higher proportions in the extracts of meconiums than in the extracts of biles from the same babies. 4. Oxidation of bilirubins to biliverdins occurs in utero to a small but undetermined extent. The resulting green pigments were present in meconiums collected from the lower small and large intestines of newborn babies and rhesus monkeys. 5. Butanol extracted most of the bilirubins present in biles. This modified method proved to be quick and easy. Little hydrolysis of bilirubins took place during extraction or separation by t.l.c.", "PMID": 113001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10453", "title": "Properties of salt-resistant lipase and lipoprotein lipase purified from human post-heparin plasma.", "content": "Lipoprotein lipase and salt-resistant lipase were isolated from human post-heparin plasma. The proteins of human post-plasma lipoprotein lipase and salt-resistant lipase were identified and demonstrated to be immunologically different. Significant differences between the two enzymes in their relative amino acid composition were demonstrated, which indicates that the two enzymes are different proteins. When analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the enzymes seemed to have monomer molecular weights similar to that of lipoprotein lipase purified from bovine milk.", "contents": "Properties of salt-resistant lipase and lipoprotein lipase purified from human post-heparin plasma. Lipoprotein lipase and salt-resistant lipase were isolated from human post-heparin plasma. The proteins of human post-plasma lipoprotein lipase and salt-resistant lipase were identified and demonstrated to be immunologically different. Significant differences between the two enzymes in their relative amino acid composition were demonstrated, which indicates that the two enzymes are different proteins. When analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the enzymes seemed to have monomer molecular weights similar to that of lipoprotein lipase purified from bovine milk.", "PMID": 113002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10454", "title": "[Problems and possible errors in monitoring drug side effects at the hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "Special problems and possible errors in drug monitoring were discussed by analyzing three cases of hospital treated patients. The first one showed how easily side effects of drug can be falsely diagnosed and treated as a drug independent complicating disease. Furthermore, the active principle of the drug had to be differentiated from several potentially inducing substances. In the second case, the wrong diagnosis of a drug induced illness caused an intermission of a vital basic therapy. The lateron developing signs were interpreted as symptoms of the primary disease but they might also have been caused by drugs given later. For the third case it should be pointed out that side effects can be provoked during long- or short-term treatment by changing the diet. For drug monitoring it is therefore equally necessary to watch the drugs as well as the living circumstances.", "contents": "[Problems and possible errors in monitoring drug side effects at the hospital (author's transl)]. Special problems and possible errors in drug monitoring were discussed by analyzing three cases of hospital treated patients. The first one showed how easily side effects of drug can be falsely diagnosed and treated as a drug independent complicating disease. Furthermore, the active principle of the drug had to be differentiated from several potentially inducing substances. In the second case, the wrong diagnosis of a drug induced illness caused an intermission of a vital basic therapy. The lateron developing signs were interpreted as symptoms of the primary disease but they might also have been caused by drugs given later. For the third case it should be pointed out that side effects can be provoked during long- or short-term treatment by changing the diet. For drug monitoring it is therefore equally necessary to watch the drugs as well as the living circumstances.", "PMID": 113014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10455", "title": "Toxicity studies on lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), a novel antidiarrheal agent.", "content": "The acute oral LD50 of 1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-amidinourea hydrochloride (WHR-1142A, lidamidine hyrochloride) was 260 (208, 328) mg/kg in male mice, 267 (212, 336) mg/kg in male rats and 160 (130, 197) mg/kg in female rats. A daily oral dose of 10 mg/kg for 30 days was well tolerated in the rat and monkey. Histologic changes were reversible and for the most part could be explained on the basis of one or more of the several pharmacologic effects of WHR-1142A. A short-lived hyperglycemic effect was a prominent effect in mice and rats. This effect was seen occasionally in high doses in the monkey, suggesting a species difference.", "contents": "Toxicity studies on lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), a novel antidiarrheal agent. The acute oral LD50 of 1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-amidinourea hydrochloride (WHR-1142A, lidamidine hyrochloride) was 260 (208, 328) mg/kg in male mice, 267 (212, 336) mg/kg in male rats and 160 (130, 197) mg/kg in female rats. A daily oral dose of 10 mg/kg for 30 days was well tolerated in the rat and monkey. Histologic changes were reversible and for the most part could be explained on the basis of one or more of the several pharmacologic effects of WHR-1142A. A short-lived hyperglycemic effect was a prominent effect in mice and rats. This effect was seen occasionally in high doses in the monkey, suggesting a species difference.", "PMID": 113015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10456", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and disposition of lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), a novel antidiarrheal agent, in rat and monkey.", "content": "14C-Labelled 1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-methylamidinourea hydrochloride (14C-WHR-1142A, lidamidine hydrochloride) was rapidly and quantitatively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of rat and monkey after a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg (base). Peak 14C levels occurred within 30 min and the radiolabel was found in both the plasma and cellular components of whole blood. The half-life of the parent compound was 30 min in rat and 1 h in the monkey. The label was essentially cleared from all tissues examined within 24 h in the rat. In both rat and monkey, the compound was extensively metabolized (greater than 90%) prior to excretion and eliminated primarily in the urine (95% of the 14C dose could be accounted for in urine within 24 h in the monkey and 65% within 24 h in the rat); about 15-20% of the dose was recovered in feces within 24 h in the rat. In rat, a significant portion of the dose was eliminated in bile, and enterohepatic recirculation of 14C excreted in bile occurred. In contrast, biliary elimination of 14C was not a major pathway in the monkey.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and disposition of lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), a novel antidiarrheal agent, in rat and monkey. 14C-Labelled 1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-methylamidinourea hydrochloride (14C-WHR-1142A, lidamidine hydrochloride) was rapidly and quantitatively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of rat and monkey after a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg (base). Peak 14C levels occurred within 30 min and the radiolabel was found in both the plasma and cellular components of whole blood. The half-life of the parent compound was 30 min in rat and 1 h in the monkey. The label was essentially cleared from all tissues examined within 24 h in the rat. In both rat and monkey, the compound was extensively metabolized (greater than 90%) prior to excretion and eliminated primarily in the urine (95% of the 14C dose could be accounted for in urine within 24 h in the monkey and 65% within 24 h in the rat); about 15-20% of the dose was recovered in feces within 24 h in the rat. In rat, a significant portion of the dose was eliminated in bile, and enterohepatic recirculation of 14C excreted in bile occurred. In contrast, biliary elimination of 14C was not a major pathway in the monkey.", "PMID": 113016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10457", "title": "[Effects of molsidomine and nitroglycerin on the regional blood flow in the normal and acutely ischemic myocardium (author's transl)].", "content": "In anaesthetized dogs regional myocardial blood flow (radioactive particle distribution technique) and several haemodynamic parameters were measured before and after acute ligation of left descending coronary artery. By injection of N-carboxy-3-morpholino-sydnonimine ethylester (molsidomine, Corvaton) or infusion of nitroglycerin it was tried to influence blood flow of the infarcted areas of the myocardium. 1. Ligation of the coronary artery induces myocardial infarction of anterior wall, predominantly restricted to the endocardial portions of the heart muscle. 2. Molsidomine and also nitroglycerin do not change overall blood flow of the heart in the sense of vasodilation. 3. In the infarcted area the ratio: blood flow of endocardial layers to blood flow of epicardial layers, is improved by molsidomine. 4. The positive effect of molsidomine becomes clearer in the border zone of infarction. Nitroglycerin remains without effect. 5. The effects of the compound molsidomine are explained by stronger action on extravascular factors of colonary vascular resistance (decrease in enddiastolic pressure).", "contents": "[Effects of molsidomine and nitroglycerin on the regional blood flow in the normal and acutely ischemic myocardium (author's transl)]. In anaesthetized dogs regional myocardial blood flow (radioactive particle distribution technique) and several haemodynamic parameters were measured before and after acute ligation of left descending coronary artery. By injection of N-carboxy-3-morpholino-sydnonimine ethylester (molsidomine, Corvaton) or infusion of nitroglycerin it was tried to influence blood flow of the infarcted areas of the myocardium. 1. Ligation of the coronary artery induces myocardial infarction of anterior wall, predominantly restricted to the endocardial portions of the heart muscle. 2. Molsidomine and also nitroglycerin do not change overall blood flow of the heart in the sense of vasodilation. 3. In the infarcted area the ratio: blood flow of endocardial layers to blood flow of epicardial layers, is improved by molsidomine. 4. The positive effect of molsidomine becomes clearer in the border zone of infarction. Nitroglycerin remains without effect. 5. The effects of the compound molsidomine are explained by stronger action on extravascular factors of colonary vascular resistance (decrease in enddiastolic pressure).", "PMID": 113017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10458", "title": "Comparative study of nitroglycerin and molsidomine. Effects on the integrated systemic venous bed and the arterial pressure in dogs.", "content": "The effect of nitroglycerin, N-carboxy-3-morpholino-sydnonimine-ethylester (molsidomine, Corvaton), and its metabolite 3-morpholinosydnonimine upon the peripheral circulation was investigated in 38 dogs with cardio-pulmonary bypass. The three compounds increased the integrated systemic venous blood volume and decreased the mean arterial pressure. The time course of the action of nitroglycerin was different from that of molsidomine: The arterial and venous effects of nitroglycerin began immediately after the injection was started, reached a maximum, and had disappeared after 7 min. The effects of molsidomine started later and showed no tendency to decrease during the observation period of 30 min. When referred to the same decrease in arterial blood pressure, molsidomine acted more strongly upon the systemic venous bed than did nitroglycerin. The arterial and venous effects of the molsidomine metabolite could be antagonized by a dopamine infusion. It is concluded that the hypotensive effect of the three compounds observed in the intact circulation is due to the diminuation of peripheral resistance as well as to the dilatation of the systemic venous bed. The dilatation of the veins effects a decrease in the venous return and thereby in the cardiac output and the arterial pressure. It can be concluded that the antianginal effect of the three compounds is not only due to the diminution of the afterload of the heart; the diminution of the heart; the diminution of the preload also represents an important component of action.", "contents": "Comparative study of nitroglycerin and molsidomine. Effects on the integrated systemic venous bed and the arterial pressure in dogs. The effect of nitroglycerin, N-carboxy-3-morpholino-sydnonimine-ethylester (molsidomine, Corvaton), and its metabolite 3-morpholinosydnonimine upon the peripheral circulation was investigated in 38 dogs with cardio-pulmonary bypass. The three compounds increased the integrated systemic venous blood volume and decreased the mean arterial pressure. The time course of the action of nitroglycerin was different from that of molsidomine: The arterial and venous effects of nitroglycerin began immediately after the injection was started, reached a maximum, and had disappeared after 7 min. The effects of molsidomine started later and showed no tendency to decrease during the observation period of 30 min. When referred to the same decrease in arterial blood pressure, molsidomine acted more strongly upon the systemic venous bed than did nitroglycerin. The arterial and venous effects of the molsidomine metabolite could be antagonized by a dopamine infusion. It is concluded that the hypotensive effect of the three compounds observed in the intact circulation is due to the diminuation of peripheral resistance as well as to the dilatation of the systemic venous bed. The dilatation of the veins effects a decrease in the venous return and thereby in the cardiac output and the arterial pressure. It can be concluded that the antianginal effect of the three compounds is not only due to the diminution of the afterload of the heart; the diminution of the heart; the diminution of the preload also represents an important component of action.", "PMID": 113018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10459", "title": "Effects of progesterone on mammary carcinogenesis by DMBA applied directly to rat mammae.", "content": "The effects and site(s) of action of progesterone on DMBA mammary carcinogenesis in the rat, when a small dose of the carcinogen was applied directly to the inguinal mammary gland, were investigated. No reduction in tumour yield was apparent when progesterone was administered s.c. for 18 days before dusting DMBA. This finding contrasts with a previously reported inhibitory effect on carcinogenesis when hormone treatment was followed by intragastric administration of DMBA. When progesterone injections were begun either 2 days before or 2 days after direct application of DMBA, and were continued until the end of the experiment (135 or 195 days) an enhancement in carcinogenesis was observed similar to that previously demonstrated after gastric intubation of DMBA. These findings, together with previously reported observations, suggest that progesterone may exert its inhibitory effect on carcinogenesis by acting at a site outside the breast, perhaps on the liver. However, it is likely that the hormone acts directly on the mammary tissue to exert its enhancing effect on tumorigenesis.", "contents": "Effects of progesterone on mammary carcinogenesis by DMBA applied directly to rat mammae. The effects and site(s) of action of progesterone on DMBA mammary carcinogenesis in the rat, when a small dose of the carcinogen was applied directly to the inguinal mammary gland, were investigated. No reduction in tumour yield was apparent when progesterone was administered s.c. for 18 days before dusting DMBA. This finding contrasts with a previously reported inhibitory effect on carcinogenesis when hormone treatment was followed by intragastric administration of DMBA. When progesterone injections were begun either 2 days before or 2 days after direct application of DMBA, and were continued until the end of the experiment (135 or 195 days) an enhancement in carcinogenesis was observed similar to that previously demonstrated after gastric intubation of DMBA. These findings, together with previously reported observations, suggest that progesterone may exert its inhibitory effect on carcinogenesis by acting at a site outside the breast, perhaps on the liver. However, it is likely that the hormone acts directly on the mammary tissue to exert its enhancing effect on tumorigenesis.", "PMID": 113024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10460", "title": "PUVA-induced repigmentation of vitiligo: a histochemical (split-DOPA) and ultrastructural study.", "content": "Repigmentation induced by oral photochemotherapy (8-MOP + UV-A) in four patients with vitiligo has been studied by histochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Hypertrophic melanocytes were demonstrated both in the middle and deep portions of the hair follicles in the centre of islands of repigmentation and also in the epidermis of the expanding repigmenting border. Mitosis of melanocytes was absent in these areas. Ultrastructural study showed that the melanocytes of repigmented areas were hyperactive. The melanosomes were larger than those of surrounding healthy skin, although the mode of packaging was unaltered. These observations suggest that melanocytes repigmenting vitiliginous skin under the influence of oral photochemotherapy are derived from a melanocytic reservoir localized in the hair follicles.", "contents": "PUVA-induced repigmentation of vitiligo: a histochemical (split-DOPA) and ultrastructural study. Repigmentation induced by oral photochemotherapy (8-MOP + UV-A) in four patients with vitiligo has been studied by histochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Hypertrophic melanocytes were demonstrated both in the middle and deep portions of the hair follicles in the centre of islands of repigmentation and also in the epidermis of the expanding repigmenting border. Mitosis of melanocytes was absent in these areas. Ultrastructural study showed that the melanocytes of repigmented areas were hyperactive. The melanosomes were larger than those of surrounding healthy skin, although the mode of packaging was unaltered. These observations suggest that melanocytes repigmenting vitiliginous skin under the influence of oral photochemotherapy are derived from a melanocytic reservoir localized in the hair follicles.", "PMID": 113025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10461", "title": "Coagulation failure in babies with rhesus isoimmunization.", "content": "Serial prospective studies of coagulation status have been undertaken on 73 babies with a positive Coombs test. No abnormalities were detected in the babies with mild haemolytic disease, but seven of the 36 babies with severe haemolytic disease (cord Hb less than 11 g/dl or cord bilirubin greater than 85 mumol/1) showed evidence of transient defibrination 1 d after birth and another six had evidence of coagulation failure at birth with a platelet count of less than 150 x 10(9)/1 and a severe deficiency of multiple coagulation factors. The level of factor II and factor X was less than a fifth of the normal cord blood level in these six babies and the level of I, VII and IX was severely reduced; the factor VIII level was normal or high. Exchange transfusion started within 1 h of birth corrected the immediate factor deficiency in these six babies, but evidence of defibrination then became apparent with afibrinogenaemia, a marked fall in factors II and V, less constant falls in factors VII, IX and X, and a raised fibrin:fibrinogen degradation product level. One of these six babies died with severe pulmonary hypoplasia within an hour of birth; the other five died from haemorrhage into the lung or brain 1 1/2--6 d after birth. The very low vitamin-K dependent factor levels in the cord blood of the babies who died are presumably the result of liver damage in utero, but the subsequent changes are those of a comsumption coagulopathy. Simple screening tests at birth served to indicate which babies were at risk and it is concluded that death due to haemorrhage might be reduced by more intensive factor replacement before there is overt evidence of haemorrhage in these babies.", "contents": "Coagulation failure in babies with rhesus isoimmunization. Serial prospective studies of coagulation status have been undertaken on 73 babies with a positive Coombs test. No abnormalities were detected in the babies with mild haemolytic disease, but seven of the 36 babies with severe haemolytic disease (cord Hb less than 11 g/dl or cord bilirubin greater than 85 mumol/1) showed evidence of transient defibrination 1 d after birth and another six had evidence of coagulation failure at birth with a platelet count of less than 150 x 10(9)/1 and a severe deficiency of multiple coagulation factors. The level of factor II and factor X was less than a fifth of the normal cord blood level in these six babies and the level of I, VII and IX was severely reduced; the factor VIII level was normal or high. Exchange transfusion started within 1 h of birth corrected the immediate factor deficiency in these six babies, but evidence of defibrination then became apparent with afibrinogenaemia, a marked fall in factors II and V, less constant falls in factors VII, IX and X, and a raised fibrin:fibrinogen degradation product level. One of these six babies died with severe pulmonary hypoplasia within an hour of birth; the other five died from haemorrhage into the lung or brain 1 1/2--6 d after birth. The very low vitamin-K dependent factor levels in the cord blood of the babies who died are presumably the result of liver damage in utero, but the subsequent changes are those of a comsumption coagulopathy. Simple screening tests at birth served to indicate which babies were at risk and it is concluded that death due to haemorrhage might be reduced by more intensive factor replacement before there is overt evidence of haemorrhage in these babies.", "PMID": 113026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10462", "title": "Physical growth and neurointegrative performance of survivors of protein--energy malnutrition.", "content": "1. The anthropometric measurements and neurointegrative performance of seventy-nine children aged 6--12 years who had survived kwashiorkor in early childhood were compared to those of 142 children who served as controls. 2. For the boys the differences in height and weight between those who had survived protein--energy malnutrition (PEM) and the controls were significant (P less than 0.01). 3. For the girls the differences in height and weight between those who had survived PEM and the controls were not significant. 4. In the tests chosen, the performances of the survivors of PEM was significantly poorer than that of the controls. 5. There was no improvement in the performance when thirteen survivors were reassessed at 10 years of age. 6. There was a significant difference in scholastic performance between the survivors of PEM and the normal controls. The scholastic performance of the siblings of PEM survivors was also significantly better than that of the PEM survivors. 7. The dietary intakes at the time of reassessment were unsatisfactory in 25% of the survivors, but did not relate to their scholastic abilities.", "contents": "Physical growth and neurointegrative performance of survivors of protein--energy malnutrition. 1. The anthropometric measurements and neurointegrative performance of seventy-nine children aged 6--12 years who had survived kwashiorkor in early childhood were compared to those of 142 children who served as controls. 2. For the boys the differences in height and weight between those who had survived protein--energy malnutrition (PEM) and the controls were significant (P less than 0.01). 3. For the girls the differences in height and weight between those who had survived PEM and the controls were not significant. 4. In the tests chosen, the performances of the survivors of PEM was significantly poorer than that of the controls. 5. There was no improvement in the performance when thirteen survivors were reassessed at 10 years of age. 6. There was a significant difference in scholastic performance between the survivors of PEM and the normal controls. The scholastic performance of the siblings of PEM survivors was also significantly better than that of the PEM survivors. 7. The dietary intakes at the time of reassessment were unsatisfactory in 25% of the survivors, but did not relate to their scholastic abilities.", "PMID": 113027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10463", "title": "Relation between erythrocyte selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activities of New Zealand residents and visitors to New Zealand.", "content": "1. Erythrocyte, plasma and whole blood selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9; GSHPx) activities were measured (1) in 104 healthy New Zealand residents living in Otago, a low-soil-Se area (2) in sixty-four surgical patients, including nineteen patients on total parenteral nutrition and twenty-three cancer patients (3) in fifty-two 'overseas subjects' (twenty-five visitors to Otago from outside New Zealand and twenty-seven Otago residents on return from overseas travel). 2. Blood Se concentrations reflected dietary Se intake; means for Otago patients, healthy subjects and overseas subjects were different 0.043, 0.059, 0.136 micrograms Se/ml blood respectively) and mean for overseas residents was greater than for New Zealand overseas travellers. 3. Erythrocyte Se concentration was always greater than plasma Se, and plasma Se was a smaller proportion of erythrocyte Se for patients compared with the controls. 4. GSHPx activities were different in the three groups, and varied directly with erythrocyte Se until a plateau was reached at approximately 0.14 micrograms Se/ml erythrocytes. 5. Overseas subjects showed no relationship between erythrocyte Se and GSHPx activity. This agrees with some overseas studies and the significance of this finding is discussed. 6. Plasma Se concentration remained the most sensitivie index of short-term changes in Se status, and erythrocyte Se and GSHPx activities for long-term changes in New Zealand subjects. Use of these measurements for overseas subjects with higher blood levels is discussed.", "contents": "Relation between erythrocyte selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activities of New Zealand residents and visitors to New Zealand. 1. Erythrocyte, plasma and whole blood selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9; GSHPx) activities were measured (1) in 104 healthy New Zealand residents living in Otago, a low-soil-Se area (2) in sixty-four surgical patients, including nineteen patients on total parenteral nutrition and twenty-three cancer patients (3) in fifty-two 'overseas subjects' (twenty-five visitors to Otago from outside New Zealand and twenty-seven Otago residents on return from overseas travel). 2. Blood Se concentrations reflected dietary Se intake; means for Otago patients, healthy subjects and overseas subjects were different 0.043, 0.059, 0.136 micrograms Se/ml blood respectively) and mean for overseas residents was greater than for New Zealand overseas travellers. 3. Erythrocyte Se concentration was always greater than plasma Se, and plasma Se was a smaller proportion of erythrocyte Se for patients compared with the controls. 4. GSHPx activities were different in the three groups, and varied directly with erythrocyte Se until a plateau was reached at approximately 0.14 micrograms Se/ml erythrocytes. 5. Overseas subjects showed no relationship between erythrocyte Se and GSHPx activity. This agrees with some overseas studies and the significance of this finding is discussed. 6. Plasma Se concentration remained the most sensitivie index of short-term changes in Se status, and erythrocyte Se and GSHPx activities for long-term changes in New Zealand subjects. Use of these measurements for overseas subjects with higher blood levels is discussed.", "PMID": 113028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10464", "title": "Thymidylate synthetase catalyzed exchange of tritiumfrom [5-3H]-2'-deoxyuridylate for protons of water.", "content": "Thymidylate synthetase catalyzes an exchange of tritium of [5-3H]dUMP for protons of water in the absence of CH2-H4folate. The turnover number for this reaction is some 45,000-fold lower than that of dTMP formation and Km is 1.2 X 10(-5) M, similar to the dissociation constant of the enzyme-dUMP complex determined by equilibrium dialysis. The presence of 4 mM folate has no effect on Vmax but results in a decrease in the Km of dUMP to a value close to that in the normal enzymic reaction. The exchange reaction provides definitive evidence that the enzymic reaction involves attack of a nucleophile of the enzyme on the 6 position of dUMP to provide a 5,6-dihydro-dUMP intermediate which is covalently bound to the enzyme. Stereochemical considerations of the exchange reaction require proposal of a partial reaction which is not completely sterospecific or a complex reaction in which protons of water are handled with complete stereospecificity in a fashion similar to the one carbon unit of the normal enzymic reaction.", "contents": "Thymidylate synthetase catalyzed exchange of tritiumfrom [5-3H]-2'-deoxyuridylate for protons of water. Thymidylate synthetase catalyzes an exchange of tritium of [5-3H]dUMP for protons of water in the absence of CH2-H4folate. The turnover number for this reaction is some 45,000-fold lower than that of dTMP formation and Km is 1.2 X 10(-5) M, similar to the dissociation constant of the enzyme-dUMP complex determined by equilibrium dialysis. The presence of 4 mM folate has no effect on Vmax but results in a decrease in the Km of dUMP to a value close to that in the normal enzymic reaction. The exchange reaction provides definitive evidence that the enzymic reaction involves attack of a nucleophile of the enzyme on the 6 position of dUMP to provide a 5,6-dihydro-dUMP intermediate which is covalently bound to the enzyme. Stereochemical considerations of the exchange reaction require proposal of a partial reaction which is not completely sterospecific or a complex reaction in which protons of water are handled with complete stereospecificity in a fashion similar to the one carbon unit of the normal enzymic reaction.", "PMID": 113030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10465", "title": "Phase separations in membranes of Anacystis nidulans grown at different temperatures.", "content": "Freeze fracture electron microscopy studies were performed on samples of Anacystis nidulans quenched from different temperatures. Membrane lipid phase separations were observed to take place over the ranges 15--30 degrees C, 5--25 degrees C and -5--15 degrees C for cultures grown at 38, 28 and 18 degrees C, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry heating curves showed endotherms which coincided with these temperature ranges. Variations of phase separation temperatures with growth temperature, and hysteresis effects in the calorimetric measurements, were related to changes in the fatty acid composition of membrane lipids.", "contents": "Phase separations in membranes of Anacystis nidulans grown at different temperatures. Freeze fracture electron microscopy studies were performed on samples of Anacystis nidulans quenched from different temperatures. Membrane lipid phase separations were observed to take place over the ranges 15--30 degrees C, 5--25 degrees C and -5--15 degrees C for cultures grown at 38, 28 and 18 degrees C, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry heating curves showed endotherms which coincided with these temperature ranges. Variations of phase separation temperatures with growth temperature, and hysteresis effects in the calorimetric measurements, were related to changes in the fatty acid composition of membrane lipids.", "PMID": 113031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10466", "title": "Stimulation of chloride transport by fatty acids in corneal epithelium and relation to changes in membrane fluidity.", "content": "The effect of altering cell membrane lipids on ion transport across isolated corneas was studied. Corneas mounted in Ussing-type chambers showed a rapid increase in short-circuit current following treatment with a variety of unsaturated fatty acids of varying chain length and unsaturation. Measurements of membrane fluidity which utilize immunofluorescence labelling of membrane proteins showed corneal epithelial cell membranes to be significantly more  fluid following linoleic acid treatment. Uptake studies indicate rapid incorporation of [14C]linoleic acid into corneal cell membranes. Highly unsaturated fatty acids were found to have the greatest ability to stimulate chloride transport. Saturated fatty acids were tested and were found to have no effect on chloride transport at any concentration. It is proposed that unsaturated fatty acids activate chloride transport by increasing membrane lipid fluidity. The relationship of these parameters is discussed in terms of a mobile receptor model. We speculate that an increase in membrane lipid fluidity promotes lateral diffusion of membrane receptor proteins and enzymes, increasing protein-protein interactions within the membrane, ultimately resulting in the enhancement of cyclic AMP synthesis.", "contents": "Stimulation of chloride transport by fatty acids in corneal epithelium and relation to changes in membrane fluidity. The effect of altering cell membrane lipids on ion transport across isolated corneas was studied. Corneas mounted in Ussing-type chambers showed a rapid increase in short-circuit current following treatment with a variety of unsaturated fatty acids of varying chain length and unsaturation. Measurements of membrane fluidity which utilize immunofluorescence labelling of membrane proteins showed corneal epithelial cell membranes to be significantly more  fluid following linoleic acid treatment. Uptake studies indicate rapid incorporation of [14C]linoleic acid into corneal cell membranes. Highly unsaturated fatty acids were found to have the greatest ability to stimulate chloride transport. Saturated fatty acids were tested and were found to have no effect on chloride transport at any concentration. It is proposed that unsaturated fatty acids activate chloride transport by increasing membrane lipid fluidity. The relationship of these parameters is discussed in terms of a mobile receptor model. We speculate that an increase in membrane lipid fluidity promotes lateral diffusion of membrane receptor proteins and enzymes, increasing protein-protein interactions within the membrane, ultimately resulting in the enhancement of cyclic AMP synthesis.", "PMID": 113032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10467", "title": "Purification by affinity chromatography and some properties of microsomal galactosyltransferase from pig thyroid.", "content": "Membrane-bound 4-beta-galactosyltransferase (lactose synthase; UDP galactose: D-glucose 4-beta-galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.22) was purified 1500-fold to near homogeneity from pig thyroid microsomes with about 30% yield. The purified enzyme behaved as a lipophilic protein, rapidly losing activity and aggregating if not supplemented with either Triton X-100 or serum albumin (both of these were equally effective for long-term stabilization). The enzyme preparation showed an absolute requirement for Mn2+, which could not be replaced by other cations. Catalytic properties were very similar to those reported for soluble forms of the enzyme in biological fluids. The purified galactosyltransferase showed a major protein band of approx. 74,000 daltons on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. On gel filtration, enzyme activity was eluted at approx. 70,000 daltons. It is concluded that the membrane-bound thyroid galactosyltransferase is a monomeric protein significantly larger than the soluble forms of this enzyme described earlier; but it resembles recently reported galactosyltransferases from sheep mammary Golgi membranes and liver microsomes.", "contents": "Purification by affinity chromatography and some properties of microsomal galactosyltransferase from pig thyroid. Membrane-bound 4-beta-galactosyltransferase (lactose synthase; UDP galactose: D-glucose 4-beta-galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.22) was purified 1500-fold to near homogeneity from pig thyroid microsomes with about 30% yield. The purified enzyme behaved as a lipophilic protein, rapidly losing activity and aggregating if not supplemented with either Triton X-100 or serum albumin (both of these were equally effective for long-term stabilization). The enzyme preparation showed an absolute requirement for Mn2+, which could not be replaced by other cations. Catalytic properties were very similar to those reported for soluble forms of the enzyme in biological fluids. The purified galactosyltransferase showed a major protein band of approx. 74,000 daltons on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. On gel filtration, enzyme activity was eluted at approx. 70,000 daltons. It is concluded that the membrane-bound thyroid galactosyltransferase is a monomeric protein significantly larger than the soluble forms of this enzyme described earlier; but it resembles recently reported galactosyltransferases from sheep mammary Golgi membranes and liver microsomes.", "PMID": 113033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10468", "title": "Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from the thermophilic, acidophilic alga, Cyanidium caldarium (Geitler). Purification, characterisation and thermostability of the enzyme.", "content": "An an initial stage in the study of proteins from thermophilic algae, the enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase 2-phospho-D-glycerate carboxylyase (dimerizing, EC 4.1.1.39) was purified 11-fold from the thermophilic alga Cyandium caldarium, with a 24% recovery. This purified enzyme appeared homogeneous on polyacrylamide gels and could be dissociated into two subunit types of molecular weights 55,000 and 14,900. The optimal assay temperature was 42.5 degrees C, whilst enzyme purified from Chlorella spp. showed maximum activity at 35 degrees C. The thermostability of Cyanidium ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was considerably greater than that of the Chlorella enzyme, and the presence of Mg2+ and HCO-3 further enhanced this heat stability. A break in the Arrhenius plot occured at 20 degrees C for Chlorella ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and 36 degrees C for the enzyme from Cyanidium. It is suggested that the thermostability of Cyanidium ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase is a result of an inherent stability of the enzyme molecule which permits efficient CO2 fixation at high temperatures but results in low activity in the mesophilic temperature range.", "contents": "Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from the thermophilic, acidophilic alga, Cyanidium caldarium (Geitler). Purification, characterisation and thermostability of the enzyme. An an initial stage in the study of proteins from thermophilic algae, the enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase 2-phospho-D-glycerate carboxylyase (dimerizing, EC 4.1.1.39) was purified 11-fold from the thermophilic alga Cyandium caldarium, with a 24% recovery. This purified enzyme appeared homogeneous on polyacrylamide gels and could be dissociated into two subunit types of molecular weights 55,000 and 14,900. The optimal assay temperature was 42.5 degrees C, whilst enzyme purified from Chlorella spp. showed maximum activity at 35 degrees C. The thermostability of Cyanidium ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was considerably greater than that of the Chlorella enzyme, and the presence of Mg2+ and HCO-3 further enhanced this heat stability. A break in the Arrhenius plot occured at 20 degrees C for Chlorella ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and 36 degrees C for the enzyme from Cyanidium. It is suggested that the thermostability of Cyanidium ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase is a result of an inherent stability of the enzyme molecule which permits efficient CO2 fixation at high temperatures but results in low activity in the mesophilic temperature range.", "PMID": 113034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10469", "title": "Catabolism of taurine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Cell-free extracts of taurine-grown Pseudomonas aeruginosa catalyze the transamination of taurine and pyruvate resulting in the formation of L-alanine and sulfoacetaldehyde. The enzyme responsible for this activity has been partially purified in order to demonstrate its participation in a pathway of taurine degradation. Ethyl methane sulfonate treatment of Ps. aeruginosa yielded a mutant deficient in taurine transaminase and incapable of growing on taurine indicating that the enzyme is of physiological significance in this organism.", "contents": "Catabolism of taurine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cell-free extracts of taurine-grown Pseudomonas aeruginosa catalyze the transamination of taurine and pyruvate resulting in the formation of L-alanine and sulfoacetaldehyde. The enzyme responsible for this activity has been partially purified in order to demonstrate its participation in a pathway of taurine degradation. Ethyl methane sulfonate treatment of Ps. aeruginosa yielded a mutant deficient in taurine transaminase and incapable of growing on taurine indicating that the enzyme is of physiological significance in this organism.", "PMID": 113035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10470", "title": "A NMR shift method for determination of the enantiomeric composition of hydroperoxides formed by lipoxygenase.", "content": "A method is presented for determination of the enantiomeric composition of hydroxyperoxides formed by enzymic oxygenation of unsaturated fatty acids. After reduction of the hydroperoxy group with NaBH4, and esterification, the positional isomers of the resulting hydroxy compounds are separated by high performance liquid chromatography. The latter are subsequently subjected to a chiral derivatization to form diastereomeric alpha-methoxy-alpha-trifluoromethylphenylacetate esters. Determination of the diastereomeric composition by a NMR shift experiment furnishes the enantiomeric composition of the parent hydroperoxides. The method has been applied to the hydroperoxides formed by incubation of linoleic acid by corn germ or soybean lipoxygenase. Our results indicate that under the conditions used the hydroperoxides are mainly enantiospecifically formed.", "contents": "A NMR shift method for determination of the enantiomeric composition of hydroperoxides formed by lipoxygenase. A method is presented for determination of the enantiomeric composition of hydroxyperoxides formed by enzymic oxygenation of unsaturated fatty acids. After reduction of the hydroperoxy group with NaBH4, and esterification, the positional isomers of the resulting hydroxy compounds are separated by high performance liquid chromatography. The latter are subsequently subjected to a chiral derivatization to form diastereomeric alpha-methoxy-alpha-trifluoromethylphenylacetate esters. Determination of the diastereomeric composition by a NMR shift experiment furnishes the enantiomeric composition of the parent hydroperoxides. The method has been applied to the hydroperoxides formed by incubation of linoleic acid by corn germ or soybean lipoxygenase. Our results indicate that under the conditions used the hydroperoxides are mainly enantiospecifically formed.", "PMID": 113036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10471", "title": "Learning and behavioral abnormalities in the seizure-prone baboon.", "content": "A high incidence of behavioral and learning difficulties has been found in juvenile seizure-prone baboons presented with a graded series of operant behavioral task challenges. The animals fell into two distinct groups based upon the rate at which their operant performance was able to develop, the amount of day-to-day variability in performance level, their ability to tolerate change, and the frequency of appearance of symptoms of emotionality. The association between learning problems and behavior problems in these seizure-prone baboons may correlate well with the deficits in both intellectual performance and social behavior that have been reported in some studies with human epileptics. In addition, the data suggest a relationship between familial factors and trainability, and between predisposition to seizures and trainability.", "contents": "Learning and behavioral abnormalities in the seizure-prone baboon. A high incidence of behavioral and learning difficulties has been found in juvenile seizure-prone baboons presented with a graded series of operant behavioral task challenges. The animals fell into two distinct groups based upon the rate at which their operant performance was able to develop, the amount of day-to-day variability in performance level, their ability to tolerate change, and the frequency of appearance of symptoms of emotionality. The association between learning problems and behavior problems in these seizure-prone baboons may correlate well with the deficits in both intellectual performance and social behavior that have been reported in some studies with human epileptics. In addition, the data suggest a relationship between familial factors and trainability, and between predisposition to seizures and trainability.", "PMID": 113040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10472", "title": "Effect of electric fields on the behavior of Drosophila melanogaster Meig.", "content": "A constant and alternating electric field causes in fruit flies (Drosophila), placed between the plates of a capacitor, a cessation of movements. The percent of fruit flies reacting to the field is directly proportional to the field strength and inversely proportional to the humidity and, apparently, to the infrasonic background, is maximum at a frequency of variations of the field of 10 Hz, and does not depend on the polarity of the capacitor plates, contact of the fruit flies with them, ionization and electrical conductivity of the air, atmospheric discharges, atmospheric pressure or disturbance of the geomagnetic field. The reaction is absent in the winter. It is suggested that the fruit flies perceive the mechanical forces occurring when the body's charge interacts with the external field.", "contents": "Effect of electric fields on the behavior of Drosophila melanogaster Meig. A constant and alternating electric field causes in fruit flies (Drosophila), placed between the plates of a capacitor, a cessation of movements. The percent of fruit flies reacting to the field is directly proportional to the field strength and inversely proportional to the humidity and, apparently, to the infrasonic background, is maximum at a frequency of variations of the field of 10 Hz, and does not depend on the polarity of the capacitor plates, contact of the fruit flies with them, ionization and electrical conductivity of the air, atmospheric discharges, atmospheric pressure or disturbance of the geomagnetic field. The reaction is absent in the winter. It is suggested that the fruit flies perceive the mechanical forces occurring when the body's charge interacts with the external field.", "PMID": 113039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10473", "title": "A less empirical method of representing megavoltage beams for use in rapid radiotherapy dose calculations.", "content": "A large number of initial measurements are needed for accurate computation of radiotherapy dose distributions directly from stored data on the dose distribution of single radiation beams. Because of this, interest has been shown in alternative methods which use empirical formulae to represent the dose distributions of single beams. These can be easier to implement but are less directly related to measured quantities and may be of limited validity. A method of representing radiotherapy beams is proposed which closely approximates their radiation physics, in order to calculate the dose at any point by a simple algorithm directly from a small number of initial dose measurements. The method is of wide validity, probably including all megavoltage radiations for which Compton scattering is the dominant interaction in tissue. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by application to an 8 MV linear accelerator and a cobalt 60 machine.", "contents": "A less empirical method of representing megavoltage beams for use in rapid radiotherapy dose calculations. A large number of initial measurements are needed for accurate computation of radiotherapy dose distributions directly from stored data on the dose distribution of single radiation beams. Because of this, interest has been shown in alternative methods which use empirical formulae to represent the dose distributions of single beams. These can be easier to implement but are less directly related to measured quantities and may be of limited validity. A method of representing radiotherapy beams is proposed which closely approximates their radiation physics, in order to calculate the dose at any point by a simple algorithm directly from a small number of initial dose measurements. The method is of wide validity, probably including all megavoltage radiations for which Compton scattering is the dominant interaction in tissue. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by application to an 8 MV linear accelerator and a cobalt 60 machine.", "PMID": 113047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10474", "title": "Activity of postcentral cortical neurons of the monkey during conditioned movements of a deafferented limb.", "content": "Unit recordings were performed in the sensorimotor cortex of awake monkeys during performance of learned movements of the contralateral arm. The movements were triggered by a sound stimulus. The neuronal discharge in association with movement was observed before and after deafferentation (C2--T5) of the operant limb. Whereas neurons recorded in the motor cortex (area 4) and in the parietal association cortex (area 5) still modified their activity in relation to movement performed by the deafferented arm, the neurons recorded in the primary sensory cortex (areas3, 1 and 2) showed no activity change in relation to movement after deafferentation. This finding strongly suggests that modification of discharge of postcentral neurons seen during ballistic arm movement is mainly the result of input from the moving limb (peripheral feedback) and not the result of input from other structures of the central nervous system (internal feedback).", "contents": "Activity of postcentral cortical neurons of the monkey during conditioned movements of a deafferented limb. Unit recordings were performed in the sensorimotor cortex of awake monkeys during performance of learned movements of the contralateral arm. The movements were triggered by a sound stimulus. The neuronal discharge in association with movement was observed before and after deafferentation (C2--T5) of the operant limb. Whereas neurons recorded in the motor cortex (area 4) and in the parietal association cortex (area 5) still modified their activity in relation to movement performed by the deafferented arm, the neurons recorded in the primary sensory cortex (areas3, 1 and 2) showed no activity change in relation to movement after deafferentation. This finding strongly suggests that modification of discharge of postcentral neurons seen during ballistic arm movement is mainly the result of input from the moving limb (peripheral feedback) and not the result of input from other structures of the central nervous system (internal feedback).", "PMID": 113049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10475", "title": "Serotonin synthesis and release in brain slices: independence of tryptophan.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of substrate availability in the regulation of the release and synthesis of serotonin by brain slices. Electrical field depolarization of the brain slices stimulated the synthesis and release of serotonin in the absence of changes in intracellular tryptophan concentration, in the absence of tryptophan in the incubation bath, and in the absence of changes in total tryptophan uptake. Furthermore, electrical stimulation decreased the apparent Km for tryptophan required for synthesis of serotonin by the slices. Several conclusions were drawn. (1) Rates of serotonin release and synthesis in brain slices may increase independently of the tissue tryptophan concentration or tryptophan uptake. (2) There is little difference in the synthetic rate of serotonin in tissues exposed to pargyline or not at all. (3) Blockade of monoamine oxidase by pargyline appears to give estimates of the synthetic rates of serotonin which are comparable to estimates derived from [3H]-tryptophan incorporation. (4) Newly synthesized serotinin is preferentially released. (5) Only in tissue pretreated with pargyline do increasing concentrations of tryptophan increase the releasable pool of 5-HT. (6) Electrical depolarization may allosterically activate tryptophan hydroxylase; an effect which may be mimicked by homogenization of the tissue.", "contents": "Serotonin synthesis and release in brain slices: independence of tryptophan. The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of substrate availability in the regulation of the release and synthesis of serotonin by brain slices. Electrical field depolarization of the brain slices stimulated the synthesis and release of serotonin in the absence of changes in intracellular tryptophan concentration, in the absence of tryptophan in the incubation bath, and in the absence of changes in total tryptophan uptake. Furthermore, electrical stimulation decreased the apparent Km for tryptophan required for synthesis of serotonin by the slices. Several conclusions were drawn. (1) Rates of serotonin release and synthesis in brain slices may increase independently of the tissue tryptophan concentration or tryptophan uptake. (2) There is little difference in the synthetic rate of serotonin in tissues exposed to pargyline or not at all. (3) Blockade of monoamine oxidase by pargyline appears to give estimates of the synthetic rates of serotonin which are comparable to estimates derived from [3H]-tryptophan incorporation. (4) Newly synthesized serotinin is preferentially released. (5) Only in tissue pretreated with pargyline do increasing concentrations of tryptophan increase the releasable pool of 5-HT. (6) Electrical depolarization may allosterically activate tryptophan hydroxylase; an effect which may be mimicked by homogenization of the tissue.", "PMID": 113050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10476", "title": "The amino acid sequences of the three heavy chain constant region domains of a human IgG2 myeloma protein.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of most of the CH1, CH2 and CH3 domains of IgG Zie, a myeloma protein belonging to the IgG2 subclass, are presented. These data make possible a comparison of the sequences of residues 253-446 of all four subclasses of immunoglobulins: these residues make up almost the entire Fc regions. A comparison can also be made of the CH1 domain of IgG1 Eu and the CH1 domain of IgG2 Zie. Earlier sequence analyses of the Fc regions of subclass 1 and 3 proteins, and parts of the Fc regions of subclass 2 and 4 proteins showed that about 95% of these sequences were identical. The extended comparisons made possible by the data presented here show that this very high degree of identity is maintained throughout the four subclasses. Similarly, the CH1 domains of gamma 1 and gamma 2 chains were found to have about 93% sequence identity. It is unlikely that the few single amino acid changes within the constant region domains can account for the marked differences between subclasses observed in the region domains can account for the marked differences between subclasses observed in the biological effector functions of immunoglobulin Fc regions, especially since most of the changes are highly conservative. Rather, it seems probable that these functional differences are caused by conformational differences between the subgroups, which result from sequence differences in the hinge regions.", "contents": "The amino acid sequences of the three heavy chain constant region domains of a human IgG2 myeloma protein. The amino acid sequences of most of the CH1, CH2 and CH3 domains of IgG Zie, a myeloma protein belonging to the IgG2 subclass, are presented. These data make possible a comparison of the sequences of residues 253-446 of all four subclasses of immunoglobulins: these residues make up almost the entire Fc regions. A comparison can also be made of the CH1 domain of IgG1 Eu and the CH1 domain of IgG2 Zie. Earlier sequence analyses of the Fc regions of subclass 1 and 3 proteins, and parts of the Fc regions of subclass 2 and 4 proteins showed that about 95% of these sequences were identical. The extended comparisons made possible by the data presented here show that this very high degree of identity is maintained throughout the four subclasses. Similarly, the CH1 domains of gamma 1 and gamma 2 chains were found to have about 93% sequence identity. It is unlikely that the few single amino acid changes within the constant region domains can account for the marked differences between subclasses observed in the region domains can account for the marked differences between subclasses observed in the biological effector functions of immunoglobulin Fc regions, especially since most of the changes are highly conservative. Rather, it seems probable that these functional differences are caused by conformational differences between the subgroups, which result from sequence differences in the hinge regions.", "PMID": 113060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10477", "title": "Clinical Oncology Program: a community cancer control model.", "content": "The majority of cancer patients are diagnosed and treated in their local communities, making it imperative to upgrade cancer management at the community level. The Clinical Oncology Program has demonstrated that sophisticated cancer control programs are possible in a community setting. Moreover, if \"quality of survival\" data collection is included in such programs, valuable information emerges that can further improve cancer management in the community.", "contents": "Clinical Oncology Program: a community cancer control model. The majority of cancer patients are diagnosed and treated in their local communities, making it imperative to upgrade cancer management at the community level. The Clinical Oncology Program has demonstrated that sophisticated cancer control programs are possible in a community setting. Moreover, if \"quality of survival\" data collection is included in such programs, valuable information emerges that can further improve cancer management in the community.", "PMID": 113056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10478", "title": "Cyanobacterial evolution: results of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequence analyses.", "content": "We report here the sequences of oligonucleotides released by T1-ribonuclease digestion of the 16S ribosomal RNA's (rRNA's) of unicellular cyanobacteria Agmenellum quadruplicatum (strain BG-1) and Synechococcus 7502. We compare them with sequences previously obtained for the 16S RNA's of six other cyanobacteria and two chloroplasts, and conclude that: (i) Synechocystis-like unicells form a discrete cluster which also (and surprisingly) includes Agmenelium quadruplicatum, usually considered to be a Synechococcus; (ii) filamentous cyanobacteria of the genera Nostoc and Fischerella arose from within the Synechocystis group; (iii) phylogenetic diversity (and hence presumably evolutionary antiquity) within the Synechococcus group is very great; and (iv) red algal chloroplasts are of definite cyanobacterial origin, while Euglena chloroplasts are of separate and quite possibly noncyanobacterial origin. We also present the results of a computer-aided search among the 10 oligonucleotide 'catalogues' for families of related but nonidentical sequences. Examination of these families reinforces the above conclusions.", "contents": "Cyanobacterial evolution: results of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequence analyses. We report here the sequences of oligonucleotides released by T1-ribonuclease digestion of the 16S ribosomal RNA's (rRNA's) of unicellular cyanobacteria Agmenellum quadruplicatum (strain BG-1) and Synechococcus 7502. We compare them with sequences previously obtained for the 16S RNA's of six other cyanobacteria and two chloroplasts, and conclude that: (i) Synechocystis-like unicells form a discrete cluster which also (and surprisingly) includes Agmenelium quadruplicatum, usually considered to be a Synechococcus; (ii) filamentous cyanobacteria of the genera Nostoc and Fischerella arose from within the Synechocystis group; (iii) phylogenetic diversity (and hence presumably evolutionary antiquity) within the Synechococcus group is very great; and (iv) red algal chloroplasts are of definite cyanobacterial origin, while Euglena chloroplasts are of separate and quite possibly noncyanobacterial origin. We also present the results of a computer-aided search among the 10 oligonucleotide 'catalogues' for families of related but nonidentical sequences. Examination of these families reinforces the above conclusions.", "PMID": 113061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10479", "title": "Effect of heparin on the metabolism of putrescine in vivo.", "content": "Rats and guinea pigs which are given heparin metabolize intraperitoneally injected [14C]-putrescine to 14CO2 at reduced rates. The results have been considered in relation to the heparin-induced liberation of diamine oxidase from tissues into the blood stream.", "contents": "Effect of heparin on the metabolism of putrescine in vivo. Rats and guinea pigs which are given heparin metabolize intraperitoneally injected [14C]-putrescine to 14CO2 at reduced rates. The results have been considered in relation to the heparin-induced liberation of diamine oxidase from tissues into the blood stream.", "PMID": 113062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10480", "title": "Adsorption of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS 1.", "content": "Bacteriophage PBS 1 adsorbs initially on the flagella of its host, Bacillus subtilis (stage I). The phage can adsorb to both active and inactive flagella. Flagellar attachment is nonspecific as PBS 1 was shown to attach to the flagella of Bacillus species other than the normal host B. subtilis. The phage particle then quickly moves down the length of the flagellum to its base, the final adsorption site. Flagellar motion is required for flagellar base attachment (stage II). After proper attachment at the flagellar base, the phage tail sheath contracts sending the tail core through the final adsorption site (stage III). The phage DNA is then injected at this site (stage IV). Stage I adsorption does not cause loss of motility in PBS 1 -- resistant bacilli. The loss of motility observed upon infection of sensitive cells by PBS 1 may be associated with either stage II or stage III of adsorption.", "contents": "Adsorption of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS 1. Bacteriophage PBS 1 adsorbs initially on the flagella of its host, Bacillus subtilis (stage I). The phage can adsorb to both active and inactive flagella. Flagellar attachment is nonspecific as PBS 1 was shown to attach to the flagella of Bacillus species other than the normal host B. subtilis. The phage particle then quickly moves down the length of the flagellum to its base, the final adsorption site. Flagellar motion is required for flagellar base attachment (stage II). After proper attachment at the flagellar base, the phage tail sheath contracts sending the tail core through the final adsorption site (stage III). The phage DNA is then injected at this site (stage IV). Stage I adsorption does not cause loss of motility in PBS 1 -- resistant bacilli. The loss of motility observed upon infection of sensitive cells by PBS 1 may be associated with either stage II or stage III of adsorption.", "PMID": 113063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10481", "title": "Physiological studies of a temperature-sensitive sporulation mutant of Bacillus cereus T.", "content": "Growth of temperature-sensitive mutant Bacillus cereus T JS22-C occurred normally at the restrictive temperature (37 degrees C), but sporulation was blocked at stage 0. The production of extracellular and intracellular proteases and of alkaline phosphatase occurred at 37 degrees C, but the expression of a functional tricarboxylic acid cycle did not. At the permissive temperature (26 degrees C), the mutant sporulated at a slightly lower frequency (60%) and at a lower rate than the parent strain. The oxidation of organic acids, which accumulate in the growth medium began at T0 in cultures of the parent strain but was delayed until about T3 in cultures of the mutant. Later events in sporulation were also delayed in the mutant by about 3 h. Experiments in which the temperature of growth was shifted from 37 to 26 degrees C or from 26 to 37 degrees C at various times showed that the temperature-sensitive event began approximately 1 h after the end of exponential growth and ended when the cells reached the end of stage II (septum formation). The absence of a functional tricarboxylic acid cycle in cells of the mutant grown at 37 degrees C or shifted from 26 to 37 degrees C before T1 did not appear to be due to a lesion in one of the structural genes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle but was more likely due to the inability of the cells to derepress the synthesis of some of the enzymes of that cycle.", "contents": "Physiological studies of a temperature-sensitive sporulation mutant of Bacillus cereus T. Growth of temperature-sensitive mutant Bacillus cereus T JS22-C occurred normally at the restrictive temperature (37 degrees C), but sporulation was blocked at stage 0. The production of extracellular and intracellular proteases and of alkaline phosphatase occurred at 37 degrees C, but the expression of a functional tricarboxylic acid cycle did not. At the permissive temperature (26 degrees C), the mutant sporulated at a slightly lower frequency (60%) and at a lower rate than the parent strain. The oxidation of organic acids, which accumulate in the growth medium began at T0 in cultures of the parent strain but was delayed until about T3 in cultures of the mutant. Later events in sporulation were also delayed in the mutant by about 3 h. Experiments in which the temperature of growth was shifted from 37 to 26 degrees C or from 26 to 37 degrees C at various times showed that the temperature-sensitive event began approximately 1 h after the end of exponential growth and ended when the cells reached the end of stage II (septum formation). The absence of a functional tricarboxylic acid cycle in cells of the mutant grown at 37 degrees C or shifted from 26 to 37 degrees C before T1 did not appear to be due to a lesion in one of the structural genes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle but was more likely due to the inability of the cells to derepress the synthesis of some of the enzymes of that cycle.", "PMID": 113065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10482", "title": "Transfer and integration of chromosomal genes from Pseudomonas glycinea into Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The plasmids FP2 and R68.45 were shown to function as chromosome-mobilizing plasmids in a series of interspecific crosses between the phytopathogen Pseudomonas glycinea and the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At least four of seven loci tested were transferred from P. glycinea donors to P. aeruginosa auxotrophic recipients. Transductional analysis indicates that a leu+ locus of the P. glycinea chromosome transferred is stably integrated into the P. aeruginosa chromosome.", "contents": "Transfer and integration of chromosomal genes from Pseudomonas glycinea into Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plasmids FP2 and R68.45 were shown to function as chromosome-mobilizing plasmids in a series of interspecific crosses between the phytopathogen Pseudomonas glycinea and the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At least four of seven loci tested were transferred from P. glycinea donors to P. aeruginosa auxotrophic recipients. Transductional analysis indicates that a leu+ locus of the P. glycinea chromosome transferred is stably integrated into the P. aeruginosa chromosome.", "PMID": 113066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10483", "title": "A new plaque system for canine distemper: characteristics of the green strain of canine distemper virus.", "content": "A Vero cell adapted Green strain of canine distemper virus (CDV) was tested for its plaque-forming capacity in different cell lines. Plaque formation was observed in HEp-2, BS-C-1, and HeLa cells but not in Vero or dog kidney cells even though replication and cytopathology were observed in the latter cell types. In the cells in which the virus was capable of producing plaques, the plaques were observed within 24 h post infection and continued to increase in size with subsequent cellular destruction such that by 72 h postinfection the size of the plaques approached 0.5 mm. With the use of the plaquing technique, it was possible to demonstrate the thermal lability of the virus as well as the kinetics of adsorption. Thus, it was shown that the half-life of the virus was 125 min at 25 degrees C, 75 min at 35 degrees C, and 65 min at 37 degrees C. The rate of adsorption of CDV to HEp-2 cells was 17.2% in 30 min at 37 degrees C and continued slowly for 4 h before completion. Application of this rapid plaque-forming assay to plaque-reduction tests for CDV antibody and for CDV-infected cells by the infectious center assay are described.", "contents": "A new plaque system for canine distemper: characteristics of the green strain of canine distemper virus. A Vero cell adapted Green strain of canine distemper virus (CDV) was tested for its plaque-forming capacity in different cell lines. Plaque formation was observed in HEp-2, BS-C-1, and HeLa cells but not in Vero or dog kidney cells even though replication and cytopathology were observed in the latter cell types. In the cells in which the virus was capable of producing plaques, the plaques were observed within 24 h post infection and continued to increase in size with subsequent cellular destruction such that by 72 h postinfection the size of the plaques approached 0.5 mm. With the use of the plaquing technique, it was possible to demonstrate the thermal lability of the virus as well as the kinetics of adsorption. Thus, it was shown that the half-life of the virus was 125 min at 25 degrees C, 75 min at 35 degrees C, and 65 min at 37 degrees C. The rate of adsorption of CDV to HEp-2 cells was 17.2% in 30 min at 37 degrees C and continued slowly for 4 h before completion. Application of this rapid plaque-forming assay to plaque-reduction tests for CDV antibody and for CDV-infected cells by the infectious center assay are described.", "PMID": 113067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10484", "title": "Stimulation of monocyte precursors in vivo by an extract from Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "A water-soluble monocytosis-producing activity (MPA) extracted from Listeria monocytogenes was found to stimulate proliferation of promonocytes in vivo. Mice were pulse-labelled for 2 h with tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) at various times after intraperitoneal injection of MPA. Autoradiography of bone marrow cells revealed an increased labelling index of promonocytes of MPA-treated mice which was maximum 8 h after the MPA injection. Mice labelled with [3H]TdR 8 h after MPA injection developed a monocytosis at the expected time (peak at 48 h) and the blood monocytes were found to be highly labelled. Both the generation time of monocyte precursors and the halftime of blood monocytes were found to be shorter than the corresponding values in control mice.", "contents": "Stimulation of monocyte precursors in vivo by an extract from Listeria monocytogenes. A water-soluble monocytosis-producing activity (MPA) extracted from Listeria monocytogenes was found to stimulate proliferation of promonocytes in vivo. Mice were pulse-labelled for 2 h with tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) at various times after intraperitoneal injection of MPA. Autoradiography of bone marrow cells revealed an increased labelling index of promonocytes of MPA-treated mice which was maximum 8 h after the MPA injection. Mice labelled with [3H]TdR 8 h after MPA injection developed a monocytosis at the expected time (peak at 48 h) and the blood monocytes were found to be highly labelled. Both the generation time of monocyte precursors and the halftime of blood monocytes were found to be shorter than the corresponding values in control mice.", "PMID": 113068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10485", "title": "Immunological properties of partially purified material with monocytosis-producing activity from Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "A fraction rich in a monocytosis-producing activity (MPA) has been obtained by a two-stage chromatographic separation from a saline extract (SE) of Listeria monocytogenes. Like SE, the purified material elicits monocytosis and decreases the halftime of circulating monocytes. The purification of MPA eliminates the following found in SE: the in vitro mitogenic activity, the in vitro adjuvant activity, the immunosuppressive activity, and the granulocytosis-promoting and the lymphopenia-inducing activities.", "contents": "Immunological properties of partially purified material with monocytosis-producing activity from Listeria monocytogenes. A fraction rich in a monocytosis-producing activity (MPA) has been obtained by a two-stage chromatographic separation from a saline extract (SE) of Listeria monocytogenes. Like SE, the purified material elicits monocytosis and decreases the halftime of circulating monocytes. The purification of MPA eliminates the following found in SE: the in vitro mitogenic activity, the in vitro adjuvant activity, the immunosuppressive activity, and the granulocytosis-promoting and the lymphopenia-inducing activities.", "PMID": 113069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10486", "title": "Evaluation of the antiserum agar method for the serogroup identification of Neisseria meningitidis.", "content": "The antiserum agar method (ASA), which is based on the formation of immunoprecipitates around bacterial growth on agar containing meningococcal hyperimmune horse serum, was evaluated for serogroup identification of Neisseria meningitidis. Four hundred meningococcal stains were serogrouped by ASA employing horse antisera to serogroups A, B, C, Y, W135, Z, and 29E and compared to serogroup identification by bacterial slide agglutination (BA) employing rabbit antisera. Overall, there was 95% agreement between the two methods. The ASA proved to be more accurate than BA since 15 strains which cross-reacted with Y and W135 rabbit antisera by BA were specifically serogrouped as either Y or W135 by ASA. In addition, 5 out of 75 strains which were ungroupable by BA were serogrouped as either B or 29E by ASA. Repeat serogroup identification of 100 meningococcal strains by ASA provided identical results thus showing the reproducibility of the method. The ASA is advantageous to BA since it is more reliable, utilizes standard antisera which do not have to be absorbed to remove cross-reactions, does not require the preparation of standardized bacterial antigen, and is simple to perform.", "contents": "Evaluation of the antiserum agar method for the serogroup identification of Neisseria meningitidis. The antiserum agar method (ASA), which is based on the formation of immunoprecipitates around bacterial growth on agar containing meningococcal hyperimmune horse serum, was evaluated for serogroup identification of Neisseria meningitidis. Four hundred meningococcal stains were serogrouped by ASA employing horse antisera to serogroups A, B, C, Y, W135, Z, and 29E and compared to serogroup identification by bacterial slide agglutination (BA) employing rabbit antisera. Overall, there was 95% agreement between the two methods. The ASA proved to be more accurate than BA since 15 strains which cross-reacted with Y and W135 rabbit antisera by BA were specifically serogrouped as either Y or W135 by ASA. In addition, 5 out of 75 strains which were ungroupable by BA were serogrouped as either B or 29E by ASA. Repeat serogroup identification of 100 meningococcal strains by ASA provided identical results thus showing the reproducibility of the method. The ASA is advantageous to BA since it is more reliable, utilizes standard antisera which do not have to be absorbed to remove cross-reactions, does not require the preparation of standardized bacterial antigen, and is simple to perform.", "PMID": 113070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10487", "title": "The effect of phenazine methosulfate-ascorbate on bacterial active transport and adenosine triphosphate formation: inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and stimulation of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The artificial electron-donor system, phenazine methosulfate (PMS) ascorbate, inhibited active transport of glucose by Pseudomonas aeruginosa irrespective of whether the incubation systems were in air, flushed with oxygen, or gassed with nitrogen under anaerobic denitrifying conditions. Active transport of glucose by P. aeruginosa was also inhibited by reduced 5-N-methyl-phenazonium-3-sulfonate, a membrane-impermeable electron donor. PMS-ascorbate caused rapid depletion of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) when added to respiring cell suspensions of P. aeruginosa either in the presence or absence of glucose or succinate as oxidizable energy sources. In contrast, under identical conditions, Escherichia coli formed ATP with PMS-ascorbate as the sole oxidizable energy source and ATP formation continued when glucose or succinate was present in addition to PMS-ascorbate in the incubation system.", "contents": "The effect of phenazine methosulfate-ascorbate on bacterial active transport and adenosine triphosphate formation: inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and stimulation of Escherichia coli. The artificial electron-donor system, phenazine methosulfate (PMS) ascorbate, inhibited active transport of glucose by Pseudomonas aeruginosa irrespective of whether the incubation systems were in air, flushed with oxygen, or gassed with nitrogen under anaerobic denitrifying conditions. Active transport of glucose by P. aeruginosa was also inhibited by reduced 5-N-methyl-phenazonium-3-sulfonate, a membrane-impermeable electron donor. PMS-ascorbate caused rapid depletion of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) when added to respiring cell suspensions of P. aeruginosa either in the presence or absence of glucose or succinate as oxidizable energy sources. In contrast, under identical conditions, Escherichia coli formed ATP with PMS-ascorbate as the sole oxidizable energy source and ATP formation continued when glucose or succinate was present in addition to PMS-ascorbate in the incubation system.", "PMID": 113071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10488", "title": "Induction of beta-galactosidase in Streptomyces violaceus.", "content": "Synthesis of beta-galactosidase by Streptomyces violaceus was induced by D-galactose and L-arabinose, and to a lesser extent by lactose, D-arabinose, and methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside. The synthesis of the enzyme was linear and started to increase 2--3 h after induction by galactose, reaching a maximum after 5--7 h. The highest level of specific activity was observed in 2% galactose, with an increase of 45 times over the basal level in glycerol. Isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and methyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (TMG) inhibited induction by D-galactose, but did not influence enzymatic activity. Cellular extracts hydrolyzed O-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, but did not significantly hydrolyze lactose, melibiose, p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucoside, or p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Rifampicin and chloramphenicol inhibited beta-galactosidase synthesis in non-preinduced and in preinduced cells. The inhibition by chloramphenicol was reversible.", "contents": "Induction of beta-galactosidase in Streptomyces violaceus. Synthesis of beta-galactosidase by Streptomyces violaceus was induced by D-galactose and L-arabinose, and to a lesser extent by lactose, D-arabinose, and methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside. The synthesis of the enzyme was linear and started to increase 2--3 h after induction by galactose, reaching a maximum after 5--7 h. The highest level of specific activity was observed in 2% galactose, with an increase of 45 times over the basal level in glycerol. Isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and methyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (TMG) inhibited induction by D-galactose, but did not influence enzymatic activity. Cellular extracts hydrolyzed O-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, but did not significantly hydrolyze lactose, melibiose, p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucoside, or p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Rifampicin and chloramphenicol inhibited beta-galactosidase synthesis in non-preinduced and in preinduced cells. The inhibition by chloramphenicol was reversible.", "PMID": 113072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10489", "title": "An agar--gel immunodiffusion test for detection of Brucella antibodies in human serum.", "content": "A comparison was made of results obtained with a Brucella agar--gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test and the standard tube-agglutination test on 612 human sera. Agreement between the tests was 97% when the titer was 1:160 or higher. Of 448 sera that showed no agglutination titer, 447 were negative with the AGID test. Results of the AGID test were also compared to those obtained with the 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) agglutination test on 148 sera that demonstrated a standard tube-agglutination titer of 1:20 or higher. All sera with a 2-ME-agglutination titer of 1:40 or higher were positive with the AGID test. Of 123 sera that showed no 2-ME-agglutination titer, 21 were positive with the AGID test. Two of these 21 sera were obtained from patients with bacteriologically proven brucellosis, and eight were from abattoir employees with suspected but not bacteriologically proven brucellosis.", "contents": "An agar--gel immunodiffusion test for detection of Brucella antibodies in human serum. A comparison was made of results obtained with a Brucella agar--gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test and the standard tube-agglutination test on 612 human sera. Agreement between the tests was 97% when the titer was 1:160 or higher. Of 448 sera that showed no agglutination titer, 447 were negative with the AGID test. Results of the AGID test were also compared to those obtained with the 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) agglutination test on 148 sera that demonstrated a standard tube-agglutination titer of 1:20 or higher. All sera with a 2-ME-agglutination titer of 1:40 or higher were positive with the AGID test. Of 123 sera that showed no 2-ME-agglutination titer, 21 were positive with the AGID test. Two of these 21 sera were obtained from patients with bacteriologically proven brucellosis, and eight were from abattoir employees with suspected but not bacteriologically proven brucellosis.", "PMID": 113073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10490", "title": "Prospective randomized trial of combined oncological therapy for gastric carcinoma.", "content": "One hundred forty-two patients with all stages of gastric carcinoma were prospectively stratified into two divisions according to T.N.M. stage following, but irrespective of the type of surgical procedure. Division I (T1-3, N1-2, M0) was randomized into a control group, and a treatment group who received 2000 rad in 8 fractions over 10 days with intravenous 5 Fluorouracil (5 F.U.) at a dose of 500 mg daily x 4 days preirradiation and then 12.5 mg/kg daily for 5 days every 28 days for six courses. Division II (T4 or M1) was randomized into three groups; a control group, a group who received radiotherapy and 5 F.U. in the same schedule as division one and a group who received Thiotepa 45 mg intravenously daily for three days and then every 28 days for 6 months. Four and one-half years after commencement of the trial 86% of the patients had died. There was no difference in survival rate between the treatment and control groups, (p greater than 0.5) in Division I or II. Survival appeared to correlate with the T.N.M. stage of disease and not therapy. Blind assessment of the quality of life showed no difference between the treatment groups and the controls. In the dose schedules used, this form of oncological therapy had no effect on survival or quality of life in patients with gastric carcinoma.", "contents": "Prospective randomized trial of combined oncological therapy for gastric carcinoma. One hundred forty-two patients with all stages of gastric carcinoma were prospectively stratified into two divisions according to T.N.M. stage following, but irrespective of the type of surgical procedure. Division I (T1-3, N1-2, M0) was randomized into a control group, and a treatment group who received 2000 rad in 8 fractions over 10 days with intravenous 5 Fluorouracil (5 F.U.) at a dose of 500 mg daily x 4 days preirradiation and then 12.5 mg/kg daily for 5 days every 28 days for six courses. Division II (T4 or M1) was randomized into three groups; a control group, a group who received radiotherapy and 5 F.U. in the same schedule as division one and a group who received Thiotepa 45 mg intravenously daily for three days and then every 28 days for 6 months. Four and one-half years after commencement of the trial 86% of the patients had died. There was no difference in survival rate between the treatment and control groups, (p greater than 0.5) in Division I or II. Survival appeared to correlate with the T.N.M. stage of disease and not therapy. Blind assessment of the quality of life showed no difference between the treatment groups and the controls. In the dose schedules used, this form of oncological therapy had no effect on survival or quality of life in patients with gastric carcinoma.", "PMID": 113074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10491", "title": "Treatment of acute leukemia in protected environment units.", "content": "Thirty evaluable patients with acute leukemia (AL), aged 14 to 48-year-old received remission induction chemotherapy on a protected environment-prophylactic antibiotic program. Twenty-seven (90%) of these patients achieved complete remission and 17 remained in complete remission for 1 to 22 months. Although these patients spent 36% of their time with neutrophil counts less than 100/mm3, they spent only 20% of their time with fever. Major infection was present during only 7% of the days when neutrophil count was less than 100/mm3. No patient died of an infectious complication during remission induction therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of acute leukemia in protected environment units. Thirty evaluable patients with acute leukemia (AL), aged 14 to 48-year-old received remission induction chemotherapy on a protected environment-prophylactic antibiotic program. Twenty-seven (90%) of these patients achieved complete remission and 17 remained in complete remission for 1 to 22 months. Although these patients spent 36% of their time with neutrophil counts less than 100/mm3, they spent only 20% of their time with fever. Major infection was present during only 7% of the days when neutrophil count was less than 100/mm3. No patient died of an infectious complication during remission induction therapy.", "PMID": 113075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10492", "title": "Karyotypic abnormalities and clinical aspects of patients with multiple myeloma and related paraproteinemic disorders.", "content": "Karyotypic abnormalities were detected in the malignant cells of 6 of 18 patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Six patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy, one with amyloidosis of immunoglobulin origin, and two with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia had normal karyotypes. All six MM patients with aneuploidy were in a group of 10 patients in an accelerated or relapse phase of their disease and four had high serum paraprotein levels (7.92, 6.24, 6.80, and 4.24 g/dl, respectively) when their abnormal karyotypes were detected. Five of the 6 MM patients with aneuploidy had received prior chemotherapy. Aneuploidy was not observed in 8 stable MM patients. Abnormalities of chromosome 14 were present in all 6 patients, with a 14q+ marker in 5 and loss of No. 14 in 1. A translocation between Nos. 11 and 14 was found in aneuploid cells of 2 patients who had plasma cell leukemia (PCL). However, the break point in the long arm of No. 11 differed in the 2 patients. A gain of Nos. 5, 9, and 11 was seen in 3 patients, a gain of No 1 in 2, and rearrangements of No. 1 in 5 MM patients, including all 4 who had a 14q+ marker chromosome initially. A deletion of chromosome 6 at band q25 was detected in 2 MM patients and a pericentric inversion of No. 6 (6p21 to 6q13) was seen in the patient with PCL. Three of 4 MM patients had a nonrandom loss of one chromosome 8. Two other MM patients, who were treated with melphalan and prednisone, developed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) 2+ and 4+ years after the diagnosis of MM. Marrow cells of one patient showed a 5q- chromosome and a constitutional translocation involving Nos. 13 and 14 during the preleukemic stage; during the leukemic phase, the karyotype evolved to 50 chromosomes including extra chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 10, and 21 and a missing 7, in addition to the originally detected 5q- and the 13/14 translocation. The peripheral blood from the other patient was hypodiploid, with a missing chromosome 7 and a translocation between 3q and 9p. These patterns of chromosome change resemble those of ANLL rather than MM and are similar to the changes seen in ANLL after treated malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "Karyotypic abnormalities and clinical aspects of patients with multiple myeloma and related paraproteinemic disorders. Karyotypic abnormalities were detected in the malignant cells of 6 of 18 patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Six patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy, one with amyloidosis of immunoglobulin origin, and two with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia had normal karyotypes. All six MM patients with aneuploidy were in a group of 10 patients in an accelerated or relapse phase of their disease and four had high serum paraprotein levels (7.92, 6.24, 6.80, and 4.24 g/dl, respectively) when their abnormal karyotypes were detected. Five of the 6 MM patients with aneuploidy had received prior chemotherapy. Aneuploidy was not observed in 8 stable MM patients. Abnormalities of chromosome 14 were present in all 6 patients, with a 14q+ marker in 5 and loss of No. 14 in 1. A translocation between Nos. 11 and 14 was found in aneuploid cells of 2 patients who had plasma cell leukemia (PCL). However, the break point in the long arm of No. 11 differed in the 2 patients. A gain of Nos. 5, 9, and 11 was seen in 3 patients, a gain of No 1 in 2, and rearrangements of No. 1 in 5 MM patients, including all 4 who had a 14q+ marker chromosome initially. A deletion of chromosome 6 at band q25 was detected in 2 MM patients and a pericentric inversion of No. 6 (6p21 to 6q13) was seen in the patient with PCL. Three of 4 MM patients had a nonrandom loss of one chromosome 8. Two other MM patients, who were treated with melphalan and prednisone, developed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) 2+ and 4+ years after the diagnosis of MM. Marrow cells of one patient showed a 5q- chromosome and a constitutional translocation involving Nos. 13 and 14 during the preleukemic stage; during the leukemic phase, the karyotype evolved to 50 chromosomes including extra chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 10, and 21 and a missing 7, in addition to the originally detected 5q- and the 13/14 translocation. The peripheral blood from the other patient was hypodiploid, with a missing chromosome 7 and a translocation between 3q and 9p. These patterns of chromosome change resemble those of ANLL rather than MM and are similar to the changes seen in ANLL after treated malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 113076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10493", "title": "Combination of radiotherapy and razoxane (ICRF 159) for chondrosarcoma.", "content": "Eight patients with 12 chondrosarcomas were treated with radiation and razoxane (ICRF 159). Two tumors in 1 patient progressed unequivocally, 3 tumors in 3 patients showed no change, and 7 tumors in 5 patients had complete or partial (more than 50%) regressions. At least 2 complete regressions have responded for more than 2 1/2 years at the present time.", "contents": "Combination of radiotherapy and razoxane (ICRF 159) for chondrosarcoma. Eight patients with 12 chondrosarcomas were treated with radiation and razoxane (ICRF 159). Two tumors in 1 patient progressed unequivocally, 3 tumors in 3 patients showed no change, and 7 tumors in 5 patients had complete or partial (more than 50%) regressions. At least 2 complete regressions have responded for more than 2 1/2 years at the present time.", "PMID": 113077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10494", "title": "Combined modality therapy of hepatic metastasis. Northern California Oncology Group Pilot Study.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with adenocarcinoma metastatic to the liver were treated with rapid fractionation whole-liver irradiation (1350-2100 rads in 300-rad fractions) with simultaneous intrahepatic 5-fluorouracil (10-15 mg/kg/day) and intrahepatic Adriamycin 2.5-10 mg/m2/day) as part of a Phase I-II study. Of the 21 patients who completed therapy, 19 had colorectal carcinoma and 2 had metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown origin. Objective response was judged by measurement of liver size, evaluation of liver function tests, and by liver scan or CAT scan of the liver. Ten of the 21 evaluable patients responded, yielding an overall response rate of 47.6%. The response rate in patients with colorectal carcinoma was 55% (10/19). At this time, median duration of response is 14+ weeks and median survival from onset of therapy is 15+ weeks. Hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicity were tolerable. No hepatic toxicity was documented. This combined modality therapy was found to be a safe effective method for the palliation of liver metastasis.", "contents": "Combined modality therapy of hepatic metastasis. Northern California Oncology Group Pilot Study. Twenty-two patients with adenocarcinoma metastatic to the liver were treated with rapid fractionation whole-liver irradiation (1350-2100 rads in 300-rad fractions) with simultaneous intrahepatic 5-fluorouracil (10-15 mg/kg/day) and intrahepatic Adriamycin 2.5-10 mg/m2/day) as part of a Phase I-II study. Of the 21 patients who completed therapy, 19 had colorectal carcinoma and 2 had metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown origin. Objective response was judged by measurement of liver size, evaluation of liver function tests, and by liver scan or CAT scan of the liver. Ten of the 21 evaluable patients responded, yielding an overall response rate of 47.6%. The response rate in patients with colorectal carcinoma was 55% (10/19). At this time, median duration of response is 14+ weeks and median survival from onset of therapy is 15+ weeks. Hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicity were tolerable. No hepatic toxicity was documented. This combined modality therapy was found to be a safe effective method for the palliation of liver metastasis.", "PMID": 113078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10495", "title": "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with paraproteinemia but no detectable plasmacytosis: a detailed cytological and immunological study.", "content": "A patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with IgG K paraproteinemia, but no detectable plasmacytosis, is described. The patient was entering a blastic phase at the time of the most detailed studies. Cytological, cytochemical, and ultrastructural studies revealed a mixed myeloid proliferation with granulocytic forms predominating over monocytic elements. A variety of ultrastructural abnormalities, including defective granulation, was observed but no cells with highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed. Immunological marker studies showed that the mature myeloid cells possessed receptors for the Fc of IgG and weakly expressed the Ia-like P29/34 antigen. The mature myeloid cells also expressed both surface and intracytoplasmic Ig restricted to IgG K, and this IgG K persisted after 4 weeks in culture. A reverse plaque assay showed that the myeloid cells were capable of releasing IgG K in vitro, but studies involving the incorporation of radio-labeled amino acids showed no detectable Ig production by the myeloid cells. The possible interpretations of these data are discussed in some detail in relation to previous reports of paraproteinemia in myeloid proliferative disorders.", "contents": "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with paraproteinemia but no detectable plasmacytosis: a detailed cytological and immunological study. A patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with IgG K paraproteinemia, but no detectable plasmacytosis, is described. The patient was entering a blastic phase at the time of the most detailed studies. Cytological, cytochemical, and ultrastructural studies revealed a mixed myeloid proliferation with granulocytic forms predominating over monocytic elements. A variety of ultrastructural abnormalities, including defective granulation, was observed but no cells with highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed. Immunological marker studies showed that the mature myeloid cells possessed receptors for the Fc of IgG and weakly expressed the Ia-like P29/34 antigen. The mature myeloid cells also expressed both surface and intracytoplasmic Ig restricted to IgG K, and this IgG K persisted after 4 weeks in culture. A reverse plaque assay showed that the myeloid cells were capable of releasing IgG K in vitro, but studies involving the incorporation of radio-labeled amino acids showed no detectable Ig production by the myeloid cells. The possible interpretations of these data are discussed in some detail in relation to previous reports of paraproteinemia in myeloid proliferative disorders.", "PMID": 113079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10496", "title": "Excision of DNA damage arising from chemicals of different carcinogenic potencies.", "content": "Primary cultures of mouse embryo cells are more efficient in excising DNA-carcinogen adducts resulting from exposure to either 7-bromomethylbenz-[alpha]anthracene or the more carcinogen 7-bromomethyl-12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene than are mouse L 929 cell suspension cultures. However, within each of these systems, the excisabilities of the adducts formed by either bromo-compound are similar, so differences in carcinogenic potency of the compounds cannot be attributed to differences in the excisability of their DNA-adducts.", "contents": "Excision of DNA damage arising from chemicals of different carcinogenic potencies. Primary cultures of mouse embryo cells are more efficient in excising DNA-carcinogen adducts resulting from exposure to either 7-bromomethylbenz-[alpha]anthracene or the more carcinogen 7-bromomethyl-12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene than are mouse L 929 cell suspension cultures. However, within each of these systems, the excisabilities of the adducts formed by either bromo-compound are similar, so differences in carcinogenic potency of the compounds cannot be attributed to differences in the excisability of their DNA-adducts.", "PMID": 113080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10497", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins and some anti-inflammatory drugs on the binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene to the DNA of murine epidermal cells in culture.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandins (PG) E1, E2, F1 alpha and F2 alpha and some anti-inflammatory drugs such as acetylsalicyclic acid, flufenamic acid, indomethacin, and fluocinolone acetonide (FA) on the binding of [3H]7,12-demthylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA) to DNA of murine epidermal cells have been investigated. PG E1 and E2 significantly inhibit the binding of DMBA to murine epidermal cells (MEC) DNA while PG F1 alpha and F2 alpha do not affec the binding. Salicyclic acid and flufenamic acid also do not alter the binding; whereas, indomethacin and FA lowered the binding of DMBA to DNA.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins and some anti-inflammatory drugs on the binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene to the DNA of murine epidermal cells in culture. The effects of prostaglandins (PG) E1, E2, F1 alpha and F2 alpha and some anti-inflammatory drugs such as acetylsalicyclic acid, flufenamic acid, indomethacin, and fluocinolone acetonide (FA) on the binding of [3H]7,12-demthylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA) to DNA of murine epidermal cells have been investigated. PG E1 and E2 significantly inhibit the binding of DMBA to murine epidermal cells (MEC) DNA while PG F1 alpha and F2 alpha do not affec the binding. Salicyclic acid and flufenamic acid also do not alter the binding; whereas, indomethacin and FA lowered the binding of DMBA to DNA.", "PMID": 113081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10498", "title": "Benzo[alpha]pyrene antibody inhibition of benzo[alpha]pyrene-induced mutageneis.", "content": "An antibody to benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP) was prepared. The isolated antibody showed a specificity for BP and a low reactivity with another carcinogenic hydrocarbon, 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA). The BP-antibody inhibited the in vitro cytotoxic and mutagenic activity of BP in both a rat embryo fibroblast- and a rat lung cell-mediated mutagenesis system. A possible correlation of these in vitro findings to the in vivo carcinogenesis situation is discussed.", "contents": "Benzo[alpha]pyrene antibody inhibition of benzo[alpha]pyrene-induced mutageneis. An antibody to benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP) was prepared. The isolated antibody showed a specificity for BP and a low reactivity with another carcinogenic hydrocarbon, 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA). The BP-antibody inhibited the in vitro cytotoxic and mutagenic activity of BP in both a rat embryo fibroblast- and a rat lung cell-mediated mutagenesis system. A possible correlation of these in vitro findings to the in vivo carcinogenesis situation is discussed.", "PMID": 113082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10499", "title": "Modification of the effect of a gonadoliberin analog on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors by hormone replacement.", "content": "A gonadoliberin analog, (D-leucyl6, desglycyl-NH2(10), prolyl ethylamide9) gonadoliberin, is known to suppress ovarian function and plasma prolactin levels. Its antitumor activity was evaluated against mammary tumors induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Observations were made when the analog, referred to as A-43818, was given alone and together with estrogen replacement or perphenazine, A-43818, 10 microgram s.c. twice a day for 6 weeks, was highly effective in producing tumor remissions. All of the 11 animals survived throughout the observation period, complete regressions occurred in 8 of 13 tumors, and 2 were classified as static. None of the 16 tumors  in 12 control rats regressed, and there were 4 deaths. When estradiol benzoate, 2 microgram s.c. each day, was administered with the A-43818, antitumor activity was suppressed; only 2 of 17 tumors regressed, 6 were static, and 5 of the 10 rats in this group died. Perphenazine, 1 mg i.m. daily, a dose known to cause hyperprolactinemia, also impaired the efficacy of A-43818. Three of 14 tumors regressed, 6 were static, and the rest continued to grow; 3 of the 12 rats died within 6 weeks of starting treatment.", "contents": "Modification of the effect of a gonadoliberin analog on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors by hormone replacement. A gonadoliberin analog, (D-leucyl6, desglycyl-NH2(10), prolyl ethylamide9) gonadoliberin, is known to suppress ovarian function and plasma prolactin levels. Its antitumor activity was evaluated against mammary tumors induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Observations were made when the analog, referred to as A-43818, was given alone and together with estrogen replacement or perphenazine, A-43818, 10 microgram s.c. twice a day for 6 weeks, was highly effective in producing tumor remissions. All of the 11 animals survived throughout the observation period, complete regressions occurred in 8 of 13 tumors, and 2 were classified as static. None of the 16 tumors  in 12 control rats regressed, and there were 4 deaths. When estradiol benzoate, 2 microgram s.c. each day, was administered with the A-43818, antitumor activity was suppressed; only 2 of 17 tumors regressed, 6 were static, and 5 of the 10 rats in this group died. Perphenazine, 1 mg i.m. daily, a dose known to cause hyperprolactinemia, also impaired the efficacy of A-43818. Three of 14 tumors regressed, 6 were static, and the rest continued to grow; 3 of the 12 rats died within 6 weeks of starting treatment.", "PMID": 113083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10500", "title": "Apparent rat strain-related sensitivity to phorbol promotion of mammary carcinogenesis.", "content": "It has been reported that twice-weekly i.p. injections of 4 mg phorbol for 10 weeks, after a single feeding of 6 mg dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in female Wistar rats, led to a significant augmentation of mammary adenocarcinoma incidence and of lymphatic leukemia incidence as compared to 6 mg DMBA alone. In an experiment reported here, in female Sprague-Dawley rats, using the same doses of DMBA and phorbol and the same injection schedule, phorbol given after DMBA did not augment mammary adenocarcinoma incidence or lymphatic leukemia incidence as compared to DMBA given alone. It thus appears that there is a strain-related sensitivity between Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats with regard to the promoting activity of phorbol when phorbol treatment follows DMBA treatment, and mammary adenocarcinoma incidence and lymphatic leukemia incidence are studied. Further, in Sprague-Dawley rats, phorbol did not promote mammary fibroadenoma incidence in DMBA-treated rats, mammary adenocarcinoma incidence in procarbazine-treated rats, and mammary adenocarcinoma incidence or mammary fibroadenoma incidence in X-ray-treated rats. DMBA and procarbazine, with or without phorbol, tended to induce more mammary neoplasms in the anterior (thoracic) than in the posterior (abdominal) mammary glands. X-irradiation tended to induce mammary neoplasms in approximately equal numbers in the anterior and posterior mammary glands. It was suggested that regional differences in chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis were due to a difference in the transport and delivery of the chemical carcinogens to the regions rather than a difference in the amount of mammary gland tissue in the regions. An analysis of the numbers of Sprague-Dawley rats that developed either no mammary neoplasms, or only mammary adenocarcinomas, or only mammary fibroadenomas, or both mammary adenocarcinomas and mammary fibroadenomas in response to DMBA, procarbazine, and X-ray, suggested that the development of a mammary adenocarcinoma or the development of a mammary fibroadenoma are independent processes.", "contents": "Apparent rat strain-related sensitivity to phorbol promotion of mammary carcinogenesis. It has been reported that twice-weekly i.p. injections of 4 mg phorbol for 10 weeks, after a single feeding of 6 mg dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in female Wistar rats, led to a significant augmentation of mammary adenocarcinoma incidence and of lymphatic leukemia incidence as compared to 6 mg DMBA alone. In an experiment reported here, in female Sprague-Dawley rats, using the same doses of DMBA and phorbol and the same injection schedule, phorbol given after DMBA did not augment mammary adenocarcinoma incidence or lymphatic leukemia incidence as compared to DMBA given alone. It thus appears that there is a strain-related sensitivity between Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats with regard to the promoting activity of phorbol when phorbol treatment follows DMBA treatment, and mammary adenocarcinoma incidence and lymphatic leukemia incidence are studied. Further, in Sprague-Dawley rats, phorbol did not promote mammary fibroadenoma incidence in DMBA-treated rats, mammary adenocarcinoma incidence in procarbazine-treated rats, and mammary adenocarcinoma incidence or mammary fibroadenoma incidence in X-ray-treated rats. DMBA and procarbazine, with or without phorbol, tended to induce more mammary neoplasms in the anterior (thoracic) than in the posterior (abdominal) mammary glands. X-irradiation tended to induce mammary neoplasms in approximately equal numbers in the anterior and posterior mammary glands. It was suggested that regional differences in chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis were due to a difference in the transport and delivery of the chemical carcinogens to the regions rather than a difference in the amount of mammary gland tissue in the regions. An analysis of the numbers of Sprague-Dawley rats that developed either no mammary neoplasms, or only mammary adenocarcinomas, or only mammary fibroadenomas, or both mammary adenocarcinomas and mammary fibroadenomas in response to DMBA, procarbazine, and X-ray, suggested that the development of a mammary adenocarcinoma or the development of a mammary fibroadenoma are independent processes.", "PMID": 113089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10501", "title": "Inhibition of lymphocyte function in rats fed higher-fat diets.", "content": "Concanavalin A-induced blastogenesis of spleen lymphocytes was significantly inhibited when lymphocytes from rats on a high-polyunsaturated-fat diet were compared to lymphocytes from rats on a low-fat diet. Responsiveness was dependent on source of serum since lymphocytes from rats fed a low-fat diet were suppressed in serum from rats fed a high-polyunsaturated-fat diet. Alternatively, lymphocytes from rats on a high-polyunsaturated-fat diet were more responsive in serum from low-fat-fed rats compared to their response in autologous serum. One of the inhibiting factors in serum was the lipoprotein fraction; however, rats on a high-polyunsaturated-fat diet probably had additional inhibitors in their serum. While tumor incidence was highest in rats with the least responsive lymphocytes was highest in rats with the least responsive lymphocytes and lowest in rats with the most responsive lymphocytes, the significance of the observation is not known.", "contents": "Inhibition of lymphocyte function in rats fed higher-fat diets. Concanavalin A-induced blastogenesis of spleen lymphocytes was significantly inhibited when lymphocytes from rats on a high-polyunsaturated-fat diet were compared to lymphocytes from rats on a low-fat diet. Responsiveness was dependent on source of serum since lymphocytes from rats fed a low-fat diet were suppressed in serum from rats fed a high-polyunsaturated-fat diet. Alternatively, lymphocytes from rats on a high-polyunsaturated-fat diet were more responsive in serum from low-fat-fed rats compared to their response in autologous serum. One of the inhibiting factors in serum was the lipoprotein fraction; however, rats on a high-polyunsaturated-fat diet probably had additional inhibitors in their serum. While tumor incidence was highest in rats with the least responsive lymphocytes was highest in rats with the least responsive lymphocytes and lowest in rats with the most responsive lymphocytes, the significance of the observation is not known.", "PMID": 113090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10502", "title": "Serum tyrosinase in malignant disease, its activity, and the electrophoretic patterns of the enzyme as carried by immunoglobulins'.", "content": "Serum tyrosinase activity in many persons with metastatic diseases was found to be significantly higher than activity in normal persons. The highest activity was observed in melanoma and breast carcinoma. The electrophoretic patterns of serum tyrosinase, resolved by electrophoresis of a serum tyrosinase fraction followed by incubation of the gel sample with L-dopa, and represented as sets of RF's of melanin bands, were characteristically different in melanoma, breast carcinoma, and certain other diseases. The RF's of melanin and protein bands in the serum enzyme preparations from melanoma patients were concisely defined. Further, some potent serum fractions inhibiting tyrosinase melanogenic activity have been obtained, and the presence of tyrosinase inhibitors in the serum enzyme preparation has also been demonstrated. More detailed exploration of these serum tyrosinase parameters may provide more specific and sensitive detection for certain malignant diseases.", "contents": "Serum tyrosinase in malignant disease, its activity, and the electrophoretic patterns of the enzyme as carried by immunoglobulins'. Serum tyrosinase activity in many persons with metastatic diseases was found to be significantly higher than activity in normal persons. The highest activity was observed in melanoma and breast carcinoma. The electrophoretic patterns of serum tyrosinase, resolved by electrophoresis of a serum tyrosinase fraction followed by incubation of the gel sample with L-dopa, and represented as sets of RF's of melanin bands, were characteristically different in melanoma, breast carcinoma, and certain other diseases. The RF's of melanin and protein bands in the serum enzyme preparations from melanoma patients were concisely defined. Further, some potent serum fractions inhibiting tyrosinase melanogenic activity have been obtained, and the presence of tyrosinase inhibitors in the serum enzyme preparation has also been demonstrated. More detailed exploration of these serum tyrosinase parameters may provide more specific and sensitive detection for certain malignant diseases.", "PMID": 113092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10503", "title": "Phase II evaluation of hexamethylmelamine in advanced breast cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "Ninety-eight patients with metastatic breast cancer, heavily pretreated with other agents, were entered in a phase II trial of hexamethylmelamine (HEX). Patients were randomized to receive HEX alone or combined with prophylactic pyridoxine. There was a 2% response rate in 89 partially or fully evaluable patients. Seven percent of these patients developed neurologic toxicity which occurred in the HEX-alone group only.", "contents": "Phase II evaluation of hexamethylmelamine in advanced breast cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Ninety-eight patients with metastatic breast cancer, heavily pretreated with other agents, were entered in a phase II trial of hexamethylmelamine (HEX). Patients were randomized to receive HEX alone or combined with prophylactic pyridoxine. There was a 2% response rate in 89 partially or fully evaluable patients. Seven percent of these patients developed neurologic toxicity which occurred in the HEX-alone group only.", "PMID": 113095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10504", "title": "Hexamethylmelamine in ovarian cancer resistant to cyclophosphamide and adriamycin.", "content": "Thirty-four patients resistant to cyclophosphamide and Adriamycin received hexamethylmelamine at one of two dose regimens: 6 mg/kg/day orally for 21 days every 4 weeks or 8 mg/kg/day orally for 21 days every 6 weeks. Only five patients responded. Tolerance to the drug was, however, satisfactory; nausea, pyrosis, and vomiting were the only frequent side effects. Myelosuppression occurred in only one case.", "contents": "Hexamethylmelamine in ovarian cancer resistant to cyclophosphamide and adriamycin. Thirty-four patients resistant to cyclophosphamide and Adriamycin received hexamethylmelamine at one of two dose regimens: 6 mg/kg/day orally for 21 days every 4 weeks or 8 mg/kg/day orally for 21 days every 6 weeks. Only five patients responded. Tolerance to the drug was, however, satisfactory; nausea, pyrosis, and vomiting were the only frequent side effects. Myelosuppression occurred in only one case.", "PMID": 113096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10505", "title": "Phase II trial of pyrazofurin, alone and in combination with trifluorothymidine, in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "A phase II trial of pyrazofurin, alone and in combination with trifluorothymidine, was carried out in patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. None of the 19 patients evaluable for response had complete or partial remissions but 14 had minor regressions. Toxicity, consisting primarily of myelosuppression and stomatitis, was of moderate severity. These studies suggest that pyrazofurin, alone or in combination with trifluorothymidine, is of limited utility in advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "contents": "Phase II trial of pyrazofurin, alone and in combination with trifluorothymidine, in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A phase II trial of pyrazofurin, alone and in combination with trifluorothymidine, was carried out in patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. None of the 19 patients evaluable for response had complete or partial remissions but 14 had minor regressions. Toxicity, consisting primarily of myelosuppression and stomatitis, was of moderate severity. These studies suggest that pyrazofurin, alone or in combination with trifluorothymidine, is of limited utility in advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "PMID": 113097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10506", "title": "The structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype D.", "content": "The capsular polysaccharide from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype D has been studied by employing the usual methods for the elucidation of chemical structure. The results are consistent with the occurrence of a polysaccharide having both D-glucosyl-uronic acid and D-xylosyl groups present as nonreducing end-groups attached to O-2 of D-mannosyl residues which are linked alpha-D-(1 leads to 3) in a linear backbone.", "contents": "The structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype D. The capsular polysaccharide from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype D has been studied by employing the usual methods for the elucidation of chemical structure. The results are consistent with the occurrence of a polysaccharide having both D-glucosyl-uronic acid and D-xylosyl groups present as nonreducing end-groups attached to O-2 of D-mannosyl residues which are linked alpha-D-(1 leads to 3) in a linear backbone.", "PMID": 113098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10507", "title": "Effects of nitroglycerin and dipyridamole on acute myocardial infarction: a thermographic study in the dog.", "content": "The effects on an acute myocardial infarction of equipotent hypotensive doses of nitroglycerin and dipyridamole were studied using the thermographic technique in open-chest dogs. Nitroglycerin did not reduce the cool ischaemic area in any of the nine dogs studied. In six of the dogs, in which the ischaemic region could be properly measured, the cool area slightly grew in size. Dipyridamole reduced the size of the ischaemic area in all the 20 dogs used. In the 19 in which the size could be adequately digitalised, the decrease in infarction size was statistically significant.", "contents": "Effects of nitroglycerin and dipyridamole on acute myocardial infarction: a thermographic study in the dog. The effects on an acute myocardial infarction of equipotent hypotensive doses of nitroglycerin and dipyridamole were studied using the thermographic technique in open-chest dogs. Nitroglycerin did not reduce the cool ischaemic area in any of the nine dogs studied. In six of the dogs, in which the ischaemic region could be properly measured, the cool area slightly grew in size. Dipyridamole reduced the size of the ischaemic area in all the 20 dogs used. In the 19 in which the size could be adequately digitalised, the decrease in infarction size was statistically significant.", "PMID": 113100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10508", "title": "Immunofluorescence study of the preoptico-terminal LRH tract in the female squirrel monkey during the estrous cycle.", "content": "Reactive LRH neurons of the preoptico-terminal trace were studied with rabbit antisera to unconjugated or conjugated synthetic LRH in normally cyclic female squirrel monkeys. The specific immunoreactive material present along the preoptic-terminal LRH tract showed significant modifications that were particularly distinct (1) at the level of the perikarya, and (2) in the axons and axonal endings situated around the short and long capillary loops of the lamina terminalis. Conspicuous variations were observed during the luteal phase (with distinct and fast refilling), and the early and mid-follicular phases (suggesting a pulsatile mode of release); minimum concentrations were attained during the late and peri-ovulatory phases. A comparison is made between these modifications and those observed along the hypothalamo-infundibular LRH tract in the same animals. The preoptico-terminal LRH tract is thought to be one of the possible mechanisms controlling the sensitivity of gonadotropic cells to LRH, and the synthesis and storage of gonadotropins before their mid-cycle discharge.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence study of the preoptico-terminal LRH tract in the female squirrel monkey during the estrous cycle. Reactive LRH neurons of the preoptico-terminal trace were studied with rabbit antisera to unconjugated or conjugated synthetic LRH in normally cyclic female squirrel monkeys. The specific immunoreactive material present along the preoptic-terminal LRH tract showed significant modifications that were particularly distinct (1) at the level of the perikarya, and (2) in the axons and axonal endings situated around the short and long capillary loops of the lamina terminalis. Conspicuous variations were observed during the luteal phase (with distinct and fast refilling), and the early and mid-follicular phases (suggesting a pulsatile mode of release); minimum concentrations were attained during the late and peri-ovulatory phases. A comparison is made between these modifications and those observed along the hypothalamo-infundibular LRH tract in the same animals. The preoptico-terminal LRH tract is thought to be one of the possible mechanisms controlling the sensitivity of gonadotropic cells to LRH, and the synthesis and storage of gonadotropins before their mid-cycle discharge.", "PMID": 113101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10509", "title": "Influence of thyroid hormone on the development of peoptic-hypothalamic monoaminergic neurons in tadpoles of Bufo bufo japonicus.", "content": "The effect of thyroid hormone on the development of diencephalic monoaminergic neurons was studied in tadpoles of Bufo bufo japonicus. Monoamine-containing neurons in the preoptic recess organ (PRO) appeared later than those in the paraventricular organ (PVO) and nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID). After deprivation of thyroidal primordium no fluorescent neurons developed in the PRO. Development of monoaminergic neurons in the PVO and NID was not affected by thyroidectomy. Thyroxine treatment brought about the fluorescent neurons in the PRO of the thyroidectomized tadpoles. Fluorescent terminals in the median eminence became conspicuous around the capillaries which penetrated to the median emience, when the tadpoles reached late prometamorphic stage. In the median eminence of thyroidectomized tadpoles, the monoaminergic axon terminals did not develop. Thyroxine induced both the fluorescent terminals and the capillary penetration in the median eminence of the thyroidectomized tadpoles. In the tadpoles hypophysectomized at tail-bud stage, thyroxine induced neither the fluorescent terminals nor the capillaries in the median eminence.", "contents": "Influence of thyroid hormone on the development of peoptic-hypothalamic monoaminergic neurons in tadpoles of Bufo bufo japonicus. The effect of thyroid hormone on the development of diencephalic monoaminergic neurons was studied in tadpoles of Bufo bufo japonicus. Monoamine-containing neurons in the preoptic recess organ (PRO) appeared later than those in the paraventricular organ (PVO) and nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID). After deprivation of thyroidal primordium no fluorescent neurons developed in the PRO. Development of monoaminergic neurons in the PVO and NID was not affected by thyroidectomy. Thyroxine treatment brought about the fluorescent neurons in the PRO of the thyroidectomized tadpoles. Fluorescent terminals in the median eminence became conspicuous around the capillaries which penetrated to the median emience, when the tadpoles reached late prometamorphic stage. In the median eminence of thyroidectomized tadpoles, the monoaminergic axon terminals did not develop. Thyroxine induced both the fluorescent terminals and the capillary penetration in the median eminence of the thyroidectomized tadpoles. In the tadpoles hypophysectomized at tail-bud stage, thyroxine induced neither the fluorescent terminals nor the capillaries in the median eminence.", "PMID": 113102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10510", "title": "Post-replicative nonribosomal transcription units in D. melanogaster embryos.", "content": "We have analyzed transcription units from D. melanogaster embryos in which most cells were in either the late S or the G2 phase of a synchronous cell cycle. Much of the chromatin of these embryos was observed in the form of parallel strands which appear to be newly replicated sister chromatids (McKnight and Miller, 1977). Lateral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) fibers were commonly observed attached to chromatin strands and are believed to be nascent transcripts. Very similar lateral fiber arrays were found on sister chromatid strands. Such paired, post-replicative RNP fiber arrays offer a unique opportunity to compare the transcription patterns on two copies of the same transcription unit. Analyses of paired transcription units yield the following conclusions. Transcription initiation and termination sites are the same for both copies of each transcription unit. Each transcription unit has a characteristic and constant RNP fiber frequency, and the fiber frequency is identical for both copies of the transcription unit. Active transcription units can have internal, fiber-free gaps which may result from interruptions in initiation of transcription. Transcription units differing in polarity and fiber frequency can occur in immediate juxtaposition. The relevance of these findings to eucaryotic transcriptional control mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Post-replicative nonribosomal transcription units in D. melanogaster embryos. We have analyzed transcription units from D. melanogaster embryos in which most cells were in either the late S or the G2 phase of a synchronous cell cycle. Much of the chromatin of these embryos was observed in the form of parallel strands which appear to be newly replicated sister chromatids (McKnight and Miller, 1977). Lateral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) fibers were commonly observed attached to chromatin strands and are believed to be nascent transcripts. Very similar lateral fiber arrays were found on sister chromatid strands. Such paired, post-replicative RNP fiber arrays offer a unique opportunity to compare the transcription patterns on two copies of the same transcription unit. Analyses of paired transcription units yield the following conclusions. Transcription initiation and termination sites are the same for both copies of each transcription unit. Each transcription unit has a characteristic and constant RNP fiber frequency, and the fiber frequency is identical for both copies of the transcription unit. Active transcription units can have internal, fiber-free gaps which may result from interruptions in initiation of transcription. Transcription units differing in polarity and fiber frequency can occur in immediate juxtaposition. The relevance of these findings to eucaryotic transcriptional control mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 113103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10511", "title": "Deletion mapping of two D. melanogaster loci that code for the 70,000 dalton heat-induced protein.", "content": "Using deficiencies in D. melanogaster that lack either the 87A or 87C heat-induced puffs, we have shown that the 70,000 dalton heat-induced protein (hsp 70) is encoded at both these loci. Embryos deleted for one of the two loci retain the ability to make hsp 70 after heat shock, but deleting both loci eliminates synthesis of hsp 70. Thus both loci encode hsp 70 and can be active following heat shock. We have analyzed the proteins made by embryos lacking either 87A or 87C, and have compared the 87A- and 87C-coded hsp 70 by isoelectric focusing and tryptic peptide fingerprinting. The hsp 70 made by the two loci is very similar, although a variant tryptic peptide appears to be encoded only at 87C. Using deficiencies with slightly different breakpoints, we have mapped the 87A locus to band 87A7, the site of the 87A heat-induced puff. The 87C locus maps within 87C1.", "contents": "Deletion mapping of two D. melanogaster loci that code for the 70,000 dalton heat-induced protein. Using deficiencies in D. melanogaster that lack either the 87A or 87C heat-induced puffs, we have shown that the 70,000 dalton heat-induced protein (hsp 70) is encoded at both these loci. Embryos deleted for one of the two loci retain the ability to make hsp 70 after heat shock, but deleting both loci eliminates synthesis of hsp 70. Thus both loci encode hsp 70 and can be active following heat shock. We have analyzed the proteins made by embryos lacking either 87A or 87C, and have compared the 87A- and 87C-coded hsp 70 by isoelectric focusing and tryptic peptide fingerprinting. The hsp 70 made by the two loci is very similar, although a variant tryptic peptide appears to be encoded only at 87C. Using deficiencies with slightly different breakpoints, we have mapped the 87A locus to band 87A7, the site of the 87A heat-induced puff. The 87C locus maps within 87C1.", "PMID": 113104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10512", "title": "Differential replication of ribosomal gene repeats in polytene nuclei of Drosophila.", "content": "The genes coding for the 18S and 28S rRNAs in D. melanogaster were examined using Southern transfers of DNA from diploid or polytene tissue. A ribosomal gene repeat 12 kb in length is present in DNA from diploid tissue of males and is the major repeat on the Y chromosome. This repeat is present in low amounts on the X chromosome, which contains major repeats of 17 and 11.5 kb. In polytene nuclei of males, the 12 kb band is disproportionately replicated, and only a very low amount of the 11.5 kb repeat and no 17 kb repeat are detected. Polytene nuclei of females contain reduced amounts of the 17 kb repeat relative to the 11.5 kb repeat. This disproportionate replication of specific ribosomal gene repeats suggests that polytenization of the rDNA may involve an extrachromosomal mechanism. Evidence that genes from only one nucleolus organizer are replicated during polytenization in X/Y and X/X flies is discussed. A method for analyzing DNA from tissue of individual larvae was developed to test for population heterogeneity in ribosomal gene structure. Heterogeneity was observed in the ribosomal genes of three Ore R lines, four other D. melanogaster strains and between males and females of the same strain.", "contents": "Differential replication of ribosomal gene repeats in polytene nuclei of Drosophila. The genes coding for the 18S and 28S rRNAs in D. melanogaster were examined using Southern transfers of DNA from diploid or polytene tissue. A ribosomal gene repeat 12 kb in length is present in DNA from diploid tissue of males and is the major repeat on the Y chromosome. This repeat is present in low amounts on the X chromosome, which contains major repeats of 17 and 11.5 kb. In polytene nuclei of males, the 12 kb band is disproportionately replicated, and only a very low amount of the 11.5 kb repeat and no 17 kb repeat are detected. Polytene nuclei of females contain reduced amounts of the 17 kb repeat relative to the 11.5 kb repeat. This disproportionate replication of specific ribosomal gene repeats suggests that polytenization of the rDNA may involve an extrachromosomal mechanism. Evidence that genes from only one nucleolus organizer are replicated during polytenization in X/Y and X/X flies is discussed. A method for analyzing DNA from tissue of individual larvae was developed to test for population heterogeneity in ribosomal gene structure. Heterogeneity was observed in the ribosomal genes of three Ore R lines, four other D. melanogaster strains and between males and females of the same strain.", "PMID": 113105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10513", "title": "Evolution of transcribed and spacer sequences in the ribosomal RNA genes of Drosophila.", "content": "Examination of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene of six sibling species that make up the D. melanogaster subgroup reveals that the nontranscribed spacer is highly conserved during evolution. Indeed, the spacer is at least as conserved as the transcribed rRNA sequence in four of the six species and only slightly less conserved in the others. These data support the hypothesis previously suggested (Tartof and Dawid, 1976) that selection has a significant role in maintaining the parallel evolution of genetically separate but homologous redundant gene clusters.", "contents": "Evolution of transcribed and spacer sequences in the ribosomal RNA genes of Drosophila. Examination of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene of six sibling species that make up the D. melanogaster subgroup reveals that the nontranscribed spacer is highly conserved during evolution. Indeed, the spacer is at least as conserved as the transcribed rRNA sequence in four of the six species and only slightly less conserved in the others. These data support the hypothesis previously suggested (Tartof and Dawid, 1976) that selection has a significant role in maintaining the parallel evolution of genetically separate but homologous redundant gene clusters.", "PMID": 113106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10514", "title": "Satellite Ic: a possible link between the satellite DNAs of D. virilis and D. melanogaster.", "content": "In this study, we isolated and characterized a previously undetected cryptic satellite DNA comprising 0.1% of the total nuclear genome of D. virilis. This satellite is hidden from detection in neutral CsCl by satellite I and is therefore designated cryptic satellite I or Ic. Sequence analysis reveals that Ic is the repeating heptanucleotide [poly d(AATATAG): d(CTATATT)]. It is more closely related to the three simple sequence satellite DNAs of D. melanogaster, a distantly related species, than it is to any of the major D. virilis satellite DNA sequences. Ic may therefore be a link between the simple sequence satellites of D. virilis and D. melanogaster. As an extension of this theory, we have constructed a \"family tree\" linking the satellites of D. virilis and D. melanogaster by a series of \"simple\" operations. Only one intermediate required by this evolutionary scheme has not yet been identified.", "contents": "Satellite Ic: a possible link between the satellite DNAs of D. virilis and D. melanogaster. In this study, we isolated and characterized a previously undetected cryptic satellite DNA comprising 0.1% of the total nuclear genome of D. virilis. This satellite is hidden from detection in neutral CsCl by satellite I and is therefore designated cryptic satellite I or Ic. Sequence analysis reveals that Ic is the repeating heptanucleotide [poly d(AATATAG): d(CTATATT)]. It is more closely related to the three simple sequence satellite DNAs of D. melanogaster, a distantly related species, than it is to any of the major D. virilis satellite DNA sequences. Ic may therefore be a link between the simple sequence satellites of D. virilis and D. melanogaster. As an extension of this theory, we have constructed a \"family tree\" linking the satellites of D. virilis and D. melanogaster by a series of \"simple\" operations. Only one intermediate required by this evolutionary scheme has not yet been identified.", "PMID": 113107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10515", "title": "Isolated liver perfusion--a tool in mutagenicity testing for the evaluation of carcinogens.", "content": "An isolated liver perfusion system suitable for the combination with Chinese hamster V79 cells is described. With this system, it is possible to study, with the V79 cells as genetic targets, the mutagenic effect of a chemical after metabolic activation in the intact organ. Those substances commonly used in mutagenicity testing as inducers of drug metabolising enzymes, i.e. Arochlor 1254. Phenobarbital(PB) and 3-Methylcholantrene(3-MC), were studied for their effect in the isolated perfused liver. PB increased the bile flow, which was not significantly affected by the other inducers. Only Arochlor caused a significant increase in the amino acid incorporation into plasma proteins and total liver proteins (expressed per mg liver protein). None of the inducers had an effect on gluconeogenesis from lactate or urea synthesis. All three inducers caused an increase in the level of microsomal P-450 enzymes, the biggest increase being seen after Arochlor-induction (170%), followed by PB(90%) and 3-MC(50%). Arochlor- and PB-induction had a dramatic effect on N- and C-oxygenation of N, N-dimethylaniline: N-oxygenation was decreased by 35% and 40% respectively and C-oxygenation increased by 130% and 140% respectively. The advantages of the isolated perfused liver as an intact metabolising unit is discussed in relation to other mutagenicity assays, in which subcellular fractions are used as the metabolising system.", "contents": "Isolated liver perfusion--a tool in mutagenicity testing for the evaluation of carcinogens. An isolated liver perfusion system suitable for the combination with Chinese hamster V79 cells is described. With this system, it is possible to study, with the V79 cells as genetic targets, the mutagenic effect of a chemical after metabolic activation in the intact organ. Those substances commonly used in mutagenicity testing as inducers of drug metabolising enzymes, i.e. Arochlor 1254. Phenobarbital(PB) and 3-Methylcholantrene(3-MC), were studied for their effect in the isolated perfused liver. PB increased the bile flow, which was not significantly affected by the other inducers. Only Arochlor caused a significant increase in the amino acid incorporation into plasma proteins and total liver proteins (expressed per mg liver protein). None of the inducers had an effect on gluconeogenesis from lactate or urea synthesis. All three inducers caused an increase in the level of microsomal P-450 enzymes, the biggest increase being seen after Arochlor-induction (170%), followed by PB(90%) and 3-MC(50%). Arochlor- and PB-induction had a dramatic effect on N- and C-oxygenation of N, N-dimethylaniline: N-oxygenation was decreased by 35% and 40% respectively and C-oxygenation increased by 130% and 140% respectively. The advantages of the isolated perfused liver as an intact metabolising unit is discussed in relation to other mutagenicity assays, in which subcellular fractions are used as the metabolising system.", "PMID": 113109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10516", "title": "Fluorescence of hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adducts.", "content": "In comparison with the fluorescence emission spectra of 7-methylbenz[a]-anthracene-nucleoside adducts, the fluorescence emission spectra of hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adducts containing a methyl substituent in the \"bay region\" lack spectral resolution at room temperature and appear at substantially longer wavelength. This spectral resolution is improved when spectra are measured at 77 K and an irreversible spectral shift to shorter wavelength, accompanied by improved resolution, results from mild acid hydrolysis. These spectral properties peculiar to the \"bay region-substituted\" adducts presumably result from an intramolecular interaction between the hydrocarbon fluorophore and the attached nucleoside brought about, in the examples studied here, by the presence of the 12-methyl group in 7,12-dimethylbenz[awanthracene (DMBA) and in 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene. This interaction suggests that the site of nucleoside attachment is in close proximity to the 12-methyl group and that binding occurs, therefore, through the intermediacy of a 3,4-diol-1,2-oxide, i.e. a \"bay region\" diol-epoxide in each case.", "contents": "Fluorescence of hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adducts. In comparison with the fluorescence emission spectra of 7-methylbenz[a]-anthracene-nucleoside adducts, the fluorescence emission spectra of hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adducts containing a methyl substituent in the \"bay region\" lack spectral resolution at room temperature and appear at substantially longer wavelength. This spectral resolution is improved when spectra are measured at 77 K and an irreversible spectral shift to shorter wavelength, accompanied by improved resolution, results from mild acid hydrolysis. These spectral properties peculiar to the \"bay region-substituted\" adducts presumably result from an intramolecular interaction between the hydrocarbon fluorophore and the attached nucleoside brought about, in the examples studied here, by the presence of the 12-methyl group in 7,12-dimethylbenz[awanthracene (DMBA) and in 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene. This interaction suggests that the site of nucleoside attachment is in close proximity to the 12-methyl group and that binding occurs, therefore, through the intermediacy of a 3,4-diol-1,2-oxide, i.e. a \"bay region\" diol-epoxide in each case.", "PMID": 113110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10517", "title": "In vivo binding of 2,3,6,2',3',6'-hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl to mouse liver macromolecules.", "content": "The role of metabolic activation in the binding of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to cellular macromolecules was investigated in vivo by comparing the relative binding of 2,4,5,2',4',5'-[U-14C]hexachlorobiphenyl (2,4,5), a slowly metabolized PCB, with that of 2,3,6,2',3',6'[U-14C]hexachlorobiphenyl (2,3,6), a rapidly metabolized PCB, and the appropriate controls. Each hexachlorobiphenyl was administered to mice, orally for 5 days (7.28 mg/kg/day). Following the dosing schedule, animals were killed at 1, 5 and 8 days. The concentration of each PCB was determined in liver, muscle and kidney and in purified macromolecules isolated from those tissues. The concentration of 2,4,5 was consistently higher than the concentration of 2,3,6 in all tissues studied. However, the amount of 2,3,6 bound to the purified macromolecules was consistently at least one order of magnitude greater than that of 2,4,5. The greatest binding was observed in RNA followed by protein and DNA, respectively. The purity of the macromolecules and the presence of PCB-derived radioactivity at the monomer level were confirmed. This is the first report of 14C-labeled PCB being bound to purified RNA, DNA, and proteins isolated from the tissues of animals treated in vivo. The binding is thought to be covalent and to be the result of metabolic activation.", "contents": "In vivo binding of 2,3,6,2',3',6'-hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl to mouse liver macromolecules. The role of metabolic activation in the binding of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to cellular macromolecules was investigated in vivo by comparing the relative binding of 2,4,5,2',4',5'-[U-14C]hexachlorobiphenyl (2,4,5), a slowly metabolized PCB, with that of 2,3,6,2',3',6'[U-14C]hexachlorobiphenyl (2,3,6), a rapidly metabolized PCB, and the appropriate controls. Each hexachlorobiphenyl was administered to mice, orally for 5 days (7.28 mg/kg/day). Following the dosing schedule, animals were killed at 1, 5 and 8 days. The concentration of each PCB was determined in liver, muscle and kidney and in purified macromolecules isolated from those tissues. The concentration of 2,4,5 was consistently higher than the concentration of 2,3,6 in all tissues studied. However, the amount of 2,3,6 bound to the purified macromolecules was consistently at least one order of magnitude greater than that of 2,4,5. The greatest binding was observed in RNA followed by protein and DNA, respectively. The purity of the macromolecules and the presence of PCB-derived radioactivity at the monomer level were confirmed. This is the first report of 14C-labeled PCB being bound to purified RNA, DNA, and proteins isolated from the tissues of animals treated in vivo. The binding is thought to be covalent and to be the result of metabolic activation.", "PMID": 113111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10518", "title": "[Existence of different populations of unitary evoked postsynaptic potentials at the frog neuromuscular junction].", "content": "The postsynaptic response to monoquantic evoked transmitter release (mean quantal content about 0.3) has been studied at temperatures from 10 to 23 degrees C. The delay between nerve stimulation (1 to 10 Hz) and the unitary postsynaptic potentials fluctuates by steps. The existence of preferential delay sites can always be detected (mean number 13.5 +/- 3.1). Identical delay unitary postsynaptic potentials often shows identical amplitude and identical time to peak. These results suggest that few emitting sites are preferentially activated along the nerve terminal at low level release during long lasting stimulation. The \"single process\" assumption used in statistical studies of transmitter release is probably oversimplified.", "contents": "[Existence of different populations of unitary evoked postsynaptic potentials at the frog neuromuscular junction]. The postsynaptic response to monoquantic evoked transmitter release (mean quantal content about 0.3) has been studied at temperatures from 10 to 23 degrees C. The delay between nerve stimulation (1 to 10 Hz) and the unitary postsynaptic potentials fluctuates by steps. The existence of preferential delay sites can always be detected (mean number 13.5 +/- 3.1). Identical delay unitary postsynaptic potentials often shows identical amplitude and identical time to peak. These results suggest that few emitting sites are preferentially activated along the nerve terminal at low level release during long lasting stimulation. The \"single process\" assumption used in statistical studies of transmitter release is probably oversimplified.", "PMID": 113113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10519", "title": "[Inhibitory action of estradiol on testosterone production in rat embryo].", "content": "Embryos from Rats given an injection of 0,5-1 mg of oestradiol benzoate on days 17--19 of pregnancy show a 3--4-fold reduction in their testicular testosterone content with respect to the control embryos, 24--48 hrs later. OEstradiol most likely acts by inhibiting LH secretion, which in turn results in a lowered testosterone production.", "contents": "[Inhibitory action of estradiol on testosterone production in rat embryo]. Embryos from Rats given an injection of 0,5-1 mg of oestradiol benzoate on days 17--19 of pregnancy show a 3--4-fold reduction in their testicular testosterone content with respect to the control embryos, 24--48 hrs later. OEstradiol most likely acts by inhibiting LH secretion, which in turn results in a lowered testosterone production.", "PMID": 113114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10520", "title": "[Association of brain glycoprotein (NSA 3) with neuronal membranes and with the nodes of Ranvier].", "content": "The localisation of brain glycoprotein NSA 3 was studied by means of indirect immunofluorescence on alcohol fixed, paraffin embedded sections of Rat brain. These techniques allowed the localisation of NSA 3 to the membrane of some (about 10%) of the neurons. In the white matter, the patterns were in agreement with the localisation of the Ranvier nodes. The nodes of Ranvier were also stained in peripheral nerves.", "contents": "[Association of brain glycoprotein (NSA 3) with neuronal membranes and with the nodes of Ranvier]. The localisation of brain glycoprotein NSA 3 was studied by means of indirect immunofluorescence on alcohol fixed, paraffin embedded sections of Rat brain. These techniques allowed the localisation of NSA 3 to the membrane of some (about 10%) of the neurons. In the white matter, the patterns were in agreement with the localisation of the Ranvier nodes. The nodes of Ranvier were also stained in peripheral nerves.", "PMID": 113115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10521", "title": "[In vitro inhibition of tRNA methyltransferases by queen substance, a pheromone of queen honeybees].", "content": "The Queen Substance 1, a pheromone of the queen Honeybee Apis mellifica is an in vitro inhibitor of E. coli B tRNA methylations. This activity is not specific of the methylase source, as inhibitions have been observed with preparations from queen honeybee ovaries, Rat liver or a Mouse plasmocytoma 1-adenine methylase. These results, together with preceding ones concerning t, t-farnesyl-acetone 3, are discussed.", "contents": "[In vitro inhibition of tRNA methyltransferases by queen substance, a pheromone of queen honeybees]. The Queen Substance 1, a pheromone of the queen Honeybee Apis mellifica is an in vitro inhibitor of E. coli B tRNA methylations. This activity is not specific of the methylase source, as inhibitions have been observed with preparations from queen honeybee ovaries, Rat liver or a Mouse plasmocytoma 1-adenine methylase. These results, together with preceding ones concerning t, t-farnesyl-acetone 3, are discussed.", "PMID": 113116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10522", "title": "[Consumption of vitamin A in intact and castrated rats. Relation to tocopherol and cytochrome P 450].", "content": "There are significant differences between castrated and non castrated male Rats in regard to vitamine A hepatic storage and plasma level. Cytochrom P 450 levels are the same in both groups. Those results are discussed.", "contents": "[Consumption of vitamin A in intact and castrated rats. Relation to tocopherol and cytochrome P 450]. There are significant differences between castrated and non castrated male Rats in regard to vitamine A hepatic storage and plasma level. Cytochrom P 450 levels are the same in both groups. Those results are discussed.", "PMID": 113117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10523", "title": "[Identification of cytotoxic cells responsible for lysis of target cells pretreated with concanavalin A in spleen populations of pregnant mice with suppressive activity].", "content": "During an alloimmunization, killer cells which lyse target cells only in the presence of a lectin are generated. That these cells, as well as suppressive cells, share immunocytological properties with specific killer cells, leads to the hypothesis that these cells may be concerned with the mechanism of immunosuppression. Two experimental results presented in this paper are consistent with this hypothesis: 1) Spleens from H-2k mice pregnant by H-2d males which bear a high suppressive activity also contain a relatively large number of killer cells having the ability to lyse Concanavalin A treated target cells and 2) supernatants of suppressive systems generated through an MLC block the cytolysis of specific target cells by the bound killer cells.", "contents": "[Identification of cytotoxic cells responsible for lysis of target cells pretreated with concanavalin A in spleen populations of pregnant mice with suppressive activity]. During an alloimmunization, killer cells which lyse target cells only in the presence of a lectin are generated. That these cells, as well as suppressive cells, share immunocytological properties with specific killer cells, leads to the hypothesis that these cells may be concerned with the mechanism of immunosuppression. Two experimental results presented in this paper are consistent with this hypothesis: 1) Spleens from H-2k mice pregnant by H-2d males which bear a high suppressive activity also contain a relatively large number of killer cells having the ability to lyse Concanavalin A treated target cells and 2) supernatants of suppressive systems generated through an MLC block the cytolysis of specific target cells by the bound killer cells.", "PMID": 113118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10524", "title": "[Are rat alveolar macrophages capable of phagocytizing pollen grains?].", "content": "Plane-tree pollen grains were incubated in vitro with alveolar macrophages from inbred Rats, and the possibility of phagocytosis was investigated. No phagocytosis was observed even after 48 hrs incubation. But alveolar cells were bound to pollen grains generally at the apertures. This binding did not require the Fc receptor on the macrophage membrane.", "contents": "[Are rat alveolar macrophages capable of phagocytizing pollen grains?]. Plane-tree pollen grains were incubated in vitro with alveolar macrophages from inbred Rats, and the possibility of phagocytosis was investigated. No phagocytosis was observed even after 48 hrs incubation. But alveolar cells were bound to pollen grains generally at the apertures. This binding did not require the Fc receptor on the macrophage membrane.", "PMID": 113119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10525", "title": "[Topography of soluble gliofibrillar protein (GFA) in aged human brain].", "content": "A great variation was observed in the amount of soluble GFA depending on the brain area. Large amounts were found in the chiasma and in the pons whereas the cortical grey matter was poor. It is suggested that soluble GFA represents a potentiality of defense of the nervous tissue.", "contents": "[Topography of soluble gliofibrillar protein (GFA) in aged human brain]. A great variation was observed in the amount of soluble GFA depending on the brain area. Large amounts were found in the chiasma and in the pons whereas the cortical grey matter was poor. It is suggested that soluble GFA represents a potentiality of defense of the nervous tissue.", "PMID": 113120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10526", "title": "[Fragmentation of myosin A-1 light chain of fast muscle by trypsin].", "content": "Limited proteolysis of myosin by such proteolytic enzymes as trypsin, chymotrypsin or papain produces typical fragmentation of its heavy chain. Presently evidence is given that trypsin treatment cleaves the alkali light chain A-1 (20,700 dalton) to a shorter (ca 20,000 dalton) chain. The two \"essential\" thiols (SH-1 and 2) of moysin were alkylated with 17-C-N-ethylmaleimide and a non-negligible amount of radioactivity was also found in the two alkali light chains. Using the specific radioactivity of alkali light chain A-1 it was possible to identify it among heavy chain fragmentation products. The molecular weight of the newly formed A-1 indicates that limited tryptic cleavage of this A-1 confers on it a closer similarity with alkali light chain A-2.", "contents": "[Fragmentation of myosin A-1 light chain of fast muscle by trypsin]. Limited proteolysis of myosin by such proteolytic enzymes as trypsin, chymotrypsin or papain produces typical fragmentation of its heavy chain. Presently evidence is given that trypsin treatment cleaves the alkali light chain A-1 (20,700 dalton) to a shorter (ca 20,000 dalton) chain. The two \"essential\" thiols (SH-1 and 2) of moysin were alkylated with 17-C-N-ethylmaleimide and a non-negligible amount of radioactivity was also found in the two alkali light chains. Using the specific radioactivity of alkali light chain A-1 it was possible to identify it among heavy chain fragmentation products. The molecular weight of the newly formed A-1 indicates that limited tryptic cleavage of this A-1 confers on it a closer similarity with alkali light chain A-2.", "PMID": 113121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10527", "title": "[Activity of rabbit heart on thromboxane synthetase].", "content": "The soluble and microsomal fractions of Rabbit myocardium are not able to induce the synthesis of thromboxanes. On the contrary, they inhibit the thromboxane synthetase of various sources. The chemical structure of the active constituent responsible for this activity is not yet known: it is probably neither of an enzymatic nature, nor a protein of high molecular weight.", "contents": "[Activity of rabbit heart on thromboxane synthetase]. The soluble and microsomal fractions of Rabbit myocardium are not able to induce the synthesis of thromboxanes. On the contrary, they inhibit the thromboxane synthetase of various sources. The chemical structure of the active constituent responsible for this activity is not yet known: it is probably neither of an enzymatic nature, nor a protein of high molecular weight.", "PMID": 113122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10528", "title": "[Elaboration of an in vivo model, in half life size, for aeronautical purposes].", "content": "Toxic effects of combustion products originating from plane cabin constituents are studied, in vivo, in Rats. The model associates an important combustion room, and an experience room containing eight revolving cages for Rats; these cages allow a remote control of the movements of the Rats which can be electrically stimulated and ejected. Such a device permits to study the incapacitance, i.e. the inability to move. For the combustion of a seat, without ventilation, incapacitation appears in 2 to 6 min. Biochemical screening demonstrates on increase of pCO2, carboxyhemoglobin and glycemia and a decrease of pO2.", "contents": "[Elaboration of an in vivo model, in half life size, for aeronautical purposes]. Toxic effects of combustion products originating from plane cabin constituents are studied, in vivo, in Rats. The model associates an important combustion room, and an experience room containing eight revolving cages for Rats; these cages allow a remote control of the movements of the Rats which can be electrically stimulated and ejected. Such a device permits to study the incapacitance, i.e. the inability to move. For the combustion of a seat, without ventilation, incapacitation appears in 2 to 6 min. Biochemical screening demonstrates on increase of pCO2, carboxyhemoglobin and glycemia and a decrease of pO2.", "PMID": 113123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10529", "title": "[K-Lymphocyte cytotoxicity: role of human blood group ABO, rhesus and P alloantibodies].", "content": "Using human erythrocytes of known antigenic density, sensitized by ABO and Rhesus (D) alloantibodies, it is shown that K cell cytotoxicity mediated by peripheral blood lymphocytes is directly correlated with the number of IgG molecules specifically bound to the target cell surface. The lytic sensitivity of P1k but not P2 or p erythrocytes coated with anti-Tja (anti-P + P1 + Pk) antibodies, demonstrates that effector K cells are mainly triggered through the IgG ANTI-Pk component of such sera.", "contents": "[K-Lymphocyte cytotoxicity: role of human blood group ABO, rhesus and P alloantibodies]. Using human erythrocytes of known antigenic density, sensitized by ABO and Rhesus (D) alloantibodies, it is shown that K cell cytotoxicity mediated by peripheral blood lymphocytes is directly correlated with the number of IgG molecules specifically bound to the target cell surface. The lytic sensitivity of P1k but not P2 or p erythrocytes coated with anti-Tja (anti-P + P1 + Pk) antibodies, demonstrates that effector K cells are mainly triggered through the IgG ANTI-Pk component of such sera.", "PMID": 113124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10530", "title": "[Macroscopic and microscopic study of human corpse skin grafting on athymic mice nu/nu].", "content": "32 thin grafts (500 to 700 mu) of different human corpse skin set apart during the first 24 hrs after the death have retaken on athymic Mousse whatever the reason of death and the age of the donor. 20 thick grafts have retaken at 30%. These skins preserve the aspects and behaviour of normal human skin but after 1 month they have a heavy melanic hyperpigmentation. These skins preserve their normal histological aspect during the first 3 days, then, when revascularisation is setting in, superficial areas of epidermic mortification, opposite dermal hypovascularised zones, appear. Between the 15th and the 21st day the epidermic alterations disappear and a heavy melanic hyperpigmentation is set up. The revascularisation is certainly the result of the human dermal vessels repermeabilisation. Till the 76th day neither dystrophy, dysplasia nor important inflammatory process exist.", "contents": "[Macroscopic and microscopic study of human corpse skin grafting on athymic mice nu/nu]. 32 thin grafts (500 to 700 mu) of different human corpse skin set apart during the first 24 hrs after the death have retaken on athymic Mousse whatever the reason of death and the age of the donor. 20 thick grafts have retaken at 30%. These skins preserve the aspects and behaviour of normal human skin but after 1 month they have a heavy melanic hyperpigmentation. These skins preserve their normal histological aspect during the first 3 days, then, when revascularisation is setting in, superficial areas of epidermic mortification, opposite dermal hypovascularised zones, appear. Between the 15th and the 21st day the epidermic alterations disappear and a heavy melanic hyperpigmentation is set up. The revascularisation is certainly the result of the human dermal vessels repermeabilisation. Till the 76th day neither dystrophy, dysplasia nor important inflammatory process exist.", "PMID": 113125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10531", "title": "[Comparative study, in the Allium test, of the cytotoxicity of tubulosine and of 6 synthetized pseudo-tubulosines].", "content": "Comparing cytotoxicity of tubulosine and of six newly synthesized pseudo-tubulosines in the Allium test, we have characterized all the current features of protein inhibition. Nevertheless cytotoxicity of the six pseudotubulosines is much weaker. Furthermore, \"floating poles anaphasis\", a disturbance characteristic of the action of tubulosine, has been found with a lesser intensity with the other compounds.", "contents": "[Comparative study, in the Allium test, of the cytotoxicity of tubulosine and of 6 synthetized pseudo-tubulosines]. Comparing cytotoxicity of tubulosine and of six newly synthesized pseudo-tubulosines in the Allium test, we have characterized all the current features of protein inhibition. Nevertheless cytotoxicity of the six pseudotubulosines is much weaker. Furthermore, \"floating poles anaphasis\", a disturbance characteristic of the action of tubulosine, has been found with a lesser intensity with the other compounds.", "PMID": 113126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10532", "title": "[Synthesis of juvenile hormones in vitro by the corpora allata of 5th stage larva of Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R and F) (Insecta, Orthopteroida)].", "content": "Corpora allata of Locusta migratoria 5th stage larvae synthesize J.H.1, J.H.2 and J.H.3 in vitro. The C.A. of insects of different ages exbit different rates of J.H. synthesis. J.H.1 and J.H.2 synthesis is less than 1 ng/48 h/gland. During the same time the J.H.3 production may be as much as 25.6 ng/gland. J.H. synthetic activity is the same between right and left C.A. The release of J.H. from the C.A. occurs immediately following synthesis. These results are compared with in vivo haemolymphatic J.H. levels.", "contents": "[Synthesis of juvenile hormones in vitro by the corpora allata of 5th stage larva of Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R and F) (Insecta, Orthopteroida)]. Corpora allata of Locusta migratoria 5th stage larvae synthesize J.H.1, J.H.2 and J.H.3 in vitro. The C.A. of insects of different ages exbit different rates of J.H. synthesis. J.H.1 and J.H.2 synthesis is less than 1 ng/48 h/gland. During the same time the J.H.3 production may be as much as 25.6 ng/gland. J.H. synthetic activity is the same between right and left C.A. The release of J.H. from the C.A. occurs immediately following synthesis. These results are compared with in vivo haemolymphatic J.H. levels.", "PMID": 113127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10533", "title": "Hydrolase activities in the rat aorta. III. Effects of regular swimming activity and its cessation.", "content": "It is possible that one of the consequences of regular physical activity could be a change of vascular metabolism. We studied the effects of regular swimming activity on specific activities of aortic hydrolases of male rats. Enzymes included: neutral alpha-glucosidase and lysosomal beta-galactosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, cathepsin C, acid alpha-glucosidase, and acid cholesteryl esterase. After 8 or 16 weeks of a 1-hour/day swimming protocol, specific activities of four of the six aortic enzymes studied were increased over control levels, increases ranging from 7 to more than 42%. Acid cholesteryl esterase was one of the enzymes most affected by the exercise, increasing 25-30% above control levels. An 8-week sedentary period, after 8 weeks of a swimming regimen, resulted in return of the activity of acid cholesteryl esterase, but not those of the other hydrolases, to control levels. Decreases in body weight, blood pressure, and serum lipid levels also occurred in the swimming rats. Weight reduction per se was excluded as an explanation for the increases in aortic enzymes or decrease in serum cholesterol found with swimming. These findings show that regular physical activity is yet another factor with discrete and significant effects on the catabolic activity of vascular tissue.", "contents": "Hydrolase activities in the rat aorta. III. Effects of regular swimming activity and its cessation. It is possible that one of the consequences of regular physical activity could be a change of vascular metabolism. We studied the effects of regular swimming activity on specific activities of aortic hydrolases of male rats. Enzymes included: neutral alpha-glucosidase and lysosomal beta-galactosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, cathepsin C, acid alpha-glucosidase, and acid cholesteryl esterase. After 8 or 16 weeks of a 1-hour/day swimming protocol, specific activities of four of the six aortic enzymes studied were increased over control levels, increases ranging from 7 to more than 42%. Acid cholesteryl esterase was one of the enzymes most affected by the exercise, increasing 25-30% above control levels. An 8-week sedentary period, after 8 weeks of a swimming regimen, resulted in return of the activity of acid cholesteryl esterase, but not those of the other hydrolases, to control levels. Decreases in body weight, blood pressure, and serum lipid levels also occurred in the swimming rats. Weight reduction per se was excluded as an explanation for the increases in aortic enzymes or decrease in serum cholesterol found with swimming. These findings show that regular physical activity is yet another factor with discrete and significant effects on the catabolic activity of vascular tissue.", "PMID": 113128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10534", "title": "Epicardial mapping and electrocardiographic models of myocardial ischemic injury.", "content": "The amplitude and distribution of epicardial ST-segment elevation (ST) were examined for an 8-hour period after coronary occlusion in eight baboons and five pigs. ST was determined from unipolar epicardial electrograms obtained from a high-resolution matrix of fixed electrodes overlying a transmural region of ischemia. A relatively uniform degree of ST was observed overlying the ischemic region for 20 minutes after coronary occlusion. A gradient in ST from the periphery to the center of the ischemic region was documented after 20 minutes of ischemia. In 10 other pigs, change in the degree of ST was examined contingent on either an increase (five pigs) or decrease (five pigs) in the size of the ischemic region after 1 hour of preexisting ischemia. An abrupt increase in the number of electrodes that showed ST (NST) from 7.8 +/- 1.24 (SEM) to 14.8 +/- 1.35 (90%) was associated with an increase in mean ST of 58% from 4.28 +/- 0.61 mV to 6.78 +/- 0.84 (p less than 0.05). An abrupt decrease in NST from 25.2 +/- 2.63 to 14.6 +/- 2.22 (42%) was associated with a decrease in mean ST of 24%, from 8.2 +/- 0.36 mV to 6.3 +/- 0.30 mV (p less than 0.01). The results during early ischemia (less than 20 minutes of ischemia) are accurately represented by a model of ischemia in which injury current arises only at the ischemic boundary. The results during later ischemia (after 20 minutes of ischemia) may be represented by a model in which ST is considered dependent on injury currents generated throughout the ischemic region.", "contents": "Epicardial mapping and electrocardiographic models of myocardial ischemic injury. The amplitude and distribution of epicardial ST-segment elevation (ST) were examined for an 8-hour period after coronary occlusion in eight baboons and five pigs. ST was determined from unipolar epicardial electrograms obtained from a high-resolution matrix of fixed electrodes overlying a transmural region of ischemia. A relatively uniform degree of ST was observed overlying the ischemic region for 20 minutes after coronary occlusion. A gradient in ST from the periphery to the center of the ischemic region was documented after 20 minutes of ischemia. In 10 other pigs, change in the degree of ST was examined contingent on either an increase (five pigs) or decrease (five pigs) in the size of the ischemic region after 1 hour of preexisting ischemia. An abrupt increase in the number of electrodes that showed ST (NST) from 7.8 +/- 1.24 (SEM) to 14.8 +/- 1.35 (90%) was associated with an increase in mean ST of 58% from 4.28 +/- 0.61 mV to 6.78 +/- 0.84 (p less than 0.05). An abrupt decrease in NST from 25.2 +/- 2.63 to 14.6 +/- 2.22 (42%) was associated with a decrease in mean ST of 24%, from 8.2 +/- 0.36 mV to 6.3 +/- 0.30 mV (p less than 0.01). The results during early ischemia (less than 20 minutes of ischemia) are accurately represented by a model of ischemia in which injury current arises only at the ischemic boundary. The results during later ischemia (after 20 minutes of ischemia) may be represented by a model in which ST is considered dependent on injury currents generated throughout the ischemic region.", "PMID": 113130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10535", "title": "Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG and IgE antibodies to protein and polysaccharide antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus.", "content": "ELISA has emerged as a useful alternative to other more costly and complex tests. Polystyrene microhaemagglutination plates have been used as solid phase to absorb Aspergillus fumigatus protein and polysaccharide components for detection of specific antibodies in patients with various forms of pulmonary aspergillosis. IgG and IgE antibodies to the polysaccharide as well as the protein allergens have been found. For the IgE test a double antibody technique has been developed, which is more sensitive than the conventional indirect ELISA.", "contents": "Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG and IgE antibodies to protein and polysaccharide antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus. ELISA has emerged as a useful alternative to other more costly and complex tests. Polystyrene microhaemagglutination plates have been used as solid phase to absorb Aspergillus fumigatus protein and polysaccharide components for detection of specific antibodies in patients with various forms of pulmonary aspergillosis. IgG and IgE antibodies to the polysaccharide as well as the protein allergens have been found. For the IgE test a double antibody technique has been developed, which is more sensitive than the conventional indirect ELISA.", "PMID": 113131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10536", "title": "The evaluation of selected parameters of immune function in asthmatics after long-term corticosteroid therapy.", "content": "The availability of inhaled beclomethasone diproprionate permitted the discontinuation of continuous, long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy (SCT) in a group of asthmatics who had previously required SCT to control their asthma. Twelve patients had been on SCT for a period of 2-22 years with an average duration of 7 years. To determine whether this previous long-term SCT and the current use of inhaled beclomethasone diproprionate had an effect on leucocyte functions, a variety of studies reflecting T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte and granulocyte function was done. The results were compared with those of twelve asthmatic patients of similar age ranges who had never received steroids. Results showed that the two patient populations could not be differentiated on the basis of phytohaemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes, sheep erythrocyte rosette formation, IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE concentrations or granulocyte bactericidal activity. Delayed skin reactivity was present in both groups, with more positive reactions in the non-SCT group. Polymorphonuclear adherence values were slightly lower in the SCT female population using beclomethasone diproprionate. The latter two minor differences may be due to the previous SCT, the use of beclomethasone diproprionate or the limited population of patients studied. We conclude from these studies that the long-term use of SCT at the low doses required for control of asthma resulted in little permanent effect on the variety of lymphocyte and granulocyte functions tested.", "contents": "The evaluation of selected parameters of immune function in asthmatics after long-term corticosteroid therapy. The availability of inhaled beclomethasone diproprionate permitted the discontinuation of continuous, long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy (SCT) in a group of asthmatics who had previously required SCT to control their asthma. Twelve patients had been on SCT for a period of 2-22 years with an average duration of 7 years. To determine whether this previous long-term SCT and the current use of inhaled beclomethasone diproprionate had an effect on leucocyte functions, a variety of studies reflecting T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte and granulocyte function was done. The results were compared with those of twelve asthmatic patients of similar age ranges who had never received steroids. Results showed that the two patient populations could not be differentiated on the basis of phytohaemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes, sheep erythrocyte rosette formation, IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE concentrations or granulocyte bactericidal activity. Delayed skin reactivity was present in both groups, with more positive reactions in the non-SCT group. Polymorphonuclear adherence values were slightly lower in the SCT female population using beclomethasone diproprionate. The latter two minor differences may be due to the previous SCT, the use of beclomethasone diproprionate or the limited population of patients studied. We conclude from these studies that the long-term use of SCT at the low doses required for control of asthma resulted in little permanent effect on the variety of lymphocyte and granulocyte functions tested.", "PMID": 113132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10537", "title": "Ribonucleic acid in plasma from normal adults and multiple myeloma patients.", "content": "Reports of the presence of RNA in human plasma have been numerous, often suggesting that RNA in plasma is correlated with human disease. We critically examined the methods for determination of RNA in plasma. Lack of method specificity has caused previous workers to overestimate plasma RNA concentrations by more than 50-fold. To isolate RNA from plasma, we used both a phenol-chloroform extraction and a modified Schmidt-Thannhauser procedure. We show that RNA in plasma can be identified and quantified by alkaline hydrolysis of the plasma extract and subsequent separation of the resulting 2'- and 3'-mononucleotides by \"high-performance\" liquid chromatography. We could not detect RNA in plasma from either apparently healthy, normal adults or multiple myeloma patients, but found 1.1 mg/L in the plasma of a patient with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia. Our method is useful for the specific determination of RNA in plasma and will detect as little as 600 micrograms/L.", "contents": "Ribonucleic acid in plasma from normal adults and multiple myeloma patients. Reports of the presence of RNA in human plasma have been numerous, often suggesting that RNA in plasma is correlated with human disease. We critically examined the methods for determination of RNA in plasma. Lack of method specificity has caused previous workers to overestimate plasma RNA concentrations by more than 50-fold. To isolate RNA from plasma, we used both a phenol-chloroform extraction and a modified Schmidt-Thannhauser procedure. We show that RNA in plasma can be identified and quantified by alkaline hydrolysis of the plasma extract and subsequent separation of the resulting 2'- and 3'-mononucleotides by \"high-performance\" liquid chromatography. We could not detect RNA in plasma from either apparently healthy, normal adults or multiple myeloma patients, but found 1.1 mg/L in the plasma of a patient with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia. Our method is useful for the specific determination of RNA in plasma and will detect as little as 600 micrograms/L.", "PMID": 113134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10538", "title": "Enzymic determination of fructose in seminal plasma by initial rate analysis.", "content": "We describe a spectrophotometric assay for fructose in seminal plasma. The method is based on reduction of fructose by a commercially available preparation of sorbitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.14), with the concomitant oxidation of NADH. The initial rate of NADH oxidation, which is proportional to the fructose content of seminal plasma, can be measured either with a recording spectrophotometer or by conventional two-point kinetic assay. The method was as accurate, precise, and sensitive as, and more specific and rapid than, currently used colorimetric (resorcinol) methods for fructose determination. Values (mmol/L) for fructose in seminal plasma from several species are: man, 9 +/- 2 (SD); cynamolgus monkey (Macaca fasicicularis)., 108 +/- 19; bull, 30 +/- 1; and rabbit, 13 +/- 4. These values agree with previously published results. We believe the method is appropriate for both research and clinical use.", "contents": "Enzymic determination of fructose in seminal plasma by initial rate analysis. We describe a spectrophotometric assay for fructose in seminal plasma. The method is based on reduction of fructose by a commercially available preparation of sorbitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.14), with the concomitant oxidation of NADH. The initial rate of NADH oxidation, which is proportional to the fructose content of seminal plasma, can be measured either with a recording spectrophotometer or by conventional two-point kinetic assay. The method was as accurate, precise, and sensitive as, and more specific and rapid than, currently used colorimetric (resorcinol) methods for fructose determination. Values (mmol/L) for fructose in seminal plasma from several species are: man, 9 +/- 2 (SD); cynamolgus monkey (Macaca fasicicularis)., 108 +/- 19; bull, 30 +/- 1; and rabbit, 13 +/- 4. These values agree with previously published results. We believe the method is appropriate for both research and clinical use.", "PMID": 113135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10539", "title": "Neuraminidase activity in liver and brain from patients with I-cell disease.", "content": "The activity of neuraminidase in liver and brain from I-cell disease (Mucolipidosis II) was investigated. Neuraminidase activities using two substrates [alpha-L-N-acetylneuraminosyl(2 leads to 3)lactose and alpha-L-N-acetylneuraminosyl(2 leads to 6)lactose] were reduced in the supernatant and sedimentable fractions obtained in isotonic KCl. The activity of beta-D-galactosidase was also reduced in the liver; on the other hand, both neuraminidase fractions were normal, although beta-galactosidase activities were markedly reduced. In view of these results, it is suggested that the defect of neuraminidase is not directly responsible for the primary etiology of I-cell disease.", "contents": "Neuraminidase activity in liver and brain from patients with I-cell disease. The activity of neuraminidase in liver and brain from I-cell disease (Mucolipidosis II) was investigated. Neuraminidase activities using two substrates [alpha-L-N-acetylneuraminosyl(2 leads to 3)lactose and alpha-L-N-acetylneuraminosyl(2 leads to 6)lactose] were reduced in the supernatant and sedimentable fractions obtained in isotonic KCl. The activity of beta-D-galactosidase was also reduced in the liver; on the other hand, both neuraminidase fractions were normal, although beta-galactosidase activities were markedly reduced. In view of these results, it is suggested that the defect of neuraminidase is not directly responsible for the primary etiology of I-cell disease.", "PMID": 113136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10540", "title": "\"Lysosomal\" enzyme activities in red blood cells of normal individuals and patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia.", "content": "Four hydrolases, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and acid phosphatase were examined in red blood cells (RBC) of normal donors and patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia. Highly sensitive fluorimetric substrates were used to determine the specific activities of these enzymes. In order to avoid contamination by lysosomal activities derived from white blood cells (WBC), the mature RBV were separated from other blood elements by cellulose chromatography. The hydrolase activities in normal RBC were detected only in their plasma membranes and were found to be considerably lower than in WBC or platelets. In thalassaemic RBC, hydrolase activities were present in both plasma membranes and in the soluble fraction. The normoblast fraction contributed most of the hydrolase activity found in these preparations, suggesting the presence of lysosomal particles in thalassaemic RBC. No differences in the enzymatic activities were found when purified membranes of mature RBC from thalassemic and normal preparations were compared. The origin and roles of these hydrolytic enzymes in normal and thalassaemic RBC membranes are not known.", "contents": "\"Lysosomal\" enzyme activities in red blood cells of normal individuals and patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia. Four hydrolases, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and acid phosphatase were examined in red blood cells (RBC) of normal donors and patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia. Highly sensitive fluorimetric substrates were used to determine the specific activities of these enzymes. In order to avoid contamination by lysosomal activities derived from white blood cells (WBC), the mature RBV were separated from other blood elements by cellulose chromatography. The hydrolase activities in normal RBC were detected only in their plasma membranes and were found to be considerably lower than in WBC or platelets. In thalassaemic RBC, hydrolase activities were present in both plasma membranes and in the soluble fraction. The normoblast fraction contributed most of the hydrolase activity found in these preparations, suggesting the presence of lysosomal particles in thalassaemic RBC. No differences in the enzymatic activities were found when purified membranes of mature RBC from thalassemic and normal preparations were compared. The origin and roles of these hydrolytic enzymes in normal and thalassaemic RBC membranes are not known.", "PMID": 113137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10541", "title": "\"Grand mal type\" of spike discharge as interseizure phenomenon.", "content": "Grand mal type of sequential spike discharges at 8-12 cps are rare as interseizure phenomena. When the grand mal component is prominent, it usually indicates a greater tendency for major convulsions. The case of a 15 year old girl who developed akinetic seizures along with her menarche and whose electroencephalogram showed recurring sharp waves at 10-11 cps, is reported, and its clinical significance discussed.", "contents": "\"Grand mal type\" of spike discharge as interseizure phenomenon. Grand mal type of sequential spike discharges at 8-12 cps are rare as interseizure phenomena. When the grand mal component is prominent, it usually indicates a greater tendency for major convulsions. The case of a 15 year old girl who developed akinetic seizures along with her menarche and whose electroencephalogram showed recurring sharp waves at 10-11 cps, is reported, and its clinical significance discussed.", "PMID": 113138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10542", "title": "Augmentation of pituitary thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone during subphysiological tri-iodothyroinine therapy in hypothyroidism.", "content": "Five hypothyroid patients are reported with increased pituitary TSH response to TRH during administration of T3. In one patient treated with intravenous T3, 50 micrograms daily for 10 days, the peak serum TSH and total pituitary TSH reserve after TRH increased coincident with increases in serum T3 and T4 levels and a decrease in the basal TSH concentration. In four patients treated with oral T3, the peak serum TSH and total pituitary TSH reserve after TRH increased during administration of subphysiological doses of T3. Peak serum T3 levels occurred 4 h after ingestion and increased progressively with increasing T3 doses. Serum TSH levels decreased modestly with the nadir at 4 h after T3 ingestion and then returned to basal levels at 24 h. Augmentation of TSH responses to TRH occurred simultaneously with decreases in serum cholesterol, as well as increases in the pituitary prolactin response to TRH, and increase in the GH and cortisol response to insulin induced hypoglycaemia where these responses could be studied. These data demonstrated a positive effect of subphysiological T3 therapy in these hypothyroid patients on the TSH response to TRH as well as increases in the responses of other pituitary hormones to stimulation.", "contents": "Augmentation of pituitary thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone during subphysiological tri-iodothyroinine therapy in hypothyroidism. Five hypothyroid patients are reported with increased pituitary TSH response to TRH during administration of T3. In one patient treated with intravenous T3, 50 micrograms daily for 10 days, the peak serum TSH and total pituitary TSH reserve after TRH increased coincident with increases in serum T3 and T4 levels and a decrease in the basal TSH concentration. In four patients treated with oral T3, the peak serum TSH and total pituitary TSH reserve after TRH increased during administration of subphysiological doses of T3. Peak serum T3 levels occurred 4 h after ingestion and increased progressively with increasing T3 doses. Serum TSH levels decreased modestly with the nadir at 4 h after T3 ingestion and then returned to basal levels at 24 h. Augmentation of TSH responses to TRH occurred simultaneously with decreases in serum cholesterol, as well as increases in the pituitary prolactin response to TRH, and increase in the GH and cortisol response to insulin induced hypoglycaemia where these responses could be studied. These data demonstrated a positive effect of subphysiological T3 therapy in these hypothyroid patients on the TSH response to TRH as well as increases in the responses of other pituitary hormones to stimulation.", "PMID": 113139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10543", "title": "Pituitary and peripheral resistance to thyroid hormone.", "content": "A 32-year-old Caucasian male, clinically euthyroid, with paranoid schizophrenia and granulocytopenia, had elevated total and free serum T4 and T3; serum TSH was normal (2.7 +/- 0.7 micronU/ml). There was no goitre present, no evidence of Graves' disease, and no evidence of pituitary tumour. He had a normal response to methyl-TRH, with a TSH increment of 14.6 micronU/ml, T3 increment of 212 ng/dl, and T4 increment of 4.7 microgram/dl; baseline value and decreased the TSH increment in response to methyl-TRH. T3 therapy (100 microgram/day) decreased the thyroidal radioactive iodine uptake to less than half the baseline prolactin was normal with a normal response to methyl-TRH to 4.1 micronU/ml. Iodine therapy caused an increase in his baseline TSH with an increase in the TSH response to TSH. The metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and production rates (PR) of T3 and T4 were increased. Baseline serum levels of glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit were normal and showed a slight increase in response to methyl-TRH, similar to normal subjects. This patient has evidence of partial pituitary and peripheral resistance to thyroid hormone; his only evidence for hyperthyroidism is the elevated MCR and PR of T3 and T4.", "contents": "Pituitary and peripheral resistance to thyroid hormone. A 32-year-old Caucasian male, clinically euthyroid, with paranoid schizophrenia and granulocytopenia, had elevated total and free serum T4 and T3; serum TSH was normal (2.7 +/- 0.7 micronU/ml). There was no goitre present, no evidence of Graves' disease, and no evidence of pituitary tumour. He had a normal response to methyl-TRH, with a TSH increment of 14.6 micronU/ml, T3 increment of 212 ng/dl, and T4 increment of 4.7 microgram/dl; baseline value and decreased the TSH increment in response to methyl-TRH. T3 therapy (100 microgram/day) decreased the thyroidal radioactive iodine uptake to less than half the baseline prolactin was normal with a normal response to methyl-TRH to 4.1 micronU/ml. Iodine therapy caused an increase in his baseline TSH with an increase in the TSH response to TSH. The metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and production rates (PR) of T3 and T4 were increased. Baseline serum levels of glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit were normal and showed a slight increase in response to methyl-TRH, similar to normal subjects. This patient has evidence of partial pituitary and peripheral resistance to thyroid hormone; his only evidence for hyperthyroidism is the elevated MCR and PR of T3 and T4.", "PMID": 113140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10544", "title": "Longitudinal study or serum thyroid hormones, chorionic gonadotrophin and thyrotrophin during and after normal pregnancy.", "content": "Measurements of serum levels of thyroxine (T4), free T4, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), free T3, 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3), thyroxine-binding globulin capacity (TBGcap), chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and thyrotrophin (TSH) were carried out prospectively in eight women with uncomplicated pregnancies, in order to examine interrelationships between the thyroid gland and thyroid stimulating hormones during pregnancy. During pregnancy the levels of T4, free T4, T3, rT3 and TBGcap were significantly elevated, and TSH was decreased. It was noted that the elevation of T4 was maintained from the 8th to the 27th week of gestation while the level of TBGcap progressively increased. The levels of free T4 and rT3 in the first and third trimesters were significantly higher than those of age-matched, non-pregnant women. The levels of hCG showed a biphasic variation, with a peak in the 8th to 15th weeks, followed by a decline in the second trimester and a small, secondary elevation in the 32nd to 39th weeks. This later elevation was positively correlated with changes in free T4 and free T3 levels. The increase of serum T4 accompanied by an increase of free T4 in the first trimester appeared due to augmented secretion of T4, rather than being secondary to the elevated levels of TBGcap.", "contents": "Longitudinal study or serum thyroid hormones, chorionic gonadotrophin and thyrotrophin during and after normal pregnancy. Measurements of serum levels of thyroxine (T4), free T4, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), free T3, 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3), thyroxine-binding globulin capacity (TBGcap), chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and thyrotrophin (TSH) were carried out prospectively in eight women with uncomplicated pregnancies, in order to examine interrelationships between the thyroid gland and thyroid stimulating hormones during pregnancy. During pregnancy the levels of T4, free T4, T3, rT3 and TBGcap were significantly elevated, and TSH was decreased. It was noted that the elevation of T4 was maintained from the 8th to the 27th week of gestation while the level of TBGcap progressively increased. The levels of free T4 and rT3 in the first and third trimesters were significantly higher than those of age-matched, non-pregnant women. The levels of hCG showed a biphasic variation, with a peak in the 8th to 15th weeks, followed by a decline in the second trimester and a small, secondary elevation in the 32nd to 39th weeks. This later elevation was positively correlated with changes in free T4 and free T3 levels. The increase of serum T4 accompanied by an increase of free T4 in the first trimester appeared due to augmented secretion of T4, rather than being secondary to the elevated levels of TBGcap.", "PMID": 113141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10545", "title": "Progressive visual failure in acromegaly following external pituitary irradiation.", "content": "Four out of twenty-three acromegalic patients selected for treatment with external megavoltage pituitary irradiation between 1961 and 1975 developed progressive visual failure. They had received megavoltage external irradiation through multiple portals from a cobalt-60 unit over a period of 3 weeks. Visual deterioration began 2 months to 6 years after irradiation. In two patients the optic nerves were explored. In both, post-mortem later confirmed radiation damage to the optic nerves and hypothalamus. In one case there was also necrosis of the right frontal lobe with necrosis and inflammation of the bone surrounding the pituitary fossa. In the two other patients, extensive clinical and neuroradiological investigation excluded the presence of a suprasellar mass as a cause for this visual failure and a clinical diagnosis of radiation necrosis was made.", "contents": "Progressive visual failure in acromegaly following external pituitary irradiation. Four out of twenty-three acromegalic patients selected for treatment with external megavoltage pituitary irradiation between 1961 and 1975 developed progressive visual failure. They had received megavoltage external irradiation through multiple portals from a cobalt-60 unit over a period of 3 weeks. Visual deterioration began 2 months to 6 years after irradiation. In two patients the optic nerves were explored. In both, post-mortem later confirmed radiation damage to the optic nerves and hypothalamus. In one case there was also necrosis of the right frontal lobe with necrosis and inflammation of the bone surrounding the pituitary fossa. In the two other patients, extensive clinical and neuroradiological investigation excluded the presence of a suprasellar mass as a cause for this visual failure and a clinical diagnosis of radiation necrosis was made.", "PMID": 113142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10546", "title": "Bromocriptine suppression of TRH-stimulated prolactin and thyrotrophin release and accompanying inhibition of bromocriptine induced growth hormone release by TRH in normal man.", "content": "Six normal fasting males received on four separate occasions in random order (1) a placebo tablet followed 60 min later by 200 microgram of TRH intravenously (2) bromocriptine 2.5 mg orally followed by TRH intravenously (3) bromocriptine 2.5 mg orally followed by a placebo injection and (4) placebo tablet followed by placebo injection. Plasma prolactin and TSH responses to TRH were decreased following bromocriptine pretreatment. The rise of plasma growth hormone after bromocriptine was inhibited by TRH. The rise in plasma FSH seen after TRH injection was not influenced by bromocriptine pretreatment. Circulating LH and insulin concentrations were unaffected by any drug administration. These results suggest a dopaminergic influence on prolactin and TSH release in normal men, an inhibitory effect of TRH on bromocriptine stimulated growth hormone secretion, and no dopaminergic modulation of basal insulin secretion.", "contents": "Bromocriptine suppression of TRH-stimulated prolactin and thyrotrophin release and accompanying inhibition of bromocriptine induced growth hormone release by TRH in normal man. Six normal fasting males received on four separate occasions in random order (1) a placebo tablet followed 60 min later by 200 microgram of TRH intravenously (2) bromocriptine 2.5 mg orally followed by TRH intravenously (3) bromocriptine 2.5 mg orally followed by a placebo injection and (4) placebo tablet followed by placebo injection. Plasma prolactin and TSH responses to TRH were decreased following bromocriptine pretreatment. The rise of plasma growth hormone after bromocriptine was inhibited by TRH. The rise in plasma FSH seen after TRH injection was not influenced by bromocriptine pretreatment. Circulating LH and insulin concentrations were unaffected by any drug administration. These results suggest a dopaminergic influence on prolactin and TSH release in normal men, an inhibitory effect of TRH on bromocriptine stimulated growth hormone secretion, and no dopaminergic modulation of basal insulin secretion.", "PMID": 113143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10547", "title": "Maternal serum prolactin and its response to TRH in normal and complicated early pregnancy.", "content": "Maternal serum prolactin levels (PRL) were measured by radioimmunoassay in thirty-four women with either normal or complicated early pregnancy. The basal PRL level (mean +/- S.D.) of 33.4 +/- 16.4 ng/ml in normal pregnancy (n = 15) was similar to the level of 32.7 +/- 18.8 ng/ml in threatened abortion (n = 11) and 32.8 +/- 16.9 ng/ml in hyperemesis gravidarum (n = 8). Two patients, one with blighted ovum and the other with subsequent spontaneous abortion, demonstrated PRL levels lower than the range of 20-63 ng/ml in the control group. The PRL response to 200 microgram of synthetic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) administered intravenously was similar throughout the patient groups. The basal level of PRL in the whole series was more closely related to the level of serum oestradiol (r = 0.778, P less than 0.001) than to that of serum progesterone (r = 0.442, P less than 0.05). However the increments of PRL following TRH administration did not correlate with either oestradiol or progesterone.", "contents": "Maternal serum prolactin and its response to TRH in normal and complicated early pregnancy. Maternal serum prolactin levels (PRL) were measured by radioimmunoassay in thirty-four women with either normal or complicated early pregnancy. The basal PRL level (mean +/- S.D.) of 33.4 +/- 16.4 ng/ml in normal pregnancy (n = 15) was similar to the level of 32.7 +/- 18.8 ng/ml in threatened abortion (n = 11) and 32.8 +/- 16.9 ng/ml in hyperemesis gravidarum (n = 8). Two patients, one with blighted ovum and the other with subsequent spontaneous abortion, demonstrated PRL levels lower than the range of 20-63 ng/ml in the control group. The PRL response to 200 microgram of synthetic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) administered intravenously was similar throughout the patient groups. The basal level of PRL in the whole series was more closely related to the level of serum oestradiol (r = 0.778, P less than 0.001) than to that of serum progesterone (r = 0.442, P less than 0.05). However the increments of PRL following TRH administration did not correlate with either oestradiol or progesterone.", "PMID": 113144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10548", "title": "Effects of heroin addiction on thyrotrophin, thyroid hormones and porlactin secretion in men.", "content": "Pituitary-thyroid function in male heroin addicts and addicts after abstinence (ex-addicts) was studied and compared with that of healthy euthyroid men. In heroin addicts the increases in circulating total thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels were accompanied by an increase in the thyroid hormone uptake test. These changes may reflect a quantitative increase in thyroxine binding globulin. Reverse triiodothyronine concentrations in heroin addicts were normal. The thyrotrophin-releasing hormone elicited a diminished thyrotrophin response in heroin addicts which was significantly different from that in control subjects and ex-addicts. An elevation of serum prolactin was noted in heroin addicts, while ex-addicts had normal levels. Gradual recovery of pituitary-thyroid function occurred after heroin withdrawal.", "contents": "Effects of heroin addiction on thyrotrophin, thyroid hormones and porlactin secretion in men. Pituitary-thyroid function in male heroin addicts and addicts after abstinence (ex-addicts) was studied and compared with that of healthy euthyroid men. In heroin addicts the increases in circulating total thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels were accompanied by an increase in the thyroid hormone uptake test. These changes may reflect a quantitative increase in thyroxine binding globulin. Reverse triiodothyronine concentrations in heroin addicts were normal. The thyrotrophin-releasing hormone elicited a diminished thyrotrophin response in heroin addicts which was significantly different from that in control subjects and ex-addicts. An elevation of serum prolactin was noted in heroin addicts, while ex-addicts had normal levels. Gradual recovery of pituitary-thyroid function occurred after heroin withdrawal.", "PMID": 113145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10549", "title": "Pituitary microadenoma: diagnostic studies.", "content": "Forty-one women with oligo-menorrhoea and/or galactorrhoea were subjected to hypothalamic pituitary-thyroid testing in an attempt to establish the presence or absence of an underlying pituitary microadenoma. They were divided into two groups in accordance with the serum level of prolactin (PRL): Group I (N = 25, mean +/- SE 17.6 +/- 1.5 ng/ml) and Group II (N = 16, 102.8 +/- 29.7 ng/ml). The dynamic tests performed were a TRH test, a stimulation test with metoclopramide (MCP) and a suppression test with bromocriptine. The results of these tests were compared with those obtained in nine normal women and eleven patients with surgically proved pituitary microadenoma. Radiologically abnormal pituitary fossas were found in ten subjects from Group I and in fourteen from Group II. All patients were euthyroid. A persistently elevated serum TSH in response to TRH was observed in patients of Group II suggesting an hypothalamic abnormality and a progressive decrease in the 120-min use of serum T3 was noted with increasing evidence of the existence of a pituitary tumour. A negative correlation was found between the basal serum PRL and the rise of serum PRL with TRH. Patients from Group II showed a lower PRL response to MCP when compared to Group I and again a negative correlation between basal level of serum PRL and the change after MCP was observed. No clear difference in the 4-h response to bromocriptine was found between the different groups of subjects. In conclusion, none of the three tests analysed permitted us to establish which of the patients had an underlying pituitary microadenoma.", "contents": "Pituitary microadenoma: diagnostic studies. Forty-one women with oligo-menorrhoea and/or galactorrhoea were subjected to hypothalamic pituitary-thyroid testing in an attempt to establish the presence or absence of an underlying pituitary microadenoma. They were divided into two groups in accordance with the serum level of prolactin (PRL): Group I (N = 25, mean +/- SE 17.6 +/- 1.5 ng/ml) and Group II (N = 16, 102.8 +/- 29.7 ng/ml). The dynamic tests performed were a TRH test, a stimulation test with metoclopramide (MCP) and a suppression test with bromocriptine. The results of these tests were compared with those obtained in nine normal women and eleven patients with surgically proved pituitary microadenoma. Radiologically abnormal pituitary fossas were found in ten subjects from Group I and in fourteen from Group II. All patients were euthyroid. A persistently elevated serum TSH in response to TRH was observed in patients of Group II suggesting an hypothalamic abnormality and a progressive decrease in the 120-min use of serum T3 was noted with increasing evidence of the existence of a pituitary tumour. A negative correlation was found between the basal serum PRL and the rise of serum PRL with TRH. Patients from Group II showed a lower PRL response to MCP when compared to Group I and again a negative correlation between basal level of serum PRL and the change after MCP was observed. No clear difference in the 4-h response to bromocriptine was found between the different groups of subjects. In conclusion, none of the three tests analysed permitted us to establish which of the patients had an underlying pituitary microadenoma.", "PMID": 113146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10550", "title": "Local invasion by laryngeal carcinoma--the importance of focal (metaplastic) ossification within laryngeal cartilage.", "content": "Patterns of cartilage invasion by squamous carcinoma were examined in 34 consecutive laryngectomy specimens with particular reference to selective involvement of ossified cartilage. Direct infiltration of the laryngeal framework was demonstrated in 17 cases--16 (out of 17) transglottic carcinomas and in a simgle example of a combined glottic and infraglottic tumour. The susceptibility of ossified laryngeal cartilage to tumour invasion was confirmed, and morphological studies ahve clarified the underlying mechanisms. Invasion is a largely indirect process dominated by local bone destruction by osteoclasts, operating in front of the advancing tumour. One established, carcinoma cells infiltrate and erode bone alone, and the osteoclasts disappear. Reasons for the particular susceptibility of ossified laryngeal cartilage to tumour invasion are discussed and attention is drawn to the role of the tumour-associated osteoclast activating factors such as postaglandins. Therapeutic implications of cartilage invasion are noted.", "contents": "Local invasion by laryngeal carcinoma--the importance of focal (metaplastic) ossification within laryngeal cartilage. Patterns of cartilage invasion by squamous carcinoma were examined in 34 consecutive laryngectomy specimens with particular reference to selective involvement of ossified cartilage. Direct infiltration of the laryngeal framework was demonstrated in 17 cases--16 (out of 17) transglottic carcinomas and in a simgle example of a combined glottic and infraglottic tumour. The susceptibility of ossified laryngeal cartilage to tumour invasion was confirmed, and morphological studies ahve clarified the underlying mechanisms. Invasion is a largely indirect process dominated by local bone destruction by osteoclasts, operating in front of the advancing tumour. One established, carcinoma cells infiltrate and erode bone alone, and the osteoclasts disappear. Reasons for the particular susceptibility of ossified laryngeal cartilage to tumour invasion are discussed and attention is drawn to the role of the tumour-associated osteoclast activating factors such as postaglandins. Therapeutic implications of cartilage invasion are noted.", "PMID": 113147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10551", "title": "Long-term complications in Hunter's syndrome.", "content": "This report describes the clinical and investigative findings in a 31-year-old man with Hunter's syndrome, showing evidence of severe multisystem involvement. Papilloedema has been present for at least 8 years with no evidence of progressive visual impairment. His most serious and life-threatening complications are laryngeal oedema and tracheal narrowing, which both compromise his respiratory function and constitute a major anaesthetic risk.", "contents": "Long-term complications in Hunter's syndrome. This report describes the clinical and investigative findings in a 31-year-old man with Hunter's syndrome, showing evidence of severe multisystem involvement. Papilloedema has been present for at least 8 years with no evidence of progressive visual impairment. His most serious and life-threatening complications are laryngeal oedema and tracheal narrowing, which both compromise his respiratory function and constitute a major anaesthetic risk.", "PMID": 113150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10552", "title": "A suggestion of linkage between the Marfan syndrome and the rhesus blood group.", "content": "The linkage relationships of the locus for the Marfan Syndrome were investigated with 19 marker loci in 17 families. Close linkage with several marker loci was excluded. There was a suggestion of linkage between the locus for the Marfan Syndrome and Rh.", "contents": "A suggestion of linkage between the Marfan syndrome and the rhesus blood group. The linkage relationships of the locus for the Marfan Syndrome were investigated with 19 marker loci in 17 families. Close linkage with several marker loci was excluded. There was a suggestion of linkage between the locus for the Marfan Syndrome and Rh.", "PMID": 113151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10553", "title": "Immunodiagnosis of alpha chain disease.", "content": "Since the early diagnosis of alpha chain disease (alphaCD)) is essential to successful treatment and to epidemiological studies, the available immunodiagnostic techniques were compared for their sensitivity, specificity and ease of performance on a panel of sixteen sera, comprising ten alphaCD sera and six control sera containing either IgA myeloma protein or high levels of polyclonal IgA. Immunoselection by immunoelectrophoresis into gel containing a specially developed anti-Fabalpha antiserum provided the most sensitive and specific detection system for alphaCD protein. The same technique using anti-light chain antiserum for immunoselection was also highly sensitive, but proved less specific, being prone to false positives with difficult IgA myeloma proteins. Somewhat less sensitive, but specific and simple to perform, was immunoelectrophoresis using an antiserum recognizing the conformational specificities of Fabalpha as well as those of the constant region of alpha chains. Immunoselection using the Ouchterlony or rocket techniques proved to be less sensitive and prone to false positives when some IgA myeloma sera were tested.", "contents": "Immunodiagnosis of alpha chain disease. Since the early diagnosis of alpha chain disease (alphaCD)) is essential to successful treatment and to epidemiological studies, the available immunodiagnostic techniques were compared for their sensitivity, specificity and ease of performance on a panel of sixteen sera, comprising ten alphaCD sera and six control sera containing either IgA myeloma protein or high levels of polyclonal IgA. Immunoselection by immunoelectrophoresis into gel containing a specially developed anti-Fabalpha antiserum provided the most sensitive and specific detection system for alphaCD protein. The same technique using anti-light chain antiserum for immunoselection was also highly sensitive, but proved less specific, being prone to false positives with difficult IgA myeloma proteins. Somewhat less sensitive, but specific and simple to perform, was immunoelectrophoresis using an antiserum recognizing the conformational specificities of Fabalpha as well as those of the constant region of alpha chains. Immunoselection using the Ouchterlony or rocket techniques proved to be less sensitive and prone to false positives when some IgA myeloma sera were tested.", "PMID": 113152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10554", "title": "Effect of gold sodium thiomalate on murine lymphocyte functions.", "content": "The in vitro effects of gold sodium thiomalate (GTM) on various murine splenic lymphocytic functions were tested. The presence of GTM in cultures of splenic cells suppressed anti-hapten responses to both thymus-independent and thymus-dependent antigens. GTM also suppressed the in vitro generation of cytotoxic effector cells as well as the mitogenic response to both T cell and B cell mitogens. This suppression could not be reversed by the addition of irradiated spleen cells. Spleen cells exposed to GTM for 4 hr prior to culture also exhibited similarly suppressed functions, although their functional capacity could be fully restored by the addition of irradiated spleen cells. These results show that GTM inhibits both humoral and cellular immune mechanisms and appears to act primarily at the accessory (macrophage) cell level, with perhaps a secondary effect on T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Effect of gold sodium thiomalate on murine lymphocyte functions. The in vitro effects of gold sodium thiomalate (GTM) on various murine splenic lymphocytic functions were tested. The presence of GTM in cultures of splenic cells suppressed anti-hapten responses to both thymus-independent and thymus-dependent antigens. GTM also suppressed the in vitro generation of cytotoxic effector cells as well as the mitogenic response to both T cell and B cell mitogens. This suppression could not be reversed by the addition of irradiated spleen cells. Spleen cells exposed to GTM for 4 hr prior to culture also exhibited similarly suppressed functions, although their functional capacity could be fully restored by the addition of irradiated spleen cells. These results show that GTM inhibits both humoral and cellular immune mechanisms and appears to act primarily at the accessory (macrophage) cell level, with perhaps a secondary effect on T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 113153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10555", "title": "Ski boot compression syndrome.", "content": "The extensor tendons and peroneal nerve can be compressed at the ankle by the tongue of the ski boot. The resulting neuritis and synovitis may be severe enough to mimick an anterior compartment syndrome. Treatment consists of conservative methods but the paresthesiae may remain for long periods of time.", "contents": "Ski boot compression syndrome. The extensor tendons and peroneal nerve can be compressed at the ankle by the tongue of the ski boot. The resulting neuritis and synovitis may be severe enough to mimick an anterior compartment syndrome. Treatment consists of conservative methods but the paresthesiae may remain for long periods of time.", "PMID": 113156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10556", "title": "Treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis: clinical and biochemical aspects of leucocyte transfusion as compared with plasma infusion in patients with Hurler's and Scheie's syndromes.", "content": "The therapeutic effectiveness of leucocyte transfusion (LT) was compared with that of plasma infusion (PI) clinically by range of motion (ROM) of joints and biochemically from the standpoint of alpha-L-iduronidase activity and urinary excretion of acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) in 2 patients with Hurler's and Scheie's syndromes. Both syndromes are considered to be due to the lack of alpha-L-iduronidase activity, a congenital metabolic disorder. As a result, leukocyte transfusion surpasses plasma infusion with respect to enzyme content, the grade and duration of clinical improvement in the stiffness of joints. Clinical improvement in the stiffness of joints was correlated with the degradation of AMPS when the ratio of urinary AMPS fragments to the total large molecule AMPS has become 50% or more after the leucocyte transfusion and plasma infusion.", "contents": "Treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis: clinical and biochemical aspects of leucocyte transfusion as compared with plasma infusion in patients with Hurler's and Scheie's syndromes. The therapeutic effectiveness of leucocyte transfusion (LT) was compared with that of plasma infusion (PI) clinically by range of motion (ROM) of joints and biochemically from the standpoint of alpha-L-iduronidase activity and urinary excretion of acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) in 2 patients with Hurler's and Scheie's syndromes. Both syndromes are considered to be due to the lack of alpha-L-iduronidase activity, a congenital metabolic disorder. As a result, leukocyte transfusion surpasses plasma infusion with respect to enzyme content, the grade and duration of clinical improvement in the stiffness of joints. Clinical improvement in the stiffness of joints was correlated with the degradation of AMPS when the ratio of urinary AMPS fragments to the total large molecule AMPS has become 50% or more after the leucocyte transfusion and plasma infusion.", "PMID": 113157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10557", "title": "\"Normal\" talar tilt angle.", "content": "A study to determine the degree of normal talar tilt in individuals with no history of ankle injuries was performed on 404 ankles of 202 midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy. Manual inversion stress roentgenograms were used to test this group of young healthy adults, most of whom were males. Of the 404 ankles tested, only 39 (9.7%) had any measurable talar tilt and only 7 ankles (1.7%) had a tilt over 5 degrees. Normal talar tilt does not range to 23 degrees. A normal ankle in a healthy young adult with no history of trauma has a small probability of having any talar tilt. When stress roentgenograms are used to evaluate a fresh lateral ankle ligament sprain in this type of individual, there is a very high probability that talar tilt over 5 degrees would represent significant injury to one or more of the lateral supporting structures.", "contents": "\"Normal\" talar tilt angle. A study to determine the degree of normal talar tilt in individuals with no history of ankle injuries was performed on 404 ankles of 202 midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy. Manual inversion stress roentgenograms were used to test this group of young healthy adults, most of whom were males. Of the 404 ankles tested, only 39 (9.7%) had any measurable talar tilt and only 7 ankles (1.7%) had a tilt over 5 degrees. Normal talar tilt does not range to 23 degrees. A normal ankle in a healthy young adult with no history of trauma has a small probability of having any talar tilt. When stress roentgenograms are used to evaluate a fresh lateral ankle ligament sprain in this type of individual, there is a very high probability that talar tilt over 5 degrees would represent significant injury to one or more of the lateral supporting structures.", "PMID": 113158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10558", "title": "Ossification of the posterior longitudianl ligament of the cervical spine: subtotal vertebrectomy as a treatment.", "content": "If the ossification is localized in the central part of the intervertebral space, anterior decompression surgery of Cloward may be indicated. However, if most posterior ligamentous ossification covers the posterior surface of the vertebral body and the lateral sides, Cloward's method is not indicated. We have developed a method of anterior decompression and fusion surgery to clear the ossified area, resecting the vertebral body (subtotal vertebrectomy). The results were excellent in 3 of 4 patients with preoperative radiculopathy; there were 2 excellent and 16 good results in 22 patients with myelopathy. Of course laminectomy can produce some good effects, but the anterior obstruction removes through the anterior approach. Anterior decompression may be indicated when ossification is localized below the C3--4 intervertebral space, and when the spinal canal is not narrowed in the upper cervical region, even if ossification extends over the whole cervical spine. Laminectomy is advised when ossification involves all levels of the cervical spine, the upper cervical spine is narrowed or the sagittal dimension of the spinal canal is reduced more than 60%.", "contents": "Ossification of the posterior longitudianl ligament of the cervical spine: subtotal vertebrectomy as a treatment. If the ossification is localized in the central part of the intervertebral space, anterior decompression surgery of Cloward may be indicated. However, if most posterior ligamentous ossification covers the posterior surface of the vertebral body and the lateral sides, Cloward's method is not indicated. We have developed a method of anterior decompression and fusion surgery to clear the ossified area, resecting the vertebral body (subtotal vertebrectomy). The results were excellent in 3 of 4 patients with preoperative radiculopathy; there were 2 excellent and 16 good results in 22 patients with myelopathy. Of course laminectomy can produce some good effects, but the anterior obstruction removes through the anterior approach. Anterior decompression may be indicated when ossification is localized below the C3--4 intervertebral space, and when the spinal canal is not narrowed in the upper cervical region, even if ossification extends over the whole cervical spine. Laminectomy is advised when ossification involves all levels of the cervical spine, the upper cervical spine is narrowed or the sagittal dimension of the spinal canal is reduced more than 60%.", "PMID": 113159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10559", "title": "Formation of a bone and joint following blunt injury to the pelvis.", "content": "The formation of a new bone from the lateral wall of the pelvis following blunt injury occurred in a 55-year-old woman. The bone articulated with the top of the trochanter by means of a synovial-lined joint. The case is an example of the remarkable ability of external forces to remodel newly formed bone into a functional architectural unit and to produce an accessory pseudojoint.", "contents": "Formation of a bone and joint following blunt injury to the pelvis. The formation of a new bone from the lateral wall of the pelvis following blunt injury occurred in a 55-year-old woman. The bone articulated with the top of the trochanter by means of a synovial-lined joint. The case is an example of the remarkable ability of external forces to remodel newly formed bone into a functional architectural unit and to produce an accessory pseudojoint.", "PMID": 113160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10560", "title": "Drugs and pollutants in breast milk.", "content": "Mechanisms of transport of environmental pollutants and ingested drugs in breast milk and their absorption in newborn nurslings are outlined. The authors urgently call for additional research to determine which maternal medications are safe for nursing infants.", "contents": "Drugs and pollutants in breast milk. Mechanisms of transport of environmental pollutants and ingested drugs in breast milk and their absorption in newborn nurslings are outlined. The authors urgently call for additional research to determine which maternal medications are safe for nursing infants.", "PMID": 113162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10561", "title": "Distribution of endogenous cobalamin between the transcobalamins in various mammals.", "content": "1. Plasma samples from ten mammals were chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 columns and the total cobalamin content of each fraction was determined. 2. Unlike the situation in man, the bulk of the endogenous plasma cobalamin was found attached to a transcobalamin II-like protein in all ten animals. Transcobalamin 0 carried between 3 and 20% and this proportion appeared to be inversely related to the plasma total cobalamin. No endogenous cobalamin peak corresponding to transcobalamin I was detected in any species, though in the rabbit 5.3% of the plasma total cobalamin was attached to a protein of apparent molecular weight 176 000.", "contents": "Distribution of endogenous cobalamin between the transcobalamins in various mammals. 1. Plasma samples from ten mammals were chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 columns and the total cobalamin content of each fraction was determined. 2. Unlike the situation in man, the bulk of the endogenous plasma cobalamin was found attached to a transcobalamin II-like protein in all ten animals. Transcobalamin 0 carried between 3 and 20% and this proportion appeared to be inversely related to the plasma total cobalamin. No endogenous cobalamin peak corresponding to transcobalamin I was detected in any species, though in the rabbit 5.3% of the plasma total cobalamin was attached to a protein of apparent molecular weight 176 000.", "PMID": 113164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10562", "title": "Effect of vitamin D deficiency on sarcoplasmic reticulum function and troponin C concentration of rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. Weanling rabbits were made rachitic either by a vitamin D-deficient diet or by parenteral administration of ethane 1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) in amounts sufficient in other species to block the formation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3]. 2. The uptake of calcium into the isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum from mixed striated quadriceps muscle, and the amount of troponin C (the calcium-binding component of the troponin complex) in relation to other proteins from the same muscle, were measured. 3. In muscle from animals made rachitic by a dietary deficiency of vitamin D, the rate of uptake of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the troponin C concentration were both significantly less (P less than 0.02) than in control littermates. In EHDP-treated animals no significant differences from controls were found. 4. These results show that dietary deficiency of vitamin D in such animals can affect muscle physiology. Since no changes are found in animals made rachitic with EHDP, who presumably have a selective deficiency of 1,25-(OH)2D3, it is possible that the effect of vitamin D on muscle is mediated through metabolites other than 1,25-(OH)2D3 such as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin D deficiency on sarcoplasmic reticulum function and troponin C concentration of rabbit skeletal muscle. 1. Weanling rabbits were made rachitic either by a vitamin D-deficient diet or by parenteral administration of ethane 1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) in amounts sufficient in other species to block the formation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3]. 2. The uptake of calcium into the isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum from mixed striated quadriceps muscle, and the amount of troponin C (the calcium-binding component of the troponin complex) in relation to other proteins from the same muscle, were measured. 3. In muscle from animals made rachitic by a dietary deficiency of vitamin D, the rate of uptake of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the troponin C concentration were both significantly less (P less than 0.02) than in control littermates. In EHDP-treated animals no significant differences from controls were found. 4. These results show that dietary deficiency of vitamin D in such animals can affect muscle physiology. Since no changes are found in animals made rachitic with EHDP, who presumably have a selective deficiency of 1,25-(OH)2D3, it is possible that the effect of vitamin D on muscle is mediated through metabolites other than 1,25-(OH)2D3 such as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "PMID": 113165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10563", "title": "Comparison of 15N-labelled glycine, aspartate, valine and leucine for measurement of whole-body protein turnover.", "content": "1. Whole-body protein turnover was measured in rats by constant infusion of 15N-labelled glycine, aspartate, valine and leucine and measuring the enrichment of hepatic and renal urea and ammonia nitrogen. 2. The values obtained with [15N]glycine were comparable with values reported with methods based on different assumptions. 3. [15N]Aspartate gave rise to an increased enrichment of urea and ammonia and hence to lower protein-turnover rates. 4. [15N]Valine and [15N]leucine gave low enrichments of nitrogenous end products and hence to high protein-turnover rates. 5. All 15N-labelled amino acids are not equally suitable for measuring whole-body protein turnover by the end-product method. The relative amounts of 15N going to the end products can be predicted from the known individual metabolism of aspartate and the branched-chain amino acids.", "contents": "Comparison of 15N-labelled glycine, aspartate, valine and leucine for measurement of whole-body protein turnover. 1. Whole-body protein turnover was measured in rats by constant infusion of 15N-labelled glycine, aspartate, valine and leucine and measuring the enrichment of hepatic and renal urea and ammonia nitrogen. 2. The values obtained with [15N]glycine were comparable with values reported with methods based on different assumptions. 3. [15N]Aspartate gave rise to an increased enrichment of urea and ammonia and hence to lower protein-turnover rates. 4. [15N]Valine and [15N]leucine gave low enrichments of nitrogenous end products and hence to high protein-turnover rates. 5. All 15N-labelled amino acids are not equally suitable for measuring whole-body protein turnover by the end-product method. The relative amounts of 15N going to the end products can be predicted from the known individual metabolism of aspartate and the branched-chain amino acids.", "PMID": 113166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10564", "title": "Element and polychlorinated biphenyl deposition and effects in sheep fed cabbage grown on municipal sewage sludge.", "content": "Sheep were fed a diet containing 30 per cent (dry weight) cabbage which had been grown on municipal sewage sludge from Syracuse, NY for 77 days. Slight increases were found in the concnetration of nickel in kidney, copper in liver and cadmium in certain animal organs as compared to those in sheep fed a control ration containing cabbage grown on soil. Polychlorinated biphenyls were also found at higher levels in the sludge-grown cabbage and in the livers of the respectively fed sheep as compared to controls. An increase in liver weight, proliferation of hepatic smooth endoplasmic reticulum and various degenerative changes were noted in the livers of the sheep fed the sludge-grown cabbage ration as compared to the controls.", "contents": "Element and polychlorinated biphenyl deposition and effects in sheep fed cabbage grown on municipal sewage sludge. Sheep were fed a diet containing 30 per cent (dry weight) cabbage which had been grown on municipal sewage sludge from Syracuse, NY for 77 days. Slight increases were found in the concnetration of nickel in kidney, copper in liver and cadmium in certain animal organs as compared to those in sheep fed a control ration containing cabbage grown on soil. Polychlorinated biphenyls were also found at higher levels in the sludge-grown cabbage and in the livers of the respectively fed sheep as compared to controls. An increase in liver weight, proliferation of hepatic smooth endoplasmic reticulum and various degenerative changes were noted in the livers of the sheep fed the sludge-grown cabbage ration as compared to the controls.", "PMID": 113171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10565", "title": "Object sorting by chimpanzees and monkeys.", "content": "Chimpanzees and two species of monkey were compared on sorting tasks. When the sets of objects differed in multiple ways, most chimpanzees learnt to sort whereas only a few monkeys performed better than chance (and then inconsistently). When the objects within a set differed in one or two respects, so that sorting by one principle entailed \"unsorting\" by one or more alternative principles, chimpanzees had greater difficulty. Two young animals did rapidly learn to sort by color and size (\"unsorting\" by size and shape or by color and shape). They did not sort pictorial material and had difficulty in sorting by shape if \"unsorting\" by both color and size. The sorting task differentiated between the cognitive capacities of chimpanzees and monkeys whereas other tasks did not.", "contents": "Object sorting by chimpanzees and monkeys. Chimpanzees and two species of monkey were compared on sorting tasks. When the sets of objects differed in multiple ways, most chimpanzees learnt to sort whereas only a few monkeys performed better than chance (and then inconsistently). When the objects within a set differed in one or two respects, so that sorting by one principle entailed \"unsorting\" by one or more alternative principles, chimpanzees had greater difficulty. Two young animals did rapidly learn to sort by color and size (\"unsorting\" by size and shape or by color and shape). They did not sort pictorial material and had difficulty in sorting by shape if \"unsorting\" by both color and size. The sorting task differentiated between the cognitive capacities of chimpanzees and monkeys whereas other tasks did not.", "PMID": 113172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10566", "title": "The biology of the gonococcus.", "content": "Gonorrhea has been known since antiquity. Today, this disease is the most commonly reported infectious disease in the U.S. The natural environment of the etiological agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is man. In this host, the organism usually parasitizes mucosal surfaces populated by columnar epithelial cells. Under certain conditions, the gonococcus may disseminate or spread to adjacent organs. The gonococcus is well adapted to its environment and is a successful parasite. Until recently, gonococci were uniformly sensitive to penicilin. However, a plasmid encoding beta-lactamase has been identified in some isolates. Most strains exhibit specific requirements for various amino acids, vitamins, purines, and pyrimidines. Only glucose, pyruvate, and lactate are utilized as sources of energy. Glucose is dissimilated by a combination of the Entner-Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways. A tricarboxylic acid cycle is also present and active under certain conditions. Structurally, the cell envelope of the gonococcus resembles that of a typical Gram-negative bacterium. Gonococci are highly autolytic, especially in older cultures or after depletion of the energy source. Autolysis is not due solely to peptidoglycan hydrolysis, but appears to involve a destabilization of the outer membrane as well. Cell surface components such as pili, lipopolysaccharide, outer membrane proteins, and a capsule are associated with the virulence and pathogenicity of this organism.", "contents": "The biology of the gonococcus. Gonorrhea has been known since antiquity. Today, this disease is the most commonly reported infectious disease in the U.S. The natural environment of the etiological agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is man. In this host, the organism usually parasitizes mucosal surfaces populated by columnar epithelial cells. Under certain conditions, the gonococcus may disseminate or spread to adjacent organs. The gonococcus is well adapted to its environment and is a successful parasite. Until recently, gonococci were uniformly sensitive to penicilin. However, a plasmid encoding beta-lactamase has been identified in some isolates. Most strains exhibit specific requirements for various amino acids, vitamins, purines, and pyrimidines. Only glucose, pyruvate, and lactate are utilized as sources of energy. Glucose is dissimilated by a combination of the Entner-Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways. A tricarboxylic acid cycle is also present and active under certain conditions. Structurally, the cell envelope of the gonococcus resembles that of a typical Gram-negative bacterium. Gonococci are highly autolytic, especially in older cultures or after depletion of the energy source. Autolysis is not due solely to peptidoglycan hydrolysis, but appears to involve a destabilization of the outer membrane as well. Cell surface components such as pili, lipopolysaccharide, outer membrane proteins, and a capsule are associated with the virulence and pathogenicity of this organism.", "PMID": 113174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10567", "title": "Very large analogy of chromosome banding between Cebus capucinus (Platyrrhini) and man.", "content": "The karyotype of a platyrrhine, Cebus capucinus, is compared with that of man and other catarrhines. It was found that a large degree of analogy of chromosome banding exists among the different species. A common origin for the platyrrhines and the catarrhines can thus be deduced. Furthermore, it becomes possible to reconstruct, to a great extent, the karyotype of the last common ancestor of all of the simians.", "contents": "Very large analogy of chromosome banding between Cebus capucinus (Platyrrhini) and man. The karyotype of a platyrrhine, Cebus capucinus, is compared with that of man and other catarrhines. It was found that a large degree of analogy of chromosome banding exists among the different species. A common origin for the platyrrhines and the catarrhines can thus be deduced. Furthermore, it becomes possible to reconstruct, to a great extent, the karyotype of the last common ancestor of all of the simians.", "PMID": 113176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10568", "title": "Chromosomes of Lemuriformes. V. A comparison of the karyotypes of Cheirogaleus medius and Lemur fulvus fulvus.", "content": "In this report we compare the karyotype of Lemus fulvus fulvus (2n=60) with that of Cheirogaleus medius (2n=66), a species thought to retain the ancestral lemur karyotype. A culture technique was designed specifically for lemur lymphocytes to facilitate description of the complete karyotypes using G--banding, C-banding, and Ag-AS staining for nucleolus organizer regions (NOR's). Different G-banding patterns in three chromosome pairs and different NOR-bearing chromosomes between the two species, as well as additional chromosomes and interstitial C-bands in C. medius, suggest that the chromosome complement of C. medius may not perfectly reflect the ancestral morphology. However, allowing for a Robertsonian centric fusion and a pericentric inversion, the G-banding patterns of 27 of the 32 autosomal pairs of C. medius are indistinguishable from those of L. fulvus fulvus. This constitutes strong justification for assigning these chromosomes to the ancestral lemur karyotype.", "contents": "Chromosomes of Lemuriformes. V. A comparison of the karyotypes of Cheirogaleus medius and Lemur fulvus fulvus. In this report we compare the karyotype of Lemus fulvus fulvus (2n=60) with that of Cheirogaleus medius (2n=66), a species thought to retain the ancestral lemur karyotype. A culture technique was designed specifically for lemur lymphocytes to facilitate description of the complete karyotypes using G--banding, C-banding, and Ag-AS staining for nucleolus organizer regions (NOR's). Different G-banding patterns in three chromosome pairs and different NOR-bearing chromosomes between the two species, as well as additional chromosomes and interstitial C-bands in C. medius, suggest that the chromosome complement of C. medius may not perfectly reflect the ancestral morphology. However, allowing for a Robertsonian centric fusion and a pericentric inversion, the G-banding patterns of 27 of the 32 autosomal pairs of C. medius are indistinguishable from those of L. fulvus fulvus. This constitutes strong justification for assigning these chromosomes to the ancestral lemur karyotype.", "PMID": 113177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10569", "title": "In vitro efficacy of Bay k 4999, a new ureido-penicillin, in combination with aminoglycosides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus strains.", "content": "The in vitro effects of Bay k 4999 in combination with gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin sisomicin and netilmicin in bacteriostatic (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations were compared using the checkerboard dilution technique against 20 different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and indole-positive-negative Proteus species. On average 63% of Bay k 4999-aminoglycoside (AG) combinations inhibited Pseudomonas, Proteus and Klebsiella strains additively and/or synergistically in bacteriostatic as well as in bactericidal concentrations as compared to only 14% additive or synergistic activity on E. coli. 35% of the combinations tested proved to be synergistic in K. pneumoniae, 20% in Proteus, 13% in Pseudomonas, but only 5% in E. coli. No significant differences between various Bay k 4999-AG combination effects could be demonstrated.", "contents": "In vitro efficacy of Bay k 4999, a new ureido-penicillin, in combination with aminoglycosides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus strains. The in vitro effects of Bay k 4999 in combination with gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin sisomicin and netilmicin in bacteriostatic (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations were compared using the checkerboard dilution technique against 20 different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and indole-positive-negative Proteus species. On average 63% of Bay k 4999-aminoglycoside (AG) combinations inhibited Pseudomonas, Proteus and Klebsiella strains additively and/or synergistically in bacteriostatic as well as in bactericidal concentrations as compared to only 14% additive or synergistic activity on E. coli. 35% of the combinations tested proved to be synergistic in K. pneumoniae, 20% in Proteus, 13% in Pseudomonas, but only 5% in E. coli. No significant differences between various Bay k 4999-AG combination effects could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 113178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10570", "title": "A comparison of the in vitro activity of tobramycin and gentamicin against 6,042 clinical isolates.", "content": "6,042 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were tested against tobramycin and gentamicin. Among all species studies, except Pseudomonas sp, gentamicin turned out to be slightly superior to tobramycin.", "contents": "A comparison of the in vitro activity of tobramycin and gentamicin against 6,042 clinical isolates. 6,042 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were tested against tobramycin and gentamicin. Among all species studies, except Pseudomonas sp, gentamicin turned out to be slightly superior to tobramycin.", "PMID": 113179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10571", "title": "[Bacteriological findings in patients with cholelithiasis and duodenal diverticuli].", "content": "In a prospective study of 70 patients with duodenal diverticula and calculous biliary tract disease, bacteriocholia with typical intestinal bacteria was found in 69%, whereas in cholelithiasis without duodenal diverticula this complication was present in 30% of the cases. With growing distance between duodenal diverticula and the papilla of Vater the rate of bacteriocholia decreases. Rising age of patients results in augmentation of bacteriocholia. Bacteriocholia on the basis of duodenal diverticula seems to present an additional pathogenetic factor for inflammatory biliary tract disease in 69% and for pancreatitis in 20% of the cases. Consequently the pathologic value of diverticulas close to the papilla of Vater is more prominent than reported so far.", "contents": "[Bacteriological findings in patients with cholelithiasis and duodenal diverticuli]. In a prospective study of 70 patients with duodenal diverticula and calculous biliary tract disease, bacteriocholia with typical intestinal bacteria was found in 69%, whereas in cholelithiasis without duodenal diverticula this complication was present in 30% of the cases. With growing distance between duodenal diverticula and the papilla of Vater the rate of bacteriocholia decreases. Rising age of patients results in augmentation of bacteriocholia. Bacteriocholia on the basis of duodenal diverticula seems to present an additional pathogenetic factor for inflammatory biliary tract disease in 69% and for pancreatitis in 20% of the cases. Consequently the pathologic value of diverticulas close to the papilla of Vater is more prominent than reported so far.", "PMID": 113189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10572", "title": "Biosynthesis of prostaglandins.", "content": "The generation of prostaglandins is catalyzed by a membrane-bound multienzyme complex. The first reaction of the biosynthetic sequence is the generation (by the enzyme 'fatty acid cyclooxygenase') of prostaglandin endoperoxides, a reaction which involves the incorporation of two moles of oxygen: this reaction probably proceeds by an ene reaction rather than a free-radical mechanism. After biosynthesis the endoperoxides can be metabolized in various ways depending on the cell-type. For example, in platelets they may be transformed into non-prostanoid compounds called thromboxanes, whereas vascular endothelium and many other tissues generate another derivative, prostacyclin. In other tissues, the 'classical' prostaglandins E, F or D may be generated. Some products of the cyclooxygenase (e.g. hydroperoxides, malonaldehyde) may have a direct toxic action on cells: prostaglandins themselves do not, but some types (especially those of the E series) are probably responsible for many of the clinical signs and symptoms of inflammation.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of prostaglandins. The generation of prostaglandins is catalyzed by a membrane-bound multienzyme complex. The first reaction of the biosynthetic sequence is the generation (by the enzyme 'fatty acid cyclooxygenase') of prostaglandin endoperoxides, a reaction which involves the incorporation of two moles of oxygen: this reaction probably proceeds by an ene reaction rather than a free-radical mechanism. After biosynthesis the endoperoxides can be metabolized in various ways depending on the cell-type. For example, in platelets they may be transformed into non-prostanoid compounds called thromboxanes, whereas vascular endothelium and many other tissues generate another derivative, prostacyclin. In other tissues, the 'classical' prostaglandins E, F or D may be generated. Some products of the cyclooxygenase (e.g. hydroperoxides, malonaldehyde) may have a direct toxic action on cells: prostaglandins themselves do not, but some types (especially those of the E series) are probably responsible for many of the clinical signs and symptoms of inflammation.", "PMID": 113190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10573", "title": "[Basic conditions for electromyographic examination. Part I: EMG, nerve conduction velocity and test of motor end-plate function (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of the following contribution is to give a survey about the basic conditions of electromyographic examination. The necessary apparatus will be described as well as the course of examination. Moreover the parameter for the evaluation will be explained together with exogenous falsifying influences. This contribution is thought to be a guide for orientation to improve electromyographic recording and evaluation.", "contents": "[Basic conditions for electromyographic examination. Part I: EMG, nerve conduction velocity and test of motor end-plate function (author's transl)]. The purpose of the following contribution is to give a survey about the basic conditions of electromyographic examination. The necessary apparatus will be described as well as the course of examination. Moreover the parameter for the evaluation will be explained together with exogenous falsifying influences. This contribution is thought to be a guide for orientation to improve electromyographic recording and evaluation.", "PMID": 113197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10574", "title": "[The sex differences in the normal resting EEG of young adults (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to investigate the sex differences in the normal resting EEG, 488 healthy students (290 males and 198 females) were examined using a computer program for time domain analysis. Women show on the average more beta-waves, less alpha-waves, higher beta-amplitudes, higher average frequencies, and other signs of a higher average level of arousal. However, the total variability of all examined EEG parameters is present in both sexes. There are some hints that laterality of EEG in precentral leads could be more pronounced in males than in females.", "contents": "[The sex differences in the normal resting EEG of young adults (author's transl)]. In order to investigate the sex differences in the normal resting EEG, 488 healthy students (290 males and 198 females) were examined using a computer program for time domain analysis. Women show on the average more beta-waves, less alpha-waves, higher beta-amplitudes, higher average frequencies, and other signs of a higher average level of arousal. However, the total variability of all examined EEG parameters is present in both sexes. There are some hints that laterality of EEG in precentral leads could be more pronounced in males than in females.", "PMID": 113198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10575", "title": "[The short periodicity of paroxysmal complex waves in electroencephalographic and clinical course of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease reveals striking bioelectrical and clinical features which provide indirect confirmation of actions in cortical, subcortical and brainstem neuronal systems determining the type, the stage and the fatal limits of the course. The periodic paroxysmal complex waves in EEG, the signs of motor, vigilance and respiratory impairment and the site of lesions are delineated in a case of cortico-striato-cerebellar type and compared with other cases in literature. Other forms of electroencephalographic periodicity in different clinical and experimental conditions are discussed. The period dynamics are referred to the course of disease and investigated under the influence of anticonvulsive drugs.", "contents": "[The short periodicity of paroxysmal complex waves in electroencephalographic and clinical course of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (author's transl)]. The Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease reveals striking bioelectrical and clinical features which provide indirect confirmation of actions in cortical, subcortical and brainstem neuronal systems determining the type, the stage and the fatal limits of the course. The periodic paroxysmal complex waves in EEG, the signs of motor, vigilance and respiratory impairment and the site of lesions are delineated in a case of cortico-striato-cerebellar type and compared with other cases in literature. Other forms of electroencephalographic periodicity in different clinical and experimental conditions are discussed. The period dynamics are referred to the course of disease and investigated under the influence of anticonvulsive drugs.", "PMID": 113199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10576", "title": "[Electroencephalographic changes in coma due to hepatic insufficiency with porto-caval shunt (author's transl)].", "content": "EEG studies were done in 19 patients comatose due to severe hepatic insufficiency associated with porto-caval shunting. The neurological deficits were graded in 5 stages and related to the abnormal EEG-pattern observed in 38 records. With deepening of coma, alpha-frequencies were gradually replaced by theta- and delta-activities. The frequency of theta- and delta-runs decreased with neurological deterioration. Triphasic waves (typical and/or atypical) were seen in 26% of the records. Typical triphasic waves were found to be limited to stage 3 of coma, whereas atypical forms appeared in earlier and later stages. After infusions of L-Valin, a transient improvement and disappearance of triphasic waves was observed, but no significant effect could be established on the final course of the disease. Sleep-like potentials and the reactivity to external stimuli decreased in deep stages of coma. Severe EEG abnormalities were correlated to low cholinesterase and high lactid acid blood level, but no correlation was found to the level of ammonia.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic changes in coma due to hepatic insufficiency with porto-caval shunt (author's transl)]. EEG studies were done in 19 patients comatose due to severe hepatic insufficiency associated with porto-caval shunting. The neurological deficits were graded in 5 stages and related to the abnormal EEG-pattern observed in 38 records. With deepening of coma, alpha-frequencies were gradually replaced by theta- and delta-activities. The frequency of theta- and delta-runs decreased with neurological deterioration. Triphasic waves (typical and/or atypical) were seen in 26% of the records. Typical triphasic waves were found to be limited to stage 3 of coma, whereas atypical forms appeared in earlier and later stages. After infusions of L-Valin, a transient improvement and disappearance of triphasic waves was observed, but no significant effect could be established on the final course of the disease. Sleep-like potentials and the reactivity to external stimuli decreased in deep stages of coma. Severe EEG abnormalities were correlated to low cholinesterase and high lactid acid blood level, but no correlation was found to the level of ammonia.", "PMID": 113200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10577", "title": "[Epilepsy and psychoses (from the viewpoint of a neurosurgical service)].", "content": "The experience of a neurosurgical unit devoted to the surgical therapy of the epilepsies is only based on very peculiar patients. However, relationship between a given epilepsy and associated psychiatric disorders are more easily understood because of more extensive explorations. Bilateral temporal epilepsies involving the limbic system on the one hand, bilateral frontal epilepsies on the other one, and P.M. status which may be paralleled, make these patients more susceptible to acute mental confusions, to acute thymic disorders, to delirious attacks. Direct relations between chronic psychosis and severe epilepsies are much more uncertain.", "contents": "[Epilepsy and psychoses (from the viewpoint of a neurosurgical service)]. The experience of a neurosurgical unit devoted to the surgical therapy of the epilepsies is only based on very peculiar patients. However, relationship between a given epilepsy and associated psychiatric disorders are more easily understood because of more extensive explorations. Bilateral temporal epilepsies involving the limbic system on the one hand, bilateral frontal epilepsies on the other one, and P.M. status which may be paralleled, make these patients more susceptible to acute mental confusions, to acute thymic disorders, to delirious attacks. Direct relations between chronic psychosis and severe epilepsies are much more uncertain.", "PMID": 113201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10578", "title": "[Lithium and thyroid function. Significance of the TRH test in the diagnosis of lithium-induced thyroid dysfunction].", "content": "The treatment by lithium is known to involve certain endocrine complications. Those concerning the thyroid function, with risk of a frank hypothyroidy, are the most important. Aiming to appreciate the frequence and the intensivity of the endocrine effects of lithium, the thyroid parameters and the steady state of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis were tested using the TRH test in 52 patients with maniaco-depressive psychosis with special attention to TSH, prolactin and growth hormone: 24 out of them were treated for 1 month to 6 years by lithium; the 28 others were considered as controls. The lithium treatment involves a decrease in the free thyroxine index (1.78 +/- 0.09 vs 2.16 +/- 0.09; p less than 0.01), an increase in the mean baseline TSH level (5.80 +/- 1.49 vs 2.70 +/- 0.24 microU/ml; p less than 0.05) and a noteworthy increase in the TSH responsiveness to TRH (22.7 +/- 2.14 vs 9.75 +/- 1.63 microU/ml; p less than 0.005). The TSH supranormal responses were neither correlated with the length of the treatment nor with the age of the patients. They appear as the consequence of a decrease in the thyroidal hormone secretion. The basal and stimulated prolactinemias remain comparable in the two groups of patients and no response of growth hormone occured after TRH. The TRH test must be considered as a useful complement for the surveillance of the patients treated with lithium because it permits to diagnose early the lithio-induced thyroid dysfunction.", "contents": "[Lithium and thyroid function. Significance of the TRH test in the diagnosis of lithium-induced thyroid dysfunction]. The treatment by lithium is known to involve certain endocrine complications. Those concerning the thyroid function, with risk of a frank hypothyroidy, are the most important. Aiming to appreciate the frequence and the intensivity of the endocrine effects of lithium, the thyroid parameters and the steady state of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis were tested using the TRH test in 52 patients with maniaco-depressive psychosis with special attention to TSH, prolactin and growth hormone: 24 out of them were treated for 1 month to 6 years by lithium; the 28 others were considered as controls. The lithium treatment involves a decrease in the free thyroxine index (1.78 +/- 0.09 vs 2.16 +/- 0.09; p less than 0.01), an increase in the mean baseline TSH level (5.80 +/- 1.49 vs 2.70 +/- 0.24 microU/ml; p less than 0.05) and a noteworthy increase in the TSH responsiveness to TRH (22.7 +/- 2.14 vs 9.75 +/- 1.63 microU/ml; p less than 0.005). The TSH supranormal responses were neither correlated with the length of the treatment nor with the age of the patients. They appear as the consequence of a decrease in the thyroidal hormone secretion. The basal and stimulated prolactinemias remain comparable in the two groups of patients and no response of growth hormone occured after TRH. The TRH test must be considered as a useful complement for the surveillance of the patients treated with lithium because it permits to diagnose early the lithio-induced thyroid dysfunction.", "PMID": 113202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10579", "title": "Androgen and estrogen metabolism in male rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Using constant infusions of 3H-labeled androgens and 14C-labeled estrogens, the dynamics of androgen and estrogen metabolism have been studied in male rhesus monkeys. The mean (+/-) MCR, as measured in whole blood, for testosterone (T; 140 +/- 10 liters/day) was significantly smaller than the MCRs for androstenedione (A), estrone (E1), and estradiol (E2; 650 +/- 8, 1010 +/- 160, and 500 +/- 20 liters/day, respectively). These findings are compatible with the specific globulin binding of T in this species. The mean blood productions were 0.42 +/- 0.11 and 0.55 +/- 0.04 mg/day for A and T and 40 +/- 16 and 13 +/- micrograms/day for E1 and E2, respectively. The interconversions of the androgens [fractional conversion rates of A to T ([rho]A,TBB) and T to A ([rho]T,ABB)] were not different but were lower than the interconversions of the estrogens ([rho]E1,E2BB and [rho]E2,E1BB). The mean [rho]T,E2BB values were 0.015 +/- 0.001 and 0.0024 +/- 0.0003, which are remarkably similiar to those values in men. Administrations of PMS gonadotropin did not alter any measured values of androgen or estrogen metabolism, hCG resulted in a decrease in the conversion ratio of A to T, T administration increased the MCR of T, and estrogen administration resulted in no changes. The aromatization rate remained unaffected by all treatments.", "contents": "Androgen and estrogen metabolism in male rhesus monkeys. Using constant infusions of 3H-labeled androgens and 14C-labeled estrogens, the dynamics of androgen and estrogen metabolism have been studied in male rhesus monkeys. The mean (+/-) MCR, as measured in whole blood, for testosterone (T; 140 +/- 10 liters/day) was significantly smaller than the MCRs for androstenedione (A), estrone (E1), and estradiol (E2; 650 +/- 8, 1010 +/- 160, and 500 +/- 20 liters/day, respectively). These findings are compatible with the specific globulin binding of T in this species. The mean blood productions were 0.42 +/- 0.11 and 0.55 +/- 0.04 mg/day for A and T and 40 +/- 16 and 13 +/- micrograms/day for E1 and E2, respectively. The interconversions of the androgens [fractional conversion rates of A to T ([rho]A,TBB) and T to A ([rho]T,ABB)] were not different but were lower than the interconversions of the estrogens ([rho]E1,E2BB and [rho]E2,E1BB). The mean [rho]T,E2BB values were 0.015 +/- 0.001 and 0.0024 +/- 0.0003, which are remarkably similiar to those values in men. Administrations of PMS gonadotropin did not alter any measured values of androgen or estrogen metabolism, hCG resulted in a decrease in the conversion ratio of A to T, T administration increased the MCR of T, and estrogen administration resulted in no changes. The aromatization rate remained unaffected by all treatments.", "PMID": 113203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10580", "title": "Human chorionic gonadotropin in BeWo trophoblastic cells after 12 years in continuous culture: retention of intact human chorionic gonadotropin secretion in mechanically versus enzyme-dispersed cells.", "content": "Gel filtration and radioimmunological studies were used to demonstrate that BeWo malignant trophoblastic cells, subcultured for more than 12 yr as roller tube colonies using dissection by scalpel, retained the ability to secrete large quantities of intact hCG. By contrast, BeWo cells that had been subcultured weekly for 12 hr using proteolytic enzyme dispersion lost their ability to secrete intact hCG. Rather, a large form of hCG-alpha was the major secretory product, along with lesser amounts of heterogeneous low molecular weight forms of hCG-beta. The gradual loss of hormone secretory ability and fidelity of hormone product by cells in continuous culture is a well known phenomenon. Our results suggest that the habitual use of trypsin-EDTA to subculture cells may accelerate this process.", "contents": "Human chorionic gonadotropin in BeWo trophoblastic cells after 12 years in continuous culture: retention of intact human chorionic gonadotropin secretion in mechanically versus enzyme-dispersed cells. Gel filtration and radioimmunological studies were used to demonstrate that BeWo malignant trophoblastic cells, subcultured for more than 12 yr as roller tube colonies using dissection by scalpel, retained the ability to secrete large quantities of intact hCG. By contrast, BeWo cells that had been subcultured weekly for 12 hr using proteolytic enzyme dispersion lost their ability to secrete intact hCG. Rather, a large form of hCG-alpha was the major secretory product, along with lesser amounts of heterogeneous low molecular weight forms of hCG-beta. The gradual loss of hormone secretory ability and fidelity of hormone product by cells in continuous culture is a well known phenomenon. Our results suggest that the habitual use of trypsin-EDTA to subculture cells may accelerate this process.", "PMID": 113204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10581", "title": "Experimental anticonvulsant cinromide in monkey model: preliminary efficacy.", "content": "Cinromide (3 brono-N-ethylcinnamide), an experimental anticonvulsant (Burroughs-Wellcome Pharmaceutical Co.), was given a preliminary evaluation in our alumina-gel monkey model. The parent drug has a biological half-life in monkey of 1-2 hr and its active metabolite, 3-bromocinnamide, a half-life of 4-6 hr. In phase 1, 6 chronically epileptic monkeys, with focal motor and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, received the drug in a vehicle of 65% polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) by constant-rate intravenous infusion followed by baseline days of saline only and PEG only. Three different concentrations of Cinromide (12, 24, and 36 mg/ml/hr) were administered, respectively, to achieve mean steady state plasma levels of approximately 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/ml of the metabolite (0.5 to 5.0 micrograms/ml of the parent drug). In phase 2, Cinromide was administered for 7 days at the middle concentration to all monkeys. Baseline periods similar to those of phase 1 were used as controls. The data tentatively suggest that Cinromide is efficacious in the monkey model at a plasma concentration range of 7-14 micrograms/ml of the metabolite. With the exception of one animal, no secondarily generalized seizures were exhibited during drug administration (but were evident in the baseline periods), and EEG bursting decreased significantly in several monkeys. Minimal side effects were manifested at these plasma levels but withdrawal seizures were evinced with cessation of the drug. Further evaluation of Cinromide by gastric administration in our animal model is planned.", "contents": "Experimental anticonvulsant cinromide in monkey model: preliminary efficacy. Cinromide (3 brono-N-ethylcinnamide), an experimental anticonvulsant (Burroughs-Wellcome Pharmaceutical Co.), was given a preliminary evaluation in our alumina-gel monkey model. The parent drug has a biological half-life in monkey of 1-2 hr and its active metabolite, 3-bromocinnamide, a half-life of 4-6 hr. In phase 1, 6 chronically epileptic monkeys, with focal motor and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, received the drug in a vehicle of 65% polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) by constant-rate intravenous infusion followed by baseline days of saline only and PEG only. Three different concentrations of Cinromide (12, 24, and 36 mg/ml/hr) were administered, respectively, to achieve mean steady state plasma levels of approximately 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/ml of the metabolite (0.5 to 5.0 micrograms/ml of the parent drug). In phase 2, Cinromide was administered for 7 days at the middle concentration to all monkeys. Baseline periods similar to those of phase 1 were used as controls. The data tentatively suggest that Cinromide is efficacious in the monkey model at a plasma concentration range of 7-14 micrograms/ml of the metabolite. With the exception of one animal, no secondarily generalized seizures were exhibited during drug administration (but were evident in the baseline periods), and EEG bursting decreased significantly in several monkeys. Minimal side effects were manifested at these plasma levels but withdrawal seizures were evinced with cessation of the drug. Further evaluation of Cinromide by gastric administration in our animal model is planned.", "PMID": 113205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10582", "title": "The influence of cannabidiol and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on cobalt epilepsy in rats.", "content": "The mechanisms of the anticonvulsant activity of cannabidiol (CBD) and the central excitation of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) were investigated electrophysiologically with conscious, unrestrained cobalt epileptic rats. The well-known antiepileptics, trimethadione (TMO), ethosuximide (ESM), and phenytoin (PHT), were included as reference drugs. Direct measurements were made of spontaneously firing, epileptic potentials from a primary focus on the parietal cortex and convulsions were monitored visually. ESM and TMO decreased the frequency of focal potentials, but PHT and CBD exerted no such effect. Although CBD did not suppress the focal abnormality, it did abolish jaw and limb clonus; in contrast, delta 9-THC markedly increased the frequency of focal potentials, evoked generalized bursts of polyspikes, and produced frank convlusions. 11-OH-delta 9-THC, the major metabolite of delta 9-THC, displayed only one of the excitatory properties of the parent compound: production of bursts of polyspikes. In contrast to delta 9-THC and its 11-OH metabolite, CBD, even in very high doses, did not induce any excitatory effects or convulsions. The present study provides the first evidence that CBD exerts anticonvulsant activity against the motor manifestations of a focal epilepsy, and that the mechanism of the effect may involve a depression of seizure generation or spread in the CNS.", "contents": "The influence of cannabidiol and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on cobalt epilepsy in rats. The mechanisms of the anticonvulsant activity of cannabidiol (CBD) and the central excitation of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) were investigated electrophysiologically with conscious, unrestrained cobalt epileptic rats. The well-known antiepileptics, trimethadione (TMO), ethosuximide (ESM), and phenytoin (PHT), were included as reference drugs. Direct measurements were made of spontaneously firing, epileptic potentials from a primary focus on the parietal cortex and convulsions were monitored visually. ESM and TMO decreased the frequency of focal potentials, but PHT and CBD exerted no such effect. Although CBD did not suppress the focal abnormality, it did abolish jaw and limb clonus; in contrast, delta 9-THC markedly increased the frequency of focal potentials, evoked generalized bursts of polyspikes, and produced frank convlusions. 11-OH-delta 9-THC, the major metabolite of delta 9-THC, displayed only one of the excitatory properties of the parent compound: production of bursts of polyspikes. In contrast to delta 9-THC and its 11-OH metabolite, CBD, even in very high doses, did not induce any excitatory effects or convulsions. The present study provides the first evidence that CBD exerts anticonvulsant activity against the motor manifestations of a focal epilepsy, and that the mechanism of the effect may involve a depression of seizure generation or spread in the CNS.", "PMID": 113206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10583", "title": "Relative significance of isolated infantile convulsions as a primary cause of focal epilepsy.", "content": "Isolated infantile convulsions were noted in 206 patients (13%) of 1,572 patients who underwent cortical resection for medically refractory focal epilepsy at the Montreal Neurological Institute over the period 1928 through 1977. In 59 patients (29% of the 206), the isolated infantile convulsion was associated with an identifiable febrile systemic or neural illness. In 54 patients (26%), there was a definite history of cerebral birth injury in addition to the isolated infantile convulsions. Twenty patients (10%) had some other potential etiological factor for the later development of seizures, such as postnatal head injury, Sturge-Weber syndrome, etc., in addition to the isolated infantile convulsions. In 95 patients, 6% of the total 1,572 patient series and 41% of those with isolated infantile convulsions, the latter was the sole apparent cause for the later development of recurring seizures. Although this was the case in a small but significant percentage in this series of patients, more frequently, the isolated infantile convulsion represents a manifestation of invasion of the brain by an infectious agent of a systemic or brain disease, or is a harbinger of the later development of a seizure tendency due to some other preexisting etiological factor.", "contents": "Relative significance of isolated infantile convulsions as a primary cause of focal epilepsy. Isolated infantile convulsions were noted in 206 patients (13%) of 1,572 patients who underwent cortical resection for medically refractory focal epilepsy at the Montreal Neurological Institute over the period 1928 through 1977. In 59 patients (29% of the 206), the isolated infantile convulsion was associated with an identifiable febrile systemic or neural illness. In 54 patients (26%), there was a definite history of cerebral birth injury in addition to the isolated infantile convulsions. Twenty patients (10%) had some other potential etiological factor for the later development of seizures, such as postnatal head injury, Sturge-Weber syndrome, etc., in addition to the isolated infantile convulsions. In 95 patients, 6% of the total 1,572 patient series and 41% of those with isolated infantile convulsions, the latter was the sole apparent cause for the later development of recurring seizures. Although this was the case in a small but significant percentage in this series of patients, more frequently, the isolated infantile convulsion represents a manifestation of invasion of the brain by an infectious agent of a systemic or brain disease, or is a harbinger of the later development of a seizure tendency due to some other preexisting etiological factor.", "PMID": 113207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10584", "title": "Electroencephalographic and behavioral effects of a GABA agonist (muscimol) on photosensitive epilepsy in the baboon, papio papio.", "content": "Muscimol, 0.25-1.0 mg/kg, i.v., was administered acutely to 4 adolescent baboons, Papio papio, that show photically induced epilepsy. On the EEG, slowing of background rhythms was associated with the appearance of spikes, polyspikes, and recurring symmetrical spike-wave complexes. These changes were maximal 0.5-2 hr after muscimol injection. Regular testing with intermittent light stimulation showed either no change from control responses or a more severe epileptiform EEG 0.1-3 hr after muscimol. Photically induced myoclonus was not modified by muscimol. Despite its GABA-abonist properties, muscimol is not an effective anticonvulsant.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic and behavioral effects of a GABA agonist (muscimol) on photosensitive epilepsy in the baboon, papio papio. Muscimol, 0.25-1.0 mg/kg, i.v., was administered acutely to 4 adolescent baboons, Papio papio, that show photically induced epilepsy. On the EEG, slowing of background rhythms was associated with the appearance of spikes, polyspikes, and recurring symmetrical spike-wave complexes. These changes were maximal 0.5-2 hr after muscimol injection. Regular testing with intermittent light stimulation showed either no change from control responses or a more severe epileptiform EEG 0.1-3 hr after muscimol. Photically induced myoclonus was not modified by muscimol. Despite its GABA-abonist properties, muscimol is not an effective anticonvulsant.", "PMID": 113208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10585", "title": "Endocrine factors and glucose metabolism during prolonged seizures in baboons.", "content": "Changes in plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin have been studied in baboons during the course of generalized epileptic seizures induced by intravenous bicuculline. Plasma glucose rose to a peak at 25 min but fell to hypoglycemic levels after 60 min of seizure activity. This hypoglycemia was accompanied by a marked elevation in plasma insulin. Plasma glucagon rose to a peak at 14 min, then returned to normal. Plasma growth hormone levels were elevated after 60 min of seizure activity. Plasma prolactin and cortisol levels also rose during the seizure. These changes result from sequential interaction of (1) autonomic activation at seizure onset, (2) spread of neuronal activity to the hypothalamus leading to the liberation of releasing factors, and (3) indirect physiologic consequences of seizure activity.", "contents": "Endocrine factors and glucose metabolism during prolonged seizures in baboons. Changes in plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin have been studied in baboons during the course of generalized epileptic seizures induced by intravenous bicuculline. Plasma glucose rose to a peak at 25 min but fell to hypoglycemic levels after 60 min of seizure activity. This hypoglycemia was accompanied by a marked elevation in plasma insulin. Plasma glucagon rose to a peak at 14 min, then returned to normal. Plasma growth hormone levels were elevated after 60 min of seizure activity. Plasma prolactin and cortisol levels also rose during the seizure. These changes result from sequential interaction of (1) autonomic activation at seizure onset, (2) spread of neuronal activity to the hypothalamus leading to the liberation of releasing factors, and (3) indirect physiologic consequences of seizure activity.", "PMID": 113209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10586", "title": "Purification, characterization and localization of serine protease of Morris hepatoma 8999.", "content": "1. A serine protease of hepatoma 8999, isolated in the mitochondrial fraction, was purified and crystallized. The purified enzyme was apparently homogeneous on ultracentrifugal analysis and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The ratio of absorbance at 280 nm and 260 nm, A280/A260, was 1.90 and its absorption coefficient, A280 1% was 10.5 cm-1 estimated from dry weight measurements. Its S20, w value was 2.23 S and its molecular weight was estimated to be 24000 +/- 1000. The enzyme contained twice as much lysine, arginine and histidine as chymotrypsinogen did, but had a very similar amino acid composition to serine protease from skeletal muscle. Its isoelectric point was pH 10.6. 2. The substrate specificity of the enzyme was the same as that of chymotrypsin A. Its Km and kcat values for N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester and N-acetyl-L-tryptophan ethyl ester were 0.35 mM and 10.69 s-1, 0.38 mM and 10.7 s-1, and 0.11 mM and 11.8 s-1, respectively. Its activity was completely inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and partially inhibited with tosylphenylalanine chloromethyl ketone. 3. The enzyme was shown to be located in different granules from the intracellular particules (light and heavy mitochondrial fraction) by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and it was stained in mast cells of the hepatoma 8999 by the immunofluorescent technique. 4. Serine protease is present in different amounts in various organs of rat and the enzyme from hepatoma 8999 gave a single band that fused completely with those of the enzymes from skeletal muscle, heart, liver and kidney, respectively, on Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis using antiserum to the crystalline enzyme of hepatoma 8999, but the enzyme from small intestine did not react with the antiserum.", "contents": "Purification, characterization and localization of serine protease of Morris hepatoma 8999. 1. A serine protease of hepatoma 8999, isolated in the mitochondrial fraction, was purified and crystallized. The purified enzyme was apparently homogeneous on ultracentrifugal analysis and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The ratio of absorbance at 280 nm and 260 nm, A280/A260, was 1.90 and its absorption coefficient, A280 1% was 10.5 cm-1 estimated from dry weight measurements. Its S20, w value was 2.23 S and its molecular weight was estimated to be 24000 +/- 1000. The enzyme contained twice as much lysine, arginine and histidine as chymotrypsinogen did, but had a very similar amino acid composition to serine protease from skeletal muscle. Its isoelectric point was pH 10.6. 2. The substrate specificity of the enzyme was the same as that of chymotrypsin A. Its Km and kcat values for N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester and N-acetyl-L-tryptophan ethyl ester were 0.35 mM and 10.69 s-1, 0.38 mM and 10.7 s-1, and 0.11 mM and 11.8 s-1, respectively. Its activity was completely inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and partially inhibited with tosylphenylalanine chloromethyl ketone. 3. The enzyme was shown to be located in different granules from the intracellular particules (light and heavy mitochondrial fraction) by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and it was stained in mast cells of the hepatoma 8999 by the immunofluorescent technique. 4. Serine protease is present in different amounts in various organs of rat and the enzyme from hepatoma 8999 gave a single band that fused completely with those of the enzymes from skeletal muscle, heart, liver and kidney, respectively, on Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis using antiserum to the crystalline enzyme of hepatoma 8999, but the enzyme from small intestine did not react with the antiserum.", "PMID": 113211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10587", "title": "Translation in vitro of Tetrahymena pyriformis polyadenylated mRNA. Identification of tubulin amongst the translated products and demonstration of its heterogeneity.", "content": "The capacity of poly(A)-containing RNA of the protozoan ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis to direct the synthesis of proteins in vitro has been tested using two cell-free systems: a wheat germ extract and a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The results obtained with these two systems are compared and the identification of alpha and beta tubulins among the products of protein synthesis in vitro, after separation by one-dimensional and two-dimensional electrophoresis, is described. By isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels, each species of tubulin is resolved into several bands, suggesting that the main subunits are more heterogeneous than has been generally described. Poly(A)-containing RNA has also been fractionated on a 70% formamide/sucrose gradient and it is shown that alpha and beta tubulins are coded by separate mRNAs.", "contents": "Translation in vitro of Tetrahymena pyriformis polyadenylated mRNA. Identification of tubulin amongst the translated products and demonstration of its heterogeneity. The capacity of poly(A)-containing RNA of the protozoan ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis to direct the synthesis of proteins in vitro has been tested using two cell-free systems: a wheat germ extract and a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The results obtained with these two systems are compared and the identification of alpha and beta tubulins among the products of protein synthesis in vitro, after separation by one-dimensional and two-dimensional electrophoresis, is described. By isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels, each species of tubulin is resolved into several bands, suggesting that the main subunits are more heterogeneous than has been generally described. Poly(A)-containing RNA has also been fractionated on a 70% formamide/sucrose gradient and it is shown that alpha and beta tubulins are coded by separate mRNAs.", "PMID": 113212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10588", "title": "Nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of the conformation of a dinucleotide in solution using the lanthanide probe method.", "content": "The conformation of the dinucleotide adenylyl(3'-5')adenosine 2'-phosphate (ApA2'p) in aqueous solution at different pH values and temperatures has been studied using the lanthanide(III) ethylenodiaminetetraacetate(EDTA) 1:1 complexes as shift and relaxation probes. The conformational analysis, based on mixing different conformations in fast exchange within the nuclear magnetic resonance time scale, agrees well with the results from vicinal coupling constants and dimerization shifts obtained for the metal-free system. The dinucleotide exists in a temperature-dependent and pH-dependent conformational equilibrium between unstacked and base-stacked forms. At neutral pH and low temperature, the stacked form predominates, and it is a predominantly right helical structure, characterized as an anti, 3E, g-, g- g-, g'g', gg, 3E, anti conformation. This situation contrasts with adenylyl(3'-5')adenosine (ApA), where both right and left helices contribute to the stacked form. The nucleotidyl units of the unstacked form of ApA2'p have average conformations which are very similar to those of the corresponding mononucleotides in similar conditions.", "contents": "Nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of the conformation of a dinucleotide in solution using the lanthanide probe method. The conformation of the dinucleotide adenylyl(3'-5')adenosine 2'-phosphate (ApA2'p) in aqueous solution at different pH values and temperatures has been studied using the lanthanide(III) ethylenodiaminetetraacetate(EDTA) 1:1 complexes as shift and relaxation probes. The conformational analysis, based on mixing different conformations in fast exchange within the nuclear magnetic resonance time scale, agrees well with the results from vicinal coupling constants and dimerization shifts obtained for the metal-free system. The dinucleotide exists in a temperature-dependent and pH-dependent conformational equilibrium between unstacked and base-stacked forms. At neutral pH and low temperature, the stacked form predominates, and it is a predominantly right helical structure, characterized as an anti, 3E, g-, g- g-, g'g', gg, 3E, anti conformation. This situation contrasts with adenylyl(3'-5')adenosine (ApA), where both right and left helices contribute to the stacked form. The nucleotidyl units of the unstacked form of ApA2'p have average conformations which are very similar to those of the corresponding mononucleotides in similar conditions.", "PMID": 113214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10589", "title": "Link-proteins and non-collagenous proteins from normal and chondrodysplastic cartilages.", "content": "Baboon and human articular and growth cartilage was extracted with 4M guanidinium chloride in the presence of proteolysis inhibitors. After dialysis against 8M urea pH 6.8 the proteins were separated from proteoglycans by ion-exchange chromatography. The concentrated and reduced protein fractions was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Bands corresponding to collagen and to 6 major non-collegenous proteins were found. Two of the latter were identified with the link-proteins. By using small columns and microconcentration procedures, a gel-electrophoretic analysis of link-proteins extracted from small pieces of cartilage was performed and ten cases of osteochondrodysplasias were studied. No abnormalities were detected in the following syndromes: achondroplasia, diastrophic dwarfism, thanatophoric dwarfism, Jeune disease, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, Kozlowski syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, polyepiphyseal dysplasia with diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Link-proteins and non-collagenous proteins from normal and chondrodysplastic cartilages. Baboon and human articular and growth cartilage was extracted with 4M guanidinium chloride in the presence of proteolysis inhibitors. After dialysis against 8M urea pH 6.8 the proteins were separated from proteoglycans by ion-exchange chromatography. The concentrated and reduced protein fractions was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Bands corresponding to collagen and to 6 major non-collegenous proteins were found. Two of the latter were identified with the link-proteins. By using small columns and microconcentration procedures, a gel-electrophoretic analysis of link-proteins extracted from small pieces of cartilage was performed and ten cases of osteochondrodysplasias were studied. No abnormalities were detected in the following syndromes: achondroplasia, diastrophic dwarfism, thanatophoric dwarfism, Jeune disease, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, Kozlowski syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, polyepiphyseal dysplasia with diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 113215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10590", "title": "Cardiovascular and adrenergic effects of cigarette smoking during immediate non-selective and selective beta adrenoceptor blockade in humans.", "content": "The cardiovascular and adrenergic responses to cigarette smoking during acute selective and non-selective beta adrenoceptor blockade were studied in seven young healthy volunteers in a double blind cross-over fashion. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, forearm blood flow and plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were determined before and during the terminal 5 min period of 15 min smoking test. During smoking, plasma concentrations of adrenaline increased markedly and evenly by approximately 0.3 ng/ml in all three experimental sessions. Plasma concentrations of noradrenaline remained unchanged. Propranolol, a non-selective beta blocker, caused a marked rise in diastolic and mean blood pressure and forearm vascular resistance during smoking. This response was not seen in the control series or after selective beta-1 blockage with atenolol. This difference is attributable to propranolol's blockade of adrenaline's vasodilating effect mediated by beta-2 receptors in the resistance vessels. Furthermore, atenolol attenuated the systolic blood pressure and tachycardiac responses induced by cigarette smoking by comparison with placebo. This study suggests that selective beta-1 blockers are preferable in the management of patients who are habitual smokers.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and adrenergic effects of cigarette smoking during immediate non-selective and selective beta adrenoceptor blockade in humans. The cardiovascular and adrenergic responses to cigarette smoking during acute selective and non-selective beta adrenoceptor blockade were studied in seven young healthy volunteers in a double blind cross-over fashion. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, forearm blood flow and plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were determined before and during the terminal 5 min period of 15 min smoking test. During smoking, plasma concentrations of adrenaline increased markedly and evenly by approximately 0.3 ng/ml in all three experimental sessions. Plasma concentrations of noradrenaline remained unchanged. Propranolol, a non-selective beta blocker, caused a marked rise in diastolic and mean blood pressure and forearm vascular resistance during smoking. This response was not seen in the control series or after selective beta-1 blockage with atenolol. This difference is attributable to propranolol's blockade of adrenaline's vasodilating effect mediated by beta-2 receptors in the resistance vessels. Furthermore, atenolol attenuated the systolic blood pressure and tachycardiac responses induced by cigarette smoking by comparison with placebo. This study suggests that selective beta-1 blockers are preferable in the management of patients who are habitual smokers.", "PMID": 113217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10591", "title": "Biliary lipid composition during treatment with different hypolipidaemic drugs.", "content": "In an attempt to clarify the possible lithogenic effects of commonly used hypolipidaemic drugs, gallbladder bile was obtained from patients with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia before and during treatment with nicotinic acid (n = 13), cholestyramine (n = 19), clofibrate (n = 11), and a combination of cholestyramine and clofibrate (n = 11). Each treatment period was minimum 6 weeks, and standardized dietary conditions were obtained. Both nicotinic acid and clofibrate treatment caused an increase in biliary cholesterol concentration relative to biliary total lipids (bile acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol). During cholestyramine medication the relative cholesterol concentration fell. A combination of cholestyramine with clofibrate medication led to a decrease of bile saturation to pretreatment levels in nine of the eleven subjects. In the other two a further increase in the cholesterol saturation of the bile occurred. Treatment with nicotinic acid and clofibrate but not with cholestyramine is thus probably associated with an increased risk for development of cholesterol gallstones. It is suggested that addition of cholestyramine may be a possible way to prevent the lithogenic effect of clofibrate in patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia when not only hypocholesterolaemic but also hypotriglyceridaemic effects are wanted.", "contents": "Biliary lipid composition during treatment with different hypolipidaemic drugs. In an attempt to clarify the possible lithogenic effects of commonly used hypolipidaemic drugs, gallbladder bile was obtained from patients with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia before and during treatment with nicotinic acid (n = 13), cholestyramine (n = 19), clofibrate (n = 11), and a combination of cholestyramine and clofibrate (n = 11). Each treatment period was minimum 6 weeks, and standardized dietary conditions were obtained. Both nicotinic acid and clofibrate treatment caused an increase in biliary cholesterol concentration relative to biliary total lipids (bile acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol). During cholestyramine medication the relative cholesterol concentration fell. A combination of cholestyramine with clofibrate medication led to a decrease of bile saturation to pretreatment levels in nine of the eleven subjects. In the other two a further increase in the cholesterol saturation of the bile occurred. Treatment with nicotinic acid and clofibrate but not with cholestyramine is thus probably associated with an increased risk for development of cholesterol gallstones. It is suggested that addition of cholestyramine may be a possible way to prevent the lithogenic effect of clofibrate in patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia when not only hypocholesterolaemic but also hypotriglyceridaemic effects are wanted.", "PMID": 113218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10592", "title": "The significance of gross elevations of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in a general medical unit.", "content": "One hundred consecutive patients with an ESR of 100 mm or more in the first hour admitted to a general medical unit were studied. Their mean age was 67 years and forty-seven were male. Three patients recovered without a satisfactory diagnosis. In thirty-three of the remainder a single diagnosis was considered responsible for the elevation of the ESR, and in the others multiple diagnoses were found. Infection was found in 60% of patients, malignancy in 28% (including 7% with myelomatosis), rheumatoid disease in 20% and renal disease in 11%. 34% of patients died within 6 months of entry into the study. In the absence of rheumatoid disease or a paraproteinaemia, elevation of the ESR in excess of 60 mm in the first hour at 1 month or longer was associated with a particularly poor prognosis. This study has shown the diagnostic implications of an ESR of 100 mm or more in the first hour and the prognostic significance of a persistent elevation of the ESR.", "contents": "The significance of gross elevations of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in a general medical unit. One hundred consecutive patients with an ESR of 100 mm or more in the first hour admitted to a general medical unit were studied. Their mean age was 67 years and forty-seven were male. Three patients recovered without a satisfactory diagnosis. In thirty-three of the remainder a single diagnosis was considered responsible for the elevation of the ESR, and in the others multiple diagnoses were found. Infection was found in 60% of patients, malignancy in 28% (including 7% with myelomatosis), rheumatoid disease in 20% and renal disease in 11%. 34% of patients died within 6 months of entry into the study. In the absence of rheumatoid disease or a paraproteinaemia, elevation of the ESR in excess of 60 mm in the first hour at 1 month or longer was associated with a particularly poor prognosis. This study has shown the diagnostic implications of an ESR of 100 mm or more in the first hour and the prognostic significance of a persistent elevation of the ESR.", "PMID": 113219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10593", "title": "Hereditary deficiency of triosephosphate isomerase in four unrelated families.", "content": "Triosephosphate isomerase deficiencies in erythrocytes and leucocytes were discovered in three unrelated families by a heterozygote screening of 3000 blood samples. In addition, a family found by Schroter et al. [not published] was studied. In these four families, only heterozygote carriers were found. In the family described by Freycon et al. with hetero- and homozygote carriers of triosephosphate isomerase deficiency, the heterozygotes were reinvestigated. There was 51% of normal enzyme activity in three of the families. In the other two families the enzyme activity was 64% and 71% of normal. Two of the eleven heterozygotes, both children, were diseased, but it seems unlikely that the disorders resulted from the deficiencies. The activities of thirteen enzymes, the Km of triosephosphate isomerase for glyceraldehyde phosphate and the concentrations of metabolites were normal. Antibody titration showed normal specific activities in four families and 50% of normal in one family. No electrophoretic variant was detected. From the proved heredity, a heterozygous frequency of at least 1/1000 is indicated. A maximal frequency of 5/1000 is estimated by using further instances of triosephosphate isomerase deficiency where heredity has not yet been investigated. An explanation for the small number of known cases is that this enzyme is not routinely assayed.", "contents": "Hereditary deficiency of triosephosphate isomerase in four unrelated families. Triosephosphate isomerase deficiencies in erythrocytes and leucocytes were discovered in three unrelated families by a heterozygote screening of 3000 blood samples. In addition, a family found by Schroter et al. [not published] was studied. In these four families, only heterozygote carriers were found. In the family described by Freycon et al. with hetero- and homozygote carriers of triosephosphate isomerase deficiency, the heterozygotes were reinvestigated. There was 51% of normal enzyme activity in three of the families. In the other two families the enzyme activity was 64% and 71% of normal. Two of the eleven heterozygotes, both children, were diseased, but it seems unlikely that the disorders resulted from the deficiencies. The activities of thirteen enzymes, the Km of triosephosphate isomerase for glyceraldehyde phosphate and the concentrations of metabolites were normal. Antibody titration showed normal specific activities in four families and 50% of normal in one family. No electrophoretic variant was detected. From the proved heredity, a heterozygous frequency of at least 1/1000 is indicated. A maximal frequency of 5/1000 is estimated by using further instances of triosephosphate isomerase deficiency where heredity has not yet been investigated. An explanation for the small number of known cases is that this enzyme is not routinely assayed.", "PMID": 113220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10594", "title": "Studies on cortisol metabolism during haemodialysis in man.", "content": "Plasma clearance rates and dialysance of labelled cortisol were measured in patients on chronic intermittent dialysis during and after dialysis. Plasma clearance rates during dialysis were 30--63% higher than after dialysis; dialysance was 0.3--0.7 1/h and accounted only for 20--35% of the increase of plasma clearance rates during dialysis. After bolus injection of labelled cortisol, disappearance curves were obtained in two normal subjects and two uraemic subjects on and off dialysis. Biological halftimes of the different segments of the disappearance curves and distribution volumes were calculated. The size of the inner compartment (V1) is greater in uraemia. The disappearance curves flatten after the end of dialysis, indicating an increase of biological halftime after dialysis. Plasma 17-OHCS-glucuronides dropped from 2.13 +/- 0.62 micromol/l (n = 20) at the beginning to 1.05 +/- 0.65 micromol/l at the end of dialysis and increased to 1.51 +/- 0.43 micromol/l (n = 12) within 3 h thereafter. During dialysis cortisol metabolites are removed from the blood. This may decrease inhibition of cortisol metabolism by the end products of cortisol metabolism which might explain the more rapid plasma clearance and the shortened cortisol half-life during haemodialysis.", "contents": "Studies on cortisol metabolism during haemodialysis in man. Plasma clearance rates and dialysance of labelled cortisol were measured in patients on chronic intermittent dialysis during and after dialysis. Plasma clearance rates during dialysis were 30--63% higher than after dialysis; dialysance was 0.3--0.7 1/h and accounted only for 20--35% of the increase of plasma clearance rates during dialysis. After bolus injection of labelled cortisol, disappearance curves were obtained in two normal subjects and two uraemic subjects on and off dialysis. Biological halftimes of the different segments of the disappearance curves and distribution volumes were calculated. The size of the inner compartment (V1) is greater in uraemia. The disappearance curves flatten after the end of dialysis, indicating an increase of biological halftime after dialysis. Plasma 17-OHCS-glucuronides dropped from 2.13 +/- 0.62 micromol/l (n = 20) at the beginning to 1.05 +/- 0.65 micromol/l at the end of dialysis and increased to 1.51 +/- 0.43 micromol/l (n = 12) within 3 h thereafter. During dialysis cortisol metabolites are removed from the blood. This may decrease inhibition of cortisol metabolism by the end products of cortisol metabolism which might explain the more rapid plasma clearance and the shortened cortisol half-life during haemodialysis.", "PMID": 113221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10595", "title": "Metabolic activity of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes: relation to ingestion rate.", "content": "The ingestion rate and oxygen-dependent metabolic activities of normal human polymorphonuclear leucocytes were measured with heat-killed Klebsiella as the particle. Since the experimental conditions were similar for each measurement, it was possible to make direct correlations between each oxygen-dependent reaction and (1) ingestion rate and (2) the other oxygen-dependent reactions. In the controls, oxygen-uptake was more reliably correlated (r = 0.960) with ingestion rates than with (in order of reliability) hydrogen peroxide produced (r = 0.860) and iodination (r = 0.858 and 0.813 for 100 and 20 micromol/l iodide respectively). Hydrogen peroxide production (r = 0.988), nitroblue tetrazolium reduction (r = 0.969) and cytochrome c reduction (r = 0.862) were more reliably correlated to oxygen-uptake than to ingestion rate, and iodination was better related to hydrogen peroxide production (r = 0.90 and 0.819 for 100 and 20 micromol/l iodide respectively) than to ingestion rate. From these findings it was possible to locate primary defects in abnormal polymorphonuclear leucocytes from individual patients with pyogenic infections, idiopathic refractory anaemia or idiopathic oesteomyelofibrosis with splenomegaly, even when several deficiencies existed.", "contents": "Metabolic activity of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes: relation to ingestion rate. The ingestion rate and oxygen-dependent metabolic activities of normal human polymorphonuclear leucocytes were measured with heat-killed Klebsiella as the particle. Since the experimental conditions were similar for each measurement, it was possible to make direct correlations between each oxygen-dependent reaction and (1) ingestion rate and (2) the other oxygen-dependent reactions. In the controls, oxygen-uptake was more reliably correlated (r = 0.960) with ingestion rates than with (in order of reliability) hydrogen peroxide produced (r = 0.860) and iodination (r = 0.858 and 0.813 for 100 and 20 micromol/l iodide respectively). Hydrogen peroxide production (r = 0.988), nitroblue tetrazolium reduction (r = 0.969) and cytochrome c reduction (r = 0.862) were more reliably correlated to oxygen-uptake than to ingestion rate, and iodination was better related to hydrogen peroxide production (r = 0.90 and 0.819 for 100 and 20 micromol/l iodide respectively) than to ingestion rate. From these findings it was possible to locate primary defects in abnormal polymorphonuclear leucocytes from individual patients with pyogenic infections, idiopathic refractory anaemia or idiopathic oesteomyelofibrosis with splenomegaly, even when several deficiencies existed.", "PMID": 113222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10596", "title": "The behavioral effects of cocaine: rate dependency or rate constancy.", "content": "The behavioral effects of cocaine were studied in squirrel monkeys trained to press a response key under an 8-min fixed-interval (FI) schedule of electric shock presentation. Overall mean rate of responding increased at 0.03--0.3 mg/kg (i.m.) and decreased at 1.0--3.0 mg/kg. Increased responding during the initial and middle periods of the fixed-interval accounted for the increase in overall mean rate; response rate during the final two min of the interval did not increase at any dose. An analysis based on response rate during individual 1-min segments of the 8-min interval showed that the rate during the interval became more uniform, and the pattern of positively accelerated responding became more linear, as dose increased. At 0.3--1.0 mg/kg, response rate was relatively constant and independent of the control, pre-drug rate of responding.", "contents": "The behavioral effects of cocaine: rate dependency or rate constancy. The behavioral effects of cocaine were studied in squirrel monkeys trained to press a response key under an 8-min fixed-interval (FI) schedule of electric shock presentation. Overall mean rate of responding increased at 0.03--0.3 mg/kg (i.m.) and decreased at 1.0--3.0 mg/kg. Increased responding during the initial and middle periods of the fixed-interval accounted for the increase in overall mean rate; response rate during the final two min of the interval did not increase at any dose. An analysis based on response rate during individual 1-min segments of the 8-min interval showed that the rate during the interval became more uniform, and the pattern of positively accelerated responding became more linear, as dose increased. At 0.3--1.0 mg/kg, response rate was relatively constant and independent of the control, pre-drug rate of responding.", "PMID": 113225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10597", "title": "Effect of meseclazone and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on isolated tracheal chain tone.", "content": "Meseclazone, 5-CSA and several representative NSAIDs caused concentration-dependent relaxation of the tracheal ring preparation and are listed in order of descending potency: isoproterenol greater than naproxen greater than ibuprofen greater than diflunisal greater than tolmetin approximately equal to fenoprofen approximately equal to indomethacin greater than phenylbutazone greater than meseclazone greater than 5-CSA greater than aspirin. This relaxation may be related to inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase, but relative potencies of NSAIDs in this test do not necessarily correspond to their potency in inhibiting PG synthethase in other tissue. Thus other factors may play a role.", "contents": "Effect of meseclazone and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on isolated tracheal chain tone. Meseclazone, 5-CSA and several representative NSAIDs caused concentration-dependent relaxation of the tracheal ring preparation and are listed in order of descending potency: isoproterenol greater than naproxen greater than ibuprofen greater than diflunisal greater than tolmetin approximately equal to fenoprofen approximately equal to indomethacin greater than phenylbutazone greater than meseclazone greater than 5-CSA greater than aspirin. This relaxation may be related to inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase, but relative potencies of NSAIDs in this test do not necessarily correspond to their potency in inhibiting PG synthethase in other tissue. Thus other factors may play a role.", "PMID": 113226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10598", "title": "[Photographic methods for observation of the eye-fundus of rhesus monkeys (author's transl)].", "content": "The method for observing the eye-fundus of rhesus monkeys was devised by the use of Kowa RC-2 Hand-held Fundus Camera. 1. For monochrome photography, Fuji Neopan F (ASA 32) and Fuji Neopan SS (ASA 100) films were used. The best result was obtained under the following conditions : the Strong Power Pack \"50W\" X 6 for Neopan F and \"50W\" X 3 for Neopan SS. 2. For color photography, Fuji Color (ASA 100 : Negative, Positive) and Sakura Color (ASA 100 : Negative) films were used. The best result were obtained under the following conditions : the Strong Power Pack \"50W\" X 2 for Fuji Color (ASA 100 : Negative), \"50W\" X 3 for Fuji Color (ASA 100 : Positive) and \"50W\" X 3 for Sakura Color. 3. Four fluorescein angiography, 0.3ml/kg of 10% sodium fluorescein was injected into the vein, and then photographs were taken under the condition of \"100W\" X 6. For monochrome photography (Kodak Tri-X ASA 400 : Negative), a combination of Kodak Wratten Filter 47 (excitor) X K. W. 15 (barrier) brought about the best photographic result. FOR COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY (Kodak Ektachrome High Speed ASA 160 : Positive), the filters (K. W. 32 X K. W. 56, K. W. 47 A X K. W. 12 . 15, K. W. 47 X K. W. 12 . 15 and Fuji Filter BPB 45 X BPB 55) were used and the films were developed by a double sensitivity method to obtain the best photograph.", "contents": "[Photographic methods for observation of the eye-fundus of rhesus monkeys (author's transl)]. The method for observing the eye-fundus of rhesus monkeys was devised by the use of Kowa RC-2 Hand-held Fundus Camera. 1. For monochrome photography, Fuji Neopan F (ASA 32) and Fuji Neopan SS (ASA 100) films were used. The best result was obtained under the following conditions : the Strong Power Pack \"50W\" X 6 for Neopan F and \"50W\" X 3 for Neopan SS. 2. For color photography, Fuji Color (ASA 100 : Negative, Positive) and Sakura Color (ASA 100 : Negative) films were used. The best result were obtained under the following conditions : the Strong Power Pack \"50W\" X 2 for Fuji Color (ASA 100 : Negative), \"50W\" X 3 for Fuji Color (ASA 100 : Positive) and \"50W\" X 3 for Sakura Color. 3. Four fluorescein angiography, 0.3ml/kg of 10% sodium fluorescein was injected into the vein, and then photographs were taken under the condition of \"100W\" X 6. For monochrome photography (Kodak Tri-X ASA 400 : Negative), a combination of Kodak Wratten Filter 47 (excitor) X K. W. 15 (barrier) brought about the best photographic result. FOR COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY (Kodak Ektachrome High Speed ASA 160 : Positive), the filters (K. W. 32 X K. W. 56, K. W. 47 A X K. W. 12 . 15, K. W. 47 X K. W. 12 . 15 and Fuji Filter BPB 45 X BPB 55) were used and the films were developed by a double sensitivity method to obtain the best photograph.", "PMID": 113227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10599", "title": "The retino-geniculo-cortical pathway in Callithrix. II. The geniculo-cortical projection.", "content": "After monocular injections of tritiated tracer precursors and transneuronal transport of tritiated compounds, a continuous band of radioactivity in layer IV of striate cortex of Callithrf the crossed and uncrossed retino-cortical pathways. Comparison with the organization of these pathways in other primates suggests that a segregation of the retino-cortical pathways of opposite ocularities into alternating ocular dominance columns in striate cortex has developed independently in the different primate lines. The significance is discussed of the weak labeling of the region of area 17 representing the central retina as compared to the representation of the peripheral retina.", "contents": "The retino-geniculo-cortical pathway in Callithrix. II. The geniculo-cortical projection. After monocular injections of tritiated tracer precursors and transneuronal transport of tritiated compounds, a continuous band of radioactivity in layer IV of striate cortex of Callithrf the crossed and uncrossed retino-cortical pathways. Comparison with the organization of these pathways in other primates suggests that a segregation of the retino-cortical pathways of opposite ocularities into alternating ocular dominance columns in striate cortex has developed independently in the different primate lines. The significance is discussed of the weak labeling of the region of area 17 representing the central retina as compared to the representation of the peripheral retina.", "PMID": 113233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10600", "title": "Short-latency peripheral inputs to thalamic neurones projecting to the motor cortex in the monkey.", "content": "One hundred seventy-five neurones in the n.ventroposterior lateralis (VPL) and n.ventralis lateralis (VL) in the thalamus of anaesthetised monkeys have been tested antidromically for projection to the cortex and for somatosensory input from the contralateral arm. Using bipolar stimulation of the cortical surface, 113 thalamic neurones were successfully identified as antidromically driven from the hand area of the postcentral gyrus (48 neurones) or from the hand area of the precentral gyrus (65 neurones). All but one of these 113 neurones could only be antidromically discharged from the postcentral cortex or from the precentral cortex, and not from both. Most had antidromic latencies between 0.5 and 1.5 ms. Twenty-five/sixty-five precentrally projecting neurones and 45/48 postcentrally projecting neurones were activated by stimulation of the contralateral median or radial nerves. Both groups responded at short latency (4--8 ms) and many were activated by low-threshold shocks (0.8--1.3 T) and had restricted receptive fields on the hand. Precentrally projecting neurones responded most powerfully to joint movement or deep pressure, and some of these neurones were also responsive to cutaneous stimuli. Precentrally projecting neurones with peripheral inputs were all found in the oral subdivision of the VPL (the VPLO). The properties of these neurones suggest that they may be partly responsible for rapid somatosensory input to the motor cortex.", "contents": "Short-latency peripheral inputs to thalamic neurones projecting to the motor cortex in the monkey. One hundred seventy-five neurones in the n.ventroposterior lateralis (VPL) and n.ventralis lateralis (VL) in the thalamus of anaesthetised monkeys have been tested antidromically for projection to the cortex and for somatosensory input from the contralateral arm. Using bipolar stimulation of the cortical surface, 113 thalamic neurones were successfully identified as antidromically driven from the hand area of the postcentral gyrus (48 neurones) or from the hand area of the precentral gyrus (65 neurones). All but one of these 113 neurones could only be antidromically discharged from the postcentral cortex or from the precentral cortex, and not from both. Most had antidromic latencies between 0.5 and 1.5 ms. Twenty-five/sixty-five precentrally projecting neurones and 45/48 postcentrally projecting neurones were activated by stimulation of the contralateral median or radial nerves. Both groups responded at short latency (4--8 ms) and many were activated by low-threshold shocks (0.8--1.3 T) and had restricted receptive fields on the hand. Precentrally projecting neurones responded most powerfully to joint movement or deep pressure, and some of these neurones were also responsive to cutaneous stimuli. Precentrally projecting neurones with peripheral inputs were all found in the oral subdivision of the VPL (the VPLO). The properties of these neurones suggest that they may be partly responsible for rapid somatosensory input to the motor cortex.", "PMID": 113234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10601", "title": "An HRP and autoradiographic study of cerebellar corticonuclear-nucleocortical reciprocity in the monkey.", "content": "Combined injections of 3H-leucine and HRP were made into the monkey cerebellar cortex in order to identify any reciprocal connections between the corticonuclear and the nucleocortical pathways. These combined intraaxonal labeling experiments have demonstrated a considerable overlap of orthogradely labeled Purkinje cell axons and terminals with retrogradely labeled HRP-positive neurons in the ventrolateral region of the dentate nucleus following combined injections into the lateral hemisphere, and in the dorsal area of the dentate following combined injections into medial cortical areas of the anterior lobe. There were also areas within the deep cerebellar nuclei where orthogradely labeled corticonuclear terminals did not overlap with retrogradely labeled nucleocortical neurons.", "contents": "An HRP and autoradiographic study of cerebellar corticonuclear-nucleocortical reciprocity in the monkey. Combined injections of 3H-leucine and HRP were made into the monkey cerebellar cortex in order to identify any reciprocal connections between the corticonuclear and the nucleocortical pathways. These combined intraaxonal labeling experiments have demonstrated a considerable overlap of orthogradely labeled Purkinje cell axons and terminals with retrogradely labeled HRP-positive neurons in the ventrolateral region of the dentate nucleus following combined injections into the lateral hemisphere, and in the dorsal area of the dentate following combined injections into medial cortical areas of the anterior lobe. There were also areas within the deep cerebellar nuclei where orthogradely labeled corticonuclear terminals did not overlap with retrogradely labeled nucleocortical neurons.", "PMID": 113235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10602", "title": "Transplantability of chemically induced skin tumors in syngeneic strains of mice, rats, and guinea pigs.", "content": "Syngeneic tumour transplants to inbred female animal strains were carried out with basaliomas, squamous cell carcinomas and fibrosarcomas of the skin, induced by DMBA (9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene) in the mouse, rat and guinea pig. A completely successful transplantation of all tumors was only achieved in the group of fibrosarcomas of the rat when a myocardial suspension of a young rat was used as a \"supporting agent\". This may be a new immuno-biological aspect in tumor transplantation. In the other groups, five tumors developed in the host animals after a period of latency of 10 months or more. Therefore, it is discussed whether two of these tumors grown in the host rats should be considered spontaneous. In addition I have found no earlier reports in the literature with successful DMBA-induced epidermal tumors transplantations in homologous or syngeneic animal strains. Tumors were grafted on to altogether 100 animals.", "contents": "Transplantability of chemically induced skin tumors in syngeneic strains of mice, rats, and guinea pigs. Syngeneic tumour transplants to inbred female animal strains were carried out with basaliomas, squamous cell carcinomas and fibrosarcomas of the skin, induced by DMBA (9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene) in the mouse, rat and guinea pig. A completely successful transplantation of all tumors was only achieved in the group of fibrosarcomas of the rat when a myocardial suspension of a young rat was used as a \"supporting agent\". This may be a new immuno-biological aspect in tumor transplantation. In the other groups, five tumors developed in the host animals after a period of latency of 10 months or more. Therefore, it is discussed whether two of these tumors grown in the host rats should be considered spontaneous. In addition I have found no earlier reports in the literature with successful DMBA-induced epidermal tumors transplantations in homologous or syngeneic animal strains. Tumors were grafted on to altogether 100 animals.", "PMID": 113243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10603", "title": "Endothelium-associated IgG in the post-capillary venules of the lymphatic tissues in mice bearing experimental neoplasia.", "content": "Post-capillary venules (PVC) of the lymph nodes and Peyer's patches were studied in frozen sections stained with an indirect immunoperoxidase technique to demonstrate their endothelium-associated IgG in DBA/2 mice bearing mastocytoma. The previously established three types of IgG-distribution (luminal, intraendothelial and basement membrane site), each confined to one of the three PCV grades (graded on the basis of the endothelial cell height), were found in these tumor-bearing mice, too. This finding shows that the tool applied in T-lymphocyte deprivation, be it a tumor or anti-theta-globulin, does not influence the behavior of this IgG-distribution profile. This fact lends further support to the thesis that the endothelium-associated IgG could be involved in the regulation of the T-cell passage through the wall of the post-capillary venules.", "contents": "Endothelium-associated IgG in the post-capillary venules of the lymphatic tissues in mice bearing experimental neoplasia. Post-capillary venules (PVC) of the lymph nodes and Peyer's patches were studied in frozen sections stained with an indirect immunoperoxidase technique to demonstrate their endothelium-associated IgG in DBA/2 mice bearing mastocytoma. The previously established three types of IgG-distribution (luminal, intraendothelial and basement membrane site), each confined to one of the three PCV grades (graded on the basis of the endothelial cell height), were found in these tumor-bearing mice, too. This finding shows that the tool applied in T-lymphocyte deprivation, be it a tumor or anti-theta-globulin, does not influence the behavior of this IgG-distribution profile. This fact lends further support to the thesis that the endothelium-associated IgG could be involved in the regulation of the T-cell passage through the wall of the post-capillary venules.", "PMID": 113244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10604", "title": "Adenosine 5'-triphosphate sulphurylase from Spirulina platensis.", "content": "ATP-sulphurylase from an unicellular blue-green alga, Spirulina platensis was localized in the soluble fractions of cell-free homogenate, and it was stable for over 3 weeks at -6 degrees C.", "contents": "Adenosine 5'-triphosphate sulphurylase from Spirulina platensis. ATP-sulphurylase from an unicellular blue-green alga, Spirulina platensis was localized in the soluble fractions of cell-free homogenate, and it was stable for over 3 weeks at -6 degrees C.", "PMID": 113245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10605", "title": "Effect of phytic acid on diamine oxidase activity in germinating pea seeds.", "content": "Diamine oxidase present in the cotyledons of germinating pea seeds is induced by phytic acid but the embryo enzyme is not affected. Polyamines have no effect on phytase activity of the cotyledon or embryo.", "contents": "Effect of phytic acid on diamine oxidase activity in germinating pea seeds. Diamine oxidase present in the cotyledons of germinating pea seeds is induced by phytic acid but the embryo enzyme is not affected. Polyamines have no effect on phytase activity of the cotyledon or embryo.", "PMID": 113246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10606", "title": "Effects of calcium-EGTA buffers on active calcium transport in inside-out red cell membrane vesicles.", "content": "In inside-out red cell membrane vesicles, the free calcium concentration half-maximally stimulating active calcium uptake is about 2 orders of magnitude smaller in a calcium-EGTA buffer than in media containing unbuffered calcium. In calcium-EGTA buffer, the maximum rate of calcium uptake is determined by the total calcium concentration present. A possible model for explaining these findings is presented.", "contents": "Effects of calcium-EGTA buffers on active calcium transport in inside-out red cell membrane vesicles. In inside-out red cell membrane vesicles, the free calcium concentration half-maximally stimulating active calcium uptake is about 2 orders of magnitude smaller in a calcium-EGTA buffer than in media containing unbuffered calcium. In calcium-EGTA buffer, the maximum rate of calcium uptake is determined by the total calcium concentration present. A possible model for explaining these findings is presented.", "PMID": 113247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10607", "title": "Alteration in thermal stability of ribosomes from Drosophila melanogaster with age.", "content": "Thermal analysis of high salt (0.5 M) washed ribosomal monomers from young and old male Drosophila melanogaster revealed an 8 degrees C downshift in the mean temperature of denaturation (Tm). Moreover, there was observed a marked loss in the ability of ribosomes extracted from older flies to reassociate upon cooling. These observations suggest that age-dependent alterations in the structural integrity of the rRNA-r protein complex could, at least in part, be responsible for the diminished capacity for protein synthesis in this species with advancing age.", "contents": "Alteration in thermal stability of ribosomes from Drosophila melanogaster with age. Thermal analysis of high salt (0.5 M) washed ribosomal monomers from young and old male Drosophila melanogaster revealed an 8 degrees C downshift in the mean temperature of denaturation (Tm). Moreover, there was observed a marked loss in the ability of ribosomes extracted from older flies to reassociate upon cooling. These observations suggest that age-dependent alterations in the structural integrity of the rRNA-r protein complex could, at least in part, be responsible for the diminished capacity for protein synthesis in this species with advancing age.", "PMID": 113248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10608", "title": "Changes in free amino acid level due to physical and chemical agents in ageing Drosophila.", "content": "The effects of gamma rays and caffeine on total free amino acids were assessed in unirradiated and irradiated ageing Drosophila. As age advances, there is a rise in the quantity of free amino acids in untreated males and females. Gamma rays and caffeine strongly reduce the level of free amino acids in both the sexes.", "contents": "Changes in free amino acid level due to physical and chemical agents in ageing Drosophila. The effects of gamma rays and caffeine on total free amino acids were assessed in unirradiated and irradiated ageing Drosophila. As age advances, there is a rise in the quantity of free amino acids in untreated males and females. Gamma rays and caffeine strongly reduce the level of free amino acids in both the sexes.", "PMID": 113249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10609", "title": "Effect of the polychlorinated biphenyl preparation, Aroclor 1242, on the quantity of neurosecretory material in the medulla terminalis X-organ of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator.", "content": "Exposure of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, to the PCB preparation, Aroclor 1242, produces an increase in the quantity of neurosecretory material in the medulla terminalis X-organ. This Aroclor apparently inhibits release, but not synthesis, of one or more neurohormones.", "contents": "Effect of the polychlorinated biphenyl preparation, Aroclor 1242, on the quantity of neurosecretory material in the medulla terminalis X-organ of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. Exposure of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, to the PCB preparation, Aroclor 1242, produces an increase in the quantity of neurosecretory material in the medulla terminalis X-organ. This Aroclor apparently inhibits release, but not synthesis, of one or more neurohormones.", "PMID": 113250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10610", "title": "The effect of dietary fat on the anticoagulant activity of aflatoxin B.", "content": "A single i.p. dose of aflatoxin B1 had no significant effect on the thrombotest clotting times of monkeys subsisting on low-fat and high-fat dietary regimens, respectively. There was a significant interaction between aflatoxin and dietary fat level.", "contents": "The effect of dietary fat on the anticoagulant activity of aflatoxin B. A single i.p. dose of aflatoxin B1 had no significant effect on the thrombotest clotting times of monkeys subsisting on low-fat and high-fat dietary regimens, respectively. There was a significant interaction between aflatoxin and dietary fat level.", "PMID": 113251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10611", "title": "The localization of mutarotase in rat kidney.", "content": "The localization of mutarotase in rat kidney was investigated by fluorescein-labelled and peroxidase-labelled antibody techniques, and by method of isolation of the nuclei and cytoplasm in non-aqueous solvents. In these immunohistochemical studies, mutarotase was almost exclusively recognized in the nuclei of epithelial cells of renal tubules and glomeruli in rat. The specific activity of mutarotase was found to be 1.5 times higher in the nuclei (122 units/g dry wt) than that in the cytoplasm (80 units/g dry wt) isolated with non-aqueous solvents. These results suggest that mutarotase may be involved in the metabolism of D-glucose in nuclei.", "contents": "The localization of mutarotase in rat kidney. The localization of mutarotase in rat kidney was investigated by fluorescein-labelled and peroxidase-labelled antibody techniques, and by method of isolation of the nuclei and cytoplasm in non-aqueous solvents. In these immunohistochemical studies, mutarotase was almost exclusively recognized in the nuclei of epithelial cells of renal tubules and glomeruli in rat. The specific activity of mutarotase was found to be 1.5 times higher in the nuclei (122 units/g dry wt) than that in the cytoplasm (80 units/g dry wt) isolated with non-aqueous solvents. These results suggest that mutarotase may be involved in the metabolism of D-glucose in nuclei.", "PMID": 113252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10612", "title": "[Light and electron microscopic study of hepatic lesions in the course of hyperlactatemia in diabetic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Histopathological study of the liver has been undertaken on twenty-one diabetics with hyperlactatemia exceeding 5 mEq/1 of whom seven were treated with phenformin, six with metformin and eight not biguanide-treated. Hyperlactatemia occurred during the course or during resolution of severe ketoacidosis or of hyperosmolar coma. Hepatic lesions were invariably present. By light microscopy, massive steatosis, steatonecrosis or necrosis of variable extent were observed. Ultrastructural study showed constant mitochondrial abnormalities. These results support the hypothesis of a major role for mitochondrial changes in hepatic cells in provoking pathological hyperlactatemia. In diabetic patients, these mitochondrial lesions could be induced either by an anoxic process resulting from a variety of metabolic insults or by some as yet undefined toxic action of biguanides or by the combination of both of these factors.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopic study of hepatic lesions in the course of hyperlactatemia in diabetic patients (author's transl)]. Histopathological study of the liver has been undertaken on twenty-one diabetics with hyperlactatemia exceeding 5 mEq/1 of whom seven were treated with phenformin, six with metformin and eight not biguanide-treated. Hyperlactatemia occurred during the course or during resolution of severe ketoacidosis or of hyperosmolar coma. Hepatic lesions were invariably present. By light microscopy, massive steatosis, steatonecrosis or necrosis of variable extent were observed. Ultrastructural study showed constant mitochondrial abnormalities. These results support the hypothesis of a major role for mitochondrial changes in hepatic cells in provoking pathological hyperlactatemia. In diabetic patients, these mitochondrial lesions could be induced either by an anoxic process resulting from a variety of metabolic insults or by some as yet undefined toxic action of biguanides or by the combination of both of these factors.", "PMID": 113262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10613", "title": "Combined therapy of T3, and antidepressants in depression.", "content": "Since there are some patient groups whos symptoms do not improve despite the fact that the use of the antidepressants will alleviate the symptoms to some extent, we have conducted a TRH test for depression and found that there are not a few cases who show a low TSH response. We therefore used a small amount of T3 together with the antidepressants in these cases and have found that the therapy is useful for improvement of tye symptoms. When the TRH test is made at the time of improvement of the symptoms due to the combined use of these two drugs and compared with the state at pre-treatment, it has been confirmed that the TSH response will go back to normal. Hence, we would like to present here two markedly improved cases due to the combined use of imipramine and clomipramine plus T, and to refer to the result of the TRH test.", "contents": "Combined therapy of T3, and antidepressants in depression. Since there are some patient groups whos symptoms do not improve despite the fact that the use of the antidepressants will alleviate the symptoms to some extent, we have conducted a TRH test for depression and found that there are not a few cases who show a low TSH response. We therefore used a small amount of T3 together with the antidepressants in these cases and have found that the therapy is useful for improvement of tye symptoms. When the TRH test is made at the time of improvement of the symptoms due to the combined use of these two drugs and compared with the state at pre-treatment, it has been confirmed that the TSH response will go back to normal. Hence, we would like to present here two markedly improved cases due to the combined use of imipramine and clomipramine plus T, and to refer to the result of the TRH test.", "PMID": 113269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10614", "title": "Olfactory and visual differentiation of synthetically scented surrogates by infant squirrel monkeys.", "content": "Twelve infant squirrel monkeys were reared with distinctively colored and scented inanimate surrogates (Green/Floral or Black/Clove) and tested monthly from 1 to 6 months of age in 3 paired-comparison conditions that assessed the efficacy of synthetic olfactory cues and color cues as attractive properties of the surrogates. The infants developed specific attractions to both the rearing odor and color of the surrogates by approximately the end of Month 4, although substantial differences existed between the 2 rearing groups, particularly with respect to color responsiveness. When compared with previous findings on infant squirrel monkeys reared with naturally scented surrogates, odor preferences developed relatively late, suggesting that natural, species-typical odors may have inherently stronger attractive properties for Saimiri than arbitrary synthetic odors.", "contents": "Olfactory and visual differentiation of synthetically scented surrogates by infant squirrel monkeys. Twelve infant squirrel monkeys were reared with distinctively colored and scented inanimate surrogates (Green/Floral or Black/Clove) and tested monthly from 1 to 6 months of age in 3 paired-comparison conditions that assessed the efficacy of synthetic olfactory cues and color cues as attractive properties of the surrogates. The infants developed specific attractions to both the rearing odor and color of the surrogates by approximately the end of Month 4, although substantial differences existed between the 2 rearing groups, particularly with respect to color responsiveness. When compared with previous findings on infant squirrel monkeys reared with naturally scented surrogates, odor preferences developed relatively late, suggesting that natural, species-typical odors may have inherently stronger attractive properties for Saimiri than arbitrary synthetic odors.", "PMID": 113272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10615", "title": "Absorption of elemental and complex nutritional solutions during a continuous jejunal perfusion in man.", "content": "The jejunal absorption of either an elemental solution (amino acids, glucose and glucose oligosaccharides), or of nonelemental diet (chicken meat, egg-yolk power, soya flour, glucose, saccharose, maltose and dextrin maltose, corn and wheat oils) were compared in 25 healthy subjects by the technique of intestinal perfusion with a three-lumen tube. The test solutions were perfused just beyond the ligament of Treitz. The samples were collected 35, 70 and 105 cm below the infusion point. In a small segment of jejunum, the absorption increased the nutritional imbalance of the element diet 1 m below the infusion point, the flow rate in the lumen was similar for the two solutions and higher than the initial flow rate; the absorption, in terms of calories, is similar for the two solutions.", "contents": "Absorption of elemental and complex nutritional solutions during a continuous jejunal perfusion in man. The jejunal absorption of either an elemental solution (amino acids, glucose and glucose oligosaccharides), or of nonelemental diet (chicken meat, egg-yolk power, soya flour, glucose, saccharose, maltose and dextrin maltose, corn and wheat oils) were compared in 25 healthy subjects by the technique of intestinal perfusion with a three-lumen tube. The test solutions were perfused just beyond the ligament of Treitz. The samples were collected 35, 70 and 105 cm below the infusion point. In a small segment of jejunum, the absorption increased the nutritional imbalance of the element diet 1 m below the infusion point, the flow rate in the lumen was similar for the two solutions and higher than the initial flow rate; the absorption, in terms of calories, is similar for the two solutions.", "PMID": 113274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10616", "title": "A physical map of the genome of temperate phage phi 3T.", "content": "A physical map of the genome of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 3T was constructed by ordering the fragments produced by cleavage of phi 3T DNA with restriction endonucleases AvaII (2 fragments), BglI (2 fragments), SmaI (3 fragments), BamHI (6 fragments), SalI (7 fragments), AvaI (7 fragments), SacI (12 fragments), PstI (14 fragments), and BglII (26 fragments). Two techniques were used to order the fragments: (1) Sets of previously ordered restriction fragments were isolated and redigested with the endonuclease whose cleavage sites were to be mapped. (2) Fragments located near the ends of the genome or near the ends of other restriction fragments were ordered by treating the DNA with lambda exonuclease prior to restriction endonuclease cleavage. The susceptibility of phi 3T DNA to 15 other restriction endonucleases is also reported.", "contents": "A physical map of the genome of temperate phage phi 3T. A physical map of the genome of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 3T was constructed by ordering the fragments produced by cleavage of phi 3T DNA with restriction endonucleases AvaII (2 fragments), BglI (2 fragments), SmaI (3 fragments), BamHI (6 fragments), SalI (7 fragments), AvaI (7 fragments), SacI (12 fragments), PstI (14 fragments), and BglII (26 fragments). Two techniques were used to order the fragments: (1) Sets of previously ordered restriction fragments were isolated and redigested with the endonuclease whose cleavage sites were to be mapped. (2) Fragments located near the ends of the genome or near the ends of other restriction fragments were ordered by treating the DNA with lambda exonuclease prior to restriction endonuclease cleavage. The susceptibility of phi 3T DNA to 15 other restriction endonucleases is also reported.", "PMID": 113290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10617", "title": "Luteotrphic capacity of TRH in the baboon.", "content": "An attempt was made to determine the synergistic effect of TRH stimulated prolactin with LH on the luteinization of corpus luteum in baboons. Four normally cycling female baboons were used in this study. Synthetic LHRH (100 micrograms) was given during the early luteal phase and blood samples were collected sequentially for assay of progestin. In additional experiments, 40 micrograms of synthetic TRH was given at 30 and 60 minutes after LHRH injection and blood samples were assayed for progestin. Injection of LHRH elevated the plasma level of progestin. Subsequent treatment with TRH in LHRH treated baboons enhanced the elevation of plasma progestin in three of four baboons. The evidence illustrates the nature of synergistic effect of prolactin with LH on the luteinization of corpus luteum in baboons.", "contents": "Luteotrphic capacity of TRH in the baboon. An attempt was made to determine the synergistic effect of TRH stimulated prolactin with LH on the luteinization of corpus luteum in baboons. Four normally cycling female baboons were used in this study. Synthetic LHRH (100 micrograms) was given during the early luteal phase and blood samples were collected sequentially for assay of progestin. In additional experiments, 40 micrograms of synthetic TRH was given at 30 and 60 minutes after LHRH injection and blood samples were assayed for progestin. Injection of LHRH elevated the plasma level of progestin. Subsequent treatment with TRH in LHRH treated baboons enhanced the elevation of plasma progestin in three of four baboons. The evidence illustrates the nature of synergistic effect of prolactin with LH on the luteinization of corpus luteum in baboons.", "PMID": 113328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10618", "title": "Pituitary-thyroid function of fetuses of hypothyroid and growth hormone treated hypothyroid rats.", "content": "Maternal hypothyroidism induced by surgical thyroidectomy (Tx) of the rat resulted in significantly higher fetal serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) on day 22 of gestation. Surprisingly, administration of growth hormone (GH) to hypothyroid mothers increased further the fetal serum T4 and TSH. The in vitro uptake of 131I-T4 by erythrocytes was elevated significantly when incubated with serum from fetuses of both hypothyroid and hypothyroid GH-treated mothers. Although the plasma protein levels of hypothyroid mothers and their fetuses are decreased significantly as compared to controls this is not true of hypothyroid GH-treated mothers and their fetuses. The T4 levels of both groups of Tx mothers were significantly below that of controls. However, as in the case of their fetuses, the serum T4 of GH-treated hypothyroid mothers was elevated from that of Tx only animals. It is concluded that the pituitary-thyroid system of fetuses of hypothyroid mothers is activated excessively during late gestation, that considerable T4 can be transported from the fetus to the mother during this period and that these fetuses are in fact born in a hyperthyroid state which is aggravated by maternal treatment with GH.", "contents": "Pituitary-thyroid function of fetuses of hypothyroid and growth hormone treated hypothyroid rats. Maternal hypothyroidism induced by surgical thyroidectomy (Tx) of the rat resulted in significantly higher fetal serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) on day 22 of gestation. Surprisingly, administration of growth hormone (GH) to hypothyroid mothers increased further the fetal serum T4 and TSH. The in vitro uptake of 131I-T4 by erythrocytes was elevated significantly when incubated with serum from fetuses of both hypothyroid and hypothyroid GH-treated mothers. Although the plasma protein levels of hypothyroid mothers and their fetuses are decreased significantly as compared to controls this is not true of hypothyroid GH-treated mothers and their fetuses. The T4 levels of both groups of Tx mothers were significantly below that of controls. However, as in the case of their fetuses, the serum T4 of GH-treated hypothyroid mothers was elevated from that of Tx only animals. It is concluded that the pituitary-thyroid system of fetuses of hypothyroid mothers is activated excessively during late gestation, that considerable T4 can be transported from the fetus to the mother during this period and that these fetuses are in fact born in a hyperthyroid state which is aggravated by maternal treatment with GH.", "PMID": 113329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10619", "title": "Assessing medical efficacy:a neglected administrative necessity.", "content": "Administrators must balance time, cost, benefits, and safety against technological innovations when assessing medical efficacy, a task requiring assertiveness, well-chosen priorities, and familiarity with patient care.", "contents": "Assessing medical efficacy:a neglected administrative necessity. Administrators must balance time, cost, benefits, and safety against technological innovations when assessing medical efficacy, a task requiring assertiveness, well-chosen priorities, and familiarity with patient care.", "PMID": 113332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10620", "title": "Associations between atopic diseases and the polymorphic systems ABO, Kidd, Inv and red cell acid phosphatase.", "content": "In 239 German patients with atopic conditions (atopic dermatitis, hay fever, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and acute urticaria) the phenotype and gene distribution of 15 genetic blood polymorphisms (ABO, MNSs, rhesus, P, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, Hp, Gc, Gm, Inv, aP, PGM1, EsD, and 6-PGD) were analyzed and compared with those in 151 selected controls (individuals clinically free of allergic conditions and without allergy in the family history). The incidence of blood group antigens A and B was somewhat higher in patients than in controls. These observations are in accordance with the results of previous studies in other populations. In addition, our observations favor the hypothesis that there are also associations between the phenotypes Jk (a-b+), Inv(1) and red cell acid phosphatase aP A and aP AP on the one hand and atopic disposition on the other. The possible reasons for these associations are discussed.", "contents": "Associations between atopic diseases and the polymorphic systems ABO, Kidd, Inv and red cell acid phosphatase. In 239 German patients with atopic conditions (atopic dermatitis, hay fever, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and acute urticaria) the phenotype and gene distribution of 15 genetic blood polymorphisms (ABO, MNSs, rhesus, P, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, Hp, Gc, Gm, Inv, aP, PGM1, EsD, and 6-PGD) were analyzed and compared with those in 151 selected controls (individuals clinically free of allergic conditions and without allergy in the family history). The incidence of blood group antigens A and B was somewhat higher in patients than in controls. These observations are in accordance with the results of previous studies in other populations. In addition, our observations favor the hypothesis that there are also associations between the phenotypes Jk (a-b+), Inv(1) and red cell acid phosphatase aP A and aP AP on the one hand and atopic disposition on the other. The possible reasons for these associations are discussed.", "PMID": 113336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10621", "title": "Long-term in vitro cell culture of Sinclair swine melanoma.", "content": "The melanoma of Sinclair swine exhibits several characteristics similar to human melanoma but demonstrates an unusually high incidence of spontaneous regression. A total of 66 finite cell lines derived from 21 swine melanotic lesions, both cutaneous and visceral, were studied in vitro over their life spans of up to 14 months. The growth characteristics of the cultures varied with the age of the swine from which the tumors were obtained. Cell cultures of tumors obtained from swine aged less than 2 months grew steadily in cluture with a population-doubling time of 120 to 180 hr until growth and division ceased after a maximum of 25 to 35 population doublings (6 to 8 passages). Cell cultures of tumors obtained from swine aged 3 months or older showed a biphasic growth pattern with an early slow growth rate (population-doubling time 120 to 160 hr), which shifted after 3 to 6 passages to a faster rate (80 to 110 hr population-doubling time) until termination of growth and division after a maximum of 75 to 85 population doublings (18 to 20 passages). The cultures were morphologically heterogeneous including cuboidal, spindle and dendritic cell types. Electron microscopy showed classic melanosomes only in the primary and passage 1 cultures although vesicular inclusions were numerous in later-passage cells. However, continued melanin synthesis was indicated by the spectroscopic characteristics of material obtained from medium of passage 8 cultures and by DOPA staining of cultures as advanced as passage 18.", "contents": "Long-term in vitro cell culture of Sinclair swine melanoma. The melanoma of Sinclair swine exhibits several characteristics similar to human melanoma but demonstrates an unusually high incidence of spontaneous regression. A total of 66 finite cell lines derived from 21 swine melanotic lesions, both cutaneous and visceral, were studied in vitro over their life spans of up to 14 months. The growth characteristics of the cultures varied with the age of the swine from which the tumors were obtained. Cell cultures of tumors obtained from swine aged less than 2 months grew steadily in cluture with a population-doubling time of 120 to 180 hr until growth and division ceased after a maximum of 25 to 35 population doublings (6 to 8 passages). Cell cultures of tumors obtained from swine aged 3 months or older showed a biphasic growth pattern with an early slow growth rate (population-doubling time 120 to 160 hr), which shifted after 3 to 6 passages to a faster rate (80 to 110 hr population-doubling time) until termination of growth and division after a maximum of 75 to 85 population doublings (18 to 20 passages). The cultures were morphologically heterogeneous including cuboidal, spindle and dendritic cell types. Electron microscopy showed classic melanosomes only in the primary and passage 1 cultures although vesicular inclusions were numerous in later-passage cells. However, continued melanin synthesis was indicated by the spectroscopic characteristics of material obtained from medium of passage 8 cultures and by DOPA staining of cultures as advanced as passage 18.", "PMID": 113337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10622", "title": "Interaction of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with alveolar macrophages: viability of adherent and ingested mycoplasmas.", "content": "Guinea pig peritoneal or alveolar macrophages were inoculated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells. Extracellular mycoplasms were killed by complement treatment, and the effect of macrophage action on the number of the remaining viable mycoplasmas was observed. The complement killing was to some extent inhibited by the presence of the macrophages, but the mechanism of this protection remains unknown. Opsonized mycoplasmas were ingested, and approximately 98% were killed within 4 h. The killing rate was somewhat lower than comparable data for bacteria, but lack of cell wall and high lipid content of the membrane apparently do not cause a significant delay in intracellular destruction.", "contents": "Interaction of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with alveolar macrophages: viability of adherent and ingested mycoplasmas. Guinea pig peritoneal or alveolar macrophages were inoculated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells. Extracellular mycoplasms were killed by complement treatment, and the effect of macrophage action on the number of the remaining viable mycoplasmas was observed. The complement killing was to some extent inhibited by the presence of the macrophages, but the mechanism of this protection remains unknown. Opsonized mycoplasmas were ingested, and approximately 98% were killed within 4 h. The killing rate was somewhat lower than comparable data for bacteria, but lack of cell wall and high lipid content of the membrane apparently do not cause a significant delay in intracellular destruction.", "PMID": 113340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10623", "title": "Induction of Listeria monocytogenes infection by the consumption of ponderosa pine needles.", "content": "An infectious microorganism, identified as Listeria monocytogenes, has been isolated from the bloodstream of pregnant mice fed a diet containing Pinus ponderosa needles. When the isolate was injected into pregnant mice, reproductive dysfunction and other changes, including speckled livers, spleen atrophy, and hemorrhagic intestines, appeared to mimic the signs of the disease in pregnant mice fed pine needles. Moreover, these pathological changes are similar to those observed in cattle and other mammals experiencing abortions or toxemia, or both, attributed to the ingestion of P. ponderosa needles, suggesting that L. monocytogenes may be a part of the etiology of \"pine needle abortion.\"", "contents": "Induction of Listeria monocytogenes infection by the consumption of ponderosa pine needles. An infectious microorganism, identified as Listeria monocytogenes, has been isolated from the bloodstream of pregnant mice fed a diet containing Pinus ponderosa needles. When the isolate was injected into pregnant mice, reproductive dysfunction and other changes, including speckled livers, spleen atrophy, and hemorrhagic intestines, appeared to mimic the signs of the disease in pregnant mice fed pine needles. Moreover, these pathological changes are similar to those observed in cattle and other mammals experiencing abortions or toxemia, or both, attributed to the ingestion of P. ponderosa needles, suggesting that L. monocytogenes may be a part of the etiology of \"pine needle abortion.\"", "PMID": 113341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10624", "title": "Immunization against Schistosoma mansoni in rhesus monkeys and the requirement of activation of both cell-mediated and humoral mechanisms.", "content": "When groups of rhesus monkeys were pretreated with BCG plus hyperimmune serum from monkeys with chronic schistosomiasis or with dialyzable transfer factor from uninfected monkeys plus hyperimmune serum and were challenged with 1,500 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, the mean worm burdens were significantly lower than that of untreated controls. Pretreatment with neither BCG alone nor Corynebacterium parvum plus a membrane antigen of adult worms of S. mansoni affected susceptibility. Neither lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of mitogens or schistosome antigen nor serological responsiveness (as measured by gel diffusion, Cercarienh\u00fcllenreaktion, circumoval precipitation, or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay) correlated with the degree of resistance of the animals to S. mansoni. The pretreatment procedures used did not cause any abnormal histopathological responses and did not alter the characteristic host response to schistosome eggs in the lungs, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, and colon.", "contents": "Immunization against Schistosoma mansoni in rhesus monkeys and the requirement of activation of both cell-mediated and humoral mechanisms. When groups of rhesus monkeys were pretreated with BCG plus hyperimmune serum from monkeys with chronic schistosomiasis or with dialyzable transfer factor from uninfected monkeys plus hyperimmune serum and were challenged with 1,500 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, the mean worm burdens were significantly lower than that of untreated controls. Pretreatment with neither BCG alone nor Corynebacterium parvum plus a membrane antigen of adult worms of S. mansoni affected susceptibility. Neither lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of mitogens or schistosome antigen nor serological responsiveness (as measured by gel diffusion, Cercarienh\u00fcllenreaktion, circumoval precipitation, or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay) correlated with the degree of resistance of the animals to S. mansoni. The pretreatment procedures used did not cause any abnormal histopathological responses and did not alter the characteristic host response to schistosome eggs in the lungs, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, and colon.", "PMID": 113342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10625", "title": "Immune responses to Schistosoma mansoni in rhesus monkeys with multiple chronic and early primary infections.", "content": "Immunological reactivity in 10 rhesus monkeys was monitored over a 22-week period. Cellular and humoral responses of three animals were studied after primary infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Two uninfected animals served as controls. Increased lymphocyte proliferative responsiveness to mitogens and adult worm antigen was evident during the prepatent period of the infection. Marked suppression of these responses occurred during the acute phase of the disease, but by weeks 9 and 11 the animals were again responsive to mitogens and antigen, respectively, and remained so throughout the remainder of the observation period. No antibody response to various cercarial, adult worm, and egg antigens could be detected until weeks 5 to 7, after which these responses also persisted. Comparison of the immunological reactivities of these animals with primary infection and those of five chronically infected immune animals indicated possible correlations between protective immunity and (i) strong Cercarienh\u00fcllenreaktion reactivity, and (ii) lymphocyte proliferative responsiveness to adult worm antigen.", "contents": "Immune responses to Schistosoma mansoni in rhesus monkeys with multiple chronic and early primary infections. Immunological reactivity in 10 rhesus monkeys was monitored over a 22-week period. Cellular and humoral responses of three animals were studied after primary infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Two uninfected animals served as controls. Increased lymphocyte proliferative responsiveness to mitogens and adult worm antigen was evident during the prepatent period of the infection. Marked suppression of these responses occurred during the acute phase of the disease, but by weeks 9 and 11 the animals were again responsive to mitogens and antigen, respectively, and remained so throughout the remainder of the observation period. No antibody response to various cercarial, adult worm, and egg antigens could be detected until weeks 5 to 7, after which these responses also persisted. Comparison of the immunological reactivities of these animals with primary infection and those of five chronically infected immune animals indicated possible correlations between protective immunity and (i) strong Cercarienh\u00fcllenreaktion reactivity, and (ii) lymphocyte proliferative responsiveness to adult worm antigen.", "PMID": 113343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10626", "title": "Enhancement of host resistance against Trypanosoma cruzi infection by the immunoregulatory agent muramyl dipeptide.", "content": "N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide [MDP]) enhanced resistance against Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. This effect was evidenced by significant reductions in both parasitemias and mortality rates and increased survival time in MDP-treated animals compared with untreated infected mice. MDP effectively augmented host resistance when administered in any one of the following ways: (i) continuous subcutaneous release from an osmotic minipump for a 7-day period starting 2 days before infection; (ii) as a single dose of 0.5 mg injected intraperitoneally 48 h before infection; or (iii) injected intraperitoneally at 48-h intervals during the first 16 days after infection. CBA/J mice, which exhibit very low, insignificant augmentation of reticuloendothelial activity by MDP but are susceptible to its adjuvant effect, failed to manifest enhancement of resistance to T. cruzi infection when treated with MDP under regimens that cause increased resistance in other mouse strains. These results suggest that MDP enhances resistance against T. cruzi infection by stimulating the activity of the phagocytic cells of the host. Adjuvant effect appears to play either a less significant role or no relevant role, except when MDP is administered repeatedly after infection.", "contents": "Enhancement of host resistance against Trypanosoma cruzi infection by the immunoregulatory agent muramyl dipeptide. N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide [MDP]) enhanced resistance against Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. This effect was evidenced by significant reductions in both parasitemias and mortality rates and increased survival time in MDP-treated animals compared with untreated infected mice. MDP effectively augmented host resistance when administered in any one of the following ways: (i) continuous subcutaneous release from an osmotic minipump for a 7-day period starting 2 days before infection; (ii) as a single dose of 0.5 mg injected intraperitoneally 48 h before infection; or (iii) injected intraperitoneally at 48-h intervals during the first 16 days after infection. CBA/J mice, which exhibit very low, insignificant augmentation of reticuloendothelial activity by MDP but are susceptible to its adjuvant effect, failed to manifest enhancement of resistance to T. cruzi infection when treated with MDP under regimens that cause increased resistance in other mouse strains. These results suggest that MDP enhances resistance against T. cruzi infection by stimulating the activity of the phagocytic cells of the host. Adjuvant effect appears to play either a less significant role or no relevant role, except when MDP is administered repeatedly after infection.", "PMID": 113344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10627", "title": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of Trypanosoma cruzi: characterization of the effector cell from normal human blood.", "content": "The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity of normal human blood cells against epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the release of incorporated [3H]uridine. Sera from patients with chronic Chagas' disease were used to sensitize the parasites to the lytic activity of the effector cells. Different steps of peripheral blood cell purification were employed, and different cell subpopulations were tested as effectors in the system. The main cytotoxic activity was detected in the granulocyte-rich fraction.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of Trypanosoma cruzi: characterization of the effector cell from normal human blood. The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity of normal human blood cells against epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the release of incorporated [3H]uridine. Sera from patients with chronic Chagas' disease were used to sensitize the parasites to the lytic activity of the effector cells. Different steps of peripheral blood cell purification were employed, and different cell subpopulations were tested as effectors in the system. The main cytotoxic activity was detected in the granulocyte-rich fraction.", "PMID": 113345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10628", "title": "Phenotypic expression of genetically controlled host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "Several inbred mouse strains, all of them derived from the C57BL background, have genetically determined increased resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes, whereas a variety of other strains are relatively sensitive to this infection. Comparison of the host response to L. monocytogenes in the sensitive A strain and the resistant C57BL/6 (B6) strain revealed that the B6 mice were superior to A mice both in the T-cell-independent and in the T-cell-dependent phase of the response. Although animals of both strains had equal ability to clear their circulation of intravenously administered Listeria and to take up comparable amounts of bacteria in their livers and spleens, already 24 to 48 h after infection the genetic advantage of B6 strain mice to suppress bacterial proliferation was apparent. Both the primary (early and late) and the secondary responses as well as the ability to inactivate the bacterial load after adoptive protection by syngeneic immune lymphocytes were more efficient in the B6 animals, suggesting that the common effector macrophage arm of the antilisterial resistance rather than the lymphocyte arm (mediating the T-cell-dependent phase of response) is genetically controlled.", "contents": "Phenotypic expression of genetically controlled host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes. Several inbred mouse strains, all of them derived from the C57BL background, have genetically determined increased resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes, whereas a variety of other strains are relatively sensitive to this infection. Comparison of the host response to L. monocytogenes in the sensitive A strain and the resistant C57BL/6 (B6) strain revealed that the B6 mice were superior to A mice both in the T-cell-independent and in the T-cell-dependent phase of the response. Although animals of both strains had equal ability to clear their circulation of intravenously administered Listeria and to take up comparable amounts of bacteria in their livers and spleens, already 24 to 48 h after infection the genetic advantage of B6 strain mice to suppress bacterial proliferation was apparent. Both the primary (early and late) and the secondary responses as well as the ability to inactivate the bacterial load after adoptive protection by syngeneic immune lymphocytes were more efficient in the B6 animals, suggesting that the common effector macrophage arm of the antilisterial resistance rather than the lymphocyte arm (mediating the T-cell-dependent phase of response) is genetically controlled.", "PMID": 113346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10629", "title": "Extraction and partial characterization of a leukotoxin from a plaque-derived Gram-negative microorganism.", "content": "The plaque-derived gram-negative microorganism Y4 identified as a member of the genus Actinobacillus, was tested for a soluble cytotoxic factor(s). Sonication or incubation of viable Y4 microorganisms in distilled water or normal human serum resulted in liberation of a soluble material which was cytotoxic in vitro for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The Y4 soluble sonic extract was also cytotoxic to human peripheral blood monocytes. However, human lymphocytes, platelets, and fibroblasts, as well as rabbit, rat, and mouse leukocytes and chicken embryo fibroblasts, were not killed by exposure to the Y4 sonic extract. No hemolytic activity was detected in the Y4 sonic extract. No hemolytic activity was detected in the Y4 sonic extract. Consequently, the factor(s) in the Y4 sonic extract was referred to as Y4 leukotoxin. The Y4 leukotoxin was inactive at 4 degrees C, heat sensitive (56 degrees C, 30 min), and inactivated by proteases. The cytotoxic effect of Y4 leukotoxin on PMNs was dose, time, and temperature dependent. The leukotoxin did not bind to viable PMNs at 4 degrees C but did bind to dead PMN membrane components at both 4 and 37 degrees C. The addition of bovine serum albumin (51 mg/ml) to PMN-Y4 leukotoxin cultures inhibited the release of lactate dehydrogenase from the PMNs, but did not prevent the death of the cells as indicated by electron microscopy. Lysosomal markers were released in parallel to the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase from Y4 leukotoxin-treated PMNs. The addition of 0.02 M ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid to these cultures inhibited release of lysosomal markers but enhanced the release of lactate dehydrogenase. These results suggested that a soluble leukotoxin with specificity for only human PMNs and monocytes can be liberated from viable Y4. What role this leukotoxin plays in the pathogenicity of the Y4 microorganism is not yet known. However, this leukotoxin is one of the first materials from a plaque-derived microorganism with a potential role in the pathogenesis of juvenile periodontitis.", "contents": "Extraction and partial characterization of a leukotoxin from a plaque-derived Gram-negative microorganism. The plaque-derived gram-negative microorganism Y4 identified as a member of the genus Actinobacillus, was tested for a soluble cytotoxic factor(s). Sonication or incubation of viable Y4 microorganisms in distilled water or normal human serum resulted in liberation of a soluble material which was cytotoxic in vitro for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The Y4 soluble sonic extract was also cytotoxic to human peripheral blood monocytes. However, human lymphocytes, platelets, and fibroblasts, as well as rabbit, rat, and mouse leukocytes and chicken embryo fibroblasts, were not killed by exposure to the Y4 sonic extract. No hemolytic activity was detected in the Y4 sonic extract. No hemolytic activity was detected in the Y4 sonic extract. Consequently, the factor(s) in the Y4 sonic extract was referred to as Y4 leukotoxin. The Y4 leukotoxin was inactive at 4 degrees C, heat sensitive (56 degrees C, 30 min), and inactivated by proteases. The cytotoxic effect of Y4 leukotoxin on PMNs was dose, time, and temperature dependent. The leukotoxin did not bind to viable PMNs at 4 degrees C but did bind to dead PMN membrane components at both 4 and 37 degrees C. The addition of bovine serum albumin (51 mg/ml) to PMN-Y4 leukotoxin cultures inhibited the release of lactate dehydrogenase from the PMNs, but did not prevent the death of the cells as indicated by electron microscopy. Lysosomal markers were released in parallel to the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase from Y4 leukotoxin-treated PMNs. The addition of 0.02 M ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid to these cultures inhibited release of lysosomal markers but enhanced the release of lactate dehydrogenase. These results suggested that a soluble leukotoxin with specificity for only human PMNs and monocytes can be liberated from viable Y4. What role this leukotoxin plays in the pathogenicity of the Y4 microorganism is not yet known. However, this leukotoxin is one of the first materials from a plaque-derived microorganism with a potential role in the pathogenesis of juvenile periodontitis.", "PMID": 113347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10630", "title": "Interaction of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with human lung fibroblasts: characterization of the in vitro model.", "content": "The interaction of pathogenic Mycoplasma pneumoniae and host cells was studied in cell cultures of MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts. A comparison of results obtained with fibroblasts in a monolayer format and with hamster tracheal explant cultures indicated that the former can bind significantly larger numbers of mycoplasmas. In addition, the attachment was 96% specific, that is, mediated through a neuraminidase-sensitive receptor on the host cell. Uptake of mycoplasmas was directly related to the number of mycoplasma cells present in the inoculum, and attachment was virtually complete within a 30-min period at 37 degrees C. High doses of M. pneumoniae induced a marked cytopathic effect, whereas doses of less than or equal to 10(6) colony-forming units per ml produced grossly observable cell damage that was moderate and variable. Transmission electron microscopy studies indicated that attachment of M. pneumoniae to the surface of lung fibroblasts occurred with the specialized terminal structure or binding site oriented closest to the epithelial cell surface. The filamentous mycoplasma cells were spatially arranged in several configurations and were not limited to a vertical orientation. The advantages and disadvantages of human lung fibroblast monolayer cultures, in reference to other in vitro models are discussed. A new mycoplasma agar medium (G-200 agar) with a defined tissue culture base and 10% horse serum is also described.", "contents": "Interaction of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with human lung fibroblasts: characterization of the in vitro model. The interaction of pathogenic Mycoplasma pneumoniae and host cells was studied in cell cultures of MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts. A comparison of results obtained with fibroblasts in a monolayer format and with hamster tracheal explant cultures indicated that the former can bind significantly larger numbers of mycoplasmas. In addition, the attachment was 96% specific, that is, mediated through a neuraminidase-sensitive receptor on the host cell. Uptake of mycoplasmas was directly related to the number of mycoplasma cells present in the inoculum, and attachment was virtually complete within a 30-min period at 37 degrees C. High doses of M. pneumoniae induced a marked cytopathic effect, whereas doses of less than or equal to 10(6) colony-forming units per ml produced grossly observable cell damage that was moderate and variable. Transmission electron microscopy studies indicated that attachment of M. pneumoniae to the surface of lung fibroblasts occurred with the specialized terminal structure or binding site oriented closest to the epithelial cell surface. The filamentous mycoplasma cells were spatially arranged in several configurations and were not limited to a vertical orientation. The advantages and disadvantages of human lung fibroblast monolayer cultures, in reference to other in vitro models are discussed. A new mycoplasma agar medium (G-200 agar) with a defined tissue culture base and 10% horse serum is also described.", "PMID": 113348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10631", "title": "Interaction of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with human lung fibroblasts: role of receptor sites.", "content": "The biochemical nature of the neuraminidase-sensitive Mycoplasma pneumoniae receptor site on human lung fibroblast cells was studied. Purified, mixed sialoglycolipid (ganglioside) preparations from human and bovine tissues did not bind to M. pneumoniae organisms and block their subsequent attachment to fibroblasts. Fibroblasts incubated for 24 h in sialoglycolipid solutions to increase the ganglioside content of their membranes did not show increased pathogen attachment when later incubated with mycoplasmas. HeLa cells grown in the presence of sodium butyrate to increase GM3 ganglioside levels likewise did not have significantly increased uptake of M. pneumoniae organisms. Treatment of fibroblasts with enzymes indicated that the mycoplasma receptor site is trypsin and papain resistant but Pronase sensitive. Pronase digests of fibroblast membranes contained a product(s) which combined with M. pneumoniae cellls and cosedimented with them during centrifugation. Glycoproteins, purified from fibroblast membranes by a lithium diiodosalicylate solubilization technique, similarly bound to M. pneumoniae organisms. Collectively, these data suggest that the major component of the M. pneumoniae receptor site is a sialoglycoprotein with little or no lipid.", "contents": "Interaction of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with human lung fibroblasts: role of receptor sites. The biochemical nature of the neuraminidase-sensitive Mycoplasma pneumoniae receptor site on human lung fibroblast cells was studied. Purified, mixed sialoglycolipid (ganglioside) preparations from human and bovine tissues did not bind to M. pneumoniae organisms and block their subsequent attachment to fibroblasts. Fibroblasts incubated for 24 h in sialoglycolipid solutions to increase the ganglioside content of their membranes did not show increased pathogen attachment when later incubated with mycoplasmas. HeLa cells grown in the presence of sodium butyrate to increase GM3 ganglioside levels likewise did not have significantly increased uptake of M. pneumoniae organisms. Treatment of fibroblasts with enzymes indicated that the mycoplasma receptor site is trypsin and papain resistant but Pronase sensitive. Pronase digests of fibroblast membranes contained a product(s) which combined with M. pneumoniae cellls and cosedimented with them during centrifugation. Glycoproteins, purified from fibroblast membranes by a lithium diiodosalicylate solubilization technique, similarly bound to M. pneumoniae organisms. Collectively, these data suggest that the major component of the M. pneumoniae receptor site is a sialoglycoprotein with little or no lipid.", "PMID": 113349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10632", "title": "Herpesvirus papio: state and properties of intracellular viral DNA in baboon lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "content": "Herpesvirus papio (HVP) is an indigenous B-lymphotropic virus of baboons (Papio sp.) present in latent form in baboon lymphoblastoid cell lines. It shares cross-reacting viral capsid and early antigens with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and HVP DNA and EBV DNA show partial sequence homology. EBV-specific complementary RNA was employed here as a probe to investigate the physical state of the HVP DNA component in baboon lymphoblastoid cells after fractionation of cellular DNA by density gradient centrifugation. Five virus-producing cultures contained both free and integrated HVP DNA sequences while one non-producing cell line had two or three viral genome equivalents per cell in an apparently integrated form. Further analysis of one virus-producing line showed that the free HVP DNA fraction was composed of both linear and circular viral DNA. Contour length measurements of HVP circular DNA molecules by electron microscopy revealed that they were similar in length to the EBV circular DNA present in human lymphoblastoid cells.", "contents": "Herpesvirus papio: state and properties of intracellular viral DNA in baboon lymphoblastoid cell lines. Herpesvirus papio (HVP) is an indigenous B-lymphotropic virus of baboons (Papio sp.) present in latent form in baboon lymphoblastoid cell lines. It shares cross-reacting viral capsid and early antigens with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and HVP DNA and EBV DNA show partial sequence homology. EBV-specific complementary RNA was employed here as a probe to investigate the physical state of the HVP DNA component in baboon lymphoblastoid cells after fractionation of cellular DNA by density gradient centrifugation. Five virus-producing cultures contained both free and integrated HVP DNA sequences while one non-producing cell line had two or three viral genome equivalents per cell in an apparently integrated form. Further analysis of one virus-producing line showed that the free HVP DNA fraction was composed of both linear and circular viral DNA. Contour length measurements of HVP circular DNA molecules by electron microscopy revealed that they were similar in length to the EBV circular DNA present in human lymphoblastoid cells.", "PMID": 113352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10633", "title": "Sites of breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier after paracentesis of the rhesus monkey eye.", "content": "Sites of breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier following rapid paracentesis have been investigated in rhesus monkeys with two independent procedures. (1) The entrance of fluorescein into the anterior and posterior chambers following paracentesis was studied in vivo in normal eyes, in eyes with laser-induced experimental glaucoma, and in totally iridectomized eyes. (2) Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the ciliary body and trabecular meshwork regions in normal eyes and paracentetic eyes. These investigations show that the ciliary body, particularly the anterior pars plicata region, is a source of secondary aqueous humor protein. In addition, the study shows reflux of blood into Schlemm's canal and plasma movement across the inner wall into the anterior chamber.", "contents": "Sites of breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier after paracentesis of the rhesus monkey eye. Sites of breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier following rapid paracentesis have been investigated in rhesus monkeys with two independent procedures. (1) The entrance of fluorescein into the anterior and posterior chambers following paracentesis was studied in vivo in normal eyes, in eyes with laser-induced experimental glaucoma, and in totally iridectomized eyes. (2) Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the ciliary body and trabecular meshwork regions in normal eyes and paracentetic eyes. These investigations show that the ciliary body, particularly the anterior pars plicata region, is a source of secondary aqueous humor protein. In addition, the study shows reflux of blood into Schlemm's canal and plasma movement across the inner wall into the anterior chamber.", "PMID": 113359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10634", "title": "Response of the vestibulo-ocular reflex to differing programs of acceleration.", "content": "The vestibulo-ocular reflex of normal monkeys was tested by a modified B\u00e1r\u00e1ny spinning test (B-test) and by sinosoidal rotation. The two tests gave concordant estimates of the time constant and corner frequency. Deviation from concordance was caused largely by modification of the reflex during the testing procedures. As a means of estimating both time constant and corner frequency in the vestibulo-ocular reflex, the B-test is to be preferred to sinusoidal rotation because although both tests provide similar information, the B-test is the more rapidly performed and analyzed and the B-test modifies the reflex less.", "contents": "Response of the vestibulo-ocular reflex to differing programs of acceleration. The vestibulo-ocular reflex of normal monkeys was tested by a modified B\u00e1r\u00e1ny spinning test (B-test) and by sinosoidal rotation. The two tests gave concordant estimates of the time constant and corner frequency. Deviation from concordance was caused largely by modification of the reflex during the testing procedures. As a means of estimating both time constant and corner frequency in the vestibulo-ocular reflex, the B-test is to be preferred to sinusoidal rotation because although both tests provide similar information, the B-test is the more rapidly performed and analyzed and the B-test modifies the reflex less.", "PMID": 113360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10635", "title": "Echothiophate-induced structural alterations in the anterior chamber angle of the cynomolgus monkey.", "content": "Four cynomolgus monkeys were treated topically twice daily in one eye with echothiophate iodide (PI) doses of 63, 75, or 250 micrograms per treatment for 7.7 weeks to 7 months. The opposite eyes of two monkeys received a control solution (diluent). The anterior ocular segments of all six eyes were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy during treatment. In the PI-treated eyes, the cribriform and outer corneoscleral meshwork were unusually dense. The trabecular meshwork was collapsed and the lamellae showed thickened basement membranes and thickened sheaths of elastic-like material. Most endothelial cells were enlarged and activated. Some contained many glycogen particles; others showed evidence of degeneration. The cribriform meshwork contained much more extracellular fine fibrillar material than normal, and the endothelium of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal was damaged. The PI-contracted ciliary muscle had a more rectangular shape than normally contracted muscles, and the inner edge extended so far anteriorly that in some areas it overlapped and occluded the trabecular meshwork. The muscle cells appeared damaged, and their basement membranes were thickened. The nonpigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary processes showed signs of degeneration, and within the pars plana some contained large, weakly osmiophilic inclusions. The basement membrane of the ciliary epithelium was thickened everywhere. The stromal vessels of the pars plana were dilated, and signs of inflammation were present. The sphincter iridis was damaged and there were iridocorneal adhesions. The 5 month diluent-treated eye demonstrated mild structural abnormalities in the meshwork.", "contents": "Echothiophate-induced structural alterations in the anterior chamber angle of the cynomolgus monkey. Four cynomolgus monkeys were treated topically twice daily in one eye with echothiophate iodide (PI) doses of 63, 75, or 250 micrograms per treatment for 7.7 weeks to 7 months. The opposite eyes of two monkeys received a control solution (diluent). The anterior ocular segments of all six eyes were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy during treatment. In the PI-treated eyes, the cribriform and outer corneoscleral meshwork were unusually dense. The trabecular meshwork was collapsed and the lamellae showed thickened basement membranes and thickened sheaths of elastic-like material. Most endothelial cells were enlarged and activated. Some contained many glycogen particles; others showed evidence of degeneration. The cribriform meshwork contained much more extracellular fine fibrillar material than normal, and the endothelium of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal was damaged. The PI-contracted ciliary muscle had a more rectangular shape than normally contracted muscles, and the inner edge extended so far anteriorly that in some areas it overlapped and occluded the trabecular meshwork. The muscle cells appeared damaged, and their basement membranes were thickened. The nonpigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary processes showed signs of degeneration, and within the pars plana some contained large, weakly osmiophilic inclusions. The basement membrane of the ciliary epithelium was thickened everywhere. The stromal vessels of the pars plana were dilated, and signs of inflammation were present. The sphincter iridis was damaged and there were iridocorneal adhesions. The 5 month diluent-treated eye demonstrated mild structural abnormalities in the meshwork.", "PMID": 113361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10636", "title": "Polychlorinated biphenyls poisoning in monkey eye.", "content": "Poisoning by polychlorinated biphenyl(s) (PCB) in humans leads to cutaneous and ocular findings. A white, cheeselike secretion issuing from the orifice of the Meibomian gland duct when the eyelid is squeezed is one sign of this intoxiation. In the rhesus monkey, abnormal hyperkeratosis of the ductal epithelium was observed histopathologically.", "contents": "Polychlorinated biphenyls poisoning in monkey eye. Poisoning by polychlorinated biphenyl(s) (PCB) in humans leads to cutaneous and ocular findings. A white, cheeselike secretion issuing from the orifice of the Meibomian gland duct when the eyelid is squeezed is one sign of this intoxiation. In the rhesus monkey, abnormal hyperkeratosis of the ductal epithelium was observed histopathologically.", "PMID": 113362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10637", "title": "Optic nerve sheath imaging with metrizamide.", "content": "A technique is described for opacifying the optic nerve sheaths with intrathecally injected metrizamide. The clinical and investigational applications are discussed.", "contents": "Optic nerve sheath imaging with metrizamide. A technique is described for opacifying the optic nerve sheaths with intrathecally injected metrizamide. The clinical and investigational applications are discussed.", "PMID": 113363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10638", "title": "Radiographic study of gastric hyperplasia induced by polychlorinated biphenyls in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of compounds which have many industrial uses and have become an environmental pollutant. In the rhesus monkey, an unusual type of gastric hyperplasia has been produced by feeding the animals small amounts of these chemicals. By using a double contrast gastrogram with simultaneous pneumoperitoneum, we studied the development of the lesions radiographically. Over a period of several months the gastric abnormality progressed from minimal thickening of the gastric wall, with normal appearing mucosa, to extensive nodularity and irregularity in the area of involvement. This technique provides a method for studying the characteristics of the gastric hyperplasia over an extended time, and therefore has several advantages over autopsy studies or surgical biopsies. Although no similar lesions related to PCB exposure have been seen in humans, no survey of possible gastric changes has been done among persons exposed to these materials.", "contents": "Radiographic study of gastric hyperplasia induced by polychlorinated biphenyls in the rhesus monkey. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of compounds which have many industrial uses and have become an environmental pollutant. In the rhesus monkey, an unusual type of gastric hyperplasia has been produced by feeding the animals small amounts of these chemicals. By using a double contrast gastrogram with simultaneous pneumoperitoneum, we studied the development of the lesions radiographically. Over a period of several months the gastric abnormality progressed from minimal thickening of the gastric wall, with normal appearing mucosa, to extensive nodularity and irregularity in the area of involvement. This technique provides a method for studying the characteristics of the gastric hyperplasia over an extended time, and therefore has several advantages over autopsy studies or surgical biopsies. Although no similar lesions related to PCB exposure have been seen in humans, no survey of possible gastric changes has been done among persons exposed to these materials.", "PMID": 113364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10639", "title": "Virus-cell interactions as seen by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used during the past few years to determine surface alterations of cells infected with a variety of RNA and DNA viruses. Infection of different cultured cells by RNA and DNA viruses usually revealed dramatic shape changes with surface alterations. The most frequent changes seen were \"rounding up\" of cells and the development of surface microprojections such as ruffles and microvilli. In the light of available knowledge, suggestions are made in this review for future SEM studies in this field with more sensitive methodologies, which will enable even better characterization of virus-induced cell surface changes.", "contents": "Virus-cell interactions as seen by scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used during the past few years to determine surface alterations of cells infected with a variety of RNA and DNA viruses. Infection of different cultured cells by RNA and DNA viruses usually revealed dramatic shape changes with surface alterations. The most frequent changes seen were \"rounding up\" of cells and the development of surface microprojections such as ruffles and microvilli. In the light of available knowledge, suggestions are made in this review for future SEM studies in this field with more sensitive methodologies, which will enable even better characterization of virus-induced cell surface changes.", "PMID": 113368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10640", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of iopanoic acid in the rhesus monkey: biliary excretion, plasma protein binding and biotransformation.", "content": "A dynamic infusion method, originally developed for the pharmacokinetic studies of Iodoxamic acid, was applied to the kinetic studies of the biliary excretion of another cholecystographic agent, iopanoic acid. This dynamic method has an important advantage in that the pharmacokinetic parameters involved in the hepatic uptake or biliary excretion can be evaluated from a single infusion experiment. Using the equilibrium dialysis technique, iopanoic acid was found to be highly bound to the plasma proteins. A linear relationship was found when the logarithm of unbound plasma concentration of iopanoic acid was plotted vs. the logarithm of its blood concentration. When the biliary excretion rates of iopanoic acid were fitted by a computer to the Michaelis-Menten equation against its unbound plasma concentration, the average Vm value was found to be 0.85 micron/kg/min and the average Km value was found to be 0.253 micron. Iopanoic acid was found to exist in monkey blood as unchanged species and in the bile mainly as the ester glucuronide.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of iopanoic acid in the rhesus monkey: biliary excretion, plasma protein binding and biotransformation. A dynamic infusion method, originally developed for the pharmacokinetic studies of Iodoxamic acid, was applied to the kinetic studies of the biliary excretion of another cholecystographic agent, iopanoic acid. This dynamic method has an important advantage in that the pharmacokinetic parameters involved in the hepatic uptake or biliary excretion can be evaluated from a single infusion experiment. Using the equilibrium dialysis technique, iopanoic acid was found to be highly bound to the plasma proteins. A linear relationship was found when the logarithm of unbound plasma concentration of iopanoic acid was plotted vs. the logarithm of its blood concentration. When the biliary excretion rates of iopanoic acid were fitted by a computer to the Michaelis-Menten equation against its unbound plasma concentration, the average Vm value was found to be 0.85 micron/kg/min and the average Km value was found to be 0.253 micron. Iopanoic acid was found to exist in monkey blood as unchanged species and in the bile mainly as the ester glucuronide.", "PMID": 113366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10641", "title": "[Effect of a corticosteroid additive on the result of local therapy of bacterial superinfection in tinea pedis intertriginosa].", "content": "Sixty cases of tinea pedum intertriginosa were topically treated in a double-blind trial. In 34 cases a cream was used, which contained 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline, gentamycin and fluprednyliden-21-acetate. In 26 cases a cream was used, which contained 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline and gentamycin alone. Treatment was continued over three weeks. In weekly intervalls mycological, bacteriological and clinical controls were performed, which showed that the steroid-component had no disadvantageous effect on the course of infection. In contrast the steroid containing preparation proved to be slightly superior.", "contents": "[Effect of a corticosteroid additive on the result of local therapy of bacterial superinfection in tinea pedis intertriginosa]. Sixty cases of tinea pedum intertriginosa were topically treated in a double-blind trial. In 34 cases a cream was used, which contained 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline, gentamycin and fluprednyliden-21-acetate. In 26 cases a cream was used, which contained 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline and gentamycin alone. Treatment was continued over three weeks. In weekly intervalls mycological, bacteriological and clinical controls were performed, which showed that the steroid-component had no disadvantageous effect on the course of infection. In contrast the steroid containing preparation proved to be slightly superior.", "PMID": 113370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10642", "title": "Radioiodination of biologically active compounds: a simplified solid-state enzymatic procedure.", "content": "A simplified solid-state enzymatic iodination procedure for routine labeling of unstable pure protein or complex amino acid-containing molecules is presented. The procedure was designed using agarose-bound lactoperoxidase to iodinate human IgG with iodine-125. This method consistently resulted in a labeling efficiency greater than 90% with high stability and undetectable gross structural alterations of the substrate as evaluated by immunodiffusion and electrophoresis. The technique presented is simple, efficient, and may be employed to yield a sterile, pyrogen-free labeled species.", "contents": "Radioiodination of biologically active compounds: a simplified solid-state enzymatic procedure. A simplified solid-state enzymatic iodination procedure for routine labeling of unstable pure protein or complex amino acid-containing molecules is presented. The procedure was designed using agarose-bound lactoperoxidase to iodinate human IgG with iodine-125. This method consistently resulted in a labeling efficiency greater than 90% with high stability and undetectable gross structural alterations of the substrate as evaluated by immunodiffusion and electrophoresis. The technique presented is simple, efficient, and may be employed to yield a sterile, pyrogen-free labeled species.", "PMID": 113367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10643", "title": "The biochemical and histochemical demonstration of lactase induction in fetal rat intestine by intra-amniotic injection of lactose.", "content": "A single dose of 20 mg beta-D-lactose injected into the amniotic sac of rats on day 17 of pregnancy induced an increase in lactase activity in fetal jejunum. This effect was first noted two days after injection and lasted for at least two additional days. Histoenzymatic investigation indicated that this enzyme was located on the surface of the absorptive cells lining the villi and thus corresponds to the \"dietary\" form of beta-galactosidase. A much smaller increase, based presumably on progressive increase in fetal size (age) was found in control fetuses which had received glucose or no injections. Peak lactase values in fetuses receiving lactose were substantially higher than peak values in control fetuses. In both lactose-injected and non-injected rats which were allowed to deliver, there was a sharp drop in lactase values coincident with birth.", "contents": "The biochemical and histochemical demonstration of lactase induction in fetal rat intestine by intra-amniotic injection of lactose. A single dose of 20 mg beta-D-lactose injected into the amniotic sac of rats on day 17 of pregnancy induced an increase in lactase activity in fetal jejunum. This effect was first noted two days after injection and lasted for at least two additional days. Histoenzymatic investigation indicated that this enzyme was located on the surface of the absorptive cells lining the villi and thus corresponds to the \"dietary\" form of beta-galactosidase. A much smaller increase, based presumably on progressive increase in fetal size (age) was found in control fetuses which had received glucose or no injections. Peak lactase values in fetuses receiving lactose were substantially higher than peak values in control fetuses. In both lactose-injected and non-injected rats which were allowed to deliver, there was a sharp drop in lactase values coincident with birth.", "PMID": 113373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10644", "title": "Insertional inactivation of trpC in cloned Bacillus trp segments: evidence for a polar effect on trpF.", "content": "Plasmid pUB110 was previously used as a vector to clone fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid that complement the trpC2 mutation in Bacillus subtilis from endonuclease EcoRI digested B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, and B. subtilis cellular deoxyribonucleic acid. Each of several such trp plasmids was subsequently shown to contain a segment of the trp gene cluster on the basis of genetic complementing activity. In the present study, analysis of the Trp enzyme levels in B. subtilis harboring the constructed trp plasmids confirms the genetic constitution of the plasmids. Thus, plasmids that complement mutations in specific trp genes specify the corresponding enzyme activities. The levels of the plasmid-specified Trp enzymes in B. subtilis were generally above the repressed level of the chromosomally specified Trp enzymes and equal to or below the derepressed levels of the chromosomally specified Trp enzymes. Certain cloned trp segments contain a single HindIII-sensitive site. Insertion of HindIII-generated deoxyribonucleic acid fragments into these trp plasmids resulted in inactivation of trpC complementing activity, loss of the trpC-specified enzyme activity, and a 10-fold reduction in the specific activity of the plasmid-specified trpF product. The HindIII insertions had no detectable effect on the level of the trpD product, nor did the insertions detectably alter plasmid-specified complementing activity other than to abolish trpC complementation. Removal of the HindIII insertions was accompanied by recovery of trpC complementing activity and restoration of the trpC-and trpF-determined enzymes to the levels specified by the parent plasmids.", "contents": "Insertional inactivation of trpC in cloned Bacillus trp segments: evidence for a polar effect on trpF. Plasmid pUB110 was previously used as a vector to clone fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid that complement the trpC2 mutation in Bacillus subtilis from endonuclease EcoRI digested B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, and B. subtilis cellular deoxyribonucleic acid. Each of several such trp plasmids was subsequently shown to contain a segment of the trp gene cluster on the basis of genetic complementing activity. In the present study, analysis of the Trp enzyme levels in B. subtilis harboring the constructed trp plasmids confirms the genetic constitution of the plasmids. Thus, plasmids that complement mutations in specific trp genes specify the corresponding enzyme activities. The levels of the plasmid-specified Trp enzymes in B. subtilis were generally above the repressed level of the chromosomally specified Trp enzymes and equal to or below the derepressed levels of the chromosomally specified Trp enzymes. Certain cloned trp segments contain a single HindIII-sensitive site. Insertion of HindIII-generated deoxyribonucleic acid fragments into these trp plasmids resulted in inactivation of trpC complementing activity, loss of the trpC-specified enzyme activity, and a 10-fold reduction in the specific activity of the plasmid-specified trpF product. The HindIII insertions had no detectable effect on the level of the trpD product, nor did the insertions detectably alter plasmid-specified complementing activity other than to abolish trpC complementation. Removal of the HindIII insertions was accompanied by recovery of trpC complementing activity and restoration of the trpC-and trpF-determined enzymes to the levels specified by the parent plasmids.", "PMID": 113380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10645", "title": "Positive control of ilvC expression in Escherichia coli K-12; identification and mapping of regulatory gene ilvY.", "content": "The construction of a plasmid carrying the ilvC::lacZ fusion is described. This plasmid provides a convenient source of template deoxyribonucleic acid for use in an in vitro protein-synthesizing system. We screened strains deleted in regions of the ilv cluster for their ability to support ilvC-dependent beta-galactosidase synthesis. The fact that two deletions prevented beta-galactosidase production indicated that ilv-C expression is under positive control. By use of plasmids carrying the positive-control factor structural gene ilvY, we were able to restore protein-synthesizing ability to these strains. These plasmids also enabled us to map ilvY between ilvA and ilvC.", "contents": "Positive control of ilvC expression in Escherichia coli K-12; identification and mapping of regulatory gene ilvY. The construction of a plasmid carrying the ilvC::lacZ fusion is described. This plasmid provides a convenient source of template deoxyribonucleic acid for use in an in vitro protein-synthesizing system. We screened strains deleted in regions of the ilv cluster for their ability to support ilvC-dependent beta-galactosidase synthesis. The fact that two deletions prevented beta-galactosidase production indicated that ilv-C expression is under positive control. By use of plasmids carrying the positive-control factor structural gene ilvY, we were able to restore protein-synthesizing ability to these strains. These plasmids also enabled us to map ilvY between ilvA and ilvC.", "PMID": 113381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10646", "title": "Alterations in peptidoglycan chemical composition associated with rod-to-sphere transition in a conditional mutant of Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "Klebsiella pneumoniae Mir M7 is a spontaneous parentless morphology mutant which grows as cocci at pH 7 and as rods at pH 5.8. This strain has been characterized as defective in lateral wall formation (at pH7). Data suggest that the cell wall is mainly made up of poles of the rods (G. Satta, R. Fontana, P. Canepari, and G. Botta, J. Bacteriol. 137:727--734, 1979). In this work the isolation and the biochemical properties of the peptidoglycan of both Mir M7 rods and cocci and a nonconditional rod-shaped Mir M7 revertant (strain Mir A12) are described. The peptidoglycan of Mir M7 (both rods and cocci) and Mir A12 strains carried covalently bound proteins which could be easily removed by pronase treatment in Mir M7 rods and Mir A12 cells, but not in Mir M7 round cells. However, when the sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble residues of Mir M7 cocci were pretreated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), pronase digestion removed the covalently bound proteins, and pure peptidoglycan was obtained. EDTA treatment of the rigid layer of Mir M7 cocci removed amounts of Mg2+ and Ca2+, which were 10- and 50-fold higher, respectively, than the amount liberated from the rigid layer of Mir  M7 rods and Mir A12 cells. Amino acid composition was qualitatively similar in both strains, but Mir M7 cocci contained a higher amount of alanine and glucosamine. Mir M7 cocci contained approximately 50% less peptidoglycan than rods. Under electron microscopy, the rigid layer of the Mir M7 rods and Mir A12 cells appeared to be rod-shaped and their shape remained unchanged after EDTA and pronase treatment. On the contrary, the Mir M7 cocci rigid layer appeared to be round, and after EDTA treatment it collapsed and lost any definite morphology. In spite of these alterations, the peptidoglycan of Mir M7 cocci still appeared able to determine the shape of the cell and protect it from osmotic shock and mechanical damages. The accumluation of divalent cations appeared necessary for the peptidoglycan to acquire sufficient rigidity for shape determination and cell protection. We concluded that the coccal shape in Mir M7 cells is not due to loss of cell wall rigidity but is a consequence of the formation of a round peptidoglycan molecule. The possibility that the alterations found in the Mir M7 cocci rigid layer may reflect natural differences in the biochemical composition of the septa and lateral wall of normally shaped bacteria is discussed.", "contents": "Alterations in peptidoglycan chemical composition associated with rod-to-sphere transition in a conditional mutant of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Klebsiella pneumoniae Mir M7 is a spontaneous parentless morphology mutant which grows as cocci at pH 7 and as rods at pH 5.8. This strain has been characterized as defective in lateral wall formation (at pH7). Data suggest that the cell wall is mainly made up of poles of the rods (G. Satta, R. Fontana, P. Canepari, and G. Botta, J. Bacteriol. 137:727--734, 1979). In this work the isolation and the biochemical properties of the peptidoglycan of both Mir M7 rods and cocci and a nonconditional rod-shaped Mir M7 revertant (strain Mir A12) are described. The peptidoglycan of Mir M7 (both rods and cocci) and Mir A12 strains carried covalently bound proteins which could be easily removed by pronase treatment in Mir M7 rods and Mir A12 cells, but not in Mir M7 round cells. However, when the sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble residues of Mir M7 cocci were pretreated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), pronase digestion removed the covalently bound proteins, and pure peptidoglycan was obtained. EDTA treatment of the rigid layer of Mir M7 cocci removed amounts of Mg2+ and Ca2+, which were 10- and 50-fold higher, respectively, than the amount liberated from the rigid layer of Mir  M7 rods and Mir A12 cells. Amino acid composition was qualitatively similar in both strains, but Mir M7 cocci contained a higher amount of alanine and glucosamine. Mir M7 cocci contained approximately 50% less peptidoglycan than rods. Under electron microscopy, the rigid layer of the Mir M7 rods and Mir A12 cells appeared to be rod-shaped and their shape remained unchanged after EDTA and pronase treatment. On the contrary, the Mir M7 cocci rigid layer appeared to be round, and after EDTA treatment it collapsed and lost any definite morphology. In spite of these alterations, the peptidoglycan of Mir M7 cocci still appeared able to determine the shape of the cell and protect it from osmotic shock and mechanical damages. The accumluation of divalent cations appeared necessary for the peptidoglycan to acquire sufficient rigidity for shape determination and cell protection. We concluded that the coccal shape in Mir M7 cells is not due to loss of cell wall rigidity but is a consequence of the formation of a round peptidoglycan molecule. The possibility that the alterations found in the Mir M7 cocci rigid layer may reflect natural differences in the biochemical composition of the septa and lateral wall of normally shaped bacteria is discussed.", "PMID": 113382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10647", "title": "Transport systems for branched-chain amino acids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed high activity for leucine transport in the absence of Na+, giving a Km value of 0.34 microM. In the presence of Na+, however, two Km values, 0.37 microM (LIV-I system) and 7.6 microM (LIV-II system), were obtained. The former system seemed to serve not only for the entry of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, but also for that of alanine and threonine, although less effectively. However, the LIV-II system served for the entry of branched-chain amino acids only. The LIV-II system alone was operative in membrane vesicles, for the transport of branched-chain amino acids in membrane vesicles required Na+ and gave single Km values for the respective amino acids. When cells were osmotically shocked, the activity of the LIV-I system decreased, whereas the LIV-II system remained unaffected. The shock fluid from P. aeruginosa cells showed leucine-binding activity with a dissociation constant of 0.25 microM. The specificity of the activity was very similar to that of the LIV-I system. These results suggest that a leucine-binding protein(s) in the periplasmic space may be required for the transport process via the LIV-I system of P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Transport systems for branched-chain amino acids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed high activity for leucine transport in the absence of Na+, giving a Km value of 0.34 microM. In the presence of Na+, however, two Km values, 0.37 microM (LIV-I system) and 7.6 microM (LIV-II system), were obtained. The former system seemed to serve not only for the entry of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, but also for that of alanine and threonine, although less effectively. However, the LIV-II system served for the entry of branched-chain amino acids only. The LIV-II system alone was operative in membrane vesicles, for the transport of branched-chain amino acids in membrane vesicles required Na+ and gave single Km values for the respective amino acids. When cells were osmotically shocked, the activity of the LIV-I system decreased, whereas the LIV-II system remained unaffected. The shock fluid from P. aeruginosa cells showed leucine-binding activity with a dissociation constant of 0.25 microM. The specificity of the activity was very similar to that of the LIV-I system. These results suggest that a leucine-binding protein(s) in the periplasmic space may be required for the transport process via the LIV-I system of P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 113383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10648", "title": "Genetic and physiological characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants affected in the catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase.", "content": "In Pseudomonas aeruginosa arginine can be degraded by the arginine \"dihydrolase\" system, consisting of arginine deiminase, catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase, and carbamate kinase. Mutants of P. aeruginosa strain PAO affected in the structural gene (arcB) of the catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase were isolated. Firt, and argF mutation (i.e., a block in the anabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase) was suppressed specifically by a mutationally altered catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase capable of functioning in the anabolic direction. The suppressor locus arcB (Su) was mapped by transduction between hisII and argA. Second, mutants having lost suppressor activity were obtained. The Su- mutations were very closely linked to arcB (Su) and caused strongly reduced ornithine carbamoyltransferase activities in vitro. Under aerobic conditions, a mutant (PA0630) which had less than 1% of the wild-type catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity grew on arginine as the only carbon and nitrogen source, at the wild-type growth rate. When oxygen was limiting, strain PA0630 grown on arginine excreted citrulline in the stationary growth phase. These observations suggest that during aerobic growth arginine is not degraded exclusively via the dihydrolase pathway.", "contents": "Genetic and physiological characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants affected in the catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa arginine can be degraded by the arginine \"dihydrolase\" system, consisting of arginine deiminase, catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase, and carbamate kinase. Mutants of P. aeruginosa strain PAO affected in the structural gene (arcB) of the catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase were isolated. Firt, and argF mutation (i.e., a block in the anabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase) was suppressed specifically by a mutationally altered catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase capable of functioning in the anabolic direction. The suppressor locus arcB (Su) was mapped by transduction between hisII and argA. Second, mutants having lost suppressor activity were obtained. The Su- mutations were very closely linked to arcB (Su) and caused strongly reduced ornithine carbamoyltransferase activities in vitro. Under aerobic conditions, a mutant (PA0630) which had less than 1% of the wild-type catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity grew on arginine as the only carbon and nitrogen source, at the wild-type growth rate. When oxygen was limiting, strain PA0630 grown on arginine excreted citrulline in the stationary growth phase. These observations suggest that during aerobic growth arginine is not degraded exclusively via the dihydrolase pathway.", "PMID": 113384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10649", "title": "Regulation of expression of the flagellin gene (hag) in Escherichia coli K-12: analysis of hag-lac gene fusions.", "content": "Previous studies have defined 28 genes necessary for the synthesis of the flagellar apparatus of Escherichia coli K-12. This study analyzed the influence of the flagellar genes on the expression of the hag gene (structural gene for flagellin). To this end, a hag::Mu d(Apr lac) mutant which had the lac genes fused to the promoter of the hag gene was constructed. This allowed the measurement of hag gene expression by detection of beta-galactosidase activity. The following observations were made. (i) The hag gene was expressed constitutively in Fla+ cells. (ii) hag gene expression was positively regulated by flaA, FLAB, flaC, flaD, flaE, flaG, flaH, flaI, flaK, flaL, flaM, flaN, flaO, flaP, flaQ, flaR, flaV, flaW, flaX, flaY, flaZ, flbA, and flbB genes.hag-lac expression was not observed in strains with these fla mutations. (iii) The hag gene was expressed in mutants with flaS, flaT, flaU, and flbC defects. Therefore, these genes were not involved in regulation of hag gene transcription.", "contents": "Regulation of expression of the flagellin gene (hag) in Escherichia coli K-12: analysis of hag-lac gene fusions. Previous studies have defined 28 genes necessary for the synthesis of the flagellar apparatus of Escherichia coli K-12. This study analyzed the influence of the flagellar genes on the expression of the hag gene (structural gene for flagellin). To this end, a hag::Mu d(Apr lac) mutant which had the lac genes fused to the promoter of the hag gene was constructed. This allowed the measurement of hag gene expression by detection of beta-galactosidase activity. The following observations were made. (i) The hag gene was expressed constitutively in Fla+ cells. (ii) hag gene expression was positively regulated by flaA, FLAB, flaC, flaD, flaE, flaG, flaH, flaI, flaK, flaL, flaM, flaN, flaO, flaP, flaQ, flaR, flaV, flaW, flaX, flaY, flaZ, flbA, and flbB genes.hag-lac expression was not observed in strains with these fla mutations. (iii) The hag gene was expressed in mutants with flaS, flaT, flaU, and flbC defects. Therefore, these genes were not involved in regulation of hag gene transcription.", "PMID": 113385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10650", "title": "recE4-Independent recombination between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid segments of Bacillus subtilis plasmids.", "content": "A plasmid (pLS104) carrying a tandem repetition of the leu region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome arose spontaneously from pLS103, which carried a single copy of the leu region. Plasmid preparations from strains harboring pLS104 also contained the original plasmid, pLS103, and, in some preparations, plasmids carrying three or four repetitions of the leu region. These plasmids were shown to be generated by recombination between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) segments in the tandemly repeated DNA regions on the plasmids, but not by recombinations between specific DNA sites. These phenomena were observed in a recE4-Independent background, showing that recombination of the homologous DNA sequences does not require the recE-Independent gene product(s).", "contents": "recE4-Independent recombination between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid segments of Bacillus subtilis plasmids. A plasmid (pLS104) carrying a tandem repetition of the leu region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome arose spontaneously from pLS103, which carried a single copy of the leu region. Plasmid preparations from strains harboring pLS104 also contained the original plasmid, pLS103, and, in some preparations, plasmids carrying three or four repetitions of the leu region. These plasmids were shown to be generated by recombination between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) segments in the tandemly repeated DNA regions on the plasmids, but not by recombinations between specific DNA sites. These phenomena were observed in a recE4-Independent background, showing that recombination of the homologous DNA sequences does not require the recE-Independent gene product(s).", "PMID": 113386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10651", "title": "Effect of protein synthesis on plasmid maintenance in Streptococcus faecalis.", "content": "Plasmid-to-chromosome ratios in Enterobacteriaceae, upon interruption of protein synthesis by chloramphenicol, are either conserved or increased when measured by dye buoyant density centrifugation. We have found, on the other hand, that the effect of inhibition of protein synthesis on the amount of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid visualized by this method in two strains of Streptococcus faecalis appears to differ from these established systems. A three- to sixfold decrease in covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid was observed when lysates of chloramphenicol-treated cultures were submitted to dye buoyant density centrifugation. A loss of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid was also evident from electrophoretic profiles of these lysates. Several conditions which could account for the apparent loss of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid upon inhibition of protein synthesis are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of protein synthesis on plasmid maintenance in Streptococcus faecalis. Plasmid-to-chromosome ratios in Enterobacteriaceae, upon interruption of protein synthesis by chloramphenicol, are either conserved or increased when measured by dye buoyant density centrifugation. We have found, on the other hand, that the effect of inhibition of protein synthesis on the amount of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid visualized by this method in two strains of Streptococcus faecalis appears to differ from these established systems. A three- to sixfold decrease in covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid was observed when lysates of chloramphenicol-treated cultures were submitted to dye buoyant density centrifugation. A loss of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid was also evident from electrophoretic profiles of these lysates. Several conditions which could account for the apparent loss of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid upon inhibition of protein synthesis are discussed.", "PMID": 113387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10652", "title": "Transposable plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid sequence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa which mediates resistance to gentamicin and four other antimicrobial agents.", "content": "A 9.1 x 10(6)-dalton transposable deoxyribonucleic acid sequence resides within Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmid R1033 and mediates resistance to gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, and mercuric chloride. Transposability was demonstrated in Escherichia coli when this sequence, designated Tn1696, excised from R1033 and integrated into plasmid pMB8. Excision and insertion of Tn1696 occurred independently of the host Rec phenotype and may involve the 140-base pair, inverted deoxyribonucleic acid repeated region that flanks this sequence. Occurrence of a multiresistance transposon on a transferrable plasmid that has a broad host range may have serious epidemiological and therapeutic consequences.", "contents": "Transposable plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid sequence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa which mediates resistance to gentamicin and four other antimicrobial agents. A 9.1 x 10(6)-dalton transposable deoxyribonucleic acid sequence resides within Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmid R1033 and mediates resistance to gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, and mercuric chloride. Transposability was demonstrated in Escherichia coli when this sequence, designated Tn1696, excised from R1033 and integrated into plasmid pMB8. Excision and insertion of Tn1696 occurred independently of the host Rec phenotype and may involve the 140-base pair, inverted deoxyribonucleic acid repeated region that flanks this sequence. Occurrence of a multiresistance transposon on a transferrable plasmid that has a broad host range may have serious epidemiological and therapeutic consequences.", "PMID": 113388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10653", "title": "Membrane enrichment of genetic markers close to the origin and terminus during the deoxyribonucleic acid replication cycle in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive Bacillus subtilis initiation mutant was used to achieve one cycle of synchronized deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication. Markers near the origin of replication and the terminus were assayed for association with the cell membrane at intervals during the DNA replication cycle. DNA near the origin and terminus was found to be enriched in the membrane fraction throughout the DNA replication cycle. The magnitude of membrane enrichment or origin and terminus markers varied coincidentally, possibly as a consequence of incubating the cells at 45 degrees C.", "contents": "Membrane enrichment of genetic markers close to the origin and terminus during the deoxyribonucleic acid replication cycle in Bacillus subtilis. A temperature-sensitive Bacillus subtilis initiation mutant was used to achieve one cycle of synchronized deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication. Markers near the origin of replication and the terminus were assayed for association with the cell membrane at intervals during the DNA replication cycle. DNA near the origin and terminus was found to be enriched in the membrane fraction throughout the DNA replication cycle. The magnitude of membrane enrichment or origin and terminus markers varied coincidentally, possibly as a consequence of incubating the cells at 45 degrees C.", "PMID": 113389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10654", "title": "Synthesis of 1,3-beta-glucanases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the mitotic cycle, mating, and sporulation.", "content": "Upon fractionating Saccharomyces cerevisiae asynchronous cultures by sucrose density gradient centrifugation in a zonal rotor and examining the exo-1,3-beta-glucanase and deoxyribonucleic acid content of the cells, a periodic step increase in the activity of this enzyme was observed, indicating a discontinuous pattern of synthesis or activation of exo-1,3-beta-glucanase during the mitotic cycle at the transition from the S to the G(2) phase. Similar results were obtained for endo-1,3-beta-glucanase by assaying activity against oxidized laminarin in permeabilized cells, suggesting that the synthesis of endo-1,3-beta-glucanase is controlled in the same way. When a and alpha strains were mated, the specific activity of cell extracts against laminarin, oxidized laminarin, and pustulan remained constant while zygote formation was taking place. However, when growth resumed, active synthesis of 1,3-beta-glucanases took place as shown by the occurrence of a significant increase in the specific activity against the three substrates. Specific changes in the level of glucan degradative enzymes, not observed in a haploid parental strain, occurred when the diploid S. cerevisiae AP-1 was induced to sporulate. The sporulation process triggered the activation of first the pustulan degradative capacity and then the capacity to hydrolyze oxidized laminarin. The specific activity against this substrate was 10 times higher than that against pustulan.", "contents": "Synthesis of 1,3-beta-glucanases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the mitotic cycle, mating, and sporulation. Upon fractionating Saccharomyces cerevisiae asynchronous cultures by sucrose density gradient centrifugation in a zonal rotor and examining the exo-1,3-beta-glucanase and deoxyribonucleic acid content of the cells, a periodic step increase in the activity of this enzyme was observed, indicating a discontinuous pattern of synthesis or activation of exo-1,3-beta-glucanase during the mitotic cycle at the transition from the S to the G(2) phase. Similar results were obtained for endo-1,3-beta-glucanase by assaying activity against oxidized laminarin in permeabilized cells, suggesting that the synthesis of endo-1,3-beta-glucanase is controlled in the same way. When a and alpha strains were mated, the specific activity of cell extracts against laminarin, oxidized laminarin, and pustulan remained constant while zygote formation was taking place. However, when growth resumed, active synthesis of 1,3-beta-glucanases took place as shown by the occurrence of a significant increase in the specific activity against the three substrates. Specific changes in the level of glucan degradative enzymes, not observed in a haploid parental strain, occurred when the diploid S. cerevisiae AP-1 was induced to sporulate. The sporulation process triggered the activation of first the pustulan degradative capacity and then the capacity to hydrolyze oxidized laminarin. The specific activity against this substrate was 10 times higher than that against pustulan.", "PMID": 113390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10655", "title": "Use of gene fusions to determine a partial signal sequence of alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "We have isolated strains of Escherichia coli in which an amino-terminal portion of the cytoplasmic enzyme beta-galactosidase is replaced by an amino-terminal portion of the periplasmic enzyme alkaline phosphatase. The synthesis of these hybrid proteins is regulated by inorganic phosphate and they are located in the cytoplasm. One of these proteins was purified, and 14 amino acids of the amino-terminal sequence were determined. The first five amino acids, Met-Lys-Gln-Ser-Thr, appear to represent a portion of the signal sequence of the precursor of alkaline phosphatase, and the remaining sequence corresponds to that of beta-galactosidase, beginning at amino acid residue 20. The approach described here could be used for the analysis of signal sequences of exported proteins and for partial amino acid sequence determination of certain of certain other proteins.", "contents": "Use of gene fusions to determine a partial signal sequence of alkaline phosphatase. We have isolated strains of Escherichia coli in which an amino-terminal portion of the cytoplasmic enzyme beta-galactosidase is replaced by an amino-terminal portion of the periplasmic enzyme alkaline phosphatase. The synthesis of these hybrid proteins is regulated by inorganic phosphate and they are located in the cytoplasm. One of these proteins was purified, and 14 amino acids of the amino-terminal sequence were determined. The first five amino acids, Met-Lys-Gln-Ser-Thr, appear to represent a portion of the signal sequence of the precursor of alkaline phosphatase, and the remaining sequence corresponds to that of beta-galactosidase, beginning at amino acid residue 20. The approach described here could be used for the analysis of signal sequences of exported proteins and for partial amino acid sequence determination of certain of certain other proteins.", "PMID": 113391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10656", "title": "Effect of repair deficiency and R plasmids on spontaneous and radiation-induced mutability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The effect of R plasmids on spontaneous and radiation (ultraviolet and gamma)-induced mutability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in strains containing the radiation-sensitive markers polA3 or rec-2 and the revertable auxotrophic markers hisO27 and trpB1. In the absence of an R plasmid, the radiation-induced mutability was dependent on the recA+ genotype and independent of the polA+ genotype, whereas spontaneous mutability was similar in all genetic backgrounds. R plasmids pPL1, R2, and pMG15 increased the ultraviolet radiation survival and ultraviolet-induced mutability of wild-type and polA host cells but did not alter either effect in a recA mutant. These R plasmids also increased the gamma radiation survival and gamma-induced mutability of wild-type host cells bud pMG15 also enhanced the level of spontaneous mutagenesis in wild-type host cells but not in a polA or recA mutant. These data suggested that a common plasmid gene product(s) may participate in various recA-dependent, error-prone deoxyribonucleic acid repair pathways of P. aeruginosa. The properties of a mutant R plasmid, pPL2, originally selected because it lacked enhanced ultraviolet-induced mutability, supported this conclusion.", "contents": "Effect of repair deficiency and R plasmids on spontaneous and radiation-induced mutability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The effect of R plasmids on spontaneous and radiation (ultraviolet and gamma)-induced mutability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in strains containing the radiation-sensitive markers polA3 or rec-2 and the revertable auxotrophic markers hisO27 and trpB1. In the absence of an R plasmid, the radiation-induced mutability was dependent on the recA+ genotype and independent of the polA+ genotype, whereas spontaneous mutability was similar in all genetic backgrounds. R plasmids pPL1, R2, and pMG15 increased the ultraviolet radiation survival and ultraviolet-induced mutability of wild-type and polA host cells but did not alter either effect in a recA mutant. These R plasmids also increased the gamma radiation survival and gamma-induced mutability of wild-type host cells bud pMG15 also enhanced the level of spontaneous mutagenesis in wild-type host cells but not in a polA or recA mutant. These data suggested that a common plasmid gene product(s) may participate in various recA-dependent, error-prone deoxyribonucleic acid repair pathways of P. aeruginosa. The properties of a mutant R plasmid, pPL2, originally selected because it lacked enhanced ultraviolet-induced mutability, supported this conclusion.", "PMID": 113392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10657", "title": "Fatty acid omega and (omega-1)-Hydroxylation in rabbit intestinal mucosa microsomes.", "content": "The microsomes from rabbit intestinal mucosa which had been washed quickly and thoroughly with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride were found to catalyze the hydroxylation of fatty acids in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen. Myristic and palmitic acids were converted to the corresponding omega-and (omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acids, whereas lauric acid was converted only to 12-hydroxylauric acid, and capric acid, to 9-and 10-hydroxycapric acids together with an unknown polar acid. Among these fatty acids, both myristic and lauric acids appeared to be the most efficient substrates. The inhibition of the hydroxylation by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide suggested that the activity depended upon cytochrome P-450. The specific activity of the fatty acid hydroxylation was almost constant along the small intestine, while the aminopyrine N-demethylation activity and the cytochrome P-450 content were highest at the proximal end of the intestine and progressively declined toward the caudal end. The cytochrome P-450 was solubilized from the intestinal microsomes and purified by 6-amino-n-hexyl Sepharose 4B chromatography. The partially purified cytochrome P-450 was active in fatty acid hydroxylation in combination with intestinal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and phosphatidylcholine.", "contents": "Fatty acid omega and (omega-1)-Hydroxylation in rabbit intestinal mucosa microsomes. The microsomes from rabbit intestinal mucosa which had been washed quickly and thoroughly with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride were found to catalyze the hydroxylation of fatty acids in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen. Myristic and palmitic acids were converted to the corresponding omega-and (omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acids, whereas lauric acid was converted only to 12-hydroxylauric acid, and capric acid, to 9-and 10-hydroxycapric acids together with an unknown polar acid. Among these fatty acids, both myristic and lauric acids appeared to be the most efficient substrates. The inhibition of the hydroxylation by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide suggested that the activity depended upon cytochrome P-450. The specific activity of the fatty acid hydroxylation was almost constant along the small intestine, while the aminopyrine N-demethylation activity and the cytochrome P-450 content were highest at the proximal end of the intestine and progressively declined toward the caudal end. The cytochrome P-450 was solubilized from the intestinal microsomes and purified by 6-amino-n-hexyl Sepharose 4B chromatography. The partially purified cytochrome P-450 was active in fatty acid hydroxylation in combination with intestinal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and phosphatidylcholine.", "PMID": 113393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10658", "title": "Turnover of pegeon breast muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.", "content": "The pigeon breast muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was resolved into three component enzymes: lipoate acetyltransferase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and lipoamide dehydrogenase. The antibodies against each component enzyme were prepared. All of the antibodies against component enzymes precipitated the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The enzyme complex was recovered as the immunoprecipitate from the extract of breast muscle of a pigeon that had received a single injection of L-[4,5-3H]leucine. The immunoprecipitate was separated into each component enzyme by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relative isotopic leucine incorporations per mg of protein into each component enzyme 4 h after the injection were 1.0 : 0.9 : 1.4 : 2.7 for lipoate acetyltransferase, alpha- and beta-subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase, and lipoamide dehydrogenase, respectively. The half-lives of lipoate acetyltransferase, alpha- and beta-subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase, and lipoamide dehydrogenase were 7.7, 2.5, 2.6, and 1.8 days, respectively. These results indicate that the component enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex were synthesized and degraded at different rates.", "contents": "Turnover of pegeon breast muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The pigeon breast muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was resolved into three component enzymes: lipoate acetyltransferase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and lipoamide dehydrogenase. The antibodies against each component enzyme were prepared. All of the antibodies against component enzymes precipitated the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The enzyme complex was recovered as the immunoprecipitate from the extract of breast muscle of a pigeon that had received a single injection of L-[4,5-3H]leucine. The immunoprecipitate was separated into each component enzyme by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relative isotopic leucine incorporations per mg of protein into each component enzyme 4 h after the injection were 1.0 : 0.9 : 1.4 : 2.7 for lipoate acetyltransferase, alpha- and beta-subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase, and lipoamide dehydrogenase, respectively. The half-lives of lipoate acetyltransferase, alpha- and beta-subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase, and lipoamide dehydrogenase were 7.7, 2.5, 2.6, and 1.8 days, respectively. These results indicate that the component enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex were synthesized and degraded at different rates.", "PMID": 113394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10659", "title": "Conformational stability of ribonuclease T1. II. Salt-induced renaturation.", "content": "In the presence of high concentrations of the monovalent salts, sodium chloride and potassium fluoride, disulfide-reduced RNase T1 having four cysteinyl residues intact regenerates the spectral properties characteristic of native RNase T1, e.e., the fluorescence spectrum of the aromatic side chains and the ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum. The folding of the polypeptide chain proceeded without formation of disulfide bonds to yield an enzymatically active species having an activity toward RNA equivalent to 25% of that of the native enzyme at the same salt concentration of 2 m. Unfolding of RNase T1 by a denaturant, urea, was suppressed in the presence of salts, and the salt-induced chain folding was observed spectroscopically even in 6.9 m urea solution. The salts also induced the chain folding of disulfide reduced and modified (carboxymethylated or carboxamidomethylated) RNase T1 into the native conformation, as indicated by its spectroscopic properties, but did not restore the enzymatic activity.", "contents": "Conformational stability of ribonuclease T1. II. Salt-induced renaturation. In the presence of high concentrations of the monovalent salts, sodium chloride and potassium fluoride, disulfide-reduced RNase T1 having four cysteinyl residues intact regenerates the spectral properties characteristic of native RNase T1, e.e., the fluorescence spectrum of the aromatic side chains and the ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum. The folding of the polypeptide chain proceeded without formation of disulfide bonds to yield an enzymatically active species having an activity toward RNA equivalent to 25% of that of the native enzyme at the same salt concentration of 2 m. Unfolding of RNase T1 by a denaturant, urea, was suppressed in the presence of salts, and the salt-induced chain folding was observed spectroscopically even in 6.9 m urea solution. The salts also induced the chain folding of disulfide reduced and modified (carboxymethylated or carboxamidomethylated) RNase T1 into the native conformation, as indicated by its spectroscopic properties, but did not restore the enzymatic activity.", "PMID": 113396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10660", "title": "Structural components of sphingophosphonolipids from the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis WH-14.", "content": "1. Two sphingophosphonolipids were isolated from the lipids of the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis WH-14. They were ceramide N-methyl-2-aminoethylphosphonate (CMAEP) and ceramide 2-aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP), in yields of 0.05 mg/g and 1.74 mg/g dry cells, respectively. 2. Two chromatographically distinguishable CAEP species were found, a slow-moving major component and a minor component which moved faster; the slow-moving one contained primarily hydroxy fatty acids, while in the other one nonhydroxy fatty acids were predominant. However, their long-chain base constituents were similar. 3. The major fatty acids of CAEP were 2-hydroxy acids with carbon numbers of 16 to 19, which were almost exclusively iso-types. The fatty acids of CMAEP consisted mainly of palmitic, iso-octadecanoic, and 2-hydroxy iso-heptadecanoic acids. 4. The long-chain bases were dominated by C16, C17, and C19 iso-4-sphingenine homologs.", "contents": "Structural components of sphingophosphonolipids from the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis WH-14. 1. Two sphingophosphonolipids were isolated from the lipids of the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis WH-14. They were ceramide N-methyl-2-aminoethylphosphonate (CMAEP) and ceramide 2-aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP), in yields of 0.05 mg/g and 1.74 mg/g dry cells, respectively. 2. Two chromatographically distinguishable CAEP species were found, a slow-moving major component and a minor component which moved faster; the slow-moving one contained primarily hydroxy fatty acids, while in the other one nonhydroxy fatty acids were predominant. However, their long-chain base constituents were similar. 3. The major fatty acids of CAEP were 2-hydroxy acids with carbon numbers of 16 to 19, which were almost exclusively iso-types. The fatty acids of CMAEP consisted mainly of palmitic, iso-octadecanoic, and 2-hydroxy iso-heptadecanoic acids. 4. The long-chain bases were dominated by C16, C17, and C19 iso-4-sphingenine homologs.", "PMID": 113397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10661", "title": "Studies on the glycosphingolipids of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera. II. Isolation and characterization of a novel ganglioside with an internal sialic acid residue.", "content": "1. Three gangliosides, provisionally named Gangliosides 1, 2, and 3, were obtained from the lipid extract of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera by silicic acid, DEAE-Sephadex, and Iatrobeads column chromatography. The most abundant, Ganglioside 3 (37.7 microgram/g wet weight of starfish) was isolated in the pure state and its chemical structure was studied. 2. The sugar composition of Ganglioside 3 consisted of arabinose, glucose, galactose, and sialic acid (as N-glycolylneuraminic acid) in a molar ratio of 1:1:3:1. Three sialic acid-containing oligosaccharide fragments were isolated from partial acid hydrolysates of the ganglioside by Dowex 1 X 8 (acetate form) column chromatography and preparative paper chromatography, and identified as Gal leads to NeuGc, Gal (1 leads to 4)[Gal(1 leads to 8)]NeuGc and Ara-(1 leads to 6)Gal(1 leads to 4)[Gal(1 leads to 8)]NeuGc. 3. The structure of Ganglioside 3 was postulated to be: Araf,p(1 leads to 6)Galpbeta(1 leads to 4)[Galpbeta(1 leads to 8)]NeuGc(2 leads to 3)Galpbeta(1 leads to 4)Glcpbeta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide. This is a unique structure with the sialic acid residue internally located in the sugar chain. 4. The ganglioside contained saturated 2-hydroxy fatty acids ranging in length from C16 to C24, among which C22, C23, and C24 acids were predominant.  The long-chain bases consisted exclusively of C16, C17, and C18 phytosphingosines of iso and anteiso types.", "contents": "Studies on the glycosphingolipids of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera. II. Isolation and characterization of a novel ganglioside with an internal sialic acid residue. 1. Three gangliosides, provisionally named Gangliosides 1, 2, and 3, were obtained from the lipid extract of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera by silicic acid, DEAE-Sephadex, and Iatrobeads column chromatography. The most abundant, Ganglioside 3 (37.7 microgram/g wet weight of starfish) was isolated in the pure state and its chemical structure was studied. 2. The sugar composition of Ganglioside 3 consisted of arabinose, glucose, galactose, and sialic acid (as N-glycolylneuraminic acid) in a molar ratio of 1:1:3:1. Three sialic acid-containing oligosaccharide fragments were isolated from partial acid hydrolysates of the ganglioside by Dowex 1 X 8 (acetate form) column chromatography and preparative paper chromatography, and identified as Gal leads to NeuGc, Gal (1 leads to 4)[Gal(1 leads to 8)]NeuGc and Ara-(1 leads to 6)Gal(1 leads to 4)[Gal(1 leads to 8)]NeuGc. 3. The structure of Ganglioside 3 was postulated to be: Araf,p(1 leads to 6)Galpbeta(1 leads to 4)[Galpbeta(1 leads to 8)]NeuGc(2 leads to 3)Galpbeta(1 leads to 4)Glcpbeta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide. This is a unique structure with the sialic acid residue internally located in the sugar chain. 4. The ganglioside contained saturated 2-hydroxy fatty acids ranging in length from C16 to C24, among which C22, C23, and C24 acids were predominant.  The long-chain bases consisted exclusively of C16, C17, and C18 phytosphingosines of iso and anteiso types.", "PMID": 113398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10662", "title": "Calcium regulation in chicken gizzard muscle and inosine triphosphate-induced superprecipitation of skeletal acto-gizzard myosin.", "content": "Inosine triphosphate (ITP) does not serve as a substrate for myosin light-chain kinase from gizzard muscle. That is to say, myosin light-chain is not phosphorylated in ITP media. Nevertheless, at pH 6.8, 1 mM or 5 mM ITP induces superprecipitation of skeletal acto-gizzard myosin. The ITP-induced superprecipitation occurs in the absence or presence of calcium ions, and regardless of whether gizzard myosin is phosphorylated or not. On the other hand, at pH 8, 5 MM ITP induces practically no superprecipitation of skeletal acto-gizzard unphosphorylated myosin, whereas it does induce a strong superprecipitation of skeletal acto-gizzard phosphorylated myosin. Superprecipitation is also independent of the presence or absence of calcium ions.", "contents": "Calcium regulation in chicken gizzard muscle and inosine triphosphate-induced superprecipitation of skeletal acto-gizzard myosin. Inosine triphosphate (ITP) does not serve as a substrate for myosin light-chain kinase from gizzard muscle. That is to say, myosin light-chain is not phosphorylated in ITP media. Nevertheless, at pH 6.8, 1 mM or 5 mM ITP induces superprecipitation of skeletal acto-gizzard myosin. The ITP-induced superprecipitation occurs in the absence or presence of calcium ions, and regardless of whether gizzard myosin is phosphorylated or not. On the other hand, at pH 8, 5 MM ITP induces practically no superprecipitation of skeletal acto-gizzard unphosphorylated myosin, whereas it does induce a strong superprecipitation of skeletal acto-gizzard phosphorylated myosin. Superprecipitation is also independent of the presence or absence of calcium ions.", "PMID": 113400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10663", "title": "Effect of deglycosylation on the binding and immunoreactivity of human thyroxine-binding globulin.", "content": "Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), prepared from human serum by an improved purification method, was treated with a mixture of neuraminidase, beta-galactosidase, alpha-mannosidase, and beta-N-aectylglucosaminidase, which resulted in the removal of approximately 86% of saccharides. Purification by thyroxine-Sepharose affinity chromatography gave a homogeneous protein as shown by equilibrium sedimentation and sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amino acid and NH2-terminal sequence analysis indicated that the protein moiety was intact. Deglycosylation had no effect on the stoichiometry of the binding of L-thyroxine as shown by tryptophanyl fluorescence quenching and equilibrium dialysis at pH 8.6 and 25 degrees C. However, the affinity constant for L-thyroxine was reduced from 1.6 X 10(9) M-1 to 0.58 X 10(9) M-1. Analysis of radioimmunoassay data revealed that deglycosylation resulted in a slight decrease of the affinity constant for anti-TBG antibody from 3.9 X 10(10) M-1 to 1.8 X 10(10) M-1. These results suggest that the polypeptide moiety, rather than the heterosaccharides, contains the antigenic determinants. Removal  of the majority of the heterosaccharides of TBG has only a minor effect on its immunoreactivity and on the binding of thyroid hormone.", "contents": "Effect of deglycosylation on the binding and immunoreactivity of human thyroxine-binding globulin. Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), prepared from human serum by an improved purification method, was treated with a mixture of neuraminidase, beta-galactosidase, alpha-mannosidase, and beta-N-aectylglucosaminidase, which resulted in the removal of approximately 86% of saccharides. Purification by thyroxine-Sepharose affinity chromatography gave a homogeneous protein as shown by equilibrium sedimentation and sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amino acid and NH2-terminal sequence analysis indicated that the protein moiety was intact. Deglycosylation had no effect on the stoichiometry of the binding of L-thyroxine as shown by tryptophanyl fluorescence quenching and equilibrium dialysis at pH 8.6 and 25 degrees C. However, the affinity constant for L-thyroxine was reduced from 1.6 X 10(9) M-1 to 0.58 X 10(9) M-1. Analysis of radioimmunoassay data revealed that deglycosylation resulted in a slight decrease of the affinity constant for anti-TBG antibody from 3.9 X 10(10) M-1 to 1.8 X 10(10) M-1. These results suggest that the polypeptide moiety, rather than the heterosaccharides, contains the antigenic determinants. Removal  of the majority of the heterosaccharides of TBG has only a minor effect on its immunoreactivity and on the binding of thyroid hormone.", "PMID": 113401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10664", "title": "Primary structure of a human IgA1 immunoglobulin. V. Amino acid sequence of a human IgA lambda light chain (Bur).", "content": "The sequence of the lambda light chain of the Bur IgA1 molecule has been determined. It comprises 214 amino acid residues with a blocked NH2 terminus and lacks carbohydrate. The V-region sequence is of the VlambdaII subgroup and contains the coupled interchanges Arg-7 and Cys-87. The Lv3 region is comparatively short and hydrophobic in nature and lends support for the designation of this area as a hypervariable deletion region. The C-region exhibits the Mcg+ Kren+ Oz- isotypes. These appear coupled with substitution at position 100 (in the V-region). The pattern of nonrandom association of V- and C-regions and H and L chains is discussed in terms of the generation of antibody diversity. With the companion papers in this series, the complete primary structure of a human IgA1 molecule is established.", "contents": "Primary structure of a human IgA1 immunoglobulin. V. Amino acid sequence of a human IgA lambda light chain (Bur). The sequence of the lambda light chain of the Bur IgA1 molecule has been determined. It comprises 214 amino acid residues with a blocked NH2 terminus and lacks carbohydrate. The V-region sequence is of the VlambdaII subgroup and contains the coupled interchanges Arg-7 and Cys-87. The Lv3 region is comparatively short and hydrophobic in nature and lends support for the designation of this area as a hypervariable deletion region. The C-region exhibits the Mcg+ Kren+ Oz- isotypes. These appear coupled with substitution at position 100 (in the V-region). The pattern of nonrandom association of V- and C-regions and H and L chains is discussed in terms of the generation of antibody diversity. With the companion papers in this series, the complete primary structure of a human IgA1 molecule is established.", "PMID": 113407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10665", "title": "Conformation-specific antibodies to the alpha chain COOH terminus of hemoglobin A0.", "content": "An anti-hemoglobin antiserum obtained from a sheep immunized with human carboxyhemoglobin A0 demonstrated little difference in its reactivity with deoxy- or carboxyhemoglobin A0. However, a subpopulation of this antiserum isolated by synthetic peptide affinity chromatography clearly distinguished between these two hemoglobin species. This subpopulation, designated alpha(129-141) anti-hemoglobin antibodies, represents less than 1% of the total anti-hemoglobin antibodies. They are nonprecipitating by Ouchterlony analysis, and fluorescence-quenching studies demonstrate the interaction of a single antibody binding site per hemoglobin dimer. These antibodies bind preferentially to carboxyhemoglobin with a median affinity constant of 5 X 10(8) M-1 compared to binding to deoxyhemoglobin with a binding affinity of less than 1 X 10(8) M-1. Furthermore, the presence of these antibodies in stoichiometric amounts increases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, and thus antibody and oxygen binding to hemoglobin can be considered as a linked function.", "contents": "Conformation-specific antibodies to the alpha chain COOH terminus of hemoglobin A0. An anti-hemoglobin antiserum obtained from a sheep immunized with human carboxyhemoglobin A0 demonstrated little difference in its reactivity with deoxy- or carboxyhemoglobin A0. However, a subpopulation of this antiserum isolated by synthetic peptide affinity chromatography clearly distinguished between these two hemoglobin species. This subpopulation, designated alpha(129-141) anti-hemoglobin antibodies, represents less than 1% of the total anti-hemoglobin antibodies. They are nonprecipitating by Ouchterlony analysis, and fluorescence-quenching studies demonstrate the interaction of a single antibody binding site per hemoglobin dimer. These antibodies bind preferentially to carboxyhemoglobin with a median affinity constant of 5 X 10(8) M-1 compared to binding to deoxyhemoglobin with a binding affinity of less than 1 X 10(8) M-1. Furthermore, the presence of these antibodies in stoichiometric amounts increases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, and thus antibody and oxygen binding to hemoglobin can be considered as a linked function.", "PMID": 113408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10666", "title": "Purification of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase with heparin-agarose. In vitro transcription of phi 29 DNA.", "content": "We have devised a new procedure for the purification of highly active preparations of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase holoenzyme. A column of heparin-agarose A-15m is used to rapidly and quantitatively adsorb RNA polymerase from the initial crude extract fraction. This affinity procedure obviates the necessity of including nucleic acid precipitation or partitioning steps and allows for rapid separation of RNA polymerase from proteolytic activity. The enzyme is further purified by preparative glycerol gradient centrifugation resulting in an overall purification in 200-fold in 24 h with near quantitative recovery of polymerase protein and activity. RNA polymerase holoenzyme is obtained by chromatography on single-stranded DNA-agarose. The in vitro transcription products made by purified preparations of B. subtilis and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzymes in response to B. subtilis phage phi 29 DNA have been analyzed, and an in vitro transcription map is presented. The E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme initiates transcription from three promoter sites not efficiently utilized by the B. subtilis holoenzyme under optimal conditions for RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Purification of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase with heparin-agarose. In vitro transcription of phi 29 DNA. We have devised a new procedure for the purification of highly active preparations of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase holoenzyme. A column of heparin-agarose A-15m is used to rapidly and quantitatively adsorb RNA polymerase from the initial crude extract fraction. This affinity procedure obviates the necessity of including nucleic acid precipitation or partitioning steps and allows for rapid separation of RNA polymerase from proteolytic activity. The enzyme is further purified by preparative glycerol gradient centrifugation resulting in an overall purification in 200-fold in 24 h with near quantitative recovery of polymerase protein and activity. RNA polymerase holoenzyme is obtained by chromatography on single-stranded DNA-agarose. The in vitro transcription products made by purified preparations of B. subtilis and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzymes in response to B. subtilis phage phi 29 DNA have been analyzed, and an in vitro transcription map is presented. The E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme initiates transcription from three promoter sites not efficiently utilized by the B. subtilis holoenzyme under optimal conditions for RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 113409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10667", "title": "Precursor sequence of MOPC-315 mouse immunoglobulin heavy and light chains.", "content": "Partially purified mRNA coding for the MOPC-315 heavy (alpha) or light (lambda 2) immunoglobulin chain was translated in a nuclease-treated reticulocyte lysate containing 20 labeled amino acids. Radiolabeled precursor heavy and light chains, purified by immunoprecipitation and preparative gel electrophoresis, were subjected to Edman degradation. The labeled phenylthiohydantoin derivatives obtained in each degradative cycle were identified and quantitated by high pressure liquid chromatography. Both heavy and light chain precursor segments were hydrophobic in nature; however, they were not homolgous in sequence. To establish whether COOH-terminal proteolytic processing of the heavy chain might also be occurring during secretion, the cyanogen bromide peptides of the heavy chain precursor were compared to those of the mature secreted heavy chain. The results indicated that the COOH termini of the two chains were identical.", "contents": "Precursor sequence of MOPC-315 mouse immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. Partially purified mRNA coding for the MOPC-315 heavy (alpha) or light (lambda 2) immunoglobulin chain was translated in a nuclease-treated reticulocyte lysate containing 20 labeled amino acids. Radiolabeled precursor heavy and light chains, purified by immunoprecipitation and preparative gel electrophoresis, were subjected to Edman degradation. The labeled phenylthiohydantoin derivatives obtained in each degradative cycle were identified and quantitated by high pressure liquid chromatography. Both heavy and light chain precursor segments were hydrophobic in nature; however, they were not homolgous in sequence. To establish whether COOH-terminal proteolytic processing of the heavy chain might also be occurring during secretion, the cyanogen bromide peptides of the heavy chain precursor were compared to those of the mature secreted heavy chain. The results indicated that the COOH termini of the two chains were identical.", "PMID": 113410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10668", "title": "Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. A survey of forty-two cases.", "content": "Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva in children can often be recognized at birth because of the presence of shortening of the great toe, characteristic hallux valgus, and short thumbs. The majority of patients have the onset of symptoms by the age of four years, but there is often a delay of many months before the diagnosis is made. Early recognition will allow protection of the child from injuries in which the damaged tissue will serve as a focus of calcification. Most patients with this condition are physically disabled. The site of onset and of greatest involvement is axial. Biopsy and surgery are best avoided. Use of EHDP (disodium ethane 1-hydroxy, 1-diphosphonate, or disodium etidronate) is not as yet of proved value in most patients. Data from this study support the concept that most cases of this lesion arise as dominant mutations.", "contents": "Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. A survey of forty-two cases. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva in children can often be recognized at birth because of the presence of shortening of the great toe, characteristic hallux valgus, and short thumbs. The majority of patients have the onset of symptoms by the age of four years, but there is often a delay of many months before the diagnosis is made. Early recognition will allow protection of the child from injuries in which the damaged tissue will serve as a focus of calcification. Most patients with this condition are physically disabled. The site of onset and of greatest involvement is axial. Biopsy and surgery are best avoided. Use of EHDP (disodium ethane 1-hydroxy, 1-diphosphonate, or disodium etidronate) is not as yet of proved value in most patients. Data from this study support the concept that most cases of this lesion arise as dominant mutations.", "PMID": 113413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10669", "title": "The stress-tenogram in the diagnosis of ruptures of the lateral ligament of the ankle.", "content": "The stress-tenogram is a radiological technique for the investigation of injuries to the lateral ligament of the ankle, and combines the information previously provided by inversion and anterior stress radiographs, and the peroneal tenogram. It is designed to differentiate between stable and unstable ankles, and between isolated ruptures of the anterior talofibular ligament and combined tears of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments. A high degree of diagnostic accuracy has been confirmed at operative repair in a group of thirty-two patients.", "contents": "The stress-tenogram in the diagnosis of ruptures of the lateral ligament of the ankle. The stress-tenogram is a radiological technique for the investigation of injuries to the lateral ligament of the ankle, and combines the information previously provided by inversion and anterior stress radiographs, and the peroneal tenogram. It is designed to differentiate between stable and unstable ankles, and between isolated ruptures of the anterior talofibular ligament and combined tears of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments. A high degree of diagnostic accuracy has been confirmed at operative repair in a group of thirty-two patients.", "PMID": 113414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10670", "title": "Reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament for the treatment of the unstable ankle.", "content": "Chronic instability of the ankle is frequently due to disruption of the fibres of the anterior talofibular ligament and the anterolateral capsule. This allows momentary subluxations at the ankle joint; the talus tilts into an abnormal varus position and rotates forwards and inwards about a vertical axis which passes through the medial malleolus. The use of a free tendon graft to reconstruct the anterior talofibular ligament restores the stability of the ankle without restricting movement at the subtalar level.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament for the treatment of the unstable ankle. Chronic instability of the ankle is frequently due to disruption of the fibres of the anterior talofibular ligament and the anterolateral capsule. This allows momentary subluxations at the ankle joint; the talus tilts into an abnormal varus position and rotates forwards and inwards about a vertical axis which passes through the medial malleolus. The use of a free tendon graft to reconstruct the anterior talofibular ligament restores the stability of the ankle without restricting movement at the subtalar level.", "PMID": 113415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10671", "title": "Cytostatic effect of macrophages from non-immunised mice on mastocytoma P-815 cells in vitro.", "content": "Peritoneal macrophages from non-immunised C57/bl, C3H, and DBA/2 mice were examined for their capability of inhibiting the growth of mastocytoma P-815 cells in vitro. The rate of tumour cell growth was measured by the uptake of 125IUDR into the DNA of the tumor cells. Sodium thioglycollate-induced macrophages as well as resident macrophages inhibited the growth of allogeneic tumor cells distinctly, when incubated for 48 h. The effect depended on the effector to target cell ratio. Tumor cell growth was still reduced at a ratio of one macrophage to one tumor cell. A decrease in the proliferative activity of mastocytoma cells was observed in the presence of non-stimulated and non-immune macrophages from DBA/2 mice. This decrease in target cell proliferation, however, occurred more slowly.", "contents": "Cytostatic effect of macrophages from non-immunised mice on mastocytoma P-815 cells in vitro. Peritoneal macrophages from non-immunised C57/bl, C3H, and DBA/2 mice were examined for their capability of inhibiting the growth of mastocytoma P-815 cells in vitro. The rate of tumour cell growth was measured by the uptake of 125IUDR into the DNA of the tumor cells. Sodium thioglycollate-induced macrophages as well as resident macrophages inhibited the growth of allogeneic tumor cells distinctly, when incubated for 48 h. The effect depended on the effector to target cell ratio. Tumor cell growth was still reduced at a ratio of one macrophage to one tumor cell. A decrease in the proliferative activity of mastocytoma cells was observed in the presence of non-stimulated and non-immune macrophages from DBA/2 mice. This decrease in target cell proliferation, however, occurred more slowly.", "PMID": 113416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10672", "title": "Multiple actins in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The tissue and developmental specificities of the three Drosophila isoactins, originally identified in primary myogenic cultures and in the permanent Schneider L-2 cell line, have been investigated. Of these three isoactins (I, II, and III), actins I and II are stable and actin III is unstable. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analyses of total cellular extracts after 1-h [(35)S]methionine pulses were performed on a large variety of embryonic, larval, and adult muscle and nonmuscle tissues. The results suggest that isoactins II and III are generalized cellular actins found in all drosophila cell types. Actin I, on the other hand, is muscle-associated and is found exclusively in supercontractile muscle (such as larval body wall and larval and adult viscera) including primary myogenic cell cultures. Although actin I synthesis is not detectable during very early embryogenesis, it is detectable by 25 h and actin I is a major stable actin in all larval muscle tissues. Actin I is synthesized in reduced amounts relative to the other actins in late third instar larvae but is again a major product of actin synthesis in the adult abdomen. A stable actin species with the same pI as actin III has been identified in the adult thorax and appears to be unique to flight muscle tissue. This new stable form of thoracic actin may be the result of a stabilization of the actin III found in other tissues or may be an entirely separate gene product.", "contents": "Multiple actins in Drosophila melanogaster. The tissue and developmental specificities of the three Drosophila isoactins, originally identified in primary myogenic cultures and in the permanent Schneider L-2 cell line, have been investigated. Of these three isoactins (I, II, and III), actins I and II are stable and actin III is unstable. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analyses of total cellular extracts after 1-h [(35)S]methionine pulses were performed on a large variety of embryonic, larval, and adult muscle and nonmuscle tissues. The results suggest that isoactins II and III are generalized cellular actins found in all drosophila cell types. Actin I, on the other hand, is muscle-associated and is found exclusively in supercontractile muscle (such as larval body wall and larval and adult viscera) including primary myogenic cell cultures. Although actin I synthesis is not detectable during very early embryogenesis, it is detectable by 25 h and actin I is a major stable actin in all larval muscle tissues. Actin I is synthesized in reduced amounts relative to the other actins in late third instar larvae but is again a major product of actin synthesis in the adult abdomen. A stable actin species with the same pI as actin III has been identified in the adult thorax and appears to be unique to flight muscle tissue. This new stable form of thoracic actin may be the result of a stabilization of the actin III found in other tissues or may be an entirely separate gene product.", "PMID": 113417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10673", "title": "Increase of gap junctions between pancreatic B-cells during stimulation of insulin secretion.", "content": "The development of gap junctions between pancreatic B-cells was quantitatively assessed in freeze-fracture replicas of isolated rat islets under different conditions of insulin secretion. The results show that in resting B-cells, gap junctions are small and scarce but that these junctions increase when insulin secretion is stimulated. Both a short (90 min) stimulation by glucose in vitro and a prolonged (2.5 d) stimulation by glibenclamide in vivo raise the number of gap junctions; in addition, the glibenclamide stimulation causes an increase in the size of individual gap junctions. As a consequence, the total area occupied by gap junctions on the B-cell membrane and the ratio of this area to the cell volume were found significantly increased in the latter condition. The slight increase of these values observed after the glucose stimulation did not reach significance. These data indicate a change of gap junctions during the secretory activity of the pancreatic B-cells. The possibility that the coupling of the cells is affected by the treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Increase of gap junctions between pancreatic B-cells during stimulation of insulin secretion. The development of gap junctions between pancreatic B-cells was quantitatively assessed in freeze-fracture replicas of isolated rat islets under different conditions of insulin secretion. The results show that in resting B-cells, gap junctions are small and scarce but that these junctions increase when insulin secretion is stimulated. Both a short (90 min) stimulation by glucose in vitro and a prolonged (2.5 d) stimulation by glibenclamide in vivo raise the number of gap junctions; in addition, the glibenclamide stimulation causes an increase in the size of individual gap junctions. As a consequence, the total area occupied by gap junctions on the B-cell membrane and the ratio of this area to the cell volume were found significantly increased in the latter condition. The slight increase of these values observed after the glucose stimulation did not reach significance. These data indicate a change of gap junctions during the secretory activity of the pancreatic B-cells. The possibility that the coupling of the cells is affected by the treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 113418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10674", "title": "Analysis of the time of utilization of proteins for the initiation and completion of division in synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "We exposed division-synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis to pulse treatments with the structural amino acid analogue p-fluorophenylalanine. We related the timing of the treatments to the delays in onset or completion of division, or both. The results enable us to distinguish between early and late phases in cell division in which the cells bring into action proteins which contribute to initiate and complete division, respectively. Normally, these events are separated by 25-30 min.", "contents": "Analysis of the time of utilization of proteins for the initiation and completion of division in synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis. We exposed division-synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis to pulse treatments with the structural amino acid analogue p-fluorophenylalanine. We related the timing of the treatments to the delays in onset or completion of division, or both. The results enable us to distinguish between early and late phases in cell division in which the cells bring into action proteins which contribute to initiate and complete division, respectively. Normally, these events are separated by 25-30 min.", "PMID": 113419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10675", "title": "A ligand-receptor model for the cohesive behaviour of Dictyostelium discoideum axenic cells.", "content": "Axenically grown cells of D. discoideum Ax-2 harvested in the log phase of growth, cohere rapidly when shaken in phosphate buffer. After 3.5 days in the stationary phase of growth, cells become completely non-cohesive. Although they do not stick to each other, stationary phase cells do stick to both log phase cells and aggregation-competent cells. The cohesion of stationary phase cells with these other 2 cell types is inhibited by both EDTA and the low-molecular-weight factor which we have previously demonstrated in stationary-phase growth medium. There is a decline in the sensitivity of slime mould cell cohesion to the low-molecular-weight inhibitory factor as the cells become aggregation-competent. This effect parallels the developmentally-regulated decline in sensitivity to EDTA. The low-molecular-weight inhibitor is not a chelating agent, however. The effect of the inhibitor seems to be specifically against contact sites-B mediated cohesion. We suggest that the simplest cohesive mechanism which can explain our results, is that the EDTA-sensitive cohesion of log phase cells could be dependent on a ligand-receptor system.", "contents": "A ligand-receptor model for the cohesive behaviour of Dictyostelium discoideum axenic cells. Axenically grown cells of D. discoideum Ax-2 harvested in the log phase of growth, cohere rapidly when shaken in phosphate buffer. After 3.5 days in the stationary phase of growth, cells become completely non-cohesive. Although they do not stick to each other, stationary phase cells do stick to both log phase cells and aggregation-competent cells. The cohesion of stationary phase cells with these other 2 cell types is inhibited by both EDTA and the low-molecular-weight factor which we have previously demonstrated in stationary-phase growth medium. There is a decline in the sensitivity of slime mould cell cohesion to the low-molecular-weight inhibitory factor as the cells become aggregation-competent. This effect parallels the developmentally-regulated decline in sensitivity to EDTA. The low-molecular-weight inhibitor is not a chelating agent, however. The effect of the inhibitor seems to be specifically against contact sites-B mediated cohesion. We suggest that the simplest cohesive mechanism which can explain our results, is that the EDTA-sensitive cohesion of log phase cells could be dependent on a ligand-receptor system.", "PMID": 113420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10676", "title": "Antibody staining of 10-nm (100-A) filaments in cultured smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells.", "content": "Antibodies were prepared against the SDS-denatured 10-nm filament protein 'skeletin' extracted from chicken gizzard. The specificity of the antibody to the 10-nm filament protein was shown by immunodiffusion before and after purification of the protein on SDS gels by the enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) and by its specific absorption with purified skeletin. In immunofluorescence (where preimmune sera and antigen-absorbed antisera gave negative results), cultured cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells stained intensely. No staining was observed in fibroblasts present in these cultures, nor was there staining in glial cells or nerve cell bodies and fibres from sympathetic ganglion and Auerbach's plexus cultures. Smooth muscle cells (regardless of their source and phenotypic state) and endothelial cells stained intensely in the perinuclear region and in a fine filamentous network that existed throughout the cytoplasm. In both chick and rat skeletal and cardiac muscle (cultures and frozen sections) filamentous network staining was observed, while in rat muscle the antibody was additionally localized in a regular pattern in the region of the Z-disk, and in the case of cardiac muscle associated with the intercalated disk. The addition of 10(-6) M colchicine to the culture medium of smooth and striated muscle and endothelial cells resulted in an aggregation of the filaments in the nuclear region. Cultured smooth and striated muscle and endothelial cells and freshly isolated smooth muscle cells extracted of actomyosin and tubulin by high and low ionic strength solutions gave a staining pattern similar to non-extracted cells and in the electron microscope, exhibited filaments of predominantly 10 nm diameter.", "contents": "Antibody staining of 10-nm (100-A) filaments in cultured smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. Antibodies were prepared against the SDS-denatured 10-nm filament protein 'skeletin' extracted from chicken gizzard. The specificity of the antibody to the 10-nm filament protein was shown by immunodiffusion before and after purification of the protein on SDS gels by the enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) and by its specific absorption with purified skeletin. In immunofluorescence (where preimmune sera and antigen-absorbed antisera gave negative results), cultured cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells stained intensely. No staining was observed in fibroblasts present in these cultures, nor was there staining in glial cells or nerve cell bodies and fibres from sympathetic ganglion and Auerbach's plexus cultures. Smooth muscle cells (regardless of their source and phenotypic state) and endothelial cells stained intensely in the perinuclear region and in a fine filamentous network that existed throughout the cytoplasm. In both chick and rat skeletal and cardiac muscle (cultures and frozen sections) filamentous network staining was observed, while in rat muscle the antibody was additionally localized in a regular pattern in the region of the Z-disk, and in the case of cardiac muscle associated with the intercalated disk. The addition of 10(-6) M colchicine to the culture medium of smooth and striated muscle and endothelial cells resulted in an aggregation of the filaments in the nuclear region. Cultured smooth and striated muscle and endothelial cells and freshly isolated smooth muscle cells extracted of actomyosin and tubulin by high and low ionic strength solutions gave a staining pattern similar to non-extracted cells and in the electron microscope, exhibited filaments of predominantly 10 nm diameter.", "PMID": 113421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10677", "title": "[Malignant plasma cell lymphoma of the stomach. Two cases and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Malignant plasma cell lymphomas have rarely been studied in the literature. We report two personal cases, the first survived 9 years, in the second case, histo-immunofluorescence revealed the presence of IgA kappa immunoglobulin. 59 cases have until now been reported to the best of our knowledge. They were reported under the term plasmocytoma. Analysis of data in the literature shows that plamocytomas resemble clinically and in prognosis, non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas, of which Lukes and Lennert have recently given a new classification. Histo-immunofluorescence will permit in the future better understanding of the immunoglobulins secreted. Treatment is not yet standard. Three methods are used, depending on the spread of the tumour (surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy).", "contents": "[Malignant plasma cell lymphoma of the stomach. Two cases and review of the literature (author's transl)]. Malignant plasma cell lymphomas have rarely been studied in the literature. We report two personal cases, the first survived 9 years, in the second case, histo-immunofluorescence revealed the presence of IgA kappa immunoglobulin. 59 cases have until now been reported to the best of our knowledge. They were reported under the term plasmocytoma. Analysis of data in the literature shows that plamocytomas resemble clinically and in prognosis, non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas, of which Lukes and Lennert have recently given a new classification. Histo-immunofluorescence will permit in the future better understanding of the immunoglobulins secreted. Treatment is not yet standard. Three methods are used, depending on the spread of the tumour (surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy).", "PMID": 113422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10678", "title": "Comparative effect of calcium and of the adrenergic system on calcitonin secretion in man.", "content": "This study evaluated the effects of adrenergic agents on immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) secretion in normal man, and compared the time course and magnitude of these adrenergic effects with those caused by modifying calcium (Ca) ion concentration. Ca infusion (15 mg Ca++/kg iv in 4 h) significantly increased plasma iCT within 1 h, reaching 140 +/- 8% of baseline at 4 h. EDTA (50 mg/kg iv in 2 h) significantly decreased plasma iCT within 15 min, with nadir value of 53 +/- 4.9% of baseline at 2 h. The beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, significantly increased plasma iCT with 5 min, reaching 136 +/- 5.9% of baseline at 30 min. The alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine, significantly increased iCT within 15 min, reaching 132 +/- 8.6% of baseline at 45 min. The beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, significantly suppressed iCT with 15 min, reaching 51.8 +/-6.3% of baseline at 2 h. Therefore, 1) the adrenergic system (without induced change in serum Ca) can modify CT secretion to as great a degree as can change in Ca ion concentration induced by standard Ca and EDTA infusion tests and 2) even basal secretion of CT can be modified by adrenergic influences. These data strongly suggest 1) that the adrenergic system is an effective modifier of CT secretion and 2) that the adrenergic system, as well as Ca ion concentration, may play an improtant physiological role in control of CT secretion in man.", "contents": "Comparative effect of calcium and of the adrenergic system on calcitonin secretion in man. This study evaluated the effects of adrenergic agents on immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) secretion in normal man, and compared the time course and magnitude of these adrenergic effects with those caused by modifying calcium (Ca) ion concentration. Ca infusion (15 mg Ca++/kg iv in 4 h) significantly increased plasma iCT within 1 h, reaching 140 +/- 8% of baseline at 4 h. EDTA (50 mg/kg iv in 2 h) significantly decreased plasma iCT within 15 min, with nadir value of 53 +/- 4.9% of baseline at 2 h. The beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, significantly increased plasma iCT with 5 min, reaching 136 +/- 5.9% of baseline at 30 min. The alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine, significantly increased iCT within 15 min, reaching 132 +/- 8.6% of baseline at 45 min. The beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, significantly suppressed iCT with 15 min, reaching 51.8 +/-6.3% of baseline at 2 h. Therefore, 1) the adrenergic system (without induced change in serum Ca) can modify CT secretion to as great a degree as can change in Ca ion concentration induced by standard Ca and EDTA infusion tests and 2) even basal secretion of CT can be modified by adrenergic influences. These data strongly suggest 1) that the adrenergic system is an effective modifier of CT secretion and 2) that the adrenergic system, as well as Ca ion concentration, may play an improtant physiological role in control of CT secretion in man.", "PMID": 113423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10679", "title": "Evidence for a thyrotropin inhibitory effect of histamine in man.", "content": "Because of certain side effects of cimetidine therapy which may be hormonally mediated (e.g. gynecomastia), there has been recent interest in the possible endocrine effects of this H2 histamine receptor-blocking agent used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Accordingly, the effect of chronic cimetidine therapy on anterior pituitary function was examined in 12 adult men with mild peptic ulcer disease. TRH and insulin-hypolycemic stimulation tests were performed by standard methods. Serum for TSH and PRL RIA was obtained after TRH; serum for GH, cortisol, and PRL RIA was obtained after insulin-induced hypoglycemia. In addition, serum for LH, FSH, testosterone, and PRL was obtained every 4 h for 24 h. After these baseline studies, 300 mg cimetidine were administered orally 4 times a day for 4--8 weeks and the studies were repeated as before. Chronic treatment with cimetidine caused a significant increase in the peak TSH response to TRH at 30 min (mean peak TSH value before cimetidine, 7.0 microU/ml; after cimetidine, 10.2 microU/ml; P less than 0.05) as well as a significant increase in the TSH area under the curve. There was no statistically significant effect of cimetidine on basal TSH or basal or stimulated PRL secretion. Cimetidine had no effect on the GH, PRL, or cortisol response to insulin-induced hypolycemia or the 24-h secretion of LH, FSH, testosterone, or PRL.", "contents": "Evidence for a thyrotropin inhibitory effect of histamine in man. Because of certain side effects of cimetidine therapy which may be hormonally mediated (e.g. gynecomastia), there has been recent interest in the possible endocrine effects of this H2 histamine receptor-blocking agent used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Accordingly, the effect of chronic cimetidine therapy on anterior pituitary function was examined in 12 adult men with mild peptic ulcer disease. TRH and insulin-hypolycemic stimulation tests were performed by standard methods. Serum for TSH and PRL RIA was obtained after TRH; serum for GH, cortisol, and PRL RIA was obtained after insulin-induced hypoglycemia. In addition, serum for LH, FSH, testosterone, and PRL was obtained every 4 h for 24 h. After these baseline studies, 300 mg cimetidine were administered orally 4 times a day for 4--8 weeks and the studies were repeated as before. Chronic treatment with cimetidine caused a significant increase in the peak TSH response to TRH at 30 min (mean peak TSH value before cimetidine, 7.0 microU/ml; after cimetidine, 10.2 microU/ml; P less than 0.05) as well as a significant increase in the TSH area under the curve. There was no statistically significant effect of cimetidine on basal TSH or basal or stimulated PRL secretion. Cimetidine had no effect on the GH, PRL, or cortisol response to insulin-induced hypolycemia or the 24-h secretion of LH, FSH, testosterone, or PRL.", "PMID": 113425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10680", "title": "Rickettsial hemolysis: rapid method for enumeration of metabolically active typhus rickettsiae.", "content": "A new assay is described for enumerating biologically active typhus rickettsiae (Madrid E strain), based on adsorption of rickettsiae to erythrocytes in the presence of NaF (which allows adsorption but not lysis) and lysis in the presence of anti-Rickettsia prowazeki immune serum (which allows only a single round of lysis). The number of lysed erythrocytes is then used to estimate the number of active rickettsiae.", "contents": "Rickettsial hemolysis: rapid method for enumeration of metabolically active typhus rickettsiae. A new assay is described for enumerating biologically active typhus rickettsiae (Madrid E strain), based on adsorption of rickettsiae to erythrocytes in the presence of NaF (which allows adsorption but not lysis) and lysis in the presence of anti-Rickettsia prowazeki immune serum (which allows only a single round of lysis). The number of lysed erythrocytes is then used to estimate the number of active rickettsiae.", "PMID": 113426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10681", "title": "Coordinate secretion of acid hydrolases in rat bile.", "content": "Three lysosomal glycosidases, beta-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31), beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23), and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) have been investigated in bile that was freshly collected from rats through a complete bile fistula. Assay conditions have been established on the basis of appropriate kinetic studies. The biliary excretion patterns for these enzymes were found to vary considerably from rat to rat during the 24-h collection period. In a given animal, however, the three hydrolases were excreted in parallel and showed a gradual increase in activity with time, most marked after 10- 12 h of collection. 24-h biliary outputs of the three hydrolases averaged congruent with3% of their respective contents in total liver, and bile diversion had no effect on hepatic glycosidase activity or total protein content. Other enzymes known to be associated primarily with mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and cell sap were also detected in bile, generally in smaller amounts. The biliary excretion of the plasma membrane markers, alkaline phosphodiesterase I and 5'-nucleotidase, however, was comparable to that of the lysosomal hydrolases. Biliary excretion of total protein was relatively constant and corresponded to 3.0% of the total hepatic protein content per day, whereas biliary bile acid secretion decreased during the first 12 h and then remained constant. Exocytic bulk discharge of hepatocyte lysosomes is proposed as the most likely mechanism for the biliary excretion of lysosomal enzymes. These results call attention to the possible pathophysiologic significance of biliary excretion of hepatic lysosomal contents as a means of residue disposal.", "contents": "Coordinate secretion of acid hydrolases in rat bile. Three lysosomal glycosidases, beta-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31), beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23), and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) have been investigated in bile that was freshly collected from rats through a complete bile fistula. Assay conditions have been established on the basis of appropriate kinetic studies. The biliary excretion patterns for these enzymes were found to vary considerably from rat to rat during the 24-h collection period. In a given animal, however, the three hydrolases were excreted in parallel and showed a gradual increase in activity with time, most marked after 10- 12 h of collection. 24-h biliary outputs of the three hydrolases averaged congruent with3% of their respective contents in total liver, and bile diversion had no effect on hepatic glycosidase activity or total protein content. Other enzymes known to be associated primarily with mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and cell sap were also detected in bile, generally in smaller amounts. The biliary excretion of the plasma membrane markers, alkaline phosphodiesterase I and 5'-nucleotidase, however, was comparable to that of the lysosomal hydrolases. Biliary excretion of total protein was relatively constant and corresponded to 3.0% of the total hepatic protein content per day, whereas biliary bile acid secretion decreased during the first 12 h and then remained constant. Exocytic bulk discharge of hepatocyte lysosomes is proposed as the most likely mechanism for the biliary excretion of lysosomal enzymes. These results call attention to the possible pathophysiologic significance of biliary excretion of hepatic lysosomal contents as a means of residue disposal.", "PMID": 113427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10682", "title": "Inferior temporal lesions do not impair discrimination of rotated patterns in monkeys.", "content": "Ablation of inferior temporal cortex in the rhesus monkey produces a visual discrimination learning deficit. The severity of this deficit has often been found to be a function of task difficulty. This report concerns a type of visual discrimination problem that, although difficult, is not sensitive to inferior temporal lesions. Monkeys with anterior, posterior, and complete inferior temporal lesions were repeatedly unimpaired or only slightly impaired in learning to discriminate a pattern from the same pattern rotated 90 degrees or 180 degrees; yet they were very severely impaired in learning equally or more difficult discriminations of two different patterns. This demonstration that discrimination of orientation of patterns is relatively spared after inferior temporal lesions helps specify the pattern-recognition processes that require inferior temporal cortex.", "contents": "Inferior temporal lesions do not impair discrimination of rotated patterns in monkeys. Ablation of inferior temporal cortex in the rhesus monkey produces a visual discrimination learning deficit. The severity of this deficit has often been found to be a function of task difficulty. This report concerns a type of visual discrimination problem that, although difficult, is not sensitive to inferior temporal lesions. Monkeys with anterior, posterior, and complete inferior temporal lesions were repeatedly unimpaired or only slightly impaired in learning to discriminate a pattern from the same pattern rotated 90 degrees or 180 degrees; yet they were very severely impaired in learning equally or more difficult discriminations of two different patterns. This demonstration that discrimination of orientation of patterns is relatively spared after inferior temporal lesions helps specify the pattern-recognition processes that require inferior temporal cortex.", "PMID": 113428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10683", "title": "Contrasting effects of lateral striate and superior colliculus lesions on visual discrimination performance in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys with lesions of lateral striate cortex, monkeys with superior colliculus lesions, and unoperated monkeys were tested for retention of a preoperatively acquired pattern discrimination. The three groups of monkeys were then tested in two-choice, color, color discrimination tests, one involving varying degrees of stimulus-response (S-R) separation and the other, administered several months later, involving various directions of S-R separations. The monkeys were also tested in a series of two-choice pattern discriminations, following each of which they were tested for relearning when the patterns were masked with bars or circles. The monkeys with lateral striate lesions were moderately retarded in retention of the pattern discrimination, whereas those with superior colliculus lesions were not. The monkeys with colliculus lesions, but not those with lateral striate lesions, were impaired in both S-R separation tests, which demonstrates that their deficit was not transient or solely due to a difficulty in shifting the gaze in one direction. The lateral striate monkeys, unlike those with colliculus lesions, were dificient in relearning discriminations between masked patterns. These findings suggest that superior colliculus and striate cortex may be involved in two different aspects of attention: respectively, shifting attention (and orientation) from one spatial locus to another and maintaining attention on fixated stimuli. Alternative interpretations of the effects of the lesions, based on their retinotopic loci, are discussed.", "contents": "Contrasting effects of lateral striate and superior colliculus lesions on visual discrimination performance in rhesus monkeys. Rhesus monkeys with lesions of lateral striate cortex, monkeys with superior colliculus lesions, and unoperated monkeys were tested for retention of a preoperatively acquired pattern discrimination. The three groups of monkeys were then tested in two-choice, color, color discrimination tests, one involving varying degrees of stimulus-response (S-R) separation and the other, administered several months later, involving various directions of S-R separations. The monkeys were also tested in a series of two-choice pattern discriminations, following each of which they were tested for relearning when the patterns were masked with bars or circles. The monkeys with lateral striate lesions were moderately retarded in retention of the pattern discrimination, whereas those with superior colliculus lesions were not. The monkeys with colliculus lesions, but not those with lateral striate lesions, were impaired in both S-R separation tests, which demonstrates that their deficit was not transient or solely due to a difficulty in shifting the gaze in one direction. The lateral striate monkeys, unlike those with colliculus lesions, were dificient in relearning discriminations between masked patterns. These findings suggest that superior colliculus and striate cortex may be involved in two different aspects of attention: respectively, shifting attention (and orientation) from one spatial locus to another and maintaining attention on fixated stimuli. Alternative interpretations of the effects of the lesions, based on their retinotopic loci, are discussed.", "PMID": 113429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10684", "title": "Roles of gonadotropins and releasing hormones in hypothalamic control of lordotic behavior in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats.", "content": "Intrahypothalamic effects of gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) on lordotic behavior were evaluated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats maintained at different receptivity levels. Under conditions of low receptivity in which LRH has been shown to enchance mating behavior, medial preoptic area (MPOA) infusions of luteinizing hormone (LH) caused significant depressions in the lordotic response, whereas LH infusions into the arcuate ventromedial area (ARC-VM) had no sigificant effect. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) infusions into either area did not alter the behavioral response. In the second experiment, in which OVX rats were primed with higher doses of estrone to maintain high ptrinfusion receptivity, MPOA or ARC-VM infusions of either LH or TRH were shown to depress lordotic behavior significantly, whereas neither LRH nor FSH was observed to inhibit the behavioral response. A third experiment evaluated the effects of LH, FSH, and TRH on LRH-facilitated mating behavior. Infusions of LRH into either the MPOA or the ARC-VM significantly enhanced mating behavior, whereas the addition of either TRH or LH to the LRH infusates abolished this response. The addition of FSH to LRH infusates neither enhanced nor depressed the behavioral response to MPOA or ARC-VM infusions of LRH. The antagonistic effects of LH and TRH on LRH-facilitated mating behavior were correlated with previous observations of antagonistic effects on hypothalamic unit activity and monoamine metabolism. The antagonistic interrelation between LRH and LH may represent a mechanism for the activation and coordination of sexual receptivity with ovulation.", "contents": "Roles of gonadotropins and releasing hormones in hypothalamic control of lordotic behavior in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats. Intrahypothalamic effects of gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) on lordotic behavior were evaluated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats maintained at different receptivity levels. Under conditions of low receptivity in which LRH has been shown to enchance mating behavior, medial preoptic area (MPOA) infusions of luteinizing hormone (LH) caused significant depressions in the lordotic response, whereas LH infusions into the arcuate ventromedial area (ARC-VM) had no sigificant effect. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) infusions into either area did not alter the behavioral response. In the second experiment, in which OVX rats were primed with higher doses of estrone to maintain high ptrinfusion receptivity, MPOA or ARC-VM infusions of either LH or TRH were shown to depress lordotic behavior significantly, whereas neither LRH nor FSH was observed to inhibit the behavioral response. A third experiment evaluated the effects of LH, FSH, and TRH on LRH-facilitated mating behavior. Infusions of LRH into either the MPOA or the ARC-VM significantly enhanced mating behavior, whereas the addition of either TRH or LH to the LRH infusates abolished this response. The addition of FSH to LRH infusates neither enhanced nor depressed the behavioral response to MPOA or ARC-VM infusions of LRH. The antagonistic effects of LH and TRH on LRH-facilitated mating behavior were correlated with previous observations of antagonistic effects on hypothalamic unit activity and monoamine metabolism. The antagonistic interrelation between LRH and LH may represent a mechanism for the activation and coordination of sexual receptivity with ovulation.", "PMID": 113430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10685", "title": "Color categories in macaques.", "content": "This experiment investigated whether macaque monkeys partition the photic spectrum into the same four basic hue categories that humans do, i.e., blue, green, yellow, and red. Monkeys were trained to respond in the presence of one chromatic stimulus and were tested, in extinction, for generalization to others. In extinction, the monkeys responded at similar and high levels to stimuli that fell in the same basic human hue category as the training stimulus and at similar and much lower levels to stimuli that fell in a different human hue category from the training stimulus. It was concluded that macaques and humans categorize the spectrum in a similar fashion.", "contents": "Color categories in macaques. This experiment investigated whether macaque monkeys partition the photic spectrum into the same four basic hue categories that humans do, i.e., blue, green, yellow, and red. Monkeys were trained to respond in the presence of one chromatic stimulus and were tested, in extinction, for generalization to others. In extinction, the monkeys responded at similar and high levels to stimuli that fell in the same basic human hue category as the training stimulus and at similar and much lower levels to stimuli that fell in a different human hue category from the training stimulus. It was concluded that macaques and humans categorize the spectrum in a similar fashion.", "PMID": 113431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10686", "title": "Evaluation of laryngeal cartilages by computed tomography.", "content": "Computed tomography of the larynx was performed in 21 patients and 3 anatomic specimens for evaluation of laryngeal cancer. Special attention was directed to the appearance of the laryngeal cartilages in both the normal and abnormal examinations in order to establish criteria for cancerous invasion. The problem presented by the normal nonuniformity of density of the cartilages is discussed in detail.", "contents": "Evaluation of laryngeal cartilages by computed tomography. Computed tomography of the larynx was performed in 21 patients and 3 anatomic specimens for evaluation of laryngeal cancer. Special attention was directed to the appearance of the laryngeal cartilages in both the normal and abnormal examinations in order to establish criteria for cancerous invasion. The problem presented by the normal nonuniformity of density of the cartilages is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 113432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10687", "title": "Patterns of brain perfusion: dynamic computed tomography using intravenous contrast enhancement.", "content": "A representation of cerebral perfusion is obtained using cranial computed tomography following the rapid bolus injection of iodinated intravenous contrast medium. This technique permits the definition of four gross patterns of perfusion (normal, circulatory arrest, hypoperfusion, and hyperperfusion). This classification is affirmed in an experimental model of cerebral infarction in the baboon. The limitations of dynamic imaging using computed tomography are reviewed.", "contents": "Patterns of brain perfusion: dynamic computed tomography using intravenous contrast enhancement. A representation of cerebral perfusion is obtained using cranial computed tomography following the rapid bolus injection of iodinated intravenous contrast medium. This technique permits the definition of four gross patterns of perfusion (normal, circulatory arrest, hypoperfusion, and hyperperfusion). This classification is affirmed in an experimental model of cerebral infarction in the baboon. The limitations of dynamic imaging using computed tomography are reviewed.", "PMID": 113433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10688", "title": "Dynamic computed tomography study of the brain.", "content": "The dynamic computed tomography (CT) study of the brain consists of the rapid intravenous injection of 49 ml of radiographic contrast material in 7 sec followed by serial 5 sec CT scans with interscan times of only 1 sec. The data from these scans can be reprocessed to create 12 segmented images in 35 sec. When small samples of four to six pixels of cortex are examined by the cursor, sharp rises of 20 to 25 CT units (500 scale) are seen on the time--density curves. Samples of white matter are usually no more than 2 CT units. When larger cursor samples of 220 to 255 pixels including cortex and white matter are examined, the time--density curves represent a combination of these two patterns. Comparison between symmetrical areas in the two hemispheres generally shows parallel curves in controls. The studies provide high resolution cerebral perfusion images. In ischemia secondary to ipsilateral carotid stenosis, there is depression of the up-slope and a depressed and late peak. Infarctions show a flat perfusion curve. Several patterns in brain tumors are illustrated. The study, simple to perform, adds significant perfusion information to the previously static CT examination of the brain.", "contents": "Dynamic computed tomography study of the brain. The dynamic computed tomography (CT) study of the brain consists of the rapid intravenous injection of 49 ml of radiographic contrast material in 7 sec followed by serial 5 sec CT scans with interscan times of only 1 sec. The data from these scans can be reprocessed to create 12 segmented images in 35 sec. When small samples of four to six pixels of cortex are examined by the cursor, sharp rises of 20 to 25 CT units (500 scale) are seen on the time--density curves. Samples of white matter are usually no more than 2 CT units. When larger cursor samples of 220 to 255 pixels including cortex and white matter are examined, the time--density curves represent a combination of these two patterns. Comparison between symmetrical areas in the two hemispheres generally shows parallel curves in controls. The studies provide high resolution cerebral perfusion images. In ischemia secondary to ipsilateral carotid stenosis, there is depression of the up-slope and a depressed and late peak. Infarctions show a flat perfusion curve. Several patterns in brain tumors are illustrated. The study, simple to perform, adds significant perfusion information to the previously static CT examination of the brain.", "PMID": 113434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10689", "title": "Sensitization to nonvenom contaminants in a venom preparation.", "content": "An individual is described who appeared to be sensitive to nonvenom contaminants in a venom preparation. His IgE antibodies, measured by the immediate direct skin test and the radioallergosorbent test (RAST), reacted with a yellow jacket venom preparation obtained by \"washing\" of venom sacs. With yellow jacket venom obtained by electriral stimulation, there was a skin test reaction of equivocal significance and no serum antibodies were detected by the RAST. Moderate reactions were also found with yellow jacket body extracts. In contrast, sera obtained from patients with yellow jacket sting anaphylaxis showed strong reactions with the electrically stimulated venom preparation and only a few reacted with the body extract. In additional studies, the patient's serum reacted with yellow jacket extracts devoid of venom and a variety of hornet and wasp extracts. Analyses of the two yellow jacket venoms by gel diffusion using rabbit antisera showed the presence of body proteins in the venom obtained by venom sac \"washing.\" Subsequent history revealed the presence of insect nests in the roof of the patient's bedroom, perhaps the source of inhalant exposure and sensitivity. This case history demonstrates the need for venom extracts that do not contain potentially sensitizing extraneous material.", "contents": "Sensitization to nonvenom contaminants in a venom preparation. An individual is described who appeared to be sensitive to nonvenom contaminants in a venom preparation. His IgE antibodies, measured by the immediate direct skin test and the radioallergosorbent test (RAST), reacted with a yellow jacket venom preparation obtained by \"washing\" of venom sacs. With yellow jacket venom obtained by electriral stimulation, there was a skin test reaction of equivocal significance and no serum antibodies were detected by the RAST. Moderate reactions were also found with yellow jacket body extracts. In contrast, sera obtained from patients with yellow jacket sting anaphylaxis showed strong reactions with the electrically stimulated venom preparation and only a few reacted with the body extract. In additional studies, the patient's serum reacted with yellow jacket extracts devoid of venom and a variety of hornet and wasp extracts. Analyses of the two yellow jacket venoms by gel diffusion using rabbit antisera showed the presence of body proteins in the venom obtained by venom sac \"washing.\" Subsequent history revealed the presence of insect nests in the roof of the patient's bedroom, perhaps the source of inhalant exposure and sensitivity. This case history demonstrates the need for venom extracts that do not contain potentially sensitizing extraneous material.", "PMID": 113443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10690", "title": "Irritable bowel syndrome and dietary fiber.", "content": "The effects of an increase in dietary fiber include: (a) More frequent stools, (b) more voluminous stools, (c) an alteration in the fecal flora, (d) an increase in fecal sterol excretion, and, it appears likely, (e) a reduction in intraluminal pressures in the sigmoid colon. Epidemiologic data comparing global differences in prevalence of certain diseases with the fiber content of diets suggest that there may be a relationship between the two. With a certain amount of post-ad hoc reasoning, it can be shown that some of the known effects of fiber could account for differences in disease prevalence between populations. The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome is so high that one is forced to concede the very real possibility that the environment, including the diet, may be responsible for symptoms that might not otherwise exist. It remains to be seen whether a marked increase in dietary fiber will prevent the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. It seems fairly certain that, given the preoccupation most of these individuals have with their bowel movements, the large bulky stools resulting from a high-fiber diet satisfy a very basic emotional need to \"have a good BM\" (meaning large), but whether this leads to better health remains to be proved.", "contents": "Irritable bowel syndrome and dietary fiber. The effects of an increase in dietary fiber include: (a) More frequent stools, (b) more voluminous stools, (c) an alteration in the fecal flora, (d) an increase in fecal sterol excretion, and, it appears likely, (e) a reduction in intraluminal pressures in the sigmoid colon. Epidemiologic data comparing global differences in prevalence of certain diseases with the fiber content of diets suggest that there may be a relationship between the two. With a certain amount of post-ad hoc reasoning, it can be shown that some of the known effects of fiber could account for differences in disease prevalence between populations. The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome is so high that one is forced to concede the very real possibility that the environment, including the diet, may be responsible for symptoms that might not otherwise exist. It remains to be seen whether a marked increase in dietary fiber will prevent the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. It seems fairly certain that, given the preoccupation most of these individuals have with their bowel movements, the large bulky stools resulting from a high-fiber diet satisfy a very basic emotional need to \"have a good BM\" (meaning large), but whether this leads to better health remains to be proved.", "PMID": 113444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10691", "title": "[External fetal electrocardiography, the maternal effort test and the oxytocin challenge in cases of fetomaternal rhesus isoimmunisation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present seven pregnant patients with Rh immunisation. Four of them were of mild degree and three were severely inmunised. All of them had an exercise tolerance test as well as an oxytocin test to evaluate the fetal response to maternal exercise and uterine contractility. The classification utilized for evaluating the fetal response to exercise and its clinical implications are presented. It is concluded that the exercise test is of diagnostic and prognostic value regarding chronic distress during pregnancy and the oxytocin test may help to decide wether the fetus will tolerate the uterine contractions of parturition, and if surgical intervention might be contemplated if during a monitorized labor severe fetal heart changes occur.", "contents": "[External fetal electrocardiography, the maternal effort test and the oxytocin challenge in cases of fetomaternal rhesus isoimmunisation (author's transl)]. The authors present seven pregnant patients with Rh immunisation. Four of them were of mild degree and three were severely inmunised. All of them had an exercise tolerance test as well as an oxytocin test to evaluate the fetal response to maternal exercise and uterine contractility. The classification utilized for evaluating the fetal response to exercise and its clinical implications are presented. It is concluded that the exercise test is of diagnostic and prognostic value regarding chronic distress during pregnancy and the oxytocin test may help to decide wether the fetus will tolerate the uterine contractions of parturition, and if surgical intervention might be contemplated if during a monitorized labor severe fetal heart changes occur.", "PMID": 113446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10692", "title": "Sensitivity in horseradish peroxidase neurohistochemistry: a comparative and quantitative study of nine methods.", "content": "Nine currently available methods for HRP neurohistochemistry have been compared with each other on matching tissue sections from four rats and four rhesus monkeys. The nine methods investigated in this report are the diaminobenzidine (DAB) procedures of LaVail JH and LaVail MM (J Comp Neurol 157:303, 1974), of Adams JC (Neuroscience 2:141, 1977) and of Streit P and Reubi JC (Brain Res 126:530, 1977); the benzidine dihydrochloride (BDHC) procedures of Mesulam M-M (J Histochem Cytochem 24:1273, 1976) and of De Olmos J and Heimer L (Neurosci Lett 6:107, 1977); the o-dianisidine (O-D) procedure of De Olmos J (Exp Brain Res 29:541, 1977); the p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride and pyrocatechol (PPD-PC) procedure of Hanker JS et al., (Histochem J 9:789, 1977) and the tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) procedures of Mesulam M-M (J Histochem Cytochem 26:106, 1978) and of De Olmos J et al. (J Comp Neurol 181:213, 1978). Quantitative comparisons were based on counts of retrogradely labeled perikarya. The extent of anterograde transport and the size of the injection site were also compared at a more qualitative level. The results indicate that one TMB procedure (Mesulam M-M, J Histochem Cytochem 26:106, 1978) is distinctly superior to each of the other eight procedures in the number of labeled perikarya that it can demonstrate. Furthermore, these differences are statistically significant at better than the 0.05 level of confidence. Differences in sensitivity are most evident when the perikarya contain small quantities of transported HRP. The same TMB method also demonstrates more anterograde transport and a larger injection site than all the other procedures. If less sensitive procedures are employed, afferent or efferent connections that are clearly demonstrated by this TMB procedure are either underestimated or completely overlooked. It is suggested that sensitivity in HRP neurohistochemistry is determined by multiple factors which include the method of fixation, post-fixation storage, the choice of chromogen, the incubation parameters, the type of HRP enzyme that is administered, and the postreaction treatment.", "contents": "Sensitivity in horseradish peroxidase neurohistochemistry: a comparative and quantitative study of nine methods. Nine currently available methods for HRP neurohistochemistry have been compared with each other on matching tissue sections from four rats and four rhesus monkeys. The nine methods investigated in this report are the diaminobenzidine (DAB) procedures of LaVail JH and LaVail MM (J Comp Neurol 157:303, 1974), of Adams JC (Neuroscience 2:141, 1977) and of Streit P and Reubi JC (Brain Res 126:530, 1977); the benzidine dihydrochloride (BDHC) procedures of Mesulam M-M (J Histochem Cytochem 24:1273, 1976) and of De Olmos J and Heimer L (Neurosci Lett 6:107, 1977); the o-dianisidine (O-D) procedure of De Olmos J (Exp Brain Res 29:541, 1977); the p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride and pyrocatechol (PPD-PC) procedure of Hanker JS et al., (Histochem J 9:789, 1977) and the tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) procedures of Mesulam M-M (J Histochem Cytochem 26:106, 1978) and of De Olmos J et al. (J Comp Neurol 181:213, 1978). Quantitative comparisons were based on counts of retrogradely labeled perikarya. The extent of anterograde transport and the size of the injection site were also compared at a more qualitative level. The results indicate that one TMB procedure (Mesulam M-M, J Histochem Cytochem 26:106, 1978) is distinctly superior to each of the other eight procedures in the number of labeled perikarya that it can demonstrate. Furthermore, these differences are statistically significant at better than the 0.05 level of confidence. Differences in sensitivity are most evident when the perikarya contain small quantities of transported HRP. The same TMB method also demonstrates more anterograde transport and a larger injection site than all the other procedures. If less sensitive procedures are employed, afferent or efferent connections that are clearly demonstrated by this TMB procedure are either underestimated or completely overlooked. It is suggested that sensitivity in HRP neurohistochemistry is determined by multiple factors which include the method of fixation, post-fixation storage, the choice of chromogen, the incubation parameters, the type of HRP enzyme that is administered, and the postreaction treatment.", "PMID": 113450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10693", "title": "Preservation of alveolar type II pneumocyte lamellar bodies for electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Simultaneous fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, followed by an uranyl acetate (UA) treatment before dehydration and embedding (Hirsch and Fedorko 1968) ensures a very good preservation of lamellar bodies (LB's) as well as of the cellular membranes in type II pneumocyte. The uranyl acetate treatment appeared to be the most efficient step of the procedure. The morphological aspect of lamellar bodies after such a preparation was similar to that observed after freeze-etching of lipid retaining methods. Moreover, the Hirsch-Fedorko procedure is very simple and can easily be used for routine ultrastructural and radioautographic studies. On the other hand, it appeared that the uranyl acetate phospholipid \"complex\" is very sensitive to the pH of chemical solutions used after sectioning. The \"complex\" is variously dissolved by alkaline solutions, photographic developers or stains. The best preservation of ultrastructure was obtained with neutral or acidic developers and acidic stains.", "contents": "Preservation of alveolar type II pneumocyte lamellar bodies for electron microscopic studies. Simultaneous fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, followed by an uranyl acetate (UA) treatment before dehydration and embedding (Hirsch and Fedorko 1968) ensures a very good preservation of lamellar bodies (LB's) as well as of the cellular membranes in type II pneumocyte. The uranyl acetate treatment appeared to be the most efficient step of the procedure. The morphological aspect of lamellar bodies after such a preparation was similar to that observed after freeze-etching of lipid retaining methods. Moreover, the Hirsch-Fedorko procedure is very simple and can easily be used for routine ultrastructural and radioautographic studies. On the other hand, it appeared that the uranyl acetate phospholipid \"complex\" is very sensitive to the pH of chemical solutions used after sectioning. The \"complex\" is variously dissolved by alkaline solutions, photographic developers or stains. The best preservation of ultrastructure was obtained with neutral or acidic developers and acidic stains.", "PMID": 113451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10694", "title": "Alteration of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphoma cells by fixation.", "content": "Four large cell lymphomas known to be monoclonal B-cell proliferations were studied with immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical methods for the detection of kappa- and lambda-light chains. Frozen sections of lymphoma tissues as well as formalin and B-5-fixed tissues embedded in paraffin were studied. Both immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical methods gave similar results on frozen sections; however, a number of discrepancies were noted between the results obtained on fixed tissues and those obtained on frozen tissues. In an effort to identify a fixative which did not alter immunoglobulin (Ig), mouse lymph nodes were fixed in different fixatives before Ig detection; but all of the fixatives tested destroyed the Ig present on normal cortical B lymphocytes. Immunoglobulin-bearing normal and neoplastic lymphocytes are better detected on frozen sections than on paraffin sections after routine fixation.", "contents": "Alteration of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphoma cells by fixation. Four large cell lymphomas known to be monoclonal B-cell proliferations were studied with immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical methods for the detection of kappa- and lambda-light chains. Frozen sections of lymphoma tissues as well as formalin and B-5-fixed tissues embedded in paraffin were studied. Both immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical methods gave similar results on frozen sections; however, a number of discrepancies were noted between the results obtained on fixed tissues and those obtained on frozen tissues. In an effort to identify a fixative which did not alter immunoglobulin (Ig), mouse lymph nodes were fixed in different fixatives before Ig detection; but all of the fixatives tested destroyed the Ig present on normal cortical B lymphocytes. Immunoglobulin-bearing normal and neoplastic lymphocytes are better detected on frozen sections than on paraffin sections after routine fixation.", "PMID": 113452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10695", "title": "Dynamics of natural selection on a lethal fourth chromosome of Drosophila. Twelve-generation study of experimental populations of D. melanogaster.", "content": "The dynamics of natural selection on a lethal fourth chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster was studied in replicated half-pint bottle and cage populations over 12 generations. Population numbers fluctuated widely in all populations, but there was no association between fluctuation in numbers and change in lethal frequency. In the bottle populations the lethal heterozygote frequency decreased to a low of 0.04 to 0.05 and then increased to 0.18 to 0.30, suggesting that the selection coefficients were not constant. In the cage populations heterozygote frequency decreased to about 0.35 to 0.40. In the cage populations the data suggest that the lethal chromosome is overdominant for both viability and fertility selection.", "contents": "Dynamics of natural selection on a lethal fourth chromosome of Drosophila. Twelve-generation study of experimental populations of D. melanogaster. The dynamics of natural selection on a lethal fourth chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster was studied in replicated half-pint bottle and cage populations over 12 generations. Population numbers fluctuated widely in all populations, but there was no association between fluctuation in numbers and change in lethal frequency. In the bottle populations the lethal heterozygote frequency decreased to a low of 0.04 to 0.05 and then increased to 0.18 to 0.30, suggesting that the selection coefficients were not constant. In the cage populations heterozygote frequency decreased to about 0.35 to 0.40. In the cage populations the data suggest that the lethal chromosome is overdominant for both viability and fertility selection.", "PMID": 113447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10696", "title": "Simultaneous visualization of two antigens in the same tissue section by combining immunoperoxidase with immunofluorescence techniques.", "content": "A simple method was developed whereby immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence techniques were applied in consecutive steps to demonstrate the presence of two antigens in the same tissue section. This method was applied in three model, two antigens were shown: a) each (gastrin and pepsinogen II) inside one of two different cell types (gastrin (G) and antral peptic cells), b) each (kappa or gamma light chains) inside different cells of the same type (plasma cells); also, both (kamma and gamma light chains) inside the same cell (Reed-Sternberg cell), and c) both (pepsinogen I and II) inside the same cell (chief cell of oxyntic glands). The results could be viewed and photographed either simultaneously, when the antigens were in different cells, or sequentially, when the antigens were in the same cells.", "contents": "Simultaneous visualization of two antigens in the same tissue section by combining immunoperoxidase with immunofluorescence techniques. A simple method was developed whereby immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence techniques were applied in consecutive steps to demonstrate the presence of two antigens in the same tissue section. This method was applied in three model, two antigens were shown: a) each (gastrin and pepsinogen II) inside one of two different cell types (gastrin (G) and antral peptic cells), b) each (kappa or gamma light chains) inside different cells of the same type (plasma cells); also, both (kamma and gamma light chains) inside the same cell (Reed-Sternberg cell), and c) both (pepsinogen I and II) inside the same cell (chief cell of oxyntic glands). The results could be viewed and photographed either simultaneously, when the antigens were in different cells, or sequentially, when the antigens were in the same cells.", "PMID": 113453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10697", "title": "[Qualitative and quantitative examinations of the corpus mamillare in the ontogenesis of male Tupaia belangeri and SPF cats].", "content": "The cyto-, myelo- and fibrilloarchitectonics of the Corpus mamillare were described in 33 male Tupaia belangeri at an age of 36 to 536 days of ontogenesis and in 37 male SPF-cats at an age of 39 to 584 days of ontogenesis. The fresh volumes of the Nucl. medialis and the Nucl. lateralis corporis mamillaris of Tupaia belangeri were determined and the growth of their fresh volumes described with the 6-parametric growth-function Likewise, the nuclei of SPF-cat were determined and these data were analysed with the logistic growth function The Nucl. medialis corporis mamillaris of Tupaia belangeri has a maximal fresh volume of 2.2 mm3 on the 82nd day of ontogenesis after which it procentually reduces by 16% to 101% of the ideal volume (1.9 mm3) on the 141st day of ontogenesis. The Nucl. lateralis corporis mamillaris reaches its maximum volume of 0.1 mm3 by the 90th day of ontogenesis, procentually reduces by 10% to 101% of the ideal volume (0.09 mm3) on the 169th day of ontogenesis. The half value times are 59 days of ontogenesis for the Nucl. medialis corporismamillaris and 48 days of ontogenesis for the Nucl. lateralis corporis mamillaris. In SPF-cat the Nucl. medialis corporis mamillaris reaches 99% of the ideal volume (11.7 mm3) on the 195th day of ontogenesis and shows a half value time of 86 days of ontogenesis. On the 229th day of ontogenesis the Nucl. lateralis corporis mamillaris reaches 99% of the ideal volume (0.57 mm3y and has a half value time of 83 days of ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Qualitative and quantitative examinations of the corpus mamillare in the ontogenesis of male Tupaia belangeri and SPF cats]. The cyto-, myelo- and fibrilloarchitectonics of the Corpus mamillare were described in 33 male Tupaia belangeri at an age of 36 to 536 days of ontogenesis and in 37 male SPF-cats at an age of 39 to 584 days of ontogenesis. The fresh volumes of the Nucl. medialis and the Nucl. lateralis corporis mamillaris of Tupaia belangeri were determined and the growth of their fresh volumes described with the 6-parametric growth-function Likewise, the nuclei of SPF-cat were determined and these data were analysed with the logistic growth function The Nucl. medialis corporis mamillaris of Tupaia belangeri has a maximal fresh volume of 2.2 mm3 on the 82nd day of ontogenesis after which it procentually reduces by 16% to 101% of the ideal volume (1.9 mm3) on the 141st day of ontogenesis. The Nucl. lateralis corporis mamillaris reaches its maximum volume of 0.1 mm3 by the 90th day of ontogenesis, procentually reduces by 10% to 101% of the ideal volume (0.09 mm3) on the 169th day of ontogenesis. The half value times are 59 days of ontogenesis for the Nucl. medialis corporismamillaris and 48 days of ontogenesis for the Nucl. lateralis corporis mamillaris. In SPF-cat the Nucl. medialis corporis mamillaris reaches 99% of the ideal volume (11.7 mm3) on the 195th day of ontogenesis and shows a half value time of 86 days of ontogenesis. On the 229th day of ontogenesis the Nucl. lateralis corporis mamillaris reaches 99% of the ideal volume (0.57 mm3y and has a half value time of 83 days of ontogenesis.", "PMID": 113454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10698", "title": "\"The diencephalon of Ptilocercus lowii (pen-tailed tree-shrew)\".", "content": "The pen-tailed tree-shrew (Ptilocercus lowii) has been regarded by Le Gros Clark (1926), and Martin (1968) to possess more primitive morphological and to a certain extent, neuro-anatomical characteristics than the other tree-shrew species belonging to the sub-family Tupaiinae. Investigations have been carried out on the diencephalon of Ptilocercus lowii which has not been completely done by Le Gros Clark and other workers since 1926, to find out whether the diencephalon has actually undegone any phylogenetic changes that should be more advanced than those of the Insectivora or remain more primitive than that of the Tupaiinae. The diencephalic structure that show the most significant phylogenetic features which differe Ptilocerecus from Tupaia are observed in the anterior, dorsolateral and ventrolateral thalamic groups, and the geniculate bodies. The nucleus anteroventralis is, by comparison, much smaller and poorly differentiated from the nucleus anteromedialis. The nucleus anterodorsalis is also comparably large and does not reach the dorsal surface of the thalamus as it does in the primates. The midline nuclei do not show any significant differences, except the notably larger size of nucleus parataenialis in Ptilocercus. The nucleus mediodoralis is small and indifferentiated although it does show some incipient signs of cellular differentiation. The nucleus centralis lateralis is well developed; its inferior (ventral) part is larger than its superior part which is the better developed of the two parts in the tupaiids and primates. The nucleus centrum medianum appears to be very small and forms only a lateral extension of the nucleus parafascicularis. The ventrolateral thalamic group basically consists of nuclei ventrales anterior, lateralis and posterior without intermediate or transitional zones as found in Tupaia and Primates. The nucleus pretectalis is the largest and the best developed of all the elements of the posterior thalamic nuclear group. The lateral geniculate nucleus is not differentiated into laminae like that in Tupaia and Primates; it is merely a homogeneous structure that appears to be smaller in size that the pregeniculate and medial geniculate nuclei. The medial geniculate nucleus is large in proportional size of the whole thalamus and appears to be well differentiated cellularly into several small parts. No remarkable changes are noted in the epithalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus. However, the nucleus ventromedialis appears to be the most outstanding structure in the infundibular region of the hypothalamus. The mammillary region is of a simpler construction in Ptilocercus than in Tupaia; it does not protrude from the ventral surface of the hypothalamus. In the light of these findings, the phyletic status of Ptilocercus in the family Tupaiidae is discussed.", "contents": "\"The diencephalon of Ptilocercus lowii (pen-tailed tree-shrew)\". The pen-tailed tree-shrew (Ptilocercus lowii) has been regarded by Le Gros Clark (1926), and Martin (1968) to possess more primitive morphological and to a certain extent, neuro-anatomical characteristics than the other tree-shrew species belonging to the sub-family Tupaiinae. Investigations have been carried out on the diencephalon of Ptilocercus lowii which has not been completely done by Le Gros Clark and other workers since 1926, to find out whether the diencephalon has actually undegone any phylogenetic changes that should be more advanced than those of the Insectivora or remain more primitive than that of the Tupaiinae. The diencephalic structure that show the most significant phylogenetic features which differe Ptilocerecus from Tupaia are observed in the anterior, dorsolateral and ventrolateral thalamic groups, and the geniculate bodies. The nucleus anteroventralis is, by comparison, much smaller and poorly differentiated from the nucleus anteromedialis. The nucleus anterodorsalis is also comparably large and does not reach the dorsal surface of the thalamus as it does in the primates. The midline nuclei do not show any significant differences, except the notably larger size of nucleus parataenialis in Ptilocercus. The nucleus mediodoralis is small and indifferentiated although it does show some incipient signs of cellular differentiation. The nucleus centralis lateralis is well developed; its inferior (ventral) part is larger than its superior part which is the better developed of the two parts in the tupaiids and primates. The nucleus centrum medianum appears to be very small and forms only a lateral extension of the nucleus parafascicularis. The ventrolateral thalamic group basically consists of nuclei ventrales anterior, lateralis and posterior without intermediate or transitional zones as found in Tupaia and Primates. The nucleus pretectalis is the largest and the best developed of all the elements of the posterior thalamic nuclear group. The lateral geniculate nucleus is not differentiated into laminae like that in Tupaia and Primates; it is merely a homogeneous structure that appears to be smaller in size that the pregeniculate and medial geniculate nuclei. The medial geniculate nucleus is large in proportional size of the whole thalamus and appears to be well differentiated cellularly into several small parts. No remarkable changes are noted in the epithalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus. However, the nucleus ventromedialis appears to be the most outstanding structure in the infundibular region of the hypothalamus. The mammillary region is of a simpler construction in Ptilocercus than in Tupaia; it does not protrude from the ventral surface of the hypothalamus. In the light of these findings, the phyletic status of Ptilocercus in the family Tupaiidae is discussed.", "PMID": 113455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10699", "title": "Heterogeneity of binding of human IgA subclasses to protein A.", "content": "The ability of human IgA myeloma immunoglobulins to interact with protein A-containing Staphylococcus aureus was examined. Some IgA1 and IgA2 immunoglobulins bound to S. aureus although others of both subclasses failed to do so. These results were obtained by using both direct binding of radiolabeled immunoglobulins to S. aureus and with inhibition-type assays. Binding was dependent on the Fc fragment of IgA since there was no binding to S. aureus by an F(ab')2 fragment of IgA1. Nonprotein A-containing bacteria did not bind these immunoglobulins and isolated protein A interacted with radiolabeled immunoglobulins. This strongly suggested that protein A was responsible for the observed binding to S. aureus. These data indicate, in contrast to previous reports, that there is no simple relationship between IgA subclass and the capacity to bind to protein A.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of binding of human IgA subclasses to protein A. The ability of human IgA myeloma immunoglobulins to interact with protein A-containing Staphylococcus aureus was examined. Some IgA1 and IgA2 immunoglobulins bound to S. aureus although others of both subclasses failed to do so. These results were obtained by using both direct binding of radiolabeled immunoglobulins to S. aureus and with inhibition-type assays. Binding was dependent on the Fc fragment of IgA since there was no binding to S. aureus by an F(ab')2 fragment of IgA1. Nonprotein A-containing bacteria did not bind these immunoglobulins and isolated protein A interacted with radiolabeled immunoglobulins. This strongly suggested that protein A was responsible for the observed binding to S. aureus. These data indicate, in contrast to previous reports, that there is no simple relationship between IgA subclass and the capacity to bind to protein A.", "PMID": 113457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10700", "title": "A new mouse myeloma cell line that has lost immunoglobulin expression but permits the construction of antibody-secreting hybrid cell lines.", "content": "We have isolated a subclone of the mouse myeloma cell line P3-X63-Ag8 that does not express immunoglobulin heavy or light chains. This clone X63-Ag8.653 can be used for efficient fusion with antibody-forming cells to obtain hybrid cell lines producing pure monoclonal antibodies. Screening of hybrid cell lines for specificity and immunoglobulin classes was done with a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "contents": "A new mouse myeloma cell line that has lost immunoglobulin expression but permits the construction of antibody-secreting hybrid cell lines. We have isolated a subclone of the mouse myeloma cell line P3-X63-Ag8 that does not express immunoglobulin heavy or light chains. This clone X63-Ag8.653 can be used for efficient fusion with antibody-forming cells to obtain hybrid cell lines producing pure monoclonal antibodies. Screening of hybrid cell lines for specificity and immunoglobulin classes was done with a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "PMID": 113458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10701", "title": "Activation of complement by Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula: killing of parasites by the alternative pathway and requirement of IgG for classical pathway activation.", "content": "Living Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula incubated with normal chicken, guinea pig, human, and monkey sera were killed after 4 hr contact at 37 degrees C. The following data indicate that this action is dependent on the activation of the alternative complement pathway (AP): a) the inactivity of RB, RD, and zymosan-treated serum against schistosomula; b) the partial activity of RD restored in FD; c) the full effect of the C4-deficient guinea pig, C2-deficient human, and the agammaglobulinemic human sera; d) the consumption of both the AP and FB after the incubation of NHS with schistosomula; e) the detection of C3d breakdown product during the contact of the C2-deficient human serum with these young parasites. Killing by serum was decreased as the immature schistosomes developed and was completely absent against 4-day-old lung schistosomula (LS). In other experiments, it was demonstrated that schistosomula, in the presence of IgG, were able to initiate complement activation also through the classical pathway (CP). However, the CP does not appear to play a role in the schistosomulicidal activity of complement. The in vivo relevance of these observations is considered.", "contents": "Activation of complement by Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula: killing of parasites by the alternative pathway and requirement of IgG for classical pathway activation. Living Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula incubated with normal chicken, guinea pig, human, and monkey sera were killed after 4 hr contact at 37 degrees C. The following data indicate that this action is dependent on the activation of the alternative complement pathway (AP): a) the inactivity of RB, RD, and zymosan-treated serum against schistosomula; b) the partial activity of RD restored in FD; c) the full effect of the C4-deficient guinea pig, C2-deficient human, and the agammaglobulinemic human sera; d) the consumption of both the AP and FB after the incubation of NHS with schistosomula; e) the detection of C3d breakdown product during the contact of the C2-deficient human serum with these young parasites. Killing by serum was decreased as the immature schistosomes developed and was completely absent against 4-day-old lung schistosomula (LS). In other experiments, it was demonstrated that schistosomula, in the presence of IgG, were able to initiate complement activation also through the classical pathway (CP). However, the CP does not appear to play a role in the schistosomulicidal activity of complement. The in vivo relevance of these observations is considered.", "PMID": 113459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10702", "title": "Inhibition of the in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum. I. The effects of immune serum and purified immunoglobulin from owl monkeys.", "content": "Sera from Aotus sp. monkeys (karyotypes II, III, and IV) which were immune to Plasmodium falciparum have been used to inhibit the in vitro growth of this human malaria parasite. Culture conditions used for the assays allowed 50- to 100-fold increases in the number of A+ erythrocytes infected in a 96-hr period in control cultures. Although normal monkey serum did not support growth as well as normal human serum, mixtures of normal monkey and human serum were found that did. Compared to such controls, as little as 3.5% immune monkey serum was found to cause approximately 56% inhibition in 4 days (2 replicative cycles). Purified globulin from immune monkeys inhibited 40% at 2 mg/ml and 75% at 7 mg/ml after a single replicative cycle. These data suggest that serum antibody is likely to play a major role in providing Aotus monkeys with protective immunity to P. falciparum.", "contents": "Inhibition of the in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum. I. The effects of immune serum and purified immunoglobulin from owl monkeys. Sera from Aotus sp. monkeys (karyotypes II, III, and IV) which were immune to Plasmodium falciparum have been used to inhibit the in vitro growth of this human malaria parasite. Culture conditions used for the assays allowed 50- to 100-fold increases in the number of A+ erythrocytes infected in a 96-hr period in control cultures. Although normal monkey serum did not support growth as well as normal human serum, mixtures of normal monkey and human serum were found that did. Compared to such controls, as little as 3.5% immune monkey serum was found to cause approximately 56% inhibition in 4 days (2 replicative cycles). Purified globulin from immune monkeys inhibited 40% at 2 mg/ml and 75% at 7 mg/ml after a single replicative cycle. These data suggest that serum antibody is likely to play a major role in providing Aotus monkeys with protective immunity to P. falciparum.", "PMID": 113460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10703", "title": "A comparison of different enzyme-antibody conjugates for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "Calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP)- and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-linked goat antibody (Ab) conjugates have been prepared by two procedures. One procedure is by glutaraldehyde coupling of the proteins; the other is by intermolecular disulfide bond formation of the appropriately modified proteins. The conjugates, specific for rabbit IgG, were tested for their effectiveness as reagents in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for ragweed antigen E specific rabbit antibody. The CIAP-Ab conjugate prepared by glutaraldehyde coupling and the HRP-Ab conjugate made by disulfide bond formation were equally effective reagents for immunoassay, but the HRP-Ab conjugate obtained by glutaraldehyde coupling was definitely less useful than the other two conjugates. The assay procedure utilized an antigen E coupled paper disc as the immunosorbent and it was sensitive in the range of 0.5--100 ng per test. Inhibition of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used as a sensitive technique for measuring antigenic activity of antigen E or its derivatives.", "contents": "A comparison of different enzyme-antibody conjugates for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP)- and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-linked goat antibody (Ab) conjugates have been prepared by two procedures. One procedure is by glutaraldehyde coupling of the proteins; the other is by intermolecular disulfide bond formation of the appropriately modified proteins. The conjugates, specific for rabbit IgG, were tested for their effectiveness as reagents in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for ragweed antigen E specific rabbit antibody. The CIAP-Ab conjugate prepared by glutaraldehyde coupling and the HRP-Ab conjugate made by disulfide bond formation were equally effective reagents for immunoassay, but the HRP-Ab conjugate obtained by glutaraldehyde coupling was definitely less useful than the other two conjugates. The assay procedure utilized an antigen E coupled paper disc as the immunosorbent and it was sensitive in the range of 0.5--100 ng per test. Inhibition of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used as a sensitive technique for measuring antigenic activity of antigen E or its derivatives.", "PMID": 113461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10704", "title": "Purification of antibodies to bacterial antigens by an immunoadsorbent and a method to quantify their reaction with insoluble bacterial targets.", "content": "A combination of procedures was employed to develop a radioimmunoassay which quantified the binding of antibodies to antigens of either intact Propionibacterium acnes or to antigens of insoluble extracts derived from the bacteria. Reactive antibody populations were purified by use of bacterial immunoadsorbents which were prepared by coupling P. acnes to diethylaminoethyl cellulose. Binding of antibodies was detected with [125I]staphylococcal protein A ([125I]SpA) and optimal conditions for the assay defined by varying the amounts of antibodies, bacterial antigenic targets and [125I]SpA. In antibody excess, 100% of available [125I]SpA was bound by the target-antibody complexes. However, when antibody concentration was limiting, a linear relationship was demonstrated between per cent specific binding of [125I]SpA and antibodies bound to bacterial targets. These results were achieved only with immunoadsorbent-purified antibody populations and not with hyperimmune sera or IgG. The radioimmunoassay detected subtle antigenic differences and similarities between P. acnes, P. acnes extracts and a variety of unrelated microorganisms.", "contents": "Purification of antibodies to bacterial antigens by an immunoadsorbent and a method to quantify their reaction with insoluble bacterial targets. A combination of procedures was employed to develop a radioimmunoassay which quantified the binding of antibodies to antigens of either intact Propionibacterium acnes or to antigens of insoluble extracts derived from the bacteria. Reactive antibody populations were purified by use of bacterial immunoadsorbents which were prepared by coupling P. acnes to diethylaminoethyl cellulose. Binding of antibodies was detected with [125I]staphylococcal protein A ([125I]SpA) and optimal conditions for the assay defined by varying the amounts of antibodies, bacterial antigenic targets and [125I]SpA. In antibody excess, 100% of available [125I]SpA was bound by the target-antibody complexes. However, when antibody concentration was limiting, a linear relationship was demonstrated between per cent specific binding of [125I]SpA and antibodies bound to bacterial targets. These results were achieved only with immunoadsorbent-purified antibody populations and not with hyperimmune sera or IgG. The radioimmunoassay detected subtle antigenic differences and similarities between P. acnes, P. acnes extracts and a variety of unrelated microorganisms.", "PMID": 113462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10705", "title": "Measurement of antibodies to tubulin by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A solid-phase double antibody radioimmunoassay capable of measuring antibody to tubulin, the principal component of microtubules, is described. This assay is simple, combining sensitivity with specificity and also allowing determination of antibody subclasses.", "contents": "Measurement of antibodies to tubulin by radioimmunoassay. A solid-phase double antibody radioimmunoassay capable of measuring antibody to tubulin, the principal component of microtubules, is described. This assay is simple, combining sensitivity with specificity and also allowing determination of antibody subclasses.", "PMID": 113464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10706", "title": "Human secretory component. II. Easy detection of abnormal amounts of combined secretory component in human sera.", "content": "A simple method, allowing easy detection of abnormally increased sIgA levels is described. It consists in quantitation of combined SC by gel double diffusion, using appropriate anti-SC immune sera. The technical conditions, locating the threshold of sensitivity of precipitation at about 25 microgram/ml, a value higher than that found in normal sera, were established. Comparison with other classical methods (SRID, ELISA and IHA) emphasizes the validity and simplicity of the technique which has shown convenient whenever a large number of sera have to be tested.", "contents": "Human secretory component. II. Easy detection of abnormal amounts of combined secretory component in human sera. A simple method, allowing easy detection of abnormally increased sIgA levels is described. It consists in quantitation of combined SC by gel double diffusion, using appropriate anti-SC immune sera. The technical conditions, locating the threshold of sensitivity of precipitation at about 25 microgram/ml, a value higher than that found in normal sera, were established. Comparison with other classical methods (SRID, ELISA and IHA) emphasizes the validity and simplicity of the technique which has shown convenient whenever a large number of sera have to be tested.", "PMID": 113465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10707", "title": "Elution of chicken Ig from fixed target cells.", "content": "A method is described for preparing fixed chicken peripheral blood cells (PBC) for absorption of allo-antibodies and their subsequent elution. Glutaraldehyde fixation was satisfactory, and with 8 M urea elution haemagglutinating activity was preserved.", "contents": "Elution of chicken Ig from fixed target cells. A method is described for preparing fixed chicken peripheral blood cells (PBC) for absorption of allo-antibodies and their subsequent elution. Glutaraldehyde fixation was satisfactory, and with 8 M urea elution haemagglutinating activity was preserved.", "PMID": 113466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10708", "title": "Heterogeneity and some properties of beta-galactosidase from newborn rat epidermis.", "content": "Two forms of beta-galactosidase from newborn rat epidermis could be separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Both enzymes showed similar enzymic properties. They had a pH optimum around 3.5--4.5 and the optimal temperature of these enzymes was approximately 60 degrees C. They were not affected by divalent cations, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA) and 2-mercaptoethanol(2-ME), while rho-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB) was a strong inhibitor for each enzyme. These enzymes showed the same Km value (1.25 x 10(-4) M) towards 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside. However they had different isoelectric points at pH 6.3 and 9.0, respectively. Six different forms of beta-galactosidase activity were found by using isoelectric focusing. When the crude extract was incubated with neuraminidase before electrofocusing, the acidic forms of the enzyme were largely lost and converted to more basic forms without loss of the total activity. This finding suggests the glycoprotein nature of newborn rat epidermal beta-galactosidase.", "contents": "Heterogeneity and some properties of beta-galactosidase from newborn rat epidermis. Two forms of beta-galactosidase from newborn rat epidermis could be separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Both enzymes showed similar enzymic properties. They had a pH optimum around 3.5--4.5 and the optimal temperature of these enzymes was approximately 60 degrees C. They were not affected by divalent cations, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA) and 2-mercaptoethanol(2-ME), while rho-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB) was a strong inhibitor for each enzyme. These enzymes showed the same Km value (1.25 x 10(-4) M) towards 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside. However they had different isoelectric points at pH 6.3 and 9.0, respectively. Six different forms of beta-galactosidase activity were found by using isoelectric focusing. When the crude extract was incubated with neuraminidase before electrofocusing, the acidic forms of the enzyme were largely lost and converted to more basic forms without loss of the total activity. This finding suggests the glycoprotein nature of newborn rat epidermal beta-galactosidase.", "PMID": 113467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10709", "title": "Synergy between carbenicillin and an aminoglycoside (gentamicin or tobramycin) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with endocarditis and sensitivity of isolates to normal human serum.", "content": "Isolates from the blood of 30 patients with endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested for synergy between carbenicillin and an aminoglycoside, either gentamicin or tobramycin, by in vitro checkerboard methods in modified (cation-supplemented) Mueller-Hinton broth. Twenty-five of the 30 isolates were affected synergistically. Whether given low (2.5--5 mg/kg) or high (8 mg/kg) doses of aminoglycoside along with 30 g of carbenicillin daily, all of the five patients infected with pseudomonads that were not synergistically affected were refractory to treatment with pseudomonads that were not synergistically affected were refractory to treatment with the carbenicillin-gentamicin combination, whereas the finding of synergy of carbenicillin with gentamicin (or tobramycin) did not assure a medical cure. Tests for synergy between carbenicillin and gentamicin yielded different results in Mueller-Hinton agar than in modified Mueller-Hinton broth. The majority (28) of 30 isolates of endocarditis-producing P. aeruginosa were resistant to the bactericidal effects of 50% pooled normal serum that had been freshly separated. One of the endocarditis-producing strains that was sensitive to 50% serum was resistant to 10% serum. However, sensitivity or resistance to freshly separated, pooled normal human serum did not predict the outcome of antibacterial therapy for pseudomonas endocarditis.", "contents": "Synergy between carbenicillin and an aminoglycoside (gentamicin or tobramycin) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with endocarditis and sensitivity of isolates to normal human serum. Isolates from the blood of 30 patients with endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested for synergy between carbenicillin and an aminoglycoside, either gentamicin or tobramycin, by in vitro checkerboard methods in modified (cation-supplemented) Mueller-Hinton broth. Twenty-five of the 30 isolates were affected synergistically. Whether given low (2.5--5 mg/kg) or high (8 mg/kg) doses of aminoglycoside along with 30 g of carbenicillin daily, all of the five patients infected with pseudomonads that were not synergistically affected were refractory to treatment with pseudomonads that were not synergistically affected were refractory to treatment with the carbenicillin-gentamicin combination, whereas the finding of synergy of carbenicillin with gentamicin (or tobramycin) did not assure a medical cure. Tests for synergy between carbenicillin and gentamicin yielded different results in Mueller-Hinton agar than in modified Mueller-Hinton broth. The majority (28) of 30 isolates of endocarditis-producing P. aeruginosa were resistant to the bactericidal effects of 50% pooled normal serum that had been freshly separated. One of the endocarditis-producing strains that was sensitive to 50% serum was resistant to 10% serum. However, sensitivity or resistance to freshly separated, pooled normal human serum did not predict the outcome of antibacterial therapy for pseudomonas endocarditis.", "PMID": 113468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10710", "title": "Species-specific resistance to antimocrobial synergism in Streptococcus faecium and Streptococcus faecalis.", "content": "Combinations of penicillin with various aminoglycosidic aminocyclitols were tested against a collection of clinical isolates of Streptococcus faecium in vitro and were used to treat endocarditis caused by S. faecium in the rabbit model. S. faecium proved more resistant to penicillin than Streptococcus faecalis. Even more striking, however, was the resistance to in vitro synergism by combinations of penicillin and various aminoglycosides. At clinically achievable concentrations, penicillin-gentamicin was the only combination that was synergistic against all strains that were tested. Combinations of penicillin and streptomycin and penicillin and amikacin were synergistic only against those strains that were not highly resistant to streptomycin and kanamycin, respectively. Combinations of penicillin with kanamycin, tobramycin, sisomicin, or netilmicin failed to produce synergism against any of these strains. The possible clinical significance of these findings was verified by use of the rabbit model of endocarditis. Combinations of penicillin with gentamicin or streptomycin were synergistic in the therapy of endocarditis that was produced by a strain of S. faecium that did not have a high level of resistance to aminoglycosides. However, the combination of penicillin and netilmicin was no more effective than penicillin alone.", "contents": "Species-specific resistance to antimocrobial synergism in Streptococcus faecium and Streptococcus faecalis. Combinations of penicillin with various aminoglycosidic aminocyclitols were tested against a collection of clinical isolates of Streptococcus faecium in vitro and were used to treat endocarditis caused by S. faecium in the rabbit model. S. faecium proved more resistant to penicillin than Streptococcus faecalis. Even more striking, however, was the resistance to in vitro synergism by combinations of penicillin and various aminoglycosides. At clinically achievable concentrations, penicillin-gentamicin was the only combination that was synergistic against all strains that were tested. Combinations of penicillin and streptomycin and penicillin and amikacin were synergistic only against those strains that were not highly resistant to streptomycin and kanamycin, respectively. Combinations of penicillin with kanamycin, tobramycin, sisomicin, or netilmicin failed to produce synergism against any of these strains. The possible clinical significance of these findings was verified by use of the rabbit model of endocarditis. Combinations of penicillin with gentamicin or streptomycin were synergistic in the therapy of endocarditis that was produced by a strain of S. faecium that did not have a high level of resistance to aminoglycosides. However, the combination of penicillin and netilmicin was no more effective than penicillin alone.", "PMID": 113469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10711", "title": "In vivo platelet retention in human bleeding-time wounds. I. Normal subjects and patients with platelet dysfunction.", "content": "PRB was measured in standardized skin puncture wounds. Platelets in wound blood samples collected in EDTA-heparin-containing micropipettes were counted electronically following gravity separation of plasma. The relationship between the wound platelet count (expressed as percent of the venous blood platelet count) and time was found to be linear during the first 3 min of bleeding. The slope of the linear regression line for percent of venous blood platelet count vs. time was 20.8 +/- 8.9 (mean +/- S.D.) in 31 normal subjects. Nine of 10 patients with significant, nonpharmacologic platelet dysfunction were found to have markedly decreased PRB. The determination of PRB was found to be reproducible, and control studies excluded platelet clumping and sedimentation of platelets as factors which significantly influenced the results. In contrast to previous observations, the results of this study indicate that platelets are removed from circulating blood at an increasing rate during the first 3 min of bleeding in normal subjects. Furthermore, a significant degree of EDTA-reversible clumping of platelets normally occurs during bleeding. The method described permits an accurate assessment of the quantitative and dynamic aspects of platelet participation in the arrest of bleeding. The determination of PRB holds promise in the evaluation of the biological significance of in vitro evidence of platelet dysfunction, and it may be useful in the evaluation of patients with hemorrhagic and thromboembolic disorders.", "contents": "In vivo platelet retention in human bleeding-time wounds. I. Normal subjects and patients with platelet dysfunction. PRB was measured in standardized skin puncture wounds. Platelets in wound blood samples collected in EDTA-heparin-containing micropipettes were counted electronically following gravity separation of plasma. The relationship between the wound platelet count (expressed as percent of the venous blood platelet count) and time was found to be linear during the first 3 min of bleeding. The slope of the linear regression line for percent of venous blood platelet count vs. time was 20.8 +/- 8.9 (mean +/- S.D.) in 31 normal subjects. Nine of 10 patients with significant, nonpharmacologic platelet dysfunction were found to have markedly decreased PRB. The determination of PRB was found to be reproducible, and control studies excluded platelet clumping and sedimentation of platelets as factors which significantly influenced the results. In contrast to previous observations, the results of this study indicate that platelets are removed from circulating blood at an increasing rate during the first 3 min of bleeding in normal subjects. Furthermore, a significant degree of EDTA-reversible clumping of platelets normally occurs during bleeding. The method described permits an accurate assessment of the quantitative and dynamic aspects of platelet participation in the arrest of bleeding. The determination of PRB holds promise in the evaluation of the biological significance of in vitro evidence of platelet dysfunction, and it may be useful in the evaluation of patients with hemorrhagic and thromboembolic disorders.", "PMID": 113474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10712", "title": "In vivo platelet retention in human bleeding-time wounds. II. Effect of aspirin ingestion.", "content": "PRB was studied in normal human subjects before and after aspirin ingestion. Aspirin ingestion resulted in a prolongation of individual bleeding times greater than 2.4 min (greater than 2 S.D. beyond the group mean before aspirin) in 62.5% of 48 paired studies. The relationship of platelets retained vs. time was linear during the first 3 min of bleeding before and after aspirin. The mean PRB decreased from 22.1 +/- 9.2 to 9.6 +/- 8.6 (p less than 0.001) after aspirin ingestion. Subjects whose bleeding time was prolonged greater than 2.4 min had a significantly higher mean PRB before aspirin and a significantly greater mean decrease in PRB after aspirin than those whose bleeding time was prolonged less than or equal to 2.4 min. Aspirin ingestion reduced the number of EDTA-irreversible clumped platelets present in wound blood approximately 50% during the second and third minute of bleeding, but large numbers of EDTA-reversible platelet clumps were observed in wound blood before and after aspirin. Although platelet retention was significantly decreased during the first 3 min of bleeding after aspirin, the percent of venous blood platelets present in wound blood just prior to the arrest of hemorrhage was equal before and after aspirin. These observations indicate that aspirin prolongs the bleeding time by decreasing platelet clumping and slowing the rate of platelet thrombus formation in severed blood vessels. The presence of platelet clumps in wound blood after aspirin ingestion indicates that alternative mechanisms of platelet aggregation, independent of the arachidonate pathway of prostaglandin synthesis, proceed in vivo unaltered by aspirin.", "contents": "In vivo platelet retention in human bleeding-time wounds. II. Effect of aspirin ingestion. PRB was studied in normal human subjects before and after aspirin ingestion. Aspirin ingestion resulted in a prolongation of individual bleeding times greater than 2.4 min (greater than 2 S.D. beyond the group mean before aspirin) in 62.5% of 48 paired studies. The relationship of platelets retained vs. time was linear during the first 3 min of bleeding before and after aspirin. The mean PRB decreased from 22.1 +/- 9.2 to 9.6 +/- 8.6 (p less than 0.001) after aspirin ingestion. Subjects whose bleeding time was prolonged greater than 2.4 min had a significantly higher mean PRB before aspirin and a significantly greater mean decrease in PRB after aspirin than those whose bleeding time was prolonged less than or equal to 2.4 min. Aspirin ingestion reduced the number of EDTA-irreversible clumped platelets present in wound blood approximately 50% during the second and third minute of bleeding, but large numbers of EDTA-reversible platelet clumps were observed in wound blood before and after aspirin. Although platelet retention was significantly decreased during the first 3 min of bleeding after aspirin, the percent of venous blood platelets present in wound blood just prior to the arrest of hemorrhage was equal before and after aspirin. These observations indicate that aspirin prolongs the bleeding time by decreasing platelet clumping and slowing the rate of platelet thrombus formation in severed blood vessels. The presence of platelet clumps in wound blood after aspirin ingestion indicates that alternative mechanisms of platelet aggregation, independent of the arachidonate pathway of prostaglandin synthesis, proceed in vivo unaltered by aspirin.", "PMID": 113475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10713", "title": "Determination of C1q in human sera.", "content": "All detectable C1q in serum is precipitated with the euglobulin fraction, and all other detectable hydroxyproline-containing protein in serum is excluded from this fraction. Since C1q contains 4.3% hydroxyproline, an estimate of its content in serum can be calculated by multiplying the hydroxyproline content of the euglobulin fraction by 23.3. The mean value of C1q in five normal male subjects determined by this method was found to be 63 microgram/ml as compared with 144 microgram/ml when determined by RID, indicating that the latter procedure seriously overestimates C1q in serum. C1q content of serum from patients with RA was found to be elevated by both procedures.", "contents": "Determination of C1q in human sera. All detectable C1q in serum is precipitated with the euglobulin fraction, and all other detectable hydroxyproline-containing protein in serum is excluded from this fraction. Since C1q contains 4.3% hydroxyproline, an estimate of its content in serum can be calculated by multiplying the hydroxyproline content of the euglobulin fraction by 23.3. The mean value of C1q in five normal male subjects determined by this method was found to be 63 microgram/ml as compared with 144 microgram/ml when determined by RID, indicating that the latter procedure seriously overestimates C1q in serum. C1q content of serum from patients with RA was found to be elevated by both procedures.", "PMID": 113476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10714", "title": "Mouse alloantibodies capable of blocking cytotoxic T-cell function. I. Relationship between the antigen reactive with blocking antibodies and the Lyt-2 locus.", "content": "In an attempt to produce allonatibodies to cytotoxic T-cell receptors, hyperimmune anti-lymphocyte antisera have been raised in mice of various strain combinations, and have been tested for their ability to block allogeneic cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) in the absence of complement at the T killer cell level. Most of the sera failed to show any significant and reproducible inhibitory effects. However, among C3H anti-B10.BR antisera, some sera were found to be capable of significantly inhibiting CML. This effect was attributable to antibodies reacting with the killer population rather than the target cells, because the sera inhibited B10 anti-C3H CML but not C3H anti-b10 CML. Among mouse strains tested, A/J, BALB/c, B10, and B6 strains were sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the sera whereas AKR, CBA, C3H, and DBA/2 strains were insensitive. The sensitivity of killer cells to the inhibitory effect correlated well with the strain distribution of the Lyt-2.2 antigen. In the presence of complement, these same sera were toxic to 100% of spleen cells of AKR, BALB/c, B10, and DBA/2 strains, with comparable cytotoxic titers. Thus, the inhibitory activity of the sera could not be explained by nonspecific effects of high-titered antibodies. To study the relationship between the antigen(s) responsible for the blocking effect and Lyt-2-linked genes, killer cells from Lyt-2 congenic strains were tested and conventional anti-Lyt-2.2 antisera were raised in an appropriate congenic strain combination. Killer cells from B6, but not from B6.Ly2.1 animals, were significantly sensitive to the blocking effects of the inhibitory C3H anti-B10.BR sera. The conventional anti-Lyt.2.2 sera did produce CML blocking, although there was no apparent correlation between such blocking and the anti-Lyt-2.2 cytotoxic titer. These results thus indicate that the target molecules responsible for blocking of killer cells are encoded or regulated by genes that are closely linked to or identical with Lyt-2.", "contents": "Mouse alloantibodies capable of blocking cytotoxic T-cell function. I. Relationship between the antigen reactive with blocking antibodies and the Lyt-2 locus. In an attempt to produce allonatibodies to cytotoxic T-cell receptors, hyperimmune anti-lymphocyte antisera have been raised in mice of various strain combinations, and have been tested for their ability to block allogeneic cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) in the absence of complement at the T killer cell level. Most of the sera failed to show any significant and reproducible inhibitory effects. However, among C3H anti-B10.BR antisera, some sera were found to be capable of significantly inhibiting CML. This effect was attributable to antibodies reacting with the killer population rather than the target cells, because the sera inhibited B10 anti-C3H CML but not C3H anti-b10 CML. Among mouse strains tested, A/J, BALB/c, B10, and B6 strains were sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the sera whereas AKR, CBA, C3H, and DBA/2 strains were insensitive. The sensitivity of killer cells to the inhibitory effect correlated well with the strain distribution of the Lyt-2.2 antigen. In the presence of complement, these same sera were toxic to 100% of spleen cells of AKR, BALB/c, B10, and DBA/2 strains, with comparable cytotoxic titers. Thus, the inhibitory activity of the sera could not be explained by nonspecific effects of high-titered antibodies. To study the relationship between the antigen(s) responsible for the blocking effect and Lyt-2-linked genes, killer cells from Lyt-2 congenic strains were tested and conventional anti-Lyt-2.2 antisera were raised in an appropriate congenic strain combination. Killer cells from B6, but not from B6.Ly2.1 animals, were significantly sensitive to the blocking effects of the inhibitory C3H anti-B10.BR sera. The conventional anti-Lyt.2.2 sera did produce CML blocking, although there was no apparent correlation between such blocking and the anti-Lyt-2.2 cytotoxic titer. These results thus indicate that the target molecules responsible for blocking of killer cells are encoded or regulated by genes that are closely linked to or identical with Lyt-2.", "PMID": 113478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10715", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to collagen. II. Antibody responses produced in fetal liver restored radiation chimeras and thymus reconstituted F1 hybrid nude mice.", "content": "The level of antibody produced in response to calf skin collagen in mice is influenced by genes which are closely linked to the I region of the H-2 major histocompatibility complex. This influence is shown to be expressed during lymphoid maturation by testing the antibody responsiveness to collagen in two types of chimeric mice. First, high responder and low responder parental strain mice were lethally irradiated and restored with fetal liver cells from (high X low responder) F1 mice. These F1 leads to parent chimeras exhibited an immune response phenotype characteristic of the irradiated parental strain animals, establishing that H-2 determinants of the host affect antigen responsiveness. Second, (high X low responder) F1 congenitally athymic (nude) mice were restored with fetal thymus transplants from either high or low responder parental strain mice. After a period of maturation these mice were shown to be competent for a T-dependent IgG response to SRBC. The responsiveness to collagen in these mice was characteristic of the parental strain thymus donors, indicating that the expression of H-2 determinants in thymic tissue during lymphoid maturation influences the antibody response phenotype expressed by mice.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to collagen. II. Antibody responses produced in fetal liver restored radiation chimeras and thymus reconstituted F1 hybrid nude mice. The level of antibody produced in response to calf skin collagen in mice is influenced by genes which are closely linked to the I region of the H-2 major histocompatibility complex. This influence is shown to be expressed during lymphoid maturation by testing the antibody responsiveness to collagen in two types of chimeric mice. First, high responder and low responder parental strain mice were lethally irradiated and restored with fetal liver cells from (high X low responder) F1 mice. These F1 leads to parent chimeras exhibited an immune response phenotype characteristic of the irradiated parental strain animals, establishing that H-2 determinants of the host affect antigen responsiveness. Second, (high X low responder) F1 congenitally athymic (nude) mice were restored with fetal thymus transplants from either high or low responder parental strain mice. After a period of maturation these mice were shown to be competent for a T-dependent IgG response to SRBC. The responsiveness to collagen in these mice was characteristic of the parental strain thymus donors, indicating that the expression of H-2 determinants in thymic tissue during lymphoid maturation influences the antibody response phenotype expressed by mice.", "PMID": 113479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10716", "title": "Intracellular localization of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Gilliam strain) was serially propagated in BHK-21 cell cultures and incubated with guinea pig peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes to study the ultrastructural features of rickettsial uptake and entry into the leukocytes. Significant numbers of rickettsiae were phagocytized selectively by these leukocytes within 30 min. About one-half of these rickettsiae remained sequestered in phagosomes but the other one-half were free from the phagosome and localized directly in the polymorphonuclear leukocyte cytoplasm. Various stages of rickettsial release from the phagosomes were observed. Once free within the polymorphonuclear leukocyte cytoplasm, the rickettsiae were preferentially localized in the glycogen-packed areas which are devoid of lysosomes and other cytoplasmic organelles. This study indicates that rickettsiae phagocytized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes can escape from the phagosome into the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Intracellular localization of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Gilliam strain) was serially propagated in BHK-21 cell cultures and incubated with guinea pig peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes to study the ultrastructural features of rickettsial uptake and entry into the leukocytes. Significant numbers of rickettsiae were phagocytized selectively by these leukocytes within 30 min. About one-half of these rickettsiae remained sequestered in phagosomes but the other one-half were free from the phagosome and localized directly in the polymorphonuclear leukocyte cytoplasm. Various stages of rickettsial release from the phagosomes were observed. Once free within the polymorphonuclear leukocyte cytoplasm, the rickettsiae were preferentially localized in the glycogen-packed areas which are devoid of lysosomes and other cytoplasmic organelles. This study indicates that rickettsiae phagocytized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes can escape from the phagosome into the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 113480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10717", "title": "Intrastrand self-complementary sequences in Bacillus subtilis DNA.", "content": "Intrastrand self-complementary sequences have been isolated from the DNA of Bacillus subtilis by hydroxyapatite (HA) chromatography following thermal renaturation of strands separated by chromatography on methylated albumin kieselguhr (MAK). The instrastrand structures derived from the MAK H strand (HA HII) were biologically active showing transforming activity for a wide variety of markers, as well as hybridization to both pulse-labelled and ribosomal RNA. Removal of regions of single-strand DNA with S1 nuclease did not significantly alter the biological activity of the self-annealed molecules. The overall efficiency of transformation and hybridization of the intrastrand self-annealing DNA was low suggesting that many sequences in the population are neither active in transformation to prototrophy nor transcribed into RNA.", "contents": "Intrastrand self-complementary sequences in Bacillus subtilis DNA. Intrastrand self-complementary sequences have been isolated from the DNA of Bacillus subtilis by hydroxyapatite (HA) chromatography following thermal renaturation of strands separated by chromatography on methylated albumin kieselguhr (MAK). The instrastrand structures derived from the MAK H strand (HA HII) were biologically active showing transforming activity for a wide variety of markers, as well as hybridization to both pulse-labelled and ribosomal RNA. Removal of regions of single-strand DNA with S1 nuclease did not significantly alter the biological activity of the self-annealed molecules. The overall efficiency of transformation and hybridization of the intrastrand self-annealing DNA was low suggesting that many sequences in the population are neither active in transformation to prototrophy nor transcribed into RNA.", "PMID": 113482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10718", "title": "Genetic and biochemical studies of mutants of Penicillium chrysogenum impaired in penicillin production.", "content": "Seventy-eight mutants of Penicillium chrysogenum strain NRRL 1951, that were impaired in penicillin production, were isolated following treatment with various mutagens. Twelve that yielded about 10% of their parental penicillin titre were studied in detail. Analyses of heterozygous diploids formed between them revealed the existence of at least five complementation groups with respect to penicillin production--V, W, X, Y and Z. Most mutants belonged to group Y. A biochemical investigation of the intracellular peptides in strains representing the five groups demonstrated the absence of the tripeptide alpha-aminoadipoylcysteinyl-valine from mutants of groups X, Y and Z. Extracts of mutants of groups W, Y and Z were able to catalyse a penicillin acyl-exchange reaction, a mutant of group V showed only a trace of activity and mutant from group X completely lacked this ability.", "contents": "Genetic and biochemical studies of mutants of Penicillium chrysogenum impaired in penicillin production. Seventy-eight mutants of Penicillium chrysogenum strain NRRL 1951, that were impaired in penicillin production, were isolated following treatment with various mutagens. Twelve that yielded about 10% of their parental penicillin titre were studied in detail. Analyses of heterozygous diploids formed between them revealed the existence of at least five complementation groups with respect to penicillin production--V, W, X, Y and Z. Most mutants belonged to group Y. A biochemical investigation of the intracellular peptides in strains representing the five groups demonstrated the absence of the tripeptide alpha-aminoadipoylcysteinyl-valine from mutants of groups X, Y and Z. Extracts of mutants of groups W, Y and Z were able to catalyse a penicillin acyl-exchange reaction, a mutant of group V showed only a trace of activity and mutant from group X completely lacked this ability.", "PMID": 113485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10719", "title": "Effect of piperacillin on D-alanine carboxypeptidase activities from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Membrane-bound D-alanine carboxypeptidase activity from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is very sensitive to inhibition by piperacillin.", "contents": "Effect of piperacillin on D-alanine carboxypeptidase activities from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Membrane-bound D-alanine carboxypeptidase activity from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is very sensitive to inhibition by piperacillin.", "PMID": 113486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10720", "title": "Sodium dodecyl sulphate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell-surface proteins as an aid to the identification of the Bacteroides fragilis group.", "content": "The outer-membrane complexes from 40 strains of Bacteroides, representing eight of the species included in the Bacteroides fragilis group, were released by EDTA treatment. The component polypeptides were examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on slab gels. Within a species (biotype) the patterns produced indicated marked similarities in the structures of the surface proteins among the strains examined. The patterns produced by strains belonging to different species, however, showed fewer similarities. An unknown organism could therefore be identified to species level using this technique and a few selected biochemical tests.", "contents": "Sodium dodecyl sulphate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell-surface proteins as an aid to the identification of the Bacteroides fragilis group. The outer-membrane complexes from 40 strains of Bacteroides, representing eight of the species included in the Bacteroides fragilis group, were released by EDTA treatment. The component polypeptides were examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on slab gels. Within a species (biotype) the patterns produced indicated marked similarities in the structures of the surface proteins among the strains examined. The patterns produced by strains belonging to different species, however, showed fewer similarities. An unknown organism could therefore be identified to species level using this technique and a few selected biochemical tests.", "PMID": 113487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10721", "title": "The effect of transition metal ions on the resistance of bacterial spores to hydrogen peroxide and to heat.", "content": "The presence of 10 microM-Cu2+ increased the lethal effect of hydrogen peroxide on spores of Clostridium bifermentans but not on those of Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus or Bacillus subtilis var. niger. Cu2+ at 100 muM also increased the lethal effect of heat on spores of C. bifermentans but not on those of B. sutilis var. niger. The rate and extent of Cu2+ uptake by spores of C. bifermentans and B. subtilis var. niger were similar, but examination of unstained sections of spores by electron microscopy suggested that Cu2+ is bound by the protoplasts of spores of C. bifermentans but not of B. subtilis var. niger.", "contents": "The effect of transition metal ions on the resistance of bacterial spores to hydrogen peroxide and to heat. The presence of 10 microM-Cu2+ increased the lethal effect of hydrogen peroxide on spores of Clostridium bifermentans but not on those of Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus or Bacillus subtilis var. niger. Cu2+ at 100 muM also increased the lethal effect of heat on spores of C. bifermentans but not on those of B. sutilis var. niger. The rate and extent of Cu2+ uptake by spores of C. bifermentans and B. subtilis var. niger were similar, but examination of unstained sections of spores by electron microscopy suggested that Cu2+ is bound by the protoplasts of spores of C. bifermentans but not of B. subtilis var. niger.", "PMID": 113488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10722", "title": "Genetic instability of sporulation-associated characters in a Bacillus subtilis mutant: analysis of the segregation pattern and genetic studies.", "content": "A Bacillus subtilis mutant which formed dark-brown 'medusa' (M) colonies was obtained. It sporulated at a high frequency, overproduced extracellular protease during sporulation and possessed a high genetic instability with a complex segregation pattern. Segregation was maintained after repeated re-isolation of single M colonies. The major wild-type-like class of segregants (B) was stable, sporulated normally and produced normal amounts of protease. Occasionally segregants were obtained which produced extremely high amounts of protease, sporulated poorly, formed transparent colonies and were either highly unstable (TD) or stable (TDst). Rarely B(D) (stable, normal sporulation and protease overproduction) and W and T (both stable and asporogenous) segregants were produced. The M phenotype was transmitted as a single factor by transformation but not by transduction. The results of transduction experiments suggest the presence of two mutations, ScoC and ScoD. It is proposed that this new segregating system in B. subtilis may result from tandem duplication of part of the bacterial chromosome.", "contents": "Genetic instability of sporulation-associated characters in a Bacillus subtilis mutant: analysis of the segregation pattern and genetic studies. A Bacillus subtilis mutant which formed dark-brown 'medusa' (M) colonies was obtained. It sporulated at a high frequency, overproduced extracellular protease during sporulation and possessed a high genetic instability with a complex segregation pattern. Segregation was maintained after repeated re-isolation of single M colonies. The major wild-type-like class of segregants (B) was stable, sporulated normally and produced normal amounts of protease. Occasionally segregants were obtained which produced extremely high amounts of protease, sporulated poorly, formed transparent colonies and were either highly unstable (TD) or stable (TDst). Rarely B(D) (stable, normal sporulation and protease overproduction) and W and T (both stable and asporogenous) segregants were produced. The M phenotype was transmitted as a single factor by transformation but not by transduction. The results of transduction experiments suggest the presence of two mutations, ScoC and ScoD. It is proposed that this new segregating system in B. subtilis may result from tandem duplication of part of the bacterial chromosome.", "PMID": 113490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10723", "title": "Genetic instability of sporulation-associated characters in a Bacillus subtilis mutant: relationship between sporulation, segregation and the synthesis of extracellular enzymes (kinetic studies).", "content": "In the genetically unstable, protease-overproducing 'medusa (M) strains of Bacillus subtilis, segregation of stable, wild-type-like B cells occurred mainly during sporulation. After the end of the exponential growth phase, a small fraction of M cells sporulated quickly and formed M spores, while the majority of the cells, after a 'critical period', gave rise to B segregants which sporulated after a delay. Segregation occurred without cell division. Delayed sporulation, segregation and protease overproduction are related. Similar but more complex results were obtained with the highly unstable TD strains. Sporulation and the kinetics of protease overproduction were also followed in several stable segregants. Depending on the strain, either the rate of protease production or both the rate and time course were affected. The results are interpreted in terms of sequential activation and de-activation of sporulation genes. The production of the alkaline and the neutral proteases was, in general, under common genetic control. In some strains alpha-amylase was also overproduced.", "contents": "Genetic instability of sporulation-associated characters in a Bacillus subtilis mutant: relationship between sporulation, segregation and the synthesis of extracellular enzymes (kinetic studies). In the genetically unstable, protease-overproducing 'medusa (M) strains of Bacillus subtilis, segregation of stable, wild-type-like B cells occurred mainly during sporulation. After the end of the exponential growth phase, a small fraction of M cells sporulated quickly and formed M spores, while the majority of the cells, after a 'critical period', gave rise to B segregants which sporulated after a delay. Segregation occurred without cell division. Delayed sporulation, segregation and protease overproduction are related. Similar but more complex results were obtained with the highly unstable TD strains. Sporulation and the kinetics of protease overproduction were also followed in several stable segregants. Depending on the strain, either the rate of protease production or both the rate and time course were affected. The results are interpreted in terms of sequential activation and de-activation of sporulation genes. The production of the alkaline and the neutral proteases was, in general, under common genetic control. In some strains alpha-amylase was also overproduced.", "PMID": 113491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10724", "title": "Effect of bacteriophage C5 on ultraviolet light survival in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Bacteriophage C5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is able to reactivate ultraviolet (u.v.)-irradiated phage E79 in coinfection experiments and decrease the u.v.-sensitivity of a host-cell reactivation deficient mutant. These properties suggest that phage C5 has a gene(s) which is involved in the repair of u.v.-damaged DNA. The isolation of two u.v.-sensitive mutants of C5 supports this hypothesis.", "contents": "Effect of bacteriophage C5 on ultraviolet light survival in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacteriophage C5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is able to reactivate ultraviolet (u.v.)-irradiated phage E79 in coinfection experiments and decrease the u.v.-sensitivity of a host-cell reactivation deficient mutant. These properties suggest that phage C5 has a gene(s) which is involved in the repair of u.v.-damaged DNA. The isolation of two u.v.-sensitive mutants of C5 supports this hypothesis.", "PMID": 113492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10725", "title": "Isolation of atypical lipopolysaccharides from purified cell walls of Pseudomonas cepacia.", "content": "Wall fragments were prepared from two strains of Pseudomonas cepacia and from P. aeruginosa, and their contents of readily extractable lipid, pronase-digestible protein and lipopolysaccharide were measured. Lipopolysaccharide extracted from P. cepacia, although biologically active, contained no detectable 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, but contained phosphate, rhamnose, glucose, heptose and hexosamine in concentrations comparable to those found in P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Isolation of atypical lipopolysaccharides from purified cell walls of Pseudomonas cepacia. Wall fragments were prepared from two strains of Pseudomonas cepacia and from P. aeruginosa, and their contents of readily extractable lipid, pronase-digestible protein and lipopolysaccharide were measured. Lipopolysaccharide extracted from P. cepacia, although biologically active, contained no detectable 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, but contained phosphate, rhamnose, glucose, heptose and hexosamine in concentrations comparable to those found in P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 113493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10726", "title": "Regulation of the interferon system: evidence that Vero cells have a genetic defect in interferon production.", "content": "A clone of Vero cells was isolated and shown to be totally unable to synthesize interferon and insensitive to the toxic effect of poly(rI).poly(rC) treatment. Cells of this clone and mouse L cells were fused by treatment with polyethylene glycol or Sendai virus. Hybrid cell clones were isolated following selection  in medium containing hypoxanthine, thymidine and ouabain. The hybrids were sensitive to the antiviral effect of poly(rI).poly(rC) and synthesized mouse, but not primate, interferon. It is proposed that in Vero cells, the gene for interferon synthesis is defective or absent.", "contents": "Regulation of the interferon system: evidence that Vero cells have a genetic defect in interferon production. A clone of Vero cells was isolated and shown to be totally unable to synthesize interferon and insensitive to the toxic effect of poly(rI).poly(rC) treatment. Cells of this clone and mouse L cells were fused by treatment with polyethylene glycol or Sendai virus. Hybrid cell clones were isolated following selection  in medium containing hypoxanthine, thymidine and ouabain. The hybrids were sensitive to the antiviral effect of poly(rI).poly(rC) and synthesized mouse, but not primate, interferon. It is proposed that in Vero cells, the gene for interferon synthesis is defective or absent.", "PMID": 113494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10727", "title": "Susceptibility of various cells treated with interferon to the toxic effect of poly(rI).poly(rC) treatment.", "content": "Various cells were treated with interferon and then exposed to polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex [poly(rI).poly(rC)]. With mouse L cells, there was a marked cytotoxic effect from low doses of interferon and poly(rI.poly(rC), whereas chick embryo cells showed an effect only after high doses. When primate cells (LLC.Mk2,BSC.B, Vero and human embryo cells) were treated with human or monkey interferon, poly(rI).poly(rC) was not cytotoxic.", "contents": "Susceptibility of various cells treated with interferon to the toxic effect of poly(rI).poly(rC) treatment. Various cells were treated with interferon and then exposed to polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex [poly(rI).poly(rC)]. With mouse L cells, there was a marked cytotoxic effect from low doses of interferon and poly(rI.poly(rC), whereas chick embryo cells showed an effect only after high doses. When primate cells (LLC.Mk2,BSC.B, Vero and human embryo cells) were treated with human or monkey interferon, poly(rI).poly(rC) was not cytotoxic.", "PMID": 113495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10728", "title": "Established cell line sensitive to influenza C virus.", "content": "Various strains of influenza C virus grew productively in an established line of monkey kidney cells (LLCMK2) without prior adaptation. When trypsin was added to the medium, higher virus yields were obtained than in other cell cultures. All influenza C virus strains tested formed well defined plaques under the agar overlay medium containing trypsin. Infectivity determined by plaque assay in LLCMK2 cells was higher than that determined by amniotic inoculation of fertile hens' eggs.", "contents": "Established cell line sensitive to influenza C virus. Various strains of influenza C virus grew productively in an established line of monkey kidney cells (LLCMK2) without prior adaptation. When trypsin was added to the medium, higher virus yields were obtained than in other cell cultures. All influenza C virus strains tested formed well defined plaques under the agar overlay medium containing trypsin. Infectivity determined by plaque assay in LLCMK2 cells was higher than that determined by amniotic inoculation of fertile hens' eggs.", "PMID": 113496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10729", "title": "Mechanism of persistence of rubella virus in LLC-MK2 cells.", "content": "LLC-MK2 cells chronically infected with two strains of rubella virus, HPV-77 and Thomas, have been examined over several months to find out the mechanism of persistence. Evidence is given for the presence of defective particles in these cultures by finding virion RNA which sedimented at 12S instead of the 40S typical of the fully infectious virus. A 'provirus' DNA copy of the rubella virus genome was not detected by methods which included filter hybridization and in situ hybridization, or by treatment of the chronically infected cells with mitomycin C, antinomycin D or 5-bromodeoxyuridine. In addition, the chronically infected cells contained RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity, but no RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity.", "contents": "Mechanism of persistence of rubella virus in LLC-MK2 cells. LLC-MK2 cells chronically infected with two strains of rubella virus, HPV-77 and Thomas, have been examined over several months to find out the mechanism of persistence. Evidence is given for the presence of defective particles in these cultures by finding virion RNA which sedimented at 12S instead of the 40S typical of the fully infectious virus. A 'provirus' DNA copy of the rubella virus genome was not detected by methods which included filter hybridization and in situ hybridization, or by treatment of the chronically infected cells with mitomycin C, antinomycin D or 5-bromodeoxyuridine. In addition, the chronically infected cells contained RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity, but no RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity.", "PMID": 113497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10730", "title": "Demonstration of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in association with intact Dane particles.", "content": "Mild detergent treatment (0.1% Sarkosyl-0.1% beta-mercaptoethanol) of Dane particle-rich fraction from human serum resulted in the release of core particles together with HBe antigen activity when examined by the reversed passive haemagglutination method. Furthermore, when the core particles isolated by the above procedure were exposed to stronger detergent (1% Sarkosyl-0.1% beta-mercaptoethanol), additional HBe antigen activity was released only from intact core particles with DNA polymerase activity and not from empty core particles.", "contents": "Demonstration of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in association with intact Dane particles. Mild detergent treatment (0.1% Sarkosyl-0.1% beta-mercaptoethanol) of Dane particle-rich fraction from human serum resulted in the release of core particles together with HBe antigen activity when examined by the reversed passive haemagglutination method. Furthermore, when the core particles isolated by the above procedure were exposed to stronger detergent (1% Sarkosyl-0.1% beta-mercaptoethanol), additional HBe antigen activity was released only from intact core particles with DNA polymerase activity and not from empty core particles.", "PMID": 113499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10731", "title": "Lipid-containing bacteriophage PR4: structure and life cycle.", "content": "The structure of the purified lipid-containing phage PR4 was studied electron microscopically using thin sectioning, negative staining and freeze-fracturing techniques. The lipid layer was located inside a rigid capsid and had a bilayer structure. The innermost dense core was probably composed solely of DNA since no major structural proteins were missing in empty phage particles lacking DNA. During infection, phages were attached to the cell wall of the host. They apparently inject their DNA through the cell envelope. The lipid layer of the phage might play an active role in the injection process. The maturation of the phage capsid takes place within the nuclear region of the cell, whereas intact phages with DNA were always seen in the cell periphery.", "contents": "Lipid-containing bacteriophage PR4: structure and life cycle. The structure of the purified lipid-containing phage PR4 was studied electron microscopically using thin sectioning, negative staining and freeze-fracturing techniques. The lipid layer was located inside a rigid capsid and had a bilayer structure. The innermost dense core was probably composed solely of DNA since no major structural proteins were missing in empty phage particles lacking DNA. During infection, phages were attached to the cell wall of the host. They apparently inject their DNA through the cell envelope. The lipid layer of the phage might play an active role in the injection process. The maturation of the phage capsid takes place within the nuclear region of the cell, whereas intact phages with DNA were always seen in the cell periphery.", "PMID": 113500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10732", "title": "Morphology and morphogenesis of a new paramyxovirus (PMV 107).", "content": "The morphology of the virions and nucleocapsids of paramyxovirus 107 (PVM 107) and the replication of the virus were investigated by electron microscopy. The virions and nucleocapsids exhibited the same structural properties as other paramyxoviruses. Nuclecapsids were found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected bovine embryonic lung (BEL) cell cultures. A similar situation has been described for the morbilliviruses measles, SSPE, distemper and rinderpest. Alignment of nucleocapsids beneath the plasma membrane and budding of PMV 107 in the productive BEL cell infections were also similar to the morbillivirus-infected cells. In a line of monkey cells (CV1) persistently infected with PMV 107 only cytoplasmic nucleocapsids could be demonstrated. On the basis of its morphology and morphogenesis it is suggested that PMV 107 should be classified as a paramyxovirus. Since nucleocapsids could also be found in the nucleus of infected BEL cells the morphogenesis of PMV 107 closely resembles that of viruses of the morbillivirus group.", "contents": "Morphology and morphogenesis of a new paramyxovirus (PMV 107). The morphology of the virions and nucleocapsids of paramyxovirus 107 (PVM 107) and the replication of the virus were investigated by electron microscopy. The virions and nucleocapsids exhibited the same structural properties as other paramyxoviruses. Nuclecapsids were found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected bovine embryonic lung (BEL) cell cultures. A similar situation has been described for the morbilliviruses measles, SSPE, distemper and rinderpest. Alignment of nucleocapsids beneath the plasma membrane and budding of PMV 107 in the productive BEL cell infections were also similar to the morbillivirus-infected cells. In a line of monkey cells (CV1) persistently infected with PMV 107 only cytoplasmic nucleocapsids could be demonstrated. On the basis of its morphology and morphogenesis it is suggested that PMV 107 should be classified as a paramyxovirus. Since nucleocapsids could also be found in the nucleus of infected BEL cells the morphogenesis of PMV 107 closely resembles that of viruses of the morbillivirus group.", "PMID": 113501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10733", "title": "[Mucopolysaccharidesis Type VII resulting from beta-glucuronidase deficiency. Report of one family].", "content": "The patient is a north african female, fourth born child in a family with consanguinity. Facial dysmorphia, clubfeet, swollen extremities and heel borne ponctuate calcifications are observed soon after birth. beta glucuronidase activity is very low in serum, leukocytes and skin fibroblasts. At 18 months, gorwth and psychomotor development are normal. Flat facies and dorsolumbar cyphosis are striking. There is no clinical sign of storage disease, neither ocular or cytologic (blood, bone-marrow) abnormalities. Squeletal abnormalities are predominant on cervical and lumbar column and pelvis. Urinary excretion of chondroitin 4 sulfate and chondroitin 6 sulfate is increased. A 4 year old sister is affected. Facial dysmorphia, mild squeletal abnormalities are observed. Again, growth is normal and there is no symptom of storage disease. Enzymic expression of parent heterozygotism is marked in serum studies, but less marked in leukocytes and fibroblasts. The last two children are heterozygotes. At the time of a 5th pregnancy, enzymic activity studies of amniotic fluid and amniotic cells have shown that the foetus was an inaffected female. This child was normal at birth.", "contents": "[Mucopolysaccharidesis Type VII resulting from beta-glucuronidase deficiency. Report of one family]. The patient is a north african female, fourth born child in a family with consanguinity. Facial dysmorphia, clubfeet, swollen extremities and heel borne ponctuate calcifications are observed soon after birth. beta glucuronidase activity is very low in serum, leukocytes and skin fibroblasts. At 18 months, gorwth and psychomotor development are normal. Flat facies and dorsolumbar cyphosis are striking. There is no clinical sign of storage disease, neither ocular or cytologic (blood, bone-marrow) abnormalities. Squeletal abnormalities are predominant on cervical and lumbar column and pelvis. Urinary excretion of chondroitin 4 sulfate and chondroitin 6 sulfate is increased. A 4 year old sister is affected. Facial dysmorphia, mild squeletal abnormalities are observed. Again, growth is normal and there is no symptom of storage disease. Enzymic expression of parent heterozygotism is marked in serum studies, but less marked in leukocytes and fibroblasts. The last two children are heterozygotes. At the time of a 5th pregnancy, enzymic activity studies of amniotic fluid and amniotic cells have shown that the foetus was an inaffected female. This child was normal at birth.", "PMID": 113502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10734", "title": "Astrovirus infection in volunteers.", "content": "An extract and a filtrate prepared from feces of a child with mild gastroenteritis were shown by electron microscopy to contain numerous astrovirus particles and were given to eight volunteers by mouth. One subject developed diarrheal illness and concurrently shed large amounts of astrovirus in feces, and one other had mild constitutional symptoms with a lower level of virus shedding. Nine other volunteers were given fecal filtrate from the volunteer with diarrhea, and astrovirus shedding subsequently occurred in two of them. The syndrome accompanying virus shedding appeared distinct from that associated with the \"W\" agent in previous experiments. Thirteen of 16 astrovirus-inoculated subjects subsequently developed a rise in titer of the homologous antibody in serum. It was concluded that astrovirus causes a transmissible infection that is of low pathogenicity for adults. Immunofluorescence of human embryo kidney cells inoculated with astrovirus and shown by electron microscopy to contain 28 nm virus-like particles was used both to detect virus in feces and to assay astrovirus antibody.", "contents": "Astrovirus infection in volunteers. An extract and a filtrate prepared from feces of a child with mild gastroenteritis were shown by electron microscopy to contain numerous astrovirus particles and were given to eight volunteers by mouth. One subject developed diarrheal illness and concurrently shed large amounts of astrovirus in feces, and one other had mild constitutional symptoms with a lower level of virus shedding. Nine other volunteers were given fecal filtrate from the volunteer with diarrhea, and astrovirus shedding subsequently occurred in two of them. The syndrome accompanying virus shedding appeared distinct from that associated with the \"W\" agent in previous experiments. Thirteen of 16 astrovirus-inoculated subjects subsequently developed a rise in titer of the homologous antibody in serum. It was concluded that astrovirus causes a transmissible infection that is of low pathogenicity for adults. Immunofluorescence of human embryo kidney cells inoculated with astrovirus and shown by electron microscopy to contain 28 nm virus-like particles was used both to detect virus in feces and to assay astrovirus antibody.", "PMID": 113503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10735", "title": "OC43 strain-related coronavirus antibodies in different age groups.", "content": "Serum antibodies against human coronavirus OC43 in different age groups were measured by complement fixation (CF), haemagglutination inhibition (HI), radial diffusion haemolysis-in-gel (HIG), and solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods. Antigen grown in suckling mouse brain was used in all tests. Results obtained by the CF and HIG tests, and the RIA, were in good agreement with regard to the presence or absence of antibodies. Similar results were also obtained with the HI test if nonspecific haemagglutination inhibitors were first removed by treatment with phospholipase C and only titers of 1:20 or greater were considered positive. Children 6--23 months of age (n = 45) were without measurable coronavirus antibodies in all four assays. A rapid increase in the prevalence of antibodies then occurred in subsequent age groups, and practically all persons 6 years of age or older were found to have OC43 antibodies as measured by the HIG test or the RIA. The mean antibody levels determined by these two methods continued to increase, however, up to the age group of 10--14 years. This increase in antibody levels after the initial antibody incidence plateau may be due to boosting effects caused by related coronavirus strains, since OC43 antigens are known to cross-react with antibodies induced by other human coronaviruses. Taken together, these data suggest that OC43 virus, or an antigenically related coronavirus strain, is very common in Finland.", "contents": "OC43 strain-related coronavirus antibodies in different age groups. Serum antibodies against human coronavirus OC43 in different age groups were measured by complement fixation (CF), haemagglutination inhibition (HI), radial diffusion haemolysis-in-gel (HIG), and solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods. Antigen grown in suckling mouse brain was used in all tests. Results obtained by the CF and HIG tests, and the RIA, were in good agreement with regard to the presence or absence of antibodies. Similar results were also obtained with the HI test if nonspecific haemagglutination inhibitors were first removed by treatment with phospholipase C and only titers of 1:20 or greater were considered positive. Children 6--23 months of age (n = 45) were without measurable coronavirus antibodies in all four assays. A rapid increase in the prevalence of antibodies then occurred in subsequent age groups, and practically all persons 6 years of age or older were found to have OC43 antibodies as measured by the HIG test or the RIA. The mean antibody levels determined by these two methods continued to increase, however, up to the age group of 10--14 years. This increase in antibody levels after the initial antibody incidence plateau may be due to boosting effects caused by related coronavirus strains, since OC43 antigens are known to cross-react with antibodies induced by other human coronaviruses. Taken together, these data suggest that OC43 virus, or an antigenically related coronavirus strain, is very common in Finland.", "PMID": 113504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10736", "title": "Autonomic innervation of the mammalian penis: a histochemical and physiological study.", "content": "The distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves was studied in penile tissue from rat, rabbit, cat, monkey and man. Glyoxylic acid histofluorescence and acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers were found in all tissues examined, but histofluorescent, presumably adrenergic fibers predominated. In general, except in the rabbit, more nerve fibers of both types were found in the corpus cavernosum (CC) than in the corpus spongiosum/penile urethra (CS). The rabbit penis showed slightly more adrenergic fibers in the CC than in the CS and more cholinergic nerves in the CS than in the CC. The CC of the monkey demonstrated an alpha receptor mediated contractile response to norepinephrine (NE) stimulation and no response to acetylcholine (ACh) in an in vitro muscle bath.", "contents": "Autonomic innervation of the mammalian penis: a histochemical and physiological study. The distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves was studied in penile tissue from rat, rabbit, cat, monkey and man. Glyoxylic acid histofluorescence and acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers were found in all tissues examined, but histofluorescent, presumably adrenergic fibers predominated. In general, except in the rabbit, more nerve fibers of both types were found in the corpus cavernosum (CC) than in the corpus spongiosum/penile urethra (CS). The rabbit penis showed slightly more adrenergic fibers in the CC than in the CS and more cholinergic nerves in the CS than in the CC. The CC of the monkey demonstrated an alpha receptor mediated contractile response to norepinephrine (NE) stimulation and no response to acetylcholine (ACh) in an in vitro muscle bath.", "PMID": 113505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10737", "title": "Effects of plumbous ion on guanine metabolism.", "content": "The enzyme guanine aminohydrolase (guanase) is inhibited by low levels of Pb2+. The inhibition is noncompetitive and the Ki is 3.0 X 10(-6) M. The only other heavy metals that are inhibitory at low concentrations are Ag+, which is 36% more, and Hg2+, which is about 50% less inhibitory than Pb2+. The inhibition of guanase by Pb2+ and Hg2+ is synergistic and the inhibition of the enzyme was readily reversed by EDTA. The relationship of these studies with guanase and to the etiology and treatment of saturnine gout, which appears in humans suffering from lead poisoning, is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of plumbous ion on guanine metabolism. The enzyme guanine aminohydrolase (guanase) is inhibited by low levels of Pb2+. The inhibition is noncompetitive and the Ki is 3.0 X 10(-6) M. The only other heavy metals that are inhibitory at low concentrations are Ag+, which is 36% more, and Hg2+, which is about 50% less inhibitory than Pb2+. The inhibition of guanase by Pb2+ and Hg2+ is synergistic and the inhibition of the enzyme was readily reversed by EDTA. The relationship of these studies with guanase and to the etiology and treatment of saturnine gout, which appears in humans suffering from lead poisoning, is discussed.", "PMID": 113506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10738", "title": "Pattern sensitive epilepsy: a case report.", "content": "A child with pattern sensitive epilepsy is reported. She had both absences and generalised seizures. The latter occurred spontaneously but the former followed concentration on patterned materials. These self-induced seizures appeared to have an affective component. The EEG showed generalised atypical spike and wave discharges both in the resting state and during intermittent photic and pattern stimulation. The patient responded to sodium valproate.", "contents": "Pattern sensitive epilepsy: a case report. A child with pattern sensitive epilepsy is reported. She had both absences and generalised seizures. The latter occurred spontaneously but the former followed concentration on patterned materials. These self-induced seizures appeared to have an affective component. The EEG showed generalised atypical spike and wave discharges both in the resting state and during intermittent photic and pattern stimulation. The patient responded to sodium valproate.", "PMID": 113507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10739", "title": "Composition of geniculostriate input ot superior colliculus of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "1. In order to examine the composition of the geniculostriate input to the superior colliculus, microelectrode recordings were undertaken in this structure of the rhesus monkey while parvocellular or magnocellular laminae of the LGN were reversibly inactivated by injecting minute quantities of lidocaine or MgCl2. 2. The inactivation of magnocellular laminae disrupted the visually driven activity of most cells in the topographically corresponding areas of the colliculus, but not in the superficial retinotectal recipient zone. The inactivation of parvocellular lamina had no effect on the visually driven activity of collicular cells. 3. Several controls were carried out to rule out the possibility of intervention with fibers of passage. We ascertained that the LGN injections did not affect the direct retinotectal pathway by comparing the effect of such inactivation with the effect produced by reversibly cooling visual cortex. These two manipulations yielded similar results: cells in the most superficial regions of the superior colliculus were unaffected by both cortical cooling and by magnocellular injections, while below this region the response of collicular cells was reduced or eliminated in both cases. 4. These results suggest that the indirect visual pathway to the superior colliculus via cortex is activated selectively by the broad-band system, which is relayed through magnocellular LGN. The color-opponent system does not appear to have a corticotectal input sufficient to drive collicular cells independently.", "contents": "Composition of geniculostriate input ot superior colliculus of the rhesus monkey. 1. In order to examine the composition of the geniculostriate input to the superior colliculus, microelectrode recordings were undertaken in this structure of the rhesus monkey while parvocellular or magnocellular laminae of the LGN were reversibly inactivated by injecting minute quantities of lidocaine or MgCl2. 2. The inactivation of magnocellular laminae disrupted the visually driven activity of most cells in the topographically corresponding areas of the colliculus, but not in the superficial retinotectal recipient zone. The inactivation of parvocellular lamina had no effect on the visually driven activity of collicular cells. 3. Several controls were carried out to rule out the possibility of intervention with fibers of passage. We ascertained that the LGN injections did not affect the direct retinotectal pathway by comparing the effect of such inactivation with the effect produced by reversibly cooling visual cortex. These two manipulations yielded similar results: cells in the most superficial regions of the superior colliculus were unaffected by both cortical cooling and by magnocellular injections, while below this region the response of collicular cells was reduced or eliminated in both cases. 4. These results suggest that the indirect visual pathway to the superior colliculus via cortex is activated selectively by the broad-band system, which is relayed through magnocellular LGN. The color-opponent system does not appear to have a corticotectal input sufficient to drive collicular cells independently.", "PMID": 113508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10740", "title": "Prophylactic phenytoin in severe head injuries.", "content": "We are reporting a retrospective study of 62 patients whose head injury was sufficiently severe to cause a high probability of posttraumatic epilepsy. Of 50 patients treated with phenytoin, 10% developed epilepsy of late onset. Twelve patients not treated with phenytoin but who had head injuries of equal magnitude had a 50% incidence of epilepsy. These data from a highly selected group of patients with severe head injuries confirm the bias that treatment with phenytoin decreases the incidence of posttraumatic epilepsy.", "contents": "Prophylactic phenytoin in severe head injuries. We are reporting a retrospective study of 62 patients whose head injury was sufficiently severe to cause a high probability of posttraumatic epilepsy. Of 50 patients treated with phenytoin, 10% developed epilepsy of late onset. Twelve patients not treated with phenytoin but who had head injuries of equal magnitude had a 50% incidence of epilepsy. These data from a highly selected group of patients with severe head injuries confirm the bias that treatment with phenytoin decreases the incidence of posttraumatic epilepsy.", "PMID": 113510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10741", "title": "Utilization of L-alanyl-L-tyrosine by nephrectomized rats when infused as part of a total parenteral nutrition regimen.", "content": "L-Alanyl-L-tyrosine is well utilized as a tyrosine source in parenterally fed rats. Such utilization may depend upon filtration of peptide into the glomerular filtrate, reabsorption into renal epithelial cells, hydrolysis to component amino acids in or at the surface of epithelial cells, and release of component amino acids to the blood. Bilaterially nephrectomized rats were infused with a parenteral solution providing L-alanyl-L-[U-14C]-tyrosine at 0.5 mmoles/kg over a 2 hour period to test this hypothesis. Despite the absence of kidneys, peptide did not accumulate in plasma or tissues. Plasma and liver tyrosine and alanine levels increased significantly over values noted in animals infused without peptide. One-quarter to one-third of the infused radioactivity was released as 14CO2, with the remainder found in the tissues. Between 15 and 51% of radioactivity in individual tissues was free tyrosine, the remainder was incorporated into protein. Isolation of this protein, acid hydrolysis and simultaneous radioactivity-amino acid analysis demonstrated that 94 to 99% of the radioactivity in protein was tyrosine. The data indicate good utilization of alanyl-tyrosine by nephrectomized rats when administered as part of a total parenteral nutrition regimen.", "contents": "Utilization of L-alanyl-L-tyrosine by nephrectomized rats when infused as part of a total parenteral nutrition regimen. L-Alanyl-L-tyrosine is well utilized as a tyrosine source in parenterally fed rats. Such utilization may depend upon filtration of peptide into the glomerular filtrate, reabsorption into renal epithelial cells, hydrolysis to component amino acids in or at the surface of epithelial cells, and release of component amino acids to the blood. Bilaterially nephrectomized rats were infused with a parenteral solution providing L-alanyl-L-[U-14C]-tyrosine at 0.5 mmoles/kg over a 2 hour period to test this hypothesis. Despite the absence of kidneys, peptide did not accumulate in plasma or tissues. Plasma and liver tyrosine and alanine levels increased significantly over values noted in animals infused without peptide. One-quarter to one-third of the infused radioactivity was released as 14CO2, with the remainder found in the tissues. Between 15 and 51% of radioactivity in individual tissues was free tyrosine, the remainder was incorporated into protein. Isolation of this protein, acid hydrolysis and simultaneous radioactivity-amino acid analysis demonstrated that 94 to 99% of the radioactivity in protein was tyrosine. The data indicate good utilization of alanyl-tyrosine by nephrectomized rats when administered as part of a total parenteral nutrition regimen.", "PMID": 113513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10742", "title": "Phagocytosis and trypsin-resistant glass adhesion by osteoclasts in culture.", "content": "Osteoclasts were cultured in vitro and tested for the functions normally associated with cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. They were found to ingest glutaraldehyde-fixed red cells and latex, but not opsonised or complement-coated sheep red cells. Osteoclasts are glass-adherent and resist removal by trypsin. The implications of these findings for the identity of the osteoclast precursor cell and its mechanism of fusion are discussed.", "contents": "Phagocytosis and trypsin-resistant glass adhesion by osteoclasts in culture. Osteoclasts were cultured in vitro and tested for the functions normally associated with cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. They were found to ingest glutaraldehyde-fixed red cells and latex, but not opsonised or complement-coated sheep red cells. Osteoclasts are glass-adherent and resist removal by trypsin. The implications of these findings for the identity of the osteoclast precursor cell and its mechanism of fusion are discussed.", "PMID": 113514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10743", "title": "The comparative pathology of the primate colon.", "content": "This survey has revealed further close similarities between the pathology of certain colonic diseases in humans and primates. The changes taking place in acute inflammations of varying severity confined to the lamina propria are virtually identical as are those seen in the healing process. In primates chronic inflammatory processes caused by protozoa resemble those in humans very closely. Microherniation of mucosal glands through the muscularis mucosae were found in a wide range of species. Evidence pointed to such herniations playing an important role in the spread of inflammatory diseases from the lamina propria into the submucosa by affording the aetiological agent access through the muscularis mucosae. No case of adenocarcinoma was found in this survey and the cause for the striking difference in incidence of this disease in human and primate colons is discussed.", "contents": "The comparative pathology of the primate colon. This survey has revealed further close similarities between the pathology of certain colonic diseases in humans and primates. The changes taking place in acute inflammations of varying severity confined to the lamina propria are virtually identical as are those seen in the healing process. In primates chronic inflammatory processes caused by protozoa resemble those in humans very closely. Microherniation of mucosal glands through the muscularis mucosae were found in a wide range of species. Evidence pointed to such herniations playing an important role in the spread of inflammatory diseases from the lamina propria into the submucosa by affording the aetiological agent access through the muscularis mucosae. No case of adenocarcinoma was found in this survey and the cause for the striking difference in incidence of this disease in human and primate colons is discussed.", "PMID": 113515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10744", "title": "Use of the serum bactericidal titer to assess the adequacy of oral antibiotic therapy in the treatment of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis.", "content": "Serum bactericidal titers against Staphylococcus aureus were measured in 63 children who were receiving mafcillin or methicillin intravenously, or dicloxacillin, penicillin, or cephalexin orally. The SBTs obtained following unit does of 25 mg/kg of dicloxacillin, 35 mg/kg of penicillin, or 25 mg/kg of cephalexin with probenecid were comparable to those seen following intravenous doses of 40 mg/kg nafcillin or methicillin. Twenty-two children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis proven or presumed to be due to S. aureus were treated intravenously until point tenderness and fever had resolved, and then with oral therapy. The mean duration of intravenous therapy was 14 days. Oral doses were adjusted so that a peak SBT of greater than or equal to 1:16 and a trough SBT of greater than or equal to 1:2 were obtained in most children. No recurrences occurred. The SBT proved to be a practical means of assessing the adequacy of oral therapy in children with infections due to S. aureus.", "contents": "Use of the serum bactericidal titer to assess the adequacy of oral antibiotic therapy in the treatment of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Serum bactericidal titers against Staphylococcus aureus were measured in 63 children who were receiving mafcillin or methicillin intravenously, or dicloxacillin, penicillin, or cephalexin orally. The SBTs obtained following unit does of 25 mg/kg of dicloxacillin, 35 mg/kg of penicillin, or 25 mg/kg of cephalexin with probenecid were comparable to those seen following intravenous doses of 40 mg/kg nafcillin or methicillin. Twenty-two children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis proven or presumed to be due to S. aureus were treated intravenously until point tenderness and fever had resolved, and then with oral therapy. The mean duration of intravenous therapy was 14 days. Oral doses were adjusted so that a peak SBT of greater than or equal to 1:16 and a trough SBT of greater than or equal to 1:2 were obtained in most children. No recurrences occurred. The SBT proved to be a practical means of assessing the adequacy of oral therapy in children with infections due to S. aureus.", "PMID": 113517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10745", "title": "Xerophthalmia, protein-calorie malnutrition, and infections in children.", "content": "All children with evidence of xerophthalmia who were admitted to an inpatient facility for treatment of severe protein-calorie malnutrition and its complications were compared to other inpatients with severe PCM but free from signs or symptoms of vitamin A deficiency. Xerophthalmic inpatients were older and had more severe hypoproteinemia than inpatients without eye signs, and were more undernourished by anthropometric criteria than a comparison group matched for age, sex, and type of PCM. Children with more severe eye lesions were more retarded in growth than those with minimal ocular signs. All inpatients had high rates of bacterial infections, regardless of their vitamin status. However, xerophthalmic children had a highly significant increase in the rate of positive urine cultures. Mortality rates were similar in all study groups.", "contents": "Xerophthalmia, protein-calorie malnutrition, and infections in children. All children with evidence of xerophthalmia who were admitted to an inpatient facility for treatment of severe protein-calorie malnutrition and its complications were compared to other inpatients with severe PCM but free from signs or symptoms of vitamin A deficiency. Xerophthalmic inpatients were older and had more severe hypoproteinemia than inpatients without eye signs, and were more undernourished by anthropometric criteria than a comparison group matched for age, sex, and type of PCM. Children with more severe eye lesions were more retarded in growth than those with minimal ocular signs. All inpatients had high rates of bacterial infections, regardless of their vitamin status. However, xerophthalmic children had a highly significant increase in the rate of positive urine cultures. Mortality rates were similar in all study groups.", "PMID": 113519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10746", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of ciliary zones of the ciliate protozoa in the large intestine of the horse.", "content": "The surface structure of the ciliary zone in 13 species of ciliates found in the large intestine of the horse was observed by scanning electron microscopy. In Holophryoides ovalis many fine depressions considered to be a result of phagocytosis or pinocytosis in the naked cytostome were noticed. In Blepharocorys spp. a distinct section was present between the portion with cilia and that without cilia. It was not present, however, in some species of the family Buetschliidae, such as Bundleia postciliata and Didesmis spp. The species of Entodiniomorphida had a lip around the ciliary zone with cilia forming synciliary tufts. In Spirodinium equi and Tetratoxum unifasciculatum the ciliary zone revolved counter-clockwise in an en face view. Some differences in the surface structure of the ciliary zone between the entodiniomorphid and spirotrich ciliates are discussed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of ciliary zones of the ciliate protozoa in the large intestine of the horse. The surface structure of the ciliary zone in 13 species of ciliates found in the large intestine of the horse was observed by scanning electron microscopy. In Holophryoides ovalis many fine depressions considered to be a result of phagocytosis or pinocytosis in the naked cytostome were noticed. In Blepharocorys spp. a distinct section was present between the portion with cilia and that without cilia. It was not present, however, in some species of the family Buetschliidae, such as Bundleia postciliata and Didesmis spp. The species of Entodiniomorphida had a lip around the ciliary zone with cilia forming synciliary tufts. In Spirodinium equi and Tetratoxum unifasciculatum the ciliary zone revolved counter-clockwise in an en face view. Some differences in the surface structure of the ciliary zone between the entodiniomorphid and spirotrich ciliates are discussed.", "PMID": 113521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10747", "title": "The role and safety of early postoperative feeding in the pediatric surgical patient.", "content": "The authors report their experience with early postoperative feedings in a variety of pediatric surgical patients utilizing a needle catheter jejunostomy. A small caliber catheter, similar to that used for antecubital central venous cannulation, is inserted in the antimesenteric border of the jejunum providing a subserosal tunnel. A purse-string suture is placed around the catheter and then it is secured to the abdominal wall, and the catheter is brought out through the abdominal wall via a needle puncture wound. Our experience with 27 insertions in 25 patients ranging in age from 1 day to 17 yr, has demonstrated the ease of placement and feasibility of immediate postoperative feeding. Patients were generally started on a dilute elemental diet through the jejunostomy within 12 hr of the operative procedure. Patients were administered between one and 3.5 g of protein kg/day and between 45 and 100 cal/kg/day depending on age and weight. Duration of treatment with enteral nutrition ranged from 10 to 150 days. There was no catheter-related complications utilizing the technique described. Technical details of catheter placement and protocol for administration of early postoperative feedings are discussed. The ability to provide nutritional support via the gut has obviated the need for total parenteral nutrition in the majority of these patients.", "contents": "The role and safety of early postoperative feeding in the pediatric surgical patient. The authors report their experience with early postoperative feedings in a variety of pediatric surgical patients utilizing a needle catheter jejunostomy. A small caliber catheter, similar to that used for antecubital central venous cannulation, is inserted in the antimesenteric border of the jejunum providing a subserosal tunnel. A purse-string suture is placed around the catheter and then it is secured to the abdominal wall, and the catheter is brought out through the abdominal wall via a needle puncture wound. Our experience with 27 insertions in 25 patients ranging in age from 1 day to 17 yr, has demonstrated the ease of placement and feasibility of immediate postoperative feeding. Patients were generally started on a dilute elemental diet through the jejunostomy within 12 hr of the operative procedure. Patients were administered between one and 3.5 g of protein kg/day and between 45 and 100 cal/kg/day depending on age and weight. Duration of treatment with enteral nutrition ranged from 10 to 150 days. There was no catheter-related complications utilizing the technique described. Technical details of catheter placement and protocol for administration of early postoperative feedings are discussed. The ability to provide nutritional support via the gut has obviated the need for total parenteral nutrition in the majority of these patients.", "PMID": 113523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10748", "title": "Prostaglandin prodrugs III: Synthesis and biological properties of C9- and C15-monoesters of dinoprost (prostaglandin F2 alpha).", "content": "Methods are described for the synthesis of dinoprost C9- and C15-monoesters using protective groups. Esters at C9 were synthesized by acylation of dinoprost 11,15-bis(tetrahydropyran-2-yl)ether followed by acid-catalyzed protective group removal. Esters at C15 were synthesized by initial formation of the protected intermediate, dinoprost 9,11-n-butylboronate, followed by acylation and hydrolytic protective group removal. Many esters were active in vivo in the hamster antifertility screen. Plasma hydrolysis studies showed that the C15-esters were more readily cleaved than the C9-esters. In vivo studies in the rat showed that both the C9- and C15-esters resulted in urinary excretion of 5 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-11-ketotetranorprosta-1,16-dioic acid in amounts comparable to those obtained after dosing with dinoprost, indicating that ester hydrolysis occurred in vivo.", "contents": "Prostaglandin prodrugs III: Synthesis and biological properties of C9- and C15-monoesters of dinoprost (prostaglandin F2 alpha). Methods are described for the synthesis of dinoprost C9- and C15-monoesters using protective groups. Esters at C9 were synthesized by acylation of dinoprost 11,15-bis(tetrahydropyran-2-yl)ether followed by acid-catalyzed protective group removal. Esters at C15 were synthesized by initial formation of the protected intermediate, dinoprost 9,11-n-butylboronate, followed by acylation and hydrolytic protective group removal. Many esters were active in vivo in the hamster antifertility screen. Plasma hydrolysis studies showed that the C15-esters were more readily cleaved than the C9-esters. In vivo studies in the rat showed that both the C9- and C15-esters resulted in urinary excretion of 5 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-11-ketotetranorprosta-1,16-dioic acid in amounts comparable to those obtained after dosing with dinoprost, indicating that ester hydrolysis occurred in vivo.", "PMID": 113524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10749", "title": "Short-term effects on Artemia salina of aponin and Gomphosphaeria aponina in unialgal cultures and in mixed cultures with gymnodinium breve.", "content": "Previous investigations showed that the natural marine substance aponin, produced by the blue-gree alga Gomphosphaeria sponina, was cytolytic towards Florida's red tide organism, Gymnodinium breve. As part of a study of the aponin-alga biological interactions, the effects of unialgal (G. aponina) and mixed cultures (G. aponina + G. breve) on the viability of artemia salina were investigated. Two contrasting effects were observed in mixed cultures: survival of A. salina was promoted in low G. aponina populations, while enhanced toxicity of G. breve to A. salina occurred at higher culture populations. Unialgal G. aponina cultures exerted no adverse effects on A. salina. The apparent protective effect is thought to result from the observed change in G. breve morphology (motile to sessile); toxicity was the result of enhanced toxin release by cytolyzed G. breve cells. In dose-response studies, aponin exhibited no adverse effect on A. salina at concentrations (1 unit) that were deleterious to G. breve. However, at higher applied levels (4--6 units), mortality was substantial (greater than 70%) after 48 hr of incubation. Probit analysis yielded an apparent LD50 of 2.3 units, where 1 unit was that amount required to cytolyze 50% of the G. breve cells (2000 cells/ml) after 20 hr of incubation.", "contents": "Short-term effects on Artemia salina of aponin and Gomphosphaeria aponina in unialgal cultures and in mixed cultures with gymnodinium breve. Previous investigations showed that the natural marine substance aponin, produced by the blue-gree alga Gomphosphaeria sponina, was cytolytic towards Florida's red tide organism, Gymnodinium breve. As part of a study of the aponin-alga biological interactions, the effects of unialgal (G. aponina) and mixed cultures (G. aponina + G. breve) on the viability of artemia salina were investigated. Two contrasting effects were observed in mixed cultures: survival of A. salina was promoted in low G. aponina populations, while enhanced toxicity of G. breve to A. salina occurred at higher culture populations. Unialgal G. aponina cultures exerted no adverse effects on A. salina. The apparent protective effect is thought to result from the observed change in G. breve morphology (motile to sessile); toxicity was the result of enhanced toxin release by cytolyzed G. breve cells. In dose-response studies, aponin exhibited no adverse effect on A. salina at concentrations (1 unit) that were deleterious to G. breve. However, at higher applied levels (4--6 units), mortality was substantial (greater than 70%) after 48 hr of incubation. Probit analysis yielded an apparent LD50 of 2.3 units, where 1 unit was that amount required to cytolyze 50% of the G. breve cells (2000 cells/ml) after 20 hr of incubation.", "PMID": 113525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10750", "title": "Effects of systemic and intraventricular administration of cannabinoids on schedule-controlled responding in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "The effects of a number of cannabinoids in squirrel monkeys trained to respond on a chain fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedule of food presentation were determined after intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intraventricular (i.v.t.) administration. The order of potency was (+/-)-9-nor-9 beta-OH hexahydrocannabinol, 11-OH-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), cannabinol and cannabidiol. (+/-)-9-Nor-9 alpha-OH-hexahydrocannabinol was inactive at doses up to 3 mg/kg i.p. and 0.1 mg/kg i.v.t. Although the order of potency was the same by both routes of administration, the i.v.t./i.p. potency ratio differed markedly. This demonstrates the importance of route of administration in assessing structure-activity relationships of cannabinoids and suggests that differences in penetration to the central nervous system may be an important determinant of behavioral activity. Although 11-OH-delta 9-THC was more potent than the parent compound delta 9-THC by both routes, the potency difference was less after i.v.t. administration. It was also demonstrated that metabolic conversion of [3H]delta 9-THC does not take place in squirrel monkey brain when administered i.v.t. which could account for the direct i.v.t. effects of delta 9-THC. These observations suggest that metabolic conversion of delta 9-THC in the liver is not necessary for its behavioral effects.", "contents": "Effects of systemic and intraventricular administration of cannabinoids on schedule-controlled responding in the squirrel monkey. The effects of a number of cannabinoids in squirrel monkeys trained to respond on a chain fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedule of food presentation were determined after intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intraventricular (i.v.t.) administration. The order of potency was (+/-)-9-nor-9 beta-OH hexahydrocannabinol, 11-OH-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), cannabinol and cannabidiol. (+/-)-9-Nor-9 alpha-OH-hexahydrocannabinol was inactive at doses up to 3 mg/kg i.p. and 0.1 mg/kg i.v.t. Although the order of potency was the same by both routes of administration, the i.v.t./i.p. potency ratio differed markedly. This demonstrates the importance of route of administration in assessing structure-activity relationships of cannabinoids and suggests that differences in penetration to the central nervous system may be an important determinant of behavioral activity. Although 11-OH-delta 9-THC was more potent than the parent compound delta 9-THC by both routes, the potency difference was less after i.v.t. administration. It was also demonstrated that metabolic conversion of [3H]delta 9-THC does not take place in squirrel monkey brain when administered i.v.t. which could account for the direct i.v.t. effects of delta 9-THC. These observations suggest that metabolic conversion of delta 9-THC in the liver is not necessary for its behavioral effects.", "PMID": 113528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10751", "title": "Responses of striate cortex cells to grating and checkerboard patterns.", "content": "1. Cells in visual cortex have been alternately considered as bar and edge detectors, or as spatial-frequency filters responding to the two-dimensional Fourier component of patterns. 2. The responses to gratings and to checkerboards allow one to test these alternate models: the Fourier components of a checkerboard pattern do not occur at the same orientation as the edges, nor do the checkerboard spatial frequencies correspond to the check widths. 3. Knowing the orientation tuning of a cell for gratings, one can precisely predict its orientation tuning to checkerboards from the orientation of the fundamental Fourier components of the patterns, not from the orientation of their edges. This was found for both square and rectangular checkerboards, and held for both simple and complex cortical cells. 4. Knowing the spatial tuning of a cell for sine-wave gratings, one can precisely predict its spatial tuning to square and rectangular checkerboards from the spatial frequencies of the fundamental Fourier components of the patterns, not from the widths of their checks. 5. When presented with checkerboards in which not the fundamental but the upper harmonics were within its spatial bandpass, a cell's orientation tuning was found to be predictable from the (quite different) orientation of the higher Fourier harmonic components, but not from the orientation of the edges. 6. Knowing a cell's contrast sensitivity for gratings, one can predict the cell's contrast sensitivity for checkerboards much more accurately from the amplitudes of the two-dimensional Fourier components of the patterns than from the contrasts of the patterns. 7. The orientation tuning, spatial-frequency tuning and responsiveness of cells to a plaid pattern were also found to be predictable from the pattern's two-dimensional Fourier spectrum. 8. Both simple and complex striate cortex cells can thus be characterized as two-dimensional spatial-frequency filters. Since different cells responsive to the same region in the visual field are tuned to different spatial frequencies and orientations, the ensemble of such cells would fairly precisely encode the two-dimensional Fourier spectrum of a patch of visual space.", "contents": "Responses of striate cortex cells to grating and checkerboard patterns. 1. Cells in visual cortex have been alternately considered as bar and edge detectors, or as spatial-frequency filters responding to the two-dimensional Fourier component of patterns. 2. The responses to gratings and to checkerboards allow one to test these alternate models: the Fourier components of a checkerboard pattern do not occur at the same orientation as the edges, nor do the checkerboard spatial frequencies correspond to the check widths. 3. Knowing the orientation tuning of a cell for gratings, one can precisely predict its orientation tuning to checkerboards from the orientation of the fundamental Fourier components of the patterns, not from the orientation of their edges. This was found for both square and rectangular checkerboards, and held for both simple and complex cortical cells. 4. Knowing the spatial tuning of a cell for sine-wave gratings, one can precisely predict its spatial tuning to square and rectangular checkerboards from the spatial frequencies of the fundamental Fourier components of the patterns, not from the widths of their checks. 5. When presented with checkerboards in which not the fundamental but the upper harmonics were within its spatial bandpass, a cell's orientation tuning was found to be predictable from the (quite different) orientation of the higher Fourier harmonic components, but not from the orientation of the edges. 6. Knowing a cell's contrast sensitivity for gratings, one can predict the cell's contrast sensitivity for checkerboards much more accurately from the amplitudes of the two-dimensional Fourier components of the patterns than from the contrasts of the patterns. 7. The orientation tuning, spatial-frequency tuning and responsiveness of cells to a plaid pattern were also found to be predictable from the pattern's two-dimensional Fourier spectrum. 8. Both simple and complex striate cortex cells can thus be characterized as two-dimensional spatial-frequency filters. Since different cells responsive to the same region in the visual field are tuned to different spatial frequencies and orientations, the ensemble of such cells would fairly precisely encode the two-dimensional Fourier spectrum of a patch of visual space.", "PMID": 113531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10752", "title": "An epidemiological study of neonatal and postneonatal mortality in Macaca radiata at the California Primate Research Center (1966-1973).", "content": "This study evaluates neonatal and postneonatal survival of Macaca radiata to 180 days of age at the California Primate Research Center from 1966 through 1973. Of a total of 287 live births, infant mortality rates (IMR) for three different types of housing were significantly different: 12% for inside cages, 41% for an outside one-half-acre enclosure and 31% for outside corncrib cages. Experience of the female in raising an infant to weaning age was a significant determinant only for the outside housing IMR. Introduction of laboratory-reared females into the breeding colony made the maternal breeding experience an important factor.", "contents": "An epidemiological study of neonatal and postneonatal mortality in Macaca radiata at the California Primate Research Center (1966-1973). This study evaluates neonatal and postneonatal survival of Macaca radiata to 180 days of age at the California Primate Research Center from 1966 through 1973. Of a total of 287 live births, infant mortality rates (IMR) for three different types of housing were significantly different: 12% for inside cages, 41% for an outside one-half-acre enclosure and 31% for outside corncrib cages. Experience of the female in raising an infant to weaning age was a significant determinant only for the outside housing IMR. Introduction of laboratory-reared females into the breeding colony made the maternal breeding experience an important factor.", "PMID": 113534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10753", "title": "Behavioral interaction in social-deprivation-reared Macaca mulatta: effects of cerebellar lesions on aggressive and afiliative behaviors.", "content": "Maintaining isolation-reared adult female Macaca mulatta in a group enclosure resulted in rapid resocialization. The influence of cerebellar lesions on social behaviors was most marked on aggressive interactions and cage stereotype pacing and circling.", "contents": "Behavioral interaction in social-deprivation-reared Macaca mulatta: effects of cerebellar lesions on aggressive and afiliative behaviors. Maintaining isolation-reared adult female Macaca mulatta in a group enclosure resulted in rapid resocialization. The influence of cerebellar lesions on social behaviors was most marked on aggressive interactions and cage stereotype pacing and circling.", "PMID": 113535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10754", "title": "Studies with timed-pregnant squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "Timed-pregnant monkeys were produced in a large nonhabituated colony of Saimiri sciureus of Bolivian origin. In a colony of 373 females and 40 males, 277 females (74%) were considered to be inseminated, based on microscopic observation of sperm and/or detection of a coagulum (plug) in the vagina. Forty-six full-term progeny were delivered. The mean gestational period was 152.5 days (SD = 3.9 days). For continuous cohabitation, the median time to insemination was five days, with 75% of inseminations occurring within eight days. Pregnancy evaluation (mouse bioassay) indicated a high level of resorptions within the first 50 days of gestation. This may help explain the low birth rates reported for other nonhaibuated colonies.", "contents": "Studies with timed-pregnant squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Timed-pregnant monkeys were produced in a large nonhabituated colony of Saimiri sciureus of Bolivian origin. In a colony of 373 females and 40 males, 277 females (74%) were considered to be inseminated, based on microscopic observation of sperm and/or detection of a coagulum (plug) in the vagina. Forty-six full-term progeny were delivered. The mean gestational period was 152.5 days (SD = 3.9 days). For continuous cohabitation, the median time to insemination was five days, with 75% of inseminations occurring within eight days. Pregnancy evaluation (mouse bioassay) indicated a high level of resorptions within the first 50 days of gestation. This may help explain the low birth rates reported for other nonhaibuated colonies.", "PMID": 113536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10755", "title": "Characteristics of the menstrual cycle in nonhuman primates. I. Similarities and dissimilarities between Macaca fascicularis and Macaca arctoides.", "content": "Comparative studies of reproductive characteristics were carried out on a colony of Macaca fascicularis and M. arctoides. Seasonal differences were not significant between species, and conceptions occurred throughout the year. The occurrence of short cycles ('luteal phase defect') was found in 2.9% of all M. fascicularis cycles and 1.5% of all M. arctoides cycles. Long cycles (40-50 days) were found in 4.0% of all M. fascicularis cycles and 3.5% of all M. arctoides cycles. Gestation lengths averaged 172.4 and 165.3 days, respectively, for M. arctoides and M. fascicularis. Ovulation in M. fascicularis occurred at a day of ovulation/cycle length ratio of 0.48 +/- 0.08 compared with 0.48 +/- 0.09 for M. mulatta data previously published.", "contents": "Characteristics of the menstrual cycle in nonhuman primates. I. Similarities and dissimilarities between Macaca fascicularis and Macaca arctoides. Comparative studies of reproductive characteristics were carried out on a colony of Macaca fascicularis and M. arctoides. Seasonal differences were not significant between species, and conceptions occurred throughout the year. The occurrence of short cycles ('luteal phase defect') was found in 2.9% of all M. fascicularis cycles and 1.5% of all M. arctoides cycles. Long cycles (40-50 days) were found in 4.0% of all M. fascicularis cycles and 3.5% of all M. arctoides cycles. Gestation lengths averaged 172.4 and 165.3 days, respectively, for M. arctoides and M. fascicularis. Ovulation in M. fascicularis occurred at a day of ovulation/cycle length ratio of 0.48 +/- 0.08 compared with 0.48 +/- 0.09 for M. mulatta data previously published.", "PMID": 113537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10756", "title": "Placental radioangiography as a method for the study of uteroplacental blood flow in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Placental radioangiography was performed in lightly anesthetized, pregnant rhesus monkeys under close monitoring of vital signs. Two angiographies in the same animal performed at an interval of approximately 20 min consistently produced identical patterns but not at intervals of one or two weeks. Evidence is adduced that the parameters, calculated from the angiograms, represent indices of uteroplacental blood flow under the standardized conditions of the angiographic procedure described here. Thus, placental radioangiography constitutes a relatively simple procedure for comparative, semiquantitative studies.", "contents": "Placental radioangiography as a method for the study of uteroplacental blood flow in the rhesus monkey. Placental radioangiography was performed in lightly anesthetized, pregnant rhesus monkeys under close monitoring of vital signs. Two angiographies in the same animal performed at an interval of approximately 20 min consistently produced identical patterns but not at intervals of one or two weeks. Evidence is adduced that the parameters, calculated from the angiograms, represent indices of uteroplacental blood flow under the standardized conditions of the angiographic procedure described here. Thus, placental radioangiography constitutes a relatively simple procedure for comparative, semiquantitative studies.", "PMID": 113538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10757", "title": "A radioangiographic study of the effects of catecholamines on uteroplacental blood flow in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Two placental radioangiographies were performed with a 20-min interval in ten lightly anesthetized rhesus monkeys. Amniotic and aortic pressures, as well as the maternal ECG, were continuously monitored. Norepinephrine or metaproterenol was administered in a low dose which did not cause general cardiovascular effects, prior to the second angiography. Norepinephrine appeared to cause constriction and metaproterenol, dilatation of the uteroplacental vessels. These effects could be diminished or abolished by an alpha- or beta-adrenergic blocking agent, respectively, and thus would appear to be caused by stimulation of adrenergic receptors in the uteroplacental vasculature.", "contents": "A radioangiographic study of the effects of catecholamines on uteroplacental blood flow in the rhesus monkey. Two placental radioangiographies were performed with a 20-min interval in ten lightly anesthetized rhesus monkeys. Amniotic and aortic pressures, as well as the maternal ECG, were continuously monitored. Norepinephrine or metaproterenol was administered in a low dose which did not cause general cardiovascular effects, prior to the second angiography. Norepinephrine appeared to cause constriction and metaproterenol, dilatation of the uteroplacental vessels. These effects could be diminished or abolished by an alpha- or beta-adrenergic blocking agent, respectively, and thus would appear to be caused by stimulation of adrenergic receptors in the uteroplacental vasculature.", "PMID": 113539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10758", "title": "A twinning event in Macaca sylvanus of Gibraltar.", "content": "Linear measurements and body proportions for a set of free-ranging Macaca sylvanus twins are presented. Their measurements are compared to a full-term perinatal dead female. The twins are dizygous and probably 28 days premature.", "contents": "A twinning event in Macaca sylvanus of Gibraltar. Linear measurements and body proportions for a set of free-ranging Macaca sylvanus twins are presented. Their measurements are compared to a full-term perinatal dead female. The twins are dizygous and probably 28 days premature.", "PMID": 113541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10759", "title": "Isoimmunizations among marmosets to identify leucocyte antigens.", "content": "Saguinus fuscicollis ssp., S.o. oedipus, and S. nigricollis marmosets were immunized with white blood cells (WBC) from S.f. illigeri marmosets. Of the three genetic donor-host combinations attempted, only an interspecies immunization of S.o oedipus marmosets resulted in antibody formation which was detectable by agglutination or cytotoxicity tests. Analysis of one of the antisera with a panel of WBC from S.f. illigeri marmosets indicated varying specificities, reactions ranging from strong, intermediate, to completely negative. That the serum was detecting genotypic as well as phenotypic markers was suggested by the similarity of reactions of WBC from co-twin pairs and in preliminary testing of individual families.", "contents": "Isoimmunizations among marmosets to identify leucocyte antigens. Saguinus fuscicollis ssp., S.o. oedipus, and S. nigricollis marmosets were immunized with white blood cells (WBC) from S.f. illigeri marmosets. Of the three genetic donor-host combinations attempted, only an interspecies immunization of S.o oedipus marmosets resulted in antibody formation which was detectable by agglutination or cytotoxicity tests. Analysis of one of the antisera with a panel of WBC from S.f. illigeri marmosets indicated varying specificities, reactions ranging from strong, intermediate, to completely negative. That the serum was detecting genotypic as well as phenotypic markers was suggested by the similarity of reactions of WBC from co-twin pairs and in preliminary testing of individual families.", "PMID": 113542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10760", "title": "A longitudinal study of facial growth in Papio cynocephalus after resection of the cartilagenous nasal septum.", "content": "The present study evaluates in Papio cynocephalus the effectiveness of varying the amount of nasal septum resected and the age at surgery in an attempt to develop a technique which may have clinical value for the human condition. The analysis of interdental dimensions by graphical techniques demonstrates that a critical age exists at which total septum resection leads to maximum growth arrest of the premaxilla. Comparisons of linear regression curves for operated and control animals confirm these findings and also demonstrate the existence of sexual dimorphism in premaxillary growth rates.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of facial growth in Papio cynocephalus after resection of the cartilagenous nasal septum. The present study evaluates in Papio cynocephalus the effectiveness of varying the amount of nasal septum resected and the age at surgery in an attempt to develop a technique which may have clinical value for the human condition. The analysis of interdental dimensions by graphical techniques demonstrates that a critical age exists at which total septum resection leads to maximum growth arrest of the premaxilla. Comparisons of linear regression curves for operated and control animals confirm these findings and also demonstrate the existence of sexual dimorphism in premaxillary growth rates.", "PMID": 113543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10761", "title": "Rearing of conventional and gnotobiotic nonhuman primates (Pan troglodytes, Papio cynocephalus, Saguinus nigricollis).", "content": "Rearing techniques for conventional and gnotobiotic nonhuman primates are described. Up to four months of age there was no significant difference in weight gain between conventionally and gnotobiotically reared chimpanzees or baboons. After four months, gnotobiotic chimpanzees exceeded their conventional counterparts in weight gain, whereas conventional baboons showed higher weight gain than gnotobiotic baboons. Gnotobiotic chimpanzees and baboons had significantly lower absolute numbers of neutrophils than their conventional counterparts, but the absolute numbers of lymphocytes were not different. The gnotobiotic rearing of marmosets is also reported.", "contents": "Rearing of conventional and gnotobiotic nonhuman primates (Pan troglodytes, Papio cynocephalus, Saguinus nigricollis). Rearing techniques for conventional and gnotobiotic nonhuman primates are described. Up to four months of age there was no significant difference in weight gain between conventionally and gnotobiotically reared chimpanzees or baboons. After four months, gnotobiotic chimpanzees exceeded their conventional counterparts in weight gain, whereas conventional baboons showed higher weight gain than gnotobiotic baboons. Gnotobiotic chimpanzees and baboons had significantly lower absolute numbers of neutrophils than their conventional counterparts, but the absolute numbers of lymphocytes were not different. The gnotobiotic rearing of marmosets is also reported.", "PMID": 113544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10762", "title": "Characteristics of the menstrual cycle in nonhuman primates. II. Ovulation and optimal mating times in macaques.", "content": "An analysis of the results of 1,259 limited-duration matings was conducted on colonies of Macaca arctoides and M. fascicularis. Maximum conception occurred at a day of breeding/cycle length (DB/CL) ratio of 0.40--0.41 with a range of DB/CL ratios for successful matings from 0.39 to 0.44. These values are compared with published values for various endocrine parameters equated to cycle length.", "contents": "Characteristics of the menstrual cycle in nonhuman primates. II. Ovulation and optimal mating times in macaques. An analysis of the results of 1,259 limited-duration matings was conducted on colonies of Macaca arctoides and M. fascicularis. Maximum conception occurred at a day of breeding/cycle length (DB/CL) ratio of 0.40--0.41 with a range of DB/CL ratios for successful matings from 0.39 to 0.44. These values are compared with published values for various endocrine parameters equated to cycle length.", "PMID": 113545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10763", "title": "Influence of glucocorticoid administration and inhibition on fetal baboon pulmonary maturity and the amniotic fluid L/S ratio.", "content": "The pregnant baboon feto-placental unit responded to intra-amniotic dexamethasone by a rise in the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio) and accelerated pulmonary maturity with evidence of increased amounts of pulmonary surfactant. Metyrapone 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibition of corticoid synthesis prevented the expected rise in the L/S ratio without influencing the normal development of pulmonary maturity. The L/S ratio did not accurately reflect pulmonary maturity when metyrapone was administered to the pregnant baboon. Prudently, model systems such as the baboon should be used for more detailed studies of endocrine effects on pulmonary development because of the reported untoward effects of exogenous steroid administration on the human neonatal nervous system.", "contents": "Influence of glucocorticoid administration and inhibition on fetal baboon pulmonary maturity and the amniotic fluid L/S ratio. The pregnant baboon feto-placental unit responded to intra-amniotic dexamethasone by a rise in the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio) and accelerated pulmonary maturity with evidence of increased amounts of pulmonary surfactant. Metyrapone 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibition of corticoid synthesis prevented the expected rise in the L/S ratio without influencing the normal development of pulmonary maturity. The L/S ratio did not accurately reflect pulmonary maturity when metyrapone was administered to the pregnant baboon. Prudently, model systems such as the baboon should be used for more detailed studies of endocrine effects on pulmonary development because of the reported untoward effects of exogenous steroid administration on the human neonatal nervous system.", "PMID": 113546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10764", "title": "Chronic methods to study the release of catecholamines from the neostriatum in nonanaesthetized monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "The present report describes two methods allowing the chronic collection of catecholamine (CA) released from the neostriatum in the nonanaesthetized monkey (Macaca mulatta). In both methods the monkeys were placed in a restraining chair. Indwelling electrodes allowed the correlation of behavioural observations with polygraphic recordings. The first method uses a special superfusing cup permanently implanted on the lateral surface of the caudate nucleus, which permits the demonstration of spontaneous and D-amphetamine-induced release of (3H)-dopamine (DA) newly synthesized from L-(3,5-3H)-tyrosine over a period of six days. In the second method the collection of unlabelled CA is carried out by a localized ventricular perfusion. A radio-enzymatic estimation enabled the measurement of unlabelled DA and noradrenaline. With this second method the animals were kept for 25 to 30 days.", "contents": "Chronic methods to study the release of catecholamines from the neostriatum in nonanaesthetized monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The present report describes two methods allowing the chronic collection of catecholamine (CA) released from the neostriatum in the nonanaesthetized monkey (Macaca mulatta). In both methods the monkeys were placed in a restraining chair. Indwelling electrodes allowed the correlation of behavioural observations with polygraphic recordings. The first method uses a special superfusing cup permanently implanted on the lateral surface of the caudate nucleus, which permits the demonstration of spontaneous and D-amphetamine-induced release of (3H)-dopamine (DA) newly synthesized from L-(3,5-3H)-tyrosine over a period of six days. In the second method the collection of unlabelled CA is carried out by a localized ventricular perfusion. A radio-enzymatic estimation enabled the measurement of unlabelled DA and noradrenaline. With this second method the animals were kept for 25 to 30 days.", "PMID": 113547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10765", "title": "Isolation and separation of toad bladder epithelial cells.", "content": "The epithelium of the urinary bladder of Bufo marinus is composed of 5 cell types, i.e., granular (Gr), mitochondria-rich (MR) and goblet (G) cells which face the urinary lumen, microfilament-rich (MFR) and undifferentiated cells (Un) located basally. The epithelium was dissociated by collagenase and EGTA treatment. Fractionation of dispersed cells by isopycnic centrifugation on dense serum albumin solutions yielded 4 fractions: (i) a very light fraction (p approximately equal to 1.025) enriched in MR and MFR cells; (ii) a light fraction (p approximately equal to 1.045) enriched in vacuolated Gr cells; (iii) a heavy fraction (p approximately equal to 1.065) composed essentially of aggregated Gr cells, and (iv) a pellet (p approximately equal to 1.085) enriched in G and undifferentiated cells. Recoveries were based on cell counts and DNA measurements. DNA content per cell was 13.2 pg +/- 0.9 (n = 37). From 1 g fresh tissue, 62 +/- 5 x 10(6) (n = 10) cells were recovered before isopycnic centrifugation of which about 70% excluded Trypan blue. After centrifugation, 90 to 95% of the cells excluded the vital dye and approximately 3(9) x 10(6) cells were recovered from the gradient. Cell metabolism in each fraction was estimated by oxygen consumption measurements in absence or presence of ouabain, acetazolamide, and dinitrophenol. The consumption measurements in absence or presence of ouabain, acetazolamide, and dinitrophenol. The consumption was threefold higher in the very light and light fractions when compared to the heavy and pellet fractions. Ouabain sensitive oxygen consumption (QO2) represented 12 to 35% of the total O2 consumption depending on the cell fraction, and acetazolamide sensitive QO2 varied from -0.8% in the heavy fractions to 20% in the lighter fractions. DNP increased QO2 in all fractions by 20 to 50%. Finally, the cells were able to reaggregate and form junctional complexes upon addition of calcium to the medium.", "contents": "Isolation and separation of toad bladder epithelial cells. The epithelium of the urinary bladder of Bufo marinus is composed of 5 cell types, i.e., granular (Gr), mitochondria-rich (MR) and goblet (G) cells which face the urinary lumen, microfilament-rich (MFR) and undifferentiated cells (Un) located basally. The epithelium was dissociated by collagenase and EGTA treatment. Fractionation of dispersed cells by isopycnic centrifugation on dense serum albumin solutions yielded 4 fractions: (i) a very light fraction (p approximately equal to 1.025) enriched in MR and MFR cells; (ii) a light fraction (p approximately equal to 1.045) enriched in vacuolated Gr cells; (iii) a heavy fraction (p approximately equal to 1.065) composed essentially of aggregated Gr cells, and (iv) a pellet (p approximately equal to 1.085) enriched in G and undifferentiated cells. Recoveries were based on cell counts and DNA measurements. DNA content per cell was 13.2 pg +/- 0.9 (n = 37). From 1 g fresh tissue, 62 +/- 5 x 10(6) (n = 10) cells were recovered before isopycnic centrifugation of which about 70% excluded Trypan blue. After centrifugation, 90 to 95% of the cells excluded the vital dye and approximately 3(9) x 10(6) cells were recovered from the gradient. Cell metabolism in each fraction was estimated by oxygen consumption measurements in absence or presence of ouabain, acetazolamide, and dinitrophenol. The consumption measurements in absence or presence of ouabain, acetazolamide, and dinitrophenol. The consumption was threefold higher in the very light and light fractions when compared to the heavy and pellet fractions. Ouabain sensitive oxygen consumption (QO2) represented 12 to 35% of the total O2 consumption depending on the cell fraction, and acetazolamide sensitive QO2 varied from -0.8% in the heavy fractions to 20% in the lighter fractions. DNP increased QO2 in all fractions by 20 to 50%. Finally, the cells were able to reaggregate and form junctional complexes upon addition of calcium to the medium.", "PMID": 113548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10766", "title": "Microfilament-rich cells in the toad bladder epithelium.", "content": "Basal cells of the bladder epithelium of Bufo marinus have been found heterogenous and consist of microfilament-rich cells (MFR-cell) and undifferentiated cells (Un-cell). The MFR-cell, which represents approximately 20% of the epithelial cell population, lies between the epithelial layer lining the urinary space and the basement membrane; it extends under several epithelial cells by processes of varying widths and lengths which contact, via desmosomes, other MFR-cells, as well as cells in the superficial layer, i.e., granular and mitochondria-rich cells. The cytoplasm of MFR-cell is filled with intermediate filaments arranged in bundles which run parallel to the plane of the epithelium and no dense granules, typical of granular cells, have been detected. Strong immunofluorescence for actin is associated with cells which occupy the same basal position as MFR-cells. Undifferentiated cells have no contact via desmosomes with adjacent cells and their cytoplasm is filled with free ribosomes; they lack bundles of intermediate filaments and possess no specialized organelles. After a 4-hr pulse of 3H-thymidine, 1.5% of epithelial cells incorporate thymidine into nuclear DNA, out of which 3/4 are basally and 1/4 are apically located. Identification of cell types by electron microscopy reveals that approximately 10% of undifferentiated basal cells are labeled, whereas less than 0.1% of granular cells and no MFR-cells incorporate 3H-thymidine into DNA. When dissociated from the epithelium and separated by isopycnic centrifugation, MFR-cells possess a mean buoyant density of approximately 1.025, cosediment with mitochondria-rich cells and exhibit a strong immunofluorescence for actin. The function of MFR-cells remains unknown; however, they may play a role in cell coupling and responses to hormonal and physical factors.", "contents": "Microfilament-rich cells in the toad bladder epithelium. Basal cells of the bladder epithelium of Bufo marinus have been found heterogenous and consist of microfilament-rich cells (MFR-cell) and undifferentiated cells (Un-cell). The MFR-cell, which represents approximately 20% of the epithelial cell population, lies between the epithelial layer lining the urinary space and the basement membrane; it extends under several epithelial cells by processes of varying widths and lengths which contact, via desmosomes, other MFR-cells, as well as cells in the superficial layer, i.e., granular and mitochondria-rich cells. The cytoplasm of MFR-cell is filled with intermediate filaments arranged in bundles which run parallel to the plane of the epithelium and no dense granules, typical of granular cells, have been detected. Strong immunofluorescence for actin is associated with cells which occupy the same basal position as MFR-cells. Undifferentiated cells have no contact via desmosomes with adjacent cells and their cytoplasm is filled with free ribosomes; they lack bundles of intermediate filaments and possess no specialized organelles. After a 4-hr pulse of 3H-thymidine, 1.5% of epithelial cells incorporate thymidine into nuclear DNA, out of which 3/4 are basally and 1/4 are apically located. Identification of cell types by electron microscopy reveals that approximately 10% of undifferentiated basal cells are labeled, whereas less than 0.1% of granular cells and no MFR-cells incorporate 3H-thymidine into DNA. When dissociated from the epithelium and separated by isopycnic centrifugation, MFR-cells possess a mean buoyant density of approximately 1.025, cosediment with mitochondria-rich cells and exhibit a strong immunofluorescence for actin. The function of MFR-cells remains unknown; however, they may play a role in cell coupling and responses to hormonal and physical factors.", "PMID": 113549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10767", "title": "Action of steroids on H+ and NH+4 excretion in the toad urinary bladder.", "content": "This study was done to determine if steroid compounds will stimulate the urinary bladder of the toad to increase its capacity to acidify the urine and excrete NH+4. Aldosterone, 17 beta-estradiol, dexamethasone, pregnenolone, and cholesterol were tested on the bladder. All compounds tested were found to stimulate the rate of acidification by the bladder, above that of a paired control hemibladder. In contrast, only the steroids aldosterone and 17 beta-estradiol were found to stimulate NH+4 excretion in the bladder. Cycloheximide was found to block the action of aldosterone on the NH+4 excretion, but did not have a significant effect on the stimulation of acidification by aldosterone. We conclude that steroids stimulate H+ and NH+4 excretion in the toad urinary bladder. In addition, the NH+4 excretory system seems to be more specific to this effect than is the H+ excretory system.", "contents": "Action of steroids on H+ and NH+4 excretion in the toad urinary bladder. This study was done to determine if steroid compounds will stimulate the urinary bladder of the toad to increase its capacity to acidify the urine and excrete NH+4. Aldosterone, 17 beta-estradiol, dexamethasone, pregnenolone, and cholesterol were tested on the bladder. All compounds tested were found to stimulate the rate of acidification by the bladder, above that of a paired control hemibladder. In contrast, only the steroids aldosterone and 17 beta-estradiol were found to stimulate NH+4 excretion in the bladder. Cycloheximide was found to block the action of aldosterone on the NH+4 excretion, but did not have a significant effect on the stimulation of acidification by aldosterone. We conclude that steroids stimulate H+ and NH+4 excretion in the toad urinary bladder. In addition, the NH+4 excretory system seems to be more specific to this effect than is the H+ excretory system.", "PMID": 113550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10768", "title": "Mechanism of ovarian carcinogenesis: effect of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene administration on intrasplenic ovarian grafts in unilaterally ovariectomized C3HeB/Fe mice.", "content": "A single oral administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) 2 weeks after intrasplenic grafting of ovarian tissue in unilaterally ovariectomized C3HeB/Fe mice resulted in a high tumor incidence (47%) in the grafted tissue, with only 1 tumor (3%) in the orthotopic ovary. No tumors were seen in the control group (unilaterally ovariectomized mice given intrasplenic grafts of ovarian tissue without subsequent DMBA administration), nor did tumors develop in response to DMBA treatment in mice with both ovaries in situ and no grafted tissue in the spleen. The results indicated that some local change caused by the grafting procedure rendered the tissues more sensitive to the action of DMBA and/or more responsive to gonadotropic stimulation.", "contents": "Mechanism of ovarian carcinogenesis: effect of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene administration on intrasplenic ovarian grafts in unilaterally ovariectomized C3HeB/Fe mice. A single oral administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) 2 weeks after intrasplenic grafting of ovarian tissue in unilaterally ovariectomized C3HeB/Fe mice resulted in a high tumor incidence (47%) in the grafted tissue, with only 1 tumor (3%) in the orthotopic ovary. No tumors were seen in the control group (unilaterally ovariectomized mice given intrasplenic grafts of ovarian tissue without subsequent DMBA administration), nor did tumors develop in response to DMBA treatment in mice with both ovaries in situ and no grafted tissue in the spleen. The results indicated that some local change caused by the grafting procedure rendered the tissues more sensitive to the action of DMBA and/or more responsive to gonadotropic stimulation.", "PMID": 113553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10769", "title": "Purification of measles virus and characterization of subviral components.", "content": "Purified measles virus was obtained from [35S]methionine-labeled cells infected at 33 degrees C and maintained in the absence of fetal calf serum. The pellet that was produced by a single high-speed ultracentrifuge spin of culture medium contained virus of purity sufficient for structural analysis. Purified virions contain seven polypeptides with estimated molecular weights of: L, 200,000; G, 80,000; P2, 70,000; NP, 60,000; A, 43,000; F1, 41,000; and M, 37,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. Treatment of virions with 0.25% trypsin resulted in a less dense particle which lacked polypeptides G and F1. Solubilization of the viral membrane with the detergent Triton X-100 in low-salt buffer resulted in the loss of the G polypeptide, whereas in the presence of 1 M KCl, Triton X-100 also removed most of the M polypeptide. The nucleocapsids (p = 1.3) obtained from virions treated with Triton X-100 and 1 M KCl contained the L, P2, NP, and M polypeptides. Nucleocapsids isolated from the cytoplasm of infected cells were predominantly composed of the NP polypeptide with smaller amounts of either polypeptide P2 or novel polypeptides, related to NP, with estimated molecular weights of 56,000 to 58,000 and 45,000 to 46,000. A significant amount of polypeptide L was always found in association with nucleocapsids isolated either from virions or from the cytoplasm of infected cells. A membrane component containing the viral membrane polypeptides G, F1, and M was also isolated from infected cells. The data presented here thus suggest that L is an integral part of the nucleocapsid complex. In addition, 37,000-molecular-weight polypeptide (M) appears to have the function described for the matrix proteins of other paramyxoviruses.", "contents": "Purification of measles virus and characterization of subviral components. Purified measles virus was obtained from [35S]methionine-labeled cells infected at 33 degrees C and maintained in the absence of fetal calf serum. The pellet that was produced by a single high-speed ultracentrifuge spin of culture medium contained virus of purity sufficient for structural analysis. Purified virions contain seven polypeptides with estimated molecular weights of: L, 200,000; G, 80,000; P2, 70,000; NP, 60,000; A, 43,000; F1, 41,000; and M, 37,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. Treatment of virions with 0.25% trypsin resulted in a less dense particle which lacked polypeptides G and F1. Solubilization of the viral membrane with the detergent Triton X-100 in low-salt buffer resulted in the loss of the G polypeptide, whereas in the presence of 1 M KCl, Triton X-100 also removed most of the M polypeptide. The nucleocapsids (p = 1.3) obtained from virions treated with Triton X-100 and 1 M KCl contained the L, P2, NP, and M polypeptides. Nucleocapsids isolated from the cytoplasm of infected cells were predominantly composed of the NP polypeptide with smaller amounts of either polypeptide P2 or novel polypeptides, related to NP, with estimated molecular weights of 56,000 to 58,000 and 45,000 to 46,000. A significant amount of polypeptide L was always found in association with nucleocapsids isolated either from virions or from the cytoplasm of infected cells. A membrane component containing the viral membrane polypeptides G, F1, and M was also isolated from infected cells. The data presented here thus suggest that L is an integral part of the nucleocapsid complex. In addition, 37,000-molecular-weight polypeptide (M) appears to have the function described for the matrix proteins of other paramyxoviruses.", "PMID": 113558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10770", "title": "Uptake of minute virus of mice into cultured rodent cells.", "content": "The uptake of minute virus of mice into cells in tissue culture was examined biochemically and by electron microscopy. Cell-virus complexes were formed at 4 degrees C, and uptake of virus was followed after the cells were shifted to 37 degrees C. The infectious particles appeared to enter cells at 37 degrees C by a two-step process. The first and rapid phase was measured by the resistance of cell-bound virus to elution by EDTA. The bulk of the bound virus particles became refractory to elution with EDTA within 30 min of incubation at 37 degrees C. The infectious particles became resistant to EDTA elution at the same rate. The second, slower phase of the uptake process was measured by the resistance of infectious particles to neutralization by antiserum. This process was complete within 2 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. During this 2-h period, labeled viral DNA became progressively associated with the nuclear fraction of disrupted cells. The uptake of infectious virus could occur during the G1 phase of the cell cycle and was not an S phase-specific event. The uptake process was not the cause of the S phase dependence of minute virus of mice replication. In electron micrographs, virus absorbed to any area of the cell surface appeared to be taken into the cell by pinocytosis.", "contents": "Uptake of minute virus of mice into cultured rodent cells. The uptake of minute virus of mice into cells in tissue culture was examined biochemically and by electron microscopy. Cell-virus complexes were formed at 4 degrees C, and uptake of virus was followed after the cells were shifted to 37 degrees C. The infectious particles appeared to enter cells at 37 degrees C by a two-step process. The first and rapid phase was measured by the resistance of cell-bound virus to elution by EDTA. The bulk of the bound virus particles became refractory to elution with EDTA within 30 min of incubation at 37 degrees C. The infectious particles became resistant to EDTA elution at the same rate. The second, slower phase of the uptake process was measured by the resistance of infectious particles to neutralization by antiserum. This process was complete within 2 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. During this 2-h period, labeled viral DNA became progressively associated with the nuclear fraction of disrupted cells. The uptake of infectious virus could occur during the G1 phase of the cell cycle and was not an S phase-specific event. The uptake process was not the cause of the S phase dependence of minute virus of mice replication. In electron micrographs, virus absorbed to any area of the cell surface appeared to be taken into the cell by pinocytosis.", "PMID": 113559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10771", "title": "Urachal diverticulum in a 3-year-old boy.", "content": "A case of a urachal diverticulum that presented as a right lower quadrant mass in a 3-year-old boy is reported. There was no urinary tract infection or obstructive uropathy in this patient. Classification of urachal anomalies is reviewed.", "contents": "Urachal diverticulum in a 3-year-old boy. A case of a urachal diverticulum that presented as a right lower quadrant mass in a 3-year-old boy is reported. There was no urinary tract infection or obstructive uropathy in this patient. Classification of urachal anomalies is reviewed.", "PMID": 113560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10772", "title": "Salmonella in wildlife from Trinidad and Grenada, W.I.", "content": "Forty-four of 219 animals from Trinidad and Grenada, W.I., yielded 20 serotypes of Salmonella, 16 of which are known to have been associated with human infection in the United States in recent years. Toads (Bufo marinus) provided the greatest number of isolates. Other carriers were mammals, vultures, lizards, a tree-frog and a cave cockroach.", "contents": "Salmonella in wildlife from Trinidad and Grenada, W.I. Forty-four of 219 animals from Trinidad and Grenada, W.I., yielded 20 serotypes of Salmonella, 16 of which are known to have been associated with human infection in the United States in recent years. Toads (Bufo marinus) provided the greatest number of isolates. Other carriers were mammals, vultures, lizards, a tree-frog and a cave cockroach.", "PMID": 113561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10773", "title": "Experimental infection of dogs with Sarcocystis from wapiti.", "content": "Ten domestic dogs became infected with Sarcocystis when fed simple portions of heart, esophagus and diaphragm from a two-year-old female wapiti (Cervus canadensis). The prepatent period was 14 days in all exposed dogs; the patent period ranged from 8 to 20 days. Neither the 10 control dogs, nor two dogs fed sporocysts collected from the infected dogs passed sporocysts within the study period. Sporocysts averaged 16.5 by 11.1 micron in size.", "contents": "Experimental infection of dogs with Sarcocystis from wapiti. Ten domestic dogs became infected with Sarcocystis when fed simple portions of heart, esophagus and diaphragm from a two-year-old female wapiti (Cervus canadensis). The prepatent period was 14 days in all exposed dogs; the patent period ranged from 8 to 20 days. Neither the 10 control dogs, nor two dogs fed sporocysts collected from the infected dogs passed sporocysts within the study period. Sporocysts averaged 16.5 by 11.1 micron in size.", "PMID": 113562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10774", "title": "Pathomorphologic findings in short-tailed voles (Microtus agrestis) experimentally-infected with Frenkelia microti.", "content": "Following oral infection of Microtus agrestis with sporocysts of Frenkelia microti, transient focal necrosis and cellular infiltrations in the liver, hyperplasia of lymphoid organs, and inflammatory infiltrations in the heart, pulmonary veins, skeletal muscles and brain occurred during the first asexual multiplication period of the parasite in the liver. Frenkelia cysts were first observed in the brain 23 days after infection.", "contents": "Pathomorphologic findings in short-tailed voles (Microtus agrestis) experimentally-infected with Frenkelia microti. Following oral infection of Microtus agrestis with sporocysts of Frenkelia microti, transient focal necrosis and cellular infiltrations in the liver, hyperplasia of lymphoid organs, and inflammatory infiltrations in the heart, pulmonary veins, skeletal muscles and brain occurred during the first asexual multiplication period of the parasite in the liver. Frenkelia cysts were first observed in the brain 23 days after infection.", "PMID": 113563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10775", "title": "Parasite-related lesions in a bearded seal, Erignathus barbatus.", "content": "A free-ranging adult male bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) killed by polar bears was salvaged and examined at necropsy. Significant findings included diffuse intrahepatic bile duct fibrosis and chronic cholangitis; multiple nodules of chronic fibrosing pancreatitis; and gastric ulcers. Trematode eggs (Family Campulidae) were found in the pancreatic nodules. These eggs and the trematodes that produced them probably caused the pancreatic and liver lesions. Phocanema decipiens and Contracaecum osculatum were found in the stomach lumen; several P. decipiens were attached to gastric ulcers. Sarcocystis sp. is reported for the first time in a bearded seal.", "contents": "Parasite-related lesions in a bearded seal, Erignathus barbatus. A free-ranging adult male bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) killed by polar bears was salvaged and examined at necropsy. Significant findings included diffuse intrahepatic bile duct fibrosis and chronic cholangitis; multiple nodules of chronic fibrosing pancreatitis; and gastric ulcers. Trematode eggs (Family Campulidae) were found in the pancreatic nodules. These eggs and the trematodes that produced them probably caused the pancreatic and liver lesions. Phocanema decipiens and Contracaecum osculatum were found in the stomach lumen; several P. decipiens were attached to gastric ulcers. Sarcocystis sp. is reported for the first time in a bearded seal.", "PMID": 113564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10776", "title": "Multilevel care. A Veterans Administration initiative in health care cost control.", "content": "The Veterans Administration's (VA) Department of Medicine and Surgery, the largest of the civilian federal health care systems, is under continuous White House, congressional, and public pressure to provide greater accountability and increased cost-effectiveness for its $5 billion-plus annual budget. Responding to these pressures, the VA is evaluating in ten of its 172 medical centers a new system of resource allocation and financial management known as a multilevel care system. This is a major VA intiative with highly important implications for both the VA and the private health care sector.", "contents": "Multilevel care. A Veterans Administration initiative in health care cost control. The Veterans Administration's (VA) Department of Medicine and Surgery, the largest of the civilian federal health care systems, is under continuous White House, congressional, and public pressure to provide greater accountability and increased cost-effectiveness for its $5 billion-plus annual budget. Responding to these pressures, the VA is evaluating in ten of its 172 medical centers a new system of resource allocation and financial management known as a multilevel care system. This is a major VA intiative with highly important implications for both the VA and the private health care sector.", "PMID": 113566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10777", "title": "Rh hemolytic disease. Epidemiologic surveillance in the United States, 1968 to 1975.", "content": "Nationwide surveillance of Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn showed that associated infant mortality decreased from 941 deaths in 1968 to 269 deaths in 1975, or from 2.7 to 0.9 per 10,000 live births. The incidence of Rh hemolytic disease declined from 45 per 10,000 total births in 1970 to 21 per 10,000 in 1975. In 1970, an estimated 16,000 infants were affected, whereas in 1975, the number was 6,000. Several state-based Rh disease surveillance programs reported declining mortality and incidence and increasing use of Rh immune globulin. Rh immune globulin was administered to an estimated 80% of eligible Rh-negative women in 1974, eighty-one percent in 1975, and 82% in 1976. More concerted efforts are needed to determine the frequency of maternal sensitization and to identify and correct gaps in postpartum and postabortion use of Rh immune globulin.", "contents": "Rh hemolytic disease. Epidemiologic surveillance in the United States, 1968 to 1975. Nationwide surveillance of Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn showed that associated infant mortality decreased from 941 deaths in 1968 to 269 deaths in 1975, or from 2.7 to 0.9 per 10,000 live births. The incidence of Rh hemolytic disease declined from 45 per 10,000 total births in 1970 to 21 per 10,000 in 1975. In 1970, an estimated 16,000 infants were affected, whereas in 1975, the number was 6,000. Several state-based Rh disease surveillance programs reported declining mortality and incidence and increasing use of Rh immune globulin. Rh immune globulin was administered to an estimated 80% of eligible Rh-negative women in 1974, eighty-one percent in 1975, and 82% in 1976. More concerted efforts are needed to determine the frequency of maternal sensitization and to identify and correct gaps in postpartum and postabortion use of Rh immune globulin.", "PMID": 113567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10778", "title": "High calorie infusion-induced hepatic impairments in infants.", "content": "Hepatic impairments have been reported sporadically in infants receiving long-term high calorie infusion. Some characteristic hepatic impairments induced with high calorie infusion at the Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, are studied in 18 surgical infants, with discussion of the possible etiology of this complication in the context of high calorie infusion. The hepatic dysfunctions were classified into 3 types by sequential liver function determinations: Type I with a transient and slightly elevated serum transaminase without elevation of alkaline phosphatase; Type II, an elevation of alkaline phosphatase and total and direct bilirubin without elevation of serum transaminase; Type III, a marked and prolonged elevation of aklaline phosphatase, total and direct bilirubin, and serum transaminase. The etiology of these hepatic impairments during high calorie infusion is unknown.", "contents": "High calorie infusion-induced hepatic impairments in infants. Hepatic impairments have been reported sporadically in infants receiving long-term high calorie infusion. Some characteristic hepatic impairments induced with high calorie infusion at the Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, are studied in 18 surgical infants, with discussion of the possible etiology of this complication in the context of high calorie infusion. The hepatic dysfunctions were classified into 3 types by sequential liver function determinations: Type I with a transient and slightly elevated serum transaminase without elevation of alkaline phosphatase; Type II, an elevation of alkaline phosphatase and total and direct bilirubin without elevation of serum transaminase; Type III, a marked and prolonged elevation of aklaline phosphatase, total and direct bilirubin, and serum transaminase. The etiology of these hepatic impairments during high calorie infusion is unknown.", "PMID": 113577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10779", "title": "Urinary zinc, copper, nitrogen, and potassium losses in response to trauma.", "content": "The urinary losses of zinc, copper, nitrogen and potassium were measured for 14 trauma patients for periods ranging from nine to 30 days and for nine normal subjects over four days each. The mean losses per day as well as peak losses by patients were compared to the mean normal losses. The mean peak losses of all elements were 2 to 10 times greater than normal. The ratios of the urinary concentrations of these catabolites in relation to each other were calculated. Since nutritional support was predominantly by routine intravenous solutions, the large amounts of urinary zinc, copper, nitrogen and potassium excreted represent a severe drain on the body's reserves of these elements.", "contents": "Urinary zinc, copper, nitrogen, and potassium losses in response to trauma. The urinary losses of zinc, copper, nitrogen and potassium were measured for 14 trauma patients for periods ranging from nine to 30 days and for nine normal subjects over four days each. The mean losses per day as well as peak losses by patients were compared to the mean normal losses. The mean peak losses of all elements were 2 to 10 times greater than normal. The ratios of the urinary concentrations of these catabolites in relation to each other were calculated. Since nutritional support was predominantly by routine intravenous solutions, the large amounts of urinary zinc, copper, nitrogen and potassium excreted represent a severe drain on the body's reserves of these elements.", "PMID": 113578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10780", "title": "Predictive criteria for length of nasogastric tube insertion for tube feeding.", "content": "This study was aimed at identifying non-invasive techniques and criteria for predicting the proper length for insertion of a nasogastric tube for tube feeding so that the tube tip would be located in the fundus or body for the stomach. A review of literature and existing practices revealed unsubstantiated and discrepant methods currently in use and justified the need for this research. The study involved relating several external body measurements to a measurement from the tip of the nose to the lower esophageal sphincter, via the esophagus, in 99 adult cadavers and 5 normal adult volunteers. A variety of analyses including stepwise multiple regression, were used and are presented. A formula is presented and is stated to provide a 91% confidence level of tube tip placement in the stomach between 1 and 10 cm. This is compared to a confidence level of 72% using the traditional nose to ear to xiphoid measurement. The formula is ( (NEX-50cm) /2)) + 50cm where NEX is the distance from the tip of the nose to the earlobe to the xiphoid. Two methods for simple mechanical clinical application are described.", "contents": "Predictive criteria for length of nasogastric tube insertion for tube feeding. This study was aimed at identifying non-invasive techniques and criteria for predicting the proper length for insertion of a nasogastric tube for tube feeding so that the tube tip would be located in the fundus or body for the stomach. A review of literature and existing practices revealed unsubstantiated and discrepant methods currently in use and justified the need for this research. The study involved relating several external body measurements to a measurement from the tip of the nose to the lower esophageal sphincter, via the esophagus, in 99 adult cadavers and 5 normal adult volunteers. A variety of analyses including stepwise multiple regression, were used and are presented. A formula is presented and is stated to provide a 91% confidence level of tube tip placement in the stomach between 1 and 10 cm. This is compared to a confidence level of 72% using the traditional nose to ear to xiphoid measurement. The formula is ( (NEX-50cm) /2)) + 50cm where NEX is the distance from the tip of the nose to the earlobe to the xiphoid. Two methods for simple mechanical clinical application are described.", "PMID": 113579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10781", "title": "Effect of calorie overload on puppy livers during parenteral nutrition.", "content": "To investigate the possible cause of hepatomegaly during TPN, chemical analyses were performed on the livers of puppies weighing around 2 kg, supported by TPN for 1 wk, under 3 different calorie levels: Group I (5) under 135 cal/kg as standard calorie, Group 2 (6) fed ad libitum with dog food, Group 3 (5) received TPN for 7 days at 135 cal/kg/day, Group 4 (5) TPN at 200 cal/kg/day, and Group 5 (5) at 270 cal/kg/day. The livers of puppies starved for 24 hrs and orally fed were studied as controls. 1) remarkable hepatomegaly with anemic discoloration and rise in sGOT, sGPT, and Alpase were the constant findings in G-2 and G-3.2). Liver weight in starved, fed G-1, G-2, and G-3 were 66.0 +/- 7.5g, 82.8 +/- 18.5g, 108.32 +/- 21.36g and 247.06 +/- 17.83g, respectively. 3) Glycogen and water contents in the livers were: in starved 0.17 +/- 0.07g and 48.75 +/- 5.75 ml, in fed 5.37 +/- 3.24g and 60.72 +/- 13.71 ml, in G-1 10.35 +/- 4.87g and 79.4 +/- 16.84 ml, in G-2 45.05 +/- 7.41G and 173.31 +/- 21.26 ml, and in G-3 45.19 +/- 20.47g and 178.45 +/- 56.63 ml, indicating that the weight increment can be explained by the increase in glycogen and water deposit in the liver. 4) Triglyceride in livers in G-2 and G-3 increased by 2 times the controls. These results suggest the possibility of the occurrence of hepatomegaly with glycogen and water accumulation accompanying the rise in serum enzyme by calorie overload in clinical TPN.", "contents": "Effect of calorie overload on puppy livers during parenteral nutrition. To investigate the possible cause of hepatomegaly during TPN, chemical analyses were performed on the livers of puppies weighing around 2 kg, supported by TPN for 1 wk, under 3 different calorie levels: Group I (5) under 135 cal/kg as standard calorie, Group 2 (6) fed ad libitum with dog food, Group 3 (5) received TPN for 7 days at 135 cal/kg/day, Group 4 (5) TPN at 200 cal/kg/day, and Group 5 (5) at 270 cal/kg/day. The livers of puppies starved for 24 hrs and orally fed were studied as controls. 1) remarkable hepatomegaly with anemic discoloration and rise in sGOT, sGPT, and Alpase were the constant findings in G-2 and G-3.2). Liver weight in starved, fed G-1, G-2, and G-3 were 66.0 +/- 7.5g, 82.8 +/- 18.5g, 108.32 +/- 21.36g and 247.06 +/- 17.83g, respectively. 3) Glycogen and water contents in the livers were: in starved 0.17 +/- 0.07g and 48.75 +/- 5.75 ml, in fed 5.37 +/- 3.24g and 60.72 +/- 13.71 ml, in G-1 10.35 +/- 4.87g and 79.4 +/- 16.84 ml, in G-2 45.05 +/- 7.41G and 173.31 +/- 21.26 ml, and in G-3 45.19 +/- 20.47g and 178.45 +/- 56.63 ml, indicating that the weight increment can be explained by the increase in glycogen and water deposit in the liver. 4) Triglyceride in livers in G-2 and G-3 increased by 2 times the controls. These results suggest the possibility of the occurrence of hepatomegaly with glycogen and water accumulation accompanying the rise in serum enzyme by calorie overload in clinical TPN.", "PMID": 113576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10782", "title": "Nitrogen balance and electrolyte requirements in intralipid-based hyperalimentation.", "content": "The present study was directed at determining whether or not a relatively low-calorie regimen in which 40 to 50% of the calories are provided as fat will produce positive nitrogen balance in most patients, and at establishing the electrolyte requirements for such a regimen. Clearly, the recommended regimen is successful in promoting nitrogen balance and provides adequate electrolytes. Further experience will be necessary to determine the place of intravenous fat emulsions in the clinical practice of total parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Nitrogen balance and electrolyte requirements in intralipid-based hyperalimentation. The present study was directed at determining whether or not a relatively low-calorie regimen in which 40 to 50% of the calories are provided as fat will produce positive nitrogen balance in most patients, and at establishing the electrolyte requirements for such a regimen. Clearly, the recommended regimen is successful in promoting nitrogen balance and provides adequate electrolytes. Further experience will be necessary to determine the place of intravenous fat emulsions in the clinical practice of total parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 113583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10783", "title": "Serum zinc concentrations: contamination from laboratory equipment.", "content": "The following experiment was designed because of high serum zinc reported in patients who were reciving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) concentrations. Blood samples were collected, divided into 3 containers: a clean glass control test tube, a vacuum collecting tube with a rubber stopper, and paraffin clot activator. It was found that compared to glass control tubes, vacuum collection with rubber stoppers contributed an average of 76 +/- 14 microgram/dl of zinc as contaminants. Moreover, tubes with a rubber stopper and clot activator contributed 198 +/- 42 microgram/dl of zinc as contaminants. It is concluded that care must be used to avoid trace element contaminants when plasma zinc concentrations are analyzed. Without proper methodology, including selection of the container in which the sample is taken, erroneous results will be reported.", "contents": "Serum zinc concentrations: contamination from laboratory equipment. The following experiment was designed because of high serum zinc reported in patients who were reciving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) concentrations. Blood samples were collected, divided into 3 containers: a clean glass control test tube, a vacuum collecting tube with a rubber stopper, and paraffin clot activator. It was found that compared to glass control tubes, vacuum collection with rubber stoppers contributed an average of 76 +/- 14 microgram/dl of zinc as contaminants. Moreover, tubes with a rubber stopper and clot activator contributed 198 +/- 42 microgram/dl of zinc as contaminants. It is concluded that care must be used to avoid trace element contaminants when plasma zinc concentrations are analyzed. Without proper methodology, including selection of the container in which the sample is taken, erroneous results will be reported.", "PMID": 113585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10784", "title": "Central vein thrombophlebitis associated with a permanent silastic central catheter.", "content": "The use of silastic catheters for total parenteral nutrition has greatly expanded. Their decided advantages of flexibility and minimal thrombogenicity favor their use in the long-term nutritional support. This case report details the development of central vein thrombophlebitis associated with an indwelling central silastic catheter. This uncommon hazard of central venous catheterization is not eliminated by the use of silastic catheters.", "contents": "Central vein thrombophlebitis associated with a permanent silastic central catheter. The use of silastic catheters for total parenteral nutrition has greatly expanded. Their decided advantages of flexibility and minimal thrombogenicity favor their use in the long-term nutritional support. This case report details the development of central vein thrombophlebitis associated with an indwelling central silastic catheter. This uncommon hazard of central venous catheterization is not eliminated by the use of silastic catheters.", "PMID": 113584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10785", "title": "Changes in body weight and body protein with intravenous nutrition.", "content": "Body weight, protein, fat and water were measured before and after intravenous nutrition in 20 surgical patients. The group included both young and old patients who were suffering from a wide variety of catabolic illnesses and the period of intravenous feeding ranged from 11 to 40 days. Eight of the patients were able to take small amounts of food orally. During the period of intravenous nutrition ten patients gained significant weight although only two of these gained significant protein. Most of the weight gain was due to an increase of water. There was also a gain of water in the patients who lost weight; this water gain occurred in small daily increments over the course of treatment. It is concluded that weight gain can occur without protein gain in patients who are being fed intravenously and that body weight is not a reliable guide to changes in body protein or fat in critically ill patients receiving intravenous nutrition.", "contents": "Changes in body weight and body protein with intravenous nutrition. Body weight, protein, fat and water were measured before and after intravenous nutrition in 20 surgical patients. The group included both young and old patients who were suffering from a wide variety of catabolic illnesses and the period of intravenous feeding ranged from 11 to 40 days. Eight of the patients were able to take small amounts of food orally. During the period of intravenous nutrition ten patients gained significant weight although only two of these gained significant protein. Most of the weight gain was due to an increase of water. There was also a gain of water in the patients who lost weight; this water gain occurred in small daily increments over the course of treatment. It is concluded that weight gain can occur without protein gain in patients who are being fed intravenously and that body weight is not a reliable guide to changes in body protein or fat in critically ill patients receiving intravenous nutrition.", "PMID": 113588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10786", "title": "Partial parenteral nutrition in preterm and newborn infants during the first three days of life.", "content": "Eight preterm infants, five with postnatal asphyxia, as well as two hypotrophic neonates and one term infant with severe postnatal asphyxia (mean birth weight 2300 g) were fed, in addition to oral nutrition, partially parenterally with glucose solution and mother's-milk-adapted amino acid solution during their first three days of life. By increasing protein supplies with a parenteral share of more than 50% during the three days, the nitrogen balances were positive on all days, although the calories supplied were far below the postulated optimum. On days 2 and 3, nitrogen retention was about 60% of the supply. Every 4 hrs after discontinuation of the 16 hr amino acid infusion, the amino acid levels in the plasma were examined by column chromatography. The resulting mean values did not show any imbalances of amino acid homeostasis. The maximum mean loss in weight of the present groups was 4% of the birth weight during the first 10 days of life and thus equalled the loss in weight of normal healthy preterms. Clinical and chemical parameters did not reveal any disadvantageous side effects of partial parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Partial parenteral nutrition in preterm and newborn infants during the first three days of life. Eight preterm infants, five with postnatal asphyxia, as well as two hypotrophic neonates and one term infant with severe postnatal asphyxia (mean birth weight 2300 g) were fed, in addition to oral nutrition, partially parenterally with glucose solution and mother's-milk-adapted amino acid solution during their first three days of life. By increasing protein supplies with a parenteral share of more than 50% during the three days, the nitrogen balances were positive on all days, although the calories supplied were far below the postulated optimum. On days 2 and 3, nitrogen retention was about 60% of the supply. Every 4 hrs after discontinuation of the 16 hr amino acid infusion, the amino acid levels in the plasma were examined by column chromatography. The resulting mean values did not show any imbalances of amino acid homeostasis. The maximum mean loss in weight of the present groups was 4% of the birth weight during the first 10 days of life and thus equalled the loss in weight of normal healthy preterms. Clinical and chemical parameters did not reveal any disadvantageous side effects of partial parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 113590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10787", "title": "Failure of short-term nutritional convalescence to reverse the adverse hemodynamic effects of protein-calorie malnutrition in dogs.", "content": "We previously reported that protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) exerts adverse hemodynamic effects on left ventricular (LV) structure and function. In the present experiments, we tried to determine the duration of these adverse effects by inducing significant weight loss in matched beagle dogs followed by a short-term course of nutritional repletion. Following restitution of initial body weight, the animals were placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass and an isovolumetric LV preparation was established to determine baseline LV function compared with matched animals that remained normally-nourished, and with a third group in which the effects of PCM were not reversed. Decreases in LV compliance persisted following refeeding as did the decreases in the first derivative of LV pressure (LV dp/dt). Although animals re-fed ordinary diets following acute weight loss restored normal concentrations of myocardial glycogen, cardiac abnormalities persited for more than one month following refeeding. These results suggest that the adverse effects of semistarvation on LV functions cannot be completely reversed by short-term refeeding.", "contents": "Failure of short-term nutritional convalescence to reverse the adverse hemodynamic effects of protein-calorie malnutrition in dogs. We previously reported that protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) exerts adverse hemodynamic effects on left ventricular (LV) structure and function. In the present experiments, we tried to determine the duration of these adverse effects by inducing significant weight loss in matched beagle dogs followed by a short-term course of nutritional repletion. Following restitution of initial body weight, the animals were placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass and an isovolumetric LV preparation was established to determine baseline LV function compared with matched animals that remained normally-nourished, and with a third group in which the effects of PCM were not reversed. Decreases in LV compliance persisted following refeeding as did the decreases in the first derivative of LV pressure (LV dp/dt). Although animals re-fed ordinary diets following acute weight loss restored normal concentrations of myocardial glycogen, cardiac abnormalities persited for more than one month following refeeding. These results suggest that the adverse effects of semistarvation on LV functions cannot be completely reversed by short-term refeeding.", "PMID": 113587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10788", "title": "Selenium and total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Despite the increasing recognition of selenium (Se) as an essential trace element in man, little is known about its metabolism during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and the possible development of Se deficiency in high risk patients. From a general population known by its geographical location to have low Se blood levels, we studied a group of 23 surgical patients receiving TPN for at least one week. Whole blood Se levels were less than in the normal general population and, being some of the lowest observed in adult man, approached levels observed in animals with Se-responsive syndromes. Se continued to be lost predominantly in the urine although the Se content of the TPN fluids was very low (less than 0.6 micrograms/24 hr). Patients with excessive volumes of gastrointestinal excretion lost more Se. Se supplementation may be required in some patients receiving TPN.", "contents": "Selenium and total parenteral nutrition. Despite the increasing recognition of selenium (Se) as an essential trace element in man, little is known about its metabolism during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and the possible development of Se deficiency in high risk patients. From a general population known by its geographical location to have low Se blood levels, we studied a group of 23 surgical patients receiving TPN for at least one week. Whole blood Se levels were less than in the normal general population and, being some of the lowest observed in adult man, approached levels observed in animals with Se-responsive syndromes. Se continued to be lost predominantly in the urine although the Se content of the TPN fluids was very low (less than 0.6 micrograms/24 hr). Patients with excessive volumes of gastrointestinal excretion lost more Se. Se supplementation may be required in some patients receiving TPN.", "PMID": 113591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10789", "title": "Parenteral nutrition in patients with leukemia and non-Hodgkin malignant lymphoma under chemotherapy.", "content": "Because of a high incidence of weight loss and amyotrophy in patients with hematologic malignant diseases during induction therapy, an analysis of the metabolism of proteins was made in 14 patients, some of whom were receiving parenteral nutrition. Proteins, fibrinogen, amino acids in blood, and nitrogen and amino acids in urine showed hypercatabolism with a very negative nitrogen balance. This disorder is associated with a significant decrease in proteinemia and fibrinemia, which returns to normal during complete remission and in spite of continuation of the same chemotherapy. Total parenteral nutrition does not influence these metabolic disorders during this period. In 2 patients who received total parenteral hypernutrition (TPHN) that provided more calories and more nitrogen (4800 cal and 25 g nitrogen), nitrogen balance tended to zero despite high urinary nitrogen excretion; proteinemia and albuminemia remained normal. Here, TPHN was well tolerated, induced a compensatory hypercatabolism with a high quantity of calories and nitrogen and, thus, decreased morbidity risks during induction treatment by correcting the metabolic disorders; also, tolerance to chemotherapy was considerably improved.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition in patients with leukemia and non-Hodgkin malignant lymphoma under chemotherapy. Because of a high incidence of weight loss and amyotrophy in patients with hematologic malignant diseases during induction therapy, an analysis of the metabolism of proteins was made in 14 patients, some of whom were receiving parenteral nutrition. Proteins, fibrinogen, amino acids in blood, and nitrogen and amino acids in urine showed hypercatabolism with a very negative nitrogen balance. This disorder is associated with a significant decrease in proteinemia and fibrinemia, which returns to normal during complete remission and in spite of continuation of the same chemotherapy. Total parenteral nutrition does not influence these metabolic disorders during this period. In 2 patients who received total parenteral hypernutrition (TPHN) that provided more calories and more nitrogen (4800 cal and 25 g nitrogen), nitrogen balance tended to zero despite high urinary nitrogen excretion; proteinemia and albuminemia remained normal. Here, TPHN was well tolerated, induced a compensatory hypercatabolism with a high quantity of calories and nitrogen and, thus, decreased morbidity risks during induction treatment by correcting the metabolic disorders; also, tolerance to chemotherapy was considerably improved.", "PMID": 113593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10790", "title": "Urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine in patients receiving parenteral nutrition.", "content": "In an attempt to investigate the kinetics of the muscle protein during parenteral nutrition (PN) and surgical stress, the urinary output of 3-methylhistidine (3-Mehis) was measured in patients receiving PN, then the validity of urinary 3-Mehis excretion as an index for the patient's status of protein nutrition was examined. The amounts of 3-Mehis excreted in 24 hr urine in the 19 healthy males and 10 healthy females were 74.8 +/- 17.1 mg/day and 46.3 +/- 12.4 mg/day, respectively. The changes of daily urinary 3-Mehis output in 6 cases receiving PN for more than 4 weeks were also examined. The average urinary 3-Mehis excretion increased gradually during the course of PN, and by the third week was nearly twice as high as the level before PN. In a further study the influence of surgery upon the urinary excretion of 3-Mehis was examined in 9 patients. Finally, a comparison was made of the nutritional status before and 4 wks after PN in the 6 patients without surgical stress. Urinary 3-Mehis was found to be a good index of both the status of protein nutrition and the fluctuation of muscle protein catabolism.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. In an attempt to investigate the kinetics of the muscle protein during parenteral nutrition (PN) and surgical stress, the urinary output of 3-methylhistidine (3-Mehis) was measured in patients receiving PN, then the validity of urinary 3-Mehis excretion as an index for the patient's status of protein nutrition was examined. The amounts of 3-Mehis excreted in 24 hr urine in the 19 healthy males and 10 healthy females were 74.8 +/- 17.1 mg/day and 46.3 +/- 12.4 mg/day, respectively. The changes of daily urinary 3-Mehis output in 6 cases receiving PN for more than 4 weeks were also examined. The average urinary 3-Mehis excretion increased gradually during the course of PN, and by the third week was nearly twice as high as the level before PN. In a further study the influence of surgery upon the urinary excretion of 3-Mehis was examined in 9 patients. Finally, a comparison was made of the nutritional status before and 4 wks after PN in the 6 patients without surgical stress. Urinary 3-Mehis was found to be a good index of both the status of protein nutrition and the fluctuation of muscle protein catabolism.", "PMID": 113594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10791", "title": "Sphingomyelin storage in a patient with myoclonus epilepsy as a main clinical symptom -- a varient in Niemann-Pick disease type C.", "content": "A patient with myoclonus epilepsy as a main clinical symptom was histopathologically diagnosed as a generalized sphingolipidosis. It was found that both sphingomyelin and globoside I fairly increased in kidney, heart, lung and liver. While, only sphingomyelin was found to increase in cerebral gray and white matters and cerebellum, but other lipids were within the normal range. Sphingomyelin accounted for 22% of the total phospholipids especially in cerebellum. No cholesterol ester and ganglioside GM2 or asialo GM2 were in particular found in the brain. Fatty acid compositions of phospholipids, glycosphingolipids and gangliosides were found to be normal. Judging from the sphingomyelin storage not only in visceral organs but also in brain tissues, it was proposed that this disease might be a variant in Niemann-Pick disease Type C, although an enzymatic assay of sphingomyelinase still remains.", "contents": "Sphingomyelin storage in a patient with myoclonus epilepsy as a main clinical symptom -- a varient in Niemann-Pick disease type C. A patient with myoclonus epilepsy as a main clinical symptom was histopathologically diagnosed as a generalized sphingolipidosis. It was found that both sphingomyelin and globoside I fairly increased in kidney, heart, lung and liver. While, only sphingomyelin was found to increase in cerebral gray and white matters and cerebellum, but other lipids were within the normal range. Sphingomyelin accounted for 22% of the total phospholipids especially in cerebellum. No cholesterol ester and ganglioside GM2 or asialo GM2 were in particular found in the brain. Fatty acid compositions of phospholipids, glycosphingolipids and gangliosides were found to be normal. Judging from the sphingomyelin storage not only in visceral organs but also in brain tissues, it was proposed that this disease might be a variant in Niemann-Pick disease Type C, although an enzymatic assay of sphingomyelinase still remains.", "PMID": 113605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10792", "title": "Preclinical pharmacology of saralasin.", "content": "Saralasin is a highly soluble and stable AII antagonist with a relatively short half-life; therefore, its effects are rapidly reversible when administered i.v. Acute and subacute studies have shown only transient toxicosis with no significant pathology or teratology. Saralasin's angiotensin receptor affinity has been correlated with its biologic acitivity. Observations from the pharmacodynamic investigations have shown that saralasin is a specific competitive antagonist of the vascular, renal, adrenal, cardiac, and central nervous system actions of AII. In addition, these studies further support the utility of saralasin as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent for patients whose hypertension is due directly to AII.", "contents": "Preclinical pharmacology of saralasin. Saralasin is a highly soluble and stable AII antagonist with a relatively short half-life; therefore, its effects are rapidly reversible when administered i.v. Acute and subacute studies have shown only transient toxicosis with no significant pathology or teratology. Saralasin's angiotensin receptor affinity has been correlated with its biologic acitivity. Observations from the pharmacodynamic investigations have shown that saralasin is a specific competitive antagonist of the vascular, renal, adrenal, cardiac, and central nervous system actions of AII. In addition, these studies further support the utility of saralasin as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent for patients whose hypertension is due directly to AII.", "PMID": 113608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10793", "title": "[Indications for antibiotic long term treatment of chronic and recurring bronchitis].", "content": "The formerly used long-term therapy with antibiotics in chronic bronchitis in adulthood has been nearly completely replaced by an intermittent treatment of the single attack. Therefore it seems necessary to check the appropriateness and the indications for an antibiotic long-term therapy in childhood. In the light of the greater importance of viral and bacteriological infections of the airways in children and in the light of the frequency of confirmed malformations of the tracheobronchial tree the further appropriateness for an antibiotic long-term therapy after a thorough bronchological examination is established. Also firstly established bronchiectases or severe cases of deforming bronchitis initially mostly require such a long-term treatment. Among the cases of a specialized dispensary care for chronic and recurrent bronchopulmonary diseases such an antibiotic long-term therapy is indicated in nearly 8 to 10 per cent of all patients.", "contents": "[Indications for antibiotic long term treatment of chronic and recurring bronchitis]. The formerly used long-term therapy with antibiotics in chronic bronchitis in adulthood has been nearly completely replaced by an intermittent treatment of the single attack. Therefore it seems necessary to check the appropriateness and the indications for an antibiotic long-term therapy in childhood. In the light of the greater importance of viral and bacteriological infections of the airways in children and in the light of the frequency of confirmed malformations of the tracheobronchial tree the further appropriateness for an antibiotic long-term therapy after a thorough bronchological examination is established. Also firstly established bronchiectases or severe cases of deforming bronchitis initially mostly require such a long-term treatment. Among the cases of a specialized dispensary care for chronic and recurrent bronchopulmonary diseases such an antibiotic long-term therapy is indicated in nearly 8 to 10 per cent of all patients.", "PMID": 113609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10794", "title": "[Electroophthalmological characteristics in ischemic retinopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "In the ERG the b-wave and the oscillatory potentials are reduced or nonrecordable in ischemic retinopathy. The photopic b-wave appeared to be more sensitive than the scotopic b-wave. In the EOG the slow oscillation is reduced. These clinical observations are in accordance with the results of experimental studies in rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "[Electroophthalmological characteristics in ischemic retinopathy (author's transl)]. In the ERG the b-wave and the oscillatory potentials are reduced or nonrecordable in ischemic retinopathy. The photopic b-wave appeared to be more sensitive than the scotopic b-wave. In the EOG the slow oscillation is reduced. These clinical observations are in accordance with the results of experimental studies in rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 113610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10795", "title": "[An epidemic of pseudomonas keratitis due to permanent-wear contact lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1977 thirty-three patients (35 eyes) with permanent-wear contact lenses presented with keratitis in varying degrees of severity. Among the nine cases investigated bacteriologically (including some contact lenses) three showed no organisms, while six were found to have pseudomonas aeruginosa. The contact lenses all came from the same optician, where shortly beforehand the patients had had their lenses either replaced or checked. The inspection of the optical establishment revealed faultless application of steril technique. Nevertheless it must be assumed that contamination of the lenses had had occurred there.", "contents": "[An epidemic of pseudomonas keratitis due to permanent-wear contact lenses (author's transl)]. In 1977 thirty-three patients (35 eyes) with permanent-wear contact lenses presented with keratitis in varying degrees of severity. Among the nine cases investigated bacteriologically (including some contact lenses) three showed no organisms, while six were found to have pseudomonas aeruginosa. The contact lenses all came from the same optician, where shortly beforehand the patients had had their lenses either replaced or checked. The inspection of the optical establishment revealed faultless application of steril technique. Nevertheless it must be assumed that contamination of the lenses had had occurred there.", "PMID": 113611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10796", "title": "Ultrastructure of normal monkey liver.", "content": "The normal ultrastructure of the liver of rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys is described. A classification of type A and B periportal hepatocytes is introduced together with a discussion of the high incidence of mitochondrial abnormalities. It is suggested that the rhesus monkey is more suitable as an experimental model than the cynomolgus since its liver ultrastructure is less variable.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of normal monkey liver. The normal ultrastructure of the liver of rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys is described. A classification of type A and B periportal hepatocytes is introduced together with a discussion of the high incidence of mitochondrial abnormalities. It is suggested that the rhesus monkey is more suitable as an experimental model than the cynomolgus since its liver ultrastructure is less variable.", "PMID": 113618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10797", "title": "'Collaborative' rearing of marmoset triplets.", "content": "A system of management is described in which all 3 offspring from triplet births to Callithrix jacchus can be successfully reared to weaning. Hand-rearing techniques are applied to the offspring in turn without depriving them of the maternal and family influences necessary for normal behavioural development.", "contents": "'Collaborative' rearing of marmoset triplets. A system of management is described in which all 3 offspring from triplet births to Callithrix jacchus can be successfully reared to weaning. Hand-rearing techniques are applied to the offspring in turn without depriving them of the maternal and family influences necessary for normal behavioural development.", "PMID": 113619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10798", "title": "Bacterial growth in ampholytic disinfectant solutions.", "content": "Large numbers of live bacteria were isolated from solutions of 2 ampholytic disinfectants supplied from a built-in predosing system. They were resistant to and proliferated in these disinfectants. Bacteria were eradicated by employing a 3rd type of ampholytic disinfectant in the system.", "contents": "Bacterial growth in ampholytic disinfectant solutions. Large numbers of live bacteria were isolated from solutions of 2 ampholytic disinfectants supplied from a built-in predosing system. They were resistant to and proliferated in these disinfectants. Bacteria were eradicated by employing a 3rd type of ampholytic disinfectant in the system.", "PMID": 113620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10799", "title": "Dietary habits relating to 'wasting marmoset syndrome' (WMS).", "content": "The syndrome is a condition of poor weight gain and weakness. Changed eating habits of animals suffering from it lead to consumption of a poorly-balanced diet. By softening the diet and avoiding less nutritious foods, the eating habits can be improved and the syndrome halted. Particular attention should be paid to the palatibility of high-protein foods when weaning marmosets.", "contents": "Dietary habits relating to 'wasting marmoset syndrome' (WMS). The syndrome is a condition of poor weight gain and weakness. Changed eating habits of animals suffering from it lead to consumption of a poorly-balanced diet. By softening the diet and avoiding less nutritious foods, the eating habits can be improved and the syndrome halted. Particular attention should be paid to the palatibility of high-protein foods when weaning marmosets.", "PMID": 113621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10800", "title": "Short-term effects of aflatoxin B1 on serum lipids in subhuman primates.", "content": "Aflatoxin B1 significantly depressed serum lipid levels in specimens of Cercopithecus aethiops, Cercopithecus mona, Erythrocebus patas and Papio anubis. Serum cholesterol, total phospholipids and total lipids were not affected to the same extent.", "contents": "Short-term effects of aflatoxin B1 on serum lipids in subhuman primates. Aflatoxin B1 significantly depressed serum lipid levels in specimens of Cercopithecus aethiops, Cercopithecus mona, Erythrocebus patas and Papio anubis. Serum cholesterol, total phospholipids and total lipids were not affected to the same extent.", "PMID": 113622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10801", "title": "Ultrastructure of rhesus monkey renomedullary interstitial cells.", "content": "The fine structure of rhesus monkey renomedullary interstitial cells was studied by electron microscopy. These stellate cells contained variable numbers of lipid droplets, moderate numbers of mitochondria, moderate amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and prominent Golgi zones. In rare instances, apparent release of lipid droplets into the interstitium was observed. The most prominent feature of the interstitial cells was larger nuclear pseudoinclusions which were observed in a high proportion of the animals examined.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of rhesus monkey renomedullary interstitial cells. The fine structure of rhesus monkey renomedullary interstitial cells was studied by electron microscopy. These stellate cells contained variable numbers of lipid droplets, moderate numbers of mitochondria, moderate amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and prominent Golgi zones. In rare instances, apparent release of lipid droplets into the interstitium was observed. The most prominent feature of the interstitial cells was larger nuclear pseudoinclusions which were observed in a high proportion of the animals examined.", "PMID": 113623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10802", "title": "Normal values for some whole blood and serum components of grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).", "content": "Normal values for a number of blood components of grivet monkeys are reported. Haematological data and values for glucose, cholesterol and urea are similar to those of rhesus monkeys. Activities of alkaline phosphatase (1526 U/l), glutamine oxaloacetate transaminase (30.9 U/l), glutamine pyruvate transaminase (13.7 U/l), lactate dehydrogenase (629 U/l), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (175 U/l), creatine phosphokinase (227 U/l), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (38.7 U/l) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (14.2 U/l), and levels of lysozyme (178 mg/dl), zinc (162 microgram/dl), copper (81.3 microgram/dl) and iron (296.5 microgram/dl) have not previously been reported for this animal. Values for serum amino acids, proteins, electrolytes, triglycerides and creatinine are compared with those of other primates.", "contents": "Normal values for some whole blood and serum components of grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Normal values for a number of blood components of grivet monkeys are reported. Haematological data and values for glucose, cholesterol and urea are similar to those of rhesus monkeys. Activities of alkaline phosphatase (1526 U/l), glutamine oxaloacetate transaminase (30.9 U/l), glutamine pyruvate transaminase (13.7 U/l), lactate dehydrogenase (629 U/l), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (175 U/l), creatine phosphokinase (227 U/l), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (38.7 U/l) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (14.2 U/l), and levels of lysozyme (178 mg/dl), zinc (162 microgram/dl), copper (81.3 microgram/dl) and iron (296.5 microgram/dl) have not previously been reported for this animal. Values for serum amino acids, proteins, electrolytes, triglycerides and creatinine are compared with those of other primates.", "PMID": 113624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10803", "title": "Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of primary esophageal malignant melanoma diagnosed at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center are reported. One patient who received 3800 rads and had subsequent surgery lived for 18 months. The other had surgery and subsequent chemotherapy and is still alive three years later. Forty other cases reported in the literature are briefly analyzed.", "contents": "Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus: report of two cases. Two cases of primary esophageal malignant melanoma diagnosed at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center are reported. One patient who received 3800 rads and had subsequent surgery lived for 18 months. The other had surgery and subsequent chemotherapy and is still alive three years later. Forty other cases reported in the literature are briefly analyzed.", "PMID": 113625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10804", "title": "Randomized study of local control and survival following radical surgery or radiation therapy in oral and laryngeal carcinomas.", "content": "From 1971 to 1975, 100 patients with glottic, supraglottic, and oral cavity lesions were prospectively randomized between primary radiation treatment and primary surgery. Local control and survival were similar with either treatment for lesions of the oral cavity or supraglottic larynx. Comparison between radiation alone and surgery alone for T1 and T2 glottic laryngeal lesions showed local control rates of 76% and 100% (P=0.32); after secondary salvage attempts, local control rates were 82% and 100%, respectively (P= 0.52). Neither result approached statistical significance. Successful radiation for early glottic larynx lesions resulted in superior deglutition and equivalent voice function compared to successful primary treatment with conservation laryngectomy. For oral cavity lesions, swallowing was impaired in the same percentage of radiated and operated patients, but fewer primary radiation patients had articulation difficulties. Among the patients with supraglottic larynx lesions, aspiration was not a problem with either radiation or surgery, but successful radiation perhaps maintained a slightly better voice quality.", "contents": "Randomized study of local control and survival following radical surgery or radiation therapy in oral and laryngeal carcinomas. From 1971 to 1975, 100 patients with glottic, supraglottic, and oral cavity lesions were prospectively randomized between primary radiation treatment and primary surgery. Local control and survival were similar with either treatment for lesions of the oral cavity or supraglottic larynx. Comparison between radiation alone and surgery alone for T1 and T2 glottic laryngeal lesions showed local control rates of 76% and 100% (P=0.32); after secondary salvage attempts, local control rates were 82% and 100%, respectively (P= 0.52). Neither result approached statistical significance. Successful radiation for early glottic larynx lesions resulted in superior deglutition and equivalent voice function compared to successful primary treatment with conservation laryngectomy. For oral cavity lesions, swallowing was impaired in the same percentage of radiated and operated patients, but fewer primary radiation patients had articulation difficulties. Among the patients with supraglottic larynx lesions, aspiration was not a problem with either radiation or surgery, but successful radiation perhaps maintained a slightly better voice quality.", "PMID": 113626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10805", "title": "Randomized study of control of the primary tumor and survival using preoperative radiation, radiation alone, or surgery alone in head and neck carcinomas.", "content": "Fifty-five selected patients with previously untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck regions were studied in a randomized, prospective manner. The three treatment categories were primary radiation (Gp R), primary surgery (Gp S), and preoperative radiation of 4000 rads in four weeks (Gp R/S). The local control rates for the 44 evaluable patients with a two-year minimum followup were 24%, 39%, and 43% respectively. Further treatment attempts in patients failing initial therapy yielded local control rates of 35%, 39%, and 43% for Gp R, Gp S, and Gp R/S, respectively. None of the local control rates nor the corresponding survival curves were significantly different at P less than 0.10. However, the group sizes were sufficiently small that true differences might not have been detected. Postoperative complications were higher in the primary radiation failures subsequently operated upon compared to the primary surgery group (P = 0.07).", "contents": "Randomized study of control of the primary tumor and survival using preoperative radiation, radiation alone, or surgery alone in head and neck carcinomas. Fifty-five selected patients with previously untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck regions were studied in a randomized, prospective manner. The three treatment categories were primary radiation (Gp R), primary surgery (Gp S), and preoperative radiation of 4000 rads in four weeks (Gp R/S). The local control rates for the 44 evaluable patients with a two-year minimum followup were 24%, 39%, and 43% respectively. Further treatment attempts in patients failing initial therapy yielded local control rates of 35%, 39%, and 43% for Gp R, Gp S, and Gp R/S, respectively. None of the local control rates nor the corresponding survival curves were significantly different at P less than 0.10. However, the group sizes were sufficiently small that true differences might not have been detected. Postoperative complications were higher in the primary radiation failures subsequently operated upon compared to the primary surgery group (P = 0.07).", "PMID": 113627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10806", "title": "Right atrial ball-valve thrombus: a complication of central venous alimentation in an infant. Diagnosis and successful surgical management of a case.", "content": "The following is a case report of a 6-week-old premature infant in whom a ball-valve thrombus developed after prolonged central venous alimentation. Clinical presentation included facial edema, cyanotic episodes, and apnea. No murmur was present, but the diagnosis was suspected when a calcified right atrial mass became apparent on the plain chest film. The diagnosis was confirmed by echocardiography and then venous and cardiac angiography. The calcified thrombus was removed successfully from the right atrium by use of profound hypothermia with ether anesthesia and total circulatory arrest. Subsequently, the patient made an uneventful recovery and is healthy 3 years postoperatively.", "contents": "Right atrial ball-valve thrombus: a complication of central venous alimentation in an infant. Diagnosis and successful surgical management of a case. The following is a case report of a 6-week-old premature infant in whom a ball-valve thrombus developed after prolonged central venous alimentation. Clinical presentation included facial edema, cyanotic episodes, and apnea. No murmur was present, but the diagnosis was suspected when a calcified right atrial mass became apparent on the plain chest film. The diagnosis was confirmed by echocardiography and then venous and cardiac angiography. The calcified thrombus was removed successfully from the right atrium by use of profound hypothermia with ether anesthesia and total circulatory arrest. Subsequently, the patient made an uneventful recovery and is healthy 3 years postoperatively.", "PMID": 113629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10807", "title": "Variant angina. Clinical spectrum and results of medical and surgical therapy.", "content": "Fifty-four patients with variant angina are described. They are divided into patients without hemodynamically (less than 50%) important coronary artery lesions (Group 1), patients with intermediate (greater than or equal to 50% and less than 90%) fixed obstruction (Group 2A), and patients with high grade (greater than or equal to 90%) fixed obstruction (Group 2B). Inferior ischemia occurred significantly more often in Group 1 (90% versus 33%. p less than 0.001), and exertional angina was more frequent in Group 2 (70% versus 36%, p less than 0.05). Maximum medical therapy with propranolol and nitrates failed to control angina in 55% of Group 1, 69% of Group 2A, and 63% of Group 2B. Twelve patients underwent intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP), and in 10 there was complete control of variant angina. A total of 35 Group I patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), with a 2.9% mortality rate in patients without preoperative cardiogenic shock. Of these patients, 55% in Group 2A and 73% in Group 2B experienced marked improvement in their angina status. Therefore, we currently recommend bypass grafting for medically intractable variant angina in those patients with severely stenotic, fixed atherosclerotic lesions.", "contents": "Variant angina. Clinical spectrum and results of medical and surgical therapy. Fifty-four patients with variant angina are described. They are divided into patients without hemodynamically (less than 50%) important coronary artery lesions (Group 1), patients with intermediate (greater than or equal to 50% and less than 90%) fixed obstruction (Group 2A), and patients with high grade (greater than or equal to 90%) fixed obstruction (Group 2B). Inferior ischemia occurred significantly more often in Group 1 (90% versus 33%. p less than 0.001), and exertional angina was more frequent in Group 2 (70% versus 36%, p less than 0.05). Maximum medical therapy with propranolol and nitrates failed to control angina in 55% of Group 1, 69% of Group 2A, and 63% of Group 2B. Twelve patients underwent intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP), and in 10 there was complete control of variant angina. A total of 35 Group I patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), with a 2.9% mortality rate in patients without preoperative cardiogenic shock. Of these patients, 55% in Group 2A and 73% in Group 2B experienced marked improvement in their angina status. Therefore, we currently recommend bypass grafting for medically intractable variant angina in those patients with severely stenotic, fixed atherosclerotic lesions.", "PMID": 113630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10808", "title": "Comparing the medical utilization and expenditures of low income health plan enrollees with Medicaid recipients and with low income enrollees having Medicaid eligibility.", "content": "The study examines the medical care (hospital, physician, drug, diagnostic) utilization and expenditures of low income persons enrolled in a prepaid health plan with a matched group of Medicaid recipients. The study also examines the medical care utilization of low income persons enrolled in a prepaid health plan with a similar group of low income persons enrolled in the health plan but also eligible for Medicaid benefits. Utilization and population-at-risk data were obtained from the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program of Portland, Oregon and from the State of Oregon Welfare Division. A hypothesis of lower hospital utilization by low income enrollees compared with Medicaid recipients was accepted. A hypothesis of higher ambulatory care utilization was accepted for diagnostic procedures and prescription use, but rejected for office visit utilization. An analysis of the findings appeared to implicate the Medicaid program for differences observed. The hypotheses of no significant differences in inpatient and ambulatory medical care utilization of low income health plan enrollees with and without Medicaid eligibility were generally rejected. Low income enrollees with concurrent Medicaid had consistently higher utilization rates for all services resulting in substantially higher medical care expenditures per person. The findings appear to contribute some useful information to planning or establishing policy for Medicaid Prepayment programs or other programs enrolling low income persons in prepaid health plans or HMOs.", "contents": "Comparing the medical utilization and expenditures of low income health plan enrollees with Medicaid recipients and with low income enrollees having Medicaid eligibility. The study examines the medical care (hospital, physician, drug, diagnostic) utilization and expenditures of low income persons enrolled in a prepaid health plan with a matched group of Medicaid recipients. The study also examines the medical care utilization of low income persons enrolled in a prepaid health plan with a similar group of low income persons enrolled in the health plan but also eligible for Medicaid benefits. Utilization and population-at-risk data were obtained from the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program of Portland, Oregon and from the State of Oregon Welfare Division. A hypothesis of lower hospital utilization by low income enrollees compared with Medicaid recipients was accepted. A hypothesis of higher ambulatory care utilization was accepted for diagnostic procedures and prescription use, but rejected for office visit utilization. An analysis of the findings appeared to implicate the Medicaid program for differences observed. The hypotheses of no significant differences in inpatient and ambulatory medical care utilization of low income health plan enrollees with and without Medicaid eligibility were generally rejected. Low income enrollees with concurrent Medicaid had consistently higher utilization rates for all services resulting in substantially higher medical care expenditures per person. The findings appear to contribute some useful information to planning or establishing policy for Medicaid Prepayment programs or other programs enrolling low income persons in prepaid health plans or HMOs.", "PMID": 113632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10809", "title": "[Calorie requirement after major abdominal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "After major abdominal surgery 32 patients received a parenteral nutrition for 6 days with 360 g of a carbohydrate mixture (levulose:glucose:xylitol = 2:1:1) and 100 g of an L-amino acid mixture/24 h. 16 patients with benign disease showed positive nitrogen balances, 16 patients with malignant diseases balanced or slightly negative nitrogen balances. Postoperatively, blood glucose levels did not require insulin. Less than 1.5% of the infused levulose, 2.0% of glucose and 2.4-4.1% of xylitol were found in urine. C3- and C4- complement levels in serum were below normal, transferrin showed a pathological decrease in carcinoma patients.", "contents": "[Calorie requirement after major abdominal surgery (author's transl)]. After major abdominal surgery 32 patients received a parenteral nutrition for 6 days with 360 g of a carbohydrate mixture (levulose:glucose:xylitol = 2:1:1) and 100 g of an L-amino acid mixture/24 h. 16 patients with benign disease showed positive nitrogen balances, 16 patients with malignant diseases balanced or slightly negative nitrogen balances. Postoperatively, blood glucose levels did not require insulin. Less than 1.5% of the infused levulose, 2.0% of glucose and 2.4-4.1% of xylitol were found in urine. C3- and C4- complement levels in serum were below normal, transferrin showed a pathological decrease in carcinoma patients.", "PMID": 113634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10810", "title": "Heat shock induced phenocopies of dominant mutants of the bithorax complex in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Heat shock of 37 degrees C applied to Drosophila embryos at blastoderm stage induces phenocopies of some dominant mutants of the bithorax complex. Heat shock might shut down functions of cis regulator genes involved in embryonic pattern formation.", "contents": "Heat shock induced phenocopies of dominant mutants of the bithorax complex in Drosophila melanogaster. Heat shock of 37 degrees C applied to Drosophila embryos at blastoderm stage induces phenocopies of some dominant mutants of the bithorax complex. Heat shock might shut down functions of cis regulator genes involved in embryonic pattern formation.", "PMID": 113643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10811", "title": "The nature of transcription selectivity of bacteriophage SPO1-modified RNA polymerase.", "content": "Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase have almost identical transcription specificities on bacteriophage SPO1 DNA when assayed in a coupled transcription-translation cell free system. SPO1-modified B. subtilis RNA polymerase has altered transcription specificity. It is shown that rifampicin-inhibited E. coli RNA polymerase can completely block transcription of SPO1 DNA by rifampicin resistant B. subtilis enzyme, whereas it has no effect on transcription by SPO1-modified B. subtilis RNA polymerase. We conclude that the new transcription by SPO1-modified RNA polymerase results from newly recognized promoters, rather than by elongation of transcripts which could also be made by B. subtilis vegetative RNA polymerase.", "contents": "The nature of transcription selectivity of bacteriophage SPO1-modified RNA polymerase. Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase have almost identical transcription specificities on bacteriophage SPO1 DNA when assayed in a coupled transcription-translation cell free system. SPO1-modified B. subtilis RNA polymerase has altered transcription specificity. It is shown that rifampicin-inhibited E. coli RNA polymerase can completely block transcription of SPO1 DNA by rifampicin resistant B. subtilis enzyme, whereas it has no effect on transcription by SPO1-modified B. subtilis RNA polymerase. We conclude that the new transcription by SPO1-modified RNA polymerase results from newly recognized promoters, rather than by elongation of transcripts which could also be made by B. subtilis vegetative RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 113644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10812", "title": "Sigma factor is not released during transcription in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The relationship between sigma (sigma) and delta (delta) factors of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase has been analyzed during initiation of RNA synthesis. When core enzyme (E) containing delta factor (E delta) binds to DNA, the delta factor is released with the formation of an E-DNA complex. The addition of sigma to the E-DNA complex results in the formation of a stable E sigma-DNA complex which can synthesize RNA upon addition of nucleoside triphosphates. Sigma factor, significantly, is not released from the core during RNA synthesis. These results suggest that delta and sigma factors can act sequentially during initiation of RNA synthesis with delta acting as a DNA recognition factor and sigma acting as an initiation factor. The results do not preclude the possibility that E sigma can initiate RNA synthesis correctly since E sigma alone can bind to DNA and initiate RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Sigma factor is not released during transcription in Bacillus subtilis. The relationship between sigma (sigma) and delta (delta) factors of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase has been analyzed during initiation of RNA synthesis. When core enzyme (E) containing delta factor (E delta) binds to DNA, the delta factor is released with the formation of an E-DNA complex. The addition of sigma to the E-DNA complex results in the formation of a stable E sigma-DNA complex which can synthesize RNA upon addition of nucleoside triphosphates. Sigma factor, significantly, is not released from the core during RNA synthesis. These results suggest that delta and sigma factors can act sequentially during initiation of RNA synthesis with delta acting as a DNA recognition factor and sigma acting as an initiation factor. The results do not preclude the possibility that E sigma can initiate RNA synthesis correctly since E sigma alone can bind to DNA and initiate RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 113645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10813", "title": "Different specific activities of the monomeric and oligomeric forms of plasmid DNA in transformation of B. subtilis and E. coli.", "content": "(1) The low residual transforming activity in preparations of monomeric, supercoiled, circular (CCC) forms of the plasmids pC194 and pHV14 could be attributed to the presence in such isolates of a small number of contaminating multimeric molecules. (2) E. coli derived preparations of pHV14, as in vitro recombinant plasmid capable of replication in both E. coli and B. subtilis, contain oligomeric forms of plasmid DNA in addition to the prevalent monomeric CCC form. The specific transforming activity of pHV14 DNA for E. coli is independent of the degree of oligomerization, whereas in transformation of B. subtilis the specific activity of the purified monomeric CCC molecules is at least four orders of magnitude less than that of the unfractionated preparation. (3) Oligomerization of linearized pHV14 DNA by T4 ligase results in a substantial increase of specific transforming activity when assayed with B. subtilis and causes a decrease when used to transform E. coli.", "contents": "Different specific activities of the monomeric and oligomeric forms of plasmid DNA in transformation of B. subtilis and E. coli. (1) The low residual transforming activity in preparations of monomeric, supercoiled, circular (CCC) forms of the plasmids pC194 and pHV14 could be attributed to the presence in such isolates of a small number of contaminating multimeric molecules. (2) E. coli derived preparations of pHV14, as in vitro recombinant plasmid capable of replication in both E. coli and B. subtilis, contain oligomeric forms of plasmid DNA in addition to the prevalent monomeric CCC form. The specific transforming activity of pHV14 DNA for E. coli is independent of the degree of oligomerization, whereas in transformation of B. subtilis the specific activity of the purified monomeric CCC molecules is at least four orders of magnitude less than that of the unfractionated preparation. (3) Oligomerization of linearized pHV14 DNA by T4 ligase results in a substantial increase of specific transforming activity when assayed with B. subtilis and causes a decrease when used to transform E. coli.", "PMID": 113646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10814", "title": "Cytogenetic localisation of the purine 1 and guanosine 1 loci of Drosophila melanogaster; the purine 1 locus specifies a vital function.", "content": "Three auxotrophic mutants at two loci (pur 1 and gua 1) apparently involved in purine metabolism were mapped cytologically to region 9E1-9E3 on the X-chromosome of Drosophila. Because mutants of pur 1 behaved as semi-lethals against deficiencies even on permissive medium, it appears that the pur 1 locus is vital to the fly and its auxotrophic mutants are hypomorphs.", "contents": "Cytogenetic localisation of the purine 1 and guanosine 1 loci of Drosophila melanogaster; the purine 1 locus specifies a vital function. Three auxotrophic mutants at two loci (pur 1 and gua 1) apparently involved in purine metabolism were mapped cytologically to region 9E1-9E3 on the X-chromosome of Drosophila. Because mutants of pur 1 behaved as semi-lethals against deficiencies even on permissive medium, it appears that the pur 1 locus is vital to the fly and its auxotrophic mutants are hypomorphs.", "PMID": 113647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10815", "title": "Mapping the uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase locus in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The gene hemD taking part in the formation of uroporphyrinogen III from porphobilinogen was mapped by two- and three-factor transduction crosses in Bacillus subtilis. This gene codes uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase. The gene hemD is linked to the hemA locus and is located between the hemA and pheA loci.", "contents": "Mapping the uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase locus in Bacillus subtilis. The gene hemD taking part in the formation of uroporphyrinogen III from porphobilinogen was mapped by two- and three-factor transduction crosses in Bacillus subtilis. This gene codes uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase. The gene hemD is linked to the hemA locus and is located between the hemA and pheA loci.", "PMID": 113648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10816", "title": "Lysosomal enzymes and microbicidal capacity of activated macrophage.", "content": "A relation was sought between acid phosphatase contents and the presence of tubercle bacilli inside the peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of normal guinea pigs and those immunized with BCG. This was done to investigate the role lysosomal enzymes play in the microbicidal capacity of the cell. In both normal and immune animals tubercle bacilli were present only in those PEC that contained acid phosphatase. Cells without acid phosphatase did not contain bacilli. Thus, only activated cells ingested bacilli. Under the conditions of these experiments, macrophage activation, as indicated by the presence of acid phosphatase, was not related to the immune status of the animal. Similarly, stimulation by ingestion of tubercle bacilli was not significant. Also, the number of acid phosphatase grains/cell did not influence the number of bacilli/cell. Thus, the acid phosphatase content of the cell did not correlate with the number of bacilli inside the cell. It was concluded that acid phosphatase may not be one of the factors that contribute to the microbicidal capacity of the cell.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzymes and microbicidal capacity of activated macrophage. A relation was sought between acid phosphatase contents and the presence of tubercle bacilli inside the peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of normal guinea pigs and those immunized with BCG. This was done to investigate the role lysosomal enzymes play in the microbicidal capacity of the cell. In both normal and immune animals tubercle bacilli were present only in those PEC that contained acid phosphatase. Cells without acid phosphatase did not contain bacilli. Thus, only activated cells ingested bacilli. Under the conditions of these experiments, macrophage activation, as indicated by the presence of acid phosphatase, was not related to the immune status of the animal. Similarly, stimulation by ingestion of tubercle bacilli was not significant. Also, the number of acid phosphatase grains/cell did not influence the number of bacilli/cell. Thus, the acid phosphatase content of the cell did not correlate with the number of bacilli inside the cell. It was concluded that acid phosphatase may not be one of the factors that contribute to the microbicidal capacity of the cell.", "PMID": 113649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10817", "title": "Mycobacterium leprae and phenoloxidase activity.", "content": "Our earlier studies indicated that the enzyme o-diphenoloxidase was absent in Mycobacterium leprae separated from depromatous human tissues. At that time the bacilli were not available from any other source. The existence or absence of this enzyme in M. leprae recovered from infected armadillo tissues were reinvestigated. The intact cells which were metabolically active, failed to oxidize DOPA. Likewise, DOPA and its derivatives were not oxidized by the enzymatically active cell-free preparations from M. leprae. Upon incubation of DOPA for more than 2 h with whole cell suspensions or particulate fractions, there was no development of colour with an absorption maximum of 540 nm as has been reported for an intermediate of DOPA oxidation. However, DOPA and several phenolic compounds were very actively oxidized by mushroom tyrosinase. The results suggested that M. leprae is deficient in o-diphenoloxidase, and this enzyme is not an intrinsic characteristic of this mycobacterium.", "contents": "Mycobacterium leprae and phenoloxidase activity. Our earlier studies indicated that the enzyme o-diphenoloxidase was absent in Mycobacterium leprae separated from depromatous human tissues. At that time the bacilli were not available from any other source. The existence or absence of this enzyme in M. leprae recovered from infected armadillo tissues were reinvestigated. The intact cells which were metabolically active, failed to oxidize DOPA. Likewise, DOPA and its derivatives were not oxidized by the enzymatically active cell-free preparations from M. leprae. Upon incubation of DOPA for more than 2 h with whole cell suspensions or particulate fractions, there was no development of colour with an absorption maximum of 540 nm as has been reported for an intermediate of DOPA oxidation. However, DOPA and several phenolic compounds were very actively oxidized by mushroom tyrosinase. The results suggested that M. leprae is deficient in o-diphenoloxidase, and this enzyme is not an intrinsic characteristic of this mycobacterium.", "PMID": 113650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10818", "title": "[Ultrafine structure of Lpp-1 cyanophage-infected Plectonema boryanum cells].", "content": "The interaction of the cyanophage Lpp-1 with the trychomous blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum was studied. The stage of formation and maturation of phage particles was found to be preceded with the production of the DNA-phage pool similar in its morphology with that in trychomous bacteria of the order Caryophanales. Phagolysis of Pl. boryanum cells infected with the phage involved, apart from typical changes in the cytoplast, some distortion in the structure of young, unfinished partitions.", "contents": "[Ultrafine structure of Lpp-1 cyanophage-infected Plectonema boryanum cells]. The interaction of the cyanophage Lpp-1 with the trychomous blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum was studied. The stage of formation and maturation of phage particles was found to be preceded with the production of the DNA-phage pool similar in its morphology with that in trychomous bacteria of the order Caryophanales. Phagolysis of Pl. boryanum cells infected with the phage involved, apart from typical changes in the cytoplast, some distortion in the structure of young, unfinished partitions.", "PMID": 113652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10819", "title": "[Effect of lysozyme, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, magnesium and mannittol on spheroplast formation in Anacystis nidulans].", "content": "Three periods (the lag period and periods of intensive and decelerated spheroplast formation) can be detected in the action of lysozyme on the cells of Anacystis nidulans; this seems to be due to peculiarities in the cell wall structure of the cyanobacterium and heterogeneity of the culture. EDTA at concentrations of 0.175--0.7 mM has effect on the duration of the lag period but increases the rate of spheroplast formation during the subsequent periods. However, the action of EDTA in complex with lysozyme for 3 hours causes lysis of some of the spheroplasts being formed. The concentration of mannitol below 0.4 M decreases the yield of spheroplasts. The level of intact spheroplasts prepared from A. nidulans suggests that at least part of them is capable of reversing into whole cells.", "contents": "[Effect of lysozyme, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, magnesium and mannittol on spheroplast formation in Anacystis nidulans]. Three periods (the lag period and periods of intensive and decelerated spheroplast formation) can be detected in the action of lysozyme on the cells of Anacystis nidulans; this seems to be due to peculiarities in the cell wall structure of the cyanobacterium and heterogeneity of the culture. EDTA at concentrations of 0.175--0.7 mM has effect on the duration of the lag period but increases the rate of spheroplast formation during the subsequent periods. However, the action of EDTA in complex with lysozyme for 3 hours causes lysis of some of the spheroplasts being formed. The concentration of mannitol below 0.4 M decreases the yield of spheroplasts. The level of intact spheroplasts prepared from A. nidulans suggests that at least part of them is capable of reversing into whole cells.", "PMID": 113653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10820", "title": "Physical factors affecting absorbed dose to the skin from cobalt-60 gamma rays and 25-MV x rays.", "content": "When there is an absence of scattering material adjacent to the skin on the exit side of a megavoltage beam the dose to the skin is less than would be calculated using depth dose tables or isodose distributions measured in \"semi-infinite\" phantoms. Ionization measurements using a thin-window parallel-plate chamber show that the dose at 4 mg/cm2 from the exit surface is 14% to 16% less for cobalt-60 gamma rays and about 8% less for 25-MV x rays compared to the dose with full backscatter. As the angle of incidence increases the skin dose increases due to radiation scattered toward the surface. A method for the calculation of skin doses from tangential therapy beams is described.", "contents": "Physical factors affecting absorbed dose to the skin from cobalt-60 gamma rays and 25-MV x rays. When there is an absence of scattering material adjacent to the skin on the exit side of a megavoltage beam the dose to the skin is less than would be calculated using depth dose tables or isodose distributions measured in \"semi-infinite\" phantoms. Ionization measurements using a thin-window parallel-plate chamber show that the dose at 4 mg/cm2 from the exit surface is 14% to 16% less for cobalt-60 gamma rays and about 8% less for 25-MV x rays compared to the dose with full backscatter. As the angle of incidence increases the skin dose increases due to radiation scattered toward the surface. A method for the calculation of skin doses from tangential therapy beams is described.", "PMID": 113655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10821", "title": "Electrons as the cause of the observed dmax shift with field size in high energy photon beams.", "content": "For megavoltage x-ray beams, it is well known that the percent depth-dose increases considerably with field size in the buildup region, resulting in a significant shift in the apparent position of maximum dose, dmax. The nature of this increase has been investigated using a sweeping magnet placed just below the treatment head of a 25-MV linac. Measurements show that for increasing magnetic fields the dose in the buildup region is continually reduced, until a point is reached beyond which no additional reduction is observed. Here the buildup curve is essentially field size independent. These results clearly show that electrons are the primary cause of dose increase with field size in the buildup region, in contrast to a recent publication claiming that scattered photons are the cause. Further measurements were made by blocking out the primary beam at the level of the jaws and measuring the depth dose of the scattered electrons originating from the jaws. The results show that a thickness of approximately 1 gcm-2, of either polystyrene or lead, reduces the dose by a factor of two, providing further evidence that the scattered component of the beam consists of low energy electrons.", "contents": "Electrons as the cause of the observed dmax shift with field size in high energy photon beams. For megavoltage x-ray beams, it is well known that the percent depth-dose increases considerably with field size in the buildup region, resulting in a significant shift in the apparent position of maximum dose, dmax. The nature of this increase has been investigated using a sweeping magnet placed just below the treatment head of a 25-MV linac. Measurements show that for increasing magnetic fields the dose in the buildup region is continually reduced, until a point is reached beyond which no additional reduction is observed. Here the buildup curve is essentially field size independent. These results clearly show that electrons are the primary cause of dose increase with field size in the buildup region, in contrast to a recent publication claiming that scattered photons are the cause. Further measurements were made by blocking out the primary beam at the level of the jaws and measuring the depth dose of the scattered electrons originating from the jaws. The results show that a thickness of approximately 1 gcm-2, of either polystyrene or lead, reduces the dose by a factor of two, providing further evidence that the scattered component of the beam consists of low energy electrons.", "PMID": 113656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10822", "title": "Improving the buildup and depth-dose characteristics of high energy photon beams by using electron filters.", "content": "The attributes of high energy photon beams, i.e., low surface dose, large dmax and improved %DD, are compromised with increase in field size. This is due to the relative increase with field size of the electron component in the beam, as shown by recent experiments done here using a sweeeping magnet. The present study shows that the advantages can be partially regained with the use of foils to remove electrons. Various thicknesses of Al, Cu, Sn, and Pb were placed in a 25-MV linac x-ray beam at several sites in the treatment head. Buildup curves were measured with a \"pancake\" chamber for various SSD and field sizes. The magnitude of improvement achieved is dependent upon field size, SSD, the atomic number of the foil material, and foil thickness. Pb foil (0.55 gcm-2) provided the best overall improvement. Surface dose reduction of 10%-20% can be achieved along with significant increase in dmax and %DD. These findings suggest a new design feature for the next generation of high energy linacs.", "contents": "Improving the buildup and depth-dose characteristics of high energy photon beams by using electron filters. The attributes of high energy photon beams, i.e., low surface dose, large dmax and improved %DD, are compromised with increase in field size. This is due to the relative increase with field size of the electron component in the beam, as shown by recent experiments done here using a sweeeping magnet. The present study shows that the advantages can be partially regained with the use of foils to remove electrons. Various thicknesses of Al, Cu, Sn, and Pb were placed in a 25-MV linac x-ray beam at several sites in the treatment head. Buildup curves were measured with a \"pancake\" chamber for various SSD and field sizes. The magnitude of improvement achieved is dependent upon field size, SSD, the atomic number of the foil material, and foil thickness. Pb foil (0.55 gcm-2) provided the best overall improvement. Surface dose reduction of 10%-20% can be achieved along with significant increase in dmax and %DD. These findings suggest a new design feature for the next generation of high energy linacs.", "PMID": 113657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10823", "title": "[Radiation risks and gonadal exposure in radiodiagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiation risk is estimated from the values on radiation risk of the International Council on Radiation Protection and from our own measurements. According to these, 1 malignant growth induced by radiation is found in about 160,000 urograms, 300,000 contrast enemata or 500,000 contrast meals. In radiodiagnosis of the central nervous system the values for carotid angiograms is about 60,000, for vertebral angiograms about 16,000, for computer tomography about 50,000 and about 500,000 examinations of the skull in two planes. A mutation-induced deformity due to radiation occurs in about 4,300--26,000 colon contrast enemata, about 43,000 to 280,000 contrast meals and about 41,000 respectively 14,000 urograms in men and women in the reproductive years.", "contents": "[Radiation risks and gonadal exposure in radiodiagnosis (author's transl)]. Radiation risk is estimated from the values on radiation risk of the International Council on Radiation Protection and from our own measurements. According to these, 1 malignant growth induced by radiation is found in about 160,000 urograms, 300,000 contrast enemata or 500,000 contrast meals. In radiodiagnosis of the central nervous system the values for carotid angiograms is about 60,000, for vertebral angiograms about 16,000, for computer tomography about 50,000 and about 500,000 examinations of the skull in two planes. A mutation-induced deformity due to radiation occurs in about 4,300--26,000 colon contrast enemata, about 43,000 to 280,000 contrast meals and about 41,000 respectively 14,000 urograms in men and women in the reproductive years.", "PMID": 113666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10824", "title": "In vivo sister-chromatid exchange: a sensitive measure of DNA damage.", "content": "A variety of chemical agents and X-irradiation were examined for their abilities to induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) in vivo. In addition to demonstrating that several known mutagens and carcinogens are capable of inducing SCE in vivo, our studies indicate that the suspected carcinogen, tris-bromophosphate, can significantly elevate SCE levels. Comparison of the effects of these agents on SCE levels, chromosomal-aberration frequencies and cell-replication kinetics reveals that no consistent relationship exists between SCE levels and other indicators of cellular DNA damage. It is proposed that analysis of SCE induction in vivo may provide a useful technique for the screening of mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds.", "contents": "In vivo sister-chromatid exchange: a sensitive measure of DNA damage. A variety of chemical agents and X-irradiation were examined for their abilities to induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) in vivo. In addition to demonstrating that several known mutagens and carcinogens are capable of inducing SCE in vivo, our studies indicate that the suspected carcinogen, tris-bromophosphate, can significantly elevate SCE levels. Comparison of the effects of these agents on SCE levels, chromosomal-aberration frequencies and cell-replication kinetics reveals that no consistent relationship exists between SCE levels and other indicators of cellular DNA damage. It is proposed that analysis of SCE induction in vivo may provide a useful technique for the screening of mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds.", "PMID": 113672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10825", "title": "Dose-response relations for dicentric yields in GO lymphocytes of man and crab-eating monkey following acute and chronic gamma-irradiations.", "content": "A comparison has been made of dicentric yields in GO lymphocytes between man and crab-eating monkey, Macaca fascicularis, after acute and chronic gamma-irradiations. With acute irradiation (49.6 rad/min) there was no significant difference between them, but for the chronic irradiation (17.1 rad/h) a significant difference was observed between the species. When the dose-response relations were fitted to the linear-quadratic model (Y = alpha D + beta D2), the species-difference observed for chronic irradiation was almost entirely due to change in the value of beta. In addition, after chronic irradiation the beta-value for monkey was almost negligible, but that for man was significant. Post-irradiation incubation experiment showed that cells with dicentrics were partly eliminated during the course of chronic irradiation, because there were appreciable reductions of dicentric yields (ca. 25% for both man and monkey at 400 rad) together with mitotic indices (ca. 30% and 60% for man and monkey, respectively, at 400 rad). Accordingly, it would be reasonable to postulate that GO repair for dicentrics other than selection mechanism must play a major role in the effects of low dose rate. It can be further suggested that GO-repair capacity for chromosal damages leading to dicentrics may be different among different primate species.", "contents": "Dose-response relations for dicentric yields in GO lymphocytes of man and crab-eating monkey following acute and chronic gamma-irradiations. A comparison has been made of dicentric yields in GO lymphocytes between man and crab-eating monkey, Macaca fascicularis, after acute and chronic gamma-irradiations. With acute irradiation (49.6 rad/min) there was no significant difference between them, but for the chronic irradiation (17.1 rad/h) a significant difference was observed between the species. When the dose-response relations were fitted to the linear-quadratic model (Y = alpha D + beta D2), the species-difference observed for chronic irradiation was almost entirely due to change in the value of beta. In addition, after chronic irradiation the beta-value for monkey was almost negligible, but that for man was significant. Post-irradiation incubation experiment showed that cells with dicentrics were partly eliminated during the course of chronic irradiation, because there were appreciable reductions of dicentric yields (ca. 25% for both man and monkey at 400 rad) together with mitotic indices (ca. 30% and 60% for man and monkey, respectively, at 400 rad). Accordingly, it would be reasonable to postulate that GO repair for dicentrics other than selection mechanism must play a major role in the effects of low dose rate. It can be further suggested that GO-repair capacity for chromosal damages leading to dicentrics may be different among different primate species.", "PMID": 113673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10826", "title": "The effects of recombination-defective meiotic mutants in Drosophila melanogaster on gonial recombination in males.", "content": "Recombination-defective female meiotic mutants representing 7 loci in Drosophila melanogaster have been examined for effects on gonial recombination in males. These loci were chosen for study because they represent a broad range of the known types of defects in processes necessary for meiotic recombination and somatic chromosome stability. Alleles at 6 of the loci studied did not increase the frequency of gonial recombination in males, whereas a mutant at one locus was associated with an increase (about 10-fold) in gonial recombination. These results suggest that the defects in chromosomal metabolism caused by these recombination, and in some cases repair, defective mutants are distinct from those of the male-recombination promoting elements (Mr) recently isolated from many natural populations. Analysis of the spontaneous events detected in this study showed that a third to a half of the events detected are actually of mutational rather than recombinational origin.", "contents": "The effects of recombination-defective meiotic mutants in Drosophila melanogaster on gonial recombination in males. Recombination-defective female meiotic mutants representing 7 loci in Drosophila melanogaster have been examined for effects on gonial recombination in males. These loci were chosen for study because they represent a broad range of the known types of defects in processes necessary for meiotic recombination and somatic chromosome stability. Alleles at 6 of the loci studied did not increase the frequency of gonial recombination in males, whereas a mutant at one locus was associated with an increase (about 10-fold) in gonial recombination. These results suggest that the defects in chromosomal metabolism caused by these recombination, and in some cases repair, defective mutants are distinct from those of the male-recombination promoting elements (Mr) recently isolated from many natural populations. Analysis of the spontaneous events detected in this study showed that a third to a half of the events detected are actually of mutational rather than recombinational origin.", "PMID": 113674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10827", "title": "Is there a proportionality between the spontaneous and the X-ray-induction rates of mutations? Experiments with mutations at 13 X-chromosome loci in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The X-ray induction of recessive visible specific locus mutations at 14 X-chromsome loci was studied in Drosophila melanogaster using the \"Maxy\" technique. The X-ray exposure was 3000 R to 5-day-old males and the sampling of germ cells was restricted to mature spermatozoa. Presumptive mutant females recovered in the F1 generation were tested for transmission, allelism, fertility and viability in males. A total of 128 mutations (115 completes and 13 mosaics including those that were male viable as well as male-lethal) recovered among 38 898 female progeny were found to be transmitted. On the basis of the above frequency, the average mutation rate can be estimated as 7.8 X 10(-8)/locus/R; for mutations that were viable and fertile in males, the rate is 3.0 X 10(-5)/locus/R (49 mutations among 38 898 progeny). The frequency of mutations at the different loci encompassed a wide range: while no mutations were recovered at the raspberry and carnation loci, at others, the numbers ranged from 1 at echinus to 31 at garnet; in addition, the proportion of mutations that was male-viable was also different, depending on the locus. Schalet's extensive data on spontaneous mutations at 13 (of the 14 loci employed in the present study) loci permit an estimate of the spontaneous rate which is 6.1 X 10(-6)/locus (a total of39 mutations among 490 000 progeny); for mutations that were viable and fertile in males, the rate is 3.0 X 10(-6)/locus (19 mutations among 490 000 progeny). The mutability of the different loci varied over a 9-fold range. When the different loci are ranked depending on their relative mutability (for spontaneous and induced mutations) it is found that in general, loci that mutate spontaneously relatively more frequently are also those at which more mutations have been recovered in the radiation experiments and likewise, those that are less mutable spontaneously are also those that mutate less after irradiation. Since the data are limited, it is concluded that the above finding is not inconsistent with the assumption of proportionality between spontaneous and induction rates of mutations. On the basis of the above results, a doubling dose of 100 R can be calculated for the X-ray induction of specific-locus mutations in Drosophila spermatozoa.", "contents": "Is there a proportionality between the spontaneous and the X-ray-induction rates of mutations? Experiments with mutations at 13 X-chromosome loci in Drosophila melanogaster. The X-ray induction of recessive visible specific locus mutations at 14 X-chromsome loci was studied in Drosophila melanogaster using the \"Maxy\" technique. The X-ray exposure was 3000 R to 5-day-old males and the sampling of germ cells was restricted to mature spermatozoa. Presumptive mutant females recovered in the F1 generation were tested for transmission, allelism, fertility and viability in males. A total of 128 mutations (115 completes and 13 mosaics including those that were male viable as well as male-lethal) recovered among 38 898 female progeny were found to be transmitted. On the basis of the above frequency, the average mutation rate can be estimated as 7.8 X 10(-8)/locus/R; for mutations that were viable and fertile in males, the rate is 3.0 X 10(-5)/locus/R (49 mutations among 38 898 progeny). The frequency of mutations at the different loci encompassed a wide range: while no mutations were recovered at the raspberry and carnation loci, at others, the numbers ranged from 1 at echinus to 31 at garnet; in addition, the proportion of mutations that was male-viable was also different, depending on the locus. Schalet's extensive data on spontaneous mutations at 13 (of the 14 loci employed in the present study) loci permit an estimate of the spontaneous rate which is 6.1 X 10(-6)/locus (a total of39 mutations among 490 000 progeny); for mutations that were viable and fertile in males, the rate is 3.0 X 10(-6)/locus (19 mutations among 490 000 progeny). The mutability of the different loci varied over a 9-fold range. When the different loci are ranked depending on their relative mutability (for spontaneous and induced mutations) it is found that in general, loci that mutate spontaneously relatively more frequently are also those at which more mutations have been recovered in the radiation experiments and likewise, those that are less mutable spontaneously are also those that mutate less after irradiation. Since the data are limited, it is concluded that the above finding is not inconsistent with the assumption of proportionality between spontaneous and induction rates of mutations. On the basis of the above results, a doubling dose of 100 R can be calculated for the X-ray induction of specific-locus mutations in Drosophila spermatozoa.", "PMID": 113675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10828", "title": "Human infection from an unidentified erythrocyte-associated bacterium.", "content": "A 49-year-old splenectomized man had an infection from an unidentified, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that adhered to the majority of his peripheral-blood erythrocytes. On transmission electron microscopy, the bacterium was seen to be extra-erythrocytic and was 0.2 micrometer wide by 1.0 to 1.7 micrometer long. It possessed a thick, granular cell wall, a trilamellar membrane external to the cell wall and prominent mesosomes. Attempts to cultivate the organism in vitro or to duplicate the patient's disease in splenectomized animals were unsuccessful. The patient's response suggested that the bacterium was susceptible to cell-wall-active antibiotics and to chloramphenicol but not to tetracycline. This bacterium may be the cause of other chronic, fever-producing, multisystem diseases of unknown origin.", "contents": "Human infection from an unidentified erythrocyte-associated bacterium. A 49-year-old splenectomized man had an infection from an unidentified, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that adhered to the majority of his peripheral-blood erythrocytes. On transmission electron microscopy, the bacterium was seen to be extra-erythrocytic and was 0.2 micrometer wide by 1.0 to 1.7 micrometer long. It possessed a thick, granular cell wall, a trilamellar membrane external to the cell wall and prominent mesosomes. Attempts to cultivate the organism in vitro or to duplicate the patient's disease in splenectomized animals were unsuccessful. The patient's response suggested that the bacterium was susceptible to cell-wall-active antibiotics and to chloramphenicol but not to tetracycline. This bacterium may be the cause of other chronic, fever-producing, multisystem diseases of unknown origin.", "PMID": 113680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10829", "title": "Multiple toxin production by an isolate of Aspergillus flavus.", "content": "Three toxins were recovered from rice and wheat cultures of an isolate of Aspergillus flavus. The toxins were present simultaneously in the cultures after one or two weeks incubation and were identified as aflatoxin, cyclopiazonic acid and aflatrem, a recently identified indole-mevalonate metabolite.", "contents": "Multiple toxin production by an isolate of Aspergillus flavus. Three toxins were recovered from rice and wheat cultures of an isolate of Aspergillus flavus. The toxins were present simultaneously in the cultures after one or two weeks incubation and were identified as aflatoxin, cyclopiazonic acid and aflatrem, a recently identified indole-mevalonate metabolite.", "PMID": 113681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10830", "title": "[Effect of a dietary regimen with separated administration of protein on liver in the rat].", "content": "Rats received a protein-deficient standard diet and, separately at different hours of the day, protein (casein). The control group was given the standard diet added with casein. The livers of the rats were examined for histological and ultrastructural changes. The smallest changes were observed in animals which had received protein at eight o'clock. The control animals and the animals which had received protein at thirteen and nineteen o'clock, respectively, showed slight fatty infiltration of the liver.", "contents": "[Effect of a dietary regimen with separated administration of protein on liver in the rat]. Rats received a protein-deficient standard diet and, separately at different hours of the day, protein (casein). The control group was given the standard diet added with casein. The livers of the rats were examined for histological and ultrastructural changes. The smallest changes were observed in animals which had received protein at eight o'clock. The control animals and the animals which had received protein at thirteen and nineteen o'clock, respectively, showed slight fatty infiltration of the liver.", "PMID": 113682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10831", "title": "Transplacental effects of ethylnitrosourea in a nonhuman primate, Erythrocebus patas.", "content": "A breeding colony of the Old World monkey Erythrocebus patas, an African species, has been established to study transplacental carcinogensis in a representative primate species. ENU was administered by repeated iv injections to pregnant females and to juveniles of both sexes. Repeated doses of 0.1 mmole/kg body weight per injection, given at 14-day intervals, are tolerated without apparent signs of toxicity by fetal and by pregnant and nonpregnant adult or juvenile monkeys. The internal can be reduced to 7 days, at least during the latter two-thirds of pregnancy. Large single doses (1.0 mmole/kg) are tolerated by pregnant females but are frequently abortifacient. These doses produce acute cytolytic damage to the cells of the periventricular germinal matrix in the fetal brain. Studies with [14C]ethyl-ENU indicate that there is no placental barrier to this carcinogen. As of December 1975, no tumors had been observed.", "contents": "Transplacental effects of ethylnitrosourea in a nonhuman primate, Erythrocebus patas. A breeding colony of the Old World monkey Erythrocebus patas, an African species, has been established to study transplacental carcinogensis in a representative primate species. ENU was administered by repeated iv injections to pregnant females and to juveniles of both sexes. Repeated doses of 0.1 mmole/kg body weight per injection, given at 14-day intervals, are tolerated without apparent signs of toxicity by fetal and by pregnant and nonpregnant adult or juvenile monkeys. The internal can be reduced to 7 days, at least during the latter two-thirds of pregnancy. Large single doses (1.0 mmole/kg) are tolerated by pregnant females but are frequently abortifacient. These doses produce acute cytolytic damage to the cells of the periventricular germinal matrix in the fetal brain. Studies with [14C]ethyl-ENU indicate that there is no placental barrier to this carcinogen. As of December 1975, no tumors had been observed.", "PMID": 113683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10832", "title": "A structure-activity study on the influence of phenolic compounds and bioflavonoids on rat renal prostaglandin synthetase.", "content": "The stimulating or inhibiting influences of 33 phenolic compounds on the prostaglandin synthetase of rat renal medulla were tested. Dihydroxyphenylcarbonic acids clearly proved to be activators of the prostaglandin synthetase. Dimethoxyphenylcarbonic acids were ineffective. Aminoethylphenols as well as p-substituted monohydroxybenzenes with a carbonic acid side chain were clear stimulators in contrast to their alkyl derivatives which are pronounced inhibitors. Among the tested bioflavonoids (+)-cyanidanol-3 and morin were inhibitors of the prostaglandin synthesis. Flavonoids with polar substitution in 3,5,7-position such as rutin on the other hand showed activating properties.", "contents": "A structure-activity study on the influence of phenolic compounds and bioflavonoids on rat renal prostaglandin synthetase. The stimulating or inhibiting influences of 33 phenolic compounds on the prostaglandin synthetase of rat renal medulla were tested. Dihydroxyphenylcarbonic acids clearly proved to be activators of the prostaglandin synthetase. Dimethoxyphenylcarbonic acids were ineffective. Aminoethylphenols as well as p-substituted monohydroxybenzenes with a carbonic acid side chain were clear stimulators in contrast to their alkyl derivatives which are pronounced inhibitors. Among the tested bioflavonoids (+)-cyanidanol-3 and morin were inhibitors of the prostaglandin synthesis. Flavonoids with polar substitution in 3,5,7-position such as rutin on the other hand showed activating properties.", "PMID": 113685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10833", "title": "Neurofibromatosis and optic glioma: clinical and morphological correlations.", "content": "Although an association between optic glioma and neurofibromatosis is well recognized, there has been no previous analysis of cases relating the locus of tumor to the presence or absence of von Recklinghausen's disease. This paper presents the results of such an analysis as well as a description of the comparative histology of optic gliomas in patients with and without neurofibromatosis. We conclude that optic gliomas in patients with neurofibromatosis present preferentially as multicentric lesions or as lesions affecting the optic nerve alone without invasion of the chiasm, that these tumors frequently differ morphologically, and that patients with neurofibromatosis and optic glioma may have a clinical course different from that of patients with optic glioma unassociated with neurofibromatosis. Previously published reports are reviewed in light of these observations.", "contents": "Neurofibromatosis and optic glioma: clinical and morphological correlations. Although an association between optic glioma and neurofibromatosis is well recognized, there has been no previous analysis of cases relating the locus of tumor to the presence or absence of von Recklinghausen's disease. This paper presents the results of such an analysis as well as a description of the comparative histology of optic gliomas in patients with and without neurofibromatosis. We conclude that optic gliomas in patients with neurofibromatosis present preferentially as multicentric lesions or as lesions affecting the optic nerve alone without invasion of the chiasm, that these tumors frequently differ morphologically, and that patients with neurofibromatosis and optic glioma may have a clinical course different from that of patients with optic glioma unassociated with neurofibromatosis. Previously published reports are reviewed in light of these observations.", "PMID": 113690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10834", "title": "Brain stimulation and reward: \"pleasure centers\" after twenty-five years.", "content": "\"Self-stimulation\" is a phenomenon whereby an animal (including a human being) will repeatedly stimulate its brain electrically, sometimes to the point of exhaustion. This phenomenon is robust and readily reproducible in many areas of the brain, particularly in nuclei and fiber tracts known to be monoaminergic, and it has been the basis for the study of reinforcement and learning mechanisms in the brain. The last 25 years of work on intracranial self-stimulation is reviewed with an emphasis on mechanisms, primarily catecholaminergic. Implications for learning and pain mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Brain stimulation and reward: \"pleasure centers\" after twenty-five years. \"Self-stimulation\" is a phenomenon whereby an animal (including a human being) will repeatedly stimulate its brain electrically, sometimes to the point of exhaustion. This phenomenon is robust and readily reproducible in many areas of the brain, particularly in nuclei and fiber tracts known to be monoaminergic, and it has been the basis for the study of reinforcement and learning mechanisms in the brain. The last 25 years of work on intracranial self-stimulation is reviewed with an emphasis on mechanisms, primarily catecholaminergic. Implications for learning and pain mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 113691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10835", "title": "Low cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid content in seizure patients.", "content": "Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated in the neurochemistry of epilepsy. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) GABA concentrations determined using an ion-exchange fluorometric assay reflect brain GABA content. The mean lumbar CSF GABA concentration among 21 medicated patients with intractable seizures was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than that of 20 unmedicated normal volunteers. Patients with generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) and complex partial (psychomotor) seizures had significantly lower (p less than 0.05) CSF GABA concentrations than those with simple partial (focal sensory/motor) seizures. Although lumbar CSF GABA levels in our seizure patients did not significantly correlate with serum concentrations of phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidone, additional study of medication-free epileptic patients may be required to evaluate the possibility of anticonvulsant-drug-induced CSF GABA alterations.", "contents": "Low cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid content in seizure patients. Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated in the neurochemistry of epilepsy. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) GABA concentrations determined using an ion-exchange fluorometric assay reflect brain GABA content. The mean lumbar CSF GABA concentration among 21 medicated patients with intractable seizures was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than that of 20 unmedicated normal volunteers. Patients with generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) and complex partial (psychomotor) seizures had significantly lower (p less than 0.05) CSF GABA concentrations than those with simple partial (focal sensory/motor) seizures. Although lumbar CSF GABA levels in our seizure patients did not significantly correlate with serum concentrations of phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidone, additional study of medication-free epileptic patients may be required to evaluate the possibility of anticonvulsant-drug-induced CSF GABA alterations.", "PMID": 113694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10836", "title": "[Value and significance of the immunologic determination of various serum sialoglycoproteins in rheumatic diseases of inflammatory nature].", "content": "A statistical method was used in the evaluation of alpha-1-antitrypsin, acid alpha-1-glycoprotein, and haptoglobin in patients with rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, periarthritis, arthrosis with inflammation, and primary arthrosis. A highly significant increase was noted in rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis, less so in arthrosis with inflammation and acute gout, while increases were poorly significant for periarthritis and not significant for primary arthrosis. It can be concluded that the determination of these serum sialoglycoproteins serves to distinguish inflammatory and degenerative rheumatism. Haptoglobin proved the most sensitive of the three. Moreover, there was a distinct correlation between ESR and the three indices. It is felt that sialoglycoproteins act as an indirect pointer to acute inflammation, since their degree of increase is related to the formation of inflammatory proteases.", "contents": "[Value and significance of the immunologic determination of various serum sialoglycoproteins in rheumatic diseases of inflammatory nature]. A statistical method was used in the evaluation of alpha-1-antitrypsin, acid alpha-1-glycoprotein, and haptoglobin in patients with rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, periarthritis, arthrosis with inflammation, and primary arthrosis. A highly significant increase was noted in rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis, less so in arthrosis with inflammation and acute gout, while increases were poorly significant for periarthritis and not significant for primary arthrosis. It can be concluded that the determination of these serum sialoglycoproteins serves to distinguish inflammatory and degenerative rheumatism. Haptoglobin proved the most sensitive of the three. Moreover, there was a distinct correlation between ESR and the three indices. It is felt that sialoglycoproteins act as an indirect pointer to acute inflammation, since their degree of increase is related to the formation of inflammatory proteases.", "PMID": 113711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10837", "title": "The effect of some N solutions for parenteral nutrition on gastric and pancreatic secretion.", "content": "In patients without pancreatic disease Aminofusin L forte infused for 1 h did not stimulate gastric or pancreatic secretion. On the other hand, infusion of casein by hydrolysate led to a significant increase in the concentration and total output of HCl. 4 h intravenous infusion of Aminofusin L forte caused a transient but significant rise of the bicarbonate concentration, amylase activity and above all trypsin activity and output. The results show that N solutions used for parenteral protein nutrition influence in a different way both gastric and pancreatic secretion.", "contents": "The effect of some N solutions for parenteral nutrition on gastric and pancreatic secretion. In patients without pancreatic disease Aminofusin L forte infused for 1 h did not stimulate gastric or pancreatic secretion. On the other hand, infusion of casein by hydrolysate led to a significant increase in the concentration and total output of HCl. 4 h intravenous infusion of Aminofusin L forte caused a transient but significant rise of the bicarbonate concentration, amylase activity and above all trypsin activity and output. The results show that N solutions used for parenteral protein nutrition influence in a different way both gastric and pancreatic secretion.", "PMID": 113712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10838", "title": "[Role of total parenteral nutrition in the treatment of ulcerous colitis].", "content": "Reference is made to the literature and personal experience in an assessment of the r\u00f4le of total parenteral nutrition in ulcerative colitis. An estimate is made of the position of this form of treatment with respect to conventional medical and surgical management, and its influence on the natural course of the disease. The results observed in 6 patients treated in this way are reported and the treatment protocol employed for the management of ulcerative colitis in a surgical department is described.", "contents": "[Role of total parenteral nutrition in the treatment of ulcerous colitis]. Reference is made to the literature and personal experience in an assessment of the r\u00f4le of total parenteral nutrition in ulcerative colitis. An estimate is made of the position of this form of treatment with respect to conventional medical and surgical management, and its influence on the natural course of the disease. The results observed in 6 patients treated in this way are reported and the treatment protocol employed for the management of ulcerative colitis in a surgical department is described.", "PMID": 113710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10839", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition and inhibition of gluconeogenesis on tumor-host responses.", "content": "Rats bearing the Morris hepatoma No. 7777 were randomized into three treatment groups. Two of the groups received a nutritionally complete liquid formula diet per os ad libitum. One of these two groups received hydrazine sulfate (HS; an inhibitor of gluconeogenesis) twice daily (15 mg/kg) for 5 days. A third group of tumorous rats received the HS therapy and was given the liquid diet parenterally for 5 days. Tumorous rats fed per os, especially with HS therapy demonstrated inhibition of tumor growth, reduction of body and carcass weight, anorexia and decreased nitrogen retention. The combination of parenteral feeding and HS therapy sustained body and carcass weight with high nitrogen retention but stimulated tumor growth and was associated with liver toxicity. These results support the concept that cancer cachexia involves 'a systemic energy-losing cycle dependent on an interplay of tumor glycolysis and gluconeogenesis'.", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition and inhibition of gluconeogenesis on tumor-host responses. Rats bearing the Morris hepatoma No. 7777 were randomized into three treatment groups. Two of the groups received a nutritionally complete liquid formula diet per os ad libitum. One of these two groups received hydrazine sulfate (HS; an inhibitor of gluconeogenesis) twice daily (15 mg/kg) for 5 days. A third group of tumorous rats received the HS therapy and was given the liquid diet parenterally for 5 days. Tumorous rats fed per os, especially with HS therapy demonstrated inhibition of tumor growth, reduction of body and carcass weight, anorexia and decreased nitrogen retention. The combination of parenteral feeding and HS therapy sustained body and carcass weight with high nitrogen retention but stimulated tumor growth and was associated with liver toxicity. These results support the concept that cancer cachexia involves 'a systemic energy-losing cycle dependent on an interplay of tumor glycolysis and gluconeogenesis'.", "PMID": 113715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10840", "title": "Clinical trials on chemical radiosensitization of malignant melanoma of the choroid.", "content": "The experimental investigations carried out in model systems and on plant, animal or human tissues have demonstrated that it is possible to increase significantly the radiosensitivity of pigmented cells, including hamster melanoma. On the basis of these data, a clinical pilot study was undertaken in order to establish whether a similar methodical approach will prove effective if applied to the radiotherapy of malignant melanoma of the choroid in patients treated with 60Co gamma-rays according to Stallard's technique. Cuprenil and Chelaton Polfa were used as radiosensitizers. The results of therapy differed distinctly in the two groups of patients (receiving or not receiving radiosensitizing drugs), the rate of tumour regression being much higher in those with a parallel pharmacological treatment.", "contents": "Clinical trials on chemical radiosensitization of malignant melanoma of the choroid. The experimental investigations carried out in model systems and on plant, animal or human tissues have demonstrated that it is possible to increase significantly the radiosensitivity of pigmented cells, including hamster melanoma. On the basis of these data, a clinical pilot study was undertaken in order to establish whether a similar methodical approach will prove effective if applied to the radiotherapy of malignant melanoma of the choroid in patients treated with 60Co gamma-rays according to Stallard's technique. Cuprenil and Chelaton Polfa were used as radiosensitizers. The results of therapy differed distinctly in the two groups of patients (receiving or not receiving radiosensitizing drugs), the rate of tumour regression being much higher in those with a parallel pharmacological treatment.", "PMID": 113716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10841", "title": "[Evaluation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-thyroid axis by means of TRH in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma].", "content": "The diencephalo-hypophyseal axis was studied in a group of patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma by means of TRH. Nearly half of the patients studied presented with hypothalamo-hypophyseal dysfunctions. TRH increases the outflow coefficient in these patients but this increase seems to be due to a pharmacodynamic action inherent in the product, and appears prior to the release of thyroid hormone.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-thyroid axis by means of TRH in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma]. The diencephalo-hypophyseal axis was studied in a group of patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma by means of TRH. Nearly half of the patients studied presented with hypothalamo-hypophyseal dysfunctions. TRH increases the outflow coefficient in these patients but this increase seems to be due to a pharmacodynamic action inherent in the product, and appears prior to the release of thyroid hormone.", "PMID": 113717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10842", "title": "Hematoma after head and neck surgery--a major complication?", "content": "The role of hematoma formation in the development of complications after major head and neck surgery is surveyed retrospectively. An incidence of 4.2% was encountered. In all cases, the hematoma was identified within 12 hours postoperatively. Prompt surgical clot evacuation and reinstitution of drainage did not adversely effect the patient's subsequent course. Failure to adequately drain the hematoma resulted in increased wound dehiscence, major infection, and fistula. When properly treated, postoperative hematoma formation offers only the risks attendant with a second anesthesia; no subsequent related morbidity need be anticipated.", "contents": "Hematoma after head and neck surgery--a major complication? The role of hematoma formation in the development of complications after major head and neck surgery is surveyed retrospectively. An incidence of 4.2% was encountered. In all cases, the hematoma was identified within 12 hours postoperatively. Prompt surgical clot evacuation and reinstitution of drainage did not adversely effect the patient's subsequent course. Failure to adequately drain the hematoma resulted in increased wound dehiscence, major infection, and fistula. When properly treated, postoperative hematoma formation offers only the risks attendant with a second anesthesia; no subsequent related morbidity need be anticipated.", "PMID": 113720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10843", "title": "Office surgery in otolaryngology.", "content": "Rising hospital costs have prompted many surgeons to develop office surgical facilities. This can be particularly useful in the type of practice seen by the otolaryngologist. This paper deals with the requirements for an office surgical setup, the scope of surgery that can be carried out in the office, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of operating in the office. Of particular importance is the fact that one must be prepared for the emergency situation when operating in his office.", "contents": "Office surgery in otolaryngology. Rising hospital costs have prompted many surgeons to develop office surgical facilities. This can be particularly useful in the type of practice seen by the otolaryngologist. This paper deals with the requirements for an office surgical setup, the scope of surgery that can be carried out in the office, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of operating in the office. Of particular importance is the fact that one must be prepared for the emergency situation when operating in his office.", "PMID": 113721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10844", "title": "Concepts in the management of the lower nasal cartilages: anatomic contour--surgical sculpturing.", "content": "The lower nasal cartilages are sophisticated in contour as they exist in the normal position in the live patient. A different concept of the anatomic contour and twist of the cartilage is presented in anticipation of applying this information to surgical correction. Many cadaver dissections have been performed to demonstrate anatomic and surgical detail. The complex problem of surgical correction is simplified in four basic techniques from which the surgeon can select according to the existing anatomy. The contour of the \"average normal\" alar cartilage is presented from a different perspective, and average measurements for the remaining caudal segment are given as a guide for the surgeon.", "contents": "Concepts in the management of the lower nasal cartilages: anatomic contour--surgical sculpturing. The lower nasal cartilages are sophisticated in contour as they exist in the normal position in the live patient. A different concept of the anatomic contour and twist of the cartilage is presented in anticipation of applying this information to surgical correction. Many cadaver dissections have been performed to demonstrate anatomic and surgical detail. The complex problem of surgical correction is simplified in four basic techniques from which the surgeon can select according to the existing anatomy. The contour of the \"average normal\" alar cartilage is presented from a different perspective, and average measurements for the remaining caudal segment are given as a guide for the surgeon.", "PMID": 113722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10845", "title": "Basic science approach to otoplasty for prominent ears.", "content": "Variations of the conchal setback operation for prominent ears have produced my best long-term otoplasty results. Additional use of the Mustarde mattress sutures combined with cartilage weakening techniques must be used when the anthelix cartilage is thick and flat or concaved, but they should never be used above the beginning of the inferior crus. Other additional techniques which can be used to supplement or replace the Mustarde sutures are radical postauricular skin excision and closure under tension, incision and suturing to sharpen the inferior crus, and mattress sutures from the periosteum to the fossa triangularsor anterior helix. Methods for correction of lobular protrusion are also discussed.", "contents": "Basic science approach to otoplasty for prominent ears. Variations of the conchal setback operation for prominent ears have produced my best long-term otoplasty results. Additional use of the Mustarde mattress sutures combined with cartilage weakening techniques must be used when the anthelix cartilage is thick and flat or concaved, but they should never be used above the beginning of the inferior crus. Other additional techniques which can be used to supplement or replace the Mustarde sutures are radical postauricular skin excision and closure under tension, incision and suturing to sharpen the inferior crus, and mattress sutures from the periosteum to the fossa triangularsor anterior helix. Methods for correction of lobular protrusion are also discussed.", "PMID": 113723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10846", "title": "The effects of tying the neurovascular bundle during palatoplasty.", "content": "Controversy rages in the literature over the possibility of denervation and atrophy of the palate that may occur secondary to severance of the greater palatine neurovascular bundles during palatoplasty. A pilot study was undertaken to assess palatal bulk, mobility, sensation, and mucous gland population, as well as speech, in a group of cleft palate patients, some of whom had severance of the bundles during their palatal repair and some who did not. These same parameters were tested in a group of patients who had juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromata, in whom one bundle was tied and the other was not during the transpalatal exposure of the tumor. Severing the neurovascular bundle produced no appreciable differences between the two cleft groups except they all had depressed mucous gland counts. The procedure produced no problems in the angiofibroma patients.", "contents": "The effects of tying the neurovascular bundle during palatoplasty. Controversy rages in the literature over the possibility of denervation and atrophy of the palate that may occur secondary to severance of the greater palatine neurovascular bundles during palatoplasty. A pilot study was undertaken to assess palatal bulk, mobility, sensation, and mucous gland population, as well as speech, in a group of cleft palate patients, some of whom had severance of the bundles during their palatal repair and some who did not. These same parameters were tested in a group of patients who had juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromata, in whom one bundle was tied and the other was not during the transpalatal exposure of the tumor. Severing the neurovascular bundle produced no appreciable differences between the two cleft groups except they all had depressed mucous gland counts. The procedure produced no problems in the angiofibroma patients.", "PMID": 113724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10847", "title": "Evaluation of sclera as a homograft in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery.", "content": "Augmentation of deficient soft tissue contours accounts for a large part of facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. An attempt to use homograft sclera in the feline animal model is presented. Augmentation of nasal dorsum and the chin contours was carried out in the cat model with preserved homograft sclera. Serial soft tissue radiographs and histologic study of the homografts demonstrated complete resorption of the grafts by six months. Further physical and chemical alterations of homograft sclera appear to be necessary prior to its implantation for the purpose of soft tissue augmentation.", "contents": "Evaluation of sclera as a homograft in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Augmentation of deficient soft tissue contours accounts for a large part of facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. An attempt to use homograft sclera in the feline animal model is presented. Augmentation of nasal dorsum and the chin contours was carried out in the cat model with preserved homograft sclera. Serial soft tissue radiographs and histologic study of the homografts demonstrated complete resorption of the grafts by six months. Further physical and chemical alterations of homograft sclera appear to be necessary prior to its implantation for the purpose of soft tissue augmentation.", "PMID": 113725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10848", "title": "Consideration of acoustic reflex magnitude (ARM) in cases of idiopathic facial paralysis.", "content": "Contralaterally elicited acoustic reflex growth functions were obtained from both ears of patients with unilateral idiopathic facial paralysis. Comparison was then made between the normal and impaired reflex arc by means of a simple calculation procedure. The resultant acoustic reflex magnitude (ARM) score was used to evaluate the symmetry of these responses, thereby providing an objective quantification of the functional status of the impaired reflex arc. These measures were found to be highly correlated with both the degree and rate of recovery of the facial motor impairment.", "contents": "Consideration of acoustic reflex magnitude (ARM) in cases of idiopathic facial paralysis. Contralaterally elicited acoustic reflex growth functions were obtained from both ears of patients with unilateral idiopathic facial paralysis. Comparison was then made between the normal and impaired reflex arc by means of a simple calculation procedure. The resultant acoustic reflex magnitude (ARM) score was used to evaluate the symmetry of these responses, thereby providing an objective quantification of the functional status of the impaired reflex arc. These measures were found to be highly correlated with both the degree and rate of recovery of the facial motor impairment.", "PMID": 113726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10849", "title": "The kallikrein-kinin system in otitis media with effusion.", "content": "The kallikrein-kinin system was studied in middle ear effusions from 28 ears suffering from otitis media with either a purulent, mucopurulent, serous or seromucinous, or mucoid effusion. Kinin, kininogen, kininase, kallikrein, prekallikrein, and protein were measured in these secretions. The findings suggest that the concentration of kinin is greatest in the serous and seromucinous effusions and lowest in the mucoid effusion. This is also true for kininogen and total protein. These studies suggest that the vasoactive polypeptide system is present in most middle ear effusions and that the concentration of the components of this system are different for different effusions.", "contents": "The kallikrein-kinin system in otitis media with effusion. The kallikrein-kinin system was studied in middle ear effusions from 28 ears suffering from otitis media with either a purulent, mucopurulent, serous or seromucinous, or mucoid effusion. Kinin, kininogen, kininase, kallikrein, prekallikrein, and protein were measured in these secretions. The findings suggest that the concentration of kinin is greatest in the serous and seromucinous effusions and lowest in the mucoid effusion. This is also true for kininogen and total protein. These studies suggest that the vasoactive polypeptide system is present in most middle ear effusions and that the concentration of the components of this system are different for different effusions.", "PMID": 113729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10850", "title": "Experimental otitis media with effusion: an immune-complex-mediated response.", "content": "The possibility that immune complexes cause otitis media with effusion (OME) has been previously proposed. In order to test this hypothesis we developed an animal model in which immune complexes were injected into the middle ears of chinchillas and the animals killed at various time intervals thereafter. Moderate inflammatory changes were seen in animals killed four hours postinjection, whereas intense inflammation was observed in those killed at 24 hours. Inflammatory changes observed included capillary dilatation with increased capillary permeability, migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the sub-mucosa, hemorrhage, and damage to and actual disruption of the subepithelial basement membrane. These changes are consistent with a complement-mediated acute inflammatory reaction. Although no definite conclusion can be made concerning the etiologic role of immune complex in OME, our findings show that immune complexes can cause acute inflammatory changes in the middle ear of the experimental animal.", "contents": "Experimental otitis media with effusion: an immune-complex-mediated response. The possibility that immune complexes cause otitis media with effusion (OME) has been previously proposed. In order to test this hypothesis we developed an animal model in which immune complexes were injected into the middle ears of chinchillas and the animals killed at various time intervals thereafter. Moderate inflammatory changes were seen in animals killed four hours postinjection, whereas intense inflammation was observed in those killed at 24 hours. Inflammatory changes observed included capillary dilatation with increased capillary permeability, migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the sub-mucosa, hemorrhage, and damage to and actual disruption of the subepithelial basement membrane. These changes are consistent with a complement-mediated acute inflammatory reaction. Although no definite conclusion can be made concerning the etiologic role of immune complex in OME, our findings show that immune complexes can cause acute inflammatory changes in the middle ear of the experimental animal.", "PMID": 113730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10851", "title": "Rheologic and transport properties of middle ear effusions from cleft palate patients.", "content": "Middle ear effusions represent respiratory secretions which are physiologically important to functional mucocilliary transport systems. Knowledge of middle ear mucus and methods of facilitating clearance continue to be important to cleft palate patients. Middle ear mucus was collected from the ears of children with cleft palate before surgical correction. Samples were dialyzed and lyophilized to yield mucus powder. This mucus was reconstituted at various nondialyzable solids (NDS) concentrations in TRIS-CI buffer. A physiochemical study of the middle ear mucus was then undertaken, since a mucociliary transport defect leading to serous otitis media (SOM) is an etiologic possibility.", "contents": "Rheologic and transport properties of middle ear effusions from cleft palate patients. Middle ear effusions represent respiratory secretions which are physiologically important to functional mucocilliary transport systems. Knowledge of middle ear mucus and methods of facilitating clearance continue to be important to cleft palate patients. Middle ear mucus was collected from the ears of children with cleft palate before surgical correction. Samples were dialyzed and lyophilized to yield mucus powder. This mucus was reconstituted at various nondialyzable solids (NDS) concentrations in TRIS-CI buffer. A physiochemical study of the middle ear mucus was then undertaken, since a mucociliary transport defect leading to serous otitis media (SOM) is an etiologic possibility.", "PMID": 113731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10852", "title": "Orbital complications of acute sinusitis: evaluation, management, and outcome.", "content": "Acute orbital cellulitis is most commonly caused by sinusitis. This complication is based on the anatomy of the sinuses, orbit, and their venous connections. A series of 134 patients is reviewed to demonstrate the etiology and clinical course of orbital cellulitis. Antibiotic therapy alone does not prevent permanent complications. Surgical intervention is found necessary in all age groups and is required in 20% of the study population.", "contents": "Orbital complications of acute sinusitis: evaluation, management, and outcome. Acute orbital cellulitis is most commonly caused by sinusitis. This complication is based on the anatomy of the sinuses, orbit, and their venous connections. A series of 134 patients is reviewed to demonstrate the etiology and clinical course of orbital cellulitis. Antibiotic therapy alone does not prevent permanent complications. Surgical intervention is found necessary in all age groups and is required in 20% of the study population.", "PMID": 113727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10853", "title": "The anatomy of the subglottic larynx.", "content": "There is little concensus concerning the boundaries of the subglottic space. To better define the subglottis, 50 head and neck surgeons were asked to define its anatomic limits. In addition, the larynx of each of 50 adult cadavers was removed and four measurements in the anterior subglottis were taken. The results revealed significantly smaller subglottic dimensions for women than for men. In most women, the cricothyroid membrane was situated less than 1 cm from the glottis in the anterior midline.", "contents": "The anatomy of the subglottic larynx. There is little concensus concerning the boundaries of the subglottic space. To better define the subglottis, 50 head and neck surgeons were asked to define its anatomic limits. In addition, the larynx of each of 50 adult cadavers was removed and four measurements in the anterior subglottis were taken. The results revealed significantly smaller subglottic dimensions for women than for men. In most women, the cricothyroid membrane was situated less than 1 cm from the glottis in the anterior midline.", "PMID": 113732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10854", "title": "Composite nasal septal graft reconstruction of the partial laryngectomized canine.", "content": "Composite nasal septal grafts provide excellent autogenous replacement tissue for the partial laryngectomy defect. The added factor of a mucosa similar to that removed appears advantageous for preservation of the airway. Arytenoid preservation or replacement tends to improve glottic rehabilitation by pseudocord formation. It is believed that the composite nasal septal graft would be of special advantage in the patient who had received previous irradiation.", "contents": "Composite nasal septal graft reconstruction of the partial laryngectomized canine. Composite nasal septal grafts provide excellent autogenous replacement tissue for the partial laryngectomy defect. The added factor of a mucosa similar to that removed appears advantageous for preservation of the airway. Arytenoid preservation or replacement tends to improve glottic rehabilitation by pseudocord formation. It is believed that the composite nasal septal graft would be of special advantage in the patient who had received previous irradiation.", "PMID": 113734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10855", "title": "Development of the cochlea and its coiling mechanism.", "content": "The growth and shape of the membraneous labyrinth appears to be organized and restricted by the formation of the cartilaginous capsule. Coiling of the cochlear duct appears to be the result of the physical barrier and support provided by the cartilage cells differentiating from mesenchyme surrounding the otocyst. In addition, tissue interactions between this mesenchyme and the developing cochlear duct may be the source of a genetic message for the coiling mechanism.", "contents": "Development of the cochlea and its coiling mechanism. The growth and shape of the membraneous labyrinth appears to be organized and restricted by the formation of the cartilaginous capsule. Coiling of the cochlear duct appears to be the result of the physical barrier and support provided by the cartilage cells differentiating from mesenchyme surrounding the otocyst. In addition, tissue interactions between this mesenchyme and the developing cochlear duct may be the source of a genetic message for the coiling mechanism.", "PMID": 113735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10856", "title": "Development of the sensory receptor cells in the utricular macula.", "content": "Normal CBA mice were timed for the developmental stage by the vaginal plug technique. The day of copulatory plug observance was designated as gestation day one. The developmental characteristics of the utricular macula sensory epithelium is described on an ultrastructural level from the 15th to the 19th day of gestation (approximate day of birth). The following pertinent observations are reported: (1) the formation of stereocilia begins prior to the 15th day and continues to approximately the 18th day, (2) the formation of the stereocilia suggests a mechanism of gradual transformation of existing cell surface microvilli, (3) the onset of the genesis of stereocilia precedes neuronal contact and cuticular plate formation, (4) stereocilia rootlets are forming before cuticular plate formation, (5) utricular sensory hair cells have undergone significant ultrastructural differentiation prior to the development of synaptic contacts, and (6) nerve chalice formation of type 1 sensory cells begins on the 18th day and is still incomplete at birth.", "contents": "Development of the sensory receptor cells in the utricular macula. Normal CBA mice were timed for the developmental stage by the vaginal plug technique. The day of copulatory plug observance was designated as gestation day one. The developmental characteristics of the utricular macula sensory epithelium is described on an ultrastructural level from the 15th to the 19th day of gestation (approximate day of birth). The following pertinent observations are reported: (1) the formation of stereocilia begins prior to the 15th day and continues to approximately the 18th day, (2) the formation of the stereocilia suggests a mechanism of gradual transformation of existing cell surface microvilli, (3) the onset of the genesis of stereocilia precedes neuronal contact and cuticular plate formation, (4) stereocilia rootlets are forming before cuticular plate formation, (5) utricular sensory hair cells have undergone significant ultrastructural differentiation prior to the development of synaptic contacts, and (6) nerve chalice formation of type 1 sensory cells begins on the 18th day and is still incomplete at birth.", "PMID": 113736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10857", "title": "Evaluation of tympanic neurectomy and chorda tympanectomy surgery.", "content": "Thirty patients were treated by tympanic neurectomy, chorda tympanectomy, or both for a variety of conditions. Out of six patients with gustatory sweating treated by tympanic neurectomy, two patients were relieved of symptoms, two were improved, and two remained unchanged. In five cases of benign recurrent painful parotid swelling, only two patients noted improvement in symptoms. Seventeen patients suffered from drooling. Out of 12 postresection head and neck patients, 5 (41%) were improved following such surgery. Two of four cerebral palsy children initially had a good result. However, the long term follow-up of the patients demonstrated that the drooling recurred. An additional patient who suffered from drooling caused by bulbar weakness following a cerebrovascular accident had fewer problems with salivary secretions postoperatively. The pertinent anatomy and pathophysiology is outlined. The possible reasons for the relatively disappointing results achieved are discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of tympanic neurectomy and chorda tympanectomy surgery. Thirty patients were treated by tympanic neurectomy, chorda tympanectomy, or both for a variety of conditions. Out of six patients with gustatory sweating treated by tympanic neurectomy, two patients were relieved of symptoms, two were improved, and two remained unchanged. In five cases of benign recurrent painful parotid swelling, only two patients noted improvement in symptoms. Seventeen patients suffered from drooling. Out of 12 postresection head and neck patients, 5 (41%) were improved following such surgery. Two of four cerebral palsy children initially had a good result. However, the long term follow-up of the patients demonstrated that the drooling recurred. An additional patient who suffered from drooling caused by bulbar weakness following a cerebrovascular accident had fewer problems with salivary secretions postoperatively. The pertinent anatomy and pathophysiology is outlined. The possible reasons for the relatively disappointing results achieved are discussed.", "PMID": 113737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10858", "title": "Arteriolar sclerosis as a cause of presbycusis.", "content": "Temporal bones, brains, and kidneys of 40 patients over 50 years of age were studied histopathologically, paying special attention to angiosclerotic changes. The histopathologic findings were correlated with audiometric and manometric records obtained while the patients were alive. A close relation existed among the lumen narrowing of the internal auditory artery, spiral ganglion atrophy, and hearing loss. The angiosclerotic changes of the Willis' circle, encephalomalacia, and hearing loss were also related.", "contents": "Arteriolar sclerosis as a cause of presbycusis. Temporal bones, brains, and kidneys of 40 patients over 50 years of age were studied histopathologically, paying special attention to angiosclerotic changes. The histopathologic findings were correlated with audiometric and manometric records obtained while the patients were alive. A close relation existed among the lumen narrowing of the internal auditory artery, spiral ganglion atrophy, and hearing loss. The angiosclerotic changes of the Willis' circle, encephalomalacia, and hearing loss were also related.", "PMID": 113738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10859", "title": "Cochlear nerve projections following organ of corti destruction.", "content": "Experimental organ of Corti destruction results in (1) secondary loss of all type I spiral ganglion neurons, (2) development of type III spiral ganglion neurons, (3) degeneration of most cochlear nerve myelinated fibers, and (4) terminal degeneration in the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei. The first signs of degenerative changes occur by eight days after organ of Corti destruction and degeneration debris remains until 28 weeks after destruction.", "contents": "Cochlear nerve projections following organ of corti destruction. Experimental organ of Corti destruction results in (1) secondary loss of all type I spiral ganglion neurons, (2) development of type III spiral ganglion neurons, (3) degeneration of most cochlear nerve myelinated fibers, and (4) terminal degeneration in the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei. The first signs of degenerative changes occur by eight days after organ of Corti destruction and degeneration debris remains until 28 weeks after destruction.", "PMID": 113740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10860", "title": "Undergraduate medical education in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery.", "content": "Instruction in basic surgical techniques with practical experience is often minimized in the modern, compressed medical curriculum. The otorlaryngologist can fulfill a major need in this area by presenting instruction in these techniques with emphasis on their application to the face. The authors have developed a course which has been refined through the experiences of over 100 medical students at the University of Colorado Medical Center and has been uniformly well received by students and administration. The outline of the didactic presentation and organization of the practicum is presented.", "contents": "Undergraduate medical education in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Instruction in basic surgical techniques with practical experience is often minimized in the modern, compressed medical curriculum. The otorlaryngologist can fulfill a major need in this area by presenting instruction in these techniques with emphasis on their application to the face. The authors have developed a course which has been refined through the experiences of over 100 medical students at the University of Colorado Medical Center and has been uniformly well received by students and administration. The outline of the didactic presentation and organization of the practicum is presented.", "PMID": 113744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10861", "title": "Hypoplasia of the vestibular aqueduct and endolymphatic sac in endolymphatic hydrops.", "content": "Four temporal bones from three previously reported cases showing endolymphatic hydrops and pathology of the vestibular aqueduct (VA) and endolymphatic sac (ES) were investigated further. Pathology of the VA and ES was studied by measuring the sizes of the VA and ES, paying particular attention to the proximal rugose portions. A medial-view graphic reconstruction was created to delineate the course and size of the VA, as well as its correlation with neighboring structures (posterior canal and cochlea). In addition, 20 control temporal bones were selected and measured for quantitative study of the sizes of the VA and ES. The four pathologic temporal bones were shown to have small, simple, tube-like VA and ES, without surrounding bony pathology. This appeared to be congenital hypoplasia characterized by hypoplastic funnel-shaped dilatation of the VA and hypoplastic rugose portion of the ES. Anterior dislocation of the distal portion of the VA and poorly developed periaqueductal air cells were also noted in the pathologic bones.", "contents": "Hypoplasia of the vestibular aqueduct and endolymphatic sac in endolymphatic hydrops. Four temporal bones from three previously reported cases showing endolymphatic hydrops and pathology of the vestibular aqueduct (VA) and endolymphatic sac (ES) were investigated further. Pathology of the VA and ES was studied by measuring the sizes of the VA and ES, paying particular attention to the proximal rugose portions. A medial-view graphic reconstruction was created to delineate the course and size of the VA, as well as its correlation with neighboring structures (posterior canal and cochlea). In addition, 20 control temporal bones were selected and measured for quantitative study of the sizes of the VA and ES. The four pathologic temporal bones were shown to have small, simple, tube-like VA and ES, without surrounding bony pathology. This appeared to be congenital hypoplasia characterized by hypoplastic funnel-shaped dilatation of the VA and hypoplastic rugose portion of the ES. Anterior dislocation of the distal portion of the VA and poorly developed periaqueductal air cells were also noted in the pathologic bones.", "PMID": 113739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10862", "title": "Stria vascularis pathology and recovery following noise exposure.", "content": "The time course of chinchilla stria pathology (edema) and recovery after one and two noise exposures is quantitatively and qualitatively described. Gross stria edema is present one, three, and seven days following one noise exposure; stria edema is not as severe nor as frequent following two noise exposures. Stria cell and vessel pathology are also observed at seven and ten days after one, but not two, noise exposures. Possible mechanisms of stria pathology and recovery after noise exposure are discussed.", "contents": "Stria vascularis pathology and recovery following noise exposure. The time course of chinchilla stria pathology (edema) and recovery after one and two noise exposures is quantitatively and qualitatively described. Gross stria edema is present one, three, and seven days following one noise exposure; stria edema is not as severe nor as frequent following two noise exposures. Stria cell and vessel pathology are also observed at seven and ten days after one, but not two, noise exposures. Possible mechanisms of stria pathology and recovery after noise exposure are discussed.", "PMID": 113741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10863", "title": "Paget's disease and hearing loss.", "content": "Hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo have long been associated with Paget's disease of the bone. We reviewed the records of 463 patients with Paget's disease who were seen in the otolaryngology department. Hearing loss was common. It was our observation that mixed hearing losses were part of the disease process. Sensorineural hearing loss was the most frequent loss, but it usually was not part of the disease process. Tinnitus, vertigo, or both were seen in about 20% of these patients.", "contents": "Paget's disease and hearing loss. Hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo have long been associated with Paget's disease of the bone. We reviewed the records of 463 patients with Paget's disease who were seen in the otolaryngology department. Hearing loss was common. It was our observation that mixed hearing losses were part of the disease process. Sensorineural hearing loss was the most frequent loss, but it usually was not part of the disease process. Tinnitus, vertigo, or both were seen in about 20% of these patients.", "PMID": 113745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10864", "title": "Corticosteroid injections of the nasal turbinates: past experience and precautions.", "content": "Clinical experience with triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog) injections into the nasal turbinates for allergic and vasomotor rhinitis is reported by two authors. Gratifying results have occurred in most of the over 60,000 patients treated, with no serious side effects. Two cases of intravascular injections of another corticosteroid reaching the retinal circulation are reported, and methods for preventing this complication are proposed.", "contents": "Corticosteroid injections of the nasal turbinates: past experience and precautions. Clinical experience with triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog) injections into the nasal turbinates for allergic and vasomotor rhinitis is reported by two authors. Gratifying results have occurred in most of the over 60,000 patients treated, with no serious side effects. Two cases of intravascular injections of another corticosteroid reaching the retinal circulation are reported, and methods for preventing this complication are proposed.", "PMID": 113742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10865", "title": "Chronic bacterial tonsillitis: fact or fiction.", "content": "Chronic bacterial tonsillitis can be validly supported etiologically by quantitative bacteriologic methods. The following observations are based on a recognition that the mere presence of bacteria is much less significant than the level of bacteria present. The chronically infected adult patient may be characterized by tonsils subclinically harboring greater than 10(5) bacteria/gm as opposed to the control patient with 10(3) bacteria/gm. Useful features in predicting high bacterial levels are (1) low number of crypts, (2) presence of nodal hypertrophy, and (3) tonsils small by actual size. Estimated tonsil size, determined preoperatively, shows no statistically significant correlation with either actual size or degree of tonsil sepsis.", "contents": "Chronic bacterial tonsillitis: fact or fiction. Chronic bacterial tonsillitis can be validly supported etiologically by quantitative bacteriologic methods. The following observations are based on a recognition that the mere presence of bacteria is much less significant than the level of bacteria present. The chronically infected adult patient may be characterized by tonsils subclinically harboring greater than 10(5) bacteria/gm as opposed to the control patient with 10(3) bacteria/gm. Useful features in predicting high bacterial levels are (1) low number of crypts, (2) presence of nodal hypertrophy, and (3) tonsils small by actual size. Estimated tonsil size, determined preoperatively, shows no statistically significant correlation with either actual size or degree of tonsil sepsis.", "PMID": 113743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10866", "title": "Permanent threshold shift and cochlear hair cell loss in the kanamycin-treated guinea pig.", "content": "The differential contribution of the inner hair cells (IHC) and the outer hair cells (OHC) in the mammalian cochlea to hearing sensitivity was assessed in six behaviorally-trained guinea pigs by comparing audiograms preadministration and postadministration of kanamycin, an antibiotic that predominantly destroys guinea pig OHC while leaving the IHC structurally unchanged. The results support the hypothesis that only the IHC of the cochlea responds to tones approximately 50 to 60 dB above the threshold of the intact cochlea.", "contents": "Permanent threshold shift and cochlear hair cell loss in the kanamycin-treated guinea pig. The differential contribution of the inner hair cells (IHC) and the outer hair cells (OHC) in the mammalian cochlea to hearing sensitivity was assessed in six behaviorally-trained guinea pigs by comparing audiograms preadministration and postadministration of kanamycin, an antibiotic that predominantly destroys guinea pig OHC while leaving the IHC structurally unchanged. The results support the hypothesis that only the IHC of the cochlea responds to tones approximately 50 to 60 dB above the threshold of the intact cochlea.", "PMID": 113747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10867", "title": "Interruption of combined therapy: a factor in decreased survival.", "content": "Occasionally, during the course of combined (radiation plus surgery) treatment of head and neck malignancies, the patient experiences a profound response to radiotherapy alone and elects to decline the second phase of treatment, namely, surgery. After a variable interval, radiotherapy is reinstituted to a \"curative\" level. A series of 14 laryngeal and oropharyngeal carcinomas, treated in this disjointed fashion, has been examined with respect to long-term survival. The prognosis is extremely unfavorable, thus supporting a basic philosophy of continuing with the prescribed surgical treatment despite a dramatic response to noncancericidal doses of radiotherapy. The site and stage of tumor, radiation dosage, interval to completion of therapy, and incidence of local and distant metastases are examined. It appears that every effort should be made to provide continuity in the combined therapeutic protocol if the advantages of this mode of therapy are to be effective.", "contents": "Interruption of combined therapy: a factor in decreased survival. Occasionally, during the course of combined (radiation plus surgery) treatment of head and neck malignancies, the patient experiences a profound response to radiotherapy alone and elects to decline the second phase of treatment, namely, surgery. After a variable interval, radiotherapy is reinstituted to a \"curative\" level. A series of 14 laryngeal and oropharyngeal carcinomas, treated in this disjointed fashion, has been examined with respect to long-term survival. The prognosis is extremely unfavorable, thus supporting a basic philosophy of continuing with the prescribed surgical treatment despite a dramatic response to noncancericidal doses of radiotherapy. The site and stage of tumor, radiation dosage, interval to completion of therapy, and incidence of local and distant metastases are examined. It appears that every effort should be made to provide continuity in the combined therapeutic protocol if the advantages of this mode of therapy are to be effective.", "PMID": 113746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10868", "title": "Bioelectric phenomena in the ototoxicity of nitrogen mustard.", "content": "The effects of nitrogen mustard on the electrical potentials of the inner ear were studied, and the results were correlated with the histopathologic findings which have been reported in nitrogen mustard ototoxicity. The endocochlear DC potential (EP) decreased rapidly after an injection of nitrogen mustard (NM). The amplitude of the cochlear microphonics potential (CM) diminished rapidly, and no substantial recoveries were observed. No significant changes in the magnitude of the negative potential of organ of Corti (NPOC) were observed. A large negative summating potential (SP) was recorded even when the amplitude of the CM had diminished.", "contents": "Bioelectric phenomena in the ototoxicity of nitrogen mustard. The effects of nitrogen mustard on the electrical potentials of the inner ear were studied, and the results were correlated with the histopathologic findings which have been reported in nitrogen mustard ototoxicity. The endocochlear DC potential (EP) decreased rapidly after an injection of nitrogen mustard (NM). The amplitude of the cochlear microphonics potential (CM) diminished rapidly, and no substantial recoveries were observed. No significant changes in the magnitude of the negative potential of organ of Corti (NPOC) were observed. A large negative summating potential (SP) was recorded even when the amplitude of the CM had diminished.", "PMID": 113748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10869", "title": "Hypersomnia with periodic breathing (an acromegalic Pickwickian).", "content": "The syndromes of Pickwickian, Ondine's curse, and primary alveolar hypoventilation are respiratory disorders manifesting increased sleepiness and irregular respiratory rhythms. These disorders are currently grouped as hypersomnia with periodic breathing (HPB). Polygraphic techniques have lead to a reasonable hypothesis as to the pathophysiology of the multiple variants of HPB. Discernible causes of HPB have been attributed to both central and peripheral factors. Peripheral factors encompass those conditions relating to upper airway obstruction. An acromegalic person suffering the HPB syndrome secondary to laryngeal stenosis is described.", "contents": "Hypersomnia with periodic breathing (an acromegalic Pickwickian). The syndromes of Pickwickian, Ondine's curse, and primary alveolar hypoventilation are respiratory disorders manifesting increased sleepiness and irregular respiratory rhythms. These disorders are currently grouped as hypersomnia with periodic breathing (HPB). Polygraphic techniques have lead to a reasonable hypothesis as to the pathophysiology of the multiple variants of HPB. Discernible causes of HPB have been attributed to both central and peripheral factors. Peripheral factors encompass those conditions relating to upper airway obstruction. An acromegalic person suffering the HPB syndrome secondary to laryngeal stenosis is described.", "PMID": 113749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10870", "title": "Blunt laryngotracheal trauma.", "content": "Management of blunt trauma to the larynx and trachea is based upon accurate assessment of the anatomic site of the injury, the tissue involved, the time since the injury, and the general status of the patient. Early and orderly diagnosis and classification result in early management, which is essential to maximize function and minimize morbidity. To evaluate the management and treatment results of patients with blunt trauma to the larynx and trachea, a retrospective study was performed. The office charts and hospital records of all patients with blunt trauma to the larynx and trachea from 1966 through 1976 were reviewed. Conditions studied included etiology of the trauma, initial signs and symptoms, pretreatment findings, management (primary and secondary), complications, and long-term results of management. Management results are discussed in comparison with reported results in the literature, and conclusions are presented regarding optimal treatment for the various classes of laryngotracheal injury.", "contents": "Blunt laryngotracheal trauma. Management of blunt trauma to the larynx and trachea is based upon accurate assessment of the anatomic site of the injury, the tissue involved, the time since the injury, and the general status of the patient. Early and orderly diagnosis and classification result in early management, which is essential to maximize function and minimize morbidity. To evaluate the management and treatment results of patients with blunt trauma to the larynx and trachea, a retrospective study was performed. The office charts and hospital records of all patients with blunt trauma to the larynx and trachea from 1966 through 1976 were reviewed. Conditions studied included etiology of the trauma, initial signs and symptoms, pretreatment findings, management (primary and secondary), complications, and long-term results of management. Management results are discussed in comparison with reported results in the literature, and conclusions are presented regarding optimal treatment for the various classes of laryngotracheal injury.", "PMID": 113750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10871", "title": "Rhytidectomy (face-lift) in the otolaryngologic practice.", "content": "A surgical procedure is described that minimizes the lifting of the hairline in rhytidectomy by locating most of the incision inside the hair. Traction of the skin is directed at producing a soft, rounded contour. The author reports good results on 30 patients in two years' time. Appropriateness of rhytidectomy depends on psychologic factors and on biologic rather than chronologic age. Operation under general anesthesia is preferred and should be confined to a simple procedure. However, blepharoplasty, rhinoplasty, and mentoplasty are often performed at the same time. Forehead lifting is a desirable associated procedure in which the incisions can be joined. Cutting of the muscle fibers is preferred to resection of the frontal corrugator. Minilifting to obtain Oriental slant eyes is considered a wasted effort.", "contents": "Rhytidectomy (face-lift) in the otolaryngologic practice. A surgical procedure is described that minimizes the lifting of the hairline in rhytidectomy by locating most of the incision inside the hair. Traction of the skin is directed at producing a soft, rounded contour. The author reports good results on 30 patients in two years' time. Appropriateness of rhytidectomy depends on psychologic factors and on biologic rather than chronologic age. Operation under general anesthesia is preferred and should be confined to a simple procedure. However, blepharoplasty, rhinoplasty, and mentoplasty are often performed at the same time. Forehead lifting is a desirable associated procedure in which the incisions can be joined. Cutting of the muscle fibers is preferred to resection of the frontal corrugator. Minilifting to obtain Oriental slant eyes is considered a wasted effort.", "PMID": 113751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10872", "title": "The Leyla retractor: use in acoustic neuroma and neurotologic surgery.", "content": "The Leyla retractor is a self-retaining retractor used in the translabyrinthine removal of acoustic neuroma and middle fossa surgery. It is used to maintain constant, even pressure on a decompressed sigmoid sinus and cerebellum in translabyrinthine surgery and the temporal lobe in middle fossa surgery. The Leyla retractor provides excellent exposure and greater freedom and dexterity for the neurotologist.", "contents": "The Leyla retractor: use in acoustic neuroma and neurotologic surgery. The Leyla retractor is a self-retaining retractor used in the translabyrinthine removal of acoustic neuroma and middle fossa surgery. It is used to maintain constant, even pressure on a decompressed sigmoid sinus and cerebellum in translabyrinthine surgery and the temporal lobe in middle fossa surgery. The Leyla retractor provides excellent exposure and greater freedom and dexterity for the neurotologist.", "PMID": 113754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10873", "title": "[Effect of parasitic protozoa on the physiological state of the body of the confused flour beetle (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)].", "content": "Studies were conducted of diseases of Tribolium destructor and T. confusum caused by parasites of the fat body, microsporidians of Nosema whitei and coccidians of Adelina tribolii. The infection of larvae of tenebrionid beetles with microsporidians and coccidians results in substantial changes in the metabolism of insects-hosts (respiratory metabolism is disturbed and activity of tissue catalase is reduced). Physiological characteristics of uninfected larvae of T. confusum and T. destructor differ considerably. In T. destructor the disease is more acute in its character and is accompanied by more sharp changes in metabolism as compared to T. confusum. On the basis of experiments conducted the author came to the conclusion that parasitic protozoans affect the physiological state of tenebrionid beetles in many ways. On the other hand the tenebrionids themselves are somehow affected by the host that apparently is stipulated by physiological and biochemical peculiarities of the organism of the latter.", "contents": "[Effect of parasitic protozoa on the physiological state of the body of the confused flour beetle (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)]. Studies were conducted of diseases of Tribolium destructor and T. confusum caused by parasites of the fat body, microsporidians of Nosema whitei and coccidians of Adelina tribolii. The infection of larvae of tenebrionid beetles with microsporidians and coccidians results in substantial changes in the metabolism of insects-hosts (respiratory metabolism is disturbed and activity of tissue catalase is reduced). Physiological characteristics of uninfected larvae of T. confusum and T. destructor differ considerably. In T. destructor the disease is more acute in its character and is accompanied by more sharp changes in metabolism as compared to T. confusum. On the basis of experiments conducted the author came to the conclusion that parasitic protozoans affect the physiological state of tenebrionid beetles in many ways. On the other hand the tenebrionids themselves are somehow affected by the host that apparently is stipulated by physiological and biochemical peculiarities of the organism of the latter.", "PMID": 113760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10874", "title": "[Modification of the usual method of detecting the state of blackfly (Simuliidae) larval infestation with microsporidians].", "content": "At a water temperature fo +1 to +4 degrees black flies larvae and microsporidians from them develop asynchronously that can be used for the diagnostics of microsporidiosis. The infection rate of black flies larvae increases after their being maintained at a temperature of +1 to +4 degrees during 8 days. This is 2.5-3 times higher as compared to the infection rate determined by the known method just after the sampling.", "contents": "[Modification of the usual method of detecting the state of blackfly (Simuliidae) larval infestation with microsporidians]. At a water temperature fo +1 to +4 degrees black flies larvae and microsporidians from them develop asynchronously that can be used for the diagnostics of microsporidiosis. The infection rate of black flies larvae increases after their being maintained at a temperature of +1 to +4 degrees during 8 days. This is 2.5-3 times higher as compared to the infection rate determined by the known method just after the sampling.", "PMID": 113762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10875", "title": "Maternal-fetal transfer of melatonin in the non-human primate.", "content": "Melatonin was detected in the circulation of the near-term rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and baboon (Papio papio) fetus. We determined whether the source could be the mother by studying placental transfer of melatonin in the rhesus monkey. When [3H]melatonin was administered i.v. to the mother it promptly appeared in the fetal circulation; the rates of disappearance of [3H]melatonin in the maternal and fetal circulations were parallel. The rapid decrease in circulating [3H]melatonin was associated with a rapid accumulation of [3H]melatonin-metabolites in the maternal and fetal circulations. Although the pattern of appearance of metabolites was similar in both circulations, relatively less [3H]melatonin-metabolites appeared in the fetal circulation. Acute changes in total maternal plasma melatonin, experimentally produced by giving a 20 min infusion of melatonin, were rapidly reflected in the fetus. This suggests that a daily rhythm in maternal melatonin would generate a similar rhythm in the fetus. The fetal monkey pineal was found to have the two enzymes necessary for the conversion of serotonin to melatonin. It is, however, not known whether fetal melatonin synthesis is rhythmic or the extent to which it could contribute to circulating melatonin levels at this or earlier stages of gestation.", "contents": "Maternal-fetal transfer of melatonin in the non-human primate. Melatonin was detected in the circulation of the near-term rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and baboon (Papio papio) fetus. We determined whether the source could be the mother by studying placental transfer of melatonin in the rhesus monkey. When [3H]melatonin was administered i.v. to the mother it promptly appeared in the fetal circulation; the rates of disappearance of [3H]melatonin in the maternal and fetal circulations were parallel. The rapid decrease in circulating [3H]melatonin was associated with a rapid accumulation of [3H]melatonin-metabolites in the maternal and fetal circulations. Although the pattern of appearance of metabolites was similar in both circulations, relatively less [3H]melatonin-metabolites appeared in the fetal circulation. Acute changes in total maternal plasma melatonin, experimentally produced by giving a 20 min infusion of melatonin, were rapidly reflected in the fetus. This suggests that a daily rhythm in maternal melatonin would generate a similar rhythm in the fetus. The fetal monkey pineal was found to have the two enzymes necessary for the conversion of serotonin to melatonin. It is, however, not known whether fetal melatonin synthesis is rhythmic or the extent to which it could contribute to circulating melatonin levels at this or earlier stages of gestation.", "PMID": 113767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10876", "title": "[2 new species of myxosporidians of the genus Myxoproteus from fish of the Celtic sea].", "content": "Two new species of Myxosporidia of the genus Myxoproteus from the Celtic Sea fishes are described. M. scoleciformis was found in the biliary bladder of the John dory, Zeus faber (on 1 from 4 fishes), M. formosus was found in the urinary bladder of the whiting Merlangius merlangus (on 2 from 9 fishes).", "contents": "[2 new species of myxosporidians of the genus Myxoproteus from fish of the Celtic sea]. Two new species of Myxosporidia of the genus Myxoproteus from the Celtic Sea fishes are described. M. scoleciformis was found in the biliary bladder of the John dory, Zeus faber (on 1 from 4 fishes), M. formosus was found in the urinary bladder of the whiting Merlangius merlangus (on 2 from 9 fishes).", "PMID": 113761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10877", "title": "L-alanyl-L-tyrosine as a tyrosine source during total parenteral nutrition. Infusion at 0.5 and 2 mmoles/kg/day in adult rats.", "content": "Tyrosine peptides, such as L-alanyl-L-tyrosine, have excellent solubility and are potential sources of iv tyrosine. Infusion of L-alanyl-L-U-14C-tyrosine as part of a total parenteral nutrition regimen in the rat at a level of 0.5 mmole/kg/day resulted in rapid labeling of tissue tyrosine pools, production of 14CO2, incorporation of 14C-labeled tyrosine into protein, and minimal urinary losses (7.7%). Plasma tyrosine levels, however, remained at fasting. Infusion of L-alanyl-L-tyrosine at 2 mmole/kg/day increased plasma tyrosine above fasting levels and maintained tissue tyrosine at levels seen in orally fed control animals without increasing the percent lost in urine (5.5%). Rapid utilization of L-alanyl-L-tyrosine was noted at both infusion levels with no accumulation of peptide noted in plasma. Plasma and tissue free tyrosine pools were rapidly labeled, as was tissue protein. Radioactivity incorporated in tissue protein was shown to be tyrosine after acid hyrolysis.", "contents": "L-alanyl-L-tyrosine as a tyrosine source during total parenteral nutrition. Infusion at 0.5 and 2 mmoles/kg/day in adult rats. Tyrosine peptides, such as L-alanyl-L-tyrosine, have excellent solubility and are potential sources of iv tyrosine. Infusion of L-alanyl-L-U-14C-tyrosine as part of a total parenteral nutrition regimen in the rat at a level of 0.5 mmole/kg/day resulted in rapid labeling of tissue tyrosine pools, production of 14CO2, incorporation of 14C-labeled tyrosine into protein, and minimal urinary losses (7.7%). Plasma tyrosine levels, however, remained at fasting. Infusion of L-alanyl-L-tyrosine at 2 mmole/kg/day increased plasma tyrosine above fasting levels and maintained tissue tyrosine at levels seen in orally fed control animals without increasing the percent lost in urine (5.5%). Rapid utilization of L-alanyl-L-tyrosine was noted at both infusion levels with no accumulation of peptide noted in plasma. Plasma and tissue free tyrosine pools were rapidly labeled, as was tissue protein. Radioactivity incorporated in tissue protein was shown to be tyrosine after acid hyrolysis.", "PMID": 113768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10878", "title": "Intrahepatic cholestasis associated with parenteral nutrition in premature infants.", "content": "Sixty-two premature infants less than 2,000 gm birth weight received parenteral nutrition (PN) during periods of respiratory distress with feeding intolerance. Intrahepatic cholestasis (direct bilirubin greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dl) associated with PN developed in 14 or 23% of these infants. The mean time on PN to onset of cholestasis was 42 days, and the cholestasis persisted as long as the infants continued to receive PN. All five infants who had serial follow-up laboratory studies showed an eventual return of direct bilirubin levels to normal. The direct bilirubin level appeared to be the best clinically available test to monitor for the onset and to follow the resolution of this complication. The very low birth weight infants less than 1,000 gm appeared to be at an increased risk of developing cholestasis with an incidence of 50%. However, there was no correlation between the length of time PN was administered to onset of cholestasis and the gestational age or birth weight of the infants. These tiny premature infants also received PN for significantly longer periods of time, and the longer the infusions were administered the greater was the risk of cholestasis developing.", "contents": "Intrahepatic cholestasis associated with parenteral nutrition in premature infants. Sixty-two premature infants less than 2,000 gm birth weight received parenteral nutrition (PN) during periods of respiratory distress with feeding intolerance. Intrahepatic cholestasis (direct bilirubin greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dl) associated with PN developed in 14 or 23% of these infants. The mean time on PN to onset of cholestasis was 42 days, and the cholestasis persisted as long as the infants continued to receive PN. All five infants who had serial follow-up laboratory studies showed an eventual return of direct bilirubin levels to normal. The direct bilirubin level appeared to be the best clinically available test to monitor for the onset and to follow the resolution of this complication. The very low birth weight infants less than 1,000 gm appeared to be at an increased risk of developing cholestasis with an incidence of 50%. However, there was no correlation between the length of time PN was administered to onset of cholestasis and the gestational age or birth weight of the infants. These tiny premature infants also received PN for significantly longer periods of time, and the longer the infusions were administered the greater was the risk of cholestasis developing.", "PMID": 113770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10879", "title": "Effect of 2-4-dinitrophenol on intercellular communication in mammalian cardiac fibres.", "content": "The effect of 2-4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on cell communication, in canine Purkinje fibres, was investigated. It was found that DNP (0.5 MM) suppressed the electrical coupling in about 10 min. This effect of DNP was largely due to an increment in intracellular longitudinal resistance. The longitudinal movement of fluorescein (mol. wt. 320) along Purkinje strands, followed with the cut-end method, was also suppressed by DNP (0.5 mM). The decoupling action of DNP was related to release of Ca from intracellular stores and increase in free (Ca)i. The intracellular injection of EDTA reestablished the electrical coupling of Purkinje cells previously uncoupled by DNP. The results described in this paper indicate that cell communication in heart fibres is greatly dependent on the synthesis of high energy phosphate bonds.", "contents": "Effect of 2-4-dinitrophenol on intercellular communication in mammalian cardiac fibres. The effect of 2-4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on cell communication, in canine Purkinje fibres, was investigated. It was found that DNP (0.5 MM) suppressed the electrical coupling in about 10 min. This effect of DNP was largely due to an increment in intracellular longitudinal resistance. The longitudinal movement of fluorescein (mol. wt. 320) along Purkinje strands, followed with the cut-end method, was also suppressed by DNP (0.5 mM). The decoupling action of DNP was related to release of Ca from intracellular stores and increase in free (Ca)i. The intracellular injection of EDTA reestablished the electrical coupling of Purkinje cells previously uncoupled by DNP. The results described in this paper indicate that cell communication in heart fibres is greatly dependent on the synthesis of high energy phosphate bonds.", "PMID": 113772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10880", "title": "Cloning of immunoglobulin kappa light chain genes from mouse liver and myeloma MOPC 173.", "content": "The organization of the kappa chain constant region gene was compared in DNA from an immunoglobulin-producing mouse myeloma (MOPC 173) and from liver. In situ hybridization using the Southern blotting technique revealed constant region gene-containing EcoRI-DNA fragments of 14 and 20 kb in the myeloma tissue whereas one EcoRI-DNA fragment with a length of 15 kb was found in liver DNA. After enrichment by RPC-5 chromatography and preparative electrophoresis the 14 kb fragment from MOPC 173 DNA and the 15 kb fragment from liver DNA were cloned in the bacteriophage lambda vector Charon 4A using in vitro packaging. Extensive characterization of the two fragments by restriction endonuclease mapping, in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy (R-loop and heteroduplex) showed that both fragments contain the constant region but no MOPC 173 variable region gene. Both fragments are homologous over a length of 12.5 kb including the constant region but differ from one another starting about 2.7 kb from the 5' end of the constant region gene. This indicates that the 14 kb EcoRI-DNA fragment from the myeloma tissue clearly resulted from somatic DNA rearrangement although it does not seem to carry the MOPC 173 variable region gene. These observations suggest that somatic DNA rearrangement of immunoglobulin light chain genes can involve both homologous chromosomes.Images", "contents": "Cloning of immunoglobulin kappa light chain genes from mouse liver and myeloma MOPC 173. The organization of the kappa chain constant region gene was compared in DNA from an immunoglobulin-producing mouse myeloma (MOPC 173) and from liver. In situ hybridization using the Southern blotting technique revealed constant region gene-containing EcoRI-DNA fragments of 14 and 20 kb in the myeloma tissue whereas one EcoRI-DNA fragment with a length of 15 kb was found in liver DNA. After enrichment by RPC-5 chromatography and preparative electrophoresis the 14 kb fragment from MOPC 173 DNA and the 15 kb fragment from liver DNA were cloned in the bacteriophage lambda vector Charon 4A using in vitro packaging. Extensive characterization of the two fragments by restriction endonuclease mapping, in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy (R-loop and heteroduplex) showed that both fragments contain the constant region but no MOPC 173 variable region gene. Both fragments are homologous over a length of 12.5 kb including the constant region but differ from one another starting about 2.7 kb from the 5' end of the constant region gene. This indicates that the 14 kb EcoRI-DNA fragment from the myeloma tissue clearly resulted from somatic DNA rearrangement although it does not seem to carry the MOPC 173 variable region gene. These observations suggest that somatic DNA rearrangement of immunoglobulin light chain genes can involve both homologous chromosomes.Images", "PMID": 113775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10881", "title": "Sequence analysis of cloned cDNA encoding part of an immunoglobulin heavy chain.", "content": "The recombinant plasmid pH21-1 consists of mouse-derived complementary DNA (cDNA) in the E. coli plasmid pMB9. The mouse insertion has been completely sequenced, and encodes the CH3 domain and half the CH2 domain of the immunoglobulin gamma1 heavy chain. The predicted amino acid sequence differs at several positions from that previously published for this protein. The pattern of codon usage resembles that in some other eukaryotic messenger RNAs. A computer program has been used to predict the optimum secondary structure for the mRNA encoding the CH3 domain and the inter-domain junction.", "contents": "Sequence analysis of cloned cDNA encoding part of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. The recombinant plasmid pH21-1 consists of mouse-derived complementary DNA (cDNA) in the E. coli plasmid pMB9. The mouse insertion has been completely sequenced, and encodes the CH3 domain and half the CH2 domain of the immunoglobulin gamma1 heavy chain. The predicted amino acid sequence differs at several positions from that previously published for this protein. The pattern of codon usage resembles that in some other eukaryotic messenger RNAs. A computer program has been used to predict the optimum secondary structure for the mRNA encoding the CH3 domain and the inter-domain junction.", "PMID": 113776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10882", "title": "Identification of a DNA polymerase beta-like form in Drosophila melanogaster adult flies.", "content": "DNA polymerase beta is widely distributed in the eukariotes. So far, few examples are known in which a DNA polymerase alpha -like form alone is reported. Surprisingly, DNA polymerase beta was not detected in Drosophila embryos, while it is present in the cells of multicellular species from sponge to mammals. In view of the relevance of Drosophila as a model biological system for studying the role of the various DNA metabolism enzymes in vivo we have reinvestigated the presence of the DNA polymerase beta-like form in Drosophila adult flies. Here we report the occurrence in Drosophila melanogaster adult flies of a DNA polymerase activity that, for its NEM(1) resistance, template specificity, sensitivity to ddTTP, sedimentation coefficient and nuclear localization can be classified as a beta-like form.", "contents": "Identification of a DNA polymerase beta-like form in Drosophila melanogaster adult flies. DNA polymerase beta is widely distributed in the eukariotes. So far, few examples are known in which a DNA polymerase alpha -like form alone is reported. Surprisingly, DNA polymerase beta was not detected in Drosophila embryos, while it is present in the cells of multicellular species from sponge to mammals. In view of the relevance of Drosophila as a model biological system for studying the role of the various DNA metabolism enzymes in vivo we have reinvestigated the presence of the DNA polymerase beta-like form in Drosophila adult flies. Here we report the occurrence in Drosophila melanogaster adult flies of a DNA polymerase activity that, for its NEM(1) resistance, template specificity, sensitivity to ddTTP, sedimentation coefficient and nuclear localization can be classified as a beta-like form.", "PMID": 113777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10883", "title": "The prognosis for diabetes.", "content": "Microvascular disease is the predominant manifestation of the juvenile-onset diabetic after the third decade of survival, while large vessel atheroma is the major problem in the long-term survival of the maturity-onset diabetic. From the experience of a diabetic-eye clinic, we would estimate that only about 3% of patients attending a hospital diabetic clinic would have a severe form of diabetic retinopathy which might need specialized ophthalmic photocoagulation treatment. The long-term visual prognosis for patients treated in this way remains under review. Among metabolic factors associated with vascular disease, a deficiency of HDL cholesterol may be important in the future prognosis of maturity-onset diabetes.", "contents": "The prognosis for diabetes. Microvascular disease is the predominant manifestation of the juvenile-onset diabetic after the third decade of survival, while large vessel atheroma is the major problem in the long-term survival of the maturity-onset diabetic. From the experience of a diabetic-eye clinic, we would estimate that only about 3% of patients attending a hospital diabetic clinic would have a severe form of diabetic retinopathy which might need specialized ophthalmic photocoagulation treatment. The long-term visual prognosis for patients treated in this way remains under review. Among metabolic factors associated with vascular disease, a deficiency of HDL cholesterol may be important in the future prognosis of maturity-onset diabetes.", "PMID": 113781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10884", "title": "HLA and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "As suggested from clinical data and on the basis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) data, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a disease entity in itself and is different from non-insulin-dependent diabetes and other types of diabetes mellitus in aetiology and pathogenesis. HLA-B8 is associated with IDDM in all Caucasian populations studied, irrespective of the age of onset of the disease. HLA-B15 is associated with IDDM in populations of Northern European and British origin, while B18 seems to replace B15 in Southern European populations. IDDM is uncommon in populations where the HLA-B8 frequency is low, and in the Japanese IDDM occurs in association with Bw22. The HLA-Dw3 and Dw4 association with IDDM is stronger than that of the B alleles. Relative risks for B8 and B15 heterozygous and homozygous individuals are identical, i.e., no gene-dose effect exists. The relative risk of B8/B15 carriers is double that of relative risks of B8 and B15 alone, i.e., there are two IDDM-associated genes. The same applies to Dw3/Dw4 carriers. In families the phenotype IDDM segregates with a certain genotype, the diabetic proband's HLA haplotype. Only a small proportion of family members carrying the 'diabetic haplotype' develop IDDM.", "contents": "HLA and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. As suggested from clinical data and on the basis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) data, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a disease entity in itself and is different from non-insulin-dependent diabetes and other types of diabetes mellitus in aetiology and pathogenesis. HLA-B8 is associated with IDDM in all Caucasian populations studied, irrespective of the age of onset of the disease. HLA-B15 is associated with IDDM in populations of Northern European and British origin, while B18 seems to replace B15 in Southern European populations. IDDM is uncommon in populations where the HLA-B8 frequency is low, and in the Japanese IDDM occurs in association with Bw22. The HLA-Dw3 and Dw4 association with IDDM is stronger than that of the B alleles. Relative risks for B8 and B15 heterozygous and homozygous individuals are identical, i.e., no gene-dose effect exists. The relative risk of B8/B15 carriers is double that of relative risks of B8 and B15 alone, i.e., there are two IDDM-associated genes. The same applies to Dw3/Dw4 carriers. In families the phenotype IDDM segregates with a certain genotype, the diabetic proband's HLA haplotype. Only a small proportion of family members carrying the 'diabetic haplotype' develop IDDM.", "PMID": 113782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10885", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate upon auditory threshold in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "The effects of d-amphetamine sulfate and methylphenidate hydrochloride on auditory thresholds in ten squirrel monkeys were examined using a 4.2 kHz stimulus in a free field. The results indicated that d-amphetamine raised auditory thresholds but methylphenidate did not alter the thresholds. The elevation of sensory thresholds by d-amphetamine was in agreement with previous studies suggesting that the drug acts as a behavioral depressant in diurnal animals.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate upon auditory threshold in the squirrel monkey. The effects of d-amphetamine sulfate and methylphenidate hydrochloride on auditory thresholds in ten squirrel monkeys were examined using a 4.2 kHz stimulus in a free field. The results indicated that d-amphetamine raised auditory thresholds but methylphenidate did not alter the thresholds. The elevation of sensory thresholds by d-amphetamine was in agreement with previous studies suggesting that the drug acts as a behavioral depressant in diurnal animals.", "PMID": 113787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10886", "title": "Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors antagonize the depressant effects of ethanol.", "content": "Several studies indicate that ethanol may depress the central nervous system by altering neurotransmitter release. Evidence obtained from the peripheral nervous system suggests that prostaglandins act as negative feedback inhibitors of transmitter release. If a similar process occurs in the brain, then perhaps ethanol affects transmitter release via a mechanism involving prostaglandins. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors were administered to adult HS/Ibg male mice prior to intraperitoneal injection of a hypnotic dose of either ethanol, propanol, or t-butanol. A significant decrease in the length of alcohol sleep time was found: in the ethanol study, this was coupled with a significant increase in waking blood alcohol levels. These results indicate that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis alters CNS sensitivity to the depressant effects of alcohol. When the same inhibitors were administered prior to other sedative hypnotics, i.e., pentobarbital and chloral hydrate, no effect was found. This suggests that prostaglandins may be specifically involved in the biochemical mechanism of alcohol depression.", "contents": "Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors antagonize the depressant effects of ethanol. Several studies indicate that ethanol may depress the central nervous system by altering neurotransmitter release. Evidence obtained from the peripheral nervous system suggests that prostaglandins act as negative feedback inhibitors of transmitter release. If a similar process occurs in the brain, then perhaps ethanol affects transmitter release via a mechanism involving prostaglandins. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors were administered to adult HS/Ibg male mice prior to intraperitoneal injection of a hypnotic dose of either ethanol, propanol, or t-butanol. A significant decrease in the length of alcohol sleep time was found: in the ethanol study, this was coupled with a significant increase in waking blood alcohol levels. These results indicate that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis alters CNS sensitivity to the depressant effects of alcohol. When the same inhibitors were administered prior to other sedative hypnotics, i.e., pentobarbital and chloral hydrate, no effect was found. This suggests that prostaglandins may be specifically involved in the biochemical mechanism of alcohol depression.", "PMID": 113788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10887", "title": "Effect of brain peptides on hypokinesia produced by anterolateral hypothalamic 6-OHDA lesions in rats.", "content": "Intraventricular injections of substance P, TRH and somatostatin were administered to rats rendered hypokinetic by bilateral microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the anterolateral hypothalamus, Only substance P in a dose of 0.30 micrigrams/rat significantly increased motor activity as determined by photocell counts in a 5 min test session immediately after administration of the peptide. Behavioral observations indicated that grooming and not locomotion was mainly responsible for the greater activity scores. None of the three peptides at the doses examined potentiated or reduced the increased activity induced by 1 mg/kg apomorphine. Stereotyped behavior was also not affected by previous injections of substance P and somatostatin but was enhanced in animals which had received 5 micrograms/rat TRH 30 min prior to apomorphine.", "contents": "Effect of brain peptides on hypokinesia produced by anterolateral hypothalamic 6-OHDA lesions in rats. Intraventricular injections of substance P, TRH and somatostatin were administered to rats rendered hypokinetic by bilateral microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the anterolateral hypothalamus, Only substance P in a dose of 0.30 micrigrams/rat significantly increased motor activity as determined by photocell counts in a 5 min test session immediately after administration of the peptide. Behavioral observations indicated that grooming and not locomotion was mainly responsible for the greater activity scores. None of the three peptides at the doses examined potentiated or reduced the increased activity induced by 1 mg/kg apomorphine. Stereotyped behavior was also not affected by previous injections of substance P and somatostatin but was enhanced in animals which had received 5 micrograms/rat TRH 30 min prior to apomorphine.", "PMID": 113789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10888", "title": "Drug metabolism by the fetal stump-tailed monkey (Macaca arctoides). Hepatic microsomal N-demethylation and glucuronidation as measured by radiometric assays.", "content": "Sensitive radiometric assays were adapted to study the development and kinetics of meperidine and methadone N-demethylation and morphine glucuronidation by microsomes isolated from livers of fetal stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides). Times in development selected for study were midterm, three-quarter term, near term and newborn (0.5 h and 14 days). With appropriate attention to keeping blanks low, hepatic drug metabolism was demonstrable as early as midterm. Vmax for the N-demethylation reactions (nmole product/10 min/mg microsomal protein) increased throughout gestation, whereas the apparent Kms remained constant. With respect to morphine glucuronidation, all kinetic parameters remained constant throughout the last half of gestation.", "contents": "Drug metabolism by the fetal stump-tailed monkey (Macaca arctoides). Hepatic microsomal N-demethylation and glucuronidation as measured by radiometric assays. Sensitive radiometric assays were adapted to study the development and kinetics of meperidine and methadone N-demethylation and morphine glucuronidation by microsomes isolated from livers of fetal stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides). Times in development selected for study were midterm, three-quarter term, near term and newborn (0.5 h and 14 days). With appropriate attention to keeping blanks low, hepatic drug metabolism was demonstrable as early as midterm. Vmax for the N-demethylation reactions (nmole product/10 min/mg microsomal protein) increased throughout gestation, whereas the apparent Kms remained constant. With respect to morphine glucuronidation, all kinetic parameters remained constant throughout the last half of gestation.", "PMID": 113790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10889", "title": "[EEG follow-up studies following posttraumatic apallic syndrome in children].", "content": "Seventeen children, who had sustained craniocerebral traumata with posttraumatic apallic syndromes, were examined electroencephalographically for an average period of six years. Until incipient clinical remission of the apallic syndrome, the electroencephalographic results correlated essentially with the clinical picture; later on, there was observed only a relatively loose correlation between the electroencephalogram and the neurological or psychic condition. Despite serious and irreversible brain damage, complete normalization of the electroencephalogram could be observed in individual cases.", "contents": "[EEG follow-up studies following posttraumatic apallic syndrome in children]. Seventeen children, who had sustained craniocerebral traumata with posttraumatic apallic syndromes, were examined electroencephalographically for an average period of six years. Until incipient clinical remission of the apallic syndrome, the electroencephalographic results correlated essentially with the clinical picture; later on, there was observed only a relatively loose correlation between the electroencephalogram and the neurological or psychic condition. Despite serious and irreversible brain damage, complete normalization of the electroencephalogram could be observed in individual cases.", "PMID": 113799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10890", "title": "Long-stay patients in Danish psychiatric hospitals.", "content": "The numbers of long-stay patients in Danish psychiatric hospitals were studied, based on information from the Danish cumulative psychiatric register and from the census studies of patients in Danish psychiatric hospitals, performed at 5-year intervals since 1957. In 1977, 2079 (20%) of the in-patient population which had been admitted before 1957 were still in hospitals. This 'old long-stay' group has diminished exponentially, with an annual reduction of 7%. During the period 1972--6, the number of patients who, on any given day, had been in-patients or attending as day-patients for more than 1 but less than 2 years (the 'new long-stay') varied between 847 and 1089: an average of 20 per 100 000 total population. The ratio of in-patients to day-patients was approximately 4:1. Based on the decline of the 1972 cohort during the period 1972--7, and assuming a constant 'influx' of new long-stay patients and a constant exponential decline of the cohorts, the number of new long-stay patients, including day-patients, at equilibrium was estimated to be about 4300 or 85 per 100 000 total population. About 31% will be schizophrenics and about 43% will be patients with organic disorders. Ninety-four per cent of the number at equilibrium will be reached after 16 years for the diagnostic group with the slowest decline, schizophrenia. On 1 April 1976, 3106 long-stay patients were present, accumulated since 1 April 1972. Nineteen per cent of these patients were in day-hospitals. This type of institution was used especially for younger patients with schizophrenia and reactive disorders.", "contents": "Long-stay patients in Danish psychiatric hospitals. The numbers of long-stay patients in Danish psychiatric hospitals were studied, based on information from the Danish cumulative psychiatric register and from the census studies of patients in Danish psychiatric hospitals, performed at 5-year intervals since 1957. In 1977, 2079 (20%) of the in-patient population which had been admitted before 1957 were still in hospitals. This 'old long-stay' group has diminished exponentially, with an annual reduction of 7%. During the period 1972--6, the number of patients who, on any given day, had been in-patients or attending as day-patients for more than 1 but less than 2 years (the 'new long-stay') varied between 847 and 1089: an average of 20 per 100 000 total population. The ratio of in-patients to day-patients was approximately 4:1. Based on the decline of the 1972 cohort during the period 1972--7, and assuming a constant 'influx' of new long-stay patients and a constant exponential decline of the cohorts, the number of new long-stay patients, including day-patients, at equilibrium was estimated to be about 4300 or 85 per 100 000 total population. About 31% will be schizophrenics and about 43% will be patients with organic disorders. Ninety-four per cent of the number at equilibrium will be reached after 16 years for the diagnostic group with the slowest decline, schizophrenia. On 1 April 1976, 3106 long-stay patients were present, accumulated since 1 April 1972. Nineteen per cent of these patients were in day-hospitals. This type of institution was used especially for younger patients with schizophrenia and reactive disorders.", "PMID": 113800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10891", "title": "Accumulating long-stay in-patients in Salford: monitoring further progress.", "content": "Data derived from a psychiatric case-register are presented on the accumulation of new long-stay cases in Salford from 1967 to 1976. The analysis supports the general decline reported in an earlier shorter-term study except for the over 65s, where the trend was reversed. The implications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Accumulating long-stay in-patients in Salford: monitoring further progress. Data derived from a psychiatric case-register are presented on the accumulation of new long-stay cases in Salford from 1967 to 1976. The analysis supports the general decline reported in an earlier shorter-term study except for the over 65s, where the trend was reversed. The implications of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 113801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10892", "title": "Zimelidine: a therapeutic and pharmacokinetic study in depression.", "content": "Zimelidine, a bicyclic compound with a strong effect on the neuronal reuptake of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine and with weak anticholinergic actions, was evaluated for its antidepressant efficacy in a double-blind comparative trial with amitriptyline. In doses of 200 mg a day it was found to be as effective as 150 mg amitriptyline, but with significantly less subjective side-effects. The plasma concentration of zimelidine and its metabolite, norzimelidine, showed no significant correlation with therapeutic outcome.", "contents": "Zimelidine: a therapeutic and pharmacokinetic study in depression. Zimelidine, a bicyclic compound with a strong effect on the neuronal reuptake of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine and with weak anticholinergic actions, was evaluated for its antidepressant efficacy in a double-blind comparative trial with amitriptyline. In doses of 200 mg a day it was found to be as effective as 150 mg amitriptyline, but with significantly less subjective side-effects. The plasma concentration of zimelidine and its metabolite, norzimelidine, showed no significant correlation with therapeutic outcome.", "PMID": 113803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10893", "title": "Effects of locally applied dopamine to the nucleus accumbens on the motor activity of normal rats and following alpha-methyltyrosine or reserpine.", "content": "The motor activity of rats was investigated following bilateral application of various doses (0--80 micrograms) of dopamine to the nucleus accumbens. A high dose (80 micrograms) of dopamine increased the motor activity of normal as well as alpha-methyltyrosine- and reserpine-treated rats. It also increased the late motor activity (6--9 min) of normal rats, probably due to stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Lower doses (10--40 micrograms) of dopamine suppressed initial (0--3 min) motor activity of normal rats, perhaps due to stimulation of dopamine autoreceptors on the dopamine nerve terminals in the nucleus accumbens with a subsequent inhibition of dopamine neurotransmission. An intermediate dose (40 micrograms) of dopamine was able to restore the motor activity of alpha-methyltyrosine-treated but not of reserpine-treated rats at all time intervals. This difference, indicating a restoration of the normal pattern of habituation by dopamine only in animals pretreated with alpha-methyltyrosine, suggests that normal behaviour is dependent on release of dopamine by nerve impulses.", "contents": "Effects of locally applied dopamine to the nucleus accumbens on the motor activity of normal rats and following alpha-methyltyrosine or reserpine. The motor activity of rats was investigated following bilateral application of various doses (0--80 micrograms) of dopamine to the nucleus accumbens. A high dose (80 micrograms) of dopamine increased the motor activity of normal as well as alpha-methyltyrosine- and reserpine-treated rats. It also increased the late motor activity (6--9 min) of normal rats, probably due to stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Lower doses (10--40 micrograms) of dopamine suppressed initial (0--3 min) motor activity of normal rats, perhaps due to stimulation of dopamine autoreceptors on the dopamine nerve terminals in the nucleus accumbens with a subsequent inhibition of dopamine neurotransmission. An intermediate dose (40 micrograms) of dopamine was able to restore the motor activity of alpha-methyltyrosine-treated but not of reserpine-treated rats at all time intervals. This difference, indicating a restoration of the normal pattern of habituation by dopamine only in animals pretreated with alpha-methyltyrosine, suggests that normal behaviour is dependent on release of dopamine by nerve impulses.", "PMID": 113804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10894", "title": "Failure of naloxone to modify the effects of chlorpromazine and d-amphetamine on avoidance behavior in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "Lever-pressing by squirrel monkeys was maintained under a continuous avoidance schedule in which each response postponed for 30 s the delivery of an electric shock to the tail. Dose-response curves were determined for chlorpromazine (0.03--0.3 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.03--1.0 mg/kg) administered alone and administered concomitantly with 1.0 or 10 mg/kg of naloxone. The dose-response curves for chlorpromazine and d-amphetamine were similar to those previously reported for monkeys under other schedules of shock-maintained behavior: Chlorpromazine decreased responding in a dose-related manner while d-amphetamine increased responding at low doses and disrupted behavior at the highest dose. Naloxone did not modify the effects of chlorpromazine and d-amphetamine. These results suggest that interactions observed previously between naloxone and nonopiate drugs on behavior in pigeons and rodents are not general phenomena in all animal species.", "contents": "Failure of naloxone to modify the effects of chlorpromazine and d-amphetamine on avoidance behavior in the squirrel monkey. Lever-pressing by squirrel monkeys was maintained under a continuous avoidance schedule in which each response postponed for 30 s the delivery of an electric shock to the tail. Dose-response curves were determined for chlorpromazine (0.03--0.3 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.03--1.0 mg/kg) administered alone and administered concomitantly with 1.0 or 10 mg/kg of naloxone. The dose-response curves for chlorpromazine and d-amphetamine were similar to those previously reported for monkeys under other schedules of shock-maintained behavior: Chlorpromazine decreased responding in a dose-related manner while d-amphetamine increased responding at low doses and disrupted behavior at the highest dose. Naloxone did not modify the effects of chlorpromazine and d-amphetamine. These results suggest that interactions observed previously between naloxone and nonopiate drugs on behavior in pigeons and rodents are not general phenomena in all animal species.", "PMID": 113805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10895", "title": "Hypnotic analgesia in conditions of stress is partially reversed by naloxone.", "content": "In this study the hypothesis that hypnotic analgesia under conditions of stress is mediated through a neurochemical mechanism involving the release of opioid peptides in the CNS was investigated. Ten highly hypnotizable subjects participated in a 2 x 2 factorial design, which involved hypnotic analgesia, stress and double blind administration of naloxone (an opiate antagonist) or placebo. Analysis of post-hypnosis results indicates that hypnotic analgesia was significantly reversed by the interactive effects of stress and naloxone. It is inferred that stress may be the common psychological denominator of the various analgesic methods which effectively engage this endogenous pain inhibitory system. Additional analyses of anxiety measures reveals no significant association between trait and state anxiety, but significant relationships between state anxiety and time tolerance to ischemic pain. These results suggest that anxiety remains a definitional problem and that previous conceptualizations may not have satisfactorily explained the affect's adaptive function.", "contents": "Hypnotic analgesia in conditions of stress is partially reversed by naloxone. In this study the hypothesis that hypnotic analgesia under conditions of stress is mediated through a neurochemical mechanism involving the release of opioid peptides in the CNS was investigated. Ten highly hypnotizable subjects participated in a 2 x 2 factorial design, which involved hypnotic analgesia, stress and double blind administration of naloxone (an opiate antagonist) or placebo. Analysis of post-hypnosis results indicates that hypnotic analgesia was significantly reversed by the interactive effects of stress and naloxone. It is inferred that stress may be the common psychological denominator of the various analgesic methods which effectively engage this endogenous pain inhibitory system. Additional analyses of anxiety measures reveals no significant association between trait and state anxiety, but significant relationships between state anxiety and time tolerance to ischemic pain. These results suggest that anxiety remains a definitional problem and that previous conceptualizations may not have satisfactorily explained the affect's adaptive function.", "PMID": 113806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10896", "title": "Plasma tricyclic drug levels in amitriptyline-treated depressed patients.", "content": "In a double-blind phenelzine controlled clinical trial, 49 depressed outpatients were treated with a fixed dose of amitriptyline (AMI) 150 mg/day for 6 weeks. No significant relationships were found between steady-state plasma levels of AMI and its metabolite, nortriptyline, at 4 weeks and therapeutic response at 6 weeks or side effects. In the patient subgroup with more severe endogenous symptoms, there was a general trend for a weak positive association between AMI plasma levels and clinical improvement. Plasma tricyclic determinations appear to have little if any predictive value for antidepressant effect in outpatients treated with AMI.", "contents": "Plasma tricyclic drug levels in amitriptyline-treated depressed patients. In a double-blind phenelzine controlled clinical trial, 49 depressed outpatients were treated with a fixed dose of amitriptyline (AMI) 150 mg/day for 6 weeks. No significant relationships were found between steady-state plasma levels of AMI and its metabolite, nortriptyline, at 4 weeks and therapeutic response at 6 weeks or side effects. In the patient subgroup with more severe endogenous symptoms, there was a general trend for a weak positive association between AMI plasma levels and clinical improvement. Plasma tricyclic determinations appear to have little if any predictive value for antidepressant effect in outpatients treated with AMI.", "PMID": 113807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10897", "title": "Reduction of whole blood serotonin in depressed patients treated with a new, selective serotonin-uptake inhibitor, femoxetine.", "content": "Femoxetine, a phenylpiperidine derivative with potent serotonin (5-HT)-uptake inhibitory properties, was investigated in 12 depressive patients for its clinical effect as well as its effect on 5-HT concentration in whole blood. The global evaluation after 6 weeks showed a good effect in six patients. The 5-HT concentration was found to be reduced from a mean value of 0.21 to about 0.05 micrograms/ml, indicating a total depletion of 5-HT from the thrombocytes. The steady-state concentrations of femoxetine resulted in reduction of 5-HT to the same level in all patients. No correlation between degree of 5-HT reduction and therapeutic effect was found.", "contents": "Reduction of whole blood serotonin in depressed patients treated with a new, selective serotonin-uptake inhibitor, femoxetine. Femoxetine, a phenylpiperidine derivative with potent serotonin (5-HT)-uptake inhibitory properties, was investigated in 12 depressive patients for its clinical effect as well as its effect on 5-HT concentration in whole blood. The global evaluation after 6 weeks showed a good effect in six patients. The 5-HT concentration was found to be reduced from a mean value of 0.21 to about 0.05 micrograms/ml, indicating a total depletion of 5-HT from the thrombocytes. The steady-state concentrations of femoxetine resulted in reduction of 5-HT to the same level in all patients. No correlation between degree of 5-HT reduction and therapeutic effect was found.", "PMID": 113809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10898", "title": "Placebo response, placebo effect, and two attributes.", "content": "Two putative predictors of placebo response were studied in three samples of psychiatric outpatients. Two groups, 73 university medical center patients and 56 college health service patients, underwent 1 week of placebo treatment. A quasi-control group of 112 patients receiving no medication waited about 1 week before beginning psychotherapy. One attribute, acquiescence or traditionalism, predicted placebo response, thereby replicating prior findings. Acquiescence was unrelated to change in controls indicating that it may represent a correlate of true placebo effect under some conditions. Additional findings suggested qualifications as to the generality of the relationship. The second attribute, autonomic awareness, was associated with change in all three samples. It appeared to predict nonspecific improvement unrelated to placebo probably due to its relationship to intensity of somatization.", "contents": "Placebo response, placebo effect, and two attributes. Two putative predictors of placebo response were studied in three samples of psychiatric outpatients. Two groups, 73 university medical center patients and 56 college health service patients, underwent 1 week of placebo treatment. A quasi-control group of 112 patients receiving no medication waited about 1 week before beginning psychotherapy. One attribute, acquiescence or traditionalism, predicted placebo response, thereby replicating prior findings. Acquiescence was unrelated to change in controls indicating that it may represent a correlate of true placebo effect under some conditions. Additional findings suggested qualifications as to the generality of the relationship. The second attribute, autonomic awareness, was associated with change in all three samples. It appeared to predict nonspecific improvement unrelated to placebo probably due to its relationship to intensity of somatization.", "PMID": 113810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10899", "title": "Impairment of avoidance behavior following short-term ingestion of alcohol.", "content": "Acquisition and retention of a shock avoidance task were impaired in mice at 5 h and 5 days but not at 14 days after withdrawal from 5 days of chronic alcohol consumption. Mice trained before ingestion of an alcohol-containing diet showed impairment in retention of the shock avoidance procedure 5 h after withdrawal from the diet but not during ingestion or 5 days after withdrawal. At 5 h after withdrawal from the alcohol-containing diet, motor activity and sensitivity to shock were not affected, but there was a decreased motor response to shock. There was no correlation between performance of the avoidance task and the severity of withdrawal signs, as measured by hypothermia or convulsions on handling. The hypothermia and other withdrawal signs were reversed by acute injection of alcohol, but the impairment in avoidance responding was not. These results demonstrate that consumption of an ethanol-containing diet for periods as short as 5 days results in relatively long-lasting alterations in avoidance behavior after withdrawal of the diet. This behavioral impairment appears to be distinct from other signs of alcohol withdrawal.", "contents": "Impairment of avoidance behavior following short-term ingestion of alcohol. Acquisition and retention of a shock avoidance task were impaired in mice at 5 h and 5 days but not at 14 days after withdrawal from 5 days of chronic alcohol consumption. Mice trained before ingestion of an alcohol-containing diet showed impairment in retention of the shock avoidance procedure 5 h after withdrawal from the diet but not during ingestion or 5 days after withdrawal. At 5 h after withdrawal from the alcohol-containing diet, motor activity and sensitivity to shock were not affected, but there was a decreased motor response to shock. There was no correlation between performance of the avoidance task and the severity of withdrawal signs, as measured by hypothermia or convulsions on handling. The hypothermia and other withdrawal signs were reversed by acute injection of alcohol, but the impairment in avoidance responding was not. These results demonstrate that consumption of an ethanol-containing diet for periods as short as 5 days results in relatively long-lasting alterations in avoidance behavior after withdrawal of the diet. This behavioral impairment appears to be distinct from other signs of alcohol withdrawal.", "PMID": 113811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10900", "title": "Memory enhancement induced in chicks by anesthetic doses of chlorpromazine.", "content": "Three experiments describe retroactive memory enhancement in chicks by chlorpromazine (CPZ), a potent membrane stabilizer at anesthetic doses. First, chicks trained on a one-trial peck suppression task under moderate aversant conditions and given 60--144 mg CPZ/kg, intraperitoneally, displayed increased memory retention 24 h later when compared with chicks given saline or 15--36 mg CPZ/kg. The second experiment confirmed the memory enhancement using a different moderate aversant on a different peck target and extended the effect to 48 h. The third experiment demonstrated the CPZ effect to be retrograde because the enhancement observed when CPZ was injected 1 min or 3 min after training did not occur when injection was delayed 4 h. One speculative interpretation of retrograde enhancement with CPZ includes the stabilization of swollen dendritic spines, which may facilitate neuronal pathways.", "contents": "Memory enhancement induced in chicks by anesthetic doses of chlorpromazine. Three experiments describe retroactive memory enhancement in chicks by chlorpromazine (CPZ), a potent membrane stabilizer at anesthetic doses. First, chicks trained on a one-trial peck suppression task under moderate aversant conditions and given 60--144 mg CPZ/kg, intraperitoneally, displayed increased memory retention 24 h later when compared with chicks given saline or 15--36 mg CPZ/kg. The second experiment confirmed the memory enhancement using a different moderate aversant on a different peck target and extended the effect to 48 h. The third experiment demonstrated the CPZ effect to be retrograde because the enhancement observed when CPZ was injected 1 min or 3 min after training did not occur when injection was delayed 4 h. One speculative interpretation of retrograde enhancement with CPZ includes the stabilization of swollen dendritic spines, which may facilitate neuronal pathways.", "PMID": 113813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10901", "title": "Acquisition of behavioral tolerance to ethanol as a function of reinforced practice in rats.", "content": "The roles of both reward and the amount of reinforced practice on the development of behavioral tolerance to ethanol were studied in 32 hooded rats in a Skinner-box situation. The effects of ethanol were evaluated on two aspects of the bar-press response (FR15): latency to complete 15 bar presses and proficiency to earn rewards. Results showed that the behavioral tolerance, as indicated by diminishing effects of ethanol on performances over repeated exposures, developed rapidly. The extent of the developed tolerance was greater and more stable in animals which had reinforced practice while under the influence of ethanol than in animals which had non-reinforced practice. Animals which were exposed to the same amount of ethanol but practiced the response in a non-drug state showed little sign of tolerance to ethanol. These findings give further support to a previous view that learning processes may be involved in acquisition of behavioral tolerance to ethanol.", "contents": "Acquisition of behavioral tolerance to ethanol as a function of reinforced practice in rats. The roles of both reward and the amount of reinforced practice on the development of behavioral tolerance to ethanol were studied in 32 hooded rats in a Skinner-box situation. The effects of ethanol were evaluated on two aspects of the bar-press response (FR15): latency to complete 15 bar presses and proficiency to earn rewards. Results showed that the behavioral tolerance, as indicated by diminishing effects of ethanol on performances over repeated exposures, developed rapidly. The extent of the developed tolerance was greater and more stable in animals which had reinforced practice while under the influence of ethanol than in animals which had non-reinforced practice. Animals which were exposed to the same amount of ethanol but practiced the response in a non-drug state showed little sign of tolerance to ethanol. These findings give further support to a previous view that learning processes may be involved in acquisition of behavioral tolerance to ethanol.", "PMID": 113815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10902", "title": "Dopaminergic mechanisms and cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. A neurobiological model.", "content": "A hypothesis is briefly discussed proposing that schizophrenic symptoms are due to a breakdown in a mechanism by which conscious attention is limited and directed. It is shown that this mechanism can be modelled in terms of a simple nerve network in which every channel inhibits all the others. Failure of this inhibition would cause the defect hypothesised to occur in schizophrenia. It is shown that if dopamine is given a central role as transmitter in such a network then the various predictions about the biochemistry of schizophrenia that follow are not only consistent with the evidence for the 'dopamine theory' of schizophrenia, but also with much of the evidence held to be contrary to that theory. While not purporting to be an experimentally validated description of schizophrenia, this model goes beyond the single amine theories of schizophrenia and links dysfunctions in amine systems with specific behavioural control mechanisms. Given the current state of knowledge, such models can make only limited predictions about the biochemistry of schizophrenia. However, an attempt to link behavioural and biochemical systems in this way will be crucial for the development of viable animal models of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Dopaminergic mechanisms and cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. A neurobiological model. A hypothesis is briefly discussed proposing that schizophrenic symptoms are due to a breakdown in a mechanism by which conscious attention is limited and directed. It is shown that this mechanism can be modelled in terms of a simple nerve network in which every channel inhibits all the others. Failure of this inhibition would cause the defect hypothesised to occur in schizophrenia. It is shown that if dopamine is given a central role as transmitter in such a network then the various predictions about the biochemistry of schizophrenia that follow are not only consistent with the evidence for the 'dopamine theory' of schizophrenia, but also with much of the evidence held to be contrary to that theory. While not purporting to be an experimentally validated description of schizophrenia, this model goes beyond the single amine theories of schizophrenia and links dysfunctions in amine systems with specific behavioural control mechanisms. Given the current state of knowledge, such models can make only limited predictions about the biochemistry of schizophrenia. However, an attempt to link behavioural and biochemical systems in this way will be crucial for the development of viable animal models of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 113814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10903", "title": "Brain dopamine and noradrenaline levels in rats submitted to four different aversive behavioral tests.", "content": "Rats were trained to perform shuttle responses to a buzzer in four different situations: Pseudoconditioning (buzzers and footshocks presented at random), classical conditioning (buzzers and footshocks paired on every trial), avoidance without stimulus pairing (buzzer--shock intervals varied at random, shocks contingent upon the nonemission of a shuttle response to the preceding buzzer), and standard two-way avoidance (buzzers paired to shocks, but the latter omitted every time there was a shuttle to the buzzer). Animals were killed immediately after the last trials and the noradrenaline and dopamine content of their hypothalamus, amygdala, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens was determined. There were falls of dopamine content in the caudate and accumbens and falls of noradrenaline levels in all structures except the caudate after the pseudoconditioning test. Noradrenaline levels were normal, and dopamine levels were partially recovered, in the animals submitted to the other training situations. Thus learning factors (stimulus pairing and/or the avoidance contingency) offset the depleting influence of footshocks per se on both catecholamines in at least the structures studied.", "contents": "Brain dopamine and noradrenaline levels in rats submitted to four different aversive behavioral tests. Rats were trained to perform shuttle responses to a buzzer in four different situations: Pseudoconditioning (buzzers and footshocks presented at random), classical conditioning (buzzers and footshocks paired on every trial), avoidance without stimulus pairing (buzzer--shock intervals varied at random, shocks contingent upon the nonemission of a shuttle response to the preceding buzzer), and standard two-way avoidance (buzzers paired to shocks, but the latter omitted every time there was a shuttle to the buzzer). Animals were killed immediately after the last trials and the noradrenaline and dopamine content of their hypothalamus, amygdala, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens was determined. There were falls of dopamine content in the caudate and accumbens and falls of noradrenaline levels in all structures except the caudate after the pseudoconditioning test. Noradrenaline levels were normal, and dopamine levels were partially recovered, in the animals submitted to the other training situations. Thus learning factors (stimulus pairing and/or the avoidance contingency) offset the depleting influence of footshocks per se on both catecholamines in at least the structures studied.", "PMID": 113816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10904", "title": "The effect of propranolol treatment in shizophrenia on CSF amine metabolites and prolactin.", "content": "Recent reports have suggested that high doses of propranolol may be an effective treatment in schizophrenia. To determine whether such treatment has effects on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amine metabolites and prolactin similar to the effects of the neuroleptic drugs, we studied CSF from ten patients before and after propanolol therapy. The initial CSF sample was removed after a drug-free period and propranolol dosage was then increased over 1 week to 1000 mg daily in all ten patients. A second CSF sample was removed after 3 weeks of propranolol therapy. Propranolol levels and prolactin in CSF were measured by radioimmunoassay. Homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Propranolol had no effect on the prolactin or amine metabolite concentrations. CSF propranolol levels averaged 40 ng/ml (range less than 1--78).", "contents": "The effect of propranolol treatment in shizophrenia on CSF amine metabolites and prolactin. Recent reports have suggested that high doses of propranolol may be an effective treatment in schizophrenia. To determine whether such treatment has effects on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amine metabolites and prolactin similar to the effects of the neuroleptic drugs, we studied CSF from ten patients before and after propanolol therapy. The initial CSF sample was removed after a drug-free period and propranolol dosage was then increased over 1 week to 1000 mg daily in all ten patients. A second CSF sample was removed after 3 weeks of propranolol therapy. Propranolol levels and prolactin in CSF were measured by radioimmunoassay. Homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Propranolol had no effect on the prolactin or amine metabolite concentrations. CSF propranolol levels averaged 40 ng/ml (range less than 1--78).", "PMID": 113817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10905", "title": "Facilitation of memory processing by posttrial morphine: possible involvement of reinforcement mechanisms?", "content": "Posttrial administration of 40 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, but not of 1 mg/kg, of morphine hydrochloride facilitates learning of a one-trial passive avoidance task in drug-naive mice. The effect does not depend on the punishing properties of the morphine injection, since in injection of LiCl (a strong punisher) fails to enhance learning in a similar way. After the establishment of tolerance by several morphone administrations, the 100 mg/kg, but not the 40 mg/kg, dose level resulted in memory facilitation. The data are discussed in connection with the hypothesis that morphine acts directly on reinforcement mechanisms by activating the opiate receptor.", "contents": "Facilitation of memory processing by posttrial morphine: possible involvement of reinforcement mechanisms? Posttrial administration of 40 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, but not of 1 mg/kg, of morphine hydrochloride facilitates learning of a one-trial passive avoidance task in drug-naive mice. The effect does not depend on the punishing properties of the morphine injection, since in injection of LiCl (a strong punisher) fails to enhance learning in a similar way. After the establishment of tolerance by several morphone administrations, the 100 mg/kg, but not the 40 mg/kg, dose level resulted in memory facilitation. The data are discussed in connection with the hypothesis that morphine acts directly on reinforcement mechanisms by activating the opiate receptor.", "PMID": 113818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10906", "title": "Effects of spiperone on feeding performance in a food preference test.", "content": "Spiperone reduced latency to feed and prolonged the total duration of feeding in a food-preference test in which novel and familiar foods were presented simultaneously to food-deprived rats. The increase in feeding duration could be accounted for in terms of an increase in time devoted to eating the novel foods, leaving the time devoted to eating the familiar food relatively unaltered. However, closer analysis of the data revealed that, at the level of mean duration of individual eating episodes, spiperone prolonged the eating-episode duration equally for both novel and familiar foods. This apparent paradox was resolved by noting that whilst spiperone did not alter the number of eating episodes in the test, it did alter the ratio of eating episodes in favour of novel foods. The data was incorporated into a control system model which depicts actions of spiperone in the food-preference situation with total eating duration as the final behavioural output.", "contents": "Effects of spiperone on feeding performance in a food preference test. Spiperone reduced latency to feed and prolonged the total duration of feeding in a food-preference test in which novel and familiar foods were presented simultaneously to food-deprived rats. The increase in feeding duration could be accounted for in terms of an increase in time devoted to eating the novel foods, leaving the time devoted to eating the familiar food relatively unaltered. However, closer analysis of the data revealed that, at the level of mean duration of individual eating episodes, spiperone prolonged the eating-episode duration equally for both novel and familiar foods. This apparent paradox was resolved by noting that whilst spiperone did not alter the number of eating episodes in the test, it did alter the ratio of eating episodes in favour of novel foods. The data was incorporated into a control system model which depicts actions of spiperone in the food-preference situation with total eating duration as the final behavioural output.", "PMID": 113819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10907", "title": "Chlordiazepoxide-induced disruption of discrimination behaviour: a signal detection analysis.", "content": "To assess the effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on a stable discrimination performance, eight rats were trained on a simple brightness discrimination and injected with three dosages (0, 5, and 10 mg/kg) once performance was stable. Signal detection analysis of the results was used to differentiate sensory from motor/responsivity effects of the drug. At 5 mg/kg, CDP increased general responsiveness which is consistent with the hypothesis that CDP disinhibits responding. At 10 mg/kg, however, this effect on responsivity was reversed and there was also a suppression of stimulus sensitivity.", "contents": "Chlordiazepoxide-induced disruption of discrimination behaviour: a signal detection analysis. To assess the effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on a stable discrimination performance, eight rats were trained on a simple brightness discrimination and injected with three dosages (0, 5, and 10 mg/kg) once performance was stable. Signal detection analysis of the results was used to differentiate sensory from motor/responsivity effects of the drug. At 5 mg/kg, CDP increased general responsiveness which is consistent with the hypothesis that CDP disinhibits responding. At 10 mg/kg, however, this effect on responsivity was reversed and there was also a suppression of stimulus sensitivity.", "PMID": 113820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10908", "title": "Interactions between motor activity and sterotypy in cocaine-treated rats.", "content": "Effect of a single administration of a dose (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg, i.p.) of cocaine hydrochloride on spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and stereotypy (ST), and interactions between these behaviors were investigated in rats. SMA showed peak increases within 10 min and at 120 min after cocaine injection. Drug-induced stereotypy was maximal during the interval between these two peaks in SMA. Several neurotransmitters may be involved in the interactions between SMA and ST.", "contents": "Interactions between motor activity and sterotypy in cocaine-treated rats. Effect of a single administration of a dose (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg, i.p.) of cocaine hydrochloride on spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and stereotypy (ST), and interactions between these behaviors were investigated in rats. SMA showed peak increases within 10 min and at 120 min after cocaine injection. Drug-induced stereotypy was maximal during the interval between these two peaks in SMA. Several neurotransmitters may be involved in the interactions between SMA and ST.", "PMID": 113821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10909", "title": "Mediation of central prostaglandin effects by serotoninergic neurons.", "content": "Ten days after administration of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, which causes degeneration of central serotoninergic neurons, the depressive behavioral effects of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 were evidently inhibited. Central chemical serotoninectomy abolished the hyperthermic and hypertensive effects of PGF2 alpha, but only slightly affected those of PGE2. It is concluded that serotoninergic neurons mediate the depressive behavioral action of both PGF2 alpha and PGE2. They also mediate the hyperthermic and hypertensive action of PGF2 alpha but not of PGE2. This suggests that these prostaglandins have different central modes of action.", "contents": "Mediation of central prostaglandin effects by serotoninergic neurons. Ten days after administration of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, which causes degeneration of central serotoninergic neurons, the depressive behavioral effects of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 were evidently inhibited. Central chemical serotoninectomy abolished the hyperthermic and hypertensive effects of PGF2 alpha, but only slightly affected those of PGE2. It is concluded that serotoninergic neurons mediate the depressive behavioral action of both PGF2 alpha and PGE2. They also mediate the hyperthermic and hypertensive action of PGF2 alpha but not of PGE2. This suggests that these prostaglandins have different central modes of action.", "PMID": 113822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10910", "title": "Effect of cocaine on food intake in rats.", "content": "In rats trained to eat during a five-hour daily period, cocaine (10, 15, and 25 mg/kg) depressed food intake. The anorexia was seen during the 1st h only, with no effect on total food intake.", "contents": "Effect of cocaine on food intake in rats. In rats trained to eat during a five-hour daily period, cocaine (10, 15, and 25 mg/kg) depressed food intake. The anorexia was seen during the 1st h only, with no effect on total food intake.", "PMID": 113823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10911", "title": "Cortexolone antagonizes development of alcohol tolerance in mice.", "content": "Mice treated with cortexolone during a period of chronic ethanol feeding displayed significantly less tolerance to a challenge dose of ethanol than mice fed ethanol but not given cortexolone. This glucocorticoid receptor blocker did not alter the hypnotic effects of ethanol in animals not previously given ethanol and no differences were found in ethanol consumption or blood ethanol levels between ethanol-fed mice receiving daily injections of cortexolone and the vehicle-injected controls. It was concluded that cortexolone interferes with the development of tolerance to ethanol.", "contents": "Cortexolone antagonizes development of alcohol tolerance in mice. Mice treated with cortexolone during a period of chronic ethanol feeding displayed significantly less tolerance to a challenge dose of ethanol than mice fed ethanol but not given cortexolone. This glucocorticoid receptor blocker did not alter the hypnotic effects of ethanol in animals not previously given ethanol and no differences were found in ethanol consumption or blood ethanol levels between ethanol-fed mice receiving daily injections of cortexolone and the vehicle-injected controls. It was concluded that cortexolone interferes with the development of tolerance to ethanol.", "PMID": 113824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10912", "title": "Tolerance to the behavioral effects of phencyclidine: the importance of behavioral and pharmacological variables.", "content": "The effects of phencyclidine (PCP) on the behavior of rats responding to a fixed-interval 1 min schedule of water delivery were determined before, during, and after a period of daily PCP injections. The effects of acute PCP on overall response rate were biphasic: low doses increased and high doses decreased rates. In addition, PCP produced a dose-related decrease in quarter-life and high doses of PCP decreased the number of reinforcers delivered. During the daily injection regimen roughly a two-fold tolerance developed to the effects of 8.0 mg/kg PCP on response rate in animals receiving either presession or post-session injections of this dose, emphasizing the predominance of pharmacological variables in PCP tolerance. However, slight differences between these groups in tolerance development and in the rate of tolerance loss demonstrate that behavioral variables can influence tolerance to the behavioral effects of PCP.", "contents": "Tolerance to the behavioral effects of phencyclidine: the importance of behavioral and pharmacological variables. The effects of phencyclidine (PCP) on the behavior of rats responding to a fixed-interval 1 min schedule of water delivery were determined before, during, and after a period of daily PCP injections. The effects of acute PCP on overall response rate were biphasic: low doses increased and high doses decreased rates. In addition, PCP produced a dose-related decrease in quarter-life and high doses of PCP decreased the number of reinforcers delivered. During the daily injection regimen roughly a two-fold tolerance developed to the effects of 8.0 mg/kg PCP on response rate in animals receiving either presession or post-session injections of this dose, emphasizing the predominance of pharmacological variables in PCP tolerance. However, slight differences between these groups in tolerance development and in the rate of tolerance loss demonstrate that behavioral variables can influence tolerance to the behavioral effects of PCP.", "PMID": 113826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10913", "title": "The effect of ruthenium red and NEM on lithium efflux from human erythrocytes.", "content": "The lithium pump in intact human erythrocytes which has previously been shown to be repressed following lithium carbonate ingestion by manic-depressive subjects is now shown to be inhibited selectively by N-ethylmaleimide and ruthenium red, both of which are known to inhibit the erythrocyte Ca pump. It is proposed that active lithium efflux is linked to the concurrent operation of the calcium pump.", "contents": "The effect of ruthenium red and NEM on lithium efflux from human erythrocytes. The lithium pump in intact human erythrocytes which has previously been shown to be repressed following lithium carbonate ingestion by manic-depressive subjects is now shown to be inhibited selectively by N-ethylmaleimide and ruthenium red, both of which are known to inhibit the erythrocyte Ca pump. It is proposed that active lithium efflux is linked to the concurrent operation of the calcium pump.", "PMID": 113827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10914", "title": "Drugs that antagonize limb flick behavior induced by D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in cats.", "content": "In cats observed in their home cages limb flicks (LF) are a sensitive measure of the behavioral effects of LSD. LF induced by LSD (50 microgram/kg) were blocked by dextrorphan (0.6 mg/kg), dextromethorphan (0.6 mg/kg), and imipramine (5 mg/kg) at doses that did not produce ataxia or sleep. Levorphanol (0.6 mg/kg), a narcotic that is a congener of dextrorphan, did not block LF induced by LSD possibly because it produced an excitatory effect when given alone. Pentobarbital at low doses (2 and 4 mg/kg) increased the number of LF induced by LSD but at a high dose (8 mg/kg) decreased LF induced by LSD either by producing ataxia, so the cats tended to remain immobile, or by producing sleep. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) at three doses (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg) attenuated the effects of LSD on LF, but did not block LF as completely as the above three blocking drugs, and produced ataxia and sleep.", "contents": "Drugs that antagonize limb flick behavior induced by D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in cats. In cats observed in their home cages limb flicks (LF) are a sensitive measure of the behavioral effects of LSD. LF induced by LSD (50 microgram/kg) were blocked by dextrorphan (0.6 mg/kg), dextromethorphan (0.6 mg/kg), and imipramine (5 mg/kg) at doses that did not produce ataxia or sleep. Levorphanol (0.6 mg/kg), a narcotic that is a congener of dextrorphan, did not block LF induced by LSD possibly because it produced an excitatory effect when given alone. Pentobarbital at low doses (2 and 4 mg/kg) increased the number of LF induced by LSD but at a high dose (8 mg/kg) decreased LF induced by LSD either by producing ataxia, so the cats tended to remain immobile, or by producing sleep. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) at three doses (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg) attenuated the effects of LSD on LF, but did not block LF as completely as the above three blocking drugs, and produced ataxia and sleep.", "PMID": 113828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10915", "title": "3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol excretion in acutely schizophrenic patients during a controlled clinical trial of the isomers of flupenthixol.", "content": "Urinary MHPG excretion in patients with acute schizophrenia was studied before and during a trial of the isomers of flupenthixol and placebo. Pretrial MHPG excretion was not related to severity of illness before the trial or to other pretrial clinical variables. In male subjects higher pretrial MHPG excretion was associated with a better outcome 1 year post-trial. However in females no relationship between MHPG excretion and outcome was established. During the trial there was a reduction in MHPG excretion in patients treated with beta-flupenthixol but no decrease in the group treated with alpha-flupenthixol or chlorpromazine. In patients on placebo there was a reduction in MHPG excretion in those who did well clinically, but not in those who did poorly. Thus low MHPG excretion may be a predictor of poor outcome in schizophrenia, but MHPG excretion also changes both as a function of clinical state and of neuroleptic drug administration.", "contents": "3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol excretion in acutely schizophrenic patients during a controlled clinical trial of the isomers of flupenthixol. Urinary MHPG excretion in patients with acute schizophrenia was studied before and during a trial of the isomers of flupenthixol and placebo. Pretrial MHPG excretion was not related to severity of illness before the trial or to other pretrial clinical variables. In male subjects higher pretrial MHPG excretion was associated with a better outcome 1 year post-trial. However in females no relationship between MHPG excretion and outcome was established. During the trial there was a reduction in MHPG excretion in patients treated with beta-flupenthixol but no decrease in the group treated with alpha-flupenthixol or chlorpromazine. In patients on placebo there was a reduction in MHPG excretion in those who did well clinically, but not in those who did poorly. Thus low MHPG excretion may be a predictor of poor outcome in schizophrenia, but MHPG excretion also changes both as a function of clinical state and of neuroleptic drug administration.", "PMID": 113829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10916", "title": "The effect of bilateral ventral noradrenaline bundle lesions on lever pressing for food in rats.", "content": "Food reward has been associated with activation of noradrenergic mechanisms in the brain. Using rats trained to press a lever for food reward, we have investigated the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions, which severly depleted hypothalamic noradrenaline, on the willingness of the rats to press the lever for food reward. We found that performance in the food-rewarded task was significantly impaired following such lesions, and that this was especially marked when the task was made more difficult. From our results we suggest that ventral noradrenaline bundle lesions can decrease the rewarding nature of food, thus making the animals less willing to work for food reward.", "contents": "The effect of bilateral ventral noradrenaline bundle lesions on lever pressing for food in rats. Food reward has been associated with activation of noradrenergic mechanisms in the brain. Using rats trained to press a lever for food reward, we have investigated the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions, which severly depleted hypothalamic noradrenaline, on the willingness of the rats to press the lever for food reward. We found that performance in the food-rewarded task was significantly impaired following such lesions, and that this was especially marked when the task was made more difficult. From our results we suggest that ventral noradrenaline bundle lesions can decrease the rewarding nature of food, thus making the animals less willing to work for food reward.", "PMID": 113830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10917", "title": "Circling behavior following systemic d-amphetamine administration: potential noradrenergic and dopaminergic involvement.", "content": "Systemic treatment with d-amphetamine produced a dose-dependent increase in the circling behavior of normal mice. Treatment with both alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MpT) and FLA-63 antagonized the amphetamine-induced circling behavior. Similarly, blockade of B-adrenergic receptors by propranolol and dopamine receptors by haloperidol reversed the circling response elicited by amphetamine. In contrast to alpha-MpT and haloperidol, however, neither FLA-63 nor propranolol attenuated the locomotor excitation engendered by amphetamine. Following repeated d-amphetamine injections the circling ordinarily induced by a single injection was abolished, whereas the locomotor effects of amphetamine remained unaltered. These findings are consistent with earlier work suggesting that tolerance may occur in those behaviors that involve a noradrenergic component.", "contents": "Circling behavior following systemic d-amphetamine administration: potential noradrenergic and dopaminergic involvement. Systemic treatment with d-amphetamine produced a dose-dependent increase in the circling behavior of normal mice. Treatment with both alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MpT) and FLA-63 antagonized the amphetamine-induced circling behavior. Similarly, blockade of B-adrenergic receptors by propranolol and dopamine receptors by haloperidol reversed the circling response elicited by amphetamine. In contrast to alpha-MpT and haloperidol, however, neither FLA-63 nor propranolol attenuated the locomotor excitation engendered by amphetamine. Following repeated d-amphetamine injections the circling ordinarily induced by a single injection was abolished, whereas the locomotor effects of amphetamine remained unaltered. These findings are consistent with earlier work suggesting that tolerance may occur in those behaviors that involve a noradrenergic component.", "PMID": 113831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10918", "title": "A comparison of clozapine, chlorpromazine, and thioridazine upon DRL performance in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "Clozapine (0.16--10 mg/kg, p. o.), chlorpromazine (0.25--2 mg/kg, p. o.), and thioridazine (0.25--2 mg/kg, p. o.) were administered to squirrel monkeys subjected to a DRL 10 s schedule. The reinforcer consisted of 50% unsweetened orange juice. Chlorpromazine and thioridazine had no effect at the lower doses, but decreased response rate at the highest dose. Clozapine increased response rates at the low doses (0.31--2.5 mg/kg) and decreased rates at the high dose (10 mg/kg). Clozapine appears to show a major difference from other neuroleptic drugs in this test by increasing response rate. Since clozapine produces few extrapyramidal side effects in man, this procedure may be useful in selecting and developing new anti-psychotic drugs with less liability for side effects.", "contents": "A comparison of clozapine, chlorpromazine, and thioridazine upon DRL performance in the squirrel monkey. Clozapine (0.16--10 mg/kg, p. o.), chlorpromazine (0.25--2 mg/kg, p. o.), and thioridazine (0.25--2 mg/kg, p. o.) were administered to squirrel monkeys subjected to a DRL 10 s schedule. The reinforcer consisted of 50% unsweetened orange juice. Chlorpromazine and thioridazine had no effect at the lower doses, but decreased response rate at the highest dose. Clozapine increased response rates at the low doses (0.31--2.5 mg/kg) and decreased rates at the high dose (10 mg/kg). Clozapine appears to show a major difference from other neuroleptic drugs in this test by increasing response rate. Since clozapine produces few extrapyramidal side effects in man, this procedure may be useful in selecting and developing new anti-psychotic drugs with less liability for side effects.", "PMID": 113832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10919", "title": "Effects of concentration of ethanol injected intraperitoneally on taste aversion, body temperature, and activity.", "content": "Levels of ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion and hypothermia were found to be directly related to the concentration of fixed amounts of ethanol injected i.p. in a range of doses (1.0--1.8 g/kg) and concentrations (8--32% v/v) commonly used in behavioral studies. No effect of ethanol concentration on locomotor activity was obtained. The results of blood-ethanol determinations indicate that a given dose of ethanol is absorbed more rapidly, and thus reaches greater peak levels, when injected in a higher concentration. Thus ethanol dosage might be better manipulated by varying the volume of a single concentration rather than by altering concentration. In this way, dose-response data will not be obscured by concentration-induced differences in absorption.", "contents": "Effects of concentration of ethanol injected intraperitoneally on taste aversion, body temperature, and activity. Levels of ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion and hypothermia were found to be directly related to the concentration of fixed amounts of ethanol injected i.p. in a range of doses (1.0--1.8 g/kg) and concentrations (8--32% v/v) commonly used in behavioral studies. No effect of ethanol concentration on locomotor activity was obtained. The results of blood-ethanol determinations indicate that a given dose of ethanol is absorbed more rapidly, and thus reaches greater peak levels, when injected in a higher concentration. Thus ethanol dosage might be better manipulated by varying the volume of a single concentration rather than by altering concentration. In this way, dose-response data will not be obscured by concentration-induced differences in absorption.", "PMID": 113833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10920", "title": "Behavioral effects of low, acute doses of morphine in nontolerant groups of rats in an open-field test.", "content": "Groups of eight rats were treated with low, acute doses of morphine (2, 3.5, and 5 mg/kg body weight) or a corresponding volume of isotonic NaCl solution. The formation of groups, certain other features of social interaction, plus some individual items were recorded. Morphine induced an increase in the frequency of group formations without disruption of grooming and rearing patterns. The total picture of morphine-induced behavior changes at the dose levels used might be characterized as a polyactivation (or a varied stimulation); different from the selective stimulation reported for d-amphetamine.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of low, acute doses of morphine in nontolerant groups of rats in an open-field test. Groups of eight rats were treated with low, acute doses of morphine (2, 3.5, and 5 mg/kg body weight) or a corresponding volume of isotonic NaCl solution. The formation of groups, certain other features of social interaction, plus some individual items were recorded. Morphine induced an increase in the frequency of group formations without disruption of grooming and rearing patterns. The total picture of morphine-induced behavior changes at the dose levels used might be characterized as a polyactivation (or a varied stimulation); different from the selective stimulation reported for d-amphetamine.", "PMID": 113834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10921", "title": "Behavioral effects of low and high acute doses of morphine in solitary mice.", "content": "The effects of morphine (5, 10, 100, and 150 mg/kg SC) on locomotor activity, object manipulation, grooming, rearing, and responsiveness to social stimulation were observed in naive, nontolerant mice. Morphine induced significant changes in the behavior elements recorded. Five and 10 mg/kg morphine caused an initial phase of about 1 h with inhibition of all activities. After 1 h the mice gradually increased activity and exceeded the corresponding placebo level at the end of the sessions. 100 and 150 mg/kg morphine caused an increase in locomotor activity. This hyperactive continuous running was stereotyped, restricted as it was to only a certain part of the experimental cage. Concurrently all other behavior elements were abolished. The animals did not normalize within the observation period. Neither the sedated mice with low doses nor the mice with high doses of morphine responded socially to the presence of another untreated mouse which was placed in the cage as a social response test.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of low and high acute doses of morphine in solitary mice. The effects of morphine (5, 10, 100, and 150 mg/kg SC) on locomotor activity, object manipulation, grooming, rearing, and responsiveness to social stimulation were observed in naive, nontolerant mice. Morphine induced significant changes in the behavior elements recorded. Five and 10 mg/kg morphine caused an initial phase of about 1 h with inhibition of all activities. After 1 h the mice gradually increased activity and exceeded the corresponding placebo level at the end of the sessions. 100 and 150 mg/kg morphine caused an increase in locomotor activity. This hyperactive continuous running was stereotyped, restricted as it was to only a certain part of the experimental cage. Concurrently all other behavior elements were abolished. The animals did not normalize within the observation period. Neither the sedated mice with low doses nor the mice with high doses of morphine responded socially to the presence of another untreated mouse which was placed in the cage as a social response test.", "PMID": 113835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10922", "title": "The action of DL-2,4-diaminobutyric acid on the cataleptogenic effects of pilocarpine and alpha-flupenthixol in rats.", "content": "The existence of a strionigral GABA-ergic pathway having an inhibitory effect on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system has been proposed. The work reported in this paper was undertaken to investigate whether modification of the GABA-eric system by the GABA neuronal uptake inhibitor DL-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA) would affect cholinergic (pilocarpine) and/or neuroleptic alpha-flupenthixol (alpha-FPT) induced catalepsy. DABA pretreatment was shown to enhance significantly both alpha-FPT and pilocarpine induced catalepsy. DABA alone had no cataleptic activity. The results are interpreted as supporting the existence of an inhibitory strionigral GABA-ergic pathway.", "contents": "The action of DL-2,4-diaminobutyric acid on the cataleptogenic effects of pilocarpine and alpha-flupenthixol in rats. The existence of a strionigral GABA-ergic pathway having an inhibitory effect on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system has been proposed. The work reported in this paper was undertaken to investigate whether modification of the GABA-eric system by the GABA neuronal uptake inhibitor DL-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA) would affect cholinergic (pilocarpine) and/or neuroleptic alpha-flupenthixol (alpha-FPT) induced catalepsy. DABA pretreatment was shown to enhance significantly both alpha-FPT and pilocarpine induced catalepsy. DABA alone had no cataleptic activity. The results are interpreted as supporting the existence of an inhibitory strionigral GABA-ergic pathway.", "PMID": 113836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10923", "title": "Memory facilitation with posttrial injection of oxotremorine and physostigmine in mice.", "content": "The immediate posttrial injection of oxotremorine (0.125, 0.250 and 0.500 muMol/kg i.p.) and equimolecular doses of physostigmine can facilitate the retention of a passive avoidance response in mice. Injections given 10 min after training also significantly facilitate retention, but injections given 30 or 120 min after training do not affect retention. These findings suggest an action of oxotremorine and physostigmine on mechanisms involved in memory storage. The enhanced retention produced by oxotremorine and physostigmine was blocked by pretreatment with atropine (2 muMol/kg, 20 min, i.p.) but was not affected by methylatropine (2 muMol/kg, 20 min, i.p.). The retention was not modified by posttrial injection of metoxotremorine (0.25 muMol/kg i.p.) or neostigmine (0.250 muMol/kg i.p.), quaternary analogs of oxotremorine and physostigmine, respectively. The results suggest a central action of both cholinergic agents attributable to an activation of muscarinic brain receptors.", "contents": "Memory facilitation with posttrial injection of oxotremorine and physostigmine in mice. The immediate posttrial injection of oxotremorine (0.125, 0.250 and 0.500 muMol/kg i.p.) and equimolecular doses of physostigmine can facilitate the retention of a passive avoidance response in mice. Injections given 10 min after training also significantly facilitate retention, but injections given 30 or 120 min after training do not affect retention. These findings suggest an action of oxotremorine and physostigmine on mechanisms involved in memory storage. The enhanced retention produced by oxotremorine and physostigmine was blocked by pretreatment with atropine (2 muMol/kg, 20 min, i.p.) but was not affected by methylatropine (2 muMol/kg, 20 min, i.p.). The retention was not modified by posttrial injection of metoxotremorine (0.25 muMol/kg i.p.) or neostigmine (0.250 muMol/kg i.p.), quaternary analogs of oxotremorine and physostigmine, respectively. The results suggest a central action of both cholinergic agents attributable to an activation of muscarinic brain receptors.", "PMID": 113837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10924", "title": "Pharmacological modification of experimental depression in infant macaques.", "content": "This study provides evidence that mother--infant separation in macaques is a useful experimental model of depression. At the age of 6--8 months, seven M.fascicularis infants underwent two consecutive separations from their mothers lasting 21 and 15 days, respectively. The frequency and duration of a set of individual and social behaviours were recorded throughout each of the following experimental conditions: baseline, separation, reunion. In response to maternal separation, the infants showed marked increased in frequency of behaviours reflecting distress, self-directed activity or anxiety (e.g. vocalization, locomotion, body play). Both individual and social play behaviours were markedly suppressed in separated infants. During the second separation, one group of subjects was given, in a 'double blind' fashion, daily doses of 5 mg/kg of an antidepressant, desmethylimipramine (DMI), i.m. Treatment with DMI markedly diminished most of the behavioural alterations induced by separation. In particular, the increases in distress and self-directed behaviours as well as the suppression of play activities were prevented or antagonized. Plasma levels of DMI after 5 days of administration were in the range of 50--150 ng/ml.", "contents": "Pharmacological modification of experimental depression in infant macaques. This study provides evidence that mother--infant separation in macaques is a useful experimental model of depression. At the age of 6--8 months, seven M.fascicularis infants underwent two consecutive separations from their mothers lasting 21 and 15 days, respectively. The frequency and duration of a set of individual and social behaviours were recorded throughout each of the following experimental conditions: baseline, separation, reunion. In response to maternal separation, the infants showed marked increased in frequency of behaviours reflecting distress, self-directed activity or anxiety (e.g. vocalization, locomotion, body play). Both individual and social play behaviours were markedly suppressed in separated infants. During the second separation, one group of subjects was given, in a 'double blind' fashion, daily doses of 5 mg/kg of an antidepressant, desmethylimipramine (DMI), i.m. Treatment with DMI markedly diminished most of the behavioural alterations induced by separation. In particular, the increases in distress and self-directed behaviours as well as the suppression of play activities were prevented or antagonized. Plasma levels of DMI after 5 days of administration were in the range of 50--150 ng/ml.", "PMID": 113838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10925", "title": "Effects of chlordiazepoxide on comparable rates of punished and unpunished responding.", "content": "Identical overall rates and patterns of key pecking by pigeons were maintained under a multiple fixed-interval schedule of food presentation. In one component, every thirtieth response produced an electric shock (punishment) whereas during the other component the response that produced food had to be preceded by a pause of a minimum (10 or 11 s) duration. Although chlordiazepoxide (1.0--17.0 mg/kg) increased both punished and unpunished responding, greater increases were uniformly obtained with punished responding.", "contents": "Effects of chlordiazepoxide on comparable rates of punished and unpunished responding. Identical overall rates and patterns of key pecking by pigeons were maintained under a multiple fixed-interval schedule of food presentation. In one component, every thirtieth response produced an electric shock (punishment) whereas during the other component the response that produced food had to be preceded by a pause of a minimum (10 or 11 s) duration. Although chlordiazepoxide (1.0--17.0 mg/kg) increased both punished and unpunished responding, greater increases were uniformly obtained with punished responding.", "PMID": 113839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10926", "title": "Urinary 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol is not a predictor for clinical response to amitriptyline in depressive illness.", "content": "The urinary excretion of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol was compared in a group of 23 depressive patients and 27 control subjects of similar age. There was no difference between patients and controls although female controls excreted less than males. After 6 weeks' treatment with 150 mg daily of amitriptyline there was no correlation between therapeutic response and pretreatment urinary excretion value.", "contents": "Urinary 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol is not a predictor for clinical response to amitriptyline in depressive illness. The urinary excretion of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol was compared in a group of 23 depressive patients and 27 control subjects of similar age. There was no difference between patients and controls although female controls excreted less than males. After 6 weeks' treatment with 150 mg daily of amitriptyline there was no correlation between therapeutic response and pretreatment urinary excretion value.", "PMID": 113840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10927", "title": "An assessment of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic outpatients.", "content": "An examination of tardive dyskinesia in 213 schizophrenic outpatients using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) indicates that increasing age is significantly associated with the presence of this disorder while sex is not. Both sexes showed significant linear increases with increasing age. Although males did not evidence the statistically significant curvilinear trend previously reported in an inpatient study using the same methodology, they displayed an attenuated effect at the older age levels. A comparison of prevalence values between the outpatient sample and the inpatient sample previously studied indicated no greater prevalence in the outpatients. However, an examination of differences in AIMS total scores between these samples suggested the presence of many more marginal and mild movements in the outpatients. Reasons for the differences between the inpatient and outpatient studies are discussed.", "contents": "An assessment of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic outpatients. An examination of tardive dyskinesia in 213 schizophrenic outpatients using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) indicates that increasing age is significantly associated with the presence of this disorder while sex is not. Both sexes showed significant linear increases with increasing age. Although males did not evidence the statistically significant curvilinear trend previously reported in an inpatient study using the same methodology, they displayed an attenuated effect at the older age levels. A comparison of prevalence values between the outpatient sample and the inpatient sample previously studied indicated no greater prevalence in the outpatients. However, an examination of differences in AIMS total scores between these samples suggested the presence of many more marginal and mild movements in the outpatients. Reasons for the differences between the inpatient and outpatient studies are discussed.", "PMID": 113841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10928", "title": "On transference in the treatment of organic diseases.", "content": "The term 'transference' paraphrases the irrational factor in medicine. Physicians feel disturbed by this factor. However, medicine is not only the application of rational data but also dealing with the patient. Transference is a prerequisite of perception and therapy. Analytic therapy aims at converting transference as repetition of behaviour into recollection. Transference thus reveals the hidden needs of human rights. It means communication, justification, satisfaction. Experience in clinic and practice shows that this applies not only to neurotics but also to patients with organic diseases, and especially to the latter where it is matter of life or death.", "contents": "On transference in the treatment of organic diseases. The term 'transference' paraphrases the irrational factor in medicine. Physicians feel disturbed by this factor. However, medicine is not only the application of rational data but also dealing with the patient. Transference is a prerequisite of perception and therapy. Analytic therapy aims at converting transference as repetition of behaviour into recollection. Transference thus reveals the hidden needs of human rights. It means communication, justification, satisfaction. Experience in clinic and practice shows that this applies not only to neurotics but also to patients with organic diseases, and especially to the latter where it is matter of life or death.", "PMID": 113842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10929", "title": "Hydroxylating activity of frog epidermis tyrosinase.", "content": "Trypsin activated in a similar way both the tyrosine hydroxylase and the dopa-oxidasa activities of frog epidermis tyrosinase. Several electron donors reduced or eliminated the lag period for the hydroxylating enzyme. 4 x 10(-5) M dopa was particularly effective, but without affecting the stationary activity after lag period. Tyrosine hydroxylase had KM = 2.6 X 10(-3) M for tyrosine and 2 x 10(-3) M dopa was a competitive inhibitor with Ki = 5 x 10(-4) M. The enzyme was inactivated during its actuation. Data on thermal denaturation were similar to other obtained from dopa oxidase. Our results tend to confirm our previous hypothesis that the activatory process of the enzyme is accompanied by a spatial unfolding of the enzyme molecule.", "contents": "Hydroxylating activity of frog epidermis tyrosinase. Trypsin activated in a similar way both the tyrosine hydroxylase and the dopa-oxidasa activities of frog epidermis tyrosinase. Several electron donors reduced or eliminated the lag period for the hydroxylating enzyme. 4 x 10(-5) M dopa was particularly effective, but without affecting the stationary activity after lag period. Tyrosine hydroxylase had KM = 2.6 X 10(-3) M for tyrosine and 2 x 10(-3) M dopa was a competitive inhibitor with Ki = 5 x 10(-4) M. The enzyme was inactivated during its actuation. Data on thermal denaturation were similar to other obtained from dopa oxidase. Our results tend to confirm our previous hypothesis that the activatory process of the enzyme is accompanied by a spatial unfolding of the enzyme molecule.", "PMID": 113854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10930", "title": "[Decreased catabolism after toxico-septic aggression by administration of injectable amino acids].", "content": "Two comparative lots were established, of 48 and 44 patients respectively with toxico-septic syndromes, renal failure of the hypercatabolic type, that had received parenteral food for a period of between 3 and 11 days. The first group received only glucose while the second also had injectable aminoacids. In the first group was noted a daily rate of blood urea variation (r) of 1,65 mg% and a good nitrogen elimination. In the second group was noted an r of --8,13mg% (pless than 0,001) and a more rapid improvement of the clinical condition. Next to the fall in the absolute nitrogen elimination (p greater than 0,05), the nitrogen balance, computed at 36% incorporation of the administered nitrogen, was significantly improved in the second group (p greater than 0,01), demonstrating the lowering of the metabolic rate under perfusion with aminoacids.", "contents": "[Decreased catabolism after toxico-septic aggression by administration of injectable amino acids]. Two comparative lots were established, of 48 and 44 patients respectively with toxico-septic syndromes, renal failure of the hypercatabolic type, that had received parenteral food for a period of between 3 and 11 days. The first group received only glucose while the second also had injectable aminoacids. In the first group was noted a daily rate of blood urea variation (r) of 1,65 mg% and a good nitrogen elimination. In the second group was noted an r of --8,13mg% (pless than 0,001) and a more rapid improvement of the clinical condition. Next to the fall in the absolute nitrogen elimination (p greater than 0,05), the nitrogen balance, computed at 36% incorporation of the administered nitrogen, was significantly improved in the second group (p greater than 0,01), demonstrating the lowering of the metabolic rate under perfusion with aminoacids.", "PMID": 113851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10931", "title": "Effect of Intralipid-induced lipaemia on the arterial oxygen tension in preterm infants.", "content": "10% Intralipid was infused (1 g/kg body wt.) intravenously for 15 min with Razel pumps to each of eight selected newborn preterm infants whose general condition and pulmonary status were stable for at least 24 h before study. Six of the eight infants showed greater than 10 mmHg reduction in oxygen tension of umbilical arterial blood. These reductions were correlated with elevated triglyceride concentrations. The findings suggest that Intralipid-induced lipaemia has the potential to lower the oxygen tension of the blood and hence patients with pre-existing pulmonary insufficiency may be at risk from hypoxaemia.", "contents": "Effect of Intralipid-induced lipaemia on the arterial oxygen tension in preterm infants. 10% Intralipid was infused (1 g/kg body wt.) intravenously for 15 min with Razel pumps to each of eight selected newborn preterm infants whose general condition and pulmonary status were stable for at least 24 h before study. Six of the eight infants showed greater than 10 mmHg reduction in oxygen tension of umbilical arterial blood. These reductions were correlated with elevated triglyceride concentrations. The findings suggest that Intralipid-induced lipaemia has the potential to lower the oxygen tension of the blood and hence patients with pre-existing pulmonary insufficiency may be at risk from hypoxaemia.", "PMID": 113856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10932", "title": "[Research concerning the physiopathology of post-traumatic periarticular ossifications and anterior brachial muscle osteoma. Their prevention].", "content": "The author maintains that the osteoma of the brachial muscle as well as post-traumatic periarticular calcifications, occur in the muscle mass or in the tendon that prolongs it, or in the articular capsule, as a result of surgical treament and post-operative immobilization, and only exceptionally following orthopaedic treatment of traumatic lesions. Articular mobilization in the first week after osteosynthesis, or in the frame of conservative treatment, is not followed by osteoma of the brachial muscle or by calcifications surrounding the articulation, a fact that suggest that the presently applied therapeutic methods, which recommend strict and prolonged articular immobilization should be avoided. The development of ossification can be explained by post-traumatic changes in the muscular microcirculation, rendered more severe by surgical treatment and maintained by muscular inactivity. Early articular mobilization is the most efficient method of prophylaxis of these complications, which are determined not by the traumatic lesions themselves but by the present therapeutic methods applied.", "contents": "[Research concerning the physiopathology of post-traumatic periarticular ossifications and anterior brachial muscle osteoma. Their prevention]. The author maintains that the osteoma of the brachial muscle as well as post-traumatic periarticular calcifications, occur in the muscle mass or in the tendon that prolongs it, or in the articular capsule, as a result of surgical treament and post-operative immobilization, and only exceptionally following orthopaedic treatment of traumatic lesions. Articular mobilization in the first week after osteosynthesis, or in the frame of conservative treatment, is not followed by osteoma of the brachial muscle or by calcifications surrounding the articulation, a fact that suggest that the presently applied therapeutic methods, which recommend strict and prolonged articular immobilization should be avoided. The development of ossification can be explained by post-traumatic changes in the muscular microcirculation, rendered more severe by surgical treatment and maintained by muscular inactivity. Early articular mobilization is the most efficient method of prophylaxis of these complications, which are determined not by the traumatic lesions themselves but by the present therapeutic methods applied.", "PMID": 113850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10933", "title": "Fluorescent anti-colonic and E. coli antibodies in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "With the indirect immunofluorescence technique using sections of colon from guenon and rat, sera from patients with ulcerative colitis yielded positive staining of goblet cells. Eight sera, thus defined positive, two negative, and five from hospital controls, were applied to agar preparations of 12 different E. coli strains, normally found in human bacterial diseases and E. coli 0 14. With E. coli 0 group antigens, 2, 8 and 14 positive fluorescence reactions were regularly found in sera where positive immunofluorescence reaction aginst colon antigen could be demonstrated, indicating that antigen(s) from colon mucosa shares antigenic determinant(s) with some E. coli bacteria or bacterial components.", "contents": "Fluorescent anti-colonic and E. coli antibodies in ulcerative colitis. With the indirect immunofluorescence technique using sections of colon from guenon and rat, sera from patients with ulcerative colitis yielded positive staining of goblet cells. Eight sera, thus defined positive, two negative, and five from hospital controls, were applied to agar preparations of 12 different E. coli strains, normally found in human bacterial diseases and E. coli 0 14. With E. coli 0 group antigens, 2, 8 and 14 positive fluorescence reactions were regularly found in sera where positive immunofluorescence reaction aginst colon antigen could be demonstrated, indicating that antigen(s) from colon mucosa shares antigenic determinant(s) with some E. coli bacteria or bacterial components.", "PMID": 113868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10934", "title": "Actions of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on gastrointestinal functions in man. III. Inhibition of gastric motility in response to distension.", "content": "The intragastric pressure/volume relationship has been measured in six healthy volunteers. Increased gastric motility was achieved by gastric distension, by stepwise increasing the volume from 0--600 ml. When thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 0.04 mg/h, was infused concomitantly in the individuals, gastric motility was significantly inhibited (p less than 0.05) and, with 1 mh/h of TRH, nearly abolished compared with the saline control test. The basal pressure was unaffected at 0.04 mg/h, whereas a significant rise was seen after 1 mg/h of TRH (p less than 0.05) compared with the control test. In three of the subjects the effect of rapid injection of TRH (0.2 mg), followed by infusion of TRH (0.6 mg/h), on the stimulated gastric motility was analysed. After the injection of TRH, almost no motor activity was observed during the 15-min observation period. It is concluded that TRH has a potent inhibiting effect on gastric motility, and the possible physiological role of TRH in the gastric regulation in man is discussed.", "contents": "Actions of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on gastrointestinal functions in man. III. Inhibition of gastric motility in response to distension. The intragastric pressure/volume relationship has been measured in six healthy volunteers. Increased gastric motility was achieved by gastric distension, by stepwise increasing the volume from 0--600 ml. When thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 0.04 mg/h, was infused concomitantly in the individuals, gastric motility was significantly inhibited (p less than 0.05) and, with 1 mh/h of TRH, nearly abolished compared with the saline control test. The basal pressure was unaffected at 0.04 mg/h, whereas a significant rise was seen after 1 mg/h of TRH (p less than 0.05) compared with the control test. In three of the subjects the effect of rapid injection of TRH (0.2 mg), followed by infusion of TRH (0.6 mg/h), on the stimulated gastric motility was analysed. After the injection of TRH, almost no motor activity was observed during the 15-min observation period. It is concluded that TRH has a potent inhibiting effect on gastric motility, and the possible physiological role of TRH in the gastric regulation in man is discussed.", "PMID": 113869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10935", "title": "Mucosal enzyme activities in the functioning intestine one and six months after jejuno-ileal by-pass operation for obesity.", "content": "Enzyme activity changes in the functioning segment (the shunt) of the small intestine during the first 6 months after by-pass operation for obesity were investigated. At the ligament of Treitz no significant changes in disaccharidase activities occurred, whereas two intracellular beta-galactosidases showed increased activities after 1 month. In the jejunal part of the shunt (studied in patients operated on with a long jejunal functioning segment) there was an in most cases temporary decrease in lactase activity after 1 month. Other enzymes studied showed less pronounced changes. In the ileal part of the shunt (studied in patients operated on with a long ileal functioning segment) the initially low enzyme activities increased especially after 6 months towards the levels normally seen in the jejunal mucosa. The lactase activity, however, remained low also after 6 months. Adaptive changes in the functioning small-intestinal segment is probably an important factor in weight stabilization and, in some cases, in the weight increase that recurs after the initial period of rapid weight loss after by-pass operation for obesity.", "contents": "Mucosal enzyme activities in the functioning intestine one and six months after jejuno-ileal by-pass operation for obesity. Enzyme activity changes in the functioning segment (the shunt) of the small intestine during the first 6 months after by-pass operation for obesity were investigated. At the ligament of Treitz no significant changes in disaccharidase activities occurred, whereas two intracellular beta-galactosidases showed increased activities after 1 month. In the jejunal part of the shunt (studied in patients operated on with a long jejunal functioning segment) there was an in most cases temporary decrease in lactase activity after 1 month. Other enzymes studied showed less pronounced changes. In the ileal part of the shunt (studied in patients operated on with a long ileal functioning segment) the initially low enzyme activities increased especially after 6 months towards the levels normally seen in the jejunal mucosa. The lactase activity, however, remained low also after 6 months. Adaptive changes in the functioning small-intestinal segment is probably an important factor in weight stabilization and, in some cases, in the weight increase that recurs after the initial period of rapid weight loss after by-pass operation for obesity.", "PMID": 113870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10936", "title": "Inhibition of histaminase release from human granulocytes by products of histaminase activity.", "content": "Imidazoleacetic acid, a product of the action of histaminase (E.C. 1.4.3.6) on histamine, inhibits specific release of histaminase from human peripheral blood granulocytes with an inhibition constant between 5 X 10(-9)M and 1 X 10(-8)M. Hence, modulation of enzyme release is indirectly mediated by the activity of the enzyme.", "contents": "Inhibition of histaminase release from human granulocytes by products of histaminase activity. Imidazoleacetic acid, a product of the action of histaminase (E.C. 1.4.3.6) on histamine, inhibits specific release of histaminase from human peripheral blood granulocytes with an inhibition constant between 5 X 10(-9)M and 1 X 10(-8)M. Hence, modulation of enzyme release is indirectly mediated by the activity of the enzyme.", "PMID": 113872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10937", "title": "Cerebellar plasticity: modification of Purkinje cell structure by differential rearing in monkeys.", "content": "Dendritic branching in Purkinje and granule cells and the diameters of Purkinje cell somas were compared in several cerebellar areas of monkeys reared in isolation, with social experience, or in a large colony. In the colony-reared monkeys, spiny branchlets of Purkinje cells were more extensive in the paraflocculus and the nodulus than they were in the other two groups. Granule cell dendritic branching in the paraflocculus and nodulus did not differ across groups. In addition, Purkinje cell somas were larger in the uvula and the nodulus of the colony animals than in the other groups. These data indicate that the social and physical environment during development influences the morphology of cerebellar Purkinje cells.", "contents": "Cerebellar plasticity: modification of Purkinje cell structure by differential rearing in monkeys. Dendritic branching in Purkinje and granule cells and the diameters of Purkinje cell somas were compared in several cerebellar areas of monkeys reared in isolation, with social experience, or in a large colony. In the colony-reared monkeys, spiny branchlets of Purkinje cells were more extensive in the paraflocculus and the nodulus than they were in the other two groups. Granule cell dendritic branching in the paraflocculus and nodulus did not differ across groups. In addition, Purkinje cell somas were larger in the uvula and the nodulus of the colony animals than in the other groups. These data indicate that the social and physical environment during development influences the morphology of cerebellar Purkinje cells.", "PMID": 113873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10938", "title": "Human chorionic gonadotropin: induction of ovulation in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "The minimum dose of human chorionic gonadotropin that would cause ovulation in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) was found to be between 100 and 250 international units.", "contents": "Human chorionic gonadotropin: induction of ovulation in the squirrel monkey. The minimum dose of human chorionic gonadotropin that would cause ovulation in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) was found to be between 100 and 250 international units.", "PMID": 113874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10939", "title": "Organization of the immune response genes.", "content": "The I region of the major histocompatibility complex contains immune response genes that display considerable polymorphism; that is, there are many alleles at each locus. These genes regulate the immune response to antigen by mediating intercellular communication among lymphoreticular cells. An analysis of the primary structure of the products of two subregions of (I-A, I-E/C) was undertaken in order to understand the genetic organization of the region, the evolution of the genes and, eventually, their function.", "contents": "Organization of the immune response genes. The I region of the major histocompatibility complex contains immune response genes that display considerable polymorphism; that is, there are many alleles at each locus. These genes regulate the immune response to antigen by mediating intercellular communication among lymphoreticular cells. An analysis of the primary structure of the products of two subregions of (I-A, I-E/C) was undertaken in order to understand the genetic organization of the region, the evolution of the genes and, eventually, their function.", "PMID": 113876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10940", "title": "Ciliary membrane alterations occurring in experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.", "content": "Experimental infection of hamster ciliated tracheal epithelium in organ culture with virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae resulted in the deterioration o ciliary necklaces and an altered distribution of membrane-associated particles on the shafts of the affected cilia. To our knowledge that is the first report of an altered disposition of ciliary membrane-associated particles in response to a specific infectious agent.", "contents": "Ciliary membrane alterations occurring in experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Experimental infection of hamster ciliated tracheal epithelium in organ culture with virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae resulted in the deterioration o ciliary necklaces and an altered distribution of membrane-associated particles on the shafts of the affected cilia. To our knowledge that is the first report of an altered disposition of ciliary membrane-associated particles in response to a specific infectious agent.", "PMID": 113877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10941", "title": "Properties of the membrane current of rod outer segments.", "content": "The membrane current of single rod outer segments in pieces of isolated toad retina was recorded with a glass suction electrode. Light evoked a slow net outward photocurrent consisting of a reduction in the steady inward dark current. In very dim light, the photocurrent broke up into discrete shot effects with a rounded shape and an amplitude of about 1 pA. These events were shown to result from photoisomerization of single rhodopsin molecules. The current in darkness showed fluctuations consisting of (a) discrete events apparently resulting from thermal isomerization of rhodopsin molecules, and (b) smaller amplitude shot effects shaped by two of the four rate processes of the light response.", "contents": "Properties of the membrane current of rod outer segments. The membrane current of single rod outer segments in pieces of isolated toad retina was recorded with a glass suction electrode. Light evoked a slow net outward photocurrent consisting of a reduction in the steady inward dark current. In very dim light, the photocurrent broke up into discrete shot effects with a rounded shape and an amplitude of about 1 pA. These events were shown to result from photoisomerization of single rhodopsin molecules. The current in darkness showed fluctuations consisting of (a) discrete events apparently resulting from thermal isomerization of rhodopsin molecules, and (b) smaller amplitude shot effects shaped by two of the four rate processes of the light response.", "PMID": 113881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10942", "title": "Mechanisms of generation of signals in vertebrate photoreceptors.", "content": "The electrical responses of rods are analyzed in different ionic environments. It is shown that the dark level of the membrane potential is predominantly determined by a sodium current, while the peak of responses to bright light is controlled by the concentration of external potassium. The sag from the peak to the plateau of photoresponses seems to be generated by different ionic mechanism. The effects produced by substituting the external calcium with EGTA are also analyzed. It is suggested that calcium plays a role in different mechanisms of generation of electrical responses.", "contents": "Mechanisms of generation of signals in vertebrate photoreceptors. The electrical responses of rods are analyzed in different ionic environments. It is shown that the dark level of the membrane potential is predominantly determined by a sodium current, while the peak of responses to bright light is controlled by the concentration of external potassium. The sag from the peak to the plateau of photoresponses seems to be generated by different ionic mechanism. The effects produced by substituting the external calcium with EGTA are also analyzed. It is suggested that calcium plays a role in different mechanisms of generation of electrical responses.", "PMID": 113882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10943", "title": "Parasites of some rodents in Malaysia.", "content": "A total of 2,337 rodents trapped from various parts of Peninsular Malaysia were dissected and studied for the distribution and prevalence of parasitic infections. Four new rodent hosts for Sarcocystis in Malaysia are reported (Bandicota indica, Rattus sabanus Rattus argentiventer and Rattus norvegicus). Sarcocystis was found in 17.2 percent of the rodents examined. Rattus annandalei, Rattus tiomanicus and Rattus norvegicus are new hosts of Syphacia muris in Peninsular Malsysia. Rattus sabanus was found to be infected with Zonorchis borneonenis. Brachylaima ratti Baugh, 1962 was recovered from the small intestine of Rattus rattus diardii for the first time in Malaysia. The prevalence and distribution of other parasites are also discussed.", "contents": "Parasites of some rodents in Malaysia. A total of 2,337 rodents trapped from various parts of Peninsular Malaysia were dissected and studied for the distribution and prevalence of parasitic infections. Four new rodent hosts for Sarcocystis in Malaysia are reported (Bandicota indica, Rattus sabanus Rattus argentiventer and Rattus norvegicus). Sarcocystis was found in 17.2 percent of the rodents examined. Rattus annandalei, Rattus tiomanicus and Rattus norvegicus are new hosts of Syphacia muris in Peninsular Malsysia. Rattus sabanus was found to be infected with Zonorchis borneonenis. Brachylaima ratti Baugh, 1962 was recovered from the small intestine of Rattus rattus diardii for the first time in Malaysia. The prevalence and distribution of other parasites are also discussed.", "PMID": 113889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10944", "title": "Effects of the oral administration of Cannabis sativa (dagga) on chacma baboons (Papio ursinus).", "content": "Eighteen adult chacma baboons were fed Cannabis sativa, the plant material being incorporated into their food. They were divided into three equal groups. Group 1 animals were fed on 2% cannabis in food for 4 months, after which 2 animals remained on 2%, 2 were given 4% and 2 6% cannabis in food for the next 4 months. They became mildy apathetic. Five gained weight. Serum glucose, potassium and CO2 values decreased. Neuropathological examination of their brains did not show any significant abnormality. Group 2 animals were fed 10% cannabis for several weeks. They ate less and lost weight, and later became very apathetic. Right temporal biopsies were done in all and in 3 the tissue was analysed for glutamine, glutamate, tryptophan, ammonia and cyclic AMP. No significant change was found. Serum glucose and CO2 levels rose and potassium levels fell. Blood cholesterol values decreased in 3 of the 9 males. Group 3 animals were fed 6% cannabis for 2--4 months. Radio-immunoassay of sera and urine showed the presence of cannabinoids. They became apathetic, and 5 lost weight. Serum glucose and potassium levels (measured in the males) decreased. No neuropathological lesions were found in the brains, apart from an incidental leptomeningitis in 1 animal which died suddenly. The question of cannabis encephalopathy is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of the oral administration of Cannabis sativa (dagga) on chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). Eighteen adult chacma baboons were fed Cannabis sativa, the plant material being incorporated into their food. They were divided into three equal groups. Group 1 animals were fed on 2% cannabis in food for 4 months, after which 2 animals remained on 2%, 2 were given 4% and 2 6% cannabis in food for the next 4 months. They became mildy apathetic. Five gained weight. Serum glucose, potassium and CO2 values decreased. Neuropathological examination of their brains did not show any significant abnormality. Group 2 animals were fed 10% cannabis for several weeks. They ate less and lost weight, and later became very apathetic. Right temporal biopsies were done in all and in 3 the tissue was analysed for glutamine, glutamate, tryptophan, ammonia and cyclic AMP. No significant change was found. Serum glucose and CO2 levels rose and potassium levels fell. Blood cholesterol values decreased in 3 of the 9 males. Group 3 animals were fed 6% cannabis for 2--4 months. Radio-immunoassay of sera and urine showed the presence of cannabinoids. They became apathetic, and 5 lost weight. Serum glucose and potassium levels (measured in the males) decreased. No neuropathological lesions were found in the brains, apart from an incidental leptomeningitis in 1 animal which died suddenly. The question of cannabis encephalopathy is discussed.", "PMID": 113892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10945", "title": "Computed tomographic scanning and the lumbar spine. Part I: Economic and historic review.", "content": "Computed tomography represents one of the most remarkable short-term technical advances ever seen in medicine. Its recent extension to scanning of the lumbar spine promises to become its most significant extra-cranial application. The accusation has been made that CT scanning represents an expensive diagnostic modality whose cost is unjustified by its clinical value. Recent studies indicate that CT scanning is presently cost-effective and promises to become more so in the future, not only by decreasing the cost of instrumentation but also by replacing other diagnostic tests (particularly those of an invasive type) and lessening the need for exploratory surgery. CT scanning is of direct benefit to the patient because it assures that lumbar surgery is performed only after an accurate and complete diagnosis.", "contents": "Computed tomographic scanning and the lumbar spine. Part I: Economic and historic review. Computed tomography represents one of the most remarkable short-term technical advances ever seen in medicine. Its recent extension to scanning of the lumbar spine promises to become its most significant extra-cranial application. The accusation has been made that CT scanning represents an expensive diagnostic modality whose cost is unjustified by its clinical value. Recent studies indicate that CT scanning is presently cost-effective and promises to become more so in the future, not only by decreasing the cost of instrumentation but also by replacing other diagnostic tests (particularly those of an invasive type) and lessening the need for exploratory surgery. CT scanning is of direct benefit to the patient because it assures that lumbar surgery is performed only after an accurate and complete diagnosis.", "PMID": 113890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10946", "title": "GM1-gangliosidosis: chromosome 3 assignment of the beta-galactosidase-A gene (beta GALA).", "content": "The structural gene (beta GALA) coding for lysosomal beta-galactosidase-A (EC 3.2.1.23) has been assigned to human chromosome 3 using man--mouse somatic cell hybrids. Human beta-galactosidase-A was identified in cell hybrids with a species-specific antiserum to human liver beta-galactosidase-A. The antiserum precipitates beta-galactosidase-A from human tissues, cultured cells, and cell hybrids, and recognizes cross-reacting material from a patient with GM1 gangliosidosis. We have analyzed 90 primary man--mouse hybrids derived from 12 separate fusion experiments utilizing cells from 9 individuals. Enzyme segregation analysis excluded all chromosomes for beta GALA assignment except chromosome 3. Concordant segregation of chromosomes and enzymes in 16 cell hybrids demonstrated assignment of beta GALA to chromosome 3; all other chromosomes were excluded. The evidence suggests that GM1 gangliosidosis is a consequence of mutation at this beta GALA locus on chromosome 3.", "contents": "GM1-gangliosidosis: chromosome 3 assignment of the beta-galactosidase-A gene (beta GALA). The structural gene (beta GALA) coding for lysosomal beta-galactosidase-A (EC 3.2.1.23) has been assigned to human chromosome 3 using man--mouse somatic cell hybrids. Human beta-galactosidase-A was identified in cell hybrids with a species-specific antiserum to human liver beta-galactosidase-A. The antiserum precipitates beta-galactosidase-A from human tissues, cultured cells, and cell hybrids, and recognizes cross-reacting material from a patient with GM1 gangliosidosis. We have analyzed 90 primary man--mouse hybrids derived from 12 separate fusion experiments utilizing cells from 9 individuals. Enzyme segregation analysis excluded all chromosomes for beta GALA assignment except chromosome 3. Concordant segregation of chromosomes and enzymes in 16 cell hybrids demonstrated assignment of beta GALA to chromosome 3; all other chromosomes were excluded. The evidence suggests that GM1 gangliosidosis is a consequence of mutation at this beta GALA locus on chromosome 3.", "PMID": 113895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10947", "title": "The use of glucagon in operative cholangiography.", "content": "We have found intravenously administered glucagon to be useful in relaxing the sphincter of Oddi during operative cholangiography. It is readily available, has few potential side-effects, is easily administered intraoperatively and has been promptly and reliably effective.", "contents": "The use of glucagon in operative cholangiography. We have found intravenously administered glucagon to be useful in relaxing the sphincter of Oddi during operative cholangiography. It is readily available, has few potential side-effects, is easily administered intraoperatively and has been promptly and reliably effective.", "PMID": 113896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10948", "title": "Home parenteral nutrition.", "content": "One hundred and six patients were placed on a home parenteral nutrition program because of severe gastrointestinal tract lesions. In 41, sufficient improvement allowed the resumption of oral alimentation. Forty-eight remain on the program. Seventeen, including ten with malignant disease, died from causes not related to home parenteral nutrition. All patients achieved and maintained the appropriate weight for age and body build. In the pediatric patients, normal or accelerated linear growth occurred. Complications included sepsis, 18 episodes in 12 patients; local infection of the catheter, 14 in six; catheter thrombosis, six in five; ketoacidosis, one in one; contaminated solutions, one in one, and essential fatty acid deficiency, one in one. Home parenteral nutrition is a relatively safe and effective alternative for long term nutritional support.", "contents": "Home parenteral nutrition. One hundred and six patients were placed on a home parenteral nutrition program because of severe gastrointestinal tract lesions. In 41, sufficient improvement allowed the resumption of oral alimentation. Forty-eight remain on the program. Seventeen, including ten with malignant disease, died from causes not related to home parenteral nutrition. All patients achieved and maintained the appropriate weight for age and body build. In the pediatric patients, normal or accelerated linear growth occurred. Complications included sepsis, 18 episodes in 12 patients; local infection of the catheter, 14 in six; catheter thrombosis, six in five; ketoacidosis, one in one; contaminated solutions, one in one, and essential fatty acid deficiency, one in one. Home parenteral nutrition is a relatively safe and effective alternative for long term nutritional support.", "PMID": 113897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10949", "title": "Influence of fixation conditions on the performance of glutaraldehyde-treated porcine aortic valves: towards a more scientific basis.", "content": "To maintain optimum mechanical properties in glutaraldehyde-treated heart-valve tissue the full collagen crimp geometry originally present in the relaxed fresh tissue should be retained. By varying the pressure at which glutaraldehyde fixation is carried out, considerable alterations to this crimp geometry can be achieved. The mechanical stiffness of the preserved tissue is consequently affected, and this in turn has a striking influence on both the opening behaviour of the valve and the degree of strain localisation in the leaflet tissue. A pressure of 100 mmHg eliminated the collagen crimp geometry entirely, and this resulted in the formation of sites of local strain or kinks in the valve leaflets during opening. It is expected that this strain localisation phenomenon will influence the long-term fatigue durability of the treated tissue. Pressures even as low as 4 mmHg result in significant reductions of crimp geometry. Fresh valves should therefore be fixed under a positive head of pressure sufficient only to ensure that the leaflets seal along their coapting free margins. A pressure of less than 1 mmHg was sufficient to achieve this. Leaflets of the commercially available Hancock valve show features similar to valves fixed in glutaraldehyde at about 100 mmHg pressure.", "contents": "Influence of fixation conditions on the performance of glutaraldehyde-treated porcine aortic valves: towards a more scientific basis. To maintain optimum mechanical properties in glutaraldehyde-treated heart-valve tissue the full collagen crimp geometry originally present in the relaxed fresh tissue should be retained. By varying the pressure at which glutaraldehyde fixation is carried out, considerable alterations to this crimp geometry can be achieved. The mechanical stiffness of the preserved tissue is consequently affected, and this in turn has a striking influence on both the opening behaviour of the valve and the degree of strain localisation in the leaflet tissue. A pressure of 100 mmHg eliminated the collagen crimp geometry entirely, and this resulted in the formation of sites of local strain or kinks in the valve leaflets during opening. It is expected that this strain localisation phenomenon will influence the long-term fatigue durability of the treated tissue. Pressures even as low as 4 mmHg result in significant reductions of crimp geometry. Fresh valves should therefore be fixed under a positive head of pressure sufficient only to ensure that the leaflets seal along their coapting free margins. A pressure of less than 1 mmHg was sufficient to achieve this. Leaflets of the commercially available Hancock valve show features similar to valves fixed in glutaraldehyde at about 100 mmHg pressure.", "PMID": 113899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10950", "title": "Demeclocycline in the treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.", "content": "Fourteen patients with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) have been treated with demethylchlortetracycline (demeclocycline) 1200 mg daily. In 12 patients the underlying lesion was malignant. The serum sodium returned to normal (greater than 135 mmol/l) in all patients after a mean of 8.6 days (SD +/- 5.3 days). Blood urea rose significantly from the pretreatment level of 4.2 +/- 2.3 mmol/l to 10.1 +/- 5.1 mmol/l at ten days (P less than 0.001). The average maximum blood urea was 13.4 +/- 6.8 mmol/l. In four patients the urea rose above 20 mmol/l, and in two of these demecyocycline was discontinued because of thie rise. The azotaemia could be attributed to a combination of increased urea producation and a mild specific drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Discontinuation of demeclocycline in six patients led to a fall in serum sodium, in one case precipitously, and return of the urea towards normal levels. Demeclocycline appears therefore to be an effective maintenance treatment of SIADH, and the azotaemia that occurs is reversible and probably dose dependent.", "contents": "Demeclocycline in the treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Fourteen patients with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) have been treated with demethylchlortetracycline (demeclocycline) 1200 mg daily. In 12 patients the underlying lesion was malignant. The serum sodium returned to normal (greater than 135 mmol/l) in all patients after a mean of 8.6 days (SD +/- 5.3 days). Blood urea rose significantly from the pretreatment level of 4.2 +/- 2.3 mmol/l to 10.1 +/- 5.1 mmol/l at ten days (P less than 0.001). The average maximum blood urea was 13.4 +/- 6.8 mmol/l. In four patients the urea rose above 20 mmol/l, and in two of these demecyocycline was discontinued because of thie rise. The azotaemia could be attributed to a combination of increased urea producation and a mild specific drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Discontinuation of demeclocycline in six patients led to a fall in serum sodium, in one case precipitously, and return of the urea towards normal levels. Demeclocycline appears therefore to be an effective maintenance treatment of SIADH, and the azotaemia that occurs is reversible and probably dose dependent.", "PMID": 113900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10951", "title": "Separation of plasminogen activators from human uterine tissue and a comparison with activators from human urine and porcine tissue.", "content": "Three types of plasminogen activator could be distinguished in extracts from human uterine tissue. The activators differed in thermostability or in mode of inhibition by EACA. All the extracts contained stable as well as labile activators. The saline extracts were uniformly inhibited by increasing concentrations of EACA. Extracts made with 2 M ammonium thiocyanate were either uniformly inhibited by EACA or showed deflections indicating contamination with an activator, which was inhibited in a biphasic manner. It was possible to distinguish between: (1) An activator, abundantly present in the tissue, which was uniformly inhibited and stable. (2) Another uniformly inhibited activator, which was labile. (3) An activator, inhibited in a biphasic manner, similar to urokinase, which was present in varying amounts in uteri with the endometrium in the proliferative phase. Gel filtration of the uterine extracts showed two major activity peaks corresponding to particle sizes of 60,000 dalton and about 10,000 dalton. Antiserum to purified plasminogen activator, prepared from porcine ovaries, inhibited the activity of the human uterine extracts, but not the activities of human urokinase or urine. Urokinase antiserum in a concentration completely inhibiting human urine or urokinase, inhibited only 10% or less of the activities of human uterine extracts.", "contents": "Separation of plasminogen activators from human uterine tissue and a comparison with activators from human urine and porcine tissue. Three types of plasminogen activator could be distinguished in extracts from human uterine tissue. The activators differed in thermostability or in mode of inhibition by EACA. All the extracts contained stable as well as labile activators. The saline extracts were uniformly inhibited by increasing concentrations of EACA. Extracts made with 2 M ammonium thiocyanate were either uniformly inhibited by EACA or showed deflections indicating contamination with an activator, which was inhibited in a biphasic manner. It was possible to distinguish between: (1) An activator, abundantly present in the tissue, which was uniformly inhibited and stable. (2) Another uniformly inhibited activator, which was labile. (3) An activator, inhibited in a biphasic manner, similar to urokinase, which was present in varying amounts in uteri with the endometrium in the proliferative phase. Gel filtration of the uterine extracts showed two major activity peaks corresponding to particle sizes of 60,000 dalton and about 10,000 dalton. Antiserum to purified plasminogen activator, prepared from porcine ovaries, inhibited the activity of the human uterine extracts, but not the activities of human urokinase or urine. Urokinase antiserum in a concentration completely inhibiting human urine or urokinase, inhibited only 10% or less of the activities of human uterine extracts.", "PMID": 113901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10952", "title": "Ocular and orbital manifestations of neurofibromatosis.", "content": "The ocular and systemic manifestations of von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis are reviewed. A case is presented illustrating widespread involvement and the typical histopathologic changes of the eye and the ocular adnexa. The ophthalmologist should be aware of broad scope of this disorder so that a complete evaluation of the patient can be made.", "contents": "Ocular and orbital manifestations of neurofibromatosis. The ocular and systemic manifestations of von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis are reviewed. A case is presented illustrating widespread involvement and the typical histopathologic changes of the eye and the ocular adnexa. The ophthalmologist should be aware of broad scope of this disorder so that a complete evaluation of the patient can be made.", "PMID": 113898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10953", "title": "[Non-specific positive milk ring test(s) in tank milk and Estrumate in the treatment of cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "The fact that non-specific milk ring tests were occasionally observed in tank milk provided the reason for doing a survey to detect the possible cause. Among others, non-specific reactions were found to occur after treatment with Estrumate. A regressing corpus luteum may also give rise to non-specific milk ring tests in animals which have not been treated with Estrumate.", "contents": "[Non-specific positive milk ring test(s) in tank milk and Estrumate in the treatment of cattle (author's transl)]. The fact that non-specific milk ring tests were occasionally observed in tank milk provided the reason for doing a survey to detect the possible cause. Among others, non-specific reactions were found to occur after treatment with Estrumate. A regressing corpus luteum may also give rise to non-specific milk ring tests in animals which have not been treated with Estrumate.", "PMID": 113907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10954", "title": "[Polychlorinated biphenyl intoxication and nutrition. II. Effect of starvation on PCB release from body tissues in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats were fed diet containing 100 ppm of Phenoclor DP6 for 15 days. The study of released DP6 from fat tissues during a 3 days fast was subsequently carried out. In spite of large fat content decrease the DP6 stored in the carcases remains unaffected by starvation. However, it was noted an increase in blood DP6. Fecal DP6 remains important. Liver DP6 was stable in spite of liver fat accumulation. The results indicate a strong binding liaison between DP6 and body tissues independently to body fat variations.", "contents": "[Polychlorinated biphenyl intoxication and nutrition. II. Effect of starvation on PCB release from body tissues in the rat (author's transl)]. Rats were fed diet containing 100 ppm of Phenoclor DP6 for 15 days. The study of released DP6 from fat tissues during a 3 days fast was subsequently carried out. In spite of large fat content decrease the DP6 stored in the carcases remains unaffected by starvation. However, it was noted an increase in blood DP6. Fecal DP6 remains important. Liver DP6 was stable in spite of liver fat accumulation. The results indicate a strong binding liaison between DP6 and body tissues independently to body fat variations.", "PMID": 113909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10955", "title": "[Polychlorinated biphenyl intoxication and nutrition. III. Effect of vitamin A deficiency on PCB storage in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats were fed two dietary variations containing 10 ppm of Phenoclor DP6 (a commercial PCB mixture) for 15 days. Compared to the normal diet, rats fed a vitamin A deficient diet had a same curve of DP6 storage in liver and carcase fat. The intestinal absorption of DP6 was unaffected by vitamin A deficiency. The accumulation of DP6 in the rat organism was body-growth independent.", "contents": "[Polychlorinated biphenyl intoxication and nutrition. III. Effect of vitamin A deficiency on PCB storage in the rat (author's transl)]. Rats were fed two dietary variations containing 10 ppm of Phenoclor DP6 (a commercial PCB mixture) for 15 days. Compared to the normal diet, rats fed a vitamin A deficient diet had a same curve of DP6 storage in liver and carcase fat. The intestinal absorption of DP6 was unaffected by vitamin A deficiency. The accumulation of DP6 in the rat organism was body-growth independent.", "PMID": 113910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10956", "title": "Genetic analysis of 23 RhL-A histocompatibility antigens of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The lymphocytotoxicity of 116 rhesus monkey alloantisera was evaluated in 92 unrelated rhesus monkeys and in 33 pedigreed rhesus families. The study was conducted using a standard complement-dependent microcytotoxocity assay. A computer-assisted chi2 analysis of the reactivity of these sera in unrelated monkeys generated 23 groups of highly correlated antisera. The two-locus model of the mammalian major histocompatibility complex was assumed for the monkey, and genetic criteria for RhL-A antigens were determined before study. Seventeen groups of antisera which had met these predetermined criteria in a previous study using a different random population of monkeys were confirmed in the present analysis. The remaining six groups also met these predetermined criteria, although the genetic data for two were incomplete. Of the 23 antigens defined, 12 appeared to be products of the A locus and 11 of the B locus. Nineteen were similar or identical to antigens previously described by us or by Balner and coworkers in The Netherlands. Two groups have not been previously described. A frequency analysis indicated that these 23 antigens represented approximately 75% of the total expression of the RhL-A-A and RhL-A-B loci.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of 23 RhL-A histocompatibility antigens of the rhesus monkey. The lymphocytotoxicity of 116 rhesus monkey alloantisera was evaluated in 92 unrelated rhesus monkeys and in 33 pedigreed rhesus families. The study was conducted using a standard complement-dependent microcytotoxocity assay. A computer-assisted chi2 analysis of the reactivity of these sera in unrelated monkeys generated 23 groups of highly correlated antisera. The two-locus model of the mammalian major histocompatibility complex was assumed for the monkey, and genetic criteria for RhL-A antigens were determined before study. Seventeen groups of antisera which had met these predetermined criteria in a previous study using a different random population of monkeys were confirmed in the present analysis. The remaining six groups also met these predetermined criteria, although the genetic data for two were incomplete. Of the 23 antigens defined, 12 appeared to be products of the A locus and 11 of the B locus. Nineteen were similar or identical to antigens previously described by us or by Balner and coworkers in The Netherlands. Two groups have not been previously described. A frequency analysis indicated that these 23 antigens represented approximately 75% of the total expression of the RhL-A-A and RhL-A-B loci.", "PMID": 113914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10957", "title": "CELISA (complement-enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay) a new method for the estimation of complement fixing antibodies; its use for Chagas' disease.", "content": "A description is given of a new method for the estimation of complement fixing antibodies. This is a modification of the Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) to a Complement-Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (CILISA) using an anti-C3 conjugate. The method is independent of the haemolytic system. To test the sensitivity of CELISA, comparative studies were carried out with the Haemolytic Complement Fixation Test (CFT), indirect haemagglutination test and ELISA with sera from patients with Chagas' Disease. The results with CELISA showed significant correlations with CFT titers whereas no correlations were observed with the other serological tests.", "contents": "CELISA (complement-enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay) a new method for the estimation of complement fixing antibodies; its use for Chagas' disease. A description is given of a new method for the estimation of complement fixing antibodies. This is a modification of the Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) to a Complement-Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (CILISA) using an anti-C3 conjugate. The method is independent of the haemolytic system. To test the sensitivity of CELISA, comparative studies were carried out with the Haemolytic Complement Fixation Test (CFT), indirect haemagglutination test and ELISA with sera from patients with Chagas' Disease. The results with CELISA showed significant correlations with CFT titers whereas no correlations were observed with the other serological tests.", "PMID": 113915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10958", "title": "Meningoencephalitis in chronic Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection of the white mouse.", "content": "A more recently isolated strain of T.b. rhodesiense (eatro 1989) induced a chronic infection in most of 180 intraperitoneally infected NMRI-mice, surviving 6 to 9 weeks on an average. A meningoencephalitis beginning with a meningitis one week after infection and being fully developed after 4 weeks was demonstrable by investigating 22 animals killed at random between 7 and 42 days after infection. The inflammatory reactions observed correspond to those known from the late stage of human trypanosomiasis in their nature and way of spreading. Hence, this infection seems to offer a suitable model for studying a human like meningoencephalitis and for screening of compounds for activity during the late stage of human sleeping sickness.", "contents": "Meningoencephalitis in chronic Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection of the white mouse. A more recently isolated strain of T.b. rhodesiense (eatro 1989) induced a chronic infection in most of 180 intraperitoneally infected NMRI-mice, surviving 6 to 9 weeks on an average. A meningoencephalitis beginning with a meningitis one week after infection and being fully developed after 4 weeks was demonstrable by investigating 22 animals killed at random between 7 and 42 days after infection. The inflammatory reactions observed correspond to those known from the late stage of human trypanosomiasis in their nature and way of spreading. Hence, this infection seems to offer a suitable model for studying a human like meningoencephalitis and for screening of compounds for activity during the late stage of human sleeping sickness.", "PMID": 113916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10959", "title": "[Evolutionary origin of cell organelles].", "content": "A review on the evolutionary origin of the energy-yielding eukaryotic organelles is presented. Current autogenetic (endogenous compartmentalization) schemes, as well as different variants of symbiogenesis, are critically envisaged. A new symbiogenetic scheme is put forth, according to which mitochondria and chloroplasts originated divergently from a primordial photosynthetic organelle; the latter was acquired by endosymbiosis of ancient cyanobacteria in the cells of protoeukaryotes.", "contents": "[Evolutionary origin of cell organelles]. A review on the evolutionary origin of the energy-yielding eukaryotic organelles is presented. Current autogenetic (endogenous compartmentalization) schemes, as well as different variants of symbiogenesis, are critically envisaged. A new symbiogenetic scheme is put forth, according to which mitochondria and chloroplasts originated divergently from a primordial photosynthetic organelle; the latter was acquired by endosymbiosis of ancient cyanobacteria in the cells of protoeukaryotes.", "PMID": 113918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10960", "title": "[Effect of UV radiation on the DNA-membrane complex of Bacillus subtilis].", "content": "The influence of UV-light on DNA-membrane complex (DMC) of Bacillus subtilis was studied. An increased DNA content in DMC for strains 168 and rec A-, and a degradation of DMC for strain polA- have been registrated. The increase in DNA in DMC of the two former strains is inhibited by caffeine to be correlated with changes in protein content in DMC, determined by a radioactive label, but not with lipid content. Thus, the association of DNA with the membrane is mediated by proteins. DNA increasing capacity seen in DMC after UV-irradiation and after the following incubation of bacteria in the complete medium is correlated with a relative sensitivity of strains. To explain these data, it is supposed that the reparative synthesis is accomplished in cell on their membranes and that for the normal completion of DNA repair the association between DNA and the membrane is necessary.", "contents": "[Effect of UV radiation on the DNA-membrane complex of Bacillus subtilis]. The influence of UV-light on DNA-membrane complex (DMC) of Bacillus subtilis was studied. An increased DNA content in DMC for strains 168 and rec A-, and a degradation of DMC for strain polA- have been registrated. The increase in DNA in DMC of the two former strains is inhibited by caffeine to be correlated with changes in protein content in DMC, determined by a radioactive label, but not with lipid content. Thus, the association of DNA with the membrane is mediated by proteins. DNA increasing capacity seen in DMC after UV-irradiation and after the following incubation of bacteria in the complete medium is correlated with a relative sensitivity of strains. To explain these data, it is supposed that the reparative synthesis is accomplished in cell on their membranes and that for the normal completion of DNA repair the association between DNA and the membrane is necessary.", "PMID": 113919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10961", "title": "[ABO, rhesus and MN system blood groups and spinal osteochondrosis].", "content": "Genetically conditioned traits: blood groups ABO, MN and Rh were studied in 695 patients with osteochondrosis and in the population. Among the patients blood groups AB, N and Rh-negative were more frequent than in the control. Blood groups can be regarded as risk factors in vertebral osteochondrosis. Sex and age differences were found.", "contents": "[ABO, rhesus and MN system blood groups and spinal osteochondrosis]. Genetically conditioned traits: blood groups ABO, MN and Rh were studied in 695 patients with osteochondrosis and in the population. Among the patients blood groups AB, N and Rh-negative were more frequent than in the control. Blood groups can be regarded as risk factors in vertebral osteochondrosis. Sex and age differences were found.", "PMID": 113917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10962", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopic study of films of the loose connective tissue of mice exposed to DMBA].", "content": "Under examination by scanning electron microscopy were film samples of the subcutaneous connective tissue. The surface of the films from intact mice was even and smooth, fibroblasts have a spread pattern. Following the saline injection the film was even, collagen fibres, differing in the character of surface and the size of diameter, were readily seen. The collagen fibres formed a multilayer system with a definite orientation inside the layer. After DMBA injection the film surface would get uneven and tuberous, the fibroblast body rising over the film surface, thus the orientation of fibres and all strata was disturbed. There was a spacial rearrangement of all tissue components. It is suggested that carcinogenic agents affecting the relationship between tissue components could interfere the contact inhibition of cell division and result in the development of focal cell proliferates.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopic study of films of the loose connective tissue of mice exposed to DMBA]. Under examination by scanning electron microscopy were film samples of the subcutaneous connective tissue. The surface of the films from intact mice was even and smooth, fibroblasts have a spread pattern. Following the saline injection the film was even, collagen fibres, differing in the character of surface and the size of diameter, were readily seen. The collagen fibres formed a multilayer system with a definite orientation inside the layer. After DMBA injection the film surface would get uneven and tuberous, the fibroblast body rising over the film surface, thus the orientation of fibres and all strata was disturbed. There was a spacial rearrangement of all tissue components. It is suggested that carcinogenic agents affecting the relationship between tissue components could interfere the contact inhibition of cell division and result in the development of focal cell proliferates.", "PMID": 113934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10963", "title": "[Gastric sarcomas induced in rats by DMBA and cellophane].", "content": "An experimental model of gastric sarcoma was elaborated experimentally on 228 Wistar rats. Tumors were induced by single DMBA injections into the glandular stomach wall in rats or by securing a cellophane plate onto its anterior surface. Tumors developed in 95 rats. Most tumors would show a mesenchymatous origin (89.8% of cases) and may be defined as leiomyosarcomas partly polymorphocellular ones, and more rarely as fibro- and reticulosarcomas. Tumors of the adenocarcinoma and solid cancer type developed only after DMBA administration. It was noted that the tumors arisen develop metastases in the regional lymph nodes but not often.", "contents": "[Gastric sarcomas induced in rats by DMBA and cellophane]. An experimental model of gastric sarcoma was elaborated experimentally on 228 Wistar rats. Tumors were induced by single DMBA injections into the glandular stomach wall in rats or by securing a cellophane plate onto its anterior surface. Tumors developed in 95 rats. Most tumors would show a mesenchymatous origin (89.8% of cases) and may be defined as leiomyosarcomas partly polymorphocellular ones, and more rarely as fibro- and reticulosarcomas. Tumors of the adenocarcinoma and solid cancer type developed only after DMBA administration. It was noted that the tumors arisen develop metastases in the regional lymph nodes but not often.", "PMID": 113935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10964", "title": "[Histogenesis of gastric hyperplastic changes in mice].", "content": "In experiments on CC57W mice fed carcinogenic substances the author has studied some hyperplastic changes arising in the stomach of 157 mice. In all these cases the original elements participating in the development of pathological structures: micropolyps, adenomatous diverticula, polypoid reactive adenomatous-connective tissue growths were found to be either neck cambial elements or retaining the cambial activity cell elements of deep-seated glandular portions, as well as of different portions of the lining and gastric pit epithelium.", "contents": "[Histogenesis of gastric hyperplastic changes in mice]. In experiments on CC57W mice fed carcinogenic substances the author has studied some hyperplastic changes arising in the stomach of 157 mice. In all these cases the original elements participating in the development of pathological structures: micropolyps, adenomatous diverticula, polypoid reactive adenomatous-connective tissue growths were found to be either neck cambial elements or retaining the cambial activity cell elements of deep-seated glandular portions, as well as of different portions of the lining and gastric pit epithelium.", "PMID": 113936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10965", "title": "[Immunological study of rat liver RNA in the early stages of hepatic carcinogenesis].", "content": "In tissues of non-lineal rats receiving dimethyl amino-azobenzene (DAAB) or its non-carcinogenic analog diethyl amino-azobenzene (DEAB) there was found, using rabbit serum against an artificial complex RNA + MBSA (methylated bovine serum albumin), the RNA-haptene in the reaction of counter-immunoelectrophoresis in the liver and serum of rats in definite terms since the start of DAAB administration. RSR reaction and immunoelectrophoresis have demonstrated the presence of circulating antibodies against hepatic cell RNA. The kinetic of antibodies against RNA is characterized by their increase after 15 DAAB injections, their decrease to the 60th day and again an increase by the time of the tumor appearance. It is suggested that the phenomena of sensibilization and desensitization to the antigens arising in the process of carcinogenesis play a definite role in \"cancelling\" the antitumor immunity.", "contents": "[Immunological study of rat liver RNA in the early stages of hepatic carcinogenesis]. In tissues of non-lineal rats receiving dimethyl amino-azobenzene (DAAB) or its non-carcinogenic analog diethyl amino-azobenzene (DEAB) there was found, using rabbit serum against an artificial complex RNA + MBSA (methylated bovine serum albumin), the RNA-haptene in the reaction of counter-immunoelectrophoresis in the liver and serum of rats in definite terms since the start of DAAB administration. RSR reaction and immunoelectrophoresis have demonstrated the presence of circulating antibodies against hepatic cell RNA. The kinetic of antibodies against RNA is characterized by their increase after 15 DAAB injections, their decrease to the 60th day and again an increase by the time of the tumor appearance. It is suggested that the phenomena of sensibilization and desensitization to the antigens arising in the process of carcinogenesis play a definite role in \"cancelling\" the antitumor immunity.", "PMID": 113937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10966", "title": "[Study of the tropism of sodium Selenium-75-selenite to experimental cancer of the mammary gland].", "content": "On 25 rats with DMBA induced mammary gland adenocarcinoma, there was shown the capacity of a tumoritropic labelled preparation sodium selenium-75-selenite be be absorbed by tumors in the amounts exceeding those in the adjacent muscle days after the administration. A coefficient of the differential accumulation characterizing the level of the isotope uptake by a tumor during the whole period of observation was 3--4. First, there was shown the possibility to use the model of mammary gland tumors induced by DMBA to test labelled tumoritropic compounds.", "contents": "[Study of the tropism of sodium Selenium-75-selenite to experimental cancer of the mammary gland]. On 25 rats with DMBA induced mammary gland adenocarcinoma, there was shown the capacity of a tumoritropic labelled preparation sodium selenium-75-selenite be be absorbed by tumors in the amounts exceeding those in the adjacent muscle days after the administration. A coefficient of the differential accumulation characterizing the level of the isotope uptake by a tumor during the whole period of observation was 3--4. First, there was shown the possibility to use the model of mammary gland tumors induced by DMBA to test labelled tumoritropic compounds.", "PMID": 113938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10967", "title": "The disposition of [14C]iprindole in man, dog, miniature swine, rhesus monkey and rat.", "content": "1. Absorption of a single oral dose of [14C]iprindole was rapid in rats, rhesus monkeys, miniature swine, dogs and human volunteers. In all species except the rat, most of the radioactivity in the blood resided in the plasma. Small amounts of unchanged iprindole were detected in the plasma of rats and rhesus monkeys but not in man and miniature swine. 2. Radioactivity was excreted mainly in the urine of man, miniature swine and rhesus monkey, but in the faeces of rat and dog. 3. Urinary radioactivity was associated with basic (free and conjugated), acidic and highly polar, water soluble metabolites. At least 20 metabolites as well as small amounts of unchanged drug were detected in the basic fractions of each species' urine. 4. Many of these metabolites were common to all species; however, qualitative as well as quantitative differences were apparent. Mass-spectrometric analysis of several metabolites indicated N-demethylation and oxidation of the alicylic ring or a combination of both pathways.", "contents": "The disposition of [14C]iprindole in man, dog, miniature swine, rhesus monkey and rat. 1. Absorption of a single oral dose of [14C]iprindole was rapid in rats, rhesus monkeys, miniature swine, dogs and human volunteers. In all species except the rat, most of the radioactivity in the blood resided in the plasma. Small amounts of unchanged iprindole were detected in the plasma of rats and rhesus monkeys but not in man and miniature swine. 2. Radioactivity was excreted mainly in the urine of man, miniature swine and rhesus monkey, but in the faeces of rat and dog. 3. Urinary radioactivity was associated with basic (free and conjugated), acidic and highly polar, water soluble metabolites. At least 20 metabolites as well as small amounts of unchanged drug were detected in the basic fractions of each species' urine. 4. Many of these metabolites were common to all species; however, qualitative as well as quantitative differences were apparent. Mass-spectrometric analysis of several metabolites indicated N-demethylation and oxidation of the alicylic ring or a combination of both pathways.", "PMID": 113942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10968", "title": "Phenol oxidase activity and pigment synthesis in conidiospores of Penicillium cyclopium.", "content": "Phenol oxidase (PO) of Penicillium cyclopium belongs to the laccases (E.C. 1.14.18.1). By PAA-gel electrophoresis three forms of the enzyme were detected. Most of the PO in emerged sporulating cultures accumulates in the cell wall of the conidiospores. However, a high percentage is not bound to the wall constituents and can be easily removed with aqueous solutions. This soluble fraction was 570-fold enriched by (NH4)2SO4-precipitation, followed by chromatography on sephadex G 200 and on hydroxylapatite-cellulose, The necessity of PO for conidiospore pigmentation was shown by means of suspended spores whose rates of pigment accumulation resemble those of conidia maturing in situ. Pigmentation is stopped if PO is inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate. This corresponds to the fact that in strains with heavily pigmented conidiospores PO activity is much higher than in strains with weakly pigmented or unpigmented spores. Also the time course of PO accumulation in the latter strains is different from that of the former. Furthermore, in mutant res-eth 1 which has unpigmented conidiospores, PO isoenzyme no. 3 could not be detected.", "contents": "Phenol oxidase activity and pigment synthesis in conidiospores of Penicillium cyclopium. Phenol oxidase (PO) of Penicillium cyclopium belongs to the laccases (E.C. 1.14.18.1). By PAA-gel electrophoresis three forms of the enzyme were detected. Most of the PO in emerged sporulating cultures accumulates in the cell wall of the conidiospores. However, a high percentage is not bound to the wall constituents and can be easily removed with aqueous solutions. This soluble fraction was 570-fold enriched by (NH4)2SO4-precipitation, followed by chromatography on sephadex G 200 and on hydroxylapatite-cellulose, The necessity of PO for conidiospore pigmentation was shown by means of suspended spores whose rates of pigment accumulation resemble those of conidia maturing in situ. Pigmentation is stopped if PO is inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate. This corresponds to the fact that in strains with heavily pigmented conidiospores PO activity is much higher than in strains with weakly pigmented or unpigmented spores. Also the time course of PO accumulation in the latter strains is different from that of the former. Furthermore, in mutant res-eth 1 which has unpigmented conidiospores, PO isoenzyme no. 3 could not be detected.", "PMID": 113943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10969", "title": "[Isolation and study of influenza A viruses in different cell cultures].", "content": "The usefulness of some cells cultures (BSC-I, VERO, MDSK) for isolation and study of reproduction of influenza A viruses was explored. Out of 50 clinical specimens examined, in 16 cases the virus was isolated both in chick embryos and in MDSK cell cultures. MDSK cultures were found to be highly sensitive to influenza A viruses, which produced cytopathic effect and hemagglutinin accumulation. The plaques formed by freshly isolated strains under an agar overlay containing trypsin were markedly polymorphous. MDSK cells may be recommended for use in virus isolation studies. Examinations of virion morphology revealed their diversity both in size and shape.", "contents": "[Isolation and study of influenza A viruses in different cell cultures]. The usefulness of some cells cultures (BSC-I, VERO, MDSK) for isolation and study of reproduction of influenza A viruses was explored. Out of 50 clinical specimens examined, in 16 cases the virus was isolated both in chick embryos and in MDSK cell cultures. MDSK cultures were found to be highly sensitive to influenza A viruses, which produced cytopathic effect and hemagglutinin accumulation. The plaques formed by freshly isolated strains under an agar overlay containing trypsin were markedly polymorphous. MDSK cells may be recommended for use in virus isolation studies. Examinations of virion morphology revealed their diversity both in size and shape.", "PMID": 113939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10970", "title": "[Cryopreservation of erythrocytes for performing serological reactions].", "content": "The possibility of using monkey red blood cells conserved by freezing at --196 degrees C in serological tests was studied. Hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests with measles antigen and measles gamma globulin revealed no differences in the sensitivity of native and conserved red blood cells. The method of washing red blood cells from cryoprotective solution modified by the authors is described.", "contents": "[Cryopreservation of erythrocytes for performing serological reactions]. The possibility of using monkey red blood cells conserved by freezing at --196 degrees C in serological tests was studied. Hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests with measles antigen and measles gamma globulin revealed no differences in the sensitivity of native and conserved red blood cells. The method of washing red blood cells from cryoprotective solution modified by the authors is described.", "PMID": 113940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10971", "title": "[A case of amyloidosis complicated by IgU/lambda/-myeloma multiplex].", "content": "It has been published a case of amyloidosis with multiple myeloma IgU/lamba/. On the basis of literature the classification of amyloidosis is proposed. In the immunological investigations decreased humoral and cellurar immunoreactivities had been found in the patient.", "contents": "[A case of amyloidosis complicated by IgU/lambda/-myeloma multiplex]. It has been published a case of amyloidosis with multiple myeloma IgU/lamba/. On the basis of literature the classification of amyloidosis is proposed. In the immunological investigations decreased humoral and cellurar immunoreactivities had been found in the patient.", "PMID": 113946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10972", "title": "Transmission of Sarcocystis suihominis from humans to swine to nonhuman primates (Pan troglodytes, Macaca mulatta, Macaca irus).", "content": "Sporocysts of Sarcocystis suihominis obtained from human feces were used to infect swine. Heart, tongue, and skeletal muscle from experimentally infected and noninfected control swine were fed via stomach tube to nonhuman primates including chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca irus). All primates fed infected swine tissues shed sporocysts beginning 13 to 15 days postinfection and were still shedding sporocysts at the conclusion of the experiment, 30 days postinfection. Rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys were fed infected swine tissues a second time and shed sporocysts. All primates remained in good health throughout both experiments and exhibited no unusual clinical signs as a result of infection.", "contents": "Transmission of Sarcocystis suihominis from humans to swine to nonhuman primates (Pan troglodytes, Macaca mulatta, Macaca irus). Sporocysts of Sarcocystis suihominis obtained from human feces were used to infect swine. Heart, tongue, and skeletal muscle from experimentally infected and noninfected control swine were fed via stomach tube to nonhuman primates including chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca irus). All primates fed infected swine tissues shed sporocysts beginning 13 to 15 days postinfection and were still shedding sporocysts at the conclusion of the experiment, 30 days postinfection. Rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys were fed infected swine tissues a second time and shed sporocysts. All primates remained in good health throughout both experiments and exhibited no unusual clinical signs as a result of infection.", "PMID": 113949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10973", "title": "Studies on a receptor for pyocin in a R mutant of Salmonella minnesota.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from the pyocin sensitive R form strain of Salmonella minnesota F6 (chemotype Rd1) inhibited the activity of bacteriophage tail-like pyocin P1 whereas no inhibition occurred with LPS prepared from the pyocin resistant S form of S. minnesota. Subunits of lipopolysaccharide obtained by treatment with sodium deoxycholate and the polysaccharide fraction of the lipopolysaccharide obtained by acid hydrolysis were shown to be still active whereas lipid A fraction had no pyocin neutralizing activity. The (KDO)3-hepI-hepII unit, which terminates the lipopolysaccharide of S. minnesota F6 was, therefore, suggested to determine the specificity of the pyocin P1 receptor.", "contents": "Studies on a receptor for pyocin in a R mutant of Salmonella minnesota. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from the pyocin sensitive R form strain of Salmonella minnesota F6 (chemotype Rd1) inhibited the activity of bacteriophage tail-like pyocin P1 whereas no inhibition occurred with LPS prepared from the pyocin resistant S form of S. minnesota. Subunits of lipopolysaccharide obtained by treatment with sodium deoxycholate and the polysaccharide fraction of the lipopolysaccharide obtained by acid hydrolysis were shown to be still active whereas lipid A fraction had no pyocin neutralizing activity. The (KDO)3-hepI-hepII unit, which terminates the lipopolysaccharide of S. minnesota F6 was, therefore, suggested to determine the specificity of the pyocin P1 receptor.", "PMID": 113953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10974", "title": "A case of hematometra infected by Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "A case of Listeria infection is reported of a 10 year old girl with symptoms of the first menstruation but without the discharge of blood because of the absence of the vaginal duct. The blood retained in the uterus obtained by puncture through the rectum contained Listeria monocytogenes 4b. The infection was possibly acquired from a household pet.", "contents": "A case of hematometra infected by Listeria monocytogenes. A case of Listeria infection is reported of a 10 year old girl with symptoms of the first menstruation but without the discharge of blood because of the absence of the vaginal duct. The blood retained in the uterus obtained by puncture through the rectum contained Listeria monocytogenes 4b. The infection was possibly acquired from a household pet.", "PMID": 113954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10975", "title": "[Facts and speculations on viruses in food (author's transl)].", "content": "The danger to which man is exposed as a result of viruses contained in food differs basically from the risk to man caused by bacteria, fungi or their toxins. With respect to viral injuries it is not the specific diseases (e.g. hepatitis and polio) that are in the foreground but the much more dangerous noxious groups whose cause/effect relationships are rather complex. 1. the oncogenic risk, 2. synergistic interactions with opportunistic problem viruses, 3. slowly developing chronic diseases and persistent infections with their indirect injuries, 4. new infectious pathogens (viroids). Viral contamination of food can be exogenous or endogenous. Exogenous contamination is possible by: 1. specific human-pathogenic viruses, 2. polyphagous, human-pathogenic and animal-pathogenic viruses (zoonosis), 3. animal-pathogenic viruses only, 4. fish viruses, 6. bacteriophages, 7. fungal viruses. The viruses of group 1 and 2 are of practical importance, those of group 6 and 7 are it occasionally. Endogenous contamination is caused when an animal suffered from a viral infection at the time of slaughter or product extraction (e.g. milk, egg, fish) or when the animal has picked up a virus shortly beforhand. As far as endogenous contamination is concerned, a distinction must be made between 1. primarily biological and 2. primarily mechanical contamination. For the first, mainly the clinically inapparent especially persistent infections and viraemic stages at the end of incubation are dangerous. In both cases the animal is clinically healthy. In primarily biological contamination the zoonosis viruses predominate. In addition the bacteriophages must be taken into account. Primarily mechanical contamination is restricted to fish, molluscs, milk and eggs. The possibilities and consequences of exogenous and endogenous contamination are discussed. The risk of viral transmission by foodstuffs depends chiefly on the tenacity of the virus in the affected food, but also on its virulence and concentration. Basic considerations are discussed. Practically from any useful, healthy animal the most varied viruses can be isolated. In order to avoid destroying the confidence of the consumer, it is necessary to take stock of the following: 1. viral contamination in foodstuffs demonstrated so far 2. verified human diseases caused by the intake of virus-contaminated foodstuff and 3. speculations on imaginable consequential damage caused by the consumption of food containing virus. This is also dealt with in the paper. In a final, critical review the importance of virus contained in food is discussed comprehensively from a scientific, legal and practical point of view.", "contents": "[Facts and speculations on viruses in food (author's transl)]. The danger to which man is exposed as a result of viruses contained in food differs basically from the risk to man caused by bacteria, fungi or their toxins. With respect to viral injuries it is not the specific diseases (e.g. hepatitis and polio) that are in the foreground but the much more dangerous noxious groups whose cause/effect relationships are rather complex. 1. the oncogenic risk, 2. synergistic interactions with opportunistic problem viruses, 3. slowly developing chronic diseases and persistent infections with their indirect injuries, 4. new infectious pathogens (viroids). Viral contamination of food can be exogenous or endogenous. Exogenous contamination is possible by: 1. specific human-pathogenic viruses, 2. polyphagous, human-pathogenic and animal-pathogenic viruses (zoonosis), 3. animal-pathogenic viruses only, 4. fish viruses, 6. bacteriophages, 7. fungal viruses. The viruses of group 1 and 2 are of practical importance, those of group 6 and 7 are it occasionally. Endogenous contamination is caused when an animal suffered from a viral infection at the time of slaughter or product extraction (e.g. milk, egg, fish) or when the animal has picked up a virus shortly beforhand. As far as endogenous contamination is concerned, a distinction must be made between 1. primarily biological and 2. primarily mechanical contamination. For the first, mainly the clinically inapparent especially persistent infections and viraemic stages at the end of incubation are dangerous. In both cases the animal is clinically healthy. In primarily biological contamination the zoonosis viruses predominate. In addition the bacteriophages must be taken into account. Primarily mechanical contamination is restricted to fish, molluscs, milk and eggs. The possibilities and consequences of exogenous and endogenous contamination are discussed. The risk of viral transmission by foodstuffs depends chiefly on the tenacity of the virus in the affected food, but also on its virulence and concentration. Basic considerations are discussed. Practically from any useful, healthy animal the most varied viruses can be isolated. In order to avoid destroying the confidence of the consumer, it is necessary to take stock of the following: 1. viral contamination in foodstuffs demonstrated so far 2. verified human diseases caused by the intake of virus-contaminated foodstuff and 3. speculations on imaginable consequential damage caused by the consumption of food containing virus. This is also dealt with in the paper. In a final, critical review the importance of virus contained in food is discussed comprehensively from a scientific, legal and practical point of view.", "PMID": 113955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10976", "title": "[Determination of the location of sound sources by dogs exposed to dichotic sounds].", "content": "Lateralization thresholds for dichotically presented sounds were measured in dogs by avoidance technique. The animals were trained to lift the left paw when the sound was presented at left, and the right one when it occurred at right. The sound lateralization was achieved by varying interaural time and intensity level differences. Click trains and tonal pulses of 0.3, 1.0 and 5.0 khz frequencies were used as sound stimuli. The threshold for click trains was found to be equal 55--60 mcs for temporal cue and 1.5--1.8 dB for intensity differences. The lateralization threshold turns out to depend on frequency of tonal pulses. Intensity difference thresholds drop with increasing frequency whereas the temporal ones rise. The lateralization for frequencies above 1.5 khz could not be achieved.", "contents": "[Determination of the location of sound sources by dogs exposed to dichotic sounds]. Lateralization thresholds for dichotically presented sounds were measured in dogs by avoidance technique. The animals were trained to lift the left paw when the sound was presented at left, and the right one when it occurred at right. The sound lateralization was achieved by varying interaural time and intensity level differences. Click trains and tonal pulses of 0.3, 1.0 and 5.0 khz frequencies were used as sound stimuli. The threshold for click trains was found to be equal 55--60 mcs for temporal cue and 1.5--1.8 dB for intensity differences. The lateralization threshold turns out to depend on frequency of tonal pulses. Intensity difference thresholds drop with increasing frequency whereas the temporal ones rise. The lateralization for frequencies above 1.5 khz could not be achieved.", "PMID": 113951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10977", "title": "[Current zoonoses from the food hygiene point of view (author's transl)].", "content": "Of the numerous zoonoses part of which are reportable, according to the Federal Communicable Diseases Act, the food hygienist attributes topicality at present to salmonellosis, brucellosis, toxoplasmosis, taeniasis (T. saginata), trichinellosis, and sarcosporidiosis. In salmonellosis, combating is directed to breeding and keeping of Salmonella-free flocks, poultry offering favourable conditions for this purpose. Moreover, one tries to decontaminate feeds through certain pelleting machines with the aid of friction heat or by admixing propionic acid. In brucellosis, the possibility of infection by tourism, but also that through ingestion of imported dairy products (like soft cheese) play a certain role. Instruction of tourists and advising foreign labour from endemic areas are essential contributions to combating. Another important infection source of toxoplasmosis is infected raw pig meat. As the agent does not survive freezing temperatures under certain conditions, the decontamination procedure is particularly suitable. In pregnancy advising, the role of raw pig meat for development of congenital toxoplasmosis should be clearly explained. In trichinellosis, apart from the traditional examination by the trichinoscope, the modified digestion procedure using pepsin as a digestive fluid was successful. Moreover, it is suitable for detecting weakly infected swine. The importance of systematic examinations of all domestic and wild pigs became evident only recently in 1977, when in Bavaria an epidemic of trichinellosis occurred following the ingestion of undetected Trichinella containing wild pig meat. According to most recent knowledge on the cycle of development of sarcosporidia, the studies showed that the species Sarc. bovihominis and suihominis were pathogens for human beings. Quite apart from necessary supplementary examinations, the freezing procedure would here too, warrant an effective protection for the raw meat consuming population.", "contents": "[Current zoonoses from the food hygiene point of view (author's transl)]. Of the numerous zoonoses part of which are reportable, according to the Federal Communicable Diseases Act, the food hygienist attributes topicality at present to salmonellosis, brucellosis, toxoplasmosis, taeniasis (T. saginata), trichinellosis, and sarcosporidiosis. In salmonellosis, combating is directed to breeding and keeping of Salmonella-free flocks, poultry offering favourable conditions for this purpose. Moreover, one tries to decontaminate feeds through certain pelleting machines with the aid of friction heat or by admixing propionic acid. In brucellosis, the possibility of infection by tourism, but also that through ingestion of imported dairy products (like soft cheese) play a certain role. Instruction of tourists and advising foreign labour from endemic areas are essential contributions to combating. Another important infection source of toxoplasmosis is infected raw pig meat. As the agent does not survive freezing temperatures under certain conditions, the decontamination procedure is particularly suitable. In pregnancy advising, the role of raw pig meat for development of congenital toxoplasmosis should be clearly explained. In trichinellosis, apart from the traditional examination by the trichinoscope, the modified digestion procedure using pepsin as a digestive fluid was successful. Moreover, it is suitable for detecting weakly infected swine. The importance of systematic examinations of all domestic and wild pigs became evident only recently in 1977, when in Bavaria an epidemic of trichinellosis occurred following the ingestion of undetected Trichinella containing wild pig meat. According to most recent knowledge on the cycle of development of sarcosporidia, the studies showed that the species Sarc. bovihominis and suihominis were pathogens for human beings. Quite apart from necessary supplementary examinations, the freezing procedure would here too, warrant an effective protection for the raw meat consuming population.", "PMID": 113956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10978", "title": "[Studies to investigate the ecological importance of the mass development of Hydrodicyton reticulatum in infiltration basins for drinking water. II. Localization of the active components with the aid of thin-layer chromatography and bioassay detection (author's transl)].", "content": "Thin-layer chromatogramms made from ethanol extracts of the green fresh-water alga H. reticulatum were tested by bioassay detection against several strains of Bac. subtilis. The chromatogramms were overlayed with agar, seeded with the test strains. The production of two growth-inhibiting zones could be demonstrated (Fig. 1). One of them seems to be correlated with chlorophyll derivatives. The second zone--larger than the first one--was formed by a fatty acid fraction which was more active in cells harvested in 1973, than in those harvested in 1974. Only a very small cell free zone was found in bioassays of water extracts of H74, presumably caused by chlorophyll derivatives, but there was an area of weak inhibition in H73 as well as in H74.", "contents": "[Studies to investigate the ecological importance of the mass development of Hydrodicyton reticulatum in infiltration basins for drinking water. II. Localization of the active components with the aid of thin-layer chromatography and bioassay detection (author's transl)]. Thin-layer chromatogramms made from ethanol extracts of the green fresh-water alga H. reticulatum were tested by bioassay detection against several strains of Bac. subtilis. The chromatogramms were overlayed with agar, seeded with the test strains. The production of two growth-inhibiting zones could be demonstrated (Fig. 1). One of them seems to be correlated with chlorophyll derivatives. The second zone--larger than the first one--was formed by a fatty acid fraction which was more active in cells harvested in 1973, than in those harvested in 1974. Only a very small cell free zone was found in bioassays of water extracts of H74, presumably caused by chlorophyll derivatives, but there was an area of weak inhibition in H73 as well as in H74.", "PMID": 113957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10979", "title": "The significance of combined risk factors for the incidence of posttraumatic early fits and epilepsy.", "content": "After a brief outline of autonomic incidence of posttraumatic early fits as compared to \"real\" posttraumatic epilepsy, such traumatologic and neurologic factors are compared that lead much more frequently to early fits. Furthermore, the conditions of early fits and their relation to the occurrence of chronic posttraumatic epilepsy are investigated. Statistically and prognostically reliable data are only found when combined groups of high risk factors of different valence rather than individual data are considered. Such a statistically proved combination is the connection of intracranial hematomas, posttraumatic amnesia of more than 3 hours, neurologic dysfunctions and a persisting organic psychosyndrome.", "contents": "The significance of combined risk factors for the incidence of posttraumatic early fits and epilepsy. After a brief outline of autonomic incidence of posttraumatic early fits as compared to \"real\" posttraumatic epilepsy, such traumatologic and neurologic factors are compared that lead much more frequently to early fits. Furthermore, the conditions of early fits and their relation to the occurrence of chronic posttraumatic epilepsy are investigated. Statistically and prognostically reliable data are only found when combined groups of high risk factors of different valence rather than individual data are considered. Such a statistically proved combination is the connection of intracranial hematomas, posttraumatic amnesia of more than 3 hours, neurologic dysfunctions and a persisting organic psychosyndrome.", "PMID": 113958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10980", "title": "[Clinical forms of epileptic seizures in ischemic circulatory disorders in the mixed blood supply zone of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries].", "content": "A clinical analysis of focal epileptic attacks in 18 patients with ischemic disturbances of blood circulation in the zone of mixed blood supply by the frontal and median cerebral arteries was carried out. The epileptic attacks observed were found to be due to irritation of the frontal adversive and pre-moter fields. Focal clonic convulsions in the foot due to irritation of the brain paracentral lobule were also observed. The versatility of the clinical forms of the epileptic attacks was determined mainly by the involvement of particular cytoarchitectonic fields of the frontal lobe of the brain (8th, 6th, 4th) belonging to the zone of mixed blood supply by the frontal and median cerebral arteries and provided with blood by different cortical branches of those arteries. Clinico-angiographic and clinico-morphological comparisons showed that in most patients with focal epileptic attacks there was combined involvement of the internal carotid arteries.", "contents": "[Clinical forms of epileptic seizures in ischemic circulatory disorders in the mixed blood supply zone of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries]. A clinical analysis of focal epileptic attacks in 18 patients with ischemic disturbances of blood circulation in the zone of mixed blood supply by the frontal and median cerebral arteries was carried out. The epileptic attacks observed were found to be due to irritation of the frontal adversive and pre-moter fields. Focal clonic convulsions in the foot due to irritation of the brain paracentral lobule were also observed. The versatility of the clinical forms of the epileptic attacks was determined mainly by the involvement of particular cytoarchitectonic fields of the frontal lobe of the brain (8th, 6th, 4th) belonging to the zone of mixed blood supply by the frontal and median cerebral arteries and provided with blood by different cortical branches of those arteries. Clinico-angiographic and clinico-morphological comparisons showed that in most patients with focal epileptic attacks there was combined involvement of the internal carotid arteries.", "PMID": 113972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10981", "title": "[Oxygen transport function of hemoglobin in several neurologic diseases].", "content": "Data on the oxygen transport function of hemoglobin in patients with craniocerebral injury, cerebrovascular disorders, and epilepsy are presented. The role of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate contained in the erythrocytes, and of changes of the hemoglobin affinity to oxygen in the oxygenation of tissues in such patients is discussed. It is concluded that determinations of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content in the erythrocytes be applied in clinical practice for diagnosing a number of nervous diseases accompanied by symptoms of cerebral hypoxia, so that the latter could be compensated in due time.", "contents": "[Oxygen transport function of hemoglobin in several neurologic diseases]. Data on the oxygen transport function of hemoglobin in patients with craniocerebral injury, cerebrovascular disorders, and epilepsy are presented. The role of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate contained in the erythrocytes, and of changes of the hemoglobin affinity to oxygen in the oxygenation of tissues in such patients is discussed. It is concluded that determinations of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content in the erythrocytes be applied in clinical practice for diagnosing a number of nervous diseases accompanied by symptoms of cerebral hypoxia, so that the latter could be compensated in due time.", "PMID": 113973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10982", "title": "Sudanophilic lipid accumulation in astrocytes in periventricular leukomalacia in monkeys.", "content": "Sudanophilic lipid accumulation is a characteristic feature of periventircular leukomalacia (PVL) of infants. At least two types of lipid-containing cells have been identified, one being the macrophage, the other the \"pre-myelin glial cell\". A third type of lipid-containing cell has been seen in two monkeys with spontaneous PVL. Electron microscopically this cell appears to be an astrocyte. This probably represents a reaction of the astrocyte to hypoxia and may be the equivalent of the \"hypertrophic\" astrocytes found in human infants.", "contents": "Sudanophilic lipid accumulation in astrocytes in periventricular leukomalacia in monkeys. Sudanophilic lipid accumulation is a characteristic feature of periventircular leukomalacia (PVL) of infants. At least two types of lipid-containing cells have been identified, one being the macrophage, the other the \"pre-myelin glial cell\". A third type of lipid-containing cell has been seen in two monkeys with spontaneous PVL. Electron microscopically this cell appears to be an astrocyte. This probably represents a reaction of the astrocyte to hypoxia and may be the equivalent of the \"hypertrophic\" astrocytes found in human infants.", "PMID": 113976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10983", "title": "A scanning electron microscopical study of normal and fluorotic enamel demineralized by EDTA.", "content": "Normal and fluorotic primary and permanent teeth were demineralized in 10% EDTA at pH 7 for varying periods of time up to 4 weeks. The fluorotic teeth initially dissolved at a much slower rate than non-fluorotic specimens and appeared to contain more organic material. After almost complete removal of the outer enamel a soft organic layer remained on the dentin surface. This consisted of a fine fibrillar mesh and some more dense material. After four weeks much of the organic material had disappeared leaving only a thin membrane on the dentin surface.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopical study of normal and fluorotic enamel demineralized by EDTA. Normal and fluorotic primary and permanent teeth were demineralized in 10% EDTA at pH 7 for varying periods of time up to 4 weeks. The fluorotic teeth initially dissolved at a much slower rate than non-fluorotic specimens and appeared to contain more organic material. After almost complete removal of the outer enamel a soft organic layer remained on the dentin surface. This consisted of a fine fibrillar mesh and some more dense material. After four weeks much of the organic material had disappeared leaving only a thin membrane on the dentin surface.", "PMID": 113977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10984", "title": "Serum prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone levels following thyreotropin releasing hormone stimulation in preeclamptic patients.", "content": "Serum prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured following administration of thyreotropin releasing hormone (THR) in 17 preeclamptic patients and 18 normal pregnant controls. From the 31st to the 35th pregnancy week the preeclamptic patients showed increased basal serum prolactin and TSH levels compared to controls, but later in pregnancy the differences disappeared. Following TRH stimulation, the serum prolactin and TSH responses were similar in women with and without preeclampsia. A possible role of prolactin in the development of preeclampsia is discussed.", "contents": "Serum prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone levels following thyreotropin releasing hormone stimulation in preeclamptic patients. Serum prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured following administration of thyreotropin releasing hormone (THR) in 17 preeclamptic patients and 18 normal pregnant controls. From the 31st to the 35th pregnancy week the preeclamptic patients showed increased basal serum prolactin and TSH levels compared to controls, but later in pregnancy the differences disappeared. Following TRH stimulation, the serum prolactin and TSH responses were similar in women with and without preeclampsia. A possible role of prolactin in the development of preeclampsia is discussed.", "PMID": 113978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10985", "title": "The role of fetal movements assessment in cases of severe RH immunized patients.", "content": "Two cases of severe Rh-immunization are presented. The obstetric history, maternal serum anti-D titre, amniotic fluid spectrophotometric evaluation, amniography and ultrasound placentography suggest the diagnosis of hydrops fetalis. The reduction of fetal movements until cessation in the presence of an audible fetal heart point to a severely distressed fetus and impending death, thus providing additional data confirming the diagnosis of hydrops fetalis. The importance of diagnosed hydrops fetalis lies in the fact that most authors agree that in these cases treatment of the fetus should not be attempted.", "contents": "The role of fetal movements assessment in cases of severe RH immunized patients. Two cases of severe Rh-immunization are presented. The obstetric history, maternal serum anti-D titre, amniotic fluid spectrophotometric evaluation, amniography and ultrasound placentography suggest the diagnosis of hydrops fetalis. The reduction of fetal movements until cessation in the presence of an audible fetal heart point to a severely distressed fetus and impending death, thus providing additional data confirming the diagnosis of hydrops fetalis. The importance of diagnosed hydrops fetalis lies in the fact that most authors agree that in these cases treatment of the fetus should not be attempted.", "PMID": 113979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10986", "title": "Effect of diabetes therapy on the myocardium in experimental diabetes.", "content": "The effects of chronic antidiabetic treatment were examined in a clinically manifest, but non-ketotic diabetic animal model in which increased stabilization of steric structure in the cardiac connective tissue and left ventricular diastolic stiffness have been demonstrated. These changes accounted for decreased left ventricular performance during left ventricular afterload. Each of 8 diabetic dogs was given daily 8-16 IU of insulin, 250-750 mg carbutamide or 2-10 mg glibenclamide, respectively; doses were always adjusted to the actual metabolic requirements and findings were compared to those of 11 untreated diabetic and 6 healthy dogs. After three months, the hemodynamic and metabolic studies showed that the metabolically controlled diabetic dogs had less marked alterations in the connective cardiac tissue, left ventricular diastolic stiffness and performance. Apart from a considerable rise of arterial blood pressure during carbutamide treatment, no other difference was found in the cardiac actions of the three hypoglycemic agents tested.", "contents": "Effect of diabetes therapy on the myocardium in experimental diabetes. The effects of chronic antidiabetic treatment were examined in a clinically manifest, but non-ketotic diabetic animal model in which increased stabilization of steric structure in the cardiac connective tissue and left ventricular diastolic stiffness have been demonstrated. These changes accounted for decreased left ventricular performance during left ventricular afterload. Each of 8 diabetic dogs was given daily 8-16 IU of insulin, 250-750 mg carbutamide or 2-10 mg glibenclamide, respectively; doses were always adjusted to the actual metabolic requirements and findings were compared to those of 11 untreated diabetic and 6 healthy dogs. After three months, the hemodynamic and metabolic studies showed that the metabolically controlled diabetic dogs had less marked alterations in the connective cardiac tissue, left ventricular diastolic stiffness and performance. Apart from a considerable rise of arterial blood pressure during carbutamide treatment, no other difference was found in the cardiac actions of the three hypoglycemic agents tested.", "PMID": 113974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10987", "title": "Urinary excretion and plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine during diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "Sympathetic activity was determined in 13 ketoacidotic diabetics by evaluation of plasma and urinary catecholamines, before and in the course of medical management. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A (severe ketoacidosis, n = 5) and Group B (moderate ketoacidosis, = 8), depending on plasma glucose, pH and plasma bicarbonate levels. The results showed an enhanced sympathetic activity in all patients before treatment, with significant decrease during therapy. In Group A plasma catecholamines were higher than in Group B, both before and in the course of therapy. A significant correlation was found between basal plasma catecholamines and initial plasma glucose, plasma bicarbonate, hours of therapy and insulin dosage required to obtain plasma glucose levels below 150 mg/100 ml .These results, suggesting a close correlation between glycometabolic control and adrenergic activity, emphasize the role of the sympathetic nervous system as a powerful contrainsular factor in the pathogenesis and metabolic derangement of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "contents": "Urinary excretion and plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine during diabetic ketoacidosis. Sympathetic activity was determined in 13 ketoacidotic diabetics by evaluation of plasma and urinary catecholamines, before and in the course of medical management. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A (severe ketoacidosis, n = 5) and Group B (moderate ketoacidosis, = 8), depending on plasma glucose, pH and plasma bicarbonate levels. The results showed an enhanced sympathetic activity in all patients before treatment, with significant decrease during therapy. In Group A plasma catecholamines were higher than in Group B, both before and in the course of therapy. A significant correlation was found between basal plasma catecholamines and initial plasma glucose, plasma bicarbonate, hours of therapy and insulin dosage required to obtain plasma glucose levels below 150 mg/100 ml .These results, suggesting a close correlation between glycometabolic control and adrenergic activity, emphasize the role of the sympathetic nervous system as a powerful contrainsular factor in the pathogenesis and metabolic derangement of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 113975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10988", "title": "Isolation of enzymatically derived fragments of porcine IgG and an examination of their reactivity against staphylococcal protein A.", "content": "Papain digestion of porcine IgG in the absence of cysteine resulted in a rather poor yield of fragments (less than 5 per cent). In the presence of cysteine, 70 to 80 per cent of the IgG was degradated in 4 h. Fragments with molecular weight of about 100,000 and 50,000 were separated by gel filtration. The minor fraction (mol. wt. 100,000) most probably consisted of F(c)2 fragments. Fab/c fragments with both Fc and Fab determinants, and also probably some F(ab)2-like fragments. The F(c)2 fragments appeared to be a dimer of Fc stabilized by disulphide bonds. The second main fraction (mol. wt. 50,000) contained Fc and Fab fragments. Mild reduction of the Fc fragments resulted in Fc subfragments of different sizes, thus indicating that papain cleavages had occurred on different spots in the Fc chain. Non-reduced Fc fragments therefore seem to consist of several Fc subfragments stabilized by disulphide bonds. The protein A reactivity of the isolated Fc fragments were rather low compared to the reactivity of intact IgG, respectively 5--15 and 90 per cent. In addition, protein A reactive Fab fragments were isolated from normal porcine IgG.", "contents": "Isolation of enzymatically derived fragments of porcine IgG and an examination of their reactivity against staphylococcal protein A. Papain digestion of porcine IgG in the absence of cysteine resulted in a rather poor yield of fragments (less than 5 per cent). In the presence of cysteine, 70 to 80 per cent of the IgG was degradated in 4 h. Fragments with molecular weight of about 100,000 and 50,000 were separated by gel filtration. The minor fraction (mol. wt. 100,000) most probably consisted of F(c)2 fragments. Fab/c fragments with both Fc and Fab determinants, and also probably some F(ab)2-like fragments. The F(c)2 fragments appeared to be a dimer of Fc stabilized by disulphide bonds. The second main fraction (mol. wt. 50,000) contained Fc and Fab fragments. Mild reduction of the Fc fragments resulted in Fc subfragments of different sizes, thus indicating that papain cleavages had occurred on different spots in the Fc chain. Non-reduced Fc fragments therefore seem to consist of several Fc subfragments stabilized by disulphide bonds. The protein A reactivity of the isolated Fc fragments were rather low compared to the reactivity of intact IgG, respectively 5--15 and 90 per cent. In addition, protein A reactive Fab fragments were isolated from normal porcine IgG.", "PMID": 113980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10989", "title": "IgA and IgG antibodies against surface antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputum and serum from patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Eleven cystic fibrosis (CF) patients chronically infected in the lungs with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa and presenting multiple precipitins in serum against this bacterium (CF + P) and 10 CF patients without P. aeruginosa infection (CF-P) had their serum and sputum sol phase specimens examined for antibodies of the IgA and IgG classes against surface antigens of P. aeruginosa by means of an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Both the IgA and IgG antibody titres demonstrated in serum and sputum of the CF + P patients were significantly higher than in those of the CF-P patients (p less than 0.01). The titre of IgA antibodies in the sputum was higher than in serum in 3 cases indicating local pulmonary production of specific IgA antibodies. The role of the demonstrated antibodies in the local pulmonary immune defense mechanisms and the possible patogenesis of the pulmonary tissue damage in CF patients is discussed.", "contents": "IgA and IgG antibodies against surface antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputum and serum from patients with cystic fibrosis. Eleven cystic fibrosis (CF) patients chronically infected in the lungs with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa and presenting multiple precipitins in serum against this bacterium (CF + P) and 10 CF patients without P. aeruginosa infection (CF-P) had their serum and sputum sol phase specimens examined for antibodies of the IgA and IgG classes against surface antigens of P. aeruginosa by means of an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Both the IgA and IgG antibody titres demonstrated in serum and sputum of the CF + P patients were significantly higher than in those of the CF-P patients (p less than 0.01). The titre of IgA antibodies in the sputum was higher than in serum in 3 cases indicating local pulmonary production of specific IgA antibodies. The role of the demonstrated antibodies in the local pulmonary immune defense mechanisms and the possible patogenesis of the pulmonary tissue damage in CF patients is discussed.", "PMID": 113981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10990", "title": "Cortical potentials associated with vocalization in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Cortical potentials associated with vocalization have been investigated in two rhesus monkeys. In both animals a slow negative potential shift beginning approximately 1 sec prior to the onset of vocalization has been observed in transcortical recordings from precentral areas. It is suggested that this slow potential change might be the phylogenetic antecedent of the voluntary control of speech in humans.", "contents": "Cortical potentials associated with vocalization in the rhesus monkey. Cortical potentials associated with vocalization have been investigated in two rhesus monkeys. In both animals a slow negative potential shift beginning approximately 1 sec prior to the onset of vocalization has been observed in transcortical recordings from precentral areas. It is suggested that this slow potential change might be the phylogenetic antecedent of the voluntary control of speech in humans.", "PMID": 113982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10991", "title": "Properties and isolation of the diffusible factor involved in Bufo arenarum fertilization.", "content": "Earlier studies have shown that a substance(s) released from the egg jelly of the toad Bufo arenarum is required for fertilization. In this paper some properties of this diffusible factor were further examined, and a procedure was designed for its isolation from crude egg extracts. The active component is soluble in water and ethanol, and insoluble in chloroform, ether and n-butanol. The biological activity is stable to liophylization and to heat, and remains unaffected after trypsin treatment. In contrast, it is impaired after treatment with ethyl acetate, 0.1 N HCl or chloroform, and is completely destroyed after converting the diffusible factor into ash. Data are presented showing that the recovery of fertilizability of extracted eggs in the bioassay system as carried out under present conditions, cannot be ascribed to a pH alteration of the insemination medium. This lends further support to the view that diffusible factor activity is not mediated through a pH effect. The factor was purified by gel chromatography coupled with desalting and paper chromatography. The active molecule is of low molecular weight and appears associated with a high pH ninhydrin-positive fraction.", "contents": "Properties and isolation of the diffusible factor involved in Bufo arenarum fertilization. Earlier studies have shown that a substance(s) released from the egg jelly of the toad Bufo arenarum is required for fertilization. In this paper some properties of this diffusible factor were further examined, and a procedure was designed for its isolation from crude egg extracts. The active component is soluble in water and ethanol, and insoluble in chloroform, ether and n-butanol. The biological activity is stable to liophylization and to heat, and remains unaffected after trypsin treatment. In contrast, it is impaired after treatment with ethyl acetate, 0.1 N HCl or chloroform, and is completely destroyed after converting the diffusible factor into ash. Data are presented showing that the recovery of fertilizability of extracted eggs in the bioassay system as carried out under present conditions, cannot be ascribed to a pH alteration of the insemination medium. This lends further support to the view that diffusible factor activity is not mediated through a pH effect. The factor was purified by gel chromatography coupled with desalting and paper chromatography. The active molecule is of low molecular weight and appears associated with a high pH ninhydrin-positive fraction.", "PMID": 113983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10992", "title": "T4, T3 and reverse-T3 determinations in connection with the TRH test in the evaluation of possible hyperthyroidism.", "content": "One disadvantage of the TRH test is that an absent or blunted TSH response is seen not only in hyperthyroid patients but also in some normal subjects. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether the discriminatory power between eu- and hyperthyroidism could be increased by determining the T3 and T4 levels before and after the TRH administration. The study population consists of 30 patients referred for evaluation of suspected hyperthyroidism. The results show that all but one of the patients (n=20) who had T3 levels within the normal reference limits increased these levels after TRH administration, whether their TSH response was normal or blunted. One patient's T3 levels decreased after TRH. All the patients (n=10) who had T3 levels within the hyperthyroid range showed a decrease after TRH. The decrease was significantly correlated (r=0.90) to the magnitude of the increase. No consistent T4 and no change in reverse-T3 response was obtained. The addition of T3, T4 or reverse-T3 determinations in connection with the TRH test does not seem to increase the discriminatory power of the test.", "contents": "T4, T3 and reverse-T3 determinations in connection with the TRH test in the evaluation of possible hyperthyroidism. One disadvantage of the TRH test is that an absent or blunted TSH response is seen not only in hyperthyroid patients but also in some normal subjects. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether the discriminatory power between eu- and hyperthyroidism could be increased by determining the T3 and T4 levels before and after the TRH administration. The study population consists of 30 patients referred for evaluation of suspected hyperthyroidism. The results show that all but one of the patients (n=20) who had T3 levels within the normal reference limits increased these levels after TRH administration, whether their TSH response was normal or blunted. One patient's T3 levels decreased after TRH. All the patients (n=10) who had T3 levels within the hyperthyroid range showed a decrease after TRH. The decrease was significantly correlated (r=0.90) to the magnitude of the increase. No consistent T4 and no change in reverse-T3 response was obtained. The addition of T3, T4 or reverse-T3 determinations in connection with the TRH test does not seem to increase the discriminatory power of the test.", "PMID": 113985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10993", "title": "The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. A case report.", "content": "A 72-year-old woman with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone of unknown cause during more than one year of observation is reported. Plasma vasopressin levels were excessively elevated, even during a water load test. Her serum electrolyte abnormalities and general state were ameliorated after fluid restriction. During treatment with demeclocycline the patient was able to increase fluid without deterioration.", "contents": "The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. A case report. A 72-year-old woman with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone of unknown cause during more than one year of observation is reported. Plasma vasopressin levels were excessively elevated, even during a water load test. Her serum electrolyte abnormalities and general state were ameliorated after fluid restriction. During treatment with demeclocycline the patient was able to increase fluid without deterioration.", "PMID": 113986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10994", "title": "Carditis associated with mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.", "content": "Among 560 patients with serologically confirmed Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, 25 (4.5%) had carditis (19 perimyocarditis, 6 pericarditis). During the acute phase 9 patients required intensive care. After an average of 16 months follow-up 11 patients with no previous signs of heart disease still had cardiac symptoms or signs. Thus carditis associated with M. pneumoniae infection is a serious disease, having cardiac sequelae more often than has hitherto been supposed. The pathogenesis of the carditis associated with M. pneumoniae infection is discussed, including the possibility that in some cases the elevated titre in the complement fixation test is non-specific. A summary is given of the 33 cases previously presented in the literature.", "contents": "Carditis associated with mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Among 560 patients with serologically confirmed Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, 25 (4.5%) had carditis (19 perimyocarditis, 6 pericarditis). During the acute phase 9 patients required intensive care. After an average of 16 months follow-up 11 patients with no previous signs of heart disease still had cardiac symptoms or signs. Thus carditis associated with M. pneumoniae infection is a serious disease, having cardiac sequelae more often than has hitherto been supposed. The pathogenesis of the carditis associated with M. pneumoniae infection is discussed, including the possibility that in some cases the elevated titre in the complement fixation test is non-specific. A summary is given of the 33 cases previously presented in the literature.", "PMID": 113988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10995", "title": "Comparison of agar gel precipitation and complement fixation test for the detection of Brucella ovis infection.", "content": "Blood samples from 710 sheep raised in 20 different farms were examined for Brucella ovis antibodies. Thirty samples were positive with complement fixation, 35 samples with precipitation, and 58 samples with both tests. It has been concluded that the gel precipitation technique is adequate for screening but for individual testing both methods should be used simultaneously.", "contents": "Comparison of agar gel precipitation and complement fixation test for the detection of Brucella ovis infection. Blood samples from 710 sheep raised in 20 different farms were examined for Brucella ovis antibodies. Thirty samples were positive with complement fixation, 35 samples with precipitation, and 58 samples with both tests. It has been concluded that the gel precipitation technique is adequate for screening but for individual testing both methods should be used simultaneously.", "PMID": 113989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10996", "title": "Self-inoculation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Weiszfeiler W-115.", "content": "After intracutaneous self-inoculation with 0.05 mg (wet weight) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis W-115 containing approximately 600 000 viable units, the local reaction was observed during a period of 9 weeks. No adverse effects or general reaction were observed. From the lesion the W-115 strain was recultivated. It was labelled W-115(78)ST vaccine strain and is used for further studies. On the basis of experiments on laboratory animals, monkeys, human new-borns and adults, the strain W-115 is considered as safe for antituberculous vaccination as the strains Mycobacterium bovis BCG and the attenuated \"MP\" strain of Mycobacterium microti OV 166.", "contents": "Self-inoculation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Weiszfeiler W-115. After intracutaneous self-inoculation with 0.05 mg (wet weight) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis W-115 containing approximately 600 000 viable units, the local reaction was observed during a period of 9 weeks. No adverse effects or general reaction were observed. From the lesion the W-115 strain was recultivated. It was labelled W-115(78)ST vaccine strain and is used for further studies. On the basis of experiments on laboratory animals, monkeys, human new-borns and adults, the strain W-115 is considered as safe for antituberculous vaccination as the strains Mycobacterium bovis BCG and the attenuated \"MP\" strain of Mycobacterium microti OV 166.", "PMID": 113990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10997", "title": "Post-traumatic acute rise of ICP related to subclinical epileptic seizures.", "content": "The authors report a case of post-traumatic intracranial hypertension with ICP paroxysmal rise related to subclinical epileptic seizures. The interest of detecting such a phenomenon is emphasized from a practical therapeutic point of view.", "contents": "Post-traumatic acute rise of ICP related to subclinical epileptic seizures. The authors report a case of post-traumatic intracranial hypertension with ICP paroxysmal rise related to subclinical epileptic seizures. The interest of detecting such a phenomenon is emphasized from a practical therapeutic point of view.", "PMID": 113992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10998", "title": "The electrocorticographic status and the extent of the cortical resection in epileptic patients.", "content": "In three patients operated on for focal epilepsy small pathological lesions in the functionally important cortical regions were microsurgically extirpated. The neighbouring areas of cortex were preseved, although they showed epileptic activity on electrocorticography. The patients are seizure-free three years, two years, and nineteen months later, respectively. On the bases of these facts and experience with another 35 patients operated on for focal epilepsy the authors speculate on the relations between the pathological lesion, epileptogenic cortical area, and the relative dependence of the extent of cortical resection on the electrocorticographic status.", "contents": "The electrocorticographic status and the extent of the cortical resection in epileptic patients. In three patients operated on for focal epilepsy small pathological lesions in the functionally important cortical regions were microsurgically extirpated. The neighbouring areas of cortex were preseved, although they showed epileptic activity on electrocorticography. The patients are seizure-free three years, two years, and nineteen months later, respectively. On the bases of these facts and experience with another 35 patients operated on for focal epilepsy the authors speculate on the relations between the pathological lesion, epileptogenic cortical area, and the relative dependence of the extent of cortical resection on the electrocorticographic status.", "PMID": 113997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_10999", "title": "Effect of exercise upon locomotor balance modification after peripheral vestibular lesions (unilateral utricular neurotomy) in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "In this study, we placed unilateral utricular nerve section and measured the locomotor equilibrium function (deviation counts of the animal's trotting gait) by the squirrel monkey platform runway test. We applied physical exercise, both preoperatively (3 weeks) and postoperatively. 21 young adult squirrel monkeys were randomly assigned to three groups (7 each): rotating cage exercise (continuous trotting in the motor-driven rotating cage) group, rail-traversing exercise (60 running shuttles on the rotating rail) group, and control nonexercise group. After the statistical analyses on data it was found that the physical exercise showed some effect; however, the type, daily amount, and number of days applied must be quite substantial.", "contents": "Effect of exercise upon locomotor balance modification after peripheral vestibular lesions (unilateral utricular neurotomy) in squirrel monkeys. In this study, we placed unilateral utricular nerve section and measured the locomotor equilibrium function (deviation counts of the animal's trotting gait) by the squirrel monkey platform runway test. We applied physical exercise, both preoperatively (3 weeks) and postoperatively. 21 young adult squirrel monkeys were randomly assigned to three groups (7 each): rotating cage exercise (continuous trotting in the motor-driven rotating cage) group, rail-traversing exercise (60 running shuttles on the rotating rail) group, and control nonexercise group. After the statistical analyses on data it was found that the physical exercise showed some effect; however, the type, daily amount, and number of days applied must be quite substantial.", "PMID": 114001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11000", "title": "Impact of new diagnostic imaging methods on pancreatic angiography.", "content": "The results of 100 consecutive pancreatic arteriograms performed in concert with a combination of other diagnostic procedures (gray scale ultrasonography, computed tomography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography) were evaluated to determine the value of angiography in diagnosis and management of patients with known or suspected pancreatic disease. Angiography was found to be valuable for diagnosis in 68% (68/100) of cases and was considered helpful for management in 81% (57/70) of patients with pancreatic neoplasm, pancreatitis, or a nonpancreatic abnormality.", "contents": "Impact of new diagnostic imaging methods on pancreatic angiography. The results of 100 consecutive pancreatic arteriograms performed in concert with a combination of other diagnostic procedures (gray scale ultrasonography, computed tomography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography) were evaluated to determine the value of angiography in diagnosis and management of patients with known or suspected pancreatic disease. Angiography was found to be valuable for diagnosis in 68% (68/100) of cases and was considered helpful for management in 81% (57/70) of patients with pancreatic neoplasm, pancreatitis, or a nonpancreatic abnormality.", "PMID": 114005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11001", "title": "Coronal and sagittal reconstructions using a 4.8 second CT body scanner: developments and applications.", "content": "A computer program was developed which enables CT scans obtained on the General Electric body scanner to be reconstructed in coronal and sagittal planes. The program may be installed in minutes and requires no additional hardware. Multiplanar reconstructions can be produced within a few minutes, using the data available from a standard series of scans. No overlapping slices or other special techniques are needed. Large areas (e.g., the entire chest or abdomen) can be reconstructed and each plane of interest separately displayed. Resolution can approximate that available in transverse scans, and the patient receives no additional radiation exposure. Multiplanar reconstruction has proven very useful in a variety of clinical situations.", "contents": "Coronal and sagittal reconstructions using a 4.8 second CT body scanner: developments and applications. A computer program was developed which enables CT scans obtained on the General Electric body scanner to be reconstructed in coronal and sagittal planes. The program may be installed in minutes and requires no additional hardware. Multiplanar reconstructions can be produced within a few minutes, using the data available from a standard series of scans. No overlapping slices or other special techniques are needed. Large areas (e.g., the entire chest or abdomen) can be reconstructed and each plane of interest separately displayed. Resolution can approximate that available in transverse scans, and the patient receives no additional radiation exposure. Multiplanar reconstruction has proven very useful in a variety of clinical situations.", "PMID": 114006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11002", "title": "New techniques for CT-guided biopsies.", "content": "Two new recently instituted techniques have eliminated the shortcomings associated with computed tomography-guided biopsy procedures. By using the bolus biopsy technique, it has been possible to assess the vascular anatomy and vascularity of abnormalities so that cutting-type needles can be used on a routine basis. In a series of 47 cases, this method was used to select cases for cutting biopsies. In 29 cases in which the cutting biopsy was performed, tissue was successfully recovered in 25 cases. Advantages of large specimens obtained by such large needles are discussed. Secondly, the fourth generation scanning devices permit scanning at low radiation doses that provide slightly noisier but suitable images to perform the biopsy procedures. This eliminates the possibility of objectionably high radiation dose if more than one scan is required.", "contents": "New techniques for CT-guided biopsies. Two new recently instituted techniques have eliminated the shortcomings associated with computed tomography-guided biopsy procedures. By using the bolus biopsy technique, it has been possible to assess the vascular anatomy and vascularity of abnormalities so that cutting-type needles can be used on a routine basis. In a series of 47 cases, this method was used to select cases for cutting biopsies. In 29 cases in which the cutting biopsy was performed, tissue was successfully recovered in 25 cases. Advantages of large specimens obtained by such large needles are discussed. Secondly, the fourth generation scanning devices permit scanning at low radiation doses that provide slightly noisier but suitable images to perform the biopsy procedures. This eliminates the possibility of objectionably high radiation dose if more than one scan is required.", "PMID": 114007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11003", "title": "Pyloroduodenal bleeding and intraarterial vasopressin: clinical results.", "content": "Intraarterial vasopressin infusions were given to 46 patients with pyloroduodenal hemorrhage. Hemorrhage was angiographically and clinically controlled in 15 patients, with recurrent bleeding in five. Bleeding was not controlled in 31 patients; seven of these underwent Gelfoam embolization, with bleeding controlled in three. It is concluded that intraarterial vasopressin infusions are not as effective in controlling pyloroduodenal hemorrhage as in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Pyloroduodenal bleeding and intraarterial vasopressin: clinical results. Intraarterial vasopressin infusions were given to 46 patients with pyloroduodenal hemorrhage. Hemorrhage was angiographically and clinically controlled in 15 patients, with recurrent bleeding in five. Bleeding was not controlled in 31 patients; seven of these underwent Gelfoam embolization, with bleeding controlled in three. It is concluded that intraarterial vasopressin infusions are not as effective in controlling pyloroduodenal hemorrhage as in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 114008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11004", "title": "Epinephrine renal venography in acute bacterial infection of the kidney.", "content": "Epinephrine renal venography was performed in four cases of acute bacterial infection of the kidney. Selective renal arteriography was relatively nonspecific, while venography proved to be more helpful in excluding a malignancy. In cases of renal infection where the venous system of the kidney has not been occluded, epinephrine renal venography delineates the extent and nature of the process better than arteriography. Diffuse attenuation or smooth segmental narrowing of intrarenal veins, absence of irregularly encased veins, and veins draped around, as well as perforating, the abnormal region differentiated tumor from infection. An accurate diagnosis is important in view of the different therapeutic approach to these two entities.", "contents": "Epinephrine renal venography in acute bacterial infection of the kidney. Epinephrine renal venography was performed in four cases of acute bacterial infection of the kidney. Selective renal arteriography was relatively nonspecific, while venography proved to be more helpful in excluding a malignancy. In cases of renal infection where the venous system of the kidney has not been occluded, epinephrine renal venography delineates the extent and nature of the process better than arteriography. Diffuse attenuation or smooth segmental narrowing of intrarenal veins, absence of irregularly encased veins, and veins draped around, as well as perforating, the abnormal region differentiated tumor from infection. An accurate diagnosis is important in view of the different therapeutic approach to these two entities.", "PMID": 114009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11005", "title": "CT of the renal cyst: is cyst aspiration necessary?", "content": "Fifty patients with a total of 56 renal masses discovered on routine excretory urography or abdominal plain films and with ultrasonographic diagnoses of definite or probable benign cysts underwent computed tomography (CT) prior to cyst aspiration with cytologic study. All lesions met strict criteria for the CT diagnosis of benign cyst and subsequently proved to be benign cysts. In addition, CT scanning detected 11 other renal masses, only one of which could be retrospectively diagnosed on the original urogram. It is suggested that renal cyst aspiration need not be performed when lesions meet all CT criteria for a benign cyst.", "contents": "CT of the renal cyst: is cyst aspiration necessary? Fifty patients with a total of 56 renal masses discovered on routine excretory urography or abdominal plain films and with ultrasonographic diagnoses of definite or probable benign cysts underwent computed tomography (CT) prior to cyst aspiration with cytologic study. All lesions met strict criteria for the CT diagnosis of benign cyst and subsequently proved to be benign cysts. In addition, CT scanning detected 11 other renal masses, only one of which could be retrospectively diagnosed on the original urogram. It is suggested that renal cyst aspiration need not be performed when lesions meet all CT criteria for a benign cyst.", "PMID": 114010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11006", "title": "Focal irregularity of the rectal mucosa.", "content": "Mucosal irregularity seen on air-contrast barium enema may be the only radiographic manifestation of a variety of pathologic conditions of the rectum. Seven patients are described to illustrate the fact that when the rectal mucosal irregularity is focal and well demarcated, neoplastic conditions should head the list of diagnostic possibilities. Adenocarcinoma, verrucose carcinoma, adenomatous hyperplasia, villous adenoma, and metastatic carcinoma can all be manifested in this way. The appearance of these lesions on air-contrast barium enema is contrasted with the diffuse mucosal irregularity characteristic of inflammatory and other rectal conditions.", "contents": "Focal irregularity of the rectal mucosa. Mucosal irregularity seen on air-contrast barium enema may be the only radiographic manifestation of a variety of pathologic conditions of the rectum. Seven patients are described to illustrate the fact that when the rectal mucosal irregularity is focal and well demarcated, neoplastic conditions should head the list of diagnostic possibilities. Adenocarcinoma, verrucose carcinoma, adenomatous hyperplasia, villous adenoma, and metastatic carcinoma can all be manifested in this way. The appearance of these lesions on air-contrast barium enema is contrasted with the diffuse mucosal irregularity characteristic of inflammatory and other rectal conditions.", "PMID": 114011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11007", "title": "Capacity of the colon in children.", "content": "The capacity of the colon was determined in 49 children during filling of the colon under fluoroscopic control. The data were evaluated by regression analysis and a mean from the sample was obtained. The capacity of the colon may be determined in milliliters by the formula: V = 233 + 83.87 X (X being the age of the child in years).", "contents": "Capacity of the colon in children. The capacity of the colon was determined in 49 children during filling of the colon under fluoroscopic control. The data were evaluated by regression analysis and a mean from the sample was obtained. The capacity of the colon may be determined in milliliters by the formula: V = 233 + 83.87 X (X being the age of the child in years).", "PMID": 114012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11008", "title": "Diagnosis of small bowel obstruction: the contribution of diagnostic ultrasound.", "content": "The hallmark of intestinal obstruction, whether due to a mechanical cause or to absence of peristalsis, is the intraluminal accumulation of fluid. The presence of air simply makes it easier to visualize dilated fluid-filled loops of plain radiographs. When gas is absent, secondary to vomiting or to cessation of air swallowing, the fluid-filled loops may be difficult to identify. In closed loop obstruction, air cannot enter the involved bowel, and in this situation sonography may provide important information concerning the status of the intestinal tract. In nonstrangulating obstruction, sonography offers confirmatory evidence of dilated fluid-filled loops of bowel. In some instances, ultrasonography may correctly identify the gastrointestinal tract origin of a problem thus enabling appropriate management of the patient. We describe three patients in whom ultrasound enabled prompt diagnosis of fluid-filled loops.", "contents": "Diagnosis of small bowel obstruction: the contribution of diagnostic ultrasound. The hallmark of intestinal obstruction, whether due to a mechanical cause or to absence of peristalsis, is the intraluminal accumulation of fluid. The presence of air simply makes it easier to visualize dilated fluid-filled loops of plain radiographs. When gas is absent, secondary to vomiting or to cessation of air swallowing, the fluid-filled loops may be difficult to identify. In closed loop obstruction, air cannot enter the involved bowel, and in this situation sonography may provide important information concerning the status of the intestinal tract. In nonstrangulating obstruction, sonography offers confirmatory evidence of dilated fluid-filled loops of bowel. In some instances, ultrasonography may correctly identify the gastrointestinal tract origin of a problem thus enabling appropriate management of the patient. We describe three patients in whom ultrasound enabled prompt diagnosis of fluid-filled loops.", "PMID": 114013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11009", "title": "Acoustic contrast enhancement: value of several system gain variations in gray scale ultrasonography.", "content": "Because of the broad spectrum of echogenicity inherent in the heterogeneous composition of the abdominal viscera, system gain variations may be useful in gray scale ultrasound imaging to improve lesion definition. In general, Anechoic or hypoechoic processes may be accentuated by scanning in the higher gain ranges, while hyperechoic lesions may be better delineated at lower gain levels. Thus adjustments in \"acoustic contrast\" may supplement and reinforce information derived from an initial standard medium gain scan. Although the liver serves as a model in this report, careful selection of a variety of system gain levels can be helpful in evaluating focal lesions in any organ.", "contents": "Acoustic contrast enhancement: value of several system gain variations in gray scale ultrasonography. Because of the broad spectrum of echogenicity inherent in the heterogeneous composition of the abdominal viscera, system gain variations may be useful in gray scale ultrasound imaging to improve lesion definition. In general, Anechoic or hypoechoic processes may be accentuated by scanning in the higher gain ranges, while hyperechoic lesions may be better delineated at lower gain levels. Thus adjustments in \"acoustic contrast\" may supplement and reinforce information derived from an initial standard medium gain scan. Although the liver serves as a model in this report, careful selection of a variety of system gain levels can be helpful in evaluating focal lesions in any organ.", "PMID": 114014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11010", "title": "CT findings in retinoblastoma.", "content": "Computed tomographic (CT) findings in 38 patients with surgically proven retinoblastomas are described. CT is of value in accurately and rapidly assessing the extraocular and intracranial spread of clinically diagnosed retinoblastomas. This information is of prognostic value as patients with tumors that have spread beyond the confines of the globe have a life expectancy of only a few months. Calcification was present in 11 of 23 tumors confined to the globe, but was seen in only two of 15 tumors that had extended beyond the globe. Therefore, the presence of calcification may be a favorable prognostic sign.", "contents": "CT findings in retinoblastoma. Computed tomographic (CT) findings in 38 patients with surgically proven retinoblastomas are described. CT is of value in accurately and rapidly assessing the extraocular and intracranial spread of clinically diagnosed retinoblastomas. This information is of prognostic value as patients with tumors that have spread beyond the confines of the globe have a life expectancy of only a few months. Calcification was present in 11 of 23 tumors confined to the globe, but was seen in only two of 15 tumors that had extended beyond the globe. Therefore, the presence of calcification may be a favorable prognostic sign.", "PMID": 114015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11011", "title": "Osteogenic sarcoma after retinoblastoma radiotherapy.", "content": "Development of osteogenic sarcoma after retinoblastoma radiotherapy in three patients, two of whom were siblings, is reported. Pluridirectional tomography and plain skull radiography demonstrated soft tissue masses, sinus opacification, and bone destruction and sclerosis in all three patients. Computed tomography reliably indicated the presence or absence of intracranial tumor extension in the two patients in whom it was performed. Radionuclide bone scanning was a useful adjunct for osteosarcomatous detection.", "contents": "Osteogenic sarcoma after retinoblastoma radiotherapy. Development of osteogenic sarcoma after retinoblastoma radiotherapy in three patients, two of whom were siblings, is reported. Pluridirectional tomography and plain skull radiography demonstrated soft tissue masses, sinus opacification, and bone destruction and sclerosis in all three patients. Computed tomography reliably indicated the presence or absence of intracranial tumor extension in the two patients in whom it was performed. Radionuclide bone scanning was a useful adjunct for osteosarcomatous detection.", "PMID": 114016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11012", "title": "Radiographic evaluation of the spine after surgical correction of scoliosis.", "content": "Scoliosis is frequently a progressive deformity despite the best efforts at external bracing and various exercises. In childhood, scoliosis is usually insidious and is rarely symptomatic. In later years, however, scoliosis leads to cardiopulmonary compromise, neurologic dysfunction, degenerative joint disease, and cosmetic deformities. Therefore, surgical correction is indicated in selected patients. Internal fixation with spinal fusion is more effective than fusion alone. Postoperative radiographs must be examined closely for general as well as orthopedic complications. Loss of correction and failure of hardware are signs of pseudarthrosis. Radiographic follow-up evaluation should include two views whenever possible.", "contents": "Radiographic evaluation of the spine after surgical correction of scoliosis. Scoliosis is frequently a progressive deformity despite the best efforts at external bracing and various exercises. In childhood, scoliosis is usually insidious and is rarely symptomatic. In later years, however, scoliosis leads to cardiopulmonary compromise, neurologic dysfunction, degenerative joint disease, and cosmetic deformities. Therefore, surgical correction is indicated in selected patients. Internal fixation with spinal fusion is more effective than fusion alone. Postoperative radiographs must be examined closely for general as well as orthopedic complications. Loss of correction and failure of hardware are signs of pseudarthrosis. Radiographic follow-up evaluation should include two views whenever possible.", "PMID": 114017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11013", "title": "Single, well centered lateral view of lumbosacral spine: is coned view necessary?", "content": "A single lateral view, centered 1 cm above the top of the palpable iliac crest, has been shown to adequately demonstrate the entire lumbar spine and lumbosacral junction in over 90% of patients, thereby eliminating the necessity to obtain both a full lateral and coned lateral view of the lumbosacral junction. Eliminating this extra film from the routine lumbosacral examination results in enormous savings in patient cost and patient radiation exposure, without sacrificing any diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "Single, well centered lateral view of lumbosacral spine: is coned view necessary? A single lateral view, centered 1 cm above the top of the palpable iliac crest, has been shown to adequately demonstrate the entire lumbar spine and lumbosacral junction in over 90% of patients, thereby eliminating the necessity to obtain both a full lateral and coned lateral view of the lumbosacral junction. Eliminating this extra film from the routine lumbosacral examination results in enormous savings in patient cost and patient radiation exposure, without sacrificing any diagnostic accuracy.", "PMID": 114018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11014", "title": "Myelographic evaluation of nontraumatic spinal canal obstruction: a new approach.", "content": "A new technique simplifies the evaluation of the spinal canal above obstructing lesions encountered during myelography via the lumbar route. After the demonstration of a block with 2--4 ml Pantopaque, a second injection of 2--4 ml Pantopaque is made through the lumbar needle with the patient in 45 degree Trendelenberg (or any degree necessary to keep the initial contast bolus against the inferior margin of the obstruction). In all 10 cases in this series, the second injection easily displaced contrast around and above obstructions that could not be overcome by gravity thereby obviating a lateral cervical or cisternal puncture. No technical failures of complications were encountered. The method is not recommended in cases of traumatic spinal canal obstruction.", "contents": "Myelographic evaluation of nontraumatic spinal canal obstruction: a new approach. A new technique simplifies the evaluation of the spinal canal above obstructing lesions encountered during myelography via the lumbar route. After the demonstration of a block with 2--4 ml Pantopaque, a second injection of 2--4 ml Pantopaque is made through the lumbar needle with the patient in 45 degree Trendelenberg (or any degree necessary to keep the initial contast bolus against the inferior margin of the obstruction). In all 10 cases in this series, the second injection easily displaced contrast around and above obstructions that could not be overcome by gravity thereby obviating a lateral cervical or cisternal puncture. No technical failures of complications were encountered. The method is not recommended in cases of traumatic spinal canal obstruction.", "PMID": 114019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11015", "title": "Lung metastases in cervical and endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "Carcinoma of the cervix or endometrium was evaluated in 1,021 patients at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Boston, between July 1968 and December 1977. The patients were retrospectively evaluated for the presence of lung metastases, appearing initially or during their disease course. On chest radiography, 42 patients were found to have metastases. Lung metastases were seen in 5.1% of patients with carcinoma of the cervix and in 3.6% of patients with carcinoma of the endometrium. Median time from initial disease staging to detection of lung metastases was 12 months. Once pulmonary spread was discovered, 80% of patients expired within 1 year. Lung nodules varied greatly in size. In 11 patients they were solitary; five patients had pleural effusions; three had mediastinal or hilar adenopathy; and none had excavation.", "contents": "Lung metastases in cervical and endometrial carcinoma. Carcinoma of the cervix or endometrium was evaluated in 1,021 patients at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Boston, between July 1968 and December 1977. The patients were retrospectively evaluated for the presence of lung metastases, appearing initially or during their disease course. On chest radiography, 42 patients were found to have metastases. Lung metastases were seen in 5.1% of patients with carcinoma of the cervix and in 3.6% of patients with carcinoma of the endometrium. Median time from initial disease staging to detection of lung metastases was 12 months. Once pulmonary spread was discovered, 80% of patients expired within 1 year. Lung nodules varied greatly in size. In 11 patients they were solitary; five patients had pleural effusions; three had mediastinal or hilar adenopathy; and none had excavation.", "PMID": 114020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11016", "title": "Abnormal left hilar height ratio.", "content": "This investigation establishes the usefulness of the hilar height ratio concept and reviews those disease processes that may become manifest by an abnormal left hilar height ratio. In the absence of lower lobe volume loss and extrapulmonary disease, an abnormal left hilar height ratio may reflect upper lobe emphysema.", "contents": "Abnormal left hilar height ratio. This investigation establishes the usefulness of the hilar height ratio concept and reviews those disease processes that may become manifest by an abnormal left hilar height ratio. In the absence of lower lobe volume loss and extrapulmonary disease, an abnormal left hilar height ratio may reflect upper lobe emphysema.", "PMID": 114021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11017", "title": "Neuronal-vascular relationships in the raphe nuclei, locus coeruleus, and substantia nigra in primates.", "content": "A fluorescence histochemical and electron microscopic study of the monoaminergic cell groups in the squirrel monkey and Rhesus monkey brains has revealed the direct apposition of blood vessels to perikarya and dendrites of monoaminergic neurons. Capillaries and small arterioles or venules, ranging from 8-50 microns in diameter, showed perikarya and dendrites abutting the basement membrane without evidence of glial interposition. This neuronal-vascular relationship was present in 20% to 30% of the small vessels in the serotonergic nuclei raphe dorsalis and centralis superior and in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. Such contacts were clearly present but observed less frequently in the dopaminergic substantia nigra pars compacta and in the serotonergic nuclei raphe obscurus, pallidus, magnus, and pontis. We postulate that monoamine-containing neurons apposed to blood vessels in certain regions of the brain may be influenced directly by hormones or other substances in blood.", "contents": "Neuronal-vascular relationships in the raphe nuclei, locus coeruleus, and substantia nigra in primates. A fluorescence histochemical and electron microscopic study of the monoaminergic cell groups in the squirrel monkey and Rhesus monkey brains has revealed the direct apposition of blood vessels to perikarya and dendrites of monoaminergic neurons. Capillaries and small arterioles or venules, ranging from 8-50 microns in diameter, showed perikarya and dendrites abutting the basement membrane without evidence of glial interposition. This neuronal-vascular relationship was present in 20% to 30% of the small vessels in the serotonergic nuclei raphe dorsalis and centralis superior and in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. Such contacts were clearly present but observed less frequently in the dopaminergic substantia nigra pars compacta and in the serotonergic nuclei raphe obscurus, pallidus, magnus, and pontis. We postulate that monoamine-containing neurons apposed to blood vessels in certain regions of the brain may be influenced directly by hormones or other substances in blood.", "PMID": 114041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11018", "title": "Long-term acceptance of low-lactose milk.", "content": "Low-lactose milk was produced by incubating cow's milk with yeast lactase. Sixteen lactose tolerant and 15 intolerant volunteers ingested 500 ml of the product twice daily for 1 month. During the testing period all subjects received on three occasions the same volume of unmodified milk in double-blind tests. Symptoms recorded throughout the study and for an additional 15 day base-line observation period were: diarrhea, abdominal pain and distention, flatulence, heartburn, and headache. Low-lactose milk acceptance was excellent. No significant differences were found between tolerants and intolerants during the base-line period and while ingesting low-lactose milk. By contrast, unmodified milk induced severe symptoms only in the intolerants. Availability of low-lactose milk and of its by-products allows consumption of greater volumes of this highly nutritious food by subjects with lactose intolerance with none or less symptoms compared to unmodified milk.", "contents": "Long-term acceptance of low-lactose milk. Low-lactose milk was produced by incubating cow's milk with yeast lactase. Sixteen lactose tolerant and 15 intolerant volunteers ingested 500 ml of the product twice daily for 1 month. During the testing period all subjects received on three occasions the same volume of unmodified milk in double-blind tests. Symptoms recorded throughout the study and for an additional 15 day base-line observation period were: diarrhea, abdominal pain and distention, flatulence, heartburn, and headache. Low-lactose milk acceptance was excellent. No significant differences were found between tolerants and intolerants during the base-line period and while ingesting low-lactose milk. By contrast, unmodified milk induced severe symptoms only in the intolerants. Availability of low-lactose milk and of its by-products allows consumption of greater volumes of this highly nutritious food by subjects with lactose intolerance with none or less symptoms compared to unmodified milk.", "PMID": 114042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11019", "title": "Alteration in bone marrow RNA of vitamin E-deficient monkey, Macaca fascicularis.", "content": "In anemic crab-eating monkeys, Macaca fascicularis, there is an alteration in the bone marrow RNA species resulting from early vitamin E deficiency, when compared with those from normal simian bone marrow or from phenylhydrazine-induced anemic bone marrow of rabbit. Anemia of vitamin E deficiency is specifically associated with a reduction in the ribosomal RNA content.", "contents": "Alteration in bone marrow RNA of vitamin E-deficient monkey, Macaca fascicularis. In anemic crab-eating monkeys, Macaca fascicularis, there is an alteration in the bone marrow RNA species resulting from early vitamin E deficiency, when compared with those from normal simian bone marrow or from phenylhydrazine-induced anemic bone marrow of rabbit. Anemia of vitamin E deficiency is specifically associated with a reduction in the ribosomal RNA content.", "PMID": 114044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11020", "title": "A Pseudomonas pyocin typing method applicable to the clinical laboratory.", "content": "A new pyocin typing method for the identification of specific strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is described. The method involves a bilayer agar technique in which the pyocin produced by the organism diffuses from the top agar layer number 2 through a filter paper into the bottom agar layer number 1. The filter paper permits the removal of agar layer number 2 and exposes layer number 1 which is then streaked with the indicator strains. Pyocin typing of fifty clinical isolates using both the bi-layer method and the scrap-chloroform reference method of Gillies and Govan produced identical typing results. A total of 375 clinical isolates has been typed by this inexpensive and time-saving bi-layer agar method.", "contents": "A Pseudomonas pyocin typing method applicable to the clinical laboratory. A new pyocin typing method for the identification of specific strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is described. The method involves a bilayer agar technique in which the pyocin produced by the organism diffuses from the top agar layer number 2 through a filter paper into the bottom agar layer number 1. The filter paper permits the removal of agar layer number 2 and exposes layer number 1 which is then streaked with the indicator strains. Pyocin typing of fifty clinical isolates using both the bi-layer method and the scrap-chloroform reference method of Gillies and Govan produced identical typing results. A total of 375 clinical isolates has been typed by this inexpensive and time-saving bi-layer agar method.", "PMID": 114048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11021", "title": "Interference of intravenous lipid emulsion with the determination of calcium in serum.", "content": "A lipid emulsion in concentrations similar to those attained after therapeutic dosages were found to interfere with the determination of total serum calcium measured by a fluorometric method. Calcium results determined by atomic absorption and by fluorometry at different concentrations of lipid emulsion were compared. When lipid concentrations were less than 100 mg/dl, centrifugation was effective in eliminating the artifactural elevation in total serum calcium. Possible reasons for the observed differences are discussed.", "contents": "Interference of intravenous lipid emulsion with the determination of calcium in serum. A lipid emulsion in concentrations similar to those attained after therapeutic dosages were found to interfere with the determination of total serum calcium measured by a fluorometric method. Calcium results determined by atomic absorption and by fluorometry at different concentrations of lipid emulsion were compared. When lipid concentrations were less than 100 mg/dl, centrifugation was effective in eliminating the artifactural elevation in total serum calcium. Possible reasons for the observed differences are discussed.", "PMID": 114049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11022", "title": "Evaluation of early airway disease in smokers: cost effectiveness of pulmonary function testing.", "content": "We studied 73 young adults who were presently cigarette smokers to evaluate whether the identification of abnormalities in pulmonary function tests had a detectable influence on modification of smoking habits. Utilizing rate schedules for these tests presently applicable in Rochester, New York, we determined the potential cost to these subjects and community relative to the number of subjects who stopped smoking as a result of test findings. Subjects were evaluated by questionnaire and function testing including spirometry, flow-volume curves, body plethysmography and single breath nitrogen washout test (SBN2). Functional abnormalities were present in 75% of subjects screened. The SBN2 test was most sensitive, identifying 97% of subjects with any abnormality. The presence of common respiratory symptoms was found to be highly predictive of test abnormalities. Subjects were informed of results and counseled. At six-month follow-up, 7% of subjects with abnormal test results had stopped smoking. Utilizing even our most cost-effective test, the SBN2, it would cost +1,392 for each \"benefit\" defined as one subject not smoking for six months. Application of these screening techniques is unlikely to be effective in altering smoking habits in the absence of continued physician support.", "contents": "Evaluation of early airway disease in smokers: cost effectiveness of pulmonary function testing. We studied 73 young adults who were presently cigarette smokers to evaluate whether the identification of abnormalities in pulmonary function tests had a detectable influence on modification of smoking habits. Utilizing rate schedules for these tests presently applicable in Rochester, New York, we determined the potential cost to these subjects and community relative to the number of subjects who stopped smoking as a result of test findings. Subjects were evaluated by questionnaire and function testing including spirometry, flow-volume curves, body plethysmography and single breath nitrogen washout test (SBN2). Functional abnormalities were present in 75% of subjects screened. The SBN2 test was most sensitive, identifying 97% of subjects with any abnormality. The presence of common respiratory symptoms was found to be highly predictive of test abnormalities. Subjects were informed of results and counseled. At six-month follow-up, 7% of subjects with abnormal test results had stopped smoking. Utilizing even our most cost-effective test, the SBN2, it would cost +1,392 for each \"benefit\" defined as one subject not smoking for six months. Application of these screening techniques is unlikely to be effective in altering smoking habits in the absence of continued physician support.", "PMID": 114050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11023", "title": "Brief clinical reports: aprosencephaly-atelencephaly and the aprosencephaly (XK) syndrome.", "content": "We report on a postnatally dead, postterm male infant with aprosencephaly and the oculofacial manifestations usually seen in the most severe form of alobar holoprosencephaly -- namely cyclopia and absence of derivatives of the frontonasal process; in addition the infant had the radius aplasia field defect bilaterally, a high VSD, mobile cecum, and penile hypospadias with cryptorchidism. The same syndrome was reported recently by Garcia and Duncan [2]; however, in that case the brain defect was designated \"atelencephaly.\" Since atelencephaly is a less severe form of aprosencephaly we chose to designate the condition in these two patients as \"the aprosencephaly (XK) syndrome.\" Atelencephaly and aprosencephaly may occur also as a single and sporadic malformation. The cause of the aprosencephaly (XK) syndrome is unknown.", "contents": "Brief clinical reports: aprosencephaly-atelencephaly and the aprosencephaly (XK) syndrome. We report on a postnatally dead, postterm male infant with aprosencephaly and the oculofacial manifestations usually seen in the most severe form of alobar holoprosencephaly -- namely cyclopia and absence of derivatives of the frontonasal process; in addition the infant had the radius aplasia field defect bilaterally, a high VSD, mobile cecum, and penile hypospadias with cryptorchidism. The same syndrome was reported recently by Garcia and Duncan [2]; however, in that case the brain defect was designated \"atelencephaly.\" Since atelencephaly is a less severe form of aprosencephaly we chose to designate the condition in these two patients as \"the aprosencephaly (XK) syndrome.\" Atelencephaly and aprosencephaly may occur also as a single and sporadic malformation. The cause of the aprosencephaly (XK) syndrome is unknown.", "PMID": 114053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11024", "title": "Serotonin metabolism and platelet monoamine oxidase activity in patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and pheochromocytoma.", "content": "Occasional patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type II [MEN II]) are reported to have excessive serotonin (5-HT) production from the MCT; almost all patients with metastatic MCT have elevations in plasma concentration of the amine oxidase, histaminase. The elevated 5-HT production is thought ot contribute to the troublesome diarrhea experienced by patients with MEN II. We compared the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the principle metabolite of 5-HT, of 33 patients with MCT with the urinary excretion of 5-HIAA in 33 control subjects. Six of the 33 MCT patients (18%) had severe diarrhea. The 5-HIAA excretion of the MCT patients did not differ from that of normal subjects. We also compared the platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity of 27 MCT patients and 27 control subjects. The platelet MAO activity of the two groups did not differ. The 5-HT content and MAO activity of 6 of the MCTs was similar to normal thyroid tissue. The MAO activity of two follicular adenomas of the thyroid was greater than the MAO activity of MCTs. In contrast to the uniform elevation of plasma histaminase in patients with MCT, the platelet MAO activity is not altered and the majority of MCTs do not produce excessive amounts of 5-HT.", "contents": "Serotonin metabolism and platelet monoamine oxidase activity in patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and pheochromocytoma. Occasional patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type II [MEN II]) are reported to have excessive serotonin (5-HT) production from the MCT; almost all patients with metastatic MCT have elevations in plasma concentration of the amine oxidase, histaminase. The elevated 5-HT production is thought ot contribute to the troublesome diarrhea experienced by patients with MEN II. We compared the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the principle metabolite of 5-HT, of 33 patients with MCT with the urinary excretion of 5-HIAA in 33 control subjects. Six of the 33 MCT patients (18%) had severe diarrhea. The 5-HIAA excretion of the MCT patients did not differ from that of normal subjects. We also compared the platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity of 27 MCT patients and 27 control subjects. The platelet MAO activity of the two groups did not differ. The 5-HT content and MAO activity of 6 of the MCTs was similar to normal thyroid tissue. The MAO activity of two follicular adenomas of the thyroid was greater than the MAO activity of MCTs. In contrast to the uniform elevation of plasma histaminase in patients with MCT, the platelet MAO activity is not altered and the majority of MCTs do not produce excessive amounts of 5-HT.", "PMID": 114051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11025", "title": "New long-acting injectable microcapsule contraceptive system.", "content": "A new long-acting, injectable contraceptive which provides continuous controlled release of the steroid norethisterone (NET) for a precise period of 6 months following a single intramuscular injection is described. The prototype system consists of microcapsules made of the biodegradable polymer d, l-polylactic acid, in which micronized crystals of NET are homogeneously dispersed. NET is slowly released from the microcapsules following intramuscular injection at a rate of 0.90 microgram NET/day/mg of microcapsule by diffusion of the steroid from the polymer matrix. Three different doses of a standard preparation of microcapsules were tested in normally cycling female babbons (4 to 5 baboons/group). Following injection of either 300, 200, or 100 mg of microcapsules containing 75, 50, or 25 mg of NET, blood samples were collected at selected intervals and analyzed for NET, estrogen, and progesterone by radioimmunoassay. All three doses provided continuous NET release for 6 months following injection. The NET serum profiles for the different doses are parallel, and ovulation was inhibited in all baboons for 6 months following treatment.", "contents": "New long-acting injectable microcapsule contraceptive system. A new long-acting, injectable contraceptive which provides continuous controlled release of the steroid norethisterone (NET) for a precise period of 6 months following a single intramuscular injection is described. The prototype system consists of microcapsules made of the biodegradable polymer d, l-polylactic acid, in which micronized crystals of NET are homogeneously dispersed. NET is slowly released from the microcapsules following intramuscular injection at a rate of 0.90 microgram NET/day/mg of microcapsule by diffusion of the steroid from the polymer matrix. Three different doses of a standard preparation of microcapsules were tested in normally cycling female babbons (4 to 5 baboons/group). Following injection of either 300, 200, or 100 mg of microcapsules containing 75, 50, or 25 mg of NET, blood samples were collected at selected intervals and analyzed for NET, estrogen, and progesterone by radioimmunoassay. All three doses provided continuous NET release for 6 months following injection. The NET serum profiles for the different doses are parallel, and ovulation was inhibited in all baboons for 6 months following treatment.", "PMID": 114054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11026", "title": "Clinical effects of orally administered extracts of Montanoa tomentosa in early human pregnancy.", "content": "Freshly prepared aqueous decocts of the Mexican plant Montanoa tomentosa (Zoapatle) were administered orally to six women in the early stages of pregnancy for two days prior to the interruption of gestation by vacuum aspiration. The daily dose administered varied between 1.0 and 1.4 gm-equivalent of dry leaves per kilogram of body weight. A comparable control group of six pregnant women received the same volume of commercial tea according to the same schedule before vacuum aspiration. Administration of Zoapatle extracts resulted in a menstrual-like cramp and a significant dilatation of the cervix in all subjects studied. In four of the six subjects the menstrual-like pains were associated with bleeding. No comparable effects were observed in the control group. Peroral administration of Zoapatle decocts did not produce any cardiovascular changes, and it did not influence the hematologic status, liver, kidney, and thyroid function, blood lipids, proteins, and electrolyte status. Under the experimental conditions used, Zoapatle extracts did not induce a luteolytic effect judged from the plasma progesterone (and estradiol) levels. It is concluded that peroral administration of freshly prepared decocts of Zoapatle in early pregnancy exerts a distinct uterotonic effect and induces cervical dilatation and uterine bleeding. These changes are not associated with any effect on the plasma levels of progesterone and estradiol or with any untoward side effects.", "contents": "Clinical effects of orally administered extracts of Montanoa tomentosa in early human pregnancy. Freshly prepared aqueous decocts of the Mexican plant Montanoa tomentosa (Zoapatle) were administered orally to six women in the early stages of pregnancy for two days prior to the interruption of gestation by vacuum aspiration. The daily dose administered varied between 1.0 and 1.4 gm-equivalent of dry leaves per kilogram of body weight. A comparable control group of six pregnant women received the same volume of commercial tea according to the same schedule before vacuum aspiration. Administration of Zoapatle extracts resulted in a menstrual-like cramp and a significant dilatation of the cervix in all subjects studied. In four of the six subjects the menstrual-like pains were associated with bleeding. No comparable effects were observed in the control group. Peroral administration of Zoapatle decocts did not produce any cardiovascular changes, and it did not influence the hematologic status, liver, kidney, and thyroid function, blood lipids, proteins, and electrolyte status. Under the experimental conditions used, Zoapatle extracts did not induce a luteolytic effect judged from the plasma progesterone (and estradiol) levels. It is concluded that peroral administration of freshly prepared decocts of Zoapatle in early pregnancy exerts a distinct uterotonic effect and induces cervical dilatation and uterine bleeding. These changes are not associated with any effect on the plasma levels of progesterone and estradiol or with any untoward side effects.", "PMID": 114055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11027", "title": "Detection of IgG candida antibodies by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and comparison with agar-gel diffusion.", "content": "Comparison of solid-phase radioimmunoassay (S-PRIA) and agar-gel diffusion for detecting antibodies to candida organisms was undertaken in patients with systemic candidiasis, candida colonization, noncandida febrile illnesses, and in healthy controls. Radioimmunoassay results were highly reproducible when the same sera were tested on three different days. Sera from all three groups of patients had higher counts per minute (CPM) by S-PRIA then sera from control subjects. Although positive precipitins and high CPM occurred frequently in patients with systemic candidiasis, both precipitins and high CPM were detected in some sera from patients with colonization without system disease.", "contents": "Detection of IgG candida antibodies by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and comparison with agar-gel diffusion. Comparison of solid-phase radioimmunoassay (S-PRIA) and agar-gel diffusion for detecting antibodies to candida organisms was undertaken in patients with systemic candidiasis, candida colonization, noncandida febrile illnesses, and in healthy controls. Radioimmunoassay results were highly reproducible when the same sera were tested on three different days. Sera from all three groups of patients had higher counts per minute (CPM) by S-PRIA then sera from control subjects. Although positive precipitins and high CPM occurred frequently in patients with systemic candidiasis, both precipitins and high CPM were detected in some sera from patients with colonization without system disease.", "PMID": 114052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11028", "title": "Vitreoretinal degeneration as a sign of generalized connective tissue diseases.", "content": "Dominant vitreoretinal degeneration was first described by Wagner as a benign ocular condition. This term has since become widely associated with a familial retinal degenerative process accompanied by retinal detachments, even though nobody in the family described by Wagner suffered from a retinal detachment. Vitreoretinal degeneration, often progressing to detachments, occurs also in several distinct bone dysplasias. I have provided a classification of syndromes with vitreoretinal degeneration and its signficance as a sign of connective tissue diseases (probably involving type II collagen). In this sense, it is similar to ectopia lentis as a sign of various connective tissue diseases.", "contents": "Vitreoretinal degeneration as a sign of generalized connective tissue diseases. Dominant vitreoretinal degeneration was first described by Wagner as a benign ocular condition. This term has since become widely associated with a familial retinal degenerative process accompanied by retinal detachments, even though nobody in the family described by Wagner suffered from a retinal detachment. Vitreoretinal degeneration, often progressing to detachments, occurs also in several distinct bone dysplasias. I have provided a classification of syndromes with vitreoretinal degeneration and its signficance as a sign of connective tissue diseases (probably involving type II collagen). In this sense, it is similar to ectopia lentis as a sign of various connective tissue diseases.", "PMID": 114056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11029", "title": "Angle-closure glaucoma in nanophthalmos.", "content": "Two patients had nanophthalmos with uveal effusion and angle-closure glaucoma. They were treated with a method based on the use of the laser, not only to perform iridotomy but to shrink the iris stroma, which appears to open the anterior chamber angle even without iridotomy. Additionally, we introduced three factors that may be diagnostic of nanophthalmos.", "contents": "Angle-closure glaucoma in nanophthalmos. Two patients had nanophthalmos with uveal effusion and angle-closure glaucoma. They were treated with a method based on the use of the laser, not only to perform iridotomy but to shrink the iris stroma, which appears to open the anterior chamber angle even without iridotomy. Additionally, we introduced three factors that may be diagnostic of nanophthalmos.", "PMID": 114057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11030", "title": "Ocular findings in anencephaly.", "content": "We found an upper eyelid notch and posterior pole lens in a newborn anencephalic infant. An analysis of the development of the affected tissues helped localize the insult at the fifth to tenth week of gestation, probably close to the fifth week.", "contents": "Ocular findings in anencephaly. We found an upper eyelid notch and posterior pole lens in a newborn anencephalic infant. An analysis of the development of the affected tissues helped localize the insult at the fifth to tenth week of gestation, probably close to the fifth week.", "PMID": 114058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11031", "title": "A craniometric study of the black and white Colobus Illiger 1811 (Primates: Ceropithecoidea).", "content": "This study examines the craniometry of Black and White Colobus monkeys using 1072 specimens representing all the recognized subspecies (after Rahm, '70) of the genus. Seventy-six measurements were taken on each individual, and examined using canonical variates analysis and clustering by Ward's Error Sum method. The assumptions of the analytical techniques are shown to be met, and the results demonstrated to be stable. Examination of the populations for statistical difference and taxonomic distinctiveness using a multivariate extension of Mayr's Rule indicates that the taxonomy presented by Rahm ('70) is essentially correct, except that the subspecies of guereza across the northern part of Central Africa should be lumped into a single group--C. g. occidentalis--and the subspecies of montane angolan colobus in Eastern Zaire should all be lumped into C. a. ruwenzorii. The systematic patterns of the genus illustrate the whole range of the process of speciation, from barely distinct subspecies, to subspecies almost as distinct as allopatric species of the genus, and on the fully sympatric species Three major zoogeographic areas may be delineated: an East African area dominated by the effects of the Rift Valley, with a large number of subspecies isolated in forest islands; a Central African area with little subspeciation and sympatric overlap of the major species of Colobus; and a West African area with a clinal pattern of distribution of subspecies, and secondary intergradation. The arbitrary nature of Mary's Rule is also apparent. Lastly, the CVA indicated major differences across the genus to be located in the teeth and jaws, suggesting diet might be an important distinguishing feature in Colobus.", "contents": "A craniometric study of the black and white Colobus Illiger 1811 (Primates: Ceropithecoidea). This study examines the craniometry of Black and White Colobus monkeys using 1072 specimens representing all the recognized subspecies (after Rahm, '70) of the genus. Seventy-six measurements were taken on each individual, and examined using canonical variates analysis and clustering by Ward's Error Sum method. The assumptions of the analytical techniques are shown to be met, and the results demonstrated to be stable. Examination of the populations for statistical difference and taxonomic distinctiveness using a multivariate extension of Mayr's Rule indicates that the taxonomy presented by Rahm ('70) is essentially correct, except that the subspecies of guereza across the northern part of Central Africa should be lumped into a single group--C. g. occidentalis--and the subspecies of montane angolan colobus in Eastern Zaire should all be lumped into C. a. ruwenzorii. The systematic patterns of the genus illustrate the whole range of the process of speciation, from barely distinct subspecies, to subspecies almost as distinct as allopatric species of the genus, and on the fully sympatric species Three major zoogeographic areas may be delineated: an East African area dominated by the effects of the Rift Valley, with a large number of subspecies isolated in forest islands; a Central African area with little subspeciation and sympatric overlap of the major species of Colobus; and a West African area with a clinal pattern of distribution of subspecies, and secondary intergradation. The arbitrary nature of Mary's Rule is also apparent. Lastly, the CVA indicated major differences across the genus to be located in the teeth and jaws, suggesting diet might be an important distinguishing feature in Colobus.", "PMID": 114059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11032", "title": "Patterns of variability in mineralization of the primate femoral diaphysis.", "content": "The purpose of this research was to study intra- and interspecific variability in mineral density in the femoral diaphysis of nonhuman primates. Four hundred five sections were taken from five sites along the femoral diaphysis of 34 macaques (Macaca sp.), 24 squirrel monkeys (Saimirisciureus), and 23 tamarins (Saguinus labiatus). The mineral density at eight positions around each section was measured. Analysis of variance indicated significant (p less than 0.05) interactions among species, sex, cross sectional levels, and positions within each level. Both Macaca and S. sciureus showed sexually dimorphic patterns of mineral distribution. S. labiatus exhibited no sexual dimorphism in distribution, but was sexually dimorphic in density magnitude. No significant dimensional differences in density were found among species, though significant differences in pattern were evident. Highly significant differences (p less than 0.01) were found among cross sectional levels and among positions within the levels within each species.", "contents": "Patterns of variability in mineralization of the primate femoral diaphysis. The purpose of this research was to study intra- and interspecific variability in mineral density in the femoral diaphysis of nonhuman primates. Four hundred five sections were taken from five sites along the femoral diaphysis of 34 macaques (Macaca sp.), 24 squirrel monkeys (Saimirisciureus), and 23 tamarins (Saguinus labiatus). The mineral density at eight positions around each section was measured. Analysis of variance indicated significant (p less than 0.05) interactions among species, sex, cross sectional levels, and positions within each level. Both Macaca and S. sciureus showed sexually dimorphic patterns of mineral distribution. S. labiatus exhibited no sexual dimorphism in distribution, but was sexually dimorphic in density magnitude. No significant dimensional differences in density were found among species, though significant differences in pattern were evident. Highly significant differences (p less than 0.01) were found among cross sectional levels and among positions within the levels within each species.", "PMID": 114060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11033", "title": "Coherent optical correlation: a new method of cranial comparison.", "content": "In this paper an analog method known as coherent optical correlation is used to compare photographs of cercopithecine monkey skulls. Each comparison yields a measure of overall similarity in three-dimensional shape because the photographs are coded to preserve depth information. The coding system involves projecting an array of circular dots onto each specimen with an ordinary 35-mm slide projector. Photographs of the array taken from one side of the projector make ideal inputs for optical correlation analysis. Preliminary results indicate a reasonable ability to discriminate between different cercopithecine monkey skulls. This finding encourages further development of the proposed method as a shape investigation tool. Possibilities for application exist in many skeletal and somatological problems of form.", "contents": "Coherent optical correlation: a new method of cranial comparison. In this paper an analog method known as coherent optical correlation is used to compare photographs of cercopithecine monkey skulls. Each comparison yields a measure of overall similarity in three-dimensional shape because the photographs are coded to preserve depth information. The coding system involves projecting an array of circular dots onto each specimen with an ordinary 35-mm slide projector. Photographs of the array taken from one side of the projector make ideal inputs for optical correlation analysis. Preliminary results indicate a reasonable ability to discriminate between different cercopithecine monkey skulls. This finding encourages further development of the proposed method as a shape investigation tool. Possibilities for application exist in many skeletal and somatological problems of form.", "PMID": 114061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11034", "title": "Continuous psychotherapy within an HMO.", "content": "The authors describe the long-term psychotherapy program developed by the Harvard Community Health Plan, focusing on its planning, implementation, and monitoring. The inclusion of coverage for chronic conditions in an HMO practice led to the development of a range of extended treatment services, exploratory as well as supportive, and to the enhancement of short-term methods. The control of utilization and cost is effected through the willingness of the provider group to adapt treatment methods to patient needs, rather than through the benefit structure. With the broad range of treatment methods available in this plan, only 1%-2% of patients require long-term continuous psychotherapy.", "contents": "Continuous psychotherapy within an HMO. The authors describe the long-term psychotherapy program developed by the Harvard Community Health Plan, focusing on its planning, implementation, and monitoring. The inclusion of coverage for chronic conditions in an HMO practice led to the development of a range of extended treatment services, exploratory as well as supportive, and to the enhancement of short-term methods. The control of utilization and cost is effected through the willingness of the provider group to adapt treatment methods to patient needs, rather than through the benefit structure. With the broad range of treatment methods available in this plan, only 1%-2% of patients require long-term continuous psychotherapy.", "PMID": 114062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11035", "title": "Studies on the 2,4-diamino-6 substituted quinazolines. I. Antimalarial activities of 2,4-diamino-6-[(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-nitrosoamino]-quinazoline (CI-679) as exhibited in rhesus monkeys infected with the Ro or Ro/PM strains of Plasmodium cynomolgi.", "content": "This report summarizes the results of appraisals of various activities of CI-679 (a 2,4-diamino-6-amino-substituted quinazoline) in rhesus monkeys infected with the Ro and Ro/PM strains of Plasmodium cynomolgi. In subjects inoculated with sporozoites, CI-679, administered in appropriate schedules in doses up to and including the maximum tolerated level, neither prevented development of infections with these strains nor cured those already established. Although these evaluations showed that CI-679 was devoid of activity against both early and late tissue schizonts, they indicated that this compound had significant blood schizonticidal activity and suggested that such activity was much greater in infections with the Ro strain than in those with the Ro/PM strain. This latter suggestion, contrary to results of earlier experiments in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei, led to studies of the activities of CI-679 in trophozoite-induced infections. These showed that the total course dose of CI-679 required for cure of previously untreated infections with the Ro/PM strain was tenfold that required for cure of comparable infections with the Ro strain. They also showed that infections with either strain, treated previously with subcurative doses, were often not cured by doses of CI-679 that eradicated previously untreated infections regularly. Subsequent studies showed that emergency of parasites resistant to CI-679 was responsible for these retreatment failures and that this resistance was retained through mosquito transfer.", "contents": "Studies on the 2,4-diamino-6 substituted quinazolines. I. Antimalarial activities of 2,4-diamino-6-[(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-nitrosoamino]-quinazoline (CI-679) as exhibited in rhesus monkeys infected with the Ro or Ro/PM strains of Plasmodium cynomolgi. This report summarizes the results of appraisals of various activities of CI-679 (a 2,4-diamino-6-amino-substituted quinazoline) in rhesus monkeys infected with the Ro and Ro/PM strains of Plasmodium cynomolgi. In subjects inoculated with sporozoites, CI-679, administered in appropriate schedules in doses up to and including the maximum tolerated level, neither prevented development of infections with these strains nor cured those already established. Although these evaluations showed that CI-679 was devoid of activity against both early and late tissue schizonts, they indicated that this compound had significant blood schizonticidal activity and suggested that such activity was much greater in infections with the Ro strain than in those with the Ro/PM strain. This latter suggestion, contrary to results of earlier experiments in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei, led to studies of the activities of CI-679 in trophozoite-induced infections. These showed that the total course dose of CI-679 required for cure of previously untreated infections with the Ro/PM strain was tenfold that required for cure of comparable infections with the Ro strain. They also showed that infections with either strain, treated previously with subcurative doses, were often not cured by doses of CI-679 that eradicated previously untreated infections regularly. Subsequent studies showed that emergency of parasites resistant to CI-679 was responsible for these retreatment failures and that this resistance was retained through mosquito transfer.", "PMID": 114064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11036", "title": "Studies on the 2,4-diamino-6-substituted quinazolines. II. Activities of selected derivatives against infections with various drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in owl monkeys.", "content": "Four 6-thio-, one 6-sulfinyl-, and two 6-sulfonyl-substituted 2,4-diaminoquinazolines were evaluated for capacities to cure established infections with the chloroquine-resistant Vietnam Oak Knoll and pyrimethamine-resistant Malayan Camp-CH/Q strains of Plasmodium falciparum in owl monkeys. As compared with the doses of standard drugs required for cure of infections with drug-susceptible strains or doses of the newly developed aminoalcohols required for cure of either drug-susceptible or drug-resistant strains, each of these quinazolines effected cure of infections with the Oak Knoll strain at a remarkably small daily dose. However, doses required for cure of infections with the Camp-CH/O strain were from 4-48 times those required for cure of infections with the Oak Knoll strain, suggesting that the activities of these quizanolines, like those of 6-amino-substituted derivatives, were compromised by pyrimethamine resistance. This suggestion received support from expanded studies involving WR-158,122 and WR-159,412, the most active of the agents examined, and the multidrug-resistant Vietnam Smith strain of P. falciparum and Vietnam Palo Alto strain of P. vivax, as well as the Oak Knoll and Camp-CH/Q strains. These studies also showed that significant fractions of infections with the Oak Knoll, Camp-CH/Q, and Palo Alto strains treated previously with subcurative doses of the above derivatives failed to respond to doses that regularly cured previously untreated infections. These treatment failures proved to be due to emergence of parasites resistant to the quinazolines.", "contents": "Studies on the 2,4-diamino-6-substituted quinazolines. II. Activities of selected derivatives against infections with various drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in owl monkeys. Four 6-thio-, one 6-sulfinyl-, and two 6-sulfonyl-substituted 2,4-diaminoquinazolines were evaluated for capacities to cure established infections with the chloroquine-resistant Vietnam Oak Knoll and pyrimethamine-resistant Malayan Camp-CH/Q strains of Plasmodium falciparum in owl monkeys. As compared with the doses of standard drugs required for cure of infections with drug-susceptible strains or doses of the newly developed aminoalcohols required for cure of either drug-susceptible or drug-resistant strains, each of these quinazolines effected cure of infections with the Oak Knoll strain at a remarkably small daily dose. However, doses required for cure of infections with the Camp-CH/O strain were from 4-48 times those required for cure of infections with the Oak Knoll strain, suggesting that the activities of these quizanolines, like those of 6-amino-substituted derivatives, were compromised by pyrimethamine resistance. This suggestion received support from expanded studies involving WR-158,122 and WR-159,412, the most active of the agents examined, and the multidrug-resistant Vietnam Smith strain of P. falciparum and Vietnam Palo Alto strain of P. vivax, as well as the Oak Knoll and Camp-CH/Q strains. These studies also showed that significant fractions of infections with the Oak Knoll, Camp-CH/Q, and Palo Alto strains treated previously with subcurative doses of the above derivatives failed to respond to doses that regularly cured previously untreated infections. These treatment failures proved to be due to emergence of parasites resistant to the quinazolines.", "PMID": 114065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11037", "title": "Studies on the 2,4-diamino-6-substituted quinazolines. III. The capacity of sulfadiazine to enhance the activities of WR-158,122 and WR-159,412 against infections with various drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in owl monkeys.", "content": "Previous studies showed: 1) that the activities of the 2,4-diamino-6-substituted quinazolines. WR-158,122 and WR-159,412, against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in owl monkeys, were seriously impaired when infecting strains were pyrimethamine-resistant; and 2) that primary treatment failure with either agent led frequently to emergence of parasites resistant to these derivatives. Taking advantage of the potencies of WR-158,122 and WR-159,412 as dihydrofolic acid reductase inhibitors, the current studies were aimed at determining whether the above liabilities could be reduced to manageable levels or eliminated by concomitant administration of a rho-aminobenzoic acid inhibitor such as sulfadiazine. Application of these combinations prevented emergence of parasites resistant to WR-158,122 or WR-159,412, but did not abolish the differences in effectiveness of either compound against infections with pyrimethamine-susceptible and pyrimethamine-resistant strains; however, activities against infections with either susceptible or resistant strains were enhanced markedly. With WR-158,122, this enhancement ranged from greater than 7-fold to 75-fold; with WR-159,412, it ranged from greater than 5-fold to 13-fold. Maximal increases in activity were attained with a remarkedly small dose of sulfadiazine, 5.0 mg per kg of body weight daily. With this augmentation of activity, acceptably small doses of WR-158,122 regularly cured infections with even the most highly pyrimethamine-resistant strain.", "contents": "Studies on the 2,4-diamino-6-substituted quinazolines. III. The capacity of sulfadiazine to enhance the activities of WR-158,122 and WR-159,412 against infections with various drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in owl monkeys. Previous studies showed: 1) that the activities of the 2,4-diamino-6-substituted quinazolines. WR-158,122 and WR-159,412, against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in owl monkeys, were seriously impaired when infecting strains were pyrimethamine-resistant; and 2) that primary treatment failure with either agent led frequently to emergence of parasites resistant to these derivatives. Taking advantage of the potencies of WR-158,122 and WR-159,412 as dihydrofolic acid reductase inhibitors, the current studies were aimed at determining whether the above liabilities could be reduced to manageable levels or eliminated by concomitant administration of a rho-aminobenzoic acid inhibitor such as sulfadiazine. Application of these combinations prevented emergence of parasites resistant to WR-158,122 or WR-159,412, but did not abolish the differences in effectiveness of either compound against infections with pyrimethamine-susceptible and pyrimethamine-resistant strains; however, activities against infections with either susceptible or resistant strains were enhanced markedly. With WR-158,122, this enhancement ranged from greater than 7-fold to 75-fold; with WR-159,412, it ranged from greater than 5-fold to 13-fold. Maximal increases in activity were attained with a remarkedly small dose of sulfadiazine, 5.0 mg per kg of body weight daily. With this augmentation of activity, acceptably small doses of WR-158,122 regularly cured infections with even the most highly pyrimethamine-resistant strain.", "PMID": 114066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11038", "title": "Sarcocystis in man: a review and report of five cases.", "content": "Sarcocystis was identified in biopsy specimens of skeletal muscle from two adults in Singapore and one in Bombay, and in muscle obtained at autopsy from an adult in Uganda, and in the heart of a child in Costa Rica. Review of case reports revealed that in seven reported cases, including three reported by Lindemann, non-parasite objects were misinterpreted as sarcocysts; in four instances organisms of undetermined classification were described, and in 35 cases true sarcocysts were observed. Among the sarcocysts seen in the 40 cases (35 old, 5 new), seven morphological types were recognized, each representing one to several different species, all of which are zoonotic and none of which can be designated Sarcocystis lindemanni. Among the four types of sarcocysts found in skeletal muscle, three closely resembled a corresponding species found commonly in monkeys: one from a man in Uganda corresponding to a species in Ceropithicus talapoin, forms from India resembling one or two species in Macaca mulatta, and forms from Southeast Asia resembling a species in Macaca fascicularis. Among three types of sarcocysts found in the human heart, one resembled a species commonly seen in the heart of cattle. Of the 40 Sarcocystis infections in man, 13 probably were acquired in Southeast Asia, 8 in India, 5 in Central or South America, 4 each in Africa and Europe, 3 in USA, 1 IN China and 2 in unknown localities. Associated conditions include muscle soreness or weakness in 7 cases, subcutaneous swellings in 5, eosinophilia in 2, and periarteritis or polyarteritis nodosa in 2 cases. However, evidence of pathogenicity of the mature sarcocyst is inconclusive.", "contents": "Sarcocystis in man: a review and report of five cases. Sarcocystis was identified in biopsy specimens of skeletal muscle from two adults in Singapore and one in Bombay, and in muscle obtained at autopsy from an adult in Uganda, and in the heart of a child in Costa Rica. Review of case reports revealed that in seven reported cases, including three reported by Lindemann, non-parasite objects were misinterpreted as sarcocysts; in four instances organisms of undetermined classification were described, and in 35 cases true sarcocysts were observed. Among the sarcocysts seen in the 40 cases (35 old, 5 new), seven morphological types were recognized, each representing one to several different species, all of which are zoonotic and none of which can be designated Sarcocystis lindemanni. Among the four types of sarcocysts found in skeletal muscle, three closely resembled a corresponding species found commonly in monkeys: one from a man in Uganda corresponding to a species in Ceropithicus talapoin, forms from India resembling one or two species in Macaca mulatta, and forms from Southeast Asia resembling a species in Macaca fascicularis. Among three types of sarcocysts found in the human heart, one resembled a species commonly seen in the heart of cattle. Of the 40 Sarcocystis infections in man, 13 probably were acquired in Southeast Asia, 8 in India, 5 in Central or South America, 4 each in Africa and Europe, 3 in USA, 1 IN China and 2 in unknown localities. Associated conditions include muscle soreness or weakness in 7 cases, subcutaneous swellings in 5, eosinophilia in 2, and periarteritis or polyarteritis nodosa in 2 cases. However, evidence of pathogenicity of the mature sarcocyst is inconclusive.", "PMID": 114067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11039", "title": "Craniocervical chordomas.", "content": "In a 20 year period seven cases of craniocervical chordoma were seen and treated. Since it is not possible to completely resect these lesions, the aim of treatment has been to debulk the tumor as much as feasible and employ postoperative irridation. Palliation is the most that can be hoped for, and minimal success in delaying the natural history of the tumor has been achieved. Surgery for relief of symptoms secondary to bulky recurrence is indicated for palliation, as is a repeat course of x-ray therapy. Isolated cases of long-term useful survival have followed doses in the range of 10,000 rads or more [19,20]. This therapy is usually given in smaller increments of an initial dose when there is evidence of recurrent tumor or pain [2]. However, whenever the dosage to the spinal cord or the base of the brain exceeds 4,000 rads, there is a concern about possible permanent radiation damage. These patients are difficult to care for late in the course of their disease when multiple cranial nerve paralysis, long tract signs, and intractable pain become progressively severe. Chordomas usually remain localized; however, about 10% metastasize distally. One case is presented of a large retropharyngeal mass with destruction of the second cervical vertebra that recurred locally in 3 months despite usual treatment; distal bony metastases were found 3 years after initial treatment. The histology of the lesion, its recurrence, and distal bony metastases were essentially indistinguishable from the other lesions that remained localized. Short periods of palliation from severe local pain and exquisite tenderness have been achieved by local resection of the involved bones.", "contents": "Craniocervical chordomas. In a 20 year period seven cases of craniocervical chordoma were seen and treated. Since it is not possible to completely resect these lesions, the aim of treatment has been to debulk the tumor as much as feasible and employ postoperative irridation. Palliation is the most that can be hoped for, and minimal success in delaying the natural history of the tumor has been achieved. Surgery for relief of symptoms secondary to bulky recurrence is indicated for palliation, as is a repeat course of x-ray therapy. Isolated cases of long-term useful survival have followed doses in the range of 10,000 rads or more [19,20]. This therapy is usually given in smaller increments of an initial dose when there is evidence of recurrent tumor or pain [2]. However, whenever the dosage to the spinal cord or the base of the brain exceeds 4,000 rads, there is a concern about possible permanent radiation damage. These patients are difficult to care for late in the course of their disease when multiple cranial nerve paralysis, long tract signs, and intractable pain become progressively severe. Chordomas usually remain localized; however, about 10% metastasize distally. One case is presented of a large retropharyngeal mass with destruction of the second cervical vertebra that recurred locally in 3 months despite usual treatment; distal bony metastases were found 3 years after initial treatment. The histology of the lesion, its recurrence, and distal bony metastases were essentially indistinguishable from the other lesions that remained localized. Short periods of palliation from severe local pain and exquisite tenderness have been achieved by local resection of the involved bones.", "PMID": 114069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11040", "title": "Radiation therapy for malignant melanoma of the head and neck.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with melanoma of the head and neck received split-course radiation therapy (5,000 to 6,000 rads/30 fractions) for loco-regional disease. There was no difference in survival in patients with gross tumors versus patients with no clinical evidence of disease at the start of radiation therapy. The prognosis was notably worse in patients with recurrence in the irradiated field.", "contents": "Radiation therapy for malignant melanoma of the head and neck. Thirty-one patients with melanoma of the head and neck received split-course radiation therapy (5,000 to 6,000 rads/30 fractions) for loco-regional disease. There was no difference in survival in patients with gross tumors versus patients with no clinical evidence of disease at the start of radiation therapy. The prognosis was notably worse in patients with recurrence in the irradiated field.", "PMID": 114070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11041", "title": "The cost of antituberculous drug regimens.", "content": "The relative costs of several highly effective short-course regimens have been compared for a developing and a developed country both for 1976 and 1978, with particular reference to the proportion of the total cost due to individual drugs. A convenient method of calculating costs for any individual country is provided. Of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and rifampin, the 3 most important drugs in short-course chemotherapy, the cost and duration of the latter two have a major effect on the total cost. A decrease in the duration of a regimen from 9 to 6 months may decrease therapeutic effectiveness by as little as 5% or as much as 20%; the decrease in cost is often not proportional, because it depends on the drugs used in the continuation phase. The duration of pyrazinamide therapy has a considerable influence on cost, but the benefit of giving it beyond 2 months now needs to be re-evaluated. Factors that influence the choice of regimens are discussed. The importance of quality of the drugs, including purity and bioavailability, is stressed.", "contents": "The cost of antituberculous drug regimens. The relative costs of several highly effective short-course regimens have been compared for a developing and a developed country both for 1976 and 1978, with particular reference to the proportion of the total cost due to individual drugs. A convenient method of calculating costs for any individual country is provided. Of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and rifampin, the 3 most important drugs in short-course chemotherapy, the cost and duration of the latter two have a major effect on the total cost. A decrease in the duration of a regimen from 9 to 6 months may decrease therapeutic effectiveness by as little as 5% or as much as 20%; the decrease in cost is often not proportional, because it depends on the drugs used in the continuation phase. The duration of pyrazinamide therapy has a considerable influence on cost, but the benefit of giving it beyond 2 months now needs to be re-evaluated. Factors that influence the choice of regimens are discussed. The importance of quality of the drugs, including purity and bioavailability, is stressed.", "PMID": 114072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11042", "title": "Mucociliary transference rate and mucus viscoelasticity dependence on dynamic storage and loss modulus.", "content": "Various samples of estrous bovine cervical mucus were collected, and their dynamic viscoelastic properties were determined at between 2.7 and 4.4 rad/s. Comparing the loss modulus with the rigidity (storage) modulus for the samples taken, the former was found to increase markedly as the latter increased. Limited exposure of mucus to increased temperatures removed crosslinks, whereas treatment with glutaraldehyde introduced additional ones. In the case of one sample, the number of crosslinks was altered in this way. As the number of crosslinks decreased or increased, the storage modulus decreased or increased, but the loss modulus remained relatively unaffected. The transference (ability to move particle loads) of native and modified samples on the ciliated epithelium of a frog palate depleted of mucus was determined. All data for transference rate correlated against changes in the storage modulus. The rate was maximal for a storage modulus of 1.6 dynes.cm-2 and decreased rather sharply to either side of this value. No such correlation could be found against the loss modulus. In fact, whereas very different values of the loss modulus corresponded to the same storage modulus, the transference rate was the same. Hence, the storage rather than the loss modulus determines transference rate.", "contents": "Mucociliary transference rate and mucus viscoelasticity dependence on dynamic storage and loss modulus. Various samples of estrous bovine cervical mucus were collected, and their dynamic viscoelastic properties were determined at between 2.7 and 4.4 rad/s. Comparing the loss modulus with the rigidity (storage) modulus for the samples taken, the former was found to increase markedly as the latter increased. Limited exposure of mucus to increased temperatures removed crosslinks, whereas treatment with glutaraldehyde introduced additional ones. In the case of one sample, the number of crosslinks was altered in this way. As the number of crosslinks decreased or increased, the storage modulus decreased or increased, but the loss modulus remained relatively unaffected. The transference (ability to move particle loads) of native and modified samples on the ciliated epithelium of a frog palate depleted of mucus was determined. All data for transference rate correlated against changes in the storage modulus. The rate was maximal for a storage modulus of 1.6 dynes.cm-2 and decreased rather sharply to either side of this value. No such correlation could be found against the loss modulus. In fact, whereas very different values of the loss modulus corresponded to the same storage modulus, the transference rate was the same. Hence, the storage rather than the loss modulus determines transference rate.", "PMID": 114073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11043", "title": "[Clinical use of nitroglycerin as an hypotensive agent during general anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Nitroglycerine has a direct vasodilating action on both venous and arterial smooth muscle fibers. On account of this, it has been used as hypotensive agent, in aqueous solution, on 22 surgical patients, 10 of them in neurosurgery. The total doses used were 0.76 +/- 0.12 mg/kg during 94 +/- 30 minutes (rate = 8.1 microgram/kg/min). Nitroglycerine induces a rapid onset of hypotension (3 to 4 min), spontaneously reversible in 27 +/- 8 minutes after the arrest of the infusion. The mean drop in mean arterial blood pressure achieved has been 34 p. cent. It is accompanied by a 67 +/- 9 p. cent fall of filling pressures and a fall 13 +/- 4 p. cent of cardiac index, without modification of the heart rate. Tachyphylaxis was noted 15 +/- 6 minutes following nitroglycerine infusion at rate lower than 2 microgram/kg/min, but not when the rate was above 10 microgram/kg/min. Therefore, if the drug is used to achieve controlled hypotension, high doses are necessary. No signs of toxicity were noted. In 4 cases, other hypotensive agents had been used to bring the mean arterial blood pressure below 50 Torr, which could not be achieved with nitroglycerine alone.", "contents": "[Clinical use of nitroglycerin as an hypotensive agent during general anesthesia (author's transl)]. Nitroglycerine has a direct vasodilating action on both venous and arterial smooth muscle fibers. On account of this, it has been used as hypotensive agent, in aqueous solution, on 22 surgical patients, 10 of them in neurosurgery. The total doses used were 0.76 +/- 0.12 mg/kg during 94 +/- 30 minutes (rate = 8.1 microgram/kg/min). Nitroglycerine induces a rapid onset of hypotension (3 to 4 min), spontaneously reversible in 27 +/- 8 minutes after the arrest of the infusion. The mean drop in mean arterial blood pressure achieved has been 34 p. cent. It is accompanied by a 67 +/- 9 p. cent fall of filling pressures and a fall 13 +/- 4 p. cent of cardiac index, without modification of the heart rate. Tachyphylaxis was noted 15 +/- 6 minutes following nitroglycerine infusion at rate lower than 2 microgram/kg/min, but not when the rate was above 10 microgram/kg/min. Therefore, if the drug is used to achieve controlled hypotension, high doses are necessary. No signs of toxicity were noted. In 4 cases, other hypotensive agents had been used to bring the mean arterial blood pressure below 50 Torr, which could not be achieved with nitroglycerine alone.", "PMID": 114071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11044", "title": "[Polychlorinated diphenyls (PCB) : industrial hygiene and environmental toxicology].", "content": "The industrialized countries have been producing, every year from 1929, thousands of tons of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Although it was known from that period the toxic activity of PCB (chlorancne), only from 1966 their presence and persistence in the environment has been detected and their mechanism of bioconcentration studied. Systematic researches to evaluate the mechanism of their toxicity, expecially for long period, have been carried out. The Italian environmental contamination of PCB is quite well defined, but only recently in Italy we have been specifically studying the industrial environment and the professionally exposed workers, to evaluate the exposure levels of PCB, the long term health effects and the possible preventive measures. In particular we are carrying out a research program in a transformer plant in the Roma area in which PCB are used as dielectrics. The methodological approach and the initial results are described.", "contents": "[Polychlorinated diphenyls (PCB) : industrial hygiene and environmental toxicology]. The industrialized countries have been producing, every year from 1929, thousands of tons of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Although it was known from that period the toxic activity of PCB (chlorancne), only from 1966 their presence and persistence in the environment has been detected and their mechanism of bioconcentration studied. Systematic researches to evaluate the mechanism of their toxicity, expecially for long period, have been carried out. The Italian environmental contamination of PCB is quite well defined, but only recently in Italy we have been specifically studying the industrial environment and the professionally exposed workers, to evaluate the exposure levels of PCB, the long term health effects and the possible preventive measures. In particular we are carrying out a research program in a transformer plant in the Roma area in which PCB are used as dielectrics. The methodological approach and the initial results are described.", "PMID": 114076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11045", "title": "[Risk hypothesis in the use of \"non-carbon copy paper\"].", "content": "Some kinds of \"carbon less copy-paper\" presently used in Italy were examined. The analysis showed the presence on the paper of mycrocapsules containing special inks formed by organic dyes dissolved in mineral oil and, sometimes, polychlorobyfenils. Therefore there is a possible risk for the workers using carbon less copy-paper. It is necessary therefore to complete the research in order to demonstrate this hypothesis also from biological point of view.", "contents": "[Risk hypothesis in the use of \"non-carbon copy paper\"]. Some kinds of \"carbon less copy-paper\" presently used in Italy were examined. The analysis showed the presence on the paper of mycrocapsules containing special inks formed by organic dyes dissolved in mineral oil and, sometimes, polychlorobyfenils. Therefore there is a possible risk for the workers using carbon less copy-paper. It is necessary therefore to complete the research in order to demonstrate this hypothesis also from biological point of view.", "PMID": 114077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11046", "title": "[A case of idiopathic disseminated pulmonary ossification (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient aged 92 years was discovered to have disseminated pulmonary ossification of the interstitial tissues without any valvular cardiopathy. The authors underline the rarety of such ectopic ossifications and review their radiological, anatomical, and etiological characteristics as reported in the published literature.", "contents": "[A case of idiopathic disseminated pulmonary ossification (author's transl)]. A patient aged 92 years was discovered to have disseminated pulmonary ossification of the interstitial tissues without any valvular cardiopathy. The authors underline the rarety of such ectopic ossifications and review their radiological, anatomical, and etiological characteristics as reported in the published literature.", "PMID": 114078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11047", "title": "[TRH response in 53 patients with chronic alcoholism (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of thyroid function was undertaken in 53 patients with chronic alcoholism the following tests were performed: T3 RIA, T4 RIA, T3 test and I.V. TRH-test. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the degree of liver injury: histologically documented fibrosteatosis (group 1), cirrhosis (group 2); group 3 consisted of severe cirrhosis with coagulation defects precluding liver biopsy. 32 healthy subjects served as controls. Free thyroxine index was normal in the 3 groups of patients; on the contrary, serum T3 RIA was significantly reduced in the 2nd and the 3rd group. The decrease of T3 correlated with the degree of hepatocellular failure. TRH test was almost always normal. If patients are separated into two groups according to their circulating T3 levels, it appears that subjects with low T3 show a TRH-induced increase in TSH lower than in the other group, but not significantly different from normal subjects, suggesting an inadequate hypothalamic reactivity.", "contents": "[TRH response in 53 patients with chronic alcoholism (author's transl)]. A study of thyroid function was undertaken in 53 patients with chronic alcoholism the following tests were performed: T3 RIA, T4 RIA, T3 test and I.V. TRH-test. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the degree of liver injury: histologically documented fibrosteatosis (group 1), cirrhosis (group 2); group 3 consisted of severe cirrhosis with coagulation defects precluding liver biopsy. 32 healthy subjects served as controls. Free thyroxine index was normal in the 3 groups of patients; on the contrary, serum T3 RIA was significantly reduced in the 2nd and the 3rd group. The decrease of T3 correlated with the degree of hepatocellular failure. TRH test was almost always normal. If patients are separated into two groups according to their circulating T3 levels, it appears that subjects with low T3 show a TRH-induced increase in TSH lower than in the other group, but not significantly different from normal subjects, suggesting an inadequate hypothalamic reactivity.", "PMID": 114079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11048", "title": "Effect of antibiotics on mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A study of the susceptibility to 18 antibiotics has been performed on 47 mucoid strains comparatively to 71 fried-egg strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The minimal inhibitory concentration was determinated by agar dilution method. On the whole, the mucoid strains were more sensitive to antibiotics than the fried-egg strains. The more effective antibiotics were carbenicillins, aminosids, colistin and tetracyclines. However, this drug susceptibility of mucoid strains were heterogeneous. The results of a statistical analysis demonstrated that the strains of P. aeruginosa were distributed into two classes: a first class clustered very sensitive strains to most antibiotics and a second class clustered more resistant strains. The mucoid strains were included almost equally into the two classes (respectively 45% and 55%). The fried-egg strains were more homogeneous, since 89% of these strains were in the resistant class. The antibiotics which distinguished the best between the two classes were: tobramycin, netilmicin, amikacin, colistin and tetracyclines. A study of the phenotypes and associations of resistances has been equally performed.", "contents": "Effect of antibiotics on mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A study of the susceptibility to 18 antibiotics has been performed on 47 mucoid strains comparatively to 71 fried-egg strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The minimal inhibitory concentration was determinated by agar dilution method. On the whole, the mucoid strains were more sensitive to antibiotics than the fried-egg strains. The more effective antibiotics were carbenicillins, aminosids, colistin and tetracyclines. However, this drug susceptibility of mucoid strains were heterogeneous. The results of a statistical analysis demonstrated that the strains of P. aeruginosa were distributed into two classes: a first class clustered very sensitive strains to most antibiotics and a second class clustered more resistant strains. The mucoid strains were included almost equally into the two classes (respectively 45% and 55%). The fried-egg strains were more homogeneous, since 89% of these strains were in the resistant class. The antibiotics which distinguished the best between the two classes were: tobramycin, netilmicin, amikacin, colistin and tetracyclines. A study of the phenotypes and associations of resistances has been equally performed.", "PMID": 114082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11049", "title": "[Comparison of bactericidal effects of four aminoglycoside antibiotics: amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin and tobramycin (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied on 20 bacterial strains (5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5 Escherichia coli, 5 Klebsiella and 5 Serratia) the bactericidal kinetics of 4 aminoglycoside antibiotics: amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin and tobramycin. The antibiotic concentrations used for this work were 1.5 times the MIC for each strain previously measured in a liquid medium. The action of the aminoglycoside antibiotics shows three phases. The third phase describes a part of less susceptible bacterial population. It permits the comparison of the 4 antibiotics. Amikacin shows the best activity, followed by gentamicin, kanamycin and tobramycin.", "contents": "[Comparison of bactericidal effects of four aminoglycoside antibiotics: amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin and tobramycin (author's transl)]. The authors have studied on 20 bacterial strains (5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5 Escherichia coli, 5 Klebsiella and 5 Serratia) the bactericidal kinetics of 4 aminoglycoside antibiotics: amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin and tobramycin. The antibiotic concentrations used for this work were 1.5 times the MIC for each strain previously measured in a liquid medium. The action of the aminoglycoside antibiotics shows three phases. The third phase describes a part of less susceptible bacterial population. It permits the comparison of the 4 antibiotics. Amikacin shows the best activity, followed by gentamicin, kanamycin and tobramycin.", "PMID": 114083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11050", "title": "[Specific soluble antigens and Listeria monocytogenes typing by electrosyneresis (author's transl)].", "content": "Listeria monocytogenes releases its antigens during the exponential phase. Electrosyneresis on agarose allows detection of these antigens in the supernatant of broth culture following a 3 h incubation of the strains. This serotyping method seems to be easy, rapid and reproductible. The authors have investigated 83 strains of different origines and find no difference with agglutination. However, during the stationary phase, L. monocytogenes releases other antigens which gave precipitation lines with all commercial sera tested.", "contents": "[Specific soluble antigens and Listeria monocytogenes typing by electrosyneresis (author's transl)]. Listeria monocytogenes releases its antigens during the exponential phase. Electrosyneresis on agarose allows detection of these antigens in the supernatant of broth culture following a 3 h incubation of the strains. This serotyping method seems to be easy, rapid and reproductible. The authors have investigated 83 strains of different origines and find no difference with agglutination. However, during the stationary phase, L. monocytogenes releases other antigens which gave precipitation lines with all commercial sera tested.", "PMID": 114080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11051", "title": "[Cryoresistance during sporulation in Bacillus (author's transl)].", "content": "The maximal resistance at -- 20 degrees C is obtained as soon as stage V of sporulation in Bacillus cereus and for the spore of the mutant Marburg strain of B. subtilis bloked at stage V of sporulation.", "contents": "[Cryoresistance during sporulation in Bacillus (author's transl)]. The maximal resistance at -- 20 degrees C is obtained as soon as stage V of sporulation in Bacillus cereus and for the spore of the mutant Marburg strain of B. subtilis bloked at stage V of sporulation.", "PMID": 114081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11052", "title": "Multiple congenital ocular anomalies with bilateral agenesis of the urinary tract.", "content": "A 1,350 gm female infant with features of the Potter syndrome (dysplasia renofacialis) had multiple ocular anomalies. Absence of keratocytes in the central corneal stroma, cataract, retinal ganglion cell and nerve fiber hypoplasia, loss of optic nerve bundles, and angiomatoid proliferation in the area of the optic disc are most striking. Some of these findings, especially in the cornea, may reflect mesoectodermal dysgenesis. Abnormal ocular angiogenesis may well comprise a part of Potter's syndrome.", "contents": "Multiple congenital ocular anomalies with bilateral agenesis of the urinary tract. A 1,350 gm female infant with features of the Potter syndrome (dysplasia renofacialis) had multiple ocular anomalies. Absence of keratocytes in the central corneal stroma, cataract, retinal ganglion cell and nerve fiber hypoplasia, loss of optic nerve bundles, and angiomatoid proliferation in the area of the optic disc are most striking. Some of these findings, especially in the cornea, may reflect mesoectodermal dysgenesis. Abnormal ocular angiogenesis may well comprise a part of Potter's syndrome.", "PMID": 114086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11053", "title": "[Hypomelanosis of Ito: report of one case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of hypomelanosis of Ito in a 22-month-old North African girl is reported. The family history is negative for skin disease. Whorls of depigmentation are present on the trunk and abdomen. Associated defects include: growth retardation, microcephaly, strabismus, bilateral epicanthus, myopia, hypertelorism and abnormalities of external ear. Associated non-cutaneous abnormalities documented in patients with hypomelanosis of Ito are reviewed.", "contents": "[Hypomelanosis of Ito: report of one case (author's transl)]. A case of hypomelanosis of Ito in a 22-month-old North African girl is reported. The family history is negative for skin disease. Whorls of depigmentation are present on the trunk and abdomen. Associated defects include: growth retardation, microcephaly, strabismus, bilateral epicanthus, myopia, hypertelorism and abnormalities of external ear. Associated non-cutaneous abnormalities documented in patients with hypomelanosis of Ito are reviewed.", "PMID": 114089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11054", "title": "[Auxotypes and sensitivity to 6 antibiotics of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated at Strasbourg in 1977-1978 (author's transl)].", "content": "We have studied 386 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in our laboratory from July 1977 to October 1978, with the Catlin's auxotyping method. The distribution of the four main auxotypes, i. e. (+), (PRO-), (ARG-), (ARG-, HYX-, URA-), is different from those reported by others (in U. S. A. and Sweden). In Strasbourg, the auxotype (+) is prevalent. We have noticed some differences among classes of population. For example (ARG-) and (ARG-, HYX-, URA-) are scarcely isolated from prostitutes and we have found less (ARG-) strains in women than in men. The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of 6 antibiotics has shown there was no differences between the auxotypes except for the (ARG-, HYX-, URA-) strains which are more susceptible to all the antibiotics, but spectinomycin. Since August 1978, we have also noticed an increasing of the resistance which is mainly due to (PRO-) strains.", "contents": "[Auxotypes and sensitivity to 6 antibiotics of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated at Strasbourg in 1977-1978 (author's transl)]. We have studied 386 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in our laboratory from July 1977 to October 1978, with the Catlin's auxotyping method. The distribution of the four main auxotypes, i. e. (+), (PRO-), (ARG-), (ARG-, HYX-, URA-), is different from those reported by others (in U. S. A. and Sweden). In Strasbourg, the auxotype (+) is prevalent. We have noticed some differences among classes of population. For example (ARG-) and (ARG-, HYX-, URA-) are scarcely isolated from prostitutes and we have found less (ARG-) strains in women than in men. The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of 6 antibiotics has shown there was no differences between the auxotypes except for the (ARG-, HYX-, URA-) strains which are more susceptible to all the antibiotics, but spectinomycin. Since August 1978, we have also noticed an increasing of the resistance which is mainly due to (PRO-) strains.", "PMID": 114090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11055", "title": "Abnormal liver function during nutritional support in postoperative cancer patients.", "content": "Patients who receive total intravenous or nasogastric nutritional support after surgery for head and neck cancer show abnormalities of liver function. Twenty such patients were maintained in positive nitrogen balance. Serum alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase values were increased in 15 and 18 cases respectively. Possible causes for the abnormalities are discussed and further investigations proposed.", "contents": "Abnormal liver function during nutritional support in postoperative cancer patients. Patients who receive total intravenous or nasogastric nutritional support after surgery for head and neck cancer show abnormalities of liver function. Twenty such patients were maintained in positive nitrogen balance. Serum alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase values were increased in 15 and 18 cases respectively. Possible causes for the abnormalities are discussed and further investigations proposed.", "PMID": 114092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11056", "title": "Congenital anomalies of the inner ear: introducing a new classification of labyrinthine anomalies.", "content": "In a literature review of 108 articles a special effort was made to find and classify inner ear anomalies and diseases associated with inner ear anomalies. This study showed the following. Most of the diseases associated with inner ear anomalies are also associated with anomalies in other parts of the body. Hereditary characteristics comprise the most common etiological factor among the diseases associated with inner ear anomalies. Among anomalies observed in the cochlea, the vestibule, and the semicircular canals, anomalies in the cochlea are most frequently associated with various diseases and were observed in 30 of 40 diseases. Anomalies of the vestibule were observed in 25 diseases, and those of the semicircular canals in 18 diseases. Anomalies in both the osseous and the membranous labyrinth were most frequently associated with the diseases studied, as they were observed to occur with 10 of the 43 diseases. In this paper a new classification system for labyrinthine anomalies is introduced, based on this study of the literature.", "contents": "Congenital anomalies of the inner ear: introducing a new classification of labyrinthine anomalies. In a literature review of 108 articles a special effort was made to find and classify inner ear anomalies and diseases associated with inner ear anomalies. This study showed the following. Most of the diseases associated with inner ear anomalies are also associated with anomalies in other parts of the body. Hereditary characteristics comprise the most common etiological factor among the diseases associated with inner ear anomalies. Among anomalies observed in the cochlea, the vestibule, and the semicircular canals, anomalies in the cochlea are most frequently associated with various diseases and were observed in 30 of 40 diseases. Anomalies of the vestibule were observed in 25 diseases, and those of the semicircular canals in 18 diseases. Anomalies in both the osseous and the membranous labyrinth were most frequently associated with the diseases studied, as they were observed to occur with 10 of the 43 diseases. In this paper a new classification system for labyrinthine anomalies is introduced, based on this study of the literature.", "PMID": 114088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11057", "title": "Distribution of A1A2BO and Rho (D) blood groups in tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India.", "content": "The paper reports the distribution of A1A2BO and Rho (D) blood groups among five tribal populations, Koya Dora, Raj Gond, Naikpod, Pardhan and Lambadi from three districts of Andhra Pradesh, South India. Blood samples from a total of 1090 unrelated individuals were tested. Koya Doras were, however, sampled from five distant localities to find out intratribal variation, if any. In A1A2BO blood group system the combined frequencies of \"P1\" and \"P2\" among the five Koya Groups always exceeded the frequency of \"q\", a characteristic feature of many tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh. However, among Raj Gond, Naikpod, Pardhan and Lambadi tribes the frequency of \"q\" is higher than \"p\" with the maximum in Pardhans. The frequency of \"r\" is always higher than the combined frequencies of \"p1\" and \"p2\" except in Raj Gonds. The higher frequency of \"q\" over \"p\" among Naikpod, Pardhan and Lambadi tribes is indicative of a tendency towards the distribution pattern found in North India. A few Rh negative persons were detected only in Koya Dora, Raj Gond and Lambadis indicating that the allele r (cde) is present in these populations, although in a low frequency.", "contents": "Distribution of A1A2BO and Rho (D) blood groups in tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India. The paper reports the distribution of A1A2BO and Rho (D) blood groups among five tribal populations, Koya Dora, Raj Gond, Naikpod, Pardhan and Lambadi from three districts of Andhra Pradesh, South India. Blood samples from a total of 1090 unrelated individuals were tested. Koya Doras were, however, sampled from five distant localities to find out intratribal variation, if any. In A1A2BO blood group system the combined frequencies of \"P1\" and \"P2\" among the five Koya Groups always exceeded the frequency of \"q\", a characteristic feature of many tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh. However, among Raj Gond, Naikpod, Pardhan and Lambadi tribes the frequency of \"q\" is higher than \"p\" with the maximum in Pardhans. The frequency of \"r\" is always higher than the combined frequencies of \"p1\" and \"p2\" except in Raj Gonds. The higher frequency of \"q\" over \"p\" among Naikpod, Pardhan and Lambadi tribes is indicative of a tendency towards the distribution pattern found in North India. A few Rh negative persons were detected only in Koya Dora, Raj Gond and Lambadis indicating that the allele r (cde) is present in these populations, although in a low frequency.", "PMID": 114093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11058", "title": "[Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmids that control streptomycin resistance].", "content": "Wide distribution of streptomycin resistance determinants (83 per cent) among the resistance plasmids of the clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa isolated in several clinics of 2 towns was found. Nine plasmids determining resistance to this antibiotic, as well as some other antibiotics, sulfanilamides, metallic ions, hydroxyanions and UV radiation were studied. The frequency of the conjugation transfer in these plasmids was different, i.e. from 10(1) to 10(6). They belonged to the following incompatibility groups: P-1, P-2, P-5 and apparently P-3. Eight out of the 9 plasmids determined the synthesis of streptomycin phosphotransferase which was evident of wide distribution of the streptomycin inactivation mechanism by phosphorylation among the strains of Ps. aeruginosa. The strains carrying the plasmids significantly differed by the content of the enzyme. However, all the enzymes could inactivate only streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin and had approximately the same molecular weight (about 20 000). The strain carrying plasmid pBSII had no enzyme inactivating streptomycin (by phosphorylation or adenylation). The antibiotic resistance determined by this plasmid must be connected with changes in permeability of the bacterial cell wall by streptomycin.", "contents": "[Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmids that control streptomycin resistance]. Wide distribution of streptomycin resistance determinants (83 per cent) among the resistance plasmids of the clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa isolated in several clinics of 2 towns was found. Nine plasmids determining resistance to this antibiotic, as well as some other antibiotics, sulfanilamides, metallic ions, hydroxyanions and UV radiation were studied. The frequency of the conjugation transfer in these plasmids was different, i.e. from 10(1) to 10(6). They belonged to the following incompatibility groups: P-1, P-2, P-5 and apparently P-3. Eight out of the 9 plasmids determined the synthesis of streptomycin phosphotransferase which was evident of wide distribution of the streptomycin inactivation mechanism by phosphorylation among the strains of Ps. aeruginosa. The strains carrying the plasmids significantly differed by the content of the enzyme. However, all the enzymes could inactivate only streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin and had approximately the same molecular weight (about 20 000). The strain carrying plasmid pBSII had no enzyme inactivating streptomycin (by phosphorylation or adenylation). The antibiotic resistance determined by this plasmid must be connected with changes in permeability of the bacterial cell wall by streptomycin.", "PMID": 114103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11059", "title": "[Action of grisin on the variability of an Acinomyces griseus culture and the use of the same antibiotic as a selection agent in the selection of active variants].", "content": "The effect of grisin on survival and variation of Actinomyces griseus producin grisin was studied. The efficiency of various concentrations of grisin on induction of variation according to the feature of the antibiotic production was compared. A possibility of increasing the productivity of strain. VNIIGenetics-115 by the use of the mutations of resistance to grisin is shown.", "contents": "[Action of grisin on the variability of an Acinomyces griseus culture and the use of the same antibiotic as a selection agent in the selection of active variants]. The effect of grisin on survival and variation of Actinomyces griseus producin grisin was studied. The efficiency of various concentrations of grisin on induction of variation according to the feature of the antibiotic production was compared. A possibility of increasing the productivity of strain. VNIIGenetics-115 by the use of the mutations of resistance to grisin is shown.", "PMID": 114104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11060", "title": "[Stimulation of interferon production].", "content": "Data on the effect of some factors on interferon production in vitro are presented The kinetics of interferon synthesis in response to superinduction was similar to the respective curve of the effect of UV-radiation on the cell. Possible similarity in the effect of these factors on the mechanisms controlling interferon production is noted. An increase in interferon synthesis under the effect of ascorbic acid in cells of chick embryo fibroblast and L-929 was found. Combined use of the inductors provided an increase in the tests of interferon.", "contents": "[Stimulation of interferon production]. Data on the effect of some factors on interferon production in vitro are presented The kinetics of interferon synthesis in response to superinduction was similar to the respective curve of the effect of UV-radiation on the cell. Possible similarity in the effect of these factors on the mechanisms controlling interferon production is noted. An increase in interferon synthesis under the effect of ascorbic acid in cells of chick embryo fibroblast and L-929 was found. Combined use of the inductors provided an increase in the tests of interferon.", "PMID": 114105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11061", "title": "Diffusion disk susceptibility testing with cefotaxime.", "content": "The diffusion disk susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cefotaxime was determined. A 30-mug disk provided data for the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa, but yielded extremely large zones of inhibition against Enterobacteriaceae. A 5-mug disk seemed to provide the most useful susceptibility data for S. aureus and Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Diffusion disk susceptibility testing with cefotaxime. The diffusion disk susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cefotaxime was determined. A 30-mug disk provided data for the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa, but yielded extremely large zones of inhibition against Enterobacteriaceae. A 5-mug disk seemed to provide the most useful susceptibility data for S. aureus and Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 114106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11062", "title": "Activity of beta-lactam antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying R plasmids determining different beta-lactamases.", "content": "Azlocillin, carbenicillin, cefsulodin, mezlocillin, nocardicin A, piperacillin, pirbenicillin, sulbenicillin, and ticarcillin, but not HR756, showed reduced activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains producing seven types of beta-lactamase.", "contents": "Activity of beta-lactam antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying R plasmids determining different beta-lactamases. Azlocillin, carbenicillin, cefsulodin, mezlocillin, nocardicin A, piperacillin, pirbenicillin, sulbenicillin, and ticarcillin, but not HR756, showed reduced activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains producing seven types of beta-lactamase.", "PMID": 114107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11063", "title": "Transfer of R factors to and between genetically marked sublines of Rhizobium japonicum.", "content": "Plasmids R1822 and pRD1 of the P-1 incompatibility group, for which Rhizobium japonicum had not previously been shown to serve as host, were introduced into a strain of R. japonicum. Acquisition of R68 and R68.45 plasmids by this Rhizobium was equivocal. Transfer of R1822 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and of pRD1 from Escherichia coli to R. japonicum was unambiguous, because the exconjugants subsequently cotransferred the three R-factor resistance determinants (kanamycin, tetracycline, and penicillin) between genetically marked sublines of strain I-110. Under optimal conditions the transfer of R1822 and pRD1 occurred at frequencies of approximately 10(-3) in plate matings of strains bearing as many as five dissimilar genetic markers. In matings with R1822 on membrane filters, recombinants were formed at incidences as high as 4%.", "contents": "Transfer of R factors to and between genetically marked sublines of Rhizobium japonicum. Plasmids R1822 and pRD1 of the P-1 incompatibility group, for which Rhizobium japonicum had not previously been shown to serve as host, were introduced into a strain of R. japonicum. Acquisition of R68 and R68.45 plasmids by this Rhizobium was equivocal. Transfer of R1822 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and of pRD1 from Escherichia coli to R. japonicum was unambiguous, because the exconjugants subsequently cotransferred the three R-factor resistance determinants (kanamycin, tetracycline, and penicillin) between genetically marked sublines of strain I-110. Under optimal conditions the transfer of R1822 and pRD1 occurred at frequencies of approximately 10(-3) in plate matings of strains bearing as many as five dissimilar genetic markers. In matings with R1822 on membrane filters, recombinants were formed at incidences as high as 4%.", "PMID": 114109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11064", "title": "Comparative effects of Aroclor 1254 (polychlorinated biphenyls) and phenanthrene on glucose uptake by freshwater microbial populations.", "content": "The effects of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and phenanthrene stress on glucose uptake by natural microbial populations were examined by the heterotrophic potential technique. Temporal and spatial distributions in glucose uptake velocities were examined for natural samples as well as PCB- and phenanthrene-stressed samples. Statistical analysis indicated significant variability among the various samples. It was demonstrated that the environmental variables contributed significantly to the variability in uptake kinetics. Although general trends indicated a PCB-induced stimulation in uptake velocities, these trends were in part masked by sample variability. Data analysis indicated no statistically significant PCB or phenanthrene effect on either total glucose uptake velocities or the proportion of 14CO2 evolved, as compared to natural unstressed samples.", "contents": "Comparative effects of Aroclor 1254 (polychlorinated biphenyls) and phenanthrene on glucose uptake by freshwater microbial populations. The effects of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and phenanthrene stress on glucose uptake by natural microbial populations were examined by the heterotrophic potential technique. Temporal and spatial distributions in glucose uptake velocities were examined for natural samples as well as PCB- and phenanthrene-stressed samples. Statistical analysis indicated significant variability among the various samples. It was demonstrated that the environmental variables contributed significantly to the variability in uptake kinetics. Although general trends indicated a PCB-induced stimulation in uptake velocities, these trends were in part masked by sample variability. Data analysis indicated no statistically significant PCB or phenanthrene effect on either total glucose uptake velocities or the proportion of 14CO2 evolved, as compared to natural unstressed samples.", "PMID": 114110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11065", "title": "Microbiological transformations of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.", "content": "A screening program was conducted to find microorganisms that modify the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone. After purification, the products from three cultures were analyzed by spectral methods to determine their chemical structures. An optically active 9S-hydroxy-6aR,10aR-trans cannabinoid was isolated from a culture of an unidentified soil bacterium designated A24007. From Bacillus cereus cultures were isolated a 9S,6'-dihydroxy-6aR,10aR-trans cannabinoid, a 9S-hydroxy-6'-keto-6aR,10aR-trans cannabinoid, a 9-keto-6'-hydroxy-6aS,10aS-trans cannabinoid, and a 6',9-diketo-6aS,10aS-trans cannabinoid. All of these products were optically active, as was a 9S-hydroxy-6aS,10AS-trans cannabinoid also isolated from B. cereus cultures. A series of acidic products were isolated from cultures of Nocardia salmonicolor. All of these products contained a carboxylic acid group at the terminal end of three-position alkyl side chains having varying numbers of carbon atoms. Two of the acidic products contained a 9-keto group, whereas all other carboxylic acid products were 9-hydroxy cannabinoids. The array of products obtained from incubation of nabilone indicates the usefulness of microbial transformations in the preparation of new cannabinoids.", "contents": "Microbiological transformations of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid. A screening program was conducted to find microorganisms that modify the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone. After purification, the products from three cultures were analyzed by spectral methods to determine their chemical structures. An optically active 9S-hydroxy-6aR,10aR-trans cannabinoid was isolated from a culture of an unidentified soil bacterium designated A24007. From Bacillus cereus cultures were isolated a 9S,6'-dihydroxy-6aR,10aR-trans cannabinoid, a 9S-hydroxy-6'-keto-6aR,10aR-trans cannabinoid, a 9-keto-6'-hydroxy-6aS,10aS-trans cannabinoid, and a 6',9-diketo-6aS,10aS-trans cannabinoid. All of these products were optically active, as was a 9S-hydroxy-6aS,10AS-trans cannabinoid also isolated from B. cereus cultures. A series of acidic products were isolated from cultures of Nocardia salmonicolor. All of these products contained a carboxylic acid group at the terminal end of three-position alkyl side chains having varying numbers of carbon atoms. Two of the acidic products contained a 9-keto group, whereas all other carboxylic acid products were 9-hydroxy cannabinoids. The array of products obtained from incubation of nabilone indicates the usefulness of microbial transformations in the preparation of new cannabinoids.", "PMID": 114111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11066", "title": "Bacteriological quality of runoff water from pastureland.", "content": "Runoff from a cow-calf pasture in eastern Nebraska was monitored for total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and fecal streptococci (FS) during 1976, 1977, and 1978. Bacteriological counts in runoff from both grazed and ungrazed areas generally exceeded recommended water quality standards. The FC group was the best indicator group of the impact of grazing. Rainfall runoff from the grazed area contained 5 to 10 times more FC than runoff from the fenced, ungrazed area. There was little difference in TC counts between the two areas, but FS counts were higher in runoff from the ungrazed area and reflected the contributions from wildlife. Recommended bacteriological water quality standards, developed for point source inputs, may be inappropriate for characterizing nonpoint source pollution from pasture runoff. The FC/FS ratio in pasture runoff was useful in identifying the relative contributions of cattle and wildlife. Ratios below 0.05 were indicative of wildlife sources and ratios above 0.1 were characteristic of grazing cattle. Occasions when the FC/FS ratio of diluted cattle waste exceeded one resulted from differential aftergrowth and die-off between FC and FS. The FC/FS ratio and percentage of Streptococcus bovis in pasture runoff are useful indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of livestock management practices for minimizing bacterial contamination of surface water. The importance of choice of medium for the enumeration of FS in runoff derived from cattle wastes is discussed.", "contents": "Bacteriological quality of runoff water from pastureland. Runoff from a cow-calf pasture in eastern Nebraska was monitored for total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and fecal streptococci (FS) during 1976, 1977, and 1978. Bacteriological counts in runoff from both grazed and ungrazed areas generally exceeded recommended water quality standards. The FC group was the best indicator group of the impact of grazing. Rainfall runoff from the grazed area contained 5 to 10 times more FC than runoff from the fenced, ungrazed area. There was little difference in TC counts between the two areas, but FS counts were higher in runoff from the ungrazed area and reflected the contributions from wildlife. Recommended bacteriological water quality standards, developed for point source inputs, may be inappropriate for characterizing nonpoint source pollution from pasture runoff. The FC/FS ratio in pasture runoff was useful in identifying the relative contributions of cattle and wildlife. Ratios below 0.05 were indicative of wildlife sources and ratios above 0.1 were characteristic of grazing cattle. Occasions when the FC/FS ratio of diluted cattle waste exceeded one resulted from differential aftergrowth and die-off between FC and FS. The FC/FS ratio and percentage of Streptococcus bovis in pasture runoff are useful indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of livestock management practices for minimizing bacterial contamination of surface water. The importance of choice of medium for the enumeration of FS in runoff derived from cattle wastes is discussed.", "PMID": 114112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11067", "title": "Energetics of Microbacterium thermosphactum in glucose-limited continuous culture.", "content": "Microbacterium thermosphactum was grown at 25 degrees C in glucose-limited continuous culture under aerobic (greater than 120 microM oxygen) and anaerobic (less than 0.2 microM oxygen) conditions. The end products of the anaerobic metabolism of glucose were identified as L-lactate and ethanol. Together these compounds accounted for between 85 and 90% of the glucose utilized over the full range of growth rates studied. In addition, 4% of the glucose utilized was incorporated into cellular material. Under anaerobic conditions the molar growth yield was 40 g (dry weight) of cells per mol of glucose utilized, and the maintenance energy coefficient was 0.4 mmol of glucose utilized per g (dry weight) of cells per h. For cells grown under aerobic conditions in the corresponding values were 73 g/mol and 0.2 mmol/g per h, respectively. The molar growth yield with respect to adenosine 5'-triphosphate varied with the growth rate of the culture, and the true molar growth yield with respect to adenosine 5'-triphosphate was found to be 20 g/mol of adenosine 5'-triphosphate.", "contents": "Energetics of Microbacterium thermosphactum in glucose-limited continuous culture. Microbacterium thermosphactum was grown at 25 degrees C in glucose-limited continuous culture under aerobic (greater than 120 microM oxygen) and anaerobic (less than 0.2 microM oxygen) conditions. The end products of the anaerobic metabolism of glucose were identified as L-lactate and ethanol. Together these compounds accounted for between 85 and 90% of the glucose utilized over the full range of growth rates studied. In addition, 4% of the glucose utilized was incorporated into cellular material. Under anaerobic conditions the molar growth yield was 40 g (dry weight) of cells per mol of glucose utilized, and the maintenance energy coefficient was 0.4 mmol of glucose utilized per g (dry weight) of cells per h. For cells grown under aerobic conditions in the corresponding values were 73 g/mol and 0.2 mmol/g per h, respectively. The molar growth yield with respect to adenosine 5'-triphosphate varied with the growth rate of the culture, and the true molar growth yield with respect to adenosine 5'-triphosphate was found to be 20 g/mol of adenosine 5'-triphosphate.", "PMID": 114113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11068", "title": "Macromolecular composition of a Cellulomonas sp. cultivated in continuous culture under glucose and zinc limitation.", "content": "The mutant strain of Cellulomonas sp. (ATCC 21399) was cultivated under glucose and zinc limitation at a variety of growth rates in continuous culture. The growth characteristics and macromolecular composition of the population varied with the limitation imposed and the growth rate. Glucose- and zinc-limited cultures maintained a constant relative protein content. The relative ribonucleic acid content increased, whereas the carbohydrate and deoxyribonucleic acid contents decreased with an increase in the population growth rate in glucose-limited cultures. Free unbound lipid remained constant. The maximum population growth rate in zinc-limited cultures was directly proportional to the zinc concentration and demonstrated a traditional steady-state function. The nucleic acid content increased with increased growth rate; however, the relative nucleic acid content was significantly depressed when compared to glucose limited cells. This manner of cultivation may prove to be a useful tool for the production of single cell protein with lowered nucleic acid content and the elucidation of micronutrient involvement in growth-related processes.", "contents": "Macromolecular composition of a Cellulomonas sp. cultivated in continuous culture under glucose and zinc limitation. The mutant strain of Cellulomonas sp. (ATCC 21399) was cultivated under glucose and zinc limitation at a variety of growth rates in continuous culture. The growth characteristics and macromolecular composition of the population varied with the limitation imposed and the growth rate. Glucose- and zinc-limited cultures maintained a constant relative protein content. The relative ribonucleic acid content increased, whereas the carbohydrate and deoxyribonucleic acid contents decreased with an increase in the population growth rate in glucose-limited cultures. Free unbound lipid remained constant. The maximum population growth rate in zinc-limited cultures was directly proportional to the zinc concentration and demonstrated a traditional steady-state function. The nucleic acid content increased with increased growth rate; however, the relative nucleic acid content was significantly depressed when compared to glucose limited cells. This manner of cultivation may prove to be a useful tool for the production of single cell protein with lowered nucleic acid content and the elucidation of micronutrient involvement in growth-related processes.", "PMID": 114114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11069", "title": "Redox potential-dependent nitrite metabolism by Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Salmonellae are generally resistant to the inhibitory effects of NaNO2. Removal of the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella typhimurium by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid pretreatment did not result in subsequent inhibtion of growth by NaNO2, indicating that lipopolysaccharide does not function to exclude NaNO2 from the cell. NaNO2 disappeared from the medium while the cells were growing, but, after stationary phase was reached, no further losses were observed unless the pH was maintained above 7.0. Similar losses were observed in a cell-free system if the redox potential of the medium was between -250 and -175 mV. If the disrupted cell suspension was first heated in a boiling water bath for 15 to 18 min, no NaNO2 loss was observed regardless of the redox potential. S. typhimurium is capable of metabolizing NaNO2, possibly by means of a nitrite-reducing enzyme function which is redox controlled.", "contents": "Redox potential-dependent nitrite metabolism by Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonellae are generally resistant to the inhibitory effects of NaNO2. Removal of the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella typhimurium by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid pretreatment did not result in subsequent inhibtion of growth by NaNO2, indicating that lipopolysaccharide does not function to exclude NaNO2 from the cell. NaNO2 disappeared from the medium while the cells were growing, but, after stationary phase was reached, no further losses were observed unless the pH was maintained above 7.0. Similar losses were observed in a cell-free system if the redox potential of the medium was between -250 and -175 mV. If the disrupted cell suspension was first heated in a boiling water bath for 15 to 18 min, no NaNO2 loss was observed regardless of the redox potential. S. typhimurium is capable of metabolizing NaNO2, possibly by means of a nitrite-reducing enzyme function which is redox controlled.", "PMID": 114115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11070", "title": "Asymmetric diphenol formation by a fungal laccase.", "content": "A laccase isolated from the fungus Rhizoctonia praticola catalyzed the cross-coupling of two differently halogenated phenols. When 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol were incubated together with the enzyme, three dimers were formed and isolated by thin-layer chromatography. The molecular weights of these compounds were determined by mass spectrometry as 322, 410, and 366, which correspond with the respective dimers of each of the phenols and with a hybrid formed from both, tentatively assigned the structure 3,3',5'-trichloro-5-bromo-2,2'-diphenol. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of these products and of their methylated derivatives lent support to these structural assignments.", "contents": "Asymmetric diphenol formation by a fungal laccase. A laccase isolated from the fungus Rhizoctonia praticola catalyzed the cross-coupling of two differently halogenated phenols. When 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol were incubated together with the enzyme, three dimers were formed and isolated by thin-layer chromatography. The molecular weights of these compounds were determined by mass spectrometry as 322, 410, and 366, which correspond with the respective dimers of each of the phenols and with a hybrid formed from both, tentatively assigned the structure 3,3',5'-trichloro-5-bromo-2,2'-diphenol. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of these products and of their methylated derivatives lent support to these structural assignments.", "PMID": 114116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11071", "title": "Electron beam therapy. Its effect on eccrine gland function in mycosis fungoides patients.", "content": "An observed clinical side effect of total skin surface electron beam therapy is the patient's inability to perspire. An evaluation of eccrine sweat gland function was performed, utilizing acetylcholine chloride and a silicone impression material. The patient's inability to sweat after therapy, and recovery within a three- to six-month period after therapy was demonstrated. This phenomenon should be appreciated by both the physician and the patient prior to electron beam therapy in order to avoid the potential complications of this condition.", "contents": "Electron beam therapy. Its effect on eccrine gland function in mycosis fungoides patients. An observed clinical side effect of total skin surface electron beam therapy is the patient's inability to perspire. An evaluation of eccrine sweat gland function was performed, utilizing acetylcholine chloride and a silicone impression material. The patient's inability to sweat after therapy, and recovery within a three- to six-month period after therapy was demonstrated. This phenomenon should be appreciated by both the physician and the patient prior to electron beam therapy in order to avoid the potential complications of this condition.", "PMID": 114119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11072", "title": "Metabolic and hormonal responses of low birthweight infants to intravenously infused calories not exceeding the maintenance energy expenditure.", "content": "Eithe low birthweight infants were studied for their metabolic and hormonal responses to intravenous alimentation when the caloric input was varied. The study was made during three consecutive 12-hour periods, when solutions of glucose, glucose and amino-acids, and glucose and amino-acid and lipids were successively infused. Hypertonic glucose led to a fall in plasma free fatty acids and amino-acids. Supplementation with an amino-acid mixture increased the concentration of amino-acids but not above the fasting level. Thus, hypertonic glucose was an effective means for avoiding hyperaminoacidaemia. Blood urea was little changed, also indicating satisfactory use of amino-acids. The number and distribution of calories infused throughout the third 12-hour period, when lipid was infused, were also important factors contributing to the avoidance of hyperaminoacidaemia. The caloric needs of low birthweight infants kept at neutral temperatures should be individually assessed in the light of recent data. The administration of an unnecessarily large load of calories and nutrients to parenterally-fed infants can thereby be avoided.", "contents": "Metabolic and hormonal responses of low birthweight infants to intravenously infused calories not exceeding the maintenance energy expenditure. Eithe low birthweight infants were studied for their metabolic and hormonal responses to intravenous alimentation when the caloric input was varied. The study was made during three consecutive 12-hour periods, when solutions of glucose, glucose and amino-acids, and glucose and amino-acid and lipids were successively infused. Hypertonic glucose led to a fall in plasma free fatty acids and amino-acids. Supplementation with an amino-acid mixture increased the concentration of amino-acids but not above the fasting level. Thus, hypertonic glucose was an effective means for avoiding hyperaminoacidaemia. Blood urea was little changed, also indicating satisfactory use of amino-acids. The number and distribution of calories infused throughout the third 12-hour period, when lipid was infused, were also important factors contributing to the avoidance of hyperaminoacidaemia. The caloric needs of low birthweight infants kept at neutral temperatures should be individually assessed in the light of recent data. The administration of an unnecessarily large load of calories and nutrients to parenterally-fed infants can thereby be avoided.", "PMID": 114120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11073", "title": "Therapeutic approaches to anergy in surgical patients. Surgery and levamisole.", "content": "Skin tests (ST) in 1332 patients are associated with increased morbidity from sepsis. Patients with normal skin tests had a 7% major sepsis rate and 2% mortality rate. Thirty-six per cent of anergic (A) patients and 21% of relatively anergic (RA) patients died; 52% of A patients and 34% of RA patients had sepsis. These data include all patients studied and represent their worst skin test. Two studies were done. The first was a retrospective evaluation of effect of surgery upon 49 anergic patients with biliary tract disease, colon cancer, bowel obstruction, hypovolemia and visceral abscesses. The patients did not receive total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The data show that surgery without TPN can reverse the anergic state and did so in 84% of patients reported. The second study was a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial of the effect of levamisole on skin tests, neutrophil chemotaxis (CTX), sepsis and mortality iin 39 preoperative anergic patients. Major sepsis was significantly increased in placebo group (p less than 0.05). Mortality, minor sepsis, restoration of skin tests and chemotaxis were somewhat better in levamisole patients but not statistically so. These studies show that in addition to TPN, surgery and immunorestorative drugs are viable approaches to the management of selected anergic patients.", "contents": "Therapeutic approaches to anergy in surgical patients. Surgery and levamisole. Skin tests (ST) in 1332 patients are associated with increased morbidity from sepsis. Patients with normal skin tests had a 7% major sepsis rate and 2% mortality rate. Thirty-six per cent of anergic (A) patients and 21% of relatively anergic (RA) patients died; 52% of A patients and 34% of RA patients had sepsis. These data include all patients studied and represent their worst skin test. Two studies were done. The first was a retrospective evaluation of effect of surgery upon 49 anergic patients with biliary tract disease, colon cancer, bowel obstruction, hypovolemia and visceral abscesses. The patients did not receive total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The data show that surgery without TPN can reverse the anergic state and did so in 84% of patients reported. The second study was a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial of the effect of levamisole on skin tests, neutrophil chemotaxis (CTX), sepsis and mortality iin 39 preoperative anergic patients. Major sepsis was significantly increased in placebo group (p less than 0.05). Mortality, minor sepsis, restoration of skin tests and chemotaxis were somewhat better in levamisole patients but not statistically so. These studies show that in addition to TPN, surgery and immunorestorative drugs are viable approaches to the management of selected anergic patients.", "PMID": 114127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11074", "title": "Androgen binding in the baboon prostate.", "content": "Androgen receptors were identified and partly characterized in cytosols of the caudal and cranial prostatic lobes of a 24-hr castrate baboon. Binding of cyproterone acetate (CA) to testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) in baboon serum was negligible and therefore was an appropriate unlabeled competitor for distinguishing high-affinity binding of tritiated dihydrotestosterone (3H-DHT) to serum contaminants and receptors in cytosol preparations when multiple-point saturation analyses and removal of free steroid by charcoal adsorption were used. Specificity of androgen binding was demonstrated by the inability of diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic estrogen known to have low binding affinity for TeBG, to displace 3H-DHT from the receptor protein. The number of high-affinity binding sites and the dissociation constant of the androgen receptor calculated for the caudal lobe were 102 fmoles/mg cytosol protein and 4.0 X 10(-9) M, respectively; corresponding values for the cranial lobe were 49 fmoles and 1.3 X 10(-9) M.", "contents": "Androgen binding in the baboon prostate. Androgen receptors were identified and partly characterized in cytosols of the caudal and cranial prostatic lobes of a 24-hr castrate baboon. Binding of cyproterone acetate (CA) to testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) in baboon serum was negligible and therefore was an appropriate unlabeled competitor for distinguishing high-affinity binding of tritiated dihydrotestosterone (3H-DHT) to serum contaminants and receptors in cytosol preparations when multiple-point saturation analyses and removal of free steroid by charcoal adsorption were used. Specificity of androgen binding was demonstrated by the inability of diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic estrogen known to have low binding affinity for TeBG, to displace 3H-DHT from the receptor protein. The number of high-affinity binding sites and the dissociation constant of the androgen receptor calculated for the caudal lobe were 102 fmoles/mg cytosol protein and 4.0 X 10(-9) M, respectively; corresponding values for the cranial lobe were 49 fmoles and 1.3 X 10(-9) M.", "PMID": 114128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11075", "title": "Characterization of the exfoliative antispermatogenic agent 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The effects of oral doses of 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (DICA) on spermatogenesis in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was studied. Four animals given five daily 50 mg/kg doses or three or five daily 500 mg/kg doses showed that DICA was an exfoliating antispermatogenic compound. The inhibition of spermatogenesis was only partially reversible following 500 mg/kg doses of DICA. Weekly and monthly 50 mg/kg doses of DICA only partially inhibiting spermatogenesis as measured by electro-ejaculated sperm counts. Response in individual monkeys ranged from azoospermia to no effect. Testicular biopsies confirmed this finding. DICA did not affect serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), or testosterone concentrations. The blood absorption or urinary excretion rates of uniformly tritiated DICA in the animals that responded well did not differ from those monkeys that responded poorly. DICA metabolites were not detected in monkey urine. Serum testosterone concentrations appeared to vary with the season of the year, but FSH concentrations and ejaculated sperm count did not.", "contents": "Characterization of the exfoliative antispermatogenic agent 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid in the rhesus monkey. The effects of oral doses of 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (DICA) on spermatogenesis in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was studied. Four animals given five daily 50 mg/kg doses or three or five daily 500 mg/kg doses showed that DICA was an exfoliating antispermatogenic compound. The inhibition of spermatogenesis was only partially reversible following 500 mg/kg doses of DICA. Weekly and monthly 50 mg/kg doses of DICA only partially inhibiting spermatogenesis as measured by electro-ejaculated sperm counts. Response in individual monkeys ranged from azoospermia to no effect. Testicular biopsies confirmed this finding. DICA did not affect serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), or testosterone concentrations. The blood absorption or urinary excretion rates of uniformly tritiated DICA in the animals that responded well did not differ from those monkeys that responded poorly. DICA metabolites were not detected in monkey urine. Serum testosterone concentrations appeared to vary with the season of the year, but FSH concentrations and ejaculated sperm count did not.", "PMID": 114129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11076", "title": "[Squamous keratinizing carcinoma in diverticulum of the bladder. Long term evolution].", "content": "The authors present a case of scaly carcinoma, located in a vesical diverticulum. They analyse the general problems involved in the etiology, clinical picture, histogenesis and treatment of this kind of neoplasia. The prognosis is unfavourable in a high percentage of cases. The personal case which we present progressed very well (3.5 years) after having been treated by means of diverticulectomy and post-operative radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Squamous keratinizing carcinoma in diverticulum of the bladder. Long term evolution]. The authors present a case of scaly carcinoma, located in a vesical diverticulum. They analyse the general problems involved in the etiology, clinical picture, histogenesis and treatment of this kind of neoplasia. The prognosis is unfavourable in a high percentage of cases. The personal case which we present progressed very well (3.5 years) after having been treated by means of diverticulectomy and post-operative radiotherapy.", "PMID": 114125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11077", "title": "The disposition of 3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo[3,2-b]-quinazolin-9-one (W-2451).", "content": "3-Methyl-2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo[3,2-b]quinazolin-9-one was readily absorbed, metabolized and eliminated in rat, dog, monkey and man. The radioactivity elimination after i.v. or p.o. administration of W-2451-14C in rats was biphasic with corresponding half-lives of 1.8 and 8.7 hours. Plasma half-lives of W-2451 in the dog, rhesus monkey and man were 1.4, 1.2 and 3.2 hours, respectively. In the rat, excretion via the urine was predominant, no significant accumulation in tissue occurred. The only major metabolite found in rat and dog urine, rat plasma and in the rat liver 9000 g supernatant fraction was the 3-hydroxy derivative of the drug. The unsaturated compound with the double bond in the 2,3-position and other hydroxylated metabolites were also present. Very little free or conjugated anthranilic acid and 3-(o-carboxy-phenylimino)-4-methylisoxazolidine were found.", "contents": "The disposition of 3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo[3,2-b]-quinazolin-9-one (W-2451). 3-Methyl-2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo[3,2-b]quinazolin-9-one was readily absorbed, metabolized and eliminated in rat, dog, monkey and man. The radioactivity elimination after i.v. or p.o. administration of W-2451-14C in rats was biphasic with corresponding half-lives of 1.8 and 8.7 hours. Plasma half-lives of W-2451 in the dog, rhesus monkey and man were 1.4, 1.2 and 3.2 hours, respectively. In the rat, excretion via the urine was predominant, no significant accumulation in tissue occurred. The only major metabolite found in rat and dog urine, rat plasma and in the rat liver 9000 g supernatant fraction was the 3-hydroxy derivative of the drug. The unsaturated compound with the double bond in the 2,3-position and other hydroxylated metabolites were also present. Very little free or conjugated anthranilic acid and 3-(o-carboxy-phenylimino)-4-methylisoxazolidine were found.", "PMID": 114130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11078", "title": "[Regional myocardial shortening and blood flow through the graft after aorto-coronary bypass surgery].", "content": "In 56 patients operated on for coronary artery bypass grafting the relation between regional epicardial shortening, bypass flow, reactive hyperemia, and time postoperative was determined. Regional shortening in the newly perfused region was measured by a new technique employing four to six radiopaque markers sutured in pairs to the epicardium juxtaposed by 2 cm, and from 0 to 3 cm distal to the coronary anastomosis. Marker pairs were filmed sequentially at each follow up. Excluding dyskinesia, shortening fraction (ratio of shortening to maximum marker separation) for all graft regions at 1 week was 9.8 p. 100, 1 month 12.8 p. 100, 3 months 13.3 p. 100, and 6 months 13.9 p. 100. Average graft flow was 56 ml/mn and average reactive hyperemia was 25 p. 100 with 37 p. 100 of grafts having no response. There was a positive correlation between shortening fraction and flow, becoming significant (null hypothesis: r = 0) when reactive hyperemia exceeded 20 p. 100. Correlation was greatest at 1 week and 1 month, but became non-significant at 6 months implicating other factors such as new collateral development, bypass closure, new infarction, or altered medical therapy. It appears that bypass flow and reactive hyperemia do have a certain predictive value as to regional shortening up to 1 to 3 months postoperative.", "contents": "[Regional myocardial shortening and blood flow through the graft after aorto-coronary bypass surgery]. In 56 patients operated on for coronary artery bypass grafting the relation between regional epicardial shortening, bypass flow, reactive hyperemia, and time postoperative was determined. Regional shortening in the newly perfused region was measured by a new technique employing four to six radiopaque markers sutured in pairs to the epicardium juxtaposed by 2 cm, and from 0 to 3 cm distal to the coronary anastomosis. Marker pairs were filmed sequentially at each follow up. Excluding dyskinesia, shortening fraction (ratio of shortening to maximum marker separation) for all graft regions at 1 week was 9.8 p. 100, 1 month 12.8 p. 100, 3 months 13.3 p. 100, and 6 months 13.9 p. 100. Average graft flow was 56 ml/mn and average reactive hyperemia was 25 p. 100 with 37 p. 100 of grafts having no response. There was a positive correlation between shortening fraction and flow, becoming significant (null hypothesis: r = 0) when reactive hyperemia exceeded 20 p. 100. Correlation was greatest at 1 week and 1 month, but became non-significant at 6 months implicating other factors such as new collateral development, bypass closure, new infarction, or altered medical therapy. It appears that bypass flow and reactive hyperemia do have a certain predictive value as to regional shortening up to 1 to 3 months postoperative.", "PMID": 114131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11079", "title": "[Obvious or inapparent Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome associated with duality of nodal conduction. Apropos of 4 cases].", "content": "In a series of 48 patients undergoing electrophysiological investigation for attacks of reciprocating tachycardia related to concealed or overt Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in sinus rhythm, 4 patients were found to have duality of nodal conduction. This association was responsible for several tachycardia circuits: in 2 patients the activation passed constantly retrogradely through the accessory pathway and then either through the slow nodal pathway or the rapid nodal pathway in the anterograde direction. In the other two patients, in addition to classical orthodromic tachycardia, purely intranodal reciprocating rhythms giving rise to sustained tachycardia in one case and to simple echos in the other, were observed.", "contents": "[Obvious or inapparent Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome associated with duality of nodal conduction. Apropos of 4 cases]. In a series of 48 patients undergoing electrophysiological investigation for attacks of reciprocating tachycardia related to concealed or overt Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in sinus rhythm, 4 patients were found to have duality of nodal conduction. This association was responsible for several tachycardia circuits: in 2 patients the activation passed constantly retrogradely through the accessory pathway and then either through the slow nodal pathway or the rapid nodal pathway in the anterograde direction. In the other two patients, in addition to classical orthodromic tachycardia, purely intranodal reciprocating rhythms giving rise to sustained tachycardia in one case and to simple echos in the other, were observed.", "PMID": 114132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11080", "title": "[Considerations about positive direct and indirect antiglobulin tests observed in a seemingly healthy pregnant women (author's transl)].", "content": "In this work, the Author report a case of positive direct antiglobulin test observed in a seemingly healthy pregnant. And, moreover, an anti-D immune antibody showed in her serum in the last weeks of pregnancy. To be continued a discussion of the case.", "contents": "[Considerations about positive direct and indirect antiglobulin tests observed in a seemingly healthy pregnant women (author's transl)]. In this work, the Author report a case of positive direct antiglobulin test observed in a seemingly healthy pregnant. And, moreover, an anti-D immune antibody showed in her serum in the last weeks of pregnancy. To be continued a discussion of the case.", "PMID": 114126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11081", "title": "[Left ventricular cineangiography in the convalescent phase of a 1st myocardial infarct. Influence of coronary lesions].", "content": "80 patients with a primary myocardial infarction (32 anterior and 48 posterior) underwent cardiac catheterisation and angiography (coronary arteriography and selective left ventricular cineangiography) within 12 months of infarction. Analysis of the results of catheterisation and angiography showed: -- Diffuse coronary artery narrowing to be more frequent in patients with posterior infarction. Significant stenosis of the left anterior descending artery was observed in half these cases; -- No correlation between the results of cardiac catheterisation and the distribution of the coronary artery lesions. Changes of ventricular contraction are essentially related to the infarct size and much less to the quality of the healthy myocardium as far as can be appreciated by the usual haemodynamic methods in both anterior and posterior myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Left ventricular cineangiography in the convalescent phase of a 1st myocardial infarct. Influence of coronary lesions]. 80 patients with a primary myocardial infarction (32 anterior and 48 posterior) underwent cardiac catheterisation and angiography (coronary arteriography and selective left ventricular cineangiography) within 12 months of infarction. Analysis of the results of catheterisation and angiography showed: -- Diffuse coronary artery narrowing to be more frequent in patients with posterior infarction. Significant stenosis of the left anterior descending artery was observed in half these cases; -- No correlation between the results of cardiac catheterisation and the distribution of the coronary artery lesions. Changes of ventricular contraction are essentially related to the infarct size and much less to the quality of the healthy myocardium as far as can be appreciated by the usual haemodynamic methods in both anterior and posterior myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 114133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11082", "title": "[Abnormalities of left ventricular contraction in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome].", "content": "Left ventricular contraction was studied in 20 patients with mitral valve prolapse presenting with chest pain and/or palpitations. In this group of symptomatic patients systolic abnormalities were observed in 11 patients (55 p. 100): segmental hypokinesis was observed in 5 patients, hyperkinetic motion in 3 patients and an association of hyperkinetic and hypokinetic pareital motion was observed in the other 3 cases. Abnormalities of ventricular relaxation were found in 80 p. 100 patients. In all, 90 p. 100 patients in this selected group demonstrated systolic and/or diastolic abnormalities of the left ventricular myocardium. Symptoms (anginal chest pain, palpitations, neurotic symptoms) appear to be more frequent and more troublesome in patients systolic abnormalities. Hyperkinetic movement may be related to increased levels of circulating catecholamines. Segmental hypokinesis may be the result of focal ischaemia secondary to an abnormality of the coronary microcirculation. Both these abnormalities may be dependant on dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Further study is necessary to define the role of the autonomic nervous system in the myocardial abnormalities observed in this valvular syndrome.", "contents": "[Abnormalities of left ventricular contraction in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome]. Left ventricular contraction was studied in 20 patients with mitral valve prolapse presenting with chest pain and/or palpitations. In this group of symptomatic patients systolic abnormalities were observed in 11 patients (55 p. 100): segmental hypokinesis was observed in 5 patients, hyperkinetic motion in 3 patients and an association of hyperkinetic and hypokinetic pareital motion was observed in the other 3 cases. Abnormalities of ventricular relaxation were found in 80 p. 100 patients. In all, 90 p. 100 patients in this selected group demonstrated systolic and/or diastolic abnormalities of the left ventricular myocardium. Symptoms (anginal chest pain, palpitations, neurotic symptoms) appear to be more frequent and more troublesome in patients systolic abnormalities. Hyperkinetic movement may be related to increased levels of circulating catecholamines. Segmental hypokinesis may be the result of focal ischaemia secondary to an abnormality of the coronary microcirculation. Both these abnormalities may be dependant on dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Further study is necessary to define the role of the autonomic nervous system in the myocardial abnormalities observed in this valvular syndrome.", "PMID": 114134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11083", "title": "[Echocardiographic findings in the papyraceous right ventricle syndrome].", "content": "The echocardiographic findings in a young man with a \"paper-thin right ventricle\" or Uhl's anomaly are reported. The usual signs of right ventricular diastolic overload with slight delay in tricuspid valve closure were observed. The discordance between the normal clinical examination and the pathological appearances on echocardiography led to cardiac catheterisation which established the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic findings in the papyraceous right ventricle syndrome]. The echocardiographic findings in a young man with a \"paper-thin right ventricle\" or Uhl's anomaly are reported. The usual signs of right ventricular diastolic overload with slight delay in tricuspid valve closure were observed. The discordance between the normal clinical examination and the pathological appearances on echocardiography led to cardiac catheterisation which established the diagnosis.", "PMID": 114135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11084", "title": "[Treatment of functional tricuspid insufficiency by a valvuloplasty with a flexible linear reducer].", "content": "Valvuloplasty with preservation of the valvular apparatus is the treatment of choice in functional tricuspid incompetence (FTI). A new method of valvuloplasty has been developed using a flexible linear reducer (FLR); its insertion is simple and without risk to the Bundle of His. It is made of sections of elastomere covering a dacron core. The principle of the FLR is reduction of the tricuspid annulus leaving the septal leaflet free. It is a simple method which allows individual variations in the zone reduced (usually involving the anterior and inferior leaflets) and in the size of the reduction at each point. The excellent results at medium term in 20 patients with tricuspid FLR lead us to recommend widening the surgical indications for correction of FTI especially in cases where signs of right ventricular failure have been observed.", "contents": "[Treatment of functional tricuspid insufficiency by a valvuloplasty with a flexible linear reducer]. Valvuloplasty with preservation of the valvular apparatus is the treatment of choice in functional tricuspid incompetence (FTI). A new method of valvuloplasty has been developed using a flexible linear reducer (FLR); its insertion is simple and without risk to the Bundle of His. It is made of sections of elastomere covering a dacron core. The principle of the FLR is reduction of the tricuspid annulus leaving the septal leaflet free. It is a simple method which allows individual variations in the zone reduced (usually involving the anterior and inferior leaflets) and in the size of the reduction at each point. The excellent results at medium term in 20 patients with tricuspid FLR lead us to recommend widening the surgical indications for correction of FTI especially in cases where signs of right ventricular failure have been observed.", "PMID": 114136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11085", "title": "[Treatment of severe chronic cardiac insufficiency with dihydralazine. Short-and median-term results].", "content": "17 patients with severe chronic heart failure (class III and IV) were prescribed hydralazine, an arterial vasodilatator, orally at doses of 150 mg to 400 mg/day. Considerable clinical improvement was observed in most patients. After 24 to 48 hours the cardiac index rose 79 p. 100, the systolic index by 67 p. 100 and left ventricular work by 73 p. 100, whilst systemic and pulmonary resistances fell by 51 p. 100 and 34 p. 100 respectively. There was no significant change in systemic blood pressure or in heart rate. These results were confirmed at 4 months. Mean pulmonary capillary pressure varied little at the start of treatment but decreased by 52 p. 100 at medium term (4 and 12 months) in this series. No cases of systemic lupus erythematosis were observed. The main, but not the only, indication of therapy with dihydralazine is low output heart failure with little elevation in the pulmonary capillary pressure, especially in primary cardiomyopathy and valvular regurgitation. At present, treatment should be based on the results of cardiac catheterisation and the dosage adjusted according to the rate of hepatic acetylation.", "contents": "[Treatment of severe chronic cardiac insufficiency with dihydralazine. Short-and median-term results]. 17 patients with severe chronic heart failure (class III and IV) were prescribed hydralazine, an arterial vasodilatator, orally at doses of 150 mg to 400 mg/day. Considerable clinical improvement was observed in most patients. After 24 to 48 hours the cardiac index rose 79 p. 100, the systolic index by 67 p. 100 and left ventricular work by 73 p. 100, whilst systemic and pulmonary resistances fell by 51 p. 100 and 34 p. 100 respectively. There was no significant change in systemic blood pressure or in heart rate. These results were confirmed at 4 months. Mean pulmonary capillary pressure varied little at the start of treatment but decreased by 52 p. 100 at medium term (4 and 12 months) in this series. No cases of systemic lupus erythematosis were observed. The main, but not the only, indication of therapy with dihydralazine is low output heart failure with little elevation in the pulmonary capillary pressure, especially in primary cardiomyopathy and valvular regurgitation. At present, treatment should be based on the results of cardiac catheterisation and the dosage adjusted according to the rate of hepatic acetylation.", "PMID": 114137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11086", "title": "[Hemodynamic effects of hydralazine in the cardiac insufficiency of non-obstructive myocardiopathy].", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of a single dose of between 0.15 and 0.25 mg/kg hydralazine were studied during cardiac catheterisation of 9 patients with primary congestive cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The systemic arterial resistances decreased (--1 370 +/- 400 dynes/s.cm-5/m2, p less than 0.05); the reduction of pulmonary arterial resistances was less marked (--420 +/- 400 dynes/s.cm-5/m2, p less than 0.05). Intraaortic pressure was reduced (--16 +/- 12 mmHg, p less than 0.02) as was average pulmonary arterial (--4.2 +/- 4,2 mmHg, p less than 0.05) and left ventricular end diastolic pressures (--4.2 +/- 3.0 mmHg, p less than 0,02). Systolic index increased in all cases (+13 +/- 5 ml/syst/m2, p less than 0.001). Heart rate was unchanged. This was due to the improvement of left ventricular function by the reduced impedence. These results confirm the place of hydralazine in the treatment of certain forms of heart failure.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic effects of hydralazine in the cardiac insufficiency of non-obstructive myocardiopathy]. The haemodynamic effects of a single dose of between 0.15 and 0.25 mg/kg hydralazine were studied during cardiac catheterisation of 9 patients with primary congestive cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The systemic arterial resistances decreased (--1 370 +/- 400 dynes/s.cm-5/m2, p less than 0.05); the reduction of pulmonary arterial resistances was less marked (--420 +/- 400 dynes/s.cm-5/m2, p less than 0.05). Intraaortic pressure was reduced (--16 +/- 12 mmHg, p less than 0.02) as was average pulmonary arterial (--4.2 +/- 4,2 mmHg, p less than 0.05) and left ventricular end diastolic pressures (--4.2 +/- 3.0 mmHg, p less than 0,02). Systolic index increased in all cases (+13 +/- 5 ml/syst/m2, p less than 0.001). Heart rate was unchanged. This was due to the improvement of left ventricular function by the reduced impedence. These results confirm the place of hydralazine in the treatment of certain forms of heart failure.", "PMID": 114138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11087", "title": "[Congenital arteriopathies and Leo Buerger's disease].", "content": "A homogenous series of 7 consecutive cases of Buerger's disease were investigated and the congenital malformations of the upper and lower limb arterial trunks were classified. These malformations constitute the anatomical basis of Buerger's disease and define an autonomous disease entity. Total supra-malleolar interruption of the main lower limb arteries either by triple vessel agenesis or, more rarely, by femoro-popliteal or popliteal and tibio-peronal agenesis was observed. The appearances  of the collateral circulation, already established in utero, are characteristic with long axial spiral-shaped arteries and dependant arterioles maintaining a precarious supply to the distal tissues which may be adequate for many years. The nautral history of the disease is directly related to the malformation of the congenital arterial system of the limbs. Proximal arterial malformative occlusion is the cause of early, inevitable trophic lesions; the spiral-shaped arteries and distal arterioles, which represent the maximal embryonic collateral circulation, limit the area of necrosis and favour healing.", "contents": "[Congenital arteriopathies and Leo Buerger's disease]. A homogenous series of 7 consecutive cases of Buerger's disease were investigated and the congenital malformations of the upper and lower limb arterial trunks were classified. These malformations constitute the anatomical basis of Buerger's disease and define an autonomous disease entity. Total supra-malleolar interruption of the main lower limb arteries either by triple vessel agenesis or, more rarely, by femoro-popliteal or popliteal and tibio-peronal agenesis was observed. The appearances  of the collateral circulation, already established in utero, are characteristic with long axial spiral-shaped arteries and dependant arterioles maintaining a precarious supply to the distal tissues which may be adequate for many years. The nautral history of the disease is directly related to the malformation of the congenital arterial system of the limbs. Proximal arterial malformative occlusion is the cause of early, inevitable trophic lesions; the spiral-shaped arteries and distal arterioles, which represent the maximal embryonic collateral circulation, limit the area of necrosis and favour healing.", "PMID": 114139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11088", "title": "[Value of an automatic chronometer in epicardial mapping].", "content": "The use of a digital display automatic chronometer during epicardial mapping is reported. The epicardial potential recorded by a tripolar electrode is transformed electronically by amplification, filtering, rectifying negative deflections and then summation. The interval between the reference signal (electrical impulse or other cardiac potential) is calculated automatically and displayed at an adjustable rate. The presence of a delay increases the range of application of the apparatus. Epicardial mapping is thus simplified and shortened.", "contents": "[Value of an automatic chronometer in epicardial mapping]. The use of a digital display automatic chronometer during epicardial mapping is reported. The epicardial potential recorded by a tripolar electrode is transformed electronically by amplification, filtering, rectifying negative deflections and then summation. The interval between the reference signal (electrical impulse or other cardiac potential) is calculated automatically and displayed at an adjustable rate. The presence of a delay increases the range of application of the apparatus. Epicardial mapping is thus simplified and shortened.", "PMID": 114140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11089", "title": "[Parachute tricuspid valve associated with Fallot's tetralogy].", "content": "Parachute deformity of the tricuspid valve was observed with a severe form of Fallot's Tetralogy with pulmonary atresia in a newborn. Signs of tricuspid stenosis (peripheral oedema, right atrial dilatation, hepatomegaly and conduction defects) were associated with the clinical signs of the principal malformation (severe hypoxaemia). To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of parachute deformity of the tricuspid valve.", "contents": "[Parachute tricuspid valve associated with Fallot's tetralogy]. Parachute deformity of the tricuspid valve was observed with a severe form of Fallot's Tetralogy with pulmonary atresia in a newborn. Signs of tricuspid stenosis (peripheral oedema, right atrial dilatation, hepatomegaly and conduction defects) were associated with the clinical signs of the principal malformation (severe hypoxaemia). To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of parachute deformity of the tricuspid valve.", "PMID": 114142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11090", "title": "[Aneurysm of the membranous septum, left ventricular-right atrial communication and arrhythmias].", "content": "An aneurysm of the membranous part of the interventricular septum associated with a complex congenital malformation of the endocardial cushions was diagnosed in a 39 year old woman who presented with syncope. Diagnosis was made by echocardiography and confirmed by angiography. The operative findings were: a double aneurysm of the membranous septum, a left ventricular--right atrial fistula and two hemivalves attached to papillary muscles. The usfulness of echocardiography in the diagnosis of aneurysm of the membranous interventricular septum and in the follow up of ventricular septal defects from which they  arise is emphasised. The pathogenesis of the arrhythmias observed (accelerated idioventricular rhythm, reciprocating tachycardias and syncope possibly related to transient heart block) is discussed.", "contents": "[Aneurysm of the membranous septum, left ventricular-right atrial communication and arrhythmias]. An aneurysm of the membranous part of the interventricular septum associated with a complex congenital malformation of the endocardial cushions was diagnosed in a 39 year old woman who presented with syncope. Diagnosis was made by echocardiography and confirmed by angiography. The operative findings were: a double aneurysm of the membranous septum, a left ventricular--right atrial fistula and two hemivalves attached to papillary muscles. The usfulness of echocardiography in the diagnosis of aneurysm of the membranous interventricular septum and in the follow up of ventricular septal defects from which they  arise is emphasised. The pathogenesis of the arrhythmias observed (accelerated idioventricular rhythm, reciprocating tachycardias and syncope possibly related to transient heart block) is discussed.", "PMID": 114143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11091", "title": "[Recent data on Lafora disease. Apropos of 17 cases].", "content": "This study reviews 99 anatomically verified case of Lafora body disease (82 from the literature and 17 personal cases). The clinical symptoms of the disease are characterised by the triad; epilepsy, myoclonus and dementia. An anatomical and histochemical study has been undertaken and as a result emphasis is given to recent hypotheses that suggest there are similarities with Type IV glycogen storage disease (Andersen's disease) which, although clinically distinct, has the same enzyme defect.", "contents": "[Recent data on Lafora disease. Apropos of 17 cases]. This study reviews 99 anatomically verified case of Lafora body disease (82 from the literature and 17 personal cases). The clinical symptoms of the disease are characterised by the triad; epilepsy, myoclonus and dementia. An anatomical and histochemical study has been undertaken and as a result emphasis is given to recent hypotheses that suggest there are similarities with Type IV glycogen storage disease (Andersen's disease) which, although clinically distinct, has the same enzyme defect.", "PMID": 114144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11092", "title": "Diffuse parenchymal amyloidosis of lungs and breast. Its association with diffuse plasmacytosis and kappa-chain gammopathy.", "content": "A patient had systemic amyloidosis that extensively involved the lungs and breasts. Diffuse parenchymal pulmonary amyloidosis is rare but well described. Involvement of the breast in systemic amyloidosis is, however, most unusual. This patient's amyloidosis was associated with diffuse plasmacytosis and a kappa-chain gammopathy. The plasmacytosis was most prominent in the renal interstitium. Immunoperoxidase staining of the renal infiltrate and breast demonstrated IgG/kappa-staining plasma cells exclusively, suggesting that these cells were a monoclonal proliferation that contributed to the patient's M-protein and possibly to the patient's amyloid deposits.", "contents": "Diffuse parenchymal amyloidosis of lungs and breast. Its association with diffuse plasmacytosis and kappa-chain gammopathy. A patient had systemic amyloidosis that extensively involved the lungs and breasts. Diffuse parenchymal pulmonary amyloidosis is rare but well described. Involvement of the breast in systemic amyloidosis is, however, most unusual. This patient's amyloidosis was associated with diffuse plasmacytosis and a kappa-chain gammopathy. The plasmacytosis was most prominent in the renal interstitium. Immunoperoxidase staining of the renal infiltrate and breast demonstrated IgG/kappa-staining plasma cells exclusively, suggesting that these cells were a monoclonal proliferation that contributed to the patient's M-protein and possibly to the patient's amyloid deposits.", "PMID": 114145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11093", "title": "Ankylosing spinal hyperostosis (ASH) and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL).", "content": "The clinical and radiological features of 70 patients with ankylosing spinal hyperostosis are presented. Pain in some region of the back was found in 49 patients. No significant deviations were found in HLA typing. Radiologically, the most characteristic features were bony spurs or bridges in the dorsal spine, where they predominated on the right and anterior aspects of the spine, especially in the lower dorsal region. Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was found in 21 patients.", "contents": "Ankylosing spinal hyperostosis (ASH) and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). The clinical and radiological features of 70 patients with ankylosing spinal hyperostosis are presented. Pain in some region of the back was found in 49 patients. No significant deviations were found in HLA typing. Radiologically, the most characteristic features were bony spurs or bridges in the dorsal spine, where they predominated on the right and anterior aspects of the spine, especially in the lower dorsal region. Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was found in 21 patients.", "PMID": 114146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11094", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the replication of herpes virus ateles-73 in owl monkey kidney cells.", "content": "The replicative cycle of herpesvirus ateles, strain 73 (HVA-73), was examined in the electron microscope and compared to that of other herpesviruses known to be oncogenic. A relatively slow replicative cycle of HVA-73 in owl monkey kidney (OMK) cells allowed us to distinguish cytoplasmic and nuclear stages of replication, comprising virus uptake, transport, maturation, and extrusion. Virus uptake was observed within 10 hours of infection and occurred both as a result of fusion between virus and cell membranes and by phagocytosis. Morphologic evidence for the transfer of viral DNA from nuclecapsids to the nucleus at the nuclear membrane is presented. This is shown by the location of numerous empty capsids in front of nuclear pores early during infection. Towards the end of the eclipse phase, at about 48 hougs after infection, two different types of nuclear inclusion bodies were observed. Progeny nucleocapsids were detected in the nucleus at the same time. The envelopment of nucleocapsids occurred both at the nuclear membrane and at proliferating Golgi lamellae in the cytoplasm. Each site of envelopment is associated with the maturation of a characteristic, morphologically distinguishable virus particle. The assembly of HVA-73 resembled that of other oncogenic herpesviruses.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the replication of herpes virus ateles-73 in owl monkey kidney cells. The replicative cycle of herpesvirus ateles, strain 73 (HVA-73), was examined in the electron microscope and compared to that of other herpesviruses known to be oncogenic. A relatively slow replicative cycle of HVA-73 in owl monkey kidney (OMK) cells allowed us to distinguish cytoplasmic and nuclear stages of replication, comprising virus uptake, transport, maturation, and extrusion. Virus uptake was observed within 10 hours of infection and occurred both as a result of fusion between virus and cell membranes and by phagocytosis. Morphologic evidence for the transfer of viral DNA from nuclecapsids to the nucleus at the nuclear membrane is presented. This is shown by the location of numerous empty capsids in front of nuclear pores early during infection. Towards the end of the eclipse phase, at about 48 hougs after infection, two different types of nuclear inclusion bodies were observed. Progeny nucleocapsids were detected in the nucleus at the same time. The envelopment of nucleocapsids occurred both at the nuclear membrane and at proliferating Golgi lamellae in the cytoplasm. Each site of envelopment is associated with the maturation of a characteristic, morphologically distinguishable virus particle. The assembly of HVA-73 resembled that of other oncogenic herpesviruses.", "PMID": 114147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11095", "title": "[Pathologic anatomy of the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (partial monosomy 4p--)].", "content": "An analysis of phenotypic manifestations of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome from the 60 cases most thoroughly described in the literature and 3 own observations was done. Most characteristic malformations of this syndrome were shown to include coracoid nose and hypertelorism, coloboma of the eyes, hypospadia, aplasia, hypoplasia and polycystosis of the kidneys, dystopia and dysplasia of the cerebellar gyri, shortening of H2 field of the Ammon's horn with imparied orientation of its neurons, sacral sinus, and retarded bone maturation.", "contents": "[Pathologic anatomy of the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (partial monosomy 4p--)]. An analysis of phenotypic manifestations of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome from the 60 cases most thoroughly described in the literature and 3 own observations was done. Most characteristic malformations of this syndrome were shown to include coracoid nose and hypertelorism, coloboma of the eyes, hypospadia, aplasia, hypoplasia and polycystosis of the kidneys, dystopia and dysplasia of the cerebellar gyri, shortening of H2 field of the Ammon's horn with imparied orientation of its neurons, sacral sinus, and retarded bone maturation.", "PMID": 114149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11096", "title": "A case for further quantification of the stapedius reflex.", "content": "Clinical stapedius reflex determinations presently include only threshold and decay measurements. Recent observations indicate that reflex latency, amplitude, and rise and relaxation times are sensitive to cochlear and brain stem disorders. Our investigations using a chronic animal model of an experimental acoustic tumor show that reflex amplitude, latency, and rise time are exquisitely sensitive to extrinsic pressure on the auditory nerve. Because of our observations and those of others, we suggest that further quantification of the reflex test will increase its sensitivity and reliability. Quantification can be achieved by an interface between an impedance bridge and a small computer to provide on-line averaged values for each reflex parameter.", "contents": "A case for further quantification of the stapedius reflex. Clinical stapedius reflex determinations presently include only threshold and decay measurements. Recent observations indicate that reflex latency, amplitude, and rise and relaxation times are sensitive to cochlear and brain stem disorders. Our investigations using a chronic animal model of an experimental acoustic tumor show that reflex amplitude, latency, and rise time are exquisitely sensitive to extrinsic pressure on the auditory nerve. Because of our observations and those of others, we suggest that further quantification of the reflex test will increase its sensitivity and reliability. Quantification can be achieved by an interface between an impedance bridge and a small computer to provide on-line averaged values for each reflex parameter.", "PMID": 114150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11097", "title": "The evoked cochlear mechanical response in laboratory primates. A preliminary report.", "content": "The evoked cochlear mechanical response has been recorded in two species of laboratory primates, Macaca irus and Erythrocebus patas. The responses are very similar to those obtained in humans although the response to each click is of shorter duration. The response is vulnerable to the ototoxicity of furosemide and etacrynic acid and to noise exposure. At and near threshold an active generator of mechanical energy within the cochlea is proposed. The significance of such a generator and a possible source are discussed.", "contents": "The evoked cochlear mechanical response in laboratory primates. A preliminary report. The evoked cochlear mechanical response has been recorded in two species of laboratory primates, Macaca irus and Erythrocebus patas. The responses are very similar to those obtained in humans although the response to each click is of shorter duration. The response is vulnerable to the ototoxicity of furosemide and etacrynic acid and to noise exposure. At and near threshold an active generator of mechanical energy within the cochlea is proposed. The significance of such a generator and a possible source are discussed.", "PMID": 114151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11098", "title": "Prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced prolactin release and luteolysis in the goat.", "content": "Injection of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) initiated a significant increase in plasma prolactin levels in all goats except those in anoestrus. Luteolysis occurred in non-pregnant goats during the mid luteal phase when the goats were given PGF2 alpha either with or without the suppression of prolactin release by bromocryptine (CB154). Luteolysis and subsequent parturition also occurred in pregnant goats in mid and late gestation after PGF2 alpha injection, with an associated release of prolactin and decrease in plasma progesterone. Acute prolactin release in response to injection of thyrotrophin releasing factor may have had a transient effect on plasma progesterone levels, but did not appear to be luteolytic in either pregnant or non-pregnant goats.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced prolactin release and luteolysis in the goat. Injection of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) initiated a significant increase in plasma prolactin levels in all goats except those in anoestrus. Luteolysis occurred in non-pregnant goats during the mid luteal phase when the goats were given PGF2 alpha either with or without the suppression of prolactin release by bromocryptine (CB154). Luteolysis and subsequent parturition also occurred in pregnant goats in mid and late gestation after PGF2 alpha injection, with an associated release of prolactin and decrease in plasma progesterone. Acute prolactin release in response to injection of thyrotrophin releasing factor may have had a transient effect on plasma progesterone levels, but did not appear to be luteolytic in either pregnant or non-pregnant goats.", "PMID": 114152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11099", "title": "Genetics of resistance to tetraethyllead.", "content": "A Drosophila melanogaster population was exposed for 25 generations to 60 micrograms tetraethyllead per gram of medium. Selection over this period resulted in an increase in fecundity, hatchability and larva-to-adult viability. Chromosome assay showed that response in these traits was generally under additive genetic control in conformity with existing results in the literature on the genetics of resistance to acute environmental stress in D. melanogaster.", "contents": "Genetics of resistance to tetraethyllead. A Drosophila melanogaster population was exposed for 25 generations to 60 micrograms tetraethyllead per gram of medium. Selection over this period resulted in an increase in fecundity, hatchability and larva-to-adult viability. Chromosome assay showed that response in these traits was generally under additive genetic control in conformity with existing results in the literature on the genetics of resistance to acute environmental stress in D. melanogaster.", "PMID": 114153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11100", "title": "The effect of protein-deprivation on the susceptibility to influenza virus infection: a murine model system.", "content": "The effect of a 4% albumin diet initiated at weaning on the susceptibility to influenza virus infection was studied in C57Bl mice. Protein-deprivation was found to enhance markedly the susceptibility to a lethal infection with both mouse-virulent and avirulent strains of virus. Viraemia was observed more frequently in protein-deprived mice, and virus persisted longer in the lungs. The humoral immune response following intranasal infection was depressed, with normal levels of IgG antibody but reduced levels of IgM antibody. No difference was found in the seroconversion frequencies between well-nourished and protein-deprived mice. Pre-immunization did not affect the virus titres in the lungs of protein-deprived mice after challenge with the homologous virus, nor did it prevent the spread of virus to the thymus and brain. The results were discussed in terms of the immunocompetence of the malnourished host and of the potential risk of epidemic influenza in children suffering from severe forms of protein-energy malnutrition.", "contents": "The effect of protein-deprivation on the susceptibility to influenza virus infection: a murine model system. The effect of a 4% albumin diet initiated at weaning on the susceptibility to influenza virus infection was studied in C57Bl mice. Protein-deprivation was found to enhance markedly the susceptibility to a lethal infection with both mouse-virulent and avirulent strains of virus. Viraemia was observed more frequently in protein-deprived mice, and virus persisted longer in the lungs. The humoral immune response following intranasal infection was depressed, with normal levels of IgG antibody but reduced levels of IgM antibody. No difference was found in the seroconversion frequencies between well-nourished and protein-deprived mice. Pre-immunization did not affect the virus titres in the lungs of protein-deprived mice after challenge with the homologous virus, nor did it prevent the spread of virus to the thymus and brain. The results were discussed in terms of the immunocompetence of the malnourished host and of the potential risk of epidemic influenza in children suffering from severe forms of protein-energy malnutrition.", "PMID": 114154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11101", "title": "Determination of cerebral and neck subcutaneous tissue PO2 with 3 and 4 +Gz in M. mulatta.", "content": "Four male and four female, fully conscious, M. mulatta were exposed twice each to diphasic accelerations of 3 or 4 +Gz (3 min) with a 10-min, 1-G intersession. One polarographic electrode was inserted intracortically and another one into neck subcutaneous tissue. With the first of two 3 or 4 +Gz exposures, cerebral PO2 fell from 15.11 to 5.73 and 2.92 torr, respectively; subcutaneous PO2 fell from 27.6 to 7.72 and 4.8 torr, respectively. Cerebral tissue exhibits post-G hyperoxia, related to initial stress intensity; even after the 10-min intersession, it is capable of mitigating the O2 desaturation effect of the second stress. Cerebral and subcutaneous tissue oxygen desaturation with G onset are comparable, but re-oxygenation in the latter tissue is apparently inertia-ridden and a simple relationship between the overall responses of cerebral and subcutaneous PO2 to +Gz acceleration could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Determination of cerebral and neck subcutaneous tissue PO2 with 3 and 4 +Gz in M. mulatta. Four male and four female, fully conscious, M. mulatta were exposed twice each to diphasic accelerations of 3 or 4 +Gz (3 min) with a 10-min, 1-G intersession. One polarographic electrode was inserted intracortically and another one into neck subcutaneous tissue. With the first of two 3 or 4 +Gz exposures, cerebral PO2 fell from 15.11 to 5.73 and 2.92 torr, respectively; subcutaneous PO2 fell from 27.6 to 7.72 and 4.8 torr, respectively. Cerebral tissue exhibits post-G hyperoxia, related to initial stress intensity; even after the 10-min intersession, it is capable of mitigating the O2 desaturation effect of the second stress. Cerebral and subcutaneous tissue oxygen desaturation with G onset are comparable, but re-oxygenation in the latter tissue is apparently inertia-ridden and a simple relationship between the overall responses of cerebral and subcutaneous PO2 to +Gz acceleration could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 114159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11102", "title": "Effects of hyperbaric oxygen upon S. aureus, Ps. aeruginosa and C. albicans.", "content": "Numerous in vitro investigations have reported that prolonged, continuous hyperbaric oxygen (OHP) exposure to certain bacteria and yeast is bacteriostatic. While it is tempting to attribute the lower infection rates reported in OHP-treated patients to this bacteriostatic effect, the duration and intensity of OHP exposure in these experimental studies exceeds that of normal therapeutic use. This study was designed to investigate the effects of human OHP treatment protocols upon the in vitro growth and survival of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Additional studies using antibiotic-containing culture media were conducted to investigate the possible OHP enhancement of antibiotic sensitivity. No differences were observed between the bacterial and yeast growth curves of the control and experimental group. OHP also failed to produce any measurable difference in the bactericidal effectiveness of the selected antibiotics.", "contents": "Effects of hyperbaric oxygen upon S. aureus, Ps. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Numerous in vitro investigations have reported that prolonged, continuous hyperbaric oxygen (OHP) exposure to certain bacteria and yeast is bacteriostatic. While it is tempting to attribute the lower infection rates reported in OHP-treated patients to this bacteriostatic effect, the duration and intensity of OHP exposure in these experimental studies exceeds that of normal therapeutic use. This study was designed to investigate the effects of human OHP treatment protocols upon the in vitro growth and survival of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Additional studies using antibiotic-containing culture media were conducted to investigate the possible OHP enhancement of antibiotic sensitivity. No differences were observed between the bacterial and yeast growth curves of the control and experimental group. OHP also failed to produce any measurable difference in the bactericidal effectiveness of the selected antibiotics.", "PMID": 114160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11103", "title": "[Distribution of the ABO blood group system and D antigen in Macedonia].", "content": "The authors have made a serious effort to present the distribution of ABO and D antigens in SRM for the first time after many uers of these antigens in a representative group in a whole population and according to different nationalities. Also, the comparison as done between obtained results and some others (results from some other countries and from other republics in Yugoslavia). The gene frequency of ABO system was analised.", "contents": "[Distribution of the ABO blood group system and D antigen in Macedonia]. The authors have made a serious effort to present the distribution of ABO and D antigens in SRM for the first time after many uers of these antigens in a representative group in a whole population and according to different nationalities. Also, the comparison as done between obtained results and some others (results from some other countries and from other republics in Yugoslavia). The gene frequency of ABO system was analised.", "PMID": 114161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11104", "title": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase variation in the brook lamprey, Lampetra planeri (Bloch) (Petromyzone, Agnatha): evidence for a trimeric enzyme structure.", "content": "Genetic evidence for a trimeric structure for purine nucleoside phosphorylase in the brook lamprey is presented. This enzyme is encoded by a single locus with two alleles segregating at frequencies of 0.98 and 0.02 in a Welsh population. It is suggested that this enzyme is likely to be a trimer in all classes of vertebrates.", "contents": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase variation in the brook lamprey, Lampetra planeri (Bloch) (Petromyzone, Agnatha): evidence for a trimeric enzyme structure. Genetic evidence for a trimeric structure for purine nucleoside phosphorylase in the brook lamprey is presented. This enzyme is encoded by a single locus with two alleles segregating at frequencies of 0.98 and 0.02 in a Welsh population. It is suggested that this enzyme is likely to be a trimer in all classes of vertebrates.", "PMID": 114162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11105", "title": "Partial purification and some properties of biopterin synthase and dihydropterin oxidase from Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "An enzyme which has been named \"biopterin synthase\" has been discovered in Drosophila melanogaster. This enzyme, which has been purified 200-fold from extracts of Drosophila, catalyzes the conversion of sepiapterin to dihydrobiopterin, or oxidized sepiapterin to biopterin. The Km values for the two substrates are 63 microM for sepiapterin and 10 microM for oxidized sepiapterin. NADPH is required in this enzymatic reaction. An analysis of enzyme activity during development in Drosophila indicates a correlation between enzyme activity and biopterin content at various development stages. Another enzyme, called \"dihyropterin oxidase,\" was also discovered and partially purified. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of dihydropterin compounds to the corresponding pterin compounds. For example, sepiapterin (a dihydroterin) is oxidized to oxidized sepiapterin in the presence of this enzyme. The only dihydropterin that has been tested that is not a substrate for this enzyme is dihydroneopterin triphosphate, the compound thought to be a precursor for all naturally occurring pterins and dihydropterins. Since the action of dihydropterin oxidase is reduced significantly when the concentration of oxygen is very low, it is likely that this enzyme uses molecular oxygen as the oxidizing agent during the oxidation of dihydropterins. Neither NAD+ or NADP+ is required. In the presence of the two enzymes dihydropterin oxidase and biopterin synthase, sepiapterin is converted to biopterin. However, in the presence of biopterin synthase alone, sepiapterin is converted to dihydrobiopterin.", "contents": "Partial purification and some properties of biopterin synthase and dihydropterin oxidase from Drosophila melanogaster. An enzyme which has been named \"biopterin synthase\" has been discovered in Drosophila melanogaster. This enzyme, which has been purified 200-fold from extracts of Drosophila, catalyzes the conversion of sepiapterin to dihydrobiopterin, or oxidized sepiapterin to biopterin. The Km values for the two substrates are 63 microM for sepiapterin and 10 microM for oxidized sepiapterin. NADPH is required in this enzymatic reaction. An analysis of enzyme activity during development in Drosophila indicates a correlation between enzyme activity and biopterin content at various development stages. Another enzyme, called \"dihyropterin oxidase,\" was also discovered and partially purified. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of dihydropterin compounds to the corresponding pterin compounds. For example, sepiapterin (a dihydroterin) is oxidized to oxidized sepiapterin in the presence of this enzyme. The only dihydropterin that has been tested that is not a substrate for this enzyme is dihydroneopterin triphosphate, the compound thought to be a precursor for all naturally occurring pterins and dihydropterins. Since the action of dihydropterin oxidase is reduced significantly when the concentration of oxygen is very low, it is likely that this enzyme uses molecular oxygen as the oxidizing agent during the oxidation of dihydropterins. Neither NAD+ or NADP+ is required. In the presence of the two enzymes dihydropterin oxidase and biopterin synthase, sepiapterin is converted to biopterin. However, in the presence of biopterin synthase alone, sepiapterin is converted to dihydrobiopterin.", "PMID": 114164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11106", "title": "Purification and properties of the enzymes from Drosophila melanogaster that catalyze the synthesis of sepiapterin from dihydroneopterin triphosphate.", "content": "Sepiapterin synthase, the enzyme system responsible for the synthesis of sepiapterin from dihydroneopterin triphosphate, has been partially purified from extracts of the heads of young adult fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The sepiapterin synthase system consists of two components, termed \"enzyme A\" (MW 82,000) and \"enzyme B\" (MW 36,000). Some of the properties of the enzyme system are as follows: NADPH and a divalent cation, supplied most effectively as MgCl2, are required for activity; optimal activity occurs are pH 7.4 and 30 C; the Km for dihydroneopterin triphosphate is 10 microM; and a number of unconjugated pterins, including biopterin and sepiapterin, are inhibitory. Dihydroneopterin cannot be used as substrate in place of dihydroneopterin triphosphate. Evidence is presented in support of a proposed reaction mechanism for the enzymatic conversion of dihydroneopterin triphosphate to sepiapterin in which enzyme A catalyzes the production of a labile intermediate by nonhydrolytic elimination of the phosphates of dihydroneopterin triphosphate, and enzyme B catalyzes the conversion of this intermediate, in the presence of NADPH, to sepiapterin. An analysis of the activity of sepiapterin synthase during development in Drosophila revealed the presence of a small amount of activity in eggs and young larvae and a much larger amount in late pupae and young adults. Sepiapterin synthase activity during development corresponds with the appearance of sepiapterin in the flies. Of a variety of eye color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster tested for sepiapterin synthase activity, only purple (pr) flies contained activity that was significantly lower than that found in the wild-type flies (22% of the wild-type activity). Further studies indicated that the amount of enzyme A activity is low in purple flies, whereas the amount of enzyme B activity is equal to that present in wild-type flies.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the enzymes from Drosophila melanogaster that catalyze the synthesis of sepiapterin from dihydroneopterin triphosphate. Sepiapterin synthase, the enzyme system responsible for the synthesis of sepiapterin from dihydroneopterin triphosphate, has been partially purified from extracts of the heads of young adult fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The sepiapterin synthase system consists of two components, termed \"enzyme A\" (MW 82,000) and \"enzyme B\" (MW 36,000). Some of the properties of the enzyme system are as follows: NADPH and a divalent cation, supplied most effectively as MgCl2, are required for activity; optimal activity occurs are pH 7.4 and 30 C; the Km for dihydroneopterin triphosphate is 10 microM; and a number of unconjugated pterins, including biopterin and sepiapterin, are inhibitory. Dihydroneopterin cannot be used as substrate in place of dihydroneopterin triphosphate. Evidence is presented in support of a proposed reaction mechanism for the enzymatic conversion of dihydroneopterin triphosphate to sepiapterin in which enzyme A catalyzes the production of a labile intermediate by nonhydrolytic elimination of the phosphates of dihydroneopterin triphosphate, and enzyme B catalyzes the conversion of this intermediate, in the presence of NADPH, to sepiapterin. An analysis of the activity of sepiapterin synthase during development in Drosophila revealed the presence of a small amount of activity in eggs and young larvae and a much larger amount in late pupae and young adults. Sepiapterin synthase activity during development corresponds with the appearance of sepiapterin in the flies. Of a variety of eye color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster tested for sepiapterin synthase activity, only purple (pr) flies contained activity that was significantly lower than that found in the wild-type flies (22% of the wild-type activity). Further studies indicated that the amount of enzyme A activity is low in purple flies, whereas the amount of enzyme B activity is equal to that present in wild-type flies.", "PMID": 114165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11107", "title": "Intracellular serine proteinase of Bacillus subtilis strain Marburg 168. Comparison with the homologous enzyme from Bacillus subtilis strain A-50.", "content": "Intracellular serine proteinase was isolated from sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis Marburg 168 by gramicidin S-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The enzymological characteristics, the amino acid composition and the 19 residues of the N-terminal sequence of the enzyme are reported. The isolated proteinase was closely related to, but not completely identical with, the intracellular serine proteinase of B. subtilis A-50. The divergence between these two intracellular enzymes was less than that between the corresponding extracellular serine proteinases (subtilisins) of types Carlsberg and BPN', produced by these bacterial strains. This may be connected with the more strict selection constraints imposed in intracellular enzymes during evolution.", "contents": "Intracellular serine proteinase of Bacillus subtilis strain Marburg 168. Comparison with the homologous enzyme from Bacillus subtilis strain A-50. Intracellular serine proteinase was isolated from sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis Marburg 168 by gramicidin S-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The enzymological characteristics, the amino acid composition and the 19 residues of the N-terminal sequence of the enzyme are reported. The isolated proteinase was closely related to, but not completely identical with, the intracellular serine proteinase of B. subtilis A-50. The divergence between these two intracellular enzymes was less than that between the corresponding extracellular serine proteinases (subtilisins) of types Carlsberg and BPN', produced by these bacterial strains. This may be connected with the more strict selection constraints imposed in intracellular enzymes during evolution.", "PMID": 114166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11108", "title": "Altered sexual differentiation of hepatic uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase by neonatal hormone treatment in rats.", "content": "The hepatic microsomal enzyme UDP-glucuronyltransferase undergoes a complex developmental pattern in which enzyme activity is first detectable on the 18th day of gestation in rats. Prepubertal activities are similar for males and females. However, postpubertal sexual differentiation of enzyme activity occurs in which male activities are twice those of females. Neonatal administration of testosterone propionate or diethylstilboestrol to intact animals resulted in lowered UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in liver microsomal fractions of adult male rats, whereas no changes were observed in the adult females and prepubertal male and female animals. Neonatal administration of testosterone propionate and diethylstilboestrol adversely affected male reproductive-tract development as evidenced by decreased weights of testes, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate. Diethylstilboestrol also markedly decreased spermatogenesis. Hypophysectomy of adult male rats resulted in negative modulation of microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase and prevented the sexual differentiation of enzyme activity. In contrast hypophysectomy had no effect on female UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity. A pituitary transplant under the kidney capsule was not capable of reversing the enzyme effects of hypophysectomy, therefore suggesting that the male pituitary factor(s) responsible for positive modulation of UDP-glucuronyltransferase might be under hypothalamic control in the form of a releasing factor. Neonatal testosterone propionate and diethylstilboestrol administration apparently interfered with the normal sequence of postpubertal UDP-glucuronyltransferase sexual differentiation.", "contents": "Altered sexual differentiation of hepatic uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase by neonatal hormone treatment in rats. The hepatic microsomal enzyme UDP-glucuronyltransferase undergoes a complex developmental pattern in which enzyme activity is first detectable on the 18th day of gestation in rats. Prepubertal activities are similar for males and females. However, postpubertal sexual differentiation of enzyme activity occurs in which male activities are twice those of females. Neonatal administration of testosterone propionate or diethylstilboestrol to intact animals resulted in lowered UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in liver microsomal fractions of adult male rats, whereas no changes were observed in the adult females and prepubertal male and female animals. Neonatal administration of testosterone propionate and diethylstilboestrol adversely affected male reproductive-tract development as evidenced by decreased weights of testes, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate. Diethylstilboestrol also markedly decreased spermatogenesis. Hypophysectomy of adult male rats resulted in negative modulation of microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase and prevented the sexual differentiation of enzyme activity. In contrast hypophysectomy had no effect on female UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity. A pituitary transplant under the kidney capsule was not capable of reversing the enzyme effects of hypophysectomy, therefore suggesting that the male pituitary factor(s) responsible for positive modulation of UDP-glucuronyltransferase might be under hypothalamic control in the form of a releasing factor. Neonatal testosterone propionate and diethylstilboestrol administration apparently interfered with the normal sequence of postpubertal UDP-glucuronyltransferase sexual differentiation.", "PMID": 114167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11109", "title": "Interactions of small molecules with phospholipid bilayers. Binding to egg phosphatidylcholine of some uncharged molecules (2-acetylaminofluorene, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, oestrone and testosterone) that bind to ligandin and aminoazo-dye-binding protein A.", "content": "1. To assess the possible involvement of ligandin and aminoazo-dye-binding protein A in intracellular transport it is necessary to know how their ligands, most of which are molecules with hydrophobic moieties, interact with cellular membranes. To obtain such information we have examined the interactions of 2-acetylaminofluorene, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, oestrone and testosterone with aqueous dispersions of egg phosphatidylcholine and egg phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol (1:1, molar ratio) by equilibrium dialysis and spectrophotometry. 2. At 25 degrees C and pH7.4, the partition coefficients for binding to phosphatidylcholine [expressed as (mol of ligand bound/mol of phosphatidylcholine)/unbound ligand concentration] were: for 2-acetylaminofluorene, 5.0x10(3) litre.mol(-1); for 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, 2.1x10(4) litre.mol(-1); for oestrone, 3.1x10(3) litre.mol(-1); and for testosterone, 4.2x10(2) litre.mol(-1). In the ranges studied these values were independent of concentration. The results for the two steroids confirm those of Heap, Symons & Watkins [(1970) Biochim. Biophys. Acta218, 482-495]. 3. The introduction of cholesterol into the lipid bilayers caused large decreases in the partition coefficients of oestrone and testosterone, but had relatively little effect on the binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. 4. By assuming that the interactions with egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers resemble those with the phospholipid components of mammalian intracellular membranes the phosphatidylcholine partition coefficients, together with data for binding to the intracellular proteins ligandin and aminoazo-dye-binding protein A, enable the subcellular distributions of the four compounds to be estimated. For the rat hepatocyte up to 98, 99, 89 and 58% of the total 2-acetylaminofluorene, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, oestrone and testosterone respectively may be membrane-bound.", "contents": "Interactions of small molecules with phospholipid bilayers. Binding to egg phosphatidylcholine of some uncharged molecules (2-acetylaminofluorene, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, oestrone and testosterone) that bind to ligandin and aminoazo-dye-binding protein A. 1. To assess the possible involvement of ligandin and aminoazo-dye-binding protein A in intracellular transport it is necessary to know how their ligands, most of which are molecules with hydrophobic moieties, interact with cellular membranes. To obtain such information we have examined the interactions of 2-acetylaminofluorene, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, oestrone and testosterone with aqueous dispersions of egg phosphatidylcholine and egg phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol (1:1, molar ratio) by equilibrium dialysis and spectrophotometry. 2. At 25 degrees C and pH7.4, the partition coefficients for binding to phosphatidylcholine [expressed as (mol of ligand bound/mol of phosphatidylcholine)/unbound ligand concentration] were: for 2-acetylaminofluorene, 5.0x10(3) litre.mol(-1); for 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, 2.1x10(4) litre.mol(-1); for oestrone, 3.1x10(3) litre.mol(-1); and for testosterone, 4.2x10(2) litre.mol(-1). In the ranges studied these values were independent of concentration. The results for the two steroids confirm those of Heap, Symons & Watkins [(1970) Biochim. Biophys. Acta218, 482-495]. 3. The introduction of cholesterol into the lipid bilayers caused large decreases in the partition coefficients of oestrone and testosterone, but had relatively little effect on the binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. 4. By assuming that the interactions with egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers resemble those with the phospholipid components of mammalian intracellular membranes the phosphatidylcholine partition coefficients, together with data for binding to the intracellular proteins ligandin and aminoazo-dye-binding protein A, enable the subcellular distributions of the four compounds to be estimated. For the rat hepatocyte up to 98, 99, 89 and 58% of the total 2-acetylaminofluorene, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, oestrone and testosterone respectively may be membrane-bound.", "PMID": 114168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11110", "title": "Glycogen synthesis by rat hepatocytes.", "content": "1. Hepatocytes from starved rats or fed rats whose glycogen content was previously depleted by phlorrhizin or by glucagon injections, form glycogen at rapid rates when incubated with 10mM-glucose, gluconeogenic precursors (lactate, glycerol, fructose etc.) and glutamine. There is a net synthesis of glucose and glycogen. 14C from all three types of substrate is incorporated into glycogen, but the incorporation from glucose represents exchange of carbon atoms, rather than net incorporation. 14C incorporation does not serve to measure net glycogen synthesis from any one substrate. 2. With glucose as sole substrate net glucose uptake and glycogen deposition commences at concentrations of about 12--15mM. Glycogen synthesis increases with glucose concentrations attaining maximal values at 50--60mM, when it is similar to that obtained in the presence of 10mM glucose and lactate plus glutamine. 3. The activities of the active (a) and total (a+b) forms of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase were monitored concomitant with glycogen synthesis. Total synthase was not constant during a 1 h incubation period. Total and active synthase activity increased in parallel with glycogen synthesis. 4. Glycogen phosphorylase was assayed in two directions, by conversion of glycose 1-phosphate into glycogen and by the phosphorylation of glycogen. Total phosphorylase was assyed in the presence of AMP or after conversion into the phosphorylated form by phosphorylase kinase. Results obtained by the various methods were compared. Although the rates measured by the procedures differ, the pattern of change during incubation was much the same. Total phosphorylase was not constant. 5. The amounts of active and total phosphorylase were highest in the washed cell pellet. Incubation in an oxygenated medium, with or without substrates, caused a prompt and pronounced decline in the assayed amounts of active and total enzyme. There was no correlation between phosphorylase activity and glycogen synthesis from gluconeogenic substrates. With fructose, active and total phosphorylase activities increased during glycogen syntheses. 6. In glycogen synthesis from glucose as sole substrate there was a decline in phosphorylase activities with increased glucose concentration and increased rates of glycogen deposition. The decrease was marked in cells from fed rats. 7. To determine whether phosphorolysis and glycogen synthesis occur concurrently, glycogen was prelabelled with [2-3H,1-14C]-galactose. During subsequent glycogen deposition there was no loss of activity from glycogen in spite of high amounts of assayable active phosphorylase.", "contents": "Glycogen synthesis by rat hepatocytes. 1. Hepatocytes from starved rats or fed rats whose glycogen content was previously depleted by phlorrhizin or by glucagon injections, form glycogen at rapid rates when incubated with 10mM-glucose, gluconeogenic precursors (lactate, glycerol, fructose etc.) and glutamine. There is a net synthesis of glucose and glycogen. 14C from all three types of substrate is incorporated into glycogen, but the incorporation from glucose represents exchange of carbon atoms, rather than net incorporation. 14C incorporation does not serve to measure net glycogen synthesis from any one substrate. 2. With glucose as sole substrate net glucose uptake and glycogen deposition commences at concentrations of about 12--15mM. Glycogen synthesis increases with glucose concentrations attaining maximal values at 50--60mM, when it is similar to that obtained in the presence of 10mM glucose and lactate plus glutamine. 3. The activities of the active (a) and total (a+b) forms of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase were monitored concomitant with glycogen synthesis. Total synthase was not constant during a 1 h incubation period. Total and active synthase activity increased in parallel with glycogen synthesis. 4. Glycogen phosphorylase was assayed in two directions, by conversion of glycose 1-phosphate into glycogen and by the phosphorylation of glycogen. Total phosphorylase was assyed in the presence of AMP or after conversion into the phosphorylated form by phosphorylase kinase. Results obtained by the various methods were compared. Although the rates measured by the procedures differ, the pattern of change during incubation was much the same. Total phosphorylase was not constant. 5. The amounts of active and total phosphorylase were highest in the washed cell pellet. Incubation in an oxygenated medium, with or without substrates, caused a prompt and pronounced decline in the assayed amounts of active and total enzyme. There was no correlation between phosphorylase activity and glycogen synthesis from gluconeogenic substrates. With fructose, active and total phosphorylase activities increased during glycogen syntheses. 6. In glycogen synthesis from glucose as sole substrate there was a decline in phosphorylase activities with increased glucose concentration and increased rates of glycogen deposition. The decrease was marked in cells from fed rats. 7. To determine whether phosphorolysis and glycogen synthesis occur concurrently, glycogen was prelabelled with [2-3H,1-14C]-galactose. During subsequent glycogen deposition there was no loss of activity from glycogen in spite of high amounts of assayable active phosphorylase.", "PMID": 114169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11111", "title": "Recognition of human urine alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by rat hepatocytes. Involvement of receptors specific for galactose, mannose 6-phosphate and mannose.", "content": "Adsorptive endocytosis of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase from human urine by isolated rat hepatocytes is inhibited by glycoproteins, polysaccharides and sugars that are known to bind to cell-surface receptors specific for either terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine residues, terminal mannose residues or mannose 6-phosphate residues. Recognition of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by a cell-surface receptor specific for terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine residues is supported by the observations (a) that neuraminidase pretreatment of the enzyme enhances endocytosis, (b) that beta-galactosidase treatment decreases endocytosis and (c) that neuraminidase pretreatment of hepatocytes decreases alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase endocytosis. Recognition of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase via receptors recognizing mannose 6-phosphate residues is lost after treatment of the enzyme with alkaline phosphatase and endoglucosaminidase H. The effect of endoglucosaminidase H supports the view that the mannose 6-phosphate residues reside in N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharide side chains of the high-mannose type. The weak inhibition of endocytosis produced by compounds known to interact with cell-surface receptors specific for mannose residues suggests that this recognition system plays only a minor role in the endocytosis of lysosomal alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by hepatocytes.", "contents": "Recognition of human urine alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by rat hepatocytes. Involvement of receptors specific for galactose, mannose 6-phosphate and mannose. Adsorptive endocytosis of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase from human urine by isolated rat hepatocytes is inhibited by glycoproteins, polysaccharides and sugars that are known to bind to cell-surface receptors specific for either terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine residues, terminal mannose residues or mannose 6-phosphate residues. Recognition of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by a cell-surface receptor specific for terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine residues is supported by the observations (a) that neuraminidase pretreatment of the enzyme enhances endocytosis, (b) that beta-galactosidase treatment decreases endocytosis and (c) that neuraminidase pretreatment of hepatocytes decreases alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase endocytosis. Recognition of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase via receptors recognizing mannose 6-phosphate residues is lost after treatment of the enzyme with alkaline phosphatase and endoglucosaminidase H. The effect of endoglucosaminidase H supports the view that the mannose 6-phosphate residues reside in N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharide side chains of the high-mannose type. The weak inhibition of endocytosis produced by compounds known to interact with cell-surface receptors specific for mannose residues suggests that this recognition system plays only a minor role in the endocytosis of lysosomal alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by hepatocytes.", "PMID": 114170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11112", "title": "Assay of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate in hepatic tissues.", "content": "A fluorimetric assay, based on the ability of boiled hepatic extracts to support the sulphO-conjugation of harmol, was used to demonstrate and quantify PAdoPS (adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate) present in liver. A stoicheiometric relationship was established between the sulphate conjugate formed and the 'active sulphate' utilized. Guinea-pig, rat, mouse and rabbit livers contain 3.3, 2.9, 0.8 and 0.5 mumol of PAdoPS/100 G wet wt. respectively.", "contents": "Assay of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate in hepatic tissues. A fluorimetric assay, based on the ability of boiled hepatic extracts to support the sulphO-conjugation of harmol, was used to demonstrate and quantify PAdoPS (adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate) present in liver. A stoicheiometric relationship was established between the sulphate conjugate formed and the 'active sulphate' utilized. Guinea-pig, rat, mouse and rabbit livers contain 3.3, 2.9, 0.8 and 0.5 mumol of PAdoPS/100 G wet wt. respectively.", "PMID": 114171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11113", "title": "Immunochemical characterization of monoamine oxidase from human liver, placenta, platelets and brain cortex.", "content": "1. Antiserum raised to purified human liver monoamine oxidase was used to characterize the monoamine oxidase from human liver, brain cortex, placenta and platelets. 2. Antibodies to monoamine oxidase were purified by adsorption with a mitochondrial preparation. 3. Monoamine oxidase was present in liver particle-free supernatant as measured by enzyme activity and immunodiffusion. 4. Multiple precipitin lines were obtained on immunodiffusion analysis against the purified liver enzyme. It is proposed that this is due to either aggregation or to differential lipid binding. 5. The results suggest that the functionally different enzymes found in liver, brain cortex, platelets and placenta are immunochemically related and may be identical.", "contents": "Immunochemical characterization of monoamine oxidase from human liver, placenta, platelets and brain cortex. 1. Antiserum raised to purified human liver monoamine oxidase was used to characterize the monoamine oxidase from human liver, brain cortex, placenta and platelets. 2. Antibodies to monoamine oxidase were purified by adsorption with a mitochondrial preparation. 3. Monoamine oxidase was present in liver particle-free supernatant as measured by enzyme activity and immunodiffusion. 4. Multiple precipitin lines were obtained on immunodiffusion analysis against the purified liver enzyme. It is proposed that this is due to either aggregation or to differential lipid binding. 5. The results suggest that the functionally different enzymes found in liver, brain cortex, platelets and placenta are immunochemically related and may be identical.", "PMID": 114172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11114", "title": "Biosynthesis of proline in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Properties of gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase.", "content": "gamma-Glutamyl phosphate reductase, the second enzyme of proline biosynthesis, catalyses the formation of l-glutamic acid 5-semialdehyde from gamma-glutamyl phosphate with NAD(P)H as cofactor. It was purified 150-fold from crude extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 1 by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and hydroxyapatite adsorption chromatography. The partially purified preparation, when assayed in the reverse of the biosynthetic direction, utilized l-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid as substrate and reduced NAD(P)(+). The apparent K(m) values were: NAD(+), 0.36mm; NADP(+), 0.31mm; l-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, 4mm with NADP(+) and 8mm with NAD(+); P(i), 28mm. 3-(Phosphonoacetylamido)-l-alanine, a structural analogue of gamma-glutamyl phosphate, inhibited this enzyme competitively (K(i)=7mm). 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (EC 1.5.1.2), the third enzyme of proline biosynthesis, was purified 56-fold by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) fractionation, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. It reduced l-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate with NAD(P)H as a cofactor to l-proline. NADH (K(m)=0.05mm) was a better substrate than NADPH (K(m)=0.02mm). The apparent K(m) values for l-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate were 0.12mm with NADPH and 0.09mm with NADH. The 3-acetylpyridine analogue of NAD(+) at 2mm caused 95% inhibition of the enzyme, which was also inhibited by thio-NAD(P)(+), heavy-metal ions and thiol-blocking reagents. In cells of strain PAO 1 grown on a proline-medium the activity of gamma-glutamyl kinase and gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase was about 40% lower than in cells grown on a glutamate medium. No repressive effect of proline on 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase was observed.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of proline in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Properties of gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. gamma-Glutamyl phosphate reductase, the second enzyme of proline biosynthesis, catalyses the formation of l-glutamic acid 5-semialdehyde from gamma-glutamyl phosphate with NAD(P)H as cofactor. It was purified 150-fold from crude extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 1 by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and hydroxyapatite adsorption chromatography. The partially purified preparation, when assayed in the reverse of the biosynthetic direction, utilized l-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid as substrate and reduced NAD(P)(+). The apparent K(m) values were: NAD(+), 0.36mm; NADP(+), 0.31mm; l-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, 4mm with NADP(+) and 8mm with NAD(+); P(i), 28mm. 3-(Phosphonoacetylamido)-l-alanine, a structural analogue of gamma-glutamyl phosphate, inhibited this enzyme competitively (K(i)=7mm). 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (EC 1.5.1.2), the third enzyme of proline biosynthesis, was purified 56-fold by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) fractionation, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. It reduced l-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate with NAD(P)H as a cofactor to l-proline. NADH (K(m)=0.05mm) was a better substrate than NADPH (K(m)=0.02mm). The apparent K(m) values for l-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate were 0.12mm with NADPH and 0.09mm with NADH. The 3-acetylpyridine analogue of NAD(+) at 2mm caused 95% inhibition of the enzyme, which was also inhibited by thio-NAD(P)(+), heavy-metal ions and thiol-blocking reagents. In cells of strain PAO 1 grown on a proline-medium the activity of gamma-glutamyl kinase and gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase was about 40% lower than in cells grown on a glutamate medium. No repressive effect of proline on 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase was observed.", "PMID": 114173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11115", "title": "The chemical composition and stability of bacillomycin S.", "content": "Bacillomycin S, an antifungal antibiotic from culture filtrates of Bacillus subtilis, was shown to consist of proteinaceous matter (83.6 g/100 g) and lipid material (16 g/100 g). The amino acid and fatty acid components were determined qualitatively and quantitatively. It was shown that bacillomycin S is stable at physiological pH and it is suggested that its antifungal activity resides in the intact molecule.", "contents": "The chemical composition and stability of bacillomycin S. Bacillomycin S, an antifungal antibiotic from culture filtrates of Bacillus subtilis, was shown to consist of proteinaceous matter (83.6 g/100 g) and lipid material (16 g/100 g). The amino acid and fatty acid components were determined qualitatively and quantitatively. It was shown that bacillomycin S is stable at physiological pH and it is suggested that its antifungal activity resides in the intact molecule.", "PMID": 114184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11116", "title": "Pharmacological studies on 3-[gamma-(p-fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1-(H)-pyrazino (1,2-a) quinoline (compound 69/183). Part I: Hypotensive activity.", "content": "3-[gamma-(p-Fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1-(H)-pyrazinol(1,2-a)quinoline (compound 69/183, centpyraquin) has been found to possess promising hypotensive activity in anaesthetised cat, dog and monkey- It also lowers the blood pressure of unanaesthetised cat, dog and hypertensive rat. The effective doses are between 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg in all the species except rat, in which doses of 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg are effective. The compound potentiates epinephrine and norepinephrine pressor responses but inhibits carotid occlusion, tyramine and DMPP induced pressor responses. The contraction of the nictitating membrane due to pre- as well as post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve stimulation is blocked equally. In mice the compound produces ptosis which is antagonised by N-benzyl-N-methylguanidine. Localisation of the compound either to the superior cervical ganglion of cat or to the central cardiovascular loci has no effect on the activities of either of them. No evidence of an initial catecholamine release by the compound could be obtained. It has weak smooth muscle relaxant activity. The mechanism of hypotensive action seems to be the blockade of adrenergic neurones along with direct smooth muscle relaxation.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on 3-[gamma-(p-fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1-(H)-pyrazino (1,2-a) quinoline (compound 69/183). Part I: Hypotensive activity. 3-[gamma-(p-Fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1-(H)-pyrazinol(1,2-a)quinoline (compound 69/183, centpyraquin) has been found to possess promising hypotensive activity in anaesthetised cat, dog and monkey- It also lowers the blood pressure of unanaesthetised cat, dog and hypertensive rat. The effective doses are between 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg in all the species except rat, in which doses of 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg are effective. The compound potentiates epinephrine and norepinephrine pressor responses but inhibits carotid occlusion, tyramine and DMPP induced pressor responses. The contraction of the nictitating membrane due to pre- as well as post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve stimulation is blocked equally. In mice the compound produces ptosis which is antagonised by N-benzyl-N-methylguanidine. Localisation of the compound either to the superior cervical ganglion of cat or to the central cardiovascular loci has no effect on the activities of either of them. No evidence of an initial catecholamine release by the compound could be obtained. It has weak smooth muscle relaxant activity. The mechanism of hypotensive action seems to be the blockade of adrenergic neurones along with direct smooth muscle relaxation.", "PMID": 114185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11117", "title": "Pharmacological investigations on asclepin--a new cardenolide from Asclepius curassavica. Part I: Cardiotonic activity and acute toxicity.", "content": "3'-O-Acetylcalotropin (asclepin), a new glycoside was evaluated for its cardiotonic activity by various in vitro and in vivo procedures in cat, guinea pig, dog, monkey, pigeon and mouse. It was found to posses the properties of a cardenolide. It was more potent than digoxin and had a wider safety margin. It increased the myocardial contractility both in normal and hypodynamic heart muscles.", "contents": "Pharmacological investigations on asclepin--a new cardenolide from Asclepius curassavica. Part I: Cardiotonic activity and acute toxicity. 3'-O-Acetylcalotropin (asclepin), a new glycoside was evaluated for its cardiotonic activity by various in vitro and in vivo procedures in cat, guinea pig, dog, monkey, pigeon and mouse. It was found to posses the properties of a cardenolide. It was more potent than digoxin and had a wider safety margin. It increased the myocardial contractility both in normal and hypodynamic heart muscles.", "PMID": 114186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11118", "title": "Investigations on antibacterial activity of cefazedone against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The sensitivity of 67 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from 1977 to 1978 were tested against the new cephalosporin derivative (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen). All strains including three penicillin-resistant beta-lactamase producing Neisseria were sensitive at a range of 0.0078 to 2.0 micrograms/ml cefazedone.", "contents": "Investigations on antibacterial activity of cefazedone against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The sensitivity of 67 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from 1977 to 1978 were tested against the new cephalosporin derivative (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen). All strains including three penicillin-resistant beta-lactamase producing Neisseria were sensitive at a range of 0.0078 to 2.0 micrograms/ml cefazedone.", "PMID": 114187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11119", "title": "Pharmacological studies on a new thymoleptic antidepressant, 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-5-methyl-3-phenyl-1H-indazole (FS-32).", "content": "Some pharmacological actions of 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-5-methyl-3-phenyl-1H-indazole (FS-32), a newly synthesized indazole derivative, were investigated in comparison with imipramine. FS-32 showed anti-reserpine activity in a dose-dependent manner, whereas imipramine exhibited a bell-shaped dose-response pattern. Catecholaminergic potentiation was demonstrated with FS-32. The results obtained from a norepinephrine potentiation test in vitro suggest that FS-32 may act in a manner qualitatively different from the tricyclic antidepressant. FS-32 produced a definite suppressive effect on isolation-induced fighting without affecting coordinated motor activity and on the duration of afterdischarge elicited by electrical stimulation to the amygdala or the hippocampus without producing a slow wave pattern in the EEG. Similar effects on fighting behavior and the afterdischarge were shown under imipramine with a slight motor incoordination and with a slow wave pattern, respectively. FS-32 produced practically no peripheral anti-cholinergic action, while it antagonized central cholinergic activity. FS-32 tended to produce an increase in chatecholamine content in the brain without MAO or COMT inhibitory activity. Norepinephrine uptake was inhibited by FS-32, but less than by imipramine. These pharmacological properties suggest a potential clinical utility of FS-32 as an antidepressant possessing thymoleptic activities.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on a new thymoleptic antidepressant, 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-5-methyl-3-phenyl-1H-indazole (FS-32). Some pharmacological actions of 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-5-methyl-3-phenyl-1H-indazole (FS-32), a newly synthesized indazole derivative, were investigated in comparison with imipramine. FS-32 showed anti-reserpine activity in a dose-dependent manner, whereas imipramine exhibited a bell-shaped dose-response pattern. Catecholaminergic potentiation was demonstrated with FS-32. The results obtained from a norepinephrine potentiation test in vitro suggest that FS-32 may act in a manner qualitatively different from the tricyclic antidepressant. FS-32 produced a definite suppressive effect on isolation-induced fighting without affecting coordinated motor activity and on the duration of afterdischarge elicited by electrical stimulation to the amygdala or the hippocampus without producing a slow wave pattern in the EEG. Similar effects on fighting behavior and the afterdischarge were shown under imipramine with a slight motor incoordination and with a slow wave pattern, respectively. FS-32 produced practically no peripheral anti-cholinergic action, while it antagonized central cholinergic activity. FS-32 tended to produce an increase in chatecholamine content in the brain without MAO or COMT inhibitory activity. Norepinephrine uptake was inhibited by FS-32, but less than by imipramine. These pharmacological properties suggest a potential clinical utility of FS-32 as an antidepressant possessing thymoleptic activities.", "PMID": 114190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11120", "title": "Correlation between antiinflammatory activity and inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis induced by various non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents.", "content": "The effect of several non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (some of them original from our laboratory) on prostaglandin biosynthesis in guinea pig lung (biological method) and in bovine seminal vesicles (spectrophotometric method) has been studied. When this effect is compared with the in vivo antiinflammatory activity determined in the rat carragenin foot edema and with the recommended clinical daily dose in rheumatoid arthritis, a good correlation between these properties was observed. Only mefenamic acid showed a clear discordance. The experience shows that inhibitory effect of antiinflammatory drugs on prostaglandin synthetase in vitro may be used to predict, in most cases, their antiinflammatory activity in vivo in the pharmacological screening of the new compounds. Structure-activity relationship in the UR-series is also discussed.", "contents": "Correlation between antiinflammatory activity and inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis induced by various non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents. The effect of several non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (some of them original from our laboratory) on prostaglandin biosynthesis in guinea pig lung (biological method) and in bovine seminal vesicles (spectrophotometric method) has been studied. When this effect is compared with the in vivo antiinflammatory activity determined in the rat carragenin foot edema and with the recommended clinical daily dose in rheumatoid arthritis, a good correlation between these properties was observed. Only mefenamic acid showed a clear discordance. The experience shows that inhibitory effect of antiinflammatory drugs on prostaglandin synthetase in vitro may be used to predict, in most cases, their antiinflammatory activity in vivo in the pharmacological screening of the new compounds. Structure-activity relationship in the UR-series is also discussed.", "PMID": 114191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11121", "title": "Acrolein, the causative factor of urotoxic side-effects of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, trofosfamide and sufosfamide.", "content": "The urotoxicity of oxazaphosphorine cytostatics is not based on their alkylating activity but on the presence of acrolein, which is spontaneously formed in the urine from the primary metabolites eliminated via the kidneys. Thus, acrolein proved to be the causative factor in the urotoxicity of oxazaphosphorines. The mechanism of action of the uroprotector sodium 2-mercaptoethane-sulfonate (mesnum, Mitexan) is mainly based on the formation of a non-toxic additive compound with acrolein.", "contents": "Acrolein, the causative factor of urotoxic side-effects of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, trofosfamide and sufosfamide. The urotoxicity of oxazaphosphorine cytostatics is not based on their alkylating activity but on the presence of acrolein, which is spontaneously formed in the urine from the primary metabolites eliminated via the kidneys. Thus, acrolein proved to be the causative factor in the urotoxicity of oxazaphosphorines. The mechanism of action of the uroprotector sodium 2-mercaptoethane-sulfonate (mesnum, Mitexan) is mainly based on the formation of a non-toxic additive compound with acrolein.", "PMID": 114192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11122", "title": "[Bioavailability and local anesthetic effect of the combination of tyrothricin, fomocain, diphenhydramine and 8-hydroxyquinoline in a gel preparation for burns and wounds].", "content": "The biological availability was investigated of diphenhydramine and fomocaine, two of the active principles of the new formulation \"Herit\" used as a jelly against burns and small wounds. Fomocaine and diphenhydramine penetrate deeply into stratum corneum. The addition of fomocaine guarantees a quick pain relieving effect on the damaged skin. The jelly does not retain diphenhydramine and fomocaine.", "contents": "[Bioavailability and local anesthetic effect of the combination of tyrothricin, fomocain, diphenhydramine and 8-hydroxyquinoline in a gel preparation for burns and wounds]. The biological availability was investigated of diphenhydramine and fomocaine, two of the active principles of the new formulation \"Herit\" used as a jelly against burns and small wounds. Fomocaine and diphenhydramine penetrate deeply into stratum corneum. The addition of fomocaine guarantees a quick pain relieving effect on the damaged skin. The jelly does not retain diphenhydramine and fomocaine.", "PMID": 114193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11123", "title": "Varied effects of dietary sucrose and cholesterol on serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Serum lipid, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins and plasma insulin and glucose were studied in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) fed high sucrose diets (69%, w/w), with and without added cholesterol. When compared to basal diet, a high sucrose diet with no added cholesterol fed for 6 weeks increased serum total cholesterol and triglycerides by factors of 1.2 and 2.8, respectively. Cholesterol supplementation of sucrose diets increased the serum total cholesterol levels by a factor of 2.2 and decreased the serum triglycerides by 0.47. The serum cholesterol response to experimental diets was reflected predominantly in beta-lipoprotein and to a lesser extent in alpha-lipoprotein. Sucrose diets without cholesterol enriched the beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteins with triglycerides and protein at the expense of cholesterol. On the same diet, the protein content of alpha-lipoprotein increased at the expense of cholesterol and triglycerides. In contrast, dietary cholesterol decreased the triglyceride content and increased the cholesterol content of all the lipoprotein classes. Sucrose feeding seems to increase ApoB more than non-ApoB proteins. The proportion of ApoC-II relative to ApcoC-III increased in each animal on a sucrose diet; exogenous cholesterol further increased this trend. While sucrose diet decreased ApoA-I/ApoA-II ratios, cholesterol supplementation reversed this trend. Dietary sucrose increased the plasma glucose, insulin, and insulin-glucose ratios. The addition of cholesterol also tended to decrease plasma glucose and insulin levels. These observations indicate varied responses of serum lipoproteins and apoproteins to dietary sucrose with and without cholesterol supplementation.", "contents": "Varied effects of dietary sucrose and cholesterol on serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in rhesus monkeys. Serum lipid, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins and plasma insulin and glucose were studied in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) fed high sucrose diets (69%, w/w), with and without added cholesterol. When compared to basal diet, a high sucrose diet with no added cholesterol fed for 6 weeks increased serum total cholesterol and triglycerides by factors of 1.2 and 2.8, respectively. Cholesterol supplementation of sucrose diets increased the serum total cholesterol levels by a factor of 2.2 and decreased the serum triglycerides by 0.47. The serum cholesterol response to experimental diets was reflected predominantly in beta-lipoprotein and to a lesser extent in alpha-lipoprotein. Sucrose diets without cholesterol enriched the beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteins with triglycerides and protein at the expense of cholesterol. On the same diet, the protein content of alpha-lipoprotein increased at the expense of cholesterol and triglycerides. In contrast, dietary cholesterol decreased the triglyceride content and increased the cholesterol content of all the lipoprotein classes. Sucrose feeding seems to increase ApoB more than non-ApoB proteins. The proportion of ApoC-II relative to ApcoC-III increased in each animal on a sucrose diet; exogenous cholesterol further increased this trend. While sucrose diet decreased ApoA-I/ApoA-II ratios, cholesterol supplementation reversed this trend. Dietary sucrose increased the plasma glucose, insulin, and insulin-glucose ratios. The addition of cholesterol also tended to decrease plasma glucose and insulin levels. These observations indicate varied responses of serum lipoproteins and apoproteins to dietary sucrose with and without cholesterol supplementation.", "PMID": 114194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11124", "title": "Studies of ciliated epithelia of the human genital tract. 3: Mucociliary wave activity in organ cultures of human Fallopian tubes challenged with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and gonococcal endotoxin.", "content": "Quantative determinations of the mucociliary activity of human Fallopian tube epithelium maintained as organ cultures were performed using a light beam reflex method. In non-infected organ cultures the mucociliary wave (MCW) frequency slowly decreased during the first 54 hours of culture maintenance. In organ cultures experimentally infected with fresh isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae producing T1/T2 colonies the MCW frequency either decreased to subnormal values or completely ceased whereas in organ cultured infected with a laboratory-adapted gonococcal strain the MCW frequencies remained within normal range. In organ cultures exposed to gonococcal endotoxin prepared from the laboratory-adapted strain, as well as in cultures in which cell-free filtrates of medium from organ cultures infected with N. gonorrhoeae (producing T1/T2 colonies) were added to the culture medium, the ciliary activity decreased and subsequently ceased. The same phenomenon occurred when organ cultures were challenged with Escherichia coli endotoxin. The ciliostatic effect appeared before any morphological changes in the surface epithelium, including the cilia, were demonstrable by scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Studies of ciliated epithelia of the human genital tract. 3: Mucociliary wave activity in organ cultures of human Fallopian tubes challenged with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and gonococcal endotoxin. Quantative determinations of the mucociliary activity of human Fallopian tube epithelium maintained as organ cultures were performed using a light beam reflex method. In non-infected organ cultures the mucociliary wave (MCW) frequency slowly decreased during the first 54 hours of culture maintenance. In organ cultures experimentally infected with fresh isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae producing T1/T2 colonies the MCW frequency either decreased to subnormal values or completely ceased whereas in organ cultured infected with a laboratory-adapted gonococcal strain the MCW frequencies remained within normal range. In organ cultures exposed to gonococcal endotoxin prepared from the laboratory-adapted strain, as well as in cultures in which cell-free filtrates of medium from organ cultures infected with N. gonorrhoeae (producing T1/T2 colonies) were added to the culture medium, the ciliary activity decreased and subsequently ceased. The same phenomenon occurred when organ cultures were challenged with Escherichia coli endotoxin. The ciliostatic effect appeared before any morphological changes in the surface epithelium, including the cilia, were demonstrable by scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 114195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11125", "title": "Secretory antibody response of the cervix to infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Cervical secretions from 157 women were examined for antibody against Neisseria gonorrhoeae by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. Antigonococcal antibody was detected in 73 (97%) of 75 infected women, being of the IgG class in 73 (97%), of the IgA class in 71 (95%), and of the IgM class in 29 (39%). IgM antibody was nearly always associated with infections of less than 15 days' duration. Immunoglobulin G, reactive with N. gonorrhoeae, was found in 23 (33%) of 70 non-infected women; of these, 19 had non-gonococcal cervicitis. Neither IgA nor IgM antibodies were detected in these women. Antigonoccal IgA and IgG was found in each of 12 women who had no evidence of infection but were contacts of infected men. Successful treatment resulted in a rapid decline in IgA antibody activity but a more gradual decrease in IgG reactivity.", "contents": "Secretory antibody response of the cervix to infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Cervical secretions from 157 women were examined for antibody against Neisseria gonorrhoeae by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. Antigonococcal antibody was detected in 73 (97%) of 75 infected women, being of the IgG class in 73 (97%), of the IgA class in 71 (95%), and of the IgM class in 29 (39%). IgM antibody was nearly always associated with infections of less than 15 days' duration. Immunoglobulin G, reactive with N. gonorrhoeae, was found in 23 (33%) of 70 non-infected women; of these, 19 had non-gonococcal cervicitis. Neither IgA nor IgM antibodies were detected in these women. Antigonoccal IgA and IgG was found in each of 12 women who had no evidence of infection but were contacts of infected men. Successful treatment resulted in a rapid decline in IgA antibody activity but a more gradual decrease in IgG reactivity.", "PMID": 114196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11126", "title": "Evaluation of urethral culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the routine investigation of men attending a STD clinic.", "content": "Urethral gonorrhoea was diagnosed by culture in 957 (18.8%) of 5076 new male patients attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic; the infection was asymptomatic in 38 (4%) of these patients. The diagnosis in only six (0.3%) out of 2159 men with urethral gonorrhoea but with no symptoms or signs of urethritis would have been missed if urethral cultures had not been performed.", "contents": "Evaluation of urethral culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the routine investigation of men attending a STD clinic. Urethral gonorrhoea was diagnosed by culture in 957 (18.8%) of 5076 new male patients attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic; the infection was asymptomatic in 38 (4%) of these patients. The diagnosis in only six (0.3%) out of 2159 men with urethral gonorrhoea but with no symptoms or signs of urethritis would have been missed if urethral cultures had not been performed.", "PMID": 114197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11127", "title": "Double-blind comparison of two regimens in the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis. Seven-day vs 21-day course of triple tetracyclinc (Deteclo).", "content": "In a double-blind comparison of two regimens of triple tetracycline (Deteclo, Lederle) in the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis, 68 (88.6%) of 70 patients treated with one tablet twice for 21 days and seen four weeks after starting therapy had satisfactory results. This was significantly better than the findings among the 73 patients treated with one tablet twice daily for seven days and followed for four weeks, among whom only 47 (64.4%) had satisfactory results. Results were also better for the group treated with the 21-day regimen at three months afer the start of treatment. When analysed individually at four and 12 weeks, urethral discharge, urethral Gram-stained smears, and first-glass urine test all gave similar results, which were markedly better than those before treatment. It appears that the longer course of treatment it indicated where any regular partner may not be treated. Slightly fewer patients had satisfactory results among those who admitted consuming alcohol than among those who did not. Chlamydiae-negative patients, treated for seven days, had fewer clinically satisfactory results than other sub-groups.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of two regimens in the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis. Seven-day vs 21-day course of triple tetracyclinc (Deteclo). In a double-blind comparison of two regimens of triple tetracycline (Deteclo, Lederle) in the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis, 68 (88.6%) of 70 patients treated with one tablet twice for 21 days and seen four weeks after starting therapy had satisfactory results. This was significantly better than the findings among the 73 patients treated with one tablet twice daily for seven days and followed for four weeks, among whom only 47 (64.4%) had satisfactory results. Results were also better for the group treated with the 21-day regimen at three months afer the start of treatment. When analysed individually at four and 12 weeks, urethral discharge, urethral Gram-stained smears, and first-glass urine test all gave similar results, which were markedly better than those before treatment. It appears that the longer course of treatment it indicated where any regular partner may not be treated. Slightly fewer patients had satisfactory results among those who admitted consuming alcohol than among those who did not. Chlamydiae-negative patients, treated for seven days, had fewer clinically satisfactory results than other sub-groups.", "PMID": 114198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11128", "title": "[Behavior of some enzymes of nucleoside catabolism in circulating lymphocytes during paraproteinemia].", "content": "The circulating lymphocytes of 16 normal subjects and of 18 patients with paraproteinemia have been characterized by measuring the levels of ADA, AMPA, PNPase, CDA. The results obtained reveal a highly significant increase in PNPase of subjects affected by paraproteinemia as compared to that of normal subjects (p less than 0.005). The fact that the increased enzymatic levels are found mainly in patients not affected by Bence-Jones proteinuria seems to indicate that the evolution of the paraproteinemia disease is in some way related to the intralymphocyte levels of PNPase.", "contents": "[Behavior of some enzymes of nucleoside catabolism in circulating lymphocytes during paraproteinemia]. The circulating lymphocytes of 16 normal subjects and of 18 patients with paraproteinemia have been characterized by measuring the levels of ADA, AMPA, PNPase, CDA. The results obtained reveal a highly significant increase in PNPase of subjects affected by paraproteinemia as compared to that of normal subjects (p less than 0.005). The fact that the increased enzymatic levels are found mainly in patients not affected by Bence-Jones proteinuria seems to indicate that the evolution of the paraproteinemia disease is in some way related to the intralymphocyte levels of PNPase.", "PMID": 114199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11129", "title": "Comparison of mutagenesis and malignant transformation by dihydrodiols from benz[a]anthracene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.", "content": "Five dihydrodiols derived from benz[a]anthracene (BA) and 4 dihydrodiols derived from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) have been tested, together with the parent hydrocarbons, for their abilities to induce mutations to 8-azaguanine resistance in V79 (Chinese hamster cells and malignant transformation in M2 mouse fibroblasts. The syn- and anti-isomers of benz[a]anthracene 8,9-diol 10,11-oxide were also tested for biological activity in these two systems. The non-K-region 1,2- and 3,4-dihydrodiols of BA induced mutations but the non-K-region 8,9-dihydrodiol and the K-region 5,6-dihydrodiol were inactive as mutagens; none of these BA diols transformed M2 mouse fibroblasts. The 3,4- and the 8,9-dihydrodiols derived from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced mutations in V79 cells and malignant transformation in M2 mouse fibroblasts and both were more active than the hydrocarbon itself. The K-region 5,6-dihydrodiol and the non-K-region 10,11-dihydrodiol of DMBA were inactive in both test systems. The results are not inconsistent with other data suggesting that the metabolic activation of both BA and DMBA occurs through conversion of the respective 3,4-dihydrodiols into the related vicinal diol-epoxides, although other dihydrodiols may also be involved in vivo. Both the BA diol-epoxides tested were mutagenic, but although the anti-isomer transformed M2 fibroblasts, the syn-isomer was inactive.", "contents": "Comparison of mutagenesis and malignant transformation by dihydrodiols from benz[a]anthracene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Five dihydrodiols derived from benz[a]anthracene (BA) and 4 dihydrodiols derived from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) have been tested, together with the parent hydrocarbons, for their abilities to induce mutations to 8-azaguanine resistance in V79 (Chinese hamster cells and malignant transformation in M2 mouse fibroblasts. The syn- and anti-isomers of benz[a]anthracene 8,9-diol 10,11-oxide were also tested for biological activity in these two systems. The non-K-region 1,2- and 3,4-dihydrodiols of BA induced mutations but the non-K-region 8,9-dihydrodiol and the K-region 5,6-dihydrodiol were inactive as mutagens; none of these BA diols transformed M2 mouse fibroblasts. The 3,4- and the 8,9-dihydrodiols derived from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced mutations in V79 cells and malignant transformation in M2 mouse fibroblasts and both were more active than the hydrocarbon itself. The K-region 5,6-dihydrodiol and the non-K-region 10,11-dihydrodiol of DMBA were inactive in both test systems. The results are not inconsistent with other data suggesting that the metabolic activation of both BA and DMBA occurs through conversion of the respective 3,4-dihydrodiols into the related vicinal diol-epoxides, although other dihydrodiols may also be involved in vivo. Both the BA diol-epoxides tested were mutagenic, but although the anti-isomer transformed M2 fibroblasts, the syn-isomer was inactive.", "PMID": 114201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11130", "title": "Interactions of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide with deoxyribodinucleotides.", "content": "The interactions of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (NQO), a potent mutagen and carcinogen, with several self- and non-self-complementary deoxydinucleotides were probed by using absorption spectra of the charge transfer bands and 1H and 13C NMR spectra. Absorption spectra were analyzed by using Benesi-Hildebrand-type equations to yield stoichiometries and equilibrium constants of complex formation. Non-self complementary dimers form weak l:1 complexes [dpTpG:NQO, K(25 degrees C) = 22 M-1] while self-complementary dimers form strong 2:1 complexes [dpCpG)2:NQO, K(25 degrees C) = 2.2 X 10(4) M-2]. A mixture of dpTpG and dpCpA with NQO gives a 2:1 complexes [dpCpG)2:NQO, K(25 degrees C) = 2.2 X 10(4) M-2]. A mixture of dpTpG and dpCpA, K(25 degrees C) = 8.6 X 10(3) M-2]. Analyses of the changes in 13C and 1H NMR chemical shifts with complex formation gave approximate orientations for the intercalation of NQO with self-complementary dimer minihelixes. In the (dpCpG)2:NQO and (dpGpC)2:NQO complexes, the NO2 group of NQO probably lies in the major grove and the NO2, NO containing NQO ring is stacked near the purine imidazole ring. In the (dpTpA)2:NQO and (dpApT)2NQO complexes, the NO2 seems to project into the minor grove and the NQO benzenoid ring is over the purine imidazole ring.", "contents": "Interactions of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide with deoxyribodinucleotides. The interactions of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (NQO), a potent mutagen and carcinogen, with several self- and non-self-complementary deoxydinucleotides were probed by using absorption spectra of the charge transfer bands and 1H and 13C NMR spectra. Absorption spectra were analyzed by using Benesi-Hildebrand-type equations to yield stoichiometries and equilibrium constants of complex formation. Non-self complementary dimers form weak l:1 complexes [dpTpG:NQO, K(25 degrees C) = 22 M-1] while self-complementary dimers form strong 2:1 complexes [dpCpG)2:NQO, K(25 degrees C) = 2.2 X 10(4) M-2]. A mixture of dpTpG and dpCpA with NQO gives a 2:1 complexes [dpCpG)2:NQO, K(25 degrees C) = 2.2 X 10(4) M-2]. A mixture of dpTpG and dpCpA, K(25 degrees C) = 8.6 X 10(3) M-2]. Analyses of the changes in 13C and 1H NMR chemical shifts with complex formation gave approximate orientations for the intercalation of NQO with self-complementary dimer minihelixes. In the (dpCpG)2:NQO and (dpGpC)2:NQO complexes, the NO2 group of NQO probably lies in the major grove and the NO2, NO containing NQO ring is stacked near the purine imidazole ring. In the (dpTpA)2:NQO and (dpApT)2NQO complexes, the NO2 seems to project into the minor grove and the NQO benzenoid ring is over the purine imidazole ring.", "PMID": 114204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11131", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the binding of trimethoprim to dihydrofolate reductase.", "content": "The resonances of the aromatic protons of trimethoprim [2,4-diamino-5-(3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine] in its complexes with dihydrofolate reductases from Lactobacillus casei and Escherichia coli cannot be directly observed. Their chemical shifts have been determined by transfer of saturation experiments and by difference spectroscopy using [2',6'-2H2]trimethoprim. The complex of 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dimethoxy-5'-bromobenzyl)pyrimidine with the L. casei enzyme has also been examined. At room temperature, the 2',6'-proton resonance of bound trimethoprim is very broad (line width great than 30 Hz); with the E. coli enzyme, the resonance sharpens with increasing temperature so as to be clearly visible by difference spectroscopy at 45 degrees C. This line broadening is attributed to an exchange contribution, arising from the slow rate of \"flipping\" about the C7-C1' bond of bound trimethoprim. The transfer of saturation measurements were also used to determine the dissociation rate constants of the complexes. In the course of these experiments, a decrease in intensity of the resonance of the 2',6'-proton resonance of free trimethoprim on irradiation at the resonance of the 6 proton of free trimethoprim was observed, which only occurred in the presence of the enzyme. This is interpreted as a nuclear Overhauser effect between two protons of the bound ligand transferred to those of the free ligand by the exchange of the ligand between the two states. The chemical shift changes observed on the binding of trimethoprim to dihydrofolate reductase are interpreted in terms of the ring-current shift contributions from the two aromatic rings of trimethoprim and from that of phenylalanine-30. On the basis of this analysis of the chemical shifts, a model for the structure of the enzyme-trimethoprim complex is proposed. This model is consistent with the (indirect) observation of a nuclear Overhauser effect between the 2',6' and 6 protons of bound trimethoprim.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the binding of trimethoprim to dihydrofolate reductase. The resonances of the aromatic protons of trimethoprim [2,4-diamino-5-(3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine] in its complexes with dihydrofolate reductases from Lactobacillus casei and Escherichia coli cannot be directly observed. Their chemical shifts have been determined by transfer of saturation experiments and by difference spectroscopy using [2',6'-2H2]trimethoprim. The complex of 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dimethoxy-5'-bromobenzyl)pyrimidine with the L. casei enzyme has also been examined. At room temperature, the 2',6'-proton resonance of bound trimethoprim is very broad (line width great than 30 Hz); with the E. coli enzyme, the resonance sharpens with increasing temperature so as to be clearly visible by difference spectroscopy at 45 degrees C. This line broadening is attributed to an exchange contribution, arising from the slow rate of \"flipping\" about the C7-C1' bond of bound trimethoprim. The transfer of saturation measurements were also used to determine the dissociation rate constants of the complexes. In the course of these experiments, a decrease in intensity of the resonance of the 2',6'-proton resonance of free trimethoprim on irradiation at the resonance of the 6 proton of free trimethoprim was observed, which only occurred in the presence of the enzyme. This is interpreted as a nuclear Overhauser effect between two protons of the bound ligand transferred to those of the free ligand by the exchange of the ligand between the two states. The chemical shift changes observed on the binding of trimethoprim to dihydrofolate reductase are interpreted in terms of the ring-current shift contributions from the two aromatic rings of trimethoprim and from that of phenylalanine-30. On the basis of this analysis of the chemical shifts, a model for the structure of the enzyme-trimethoprim complex is proposed. This model is consistent with the (indirect) observation of a nuclear Overhauser effect between the 2',6' and 6 protons of bound trimethoprim.", "PMID": 114205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11132", "title": "Isolation of a 70 000 molecular weight antigen of the Novikoff hepatoma.", "content": "Previous reports from this laboratory have indicated that a number of cytosol and nuclear proteins of Novikoff hepatoma cells were immunologically related [Yeoman, L. C., Jordan, J. J., Busch, R. K., Taylor, C. W., Savage, H., & Busch, H. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 3258; Busch, R. K., & Busch, H. (1977) Tumori 63, 347]. In preparation for analysis of their structure and function, studies were undertaken to purify nuclear antigen 2 from the cytosol of Novikoff hepatoma cells in high yield and purity. It was shown on Ouchterlony gels that cytosol nuclear antigen 2 formed a single immunoprecipitin band of identity with one of the bands extracted from Novikoff nuclear chromatin. In this study, a 70 000 molecular weight antigen was isolated from the cytosol of Novikoff hepatoma cells by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography, and isoelectric focusing in a granulated gel bed. This protein which focused at a pI of 6.3 was labeled with 125I-labeled Bolton-Hunter reagent and purified on an Ultrogel AcA-44 column. As shown by electrophoresis on NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gels, the antigen in the excluded volume migrated as a single protein with a molecular weight of 70 000. The overall purification over the starting material was 2890-fold.", "contents": "Isolation of a 70 000 molecular weight antigen of the Novikoff hepatoma. Previous reports from this laboratory have indicated that a number of cytosol and nuclear proteins of Novikoff hepatoma cells were immunologically related [Yeoman, L. C., Jordan, J. J., Busch, R. K., Taylor, C. W., Savage, H., & Busch, H. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 3258; Busch, R. K., & Busch, H. (1977) Tumori 63, 347]. In preparation for analysis of their structure and function, studies were undertaken to purify nuclear antigen 2 from the cytosol of Novikoff hepatoma cells in high yield and purity. It was shown on Ouchterlony gels that cytosol nuclear antigen 2 formed a single immunoprecipitin band of identity with one of the bands extracted from Novikoff nuclear chromatin. In this study, a 70 000 molecular weight antigen was isolated from the cytosol of Novikoff hepatoma cells by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography, and isoelectric focusing in a granulated gel bed. This protein which focused at a pI of 6.3 was labeled with 125I-labeled Bolton-Hunter reagent and purified on an Ultrogel AcA-44 column. As shown by electrophoresis on NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gels, the antigen in the excluded volume migrated as a single protein with a molecular weight of 70 000. The overall purification over the starting material was 2890-fold.", "PMID": 114207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11133", "title": "The crystallizable human myeloma protein Dob has a hinge-region deletion.", "content": "During experiments to prepare heavy-metal derivatives of the crystallizable human IgG1 (k) immunoglobulin Dob, it became apparent that this protein has several unusual features. (1) Instead of the four labile interchain disulfide bridges ordinarily found in IgG1, the Dob protein has only a single interchain disulfide bridge, which connects its two light chains. (2) The Dob heavy chain appears to be slightly smaller than a control gamma1 chain, as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and by gel filtration in guanidine. (3) The Dob heavy chain has three fewer residues of half-cystine than expected in gamma1 chains. (4) The Dob IgG is relatively resistant to digestion with papain and trypsin; however, it is readily digested with pepsin, although at an unusual site. These findings suggest that some or all of the gamma1 hinge region is missing in Dob. To localize the deletion, we prepared an F(ab')2 fragment consisting of two heavy-chain pieces (Fd') noncovalently associated with the light-chain dimer. The Fd' piece was isolated and digested with trypsin. The sequence of the C-terminal tryptic peptide was Val-Ala-Pro-Glu-Leu-Leu-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Val. Positions 2-11 of this peptide are identical with residue positions 231-240 of the gamma1 chain. The N-terminal valine could be either Val-211 or Val-215 of the gamma1 sequence. A tryptic peptide, Val-Asp-Lys-Lys, was also isolated from Dob Fd'; this sequence is not found in the variable region of the Dob heavy chain [Steiner, L. A., Garcia Pardo, A., & Margolies, M. N. (1979) Biochemistry (following paper in this issue)] but corresponds to positions 211-214 of the gamma1 constant region. Therefore, the deletion cannot include these residues and must begin after Val-215; normal gamma1 sequence resumes at Ala-231. The same 15-residue deletion has been found in two other IgG1 proteins, Mcg [Fett, J. W., Deutsch, H. F., & Smithies, O. (1973) Immunochemistry 10, 115] and Lec [Rivat, C., Schiff, C., Rivat, L., Ropartz, C., & Fougereau, M. (1976) Eur. J. Immunol. 6, 545]. Possible explanations for the occurrence of identical hinge-region deletions in three different immunoglobulins are suggested by recent experiments demonstrating that the three constant domains and the hinge region of mouse gamma1 chains are each encoded by separate segments of DNA [Sakano, H., Rogers, J. H., H\u00fcppi, K., Brack, C., Traunecker, A., Maki, R., Wall, R., & Tonegawa, S. (1979) Nature (London) 277, 627].", "contents": "The crystallizable human myeloma protein Dob has a hinge-region deletion. During experiments to prepare heavy-metal derivatives of the crystallizable human IgG1 (k) immunoglobulin Dob, it became apparent that this protein has several unusual features. (1) Instead of the four labile interchain disulfide bridges ordinarily found in IgG1, the Dob protein has only a single interchain disulfide bridge, which connects its two light chains. (2) The Dob heavy chain appears to be slightly smaller than a control gamma1 chain, as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and by gel filtration in guanidine. (3) The Dob heavy chain has three fewer residues of half-cystine than expected in gamma1 chains. (4) The Dob IgG is relatively resistant to digestion with papain and trypsin; however, it is readily digested with pepsin, although at an unusual site. These findings suggest that some or all of the gamma1 hinge region is missing in Dob. To localize the deletion, we prepared an F(ab')2 fragment consisting of two heavy-chain pieces (Fd') noncovalently associated with the light-chain dimer. The Fd' piece was isolated and digested with trypsin. The sequence of the C-terminal tryptic peptide was Val-Ala-Pro-Glu-Leu-Leu-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Val. Positions 2-11 of this peptide are identical with residue positions 231-240 of the gamma1 chain. The N-terminal valine could be either Val-211 or Val-215 of the gamma1 sequence. A tryptic peptide, Val-Asp-Lys-Lys, was also isolated from Dob Fd'; this sequence is not found in the variable region of the Dob heavy chain [Steiner, L. A., Garcia Pardo, A., & Margolies, M. N. (1979) Biochemistry (following paper in this issue)] but corresponds to positions 211-214 of the gamma1 constant region. Therefore, the deletion cannot include these residues and must begin after Val-215; normal gamma1 sequence resumes at Ala-231. The same 15-residue deletion has been found in two other IgG1 proteins, Mcg [Fett, J. W., Deutsch, H. F., & Smithies, O. (1973) Immunochemistry 10, 115] and Lec [Rivat, C., Schiff, C., Rivat, L., Ropartz, C., & Fougereau, M. (1976) Eur. J. Immunol. 6, 545]. Possible explanations for the occurrence of identical hinge-region deletions in three different immunoglobulins are suggested by recent experiments demonstrating that the three constant domains and the hinge region of mouse gamma1 chains are each encoded by separate segments of DNA [Sakano, H., Rogers, J. H., H\u00fcppi, K., Brack, C., Traunecker, A., Maki, R., Wall, R., & Tonegawa, S. (1979) Nature (London) 277, 627].", "PMID": 114208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11134", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the heavy-chain variable region of the crystallizable human myeloma protein Dob.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the heavy-chain variable region of the crystallizable human myeloma protein Dob has been determined. This protein has previously been shown to have a deletion in the hinge region [Lopes, A. D., & Steiner, L. A. (1973) Fed. Proc., Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 32, 1003; Steiner, L. A., & Lopes, A. D. (1979) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)]. The complete sequence was established by analysis, in the automated sequenator, of the intact Fd' piece and of three large overlapping fragments prepared from Fd' by digestion with cyanogen bromide, by tryptic digestion of the citraconylated Fd', and by cleavage with hydroxylamine. Portions of the sequence were confirmed by examination of the amino acid composition and the partial sequence of a variety of small peptides obtained by enzymatic degradation. The Dob heavy-chain variable region appears to belong to the VHIII subgroup, but there are several unusual substitutions. Residue 45 in the Dob sequence is proline, although all other known heavy-chain sequences in man, mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig have leucine at this position. Positions 10 (aspartic acid), 68 (alanine), and 82 (leucine) in the Dob sequence are also atypical. There is no deleted segment in the variable region of the Dob heavy chain nor any abnormality in the variable-constant joining region. The hinge-region deletion appears to be the only gross structural anomaly in the Dob heavy chain.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the heavy-chain variable region of the crystallizable human myeloma protein Dob. The amino acid sequence of the heavy-chain variable region of the crystallizable human myeloma protein Dob has been determined. This protein has previously been shown to have a deletion in the hinge region [Lopes, A. D., & Steiner, L. A. (1973) Fed. Proc., Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 32, 1003; Steiner, L. A., & Lopes, A. D. (1979) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)]. The complete sequence was established by analysis, in the automated sequenator, of the intact Fd' piece and of three large overlapping fragments prepared from Fd' by digestion with cyanogen bromide, by tryptic digestion of the citraconylated Fd', and by cleavage with hydroxylamine. Portions of the sequence were confirmed by examination of the amino acid composition and the partial sequence of a variety of small peptides obtained by enzymatic degradation. The Dob heavy-chain variable region appears to belong to the VHIII subgroup, but there are several unusual substitutions. Residue 45 in the Dob sequence is proline, although all other known heavy-chain sequences in man, mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig have leucine at this position. Positions 10 (aspartic acid), 68 (alanine), and 82 (leucine) in the Dob sequence are also atypical. There is no deleted segment in the variable region of the Dob heavy chain nor any abnormality in the variable-constant joining region. The hinge-region deletion appears to be the only gross structural anomaly in the Dob heavy chain.", "PMID": 114209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11135", "title": "Interaction of divalent cations with beta-galactosidase (Escherichia coli).", "content": "Although the addition of various divalent metals to beta-galactosidase resulted in apparent activation, only Mg2+ and Mn2+ actually did activate. The apparent activation by the other divalent metals was shown to be due to Mg2+ impurities. Calcium did not activate, but experiments suggested that it did bind. Other divalent metals which were studied failed to bind. The dissociation constants for Mg2+ and Mn2+ were 2.8 X 10(-7) and 1.1 X 10(-8) M, respectively, and in each case one ion bound per monomer. These constants corresponded very closely to apparent values which were obtained from activation studies. The apparent binding constant for Ca2+, obtained from competition studies, was 1.5 X 10(-5) M. Data were obtained which showed that Mg2+, Mn2+, and Ca2+ all compete for binding at a single site. Of interest and of possible molecular biological importance was the observation that, while Mg2+ bound noncooperatively (n = 1.0), Mn2+ did so in a highly cooperative manner (n = 3.4). The binding of Mn2+ (as compared to Mg2+) resulted in a twofold drop in the Vmax for the hydrolysis and transgalactosylis reactions of lactose but had little effect on the Vmax of hydrolysis of allolactose, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (PNPG), or o-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG); Km values were not effected differently for any of the substrates by Mn2+ as compared to Mg2+. When very low levels of divalent metal ions were present (0.01 M EDTA added) or when Ca2+ was bound with lactose as the substrate, a greater decrease was observed in the rate of the transgalactosylic reaction than in the rate of the hydrolytic reaction, and the Km values for lactose and ONPG were increased. Of the three divalent metal ions which bound to beta-galactosidase, only Mn2+ had significant stabilizing effects toward denaturing urea and heat conditions.", "contents": "Interaction of divalent cations with beta-galactosidase (Escherichia coli). Although the addition of various divalent metals to beta-galactosidase resulted in apparent activation, only Mg2+ and Mn2+ actually did activate. The apparent activation by the other divalent metals was shown to be due to Mg2+ impurities. Calcium did not activate, but experiments suggested that it did bind. Other divalent metals which were studied failed to bind. The dissociation constants for Mg2+ and Mn2+ were 2.8 X 10(-7) and 1.1 X 10(-8) M, respectively, and in each case one ion bound per monomer. These constants corresponded very closely to apparent values which were obtained from activation studies. The apparent binding constant for Ca2+, obtained from competition studies, was 1.5 X 10(-5) M. Data were obtained which showed that Mg2+, Mn2+, and Ca2+ all compete for binding at a single site. Of interest and of possible molecular biological importance was the observation that, while Mg2+ bound noncooperatively (n = 1.0), Mn2+ did so in a highly cooperative manner (n = 3.4). The binding of Mn2+ (as compared to Mg2+) resulted in a twofold drop in the Vmax for the hydrolysis and transgalactosylis reactions of lactose but had little effect on the Vmax of hydrolysis of allolactose, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (PNPG), or o-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG); Km values were not effected differently for any of the substrates by Mn2+ as compared to Mg2+. When very low levels of divalent metal ions were present (0.01 M EDTA added) or when Ca2+ was bound with lactose as the substrate, a greater decrease was observed in the rate of the transgalactosylic reaction than in the rate of the hydrolytic reaction, and the Km values for lactose and ONPG were increased. Of the three divalent metal ions which bound to beta-galactosidase, only Mn2+ had significant stabilizing effects toward denaturing urea and heat conditions.", "PMID": 114210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11136", "title": "Purification of the messenger ribonucleic acid for the lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane.", "content": "The mRNA for the lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane has been purified to 85% homogeneity. The purification procedure involved phenol extraction, NaCl extraction, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and Sephadex G-200, and reversed-phase column chromatography on RPC-5. The purity of the final product was estimated to be 85% by analysis of the ribonuclease T1 fingerprint of the mRNA. The purified mRNA was able to direct the synthesis of cross-reactive material with antilipoprotein serum in both the E. coli and the wheat germ cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. The size of the mRNA was determined to be 8.2 S from its mobility in polyacrylamide--agrose gels. During the purification, two other RNA species, similar in size to the lipoprotein mRNA, were also isolated. Their sizes were determined to be 8.7 and 9.1 S. They both were inactive in an E. coli cell-free protein-synthesizing system.", "contents": "Purification of the messenger ribonucleic acid for the lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane. The mRNA for the lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane has been purified to 85% homogeneity. The purification procedure involved phenol extraction, NaCl extraction, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and Sephadex G-200, and reversed-phase column chromatography on RPC-5. The purity of the final product was estimated to be 85% by analysis of the ribonuclease T1 fingerprint of the mRNA. The purified mRNA was able to direct the synthesis of cross-reactive material with antilipoprotein serum in both the E. coli and the wheat germ cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. The size of the mRNA was determined to be 8.2 S from its mobility in polyacrylamide--agrose gels. During the purification, two other RNA species, similar in size to the lipoprotein mRNA, were also isolated. Their sizes were determined to be 8.7 and 9.1 S. They both were inactive in an E. coli cell-free protein-synthesizing system.", "PMID": 114211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11137", "title": "Photoreaction center of photosynthetic bacteria. 1. Further chemical characterization of the photoreaction center from Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "The photoreaction center from Rhodospirillum rubrum contains about 90% protein, 6% pigment, mere traces of lipids, and no cytochromes. It also contains at least 1 mol of ubiquinone and 1 iron atom per mol. Its three-component polypeptide chains were isolated by preparative electrophoresis, and their molar stoichiometry was established as 1:1:1. The amino acid composition of the photoreaction center from strain S1 and from its subunits is reported. The protein as a whole contains about 65% nonpolar residues, and the degree of hydrophobicity of its subunits is alpha less than beta less than gamma. The minimal molecular weight based on the extinction coefficient and on the amino acid content is 90 000. This corresponds to a half-cystine mole number of 6.", "contents": "Photoreaction center of photosynthetic bacteria. 1. Further chemical characterization of the photoreaction center from Rhodospirillum rubrum. The photoreaction center from Rhodospirillum rubrum contains about 90% protein, 6% pigment, mere traces of lipids, and no cytochromes. It also contains at least 1 mol of ubiquinone and 1 iron atom per mol. Its three-component polypeptide chains were isolated by preparative electrophoresis, and their molar stoichiometry was established as 1:1:1. The amino acid composition of the photoreaction center from strain S1 and from its subunits is reported. The protein as a whole contains about 65% nonpolar residues, and the degree of hydrophobicity of its subunits is alpha less than beta less than gamma. The minimal molecular weight based on the extinction coefficient and on the amino acid content is 90 000. This corresponds to a half-cystine mole number of 6.", "PMID": 114212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11138", "title": "Photoreaction center of photosynthetic bacteria. 2. Size and quaternary structure of the photoreaction centers from Rhodospirillum rubrum strain G9 and from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain 2.4.1.", "content": "The photoreaction center from Rhodospirillum rubrum strain G9 binds about 6 times as much sodium dodecyl sulfate as certain proteins commonly used as molecular weight markers for sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This presumably explains the apparent discrepancy between the molecular weight of the photoreaction center determined by electrophoresis (76 000) and its minimal molecular weight (87 000). The molecular weight of the photoreaction center solubilized with Triton X-100 was determined by three different methods: conventional sedimentation equilibrium, a combination of sedimentation velocity and gel filtration measurements, and sedimentation equilibrium in H2O and in D2O. Each technique required a determination of the amount of bound detergent. All three methods gave molecular weight values close to 60 000. A similar molecular weight was found for the photoactive beta gamma dimer obtained from the photoreaction center of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain 2.4.1 which, as a whole, had a molecular weight of 87 000. These results indicate that the photoreaction center from Rp. sphaeroides is an oligomer of the type alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 1. In contrast, the photoreaction center from Rs. rubrum appears to be dissociated, in solution, into a photoactive beta gamma dimer and a free polypeptide alpha.", "contents": "Photoreaction center of photosynthetic bacteria. 2. Size and quaternary structure of the photoreaction centers from Rhodospirillum rubrum strain G9 and from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain 2.4.1. The photoreaction center from Rhodospirillum rubrum strain G9 binds about 6 times as much sodium dodecyl sulfate as certain proteins commonly used as molecular weight markers for sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This presumably explains the apparent discrepancy between the molecular weight of the photoreaction center determined by electrophoresis (76 000) and its minimal molecular weight (87 000). The molecular weight of the photoreaction center solubilized with Triton X-100 was determined by three different methods: conventional sedimentation equilibrium, a combination of sedimentation velocity and gel filtration measurements, and sedimentation equilibrium in H2O and in D2O. Each technique required a determination of the amount of bound detergent. All three methods gave molecular weight values close to 60 000. A similar molecular weight was found for the photoactive beta gamma dimer obtained from the photoreaction center of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain 2.4.1 which, as a whole, had a molecular weight of 87 000. These results indicate that the photoreaction center from Rp. sphaeroides is an oligomer of the type alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 1. In contrast, the photoreaction center from Rs. rubrum appears to be dissociated, in solution, into a photoactive beta gamma dimer and a free polypeptide alpha.", "PMID": 114213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11139", "title": "Isolation and characterization of an active variable domain from a homogeneous rabbit antibody light chain.", "content": "The variable domain (VL) of allotype b4 light chains of rabbit IgG was isolated from both nonimmune heterogeneous IgG and a homogeneous antibody directed against type III pneumococcal polysaccharide. Light chains were first isolated and then cleaved under mild acidic conditions between residues 109 and 110. Reduction with dithiothreitol in guanidine hydrochloride cleaved both intradomain disulfide bridges as well as the interdomain disulfide bridge joining the variable and constant domain. The sulfhydryl groups were protected after reduction by p-chloromercuribenzoate. VL was isolated from this mixture of variable and constant domains by affinity chromatography, utilizing sheep antibodies directed against a peptide including residues 110--211 from nonimmune IgG light chain. The isolated VL domain was identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and automated Edman degradation. VL from a homogeneous antibody was treated with dithiothreitol to remove p-chloromercuribenzoate, reoxidized, and recombined with homologous heavy chain. The binding of this recombinant to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide was identical with that of the light-chain--heavy-chain recombinant.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of an active variable domain from a homogeneous rabbit antibody light chain. The variable domain (VL) of allotype b4 light chains of rabbit IgG was isolated from both nonimmune heterogeneous IgG and a homogeneous antibody directed against type III pneumococcal polysaccharide. Light chains were first isolated and then cleaved under mild acidic conditions between residues 109 and 110. Reduction with dithiothreitol in guanidine hydrochloride cleaved both intradomain disulfide bridges as well as the interdomain disulfide bridge joining the variable and constant domain. The sulfhydryl groups were protected after reduction by p-chloromercuribenzoate. VL was isolated from this mixture of variable and constant domains by affinity chromatography, utilizing sheep antibodies directed against a peptide including residues 110--211 from nonimmune IgG light chain. The isolated VL domain was identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and automated Edman degradation. VL from a homogeneous antibody was treated with dithiothreitol to remove p-chloromercuribenzoate, reoxidized, and recombined with homologous heavy chain. The binding of this recombinant to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide was identical with that of the light-chain--heavy-chain recombinant.", "PMID": 114216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11140", "title": "Nitrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum. Relation between 'switch-off' effect and the membrane component. Hydrogen production and acetylene reduction with different nitrogenase component ratios.", "content": "Nitrogenase activity of 'membrane-free' extracts, produced from nitrogen-starved Rhodospirillum rubrum to which 4 mM NH4+ had been added is only about 10% of the activity in the control. The activity could be restored to 80% by including the membrane component, earlier found to activate R. rubrum nitrogenase, in the reaction mixture. The relation between this 'switch-off/switch-on' effect and the function of the membrane component is discussed. Hydrogen production catalyzed by R. rubrum nitrogenase is also dependent on activation by the membrane component. Hydrogen production is inhibited by acetylene but the degree of inhibition is dependent on the nitrogenase component ratio. The strongest inhibition is achieved at low MoFe protein/Fe protein rations. The ATP/2E- values are 4-5 at the component ratios giving the highest activity and increase at high MoFe protein/Fe protein ratios. CO inhibits acetylene reduction but has no effect on the hydrogen production.", "contents": "Nitrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum. Relation between 'switch-off' effect and the membrane component. Hydrogen production and acetylene reduction with different nitrogenase component ratios. Nitrogenase activity of 'membrane-free' extracts, produced from nitrogen-starved Rhodospirillum rubrum to which 4 mM NH4+ had been added is only about 10% of the activity in the control. The activity could be restored to 80% by including the membrane component, earlier found to activate R. rubrum nitrogenase, in the reaction mixture. The relation between this 'switch-off/switch-on' effect and the function of the membrane component is discussed. Hydrogen production catalyzed by R. rubrum nitrogenase is also dependent on activation by the membrane component. Hydrogen production is inhibited by acetylene but the degree of inhibition is dependent on the nitrogenase component ratio. The strongest inhibition is achieved at low MoFe protein/Fe protein rations. The ATP/2E- values are 4-5 at the component ratios giving the highest activity and increase at high MoFe protein/Fe protein ratios. CO inhibits acetylene reduction but has no effect on the hydrogen production.", "PMID": 114217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11141", "title": "Events surrounding the early development of Euglena chloroplasts. 15. Origin of plastid thylakoid polypeptides in wild-type and mutant cells.", "content": "Techniques are described for the isolation of plastid thylakoid membranes from light-grown and dark-grown cells of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris, and from mutants affecting plastid development. These membranes, which have minimal contamination with other cell fractions, are localized in sucrose gradients by using the thylakoid membrane sulfolipid as a specific marker. The plastid thylakoid membrane polypeptides isolated from these membranes were separated on SDS polyacrylamide gels and yielded patterns containing 30-40 polypeptides. Light-grown strain Z gave patterns identical with bacillaris. Since the plastid thylakoid polypeptide patterns obtained from dark-grown wild-type cells and from a bleached mutant W3BUL in which plastid DNA is undetectable are identical, it appears that the proplastid thylakoid polypeptides of wild-type cannot be coded in plastid DNA and are probably coded in nuclear DNA. The plastid thylakoid polypeptide patterns obtained from various dark-grown mutants, making large but abnormal chloroplasts, show a correlation between the amount of chlorophyll formed and the amount of a plastid thylakoid polypeptide thought to be associated wtth one of the pigment-protein light-harvesting complexes. Treatment with SAN 9789 (4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2(alpha, alpha, alpha,-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3-(2H(pyridazinone) known to block carotenoid synthesis at the level of phytoene, causes a progressive loss of all plastid thylakoid polypeptides during growth in darkness and results in the establishment of a new, lowere steady-state level of sulfolipid. At least ten of the plastid thylakoid polypeptides become labeled when isolated chloroplasts are supplied with radioactive amono acids; of these six are undectable in W3BUL and are, therefore, candidates for coding by plastid DNA.", "contents": "Events surrounding the early development of Euglena chloroplasts. 15. Origin of plastid thylakoid polypeptides in wild-type and mutant cells. Techniques are described for the isolation of plastid thylakoid membranes from light-grown and dark-grown cells of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris, and from mutants affecting plastid development. These membranes, which have minimal contamination with other cell fractions, are localized in sucrose gradients by using the thylakoid membrane sulfolipid as a specific marker. The plastid thylakoid membrane polypeptides isolated from these membranes were separated on SDS polyacrylamide gels and yielded patterns containing 30-40 polypeptides. Light-grown strain Z gave patterns identical with bacillaris. Since the plastid thylakoid polypeptide patterns obtained from dark-grown wild-type cells and from a bleached mutant W3BUL in which plastid DNA is undetectable are identical, it appears that the proplastid thylakoid polypeptides of wild-type cannot be coded in plastid DNA and are probably coded in nuclear DNA. The plastid thylakoid polypeptide patterns obtained from various dark-grown mutants, making large but abnormal chloroplasts, show a correlation between the amount of chlorophyll formed and the amount of a plastid thylakoid polypeptide thought to be associated wtth one of the pigment-protein light-harvesting complexes. Treatment with SAN 9789 (4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2(alpha, alpha, alpha,-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3-(2H(pyridazinone) known to block carotenoid synthesis at the level of phytoene, causes a progressive loss of all plastid thylakoid polypeptides during growth in darkness and results in the establishment of a new, lowere steady-state level of sulfolipid. At least ten of the plastid thylakoid polypeptides become labeled when isolated chloroplasts are supplied with radioactive amono acids; of these six are undectable in W3BUL and are, therefore, candidates for coding by plastid DNA.", "PMID": 114218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11142", "title": "Events surrounding the early development of Euglena chloroplasts. 16. Plastid thylakoid polypeptides during greening.", "content": "Using sulfolipid to locate plastid thylakoid membranes in gradients from dark-grown resting cells it has been possible to study the plastid thylakoid membrane polypeptides of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris undergoing light-induced chloroplast development. All plastid thylakoid bands seen in dark-growing wild-type cells and in mutant W3BUL in which plastid DNA is undetectable, are observed to increase in amount during plastid development. Others, which are undetectable in dark-grown wild-type and W3BUL increase greatly during plastid development and appear to be those associated with pigment-protein complexes. The data obtained from experiments where the polypeptides were labeled with 35S during development, either continuously or in pulses, were consistent with these findings. Cycloheximide strongly inhibited the increases in amount in all bands and chloramphenicol or streptomycin produced a lower level of inhibition in all bands indicating tight control of theformation of each plastid membrane constituent by the others. The formation of a polypeptide band of 25 000 molecular weight, thought to be a part of a pigment-protein complex of the thylakoid, and chlorophyll synthesis were inhibited identically by these antibiotics.", "contents": "Events surrounding the early development of Euglena chloroplasts. 16. Plastid thylakoid polypeptides during greening. Using sulfolipid to locate plastid thylakoid membranes in gradients from dark-grown resting cells it has been possible to study the plastid thylakoid membrane polypeptides of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris undergoing light-induced chloroplast development. All plastid thylakoid bands seen in dark-growing wild-type cells and in mutant W3BUL in which plastid DNA is undetectable, are observed to increase in amount during plastid development. Others, which are undetectable in dark-grown wild-type and W3BUL increase greatly during plastid development and appear to be those associated with pigment-protein complexes. The data obtained from experiments where the polypeptides were labeled with 35S during development, either continuously or in pulses, were consistent with these findings. Cycloheximide strongly inhibited the increases in amount in all bands and chloramphenicol or streptomycin produced a lower level of inhibition in all bands indicating tight control of theformation of each plastid membrane constituent by the others. The formation of a polypeptide band of 25 000 molecular weight, thought to be a part of a pigment-protein complex of the thylakoid, and chlorophyll synthesis were inhibited identically by these antibiotics.", "PMID": 114219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11143", "title": "Identification of the protein producing transmembrane diffusion pores in the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01.", "content": "The outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 is permeable to saccharides of molecular weights lower than about 6000. Triton X-100/EDTA-soluble outer membrane proteins were fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography in the presence of Triton X-100 and EDTA, and the protein contents of the various fractions analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Each of the major protein bands present in the Triton X-100/EDTA soluble outer membrane was separated from one another. Adjacent fractions were pooled, concentrated and extensively dialyzed to reduce the Triton X-100 concentration. Vesicles were reconstituted from lipopolysaccharide, phospholipids and each of these dialyzed fractions, and examined for their ability to retain [14C]sucrose. Control experiments indicated that the residual levels of Triton X-100 remaining in the dialyzed fractions had no effect on the formation or permeability to saccharides of the reconstituted vesicles. It was concluded that a major outer membrane polypeptide with an apparent weight of 35,000 is a porin, responsible for the size-dependent permeability of the outer membrane.", "contents": "Identification of the protein producing transmembrane diffusion pores in the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01. The outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 is permeable to saccharides of molecular weights lower than about 6000. Triton X-100/EDTA-soluble outer membrane proteins were fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography in the presence of Triton X-100 and EDTA, and the protein contents of the various fractions analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Each of the major protein bands present in the Triton X-100/EDTA soluble outer membrane was separated from one another. Adjacent fractions were pooled, concentrated and extensively dialyzed to reduce the Triton X-100 concentration. Vesicles were reconstituted from lipopolysaccharide, phospholipids and each of these dialyzed fractions, and examined for their ability to retain [14C]sucrose. Control experiments indicated that the residual levels of Triton X-100 remaining in the dialyzed fractions had no effect on the formation or permeability to saccharides of the reconstituted vesicles. It was concluded that a major outer membrane polypeptide with an apparent weight of 35,000 is a porin, responsible for the size-dependent permeability of the outer membrane.", "PMID": 114220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11144", "title": "Calcium translocation and storage of isolated intact cattle rod outer segments in darkness.", "content": "Bovine rod outer segments (rods), isolated with an intact plasma membrane and a stable calcium exchange and storage capacity, contain 2-3 mol endogenous calcium/mol rhodopsin. By means of 45Ca accumulation experiments and concomitant 40Ca analysis, the calcium metabolism of these organelles has been studied with the following results: 1. The majority of endogenous calcium is localized within disks. 2. In the presence of the ionophore A23187 the intradiskal binding sites can be titrated with external calcium. 3. The Scatchard plot of calcium binding of rods indicates the presence of a single set of intradiskal binding sites with a maximal capacity of 8-9 mol calcium/mol rhodopsin and an affinity constant of 55 microM to calcium. 4. Without A23187 more than 99% of the rod calcium appears in a bound state in equilibrium with a free calcium concentration of 15-25 microM. 5. External calcium exchanges with endogenous calcium in a fast (t 1/2 = 12 s) process with a uniform rate constant, whereas net calcium transport is very slow (t 1/2 greater than 2 h). 6. Intact rods contain a calcium translocation system, presumably located in the plasma membrane, which performs Ca-Ca exchange with a high unidirectional flux of 2 . 10(6) calcium ions/rod per s. 7. This translocation system can be saturated by external calcium (Km = 0.5 -1 microM) and has a low Q10 (1.08). Both the calcium translocation system and the calcium binding system appear to depend on the structural integrity of the stacked disks and are very sensitive to the experimental conditions. The relevance of these findings is discussed in relation to the proposed role of calcium ions as the intracellular transmitter in vertebrate rod photoreceptor cells.", "contents": "Calcium translocation and storage of isolated intact cattle rod outer segments in darkness. Bovine rod outer segments (rods), isolated with an intact plasma membrane and a stable calcium exchange and storage capacity, contain 2-3 mol endogenous calcium/mol rhodopsin. By means of 45Ca accumulation experiments and concomitant 40Ca analysis, the calcium metabolism of these organelles has been studied with the following results: 1. The majority of endogenous calcium is localized within disks. 2. In the presence of the ionophore A23187 the intradiskal binding sites can be titrated with external calcium. 3. The Scatchard plot of calcium binding of rods indicates the presence of a single set of intradiskal binding sites with a maximal capacity of 8-9 mol calcium/mol rhodopsin and an affinity constant of 55 microM to calcium. 4. Without A23187 more than 99% of the rod calcium appears in a bound state in equilibrium with a free calcium concentration of 15-25 microM. 5. External calcium exchanges with endogenous calcium in a fast (t 1/2 = 12 s) process with a uniform rate constant, whereas net calcium transport is very slow (t 1/2 greater than 2 h). 6. Intact rods contain a calcium translocation system, presumably located in the plasma membrane, which performs Ca-Ca exchange with a high unidirectional flux of 2 . 10(6) calcium ions/rod per s. 7. This translocation system can be saturated by external calcium (Km = 0.5 -1 microM) and has a low Q10 (1.08). Both the calcium translocation system and the calcium binding system appear to depend on the structural integrity of the stacked disks and are very sensitive to the experimental conditions. The relevance of these findings is discussed in relation to the proposed role of calcium ions as the intracellular transmitter in vertebrate rod photoreceptor cells.", "PMID": 114221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11145", "title": "Evoluation of Drosophila mitochondrial DNAs. Analysis of heteroduplex molecules.", "content": "We have mapped the single block of non-homologous sequences and measured the extent and distribution of base-pair substitutions within the homologous sequences in Drosophila melanogaster: Drosophila virilis heteroduplex mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs). Of the 4.8 kilobases long, unusually (A + T)-rich region in D. melanogaster mtDNA, only 0.5 kilobases can react with related, but not identical sequences in D. virilis mtDNA, while the rest (4.3 kilobases in the long arm of a heteroduplex loop) is replaced by a shorter, non-homologous region (1.0 kilobases in the short arm of the loop). No additional heterologous regions are evident. Homologous sequences have accumulated on the average 15.5% base-pair changes. Regionally, these substitutions are relatively uniformly distributed (14.5--16.5%) except for a single, more conserved region (10--13%), which presumably represents the ribosomal cistrons. The lack of general sequence stability suggests that the invariant topographic organization of the nucleotide sequence, previously recognized among Drosophila mtDNAs, is under more stringent selection than the sequence per se.", "contents": "Evoluation of Drosophila mitochondrial DNAs. Analysis of heteroduplex molecules. We have mapped the single block of non-homologous sequences and measured the extent and distribution of base-pair substitutions within the homologous sequences in Drosophila melanogaster: Drosophila virilis heteroduplex mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs). Of the 4.8 kilobases long, unusually (A + T)-rich region in D. melanogaster mtDNA, only 0.5 kilobases can react with related, but not identical sequences in D. virilis mtDNA, while the rest (4.3 kilobases in the long arm of a heteroduplex loop) is replaced by a shorter, non-homologous region (1.0 kilobases in the short arm of the loop). No additional heterologous regions are evident. Homologous sequences have accumulated on the average 15.5% base-pair changes. Regionally, these substitutions are relatively uniformly distributed (14.5--16.5%) except for a single, more conserved region (10--13%), which presumably represents the ribosomal cistrons. The lack of general sequence stability suggests that the invariant topographic organization of the nucleotide sequence, previously recognized among Drosophila mtDNAs, is under more stringent selection than the sequence per se.", "PMID": 114222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11146", "title": "Multiple carbohydrate-cleaving specificities in human acidic and neutral glycosidases.", "content": "The common identity of human acidic beta-D-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) and beta-D-xylosidase (1,4-beta-D-xylan xylohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.37) as one enzyme and that of acidic beta-D-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23), beta-D-fucosidase (no allotted EC number) and alpha-L-arabinosidase (alpha-L-arabinofuranoside arabinohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.55) as another enzyme is indicated by similar binding patterns of glycosidase activities of each enzyme to various lectins. by similar ratios between their intra- and extracellular levels in normal and I-cell fibroblasts and by their deficiencies in liver tissues from patients with Gaucher disease and GM1 gangliosidosis, respectively. A third enzyme, neutral beta-D-galactosidase, purified to homogeneity from human liver has been shown to possess all these five glycosidase activities at neutral pH. These neutral enzymic activities were not bound by any of the lectins examined and found to be reduced in liver and spleen of a patient with neutral beta-D-galactosidase deficiency. An additional form of beta-D-xylosidase with optimal activity at pH 7.4 was bound by the fucose-binding lectin from Ulex eurpaeus while no binding was observed for the acidic (pH 4.8) and neutral (pH 7.0) beta-D-xylosidase activities of the multiple glycosidase enzymes.", "contents": "Multiple carbohydrate-cleaving specificities in human acidic and neutral glycosidases. The common identity of human acidic beta-D-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) and beta-D-xylosidase (1,4-beta-D-xylan xylohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.37) as one enzyme and that of acidic beta-D-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23), beta-D-fucosidase (no allotted EC number) and alpha-L-arabinosidase (alpha-L-arabinofuranoside arabinohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.55) as another enzyme is indicated by similar binding patterns of glycosidase activities of each enzyme to various lectins. by similar ratios between their intra- and extracellular levels in normal and I-cell fibroblasts and by their deficiencies in liver tissues from patients with Gaucher disease and GM1 gangliosidosis, respectively. A third enzyme, neutral beta-D-galactosidase, purified to homogeneity from human liver has been shown to possess all these five glycosidase activities at neutral pH. These neutral enzymic activities were not bound by any of the lectins examined and found to be reduced in liver and spleen of a patient with neutral beta-D-galactosidase deficiency. An additional form of beta-D-xylosidase with optimal activity at pH 7.4 was bound by the fucose-binding lectin from Ulex eurpaeus while no binding was observed for the acidic (pH 4.8) and neutral (pH 7.0) beta-D-xylosidase activities of the multiple glycosidase enzymes.", "PMID": 114223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11147", "title": "Immobilization of L-glutamate dehydrogenase into soluble cross-linked polymers. ADP effect and electron microscopy studies.", "content": "Active soluble cross-linked L-glutamate dehydrogenase (L-glutamate: NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC 1.4.1.3) albumin polymers were produced. Electron microscopic studies and kinetic properties were studied with the polymer in solution and compared with previous published data about the enzyme immobilized inside proteic films (Barbotin, J.N. and Breuil, M. (1978)  Biochim. Biophys. Acta 525, 18--27). The glutaraldehyde effect on activity yield, ADP and beta-NAD+ protection, stability and pH rate profile were studied and discussed. Apparent Michaelis constants were determined with soluble polymers produced with or without ADP during the grafting process. Experiments were performed on the regulatory properties of immobilized glutamate dehydrogeanse showing the decrease of ADP activation and GTP inhibition as compared to the free form. In other respects, electron microscopy observations showed morphological differences between the two populations of soluble polymers produced in presence of ADP, obtained after gel filtration on Sepharose 6B. Linear aggregates of high molecular weight and classical soluble polymers were obtained. Similar Km values and regulatory properties were exhibited by the two forms, demonstrating the absence of interdependence between the allosteric control and the polymerization of enzyme monomers.", "contents": "Immobilization of L-glutamate dehydrogenase into soluble cross-linked polymers. ADP effect and electron microscopy studies. Active soluble cross-linked L-glutamate dehydrogenase (L-glutamate: NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC 1.4.1.3) albumin polymers were produced. Electron microscopic studies and kinetic properties were studied with the polymer in solution and compared with previous published data about the enzyme immobilized inside proteic films (Barbotin, J.N. and Breuil, M. (1978)  Biochim. Biophys. Acta 525, 18--27). The glutaraldehyde effect on activity yield, ADP and beta-NAD+ protection, stability and pH rate profile were studied and discussed. Apparent Michaelis constants were determined with soluble polymers produced with or without ADP during the grafting process. Experiments were performed on the regulatory properties of immobilized glutamate dehydrogeanse showing the decrease of ADP activation and GTP inhibition as compared to the free form. In other respects, electron microscopy observations showed morphological differences between the two populations of soluble polymers produced in presence of ADP, obtained after gel filtration on Sepharose 6B. Linear aggregates of high molecular weight and classical soluble polymers were obtained. Similar Km values and regulatory properties were exhibited by the two forms, demonstrating the absence of interdependence between the allosteric control and the polymerization of enzyme monomers.", "PMID": 114224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11148", "title": "5-methylthioribose 1-phosphate: a product of partially purified, rat liver 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity.", "content": "5'-Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from rat liver has been purified 112-fold. A molecular weight of 90 000 for the enzyme was estimated from gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. The Km for 5'-methylthioadenosine was 4.7 . 10(-7) M, while the Km for phosphate was 2 . 10(-4) M. The products of the reaction were isolated and identified as adenine and 5-methylthioribose 1-phosphate. In addition to 5'-methylthioadenosine the nucleoside analogues 5'-ethylthioadenosine and 5'-n-propylthioadenosine also served as substrates for the enzyme. The 7-deaza analogue 5'-methylthiotubercidin was found to be an inhibitor of the reaction, but was inactive as a substrate.", "contents": "5-methylthioribose 1-phosphate: a product of partially purified, rat liver 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity. 5'-Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from rat liver has been purified 112-fold. A molecular weight of 90 000 for the enzyme was estimated from gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. The Km for 5'-methylthioadenosine was 4.7 . 10(-7) M, while the Km for phosphate was 2 . 10(-4) M. The products of the reaction were isolated and identified as adenine and 5-methylthioribose 1-phosphate. In addition to 5'-methylthioadenosine the nucleoside analogues 5'-ethylthioadenosine and 5'-n-propylthioadenosine also served as substrates for the enzyme. The 7-deaza analogue 5'-methylthiotubercidin was found to be an inhibitor of the reaction, but was inactive as a substrate.", "PMID": 114225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11149", "title": "Circular dichroism of lipoxygenase-1 from soybeans.", "content": "The circular dichroism spectra of the three forms of lipoxygenase-1 from soybeans show characteristic differences in the region between 300 and 600 nm. Native lipoxygenase-1 only shows a negative dichroic band around 330 nm. Yellow lipoxygenase-1, obtained by addition of an equimolar amount of 13-F-hydroperoxylinoleic acid to the native enzyme, shows a positive Cotton effect at 425 nm, while the negative band band at 330 nm has increased in intensity. The blue enzyme, representing a complex of yellow enzyme with 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid exhibits a negative dichroic band at 580 nm and positive bands at 410 and 391 nm. The near-ultraviolet CD spectra of the three forms of lipoxygenase are very similar, showing several well resolved positive dichroic bands at 0 degrees C. Using the method of Chen et al. (Chen, Y.-H., Yang, J.T. and Martinez, H.M. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 4120--4131) the contents of alpha-helix, beta- and unordered form of native lipoxygenase-1 were estimated to be 34, 27 and 39% respectively.", "contents": "Circular dichroism of lipoxygenase-1 from soybeans. The circular dichroism spectra of the three forms of lipoxygenase-1 from soybeans show characteristic differences in the region between 300 and 600 nm. Native lipoxygenase-1 only shows a negative dichroic band around 330 nm. Yellow lipoxygenase-1, obtained by addition of an equimolar amount of 13-F-hydroperoxylinoleic acid to the native enzyme, shows a positive Cotton effect at 425 nm, while the negative band band at 330 nm has increased in intensity. The blue enzyme, representing a complex of yellow enzyme with 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid exhibits a negative dichroic band at 580 nm and positive bands at 410 and 391 nm. The near-ultraviolet CD spectra of the three forms of lipoxygenase are very similar, showing several well resolved positive dichroic bands at 0 degrees C. Using the method of Chen et al. (Chen, Y.-H., Yang, J.T. and Martinez, H.M. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 4120--4131) the contents of alpha-helix, beta- and unordered form of native lipoxygenase-1 were estimated to be 34, 27 and 39% respectively.", "PMID": 114226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11150", "title": "The high autoantibody activity of antibodies to rat skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase b produced in rabbits.", "content": "Antibodies to rat skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase b were prepared in six rabbits by weekly injection of the enzyme emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant. All the antiserum preparations showed high autoantibody activities to react with the rabbit muscle enzyme in both inhibition of enzyme activity and precipitation. In Ouchterlony double diffusion in agar, the antiserum preparations were precipitable to give a distinct spur between the two precipitin lines formed with rat and rabbit enzymes. When the autoantibody index was taken as per cent cross-reactivity of rabbit enzyme with rat enzyme, the autoantibody indices of inhibition and precipitation of one of the antiserum preparations were as high as 98% and 52.3%, respectively.", "contents": "The high autoantibody activity of antibodies to rat skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase b produced in rabbits. Antibodies to rat skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase b were prepared in six rabbits by weekly injection of the enzyme emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant. All the antiserum preparations showed high autoantibody activities to react with the rabbit muscle enzyme in both inhibition of enzyme activity and precipitation. In Ouchterlony double diffusion in agar, the antiserum preparations were precipitable to give a distinct spur between the two precipitin lines formed with rat and rabbit enzymes. When the autoantibody index was taken as per cent cross-reactivity of rabbit enzyme with rat enzyme, the autoantibody indices of inhibition and precipitation of one of the antiserum preparations were as high as 98% and 52.3%, respectively.", "PMID": 114227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11151", "title": "Inhibition of tyrosinase by indole compounds and reaction products. Protection by albumin.", "content": "Tyrosinase activity decreases as the reaction proceeds and is inhibited by L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidation products. Indole and tryptophan inhibit tyrosinase reaction and bovine albumin protects against end-product(s) inhibition or inactivation. Since the same tyrosinase reaction products are indole compounds and some authors reported the binding of indole derivatives with albumin, it is here suggested that indole intermediates of melanin synthesis inhibit or inactivate tyrosinase.", "contents": "Inhibition of tyrosinase by indole compounds and reaction products. Protection by albumin. Tyrosinase activity decreases as the reaction proceeds and is inhibited by L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidation products. Indole and tryptophan inhibit tyrosinase reaction and bovine albumin protects against end-product(s) inhibition or inactivation. Since the same tyrosinase reaction products are indole compounds and some authors reported the binding of indole derivatives with albumin, it is here suggested that indole intermediates of melanin synthesis inhibit or inactivate tyrosinase.", "PMID": 114228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11152", "title": "Parvalbumins. Distribution and physical state inside the muscle cell.", "content": "Single skinned muscle fibres (frog) have been submitted to double Ouchterlony immunodiffusion assays with antibodies directed against the two species of frog parvalbumins. The antigenic material which diffuses out of each fibre contains the two parvalbumins. Their presence in each cell is thus demonstrated. The amount of parvalbumins having diffused out of the fibre has been quantified. It corresponds to the parvalbumin content of the cell. This implies that these proteins are freely soluble in the muscle sarcoplasm.", "contents": "Parvalbumins. Distribution and physical state inside the muscle cell. Single skinned muscle fibres (frog) have been submitted to double Ouchterlony immunodiffusion assays with antibodies directed against the two species of frog parvalbumins. The antigenic material which diffuses out of each fibre contains the two parvalbumins. Their presence in each cell is thus demonstrated. The amount of parvalbumins having diffused out of the fibre has been quantified. It corresponds to the parvalbumin content of the cell. This implies that these proteins are freely soluble in the muscle sarcoplasm.", "PMID": 114229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11153", "title": "[Comparative study of microsomal enzymic activities in adult and foetal monkey hepatocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "Differential centrifugation was applied to adult and foetal liver of monkey. Obtained fractions were: F1 (800 X g); F2 (12 500 X g); F3 (200 000 X g); and cell sap. Analysis of chemical compounds of these fractions shows that: (1) adult and foetal nucleic acids levels are similar; (2) there are more proteins in adult than in foetal hepatocytes; (3) most of the glycogen is located in F3; the foetal level is twenty times higher than the adult level. Plasma membrane enzymes (5'-nucleotidase, adenylate cyclase) show a nucleomicrosomic distribution. The distribution of alkaline phosphatase is not significant. Mitochondrial enzymes (monoamine oxydase, succinate cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome oxydase) are enriched in F2 without any sedimentation in F3. There is more malate dehydrogenase liberated in cell sap during foetal liver fractionation. This indicates the foetal mitochondria are more sensitive to the homogenisation method. Lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase, N-acetylglucosaminidase) are enriched in F2. The same observation for N-acetylglucosaminidase as for malate dehydrogenase leads to the same conclusion for foetal lysosomes. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase and related phosphotransferase activity, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and sialytransferase) are much enriched in F3. Thus this fraction F3 is pure enough to allow the observation of the modification produced on endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus during foetal and neonatal development.", "contents": "[Comparative study of microsomal enzymic activities in adult and foetal monkey hepatocytes (author's transl)]. Differential centrifugation was applied to adult and foetal liver of monkey. Obtained fractions were: F1 (800 X g); F2 (12 500 X g); F3 (200 000 X g); and cell sap. Analysis of chemical compounds of these fractions shows that: (1) adult and foetal nucleic acids levels are similar; (2) there are more proteins in adult than in foetal hepatocytes; (3) most of the glycogen is located in F3; the foetal level is twenty times higher than the adult level. Plasma membrane enzymes (5'-nucleotidase, adenylate cyclase) show a nucleomicrosomic distribution. The distribution of alkaline phosphatase is not significant. Mitochondrial enzymes (monoamine oxydase, succinate cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome oxydase) are enriched in F2 without any sedimentation in F3. There is more malate dehydrogenase liberated in cell sap during foetal liver fractionation. This indicates the foetal mitochondria are more sensitive to the homogenisation method. Lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase, N-acetylglucosaminidase) are enriched in F2. The same observation for N-acetylglucosaminidase as for malate dehydrogenase leads to the same conclusion for foetal lysosomes. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase and related phosphotransferase activity, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and sialytransferase) are much enriched in F3. Thus this fraction F3 is pure enough to allow the observation of the modification produced on endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus during foetal and neonatal development.", "PMID": 114230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11154", "title": "Response of heterogenous rat liver lysosome populations to starvation and refeeding.", "content": "Starvation-induced alterations in liver lysosomes and their recovery pattern following refeeding were investigated. Fasting of adult rats for five days caused an increase in 'free' activities of acid hydrolyses in liver homogenates and loss in sedimentation of one of the heterogenous populations of lysosomes that could be isolated by differential centrifugation. Isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation revealed a decrease in the median and modal equilibration densities of all the forms of lysosomes in response to the dietary deprivation. Further, starvation also evoked a distinct bimodal distribution in a population that was rich in acid phosphatases, beta-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. Realimentation of starved animals for 10 days was found to restore the enzyme levels and the sedimentation characteristics to normal profiles.", "contents": "Response of heterogenous rat liver lysosome populations to starvation and refeeding. Starvation-induced alterations in liver lysosomes and their recovery pattern following refeeding were investigated. Fasting of adult rats for five days caused an increase in 'free' activities of acid hydrolyses in liver homogenates and loss in sedimentation of one of the heterogenous populations of lysosomes that could be isolated by differential centrifugation. Isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation revealed a decrease in the median and modal equilibration densities of all the forms of lysosomes in response to the dietary deprivation. Further, starvation also evoked a distinct bimodal distribution in a population that was rich in acid phosphatases, beta-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. Realimentation of starved animals for 10 days was found to restore the enzyme levels and the sedimentation characteristics to normal profiles.", "PMID": 114231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11155", "title": "Selective modification of positive chemotaxis in the true slime mold Physarum polycephalum by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment.", "content": "The plasmodium of the true slime mold Physarum polycephalum was treated with EDTA or EGTA and the effect of the treatment on the chemotactic response was examined by measuring the chemotactic motive force with the double-chamber method. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The treatment of the plasmodium with 5 mM EDTA (pH 7.0, 20 min) did not give any significant effect on the protoplasmic streaming or motility. (2) The plasmodium treated with EDTA exhibited no chemotactic response to non-electrolyte attractants (D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, and maltose) and negative chemotaxis to electrolyte attractants (cyclic AMP and NaH2PO4). (3) The EDTA treatment gave no effect on the chemotactic response to repellents (D-fructose, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2). (4) The EDTA-treated plasmodium exhibited changes in the membrane potential in response to both attractants and repellents as similar to the untreated plasmodium. (5) The treatment of the plasmodium with 5 mM EGTA (pH 7.0, 20 min) gave results similar to those obtained with the EDTA treatment. The results obtained suggested that EDTA (or EGTA) treatment did not affect the receptor sites but modified the transduction mechanism from reception into tactic movement.", "contents": "Selective modification of positive chemotaxis in the true slime mold Physarum polycephalum by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment. The plasmodium of the true slime mold Physarum polycephalum was treated with EDTA or EGTA and the effect of the treatment on the chemotactic response was examined by measuring the chemotactic motive force with the double-chamber method. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The treatment of the plasmodium with 5 mM EDTA (pH 7.0, 20 min) did not give any significant effect on the protoplasmic streaming or motility. (2) The plasmodium treated with EDTA exhibited no chemotactic response to non-electrolyte attractants (D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, and maltose) and negative chemotaxis to electrolyte attractants (cyclic AMP and NaH2PO4). (3) The EDTA treatment gave no effect on the chemotactic response to repellents (D-fructose, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2). (4) The EDTA-treated plasmodium exhibited changes in the membrane potential in response to both attractants and repellents as similar to the untreated plasmodium. (5) The treatment of the plasmodium with 5 mM EGTA (pH 7.0, 20 min) gave results similar to those obtained with the EDTA treatment. The results obtained suggested that EDTA (or EGTA) treatment did not affect the receptor sites but modified the transduction mechanism from reception into tactic movement.", "PMID": 114232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11156", "title": "Size measurements on isolated rat heart cells using Coulter analysis and light scatter flow cytometry.", "content": "Isolated ventricular muscle cells from the adult rat heart have been examined by both Coulter analysis and light scatter flow cytometry. The dispersed cell preparations contain two main cell types: viable, rod-shaped cells and damaged, round cells. Coulter analytical techniques provided statistical data on cell volume for both cell types. The contribution of each population to the Coulter pulse height distributions were separated by a subtraction method using data obtained from digitonin-treated preparations that contain only round cells. A shape factor for cells aligned with the flow direction was computed from light microscope measurements and the effects of cell orientation within the Coulter aperture were approximately assessed. The estimated volumes for intact myocytes compare favourably with those reported in the literature. No significant size difference was observed between fresh and fixed cells. Narrow angle, forward light scatter measurements were made on individual cells flowing across a focused laser beam. Both scatter pulse height and pulse width (pulse duration) distributions were collected. Values for myocyte length calculated from pulse width information agree well with published data and confirm that the hydrodynamic forces in the flow system produced alignment of the cells with the flow direction. Scatter pulse width distributions reveal two distinct peaks assignable to either rod or round cells. Preliminary electronic gating experiments, using pulse height signals, suggest that signals derived from round cells could be eliminated entirely using a gating regime based on pulse width. This would enable flow cytometric measurements to be made on only the intact myocytes present in heterogeneous preparations.", "contents": "Size measurements on isolated rat heart cells using Coulter analysis and light scatter flow cytometry. Isolated ventricular muscle cells from the adult rat heart have been examined by both Coulter analysis and light scatter flow cytometry. The dispersed cell preparations contain two main cell types: viable, rod-shaped cells and damaged, round cells. Coulter analytical techniques provided statistical data on cell volume for both cell types. The contribution of each population to the Coulter pulse height distributions were separated by a subtraction method using data obtained from digitonin-treated preparations that contain only round cells. A shape factor for cells aligned with the flow direction was computed from light microscope measurements and the effects of cell orientation within the Coulter aperture were approximately assessed. The estimated volumes for intact myocytes compare favourably with those reported in the literature. No significant size difference was observed between fresh and fixed cells. Narrow angle, forward light scatter measurements were made on individual cells flowing across a focused laser beam. Both scatter pulse height and pulse width (pulse duration) distributions were collected. Values for myocyte length calculated from pulse width information agree well with published data and confirm that the hydrodynamic forces in the flow system produced alignment of the cells with the flow direction. Scatter pulse width distributions reveal two distinct peaks assignable to either rod or round cells. Preliminary electronic gating experiments, using pulse height signals, suggest that signals derived from round cells could be eliminated entirely using a gating regime based on pulse width. This would enable flow cytometric measurements to be made on only the intact myocytes present in heterogeneous preparations.", "PMID": 114233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11157", "title": "The decrease of guanine nucleotides initiates sporulation of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Massive sporulation of Bacillus subtilis normally begins when carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus sources able to support rapid growth are no longer available. Sporulation can also be induced in exponentially growing cultures, in the presence of rapidly utilizable ammonia, glucose and phosphate if growth is partially but not completely inhibited either by inhibitors of nucleotide synthesis (hadacidin, decoyinine or 6-azauracil) or by purine deprivation in purine and especially in guanine auxotrophs. All these conditions allowing sporulation result in a decrease in the intracellular concentration of guanosine di- and tri-phosphates and usually uridine di- and triphosphates while other nucleotides decrease in some but increase in other cases. A decrease of uracil nucleotides alone, in a uracil auxotroph, does not produce massive sporulation. Our results demonstrate that the partial reduction of a guanine nucleotide, probably relative to some other compound, suffices to initiate sporulation. This reduction may always play a decisive role in the initiation of sporulation, as we have observed it under all conditions so far known to produce massive sporulation.", "contents": "The decrease of guanine nucleotides initiates sporulation of Bacillus subtilis. Massive sporulation of Bacillus subtilis normally begins when carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus sources able to support rapid growth are no longer available. Sporulation can also be induced in exponentially growing cultures, in the presence of rapidly utilizable ammonia, glucose and phosphate if growth is partially but not completely inhibited either by inhibitors of nucleotide synthesis (hadacidin, decoyinine or 6-azauracil) or by purine deprivation in purine and especially in guanine auxotrophs. All these conditions allowing sporulation result in a decrease in the intracellular concentration of guanosine di- and tri-phosphates and usually uridine di- and triphosphates while other nucleotides decrease in some but increase in other cases. A decrease of uracil nucleotides alone, in a uracil auxotroph, does not produce massive sporulation. Our results demonstrate that the partial reduction of a guanine nucleotide, probably relative to some other compound, suffices to initiate sporulation. This reduction may always play a decisive role in the initiation of sporulation, as we have observed it under all conditions so far known to produce massive sporulation.", "PMID": 114234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11158", "title": "Homeostatic regulation of free retinol-binding protein and free thyroxine pools of plasma by their plasma carrier proteins in chicken.", "content": "The mechanism underlying homeostatic regulation of the plasma levels of free retinol-binding protein and free thyroxine, the systemic distribution of which is of great importance, has been investigated. A simple method has been developed to determine the rate of dissociation of a ligand from the binding protein. Analysis of the dissociation process of retinol-binding protein from prealbumin-2 reveals that the free retinol-binding protein pool undergoes massive flux, and that prealbumin-2 participates in homeostatic regulation of the free retinol-binding protein pool. Studies on the dissociation process of thyroxine from its plasma carrier proteins show that the various plasma carrier proteins share two roles. Of the two types of protein, the thyroxine-binding globulin (the high affinity binding protein) contributes only 27% of the free thyroxine in a rapid transition process, despite its being the major binding protein. But prealbumin-2, which has lower affinity towards thyroxine, participates mainly in a rapid flux of the free thyroxine pool. Thus thyroxine-binding globulin acts predominantly as a plasma reservoir of thyroxine, and also probably in the 'buffering' action on plasma free thyroxine level, in the long term, while prealbumin-2 participates mainly in the maintenance of constancy of free thyroxine levels even in the short term. The existence of these two types of binding protein facilitates compensation for the metabolic flux of the free ligand and maintenance of the thyroxine pool within a very narrow range.", "contents": "Homeostatic regulation of free retinol-binding protein and free thyroxine pools of plasma by their plasma carrier proteins in chicken. The mechanism underlying homeostatic regulation of the plasma levels of free retinol-binding protein and free thyroxine, the systemic distribution of which is of great importance, has been investigated. A simple method has been developed to determine the rate of dissociation of a ligand from the binding protein. Analysis of the dissociation process of retinol-binding protein from prealbumin-2 reveals that the free retinol-binding protein pool undergoes massive flux, and that prealbumin-2 participates in homeostatic regulation of the free retinol-binding protein pool. Studies on the dissociation process of thyroxine from its plasma carrier proteins show that the various plasma carrier proteins share two roles. Of the two types of protein, the thyroxine-binding globulin (the high affinity binding protein) contributes only 27% of the free thyroxine in a rapid transition process, despite its being the major binding protein. But prealbumin-2, which has lower affinity towards thyroxine, participates mainly in a rapid flux of the free thyroxine pool. Thus thyroxine-binding globulin acts predominantly as a plasma reservoir of thyroxine, and also probably in the 'buffering' action on plasma free thyroxine level, in the long term, while prealbumin-2 participates mainly in the maintenance of constancy of free thyroxine levels even in the short term. The existence of these two types of binding protein facilitates compensation for the metabolic flux of the free ligand and maintenance of the thyroxine pool within a very narrow range.", "PMID": 114235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11159", "title": "Purification and characterization of an estrogen-binding peroxidase from human fetuses.", "content": "A peroxidase found under two forms with a molecular weight of 220,000 and 170,000 respectively, was purified from human fetuses. The purification procedure included ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purification factor approximated 400. These two forms of peroxidase were found to be immunologically identical as shown when utilizing immunodiffusion. They were able to bind estradiol in the presence of H2O2. This bond resisted to denaturation and solvent extraction therefore suggesting a covalent binding of estradiol to the enzyme.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of an estrogen-binding peroxidase from human fetuses. A peroxidase found under two forms with a molecular weight of 220,000 and 170,000 respectively, was purified from human fetuses. The purification procedure included ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purification factor approximated 400. These two forms of peroxidase were found to be immunologically identical as shown when utilizing immunodiffusion. They were able to bind estradiol in the presence of H2O2. This bond resisted to denaturation and solvent extraction therefore suggesting a covalent binding of estradiol to the enzyme.", "PMID": 114237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11160", "title": "Light adaptation in cone photoreceptors: the occurrence and significance of unitary adaptive strength.", "content": "The behavior of \"peak response-log intensity\" functions generated by the \"dark glasses model\" is examined and is shown to describe previously observed light adapted behavior in cone photoreceptors. The models of Boynton and Whitten (1970) and Norman and Werblin (1974) are closely related to the dark glasses model--the Boynton-Whitten model being more specific and the Normann-Werblin model more general. For the models, a certain parameter relationship will produce systems which have optimal intensity discriminative capacities. When the data are fitted, this parameter relationship--unitary adaptive strength--seems to emerge. Possible evolutionary and psychophysical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Light adaptation in cone photoreceptors: the occurrence and significance of unitary adaptive strength. The behavior of \"peak response-log intensity\" functions generated by the \"dark glasses model\" is examined and is shown to describe previously observed light adapted behavior in cone photoreceptors. The models of Boynton and Whitten (1970) and Norman and Werblin (1974) are closely related to the dark glasses model--the Boynton-Whitten model being more specific and the Normann-Werblin model more general. For the models, a certain parameter relationship will produce systems which have optimal intensity discriminative capacities. When the data are fitted, this parameter relationship--unitary adaptive strength--seems to emerge. Possible evolutionary and psychophysical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 114238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11161", "title": "Dynamics of a long-latency reflex pathway in the monkey.", "content": "Angular wrist displacements in the monkey result in a short-latency (20--25 ms) \"reflex\" response of motor cortical cells in area 4 and separate peaks of activity in the gross EMG of the stretched muscles. Frequency domain analysis was carried out between (1) wrist position as input and motor cortical neuron response as output, (2) position as input and EMG response as output, and (3) motor cortical neuron response as input and EMG response as output. The results show that the dynamics of primary spindle afferents characterize the dynamics of the pathway to the motor cortex and that of the reflex loop. Results are discussed in terms of \"long-loop\" reflexes.", "contents": "Dynamics of a long-latency reflex pathway in the monkey. Angular wrist displacements in the monkey result in a short-latency (20--25 ms) \"reflex\" response of motor cortical cells in area 4 and separate peaks of activity in the gross EMG of the stretched muscles. Frequency domain analysis was carried out between (1) wrist position as input and motor cortical neuron response as output, (2) position as input and EMG response as output, and (3) motor cortical neuron response as input and EMG response as output. The results show that the dynamics of primary spindle afferents characterize the dynamics of the pathway to the motor cortex and that of the reflex loop. Results are discussed in terms of \"long-loop\" reflexes.", "PMID": 114239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11162", "title": "Glucose and galactose infusions in newborns of diabetic and healthy mothers.", "content": "The changes of insulin, blood sugars, lactate and free fatty acid levels were studied in 12 newborns of diabetic mothers and in 21 newborns of healthy mothers in the course of intravenous infusions of glucose and galactose at a dose of 0.5 g.kg-1.h-1. During glucose infusion a striking increase of insulin levels took place, which was higher in the infants of diabetic mothers. Galactose administration caused only a mild insulinemia increase in the 1st h of infusion. In the infants of healthy mothers blood glucose increased during the 1 st h of infusion but decreased afterwards. In the infants of diabetic mothers the increase lasted for the whole time of infusion. The decrease of free fatty acid levels was present in the course of infusions of both sugars. The results show that galactose is quickly metabolized by the newborn and provokes minimal stimulation of the insular apparatus.", "contents": "Glucose and galactose infusions in newborns of diabetic and healthy mothers. The changes of insulin, blood sugars, lactate and free fatty acid levels were studied in 12 newborns of diabetic mothers and in 21 newborns of healthy mothers in the course of intravenous infusions of glucose and galactose at a dose of 0.5 g.kg-1.h-1. During glucose infusion a striking increase of insulin levels took place, which was higher in the infants of diabetic mothers. Galactose administration caused only a mild insulinemia increase in the 1st h of infusion. In the infants of healthy mothers blood glucose increased during the 1 st h of infusion but decreased afterwards. In the infants of diabetic mothers the increase lasted for the whole time of infusion. The decrease of free fatty acid levels was present in the course of infusions of both sugars. The results show that galactose is quickly metabolized by the newborn and provokes minimal stimulation of the insular apparatus.", "PMID": 114240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11163", "title": "[Effect of Ca2+ ions on thermal denaturation of chromatin in an aqueous medium].", "content": "Thermal denaturation of chromatin has been investigated in the presence of Ca2+ ions by adiabatic scanning microcalorimetryc and thermomechanical methods. In contrast to EDTA treated chromatin with two melting bands (74 degrees C and 82,5 degrees C) on differential melting curve, the only denaturation peak (82 degrees C) was observed in the presence of a very low Ca2+ level (0,1 mM). Chromatin melting temperature has been shown to decrease with Ca2+ concentration and in the region of 65-67 degrees C a heatless transition due to chromatin repacking in a more compact form occurred.", "contents": "[Effect of Ca2+ ions on thermal denaturation of chromatin in an aqueous medium]. Thermal denaturation of chromatin has been investigated in the presence of Ca2+ ions by adiabatic scanning microcalorimetryc and thermomechanical methods. In contrast to EDTA treated chromatin with two melting bands (74 degrees C and 82,5 degrees C) on differential melting curve, the only denaturation peak (82 degrees C) was observed in the presence of a very low Ca2+ level (0,1 mM). Chromatin melting temperature has been shown to decrease with Ca2+ concentration and in the region of 65-67 degrees C a heatless transition due to chromatin repacking in a more compact form occurred.", "PMID": 114236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11164", "title": "Development of jejunoileal differences of activity of lactase, sucrase and acid beta-galactosidase in isografts of fetal rat intestine.", "content": "Jejunal and ileal segments from preterm rat fetuses were implanted under the kidney capsula of adult rats. Sucrase, lactase and acid beta-galactosidase activities were determined in the isografts at different times after implantation, and in corresponding segments developing in situ. Whereas fetal intestine contains considerable activity of acid beta-galactosidase and lactase, no sucrase activity is detectable. Similarly -- as in situ -- 4 weeks after the implantation the jejunal segment exhibited higher activity of sucrase and lactase than the ileal segment. Acid beta-galactosidase was more active in ileal than in jejunal segments -- both growing in situ as well as isografts. Experiments have thus demonstrated that the expression of the jejunoileal gradient of activity of the 3 enzymes studied does not depend on direct contact with food or gastric, pancreatic and biliary juices. This gives validity to the suggestion that the gradient may already be programmed in fetal intestinal tissue, but other factors active in situ might be responsible for its magnitude.", "contents": "Development of jejunoileal differences of activity of lactase, sucrase and acid beta-galactosidase in isografts of fetal rat intestine. Jejunal and ileal segments from preterm rat fetuses were implanted under the kidney capsula of adult rats. Sucrase, lactase and acid beta-galactosidase activities were determined in the isografts at different times after implantation, and in corresponding segments developing in situ. Whereas fetal intestine contains considerable activity of acid beta-galactosidase and lactase, no sucrase activity is detectable. Similarly -- as in situ -- 4 weeks after the implantation the jejunal segment exhibited higher activity of sucrase and lactase than the ileal segment. Acid beta-galactosidase was more active in ileal than in jejunal segments -- both growing in situ as well as isografts. Experiments have thus demonstrated that the expression of the jejunoileal gradient of activity of the 3 enzymes studied does not depend on direct contact with food or gastric, pancreatic and biliary juices. This gives validity to the suggestion that the gradient may already be programmed in fetal intestinal tissue, but other factors active in situ might be responsible for its magnitude.", "PMID": 114241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11165", "title": "Double antibody specificity of lymphoid cells isolated from normal human intestinal mucosa.", "content": "Lymphoid cells were isolated from normal human mucosal specimens. A certain fraction of these cells exhibited double antibody specificities at the levels of both light kappa and lambda chains and heavy mu and gamma chains. The variable frequency with which these cells were detected appears to be a characteristic of this population. They represent a very low proportion of the total number of cells isolated.", "contents": "Double antibody specificity of lymphoid cells isolated from normal human intestinal mucosa. Lymphoid cells were isolated from normal human mucosal specimens. A certain fraction of these cells exhibited double antibody specificities at the levels of both light kappa and lambda chains and heavy mu and gamma chains. The variable frequency with which these cells were detected appears to be a characteristic of this population. They represent a very low proportion of the total number of cells isolated.", "PMID": 114243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11166", "title": "Mass spectral characterization of the K-region and non K-region dihydrodiols of 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene.", "content": "Dihydrodiols are derived from intermediary arene oxides during the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In this study, the mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives obtained from the 5,6-dihydrodiol and 8,9-dihydrodiol of 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene were compared. The mass spectral fragmentation patterns indicate some key features in distinguishing a K-region dihydrodiol from its non K-region isomer. The 8,9-dihydrodiol, a non K-region metabolite, exhibits a greater tendency to undergo a ring contraction fragmentation process while the K-region 5,6-dihydrodiol participates preferably in other fragmentation pathways. The data presented in this report will be useful in charcterizing K-region and nonK-region metabolic epoxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.", "contents": "Mass spectral characterization of the K-region and non K-region dihydrodiols of 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene. Dihydrodiols are derived from intermediary arene oxides during the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In this study, the mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives obtained from the 5,6-dihydrodiol and 8,9-dihydrodiol of 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene were compared. The mass spectral fragmentation patterns indicate some key features in distinguishing a K-region dihydrodiol from its non K-region isomer. The 8,9-dihydrodiol, a non K-region metabolite, exhibits a greater tendency to undergo a ring contraction fragmentation process while the K-region 5,6-dihydrodiol participates preferably in other fragmentation pathways. The data presented in this report will be useful in charcterizing K-region and nonK-region metabolic epoxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.", "PMID": 114245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11167", "title": "Use of an enzyme thermistor in continuous measurements and enzyme reactor control.", "content": "The enzyme thermistor measures the heat produced by the action of an immobilized enzyme on a substrate present in the sample. Its application in analysis of discrete samples, e.g., in clinical chemistry, is well documented, but it has not been used so far for continuous measurements. We decribe here the application of the enzyme thermistor for continuous monitoring and control of enzyme reactors. An enzyme thermistor filled with coimmobilized glucose oxidase and catalase was used to measure the amount of glucose in the outflow from a column reactor containing immobilized lactase acting on a lactose solution pumped through the reactor. The lactose conversion was kept on a constant level, irrespective of the actual enzymatic activity in the reactor, by regulating the flow through the reactor. The experiments were carried out with aqueous solutions of lactose as well as with whey from cow's milk.", "contents": "Use of an enzyme thermistor in continuous measurements and enzyme reactor control. The enzyme thermistor measures the heat produced by the action of an immobilized enzyme on a substrate present in the sample. Its application in analysis of discrete samples, e.g., in clinical chemistry, is well documented, but it has not been used so far for continuous measurements. We decribe here the application of the enzyme thermistor for continuous monitoring and control of enzyme reactors. An enzyme thermistor filled with coimmobilized glucose oxidase and catalase was used to measure the amount of glucose in the outflow from a column reactor containing immobilized lactase acting on a lactose solution pumped through the reactor. The lactose conversion was kept on a constant level, irrespective of the actual enzymatic activity in the reactor, by regulating the flow through the reactor. The experiments were carried out with aqueous solutions of lactose as well as with whey from cow's milk.", "PMID": 114246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11168", "title": "[Correlation between differentiation and malignancy in human malignant melanocytes \"in vivo\" and \"in vitro\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The relationships between differentiation and malignant transformation were studied in human malignant melanomas in vivo and in vitro. Melanocyte differentiation was assessed by ultrastructural morphological characteristis (the appearance of the melanosomes and related structures) localization of dopa-oxidase and assay of 5-S-cysteinyldopa, a specific metabolite. The transformed characteristic of the cells in vitro was evaluated by their ability to give rise to established cell lines, karyological modifications and heterotransplantation in Nude mice and Syrian hamsters. Morphological variability of the cells in malignant melanomas is accompanied by variability in the localization of dopa-oxidase, the level of 5-S-cysteinyldopa, chromosome pattern and their heterotransplantibility. The lack of pigmentation in some malignant melanoma lines can result from either an irreversible loss of some functions which give rise in melanization and the malignancy in maintained, or by phenomenon of regulation determined by intra or extra-cellular factors with the loss of heterotransplantability. Modulation phenomena affecting tumorigenicity and pigmentation although sometimes concomitant are not identical.", "contents": "[Correlation between differentiation and malignancy in human malignant melanocytes \"in vivo\" and \"in vitro\" (author's transl)]. The relationships between differentiation and malignant transformation were studied in human malignant melanomas in vivo and in vitro. Melanocyte differentiation was assessed by ultrastructural morphological characteristis (the appearance of the melanosomes and related structures) localization of dopa-oxidase and assay of 5-S-cysteinyldopa, a specific metabolite. The transformed characteristic of the cells in vitro was evaluated by their ability to give rise to established cell lines, karyological modifications and heterotransplantation in Nude mice and Syrian hamsters. Morphological variability of the cells in malignant melanomas is accompanied by variability in the localization of dopa-oxidase, the level of 5-S-cysteinyldopa, chromosome pattern and their heterotransplantibility. The lack of pigmentation in some malignant melanoma lines can result from either an irreversible loss of some functions which give rise in melanization and the malignancy in maintained, or by phenomenon of regulation determined by intra or extra-cellular factors with the loss of heterotransplantability. Modulation phenomena affecting tumorigenicity and pigmentation although sometimes concomitant are not identical.", "PMID": 114247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11169", "title": "Elevation of blood lead concentration by confinement in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were exposed to lead (Pb) acetate under various regimens during the first 12 months of life. At 30 months of age, these animals and unexposed controls were confined to an unfamiliar experimental chamber for one week. Serum cortisol concentration and Pb concentration in whole blood (PbB) were measured prior to, during, and after this confinement. Cortisol concentrations rose 60--90% within 2 hours of confinement, and declined to baseline levels after 98 hours of confinement. Mean baseline PbB levels reflected the state of clearance of the previously-ingested lead, rose 25--35% within 2 hours of confinement, and reached mean maximum levels as much as 100% above baseline after 98 hours of confinement. The data are discussed in terms of hormonal mobilization of Pb stored in bone, and subgest (1) that this storage is multicompartmental, (2) that more than one process is probably involved in its mobilization, (3) that cortisol probably does not directly affect PbB levels, and (4) that stress should be considered a potential factor in determining the PbB in studies of Pb metabolism.", "contents": "Elevation of blood lead concentration by confinement in the rhesus monkey. Rhesus monkeys were exposed to lead (Pb) acetate under various regimens during the first 12 months of life. At 30 months of age, these animals and unexposed controls were confined to an unfamiliar experimental chamber for one week. Serum cortisol concentration and Pb concentration in whole blood (PbB) were measured prior to, during, and after this confinement. Cortisol concentrations rose 60--90% within 2 hours of confinement, and declined to baseline levels after 98 hours of confinement. Mean baseline PbB levels reflected the state of clearance of the previously-ingested lead, rose 25--35% within 2 hours of confinement, and reached mean maximum levels as much as 100% above baseline after 98 hours of confinement. The data are discussed in terms of hormonal mobilization of Pb stored in bone, and subgest (1) that this storage is multicompartmental, (2) that more than one process is probably involved in its mobilization, (3) that cortisol probably does not directly affect PbB levels, and (4) that stress should be considered a potential factor in determining the PbB in studies of Pb metabolism.", "PMID": 114260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11170", "title": "Reduction of epileptic seizures by reinforcement of bladder continence.", "content": "Epileptic seizures and resulting incontinence of urine were effectively reduced by reinforcement of incompatible behaviour with individual programming within a general token economy system. Two treatment phases, including token and social reinforcement, during an 11 week period resulted in significant seizure reduction. Therapeutic gains were maintained in a 6 month follow-up.", "contents": "Reduction of epileptic seizures by reinforcement of bladder continence. Epileptic seizures and resulting incontinence of urine were effectively reduced by reinforcement of incompatible behaviour with individual programming within a general token economy system. Two treatment phases, including token and social reinforcement, during an 11 week period resulted in significant seizure reduction. Therapeutic gains were maintained in a 6 month follow-up.", "PMID": 114262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11171", "title": "Two gas-gangrene-like infections due to Bacillus cereus.", "content": "Two cases of postoperative gas-gangrene-like infection due to Bacillus cereus are reported, drawing attention to the fact that Bacillus cereus, a common environmental bacterium, can occasionally give rise to severe post-operative infection. Characteristics of the organism related to the epidemiology and pathogenesis of such infections are discussed.", "contents": "Two gas-gangrene-like infections due to Bacillus cereus. Two cases of postoperative gas-gangrene-like infection due to Bacillus cereus are reported, drawing attention to the fact that Bacillus cereus, a common environmental bacterium, can occasionally give rise to severe post-operative infection. Characteristics of the organism related to the epidemiology and pathogenesis of such infections are discussed.", "PMID": 114263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11172", "title": "Configurational prey selection by Bufo, Alytes, Bombina and Hyla.", "content": "The aim of the present study is to answer the following questions; (1) Is the ability of toads to distinguish between different configurational prey stimuli based on learning during ontogeny? (2) Is the configurational meaning of a stimulus influenced by its distance from the animal? (3) Are there differences in configurational prey selection among different anuran species? (1) Experiments with postmetamorphic juveniles of Alytes obstetricans indicate that preferences for worm-like objects can be obtained immediately after metamorphosis. This preference undergoes some specialization during ontogeny. (2) The configurational meaning of 'worm-like' and 'antiworm-like' objects is -- within broad ranges -- independent of the distance from the animal so far as has been investigated in A. obstetricans and Bufo bufo. (3) The configurational discrimination ability (between worm-like and antiworm-like objects) has common basic components in different anuran species, so far investigated in the following species: B. bufo, Hyla arborea, Hyla cinerea, A. obstetricans. Bombina variegata. There are remarkable species differences for preferred absolute prey sizes, which may depend on different body sizes and in particular upon the size of the mouth.", "contents": "Configurational prey selection by Bufo, Alytes, Bombina and Hyla. The aim of the present study is to answer the following questions; (1) Is the ability of toads to distinguish between different configurational prey stimuli based on learning during ontogeny? (2) Is the configurational meaning of a stimulus influenced by its distance from the animal? (3) Are there differences in configurational prey selection among different anuran species? (1) Experiments with postmetamorphic juveniles of Alytes obstetricans indicate that preferences for worm-like objects can be obtained immediately after metamorphosis. This preference undergoes some specialization during ontogeny. (2) The configurational meaning of 'worm-like' and 'antiworm-like' objects is -- within broad ranges -- independent of the distance from the animal so far as has been investigated in A. obstetricans and Bufo bufo. (3) The configurational discrimination ability (between worm-like and antiworm-like objects) has common basic components in different anuran species, so far investigated in the following species: B. bufo, Hyla arborea, Hyla cinerea, A. obstetricans. Bombina variegata. There are remarkable species differences for preferred absolute prey sizes, which may depend on different body sizes and in particular upon the size of the mouth.", "PMID": 114268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11173", "title": "An anatomical asymmetry in the baboon brain.", "content": "A group of 7 baboon brains was examined for the presence of an asymmetry of the frontal poles. 6 of the 7 brains exhibited an asymmetry in which the right frontal pole was longer than the left by a mean of 1.4 mm. The seventh brain had frontal poles of equal length.", "contents": "An anatomical asymmetry in the baboon brain. A group of 7 baboon brains was examined for the presence of an asymmetry of the frontal poles. 6 of the 7 brains exhibited an asymmetry in which the right frontal pole was longer than the left by a mean of 1.4 mm. The seventh brain had frontal poles of equal length.", "PMID": 114269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11174", "title": "Organization of somatic thalamus in monkeys with and without section of dorsal spinal tracts.", "content": "In an attempt to understand the modifications which appears at the thalamic level when dorsal cord sections are performed, peripheral fields of thalamic units were studied in normal and dorsal-cord sectional monkeys, totally awake and implanted with glass micropipettes. Six normal Macaca cynomolgus and 7 having received spinal sections, were studied. Ventricular radiography was performed and all the coordinates were related to new stereotaxic coordinates using the posterior commissure as the origin. Cell-bodies and axon units were recognized on the basis of the shape of the spikes. In normal animals, 972 units were studied; 307 were thalamic units with peripheral fields and 177 were derived from cell bodies. Localization of these cells was studied as a function of their peripheral field and response characteristics. The majority of ventralis posterior (VP) cell bodies were only activated by contralateral stimulation, their peripheral field being frequently found on the extremities. Somatotopic organization consisted of concentric layers rather than zones in apposition. Dorsoventral segregation of afferent modality sensitivity (movement, pressure, light touch) was observed. Somatosensory convergence was found in VP inferior (VPi) as well as convergence of different types of afferents on a few VP cells. Units responding to bilateral or ipsilateral stimulations were found only in posterior VP and in surrounding nuclei. A particular somatotopy was shown to exist in n. reticularis. A total of 838 units were studied in animals having had dorsal columns and Morin's bundle served. Only a few cells (13) responded in VPl to contralateral hindlimb stimulation. Their characteristics recall those noted in layer V spinal cord cells. The other cells (55) still driven by a hindlimb were dispersed in the nuclei just adjacent to VPl. The majority of cells found in the VPl were activated from the forelimb. They were observed in their normal VPl localization as well as in areas where hindlimb representation was found in normal animals. This change of afferent input is attributed to a reinnervation of hindlimb cells (probably at the gracilis level) by sprouting from forelimb afferent.", "contents": "Organization of somatic thalamus in monkeys with and without section of dorsal spinal tracts. In an attempt to understand the modifications which appears at the thalamic level when dorsal cord sections are performed, peripheral fields of thalamic units were studied in normal and dorsal-cord sectional monkeys, totally awake and implanted with glass micropipettes. Six normal Macaca cynomolgus and 7 having received spinal sections, were studied. Ventricular radiography was performed and all the coordinates were related to new stereotaxic coordinates using the posterior commissure as the origin. Cell-bodies and axon units were recognized on the basis of the shape of the spikes. In normal animals, 972 units were studied; 307 were thalamic units with peripheral fields and 177 were derived from cell bodies. Localization of these cells was studied as a function of their peripheral field and response characteristics. The majority of ventralis posterior (VP) cell bodies were only activated by contralateral stimulation, their peripheral field being frequently found on the extremities. Somatotopic organization consisted of concentric layers rather than zones in apposition. Dorsoventral segregation of afferent modality sensitivity (movement, pressure, light touch) was observed. Somatosensory convergence was found in VP inferior (VPi) as well as convergence of different types of afferents on a few VP cells. Units responding to bilateral or ipsilateral stimulations were found only in posterior VP and in surrounding nuclei. A particular somatotopy was shown to exist in n. reticularis. A total of 838 units were studied in animals having had dorsal columns and Morin's bundle served. Only a few cells (13) responded in VPl to contralateral hindlimb stimulation. Their characteristics recall those noted in layer V spinal cord cells. The other cells (55) still driven by a hindlimb were dispersed in the nuclei just adjacent to VPl. The majority of cells found in the VPl were activated from the forelimb. They were observed in their normal VPl localization as well as in areas where hindlimb representation was found in normal animals. This change of afferent input is attributed to a reinnervation of hindlimb cells (probably at the gracilis level) by sprouting from forelimb afferent.", "PMID": 114272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11175", "title": "Function of caudate neurons during limb movements in awake primates.", "content": "Recordings from single neurons were made in the head of the contralateral caudate nucleus in awake primates during performance of visually and somatically guided hand movements. Populations of cells showed temporal correlation of discharge patterns with visual or somatic disturbances or both. However these discharges occurred about or after the onset of the compensating movement triggered by the disturbances. These findings indicate that the observed cells do not participate in the initiation of these compensating movements, and may instead act as part of an internal feedback loop whose function is unrelated to movement onset.", "contents": "Function of caudate neurons during limb movements in awake primates. Recordings from single neurons were made in the head of the contralateral caudate nucleus in awake primates during performance of visually and somatically guided hand movements. Populations of cells showed temporal correlation of discharge patterns with visual or somatic disturbances or both. However these discharges occurred about or after the onset of the compensating movement triggered by the disturbances. These findings indicate that the observed cells do not participate in the initiation of these compensating movements, and may instead act as part of an internal feedback loop whose function is unrelated to movement onset.", "PMID": 114273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11176", "title": "Enhancement of self-stimulation behavior in rats and monkeys after chronic neuroleptic treatment: evidence for mesolimbic supersensitivity.", "content": "The effect of chronic neuroleptic drug treatment on self-stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system was tested. Rats with electrodes implanted into the ventral tegmental nucleus (A10 cell body area) were treated with haloperidol for three weeks. Afterwards, the rats showed a 35% increase in self-stimulation rate, as compared to pre-drug control rates. This increase persisted for three weeks after drug withdrawal before returning to baseline rates. Rats treated for three weeks with the atypical neuroleptic, clozapine, also showed an increase, the duration and magnitude of which was similar to that seen in the haloperidol group. In addition, four rhesus monkeys with electrodes in the nucleus accumbens (one of the terminal projection areas of the A10 mesolimbic dopamine system) were given a three week treatment with haloperidol, after which all animals showed a significant, long-lasting decrease in self-stimulation threshold, as measured by a rate-independent reward paradigm. Taken together, these results suggest the induction of receptor supersensitivity in the mesolimbic dopamine system by long-term treatment with neuroleptic drugs.", "contents": "Enhancement of self-stimulation behavior in rats and monkeys after chronic neuroleptic treatment: evidence for mesolimbic supersensitivity. The effect of chronic neuroleptic drug treatment on self-stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system was tested. Rats with electrodes implanted into the ventral tegmental nucleus (A10 cell body area) were treated with haloperidol for three weeks. Afterwards, the rats showed a 35% increase in self-stimulation rate, as compared to pre-drug control rates. This increase persisted for three weeks after drug withdrawal before returning to baseline rates. Rats treated for three weeks with the atypical neuroleptic, clozapine, also showed an increase, the duration and magnitude of which was similar to that seen in the haloperidol group. In addition, four rhesus monkeys with electrodes in the nucleus accumbens (one of the terminal projection areas of the A10 mesolimbic dopamine system) were given a three week treatment with haloperidol, after which all animals showed a significant, long-lasting decrease in self-stimulation threshold, as measured by a rate-independent reward paradigm. Taken together, these results suggest the induction of receptor supersensitivity in the mesolimbic dopamine system by long-term treatment with neuroleptic drugs.", "PMID": 114275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11177", "title": "Behavioral functions of the reticular formation.", "content": "Studies of the behavioral correlates of activity in reticular formation cells, usually performed in restrained animals, have found units whose discharge relates to sensory stimuli, pain and escape behavior, conditioning and habituation, arousal, complex motivational states, REM sleep, eye movements, respiration and locomotion. Units with these different behavioral correlates were found in the same anatomical areas. Most studies report that a large proportion of encountered cells related to the behavior being studied. If one adds up the reported percentages, the total far exceeds 100%. Therefore it appears that many investigators are looking at the same cells and reaching very different conclusions about their behavioral roles. On the basis of observations in unrestrained cats, it is hypothesized that discharge in most RF cells is primarily related to the excitation of small groups of muscles. This hypothesis can parsimoniously explain many previous observations on the behavioral correlates of these cells, and is consistent with anatomical, physiological and phylogenetic studies of the reticular formation. The hypothesized simplicity of reticular formation unit function is contrasted with the complexity of the behavioral functions mediated by the RF, and the implications of this contrast discussed.", "contents": "Behavioral functions of the reticular formation. Studies of the behavioral correlates of activity in reticular formation cells, usually performed in restrained animals, have found units whose discharge relates to sensory stimuli, pain and escape behavior, conditioning and habituation, arousal, complex motivational states, REM sleep, eye movements, respiration and locomotion. Units with these different behavioral correlates were found in the same anatomical areas. Most studies report that a large proportion of encountered cells related to the behavior being studied. If one adds up the reported percentages, the total far exceeds 100%. Therefore it appears that many investigators are looking at the same cells and reaching very different conclusions about their behavioral roles. On the basis of observations in unrestrained cats, it is hypothesized that discharge in most RF cells is primarily related to the excitation of small groups of muscles. This hypothesis can parsimoniously explain many previous observations on the behavioral correlates of these cells, and is consistent with anatomical, physiological and phylogenetic studies of the reticular formation. The hypothesized simplicity of reticular formation unit function is contrasted with the complexity of the behavioral functions mediated by the RF, and the implications of this contrast discussed.", "PMID": 114277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11178", "title": "Intestinal calcium binding protein in uremia.", "content": "In order to assess the usefulness of intestinal biopsies as indicators of end-organ responsiveness to vitamin D in uremic patients, calcium binding activity and calcium binding protein (CaBP) content were measured in intestinal biopsies from 12 uremic patients (glomerular filtration rate less than 5.0 ml/min) and 12 adult controls. Values for both were found to vary with the site of biopsy, highest values being obtained in the duodenal bulb, with lower values distally. Values for activity correlated with values for CaBP content in both normals and uremics and no difference was observed between groups. Levels of calcium binding activity and content of CaBP did not correlate with serum immunoreactive parathormone levels, but were directly related to circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD) levels. The data show that intestinal CaBP is normal in activity, quantity, and affinity for calcium in malabsorbing uremic patients, and are consistent with the hypothesis that calcium malabsorption in uremia is unrelated to deficiency of intestinal calcium binding protein.", "contents": "Intestinal calcium binding protein in uremia. In order to assess the usefulness of intestinal biopsies as indicators of end-organ responsiveness to vitamin D in uremic patients, calcium binding activity and calcium binding protein (CaBP) content were measured in intestinal biopsies from 12 uremic patients (glomerular filtration rate less than 5.0 ml/min) and 12 adult controls. Values for both were found to vary with the site of biopsy, highest values being obtained in the duodenal bulb, with lower values distally. Values for activity correlated with values for CaBP content in both normals and uremics and no difference was observed between groups. Levels of calcium binding activity and content of CaBP did not correlate with serum immunoreactive parathormone levels, but were directly related to circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD) levels. The data show that intestinal CaBP is normal in activity, quantity, and affinity for calcium in malabsorbing uremic patients, and are consistent with the hypothesis that calcium malabsorption in uremia is unrelated to deficiency of intestinal calcium binding protein.", "PMID": 114281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11179", "title": "Subcellular localization of immunoreactive alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone in human brain.", "content": "The regional and subcellular distribution of immunoreactive alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSHi) in the post mortem adult human brain was investigated. alpha-MSHi was highly concentrated in medial basal hypothalamic tissue (1.02 ng/mg protein). Lower levels of alpha-MSHi were present in the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies, 0.08 and 0.11 ng/mg protein, respectively. The concentrations of alpha-MSHi in cerebellum and frontal cerebral cortex were 1/1,000th that of the medial basal hypothalamus. When medial basal hypothalamic homogenates were subjected to discontinuous or continuous sucrose density gradients, alpha-MSHi was found to be associated primarily with subcellular particles which resembled isolated nerve terminals, i.e., synaptosomes. Low to undetectable amounts of alpha-MSHi were found in the cytosol or the myelin/microsome fraction of the gradients. The results of these studies are consistent with the view that alpha-MSH is a neuronal peptide in the human brain.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of immunoreactive alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone in human brain. The regional and subcellular distribution of immunoreactive alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSHi) in the post mortem adult human brain was investigated. alpha-MSHi was highly concentrated in medial basal hypothalamic tissue (1.02 ng/mg protein). Lower levels of alpha-MSHi were present in the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies, 0.08 and 0.11 ng/mg protein, respectively. The concentrations of alpha-MSHi in cerebellum and frontal cerebral cortex were 1/1,000th that of the medial basal hypothalamus. When medial basal hypothalamic homogenates were subjected to discontinuous or continuous sucrose density gradients, alpha-MSHi was found to be associated primarily with subcellular particles which resembled isolated nerve terminals, i.e., synaptosomes. Low to undetectable amounts of alpha-MSHi were found in the cytosol or the myelin/microsome fraction of the gradients. The results of these studies are consistent with the view that alpha-MSH is a neuronal peptide in the human brain.", "PMID": 114278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11180", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of two acid phosphatases from rat bone.", "content": "Acid phosphatase activity in homogenized tibiae and femora of suckling rats was extracted with 0.3M KCl and 0.1% Triton X-100. A high-speed supernatant was treated with protamine sulfate, dialyzed, and chromatographed on CM-52 cellulose. All of the acid phosphatase activity was eluted with a sodium acetate buffer and combined ionic strength-pH gradient into two peaks (E1 and E2). Both enzyme peaks were further purified with Sephadex G-200, which resulted in 700- and 1000-fold purification for E2 and E1, respectively. A total of 220 units (mumoles substrate/min) of E2 with a specific activity of 160 units/mg protein has been obtained in one run by this procedure. E1 has a high molecular weight (greater than 100,000) and shows preference for monophosphate ester substrates, is markedly inhibited by tartrate, and has a pH optimum near 5. E2 has a lower molecular weight (greater than 40,000) and shows negligible activity with monophosphate esters [except with p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP)], but high activity with ADP and ATP. E2 is unaffected by tartrate and shows a pH optimum near 6. Both enzymes are competitively inhibited by inorganic phosphate, and E2, but not E1, is markedly inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate. With p-NPP as substrate, E1 and E2 have distinctly different values for Km. E1 appears similar to the high molecular weight acid phosphatases of soft tissues. However, E2 appears to differ from the low molecular weight phosphatases in soft tissues with regard to substrate specificity.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of two acid phosphatases from rat bone. Acid phosphatase activity in homogenized tibiae and femora of suckling rats was extracted with 0.3M KCl and 0.1% Triton X-100. A high-speed supernatant was treated with protamine sulfate, dialyzed, and chromatographed on CM-52 cellulose. All of the acid phosphatase activity was eluted with a sodium acetate buffer and combined ionic strength-pH gradient into two peaks (E1 and E2). Both enzyme peaks were further purified with Sephadex G-200, which resulted in 700- and 1000-fold purification for E2 and E1, respectively. A total of 220 units (mumoles substrate/min) of E2 with a specific activity of 160 units/mg protein has been obtained in one run by this procedure. E1 has a high molecular weight (greater than 100,000) and shows preference for monophosphate ester substrates, is markedly inhibited by tartrate, and has a pH optimum near 5. E2 has a lower molecular weight (greater than 40,000) and shows negligible activity with monophosphate esters [except with p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP)], but high activity with ADP and ATP. E2 is unaffected by tartrate and shows a pH optimum near 6. Both enzymes are competitively inhibited by inorganic phosphate, and E2, but not E1, is markedly inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate. With p-NPP as substrate, E1 and E2 have distinctly different values for Km. E1 appears similar to the high molecular weight acid phosphatases of soft tissues. However, E2 appears to differ from the low molecular weight phosphatases in soft tissues with regard to substrate specificity.", "PMID": 114282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11181", "title": "Isolation of specific bone cell types by free-flow electrophoresis.", "content": "The bone cells and fibroblasts from fetal rat calvaria can be isolated by collagenase digestion of the collagen matrix and separated into specific cell types by free-flow electrophoresis. The method involves injection of a specially prepared suspension of cells into a stream of buffer across which is maintained an electric field of 60 V/cm. The fetal bone cell types are differentially deflected toward the anode where they can be collected. Free-flow electrophoresis of this heterogenous cell preparation yields three distinguishable peaks which can be identified by morphologic, morphometric, and enzymatic characteristics. All three cell peaks have greater than 95% viability as judged by trypan blue exclusion and will grow to confluent monolayers in culture. The data indicate that these cell peaks may be comprised of osteoclasts and/or preosteoclasts, osteoblasts and/or preosteoblasts, and fibroblasts.", "contents": "Isolation of specific bone cell types by free-flow electrophoresis. The bone cells and fibroblasts from fetal rat calvaria can be isolated by collagenase digestion of the collagen matrix and separated into specific cell types by free-flow electrophoresis. The method involves injection of a specially prepared suspension of cells into a stream of buffer across which is maintained an electric field of 60 V/cm. The fetal bone cell types are differentially deflected toward the anode where they can be collected. Free-flow electrophoresis of this heterogenous cell preparation yields three distinguishable peaks which can be identified by morphologic, morphometric, and enzymatic characteristics. All three cell peaks have greater than 95% viability as judged by trypan blue exclusion and will grow to confluent monolayers in culture. The data indicate that these cell peaks may be comprised of osteoclasts and/or preosteoclasts, osteoblasts and/or preosteoblasts, and fibroblasts.", "PMID": 114288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11182", "title": "Chondroitinase-resistant sulfated glycosaminoglycans synthesized by cartilages of chick embryos and of newborn chickens and rats.", "content": "Biosynthesis of chondroitinase-resistant glycosaminoglycans as minor components was studied in the cartilages of chick embryos and of newborn chickens and rats. Sternal and knee cartilages were labeled in vitro with 35SO42-, and then 35S-labeled glycosaminoglycans were analyzed. In rats up to 2 weeks old, only one glycosaminoglycan could be detected as heparan sulfate. In the chick embryos and the newborn chickens, however, keratan sulfate as well as heparan sulfate could be detected. As chondroitinase-sensitive glycosaminoglycans, large amounts of both chrondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates were synthesized in the chick cartilage, but the synthesis of chondroitin 6-sulfate could scarcely be seen in the rat cartilage. The results seem to indicate that the biosynthesis of keratan sulfate has some relation to that of chondroitin 6-sulfate.", "contents": "Chondroitinase-resistant sulfated glycosaminoglycans synthesized by cartilages of chick embryos and of newborn chickens and rats. Biosynthesis of chondroitinase-resistant glycosaminoglycans as minor components was studied in the cartilages of chick embryos and of newborn chickens and rats. Sternal and knee cartilages were labeled in vitro with 35SO42-, and then 35S-labeled glycosaminoglycans were analyzed. In rats up to 2 weeks old, only one glycosaminoglycan could be detected as heparan sulfate. In the chick embryos and the newborn chickens, however, keratan sulfate as well as heparan sulfate could be detected. As chondroitinase-sensitive glycosaminoglycans, large amounts of both chrondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates were synthesized in the chick cartilage, but the synthesis of chondroitin 6-sulfate could scarcely be seen in the rat cartilage. The results seem to indicate that the biosynthesis of keratan sulfate has some relation to that of chondroitin 6-sulfate.", "PMID": 114289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11183", "title": "Changes in proline synthetic and degradative enzymes during matrix-induced cartilage and bone formation.", "content": "Proline biosynthetic and degradative enzymes are unevenly distributed in differentiated mammalian tissues. Activities of the synthetic enzymes are relatively high in collagenous tissues, whereas activities of the degradative enzymes are high in noncollagenous tissues. In order to further characterize tissue-specific proline biosynthesis and degradation, we have determined proline enzyme activities during cartilage and bone formation induced by demineralized bone matrix. We can thus follow temporal changes in enzyme activity in a single tissue as different cell types develop. Ornithine aminotransferase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase have peaks of activity which correlate with maximal type II collagen synthesis by chondrocytes. Both enzymes also are active during bone formation. In contrast, proline oxidase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase are present at low levels and do not change as new cell types appear. Arginase activity peaks during the first 3  days and then rapidly decreases by the time cartilage and bone formation begin. These observations further substantiate the importance of proline biosynthesis in collagenous tissues. The close correlation between ornithine aminotransferase activity and type II collagen synthesis suggests that the pathway from ornithine to proline may be especially important during formation of type II collagen.", "contents": "Changes in proline synthetic and degradative enzymes during matrix-induced cartilage and bone formation. Proline biosynthetic and degradative enzymes are unevenly distributed in differentiated mammalian tissues. Activities of the synthetic enzymes are relatively high in collagenous tissues, whereas activities of the degradative enzymes are high in noncollagenous tissues. In order to further characterize tissue-specific proline biosynthesis and degradation, we have determined proline enzyme activities during cartilage and bone formation induced by demineralized bone matrix. We can thus follow temporal changes in enzyme activity in a single tissue as different cell types develop. Ornithine aminotransferase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase have peaks of activity which correlate with maximal type II collagen synthesis by chondrocytes. Both enzymes also are active during bone formation. In contrast, proline oxidase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase are present at low levels and do not change as new cell types appear. Arginase activity peaks during the first 3  days and then rapidly decreases by the time cartilage and bone formation begin. These observations further substantiate the importance of proline biosynthesis in collagenous tissues. The close correlation between ornithine aminotransferase activity and type II collagen synthesis suggests that the pathway from ornithine to proline may be especially important during formation of type II collagen.", "PMID": 114290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11184", "title": "Phosphopeptides and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing peptides in calcified turkey tendon: their absence in uncalcified tendon.", "content": "Uncalcified samples of turkey tendon obtained prior to calcification, and other samples from areas of tendon that never calcify, contain little or no O-phosphoserine [Ser(P)], O-phosphothreonine [Thr(P)] and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla). Significant amounts of all three of these Ca2+-binding amino acids, which are found in EDTA-extractable, non-collagenous proteins, are detected coincident with the onset of mineralization of a tendon and increase in concentration as mineralization proceeds.", "contents": "Phosphopeptides and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing peptides in calcified turkey tendon: their absence in uncalcified tendon. Uncalcified samples of turkey tendon obtained prior to calcification, and other samples from areas of tendon that never calcify, contain little or no O-phosphoserine [Ser(P)], O-phosphothreonine [Thr(P)] and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla). Significant amounts of all three of these Ca2+-binding amino acids, which are found in EDTA-extractable, non-collagenous proteins, are detected coincident with the onset of mineralization of a tendon and increase in concentration as mineralization proceeds.", "PMID": 114291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11185", "title": "Cemento-ossifying fibroma of the orbit.", "content": "Cemento-ossifying fibroma presents with ophthalmic symptoms and signs rarely. We report the clinical and pathological findings in a case of cemento-ossifying fibroma of the right maxilla with extension into the orbital floor causing intermittent vertical diplopia, proptosis, and upward displacement of the globe. Compression of the nasolacrimal duct produced epiphora early in the course of the disease. Fibrous dysplasia has often been diagnosed in other cases of benign monostotic fibro-osseous conditions. Ossifying fibroma is easily confused with fibrous dysplasia. The histopathological difference between the two lesions is described.", "contents": "Cemento-ossifying fibroma of the orbit. Cemento-ossifying fibroma presents with ophthalmic symptoms and signs rarely. We report the clinical and pathological findings in a case of cemento-ossifying fibroma of the right maxilla with extension into the orbital floor causing intermittent vertical diplopia, proptosis, and upward displacement of the globe. Compression of the nasolacrimal duct produced epiphora early in the course of the disease. Fibrous dysplasia has often been diagnosed in other cases of benign monostotic fibro-osseous conditions. Ossifying fibroma is easily confused with fibrous dysplasia. The histopathological difference between the two lesions is described.", "PMID": 114292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11186", "title": "[Transmissible modification induced in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis in vitro].", "content": "A biologically active material (fraction \"S\") is isolated from cultures of scotochromogenic mycobacteria. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or Mycobacterium bovis by disrupting the cells, sedimentation through 2.2 M sucrose, and ultrafiltration. The fraction \"S\" induces the modification of tubercle bacilli into non acid-fast bacteria forming smooth colonies on nutritive glycerol agar within 24-36 h of incubation. Three new phenotypes are thus obtained; two proved to be stable upon subculturing. Frequently the phenomenon occurs with a very large part of the Koch's bacillus population exposed to the inducing agent effect. It can be reproduced with crude preparations of DNA obtained from the fraction \"S.\" It is inhibited by concanavalin A. The observed modification does not correspond to a transfer of characteristics of the inducing agent from the donor mycobacteria; furthermore it can be manifested even in the strain used for the preparation of the fraction \"S.\"", "contents": "[Transmissible modification induced in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis in vitro]. A biologically active material (fraction \"S\") is isolated from cultures of scotochromogenic mycobacteria. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or Mycobacterium bovis by disrupting the cells, sedimentation through 2.2 M sucrose, and ultrafiltration. The fraction \"S\" induces the modification of tubercle bacilli into non acid-fast bacteria forming smooth colonies on nutritive glycerol agar within 24-36 h of incubation. Three new phenotypes are thus obtained; two proved to be stable upon subculturing. Frequently the phenomenon occurs with a very large part of the Koch's bacillus population exposed to the inducing agent effect. It can be reproduced with crude preparations of DNA obtained from the fraction \"S.\" It is inhibited by concanavalin A. The observed modification does not correspond to a transfer of characteristics of the inducing agent from the donor mycobacteria; furthermore it can be manifested even in the strain used for the preparation of the fraction \"S.\"", "PMID": 114293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11187", "title": "[Carbon assimilation and taxonomic study of Bacillus subtillis and B. licheniformis].", "content": "All 14 strains of B. subtilis can use the following 17 sources of carbon and energy: D-glucose, D-mannose, D-glucosamine, salicin, D-ribose, maltose, sucrose, cellobiose, trehalose, arbutin, starch, mannitol, glycerol, glycerate, pyruvate, fumarate, and L-proline. All 15 strains of B. licheniformis can use the following 41 sources of carbon and energy: D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-glucosamine, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, beta-methyl-D-glucoside, salicin, D-gluconate, saccharate, D-xylose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, D-ribose, maltose, sucrose, cellobiose, melibiose, trehalose, arbutin, raffinose, starch, inulin, mannitol, D-sorbitol, glycerol, glycerate, citrate, L-malate, D-malate, mucate, pyruvate, fumarate, alpha-L-alanine, alpha-D-alanine, asparagine, L-glutamate, L-arginine, DL-ornithine, L-proline, and 4-amino-n-butyrate. The 29 strains form two distinct groups. Group A includes the 15 strains of B. licheniformis and 2 strains of B. subtilis; group B is formed of 11 strains of B. subtilis; the remaining strain of B. subtilis belongs to neither group. Bacillus licheniformis is a more homogeneous species than B. subtilis. The percentage of guanine + cytosine in the DNA of all 29 strains was determined. In the 14 strains of B. subtilis the average is 46.3% +/- 1.5. In the 15 strains of B. licheniformis the average is 46.4% +/- 0.9.", "contents": "[Carbon assimilation and taxonomic study of Bacillus subtillis and B. licheniformis]. All 14 strains of B. subtilis can use the following 17 sources of carbon and energy: D-glucose, D-mannose, D-glucosamine, salicin, D-ribose, maltose, sucrose, cellobiose, trehalose, arbutin, starch, mannitol, glycerol, glycerate, pyruvate, fumarate, and L-proline. All 15 strains of B. licheniformis can use the following 41 sources of carbon and energy: D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-glucosamine, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, beta-methyl-D-glucoside, salicin, D-gluconate, saccharate, D-xylose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, D-ribose, maltose, sucrose, cellobiose, melibiose, trehalose, arbutin, raffinose, starch, inulin, mannitol, D-sorbitol, glycerol, glycerate, citrate, L-malate, D-malate, mucate, pyruvate, fumarate, alpha-L-alanine, alpha-D-alanine, asparagine, L-glutamate, L-arginine, DL-ornithine, L-proline, and 4-amino-n-butyrate. The 29 strains form two distinct groups. Group A includes the 15 strains of B. licheniformis and 2 strains of B. subtilis; group B is formed of 11 strains of B. subtilis; the remaining strain of B. subtilis belongs to neither group. Bacillus licheniformis is a more homogeneous species than B. subtilis. The percentage of guanine + cytosine in the DNA of all 29 strains was determined. In the 14 strains of B. subtilis the average is 46.3% +/- 1.5. In the 15 strains of B. licheniformis the average is 46.4% +/- 0.9.", "PMID": 114294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11188", "title": "Auxanographic grouping and typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Nearly 96% of 1297 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Hamilton were assigned to six major auxanographic groups (non-requiring or NR, Pro-, Orn-, Pro-Cit-Ura-, Orn-Ura-Hyx-, Cit-Ura-Hyx-) as established by requirements for none, or any one or more of proline, uracil, hypoxanthine, citrulline (Cit-), or citrulline replaceable by ornithine (Orn-) on chemically defined medium modified from Catlin (1973). Seven other groups, and strains not growing, accounted for 4.2%. The most common groups were Orn-Ura-Hyx- (25.6%) and Pro-Cit-Ura (31.8%). This latter group has not been previously described. These \"Pro Cit/Orn Ura Hyx\" criteria were among the most unequivocal to interpret; with rare exceptions for proline, a requirement was shown by absence of growth at any time in the zones of inoculation from a replicator. For some strains, some of the possible additional requirements (leucine, valine, isoleucine, glutamine, threonine, serine, histidine, etc.) could be less readily ascertained, because an occasional manifestation was to reduce the amount of growth, or to slow down the rate of growth, compared to complete medium. The first four of the six groups were the least fastidious, in that few strains had any additional requirements. About 2% of strains were inhibited by 0.25 mM phenylalanine.", "contents": "Auxanographic grouping and typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Nearly 96% of 1297 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Hamilton were assigned to six major auxanographic groups (non-requiring or NR, Pro-, Orn-, Pro-Cit-Ura-, Orn-Ura-Hyx-, Cit-Ura-Hyx-) as established by requirements for none, or any one or more of proline, uracil, hypoxanthine, citrulline (Cit-), or citrulline replaceable by ornithine (Orn-) on chemically defined medium modified from Catlin (1973). Seven other groups, and strains not growing, accounted for 4.2%. The most common groups were Orn-Ura-Hyx- (25.6%) and Pro-Cit-Ura (31.8%). This latter group has not been previously described. These \"Pro Cit/Orn Ura Hyx\" criteria were among the most unequivocal to interpret; with rare exceptions for proline, a requirement was shown by absence of growth at any time in the zones of inoculation from a replicator. For some strains, some of the possible additional requirements (leucine, valine, isoleucine, glutamine, threonine, serine, histidine, etc.) could be less readily ascertained, because an occasional manifestation was to reduce the amount of growth, or to slow down the rate of growth, compared to complete medium. The first four of the six groups were the least fastidious, in that few strains had any additional requirements. About 2% of strains were inhibited by 0.25 mM phenylalanine.", "PMID": 114295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11189", "title": "Photically induced seizures in the yellow baboon, Papio cynocephalus.", "content": "Significant susceptibility to photically induced seizures has in the past been observed only in Senegales baboons (Papio papio) and epileptic humans. However, we have unexpectedly observed a photomyoclonic response to intermittent photic stimulation in 5 of a sample of 6 yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus).", "contents": "Photically induced seizures in the yellow baboon, Papio cynocephalus. Significant susceptibility to photically induced seizures has in the past been observed only in Senegales baboons (Papio papio) and epileptic humans. However, we have unexpectedly observed a photomyoclonic response to intermittent photic stimulation in 5 of a sample of 6 yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus).", "PMID": 114296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11190", "title": "Taurine and beta-alanine uptake in cultured human skin fibroblasts from patients with Friedreich's ataxia.", "content": "Taurine and beta-alanine uptake kinetics were studied in cultured skin fibroblasts from 9 patients with Friedreich's Ataxia and 8 controls. No significant difference was observed. The data support the presence of normal beta-amino acid carrier protein in Friedreich's Ataxia cell membrane.", "contents": "Taurine and beta-alanine uptake in cultured human skin fibroblasts from patients with Friedreich's ataxia. Taurine and beta-alanine uptake kinetics were studied in cultured skin fibroblasts from 9 patients with Friedreich's Ataxia and 8 controls. No significant difference was observed. The data support the presence of normal beta-amino acid carrier protein in Friedreich's Ataxia cell membrane.", "PMID": 114297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11191", "title": "The ineffectiveness of analogs of D-galactal as competitive inhibitors of, and substrates for, beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "2,6-Anhydro-3-deoxy-aldehydo-D-lyxo-hept-2-enose (7) and 2,6-anhydro-3-deoxy-D-lyxo-hept-2-enitol (8) were synthesized as half-chair analogs of D-galactal (1). As 1 is a strong inhibitor of, as well as a substrate for, beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli, the same properties were expected for 7 and 8; however, both were ineffective. This result, together with those of other authors, allows speculative conclusions on the tight binding of 1 to the enzyme only, when water or an alcohol is bound as a co-substrate.", "contents": "The ineffectiveness of analogs of D-galactal as competitive inhibitors of, and substrates for, beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. 2,6-Anhydro-3-deoxy-aldehydo-D-lyxo-hept-2-enose (7) and 2,6-anhydro-3-deoxy-D-lyxo-hept-2-enitol (8) were synthesized as half-chair analogs of D-galactal (1). As 1 is a strong inhibitor of, as well as a substrate for, beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli, the same properties were expected for 7 and 8; however, both were ineffective. This result, together with those of other authors, allows speculative conclusions on the tight binding of 1 to the enzyme only, when water or an alcohol is bound as a co-substrate.", "PMID": 114299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11192", "title": "Dissociation of effects of nitroglycerin on regional refractoriness and regional myocardial blood flow following acute coronary occlusion.", "content": "Nitroglycerin is known to affect the electrophysiological properties of the ischaemic ventricle, possibly by altering regional myocardial blood flow. This study correlated the effects of nitroglycerin, given after acute coronary occlusion, on regional ventricular refractoriness and regional myocardial blood flow. Nitroglycerin returned ventricular refractory periods to their pre-occlusion values in spite of no significant effect on regional myocardial blood flow. Although the beneficial electrophysiological effects of nitroglycerin were not explained by increased regional flow to the ischaemic myocardium, an improved myocardial oxygen supply-demand balance may have produced these favourable effects. This study emphasises the need for electrophysiological evaluation of the effects of interventions intended to limit infarct size.", "contents": "Dissociation of effects of nitroglycerin on regional refractoriness and regional myocardial blood flow following acute coronary occlusion. Nitroglycerin is known to affect the electrophysiological properties of the ischaemic ventricle, possibly by altering regional myocardial blood flow. This study correlated the effects of nitroglycerin, given after acute coronary occlusion, on regional ventricular refractoriness and regional myocardial blood flow. Nitroglycerin returned ventricular refractory periods to their pre-occlusion values in spite of no significant effect on regional myocardial blood flow. Although the beneficial electrophysiological effects of nitroglycerin were not explained by increased regional flow to the ischaemic myocardium, an improved myocardial oxygen supply-demand balance may have produced these favourable effects. This study emphasises the need for electrophysiological evaluation of the effects of interventions intended to limit infarct size.", "PMID": 114301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11193", "title": "Ultrastructure of an excitatory synapse.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the afferent synapse in hair cells of the lateral line-canal organ was studied using different fixation and staining techniques. Glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue without post-osmication, contrasted by section staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, was compared with (a) osmium tetroxide-fixed tissue followed by the same staining procedure, and with (b) glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue, block-impregnated with phosphotungstic acid (PTA). The results reveal a pronounced heterogeneity in the composition of the synaptic body, reflecting regional differences it the \"intracleft substance\", the synaptic structure defined by the PTA staining technique, is actually due to the glutaraldehyde fixation procedure and is apparently the outer leaflet of the postsynaptic membrane. A special technique that allows alternate sections of a series to be differentially stained for electron microscopy is proposed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of an excitatory synapse. The ultrastructure of the afferent synapse in hair cells of the lateral line-canal organ was studied using different fixation and staining techniques. Glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue without post-osmication, contrasted by section staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, was compared with (a) osmium tetroxide-fixed tissue followed by the same staining procedure, and with (b) glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue, block-impregnated with phosphotungstic acid (PTA). The results reveal a pronounced heterogeneity in the composition of the synaptic body, reflecting regional differences it the \"intracleft substance\", the synaptic structure defined by the PTA staining technique, is actually due to the glutaraldehyde fixation procedure and is apparently the outer leaflet of the postsynaptic membrane. A special technique that allows alternate sections of a series to be differentially stained for electron microscopy is proposed.", "PMID": 114302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11194", "title": "[Development of thyroid peroxidase activity during the early stage of iodine deficiency in the hypophysectomized rat].", "content": "The iodide-peroxidase activity of the thyroid gland remains, in hypophysectomized Rats maintained on a low iodine diet, below normal value. This result suggests that the early increase of peroxidase activity observed in control Rats maintained on a low iodine diet is TSH dependent.", "contents": "[Development of thyroid peroxidase activity during the early stage of iodine deficiency in the hypophysectomized rat]. The iodide-peroxidase activity of the thyroid gland remains, in hypophysectomized Rats maintained on a low iodine diet, below normal value. This result suggests that the early increase of peroxidase activity observed in control Rats maintained on a low iodine diet is TSH dependent.", "PMID": 114312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11195", "title": "[Existence of a non-retinotopic contralateral retino-tectal visual projection in the normal frog Rana esculenta L].", "content": "In the Frog, after unilateral optic nerve and tract section, contralateral visual responses were recorded in the tectum ipsilateral to the section. These responses were elicited by stimulation of a unique spatial region located near the projection of the contralateral eye optic axis and could be randomly recorded on the tectal surface. The possible pathways and the role of such retino-tectal afferences are discussed.", "contents": "[Existence of a non-retinotopic contralateral retino-tectal visual projection in the normal frog Rana esculenta L]. In the Frog, after unilateral optic nerve and tract section, contralateral visual responses were recorded in the tectum ipsilateral to the section. These responses were elicited by stimulation of a unique spatial region located near the projection of the contralateral eye optic axis and could be randomly recorded on the tectal surface. The possible pathways and the role of such retino-tectal afferences are discussed.", "PMID": 114313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11196", "title": "[Ultrastructure of gonadotropic cells of the normal eel and after estradiol injection].", "content": "Male and female silver eels, in fresh water or sea water, have few gonadotrophs (GTH) poorly differentiated. An oestradiol (E2) treatment induces their development: a well developed Golgi area, abundant secretory granules (200-500 nm), dilated cisterna and large globules 1.2-2.2 micron) are observed. A positive feedback may control gonadotropin synthesis in immature eels. No macroscopic effect is discernible on the gonad.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of gonadotropic cells of the normal eel and after estradiol injection]. Male and female silver eels, in fresh water or sea water, have few gonadotrophs (GTH) poorly differentiated. An oestradiol (E2) treatment induces their development: a well developed Golgi area, abundant secretory granules (200-500 nm), dilated cisterna and large globules 1.2-2.2 micron) are observed. A positive feedback may control gonadotropin synthesis in immature eels. No macroscopic effect is discernible on the gonad.", "PMID": 114314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11197", "title": "[Role and origin of the centriole].", "content": "The centriole could constitute a system of inertia in the cell, providing the system of references controlling the movement of the cell. It would ensure equally the coherence of cell metabolism and its stability. The origin and functioning of the centriole would be linked to a singel physical phenomenon.", "contents": "[Role and origin of the centriole]. The centriole could constitute a system of inertia in the cell, providing the system of references controlling the movement of the cell. It would ensure equally the coherence of cell metabolism and its stability. The origin and functioning of the centriole would be linked to a singel physical phenomenon.", "PMID": 114315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11198", "title": "[Specific binding of 3H-progesterone to a plasma protein in the guinea pig fetus].", "content": "The presence of a protein that binds specifically and with high affinity to progesterone is found in the plasma of fetal guinea Pig. Progesterone and 5 alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone strongly compete for the 3H-progesterone-protein complex. 5 beta-dihydroxy progesterone, 20 beta-dihydroxyprogesterone, testosterone and synthetic progestagen, R-5020 (17,21-dimethyl-19-norpregna-4, 9-diene-3,20 dione), also compete but less intensely. 17-hydroxyprogesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, oestradiol and oestrone have no effect. The 3H-progesterone-protein, complex has an affinity of Kd = 8.8 +/- 3.5 x 10(-10) M and in sucrose density gradient the sedimentation coefficient is 4.6 S.", "contents": "[Specific binding of 3H-progesterone to a plasma protein in the guinea pig fetus]. The presence of a protein that binds specifically and with high affinity to progesterone is found in the plasma of fetal guinea Pig. Progesterone and 5 alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone strongly compete for the 3H-progesterone-protein complex. 5 beta-dihydroxy progesterone, 20 beta-dihydroxyprogesterone, testosterone and synthetic progestagen, R-5020 (17,21-dimethyl-19-norpregna-4, 9-diene-3,20 dione), also compete but less intensely. 17-hydroxyprogesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, oestradiol and oestrone have no effect. The 3H-progesterone-protein, complex has an affinity of Kd = 8.8 +/- 3.5 x 10(-10) M and in sucrose density gradient the sedimentation coefficient is 4.6 S.", "PMID": 114316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11199", "title": "[Type of interactions between agarose and Aspergillus niger endopolygalacturonases].", "content": "Endopolygalacturonase has been purified by binding on Sepharose 6 B gel; studies on interactions between agarose and the enzymes have shown that endopolygalacturonase chromatography on Sepharose 6 B was on ion-exchange chromatography and did not involve biospecific interactions.", "contents": "[Type of interactions between agarose and Aspergillus niger endopolygalacturonases]. Endopolygalacturonase has been purified by binding on Sepharose 6 B gel; studies on interactions between agarose and the enzymes have shown that endopolygalacturonase chromatography on Sepharose 6 B was on ion-exchange chromatography and did not involve biospecific interactions.", "PMID": 114317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11200", "title": "[Study on the distribution of methyl-mercury (203Hg) by whole body autoradiography of macaque monkeys (Macaca irus)].", "content": "The distribution of methyl-mercury labelled with mercury-203 has been studied in Monkeys by whole body autoradiography technique. The mercury is rapidly absorbed. It is localized in all the body and mainly in well defined areas of the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Study on the distribution of methyl-mercury (203Hg) by whole body autoradiography of macaque monkeys (Macaca irus)]. The distribution of methyl-mercury labelled with mercury-203 has been studied in Monkeys by whole body autoradiography technique. The mercury is rapidly absorbed. It is localized in all the body and mainly in well defined areas of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 114318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11201", "title": "[delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) inhibition of the membrane transport system for thymidine].", "content": "THC decreases 3H-thymidine uptake within 15 sec. after addition of the drug to the culture (L1210 murine lymphoma cells and human lymphocytes). Experiments performed at 0 degrees C indicate that THC has no action on thymidine binding to the carrier. THC in micromolar concentration inhibits DNA synthesis through a alteration of membrane configuration.", "contents": "[delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) inhibition of the membrane transport system for thymidine]. THC decreases 3H-thymidine uptake within 15 sec. after addition of the drug to the culture (L1210 murine lymphoma cells and human lymphocytes). Experiments performed at 0 degrees C indicate that THC has no action on thymidine binding to the carrier. THC in micromolar concentration inhibits DNA synthesis through a alteration of membrane configuration.", "PMID": 114319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11202", "title": "[Isolation in east Senegal of a yellow fever virus strain from a pool of Aedes belonging to the subgenus Diceromyia].", "content": "During an epidemiological survey of yellow fever in Eastern Senegal, one strain of yellow fever virus was isolated in December 1976 from wild Mosquitoes. This first isolate obtained in nature from Aedes subgenus Diceromyia shows the primordial part these vectors may have in the area studied. It corroborates the existence of a selvatic focus of yellow fever in this region. It also gives information on the transmission cycle in a dry area.", "contents": "[Isolation in east Senegal of a yellow fever virus strain from a pool of Aedes belonging to the subgenus Diceromyia]. During an epidemiological survey of yellow fever in Eastern Senegal, one strain of yellow fever virus was isolated in December 1976 from wild Mosquitoes. This first isolate obtained in nature from Aedes subgenus Diceromyia shows the primordial part these vectors may have in the area studied. It corroborates the existence of a selvatic focus of yellow fever in this region. It also gives information on the transmission cycle in a dry area.", "PMID": 114320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11203", "title": "[Modulation of humoral immunity in the mouse by means of grafts carrying reticulated polysaccharides].", "content": "Synthetic reticulated polysaccharides grafted with linear amino-acids or amines have been submitted to the test of localized hemolysis in gel (Jerne). Some of them show a statistically highly significant immuno-stimulating power in Mice.", "contents": "[Modulation of humoral immunity in the mouse by means of grafts carrying reticulated polysaccharides]. Synthetic reticulated polysaccharides grafted with linear amino-acids or amines have been submitted to the test of localized hemolysis in gel (Jerne). Some of them show a statistically highly significant immuno-stimulating power in Mice.", "PMID": 114321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11204", "title": "[Proliferative activity of the rat adrenal cortex during the estrous cycle and at the end of gestation].", "content": "The cell proliferation in the female Rat adrenal cortex undergoes rhythmic modifications which appear to be related to the estrous cycle. Significant variations appear likewise at the end of pregnancy. Such fluctuations of the proliferative activity raise the question of a possible endocrine regulation.", "contents": "[Proliferative activity of the rat adrenal cortex during the estrous cycle and at the end of gestation]. The cell proliferation in the female Rat adrenal cortex undergoes rhythmic modifications which appear to be related to the estrous cycle. Significant variations appear likewise at the end of pregnancy. Such fluctuations of the proliferative activity raise the question of a possible endocrine regulation.", "PMID": 114322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11205", "title": "[Kinetics of insulin secretion in response to glucose by isolated islands of Langerhans from the fetal rat].", "content": "Isolated islets of Langerhans from 21.5 day-old foetal Rats were studied in a perifusion system in vitro. The overall dynamics of insulin release by the foetal islets in response to glucose 13.9 mM is biphasic and qualitatively similar to that obtained with islets of adult Rats. The magnitude of the initial phase of insulin secretion is similar for the foetal and adult islets. The second phase is fourfold higher in the adult than in the foetus. The response of foetal islets occurs, 45 to 60 sec. after the increase of glucose concentration in the medium and a maximum insulin release for the first phase is obtained with a lag period of 2 min. The difference between foetal and adult islets is essentially quantitative.", "contents": "[Kinetics of insulin secretion in response to glucose by isolated islands of Langerhans from the fetal rat]. Isolated islets of Langerhans from 21.5 day-old foetal Rats were studied in a perifusion system in vitro. The overall dynamics of insulin release by the foetal islets in response to glucose 13.9 mM is biphasic and qualitatively similar to that obtained with islets of adult Rats. The magnitude of the initial phase of insulin secretion is similar for the foetal and adult islets. The second phase is fourfold higher in the adult than in the foetus. The response of foetal islets occurs, 45 to 60 sec. after the increase of glucose concentration in the medium and a maximum insulin release for the first phase is obtained with a lag period of 2 min. The difference between foetal and adult islets is essentially quantitative.", "PMID": 114323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11206", "title": "[Detection of human antigens on the surface of mouse cells transformed by chromosome transfer].", "content": "Mouse embryo cells, transformed in vitro by the transfer of chromosomes from HeLa human tumour cells, express a surface antigen (s) also found on HeLa cells. This antigen(s), which has been detected both by indirect immunofluoresence and by a 125I-protein A binding assay, is not an antigen(s) shared by both Human and Mouse cells.", "contents": "[Detection of human antigens on the surface of mouse cells transformed by chromosome transfer]. Mouse embryo cells, transformed in vitro by the transfer of chromosomes from HeLa human tumour cells, express a surface antigen (s) also found on HeLa cells. This antigen(s), which has been detected both by indirect immunofluoresence and by a 125I-protein A binding assay, is not an antigen(s) shared by both Human and Mouse cells.", "PMID": 114324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11207", "title": "[Sexual differences in the development of plasma thyroxine levels in the embryo and young chick].", "content": "Plasma thyroxine (T4) levels were separately ascertained in male and female embryo and young chicken from the 12th day of incubation till the 4th day after hatching by the thyroxine binding globulin technique. In both sexes, plasma T4 reach a peak the 20th day of incubation, but values are significantly higher in females. A sharp decrease occurred thereafter, plasma T4 tending toward adult values the 4th day after hatching.", "contents": "[Sexual differences in the development of plasma thyroxine levels in the embryo and young chick]. Plasma thyroxine (T4) levels were separately ascertained in male and female embryo and young chicken from the 12th day of incubation till the 4th day after hatching by the thyroxine binding globulin technique. In both sexes, plasma T4 reach a peak the 20th day of incubation, but values are significantly higher in females. A sharp decrease occurred thereafter, plasma T4 tending toward adult values the 4th day after hatching.", "PMID": 114325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11208", "title": "[Leukocyte migration toward the alveoli].", "content": "Migratory processes of leukocytes toward alveolus have been studied after intratracheal injection of aluminium or beryllium hydroxide. Migrating cells could only be observed during the first three days following the injection. Three migrating processes were pointed out and especially an emperipolesis phenomenon. This morphological observation and cytokinetic study of septal cells, exclude the existence of a precursor septal pool involved in a maturation process of alveolar macrophages.", "contents": "[Leukocyte migration toward the alveoli]. Migratory processes of leukocytes toward alveolus have been studied after intratracheal injection of aluminium or beryllium hydroxide. Migrating cells could only be observed during the first three days following the injection. Three migrating processes were pointed out and especially an emperipolesis phenomenon. This morphological observation and cytokinetic study of septal cells, exclude the existence of a precursor septal pool involved in a maturation process of alveolar macrophages.", "PMID": 114326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11209", "title": "[Stereotype and plasticity of utterances in gibbons (Hylobates concolor leucogenys)].", "content": "The \"great call\" of adult male and female Hylobates concolor leucogenys was studied in different conditions of social stimulation, using quantitative (i. e. sonographic) analysis. Vocal sequences are generally made up of mixed sounds, appearing in a fixed order and constituting a species-specific character. Qualitative diversification appears in the repetition of sequences. Different social situations alter parameters of the calling pattern: especially the length and intensity of homologous modulated sounds, and the qualitative complexity of sequences. The capacity of controlling length and intensity of modulated sounds has been shown in earlier papers for H. c. gabriellae, and by several authors, in Cebus and Rhesus monkeys. The \"great call\" of H. c. leucogenys shows the two fundamental characteristics of instinctive (i. e. genetically determined) activity-patterns.", "contents": "[Stereotype and plasticity of utterances in gibbons (Hylobates concolor leucogenys)]. The \"great call\" of adult male and female Hylobates concolor leucogenys was studied in different conditions of social stimulation, using quantitative (i. e. sonographic) analysis. Vocal sequences are generally made up of mixed sounds, appearing in a fixed order and constituting a species-specific character. Qualitative diversification appears in the repetition of sequences. Different social situations alter parameters of the calling pattern: especially the length and intensity of homologous modulated sounds, and the qualitative complexity of sequences. The capacity of controlling length and intensity of modulated sounds has been shown in earlier papers for H. c. gabriellae, and by several authors, in Cebus and Rhesus monkeys. The \"great call\" of H. c. leucogenys shows the two fundamental characteristics of instinctive (i. e. genetically determined) activity-patterns.", "PMID": 114327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11210", "title": "[Effect of concanavalin A on the palatine ridges in vitro].", "content": "Concanavalin A acts in three ways on palatal shelves cultivated in vitro: 1. it has a mitogen effect, particularly on the medio palatal epithelium; 2. this produces thickening of this epithelium; 3. a delayed fusion or no fusion of the palatal shelves. The renewed mitogen activity and loss of adhesion properties seem to be linked.", "contents": "[Effect of concanavalin A on the palatine ridges in vitro]. Concanavalin A acts in three ways on palatal shelves cultivated in vitro: 1. it has a mitogen effect, particularly on the medio palatal epithelium; 2. this produces thickening of this epithelium; 3. a delayed fusion or no fusion of the palatal shelves. The renewed mitogen activity and loss of adhesion properties seem to be linked.", "PMID": 114328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11211", "title": "[Tele-electromyography of various quadriceps femoris muscle bundles during locomotion in a Madagascar lemur (Lemur fulvus)].", "content": "The vastus lateralis muscle is of primary importance in leaping inasmuch as it initiates the jumps; on the contrary the activity of the vastus intermedius does not increase during jumping, but it is the only one to be active in quadrupedal resting postures.", "contents": "[Tele-electromyography of various quadriceps femoris muscle bundles during locomotion in a Madagascar lemur (Lemur fulvus)]. The vastus lateralis muscle is of primary importance in leaping inasmuch as it initiates the jumps; on the contrary the activity of the vastus intermedius does not increase during jumping, but it is the only one to be active in quadrupedal resting postures.", "PMID": 114329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11212", "title": "[Tissue specificity of testosterone fixation: demonstrated by ultrastructural immunocytochemistry after cryoultramicrotomy].", "content": "Testosterone can be detected by immunocytochemistry on ultrathin slices obtained by cryoultramicrotomy. Testosterone detected by this method is likely bound on a binding site having a high affinity. In order to study the tissue specificity of this binding, testosterone was tested in Rat pituitary gland, liver and adrenal glands. Immunoreactive testosterone was detected in the gonadotropic cells of the pituitary gland, in the hepatocytes. Testosterone was not detected by immunocytochemistry in the pituitary cells other than the gonadotropic cells and in the cells of the medulla of adrenal glands. These data testify in favour of tissue specificity of the testosterone binding.", "contents": "[Tissue specificity of testosterone fixation: demonstrated by ultrastructural immunocytochemistry after cryoultramicrotomy]. Testosterone can be detected by immunocytochemistry on ultrathin slices obtained by cryoultramicrotomy. Testosterone detected by this method is likely bound on a binding site having a high affinity. In order to study the tissue specificity of this binding, testosterone was tested in Rat pituitary gland, liver and adrenal glands. Immunoreactive testosterone was detected in the gonadotropic cells of the pituitary gland, in the hepatocytes. Testosterone was not detected by immunocytochemistry in the pituitary cells other than the gonadotropic cells and in the cells of the medulla of adrenal glands. These data testify in favour of tissue specificity of the testosterone binding.", "PMID": 114330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11213", "title": "[Water in keratin: electrical conductivity measurements].", "content": "Measurements of electrical conductivity of keratin fibers show that, for weak hydration (0-5%) interaction between water and protein is strong. This decreases the probability of charges-exchange taking place between them. During the first percentages of elongation, an increase of the percentage of \"intermediate water\" appears.", "contents": "[Water in keratin: electrical conductivity measurements]. Measurements of electrical conductivity of keratin fibers show that, for weak hydration (0-5%) interaction between water and protein is strong. This decreases the probability of charges-exchange taking place between them. During the first percentages of elongation, an increase of the percentage of \"intermediate water\" appears.", "PMID": 114331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11214", "title": "[Comparative oxidation of erucic and oleic acids by mitochondria isolated from heart auricle of living man].", "content": "Mitochondria were isolated from fragments of heart auricles, that were cut off during surgical intracardiac operations. They were incubated with either [14 14C] erucic acid or [10 14C] oleic acid as a control. In the experimental conditions used, the radioactive products soluble in perchloric acid, that are issued from the beta-oxidation reactions in mitochondria, were formed in much lower amounts from erucic acid than from oleic acid. These results show the very low capacity of human heart mitochondria to use directly erucic acid as a substrate for energy requirements, as has been observed before with other animal species. Activation of fatty acids, the preliminary step of their beta-oxidation, was also observed to be very much lower with erucic acid.", "contents": "[Comparative oxidation of erucic and oleic acids by mitochondria isolated from heart auricle of living man]. Mitochondria were isolated from fragments of heart auricles, that were cut off during surgical intracardiac operations. They were incubated with either [14 14C] erucic acid or [10 14C] oleic acid as a control. In the experimental conditions used, the radioactive products soluble in perchloric acid, that are issued from the beta-oxidation reactions in mitochondria, were formed in much lower amounts from erucic acid than from oleic acid. These results show the very low capacity of human heart mitochondria to use directly erucic acid as a substrate for energy requirements, as has been observed before with other animal species. Activation of fatty acids, the preliminary step of their beta-oxidation, was also observed to be very much lower with erucic acid.", "PMID": 114332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11215", "title": "[Specific phosphorylation of a calf serum protein by a kinase from the cell surface].", "content": "A protein of molecular weight approximately 200,000, which exists in trace amounts in calf serum, is specifically phosphorylated by an enzyme located at the surface of cultured cells. The emzymatic reaction utilizes ATP, is enhanced by Mg++ and Zn++ ions, and is not dependent on cyclic AMP. This kinase activity is associated with normal growing fibroblasts but disappears when they are contact-inhibited. It remains high, however, in transformed and malignant cells, whatever their growth state.", "contents": "[Specific phosphorylation of a calf serum protein by a kinase from the cell surface]. A protein of molecular weight approximately 200,000, which exists in trace amounts in calf serum, is specifically phosphorylated by an enzyme located at the surface of cultured cells. The emzymatic reaction utilizes ATP, is enhanced by Mg++ and Zn++ ions, and is not dependent on cyclic AMP. This kinase activity is associated with normal growing fibroblasts but disappears when they are contact-inhibited. It remains high, however, in transformed and malignant cells, whatever their growth state.", "PMID": 114333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11216", "title": "[Inhibition of the fluorescence of acridine, 9-aminoacridine, and 9-amino-6-chloroacridine by human serum albumin].", "content": "Study of fluorescence quenching of acridine and some 9 amino acridines upon human serum albumin additions reveals a single protein fixation site. Characteristic values of thermodynamic functions are obtained from experiments at different temperatures.", "contents": "[Inhibition of the fluorescence of acridine, 9-aminoacridine, and 9-amino-6-chloroacridine by human serum albumin]. Study of fluorescence quenching of acridine and some 9 amino acridines upon human serum albumin additions reveals a single protein fixation site. Characteristic values of thermodynamic functions are obtained from experiments at different temperatures.", "PMID": 114334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11217", "title": "[Genetic control by the HLA region of the immune response to factor VIII in hemophilic patients].", "content": "In 10 sibships of haemophilic A patients, every one including 1 haemophilic brother with an antibody to factor VIII and 1 haemophilic brother without antibody, pattern of HLA segregation was analysed. All sibships were HLA haploidentical or different and not HLA identical. This fact suggested a linkage between the major histocompatibility complex and an \"Ir\" gene to factor VIII.", "contents": "[Genetic control by the HLA region of the immune response to factor VIII in hemophilic patients]. In 10 sibships of haemophilic A patients, every one including 1 haemophilic brother with an antibody to factor VIII and 1 haemophilic brother without antibody, pattern of HLA segregation was analysed. All sibships were HLA haploidentical or different and not HLA identical. This fact suggested a linkage between the major histocompatibility complex and an \"Ir\" gene to factor VIII.", "PMID": 114335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11218", "title": "Comparison of specific protein assays in biological fluids by radial immunodiffusion and laser nephelometer.", "content": "Laser immuno-nephelometry is presently being used for measuring concentrations of specific proteins in biological fluids. Our findings have not substantiated the highly correlative results with radial immunodiffusion that have been reported. The reason for our poor correlation was found in the lack of uniformity in expressing concentrations of the different specific proteins in the calibrating standards. One value of the laser nephelometer was the greater precision obtained when comparing results to those measured by radial immuno-diffusion. Also, the laser was found to be more sensitive for measuring low level concentrations.", "contents": "Comparison of specific protein assays in biological fluids by radial immunodiffusion and laser nephelometer. Laser immuno-nephelometry is presently being used for measuring concentrations of specific proteins in biological fluids. Our findings have not substantiated the highly correlative results with radial immunodiffusion that have been reported. The reason for our poor correlation was found in the lack of uniformity in expressing concentrations of the different specific proteins in the calibrating standards. One value of the laser nephelometer was the greater precision obtained when comparing results to those measured by radial immuno-diffusion. Also, the laser was found to be more sensitive for measuring low level concentrations.", "PMID": 114337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11219", "title": "Myrtus communis L. phytohemagglutinins as a clarifying agent for lipemic sera.", "content": "Phytohemagglutinins from sees of Myrtus communis L., either in solution or adsorbed by glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes, constitute an effective system for clarification of lipemic sera. It can be used in clinical analysis to avoid the interference produced by turbidity in spectrophotometric determinations. Parameters such as glucose, bilirubin, urea, uric acid, GPT, GOT, and LDH, amongst others, can be determined without interference. The content in triglycerides of 1 ml of serum can be decreased by more than seventy per cent by treatment with 50 mg of lyophilized glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes saturated with Myrtus communis L. phytohemagglutinins.", "contents": "Myrtus communis L. phytohemagglutinins as a clarifying agent for lipemic sera. Phytohemagglutinins from sees of Myrtus communis L., either in solution or adsorbed by glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes, constitute an effective system for clarification of lipemic sera. It can be used in clinical analysis to avoid the interference produced by turbidity in spectrophotometric determinations. Parameters such as glucose, bilirubin, urea, uric acid, GPT, GOT, and LDH, amongst others, can be determined without interference. The content in triglycerides of 1 ml of serum can be decreased by more than seventy per cent by treatment with 50 mg of lyophilized glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes saturated with Myrtus communis L. phytohemagglutinins.", "PMID": 114338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11220", "title": "A fluorometric assay using 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-L-iduronide for the estimation of alpha-L-iduronidase activity and the detection of Hurler and Scheie syndromes.", "content": "Incubation of 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-L-iduronide with whole cell homogenates prepared from cultured skin fibroblasts and amniotic cells, and peripheral blood leukocytes gave 4-methylumbelliferone which was easily measured fluorometrically. This reaction, presumably due to the action of alpha-L-iduronidase, has a maximum hydrolytic activity at pH 3.25. The apparent KM value of alpha-L-iduronidase in leukocyte whole cell homogenates for this substrate was 179 mumol/l compared to 353, 41 and 166 mumol/l for other alpha-L-iduronidase substrates phenyl alpha-L-iduronide, iduronosyl anhydrol[1-3H]mannitol 6-sulfate and iduronosyl anhydro[1-3H]mannitol respectively; the corresponding Vmax values were 617, 394, 158 and 10 pmol/min/mg protein respectively. Incubation of the 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-L-iduronide with whole cell homogenates prepared from cultured skin fibroblasts and leukocytes from a Hurler patient gave 4-methylumbelliferone at a rate more than 20 times less than found for control normal preparations. 4-Methylumbelliferyl alpha-L-iduronide is a sensitive, convenient and superior substrate to phenyl alpha-L-iduronide for the assay of alpha-L-iduronidase activity, but is not a suitable replacement for the radiolabelled substrate iduronosyl anhydro[1-3H]mannitol 6-sulfate.", "contents": "A fluorometric assay using 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-L-iduronide for the estimation of alpha-L-iduronidase activity and the detection of Hurler and Scheie syndromes. Incubation of 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-L-iduronide with whole cell homogenates prepared from cultured skin fibroblasts and amniotic cells, and peripheral blood leukocytes gave 4-methylumbelliferone which was easily measured fluorometrically. This reaction, presumably due to the action of alpha-L-iduronidase, has a maximum hydrolytic activity at pH 3.25. The apparent KM value of alpha-L-iduronidase in leukocyte whole cell homogenates for this substrate was 179 mumol/l compared to 353, 41 and 166 mumol/l for other alpha-L-iduronidase substrates phenyl alpha-L-iduronide, iduronosyl anhydrol[1-3H]mannitol 6-sulfate and iduronosyl anhydro[1-3H]mannitol respectively; the corresponding Vmax values were 617, 394, 158 and 10 pmol/min/mg protein respectively. Incubation of the 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-L-iduronide with whole cell homogenates prepared from cultured skin fibroblasts and leukocytes from a Hurler patient gave 4-methylumbelliferone at a rate more than 20 times less than found for control normal preparations. 4-Methylumbelliferyl alpha-L-iduronide is a sensitive, convenient and superior substrate to phenyl alpha-L-iduronide for the assay of alpha-L-iduronidase activity, but is not a suitable replacement for the radiolabelled substrate iduronosyl anhydro[1-3H]mannitol 6-sulfate.", "PMID": 114339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11221", "title": "Identification and incidence of a urinary fragment of IgG.", "content": "Urine from some patients, when concentrated approximately three hundred fold and immunoelectrophoresed against anti-IgG, shows an unexpected additional precipitin line in the alpha-globulin region. This reaction has been shown to be due to the presence of a low molecular weight (approximately 20 000) fragment of the heavy chain of IgG. A retrospective examination of immunoelectrophoretic plates run over a period of five years has revealed that this fragment was present in 30 out of 110 patients.", "contents": "Identification and incidence of a urinary fragment of IgG. Urine from some patients, when concentrated approximately three hundred fold and immunoelectrophoresed against anti-IgG, shows an unexpected additional precipitin line in the alpha-globulin region. This reaction has been shown to be due to the presence of a low molecular weight (approximately 20 000) fragment of the heavy chain of IgG. A retrospective examination of immunoelectrophoretic plates run over a period of five years has revealed that this fragment was present in 30 out of 110 patients.", "PMID": 114340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11222", "title": "A new screening test for the diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses.", "content": "A simple method for the electrophoretic separation of glycosaminoglycans from untreated urine is presented. It is shown that this rapid electrophoresis on specially shaped acetate cellulose strips gives more information than other screening tests used in laboratory for discriminating between normal and pathological samples. This technique is useful particularly with low levels of glycosaminoglycans which may give false-negative responses.", "contents": "A new screening test for the diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses. A simple method for the electrophoretic separation of glycosaminoglycans from untreated urine is presented. It is shown that this rapid electrophoresis on specially shaped acetate cellulose strips gives more information than other screening tests used in laboratory for discriminating between normal and pathological samples. This technique is useful particularly with low levels of glycosaminoglycans which may give false-negative responses.", "PMID": 114341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11223", "title": "Immunichemical determination of cathodal elastase in human duodenal juice.", "content": "In human duodenal juice enzymes hydrolysing the elastase substrate succinyl-trialanine-p-nitroanilide have both an anodal and cathodal mobility in agarose gel electrophoresis. The cathodal enzyme, also having an elastinolytic activity, was purified. An application of electroimmunoassay for separate determination of this cathodal elastase is presented. Parallel estimations of esterolytic, elastinolytic and immunochemical activities in duodenal juice from a group of children revealed discrepancies suggesting both variations in the distribution of the two forms of \"elastases\", and presence of inactive forms.", "contents": "Immunichemical determination of cathodal elastase in human duodenal juice. In human duodenal juice enzymes hydrolysing the elastase substrate succinyl-trialanine-p-nitroanilide have both an anodal and cathodal mobility in agarose gel electrophoresis. The cathodal enzyme, also having an elastinolytic activity, was purified. An application of electroimmunoassay for separate determination of this cathodal elastase is presented. Parallel estimations of esterolytic, elastinolytic and immunochemical activities in duodenal juice from a group of children revealed discrepancies suggesting both variations in the distribution of the two forms of \"elastases\", and presence of inactive forms.", "PMID": 114342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11224", "title": "The diagnostic value of pharmacodynamic tests in the hyperprolactinaemic syndrome.", "content": "Patterns of prolactin (PRL) secretion were studied in a group of 18 hyperprolactinaemic patients with galactorrhoea and menstrual disorders and in a control group of thirty-two women in the early puerperium (24 h after a normal delivery) following provocative (TRH and Chlorpromazine) and suppressive (L-Dopa and bromocriptine) stimuli. Five out of the eighteen hyperprolactinaemic patients tested had radiological evidence of a pituitary tumour, and two were treated surgically. The early puerperium patients with elevated basal PRL levels (100--700 ng/ml) demonstrated a significant PRL response to the various treatments. On the other hand, in the hyperprolactinaemic group, an impaired PRL response to TRH, Chlorpromazine and L-Dopa was noted in patients with basal PRL levels higher than 30 ng/ml, whereas bromocriptine suppressed effectively PRL levels in all the hyperprolactinaemic patients tested irrespective of their basal PRL concentrations. The ratio between the fall in PRL concentrations (as percent of the baseline) after L-Dopa administration (delta%L) versus the PRL decrement after bromocriptine treatment (delta%B) was calculated. In the early puerperium group with normal pituitary prolactin secreting cells this ratio was equal to 0.8. In the hyperprolactinaemic group, the five patients with radiological evidence of a pituitary tumour had significantly lower ratios ranging from 0.2 to 0.57. These data suggest that in terms of prolactin release, prolactin producing tumour cells are intrinsically refractory to hypo thalamic dopaminergic signals. The calculation of individual delta%L/delta%B ratios may serve, therefore, as a valuable indicator for early detection of autonomous pituitary prolactin secreting cells and for evaluation of the extent of the pituitary lesion.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of pharmacodynamic tests in the hyperprolactinaemic syndrome. Patterns of prolactin (PRL) secretion were studied in a group of 18 hyperprolactinaemic patients with galactorrhoea and menstrual disorders and in a control group of thirty-two women in the early puerperium (24 h after a normal delivery) following provocative (TRH and Chlorpromazine) and suppressive (L-Dopa and bromocriptine) stimuli. Five out of the eighteen hyperprolactinaemic patients tested had radiological evidence of a pituitary tumour, and two were treated surgically. The early puerperium patients with elevated basal PRL levels (100--700 ng/ml) demonstrated a significant PRL response to the various treatments. On the other hand, in the hyperprolactinaemic group, an impaired PRL response to TRH, Chlorpromazine and L-Dopa was noted in patients with basal PRL levels higher than 30 ng/ml, whereas bromocriptine suppressed effectively PRL levels in all the hyperprolactinaemic patients tested irrespective of their basal PRL concentrations. The ratio between the fall in PRL concentrations (as percent of the baseline) after L-Dopa administration (delta%L) versus the PRL decrement after bromocriptine treatment (delta%B) was calculated. In the early puerperium group with normal pituitary prolactin secreting cells this ratio was equal to 0.8. In the hyperprolactinaemic group, the five patients with radiological evidence of a pituitary tumour had significantly lower ratios ranging from 0.2 to 0.57. These data suggest that in terms of prolactin release, prolactin producing tumour cells are intrinsically refractory to hypo thalamic dopaminergic signals. The calculation of individual delta%L/delta%B ratios may serve, therefore, as a valuable indicator for early detection of autonomous pituitary prolactin secreting cells and for evaluation of the extent of the pituitary lesion.", "PMID": 114343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11225", "title": "The influence of bromocriptine on serum levels of growth hormone and other pituitary hormones and its metabolic effects in active acromegaly.", "content": "The effect of treatment with bromocriptine for 12--18 months on serum GH and metabolic responses was studied in sixteen patients with active acromegaly. Of this group ten patients showing a sustained GH reduction of more than 50% during an 8 h bromocriptine test, proved to be responsive to long-term therapy. In the responding patients GH levels decreased to 38% of the pretreatment level after 12 months of therapy. A dose higher than 10 mg did not produce a significantly greater effect. Prolactin and LH levels decreased in all patients, FSH levels showed a significant rise. Testosterone levels in the male patients increased significantly, indicating that the state of hypogonadism can at least be partially reversed. The GH levels became normal in only one patient. We conclude that the role of bromocriptine in acromagaly is limited and selective pituitary operation and/or irradiation is preferred as definitive treatment in most patients.", "contents": "The influence of bromocriptine on serum levels of growth hormone and other pituitary hormones and its metabolic effects in active acromegaly. The effect of treatment with bromocriptine for 12--18 months on serum GH and metabolic responses was studied in sixteen patients with active acromegaly. Of this group ten patients showing a sustained GH reduction of more than 50% during an 8 h bromocriptine test, proved to be responsive to long-term therapy. In the responding patients GH levels decreased to 38% of the pretreatment level after 12 months of therapy. A dose higher than 10 mg did not produce a significantly greater effect. Prolactin and LH levels decreased in all patients, FSH levels showed a significant rise. Testosterone levels in the male patients increased significantly, indicating that the state of hypogonadism can at least be partially reversed. The GH levels became normal in only one patient. We conclude that the role of bromocriptine in acromagaly is limited and selective pituitary operation and/or irradiation is preferred as definitive treatment in most patients.", "PMID": 114344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11226", "title": "Translocation 46XY, t (17;18) (q25;q21) in a mentally retarded boy with progressive eye abnormalities.", "content": "A 10-year-old boy with reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 17 and 18- 46XY,t (17;18) (q25; q21), appeared cytogenetically balanced. The patient was a healthy, thriving boy whose main abnormal feature was moderate mental retardation. However, abnormal ocular signs were present, including macular \"fibrosis\", optic disc abnormalities with a traction retinal detachment, tapeto-retinal degeneration, and tilting of the disc to the nasal side. These changes are consistent with the ocular changes previously described in the 18q- syndrome, suggesting that there has been a minimal deletion of chromosome material at the 18q21 breakpoint. The case also demonstrates that the ocular changes of the 18- syndrome may be progressive.", "contents": "Translocation 46XY, t (17;18) (q25;q21) in a mentally retarded boy with progressive eye abnormalities. A 10-year-old boy with reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 17 and 18- 46XY,t (17;18) (q25; q21), appeared cytogenetically balanced. The patient was a healthy, thriving boy whose main abnormal feature was moderate mental retardation. However, abnormal ocular signs were present, including macular \"fibrosis\", optic disc abnormalities with a traction retinal detachment, tapeto-retinal degeneration, and tilting of the disc to the nasal side. These changes are consistent with the ocular changes previously described in the 18q- syndrome, suggesting that there has been a minimal deletion of chromosome material at the 18q21 breakpoint. The case also demonstrates that the ocular changes of the 18- syndrome may be progressive.", "PMID": 114345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11227", "title": "Immunogenicity and kinetics of distribution and elimination of sheep digoxin-specific IgG and Fab fragments in the rabbit and baboon.", "content": "To evaluate the relative merits of purified IgG and Fab preparations of defined specificity for potential clinical use, immunogenicity studies were carried out in baboon and rabbit experimental models. Distribution and elimination kinetics of purified sheep digoxin-specific IgG and Fab fragments were also studied following intravenous administration to baboons. Serial plasma and urine Fab concentrations were determined from trichloroacetic acid-precipitable 125I counts from pre-labelled preparations and also by measurement of the antibody's functional 3H-digoxin binding capacity. Results were compared with data obtained from IgG by 3H-digoxin binding. Kinetic data analysed by computer-fitted functions demonstrated that plasma Fab disappearance was best described by a tri-exponential function, whereas a bi-exponential function best described the IgG data. Initial distribution half-life (t 1/2) of Fab (0.28-0.32 hr) was considerably shorter than that of IgG (4.0 hr) and contributed a greater proportion of the total fall in plasma level over 24 hr. Fab elimination t 1/2 (9-13 hr) was also shorter than IgG (61 hr), but appreciably longer than earlier estimates in rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats and mice. The total volume of distribution of Fab was 8.7 times greater than that of IgG measured by the same method. Over the first 24 hr after administration 30-45% of administered Fab was recoverable in active form in urine, while 93% of total administered 125I counts from 125I-Fab preparations (bound and free) could be recovered. Less than 1% of administered IgG binding activity was recovered in urine during the initial 24 hr. The relative immunogenicities of sheep digoxin-specific IgG and Fab fragments were studied in six baboons. Both IgG and Fab elicited prompt immune responses when injected intramuscularly with Freund's complete adjuvant. Intravenous injection of soluble sheep IgG resulted in a prompt immune response in one baboon while repeated injections caused only a late, weak response in a second animal. Soluble sheep Fab fragments elicited only delayed and weak responses in the two baboons thus challenged. Further immunogenicity studies in ninteen rabbits showed significantly earlier and greater antibody responses to intravenously administered sheep IgG antigen than to Fab fragments derived from the same IgG population. These studies demonstrate that digoxin-specific Fab fragments undergo more rapid and extensive distribution to the extra vascular compartment and also more rapid renal excretion than IgG. Furthermore, Fab fragments are significantly less immunogenic than the parent IgG population. These data indicate potentially important therapeutic advantages for digoxin-specific Fab compared with IgG when administered for the reversal of life-threatening digitlis toxicity.", "contents": "Immunogenicity and kinetics of distribution and elimination of sheep digoxin-specific IgG and Fab fragments in the rabbit and baboon. To evaluate the relative merits of purified IgG and Fab preparations of defined specificity for potential clinical use, immunogenicity studies were carried out in baboon and rabbit experimental models. Distribution and elimination kinetics of purified sheep digoxin-specific IgG and Fab fragments were also studied following intravenous administration to baboons. Serial plasma and urine Fab concentrations were determined from trichloroacetic acid-precipitable 125I counts from pre-labelled preparations and also by measurement of the antibody's functional 3H-digoxin binding capacity. Results were compared with data obtained from IgG by 3H-digoxin binding. Kinetic data analysed by computer-fitted functions demonstrated that plasma Fab disappearance was best described by a tri-exponential function, whereas a bi-exponential function best described the IgG data. Initial distribution half-life (t 1/2) of Fab (0.28-0.32 hr) was considerably shorter than that of IgG (4.0 hr) and contributed a greater proportion of the total fall in plasma level over 24 hr. Fab elimination t 1/2 (9-13 hr) was also shorter than IgG (61 hr), but appreciably longer than earlier estimates in rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats and mice. The total volume of distribution of Fab was 8.7 times greater than that of IgG measured by the same method. Over the first 24 hr after administration 30-45% of administered Fab was recoverable in active form in urine, while 93% of total administered 125I counts from 125I-Fab preparations (bound and free) could be recovered. Less than 1% of administered IgG binding activity was recovered in urine during the initial 24 hr. The relative immunogenicities of sheep digoxin-specific IgG and Fab fragments were studied in six baboons. Both IgG and Fab elicited prompt immune responses when injected intramuscularly with Freund's complete adjuvant. Intravenous injection of soluble sheep IgG resulted in a prompt immune response in one baboon while repeated injections caused only a late, weak response in a second animal. Soluble sheep Fab fragments elicited only delayed and weak responses in the two baboons thus challenged. Further immunogenicity studies in ninteen rabbits showed significantly earlier and greater antibody responses to intravenously administered sheep IgG antigen than to Fab fragments derived from the same IgG population. These studies demonstrate that digoxin-specific Fab fragments undergo more rapid and extensive distribution to the extra vascular compartment and also more rapid renal excretion than IgG. Furthermore, Fab fragments are significantly less immunogenic than the parent IgG population. These data indicate potentially important therapeutic advantages for digoxin-specific Fab compared with IgG when administered for the reversal of life-threatening digitlis toxicity.", "PMID": 114346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11228", "title": "Relative importance of C3b inactivator and beta 1H globulin in the modulation of the properdin amplification loop in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Serum concentrations of C4, C3, factor B (B), properdin (P), C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and beta 1H globulin have been measured by radial immunodiffusion in sixty-two samples from thirteen patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Significant reductions in the mean serum concentrations of C4 (classical pathway) B and P (alternative pathway) and C3 were found. In addition, the mean level of the control protein beta 1H, but not C3bINA, was reduced. Sera from thirteen patients taking during disease exacerbation (low C3) showed significantly lower levels of both C3bINA and beta 1H than sera taken from the same thirteen patients during disease remission (high C3). Serum concentrations of C3bINA correlated with B (P less than 0.005) but not C4, C3 or P, whereas levels of beta 1H correlated with C4 (P less than 0.01), B (P less than 0.005) and properdin (P less than 0.01). Serial measurements of the serum concentrations of C3bINA and beta 1H showed that levels of these protein fell during exacerbation, and such falls were more closely associated with diseases in the serum levels of the alternative pathways proteins than C4. It is concluded from these observations that serum concentrations of the control proteins C3bINA and beta 1H, especially the latter, control the extent of turnover of the alternative pathway in SLE. Metabolic studies are required to determine the causes of the decreased serum concentrations of these control proteins.", "contents": "Relative importance of C3b inactivator and beta 1H globulin in the modulation of the properdin amplification loop in systemic lupus erythematosus. Serum concentrations of C4, C3, factor B (B), properdin (P), C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and beta 1H globulin have been measured by radial immunodiffusion in sixty-two samples from thirteen patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Significant reductions in the mean serum concentrations of C4 (classical pathway) B and P (alternative pathway) and C3 were found. In addition, the mean level of the control protein beta 1H, but not C3bINA, was reduced. Sera from thirteen patients taking during disease exacerbation (low C3) showed significantly lower levels of both C3bINA and beta 1H than sera taken from the same thirteen patients during disease remission (high C3). Serum concentrations of C3bINA correlated with B (P less than 0.005) but not C4, C3 or P, whereas levels of beta 1H correlated with C4 (P less than 0.01), B (P less than 0.005) and properdin (P less than 0.01). Serial measurements of the serum concentrations of C3bINA and beta 1H showed that levels of these protein fell during exacerbation, and such falls were more closely associated with diseases in the serum levels of the alternative pathways proteins than C4. It is concluded from these observations that serum concentrations of the control proteins C3bINA and beta 1H, especially the latter, control the extent of turnover of the alternative pathway in SLE. Metabolic studies are required to determine the causes of the decreased serum concentrations of these control proteins.", "PMID": 114347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11229", "title": "Pulmonary function changes in normal rats induced by antibody against rat IgE.", "content": "Changes in pulmonary function, as measured by airway conductance and dynamic compliance, in normal rats have been provoked by the administration of a rabbit antisera prepared against rat IgE myeloma protein. The response is specific in that neither anti-IgG nor normal rabbit serum induced pulmonary changes. Pre-treatment with disodium cromoglycate inhibits the bronchospasm in a dose related manner. In addition, drug protection can be demonstrated with as long 1 hr pre-dosing.", "contents": "Pulmonary function changes in normal rats induced by antibody against rat IgE. Changes in pulmonary function, as measured by airway conductance and dynamic compliance, in normal rats have been provoked by the administration of a rabbit antisera prepared against rat IgE myeloma protein. The response is specific in that neither anti-IgG nor normal rabbit serum induced pulmonary changes. Pre-treatment with disodium cromoglycate inhibits the bronchospasm in a dose related manner. In addition, drug protection can be demonstrated with as long 1 hr pre-dosing.", "PMID": 114348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11230", "title": "Do contraceptives influence the incidence of acute pelvic inflammatory disease in women with gonorrhoea?", "content": "The influence of different contraceptive techniques on the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in 672 patients with gonorrhoea have been studied. The lowest frequency of PID was found in patients using hormonal contraceptives (Group A), 8.8 per cent compared to 23.5 per cent in patients using intrauterine devices (Group B) and 15.1 per cent in patients using neither technique (Group C). In comparable control groups no significant differences in background factors, such as age, marital status and sexual activity were demonstrated. It is therefore concluded that the significantly lower incidence of PID in patients using hormonal contraceptives compared to the other groups and the high incidence of PID in patients using intrauterine devices is related to the contraceptive technique per se.", "contents": "Do contraceptives influence the incidence of acute pelvic inflammatory disease in women with gonorrhoea? The influence of different contraceptive techniques on the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in 672 patients with gonorrhoea have been studied. The lowest frequency of PID was found in patients using hormonal contraceptives (Group A), 8.8 per cent compared to 23.5 per cent in patients using intrauterine devices (Group B) and 15.1 per cent in patients using neither technique (Group C). In comparable control groups no significant differences in background factors, such as age, marital status and sexual activity were demonstrated. It is therefore concluded that the significantly lower incidence of PID in patients using hormonal contraceptives compared to the other groups and the high incidence of PID in patients using intrauterine devices is related to the contraceptive technique per se.", "PMID": 114354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11231", "title": "Treatment of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with intrauterine devices loaded with levonorgestrel.", "content": "The effects of levonorgestrel-loaded plastic intrauterine devices on endometrial morphology were investigated in 15 rhesus monkeys for 14 weeks. The devices were designed to release 25 microgram of the hormone per day and were inserted in the uterus by hysterotomy. Control animals were sham operated or received inert placebo devices. With the levonorgestrel-releasing devices, widespread changes in endometrial morphology were seen. These changes included atrophy of the endometrial mucosal and glandular epithelium and decidualization of the endometrial stroma. With the inert placebo control devices, only minor changes in endometrial morphology were observed.", "contents": "Treatment of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with intrauterine devices loaded with levonorgestrel. The effects of levonorgestrel-loaded plastic intrauterine devices on endometrial morphology were investigated in 15 rhesus monkeys for 14 weeks. The devices were designed to release 25 microgram of the hormone per day and were inserted in the uterus by hysterotomy. Control animals were sham operated or received inert placebo devices. With the levonorgestrel-releasing devices, widespread changes in endometrial morphology were seen. These changes included atrophy of the endometrial mucosal and glandular epithelium and decidualization of the endometrial stroma. With the inert placebo control devices, only minor changes in endometrial morphology were observed.", "PMID": 114355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11232", "title": "Insignificance of colonic bacteria in the sputum of patients in a new ICU.", "content": "Over a 12-month period, 27% of patients in a new ICU grew bacterial pathogens from sputum or tracheal cultures. The commonest isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella species. Endotracheal intubation, the length of time intubated, and antimicrobial therapy all predisposed to the isolation of organisms from sputum. No patient developed a gram-negative pneumonia, and there was no case of septicemia associated with a positive sputum culture. The presence of epithelial or pus cells in sputum was unrelated to the culture results. It was concluded that the growth of colonic bacteria from sputum or tracheal aspirates was of little prognostic or clinical significance. No significant common environmental site or cross-infection pathway was identified: sinks were contaminated by patients rather than vice versa. Most sputum isolates were probably endogenous in origin.", "contents": "Insignificance of colonic bacteria in the sputum of patients in a new ICU. Over a 12-month period, 27% of patients in a new ICU grew bacterial pathogens from sputum or tracheal cultures. The commonest isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella species. Endotracheal intubation, the length of time intubated, and antimicrobial therapy all predisposed to the isolation of organisms from sputum. No patient developed a gram-negative pneumonia, and there was no case of septicemia associated with a positive sputum culture. The presence of epithelial or pus cells in sputum was unrelated to the culture results. It was concluded that the growth of colonic bacteria from sputum or tracheal aspirates was of little prognostic or clinical significance. No significant common environmental site or cross-infection pathway was identified: sinks were contaminated by patients rather than vice versa. Most sputum isolates were probably endogenous in origin.", "PMID": 114356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11233", "title": "Cerebral tissue response to reserpine: a morphological study.", "content": "The acute influence of reserpine injection on cerebral tissue was studied in baboon and rat models. Five h after the infusion of reserpine, bilateral cortical areas were found to contain perivascular changes only, whereas basal ganglia regions contained advanced oedematous responses. Mitochondrial swelling was commonly found in the latter regions, as were loci containing microvascular crenation with accompanying pericytic changes.", "contents": "Cerebral tissue response to reserpine: a morphological study. The acute influence of reserpine injection on cerebral tissue was studied in baboon and rat models. Five h after the infusion of reserpine, bilateral cortical areas were found to contain perivascular changes only, whereas basal ganglia regions contained advanced oedematous responses. Mitochondrial swelling was commonly found in the latter regions, as were loci containing microvascular crenation with accompanying pericytic changes.", "PMID": 114358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11234", "title": "Cell wall biogenesis in Oocystis: experimental alteration of microfibril assembly and orientation.", "content": "Cell wall biogenesis in the unicellular green alga Oocystis apiculata has been studied. Under normal growth conditions, a cell wall with ordered microfibrils is synthesized. In each layer there are rows of parallel microfibrils. Layers are nearly perpendicular to each other. Terminal linear synthesizing complexes are located in the plasma membrane, and they are capable of bidirectional synthesis of cellulose microfibrils. Granule bands associated with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane appear to control the orientation of newly synthesized microfibrils. Subcortical microtubules also are present during wall synthesis. Patterns of cell wall synthesis were studied after treatment with EDTA and EGTA as well as divalent cations (MgSO4, CaSO4, Cacl2). 0.1 M EDTA treatment for 15 min results in the disassociation of the terminal complexes from the ends of microfibrils. EDTA-treated cells followed by 15 min treatment with MgSO4 results in reaggregation of the linear complexes into a paired state, remote from the original ends to which they were associated. After 90 min treatment with MgSO4, normal synthesis resumes. EGTA and calcium salts do not affect the linear complexes or microfibril orientation. Treatments with colchicine and vinblastine sulphate do not depolymerize the microtubles, but the wall microfibril orientation is altered. With colchicine or vinblastine, the change in orientation from layer to layer is inhibited. The process is reversible upon removal of the drugs. Lumicolchicine has no effect upon microfibril orientation, but granule bands are disorganized. Treatment with coumarin, a known inhibitor of cellulose synthesis, causes the loss of visualization of subunits of the terminal complexes. The possibility of the existence of a membrane-associated colchicine-sensitive orientation protein for cellulose microfibrils is discussed. Transmembrane modulation of microfibril synthesis and orientation is presented.", "contents": "Cell wall biogenesis in Oocystis: experimental alteration of microfibril assembly and orientation. Cell wall biogenesis in the unicellular green alga Oocystis apiculata has been studied. Under normal growth conditions, a cell wall with ordered microfibrils is synthesized. In each layer there are rows of parallel microfibrils. Layers are nearly perpendicular to each other. Terminal linear synthesizing complexes are located in the plasma membrane, and they are capable of bidirectional synthesis of cellulose microfibrils. Granule bands associated with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane appear to control the orientation of newly synthesized microfibrils. Subcortical microtubules also are present during wall synthesis. Patterns of cell wall synthesis were studied after treatment with EDTA and EGTA as well as divalent cations (MgSO4, CaSO4, Cacl2). 0.1 M EDTA treatment for 15 min results in the disassociation of the terminal complexes from the ends of microfibrils. EDTA-treated cells followed by 15 min treatment with MgSO4 results in reaggregation of the linear complexes into a paired state, remote from the original ends to which they were associated. After 90 min treatment with MgSO4, normal synthesis resumes. EGTA and calcium salts do not affect the linear complexes or microfibril orientation. Treatments with colchicine and vinblastine sulphate do not depolymerize the microtubles, but the wall microfibril orientation is altered. With colchicine or vinblastine, the change in orientation from layer to layer is inhibited. The process is reversible upon removal of the drugs. Lumicolchicine has no effect upon microfibril orientation, but granule bands are disorganized. Treatment with coumarin, a known inhibitor of cellulose synthesis, causes the loss of visualization of subunits of the terminal complexes. The possibility of the existence of a membrane-associated colchicine-sensitive orientation protein for cellulose microfibrils is discussed. Transmembrane modulation of microfibril synthesis and orientation is presented.", "PMID": 114359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11235", "title": "Maternal deprivation, 1972-1978: new findings, new concepts, new approaches.", "content": "Research since 1972 in the field of \"maternal deprivation\" is critically reviewed. The results are used to reassess briefly the formulations proposed in 1972 and to discuss more fully the meaning and practical implications of fresh findings on new or recently revived topics. These include the development of social relationships and the process of bonding, critical periods of development, the links between childhood experiences and parenting behavior, influences on parenting, and the possible reasons why so many children do not succumb to deprivation or disadvantage.", "contents": "Maternal deprivation, 1972-1978: new findings, new concepts, new approaches. Research since 1972 in the field of \"maternal deprivation\" is critically reviewed. The results are used to reassess briefly the formulations proposed in 1972 and to discuss more fully the meaning and practical implications of fresh findings on new or recently revived topics. These include the development of social relationships and the process of bonding, critical periods of development, the links between childhood experiences and parenting behavior, influences on parenting, and the possible reasons why so many children do not succumb to deprivation or disadvantage.", "PMID": 114367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11236", "title": "Primate repetitive DNAs: evidence for new satellite DNAs and similarities in non-satellite repetitive DNA sequence properties.", "content": "Repetitious DNA sequences have been isolated from a number of the primates in in both Suborders Anthropoidea and Prosimii by hydroxy-apatite chromatography at a Cot of 10. In addition to finding previously unreported possible AT-rich satellite DNAs in Orangutan, Gibbon, Rhesus and Slow Loris a clear similarity to human DNA was found in the nonsatellite repetitious DNA sequence properties of the primates in the Suborder Anthropoidea. This is based on the presence of the hydroxyapatitie isolated 1.703 and 1.714 g/cm3 DNA families in CsCl gradients in the analytical ultracentrifuge following renaturation and extensive DNA hyperpolymer network formation. Within the superfamily Hominoidea the amount of the 1.714 g/cm3 DNA family was greater than that of the 1.703 g/cm3 DNA family while the reverse situation was true within the Superfamily Cercopithecoidea. The orangutan 1.703 and 1.714 g/cm3 DNA families were shown to exhibit the same differential reassociation behavior demonstrated previously in human DNA (Marx et al., 1976a). These data are interpreted as preliminary evidence for a similar sequence organization in the Order Primates Suborder Anthropoidea.", "contents": "Primate repetitive DNAs: evidence for new satellite DNAs and similarities in non-satellite repetitive DNA sequence properties. Repetitious DNA sequences have been isolated from a number of the primates in in both Suborders Anthropoidea and Prosimii by hydroxy-apatite chromatography at a Cot of 10. In addition to finding previously unreported possible AT-rich satellite DNAs in Orangutan, Gibbon, Rhesus and Slow Loris a clear similarity to human DNA was found in the nonsatellite repetitious DNA sequence properties of the primates in the Suborder Anthropoidea. This is based on the presence of the hydroxyapatitie isolated 1.703 and 1.714 g/cm3 DNA families in CsCl gradients in the analytical ultracentrifuge following renaturation and extensive DNA hyperpolymer network formation. Within the superfamily Hominoidea the amount of the 1.714 g/cm3 DNA family was greater than that of the 1.703 g/cm3 DNA family while the reverse situation was true within the Superfamily Cercopithecoidea. The orangutan 1.703 and 1.714 g/cm3 DNA families were shown to exhibit the same differential reassociation behavior demonstrated previously in human DNA (Marx et al., 1976a). These data are interpreted as preliminary evidence for a similar sequence organization in the Order Primates Suborder Anthropoidea.", "PMID": 114378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11237", "title": "The relationship between juxtapapillary diverticula and biliary calculi. An endoscopic study.", "content": "A systematic prospective endoscopic study of the incidence of juxtapapillary diverticula in a variety of digestive disorders was undertaken in the Surgical Clinic at the Provincial Hospital, Port Elizabeth. The findings were related to conditions commonly encountered. The following frequency distribution was found: 33 diverticula out of 164 patients associated with gallstones (20.1%); 15 out of 668 patients not associated with gallstones (2.2%); 1 out of 39 patients with pancreatitis (2.6%); and 3 out of 146 patients with gastric ulcer (2.1%). No diverticulum was noted in 111 patients with duodenal ulcer. These findings suggest that juxtapapillary diverticula are nearly 10 times more common in patients with gallstones than in patients without. There is evidence to suggest that these diverticula tend to precede the gallstones. It is conceivable that juxtapapillary diverticula may predispose to gallstones. Alternatively, both conditions may be manifestations of another underlying disorder as yet to be defined.", "contents": "The relationship between juxtapapillary diverticula and biliary calculi. An endoscopic study. A systematic prospective endoscopic study of the incidence of juxtapapillary diverticula in a variety of digestive disorders was undertaken in the Surgical Clinic at the Provincial Hospital, Port Elizabeth. The findings were related to conditions commonly encountered. The following frequency distribution was found: 33 diverticula out of 164 patients associated with gallstones (20.1%); 15 out of 668 patients not associated with gallstones (2.2%); 1 out of 39 patients with pancreatitis (2.6%); and 3 out of 146 patients with gastric ulcer (2.1%). No diverticulum was noted in 111 patients with duodenal ulcer. These findings suggest that juxtapapillary diverticula are nearly 10 times more common in patients with gallstones than in patients without. There is evidence to suggest that these diverticula tend to precede the gallstones. It is conceivable that juxtapapillary diverticula may predispose to gallstones. Alternatively, both conditions may be manifestations of another underlying disorder as yet to be defined.", "PMID": 114384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11238", "title": "Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum. Report of a case diagnosed by endoscopy.", "content": "Intraluminal diverticulum of the duodenum is a very rare congenital anomaly arising in the second part of the duodenum in close relation to the papilla of Vater. 39 cases have been reported in our available literature. The clinical symptoms and signs are nonspecific, and characteristically the preoperative diagnosis has in all cases been based on the roentgenographic appearance of the lesion. In this paper we present a case diagnosed by duodenoscopy, the radiological studies including hypotonic duodenography revealing no pathology.", "contents": "Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum. Report of a case diagnosed by endoscopy. Intraluminal diverticulum of the duodenum is a very rare congenital anomaly arising in the second part of the duodenum in close relation to the papilla of Vater. 39 cases have been reported in our available literature. The clinical symptoms and signs are nonspecific, and characteristically the preoperative diagnosis has in all cases been based on the roentgenographic appearance of the lesion. In this paper we present a case diagnosed by duodenoscopy, the radiological studies including hypotonic duodenography revealing no pathology.", "PMID": 114385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11239", "title": "Effects of dietary cadmium on rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Ten male rhesus monkeys, each weighing 3.5 kg, were divided into four groups of 3, 3, 2, and 2, and were fed daily with 100 g pelleted food containing 300, 30, 3, and 0 ppm cadmium, respectively. Urine samples were collected every 2 weeks and blood samples every 4 weeks. One monkey each of the 300 and 30 ppm groups was autopsied for pathological examination and tissue cadmium determination at the week 24 of the experiment; the remaining 8 animals were killed after 55 weeks. The lowest exposed group (3 ppm) did not show any specific biological response to cadmium over a period of 55 weeks. In the 30 ppm group, no significant changes were observed for up to 24 weeks, although cadmium concentration in the renal cortex and urine at 24 weeks were 300 mug/g wet weight and 18 mug/l., respectively. Plasma urea nitrogen and urine protein (quantitative determination) increased after 30 and 36 weeks. At 55 weeks of the experiment, qualitative tests were negative for low molecular weight proteinuria and glycosuria, and the results remained normal for renal and liver function tests and blood analysis, although cadmium concentrations in the renal cortex of two monkeys were 460 and 730 mug/g wet weight and those in the liver were 110 and 160 mug/g wet weight, respectively. In the highest exposure group (300 ppm), urine cadmium increased to 250 mug/l. by 11 weeks, and urine retinol-binding protein, plasma GOT, GPT, and LDH increased after 12 weeks. Proteinuria (quantitative determination), glycosuria, aminoaciduria (panaminoaciduria), and erythrocytopenia were observed after 16 weeks, when urine cadmium was 500-900 mug/l. Hypohemoglobinopathy and proteinuria (qualitative determination) were observed after 20 and 24 weeks, while cadmium concentrations in the renal cortex and the liver were 760 and 430 mug/g wet weight at 24 weeks, respectively. Slightly depressed tubular reabsorption of phosphate, increased urine beta(2)-microglobulin, increased plasma urea nitrogen, and increased plasma alpha(2)-globulin fraction (electrophoresis) were observed between 28 and 30 weeks of the experiment. Creatinine clearance and plasma cholinesterase decreased after 47 and 54 weeks, respectively. Cadmium concentrations in the renal cortex and the liver of two monkeys at 55 weeks were 350 and 580 mug/g wet weight and 410 and 630 mug/g wet weight, respectively. Pathological examinations revealed denaturation, destruction, and regeneration of the epithelial cells in renal proximal tubules, but no pathological changes in osseous tissues. Critical cadmium concentration in the renal cortex was estimated to be 380 mug/g wet weight for low molecular weight proteinuria and 470 mug/g wet weight for proteinuria, glycosuria, and aminoaciduria. Critical concentration in the liver was also estimated to be 210 mug/g wet weight. The apparent biological half-time of cadmium in monkeys at autopsied stage was calculated to be 0.66, 6.4, 5.2, and 22.4 years for the 300, 30, 3, and 0 ppm groups, respectively.", "contents": "Effects of dietary cadmium on rhesus monkeys. Ten male rhesus monkeys, each weighing 3.5 kg, were divided into four groups of 3, 3, 2, and 2, and were fed daily with 100 g pelleted food containing 300, 30, 3, and 0 ppm cadmium, respectively. Urine samples were collected every 2 weeks and blood samples every 4 weeks. One monkey each of the 300 and 30 ppm groups was autopsied for pathological examination and tissue cadmium determination at the week 24 of the experiment; the remaining 8 animals were killed after 55 weeks. The lowest exposed group (3 ppm) did not show any specific biological response to cadmium over a period of 55 weeks. In the 30 ppm group, no significant changes were observed for up to 24 weeks, although cadmium concentration in the renal cortex and urine at 24 weeks were 300 mug/g wet weight and 18 mug/l., respectively. Plasma urea nitrogen and urine protein (quantitative determination) increased after 30 and 36 weeks. At 55 weeks of the experiment, qualitative tests were negative for low molecular weight proteinuria and glycosuria, and the results remained normal for renal and liver function tests and blood analysis, although cadmium concentrations in the renal cortex of two monkeys were 460 and 730 mug/g wet weight and those in the liver were 110 and 160 mug/g wet weight, respectively. In the highest exposure group (300 ppm), urine cadmium increased to 250 mug/l. by 11 weeks, and urine retinol-binding protein, plasma GOT, GPT, and LDH increased after 12 weeks. Proteinuria (quantitative determination), glycosuria, aminoaciduria (panaminoaciduria), and erythrocytopenia were observed after 16 weeks, when urine cadmium was 500-900 mug/l. Hypohemoglobinopathy and proteinuria (qualitative determination) were observed after 20 and 24 weeks, while cadmium concentrations in the renal cortex and the liver were 760 and 430 mug/g wet weight at 24 weeks, respectively. Slightly depressed tubular reabsorption of phosphate, increased urine beta(2)-microglobulin, increased plasma urea nitrogen, and increased plasma alpha(2)-globulin fraction (electrophoresis) were observed between 28 and 30 weeks of the experiment. Creatinine clearance and plasma cholinesterase decreased after 47 and 54 weeks, respectively. Cadmium concentrations in the renal cortex and the liver of two monkeys at 55 weeks were 350 and 580 mug/g wet weight and 410 and 630 mug/g wet weight, respectively. Pathological examinations revealed denaturation, destruction, and regeneration of the epithelial cells in renal proximal tubules, but no pathological changes in osseous tissues. Critical cadmium concentration in the renal cortex was estimated to be 380 mug/g wet weight for low molecular weight proteinuria and 470 mug/g wet weight for proteinuria, glycosuria, and aminoaciduria. Critical concentration in the liver was also estimated to be 210 mug/g wet weight. The apparent biological half-time of cadmium in monkeys at autopsied stage was calculated to be 0.66, 6.4, 5.2, and 22.4 years for the 300, 30, 3, and 0 ppm groups, respectively.", "PMID": 114386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11240", "title": "The presence of precipitating antibodies in the sera of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).", "content": "The sera of horses affected and not affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were examined for precipitins to Micropolyspora faeni and Aspergillus fumigatus. Precipitins to both antigens were not restricted to COPD cases but occurred more frequently in animals affected with COPD. Many animals without detectable precipitins responded clinically to inhalation challenge with these antigens.", "contents": "The presence of precipitating antibodies in the sera of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The sera of horses affected and not affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were examined for precipitins to Micropolyspora faeni and Aspergillus fumigatus. Precipitins to both antigens were not restricted to COPD cases but occurred more frequently in animals affected with COPD. Many animals without detectable precipitins responded clinically to inhalation challenge with these antigens.", "PMID": 114387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11241", "title": "Comparative studies of penicillin-binding proteins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.", "content": "Penicillin-binding proteins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa were compared with those of Escherichia coli. These in P. aeruginosa were found exclusively in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction (fraction soluble in sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate). Sodium dodecyl sulfate/acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins bound to [14C]penicillin G resulted in the separation of six major bands and several minor bands. The proteins in these bands are referred to as proteins 1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in order of increasing electrophoretical mobility. The electrophoretic mobilities and other properties of penicillin-binding proteins in P. aeruginosa and E. coli were compared and correlated. Fundamentally they seem to be very similar in the two bacteria, but proteins 1A and 1B in P. aeruginosa seem to correspond respectively to proteins 1B and 1A in E. coli, and protein 6 seems to be missing or present in only small amount in P. aeruginosa. In addition, the affinities of currently developed beta-lactam antibiotics to each protein of P. aeruginosa and E. coli were examined in relation to the morphological changes of the cells induced by these antibiotics and their antibacterial potencies. Mecillinam showed high affinity to only protein 2 in both P. aeruginosa and E. coli. At a minimal inhibitory concentration, it converted cells of both P. aeruginosa and E. coli from rods to spherical cells, although its minimal inhibitory concentration was much higher for P. aeruginosa than for E. coli.", "contents": "Comparative studies of penicillin-binding proteins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Penicillin-binding proteins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa were compared with those of Escherichia coli. These in P. aeruginosa were found exclusively in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction (fraction soluble in sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate). Sodium dodecyl sulfate/acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins bound to [14C]penicillin G resulted in the separation of six major bands and several minor bands. The proteins in these bands are referred to as proteins 1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in order of increasing electrophoretical mobility. The electrophoretic mobilities and other properties of penicillin-binding proteins in P. aeruginosa and E. coli were compared and correlated. Fundamentally they seem to be very similar in the two bacteria, but proteins 1A and 1B in P. aeruginosa seem to correspond respectively to proteins 1B and 1A in E. coli, and protein 6 seems to be missing or present in only small amount in P. aeruginosa. In addition, the affinities of currently developed beta-lactam antibiotics to each protein of P. aeruginosa and E. coli were examined in relation to the morphological changes of the cells induced by these antibiotics and their antibacterial potencies. Mecillinam showed high affinity to only protein 2 in both P. aeruginosa and E. coli. At a minimal inhibitory concentration, it converted cells of both P. aeruginosa and E. coli from rods to spherical cells, although its minimal inhibitory concentration was much higher for P. aeruginosa than for E. coli.", "PMID": 114388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11242", "title": "Protein synthesis in brine shrimp embryos. Dormant and developing embryos of Artemia salina contain equivalent amounts of chain initiation factors 2.", "content": "Dormant and developing embryos of Artemia salina contain equivalent amounts of eIF-2, the eukaryotic initiation factor which forms a ternary complex with GTP and Met-tRNAf. The factor was purified from 0.5 M NH4Cl ribosomal washes by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, followed by chromatography on heparin-Sepharose, DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite and phosphocellulose. Purified preparations from dormant and developing embryos have similar specific activities and nucleotide requirements. The mobility of both proteins in dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis is indistinguishable, and each contains three major polypeptide chains of molecular weight 52 000, 45 000 and 42 000. Both proteins are also immunologically identical, and each stimulates amino acid incorporation in a cell-free system of protein synthesis. The binding of [35S]Met-tRNAf to 40-S ribosomal subunits is catalyzed by eIF-2 isolated from dormant or developing embryos and is dependent upon GPT and AUG. Binding of [35S]Met-tRNAf to 40-S ribosomal subunits, and ternary complex formation with eIF-2, GTP, and [35S]Met-tRNAf is stimulated 2--3-fold by a factor present in the 0.5 M NH4Cl ribosomal wash and which elutes from DEAE-cellulose at 50 mM KCl. This protein does not exhibit GTP-dependent binding of [35S]Met-tRNAf. Binding of GDP and GTP was investigated with purified eIF-2 from developing embryos. The factor forms a binary complex with GDP or GTP, and eIF-2-bound [3H]GDP exchanges very slowly with free nucleotides. Our results suggest that eIF-2 does not limit resumption of embryo development following encystment, nor does it limit mRNA translation in extracts from dormant embryos.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in brine shrimp embryos. Dormant and developing embryos of Artemia salina contain equivalent amounts of chain initiation factors 2. Dormant and developing embryos of Artemia salina contain equivalent amounts of eIF-2, the eukaryotic initiation factor which forms a ternary complex with GTP and Met-tRNAf. The factor was purified from 0.5 M NH4Cl ribosomal washes by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, followed by chromatography on heparin-Sepharose, DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite and phosphocellulose. Purified preparations from dormant and developing embryos have similar specific activities and nucleotide requirements. The mobility of both proteins in dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis is indistinguishable, and each contains three major polypeptide chains of molecular weight 52 000, 45 000 and 42 000. Both proteins are also immunologically identical, and each stimulates amino acid incorporation in a cell-free system of protein synthesis. The binding of [35S]Met-tRNAf to 40-S ribosomal subunits is catalyzed by eIF-2 isolated from dormant or developing embryos and is dependent upon GPT and AUG. Binding of [35S]Met-tRNAf to 40-S ribosomal subunits, and ternary complex formation with eIF-2, GTP, and [35S]Met-tRNAf is stimulated 2--3-fold by a factor present in the 0.5 M NH4Cl ribosomal wash and which elutes from DEAE-cellulose at 50 mM KCl. This protein does not exhibit GTP-dependent binding of [35S]Met-tRNAf. Binding of GDP and GTP was investigated with purified eIF-2 from developing embryos. The factor forms a binary complex with GDP or GTP, and eIF-2-bound [3H]GDP exchanges very slowly with free nucleotides. Our results suggest that eIF-2 does not limit resumption of embryo development following encystment, nor does it limit mRNA translation in extracts from dormant embryos.", "PMID": 114389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11243", "title": "Acidic ribosomal proteins from eukaryotic cells. Effect on ribosomal functions.", "content": "Precipitation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomes by ethanol under experimental conditions that do not release the ribosomal proteins can affect the activity of the particles. In the presence of 0.4 M NH4Cl and 50% ethanol only the most acidic proteins from yeast and rat liver ribosomes are released. At 1 M NH4Cl two more non-acidic proteins are lost from the ribosomes. The release of the acidic proteins causes a small inactivation of the polymerizing activity of the particles, additional to that caused by the precipitation itself. The elongation-factor-2-dependent GTP hydrolysis of the ribosomes is, however, more affected by the loss of acidic proteins. These proteins can stimulate the GTPase but not the polymerising activity when added back to the treated particles. Eukaryotic proteins cannot be substituted for bacterial acidic proteins L7 and L12. We have not detected immunological cross-reaction between acidic proteins from Escherichia coli and those from yeast, Artemia salina and rat liver or between acidic proteins from these eukaryotic ribosomes among themselves.", "contents": "Acidic ribosomal proteins from eukaryotic cells. Effect on ribosomal functions. Precipitation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomes by ethanol under experimental conditions that do not release the ribosomal proteins can affect the activity of the particles. In the presence of 0.4 M NH4Cl and 50% ethanol only the most acidic proteins from yeast and rat liver ribosomes are released. At 1 M NH4Cl two more non-acidic proteins are lost from the ribosomes. The release of the acidic proteins causes a small inactivation of the polymerizing activity of the particles, additional to that caused by the precipitation itself. The elongation-factor-2-dependent GTP hydrolysis of the ribosomes is, however, more affected by the loss of acidic proteins. These proteins can stimulate the GTPase but not the polymerising activity when added back to the treated particles. Eukaryotic proteins cannot be substituted for bacterial acidic proteins L7 and L12. We have not detected immunological cross-reaction between acidic proteins from Escherichia coli and those from yeast, Artemia salina and rat liver or between acidic proteins from these eukaryotic ribosomes among themselves.", "PMID": 114391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11244", "title": "Purification and some characteristics of the human coagulation factor VII.", "content": "1. A purification procedure for factor VII (proconvertin) from human plasma is described. The procedure involves barium sulphate adsorption and elution. DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography, barium sulphate adsorption and elution, heparin-Sepharose column chromatography, preparative disc gel electrophoresis and finally adsorption with antiserum to prothrombin coupled to Sepharose and antiserum to albumin coupled to Sepharose. This procedure gave an approximately 8 . 10(5)-fold purification. 2. The factor VII obtained from the electrophoresis step was mainly a single-chain protein with an apparent molecular weight of 53000 +/- 2000. 3. After the final purification step, additional forms of factor VII, resulting from a fragmentation of the factor VII molecule were detected. 4. Amino acid composition data of the purified factor VII are given. 5. Antisera were raised in two different rabbits by injection of the purified factor VII. The antisera obtained gave a good titre against the factor VII activity and were not directed against any of the three other vitamin-K-dependent coagulation factors.", "contents": "Purification and some characteristics of the human coagulation factor VII. 1. A purification procedure for factor VII (proconvertin) from human plasma is described. The procedure involves barium sulphate adsorption and elution. DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography, barium sulphate adsorption and elution, heparin-Sepharose column chromatography, preparative disc gel electrophoresis and finally adsorption with antiserum to prothrombin coupled to Sepharose and antiserum to albumin coupled to Sepharose. This procedure gave an approximately 8 . 10(5)-fold purification. 2. The factor VII obtained from the electrophoresis step was mainly a single-chain protein with an apparent molecular weight of 53000 +/- 2000. 3. After the final purification step, additional forms of factor VII, resulting from a fragmentation of the factor VII molecule were detected. 4. Amino acid composition data of the purified factor VII are given. 5. Antisera were raised in two different rabbits by injection of the purified factor VII. The antisera obtained gave a good titre against the factor VII activity and were not directed against any of the three other vitamin-K-dependent coagulation factors.", "PMID": 114392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11245", "title": "Fluorescent derivatives of yeast tRNAPhe.", "content": "The preparation of four fluorescent derivatives of tRNAPhe (yeast) and their characterization by chemical, spectroscopic, and biochemical methods is described. The derivatives are prepared by replacing wybutine (position 37 in the anticodon loop) or NaBH4-reduced dihydrouracil (positions 16/17 in the hU loop) with ethidium or proflavine; they are isolated by reversed-phase chromatography (RPC-5). All tRNAPhe-dye derivatives are aminoacylated by yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase to at least 80% of the charging capacity of the unmodified tRNAPhe with an unchanged Km (0.2 mucroM) and a V lowered by 30--50%. They exhibit good to excellent activity in the aminoacylation assay from synthetase from Escherichia coli. It is concluded that the insertion of the dyes does not seriously disturb essential elements of the native tRNAPhe structure. The dyes are bound via N-ribosylic linkages. The appearance of isomeric tRNAPhe-ethidium derivatives is attributed to the involvement of the different amino groups of ethidium in the condensation. In addition, there are indications for the existence of alpha and beta anomers of the tRNA-dye compounds. The dyes are rigidly fixed to their position in the tRNA molecule by stacking interactions with the neighboring bases. The ethidium probes show Mg2+-induced changes of the tRNA conformation which are paralleled by changes of the rate of aminoacylation. On the basis of this observation it is hypothesized that conformational flexibility of the tRNA molecule is a functionally important feature of the tRNA structure.", "contents": "Fluorescent derivatives of yeast tRNAPhe. The preparation of four fluorescent derivatives of tRNAPhe (yeast) and their characterization by chemical, spectroscopic, and biochemical methods is described. The derivatives are prepared by replacing wybutine (position 37 in the anticodon loop) or NaBH4-reduced dihydrouracil (positions 16/17 in the hU loop) with ethidium or proflavine; they are isolated by reversed-phase chromatography (RPC-5). All tRNAPhe-dye derivatives are aminoacylated by yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase to at least 80% of the charging capacity of the unmodified tRNAPhe with an unchanged Km (0.2 mucroM) and a V lowered by 30--50%. They exhibit good to excellent activity in the aminoacylation assay from synthetase from Escherichia coli. It is concluded that the insertion of the dyes does not seriously disturb essential elements of the native tRNAPhe structure. The dyes are bound via N-ribosylic linkages. The appearance of isomeric tRNAPhe-ethidium derivatives is attributed to the involvement of the different amino groups of ethidium in the condensation. In addition, there are indications for the existence of alpha and beta anomers of the tRNA-dye compounds. The dyes are rigidly fixed to their position in the tRNA molecule by stacking interactions with the neighboring bases. The ethidium probes show Mg2+-induced changes of the tRNA conformation which are paralleled by changes of the rate of aminoacylation. On the basis of this observation it is hypothesized that conformational flexibility of the tRNA molecule is a functionally important feature of the tRNA structure.", "PMID": 114393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11246", "title": "Binding of specific ATP citrate lyase and fatty acid synthetase antibodies to heavy populations of rat liver polysomes.", "content": "The polysome fractions involved in the synthesis of the rat-liver inducible lipogenic enzymes, ATP citrate lyase and fatty acid synthetase, were identified by their binding of radioiodinated specific antibodies to enzyme. Both of these populations of specific polysomes were shown to be markedly heavier than specific polysomes involved in albumin synthesis. The quanity of antibody bound to the lipogenic enzyme-related polysomes was markedly affected by the dietary status of the animal. A dietary regimen which induced ipogenesis resulted in a tenfold increase in the hepatic activities of these enzymes found in normally fed animals. The radioactivity bound to hepatic polysomes of induced rats was likewise greater than tenfole higher, presumably reflecting an increase in the number of polysomes active in enzyme synthesis. The fasting state resulted in lower hepatic enzyme activity than normal and correspondingly less binding of ATP citrate lyase and fatty acid synthetase antibodies to the heavy polysomes of the sucrose gradient.", "contents": "Binding of specific ATP citrate lyase and fatty acid synthetase antibodies to heavy populations of rat liver polysomes. The polysome fractions involved in the synthesis of the rat-liver inducible lipogenic enzymes, ATP citrate lyase and fatty acid synthetase, were identified by their binding of radioiodinated specific antibodies to enzyme. Both of these populations of specific polysomes were shown to be markedly heavier than specific polysomes involved in albumin synthesis. The quanity of antibody bound to the lipogenic enzyme-related polysomes was markedly affected by the dietary status of the animal. A dietary regimen which induced ipogenesis resulted in a tenfold increase in the hepatic activities of these enzymes found in normally fed animals. The radioactivity bound to hepatic polysomes of induced rats was likewise greater than tenfole higher, presumably reflecting an increase in the number of polysomes active in enzyme synthesis. The fasting state resulted in lower hepatic enzyme activity than normal and correspondingly less binding of ATP citrate lyase and fatty acid synthetase antibodies to the heavy polysomes of the sucrose gradient.", "PMID": 114394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11247", "title": "Flavanone synthase from Petroselinum hortense. Molecular weight, subunit composition, size of messenger RNA, and absence of pantetheinyl residue.", "content": "Flavanone synthase from irradiated cell suspension cultures of parsley was purified to apparent homogeneity. Molecular weights of about 77 000 for the enzyme and about 42 000 for the subunits were determined respectively by sedimentation-equilibrium measurements and disc-gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulfate. A specific antiserum was prepared for the enzyme and was used in an assay for flavanone synthase mRNA activity in partially purified RNA preparations. The apparent molecular size of flavanone synthase mRNA was estimated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel electrophoresis under partially denaturing conditions. Values of about 17 S and Mr = 0.62 X 10(6) were obtained. The fractionation patterns suggested that flavanone synthase mRNA was homogeneous in size. All together, the results support the idea that the enzyme is composed of two subunits which are probably identical. Amino acid analysis and a microbial assay were carried out to test the possible occurrence of cysteamine, beta-alanine, and pantothenate in the enzyme. The results were negative, indicating the absence of pantetheine or a similar residue. The possible similarity in mechanism between flavanone synthase and 3-oxoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthase is discussed.", "contents": "Flavanone synthase from Petroselinum hortense. Molecular weight, subunit composition, size of messenger RNA, and absence of pantetheinyl residue. Flavanone synthase from irradiated cell suspension cultures of parsley was purified to apparent homogeneity. Molecular weights of about 77 000 for the enzyme and about 42 000 for the subunits were determined respectively by sedimentation-equilibrium measurements and disc-gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulfate. A specific antiserum was prepared for the enzyme and was used in an assay for flavanone synthase mRNA activity in partially purified RNA preparations. The apparent molecular size of flavanone synthase mRNA was estimated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel electrophoresis under partially denaturing conditions. Values of about 17 S and Mr = 0.62 X 10(6) were obtained. The fractionation patterns suggested that flavanone synthase mRNA was homogeneous in size. All together, the results support the idea that the enzyme is composed of two subunits which are probably identical. Amino acid analysis and a microbial assay were carried out to test the possible occurrence of cysteamine, beta-alanine, and pantothenate in the enzyme. The results were negative, indicating the absence of pantetheine or a similar residue. The possible similarity in mechanism between flavanone synthase and 3-oxoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthase is discussed.", "PMID": 114396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11248", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide after prolonged low dose treatment in ovarian cancer patients.", "content": "We have studied Cyclophosphamide (Cy) pharmacokinetics in 9 patients after their first intravenous dose of 100 mg, and in 9 patients after 6--13 months of continual treatment with the same dose every day. The half-life of Cy was shorter (p less than 0.05) in the latter group, the Co was greater (less than 0.01) and the Vd was clearly less (p less than 0.01). The AUC was unchanged.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide after prolonged low dose treatment in ovarian cancer patients. We have studied Cyclophosphamide (Cy) pharmacokinetics in 9 patients after their first intravenous dose of 100 mg, and in 9 patients after 6--13 months of continual treatment with the same dose every day. The half-life of Cy was shorter (p less than 0.05) in the latter group, the Co was greater (less than 0.01) and the Vd was clearly less (p less than 0.01). The AUC was unchanged.", "PMID": 114397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11249", "title": "Rabbit allotype a locus subspecificities of homogeneous anti-streptococcal antibodies.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with group A-variant (Av) streptococcal vaccine to elicit antisera containing antibodies of \"restricted heterogeneity\" specific for Av polysaccharide. Antibodies that migrated as single bands in polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing were isolated on agarose block electrophoresis and preparative isoelectric focusing. These homogeneous antibodies were analyzed for content of the a locus markers by inhibition of allotype-anti-allotype radioimmunoassays. Both single-band preparations and preparations containing 2--5 bands were deficient in content of the a locus markers. These analyses were strongly influenced by the different anti-allotype antisera used. Single-band preparations, deficient in a 2 or a 3 markers, were further used to produce anti-allotype antisera, and these sera were assayed for reaction with pooled a2 or a3 molecules. The results, in contrast to the a1 allotype, failed to demonstrate common determinants on either a 2 or a 3 molecules indicating that each a allotype consists of a set of different Ig molecules. The data suggest different evolutionary pathways of the a 1, as opposed to the a 2 and a 3 molecules.", "contents": "Rabbit allotype a locus subspecificities of homogeneous anti-streptococcal antibodies. Rabbits were immunized with group A-variant (Av) streptococcal vaccine to elicit antisera containing antibodies of \"restricted heterogeneity\" specific for Av polysaccharide. Antibodies that migrated as single bands in polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing were isolated on agarose block electrophoresis and preparative isoelectric focusing. These homogeneous antibodies were analyzed for content of the a locus markers by inhibition of allotype-anti-allotype radioimmunoassays. Both single-band preparations and preparations containing 2--5 bands were deficient in content of the a locus markers. These analyses were strongly influenced by the different anti-allotype antisera used. Single-band preparations, deficient in a 2 or a 3 markers, were further used to produce anti-allotype antisera, and these sera were assayed for reaction with pooled a2 or a3 molecules. The results, in contrast to the a1 allotype, failed to demonstrate common determinants on either a 2 or a 3 molecules indicating that each a allotype consists of a set of different Ig molecules. The data suggest different evolutionary pathways of the a 1, as opposed to the a 2 and a 3 molecules.", "PMID": 114398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11250", "title": "Norepinephrine elevations in cerebrospinal fluid after d- and l-amphetamine.", "content": "We continuously collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the lateral ventricles of monkeys and gave them from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg d- or l-amphetamine intravenously. The norepinephrine (NE) content of their CSF had a small circadian rhythm and a large increase after amphetamine. 1.0 mg/kg amphetamine gave a four-fold rise in CSF-NE which remained elevated for 33 h, smaller doses gave proportionately lesser responses. Both d- and l-amphetamine caused similar NE elevations except for minor differences at the highest dose. If there are differences in behavioral effects of moderate doses of d- and l-amphetamine, they are probably not due to a general difference in central NE release from these stereoisomers.", "contents": "Norepinephrine elevations in cerebrospinal fluid after d- and l-amphetamine. We continuously collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the lateral ventricles of monkeys and gave them from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg d- or l-amphetamine intravenously. The norepinephrine (NE) content of their CSF had a small circadian rhythm and a large increase after amphetamine. 1.0 mg/kg amphetamine gave a four-fold rise in CSF-NE which remained elevated for 33 h, smaller doses gave proportionately lesser responses. Both d- and l-amphetamine caused similar NE elevations except for minor differences at the highest dose. If there are differences in behavioral effects of moderate doses of d- and l-amphetamine, they are probably not due to a general difference in central NE release from these stereoisomers.", "PMID": 114399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11251", "title": "Growth enhancement and serum replacement in cloning of murine mastocytoma and granulocyte/macrophage precursor cells: two distinct activities present in hemolysates.", "content": "In the present study we investigated the serum replacing and enhancing activities of erythrocyte lysates, obtained from different animal species, on the growth of murine mastocytoma cells and normal granulocyte/macrophage precursor cells (CFU-C) present in bone marrow. The soft agar technique for cloning hemopoietic cells in vitro was used to quantitate the growth of these cells in culture. Rat, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse and sheep hemolysates were tested for their capacity to replace or to enhance serum as a growth promoter. All hemolysates except mouse were able to replace serum efficiently when mastocytoma cells were cloned. On the other hand, only rat hemolysate proved to be efficient for cloning normal murine CFU-C. Since increasing the concentration of hemolysates in the soft agar medium did not change these results, the differences in activity are unlikely to reflect quantitative variations. However, hemolysates with little or no serum replacing capacity enhanced the clonal growth of normal CFU-C when added to small amounts (2.5%) of horse serum. Trypsin treatment of rat hemolysate destroyed its serum replacing capacity but not its enhancing activity. No correlation was found between the amount of hemoglobin and the replacing activity of each hemolysate. The data obtained in the present study point to the presence of at least two distinct activities in hemolysate: serum replacing and growth enhancing capacities.", "contents": "Growth enhancement and serum replacement in cloning of murine mastocytoma and granulocyte/macrophage precursor cells: two distinct activities present in hemolysates. In the present study we investigated the serum replacing and enhancing activities of erythrocyte lysates, obtained from different animal species, on the growth of murine mastocytoma cells and normal granulocyte/macrophage precursor cells (CFU-C) present in bone marrow. The soft agar technique for cloning hemopoietic cells in vitro was used to quantitate the growth of these cells in culture. Rat, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse and sheep hemolysates were tested for their capacity to replace or to enhance serum as a growth promoter. All hemolysates except mouse were able to replace serum efficiently when mastocytoma cells were cloned. On the other hand, only rat hemolysate proved to be efficient for cloning normal murine CFU-C. Since increasing the concentration of hemolysates in the soft agar medium did not change these results, the differences in activity are unlikely to reflect quantitative variations. However, hemolysates with little or no serum replacing capacity enhanced the clonal growth of normal CFU-C when added to small amounts (2.5%) of horse serum. Trypsin treatment of rat hemolysate destroyed its serum replacing capacity but not its enhancing activity. No correlation was found between the amount of hemoglobin and the replacing activity of each hemolysate. The data obtained in the present study point to the presence of at least two distinct activities in hemolysate: serum replacing and growth enhancing capacities.", "PMID": 114402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11252", "title": "Projection of the cerebellar dentate nucleus onto the frontal association cortex in monkeys.", "content": "Stimulation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus in monkeys elicited responses in the frontal association cortex (area 9) on the contralateral side to the stimulation, in addition to those in the motor (area 4) and premotor (area 6) cortices which were reported previously. The responses in the frontal association cortex were characterized by surface positive-deep negative field potentials in the cortex. They contrasted with surface negative-deep positive potentials in the motor and premotor cortices on the same dentate nucleus stimulation. In the rostral part of the premotor cortex (area 6) on the border of area 9, both types of responses were induced and admixed. The relay nucleus of the thalamus was suggested for the dentate-induced responses in the frontal association cortex.", "contents": "Projection of the cerebellar dentate nucleus onto the frontal association cortex in monkeys. Stimulation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus in monkeys elicited responses in the frontal association cortex (area 9) on the contralateral side to the stimulation, in addition to those in the motor (area 4) and premotor (area 6) cortices which were reported previously. The responses in the frontal association cortex were characterized by surface positive-deep negative field potentials in the cortex. They contrasted with surface negative-deep positive potentials in the motor and premotor cortices on the same dentate nucleus stimulation. In the rostral part of the premotor cortex (area 6) on the border of area 9, both types of responses were induced and admixed. The relay nucleus of the thalamus was suggested for the dentate-induced responses in the frontal association cortex.", "PMID": 114403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11253", "title": "Fusional vergence ranges of the monkey: a behavioral study.", "content": "Fusional vergence ranges were behaviorally determined for two rhesus monkeys and two human subjects using random dot stereograms as stimuli. The subject performed a two-alternative forced choice form discrimination of discretely presented stimuli and the fusional vergence stimulus was changed during the intertrial intervals. The fusional vergence measurements for the monkey were similar to those for the human subjects.", "contents": "Fusional vergence ranges of the monkey: a behavioral study. Fusional vergence ranges were behaviorally determined for two rhesus monkeys and two human subjects using random dot stereograms as stimuli. The subject performed a two-alternative forced choice form discrimination of discretely presented stimuli and the fusional vergence stimulus was changed during the intertrial intervals. The fusional vergence measurements for the monkey were similar to those for the human subjects.", "PMID": 114404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11254", "title": "Immunochemical identity of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV from pig serum, liver, submaxillary gland and kidney.", "content": "The enzymes which were extracted by autodigestion from the microsomal fractions of the pig kidney, liver and submaxillary gland and from the serum showed an immunochemical identity by a double immunodiffusion test. But the kidney enzyme had a different pI-value from the pI-values of the enzymes of other organs.", "contents": "Immunochemical identity of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV from pig serum, liver, submaxillary gland and kidney. The enzymes which were extracted by autodigestion from the microsomal fractions of the pig kidney, liver and submaxillary gland and from the serum showed an immunochemical identity by a double immunodiffusion test. But the kidney enzyme had a different pI-value from the pI-values of the enzymes of other organs.", "PMID": 114411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11255", "title": "Superoxide dismutase and life span of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Comparison of superoxide dismutase activity in homogenates of wild and vestigial strains of D. melanogaster revealed a lower enzyme activity in the short-living vestigial strain.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase and life span of Drosophila melanogaster. Comparison of superoxide dismutase activity in homogenates of wild and vestigial strains of D. melanogaster revealed a lower enzyme activity in the short-living vestigial strain.", "PMID": 114412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11256", "title": "Is superoxide dismutase a physiological radioprotector?", "content": "Prolonged treatment with relatively low doses of ionizing radiation did not induce synthesis of superoxide dismutase, either in Drosophila melanogaster or in mice liver.", "contents": "Is superoxide dismutase a physiological radioprotector? Prolonged treatment with relatively low doses of ionizing radiation did not induce synthesis of superoxide dismutase, either in Drosophila melanogaster or in mice liver.", "PMID": 114413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11257", "title": "Polyadenylate-polyuridylate enhancement of 7,12-dimethylbenz-anthracene skin carcinogenesis.", "content": "Double-stranded polynucleotide polyadenylate-polyuridylate (Poly AU) enhanced skin tumor formation in Swiss mice by 75% when injected prior to a single application of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). When given after the carcinogen application Poly AU did not significantly enhance tumor formation.", "contents": "Polyadenylate-polyuridylate enhancement of 7,12-dimethylbenz-anthracene skin carcinogenesis. Double-stranded polynucleotide polyadenylate-polyuridylate (Poly AU) enhanced skin tumor formation in Swiss mice by 75% when injected prior to a single application of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). When given after the carcinogen application Poly AU did not significantly enhance tumor formation.", "PMID": 114414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11258", "title": "[Effect of nitroglycerin on the tonus of isolated coronary arteries].", "content": "It has established on isolated ring-like strips of large coronary arteries of the dog that spasmolytic effects of nitroglycerin are related to its antagonistic action on Ca2+ and are not completely pharmacomechanic. The action of nitroglycerin is not related to beta-adrenoreceptors of the coronary arteries and apparently is not mediated through an increase in the intracellular pool of cyclic AMP.", "contents": "[Effect of nitroglycerin on the tonus of isolated coronary arteries]. It has established on isolated ring-like strips of large coronary arteries of the dog that spasmolytic effects of nitroglycerin are related to its antagonistic action on Ca2+ and are not completely pharmacomechanic. The action of nitroglycerin is not related to beta-adrenoreceptors of the coronary arteries and apparently is not mediated through an increase in the intracellular pool of cyclic AMP.", "PMID": 114415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11259", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow thresholds during cerebral ischemia.", "content": "The development of methods of determining regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) has made possible the determination of thresholds for the appearance of cerebral ischemia. These thresholds vary depending on the method used for assessing cerebral ischemia. The following thresholds have been determined in man and nonhuman primates: 20 cc/100 g per min, electroencephalogram (EEG) and evoked cortical potential abnormalities appear, paralysis seen in waking monkeys; 15 cc/100 g per min. EEG and evoked cortical potential are lost; 12 cc/100 g per min, flows at this level in excess of 120 min produce infarction in waking animals; and 6 cc/100 g per min, massive loss of intracellular [K+]. The residual rCBF and the duration of ischemia determine the appearance of infarction in waking Macaca irus monkeys.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow thresholds during cerebral ischemia. The development of methods of determining regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) has made possible the determination of thresholds for the appearance of cerebral ischemia. These thresholds vary depending on the method used for assessing cerebral ischemia. The following thresholds have been determined in man and nonhuman primates: 20 cc/100 g per min, electroencephalogram (EEG) and evoked cortical potential abnormalities appear, paralysis seen in waking monkeys; 15 cc/100 g per min. EEG and evoked cortical potential are lost; 12 cc/100 g per min, flows at this level in excess of 120 min produce infarction in waking animals; and 6 cc/100 g per min, massive loss of intracellular [K+]. The residual rCBF and the duration of ischemia determine the appearance of infarction in waking Macaca irus monkeys.", "PMID": 114427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11260", "title": "Inhibition of ovarian, placental, and adrenal steroidogenesis in the rhesus monkey by trilostane.", "content": "Trilostane inhibits adrenal, ovarian, and placental steroidogenesis when administered orally to rhesus monkeys. By inhibiting 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, it causes an increase in circulating levels of pregnenolone. Trilostane reverses the stimulation of luteal progesterone production and the delay in onset on menstruation induced by human chorionic gonadotropin. In pregnant monkeys it reduces circulating progesterone levels and is an effective interceptive agent if given for 5 days beginning on day 16, 25, or 50 of gestation. Concurrent administration of progesterone prevents this interceptive effect. Trilostane reduces plasma cortisol levels at doses lower than those necessary to terminate pregnancy.", "contents": "Inhibition of ovarian, placental, and adrenal steroidogenesis in the rhesus monkey by trilostane. Trilostane inhibits adrenal, ovarian, and placental steroidogenesis when administered orally to rhesus monkeys. By inhibiting 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, it causes an increase in circulating levels of pregnenolone. Trilostane reverses the stimulation of luteal progesterone production and the delay in onset on menstruation induced by human chorionic gonadotropin. In pregnant monkeys it reduces circulating progesterone levels and is an effective interceptive agent if given for 5 days beginning on day 16, 25, or 50 of gestation. Concurrent administration of progesterone prevents this interceptive effect. Trilostane reduces plasma cortisol levels at doses lower than those necessary to terminate pregnancy.", "PMID": 114429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11261", "title": "Cell surface changes in mouse peritoneal macrophages after induction with proteose peptone or thioglycollate.", "content": "Some five to six per cent of mouse PEC spontaneously form rosettes with SRBC. This weak intercellular interaction is most likely mediated by a \"receptor\" for SRBC located on the surface of peritoneal macrophages. Manifestation of the receptor is influenced by the genetic background and the H-2 haplotype of PEC donors; a high proportion of RFC is associated with the H-2s haplotype. PEC derived from intact mice markedly differ in morphological and functional characteristics from those of PP- or TG-pretreated donors. Formation of rosettes by induced macrophages depends on the time interval between stimulation and PEC harvesting and on the type of the inducing agent; it is also radiosensitive and more responsive to the action of colchicine. TG-induced macrophages have a significantly reduced capacity to bind syngeneic lymphoid cells. The difference in adhesivity between intact and stimulated PEC can be abolished by glutaraldehyde prefixation. In vivo induction results in modified morphological and functional properties of macrophages, including transformation of their cell surface.", "contents": "Cell surface changes in mouse peritoneal macrophages after induction with proteose peptone or thioglycollate. Some five to six per cent of mouse PEC spontaneously form rosettes with SRBC. This weak intercellular interaction is most likely mediated by a \"receptor\" for SRBC located on the surface of peritoneal macrophages. Manifestation of the receptor is influenced by the genetic background and the H-2 haplotype of PEC donors; a high proportion of RFC is associated with the H-2s haplotype. PEC derived from intact mice markedly differ in morphological and functional characteristics from those of PP- or TG-pretreated donors. Formation of rosettes by induced macrophages depends on the time interval between stimulation and PEC harvesting and on the type of the inducing agent; it is also radiosensitive and more responsive to the action of colchicine. TG-induced macrophages have a significantly reduced capacity to bind syngeneic lymphoid cells. The difference in adhesivity between intact and stimulated PEC can be abolished by glutaraldehyde prefixation. In vivo induction results in modified morphological and functional properties of macrophages, including transformation of their cell surface.", "PMID": 114430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11262", "title": "[Electron microscopic aspects of opportunistic fungi after pretreatment].", "content": "The ultrastructive of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger was studied when treated in vitro with 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1% econazole nitrate and econazole base. The very first morphological alterations appear faster than in normal-growing fungus and consist in a convoluted cytoplasmic membrane, large mesosomes and lomasomes and an extensive vacuolization. Acid phosphatase is found in the mesosomes and lomasomes and also in the center of the vacuoles. This is an early sign of fungus degradation.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic aspects of opportunistic fungi after pretreatment]. The ultrastructive of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger was studied when treated in vitro with 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1% econazole nitrate and econazole base. The very first morphological alterations appear faster than in normal-growing fungus and consist in a convoluted cytoplasmic membrane, large mesosomes and lomasomes and an extensive vacuolization. Acid phosphatase is found in the mesosomes and lomasomes and also in the center of the vacuoles. This is an early sign of fungus degradation.", "PMID": 114432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11263", "title": "[Saphrophytic life of opportunistic fungi].", "content": "Probably all pathogenic fungi can cause opportunistic infections in compromised hosts. This paper briefly reviews our knowledge on the saprophytic life - geographic distribution and habitat - of the most common pathogenic fungi. Some mycoses are of endogenous origin - e.g. Candida albicans is an endosaprophyte - others of epigenon origin - e.g. Pityrosporum ovale is an episaprophyte - but most mycoses are caused by fungi which have an exosaprophytic (or exosaprobic) life: one becomes infected after exposure to the saprobic source of the fungus. Nevertheless, it should be kept in mind that mycoses, e.g., cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis, in compromised hosts are not necessarily the result of recent exposure but may be the result of the reactivation of latent or inactive forms.", "contents": "[Saphrophytic life of opportunistic fungi]. Probably all pathogenic fungi can cause opportunistic infections in compromised hosts. This paper briefly reviews our knowledge on the saprophytic life - geographic distribution and habitat - of the most common pathogenic fungi. Some mycoses are of endogenous origin - e.g. Candida albicans is an endosaprophyte - others of epigenon origin - e.g. Pityrosporum ovale is an episaprophyte - but most mycoses are caused by fungi which have an exosaprophytic (or exosaprobic) life: one becomes infected after exposure to the saprobic source of the fungus. Nevertheless, it should be kept in mind that mycoses, e.g., cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis, in compromised hosts are not necessarily the result of recent exposure but may be the result of the reactivation of latent or inactive forms.", "PMID": 114433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11264", "title": "[Opportunistic fungi in the atmosphere].", "content": "Our knowledge in aerobiology has considerably increased in the last 20 years due to new trapping methods. The use of volumetric spore traps permits to accurately analyze the particles suspended in the air and their evolution, while the deposition method gives an incomplete picture of the real air content. The air microflora changes considerably during 24 h: some groups of spores occur in the morning, others in the afternoon and yeast-like organisms during the night. The most common fungi in the atmosphere are Cladosporium sp., Sporodbolomyces considerably increase (20-10(3) times) the number of spores released in the atmosphere. Aspergillus flavus, thermophilic actinomycetes, Botrytis cinera and Didymella exitialis are cited as examples.", "contents": "[Opportunistic fungi in the atmosphere]. Our knowledge in aerobiology has considerably increased in the last 20 years due to new trapping methods. The use of volumetric spore traps permits to accurately analyze the particles suspended in the air and their evolution, while the deposition method gives an incomplete picture of the real air content. The air microflora changes considerably during 24 h: some groups of spores occur in the morning, others in the afternoon and yeast-like organisms during the night. The most common fungi in the atmosphere are Cladosporium sp., Sporodbolomyces considerably increase (20-10(3) times) the number of spores released in the atmosphere. Aspergillus flavus, thermophilic actinomycetes, Botrytis cinera and Didymella exitialis are cited as examples.", "PMID": 114434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11265", "title": "[Fungi in pulmonary pathology].", "content": "The author presents the most frequently observed pulmonary infections due to some opportunistic fungi (yeast, Aspergillus, Mucor). He describes the criterial for a correct diagnosis of pulmonary mycosis.", "contents": "[Fungi in pulmonary pathology]. The author presents the most frequently observed pulmonary infections due to some opportunistic fungi (yeast, Aspergillus, Mucor). He describes the criterial for a correct diagnosis of pulmonary mycosis.", "PMID": 114435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11266", "title": "The effects of protein malnutrition on the behavior of rats during the suckling period.", "content": "Observations of 2 groups of dams and their litters were made every 3 hr around the clock on Days 1-20 postpartum. The dams fed either an 8% or a 25% casein diet for 5 weeks before mating and during gestation and lactation. Dams on the low protein diet spent more time in the nest actively nursing their young than did high protein dams, and they exhibited no deficits in other maternal behaviors. Five of 11 kinds of behavior developed more slowly in the undernourished pups than in the well-nourished ones, but the developmental delays were no longer than a few days. Circadian fluctuations were apparent in all of the pups' activities during the 3rd postnatal week as well as in grooming and horizontal movement, 2 behaviors that were present earlier, by 6-10 days of age.", "contents": "The effects of protein malnutrition on the behavior of rats during the suckling period. Observations of 2 groups of dams and their litters were made every 3 hr around the clock on Days 1-20 postpartum. The dams fed either an 8% or a 25% casein diet for 5 weeks before mating and during gestation and lactation. Dams on the low protein diet spent more time in the nest actively nursing their young than did high protein dams, and they exhibited no deficits in other maternal behaviors. Five of 11 kinds of behavior developed more slowly in the undernourished pups than in the well-nourished ones, but the developmental delays were no longer than a few days. Circadian fluctuations were apparent in all of the pups' activities during the 3rd postnatal week as well as in grooming and horizontal movement, 2 behaviors that were present earlier, by 6-10 days of age.", "PMID": 114441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11267", "title": "Home orientation in nursling rats: the effects of rehabilitation following intergenerational malnutrition.", "content": "Rat pups with histories of intergenerational malnutrition were rehabilitated by cross-fostering at birth to well-nourished females. These pups weighed slightly less than well-nourished controls but significantly more than pups reared by malnourished females. Rehabilitated and control pups were both more active than malnourished pups reared by malnourished females. However, the percentage of nest returns by pups displaced to other parts of the cage was low among rehabilitated pups as compared with controls, but did not differ from that of pups with histories of intergenerational malnutrition reared by malnourished females. These data suggest that, although activity is a product of postnatal condition, home-orienting behavior is affected by a history of intergenerational malnutrition regardless of rehabilitation.", "contents": "Home orientation in nursling rats: the effects of rehabilitation following intergenerational malnutrition. Rat pups with histories of intergenerational malnutrition were rehabilitated by cross-fostering at birth to well-nourished females. These pups weighed slightly less than well-nourished controls but significantly more than pups reared by malnourished females. Rehabilitated and control pups were both more active than malnourished pups reared by malnourished females. However, the percentage of nest returns by pups displaced to other parts of the cage was low among rehabilitated pups as compared with controls, but did not differ from that of pups with histories of intergenerational malnutrition reared by malnourished females. These data suggest that, although activity is a product of postnatal condition, home-orienting behavior is affected by a history of intergenerational malnutrition regardless of rehabilitation.", "PMID": 114442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11268", "title": "Angiographic diagnosis of a bleeding jejunal diverticulum.", "content": "The authors report on the preoperative diagnosis of a bleeding jejunal diverticulum by selective arteriography. The angiographic findings, as well as the difficulties of the intraoperative localization of bleeding jejunal diverticula, are discussed.", "contents": "Angiographic diagnosis of a bleeding jejunal diverticulum. The authors report on the preoperative diagnosis of a bleeding jejunal diverticulum by selective arteriography. The angiographic findings, as well as the difficulties of the intraoperative localization of bleeding jejunal diverticula, are discussed.", "PMID": 114445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11269", "title": "Amino acid substitution: its use in detection and analysis of genetic variants.", "content": "Techniques of chemical analysis, amino acid sequencing and autoradiography are being used to study the frequency of incorporation of normally noncoded amino acids into hemoglobins and seminal fluid proteins. We are studying, by the sequencing of radiolabeled proteins followed by the recovery of [3H]isoleucine phenylthiohydantoin by high-performance liquid chromatography, the frequency at which normally noncoded isoleucine is incorporated into hemoglobin because of base-substitution mutations versus translational errors. Irradiation increases the isoleucine content of human hemoglobin and the frequency of substitution of isoleucine for specific amino acids in rabbit hemoglobin. Studies to date indicate that these techniques have been developed sufficiently for initial analysis of the potential of drugs and environmental pollutants to induce base-substitution mutations in mammalian somatic cells.", "contents": "Amino acid substitution: its use in detection and analysis of genetic variants. Techniques of chemical analysis, amino acid sequencing and autoradiography are being used to study the frequency of incorporation of normally noncoded amino acids into hemoglobins and seminal fluid proteins. We are studying, by the sequencing of radiolabeled proteins followed by the recovery of [3H]isoleucine phenylthiohydantoin by high-performance liquid chromatography, the frequency at which normally noncoded isoleucine is incorporated into hemoglobin because of base-substitution mutations versus translational errors. Irradiation increases the isoleucine content of human hemoglobin and the frequency of substitution of isoleucine for specific amino acids in rabbit hemoglobin. Studies to date indicate that these techniques have been developed sufficiently for initial analysis of the potential of drugs and environmental pollutants to induce base-substitution mutations in mammalian somatic cells.", "PMID": 114446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11270", "title": "Control of male reproductive behavior by the central nervous system of Drosophila: dissection of a courtship pathway by genetic mosaics.", "content": "In gynandromorphs of Drosophila, a detailed examination was made of the association between male courtship behavior and the chromosomal genotype of various parts of the central nervous system. Mosaic flies that behave as males repeatedly show a shorter courtship than normal males. If there is to be male behavior, the posterior dorsal brain must be haplo-X on at least one side for occurrence of the early courtship events. Tapping, following of females and wing extension. Licking (proboscis extension) has nearly the same focus but is submissive; that is, male tissue must be present in both left and right dorsal brain. The next courtship step, attempted copulation, has a focus (especially for actual genital contact) located in the thoracic ganglia, though apparently not in a discrete region. Attempted copulation, which can occur even in mosaics with a gravid abdomen, may be correlated with the presence of sex combs. The role of courtship foci are interpreted in terms of known sensory inputs to and functions of the major insect ganglia.", "contents": "Control of male reproductive behavior by the central nervous system of Drosophila: dissection of a courtship pathway by genetic mosaics. In gynandromorphs of Drosophila, a detailed examination was made of the association between male courtship behavior and the chromosomal genotype of various parts of the central nervous system. Mosaic flies that behave as males repeatedly show a shorter courtship than normal males. If there is to be male behavior, the posterior dorsal brain must be haplo-X on at least one side for occurrence of the early courtship events. Tapping, following of females and wing extension. Licking (proboscis extension) has nearly the same focus but is submissive; that is, male tissue must be present in both left and right dorsal brain. The next courtship step, attempted copulation, has a focus (especially for actual genital contact) located in the thoracic ganglia, though apparently not in a discrete region. Attempted copulation, which can occur even in mosaics with a gravid abdomen, may be correlated with the presence of sex combs. The role of courtship foci are interpreted in terms of known sensory inputs to and functions of the major insect ganglia.", "PMID": 114447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11271", "title": "[Biological characteristics of various strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from human pathological matter].", "content": "According to the higher frequency of isolation of bacterial strains belonging to the genus Pseudomonas from various human phatologic materials, in was seemed interesting to study the biological characteristics of these bacteria, which are the most virulent and pathogenic Gram-microorganism. In the present work the results of cultural, biochemical, cytochemical and immunological tests are reported. In vivo tests were also carried out, using rabbits inoculated with whole cells or their products.", "contents": "[Biological characteristics of various strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from human pathological matter]. According to the higher frequency of isolation of bacterial strains belonging to the genus Pseudomonas from various human phatologic materials, in was seemed interesting to study the biological characteristics of these bacteria, which are the most virulent and pathogenic Gram-microorganism. In the present work the results of cultural, biochemical, cytochemical and immunological tests are reported. In vivo tests were also carried out, using rabbits inoculated with whole cells or their products.", "PMID": 114444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11272", "title": "Evolution of polypyrimidines in Drosophila.", "content": "We surveyed 101 different Drosophila species for the presence of a particular highly repetitive DNA sequence containing long tracts of polypyrimidine/polypurine DNA, first found in D. melanogaster. Out of 55 tested species in the melanogaster group, only the sibling species D. simulans and D. mauritiana, as well as one distant relative in the ananassae subgroup, D. varians, contained the same sequence. All four of these species have long pyrimidine tracts as shown by acid hydrolysis of labelled DNA. All four species have the same sequence, bu the amount of this polypyrimidine/polypurine DNA varies greatly. Four other species in the hydei subgroup were found to contain a polypyrimidine/polpurine sequence, with an oligonucleotide composition different from that of D. melanogaster. This polypyrimidine DNA varies from as much as 10% of the total DNA in D. nigrohydei, to as little as 0.4% in D. neohydei. The long pyrimidine tracts in the hydei subgroup are often more than a thousand nucleotides in length, representing exceedingly homogeneous repetitious sequences.--These results show a rapid but discontinuous pattern of evolution for polypyrimidine/polypurine DNA . These sequences are not species specific, yet closely related species have greatly different amounts of polypyrimidines. Drastic changes occur in the amounts of these satellite type DNA sequences, as if the sequence had no continuous selective advantage in evolution. The implications of these results with regard to the general function and evolution of satellite DNA are discussed.", "contents": "Evolution of polypyrimidines in Drosophila. We surveyed 101 different Drosophila species for the presence of a particular highly repetitive DNA sequence containing long tracts of polypyrimidine/polypurine DNA, first found in D. melanogaster. Out of 55 tested species in the melanogaster group, only the sibling species D. simulans and D. mauritiana, as well as one distant relative in the ananassae subgroup, D. varians, contained the same sequence. All four of these species have long pyrimidine tracts as shown by acid hydrolysis of labelled DNA. All four species have the same sequence, bu the amount of this polypyrimidine/polypurine DNA varies greatly. Four other species in the hydei subgroup were found to contain a polypyrimidine/polpurine sequence, with an oligonucleotide composition different from that of D. melanogaster. This polypyrimidine DNA varies from as much as 10% of the total DNA in D. nigrohydei, to as little as 0.4% in D. neohydei. The long pyrimidine tracts in the hydei subgroup are often more than a thousand nucleotides in length, representing exceedingly homogeneous repetitious sequences.--These results show a rapid but discontinuous pattern of evolution for polypyrimidine/polypurine DNA . These sequences are not species specific, yet closely related species have greatly different amounts of polypyrimidines. Drastic changes occur in the amounts of these satellite type DNA sequences, as if the sequence had no continuous selective advantage in evolution. The implications of these results with regard to the general function and evolution of satellite DNA are discussed.", "PMID": 114448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11273", "title": "Independent production of CO2 sensitivity by nuclear gene Dly and a transmissible agent from delayed-recovery Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Flies of stocks designated delayed-recovery by McCrady and Sulerud (1964) remain temporarily paralyzed after exposure to carbon dioxide. This condition is similar to CO2-sensitivity, which occurs in flies infected with the maternally transmitted sigma viruus, but is due, at least in part, to the third chromosome mutant gene Dly. Because earlier work indicated that extracts of delayed-recovery flies could occasionally transmit CO2 sensitivity when injected into resistant recipients, we have tested the possibility that some delayed-recovery stocks contain a sigma-like transmissible virus, in addition to the Dly gene. We found that TDR-orange, a stock derived from the original delayed-recovery line, and temperature-cured populations of the same stock, both contain some agent that is transmissible by injection. TDR-BC3f, a stock derived by backcrossing through the male line to eliminate maternally transmitted factors, does not appear to contain such an infectious agent, but remains sensitive to CO2. These observations lead us to the conclusion that the originally described delayed-recovery stocks harbor an infectious extrachromosomal agent, in addition to possessing the Dly gene, and each is capable of producing a sensitivity to carbon dioxide.", "contents": "Independent production of CO2 sensitivity by nuclear gene Dly and a transmissible agent from delayed-recovery Drosophila melanogaster. Flies of stocks designated delayed-recovery by McCrady and Sulerud (1964) remain temporarily paralyzed after exposure to carbon dioxide. This condition is similar to CO2-sensitivity, which occurs in flies infected with the maternally transmitted sigma viruus, but is due, at least in part, to the third chromosome mutant gene Dly. Because earlier work indicated that extracts of delayed-recovery flies could occasionally transmit CO2 sensitivity when injected into resistant recipients, we have tested the possibility that some delayed-recovery stocks contain a sigma-like transmissible virus, in addition to the Dly gene. We found that TDR-orange, a stock derived from the original delayed-recovery line, and temperature-cured populations of the same stock, both contain some agent that is transmissible by injection. TDR-BC3f, a stock derived by backcrossing through the male line to eliminate maternally transmitted factors, does not appear to contain such an infectious agent, but remains sensitive to CO2. These observations lead us to the conclusion that the originally described delayed-recovery stocks harbor an infectious extrachromosomal agent, in addition to possessing the Dly gene, and each is capable of producing a sensitivity to carbon dioxide.", "PMID": 114449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11274", "title": "Synaptonemal complex and recombination nodules in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster females.", "content": "Electron microscope serial section reconstruction analysis of all zygotene-pachytene nuclei of meiotic cells from three wild-type germaria (a subunit of the ovary containing the early meiotic stages arrayed in temporal developmental sequence) of Drosophila melanogaster females corroborates and extends earlier observations (Carpenter 1975a) on the nature and sequence of ultrastructural events occurring during the time of meiotic recombination. Emphasis has been placed on (1) the time of appearance and disappearance of the synaptonemal complex (SC) and the changes in its dimensions that accompany a cell's progression through pachytene, and (2) the appearance, disappearance, number and chromosomal locations of recombination nodules (Carpenter 1975b). For both the SC and the recombination nodule the availability of several developmental series has provided an estimate of the biological variability in the properties of these recombination-associated structures. The much more extensive data presented here substantiate the earlier hypothesis that recombination nodules occur at sites where reciprocal meiotic recombination will occur, has occurred, or is occurring. A second morphological type of recombination nodule is reported; it is suggested that the presence of the latter type of nodule may correlate with sites of gene conversion. The hypothesis that there may be two types of meiotic recombination processes is discussed.", "contents": "Synaptonemal complex and recombination nodules in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster females. Electron microscope serial section reconstruction analysis of all zygotene-pachytene nuclei of meiotic cells from three wild-type germaria (a subunit of the ovary containing the early meiotic stages arrayed in temporal developmental sequence) of Drosophila melanogaster females corroborates and extends earlier observations (Carpenter 1975a) on the nature and sequence of ultrastructural events occurring during the time of meiotic recombination. Emphasis has been placed on (1) the time of appearance and disappearance of the synaptonemal complex (SC) and the changes in its dimensions that accompany a cell's progression through pachytene, and (2) the appearance, disappearance, number and chromosomal locations of recombination nodules (Carpenter 1975b). For both the SC and the recombination nodule the availability of several developmental series has provided an estimate of the biological variability in the properties of these recombination-associated structures. The much more extensive data presented here substantiate the earlier hypothesis that recombination nodules occur at sites where reciprocal meiotic recombination will occur, has occurred, or is occurring. A second morphological type of recombination nodule is reported; it is suggested that the presence of the latter type of nodule may correlate with sites of gene conversion. The hypothesis that there may be two types of meiotic recombination processes is discussed.", "PMID": 114450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11275", "title": "A new method to distinguish between meiotic and premeiotic recombinational events in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A new method is proposed to distinguish between meiotic and premeiotic exchange events in Drosophila melanogaster males associated with male recombination activities. The method was applied to data that have accumulated in this laboratory during the past five years, and it was concluded that a large fraction, perhaps the overwhelming majority, of the male recombinants were due to exchange events that took place before meiosis.", "contents": "A new method to distinguish between meiotic and premeiotic recombinational events in Drosophila melanogaster. A new method is proposed to distinguish between meiotic and premeiotic exchange events in Drosophila melanogaster males associated with male recombination activities. The method was applied to data that have accumulated in this laboratory during the past five years, and it was concluded that a large fraction, perhaps the overwhelming majority, of the male recombinants were due to exchange events that took place before meiosis.", "PMID": 114451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11276", "title": "[Operon of riboflavin biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. XVI. Localization of the ribC-group markers on the chromosome].", "content": "Regulatory markers of ribC group were located on the chromosome of Bacillus subtilis by means of genetic transformation. Markers of this group controlling the regulation of riboflavin biosynthesis were mapped between markers of resistance to acriflavin and streptomycin (strC group). The value of cotransfer index between acriflavin-resistance markers and ribC markers was found to be 26--32%. Acriflavin inhibits the riboflavin biosynthesis. The level of inhibition depends on the genotype of riboflavin-producing strains, while the inhibition of the cell growth does not depend on it.", "contents": "[Operon of riboflavin biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. XVI. Localization of the ribC-group markers on the chromosome]. Regulatory markers of ribC group were located on the chromosome of Bacillus subtilis by means of genetic transformation. Markers of this group controlling the regulation of riboflavin biosynthesis were mapped between markers of resistance to acriflavin and streptomycin (strC group). The value of cotransfer index between acriflavin-resistance markers and ribC markers was found to be 26--32%. Acriflavin inhibits the riboflavin biosynthesis. The level of inhibition depends on the genotype of riboflavin-producing strains, while the inhibition of the cell growth does not depend on it.", "PMID": 114452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11277", "title": "[Comparative study of the radiosensitivity of monkey chromosomes in cellular irradiation in vivo and in vitro].", "content": "Chromosome radiosensitivity was studied in the primary culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes and epithelial kidney cells of Macaca mulatta monkeys after gamma-irradiation in vivo and in vitro. The results of the experiments show that there are no differences in aberration yields produced in both types of somatic cells under gamma-irradiation in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the radiosensitivity of monkey chromosomes in cellular irradiation in vivo and in vitro]. Chromosome radiosensitivity was studied in the primary culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes and epithelial kidney cells of Macaca mulatta monkeys after gamma-irradiation in vivo and in vitro. The results of the experiments show that there are no differences in aberration yields produced in both types of somatic cells under gamma-irradiation in vivo and in vitro.", "PMID": 114453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11278", "title": "The growth and development of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri Sciureus).", "content": "Squirrel monkeys of 2 subspecies, Bolivian and Colombian, were removed from their mothers on the day of birth and nursery reared for up to 2 years of age. Infants were tested weekly for 12 weeks, then monthly for 1 year, and at 2 years of age. Tests included morphology (body weight, crown-rump length, and head measurements), behavior (reflexes, activity, reaction to the surrogate), and physiology (heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature and optokinetic nystagmus). Data show some likenesses and some differences between the 2 subspecies.", "contents": "The growth and development of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri Sciureus). Squirrel monkeys of 2 subspecies, Bolivian and Colombian, were removed from their mothers on the day of birth and nursery reared for up to 2 years of age. Infants were tested weekly for 12 weeks, then monthly for 1 year, and at 2 years of age. Tests included morphology (body weight, crown-rump length, and head measurements), behavior (reflexes, activity, reaction to the surrogate), and physiology (heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature and optokinetic nystagmus). Data show some likenesses and some differences between the 2 subspecies.", "PMID": 114454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11279", "title": "Developmental changes of glycogen enzymes in fast and slow muscles of the rat.", "content": "Glycogen synthase (GS), Branching enzyme (BE), Glycogen Phosphorylase (GPho) and the Debranching enzyme (DE) activities were studied in the white extensor digitorum longus (ELD) and in the red soleus (S) muscles of rats during the developmental period from birth to the young adulthood. During the first days of postnatal life all enzyme activities similarly increase in both ELD and in S. BE and DE seem to rise faster and reach the adult levels earlier than GS and GPho. Significant differences can be seen between ELD and S by age 14--21 days: glycogenolytic enzymes rise higher in the ELD, GS activity is similar in both muscles whereas BE activity is higher in S. All these develop changes are completed in 25 days. Thereafter, only GPho activity in the ELD continues to slowly increase.", "contents": "Developmental changes of glycogen enzymes in fast and slow muscles of the rat. Glycogen synthase (GS), Branching enzyme (BE), Glycogen Phosphorylase (GPho) and the Debranching enzyme (DE) activities were studied in the white extensor digitorum longus (ELD) and in the red soleus (S) muscles of rats during the developmental period from birth to the young adulthood. During the first days of postnatal life all enzyme activities similarly increase in both ELD and in S. BE and DE seem to rise faster and reach the adult levels earlier than GS and GPho. Significant differences can be seen between ELD and S by age 14--21 days: glycogenolytic enzymes rise higher in the ELD, GS activity is similar in both muscles whereas BE activity is higher in S. All these develop changes are completed in 25 days. Thereafter, only GPho activity in the ELD continues to slowly increase.", "PMID": 114455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11280", "title": "Diverticular disease of the large intestine in Northern Norway.", "content": "In 280 unselected necropsies on patients over 20 years of age in Northern Norway, diverticular disease was present in 25% of the males and 43% of the females. The frequency of diverticular disease increased in both sexes by age. Both the frequency of diverticular disease and the average number of diverticula per case with diverticular disease were higher in females than in males in all age groups. The sigmoid was the most frequent site of diverticula in both sexes and for all ages, and the average number of diverticula per diverticulum-bearing segment was also highest in the sigmoid for all ages and in both sexes. The average number of diverticula in the sigmoid of affected individuals increased with age and with the number of segments involved. Diverticular disease was not associated with adenomas of the large intestine or with malignant or benign neoplasms elsewhere in the body or with any of the common diseases thought to be related to a Western type of diet, except with cerebrovascular disease.", "contents": "Diverticular disease of the large intestine in Northern Norway. In 280 unselected necropsies on patients over 20 years of age in Northern Norway, diverticular disease was present in 25% of the males and 43% of the females. The frequency of diverticular disease increased in both sexes by age. Both the frequency of diverticular disease and the average number of diverticula per case with diverticular disease were higher in females than in males in all age groups. The sigmoid was the most frequent site of diverticula in both sexes and for all ages, and the average number of diverticula per diverticulum-bearing segment was also highest in the sigmoid for all ages and in both sexes. The average number of diverticula in the sigmoid of affected individuals increased with age and with the number of segments involved. Diverticular disease was not associated with adenomas of the large intestine or with malignant or benign neoplasms elsewhere in the body or with any of the common diseases thought to be related to a Western type of diet, except with cerebrovascular disease.", "PMID": 114456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11281", "title": "Distribution of the gut hormones in the primate intestinal tract.", "content": "Reliable and specific radioimmunoassays have been developed for the gut hormones secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin, pancreatic glucagon, VIP, GIP, motilin, and enteroglucagon. Using these assays, the relative pattern of distribution of the gut hormones has been determined using the same bowel extracts for all measurements. VIP occurred in high concentration in all regions of the bowel, whereas secretin, GIP, motilin, and CCK were predominantly localised in the proximal small intestine. Pancreatic glucagon was almost exclusively confined to the pancreas. Like VIP, enteroglucagon also exhibited a wide pattern of distribution but was maximal in the ileum. The acid ethanol extraction method that was used was found to be unsuitable for gastrin. On gel chromatography of the extracts, motilin and VIP eluted as single molecular species in identical position to the pure porcine peptides. CCK, pancreatic glucagon, enteroglucagon and GIP were all multiform.", "contents": "Distribution of the gut hormones in the primate intestinal tract. Reliable and specific radioimmunoassays have been developed for the gut hormones secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin, pancreatic glucagon, VIP, GIP, motilin, and enteroglucagon. Using these assays, the relative pattern of distribution of the gut hormones has been determined using the same bowel extracts for all measurements. VIP occurred in high concentration in all regions of the bowel, whereas secretin, GIP, motilin, and CCK were predominantly localised in the proximal small intestine. Pancreatic glucagon was almost exclusively confined to the pancreas. Like VIP, enteroglucagon also exhibited a wide pattern of distribution but was maximal in the ileum. The acid ethanol extraction method that was used was found to be unsuitable for gastrin. On gel chromatography of the extracts, motilin and VIP eluted as single molecular species in identical position to the pure porcine peptides. CCK, pancreatic glucagon, enteroglucagon and GIP were all multiform.", "PMID": 114457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11282", "title": "Monooxygenase enzyme activity in alcoholics with varying degrees of liver damage.", "content": "Monooxygenase enzymes are involved in the biotransformation of drugs and of environmental carcinogens. The activity of 7-ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylase and associated NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was determined in 9000 g supernatant from bioptically obtained liver specimens from patients with various liver diseases in order to study in vitro drug metabolising capacity. Monooxygenase and reductase activity was significantly higher in the livers of 21 patients with alcoholic liver disease (fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver) than in 22 normal controls or in six patients with chronic active hepatitis. The raised activity of drug-metabolising enzymes obtained from alcoholics with liver damage differs from normal values found in five alcoholics without liver disease. Both groups were comparable in respect to the amount of alcohol consumed and duration of abuse. A strikingly low monooxygenase activity was observed in eight patients with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites, with, however, no apparent effect on reductase activity. The results show that alcoholic liver disease is associated with enhanced monooxygenase and reductase activity, but alcoholism, per se, is not. This rise of drug-metabolising enzyme activity could lead to selectively increased rates of biotransformation in patients with alcoholic liver damage.", "contents": "Monooxygenase enzyme activity in alcoholics with varying degrees of liver damage. Monooxygenase enzymes are involved in the biotransformation of drugs and of environmental carcinogens. The activity of 7-ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylase and associated NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was determined in 9000 g supernatant from bioptically obtained liver specimens from patients with various liver diseases in order to study in vitro drug metabolising capacity. Monooxygenase and reductase activity was significantly higher in the livers of 21 patients with alcoholic liver disease (fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver) than in 22 normal controls or in six patients with chronic active hepatitis. The raised activity of drug-metabolising enzymes obtained from alcoholics with liver damage differs from normal values found in five alcoholics without liver disease. Both groups were comparable in respect to the amount of alcohol consumed and duration of abuse. A strikingly low monooxygenase activity was observed in eight patients with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites, with, however, no apparent effect on reductase activity. The results show that alcoholic liver disease is associated with enhanced monooxygenase and reductase activity, but alcoholism, per se, is not. This rise of drug-metabolising enzyme activity could lead to selectively increased rates of biotransformation in patients with alcoholic liver damage.", "PMID": 114458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11283", "title": "Cost-benefit evaluations in primary health care.", "content": "Social work programs in primary health care (PHC) agencies have been well patronized and effective, but the expansion of social worker involvement in PHC depends on cost-benefit evaluations that satisfy the financial requirements of those who run PHC--the physicians. This article outlines a model for determining the cost-benefit performance of PHC social work programs.", "contents": "Cost-benefit evaluations in primary health care. Social work programs in primary health care (PHC) agencies have been well patronized and effective, but the expansion of social worker involvement in PHC depends on cost-benefit evaluations that satisfy the financial requirements of those who run PHC--the physicians. This article outlines a model for determining the cost-benefit performance of PHC social work programs.", "PMID": 114461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11284", "title": "Histochemical localization of enzymes in the stigma and style of Gossypium hirsutum L. during pre- and post-pollination stages.", "content": "The distributional pattern of some enzymes (esterase, beta-D-galactosidase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase) is described in the dry stigma and closed style of Gossypium Hirsutum L. during pre- and post-pollination stages. All the four enzymes indicated granular reaction and increased activity in the transmitting tissue and its surrounding cells during post pollinated stage. The possible physiological role of these enzymes in pollen tube growth in vivo in stigma and style is discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical localization of enzymes in the stigma and style of Gossypium hirsutum L. during pre- and post-pollination stages. The distributional pattern of some enzymes (esterase, beta-D-galactosidase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase) is described in the dry stigma and closed style of Gossypium Hirsutum L. during pre- and post-pollination stages. All the four enzymes indicated granular reaction and increased activity in the transmitting tissue and its surrounding cells during post pollinated stage. The possible physiological role of these enzymes in pollen tube growth in vivo in stigma and style is discussed.", "PMID": 114462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11285", "title": "The species of sakis, genus Pithecia (Cebidae, Primates), with notes on sexual dichromatism.", "content": "Recognized species of sakis, South American monkeys of genus Pithecia (Cebidae), are P. hirsuta Spix, P. monachus E. Geoffroy, P. albicans Gray, P. pithecia Linnaeus. Evolutionary stages in sexual dichromatism in sakis and other primates are noted.", "contents": "The species of sakis, genus Pithecia (Cebidae, Primates), with notes on sexual dichromatism. Recognized species of sakis, South American monkeys of genus Pithecia (Cebidae), are P. hirsuta Spix, P. monachus E. Geoffroy, P. albicans Gray, P. pithecia Linnaeus. Evolutionary stages in sexual dichromatism in sakis and other primates are noted.", "PMID": 114463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11286", "title": "Population and territory stability of the Lemur catta at Berenty, Madagascar.", "content": "Several Lemur catta troops at Berenty, Madagascar have been censused repeatedly since 1963. In 1972, the entire reserve was censused. A recensus in 1975 showed that although some minor changes have occurred in the number of animals in individual troops, the population of the reserve as a whole, the core areas of the lemurs' territories, and their home range boundaries have all remained stable ever since the first complete census 3 years earlier.", "contents": "Population and territory stability of the Lemur catta at Berenty, Madagascar. Several Lemur catta troops at Berenty, Madagascar have been censused repeatedly since 1963. In 1972, the entire reserve was censused. A recensus in 1975 showed that although some minor changes have occurred in the number of animals in individual troops, the population of the reserve as a whole, the core areas of the lemurs' territories, and their home range boundaries have all remained stable ever since the first complete census 3 years earlier.", "PMID": 114464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11287", "title": "Female dominance in Indri indri.", "content": "A total of 15 months were spent on field research in eastern Madagascar studying the largest extant lemur Indri indri. Social relationships were analysed according to the frequency and direction of affiliative and agonistic behaviours, and with respect to the relative tree positions and behavioural synchrony of group members. The relationship between the adult male and adult female in each group was distinguished by the subordinance of the former. Between group variation in adults' relationships are examined with respect to the function of this behaviour.", "contents": "Female dominance in Indri indri. A total of 15 months were spent on field research in eastern Madagascar studying the largest extant lemur Indri indri. Social relationships were analysed according to the frequency and direction of affiliative and agonistic behaviours, and with respect to the relative tree positions and behavioural synchrony of group members. The relationship between the adult male and adult female in each group was distinguished by the subordinance of the former. Between group variation in adults' relationships are examined with respect to the function of this behaviour.", "PMID": 114465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11288", "title": "Quantitative changes in the fundamental structural pattern of the diencephalon among primates and insectivores.", "content": "The volumes of the main components of the diencephalon from 10 basal insectivores, 12 prosimians, and 15 simians including man were compared. The comparison of the percentage composition within the diencephalon shows that the thalamus and the subthalamus increase whereas the epithalamus and the hypothalamus decrease in relative size among primates. The allometric analysis reveals that, in spite of a relative reduction, the epithalamus and the hypothalamus are also progressive structures. However, their allometric size increase, being especially accentuated in earlier phyletic phases, is small in comparison to that of the thalamus and the subthalamus. These latter two components are characterized by a continuous phylogenetic growth from the basal insectivores to the simians. The correlation analysis shows that the strongest correlations and, in many cases, that isometric size increase exist between structures which belong to the same functional system. These findings indicate the existence of at least two major developmental gradients in the quantitative development of the diencephalon, a neencephalic and a limbic one.", "contents": "Quantitative changes in the fundamental structural pattern of the diencephalon among primates and insectivores. The volumes of the main components of the diencephalon from 10 basal insectivores, 12 prosimians, and 15 simians including man were compared. The comparison of the percentage composition within the diencephalon shows that the thalamus and the subthalamus increase whereas the epithalamus and the hypothalamus decrease in relative size among primates. The allometric analysis reveals that, in spite of a relative reduction, the epithalamus and the hypothalamus are also progressive structures. However, their allometric size increase, being especially accentuated in earlier phyletic phases, is small in comparison to that of the thalamus and the subthalamus. These latter two components are characterized by a continuous phylogenetic growth from the basal insectivores to the simians. The correlation analysis shows that the strongest correlations and, in many cases, that isometric size increase exist between structures which belong to the same functional system. These findings indicate the existence of at least two major developmental gradients in the quantitative development of the diencephalon, a neencephalic and a limbic one.", "PMID": 114466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11289", "title": "Characterization of an in vitro method for demonstrating thyrotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated prolactin secretion.", "content": "Anterior pituitaries of normal adult male rats were subjected to synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) treatment in an acute incubation system which employed pretreatment of the glands with plasma obtained from the donor animals. Following a 60-min preincubation period in a 1:1 mixture of Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRB) and plasma, media and hemipituitary prolactin (PRL) concentrations were significantly (p less than 0.01) increased after a 40-min treatment with 500 pg TRH. The TRH effect was absent among hemipituitaries preincubated in KRB alone. Plasma obtained from older donors was more potent than was plasma from younger rats in this effect. TSH secretion was markedly increased by 500 pg TRH, whether or not plasma preincubation was employed. A dose response of PRL release to concentrations of TRH from 100 pg to 6.0 ng was observed. Crude extracts of median eminence also effected enhanced PRL release using the plasma preincubation technique. The results suggest that plasma preincubation of explanted pituitaries increases PRL cell sensitivity to TRH, perhaps by enzymatic inactivation of endogenous TRH bound to cellular membrane receptors.", "contents": "Characterization of an in vitro method for demonstrating thyrotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated prolactin secretion. Anterior pituitaries of normal adult male rats were subjected to synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) treatment in an acute incubation system which employed pretreatment of the glands with plasma obtained from the donor animals. Following a 60-min preincubation period in a 1:1 mixture of Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRB) and plasma, media and hemipituitary prolactin (PRL) concentrations were significantly (p less than 0.01) increased after a 40-min treatment with 500 pg TRH. The TRH effect was absent among hemipituitaries preincubated in KRB alone. Plasma obtained from older donors was more potent than was plasma from younger rats in this effect. TSH secretion was markedly increased by 500 pg TRH, whether or not plasma preincubation was employed. A dose response of PRL release to concentrations of TRH from 100 pg to 6.0 ng was observed. Crude extracts of median eminence also effected enhanced PRL release using the plasma preincubation technique. The results suggest that plasma preincubation of explanted pituitaries increases PRL cell sensitivity to TRH, perhaps by enzymatic inactivation of endogenous TRH bound to cellular membrane receptors.", "PMID": 114467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11290", "title": "In vitro release of prolactin by thyrotropin-releasing hormone: influence of dopamine, thyroxine, and cycloheximide.", "content": "An acute incubation procedure, using explanted normal rat hemipituitaries pretreated with fresh plasma obtained from pituitary donor animals, was employed to further investigate the in vitro stimulation of prolactin (PRL release by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Pretreatment with dopamine (0.1 microgram/ml) caused a 30-50% decrease in the amount of PRL released into incubation media; the inhibitory effect of dopamine was not reversed by treatment with 0.5-6.0 ng. TRH, although these TRH concentrations consistently stimulated PRL release from pituitaries not exposed to dopamine. Treatment with thyroxine (10(-6) to 10(-5) M) showed a competitive inhibition of thyrotropin release by TRH (0.5 ng), but was without effect on TRH-stimulated PRL release. Cycloheximide (100 microgram/ml) blocked a net increase in PRL levels. TRH, nevertheless, significantly increased PRL release in the presence of cycloheximide. The results indicate that neither dopamine nor thyroxine compete with TRH in causing PRL release, and that the TRH stimulation of PRL release is unrelated to ongoing levels of hormone synthesis.", "contents": "In vitro release of prolactin by thyrotropin-releasing hormone: influence of dopamine, thyroxine, and cycloheximide. An acute incubation procedure, using explanted normal rat hemipituitaries pretreated with fresh plasma obtained from pituitary donor animals, was employed to further investigate the in vitro stimulation of prolactin (PRL release by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Pretreatment with dopamine (0.1 microgram/ml) caused a 30-50% decrease in the amount of PRL released into incubation media; the inhibitory effect of dopamine was not reversed by treatment with 0.5-6.0 ng. TRH, although these TRH concentrations consistently stimulated PRL release from pituitaries not exposed to dopamine. Treatment with thyroxine (10(-6) to 10(-5) M) showed a competitive inhibition of thyrotropin release by TRH (0.5 ng), but was without effect on TRH-stimulated PRL release. Cycloheximide (100 microgram/ml) blocked a net increase in PRL levels. TRH, nevertheless, significantly increased PRL release in the presence of cycloheximide. The results indicate that neither dopamine nor thyroxine compete with TRH in causing PRL release, and that the TRH stimulation of PRL release is unrelated to ongoing levels of hormone synthesis.", "PMID": 114468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11291", "title": "Structure and function of L-lactate dehydrogenases from thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria. I) Isolation and characterization of lactate dehydrogenases from thermophilic and mesophilic bacilli.", "content": "Lactate dehydrogenases from thermophilic bacilli (Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus caldotenax) and from mesophilic bacilli (Bacillus X1, Bacillus subtilis) have been isolated by a two-step purification procedure. Only one type (LDH-P4) composed of four identical subunits (Mr 34 000 or 36 000) was found in each bacillus. The tetrameric enzymes were characterized with respect to thermostability, pH and temperature dependence of the pyruvate reduction and the L-lactate oxidation, substrate specificity, saturation kinetics (Km values of pyruvate, lactate, NAD, NADH), pyruvate and oxamate inhibition, and activation by fructose bisphosphate. The thermophilic and mesophilic enzymes differ characteristically in these parameters. Preliminary structural data (amino acid composition, comparative N-terminal sequence analysis) show the expected close phylogenetic relationship (high degree of sequence homology), but also typical differences between thermophilic and mesophilic dehydrogenases, a suitable basis for further comparative studies.", "contents": "Structure and function of L-lactate dehydrogenases from thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria. I) Isolation and characterization of lactate dehydrogenases from thermophilic and mesophilic bacilli. Lactate dehydrogenases from thermophilic bacilli (Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus caldotenax) and from mesophilic bacilli (Bacillus X1, Bacillus subtilis) have been isolated by a two-step purification procedure. Only one type (LDH-P4) composed of four identical subunits (Mr 34 000 or 36 000) was found in each bacillus. The tetrameric enzymes were characterized with respect to thermostability, pH and temperature dependence of the pyruvate reduction and the L-lactate oxidation, substrate specificity, saturation kinetics (Km values of pyruvate, lactate, NAD, NADH), pyruvate and oxamate inhibition, and activation by fructose bisphosphate. The thermophilic and mesophilic enzymes differ characteristically in these parameters. Preliminary structural data (amino acid composition, comparative N-terminal sequence analysis) show the expected close phylogenetic relationship (high degree of sequence homology), but also typical differences between thermophilic and mesophilic dehydrogenases, a suitable basis for further comparative studies.", "PMID": 114469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11292", "title": "Intraperoxisomal and intramitochondrial localization, and assay of pyruvate (glyoxylate) aminotransferase from rat liver.", "content": "Pyruvate (glyoxylate) aminotransferase is found in the peroxisomal and mitochondrial matrices, and in soluble fractions of rat liver homogenates. Soluble activity is from broken peroxisomes. Differential solubility of the mitochondrial and peroxisomal enzymes in digitonin can be used to assay the two activities separately.", "contents": "Intraperoxisomal and intramitochondrial localization, and assay of pyruvate (glyoxylate) aminotransferase from rat liver. Pyruvate (glyoxylate) aminotransferase is found in the peroxisomal and mitochondrial matrices, and in soluble fractions of rat liver homogenates. Soluble activity is from broken peroxisomes. Differential solubility of the mitochondrial and peroxisomal enzymes in digitonin can be used to assay the two activities separately.", "PMID": 114470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11293", "title": "[The complexing ability of gangliosides for Ca2, I. Influence of mono- and divalent cations and of acetylcholin (author's transl)].", "content": "The binding of Ca2 to single ganglioside species (GGtet1NeuAc, GGtet2aNeuAc, GGtet 3aNeuAc), to their free, reducing sialyl-oligosaccharides and to ganglioside mixtures from chicken brain was investigated by means of ion-sensitive electrodes (potentiometry). Unlike the sialyl-oligosaccharides and free N-acetylneuraminic acid, gangliosides were found to possess two different modes of binding for Ca2, depending on the total concentration of Ca2. This was mainly indicated by a release of up to 75% of previously bound Ca2 after raising the total Ca2-concentration above a critical level of about 5--9 X 10(-5)M. Addition of acetylcholin (9mM), Li, K, and Na, respectively, caused a release of Ca2 from ganglioside-Ca2-complexes (0.1mM Ca2, 0.1mM ganglioside-NeuAc) in the sequence: acetylcholin : Li : K : Na = 4 : 3 : 1 : 1 composed on molar basis (9mM).", "contents": "[The complexing ability of gangliosides for Ca2, I. Influence of mono- and divalent cations and of acetylcholin (author's transl)]. The binding of Ca2 to single ganglioside species (GGtet1NeuAc, GGtet2aNeuAc, GGtet 3aNeuAc), to their free, reducing sialyl-oligosaccharides and to ganglioside mixtures from chicken brain was investigated by means of ion-sensitive electrodes (potentiometry). Unlike the sialyl-oligosaccharides and free N-acetylneuraminic acid, gangliosides were found to possess two different modes of binding for Ca2, depending on the total concentration of Ca2. This was mainly indicated by a release of up to 75% of previously bound Ca2 after raising the total Ca2-concentration above a critical level of about 5--9 X 10(-5)M. Addition of acetylcholin (9mM), Li, K, and Na, respectively, caused a release of Ca2 from ganglioside-Ca2-complexes (0.1mM Ca2, 0.1mM ganglioside-NeuAc) in the sequence: acetylcholin : Li : K : Na = 4 : 3 : 1 : 1 composed on molar basis (9mM).", "PMID": 114471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11294", "title": "Can quality of life be evaluated?", "content": "A multidisciplinary committee of the Veterans Administration sought to evaluate quality of life as related to long-term care by developing possible measurements of the concept.", "contents": "Can quality of life be evaluated? A multidisciplinary committee of the Veterans Administration sought to evaluate quality of life as related to long-term care by developing possible measurements of the concept.", "PMID": 114473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11295", "title": "[Parenteral feeding with varying amounts of nitrogen and calories in patients with esophageal carcinoma].", "content": "Eighteen male patients with operable esophagus carcinoma received parenteral nutrition during 4 preoperative and 14 postoperative days in three different infusion regimens. It was possible to demonstrate that a preoperative positive N-balance can be achieved in all patients of each group in comparison to 2 of the 3 groups postoperatively. Side effects were not observed in the course of this study.", "contents": "[Parenteral feeding with varying amounts of nitrogen and calories in patients with esophageal carcinoma]. Eighteen male patients with operable esophagus carcinoma received parenteral nutrition during 4 preoperative and 14 postoperative days in three different infusion regimens. It was possible to demonstrate that a preoperative positive N-balance can be achieved in all patients of each group in comparison to 2 of the 3 groups postoperatively. Side effects were not observed in the course of this study.", "PMID": 114479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11296", "title": "[Lipid, nitrogen and aminoacid parameters in the operated patient relative to parenteral alimentation].", "content": "Three groups of patients who underwent Billroth II operation received infusions that differed in calory and amino-acid contents. In all groups the controlled parameters of serum and urine changes were similar and rarely abnormal. The elimination of amino-acids in urine is dependent on the kind of parenteral supply. The relation of the amino-acids in the different groups is, however, agreeable.", "contents": "[Lipid, nitrogen and aminoacid parameters in the operated patient relative to parenteral alimentation]. Three groups of patients who underwent Billroth II operation received infusions that differed in calory and amino-acid contents. In all groups the controlled parameters of serum and urine changes were similar and rarely abnormal. The elimination of amino-acids in urine is dependent on the kind of parenteral supply. The relation of the amino-acids in the different groups is, however, agreeable.", "PMID": 114480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11297", "title": "[Parameters of catabolism during long-term postoperative parenteral feeding].", "content": "In 26 adult patients of an intensive-care ward, the following parameters were controlled for 26 to 35 days under postoperative parenteral feeding: prealbumin, transferrin, and retinol-binding protein, the immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgG, total serum protein, Hb content, body-weight and urinary nitrogen elimination. In the early phase and also in the 2nd to 4th postoperative week, prealbumin and transferrin are apparently good indicators for the existence of a catabolic or anabolic metabolic condition.", "contents": "[Parameters of catabolism during long-term postoperative parenteral feeding]. In 26 adult patients of an intensive-care ward, the following parameters were controlled for 26 to 35 days under postoperative parenteral feeding: prealbumin, transferrin, and retinol-binding protein, the immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgG, total serum protein, Hb content, body-weight and urinary nitrogen elimination. In the early phase and also in the 2nd to 4th postoperative week, prealbumin and transferrin are apparently good indicators for the existence of a catabolic or anabolic metabolic condition.", "PMID": 114481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11298", "title": "[Adverse effects of administration of carbohydrates during long-term parenteral feeding].", "content": "Metabolic parameters of 26 adult patients were investigated for 26 to 35 postoperative days while being fed parenterally. Tolerable metabolic disturbances did not only occur in the phase immediately after surgery, but also in the late postoperative phase together with complications.", "contents": "[Adverse effects of administration of carbohydrates during long-term parenteral feeding]. Metabolic parameters of 26 adult patients were investigated for 26 to 35 postoperative days while being fed parenterally. Tolerable metabolic disturbances did not only occur in the phase immediately after surgery, but also in the late postoperative phase together with complications.", "PMID": 114482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11299", "title": "Nutritional assessment and treatment of hospital malnutrition.", "content": "A thorough awareness of the nutritional and metabolic status of the hospitalized patient is crucial for all persons directly involved in patient care. The catabolic nature of the body's response to illness or injury induces a serious drain on vital organs and tissues. Therefore, a complete assessment of the body's various compartments must be carefully taken, and any nutritional depletion must be quickly alleviated. Due to the alarming incidence of often undetected severe malnutrition in hospitalized patients, if becomes imperative that attention be paid to nutritional status, to decrease unnecessary morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Nutritional assessment and treatment of hospital malnutrition. A thorough awareness of the nutritional and metabolic status of the hospitalized patient is crucial for all persons directly involved in patient care. The catabolic nature of the body's response to illness or injury induces a serious drain on vital organs and tissues. Therefore, a complete assessment of the body's various compartments must be carefully taken, and any nutritional depletion must be quickly alleviated. Due to the alarming incidence of often undetected severe malnutrition in hospitalized patients, if becomes imperative that attention be paid to nutritional status, to decrease unnecessary morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 114484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11300", "title": "[Alternatives to peripheral-venous parenteral feeding].", "content": "The protein-sparing effect of different programs of peripheral-venous parenteral feeding was studied in 31 patients following abdominal surgery. 10 patients (group II) received 1 g amino acids/kgBW/day, 11 patients (group III) 1 g amino acids and 2 g carbohydrates/kgBW/day and 10 patients (group I, control) were infused only with water and electrolytes. Patients with simultaneous addition of amino acids and carbohydrates had significantly better nitrogen balances than patients given amino acids alone. The normalisation of amino acids metabolised and delivered predominantly by muscle, just as the significant improvement in serum levels of transport and acute-phase proteins demonstrated that the utilisation of added amino acids took place not only in peripheral but also in visceral tissues. Comparable positive effects could not be seen with sole amino acid infusion. Our study indicates that this program, being effective in the state of keto-adapted starvation, is of no use in the early postoperative period, because of lacking corresponding metabolic conditions.", "contents": "[Alternatives to peripheral-venous parenteral feeding]. The protein-sparing effect of different programs of peripheral-venous parenteral feeding was studied in 31 patients following abdominal surgery. 10 patients (group II) received 1 g amino acids/kgBW/day, 11 patients (group III) 1 g amino acids and 2 g carbohydrates/kgBW/day and 10 patients (group I, control) were infused only with water and electrolytes. Patients with simultaneous addition of amino acids and carbohydrates had significantly better nitrogen balances than patients given amino acids alone. The normalisation of amino acids metabolised and delivered predominantly by muscle, just as the significant improvement in serum levels of transport and acute-phase proteins demonstrated that the utilisation of added amino acids took place not only in peripheral but also in visceral tissues. Comparable positive effects could not be seen with sole amino acid infusion. Our study indicates that this program, being effective in the state of keto-adapted starvation, is of no use in the early postoperative period, because of lacking corresponding metabolic conditions.", "PMID": 114485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11301", "title": "Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in normal and burned skin extract: role of extracellular proteases.", "content": "Growth curves and mean generation times (MGT) were determined for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain M-2 (protease +) and strain PA-103 (protease +/-) in burned skin extract (BSE) and in normal skin extract (NSE). Strain M-2 grew on NSE or BSE with an MGT of 30 min. Strain PA-103 grew in NSE at a similar MGT; however, PA-103 in BSE had a MGT of 65 min. When protease was added to BSE, PA-103 grew as rapidly as M-2. When ammonium sulfate was added to inhibit protease production, the MGT of M-2 slowed to that of M2 in both BSE in NSE. The MGT of PA-103 in amino acid-supplemented BSE was similar to that of PA-103 in BSE. The MGT of PA-103 in amino acid-supplemented BSE was similar to that of M-2 in both BSE andNSE. These data suggest that protease may serve as a virulence factor by modifying the available nutrients in burned skin. As a result, nutrients are formed that permit an enhanced growth rate and amore rapid establishment of the infection in the host.", "contents": "Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in normal and burned skin extract: role of extracellular proteases. Growth curves and mean generation times (MGT) were determined for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain M-2 (protease +) and strain PA-103 (protease +/-) in burned skin extract (BSE) and in normal skin extract (NSE). Strain M-2 grew on NSE or BSE with an MGT of 30 min. Strain PA-103 grew in NSE at a similar MGT; however, PA-103 in BSE had a MGT of 65 min. When protease was added to BSE, PA-103 grew as rapidly as M-2. When ammonium sulfate was added to inhibit protease production, the MGT of M-2 slowed to that of M2 in both BSE in NSE. The MGT of PA-103 in amino acid-supplemented BSE was similar to that of PA-103 in BSE. The MGT of PA-103 in amino acid-supplemented BSE was similar to that of M-2 in both BSE andNSE. These data suggest that protease may serve as a virulence factor by modifying the available nutrients in burned skin. As a result, nutrients are formed that permit an enhanced growth rate and amore rapid establishment of the infection in the host.", "PMID": 114486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11302", "title": "Secretion of phospholipase C by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The conditions necessary for the secretion of phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied. Enzyme secretion by washed cell suspensions required a carbon source and ammonium, potassium, and calcium ions. The calcium requirement could be substituted by magnesium and strontium but not by copper, manganese, cobalt, or zinc. During growth in liquid medium, cells secreted phospholipase C during late logarithmic and early stationary phases. Secretion was repressed by the addition of inorganic phosphate but not by organic phosphates, glucose, or sodium succinate. Studies with tetracycline indicated that de novo protein synthesis was necessary for the secretion of phospholipase C and that the exoenzyme was not released from a preformed periplasmic pool. Similarly, extraction of actively secreting cells with 0.2 M MgCl2 at pH 8.4 solubilized large quantities of the periplasmic enzyme alkaline phosphatase but insignificant amounts of phospholipase C. Bacteria continued to secrete enzyme for nearly 45 min after the addition of inorganic phosphate or rifampin.", "contents": "Secretion of phospholipase C by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The conditions necessary for the secretion of phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied. Enzyme secretion by washed cell suspensions required a carbon source and ammonium, potassium, and calcium ions. The calcium requirement could be substituted by magnesium and strontium but not by copper, manganese, cobalt, or zinc. During growth in liquid medium, cells secreted phospholipase C during late logarithmic and early stationary phases. Secretion was repressed by the addition of inorganic phosphate but not by organic phosphates, glucose, or sodium succinate. Studies with tetracycline indicated that de novo protein synthesis was necessary for the secretion of phospholipase C and that the exoenzyme was not released from a preformed periplasmic pool. Similarly, extraction of actively secreting cells with 0.2 M MgCl2 at pH 8.4 solubilized large quantities of the periplasmic enzyme alkaline phosphatase but insignificant amounts of phospholipase C. Bacteria continued to secrete enzyme for nearly 45 min after the addition of inorganic phosphate or rifampin.", "PMID": 114487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11303", "title": "Exposure of guinea pigs to Rickettsia rickettsii by aerosol, nasal, conjunctival, gastric, and subcutaneous routes and protection afforded by an experimental vaccine.", "content": "Guinea pigs were inoculated with Rocky Mountain spotted fever by the aerosol, conjunctival, subcutaneous, intragastric, and intranasal routes. Rickettsial infection was produced by all routes except intragastric. All animals with clinical signs of disease developed agglutinating antibody, and most developed a cell-mediated immune response. Disease produced by all experimental routes (except intragastric) was indistinguishable. The tissue culture-derived inactivated vaccine produced in this laboratory protected guinea pigs against an aerosol challenge.", "contents": "Exposure of guinea pigs to Rickettsia rickettsii by aerosol, nasal, conjunctival, gastric, and subcutaneous routes and protection afforded by an experimental vaccine. Guinea pigs were inoculated with Rocky Mountain spotted fever by the aerosol, conjunctival, subcutaneous, intragastric, and intranasal routes. Rickettsial infection was produced by all routes except intragastric. All animals with clinical signs of disease developed agglutinating antibody, and most developed a cell-mediated immune response. Disease produced by all experimental routes (except intragastric) was indistinguishable. The tissue culture-derived inactivated vaccine produced in this laboratory protected guinea pigs against an aerosol challenge.", "PMID": 114488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11304", "title": "Complement components (C1, C2, C3, C4) in bronchial secretions after intranasal infection of guinea pigs with Mycoplasma pneumoniae: dissociation of unspecific and specific defense mechanisms.", "content": "Shortly after intranasal infection of guinea pigs with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the titers of the complement components increased significantly in bronchial secretions by the folllowing amounts, compared with the titer of a control group: C1, about 2-fold; C2, 1.6-fold; C3, 17-fold; and C4, 942-fold. Histopathological signs of inflammation were not apparent at this time. At 2 weeks after infection, when the titers of complement components in the bronchial secretions were at the level of control values or lower, the serum antibody titer increased, and it reached the highest level at 6 weeks after infection. Therefore, one can distinguish two phases of reaction of the macroorganism to intranasal inoculation. The increase in complement components shortly after infection may represent an earlyunspecific defense mechanism of the host before the specific immune response becomes effective, since the complement system can be activated by M. pneumoniae via the classical as well as the alternative pathway in the absence of antibodies.", "contents": "Complement components (C1, C2, C3, C4) in bronchial secretions after intranasal infection of guinea pigs with Mycoplasma pneumoniae: dissociation of unspecific and specific defense mechanisms. Shortly after intranasal infection of guinea pigs with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the titers of the complement components increased significantly in bronchial secretions by the folllowing amounts, compared with the titer of a control group: C1, about 2-fold; C2, 1.6-fold; C3, 17-fold; and C4, 942-fold. Histopathological signs of inflammation were not apparent at this time. At 2 weeks after infection, when the titers of complement components in the bronchial secretions were at the level of control values or lower, the serum antibody titer increased, and it reached the highest level at 6 weeks after infection. Therefore, one can distinguish two phases of reaction of the macroorganism to intranasal inoculation. The increase in complement components shortly after infection may represent an earlyunspecific defense mechanism of the host before the specific immune response becomes effective, since the complement system can be activated by M. pneumoniae via the classical as well as the alternative pathway in the absence of antibodies.", "PMID": 114489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11305", "title": "Antigenic polypeptide complex from the Melvin strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: isolation and properties.", "content": "An antigenic complex has been isolated in a highly purified from from the Melvin strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The complex has a molecular weight of 9.3 x 10(6) and on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was found to consist of several subunits; the most predominant had the following molecular weights: 110,000, 94,000, 68,000, a smear containing (52,000, 48,000, and 44,000), 42,000, 36,000, 29,000, 28,000, 26,000, and 12,000 comprising 89% of the total protein. With the exception of the subunit of molecular weight 110,000, no change in the content or the mobility of other subunits was observed when beta-mercaptoethanol was omitted from the denaturation solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. Amino acid analysis of the complex showed a predominance of hydrophobic amino acids. These data implicated noncovalent interactions between the subunits. When the cells were labeled with fluorescamine it was possible to obtain a fluorescent complex with identical properties. Among several buffers used for the isolation of the complex, 0.2 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer (pH 7.5) gave maximum yield with low amounts of lipopolysaccharide and phospholipid; the choice of the buffer for column chromatography did not seem to make any difference. The high protein content and low amounts of lipopolysaccharide and phospholipid are characteristic properties of the complex.", "contents": "Antigenic polypeptide complex from the Melvin strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: isolation and properties. An antigenic complex has been isolated in a highly purified from from the Melvin strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The complex has a molecular weight of 9.3 x 10(6) and on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was found to consist of several subunits; the most predominant had the following molecular weights: 110,000, 94,000, 68,000, a smear containing (52,000, 48,000, and 44,000), 42,000, 36,000, 29,000, 28,000, 26,000, and 12,000 comprising 89% of the total protein. With the exception of the subunit of molecular weight 110,000, no change in the content or the mobility of other subunits was observed when beta-mercaptoethanol was omitted from the denaturation solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. Amino acid analysis of the complex showed a predominance of hydrophobic amino acids. These data implicated noncovalent interactions between the subunits. When the cells were labeled with fluorescamine it was possible to obtain a fluorescent complex with identical properties. Among several buffers used for the isolation of the complex, 0.2 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer (pH 7.5) gave maximum yield with low amounts of lipopolysaccharide and phospholipid; the choice of the buffer for column chromatography did not seem to make any difference. The high protein content and low amounts of lipopolysaccharide and phospholipid are characteristic properties of the complex.", "PMID": 114490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11306", "title": "Action of bacterial endotoxin and lipid A on mitochondrial enzyme activities of cells in culture and subcellular fractions.", "content": "Escherichia coli O127:B8 lipopolysaccharide (LPS), prepared by the Westphal procedure, caused a marked decrease in the activities of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and adenylate kinase in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells and primary cultures of mouse liver cells within 2 h after exposure to 10 micrograms of LPS/ml of culture medium. These three enzyme activities leaked into the supernatant fraction, and cytochrome oxidase activity was lost from the mouse liver mitochondrial particulate fraction within 45 min after exposure to 10 micrograms of LPS/mg of protein. Loss malate dehydrogenase activity from isolated mitochondria was also accelerated by LPS from E. coli O26:B6 (Boivin preparation) or Salmonella typhosa O901 (Westphal preparation), and by lipid A from Salmonella minnesota or Shigella sonnei. In addition, LPS and lipid A inhibited state 3 respiration by isolated mitochondria with attendant loss of respiratory control, but adenosine 5'-diphosphate/O ratios were relatively unchanged. Impaired mitochondrial function is an early event after exposure to biologically relevant amounts of LPS or lipid A.", "contents": "Action of bacterial endotoxin and lipid A on mitochondrial enzyme activities of cells in culture and subcellular fractions. Escherichia coli O127:B8 lipopolysaccharide (LPS), prepared by the Westphal procedure, caused a marked decrease in the activities of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and adenylate kinase in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells and primary cultures of mouse liver cells within 2 h after exposure to 10 micrograms of LPS/ml of culture medium. These three enzyme activities leaked into the supernatant fraction, and cytochrome oxidase activity was lost from the mouse liver mitochondrial particulate fraction within 45 min after exposure to 10 micrograms of LPS/mg of protein. Loss malate dehydrogenase activity from isolated mitochondria was also accelerated by LPS from E. coli O26:B6 (Boivin preparation) or Salmonella typhosa O901 (Westphal preparation), and by lipid A from Salmonella minnesota or Shigella sonnei. In addition, LPS and lipid A inhibited state 3 respiration by isolated mitochondria with attendant loss of respiratory control, but adenosine 5'-diphosphate/O ratios were relatively unchanged. Impaired mitochondrial function is an early event after exposure to biologically relevant amounts of LPS or lipid A.", "PMID": 114491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11307", "title": "In vitro interaction between normal cynolmolgus monkey alveolar macrophages and Legionnaires disease bacteria.", "content": "The interaction between normal cynomolgus monkey alveolar macrophages and Legionnaires disease bacteria was studied by transmission electron microscopy. After ingestion of Legionnaires disease bacteria, the organisms replicated within macrophages and destroyed the phagocytic cell.", "contents": "In vitro interaction between normal cynolmolgus monkey alveolar macrophages and Legionnaires disease bacteria. The interaction between normal cynomolgus monkey alveolar macrophages and Legionnaires disease bacteria was studied by transmission electron microscopy. After ingestion of Legionnaires disease bacteria, the organisms replicated within macrophages and destroyed the phagocytic cell.", "PMID": 114492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11308", "title": "Studies on Alternaria allergens. I. Isolation of allergens from Alternaria tenuis and Alternaria solani.", "content": "Extracts of Alternaria tenuis and Alternaria solani were separated into dialyzable (molecular weight less than 10,000) and non-dialyzable forms. The latter was further fractionated by gel filtration through Sephadex G-100 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The dialyzable material was fractionated by gel filtration through Sephadex G-50. The allergenic activities of the fractions obtained from the A. tenuis extract was measured in vitro by the radioallergosorbent test assay and the allergenic potency was measured by radioallergosorbent test inhibition assay. Allergenic activity was detected in most of the non-dialyzable fractions, the majority of the activity being in the last G-100 fraction (MW approximately 20,000) which was predominantly protein in nature. The same component may be responsible for the activity found in the dialyzate and its first G-50 fraction since the immunodiffusion studies indicated that the last G-100 fraction has antigenic components in common with those of the first G-50 fraction. In addition, cross-reactions between A. tenuis and A. solani extracts show that the two species share common antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Studies on Alternaria allergens. I. Isolation of allergens from Alternaria tenuis and Alternaria solani. Extracts of Alternaria tenuis and Alternaria solani were separated into dialyzable (molecular weight less than 10,000) and non-dialyzable forms. The latter was further fractionated by gel filtration through Sephadex G-100 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The dialyzable material was fractionated by gel filtration through Sephadex G-50. The allergenic activities of the fractions obtained from the A. tenuis extract was measured in vitro by the radioallergosorbent test assay and the allergenic potency was measured by radioallergosorbent test inhibition assay. Allergenic activity was detected in most of the non-dialyzable fractions, the majority of the activity being in the last G-100 fraction (MW approximately 20,000) which was predominantly protein in nature. The same component may be responsible for the activity found in the dialyzate and its first G-50 fraction since the immunodiffusion studies indicated that the last G-100 fraction has antigenic components in common with those of the first G-50 fraction. In addition, cross-reactions between A. tenuis and A. solani extracts show that the two species share common antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 114493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11309", "title": "Interaction of disodium cromoglycate with calcium ions in 2-propanol.", "content": "Spectral evidence is presented which indicates that calcium ions can complex with the cromoglycate anion in an organic medium containing a small amount of water. The implications of this finding for the antiasthmatic activity of disodium cromoglycate are discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of disodium cromoglycate with calcium ions in 2-propanol. Spectral evidence is presented which indicates that calcium ions can complex with the cromoglycate anion in an organic medium containing a small amount of water. The implications of this finding for the antiasthmatic activity of disodium cromoglycate are discussed.", "PMID": 114494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11310", "title": "Transformation of feline embryo cells in culture by a chemical carcinogen.", "content": "A feline embryo cell line was treated in vitro with various levels of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) or dimethyl sulfoxide (control). Repeat treatment of DMBA only induced in vitro transformation of feline embryo cells following clonal growth and selection. The morphologically altered cells formed large cell aggregates and grew in this aggregate form when suspended in liquid growth medium above an agar base, formed colonies in soft agar, and grew to high saturation densities. However, no progressively growing tumors were produced when cells were inoculated into nude athymic mice. The transformed lines were negative for feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA).", "contents": "Transformation of feline embryo cells in culture by a chemical carcinogen. A feline embryo cell line was treated in vitro with various levels of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) or dimethyl sulfoxide (control). Repeat treatment of DMBA only induced in vitro transformation of feline embryo cells following clonal growth and selection. The morphologically altered cells formed large cell aggregates and grew in this aggregate form when suspended in liquid growth medium above an agar base, formed colonies in soft agar, and grew to high saturation densities. However, no progressively growing tumors were produced when cells were inoculated into nude athymic mice. The transformed lines were negative for feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA).", "PMID": 114496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11311", "title": "The diffusion of medical techniques to less developed countries.", "content": "This paper describes a study of the extent to which a set of eight modern medical techniques had been introduced in less developed countries in 1977. The results are presented for each country and related to the characteristics of the country. Many very poor countries were found to have introduced many very recent techniques. The reasons for this are discussed, and appropriate questions to be asked about any new technique are suggested.", "contents": "The diffusion of medical techniques to less developed countries. This paper describes a study of the extent to which a set of eight modern medical techniques had been introduced in less developed countries in 1977. The results are presented for each country and related to the characteristics of the country. Many very poor countries were found to have introduced many very recent techniques. The reasons for this are discussed, and appropriate questions to be asked about any new technique are suggested.", "PMID": 114497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11312", "title": "Attenuation in central neurons: its relationship to increased intracytoplasmic free calcium, calcium binding and memory storage.", "content": "A mechanism responsible for attenuation of dendritic spikes of nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRG) origin was addressed. Stimulation of afferent neurons with pulses of 100 per sec frequency generated attenuation in specific neurons. Intrasomatic infusion of EGTA reversed the attenuation. The results suggest that attenuation results from intracytoplasmic accumulation of free Ca2+ due to differences in rate of Ca influx and Ca binding. This accumulation generates a concentration dependent prevention of Ca2+ (and Na+) influx that causes the attenuation. The free intracytoplasmic Ca2+ is removed mainly by binding on proteins and/or polypeptides, a mechanism that promotes memory storage.", "contents": "Attenuation in central neurons: its relationship to increased intracytoplasmic free calcium, calcium binding and memory storage. A mechanism responsible for attenuation of dendritic spikes of nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRG) origin was addressed. Stimulation of afferent neurons with pulses of 100 per sec frequency generated attenuation in specific neurons. Intrasomatic infusion of EGTA reversed the attenuation. The results suggest that attenuation results from intracytoplasmic accumulation of free Ca2+ due to differences in rate of Ca influx and Ca binding. This accumulation generates a concentration dependent prevention of Ca2+ (and Na+) influx that causes the attenuation. The free intracytoplasmic Ca2+ is removed mainly by binding on proteins and/or polypeptides, a mechanism that promotes memory storage.", "PMID": 114499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11313", "title": "Acute zinc depletion syndrome during parenteral hyperalimentation.", "content": "Zinc is an essential trace element whose malabsorption in early childhood may result in a skin disorder known as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Cutaneous lesions typical of acrodermatitis enteropathica have been described during total parenteral nutrition on zinc-deficient intravenous solutions in both adults and children. This condition has been named the \"acute zinc depletion syndrome.\" A case is described in which a patient, despite a zinc intake of double the daily requirement, manifested the acute zinc depletion syndrome during therapy with combined liquid diet plus parenteral hyperalimentation. Predisposing factors in this individual included a short bowel syndrome and a large oral load of calcium lactate. Zinc metabolism is reviewed with attention to alterations in disease and during hyperalimentation. The clinical manifestations, predisposing factors, therapy and prevention of the acute zinc depletion syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "Acute zinc depletion syndrome during parenteral hyperalimentation. Zinc is an essential trace element whose malabsorption in early childhood may result in a skin disorder known as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Cutaneous lesions typical of acrodermatitis enteropathica have been described during total parenteral nutrition on zinc-deficient intravenous solutions in both adults and children. This condition has been named the \"acute zinc depletion syndrome.\" A case is described in which a patient, despite a zinc intake of double the daily requirement, manifested the acute zinc depletion syndrome during therapy with combined liquid diet plus parenteral hyperalimentation. Predisposing factors in this individual included a short bowel syndrome and a large oral load of calcium lactate. Zinc metabolism is reviewed with attention to alterations in disease and during hyperalimentation. The clinical manifestations, predisposing factors, therapy and prevention of the acute zinc depletion syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 114498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11314", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of human carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme C.", "content": "Methods for immunohistochemical localization of human carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme C (HCA C) with indirect fluorescent antibody and immunoperoxidase techniques are described. Both methods revealed large amounts of this \"high activity\" isoenzyme in the mucosae of human stomach and appendix. With the indirect immunofluorescent method the presence of the enzyme in human erythrocyte cytoplasm was also demonstrated. Correlations of present findings with those obtained with the traditional histochemical methods for demonstration of carbonic anhydrase activity are discussed.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of human carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme C. Methods for immunohistochemical localization of human carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme C (HCA C) with indirect fluorescent antibody and immunoperoxidase techniques are described. Both methods revealed large amounts of this \"high activity\" isoenzyme in the mucosae of human stomach and appendix. With the indirect immunofluorescent method the presence of the enzyme in human erythrocyte cytoplasm was also demonstrated. Correlations of present findings with those obtained with the traditional histochemical methods for demonstration of carbonic anhydrase activity are discussed.", "PMID": 114507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11315", "title": "Experimental degeneration of primary afferent terminals in the cuneate nucleus of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "Six monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were used for the present study. In animals which survived for 2-6 days after section of C5 to T1 dorsal roots, at least four types of degenerating afferent terminal were observed - electron-dense, electron-lucent, neurofilamentous and flocculent. The electron-dense degeneration was the most common and was seen as early as 2 days after rhizotomy. The neurofilamentous type was the second commonest and was found predominantly in the 3 days' survival material. The electron-lucent and flocculent types were less commonly encountered. Since the profiles exhibiting neurofilamentous hyperplasia showed varying degrees of electron density it is suggested that this type of degeneration progresses to the electron-dense type with time. The present study also showed that the primary afferent terminals in the cuneate nucleus of the monkey are mostly large and that they contain round vesicles. They are commonly found within synaptic complexes in which they are presynaptic to dendrites of various sizes, and are themselves postsynaptic to smaller axon terminals containing flattened vesicles. Degenerating terminals forming isolated synapses were less commonly seen. No dorsal root axon terminals formed axosomatic synapses.", "contents": "Experimental degeneration of primary afferent terminals in the cuneate nucleus of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Six monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were used for the present study. In animals which survived for 2-6 days after section of C5 to T1 dorsal roots, at least four types of degenerating afferent terminal were observed - electron-dense, electron-lucent, neurofilamentous and flocculent. The electron-dense degeneration was the most common and was seen as early as 2 days after rhizotomy. The neurofilamentous type was the second commonest and was found predominantly in the 3 days' survival material. The electron-lucent and flocculent types were less commonly encountered. Since the profiles exhibiting neurofilamentous hyperplasia showed varying degrees of electron density it is suggested that this type of degeneration progresses to the electron-dense type with time. The present study also showed that the primary afferent terminals in the cuneate nucleus of the monkey are mostly large and that they contain round vesicles. They are commonly found within synaptic complexes in which they are presynaptic to dendrites of various sizes, and are themselves postsynaptic to smaller axon terminals containing flattened vesicles. Degenerating terminals forming isolated synapses were less commonly seen. No dorsal root axon terminals formed axosomatic synapses.", "PMID": 114509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11316", "title": "Conformational changes of yeast tRNAPhe and E. coli tRNA2Glu as indicated by different nuclease digestion patterns.", "content": "The susceptibility of yeast tRNAPhe and Escherichia coli tRNA2Glu to digestion by nucleases Tl and Sl are examined in a variety of environments, and the results are interpreted in view of the available three-dimensional structural information. Significant differences are found in the digestion pattern of the two tRNAs using the guanosine-specific Tl nuclease. In particular, differences are seen due to varying the type of salts in the environment. However, the Sl nuclease results on the two tRNAs do not differ greatly. E. coli tRNA2Glu is known to exist in two different conformations. Nuclease digestion results are presented revealing differences which make it possible to draw some inferences about the structural differences in these two conformations. In carrying out these analyses, the tRNA molecules are labeled either by putting 32P at the 5'-end of the molecular or by adding 32P-labeled pCp at the 3'-end. It is found that both yeast tRNAPhe and E. coli tRNA2Glu have modified Tl nuclease digestion patterns when pCp is added at the 3'-end of the molecule.", "contents": "Conformational changes of yeast tRNAPhe and E. coli tRNA2Glu as indicated by different nuclease digestion patterns. The susceptibility of yeast tRNAPhe and Escherichia coli tRNA2Glu to digestion by nucleases Tl and Sl are examined in a variety of environments, and the results are interpreted in view of the available three-dimensional structural information. Significant differences are found in the digestion pattern of the two tRNAs using the guanosine-specific Tl nuclease. In particular, differences are seen due to varying the type of salts in the environment. However, the Sl nuclease results on the two tRNAs do not differ greatly. E. coli tRNA2Glu is known to exist in two different conformations. Nuclease digestion results are presented revealing differences which make it possible to draw some inferences about the structural differences in these two conformations. In carrying out these analyses, the tRNA molecules are labeled either by putting 32P at the 5'-end of the molecular or by adding 32P-labeled pCp at the 3'-end. It is found that both yeast tRNAPhe and E. coli tRNA2Glu have modified Tl nuclease digestion patterns when pCp is added at the 3'-end of the molecule.", "PMID": 114514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11317", "title": "A high molecular weight DNA polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Purification, structure, and partial characterization.", "content": "The DNA polymerase of early embryos of Drosophila melanogaster has been purified to near-homogeneity. The purified enzyme gave a single, catalytically active protein band after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, under nondenaturing conditions. Four polypeptides with molecular weights 43,000, 46,000, 58,000, and 148,000 were resolved when this band was electrophoresed under denaturing conditions. At high ionic strengths, the DNA polymerase had a sedimentation coefficient of 8.7 S, a Stokes radius of 78 A and frictional ratio of 1.81, parameters that yield a molecular weight of 280,000. The purified DNA polymerase possessed no detectable endo- or exodeoxyribonuclease, ATPase, or RNA polymerase activity. Using an \"activated\" DNA template-primer, the enzyme had a pH optimum of 8.5. It was stimulated by (NH4)2SO4, KCl, and to a lesser extent, NaCl. A divalent metal cation was absolutely required; MgCl2 stimulating activity 7-fold more than MnCl2. It was inhibited by low concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide and Aphidicolon. Thus the DNA polymerase of D. melanogaster resembles most closely the alpha-DNA polymerases that have been purified from mammalian cells.", "contents": "A high molecular weight DNA polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Purification, structure, and partial characterization. The DNA polymerase of early embryos of Drosophila melanogaster has been purified to near-homogeneity. The purified enzyme gave a single, catalytically active protein band after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, under nondenaturing conditions. Four polypeptides with molecular weights 43,000, 46,000, 58,000, and 148,000 were resolved when this band was electrophoresed under denaturing conditions. At high ionic strengths, the DNA polymerase had a sedimentation coefficient of 8.7 S, a Stokes radius of 78 A and frictional ratio of 1.81, parameters that yield a molecular weight of 280,000. The purified DNA polymerase possessed no detectable endo- or exodeoxyribonuclease, ATPase, or RNA polymerase activity. Using an \"activated\" DNA template-primer, the enzyme had a pH optimum of 8.5. It was stimulated by (NH4)2SO4, KCl, and to a lesser extent, NaCl. A divalent metal cation was absolutely required; MgCl2 stimulating activity 7-fold more than MnCl2. It was inhibited by low concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide and Aphidicolon. Thus the DNA polymerase of D. melanogaster resembles most closely the alpha-DNA polymerases that have been purified from mammalian cells.", "PMID": 114515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11318", "title": "The rabbit pulmonary monooxygenase system. Immunochemical and biochemical characterization of enzyme components.", "content": "The enzymatic components of the rabbit pulmonary monooxygenase system, cytochromes P-450I and P-450II and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, are immunochemically distinct proteins. In pulmonary microsomes, the N-demethylation of benzphetamine, amino-pyrine, and ethylmorphine, and the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin are dependent only on cytochrome P-450I, and the hydroxylation of coumarin is apparently catalyzed by both cytochromes. Cytochrome P-450II is immunochemically distinct from the major forms of hepatic cytochrome P-450 induced by phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, whereas cytochrome P-450I is indistinguishable from the former on the basis of physical and catalytic as well as immunochemical characteristics. Pulmonary and hepatic NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductases also have identical physical, catalytic, and immunochemical properties. The lack of response of the lung monooxygenase system to phenobarbital, therefore, is apparently not due to an inability of the lung to synthesize the enzymes induced by phenobarbital in the liver. The relatively high proportion of cytochrome P-450I in the lung appears to be responsible for the higher rates (per nmol of P-450) of N-demethylation that have been observed in rabbit pulmonary as compared to hepatic microsomal fractions.", "contents": "The rabbit pulmonary monooxygenase system. Immunochemical and biochemical characterization of enzyme components. The enzymatic components of the rabbit pulmonary monooxygenase system, cytochromes P-450I and P-450II and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, are immunochemically distinct proteins. In pulmonary microsomes, the N-demethylation of benzphetamine, amino-pyrine, and ethylmorphine, and the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin are dependent only on cytochrome P-450I, and the hydroxylation of coumarin is apparently catalyzed by both cytochromes. Cytochrome P-450II is immunochemically distinct from the major forms of hepatic cytochrome P-450 induced by phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, whereas cytochrome P-450I is indistinguishable from the former on the basis of physical and catalytic as well as immunochemical characteristics. Pulmonary and hepatic NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductases also have identical physical, catalytic, and immunochemical properties. The lack of response of the lung monooxygenase system to phenobarbital, therefore, is apparently not due to an inability of the lung to synthesize the enzymes induced by phenobarbital in the liver. The relatively high proportion of cytochrome P-450I in the lung appears to be responsible for the higher rates (per nmol of P-450) of N-demethylation that have been observed in rabbit pulmonary as compared to hepatic microsomal fractions.", "PMID": 114516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11319", "title": "Laminin--a glycoprotein from basement membranes.", "content": "We have isolated a large noncollagenous glycoprotein, laminin, from a mouse tumor that produces basement membrane. The protein consists of at least two polypeptide chains (Mr = 220,000 and Mr = 440,000) joined to each other by disulfide bonds. Laminin and type IV collagen are major constituents of the tumor. Laminin is distinctly different from fibronectin, another component of basement membranes, in amino acid composition and immunological reactivity. Pepsin digestion of laminin releases a large, cystine-rich fragment which retains most of the antigenicity of the original protein. Immunological studies using purified antibody against laminin show that it is produced by a variety of cultured cells. In addition, these antibodies react with the basement membranes of normal tissues, suggesting that this protein or an immunologically related protein is a constituent of the basement membranes of these tissues.", "contents": "Laminin--a glycoprotein from basement membranes. We have isolated a large noncollagenous glycoprotein, laminin, from a mouse tumor that produces basement membrane. The protein consists of at least two polypeptide chains (Mr = 220,000 and Mr = 440,000) joined to each other by disulfide bonds. Laminin and type IV collagen are major constituents of the tumor. Laminin is distinctly different from fibronectin, another component of basement membranes, in amino acid composition and immunological reactivity. Pepsin digestion of laminin releases a large, cystine-rich fragment which retains most of the antigenicity of the original protein. Immunological studies using purified antibody against laminin show that it is produced by a variety of cultured cells. In addition, these antibodies react with the basement membranes of normal tissues, suggesting that this protein or an immunologically related protein is a constituent of the basement membranes of these tissues.", "PMID": 114518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11320", "title": "Steroid induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase and porphyrins in liver. Structure-activity studies and the permissive effects of hormones on the induction process.", "content": "Quantitative aspects and structure-activity relationships of the inducing effects of natural steroids on delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase and porphyrins have been investigated in monolayer cultures of chick embryo liver cells maintained in a serum-free medium as well as in the chick embryo liver in ovo. Many 5 alpha and 5 beta metabolites of neutral C-19 and C-21 hormones and hormone precursors stimulated porphyrin formation and ALA-synthase induction in the cultured liver cells as we have previously described. In these inducing actions a number of 5 beta epimers (A:B cis) were found to be more potent than their corresponding 5 alpha epimers (A:B trans). The structure-activity relationship between 5 beta and 5 alpha steroid epimers with respect to ALA-synthase induction in culture was also found to prevail with respect to induction of this enzyme in chick embryo liver in ovo. Hemin in concentrations of 2 x 10(-7) M inhibited steroid induction of porphyrin formation, and CaMgEDTA enhanced the responsiveness of the cultured liver cells to steroids by approximately 10 times. The addition of insulin, or insulin plus hydrocortisone or insulin plus hydrocortisone plus triiodothyronine, was important for the maintenance of protein synthesis and essential for maximal expression of the ability of steroids to induce porphyrins and ALA-synthase in the \"permissive\" effect which insulin, hydrocortisone, and triiodothyronine exert on allylisopropylacetamide induction of porphyrins and ALA-synthase also extends to the induction process which is elicited by natural steroids. These findings also strongly suggest that the regulation of hepatic porphyrin-heme biosynthesis by endogenous as well as exogenous chemicals is significantly influenced by the internal hormonal milieu.", "contents": "Steroid induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase and porphyrins in liver. Structure-activity studies and the permissive effects of hormones on the induction process. Quantitative aspects and structure-activity relationships of the inducing effects of natural steroids on delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase and porphyrins have been investigated in monolayer cultures of chick embryo liver cells maintained in a serum-free medium as well as in the chick embryo liver in ovo. Many 5 alpha and 5 beta metabolites of neutral C-19 and C-21 hormones and hormone precursors stimulated porphyrin formation and ALA-synthase induction in the cultured liver cells as we have previously described. In these inducing actions a number of 5 beta epimers (A:B cis) were found to be more potent than their corresponding 5 alpha epimers (A:B trans). The structure-activity relationship between 5 beta and 5 alpha steroid epimers with respect to ALA-synthase induction in culture was also found to prevail with respect to induction of this enzyme in chick embryo liver in ovo. Hemin in concentrations of 2 x 10(-7) M inhibited steroid induction of porphyrin formation, and CaMgEDTA enhanced the responsiveness of the cultured liver cells to steroids by approximately 10 times. The addition of insulin, or insulin plus hydrocortisone or insulin plus hydrocortisone plus triiodothyronine, was important for the maintenance of protein synthesis and essential for maximal expression of the ability of steroids to induce porphyrins and ALA-synthase in the \"permissive\" effect which insulin, hydrocortisone, and triiodothyronine exert on allylisopropylacetamide induction of porphyrins and ALA-synthase also extends to the induction process which is elicited by natural steroids. These findings also strongly suggest that the regulation of hepatic porphyrin-heme biosynthesis by endogenous as well as exogenous chemicals is significantly influenced by the internal hormonal milieu.", "PMID": 114519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11321", "title": "Activation and regulation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase in the absence of small subunits.", "content": "Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Rhodospirillum rubrum requires CO2 and Mg2+ for activation of both CO2, both the carboxylase and oxygenase activities are stimulated by 6-phoshpo-D-gluconate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, 2-phosphoglycolate, 3-phosphoglycerate, NADPH, and fructose 6-phosphate. The carboxylase activity is not activated by ribose 5-phosphate. The substrate, ribulose bisphosphate, neither activates nor inhibits the CO2 and Mg2+ activation of this enzyme. Activation by CO2 and Mg2+ is rapid and results in increased susceptibility to active-site-directed protein modification reagents. Because the R. rubrum carboxylase-oxygenase is a dimer of large subunits and contains no small subunits, these results suggest that the effector binding sites of the higher plant enzyme may also be found on the large subunit.", "contents": "Activation and regulation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase in the absence of small subunits. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Rhodospirillum rubrum requires CO2 and Mg2+ for activation of both CO2, both the carboxylase and oxygenase activities are stimulated by 6-phoshpo-D-gluconate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, 2-phosphoglycolate, 3-phosphoglycerate, NADPH, and fructose 6-phosphate. The carboxylase activity is not activated by ribose 5-phosphate. The substrate, ribulose bisphosphate, neither activates nor inhibits the CO2 and Mg2+ activation of this enzyme. Activation by CO2 and Mg2+ is rapid and results in increased susceptibility to active-site-directed protein modification reagents. Because the R. rubrum carboxylase-oxygenase is a dimer of large subunits and contains no small subunits, these results suggest that the effector binding sites of the higher plant enzyme may also be found on the large subunit.", "PMID": 114521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11322", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of a cloned Drosophila arginine tRNA gene and its in vitro transcription in Xenopus germinal vesicle extracts.", "content": "The DNA sequence of a cloned gene specifying Drosophila tRNA2Arg has been determined. Transcription of this gene in extracts from Xenopus germinal vesicles yielded a precursor RNA containing a seven-nucleotide leader sequence at the 5' side of the mature tRNA with pppGp as the 5'-terminal nucleotide. Transcription continues for at least eight nucleotides past the 3' terminus of the coding region of the gene and terminates over a stretch of seven T residues. The isolation of the primary transcript was facilitated by incorporation of 5'-(gamma-S)GTP into the 5' terminus of the precursor RNA and by its retention on mercury-agarose. The Drosophila tRNAArg gene does not contain an intervening sequence nor the C-C-A sequence corresponding to the 3' terminus of the mature tRNA. The nucleotide sequence of Drosophila tRNAArg formed in the in vitro system differs only in four positions from that of mouse tRNAArg.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of a cloned Drosophila arginine tRNA gene and its in vitro transcription in Xenopus germinal vesicle extracts. The DNA sequence of a cloned gene specifying Drosophila tRNA2Arg has been determined. Transcription of this gene in extracts from Xenopus germinal vesicles yielded a precursor RNA containing a seven-nucleotide leader sequence at the 5' side of the mature tRNA with pppGp as the 5'-terminal nucleotide. Transcription continues for at least eight nucleotides past the 3' terminus of the coding region of the gene and terminates over a stretch of seven T residues. The isolation of the primary transcript was facilitated by incorporation of 5'-(gamma-S)GTP into the 5' terminus of the precursor RNA and by its retention on mercury-agarose. The Drosophila tRNAArg gene does not contain an intervening sequence nor the C-C-A sequence corresponding to the 3' terminus of the mature tRNA. The nucleotide sequence of Drosophila tRNAArg formed in the in vitro system differs only in four positions from that of mouse tRNAArg.", "PMID": 114522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11323", "title": "Regulation and state of aggregation of Bacillus subtilis prephenate dehydratase in the presence of allosteric effectors.", "content": "Prephenate dehydratase from Bacillus subtilis was found to exist in three states of aggregation. A high molecular weight (210,000) species was fully active and the catalytic activity was unaffected by the effectors methionine or phenylalanine. Low concentrations of phenylalanine caused dissociation to a Mr = 55,000 dimer. Heating to 32 degrees C also caused dissociation, but cooling and adding substrate or methionine favored association. When no effectors were present the enzyme eluted from Sephadex columns as a monomer. Both methionine and phenylalanine shifted the equilibrium from the inactive monomer to the active dimeric enzyme. In the presence of a saturating methionine concentration, the dimer possessed the same high activity as did the 210,000-dalton form. Phenylalanine inhibited the dimer, but not the higher molecular weight form. A model involving only three types of sites (catalytic, association-activation, and inhibition) is consistent with the data. It is proposed that phenylalanine is the preferred metabolite for binding both effector sites on the dimer; it binds the association-activation site with higher affinity than the inhibition site, but binding at the latter site has a greater effect on the catalytic rate. Methionine, like phenylalanine, has a hydrophobic side chain but is accommodated only at the association-activation site.", "contents": "Regulation and state of aggregation of Bacillus subtilis prephenate dehydratase in the presence of allosteric effectors. Prephenate dehydratase from Bacillus subtilis was found to exist in three states of aggregation. A high molecular weight (210,000) species was fully active and the catalytic activity was unaffected by the effectors methionine or phenylalanine. Low concentrations of phenylalanine caused dissociation to a Mr = 55,000 dimer. Heating to 32 degrees C also caused dissociation, but cooling and adding substrate or methionine favored association. When no effectors were present the enzyme eluted from Sephadex columns as a monomer. Both methionine and phenylalanine shifted the equilibrium from the inactive monomer to the active dimeric enzyme. In the presence of a saturating methionine concentration, the dimer possessed the same high activity as did the 210,000-dalton form. Phenylalanine inhibited the dimer, but not the higher molecular weight form. A model involving only three types of sites (catalytic, association-activation, and inhibition) is consistent with the data. It is proposed that phenylalanine is the preferred metabolite for binding both effector sites on the dimer; it binds the association-activation site with higher affinity than the inhibition site, but binding at the latter site has a greater effect on the catalytic rate. Methionine, like phenylalanine, has a hydrophobic side chain but is accommodated only at the association-activation site.", "PMID": 114523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11324", "title": "Quantitative analysis of intermediary metabolism in Tetrahymena. Cells grown in proteose-peptone and resuspended in a defined nutrient-rich medium.", "content": "Tetrahymena pyriformis were grown to early-stationary phase and resuspended in a defined mixture containing glucose, fructose, ribose, glycerol, acetate, pyruvate, bicarbonate, glutamate, and hexanoate, with only one substrate labeled with 14C in any flask. Incorporation of label into CO2, glycogen, RNA, alanine, glutamate, glycine, lipid glycerol, and lipid fatty acids was measured 20, 40, and 60 min after the start of the incubation. To develop a model suitable for quantitative analysis of the data, it was necessary to join two preceding models, one for carbohydrate-metabolizing cells and one for acetate-metabolizing cells, eliminating the over-simplified sections of each. Equations were written and programmed for a digital computer to allow computation of the amount of label expected to be incorporated into any of the products measured for any given set of steady state flux values in the metabolic network. The model formed by simply joining the two preceding models did not yield satisfactory agreement with the complete data obtained in the present study, although each partial set of data could be fit well by the appropriate partial model. Analysis of the ways in which the model failed to yield good fits to the data indicated that another pool of P-enolpyruvate, of pyruvate, and of acetyl-CoA had to be added at the junction of the two models. The presence of such poolte into fatty acids as compared to the incorporation of label from glucose into fatty acids. A new model was therefore constructed which differed from the preceding model only in its structural organization at the level of P-enolpyruvate, pyruvate, and acetyl-CoA. The model is consistent with all known information on the compartmental structure of metabolism in Tetrahymena, on enzyme localization, and on the enzyme complement of this cell. Over 70 measurements of label incorporation into products were made at each time. These, plus a large number of \"limit\" measurements which constrain any possible solutions, were in sufficient excess of the 39 independent flux values to permit a stringent assessment of the model. A set of flux values was found which yielded a good fit to the data. These flux values therefore provide a quantitative description of metabolite flux in the intact cell during the slow adaptation to the nine-substrate mixture. The rates of utilization of glucose, fructose, glycerol, and ribose were in the ratio of about 10:1:0.33:0.16, i.e. fairly similar to the ratio observed with carbohydrate-metabolizing cells. Initial flux through phosphofructokinase is about 160 nmol/10(6) cells.h, increasing over 3-fold during tje jpir incubation. Initial flux through fructose-1,6-diphosphatase is about 110 nmol/10(6) cells.h and also increases almost 3-fold during the incubation. Thus net flux is glycolytic and increases 4-fold during the hour with a large amount of futile cycling at this step...", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of intermediary metabolism in Tetrahymena. Cells grown in proteose-peptone and resuspended in a defined nutrient-rich medium. Tetrahymena pyriformis were grown to early-stationary phase and resuspended in a defined mixture containing glucose, fructose, ribose, glycerol, acetate, pyruvate, bicarbonate, glutamate, and hexanoate, with only one substrate labeled with 14C in any flask. Incorporation of label into CO2, glycogen, RNA, alanine, glutamate, glycine, lipid glycerol, and lipid fatty acids was measured 20, 40, and 60 min after the start of the incubation. To develop a model suitable for quantitative analysis of the data, it was necessary to join two preceding models, one for carbohydrate-metabolizing cells and one for acetate-metabolizing cells, eliminating the over-simplified sections of each. Equations were written and programmed for a digital computer to allow computation of the amount of label expected to be incorporated into any of the products measured for any given set of steady state flux values in the metabolic network. The model formed by simply joining the two preceding models did not yield satisfactory agreement with the complete data obtained in the present study, although each partial set of data could be fit well by the appropriate partial model. Analysis of the ways in which the model failed to yield good fits to the data indicated that another pool of P-enolpyruvate, of pyruvate, and of acetyl-CoA had to be added at the junction of the two models. The presence of such poolte into fatty acids as compared to the incorporation of label from glucose into fatty acids. A new model was therefore constructed which differed from the preceding model only in its structural organization at the level of P-enolpyruvate, pyruvate, and acetyl-CoA. The model is consistent with all known information on the compartmental structure of metabolism in Tetrahymena, on enzyme localization, and on the enzyme complement of this cell. Over 70 measurements of label incorporation into products were made at each time. These, plus a large number of \"limit\" measurements which constrain any possible solutions, were in sufficient excess of the 39 independent flux values to permit a stringent assessment of the model. A set of flux values was found which yielded a good fit to the data. These flux values therefore provide a quantitative description of metabolite flux in the intact cell during the slow adaptation to the nine-substrate mixture. The rates of utilization of glucose, fructose, glycerol, and ribose were in the ratio of about 10:1:0.33:0.16, i.e. fairly similar to the ratio observed with carbohydrate-metabolizing cells. Initial flux through phosphofructokinase is about 160 nmol/10(6) cells.h, increasing over 3-fold during tje jpir incubation. Initial flux through fructose-1,6-diphosphatase is about 110 nmol/10(6) cells.h and also increases almost 3-fold during the incubation. Thus net flux is glycolytic and increases 4-fold during the hour with a large amount of futile cycling at this step...", "PMID": 114525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11325", "title": "Biosynthesis of two lysosomal enzymes in macrophages. Evidence for a precursor of beta-galactosidase.", "content": "We have purified beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase from macrophages of thioglycollate-treated mice using concanavalin A chromatography and immunoprecipitation. The apparent molecular weight of the beta-galactosidase subunit, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, changed during a long term pulse-chase experiment. Following a 1-h pulse with [3H]leucine, radiolabel was present exclusively in an Mr = 82,000 form. However, after a 3-h chase in medium containing unlabeled leucine, most label migrated at Mr = 63,000, and at 24 h, all label was in the Mr = 63,000 form. Electrophoresis of peptides produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage of immunoprecipitates demonstrated structural similarities between precursor and mature forms. A mutation in the mouse, which is known to depress the rate of synthesis of beta-galactosidase in many cell types, proportionately decreased incorporation of [3H]leucine into both the Mr = 82,000 and 63,000 forms. Therefore, by kinetic, structural, and genetic evidence, the large molecular weight beta-galactosidase is a precursor of mature macrophage enzyme. No precursor of the Mr = 75,000 subunit of beta-glucuronidase was detected.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of two lysosomal enzymes in macrophages. Evidence for a precursor of beta-galactosidase. We have purified beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase from macrophages of thioglycollate-treated mice using concanavalin A chromatography and immunoprecipitation. The apparent molecular weight of the beta-galactosidase subunit, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, changed during a long term pulse-chase experiment. Following a 1-h pulse with [3H]leucine, radiolabel was present exclusively in an Mr = 82,000 form. However, after a 3-h chase in medium containing unlabeled leucine, most label migrated at Mr = 63,000, and at 24 h, all label was in the Mr = 63,000 form. Electrophoresis of peptides produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage of immunoprecipitates demonstrated structural similarities between precursor and mature forms. A mutation in the mouse, which is known to depress the rate of synthesis of beta-galactosidase in many cell types, proportionately decreased incorporation of [3H]leucine into both the Mr = 82,000 and 63,000 forms. Therefore, by kinetic, structural, and genetic evidence, the large molecular weight beta-galactosidase is a precursor of mature macrophage enzyme. No precursor of the Mr = 75,000 subunit of beta-glucuronidase was detected.", "PMID": 114527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11326", "title": "Failure of bromocriptine, dopamine, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone to affect prolactin secretion by human decidual tissue in vitro.", "content": "To determine whether the secretion of PRL by human decidual tissue in vitro is influenced by factors which inhibit or stimulate pituitary PRL secretion, explants of decidual tissue were incubated in media containing bromocriptine, dopamine, or TRH at concentrations known to affect pituitary PRL secretion in vitro. The quantities of PRL secreted by the explants exposed to these factors were compared with amounts secreted by explants incubated in control medium. Bromocriptine in concentrations ranging from 1.5 x 10(-10) to 1.5 x 10(-7) M did not inhibit PRL secretion over a 3-day period and dopamine in concentrations ranging from 5 x 10(-5)-10(-9) M did not inhibit PRL secretion over a 4-h period. TRH in concentrations ranging from 10(-9)-10(-3) M did not stimulate PRL secretion. These results suggest that the mechanism of PRL secretion by decidual tissue in vitro is different, at least in part, from the mechanism of pituitary PRL secretion.", "contents": "Failure of bromocriptine, dopamine, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone to affect prolactin secretion by human decidual tissue in vitro. To determine whether the secretion of PRL by human decidual tissue in vitro is influenced by factors which inhibit or stimulate pituitary PRL secretion, explants of decidual tissue were incubated in media containing bromocriptine, dopamine, or TRH at concentrations known to affect pituitary PRL secretion in vitro. The quantities of PRL secreted by the explants exposed to these factors were compared with amounts secreted by explants incubated in control medium. Bromocriptine in concentrations ranging from 1.5 x 10(-10) to 1.5 x 10(-7) M did not inhibit PRL secretion over a 3-day period and dopamine in concentrations ranging from 5 x 10(-5)-10(-9) M did not inhibit PRL secretion over a 4-h period. TRH in concentrations ranging from 10(-9)-10(-3) M did not stimulate PRL secretion. These results suggest that the mechanism of PRL secretion by decidual tissue in vitro is different, at least in part, from the mechanism of pituitary PRL secretion.", "PMID": 114530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11327", "title": "Comparison of a slide coagglutination technique with the Minitek system for confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The Phadebact gonococcus test was performed on 314 bacterial isolates to compare the coagglutination technique with the Minitek system for the confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Direct testing, using colonies of N. gonorrhoeae mixed with the Phadebact gonococcus test reagents, produced noninterpretable results in many cases. However, an alternative method, described by the manufacturer, of heating several colonies in distilled  water for 20 min before testing alleviated most interpretation difficulties. Complete agreement was achieved with both the Phadebact and Minitek tests for all 236 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae. Of the 78 nongonococcal isolates tested with Phadebact, two isolates gave false-positive results, whereas one isolate was reported as noninterpretable. The Phadebact gonococcus test appears to be a simple and rapid alternative to confirmatory biochemical procedures for N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Comparison of a slide coagglutination technique with the Minitek system for confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The Phadebact gonococcus test was performed on 314 bacterial isolates to compare the coagglutination technique with the Minitek system for the confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Direct testing, using colonies of N. gonorrhoeae mixed with the Phadebact gonococcus test reagents, produced noninterpretable results in many cases. However, an alternative method, described by the manufacturer, of heating several colonies in distilled  water for 20 min before testing alleviated most interpretation difficulties. Complete agreement was achieved with both the Phadebact and Minitek tests for all 236 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae. Of the 78 nongonococcal isolates tested with Phadebact, two isolates gave false-positive results, whereas one isolate was reported as noninterpretable. The Phadebact gonococcus test appears to be a simple and rapid alternative to confirmatory biochemical procedures for N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 114531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11328", "title": "Rapid serogroup identification of Neisseria meningitidis by using antiserum agar: Prevalence of serotypes in a disease-free military population.", "content": "Nasopharyngeal cultures from 414 Marines were plated directly onto antiserum agar containing the antibiotics vancomycin, colistin, and nystatin for meningococcal isolation and serogroup identification. Meningococci were isolated from 267 Marines, giving a carrier prevalence of 64.5%. A total of 58% of the isolates could be placed into serogroups; of these 22.3% were group B, 4.7% were group C, 25.7% were group Y, 24.3% were group W135, and 23.0% were group 29E. No serogroup A organisms were recovered. Serotyping by agar gel double diffusion was performed on 148 strains. More than 70% of these strains were nontypable, and the disease-associated serotype 2 was present only in two group Y isolates. The same 148 isolates were also classified by major outer membrane protein patterns after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern IV was most common among all serogroups. The data demonstrate the effective use of antiserum agar for meningococcal surveillance and document the frequency of specific serotypes and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis types among carrier isolates obtained from a nonrecruit military population.", "contents": "Rapid serogroup identification of Neisseria meningitidis by using antiserum agar: Prevalence of serotypes in a disease-free military population. Nasopharyngeal cultures from 414 Marines were plated directly onto antiserum agar containing the antibiotics vancomycin, colistin, and nystatin for meningococcal isolation and serogroup identification. Meningococci were isolated from 267 Marines, giving a carrier prevalence of 64.5%. A total of 58% of the isolates could be placed into serogroups; of these 22.3% were group B, 4.7% were group C, 25.7% were group Y, 24.3% were group W135, and 23.0% were group 29E. No serogroup A organisms were recovered. Serotyping by agar gel double diffusion was performed on 148 strains. More than 70% of these strains were nontypable, and the disease-associated serotype 2 was present only in two group Y isolates. The same 148 isolates were also classified by major outer membrane protein patterns after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern IV was most common among all serogroups. The data demonstrate the effective use of antiserum agar for meningococcal surveillance and document the frequency of specific serotypes and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis types among carrier isolates obtained from a nonrecruit military population.", "PMID": 114532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11329", "title": "Microimmunodiffusion test for nocardiosis.", "content": "Sera from 71 patients with culturally proven nocardiosis were tested for precipitins against a pool of Nocardia asteroides and N. brasiliensis culture filtrates and against antigens from the supernatant of homogenized N. asteroides cells. A human nocardiosis case serum was used as a reference. Sera from 56 of the 71 cases were reactive with either the culture filtrate antigen, the homogenate antigen, or both antigens, resulting in an overall sensitivity of 79%. Sera from 35 of the patients (49%) were positive with the homogenate antigens, and 28 (39%) showed bands of identity with the reference serum. Sera from 50 nocardiosis cases (70%) were positive with the pooled culture filtrate antigens, and 29 (41%) produced bands of identity with the reference serum. Of 89 sera from patients with various systemic mycotic diseases, tuberculosis, or actinomycosis, 24 (27%) were positive with the nocardial homogenate antigens and 4 (4.5%) showed precipitin bands of identity. Thirty-five of the 89 sera (42%) were positive with the nocardial culture filtrate antigens, and 6 (6.7%) showed bands of identity. The majority of sera demonstrating false-positive reactions were from tuberculosis and actinomycosis cases. One of seven sera from well individuals produced a precipitin band with the culture filtrate antigen, but this was not a band of identity with reference serum. These antigens did not distinguish antibodies from patients with N. asteroides, N. brasiliensis, or N. cavia infections.", "contents": "Microimmunodiffusion test for nocardiosis. Sera from 71 patients with culturally proven nocardiosis were tested for precipitins against a pool of Nocardia asteroides and N. brasiliensis culture filtrates and against antigens from the supernatant of homogenized N. asteroides cells. A human nocardiosis case serum was used as a reference. Sera from 56 of the 71 cases were reactive with either the culture filtrate antigen, the homogenate antigen, or both antigens, resulting in an overall sensitivity of 79%. Sera from 35 of the patients (49%) were positive with the homogenate antigens, and 28 (39%) showed bands of identity with the reference serum. Sera from 50 nocardiosis cases (70%) were positive with the pooled culture filtrate antigens, and 29 (41%) produced bands of identity with the reference serum. Of 89 sera from patients with various systemic mycotic diseases, tuberculosis, or actinomycosis, 24 (27%) were positive with the nocardial homogenate antigens and 4 (4.5%) showed precipitin bands of identity. Thirty-five of the 89 sera (42%) were positive with the nocardial culture filtrate antigens, and 6 (6.7%) showed bands of identity. The majority of sera demonstrating false-positive reactions were from tuberculosis and actinomycosis cases. One of seven sera from well individuals produced a precipitin band with the culture filtrate antigen, but this was not a band of identity with reference serum. These antigens did not distinguish antibodies from patients with N. asteroides, N. brasiliensis, or N. cavia infections.", "PMID": 114533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11330", "title": "Natural infection of dogs on Cape Cod with Rickettsia rickettsii.", "content": "Four isolates of rickettsiae from sick dogs on Cape Cod, Mass., were serologically identical to isolates of Rickettsia rickettsii from human patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The antigenic analysis used the indirect fluorescent-antibody test and antisera prepared in mice to each of the isolates and to reference strains of R. rickettsii and Rickettsia montana. Serological responses of infected dogs were specific for R. rickettsii, although antibodies to R. montana were also detected in the sera of most of the canines.", "contents": "Natural infection of dogs on Cape Cod with Rickettsia rickettsii. Four isolates of rickettsiae from sick dogs on Cape Cod, Mass., were serologically identical to isolates of Rickettsia rickettsii from human patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The antigenic analysis used the indirect fluorescent-antibody test and antisera prepared in mice to each of the isolates and to reference strains of R. rickettsii and Rickettsia montana. Serological responses of infected dogs were specific for R. rickettsii, although antibodies to R. montana were also detected in the sera of most of the canines.", "PMID": 114534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11331", "title": "Application of fluoroimmunoassay to cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G and albumin.", "content": "Special solid-phase fluoroimmunoasssay protocols were used to measure the amount of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin in 1,511 samples of cerebrospinal fluid. The fluoroimmunoassay is an inhibition test conducted on the surface of a plastic probe, whose fluorescence is inversely related to the concentration of spinal fluid IgG or albumin. A microcomputer interfaced with the fluorometer calculates the sample IgG or albumin from a calibration curve based on standard cerebrospinal fluid values. The test and interpretation take less than 90 min. Correlation coefficients for over 100 cerebrospinal fluid samples tested by both fluoroimmunoassay and radial immunodiffusion were: IgG, 0.90 (slope, 1.04); albumin, 0.95 (slope, 0.99). The within-run precision (coefficient of variation) was: IgG, 4.4%; albumin, 6.3%. Run-to-run precision on a midrange sample was: IgG, 7.7%, albumin, 11.7%. These findings establish the simplicity, speed, and precision of the modified fluoroimmunoassay system for specific cerebrospinal fluid proteins.", "contents": "Application of fluoroimmunoassay to cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G and albumin. Special solid-phase fluoroimmunoasssay protocols were used to measure the amount of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin in 1,511 samples of cerebrospinal fluid. The fluoroimmunoassay is an inhibition test conducted on the surface of a plastic probe, whose fluorescence is inversely related to the concentration of spinal fluid IgG or albumin. A microcomputer interfaced with the fluorometer calculates the sample IgG or albumin from a calibration curve based on standard cerebrospinal fluid values. The test and interpretation take less than 90 min. Correlation coefficients for over 100 cerebrospinal fluid samples tested by both fluoroimmunoassay and radial immunodiffusion were: IgG, 0.90 (slope, 1.04); albumin, 0.95 (slope, 0.99). The within-run precision (coefficient of variation) was: IgG, 4.4%; albumin, 6.3%. Run-to-run precision on a midrange sample was: IgG, 7.7%, albumin, 11.7%. These findings establish the simplicity, speed, and precision of the modified fluoroimmunoassay system for specific cerebrospinal fluid proteins.", "PMID": 114535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11332", "title": "Atrial septal thickness and area in normal heart specimens and in those with ostium secundum atrial septal defects.", "content": "This anatomic study suggests that an understanding of the thickness of the atrial septum should allow better visualization of most portions of the blade-shaped atrial septum during cross-sectional echocardiography, both in normal subjects and in patients with ostium secundum atrial septal defects. The thickness measurements also demonstrate that difficulties in imaging the atrial septum are a function of resolution limits of existing echocardiographic equipment.", "contents": "Atrial septal thickness and area in normal heart specimens and in those with ostium secundum atrial septal defects. This anatomic study suggests that an understanding of the thickness of the atrial septum should allow better visualization of most portions of the blade-shaped atrial septum during cross-sectional echocardiography, both in normal subjects and in patients with ostium secundum atrial septal defects. The thickness measurements also demonstrate that difficulties in imaging the atrial septum are a function of resolution limits of existing echocardiographic equipment.", "PMID": 114537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11333", "title": "The quadratus lumborum muscle: a possible source of confusion in sonographic evaluation of the retroperitoneum.", "content": "The quadratus lumborum muscle has been noted to appear as a hypoechoic structure on sonograms of the abdomen. On occasion its appearance may simulate a pathologic fluid collection such as an abscess or retroperitoneal hematoma. Illustrative examples of this confusing appearance, as well as ways of avoiding this potential pitfall, are presented.", "contents": "The quadratus lumborum muscle: a possible source of confusion in sonographic evaluation of the retroperitoneum. The quadratus lumborum muscle has been noted to appear as a hypoechoic structure on sonograms of the abdomen. On occasion its appearance may simulate a pathologic fluid collection such as an abscess or retroperitoneal hematoma. Illustrative examples of this confusing appearance, as well as ways of avoiding this potential pitfall, are presented.", "PMID": 114538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11334", "title": "The fluid-filled stomach: a new sonic window.", "content": "Gastric air and peristalsis usually are obstacles to ultrasound imaging of the tail of the pancreas. Fifteen normal volunteers were scanned transversely in the supine position before and after intravenous administration of glucagon (1 mg) and oral administration of water. In 13 of 15 subjects glucagon produced a dilated gastric fundus that retained fluid for 30--60 min, thus allowing good imaging of the pancreatic tail in 10 subjects and fair imaging in 2 subjects. This method of creating a gastric sonic window should prove to be valuable in ultrasound imaging of the pancreas.", "contents": "The fluid-filled stomach: a new sonic window. Gastric air and peristalsis usually are obstacles to ultrasound imaging of the tail of the pancreas. Fifteen normal volunteers were scanned transversely in the supine position before and after intravenous administration of glucagon (1 mg) and oral administration of water. In 13 of 15 subjects glucagon produced a dilated gastric fundus that retained fluid for 30--60 min, thus allowing good imaging of the pancreatic tail in 10 subjects and fair imaging in 2 subjects. This method of creating a gastric sonic window should prove to be valuable in ultrasound imaging of the pancreas.", "PMID": 114539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11335", "title": "Detection of persistent left superior vena cava by two-dimensional contrast echocardiography.", "content": "One hundred seventy adult patients with possible congenital or valvular heart disease underwent contrast two-dimensional echocardiographic examination as part of a precatheterization evaluation. Persistent left superior vena cava was detected in 5 patients, each of whom demonstrated an abnormally large coronary sinus. Injection of echocardiographic contrast material from a peripheral left arm vein resulted in early opacification of this structure before other right-side chambers, thus suggesting abnormal venous drainage. Persistent left superior vena cava was confirmed in all 5 patients at the time of catheterization and/or surgery.", "contents": "Detection of persistent left superior vena cava by two-dimensional contrast echocardiography. One hundred seventy adult patients with possible congenital or valvular heart disease underwent contrast two-dimensional echocardiographic examination as part of a precatheterization evaluation. Persistent left superior vena cava was detected in 5 patients, each of whom demonstrated an abnormally large coronary sinus. Injection of echocardiographic contrast material from a peripheral left arm vein resulted in early opacification of this structure before other right-side chambers, thus suggesting abnormal venous drainage. Persistent left superior vena cava was confirmed in all 5 patients at the time of catheterization and/or surgery.", "PMID": 114540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11336", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of fetal lymphatic system abnormalities by ultrasound.", "content": "Antenatal ultrasound diagnoses of gross lymphatic system abnormalities were made in three fetuses. Although the diagnosis was made in only 1 fetus at a stage early enough in pregnancy to allow selective termination, knowledge of the abnormality in the remaining 2 fetuses proved to be valuable for subsequent management of those pregnancies. It is stressed that the extent of the abnormality must be carefully assessed because of the possibility of corrective surgery should the lesion be small and that the parents must be given detailed counseling before any definitive measures are taken.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of fetal lymphatic system abnormalities by ultrasound. Antenatal ultrasound diagnoses of gross lymphatic system abnormalities were made in three fetuses. Although the diagnosis was made in only 1 fetus at a stage early enough in pregnancy to allow selective termination, knowledge of the abnormality in the remaining 2 fetuses proved to be valuable for subsequent management of those pregnancies. It is stressed that the extent of the abnormality must be carefully assessed because of the possibility of corrective surgery should the lesion be small and that the parents must be given detailed counseling before any definitive measures are taken.", "PMID": 114541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11337", "title": "Ultrasound findings in liver hydatid cysts.", "content": "Eighty-one liver hydatid cysts evaluated by gray-scale ultrasound were accumulated in our experience over a period of 2 years. The echographic evidence in accordance with our experience can be categorized as follows: (a) nonsuppurative hydatid cysts in which echo-free area within the fine homogeneous structure of the organ provide the basic clue to the diagnosis; then the echographic appearance of the wall offers further hints to the identity of solitary, multiloculated, and multiple cysts; (b) suppurative hydatid cysts in which, depending on the intensity of secondary microbial infection, the echo-free area turns to a low, medium, or high level of echoes while holding its constitutional pattern. This report is designed to present the various ultrasound patterns of hydatid disease of the liver and show how ultrasound may be most effective in achieving the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Ultrasound findings in liver hydatid cysts. Eighty-one liver hydatid cysts evaluated by gray-scale ultrasound were accumulated in our experience over a period of 2 years. The echographic evidence in accordance with our experience can be categorized as follows: (a) nonsuppurative hydatid cysts in which echo-free area within the fine homogeneous structure of the organ provide the basic clue to the diagnosis; then the echographic appearance of the wall offers further hints to the identity of solitary, multiloculated, and multiple cysts; (b) suppurative hydatid cysts in which, depending on the intensity of secondary microbial infection, the echo-free area turns to a low, medium, or high level of echoes while holding its constitutional pattern. This report is designed to present the various ultrasound patterns of hydatid disease of the liver and show how ultrasound may be most effective in achieving the correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 114542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11338", "title": "Echocardiographic aortic ejection area as a reflection of left ventricular stroke volume.", "content": "Systolic cusp separation of normal aortic valves has been shown by echocardiography and by angiography to be related to left ventricular stroke volume. In this study, stroke volume was compared with echocardiographic area between the aortic cusps in systole (aortic ejection area). An excellent correlation was observed (r = 0.93) over a wide range of stroke volumes, even in the presence of mitral regurgitation. Stroke volume appears to correlate more closely with aortic ejection area than with angiographic or echocardiographic measurements of peak systolic cusp separation.", "contents": "Echocardiographic aortic ejection area as a reflection of left ventricular stroke volume. Systolic cusp separation of normal aortic valves has been shown by echocardiography and by angiography to be related to left ventricular stroke volume. In this study, stroke volume was compared with echocardiographic area between the aortic cusps in systole (aortic ejection area). An excellent correlation was observed (r = 0.93) over a wide range of stroke volumes, even in the presence of mitral regurgitation. Stroke volume appears to correlate more closely with aortic ejection area than with angiographic or echocardiographic measurements of peak systolic cusp separation.", "PMID": 114543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11339", "title": "Upright exercise echocardiography.", "content": "A simple technique for obtaining high-quality echocardiograms of the left ventricle during upright bicycle exercise is described. The use of this method has resulted in left ventricular dimension data that are consistent with the results of studies in conscious, previously instrumented dogs during running. Careful subject selection is important, however, as only 1 of 5 normal subjects was found suitable for these studies. Therefore, we believe that upright exercise echocardiography is feasible in selected subjects and provides useful physiologic information about left ventricular performance during exercise.", "contents": "Upright exercise echocardiography. A simple technique for obtaining high-quality echocardiograms of the left ventricle during upright bicycle exercise is described. The use of this method has resulted in left ventricular dimension data that are consistent with the results of studies in conscious, previously instrumented dogs during running. Careful subject selection is important, however, as only 1 of 5 normal subjects was found suitable for these studies. Therefore, we believe that upright exercise echocardiography is feasible in selected subjects and provides useful physiologic information about left ventricular performance during exercise.", "PMID": 114544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11340", "title": "Thalamic projections to area 17 in a prosimian primate, Microcebus murinus.", "content": "Electrophysiological recording of single neurons was used to describe the representation of visual space in area 17, and the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to relate these results to projections from the thalamus in the prosimian primate Microcebus murinus. The visuotopic organization of area 17 was found to resemble that of other primates. On the dorsal surface, the border of area 17 corresponds to the representation of the vertical meridian. Proceeding medially across the surface the location of receptive fields descends along the vertical meridian, while moving caudally receptive fields progress temporally. Most of the dorsolateral surface is devoted to central vision and corresponds to a well developed area centralis. Following HRP injections in striate cortex, columns of labeled cells were found in the dorsal lateral geniculate (dLGN) extending orthogonally across all six layers. These columns run in a general ventrodorsal and caudorostral direction, parallel to a line connecting the cellular discontinuities corresponding to the optic disc. These discontinuities are present in magnocellular layer 1 and parvocellular layers 5 and 6, thus receiving from the nasal retina of the contralateral eye. The representation of the vertical meridian is situated in the ventromedial portion of the dLGN, and the monocular field is represented in the dorsal extremity. Anterior dLGN projects to the calcarine fissure (lower field) and posterior dLGN projects to the ventral surface of the cortex (upper field). Extrageniculate input to area 17 was found to originate from the pulvinar. HRP labeled cells were located in two distinct divisions of this nucleus, the cytoarchitecture of which is described. In addition, projections to occipital cortex were found to arise from the intralaminar nuclei.", "contents": "Thalamic projections to area 17 in a prosimian primate, Microcebus murinus. Electrophysiological recording of single neurons was used to describe the representation of visual space in area 17, and the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to relate these results to projections from the thalamus in the prosimian primate Microcebus murinus. The visuotopic organization of area 17 was found to resemble that of other primates. On the dorsal surface, the border of area 17 corresponds to the representation of the vertical meridian. Proceeding medially across the surface the location of receptive fields descends along the vertical meridian, while moving caudally receptive fields progress temporally. Most of the dorsolateral surface is devoted to central vision and corresponds to a well developed area centralis. Following HRP injections in striate cortex, columns of labeled cells were found in the dorsal lateral geniculate (dLGN) extending orthogonally across all six layers. These columns run in a general ventrodorsal and caudorostral direction, parallel to a line connecting the cellular discontinuities corresponding to the optic disc. These discontinuities are present in magnocellular layer 1 and parvocellular layers 5 and 6, thus receiving from the nasal retina of the contralateral eye. The representation of the vertical meridian is situated in the ventromedial portion of the dLGN, and the monocular field is represented in the dorsal extremity. Anterior dLGN projects to the calcarine fissure (lower field) and posterior dLGN projects to the ventral surface of the cortex (upper field). Extrageniculate input to area 17 was found to originate from the pulvinar. HRP labeled cells were located in two distinct divisions of this nucleus, the cytoarchitecture of which is described. In addition, projections to occipital cortex were found to arise from the intralaminar nuclei.", "PMID": 114550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11341", "title": "Endocytic activity of subependymal microglial cells in the toad brain: a cytochemical study of peroxidase uptake.", "content": "A population of microglial cells that rapidly incorporate extracellular material introduced into the ventricular system has been identified just beneath the ependyma of all four cerebral ventricles in the toad (Bufo marinus). In untreated tissue these cells appear to be scattered, possess few processes and have an elongate shape with their long axes lying parallel to the ventricular surface. Their most distinctive ultrastructural features are nuclei containing clumps of chromatin, cytoplasmic dense bodies and single strands of granular endoplasmic reticulum. When horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is perfused through the ventricular system and the tissue processed using the DAB cytochemical method, the cells change shape and incorporate HRP into cytoplasmic structures. Even after very short perfusion periods (2-5 minutes) cells become rounded, the surface is ruffled and pseudopodia develop that contain characteristic flocculent material. Reaction product for HRP is contained in plain and coated vesicles, tubules, vacuoles and long structures composed of two closely apposed membranes. At these early times, relatively few multivesicular bodies and dense bodies contain reaction product, but when the cells are viewed at longer time periods after the ventricular perfusion of HRP an increasing proportion of the multivesicular bodies and dense bodies contain reaction product. By 320 minutes reaction product is found almost exclusively in these two organelles. In addition, many pseudopodia containing dense bodies with peroxidase activity are found in the neurophile; some, but not all, can be traced from the subependymal microglial cells. The cell bodies have resumed their flattened shape. When compared to the subependymal microglial cells, other brain cells--oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells and neurons--contain relatively little reaction product at short time intervals; only by 320 minutes are moderate amounts of HRP present. Because of the position of the microglial cells and their ingestive capacity, it is suggested that they function to protect the brain from foreign substances entering from the CSF.", "contents": "Endocytic activity of subependymal microglial cells in the toad brain: a cytochemical study of peroxidase uptake. A population of microglial cells that rapidly incorporate extracellular material introduced into the ventricular system has been identified just beneath the ependyma of all four cerebral ventricles in the toad (Bufo marinus). In untreated tissue these cells appear to be scattered, possess few processes and have an elongate shape with their long axes lying parallel to the ventricular surface. Their most distinctive ultrastructural features are nuclei containing clumps of chromatin, cytoplasmic dense bodies and single strands of granular endoplasmic reticulum. When horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is perfused through the ventricular system and the tissue processed using the DAB cytochemical method, the cells change shape and incorporate HRP into cytoplasmic structures. Even after very short perfusion periods (2-5 minutes) cells become rounded, the surface is ruffled and pseudopodia develop that contain characteristic flocculent material. Reaction product for HRP is contained in plain and coated vesicles, tubules, vacuoles and long structures composed of two closely apposed membranes. At these early times, relatively few multivesicular bodies and dense bodies contain reaction product, but when the cells are viewed at longer time periods after the ventricular perfusion of HRP an increasing proportion of the multivesicular bodies and dense bodies contain reaction product. By 320 minutes reaction product is found almost exclusively in these two organelles. In addition, many pseudopodia containing dense bodies with peroxidase activity are found in the neurophile; some, but not all, can be traced from the subependymal microglial cells. The cell bodies have resumed their flattened shape. When compared to the subependymal microglial cells, other brain cells--oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells and neurons--contain relatively little reaction product at short time intervals; only by 320 minutes are moderate amounts of HRP present. Because of the position of the microglial cells and their ingestive capacity, it is suggested that they function to protect the brain from foreign substances entering from the CSF.", "PMID": 114551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11342", "title": "The raphe nuclei of the rabbit brain stem.", "content": "The raphe nuclei of the rabbit brain stem were found in the midline and adjacent reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and mesencephalon. Nuclei raphe obscurus, pallidus, and magnus were located in the medulla. Nucleus raphe pontis and the caudal portion of nuclei raphe dorsalis and centralis superior were present in the pons. The rostral portion of nuclei raphe dorsalis and centralis superior, and nuclei linearis caudalis and intermedius were present in the msencephalon. Wings of neurons extended from the midline clusters of raphe neurons into the adjacent reticular formation. These wings of neurons contained serotonergic perikarya which were cytoarchitecturally indistinguishable from the midline neurons. A detailed localization of these nuclei is presented in atlas form. These raphe nuclei contained heterogeneous populations of neurons which varied in the size, shape and density of the cell bodies. In addition, the dendritic branching, specific orientation of dendrites, and appearance of spines were distinct for each of the raphe nuclei. Individual raphe nuclei often contained several subpopulations of neurons characterized by unique spatial configuration and orientation. The main morphological similarities of the raphe nuclei are location in or adjacent to the midline, the presence of serotonergic cell bodies in all raphe nuclei except the linear nuclei, and heterogeneous cell populations.", "contents": "The raphe nuclei of the rabbit brain stem. The raphe nuclei of the rabbit brain stem were found in the midline and adjacent reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and mesencephalon. Nuclei raphe obscurus, pallidus, and magnus were located in the medulla. Nucleus raphe pontis and the caudal portion of nuclei raphe dorsalis and centralis superior were present in the pons. The rostral portion of nuclei raphe dorsalis and centralis superior, and nuclei linearis caudalis and intermedius were present in the msencephalon. Wings of neurons extended from the midline clusters of raphe neurons into the adjacent reticular formation. These wings of neurons contained serotonergic perikarya which were cytoarchitecturally indistinguishable from the midline neurons. A detailed localization of these nuclei is presented in atlas form. These raphe nuclei contained heterogeneous populations of neurons which varied in the size, shape and density of the cell bodies. In addition, the dendritic branching, specific orientation of dendrites, and appearance of spines were distinct for each of the raphe nuclei. Individual raphe nuclei often contained several subpopulations of neurons characterized by unique spatial configuration and orientation. The main morphological similarities of the raphe nuclei are location in or adjacent to the midline, the presence of serotonergic cell bodies in all raphe nuclei except the linear nuclei, and heterogeneous cell populations.", "PMID": 114552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11343", "title": "Excitatory synaptic ensemble properties in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey: a current source density analysis of electrically evoked potentials.", "content": "The spatio-temporal distributions of excitatory synaptic ensemble activities in A17 and A18 of the visual cortex of the macaque monkey have been investigated. The synaptic activities were elicited by electrical stimulation of the primary efferents and were localized by applying the current source density analysis to the intracortically recorded field potentials. The principal results are as follows: 1. In A17, two groups of activity, evoked by fast and slow afferents, respectively, were distinguishable. 2. The fast afferents induced monosynaptic activity in layer IV C alpha and layer VI, disynaptic activity in layer IV C alpha and in the supragranular layers and trisynaptic activity in layer IV B. 3. The slow efferents induced monosynaptic activity in lower layers IV C beta and layer VI, disynaptic activity via strong connections in upper layer IV C beta, further disynaptic activity in layers III and IV B and trisynaptic activity in layers V A and II. 4. With the exception that the CSD data reveal more polysynaptic activity within layer IV, there is good agreement between the spatio-temporal distribution of synaptic activities and the cortical circuit diagrams proposed in anatomical studies. 5. In A18, activities from the slow and fast conducting afferent systems are revealed in layer IV, both most likely mediated by the monosynaptically activated target cells of A17. These activities are passed on to the supra-and infragranular layers. 6. In the lateral geniculate nucleus the safety factor of transmission is higher for activity conveyed by slow-than by fast-conducting retinal afferents. 7. The spatial distribution of monocularly evoked surface potentials failed to reveal the ocular dominance columns. 8. Comparison with the cat indicates that, with respect to the intracortical circuitry and LHN-transmission, there are more similarities between the fast-group activity in the monkey and the y-system in the cat and between the slow-group activity in the monkey and the x-system in the cat than vice versa.", "contents": "Excitatory synaptic ensemble properties in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey: a current source density analysis of electrically evoked potentials. The spatio-temporal distributions of excitatory synaptic ensemble activities in A17 and A18 of the visual cortex of the macaque monkey have been investigated. The synaptic activities were elicited by electrical stimulation of the primary efferents and were localized by applying the current source density analysis to the intracortically recorded field potentials. The principal results are as follows: 1. In A17, two groups of activity, evoked by fast and slow afferents, respectively, were distinguishable. 2. The fast afferents induced monosynaptic activity in layer IV C alpha and layer VI, disynaptic activity in layer IV C alpha and in the supragranular layers and trisynaptic activity in layer IV B. 3. The slow efferents induced monosynaptic activity in lower layers IV C beta and layer VI, disynaptic activity via strong connections in upper layer IV C beta, further disynaptic activity in layers III and IV B and trisynaptic activity in layers V A and II. 4. With the exception that the CSD data reveal more polysynaptic activity within layer IV, there is good agreement between the spatio-temporal distribution of synaptic activities and the cortical circuit diagrams proposed in anatomical studies. 5. In A18, activities from the slow and fast conducting afferent systems are revealed in layer IV, both most likely mediated by the monosynaptically activated target cells of A17. These activities are passed on to the supra-and infragranular layers. 6. In the lateral geniculate nucleus the safety factor of transmission is higher for activity conveyed by slow-than by fast-conducting retinal afferents. 7. The spatial distribution of monocularly evoked surface potentials failed to reveal the ocular dominance columns. 8. Comparison with the cat indicates that, with respect to the intracortical circuitry and LHN-transmission, there are more similarities between the fast-group activity in the monkey and the y-system in the cat and between the slow-group activity in the monkey and the x-system in the cat than vice versa.", "PMID": 114553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11344", "title": "Visual thalamocortical connections in sheep studied by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish-peroxidase.", "content": "In order to study the visual thalamocortical connections in the sheep, horseradish peroxidase (0.3--0.5 microliter of a 30% solution) has been injected in the gyri marginalis, ectomarginalis medius pars medialis, ectomarginalis medius pars lateralis and ectosylvius caudalis. The results show that: (1) the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) projects to the former three gyri. Dorsal parts of the LGNd project to caudal areas, whereas its ventral parts project to rostral areas of these gyri; medial parts of the LGNd project to the gyrus ectomarginalis medius pars lateralis, while lateral parts project to the gyrus marginalis; (2) the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN) or pars geniculata pulvinaris of Rose ('42b) projects to the caudal part of the gyrus marginalis and to the gyrus ectomarginalis medius pars lateralis; (3) the pulvinar proper of Rose (PUL) projects to the caudal part of the gyrus ectosylvius caudalis whereas the rostral part of this gyrus receives input from the medial geniculate body. In relation to Rose's cytoarchitectonic study of the cortex of sheep ('42a) the present study has shown that the LGNd projects to both the area striata (gyrus marginalis + gyrus ectomarginalis medius pars medialis) and area occipitalis (gyrus ectomarginalis medius pars lateralis) of Rose, that the gyrus marginalis and the area occipitals receive a second projection (from the MIN), and that the PUL projects beyond the area occipitalis to the area parietalis of Rose.", "contents": "Visual thalamocortical connections in sheep studied by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish-peroxidase. In order to study the visual thalamocortical connections in the sheep, horseradish peroxidase (0.3--0.5 microliter of a 30% solution) has been injected in the gyri marginalis, ectomarginalis medius pars medialis, ectomarginalis medius pars lateralis and ectosylvius caudalis. The results show that: (1) the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) projects to the former three gyri. Dorsal parts of the LGNd project to caudal areas, whereas its ventral parts project to rostral areas of these gyri; medial parts of the LGNd project to the gyrus ectomarginalis medius pars lateralis, while lateral parts project to the gyrus marginalis; (2) the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN) or pars geniculata pulvinaris of Rose ('42b) projects to the caudal part of the gyrus marginalis and to the gyrus ectomarginalis medius pars lateralis; (3) the pulvinar proper of Rose (PUL) projects to the caudal part of the gyrus ectosylvius caudalis whereas the rostral part of this gyrus receives input from the medial geniculate body. In relation to Rose's cytoarchitectonic study of the cortex of sheep ('42a) the present study has shown that the LGNd projects to both the area striata (gyrus marginalis + gyrus ectomarginalis medius pars medialis) and area occipitalis (gyrus ectomarginalis medius pars lateralis) of Rose, that the gyrus marginalis and the area occipitals receive a second projection (from the MIN), and that the PUL projects beyond the area occipitalis to the area parietalis of Rose.", "PMID": 114554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11345", "title": "Subcortical projections of six visual cortical areas in the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus.", "content": "Subcortical projections of six visual cortical areas (Areas 17 and 18, the Middle Temporal, Dorsomedial and Medial Areas, and the Posterior Parietal Region) in the owl monkey, Aotus trivigatus, were investigated with autoradiographic methods following injections of tritiated proline. No contralateral projections were demonstrated. While some brainstem structures received input from all six subdivisions of cortex, each cortical area appeared to exhibit its own unique pattern of subcortical projections. All six cortical areas were found to project to the superior and inferior divisions of the pulvinar, reticular nucleus of the thalamus, pretectum and superior colliculus. Other subcortical targets of one or more visual cortical areas were the basal ganglia, claustrum, zona incerta, one or more of the intralaminar nuclei, lateral posterior nucleus, pregeniculate nucleus, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, and pontine nuclei. Furthermore, details of corticofugal projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectum and superior colliculus varied with the cortical area studied. The projections to the reticular nucleus, pregeniculate nucleus, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the inferior and a portion of the superior division of the pulvinar and the superior colliculus were found to be topographically organized. The targets of the subcortical projections were compared with those of the retina, as revealed by autoradiographic methods following tritiated proline injections of the eye and were found to overlap to varying extents in the superior colliculus, pretectum and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and to be segregated in the pregeniculate nucleus. The results substantiate the validity of previous studies in the owl monkey that suggest that the visual cortex is subdivided into several functionally distinct areas; and illustrate the complexity of corticofugal influence on visual processing.", "contents": "Subcortical projections of six visual cortical areas in the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus. Subcortical projections of six visual cortical areas (Areas 17 and 18, the Middle Temporal, Dorsomedial and Medial Areas, and the Posterior Parietal Region) in the owl monkey, Aotus trivigatus, were investigated with autoradiographic methods following injections of tritiated proline. No contralateral projections were demonstrated. While some brainstem structures received input from all six subdivisions of cortex, each cortical area appeared to exhibit its own unique pattern of subcortical projections. All six cortical areas were found to project to the superior and inferior divisions of the pulvinar, reticular nucleus of the thalamus, pretectum and superior colliculus. Other subcortical targets of one or more visual cortical areas were the basal ganglia, claustrum, zona incerta, one or more of the intralaminar nuclei, lateral posterior nucleus, pregeniculate nucleus, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, and pontine nuclei. Furthermore, details of corticofugal projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectum and superior colliculus varied with the cortical area studied. The projections to the reticular nucleus, pregeniculate nucleus, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the inferior and a portion of the superior division of the pulvinar and the superior colliculus were found to be topographically organized. The targets of the subcortical projections were compared with those of the retina, as revealed by autoradiographic methods following tritiated proline injections of the eye and were found to overlap to varying extents in the superior colliculus, pretectum and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and to be segregated in the pregeniculate nucleus. The results substantiate the validity of previous studies in the owl monkey that suggest that the visual cortex is subdivided into several functionally distinct areas; and illustrate the complexity of corticofugal influence on visual processing.", "PMID": 114555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11346", "title": "The inferior pulvinar complex in owl monkeys: architectonic subdivisions and patterns of input from the superior colliculus and subdivisions of visual cortex.", "content": "Patterns of connections with other visual structures and architectonic characteristics were used to subdivide the inferior pulvinar complex of owl monkeys into three distinct nuclei termed the central inferior pulvinar, IPc, the medial inferior pulvinar, IPm, and the posterior inferior pulvinar, IPp. IPc occupies about 70%; IPm about 20%, and IPp about 10% of the inferior pulvinar complex. Encapsulating fiber bands distinguish the boundaries of the three nuclei. IPm is also identified by a much greater packing density of neurons than IPc and IPp. Both IPp and IPc receive input from the superior colliculus, but the terminations in IPp are denser. Visual cortical Areas 17, 18, MT, DM, M and PP (Allman and Kaas, '76) project to IPc and IPm in patterns that indicate that central vision is represented dorsorostrally and peripheral vision ventrocaudally in both nuclei. Terminations in IPm from Area MT are particularly dense. None of these visual areas projects to IPp. Rather, input to IPp appears to originate in cortex rostral to Area MT in the temporal lobe.", "contents": "The inferior pulvinar complex in owl monkeys: architectonic subdivisions and patterns of input from the superior colliculus and subdivisions of visual cortex. Patterns of connections with other visual structures and architectonic characteristics were used to subdivide the inferior pulvinar complex of owl monkeys into three distinct nuclei termed the central inferior pulvinar, IPc, the medial inferior pulvinar, IPm, and the posterior inferior pulvinar, IPp. IPc occupies about 70%; IPm about 20%, and IPp about 10% of the inferior pulvinar complex. Encapsulating fiber bands distinguish the boundaries of the three nuclei. IPm is also identified by a much greater packing density of neurons than IPc and IPp. Both IPp and IPc receive input from the superior colliculus, but the terminations in IPp are denser. Visual cortical Areas 17, 18, MT, DM, M and PP (Allman and Kaas, '76) project to IPc and IPm in patterns that indicate that central vision is represented dorsorostrally and peripheral vision ventrocaudally in both nuclei. Terminations in IPm from Area MT are particularly dense. None of these visual areas projects to IPp. Rather, input to IPp appears to originate in cortex rostral to Area MT in the temporal lobe.", "PMID": 114556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11347", "title": "The striate projection zone in the superior temporal sulcus of Macaca mulatta: location and topographic organization.", "content": "In the rhesus monkey, the caudal portion of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) receives a direct projection from lateral striate cortex, the striate are representing central vision. The present study was undertaken to determine whether STS also receives a direct projection from areas of striate cortex representing peripheral vision, with the intent of defining the entire striate projection zone in STS as well as providing information regarding a possible topographic organization within this secondary visual area. A series of five rhesus monkeys was prepared with unilateral lesions of lateral, posterior, or medial striate cortex, such that, collectively, the lesions in the series included all of striate cortex with little or no invasion of prestriate cortex. The monkeys were sacrificed seven days after surgery and their brains were processed by the Fink-Heimer procedure. An analysis of the distribution of terminal degeneration within STS indicated: (1) All areas of striate cortex project to a restricted region along the caudal portion of STS. The ventral limit of this region can be demarcated by an imaginary line connecting the ventral tips of the lunate and intraparietal sulci; from this limit the region extends dorsocaudally for approximately 12 mm to the point at which STS frequently bifurcates, sending one spur forward into the inferior parietal lobule. (2) Within this portion of STS there is an orderly mapping of the visual field; progression from central vision to the far periphery is represented by a progression down the posterior bank of STS and continuing along the entire floor, or insula-like portion, of the sulcus. (3) Projections from striate cortex to STS terminate predominantly in layer IV and the deep part of layer III. (4) There is a distinctive pattern of myelination contained within the striate projection zone of STS. These anatomical findings concerning the striate projection zone of STS in the rhesus monkey are remarkably similar to those that have been described for the middle temporal visual area (MT) in New World monkeys, and thus support earlier proposals that the two areas are homologous.", "contents": "The striate projection zone in the superior temporal sulcus of Macaca mulatta: location and topographic organization. In the rhesus monkey, the caudal portion of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) receives a direct projection from lateral striate cortex, the striate are representing central vision. The present study was undertaken to determine whether STS also receives a direct projection from areas of striate cortex representing peripheral vision, with the intent of defining the entire striate projection zone in STS as well as providing information regarding a possible topographic organization within this secondary visual area. A series of five rhesus monkeys was prepared with unilateral lesions of lateral, posterior, or medial striate cortex, such that, collectively, the lesions in the series included all of striate cortex with little or no invasion of prestriate cortex. The monkeys were sacrificed seven days after surgery and their brains were processed by the Fink-Heimer procedure. An analysis of the distribution of terminal degeneration within STS indicated: (1) All areas of striate cortex project to a restricted region along the caudal portion of STS. The ventral limit of this region can be demarcated by an imaginary line connecting the ventral tips of the lunate and intraparietal sulci; from this limit the region extends dorsocaudally for approximately 12 mm to the point at which STS frequently bifurcates, sending one spur forward into the inferior parietal lobule. (2) Within this portion of STS there is an orderly mapping of the visual field; progression from central vision to the far periphery is represented by a progression down the posterior bank of STS and continuing along the entire floor, or insula-like portion, of the sulcus. (3) Projections from striate cortex to STS terminate predominantly in layer IV and the deep part of layer III. (4) There is a distinctive pattern of myelination contained within the striate projection zone of STS. These anatomical findings concerning the striate projection zone of STS in the rhesus monkey are remarkably similar to those that have been described for the middle temporal visual area (MT) in New World monkeys, and thus support earlier proposals that the two areas are homologous.", "PMID": 114557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11348", "title": "Cells of origin of long descending propriospinal fibers connecting the spinal enlargements in cat and monkey determined by horseradish peroxidase and electrophysiological techniques.", "content": "The cells of origin of the long descending propriospinal tract (LDPT) in the cervical enlargement were studied in cat and monkey by using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Their distribution was confirmed electrophysiologically in cat by recording their antidromic action potentials. In cats and monkeys unilateral injections of HRP were made into the gray matter of the lumbosacral enlargement, but there was some spread to the contralateral side. In cats labeled somas were found in greatest numbers in lamina VIII and medial lamina VII, bilaterally. Labeled cells also were found bilaterally in laminae I, IV--VI, and X, but few were in IV and VI. Those in lamina V were usually in the lateral part of the lamina near the reticulated region. The cross-sectional areas of 20 neurons from each of laminae I and V--VIII were measured. Cells in lamina I were smallest and the largest were in VII and VIII. In cats with the spinal cord hemisected between the injection site and the cervical enlargement containing the somas, the bilaterality of the LDPT neurons in laminae VII and VIII was confirmed anatomically and physiologically. Contralaterally projecting neurons in laminae VIII and medial VII constituted a majority of LDPT cells in those laminae. The LDPT neurons in the dorsal horn appeared to project mainly ipsilaterally, but the number of labeled dorsal horn cells in these preparations was small. The distribution of antidromically localized cells of the LDPT was found to be in good agreement with the anatomical results. Their conduction velocity was 59 +/- 22 m/s (mean +/- s.d., n = 245). Histograms of the conduction velocity by laminae are given. In monkey the distribution of labeled somas was similar to that in the cat, except that the concentration of labeled somas in the ventral horn was more medially and dorsally located. Labeled somas were found bilaterally in laminae I, IV--VIII, and X, but more appeared to be ipsilateral to the side of the injection, especially in the dorsal horn. The bilaterality of the LDPT in the monkey was not tested with hemisections of the spinal cord. Neurons of the LDPT are ideally situated for conveying sensory information from the forelimb for eliciting reflexes in the hindlimb, as has been observed after stimulating afferents in the forelimb, and for coordinating, in general, motor functions between the two pairs of limbs.", "contents": "Cells of origin of long descending propriospinal fibers connecting the spinal enlargements in cat and monkey determined by horseradish peroxidase and electrophysiological techniques. The cells of origin of the long descending propriospinal tract (LDPT) in the cervical enlargement were studied in cat and monkey by using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Their distribution was confirmed electrophysiologically in cat by recording their antidromic action potentials. In cats and monkeys unilateral injections of HRP were made into the gray matter of the lumbosacral enlargement, but there was some spread to the contralateral side. In cats labeled somas were found in greatest numbers in lamina VIII and medial lamina VII, bilaterally. Labeled cells also were found bilaterally in laminae I, IV--VI, and X, but few were in IV and VI. Those in lamina V were usually in the lateral part of the lamina near the reticulated region. The cross-sectional areas of 20 neurons from each of laminae I and V--VIII were measured. Cells in lamina I were smallest and the largest were in VII and VIII. In cats with the spinal cord hemisected between the injection site and the cervical enlargement containing the somas, the bilaterality of the LDPT neurons in laminae VII and VIII was confirmed anatomically and physiologically. Contralaterally projecting neurons in laminae VIII and medial VII constituted a majority of LDPT cells in those laminae. The LDPT neurons in the dorsal horn appeared to project mainly ipsilaterally, but the number of labeled dorsal horn cells in these preparations was small. The distribution of antidromically localized cells of the LDPT was found to be in good agreement with the anatomical results. Their conduction velocity was 59 +/- 22 m/s (mean +/- s.d., n = 245). Histograms of the conduction velocity by laminae are given. In monkey the distribution of labeled somas was similar to that in the cat, except that the concentration of labeled somas in the ventral horn was more medially and dorsally located. Labeled somas were found bilaterally in laminae I, IV--VIII, and X, but more appeared to be ipsilateral to the side of the injection, especially in the dorsal horn. The bilaterality of the LDPT in the monkey was not tested with hemisections of the spinal cord. Neurons of the LDPT are ideally situated for conveying sensory information from the forelimb for eliciting reflexes in the hindlimb, as has been observed after stimulating afferents in the forelimb, and for coordinating, in general, motor functions between the two pairs of limbs.", "PMID": 114558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11349", "title": "The effect of calcitonin in vitro on tooth germs in protein-energy malnourished rats.", "content": "The effect of calcitonin on the development of incisor and molar tooth germs was studied in normal and nutritionally deprived newborn rats. Calcitonin affected the calcium uptake of nutritionally deprived molar tooth germs in the early postnatal period; this interaction was not seen in the later postnatal period, however.", "contents": "The effect of calcitonin in vitro on tooth germs in protein-energy malnourished rats. The effect of calcitonin on the development of incisor and molar tooth germs was studied in normal and nutritionally deprived newborn rats. Calcitonin affected the calcium uptake of nutritionally deprived molar tooth germs in the early postnatal period; this interaction was not seen in the later postnatal period, however.", "PMID": 114562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11350", "title": "Calcium-specific precipitation of dentin phosphoprotein: a new method of purification and the significance for the mechanism of calcification.", "content": "Calcium, but not magnesium or strontium ions, specifically induce the precipitation of dentin phosphoprotein, which is reversibly solubilized by EDTA. This finding is very useful in pruifying dentin phosphoprotein of either a free or matrix-bound type. Bovine dentin phosphoproteins, thus isolated, contain a minimal amount of contaminant protein, unlike previous preparations.", "contents": "Calcium-specific precipitation of dentin phosphoprotein: a new method of purification and the significance for the mechanism of calcification. Calcium, but not magnesium or strontium ions, specifically induce the precipitation of dentin phosphoprotein, which is reversibly solubilized by EDTA. This finding is very useful in pruifying dentin phosphoprotein of either a free or matrix-bound type. Bovine dentin phosphoproteins, thus isolated, contain a minimal amount of contaminant protein, unlike previous preparations.", "PMID": 114563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11351", "title": "Bromocriptine induced pregnancy in two cases of euprolactinemic hypothalamic amenorrhea.", "content": "Two euprolactinemic women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, previously unsuccessfully submitted to clomiphene citrate therapy, were treated with bromocriptine. PRL secretion was studied in basal conditions and under dynamic tests: TRH and chlorpromazine. Serum FSH, LH and 17-beta-estradiol were determined before and during the treatment. Both patients conceived, and one delivered a healthy baby at term. Bromocriptine appears to be an effective drug for treating women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, particularly those unresponsive to clomiphene.", "contents": "Bromocriptine induced pregnancy in two cases of euprolactinemic hypothalamic amenorrhea. Two euprolactinemic women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, previously unsuccessfully submitted to clomiphene citrate therapy, were treated with bromocriptine. PRL secretion was studied in basal conditions and under dynamic tests: TRH and chlorpromazine. Serum FSH, LH and 17-beta-estradiol were determined before and during the treatment. Both patients conceived, and one delivered a healthy baby at term. Bromocriptine appears to be an effective drug for treating women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, particularly those unresponsive to clomiphene.", "PMID": 114566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11352", "title": "Plasma immunoreactive thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) values in normal newborns.", "content": "The study reported here extends investigation on the pituitary thyroid axis in newborn infants, including the assay of plasma immunoreactive TSH levels at different intervals after delivery. Blood samples were collected at birth and after 30, 60, 120 minutes, 6, 24 and 48 hours. Plasma TRH levels were also estimated in normal adult subjects and pregnant women. No significant difference was observed with regard to sex, pregnancy or age, except for a marked increase in newborn infants after delivery. Plasma TRH values, already moderately high at birth (mean 46 pg/ml, range 34-57) reached rapidly a peak of 78 pg/ml (range 60-93) 30 minutes after delivery, decreased rapidly between 30 minutes and 2 hours post-partum, then fell gradually to normal range at 24 hours. A comparison of plasma TRH and TSH levels measured simultaneously suggests that the acute TSH surge at delivery is mediated by TRH secretion.", "contents": "Plasma immunoreactive thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) values in normal newborns. The study reported here extends investigation on the pituitary thyroid axis in newborn infants, including the assay of plasma immunoreactive TSH levels at different intervals after delivery. Blood samples were collected at birth and after 30, 60, 120 minutes, 6, 24 and 48 hours. Plasma TRH levels were also estimated in normal adult subjects and pregnant women. No significant difference was observed with regard to sex, pregnancy or age, except for a marked increase in newborn infants after delivery. Plasma TRH values, already moderately high at birth (mean 46 pg/ml, range 34-57) reached rapidly a peak of 78 pg/ml (range 60-93) 30 minutes after delivery, decreased rapidly between 30 minutes and 2 hours post-partum, then fell gradually to normal range at 24 hours. A comparison of plasma TRH and TSH levels measured simultaneously suggests that the acute TSH surge at delivery is mediated by TRH secretion.", "PMID": 114567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11353", "title": "The effect of TRH on the release of TSH, PRL and GH in man under basal conditions and following methysergide.", "content": "Pretreatment with methysergide, a blocker of serotoninergic receptors, significantly reduced the TSH response to TRH in six male volunteers. The TRH-induced PRL release was also slightly decreased, while plasma GH levels were not significantly modified by TRH either during the control period or after methysergide. These results indicate that alterations of central nervous system monoaminergic pathways may modify the hypophysiotropic effects of TRH.", "contents": "The effect of TRH on the release of TSH, PRL and GH in man under basal conditions and following methysergide. Pretreatment with methysergide, a blocker of serotoninergic receptors, significantly reduced the TSH response to TRH in six male volunteers. The TRH-induced PRL release was also slightly decreased, while plasma GH levels were not significantly modified by TRH either during the control period or after methysergide. These results indicate that alterations of central nervous system monoaminergic pathways may modify the hypophysiotropic effects of TRH.", "PMID": 114568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11354", "title": "Unchanged thyrotropin and prolactin responses to thyrotropin releasing hormone after indomethacin treatment.", "content": "Experimental effects of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors have been considered in the literature as a clue to the possible interactions of prostaglandins with the hypothalamic releasing hormones at the pituitary level. Some results of the administration to man of these drugs are apparently in contrast with the in vivo and in vitro animal data. The present investigation deals with the comparison between the thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) effect on prolactin and thyrotropin when the hormone was administered intravenously at doses of 50, 100 and 200 microgram respectively to three groups of six men (aged 22 to 30 years), before and on the sixth day of indomethacin administration (50 mg orally at 6-hour intervals). No significant change in the releasing hormone effect was observed either in the case of prolactin, where TRH caused a consistently similar release of the hormone at every dose employed, or in the case of thyrotropin, where a dose-dependent releasing effect was obtained before and after indomethacin treatment.", "contents": "Unchanged thyrotropin and prolactin responses to thyrotropin releasing hormone after indomethacin treatment. Experimental effects of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors have been considered in the literature as a clue to the possible interactions of prostaglandins with the hypothalamic releasing hormones at the pituitary level. Some results of the administration to man of these drugs are apparently in contrast with the in vivo and in vitro animal data. The present investigation deals with the comparison between the thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) effect on prolactin and thyrotropin when the hormone was administered intravenously at doses of 50, 100 and 200 microgram respectively to three groups of six men (aged 22 to 30 years), before and on the sixth day of indomethacin administration (50 mg orally at 6-hour intervals). No significant change in the releasing hormone effect was observed either in the case of prolactin, where TRH caused a consistently similar release of the hormone at every dose employed, or in the case of thyrotropin, where a dose-dependent releasing effect was obtained before and after indomethacin treatment.", "PMID": 114569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11355", "title": "The effect of prednisone on serum thyrotropin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in hypothyroid patients.", "content": "The effect of exogenous prednisone on serum thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations was investigated in four patients with non-functioning thyroid glands receiving T4 replacement therapy. Orally administered prednisone, in a dose of 20 mg each day for nine days, resulted in a significant decrease in mean serum TSH levels (p less than 0.01) without significant changes in levels of serum T4, T3, and thyroxine binding globulin (TBG). These findings suggest an inhibitory action of relatively low pharmacologic doses of prednisone on TSH release without changes in circulating thyroid hormone concentrations or inhibition of the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.", "contents": "The effect of prednisone on serum thyrotropin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in hypothyroid patients. The effect of exogenous prednisone on serum thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations was investigated in four patients with non-functioning thyroid glands receiving T4 replacement therapy. Orally administered prednisone, in a dose of 20 mg each day for nine days, resulted in a significant decrease in mean serum TSH levels (p less than 0.01) without significant changes in levels of serum T4, T3, and thyroxine binding globulin (TBG). These findings suggest an inhibitory action of relatively low pharmacologic doses of prednisone on TSH release without changes in circulating thyroid hormone concentrations or inhibition of the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.", "PMID": 114570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11356", "title": "Health care cost containment in West Germany.", "content": "The West German health care system has experienced a serious escalation of expenditures since about 1970. For a variety of reasons, many features of the national health insurance program that might have provided restraints on costs were gradually eliminated. Most notably, some restrictions on the supply of physicians and hospital facilities were ended, as was an earlier system of fixed budgeting for ambulatory care services. In addition, legislative and judicial decisions have continually expanded both the benefits and the standard of care that must be provided to publicly insured patients. In 1977, the government passed a Health Care Containment Act which ordered several measures to curb costs: prospectively negotiated ceilings on expenditures for physicians' services, dentists' services and prescription drugs; strengthening of utilization review; composition of a unified fee schedule; small increases in cost sharing and limitations on insurance benefits; and some changes in financing. The reform efforts seem to have had a significant effect, though it is still too early to tell exactly what caused the declining growth rate of health expenditures, and whether the new trend will persist.", "contents": "Health care cost containment in West Germany. The West German health care system has experienced a serious escalation of expenditures since about 1970. For a variety of reasons, many features of the national health insurance program that might have provided restraints on costs were gradually eliminated. Most notably, some restrictions on the supply of physicians and hospital facilities were ended, as was an earlier system of fixed budgeting for ambulatory care services. In addition, legislative and judicial decisions have continually expanded both the benefits and the standard of care that must be provided to publicly insured patients. In 1977, the government passed a Health Care Containment Act which ordered several measures to curb costs: prospectively negotiated ceilings on expenditures for physicians' services, dentists' services and prescription drugs; strengthening of utilization review; composition of a unified fee schedule; small increases in cost sharing and limitations on insurance benefits; and some changes in financing. The reform efforts seem to have had a significant effect, though it is still too early to tell exactly what caused the declining growth rate of health expenditures, and whether the new trend will persist.", "PMID": 114573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11357", "title": "Measles in monkeys: an epidemiological study.", "content": "This study describes aspects of measles in non-human primates. Monkeys infected before importation are shown to produce non-immune offspring in captivity in England. The high antibody titres found in most recently imported monkeys decline slowly during captivity in England. While measles is often fatal to monkeys, we have described an outbreak in which a number of symptomless infections occurred. Histological examination of fatal cases produced evidence of infection in the wall of the urinary bladder in one monkey. The close similarity between measles in humans and monkeys has been confirmed. It is considered that the study of infection among the latter may have significance for the former.", "contents": "Measles in monkeys: an epidemiological study. This study describes aspects of measles in non-human primates. Monkeys infected before importation are shown to produce non-immune offspring in captivity in England. The high antibody titres found in most recently imported monkeys decline slowly during captivity in England. While measles is often fatal to monkeys, we have described an outbreak in which a number of symptomless infections occurred. Histological examination of fatal cases produced evidence of infection in the wall of the urinary bladder in one monkey. The close similarity between measles in humans and monkeys has been confirmed. It is considered that the study of infection among the latter may have significance for the former.", "PMID": 114578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11358", "title": "Growth agglutination and growth inhibition tests in the diagnosis of brucellosis.", "content": "Growth agglutination and growth inhibition tests were established for the diagnosis of Brucella abortus infection. The former involves the agglutination of living organisms while the latter is a bactericidal test. Using mouse, guinea-pig, rabbit and bovine serum it was shown that the growth agglutination test is approximately ten times, and the growth inhibition test one hundred times, more sensitive than the conventional tube agglutination test. It is suggested that these techniques may be of assistance in diagnosing bovine brucellosis in situations in which the tube agglutination test results are suspected of being falsely negative.", "contents": "Growth agglutination and growth inhibition tests in the diagnosis of brucellosis. Growth agglutination and growth inhibition tests were established for the diagnosis of Brucella abortus infection. The former involves the agglutination of living organisms while the latter is a bactericidal test. Using mouse, guinea-pig, rabbit and bovine serum it was shown that the growth agglutination test is approximately ten times, and the growth inhibition test one hundred times, more sensitive than the conventional tube agglutination test. It is suggested that these techniques may be of assistance in diagnosing bovine brucellosis in situations in which the tube agglutination test results are suspected of being falsely negative.", "PMID": 114579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11359", "title": "Studies on the Fc gamma receptor of the murine macrophage-like cell line P388D1. II. Binding of human IgG subclass proteins and their proteolytic fragments.", "content": "Binding studies of human IgG proteins to murine P388D1 cells indicated that they bind to an apparently homogeneous Fc receptor population. The association constant was 0.89 x 10(6)M-1 at 22 degrees C and was comparable to the binding affinities of homologous murine IgG2a and IgG2b. The number of receptor sites was found to be approximately 6 x 10(5)/cell. Fc gamma 1 and Fc gamma 3 fragments bound with an affinity comparable to that of the parent proteins. The P388D1 receptors could discriminate between the human IgG subclasses; the relative cytophilic activity was IgG3 greater than IgG1 greater than IgG4 and IgG2 was devoid of binding activity. Fragments corresponding to the C gamma 2 and C gamma 3 domains of human IgG1 were both unable to bind to the P388D1 receptors either alone or in equimolar combination. This suggests that the cytophilic site may be formed cooperatively by interaction between the two domains. The integrity of the hinge region appeared to be essential for full expression of cytophilic activity since reduction of the hinge-region disulfides in both human IgG1 and its Fc fragment markedly decreased their binding affinity. In addition, a mutant IgG1 molecule lacking the hinge region was significantly less cytophilic than its normal counterpart.", "contents": "Studies on the Fc gamma receptor of the murine macrophage-like cell line P388D1. II. Binding of human IgG subclass proteins and their proteolytic fragments. Binding studies of human IgG proteins to murine P388D1 cells indicated that they bind to an apparently homogeneous Fc receptor population. The association constant was 0.89 x 10(6)M-1 at 22 degrees C and was comparable to the binding affinities of homologous murine IgG2a and IgG2b. The number of receptor sites was found to be approximately 6 x 10(5)/cell. Fc gamma 1 and Fc gamma 3 fragments bound with an affinity comparable to that of the parent proteins. The P388D1 receptors could discriminate between the human IgG subclasses; the relative cytophilic activity was IgG3 greater than IgG1 greater than IgG4 and IgG2 was devoid of binding activity. Fragments corresponding to the C gamma 2 and C gamma 3 domains of human IgG1 were both unable to bind to the P388D1 receptors either alone or in equimolar combination. This suggests that the cytophilic site may be formed cooperatively by interaction between the two domains. The integrity of the hinge region appeared to be essential for full expression of cytophilic activity since reduction of the hinge-region disulfides in both human IgG1 and its Fc fragment markedly decreased their binding affinity. In addition, a mutant IgG1 molecule lacking the hinge region was significantly less cytophilic than its normal counterpart.", "PMID": 114581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11360", "title": "Two new recombinant H-2 haplotypes, one of which juxtaposes Kb and Ik alleles.", "content": "Two new recombinant H-2 haplotypes have been detected and established as congenic resistant lines on the C57BL/10 background. On the basis of serologic testing and immunoprecipitation analyses, the sublocus composition of the first recombinant haplotype, H-2bq1 (B10.MBR) has been shown to be KbIkDq, and that of the second recombinant, H-2sq3 (B10.SQR) to be KsIsSsDq. The occurrence of the Kb I-Ak juxtaposition after a recombination between H-2b and H-2m contrasts with the almost uniform failure to observe H-2b/H-2k recombinants in previous studies. This finding and the occurrence of a second recombination event involving the same chromosome soon after the first in our studies may imply that recombination within H-2 is not generally a random event. The B10.MBR line has proved useful in the production of specific anti-H-2Kb and anti-I-Ab antisera previously quite difficult to obtain contamination by anti-Ia or anti-H-2K antibodies, respectively.", "contents": "Two new recombinant H-2 haplotypes, one of which juxtaposes Kb and Ik alleles. Two new recombinant H-2 haplotypes have been detected and established as congenic resistant lines on the C57BL/10 background. On the basis of serologic testing and immunoprecipitation analyses, the sublocus composition of the first recombinant haplotype, H-2bq1 (B10.MBR) has been shown to be KbIkDq, and that of the second recombinant, H-2sq3 (B10.SQR) to be KsIsSsDq. The occurrence of the Kb I-Ak juxtaposition after a recombination between H-2b and H-2m contrasts with the almost uniform failure to observe H-2b/H-2k recombinants in previous studies. This finding and the occurrence of a second recombination event involving the same chromosome soon after the first in our studies may imply that recombination within H-2 is not generally a random event. The B10.MBR line has proved useful in the production of specific anti-H-2Kb and anti-I-Ab antisera previously quite difficult to obtain contamination by anti-Ia or anti-H-2K antibodies, respectively.", "PMID": 114582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11361", "title": "T lymphocyte-mediated suppression of myeloma function in vitro. I. Suppression by allogeneically activated T lymphocytes.", "content": "Alloreactive cells generated by in vitro stimulation of C57BL/6 (H-2b) spleen lymphocytes with irradiated MOPC 315 or MOPC 104E(H-2d) cells were shown to lyse 51Cr-labeled myeloma targets at high effector:target ratios under conditions of inefficient cell contact, the alloreactive cells cause variable and frequently minimal lysis of myeloma targets but markedly suppress antibody secretion even by viable myeloma cells. The suppressor cells are radioresistant T cells lacking I-J subregion-encoded surface determinants; their precursors are insensitive to cyclophosphamide; suppression is H-2 specific and not mediated by secreted factors; and the suppression is blocked by Cytochalasin B, a known inhibitor of T cell-mediated cytolysis. These properties are typical of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) and not of defined suppressor T cells, suggesting that inhibition of myeloma function probably represents a pre-lytic effect of the alloreactive CTL, although a CTL-like suppressor cell effect cannot be definitively excluded. These results are discussed with reference to the possible relationships between suppressor and cytolytic T lymphocytes.", "contents": "T lymphocyte-mediated suppression of myeloma function in vitro. I. Suppression by allogeneically activated T lymphocytes. Alloreactive cells generated by in vitro stimulation of C57BL/6 (H-2b) spleen lymphocytes with irradiated MOPC 315 or MOPC 104E(H-2d) cells were shown to lyse 51Cr-labeled myeloma targets at high effector:target ratios under conditions of inefficient cell contact, the alloreactive cells cause variable and frequently minimal lysis of myeloma targets but markedly suppress antibody secretion even by viable myeloma cells. The suppressor cells are radioresistant T cells lacking I-J subregion-encoded surface determinants; their precursors are insensitive to cyclophosphamide; suppression is H-2 specific and not mediated by secreted factors; and the suppression is blocked by Cytochalasin B, a known inhibitor of T cell-mediated cytolysis. These properties are typical of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) and not of defined suppressor T cells, suggesting that inhibition of myeloma function probably represents a pre-lytic effect of the alloreactive CTL, although a CTL-like suppressor cell effect cannot be definitively excluded. These results are discussed with reference to the possible relationships between suppressor and cytolytic T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 114584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11362", "title": "In vitro adherence of lymphocytes to unfixed and fixed high endothelial cells of lymph nodes.", "content": "Rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) bind selectively to venules lined by high endothelial cells (HEV) when overlaid onto glutaraldehyde-fixed frozen sections of lymph nodes. This report describes the characteristics of TDL binding to HEV in unfixed frozen sections and compares this reactivity with that observed after fixing sections with different reagents. We found that TDL bound to unfixed HEV and that the pattern of adherence to such sections was identical to that observed when using glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue. Fixation of the sections with glutaraldehyde, however, enhanced the binding reaction. This effect was also observed when sections were treated with the diimidoester, dimethylsuberimidate (DMS) but not when methanol or formaldehyde was used. Since glutaraldehyde and DMS are each bifunctional cross-linking reagents, the results suggest that in vitro HEV adherence was facilitated under conditions in which the endothelial binding sites were present in an aggregated form.", "contents": "In vitro adherence of lymphocytes to unfixed and fixed high endothelial cells of lymph nodes. Rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) bind selectively to venules lined by high endothelial cells (HEV) when overlaid onto glutaraldehyde-fixed frozen sections of lymph nodes. This report describes the characteristics of TDL binding to HEV in unfixed frozen sections and compares this reactivity with that observed after fixing sections with different reagents. We found that TDL bound to unfixed HEV and that the pattern of adherence to such sections was identical to that observed when using glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue. Fixation of the sections with glutaraldehyde, however, enhanced the binding reaction. This effect was also observed when sections were treated with the diimidoester, dimethylsuberimidate (DMS) but not when methanol or formaldehyde was used. Since glutaraldehyde and DMS are each bifunctional cross-linking reagents, the results suggest that in vitro HEV adherence was facilitated under conditions in which the endothelial binding sites were present in an aggregated form.", "PMID": 114588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11363", "title": "Purification and characterization of a single chain precursor C3-protein (pro-C3) from normal human plasma.", "content": "Fresh human plasma was treated with proteinase inhibitors and passed through an immunoadsorbent column of Sepharose anti-C3 globulin. The insolubilized C3 was eluted with 5 M guanidine and, after extensive dialysis, was reduced with 0.2 M 2-mercaptoethanol and electrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The bulk of the eluted C3 dissociated into two major protein bands, m.w. 125,000 and 75,000 corresponding to the alpha- and beta-chains of C3. In addition, a nonreducible single polypeptide chain (SPC) with a m.w. value of 197,000 +/- 2,000 similar to the apparent m.w. of unreduced C3 was consistently present. SPC has been purified by elution from SDS (SPC) and found to remain a single polypeptide chain upon re-electrophoresis on SDS gels in the presence of 0.2 M 2-mercaptoethanol. The purified SPC reacted with antisera to denatured C3, C3alpha, and C3beta chains. Additionally, antisera to SPC, also reacted with denatured C3, C3alpha-, and C3beta-chains, revealed a reaction identity between SPC and C3, and detected partial identity between SPC and C3alpha- as well as C3beta-chains. This suggested that SPC and C3 are antigenically related. The amino acid compositions and tryptic peptide maps of SPC and C3 were similar. Based on these findings, it is suggested that SPC must represent a single-chain precursor C3 (pro-C3) in plasma that escaped post-synthetic proteolytic cleavage into a two-subunit chain C3 molecule.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a single chain precursor C3-protein (pro-C3) from normal human plasma. Fresh human plasma was treated with proteinase inhibitors and passed through an immunoadsorbent column of Sepharose anti-C3 globulin. The insolubilized C3 was eluted with 5 M guanidine and, after extensive dialysis, was reduced with 0.2 M 2-mercaptoethanol and electrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The bulk of the eluted C3 dissociated into two major protein bands, m.w. 125,000 and 75,000 corresponding to the alpha- and beta-chains of C3. In addition, a nonreducible single polypeptide chain (SPC) with a m.w. value of 197,000 +/- 2,000 similar to the apparent m.w. of unreduced C3 was consistently present. SPC has been purified by elution from SDS (SPC) and found to remain a single polypeptide chain upon re-electrophoresis on SDS gels in the presence of 0.2 M 2-mercaptoethanol. The purified SPC reacted with antisera to denatured C3, C3alpha, and C3beta chains. Additionally, antisera to SPC, also reacted with denatured C3, C3alpha-, and C3beta-chains, revealed a reaction identity between SPC and C3, and detected partial identity between SPC and C3alpha- as well as C3beta-chains. This suggested that SPC and C3 are antigenically related. The amino acid compositions and tryptic peptide maps of SPC and C3 were similar. Based on these findings, it is suggested that SPC must represent a single-chain precursor C3 (pro-C3) in plasma that escaped post-synthetic proteolytic cleavage into a two-subunit chain C3 molecule.", "PMID": 114589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11364", "title": "Pretreatment of plastic Petri dishes with fetal calf serum. A simple method for macrophage isolation.", "content": "We have developed a simple method which can recover the highly purified macrophages or monocytes in suspension from mouse peritoneal exudate cells and human perpheral blood mononuclear cells. Plastic Petri dishes coated overnight with heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS) selectively bind macrophages and monocytes. The adherent macrophages and monocytes are easily removed by incubation in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.2% ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) and 5% FCS, and recovered as a cell suspension with greater than 95% purity. A small number of isolated cells can restore the mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) of macrophages-depleted lymphocytes and can lyse 51Cr-labeled target cells in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity system. Thus, the method should be valuable for studies of various functions of macrophages and monocytes from different immune tissues of man and animals.", "contents": "Pretreatment of plastic Petri dishes with fetal calf serum. A simple method for macrophage isolation. We have developed a simple method which can recover the highly purified macrophages or monocytes in suspension from mouse peritoneal exudate cells and human perpheral blood mononuclear cells. Plastic Petri dishes coated overnight with heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS) selectively bind macrophages and monocytes. The adherent macrophages and monocytes are easily removed by incubation in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.2% ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) and 5% FCS, and recovered as a cell suspension with greater than 95% purity. A small number of isolated cells can restore the mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) of macrophages-depleted lymphocytes and can lyse 51Cr-labeled target cells in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity system. Thus, the method should be valuable for studies of various functions of macrophages and monocytes from different immune tissues of man and animals.", "PMID": 114591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11365", "title": "Complement fixation for study of placental-type alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Preparations of human placental alkaline phosphatase differing in specific enzyme activities were compared by microcomplement fixation assays using monospecific antisera. While both specific enzyme activity and complement fixation units increased 15,000-fold upon purification, the ratio between these units remained constant. Separation of an alkaline phosphatase preparation into 'A' and 'B' forms by ampholine isoelectric focusing indicated that these forms also possessed the same ratio of immunoreactive enzyme protein to enzyme activity. The correspondence of complement fixation units with specific enzyme activity indicates that complement fixation with monospecific antisera can be used to analyze structural differences among alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes.", "contents": "Complement fixation for study of placental-type alkaline phosphatase. Preparations of human placental alkaline phosphatase differing in specific enzyme activities were compared by microcomplement fixation assays using monospecific antisera. While both specific enzyme activity and complement fixation units increased 15,000-fold upon purification, the ratio between these units remained constant. Separation of an alkaline phosphatase preparation into 'A' and 'B' forms by ampholine isoelectric focusing indicated that these forms also possessed the same ratio of immunoreactive enzyme protein to enzyme activity. The correspondence of complement fixation units with specific enzyme activity indicates that complement fixation with monospecific antisera can be used to analyze structural differences among alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes.", "PMID": 114592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11366", "title": "The quantitation of alternative pathway complement function by timed lysis assay.", "content": "A simple timed lysis assay is described for quantifying haemolytic complement activity in human serum. Classical pathway complement function was determined by measuring the time taken to lyse 50% of a standard suspension of antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes; the time required for 50% lysis of a standard rabbit erythrocyte suspension was similarly used to evaluate alternative pathway function. Because target erythrocytes prepared on different days gave slightly different 50% lysis times, it was necessary first to construct a series of calibration curves for converting 50% lysis times into CH50 U/ml. For this purpose, a range of dilutions of the standard human serum, of known haemolytic activity, was tested against erythrocytes prepared on 10 separate occasions. The standard serum was subsequently included with each batch of unknown sera and used to select the appropriate calibration curve for direct conversion of the 50% lysis time into CH50 U/ml. Eleven samples of normal human serum were tested by both the timed lysis assay and by the dilution methods of Mayer (1971) (classical) and Platts-Mills and Ishizaka (1974) (alternative pathway). Comparable results were obtained in all cases.", "contents": "The quantitation of alternative pathway complement function by timed lysis assay. A simple timed lysis assay is described for quantifying haemolytic complement activity in human serum. Classical pathway complement function was determined by measuring the time taken to lyse 50% of a standard suspension of antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes; the time required for 50% lysis of a standard rabbit erythrocyte suspension was similarly used to evaluate alternative pathway function. Because target erythrocytes prepared on different days gave slightly different 50% lysis times, it was necessary first to construct a series of calibration curves for converting 50% lysis times into CH50 U/ml. For this purpose, a range of dilutions of the standard human serum, of known haemolytic activity, was tested against erythrocytes prepared on 10 separate occasions. The standard serum was subsequently included with each batch of unknown sera and used to select the appropriate calibration curve for direct conversion of the 50% lysis time into CH50 U/ml. Eleven samples of normal human serum were tested by both the timed lysis assay and by the dilution methods of Mayer (1971) (classical) and Platts-Mills and Ishizaka (1974) (alternative pathway). Comparable results were obtained in all cases.", "PMID": 114593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11367", "title": "A simple electrophoretic technique for the estimation of complement C3 conversion: specific application to the investigation of anaphylactoid response to I.V. agents.", "content": "A simple electrophoretic technique employing commercially available agarose films is described for the routine estimation of plasma complement C3 conversion. This technique has particular value in the investigation of anaphylactoid responses in patients following the administration of intravenous hypnotic drugs, plasma substitutes or radio-contrast media.", "contents": "A simple electrophoretic technique for the estimation of complement C3 conversion: specific application to the investigation of anaphylactoid response to I.V. agents. A simple electrophoretic technique employing commercially available agarose films is described for the routine estimation of plasma complement C3 conversion. This technique has particular value in the investigation of anaphylactoid responses in patients following the administration of intravenous hypnotic drugs, plasma substitutes or radio-contrast media.", "PMID": 114594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11368", "title": "Differential radiolabelling of lymphocyte membrane alloantigens and immunoglobulins: variation of H2O2 concentration during lactoperoxidase catalyzed cell surface radio-iodination.", "content": "The effect of H2O2 concentration on lactoperoxidase catalyzed cell surface radio-iodination and subsequent isolation of Murine splenic lymphocyte Ia, H-2K and Lyb-3 surface antigens and membrane immunoglobulins was studied. For most membrane polypeptides analyzed 0.3 mM H2O2 proved to be optimal for the recovery of radiolabelled antigens from detergent lysates of labelled cells by immunoprecipitation. Marked variations among surface antigens and membrane immunoglobulin polypeptide chains were observed for the iodination and recovery of these proteins above and below the optimal peroxide concentration. The results suggest that cell surface radio-iodination conditions should be standardized to the requirements of the particular membrane protein being studied. The differential iodination and recovery of discrete membrane components above and below optimal conditions may prove useful in the analysis of surface membrane protein structure and membrane association.", "contents": "Differential radiolabelling of lymphocyte membrane alloantigens and immunoglobulins: variation of H2O2 concentration during lactoperoxidase catalyzed cell surface radio-iodination. The effect of H2O2 concentration on lactoperoxidase catalyzed cell surface radio-iodination and subsequent isolation of Murine splenic lymphocyte Ia, H-2K and Lyb-3 surface antigens and membrane immunoglobulins was studied. For most membrane polypeptides analyzed 0.3 mM H2O2 proved to be optimal for the recovery of radiolabelled antigens from detergent lysates of labelled cells by immunoprecipitation. Marked variations among surface antigens and membrane immunoglobulin polypeptide chains were observed for the iodination and recovery of these proteins above and below the optimal peroxide concentration. The results suggest that cell surface radio-iodination conditions should be standardized to the requirements of the particular membrane protein being studied. The differential iodination and recovery of discrete membrane components above and below optimal conditions may prove useful in the analysis of surface membrane protein structure and membrane association.", "PMID": 114595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11369", "title": "Fibro-osseous lesions of the cranio-facial bones.", "content": "A brief review of cranio-facial fibro-osseous lesions is given and 15 cases of fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma are presented with clinical, radiological and histomorphological findings. After histological verification of the fibro-osseous nature of the process, 5 lesions were diagnosed on an radiological basis as fibrous dysplasia exhibiting diffuse (blending) margins, while the diagnosis of ossifying fibroma was given to 10 radiologically sharply-demarcated lesions. Both groups of lesions presented the same histomorphological features, although to a varying degree. Spheroidal calcifications, however, were identified in ossifying fibroma only, but not in all of these. Thus, the differential diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia versus ossifying fibroma rests on a radiological criterion after the histopathologist has verified the fibro-osseous nature of a lesion. The observation times varied from 1 1/2 to 34 years. Two cases of fibrous dysplasia and 3 cases of ossifying fibroma recurred. In one case of fibrous dysplasia an osteosarcoma developed 33 years after irradiation. Pain was a common symptom in the present material.", "contents": "Fibro-osseous lesions of the cranio-facial bones. A brief review of cranio-facial fibro-osseous lesions is given and 15 cases of fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma are presented with clinical, radiological and histomorphological findings. After histological verification of the fibro-osseous nature of the process, 5 lesions were diagnosed on an radiological basis as fibrous dysplasia exhibiting diffuse (blending) margins, while the diagnosis of ossifying fibroma was given to 10 radiologically sharply-demarcated lesions. Both groups of lesions presented the same histomorphological features, although to a varying degree. Spheroidal calcifications, however, were identified in ossifying fibroma only, but not in all of these. Thus, the differential diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia versus ossifying fibroma rests on a radiological criterion after the histopathologist has verified the fibro-osseous nature of a lesion. The observation times varied from 1 1/2 to 34 years. Two cases of fibrous dysplasia and 3 cases of ossifying fibroma recurred. In one case of fibrous dysplasia an osteosarcoma developed 33 years after irradiation. Pain was a common symptom in the present material.", "PMID": 114598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11370", "title": "Assay and properties of 18-hydroxylation of endogenous and exogenous corticosterone in rat adrenals. Evidence for heterogeneity of 18-hydroxylase activity.", "content": "A mass fragmentographic technique for assay of 18-hydroxylation of labeled (exogenous) and unlabeled (endogenous) corticosterone in adrenal mitochondria and in reconstituted cytochrome P-450 systems has been developed. An extract of an incubation of [14-14C]corticosterone is subjected both to thin-layer radiochromatography and to mass fragmentography (as O-methyloxime-trimethylsilyl ether derivative). In the latter procedure the ions at m/e 605 and 607 (specific for the derivatives of unlabeled and labeled 18-hydroxycorticosterone, respectively), at m/e 591 and 593 (specific for the derivatives of unlabeled labeled aldosterone, respectively) and at m/e 548 and 550 (specific for the derivatives of unlabeled and labeled corticosterone, respectively) were followed through the gas-liquid chromatography. From the ratio between the peaks obtained in the mass fragmentography and from the percentage conversion of [4-14C]corticosterone obtained in the thin-layer radiochromatography, the amount of endogenous and exogenous 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone could be calculated. The effects of time, enzyme, and substrate concentration of 18-hydroxylation were studied and optimal conditions for assay were determined. Under most conditions, the ratio between labeled and unlabeled 18-hydroxylated products was about constant, indicating that labeled and unlabeled corticosterone were not in equilibrium. It was ascertained that the 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone formed in the incubations were derived from corticosterone. [4-14C]18-Hydroxydeoxycorticosterone was not converted into aldosterone or 18-hydroxycorticosterone. In vitro studies with different 18-hydroxylase inhibitors (spironolactone, canrenone, and canrenoate-K) and studies with rats pretreated with KCl in drinking fluid suggest that 18-hydroxylation of corticosterone is catalyzed by an enzyme system different from that catalyzing 18-hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone.", "contents": "Assay and properties of 18-hydroxylation of endogenous and exogenous corticosterone in rat adrenals. Evidence for heterogeneity of 18-hydroxylase activity. A mass fragmentographic technique for assay of 18-hydroxylation of labeled (exogenous) and unlabeled (endogenous) corticosterone in adrenal mitochondria and in reconstituted cytochrome P-450 systems has been developed. An extract of an incubation of [14-14C]corticosterone is subjected both to thin-layer radiochromatography and to mass fragmentography (as O-methyloxime-trimethylsilyl ether derivative). In the latter procedure the ions at m/e 605 and 607 (specific for the derivatives of unlabeled and labeled 18-hydroxycorticosterone, respectively), at m/e 591 and 593 (specific for the derivatives of unlabeled labeled aldosterone, respectively) and at m/e 548 and 550 (specific for the derivatives of unlabeled and labeled corticosterone, respectively) were followed through the gas-liquid chromatography. From the ratio between the peaks obtained in the mass fragmentography and from the percentage conversion of [4-14C]corticosterone obtained in the thin-layer radiochromatography, the amount of endogenous and exogenous 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone could be calculated. The effects of time, enzyme, and substrate concentration of 18-hydroxylation were studied and optimal conditions for assay were determined. Under most conditions, the ratio between labeled and unlabeled 18-hydroxylated products was about constant, indicating that labeled and unlabeled corticosterone were not in equilibrium. It was ascertained that the 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone formed in the incubations were derived from corticosterone. [4-14C]18-Hydroxydeoxycorticosterone was not converted into aldosterone or 18-hydroxycorticosterone. In vitro studies with different 18-hydroxylase inhibitors (spironolactone, canrenone, and canrenoate-K) and studies with rats pretreated with KCl in drinking fluid suggest that 18-hydroxylation of corticosterone is catalyzed by an enzyme system different from that catalyzing 18-hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone.", "PMID": 114599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11371", "title": "A gene necessary for late sperm function in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A male-sterile mutant, ms(1)7, of Drosophila melanogaster is defective in post-ejaculatory sperm function. The mutant gene is located at one of at least five male fertility loci in 18F through section 20 of the polytene X-chromosome. It is proposed that the ms(1)7+ gene product modifies a component of the sperm head. A nearby gene may be functionally related to ms(1)7+.", "contents": "A gene necessary for late sperm function in Drosophila melanogaster. A male-sterile mutant, ms(1)7, of Drosophila melanogaster is defective in post-ejaculatory sperm function. The mutant gene is located at one of at least five male fertility loci in 18F through section 20 of the polytene X-chromosome. It is proposed that the ms(1)7+ gene product modifies a component of the sperm head. A nearby gene may be functionally related to ms(1)7+.", "PMID": 114601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11372", "title": "Laboratory studies of self-reinforcement (SR) phenomena.", "content": "Fifty-three empirical laboratory studies of self-reinforcement (SR) published between 1962 and 1977 are discussed and critiqued. Studies are organized under two major headings--infrahuman and human--and are summarized in relation to the acquisition, motivational properties and comparative effectiveness of SR procedures. Each experiment is rated in terms of the degree to which the procedures reported represent actual SR operations, and in terms of overall experimental validity. The reviewed literature shows that SR behavioral patterns can be readily acquired through modeling or direct external reinforcement; and affected by a variety of training, individual difference, procedural, and task factors; and, once acquired, have sometimes been shown to possess functional reinforcing properties, and to be generally as effective as external reinforcement procedures in maintaining and strengthening conditional or target responses. A variety of methodological and theoretical issues pertaining to SR research are discussed, and the relationships between SR and contemporary radical operant and social learning psychology are discussed.", "contents": "Laboratory studies of self-reinforcement (SR) phenomena. Fifty-three empirical laboratory studies of self-reinforcement (SR) published between 1962 and 1977 are discussed and critiqued. Studies are organized under two major headings--infrahuman and human--and are summarized in relation to the acquisition, motivational properties and comparative effectiveness of SR procedures. Each experiment is rated in terms of the degree to which the procedures reported represent actual SR operations, and in terms of overall experimental validity. The reviewed literature shows that SR behavioral patterns can be readily acquired through modeling or direct external reinforcement; and affected by a variety of training, individual difference, procedural, and task factors; and, once acquired, have sometimes been shown to possess functional reinforcing properties, and to be generally as effective as external reinforcement procedures in maintaining and strengthening conditional or target responses. A variety of methodological and theoretical issues pertaining to SR research are discussed, and the relationships between SR and contemporary radical operant and social learning psychology are discussed.", "PMID": 114603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11373", "title": "The impact of psychiatric intervention on patients with uncontrolled seizures.", "content": "There is much evidence that emotional stess can trigger both neurogenic and hysterical seizures in susceptible patients. We reviewed out experience with 37 patients whose seizures appeared to be precipitated at times by emotional stress and had not been controlled by anticonvulsant medication alone. Approximately 70 per cent of patients demonstrated substantial improvement in seizure control after psychiatric treatment and maintained this improvement during follow-up. The findings of this study suggest that patient characteristics associated with better prognosis include normal intelligence, partial (as opposed to generalized) neurogenic seizures, a diagnosis of hysterical seizures, a less severely abnormal EEG, and being hypnotizable. After psychiatric treatment, 32 per cent of patients had their anticonvulsant medication reduced and another 16 per cent had it discontinued.", "contents": "The impact of psychiatric intervention on patients with uncontrolled seizures. There is much evidence that emotional stess can trigger both neurogenic and hysterical seizures in susceptible patients. We reviewed out experience with 37 patients whose seizures appeared to be precipitated at times by emotional stress and had not been controlled by anticonvulsant medication alone. Approximately 70 per cent of patients demonstrated substantial improvement in seizure control after psychiatric treatment and maintained this improvement during follow-up. The findings of this study suggest that patient characteristics associated with better prognosis include normal intelligence, partial (as opposed to generalized) neurogenic seizures, a diagnosis of hysterical seizures, a less severely abnormal EEG, and being hypnotizable. After psychiatric treatment, 32 per cent of patients had their anticonvulsant medication reduced and another 16 per cent had it discontinued.", "PMID": 114604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11374", "title": "Single case study. Complementary effects of phenelzine and psychotherapy in long term treatment of depression.", "content": "A case report is described wherein the monoamine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine was administered for 10 months at different doses. Drug treatment in the initial part of the study was double blind. Weekly psychotherapy was instituted at the point of symptomatic recovery. At a reduced dose,  in month 3, the patient experienced a relapse in depression. While platelet monoamine oxidase inhibition was greater than 80 per cent the patient was well, but at the point of relapse, inhibition was 14 per cent. Clinical ratings at relapse (Beck and SCL-90 scales) revealed greater readiness by the patient to report psychological discomfort compared with the original interview. The combined effects of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy were felt to be responsible for this change. However, psychotherapy in this form and duration did not prevent relapse, which depended upon maintaining an adequate dose of phenelzine.", "contents": "Single case study. Complementary effects of phenelzine and psychotherapy in long term treatment of depression. A case report is described wherein the monoamine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine was administered for 10 months at different doses. Drug treatment in the initial part of the study was double blind. Weekly psychotherapy was instituted at the point of symptomatic recovery. At a reduced dose,  in month 3, the patient experienced a relapse in depression. While platelet monoamine oxidase inhibition was greater than 80 per cent the patient was well, but at the point of relapse, inhibition was 14 per cent. Clinical ratings at relapse (Beck and SCL-90 scales) revealed greater readiness by the patient to report psychological discomfort compared with the original interview. The combined effects of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy were felt to be responsible for this change. However, psychotherapy in this form and duration did not prevent relapse, which depended upon maintaining an adequate dose of phenelzine.", "PMID": 114605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11375", "title": "Responses of baboon cerebral and extracerebral arteries to prostacyclin and prostaglandin endoperoxide in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The responses of baboon cerebral and extracerebral arteries to prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) were investigated on isolated arteries and in vivo by serial angiography. Both PGH2 and PGI2 could produce dose-dependent contraction or relaxation of isolated arteries. PGH2 induced relaxation was indicative of prostacyclin synthetase activity, the enzyme which converts PGH2 to PGI2. In isolated arteries tested one to four hours post mortem only the vertebral artery showed prostacyclin synthetase activity. Thus PGH2 induced contraction of cerebral arteries may be indicative of a physiological function. Vasomotor tone may in part be the result of a balance between PGH2 constriction and PGI2 dilatation. In vivo PGI2 infusion caused pronounced and prolonged dilatation of cerebral arteries, which lasted longer than the cardiovascular changes. As PGI2 is the most potent cerebral vasodilator drug tested, it may be of clinical use in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm.", "contents": "Responses of baboon cerebral and extracerebral arteries to prostacyclin and prostaglandin endoperoxide in vitro and in vivo. The responses of baboon cerebral and extracerebral arteries to prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) were investigated on isolated arteries and in vivo by serial angiography. Both PGH2 and PGI2 could produce dose-dependent contraction or relaxation of isolated arteries. PGH2 induced relaxation was indicative of prostacyclin synthetase activity, the enzyme which converts PGH2 to PGI2. In isolated arteries tested one to four hours post mortem only the vertebral artery showed prostacyclin synthetase activity. Thus PGH2 induced contraction of cerebral arteries may be indicative of a physiological function. Vasomotor tone may in part be the result of a balance between PGH2 constriction and PGI2 dilatation. In vivo PGI2 infusion caused pronounced and prolonged dilatation of cerebral arteries, which lasted longer than the cardiovascular changes. As PGI2 is the most potent cerebral vasodilator drug tested, it may be of clinical use in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm.", "PMID": 114606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11376", "title": "Effect of degree and duration of protein energy malnutrition on peripheral nerves in children.", "content": "Nerve conduction studies were conducted in 67 children to assess the effect of malnutrition on the peripheral nervous system. Significant reduction in nerve conduction velocities was demonstrated in severe protein energy malnutrition and ongoing long-term malnutrition.", "contents": "Effect of degree and duration of protein energy malnutrition on peripheral nerves in children. Nerve conduction studies were conducted in 67 children to assess the effect of malnutrition on the peripheral nervous system. Significant reduction in nerve conduction velocities was demonstrated in severe protein energy malnutrition and ongoing long-term malnutrition.", "PMID": 114607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11377", "title": "Warm fibers innervating palmar and digital skin of the monkey: responses to thermal stimuli.", "content": "1. Three hundred fourteen warm fibers innervating the glabrous skin of the monkey's hand were isolated by dissection in the median and ulnar nerves in two species, Macaca mulatta and M. nemestrina. Fiber samples in the two species were functionally similar and uniform in their properties. Their mean conduction velocity of 1.2 m/s (SD 0.5; n = 50) implies that these warm fibers were all unmyelinated. 2. A parametric study of the responses of warm fibers to near-rectangular warming and cooling pulses applied to glabrous skin was completed using 104 fibers. At a steady base-line skin temperature (T-base) of 34 degrees C all these warm fibers responded to warming pulses in the intensity range 0--8 degrees C with a simple, uniform discharge, which reached a peak rate of 1.5--4.0 s after the onset of stimulation; subsequent decay in this discharge rate had a time constant of 5--12 s and was virtually independent of the intensity of the warm pulse. The intensity function was linear for most fibers when the interstimulus interval was 60 s or longer. At a T-base of 29 degrees C, warm fibers were less responsive, but the temporal profile of the response was similar to that at a T-base of 34 degrees C in the intensity range 4--8 degrees C, and the intensity function was again linear. 3. At a T-base of 39 degrees C the intensity function of each warm fiber was complex. Most fibers responded briskly to warming pulses of 2--4 degrees C: the response to more intense warming pulses, particularly when the skin temperature rose above 45 degrees C, was structured and reproducible, but varied greatly among different fibers. With some the discharge evoked was of very high frequency for a few seconds, and then ceased. More than 80% of the sample of warm fibers did not discharge at all in response to warming pulses, which raised the skin temperature to 50 degrees C or above. 4. The responsiveness of warm fibers to warming pulses was dependent on previous stimulation when the interstimulus interval was less than 60 s. This temporal suppression was precisely structured and was examined quantitatively for trains of warming pulses, each lasting 4.0 s and presented every 10 s. The pattern of suppressive interaction was similar in form to that previously reported for cold fibers innervating palmar skin. 5. A quantitative study of the receptive fields of individual warm fibers demonstrated a spatiotemporal response pattern, which is best described in terms of a focal receptor zone less than 1 mm in diameter surrounded by thermally conducting skin. The skin's thermal conductivity is paramount in determining the warm-fiber's receptive-field characteristics. 6. The responses of warm fibers to cooling pulses and to warming ramps are described.", "contents": "Warm fibers innervating palmar and digital skin of the monkey: responses to thermal stimuli. 1. Three hundred fourteen warm fibers innervating the glabrous skin of the monkey's hand were isolated by dissection in the median and ulnar nerves in two species, Macaca mulatta and M. nemestrina. Fiber samples in the two species were functionally similar and uniform in their properties. Their mean conduction velocity of 1.2 m/s (SD 0.5; n = 50) implies that these warm fibers were all unmyelinated. 2. A parametric study of the responses of warm fibers to near-rectangular warming and cooling pulses applied to glabrous skin was completed using 104 fibers. At a steady base-line skin temperature (T-base) of 34 degrees C all these warm fibers responded to warming pulses in the intensity range 0--8 degrees C with a simple, uniform discharge, which reached a peak rate of 1.5--4.0 s after the onset of stimulation; subsequent decay in this discharge rate had a time constant of 5--12 s and was virtually independent of the intensity of the warm pulse. The intensity function was linear for most fibers when the interstimulus interval was 60 s or longer. At a T-base of 29 degrees C, warm fibers were less responsive, but the temporal profile of the response was similar to that at a T-base of 34 degrees C in the intensity range 4--8 degrees C, and the intensity function was again linear. 3. At a T-base of 39 degrees C the intensity function of each warm fiber was complex. Most fibers responded briskly to warming pulses of 2--4 degrees C: the response to more intense warming pulses, particularly when the skin temperature rose above 45 degrees C, was structured and reproducible, but varied greatly among different fibers. With some the discharge evoked was of very high frequency for a few seconds, and then ceased. More than 80% of the sample of warm fibers did not discharge at all in response to warming pulses, which raised the skin temperature to 50 degrees C or above. 4. The responsiveness of warm fibers to warming pulses was dependent on previous stimulation when the interstimulus interval was less than 60 s. This temporal suppression was precisely structured and was examined quantitatively for trains of warming pulses, each lasting 4.0 s and presented every 10 s. The pattern of suppressive interaction was similar in form to that previously reported for cold fibers innervating palmar skin. 5. A quantitative study of the receptive fields of individual warm fibers demonstrated a spatiotemporal response pattern, which is best described in terms of a focal receptor zone less than 1 mm in diameter surrounded by thermally conducting skin. The skin's thermal conductivity is paramount in determining the warm-fiber's receptive-field characteristics. 6. The responses of warm fibers to cooling pulses and to warming ramps are described.", "PMID": 114608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11378", "title": "Coding of incremental changes in skin temperature by single warm fibers in the monkey.", "content": "1. Experiments were designed to answer the question: how well does a single warm fiber innervating the glabrous skin of the monkey's hand resolve incremental changes in the intensity of near-rectangular warming pulses applied to the fiber's receptive field? 2. In these experiments the measure of the warm fiber's capacity to resolve incremental changes in the intensity of successive warming pulses was termed the discriminable stimulus increment (DSI). The DSI is defined as that incremental difference in the intensity of a pair of warming pulses that could be resolved correctly, with a probability of 0.75, by comparing the fiber's responses to these two stimuli. In the specified conditions of the experiment, DSI = 0.67 sigma delta tau/(dR/dI) where sigma delta tau is the standard deviation of the difference in responses of the fiber to pairs of stimuli, and dr/dI is the fiber's sensitivity to incremental stimulus change. (dr/dI) was experimentally determined as the mean rate of change of the fiber's responses to incremental changes in the intensity of the warming pulse. 3. The DSI, as defined above, assumes that the basis for differentiating the stimuli in each pair was that the larger response in the fiber was in each instance generated by the more intense stimulus. A more general form of the DSI was also developed and used to examine the effects on intensity resolution of different discrimination rules that the brain might use. 4. In the experimental analysis the response measure of each warm fiber was the cumulative impulse count over successively longer segments of the stimulus period. With short integration intervals the DSI was high (i.e., intensity resolution was poor), but typically the DSI fell to a plateau level within 2.0--2.5 s of the onset of the warming stimulus. 5. The DSI was measured on 23 warm fibers in Macaca nemestrina for warming pulses with intensities of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 degrees C, at T-base levels of 29, 34 (near normal temperature of palmar skin), and 39 degrees C. For most observations the intensity resolution possible from the responses of single warm fibers, measured over this wide variety of stimulus conditions, was less than is achieved by the human observer trained to differentiate comparable warming pulses applied to the skin of the thenar eminence.", "contents": "Coding of incremental changes in skin temperature by single warm fibers in the monkey. 1. Experiments were designed to answer the question: how well does a single warm fiber innervating the glabrous skin of the monkey's hand resolve incremental changes in the intensity of near-rectangular warming pulses applied to the fiber's receptive field? 2. In these experiments the measure of the warm fiber's capacity to resolve incremental changes in the intensity of successive warming pulses was termed the discriminable stimulus increment (DSI). The DSI is defined as that incremental difference in the intensity of a pair of warming pulses that could be resolved correctly, with a probability of 0.75, by comparing the fiber's responses to these two stimuli. In the specified conditions of the experiment, DSI = 0.67 sigma delta tau/(dR/dI) where sigma delta tau is the standard deviation of the difference in responses of the fiber to pairs of stimuli, and dr/dI is the fiber's sensitivity to incremental stimulus change. (dr/dI) was experimentally determined as the mean rate of change of the fiber's responses to incremental changes in the intensity of the warming pulse. 3. The DSI, as defined above, assumes that the basis for differentiating the stimuli in each pair was that the larger response in the fiber was in each instance generated by the more intense stimulus. A more general form of the DSI was also developed and used to examine the effects on intensity resolution of different discrimination rules that the brain might use. 4. In the experimental analysis the response measure of each warm fiber was the cumulative impulse count over successively longer segments of the stimulus period. With short integration intervals the DSI was high (i.e., intensity resolution was poor), but typically the DSI fell to a plateau level within 2.0--2.5 s of the onset of the warming stimulus. 5. The DSI was measured on 23 warm fibers in Macaca nemestrina for warming pulses with intensities of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 degrees C, at T-base levels of 29, 34 (near normal temperature of palmar skin), and 39 degrees C. For most observations the intensity resolution possible from the responses of single warm fibers, measured over this wide variety of stimulus conditions, was less than is achieved by the human observer trained to differentiate comparable warming pulses applied to the skin of the thenar eminence.", "PMID": 114609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11379", "title": "Excitation of primate spinothalamic neurons by cutaneous C-fiber volleys.", "content": "1. The responses of spinothalamic tract cells in the lumbosacral spinal cords of anesthetized monkeys were examined following electrical stimulation of the sural nerve or the application of noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli to the skin on the lateral aspect of the foot. 2. The spinothalamic tract neurons were classified as wide dynamic range (WDR), high-threshold (HT), or low-threshold (LT) cells on the basis of their responses to mechanical stimuli. 3. All of the WDR and HT spinothalamic tract cells tested responded to volleys in A- and C-fibers. However, strong C-fiber responses were more common in HT than in WDR cells. 4. The responses atributed to C-fibers were graded with the size of the C-fiber volley. The latencies of the responses attributed to C-fibers indicated that the fastest afferents involved had a mean conduction velocity of 0.9 m/s. The responses remained after anodal blockade of conduction in A-fibers. 5. Temporal summation of the responses of spinothalamic tract cells was demonstrated both to brief trains of stimuli at 33 Hz and to single stimuli repeated at 1- to 2-s intervals. The latter phenomenon is often called \"windup.\" 6. The responses of several spinothalamic tract cells to noxious heat pulses could still be elicited during anodal blockade of conduction in A-fibers. Similarly, it was possible to demonstrate an excitatory action of noxious mechanical stimuli despite interference with conduction in A-fibers by anodal current. 7. The cells investigated were located either in the marginal zone or in the layers of the dorsal horn equivalent to Rexed's laminae IV-VI in the cat. The cells were generally activated antidromically from the caudal part of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus.", "contents": "Excitation of primate spinothalamic neurons by cutaneous C-fiber volleys. 1. The responses of spinothalamic tract cells in the lumbosacral spinal cords of anesthetized monkeys were examined following electrical stimulation of the sural nerve or the application of noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli to the skin on the lateral aspect of the foot. 2. The spinothalamic tract neurons were classified as wide dynamic range (WDR), high-threshold (HT), or low-threshold (LT) cells on the basis of their responses to mechanical stimuli. 3. All of the WDR and HT spinothalamic tract cells tested responded to volleys in A- and C-fibers. However, strong C-fiber responses were more common in HT than in WDR cells. 4. The responses atributed to C-fibers were graded with the size of the C-fiber volley. The latencies of the responses attributed to C-fibers indicated that the fastest afferents involved had a mean conduction velocity of 0.9 m/s. The responses remained after anodal blockade of conduction in A-fibers. 5. Temporal summation of the responses of spinothalamic tract cells was demonstrated both to brief trains of stimuli at 33 Hz and to single stimuli repeated at 1- to 2-s intervals. The latter phenomenon is often called \"windup.\" 6. The responses of several spinothalamic tract cells to noxious heat pulses could still be elicited during anodal blockade of conduction in A-fibers. Similarly, it was possible to demonstrate an excitatory action of noxious mechanical stimuli despite interference with conduction in A-fibers by anodal current. 7. The cells investigated were located either in the marginal zone or in the layers of the dorsal horn equivalent to Rexed's laminae IV-VI in the cat. The cells were generally activated antidromically from the caudal part of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus.", "PMID": 114611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11380", "title": "Responses of primate spinothalamic neurons to graded and to repeated noxious heat stimuli.", "content": "1. The responses of primate spinothalamic tract cells innervating the glabrous skin of the foot to noxious thermal stimuli have been examined. 2. Of the 41 cells studied, 98% responded to noxious thermal stimuli. Heating the cutaneous receptive field with a series of stimuli from 35 to 43, 47, and 50 degrees C produced a graded increase in discharge rate. The responses were characterized by an onset, which occurred after the temperature change had either slowed or stopped, an acceleration in the discharge up to a peak, and then an adaptation to a new base-line level. The time constants of adaptation were faster than those reported for C polymodal nociceptors. 3. No systematic differences were found in the responses to noxious thermal stimuli of cells with wide dynamic range receptive fields and of cells with narrow dynamic range, high-threshold receptive fields. There were also no differences in the responses of cells located in the marginal zone and of cells located in the neck of the dorsal horn. 4. The relationship between peak frequency and final skin temperature with a 30 s stimulus duration can best be described by a power function with an exponent of 2.1. An increase in the stimulus duration to 120 s resulted in an increase in the exponent of the power function to 3.2. 5. Repetition of the series of 30-s heat stimuli resulted in an increase in peak frequency, total impulse count, and background activity. Repetition of stimuli having a duration of 120 s produced an increase in the peak frequency at 43 and 45 degrees C, a smaller increase at 47 degrees C, and a decrease at 50 degrees C. Background activity was increased by the lower temperature stimuli, but was decreased following higher temperature stimuli. 6. In six additional cells, the skin was heated with three consecutive presentations at each temperature level (43, 45, 47, and 50 degrees C) for 30 s. No change was observed in the peak frequencies of the responses to successive stimuli of the same intensity. However, the exponent of the power function relating the average peak frequency for the six cells to changes in skin temperature was 3.9. This exponent was larger than that seen when two series of graded heat stimuli of 120 s duration were used, indicating more sensitization despite the fact the total time of exposure to noxious heat was less. 7. A role for both high-threshold and wide dynamic range spinothalamic cells in transmitting nociceptive information to the diencephalon is postulated.", "contents": "Responses of primate spinothalamic neurons to graded and to repeated noxious heat stimuli. 1. The responses of primate spinothalamic tract cells innervating the glabrous skin of the foot to noxious thermal stimuli have been examined. 2. Of the 41 cells studied, 98% responded to noxious thermal stimuli. Heating the cutaneous receptive field with a series of stimuli from 35 to 43, 47, and 50 degrees C produced a graded increase in discharge rate. The responses were characterized by an onset, which occurred after the temperature change had either slowed or stopped, an acceleration in the discharge up to a peak, and then an adaptation to a new base-line level. The time constants of adaptation were faster than those reported for C polymodal nociceptors. 3. No systematic differences were found in the responses to noxious thermal stimuli of cells with wide dynamic range receptive fields and of cells with narrow dynamic range, high-threshold receptive fields. There were also no differences in the responses of cells located in the marginal zone and of cells located in the neck of the dorsal horn. 4. The relationship between peak frequency and final skin temperature with a 30 s stimulus duration can best be described by a power function with an exponent of 2.1. An increase in the stimulus duration to 120 s resulted in an increase in the exponent of the power function to 3.2. 5. Repetition of the series of 30-s heat stimuli resulted in an increase in peak frequency, total impulse count, and background activity. Repetition of stimuli having a duration of 120 s produced an increase in the peak frequency at 43 and 45 degrees C, a smaller increase at 47 degrees C, and a decrease at 50 degrees C. Background activity was increased by the lower temperature stimuli, but was decreased following higher temperature stimuli. 6. In six additional cells, the skin was heated with three consecutive presentations at each temperature level (43, 45, 47, and 50 degrees C) for 30 s. No change was observed in the peak frequencies of the responses to successive stimuli of the same intensity. However, the exponent of the power function relating the average peak frequency for the six cells to changes in skin temperature was 3.9. This exponent was larger than that seen when two series of graded heat stimuli of 120 s duration were used, indicating more sensitization despite the fact the total time of exposure to noxious heat was less. 7. A role for both high-threshold and wide dynamic range spinothalamic cells in transmitting nociceptive information to the diencephalon is postulated.", "PMID": 114612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11381", "title": "Reinnervation of glabrous skin in baboons: properties of cutaneous mechanoreceptors subsequent to nerve crush.", "content": "1. A total of 791 fibers were isolated from the ulnar nerves of five baboons. Over half of these were obtained from the right ulnar nerves subsequent to reinnervation following a nerve crush; the other fibers were obtained from the undamaged left ulnar nerves. 2. The conduction velocities in the proximal portion of the injured axons dropped below normal, and this reduction persisted until reinnervation appeared nearly complete. 3. The response properties of 65 cutaneous afferent fibers serving reinnervated glabrous skin were compared to 80 fibers from normal skin. 4. Of the afferent fibers reinnervating skin, the proportion judged to have abnormal response properties was not significantly greater than the proportion in normal skin. 5. After reinnervation, cutaneous rapidly adpating fibers displayed tuning curves characteristic of their submodality, while some cutaneous slowly adapting fibers could still be differentiated into type I and type II fibers. However, both types of slowly adapting fibers displayed an increased rate of adaptation and a lowered sensitivity to sustained displacements even at 5 mo following reinnervation. 6. In conclusion, the cutaneous mechanoreceptors in reinnervated glabrous skin regained response properties that allowed them to be assigned to the same submodalities found in normal skin. Submodality was recognizable at an early stage when the receptive field was still immature and when the threshold was elevated. With time, the receptive-field sizes and shapes returned to normal, the thresholds approached normal, and the remaining differences from normal cutaneous afferent fibers became minor.", "contents": "Reinnervation of glabrous skin in baboons: properties of cutaneous mechanoreceptors subsequent to nerve crush. 1. A total of 791 fibers were isolated from the ulnar nerves of five baboons. Over half of these were obtained from the right ulnar nerves subsequent to reinnervation following a nerve crush; the other fibers were obtained from the undamaged left ulnar nerves. 2. The conduction velocities in the proximal portion of the injured axons dropped below normal, and this reduction persisted until reinnervation appeared nearly complete. 3. The response properties of 65 cutaneous afferent fibers serving reinnervated glabrous skin were compared to 80 fibers from normal skin. 4. Of the afferent fibers reinnervating skin, the proportion judged to have abnormal response properties was not significantly greater than the proportion in normal skin. 5. After reinnervation, cutaneous rapidly adpating fibers displayed tuning curves characteristic of their submodality, while some cutaneous slowly adapting fibers could still be differentiated into type I and type II fibers. However, both types of slowly adapting fibers displayed an increased rate of adaptation and a lowered sensitivity to sustained displacements even at 5 mo following reinnervation. 6. In conclusion, the cutaneous mechanoreceptors in reinnervated glabrous skin regained response properties that allowed them to be assigned to the same submodalities found in normal skin. Submodality was recognizable at an early stage when the receptive field was still immature and when the threshold was elevated. With time, the receptive-field sizes and shapes returned to normal, the thresholds approached normal, and the remaining differences from normal cutaneous afferent fibers became minor.", "PMID": 114613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11382", "title": "Birthmarks with serious medical significance: nevocullular nevi, sebaceous nevi, and multiple caf\u00e9 au lait spots.", "content": "Birthmarks of potential medical significance were identified among 4,641 newborn infants: 1.1% had a nevocellular nevus and 0.3% had a sebaceous nevus; 1.8% of black infants, but no white infants, had three or more caf\u00e9 au lait spots. The large nevocellular nevus is considered premalignant, but the significance of the small nevocellular nevus has not been established. The sebaceous nevus fades after birth but undergoes hyperplasia at puberty. Multiple caf\u00e9 au lait spots occur less commonly in white than in black infants, and are therefore of greater concern as possibly an early sign of neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "Birthmarks with serious medical significance: nevocullular nevi, sebaceous nevi, and multiple caf\u00e9 au lait spots. Birthmarks of potential medical significance were identified among 4,641 newborn infants: 1.1% had a nevocellular nevus and 0.3% had a sebaceous nevus; 1.8% of black infants, but no white infants, had three or more caf\u00e9 au lait spots. The large nevocellular nevus is considered premalignant, but the significance of the small nevocellular nevus has not been established. The sebaceous nevus fades after birth but undergoes hyperplasia at puberty. Multiple caf\u00e9 au lait spots occur less commonly in white than in black infants, and are therefore of greater concern as possibly an early sign of neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 114614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11383", "title": "The immature monkey as a model for studies of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.", "content": "The monkey is a potential model for BPD since there is considerable background information on the normal-developing lung, the prematurely delivered infant is viable, HMD can be produced, the infant is large enough to permit physiologic measurements, and it should be possible to test the effects of positive pressure, oxygen, and pharmacologic agents. Clearly further information is needed on the cellular and subcellular changes occurring during the acute and recovery stages of HMD. The monkey has already proven to be of value in this inquiry. Studies on mechanisms of altered lung repair by various injurious agents are needed, and will require an animal model as well as in vitro systems. Basic understanding of the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with establishment of the relative importance of the contributing factors should help in our efforts to prevent or minimize chronic lung disease in the newborn infant.", "contents": "The immature monkey as a model for studies of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The monkey is a potential model for BPD since there is considerable background information on the normal-developing lung, the prematurely delivered infant is viable, HMD can be produced, the infant is large enough to permit physiologic measurements, and it should be possible to test the effects of positive pressure, oxygen, and pharmacologic agents. Clearly further information is needed on the cellular and subcellular changes occurring during the acute and recovery stages of HMD. The monkey has already proven to be of value in this inquiry. Studies on mechanisms of altered lung repair by various injurious agents are needed, and will require an animal model as well as in vitro systems. Basic understanding of the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with establishment of the relative importance of the contributing factors should help in our efforts to prevent or minimize chronic lung disease in the newborn infant.", "PMID": 114617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11384", "title": "The attachment between tooth and gingival tissues after periodic root planing and soft tissue curettage.", "content": "Utilizing a nonhuman primate model, a study was carried out to determine the nature of the attachment between the tooth and the gingival tissues following periodic root planing and soft tissue curettage. Under the conditions of this investigation, periodic root planing and soft tissue curettage combined with thrice weekly plaque control resulted in the formation of a long junctional epithelium with no new connective tissue attachment. In eight of the 22 experimental pockets, however, this procedure produced discontinuities or \"windows\" in the junctional epithelium. The coronal attachment of gingival tissues to the root surface (increased resistance to probing) commonly reported following root planing and soft tissue curettage appears to result from the formation of a long junctional epithelium rather than new connective tissue attachment.", "contents": "The attachment between tooth and gingival tissues after periodic root planing and soft tissue curettage. Utilizing a nonhuman primate model, a study was carried out to determine the nature of the attachment between the tooth and the gingival tissues following periodic root planing and soft tissue curettage. Under the conditions of this investigation, periodic root planing and soft tissue curettage combined with thrice weekly plaque control resulted in the formation of a long junctional epithelium with no new connective tissue attachment. In eight of the 22 experimental pockets, however, this procedure produced discontinuities or \"windows\" in the junctional epithelium. The coronal attachment of gingival tissues to the root surface (increased resistance to probing) commonly reported following root planing and soft tissue curettage appears to result from the formation of a long junctional epithelium rather than new connective tissue attachment.", "PMID": 114618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11385", "title": "Distribution and excretion in the rat and monkey of [82Br] bromocriptine.", "content": "Radiolabeled bromocriptine was administered to rats and monkeys and its tissue distribution, rate of excretion and metabolism were determined. In both species, [82Br]bromocriptine is predominantly concentrated in the liver, metabolized and then excreted through bile. Extractable free drug is undetectable in blood after 30 min. After 2 hr, the estimated concentration of free drug in rat brain is 2 x 10(-8) M. Terminal phase half-lives of radiolabel excretion were 2.9 days for the rat and 27.3 days for the monkey. The retained organically bound 82Br is present in a form more polar than bromocriptine.", "contents": "Distribution and excretion in the rat and monkey of [82Br] bromocriptine. Radiolabeled bromocriptine was administered to rats and monkeys and its tissue distribution, rate of excretion and metabolism were determined. In both species, [82Br]bromocriptine is predominantly concentrated in the liver, metabolized and then excreted through bile. Extractable free drug is undetectable in blood after 30 min. After 2 hr, the estimated concentration of free drug in rat brain is 2 x 10(-8) M. Terminal phase half-lives of radiolabel excretion were 2.9 days for the rat and 27.3 days for the monkey. The retained organically bound 82Br is present in a form more polar than bromocriptine.", "PMID": 114621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11386", "title": "[Meiosis in Microsporidia: effects on biological cycles].", "content": "Synaptinemal complexes have been demonstrated in 7 microsporidian species belonging to 6 different genera (Gurleya, Thelohania, Pleistophora, Tuzetia, Baculea, Glugea). Thus, it can be presumed that a meiosis and consequently a karyogamy occur during their life cycle. Meisis occurs at the beginning of sporogony; therefore, karyogamy, must occur between spore and merogany, i.e. during the poorly known part of the life cycle. In the microsporidian species studied, with uninucleate spores and diplokaryotic merogony (Thelohania for instance), the 2 joined nuclei, each of them containing meiotic chromosomes, not only fail to fuse, but actually separate at the beginning of sporogony; afterwards, each of them undergoes meiosis. Their separation is accompanied by the appearance of an organelle whose structure and function are poorly understood. However, its structure resembles that of the kinetic center. The Nosema species studied do not have synaptinemal complexes; thus, their life cycle is difficult to understand: either karyogamy and meiosis occur during the unobserved part of the life-cycle, or sexual phanomena are absent altogether. In the latter case, the Nosema-type life cycle might be limited to vegetative multiplication which could be explained by the dimorphism theory of Microsporidia. It is shown also in the present study that the life cycle of Microsporidia does not involve haploid organisms which it might be thought to contain by comparing it with the cycles of sporozoa.", "contents": "[Meiosis in Microsporidia: effects on biological cycles]. Synaptinemal complexes have been demonstrated in 7 microsporidian species belonging to 6 different genera (Gurleya, Thelohania, Pleistophora, Tuzetia, Baculea, Glugea). Thus, it can be presumed that a meiosis and consequently a karyogamy occur during their life cycle. Meisis occurs at the beginning of sporogony; therefore, karyogamy, must occur between spore and merogany, i.e. during the poorly known part of the life cycle. In the microsporidian species studied, with uninucleate spores and diplokaryotic merogony (Thelohania for instance), the 2 joined nuclei, each of them containing meiotic chromosomes, not only fail to fuse, but actually separate at the beginning of sporogony; afterwards, each of them undergoes meiosis. Their separation is accompanied by the appearance of an organelle whose structure and function are poorly understood. However, its structure resembles that of the kinetic center. The Nosema species studied do not have synaptinemal complexes; thus, their life cycle is difficult to understand: either karyogamy and meiosis occur during the unobserved part of the life-cycle, or sexual phanomena are absent altogether. In the latter case, the Nosema-type life cycle might be limited to vegetative multiplication which could be explained by the dimorphism theory of Microsporidia. It is shown also in the present study that the life cycle of Microsporidia does not involve haploid organisms which it might be thought to contain by comparing it with the cycles of sporozoa.", "PMID": 114628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11387", "title": "Henneguya adiposa Minchew (Myxosporida) in the channel catfish: ultrastructure of the plasmodium wall and sporogenesis.", "content": "Wall ultrastructure and sporogenesis were studied in plasmodia of Henneguya adiposa Minchew which infects the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). Plasmodia were located among connective tissue bands of the adipose fin and were always separated from host fibrocytes by collagen fibers. The plasmodium wall consisted of a single unit membrane which was continuous with numerous pinocytic canals extending into the parasite's ectoplasm. The membrane was highly convoluted, producing an irregular parasite surface, and was covered by a fine granular coat of almost uniform thickness. Early sporogenic stages were located in a zone of cytoplasm rich in mitochondria, just interior to the zone of pinocytic canals. Later sporogenic stages, including mature spores, were concentrated in the center of the plasmodia. Sporogenesis began with the envelopment of one generative cell, the sporont, by a 2nd, nondividing, cell--the enveloping cell. The sporont and its progeny proceeded through a series of divisions until 10 cells were present within the enveloping cell. Once divisions were completed, the 10 cells became arranged into 2 indentical spore-producing units, each consisting of one binucleate sporoplasm and 2 capsulogenic cells, all surrounded by 2 valvogenic cells. Later stages of spore development indicated that capsulogenesis, valvogenesis and sporoplasm maturation occurred concimitantly.", "contents": "Henneguya adiposa Minchew (Myxosporida) in the channel catfish: ultrastructure of the plasmodium wall and sporogenesis. Wall ultrastructure and sporogenesis were studied in plasmodia of Henneguya adiposa Minchew which infects the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). Plasmodia were located among connective tissue bands of the adipose fin and were always separated from host fibrocytes by collagen fibers. The plasmodium wall consisted of a single unit membrane which was continuous with numerous pinocytic canals extending into the parasite's ectoplasm. The membrane was highly convoluted, producing an irregular parasite surface, and was covered by a fine granular coat of almost uniform thickness. Early sporogenic stages were located in a zone of cytoplasm rich in mitochondria, just interior to the zone of pinocytic canals. Later sporogenic stages, including mature spores, were concentrated in the center of the plasmodia. Sporogenesis began with the envelopment of one generative cell, the sporont, by a 2nd, nondividing, cell--the enveloping cell. The sporont and its progeny proceeded through a series of divisions until 10 cells were present within the enveloping cell. Once divisions were completed, the 10 cells became arranged into 2 indentical spore-producing units, each consisting of one binucleate sporoplasm and 2 capsulogenic cells, all surrounded by 2 valvogenic cells. Later stages of spore development indicated that capsulogenesis, valvogenesis and sporoplasm maturation occurred concimitantly.", "PMID": 114629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11388", "title": "Formation and fate of extranuclear chromatin bodies in Tetrahymena.", "content": "The fate of extranuclear chromatin bodies (ECBs) formed by exclusion of macronuclear material at the time of karyokinesis was followed quantitatively in Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL-I. In a logarithmic growth phase culture, 51% of the dividing cells produced one (43%) or more (8%) ECBs. Most of these gradually disappear before the next cell division, but approximately 13% are retained and carried into subsequent cell cycles. The random distribution of ECBs into anterior or posterior daughter cells, their staining and morphological characteristics, and their rapid loss in cells in starvation medium, all indicate that ECBs play no more of a role in cellular activity than that of an internally produced food vacuole.", "contents": "Formation and fate of extranuclear chromatin bodies in Tetrahymena. The fate of extranuclear chromatin bodies (ECBs) formed by exclusion of macronuclear material at the time of karyokinesis was followed quantitatively in Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL-I. In a logarithmic growth phase culture, 51% of the dividing cells produced one (43%) or more (8%) ECBs. Most of these gradually disappear before the next cell division, but approximately 13% are retained and carried into subsequent cell cycles. The random distribution of ECBs into anterior or posterior daughter cells, their staining and morphological characteristics, and their rapid loss in cells in starvation medium, all indicate that ECBs play no more of a role in cellular activity than that of an internally produced food vacuole.", "PMID": 114630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11389", "title": "Selective inhibition of flagellar activity in Chlamydomonas by nickel.", "content": "Flagellar activity in the biflagellate chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is selectively inhibited by Ni2+ or by treatment with Ca2+-chelating agents. Inhibitions of swimming speed, geotaxis, phototaxis, and pattern swimming result from qualitative and quantitative losses in the activity of individual flagella and in the coordination of activity between the 2 flagella of each cell. Addition of Ca2+ (a) prevents inhibition and (b) restores normal flagellar activity in inhibited cells. Mg2+ is partially effective in reversal of inhibition. Other ions do not cause similar inhibition or reversal of nickel inhibition. The characteristics of inhibition and reversal suggest that the primary target for nickel is a component of the flagellar apparatus, and that this component uses Ca2+ to perform its normal function in the regulation of flagellar activity. A 2nd target for nickel is a Ca-requiring process specific to phototaxis (and not involved in the photophobic response).", "contents": "Selective inhibition of flagellar activity in Chlamydomonas by nickel. Flagellar activity in the biflagellate chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is selectively inhibited by Ni2+ or by treatment with Ca2+-chelating agents. Inhibitions of swimming speed, geotaxis, phototaxis, and pattern swimming result from qualitative and quantitative losses in the activity of individual flagella and in the coordination of activity between the 2 flagella of each cell. Addition of Ca2+ (a) prevents inhibition and (b) restores normal flagellar activity in inhibited cells. Mg2+ is partially effective in reversal of inhibition. Other ions do not cause similar inhibition or reversal of nickel inhibition. The characteristics of inhibition and reversal suggest that the primary target for nickel is a component of the flagellar apparatus, and that this component uses Ca2+ to perform its normal function in the regulation of flagellar activity. A 2nd target for nickel is a Ca-requiring process specific to phototaxis (and not involved in the photophobic response).", "PMID": 114631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11390", "title": "[Results of treatment of breast cancer with a betatron (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyze the results of post-operative therapy with accelerated electrons from a betatron, more especially with pendular bi-energetic electrontherapy, applied to 459 patients with various stages of breast cancer. They stress that as well as the favourable survival rate, sequelae were rare, and there were very few local recurrences.", "contents": "[Results of treatment of breast cancer with a betatron (author's transl)]. The authors analyze the results of post-operative therapy with accelerated electrons from a betatron, more especially with pendular bi-energetic electrontherapy, applied to 459 patients with various stages of breast cancer. They stress that as well as the favourable survival rate, sequelae were rare, and there were very few local recurrences.", "PMID": 114634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11391", "title": "Distribution of gold in blood following administration of auranofin (SK&F D-39162).", "content": "After oral administration of auranofin (SK&F D-39162), a new antiarthritic gold compound, to rats, dogs and humans, a major portion (approximately 50%) of the blood gold content was found to be associated with cellular components. This property is in marked contrast to that reported for gold sodium thiomalate and represents another of the many physical, chemical and pharmacological differences between these therapeutic gold compounds. Although the clinical significance of this property is not presently known, it is recommended that pharmacokinetic studies involving auranofin include the assessment of both blood and serum gold levels.", "contents": "Distribution of gold in blood following administration of auranofin (SK&F D-39162). After oral administration of auranofin (SK&F D-39162), a new antiarthritic gold compound, to rats, dogs and humans, a major portion (approximately 50%) of the blood gold content was found to be associated with cellular components. This property is in marked contrast to that reported for gold sodium thiomalate and represents another of the many physical, chemical and pharmacological differences between these therapeutic gold compounds. Although the clinical significance of this property is not presently known, it is recommended that pharmacokinetic studies involving auranofin include the assessment of both blood and serum gold levels.", "PMID": 114638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11392", "title": "Inhibition of pokeweed mitogen-induced immunoglobulin production in humans by gold compounds.", "content": "The effect of gold compounds on an in vitro model of antibody production was investigated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy adult individuals were stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and generation of immunoglobulin secreting cells (ISC) was assayed. Addition of gold sodium thiomalate 10 microgram/ml markedly inhibited mitogen-induced ISC production. The suppression of Ig production could not be explained by nonspecific lymphocyte toxicity or interference with the assay system. Inhibition of PWM responsiveness was mediated directly by the gold moiety and was not a function of the thiomalate. Furthermore, it was shown that maximum suppression of ISC generation occurred only when gold was added to cultures within the first 24 hours of incubation. This suggested that gold compounds inhibit an early step in B cell activation and differentiation rather than merely blocking Ig secretion by mature plasma cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of pokeweed mitogen-induced immunoglobulin production in humans by gold compounds. The effect of gold compounds on an in vitro model of antibody production was investigated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy adult individuals were stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and generation of immunoglobulin secreting cells (ISC) was assayed. Addition of gold sodium thiomalate 10 microgram/ml markedly inhibited mitogen-induced ISC production. The suppression of Ig production could not be explained by nonspecific lymphocyte toxicity or interference with the assay system. Inhibition of PWM responsiveness was mediated directly by the gold moiety and was not a function of the thiomalate. Furthermore, it was shown that maximum suppression of ISC generation occurred only when gold was added to cultures within the first 24 hours of incubation. This suggested that gold compounds inhibit an early step in B cell activation and differentiation rather than merely blocking Ig secretion by mature plasma cells.", "PMID": 114639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11393", "title": "Quantitation of gold lymphocyte binding during chrysotherapy.", "content": "Carbon rod atomic absorption analysis (CRA) was applied to the quantiation of gold lymphocyte content (GLC) during chrysotherapy. Sensitivity and accuracy of CRA compared favorably with 195Au isotopic scintillation counting, circumventing the limitations and hazards of the latter in clinical applications. Picogram gold quantification of limited sample volume, less than 10 ml blood, e.g., 10(4)-10(5) lymphocytes (5 microliters) containing 5-10 pg was achieved. GLC after IM administration increased significantly in 60% of patients; for the remainder, GLC was observed to be independent of plasma gold content or cumulative dosage. GLC during auranofin administration (6 mg/day p.o.) approached values for IM gold despite significantly lower plasma levels. Unique sensitivity of CRA enables analysis of GLC under therapeutic conditions that could elucidate whether gold alters functional determinants.", "contents": "Quantitation of gold lymphocyte binding during chrysotherapy. Carbon rod atomic absorption analysis (CRA) was applied to the quantiation of gold lymphocyte content (GLC) during chrysotherapy. Sensitivity and accuracy of CRA compared favorably with 195Au isotopic scintillation counting, circumventing the limitations and hazards of the latter in clinical applications. Picogram gold quantification of limited sample volume, less than 10 ml blood, e.g., 10(4)-10(5) lymphocytes (5 microliters) containing 5-10 pg was achieved. GLC after IM administration increased significantly in 60% of patients; for the remainder, GLC was observed to be independent of plasma gold content or cumulative dosage. GLC during auranofin administration (6 mg/day p.o.) approached values for IM gold despite significantly lower plasma levels. Unique sensitivity of CRA enables analysis of GLC under therapeutic conditions that could elucidate whether gold alters functional determinants.", "PMID": 114635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11394", "title": "Sequential observations of in vitro responses of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin in patients receiving gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Forty-seven patients receiving gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis were observed sequentially at 6-monthly intervals. When the disease was in remission, and remained so, the in vitro responses of lymphocytes to phylohemagglutinin stimulation tended to be normal. Improvement in the disease were associated with improvement in lymphocyte response and deterioration associated with depression of response. Our observations suggest that these changes are a reflection of disease activity and their relationship to gold therapy is indirect.", "contents": "Sequential observations of in vitro responses of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin in patients receiving gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Forty-seven patients receiving gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis were observed sequentially at 6-monthly intervals. When the disease was in remission, and remained so, the in vitro responses of lymphocytes to phylohemagglutinin stimulation tended to be normal. Improvement in the disease were associated with improvement in lymphocyte response and deterioration associated with depression of response. Our observations suggest that these changes are a reflection of disease activity and their relationship to gold therapy is indirect.", "PMID": 114640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11395", "title": "The amyloidosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis - comparative studies in Polish and American children II. Serum immunoglobulins, kappa and lambda light chain and C3 levels.", "content": "The concentration of serum IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE and complement C3 as well as Kappa and Lambda free and bound light chains were determined in sera from 21 amyloidotic Polish children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), Polish and American children with JRA, and control children from a Polish population. Comparable concentrations of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and C3 were found in amyloidotic children when compared to Polish JRA children with active polyarticular disease. However, the amyloidotic Polish children with JRA had significantly higher levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and complement C3 fraction when compared to American JRA children. The levels of IgA and IgE were significantly elevated in amyloidotic and Polish JRA populations when compared to American JRA patients. Free immunoglobulin light chains were not found in the sera of any of the children tested in this study. However, in the patients with amyloidosis, significantly diminished levels of bound Kappa and Lambda light chains were found.", "contents": "The amyloidosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis - comparative studies in Polish and American children II. Serum immunoglobulins, kappa and lambda light chain and C3 levels. The concentration of serum IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE and complement C3 as well as Kappa and Lambda free and bound light chains were determined in sera from 21 amyloidotic Polish children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), Polish and American children with JRA, and control children from a Polish population. Comparable concentrations of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and C3 were found in amyloidotic children when compared to Polish JRA children with active polyarticular disease. However, the amyloidotic Polish children with JRA had significantly higher levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and complement C3 fraction when compared to American JRA children. The levels of IgA and IgE were significantly elevated in amyloidotic and Polish JRA populations when compared to American JRA patients. Free immunoglobulin light chains were not found in the sera of any of the children tested in this study. However, in the patients with amyloidosis, significantly diminished levels of bound Kappa and Lambda light chains were found.", "PMID": 114636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11396", "title": "Gold in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis -- why, when and how?", "content": "The use of gold salts is reviewed and discussed in terms of rationale (Why), indications and side-effects compared to other disease suppressives (when), and different types of gold and their modes of administration (How).", "contents": "Gold in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis -- why, when and how? The use of gold salts is reviewed and discussed in terms of rationale (Why), indications and side-effects compared to other disease suppressives (when), and different types of gold and their modes of administration (How).", "PMID": 114641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11397", "title": "Action of gold salts on the inflammatory response and inflammatory cell function.", "content": "Information relating to the effect and mechanism of action of gold salts on acute and chronic inflammatory processes has been reviewed. Gold salts are effective in suppressing various aspects of the acute inflammatory process although large gaps exist in the knowledge of the mechanisms involved. Available evidence indicates that gold salts affect many biochemical pathways and that interaction with enzymes plays a major role in their pharmacology. Because they are more difficult to investigate, the action of gold salts on various important aspects of chronic inflammation have not yet received much attention.", "contents": "Action of gold salts on the inflammatory response and inflammatory cell function. Information relating to the effect and mechanism of action of gold salts on acute and chronic inflammatory processes has been reviewed. Gold salts are effective in suppressing various aspects of the acute inflammatory process although large gaps exist in the knowledge of the mechanisms involved. Available evidence indicates that gold salts affect many biochemical pathways and that interaction with enzymes plays a major role in their pharmacology. Because they are more difficult to investigate, the action of gold salts on various important aspects of chronic inflammation have not yet received much attention.", "PMID": 114642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11398", "title": "Alterations in human monocyte structure and function induced by incubation with gold sodium thiomalate.", "content": "The effect of in vitro indubation with gold sodium thiomalate (GST) on the morphology and functional activity of human mononuclear phagocytes (Mphi) was examined. Human peripheral blood Mphi that had been incubated with GST (25 micrograms/ml) for 4 days developed large intracytoplasmic vacuoles. Similar vacuolization developed after incubation with gold chloride but not with thiomalic acid. GST pre-incubation also induced a number of functional alterations in Mphi. GST incubation had little effect on glass adherence or FC receptor-mediated particle binding but markedly diminished pinocytosis of horseradish peroxidase and phagocytosis of IgG opsonized erythrocytes. These data indicate that the action of GST in rheumatoid arthritis may result from its capacity to alter the functional capability of Mphi.", "contents": "Alterations in human monocyte structure and function induced by incubation with gold sodium thiomalate. The effect of in vitro indubation with gold sodium thiomalate (GST) on the morphology and functional activity of human mononuclear phagocytes (Mphi) was examined. Human peripheral blood Mphi that had been incubated with GST (25 micrograms/ml) for 4 days developed large intracytoplasmic vacuoles. Similar vacuolization developed after incubation with gold chloride but not with thiomalic acid. GST pre-incubation also induced a number of functional alterations in Mphi. GST incubation had little effect on glass adherence or FC receptor-mediated particle binding but markedly diminished pinocytosis of horseradish peroxidase and phagocytosis of IgG opsonized erythrocytes. These data indicate that the action of GST in rheumatoid arthritis may result from its capacity to alter the functional capability of Mphi.", "PMID": 114643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11399", "title": "Trace elements and acute phase reactants in gold treated rheumatoid arthritis patients.", "content": "Abnormal concentrations of trace elements, sulfhydryl groups, amino-acids and serum proteins were found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis similar to other chronic inflammatory conditions. These changes have been called the phase reaction. In this study, a systematic profile of the phase reactants was established in rheumatoid arthritis at the onset and during its modulation by chrysotherapy (gold sodium thiomalate 25 mg i.m. weekly). It was shown that this treatment, if successful, is capable of reverting to normal measures of the phase reaction. It was also found that the pattern of the profile varied in individuhe eventual beneficial or toxic effects. In these preliminary studies, no parameters or group of parameters of the phase reaction were predictive of the therapeutic outcome. Extended observations (over 6 months) and more individual profiles are being analyzed to gain insight into these features of inflammation and their modulation by chrysotherapy.", "contents": "Trace elements and acute phase reactants in gold treated rheumatoid arthritis patients. Abnormal concentrations of trace elements, sulfhydryl groups, amino-acids and serum proteins were found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis similar to other chronic inflammatory conditions. These changes have been called the phase reaction. In this study, a systematic profile of the phase reactants was established in rheumatoid arthritis at the onset and during its modulation by chrysotherapy (gold sodium thiomalate 25 mg i.m. weekly). It was shown that this treatment, if successful, is capable of reverting to normal measures of the phase reaction. It was also found that the pattern of the profile varied in individuhe eventual beneficial or toxic effects. In these preliminary studies, no parameters or group of parameters of the phase reaction were predictive of the therapeutic outcome. Extended observations (over 6 months) and more individual profiles are being analyzed to gain insight into these features of inflammation and their modulation by chrysotherapy.", "PMID": 114644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11400", "title": "Liposomes: a new approach to gold therapy?", "content": "Gold sodium thiomalate (GST) can be encapsulated in egg phophatidyl choline (and cholesterol) vesicles. Leakage from vesicles at room temperature is negligible allowing storage for at least 6 days prior to use. Intravenous injection of GST encapsulated in egg phosphatidyl choline vesicles results in: 1) delayed blood clearance, 2) enhanced uptake by the liver and spleen, 3) reduced uptake by the kidney, 4) reduced 24 hr urine excretion, and 5) enhanced uptake by inflamed tissues compared to free GST given by the same route. Thus, our preliminary findings suggest that egg phosphatidyl choline vesicles may be a suitable carrier of GST for parenteral administration.", "contents": "Liposomes: a new approach to gold therapy? Gold sodium thiomalate (GST) can be encapsulated in egg phophatidyl choline (and cholesterol) vesicles. Leakage from vesicles at room temperature is negligible allowing storage for at least 6 days prior to use. Intravenous injection of GST encapsulated in egg phosphatidyl choline vesicles results in: 1) delayed blood clearance, 2) enhanced uptake by the liver and spleen, 3) reduced uptake by the kidney, 4) reduced 24 hr urine excretion, and 5) enhanced uptake by inflamed tissues compared to free GST given by the same route. Thus, our preliminary findings suggest that egg phosphatidyl choline vesicles may be a suitable carrier of GST for parenteral administration.", "PMID": 114645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11401", "title": "Metabolism and distribution of gold compounds.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of gold in blood and urine are compared during intramuscular and oral chrysotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Blood gold levels are 3 to 10 fold higher with injectable aurothioglucose and gold sodium thiomalate (50 mg/week) than with oral auranofin (6 mg/day). But, the serum half-life of the parenteral compounds is significantly shorter (5.5 days) than the oral agent (14-21 days). The gold content of urine is nearly 10 times higher with the intramuscular compounds than with the oral drug. The excretory pathways and tissue distribution of gold during conventional intramuscular chrysotherapy are reviewed. Forty percent of a 50 mg injection of gold sodium thiomalate is excreted in 7 days, of which 70% is recovered in the urine. Highest gold concentrations are found in the reticuloendothelial system, adrenal glands and kidneys, while the bone marrow, liver, skin and bone contain the greatest quantities of gold.", "contents": "Metabolism and distribution of gold compounds. The pharmacokinetics of gold in blood and urine are compared during intramuscular and oral chrysotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Blood gold levels are 3 to 10 fold higher with injectable aurothioglucose and gold sodium thiomalate (50 mg/week) than with oral auranofin (6 mg/day). But, the serum half-life of the parenteral compounds is significantly shorter (5.5 days) than the oral agent (14-21 days). The gold content of urine is nearly 10 times higher with the intramuscular compounds than with the oral drug. The excretory pathways and tissue distribution of gold during conventional intramuscular chrysotherapy are reviewed. Forty percent of a 50 mg injection of gold sodium thiomalate is excreted in 7 days, of which 70% is recovered in the urine. Highest gold concentrations are found in the reticuloendothelial system, adrenal glands and kidneys, while the bone marrow, liver, skin and bone contain the greatest quantities of gold.", "PMID": 114646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11402", "title": "The aurosome.", "content": "Aurosomes are lysosomal bodies containing gold. Colloidal gold produces aurosomes containing spherical electron-dense granules. Soluble gold salts produce aurosomes containing lamellar, filamentous and rod-like profiles studded with particles and granules. This morphological pattern is quite distinctive, and is not affected or altered by which particular soluble gold salt is administered, by which route it is administered or in which species or cell type the aurosome occurs. In the skin of patients treated with soluble gold salts the characteristics electron-dense formations indicating the presence of gold are often found in compound melanosomes and other lysosomes in the dermal macrophages; while in the synovial membrane these characteristic electron-dense deposits are seen in the numerous lysosomes that develop in the rheumatoid synovial membrane. Thus it would appear that while aurosomes may vary somewhat in morphology, the electron dense contents indicating the presence of gold have a fairly constant morphology.", "contents": "The aurosome. Aurosomes are lysosomal bodies containing gold. Colloidal gold produces aurosomes containing spherical electron-dense granules. Soluble gold salts produce aurosomes containing lamellar, filamentous and rod-like profiles studded with particles and granules. This morphological pattern is quite distinctive, and is not affected or altered by which particular soluble gold salt is administered, by which route it is administered or in which species or cell type the aurosome occurs. In the skin of patients treated with soluble gold salts the characteristics electron-dense formations indicating the presence of gold are often found in compound melanosomes and other lysosomes in the dermal macrophages; while in the synovial membrane these characteristic electron-dense deposits are seen in the numerous lysosomes that develop in the rheumatoid synovial membrane. Thus it would appear that while aurosomes may vary somewhat in morphology, the electron dense contents indicating the presence of gold have a fairly constant morphology.", "PMID": 114648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11403", "title": "Gold compounds in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical-pharmacokinetic correlates.", "content": "Currently available techniques do not enable the clinician to identify which patients with rheumatoid arthritis will respond favorably to chrysotherapy or to predict which patients will develop gold-related complications. Gold concentrations are similar in blood, urine, feces, skin, hair and nails in gold-responders and non-responders, and in gold-toxic and non-toxic patients. However, gold toxicity is a function of dosage schedule; higher than conventional doses increase the prevalence and severity of adverse reactions. Preliminary observations suggest that the frequency of common side-effects (e.g. dermatitis, stomatitis, proteinuria) from oral gold (auranofin) is less than that incurred with intramuscular gold prepartions. The possible genetic predisposition to develop gold toxicity is under investigation.", "contents": "Gold compounds in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical-pharmacokinetic correlates. Currently available techniques do not enable the clinician to identify which patients with rheumatoid arthritis will respond favorably to chrysotherapy or to predict which patients will develop gold-related complications. Gold concentrations are similar in blood, urine, feces, skin, hair and nails in gold-responders and non-responders, and in gold-toxic and non-toxic patients. However, gold toxicity is a function of dosage schedule; higher than conventional doses increase the prevalence and severity of adverse reactions. Preliminary observations suggest that the frequency of common side-effects (e.g. dermatitis, stomatitis, proteinuria) from oral gold (auranofin) is less than that incurred with intramuscular gold prepartions. The possible genetic predisposition to develop gold toxicity is under investigation.", "PMID": 114649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11404", "title": "In vitro binding and pharmacokinetics of gold salts in plasma proteins and chelating agents.", "content": "The binding of sodium aurothiomalate, sodium aurothiosulphate and aurothioglucose to plasma proteins has been  investigated in vitro. All gold compounds were bound to protein at a similar rate and had similar apparent affinity constants and binding capacities. Penicillamine (10 or 100 microgram/ml) was unable to chelate significant amounts of bound gold from plasma protein.", "contents": "In vitro binding and pharmacokinetics of gold salts in plasma proteins and chelating agents. The binding of sodium aurothiomalate, sodium aurothiosulphate and aurothioglucose to plasma proteins has been  investigated in vitro. All gold compounds were bound to protein at a similar rate and had similar apparent affinity constants and binding capacities. Penicillamine (10 or 100 microgram/ml) was unable to chelate significant amounts of bound gold from plasma protein.", "PMID": 114650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11405", "title": "Immunopharmacology of auranofin and gold sodium thiomalate: effects on humoral immunity.", "content": "The effect of auranofin and gold sodium thiomalate (GST) on antibody production was evaluted using antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent antibody responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and L929 fibroblasts. The results indicated that auranofin was capable of depressing antibody production to L929 cells, but inconsistently depressed the response to SRBC in the mouse. GST, however, stimulated both responses. In vitro, both compounds inhibit secretion of antibody. These results demonstrate that auranofin, in contrast to GST, is capable of suppressing humoral immunity which may explain its more rapid effect on immunological parameters in RA.", "contents": "Immunopharmacology of auranofin and gold sodium thiomalate: effects on humoral immunity. The effect of auranofin and gold sodium thiomalate (GST) on antibody production was evaluted using antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent antibody responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and L929 fibroblasts. The results indicated that auranofin was capable of depressing antibody production to L929 cells, but inconsistently depressed the response to SRBC in the mouse. GST, however, stimulated both responses. In vitro, both compounds inhibit secretion of antibody. These results demonstrate that auranofin, in contrast to GST, is capable of suppressing humoral immunity which may explain its more rapid effect on immunological parameters in RA.", "PMID": 114651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11406", "title": "Effect of chrysotherapy on parameters of immune response.", "content": "Thirty-nine subjects with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis received weekly intramuscular gold sodium thiomalate (GST) to sustain gold blood levels of more than 320 microgram/dl. Statistical analysis revealed significant declines from pre-treatment values for IgM, IgG, and IaA. Rheumatoid factor titer decreased in 29 of 39 subjects, 15 becoming seronegative. Circulating lymphocytes decreased by 27%. The maximal suppressive effect on IgM was not achieved until the 3rd and 4th years of GST administration. Auranofin (AF) 6 mg/day was administered to 15 patients for an average interval of 45 weeks. In vitro and in vivo suppression of lymphocyte mitogen response with AF was more rapid in onset and significantly greater than with GST. Suppression of dinitrochlorobenzene skin sensitization was observed in AF patients. The clinical response in GST treated subjects correlated with suppression of immunoglobulins, rheumatoid factor titer, and circulating lymphocytes. A significant decline in these variables was not achieved for a corresponding interval with AF treatment. It is suggested that chrysotherapy may be applied more widely to immunologically-mediated disorders and perhaps be used to affect selectively B versus T mediated dysfunction.", "contents": "Effect of chrysotherapy on parameters of immune response. Thirty-nine subjects with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis received weekly intramuscular gold sodium thiomalate (GST) to sustain gold blood levels of more than 320 microgram/dl. Statistical analysis revealed significant declines from pre-treatment values for IgM, IgG, and IaA. Rheumatoid factor titer decreased in 29 of 39 subjects, 15 becoming seronegative. Circulating lymphocytes decreased by 27%. The maximal suppressive effect on IgM was not achieved until the 3rd and 4th years of GST administration. Auranofin (AF) 6 mg/day was administered to 15 patients for an average interval of 45 weeks. In vitro and in vivo suppression of lymphocyte mitogen response with AF was more rapid in onset and significantly greater than with GST. Suppression of dinitrochlorobenzene skin sensitization was observed in AF patients. The clinical response in GST treated subjects correlated with suppression of immunoglobulins, rheumatoid factor titer, and circulating lymphocytes. A significant decline in these variables was not achieved for a corresponding interval with AF treatment. It is suggested that chrysotherapy may be applied more widely to immunologically-mediated disorders and perhaps be used to affect selectively B versus T mediated dysfunction.", "PMID": 114652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11407", "title": "Effect of gold salts on adherent mononuclear cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Adherent mononuclear cells from normals and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were isolated and effects of gold salts on cell cultures assessed in vitro. Phagocytic function of adherent mononuclear cells was assessed by the injestion of opsonized chicken red blood cells. Absolute numbers of phagocytic cells were higher in the RA patients than normals. Gold salts in concentrations 0.5-5.0 microgram/ml significantly reduced the numbers of both adherent and phagocytic cells when compared to control cultures. This suppression was particularily marked in the RA patients and was dose and time dependent. However, mononuclear cells surviving incubation with gold salts appeared to maintain phagocytic function in similar proportions to control cultures.", "contents": "Effect of gold salts on adherent mononuclear cells in tissue culture. Adherent mononuclear cells from normals and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were isolated and effects of gold salts on cell cultures assessed in vitro. Phagocytic function of adherent mononuclear cells was assessed by the injestion of opsonized chicken red blood cells. Absolute numbers of phagocytic cells were higher in the RA patients than normals. Gold salts in concentrations 0.5-5.0 microgram/ml significantly reduced the numbers of both adherent and phagocytic cells when compared to control cultures. This suppression was particularily marked in the RA patients and was dose and time dependent. However, mononuclear cells surviving incubation with gold salts appeared to maintain phagocytic function in similar proportions to control cultures.", "PMID": 114653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11408", "title": "Antimalarials. 11. Synthesis of 3- and 5-aminoquinolines as potential antimalarials.", "content": "A series of 3-quinolinediamines (1g, 2c, and 3e) structurally related to primaquine and 4-methylprimaquine have been prepared and tested for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei in mice and antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani in the hamster. All were inactive. In addition, three 5-quinolinediamines (4b, 5, and 6) were prepared. All were inactive against Leishmania donovani in hamsters. One of the examples, 6, was curative against Plasmodium cynmolgi in the rhesus monkey.", "contents": "Antimalarials. 11. Synthesis of 3- and 5-aminoquinolines as potential antimalarials. A series of 3-quinolinediamines (1g, 2c, and 3e) structurally related to primaquine and 4-methylprimaquine have been prepared and tested for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei in mice and antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani in the hamster. All were inactive. In addition, three 5-quinolinediamines (4b, 5, and 6) were prepared. All were inactive against Leishmania donovani in hamsters. One of the examples, 6, was curative against Plasmodium cynmolgi in the rhesus monkey.", "PMID": 114654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11409", "title": "3-Phenyl-5-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]indole-2-carbonitrile, a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase and of platelet aggregation.", "content": "A number of indoles containing the 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl side chain have been prepared by standard methods. Alternate, novel syntheses of indole-2-carboxamides and indole-2-carbonitriles have been developed. The title compound, 7e, was found to be a potent inhibitor of bovine prostaglandin synthetase in vitro and to lower serum prostaglandin levels after oral or intraperitoneal administration to rats. Consistent with prostaglandin synthetase inhibition, 7e prevented arachidonic acid induced diarrhea in mice and also collagen, ADP, or epinephrine induced platelet aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma. In contrast to many prostaglandin synthetase and platelet-aggregation inhibitors, 7e had neither ulcerogenicity nor systemic antiinflammatory activity in rats.", "contents": "3-Phenyl-5-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]indole-2-carbonitrile, a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase and of platelet aggregation. A number of indoles containing the 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl side chain have been prepared by standard methods. Alternate, novel syntheses of indole-2-carboxamides and indole-2-carbonitriles have been developed. The title compound, 7e, was found to be a potent inhibitor of bovine prostaglandin synthetase in vitro and to lower serum prostaglandin levels after oral or intraperitoneal administration to rats. Consistent with prostaglandin synthetase inhibition, 7e prevented arachidonic acid induced diarrhea in mice and also collagen, ADP, or epinephrine induced platelet aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma. In contrast to many prostaglandin synthetase and platelet-aggregation inhibitors, 7e had neither ulcerogenicity nor systemic antiinflammatory activity in rats.", "PMID": 114655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11410", "title": "5-Fluoro-2'deoxyuridine 5'-(p-azidophenyl phosphate), a potential photoaffinity label of thymidylate synthetase.", "content": "5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-(p-azidophenyl phosphate) (1), a potential photoaffinity labeling reagent for thymidylate synthetase from a methotrexate-resistant strain of Lactobacillus casei, has been synthesized and characterized. UV254 irradiation of mixtures of thymidylate synthetase with 1, containing 14C-labeled phenyl and 3H-labeled pyrimidine rings, in the presence of excess 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, the cofactor for the reaction, produced two complexes, separable from the native enzyme by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in which only the 3H-containing moiety was bound to the protein. When mixtures of enzyme and 1 were irradiated in the absence of cofactor, complexes separable from the native enzyme were not observed. However, the 14C-containing component of 1 was now bound to the protein in the absence of the 3H-containing portion. The results are discussed in terms of the topography of the enzyme active site.", "contents": "5-Fluoro-2'deoxyuridine 5'-(p-azidophenyl phosphate), a potential photoaffinity label of thymidylate synthetase. 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-(p-azidophenyl phosphate) (1), a potential photoaffinity labeling reagent for thymidylate synthetase from a methotrexate-resistant strain of Lactobacillus casei, has been synthesized and characterized. UV254 irradiation of mixtures of thymidylate synthetase with 1, containing 14C-labeled phenyl and 3H-labeled pyrimidine rings, in the presence of excess 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, the cofactor for the reaction, produced two complexes, separable from the native enzyme by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in which only the 3H-containing moiety was bound to the protein. When mixtures of enzyme and 1 were irradiated in the absence of cofactor, complexes separable from the native enzyme were not observed. However, the 14C-containing component of 1 was now bound to the protein in the absence of the 3H-containing portion. The results are discussed in terms of the topography of the enzyme active site.", "PMID": 114656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11411", "title": "Antifungal agents. 5. Chemical modification of antibiotics from Polyangium cellulosum var. fulvum. Alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, and oxime analogues of ambruticin.", "content": "Alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, and oxime analogues of ambruticin (1) were prepared. The analogues were tested against Histoplasma capsulatum, Microsporum fulvum, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Structure-activity relationships are described. Increasing the bulk of substituent at C1 and C5 reduces antifungal activity.", "contents": "Antifungal agents. 5. Chemical modification of antibiotics from Polyangium cellulosum var. fulvum. Alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, and oxime analogues of ambruticin. Alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, and oxime analogues of ambruticin (1) were prepared. The analogues were tested against Histoplasma capsulatum, Microsporum fulvum, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Structure-activity relationships are described. Increasing the bulk of substituent at C1 and C5 reduces antifungal activity.", "PMID": 114657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11412", "title": "Lysosomotropic agents. 1. Synthesis and cytotoxic action of lysosomotropic detergents.", "content": "Amines whose pK values lie between about 5 and 9 are lysosomotropic because lysosomes are acidic intracellular compartments. If such amines bear long hydrophobic chains, they become detergents upon protonation inside the lysosomes, rupturing the lysosomal membrane and killing the cell. Six types of lysosomotropic amines have been prepared that all behave in the expected manner. They are cytotoxic to all lysosome-bearing cells but not red blood cells, which lack lysosomes. Their mode of action, the effect of alkyl chain length on activity, and the fact that their cytotoxic action appears only above a threshhold intracellular concentration support the belief that they behave as lysosomotropic detergents. Among the potential applications is cancer chemotherapy.", "contents": "Lysosomotropic agents. 1. Synthesis and cytotoxic action of lysosomotropic detergents. Amines whose pK values lie between about 5 and 9 are lysosomotropic because lysosomes are acidic intracellular compartments. If such amines bear long hydrophobic chains, they become detergents upon protonation inside the lysosomes, rupturing the lysosomal membrane and killing the cell. Six types of lysosomotropic amines have been prepared that all behave in the expected manner. They are cytotoxic to all lysosome-bearing cells but not red blood cells, which lack lysosomes. Their mode of action, the effect of alkyl chain length on activity, and the fact that their cytotoxic action appears only above a threshhold intracellular concentration support the belief that they behave as lysosomotropic detergents. Among the potential applications is cancer chemotherapy.", "PMID": 114658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11413", "title": "5-[(4-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalyl)methyl]-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate: an analogue of a proposed intermediate in thymidylate synthetase catalysis.", "content": "In a study of the sequence steps involved in the mechanism of thymidylate synthetase catalysis, 5-[(N-methyl-piperazinyl)methyl]- (5) and 5-[(4-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalyl)methyl]-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (6) were synthesized. Compound 6 has high affinity for the Lactobacillus casei enzyme (Ki = 0.75 microM, KI/Km - 0.23), which is 50 times stronger than that of the piperazinyl derivative 5. Compound 6, a possible multisubstrate inhibitor, is an analogue of a proposed intermediate in the reaction mechanism wherein the enzyme is eliminated from the covalent complex (enzyme--substrate--cofactor) prior to the redox reaction leading to the products 2'-deoxythymidine 5'-phosphate and 7,8-dihydrofolic acid.", "contents": "5-[(4-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalyl)methyl]-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate: an analogue of a proposed intermediate in thymidylate synthetase catalysis. In a study of the sequence steps involved in the mechanism of thymidylate synthetase catalysis, 5-[(N-methyl-piperazinyl)methyl]- (5) and 5-[(4-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalyl)methyl]-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (6) were synthesized. Compound 6 has high affinity for the Lactobacillus casei enzyme (Ki = 0.75 microM, KI/Km - 0.23), which is 50 times stronger than that of the piperazinyl derivative 5. Compound 6, a possible multisubstrate inhibitor, is an analogue of a proposed intermediate in the reaction mechanism wherein the enzyme is eliminated from the covalent complex (enzyme--substrate--cofactor) prior to the redox reaction leading to the products 2'-deoxythymidine 5'-phosphate and 7,8-dihydrofolic acid.", "PMID": 114659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11414", "title": "5-Cyano-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate: a potent competitive inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase.", "content": "The 5'-phosphate (1) of the antiviral nucleoside 5-cyano-2'-deoxyuridine was synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of thymidylate synthetase purified from methotrexate-resistant Lactobacillus casei. Compound 1 was a potent competitive inhibitor with a K1 of 0.55 microns. Irreversible enzyme inhibition by this compound could not be detected.", "contents": "5-Cyano-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate: a potent competitive inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. The 5'-phosphate (1) of the antiviral nucleoside 5-cyano-2'-deoxyuridine was synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of thymidylate synthetase purified from methotrexate-resistant Lactobacillus casei. Compound 1 was a potent competitive inhibitor with a K1 of 0.55 microns. Irreversible enzyme inhibition by this compound could not be detected.", "PMID": 114660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11415", "title": "Antifungal agents. 4. Chemical modification of antibiotics from Polyangium cellulosum var. fulvum. Ester and amide analogues of ambruticin.", "content": "A series of ester and amide analogues of ambruticin (1) was prepared. The analogues were tested against Histoplasma capsulatum, Microsporum fulvum, Candida albicans and Streptococcus pyogenes. Structure-activity relationships are described.", "contents": "Antifungal agents. 4. Chemical modification of antibiotics from Polyangium cellulosum var. fulvum. Ester and amide analogues of ambruticin. A series of ester and amide analogues of ambruticin (1) was prepared. The analogues were tested against Histoplasma capsulatum, Microsporum fulvum, Candida albicans and Streptococcus pyogenes. Structure-activity relationships are described.", "PMID": 114661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11416", "title": "The natural history of violence.", "content": "In the past, human violence was associated with food shortage, but recently it has increased even in relatively well-fed societies. The reason appears from studies of monkeys under relaxed, spacious conditions and under crowding stress. Uncrowded monkeys have unaggressive leaders, rarely quarrel, and protect females and young. Crowded monkeys (even well-fed) have brutal bosses, often quarrel, and wound and kill each other, including females and young. Crowding has similar behaviour effects on other mammals, with physiological disturbances including greater susceptibility to infections. All this appears to be a regular response to overpopulation, reducing the population before it has depleted its natural resources. Human beings, like monkeys and other mammals, need ample space, and become more violent when crowded. Human history is marked by population cycles: population outgrows resources, the resulting violence, stress and disease mortality cuts down the population, leading to a relief period of social and cultural progress, till renewed population growth produces the next crisis. The modern population crisis is world-wide, and explains the increase of violence even in well-fed societies. The solution to the problem of violence is to substitute voluntary birth control for involuntary death control, and bring about relaxed conditions for a reduced world population.", "contents": "The natural history of violence. In the past, human violence was associated with food shortage, but recently it has increased even in relatively well-fed societies. The reason appears from studies of monkeys under relaxed, spacious conditions and under crowding stress. Uncrowded monkeys have unaggressive leaders, rarely quarrel, and protect females and young. Crowded monkeys (even well-fed) have brutal bosses, often quarrel, and wound and kill each other, including females and young. Crowding has similar behaviour effects on other mammals, with physiological disturbances including greater susceptibility to infections. All this appears to be a regular response to overpopulation, reducing the population before it has depleted its natural resources. Human beings, like monkeys and other mammals, need ample space, and become more violent when crowded. Human history is marked by population cycles: population outgrows resources, the resulting violence, stress and disease mortality cuts down the population, leading to a relief period of social and cultural progress, till renewed population growth produces the next crisis. The modern population crisis is world-wide, and explains the increase of violence even in well-fed societies. The solution to the problem of violence is to substitute voluntary birth control for involuntary death control, and bring about relaxed conditions for a reduced world population.", "PMID": 114662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11417", "title": "Reversible inhibition by lanthanum of the hydrosmotic response to serosal hypertonicity in toad urinary bladder.", "content": "In the urinary bladder of amphibia, hypertonicity of the serosal bath (SH) evokes an increase in transepithelial water permeability, the characteristics of which resemble the response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The ionic dependency, in particular for Ca2+, appears very similar for SH- and ADH-induced water fluxes. In the present experiments La3+ was used as a probe to study the Ca2+-dependency of the hydrosmotic response to SH in isolated urinary bladder of the toad Bufo marinus. Addition of La3+ (5 mM) on the serosal side of the membrane produced a significant and reversible increase in basal transepithelial water flux. The hydrosmotic response elicited by adding 250 mM mannitol to the serosal Ringer's solution was inhibited by 30% in the absence of serosal Ca2+. Similarly, the hydrosmotic response to SH was inhibited by 37%, 30% and 40% when 5 mM La3+ was added to the serosal medium 30 min before, concommitantly with, or 60 min after induction of SH. The inhibition of transepithelial water flux observed in the absence of serosal Ca2+ or in the presence of serosal La3+ was reversible. The results support a critical role for Ca2+ in the modulation of transepithelial water permeability in the urinary bladder of amphibia. Ca2+ presumably exerts its effects at a post-cyclic AMP step.", "contents": "Reversible inhibition by lanthanum of the hydrosmotic response to serosal hypertonicity in toad urinary bladder. In the urinary bladder of amphibia, hypertonicity of the serosal bath (SH) evokes an increase in transepithelial water permeability, the characteristics of which resemble the response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The ionic dependency, in particular for Ca2+, appears very similar for SH- and ADH-induced water fluxes. In the present experiments La3+ was used as a probe to study the Ca2+-dependency of the hydrosmotic response to SH in isolated urinary bladder of the toad Bufo marinus. Addition of La3+ (5 mM) on the serosal side of the membrane produced a significant and reversible increase in basal transepithelial water flux. The hydrosmotic response elicited by adding 250 mM mannitol to the serosal Ringer's solution was inhibited by 30% in the absence of serosal Ca2+. Similarly, the hydrosmotic response to SH was inhibited by 37%, 30% and 40% when 5 mM La3+ was added to the serosal medium 30 min before, concommitantly with, or 60 min after induction of SH. The inhibition of transepithelial water flux observed in the absence of serosal Ca2+ or in the presence of serosal La3+ was reversible. The results support a critical role for Ca2+ in the modulation of transepithelial water permeability in the urinary bladder of amphibia. Ca2+ presumably exerts its effects at a post-cyclic AMP step.", "PMID": 114663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11418", "title": "Concentration-dependence of nonelectrolyte permeability of toad bladder.", "content": "A theoretical formulation was derived for the dependence of bulk solute permeability, P, defined as net flux divided by concentration gradient, delta c, across any membrane in which solute concentration is controlling for net flux, delta J. According to this formulation, delta J is stimulated by increments in trans concentration, c2, in the range c2/c1 equals 0.0--0.1. Net flux of urea across toad bladder down concentration gradients was shown to be stimulated threefold by small increments in trans urea concentration. The theory also predicts that, in the absence of concentration gradients, tracer permeability, P, defined as tracer flux divided by tracer concentration, will be independent of c provided that P equals P, but will diminish with increasing c if P/P less than 1.P/P was not significantly different from unity for urea, and both P and P were independent of c in the absence of concentration gradients. However, P/P was significantly less than unity (0.90 and 0.85) for thiourea and mannitol, respectively. In conformity with theory, P (and also P) of these two solutes, measured as c was increased by 3--4 orders of magnitude, diminished progressively. These effects are more consistent with this formulation than with transport via a saturable carrier.", "contents": "Concentration-dependence of nonelectrolyte permeability of toad bladder. A theoretical formulation was derived for the dependence of bulk solute permeability, P, defined as net flux divided by concentration gradient, delta c, across any membrane in which solute concentration is controlling for net flux, delta J. According to this formulation, delta J is stimulated by increments in trans concentration, c2, in the range c2/c1 equals 0.0--0.1. Net flux of urea across toad bladder down concentration gradients was shown to be stimulated threefold by small increments in trans urea concentration. The theory also predicts that, in the absence of concentration gradients, tracer permeability, P, defined as tracer flux divided by tracer concentration, will be independent of c provided that P equals P, but will diminish with increasing c if P/P less than 1.P/P was not significantly different from unity for urea, and both P and P were independent of c in the absence of concentration gradients. However, P/P was significantly less than unity (0.90 and 0.85) for thiourea and mannitol, respectively. In conformity with theory, P (and also P) of these two solutes, measured as c was increased by 3--4 orders of magnitude, diminished progressively. These effects are more consistent with this formulation than with transport via a saturable carrier.", "PMID": 114664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11419", "title": "Transient potassium fluxes in toad skin.", "content": "Experiments were carried out in the isolated short-circuited skin of the toad Bufo marinus ictericus. 42K influx and efflux experiments were carried out with skins bathed on both sides by NaCl-Ringer's solution. Those fluxes showed very similar kinetics of equilibration with time and the results could be fitted by equations of a model of two intraepithelial compartments and the bathing solutions. In the steady state K influx is 3.99 +/- 0.36 nmol cm-2 hr-1 (n = 7) and efflux 3.62 +/- 0.38 nmol cm-2 hr-1 (n = 7) and are not statistically different, indicating that no net K flux is present across the epithelium. Different kinds of perturbations affecting the rates of 42K discharge into the bathing solutions were studied. Immediately after addition of amiloride (10(-4) M) to the outer solution, a sharp decline is observed in the rate of 42K discharge into the bathing solution, JK21, which falls from 3.62 +/- 0.38 nmol cm-2 hr-1 to 2.02 +/- 0.04 nmol cm-2 hr-1 (n = 7) 2 min after addition of the drug, followed by a partial recuperation with time. A complete Na by K substitution in the outer bathing solution induces a prompt and marked decline in JK21 which is similar to that induced by amiloride. Increase in the outer bathing solution Na concentration from zero Na concentration induces a nonlinear increase in JK21 and a linear relationship was observed between JK21 and short-circuit current in the range of 0 to 115 mM external Na concentration. The decline in JK21 induced by amiloride or by lowering external Na concentration was interpreted as being caused by electrical hyperpolarization of the external barrier of the epithelium induced by these procedures. Depolarization of the epithelial barriers by inner Na by K substitution in the short-circuited state (when the potential barriers are equal) drastically interfere with the rate of 42K discharge from the epithelium into the bathing solutions. Thus, transient increases are observed both in the rate of 42K discharge to the outer and to the inner bathing solutions upon depolarization of the barriers. These results indicate that at least the most important component of transepithelial K unidirectional fluxes goes through a transcellular route with a negligible paracellular component. Addition of ouabain (10(-3) M) to the inner bathing solution induces a transient rise in the rate of 42K discharge to the outer bathing solution with a peak on the order of 200% of the stationary value previous to the action of the inhibitor, followed by a return to new stationary values not statistically different from those observed previously to the effect of ouabain. The behavior of JK21 upon the effect of ouabain, as suggested by comparison with predictions from computer simulation, strongly supports the notion of a rheogenic Na pump in the inner barrier of the epithelium against the notion of a nonrheogenic 1:1 Na--K pump.", "contents": "Transient potassium fluxes in toad skin. Experiments were carried out in the isolated short-circuited skin of the toad Bufo marinus ictericus. 42K influx and efflux experiments were carried out with skins bathed on both sides by NaCl-Ringer's solution. Those fluxes showed very similar kinetics of equilibration with time and the results could be fitted by equations of a model of two intraepithelial compartments and the bathing solutions. In the steady state K influx is 3.99 +/- 0.36 nmol cm-2 hr-1 (n = 7) and efflux 3.62 +/- 0.38 nmol cm-2 hr-1 (n = 7) and are not statistically different, indicating that no net K flux is present across the epithelium. Different kinds of perturbations affecting the rates of 42K discharge into the bathing solutions were studied. Immediately after addition of amiloride (10(-4) M) to the outer solution, a sharp decline is observed in the rate of 42K discharge into the bathing solution, JK21, which falls from 3.62 +/- 0.38 nmol cm-2 hr-1 to 2.02 +/- 0.04 nmol cm-2 hr-1 (n = 7) 2 min after addition of the drug, followed by a partial recuperation with time. A complete Na by K substitution in the outer bathing solution induces a prompt and marked decline in JK21 which is similar to that induced by amiloride. Increase in the outer bathing solution Na concentration from zero Na concentration induces a nonlinear increase in JK21 and a linear relationship was observed between JK21 and short-circuit current in the range of 0 to 115 mM external Na concentration. The decline in JK21 induced by amiloride or by lowering external Na concentration was interpreted as being caused by electrical hyperpolarization of the external barrier of the epithelium induced by these procedures. Depolarization of the epithelial barriers by inner Na by K substitution in the short-circuited state (when the potential barriers are equal) drastically interfere with the rate of 42K discharge from the epithelium into the bathing solutions. Thus, transient increases are observed both in the rate of 42K discharge to the outer and to the inner bathing solutions upon depolarization of the barriers. These results indicate that at least the most important component of transepithelial K unidirectional fluxes goes through a transcellular route with a negligible paracellular component. Addition of ouabain (10(-3) M) to the inner bathing solution induces a transient rise in the rate of 42K discharge to the outer bathing solution with a peak on the order of 200% of the stationary value previous to the action of the inhibitor, followed by a return to new stationary values not statistically different from those observed previously to the effect of ouabain. The behavior of JK21 upon the effect of ouabain, as suggested by comparison with predictions from computer simulation, strongly supports the notion of a rheogenic Na pump in the inner barrier of the epithelium against the notion of a nonrheogenic 1:1 Na--K pump.", "PMID": 114665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11420", "title": "Organochlorine compounds in adipose tissue of Greenlanders and southern Danes.", "content": "Abdominal fat tissue samples from the general population of Greenland and from southern Denmark were analyzed for o,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], p,p,-DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane], o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDD [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane], lindane (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane), aldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-endo-exo-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene), dieldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-endo-exo-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene), heptachlor (1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoindene), heptachlor epoxide, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Fat tissue from Greenlanders contained significantly higher amounts of p,p'-DDE (p less than or equal to 0.05), p,p'-DDT (p less than or equal to 0.01), and total DDT (SIGMA DDT, the sum of DDT and its metabolites) (p less than or equal to 0.01) than southern Danes. Lindane, aldrin-like residue, dieldrin heptachlor-like residue, heptachlor epoxide, and PCBs were present in adipose tissue of both groups and there were no significant differences between the groups. The p,p'-DDE level in Greenland was lower than that in the United States, eastern Europe, and India. Among Greenlanders of different ages the highest sigma DDT was found in the age group of 22-45 yr; the content of PCBs increased with age. Among southern Danes the highest sigma DDT was found in a higher age group than in Greenlanders. Among Greenlanders the content of aldrin-like residue decreased with age and that of dieldrin increased with age. A significant correlation was found (on the basis of wet weight) between p,p'-DDE and PCB content in southern Danes (p less than or equal to 0.02). The correlation between sigma DDT and PCB content was also significant in this population (p less than or equal to 0.01). These two relationships were not significantly correlated for the Greenlanders. The DDE/PCB and sigma DDT/PCB ratios were higher in Greenlanders than in southern Danes. These ratios are age-dependent and are highest in the age group 22-45 yr among the Greenlanders. A low DDE/PCB ratio and a low sigma DDT/PCB ratio have been proposed as markers for industrialization. In Greenlanders p,p'-DDE represented about 70% of sigma DDT. For southern Danes this level was about 90%. The data obtained are presented and discussed on the basis of both lipid and wet weight levels.", "contents": "Organochlorine compounds in adipose tissue of Greenlanders and southern Danes. Abdominal fat tissue samples from the general population of Greenland and from southern Denmark were analyzed for o,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], p,p,-DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane], o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDD [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane], lindane (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane), aldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-endo-exo-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene), dieldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-endo-exo-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene), heptachlor (1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoindene), heptachlor epoxide, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Fat tissue from Greenlanders contained significantly higher amounts of p,p'-DDE (p less than or equal to 0.05), p,p'-DDT (p less than or equal to 0.01), and total DDT (SIGMA DDT, the sum of DDT and its metabolites) (p less than or equal to 0.01) than southern Danes. Lindane, aldrin-like residue, dieldrin heptachlor-like residue, heptachlor epoxide, and PCBs were present in adipose tissue of both groups and there were no significant differences between the groups. The p,p'-DDE level in Greenland was lower than that in the United States, eastern Europe, and India. Among Greenlanders of different ages the highest sigma DDT was found in the age group of 22-45 yr; the content of PCBs increased with age. Among southern Danes the highest sigma DDT was found in a higher age group than in Greenlanders. Among Greenlanders the content of aldrin-like residue decreased with age and that of dieldrin increased with age. A significant correlation was found (on the basis of wet weight) between p,p'-DDE and PCB content in southern Danes (p less than or equal to 0.02). The correlation between sigma DDT and PCB content was also significant in this population (p less than or equal to 0.01). These two relationships were not significantly correlated for the Greenlanders. The DDE/PCB and sigma DDT/PCB ratios were higher in Greenlanders than in southern Danes. These ratios are age-dependent and are highest in the age group 22-45 yr among the Greenlanders. A low DDE/PCB ratio and a low sigma DDT/PCB ratio have been proposed as markers for industrialization. In Greenlanders p,p'-DDE represented about 70% of sigma DDT. For southern Danes this level was about 90%. The data obtained are presented and discussed on the basis of both lipid and wet weight levels.", "PMID": 114667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11421", "title": "Effects of sevin on development of experimental estuarine communities.", "content": "The composition of animal communities developing from planktonic larvae in aquariums. A marked increase in the abundance of the annelid Polydora ligni in aquariums containing sand and flowing estuarine water was altered in the presence of the carbamate insecticide Sevin (carbaryl). Treatments were control and concentrations of Sevin that averaged 1.1, 11.1, and 103 micrograms/l; each treatment was replicated 8 times. Animals that colonized aquarium sand were collected in a 1-mm mesh sieve after 10 wk of exposure. Mollusks' arthropods, annelids, and nemerteans were the numerically dominant phyla. The average number of species per aquarium was significantly less (alpha = 0.05) in aquariums containing 11.1 or 103 micrograms/l than in those containing 1.1 micrograms/l or in control aquariums. The abundant clam Ensis minor grew significantly less in length at the higher concentrations of Sevin. The amphipod Corophium acherusicum was particularly affected; significantly fewer were found at all concentrations than in the control aquariums containing 103 micrograms/l corresponded to a marked decrease in the number of other annelids and to a significant absence of nemerteans.", "contents": "Effects of sevin on development of experimental estuarine communities. The composition of animal communities developing from planktonic larvae in aquariums. A marked increase in the abundance of the annelid Polydora ligni in aquariums containing sand and flowing estuarine water was altered in the presence of the carbamate insecticide Sevin (carbaryl). Treatments were control and concentrations of Sevin that averaged 1.1, 11.1, and 103 micrograms/l; each treatment was replicated 8 times. Animals that colonized aquarium sand were collected in a 1-mm mesh sieve after 10 wk of exposure. Mollusks' arthropods, annelids, and nemerteans were the numerically dominant phyla. The average number of species per aquarium was significantly less (alpha = 0.05) in aquariums containing 11.1 or 103 micrograms/l than in those containing 1.1 micrograms/l or in control aquariums. The abundant clam Ensis minor grew significantly less in length at the higher concentrations of Sevin. The amphipod Corophium acherusicum was particularly affected; significantly fewer were found at all concentrations than in the control aquariums containing 103 micrograms/l corresponded to a marked decrease in the number of other annelids and to a significant absence of nemerteans.", "PMID": 114668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11422", "title": "Effects of hypercaloric glucose infusion on lipid metabolism in injury and sepsis.", "content": "Lipolysis was studied by measuring glycerol turnover (GTO) in injured and infected patients. GTO was elevated two to three times the normal values in five injured and four infected patients during D5W infusion. No correlation was found between GTO and plasma glycerol concentration in the two patient groups. GTO showed similar levels when measured during TPN in five injured and three infected patients. During TPN, plasma FFA levels remained unchanged in injured but decreased by 48% in septic patients. B-OH butyrate concentrations were high during D5W and dropped in both groups during TPN. Norepinephrine urinary output was high in both groups during D5W and TPN. 1) GTO was elevated two to three times the normal range in injury and infection; plasma glycerol concentration was not related to GTO. 2) In face of high catecholamine output, the insulin response to TPN did not inhibit TG breakdown but did decrease plasma ketone body concentrations.", "contents": "Effects of hypercaloric glucose infusion on lipid metabolism in injury and sepsis. Lipolysis was studied by measuring glycerol turnover (GTO) in injured and infected patients. GTO was elevated two to three times the normal values in five injured and four infected patients during D5W infusion. No correlation was found between GTO and plasma glycerol concentration in the two patient groups. GTO showed similar levels when measured during TPN in five injured and three infected patients. During TPN, plasma FFA levels remained unchanged in injured but decreased by 48% in septic patients. B-OH butyrate concentrations were high during D5W and dropped in both groups during TPN. Norepinephrine urinary output was high in both groups during D5W and TPN. 1) GTO was elevated two to three times the normal range in injury and infection; plasma glycerol concentration was not related to GTO. 2) In face of high catecholamine output, the insulin response to TPN did not inhibit TG breakdown but did decrease plasma ketone body concentrations.", "PMID": 114675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11423", "title": "Prevention of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "Absolute deficiency of insulin no longer is considered the principal cause of ketoacidosis. A combination of pathogenic mechanisms includes (1) relative insulin deficiency, (2) stress hormone excess, (3) fasting, and (4) dehydration. Prevention of any one or more of these mechanisms will reverse or lessen the rate of metabolic decompensation. Several important metabolic parameters must be monitored at frequent intervals to permit rational, preventive therapy. The flow sheet to be maintained by the patient should include body weight, temperature, respiratory rate, level of consciousness, degree of ketonuria, and degree of glycosuria. If the patient exhibits decreased mental status, more than 5% loss of body weight, or respirations more than 36/min, hospitalization is indicated.", "contents": "Prevention of diabetic ketoacidosis. Absolute deficiency of insulin no longer is considered the principal cause of ketoacidosis. A combination of pathogenic mechanisms includes (1) relative insulin deficiency, (2) stress hormone excess, (3) fasting, and (4) dehydration. Prevention of any one or more of these mechanisms will reverse or lessen the rate of metabolic decompensation. Several important metabolic parameters must be monitored at frequent intervals to permit rational, preventive therapy. The flow sheet to be maintained by the patient should include body weight, temperature, respiratory rate, level of consciousness, degree of ketonuria, and degree of glycosuria. If the patient exhibits decreased mental status, more than 5% loss of body weight, or respirations more than 36/min, hospitalization is indicated.", "PMID": 114680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11424", "title": "Surveillance of antibiotics use in a community hospital.", "content": "An ongoing system of antibiotic surveillance was initiated in a community hospital. The system was based on the guideline audits of antimicrobial use published by the Veterans Administration Ad Hoc Interdisciplinary Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Drug Usage. The surveillance is accepted well by the medical staff. It has proved to be cost-effective and educational. A changing pattern of antimicrobial drug use has been recognized that has resulted in decreased antimicrobial drug costs.", "contents": "Surveillance of antibiotics use in a community hospital. An ongoing system of antibiotic surveillance was initiated in a community hospital. The system was based on the guideline audits of antimicrobial use published by the Veterans Administration Ad Hoc Interdisciplinary Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Drug Usage. The surveillance is accepted well by the medical staff. It has proved to be cost-effective and educational. A changing pattern of antimicrobial drug use has been recognized that has resulted in decreased antimicrobial drug costs.", "PMID": 114682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11425", "title": "[Effect of combination of hetacillin, cephapirin and amikacin (author's transl)].", "content": "With the investigations of the effect of combination of hetacillin, cephapirin and amikacin, following experimental results were obtained; 1. Effect of combination of amikacin, cephapirin and hetacillin was differed depending upon the genus and species of bacteria. However, in general, in the cases showing effective results there was a relation in the concentration of these antibiotics. With strains of Escherichia coli amikacin and cephapirin was cooperative, but not with other combinations and strains of Proteus showed similar tendencies to those strains. In the strains of Pseudomonas, no effect was observed with these antibiotics. However, significant cooperative effect was shown in strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. In penicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococci cooperative effect was represented only a combination of amikacin and hetacillin. 2. Amikacin was resistant against penicillinase isolated from penicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus and cephalosporinase extracted from cephalosporin-resistant strain of Escherichia coli. 3. When a strain of K. pneumoniae, showing cooperative effect with amikacin and cephapirin, was examined by electronmicroscopy, enlargement of cells and destruction of the cell walls were observed.", "contents": "[Effect of combination of hetacillin, cephapirin and amikacin (author's transl)]. With the investigations of the effect of combination of hetacillin, cephapirin and amikacin, following experimental results were obtained; 1. Effect of combination of amikacin, cephapirin and hetacillin was differed depending upon the genus and species of bacteria. However, in general, in the cases showing effective results there was a relation in the concentration of these antibiotics. With strains of Escherichia coli amikacin and cephapirin was cooperative, but not with other combinations and strains of Proteus showed similar tendencies to those strains. In the strains of Pseudomonas, no effect was observed with these antibiotics. However, significant cooperative effect was shown in strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. In penicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococci cooperative effect was represented only a combination of amikacin and hetacillin. 2. Amikacin was resistant against penicillinase isolated from penicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus and cephalosporinase extracted from cephalosporin-resistant strain of Escherichia coli. 3. When a strain of K. pneumoniae, showing cooperative effect with amikacin and cephapirin, was examined by electronmicroscopy, enlargement of cells and destruction of the cell walls were observed.", "PMID": 114683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11426", "title": "Protection against hemorrhagic pneumonia of mink by Pseudomonas aeruginosa multicomponent vaccine.", "content": "An attempt to prevent epidemics of hemorrhagic pneumonia in mink due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa was made in the course of epidemics with injection of the multicomponent vaccine consisting of common protective antigen (OEP) of P. aeruginosa mixed with toxoids of protease and elastase of the bacillus. Enzootics of hemorrhagic pneumonia, due to P. aeruginosa serotype 8, broke out from August to October 1977 in a total of 13 sheds of 3 farms (A, B and C) which were located in the northeast area of Hokkaido. These farms were raising 7,452, 2,553 and 10,639 mink respectively. The mortality rate of the mink on farms A, B and C were 11.8%, 13.0% and 1.0% respectively. The vaccination was performed on the 3 farms 5, 8 and 21 days after the onset of the disease. Inoculation of each mink with 200 micrograms or 100 micrograms of each of the three components of the multicomponent vaccine was effective in most of the male and female groups of mink. The period required for revealing the effect of the vaccination was very short, in some cases only a few days. Administration of the vaccine 21 days after the onset of the enzootic was also effective.", "contents": "Protection against hemorrhagic pneumonia of mink by Pseudomonas aeruginosa multicomponent vaccine. An attempt to prevent epidemics of hemorrhagic pneumonia in mink due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa was made in the course of epidemics with injection of the multicomponent vaccine consisting of common protective antigen (OEP) of P. aeruginosa mixed with toxoids of protease and elastase of the bacillus. Enzootics of hemorrhagic pneumonia, due to P. aeruginosa serotype 8, broke out from August to October 1977 in a total of 13 sheds of 3 farms (A, B and C) which were located in the northeast area of Hokkaido. These farms were raising 7,452, 2,553 and 10,639 mink respectively. The mortality rate of the mink on farms A, B and C were 11.8%, 13.0% and 1.0% respectively. The vaccination was performed on the 3 farms 5, 8 and 21 days after the onset of the disease. Inoculation of each mink with 200 micrograms or 100 micrograms of each of the three components of the multicomponent vaccine was effective in most of the male and female groups of mink. The period required for revealing the effect of the vaccination was very short, in some cases only a few days. Administration of the vaccine 21 days after the onset of the enzootic was also effective.", "PMID": 114699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11427", "title": "Circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus, under conditions of self-controlled light-dark cycles.", "content": "Locomotor activity was recorded from three squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, housed singly in cages inside a sound-proof chamber. Each animal was exposed twice to each of three conditions; continuous dim illumination (dim LL), continuous bright illumination (bright LL), and conditions in which the animal could turn on bright light by itself (self-controlled light-dark cycle: LDs). The mean circadian period, tau, the activity time, alpha, and the amount of activity, A, were computed for each single condition. It was found that, in LL, tau, alpha and A were positively correlated with the intensity of illumination. In LDs, tau was longer and A larger than in either dim or bright LL. The lengthening of tau in squirrel monkeys by a self-controlled light-dark cycle is compared with similar findings in birds and man, and is discussed in view of the observation that the tau-characteristics of diurnal mammals deviate from those known from other diurnal species of vertebrates.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus, under conditions of self-controlled light-dark cycles. Locomotor activity was recorded from three squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, housed singly in cages inside a sound-proof chamber. Each animal was exposed twice to each of three conditions; continuous dim illumination (dim LL), continuous bright illumination (bright LL), and conditions in which the animal could turn on bright light by itself (self-controlled light-dark cycle: LDs). The mean circadian period, tau, the activity time, alpha, and the amount of activity, A, were computed for each single condition. It was found that, in LL, tau, alpha and A were positively correlated with the intensity of illumination. In LDs, tau was longer and A larger than in either dim or bright LL. The lengthening of tau in squirrel monkeys by a self-controlled light-dark cycle is compared with similar findings in birds and man, and is discussed in view of the observation that the tau-characteristics of diurnal mammals deviate from those known from other diurnal species of vertebrates.", "PMID": 114700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11428", "title": "The Frenchman's fibular fracture (Maisonneuve fracture).", "content": "Two patients with injuries to the ankle sustained by rotational trauma complained only of pain in the ankle. Careful examination revealed tenderness over the proximal fibula. Subsequent radiographic studies revealed high helical fracture of the fibula, as originally described by Maisonneuve. The Maisonneuve fracture is produced by diastasis - a separation of bones resulting from rupture of ligaments around the ankle. According to classification of fibula injuries by mechanism of injury, the Maisonneuve fracture is due to external rotation of the foot relative to the tibia but it is not clear whether the foot is in pronation or supination or moves during injury.", "contents": "The Frenchman's fibular fracture (Maisonneuve fracture). Two patients with injuries to the ankle sustained by rotational trauma complained only of pain in the ankle. Careful examination revealed tenderness over the proximal fibula. Subsequent radiographic studies revealed high helical fracture of the fibula, as originally described by Maisonneuve. The Maisonneuve fracture is produced by diastasis - a separation of bones resulting from rupture of ligaments around the ankle. According to classification of fibula injuries by mechanism of injury, the Maisonneuve fracture is due to external rotation of the foot relative to the tibia but it is not clear whether the foot is in pronation or supination or moves during injury.", "PMID": 114702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11429", "title": "[Results of prospective studies of patients with unstable angina pectoris treated by conservative methods].", "content": "The results of perspective follow-up (in the duration of 19 months) of 92 patients with unstable angina pectoris treated by nonoperative methods are discussed. During hospital stay all patients received propranolol (inderal) in a mean dose of 240mg daily and preparations of depo-nitroglycerin. In most patients the treatment was conductive to marked clinical improvement in their condition. In a follow-up period of one month myocardial infarction developed in 6.7% of patients, mortality was 3.4%. It is concluded that the syndrome of unstable angina pectoris, although associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction developing, is not an \"incurable\" condition. The use of nitroglycerin and adrenergic beta-blocking agents provides for the stabilization of the condition of most patients.", "contents": "[Results of prospective studies of patients with unstable angina pectoris treated by conservative methods]. The results of perspective follow-up (in the duration of 19 months) of 92 patients with unstable angina pectoris treated by nonoperative methods are discussed. During hospital stay all patients received propranolol (inderal) in a mean dose of 240mg daily and preparations of depo-nitroglycerin. In most patients the treatment was conductive to marked clinical improvement in their condition. In a follow-up period of one month myocardial infarction developed in 6.7% of patients, mortality was 3.4%. It is concluded that the syndrome of unstable angina pectoris, although associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction developing, is not an \"incurable\" condition. The use of nitroglycerin and adrenergic beta-blocking agents provides for the stabilization of the condition of most patients.", "PMID": 114705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11430", "title": "Nonnutritive sucking during tube feedings: effect on clinical course in premature infants.", "content": "Fifty-nine infants, 28--34 weeks' gestation, were assigned to treatment and control groups. Treatment infants were offered a pacifier during and following every tube feeding; control infants received routine care. The treatment began when an infant could tolerate room air and 10 cc of full-strength formula by tube; it ended when the infant was totally bottle fed. Treated infants showed readiness for bottle feeding 3.4 days earlier, i.e., with 27 fewer tube feedings each. Performance during the first bottle feeding was assessed with a feeding scale and was statistically similar for both groups. From study entry to first bottle feeding the treated infants gained 2.6 gm/day more and were discharged 4 days sooner. Complications differed between the two groups.", "contents": "Nonnutritive sucking during tube feedings: effect on clinical course in premature infants. Fifty-nine infants, 28--34 weeks' gestation, were assigned to treatment and control groups. Treatment infants were offered a pacifier during and following every tube feeding; control infants received routine care. The treatment began when an infant could tolerate room air and 10 cc of full-strength formula by tube; it ended when the infant was totally bottle fed. Treated infants showed readiness for bottle feeding 3.4 days earlier, i.e., with 27 fewer tube feedings each. Performance during the first bottle feeding was assessed with a feeding scale and was statistically similar for both groups. From study entry to first bottle feeding the treated infants gained 2.6 gm/day more and were discharged 4 days sooner. Complications differed between the two groups.", "PMID": 114703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11431", "title": "Early endothelial changes in experimental primate atherosclerosis.", "content": "Aortic tissues of cholesterol-fed African green monkeys were studied by light and electron microscopy. The sampled areas were either grossly normal, or showed minute grayish white translucent or yellowish white intimal elevations. Samples of topographically corresponding areas from animals on normal diet served as controls. By light microscopy, the intimal elevations were either pure fatty dots or a combination of fatty dots and focal intimal edema. The most conspicuous ultrastructural findings in the experimental animals were a marked increase in the number of Weibel-Palade bodies, and figures suggestive of release of their content into the vascular lumen. Invaginations or pseudochannels of varying depth as well as intracytoplasmic lipid inclusions were also observed in the experimental series. These findings suggest that Weibel-Palade bodies may play a role in the initial stages of atherosclerotic lesions, and that transendothelial transport may take place via transendothelial channels.", "contents": "Early endothelial changes in experimental primate atherosclerosis. Aortic tissues of cholesterol-fed African green monkeys were studied by light and electron microscopy. The sampled areas were either grossly normal, or showed minute grayish white translucent or yellowish white intimal elevations. Samples of topographically corresponding areas from animals on normal diet served as controls. By light microscopy, the intimal elevations were either pure fatty dots or a combination of fatty dots and focal intimal edema. The most conspicuous ultrastructural findings in the experimental animals were a marked increase in the number of Weibel-Palade bodies, and figures suggestive of release of their content into the vascular lumen. Invaginations or pseudochannels of varying depth as well as intracytoplasmic lipid inclusions were also observed in the experimental series. These findings suggest that Weibel-Palade bodies may play a role in the initial stages of atherosclerotic lesions, and that transendothelial transport may take place via transendothelial channels.", "PMID": 114709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11432", "title": "Analysis of ribosomal proteins from adult Drosophila melanogaster in relation to age.", "content": "Analysis of high salt washed ribosomal proteins by two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis revealed no detectable qualitative differences in ribosomal proteins from young (4-day) and old (30-day) male flies.", "contents": "Analysis of ribosomal proteins from adult Drosophila melanogaster in relation to age. Analysis of high salt washed ribosomal proteins by two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis revealed no detectable qualitative differences in ribosomal proteins from young (4-day) and old (30-day) male flies.", "PMID": 114719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11433", "title": "Alteration of the Q family of transfer RNAs in adult Drosophila melanogaster as a function of age, nutrition, and genotype.", "content": "Four tRNAs are known to contain Q, a hypermodified form of guanosine, in one of their isoacceptor forms; these are tRNATyr, tRNAHis, tRNAAsp, and tRNAAsn. The first three have been examined in Drosophila melanogaster at different ages in four genotypes. As the adult flies age, the ratio of the Q/non-Q isoacceptors increases, and the rate of increase is more rapid for Samarkand than for Oregon-R (two wild-type strains). Similarly, two other strains that carry the mutations su(s)2 v; bw and v; bw also differ in the rate of isoacceptor alteration. Diet has a marked effect on the ratio of Q/non-Q isoacceptors for each tRNA. tRNALeu does not change with age or diet and is believed not to contain Q in any of its isoacceptors. The possible role of Q in altering the rate of protein synthesis was examined in a cell-free, tRNA-dependent, mRNA-dependent system. No essential effect on the rate or extent of protein synthesis was detected upon comparison of Q-enriched or Q-deficient tRNA. The ratio of Q/non-Q isoacceptors for these tRNAs is clearly controlled by age-related and diet-related mechanisms that can modulate the amount of Q in the tRNA. The relationship of these studies to Strehler's hypothesis of age-related control of protein synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Alteration of the Q family of transfer RNAs in adult Drosophila melanogaster as a function of age, nutrition, and genotype. Four tRNAs are known to contain Q, a hypermodified form of guanosine, in one of their isoacceptor forms; these are tRNATyr, tRNAHis, tRNAAsp, and tRNAAsn. The first three have been examined in Drosophila melanogaster at different ages in four genotypes. As the adult flies age, the ratio of the Q/non-Q isoacceptors increases, and the rate of increase is more rapid for Samarkand than for Oregon-R (two wild-type strains). Similarly, two other strains that carry the mutations su(s)2 v; bw and v; bw also differ in the rate of isoacceptor alteration. Diet has a marked effect on the ratio of Q/non-Q isoacceptors for each tRNA. tRNALeu does not change with age or diet and is believed not to contain Q in any of its isoacceptors. The possible role of Q in altering the rate of protein synthesis was examined in a cell-free, tRNA-dependent, mRNA-dependent system. No essential effect on the rate or extent of protein synthesis was detected upon comparison of Q-enriched or Q-deficient tRNA. The ratio of Q/non-Q isoacceptors for these tRNAs is clearly controlled by age-related and diet-related mechanisms that can modulate the amount of Q in the tRNA. The relationship of these studies to Strehler's hypothesis of age-related control of protein synthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 114720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11434", "title": "Racial differences in medical care expenditures.", "content": "Out of pocket medical expenditures made by families for physician services, dental visits, medications, hospitalizations and insurance premiums are examined in a southern rural community using household survey interview data. White families paid an average out of pocket amount for total medical services of $709 as compared with $383 for black families over a 12-month period, 1974-75. Correlates of expenditure differences between blacks and whites are explored with respect to family characteristics (race, education of household head, family income, family size and family composition), illness levels (number of family members with perceived fair or poor health status and number of family members reporting chronic conditions), and use of services (number of doctor visits and type of usual source of care). We find that whites consistently report greater expenditures than blacks, regardless of the variables controlled for. We consider that expenditure differences are in part due to a mix of three factors: variations in the cost of doctor visits to whites and blacks; a lower level of use of services by blacks; and the differential availability and use of third party payors.", "contents": "Racial differences in medical care expenditures. Out of pocket medical expenditures made by families for physician services, dental visits, medications, hospitalizations and insurance premiums are examined in a southern rural community using household survey interview data. White families paid an average out of pocket amount for total medical services of $709 as compared with $383 for black families over a 12-month period, 1974-75. Correlates of expenditure differences between blacks and whites are explored with respect to family characteristics (race, education of household head, family income, family size and family composition), illness levels (number of family members with perceived fair or poor health status and number of family members reporting chronic conditions), and use of services (number of doctor visits and type of usual source of care). We find that whites consistently report greater expenditures than blacks, regardless of the variables controlled for. We consider that expenditure differences are in part due to a mix of three factors: variations in the cost of doctor visits to whites and blacks; a lower level of use of services by blacks; and the differential availability and use of third party payors.", "PMID": 114721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11435", "title": "[Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of ethanol on hepatic cellular metabolism and structure depend mainly on the dose and duration of intake. Following the ingestion of a substantial amount of ethanol, its presence alters a number of hepatic functions in part because of the change in the hepatic redox state (NADH/NAD ratio), resulting for instance in reduction of lipid oxidation. Furthermore, chronic ethanol consumption, at least in its early stages, produces adaptive metabolic changes in the endoplasmic reticulum which result not only in increased metabolism of drugs and accelerated lipoprotein production but also in activation of hepatotoxic compounds. Even more extended periods of ethanol intake result in damage to cell organelles in what can be considered a third stage of the alcohol effect namely that of injury. The injury involves primarily mitochondria, possibly as a consequence of effects of acetaldehyde, the first product of ethanol metabolism. Metabolites of ethanol also alter microtubular function. A defect in protein secretion may be the basis for protein retention and \"ballooning\" of the hepatocyte. Prolongation of ethanol induced injury eventually culminates in hepatic lesions such as alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Ethanol can be incriminated as a direct etiologic agent of the liver injury, since liver cirrhosis has been reproduced experimentally in baboons fed alcohol, despite an adequate diet.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury (author's transl)]. The effects of ethanol on hepatic cellular metabolism and structure depend mainly on the dose and duration of intake. Following the ingestion of a substantial amount of ethanol, its presence alters a number of hepatic functions in part because of the change in the hepatic redox state (NADH/NAD ratio), resulting for instance in reduction of lipid oxidation. Furthermore, chronic ethanol consumption, at least in its early stages, produces adaptive metabolic changes in the endoplasmic reticulum which result not only in increased metabolism of drugs and accelerated lipoprotein production but also in activation of hepatotoxic compounds. Even more extended periods of ethanol intake result in damage to cell organelles in what can be considered a third stage of the alcohol effect namely that of injury. The injury involves primarily mitochondria, possibly as a consequence of effects of acetaldehyde, the first product of ethanol metabolism. Metabolites of ethanol also alter microtubular function. A defect in protein secretion may be the basis for protein retention and \"ballooning\" of the hepatocyte. Prolongation of ethanol induced injury eventually culminates in hepatic lesions such as alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Ethanol can be incriminated as a direct etiologic agent of the liver injury, since liver cirrhosis has been reproduced experimentally in baboons fed alcohol, despite an adequate diet.", "PMID": 114723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11436", "title": "The use of a small programmable calculator in intravenous feeding.", "content": "This paper describes a method using a programmable calculator to determine intravenous nutritional requirements of severely ill patients. A description of the method and calculations used is given. The advantages of this system are shown to lie in its easy availability to all hospital departments.", "contents": "The use of a small programmable calculator in intravenous feeding. This paper describes a method using a programmable calculator to determine intravenous nutritional requirements of severely ill patients. A description of the method and calculations used is given. The advantages of this system are shown to lie in its easy availability to all hospital departments.", "PMID": 114722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11437", "title": "Prenatal protein depletion and delta 9, delta 6 and delta 5 desaturases in the rat.", "content": "Pregnant rats were kept throughout gestation on a control diet (i.e., 25% protein), on a low protein diet (i.e., 5% protein) or on a fat-free diet. At 20--21 days of gestation, the rate of 9-, 6-, and 5-desaturation was measured, using microsomes from maternal and fetal livers and placenta microsomes. The effect of protein malnutrition was more evident upon delta 6-desaturase activity from maternal liver, while a less severe reduction in the activities of delta 9- and delta 5-desaturases was observed. No measurable activities of delta 5- and delta 6-desaturases were observed in fetal liver and placenta, while a low activity of delta 9-desaturase was detected in both tissues from the three groups under study. We concluded that delta 6-desaturation is greatly affected by maternal protein deprivation, and this fact could affect the normal supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids for the normal fetus growth and tissue development.", "contents": "Prenatal protein depletion and delta 9, delta 6 and delta 5 desaturases in the rat. Pregnant rats were kept throughout gestation on a control diet (i.e., 25% protein), on a low protein diet (i.e., 5% protein) or on a fat-free diet. At 20--21 days of gestation, the rate of 9-, 6-, and 5-desaturation was measured, using microsomes from maternal and fetal livers and placenta microsomes. The effect of protein malnutrition was more evident upon delta 6-desaturase activity from maternal liver, while a less severe reduction in the activities of delta 9- and delta 5-desaturases was observed. No measurable activities of delta 5- and delta 6-desaturases were observed in fetal liver and placenta, while a low activity of delta 9-desaturase was detected in both tissues from the three groups under study. We concluded that delta 6-desaturation is greatly affected by maternal protein deprivation, and this fact could affect the normal supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids for the normal fetus growth and tissue development.", "PMID": 114725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11438", "title": "Partial purification of guinea pig MIF by affinity column chromatography using macrophages.", "content": "First we have confirmed the previous observation that the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was adsorbed on normal peritoneal macrophages when they were incubated at 4 C for 60 min. It was found that macrophages fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde gave more reproducible results than viable cells in terms of \"adsorption\" of guinea pig MIF. The adsorption was achieved more completely at 37 C than at 4 C, indicating that this reaction is a temperature-dependent phenomenon. Using these glutaraldehyde-fixed macrophages, a kind of cell-affinity column was successfully developed. The guinea pig MIF preparation lost its activity when it was passed through this affinity column, and MIF adsorbed on the column was recovered by elution with 0.1 M (L)-fucose of 0.1 M (D)-glucose. Such MIF active eluate was found to be at least 30--40 fold more pure than the original MIF preparation which had been previously fractionated according to its molecular weight. Therefore, this type of macrophage-affinity column may be useful for the purification of MIF.", "contents": "Partial purification of guinea pig MIF by affinity column chromatography using macrophages. First we have confirmed the previous observation that the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was adsorbed on normal peritoneal macrophages when they were incubated at 4 C for 60 min. It was found that macrophages fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde gave more reproducible results than viable cells in terms of \"adsorption\" of guinea pig MIF. The adsorption was achieved more completely at 37 C than at 4 C, indicating that this reaction is a temperature-dependent phenomenon. Using these glutaraldehyde-fixed macrophages, a kind of cell-affinity column was successfully developed. The guinea pig MIF preparation lost its activity when it was passed through this affinity column, and MIF adsorbed on the column was recovered by elution with 0.1 M (L)-fucose of 0.1 M (D)-glucose. Such MIF active eluate was found to be at least 30--40 fold more pure than the original MIF preparation which had been previously fractionated according to its molecular weight. Therefore, this type of macrophage-affinity column may be useful for the purification of MIF.", "PMID": 114736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11439", "title": "Immaturity of the biliary excretory system predisposes neonates to intrahepatic cholestasis.", "content": "Intrahepatic cholestasis associated with both gram-negative bacterial infections and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is observed more frequently in neonates than in older children or adults. Factors involved in the pathogenesis of this syndrome are uncertain. The cholestatic effects of gram-negative bacterial infections appear to result from the inhibitory effects of endotoxin on bile flow. Since the adverse effects of both endotoxin and TPN on bile flow involve primarily the bile acid-independent portion, the immaturity of the neonatal hepatic excretory system which an inadequate bile acid-dependent fraction of bile would explain the increased susceptibility of the neonate to endotoxin- and, perhaps, to TPN-induced cholestasis.", "contents": "Immaturity of the biliary excretory system predisposes neonates to intrahepatic cholestasis. Intrahepatic cholestasis associated with both gram-negative bacterial infections and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is observed more frequently in neonates than in older children or adults. Factors involved in the pathogenesis of this syndrome are uncertain. The cholestatic effects of gram-negative bacterial infections appear to result from the inhibitory effects of endotoxin on bile flow. Since the adverse effects of both endotoxin and TPN on bile flow involve primarily the bile acid-independent portion, the immaturity of the neonatal hepatic excretory system which an inadequate bile acid-dependent fraction of bile would explain the increased susceptibility of the neonate to endotoxin- and, perhaps, to TPN-induced cholestasis.", "PMID": 114737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11440", "title": "A hypothesis for the interaction of heme and arachidonic acid in the synthesis of prostaglandins.", "content": "A model is proposed for the interaction of arachidonic acid with the heme associated with the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme which synthesizes prostaglandin endoperoxides. According to this concept, arachidonic acid attaches with its carboxylic acid residue to one ligand of the Fe++ in heme, then curls around the outside of the protoporphyrin to react with a molecule of oxygen associated with the ligand of the Fe++ on the other side of the protoporphyrin with addition of O2 at the C11 carbon, ring closure across C8-12, formation of the C9-11 endoperoxide and then addition of a second oxygen at C15 with an allylic shift of the double bond. This concept may resolve several experimental findings relating to the mechanism of prostaglandin synthesis and can account for much of the stereospecificity in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2.", "contents": "A hypothesis for the interaction of heme and arachidonic acid in the synthesis of prostaglandins. A model is proposed for the interaction of arachidonic acid with the heme associated with the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme which synthesizes prostaglandin endoperoxides. According to this concept, arachidonic acid attaches with its carboxylic acid residue to one ligand of the Fe++ in heme, then curls around the outside of the protoporphyrin to react with a molecule of oxygen associated with the ligand of the Fe++ on the other side of the protoporphyrin with addition of O2 at the C11 carbon, ring closure across C8-12, formation of the C9-11 endoperoxide and then addition of a second oxygen at C15 with an allylic shift of the double bond. This concept may resolve several experimental findings relating to the mechanism of prostaglandin synthesis and can account for much of the stereospecificity in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2.", "PMID": 114738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11441", "title": "Screening of newborn infants for hypothyroidism. Two years' experience in South Autralia.", "content": "Over a period of two years, 40,000 newborn infants in South Australia have been screened for congenital hypothyroidism by the measurement of thyroxine and, on selected samples, of thyroid stimulating hormone. Samples were those obtained for an established newborn screening programme in the State. Eight infants with hypothyroidism were detected; in seven, this was due to congenital agenesis of the thyroid gland and one infant had residual thyroid tissue. A further three sick infants had abnormalities of thyroid function; in two, this was transient and reverted to normal after several weeks and the third infant died. Three infants had thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency.", "contents": "Screening of newborn infants for hypothyroidism. Two years' experience in South Autralia. Over a period of two years, 40,000 newborn infants in South Australia have been screened for congenital hypothyroidism by the measurement of thyroxine and, on selected samples, of thyroid stimulating hormone. Samples were those obtained for an established newborn screening programme in the State. Eight infants with hypothyroidism were detected; in seven, this was due to congenital agenesis of the thyroid gland and one infant had residual thyroid tissue. A further three sick infants had abnormalities of thyroid function; in two, this was transient and reverted to normal after several weeks and the third infant died. Three infants had thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency.", "PMID": 114739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11442", "title": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis treated with ticarcillin and tobramycin.", "content": "A corneal ulcer, infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and complicated by conjunctivitis and endophthalmitis, was treated successfully with systemic administration of ticarcillin and topical application of tobramycin. It is unlikely that carbenicillin, to which the organism was much less sensitive, would have attained sufficient tissue levels to control the infection.", "contents": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis treated with ticarcillin and tobramycin. A corneal ulcer, infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and complicated by conjunctivitis and endophthalmitis, was treated successfully with systemic administration of ticarcillin and topical application of tobramycin. It is unlikely that carbenicillin, to which the organism was much less sensitive, would have attained sufficient tissue levels to control the infection.", "PMID": 114740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11443", "title": "The diagnosis of gonorrhoea in women.", "content": "Gonorrhoea was diagnosed in 258 of 1500 women. The diagnosis was made from urethral plus cervical cultures in only 184 cases (71.3%). The percentage of positive diagnoses rose to 96.5% when cervical smear microscopy was also performed. This highlights the need to carry out all three investigations. Concurrent Trichomonas infection was present in 14% of cases.", "contents": "The diagnosis of gonorrhoea in women. Gonorrhoea was diagnosed in 258 of 1500 women. The diagnosis was made from urethral plus cervical cultures in only 184 cases (71.3%). The percentage of positive diagnoses rose to 96.5% when cervical smear microscopy was also performed. This highlights the need to carry out all three investigations. Concurrent Trichomonas infection was present in 14% of cases.", "PMID": 114741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11444", "title": "[Pseudodiverticulosis of the esophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "The autopsy of a 59 years old male incidently revealed a pseudodiverticulosis of the esophagus. Histologic examination demonstrated typical cystic ectasies of all glandular ducts in the esophagus; they appeared on radiologic examination and are visible at endoscopy as little yellowish cystic lesions. The disease usually is of chronic nature and comprises disturbance of motility and passage. Chronic alcoholism, like in our case, often constitutes a concomitant disease. The etiology of this disorder is unknown. Certain clinical aspects should be considered.", "contents": "[Pseudodiverticulosis of the esophagus (author's transl)]. The autopsy of a 59 years old male incidently revealed a pseudodiverticulosis of the esophagus. Histologic examination demonstrated typical cystic ectasies of all glandular ducts in the esophagus; they appeared on radiologic examination and are visible at endoscopy as little yellowish cystic lesions. The disease usually is of chronic nature and comprises disturbance of motility and passage. Chronic alcoholism, like in our case, often constitutes a concomitant disease. The etiology of this disorder is unknown. Certain clinical aspects should be considered.", "PMID": 114742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11445", "title": "Presumptive identification of enterococci from other D streptococci by a rapid sodium chloride tolerance test.", "content": "Ability of enterococci to cause severe disease in humans and their relative resistance to chemotherapeutic agents necessitate their differentiation from other group D streptococci. We developed and evaluated a medium that differentiates enterococci from other group D streptococci within 4 to 24 hours. The 410 clinical isolates used in this study consisted of 328 strains of enterococci and 82 strains of other group D streptococci. The method showed 100 percent sensitivity and specificity with the conventional sodium chloride test. It is simple, reliable, and rapid.", "contents": "Presumptive identification of enterococci from other D streptococci by a rapid sodium chloride tolerance test. Ability of enterococci to cause severe disease in humans and their relative resistance to chemotherapeutic agents necessitate their differentiation from other group D streptococci. We developed and evaluated a medium that differentiates enterococci from other group D streptococci within 4 to 24 hours. The 410 clinical isolates used in this study consisted of 328 strains of enterococci and 82 strains of other group D streptococci. The method showed 100 percent sensitivity and specificity with the conventional sodium chloride test. It is simple, reliable, and rapid.", "PMID": 114744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11446", "title": "Linear accelerator calibration monitor with a memory.", "content": "A calibration monitor has been designed for measuring the constancy of linear accelerator or cobalt unit output between full calibrations. This monitor is battery operated, light-weight and slides into the shadow tray attachment on a linear accelerator or cobalt unit for easy setup. It provides a digital readout of the dose delivered, and a consistency check can be made in less than two minutes. The precision of the monitor, determined by cobalt-60 irradiations over a 2 1/2 period, is +/- 0.6% (standard deviation). The monitor also retains the dose reading in a CMOS digital counter indefinitely, hence it can be used in the same fashion as mailed thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) for calibration checks at remote facilities without the complicated readout procedures associated with TLD. The monitor can be mailed to a remote facility, positioned without ambiguity, and irradiated; and the reading can be verified on return to the originating center simply by pressing a switch. The monitor can easily be set up to carry out a \"blind\" check in which the reading obtained is not known to the remote facility.", "contents": "Linear accelerator calibration monitor with a memory. A calibration monitor has been designed for measuring the constancy of linear accelerator or cobalt unit output between full calibrations. This monitor is battery operated, light-weight and slides into the shadow tray attachment on a linear accelerator or cobalt unit for easy setup. It provides a digital readout of the dose delivered, and a consistency check can be made in less than two minutes. The precision of the monitor, determined by cobalt-60 irradiations over a 2 1/2 period, is +/- 0.6% (standard deviation). The monitor also retains the dose reading in a CMOS digital counter indefinitely, hence it can be used in the same fashion as mailed thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) for calibration checks at remote facilities without the complicated readout procedures associated with TLD. The monitor can be mailed to a remote facility, positioned without ambiguity, and irradiated; and the reading can be verified on return to the originating center simply by pressing a switch. The monitor can easily be set up to carry out a \"blind\" check in which the reading obtained is not known to the remote facility.", "PMID": 114745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11447", "title": "Glucocorticoids and hepatic glycogen metabolism.", "content": "The steady accumulation of glycogen in fetal rat liver during the last fifth of gestation is elicited by a transient rise in the level of circulating corticosterone. One effect of glucocorticoids is to induce glycogen synthase. The actual deposition of glycogen, however, depends on the appearance of a small amount of glycogen synthase in the active, dephosphorylated form. Induction of glycogen synthase phosphatase by glucocorticoids may explain the latter crucial process. Insulin enhances further the rate of glycogen deposition. The effect of insulin requires a previous exposure of the fetal liver to glucocorticoids. It is exerted on the enzyme interconversion system and appears not to involve new protein synthesis. Administration of glucocorticoids to adult fed or fasted animals causes within 3 h an intensive deposition of glycogen in the liver. This phenomenon is ultimately explained by both an activation of glycogen synthase and an inactivation of glycogen phosphorylase. The latter process may be due to an enhanced activity of phosphorylase phosphatase, or possibly of phosphorylase kinase phosphatase. The activation of glycogen synthase is explained by an enhanced activity of glycogen synthase phosphatase. The latter enzyme is normally profoundly inhibited by phosphorylase a; glucocorticoids cause the appearance in the liver of a protein factor that decreases and eventually cancels this inhibitory effect of phosphorylase a. It remains to be established whether or not some part of the glucocorticoid effect on adult liver is mediated by insulin.", "contents": "Glucocorticoids and hepatic glycogen metabolism. The steady accumulation of glycogen in fetal rat liver during the last fifth of gestation is elicited by a transient rise in the level of circulating corticosterone. One effect of glucocorticoids is to induce glycogen synthase. The actual deposition of glycogen, however, depends on the appearance of a small amount of glycogen synthase in the active, dephosphorylated form. Induction of glycogen synthase phosphatase by glucocorticoids may explain the latter crucial process. Insulin enhances further the rate of glycogen deposition. The effect of insulin requires a previous exposure of the fetal liver to glucocorticoids. It is exerted on the enzyme interconversion system and appears not to involve new protein synthesis. Administration of glucocorticoids to adult fed or fasted animals causes within 3 h an intensive deposition of glycogen in the liver. This phenomenon is ultimately explained by both an activation of glycogen synthase and an inactivation of glycogen phosphorylase. The latter process may be due to an enhanced activity of phosphorylase phosphatase, or possibly of phosphorylase kinase phosphatase. The activation of glycogen synthase is explained by an enhanced activity of glycogen synthase phosphatase. The latter enzyme is normally profoundly inhibited by phosphorylase a; glucocorticoids cause the appearance in the liver of a protein factor that decreases and eventually cancels this inhibitory effect of phosphorylase a. It remains to be established whether or not some part of the glucocorticoid effect on adult liver is mediated by insulin.", "PMID": 114752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11448", "title": "[Psychoses and borderline cases in puberty and adolescence and their importance in criminal law (author's transl)].", "content": "Juvenile psychoses are on the whole rare, at any rate rarer than psychoses in adults. The former commonly used conception of the disease, hebephrenia, as a pubertal form of schizophrenia has largely lost its significance. The cardinal symptoms are delusions and disordered mental processes in addition to anxiety and states of excitement. The particular importance of this disease lies in the individual experience of this disturbance of the reference environment which is an existential threat to a newly formed personality and its relation to the environment. The difficulty in classifying it among the psychoses on the one hand and as a neurosis on the other has produced a term \"borderline\" for it, characterized by an infantile incompatibility with positive and negative tendencies in himself and in reference persons and through the lack of a stable reality of reference.", "contents": "[Psychoses and borderline cases in puberty and adolescence and their importance in criminal law (author's transl)]. Juvenile psychoses are on the whole rare, at any rate rarer than psychoses in adults. The former commonly used conception of the disease, hebephrenia, as a pubertal form of schizophrenia has largely lost its significance. The cardinal symptoms are delusions and disordered mental processes in addition to anxiety and states of excitement. The particular importance of this disease lies in the individual experience of this disturbance of the reference environment which is an existential threat to a newly formed personality and its relation to the environment. The difficulty in classifying it among the psychoses on the one hand and as a neurosis on the other has produced a term \"borderline\" for it, characterized by an infantile incompatibility with positive and negative tendencies in himself and in reference persons and through the lack of a stable reality of reference.", "PMID": 114762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11449", "title": "[Adolescent crises in puberty. Diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychological disorders which become manifest as adolescent crises must be seen as complex phenomena and treated thoroughly: besides the genetic, biographic and psychosocial background of the youthful individual the cultural and economic aspects play an important role. Nevertheless we must admit that associated causal explanations, e.g. for accelerated or late development are lacking. Focal points for the subsequent symptom complexes of sexual behavior in puberty are: psychosexual prematurity or retardation, masturbation, homosexual relations, pubertal asceticism and premature and frequently changing sexual relations.", "contents": "[Adolescent crises in puberty. Diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)]. Psychological disorders which become manifest as adolescent crises must be seen as complex phenomena and treated thoroughly: besides the genetic, biographic and psychosocial background of the youthful individual the cultural and economic aspects play an important role. Nevertheless we must admit that associated causal explanations, e.g. for accelerated or late development are lacking. Focal points for the subsequent symptom complexes of sexual behavior in puberty are: psychosexual prematurity or retardation, masturbation, homosexual relations, pubertal asceticism and premature and frequently changing sexual relations.", "PMID": 114763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11450", "title": "[Cimetidine in the preoperative treatment of acute bleeding gastroduodenal lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Whereas prospective studies seem to substantiate the efficacy of cimetidine treatment in the prophylaxis of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage, communications on the therapeutic effect of cimetidine at the bleeding stage are contradictory. Our own experience is based on the treatment of 36 patients with acute hemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Cimetidine was applied as a continuous drip, the objective being early operation when bleeding stopped, especially in peptic lesions. A primary cessation of bleeding was attained in all patients during the first 4 hours.", "contents": "[Cimetidine in the preoperative treatment of acute bleeding gastroduodenal lesions (author's transl)]. Whereas prospective studies seem to substantiate the efficacy of cimetidine treatment in the prophylaxis of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage, communications on the therapeutic effect of cimetidine at the bleeding stage are contradictory. Our own experience is based on the treatment of 36 patients with acute hemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Cimetidine was applied as a continuous drip, the objective being early operation when bleeding stopped, especially in peptic lesions. A primary cessation of bleeding was attained in all patients during the first 4 hours.", "PMID": 114765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11451", "title": "[Bioavailability of iron in oral iron preparations. Principles of duration and dosage (author's transl)].", "content": "Using 59Fe labeled iron preparations, both the exactly and quantitatively determined absorbability by whole body retention measurement of the absorbed 59Fe and the calculated relative bioavailability from the postabsorption rise in serum iron concentration have coincidently shown that only about half as much Fe (II) is absorbed from oral iron preparations with delayed liberation of iron in the small intestine than from an Fe (II) preparation liberating Fe (II) more rapidly in the stomach. From preparations with trivalent iron only 1/7 to 1/20 of the amount of iron is absorbed which can be absorbed from an Fe (II) preparation with a more rapid rate of Fe liberation. The optimal oral iron therapy is therefore with aqueous solutions of Fe (II) or Fe (II) preparations which disintegrate immediately in the stomach.", "contents": "[Bioavailability of iron in oral iron preparations. Principles of duration and dosage (author's transl)]. Using 59Fe labeled iron preparations, both the exactly and quantitatively determined absorbability by whole body retention measurement of the absorbed 59Fe and the calculated relative bioavailability from the postabsorption rise in serum iron concentration have coincidently shown that only about half as much Fe (II) is absorbed from oral iron preparations with delayed liberation of iron in the small intestine than from an Fe (II) preparation liberating Fe (II) more rapidly in the stomach. From preparations with trivalent iron only 1/7 to 1/20 of the amount of iron is absorbed which can be absorbed from an Fe (II) preparation with a more rapid rate of Fe liberation. The optimal oral iron therapy is therefore with aqueous solutions of Fe (II) or Fe (II) preparations which disintegrate immediately in the stomach.", "PMID": 114773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11452", "title": "[Treatment of diabetes without biguanides. Observation on the course after changing treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "In 56 patients with maturity onset diabetes receiving combined therapy with different oral hypoglycemic drugs, biguanide treatment was stopped while sulphonylurea compounds were continued without major changes. In four patients insulin therapy had to be initiated rapidly. In 14 other patients follow-up observations could not be performed for various reasons. The reamining 38 patients were divided into four groups according to their treatment. On the average, chemical control could not be maintained in any group after discontinuation of biguanide therapy. Blood glucose concentrations and glycosuria increased. Later, in 6 of 38 patients secondary failure of sulphonylurea treatment became apparent.", "contents": "[Treatment of diabetes without biguanides. Observation on the course after changing treatment (author's transl)]. In 56 patients with maturity onset diabetes receiving combined therapy with different oral hypoglycemic drugs, biguanide treatment was stopped while sulphonylurea compounds were continued without major changes. In four patients insulin therapy had to be initiated rapidly. In 14 other patients follow-up observations could not be performed for various reasons. The reamining 38 patients were divided into four groups according to their treatment. On the average, chemical control could not be maintained in any group after discontinuation of biguanide therapy. Blood glucose concentrations and glycosuria increased. Later, in 6 of 38 patients secondary failure of sulphonylurea treatment became apparent.", "PMID": 114774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11453", "title": "[General medicine--a specialty in its own right (author's transl)].", "content": "The daily tasks of a general practitioner as they are laid down in the professional regulations and substantiated in the subsequent performance justifies the recognition of general practice as a special field of medicine in its own right which should be represented in teaching and research. In contrast to some neighboring countries, here in the Federal Republic of Germany the development is still in its early stages, which in the interest of the matter, especially of the patients and their families, should be overcome as quickly as possible.", "contents": "[General medicine--a specialty in its own right (author's transl)]. The daily tasks of a general practitioner as they are laid down in the professional regulations and substantiated in the subsequent performance justifies the recognition of general practice as a special field of medicine in its own right which should be represented in teaching and research. In contrast to some neighboring countries, here in the Federal Republic of Germany the development is still in its early stages, which in the interest of the matter, especially of the patients and their families, should be overcome as quickly as possible.", "PMID": 114775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11454", "title": "[Treatment of primary chronic polyarthritis with ranoroc (author's transl)].", "content": "In the framework of a clinical study the butazone derivative Ranoroc was tested for efficacy and tolerance in 50 patients with primary chronic polyarthritis. The success rates both in previously treated and untreated patients were approximately equal, i. e. 92%. In the previously treated group, a superior effect of Ranoroc as compared with the earlier treatment was stated by the patients in 57% and by the physician in about 36% of the cases. The tolerance was very good. Nausea and heartburn occurred in 3 cases only and were controlled by reducing the dosage. Discontinuation of the trial was required in two cases on account of skin allergies. The continuously monitored laboratory parameters gave no evidence whatsoever of a negative influence, so that even a longterm treatment with Ranoroc seems possible.", "contents": "[Treatment of primary chronic polyarthritis with ranoroc (author's transl)]. In the framework of a clinical study the butazone derivative Ranoroc was tested for efficacy and tolerance in 50 patients with primary chronic polyarthritis. The success rates both in previously treated and untreated patients were approximately equal, i. e. 92%. In the previously treated group, a superior effect of Ranoroc as compared with the earlier treatment was stated by the patients in 57% and by the physician in about 36% of the cases. The tolerance was very good. Nausea and heartburn occurred in 3 cases only and were controlled by reducing the dosage. Discontinuation of the trial was required in two cases on account of skin allergies. The continuously monitored laboratory parameters gave no evidence whatsoever of a negative influence, so that even a longterm treatment with Ranoroc seems possible.", "PMID": 114776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11455", "title": "[Preventive and therapeutic application possibilities of newer antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "Today, however aminoglycosides are nearly indispensable owing to their broad antibacterial spectrum and genuine bactericidal effect as well as the possible synergic effect with beta-lactam preparations. The new cephalosporins are distinguished by a high beta-lactam stability and are active against the majority of pathogens causing nosocomial infections. An exceptional position is held by cefotaxim with its generally outstanding antibacterial potency, and by cefoxitin with its activity against Bacteroides fragilis. The ureidopenicillin azlocillin is superior to the Pseudomonas penicillins so far used. It acts against enterococci and H. influenzae as reliably as does mezlocillin.", "contents": "[Preventive and therapeutic application possibilities of newer antibiotics (author's transl)]. Today, however aminoglycosides are nearly indispensable owing to their broad antibacterial spectrum and genuine bactericidal effect as well as the possible synergic effect with beta-lactam preparations. The new cephalosporins are distinguished by a high beta-lactam stability and are active against the majority of pathogens causing nosocomial infections. An exceptional position is held by cefotaxim with its generally outstanding antibacterial potency, and by cefoxitin with its activity against Bacteroides fragilis. The ureidopenicillin azlocillin is superior to the Pseudomonas penicillins so far used. It acts against enterococci and H. influenzae as reliably as does mezlocillin.", "PMID": 114782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11456", "title": "[Prophylactic use of antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "The correlation between extensive aminoglycoside usage and the resistance of P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae (up to 40%) is a particularly striking aspect in hospitals. Favourable conditions for an effective prophylaxis are the limitation to one pathogen, a defined location and recent contamination. In so-called \"clean\" operations, prophylaxis is reasonably justified in exceptional cases only. Likewise, no benefit is to be expected from chemoprophylaxis in most of the so-called \"clean-contaminated\" surgical procedures. In septic surgery, antibiotic prophylaxis is indicated even if effectiveness is limited. Indiscriminate routine use, longterm treatment and local application of antibiotics to intensely contaminated areas is definitely not to be recommended.", "contents": "[Prophylactic use of antibiotics (author's transl)]. The correlation between extensive aminoglycoside usage and the resistance of P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae (up to 40%) is a particularly striking aspect in hospitals. Favourable conditions for an effective prophylaxis are the limitation to one pathogen, a defined location and recent contamination. In so-called \"clean\" operations, prophylaxis is reasonably justified in exceptional cases only. Likewise, no benefit is to be expected from chemoprophylaxis in most of the so-called \"clean-contaminated\" surgical procedures. In septic surgery, antibiotic prophylaxis is indicated even if effectiveness is limited. Indiscriminate routine use, longterm treatment and local application of antibiotics to intensely contaminated areas is definitely not to be recommended.", "PMID": 114783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11457", "title": "[Nuclear power plant disaster. Medical assistance to the population (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility of a nuclear power plant disaster is small but not excluded: in its event, assistance to the affected population mainly depends on local practitioners. Already existing diseases have to be diagnosed and treated; moreover, these physicians are responsible for the early detection of those individuals exposed to radiation doses high enough to induce acute illness. Here we present the pathogenesis, clinical development and possible diagnostic and therapeutical problems related to acute radiation-induced diseases. The differentiation of persons according to therapy need and prognosis is done on the sole base of the clinical evidence and the peripheral blood count.", "contents": "[Nuclear power plant disaster. Medical assistance to the population (author's transl)]. The possibility of a nuclear power plant disaster is small but not excluded: in its event, assistance to the affected population mainly depends on local practitioners. Already existing diseases have to be diagnosed and treated; moreover, these physicians are responsible for the early detection of those individuals exposed to radiation doses high enough to induce acute illness. Here we present the pathogenesis, clinical development and possible diagnostic and therapeutical problems related to acute radiation-induced diseases. The differentiation of persons according to therapy need and prognosis is done on the sole base of the clinical evidence and the peripheral blood count.", "PMID": 114784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11458", "title": "[Legionnaires' disease in Munich. Case report and outline of the clinical picture (author's transl)].", "content": "Account is given of a patient with legionnaires' disease to highlight the increasing significance of this affection. The typical symptoms are described. Under doxycyclin at high dosage (200 mg/day) the patient became afebrile within 36 hours with concurrent improvement of his general condition. Distinct regression of the pulmonary infiltrate was seen within five days.", "contents": "[Legionnaires' disease in Munich. Case report and outline of the clinical picture (author's transl)]. Account is given of a patient with legionnaires' disease to highlight the increasing significance of this affection. The typical symptoms are described. Under doxycyclin at high dosage (200 mg/day) the patient became afebrile within 36 hours with concurrent improvement of his general condition. Distinct regression of the pulmonary infiltrate was seen within five days.", "PMID": 114785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11459", "title": "[Sympathalgia of the cervicobrachial region (author's transl)].", "content": "Pain syndromes in the cervicobrachial region may be an expression of irritation of the periarterial autonomic nervous system. They show a vasal, arterial topography (here of the subclavian artery). If the cervical sympathetic chain is involved in the irritation, the area supplied by the carotid artery, i.e. the homolateral half of the head is also affected. Characteristics of these disturbances are their abnormal topography, which cannot be classified either as a radicular nor a segmental pattern. In this region the perception of pain is delayed. The quality of pain is protopathic (dull, intense, burning). In the sympathalgia region there is lowering of the pain threshold (dysesthesia), vasomotor disturbance (dyskinesia) local homeostatic disorders (dyscrasia), in certain circumstances trophic disturbances (dystrophy) which are usually accompanied by marked depression (dysthymia).", "contents": "[Sympathalgia of the cervicobrachial region (author's transl)]. Pain syndromes in the cervicobrachial region may be an expression of irritation of the periarterial autonomic nervous system. They show a vasal, arterial topography (here of the subclavian artery). If the cervical sympathetic chain is involved in the irritation, the area supplied by the carotid artery, i.e. the homolateral half of the head is also affected. Characteristics of these disturbances are their abnormal topography, which cannot be classified either as a radicular nor a segmental pattern. In this region the perception of pain is delayed. The quality of pain is protopathic (dull, intense, burning). In the sympathalgia region there is lowering of the pain threshold (dysesthesia), vasomotor disturbance (dyskinesia) local homeostatic disorders (dyscrasia), in certain circumstances trophic disturbances (dystrophy) which are usually accompanied by marked depression (dysthymia).", "PMID": 114792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11460", "title": "[Genesis and treatment of Achilles tendon rupture (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent experimental studies on the Achilles tendon show that a rupture of the tendon can be caused by trauma. This statement is supported by the results of special examinations on intraoperatively excised tendon tissue. In the treatment of the rupture, the choice of surgical technique depends on the age of the rupture at the time of surgery. Ruptures less than 5 days old are sutured end to end with absorbable sutures whereas older ruptures frequently require a tendinoplasty. Finally we are developing an etiopathological interpretation of Achilles injury. From this it may be concluded that this was perhaps the first traumatic rupture of Achilles tendon to be described in the literature.", "contents": "[Genesis and treatment of Achilles tendon rupture (author's transl)]. Recent experimental studies on the Achilles tendon show that a rupture of the tendon can be caused by trauma. This statement is supported by the results of special examinations on intraoperatively excised tendon tissue. In the treatment of the rupture, the choice of surgical technique depends on the age of the rupture at the time of surgery. Ruptures less than 5 days old are sutured end to end with absorbable sutures whereas older ruptures frequently require a tendinoplasty. Finally we are developing an etiopathological interpretation of Achilles injury. From this it may be concluded that this was perhaps the first traumatic rupture of Achilles tendon to be described in the literature.", "PMID": 114798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11461", "title": "[Total hip prosthesis and sport (author's transl)].", "content": "The artificial replacement of the hip joint has become a routine operation the assessment of load resistance of the total hip prothesis (THP), on the other hand, is very variable. If at all possible, a THP should only be implanted in elderly people usually with the object of obtaining painless and improved walking ability. Occasionally, however, the question of the possibility of sports activities arises. But for this there are no practical pointers for better orientation. Therefore 120 operated patients under the age of 60 were questioned in detail on their sports activities and followed up. Then an attempt was made to classify the types of sport. Swimming, cycling, gymnastics, walking and rowing seemed suitable.", "contents": "[Total hip prosthesis and sport (author's transl)]. The artificial replacement of the hip joint has become a routine operation the assessment of load resistance of the total hip prothesis (THP), on the other hand, is very variable. If at all possible, a THP should only be implanted in elderly people usually with the object of obtaining painless and improved walking ability. Occasionally, however, the question of the possibility of sports activities arises. But for this there are no practical pointers for better orientation. Therefore 120 operated patients under the age of 60 were questioned in detail on their sports activities and followed up. Then an attempt was made to classify the types of sport. Swimming, cycling, gymnastics, walking and rowing seemed suitable.", "PMID": 114799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11462", "title": "[The effect of various suture materials on wound healing. An experimental study in animals (author's transl)].", "content": "The reactions of connective tissue and fibers to silk, catgut, chromic catgut and polyglucolic acid fibers buried in the subcutis and to which a solution of vaccinia (WHO Elstree strain) or a control solution was added, were tested in 7 rabbits. Of the fibers tested, the histological picture on the 9th postoperative day showed that polygluconic acid fibers were by far the best, catgut fibers were particularly poor.", "contents": "[The effect of various suture materials on wound healing. An experimental study in animals (author's transl)]. The reactions of connective tissue and fibers to silk, catgut, chromic catgut and polyglucolic acid fibers buried in the subcutis and to which a solution of vaccinia (WHO Elstree strain) or a control solution was added, were tested in 7 rabbits. Of the fibers tested, the histological picture on the 9th postoperative day showed that polygluconic acid fibers were by far the best, catgut fibers were particularly poor.", "PMID": 114802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11463", "title": "[Aplasia of the gallbladder (author's transl)].", "content": "In the clinical observation of a female patient with typical gallstone symptoms and corresponding diagnostic findings when gallstones and gallbladder were absent, further diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in gallbladder aplasia, a very rare anomaly of biliary tract anatomy, could be facilitated with the aid of comparative echography and computer tomography. Diagnostic and therapeutic failure appear to be avoidable by this means.", "contents": "[Aplasia of the gallbladder (author's transl)]. In the clinical observation of a female patient with typical gallstone symptoms and corresponding diagnostic findings when gallstones and gallbladder were absent, further diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in gallbladder aplasia, a very rare anomaly of biliary tract anatomy, could be facilitated with the aid of comparative echography and computer tomography. Diagnostic and therapeutic failure appear to be avoidable by this means.", "PMID": 114804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11464", "title": "[Victimology of sexual crime. Examination of victims and the consequences for behavior, prophylaxis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Medico-legal and criminological examinations of 93 sexual crimes are reported. This figure comprises all the crimes which have become known to the police during a certain period in one region. It is suggested that the medical examination by confined to specific wards of the gynecological hospital so that psychological care can be provided and the customary criminological investigation methods be changed. For preventive reasons, a general expertise of the offenders and credibility examinations of victims and offenders seem to be called for in the absence of satisfactory evidence. Physical resistance on the part of the victim in the present cases led to a significant increase in the injury and death rate. How far traditional social views toward women favor sexual crime is discussed.", "contents": "[Victimology of sexual crime. Examination of victims and the consequences for behavior, prophylaxis and therapy (author's transl)]. Medico-legal and criminological examinations of 93 sexual crimes are reported. This figure comprises all the crimes which have become known to the police during a certain period in one region. It is suggested that the medical examination by confined to specific wards of the gynecological hospital so that psychological care can be provided and the customary criminological investigation methods be changed. For preventive reasons, a general expertise of the offenders and credibility examinations of victims and offenders seem to be called for in the absence of satisfactory evidence. Physical resistance on the part of the victim in the present cases led to a significant increase in the injury and death rate. How far traditional social views toward women favor sexual crime is discussed.", "PMID": 114808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11465", "title": "[Peptic ulcer disease and primary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "The causal relationship of primary hyperparathyroidism and ulcer disease is reviewed. In contrast to earlier ideas careful clinical and clinico-chemical investigations have shown that in patients with manifest primary hyperparathyroidism neither is the incidence of ulcer disease raised nor are deviations from the normal behavior of acid secretion or the serum gastrin level to be observed in comparison with the average population.", "contents": "[Peptic ulcer disease and primary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)]. The causal relationship of primary hyperparathyroidism and ulcer disease is reviewed. In contrast to earlier ideas careful clinical and clinico-chemical investigations have shown that in patients with manifest primary hyperparathyroidism neither is the incidence of ulcer disease raised nor are deviations from the normal behavior of acid secretion or the serum gastrin level to be observed in comparison with the average population.", "PMID": 114810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11466", "title": "[The course of functional psychoses (author's transl)].", "content": "Functional psychoses correspond to a universal reduction of mental and intellectual function which, fundamentally reversible and unspecific, appear as sequelae of disturbances of cerebral function. They are the most common psychoses in medical practice and in hospitals. With the Syndrome Short Test and Functional Psychosis Scale B we now have a mutually equilibrated test system for the measurement of the whole range of severity of functional psychoses. With these two psychopathometric methods a relatively differentiated investigation of cross section and course can be performed, for example in arriving at a diagnosis, checking medical measures, monitoring the effect of drugs and in the prognosis of a disease.", "contents": "[The course of functional psychoses (author's transl)]. Functional psychoses correspond to a universal reduction of mental and intellectual function which, fundamentally reversible and unspecific, appear as sequelae of disturbances of cerebral function. They are the most common psychoses in medical practice and in hospitals. With the Syndrome Short Test and Functional Psychosis Scale B we now have a mutually equilibrated test system for the measurement of the whole range of severity of functional psychoses. With these two psychopathometric methods a relatively differentiated investigation of cross section and course can be performed, for example in arriving at a diagnosis, checking medical measures, monitoring the effect of drugs and in the prognosis of a disease.", "PMID": 114811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11467", "title": "[The effect of premedication with thalamonal on the plasma catecholamine levels (author's transl)].", "content": "The sympathetic suppressant properties of Thalamonal as a premedication is reported in both normotensive and hypertensive patients. The investigations were carried out in 27 patients altogether, of whom 7 were previously treated hypertensives. The plasma catecholamines noradrenaline and adrenaline, the blood pressure and heart rate were monitored before and after premedication.", "contents": "[The effect of premedication with thalamonal on the plasma catecholamine levels (author's transl)]. The sympathetic suppressant properties of Thalamonal as a premedication is reported in both normotensive and hypertensive patients. The investigations were carried out in 27 patients altogether, of whom 7 were previously treated hypertensives. The plasma catecholamines noradrenaline and adrenaline, the blood pressure and heart rate were monitored before and after premedication.", "PMID": 114812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11468", "title": "[The mental patient as motorist. When is unfitness to drive involved? (author's transl)].", "content": "The bulk of road traffic accidents are not caused by ill drivers and even not at all by mentally ill drivers. So far as diseases are involved in the assessment of suitability to drive, the Joint Advisory Board for Medical Science relating to Traffic Safety and the Federal Minister for Youth, Family and Health have worked out standards for this. Examples were given and the principles were presented according to which expert opinions by doctors and specialists should be made. Otherwise difficulties arise in road traffic from the psychiatric point of view through the nonconformist behavior of the normal citizen who apparently finds it difficult to realize the principles of self-responsibility.", "contents": "[The mental patient as motorist. When is unfitness to drive involved? (author's transl)]. The bulk of road traffic accidents are not caused by ill drivers and even not at all by mentally ill drivers. So far as diseases are involved in the assessment of suitability to drive, the Joint Advisory Board for Medical Science relating to Traffic Safety and the Federal Minister for Youth, Family and Health have worked out standards for this. Examples were given and the principles were presented according to which expert opinions by doctors and specialists should be made. Otherwise difficulties arise in road traffic from the psychiatric point of view through the nonconformist behavior of the normal citizen who apparently finds it difficult to realize the principles of self-responsibility.", "PMID": 114821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11469", "title": "[Psychiatric diseases and driving fitness (author's transl)].", "content": "Mental factors frequently play a decisive role in the conditional setup of many accidents. Analysis of the mental factors determining the cause of accidents show these to be by far often mental factors of a non-pathological nature, such as personality factors, disordered concentration and alertness in conflict situations, overstrain and fatigue, than factors conditioned by illness, e.g. as associated with depression or schizophrenia. Psychological alterations in subjects of advanced age constitute a border area of high significance in medical science concerned with traffic safety. In the consulting room, particular attention should be paid to the recognition of potential risk constellations in traffic precipitated by alcohol or drugs.", "contents": "[Psychiatric diseases and driving fitness (author's transl)]. Mental factors frequently play a decisive role in the conditional setup of many accidents. Analysis of the mental factors determining the cause of accidents show these to be by far often mental factors of a non-pathological nature, such as personality factors, disordered concentration and alertness in conflict situations, overstrain and fatigue, than factors conditioned by illness, e.g. as associated with depression or schizophrenia. Psychological alterations in subjects of advanced age constitute a border area of high significance in medical science concerned with traffic safety. In the consulting room, particular attention should be paid to the recognition of potential risk constellations in traffic precipitated by alcohol or drugs.", "PMID": 114822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11470", "title": "[Impairment of driving ability by infections of the gastrointestinal region (author's transl)].", "content": "Experience shows that infections in the region of the gastrointestinal tract are apparently not very common causes of traffic accidents. In particular, impairment by the disease itself including treatment with its effects and side effects must be considered. Also the patient's own assessment of his condition is extremely meaningful and must not be disregarded at the consultation. Furthermore the length and circumstances of the journey and consideration of the age of the patient and other disease conditions are important.", "contents": "[Impairment of driving ability by infections of the gastrointestinal region (author's transl)]. Experience shows that infections in the region of the gastrointestinal tract are apparently not very common causes of traffic accidents. In particular, impairment by the disease itself including treatment with its effects and side effects must be considered. Also the patient's own assessment of his condition is extremely meaningful and must not be disregarded at the consultation. Furthermore the length and circumstances of the journey and consideration of the age of the patient and other disease conditions are important.", "PMID": 114823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11471", "title": "Cytology of aberrations induced by X-rays in oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "200 first-division configurations were analyzed for cytological aberrations induced by X-rays in late meiotic prophase in oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster. For the 3000 and 6000 r doses, 38 and 66%, respectively, were classified as abnormal. The aberrant divisions included displacement of the chromosomes suggesting their non-disjunction, loss of a whole chromosome, fragments and heterologous exchanges and unidentifiable aberrations. Non-disjunctional chromosomes were free of heterologous exchanges. The concept that a majority of X-ray-induced dominant lethals is due to chromosomal breakage is supported by the findings of the present study.", "contents": "Cytology of aberrations induced by X-rays in oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster. 200 first-division configurations were analyzed for cytological aberrations induced by X-rays in late meiotic prophase in oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster. For the 3000 and 6000 r doses, 38 and 66%, respectively, were classified as abnormal. The aberrant divisions included displacement of the chromosomes suggesting their non-disjunction, loss of a whole chromosome, fragments and heterologous exchanges and unidentifiable aberrations. Non-disjunctional chromosomes were free of heterologous exchanges. The concept that a majority of X-ray-induced dominant lethals is due to chromosomal breakage is supported by the findings of the present study.", "PMID": 114826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11472", "title": "Sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster to low concentrations of gaseous mutagens. II. Chronic exposures.", "content": "Sex-linked recessive lethal mutations were induced in Drosophila melanogaster males by gaseous 1,2-dibromoethane at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 2 parts per million. Significant numbers of mutations could be induced at all these concentrations. Pronounced germ-cell sensitivity differences were observed. For low exposures, spermatids and spermatocytes were about 10--20 times more sensitive than spermatozoa. The dose-effect relation was linear below 60 ppm . h for the 3 cell types. At higher exposures, sterility prevented mutation detection in spermatocytes and in spermatogonia. The lowest effective exposure for spermatozoa was 18 ppm . h (0.25 ppm for 72 h). In spermatids, the lowest exposure tested, 2.3 ppm . h (0.2 ppm for 11 h) induced 4 times the spontaneous mutation rate. Therefore, using prolonged exposure periods one may be able to detect concentrations in the range of parts per billion. Thus, Drosophila appears suitable as a system for detecting very low concentrations of gaseous mutagens in industrial, agricultural and environmental atmospheres.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster to low concentrations of gaseous mutagens. II. Chronic exposures. Sex-linked recessive lethal mutations were induced in Drosophila melanogaster males by gaseous 1,2-dibromoethane at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 2 parts per million. Significant numbers of mutations could be induced at all these concentrations. Pronounced germ-cell sensitivity differences were observed. For low exposures, spermatids and spermatocytes were about 10--20 times more sensitive than spermatozoa. The dose-effect relation was linear below 60 ppm . h for the 3 cell types. At higher exposures, sterility prevented mutation detection in spermatocytes and in spermatogonia. The lowest effective exposure for spermatozoa was 18 ppm . h (0.25 ppm for 72 h). In spermatids, the lowest exposure tested, 2.3 ppm . h (0.2 ppm for 11 h) induced 4 times the spontaneous mutation rate. Therefore, using prolonged exposure periods one may be able to detect concentrations in the range of parts per billion. Thus, Drosophila appears suitable as a system for detecting very low concentrations of gaseous mutagens in industrial, agricultural and environmental atmospheres.", "PMID": 114827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11473", "title": "Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries.", "content": "Priorities among the infectious diseases affecting the three billion people in the less developed world have been based on prevalence, morbidity, mortality and feasibility of control. With these priorities in mind a program of selective primary health care is compared with other approaches and suggested as the most cost-effective form of medical intervention in the least developed countries. A flexible program delivered by either fixed or mobile units might include measles and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccination, treatment for febrile malaria and oral rehydration for diarrhea in children, and tetanus toxoid and encouragement of breast feeding in mothers. Other interventions might be added on the basis of regional needs and new developments. For major diseases for which control measures are inadequate, research is an inexpensive approach on the basis of cost per infected person per year.", "contents": "Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries. Priorities among the infectious diseases affecting the three billion people in the less developed world have been based on prevalence, morbidity, mortality and feasibility of control. With these priorities in mind a program of selective primary health care is compared with other approaches and suggested as the most cost-effective form of medical intervention in the least developed countries. A flexible program delivered by either fixed or mobile units might include measles and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccination, treatment for febrile malaria and oral rehydration for diarrhea in children, and tetanus toxoid and encouragement of breast feeding in mothers. Other interventions might be added on the basis of regional needs and new developments. For major diseases for which control measures are inadequate, research is an inexpensive approach on the basis of cost per infected person per year.", "PMID": 114830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11474", "title": "Evaluation of medical practices. The case for technology assessment.", "content": "We believe that the systematic evaluation of medical practices, especially those that are risky or costly deserves more attention. Available methods are limited, and definitive assessments of innovative or controversial practices are infrequent. Nevertheless, some evaluations have successfully enhanced the use of effective practices and diminished the reliance on ineffective ones. Greater efforts at evaluation can improve the quality of patient care, avoid waste and promote the more rational use of health resources. The cost of assessing new practices should be viewed as an intrinsic part of the cost of medical care. Physicians and medical societies bear primary responsibility for recognizing the need for this evaluation, for enlisting other experts, participating in technology assessment and working to translate the results of evaluation into practice. The commitment of government agencies, insurance companies and teaching institutions is also essential to an effective program of evaluation.", "contents": "Evaluation of medical practices. The case for technology assessment. We believe that the systematic evaluation of medical practices, especially those that are risky or costly deserves more attention. Available methods are limited, and definitive assessments of innovative or controversial practices are infrequent. Nevertheless, some evaluations have successfully enhanced the use of effective practices and diminished the reliance on ineffective ones. Greater efforts at evaluation can improve the quality of patient care, avoid waste and promote the more rational use of health resources. The cost of assessing new practices should be viewed as an intrinsic part of the cost of medical care. Physicians and medical societies bear primary responsibility for recognizing the need for this evaluation, for enlisting other experts, participating in technology assessment and working to translate the results of evaluation into practice. The commitment of government agencies, insurance companies and teaching institutions is also essential to an effective program of evaluation.", "PMID": 114833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11475", "title": "Case studies on the use and accuracy of synthetic estimates: unemployment and housing applications.", "content": "A description is given of unemployment synthetic estimates for counties, based on the 1970 Census of Population. The distribution of the method error of these estimates is given, as well as the relative accuracy of these estimates. Implications for intercensal estimates based on regression models are considered. Vacancy rates from the 1970 Census of Housing are discussed. Estimates of 1970 estimates of dilapidated housing units with all plumbing facilities and their accuracy are analyzed.", "contents": "Case studies on the use and accuracy of synthetic estimates: unemployment and housing applications. A description is given of unemployment synthetic estimates for counties, based on the 1970 Census of Population. The distribution of the method error of these estimates is given, as well as the relative accuracy of these estimates. Implications for intercensal estimates based on regression models are considered. Vacancy rates from the 1970 Census of Housing are discussed. Estimates of 1970 estimates of dilapidated housing units with all plumbing facilities and their accuracy are analyzed.", "PMID": 114837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11476", "title": "Drug abuse applications: some regression explorations with national survey data.", "content": "Personal interview surveys in recent years have provided national estimates of use of marihuana, heroin, and other substances. Over a number of national surveys, consistent relationships have been observed between drug abuse and demographic variables such as age, education, and sex. Where one lives has also been found to be significantly related to level of drug abuse. This is observed in survey data in relationships between experience with drugs and geographic region of residence and community size and type. Regression and other multivariate analyses have been used to help understand the prevalence of drug abuse among various segments of the general population and have provided a means to explore relationships between drug use and a number of additional factors related to location of residence. Regression procedures have also been used in an exploratory way to provide drug abuse estimates for States.", "contents": "Drug abuse applications: some regression explorations with national survey data. Personal interview surveys in recent years have provided national estimates of use of marihuana, heroin, and other substances. Over a number of national surveys, consistent relationships have been observed between drug abuse and demographic variables such as age, education, and sex. Where one lives has also been found to be significantly related to level of drug abuse. This is observed in survey data in relationships between experience with drugs and geographic region of residence and community size and type. Regression and other multivariate analyses have been used to help understand the prevalence of drug abuse among various segments of the general population and have provided a means to explore relationships between drug use and a number of additional factors related to location of residence. Regression procedures have also been used in an exploratory way to provide drug abuse estimates for States.", "PMID": 114840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11477", "title": "Applications of synthetic estimates to alcoholism and problem drinking.", "content": "This paper focuses on the application of synthetic estimation techniques to issues involving estimation of the prevalence of alcoholism and problem drinking. Demands for information led to the first use of synthetic estimation in this area. However, the experience of bringing that first application to fruition led to new uses where previously no attempt would have been made to develop information. Three examples are discussed briefly: estimating the relative prevalence among the States; identifying health manpower shortage areas; and calculating the need for service in a community.", "contents": "Applications of synthetic estimates to alcoholism and problem drinking. This paper focuses on the application of synthetic estimation techniques to issues involving estimation of the prevalence of alcoholism and problem drinking. Demands for information led to the first use of synthetic estimation in this area. However, the experience of bringing that first application to fruition led to new uses where previously no attempt would have been made to develop information. Three examples are discussed briefly: estimating the relative prevalence among the States; identifying health manpower shortage areas; and calculating the need for service in a community.", "PMID": 114844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11478", "title": "Synthetic estimates as an approach to needs assessment: issues and experience.", "content": "An overview of a study which applied the synthetic estimates technique to derive rates, numbers, types and characteristics of potential clientele for substance abuse related programs in the State and counties of Oregon is presented. A brief description is given of the methods utilized to obtain estimates as well as the means for examining their validity. Inasmuch as the objective of the study was to provide useful information to State and local program planners and administrators, the experience of utilizing the study's findings is presented. Several applications are highlighted to indicate the range of ways in which the study was utilized. The experience of applying the results in a program and policy context surfaced several issues concerning the requirements for validity and accuracy, specificity and, finally, the role of synthetic estimates in needs assessment. The experience suggests that the information derived by this technique will be most useful if integrated with a range of other types of information, both quantiative and subjective.", "contents": "Synthetic estimates as an approach to needs assessment: issues and experience. An overview of a study which applied the synthetic estimates technique to derive rates, numbers, types and characteristics of potential clientele for substance abuse related programs in the State and counties of Oregon is presented. A brief description is given of the methods utilized to obtain estimates as well as the means for examining their validity. Inasmuch as the objective of the study was to provide useful information to State and local program planners and administrators, the experience of utilizing the study's findings is presented. Several applications are highlighted to indicate the range of ways in which the study was utilized. The experience of applying the results in a program and policy context surfaced several issues concerning the requirements for validity and accuracy, specificity and, finally, the role of synthetic estimates in needs assessment. The experience suggests that the information derived by this technique will be most useful if integrated with a range of other types of information, both quantiative and subjective.", "PMID": 114847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11479", "title": "A composite estimator for small area statistics.", "content": "Samples designed to provide estimates for large geographic areas are sometimes used to provide estimates for small areas. In such cases the sample in a small area may be \"unrepresentative\" or of small size. Various estimators, including a composite estimator, which is weighed function of two component estimators, have been suggested for use in these situations. The choice of weights for the composite estimator is considered in this paper. It is shown that with appropriate weights the composite estimator has smaller mean square error than either component estimator and also that this estimator is remarkably robust against poor choices of weights. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics' Health Interview Survey and the Bureau of the Census' Public Use Tapes are used to illustrate results when direct and synthetic estimators are used as components of the composite estimator.", "contents": "A composite estimator for small area statistics. Samples designed to provide estimates for large geographic areas are sometimes used to provide estimates for small areas. In such cases the sample in a small area may be \"unrepresentative\" or of small size. Various estimators, including a composite estimator, which is weighed function of two component estimators, have been suggested for use in these situations. The choice of weights for the composite estimator is considered in this paper. It is shown that with appropriate weights the composite estimator has smaller mean square error than either component estimator and also that this estimator is remarkably robust against poor choices of weights. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics' Health Interview Survey and the Bureau of the Census' Public Use Tapes are used to illustrate results when direct and synthetic estimators are used as components of the composite estimator.", "PMID": 114852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11480", "title": "Small area estimation--synthetic and other procedures, 1968-1978.", "content": "Methods for obtaining small area estimates which have emerged over the past decade are reviewed with particular emphasis given to synthetic estimation, a procedure originally developed at the National Center for Health Statistics which has found wide acceptance because of its simplicity and intuitive appeal, and yet has provoked much controversy because of its lack of good demonstrable statistical properties and its equivocal results when subjected to empirical evaluation. The various methods of obtaining small area estimates are discussed in terms of their statistical properties, the feasibility of using them and the potential scope of their application. Finally, some recommendations are made concerning possible avenues of future research in small area estimation, and some tentative guidelines are given for choosing between alternative existing methods.", "contents": "Small area estimation--synthetic and other procedures, 1968-1978. Methods for obtaining small area estimates which have emerged over the past decade are reviewed with particular emphasis given to synthetic estimation, a procedure originally developed at the National Center for Health Statistics which has found wide acceptance because of its simplicity and intuitive appeal, and yet has provoked much controversy because of its lack of good demonstrable statistical properties and its equivocal results when subjected to empirical evaluation. The various methods of obtaining small area estimates are discussed in terms of their statistical properties, the feasibility of using them and the potential scope of their application. Finally, some recommendations are made concerning possible avenues of future research in small area estimation, and some tentative guidelines are given for choosing between alternative existing methods.", "PMID": 114853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11481", "title": "Prediction models in small area estimation.", "content": "Finite population estimation problems are formulated as prediction problems under superpopulation models. For linear regression models, a general theorem on optimal linear estimation is presented. The theorem is applied to simple cross-classification models to generate and analyze various statistics for estimating small area totals. These statistics include the synthetic and composite estimators, as well as some interesting alternatives.", "contents": "Prediction models in small area estimation. Finite population estimation problems are formulated as prediction problems under superpopulation models. For linear regression models, a general theorem on optimal linear estimation is presented. The theorem is applied to simple cross-classification models to generate and analyze various statistics for estimating small area totals. These statistics include the synthetic and composite estimators, as well as some interesting alternatives.", "PMID": 114856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11482", "title": "A modified approach to small area estimation.", "content": "The ever-growing need for good estimates of the health, social, political, and economic parameters of local areas has served as the motivating force for new developments in methodology. Due to the constraints of sample size, design, and cost, accessible data from large areas for criterion variables of interest is often used jointly with local data on symptomatic variables. Furthermore, several procedures have derived local area estimators by combining symptomatic information and sample data into a multiple regression format. In those situations where assumptions are too strict or unrealistic, as when a nonlinear model is more appropriate, the merits of a more flexible approach are obvious. Our research focuses upon a further investigation of an alternative strategy for which the most limiting assumption is the availability of good symptomatic information. A more formal representation of the model is developed within the framework of a poststratification scheme. The methodology involves ratio estimation of the respective stratum means via indicator variables which serve the purpose of classification. To determine the accuracy of the proposed small area estimator and allow for comparisons of precision with respect to other strategies, we express the relationship between criterion and symptomatic variables by relevant continuous multivariate distributions. Specifically, comparisons are made with the results obtained using a regression estimator which is applicable to the same general setting. The theoretical framework considers multivariate stratification, where boundary determination is achieved by application of practical methods which use minimum variance stratification as a criterion.", "contents": "A modified approach to small area estimation. The ever-growing need for good estimates of the health, social, political, and economic parameters of local areas has served as the motivating force for new developments in methodology. Due to the constraints of sample size, design, and cost, accessible data from large areas for criterion variables of interest is often used jointly with local data on symptomatic variables. Furthermore, several procedures have derived local area estimators by combining symptomatic information and sample data into a multiple regression format. In those situations where assumptions are too strict or unrealistic, as when a nonlinear model is more appropriate, the merits of a more flexible approach are obvious. Our research focuses upon a further investigation of an alternative strategy for which the most limiting assumption is the availability of good symptomatic information. A more formal representation of the model is developed within the framework of a poststratification scheme. The methodology involves ratio estimation of the respective stratum means via indicator variables which serve the purpose of classification. To determine the accuracy of the proposed small area estimator and allow for comparisons of precision with respect to other strategies, we express the relationship between criterion and symptomatic variables by relevant continuous multivariate distributions. Specifically, comparisons are made with the results obtained using a regression estimator which is applicable to the same general setting. The theoretical framework considers multivariate stratification, where boundary determination is achieved by application of practical methods which use minimum variance stratification as a criterion.", "PMID": 114858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11483", "title": "Female transference and mate choice among Tana River red colobus.", "content": "Red colobus are one of a small number of primate species in which females have been reported to transfer between breeding groups more commonly than males. Several authors have hypothesised that in such species transference may serve to reduce the risk to females of producing offspring of lower fitness through inbreeding. The hypothesis offers no explanation of why females rather than males are responsible for outbreeding in these species, but remains plausible so long as male membership of breeding groups is relatively stable; for once members of one sex have evolved dispersal mechanisms reducing the risk of inbreeding, pressures on the other sex to do likewise will be lowered. Hence, if both sexes commonly migrate, the hypothesis is weakened. I describe here the membership dynamics of a group of Tana River red colobus, Colobus badius rufomitratus, which provide the first evidence of high rates of membership turnover by both sexes in primates, and speculate that the function of female transference in this case may be related to mate choice and the avoidance of infanticide.", "contents": "Female transference and mate choice among Tana River red colobus. Red colobus are one of a small number of primate species in which females have been reported to transfer between breeding groups more commonly than males. Several authors have hypothesised that in such species transference may serve to reduce the risk to females of producing offspring of lower fitness through inbreeding. The hypothesis offers no explanation of why females rather than males are responsible for outbreeding in these species, but remains plausible so long as male membership of breeding groups is relatively stable; for once members of one sex have evolved dispersal mechanisms reducing the risk of inbreeding, pressures on the other sex to do likewise will be lowered. Hence, if both sexes commonly migrate, the hypothesis is weakened. I describe here the membership dynamics of a group of Tana River red colobus, Colobus badius rufomitratus, which provide the first evidence of high rates of membership turnover by both sexes in primates, and speculate that the function of female transference in this case may be related to mate choice and the avoidance of infanticide.", "PMID": 114860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11484", "title": "Correlation between fragmented immunoglobulin genes and heavy chain deletion mutants.", "content": "It is generally accepted that the variable (V) and constant (C) regions of immunoglobulin (Ig) chains are under separate genetic control. The notion that the different domains and interdomain regions are also under the control of independent genetic units was initially based on the clearcut results obtained by studying the primary structure of deletion mutants and received definitive support from direct analysis of cloned heavy (H) and light (L) chain genes. Here we present additional studies carried out on two selected gamma 3 deletion mutants which indicate the genetic control of human H chains may be even more complex than previously believed.", "contents": "Correlation between fragmented immunoglobulin genes and heavy chain deletion mutants. It is generally accepted that the variable (V) and constant (C) regions of immunoglobulin (Ig) chains are under separate genetic control. The notion that the different domains and interdomain regions are also under the control of independent genetic units was initially based on the clearcut results obtained by studying the primary structure of deletion mutants and received definitive support from direct analysis of cloned heavy (H) and light (L) chain genes. Here we present additional studies carried out on two selected gamma 3 deletion mutants which indicate the genetic control of human H chains may be even more complex than previously believed.", "PMID": 114864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11485", "title": "Precipitating antibodies against pseudomonas aeruginosa in serum from dialysis patients.", "content": "Hemodialysate in our facility was found contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. By means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis, series of serum samples from 20 patients in regular dialysis treatment have been investigated for development of precipitating antibodies against P. aeruginosa during dialysis treatment. In 6 patients antibacterial antibodies occurred during the observation period but were, in all 6 occasions, in close relation to acute intercurrent bacterial infections and not related to the dialysis treatment. It is therefore concluded that P. aeruginosa antigens from the dialysate do not pass the dialysis membranes in quantities sufficient to evoke a humoral immune response.", "contents": "Precipitating antibodies against pseudomonas aeruginosa in serum from dialysis patients. Hemodialysate in our facility was found contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. By means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis, series of serum samples from 20 patients in regular dialysis treatment have been investigated for development of precipitating antibodies against P. aeruginosa during dialysis treatment. In 6 patients antibacterial antibodies occurred during the observation period but were, in all 6 occasions, in close relation to acute intercurrent bacterial infections and not related to the dialysis treatment. It is therefore concluded that P. aeruginosa antigens from the dialysate do not pass the dialysis membranes in quantities sufficient to evoke a humoral immune response.", "PMID": 114868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11486", "title": "Evidence that serotonin stimulates a prolactin-releasing factor in the rat.", "content": "Methanol extracts of rat plasma resulted in release of prolactin (PRL) from rat hemipituitaries in vitro with a linear log-dose relationship. This prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)-like activity was not altered in plasma from rats treated with bromocryptine or chlorpromazine despite significant suppression and stimulation of plasma PRL levels, respectively. Fluoxetine, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, plus 5-hydroxytryptophan, the immediate precursor of serotonin, markedly stimulated both plasma PRL and plasma PRF-like activity. Neither fluoxetine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, nor the combination directly stimulated PRL release from rat pituitary tissue in vitro. We conclude that serotonergic stimulation augments PRL release via a PRF.", "contents": "Evidence that serotonin stimulates a prolactin-releasing factor in the rat. Methanol extracts of rat plasma resulted in release of prolactin (PRL) from rat hemipituitaries in vitro with a linear log-dose relationship. This prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)-like activity was not altered in plasma from rats treated with bromocryptine or chlorpromazine despite significant suppression and stimulation of plasma PRL levels, respectively. Fluoxetine, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, plus 5-hydroxytryptophan, the immediate precursor of serotonin, markedly stimulated both plasma PRL and plasma PRF-like activity. Neither fluoxetine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, nor the combination directly stimulated PRL release from rat pituitary tissue in vitro. We conclude that serotonergic stimulation augments PRL release via a PRF.", "PMID": 114870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11487", "title": "Deciphering deinstitutionalization: complexities in policy and program analysis.", "content": "Deinstitutionalization as a public policy promised to be a major departure from previous psychiatric practice. Decrying traditional \"medical paradigms\" and the custodial \"warehousing\" of mental patients, policy makers advanced a \"bold new approach\" for care in the community. Progressive humanitarian reform could go hand in hand with fiscal conservatism. Community Mental Health Centers were to be the heart of a new national effort. But the rhetoric of reform failed to coalesce the activities among competing federal and state interests and systems. Intended beneficiaries may have become unfortunate victims.", "contents": "Deciphering deinstitutionalization: complexities in policy and program analysis. Deinstitutionalization as a public policy promised to be a major departure from previous psychiatric practice. Decrying traditional \"medical paradigms\" and the custodial \"warehousing\" of mental patients, policy makers advanced a \"bold new approach\" for care in the community. Progressive humanitarian reform could go hand in hand with fiscal conservatism. Community Mental Health Centers were to be the heart of a new national effort. But the rhetoric of reform failed to coalesce the activities among competing federal and state interests and systems. Intended beneficiaries may have become unfortunate victims.", "PMID": 114875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11488", "title": "In defense of deinstitutionalization.", "content": "Political and economic decisions contributing to deinstitutionalization had widespread support from psychiatrists, social reformers, and civil libertarians. The fortuitous advent of Medicaid and SSI abetted movement out of institutions, but these federal programs impede efforts to reform remaining state hospitals--yet progress has been achieved.", "contents": "In defense of deinstitutionalization. Political and economic decisions contributing to deinstitutionalization had widespread support from psychiatrists, social reformers, and civil libertarians. The fortuitous advent of Medicaid and SSI abetted movement out of institutions, but these federal programs impede efforts to reform remaining state hospitals--yet progress has been achieved.", "PMID": 114876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11489", "title": "[Current status and problems of tuberculosis. 10 years of experience in a general medicine department].", "content": "One hundred and seventeen cases of tuberculous disease who came to the Authors' observation in 10 years are described. Some cases are illustrated in details just to point out the complexity and the different guises of clinical presentation and to underscore the importance of an high index of suspicion for tuberculosis in patients who are admitted to a ward of internal medicine. In 71 patients with active, progressive tuberculous disease, the diagnosis was confirmed by bacteriological findings in 29 cases and by bioptical and hystological data in 5 cases; in the remaining 37 cases only clinical and radiological criteria were met but the diagnosis was confirmed by the improvement which was observed after antimycobacterial therapy. Many difficulties have been met in the differential diagnosis between pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchogenic carcinoma in those cases with anamnestic and radiological data of previous pulmonary tuberculosis. When the radiological site of lesions was in the posterior segments of the lung, tuberculosis was the most probable diagnosis, while bronchogenic carcinoma is most oftenly localized in the anterior segments; only in 5 cases of the Author's series the above mentioned criterion was not satisfied. In 46 cases with clinical signs of inactive tuberculous disease which had not been adequately treated with chemotherapy, isoniazid was given only to those patients with a high risk of reactivation (silicosis, diabetes, chronic alcholism, gastric resection, prolonged steroid therapy). Two cases of isoniazid hepatitis were observed among patients treated by the Authors.", "contents": "[Current status and problems of tuberculosis. 10 years of experience in a general medicine department]. One hundred and seventeen cases of tuberculous disease who came to the Authors' observation in 10 years are described. Some cases are illustrated in details just to point out the complexity and the different guises of clinical presentation and to underscore the importance of an high index of suspicion for tuberculosis in patients who are admitted to a ward of internal medicine. In 71 patients with active, progressive tuberculous disease, the diagnosis was confirmed by bacteriological findings in 29 cases and by bioptical and hystological data in 5 cases; in the remaining 37 cases only clinical and radiological criteria were met but the diagnosis was confirmed by the improvement which was observed after antimycobacterial therapy. Many difficulties have been met in the differential diagnosis between pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchogenic carcinoma in those cases with anamnestic and radiological data of previous pulmonary tuberculosis. When the radiological site of lesions was in the posterior segments of the lung, tuberculosis was the most probable diagnosis, while bronchogenic carcinoma is most oftenly localized in the anterior segments; only in 5 cases of the Author's series the above mentioned criterion was not satisfied. In 46 cases with clinical signs of inactive tuberculous disease which had not been adequately treated with chemotherapy, isoniazid was given only to those patients with a high risk of reactivation (silicosis, diabetes, chronic alcholism, gastric resection, prolonged steroid therapy). Two cases of isoniazid hepatitis were observed among patients treated by the Authors.", "PMID": 114891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11490", "title": "[Effects of gravitational forces on the nervous system].", "content": "The human being, submitted to G+ of G-, shows some adaptation mechanisms which beyond a certain limit can become pathological alterations. In this connection, some aspects concerning intraocular pressure, electrolytes and enzymes have been studied.", "contents": "[Effects of gravitational forces on the nervous system]. The human being, submitted to G+ of G-, shows some adaptation mechanisms which beyond a certain limit can become pathological alterations. In this connection, some aspects concerning intraocular pressure, electrolytes and enzymes have been studied.", "PMID": 114894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11491", "title": "[Burns in an aeronautic environment].", "content": "Following an examination of the aetiology of burns in aeronautic environments, the physiopathology, classification and general and local treatment of the burn case is discussed. Special mention is then made of aircraft as an extremely useful means of transport.", "contents": "[Burns in an aeronautic environment]. Following an examination of the aetiology of burns in aeronautic environments, the physiopathology, classification and general and local treatment of the burn case is discussed. Special mention is then made of aircraft as an extremely useful means of transport.", "PMID": 114895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11492", "title": "Fetal-maternal transfusion following early abortion.", "content": "Therapeutic abortion has been a major potential source of Rh isoimmunization. Popularization of early termination necessitates reconfirmation of established policies. This study involved 75 patients, selected at random, in whom pre- and post-abortion blood smears were studied for fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Results showed that this may occur even in early suction termination. The significance of these findings was discussed in relation to the cost-effectiveness and the dosage of anti-Rho (D) globulin administered to patients.", "contents": "Fetal-maternal transfusion following early abortion. Therapeutic abortion has been a major potential source of Rh isoimmunization. Popularization of early termination necessitates reconfirmation of established policies. This study involved 75 patients, selected at random, in whom pre- and post-abortion blood smears were studied for fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Results showed that this may occur even in early suction termination. The significance of these findings was discussed in relation to the cost-effectiveness and the dosage of anti-Rho (D) globulin administered to patients.", "PMID": 114903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11493", "title": "Superior ultra-audiometric hearing: a new type of hearing loss which correlates highly with unusually good speech in the \"profoundly deaf\".", "content": "This paper reports 42 severely-to-profoundly deaf subjects, 6 of whom have better hearing in the range of 8 to 14 kHz than below 8 kHz. Data on speech capabilities in these six subjects suggest that this ultra-audiometric range may contribute to their speech comprehension and control.", "contents": "Superior ultra-audiometric hearing: a new type of hearing loss which correlates highly with unusually good speech in the \"profoundly deaf\". This paper reports 42 severely-to-profoundly deaf subjects, 6 of whom have better hearing in the range of 8 to 14 kHz than below 8 kHz. Data on speech capabilities in these six subjects suggest that this ultra-audiometric range may contribute to their speech comprehension and control.", "PMID": 114908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11494", "title": "Low-frequency harmonic acceleration as a test of labyrinthine function: basic methods and illustrative cases.", "content": "These preliminary findings reveal that low-frequency harmonic acceleration can be used to detect unilateral peripheral deficits that agree with caloric findings. However, the responses to sinusoidal acceleration are less variable than the caloric responses and allow one to more closely evaluate changes in pathology with time. Therefore, it appears that harmonic acceleration provides additional information that is useful in confirming other test results and that a complete otoneurologic evaluation should include this type of rotational testing.", "contents": "Low-frequency harmonic acceleration as a test of labyrinthine function: basic methods and illustrative cases. These preliminary findings reveal that low-frequency harmonic acceleration can be used to detect unilateral peripheral deficits that agree with caloric findings. However, the responses to sinusoidal acceleration are less variable than the caloric responses and allow one to more closely evaluate changes in pathology with time. Therefore, it appears that harmonic acceleration provides additional information that is useful in confirming other test results and that a complete otoneurologic evaluation should include this type of rotational testing.", "PMID": 114912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11495", "title": "Potentiation of kanamycin ototoxicity by a history of noise exposure.", "content": "Chinchillas were exposed to a noise band (1,414 to 5,656 Hz, 100-dB sound pressure level [SPL] for one hour) and treated with kanamycin (150 mg/kg a day until hearings loss was noted at 6.0 kHz) either separately, simultaneously, or sequentially. Simultaneous noise and kanamycin resulted in interactive potentiation of threshold shift and cochlear pathologic condition. Kanamycin treatment two months after noise exposure produced similar potentiation. No interaction was seen when noise exposure occurred one month after kanamycin treatment.", "contents": "Potentiation of kanamycin ototoxicity by a history of noise exposure. Chinchillas were exposed to a noise band (1,414 to 5,656 Hz, 100-dB sound pressure level [SPL] for one hour) and treated with kanamycin (150 mg/kg a day until hearings loss was noted at 6.0 kHz) either separately, simultaneously, or sequentially. Simultaneous noise and kanamycin resulted in interactive potentiation of threshold shift and cochlear pathologic condition. Kanamycin treatment two months after noise exposure produced similar potentiation. No interaction was seen when noise exposure occurred one month after kanamycin treatment.", "PMID": 114911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11496", "title": "Sudden blindness secondary to injections of common drugs in the head and neck: I. Clinical experiences.", "content": "Several cases of sudden, irreversible blindness have been reported in the world literature following injections of various drug combinations in the head and neck. The common feature these drugs have is their capacity to either produce direct neurotoxic effects or embolic phenomena. Two new cases which resulted from injection of the combination of a depo or long-acting corticosteroid (methylprednisolone acetate, 40 mg) and a local anesthetic and epinephrine or penicillin were added to the growing world literature. The ocular and systemic pathologic findings are described and important questions are raised as to the pathophysiology. The need for an animal model experiment to answer as many of these questions as possible is emphasized.", "contents": "Sudden blindness secondary to injections of common drugs in the head and neck: I. Clinical experiences. Several cases of sudden, irreversible blindness have been reported in the world literature following injections of various drug combinations in the head and neck. The common feature these drugs have is their capacity to either produce direct neurotoxic effects or embolic phenomena. Two new cases which resulted from injection of the combination of a depo or long-acting corticosteroid (methylprednisolone acetate, 40 mg) and a local anesthetic and epinephrine or penicillin were added to the growing world literature. The ocular and systemic pathologic findings are described and important questions are raised as to the pathophysiology. The need for an animal model experiment to answer as many of these questions as possible is emphasized.", "PMID": 114914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11497", "title": "Sudden blindness secondary to injections of common drugs in the head and neck: II. Animal studies.", "content": "The sudden occurrence of unilateral and bilateral blindness, as reported in the literature from the personal experiences of numerous qualified investigators, occurring in humans and producing such catastrophic effects seems to mandate experimental effort to try and answer three basic questions: (1) Can an animal model be found which will demonstrate similar retinopathy for study? (2) If such a model is found, what mechanisms are involved in the production of the retinal pathologic changes? (3) What are the characteristics of the drug or drug combinations necessary to produce these pathologic changes?", "contents": "Sudden blindness secondary to injections of common drugs in the head and neck: II. Animal studies. The sudden occurrence of unilateral and bilateral blindness, as reported in the literature from the personal experiences of numerous qualified investigators, occurring in humans and producing such catastrophic effects seems to mandate experimental effort to try and answer three basic questions: (1) Can an animal model be found which will demonstrate similar retinopathy for study? (2) If such a model is found, what mechanisms are involved in the production of the retinal pathologic changes? (3) What are the characteristics of the drug or drug combinations necessary to produce these pathologic changes?", "PMID": 114915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11498", "title": "XXXIII Wherry Memorial Lecture. Head and neck surgery---an evolution over 30 years.", "content": "This lecture portrays a 30-year span in the history of head and neck surgery in otolaryngology, which the author experienced from its beginning, and describes the multiple events that have evolved in its transition to maturity.", "contents": "XXXIII Wherry Memorial Lecture. Head and neck surgery---an evolution over 30 years. This lecture portrays a 30-year span in the history of head and neck surgery in otolaryngology, which the author experienced from its beginning, and describes the multiple events that have evolved in its transition to maturity.", "PMID": 114917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11499", "title": "The auditory pathology of anoxia.", "content": "A case of anoxic encephalopathy is reported, with study on a whole-auditory-pathways basis, and the method of processing tissues is outlined. Pathologic changes are found throughout the central part of the auditory pathway. The importance of including the superior ventral cochlear nucleus (SVCN) with cochlear structures in correlating findings with audiometric data is supported. The previously advanced tonotopic frequency pattern, with zonal vulnerability, of the spheroid cells of SVCN is supported.", "contents": "The auditory pathology of anoxia. A case of anoxic encephalopathy is reported, with study on a whole-auditory-pathways basis, and the method of processing tissues is outlined. Pathologic changes are found throughout the central part of the auditory pathway. The importance of including the superior ventral cochlear nucleus (SVCN) with cochlear structures in correlating findings with audiometric data is supported. The previously advanced tonotopic frequency pattern, with zonal vulnerability, of the spheroid cells of SVCN is supported.", "PMID": 114918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11500", "title": "Injury to the facial nerve associated with the use of a disposable nerve stimulator.", "content": "Clinical observations and experimental data from this study support the thesis that the disposable Weck nerve locator/stimulator may induce neural damage. This potential damage may cause at least a temporary paresis. Although more study is required to better document the method, degree, and factors influencing injury, we believe that enough evidence is present to induce caution and warrant further study. We recommend that the stimulators be used with caution on the lowest setting possible and with as little contact with the nerve as possible.", "contents": "Injury to the facial nerve associated with the use of a disposable nerve stimulator. Clinical observations and experimental data from this study support the thesis that the disposable Weck nerve locator/stimulator may induce neural damage. This potential damage may cause at least a temporary paresis. Although more study is required to better document the method, degree, and factors influencing injury, we believe that enough evidence is present to induce caution and warrant further study. We recommend that the stimulators be used with caution on the lowest setting possible and with as little contact with the nerve as possible.", "PMID": 114921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11501", "title": "Tinnitus aurium: an approach to classification.", "content": "Tinnitus aurium is the single term used by professionals to describe a multiplicity of auditory experiences. An attempt to correlate tinnitus pitch, loudness, and spectral composition (noise vs pure tone) with audiometric data and subjective impressions is described, and a process for classifying tinnitus is presented. Preliminary results of tests on 40 patients are discussed and certain tendencies noted. The author recommends that all professionals obtain more complete information about their patients' tinnitus.", "contents": "Tinnitus aurium: an approach to classification. Tinnitus aurium is the single term used by professionals to describe a multiplicity of auditory experiences. An attempt to correlate tinnitus pitch, loudness, and spectral composition (noise vs pure tone) with audiometric data and subjective impressions is described, and a process for classifying tinnitus is presented. Preliminary results of tests on 40 patients are discussed and certain tendencies noted. The author recommends that all professionals obtain more complete information about their patients' tinnitus.", "PMID": 114919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11502", "title": "Partial or total eighth nerve section in the treatment of vertigo.", "content": "Partial vestibular (singular) neurectomy under general anesthesia through a postauricular approach is an effective method of relieving incapacitating benign positional vertigo, as is the case in 14 of 16 patients (87%) so treated. Middle fossa vestibular neurectomy appears to be a worthwhile procedure to deinnervate the peripheral vestibular system while preserving hearing. The results of 27 middle fossa vestibular neurectomies indicate relief of vertigo in 85% of the patients. The results of treatment on 44 patients undergoing transmeatal-cochleovestibular neurectomy indicated that vertigo was relieved in 19 of 23 (82%) with Meniere's disease and improved in 50% of the patients with post-stapedectomy vertigo and sensorineural hearing loss. Tinnitus was cured or markedly improved in 80% of the patients with Meniere's disease and 70% of the patients with post-stapedectomy sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. The transmeatal-transcochlear approach to the internal auditory canal offers advantages over the transmeatal labyrinthectomy or translabyrinthine approach to the internal auditory canal.", "contents": "Partial or total eighth nerve section in the treatment of vertigo. Partial vestibular (singular) neurectomy under general anesthesia through a postauricular approach is an effective method of relieving incapacitating benign positional vertigo, as is the case in 14 of 16 patients (87%) so treated. Middle fossa vestibular neurectomy appears to be a worthwhile procedure to deinnervate the peripheral vestibular system while preserving hearing. The results of 27 middle fossa vestibular neurectomies indicate relief of vertigo in 85% of the patients. The results of treatment on 44 patients undergoing transmeatal-cochleovestibular neurectomy indicated that vertigo was relieved in 19 of 23 (82%) with Meniere's disease and improved in 50% of the patients with post-stapedectomy vertigo and sensorineural hearing loss. Tinnitus was cured or markedly improved in 80% of the patients with Meniere's disease and 70% of the patients with post-stapedectomy sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. The transmeatal-transcochlear approach to the internal auditory canal offers advantages over the transmeatal labyrinthectomy or translabyrinthine approach to the internal auditory canal.", "PMID": 114920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11503", "title": "Microcauterization in reconstructive surgery of the larynx.", "content": "The increased interest in microcauterization is related to its simplicity, accuracy, and economy. Because of its intrinic nature, microcauterization has been found to be a suitable method in the removal of cicatricial bands from the larynx, even in those patients whose larynges are difficult to expose. Some endolaryngeal suturing techniques have been developed and successfully used in combination with microcauterization in the conservative management of difficult laryngeal problems, including a congenital interarytenoid cleft. A combination of this technique has also been successfully employed in the prompt rehabilitation of a meaningful group of patients afflicted with bilateral abductor paralysis of the vocal cords.", "contents": "Microcauterization in reconstructive surgery of the larynx. The increased interest in microcauterization is related to its simplicity, accuracy, and economy. Because of its intrinic nature, microcauterization has been found to be a suitable method in the removal of cicatricial bands from the larynx, even in those patients whose larynges are difficult to expose. Some endolaryngeal suturing techniques have been developed and successfully used in combination with microcauterization in the conservative management of difficult laryngeal problems, including a congenital interarytenoid cleft. A combination of this technique has also been successfully employed in the prompt rehabilitation of a meaningful group of patients afflicted with bilateral abductor paralysis of the vocal cords.", "PMID": 114922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11504", "title": "A new method for determining impulsive time constants and their application to clinical data.", "content": "We have developed an accurate, convenient method for determining unique values of vestibular time constants from impulsive tests. The method was used to determine the mean values and standard deviations of 36 normal subjects. A comparison between these normal values and data from patients with cerebellopontine (CP) angle tumors or unilateral peripheral vestibular lesions showed no significant difference in the values of the time constants. We conclude that shape-descriptive parameters such as time constants cannot differentiate between subjects and patients.", "contents": "A new method for determining impulsive time constants and their application to clinical data. We have developed an accurate, convenient method for determining unique values of vestibular time constants from impulsive tests. The method was used to determine the mean values and standard deviations of 36 normal subjects. A comparison between these normal values and data from patients with cerebellopontine (CP) angle tumors or unilateral peripheral vestibular lesions showed no significant difference in the values of the time constants. We conclude that shape-descriptive parameters such as time constants cannot differentiate between subjects and patients.", "PMID": 114925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11505", "title": "Vestibular system abnormalities in otosclerotic subjects.", "content": "A technique to quantify the tandem Romberg test (posturography) was used to study ten patients with otosclerosis before (series 1), 48 hours after (series 2), and between two to four months after (series 3) a stapedectomy. The results were analyzed by power spectrum analysis and then compared to findings from electronystagmographic testing performed with series 1 and 3. There was no significant change in the electronystagmography (ENG) test findings between series 1 and 3. Posturography, however, demonstrated an uncompensated vestibular pattern in the immediate postoperative period which, after two months, converted to a compensated vestibular pattern. Posturography serves as a useful quantitative test for the study of patients with balance disorders because the procedure supplements rather than complements the ENG. In addition, posturography detects vestibular reflex abnormalities in stapedectomized patients two months afterwards. Other testing modalities have not consistently demonstrated this postoperative vestibular system instability.", "contents": "Vestibular system abnormalities in otosclerotic subjects. A technique to quantify the tandem Romberg test (posturography) was used to study ten patients with otosclerosis before (series 1), 48 hours after (series 2), and between two to four months after (series 3) a stapedectomy. The results were analyzed by power spectrum analysis and then compared to findings from electronystagmographic testing performed with series 1 and 3. There was no significant change in the electronystagmography (ENG) test findings between series 1 and 3. Posturography, however, demonstrated an uncompensated vestibular pattern in the immediate postoperative period which, after two months, converted to a compensated vestibular pattern. Posturography serves as a useful quantitative test for the study of patients with balance disorders because the procedure supplements rather than complements the ENG. In addition, posturography detects vestibular reflex abnormalities in stapedectomized patients two months afterwards. Other testing modalities have not consistently demonstrated this postoperative vestibular system instability.", "PMID": 114928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11506", "title": "Teratocarcinoma of the ethmoid sinus: review of literature plus a new case report.", "content": "We report a third case of an unusual maligant neoplasm of the paranasal sinuses in a 60-year-old woman. Similar cases have been previously reported and called malignant teratoma. In consultation with Ackerman (written communication, February 1976) we propose the term \"teratocarcinoma\" and believe this is to be a more descriptive term and less likely to be confused with the generic term \"teratoma,\" which is a benign tumor.", "contents": "Teratocarcinoma of the ethmoid sinus: review of literature plus a new case report. We report a third case of an unusual maligant neoplasm of the paranasal sinuses in a 60-year-old woman. Similar cases have been previously reported and called malignant teratoma. In consultation with Ackerman (written communication, February 1976) we propose the term \"teratocarcinoma\" and believe this is to be a more descriptive term and less likely to be confused with the generic term \"teratoma,\" which is a benign tumor.", "PMID": 114930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11507", "title": "A method for evaluating vestibular control of posture.", "content": "Tests that measure the patient's ability to control his posture generally have failed to yield clinically useful information about vestibular function. The primary reason for this failure is that postural control does not depend on vestibular function when visual and proprioceptive cues are available. To test vestibular function, one should use a procedure that forces the patient to rely on vestibular cues by eliminating cues from these other sensory systems. Such a procedure is described. Vision is eliminated by eye closure, and proprioceptive cues are minimized by rotating the supporting surface to null changes in ankle angle. Data are presented which show that postural responses are complex, but that they appear to conform to the pattern originally observed by Nashner. A method potentially capable of separately evaluating semicircular canal and otolith function is described.", "contents": "A method for evaluating vestibular control of posture. Tests that measure the patient's ability to control his posture generally have failed to yield clinically useful information about vestibular function. The primary reason for this failure is that postural control does not depend on vestibular function when visual and proprioceptive cues are available. To test vestibular function, one should use a procedure that forces the patient to rely on vestibular cues by eliminating cues from these other sensory systems. Such a procedure is described. Vision is eliminated by eye closure, and proprioceptive cues are minimized by rotating the supporting surface to null changes in ankle angle. Data are presented which show that postural responses are complex, but that they appear to conform to the pattern originally observed by Nashner. A method potentially capable of separately evaluating semicircular canal and otolith function is described.", "PMID": 114927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11508", "title": "Lethal rhinocerebral phycomycosis in a healthy adult: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A lethal case of rhino-orbital-cerebral phycomycosis (mucormycosis) in an otherwise healthy man is presented. The clinical, radiologic, and ante mortem surgical pathology associated with microbiologic examinations failed to yield the diagnosis of fungal infection as the cause of a clinical presentation of acute sphenoid sinusitis with a fulminant cavernous sinus thrombosis. No similar case report was found in review of the literature. There is a need for a high degree of suspicion in this condition to improve the uniformly poor prognosis in this devastating infectious disease. Emphasis is placed on the necessity for early tissue or microbiologic diagnosis with appropriate histologic stains and fungal cultures. Treatment consists of extensive surgical excision of all necrotic or questionably viable tissue in conjunction with alternate-day amphotericin B therapy.", "contents": "Lethal rhinocerebral phycomycosis in a healthy adult: a case report and review of the literature. A lethal case of rhino-orbital-cerebral phycomycosis (mucormycosis) in an otherwise healthy man is presented. The clinical, radiologic, and ante mortem surgical pathology associated with microbiologic examinations failed to yield the diagnosis of fungal infection as the cause of a clinical presentation of acute sphenoid sinusitis with a fulminant cavernous sinus thrombosis. No similar case report was found in review of the literature. There is a need for a high degree of suspicion in this condition to improve the uniformly poor prognosis in this devastating infectious disease. Emphasis is placed on the necessity for early tissue or microbiologic diagnosis with appropriate histologic stains and fungal cultures. Treatment consists of extensive surgical excision of all necrotic or questionably viable tissue in conjunction with alternate-day amphotericin B therapy.", "PMID": 114931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11509", "title": "Non-Hodgkins lymphoma of the infratemporal fossa: a case report.", "content": "Lymphomas are statistically the second most common malignant tumor of the head and neck, following squamous cell carcinoma. They may present in the cervical lymph nodes or in extranodal areas. This paper presents an unusual case of a non-Hodgkins lymphoma that presented in the infratemporal fossa of a 25-year-old woman. The anatomy of the infra-temporal fossa is reviewed, and evaluation and therapy of lesions in this area are discussed.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkins lymphoma of the infratemporal fossa: a case report. Lymphomas are statistically the second most common malignant tumor of the head and neck, following squamous cell carcinoma. They may present in the cervical lymph nodes or in extranodal areas. This paper presents an unusual case of a non-Hodgkins lymphoma that presented in the infratemporal fossa of a 25-year-old woman. The anatomy of the infra-temporal fossa is reviewed, and evaluation and therapy of lesions in this area are discussed.", "PMID": 114932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11510", "title": "Postauricular Kimura's disease.", "content": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (Kimura's disease) is a relatively uncommon subcutaneous lesion, which can be confused with angiosarcoma. A case is presented. The differential diagnosis and therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Postauricular Kimura's disease. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (Kimura's disease) is a relatively uncommon subcutaneous lesion, which can be confused with angiosarcoma. A case is presented. The differential diagnosis and therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 114929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11511", "title": "Liposarcoma of the maxilla.", "content": "A clinically appearing, well-encapsulated lipoma was locally excised from the right posterior upper buccal gingival sulcus of a 24-year-old man and diagnosed histologically as pleomorphic liposarcoma. A right maxillectomy with preservation of orbital function was followed by 5,000 rads of planned postoperative radiation therapy. Four months later the tumor recurred outside of the original site, which has been controlled by further radiation and chemotherapy to these areas.", "contents": "Liposarcoma of the maxilla. A clinically appearing, well-encapsulated lipoma was locally excised from the right posterior upper buccal gingival sulcus of a 24-year-old man and diagnosed histologically as pleomorphic liposarcoma. A right maxillectomy with preservation of orbital function was followed by 5,000 rads of planned postoperative radiation therapy. Four months later the tumor recurred outside of the original site, which has been controlled by further radiation and chemotherapy to these areas.", "PMID": 114933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11512", "title": "Transpalatal excision of the odontoid process.", "content": "A patient with platybasia of the skull and temporomandibular joint ankylosis is presented. Relief of brain stem compression by the impingement of the odontoid through a soft, hypoplastic clivus was done by first doing a mandibular condylectomy to open the mouth. A transoral-transpharyngeal route was then employed to excise the odontoid process.", "contents": "Transpalatal excision of the odontoid process. A patient with platybasia of the skull and temporomandibular joint ankylosis is presented. Relief of brain stem compression by the impingement of the odontoid through a soft, hypoplastic clivus was done by first doing a mandibular condylectomy to open the mouth. A transoral-transpharyngeal route was then employed to excise the odontoid process.", "PMID": 114937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11513", "title": "An alternative approach to the pterygopalatine fossa by removing the mandible and immediately replacing it.", "content": "A case is presented with a child with a desmoid tumor of the pterygopalatine fossa in which approximately a third of the mandible including the condyle was removed for exposure. The trimmed mandibular segment was then returned to position with a fascia cap over the condyle and intermaxillary fixation was instituted. The graft was followed by serial roentgenogram over five years. The graft took completely, grew with the patient, and resulted in normal dental occlusion and normal mandibular excursion.", "contents": "An alternative approach to the pterygopalatine fossa by removing the mandible and immediately replacing it. A case is presented with a child with a desmoid tumor of the pterygopalatine fossa in which approximately a third of the mandible including the condyle was removed for exposure. The trimmed mandibular segment was then returned to position with a fascia cap over the condyle and intermaxillary fixation was instituted. The graft was followed by serial roentgenogram over five years. The graft took completely, grew with the patient, and resulted in normal dental occlusion and normal mandibular excursion.", "PMID": 114936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11514", "title": "Olfactory groove meningioma with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity extension: a combined approach.", "content": "A 58-year-old man had an enlarging right fronto-orbital mass. A biopsy specimen of a right nasal cavity tumor was reported as meningioma. Preoperative evaluation including skull roentgenograms, tomograms of the paranasal sinuses, brain scan, computerized axial tomography, and carotid angiography substantiated a large subfrontal mass with paranasal sinus and orbital extension. A combined approach through a right frontal craniotomy and right lateral rhinotomy was used for a complete removal of this tumor. A review of the literature is contained herein.", "contents": "Olfactory groove meningioma with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity extension: a combined approach. A 58-year-old man had an enlarging right fronto-orbital mass. A biopsy specimen of a right nasal cavity tumor was reported as meningioma. Preoperative evaluation including skull roentgenograms, tomograms of the paranasal sinuses, brain scan, computerized axial tomography, and carotid angiography substantiated a large subfrontal mass with paranasal sinus and orbital extension. A combined approach through a right frontal craniotomy and right lateral rhinotomy was used for a complete removal of this tumor. A review of the literature is contained herein.", "PMID": 114934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11515", "title": "Actinomycosis of the larynx and pharynx.", "content": "This paper presents a case report of a 67-year-old man who was seen in the Otolaryngology Clinic, University of Wisconsin Medical Center with a seven-month history of dyspnea and laryngeal stridor. On examination there were several slightly tender firm submucosal nodules in the soft palate and left tonsilar area and a 1.5-cm polypoid subglottic mass arising from the body of the cricoid cartilage. Because of the marked airway obstruction, a tracheotomy was necessary. The laryngeal polypoid mass was removed and biopsies were obtained from the submucosal nodular masses of the palate. Microscopic examination of the tissue revealed the lesions to be caseating granulomas, and actinomycosis was identified on the cultures. The patient received long-term penicillin therapy and has remained asymptomatic. A discussion of the biologic and clinical aspects of actinomycosis is included. A review of the literature revealed only one other description of endolaryngeal actinomycosis.", "contents": "Actinomycosis of the larynx and pharynx. This paper presents a case report of a 67-year-old man who was seen in the Otolaryngology Clinic, University of Wisconsin Medical Center with a seven-month history of dyspnea and laryngeal stridor. On examination there were several slightly tender firm submucosal nodules in the soft palate and left tonsilar area and a 1.5-cm polypoid subglottic mass arising from the body of the cricoid cartilage. Because of the marked airway obstruction, a tracheotomy was necessary. The laryngeal polypoid mass was removed and biopsies were obtained from the submucosal nodular masses of the palate. Microscopic examination of the tissue revealed the lesions to be caseating granulomas, and actinomycosis was identified on the cultures. The patient received long-term penicillin therapy and has remained asymptomatic. A discussion of the biologic and clinical aspects of actinomycosis is included. A review of the literature revealed only one other description of endolaryngeal actinomycosis.", "PMID": 114939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11516", "title": "Three simultaneous neoplasms of the larynx.", "content": "A 39-year-old man had three coexistent neoplasms of the larynx, squamous papilloma, verrucous carcinoma, and squamous carcinoma. In our review of the English literature, we could not find a similar case report. The potential transformation of benign laryngeal papilloma to verrucous carcinoma and infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma is discussed.", "contents": "Three simultaneous neoplasms of the larynx. A 39-year-old man had three coexistent neoplasms of the larynx, squamous papilloma, verrucous carcinoma, and squamous carcinoma. In our review of the English literature, we could not find a similar case report. The potential transformation of benign laryngeal papilloma to verrucous carcinoma and infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma is discussed.", "PMID": 114938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11517", "title": "Fibrous xanthoma of the frontal sinus.", "content": "Frontal sinus mucocele was our preoperative diagnosis in a patient who had frontal swelling and downward displacement of the eye. Supporting this were typical roentgenogram changes, a long history of asthma, pansinusitis, and previous multiple-polypectomy surgery. Frontal sinus exploration revealed a locally eroding lesion. It was composed of spindled cells and lipid-laden histiocytes with a pattern of fibrous xanthoma and was treated conservatively. It should not be confused with true malignancies such as fibrous histiocytoma having a similar histopathologic appearance and requiring more aggressive surgical treatment.", "contents": "Fibrous xanthoma of the frontal sinus. Frontal sinus mucocele was our preoperative diagnosis in a patient who had frontal swelling and downward displacement of the eye. Supporting this were typical roentgenogram changes, a long history of asthma, pansinusitis, and previous multiple-polypectomy surgery. Frontal sinus exploration revealed a locally eroding lesion. It was composed of spindled cells and lipid-laden histiocytes with a pattern of fibrous xanthoma and was treated conservatively. It should not be confused with true malignancies such as fibrous histiocytoma having a similar histopathologic appearance and requiring more aggressive surgical treatment.", "PMID": 114935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11518", "title": "Lentigo maligna melanoma.", "content": "Lentigo maligna melanoma is a malignant melanoma with a recognizable clinical pattern. It is a slow-growing, pigmented tumor evolving from a premalignant lesion on the exposed cutaneous surface of an elderly patient. Histologically, it is marked by pleomorphism of melanocytes with evidence of invasion. A case is presented demonstrating the features of this malignant melanoma with an exceptionally good prognosis. The importance of the clinical and histologic correlation of emphasized to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Lentigo maligna melanoma. Lentigo maligna melanoma is a malignant melanoma with a recognizable clinical pattern. It is a slow-growing, pigmented tumor evolving from a premalignant lesion on the exposed cutaneous surface of an elderly patient. Histologically, it is marked by pleomorphism of melanocytes with evidence of invasion. A case is presented demonstrating the features of this malignant melanoma with an exceptionally good prognosis. The importance of the clinical and histologic correlation of emphasized to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 114940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11519", "title": "Rabies: otolaryngologic manifestations.", "content": "Rabies is a rare, fatal viral infection, usually transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. Some 30,000 Americans are immunized annually, however, so public health considerations are common. The development of a new vaccine, grown in human diploid cell culture, is discussed. It appears to have high antigenicity with no serious morbidity. A case of a patient with fatal rabies who had fever, delirium, dysphagia, and cervical and pectoral subcutaneous emphysema is presented.", "contents": "Rabies: otolaryngologic manifestations. Rabies is a rare, fatal viral infection, usually transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. Some 30,000 Americans are immunized annually, however, so public health considerations are common. The development of a new vaccine, grown in human diploid cell culture, is discussed. It appears to have high antigenicity with no serious morbidity. A case of a patient with fatal rabies who had fever, delirium, dysphagia, and cervical and pectoral subcutaneous emphysema is presented.", "PMID": 114941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11520", "title": "Bronchogenic cysts: a case report.", "content": "The otolaryngologist has a reference frame for congenital stridor that rarely includes diagnosis of a bronchogenic cyst. The life-threatening potential of this lesion makes consideration and recognition imperative. Representing less than 5% of the mediastinal childhood masses in the infant, respiratory distress most often initiates diagnostic studies leading to identification and extirpation. The case presentation highlights the clinical course. The diagnostic hallmark of this case was the delayed onset of stridor with subsequent progression. Thereafter, a chest film and barium swallow suggested the diagnosis. In newborns, however, such cysts may not be evident on routine chest films and, nonetheless, cause significant respiratory distress from airway compression. Surgical extirpation should be affected as soon as possible after the diagnosis is entertained in order to insure against a sudden respiratory death.", "contents": "Bronchogenic cysts: a case report. The otolaryngologist has a reference frame for congenital stridor that rarely includes diagnosis of a bronchogenic cyst. The life-threatening potential of this lesion makes consideration and recognition imperative. Representing less than 5% of the mediastinal childhood masses in the infant, respiratory distress most often initiates diagnostic studies leading to identification and extirpation. The case presentation highlights the clinical course. The diagnostic hallmark of this case was the delayed onset of stridor with subsequent progression. Thereafter, a chest film and barium swallow suggested the diagnosis. In newborns, however, such cysts may not be evident on routine chest films and, nonetheless, cause significant respiratory distress from airway compression. Surgical extirpation should be affected as soon as possible after the diagnosis is entertained in order to insure against a sudden respiratory death.", "PMID": 114943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11521", "title": "Adult invasive subcutaneous hemangioma.", "content": "Hemangiomas consist of a spectrum of benign vascular tumors with variable clinical behavior and microscopic morphology, which usually occur in infancy. A rare variant of these tumors is the invasive subcutaneous hemangioma, which shows an aggressive growth pattern by invading subcutaneous structures and recurring after apparent excision. The authors describe an adult patient with a large submandibular invasive hemangioma who was treated by preoperative embolization and surgical excision.", "contents": "Adult invasive subcutaneous hemangioma. Hemangiomas consist of a spectrum of benign vascular tumors with variable clinical behavior and microscopic morphology, which usually occur in infancy. A rare variant of these tumors is the invasive subcutaneous hemangioma, which shows an aggressive growth pattern by invading subcutaneous structures and recurring after apparent excision. The authors describe an adult patient with a large submandibular invasive hemangioma who was treated by preoperative embolization and surgical excision.", "PMID": 114942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11522", "title": "Surgery of the skull base: transcochlear approach to the petrous apex and clivus.", "content": "The transcochlear approach is described for resection of lesions arising anterior or medial to the internal auditory canal as well as for those arising directly from the clivus. Through an extended complete mastoidectomy the facial nerve is totally decompressed and re-routed posteriorly from the stylomastoid foramen to the internal auditory canal. The fallopian canal, promontorium, and cochlea are removed anteriorly and medially as far as the internal carotid artery, obtaining exposure to a triangular area limited by the superior petrosal sinus, inferior petrosal sinus, carotid, and internal auditory canal, giving adequate exposure to the structures of the clivus and the midline (basilar artery, vertebral arteries, and the sixth cranial nerves).", "contents": "Surgery of the skull base: transcochlear approach to the petrous apex and clivus. The transcochlear approach is described for resection of lesions arising anterior or medial to the internal auditory canal as well as for those arising directly from the clivus. Through an extended complete mastoidectomy the facial nerve is totally decompressed and re-routed posteriorly from the stylomastoid foramen to the internal auditory canal. The fallopian canal, promontorium, and cochlea are removed anteriorly and medially as far as the internal carotid artery, obtaining exposure to a triangular area limited by the superior petrosal sinus, inferior petrosal sinus, carotid, and internal auditory canal, giving adequate exposure to the structures of the clivus and the midline (basilar artery, vertebral arteries, and the sixth cranial nerves).", "PMID": 114947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11523", "title": "Biofeedback training and relaxation exercises for treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunction.", "content": "Biofeedback training involves electromyographic recording of the patient's level of facial muscle tension with concurrent presentation of that level to the patient in a visual or auditory manner. The objective of biofeedback training in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction is to provide them with an insight into abnormal facial muscle activities, which include clenching and grinding of the teeth and lip- and cheek-biting habits. This insight coupled with relaxation programs affords the patient an opportunity to eliminate abnormal behavior patterns that foster temporomandibular joint symptomatology.", "contents": "Biofeedback training and relaxation exercises for treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Biofeedback training involves electromyographic recording of the patient's level of facial muscle tension with concurrent presentation of that level to the patient in a visual or auditory manner. The objective of biofeedback training in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction is to provide them with an insight into abnormal facial muscle activities, which include clenching and grinding of the teeth and lip- and cheek-biting habits. This insight coupled with relaxation programs affords the patient an opportunity to eliminate abnormal behavior patterns that foster temporomandibular joint symptomatology.", "PMID": 114946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11524", "title": "Cis-platinum chemotherapy in head and neck cancers.", "content": "Sixteen patients with advanced head and neck carcinomas were treated with cis-diaminedichloro platinum chemotherapy; seven preoperatively and nine for recurrent disease. Cis-platinum was given by 24-hour infusions of 80 mg/m2 every three weeks. There was 50% regression in 38% (6) of the patients; another 38% (6) had 25% to 50% regression. Toxicity was minimal, with vomiting occurring in 75% (12) of the courses, renal toxicity in 6% (2), leukopenia in 13% (4), thrombocytopenia in 9% (3), and anemia in 31% (10). Of the seven patients who had serial audiograms, only one experienced ototoxicity. Cis-platinum, given by 24-hour infusion, was effective in reducing tumor bulk in 75% (12) of the patients, with advanced head and neck carcinomas, without undue morbidity.", "contents": "Cis-platinum chemotherapy in head and neck cancers. Sixteen patients with advanced head and neck carcinomas were treated with cis-diaminedichloro platinum chemotherapy; seven preoperatively and nine for recurrent disease. Cis-platinum was given by 24-hour infusions of 80 mg/m2 every three weeks. There was 50% regression in 38% (6) of the patients; another 38% (6) had 25% to 50% regression. Toxicity was minimal, with vomiting occurring in 75% (12) of the courses, renal toxicity in 6% (2), leukopenia in 13% (4), thrombocytopenia in 9% (3), and anemia in 31% (10). Of the seven patients who had serial audiograms, only one experienced ototoxicity. Cis-platinum, given by 24-hour infusion, was effective in reducing tumor bulk in 75% (12) of the patients, with advanced head and neck carcinomas, without undue morbidity.", "PMID": 114948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11525", "title": "Aspergillus thyroiditis.", "content": "A case of fatal disseminated aspergillosis in a renal transplant patient is presented. The initial manifestation of the disease was consistent with thyroiditis. Autopsy findings are shown and support this unique presentation. The diagnosis of aspergillosis is difficult to make and may require pulmonary biopsy. Early diagnosis and treatment with amphotericin B are the keys to successful management of the disease.", "contents": "Aspergillus thyroiditis. A case of fatal disseminated aspergillosis in a renal transplant patient is presented. The initial manifestation of the disease was consistent with thyroiditis. Autopsy findings are shown and support this unique presentation. The diagnosis of aspergillosis is difficult to make and may require pulmonary biopsy. Early diagnosis and treatment with amphotericin B are the keys to successful management of the disease.", "PMID": 114945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11526", "title": "Fibroblast implantation enhances wound healing as indicated by breaking strength determinations.", "content": "Irradiation of normal tissues at the dose/time factor employed in the treatment of solid tumors impairs the subsequent healing of surgical wounds made in those tissues. Irreversible radiation damage to regional fibroblasts is one cause of impaired healing. This study was conducted to determine whether syngeneic guinea pig fibroblasts, harvested from tissue culture when injected into irradiated guinea pig skin at the time of wound closure, could improve wound healing. Breaking strength determinations indicate that irradiated wounds demonstrate enhanced wound healing if implanted with fibroblasts.", "contents": "Fibroblast implantation enhances wound healing as indicated by breaking strength determinations. Irradiation of normal tissues at the dose/time factor employed in the treatment of solid tumors impairs the subsequent healing of surgical wounds made in those tissues. Irreversible radiation damage to regional fibroblasts is one cause of impaired healing. This study was conducted to determine whether syngeneic guinea pig fibroblasts, harvested from tissue culture when injected into irradiated guinea pig skin at the time of wound closure, could improve wound healing. Breaking strength determinations indicate that irradiated wounds demonstrate enhanced wound healing if implanted with fibroblasts.", "PMID": 114952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11527", "title": "Contralaterally elicited electrical stimulation of paralyzed facial muscles.", "content": "Functional electrical stimulation is being explored in the extremities. A major obstacle is found in programming the firing sequence. In 1976, David Zealear proposed using the activity on the normal side in axial muscle pairs that normally function symmetrically to act as a template to control the stimulator. This method was demonstrated in laryngeal muscles in dogs, and is now demonstrated in the face with future applications being proposed. The facial nerve on one side was sectioned in a series of rabbits. Implanted electrodes received electrical potentials from selected muscles on the normal side. Bursts of electrical activity on the normal side during a blink or a twitch were used to trigger a muscle stimulator, which was routed to matching muscles on the paralyzed side. This technique restored symmetric function to the hemiparalyzed side. This technique restored symmetric function to the hemiparalyzed face.", "contents": "Contralaterally elicited electrical stimulation of paralyzed facial muscles. Functional electrical stimulation is being explored in the extremities. A major obstacle is found in programming the firing sequence. In 1976, David Zealear proposed using the activity on the normal side in axial muscle pairs that normally function symmetrically to act as a template to control the stimulator. This method was demonstrated in laryngeal muscles in dogs, and is now demonstrated in the face with future applications being proposed. The facial nerve on one side was sectioned in a series of rabbits. Implanted electrodes received electrical potentials from selected muscles on the normal side. Bursts of electrical activity on the normal side during a blink or a twitch were used to trigger a muscle stimulator, which was routed to matching muscles on the paralyzed side. This technique restored symmetric function to the hemiparalyzed side. This technique restored symmetric function to the hemiparalyzed face.", "PMID": 114953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11528", "title": "High-frequency hearing losses caused by low-frequency noises.", "content": "Human subjects were exposed to an octave-band noise for 24 hours. Temporary threshold shifts increased for the first eight hours of exposure and then were asymptotic. While threshold shifts were largest at about one-half octave above the center frequency of the noise, a second maximum was observed at higher test frequencies. The exact frequency of this second maximum decreased from 7.0 kHz, for a noise centered at 2.0 kHz, to 5.5 kHz for a noise centered at 0.5 kHz. This result could be caused by the travelling wave pattern along the cochlear partition or to the production of distortion products.", "contents": "High-frequency hearing losses caused by low-frequency noises. Human subjects were exposed to an octave-band noise for 24 hours. Temporary threshold shifts increased for the first eight hours of exposure and then were asymptotic. While threshold shifts were largest at about one-half octave above the center frequency of the noise, a second maximum was observed at higher test frequencies. The exact frequency of this second maximum decreased from 7.0 kHz, for a noise centered at 2.0 kHz, to 5.5 kHz for a noise centered at 0.5 kHz. This result could be caused by the travelling wave pattern along the cochlear partition or to the production of distortion products.", "PMID": 114955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11529", "title": "Sources of error in interpretation of caloric tests.", "content": "Caloric testing plays a prominent role in evaluating the vestibular system. A unilateral reduced vestibular response (RVR) is a common abnormality and is consistent with peripheral vestibular pathology. An erroneous interpretation of RVR may be made due to the following circumstances: laboratory technique, the influence of directional preponderance (DP) on monothermal tests (MT), unilateral hyperactivity, or pseudocaloric (PC) nystagmus. These errors in interpretation may be avoided by (1) repeating any single irrigation that is significantly different from the other three, to rule out laboratory technical error; (2) performing bithermal (BT) testing exists, to eliminate the effects of directional preponderance; (3) observing that a right/left (R/L) difference is not due to unilateral hyperactivity, by noting absolute slow phase (SP) velocity; and (4) by demonstrating bidirectional sensitivity of the cupula before concluding that residual caloric function exists instead of no function.", "contents": "Sources of error in interpretation of caloric tests. Caloric testing plays a prominent role in evaluating the vestibular system. A unilateral reduced vestibular response (RVR) is a common abnormality and is consistent with peripheral vestibular pathology. An erroneous interpretation of RVR may be made due to the following circumstances: laboratory technique, the influence of directional preponderance (DP) on monothermal tests (MT), unilateral hyperactivity, or pseudocaloric (PC) nystagmus. These errors in interpretation may be avoided by (1) repeating any single irrigation that is significantly different from the other three, to rule out laboratory technical error; (2) performing bithermal (BT) testing exists, to eliminate the effects of directional preponderance; (3) observing that a right/left (R/L) difference is not due to unilateral hyperactivity, by noting absolute slow phase (SP) velocity; and (4) by demonstrating bidirectional sensitivity of the cupula before concluding that residual caloric function exists instead of no function.", "PMID": 114957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11530", "title": "Nutritional problems in developing countries.", "content": "Nutritional problems in children constitute the major health problem in developing countries. Impact of a factors leading to different kinds of nutritional problems in developing countries are reviewed. Prevention and treatment of some special disease states are discussed. Outlines for some solutions to the greatest nutritional problems are presented.", "contents": "Nutritional problems in developing countries. Nutritional problems in children constitute the major health problem in developing countries. Impact of a factors leading to different kinds of nutritional problems in developing countries are reviewed. Prevention and treatment of some special disease states are discussed. Outlines for some solutions to the greatest nutritional problems are presented.", "PMID": 114962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11531", "title": "Experimental arteriosclerosis in Rhesus monkeys induced by multiple risk factors: cholesterol, vitamin D, and nictotine.", "content": "Forty-four rhesus monkeys were given various regimens involving three vasotoxic factors: dietary hypercholesteremia, hypervitaminosis D2 and nicotinism for period ranging from 14 to 62 weeks. When administered singly, no or only early disease was observed. The combined three \"risk factor\" group demonstrated the most impressive arteriosclerosis. Major arteriosclerotic changes: fat, calcium and mensenchyme of thirty standardized segments of aorta, coronary and limb arteries of all monkeys were graded according to a standardized system. Statistical analysis revealed that the total arteriosclerotic scores of the three vasotoxic factor group was significantly greater than those of any other group and that this was the only group with significant coronary arteriosclerosis as well as complicated lesions such as thrombosis or occlusion of arterial luminae of the extremities. A lowering of the vitamin D2 dosage, resulting in a lengthening of the survival time of animals which should allow sufficient time for complicated disease to develop, is recommended for future studies.", "contents": "Experimental arteriosclerosis in Rhesus monkeys induced by multiple risk factors: cholesterol, vitamin D, and nictotine. Forty-four rhesus monkeys were given various regimens involving three vasotoxic factors: dietary hypercholesteremia, hypervitaminosis D2 and nicotinism for period ranging from 14 to 62 weeks. When administered singly, no or only early disease was observed. The combined three \"risk factor\" group demonstrated the most impressive arteriosclerosis. Major arteriosclerotic changes: fat, calcium and mensenchyme of thirty standardized segments of aorta, coronary and limb arteries of all monkeys were graded according to a standardized system. Statistical analysis revealed that the total arteriosclerotic scores of the three vasotoxic factor group was significantly greater than those of any other group and that this was the only group with significant coronary arteriosclerosis as well as complicated lesions such as thrombosis or occlusion of arterial luminae of the extremities. A lowering of the vitamin D2 dosage, resulting in a lengthening of the survival time of animals which should allow sufficient time for complicated disease to develop, is recommended for future studies.", "PMID": 114963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11532", "title": "The eustachian tube prosthesis revisited.", "content": "Preliminary results with an eustachian tube prosthesis have been reported. This paper updates our experience with the prosthesis. Our series is now 95 patients with follow-up of 2 to 32 months (average of 14 months). The success rate in obtaining a healed aerated middle ear is 75% (71). The eustachian tube prosthesis continues to give encouraging results in problem tympanoplasty cases.", "contents": "The eustachian tube prosthesis revisited. Preliminary results with an eustachian tube prosthesis have been reported. This paper updates our experience with the prosthesis. Our series is now 95 patients with follow-up of 2 to 32 months (average of 14 months). The success rate in obtaining a healed aerated middle ear is 75% (71). The eustachian tube prosthesis continues to give encouraging results in problem tympanoplasty cases.", "PMID": 114958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11533", "title": "Measles virus induced lectin binding in cultured, aortic cells.", "content": "Using the indirect hemadsorption test it was shown that cultured diploid cells of mini-pig, monkey or human aortic origin develop wheat germ lectin/WGA/binding capacity following infection with measles virus. Heteroploid cell lines of similar origin have bound WGA also without being infected with virus. The possible role of virus induced membrane changes in vascular cell pathology is suggested by the results presented.", "contents": "Measles virus induced lectin binding in cultured, aortic cells. Using the indirect hemadsorption test it was shown that cultured diploid cells of mini-pig, monkey or human aortic origin develop wheat germ lectin/WGA/binding capacity following infection with measles virus. Heteroploid cell lines of similar origin have bound WGA also without being infected with virus. The possible role of virus induced membrane changes in vascular cell pathology is suggested by the results presented.", "PMID": 114964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11534", "title": "Pancreatitis associated with valproic acid therapy.", "content": "The development of acute pancreatitis in an 8-year-old boy being treated with valproic acid for simple absence spells is documented. A brief discussion of the other previously reported complications with valproic acid is included.", "contents": "Pancreatitis associated with valproic acid therapy. The development of acute pancreatitis in an 8-year-old boy being treated with valproic acid for simple absence spells is documented. A brief discussion of the other previously reported complications with valproic acid is included.", "PMID": 114966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11535", "title": "Polychlorinated biphenyls and other organic chemical residues in fish from major watersheds of the United States, 1976.", "content": "Composite samples of fish were collected from major United States watersheds in 1976 and analyzed for PCBs and related organic chemicals. PCBs were found in 93 percent of the fish samples; 53 percent of the samples contained more than 5 ppm PCBs, whole fish basis, which is the current tolerance level set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Only 14 percent of the samples contained less than the proposed action level of 2 ppm PCBs. PCB concentrations ranged from less than 0.3 ppm to 140 ppm in the composite samples. sigma DDT concentrations ranged from less than 0.05 ppm to 4.53 ppm. Hexachlorobenzene was identified in 19 percent of the samples, and chlordane components were identified in 36 percent of the samples. Chemicals identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry but not quantified include chlorinated benzenes, styrenes, anisoles, phenols, anilines, propanes, and butadienes, as well as mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbons.", "contents": "Polychlorinated biphenyls and other organic chemical residues in fish from major watersheds of the United States, 1976. Composite samples of fish were collected from major United States watersheds in 1976 and analyzed for PCBs and related organic chemicals. PCBs were found in 93 percent of the fish samples; 53 percent of the samples contained more than 5 ppm PCBs, whole fish basis, which is the current tolerance level set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Only 14 percent of the samples contained less than the proposed action level of 2 ppm PCBs. PCB concentrations ranged from less than 0.3 ppm to 140 ppm in the composite samples. sigma DDT concentrations ranged from less than 0.05 ppm to 4.53 ppm. Hexachlorobenzene was identified in 19 percent of the samples, and chlordane components were identified in 36 percent of the samples. Chemicals identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry but not quantified include chlorinated benzenes, styrenes, anisoles, phenols, anilines, propanes, and butadienes, as well as mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbons.", "PMID": 114967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11536", "title": "Nationwide residues of organochlorine compounds in wings of adult mallards and black ducks, 1976-77.", "content": "Organochlorine residues in wings of adult mallards and black ducks were monitored nationwide during the 1976-77 hunting season. DDE was found in all samples. Levels were unchanged since the 1972-73 collections in all migratory routes except the Pacific Flyway, in which residue levels declined significantly. Dieldrin levels had not changed in any flyway and residues remained low. PCB levels declined significantly in the Atlantic Flyway but remained stable in other flyways. Heptachlor epoxide, mirex, endrin, hexachlorobenzene, and chlordane isomers were detected in low amounts in some samples.", "contents": "Nationwide residues of organochlorine compounds in wings of adult mallards and black ducks, 1976-77. Organochlorine residues in wings of adult mallards and black ducks were monitored nationwide during the 1976-77 hunting season. DDE was found in all samples. Levels were unchanged since the 1972-73 collections in all migratory routes except the Pacific Flyway, in which residue levels declined significantly. Dieldrin levels had not changed in any flyway and residues remained low. PCB levels declined significantly in the Atlantic Flyway but remained stable in other flyways. Heptachlor epoxide, mirex, endrin, hexachlorobenzene, and chlordane isomers were detected in low amounts in some samples.", "PMID": 114968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11537", "title": "Organochlorine residues in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.", "content": "Organochlorine residues of TDE, DDE, and PCBs as high as 1.96, 2.79, and 28.74 microgram/kg, respectively, have been found in sediments of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho. Residues of TDE, DDE, and dieldrin in the flesh of sport fish were as high as 52.3, 67.2, and 160.4 microgram/kg, respectively. Maximum organochlorine residue levels found in sucker taken in the commercial fishery were 1.1 mg PCBs/kg, 781.7 microgram TDE/kg, and 82.1 microgram DDE/kg.", "contents": "Organochlorine residues in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974. Organochlorine residues of TDE, DDE, and PCBs as high as 1.96, 2.79, and 28.74 microgram/kg, respectively, have been found in sediments of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho. Residues of TDE, DDE, and dieldrin in the flesh of sport fish were as high as 52.3, 67.2, and 160.4 microgram/kg, respectively. Maximum organochlorine residue levels found in sucker taken in the commercial fishery were 1.1 mg PCBs/kg, 781.7 microgram TDE/kg, and 82.1 microgram DDE/kg.", "PMID": 114969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11538", "title": "[Glutaraldehyde test on whole blood of swine at slaughter--a preliminary report].", "content": "In an initial experiment the highest concentration of a glutaraldehyde solution that does not coagulate whole blood of fatteners without or with only slight pathological changes was established. Total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio and electrophoretic protein pattern were at the same time determined in blood serum. A glutaraldehyde solution with the established highest concentration was used in a second experiment on whole blood to distinguish fatteners without or with only small pathological changes from those with severe processes such as abscesses and purulent arthritis. It is evident that the glutaraldehyde test gives a good idea of the immunoglobulin status of fatteners. There is reason to believe that systematized glutaraldehyde testing of whole blood taken at pig slaughter could improve the chances of detecting concealed inflammatory processes.", "contents": "[Glutaraldehyde test on whole blood of swine at slaughter--a preliminary report]. In an initial experiment the highest concentration of a glutaraldehyde solution that does not coagulate whole blood of fatteners without or with only slight pathological changes was established. Total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio and electrophoretic protein pattern were at the same time determined in blood serum. A glutaraldehyde solution with the established highest concentration was used in a second experiment on whole blood to distinguish fatteners without or with only small pathological changes from those with severe processes such as abscesses and purulent arthritis. It is evident that the glutaraldehyde test gives a good idea of the immunoglobulin status of fatteners. There is reason to believe that systematized glutaraldehyde testing of whole blood taken at pig slaughter could improve the chances of detecting concealed inflammatory processes.", "PMID": 114971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11539", "title": "[Combined test for assessment of anterior pituitary function using glucagon-propranolol, TRH and LHRH (author's transl)].", "content": "Combined Glucagon-Propranolol test used for study of growth hormone is advantages. The combined administration of TRH and LHRH is possible. In 53 children, the hormone responses (GH, TSH, FSH, LH and prolactin) were studied. This combined test allows the rapid assessment of anterior pituitary function.", "contents": "[Combined test for assessment of anterior pituitary function using glucagon-propranolol, TRH and LHRH (author's transl)]. Combined Glucagon-Propranolol test used for study of growth hormone is advantages. The combined administration of TRH and LHRH is possible. In 53 children, the hormone responses (GH, TSH, FSH, LH and prolactin) were studied. This combined test allows the rapid assessment of anterior pituitary function.", "PMID": 114972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11540", "title": "[The venous route in total parenteral nutrition of the adult patient (author's transl)].", "content": "Total parenteral nutrition (T.P.N.) takes presently an important place in the therapeutic methods. Nevertheless multiple complications, directly related to the venous route can constitute a limiting factor in the application of such procedures. Therefore complications such as sepsis and venous thrombosis must be prevented during T.P.N. Some conditions issued from our experiences and from the results in the literature can be now well defined: 1) Surgical catheterization of the vein in cases of long term T.P.N. and transcutaneously in cases of short term T.P.N. with in all cases a long subcutaneous way of the catheter. 2) Silastic catheter must be systematically used. 3) The intravenous way of the catheter must be as short as possible. 4) Nutrients must be strictly infused in the superior vena cava. 5) The utilisation of nutritive mixtures must be prefered if possible. 6) Handling of the infusion line must be avoided. Finally the management of T.P.N. in the best conditions requires a specialized staff.", "contents": "[The venous route in total parenteral nutrition of the adult patient (author's transl)]. Total parenteral nutrition (T.P.N.) takes presently an important place in the therapeutic methods. Nevertheless multiple complications, directly related to the venous route can constitute a limiting factor in the application of such procedures. Therefore complications such as sepsis and venous thrombosis must be prevented during T.P.N. Some conditions issued from our experiences and from the results in the literature can be now well defined: 1) Surgical catheterization of the vein in cases of long term T.P.N. and transcutaneously in cases of short term T.P.N. with in all cases a long subcutaneous way of the catheter. 2) Silastic catheter must be systematically used. 3) The intravenous way of the catheter must be as short as possible. 4) Nutrients must be strictly infused in the superior vena cava. 5) The utilisation of nutritive mixtures must be prefered if possible. 6) Handling of the infusion line must be avoided. Finally the management of T.P.N. in the best conditions requires a specialized staff.", "PMID": 114975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11541", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic perturbations in kidney failure. Anomalies of metabolites and tissue diffusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Complex pharmacokinetic perturbations follow kidney failure. Delayed excretion affects not only the original substance but also metabolites, as illustrated by the behaviour of glipizide and glibenclamide. Moreover, abnormal absorption, distribution, and metabolism of these drugs also often occur and are particularily evident for some beta-blocking agents. Analysis of tissue pharmacokinetics shows that aminosides accumulate in the renal cortexand persist there for several months. This phenomenon is markedly enhanced in acute obstructive kidney failure and largely accounts for the nephrotoxicity of these drugs.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic perturbations in kidney failure. Anomalies of metabolites and tissue diffusion (author's transl)]. Complex pharmacokinetic perturbations follow kidney failure. Delayed excretion affects not only the original substance but also metabolites, as illustrated by the behaviour of glipizide and glibenclamide. Moreover, abnormal absorption, distribution, and metabolism of these drugs also often occur and are particularily evident for some beta-blocking agents. Analysis of tissue pharmacokinetics shows that aminosides accumulate in the renal cortexand persist there for several months. This phenomenon is markedly enhanced in acute obstructive kidney failure and largely accounts for the nephrotoxicity of these drugs.", "PMID": 114976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11542", "title": "Biological activity of the intact and cleaved DNA of the simian adenovirus 7.", "content": "Only the deproteinized DNA preparations of the simian adenovirus of the type 7 (SA 7) exhibited transforming and tumorigenic activity. The complex of the SA7 DNA with terminal protein (TP) did not exhibit either transforming or tumorigenic activity in cell cultures. In contrast to the transforming potential the infectious titers of the DNA - TP complex for the monkey kidney cells were 30-50 times higher than those of pure DNA. Cleavage of the SA7 DNA by specific endonucleases enhanced the tumorigenic potential of pure DNA, suppressed its infectivity and did not affect the lack of transformation capacity of the DNA - TP complex. The onc-gene was localized in the left terminal fragment with the minimal size 4,3x10(6)D in the case of R.Sal I. The tumorigenic activity was found to decrease with an increase in the size of the DNA fragment containing the onc-gene.", "contents": "Biological activity of the intact and cleaved DNA of the simian adenovirus 7. Only the deproteinized DNA preparations of the simian adenovirus of the type 7 (SA 7) exhibited transforming and tumorigenic activity. The complex of the SA7 DNA with terminal protein (TP) did not exhibit either transforming or tumorigenic activity in cell cultures. In contrast to the transforming potential the infectious titers of the DNA - TP complex for the monkey kidney cells were 30-50 times higher than those of pure DNA. Cleavage of the SA7 DNA by specific endonucleases enhanced the tumorigenic potential of pure DNA, suppressed its infectivity and did not affect the lack of transformation capacity of the DNA - TP complex. The onc-gene was localized in the left terminal fragment with the minimal size 4,3x10(6)D in the case of R.Sal I. The tumorigenic activity was found to decrease with an increase in the size of the DNA fragment containing the onc-gene.", "PMID": 114980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11543", "title": "Subunit structure of alpha-satellite DNA containing chromatin from African green monkey cells.", "content": "alpha-Satellite DNA containing chromatin from African green monkey cells (CV-1 cells) has been used to study the question whether or not nucleosomes are arranged in phase with the 172 bp repeat unit of the satellite DNA. Digestion experiments with DNAase II led us to exclude a simple phase relationship between the nucleosomal and the satellite DNA repeats. Digestion of CV-1 nuclei with micrococcal nuclease and endogenous nuclease (s) produced a series of sharp bands in the satellite DNA register over a background of heterogeneous length fragments. This observation is explained by a preferential cleavage of certain nucleotide sequences by these nucleases and is not in contradiction to our conclusion that a simple phase relationship does not exist.", "contents": "Subunit structure of alpha-satellite DNA containing chromatin from African green monkey cells. alpha-Satellite DNA containing chromatin from African green monkey cells (CV-1 cells) has been used to study the question whether or not nucleosomes are arranged in phase with the 172 bp repeat unit of the satellite DNA. Digestion experiments with DNAase II led us to exclude a simple phase relationship between the nucleosomal and the satellite DNA repeats. Digestion of CV-1 nuclei with micrococcal nuclease and endogenous nuclease (s) produced a series of sharp bands in the satellite DNA register over a background of heterogeneous length fragments. This observation is explained by a preferential cleavage of certain nucleotide sequences by these nucleases and is not in contradiction to our conclusion that a simple phase relationship does not exist.", "PMID": 114981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11544", "title": "Comparison of the A-T rich regions and the Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase binding sites in phage phi 29 DNA.", "content": "By using a modification of the BAC spreading method for mounting the DNA for electron microscopy, partial denaturation maps of protein-free phi 29 DNA and of phi 29 DNA containing protein p3 were obtained. In phi 29 p3-DNA1 the protein does not seem to influence the melting of the ends of the molecules. The comparison of the partial denaturation map and the B. subtilis RNA polymerase binding sites indicates that five of the seven early promoters (A1, A2, A3, B2 and C2) are located in A-T rich DNA regions whereas the other two early promoters (B1 and C1) are located in less A-T rich sites.", "contents": "Comparison of the A-T rich regions and the Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase binding sites in phage phi 29 DNA. By using a modification of the BAC spreading method for mounting the DNA for electron microscopy, partial denaturation maps of protein-free phi 29 DNA and of phi 29 DNA containing protein p3 were obtained. In phi 29 p3-DNA1 the protein does not seem to influence the melting of the ends of the molecules. The comparison of the partial denaturation map and the B. subtilis RNA polymerase binding sites indicates that five of the seven early promoters (A1, A2, A3, B2 and C2) are located in A-T rich DNA regions whereas the other two early promoters (B1 and C1) are located in less A-T rich sites.", "PMID": 114982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11545", "title": "Pseudouridylation of yeast ribosomal precursor RNA.", "content": "The pseudouridylation of ribosomal RNA of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was investigated with respect to its timing during the maturation of rRNA and its sequence specificity. Analysis of 37-S RNA, the common precursor to 17-S, 5.8-S and 26-S rRNA and most probably the primary ribosomal transcript, shows that this RNA molecule contains already most if not all of the 36-37 pseudouridine residues found in the mature rRNAs. Thus pseudouridylation is, like 2'-0-ribosemethylation, an early event in the maturation of rRNA, taking place immediately after, or even during, transcription. The data presented show that the non-conserved sequences of 37-S precursor rRNA contain very few pseudouridine residues if any. The pseudouridine residues within the rRNA sequences are apparently clustered to a certain degree as can inferred from the occurrence of a single oligonucleotide containing 3 pseudouridines, which was obtained by digestion of 26-S rRNA with ribonuclease T1.", "contents": "Pseudouridylation of yeast ribosomal precursor RNA. The pseudouridylation of ribosomal RNA of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was investigated with respect to its timing during the maturation of rRNA and its sequence specificity. Analysis of 37-S RNA, the common precursor to 17-S, 5.8-S and 26-S rRNA and most probably the primary ribosomal transcript, shows that this RNA molecule contains already most if not all of the 36-37 pseudouridine residues found in the mature rRNAs. Thus pseudouridylation is, like 2'-0-ribosemethylation, an early event in the maturation of rRNA, taking place immediately after, or even during, transcription. The data presented show that the non-conserved sequences of 37-S precursor rRNA contain very few pseudouridine residues if any. The pseudouridine residues within the rRNA sequences are apparently clustered to a certain degree as can inferred from the occurrence of a single oligonucleotide containing 3 pseudouridines, which was obtained by digestion of 26-S rRNA with ribonuclease T1.", "PMID": 114983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11546", "title": "Formation of ribosome-RNA initiation complexes with alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 and RNA 3.", "content": "RNA 4 of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is a monocistronic messenger for the coat protein. We have determined the sequence of the 40 +/- 2 nucleotides in RNA 4 that were protected in the initiation complex formed with wheat germ 80 S ribosomes from digestion by T1 or pancreatic ribonucleases. The AUG coat protein initiation codon was near the middle of this protected region. We have found two ribosome-binding sites in RNA 3. The principal one, near the 5' end, is the initiation site for the major translation product, a 35,000 dalton protein. The second site binds ribosomes only weakly, at the beginning of the \"silent\" coat protein cistron, and is similar but not identical to the initiation site protection site is discussed.", "contents": "Formation of ribosome-RNA initiation complexes with alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 and RNA 3. RNA 4 of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is a monocistronic messenger for the coat protein. We have determined the sequence of the 40 +/- 2 nucleotides in RNA 4 that were protected in the initiation complex formed with wheat germ 80 S ribosomes from digestion by T1 or pancreatic ribonucleases. The AUG coat protein initiation codon was near the middle of this protected region. We have found two ribosome-binding sites in RNA 3. The principal one, near the 5' end, is the initiation site for the major translation product, a 35,000 dalton protein. The second site binds ribosomes only weakly, at the beginning of the \"silent\" coat protein cistron, and is similar but not identical to the initiation site protection site is discussed.", "PMID": 114984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11547", "title": "PaeExo IX: a unique deoxyribonuclease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa active in the presence of EDTA.", "content": "A new deoxyribonuclease, PaeExo IX, has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO. This enzyme, which is active in the presence of EDTA, is equally efficient in hydrolyzing native and heart-denatured DNA to acid-s-luble products. The enzyme is partially or totally inhibited by the presence of several divalent cations. The active protein has a molecular weight of 1.6 +/- 0.1 x 10(5) and is composed of two nonidentical polypeptides with molecular weights of 78,000 and 69,000.", "contents": "PaeExo IX: a unique deoxyribonuclease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa active in the presence of EDTA. A new deoxyribonuclease, PaeExo IX, has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO. This enzyme, which is active in the presence of EDTA, is equally efficient in hydrolyzing native and heart-denatured DNA to acid-s-luble products. The enzyme is partially or totally inhibited by the presence of several divalent cations. The active protein has a molecular weight of 1.6 +/- 0.1 x 10(5) and is composed of two nonidentical polypeptides with molecular weights of 78,000 and 69,000.", "PMID": 114985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11548", "title": "Restriction analysis of spacers in ribosomal DNA of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The sequence arrangement of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) spacers in Drosophila melanogaster was analyzed with restriction endonucleases. Spacers, derived from cloned rDNA repeats and from uncloned purified rDNA, are internally repetitive, as demonstrated by the regular 250 base pairs interval between sites recognized by the enzyme Alu I. Length heterogeneity of spacers is due at least in part to varying numbers of repeated sequence elements. All spacers and analyzed, whether derived from X or from Y chromosomal rDNA, have a very similar sequence organization. The distance separating the repeated nontranscribed spacer sequences from the 5' end of the transcribed region is conserved in all ten cloned fragments examined, and is probably less than 150 base pairs, as measured by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Restriction analysis of spacers in ribosomal DNA of Drosophila melanogaster. The sequence arrangement of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) spacers in Drosophila melanogaster was analyzed with restriction endonucleases. Spacers, derived from cloned rDNA repeats and from uncloned purified rDNA, are internally repetitive, as demonstrated by the regular 250 base pairs interval between sites recognized by the enzyme Alu I. Length heterogeneity of spacers is due at least in part to varying numbers of repeated sequence elements. All spacers and analyzed, whether derived from X or from Y chromosomal rDNA, have a very similar sequence organization. The distance separating the repeated nontranscribed spacer sequences from the 5' end of the transcribed region is conserved in all ten cloned fragments examined, and is probably less than 150 base pairs, as measured by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 114986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11549", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of phenylalanine tRNA2 of Drosophila melanogaster: four isoacceptors with one basic sequence.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of Drosophila melanogaster phenylalanine tRNA2 was determined to be: pG-C-C-G-A-A-A-U-A-M2G-C-U-C-A-G-D-D-G-G-G-A-G-A-G-C-m22G-psi-psi-A-G-A-C(m)-U-Gm-A-A-mlG-A-psi-C-U-A-A-A-G-m7G-U(D)-C-C-C-C-G-G-T-psi-C-A-mlA-U-C-C-G-G-G-U-U-U-C-G-G-C-A-C-C-AOH. Upon RPC-5 chromatography at pH 3.8 tRNA2Phe can be separated into four isoacceptors due to the partial modifications in positions 32 and 47. Thus the posttranscriptional modification of tRNA2Phe transcribed from one gene (or many genes with identical sequences results in four isoacceptors with the same basic sequence.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of phenylalanine tRNA2 of Drosophila melanogaster: four isoacceptors with one basic sequence. The nucleotide sequence of Drosophila melanogaster phenylalanine tRNA2 was determined to be: pG-C-C-G-A-A-A-U-A-M2G-C-U-C-A-G-D-D-G-G-G-A-G-A-G-C-m22G-psi-psi-A-G-A-C(m)-U-Gm-A-A-mlG-A-psi-C-U-A-A-A-G-m7G-U(D)-C-C-C-C-G-G-T-psi-C-A-mlA-U-C-C-G-G-G-U-U-U-C-G-G-C-A-C-C-AOH. Upon RPC-5 chromatography at pH 3.8 tRNA2Phe can be separated into four isoacceptors due to the partial modifications in positions 32 and 47. Thus the posttranscriptional modification of tRNA2Phe transcribed from one gene (or many genes with identical sequences results in four isoacceptors with the same basic sequence.", "PMID": 114987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11550", "title": "Future management of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A review of therapies for diabetes mellitus reveals little that is new for the diabetic today. Also, there is little evidence that progression of diabetic complications can be slowed or halted with currently available therapeutic modalities that are acceptable to patients and can be applied in an everyday clinical setting. Few new drugs are likely to be ready for marketing in the immediate future, and most of the pharmacologic approaches that are now under study do not address the basic problem of lost sensitivity of the beta cell to endogenous glucose. In the longer term, it is likely that an oral insulin, allowing more convenient management of diabetes, will be available, as well as several new drug classes that may offer therapy adjunctive to insulin. As more is learned of the cellular physiology of the islet cell and the pathology of diabetes mellitus, some additional therapeutic breakthrough may occur. It is highly likely that an implantable or portable infusion system, either of the closed- or open-loop type, will be available when technologic problems are overcome. Islet cell transplantation may provide a definitive treatment for diabetes. At the very least, the questions should be resolved relating to careful physiologic control of the metabolic aberrations of diabetes mellitus. Unfortunately, because of the relatively slow evolution of diabetic vascular pathology, it will be several decades before current studies can provide the answers. If present hypotheses are confirmed, future therapeutic approaches can be more clearly defined; if the hypotheses must be rejected, the therapeutic dilemmas will remain.", "contents": "Future management of diabetes mellitus. A review of therapies for diabetes mellitus reveals little that is new for the diabetic today. Also, there is little evidence that progression of diabetic complications can be slowed or halted with currently available therapeutic modalities that are acceptable to patients and can be applied in an everyday clinical setting. Few new drugs are likely to be ready for marketing in the immediate future, and most of the pharmacologic approaches that are now under study do not address the basic problem of lost sensitivity of the beta cell to endogenous glucose. In the longer term, it is likely that an oral insulin, allowing more convenient management of diabetes, will be available, as well as several new drug classes that may offer therapy adjunctive to insulin. As more is learned of the cellular physiology of the islet cell and the pathology of diabetes mellitus, some additional therapeutic breakthrough may occur. It is highly likely that an implantable or portable infusion system, either of the closed- or open-loop type, will be available when technologic problems are overcome. Islet cell transplantation may provide a definitive treatment for diabetes. At the very least, the questions should be resolved relating to careful physiologic control of the metabolic aberrations of diabetes mellitus. Unfortunately, because of the relatively slow evolution of diabetic vascular pathology, it will be several decades before current studies can provide the answers. If present hypotheses are confirmed, future therapeutic approaches can be more clearly defined; if the hypotheses must be rejected, the therapeutic dilemmas will remain.", "PMID": 114991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11551", "title": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expediton: thyroid function and acute mountain sickenss.", "content": "In a study of 17 subjects plasma-thyroxine-binding globulin and plasma thyroxine concentrations rose during a high altitude trek. An early and sustained rise in plasma reverse triiodothyronine occurred independently of changes in plasma thyroxine and was probably related to physical exertion. Similar changes in thyroid function were found in subjects most affected and least affected by acute mountain sickness.", "contents": "Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society 1977 Expediton: thyroid function and acute mountain sickenss. In a study of 17 subjects plasma-thyroxine-binding globulin and plasma thyroxine concentrations rose during a high altitude trek. An early and sustained rise in plasma reverse triiodothyronine occurred independently of changes in plasma thyroxine and was probably related to physical exertion. Similar changes in thyroid function were found in subjects most affected and least affected by acute mountain sickness.", "PMID": 114992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11552", "title": "[The lung in monocional gammapatheis. Alternative hypotheses coming from a privileged observation (association of a diffuse interstitial fibrosis to a pulmonary tuberculosis then a disease of heavy gamma chains) (author's transl)].", "content": "The observation of a 61 year old woman who had a diffuse interstitial fibrosis, a pulmonary tuberculosis and a disease of heavy gamma chains is reported here. The different tumoral and infectious pneumopathies during monoclonal gammapathies are analyzed. In the opposite, there are the various abnormalities observed in thoracic pathology: chronic infections, pulmonary tuberculosis and diffuse interstitial fibrosis.", "contents": "[The lung in monocional gammapatheis. Alternative hypotheses coming from a privileged observation (association of a diffuse interstitial fibrosis to a pulmonary tuberculosis then a disease of heavy gamma chains) (author's transl)]. The observation of a 61 year old woman who had a diffuse interstitial fibrosis, a pulmonary tuberculosis and a disease of heavy gamma chains is reported here. The different tumoral and infectious pneumopathies during monoclonal gammapathies are analyzed. In the opposite, there are the various abnormalities observed in thoracic pathology: chronic infections, pulmonary tuberculosis and diffuse interstitial fibrosis.", "PMID": 114993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11553", "title": "Synthesis of new benzophenone derivatives with potential antiinflammatory activity.", "content": "2-Methoxy-, 2-hydroxy- and 2-acetoxy-5-methylbenzophenones and their 5-carboxyl derivatives were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectra. The results of prostaglandin synthetase inhibition are reported for some of these compounds.", "contents": "Synthesis of new benzophenone derivatives with potential antiinflammatory activity. 2-Methoxy-, 2-hydroxy- and 2-acetoxy-5-methylbenzophenones and their 5-carboxyl derivatives were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectra. The results of prostaglandin synthetase inhibition are reported for some of these compounds.", "PMID": 114990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11554", "title": "Studies on egg disinfection.", "content": "Various concentrations of alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (QAC), Na2CO3, and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) were tested for antimicrobial activity singly and in combination against Escherichia coli, Arizona hinshawii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bactericidal activity of the reagents were evaluated in embryonating eggs, trypticase soy broth, and a medium containing lecithin. Toxicity of the chemicals was assayed in embryonating eggs. An appraisal was made of an egg-washing solution composed of 250 ppm QAC, 100 ppm Na2CO3, and 10 and 100 ppm EDTA. The mixture was effective and nontoxic for this purpose. All egg treatments had an adverse effect on fertility and hatchability. Using the temperature differential procedure in egg dipping, the disinfectant mixture was relatively nontoxic if 10 ppm EDTA was used with 3000 ppm tylosin tartrate. One hundred parts per million of the chelator in the dip solution caused excessive embryo mortality due to synergistic toxicity with the antibiotic. The germicidal action of the QAC solution was markedly increased with Na2CO3. Ten parts per million EDTA did not improve the biocidal effect of QAC solutions in distilled water but increased bactericidal activity in tap water that contained 16 ppm Ca and 22 ppm Mg.", "contents": "Studies on egg disinfection. Various concentrations of alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (QAC), Na2CO3, and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) were tested for antimicrobial activity singly and in combination against Escherichia coli, Arizona hinshawii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bactericidal activity of the reagents were evaluated in embryonating eggs, trypticase soy broth, and a medium containing lecithin. Toxicity of the chemicals was assayed in embryonating eggs. An appraisal was made of an egg-washing solution composed of 250 ppm QAC, 100 ppm Na2CO3, and 10 and 100 ppm EDTA. The mixture was effective and nontoxic for this purpose. All egg treatments had an adverse effect on fertility and hatchability. Using the temperature differential procedure in egg dipping, the disinfectant mixture was relatively nontoxic if 10 ppm EDTA was used with 3000 ppm tylosin tartrate. One hundred parts per million of the chelator in the dip solution caused excessive embryo mortality due to synergistic toxicity with the antibiotic. The germicidal action of the QAC solution was markedly increased with Na2CO3. Ten parts per million EDTA did not improve the biocidal effect of QAC solutions in distilled water but increased bactericidal activity in tap water that contained 16 ppm Ca and 22 ppm Mg.", "PMID": 114994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11555", "title": "Memory disorder in vertebrobasilar disease.", "content": "Previous workers have clearly established that the central core limbic structures of the brain are primarily concerned in the production of amnesia of the axial or mesial type. The blood supply to these structures derives primarily from the posterior cerebral circulation. This was the rationale for Benson's work on 'amnesic stroke' in patients with posterior cerebral artery occlusion. We have extended this concept to show that a similar axial amnesia, as demonstrated by a classical response on Wechsler Memory Scale testing, exists in patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Relative permanency of the amnesic syndrome was demonstrated by repeat testing at may be of assistance in the diagnosis of vertebrobasilar insufficiency.", "contents": "Memory disorder in vertebrobasilar disease. Previous workers have clearly established that the central core limbic structures of the brain are primarily concerned in the production of amnesia of the axial or mesial type. The blood supply to these structures derives primarily from the posterior cerebral circulation. This was the rationale for Benson's work on 'amnesic stroke' in patients with posterior cerebral artery occlusion. We have extended this concept to show that a similar axial amnesia, as demonstrated by a classical response on Wechsler Memory Scale testing, exists in patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Relative permanency of the amnesic syndrome was demonstrated by repeat testing at may be of assistance in the diagnosis of vertebrobasilar insufficiency.", "PMID": 114997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11556", "title": "Increased nuclease activity in cells treated with pppA2'p5'A2'p5' A.", "content": "A series of 2'-5'-linked oligo(adenylic acid) triphosphate (2'-5' A) inhibitors of protein synthesis were described recently. These inhibitors are synthesized from ATP by an enzyme activated in interferon-treated cell extracts or rabbit reticulocyte lysates by double-stranded RNA. We show here that 2'-5' A is a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in intact cells of different origin (human, monkey, hamster, and mouse). At a concentration of 10 nM (in AMP equivalents), protein synthesis is inhibited by 50-85%. There is also a secondary effect on the total RNA synthesis which becomes evident several hours after inhibition of protein synthesis. All of these effects, however, are transient and, after a recovery period, both RNA and protein synthesis resume rates comparable to the appropriate controls. A nuclease activity is detected in cells after treatment with 2'-5'A. The total polyadenylylated RNA is much reduced in comparison to that from untreated cells, and electrophoretic analysis in polyacrylamide slab gels provides evidence for its degradation. Similarly, there is an apparent degradation of ribosomal RNA. Consistent with these results, extracts from cells that had been treated with 2'-5'A manifest an enhanced nuclease activity in vitro on incubation with exogenous RNA. Here, we propose that, as in cell-free systems, the mechanism of action of 2'-5'A in intact cells involves activation of a nuclease. This activation is transient, but the nuclease remains sensitive to further activation by the inhibitor.", "contents": "Increased nuclease activity in cells treated with pppA2'p5'A2'p5' A. A series of 2'-5'-linked oligo(adenylic acid) triphosphate (2'-5' A) inhibitors of protein synthesis were described recently. These inhibitors are synthesized from ATP by an enzyme activated in interferon-treated cell extracts or rabbit reticulocyte lysates by double-stranded RNA. We show here that 2'-5' A is a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in intact cells of different origin (human, monkey, hamster, and mouse). At a concentration of 10 nM (in AMP equivalents), protein synthesis is inhibited by 50-85%. There is also a secondary effect on the total RNA synthesis which becomes evident several hours after inhibition of protein synthesis. All of these effects, however, are transient and, after a recovery period, both RNA and protein synthesis resume rates comparable to the appropriate controls. A nuclease activity is detected in cells after treatment with 2'-5'A. The total polyadenylylated RNA is much reduced in comparison to that from untreated cells, and electrophoretic analysis in polyacrylamide slab gels provides evidence for its degradation. Similarly, there is an apparent degradation of ribosomal RNA. Consistent with these results, extracts from cells that had been treated with 2'-5'A manifest an enhanced nuclease activity in vitro on incubation with exogenous RNA. Here, we propose that, as in cell-free systems, the mechanism of action of 2'-5'A in intact cells involves activation of a nuclease. This activation is transient, but the nuclease remains sensitive to further activation by the inhibitor.", "PMID": 114998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11557", "title": "Chromosomal location of the genes for human immunoglobulin heavy chains.", "content": "We have studied somatic cell hybrids between P3x63Ag8 mouse myeloma cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) and either human peripheral lymphocytes or human lymphoblastoid or myeloma cells for the production of human immunoglobulin chains and for the expression of enzyme markers assigned to each of the different human chromosomes. Human chromosome 14 was the only human chromosome present in all independent hybrids producing mu, gamma, and alpha human heavy chains. In two of the independent hybrids that produced human heavy chains, human chromosome 14 was the only human chromosome present in the hybrid cells. Loss of human chromosome 14 from these hybrids resulted in the concomitant loss of their ability to produce human immunoglobulin heavy chains. In view of these results, we conclude that the genes for human immunoglobulin heavy chains are located on human chromosome 14 in immunoglobulin-producing human cells.", "contents": "Chromosomal location of the genes for human immunoglobulin heavy chains. We have studied somatic cell hybrids between P3x63Ag8 mouse myeloma cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) and either human peripheral lymphocytes or human lymphoblastoid or myeloma cells for the production of human immunoglobulin chains and for the expression of enzyme markers assigned to each of the different human chromosomes. Human chromosome 14 was the only human chromosome present in all independent hybrids producing mu, gamma, and alpha human heavy chains. In two of the independent hybrids that produced human heavy chains, human chromosome 14 was the only human chromosome present in the hybrid cells. Loss of human chromosome 14 from these hybrids resulted in the concomitant loss of their ability to produce human immunoglobulin heavy chains. In view of these results, we conclude that the genes for human immunoglobulin heavy chains are located on human chromosome 14 in immunoglobulin-producing human cells.", "PMID": 114999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11558", "title": "Sequences of five potential recombination sites encoded close to an immunoglobulin kappa constant region gene.", "content": "Immunoglobulin kappa chain gene formation involves site-specific somatic recombination between one of several hundred germ-line variable region genes and a joining site (or \"J segment\") encoded close to the constant region gene. We have cloned and determined the nucleotide sequence of major portions of the recombination region of the mouse kappa gene and discovered a series of five such J segments spread out along a segment of DNA 2.4 kilobases from the kappa constant region gene. These J segments encode the 13 COOH-terminal amino acids of the variable region, probably including amino acids involved in the antigen combining site and in heavy/light chain contacts. The J segments also display striking sequence homology to one another in both their coding and immediately flanking sequences. Major elements of a short palindrome--CAC(TA)GTG--are preserved adjacent to the recombination sites of both variable and J region genes and constitute inverted repeats at both ends of the sequences to be joined. These palindromes can be written as a hypothetical stem structure that draws variable and J regions together, providing a possible molecular basis for the DNA joining event. Four of the J segments that we have discovered encode amino acid sequences already found in myeloma proteins. By altering the frame of recombination, we can account for additional light chain amino acid sequences, suggesting that the V/J joining event might generate antibody diversity somatically both by using different combinations of variable and J region genes and by using alternative joining frames.", "contents": "Sequences of five potential recombination sites encoded close to an immunoglobulin kappa constant region gene. Immunoglobulin kappa chain gene formation involves site-specific somatic recombination between one of several hundred germ-line variable region genes and a joining site (or \"J segment\") encoded close to the constant region gene. We have cloned and determined the nucleotide sequence of major portions of the recombination region of the mouse kappa gene and discovered a series of five such J segments spread out along a segment of DNA 2.4 kilobases from the kappa constant region gene. These J segments encode the 13 COOH-terminal amino acids of the variable region, probably including amino acids involved in the antigen combining site and in heavy/light chain contacts. The J segments also display striking sequence homology to one another in both their coding and immediately flanking sequences. Major elements of a short palindrome--CAC(TA)GTG--are preserved adjacent to the recombination sites of both variable and J region genes and constitute inverted repeats at both ends of the sequences to be joined. These palindromes can be written as a hypothetical stem structure that draws variable and J regions together, providing a possible molecular basis for the DNA joining event. Four of the J segments that we have discovered encode amino acid sequences already found in myeloma proteins. By altering the frame of recombination, we can account for additional light chain amino acid sequences, suggesting that the V/J joining event might generate antibody diversity somatically both by using different combinations of variable and J region genes and by using alternative joining frames.", "PMID": 115000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11559", "title": "Abnormalities in clonable B lymphocytes and myeloid progenitors in autoimmune NZB mice.", "content": "Cloning procedures were used to study B lymphocytes and progenitors of granulocytes and macrophages in NZB mice. Numbers of B cells that were detected in sheep erythrocyte-containing semisolid cultures were only slightly elevated in NZB tissues, and these were normally sensitive to inhibition by anti-mu or anti-delta antibodies or prostaglandin E. However, NZB mice rapidly developed large numbers of B cells that could be cloned in the presence of lipopolysaccharide, and these included unusual anti-mu resistant cells. Numbers of myeloid precursors in NZB bone marrow that were responsive to colony-stimulating activity in L-cell conditioned medium or endotoxin serum were at least normal, but at all ages granulocyte-macrophage precursors were poor responders in cultures stimulated by WEHI-3 cell conditioned medium. Almost no colonies were elicited in NZB cultures with a colony-stimulating activity moiety from WEHI-3 cells. Prostaglandin sensitivity of myeloid precursors from NZB and CBA mice was also different. Codominant genetic control of these abnormalities was suggested by their partial expression in F1 hybrid NZB X CBA and NZB X NZW mice. NZB mice expressed an unexpected IgD allotype allele.", "contents": "Abnormalities in clonable B lymphocytes and myeloid progenitors in autoimmune NZB mice. Cloning procedures were used to study B lymphocytes and progenitors of granulocytes and macrophages in NZB mice. Numbers of B cells that were detected in sheep erythrocyte-containing semisolid cultures were only slightly elevated in NZB tissues, and these were normally sensitive to inhibition by anti-mu or anti-delta antibodies or prostaglandin E. However, NZB mice rapidly developed large numbers of B cells that could be cloned in the presence of lipopolysaccharide, and these included unusual anti-mu resistant cells. Numbers of myeloid precursors in NZB bone marrow that were responsive to colony-stimulating activity in L-cell conditioned medium or endotoxin serum were at least normal, but at all ages granulocyte-macrophage precursors were poor responders in cultures stimulated by WEHI-3 cell conditioned medium. Almost no colonies were elicited in NZB cultures with a colony-stimulating activity moiety from WEHI-3 cells. Prostaglandin sensitivity of myeloid precursors from NZB and CBA mice was also different. Codominant genetic control of these abnormalities was suggested by their partial expression in F1 hybrid NZB X CBA and NZB X NZW mice. NZB mice expressed an unexpected IgD allotype allele.", "PMID": 115001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11560", "title": "Assembly and secretion of pentameric IgM in a fusion between a nonsecreting B cell lymphoma and an IgG-secreting plasmacytoma.", "content": "A new immunoglobulin product has been obtained by hybridization of mouse cell lines arrested at different stages in B lymphocyte development. One line was shown to have the characteristics of an undifferentiated B cell that synthesizes monomeric IgM as a membrane receptor but does not express J chain. The second line was represent of a fully differentiated plasma cell synthesizing large amounts of IgG and J chain, but no IgM. Fusion of the two cell types yielded independent hybrid clones that secreted pentameric IgM, normally the first product of antigen-driven B cell differentiation. Analyses of the hybrid cells indicated that the IgM was expressed as a result of complementation between the synthetic capacities of the parental lines. The hybrid cells synthesized both monomeric IgM and J chain and assembled these components into a pentameric molecule with the expected stoichiometry of one J chain per five monomeric units. These findings provided further evidence that the induction of B cell differentiation includes a signal for de novo synthesis of the J chain. Moreover, the complementation achieved by this hybridization provides a system for identifying other intracellular events in B cell differentiation to IgM secretion.", "contents": "Assembly and secretion of pentameric IgM in a fusion between a nonsecreting B cell lymphoma and an IgG-secreting plasmacytoma. A new immunoglobulin product has been obtained by hybridization of mouse cell lines arrested at different stages in B lymphocyte development. One line was shown to have the characteristics of an undifferentiated B cell that synthesizes monomeric IgM as a membrane receptor but does not express J chain. The second line was represent of a fully differentiated plasma cell synthesizing large amounts of IgG and J chain, but no IgM. Fusion of the two cell types yielded independent hybrid clones that secreted pentameric IgM, normally the first product of antigen-driven B cell differentiation. Analyses of the hybrid cells indicated that the IgM was expressed as a result of complementation between the synthetic capacities of the parental lines. The hybrid cells synthesized both monomeric IgM and J chain and assembled these components into a pentameric molecule with the expected stoichiometry of one J chain per five monomeric units. These findings provided further evidence that the induction of B cell differentiation includes a signal for de novo synthesis of the J chain. Moreover, the complementation achieved by this hybridization provides a system for identifying other intracellular events in B cell differentiation to IgM secretion.", "PMID": 115002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11561", "title": "Reciprocal stimulation of negatively selected high-responder and low-responder T cells in virus-infected recipients.", "content": "After depletion of alloreactive potential, immunologically naive T cells from C57BL/6J (Kb-Db) mice (B6) can be induced to respond to vaccinia virus in the context of both H-2Kk and H-2Db when stimulated in B10.A(4R) (Kk-Db) recipients. However, negatively selected B10.A(2R) (Kk-Db) T cells respond to H-2Db-vaccinia virus but not to H-2Kb-vaccinia virus when primed in an irradiated B6 environment. The B6 mouse strain is a high responder to vaccinia virus associated with H-2Db, whereas the B10.A(2R) and B10.A(4R) recombinants are low responders. Responsiveness in the context of H-2Db is thus recognized when the only homology between T cell and recipient is at the H-2D locus and is suppressed when H-2Kk is also present in both situations. The fact that negatively selected H-2Kb-Db T cells can be induced to recognize H-2Kk-vaccinia virus may reflect the existence of an \"altered self\" complex which is recognized via a single receptor, perhaps drawn from an alloreactive T-cell repertoire. At least in some instances, patterns of T-cell responsiveness are not totally constrained by the spectrum of H-2 antigens encountered in thymus.", "contents": "Reciprocal stimulation of negatively selected high-responder and low-responder T cells in virus-infected recipients. After depletion of alloreactive potential, immunologically naive T cells from C57BL/6J (Kb-Db) mice (B6) can be induced to respond to vaccinia virus in the context of both H-2Kk and H-2Db when stimulated in B10.A(4R) (Kk-Db) recipients. However, negatively selected B10.A(2R) (Kk-Db) T cells respond to H-2Db-vaccinia virus but not to H-2Kb-vaccinia virus when primed in an irradiated B6 environment. The B6 mouse strain is a high responder to vaccinia virus associated with H-2Db, whereas the B10.A(2R) and B10.A(4R) recombinants are low responders. Responsiveness in the context of H-2Db is thus recognized when the only homology between T cell and recipient is at the H-2D locus and is suppressed when H-2Kk is also present in both situations. The fact that negatively selected H-2Kb-Db T cells can be induced to recognize H-2Kk-vaccinia virus may reflect the existence of an \"altered self\" complex which is recognized via a single receptor, perhaps drawn from an alloreactive T-cell repertoire. At least in some instances, patterns of T-cell responsiveness are not totally constrained by the spectrum of H-2 antigens encountered in thymus.", "PMID": 115003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11562", "title": "Pyrazoles as inhibitors of alcohol oxidation and as important tools in alcohol research: an approach to therapy against methanol poisoning.", "content": "4-Methylpyrazole, in a dose producing inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD(+) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1), was given alone or together with ethanol (10%) as sole drinking fluid to growing rats for up to 38 weeks. Their weight curves remained normal. Electron microscopy of liver, kidney, and heart revealed no changes related to treatment. Hematologic analysis showed normal values for blood and bone marrow. Several clinical chemical parameters showed no impairment of liver or kidney function, except for an enhancement of the microsomal drug-metabolizing activity after concurrent administration of 4-methylpyrazole and ethanol. A study on rats receiving 4-methylpyrazole and ethanol indicated a mutual interaction of the two compounds or the metabolites, leading to increased concentration in the blood of the compounds and reduced formation of 4-hydroxymethylpyrazole, the primary metabolite of 4-methylpyrazole. In monkeys, elimination of 4-methylpyrazole followed a linear course. 4-Hydroxymethylpyrazole accumulated to a level of at most 10% of that of 4-methylpyrazole. Concurrent administration of methanol inhibited the elimination of 4-methylpyrazole about 25%, and 4-methylpyrazole produced a profound inhibition of the oxidation of methanol. 4-Methylpyrazole, at a level in the plasma of more than 10 muM, prevented accumulation of the toxic metabolite formic acid in methanol-poisoned monkeys, and repeated injections of 4-methylpyrazole abolished methanol toxicity in monkeys receiving lethal doses of methanol. The present investigation indicates that 4-methylpyrazole, with its low toxicity and strong inhibition of alcohol oxidation, is a valuable tool for experimental studies of alcohol metabolism and its effects. It illustrates the usefulness of the monkey as a model to study 4-methylpyrazole activity and toxicity in light of its possible use for treating methanol poisoning in human beings.", "contents": "Pyrazoles as inhibitors of alcohol oxidation and as important tools in alcohol research: an approach to therapy against methanol poisoning. 4-Methylpyrazole, in a dose producing inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD(+) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1), was given alone or together with ethanol (10%) as sole drinking fluid to growing rats for up to 38 weeks. Their weight curves remained normal. Electron microscopy of liver, kidney, and heart revealed no changes related to treatment. Hematologic analysis showed normal values for blood and bone marrow. Several clinical chemical parameters showed no impairment of liver or kidney function, except for an enhancement of the microsomal drug-metabolizing activity after concurrent administration of 4-methylpyrazole and ethanol. A study on rats receiving 4-methylpyrazole and ethanol indicated a mutual interaction of the two compounds or the metabolites, leading to increased concentration in the blood of the compounds and reduced formation of 4-hydroxymethylpyrazole, the primary metabolite of 4-methylpyrazole. In monkeys, elimination of 4-methylpyrazole followed a linear course. 4-Hydroxymethylpyrazole accumulated to a level of at most 10% of that of 4-methylpyrazole. Concurrent administration of methanol inhibited the elimination of 4-methylpyrazole about 25%, and 4-methylpyrazole produced a profound inhibition of the oxidation of methanol. 4-Methylpyrazole, at a level in the plasma of more than 10 muM, prevented accumulation of the toxic metabolite formic acid in methanol-poisoned monkeys, and repeated injections of 4-methylpyrazole abolished methanol toxicity in monkeys receiving lethal doses of methanol. The present investigation indicates that 4-methylpyrazole, with its low toxicity and strong inhibition of alcohol oxidation, is a valuable tool for experimental studies of alcohol metabolism and its effects. It illustrates the usefulness of the monkey as a model to study 4-methylpyrazole activity and toxicity in light of its possible use for treating methanol poisoning in human beings.", "PMID": 115004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11563", "title": "Effects of pseudomonas toxin A, diphtheria toxin, and cholera toxin on electrical characteristics of turtle bladder.", "content": "Rapidly developing changes in the short-circuiting current (Isc), conductance (G), and potential (PD) of turtle bladders in Na-rich or Na-free media are seen after the mucosal addition, at 10 nM, of each of three toxins that contain ADP-ribosylation activity: Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A, diphtheria toxin, and cholera toxin. Toxin A irreversibility decreased the Isc, PD, and G of bladders in Na-rich media and the Isc and PD of bladders in Na-free media. Diphtheria or cholera toxin reversibly increased Isc and PD (not G), but only in Na-free media. The effects of toxin A in the turtle bladder, like those in other host cell systems, were eliminated by preexposure of this toxin to heat, specific antitoxin, or dithiothreitol and urea. Because exposure to this last condition increases the ADP-ribosylation activity of toxin A, it is suggested that the proenzyme is the required transport-inhibiting form of toxin A. The effects of all three toxins occurred rapidly, possibly before any of the possible intracellular ADP-ribosylation reactions are initiated. Whereas a recognition binding of toxin of toxin to receptors on the apical membrane completely accounts for the reversible effects of diphtheria or cholera toxin, this and additional toxin-membrane interactions (e.g., translocation) are needed to account for the irreversible effects of toxin A.", "contents": "Effects of pseudomonas toxin A, diphtheria toxin, and cholera toxin on electrical characteristics of turtle bladder. Rapidly developing changes in the short-circuiting current (Isc), conductance (G), and potential (PD) of turtle bladders in Na-rich or Na-free media are seen after the mucosal addition, at 10 nM, of each of three toxins that contain ADP-ribosylation activity: Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A, diphtheria toxin, and cholera toxin. Toxin A irreversibility decreased the Isc, PD, and G of bladders in Na-rich media and the Isc and PD of bladders in Na-free media. Diphtheria or cholera toxin reversibly increased Isc and PD (not G), but only in Na-free media. The effects of toxin A in the turtle bladder, like those in other host cell systems, were eliminated by preexposure of this toxin to heat, specific antitoxin, or dithiothreitol and urea. Because exposure to this last condition increases the ADP-ribosylation activity of toxin A, it is suggested that the proenzyme is the required transport-inhibiting form of toxin A. The effects of all three toxins occurred rapidly, possibly before any of the possible intracellular ADP-ribosylation reactions are initiated. Whereas a recognition binding of toxin of toxin to receptors on the apical membrane completely accounts for the reversible effects of diphtheria or cholera toxin, this and additional toxin-membrane interactions (e.g., translocation) are needed to account for the irreversible effects of toxin A.", "PMID": 115005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11564", "title": "Comparison of mRNA precursors in plasmacytomas producing closely related kappa chains.", "content": "To help elucidate the mechanisms of formation and expression of active immunoglobulin genes, we have made a systematic study of the processing patterns of the mRNAs that code for a closely related family of kappa chains. Among the members of this family, represented by the V(kappa)21 group of plasmacytomas, are examples in which six different germ-line V genes are joined to four different J segments in various combinations. The mRNA precursors were identified by hybridizing a cloned kappa-cDNA probe to poly(A)-containing nuclear RNAs that were size fractionated on methylmercury-agarose gels and transferred to diazotized paper. Based on the length of the segment excised in the last detectable processing step, which presumably represents the removal of the J-C intron, the precursor patterns were classified into four primary categories that correlated well with the type of J segment being expressed. The J segments were thus located at distances ranging from 2.4 to 4.8 kilobases from the constant-region gene. Different V genes joined to the same J segment exhibited similar precursor patterns, suggesting that the size of the translocated V segment may be relatively uniform among members of the V(kappa)21 group. A large (9.1 kilobases) component, which is likely to represent a primary transcription product, was observed in all processing categories, regardless of which J segment was being utilized. This surprising observation leads to some interesting predictions about the mechanism of V-J translocation.", "contents": "Comparison of mRNA precursors in plasmacytomas producing closely related kappa chains. To help elucidate the mechanisms of formation and expression of active immunoglobulin genes, we have made a systematic study of the processing patterns of the mRNAs that code for a closely related family of kappa chains. Among the members of this family, represented by the V(kappa)21 group of plasmacytomas, are examples in which six different germ-line V genes are joined to four different J segments in various combinations. The mRNA precursors were identified by hybridizing a cloned kappa-cDNA probe to poly(A)-containing nuclear RNAs that were size fractionated on methylmercury-agarose gels and transferred to diazotized paper. Based on the length of the segment excised in the last detectable processing step, which presumably represents the removal of the J-C intron, the precursor patterns were classified into four primary categories that correlated well with the type of J segment being expressed. The J segments were thus located at distances ranging from 2.4 to 4.8 kilobases from the constant-region gene. Different V genes joined to the same J segment exhibited similar precursor patterns, suggesting that the size of the translocated V segment may be relatively uniform among members of the V(kappa)21 group. A large (9.1 kilobases) component, which is likely to represent a primary transcription product, was observed in all processing categories, regardless of which J segment was being utilized. This surprising observation leads to some interesting predictions about the mechanism of V-J translocation.", "PMID": 115006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11565", "title": "Aspirin-like drugs interfere with arachidonate metabolism by inhibition of the 12-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid peroxidase activity of the lipoxygenase pathway.", "content": "Aspirin, indomethacin, and sodium salicylate are anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic. Whereas aspirin and indomethacin inhibit prostaglandin synthetase (cyclo-oxygenase; 8,11,14-eicosatrienoate, hydrogen-donor: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.99.1), salicylate does not. However, all three drugs affect the metabolism of arachidonate via the lipoxygenase pathway by inhibiting the conversion of 12-hydroperoxy- to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid.", "contents": "Aspirin-like drugs interfere with arachidonate metabolism by inhibition of the 12-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid peroxidase activity of the lipoxygenase pathway. Aspirin, indomethacin, and sodium salicylate are anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic. Whereas aspirin and indomethacin inhibit prostaglandin synthetase (cyclo-oxygenase; 8,11,14-eicosatrienoate, hydrogen-donor: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.99.1), salicylate does not. However, all three drugs affect the metabolism of arachidonate via the lipoxygenase pathway by inhibiting the conversion of 12-hydroperoxy- to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid.", "PMID": 115007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11566", "title": "Mutation in a structural gene for a beta-tubulin specific to testis in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "By two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of tubulins prepared from tissues of Drosophila melanogaster we have identified a beta-tubulin subunit that is present only in the testis. Furthermore, we have isolated, as a male sterile, a third chromosome dominant mutation [ms(3)KKD] in the structural gene for this beta-tubulin. Males heterozygous for this mutation produce no motile spermatozoa. Beginning with meiosis, all processes in spermatogenesis are abnormal to some extent. Many microtubules (including both cytoplasmic microtubules and doublet tubules of the axoneme) show aberrant structure in cross section, and the overall morphology of the developing spermatids is disorganized. Testes from these males were shown, by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, to contain both the normal testis-specific beta-tubulin and an electrophoretic variant of this tubulin in equal amounts. Both wild-type and mutant testis-specific beta-tubulins were characterized by vinblastine sulfate precipitation, coassembly with purified Drosophila embryo tubulin, and peptide mapping.", "contents": "Mutation in a structural gene for a beta-tubulin specific to testis in Drosophila melanogaster. By two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of tubulins prepared from tissues of Drosophila melanogaster we have identified a beta-tubulin subunit that is present only in the testis. Furthermore, we have isolated, as a male sterile, a third chromosome dominant mutation [ms(3)KKD] in the structural gene for this beta-tubulin. Males heterozygous for this mutation produce no motile spermatozoa. Beginning with meiosis, all processes in spermatogenesis are abnormal to some extent. Many microtubules (including both cytoplasmic microtubules and doublet tubules of the axoneme) show aberrant structure in cross section, and the overall morphology of the developing spermatids is disorganized. Testes from these males were shown, by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, to contain both the normal testis-specific beta-tubulin and an electrophoretic variant of this tubulin in equal amounts. Both wild-type and mutant testis-specific beta-tubulins were characterized by vinblastine sulfate precipitation, coassembly with purified Drosophila embryo tubulin, and peptide mapping.", "PMID": 115008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11567", "title": "Extrachromosomal control of mutability in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Hybrid dysgenesis is a syndrome of germ-line aberrations including, e.g., sterility and mutation, found in certain interstrain hybrids of Drosophila melanogaster. Previous studies of sterility have shown that elements responsible for dysgenesis may reside on all major chromosomes, but that their dysgenesis-causing ability is controlled by an unknown extrachromosomal factor. Dysgenic hybrids also give rise to unstable visible mutations thought to be DNA insertions at certain sensitive loci. One such unstable allele at the singed bristle locus, designated snw, was found to mutate at extraordinary rates exceeding 50%. This instability was shown to be under the same extrachromosomal control as hybrid dysgenesis itself. That is, the mutability of snw was reversibly suppressed when placed in the background cytotype known to prevent sterility and other characteristics of hybrid dysgenesis. These results suggest that snw may represent an insertion at the singed locus of a hypothetical gene responsible for hybrid dysgenesis.", "contents": "Extrachromosomal control of mutability in Drosophila melanogaster. Hybrid dysgenesis is a syndrome of germ-line aberrations including, e.g., sterility and mutation, found in certain interstrain hybrids of Drosophila melanogaster. Previous studies of sterility have shown that elements responsible for dysgenesis may reside on all major chromosomes, but that their dysgenesis-causing ability is controlled by an unknown extrachromosomal factor. Dysgenic hybrids also give rise to unstable visible mutations thought to be DNA insertions at certain sensitive loci. One such unstable allele at the singed bristle locus, designated snw, was found to mutate at extraordinary rates exceeding 50%. This instability was shown to be under the same extrachromosomal control as hybrid dysgenesis itself. That is, the mutability of snw was reversibly suppressed when placed in the background cytotype known to prevent sterility and other characteristics of hybrid dysgenesis. These results suggest that snw may represent an insertion at the singed locus of a hypothetical gene responsible for hybrid dysgenesis.", "PMID": 115009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11568", "title": "Effect of anti-HLA antisera on macrophage-T-cell interactions.", "content": "Human T lymphocytes were shown to proliferate in response to tetanus toxoid antigen only in the presence of macrophages. This response was inhibited by anti-DRw but not by anti-HLA (A and B loci) antisera added to the cultures and by pretreatment of macrophages but not of T cells with anti-DRw antisera and complement. Macrophages pulsed for 18 hr with antigen and then washed were capable of triggering T-cell proliferation. Addition of anti-DRw but not anti-HLA (A and B loci) antisera during the pulse period inhibited the macrophages' ability to trigger T-cell proliferation. The data obtained indicate that human T cells recognize and proliferate in response to antigen presented by the macrophages in association with Ia-like antigens.", "contents": "Effect of anti-HLA antisera on macrophage-T-cell interactions. Human T lymphocytes were shown to proliferate in response to tetanus toxoid antigen only in the presence of macrophages. This response was inhibited by anti-DRw but not by anti-HLA (A and B loci) antisera added to the cultures and by pretreatment of macrophages but not of T cells with anti-DRw antisera and complement. Macrophages pulsed for 18 hr with antigen and then washed were capable of triggering T-cell proliferation. Addition of anti-DRw but not anti-HLA (A and B loci) antisera during the pulse period inhibited the macrophages' ability to trigger T-cell proliferation. The data obtained indicate that human T cells recognize and proliferate in response to antigen presented by the macrophages in association with Ia-like antigens.", "PMID": 115010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11569", "title": "Comparison of behavioral effects of systemic L-DOPA and intracranial dopamine in mesolimbic forebrain of nonhuman primates.", "content": "The systemic administration of L-DOPA and carbidopa to six rhesus and four squirrel monkeys produced an initial period of depressed activity followed by increased locomotion, hypervigilance, involuntary oral-facial movements and a gnawing syndrome. The squirrel monkey exhibited a depressed phase, locomotor stimulation, searching behavior, stereotypic grooming and gnawing syndrome. Most of these activities were prevented by pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg haloperidol. Bilateral injection of 100 microgram dopamine into the mesolimbic forebrain of four squirrel monkeys also produced an initial depression followed by hyperactivity similar to that produced by L-DOPA, but without gnawing. A stereotyped submissive or juvenile posturing occurred in three animals. These DA-induced activities were blocked by 0.1 mg/kg haloperidol. Similar injection of 100 microgram L-norepinephrine produced a profound depression followed by moderate activity coupled with loss of extensor muscle strength in the legs. Bilateral injection of 300 microgram dopamine into the nucleus accumbens of a rhesus monkey produced stereotypic pacing. These data confirm in primates the importance of dopaminergic mechanisms of the mesolimbic forebrain in locomotor activity and behavior.", "contents": "Comparison of behavioral effects of systemic L-DOPA and intracranial dopamine in mesolimbic forebrain of nonhuman primates. The systemic administration of L-DOPA and carbidopa to six rhesus and four squirrel monkeys produced an initial period of depressed activity followed by increased locomotion, hypervigilance, involuntary oral-facial movements and a gnawing syndrome. The squirrel monkey exhibited a depressed phase, locomotor stimulation, searching behavior, stereotypic grooming and gnawing syndrome. Most of these activities were prevented by pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg haloperidol. Bilateral injection of 100 microgram dopamine into the mesolimbic forebrain of four squirrel monkeys also produced an initial depression followed by hyperactivity similar to that produced by L-DOPA, but without gnawing. A stereotyped submissive or juvenile posturing occurred in three animals. These DA-induced activities were blocked by 0.1 mg/kg haloperidol. Similar injection of 100 microgram L-norepinephrine produced a profound depression followed by moderate activity coupled with loss of extensor muscle strength in the legs. Bilateral injection of 300 microgram dopamine into the nucleus accumbens of a rhesus monkey produced stereotypic pacing. These data confirm in primates the importance of dopaminergic mechanisms of the mesolimbic forebrain in locomotor activity and behavior.", "PMID": 115011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11570", "title": "Reversal learning deficits in young monkeys exposed to lead.", "content": "The reversal learning capacity of young rhesus monkeys in visual discrimination tasks was examined during daily exposure to dietary lead acetate throughout the first year of life. While not affected in physical development, all lead-treated monkeys showed performance deficits on reversal learning tasks. These deficits were independent of lead-induced changes in motivation. Over a series of problems, the overall learning rate of monkeys with blood lead concentrations in the range of 70-90 microgram/dl was retarded, which resulted partly from a pronounced difficulty in attaining criterion on the first of a series of reversals within a given problem. This latter deficit resulted from an increase in errors, balks, and total trials to criterion on the first reversal. Monkeys exposed to blood lead concentrations of 40-60 microgram/dl required significantly more trials to finish all problems, but did not show the first-reversal deficit. Theoretical implications of these data were discussed.", "contents": "Reversal learning deficits in young monkeys exposed to lead. The reversal learning capacity of young rhesus monkeys in visual discrimination tasks was examined during daily exposure to dietary lead acetate throughout the first year of life. While not affected in physical development, all lead-treated monkeys showed performance deficits on reversal learning tasks. These deficits were independent of lead-induced changes in motivation. Over a series of problems, the overall learning rate of monkeys with blood lead concentrations in the range of 70-90 microgram/dl was retarded, which resulted partly from a pronounced difficulty in attaining criterion on the first of a series of reversals within a given problem. This latter deficit resulted from an increase in errors, balks, and total trials to criterion on the first reversal. Monkeys exposed to blood lead concentrations of 40-60 microgram/dl required significantly more trials to finish all problems, but did not show the first-reversal deficit. Theoretical implications of these data were discussed.", "PMID": 115012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11571", "title": "Ethanol drinking by rhesus monkeys with concurrent access to water.", "content": "Three monkeys were provided concurrent access to water and ethanol in concentrations of either 8, 16 or 32% (w/v) during daily 3-hr sessions. The monkeys were those for whom ethanol had been established as a reinforcer in an earlier study in which only ethanol or water was available. Ethanol was preferred to water at all concentrations and volume of ethanol consumed was inversely related to ethanol concentration. Quantity of ethanol (g/kg of body wt.) consumed remained relatively constant, and blood ethanol determinations confirmed that the monkeys were drinking ethanol. Water drinking occurred at negligible levels except by one monkey at 16 and 32% who followed ethanol drinking bouts by water bouts (chasers) in a manner similar to that reported in other studies. Two monkeys were also provided concurrent access to 8% ethanol and water during 23-hr daily sessions. Under these conditions, ethanol was consumed every few hours to the near exclusion of water. The significance of this study lies largely in its procedure; that is, the development and application of a concurrent water-ethanol preparation in which ethanol serves as a reinforcer for rhesus monkeys. This preparation should be useful in the evaluation of a wide range of factors suspected to control alcoholic drinking.", "contents": "Ethanol drinking by rhesus monkeys with concurrent access to water. Three monkeys were provided concurrent access to water and ethanol in concentrations of either 8, 16 or 32% (w/v) during daily 3-hr sessions. The monkeys were those for whom ethanol had been established as a reinforcer in an earlier study in which only ethanol or water was available. Ethanol was preferred to water at all concentrations and volume of ethanol consumed was inversely related to ethanol concentration. Quantity of ethanol (g/kg of body wt.) consumed remained relatively constant, and blood ethanol determinations confirmed that the monkeys were drinking ethanol. Water drinking occurred at negligible levels except by one monkey at 16 and 32% who followed ethanol drinking bouts by water bouts (chasers) in a manner similar to that reported in other studies. Two monkeys were also provided concurrent access to 8% ethanol and water during 23-hr daily sessions. Under these conditions, ethanol was consumed every few hours to the near exclusion of water. The significance of this study lies largely in its procedure; that is, the development and application of a concurrent water-ethanol preparation in which ethanol serves as a reinforcer for rhesus monkeys. This preparation should be useful in the evaluation of a wide range of factors suspected to control alcoholic drinking.", "PMID": 115013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11572", "title": "Effects of phencyclidine, atropine and physostigmine, alone and in combination, on variable-interval performance in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "The role played by cholinergic activity in the effects of phencyclidine (PCP) on schedule-controlled responding was studied in three squirrel monkeys trained to respond on a variable-interval (VI) 100 sec schedule of food presentation. A low dose of PCP (0.08 mg/kg IM) produced small increases in rates of responding. Higher doses (0.16--0.64 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in rates of responding. Atropine (0.05--3.2 mg/kg IM) and physostigmine (0.025--0.20 mg/kg IM) caused only decreases in response rates, the dose-response curve for atropine being particularly flat over a wide range of doses. When atropine was combined with PCP, no significant interaction was obtained. When physostigmine was combined with PCP, a complex interaction was observed. Evidence fo partial antagonism of PCP by physostigmine was obtained only at the highest PCP dose tested. Atropine-physostigmine combinations resulted in response rates suggestive of antagonism.", "contents": "Effects of phencyclidine, atropine and physostigmine, alone and in combination, on variable-interval performance in the squirrel monkey. The role played by cholinergic activity in the effects of phencyclidine (PCP) on schedule-controlled responding was studied in three squirrel monkeys trained to respond on a variable-interval (VI) 100 sec schedule of food presentation. A low dose of PCP (0.08 mg/kg IM) produced small increases in rates of responding. Higher doses (0.16--0.64 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in rates of responding. Atropine (0.05--3.2 mg/kg IM) and physostigmine (0.025--0.20 mg/kg IM) caused only decreases in response rates, the dose-response curve for atropine being particularly flat over a wide range of doses. When atropine was combined with PCP, no significant interaction was obtained. When physostigmine was combined with PCP, a complex interaction was observed. Evidence fo partial antagonism of PCP by physostigmine was obtained only at the highest PCP dose tested. Atropine-physostigmine combinations resulted in response rates suggestive of antagonism.", "PMID": 115014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11573", "title": "Effects of response-contingent clock stimuli on behavior maintained by intravenous codeine in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Response-contingent brief presentations of clock stimuli differentially correlated with food availability altered rates of codeine-maintained lever pressing. Rhesus monkeys performed under a two lever multiple schedule: Multiple fixed interval clock 5 min variable interval 2 min. Different colored lights were presented during successive 75 sec period of the fixed-interval clock component. Lever pressing under the FI Clock schedule was maintained by presentation of 1 g Noyes pellets, and lever pressing under the VI schedule by 0.05 mg/kg infusions of codeine PO4. Characteristic schedule-controlled performance developed in both schedule components. When the clock stimulus from the first or the final period of the FI Clock schedule was presented contingent upon completion of a short fixed ratio of responses during the variable-interval schedule component, the first clock stimulus decreased and the final clock stimulus increased rates of codeine-maintained lever pressing. Neither the first nor the final clock stimulus altered the frequency of codeine injection. The effect of each clock stimulus was accentuated by increasing the duration of stimulus presentation and by decreasing the response requirement for stimulus illumination. These rate-altering effects of the clock stimuli were most pronounced when different reinforcers were presented in the two components of the multiple schedule when either food or intravenous codeine injection was available under both components of the multiple schedule, response-contingent clock stimulus presentation did not alter response rates under the VI schedule.", "contents": "Effects of response-contingent clock stimuli on behavior maintained by intravenous codeine in the rhesus monkey. Response-contingent brief presentations of clock stimuli differentially correlated with food availability altered rates of codeine-maintained lever pressing. Rhesus monkeys performed under a two lever multiple schedule: Multiple fixed interval clock 5 min variable interval 2 min. Different colored lights were presented during successive 75 sec period of the fixed-interval clock component. Lever pressing under the FI Clock schedule was maintained by presentation of 1 g Noyes pellets, and lever pressing under the VI schedule by 0.05 mg/kg infusions of codeine PO4. Characteristic schedule-controlled performance developed in both schedule components. When the clock stimulus from the first or the final period of the FI Clock schedule was presented contingent upon completion of a short fixed ratio of responses during the variable-interval schedule component, the first clock stimulus decreased and the final clock stimulus increased rates of codeine-maintained lever pressing. Neither the first nor the final clock stimulus altered the frequency of codeine injection. The effect of each clock stimulus was accentuated by increasing the duration of stimulus presentation and by decreasing the response requirement for stimulus illumination. These rate-altering effects of the clock stimuli were most pronounced when different reinforcers were presented in the two components of the multiple schedule when either food or intravenous codeine injection was available under both components of the multiple schedule, response-contingent clock stimulus presentation did not alter response rates under the VI schedule.", "PMID": 115015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11574", "title": "The effects of antiasthmatic drugs against immune complex-induced bronchoconstriction in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Bronchoconstriction was induced in nonsensitized dogs by intravenous injections of soluble immune complexes. Immune complex-induced bronchoconstriction was associated with a drop in blood pressure and a drop in the circulating complement levels. Different antiasthmatic agents were compared for their effects in dogs against bronchoconstriction induced by intravenous injections of immune complexes or histamone. Bronchodilators (isoproterenol, aminophylline, and bitolterol) inhibited both types of bronchoconstriction, whereas disodium cromoglycate, prednisone, and oxarbazole inhibited only bronchoconstriction induced by immune complexes. Thenyldiamine and atropine inhibited histamine- and carbachol-induced bronchoconstriction, respectively, but they were ineffective at the same doses against immune complex-induced bronchoconstriction.", "contents": "The effects of antiasthmatic drugs against immune complex-induced bronchoconstriction in anesthetized dogs. Bronchoconstriction was induced in nonsensitized dogs by intravenous injections of soluble immune complexes. Immune complex-induced bronchoconstriction was associated with a drop in blood pressure and a drop in the circulating complement levels. Different antiasthmatic agents were compared for their effects in dogs against bronchoconstriction induced by intravenous injections of immune complexes or histamone. Bronchodilators (isoproterenol, aminophylline, and bitolterol) inhibited both types of bronchoconstriction, whereas disodium cromoglycate, prednisone, and oxarbazole inhibited only bronchoconstriction induced by immune complexes. Thenyldiamine and atropine inhibited histamine- and carbachol-induced bronchoconstriction, respectively, but they were ineffective at the same doses against immune complex-induced bronchoconstriction.", "PMID": 115021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11575", "title": "[Neuroendocrinological changes under longterm therapy with lithium salts (author's transl)].", "content": "15 patients with formerly endogenous recurrent depression or manic-depressive illness free of psychotic symptoms, who are under lithium prophylaxis about 3,9 years, and 16 healthy controls with approximately the same age and sex were tested with 0,1 U Insulin/kg, 200 micrograms TRH and 50 micrograms LHRH for their hGH-, TSH-, hPRL-, FSH-, LH-and Cortisol levels about 2 hours. hPRL, FSH and LH did not show any change under lithium salts. All patients under lithium showed elevated TSH-levels under basal conditions and after stimulation compared with the control groups. For the young women before menopause the difference was highly significant. Men and praemenopausal women had significantly higher hGH-levels after stimulation under lithium than the normal controls. However postmenopausal women did not show this lithium effect on their hGH levels.", "contents": "[Neuroendocrinological changes under longterm therapy with lithium salts (author's transl)]. 15 patients with formerly endogenous recurrent depression or manic-depressive illness free of psychotic symptoms, who are under lithium prophylaxis about 3,9 years, and 16 healthy controls with approximately the same age and sex were tested with 0,1 U Insulin/kg, 200 micrograms TRH and 50 micrograms LHRH for their hGH-, TSH-, hPRL-, FSH-, LH-and Cortisol levels about 2 hours. hPRL, FSH and LH did not show any change under lithium salts. All patients under lithium showed elevated TSH-levels under basal conditions and after stimulation compared with the control groups. For the young women before menopause the difference was highly significant. Men and praemenopausal women had significantly higher hGH-levels after stimulation under lithium than the normal controls. However postmenopausal women did not show this lithium effect on their hGH levels.", "PMID": 115022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11576", "title": "Object-related vs. narcissistic depression: a theoretical and clinical study.", "content": "This paper has focused on the sense of helplessness as an essential component of a depressive reaction. By inference, a sense of mastery and ability to achieve goals seems essential for a sense of well-being. Both patients presented here revealed infantile fantasies that hampered their exercising this mastery, and the path to well-being was the analysis of these fantasies. The treatment plans differed, though, in the locus of the fantasies. In an object-related depression such as Mr. Janson's, the fantasy involved the inhbition of functioning--that is, the inability to express aggression--and the treatment aimed at removing the inhibition. In a narcissistic depression such as Miss Gaynor's, the helplessness was not due to inhibited functioning per se. Rather, her goals were unrealistic, unattainable, and based on unconscious fantasies. Here the aim of treatment was the development of more reality-adapted and attainable objectives and the concommitant internalization of a more realistic sense of her own worth. Thus the common denominator in both depressive reactions was a sense of helplessness, and the path toward increased self-esteem was by way of the development of a sense of mastery and competence.", "contents": "Object-related vs. narcissistic depression: a theoretical and clinical study. This paper has focused on the sense of helplessness as an essential component of a depressive reaction. By inference, a sense of mastery and ability to achieve goals seems essential for a sense of well-being. Both patients presented here revealed infantile fantasies that hampered their exercising this mastery, and the path to well-being was the analysis of these fantasies. The treatment plans differed, though, in the locus of the fantasies. In an object-related depression such as Mr. Janson's, the fantasy involved the inhbition of functioning--that is, the inability to express aggression--and the treatment aimed at removing the inhibition. In a narcissistic depression such as Miss Gaynor's, the helplessness was not due to inhibited functioning per se. Rather, her goals were unrealistic, unattainable, and based on unconscious fantasies. Here the aim of treatment was the development of more reality-adapted and attainable objectives and the concommitant internalization of a more realistic sense of her own worth. Thus the common denominator in both depressive reactions was a sense of helplessness, and the path toward increased self-esteem was by way of the development of a sense of mastery and competence.", "PMID": 115026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11577", "title": "Reduction of MOPEG levels in cerebrospinal fluid of psychotic women after electroconvulsive treatment.", "content": "The effect of ECT on concentrations of monoamine metabolites in lumbar CSF of psychotic women with a schizophrenic symptomatology was examined. After a series of ECT there was a significant reduction of the concentration of the major noradrenaline metabolite, MOPEG. Levels of HVA, 5-HIAA, prolactin, or total protein in CSF were not significantly influenced by treatment. The results indicate a specific alteration of central noradrenaline metabolism in relation to ECT.", "contents": "Reduction of MOPEG levels in cerebrospinal fluid of psychotic women after electroconvulsive treatment. The effect of ECT on concentrations of monoamine metabolites in lumbar CSF of psychotic women with a schizophrenic symptomatology was examined. After a series of ECT there was a significant reduction of the concentration of the major noradrenaline metabolite, MOPEG. Levels of HVA, 5-HIAA, prolactin, or total protein in CSF were not significantly influenced by treatment. The results indicate a specific alteration of central noradrenaline metabolism in relation to ECT.", "PMID": 115032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11578", "title": "Effect of sulpiride on monoaminergic mechanisms in psychotic women.", "content": "Concentrations of the major monoamine metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA) 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethylene glycol (MOPEG), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined in lumbar CSF of psychotic women with a schizophrenic symptomatology before and 4 weeks after treatment with sulpiride (Dogmatil 200 mg x 4). The metabolites were determined by a mass fragmentographic method. Prolactin concentrations in CSF and plasma were determined by radioimmunoassay. The clinical effects were evaluated by ratings according to the comprehensive psychopathology rating scale (CPRS) and a scale for side effects. Levels of HVA and prolactin in CSF and plasma were significantly elevated during treatment. No effects on concentrations of MOPEG or 5-HIAA were observed. The biochemical data indicate that clinical doses of sulpiride blocked dopamine receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway as well as in the tuberoinfundibular system. Treatment with sulpiride was associated with marked reductions in psychotic morbidity.", "contents": "Effect of sulpiride on monoaminergic mechanisms in psychotic women. Concentrations of the major monoamine metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA) 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethylene glycol (MOPEG), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined in lumbar CSF of psychotic women with a schizophrenic symptomatology before and 4 weeks after treatment with sulpiride (Dogmatil 200 mg x 4). The metabolites were determined by a mass fragmentographic method. Prolactin concentrations in CSF and plasma were determined by radioimmunoassay. The clinical effects were evaluated by ratings according to the comprehensive psychopathology rating scale (CPRS) and a scale for side effects. Levels of HVA and prolactin in CSF and plasma were significantly elevated during treatment. No effects on concentrations of MOPEG or 5-HIAA were observed. The biochemical data indicate that clinical doses of sulpiride blocked dopamine receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway as well as in the tuberoinfundibular system. Treatment with sulpiride was associated with marked reductions in psychotic morbidity.", "PMID": 115033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11579", "title": "Inhibition of 5-HT uptake into neurons and platelets in mice treated chronically with chlorimipramine and femoxetine.", "content": "A single treatment with 5-HT uptake inhibitors potentiates the hypermotility in mice produced by the MAO-inhibitor nialamide. The effect of nialamide on motility was studied in mice after 4 weeks of feeding with a normal diet and diets containing various concentrations of the 5-HT uptake inhibitors chlorimipramine and femoxetine. Chronic treatment with the two substances enhanced the motor effects of nialamide about equally, which indicates a preservation of the neuronal 5-HT uptake inhibition during such treatment. The effect of chlorimipramine and femoxetine was obtained at plasma levels equivalent to or lower than the steady-state plasma concentrations found in patients treated with two 5-HT uptake inhibitors. Determination of decreased blood 5-HT after the 4 weeks of treatment was used as an in vivo test for inhibition of 5-HT uptake into platelets. Femoxetine was a much weaker depletor of blood 5-HT than chlorimipramine. These results indicate that blockade of neuronal 5-HT uptake is obtained at lower doses of femoxetine than blockade of 5-HT uptake into platelets. In contrast, chlorimipramine presumably inhibits 5-HT uptake into neurons and platelets at about the same dose.", "contents": "Inhibition of 5-HT uptake into neurons and platelets in mice treated chronically with chlorimipramine and femoxetine. A single treatment with 5-HT uptake inhibitors potentiates the hypermotility in mice produced by the MAO-inhibitor nialamide. The effect of nialamide on motility was studied in mice after 4 weeks of feeding with a normal diet and diets containing various concentrations of the 5-HT uptake inhibitors chlorimipramine and femoxetine. Chronic treatment with the two substances enhanced the motor effects of nialamide about equally, which indicates a preservation of the neuronal 5-HT uptake inhibition during such treatment. The effect of chlorimipramine and femoxetine was obtained at plasma levels equivalent to or lower than the steady-state plasma concentrations found in patients treated with two 5-HT uptake inhibitors. Determination of decreased blood 5-HT after the 4 weeks of treatment was used as an in vivo test for inhibition of 5-HT uptake into platelets. Femoxetine was a much weaker depletor of blood 5-HT than chlorimipramine. These results indicate that blockade of neuronal 5-HT uptake is obtained at lower doses of femoxetine than blockade of 5-HT uptake into platelets. In contrast, chlorimipramine presumably inhibits 5-HT uptake into neurons and platelets at about the same dose.", "PMID": 115034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11580", "title": "Differential effects of nicotine and amphetamine on locomotor activity and maze exploration in two rat lines.", "content": "Separate groups of two different rat breeding lines, Roman High Avoidance (RHA/Verh.) and Roman Low Avoidance (RLA/Verh.), treated with either saline, nicotine (0.2 mg/kg), or amphetamine (0.4 mg/kg) were compared for exploratory efficiency and for exploratory locomotion by using two different mazes on alternate testing days. The RHA/Verh. rats generally showed more locomotion but less intermaze transfer of exploratory efficency than the RLA/Verh. rats. Nicotine did not alter exploratory efficiency but stimulated locomotor activity in the RHA/Verh. rats, while it did not significantly alter either category of behavior in the RLA/Verh. rats. Amphetamine stimulated locomotor activity in both rat lines but this stimulation was weaker in comparison with that of nicotine. In contrast to nicotine, amphetamine impaired exploratory efficiency in the RHA/Verh. rats. Like nicotine, amphetamine did not significantly affect exploratory efficiency in the RLA/Verh. rats. The results demonstrate that, when the two lines of rats are compared, there is a dissociation of the two categories of behavior and a further differentiation between nicotine and amphetamine effects.", "contents": "Differential effects of nicotine and amphetamine on locomotor activity and maze exploration in two rat lines. Separate groups of two different rat breeding lines, Roman High Avoidance (RHA/Verh.) and Roman Low Avoidance (RLA/Verh.), treated with either saline, nicotine (0.2 mg/kg), or amphetamine (0.4 mg/kg) were compared for exploratory efficiency and for exploratory locomotion by using two different mazes on alternate testing days. The RHA/Verh. rats generally showed more locomotion but less intermaze transfer of exploratory efficency than the RLA/Verh. rats. Nicotine did not alter exploratory efficiency but stimulated locomotor activity in the RHA/Verh. rats, while it did not significantly alter either category of behavior in the RLA/Verh. rats. Amphetamine stimulated locomotor activity in both rat lines but this stimulation was weaker in comparison with that of nicotine. In contrast to nicotine, amphetamine impaired exploratory efficiency in the RHA/Verh. rats. Like nicotine, amphetamine did not significantly affect exploratory efficiency in the RLA/Verh. rats. The results demonstrate that, when the two lines of rats are compared, there is a dissociation of the two categories of behavior and a further differentiation between nicotine and amphetamine effects.", "PMID": 115035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11581", "title": "Deficits of escape performance following catecholamine depletion: implications for behavioral deficits induced by uncontrollable stress.", "content": "Following exposure to inescapable shock, mice exhibit deficits of escape performance, which are progressively more pronounced as training continues. Comparable effects were produced by DA and NE depletion by alpha-MpT and reserpine, NE depletion by FLA-63, and DA receptor blockade through haloperidol. Treatment with PCPA or 5-HTP did not influence performance. The disruptive effects of reserpine and alpha-MpT, as well as haloperidol and FLA-63, were additive. Unexpectedly, mice that received both reserpine and FLA-63 exhibited escape latencies that were significantly lower than those of mice that received either treatment alone. Consistent with the view that increased DA synthesis in the reserpine plus FLA-63 condition prevented the escape interference, L-DOPA antagonized the effects of both alpha-MpT and FLA-63. The results suggest that DA and NE act in a serial fashion to produce the escape deficits. Moreover, although both newly synthesized and previously stored amines contribute to the interference, the short latency responses seen during initial test trials could not be ascribed to previously stored amines.", "contents": "Deficits of escape performance following catecholamine depletion: implications for behavioral deficits induced by uncontrollable stress. Following exposure to inescapable shock, mice exhibit deficits of escape performance, which are progressively more pronounced as training continues. Comparable effects were produced by DA and NE depletion by alpha-MpT and reserpine, NE depletion by FLA-63, and DA receptor blockade through haloperidol. Treatment with PCPA or 5-HTP did not influence performance. The disruptive effects of reserpine and alpha-MpT, as well as haloperidol and FLA-63, were additive. Unexpectedly, mice that received both reserpine and FLA-63 exhibited escape latencies that were significantly lower than those of mice that received either treatment alone. Consistent with the view that increased DA synthesis in the reserpine plus FLA-63 condition prevented the escape interference, L-DOPA antagonized the effects of both alpha-MpT and FLA-63. The results suggest that DA and NE act in a serial fashion to produce the escape deficits. Moreover, although both newly synthesized and previously stored amines contribute to the interference, the short latency responses seen during initial test trials could not be ascribed to previously stored amines.", "PMID": 115036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11582", "title": "A rating scale for tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "A rating scale for tardive dyskinesia was developed, consisting of nearly all signs seen by two groups of investigators over a 5-year period. Thirty-four items were included in the scale with a possibility of writing in idiosyncratic signs. The scale was shown to have good reliability and validity in studies carried out by both the New York and Boston groups. It is recommended as a suitable instrument for describing the breadth of tardive dyskinesia syndrome and also for quantifying the disorder. A second scale, \"the abbreviated dyskinesia scale\", contains 13 items which are more global than the items in the original scale. It also has been shown to be both reliable and valid. Its use is suited to situations requiring less extensively detailed assessments.", "contents": "A rating scale for tardive dyskinesia. A rating scale for tardive dyskinesia was developed, consisting of nearly all signs seen by two groups of investigators over a 5-year period. Thirty-four items were included in the scale with a possibility of writing in idiosyncratic signs. The scale was shown to have good reliability and validity in studies carried out by both the New York and Boston groups. It is recommended as a suitable instrument for describing the breadth of tardive dyskinesia syndrome and also for quantifying the disorder. A second scale, \"the abbreviated dyskinesia scale\", contains 13 items which are more global than the items in the original scale. It also has been shown to be both reliable and valid. Its use is suited to situations requiring less extensively detailed assessments.", "PMID": 115037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11583", "title": "Enhancement by chlordiazepoxide of the anticholinergic-induced locomotor stimulation in mice.", "content": "Spontaneous locomotor activity has been studied in mice treated with chlordiazepoxide, atropine, and scopolamine, given alone or in combination. Chlordiazepoxide alone increased activity for a short time, while the two anticholinergic drugs produced longer lasting stimulatory effects. Locomotor stimulation was stronger when chlordiazepoxide and anticholinergics were given in combination.", "contents": "Enhancement by chlordiazepoxide of the anticholinergic-induced locomotor stimulation in mice. Spontaneous locomotor activity has been studied in mice treated with chlordiazepoxide, atropine, and scopolamine, given alone or in combination. Chlordiazepoxide alone increased activity for a short time, while the two anticholinergic drugs produced longer lasting stimulatory effects. Locomotor stimulation was stronger when chlordiazepoxide and anticholinergics were given in combination.", "PMID": 115038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11584", "title": "The effects of chlordiazepoxide on self-rated depression, anxiety, and well-being.", "content": "The main purpose of this study was to compare sensitivity of several self-rating scales to drug effects in anxious and depressed patients. Twenty-two distressed nonpsychotic outpatients completed a double-blind crossover trial of chlordiazepoxide and placebo. All self-rating scales of depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, and feelings of inadequacy discriminated significantly between chlordiazepoxide and placebo. The decrease in self-rated depression was about equal to the decrease in self-rated anxiety. Subscales describing well-being were more sensitive to drug effects than subscales describing symptoms. A questionnaire (The Symptom Questionnaire) and one of the self-rating scales (Symptom Rating Test) were more sensitive than global self-rating scales, global observer-rating scales, and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. Some of the self-rating scales discriminated significantly between drug and placebo even when the sample size was reduced to two subsamples of eight patients each. High and significant positive correlations between two scales did not indicate equal sensitivity in discriminating between drug and placebo.", "contents": "The effects of chlordiazepoxide on self-rated depression, anxiety, and well-being. The main purpose of this study was to compare sensitivity of several self-rating scales to drug effects in anxious and depressed patients. Twenty-two distressed nonpsychotic outpatients completed a double-blind crossover trial of chlordiazepoxide and placebo. All self-rating scales of depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, and feelings of inadequacy discriminated significantly between chlordiazepoxide and placebo. The decrease in self-rated depression was about equal to the decrease in self-rated anxiety. Subscales describing well-being were more sensitive to drug effects than subscales describing symptoms. A questionnaire (The Symptom Questionnaire) and one of the self-rating scales (Symptom Rating Test) were more sensitive than global self-rating scales, global observer-rating scales, and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. Some of the self-rating scales discriminated significantly between drug and placebo even when the sample size was reduced to two subsamples of eight patients each. High and significant positive correlations between two scales did not indicate equal sensitivity in discriminating between drug and placebo.", "PMID": 115039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11585", "title": "Serotonin uptake by blood platelets of acute schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Active uptake of serotonin by blood platelets of acute schizophrenic patients has been compared to that of a control group. Preliminary results presented in this article indicate that the uptake of the schizophrenic patients was about 40% lower than that of controls. Patients were followed over a period of 5 weeks with no significant change in uptake.", "contents": "Serotonin uptake by blood platelets of acute schizophrenic patients. Active uptake of serotonin by blood platelets of acute schizophrenic patients has been compared to that of a control group. Preliminary results presented in this article indicate that the uptake of the schizophrenic patients was about 40% lower than that of controls. Patients were followed over a period of 5 weeks with no significant change in uptake.", "PMID": 115040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11586", "title": "Modification of the behavioural effects of amphetamine by a GABA agonist in a primate species.", "content": "Acute administration of d-amphetamine in the marmoset results in a dose dependent increase in small head movements (checking), and an almost total suppression of purposeful activities and social interaction. It has little effect on locomotion and does not induce stereotyped gnawing. The GABA-agonist, muscimol, decreases checking, locomotion, activities and social interaction when given alone, but induces jerking movements at large doses. When administered in combination with amphetamine, muscimol induces persistent stereotyped gnawing. On the basis of the present findings and those of experiments in rodents it is suggested that compulsive gnawing results from overactivity in the striatal efferent pathway, while checking is probably mediated by extra-striatal sites. Since the behavioural effects of muscimol resemble those of the typical neuroleptics with the exception of the induction of gnawing, it is suggested that muscimol, though sedative, may counteract certain extrapyramidal effects of neuroleptic treatment while facilitating their other behavioural effects.", "contents": "Modification of the behavioural effects of amphetamine by a GABA agonist in a primate species. Acute administration of d-amphetamine in the marmoset results in a dose dependent increase in small head movements (checking), and an almost total suppression of purposeful activities and social interaction. It has little effect on locomotion and does not induce stereotyped gnawing. The GABA-agonist, muscimol, decreases checking, locomotion, activities and social interaction when given alone, but induces jerking movements at large doses. When administered in combination with amphetamine, muscimol induces persistent stereotyped gnawing. On the basis of the present findings and those of experiments in rodents it is suggested that compulsive gnawing results from overactivity in the striatal efferent pathway, while checking is probably mediated by extra-striatal sites. Since the behavioural effects of muscimol resemble those of the typical neuroleptics with the exception of the induction of gnawing, it is suggested that muscimol, though sedative, may counteract certain extrapyramidal effects of neuroleptic treatment while facilitating their other behavioural effects.", "PMID": 115041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11587", "title": "An associative analysis of pretreatment effects in gustatory conditioning by amphetamine.", "content": "Various attempts have been made to account for the fact that pertreatment with some pharmacological agents reduces the ability of such agents to induce conditioned aversion to a flavor. One explanation, based on the concept of tolerance, suggests that pretreatment is effective because it renders the animal less sensitive to direct effects of a given dose of the agent. A second explanation emphasizes the possibility that procedural consequences of pretreatment interfere with associability of flavor and drug effect during conditioning. The second explanation was tested in two experiments. In experiment I nonreinforced presentations of drug administration cues completely reversed the attenuating effects of amphetamine pretreatment on gustatory conditioning by amphetamine. This finding was replicated and extended in the second experiment which was also designed to eliminate an alternative nonassociative explanation for the results. The principle of associative blocking may explain the effect of pretreatment on subsequent gustatory conditioning by drugs.", "contents": "An associative analysis of pretreatment effects in gustatory conditioning by amphetamine. Various attempts have been made to account for the fact that pertreatment with some pharmacological agents reduces the ability of such agents to induce conditioned aversion to a flavor. One explanation, based on the concept of tolerance, suggests that pretreatment is effective because it renders the animal less sensitive to direct effects of a given dose of the agent. A second explanation emphasizes the possibility that procedural consequences of pretreatment interfere with associability of flavor and drug effect during conditioning. The second explanation was tested in two experiments. In experiment I nonreinforced presentations of drug administration cues completely reversed the attenuating effects of amphetamine pretreatment on gustatory conditioning by amphetamine. This finding was replicated and extended in the second experiment which was also designed to eliminate an alternative nonassociative explanation for the results. The principle of associative blocking may explain the effect of pretreatment on subsequent gustatory conditioning by drugs.", "PMID": 115042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11588", "title": "Associative factors in drug pretreatment effects on gustatory conditioning: cross-drug effects.", "content": "The pretreatment effect (PE) in gustatory avoidance conditioning refers to the fact that pretreatment with a variety of pharmacological agents subsequently reduces the ability of the same agents to induce gustatory aversion. Explanations of this phenomenon emphasize either tolerance or associative interference. Any explanation of the phenomenon must also account for the present findings which demonstrate the PE when agents of pretreatment and conditioning were pharmacologically dissimilar. Rats were pretreated with d-amphetamine and tested for acquisition of an aversion to saccharin conditioned by amphetamine or morphine. The PE was obtained regardless of the drug used in conditioning. An associative manipulation involving nonreinforced presentation of the drug administration cues (i.e., injections followed by saline instead of drug), that attenuated the PE when pretreatment and conditioning were with amphetamine, was also effective when the pretreatment agent was amphetamine and the conditioning agent was morphine. The findings were interpreted within a framework of compensatory conditioning of a general physiological mechanism common to all gustatory avoidance.", "contents": "Associative factors in drug pretreatment effects on gustatory conditioning: cross-drug effects. The pretreatment effect (PE) in gustatory avoidance conditioning refers to the fact that pretreatment with a variety of pharmacological agents subsequently reduces the ability of the same agents to induce gustatory aversion. Explanations of this phenomenon emphasize either tolerance or associative interference. Any explanation of the phenomenon must also account for the present findings which demonstrate the PE when agents of pretreatment and conditioning were pharmacologically dissimilar. Rats were pretreated with d-amphetamine and tested for acquisition of an aversion to saccharin conditioned by amphetamine or morphine. The PE was obtained regardless of the drug used in conditioning. An associative manipulation involving nonreinforced presentation of the drug administration cues (i.e., injections followed by saline instead of drug), that attenuated the PE when pretreatment and conditioning were with amphetamine, was also effective when the pretreatment agent was amphetamine and the conditioning agent was morphine. The findings were interpreted within a framework of compensatory conditioning of a general physiological mechanism common to all gustatory avoidance.", "PMID": 115043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11589", "title": "Behavioral activities of opioid peptides and morphine sulfate in golden hamsters and rats.", "content": "The behavioral effects of beta-endorphin, [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin and morphine were investigated in golden hamsters and in rats. In golden hamsters, beta-endorphin and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin induced loss of righting reflex, whereas morphine caused no such effect. Both opiate peptides and morphine caused the inhibition of tail-flick response and catalepsy in rats. beta-Endorphin was the most potent, followed by [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin and then by morphine. The catalepsy induced in rats by [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin was different from that of beta-endorphin and morphine in that it produced catalepsy without muscular rigidity. beta-Endorphin and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin caused hypothermia in golden hamsters; morphine was less active in altering the body temperature. beta-Endorphin caused hypothermia at high doses and hyperthermia at low doses in rats. These heterogenous behavioral responses indicate that multiple types of receptors mediate the effects of opiates in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Behavioral activities of opioid peptides and morphine sulfate in golden hamsters and rats. The behavioral effects of beta-endorphin, [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin and morphine were investigated in golden hamsters and in rats. In golden hamsters, beta-endorphin and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin induced loss of righting reflex, whereas morphine caused no such effect. Both opiate peptides and morphine caused the inhibition of tail-flick response and catalepsy in rats. beta-Endorphin was the most potent, followed by [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin and then by morphine. The catalepsy induced in rats by [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin was different from that of beta-endorphin and morphine in that it produced catalepsy without muscular rigidity. beta-Endorphin and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin caused hypothermia in golden hamsters; morphine was less active in altering the body temperature. beta-Endorphin caused hypothermia at high doses and hyperthermia at low doses in rats. These heterogenous behavioral responses indicate that multiple types of receptors mediate the effects of opiates in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 115044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11590", "title": "Behavioral effects of low, acute doses of d-amphetamine on the dyadic interaction between mother and infant vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) during the first six postnatal months.", "content": "Doses of d-amphetamine sulfate (0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mg/kg body weight) were given to adult monkeys in mother-infant pairs. The fundamental parental care behavior pattern was disrupted and the mother became isolated in a socially withdrawn phase. She did not respond to the calling signals of the infant and showed behavior in which stereotyped self-grooming and/or 'staring' into space were predominant. The reactions of the infant to this amphetamine-induced behavior were different in the two experimental pairs. In group 1 the infant increased its approach--avoidance movements. In group 2 the infant sat very quietly and close in front of the mother. The mother from group 1 reacted to the increased approaches from its infant with active rejection. In both groups the mothers did not react with the typical ventral--ventral grasping to either the infants sitting close or to the social anxiety signals of the infants. In spite of differences in behavior changes induced by amphetamine, the main conclusion is that the mothers totally lost their normal and highly biologic significant interest in their infants.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of low, acute doses of d-amphetamine on the dyadic interaction between mother and infant vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) during the first six postnatal months. Doses of d-amphetamine sulfate (0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mg/kg body weight) were given to adult monkeys in mother-infant pairs. The fundamental parental care behavior pattern was disrupted and the mother became isolated in a socially withdrawn phase. She did not respond to the calling signals of the infant and showed behavior in which stereotyped self-grooming and/or 'staring' into space were predominant. The reactions of the infant to this amphetamine-induced behavior were different in the two experimental pairs. In group 1 the infant increased its approach--avoidance movements. In group 2 the infant sat very quietly and close in front of the mother. The mother from group 1 reacted to the increased approaches from its infant with active rejection. In both groups the mothers did not react with the typical ventral--ventral grasping to either the infants sitting close or to the social anxiety signals of the infants. In spite of differences in behavior changes induced by amphetamine, the main conclusion is that the mothers totally lost their normal and highly biologic significant interest in their infants.", "PMID": 115045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11591", "title": "A comparative trial of the decanoates of flupenthixol and fluphenazine.", "content": "A double-blind trial was carried out comparing the effects of decanoates of flupenthixol and fluphenazine on the symptoms, ward behaviour and functional capacity in occupational therapy in 51 chronic schizophrenic patients. The patients were carefully selected on the basis of rigid criteria for diagnoses. To exclude nonresponders to neuroleptics the patients were first taken off neuroleptic drugs and only those who appeared to show deterioration were included in the trial. The dosage of drugs was varied according to clinical indications. The length of the trial was initially 4 months and 31 patients were followed for an additional 4 months. To ensure reliability multiple assessments were made at the start and the end of the trial. Most of the statistical tests showed no differences between the treatments, but some of those relating to affective symptoms showed an advantage for flupenthixol as compared with fluphenazine. There were no differences in the incidence of extra-pyramidal side-effects which required treatment in only 32% of the patients on each drug.", "contents": "A comparative trial of the decanoates of flupenthixol and fluphenazine. A double-blind trial was carried out comparing the effects of decanoates of flupenthixol and fluphenazine on the symptoms, ward behaviour and functional capacity in occupational therapy in 51 chronic schizophrenic patients. The patients were carefully selected on the basis of rigid criteria for diagnoses. To exclude nonresponders to neuroleptics the patients were first taken off neuroleptic drugs and only those who appeared to show deterioration were included in the trial. The dosage of drugs was varied according to clinical indications. The length of the trial was initially 4 months and 31 patients were followed for an additional 4 months. To ensure reliability multiple assessments were made at the start and the end of the trial. Most of the statistical tests showed no differences between the treatments, but some of those relating to affective symptoms showed an advantage for flupenthixol as compared with fluphenazine. There were no differences in the incidence of extra-pyramidal side-effects which required treatment in only 32% of the patients on each drug.", "PMID": 115046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11592", "title": "Different cigarette-smoker classification factors and subjective state in acute abstinence.", "content": "On each of 4 days after abstaining from cigarettes and other psychoactive materials for at least 10 h, 48 male cigarette smokers reported their mood before smoking the first cigarette of the day. Smokers were classified both by relative desire for smoking in situations inducive of high arousal or low arousal and by average daily consumption. Greater relative desire for smoking in high-arousal situations was associated with an abstinence syndrome of dysphoria. Compared to smokers with low consumption, medium-heavy smokers showed higher levels of tension-anxiety and were less deactivated while at the same time they were more fatigued and sleepy, indicating different relationships with different components of multifactorial arousal. Effects related to levels of cigarette consumption may have been confounded by tea/coffee withdrawal, however, abstinence states disappeared on smoking.", "contents": "Different cigarette-smoker classification factors and subjective state in acute abstinence. On each of 4 days after abstaining from cigarettes and other psychoactive materials for at least 10 h, 48 male cigarette smokers reported their mood before smoking the first cigarette of the day. Smokers were classified both by relative desire for smoking in situations inducive of high arousal or low arousal and by average daily consumption. Greater relative desire for smoking in high-arousal situations was associated with an abstinence syndrome of dysphoria. Compared to smokers with low consumption, medium-heavy smokers showed higher levels of tension-anxiety and were less deactivated while at the same time they were more fatigued and sleepy, indicating different relationships with different components of multifactorial arousal. Effects related to levels of cigarette consumption may have been confounded by tea/coffee withdrawal, however, abstinence states disappeared on smoking.", "PMID": 115047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11593", "title": "GABA-mediated behavioral inhibition during ontogeny in the mouse.", "content": "Although immature rats and mice generally demonstrate poor behavioral inhibitory capacities, some recent evidence may indicate the presence of substantial inhibitory control. The present experiment investigated the possibility that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems may mediate some behavioral inhibition during early development. Mice 9-100 days old were injected with the GABA-elevating agent amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) and tested for behavioral activity. High levels of locomotor activity characteristic of immature control mice were attenuated following AOAA injection, whereas AOAA had little effect on the activity of adult mice. Moreover, AOAA produced a period of rebound hyperactivity for young but not for adult mice. These findings suggest that although GABA systems may mediate early behavioral inhibition, coordination between excitatory and inhibitory capacities matures slowly. In a second experiment the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA-63 prevented rebound hyperactivity in young mice pretreated with AOAA, suggesting that the excitatory component may be mediated by noradrenergic systems.", "contents": "GABA-mediated behavioral inhibition during ontogeny in the mouse. Although immature rats and mice generally demonstrate poor behavioral inhibitory capacities, some recent evidence may indicate the presence of substantial inhibitory control. The present experiment investigated the possibility that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems may mediate some behavioral inhibition during early development. Mice 9-100 days old were injected with the GABA-elevating agent amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) and tested for behavioral activity. High levels of locomotor activity characteristic of immature control mice were attenuated following AOAA injection, whereas AOAA had little effect on the activity of adult mice. Moreover, AOAA produced a period of rebound hyperactivity for young but not for adult mice. These findings suggest that although GABA systems may mediate early behavioral inhibition, coordination between excitatory and inhibitory capacities matures slowly. In a second experiment the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA-63 prevented rebound hyperactivity in young mice pretreated with AOAA, suggesting that the excitatory component may be mediated by noradrenergic systems.", "PMID": 115048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11594", "title": "The effect of cannabidiol, alone and in combination with ethanol, on human performance.", "content": "Fifteen volunteers received cannabidiol (CBD) (320 microgram/kg) or placebo (both orally, T0), and 60 min later they consumed an ethanolic beverage (0.54 g/kg) or placebo. The effects were measured at T1 (100 min after CBD ingestion), T2 (160 min) and T3 (220 min) using cognitive, perceptual and motor function tests. Factorial analysis indicated that test procedures could be adequately expressed by three rotated factors: A reaction speed factor (I), a standing steadiness factor (II) and a psychomotor coordination/cognitive factor (III). Ethanol produced a significant decrement in factor III. There was no demonstrable effect of CBD, either alone or in combination with ethanol. Neither CBD nor ethanol produced any significant effect on pulse rate. Prior administration of CBD did not significantly affect the blood ethanol levels. Whilst the subjects were able to identify correctly when they were given ethanol, they did not report any subjective effects of CBD.", "contents": "The effect of cannabidiol, alone and in combination with ethanol, on human performance. Fifteen volunteers received cannabidiol (CBD) (320 microgram/kg) or placebo (both orally, T0), and 60 min later they consumed an ethanolic beverage (0.54 g/kg) or placebo. The effects were measured at T1 (100 min after CBD ingestion), T2 (160 min) and T3 (220 min) using cognitive, perceptual and motor function tests. Factorial analysis indicated that test procedures could be adequately expressed by three rotated factors: A reaction speed factor (I), a standing steadiness factor (II) and a psychomotor coordination/cognitive factor (III). Ethanol produced a significant decrement in factor III. There was no demonstrable effect of CBD, either alone or in combination with ethanol. Neither CBD nor ethanol produced any significant effect on pulse rate. Prior administration of CBD did not significantly affect the blood ethanol levels. Whilst the subjects were able to identify correctly when they were given ethanol, they did not report any subjective effects of CBD.", "PMID": 115049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11595", "title": "Facilitation of self-stimulation with high doses of amphetamine in the rat.", "content": "Rats were trained to self-stimulate by interrupting a photobeam and brain stimulation was maintained for as long as the beam of light was broken. d-Amphetamine sulphate was then administered and response rate and total duration of stimulation were recorded. Both response rate and total duration were elevated by 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 mg/kg dosages. The 1.4 s/response duration observed with saline was elevated to 2.0 s/response with 2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg doses. It was concluded that amphetamine's effects on self-stimulation are at least partially determined by the response requirements of the task employed.", "contents": "Facilitation of self-stimulation with high doses of amphetamine in the rat. Rats were trained to self-stimulate by interrupting a photobeam and brain stimulation was maintained for as long as the beam of light was broken. d-Amphetamine sulphate was then administered and response rate and total duration of stimulation were recorded. Both response rate and total duration were elevated by 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 mg/kg dosages. The 1.4 s/response duration observed with saline was elevated to 2.0 s/response with 2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg doses. It was concluded that amphetamine's effects on self-stimulation are at least partially determined by the response requirements of the task employed.", "PMID": 115050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11596", "title": "[Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Esophageal Intramural Pseudodiverticulosis (EIP) is a very rare disease, which may affect patients of all age. EIP is characterized by dilatation of the esophageal submucosal glandular elements. The characteristic radiographic appearance supported by endoscopy makes the diagnosis. Stenosis and motility disturbance caused by secondary chronic esophagitis due to EIP were found in most patients. The etiology of EIP is unknown.", "contents": "[Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (author's transl)]. Esophageal Intramural Pseudodiverticulosis (EIP) is a very rare disease, which may affect patients of all age. EIP is characterized by dilatation of the esophageal submucosal glandular elements. The characteristic radiographic appearance supported by endoscopy makes the diagnosis. Stenosis and motility disturbance caused by secondary chronic esophagitis due to EIP were found in most patients. The etiology of EIP is unknown.", "PMID": 115053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11597", "title": "[Radiotherapy of esophageal cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "There is general agreement on the effectiveness of radiotherapy in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and the advantage of rotation technique with conventional as well as supervoltage therapy. The use of small fields in order to reduce the possibility of damage to neighbouring structures requires a more accurate positioning of the target than the use of large fields. In kilovoltage therapy this was guaranteed by controlling the field by fluoroscopy and by the possibility for correction during irradiation. This accuracy and possibility for correction is not yet reliably obtainable in supervoltage therapy as demonstrated by the number of complications reported. In the future, more fractionation, possibly using a higher initial dose, followed by hyperthermia, should be contemplated in order to reduce the total dose. The combination with chemotherapy deserves further development as well. For the treatment of operable tumors, preoperative irradiation with 2000-3000 rads immediately followed by resection is again recommended.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of esophageal cancer (author's transl)]. There is general agreement on the effectiveness of radiotherapy in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and the advantage of rotation technique with conventional as well as supervoltage therapy. The use of small fields in order to reduce the possibility of damage to neighbouring structures requires a more accurate positioning of the target than the use of large fields. In kilovoltage therapy this was guaranteed by controlling the field by fluoroscopy and by the possibility for correction during irradiation. This accuracy and possibility for correction is not yet reliably obtainable in supervoltage therapy as demonstrated by the number of complications reported. In the future, more fractionation, possibly using a higher initial dose, followed by hyperthermia, should be contemplated in order to reduce the total dose. The combination with chemotherapy deserves further development as well. For the treatment of operable tumors, preoperative irradiation with 2000-3000 rads immediately followed by resection is again recommended.", "PMID": 115054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11598", "title": "[Prognostic criteria and clinical prerequisites of curative therapy of esophageal cancer by radiotherapy alone (author's transl)].", "content": "Survey of 289 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus treated solely by irradiation between 1961 and 1973. All patients fit for radiotherapy -- uniformly without further selection -- received a local dose of at least 6500 rads. This resulted in a 18% one year survival rate; only one patient lived more than five years. All patients were compared using different criteria to correlate the initial findings at the time of diagnosis with the type of therapy and the prognosis. Three treatment plans were established according to the initial clinical findings: a) palliative therapy, b) locally curative therapy and c) radical curative therapy. The treatment plan which seems to show the best results consists of preoperative irradiation with adjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical removal of the tumor. This plan should be pursued in all appropriate patients.", "contents": "[Prognostic criteria and clinical prerequisites of curative therapy of esophageal cancer by radiotherapy alone (author's transl)]. Survey of 289 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus treated solely by irradiation between 1961 and 1973. All patients fit for radiotherapy -- uniformly without further selection -- received a local dose of at least 6500 rads. This resulted in a 18% one year survival rate; only one patient lived more than five years. All patients were compared using different criteria to correlate the initial findings at the time of diagnosis with the type of therapy and the prognosis. Three treatment plans were established according to the initial clinical findings: a) palliative therapy, b) locally curative therapy and c) radical curative therapy. The treatment plan which seems to show the best results consists of preoperative irradiation with adjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical removal of the tumor. This plan should be pursued in all appropriate patients.", "PMID": 115055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11599", "title": "[Radiotherapy of esophageal cancer -- any improvement in prognosis? (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of radiotherapy (42 MeV-Beta-tron) on 93 patients with esophageal cancer treated between 1969 and 1976 are reported and compared with those in the literature (on orthovoltage- and telecobalt-therapy). Complete remissions occured in 29%; the one -- and two-year-survival-rate for all 93 patients was 38% and 24% respectively, and for patients with complete remission 74% and 44% respectively. Although there was improvement in complete remission and short term survival compared to that reported in the literature, the five-year-survival-rate (only about 5% of patients) showed no significant improvement.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of esophageal cancer -- any improvement in prognosis? (author's transl)]. Results of radiotherapy (42 MeV-Beta-tron) on 93 patients with esophageal cancer treated between 1969 and 1976 are reported and compared with those in the literature (on orthovoltage- and telecobalt-therapy). Complete remissions occured in 29%; the one -- and two-year-survival-rate for all 93 patients was 38% and 24% respectively, and for patients with complete remission 74% and 44% respectively. Although there was improvement in complete remission and short term survival compared to that reported in the literature, the five-year-survival-rate (only about 5% of patients) showed no significant improvement.", "PMID": 115056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11600", "title": "[Radiographic findings after duodenal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A gastroduodenostomy as part of partial gastric resection may change function and morphology of the duodenum in a typical fashion. End to side anastomosis may produce a blind pouch. An end to end anastomosis may lead to postanastomotic dilatation, which may mimick a duodenal bulb (a so called \"neo -- or pseudobulb\"). Abnormal duodenal peristalsis with atony may follow vagotomy, pyloroplasty, gastroduodenostomy or excisional duodenal biopsy and may thus result in functional obstruction. A blind loop syndrome may develop after bypass procedures for duodenal stenosis.", "contents": "[Radiographic findings after duodenal surgery (author's transl)]. A gastroduodenostomy as part of partial gastric resection may change function and morphology of the duodenum in a typical fashion. End to side anastomosis may produce a blind pouch. An end to end anastomosis may lead to postanastomotic dilatation, which may mimick a duodenal bulb (a so called \"neo -- or pseudobulb\"). Abnormal duodenal peristalsis with atony may follow vagotomy, pyloroplasty, gastroduodenostomy or excisional duodenal biopsy and may thus result in functional obstruction. A blind loop syndrome may develop after bypass procedures for duodenal stenosis.", "PMID": 115057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11601", "title": "Mesenteric vascular effects of prostaglandins F2 alpha and B2. Possible advantages over vasopressin in control of gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Mesenteric vascular effects of prostaglandins B2 and F2 alpha were studied and compared to those of vasopressin in the dog, cat and baboon. Vasopressin reduced superior mesenteric blood flow (SMBF) 80-100%, and significantly increased hepatic arterial blood flow and systemic arterial pressure. Prostaglandin B2 produced vasodilatation at low doses and biphasic vasodilatation/vasoconstriction at high doses. Prostaglandin F2 alpha elicited only vasoconstriction, reducing SMBF, left gastric, and inferior mesenteric blood flow 80-100%. Systemic arterial pressure was not significantly changed. Thus, vasopressin and prostaglandin F2 alpha are equally effective mesenteric vasoconstrictors. Because of reduced systemic effects, prostaglandin F2 alpha has excellent potential as a mesenteric vasoconstrictor to control gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "contents": "Mesenteric vascular effects of prostaglandins F2 alpha and B2. Possible advantages over vasopressin in control of gastrointestinal bleeding. Mesenteric vascular effects of prostaglandins B2 and F2 alpha were studied and compared to those of vasopressin in the dog, cat and baboon. Vasopressin reduced superior mesenteric blood flow (SMBF) 80-100%, and significantly increased hepatic arterial blood flow and systemic arterial pressure. Prostaglandin B2 produced vasodilatation at low doses and biphasic vasodilatation/vasoconstriction at high doses. Prostaglandin F2 alpha elicited only vasoconstriction, reducing SMBF, left gastric, and inferior mesenteric blood flow 80-100%. Systemic arterial pressure was not significantly changed. Thus, vasopressin and prostaglandin F2 alpha are equally effective mesenteric vasoconstrictors. Because of reduced systemic effects, prostaglandin F2 alpha has excellent potential as a mesenteric vasoconstrictor to control gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "PMID": 115058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11602", "title": "Comprehensive analysis of a Radiology Operations Management computer system.", "content": "The Radiology Operations Management computer system at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania is discussed. The scheduling and file room modules are based on the system at Massachusetts General Hospital. Patient delays are indicated by the patient tracking module. A reporting module allows CRT/keyboard entry by transcriptionists, entry of standard reports by radiologists using bar code labels, and entry by radiologists using a specialty designed diagnostic reporting terminal. Time-flow analyses demonstrate a significant improvement in scheduling, patient waiting, retrieval of radiographs, and report delivery. Recovery of previously lost billing contributes to the proved cost effectiveness of this system.", "contents": "Comprehensive analysis of a Radiology Operations Management computer system. The Radiology Operations Management computer system at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania is discussed. The scheduling and file room modules are based on the system at Massachusetts General Hospital. Patient delays are indicated by the patient tracking module. A reporting module allows CRT/keyboard entry by transcriptionists, entry of standard reports by radiologists using bar code labels, and entry by radiologists using a specialty designed diagnostic reporting terminal. Time-flow analyses demonstrate a significant improvement in scheduling, patient waiting, retrieval of radiographs, and report delivery. Recovery of previously lost billing contributes to the proved cost effectiveness of this system.", "PMID": 115059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11603", "title": "Electron-beam arc therapy using a high energy betatron.", "content": "Dose distributions in electron-beam arc therapy were investigated using the electron beam from a Brown Boveri 45 MeV betatron. This variable isocenter machine is equipped with an angular speed control device that synchronizes the radiation dose rate with the rotation speed about the isocenter. An Alderson Rando phantom was used with Kodak RP/V film to measure isodensity distributions that were then converted to isodose curves. The effects of varying field size, isocenter depth, and air gap between collimator and phantom were examined, along with changes in the dose distributions produced by wax bolus in part of the arc.", "contents": "Electron-beam arc therapy using a high energy betatron. Dose distributions in electron-beam arc therapy were investigated using the electron beam from a Brown Boveri 45 MeV betatron. This variable isocenter machine is equipped with an angular speed control device that synchronizes the radiation dose rate with the rotation speed about the isocenter. An Alderson Rando phantom was used with Kodak RP/V film to measure isodensity distributions that were then converted to isodose curves. The effects of varying field size, isocenter depth, and air gap between collimator and phantom were examined, along with changes in the dose distributions produced by wax bolus in part of the arc.", "PMID": 115060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11604", "title": "The comparative survival of clonogenic cells of a murine epithelioma irradiated in vivo with 250 kVp X rays, 60Co gamma rays, or negative pions produced by the cyclotron at TRIUMF.", "content": "Squamous carcinomas in WHT/Ht mice were exposed to the biomedical pion beam at TRIUMF. The biological effects of the pion beam were compared to those of 250 kVp x rays. The dose rates were 2-3 rad/min. (.02-.03 Gy/min.) for pions and 56 rad/min. (.56 Gy) for x rays. The surviving fraction of epithelioma cells irradiated in vivo was studied using the TD50 assay. RBE values for pions were calculated from the ratio of the x-ray and pion D0 values and were found to be 1.6 +/- 0.3 for oxic cells and 2.1 +/- 0.4 for hypoxic cells. OER values were 1.8 +/- 0.5 for pions and 2.4 +/- 0.4 for 250 kVp x rays.", "contents": "The comparative survival of clonogenic cells of a murine epithelioma irradiated in vivo with 250 kVp X rays, 60Co gamma rays, or negative pions produced by the cyclotron at TRIUMF. Squamous carcinomas in WHT/Ht mice were exposed to the biomedical pion beam at TRIUMF. The biological effects of the pion beam were compared to those of 250 kVp x rays. The dose rates were 2-3 rad/min. (.02-.03 Gy/min.) for pions and 56 rad/min. (.56 Gy) for x rays. The surviving fraction of epithelioma cells irradiated in vivo was studied using the TD50 assay. RBE values for pions were calculated from the ratio of the x-ray and pion D0 values and were found to be 1.6 +/- 0.3 for oxic cells and 2.1 +/- 0.4 for hypoxic cells. OER values were 1.8 +/- 0.5 for pions and 2.4 +/- 0.4 for 250 kVp x rays.", "PMID": 115061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11605", "title": "Bremsstrahlung dose to patients in rotational electron therapy.", "content": "Dose and integral dose from bremsstrahlung in a 10-MeV electron beam were measured for irradiation of large areas with 120 degrees-arc rotational fields. The maximum bremsstrahlung dose ranged from 2% to 7% of the maximum electron dose for the different beam arrangements, while the integral dose showed the same range of variation. The concomitant bremsstrahlung beam should be collimated by the x-ray photon collimators and the use of narrow field rotations avoided.", "contents": "Bremsstrahlung dose to patients in rotational electron therapy. Dose and integral dose from bremsstrahlung in a 10-MeV electron beam were measured for irradiation of large areas with 120 degrees-arc rotational fields. The maximum bremsstrahlung dose ranged from 2% to 7% of the maximum electron dose for the different beam arrangements, while the integral dose showed the same range of variation. The concomitant bremsstrahlung beam should be collimated by the x-ray photon collimators and the use of narrow field rotations avoided.", "PMID": 115062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11606", "title": "Synthesis and biological properties of 9-deoxo-16,16-dimethyl-9-methylene-PGE2.", "content": "The in vivo monkey uterine stimulating potency of 9-deoxy-16,16-dimethyl-9-methylene-PGE2 is similar to that of 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2 and approximately 15 times that of PGE2. Low doses of this compound stimulated uterine contractions when administered vaginally. Pregnancy was terminated prematurely following subcutaneous, intramuscular or vaginal suppository treatment. Estimates of potential for gastrointestinal side effects using the rat enteropooling assay and in vivo monkey effects indicate that diarrhea will be substantially reduced with retention of uterine stimulating potency.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological properties of 9-deoxo-16,16-dimethyl-9-methylene-PGE2. The in vivo monkey uterine stimulating potency of 9-deoxy-16,16-dimethyl-9-methylene-PGE2 is similar to that of 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2 and approximately 15 times that of PGE2. Low doses of this compound stimulated uterine contractions when administered vaginally. Pregnancy was terminated prematurely following subcutaneous, intramuscular or vaginal suppository treatment. Estimates of potential for gastrointestinal side effects using the rat enteropooling assay and in vivo monkey effects indicate that diarrhea will be substantially reduced with retention of uterine stimulating potency.", "PMID": 115063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11607", "title": "Pear malic enzyme: some physical and immunochemical properties.", "content": "Some physical and immunochemical characteristics of NADP malic enzyme from climacteric pear (Pyrus communis L. var Passe-Crassane) are described. The enzyme which has a molecular weight of about 224 000 d and a sedimentation coefficient of about 9.6 S, is formed by the association of four sub-units. We were not able to isolate isozymes by electrophoresis or by immunochemistry.", "contents": "Pear malic enzyme: some physical and immunochemical properties. Some physical and immunochemical characteristics of NADP malic enzyme from climacteric pear (Pyrus communis L. var Passe-Crassane) are described. The enzyme which has a molecular weight of about 224 000 d and a sedimentation coefficient of about 9.6 S, is formed by the association of four sub-units. We were not able to isolate isozymes by electrophoresis or by immunochemistry.", "PMID": 115065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11608", "title": "[A study of 95 families having at least two epileptic children (author's transl)].", "content": "This report concerns a study of 95 families in which at least two of the children had epilepsy (a total of 210 cases). A total of 45 p. 100 of the patients were from 60 p. 100 of the families and had an intellectual level below the average, and 32 p. 100 of them had an IQ below 70. The family history was the same whether the children were mentally deficient or not. There was no family history of mental deficiency in those families where the epileptic children had a normal IQ but there was a positive family history in 25 p. 100 of families having at least one mentally deficient and epileptic child. The persistence of seizures after 5 years of treatment is seen much more frequently in mentally deficient children than in those with normal intelligence. Finally, the position of the child within the family has no influence and epilepsy may be found in any of the children.", "contents": "[A study of 95 families having at least two epileptic children (author's transl)]. This report concerns a study of 95 families in which at least two of the children had epilepsy (a total of 210 cases). A total of 45 p. 100 of the patients were from 60 p. 100 of the families and had an intellectual level below the average, and 32 p. 100 of them had an IQ below 70. The family history was the same whether the children were mentally deficient or not. There was no family history of mental deficiency in those families where the epileptic children had a normal IQ but there was a positive family history in 25 p. 100 of families having at least one mentally deficient and epileptic child. The persistence of seizures after 5 years of treatment is seen much more frequently in mentally deficient children than in those with normal intelligence. Finally, the position of the child within the family has no influence and epilepsy may be found in any of the children.", "PMID": 115068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11609", "title": "[Experimental study of the effect of membrane oxygenators on the pulmonary structure of the dog and monkey (author's transl)].", "content": "Six dogs and 5 monkeys were subject to extracorporeal circulations with membrane oxygenators for various time periods (from 4 to 57 hours). The pulmonary samples, examined with electron microscopy, enabled us to control the appearance of lesions (similar for the two animal species) and to follow their evolution. From the second hour, abnormalities of the capillary endothelium were observed; but at the 6th hour, the lesions had already deeply affected the whole pulmonary structure and became more and more serious. This intrinsic toxicity of membrane oxygenators on the pulmonary structure should incite extreme caution in the use of this method in man.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the effect of membrane oxygenators on the pulmonary structure of the dog and monkey (author's transl)]. Six dogs and 5 monkeys were subject to extracorporeal circulations with membrane oxygenators for various time periods (from 4 to 57 hours). The pulmonary samples, examined with electron microscopy, enabled us to control the appearance of lesions (similar for the two animal species) and to follow their evolution. From the second hour, abnormalities of the capillary endothelium were observed; but at the 6th hour, the lesions had already deeply affected the whole pulmonary structure and became more and more serious. This intrinsic toxicity of membrane oxygenators on the pulmonary structure should incite extreme caution in the use of this method in man.", "PMID": 115070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11610", "title": "Development of acute dystonia and tardive dyskinesia in cebus monkeys.", "content": "In 4 out of 11 cebus apella monkeys given haloperidol (0.05 - 1.0 mg/kg/d) orally for up to 35 months signs of tardive dyskinesia (TD) hav developed: 1) One monkey developed barely noticeable TD after 4 months, but showed marked and increasing symtpoms of both generalized choreic and buccolingual TD after 8 months. This animal died 3 months after discontinuation of haloperidol. At that time the signs of TD were still prominent. 2) In one monkey bucco-lingual TD appeared after 3 months and was still reversible on discontinuation of haloperidol at 5 months. After a further 12 months of haloperidol, the TD signs proved to be long lasting, possibly irreversible, in this animal. 3) A third monkey showed slight and transient signs of TD at 14 months, but following a further 20 months af haloperidol administration a choreiform syndrome became porminent after drug withdrawal. 4) After 34 months a similar syndrome of choreic movements has been noticed in another animal, increasing after withdrawal of haloperidol. The other 7 monkeys have received haloperidol for 3 - 15 months, without developing any signs of TD. Attacks of acute dystonia have been noticed in all animals, sometimes necessitating anticholinergic medication or decreases in the daily haloperidol dose.", "contents": "Development of acute dystonia and tardive dyskinesia in cebus monkeys. In 4 out of 11 cebus apella monkeys given haloperidol (0.05 - 1.0 mg/kg/d) orally for up to 35 months signs of tardive dyskinesia (TD) hav developed: 1) One monkey developed barely noticeable TD after 4 months, but showed marked and increasing symtpoms of both generalized choreic and buccolingual TD after 8 months. This animal died 3 months after discontinuation of haloperidol. At that time the signs of TD were still prominent. 2) In one monkey bucco-lingual TD appeared after 3 months and was still reversible on discontinuation of haloperidol at 5 months. After a further 12 months of haloperidol, the TD signs proved to be long lasting, possibly irreversible, in this animal. 3) A third monkey showed slight and transient signs of TD at 14 months, but following a further 20 months af haloperidol administration a choreiform syndrome became porminent after drug withdrawal. 4) After 34 months a similar syndrome of choreic movements has been noticed in another animal, increasing after withdrawal of haloperidol. The other 7 monkeys have received haloperidol for 3 - 15 months, without developing any signs of TD. Attacks of acute dystonia have been noticed in all animals, sometimes necessitating anticholinergic medication or decreases in the daily haloperidol dose.", "PMID": 115074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11611", "title": "The intensive care of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "The results of medical and surgical treatment of 115 cases of acute pancreatitis treated in the surgical intensive care unit over a period of 8 years are reviewed. The death rate from acute pancreatitis fell during the period of study in the intensive care unit from 42.6% between 1969 and 1973, when drainage was used, to 22.9% between 1974 and 1976 when resection was performed, and in hospital from 8.2% to 5.8% respectively. The results improved as a consequence of adequate treatment of shock, complete intravenous feeding, accurate timing of surgery and the successful choice of operative procedures.", "contents": "The intensive care of acute pancreatitis. The results of medical and surgical treatment of 115 cases of acute pancreatitis treated in the surgical intensive care unit over a period of 8 years are reviewed. The death rate from acute pancreatitis fell during the period of study in the intensive care unit from 42.6% between 1969 and 1973, when drainage was used, to 22.9% between 1974 and 1976 when resection was performed, and in hospital from 8.2% to 5.8% respectively. The results improved as a consequence of adequate treatment of shock, complete intravenous feeding, accurate timing of surgery and the successful choice of operative procedures.", "PMID": 115075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11612", "title": "[Use of the BG 15 autoanalyzer for automatic recording and determination of ABO, Rhesus and Kell blood groups].", "content": "The use of the 15 channels blood grouping autoanalyzer with automated recording and interpretation proved its fiability through more than 30 000 tests for ABO, Rh and Kell determinations. Misreactions come mostly from the carry-over phenomenom. However no discrepancy was noticed for ABO determination. Only few ones occured for Rhesus and Kell, leading to false positive interpretations which were always corrected by checking the event recorder track. New improvements are expected from the automatic phasing using a microprocessor and further extents are setting up with the connection to a computer.", "contents": "[Use of the BG 15 autoanalyzer for automatic recording and determination of ABO, Rhesus and Kell blood groups]. The use of the 15 channels blood grouping autoanalyzer with automated recording and interpretation proved its fiability through more than 30 000 tests for ABO, Rh and Kell determinations. Misreactions come mostly from the carry-over phenomenom. However no discrepancy was noticed for ABO determination. Only few ones occured for Rhesus and Kell, leading to false positive interpretations which were always corrected by checking the event recorder track. New improvements are expected from the automatic phasing using a microprocessor and further extents are setting up with the connection to a computer.", "PMID": 115076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11613", "title": "[Epidemiologic studies about the allergic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Three large epidemiological studies in Birmingham over a period of 20 years showed a significant increase in the prevalence of asthma in children. Children of immigrants from the West India and Asia had a low prevalence if born abroad, but as high a prevalence as European Children if born in England. The age of onset of asthma and eczema is earlier than that of maximum appearance of skin reactions to common allergens. Among atopic children, 35% have raised levels of IgG4. These children respond poorly to cromoglycate and usually need steroids. Those with eczema have high levels of both IgG4 and IgE. Asthmatic children are more frequently born between May and October compared with the general population. This excess of birth of asthmatic children in Summer is due to mite sensitive children. The excess of births in Summer is not related to hay fever or to pollen sensitivity.", "contents": "[Epidemiologic studies about the allergic diseases (author's transl)]. Three large epidemiological studies in Birmingham over a period of 20 years showed a significant increase in the prevalence of asthma in children. Children of immigrants from the West India and Asia had a low prevalence if born abroad, but as high a prevalence as European Children if born in England. The age of onset of asthma and eczema is earlier than that of maximum appearance of skin reactions to common allergens. Among atopic children, 35% have raised levels of IgG4. These children respond poorly to cromoglycate and usually need steroids. Those with eczema have high levels of both IgG4 and IgE. Asthmatic children are more frequently born between May and October compared with the general population. This excess of birth of asthmatic children in Summer is due to mite sensitive children. The excess of births in Summer is not related to hay fever or to pollen sensitivity.", "PMID": 115072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11614", "title": "[Evolutive patterns of diffuse pleural mesothelioma (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical beginning of diffuse pleural mesothelioma is a pleurisy. Initially pleura may be normal at X-ray examination, then either a pachypleuritis or a tumorous pleura appears. Thery serious since there is in the literature no cured case. The average survival time from diagnosis to death is 15 months. At terminal stage mesothelioma does not invade the other coelomic cavities. It may remain limited to the hemithorax where it has started, invading then the organs by contiguity. Metastasis may occur but their frequency is very variable, from 30 to 70% according the literature. On a therapeutic point of view all was tried: Surgery is rarely curative but may reduce temporarily effusion pain and dyspnea. Radiotherapy at high doses produces a partial effect in some series, but results are variable. Chemotherapy: adriamycin could be the most promising agent. At present time according to many authors no treatment seems to change the course of the disease.", "contents": "[Evolutive patterns of diffuse pleural mesothelioma (author's transl)]. The clinical beginning of diffuse pleural mesothelioma is a pleurisy. Initially pleura may be normal at X-ray examination, then either a pachypleuritis or a tumorous pleura appears. Thery serious since there is in the literature no cured case. The average survival time from diagnosis to death is 15 months. At terminal stage mesothelioma does not invade the other coelomic cavities. It may remain limited to the hemithorax where it has started, invading then the organs by contiguity. Metastasis may occur but their frequency is very variable, from 30 to 70% according the literature. On a therapeutic point of view all was tried: Surgery is rarely curative but may reduce temporarily effusion pain and dyspnea. Radiotherapy at high doses produces a partial effect in some series, but results are variable. Chemotherapy: adriamycin could be the most promising agent. At present time according to many authors no treatment seems to change the course of the disease.", "PMID": 115073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11615", "title": "Cholestatic hepatitis induced by gold.", "content": "A patient with rheumatoid arthritis developed an acute intrahepatic cholestasis after 100 mg of sodium aurothiomalate. Hepatotoxicity in rheumatoid arthritis is well described following a variety of anti-inflammatory preparations but is now a rare complication of gold therapy and the literature on the subject is reviewed.", "contents": "Cholestatic hepatitis induced by gold. A patient with rheumatoid arthritis developed an acute intrahepatic cholestasis after 100 mg of sodium aurothiomalate. Hepatotoxicity in rheumatoid arthritis is well described following a variety of anti-inflammatory preparations but is now a rare complication of gold therapy and the literature on the subject is reviewed.", "PMID": 115078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11616", "title": "[Immunological approach to asthmatic disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Research into the environmental factors in the aetiological diagnosis of asthma is a fundamental measure which must direct complementary test and therapy. Extrinsic asthma is mostly found in young people, with atopic antecedents. Immunological study is based on the clinical history and skin tests (IgE dosage, in vitro tests and provocation tests are difficult to apply in epidemiology due to their high cost). In children 3/4 of asthma cases are extrinsic. Differential diagnosis is especially a problem with rhinitis. There is only a small percentage of cases of non atopic extrinsic asthma which can  bring other immunological mechanisms into play. So-called intrinsic asthma (late onset asthma, with continuous dyspnea, corticodependent) is mostly observed in adults. The age has an influence on the severity of the attacks, the curve of asthma with permanent dyspnea being a function increasing with age, whereas that of less severe asthma is a function decreasing with age. The role of extrinsic factors does not seem important in this category of asthmatics (10 to 25% according to the statistics). Immunofluorescence studies of the bronchial mucosa show up the possibility of local immunological reactions, whether specific or not (frequent presence of the C3 complement). This means that the immunologist can, in many cases of asthma, help the epidemiologist to define and to understand the physiological mechanisms of the disease.", "contents": "[Immunological approach to asthmatic disease (author's transl)]. Research into the environmental factors in the aetiological diagnosis of asthma is a fundamental measure which must direct complementary test and therapy. Extrinsic asthma is mostly found in young people, with atopic antecedents. Immunological study is based on the clinical history and skin tests (IgE dosage, in vitro tests and provocation tests are difficult to apply in epidemiology due to their high cost). In children 3/4 of asthma cases are extrinsic. Differential diagnosis is especially a problem with rhinitis. There is only a small percentage of cases of non atopic extrinsic asthma which can  bring other immunological mechanisms into play. So-called intrinsic asthma (late onset asthma, with continuous dyspnea, corticodependent) is mostly observed in adults. The age has an influence on the severity of the attacks, the curve of asthma with permanent dyspnea being a function increasing with age, whereas that of less severe asthma is a function decreasing with age. The role of extrinsic factors does not seem important in this category of asthmatics (10 to 25% according to the statistics). Immunofluorescence studies of the bronchial mucosa show up the possibility of local immunological reactions, whether specific or not (frequent presence of the C3 complement). This means that the immunologist can, in many cases of asthma, help the epidemiologist to define and to understand the physiological mechanisms of the disease.", "PMID": 115071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11617", "title": "Labelling of human and rabbit platelets with 111Indium-oxine complex.", "content": "Platelets suspended in buffer were labelled with 111Indium-xoine. In the isolation procedure the platelets and a fraction of the erythrocytes are processed simultaneously, whereby the erythrocytes serve as a supporting cushion in the centrifugation steps. Various factors which influence the labelling effectiveness were examined, and the method's utility was estimated by in vivo studies in rabbits. A platelet concentration of more than 800 x 10(9)/1 and an oxine concentration of approximately 6 micrograms/ml in a plasma-poor system (transfer of platelets from plasma to buffer without further washing steps) will yield a high labelling efficiency. If the platelet isolation yield is to be large, a slight erythrocyte-leucocyte contamination must be accepted. Our experimental results indicated that this is permissible. In vivo investigations of 5 rabbits showed in vivo recoveries of platelets from 61--74% and mean survival times from 69 h to 110 h. This supports the assessment that the method of platelet isolation and labelling is gentle.", "contents": "Labelling of human and rabbit platelets with 111Indium-oxine complex. Platelets suspended in buffer were labelled with 111Indium-xoine. In the isolation procedure the platelets and a fraction of the erythrocytes are processed simultaneously, whereby the erythrocytes serve as a supporting cushion in the centrifugation steps. Various factors which influence the labelling effectiveness were examined, and the method's utility was estimated by in vivo studies in rabbits. A platelet concentration of more than 800 x 10(9)/1 and an oxine concentration of approximately 6 micrograms/ml in a plasma-poor system (transfer of platelets from plasma to buffer without further washing steps) will yield a high labelling efficiency. If the platelet isolation yield is to be large, a slight erythrocyte-leucocyte contamination must be accepted. Our experimental results indicated that this is permissible. In vivo investigations of 5 rabbits showed in vivo recoveries of platelets from 61--74% and mean survival times from 69 h to 110 h. This supports the assessment that the method of platelet isolation and labelling is gentle.", "PMID": 115081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11618", "title": "Lymphocyte blastogenesis studied by volume spectroscopy.", "content": "The blastogenesis of human blood lymphocytes has been studied by measuring the distribution of cellular and nuclear volumes in concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated leucocyte cultures by means of a modified Coulter counter. Agglutinated and adherent cells were dispersed by 3 h of incubation with alpha-methyl-mannoside and EDTA. Fresh suspensions contained 5--35% monocytes with an average cellular volume 2--2.5 times that of small lymphocytes. The nuclear volume of monocytes was similar to that of small lymphocytes within 10% and remained constant upon stimulation. In cultures given the optimal dose of Con A, 30 micrograms/ml, measurable cell growth commenced within 8--12 h, whereas nuclear growth began some 6 h later, which is approximately 6--8 h before increased 3H-thymidine incorporation could be detected. The average volume of responding cells grew by a factor of about 4 until mitosis, which started after around 48 h, whereas the average nuclear volume increased by a factor of about 3. The percentage of cells responding by volume growth increased with mitogen concentration even for hyperoptimal concentrations (150 micrograms/ml) which strongly suppressed 3H-thymidine incorporation. The results exemplify the type of information obtained by volume spectroscopy of leucocyte cultures. This method appears to have several advantages over conventional assays of immune response.", "contents": "Lymphocyte blastogenesis studied by volume spectroscopy. The blastogenesis of human blood lymphocytes has been studied by measuring the distribution of cellular and nuclear volumes in concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated leucocyte cultures by means of a modified Coulter counter. Agglutinated and adherent cells were dispersed by 3 h of incubation with alpha-methyl-mannoside and EDTA. Fresh suspensions contained 5--35% monocytes with an average cellular volume 2--2.5 times that of small lymphocytes. The nuclear volume of monocytes was similar to that of small lymphocytes within 10% and remained constant upon stimulation. In cultures given the optimal dose of Con A, 30 micrograms/ml, measurable cell growth commenced within 8--12 h, whereas nuclear growth began some 6 h later, which is approximately 6--8 h before increased 3H-thymidine incorporation could be detected. The average volume of responding cells grew by a factor of about 4 until mitosis, which started after around 48 h, whereas the average nuclear volume increased by a factor of about 3. The percentage of cells responding by volume growth increased with mitogen concentration even for hyperoptimal concentrations (150 micrograms/ml) which strongly suppressed 3H-thymidine incorporation. The results exemplify the type of information obtained by volume spectroscopy of leucocyte cultures. This method appears to have several advantages over conventional assays of immune response.", "PMID": 115082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11619", "title": "Analbuminemia (a quantitative albumin variant).", "content": "Serum albumin accounts for over 50% of total serum protein and contributes to a significant extent to homeostasis through such crucial functionas as colloid osmotic pressure, transport, and nutrition. Analbuminemia was first described in 1954, but only 13 additional cases have since been reported. A further case, a 30-year-old Italian women, has been recently detected by the authors. Contrary to expectations, the large majority of analbuminemic subjects appear clinically well, the only consistent finding being a slight tendency to develop ankle edema. Asthenia and moderate hypotension have been recorded in several cases. Although associated disease conditions have been described in isolated instances, no clear-cut connections have been established with the analbuminemic state. Laboratory features include increased circulating levels of cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins and esterified fatty acids, as well as elevation of acute phase reactants and immunoglobulins. Albumin turnover studies have usually shown that both mechanisms of albumin synthesis and catabolism may be impaired in these subjects. Consanguinity of the percentage is a common feature and transmission as an autosomal recessive trait has been suggested. Thus, analbuminemia appears as an exceptional 'experiment of Nature', in that it challenges the vital role of circulating albumin.", "contents": "Analbuminemia (a quantitative albumin variant). Serum albumin accounts for over 50% of total serum protein and contributes to a significant extent to homeostasis through such crucial functionas as colloid osmotic pressure, transport, and nutrition. Analbuminemia was first described in 1954, but only 13 additional cases have since been reported. A further case, a 30-year-old Italian women, has been recently detected by the authors. Contrary to expectations, the large majority of analbuminemic subjects appear clinically well, the only consistent finding being a slight tendency to develop ankle edema. Asthenia and moderate hypotension have been recorded in several cases. Although associated disease conditions have been described in isolated instances, no clear-cut connections have been established with the analbuminemic state. Laboratory features include increased circulating levels of cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins and esterified fatty acids, as well as elevation of acute phase reactants and immunoglobulins. Albumin turnover studies have usually shown that both mechanisms of albumin synthesis and catabolism may be impaired in these subjects. Consanguinity of the percentage is a common feature and transmission as an autosomal recessive trait has been suggested. Thus, analbuminemia appears as an exceptional 'experiment of Nature', in that it challenges the vital role of circulating albumin.", "PMID": 115079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11620", "title": "Effects of sodium aurothiomalate on hyaluronic acid synthesis in normal and rheumatoid synovial fibroblast cultures.", "content": "In studies with normal and rheumatoid synovial fibroblast cultures the effects of sodium aurothiomalate on the quantity and quality of hyaluronic acid were tested. This gold compound produced one clear effect: the molecular weight of hyaluronate produced by rheumatoid fibroblasts was increased (shifted towards normal) whereas the effects on the amounts of hyaluronic acid synthesized were small in both rheumatoid and control cultures. The importance of this finding in relation to the known beneficial effects of gold preparations in clinical medicine is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of sodium aurothiomalate on hyaluronic acid synthesis in normal and rheumatoid synovial fibroblast cultures. In studies with normal and rheumatoid synovial fibroblast cultures the effects of sodium aurothiomalate on the quantity and quality of hyaluronic acid were tested. This gold compound produced one clear effect: the molecular weight of hyaluronate produced by rheumatoid fibroblasts was increased (shifted towards normal) whereas the effects on the amounts of hyaluronic acid synthesized were small in both rheumatoid and control cultures. The importance of this finding in relation to the known beneficial effects of gold preparations in clinical medicine is discussed.", "PMID": 115084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11621", "title": "Admission and discharge indicators as aids in optimizing comprehensive rehabilitation services.", "content": "This paper describes the development of a theoretical cost effectiveness model used to optimize admission and discharge decisions in comprehensive rehabilitation centers. Rehabilitation progress and outcome is conceptualized in terms of functional gains due to treatment. The model is constructed with three variables: functional level at admission (Barthel), Barthel function gained per unit cost (BUC) and the percentage improvement in function from admission to discharge. The theoretical model is then tested with data from a random sample of 97 spinal cord injured and 132 focal cerebral patients drawn from ten leading comprehensive rehabilitation centers located across the continental United States. The basic structure of the model is supported by the data and the use of such models as aids in managing patients, evaluating services, planning new programs, and developing computer simulation models of rehabilitation cost effectiveness is discussed.", "contents": "Admission and discharge indicators as aids in optimizing comprehensive rehabilitation services. This paper describes the development of a theoretical cost effectiveness model used to optimize admission and discharge decisions in comprehensive rehabilitation centers. Rehabilitation progress and outcome is conceptualized in terms of functional gains due to treatment. The model is constructed with three variables: functional level at admission (Barthel), Barthel function gained per unit cost (BUC) and the percentage improvement in function from admission to discharge. The theoretical model is then tested with data from a random sample of 97 spinal cord injured and 132 focal cerebral patients drawn from ten leading comprehensive rehabilitation centers located across the continental United States. The basic structure of the model is supported by the data and the use of such models as aids in managing patients, evaluating services, planning new programs, and developing computer simulation models of rehabilitation cost effectiveness is discussed.", "PMID": 115085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11622", "title": "Priapism as a complication of long-term intravenous nutrition.", "content": "A case of priapism following prolonged intravenous nutrition is reported. The small amounts of heparin as received by our patient would tend to minimise a risk of hypercoagulability. However, the administration of intravenous feeding agents and the concomitant metabolic acidosis may have enhanced this risk.", "contents": "Priapism as a complication of long-term intravenous nutrition. A case of priapism following prolonged intravenous nutrition is reported. The small amounts of heparin as received by our patient would tend to minimise a risk of hypercoagulability. However, the administration of intravenous feeding agents and the concomitant metabolic acidosis may have enhanced this risk.", "PMID": 115088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11623", "title": "Organochlorine insecticides and PCB in the sediments of Lake Huron (1969) and Georgian Bay and North Channel (1973).", "content": "Surficial and core sediments were collected from the main body of Lake Huron in 1969 and Georgian Bay and North Channel in 1973. These were analysed for organochlorine insecticides and PCB. Residues of organochlorines were higher in the twelve depositional basins in Lake Huron and Georgian Bay than in sediment in the non-depositional zones. PCB was present at similar concentrations to sigma DDT; with mean levels of 13 and 10 ng/g for PCB and sigma DDT in the main body of Lake Huron and 11 and 5 ng/g for PCB and sibma DDT in Georgian Bay. Residues of PCB varied from 9--33 ng/g in the 12 basins. With respect to sigma DDT, both parent DDT and its two metabolites were present in sediment at a mean residue of 7.8 ng/g for the whole lake. The main lake had residues of 10.2 ng/g while Georgian Bay had 5.8 ng/g and North Channel 4.1 ng/g in keeping with use pattenrs since 1943. HEOD was present in only 5.7% of sediment samples from main Lake Huron, 30% from Georgian Bay and 15% from North Channel. The highest residues 1.7 ng/g occurred in the North Channel. No chlordane was detected, however, heptachlor epoxide was identified in 8.5% of sediments collected in Lake Huron, 23% from Georgian Bay and 14% in North Channel. Endosulfan appeared in 4%  of samples from both Georgian Bay and North Channel.", "contents": "Organochlorine insecticides and PCB in the sediments of Lake Huron (1969) and Georgian Bay and North Channel (1973). Surficial and core sediments were collected from the main body of Lake Huron in 1969 and Georgian Bay and North Channel in 1973. These were analysed for organochlorine insecticides and PCB. Residues of organochlorines were higher in the twelve depositional basins in Lake Huron and Georgian Bay than in sediment in the non-depositional zones. PCB was present at similar concentrations to sigma DDT; with mean levels of 13 and 10 ng/g for PCB and sigma DDT in the main body of Lake Huron and 11 and 5 ng/g for PCB and sibma DDT in Georgian Bay. Residues of PCB varied from 9--33 ng/g in the 12 basins. With respect to sigma DDT, both parent DDT and its two metabolites were present in sediment at a mean residue of 7.8 ng/g for the whole lake. The main lake had residues of 10.2 ng/g while Georgian Bay had 5.8 ng/g and North Channel 4.1 ng/g in keeping with use pattenrs since 1943. HEOD was present in only 5.7% of sediment samples from main Lake Huron, 30% from Georgian Bay and 15% from North Channel. The highest residues 1.7 ng/g occurred in the North Channel. No chlordane was detected, however, heptachlor epoxide was identified in 8.5% of sediments collected in Lake Huron, 23% from Georgian Bay and 14% in North Channel. Endosulfan appeared in 4%  of samples from both Georgian Bay and North Channel.", "PMID": 115090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11624", "title": "Effects of frontal eye field and superior colliculus ablations on eye movements.", "content": "Two parallel neural pathways are primarily responsible for the control of saccadic eye movements--one mediated through the frontal eye fields and the other through the superior colliculus. When both pathways are disrupted, control of saccadic eye movements is lost. Disruption of either pathway alone produces only subtle deficits.", "contents": "Effects of frontal eye field and superior colliculus ablations on eye movements. Two parallel neural pathways are primarily responsible for the control of saccadic eye movements--one mediated through the frontal eye fields and the other through the superior colliculus. When both pathways are disrupted, control of saccadic eye movements is lost. Disruption of either pathway alone produces only subtle deficits.", "PMID": 115091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11625", "title": "Social welfare expenditures under public programs, fiscal year 1977.", "content": "Social welfare expenditures under public programs reached $362.3 billion in fiscal year 1977, which covered the 12-month period from October 1, 1976, to September 30, 1977. This figure was about $30 billion higher than the $331.9 billion spent in fiscal year 1976 (July 1, 1975, through June 30, 1976) and represented a 9-percent increase. When adjusted for price and population changes, real per capita expenditures rose from $1,623 in fiscal year 1976 to $1,646 in 1977, reflecting a 1-percent real increase in per capita spending under these programs. Social welfare expenditures as a proportion of the Nation's gross national product dropped slightly from 20.4 percent in fiscal year 1976 to 19.7 percent in 1977. The decline resulted from lower rates of growth during 1977 in most of the major social welfare categories and a higher rate of growth in the gross national product.", "contents": "Social welfare expenditures under public programs, fiscal year 1977. Social welfare expenditures under public programs reached $362.3 billion in fiscal year 1977, which covered the 12-month period from October 1, 1976, to September 30, 1977. This figure was about $30 billion higher than the $331.9 billion spent in fiscal year 1976 (July 1, 1975, through June 30, 1976) and represented a 9-percent increase. When adjusted for price and population changes, real per capita expenditures rose from $1,623 in fiscal year 1976 to $1,646 in 1977, reflecting a 1-percent real increase in per capita spending under these programs. Social welfare expenditures as a proportion of the Nation's gross national product dropped slightly from 20.4 percent in fiscal year 1976 to 19.7 percent in 1977. The decline resulted from lower rates of growth during 1977 in most of the major social welfare categories and a higher rate of growth in the gross national product.", "PMID": 115102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11626", "title": "Orogenital contact and the isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum from the pharynx.", "content": "Men and women who came to clinics in Boston underwent pharyngeal examinations, and pharyngeal specimens were obtained for cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Fifty-one (4.9%) of 1,037 participants had gonococcal pharyngeal infection. M. hominis and U. urealyticum were recovered from the pharynges of 149 (14.3%) and 154 (14.8%) of 1,044 participants, respectively. The history of ever having performed fellatio was associated with pharyngeal infection with N. gonorrhoeae (P less than 0.02), M. hominis (P less than 0.05), and U. urealyticum (P less than 0.006). A history of fellatio was also associated with a history of a recent sore throat. There was, however, no association between pharyngeal infection with N. gonorrhoeae, M. hominis, or U. urealyticum and a recent sore throat. Cunnilingus was not associated with symptoms or signs or pharyngitis or with the isolation of gonococci or genital mycoplasmas from the pharynx. The pharyngitis associated with fellatio remains a microbiologic enigma.", "contents": "Orogenital contact and the isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum from the pharynx. Men and women who came to clinics in Boston underwent pharyngeal examinations, and pharyngeal specimens were obtained for cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Fifty-one (4.9%) of 1,037 participants had gonococcal pharyngeal infection. M. hominis and U. urealyticum were recovered from the pharynges of 149 (14.3%) and 154 (14.8%) of 1,044 participants, respectively. The history of ever having performed fellatio was associated with pharyngeal infection with N. gonorrhoeae (P less than 0.02), M. hominis (P less than 0.05), and U. urealyticum (P less than 0.006). A history of fellatio was also associated with a history of a recent sore throat. There was, however, no association between pharyngeal infection with N. gonorrhoeae, M. hominis, or U. urealyticum and a recent sore throat. Cunnilingus was not associated with symptoms or signs or pharyngitis or with the isolation of gonococci or genital mycoplasmas from the pharynx. The pharyngitis associated with fellatio remains a microbiologic enigma.", "PMID": 115097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11627", "title": "An improved method for embedding brain tissue in albumin-gelatin.", "content": "A new modification of the Snodgrass-Dorsey (1963) albumin embedding method is described. Formalin fixed brains of various ages of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) were sunk in 10% phosphate buffered formalin which contained 30% sucrose, and then embedded in a 3% gelatin, 30% egg albumin solution which had been centrifuged to ensure uniformity. The albumin-gelatin was hardened in formaldehyde fumes and blocks cut frozen at 10-40 micron. Sections thus prepared can be handled easily and mounted without damage to the tissue. Modifications of conventional cell and fiber stains produce high quality finished slides in which the stained brain tissue is surrounded by a colorless albumin-gelatin matrix.", "contents": "An improved method for embedding brain tissue in albumin-gelatin. A new modification of the Snodgrass-Dorsey (1963) albumin embedding method is described. Formalin fixed brains of various ages of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) were sunk in 10% phosphate buffered formalin which contained 30% sucrose, and then embedded in a 3% gelatin, 30% egg albumin solution which had been centrifuged to ensure uniformity. The albumin-gelatin was hardened in formaldehyde fumes and blocks cut frozen at 10-40 micron. Sections thus prepared can be handled easily and mounted without damage to the tissue. Modifications of conventional cell and fiber stains produce high quality finished slides in which the stained brain tissue is surrounded by a colorless albumin-gelatin matrix.", "PMID": 115116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11628", "title": "Equations for the dose distributions of high-energy electrons.", "content": "Dose distributions of high-energy electrons were calculated using simple equations which were derived from experimental data. Equations are composed of functions of the percent depth dose, the field effect ratio and the off-axis ratio. The electron energy and field size are parameters for the calculation. Dose distributions were compared between experiments and calculations for different field sizes and energies. It is concluded that the equations can be applied clinically to calculate dose distributions for treatment planning.", "contents": "Equations for the dose distributions of high-energy electrons. Dose distributions of high-energy electrons were calculated using simple equations which were derived from experimental data. Equations are composed of functions of the percent depth dose, the field effect ratio and the off-axis ratio. The electron energy and field size are parameters for the calculation. Dose distributions were compared between experiments and calculations for different field sizes and energies. It is concluded that the equations can be applied clinically to calculate dose distributions for treatment planning.", "PMID": 115117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11629", "title": "[Radiation therapy of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma: results of treatment and criteria of optimization (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1968 till 1977, out of 84 patients with a malignoma of the nasopharynx 44 underwent sole radiation therapy with curative doses because of histologically established nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The 3-year survival rates for all the carcinomas amount to 63.2%, 5-year survival to 46.5%. Prognoses differ according to the histological type of carcinoma, but therapeutic results are also influenced by osseous involvement or by spread to the lymph nodes. Local recurrences appeared in 20% at the base of the skull, at the pharyngeal roof or in the region of the posterior nasal apertures. Following analysis of the patient collective a critical examination of imaginable and of practically used irradiation schedules is performed. Of the possible arrangements for radiation therapy those with readily reproducible parallel opposed field adjustments using ultrahard photon beams are to be preferred.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma: results of treatment and criteria of optimization (author's transl)]. From 1968 till 1977, out of 84 patients with a malignoma of the nasopharynx 44 underwent sole radiation therapy with curative doses because of histologically established nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The 3-year survival rates for all the carcinomas amount to 63.2%, 5-year survival to 46.5%. Prognoses differ according to the histological type of carcinoma, but therapeutic results are also influenced by osseous involvement or by spread to the lymph nodes. Local recurrences appeared in 20% at the base of the skull, at the pharyngeal roof or in the region of the posterior nasal apertures. Following analysis of the patient collective a critical examination of imaginable and of practically used irradiation schedules is performed. Of the possible arrangements for radiation therapy those with readily reproducible parallel opposed field adjustments using ultrahard photon beams are to be preferred.", "PMID": 115118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11630", "title": "[Pre-operative irradiation and tumor-specific immune response in hypernephroid renal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In vitro demonstration of a tumor-specific immune response was tried using the so-called leucoycte migration test in altogether 32 patients with a hypernephroid renal carcinoma (nontreated before operation or pre-irradiated). The principle of this technique consists in the release of a lymphocyte factor by bringing in contact sensitized lymphocytes with the concerned tumourous tissue, the lymphocyte factor inhibiting the migration capacity of granulocytes. With hypernephroid cancerous tissue from nontreated patients no reaction was obtained in 12 of 13 cases (no inhibition of migration), whereas a positive reaction (inhibition of leuococyte migration) was observed in 17 out of 19 patients with hypernephromas having been irradiated before surgical treatment. This radiation-induced effect on the immune response from hypernephroma and lymphocytes in patients with this neoplasm is specific, as no reaction of irradiated hypernephroid cancerous tissue with lymphocytes of sound donors or of patients with different malignant tumors could be shown in control tests, a significant inhibition of leucocyte migration failing to appear.", "contents": "[Pre-operative irradiation and tumor-specific immune response in hypernephroid renal carcinoma (author's transl)]. In vitro demonstration of a tumor-specific immune response was tried using the so-called leucoycte migration test in altogether 32 patients with a hypernephroid renal carcinoma (nontreated before operation or pre-irradiated). The principle of this technique consists in the release of a lymphocyte factor by bringing in contact sensitized lymphocytes with the concerned tumourous tissue, the lymphocyte factor inhibiting the migration capacity of granulocytes. With hypernephroid cancerous tissue from nontreated patients no reaction was obtained in 12 of 13 cases (no inhibition of migration), whereas a positive reaction (inhibition of leuococyte migration) was observed in 17 out of 19 patients with hypernephromas having been irradiated before surgical treatment. This radiation-induced effect on the immune response from hypernephroma and lymphocytes in patients with this neoplasm is specific, as no reaction of irradiated hypernephroid cancerous tissue with lymphocytes of sound donors or of patients with different malignant tumors could be shown in control tests, a significant inhibition of leucocyte migration failing to appear.", "PMID": 115119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11631", "title": "The Clinac-18 linear accelerator. 10 MeV photon beam data.", "content": "Measurements were carried out on a Clinac-18 linear accelerator in order to characterize the 10 MeV photon beam. Depth dose data and tissue-maximum-ratios were obtained for field sizes up to 35 x 35 cm2. Using a parabolic expression a least square fit to the tissue-maximum-ratios was performed. The radiation field flatness and the penumbra were found to be in good agreement with the tolerances recommended by the IEC standard (draft). The radiation field and the light field isocentre were determined as suggested by the IEC. The distance between both isocentres was less than 1 mm.", "contents": "The Clinac-18 linear accelerator. 10 MeV photon beam data. Measurements were carried out on a Clinac-18 linear accelerator in order to characterize the 10 MeV photon beam. Depth dose data and tissue-maximum-ratios were obtained for field sizes up to 35 x 35 cm2. Using a parabolic expression a least square fit to the tissue-maximum-ratios was performed. The radiation field flatness and the penumbra were found to be in good agreement with the tolerances recommended by the IEC standard (draft). The radiation field and the light field isocentre were determined as suggested by the IEC. The distance between both isocentres was less than 1 mm.", "PMID": 115120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11632", "title": "The effect of an analyzed deuterium ion beam on the lifetime of TiT targets used at the fast neutron therapy facility (DT, 14 MeV) Hamburg-Eppendorf.", "content": "Report on experiments performed with mixed or analyzed deuterium ion beams incident on TiT targets at the neutron therapy facility Hamburg-Eppendorf. Bombarding a TiT target area with all separated atomic and molecular ions of an analyzed deuterium ion beam at different beam spots, the \"initial\" half-life of the used tritium target increases with a factor of more than three as against the half-life obtained with a mixed deuterium ion beam at a single beam spot. In this case, the effective target current is not reduced and in the same order as that for a mixed deuterium ion beam. Using the atomic deuterons only, the increase of the \"initial\" half-life is far longer yet, but the loss in target current is about 50% dependent on the reduction of molecular deuterium ions. These facts are most important for the economy of this type of neutron therapy facilities clinical work.", "contents": "The effect of an analyzed deuterium ion beam on the lifetime of TiT targets used at the fast neutron therapy facility (DT, 14 MeV) Hamburg-Eppendorf. Report on experiments performed with mixed or analyzed deuterium ion beams incident on TiT targets at the neutron therapy facility Hamburg-Eppendorf. Bombarding a TiT target area with all separated atomic and molecular ions of an analyzed deuterium ion beam at different beam spots, the \"initial\" half-life of the used tritium target increases with a factor of more than three as against the half-life obtained with a mixed deuterium ion beam at a single beam spot. In this case, the effective target current is not reduced and in the same order as that for a mixed deuterium ion beam. Using the atomic deuterons only, the increase of the \"initial\" half-life is far longer yet, but the loss in target current is about 50% dependent on the reduction of molecular deuterium ions. These facts are most important for the economy of this type of neutron therapy facilities clinical work.", "PMID": 115121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11633", "title": "Edridge-Green Lecture, 1978. Visual disabilities of oculocutaneous albinism and their alleviation.", "content": "The visual disabilities of oculocutaneous albinism are discussed in the light of a series of 32 such patients seen in South-west Scotland between 1962 and 1978. Possible explanations for these defects are considered, with reference to an original series of light and electron microscopic sections from early embryos by Dr John Shaw-Dunn of the Department of Anatomy of Glasgow University which may afford clues to the relationship between the pigmentary and neurological aspects of the condition. Various forms of treatment which have been suggested are debated, and the author's own approach is described. Emphasis is laid on the social needs of the albino, and ways of meeting these are put forward.", "contents": "Edridge-Green Lecture, 1978. Visual disabilities of oculocutaneous albinism and their alleviation. The visual disabilities of oculocutaneous albinism are discussed in the light of a series of 32 such patients seen in South-west Scotland between 1962 and 1978. Possible explanations for these defects are considered, with reference to an original series of light and electron microscopic sections from early embryos by Dr John Shaw-Dunn of the Department of Anatomy of Glasgow University which may afford clues to the relationship between the pigmentary and neurological aspects of the condition. Various forms of treatment which have been suggested are debated, and the author's own approach is described. Emphasis is laid on the social needs of the albino, and ways of meeting these are put forward.", "PMID": 115122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11634", "title": "[Myofibril breakdown during spreading damage. II. A calcium-free medium].", "content": "Peculiarities of Zenker's degeneration (ZD) have been investigated in fast muscle fibres of the frog incubated in a Ringer solution free of Ca++ (R--Ca) with a normal or increased (by 100 mM) concentration of KCl. ZD in these solutions is distinguished by a 10--90 minutes delay of the appearance of the primary contraction knot and cessation of ZD development in the majority of fibres after formation of several (1--5) contraction knots. In the presence of 0.5 mM EDTA in R--Ca, after a few typical contraction knots are formed, fibres commonly fall into large fragments that retain cross-striation. Contracted or super-contracted state of sarcomeres in detached contraction knots and at the necrosis boundary, as well as an increasing lysis of contactile material and proliferation of fibre membrane structures in the region of ZD arrested boundary, are characteristic of ultrastructural changes during ZD in calcium-free solutions.", "contents": "[Myofibril breakdown during spreading damage. II. A calcium-free medium]. Peculiarities of Zenker's degeneration (ZD) have been investigated in fast muscle fibres of the frog incubated in a Ringer solution free of Ca++ (R--Ca) with a normal or increased (by 100 mM) concentration of KCl. ZD in these solutions is distinguished by a 10--90 minutes delay of the appearance of the primary contraction knot and cessation of ZD development in the majority of fibres after formation of several (1--5) contraction knots. In the presence of 0.5 mM EDTA in R--Ca, after a few typical contraction knots are formed, fibres commonly fall into large fragments that retain cross-striation. Contracted or super-contracted state of sarcomeres in detached contraction knots and at the necrosis boundary, as well as an increasing lysis of contactile material and proliferation of fibre membrane structures in the region of ZD arrested boundary, are characteristic of ultrastructural changes during ZD in calcium-free solutions.", "PMID": 115125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11635", "title": "Photoelectron emission microscopy of biological tissue; the influence of glutaraldehyde and heavy or biligrafin on the emission image of chicken liver in methacrylate.", "content": "The effect of various preparations on the emission image was studied taking into account the influence of UV wave length, section thickness and specimen support. By suitable selection of these parameters, images with sufficient contrast can be obtained of unstained specimens which are only fixed with glutaraldehyde. With glutaraldehyde fixation intravitally injected Biligrafin used as a stain in cholecystography is recognized in the emission image of liver tissue labeling the intravital transport path from the blood capillaries to the bile ducts. Hypotheses for the image forming process are discussed.", "contents": "Photoelectron emission microscopy of biological tissue; the influence of glutaraldehyde and heavy or biligrafin on the emission image of chicken liver in methacrylate. The effect of various preparations on the emission image was studied taking into account the influence of UV wave length, section thickness and specimen support. By suitable selection of these parameters, images with sufficient contrast can be obtained of unstained specimens which are only fixed with glutaraldehyde. With glutaraldehyde fixation intravitally injected Biligrafin used as a stain in cholecystography is recognized in the emission image of liver tissue labeling the intravital transport path from the blood capillaries to the bile ducts. Hypotheses for the image forming process are discussed.", "PMID": 115126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11636", "title": "[Vitamin C levels in the early postnatal period in calves and their mothers].", "content": "The dynamics of L-ascorbic acid was studied in 68 cows and 91 calves at an age from one to ten days in the period from November to April. The study was conducted in two maternal stocks in a supply area of a large-capacity calf-house located in the beet-growing region. L-ascorbic acid in the blood serum was determined accoring to King. The lowest average levels of L-ascorbic acid were found in February (cows 0.35 mg%, calves 1.02 mg%), and the highest in April (cows 1.00 mg%, calves 2.52 mg%). The level of L-ascorbic acid descended during ontogenesis from the value found at birth (6.72 mg%); the values of the first postpartal day are significantly higher in comparison with all the remainind observations. The results constituted a basis for a working hypothesis on the importance of colostrum as an exogenous source of L-ascorbic acid for calves.", "contents": "[Vitamin C levels in the early postnatal period in calves and their mothers]. The dynamics of L-ascorbic acid was studied in 68 cows and 91 calves at an age from one to ten days in the period from November to April. The study was conducted in two maternal stocks in a supply area of a large-capacity calf-house located in the beet-growing region. L-ascorbic acid in the blood serum was determined accoring to King. The lowest average levels of L-ascorbic acid were found in February (cows 0.35 mg%, calves 1.02 mg%), and the highest in April (cows 1.00 mg%, calves 2.52 mg%). The level of L-ascorbic acid descended during ontogenesis from the value found at birth (6.72 mg%); the values of the first postpartal day are significantly higher in comparison with all the remainind observations. The results constituted a basis for a working hypothesis on the importance of colostrum as an exogenous source of L-ascorbic acid for calves.", "PMID": 115127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11637", "title": "[The effectiveness of the drugs Dovenix and Bilevon(R)-Injection against liver fascioliasis (Fasciola hepatica, Linn\u00e9 1758) in cattle].", "content": "Dovenix and Bilevon-injection (manufactured by SPECIA, France and BAYER, West Germany, respectively) were tested for their anthelmintic efficacy against Fasciola hepatica in cattle. The drugs proved highly effective against both adult and immature flukes. The faeces of the treated animals were negative for F. hepatica eggs when examined 91 days after the treatment. In experiments with rats Dovenix and Bilevon-injection were tolerated up to eight times and ten times higher doses than the normal therapeutic dose, respectively.", "contents": "[The effectiveness of the drugs Dovenix and Bilevon(R)-Injection against liver fascioliasis (Fasciola hepatica, Linn\u00e9 1758) in cattle]. Dovenix and Bilevon-injection (manufactured by SPECIA, France and BAYER, West Germany, respectively) were tested for their anthelmintic efficacy against Fasciola hepatica in cattle. The drugs proved highly effective against both adult and immature flukes. The faeces of the treated animals were negative for F. hepatica eggs when examined 91 days after the treatment. In experiments with rats Dovenix and Bilevon-injection were tolerated up to eight times and ten times higher doses than the normal therapeutic dose, respectively.", "PMID": 115128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11638", "title": "[The occurrence of a toxigenic strain of Fusarium tricinctum in connection with disease in a dairy cow].", "content": "The fungus Fusarium tricinctum, producing T-2 toxin, was isolated from mouldy maize silage. T-2 toxin was identified by TLC and by a bioassay. Consumption of mouldy silage resulted in a disease in a dairy cow, which had to be killed. The patho-anatomical findings obtained in the slaughtered cow generally suggested trichothecene poisoning. It was derived from these findings that the disease was due to the presence of trichothecenes in the feed.", "contents": "[The occurrence of a toxigenic strain of Fusarium tricinctum in connection with disease in a dairy cow]. The fungus Fusarium tricinctum, producing T-2 toxin, was isolated from mouldy maize silage. T-2 toxin was identified by TLC and by a bioassay. Consumption of mouldy silage resulted in a disease in a dairy cow, which had to be killed. The patho-anatomical findings obtained in the slaughtered cow generally suggested trichothecene poisoning. It was derived from these findings that the disease was due to the presence of trichothecenes in the feed.", "PMID": 115129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11639", "title": "[Vitamin E concentration in the blood serum of sows during pregnancy and lactation].", "content": "The dynamics of vitamin E in the blood serum of sows of the Slovak Large White breed was studied from the 10th day of gravidity to the 20th day of lactation. A slight variation was observed in the average values of serum vitamin E from the 10th to the 50th day of gravidity (from 0.134 to 0.122 and 0.129 mg per 100 ml). A rise to the absolutely highest average values of serum concentration of vitamin E, 0.166 mg per 100 ml, was ascertained in the period from the 70th to the 90th day of gravidity. In the subsequent period, i.e. 110th day of gravidity, the value dropped to 0.120 mg per 100 ml, and on the 5th day of lactation the absolutely lowest value (0.095 mg per 100 ml) for the whole study was obtained. On the 20th day of lactation the serum concentration of vitamin E increased on an average to 0.103 mg per 100 ml. These data indicate the critical periods in the levels of vitamin E; these are from the 90th to the 100th day of gravidity and the first days of lactation when the concentration of vitamin E markedly decreases. If vitamin E is not supplemented to the sows during gravidity in sufficient amounts, preclinical and clinical vitamin E deficiency can be expected to occur.", "contents": "[Vitamin E concentration in the blood serum of sows during pregnancy and lactation]. The dynamics of vitamin E in the blood serum of sows of the Slovak Large White breed was studied from the 10th day of gravidity to the 20th day of lactation. A slight variation was observed in the average values of serum vitamin E from the 10th to the 50th day of gravidity (from 0.134 to 0.122 and 0.129 mg per 100 ml). A rise to the absolutely highest average values of serum concentration of vitamin E, 0.166 mg per 100 ml, was ascertained in the period from the 70th to the 90th day of gravidity. In the subsequent period, i.e. 110th day of gravidity, the value dropped to 0.120 mg per 100 ml, and on the 5th day of lactation the absolutely lowest value (0.095 mg per 100 ml) for the whole study was obtained. On the 20th day of lactation the serum concentration of vitamin E increased on an average to 0.103 mg per 100 ml. These data indicate the critical periods in the levels of vitamin E; these are from the 90th to the 100th day of gravidity and the first days of lactation when the concentration of vitamin E markedly decreases. If vitamin E is not supplemented to the sows during gravidity in sufficient amounts, preclinical and clinical vitamin E deficiency can be expected to occur.", "PMID": 115130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11640", "title": "[The effect of chorionic gonadotropin administration on testosterone levels in the blood of boars with sexual function disorders].", "content": "Thirty-three boars with sexual dysfunctions and twenty-six boars clinically sound as to their reproductive capacity were evaluated for the testosterone levels in the blood plasma before i.v. administration of 500 i.u. of chorionic gonadotropin and two hours after the administration. A group of animals with reproduction disorders comprised boars with an impaired quality of ejaculate and low fertility ability (18 boars) and with sexual dysfunctions (15 boars). No statistically significant difference in the basal concentration of testosterone in the blood was found in the boars with the studied sexual dysfunctions, as compared with the boars with no sexual dysfunctions. Administration of chorionic gonadotropin increased significantly the plasma testosterone levels in both groups. If the effect of chorionic gonadotropin on the studied level of this hormone was compared in boars with sexual dysfunctions and in boars without any disorders, no significant differences were proved. It has been inferred from the above findings that there are no significant disorders of androgen supply and incretion reserve of the gonads in the boars with sexual dysfunctions.", "contents": "[The effect of chorionic gonadotropin administration on testosterone levels in the blood of boars with sexual function disorders]. Thirty-three boars with sexual dysfunctions and twenty-six boars clinically sound as to their reproductive capacity were evaluated for the testosterone levels in the blood plasma before i.v. administration of 500 i.u. of chorionic gonadotropin and two hours after the administration. A group of animals with reproduction disorders comprised boars with an impaired quality of ejaculate and low fertility ability (18 boars) and with sexual dysfunctions (15 boars). No statistically significant difference in the basal concentration of testosterone in the blood was found in the boars with the studied sexual dysfunctions, as compared with the boars with no sexual dysfunctions. Administration of chorionic gonadotropin increased significantly the plasma testosterone levels in both groups. If the effect of chorionic gonadotropin on the studied level of this hormone was compared in boars with sexual dysfunctions and in boars without any disorders, no significant differences were proved. It has been inferred from the above findings that there are no significant disorders of androgen supply and incretion reserve of the gonads in the boars with sexual dysfunctions.", "PMID": 115131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11641", "title": "[The effect of feeding rumen contents on glutamate dehydrogenase activity in some organs of broilers].", "content": "The effect of the replacement of 50, 60 and 80% of proteins in diet by dried rumen contents on glutamate dehydrogeanse activity (EC 1.4.1.3) in the kidneys, liver, and caecum tissue and contents was studied in broilers. The liver and caecum tissue did not show any significant changes in the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in dependence on the concentration of rumen contents in the diet. A statistically significant drop of GLDH activity was ascertained in the kidneys, the drop being the most marked at a 65% concentration of rumen contents in the diet. Similarly, a statistically significant decrease of GLDH activity, caused by rumen contents feeding in comparison with the control, was observed in caecum contents, in which the activity of GLDH was the highest.", "contents": "[The effect of feeding rumen contents on glutamate dehydrogenase activity in some organs of broilers]. The effect of the replacement of 50, 60 and 80% of proteins in diet by dried rumen contents on glutamate dehydrogeanse activity (EC 1.4.1.3) in the kidneys, liver, and caecum tissue and contents was studied in broilers. The liver and caecum tissue did not show any significant changes in the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in dependence on the concentration of rumen contents in the diet. A statistically significant drop of GLDH activity was ascertained in the kidneys, the drop being the most marked at a 65% concentration of rumen contents in the diet. Similarly, a statistically significant decrease of GLDH activity, caused by rumen contents feeding in comparison with the control, was observed in caecum contents, in which the activity of GLDH was the highest.", "PMID": 115134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11642", "title": "[An electricodynamic cathethermometer and heat conditions in pens for piglets].", "content": "In the farrowing houses the electric dynamic katathermometer (EDK) was used to determine the thermal conditions in boxes for piglets heated by electric infraradiators (EIZ) with an input of 525 W. The density of heat flow of the EDK sensor in the boxes which characterizes the cooling properties of this environment was zero or only very low if the infraradiators were installed 60 to 70 cm above the floor of the boxes, i. e. so as to temper the air to a temperature recommended by the standard. This is apparently caused by the relatively great radiation from the infraradiator which is not registered by the mercury thermometer but is absorbed by the body surface of the piglets and may lead to their overheating. A desirable increase in the cooling properties of the box environment and of the other spaces of the farrowing house was achieved by decreasing the infraradiator input to 260 W and suspending them 50 cm above the floor of the boxes. Their fixation at a greater height allowed the further effective regulation of the heat conditions in the boxes while at the same time cutting down electric energy consumption by a half.", "contents": "[An electricodynamic cathethermometer and heat conditions in pens for piglets]. In the farrowing houses the electric dynamic katathermometer (EDK) was used to determine the thermal conditions in boxes for piglets heated by electric infraradiators (EIZ) with an input of 525 W. The density of heat flow of the EDK sensor in the boxes which characterizes the cooling properties of this environment was zero or only very low if the infraradiators were installed 60 to 70 cm above the floor of the boxes, i. e. so as to temper the air to a temperature recommended by the standard. This is apparently caused by the relatively great radiation from the infraradiator which is not registered by the mercury thermometer but is absorbed by the body surface of the piglets and may lead to their overheating. A desirable increase in the cooling properties of the box environment and of the other spaces of the farrowing house was achieved by decreasing the infraradiator input to 260 W and suspending them 50 cm above the floor of the boxes. Their fixation at a greater height allowed the further effective regulation of the heat conditions in the boxes while at the same time cutting down electric energy consumption by a half.", "PMID": 115135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11643", "title": "[Effectiveness of environmental disinfection with formalin aerosol].", "content": "The effectiveness was tested of preventive disinfection of pig-fattening houses with formalin, applied as aerosol with the Swingfog SN 100 apparatus. The effectiveness of this treatment was evaluated according to the proportion of smears containing lactoso-positive micro-organisms, expressed as a percentage of the total number of smears, and according to the reduction of contamination with E. coli and St. aureus on wooden or aluminium carriers. The effectiveness was found to be good and the treatment is recommended as suitable for the preventive disinfection of stables. However, the following procedure should be strictly observed: Before disinfection the stables must be thoroughly mechanically cleansed, dried, and well closed to be air-tight. The air temperature in these premises should not be lower than 12 degrees C. Formalin (with a minimum content of 40% of formaldehyde) should be applied at a rate of at least 10 ml per 1 m3 of space and the agent should be diluted with water at 1 : 1 ratio prior to use. The aerosol should be produced by the Swingfog SN 100 generator, adjusted to apply about 40 1 of the solution per hour. The maximum space treated from one place should be limited to 500 m3. The exposure time should be at least 16 hours.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of environmental disinfection with formalin aerosol]. The effectiveness was tested of preventive disinfection of pig-fattening houses with formalin, applied as aerosol with the Swingfog SN 100 apparatus. The effectiveness of this treatment was evaluated according to the proportion of smears containing lactoso-positive micro-organisms, expressed as a percentage of the total number of smears, and according to the reduction of contamination with E. coli and St. aureus on wooden or aluminium carriers. The effectiveness was found to be good and the treatment is recommended as suitable for the preventive disinfection of stables. However, the following procedure should be strictly observed: Before disinfection the stables must be thoroughly mechanically cleansed, dried, and well closed to be air-tight. The air temperature in these premises should not be lower than 12 degrees C. Formalin (with a minimum content of 40% of formaldehyde) should be applied at a rate of at least 10 ml per 1 m3 of space and the agent should be diluted with water at 1 : 1 ratio prior to use. The aerosol should be produced by the Swingfog SN 100 generator, adjusted to apply about 40 1 of the solution per hour. The maximum space treated from one place should be limited to 500 m3. The exposure time should be at least 16 hours.", "PMID": 115138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11644", "title": "[Determination of chlorinated pesticide residues by gas chromatography].", "content": "Possibilities were tested of using several phases of chromatography used in toxicological laboratories (3% OV-1, 3% OV-17, 3% NPGS + 0.75% TA) and mixed fillings (3% OV-17, 7.5% QF-1, 3% XE-60 in a 2 : 2. : 1 ratio) in the separation of chlorinated pesticides. In the tested fillings, the retention volumes and Kov\u00e1ts indices were measured for 16 chlorinated hydrocarbons. The amounts of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in water and eggs were also determined.", "contents": "[Determination of chlorinated pesticide residues by gas chromatography]. Possibilities were tested of using several phases of chromatography used in toxicological laboratories (3% OV-1, 3% OV-17, 3% NPGS + 0.75% TA) and mixed fillings (3% OV-17, 7.5% QF-1, 3% XE-60 in a 2 : 2. : 1 ratio) in the separation of chlorinated pesticides. In the tested fillings, the retention volumes and Kov\u00e1ts indices were measured for 16 chlorinated hydrocarbons. The amounts of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in water and eggs were also determined.", "PMID": 115139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11645", "title": "Electrocerebral changes in acute alpha-chloralose poisoning: a case report.", "content": "A patient who had swallowed a high dose of alpha-chloralose (AC) exhibited a severe CNS depression, myoclonic convulsions and a flat EEG tracing. An episode of respiratory depression occurred also during hospitalization. The cerebral electrical activity reappeared after 18 hrs., EEG and clinical pictures subsequently showing a rapid improvement. Chemical tests revealed the presence of 0.3 mg/100 ml of trichloroethanol in the blood. Treatment included the administration of diazepam against convulsions and assisted respiration. This case confirms previous clinical and experimental observations, proving that AC should be regarded as a convulsant in addition to being an anesthetic agent.", "contents": "Electrocerebral changes in acute alpha-chloralose poisoning: a case report. A patient who had swallowed a high dose of alpha-chloralose (AC) exhibited a severe CNS depression, myoclonic convulsions and a flat EEG tracing. An episode of respiratory depression occurred also during hospitalization. The cerebral electrical activity reappeared after 18 hrs., EEG and clinical pictures subsequently showing a rapid improvement. Chemical tests revealed the presence of 0.3 mg/100 ml of trichloroethanol in the blood. Treatment included the administration of diazepam against convulsions and assisted respiration. This case confirms previous clinical and experimental observations, proving that AC should be regarded as a convulsant in addition to being an anesthetic agent.", "PMID": 115140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11646", "title": "Complement components detected on normal red blood cells taken into EDTA and CPD.", "content": "Normal red blood cells (RBC) from fresh EDTA and CPD blood and from stored CPD blood were examined for the presence of bound subcomponents of C3 and C4. By serologic agglutination tests, only C3d was detectable on the cells. Incubation in compatible fresh normal serum (FNS) at 37 degrees C appeared to increase the amount of 3Cd on the RBC. C3b was serologically detectable only on stored CPD cells and only after incubation in compatible FNS. No. C4 components were detected on the cell surfaces in agglutination tests. Using an indirect labeling technique, small, but significant, amounts of C3d and C4d were found on all three types of untreated cells. C3b was present on stored CPD cells only. The indirect labeling technique showed a significant increase in C3d and C4d on all cells following incubation i- compatible FNS, whereas bound C3b was significantly increased only with stored CPD cells. There was no increase in bound C4b following serum incubation. The average number of C3d molecules per cell on normal EDTA cells was 557 and average Ko was 3.6 x 10(7) l/mol.", "contents": "Complement components detected on normal red blood cells taken into EDTA and CPD. Normal red blood cells (RBC) from fresh EDTA and CPD blood and from stored CPD blood were examined for the presence of bound subcomponents of C3 and C4. By serologic agglutination tests, only C3d was detectable on the cells. Incubation in compatible fresh normal serum (FNS) at 37 degrees C appeared to increase the amount of 3Cd on the RBC. C3b was serologically detectable only on stored CPD cells and only after incubation in compatible FNS. No. C4 components were detected on the cell surfaces in agglutination tests. Using an indirect labeling technique, small, but significant, amounts of C3d and C4d were found on all three types of untreated cells. C3b was present on stored CPD cells only. The indirect labeling technique showed a significant increase in C3d and C4d on all cells following incubation i- compatible FNS, whereas bound C3b was significantly increased only with stored CPD cells. There was no increase in bound C4b following serum incubation. The average number of C3d molecules per cell on normal EDTA cells was 557 and average Ko was 3.6 x 10(7) l/mol.", "PMID": 115154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11647", "title": "The Duffy blood group system in Israeli Jews and Arabs.", "content": "The distribution of the Fy gene was studied in 1,207 Israeli Jews and 509 Arabs. The Fy(a--b--) phenotype (FyFy) was observed in Moslem, Christian and Druze Arabs, and in Jewish immigrants from Yemen and Iraq, but not in Sephardi or Ashkenazi Jews. The Fy gene frequencies in Arabs and Jews were compatible with historical evidence of interactions with native African and admixed regional populations. Compared with Rho (cDe) and Jsa, Fy(a--b--) is a more useful genetic marker for recognizing African admixture in Middle Eastern populations.", "contents": "The Duffy blood group system in Israeli Jews and Arabs. The distribution of the Fy gene was studied in 1,207 Israeli Jews and 509 Arabs. The Fy(a--b--) phenotype (FyFy) was observed in Moslem, Christian and Druze Arabs, and in Jewish immigrants from Yemen and Iraq, but not in Sephardi or Ashkenazi Jews. The Fy gene frequencies in Arabs and Jews were compatible with historical evidence of interactions with native African and admixed regional populations. Compared with Rho (cDe) and Jsa, Fy(a--b--) is a more useful genetic marker for recognizing African admixture in Middle Eastern populations.", "PMID": 115155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11648", "title": "Red cell antibody screening with the Groupamatic system. I. Bromelin methyl-cellulose and saline techniques: evaluation of five years' routine use.", "content": "These data comprise 1,231,024 routine tests carried out over a 5-year period on voluntary blood donors. The percentage of positive results on the machines varies from 1 to 3% of the total number of samples tested. Antibodies identified either by manual or automated techniques make up 15--20% of the positive screening reactions. Rhesus, Luewis and P systems prevail, whilst Duffy, Kidd and Ltheran systems are absent. This screening has three main advantages: the supply of plasma for our production of test sera, or therapeutic immunoglobulins; protection of the recipient; partial information on the donor's immunohaematological state, especially for the risk of giving him incompatible blood sometimes in the future.", "contents": "Red cell antibody screening with the Groupamatic system. I. Bromelin methyl-cellulose and saline techniques: evaluation of five years' routine use. These data comprise 1,231,024 routine tests carried out over a 5-year period on voluntary blood donors. The percentage of positive results on the machines varies from 1 to 3% of the total number of samples tested. Antibodies identified either by manual or automated techniques make up 15--20% of the positive screening reactions. Rhesus, Luewis and P systems prevail, whilst Duffy, Kidd and Ltheran systems are absent. This screening has three main advantages: the supply of plasma for our production of test sera, or therapeutic immunoglobulins; protection of the recipient; partial information on the donor's immunohaematological state, especially for the risk of giving him incompatible blood sometimes in the future.", "PMID": 115156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11649", "title": "[Polyamine oxidative deamination in hepatomas with varying growth rates].", "content": "Rates of oxidative deamination of polyamines were studied in rapidly growing hepatomas G-22 and G-27, in slowly growing hepatomas G-60, G-61, G-48, G-46 as well as in liver tissue of tumor-bearing animals and animals treated with nitrose piperidine. Diamine oxidase activity was not found in rapidly growing hepatomas. Treatment with pyridoxal-phosphate did not restore the diamine oxidase activity in hepatomas G-27, but distinctly increased the latter in the liver tissue of the tumor-bearing animals up to the level of the enzymatic activity found in liver tissue of the intact animals. On the contrary, high concentrations of pyridoxal-phosphate (above 0.02 mg) inhibited the diamine oxidase activity in liver tissue of the impaired and intact animals. The enzymatic activity was markedly decreased in slowly growing hepatomas G-60, G-61, G-48 and G-46 as compared with the activity in liver tissue of tumor-bearing animals. Oxidation of all the substrates used could be measured using hepatoma G-60, putrescine and spermidine - for hepatoma G-61, but only putrescine - for hepatoma G-48. No of the substrates used was deaminated by hepatoma G-46. Four-fold decrease in the diamine oxidase activity was observed during malignization of liver cells induced by nitrose piperidine. The diamine oxidase was mainly localized in the postmitochondrial fraction of hepatocytes.", "contents": "[Polyamine oxidative deamination in hepatomas with varying growth rates]. Rates of oxidative deamination of polyamines were studied in rapidly growing hepatomas G-22 and G-27, in slowly growing hepatomas G-60, G-61, G-48, G-46 as well as in liver tissue of tumor-bearing animals and animals treated with nitrose piperidine. Diamine oxidase activity was not found in rapidly growing hepatomas. Treatment with pyridoxal-phosphate did not restore the diamine oxidase activity in hepatomas G-27, but distinctly increased the latter in the liver tissue of the tumor-bearing animals up to the level of the enzymatic activity found in liver tissue of the intact animals. On the contrary, high concentrations of pyridoxal-phosphate (above 0.02 mg) inhibited the diamine oxidase activity in liver tissue of the impaired and intact animals. The enzymatic activity was markedly decreased in slowly growing hepatomas G-60, G-61, G-48 and G-46 as compared with the activity in liver tissue of tumor-bearing animals. Oxidation of all the substrates used could be measured using hepatoma G-60, putrescine and spermidine - for hepatoma G-61, but only putrescine - for hepatoma G-48. No of the substrates used was deaminated by hepatoma G-46. Four-fold decrease in the diamine oxidase activity was observed during malignization of liver cells induced by nitrose piperidine. The diamine oxidase was mainly localized in the postmitochondrial fraction of hepatocytes.", "PMID": 115153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11650", "title": "Long-term support of a patient with aplastic anemia by platelets and granulocytes from donors of a HLA-A,B identical family.", "content": "The case of an 18-year-old male patient with aplastic anemia is reported who was successfully treated by platelets from his father, mother and uncle over a period 8 months because of the very rare constellation of HLA-A,B identity in the family. The patient deceased from uncontrollable septicemia.", "contents": "Long-term support of a patient with aplastic anemia by platelets and granulocytes from donors of a HLA-A,B identical family. The case of an 18-year-old male patient with aplastic anemia is reported who was successfully treated by platelets from his father, mother and uncle over a period 8 months because of the very rare constellation of HLA-A,B identity in the family. The patient deceased from uncontrollable septicemia.", "PMID": 115158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11651", "title": "[Comparison of glibenclamide, gliquidone, glisoxepide and placebo in maturity onset diabetics of differing degrees of severity (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the potency of effect on the beta cell differs with type of sulfonylurea (SU) and with degree of severity of diabetes. 12 maturity onset diabetics were classed according to fasting blood glucose (FBG) in three groups of 4 patients each. Each patient served as his own control. Glibenclamide, Gliquidone, Glusoxepide and placebo were administered in random order with degree dosage adjusted according to degree of severity of diabetes. All patients were given a standardized diet with 150 g carbohydrates per day. Fullday profiles of blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide and sulfonylurea level in serum were made on the third day under each preparation. Results showed that with proper nutrition and sufficient weight reduction, patients in group I (FBG 80--130 mg/dl) needed no oral medication and in fact showed a tendency towards hypoglycaemic episodes under oral therapy. In group II (FBG 130--200 mg/dl) the effect of nutrients on beta cell secretion appeared to be both enhanced and accelerated by SU administration. Satisfactory metabolic control was achieved with SU, but not with placebo. This group seems to represent the type of patient most likely to benefit from SU therapy. In spite of high dosage levels, satisfactory control was not achieved with SU in any patient in group III (FBG greater than 200 mg/dl). Depending on individual factors such as ketosis-proneness, vascular complications, age and psycho-social aspects, insulin administration should be considered for these patients. There were not differences between the individual SU preparations in the parameters studied. There was insufficient evidence for a pharmacokinetic differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Comparison of glibenclamide, gliquidone, glisoxepide and placebo in maturity onset diabetics of differing degrees of severity (author's transl)]. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the potency of effect on the beta cell differs with type of sulfonylurea (SU) and with degree of severity of diabetes. 12 maturity onset diabetics were classed according to fasting blood glucose (FBG) in three groups of 4 patients each. Each patient served as his own control. Glibenclamide, Gliquidone, Glusoxepide and placebo were administered in random order with degree dosage adjusted according to degree of severity of diabetes. All patients were given a standardized diet with 150 g carbohydrates per day. Fullday profiles of blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide and sulfonylurea level in serum were made on the third day under each preparation. Results showed that with proper nutrition and sufficient weight reduction, patients in group I (FBG 80--130 mg/dl) needed no oral medication and in fact showed a tendency towards hypoglycaemic episodes under oral therapy. In group II (FBG 130--200 mg/dl) the effect of nutrients on beta cell secretion appeared to be both enhanced and accelerated by SU administration. Satisfactory metabolic control was achieved with SU, but not with placebo. This group seems to represent the type of patient most likely to benefit from SU therapy. In spite of high dosage levels, satisfactory control was not achieved with SU in any patient in group III (FBG greater than 200 mg/dl). Depending on individual factors such as ketosis-proneness, vascular complications, age and psycho-social aspects, insulin administration should be considered for these patients. There were not differences between the individual SU preparations in the parameters studied. There was insufficient evidence for a pharmacokinetic differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 115159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11652", "title": "Inhibition of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes by arachidonic acid.", "content": "1. The effects of arachidonic acid on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes was investigated in male ICR-Swiss mice. 2. A single administration of arachidonic acid, 100 mg/kg i.p., doubled the hexobarbital sleeping time. Arachidonic acid in vitro gave a type I binding spectrum with hepatic microsomes; it inhibited the metabolism of hexobarbital and of ethylmorphine, two type I binding drugs, but not that of aniline, a type II binding drug; the inhibition of hexobarbital metabolism by arachidonic acid was competitive. 3. Repeated administration of arachidonic acid up to a total dose of 1000 mg/kg i.p., either in the course of 5 hours, or in the course of 5 days, decreased microsomal cytochrome P-450 levels and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. 4. It is concluded that the administration of arachidonic acid may impair drug metabolism in two ways, mainly, by competitively inhibiting the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes, and secondarily, by decreasing the hepatic concentration of these enzymes.", "contents": "Inhibition of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes by arachidonic acid. 1. The effects of arachidonic acid on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes was investigated in male ICR-Swiss mice. 2. A single administration of arachidonic acid, 100 mg/kg i.p., doubled the hexobarbital sleeping time. Arachidonic acid in vitro gave a type I binding spectrum with hepatic microsomes; it inhibited the metabolism of hexobarbital and of ethylmorphine, two type I binding drugs, but not that of aniline, a type II binding drug; the inhibition of hexobarbital metabolism by arachidonic acid was competitive. 3. Repeated administration of arachidonic acid up to a total dose of 1000 mg/kg i.p., either in the course of 5 hours, or in the course of 5 days, decreased microsomal cytochrome P-450 levels and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. 4. It is concluded that the administration of arachidonic acid may impair drug metabolism in two ways, mainly, by competitively inhibiting the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes, and secondarily, by decreasing the hepatic concentration of these enzymes.", "PMID": 115160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11653", "title": "Practolol metabolism in various small animal species.", "content": "1. The metabolism of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent practolol has been studied in a variety of small animal species, using both ring- and acetyl-14C-labelled material. After oral dosing at 100 mg/kg, elimination of 14C in urine and expired air was monitored, and urinary metabolite patterns were examined by t.l.c. 2. Marmoset was unusual in extensively deacetylating practolol (c. 57% dose). Urinary elimination was low, with only 25% being recovered in 4 days; over 30% of urinary 14C was present as desacetyl practolol, whereas less than 50% was unchanged practolol. 3. Hamster was also atypical, in its extensive hydroxylation of practolol. Urine contained 60% dose; 11% of urinary radioactivity was present as 3-hydroxypractolol, much of the polar material present (48%) appeared to be a conjugate of this, and only 35% was present as practolol. 4. For the other species studied (rat, mouse, guinea-pig and rabbit, metabolism was more limited. Deacetylation was typically about 5%, but was somewhat higher in the mouse (8--14%). Urine was the major route of elimination and practolol represented 50--90% of urinary radioactivity. 5. Despite extensive toxicity studies, both in species which metabolize practolol similarly to man and in species such as the hamster and marmoset which metabolize practolol extensively, no animal model has been found for the human adverse reactions.", "contents": "Practolol metabolism in various small animal species. 1. The metabolism of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent practolol has been studied in a variety of small animal species, using both ring- and acetyl-14C-labelled material. After oral dosing at 100 mg/kg, elimination of 14C in urine and expired air was monitored, and urinary metabolite patterns were examined by t.l.c. 2. Marmoset was unusual in extensively deacetylating practolol (c. 57% dose). Urinary elimination was low, with only 25% being recovered in 4 days; over 30% of urinary 14C was present as desacetyl practolol, whereas less than 50% was unchanged practolol. 3. Hamster was also atypical, in its extensive hydroxylation of practolol. Urine contained 60% dose; 11% of urinary radioactivity was present as 3-hydroxypractolol, much of the polar material present (48%) appeared to be a conjugate of this, and only 35% was present as practolol. 4. For the other species studied (rat, mouse, guinea-pig and rabbit, metabolism was more limited. Deacetylation was typically about 5%, but was somewhat higher in the mouse (8--14%). Urine was the major route of elimination and practolol represented 50--90% of urinary radioactivity. 5. Despite extensive toxicity studies, both in species which metabolize practolol similarly to man and in species such as the hamster and marmoset which metabolize practolol extensively, no animal model has been found for the human adverse reactions.", "PMID": 115161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11654", "title": "The use of naturally occurring cancer in domestic animals for research into human cancer: general considerations and a review of canine skeletal osteosarcoma.", "content": "For many years, research into human cancer has concentrated on human patients and on artificially induced neoplasms in inbred murine hosts. Cancer, however, affects a great variety of mammals, particularly those that have been domesticated. Suchf naturally occurring neoplasms are common in dogs, cats, cattle, horses, etc., and offer fertile ground for studies relating to epidemiologyf, etiology, immunobiology, and therapy. Canine osteosarcoma is described in detail. The clinicopathologic features of this canine tumor closely approximate that of human osteosarcoma and thus make canine osteosarcoma an invaluable comparative model. Canine osteosarcoma and other naturally occurring tumors lie intermediate between the mouse models and human cancer. The use of these veterinary models in the future fabric of cancer research will broaden its base and will influence our conceptual approach to research and clinical options.", "contents": "The use of naturally occurring cancer in domestic animals for research into human cancer: general considerations and a review of canine skeletal osteosarcoma. For many years, research into human cancer has concentrated on human patients and on artificially induced neoplasms in inbred murine hosts. Cancer, however, affects a great variety of mammals, particularly those that have been domesticated. Suchf naturally occurring neoplasms are common in dogs, cats, cattle, horses, etc., and offer fertile ground for studies relating to epidemiologyf, etiology, immunobiology, and therapy. Canine osteosarcoma is described in detail. The clinicopathologic features of this canine tumor closely approximate that of human osteosarcoma and thus make canine osteosarcoma an invaluable comparative model. Canine osteosarcoma and other naturally occurring tumors lie intermediate between the mouse models and human cancer. The use of these veterinary models in the future fabric of cancer research will broaden its base and will influence our conceptual approach to research and clinical options.", "PMID": 115162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11655", "title": "Increased responsiveness of electric precipitation (electrosynerese) by means of a chemical method.", "content": "Electric precipitation is a method in serological diagnostics (determination of species-specificity). Since serum protein fractions (especially immunoglobulins) and extracts from blood stains migrate in agar-gel at pH 8.2--8.6 towards the cathode they cannot be used for the determination of the species specificity. By a chemical method using glutaraldehyde authors have produced an albumin-immunoglobulin complex, altering in this way the direction of electrophoretic mobility. Treatment of the blood samples with glutaraldehyde increases the sensitivity and realiability of the method.", "contents": "Increased responsiveness of electric precipitation (electrosynerese) by means of a chemical method. Electric precipitation is a method in serological diagnostics (determination of species-specificity). Since serum protein fractions (especially immunoglobulins) and extracts from blood stains migrate in agar-gel at pH 8.2--8.6 towards the cathode they cannot be used for the determination of the species specificity. By a chemical method using glutaraldehyde authors have produced an albumin-immunoglobulin complex, altering in this way the direction of electrophoretic mobility. Treatment of the blood samples with glutaraldehyde increases the sensitivity and realiability of the method.", "PMID": 115172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11656", "title": "An analysis of the organization of vocal communication in the titi monkey Callicebus moloch.", "content": "Vocalizations of titi monkeys were recorded from 6 groups at two sites in the Ilanos of Colombia during 8 months of study. Frequency and temporal measurements from spectrograms of recordings, and differences in their patterns of use, were used to characterize call types. Animals repeat calls to form phrases, and combine phrases to form sequences. The six sequence types, defined by different transition probabilities between phrases, varied in proportion in different contexts. To examine the effect of order of phrases on response, I played back artificially constructed sequences to subject groups. I discuss hierarchical and sequential mechanisms as generators of vocal sequences, and draw comparisons with models of human language.", "contents": "An analysis of the organization of vocal communication in the titi monkey Callicebus moloch. Vocalizations of titi monkeys were recorded from 6 groups at two sites in the Ilanos of Colombia during 8 months of study. Frequency and temporal measurements from spectrograms of recordings, and differences in their patterns of use, were used to characterize call types. Animals repeat calls to form phrases, and combine phrases to form sequences. The six sequence types, defined by different transition probabilities between phrases, varied in proportion in different contexts. To examine the effect of order of phrases on response, I played back artificially constructed sequences to subject groups. I discuss hierarchical and sequential mechanisms as generators of vocal sequences, and draw comparisons with models of human language.", "PMID": 115173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11657", "title": "[Effect of anodal polarization of several subcortical structures on the spatial synchronization of cortical potentials during elaboration of a defensive conditioned reflex in rabbits].", "content": "The effect of the functional state of some thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, modified by anode polarization, on spatial synchroneity of cortical potentials (SSCP) and the speed of elaboration of a conditioned defensive reflex (CDR) were studied in chronic experiments on 15 rabbits. Reversible blockade of the studied subcortical structures considerably affected the local SSCP form and the reflex execution. In intrasignal periods the global SSCP practically did not change. A comparative analysis of the results permits an assumption that the mammillary bodies play an important role in the formation of local SSCP at the beginning of defensive conditioning and that in the stabilized reflex, this SSCP form requires the activity of non-specific thalamic nuclei.", "contents": "[Effect of anodal polarization of several subcortical structures on the spatial synchronization of cortical potentials during elaboration of a defensive conditioned reflex in rabbits]. The effect of the functional state of some thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, modified by anode polarization, on spatial synchroneity of cortical potentials (SSCP) and the speed of elaboration of a conditioned defensive reflex (CDR) were studied in chronic experiments on 15 rabbits. Reversible blockade of the studied subcortical structures considerably affected the local SSCP form and the reflex execution. In intrasignal periods the global SSCP practically did not change. A comparative analysis of the results permits an assumption that the mammillary bodies play an important role in the formation of local SSCP at the beginning of defensive conditioning and that in the stabilized reflex, this SSCP form requires the activity of non-specific thalamic nuclei.", "PMID": 115170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11658", "title": "Untyped forms of faecal streptococci in Egyptian sewage and Nile water.", "content": "When  the thallous-azide agar medium was used a higher incidence of pure faecal streptococci recovery was recorded especially from slightly polluted vehicles such as river water than on the standard M-enterococcus agar medium. In addition, a thallous-azide combination at pH 6.5 was used successfully for the primary isolation of Str. faecalis and its two variants. Results of biochemical tests of 274 faecal streptococci isolates showed that 20% belonged to Str. faecalis and its two variants as well as Str. durans, Str. faecium and Str. equinus. Thirty-eight percent of the isolated strains were classified as atypical I, II, III, and V previously designated by COOPER and RAMADAN (1955) as well as the unclassified group of RAMADAN et al. (1972). While the remaining 42% were found to belong to seven different categories (SALEH 1976 and 1977). The correlation between four differential tests used for defining the source of faecal streptococci isolates was discussed.", "contents": "Untyped forms of faecal streptococci in Egyptian sewage and Nile water. When  the thallous-azide agar medium was used a higher incidence of pure faecal streptococci recovery was recorded especially from slightly polluted vehicles such as river water than on the standard M-enterococcus agar medium. In addition, a thallous-azide combination at pH 6.5 was used successfully for the primary isolation of Str. faecalis and its two variants. Results of biochemical tests of 274 faecal streptococci isolates showed that 20% belonged to Str. faecalis and its two variants as well as Str. durans, Str. faecium and Str. equinus. Thirty-eight percent of the isolated strains were classified as atypical I, II, III, and V previously designated by COOPER and RAMADAN (1955) as well as the unclassified group of RAMADAN et al. (1972). While the remaining 42% were found to belong to seven different categories (SALEH 1976 and 1977). The correlation between four differential tests used for defining the source of faecal streptococci isolates was discussed.", "PMID": 115174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11659", "title": "Subtilopeptidase A produced by Bacillus subtilis PR-70. I. Kinetic behaviour of solubilized enzymes.", "content": "The kinetic behaviour of subtilopeptidase A was investigated. The enzyme was obtained from a local isolate of B. subtilis PR-70. The rate of enzyme catalyzed conversion of substrate to product is directly proportional to the enzyme concentration, v = K(E). Michaelis constant was determined using different methods. The average of Km value is equal to 0.01615. The Vmax and Et were determined being 0.71 and 1.467, respectively, using KUNITZ's casein digestion method. The enzymeconcentration involved in the reaction system is equal to 97.8%. A trial to calculate the molecular weight and the number of active groups were discussed.", "contents": "Subtilopeptidase A produced by Bacillus subtilis PR-70. I. Kinetic behaviour of solubilized enzymes. The kinetic behaviour of subtilopeptidase A was investigated. The enzyme was obtained from a local isolate of B. subtilis PR-70. The rate of enzyme catalyzed conversion of substrate to product is directly proportional to the enzyme concentration, v = K(E). Michaelis constant was determined using different methods. The average of Km value is equal to 0.01615. The Vmax and Et were determined being 0.71 and 1.467, respectively, using KUNITZ's casein digestion method. The enzymeconcentration involved in the reaction system is equal to 97.8%. A trial to calculate the molecular weight and the number of active groups were discussed.", "PMID": 115175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11660", "title": "[Quality and efficiency of surgery in a district-hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "Control of quality and efficiency of surgical procedures performed is of utmost importance to every surgeon. This voluntary self-control has regularly been made by us for ten years. It allows accurate statements to be made on both the level of proficiency in surgery and the effectiveness of the surgical work done.", "contents": "[Quality and efficiency of surgery in a district-hospital (author's transl)]. Control of quality and efficiency of surgical procedures performed is of utmost importance to every surgeon. This voluntary self-control has regularly been made by us for ten years. It allows accurate statements to be made on both the level of proficiency in surgery and the effectiveness of the surgical work done.", "PMID": 115176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11661", "title": "[Rickettsia conorii and prowazekii plaque study in a chick fibroblast cell culture].", "content": "The results of the study of plaques formed by R. conorii (strain M 1) and R. prowazeki (strain E and erythromycin-resistant strain E) in chick fibroblast cell culture are presented. In this study the tissue monolayer was inoculated with rickettsiae suspended in various media, and media of different composition were used in the nutrient cover and for cell cultivation. The maximum plaque formation was observed under the following conditions: the monolayer of chick fibroblasts (seeding density was not less than 375,000 cells per 1 sq. cm) was grown in medium 199 with 5-10% of fresh fetal or calf serum and inoculated with rickettsiae suspended in heart-brain infusion; the nutrient cover was prepared on the basis of Seakem agarose (USA) and contained medium 199 (without antibiotics) and 10% of fresh fetal or calf serum. In these conditions R. conorii formed plaques 2 mm in diameter, the first plaques being observed on day 6, and most of them on days 7-9; the both strains of R. prowazeki formed plaques 1 mm in diameter, the first plaques being observed on days 8-9, and most of them on days 10-13.", "contents": "[Rickettsia conorii and prowazekii plaque study in a chick fibroblast cell culture]. The results of the study of plaques formed by R. conorii (strain M 1) and R. prowazeki (strain E and erythromycin-resistant strain E) in chick fibroblast cell culture are presented. In this study the tissue monolayer was inoculated with rickettsiae suspended in various media, and media of different composition were used in the nutrient cover and for cell cultivation. The maximum plaque formation was observed under the following conditions: the monolayer of chick fibroblasts (seeding density was not less than 375,000 cells per 1 sq. cm) was grown in medium 199 with 5-10% of fresh fetal or calf serum and inoculated with rickettsiae suspended in heart-brain infusion; the nutrient cover was prepared on the basis of Seakem agarose (USA) and contained medium 199 (without antibiotics) and 10% of fresh fetal or calf serum. In these conditions R. conorii formed plaques 2 mm in diameter, the first plaques being observed on day 6, and most of them on days 7-9; the both strains of R. prowazeki formed plaques 1 mm in diameter, the first plaques being observed on days 8-9, and most of them on days 10-13.", "PMID": 115179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11662", "title": "[Immunoglobulin level in viral hepatitis patients].", "content": "The results of studying the dynamics of serum immunoglobulins in patients with viral hepatitis varying in severity are presented. At the acute stage of the disease pronounced shifts in the content of all the three classes of immunoglobulins were found to occur in the patients irrespective of their age. Higher levels of IgM detected in women seem to be due to the physiological peculiarities of the female organism. Gamma globulin prophylaxis, when carried out at the incubation period, has been shown to exert a negative influence on humoral immunity.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulin level in viral hepatitis patients]. The results of studying the dynamics of serum immunoglobulins in patients with viral hepatitis varying in severity are presented. At the acute stage of the disease pronounced shifts in the content of all the three classes of immunoglobulins were found to occur in the patients irrespective of their age. Higher levels of IgM detected in women seem to be due to the physiological peculiarities of the female organism. Gamma globulin prophylaxis, when carried out at the incubation period, has been shown to exert a negative influence on humoral immunity.", "PMID": 115180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11663", "title": "[Cell structure and the pathogenicity of Brucella at different stages of L transformation].", "content": "On the basis of changes in the biological properties and morphology of Br. abortus culture under the action of penicillin 3 stages of L-transformation in Brucella were determined. The prevalence of first bacilliform and then typical L-cells and rapid reversion hampering the determination of virulence were characteristic of the initial stage (passages 1-4). Typical L-cells with the wrinkled surface, deep depressions and holes as well as a decrease in virulence and slight pathomorphological changes in the organs of the infected animals were characteristics of the intermediate stage (passages 5-10). Typical L-cells and amorphous masses, a further decrease in virulence, pathomorphological changes of toxic character (only after the injection of L-culture in large doses) were characteristic of the late stage (from passage 11 and further on). At all stages of L-transformation Brucella cultures showed a high reproductive capacity, binary division, the formation of elementary bodies by budding both inside and on the surface of L-cells.", "contents": "[Cell structure and the pathogenicity of Brucella at different stages of L transformation]. On the basis of changes in the biological properties and morphology of Br. abortus culture under the action of penicillin 3 stages of L-transformation in Brucella were determined. The prevalence of first bacilliform and then typical L-cells and rapid reversion hampering the determination of virulence were characteristic of the initial stage (passages 1-4). Typical L-cells with the wrinkled surface, deep depressions and holes as well as a decrease in virulence and slight pathomorphological changes in the organs of the infected animals were characteristics of the intermediate stage (passages 5-10). Typical L-cells and amorphous masses, a further decrease in virulence, pathomorphological changes of toxic character (only after the injection of L-culture in large doses) were characteristic of the late stage (from passage 11 and further on). At all stages of L-transformation Brucella cultures showed a high reproductive capacity, binary division, the formation of elementary bodies by budding both inside and on the surface of L-cells.", "PMID": 115181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11664", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the cells of a nonsynchronous Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture occurring under the influence of chlorhexidine bigluconate].", "content": "Total preparations of P. aeruginosa (strain 65) were studied after contrastive treatment with 2% phosphato-tungstic acid and 2% uranyl acetate; ultrathin sections of bacteria treated with chlorhexidine bigluconate in various concentrations and fixied by the method of Hoffmann et al. were also studied with the use of an electron microscope IEM 100 v. Structural and morphological changes depending on the concentration and the time of action of the antiseptic were discovered; these changes were manifested by bacterial lysis and coagulation, the lossening of the cell wall with revealing its five-layer structure.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the cells of a nonsynchronous Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture occurring under the influence of chlorhexidine bigluconate]. Total preparations of P. aeruginosa (strain 65) were studied after contrastive treatment with 2% phosphato-tungstic acid and 2% uranyl acetate; ultrathin sections of bacteria treated with chlorhexidine bigluconate in various concentrations and fixied by the method of Hoffmann et al. were also studied with the use of an electron microscope IEM 100 v. Structural and morphological changes depending on the concentration and the time of action of the antiseptic were discovered; these changes were manifested by bacterial lysis and coagulation, the lossening of the cell wall with revealing its five-layer structure.", "PMID": 115182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11665", "title": "[Assessment of the effectiveness of different methoods of immunization with live plague vaccine EB in aerosol infections].", "content": "The work deals with the results of the comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccines developed at the Sanitary Research Institute (Zagorsk) and the Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera (Moscow), as well as two methods of immunization against plague, by inhalation and subcutaneous injection, under the conditions of aerosol infection. The immunogenic effectiveness of both vaccines, when evaluated in terms of LD50, was shown to be approximately the same, but the animals immunized by the inhalation method with the vaccine developed at the Sanitary Research Institute proved to be less susceptible to infection than those immunized with the vaccine developed at the Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera in Moscow. After immunization by the inhalation method the vaccine developed at the Sanitary Research Institute rendered more effective protection (3- to 4-fold) against aerosol infection than after immunization by subcutaneous injection. The animals immunized by the inhalation method proved to be capable of surviving plague in the primary pneumonic form.", "contents": "[Assessment of the effectiveness of different methoods of immunization with live plague vaccine EB in aerosol infections]. The work deals with the results of the comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccines developed at the Sanitary Research Institute (Zagorsk) and the Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera (Moscow), as well as two methods of immunization against plague, by inhalation and subcutaneous injection, under the conditions of aerosol infection. The immunogenic effectiveness of both vaccines, when evaluated in terms of LD50, was shown to be approximately the same, but the animals immunized by the inhalation method with the vaccine developed at the Sanitary Research Institute proved to be less susceptible to infection than those immunized with the vaccine developed at the Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera in Moscow. After immunization by the inhalation method the vaccine developed at the Sanitary Research Institute rendered more effective protection (3- to 4-fold) against aerosol infection than after immunization by subcutaneous injection. The animals immunized by the inhalation method proved to be capable of surviving plague in the primary pneumonic form.", "PMID": 115183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11666", "title": "[Evaluation of the role of specific antimeningococcal antibodies in the spread of meningococcal carrier states in collectives].", "content": "The results of serological, bacteriological and epidemiological studies carried out in populations with different epidemic pattern of meningococcal infection are presented. A-group specific antibody was found to have the leading role in the intensity of the spread of meningococcal infection in the populations. The presence of antibody to this antigen in 16.7% of serum samples inhibited dissemination of meningococci in the populations. Simultaneously with an increase in the herd immunity level to 34.8% the attenuation of the active meningococcal dissemination cycle was observed. Meningococci isolated in the populations with different epidemic patterns of meningococcal infection were shown to have different ecological properties.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the role of specific antimeningococcal antibodies in the spread of meningococcal carrier states in collectives]. The results of serological, bacteriological and epidemiological studies carried out in populations with different epidemic pattern of meningococcal infection are presented. A-group specific antibody was found to have the leading role in the intensity of the spread of meningococcal infection in the populations. The presence of antibody to this antigen in 16.7% of serum samples inhibited dissemination of meningococci in the populations. Simultaneously with an increase in the herd immunity level to 34.8% the attenuation of the active meningococcal dissemination cycle was observed. Meningococci isolated in the populations with different epidemic patterns of meningococcal infection were shown to have different ecological properties.", "PMID": 115184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11667", "title": "[Immunologic study of artificial complex antigens obtained from P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides].", "content": "Artificial antigens were obtained on the basis of the polysaccharide component of P. aeruginosa complexed with an indifferent protein. Immunological study indicated that the specific polysaccharide of P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide contained two structures, high molecular and low molecular, having qualitative and quantitative differences in their hydrocarbon composition. Artificial complex antigens possessed serological and immunogenic properties, the low molecular polysaccharide fraction complexed with protein having less pronounced serological and immunogenic activity than polysaccharide and the high molecular fraction complexed with protein. Antificial complex antigens exerted no protective effect in generalized P. aeruginosa infection in rats.", "contents": "[Immunologic study of artificial complex antigens obtained from P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides]. Artificial antigens were obtained on the basis of the polysaccharide component of P. aeruginosa complexed with an indifferent protein. Immunological study indicated that the specific polysaccharide of P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide contained two structures, high molecular and low molecular, having qualitative and quantitative differences in their hydrocarbon composition. Artificial complex antigens possessed serological and immunogenic properties, the low molecular polysaccharide fraction complexed with protein having less pronounced serological and immunogenic activity than polysaccharide and the high molecular fraction complexed with protein. Antificial complex antigens exerted no protective effect in generalized P. aeruginosa infection in rats.", "PMID": 115186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11668", "title": "[Immunologic characteristics of the protein antigens of the Neisseriaceae family. I. Antigenic interrelationships between nonpathogenic representatives of the genus Neisseria].", "content": "The immunological characteristics of protein complexes isolated from the filtrates of broth cultures, obtained after prolonged incubation, of 86 strains of N. perflava, N. flava, N. subflava, N. Flaviscens, N. sica and N. mucosa are presented. All these strains, irrespective of their species, had 11--15 common antigens and differed by 1--4 components. The presence of common antigens in all representatives of the family Neisseriaceae has been proved to be important for the study of immunological reactivity to this group of microorganisms.", "contents": "[Immunologic characteristics of the protein antigens of the Neisseriaceae family. I. Antigenic interrelationships between nonpathogenic representatives of the genus Neisseria]. The immunological characteristics of protein complexes isolated from the filtrates of broth cultures, obtained after prolonged incubation, of 86 strains of N. perflava, N. flava, N. subflava, N. Flaviscens, N. sica and N. mucosa are presented. All these strains, irrespective of their species, had 11--15 common antigens and differed by 1--4 components. The presence of common antigens in all representatives of the family Neisseriaceae has been proved to be important for the study of immunological reactivity to this group of microorganisms.", "PMID": 115187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11669", "title": "Non-progressive evolution, the Red Queen hypothesis, and the balance of nature.", "content": "The Red Queen hypothesis, or the ability organisms have to control and regulate the available trophic energy, is a recently proposed parameter for measuring fitness. Firstly, this hypothesis is analysed in terms of its heuristic power. Secondly, the claimed causal dependence between this parameter and a, still controversial, law of constant extinction is judged to be unjustified, however reasonable such a claim appears to be. Finally, the ubiquity of competition in nature which is seemingly required by the Red Queen and supposedly realized at the expense of a mutualistic alternative, is deemed to be a questionable assumption.", "contents": "Non-progressive evolution, the Red Queen hypothesis, and the balance of nature. The Red Queen hypothesis, or the ability organisms have to control and regulate the available trophic energy, is a recently proposed parameter for measuring fitness. Firstly, this hypothesis is analysed in terms of its heuristic power. Secondly, the claimed causal dependence between this parameter and a, still controversial, law of constant extinction is judged to be unjustified, however reasonable such a claim appears to be. Finally, the ubiquity of competition in nature which is seemingly required by the Red Queen and supposedly realized at the expense of a mutualistic alternative, is deemed to be a questionable assumption.", "PMID": 115188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11670", "title": "The origin of life. A cybernetic and informational process.", "content": "According to the model presented in this paper, the beginning of life was marked by the coupling of two complementary nucleotide bases: adenine and thymine. The adenine-thymine system received photons from the sun and stored their energy in the form of a chemical high-energy bond between two phosphoric acid molecules, which were before-hand fixed by adenine from the aqueous environment. The energy of the high-energy bond was then delivered in the form of two waves of electronic excitation. These were utilized to synthesize new molecules, starting from the carbonic acid and ammonia molecules, fixed from the aqueous environment by the polar groups of the nucleotide bases. In this way, a nucleotides-histone protosystem (NHPS) was self-synthesized, evolving step by step towards complexity, by means of some internal cybernetic and informational mechanisms. During its evolution, the NHPS synthesized a limiting membrane, produced the organizing elements of the cellular organelles (chloroplastes, mitochondria, ribosomes etc) and constructed microtubules and microfilaments. Subsequently, the NHPS evolved to the building of DNA-histone system and formed the cellular nucleus.", "contents": "The origin of life. A cybernetic and informational process. According to the model presented in this paper, the beginning of life was marked by the coupling of two complementary nucleotide bases: adenine and thymine. The adenine-thymine system received photons from the sun and stored their energy in the form of a chemical high-energy bond between two phosphoric acid molecules, which were before-hand fixed by adenine from the aqueous environment. The energy of the high-energy bond was then delivered in the form of two waves of electronic excitation. These were utilized to synthesize new molecules, starting from the carbonic acid and ammonia molecules, fixed from the aqueous environment by the polar groups of the nucleotide bases. In this way, a nucleotides-histone protosystem (NHPS) was self-synthesized, evolving step by step towards complexity, by means of some internal cybernetic and informational mechanisms. During its evolution, the NHPS synthesized a limiting membrane, produced the organizing elements of the cellular organelles (chloroplastes, mitochondria, ribosomes etc) and constructed microtubules and microfilaments. Subsequently, the NHPS evolved to the building of DNA-histone system and formed the cellular nucleus.", "PMID": 115189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11671", "title": "Morpho-functional principle of neuroendocrine system analysis.", "content": "A new approach to the analysis of the neuroendocrine system (NES) is suggested. It is based on the fact of structural and metabolic determination of any effect on cell and cell aggregates. The principle of a common communication channel in the NES is formulated and a possible method of its formalization is proposed.", "contents": "Morpho-functional principle of neuroendocrine system analysis. A new approach to the analysis of the neuroendocrine system (NES) is suggested. It is based on the fact of structural and metabolic determination of any effect on cell and cell aggregates. The principle of a common communication channel in the NES is formulated and a possible method of its formalization is proposed.", "PMID": 115190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11672", "title": "Optimal body size and an animal's diet.", "content": "Within many animal taxa there is a trend for the species of larger body size to eat food of lower caloric value. For example, most large extant lizards are herbivorous. Reasonable arguments based on energetic considerations are often invoked to explain this trend, yet, while these factors set limits to feasible body size, they do not in themselves mathematically produce optimum body sizes. A simple optimization model is developed here which considers food search, capture, and eating rates and the metabolic cost of these activities for animals of different sizes. The optimization criterion is defined as the net calorie gain a consumer accrues per day. This model does produce an optimum intermediate body size which increases with food quality--not the reverse. This discrepancy is accounted for, however, because the model also predicts that body size should be even more sensitive to increases in food abundance. In nature, many poor quality foods are also relatively abundant foods, hence the consumers eating them may maximize their daily energetic profit by evolving a relatively large body size. Optimum consumer body size also decreases with increases in consumer metabolic rate and \"prey\" speed.", "contents": "Optimal body size and an animal's diet. Within many animal taxa there is a trend for the species of larger body size to eat food of lower caloric value. For example, most large extant lizards are herbivorous. Reasonable arguments based on energetic considerations are often invoked to explain this trend, yet, while these factors set limits to feasible body size, they do not in themselves mathematically produce optimum body sizes. A simple optimization model is developed here which considers food search, capture, and eating rates and the metabolic cost of these activities for animals of different sizes. The optimization criterion is defined as the net calorie gain a consumer accrues per day. This model does produce an optimum intermediate body size which increases with food quality--not the reverse. This discrepancy is accounted for, however, because the model also predicts that body size should be even more sensitive to increases in food abundance. In nature, many poor quality foods are also relatively abundant foods, hence the consumers eating them may maximize their daily energetic profit by evolving a relatively large body size. Optimum consumer body size also decreases with increases in consumer metabolic rate and \"prey\" speed.", "PMID": 115191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11673", "title": "Conservative treatment with total parenteral nutrition in patients with gastroesophageal anastomotic leaks (anastomotic leaks conservatively treated).", "content": "Seventeen patients with anastomotic leaks after operation for cardiac or upper gastric cancers were treated conservatively with parenteral nutrition, antibiotics and drainage. Ten patients healed after in mean 33 days, while seven died. All febrile patients had elevation of blood urea, and four had abnormal hepatic enzymes during the parenteral nutrition. There were no significant venous or infectious complications due to the parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Conservative treatment with total parenteral nutrition in patients with gastroesophageal anastomotic leaks (anastomotic leaks conservatively treated). Seventeen patients with anastomotic leaks after operation for cardiac or upper gastric cancers were treated conservatively with parenteral nutrition, antibiotics and drainage. Ten patients healed after in mean 33 days, while seven died. All febrile patients had elevation of blood urea, and four had abnormal hepatic enzymes during the parenteral nutrition. There were no significant venous or infectious complications due to the parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 115192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11674", "title": "Effect of the acute administration of haloperidol and pimozide on plasma GH levels in acromegaly.", "content": "In 11 untreated acromegalic patients the plasma GH levels were determined after the acute administration of bromocriptine, haloperidol, pimozide (only in 8 patients) and of placebo. A 50% or more suppression of the basal GH levels was arbitrarily defined as a positive response to bromocriptine. Five patients displayed a negative response to bromocriptine. Of these, 4 responded to both antidopaminergic drugs. We conclude that the acute administration of antidopaminergic drugs reduces the GH secretion in some bromocriptine-insensitive acromegalic patients. Therapeutical implications will require further studies.", "contents": "Effect of the acute administration of haloperidol and pimozide on plasma GH levels in acromegaly. In 11 untreated acromegalic patients the plasma GH levels were determined after the acute administration of bromocriptine, haloperidol, pimozide (only in 8 patients) and of placebo. A 50% or more suppression of the basal GH levels was arbitrarily defined as a positive response to bromocriptine. Five patients displayed a negative response to bromocriptine. Of these, 4 responded to both antidopaminergic drugs. We conclude that the acute administration of antidopaminergic drugs reduces the GH secretion in some bromocriptine-insensitive acromegalic patients. Therapeutical implications will require further studies.", "PMID": 115193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11675", "title": "Effects of obesity, total fasting and re-alimentation on L-thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-L-triiodothyronine (rT3), thyroxine binding globulin (TBG), cortisol, thyrotrophin, cortisol binding globulin (CBG), transferrin, alpha 2-haptoglobin and complement C'3 in serum.", "content": "The effects of total fasting for 31 +/- 10 days followed by re-alimentation with an 800 calorie diet on thyroid function, i.e. T4,T3,rT3,RT3U (resin T3 uptake), and TSH, and on TBG levels in serum were studied sequentially in obese hospitalized patients (N=18). Additionally, cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin, parathyrin and free fatty acids were followed as hormonal and metabolic parameters, respectively. Further, CBG, transferrin, alpha 2-haptoglobin and complement C'3 were measured as representatives of other serum proteins. Results before fasting: T4, T3, TBG, cortisol, CBG, alpha 2-haptoglobin and complement C'3 of the obese patients were elevated when compared with healthy normal weight controls, whereas rT3, T4/TBG ratio, T3/TBG ratio, TSH, coritsol/cbg ratio, growth hormone, prolactin, parathyrin and transferrin of the obese group were normal. RT3U and fT4 index were decreased in the obese patients. Results during fasting: Significant decreases were observed during fasting for the following parameters -- T3, TBG, T3/TBG ratio, transferrin, alpha 2-haptoglobin complement C'3. rT3, T4/TBG ratio, RT3U, fT4 index and FFA increased. T4, tsh response to TRH stimulation, cortisol, CBG, cortisol/cbg ratio, parathyrin, growth hormone and prolactin did not change. Results during re-alimentation: T3, TBG, T3/TBG ratio, TSH response to TRH, transferrin, alpha 2-haptoglobin and complement C'3 increased. Conversely, fT3, RT3U, FFA, cortisol and cortisol/cbg ratio decreased whereas the other parameters did not change. 1) There is no evidence for primary hypothyroidism in obese patients during prolonged fasting and re-alimentation. 2) The rapid decrease of T3 and increase of RT3U after initiation of fasting are not fully explained by the observed slower decreases in TBG. 3) The alterations of T3, rT3 and RT3U resemble in their kinetics the changes in FFA levels. 4) Fasting reduced the levels of only certain serum proteins, interestingly TBG, transferrin, alpha 2-haptoglobin and complement C'3, all of which, except transferrin, are elevated in obesity. 5) The magnitude of the observed decreases does not suggest any clinically relevant deficiencies in serum proteins. 6) Re-alimentation reverses rapidly all observed changes.", "contents": "Effects of obesity, total fasting and re-alimentation on L-thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-L-triiodothyronine (rT3), thyroxine binding globulin (TBG), cortisol, thyrotrophin, cortisol binding globulin (CBG), transferrin, alpha 2-haptoglobin and complement C'3 in serum. The effects of total fasting for 31 +/- 10 days followed by re-alimentation with an 800 calorie diet on thyroid function, i.e. T4,T3,rT3,RT3U (resin T3 uptake), and TSH, and on TBG levels in serum were studied sequentially in obese hospitalized patients (N=18). Additionally, cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin, parathyrin and free fatty acids were followed as hormonal and metabolic parameters, respectively. Further, CBG, transferrin, alpha 2-haptoglobin and complement C'3 were measured as representatives of other serum proteins. Results before fasting: T4, T3, TBG, cortisol, CBG, alpha 2-haptoglobin and complement C'3 of the obese patients were elevated when compared with healthy normal weight controls, whereas rT3, T4/TBG ratio, T3/TBG ratio, TSH, coritsol/cbg ratio, growth hormone, prolactin, parathyrin and transferrin of the obese group were normal. RT3U and fT4 index were decreased in the obese patients. Results during fasting: Significant decreases were observed during fasting for the following parameters -- T3, TBG, T3/TBG ratio, transferrin, alpha 2-haptoglobin complement C'3. rT3, T4/TBG ratio, RT3U, fT4 index and FFA increased. T4, tsh response to TRH stimulation, cortisol, CBG, cortisol/cbg ratio, parathyrin, growth hormone and prolactin did not change. Results during re-alimentation: T3, TBG, T3/TBG ratio, TSH response to TRH, transferrin, alpha 2-haptoglobin and complement C'3 increased. Conversely, fT3, RT3U, FFA, cortisol and cortisol/cbg ratio decreased whereas the other parameters did not change. 1) There is no evidence for primary hypothyroidism in obese patients during prolonged fasting and re-alimentation. 2) The rapid decrease of T3 and increase of RT3U after initiation of fasting are not fully explained by the observed slower decreases in TBG. 3) The alterations of T3, rT3 and RT3U resemble in their kinetics the changes in FFA levels. 4) Fasting reduced the levels of only certain serum proteins, interestingly TBG, transferrin, alpha 2-haptoglobin and complement C'3, all of which, except transferrin, are elevated in obesity. 5) The magnitude of the observed decreases does not suggest any clinically relevant deficiencies in serum proteins. 6) Re-alimentation reverses rapidly all observed changes.", "PMID": 115194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11676", "title": "Studies of oxytocin in the baboon during pregnancy and delivery.", "content": "Oxytocin was determined by radioimmunoassay in pregnant baboons throughout gestation, in the foetus at caesarean section, and after oxytocin infusion into the mother and foetus. Serial maternal plasma oxytocin in 6 baboons during pregnancy showed a significant correlation between the gestational age and maternal plasma oxytocin concentrations with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.3185 and P less than 0.005. Seventy-one out of 75 plasma samples (94.7%) during pregnancy had detectable levels of oxytocin. Uterine vein plasma had higher oxytocin concentrations than maternal plasma and amniotic fluid (18.6 +/- 4.6 pg/ml; mean +/0 SE) but lower than umbilical, jugular vein and cardiac blood from the foetus. Foetal pituitary gland contained 5.4--26.1 micrograms oxytocin/g. Regular uterine contractions were established with iv oxytocin of 4--20 mU/min and the plasma oxytocin measured showed a significant correlation with the uterine activity achieved (r = 0.64, P less than 0.001). The disappearance of plasma oxytocin at 179 days gestation gave an apparent half-life of 1.1 and 1.7 min in 2 baboons with a late half-life of 9.9 and 17.3 min, respectively. In one baboon at 171 days gestation, the apparent half-life of oxytocin was 9.9 min. The metabolic clearance rates were calculated to be 3.1, 3.2 and 11.7 ml/kg/min, respectively. The production rates were 97, 74, 390 pg/kg/min, respectively. Oxytocin injected into the umbilical vessel near term showed an increase in oxytocin concentration in maternal and uterine vein plasma and amniotic fluid, suggesting that oxytocin can cross the placenta from the foetal to the maternal side. Our findings indicate that in the baboon (1) oxytocin is present throughout pregnancy, (2) uterine activity can be correlated with plasma oxytocin during oxytocin infusion, (3) foetal circulation has higher oxytocin concentration than maternal blood and (4) oxytocin probably can cross the placenta from the foetus to the mother.", "contents": "Studies of oxytocin in the baboon during pregnancy and delivery. Oxytocin was determined by radioimmunoassay in pregnant baboons throughout gestation, in the foetus at caesarean section, and after oxytocin infusion into the mother and foetus. Serial maternal plasma oxytocin in 6 baboons during pregnancy showed a significant correlation between the gestational age and maternal plasma oxytocin concentrations with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.3185 and P less than 0.005. Seventy-one out of 75 plasma samples (94.7%) during pregnancy had detectable levels of oxytocin. Uterine vein plasma had higher oxytocin concentrations than maternal plasma and amniotic fluid (18.6 +/- 4.6 pg/ml; mean +/0 SE) but lower than umbilical, jugular vein and cardiac blood from the foetus. Foetal pituitary gland contained 5.4--26.1 micrograms oxytocin/g. Regular uterine contractions were established with iv oxytocin of 4--20 mU/min and the plasma oxytocin measured showed a significant correlation with the uterine activity achieved (r = 0.64, P less than 0.001). The disappearance of plasma oxytocin at 179 days gestation gave an apparent half-life of 1.1 and 1.7 min in 2 baboons with a late half-life of 9.9 and 17.3 min, respectively. In one baboon at 171 days gestation, the apparent half-life of oxytocin was 9.9 min. The metabolic clearance rates were calculated to be 3.1, 3.2 and 11.7 ml/kg/min, respectively. The production rates were 97, 74, 390 pg/kg/min, respectively. Oxytocin injected into the umbilical vessel near term showed an increase in oxytocin concentration in maternal and uterine vein plasma and amniotic fluid, suggesting that oxytocin can cross the placenta from the foetal to the maternal side. Our findings indicate that in the baboon (1) oxytocin is present throughout pregnancy, (2) uterine activity can be correlated with plasma oxytocin during oxytocin infusion, (3) foetal circulation has higher oxytocin concentration than maternal blood and (4) oxytocin probably can cross the placenta from the foetus to the mother.", "PMID": 115195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11677", "title": "Effect of cyproheptadine on thyrotrophin and prolactin secretion in normal man.", "content": "In order to investigate the effect of cyproheptadine, a compound with antiserotoninergic activity, on the secretion of thyrotrophin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL), the nocturnal secretory patterns of these hormones have been studied in 4 normal men in the basal state and after an oral treatment with the drug. In addition, the TSH and PRL responses to TRH of 6 women were compared in the basal conditions and after cyproheptadine treatment. The TSH nocturnal secretion was slightly modified by drug treatment. The response to TRH as well as the basal levels were comparable in the treated and non-treated subjects. In contrast, the PRL secretion measured through the nocturnal investigation was significantly inhibited by cyproheptadine administration as were the PRL basal levels in the TRH test. The PRL response to TRH was comparable in both situations.", "contents": "Effect of cyproheptadine on thyrotrophin and prolactin secretion in normal man. In order to investigate the effect of cyproheptadine, a compound with antiserotoninergic activity, on the secretion of thyrotrophin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL), the nocturnal secretory patterns of these hormones have been studied in 4 normal men in the basal state and after an oral treatment with the drug. In addition, the TSH and PRL responses to TRH of 6 women were compared in the basal conditions and after cyproheptadine treatment. The TSH nocturnal secretion was slightly modified by drug treatment. The response to TRH as well as the basal levels were comparable in the treated and non-treated subjects. In contrast, the PRL secretion measured through the nocturnal investigation was significantly inhibited by cyproheptadine administration as were the PRL basal levels in the TRH test. The PRL response to TRH was comparable in both situations.", "PMID": 115197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11678", "title": "Inhibitory effect of certain drugs on thyroid hormone binding by human liver cytosol.", "content": "Effects of dinitrophenol (DNP), salicylate, diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and heparin on thyroid-hormone binding by human liver cytosol were studied using Pevikon thin-layer electrophoresis. Thyroxine (T4) binding by the major cytosol T4-binding protein, hT4-2, was significantly depressed with these drugs, and the displaced T4 was bound by another cytosol binding protein, hT4-1. Triiodothyronine (T3) binding by the major cytosol T3-binding protein, hT3-2, was significantly decreased with DPH and heparin, but not with DNP and salicylate. Comparative studies using human serum indicated that T4 binding by serum T4-binding prealbumin (TBPA) was inhibited with DNP and salicylate, and that binding of T4 and T3 by serum T4-binding globulin (TBG) was decreased only with DPH. The results obtained indicate that these drugs inhibit thyroid-hormone binding by the liver cytosol binding proteins for T4 and T3, and that the displaced hormones may be responsible for changes in free hormone levels in serum, and within the cells, and for the accelerated turnover of hormones.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of certain drugs on thyroid hormone binding by human liver cytosol. Effects of dinitrophenol (DNP), salicylate, diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and heparin on thyroid-hormone binding by human liver cytosol were studied using Pevikon thin-layer electrophoresis. Thyroxine (T4) binding by the major cytosol T4-binding protein, hT4-2, was significantly depressed with these drugs, and the displaced T4 was bound by another cytosol binding protein, hT4-1. Triiodothyronine (T3) binding by the major cytosol T3-binding protein, hT3-2, was significantly decreased with DPH and heparin, but not with DNP and salicylate. Comparative studies using human serum indicated that T4 binding by serum T4-binding prealbumin (TBPA) was inhibited with DNP and salicylate, and that binding of T4 and T3 by serum T4-binding globulin (TBG) was decreased only with DPH. The results obtained indicate that these drugs inhibit thyroid-hormone binding by the liver cytosol binding proteins for T4 and T3, and that the displaced hormones may be responsible for changes in free hormone levels in serum, and within the cells, and for the accelerated turnover of hormones.", "PMID": 115198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11679", "title": "Isolation, characterization and radioimmunoassay of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) in human serum -- clinical significance and comparison to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG).", "content": "Isolation of the corticosteroid-binding globulin CBG was achieved by 5 chromatographical steps on cortisol Sepharose, QAE-Sephadex A-50, Con A-Sepharose and hydroxylapatite. The purity of the isolated CBG was demonstrated in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS electrophoresis, immunodiffusion and ultracentrifugation. Microheterogeneity was shown in isoelectric focusing by 5 bands in the pH range of 3.7--4.2, which could be reduced to one major band after neuraminidase treatment. The equimolar binding of cortisol to CBG was demonstrated by binding studies. The association constant for cortisol was 2.8 x 10(8)M-1, for progesterone 1.7 x 10(6)M-1. From analytical ultracentrifugation, the molecular weight was calculated on 50 700; the sedimentation coefficient was 3.6 S, the partial specific volume 0.690 ml/g, the Stokes radius 38 A and the frictional coefficient ratio 1.5. A specific radioimmunoassay for CBG was established using the purified CBG for immunization, radioiodination and for calibration standards. The normal range of CBG levels in human serum was 2.4--4.4 mg/100 ml (mean +/- 2 SD). Studies were performed to compare the levels of CBG and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). No sex differences but a significant biphasic age dependence were observed for both proteins. In pregnancy and under oestrogen treatment of women and men, CBG was demonstrated to be the more distinct indicator of oestrogenic activity as compared with TBG, whereas the sensitivity of TBG was more pronounced to supposedly antioestrogenic substances like Danazol, and in severe disease. No coincidence of genetic CBG and TBG deficiencies have been found so far.", "contents": "Isolation, characterization and radioimmunoassay of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) in human serum -- clinical significance and comparison to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). Isolation of the corticosteroid-binding globulin CBG was achieved by 5 chromatographical steps on cortisol Sepharose, QAE-Sephadex A-50, Con A-Sepharose and hydroxylapatite. The purity of the isolated CBG was demonstrated in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS electrophoresis, immunodiffusion and ultracentrifugation. Microheterogeneity was shown in isoelectric focusing by 5 bands in the pH range of 3.7--4.2, which could be reduced to one major band after neuraminidase treatment. The equimolar binding of cortisol to CBG was demonstrated by binding studies. The association constant for cortisol was 2.8 x 10(8)M-1, for progesterone 1.7 x 10(6)M-1. From analytical ultracentrifugation, the molecular weight was calculated on 50 700; the sedimentation coefficient was 3.6 S, the partial specific volume 0.690 ml/g, the Stokes radius 38 A and the frictional coefficient ratio 1.5. A specific radioimmunoassay for CBG was established using the purified CBG for immunization, radioiodination and for calibration standards. The normal range of CBG levels in human serum was 2.4--4.4 mg/100 ml (mean +/- 2 SD). Studies were performed to compare the levels of CBG and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). No sex differences but a significant biphasic age dependence were observed for both proteins. In pregnancy and under oestrogen treatment of women and men, CBG was demonstrated to be the more distinct indicator of oestrogenic activity as compared with TBG, whereas the sensitivity of TBG was more pronounced to supposedly antioestrogenic substances like Danazol, and in severe disease. No coincidence of genetic CBG and TBG deficiencies have been found so far.", "PMID": 115200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11680", "title": "Clonal evolution of marker chromosomes in a case of myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and myeloblastic transformation.", "content": "The diverse spectrum of acquired chromosome abnormalities in a female patient with myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia is described. A sequence of karyotypic evolution involving a ring chromosome is postulated. The terminal clinical picture was unusual in that there was obstructive renal failure from extramedullary myeloblastic transformation and infiltration of the bladder, and this was also present in other sites. Initially neutrophils showed low alkaline phosphatases activity but latterly two distinct populations in which cells had either high activity or none.", "contents": "Clonal evolution of marker chromosomes in a case of myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and myeloblastic transformation. The diverse spectrum of acquired chromosome abnormalities in a female patient with myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia is described. A sequence of karyotypic evolution involving a ring chromosome is postulated. The terminal clinical picture was unusual in that there was obstructive renal failure from extramedullary myeloblastic transformation and infiltration of the bladder, and this was also present in other sites. Initially neutrophils showed low alkaline phosphatases activity but latterly two distinct populations in which cells had either high activity or none.", "PMID": 115201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11681", "title": "Y chromosome duplication: a minor route evolutive pattern in CML.", "content": "2 patients have been investigated, in which Y chromosome duplication occurred during blastic transformation of chronic myelocytic leukaemia. Comparison of cytogenetic findings and survival data in our cases and in previously reported individuals, suggests preliminary conclusions about the prognostic significance of this aneuploidy. Y chromosome gain does not seem to represent per se an unfavourable event, unless it is associated with additional chromosome change.", "contents": "Y chromosome duplication: a minor route evolutive pattern in CML. 2 patients have been investigated, in which Y chromosome duplication occurred during blastic transformation of chronic myelocytic leukaemia. Comparison of cytogenetic findings and survival data in our cases and in previously reported individuals, suggests preliminary conclusions about the prognostic significance of this aneuploidy. Y chromosome gain does not seem to represent per se an unfavourable event, unless it is associated with additional chromosome change.", "PMID": 115202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11682", "title": "Suppression of granulopoiesis in diffusion chambers by syngeneic clonal acute myelogenous leukemia cells or peritoneal exudate macrophages.", "content": "To determine the mechanism by which acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells suppress normal marrow granulopoiesis, diffusion chambers containing Wistar/Furth (W/Fu) rat marrow cells, peritoneal exudate (PE) macrophages or W/Fu AML clone-3 cells were implanted intraperitoneally into syngeneic irradiated rats. Growth of each population over 21 days in single or double diffusion chambers (in which cell populations were separated by a Nucleopore filter) was compared to that of mixed populations. Double diffusion chamber culture of homologous or heterologous combinations had no detectable effect on growth kinetics of any of the three cell populations compared to single chambers. In contrast, normal granulocyte proliferation was significantly depressed by single chamber co-cultivation with one tenth the number of PE macrophages or AML cells. Mixing PE macrophages with AML cells produced no preferential population suppression. AML cells differentiation was not detected under any set of conditions. These studies demonstrate that physical contact with proliferating normal macrophages as well as AML cells will suppress granulopoiesis in diffusion chambers.", "contents": "Suppression of granulopoiesis in diffusion chambers by syngeneic clonal acute myelogenous leukemia cells or peritoneal exudate macrophages. To determine the mechanism by which acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells suppress normal marrow granulopoiesis, diffusion chambers containing Wistar/Furth (W/Fu) rat marrow cells, peritoneal exudate (PE) macrophages or W/Fu AML clone-3 cells were implanted intraperitoneally into syngeneic irradiated rats. Growth of each population over 21 days in single or double diffusion chambers (in which cell populations were separated by a Nucleopore filter) was compared to that of mixed populations. Double diffusion chamber culture of homologous or heterologous combinations had no detectable effect on growth kinetics of any of the three cell populations compared to single chambers. In contrast, normal granulocyte proliferation was significantly depressed by single chamber co-cultivation with one tenth the number of PE macrophages or AML cells. Mixing PE macrophages with AML cells produced no preferential population suppression. AML cells differentiation was not detected under any set of conditions. These studies demonstrate that physical contact with proliferating normal macrophages as well as AML cells will suppress granulopoiesis in diffusion chambers.", "PMID": 115203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11683", "title": "111In chloride bone marrow scintigraphy and ferrokinetic studies in a case of sickle cell anemia with transient erythroid aplasia.", "content": "A patient with sickle cell anemia was hospitalized because of an acute erythropoietic aplastic crisis. 111In chloride bone marrow scintigraphy performed during the aplastic crisis showed markedly impaired uptake of the radionuclide and simultaneous 59Fe clearance T 1/2 studies were prolonged (420.9 min). Following recovery from the aplastic crisis 111In scintigraphy revealed an expanded marrow and the radioiron clearance T 1/2 was accelerated (20.9 min). The clinical course, hemograms and bone marrow aspirations correlated with marrow scintigraphy. 111In appears to be a valuable marrow scanning agent for assessing the presence of intramedullary erythropoietic activity.", "contents": "111In chloride bone marrow scintigraphy and ferrokinetic studies in a case of sickle cell anemia with transient erythroid aplasia. A patient with sickle cell anemia was hospitalized because of an acute erythropoietic aplastic crisis. 111In chloride bone marrow scintigraphy performed during the aplastic crisis showed markedly impaired uptake of the radionuclide and simultaneous 59Fe clearance T 1/2 studies were prolonged (420.9 min). Following recovery from the aplastic crisis 111In scintigraphy revealed an expanded marrow and the radioiron clearance T 1/2 was accelerated (20.9 min). The clinical course, hemograms and bone marrow aspirations correlated with marrow scintigraphy. 111In appears to be a valuable marrow scanning agent for assessing the presence of intramedullary erythropoietic activity.", "PMID": 115205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11684", "title": "A comparison of hemoglobin A1c in human and baboon blood.", "content": "Cation exchange chromatography was performed on hemolysates prepared from human and baboon (Papio anubis) blood. In humans with diabetes mellitus and in baboons with pancreatectomy induced diabetes mellitus there were significant increases in Hbs A1, A1c, and A1a +A1b. The quantity of Hb A1 and Hb A1c in nondiabetic baboons was approximately one-half the quantity of Hb A1 and Hb A1c in nondiabetic humans. These differences may be explained by the differences in survival time between human and baboon red cells.", "contents": "A comparison of hemoglobin A1c in human and baboon blood. Cation exchange chromatography was performed on hemolysates prepared from human and baboon (Papio anubis) blood. In humans with diabetes mellitus and in baboons with pancreatectomy induced diabetes mellitus there were significant increases in Hbs A1, A1c, and A1a +A1b. The quantity of Hb A1 and Hb A1c in nondiabetic baboons was approximately one-half the quantity of Hb A1 and Hb A1c in nondiabetic humans. These differences may be explained by the differences in survival time between human and baboon red cells.", "PMID": 115206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11685", "title": "Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum diagnosed by intravenous cholangiography.", "content": "A case of gastrointestinal complaints with a long history due to an intraduodenal diverticulum is described. The patient had a gastric resection and a cholecystectomy before the correct diagnosis could be made by an intravenous cholangiography.", "contents": "Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum diagnosed by intravenous cholangiography. A case of gastrointestinal complaints with a long history due to an intraduodenal diverticulum is described. The patient had a gastric resection and a cholecystectomy before the correct diagnosis could be made by an intravenous cholangiography.", "PMID": 115208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11686", "title": "Histochemical patterns in human breast tumours.", "content": "Histochemical investigations carried out on 104 breast tumours (10 benign proliferations and 94 carcinomas) showed that breast carcinomas were characterized by various enzymological equipments in relation to tumour differentiation degree, histogenesis, functional stage, site of tumour cells in the carcinomatous islands or cords and to hormonal factors. Tumour cells -- stroma interrelationships study pointed out that high glycolysis (high LDH, NADPH2-TR, NADH2-TR activities) and an intense LEPA-activity of tumour cells seem to be favourable for proliferation and local tumour cells migration.", "contents": "Histochemical patterns in human breast tumours. Histochemical investigations carried out on 104 breast tumours (10 benign proliferations and 94 carcinomas) showed that breast carcinomas were characterized by various enzymological equipments in relation to tumour differentiation degree, histogenesis, functional stage, site of tumour cells in the carcinomatous islands or cords and to hormonal factors. Tumour cells -- stroma interrelationships study pointed out that high glycolysis (high LDH, NADPH2-TR, NADH2-TR activities) and an intense LEPA-activity of tumour cells seem to be favourable for proliferation and local tumour cells migration.", "PMID": 115209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11687", "title": "Lymphocyte activation and the increase of nuclear birefringence.", "content": "Nuclear birefringence of neutral red or rivanol stained cell suspensions from rat spleen has been investigated. Polyclonal or monoclonal mitogens produced an increased birefringence of the nucleus following 30 min in vitro stimulation at 37 degrees C. The nuclear birefringence increased by 62.2% [p less than 0.001], when the cells were incubated in the supernatants of a previously phytohemaglutinin stimulated culture. Amantadine, a potent phytohemagglutinin inhibitor, was unable to prevent the effect of the supernatant, but heating for 1 h at 56 degrees C destroyed its activity. The results suggest that increase in nuclear birefringence is mediated by a soluble factor which is released in the course of lymphocyte activation. The nuclear birefringence of surviving cells from human spleens obtained within 6 to 24 h post mortem increases after in vitro stimulation.", "contents": "Lymphocyte activation and the increase of nuclear birefringence. Nuclear birefringence of neutral red or rivanol stained cell suspensions from rat spleen has been investigated. Polyclonal or monoclonal mitogens produced an increased birefringence of the nucleus following 30 min in vitro stimulation at 37 degrees C. The nuclear birefringence increased by 62.2% [p less than 0.001], when the cells were incubated in the supernatants of a previously phytohemaglutinin stimulated culture. Amantadine, a potent phytohemagglutinin inhibitor, was unable to prevent the effect of the supernatant, but heating for 1 h at 56 degrees C destroyed its activity. The results suggest that increase in nuclear birefringence is mediated by a soluble factor which is released in the course of lymphocyte activation. The nuclear birefringence of surviving cells from human spleens obtained within 6 to 24 h post mortem increases after in vitro stimulation.", "PMID": 115210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11688", "title": "[Ultrastructural localization of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the diaphragm of the rat embryo (author's transl)].", "content": "Electron histochemistry revealed intense AChE activity in the diaphragm of 15 days old rat embryos. The reaction product was localized to the perinuclear cisterna and the cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of myoblasts. The development of myoneural contacts at day 17 of gestation was preceded by the appearance of AChE activity of muscle cells. Sarcoplasmic cisternae and vesicles in the subjunctional sarcoplasm may play an important role in the development of the AChE activity of the postjunctional sarcolemm.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural localization of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the diaphragm of the rat embryo (author's transl)]. Electron histochemistry revealed intense AChE activity in the diaphragm of 15 days old rat embryos. The reaction product was localized to the perinuclear cisterna and the cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of myoblasts. The development of myoneural contacts at day 17 of gestation was preceded by the appearance of AChE activity of muscle cells. Sarcoplasmic cisternae and vesicles in the subjunctional sarcoplasm may play an important role in the development of the AChE activity of the postjunctional sarcolemm.", "PMID": 115211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11689", "title": "[Photomicrography of autoradiographs (author's transl)].", "content": "It is often desirable to delineate the areas of autoradiograms where accumulations of silver grains are observed in order to establish topographic landmarks. This is prevented by either bright field or dark field illuminatiated photographs, where the topography of the silver grains is neglected despite the high resolution obtainable by autoradiography, but may be done by taking advantage of a modification of dark field illumination thus generating an additional bright field effect. This modification also enables to correlate selective histochemical reaction sites with the area of silver grain accumulation.", "contents": "[Photomicrography of autoradiographs (author's transl)]. It is often desirable to delineate the areas of autoradiograms where accumulations of silver grains are observed in order to establish topographic landmarks. This is prevented by either bright field or dark field illuminatiated photographs, where the topography of the silver grains is neglected despite the high resolution obtainable by autoradiography, but may be done by taking advantage of a modification of dark field illumination thus generating an additional bright field effect. This modification also enables to correlate selective histochemical reaction sites with the area of silver grain accumulation.", "PMID": 115212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11690", "title": "Developmental-related changes in the lectin binding to cells of the central nervous system.", "content": "Developmental related changes in Concanavalin A binding to nerve tissue are reported in this paper. ConA binding sites were studied in brains of rats and chicks at different embryological stages using the ConA-Peroxidase-DAB sequence. Developmental related changes in the extent, and pattern of ConA binding sites were observed in the neuronal perikaryon. An increment in the uptake of ConA is parallel to neuronal maturation, and to the development of Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. A great density of ConA binding sites is found in radial glial processes in rat brain at day 15 following insemination. The density of ConA binding sites in radial glial processes decreases in the following days. At day 18 ConA binding sites in these glial processes are not found. ConA binding sites in oligodendroglia and myelin coat are not found before birth.", "contents": "Developmental-related changes in the lectin binding to cells of the central nervous system. Developmental related changes in Concanavalin A binding to nerve tissue are reported in this paper. ConA binding sites were studied in brains of rats and chicks at different embryological stages using the ConA-Peroxidase-DAB sequence. Developmental related changes in the extent, and pattern of ConA binding sites were observed in the neuronal perikaryon. An increment in the uptake of ConA is parallel to neuronal maturation, and to the development of Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. A great density of ConA binding sites is found in radial glial processes in rat brain at day 15 following insemination. The density of ConA binding sites in radial glial processes decreases in the following days. At day 18 ConA binding sites in these glial processes are not found. ConA binding sites in oligodendroglia and myelin coat are not found before birth.", "PMID": 115213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11691", "title": "The main neutral protease of rat skin is a mast cell enzyme. Immunohistochemical localization of the enzyme in rat skin with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) complex method.", "content": "The highly sensitive PAP immunoperoxidase method was used to localize the main neutral protease of rat skin. The use of the neutral detergent, Triton X-100, in the reagent and washing solutions was observed to effectively decrease the nonspecific staining. The specific staining was localized to the mast cell granules.", "contents": "The main neutral protease of rat skin is a mast cell enzyme. Immunohistochemical localization of the enzyme in rat skin with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) complex method. The highly sensitive PAP immunoperoxidase method was used to localize the main neutral protease of rat skin. The use of the neutral detergent, Triton X-100, in the reagent and washing solutions was observed to effectively decrease the nonspecific staining. The specific staining was localized to the mast cell granules.", "PMID": 115214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11692", "title": "Detection of iodine, sulphur and phosphorus in histological thyroid sections by using electron probe microanalysis.", "content": "Electron probe microanalysis for iodine, sulphur and phosphorus was performed in histological frozen sections from thyroid tissue of 5 patients undergone thyroid surgery for benign disease. Iodine seemed to be localized in the colloid of the thyroid follicles. Phosphorus localized in areas which corresponded with the epithelium of the follicles. Sulphur showed a strong association with iodine both in localization and in relative amounts. It was suggested that iodine and sulphur reflect the presence of thyroglobulin in the colloid of thyroid follicles.", "contents": "Detection of iodine, sulphur and phosphorus in histological thyroid sections by using electron probe microanalysis. Electron probe microanalysis for iodine, sulphur and phosphorus was performed in histological frozen sections from thyroid tissue of 5 patients undergone thyroid surgery for benign disease. Iodine seemed to be localized in the colloid of the thyroid follicles. Phosphorus localized in areas which corresponded with the epithelium of the follicles. Sulphur showed a strong association with iodine both in localization and in relative amounts. It was suggested that iodine and sulphur reflect the presence of thyroglobulin in the colloid of thyroid follicles.", "PMID": 115215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11693", "title": "The histochemical demonstration of guanase: observations in the human central nervous system.", "content": "1. A method is described for the histochemical demonstration of the purine catabolizing enzyme guanase, employing glutaraldehyde fixation and Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT). Parallel biochemical studies confirm that enzyme activity is not significantly inhibited by exposure to glutaraldehyde. 2. By this procedure guanase activity has been visualized in neurons and glial elements of the human central nervous system (CNS). 3. Controls consisted of direct incubation of cryostat sections with a specific inhibitor of guanase (5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide) and omission successively of the substrate guanine, of xanthine oxidase and of NBT. Enzyme activity was completely inhibited by the above procedures, and by boiling of tissues for 10 min prior to fixation. 4. Levels of enzyme activity in spinal cord and brain were assessed by a subjective scoring method, and showed close comparability with biochemical assay data in brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; whereas a low correlation for enzyme activity was observed in spinal cord and cerebellum. Differences between biochemical and histochemical assessments of CNS guanase activity are discussed.", "contents": "The histochemical demonstration of guanase: observations in the human central nervous system. 1. A method is described for the histochemical demonstration of the purine catabolizing enzyme guanase, employing glutaraldehyde fixation and Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT). Parallel biochemical studies confirm that enzyme activity is not significantly inhibited by exposure to glutaraldehyde. 2. By this procedure guanase activity has been visualized in neurons and glial elements of the human central nervous system (CNS). 3. Controls consisted of direct incubation of cryostat sections with a specific inhibitor of guanase (5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide) and omission successively of the substrate guanine, of xanthine oxidase and of NBT. Enzyme activity was completely inhibited by the above procedures, and by boiling of tissues for 10 min prior to fixation. 4. Levels of enzyme activity in spinal cord and brain were assessed by a subjective scoring method, and showed close comparability with biochemical assay data in brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; whereas a low correlation for enzyme activity was observed in spinal cord and cerebellum. Differences between biochemical and histochemical assessments of CNS guanase activity are discussed.", "PMID": 115216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11694", "title": "On the morphology of the Golgi apparatus and its relation to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in neurosecretory nuclei of rats under normal and thirsting conditions (application of karyometry).", "content": "Histochemical studies on the distribution of TPPase and G6PD in SON and PVN of rats have been conducted by using the new TPPase method, karyometry, and statistics under normal and thirsting conditions. All differences in nuclear volume among the 4 groups classified by the TPPase and G6PD reactions were significant after thirsting for 2 and 4 days, respectively. The intimate parallel relationship was found statistically between the GA shape and G6PD activity in neurons of both nuclei. These results may substantiate the usefulness of classification of neurons of both nuclei. These results may substantiate the usefulness of classification of neurons by the TPPase method on the LM level. They also suggest strongly that the GA shape may directly indicate its synthesizing activity, and that the complicate GA shape may correspond to the phase of vigorous synthesizing activity in the neuron. Both nuclei included some neurons whose GA appeared intact under activation. This suggests that secretory cycles of individual cells may proceed asynchromously under thirsting as well as normal conditions. The unique peak revealed by the curves of mean nuclear volumes of GA Type IV and G6PD. strongly positive groups only in PVN must be representative of phenomenon of exhaustion of PVN.", "contents": "On the morphology of the Golgi apparatus and its relation to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in neurosecretory nuclei of rats under normal and thirsting conditions (application of karyometry). Histochemical studies on the distribution of TPPase and G6PD in SON and PVN of rats have been conducted by using the new TPPase method, karyometry, and statistics under normal and thirsting conditions. All differences in nuclear volume among the 4 groups classified by the TPPase and G6PD reactions were significant after thirsting for 2 and 4 days, respectively. The intimate parallel relationship was found statistically between the GA shape and G6PD activity in neurons of both nuclei. These results may substantiate the usefulness of classification of neurons of both nuclei. These results may substantiate the usefulness of classification of neurons by the TPPase method on the LM level. They also suggest strongly that the GA shape may directly indicate its synthesizing activity, and that the complicate GA shape may correspond to the phase of vigorous synthesizing activity in the neuron. Both nuclei included some neurons whose GA appeared intact under activation. This suggests that secretory cycles of individual cells may proceed asynchromously under thirsting as well as normal conditions. The unique peak revealed by the curves of mean nuclear volumes of GA Type IV and G6PD. strongly positive groups only in PVN must be representative of phenomenon of exhaustion of PVN.", "PMID": 115218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11695", "title": "Effect of halothane anaesthesia on primary antibody response in the chicken.", "content": "The effect of a single anaesthesia of 2 hours' duration with 1% v/v halothane and of 1, 2, and 3 hours' duration with 2% v/v halothane was studied on the primary antibody response in line-bred chickens. In contradistinction to earlier studies, the immunisation was performed during anaesthesia to resemble antigenic exposure in surgical practice. The IgG and IgM antibodies against the antigens, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and formalin-killed Brucella abortus organisms (Brucella), were quantified by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The halothane concentration of the blood was measured by gas chromatography at the end of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia with 1% and 2% v/v halothane given in the antigen-processing phase of humoral immune response had no effect on the concentrations of IgG-and IgM-anti-BSA and IgG-and IgM-anti-Brucella antibodies in the primary antibody response.", "contents": "Effect of halothane anaesthesia on primary antibody response in the chicken. The effect of a single anaesthesia of 2 hours' duration with 1% v/v halothane and of 1, 2, and 3 hours' duration with 2% v/v halothane was studied on the primary antibody response in line-bred chickens. In contradistinction to earlier studies, the immunisation was performed during anaesthesia to resemble antigenic exposure in surgical practice. The IgG and IgM antibodies against the antigens, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and formalin-killed Brucella abortus organisms (Brucella), were quantified by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The halothane concentration of the blood was measured by gas chromatography at the end of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia with 1% and 2% v/v halothane given in the antigen-processing phase of humoral immune response had no effect on the concentrations of IgG-and IgM-anti-BSA and IgG-and IgM-anti-Brucella antibodies in the primary antibody response.", "PMID": 115219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11696", "title": "Cost-benefit analysis of posterior fusion of the lumbosacral spine.", "content": "In this study the cost-benefit ratio of posterior fusion of the lumbosacral spine was assessed. The calculations were based on 118 operated patients, followed up for an average of 4.8 years. Costs were calculated using the average costs of treatment at central hospitals, visits to the outpatient department and travelling. The costs for one patient exceeded on average 5,569 US dollars. The economic benefits derived from the operations were estimated by the work output of those 36 patients who postoperatively returned to their previous or a corresponding occupation. The postoperative work output was estimated using the coefficients for known causes of retirement (emigration, mortality, disability). The benefits of one lumbosacral fusion amounted on average to 16,075 US dollars. Fusion of the lumbosacral spine prove to be profitable at a cost-benefit ratio of 1 : 2.9. If the selection of patients for operation could be made so as to guarantee that working capacity is restored by operative treatment, the cost-benefit ratio might be improved to 1 : 9.5. It is emphasized that cost-benefit analyses of surgical procedures are important from the standpoint of principles of treatment and priority of operations. This study deals with economic aspects only. The medical aspects of the present material have been presented in two previous papers.", "contents": "Cost-benefit analysis of posterior fusion of the lumbosacral spine. In this study the cost-benefit ratio of posterior fusion of the lumbosacral spine was assessed. The calculations were based on 118 operated patients, followed up for an average of 4.8 years. Costs were calculated using the average costs of treatment at central hospitals, visits to the outpatient department and travelling. The costs for one patient exceeded on average 5,569 US dollars. The economic benefits derived from the operations were estimated by the work output of those 36 patients who postoperatively returned to their previous or a corresponding occupation. The postoperative work output was estimated using the coefficients for known causes of retirement (emigration, mortality, disability). The benefits of one lumbosacral fusion amounted on average to 16,075 US dollars. Fusion of the lumbosacral spine prove to be profitable at a cost-benefit ratio of 1 : 2.9. If the selection of patients for operation could be made so as to guarantee that working capacity is restored by operative treatment, the cost-benefit ratio might be improved to 1 : 9.5. It is emphasized that cost-benefit analyses of surgical procedures are important from the standpoint of principles of treatment and priority of operations. This study deals with economic aspects only. The medical aspects of the present material have been presented in two previous papers.", "PMID": 115220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11697", "title": "Modification of the macaque's vestibulo-ocular reflex after ablation of the cerebellar vermis.", "content": "In macaque, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) as evaluated by the time constant of nystagmus in a modified B\u00e1r\u00e1ny spinning test, shows a regular pattern of change with time after ablation of the vermis cerebelli. One day ablation the time constant is in the low normal range; it then increases, and after one week assumes values in the high normal range. While the time constant is high, the VOR is resistant to modification by repeated testing, but may be modified by unidirectional optokinetic nystagmus and by experience with reversing spectacles. These results suggest that the vermis of the cerebellum plays no crucial role in modifications of the VOR by visual inputs, but is involved when the VOR is modified by repeated vestibular experience.", "contents": "Modification of the macaque's vestibulo-ocular reflex after ablation of the cerebellar vermis. In macaque, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) as evaluated by the time constant of nystagmus in a modified B\u00e1r\u00e1ny spinning test, shows a regular pattern of change with time after ablation of the vermis cerebelli. One day ablation the time constant is in the low normal range; it then increases, and after one week assumes values in the high normal range. While the time constant is high, the VOR is resistant to modification by repeated testing, but may be modified by unidirectional optokinetic nystagmus and by experience with reversing spectacles. These results suggest that the vermis of the cerebellum plays no crucial role in modifications of the VOR by visual inputs, but is involved when the VOR is modified by repeated vestibular experience.", "PMID": 115221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11698", "title": "[Etiology and therapy of Ludwig's angina].", "content": "After two case reports of Ludwig's angina, the pathogenesis, the bacteriology and the treatment of this syndrome is reviewed. The initial antimicrobial therapy should be broad enough to inhibit the gram-negative and anaerobic organisms. The antibiotherapy should be completed by the incision and the drainage of the submandibular region. The sudden airway obstruction will be prevented by a tracheotomy under local anesthesia.", "contents": "[Etiology and therapy of Ludwig's angina]. After two case reports of Ludwig's angina, the pathogenesis, the bacteriology and the treatment of this syndrome is reviewed. The initial antimicrobial therapy should be broad enough to inhibit the gram-negative and anaerobic organisms. The antibiotherapy should be completed by the incision and the drainage of the submandibular region. The sudden airway obstruction will be prevented by a tracheotomy under local anesthesia.", "PMID": 115222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11699", "title": "Study of malignant lymphomas from the aspect of immunoglobulin production.", "content": "Intracytoplasmic localization of immunoglobulins in neoplastic cells of malignant lymphomas was studied by both light and electron microscopic immunoperoxidase methods. This was demonstrated in 17 out of 71 cases submitted to light or electron microscopic immunoperoxidase methods. Out of 19 cases examined by the electron microscopic immunoperoxidase method, immunoglobulins were intracellularly identified in 10 cases; 3 out of 6 cases which were diagnosed as follicular lymphoma, 3 out of 5 cases of reticulosarcoma, 2 out of 6 cases of lymphosarcoma and 2 cases of immunoblastic sarcoma. Out of the above 10 cases, IgM was demonstrated in 9 cases except one of immunoblastic sarcoma in which IgA, IgG and IgM were identified intracellularly. In addition to these findings, our ultracytological and pathological studies have indicated that immunoglobulin-producing tumors can be classified into the following three major groups according to their cellular origin; germinal centers (group 1), primary follicles (group 2) and extrafollicular (group 3). Group 1 is comprised of follicular lymphoma and reticulosarcoma, group 2 lymphosarcoma, and group 3 immunoblastic sarcoma.", "contents": "Study of malignant lymphomas from the aspect of immunoglobulin production. Intracytoplasmic localization of immunoglobulins in neoplastic cells of malignant lymphomas was studied by both light and electron microscopic immunoperoxidase methods. This was demonstrated in 17 out of 71 cases submitted to light or electron microscopic immunoperoxidase methods. Out of 19 cases examined by the electron microscopic immunoperoxidase method, immunoglobulins were intracellularly identified in 10 cases; 3 out of 6 cases which were diagnosed as follicular lymphoma, 3 out of 5 cases of reticulosarcoma, 2 out of 6 cases of lymphosarcoma and 2 cases of immunoblastic sarcoma. Out of the above 10 cases, IgM was demonstrated in 9 cases except one of immunoblastic sarcoma in which IgA, IgG and IgM were identified intracellularly. In addition to these findings, our ultracytological and pathological studies have indicated that immunoglobulin-producing tumors can be classified into the following three major groups according to their cellular origin; germinal centers (group 1), primary follicles (group 2) and extrafollicular (group 3). Group 1 is comprised of follicular lymphoma and reticulosarcoma, group 2 lymphosarcoma, and group 3 immunoblastic sarcoma.", "PMID": 115223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11700", "title": "Macroglobulinemia Waldenstr\u00f6m complicated by autoimmune hemolytic anemia, meningeal sign and femoral lysis.", "content": "A necropsied case of macroglobulinemia Waldenstr\u00f6m with unusual complications was presented; the patient was found to have autoimmune hemolytic anemia, first. During the course of its treatment, he developed monoclonal immunoglobulin M in serum together with lytic osseous lesion in both femurs, and died of meningeal involvement by tumor cells. Clinically, he had hepatosplenomegaly and generalized lymphadenopathy. The macroglobulin was kappa type of light chain, ultracentrifugation showed sharp spike of 21S in 18.6%, and myelogram revealed increased lymphocytoid series of 29.6%. It was proved that autoantibody causing autoimmune hemolytic anemia was composed of IgG and macroglobulin itself had no activity as an anti-red cell antibody. An emphasis was made that autoimmune hemolytic anemia followed by macroglobulinemia is based on the state of immunodeficiency of this patient.", "contents": "Macroglobulinemia Waldenstr\u00f6m complicated by autoimmune hemolytic anemia, meningeal sign and femoral lysis. A necropsied case of macroglobulinemia Waldenstr\u00f6m with unusual complications was presented; the patient was found to have autoimmune hemolytic anemia, first. During the course of its treatment, he developed monoclonal immunoglobulin M in serum together with lytic osseous lesion in both femurs, and died of meningeal involvement by tumor cells. Clinically, he had hepatosplenomegaly and generalized lymphadenopathy. The macroglobulin was kappa type of light chain, ultracentrifugation showed sharp spike of 21S in 18.6%, and myelogram revealed increased lymphocytoid series of 29.6%. It was proved that autoantibody causing autoimmune hemolytic anemia was composed of IgG and macroglobulin itself had no activity as an anti-red cell antibody. An emphasis was made that autoimmune hemolytic anemia followed by macroglobulinemia is based on the state of immunodeficiency of this patient.", "PMID": 115224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11701", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness among species of slowly-growing mycobacteria.", "content": "DNA-DNA hybridization is a reliable method for determining the phylogenetic relationship between bacterial strains The hybridization kinetics for DNA from different slowly-growing mycobacteria were measured optically in a spectrophotometer. The results indicate that M. tuberculosis and M. bovis belong to one species. M. avium and M. intracellulare are two species, but some serotypes, now designated M. intracellulare, actually belong to M. avium.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness among species of slowly-growing mycobacteria. DNA-DNA hybridization is a reliable method for determining the phylogenetic relationship between bacterial strains The hybridization kinetics for DNA from different slowly-growing mycobacteria were measured optically in a spectrophotometer. The results indicate that M. tuberculosis and M. bovis belong to one species. M. avium and M. intracellulare are two species, but some serotypes, now designated M. intracellulare, actually belong to M. avium.", "PMID": 115225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11702", "title": "Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by bacteria. Some properties of the reaction and its possible use.", "content": "All the S. albus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa strains examined reduced nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to dark blue formazan. The amount of formazan produced was proportional to the number of bacteria. Under the same growth conditions, an equal number of bacteria of various strains produced different amounts of formazan. However, there were statistically verified differences in the NBT-reduction between the three species examined. The NBT-reduction took place in all phases of growth but was most intense in the early logarithmic phase. NBT was found to be toxic for bacteria, and the different strains had varying sensitivity to that effect. The NBT-reaction was markedly enhanced by phenazine methosulphate (PMS). The blue colour of formazan produced from NBT has an advantage over the red colour from triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) if the reaction occurs in the presence of haemoglobin often present in biological materials. With NBT and PMS, 10(6)--10(7) bacteria are needed to form detectable amounts of formazan. The NBT-reduction by bacteria may be useful for measuring the influence of bactericidal, bacteriostatic or growth-stimulating factors on bacteria.", "contents": "Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by bacteria. Some properties of the reaction and its possible use. All the S. albus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa strains examined reduced nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to dark blue formazan. The amount of formazan produced was proportional to the number of bacteria. Under the same growth conditions, an equal number of bacteria of various strains produced different amounts of formazan. However, there were statistically verified differences in the NBT-reduction between the three species examined. The NBT-reduction took place in all phases of growth but was most intense in the early logarithmic phase. NBT was found to be toxic for bacteria, and the different strains had varying sensitivity to that effect. The NBT-reaction was markedly enhanced by phenazine methosulphate (PMS). The blue colour of formazan produced from NBT has an advantage over the red colour from triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) if the reaction occurs in the presence of haemoglobin often present in biological materials. With NBT and PMS, 10(6)--10(7) bacteria are needed to form detectable amounts of formazan. The NBT-reduction by bacteria may be useful for measuring the influence of bactericidal, bacteriostatic or growth-stimulating factors on bacteria.", "PMID": 115226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11703", "title": "Pharmacological modification of experimental tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "Cebus apella monkeys subjected to chronic haloperidol administration develop neurologic disturbances very similar to neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia human beings. After varying lengths of time, certain monkeys develop a prolonged dyskinetic syndrome resembling tardive dyskinesia (TD), as seen clinically. Two monkeys with signs of TD were given single intramuscular injections of various compounds with known effects on the catecholaminergic, cholinergic, serotoninergic and GABA-ergic neurotransmittor systems, and their effect on the TD signs were rated. Dopamine receptor blockers as well as cholinergics had an ameliorating effect on the symptoms. Some compounds known to activate the GABA system, including some benzodiazepines and the GABA-transaminase inhibitor amino-oxyacetic acid, also reduced the symptoms, as did the serotonin precursor L-5HTP. Results with serotonin antagonists were equivocal. It is concluded that dopamine receptor blockade, as well as increased activity within the GABA-ergic or cholinergic systems cause alleviation of TD. The findings are in agreement with earlier reports in man and thus seem to validate this primate model.", "contents": "Pharmacological modification of experimental tardive dyskinesia. Cebus apella monkeys subjected to chronic haloperidol administration develop neurologic disturbances very similar to neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia human beings. After varying lengths of time, certain monkeys develop a prolonged dyskinetic syndrome resembling tardive dyskinesia (TD), as seen clinically. Two monkeys with signs of TD were given single intramuscular injections of various compounds with known effects on the catecholaminergic, cholinergic, serotoninergic and GABA-ergic neurotransmittor systems, and their effect on the TD signs were rated. Dopamine receptor blockers as well as cholinergics had an ameliorating effect on the symptoms. Some compounds known to activate the GABA system, including some benzodiazepines and the GABA-transaminase inhibitor amino-oxyacetic acid, also reduced the symptoms, as did the serotonin precursor L-5HTP. Results with serotonin antagonists were equivocal. It is concluded that dopamine receptor blockade, as well as increased activity within the GABA-ergic or cholinergic systems cause alleviation of TD. The findings are in agreement with earlier reports in man and thus seem to validate this primate model.", "PMID": 115227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11704", "title": "Capillary permeability in cat choroid, studied with the single injection technique (II).", "content": "Transcapillary movements of 22Na, 51Cr-EDTA and 125I-myoglobin were studied in the cat choroid by means of the single injection technique, using labelled albumin as the reference tracer. By an external shunting of blood, recirculation of tracer was delayed and complete venous outflow curves became available for analysis. The initial extractions observed were 0.66, 0.35 and 0.08 respectively. The extractions decreased with time. Within 20--25 s the extracted fractions of the tracers had almost completely returned to the blood. The results indicate high permeability coefficients and small extravascular volumes of distribution. The retinal pigment epithelium seems to have a very low permeability to all three substances. Extraction of tritiated water at 20--25 s was about 0.30 probably due to rapid penetration of labelled water into the retina. Evidence for a stereo-specific transport system for glucose in the retinal pigment epithelium was found in experiments with labelled D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. The total amount of glucose delivered by the choroid was calculated from measurements of the a-v differences for unlabelled glucose.", "contents": "Capillary permeability in cat choroid, studied with the single injection technique (II). Transcapillary movements of 22Na, 51Cr-EDTA and 125I-myoglobin were studied in the cat choroid by means of the single injection technique, using labelled albumin as the reference tracer. By an external shunting of blood, recirculation of tracer was delayed and complete venous outflow curves became available for analysis. The initial extractions observed were 0.66, 0.35 and 0.08 respectively. The extractions decreased with time. Within 20--25 s the extracted fractions of the tracers had almost completely returned to the blood. The results indicate high permeability coefficients and small extravascular volumes of distribution. The retinal pigment epithelium seems to have a very low permeability to all three substances. Extraction of tritiated water at 20--25 s was about 0.30 probably due to rapid penetration of labelled water into the retina. Evidence for a stereo-specific transport system for glucose in the retinal pigment epithelium was found in experiments with labelled D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. The total amount of glucose delivered by the choroid was calculated from measurements of the a-v differences for unlabelled glucose.", "PMID": 115228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11705", "title": "Efficiency of postoperative radiation in carcinoma of the breast. A comparison between two methods.", "content": "The results of simple mastectomy and postoperative irradiation of the chest wall and the regional lymph nodes in a series of 256 patients with primary carcinoma of the breast (between 1970 and 1972) were compared with those in a series of 155 patients (from 1963 to 1965) treated with radical mastectomy and postoperative irradiation of the regional lymph nodes. A statistically significant difference (p less than 0.01) was found between the chest wall recurrences in the group of patients with irradiation of the chest wall and the group without. No evidence indicates that routine postoperative irradiation should be harmful. Distant metastases in the 1970--1972 group were less frequent (13%) than in the 1963--1965 group (29%)9 The age-corrected 4-year survival rates for stages I and II were 83 per cent for the 1970--1972 group and 78 for the 1963--1965 group. The age-corrected 10-year survival rates for states I and II were 60 per cent.", "contents": "Efficiency of postoperative radiation in carcinoma of the breast. A comparison between two methods. The results of simple mastectomy and postoperative irradiation of the chest wall and the regional lymph nodes in a series of 256 patients with primary carcinoma of the breast (between 1970 and 1972) were compared with those in a series of 155 patients (from 1963 to 1965) treated with radical mastectomy and postoperative irradiation of the regional lymph nodes. A statistically significant difference (p less than 0.01) was found between the chest wall recurrences in the group of patients with irradiation of the chest wall and the group without. No evidence indicates that routine postoperative irradiation should be harmful. Distant metastases in the 1970--1972 group were less frequent (13%) than in the 1963--1965 group (29%)9 The age-corrected 4-year survival rates for stages I and II were 83 per cent for the 1970--1972 group and 78 for the 1963--1965 group. The age-corrected 10-year survival rates for states I and II were 60 per cent.", "PMID": 115229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11706", "title": "Effect of irradiation on the feto-placental tissues.", "content": "Seven pregnant patients with genital carcinoma were treated with high voltage irradiation in combination with operation. Five patients aborted spontaneously after a dose of 30 to 34 Gy. Two were operated within 2 weeks after completed irradiation. Angiography, microscopy and hormone analyses indicate that damage of the fetal central nervous system and not placental insufficiency is responsible for the intrauterine fetal death.", "contents": "Effect of irradiation on the feto-placental tissues. Seven pregnant patients with genital carcinoma were treated with high voltage irradiation in combination with operation. Five patients aborted spontaneously after a dose of 30 to 34 Gy. Two were operated within 2 weeks after completed irradiation. Angiography, microscopy and hormone analyses indicate that damage of the fetal central nervous system and not placental insufficiency is responsible for the intrauterine fetal death.", "PMID": 115230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11707", "title": "Long-term treatment of subjects with borderline glucose tolerance.", "content": "Subjects with borderline glucose tolerance are at a higher risk of suffering and dying from cardiovascular disease than subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Our data on the progression to overt diabetes and our data on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality suggests that tolbutamide treatment reduces these risks. In any case, we have no data supporting the theory that tolbutamide promotes cardiovascular damage.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of subjects with borderline glucose tolerance. Subjects with borderline glucose tolerance are at a higher risk of suffering and dying from cardiovascular disease than subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Our data on the progression to overt diabetes and our data on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality suggests that tolbutamide treatment reduces these risks. In any case, we have no data supporting the theory that tolbutamide promotes cardiovascular damage.", "PMID": 115234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11708", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay of bradykinin.", "content": "An enzyme immunoassay of bradykinin was developed by using beta-D-galactosidase as a labeling enzyme. Bradykinin was conjugated to beta-D-galactosidase with a new coupling agent of a hetero bis-functional type, N-(m-maleimidobenzoyloxy)-succinimide (MBS). Antisera were obtained from rabbits immunized with bradykinin linked to albumins (ovalbumin or bovine serum albumin) with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate. Double antibody method was employed to separate the antibody-bound antigen from free. The enzyme activity in the precipitate was measured with a fluorogenic substrate, 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside. This assay is based on heterogeneous competitive binding between unlabeled and labeled antigens, so that unlabeled bradykinin reduces binding of bradykinin-enzyme conjugates to the antibody. A standard inhibition curve was linear between 3 and 300 ng bradykinin/assay tube.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay of bradykinin. An enzyme immunoassay of bradykinin was developed by using beta-D-galactosidase as a labeling enzyme. Bradykinin was conjugated to beta-D-galactosidase with a new coupling agent of a hetero bis-functional type, N-(m-maleimidobenzoyloxy)-succinimide (MBS). Antisera were obtained from rabbits immunized with bradykinin linked to albumins (ovalbumin or bovine serum albumin) with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate. Double antibody method was employed to separate the antibody-bound antigen from free. The enzyme activity in the precipitate was measured with a fluorogenic substrate, 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside. This assay is based on heterogeneous competitive binding between unlabeled and labeled antigens, so that unlabeled bradykinin reduces binding of bradykinin-enzyme conjugates to the antibody. A standard inhibition curve was linear between 3 and 300 ng bradykinin/assay tube.", "PMID": 115237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11709", "title": "How do kinins affect vascular tone?", "content": "Because kinins affect vascular tone, it is assumed that kinins act directly on smooth muscle. However, a direct interaction is difficult to conceive. Vessels containing smooth muscle are lined by a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. In addition, kinins act on endothelial cells to cause the release of prostaglandin-related substances; possibly through receptors. Furthermore, endothelial cells have a great capacity for hydrolyzing kinins to inactive products. Hence, even invoking active transport, less than 1% of kinins might be expected to reach the first layer of smooth muscle cells. However, kinins may not act directly on smooth muscle as endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells form specialized cell contacts. Myoendothelial junctions occur, and we have shown, in pulmonary arterioles, that smooth muscle cells send large numbers of projections into the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells. In addition, smooth muscle cells attach directly to the abluminal surface of endothelial cells, as do pericytes. Thus, there is a morphologic basis by which kinins can affect tone of smooth muscle without acting directly on smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "How do kinins affect vascular tone? Because kinins affect vascular tone, it is assumed that kinins act directly on smooth muscle. However, a direct interaction is difficult to conceive. Vessels containing smooth muscle are lined by a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. In addition, kinins act on endothelial cells to cause the release of prostaglandin-related substances; possibly through receptors. Furthermore, endothelial cells have a great capacity for hydrolyzing kinins to inactive products. Hence, even invoking active transport, less than 1% of kinins might be expected to reach the first layer of smooth muscle cells. However, kinins may not act directly on smooth muscle as endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells form specialized cell contacts. Myoendothelial junctions occur, and we have shown, in pulmonary arterioles, that smooth muscle cells send large numbers of projections into the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells. In addition, smooth muscle cells attach directly to the abluminal surface of endothelial cells, as do pericytes. Thus, there is a morphologic basis by which kinins can affect tone of smooth muscle without acting directly on smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 115238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11710", "title": "Liver disease in patients undergoing hemodialysis and kidney transplantation.", "content": "Liver dysfunction was observed in 33% of patients treated by hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. Fifty-eight percent of these cases of hepatitis occurred in patients with past or present HBs antigenemia, and 77% of HBsAg-positive patients showed evidence of LD. However, during the course of a program conducted from 1969 to 1976 and involving 267 patients, the decrease in the prevalence of HBs antigenemia observed during the last two years did not lead to any reduction in LD incidence. In a small number of patients, potentially hepatotoxic drugs could be incriminated, but in our experience azathioprine never appeared to be involved. In a few patients, LD was due to granulomatous disease of the liver, such as tuberculosis and schistosomiasis. Twenty-one (7%) of the 267 patients at risk developed chronic hepatitis, which contributed to death in nine patients. In 12 cases (three deaths), this form of hepatitis occurred in HBsAg-positive patients, and in nine cases (six deaths), in HBsAg-negative patients. In three of these latter individuals, cytomegalovirus could be incriminated. Routine monthly screening for CMV in kidney recipients confirmed the high incidence of this viral infection in such patients. Studies on murine CMV infection have demonstrated that this infection can be enhanced by histoincompatible graft or by cyclophosphamide in a model that is very close to the kidney recipient. As in mice, CMV infection in kidney recipients apparently results from reactivation of a latent infection. It seems to play a major role in the LD observed and could apparently lead to chronic hepatitis and even to cirrhosis of the liver. Finally, the occurrence of LD in HBsAg-, anti-HBs- and antiCMV-negative patients would suggest the responsibility of other viruses for the pathogenesis of liver disease in patients treated by hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. Besides Epstein-Barr virus, other viruses, such as hepatitis C virus, should be thoroughly scrutinized.", "contents": "Liver disease in patients undergoing hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. Liver dysfunction was observed in 33% of patients treated by hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. Fifty-eight percent of these cases of hepatitis occurred in patients with past or present HBs antigenemia, and 77% of HBsAg-positive patients showed evidence of LD. However, during the course of a program conducted from 1969 to 1976 and involving 267 patients, the decrease in the prevalence of HBs antigenemia observed during the last two years did not lead to any reduction in LD incidence. In a small number of patients, potentially hepatotoxic drugs could be incriminated, but in our experience azathioprine never appeared to be involved. In a few patients, LD was due to granulomatous disease of the liver, such as tuberculosis and schistosomiasis. Twenty-one (7%) of the 267 patients at risk developed chronic hepatitis, which contributed to death in nine patients. In 12 cases (three deaths), this form of hepatitis occurred in HBsAg-positive patients, and in nine cases (six deaths), in HBsAg-negative patients. In three of these latter individuals, cytomegalovirus could be incriminated. Routine monthly screening for CMV in kidney recipients confirmed the high incidence of this viral infection in such patients. Studies on murine CMV infection have demonstrated that this infection can be enhanced by histoincompatible graft or by cyclophosphamide in a model that is very close to the kidney recipient. As in mice, CMV infection in kidney recipients apparently results from reactivation of a latent infection. It seems to play a major role in the LD observed and could apparently lead to chronic hepatitis and even to cirrhosis of the liver. Finally, the occurrence of LD in HBsAg-, anti-HBs- and antiCMV-negative patients would suggest the responsibility of other viruses for the pathogenesis of liver disease in patients treated by hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. Besides Epstein-Barr virus, other viruses, such as hepatitis C virus, should be thoroughly scrutinized.", "PMID": 115244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11711", "title": "Disorders of glucose metabolism in uremia.", "content": "Chronic renal failure results in a variety of metabolic derangements that perturb glucose homeostasis. These may in part result from the fact that the kidney plays a prominent role in the metabolism of insulin as well as a number of other low-molecular-weight peptide hormones that affect carbohydrate metabolism. Specific abnormalities in glucose utilization that appear to be related to alterations in membrane receptors, resulting in increased glucagon sensitivity and decreased insulin action, are a newly recognized factor in intolerance to oral glucose. Glucose production and utilization are both abnormally increased in patients with chronic uremia, and these disturbances are only partially corrected by hemodialysis treatment. The mechanism(s) contributing to these changes is unclear, but seems to involve a combination of humoral and cellular factors. These include some degree of insulin resistance, probably inadequately modulated proteolytic responses to glucagon and parathyroid hormone, and a basic defect in energy production that alters intracellular concentrations of high-energy phosphate-containing nucleotides. It is unclear whether these changes in carbohydrate tolerance pose an increased risk for the premature development of cardiovascular disease in patients with renal failure, as they appear to do in the nonuremic population. The occasional patient with renal failure may develop clinical hypoglycemia when glucose utilization continues in a setting in which the hepatic capacity to produce glucose is reduced, probably as a consequence of altered substrate delivery and/or inhibition of one or more key gluconeogenic enzymes.", "contents": "Disorders of glucose metabolism in uremia. Chronic renal failure results in a variety of metabolic derangements that perturb glucose homeostasis. These may in part result from the fact that the kidney plays a prominent role in the metabolism of insulin as well as a number of other low-molecular-weight peptide hormones that affect carbohydrate metabolism. Specific abnormalities in glucose utilization that appear to be related to alterations in membrane receptors, resulting in increased glucagon sensitivity and decreased insulin action, are a newly recognized factor in intolerance to oral glucose. Glucose production and utilization are both abnormally increased in patients with chronic uremia, and these disturbances are only partially corrected by hemodialysis treatment. The mechanism(s) contributing to these changes is unclear, but seems to involve a combination of humoral and cellular factors. These include some degree of insulin resistance, probably inadequately modulated proteolytic responses to glucagon and parathyroid hormone, and a basic defect in energy production that alters intracellular concentrations of high-energy phosphate-containing nucleotides. It is unclear whether these changes in carbohydrate tolerance pose an increased risk for the premature development of cardiovascular disease in patients with renal failure, as they appear to do in the nonuremic population. The occasional patient with renal failure may develop clinical hypoglycemia when glucose utilization continues in a setting in which the hepatic capacity to produce glucose is reduced, probably as a consequence of altered substrate delivery and/or inhibition of one or more key gluconeogenic enzymes.", "PMID": 115252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11712", "title": "The effect of lodoxamide ethyl [diethyl N,N'-(2-chloro-5-cyano-m-phenylene)dioxamate] on in vivo anaphylactic reactions.", "content": "Orally administered iodoxamide ethyl (U-42,718) inhibited anaphylactic reactions in a dose-related manner in the following test animals: (1) in the rat PCA reaction, excellent activity (75% inhibition at 0.1 mg/kg) was seen with a duration of activity of 30 min, (2) In the ascaris-sensitive primate (45% inhibition at 1.0 mg/kg) in lung parameters related to increased resistance and decreased compliance which persisted for up to 3 h, and (3) 50 mg/kg protected guinea pigs, sensitized to egg albumin, from lung function changes. Activity in these animal systems indicates that this orally active drug may hold promise in clinical asthma.", "contents": "The effect of lodoxamide ethyl [diethyl N,N'-(2-chloro-5-cyano-m-phenylene)dioxamate] on in vivo anaphylactic reactions. Orally administered iodoxamide ethyl (U-42,718) inhibited anaphylactic reactions in a dose-related manner in the following test animals: (1) in the rat PCA reaction, excellent activity (75% inhibition at 0.1 mg/kg) was seen with a duration of activity of 30 min, (2) In the ascaris-sensitive primate (45% inhibition at 1.0 mg/kg) in lung parameters related to increased resistance and decreased compliance which persisted for up to 3 h, and (3) 50 mg/kg protected guinea pigs, sensitized to egg albumin, from lung function changes. Activity in these animal systems indicates that this orally active drug may hold promise in clinical asthma.", "PMID": 115253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11713", "title": "Inhibition of diamine oxidase by antihistaminic agents and related drugs.", "content": "Various drugs were tested as inhibitors of diamine oxidase on the basis of chemical relationships to the enzyme substrates. It was found that serotonine tryptamine and phenformin are good competitive inhibitors while cimetidine and pheniprazine are non-competitive inhibitors. Other antihistaminic drugs like promethazine are less powerful inhibitors.", "contents": "Inhibition of diamine oxidase by antihistaminic agents and related drugs. Various drugs were tested as inhibitors of diamine oxidase on the basis of chemical relationships to the enzyme substrates. It was found that serotonine tryptamine and phenformin are good competitive inhibitors while cimetidine and pheniprazine are non-competitive inhibitors. Other antihistaminic drugs like promethazine are less powerful inhibitors.", "PMID": 115254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11714", "title": "Conformational requirements at the prostaglandin cyclooxygenase receptor site.", "content": "When space-filling models of the peroxy radical precursor of PGG were compared with models of 2(S)-(3-chloro-4-cyclohexylphenyl)propionic acid and other acidic cyclooxygenase inhibitors several common structural features were revealed. This led us to propose a template for synthesising non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIS's) based on the geometry of the peroxy radical immediately prior to its cyclisation to PGG.", "contents": "Conformational requirements at the prostaglandin cyclooxygenase receptor site. When space-filling models of the peroxy radical precursor of PGG were compared with models of 2(S)-(3-chloro-4-cyclohexylphenyl)propionic acid and other acidic cyclooxygenase inhibitors several common structural features were revealed. This led us to propose a template for synthesising non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIS's) based on the geometry of the peroxy radical immediately prior to its cyclisation to PGG.", "PMID": 115256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11715", "title": "Prostaglandins, rheumatoid arthritis, fibrin and lymphoedema.", "content": "Rheumatoid joint swelling is in part due to lymphoedema accompanying extravascular (E-V) deposition of fibrin. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin (ASA), phenylbutazone (PBZ) and indomethacin (INDO) which share the ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase fail to prevent fibrinous lymphoedema occurring in rabbit skin homografts in association with the presence of sensitised lymphocytes. The data highlight the need to define whether or not prostaglandins promote lymphocytic fibrinous lymphoedema.", "contents": "Prostaglandins, rheumatoid arthritis, fibrin and lymphoedema. Rheumatoid joint swelling is in part due to lymphoedema accompanying extravascular (E-V) deposition of fibrin. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin (ASA), phenylbutazone (PBZ) and indomethacin (INDO) which share the ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase fail to prevent fibrinous lymphoedema occurring in rabbit skin homografts in association with the presence of sensitised lymphocytes. The data highlight the need to define whether or not prostaglandins promote lymphocytic fibrinous lymphoedema.", "PMID": 115258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11716", "title": "Relation between ulcerogenic activity of various NSAID and their potency as inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis in vivo.", "content": "A series of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and a few other agents were evaluated for their ability to: 1) reduce the acute toxicity of intravenously injected arachidonic acid (AA) in mice; 2) prevent castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice; 3) enhance the formation of gastric mucosal erosions by a water stress in rats. A correlation between the activity in the three tests has been found for most NSAID studied, and the results point to inhibition of cyclooxygenase as a common mechanism of action.", "contents": "Relation between ulcerogenic activity of various NSAID and their potency as inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis in vivo. A series of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and a few other agents were evaluated for their ability to: 1) reduce the acute toxicity of intravenously injected arachidonic acid (AA) in mice; 2) prevent castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice; 3) enhance the formation of gastric mucosal erosions by a water stress in rats. A correlation between the activity in the three tests has been found for most NSAID studied, and the results point to inhibition of cyclooxygenase as a common mechanism of action.", "PMID": 115259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11717", "title": "In vitro and in vivo models for evaluating drugs which influence arachidonic acid metabolism.", "content": "This paper describes several animal and human models, which are used for studying phospholipase, cyclo-oxygenase and thromboxane synthetase inhibitors.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo models for evaluating drugs which influence arachidonic acid metabolism. This paper describes several animal and human models, which are used for studying phospholipase, cyclo-oxygenase and thromboxane synthetase inhibitors.", "PMID": 115261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11718", "title": "Correlation between lymphographic grouping and anatomic and clinical stages in chronic lymphoid leukemia.", "content": "In a retrospective study of lymphograms in 55 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia observed 42-170 months, four lymphographic groups were established according to lymph node size and morphology. In group 1, the lymph nodes were only slightly enlarged and pathologic in appearance. In group 2, the nodes were moderately enlarged and appeared reticular. In groups 3 and 4 the nodes were greatly enlarged and appeared foamy, striated, or \"ghostlike\" (similar to those seen in lymphoma). The correlation between the lymphographic groups and a new clinical classification (stages O-IV), which has been demonstrated to have prognostic values, was statistically significant: clinical stage O and lymphographic group 1; clinical stages III and IV and lymphographic groups 2, 3, or 4. Clinical stages 1 and II were dispersed throughout the different lymphographic groups. Although the specific prognostic value of the results of lymphography is not apparent in clinical stages O-II, it does seem to be established in stages III and IV. In these stages, the number of deaths was significantly greater in patients in lymphographic groups 3 and 4 when compared with those in lymphographic group 2.", "contents": "Correlation between lymphographic grouping and anatomic and clinical stages in chronic lymphoid leukemia. In a retrospective study of lymphograms in 55 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia observed 42-170 months, four lymphographic groups were established according to lymph node size and morphology. In group 1, the lymph nodes were only slightly enlarged and pathologic in appearance. In group 2, the nodes were moderately enlarged and appeared reticular. In groups 3 and 4 the nodes were greatly enlarged and appeared foamy, striated, or \"ghostlike\" (similar to those seen in lymphoma). The correlation between the lymphographic groups and a new clinical classification (stages O-IV), which has been demonstrated to have prognostic values, was statistically significant: clinical stage O and lymphographic group 1; clinical stages III and IV and lymphographic groups 2, 3, or 4. Clinical stages 1 and II were dispersed throughout the different lymphographic groups. Although the specific prognostic value of the results of lymphography is not apparent in clinical stages O-II, it does seem to be established in stages III and IV. In these stages, the number of deaths was significantly greater in patients in lymphographic groups 3 and 4 when compared with those in lymphographic group 2.", "PMID": 115263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11719", "title": "Hilar and mediastinal lymph node metastases in malignant melanoma.", "content": "Of 65 patients with intrathoracic metastases from melanomon, 35 had metastasis to hilar or mediastinal nodes. In 28 of these 35, hilar and mediastinal lymph node enlargement was radiographically visible, hilar node enlargement was more commonly seen than mediastinal node enlargement. Pulmonary nodules were demonstrated radiographically in 25 of the 28 patients. Although lymph node enlargement was often asymmetric, symmetric hilar adenopathy mimicking sarcoidosis occurred in five of the 28 patients. Seven patients had unilateral involvement of lung and hilar and mediastinal nodes. In patients with melanoma, indirect metastatic spread via pulmonary nodules to hilar and mediastinal nodes may account for the frequent association of node metastases with lung nodules, the occurrence of intrathoracic adenopathy in the absence of extrathoracic node metastases, and the common finding of unilateral lung and nodal disease.", "contents": "Hilar and mediastinal lymph node metastases in malignant melanoma. Of 65 patients with intrathoracic metastases from melanomon, 35 had metastasis to hilar or mediastinal nodes. In 28 of these 35, hilar and mediastinal lymph node enlargement was radiographically visible, hilar node enlargement was more commonly seen than mediastinal node enlargement. Pulmonary nodules were demonstrated radiographically in 25 of the 28 patients. Although lymph node enlargement was often asymmetric, symmetric hilar adenopathy mimicking sarcoidosis occurred in five of the 28 patients. Seven patients had unilateral involvement of lung and hilar and mediastinal nodes. In patients with melanoma, indirect metastatic spread via pulmonary nodules to hilar and mediastinal nodes may account for the frequent association of node metastases with lung nodules, the occurrence of intrathoracic adenopathy in the absence of extrathoracic node metastases, and the common finding of unilateral lung and nodal disease.", "PMID": 115264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11720", "title": "Effect of mechanical ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on chest radiograph.", "content": "The effect of differing ventilator settings and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on the chest radiograph was studied in 12 patients with acute respiratory failure. Changing ventilator settings produced dramatic variations in the appearance of pulmonary infiltrates in technically identical radiographs exposed over a 10-15 min period. PEEP had the greatest effect on radiographic appearance. In seven patients, the diagnosis or estimation of severity of pulmonary infiltrates would have been altered if only the film during PEEP had been available. Knowledge of ventilator settings is vital in evaluating the severity of infiltration and radiographic diagnosis in patients with acute respiratory failure.", "contents": "Effect of mechanical ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on chest radiograph. The effect of differing ventilator settings and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on the chest radiograph was studied in 12 patients with acute respiratory failure. Changing ventilator settings produced dramatic variations in the appearance of pulmonary infiltrates in technically identical radiographs exposed over a 10-15 min period. PEEP had the greatest effect on radiographic appearance. In seven patients, the diagnosis or estimation of severity of pulmonary infiltrates would have been altered if only the film during PEEP had been available. Knowledge of ventilator settings is vital in evaluating the severity of infiltration and radiographic diagnosis in patients with acute respiratory failure.", "PMID": 115265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11721", "title": "Iatrogenic hydromediastinum simulating aortic laceration.", "content": "Widening of the mediastinum after blunt, deceleration injuries to the chest in three patients suggested thoracic aortic lacerations. In each patient, the aorta was found to be intact and the iatrogenic hydromediastinum was caused by malpositioned central venous pressure lines. The radiographic appearance of the central venous pressure catheter is illustrated and clinical characteristics of the malpositioned catheter are discussed.", "contents": "Iatrogenic hydromediastinum simulating aortic laceration. Widening of the mediastinum after blunt, deceleration injuries to the chest in three patients suggested thoracic aortic lacerations. In each patient, the aorta was found to be intact and the iatrogenic hydromediastinum was caused by malpositioned central venous pressure lines. The radiographic appearance of the central venous pressure catheter is illustrated and clinical characteristics of the malpositioned catheter are discussed.", "PMID": 115266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11722", "title": "Lymphoid follicular pattern of the colon in adults.", "content": "The clinical and radiographic findings of the colonic lymphoid follicular pattern in 37 adults aged 20-79 years were evaluated. An incidence of 13% was found on review of 100 consecutive double-contrast barium enemas. Usually, the presence of multiple 1-3 mm diam, uniform-size nodules is sufficiently characteristic to make a presumptive diagnosis on these radiographic criteria. The nodules are often not visible endoscopically. The clinical data suggest that that the lymphoid follicular pattern is usually of no clinical significance in adults. In most patients, its radiologic pattern can be distinguished from entities such as familial polyposis and early Crohn's disease, thus sparing the patient unnecessary further diagnostic evaluation.", "contents": "Lymphoid follicular pattern of the colon in adults. The clinical and radiographic findings of the colonic lymphoid follicular pattern in 37 adults aged 20-79 years were evaluated. An incidence of 13% was found on review of 100 consecutive double-contrast barium enemas. Usually, the presence of multiple 1-3 mm diam, uniform-size nodules is sufficiently characteristic to make a presumptive diagnosis on these radiographic criteria. The nodules are often not visible endoscopically. The clinical data suggest that that the lymphoid follicular pattern is usually of no clinical significance in adults. In most patients, its radiologic pattern can be distinguished from entities such as familial polyposis and early Crohn's disease, thus sparing the patient unnecessary further diagnostic evaluation.", "PMID": 115267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11723", "title": "Pancreatic pseudocysts of the duodenum.", "content": "A pancreatic pseudocyst within the wall of the duodenum is presented. Its radiographic features were analyzed and comprehensively compared with 10 proved cases. These pseudocysts can be intramural or extrinsic severely compressive lesions. The occurrence of these pseudocysts at multiple sites throughout the gastrointestinal tract emphasizes the need to consider them in the differential diagnosis of severe extrinsic compressive or intramural lesions.", "contents": "Pancreatic pseudocysts of the duodenum. A pancreatic pseudocyst within the wall of the duodenum is presented. Its radiographic features were analyzed and comprehensively compared with 10 proved cases. These pseudocysts can be intramural or extrinsic severely compressive lesions. The occurrence of these pseudocysts at multiple sites throughout the gastrointestinal tract emphasizes the need to consider them in the differential diagnosis of severe extrinsic compressive or intramural lesions.", "PMID": 115268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11724", "title": "Incidental detection of pericardial effusions on abdominal ultrasound studies.", "content": "During ultrasounc studies of the abdomen, three cases of pericardial effusion, two proven and one presumptive, were detected as incidental findings. Pericardial effusion was not clinically suspected at the time of study. Study of the heart-liver interface is simple and can be done in routine abdominal ultrasound study. The pericardial effusion can also be aspirated through a B-mode aspiration transducer.", "contents": "Incidental detection of pericardial effusions on abdominal ultrasound studies. During ultrasounc studies of the abdomen, three cases of pericardial effusion, two proven and one presumptive, were detected as incidental findings. Pericardial effusion was not clinically suspected at the time of study. Study of the heart-liver interface is simple and can be done in routine abdominal ultrasound study. The pericardial effusion can also be aspirated through a B-mode aspiration transducer.", "PMID": 115269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11725", "title": "Bilary tract exploration via T-tube tract: improved technique.", "content": "A total of 40 cases referred for postoperative reexploration of the biliary tract via the T-tube trace was reviewed. In selected cases, a modified technique of dilatation of the T-tube tract or bile ducts and endoscopy via the T-tube tract was used. Dilatation of the T-tube tract is a relatively simple procedure that was necessary in over one-half of our cases, since the retained stone was larger than the T-tube inserted during surgery. A new T-tube with a larger external limb was developed in order to reduce the necessity for dilatation of the biliary-cutaneous fistulous tract. Fiberoptic endoscopy of the biliary system via the T-tube tract offers another means for removing large or impacted stones and for investigating mucosal defects. This modified technique has reduced the number of patients requiring surgical reexploration.", "contents": "Bilary tract exploration via T-tube tract: improved technique. A total of 40 cases referred for postoperative reexploration of the biliary tract via the T-tube trace was reviewed. In selected cases, a modified technique of dilatation of the T-tube tract or bile ducts and endoscopy via the T-tube tract was used. Dilatation of the T-tube tract is a relatively simple procedure that was necessary in over one-half of our cases, since the retained stone was larger than the T-tube inserted during surgery. A new T-tube with a larger external limb was developed in order to reduce the necessity for dilatation of the biliary-cutaneous fistulous tract. Fiberoptic endoscopy of the biliary system via the T-tube tract offers another means for removing large or impacted stones and for investigating mucosal defects. This modified technique has reduced the number of patients requiring surgical reexploration.", "PMID": 115270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11726", "title": "Demonstration of traumatic bile leakage with cholescintigraphy and ultrasonography.", "content": "Technetium-99m HIDA cholescintigraphy and ultrasonography are noninvasive, safe, simple procedures that can document the presence, location, and extent of a bile leak. Early detection of posttraumatic or postoperative biliary tract disruption can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. The possibility of biliary tract disruption should be considered in any patient who has had blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma. In two cases reported, the new hepatobiliary radiotracer 99mTc dimethyliminodiacetic acid (HIDA) was quite useful in detecting such leaks. Sonography was particularly useful in detecting small intra- or perihepatic bile collections which no longer communicate with the biliary tree. An active bile leak at a surgical anastomosis may also be documented by 99mTc-HIDA cholescintigraphy and can yield information of potential prognostic importance. Serial cholescintigraphy is also useful in evaluating the response to medical or surgical treatment.", "contents": "Demonstration of traumatic bile leakage with cholescintigraphy and ultrasonography. Technetium-99m HIDA cholescintigraphy and ultrasonography are noninvasive, safe, simple procedures that can document the presence, location, and extent of a bile leak. Early detection of posttraumatic or postoperative biliary tract disruption can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. The possibility of biliary tract disruption should be considered in any patient who has had blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma. In two cases reported, the new hepatobiliary radiotracer 99mTc dimethyliminodiacetic acid (HIDA) was quite useful in detecting such leaks. Sonography was particularly useful in detecting small intra- or perihepatic bile collections which no longer communicate with the biliary tree. An active bile leak at a surgical anastomosis may also be documented by 99mTc-HIDA cholescintigraphy and can yield information of potential prognostic importance. Serial cholescintigraphy is also useful in evaluating the response to medical or surgical treatment.", "PMID": 115271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11727", "title": "Evaluation of 111In leukocyte whole body scanning.", "content": "Indium-111 oxine, polymorphonuclear cells isolated and labeled with 111In were used for studying absecesses and inflammatory conditions. There were 64 total scans done in 59 patients, 32 male and 27 female, aged 3-81 years (average, 51). The original clinical diagnosis was abscess in 33 patients. The whole blood cell scan was abnormal in 12 (36%) of these, and a good clinical correlation was obtained in 11 of the 12. In the 21 with a normal scan, 18 had no evidence of abscess, yielding one false-positive and three false-negative interpretations in the abscess group. Thirteen patients had fever of unknown origin, nine had negative scans and no subsequent evidence of abscess, and four had positive scans with good correlation in three. Acute bone and joint infections were positive on scan (4/4), whereas chronic osteomyelitis was negative (0/2). Three patients with acute myocardial infarction and three of four with subacute bacterial endocarditis had normal scans. All three studies in renal transplant rejection showed positive uptake in the pelvic kidneys. Indium-111 white blood cell scans have proved useful to diagnose or exclude a diagnosis of abscess or inflammatory condition infiltrated with polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "contents": "Evaluation of 111In leukocyte whole body scanning. Indium-111 oxine, polymorphonuclear cells isolated and labeled with 111In were used for studying absecesses and inflammatory conditions. There were 64 total scans done in 59 patients, 32 male and 27 female, aged 3-81 years (average, 51). The original clinical diagnosis was abscess in 33 patients. The whole blood cell scan was abnormal in 12 (36%) of these, and a good clinical correlation was obtained in 11 of the 12. In the 21 with a normal scan, 18 had no evidence of abscess, yielding one false-positive and three false-negative interpretations in the abscess group. Thirteen patients had fever of unknown origin, nine had negative scans and no subsequent evidence of abscess, and four had positive scans with good correlation in three. Acute bone and joint infections were positive on scan (4/4), whereas chronic osteomyelitis was negative (0/2). Three patients with acute myocardial infarction and three of four with subacute bacterial endocarditis had normal scans. All three studies in renal transplant rejection showed positive uptake in the pelvic kidneys. Indium-111 white blood cell scans have proved useful to diagnose or exclude a diagnosis of abscess or inflammatory condition infiltrated with polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "PMID": 115272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11728", "title": "Effect of phlebography on 125I uptake test.", "content": "Increased 125I fibrinogen uptake counts were encountered in 30 of 55 limbs after a normal ascending phelbogram. In most cases, the abnormal 125I fibrinogen uptake test occurred within 72 hr after phlebography, and the elevated counts were most frequently seen around the ankle, with contiguous involvement of the calf seen less often. Inly three patients with positive counts subsequently became symptomatic and were treated for deep venous thrombosis. The presence of deep venous thrombosis was confirmed by repeat ascending phlebography in two of these cases. Ascending phlebography was not performed on the other positive postphlebographic fibrinogen uptake test limbs.", "contents": "Effect of phlebography on 125I uptake test. Increased 125I fibrinogen uptake counts were encountered in 30 of 55 limbs after a normal ascending phelbogram. In most cases, the abnormal 125I fibrinogen uptake test occurred within 72 hr after phlebography, and the elevated counts were most frequently seen around the ankle, with contiguous involvement of the calf seen less often. Inly three patients with positive counts subsequently became symptomatic and were treated for deep venous thrombosis. The presence of deep venous thrombosis was confirmed by repeat ascending phlebography in two of these cases. Ascending phlebography was not performed on the other positive postphlebographic fibrinogen uptake test limbs.", "PMID": 115273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11729", "title": "Hemorrhage with pelvic fractures: efficacy of transcatheter embolization.", "content": "To determine the effectiveness of angiography in identifying bleeding sites and controlling the massive and often fatal hemorrhage accompanying pelvic fractures, the hospital course and outcome of 28 patients who underwent angiography after pelvic trauma were reviewed. In 20 patients, active bleeding was demonstrated. Transcatheter occlusions of bleeding arteries were performed in 18 of these, with angiographic ontrol of hemorrhage in 18 and clinical control in 17. Two patients with active bleeding were not embolized because of subsequent surgical intervention in one and technical angiographic difficulties in the other. Blood transfusion requirements averaged 32.1 units in the 48 hr or less before occlusion and 5.2 units during 48 hr after occlusion. Of the 18 patients who underwent arterial embolization, nine died, seven of associated injuries, one of extrapelvic hemorrhage, and one of hypotension. Nine patients survived to be discharged. These results confirm that transcatheter occlusion of bleeding vessels in the pelvis reduces hemorrhage and facilitates the management of patients with pelvic trauma.", "contents": "Hemorrhage with pelvic fractures: efficacy of transcatheter embolization. To determine the effectiveness of angiography in identifying bleeding sites and controlling the massive and often fatal hemorrhage accompanying pelvic fractures, the hospital course and outcome of 28 patients who underwent angiography after pelvic trauma were reviewed. In 20 patients, active bleeding was demonstrated. Transcatheter occlusions of bleeding arteries were performed in 18 of these, with angiographic ontrol of hemorrhage in 18 and clinical control in 17. Two patients with active bleeding were not embolized because of subsequent surgical intervention in one and technical angiographic difficulties in the other. Blood transfusion requirements averaged 32.1 units in the 48 hr or less before occlusion and 5.2 units during 48 hr after occlusion. Of the 18 patients who underwent arterial embolization, nine died, seven of associated injuries, one of extrapelvic hemorrhage, and one of hypotension. Nine patients survived to be discharged. These results confirm that transcatheter occlusion of bleeding vessels in the pelvis reduces hemorrhage and facilitates the management of patients with pelvic trauma.", "PMID": 115274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11730", "title": "Percutaneous ureteral stent placement for stricture management and internal urinary drainage.", "content": "Percutaneous ureteral stent placement was attempted in nine patients with 14 ureteral lesions. Eight strictures in six patients were successfully stented. Three were subsequently converted to indwelling ureteral stents. The technique is described. No significant complications occurred. The procedure should be attempted as part of percutaneous nephrostomy for benign ureteral strictures, ureteral fistulae, or when ever long term nonoperative diversion can be useful.", "contents": "Percutaneous ureteral stent placement for stricture management and internal urinary drainage. Percutaneous ureteral stent placement was attempted in nine patients with 14 ureteral lesions. Eight strictures in six patients were successfully stented. Three were subsequently converted to indwelling ureteral stents. The technique is described. No significant complications occurred. The procedure should be attempted as part of percutaneous nephrostomy for benign ureteral strictures, ureteral fistulae, or when ever long term nonoperative diversion can be useful.", "PMID": 115275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11731", "title": "Abruptio placenta: sonographic and pathologic correlation.", "content": "In cases of abruptio placenta, the ultrasound examination may be negative if external bleeding occurs without a large enouth accumulation of blood to be sonographically visible. A positive sonogram may demonstrate either a retroplacental hematoma or a hematoma that has dissected beneath the chorionic membranes. Six cases of abruptio placenta are presented with sonographic and pathologic findings.", "contents": "Abruptio placenta: sonographic and pathologic correlation. In cases of abruptio placenta, the ultrasound examination may be negative if external bleeding occurs without a large enouth accumulation of blood to be sonographically visible. A positive sonogram may demonstrate either a retroplacental hematoma or a hematoma that has dissected beneath the chorionic membranes. Six cases of abruptio placenta are presented with sonographic and pathologic findings.", "PMID": 115276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11732", "title": "Evaluation of glenoid labrum by double-contrast shoulder arthrography.", "content": "Double-contrast shoulder arthrography was used to define the normal and abnormal arthrographic anatomy of the glenoid labrum. A retrospective study of 12 patients suspected of having labral abnormalities or who had unexplained shoulder disability consistent with capsular laxity was undertaken. In four of the nine patients with abnormal arthrograms, the study revealed critical anatomic alterations not detectable on physical examination or pain radiographs.", "contents": "Evaluation of glenoid labrum by double-contrast shoulder arthrography. Double-contrast shoulder arthrography was used to define the normal and abnormal arthrographic anatomy of the glenoid labrum. A retrospective study of 12 patients suspected of having labral abnormalities or who had unexplained shoulder disability consistent with capsular laxity was undertaken. In four of the nine patients with abnormal arthrograms, the study revealed critical anatomic alterations not detectable on physical examination or pain radiographs.", "PMID": 115277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11733", "title": "Intertrochanteric fractures: current concepts of an old subject.", "content": "The pre- or intraoperative classification of intertrochanteric fractures into stable and unstable is based on the status of the bone in the critical calcar femorale area and the obliquity of the fracture line. Modern management of unstable intertrochanteric fractures may include displacement at the fracture site, osteotomy, and fixation with a sliding screw system. These procedures produce postoperative films of an \"unusual\" appearance. The radiologist must understand the principles of classification and management to properly interpret the pre- and postoperative films.", "contents": "Intertrochanteric fractures: current concepts of an old subject. The pre- or intraoperative classification of intertrochanteric fractures into stable and unstable is based on the status of the bone in the critical calcar femorale area and the obliquity of the fracture line. Modern management of unstable intertrochanteric fractures may include displacement at the fracture site, osteotomy, and fixation with a sliding screw system. These procedures produce postoperative films of an \"unusual\" appearance. The radiologist must understand the principles of classification and management to properly interpret the pre- and postoperative films.", "PMID": 115278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11734", "title": "Symptomatic bursa formation with osteochondromas.", "content": "Two cases of bursa formation in association with osteochondromas are presented. This condition may be confused radiographically and clinically with malignant transformation of the cartilage cap. Ultrasound examination on one of the patients proved helpful in arriving at the correct preoperative diagnosis. Ultrasonography was also helpful to the surgeon with regard to size and extent of the bursa.", "contents": "Symptomatic bursa formation with osteochondromas. Two cases of bursa formation in association with osteochondromas are presented. This condition may be confused radiographically and clinically with malignant transformation of the cartilage cap. Ultrasound examination on one of the patients proved helpful in arriving at the correct preoperative diagnosis. Ultrasonography was also helpful to the surgeon with regard to size and extent of the bursa.", "PMID": 115279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11735", "title": "Fracture of the hook of the hamate.", "content": "Three patients with hamate hook fractures were evaluated. These fractures were difficult to diagnose clinically and radiographically. Mechanisms of injury reported in the literature include blunt trauma to the hamulus or pisiform, forceful swinging of a grasped object, or a forceful muscular contraction. Delayed diagnosis may result in late complications including carpal tunnel syndrome, flexor tendon rupture, ulnar nerve palsy, or ulnar artery compromise. Pain when grasping or swinging an object is often a clue to the correct diagnosis. Normal standard and carpal tunnel views do not exclude this injury. Tomography may be necessary for radiographic detection and permits detailed evaluation of fracture margins. Pertinent carpal anatomy is reviewed.", "contents": "Fracture of the hook of the hamate. Three patients with hamate hook fractures were evaluated. These fractures were difficult to diagnose clinically and radiographically. Mechanisms of injury reported in the literature include blunt trauma to the hamulus or pisiform, forceful swinging of a grasped object, or a forceful muscular contraction. Delayed diagnosis may result in late complications including carpal tunnel syndrome, flexor tendon rupture, ulnar nerve palsy, or ulnar artery compromise. Pain when grasping or swinging an object is often a clue to the correct diagnosis. Normal standard and carpal tunnel views do not exclude this injury. Tomography may be necessary for radiographic detection and permits detailed evaluation of fracture margins. Pertinent carpal anatomy is reviewed.", "PMID": 115280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11736", "title": "The opisthion on the lateral radiograph of the cervical spine.", "content": "Ten adult dry skulls were radiographed in the lateral projection to evaluate the appearance of the opisthion, the posterior margin of the foramen magnum. The opisthion was seen on all 10 skulls and its position was confirmed by outlining it with barium paste. In cross section, it is a teardrop-shaped structure continuous with the internal occipital crest. A beak-shaped shadow anterior to the opisthion was also examined with the barium technique. It is an overlap shdow formed by the interior margin of the foramen magnum and the inferior border of the occipital bone on the same side. In a review of 50 random radiographs of the cervical spine, the opisthion was identified on 42 (84%) and the beak-shaped overlap shadow was seen on 28 (56%). The spinolaminal line, which delineates the posterior margin of the cervical spinal canal, was an unreliable indicator of the position of the opisthion in 17 (40%) of the 42 cases in which the opisthion could be identified.", "contents": "The opisthion on the lateral radiograph of the cervical spine. Ten adult dry skulls were radiographed in the lateral projection to evaluate the appearance of the opisthion, the posterior margin of the foramen magnum. The opisthion was seen on all 10 skulls and its position was confirmed by outlining it with barium paste. In cross section, it is a teardrop-shaped structure continuous with the internal occipital crest. A beak-shaped shadow anterior to the opisthion was also examined with the barium technique. It is an overlap shdow formed by the interior margin of the foramen magnum and the inferior border of the occipital bone on the same side. In a review of 50 random radiographs of the cervical spine, the opisthion was identified on 42 (84%) and the beak-shaped overlap shadow was seen on 28 (56%). The spinolaminal line, which delineates the posterior margin of the cervical spinal canal, was an unreliable indicator of the position of the opisthion in 17 (40%) of the 42 cases in which the opisthion could be identified.", "PMID": 115281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11737", "title": "Increasing patient complicance in preparing for barium enema examination.", "content": "Since feces may mimic important lesions of the colon, adequate cleansing is required for a good diagnostic study. An experiment was designed to assess the effect of advance oral and written communication on patient compliance with instruction for preparing the colon for the barium enema. These communication methods were compared against a control group in the extent to which they would encourage patients to more adequately follow cleansing instructions. It was found that each of these increased the quality of the preparation to a similar degree and when combined resulted in the most optimal level of cleansing.", "contents": "Increasing patient complicance in preparing for barium enema examination. Since feces may mimic important lesions of the colon, adequate cleansing is required for a good diagnostic study. An experiment was designed to assess the effect of advance oral and written communication on patient compliance with instruction for preparing the colon for the barium enema. These communication methods were compared against a control group in the extent to which they would encourage patients to more adequately follow cleansing instructions. It was found that each of these increased the quality of the preparation to a similar degree and when combined resulted in the most optimal level of cleansing.", "PMID": 115282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11738", "title": "Carnitine content of liquid formulas and special diets.", "content": "Radioisotopic analyses for carnitine content were done on infant formula, formulas for tube feeding, food supplements, and chemically defined diets. The carnitine content of the diets depend on the protein source. Products whose main protein source is soy protein isolate, casein, or egg white solids contain 4 nmole carnitine per milliliter or less, with most of them containing undetectable amounts of carnitine. Products based on milk or beef contain 50 to 656 nmole carnitine per milliliter. The daily requirement of the body for carnitine is unknown. Evidence is discussed that indicates that the possible use of carnitine as a supplement to formula diets intended for long-term care needs to be considered.", "contents": "Carnitine content of liquid formulas and special diets. Radioisotopic analyses for carnitine content were done on infant formula, formulas for tube feeding, food supplements, and chemically defined diets. The carnitine content of the diets depend on the protein source. Products whose main protein source is soy protein isolate, casein, or egg white solids contain 4 nmole carnitine per milliliter or less, with most of them containing undetectable amounts of carnitine. Products based on milk or beef contain 50 to 656 nmole carnitine per milliliter. The daily requirement of the body for carnitine is unknown. Evidence is discussed that indicates that the possible use of carnitine as a supplement to formula diets intended for long-term care needs to be considered.", "PMID": 115309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11739", "title": "Nutritional manipulations and tumor growth. II. The effects of intravenous feeding.", "content": "The effects of acute parenteral nutritional manipulations on tumor and carcass growth were examined in the rat. Carcass mass was maintained in animals fed diets either orally or intravenously. Reduction in liver incorporation of tritiated methyl thymidine and increases in liver fat content in the total parenteral nutrition groups indicated that the high carbohydrate, high nitrogen, intravenous diet was less than optimal. Tumor growth as measured by changes in volume, weight, DNA content, or nitrogen content was unaffected by the various nutritional regimens. Tumor dpm/microgram DNA was reduced by those intravenous regimens that were associated with hyperglycemia. Host carcass weight, can be maintained with intravenous nutrition, but normal growth is not restored by the current intravenous regimens.", "contents": "Nutritional manipulations and tumor growth. II. The effects of intravenous feeding. The effects of acute parenteral nutritional manipulations on tumor and carcass growth were examined in the rat. Carcass mass was maintained in animals fed diets either orally or intravenously. Reduction in liver incorporation of tritiated methyl thymidine and increases in liver fat content in the total parenteral nutrition groups indicated that the high carbohydrate, high nitrogen, intravenous diet was less than optimal. Tumor growth as measured by changes in volume, weight, DNA content, or nitrogen content was unaffected by the various nutritional regimens. Tumor dpm/microgram DNA was reduced by those intravenous regimens that were associated with hyperglycemia. Host carcass weight, can be maintained with intravenous nutrition, but normal growth is not restored by the current intravenous regimens.", "PMID": 115310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11740", "title": "Proficiency testing in immunohematology in Ontario, Canada, 1975-1977.", "content": "Since April 1975 the proficiency of laboratories in Ontario that perform immunohematology tests has been assessed. While the majority of test samples have required only ABO and Rh(D) typing, others have posed problems. The error rate in uncomplicated ABO typing was 1.3/1,000 in 17,479 tests and that in straightforward Rh(D) grouping, 6.6/1,000 in 17,757 tests. False-negative (36/1,000) and false-positive (1.4/1,000) direct antiglobulin tests occurred. Errors in detection of strong alloantibodies (e.g., anti-D) were 19.7, 10.2 and 5.1/1,000 in three test samples. A2B or A2 cells with anti-A1 in serum were sent out in two surveys; error rates in ABO interpretation were 189 and 52/1,000, respectively. Laboratories also experienced difficulty in interpreting the Rh(D) type of cells with positive antiglobulin tests. These surveys have had several effects: (1) laboratories with poor performance have been identified, (2) patterns of practice have been influenced, (3) areas of ignorance have been identified, and (4) a stimulus has been provided for continuing education in immunohematology.", "contents": "Proficiency testing in immunohematology in Ontario, Canada, 1975-1977. Since April 1975 the proficiency of laboratories in Ontario that perform immunohematology tests has been assessed. While the majority of test samples have required only ABO and Rh(D) typing, others have posed problems. The error rate in uncomplicated ABO typing was 1.3/1,000 in 17,479 tests and that in straightforward Rh(D) grouping, 6.6/1,000 in 17,757 tests. False-negative (36/1,000) and false-positive (1.4/1,000) direct antiglobulin tests occurred. Errors in detection of strong alloantibodies (e.g., anti-D) were 19.7, 10.2 and 5.1/1,000 in three test samples. A2B or A2 cells with anti-A1 in serum were sent out in two surveys; error rates in ABO interpretation were 189 and 52/1,000, respectively. Laboratories also experienced difficulty in interpreting the Rh(D) type of cells with positive antiglobulin tests. These surveys have had several effects: (1) laboratories with poor performance have been identified, (2) patterns of practice have been influenced, (3) areas of ignorance have been identified, and (4) a stimulus has been provided for continuing education in immunohematology.", "PMID": 115311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11741", "title": "Urinary myelin figures in gentamicin nephrotoxicity.", "content": "The nephrotoxicity of gentamicin is associated with formation of myelin figures within the proximal convoluted tubules of experimental animals and man. By electron microscopy, the authors studied urinary sediments of patients who were treated with gentamicin to detect the occurrence of myelin figures. All three patients who had renal impairment and were treated with gentamicin had numerous urinary myelin figures. By contrast, myelin figures were not observed in urinary sediments of four patients who had no renal impairment despite gentamicin therapy, or nine patients who had no renal impairment and did not receive gentamicin therapy. Occasional myelin figures were detected in a urinary sediment of one of eight patients who had renal impairment and no gentamicin therapy. When the urinary sediments of patients who had gentamicin nephrotoxicity were compared with those of patients with Fabry disease, morphologic differences between the myelin figures of the two groups were detected. The study demonstrates the presence of myelin figures in urines of patients with acute renal failure receiving gentamicin, and suggests that the finding of these myelin figures within urine samples may contribute to the diagnosis of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Urinary myelin figures in gentamicin nephrotoxicity. The nephrotoxicity of gentamicin is associated with formation of myelin figures within the proximal convoluted tubules of experimental animals and man. By electron microscopy, the authors studied urinary sediments of patients who were treated with gentamicin to detect the occurrence of myelin figures. All three patients who had renal impairment and were treated with gentamicin had numerous urinary myelin figures. By contrast, myelin figures were not observed in urinary sediments of four patients who had no renal impairment despite gentamicin therapy, or nine patients who had no renal impairment and did not receive gentamicin therapy. Occasional myelin figures were detected in a urinary sediment of one of eight patients who had renal impairment and no gentamicin therapy. When the urinary sediments of patients who had gentamicin nephrotoxicity were compared with those of patients with Fabry disease, morphologic differences between the myelin figures of the two groups were detected. The study demonstrates the presence of myelin figures in urines of patients with acute renal failure receiving gentamicin, and suggests that the finding of these myelin figures within urine samples may contribute to the diagnosis of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.", "PMID": 115312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11742", "title": "Serologic diagnosis of access device-related staphylococcal bacteremia.", "content": "Staphylococcal bacteremia occurs frequently in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis (dialysis patients). Although such bacteremia is frequently uncomplicated, it may be associated with endocarditis, metastatic infection or suppuration at the access site requiring excision of the access device for control of the infection (complicated bacteremia). To distinguish patients with uncomplicated bacteremia from those with complications, we measured staphylococcal teichoic acid antibodies by agar-gel diffusion and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies by radioimmunoassay in 18 patients with staphylococcal bacteremia undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Although teichoic acid antibodies were not detected in five patients with uncomplicated bacteremia, they were observed in only three of 13 patients with complicated bacteremia. IgG staphylococcal antibodies were present in 10 of 13 patients with complicated bacteremia compared to none of five patients with uncomplicated bacteremia compared to none of five patients with uncomplicated bacteremia (p less than 0.05). Thus, radioimmunoassay was spuerior to agar-gel diffusion in identifying dialysis patients with complicated bacteremia. In patients with increased concentrations of IgG staphylococcal antibodies by radioimmunoassay, the diagnosis of endocarditis, metastatic infection and suppuration at the access site should be considered. Prolonged antibiotic therapy and/or operative removal of the access device may be necessary.", "contents": "Serologic diagnosis of access device-related staphylococcal bacteremia. Staphylococcal bacteremia occurs frequently in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis (dialysis patients). Although such bacteremia is frequently uncomplicated, it may be associated with endocarditis, metastatic infection or suppuration at the access site requiring excision of the access device for control of the infection (complicated bacteremia). To distinguish patients with uncomplicated bacteremia from those with complications, we measured staphylococcal teichoic acid antibodies by agar-gel diffusion and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies by radioimmunoassay in 18 patients with staphylococcal bacteremia undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Although teichoic acid antibodies were not detected in five patients with uncomplicated bacteremia, they were observed in only three of 13 patients with complicated bacteremia. IgG staphylococcal antibodies were present in 10 of 13 patients with complicated bacteremia compared to none of five patients with uncomplicated bacteremia compared to none of five patients with uncomplicated bacteremia (p less than 0.05). Thus, radioimmunoassay was spuerior to agar-gel diffusion in identifying dialysis patients with complicated bacteremia. In patients with increased concentrations of IgG staphylococcal antibodies by radioimmunoassay, the diagnosis of endocarditis, metastatic infection and suppuration at the access site should be considered. Prolonged antibiotic therapy and/or operative removal of the access device may be necessary.", "PMID": 115313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11743", "title": "The mucopolysaccaridoses: clinical and biochemical correlations.", "content": "The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are hereditary diseases that result in deformities related to connective tissues. Some types of MPS lead to progressive mental retardation. Biochemically, these syndromes are characterized by excessive accumulation and excretion of various types of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). These diseases result from absence of various lysosomal enzymes involved in glycosaminoglycan degradation. The definition of the defects in the MPS has led to advancing diagnosis, counseling, and the possibilities of prenatal diagnosis of this group of dieseases.", "contents": "The mucopolysaccaridoses: clinical and biochemical correlations. The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are hereditary diseases that result in deformities related to connective tissues. Some types of MPS lead to progressive mental retardation. Biochemically, these syndromes are characterized by excessive accumulation and excretion of various types of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). These diseases result from absence of various lysosomal enzymes involved in glycosaminoglycan degradation. The definition of the defects in the MPS has led to advancing diagnosis, counseling, and the possibilities of prenatal diagnosis of this group of dieseases.", "PMID": 115315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11744", "title": "Plasma thyrotropin-releasing hormone, prolactin, thyrotropin, and thyroxine concentrations following the intravenous or oral administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "In a further evaluation of the use of oral thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in puerperally lactating women, a radioimmunoassay for its measurement has been developed. Its concentration in plasma as well as that of prolactin (PRL), thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) were measured following either intravenous or oral administration of TRH. Basal concentrations of TRH in 14 normally cycling women ranged from less than 5 to 17 pg/ml. Two luteal phase studies produced peaks in plasma TRH 5 to 10 minutes after 100 micrograms of TRH administered intravenously with a return to basal concentrations within 2 to 3 hours. In 10 normally menstruating women, ingestion of 10 mg of TRH orally resulted in plasma TRH which peaked at 423 +/- 123 pg/ml (standard error of the mean) at 30-minutes. Plasma PRL, TSH, and T4 also increased and remained slightly elevated at 4 hours. These 8-hour studies were performed in a puerperal lactating woman who had ingested 10 mg of TRH orally twice a day for 7 days prior to blood sampling. TRH concentrations declined throughout each day while TSH rose slightly in the first 1 to 2 hours but remained within normal limits. The prolonged administration of 10 mg of TRH orally twice daily to three puerperally lactating women resulted in elevations in plasma TRH 2 to 3 hours following hormone administration, yet no significant increases in plasma TSH were observed. Both endogenous TRH and TSH were measured before and after 22 nursing events in nine puerperally lactating women. There was no change in the concentration of either substance and all values were similar to those obtained in normally menstruating women.", "contents": "Plasma thyrotropin-releasing hormone, prolactin, thyrotropin, and thyroxine concentrations following the intravenous or oral administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. In a further evaluation of the use of oral thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in puerperally lactating women, a radioimmunoassay for its measurement has been developed. Its concentration in plasma as well as that of prolactin (PRL), thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) were measured following either intravenous or oral administration of TRH. Basal concentrations of TRH in 14 normally cycling women ranged from less than 5 to 17 pg/ml. Two luteal phase studies produced peaks in plasma TRH 5 to 10 minutes after 100 micrograms of TRH administered intravenously with a return to basal concentrations within 2 to 3 hours. In 10 normally menstruating women, ingestion of 10 mg of TRH orally resulted in plasma TRH which peaked at 423 +/- 123 pg/ml (standard error of the mean) at 30-minutes. Plasma PRL, TSH, and T4 also increased and remained slightly elevated at 4 hours. These 8-hour studies were performed in a puerperal lactating woman who had ingested 10 mg of TRH orally twice a day for 7 days prior to blood sampling. TRH concentrations declined throughout each day while TSH rose slightly in the first 1 to 2 hours but remained within normal limits. The prolonged administration of 10 mg of TRH orally twice daily to three puerperally lactating women resulted in elevations in plasma TRH 2 to 3 hours following hormone administration, yet no significant increases in plasma TSH were observed. Both endogenous TRH and TSH were measured before and after 22 nursing events in nine puerperally lactating women. There was no change in the concentration of either substance and all values were similar to those obtained in normally menstruating women.", "PMID": 115316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11745", "title": "Incestuous rape: a cause for hysterical seizures in four adolescent girls.", "content": "Four cases are presented of hysterical seizures in adolescent girls as a consequence of forced incestuous relationships with their fathers. It is suggested that, for all girls presented to the clinician with symptoms of hysterical seizures, a detailed history should be taken to explore for the possibility of incest.", "contents": "Incestuous rape: a cause for hysterical seizures in four adolescent girls. Four cases are presented of hysterical seizures in adolescent girls as a consequence of forced incestuous relationships with their fathers. It is suggested that, for all girls presented to the clinician with symptoms of hysterical seizures, a detailed history should be taken to explore for the possibility of incest.", "PMID": 115317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11746", "title": "Comparison of proximal and distal colonic muscle of the rabbit.", "content": "Mechanical length-tension properties and response to neurohumoral agents were compared for proximal and distal colonic muscle. Resting tension during stretch, acetylcholine-stimulated tension, and the total tension were determined. Proximal circular muscle developed a maximum total tension of 0.96 +/- 0.18 kg/cm2 (mean +/- SE) compared to 0.86 +/- 0.06 kg/cm2 for the distal colon (P greater than 0.05). Resting tension was 0.33 +/- 0.03 kg/cm2 for the proximal colon and 0.05 +/- 0.01 kg/cm2 for the distal colon at the length of optimal acetylcholine-stimulated tension (Lo) (P less than 0.01). Longitudinal muscle showed a similar difference for the proximal and distal colon. The high resting tension in the proximal colonic muscle was reduced by nitroprusside or calcium-free Krebs with EGTA. Dose-response curves to acetylcholine, histamine, phenylephrine, and isoproterenol were similar for the muscle of either part of the colon. Gastrin or cholecystokinin had no effect on the muscle. In summary, the circular or longitudinal muscles of the proximal and distal colon have different length-tension properties but only minimal differences in response to neurohumoral agents.", "contents": "Comparison of proximal and distal colonic muscle of the rabbit. Mechanical length-tension properties and response to neurohumoral agents were compared for proximal and distal colonic muscle. Resting tension during stretch, acetylcholine-stimulated tension, and the total tension were determined. Proximal circular muscle developed a maximum total tension of 0.96 +/- 0.18 kg/cm2 (mean +/- SE) compared to 0.86 +/- 0.06 kg/cm2 for the distal colon (P greater than 0.05). Resting tension was 0.33 +/- 0.03 kg/cm2 for the proximal colon and 0.05 +/- 0.01 kg/cm2 for the distal colon at the length of optimal acetylcholine-stimulated tension (Lo) (P less than 0.01). Longitudinal muscle showed a similar difference for the proximal and distal colon. The high resting tension in the proximal colonic muscle was reduced by nitroprusside or calcium-free Krebs with EGTA. Dose-response curves to acetylcholine, histamine, phenylephrine, and isoproterenol were similar for the muscle of either part of the colon. Gastrin or cholecystokinin had no effect on the muscle. In summary, the circular or longitudinal muscles of the proximal and distal colon have different length-tension properties but only minimal differences in response to neurohumoral agents.", "PMID": 115318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11747", "title": "Slowed rate of gastric emptying of solid food in man by high caloric parenteral nutrition.", "content": "We studied the effect of high caloric parenteral nutrition on the rate of gastric emptying of solid food. The linear pattern of gastric emptying was not altered by parenteral nutrition, but the gastric emptying rate was consistently slowed. The degree of slowing of gastric emptying while on parenteral nutrition correlated with the increase in blood glucose induced by the intravenous nutrient load. These findings may explain the oral food intolerance displayed by some persons receiving both oral and high caloric intravenous nutrition.", "contents": "Slowed rate of gastric emptying of solid food in man by high caloric parenteral nutrition. We studied the effect of high caloric parenteral nutrition on the rate of gastric emptying of solid food. The linear pattern of gastric emptying was not altered by parenteral nutrition, but the gastric emptying rate was consistently slowed. The degree of slowing of gastric emptying while on parenteral nutrition correlated with the increase in blood glucose induced by the intravenous nutrient load. These findings may explain the oral food intolerance displayed by some persons receiving both oral and high caloric intravenous nutrition.", "PMID": 115320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11748", "title": "Immediate changes in protein-concentration in aqueous humor induced by intracapsular lens extraction in human eyes.", "content": "In 71 patients that underwent intracapsular extraction of the cataract it was possible to collect aqueous humor (a.h.) in sufficient quantities at the beginning and at the end of the operation. Using radial immunodiffusion albumin, IgG and alpha-1-antitrypsin were measured in the samples. In secondary a.h. huge variations in the concentrations were apparent. The primary permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier and the time between sampling had no influence on the relative increase of the proteins. No statistically significant difference was found between normotensives and hypertensives and patients with or without myopia of higher degree (over 6 diopters). The relative increase of proteins according to their difference in molecular weight followed the same pattern as described for anterior uveitis. In patients for whom an enzymatic zonulolysis with trypsin was used for the extraction, the relative increase of IgG was significantly smaller than in those that did not receive this treatment (P less than 0.005). The possible sources contributing to the formation of secondary a.h. are discussed.", "contents": "Immediate changes in protein-concentration in aqueous humor induced by intracapsular lens extraction in human eyes. In 71 patients that underwent intracapsular extraction of the cataract it was possible to collect aqueous humor (a.h.) in sufficient quantities at the beginning and at the end of the operation. Using radial immunodiffusion albumin, IgG and alpha-1-antitrypsin were measured in the samples. In secondary a.h. huge variations in the concentrations were apparent. The primary permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier and the time between sampling had no influence on the relative increase of the proteins. No statistically significant difference was found between normotensives and hypertensives and patients with or without myopia of higher degree (over 6 diopters). The relative increase of proteins according to their difference in molecular weight followed the same pattern as described for anterior uveitis. In patients for whom an enzymatic zonulolysis with trypsin was used for the extraction, the relative increase of IgG was significantly smaller than in those that did not receive this treatment (P less than 0.005). The possible sources contributing to the formation of secondary a.h. are discussed.", "PMID": 115324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11749", "title": "[Anesthsiological experiences in experimental surgery].", "content": "The paper reports experience with methods of anaesthesia in rabbits, rats, mice, guinea-pigs, pigs, sheep, baboons, dogs and cats. Special problems of handling, mode of injection and intubation are discussed. A comprehensive survey of literature provides further information about the proposed patterns of anaesthesia and informs about other anaesthetic methods, not practised by the authors.", "contents": "[Anesthsiological experiences in experimental surgery]. The paper reports experience with methods of anaesthesia in rabbits, rats, mice, guinea-pigs, pigs, sheep, baboons, dogs and cats. Special problems of handling, mode of injection and intubation are discussed. A comprehensive survey of literature provides further information about the proposed patterns of anaesthesia and informs about other anaesthetic methods, not practised by the authors.", "PMID": 115325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11750", "title": "Silicone elastomer for nasojejunal intubation and central venous cannulation in neonates.", "content": "Modifications are described to two techniques using silicone elastomer tubing in neonatal nutrition. The first enables nasojejunal intubation to be performed easily for feeding by this route. The second provides a central venous line for parenteral alimentation. These modifications are suggested as improvements to the original techniques described.", "contents": "Silicone elastomer for nasojejunal intubation and central venous cannulation in neonates. Modifications are described to two techniques using silicone elastomer tubing in neonatal nutrition. The first enables nasojejunal intubation to be performed easily for feeding by this route. The second provides a central venous line for parenteral alimentation. These modifications are suggested as improvements to the original techniques described.", "PMID": 115326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11751", "title": "Intercellular junctions in the rhesus monkey pars distalis.", "content": "Four rhesus monkey pituitary glands were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Three types of intercellular junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes and zonula adherens-type junctions, were observed between adjacent granular cells, folliculo-stellate cells, and joining a folliculo-stellate cell with a granular cell. Demosomes were most commonly observed between granular cells while the zonula adherens-type junctions were generally found between the folliculo-stellate cells.", "contents": "Intercellular junctions in the rhesus monkey pars distalis. Four rhesus monkey pituitary glands were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Three types of intercellular junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes and zonula adherens-type junctions, were observed between adjacent granular cells, folliculo-stellate cells, and joining a folliculo-stellate cell with a granular cell. Demosomes were most commonly observed between granular cells while the zonula adherens-type junctions were generally found between the folliculo-stellate cells.", "PMID": 115336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11752", "title": "Relationship between serum and seminal plasma prolactin in bonnet monkeys.", "content": "The relationship between serum and seminal plasma concentration of prolactin were investigated in four adult bonnet monkeys. Hyperprolactenemia induced by acute and chronic treatment with chlorpromazine showed significantly higher prolactin levels in seminal plasma on 8th and 16th day respectively, by which time the serum prolactin levels have already reached pretreatment levels. The study suggests that it may be possible to affect the sperm fertilizing capacity by pharmacologically affecting serum prolactin concentrations.", "contents": "Relationship between serum and seminal plasma prolactin in bonnet monkeys. The relationship between serum and seminal plasma concentration of prolactin were investigated in four adult bonnet monkeys. Hyperprolactenemia induced by acute and chronic treatment with chlorpromazine showed significantly higher prolactin levels in seminal plasma on 8th and 16th day respectively, by which time the serum prolactin levels have already reached pretreatment levels. The study suggests that it may be possible to affect the sperm fertilizing capacity by pharmacologically affecting serum prolactin concentrations.", "PMID": 115337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11753", "title": "[Diagnosis of post-operative jaundice (author's transl)].", "content": "The typical factors responsible for post operative jaundice are: 1) increased pigment load; 2) hypoperfusion; 3) sepsis and 4) drugs. In the patient evaluation, one should carefully review the patients chart for hypotensive episode during surgery, the drugs being administerd and the evolution of the illness which will facilitate the identification of the causal factors. Aside the aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels, the risk of hemolysis, of sepsis, the synthetic function of the liver and the integrity of the biliary tree must be established. Post-operative jaundices appear quite often in a context of multiple etiology. However, it is very important to know when surgery is hazardous and when it is mandatory and lifesaving.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of post-operative jaundice (author's transl)]. The typical factors responsible for post operative jaundice are: 1) increased pigment load; 2) hypoperfusion; 3) sepsis and 4) drugs. In the patient evaluation, one should carefully review the patients chart for hypotensive episode during surgery, the drugs being administerd and the evolution of the illness which will facilitate the identification of the causal factors. Aside the aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels, the risk of hemolysis, of sepsis, the synthetic function of the liver and the integrity of the biliary tree must be established. Post-operative jaundices appear quite often in a context of multiple etiology. However, it is very important to know when surgery is hazardous and when it is mandatory and lifesaving.", "PMID": 115338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11754", "title": "[The management of mediastinal infection following cardiac surgery. Role of the reanimation and of hyperalimentation (author's transl)].", "content": "Apprehended complication of the cardiac surgery by median sternotomy, the mediastinitis leads very often to a high death rate, a long hospital-treatment, frequent and sometimes serious sequelae. Considering eleven cases, we are trying to show the interest brought by the choice of the immediate thorax-closing method, in so far as this technic is associated with a correct disinfection of the mediastin a good irrigation-drainage properly well-maintained and overseen, a reanimation technic the main purpose of which is to assure a sufficient caloric and nitrogenous supply.", "contents": "[The management of mediastinal infection following cardiac surgery. Role of the reanimation and of hyperalimentation (author's transl)]. Apprehended complication of the cardiac surgery by median sternotomy, the mediastinitis leads very often to a high death rate, a long hospital-treatment, frequent and sometimes serious sequelae. Considering eleven cases, we are trying to show the interest brought by the choice of the immediate thorax-closing method, in so far as this technic is associated with a correct disinfection of the mediastin a good irrigation-drainage properly well-maintained and overseen, a reanimation technic the main purpose of which is to assure a sufficient caloric and nitrogenous supply.", "PMID": 115339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11755", "title": "[Pharmacology of nitroglycerin (author's transl)].", "content": "Nitroglycerin is a vasodilating agent by virtue of its actions on vascular smooth muscle fibers. It may be administered intravenously (using either 5 p. cent dextrose, or propylene-glycol solvant), sublingually, orally or by topical administration. It is rapidly metabolized, principally by liver. Its is not toxic. The vasodilatation that is produced is both arterial and venous and is dose-related in dog (1 microgram to 100 micrograms/kg/min). However, resistance and tachphylaxis may occur. Its principal use is for angor treatment, but it has been used for the treatment of arteriopathy of the lower limbs, biliar hypertony and arterial hypertension. It has been recently administered for the treatment of acute phase of myocardial infarction and during pre, per- and post-operative periods in cardiac surgery, neurosurgery and hip surgery, as myocardial protector or anti-hypertensive agent or hypotensive agent. The absence of toxicity and the rapid reversibility of its cardio-vascular effects which are similar to the effects of sodium nitroprusside are important reasons for its use in anesthesia and cardiac intensive care.", "contents": "[Pharmacology of nitroglycerin (author's transl)]. Nitroglycerin is a vasodilating agent by virtue of its actions on vascular smooth muscle fibers. It may be administered intravenously (using either 5 p. cent dextrose, or propylene-glycol solvant), sublingually, orally or by topical administration. It is rapidly metabolized, principally by liver. Its is not toxic. The vasodilatation that is produced is both arterial and venous and is dose-related in dog (1 microgram to 100 micrograms/kg/min). However, resistance and tachphylaxis may occur. Its principal use is for angor treatment, but it has been used for the treatment of arteriopathy of the lower limbs, biliar hypertony and arterial hypertension. It has been recently administered for the treatment of acute phase of myocardial infarction and during pre, per- and post-operative periods in cardiac surgery, neurosurgery and hip surgery, as myocardial protector or anti-hypertensive agent or hypotensive agent. The absence of toxicity and the rapid reversibility of its cardio-vascular effects which are similar to the effects of sodium nitroprusside are important reasons for its use in anesthesia and cardiac intensive care.", "PMID": 115340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11756", "title": "[Monoclonal immunoglobulins and serum viscosity: contribution of the idea of activation energy to the paraprotein concept (author's transl)].", "content": "The simultaneous study of dynamic and cinematic viscosity in 34 control sera and 49 paraprotein sera showed that there was a simple relationship between the viscosity and the total serum protein content both in normal sera and in paraprotein sera. When the ratio of monoclonal immunoglobulins/total proteins is less than 55%, the viscosity is little or not modified in the case of the IgGk paraproteins studied, whereas it was increased in the case of IgA, IgM and IgG LAMBDA SERA. Beyond 2 cSt, it is not however possible to incriminate a particular type of heavy chain nor even a light chain. The measurement of the viscosity in relation to the temperature permitted us to show that the IgA, IgG, and IgM sera studied all presented an activation energy of outflow (E in Kcal) higher than that of normal sera and the highest rise is due to IgA paraproteins. The concept of energy activation permits us to say that paraproteins have a different behaviour from normal proteins, probably due to disorders in their structural arrangement.", "contents": "[Monoclonal immunoglobulins and serum viscosity: contribution of the idea of activation energy to the paraprotein concept (author's transl)]. The simultaneous study of dynamic and cinematic viscosity in 34 control sera and 49 paraprotein sera showed that there was a simple relationship between the viscosity and the total serum protein content both in normal sera and in paraprotein sera. When the ratio of monoclonal immunoglobulins/total proteins is less than 55%, the viscosity is little or not modified in the case of the IgGk paraproteins studied, whereas it was increased in the case of IgA, IgM and IgG LAMBDA SERA. Beyond 2 cSt, it is not however possible to incriminate a particular type of heavy chain nor even a light chain. The measurement of the viscosity in relation to the temperature permitted us to show that the IgA, IgG, and IgM sera studied all presented an activation energy of outflow (E in Kcal) higher than that of normal sera and the highest rise is due to IgA paraproteins. The concept of energy activation permits us to say that paraproteins have a different behaviour from normal proteins, probably due to disorders in their structural arrangement.", "PMID": 115345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11757", "title": "[Enteral feeding with reinjection in the terminal gut (author's transl)].", "content": "About one case, we describe our technology. The main avantage of the method is to reduce strongly septic complications resulting from intravenous feeding. It can be used as soon as the gastrointestinal tract is functional without any risk and it is the most effective means of providing nutrition for an extended period.", "contents": "[Enteral feeding with reinjection in the terminal gut (author's transl)]. About one case, we describe our technology. The main avantage of the method is to reduce strongly septic complications resulting from intravenous feeding. It can be used as soon as the gastrointestinal tract is functional without any risk and it is the most effective means of providing nutrition for an extended period.", "PMID": 115341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11758", "title": "[Cryoglobulin analysis by ultracentrifugation in density stabilized gradient followed by immunodiffusion (author's transl)].", "content": "A technique is described which combines ultracentrifugation in a density gradient stabilized by gelification, with agar gel immunodiffusion. The use of this procedure to determine sedimentation parameters and antigenic determinations is presented and illustrated with the diagramms obtained in the identification of various cryoglobulins.", "contents": "[Cryoglobulin analysis by ultracentrifugation in density stabilized gradient followed by immunodiffusion (author's transl)]. A technique is described which combines ultracentrifugation in a density gradient stabilized by gelification, with agar gel immunodiffusion. The use of this procedure to determine sedimentation parameters and antigenic determinations is presented and illustrated with the diagramms obtained in the identification of various cryoglobulins.", "PMID": 115346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11759", "title": "Some hygienic problems in the production of meat and bone meal from slaughterhouse offal and animal carcasses.", "content": "A study of uncut anthrax-infected slaughterhouse waste in the sterilizer of an animal destructor after the prescribed heating at 130 degrees C for 30 min showed that in 17 cases Bacillus anthracis was able to survive. The determination of z-values for B. anthracis and B. stearothermophilus showed that when slaughterhouse waste is cut up into pieces of no more that 50 g weight the temperature at the centre may lie between 120 degrees C for 20 min and 130 degrees C for 10 min for destruction of spore formers. The resulting animal meal is of improved protein quality by this treatment. These results and conclusions cannot be directly transferred to fat bath treatment of meat, because of the significant difference caused by the use of vapour pressure methods.", "contents": "Some hygienic problems in the production of meat and bone meal from slaughterhouse offal and animal carcasses. A study of uncut anthrax-infected slaughterhouse waste in the sterilizer of an animal destructor after the prescribed heating at 130 degrees C for 30 min showed that in 17 cases Bacillus anthracis was able to survive. The determination of z-values for B. anthracis and B. stearothermophilus showed that when slaughterhouse waste is cut up into pieces of no more that 50 g weight the temperature at the centre may lie between 120 degrees C for 20 min and 130 degrees C for 10 min for destruction of spore formers. The resulting animal meal is of improved protein quality by this treatment. These results and conclusions cannot be directly transferred to fat bath treatment of meat, because of the significant difference caused by the use of vapour pressure methods.", "PMID": 115352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11760", "title": "Fish farming in ponds and lakes to provide an important protein supplement to the food basket, and connected public health problems.", "content": "Fish farming in ponds can be of great value in various ways: 1) By adding fat-free and relatively inexpensive animal protein to the food basket; 2) By removing waste water in a most hygienic as well as economic way; 3) By saving the cost of transport and storage of meat from warm-blooded animals by breeding fish near the consumer. Our task is to prevent the spread of disease in fish, to prevent transmission of health hazards to man, and to inspect the quality of fish all along the line from the ponds through marketing to the consumer.", "contents": "Fish farming in ponds and lakes to provide an important protein supplement to the food basket, and connected public health problems. Fish farming in ponds can be of great value in various ways: 1) By adding fat-free and relatively inexpensive animal protein to the food basket; 2) By removing waste water in a most hygienic as well as economic way; 3) By saving the cost of transport and storage of meat from warm-blooded animals by breeding fish near the consumer. Our task is to prevent the spread of disease in fish, to prevent transmission of health hazards to man, and to inspect the quality of fish all along the line from the ponds through marketing to the consumer.", "PMID": 115353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11761", "title": "[Primary gastric plasmacytoma with IgG dysgammaglobulinemia and macrocytic anemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of a woman aged 76 years with a single plasmocytoma of the stomach secreting large quantities of a paraprotein of the IgG type with Kappa light chains. A macrocytic anemia due to deficiency of gastric intrinsic factor was also present. This pathological association is extremely rare. About sixty cases of gastric plasmocytoma are been reported in the published literature and their principal characteristics are briefly outlined.", "contents": "[Primary gastric plasmacytoma with IgG dysgammaglobulinemia and macrocytic anemia (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of a woman aged 76 years with a single plasmocytoma of the stomach secreting large quantities of a paraprotein of the IgG type with Kappa light chains. A macrocytic anemia due to deficiency of gastric intrinsic factor was also present. This pathological association is extremely rare. About sixty cases of gastric plasmocytoma are been reported in the published literature and their principal characteristics are briefly outlined.", "PMID": 115354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11762", "title": "[Diabetic ketoacidosis: results with two different patterns of insulin administration (author's transl)].", "content": "The response to insulin treatment in 15 children with diabetic ketoacidosis is studied. Insulin continous infusion was administered to nine patients. The other six patients received insulin subcutaneously except one half of the first dose injected by vein as a bolus. Both patterns of insulin administration proved to be equally effective. Anyway the insulin continuous infusion appears as a simple and easier method for a good general control and to prevent hypoglycemic episodes. To prevent a hyperglycemic rebound it is suggested that a dose of subcutaneous insulin must be injected immediately after the insulin infusion is discontinued. A discordance between hyperglycemia correction and the degree of acidosis has been noticed in some patients; this can be corrected decreasing insulin infusion rate.", "contents": "[Diabetic ketoacidosis: results with two different patterns of insulin administration (author's transl)]. The response to insulin treatment in 15 children with diabetic ketoacidosis is studied. Insulin continous infusion was administered to nine patients. The other six patients received insulin subcutaneously except one half of the first dose injected by vein as a bolus. Both patterns of insulin administration proved to be equally effective. Anyway the insulin continuous infusion appears as a simple and easier method for a good general control and to prevent hypoglycemic episodes. To prevent a hyperglycemic rebound it is suggested that a dose of subcutaneous insulin must be injected immediately after the insulin infusion is discontinued. A discordance between hyperglycemia correction and the degree of acidosis has been noticed in some patients; this can be corrected decreasing insulin infusion rate.", "PMID": 115349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11763", "title": "[Mucolipidosis. biologic characteristics (author's transl)].", "content": "Mucolipidosis II is a severe inherited lysosomal storage disease characterized by profound psychomotor retardation, severe Hurler-like skeletal changes and normal urinary mucopolysaccharide excretion. Mucolipidosis II is a related disorder distinguished by its milder course, milder to absent mental retardation and survival to adult life. Cultivated fibroblasts from patients with both of these disorders display large inclusions on phase microscopy and reduced levels of many acid hydrolases. However, culture medium fibroblasts out the body fluids of affected patients show enormously elevated levels of these hydrolases. The lysosomal enzyme activities in serum, leukocytes, fibroblasts extracts and culture medium from seven patients with mucolipidosis II are similar to those found in four cases of mucolipidosis III. The findings of excessive excretion of sialyl-oligosaccharide in urine and of increased level of sialic acid compounds in cultured fibroblasts associated with a sialidase deficiency in leukocytes, fibroblasts and serum are discussed.", "contents": "[Mucolipidosis. biologic characteristics (author's transl)]. Mucolipidosis II is a severe inherited lysosomal storage disease characterized by profound psychomotor retardation, severe Hurler-like skeletal changes and normal urinary mucopolysaccharide excretion. Mucolipidosis II is a related disorder distinguished by its milder course, milder to absent mental retardation and survival to adult life. Cultivated fibroblasts from patients with both of these disorders display large inclusions on phase microscopy and reduced levels of many acid hydrolases. However, culture medium fibroblasts out the body fluids of affected patients show enormously elevated levels of these hydrolases. The lysosomal enzyme activities in serum, leukocytes, fibroblasts extracts and culture medium from seven patients with mucolipidosis II are similar to those found in four cases of mucolipidosis III. The findings of excessive excretion of sialyl-oligosaccharide in urine and of increased level of sialic acid compounds in cultured fibroblasts associated with a sialidase deficiency in leukocytes, fibroblasts and serum are discussed.", "PMID": 115347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11764", "title": "[Mitral echocardiography in hunter syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "An echocardiographic study was realized in four patients with the Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidoses II), evidenced by the clinical, radiologic and laboratory data. Mitral incompetence was present in two of the cases. In cases without mitral incompetence the echocardiographic tracing showed multiple mitral systolic echoes with a normal left atrium. On the other hand in cases with mitral incompetence the echocardiograms showed multiple systolic and diastolic echoes of the mitral valve with left atrial enlargement.", "contents": "[Mitral echocardiography in hunter syndrome (author's transl)]. An echocardiographic study was realized in four patients with the Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidoses II), evidenced by the clinical, radiologic and laboratory data. Mitral incompetence was present in two of the cases. In cases without mitral incompetence the echocardiographic tracing showed multiple mitral systolic echoes with a normal left atrium. On the other hand in cases with mitral incompetence the echocardiograms showed multiple systolic and diastolic echoes of the mitral valve with left atrial enlargement.", "PMID": 115348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11765", "title": "Psychophysical evaluation of cochlear prostheses in a monkey model.", "content": "Functional aspects of cochlear prostheses implanted in the scala tympani were tested in monkeys trained to perform a simple reaction-time task. Thresholds for detection of electrical stimulation and dynamic ranges were tested for a wide range of frequencies of sinusoidal stimulation and for biphasic rectangular pulses of various durations and repetition rates. The results are comparable with available data from implanted human patients and extend these findings, exploring various aspects of electrical stimulation in greater detail.", "contents": "Psychophysical evaluation of cochlear prostheses in a monkey model. Functional aspects of cochlear prostheses implanted in the scala tympani were tested in monkeys trained to perform a simple reaction-time task. Thresholds for detection of electrical stimulation and dynamic ranges were tested for a wide range of frequencies of sinusoidal stimulation and for biphasic rectangular pulses of various durations and repetition rates. The results are comparable with available data from implanted human patients and extend these findings, exploring various aspects of electrical stimulation in greater detail.", "PMID": 115356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11766", "title": "Design factors in the characterization and identification of otitis media and certain related conditions.", "content": "Because the state of our knowledge of many aspects of the etiology and pathogenesis of otitis media and related conditions is deficient, precise characterizations of certain aspects of the disease may not be possible. In fact although most studies in the past have failed to define the specific disease state to be investigated, the specific type of otitis media or related condition to be studied must be as clearly defined as is clinically possible in order for any prospective study of otitis media to be valid. The state of the art of the presently available methods to identify these conditions also poses certain limitations; at present, there are five methods to identify otitis media and related conditions: history, audiometry, tympanocentesis/myringotomy, otoscopy (including otomicroscopy), and impedance measurements (tympanometry and assessment of the middle earl muscle reflex), and they all have inherent elements of unreliability. Historical information obtained from parents or the child is usually unreliable; a positive history may aid in defining the problem, but a negative otologic history does not rule out the presence of otitis media since it is frequently asymptomatic. Audiometry has been shown to be a poor method of identifying otitis media. Although tympanocentesis or myringotomy is the most reliable way to identify otitis media with effusion (OME), it is invasive, frequently requires an anesthetic, and is usually a confounding variable. In an effort to establish the diagnostic value of otoscopy, tympanometry, and the presence or absence of the middle ear muscle reflex in identifying OME, the diagnostic findings by these three methods, were compared with the findings at myringotomy in 239 children (425 ears). The study showed that even experienced clinicians had some difficulty in identifying those ears with effusion (sensitivity) and had even greater difficulty in making a diagnosis of those ears without an effusion (specificity). Tympanometry employing patterns that have been validated with myringotomy findings was found to be as accurate as expert otoscopy. On the other hand, the presence or absence of the middle ear muscle reflex was found not to be a useful method of diagnosing the presence of OME due to its extremely low specificity. An algorithm derived from the combination of the three methods had highest sensitivity and specificity. From this study, the following recommendations regarding the identification of OME are suggested. All investigators who employ otoscopy should be validated by comparing their assessments either with the findings at myringotomy or with a previously validated otoscopist. Interobserver realiability of all otoscopists should be established prior to and maintained during clinical studies of OME. Only electroacoustic impedance instruments in which the tympanometric patterns have been validated should be used. Tympanometry employing validated tympanometric patterns has a high degree of sensitivity and specificity, and as such can provide an objective method to identify OME...", "contents": "Design factors in the characterization and identification of otitis media and certain related conditions. Because the state of our knowledge of many aspects of the etiology and pathogenesis of otitis media and related conditions is deficient, precise characterizations of certain aspects of the disease may not be possible. In fact although most studies in the past have failed to define the specific disease state to be investigated, the specific type of otitis media or related condition to be studied must be as clearly defined as is clinically possible in order for any prospective study of otitis media to be valid. The state of the art of the presently available methods to identify these conditions also poses certain limitations; at present, there are five methods to identify otitis media and related conditions: history, audiometry, tympanocentesis/myringotomy, otoscopy (including otomicroscopy), and impedance measurements (tympanometry and assessment of the middle earl muscle reflex), and they all have inherent elements of unreliability. Historical information obtained from parents or the child is usually unreliable; a positive history may aid in defining the problem, but a negative otologic history does not rule out the presence of otitis media since it is frequently asymptomatic. Audiometry has been shown to be a poor method of identifying otitis media. Although tympanocentesis or myringotomy is the most reliable way to identify otitis media with effusion (OME), it is invasive, frequently requires an anesthetic, and is usually a confounding variable. In an effort to establish the diagnostic value of otoscopy, tympanometry, and the presence or absence of the middle ear muscle reflex in identifying OME, the diagnostic findings by these three methods, were compared with the findings at myringotomy in 239 children (425 ears). The study showed that even experienced clinicians had some difficulty in identifying those ears with effusion (sensitivity) and had even greater difficulty in making a diagnosis of those ears without an effusion (specificity). Tympanometry employing patterns that have been validated with myringotomy findings was found to be as accurate as expert otoscopy. On the other hand, the presence or absence of the middle ear muscle reflex was found not to be a useful method of diagnosing the presence of OME due to its extremely low specificity. An algorithm derived from the combination of the three methods had highest sensitivity and specificity. From this study, the following recommendations regarding the identification of OME are suggested. All investigators who employ otoscopy should be validated by comparing their assessments either with the findings at myringotomy or with a previously validated otoscopist. Interobserver realiability of all otoscopists should be established prior to and maintained during clinical studies of OME. Only electroacoustic impedance instruments in which the tympanometric patterns have been validated should be used. Tympanometry employing validated tympanometric patterns has a high degree of sensitivity and specificity, and as such can provide an objective method to identify OME...", "PMID": 115359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11767", "title": "Conductive hearing loss effects on children's language and scholastic skills. A review of the literature.", "content": "A review of available studies investigating the consequences of conductive hearing loss for language acquisition and scholastic performance was carried out. It uncovered no study that met the standards of rigor needed to provide a definitive answer to this question, although the burden of the evidence is that a persistent mild hearing loss, especially if present since infancy, probably has a measurably deleterious effect on the language of most but not all children. Diagnostic criteria documenting the severity, age of occurrence and duration of middle ear effusions were lacking. Measures of the detrimental effects of conductive losses on linguistic skills frequently were limited to the number of grades children were retained in school, their reading or vocabulary level on achievement tests, or a comparison of their scores on the verbal and performance scales of intelligence tests. Very few studies followed the acquisition of language in affected children or examined its structure. Very few considered the interaction between the socioeconomic and cultural environment of the child and the consequences of his hearing loss. The review underscored the need for prospective multidisciplinary studies in order to evaluate the actual impact of this common pediatric problem.", "contents": "Conductive hearing loss effects on children's language and scholastic skills. A review of the literature. A review of available studies investigating the consequences of conductive hearing loss for language acquisition and scholastic performance was carried out. It uncovered no study that met the standards of rigor needed to provide a definitive answer to this question, although the burden of the evidence is that a persistent mild hearing loss, especially if present since infancy, probably has a measurably deleterious effect on the language of most but not all children. Diagnostic criteria documenting the severity, age of occurrence and duration of middle ear effusions were lacking. Measures of the detrimental effects of conductive losses on linguistic skills frequently were limited to the number of grades children were retained in school, their reading or vocabulary level on achievement tests, or a comparison of their scores on the verbal and performance scales of intelligence tests. Very few studies followed the acquisition of language in affected children or examined its structure. Very few considered the interaction between the socioeconomic and cultural environment of the child and the consequences of his hearing loss. The review underscored the need for prospective multidisciplinary studies in order to evaluate the actual impact of this common pediatric problem.", "PMID": 115361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11768", "title": "Otitis media and child development. Design factors in the identification and assessment of hearing loss.", "content": "Otitis media with effusion (OME) is the major cause of auditory dysfunction in preschool and early-grade schoolchildren. At especially high risk are children with cleft palate/lip; some groups of mentally retarded children; children from underprivileged communities and children with severe or profound sensorineural hearing loss. In neonates the major concern is to identify those with severe sensorineural hearing loss but awareness of the likelihood of OME is also vital. The hearing loss associated with OME in its early stages may be as small as 10--15 dB and in consequence conventional hearing tests employing pure tones are inadequate is screening procedures. Acoustic impedance testing has proved to be a practicable, acceptable, sensitive and efficient method of identification of OME in infants and children. Impedance measurement cannot, as yet, provide accurate assessment of hearing loss, but this is probably not a serious drawback. The primary requirement is to detect OME in order that swift and effective treatment can be instituted.", "contents": "Otitis media and child development. Design factors in the identification and assessment of hearing loss. Otitis media with effusion (OME) is the major cause of auditory dysfunction in preschool and early-grade schoolchildren. At especially high risk are children with cleft palate/lip; some groups of mentally retarded children; children from underprivileged communities and children with severe or profound sensorineural hearing loss. In neonates the major concern is to identify those with severe sensorineural hearing loss but awareness of the likelihood of OME is also vital. The hearing loss associated with OME in its early stages may be as small as 10--15 dB and in consequence conventional hearing tests employing pure tones are inadequate is screening procedures. Acoustic impedance testing has proved to be a practicable, acceptable, sensitive and efficient method of identification of OME in infants and children. Impedance measurement cannot, as yet, provide accurate assessment of hearing loss, but this is probably not a serious drawback. The primary requirement is to detect OME in order that swift and effective treatment can be instituted.", "PMID": 115360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11769", "title": "Influence of otitis media on hearing and development.", "content": "Otitis media affects nearly every child at some time; many children have mild-to-moderate hearing losses for prolonged periods. The effects of these losses on language and educational development may be significant; possible mechanisms are discussed. Especially in suboptimal listening situations, speech perception may be impaired by even a mild hearing loss. Patterns of imperception are predicted by comparison of composite audiometric data from children with middle ear effusions with speech power data, and by analysis of sound pressure waveforms of speech filtered to simulate the typical hearing loss of these patients. A new method of analysis of brain stem evoked responses, yielding response components attributable to binaural interaction, is reported. This and other evoked response techniques may be able to identify objective changes in auditory nervous system function attributable to relative sensory deprivation during development. Finally, directions for further research in this area are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of otitis media on hearing and development. Otitis media affects nearly every child at some time; many children have mild-to-moderate hearing losses for prolonged periods. The effects of these losses on language and educational development may be significant; possible mechanisms are discussed. Especially in suboptimal listening situations, speech perception may be impaired by even a mild hearing loss. Patterns of imperception are predicted by comparison of composite audiometric data from children with middle ear effusions with speech power data, and by analysis of sound pressure waveforms of speech filtered to simulate the typical hearing loss of these patients. A new method of analysis of brain stem evoked responses, yielding response components attributable to binaural interaction, is reported. This and other evoked response techniques may be able to identify objective changes in auditory nervous system function attributable to relative sensory deprivation during development. Finally, directions for further research in this area are discussed.", "PMID": 115362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11770", "title": "Design factors in the assessment of intelligence.", "content": "The use of intelligence tests to assess the effects of otitis media on the development of children is discussed in this article. An overview of the development of intelligence tests is provided and some of the limitations and central issues of controversy concerning intelligence testing and the IQ are reviewed. Basic intelligence tests are described in terms of their characteristics and uses; the questions which an investigator must ask about any given intelligence test measure are posed and answered. Finally, cautions concerning the applicability of intelligence tests for evaluating the effects of otitis media are offered.", "contents": "Design factors in the assessment of intelligence. The use of intelligence tests to assess the effects of otitis media on the development of children is discussed in this article. An overview of the development of intelligence tests is provided and some of the limitations and central issues of controversy concerning intelligence testing and the IQ are reviewed. Basic intelligence tests are described in terms of their characteristics and uses; the questions which an investigator must ask about any given intelligence test measure are posed and answered. Finally, cautions concerning the applicability of intelligence tests for evaluating the effects of otitis media are offered.", "PMID": 115364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11771", "title": "Bile studies after liver transplantation.", "content": "An analysis of bile composition following orthotopic liver transplantation in the rhesus monkey showed that during rejection only small quantities of viscid bile were produced and that this was associated with increased cholesterol saturation. Bile composition in patients after liver transplantation also showed that bile was supersaturated with cholesterol in the early postoperative period while the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids was interrupted by a draining T tube. However, further study of patients showed a poor correlation between bile composition and the development of biliary complications. An analysis of bile 'sludge' showed that after transplantation two types were encountered. The first, containing large quantities of unconjugated bilirubin, was present when intrabiliary obstruction was associated with long-standing mechanical obstruction. The second type, present in patients developing masses of intrabiliary 'sludging' shortly after transplantation, consisted mainly of necrotic donor biliary tract due to damage during preservation. An intrabiliary perfusion technique was developed which in animal models reduced the extent of donor biliary damage.", "contents": "Bile studies after liver transplantation. An analysis of bile composition following orthotopic liver transplantation in the rhesus monkey showed that during rejection only small quantities of viscid bile were produced and that this was associated with increased cholesterol saturation. Bile composition in patients after liver transplantation also showed that bile was supersaturated with cholesterol in the early postoperative period while the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids was interrupted by a draining T tube. However, further study of patients showed a poor correlation between bile composition and the development of biliary complications. An analysis of bile 'sludge' showed that after transplantation two types were encountered. The first, containing large quantities of unconjugated bilirubin, was present when intrabiliary obstruction was associated with long-standing mechanical obstruction. The second type, present in patients developing masses of intrabiliary 'sludging' shortly after transplantation, consisted mainly of necrotic donor biliary tract due to damage during preservation. An intrabiliary perfusion technique was developed which in animal models reduced the extent of donor biliary damage.", "PMID": 115368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11772", "title": "Evaluation of a culture procedure for identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "A new rapid culture technique (Microcult GC) for identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was compared with a standard culture procedure in 151 patients (59 males, 92 females) suffering from urethritis and/or cervicitis. In 86.8% of the patients identical results were achieved when the new and the standard culture techniques were compared. In 4% the new culture technique revealed N. gonorrhoeae, confirmed by Bram-stain microscopy, when the standard culture was negative. However in 9.1% the reverse was true. In conclusion the new technique showed a decrease of 5% compared with the standard culture method. None of the methods gave rise to detectable false reactions. The new culture procedure might be a complement in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea because of its ease and rapidity (results are available after 24 h) but the method should not be used as a single diagnostic as it suffers from an unacceptable non-specifity especially in women.", "contents": "Evaluation of a culture procedure for identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A new rapid culture technique (Microcult GC) for identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was compared with a standard culture procedure in 151 patients (59 males, 92 females) suffering from urethritis and/or cervicitis. In 86.8% of the patients identical results were achieved when the new and the standard culture techniques were compared. In 4% the new culture technique revealed N. gonorrhoeae, confirmed by Bram-stain microscopy, when the standard culture was negative. However in 9.1% the reverse was true. In conclusion the new technique showed a decrease of 5% compared with the standard culture method. None of the methods gave rise to detectable false reactions. The new culture procedure might be a complement in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea because of its ease and rapidity (results are available after 24 h) but the method should not be used as a single diagnostic as it suffers from an unacceptable non-specifity especially in women.", "PMID": 115369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11773", "title": "Influences of hearing impairment on early language development.", "content": "It is difficult to determine exactly the effects of chronic otitis media on early language development, in part because we do not know whether hearing loss resulting from otitis media is intermittent or constant, and in part because it is difficult to assess the precise language ability of very young children. This paper focuses on those aspects of language development which one might expect hearing impairment to affect, and presents several hypotheses about the possible effects of mild-to-moderate hearing loss on the earliest stages of language development.", "contents": "Influences of hearing impairment on early language development. It is difficult to determine exactly the effects of chronic otitis media on early language development, in part because we do not know whether hearing loss resulting from otitis media is intermittent or constant, and in part because it is difficult to assess the precise language ability of very young children. This paper focuses on those aspects of language development which one might expect hearing impairment to affect, and presents several hypotheses about the possible effects of mild-to-moderate hearing loss on the earliest stages of language development.", "PMID": 115363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11774", "title": "Design factors in the assessment of language development in children with otitis media.", "content": "In this paper the findings of studies which have examined the effects of chronic otitis media, suffered during the early years of life, on the cognitive, linguistic and academic development of the child are reviewed and critqued. A summary of findings on factors which play a role in normal language development are then presented to point to possible reasons for chronic otitis media having detrimental effects on development. Finally, possible ways of testing the hypothesis that the disease has such effects are discussed.", "contents": "Design factors in the assessment of language development in children with otitis media. In this paper the findings of studies which have examined the effects of chronic otitis media, suffered during the early years of life, on the cognitive, linguistic and academic development of the child are reviewed and critqued. A summary of findings on factors which play a role in normal language development are then presented to point to possible reasons for chronic otitis media having detrimental effects on development. Finally, possible ways of testing the hypothesis that the disease has such effects are discussed.", "PMID": 115365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11775", "title": "[Presence of abundant heterochromatin in the karyotype of Cebus: C. cappucinus and C. nigrivittatus].", "content": "The karyotypes of Cebus capucinus and C. nigrivittatus (Primates, Platyrrhini) are compared after applying several banding techniques. The chromosomes have abundant intercallary heterochromatin which can be stained by R-, T- and C-band techniques and which are late replicating. The X chromosome resembles that of man and of numerous primates. However, the late replicating pattern of the X in female lymphocytes resembles that of the late replicating X of human fibroblasts rather than of human lymphocytes. Banding patterns of certain chromosomes appear analogous in Cebus and Cattarhini, including Man.", "contents": "[Presence of abundant heterochromatin in the karyotype of Cebus: C. cappucinus and C. nigrivittatus]. The karyotypes of Cebus capucinus and C. nigrivittatus (Primates, Platyrrhini) are compared after applying several banding techniques. The chromosomes have abundant intercallary heterochromatin which can be stained by R-, T- and C-band techniques and which are late replicating. The X chromosome resembles that of man and of numerous primates. However, the late replicating pattern of the X in female lymphocytes resembles that of the late replicating X of human fibroblasts rather than of human lymphocytes. Banding patterns of certain chromosomes appear analogous in Cebus and Cattarhini, including Man.", "PMID": 115370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11776", "title": "Otitis media and developmental disability. Epidemiologic considerations.", "content": "Review of the literature indicates that: a) otitis media is a common disorder with risk being highest in the pre- and early school years, b) no marked differences in sex distribution of incidence exist, c) frequent recurrences are the hallmark of this disease, and d) mild hearing deficit lasting for months is not uncommon. A retrospective study in a defined population is suggested as an initial effort to investigate the proposed associations between developmental disability and hearing loss, developmental disability and history of otitis media, and finally, hearing loss and history of otitis media. Such an approach, however, a) could not determine the absolute risk of developmental disability in children with otitis media, and b) would underestimate the frequency of otitis media, since occult otitis media would not be thus identified. The determination of an accurate incidence of otitis media and of the absolute risk of developmental disability in children with otitis media calls for a prospective study. Such an investigation is likely to be justified only as a part of a collaborative study designed to measure multiple outcomes from a limited number of antecedents.", "contents": "Otitis media and developmental disability. Epidemiologic considerations. Review of the literature indicates that: a) otitis media is a common disorder with risk being highest in the pre- and early school years, b) no marked differences in sex distribution of incidence exist, c) frequent recurrences are the hallmark of this disease, and d) mild hearing deficit lasting for months is not uncommon. A retrospective study in a defined population is suggested as an initial effort to investigate the proposed associations between developmental disability and hearing loss, developmental disability and history of otitis media, and finally, hearing loss and history of otitis media. Such an approach, however, a) could not determine the absolute risk of developmental disability in children with otitis media, and b) would underestimate the frequency of otitis media, since occult otitis media would not be thus identified. The determination of an accurate incidence of otitis media and of the absolute risk of developmental disability in children with otitis media calls for a prospective study. Such an investigation is likely to be justified only as a part of a collaborative study designed to measure multiple outcomes from a limited number of antecedents.", "PMID": 115366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11777", "title": "[Partial trisomy 2p due to a familial translocation 2/6. Cytogenetic and clinical case with special reference to ophthalmologic changes].", "content": "A translocation 2/6 inherited for 3 generations is described. The propositus, carrier of a partial trisomy 2p, showed multiple morphological anomalies of which microphtalmus and persistance of primary vitreous body were of particular interest. Based on a comparison of this with seven other patients in the literature, the most characteristic clinical symptoms of partial trisomy 2p are concluded to be the following: abundant lanugo at birth, glabella prominence, anteverted nares, dermatoglyphic anomalies, and malformations of the eyes.", "contents": "[Partial trisomy 2p due to a familial translocation 2/6. Cytogenetic and clinical case with special reference to ophthalmologic changes]. A translocation 2/6 inherited for 3 generations is described. The propositus, carrier of a partial trisomy 2p, showed multiple morphological anomalies of which microphtalmus and persistance of primary vitreous body were of particular interest. Based on a comparison of this with seven other patients in the literature, the most characteristic clinical symptoms of partial trisomy 2p are concluded to be the following: abundant lanugo at birth, glabella prominence, anteverted nares, dermatoglyphic anomalies, and malformations of the eyes.", "PMID": 115372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11778", "title": "[Electrophoretic distances between the different species of mangabeys monkeys (author's transpl)].", "content": "The separation of the group of Mangabeys into two genera, Cerecocebus and Lophocebus, is justified by electrophoretic criteria. The same criteria permit assignment of the species aterrimus to an intermediary position within the second genus as well as the demonstration of the absence of differences between two species of Cercocebus.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic distances between the different species of mangabeys monkeys (author's transpl)]. The separation of the group of Mangabeys into two genera, Cerecocebus and Lophocebus, is justified by electrophoretic criteria. The same criteria permit assignment of the species aterrimus to an intermediary position within the second genus as well as the demonstration of the absence of differences between two species of Cercocebus.", "PMID": 115373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11779", "title": "Medical ethics and controlled clinical trials.", "content": "The controlled clinical trial is a relatively new phenomenon; the first large clinical trial on evaluation of streptomycin in therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis occurred in 1946. In such a study, two or more groups of patients with similar characteristics are chosen by random allocation to receive one or more therapies. The essential ethical dilemma is based on the risk-benefit ratio of the new therapy. Ethical factors that must be considered in the design of controlled clinical trials include provision for informed consent, nature of alternate therapy, confidentiality of data, source of funding and potential conflict of interest, remuneration of subjects, criteria for ending participation of the subject, criteria for concluding the trial, compensation of injured subjects, compliance with institutional, municipal, state and federal regulations and provisions for special groups such as the fetus and pregnant woman, infants and young children, institutional patients and prisoners. Federal guidelines for research in specific areas are now available through the reports of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. To date, commission reports include recommendations for research in fetuses and pregnant women and in children. Protection of the subject is best provided by the the quality of the protocol, integrity of the investigator, valid informed consent, and review of the research program by an independent committee composed of scientists and consumers.", "contents": "Medical ethics and controlled clinical trials. The controlled clinical trial is a relatively new phenomenon; the first large clinical trial on evaluation of streptomycin in therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis occurred in 1946. In such a study, two or more groups of patients with similar characteristics are chosen by random allocation to receive one or more therapies. The essential ethical dilemma is based on the risk-benefit ratio of the new therapy. Ethical factors that must be considered in the design of controlled clinical trials include provision for informed consent, nature of alternate therapy, confidentiality of data, source of funding and potential conflict of interest, remuneration of subjects, criteria for ending participation of the subject, criteria for concluding the trial, compensation of injured subjects, compliance with institutional, municipal, state and federal regulations and provisions for special groups such as the fetus and pregnant woman, infants and young children, institutional patients and prisoners. Federal guidelines for research in specific areas are now available through the reports of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. To date, commission reports include recommendations for research in fetuses and pregnant women and in children. Protection of the subject is best provided by the the quality of the protocol, integrity of the investigator, valid informed consent, and review of the research program by an independent committee composed of scientists and consumers.", "PMID": 115367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11780", "title": "[Cytogenetic study of six species or sub-species of mangabeys monkeys (Papiinae, Cercopithecidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "Chromosome banding patterns of six Mangabey species or sub-species are studied and compared. By comparison with the other Papiinae previously studied (Papio and Macaca) Lophocebus albigena and L. aterrimus possess very similar karyotypes, differing a most by a pericentric inversion of the Y chromosome. The other four, Cercocebus torquatus torquatus, C. t. fuliginosus, C. galeritus galeritus and C. g. chrysogaster differ by a complex rearrangement of chromosome no. 10 and by acquisition of heterochromatin on chromosome no 12. No difference was detected nor between the two Lophocebus nor between the four Cercocebus. Cytogenetic criteria age thus in agreement with the morphological, immunological and hematological data, separating the two genuses, and placing Lophocebus closer to the Papio and Macaca than to Cercocebus.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic study of six species or sub-species of mangabeys monkeys (Papiinae, Cercopithecidae) (author's transl)]. Chromosome banding patterns of six Mangabey species or sub-species are studied and compared. By comparison with the other Papiinae previously studied (Papio and Macaca) Lophocebus albigena and L. aterrimus possess very similar karyotypes, differing a most by a pericentric inversion of the Y chromosome. The other four, Cercocebus torquatus torquatus, C. t. fuliginosus, C. galeritus galeritus and C. g. chrysogaster differ by a complex rearrangement of chromosome no. 10 and by acquisition of heterochromatin on chromosome no 12. No difference was detected nor between the two Lophocebus nor between the four Cercocebus. Cytogenetic criteria age thus in agreement with the morphological, immunological and hematological data, separating the two genuses, and placing Lophocebus closer to the Papio and Macaca than to Cercocebus.", "PMID": 115374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11781", "title": "[Cytogenetics of two Lorisidae (Nycticebus coucang and Perodicticus potto). Comparison with the lemurs and the simians (author's transl)].", "content": "The karyotypes of two Lorisidae (Prosimians) Nycticebus coucang and Perodicticus potto have been studied, using many banding techniques. These karyotypes are compared with each other and also with those of Microcebus murinus (Lemur) and of Cebus capucinus (Simian, platyrrhine). The karyotype of M. murinus appears ancestral to the other. That of the Lorisidae cannot be an intermediatry stage between the karyotypes of the lemurs and of the simians. An important part (12 p. cent) of the genome of N. coucang is comprised of heterochromatin ; it and the juxta centromeric heterochromatin stain negatively with C-banding techniques. C-banding therefore is insufficient to delineate constitutive heterochromatin, late replication being the only universal criterion.", "contents": "[Cytogenetics of two Lorisidae (Nycticebus coucang and Perodicticus potto). Comparison with the lemurs and the simians (author's transl)]. The karyotypes of two Lorisidae (Prosimians) Nycticebus coucang and Perodicticus potto have been studied, using many banding techniques. These karyotypes are compared with each other and also with those of Microcebus murinus (Lemur) and of Cebus capucinus (Simian, platyrrhine). The karyotype of M. murinus appears ancestral to the other. That of the Lorisidae cannot be an intermediatry stage between the karyotypes of the lemurs and of the simians. An important part (12 p. cent) of the genome of N. coucang is comprised of heterochromatin ; it and the juxta centromeric heterochromatin stain negatively with C-banding techniques. C-banding therefore is insufficient to delineate constitutive heterochromatin, late replication being the only universal criterion.", "PMID": 115375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11782", "title": "Immunoglobulin class and light chain type of oligoclonal bands in CSF in multiple sclerosis determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation.", "content": "Agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation of CSF and serum from 39 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) revealed oligoclonal IgG in the CSF in all cases and oligoclonal IgA and IgM in 1 patient each. IgG kappa bands only were found in 10 patients, while no patient had IgG lambda bands alone. IgG kappa bands predominated in 20 patients and IgG lambda bands in 5, while 4 patients had the same number of IgG kappa and IgG lambda bands. Twenty-seven patients also displayed IgG bands with kappa and lambda present simultaneously. Bands of free lambda chains were found in 7 patients, while free kappa chain bands were not seen. One or 2 faint IgG bands in 4 patients constituted the only serum abnormality. In 4 additional MS patients selected on the basis of normal findings on agarose gel electrophoresis of the CSF, immunofixation did not reveal oligoclonal Ig, while isoelectric focusing showed bands in 1. Immunofixation is recommended for proving the presence of oligoclonal Ig in CSF and for characterizing oligoclonal Ig into classes and types of light chains.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin class and light chain type of oligoclonal bands in CSF in multiple sclerosis determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation. Agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation of CSF and serum from 39 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) revealed oligoclonal IgG in the CSF in all cases and oligoclonal IgA and IgM in 1 patient each. IgG kappa bands only were found in 10 patients, while no patient had IgG lambda bands alone. IgG kappa bands predominated in 20 patients and IgG lambda bands in 5, while 4 patients had the same number of IgG kappa and IgG lambda bands. Twenty-seven patients also displayed IgG bands with kappa and lambda present simultaneously. Bands of free lambda chains were found in 7 patients, while free kappa chain bands were not seen. One or 2 faint IgG bands in 4 patients constituted the only serum abnormality. In 4 additional MS patients selected on the basis of normal findings on agarose gel electrophoresis of the CSF, immunofixation did not reveal oligoclonal Ig, while isoelectric focusing showed bands in 1. Immunofixation is recommended for proving the presence of oligoclonal Ig in CSF and for characterizing oligoclonal Ig into classes and types of light chains.", "PMID": 115379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11783", "title": "Bilateral rhinocerebral phycomycosis.", "content": "A 51-year-old diabetic woman developed bilateral rhinoorbitocerebral phycomycosis. Successful treatment was accomplished by correction of the ketoacidosis, surgical debridement, and amphotericin B therapy. Rhinoorbitocerebral phycomycosis is a fulminant and frequently fatal disease most often seen in debilitated hosts. This survival suggests that aggressive therapy is indicated in patients with extensive fungal involvement.", "contents": "Bilateral rhinocerebral phycomycosis. A 51-year-old diabetic woman developed bilateral rhinoorbitocerebral phycomycosis. Successful treatment was accomplished by correction of the ketoacidosis, surgical debridement, and amphotericin B therapy. Rhinoorbitocerebral phycomycosis is a fulminant and frequently fatal disease most often seen in debilitated hosts. This survival suggests that aggressive therapy is indicated in patients with extensive fungal involvement.", "PMID": 115380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11784", "title": "Immunochemical characterization of sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) of human sera.", "content": "An immunodiffusion autoradiographic technique for the characterization in antigen-antibody immunoprecipitates of sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) is presented as well as procedure for the preparation of monospecific antiserum anti-human SBP. The latter consists of rabbit immunization with SBP-antibody precipitates obtained after preparative electroimmunodiffusion of human pregnancy plasma.", "contents": "Immunochemical characterization of sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) of human sera. An immunodiffusion autoradiographic technique for the characterization in antigen-antibody immunoprecipitates of sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) is presented as well as procedure for the preparation of monospecific antiserum anti-human SBP. The latter consists of rabbit immunization with SBP-antibody precipitates obtained after preparative electroimmunodiffusion of human pregnancy plasma.", "PMID": 115376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11785", "title": "Stimulation of cell-mediated resistance in mice to infection with Listeria monocytogenes by vitamin A.", "content": "Vitamin A given as retinol-acetate, retinol-palmitate as well as the derivates retinoic acid and a retinoid, strongly fortified the resistance of mice to infection with virulent cells of Listeria monocytogenes. However, strong enhancement of resistance was only achieved when high toxic doses of vitamin A were given. Apparently, this effect was due to a stimulation of the function of the mononuclear phagocytic system rather than of the T lymphocyte.", "contents": "Stimulation of cell-mediated resistance in mice to infection with Listeria monocytogenes by vitamin A. Vitamin A given as retinol-acetate, retinol-palmitate as well as the derivates retinoic acid and a retinoid, strongly fortified the resistance of mice to infection with virulent cells of Listeria monocytogenes. However, strong enhancement of resistance was only achieved when high toxic doses of vitamin A were given. Apparently, this effect was due to a stimulation of the function of the mononuclear phagocytic system rather than of the T lymphocyte.", "PMID": 115378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11786", "title": "[Plastic reconstruction of the anchyotic region from a cephalothoracopagus rabbit with prosophthalmy and cebocephaly (author's transl)].", "content": "1. By means of radiographies, of microscopic serial sections and of a cardboard geometric reconstruction (magnification 80), an investigation has been made of the more complete \"anterior\" face of cephalothoracopagus rabbit with anchyoty, synoty, otocephaly, prosophthalmy and cebocephaly. 2. All details are organized according to a well precise plan: a. all structures touching the principle plane of symmetry are fused; b. everything which would exist beyond that plane did not develop. 3. The heads of mallei are fused. The nearly normal auditory ossicles build a transversal chain. The bases of stapes are thickened. The centres of ossification of the heads are fused but normal. Each Corpus incudis shows a normal centre of ossification. 4. The outer epithelial rudiments of the tympanic membranes remain separated by a cleft. 5. The derivatives from the first branchial arch are defective, the anterior processes of malleus being fused. The lack of Meckel's cartilages induces cebocephaly, which provokes itself prosophthalmy and otocephaly. 6. There is a clear tendency-even in the deeply altered regions-towards a harmonious symmetry.", "contents": "[Plastic reconstruction of the anchyotic region from a cephalothoracopagus rabbit with prosophthalmy and cebocephaly (author's transl)]. 1. By means of radiographies, of microscopic serial sections and of a cardboard geometric reconstruction (magnification 80), an investigation has been made of the more complete \"anterior\" face of cephalothoracopagus rabbit with anchyoty, synoty, otocephaly, prosophthalmy and cebocephaly. 2. All details are organized according to a well precise plan: a. all structures touching the principle plane of symmetry are fused; b. everything which would exist beyond that plane did not develop. 3. The heads of mallei are fused. The nearly normal auditory ossicles build a transversal chain. The bases of stapes are thickened. The centres of ossification of the heads are fused but normal. Each Corpus incudis shows a normal centre of ossification. 4. The outer epithelial rudiments of the tympanic membranes remain separated by a cleft. 5. The derivatives from the first branchial arch are defective, the anterior processes of malleus being fused. The lack of Meckel's cartilages induces cebocephaly, which provokes itself prosophthalmy and otocephaly. 6. There is a clear tendency-even in the deeply altered regions-towards a harmonious symmetry.", "PMID": 115387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11787", "title": "[Study of the formation and the normal and pathological evolution of the eye neural primordium (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of duplicate embryos, cyclops and colobomic fissure defects show that: 1. - optic vesicle and colobomic fissure are inducted by the prechordal plate. The combined inductive influence of prechordal plate and notochord carry eye absence out; 2. - initial failure of the colobomic fissure is always associated with retina folds and produce lens, vitreous and optic nerve anomalies; 3. - colobomic fissure is one indispensable anatomic structure to the optic fiber migration from the retina to the optic pedicle. Retina cutting in 4 days old chick embryos determine the disappearing of the pedicle cells. Contact between the optic fiber and the pedicle cells determine the glial cells differentiation. The colobomic fissure is a very important period of the eye evolution and the eye organisation.", "contents": "[Study of the formation and the normal and pathological evolution of the eye neural primordium (author's transl)]. The analysis of duplicate embryos, cyclops and colobomic fissure defects show that: 1. - optic vesicle and colobomic fissure are inducted by the prechordal plate. The combined inductive influence of prechordal plate and notochord carry eye absence out; 2. - initial failure of the colobomic fissure is always associated with retina folds and produce lens, vitreous and optic nerve anomalies; 3. - colobomic fissure is one indispensable anatomic structure to the optic fiber migration from the retina to the optic pedicle. Retina cutting in 4 days old chick embryos determine the disappearing of the pedicle cells. Contact between the optic fiber and the pedicle cells determine the glial cells differentiation. The colobomic fissure is a very important period of the eye evolution and the eye organisation.", "PMID": 115388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11788", "title": "Distribution of gold among plasma fractions in rheumatoid patients undergoing chrysotherapy compared with its distribution in plasma incubated with aurothiomalate in vitro.", "content": "The distribution of gold among the globulin, albumin, and unbound fractions of plasma, obtained either from rheumatoid patients receiving long-term aurothiomalate therapy or from samples incubated with aurothiomalate in vitro, has been investigated. In the rheumatoid patients it has been found that, although the majority of the plasma gold is always bound to albumin, the distribution varies cyclically in phase with the dose schedule. An explanation of these phenomena is provided, based on data obtained from the reaction between aurothiomalate and plasma constituents in vitro.", "contents": "Distribution of gold among plasma fractions in rheumatoid patients undergoing chrysotherapy compared with its distribution in plasma incubated with aurothiomalate in vitro. The distribution of gold among the globulin, albumin, and unbound fractions of plasma, obtained either from rheumatoid patients receiving long-term aurothiomalate therapy or from samples incubated with aurothiomalate in vitro, has been investigated. In the rheumatoid patients it has been found that, although the majority of the plasma gold is always bound to albumin, the distribution varies cyclically in phase with the dose schedule. An explanation of these phenomena is provided, based on data obtained from the reaction between aurothiomalate and plasma constituents in vitro.", "PMID": 115389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11789", "title": "[Correlation between the presence of a bacterial symbiont in oocytes of Parcellio dilatatus petiti, and the sterility of the cross: P.d. petiti male x P.d. dilatatus female].", "content": "A symbiotic bacteroid matroclinously transmitted is present in the ovocytes and the follicular cells of the sub-species Porcellio dilatatus petiti of the Saint-Honorat island, as well as in all hybrid females born from a petiti mother. It is absent in the Porfellio dilatatus dilatatus females (population of Poitiers) and this seems to cause the lithality in the periblastula stage -- as a result of abnormal anaphases--of practically all the embryos of the crossing : male petiti x female dilatatus.", "contents": "[Correlation between the presence of a bacterial symbiont in oocytes of Parcellio dilatatus petiti, and the sterility of the cross: P.d. petiti male x P.d. dilatatus female]. A symbiotic bacteroid matroclinously transmitted is present in the ovocytes and the follicular cells of the sub-species Porcellio dilatatus petiti of the Saint-Honorat island, as well as in all hybrid females born from a petiti mother. It is absent in the Porfellio dilatatus dilatatus females (population of Poitiers) and this seems to cause the lithality in the periblastula stage -- as a result of abnormal anaphases--of practically all the embryos of the crossing : male petiti x female dilatatus.", "PMID": 115392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11790", "title": "[Mitral valve prolapse and spasmophilia in children and adolescents].", "content": "71 cases of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in the child and adolescent with an age range of 3 to 20 years were reviewed. The clinical symptoms, electrocardiography and catheter and angiographic data of this mitral abnormality were analysed. A systematic study of the electrocardiogram showed a tendency to spasmophilia in 68% of cases. The serum calcium, phosphate and magnesium levels were normal in 90 to 95% of patients. A reduced erythrocytic magnesium level seems to have been found in some patients. It is interesting to observe the similarity between the clinical signs in MVP and in spasmophilia. These clinical, biochemical and electrocardiographical results justify the systematic investigation of children and adolescents with MVP, with a view to the diagnosis of spasmophilia.", "contents": "[Mitral valve prolapse and spasmophilia in children and adolescents]. 71 cases of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in the child and adolescent with an age range of 3 to 20 years were reviewed. The clinical symptoms, electrocardiography and catheter and angiographic data of this mitral abnormality were analysed. A systematic study of the electrocardiogram showed a tendency to spasmophilia in 68% of cases. The serum calcium, phosphate and magnesium levels were normal in 90 to 95% of patients. A reduced erythrocytic magnesium level seems to have been found in some patients. It is interesting to observe the similarity between the clinical signs in MVP and in spasmophilia. These clinical, biochemical and electrocardiographical results justify the systematic investigation of children and adolescents with MVP, with a view to the diagnosis of spasmophilia.", "PMID": 115395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11791", "title": "[Pulmonary stenosis with intact ventricular septum. Surgical experience in 200 cases, excluding the neonatal period].", "content": "Experience over 10 years, studying two groups of patients (group I: 79 cases aged between 2 months and 2 years, group II: 151 cases aged over 2 years) has shown that the operative prognosis of severe forms is now the same as in simple forms. Interest is now focused on the long term function of the right ventricle with regard to the surgical procedure. The main discussion in management is between isolated pulmonary commissurotomy, whatever the anatomical form, and operations such as we perform which associate ventricular resection with or without an infundibular patch in severe cases. The possible causes of late ventricular dysfunction are discussed, especially the muscular resection, the operative myocardial protection and the preoperative myocardial sclerosis. The good results observed in this series as opposed to the doubt as to the cause and variability of late ventricular dysfunction do not justify a change in our management at present.", "contents": "[Pulmonary stenosis with intact ventricular septum. Surgical experience in 200 cases, excluding the neonatal period]. Experience over 10 years, studying two groups of patients (group I: 79 cases aged between 2 months and 2 years, group II: 151 cases aged over 2 years) has shown that the operative prognosis of severe forms is now the same as in simple forms. Interest is now focused on the long term function of the right ventricle with regard to the surgical procedure. The main discussion in management is between isolated pulmonary commissurotomy, whatever the anatomical form, and operations such as we perform which associate ventricular resection with or without an infundibular patch in severe cases. The possible causes of late ventricular dysfunction are discussed, especially the muscular resection, the operative myocardial protection and the preoperative myocardial sclerosis. The good results observed in this series as opposed to the doubt as to the cause and variability of late ventricular dysfunction do not justify a change in our management at present.", "PMID": 115396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11792", "title": "[Complete correction of Fallot's tetralogy in infants. Preliminary results].", "content": "Complete repair was undertaken in 28 infants with severe forms of tetralogy of Fallot because severe cyanosis or anoxic spells. Age at operation ranged from 8 days to 11 months (mean: 4,4 months). Among the 24 cases without any other intracardiac defect, there were 6 early deaths related in 4 cases to a wrong indication or a technical error. Re-investigation was performed in 14 out of the 18 survivors from 3 weeks to 6 months post-operatively: the result is good in 10 cases, fair in 1 case, and poor in 3 cases requiring twice a reoperation with 1 further death and 1 good final result. More accuracy in selecting the surgical patients and improvement in operative techniques should result in a further decrease of our early mortality rate. Primary complete repair should therefore become a substantial alternative to the palliative shunts which results seem to be hazardous in the more severe types of the defect.", "contents": "[Complete correction of Fallot's tetralogy in infants. Preliminary results]. Complete repair was undertaken in 28 infants with severe forms of tetralogy of Fallot because severe cyanosis or anoxic spells. Age at operation ranged from 8 days to 11 months (mean: 4,4 months). Among the 24 cases without any other intracardiac defect, there were 6 early deaths related in 4 cases to a wrong indication or a technical error. Re-investigation was performed in 14 out of the 18 survivors from 3 weeks to 6 months post-operatively: the result is good in 10 cases, fair in 1 case, and poor in 3 cases requiring twice a reoperation with 1 further death and 1 good final result. More accuracy in selecting the surgical patients and improvement in operative techniques should result in a further decrease of our early mortality rate. Primary complete repair should therefore become a substantial alternative to the palliative shunts which results seem to be hazardous in the more severe types of the defect.", "PMID": 115397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11793", "title": "[Valve-fitted prosthetic tubes in the pulmonary outflow tract. Results of a series of 45 operations].", "content": "The malformations requiring valve fitted prosthetic tubes in the pulmonary outflow tract were mainly persistent truncus arteriosus and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect in this series. The surgical mortality before 18 months was 75% and 19% after this age. The long-term clinical result (average follow up period: 2,5 years) was good or acceptable in 20 of the 32 survivors. There were 5 late deaths and 6 reoperations. The main causes of long-term failures were progressive pulmonary hypertension without shunt, acquired stenoses on the prosthesis and late infection. It is important to assess poor results by catheterisation as reoperation is frequently possible with a relatively low mortality rate (1/6) and encouraging results.", "contents": "[Valve-fitted prosthetic tubes in the pulmonary outflow tract. Results of a series of 45 operations]. The malformations requiring valve fitted prosthetic tubes in the pulmonary outflow tract were mainly persistent truncus arteriosus and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect in this series. The surgical mortality before 18 months was 75% and 19% after this age. The long-term clinical result (average follow up period: 2,5 years) was good or acceptable in 20 of the 32 survivors. There were 5 late deaths and 6 reoperations. The main causes of long-term failures were progressive pulmonary hypertension without shunt, acquired stenoses on the prosthesis and late infection. It is important to assess poor results by catheterisation as reoperation is frequently possible with a relatively low mortality rate (1/6) and encouraging results.", "PMID": 115398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11794", "title": "[Complete correction of Fallot's tetralogy with a Waterston shunt].", "content": "The influence of a Waterston shunt on the mortality in complete correction of Fallot's tetralogy varies from series to series. Some authors believe that it has no influence and others, on the contrary, believe it plays an important role to the point of recognising a particular premonitory syndrome of pulmonary hypertension and a low output state. This divergence of opinion in patients with comparable lesions is surprising, and cannot always be explained by poor surgical indications (irreversible pulmonary hypertension) or by problems of surgical technique. In our experience the conditions of cardiopulmonary bypass are of prime importance and we believe that the common factor in surgical failure is poor myocardial protection. This point of view is suggested by our present results in the correction of moderate and severe forms of Fallot's tetralogy under cardioplegia and seems to be reinforced by the results of extensive repair in forms with a Waterston shunt, said to be high risk procedures, that is to say with considerable asymmetry of the pulmonary vascularisation by stenosis of the right main pulmonary artery.", "contents": "[Complete correction of Fallot's tetralogy with a Waterston shunt]. The influence of a Waterston shunt on the mortality in complete correction of Fallot's tetralogy varies from series to series. Some authors believe that it has no influence and others, on the contrary, believe it plays an important role to the point of recognising a particular premonitory syndrome of pulmonary hypertension and a low output state. This divergence of opinion in patients with comparable lesions is surprising, and cannot always be explained by poor surgical indications (irreversible pulmonary hypertension) or by problems of surgical technique. In our experience the conditions of cardiopulmonary bypass are of prime importance and we believe that the common factor in surgical failure is poor myocardial protection. This point of view is suggested by our present results in the correction of moderate and severe forms of Fallot's tetralogy under cardioplegia and seems to be reinforced by the results of extensive repair in forms with a Waterston shunt, said to be high risk procedures, that is to say with considerable asymmetry of the pulmonary vascularisation by stenosis of the right main pulmonary artery.", "PMID": 115399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11795", "title": "[Acquired pulmonary atresia complicating tetralogy of Fallot].", "content": "Pf 51 cases of Fallot's tetralogy who underwent preoperative angiography before a palliative anastomosis and then a second angiography before complete correction, 10 had developed pulmonary atresia (infundibular in 8 cases, valvular in 2 cases). The type of anastomosis (Blalock-Taussig of Waterston), and the interval between the two operations do not seem to be determinant factors. The initial severity of the stenosis seems to favour the development of atresia but this is not invariable. The authors discuss the aggravating role of the anastomosis and the consequences of this type of complication.", "contents": "[Acquired pulmonary atresia complicating tetralogy of Fallot]. Pf 51 cases of Fallot's tetralogy who underwent preoperative angiography before a palliative anastomosis and then a second angiography before complete correction, 10 had developed pulmonary atresia (infundibular in 8 cases, valvular in 2 cases). The type of anastomosis (Blalock-Taussig of Waterston), and the interval between the two operations do not seem to be determinant factors. The initial severity of the stenosis seems to favour the development of atresia but this is not invariable. The authors discuss the aggravating role of the anastomosis and the consequences of this type of complication.", "PMID": 115400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11796", "title": "[Results of surgical correction of ventricular septal defects in infants].", "content": "Of a consecutive series of 91 babies aged less than 2 years, operated on for closure of a ventricular septal defect during the last four years, the 61 cases with a minimum post operative follow up period of 18 months were retained for review. Closure of the ventricular septal defect was carried out directly 41 times, and after pulmonary artery banding in the other 20 cases, using deep hypothermia with a short period of circulatory arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "[Results of surgical correction of ventricular septal defects in infants]. Of a consecutive series of 91 babies aged less than 2 years, operated on for closure of a ventricular septal defect during the last four years, the 61 cases with a minimum post operative follow up period of 18 months were retained for review. Closure of the ventricular septal defect was carried out directly 41 times, and after pulmonary artery banding in the other 20 cases, using deep hypothermia with a short period of circulatory arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass.", "PMID": 115401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11797", "title": "[Intermdeiate forms of atrioventricular defects. Reflections apropos of 50 consecutively operated cases].", "content": "Fifty cases of intermediate forms of atrioventricular defect were treated surgically. The operation was performed in the traditional manner in all cases. One post-operative death and three cases of severe mitral incompetence leading to reoperation were observed. The authors emphasise that it is essential to look for and excise the chordae and abnormal fibrous bands, that it is generally unnecessary to touch the tricuspid valve and that there is a danger of obstructing the aortic canal if the correction of the asymmetry of some mitral clefts is attempted. Analysis of the results leads them to tend to respect the cleft mitral valve when the regurgitation is minimal and to suture it all along its length when the regurgitation is severe. Mitral annuloplasty may be a useful complementary procedure and a left atrial approach may be proposed with this in mind in certain cases. Conduction defects remain a serious problem in this type of surgery; not so much complete heart block, which is exceptional, but trifascicular block, often present preoperatively, whose prognostic is, to say the least, uncertain.", "contents": "[Intermdeiate forms of atrioventricular defects. Reflections apropos of 50 consecutively operated cases]. Fifty cases of intermediate forms of atrioventricular defect were treated surgically. The operation was performed in the traditional manner in all cases. One post-operative death and three cases of severe mitral incompetence leading to reoperation were observed. The authors emphasise that it is essential to look for and excise the chordae and abnormal fibrous bands, that it is generally unnecessary to touch the tricuspid valve and that there is a danger of obstructing the aortic canal if the correction of the asymmetry of some mitral clefts is attempted. Analysis of the results leads them to tend to respect the cleft mitral valve when the regurgitation is minimal and to suture it all along its length when the regurgitation is severe. Mitral annuloplasty may be a useful complementary procedure and a left atrial approach may be proposed with this in mind in certain cases. Conduction defects remain a serious problem in this type of surgery; not so much complete heart block, which is exceptional, but trifascicular block, often present preoperatively, whose prognostic is, to say the least, uncertain.", "PMID": 115402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11798", "title": "[Surgical treatment of double outlet left ventricle].", "content": "Three young patients with double outlet left ventricle were operated on at the Centre chirurgica Marie-Lannelongue. There was one secondary death. The follow up period of the two survivors is 24 months and 8 months respectively. The diagnosis of this rare congenital abnormality is difficult because of the multiplicity of the anatomical changes and the diversity of the final clinical entity. This is reflected in the attempts at classification. These difficulties are increased by the high incidence of incomplete forms of the condition which gives rise, especially in vivo, to problems of terminology. Echocardiography provides valuable information in the diagnosis of these forms by showing the abnormal relationship between the interventricular septum and the origin of the great vessels. A complete work up is essential before any decision can be made on management. Particular importance is placed on the topographical and morphological features of the atria and ventricles, the connections of the aorta and pulmonary arteries, and the state of the pulmonary tract. Modern surgical techniques have made correction possible in most forms of the disease, but involves complex procedures which leaves doubts on their long term outcome.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of double outlet left ventricle]. Three young patients with double outlet left ventricle were operated on at the Centre chirurgica Marie-Lannelongue. There was one secondary death. The follow up period of the two survivors is 24 months and 8 months respectively. The diagnosis of this rare congenital abnormality is difficult because of the multiplicity of the anatomical changes and the diversity of the final clinical entity. This is reflected in the attempts at classification. These difficulties are increased by the high incidence of incomplete forms of the condition which gives rise, especially in vivo, to problems of terminology. Echocardiography provides valuable information in the diagnosis of these forms by showing the abnormal relationship between the interventricular septum and the origin of the great vessels. A complete work up is essential before any decision can be made on management. Particular importance is placed on the topographical and morphological features of the atria and ventricles, the connections of the aorta and pulmonary arteries, and the state of the pulmonary tract. Modern surgical techniques have made correction possible in most forms of the disease, but involves complex procedures which leaves doubts on their long term outcome.", "PMID": 115403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11799", "title": "[Computerized axial tomography in diagnosis of congenital heart diseases. Preliminary report].", "content": "Transverse sections of the heart and great vessels may be obtained by tomodensitometry using an exposure time short enough to carry out the investigation during apnoea, and an infusion of contrast medium. The definition is good enough for the investigation to be considered as a useful adjunct to the normal investigations in complex congenital cardiac abnormalities. All measurements are instantaneous, including the study of pulmonary density which allows assessment of the pulmonary vascularisation.", "contents": "[Computerized axial tomography in diagnosis of congenital heart diseases. Preliminary report]. Transverse sections of the heart and great vessels may be obtained by tomodensitometry using an exposure time short enough to carry out the investigation during apnoea, and an infusion of contrast medium. The definition is good enough for the investigation to be considered as a useful adjunct to the normal investigations in complex congenital cardiac abnormalities. All measurements are instantaneous, including the study of pulmonary density which allows assessment of the pulmonary vascularisation.", "PMID": 115404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11800", "title": "[Cardiological aspect of Kearns' syndrome. Apropos of 3 cases, with histopathological study of the conduction tissue in one of them].", "content": "Three cases of Kearns syndrome are reported. The neuro-ophthalmological signs were comparable with ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinal degeneration and polymorphic neuro-muscular and sensory deficits. The electrocardiological signs were observed 2-4 years after the onset of the condition; the cause of death in each case was related to complete heart block. The post-mortem findings in one of the cases were spongial degeneration of the central nervous system and a seemingly primitive degeneration of the Bundle of His and its branches.", "contents": "[Cardiological aspect of Kearns' syndrome. Apropos of 3 cases, with histopathological study of the conduction tissue in one of them]. Three cases of Kearns syndrome are reported. The neuro-ophthalmological signs were comparable with ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinal degeneration and polymorphic neuro-muscular and sensory deficits. The electrocardiological signs were observed 2-4 years after the onset of the condition; the cause of death in each case was related to complete heart block. The post-mortem findings in one of the cases were spongial degeneration of the central nervous system and a seemingly primitive degeneration of the Bundle of His and its branches.", "PMID": 115405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11801", "title": "[Primary cardiomyopathy in children with lipid infiltration of the myocardium and skeletal muscles and demonstration of a palmityl-carnitine transferase deficiency. Apropos of 4 cases].", "content": "The authors report four cases of metabolic cardiomyopathy with lipid infiltration diagnosed by skeletal muscle and myocardial biopsy in children with no clinical signs of muscular dystrophy. Normal or increased serum and urinary carnitine levels excluded a primary carnitine deficiency. A deficiency in muscular-palmityl-carnitine-transferase was demonstrated. This pathogenic mechanism may be an indication for treatment with carnitine, but the results are less spectacular than in primary carnitine deficiency states.", "contents": "[Primary cardiomyopathy in children with lipid infiltration of the myocardium and skeletal muscles and demonstration of a palmityl-carnitine transferase deficiency. Apropos of 4 cases]. The authors report four cases of metabolic cardiomyopathy with lipid infiltration diagnosed by skeletal muscle and myocardial biopsy in children with no clinical signs of muscular dystrophy. Normal or increased serum and urinary carnitine levels excluded a primary carnitine deficiency. A deficiency in muscular-palmityl-carnitine-transferase was demonstrated. This pathogenic mechanism may be an indication for treatment with carnitine, but the results are less spectacular than in primary carnitine deficiency states.", "PMID": 115406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11802", "title": "[Lipidic myopathy with severe cardiomyopathy caused by a generalized carnitine deficiency. Favourable course during carnitine hydrochloride treatment].", "content": "The case of a girl who presented with gastrointestinal upsets with nausea, vomiting and occasional hypoglycaemic attacks during childhood is reported. At about 5 years of age generalised muscular weakness with severe amyotrophy, cardiomegaly with a cardiothoracic ratio of 0,63, left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiography and left ventricular dilatation with hypokinesis on echocardiography were observed. A few weeks later she developed severe cardiac failure. Muscle biopsy showed muscular dystrophy with lipid infiltration due to carnitine deficiency )serum carnitine 9 nmoles/ml, normal values: 46 +/- 6,9 nmoles/ml; muscle carnitine 0,27 nmoles/mg, normal values: 3,0 +/- 0,79 nmoles/mg fresh frozen weight). She improved rapidly with carnitine chlorhydrate and a diet low in lipids and high in medium chain triglycerides. Regression of muscular symptoms and cardiac failure was observed. After 13 months follow-up with no tonicardiac therapy she is much improved; the signs of heart failure have disappeared, the cardiothoracic ratio is now 0,55 and the electrocardiogramme and echocardiogramme are normal.", "contents": "[Lipidic myopathy with severe cardiomyopathy caused by a generalized carnitine deficiency. Favourable course during carnitine hydrochloride treatment]. The case of a girl who presented with gastrointestinal upsets with nausea, vomiting and occasional hypoglycaemic attacks during childhood is reported. At about 5 years of age generalised muscular weakness with severe amyotrophy, cardiomegaly with a cardiothoracic ratio of 0,63, left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiography and left ventricular dilatation with hypokinesis on echocardiography were observed. A few weeks later she developed severe cardiac failure. Muscle biopsy showed muscular dystrophy with lipid infiltration due to carnitine deficiency )serum carnitine 9 nmoles/ml, normal values: 46 +/- 6,9 nmoles/ml; muscle carnitine 0,27 nmoles/mg, normal values: 3,0 +/- 0,79 nmoles/mg fresh frozen weight). She improved rapidly with carnitine chlorhydrate and a diet low in lipids and high in medium chain triglycerides. Regression of muscular symptoms and cardiac failure was observed. After 13 months follow-up with no tonicardiac therapy she is much improved; the signs of heart failure have disappeared, the cardiothoracic ratio is now 0,55 and the electrocardiogramme and echocardiogramme are normal.", "PMID": 115407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11803", "title": "[Right pulmonary artery-left atrial fistula. Review of the literature apropos of a case].", "content": "This is a rare congenital abnormality with only 17 other reported cases in the world literature. The most frequent sign is cyanosis with peripheral arterial desaturation. Angiography with selective injection in the main pulmonary shows early opacification of the left atrium, so confirming the diagnosis. Occasionally, a catheter can be passed through the fistula. Without surgical treatment there is a danger of systemic arterial embolism and two fatal cases were found in our review of the literature. The fistulous connection is often aneurysmal. It arises either from the right main pulmonary artery or from its branch to the inferior lobe. Associated vascular and pulmonary malformations are not rate. Surgical closure of the fistual is curative with immediate regression of the cyanosis and suppression of possible embolic complications.", "contents": "[Right pulmonary artery-left atrial fistula. Review of the literature apropos of a case]. This is a rare congenital abnormality with only 17 other reported cases in the world literature. The most frequent sign is cyanosis with peripheral arterial desaturation. Angiography with selective injection in the main pulmonary shows early opacification of the left atrium, so confirming the diagnosis. Occasionally, a catheter can be passed through the fistula. Without surgical treatment there is a danger of systemic arterial embolism and two fatal cases were found in our review of the literature. The fistulous connection is often aneurysmal. It arises either from the right main pulmonary artery or from its branch to the inferior lobe. Associated vascular and pulmonary malformations are not rate. Surgical closure of the fistual is curative with immediate regression of the cyanosis and suppression of possible embolic complications.", "PMID": 115409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11804", "title": "[Right aortic arch with retro-esophageal component. 2 cases].", "content": "Right-sided aortic arch with a retro-oesophageal segment is much rarer than right-sided aortic arch without a retro-oesophageal segment. As opposed to the latter situation which is always associated with congenital heart disease, it is usually an isolated finding. The left subclavian artery arises from a posterior diverticulum and may be stenosed at its origin, giving rise to a systolic murmur as in one of the reported cases, or to a subclavian steal syndrome. The ligamentum arteriosum completes the aortic ring and may give rise to respiratory problems at varying ages and of variable severity, sometimes attributed to asthma. In one of the cases followed up over 15 years chronic respiratory problems and late tracheal lesions were observed. Although the possibility of a double aortic arch may be raised, early surgical treatment is desirable.", "contents": "[Right aortic arch with retro-esophageal component. 2 cases]. Right-sided aortic arch with a retro-oesophageal segment is much rarer than right-sided aortic arch without a retro-oesophageal segment. As opposed to the latter situation which is always associated with congenital heart disease, it is usually an isolated finding. The left subclavian artery arises from a posterior diverticulum and may be stenosed at its origin, giving rise to a systolic murmur as in one of the reported cases, or to a subclavian steal syndrome. The ligamentum arteriosum completes the aortic ring and may give rise to respiratory problems at varying ages and of variable severity, sometimes attributed to asthma. In one of the cases followed up over 15 years chronic respiratory problems and late tracheal lesions were observed. Although the possibility of a double aortic arch may be raised, early surgical treatment is desirable.", "PMID": 115410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11805", "title": "[Presentation of continuous electrocardiograms in compressed form. Preliminary note].", "content": "The conventional electrocardiogramme is poorly suited to the study of continuous electrocardiographical recordings. The rapid interpretation of recordings obtained by the Holter method is not compatible with the preservation of an analogous record of the whole period under study. The study of continuous electrocardiogrammes by computer uses only part of the data recorded. The technique of compression based on the principle of Contourography is a method of preserving continuous electrocardiographical records in their analogical form. This recording is a useful addition to the Holter method.", "contents": "[Presentation of continuous electrocardiograms in compressed form. Preliminary note]. The conventional electrocardiogramme is poorly suited to the study of continuous electrocardiographical recordings. The rapid interpretation of recordings obtained by the Holter method is not compatible with the preservation of an analogous record of the whole period under study. The study of continuous electrocardiogrammes by computer uses only part of the data recorded. The technique of compression based on the principle of Contourography is a method of preserving continuous electrocardiographical records in their analogical form. This recording is a useful addition to the Holter method.", "PMID": 115413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11806", "title": "[Hemodynamic changes during increasingly rapid atrial pacing].", "content": "The cardiac output (Qc), indices of left ventricular function in the isovolumic period (dp/dt/Pt), max, and during the ejection period (EF, VCF), the end diastolic and end systolic ventricular volumes, the speed of ventricular filing, the module of elasticity of the ventricular chamber (kp) and the end systolic pressure-volume relationships were measured in 20 patients (11 normal in group I and 9 with and apparently primary cardiomyopathy in group II) at rest and during progressively rapid atrial pacing. The Qc was lower and the indices of left ventricular function in the isovolumic and ejectional phases, the end systolic pressure-volume relationship and speeds of ventricular filling were decreased in group II: kp was the same in both groups of patients. At progressively higher heart rates the cardiac output slightly in both groups, the systolic volume decreased, (dp/dt/Pt) max increased, the ejection fraction and VCF were unaltered. The speeds of filling and kp were unchanged. The end systolic pressure-volume relationship increased. In group I the reduction in systolic volume seemed to be related to a greater reduction in the end diastolic volume than in the end systolic volume. In group II, the reduction of the systolic volume was related only to a reduction of the end diastolic volume.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic changes during increasingly rapid atrial pacing]. The cardiac output (Qc), indices of left ventricular function in the isovolumic period (dp/dt/Pt), max, and during the ejection period (EF, VCF), the end diastolic and end systolic ventricular volumes, the speed of ventricular filing, the module of elasticity of the ventricular chamber (kp) and the end systolic pressure-volume relationships were measured in 20 patients (11 normal in group I and 9 with and apparently primary cardiomyopathy in group II) at rest and during progressively rapid atrial pacing. The Qc was lower and the indices of left ventricular function in the isovolumic and ejectional phases, the end systolic pressure-volume relationship and speeds of ventricular filling were decreased in group II: kp was the same in both groups of patients. At progressively higher heart rates the cardiac output slightly in both groups, the systolic volume decreased, (dp/dt/Pt) max increased, the ejection fraction and VCF were unaltered. The speeds of filling and kp were unchanged. The end systolic pressure-volume relationship increased. In group I the reduction in systolic volume seemed to be related to a greater reduction in the end diastolic volume than in the end systolic volume. In group II, the reduction of the systolic volume was related only to a reduction of the end diastolic volume.", "PMID": 115414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11807", "title": "[Results of open heart mitral commissurotomy in 85 patients].", "content": "Open heart mitral commissurotomy was performed in 85 patients between January 1973 and January 1976. This series comprised 38 patients with pure mitral stenosis and 47 patients with associated mitral and aortic or tricuspid lesions. Mitral commissurotomy, always complete, was associated with correction of mitral incompetence, either preexisting or peroperative, in 19 cases; in 44 cases with correction of an aortic lesion and in 10 cases with correction of a tricuspid lesion. The surgical mortality was 2.3 p. 100 (2 deaths); one post-operative myocardial infarction and one spontaneously regressive post-operative jaudice was observed. No cases of post-operative systemic embolism was observed. A short apical systolic murmur was detected in 12 cases. The results of this series together with those already published suggest that the indications of this operation should be widened and that it should be employed whenever the best immediate anatomical result and long-term prognosis are desired.", "contents": "[Results of open heart mitral commissurotomy in 85 patients]. Open heart mitral commissurotomy was performed in 85 patients between January 1973 and January 1976. This series comprised 38 patients with pure mitral stenosis and 47 patients with associated mitral and aortic or tricuspid lesions. Mitral commissurotomy, always complete, was associated with correction of mitral incompetence, either preexisting or peroperative, in 19 cases; in 44 cases with correction of an aortic lesion and in 10 cases with correction of a tricuspid lesion. The surgical mortality was 2.3 p. 100 (2 deaths); one post-operative myocardial infarction and one spontaneously regressive post-operative jaudice was observed. No cases of post-operative systemic embolism was observed. A short apical systolic murmur was detected in 12 cases. The results of this series together with those already published suggest that the indications of this operation should be widened and that it should be employed whenever the best immediate anatomical result and long-term prognosis are desired.", "PMID": 115416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11808", "title": "[Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with complete atrio-ventricular block or dissociation].", "content": "Recent studies have shown the high incidence of concealed Bundles of Kent in the reentry circuits of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Arguments in favour of the nodal or junctional level of reentry were observed in supraventricular tachycardia with complete atrioventricular dissociation. Two such cases under went electrophysiological investigation. In the first case, tachycardia was terminated by a complete infrahisian block. However, during atrioventricular dissociation, tachycardia  could be initiated by a single atrial stimulus after an increased nodal conduction time and terminated by a single atrial stimulus or cardiac message. In the second case the supraventricular tachycardia presented with complete atrioventricular dissociation due to a retrograde ventriculo-atrial block. Atrial stimulation at progressively higher rates and premature atrial extra stimuli initiated the tachycardia but could not terminate it, so confirming the non-participation of the atrium in the reentry circuit. These two cases suggest that the ventricle (case I) and the atrium (case II) are not indispensable links in junctional or nodal reentry circuits. Case II was suggestive of a common initial pathway developing retrograde unidirectional block during tachycardia.", "contents": "[Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with complete atrio-ventricular block or dissociation]. Recent studies have shown the high incidence of concealed Bundles of Kent in the reentry circuits of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Arguments in favour of the nodal or junctional level of reentry were observed in supraventricular tachycardia with complete atrioventricular dissociation. Two such cases under went electrophysiological investigation. In the first case, tachycardia was terminated by a complete infrahisian block. However, during atrioventricular dissociation, tachycardia  could be initiated by a single atrial stimulus after an increased nodal conduction time and terminated by a single atrial stimulus or cardiac message. In the second case the supraventricular tachycardia presented with complete atrioventricular dissociation due to a retrograde ventriculo-atrial block. Atrial stimulation at progressively higher rates and premature atrial extra stimuli initiated the tachycardia but could not terminate it, so confirming the non-participation of the atrium in the reentry circuit. These two cases suggest that the ventricle (case I) and the atrium (case II) are not indispensable links in junctional or nodal reentry circuits. Case II was suggestive of a common initial pathway developing retrograde unidirectional block during tachycardia.", "PMID": 115417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11809", "title": "[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Correlation between the results of electrophysiological investigation and exercise tolerance testing on the electrical aspect of preexcitation].", "content": "Fourteen patients with permanent electrocardiographical features of the Wolff-Parkison-White syndrome in sinus rhythm referred for electrophysiological investigation also underwent maximal exercise tolerance tests. The working hypothesis was that in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with accessory pathways of longer effective refractory periods than the normal pathway (group I) the delta wave should disappear on exercise, whilst in patients with accessory pathways with shorter refractory periods than the normal pathway (group II) the delta wave should persist. Of the 9 patients in group I,the delta wave regressed in 8 and persisted in 1 patient; of the 5 patients in group II, the delta wave persisted in 4 of them. Three patients had attacks of tachycardia during or just after the exercise tolerance test. These results suggest that the exercise tolerance test may help in the identification of patients with accessory pathways with long refractory periods, less susceptible to rapid ventricular rhythms should atrial fibrillation occur, and therefore with better prognoses.", "contents": "[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Correlation between the results of electrophysiological investigation and exercise tolerance testing on the electrical aspect of preexcitation]. Fourteen patients with permanent electrocardiographical features of the Wolff-Parkison-White syndrome in sinus rhythm referred for electrophysiological investigation also underwent maximal exercise tolerance tests. The working hypothesis was that in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with accessory pathways of longer effective refractory periods than the normal pathway (group I) the delta wave should disappear on exercise, whilst in patients with accessory pathways with shorter refractory periods than the normal pathway (group II) the delta wave should persist. Of the 9 patients in group I,the delta wave regressed in 8 and persisted in 1 patient; of the 5 patients in group II, the delta wave persisted in 4 of them. Three patients had attacks of tachycardia during or just after the exercise tolerance test. These results suggest that the exercise tolerance test may help in the identification of patients with accessory pathways with long refractory periods, less susceptible to rapid ventricular rhythms should atrial fibrillation occur, and therefore with better prognoses.", "PMID": 115419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11810", "title": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of 4 cases of tricuspid valve endocarditis].", "content": "Four tricuspid endocarditis cases are reported. Echocardiography found, four times, large vegetations on the tricuspid leaflets leading to the diagnosis. The degree of tricuspid insuffisancy was appreciated by the RV/LV ratio. Successive echos have permitted to survey the evolution and specially to establish a clear decrease of abnormal tricuspid echoes succeeding to pulmonary embolisms. In the four cases, surgery confirmed the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of 4 cases of tricuspid valve endocarditis]. Four tricuspid endocarditis cases are reported. Echocardiography found, four times, large vegetations on the tricuspid leaflets leading to the diagnosis. The degree of tricuspid insuffisancy was appreciated by the RV/LV ratio. Successive echos have permitted to survey the evolution and specially to establish a clear decrease of abnormal tricuspid echoes succeeding to pulmonary embolisms. In the four cases, surgery confirmed the diagnosis.", "PMID": 115420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11811", "title": "[Echocardiographic study of 4 cases of dilatation of the sinus of Valsalva].", "content": "Four cases of dilatation of the sinus of Valsalva with or without rupture were studied by echocardiography before surgical correction. In three cases the dilatation affected the right anterior sinus with rupture into the right atrium or ventricle. In the other case dilatation of the right anterior sinus dissecting the interventricular septum was associated with an aneurysm of the left anterior sinus dissecting the free wall of the left ventricle.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic study of 4 cases of dilatation of the sinus of Valsalva]. Four cases of dilatation of the sinus of Valsalva with or without rupture were studied by echocardiography before surgical correction. In three cases the dilatation affected the right anterior sinus with rupture into the right atrium or ventricle. In the other case dilatation of the right anterior sinus dissecting the interventricular septum was associated with an aneurysm of the left anterior sinus dissecting the free wall of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 115421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11812", "title": "[Coronary endarterectomy associated with coronary artery bypass in severe coronary artery disease. 50 cases].", "content": "The surgical indications of coronary endarterectomy were defined from a study of 50 cases in which endarterectomy was associated with aorto-coronary bypass surgery. This total represented 6 p. 100 of all the aorto-coronary bypass operations performed in the same period. Coronary endarterectomy was performed \"on principal\" for the right coronary artery, and \"of necessity\" for the left anterior descending artery. The special techniques of endarterectomy on the left anterior descending artery are described. Endarterectomy does not increase the operative risk and enables revascularisation of vessels unsuitable for bypass surgery. 85 p. 100 patients are asymptomatic with an average follow up period of 2 years after endarterectomy and aorto-coronary bypass graft of the right coronary artery.", "contents": "[Coronary endarterectomy associated with coronary artery bypass in severe coronary artery disease. 50 cases]. The surgical indications of coronary endarterectomy were defined from a study of 50 cases in which endarterectomy was associated with aorto-coronary bypass surgery. This total represented 6 p. 100 of all the aorto-coronary bypass operations performed in the same period. Coronary endarterectomy was performed \"on principal\" for the right coronary artery, and \"of necessity\" for the left anterior descending artery. The special techniques of endarterectomy on the left anterior descending artery are described. Endarterectomy does not increase the operative risk and enables revascularisation of vessels unsuitable for bypass surgery. 85 p. 100 patients are asymptomatic with an average follow up period of 2 years after endarterectomy and aorto-coronary bypass graft of the right coronary artery.", "PMID": 115423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11813", "title": "[Improvement and normalisation of the QRS complex by stimulation of the bundle of His in complete left branch block].", "content": "The asynchronism of ventricular activation resulting from a major degree of left bundle branch block (QRS greater than or equal to 0.12 s) may be suppressed by stimulation of the distal portion of the His Bundle, whether the block be intermittent (3 cases) or permanent (17 cases). The selective stimulation of the His Bundle normalises ventricular depolarisation whilst non-selective stimulation narrows the QRS complex by the fusion of the activation wave fronts from the His Bundle and the interventricular septum. The reestablishment of synchronous ventricular conduction by His Bundle stimulation is generally interpreted as a sign of longitudinal dissociation in the proximal portion of the His Bundle. This results does not, however, exclude the possibility of a very localised lesion at the origin of the left bundle, responsible for a conduction delay, and suppressed by stimulation carried out close to the zone of block (summation effect, electrotonic influence).", "contents": "[Improvement and normalisation of the QRS complex by stimulation of the bundle of His in complete left branch block]. The asynchronism of ventricular activation resulting from a major degree of left bundle branch block (QRS greater than or equal to 0.12 s) may be suppressed by stimulation of the distal portion of the His Bundle, whether the block be intermittent (3 cases) or permanent (17 cases). The selective stimulation of the His Bundle normalises ventricular depolarisation whilst non-selective stimulation narrows the QRS complex by the fusion of the activation wave fronts from the His Bundle and the interventricular septum. The reestablishment of synchronous ventricular conduction by His Bundle stimulation is generally interpreted as a sign of longitudinal dissociation in the proximal portion of the His Bundle. This results does not, however, exclude the possibility of a very localised lesion at the origin of the left bundle, responsible for a conduction delay, and suppressed by stimulation carried out close to the zone of block (summation effect, electrotonic influence).", "PMID": 115425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11814", "title": "[Aortocoronary bypass for the threatened spread of acute myocardial infarction].", "content": "21 patients with unstable angina in the acute myocardial infarction period were treated by early surgery, on average on the 3th day after infarction. Resistance to medical therapy given in the coronary care unit, associating modern pharmacological agents and circulatory assistance, on the one hand, and the presence of lesions on the coronary arteries accessible to surgery on the other, were the surgical indications. The absence of operative mortality and of electrical changes after operation seem to be related to the many advances made in the various stages of the medico-surgical management. These results suggest that revascularisation surgery with an acceptable risk may be proposed to patients with unstable angina after a recent myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Aortocoronary bypass for the threatened spread of acute myocardial infarction]. 21 patients with unstable angina in the acute myocardial infarction period were treated by early surgery, on average on the 3th day after infarction. Resistance to medical therapy given in the coronary care unit, associating modern pharmacological agents and circulatory assistance, on the one hand, and the presence of lesions on the coronary arteries accessible to surgery on the other, were the surgical indications. The absence of operative mortality and of electrical changes after operation seem to be related to the many advances made in the various stages of the medico-surgical management. These results suggest that revascularisation surgery with an acceptable risk may be proposed to patients with unstable angina after a recent myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 115426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11815", "title": "[Risks and median-term results of aortic valve replacement for calcifying aortic stenosis in 100 patients more than 70 years old].", "content": "100 patients with poorly tolerated calcific aortic stenosis underwent aortic valve replacement by the same surgical team (Starr-Edwards prosthesis: 52 cases, Bj\u00e4ork prosthesis: 43 cases, Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis: 2 cases, and Hancock bioprosthesis: 3 cases) between July 1971 and April 1978. The hospital mortality was 17% and acute pulmonary oedema and cardiomegaly were poor preoperative prognostic factors. The late mortality was 14.5% with an average follow-up period of 25 months (range: 2 to 74 months). The survival rate expressed as an actuarial graph was 63.1 +/- 4% at 4 years. 90% of the patients operated move up at least one class in the New York Heart Association classification and 2/3 return to Stage I. The cardiothoracic ratio improved from 0.58 +/- 0.06 to 0.51 +/- 0.03 (p less than 0.02) and the Soko low-Lyon index from 40 +/- 13 to 25 +/- 6 (p less than 0.001). The main complication encountered at middle term was haemorrhage, observed in 17.5% patients. Comparison of the spontaneous outcome of the disease with the results of surgery favour surgical treatment of patients over 70 years old with poorly tolerated calcific aortic stenosis. The valve of choice should be the bioprosthesis when dependance on anticoagulant therapy and the associated risks of haemorrhage are taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Risks and median-term results of aortic valve replacement for calcifying aortic stenosis in 100 patients more than 70 years old]. 100 patients with poorly tolerated calcific aortic stenosis underwent aortic valve replacement by the same surgical team (Starr-Edwards prosthesis: 52 cases, Bj\u00e4ork prosthesis: 43 cases, Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis: 2 cases, and Hancock bioprosthesis: 3 cases) between July 1971 and April 1978. The hospital mortality was 17% and acute pulmonary oedema and cardiomegaly were poor preoperative prognostic factors. The late mortality was 14.5% with an average follow-up period of 25 months (range: 2 to 74 months). The survival rate expressed as an actuarial graph was 63.1 +/- 4% at 4 years. 90% of the patients operated move up at least one class in the New York Heart Association classification and 2/3 return to Stage I. The cardiothoracic ratio improved from 0.58 +/- 0.06 to 0.51 +/- 0.03 (p less than 0.02) and the Soko low-Lyon index from 40 +/- 13 to 25 +/- 6 (p less than 0.001). The main complication encountered at middle term was haemorrhage, observed in 17.5% patients. Comparison of the spontaneous outcome of the disease with the results of surgery favour surgical treatment of patients over 70 years old with poorly tolerated calcific aortic stenosis. The valve of choice should be the bioprosthesis when dependance on anticoagulant therapy and the associated risks of haemorrhage are taken into consideration.", "PMID": 115427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11816", "title": "[Partial blockage of the inferior vena cava. Results apropos of 110 cases].", "content": "Rheoplethysmography with occlusion (RPO) is useful in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Bilateral phlebography with cavography performed afterwards as an emergency gives information as to the embolic potential of the thrombosis and orientates treatment towards surgical interruption of the inferior vena cava. In the C.H.U. at Grenoble 83 clips, 25 umbrella filters and 2 ligatures were placed on the inferior vena cava from 1974 to 1977. Prevention of pulmonary emboli was achieved in 99% cases with lower limb embolic foci. Follow-up by RPO and isotopic phlebography showed that the course of venous thrombosis of the lower limbs seemed to be unchanged by partial interruption of the inferior vena cava, provided that elastic stockings and adequate anticoagulant therapy adapted to venous haemodynamics are used.", "contents": "[Partial blockage of the inferior vena cava. Results apropos of 110 cases]. Rheoplethysmography with occlusion (RPO) is useful in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Bilateral phlebography with cavography performed afterwards as an emergency gives information as to the embolic potential of the thrombosis and orientates treatment towards surgical interruption of the inferior vena cava. In the C.H.U. at Grenoble 83 clips, 25 umbrella filters and 2 ligatures were placed on the inferior vena cava from 1974 to 1977. Prevention of pulmonary emboli was achieved in 99% cases with lower limb embolic foci. Follow-up by RPO and isotopic phlebography showed that the course of venous thrombosis of the lower limbs seemed to be unchanged by partial interruption of the inferior vena cava, provided that elastic stockings and adequate anticoagulant therapy adapted to venous haemodynamics are used.", "PMID": 115428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11817", "title": "[Recurrent acute pericarditis. 20 cases].", "content": "62 of 100 cases of acute pericarditis observed over 15 years were so-called acute benign pericarditis. 20 of these patients (30%) had multiple relapses. Relapse could not be predicted. The interval between the initial affection and first relapse was usually more than one month (18/20). Each relapse was accompanied by pain, fever, ST-T changes, slight cardiomegaly and acceleration of the ESR. Corticotherapy appeared to be responsible for relapse in 13 cases. In 6 cases the eradication of a deep septic focus prevented further relapses. In two cases the duration of anti-inflammatory therapy was thought to have been insufficient. Antibiotic therapy did not seem to be a provocative factor. Relapses may be numerous (10 to 12) and prolonged (24-36 months) especially in the corticodependant forms in which steroids should be tailed off gradually according to a strict protocol.", "contents": "[Recurrent acute pericarditis. 20 cases]. 62 of 100 cases of acute pericarditis observed over 15 years were so-called acute benign pericarditis. 20 of these patients (30%) had multiple relapses. Relapse could not be predicted. The interval between the initial affection and first relapse was usually more than one month (18/20). Each relapse was accompanied by pain, fever, ST-T changes, slight cardiomegaly and acceleration of the ESR. Corticotherapy appeared to be responsible for relapse in 13 cases. In 6 cases the eradication of a deep septic focus prevented further relapses. In two cases the duration of anti-inflammatory therapy was thought to have been insufficient. Antibiotic therapy did not seem to be a provocative factor. Relapses may be numerous (10 to 12) and prolonged (24-36 months) especially in the corticodependant forms in which steroids should be tailed off gradually according to a strict protocol.", "PMID": 115429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11818", "title": "[Myocardial infarction and late pericarditis].", "content": "The post-infarction syndrome was observed in 8 out of 138 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction; 24 other cases of the post-infarction syndrome diagnosed over the preceeding 3 years were also reviewed. In order to determine the clinical significance and the prognosis, this group of 32 was compared to another of 105 patients with myocardial infarction without pericarditis, with respect to age, sex, medical history and characteristics of the underlying necrosis (location and size). Several clinical signs are discussed. This study showed the post-infarction syndrome was associated with large infarcts, the course of which was marked by arrhythmias, conduction defects and haemodynamic problems. A considerable inflammatory syndrome was often observed. The relation between the post-infarction syndrome and early pericarditis is not proved; on the other hand, a close correlation between late pericarditis, atrial fibrillation and left pleural effusion was demonstrated. The long term prognosis of infarcts complicated by the post-infarction syndrome is without doubt determined by the size of the necrosis and by the presence of ventricular aneurysms which are frequently associated.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarction and late pericarditis]. The post-infarction syndrome was observed in 8 out of 138 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction; 24 other cases of the post-infarction syndrome diagnosed over the preceeding 3 years were also reviewed. In order to determine the clinical significance and the prognosis, this group of 32 was compared to another of 105 patients with myocardial infarction without pericarditis, with respect to age, sex, medical history and characteristics of the underlying necrosis (location and size). Several clinical signs are discussed. This study showed the post-infarction syndrome was associated with large infarcts, the course of which was marked by arrhythmias, conduction defects and haemodynamic problems. A considerable inflammatory syndrome was often observed. The relation between the post-infarction syndrome and early pericarditis is not proved; on the other hand, a close correlation between late pericarditis, atrial fibrillation and left pleural effusion was demonstrated. The long term prognosis of infarcts complicated by the post-infarction syndrome is without doubt determined by the size of the necrosis and by the presence of ventricular aneurysms which are frequently associated.", "PMID": 115430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11819", "title": "[Arterial pressure during exertion in patients operated on for aortic coarctation].", "content": "19 patients were studied after operation for coarctation of the aorta. The average age at operation was 13.7 years. Crafoord's operation was performed in 16 cases and in the other three an aortic patch was necessary. The average post-operative period was 4.7 years. 14 cases were classified as good results: normal femoral pulses and arterial blood pressure. The other 5 cases were considered as unsatisfactory: 2 mediocre results with normal arterial blood pressure but diminished femoral pulses and oscillometric indices; 3 poor results with hypertension at rest. On exercise with bicycle ergometry the following results were obtained: the systolic blood pressure rose in a comparable manner to that observed in normotensive individuals of the same age on exercise except in 2 cases. These two patients had an aortic patch and one had a residual intraaortic pressure gradient. The pronostic significance of these findings is not known. However the use of an aortic patch is often associated with abnormal blood pressures at rest or on exercise. The fact that the majority of patients operated for coarctation of the aorta have normal blood pressure profiles on exercise should be emphasised.", "contents": "[Arterial pressure during exertion in patients operated on for aortic coarctation]. 19 patients were studied after operation for coarctation of the aorta. The average age at operation was 13.7 years. Crafoord's operation was performed in 16 cases and in the other three an aortic patch was necessary. The average post-operative period was 4.7 years. 14 cases were classified as good results: normal femoral pulses and arterial blood pressure. The other 5 cases were considered as unsatisfactory: 2 mediocre results with normal arterial blood pressure but diminished femoral pulses and oscillometric indices; 3 poor results with hypertension at rest. On exercise with bicycle ergometry the following results were obtained: the systolic blood pressure rose in a comparable manner to that observed in normotensive individuals of the same age on exercise except in 2 cases. These two patients had an aortic patch and one had a residual intraaortic pressure gradient. The pronostic significance of these findings is not known. However the use of an aortic patch is often associated with abnormal blood pressures at rest or on exercise. The fact that the majority of patients operated for coarctation of the aorta have normal blood pressure profiles on exercise should be emphasised.", "PMID": 115431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11820", "title": "[Effects of intravenous trinitrin infusion on systemic and coronary circulations during atrial electric stimulation].", "content": "Intravenous infusion of trinitrin (0.38 +/- 0.25 mg/hour) during rapid atrial pacing reduced pulmonary capillary pressures, cardiac output, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption. At these dosages trinitrin allows patients with ischaemic heart disease to undergo atrial pacing in the best conditions by maintaining the pulmonary capillary and systemic arterial pressures and myocardial lactate production within limits close to the basal values. The beneficial effects last during the recovery period after the termination of pacing and of the intravenous infusion.", "contents": "[Effects of intravenous trinitrin infusion on systemic and coronary circulations during atrial electric stimulation]. Intravenous infusion of trinitrin (0.38 +/- 0.25 mg/hour) during rapid atrial pacing reduced pulmonary capillary pressures, cardiac output, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption. At these dosages trinitrin allows patients with ischaemic heart disease to undergo atrial pacing in the best conditions by maintaining the pulmonary capillary and systemic arterial pressures and myocardial lactate production within limits close to the basal values. The beneficial effects last during the recovery period after the termination of pacing and of the intravenous infusion.", "PMID": 115432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11821", "title": "[Spontaneous blocks by intra-atrial conduction disorders of reciprocating atrioventricular rates using a Kent's bundle].", "content": "Paroxysmal tachycardia in Type A Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was due to a reciprocating rhythm involving a left lateral Kent Bundle in the retrograde direction. Spontaneous interruption of the reentry resulted not from block in the normal or accessory atrioventricular pathways but from an intraatrial conduction defect: delay in conduction between the left and right atria on intraatrial reentry terminated the tachycardia.", "contents": "[Spontaneous blocks by intra-atrial conduction disorders of reciprocating atrioventricular rates using a Kent's bundle]. Paroxysmal tachycardia in Type A Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was due to a reciprocating rhythm involving a left lateral Kent Bundle in the retrograde direction. Spontaneous interruption of the reentry resulted not from block in the normal or accessory atrioventricular pathways but from an intraatrial conduction defect: delay in conduction between the left and right atria on intraatrial reentry terminated the tachycardia.", "PMID": 115433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11822", "title": "[Anomaly of the origin of the circumflex artery. Effects on the risk of mitral and mitro-aortic valve replacement].", "content": "An anomalous circumflex coronary artery arising from the main right coronary artery is an added risk in mitro-aortic valve replacement. The infortunate history of a patient with an anomalous circumflex artery visualised on pre-operative cineangiography who underwent a double valve replacement is reported. The first 10 post-operative days were uncomplicated with no haemodynamic disturbances. Thereafter, major ventricular arrhythmiad 54th post-operative days) without signs of myocardial infarction, which were responsible for her death. On autopsy a large anomalous circumflex artery arising from the main right coronary artery was shown. In its course, posterior to the aorta, it was literally wedged between the rigid sewing rings of the two prosthetic valves. No thrombus was found within, and there were no myocardial lesions. The only apparent cause of the arrhythmias and death of the patient was the compression of this large circumflex artery.", "contents": "[Anomaly of the origin of the circumflex artery. Effects on the risk of mitral and mitro-aortic valve replacement]. An anomalous circumflex coronary artery arising from the main right coronary artery is an added risk in mitro-aortic valve replacement. The infortunate history of a patient with an anomalous circumflex artery visualised on pre-operative cineangiography who underwent a double valve replacement is reported. The first 10 post-operative days were uncomplicated with no haemodynamic disturbances. Thereafter, major ventricular arrhythmiad 54th post-operative days) without signs of myocardial infarction, which were responsible for her death. On autopsy a large anomalous circumflex artery arising from the main right coronary artery was shown. In its course, posterior to the aorta, it was literally wedged between the rigid sewing rings of the two prosthetic valves. No thrombus was found within, and there were no myocardial lesions. The only apparent cause of the arrhythmias and death of the patient was the compression of this large circumflex artery.", "PMID": 115434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11823", "title": "[Right ventricle with double outlet and intact interventricular septum. Report of 1 case and review of the literature].", "content": "Double outlet right ventricle with an intact interventricular septum is an exceedingly rare malformation. Only six other cases have been found in the world literature. The clinical, electrocardiographic, radiological and anatomical features of this condition were reviewed on the occasion of the diagnosis of a new case. Cardiac catheterisation and angiography performed in only one other case is not definitive in the presence of mitral atresia.", "contents": "[Right ventricle with double outlet and intact interventricular septum. Report of 1 case and review of the literature]. Double outlet right ventricle with an intact interventricular septum is an exceedingly rare malformation. Only six other cases have been found in the world literature. The clinical, electrocardiographic, radiological and anatomical features of this condition were reviewed on the occasion of the diagnosis of a new case. Cardiac catheterisation and angiography performed in only one other case is not definitive in the presence of mitral atresia.", "PMID": 115435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11824", "title": "[Lymphangioendothelioma. A rare cause of atrioventricular block].", "content": "A new case of lymphangio-endothelioma of the nodal tissue is reported. Complete atrioventricular block had been followed up for 20 years. The histological features are described in detail and the embryological origins of the tumour are discussed. This report underlines the exceptional character of this \"smallest benign tumour which can be mortal\".", "contents": "[Lymphangioendothelioma. A rare cause of atrioventricular block]. A new case of lymphangio-endothelioma of the nodal tissue is reported. Complete atrioventricular block had been followed up for 20 years. The histological features are described in detail and the embryological origins of the tumour are discussed. This report underlines the exceptional character of this \"smallest benign tumour which can be mortal\".", "PMID": 115436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11825", "title": "[Total anomalous pulmonary venous return into the coronary sinus. Apropos of 1 case with a difficult diagnosis and surgical success].", "content": "The case of an 8 year-old boy with total anomalous pulmonary venous return into the coronary sinus is reported. The coronary malformation comprised a considerable dilatation of the coronary sinus which made diagnosis very difficult even at open heart. The surgical success was obtained by resecting the interatrial septum and partitioning the atrium. The anatomical diagnosis of this condition and the malformations with which it could be confused are discussed: TAPVR into the right atrium, cor triatriatum. The two parts of the coronary sinus, confluence of the cardiac veins and the left horn of the sinus venosus, are described.", "contents": "[Total anomalous pulmonary venous return into the coronary sinus. Apropos of 1 case with a difficult diagnosis and surgical success]. The case of an 8 year-old boy with total anomalous pulmonary venous return into the coronary sinus is reported. The coronary malformation comprised a considerable dilatation of the coronary sinus which made diagnosis very difficult even at open heart. The surgical success was obtained by resecting the interatrial septum and partitioning the atrium. The anatomical diagnosis of this condition and the malformations with which it could be confused are discussed: TAPVR into the right atrium, cor triatriatum. The two parts of the coronary sinus, confluence of the cardiac veins and the left horn of the sinus venosus, are described.", "PMID": 115437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11826", "title": "[Echocardiographic aspects of left atrial thrombosis in 1 case of severe mitral stenosis].", "content": "The principal echocardiographic features of the main cardiovascular emergencies are discussed. After setting out a method of detailed analysis for echocardiography, the changes found in the main causes of severe chest pain, systemic embolisation and sudden heart failure are described. Special emphasis is laid on the signs of aortic root dissection, pericarditis and tamponade, ruptured valve, the mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction and, in particular, on the assessment of residual myocardial function. Finally, the authors maintain that echocardiography should be a systematic complementary investigation for patients in the coronary care unit.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic aspects of left atrial thrombosis in 1 case of severe mitral stenosis]. The principal echocardiographic features of the main cardiovascular emergencies are discussed. After setting out a method of detailed analysis for echocardiography, the changes found in the main causes of severe chest pain, systemic embolisation and sudden heart failure are described. Special emphasis is laid on the signs of aortic root dissection, pericarditis and tamponade, ruptured valve, the mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction and, in particular, on the assessment of residual myocardial function. Finally, the authors maintain that echocardiography should be a systematic complementary investigation for patients in the coronary care unit.", "PMID": 115438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11827", "title": "[Severe pulmonary embolism and recurrent thrombophlebitis caused by hereditary antithrombin III deficiency].", "content": "Severe pulmonary embolism with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava was observed in a 16 year old girl with no risk factors and treated successfully by fibrinolytic therapy. Secondarily, despite heparino-therapy, upper limb venous thrombosis occurred. Investigation of the clotting factors in the patient and her family revealed a hereditary deficit of antithrombin III. The features of the haemotological diagnosis of this rare condition and the therapeutic implications are discussed.", "contents": "[Severe pulmonary embolism and recurrent thrombophlebitis caused by hereditary antithrombin III deficiency]. Severe pulmonary embolism with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava was observed in a 16 year old girl with no risk factors and treated successfully by fibrinolytic therapy. Secondarily, despite heparino-therapy, upper limb venous thrombosis occurred. Investigation of the clotting factors in the patient and her family revealed a hereditary deficit of antithrombin III. The features of the haemotological diagnosis of this rare condition and the therapeutic implications are discussed.", "PMID": 115439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11828", "title": "[Value of echocardiography in cardiovascular emergencies (not including congenital cardiopathies)].", "content": "The principal echocardiographic features of the main cardiovascular emergencies are discussed. After setting out a method of detailed analysis for echocardiography, the changes found in the main causes of severe chest pain, systemic embolisation and sudden heart failure are described. Special emphasis is laid on the signs of aortic root dissection, pericarditis and tamponade, ruptured valve, the mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction and, in particular, on the assessment of residual myocardial function. Finally, the authors maintain that echocardiography should be a systematic complementary investigation for patients in the coronary care unit.", "contents": "[Value of echocardiography in cardiovascular emergencies (not including congenital cardiopathies)]. The principal echocardiographic features of the main cardiovascular emergencies are discussed. After setting out a method of detailed analysis for echocardiography, the changes found in the main causes of severe chest pain, systemic embolisation and sudden heart failure are described. Special emphasis is laid on the signs of aortic root dissection, pericarditis and tamponade, ruptured valve, the mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction and, in particular, on the assessment of residual myocardial function. Finally, the authors maintain that echocardiography should be a systematic complementary investigation for patients in the coronary care unit.", "PMID": 115440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11829", "title": "[Vitamin B2 deficiency and total parenteral nutrition].", "content": "A 15 year old adolescent with Crohn's disease who received total parenteral nutrition for three months developed riboflavin deficiency. The aetiology, the clinical picture and the method of diagnosis of this unusual deficiency are reviewed. The importance of an adequate intake of vitamin B2 and the other B group vitamins, particularly in the malnourished, is emphasied.", "contents": "[Vitamin B2 deficiency and total parenteral nutrition]. A 15 year old adolescent with Crohn's disease who received total parenteral nutrition for three months developed riboflavin deficiency. The aetiology, the clinical picture and the method of diagnosis of this unusual deficiency are reviewed. The importance of an adequate intake of vitamin B2 and the other B group vitamins, particularly in the malnourished, is emphasied.", "PMID": 115441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11830", "title": "A diffuse mixed histiocytic-lymphocytic lymphoma associated with immunological abnormalities.", "content": "A diffuse generalized lymphoma histologically classified as mixed histiocytic-lymphocytic type and associated with profound immunologie abnormalities is reported. The patient had an autoimmune hemolytic anemia, an autoimmune thrombocytopenia, polyclonally increased IgG and IgM, polyclonal secretion of kappa and lamda chains into urine, very low serum complement C3 and antibodies against glomerulus and smooth muscle. When studied with the modern surface-marker techniques, the lesion was found to be composed of entirely lymphoid cells of the B-lymphocyte series. The proper classification of this tumor could be a primitive immunoblastic sarcoma. The relationship of the present tumor to the non-neoplastic angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathia is discussed. The necessity of applying the surface-marker techniques in the classification of malignant lymphomas is emphasized.", "contents": "A diffuse mixed histiocytic-lymphocytic lymphoma associated with immunological abnormalities. A diffuse generalized lymphoma histologically classified as mixed histiocytic-lymphocytic type and associated with profound immunologie abnormalities is reported. The patient had an autoimmune hemolytic anemia, an autoimmune thrombocytopenia, polyclonally increased IgG and IgM, polyclonal secretion of kappa and lamda chains into urine, very low serum complement C3 and antibodies against glomerulus and smooth muscle. When studied with the modern surface-marker techniques, the lesion was found to be composed of entirely lymphoid cells of the B-lymphocyte series. The proper classification of this tumor could be a primitive immunoblastic sarcoma. The relationship of the present tumor to the non-neoplastic angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathia is discussed. The necessity of applying the surface-marker techniques in the classification of malignant lymphomas is emphasized.", "PMID": 115443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11831", "title": "Grooming and consort partner selection in a troop of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata).", "content": "The Arashiyama West troop of  Macaca fuscata consists of 150 monkeys transported from Kyoto, Japan, in February 1972 to their present location near Laredo, Texas. At this site the animals range over 108 acres and during the study period were only minimally provisioned and disturbed. In the report of a 3-year study of consort partner selection it was suggested that yearlong social bonds within the troop appeared to be distinct from consort bonds formed during mating season. Like Sade, we consider grooming to be a good measure of yearround affinitive bonding in macaques. This study compares the pairs formed for consorting with those formed for yearlong grooming activities, by the 94 individuals who formed consort relationships during the mating season of 1973--1974. It was found that yearlong grooming involved pairs of monkeys which were significantly different from those for consorting. Grooming was relatively frequent between related monkeys, while consort partners were seldom related. In addition, yearlong grooming patterns were not disrupted during mating season. These results suggest that consort and grooming activities are behavioral expressions of two important social networks, involving mutually exclusive social bonds.", "contents": "Grooming and consort partner selection in a troop of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). The Arashiyama West troop of  Macaca fuscata consists of 150 monkeys transported from Kyoto, Japan, in February 1972 to their present location near Laredo, Texas. At this site the animals range over 108 acres and during the study period were only minimally provisioned and disturbed. In the report of a 3-year study of consort partner selection it was suggested that yearlong social bonds within the troop appeared to be distinct from consort bonds formed during mating season. Like Sade, we consider grooming to be a good measure of yearround affinitive bonding in macaques. This study compares the pairs formed for consorting with those formed for yearlong grooming activities, by the 94 individuals who formed consort relationships during the mating season of 1973--1974. It was found that yearlong grooming involved pairs of monkeys which were significantly different from those for consorting. Grooming was relatively frequent between related monkeys, while consort partners were seldom related. In addition, yearlong grooming patterns were not disrupted during mating season. These results suggest that consort and grooming activities are behavioral expressions of two important social networks, involving mutually exclusive social bonds.", "PMID": 115445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11832", "title": "[Neuroblastoma].", "content": "The review deals with neuroblastoma, its frequency, localization, features of its clinical course and microscopic patterns. The ability of neuroblastoma for maturation and sometimes for spontaneous regression as well as the relationship between tumors of the autonomous nervous system and the so-called neuroblastoma in situ and von Recklinghausen's disease are discussed. Some light and electron microscope differential diagnostic criteria are given. An attempt is made to explain certain clinico-biological features of neuroblastoma from the point of view of current embryological data.", "contents": "[Neuroblastoma]. The review deals with neuroblastoma, its frequency, localization, features of its clinical course and microscopic patterns. The ability of neuroblastoma for maturation and sometimes for spontaneous regression as well as the relationship between tumors of the autonomous nervous system and the so-called neuroblastoma in situ and von Recklinghausen's disease are discussed. Some light and electron microscope differential diagnostic criteria are given. An attempt is made to explain certain clinico-biological features of neuroblastoma from the point of view of current embryological data.", "PMID": 115446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11833", "title": "[Chagas polyneuropathies].", "content": "The results of a research realized in a small community in the countryside of the state of Bahia, Brazil, where there is high frequency of infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. are reported. By evaluation the neurological clinical examination of 99 individuals it was observed that the most frequent finding on those 50 patients with positive sorology there was a diminution of deep reflexes. Additionally, it was found that among the 20 patients in whom more than one altered deep reflex was present, in 18 cases there were concomitant sorological evidence of Chagas disease.", "contents": "[Chagas polyneuropathies]. The results of a research realized in a small community in the countryside of the state of Bahia, Brazil, where there is high frequency of infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. are reported. By evaluation the neurological clinical examination of 99 individuals it was observed that the most frequent finding on those 50 patients with positive sorology there was a diminution of deep reflexes. Additionally, it was found that among the 20 patients in whom more than one altered deep reflex was present, in 18 cases there were concomitant sorological evidence of Chagas disease.", "PMID": 115447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11834", "title": "Kanamycin in the treatment of penicillinase-producing gonococcai infections.", "content": "A retrospective study of 356 cases of bacteriologically proven penicillinase-producing gonococcal infections treated with a single dose of 2 g of kanamycin intramuscularly was carried out. It was found that 14 patients failed to complete followup examinations. Of the remaining 342 who were examined bacteriologically following treatment, 335 were found to be cured of the infection. The cure rate was 96%. No adverse reactions were noted after administration of the drug. Compared to the other drugs used, kanamycin was relatively cheaper. The authors conclude that kanamycin is safe, economical and very effective in the treatment of gonorrhoea caused by the strains of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in South East Asia.", "contents": "Kanamycin in the treatment of penicillinase-producing gonococcai infections. A retrospective study of 356 cases of bacteriologically proven penicillinase-producing gonococcal infections treated with a single dose of 2 g of kanamycin intramuscularly was carried out. It was found that 14 patients failed to complete followup examinations. Of the remaining 342 who were examined bacteriologically following treatment, 335 were found to be cured of the infection. The cure rate was 96%. No adverse reactions were noted after administration of the drug. Compared to the other drugs used, kanamycin was relatively cheaper. The authors conclude that kanamycin is safe, economical and very effective in the treatment of gonorrhoea caused by the strains of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in South East Asia.", "PMID": 115448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11835", "title": "Recognition of an asymptomatic male carrier of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Singapore - a case report.", "content": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from centrifuged urine deposit of an asymptomatic male. The case history and significance of this asymptomatic infection are described.", "contents": "Recognition of an asymptomatic male carrier of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Singapore - a case report. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from centrifuged urine deposit of an asymptomatic male. The case history and significance of this asymptomatic infection are described.", "PMID": 115449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11836", "title": "Congenital abnormalities: \"is it wise to have another child?\".", "content": "Congenital abnormalities affect some five per cent of all live births, and are a major factor in childhood morbidity and mortality. Most physicians, therefore, encounter a variety of developmental disorders, and must frequently deal with problems faced by a handicapped patient and his family. This task is becoming increasingly difficult with the growth and sophistication of genetic knowledge and changes in society's attitude toward medical practice. Although congenital abnormalities are classified according to a variety of presumed genetic or environmental 'causes', it is important to remember that most developmental disorders result from complex interactions of genes and environment, and that time is an important factor. Optimal understanding of a congenital defect may, therefore, be best achieved by study of a patient within the wider context of his family. The family history is one of the most powerful tools available in establishing a diagnosis and in answering parents' questions concerning prognosis and recurrence risk. Ultimately, however, decisions based on genetic counselling must be made by the parents themselves, within the context of their own fears, beliefs and aspirations.", "contents": "Congenital abnormalities: \"is it wise to have another child?\". Congenital abnormalities affect some five per cent of all live births, and are a major factor in childhood morbidity and mortality. Most physicians, therefore, encounter a variety of developmental disorders, and must frequently deal with problems faced by a handicapped patient and his family. This task is becoming increasingly difficult with the growth and sophistication of genetic knowledge and changes in society's attitude toward medical practice. Although congenital abnormalities are classified according to a variety of presumed genetic or environmental 'causes', it is important to remember that most developmental disorders result from complex interactions of genes and environment, and that time is an important factor. Optimal understanding of a congenital defect may, therefore, be best achieved by study of a patient within the wider context of his family. The family history is one of the most powerful tools available in establishing a diagnosis and in answering parents' questions concerning prognosis and recurrence risk. Ultimately, however, decisions based on genetic counselling must be made by the parents themselves, within the context of their own fears, beliefs and aspirations.", "PMID": 115450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11837", "title": "Effect of heat stress on plasma concentrations of prolactin and luteinizing hormone in ewes.", "content": "Basal concentrations of prolactin but not luteinizing hormone were elevated in ewes by 8--10 h of heat stress given daily during the first 11 days of their oestrous cycle. However, the prolactin and luteinizing hormone responses to thyrotrophin releasing hormone and gonadotrophin releasing hormone were unaffected.", "contents": "Effect of heat stress on plasma concentrations of prolactin and luteinizing hormone in ewes. Basal concentrations of prolactin but not luteinizing hormone were elevated in ewes by 8--10 h of heat stress given daily during the first 11 days of their oestrous cycle. However, the prolactin and luteinizing hormone responses to thyrotrophin releasing hormone and gonadotrophin releasing hormone were unaffected.", "PMID": 115451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11838", "title": "Inflammatory diseases of the bowel: a Malaysian experience.", "content": "A 10-year experience in the diagnosis and treatment of 92 patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in Kuala Lumpur is described. Tuberculosis (34 cases) was the most common inflammatory bowel disease of surgical importance. The clinical presentation of tuberculous enteritis and Crohn's disease is similar, though tuberculosis is strongly suggested by associated pulmonary disease and radiological evidence of caecal involvement. The finding of 10 cases each of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is in keeping with an increased awareness of these conditions in a developing urban society where facilities exist for thorough investigation of diarrhoeal diseases. Amoebiasis sometimes causes a granulomatous lesion simulating carcinoma. Diverticular disease of the colon as known in the West is of very rare occurrence.", "contents": "Inflammatory diseases of the bowel: a Malaysian experience. A 10-year experience in the diagnosis and treatment of 92 patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in Kuala Lumpur is described. Tuberculosis (34 cases) was the most common inflammatory bowel disease of surgical importance. The clinical presentation of tuberculous enteritis and Crohn's disease is similar, though tuberculosis is strongly suggested by associated pulmonary disease and radiological evidence of caecal involvement. The finding of 10 cases each of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is in keeping with an increased awareness of these conditions in a developing urban society where facilities exist for thorough investigation of diarrhoeal diseases. Amoebiasis sometimes causes a granulomatous lesion simulating carcinoma. Diverticular disease of the colon as known in the West is of very rare occurrence.", "PMID": 115452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11839", "title": "The use of 22Na as a tracer for long-term bone mineral turnover studies.", "content": "Sodium-22 has been studied as a tracer for bone mineral metabolism in rats and dogs. When incorporated into bone during growth from birth to adulthood, the bone becomes uniformly tagged with 22Na, which is released through the metabolic turnover of the bone. The 22Na not incorporated in the bone matrix is rapidly excreted within a few days when animals are fed high, but nontoxic levels of NaCl. The 22Na tracer can be used to measure bone mineral loss in animals during space flight and in research on bone disease.", "contents": "The use of 22Na as a tracer for long-term bone mineral turnover studies. Sodium-22 has been studied as a tracer for bone mineral metabolism in rats and dogs. When incorporated into bone during growth from birth to adulthood, the bone becomes uniformly tagged with 22Na, which is released through the metabolic turnover of the bone. The 22Na not incorporated in the bone matrix is rapidly excreted within a few days when animals are fed high, but nontoxic levels of NaCl. The 22Na tracer can be used to measure bone mineral loss in animals during space flight and in research on bone disease.", "PMID": 115453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11840", "title": "Suprathreshold retinal damage due to single 6 picosecond 1060 nm laser light pulses.", "content": "The retinas of rhesus monkeys were exposed to 6 ps laser light pulses at 1060 nm at 62 and 95 muJ. Lesions were examined by light and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Evidence of damage was seen in all retinal layers, being most severe in the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. In addition to damage mechanisms previously proposed, it is suggested that the peak power flux density achieved with extremely short pulses may lead to some absorbance by inner retinal layers.", "contents": "Suprathreshold retinal damage due to single 6 picosecond 1060 nm laser light pulses. The retinas of rhesus monkeys were exposed to 6 ps laser light pulses at 1060 nm at 62 and 95 muJ. Lesions were examined by light and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Evidence of damage was seen in all retinal layers, being most severe in the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. In addition to damage mechanisms previously proposed, it is suggested that the peak power flux density achieved with extremely short pulses may lead to some absorbance by inner retinal layers.", "PMID": 115454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11841", "title": "A survey of intra- and interspecific variation for pupation height in Drosophila.", "content": "Pupation heights of various natural and laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, and D. pseudoobscura were observed in the laboratory under conditions of continuous darkness or continuous light. Generally higher mean pupation heights were observed under conditions of darkness. D. melanogaster tended to pupate higher than the D. pseudoobscura populations, and D. pseudoobscura tended to pupate higher than D. simulans. The order of these species differences was similar whether pupation was measured in light or in darkness. Results of selection for pupation height in D. melanogaster suggest the presence of genetic variation for this character. The possibility that a relationship exists between adult and larval behaviors was explored by measuring the pupation heights of larvae from strains selected for geotactic behavior as adults, and also by measuring geotaxis of adults from strains selected for pupation height.", "contents": "A survey of intra- and interspecific variation for pupation height in Drosophila. Pupation heights of various natural and laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, and D. pseudoobscura were observed in the laboratory under conditions of continuous darkness or continuous light. Generally higher mean pupation heights were observed under conditions of darkness. D. melanogaster tended to pupate higher than the D. pseudoobscura populations, and D. pseudoobscura tended to pupate higher than D. simulans. The order of these species differences was similar whether pupation was measured in light or in darkness. Results of selection for pupation height in D. melanogaster suggest the presence of genetic variation for this character. The possibility that a relationship exists between adult and larval behaviors was explored by measuring the pupation heights of larvae from strains selected for geotactic behavior as adults, and also by measuring geotaxis of adults from strains selected for pupation height.", "PMID": 115457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11842", "title": "Oviposition site preference in Drosophila.", "content": "Comparative studies of oviposition site preference (OSP) in Drosophila suggest that choice of oviposition site is an important adaptive behavior which influences individual fitness and the potential of populations for speciation. OSP has been investigated under conditions which provided females with a choice of standard medium or medium containing ethanol for oviposition. OSP is an extremely labile behavior in the laboratory, but a technique has been developed which minimizes variation between replicates and allows the detection of OPS differences between semispecies of a single species. An analysis of the OSP of 14 Drosophila species shows that this behavior is not correlated with phylogenetic relationships. OSP with respect to ethanol may be correlated with the presence of ethanol in the environment and the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in the species tested.", "contents": "Oviposition site preference in Drosophila. Comparative studies of oviposition site preference (OSP) in Drosophila suggest that choice of oviposition site is an important adaptive behavior which influences individual fitness and the potential of populations for speciation. OSP has been investigated under conditions which provided females with a choice of standard medium or medium containing ethanol for oviposition. OSP is an extremely labile behavior in the laboratory, but a technique has been developed which minimizes variation between replicates and allows the detection of OPS differences between semispecies of a single species. An analysis of the OSP of 14 Drosophila species shows that this behavior is not correlated with phylogenetic relationships. OSP with respect to ethanol may be correlated with the presence of ethanol in the environment and the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in the species tested.", "PMID": 115458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11843", "title": "Study on the fixation method of microcirculation system for electron microscopy.", "content": "1) Although glutaraldehyde solution was injected into the superior mesenteric artery, vessels and blood cells were not fixed immediately. 2) Glutaraldehyde was considered not to be suitable for the fixation of vessels and blood cells. 3) To observe the physiological and topographical correlation of vessels and blood contents, drop osmium fixation method was better to fix the microcirculatory units immediately. 4) The perfusion of glutaraldehyde was supposed to be necessary for the fixation of the solid tissue in which microcirculatory systems exist in deeper places like liver. However, the findings observed by the perfusion method might reflex microcirculatory disturbances occured by the perfusion of glutaraldehyde itself.", "contents": "Study on the fixation method of microcirculation system for electron microscopy. 1) Although glutaraldehyde solution was injected into the superior mesenteric artery, vessels and blood cells were not fixed immediately. 2) Glutaraldehyde was considered not to be suitable for the fixation of vessels and blood cells. 3) To observe the physiological and topographical correlation of vessels and blood contents, drop osmium fixation method was better to fix the microcirculatory units immediately. 4) The perfusion of glutaraldehyde was supposed to be necessary for the fixation of the solid tissue in which microcirculatory systems exist in deeper places like liver. However, the findings observed by the perfusion method might reflex microcirculatory disturbances occured by the perfusion of glutaraldehyde itself.", "PMID": 115462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11844", "title": "Changes in the acyl lipid composition of photosynthetic bacteria grown under photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic conditions.", "content": "The acyl lipids and their constituent fatty acids were studied in the photosynthetic bacteria Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodopseudomonas capsulata and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, which were grown under photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic conditions. The major lipids were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin in each bacterium. The two Rhodopseudomonas species also contained significant quantities of phosphatidylcholine. Other acyl lipids accounted for less than 10% of the total. On changing growth conditions from non-photosynthetic to photosynthetic a large increase in the relative proportion of phosphatidylglycerol was seen at the expense of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine. In Rhodospirillum rubrum the fatty acids of the major phospholipids showed an increase in the proportion of palmitate and stearate and a decrease in palmitoleate and vaccenate on changing growth conditions to photosynthetic. In contrast, the exceptionally high levels (>80%) of vaccenate in individual phospholipids of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were unaffected by changing growth conditions to photosynthetic. Analysis of the lipids of chromatophores, isolated from the three bacteria, showed that these preparations were enriched in phosphatidylglycerol. The large increase in this phospholipid, seen during growth under photosynthetic conditions, appeared, therefore, to be due to a proliferation of chromatophore membranes. Possible roles for acyl lipids in the formation and function of the photosynthetic apparatus of bacteria are discussed.", "contents": "Changes in the acyl lipid composition of photosynthetic bacteria grown under photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic conditions. The acyl lipids and their constituent fatty acids were studied in the photosynthetic bacteria Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodopseudomonas capsulata and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, which were grown under photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic conditions. The major lipids were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin in each bacterium. The two Rhodopseudomonas species also contained significant quantities of phosphatidylcholine. Other acyl lipids accounted for less than 10% of the total. On changing growth conditions from non-photosynthetic to photosynthetic a large increase in the relative proportion of phosphatidylglycerol was seen at the expense of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine. In Rhodospirillum rubrum the fatty acids of the major phospholipids showed an increase in the proportion of palmitate and stearate and a decrease in palmitoleate and vaccenate on changing growth conditions to photosynthetic. In contrast, the exceptionally high levels (>80%) of vaccenate in individual phospholipids of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were unaffected by changing growth conditions to photosynthetic. Analysis of the lipids of chromatophores, isolated from the three bacteria, showed that these preparations were enriched in phosphatidylglycerol. The large increase in this phospholipid, seen during growth under photosynthetic conditions, appeared, therefore, to be due to a proliferation of chromatophore membranes. Possible roles for acyl lipids in the formation and function of the photosynthetic apparatus of bacteria are discussed.", "PMID": 115463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11845", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of hepatic microsomal N-oxide formation. N-oxidation of NN-dimethylaniline by a reconstituted rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P-448 enzyme system.", "content": "The N-oxidation of NN-dimethylaniline was studied by using a reconstituted rabbit liver microsomal enzyme system consisting of highly purified cytochrome P-448, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and lipid factor. Both cytochrome P-448 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase were required for optimum N-oxygenating activity; the catalytic capacity of the reductase fraction for supporting N-oxide formation varied with the isolation procedure applied. Addition of microsomal lipids to the assay media stimulated N-oxidation of the arylamine. N-Oxide formation appeared to be not generally controlled by electron transfer from cytochrome b5 to cytochrome P-448. The present work confirms that cytochrome P-448 can mediate about 44% of the rabbit liver microsomal N-oxidation of NN-dimethylaniline, thus reinforcing the existence of at least two distinct tertiary amine N-oxidases, i.e. haemoprotein and flavoprotein oxidase, in liver microsomal fractions.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of hepatic microsomal N-oxide formation. N-oxidation of NN-dimethylaniline by a reconstituted rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P-448 enzyme system. The N-oxidation of NN-dimethylaniline was studied by using a reconstituted rabbit liver microsomal enzyme system consisting of highly purified cytochrome P-448, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and lipid factor. Both cytochrome P-448 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase were required for optimum N-oxygenating activity; the catalytic capacity of the reductase fraction for supporting N-oxide formation varied with the isolation procedure applied. Addition of microsomal lipids to the assay media stimulated N-oxidation of the arylamine. N-Oxide formation appeared to be not generally controlled by electron transfer from cytochrome b5 to cytochrome P-448. The present work confirms that cytochrome P-448 can mediate about 44% of the rabbit liver microsomal N-oxidation of NN-dimethylaniline, thus reinforcing the existence of at least two distinct tertiary amine N-oxidases, i.e. haemoprotein and flavoprotein oxidase, in liver microsomal fractions.", "PMID": 115464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11846", "title": "[Studies on cellular protein synthesis in synovial fluid following intraarticular gold administration (author's transl)].", "content": "Na-aurothiomalate was applied intraarticularly in the conentration range between 2 and 40 mg to joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Between 2 and 20 mg a constant inhibition of 3H-aminoacids incorporation in proteins was observed. At a dosage of 40 mg of this gold salt a strong inhibition could be detected. In the low concentration range an additional degradation of structurally changed proteins could be the cause of the lower incorporation rate of 3H-aminoacids. From 40 mg on a real inhibition of protein synthesis seems to occur.", "contents": "[Studies on cellular protein synthesis in synovial fluid following intraarticular gold administration (author's transl)]. Na-aurothiomalate was applied intraarticularly in the conentration range between 2 and 40 mg to joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Between 2 and 20 mg a constant inhibition of 3H-aminoacids incorporation in proteins was observed. At a dosage of 40 mg of this gold salt a strong inhibition could be detected. In the low concentration range an additional degradation of structurally changed proteins could be the cause of the lower incorporation rate of 3H-aminoacids. From 40 mg on a real inhibition of protein synthesis seems to occur.", "PMID": 115476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11847", "title": "Reinforcing properties of nicocodine in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The present study demonstrates that nicocodine is self-administered by the rhesus monkey in cross self-administration experiments. The minimum reinforcing dose is 10 times higher than that of codeine and 100 times higher than that of heroin. At reinforcing doses the rate of self-administered infusions of nicocodine is comparable with those of codeine. Further experiments are necessary to rank order nicocodine as to its positive reinforcing properties among the opiate-like compounds. On the other hand the present experiments demonstrate that nicocodine is an opium-like reinforcing compound.", "contents": "Reinforcing properties of nicocodine in the rhesus monkey. The present study demonstrates that nicocodine is self-administered by the rhesus monkey in cross self-administration experiments. The minimum reinforcing dose is 10 times higher than that of codeine and 100 times higher than that of heroin. At reinforcing doses the rate of self-administered infusions of nicocodine is comparable with those of codeine. Further experiments are necessary to rank order nicocodine as to its positive reinforcing properties among the opiate-like compounds. On the other hand the present experiments demonstrate that nicocodine is an opium-like reinforcing compound.", "PMID": 115478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11848", "title": "Influence of anticoagulant substances on phosphoserine and taurine of human blood.", "content": "The influence of heparine (Liquemin) and sodium-EDTA on phosphoserine and taurine of human blood was investigated. Phosphoserine which was not or nearly not present in serum increased after addition of both the anticoagulant substances. The heparine used contained phosphoserine as the only ninhydrinic substance in low concentrations. After addition of heparine phosphoserine in human plasma does not increase proportionally to that change. A mechanism is assumed which leads to the release from cells or which stimulates the synthesis of the substance. A similar effect was found with sodium-EDTA but not with sodium citrate. An opposite effect was detected with taurine in human blood. In serum the highest concentration was measured which decreased slowly under heparine as well as under sodium-EDTA addition.", "contents": "Influence of anticoagulant substances on phosphoserine and taurine of human blood. The influence of heparine (Liquemin) and sodium-EDTA on phosphoserine and taurine of human blood was investigated. Phosphoserine which was not or nearly not present in serum increased after addition of both the anticoagulant substances. The heparine used contained phosphoserine as the only ninhydrinic substance in low concentrations. After addition of heparine phosphoserine in human plasma does not increase proportionally to that change. A mechanism is assumed which leads to the release from cells or which stimulates the synthesis of the substance. A similar effect was found with sodium-EDTA but not with sodium citrate. An opposite effect was detected with taurine in human blood. In serum the highest concentration was measured which decreased slowly under heparine as well as under sodium-EDTA addition.", "PMID": 115479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11849", "title": "Antimicrobial agents in rats. II. Serum levels of oral cephalosporins.", "content": "Cephalexin, cephradine and 7 beta-(D-2-amino-2-[(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)-acetamido])-3-methoxy-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (CGP 9000) were tested for their pharmacokinetic behaviour in rats. The cephalosporin serum concentrations were determined at certain times after oral administration of 150 mg/kg by the agar-well-diffusion method. The experiments revealed that the serum levels of cephalexin and cephradine did not differe essentially from one another. They maintained maximum serum concentrations of 30 microgram/ml to 40 microgram/ml during the first hour and than declined with a half-life of 2.5 h. CGP 9000 reached peak concentrations 60 to 90 min postdose and was eliminated with a half-life of 3.5 h. The area under the curve was double as large as those of cephalexin and cephradine. This may be a reason of favourable results in experimental chemotherapy with CGP 9000.", "contents": "Antimicrobial agents in rats. II. Serum levels of oral cephalosporins. Cephalexin, cephradine and 7 beta-(D-2-amino-2-[(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)-acetamido])-3-methoxy-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (CGP 9000) were tested for their pharmacokinetic behaviour in rats. The cephalosporin serum concentrations were determined at certain times after oral administration of 150 mg/kg by the agar-well-diffusion method. The experiments revealed that the serum levels of cephalexin and cephradine did not differe essentially from one another. They maintained maximum serum concentrations of 30 microgram/ml to 40 microgram/ml during the first hour and than declined with a half-life of 2.5 h. CGP 9000 reached peak concentrations 60 to 90 min postdose and was eliminated with a half-life of 3.5 h. The area under the curve was double as large as those of cephalexin and cephradine. This may be a reason of favourable results in experimental chemotherapy with CGP 9000.", "PMID": 115480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11850", "title": "[Combined pituitary stimulation test using LHRH, TRH and insulin in subjects with short stature: evaluation of the response of pituitary tropins at 8 a.m. and at 8 p.m].", "content": "The effect of a combined test (insulin, TRH, LHRH) on plasma levels of GH, LH, FSH, PRL and Cortisol was studied in 5 subjects with short stature. Two test were performed at 8 a.m. and at 8 p.m. In all subjects the GH, FSH, LH, TSH, PRL and Cortisol levels showed no relevant response during the two tests.", "contents": "[Combined pituitary stimulation test using LHRH, TRH and insulin in subjects with short stature: evaluation of the response of pituitary tropins at 8 a.m. and at 8 p.m]. The effect of a combined test (insulin, TRH, LHRH) on plasma levels of GH, LH, FSH, PRL and Cortisol was studied in 5 subjects with short stature. Two test were performed at 8 a.m. and at 8 p.m. In all subjects the GH, FSH, LH, TSH, PRL and Cortisol levels showed no relevant response during the two tests.", "PMID": 115485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11851", "title": "[Plasma LH, FSH, TSH, prolactin and cortisol during a combined test of pituitary reserve in prepubertal subjects with short stature].", "content": "The effect of a combined test (insulin, TRH, LHRH) on plasma concentrations of LH, FSH, PRL, Cortisol was studied in 18 normal subjects in prepubescent state and in 65 patients in prepubescent state with short stature. In 6 subjects with short stature there was no change of LH, and in 7 subjects with short stature there was no change of FSH. In conclusion the combined test for pituitary stimulation provides an useful method for localizing the lesion in disorders of hypothalamo-pituitary axis.", "contents": "[Plasma LH, FSH, TSH, prolactin and cortisol during a combined test of pituitary reserve in prepubertal subjects with short stature]. The effect of a combined test (insulin, TRH, LHRH) on plasma concentrations of LH, FSH, PRL, Cortisol was studied in 18 normal subjects in prepubescent state and in 65 patients in prepubescent state with short stature. In 6 subjects with short stature there was no change of LH, and in 7 subjects with short stature there was no change of FSH. In conclusion the combined test for pituitary stimulation provides an useful method for localizing the lesion in disorders of hypothalamo-pituitary axis.", "PMID": 115486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11852", "title": "Differential effects of metal ions on Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and stoichiometric incorporation of HCO3- into a cobalt(III)--enzyme complex.", "content": "Mg2+ or Mn2+ ions supported both the carboxylase and oxygenase activities of the Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. For the carboxylase reaction, Mn2+ supported 25% of the maximum activity obtained with Mg2+; oxygenase activity, however, was twice as great with Mn2+ as compared to that with Mg2+. A further differential effect was obtained with Co2+. Co2+ did not support carboxylase activity and, in fact, was a strong inhibitor of Mg2+-dependent carboxylase activity, with a Ki of 10 microM. Co2+ did, however, support oxygenase activity, eliciting about 40% of the Mg2+-dependent oxygenase activity. No other divalent cations supported either activity. With high concentrations of Mg2+ or Mn2+, maximum carboxylase activity was seen after a 5-min activation period; activity decreased to about half of maximum after 30-min activation. A similar time dependence of activation was observed with Mn2+-dependent oxygenase activity but was not seen for Mg2+- or Co2+-dependent activity. Both carboxylase and oxygenase activities were inactivated by the oxidation of Co2+ to Co(III) with the resultant formation of a stable Co(III)--enzyme complex. In the presence of HCO3- (CO2), Co(III) modification was stoichiometric, with two cobalt atoms bound per enzyme dimer. Carbon dioxide was also incorporated into this Co(III)--enzyme complex, but only one molecule per enzyme dimer was bound, indicative of half-the-sites activity. These results thus indicate that there are substantial differences in the metal ion sites of the carboxylase and oxygenase activities of R, rubrum ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.", "contents": "Differential effects of metal ions on Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and stoichiometric incorporation of HCO3- into a cobalt(III)--enzyme complex. Mg2+ or Mn2+ ions supported both the carboxylase and oxygenase activities of the Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. For the carboxylase reaction, Mn2+ supported 25% of the maximum activity obtained with Mg2+; oxygenase activity, however, was twice as great with Mn2+ as compared to that with Mg2+. A further differential effect was obtained with Co2+. Co2+ did not support carboxylase activity and, in fact, was a strong inhibitor of Mg2+-dependent carboxylase activity, with a Ki of 10 microM. Co2+ did, however, support oxygenase activity, eliciting about 40% of the Mg2+-dependent oxygenase activity. No other divalent cations supported either activity. With high concentrations of Mg2+ or Mn2+, maximum carboxylase activity was seen after a 5-min activation period; activity decreased to about half of maximum after 30-min activation. A similar time dependence of activation was observed with Mn2+-dependent oxygenase activity but was not seen for Mg2+- or Co2+-dependent activity. Both carboxylase and oxygenase activities were inactivated by the oxidation of Co2+ to Co(III) with the resultant formation of a stable Co(III)--enzyme complex. In the presence of HCO3- (CO2), Co(III) modification was stoichiometric, with two cobalt atoms bound per enzyme dimer. Carbon dioxide was also incorporated into this Co(III)--enzyme complex, but only one molecule per enzyme dimer was bound, indicative of half-the-sites activity. These results thus indicate that there are substantial differences in the metal ion sites of the carboxylase and oxygenase activities of R, rubrum ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.", "PMID": 115489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11853", "title": "Subunit association and side-chain reactivities of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in denaturing solvents.", "content": "The copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase of bovine erythrocytes retains its native molecular weight of 32 000 in 8.0 M urea for at least 72 h at 25 degrees C, as evidenced by sedimentation equilibrium analysis. Subsequent to prolonged exposure to urea, the dimeric enzyme could be dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulfate in the absence of reductants, indicating the absence of unnatural disulfide cross-links. The sulfhydryl group of cysteine-6 was unreactive toward 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) or bromoacetic acid in both neutral buffer and 8.0 M urea. The histidine residues of the enzyme were resistant to carboxymethylation in neutral buffer and 8.0 M urea. However, when the enzyme was exposed to bromoacetic acid in the presence of 6.0 M guanidinium chloride and 1 mM (ethylenedinitriol)tetraacetic acid (EDTA), both sulfhydryl and histidine alkylation were observed. Guanidinium chloride (6.0 M) increased the reactivity of the sulfhydryl group of cysteine-6 and allowed the oxidative formation of disulfide-bridged dimers. This was prevented by 1 mM EDTA. It follows that 8.0 M urea neither dissociates the native enzyme into subunits nor produces a conformation detectably different than that possessed under native conditions.", "contents": "Subunit association and side-chain reactivities of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in denaturing solvents. The copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase of bovine erythrocytes retains its native molecular weight of 32 000 in 8.0 M urea for at least 72 h at 25 degrees C, as evidenced by sedimentation equilibrium analysis. Subsequent to prolonged exposure to urea, the dimeric enzyme could be dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulfate in the absence of reductants, indicating the absence of unnatural disulfide cross-links. The sulfhydryl group of cysteine-6 was unreactive toward 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) or bromoacetic acid in both neutral buffer and 8.0 M urea. The histidine residues of the enzyme were resistant to carboxymethylation in neutral buffer and 8.0 M urea. However, when the enzyme was exposed to bromoacetic acid in the presence of 6.0 M guanidinium chloride and 1 mM (ethylenedinitriol)tetraacetic acid (EDTA), both sulfhydryl and histidine alkylation were observed. Guanidinium chloride (6.0 M) increased the reactivity of the sulfhydryl group of cysteine-6 and allowed the oxidative formation of disulfide-bridged dimers. This was prevented by 1 mM EDTA. It follows that 8.0 M urea neither dissociates the native enzyme into subunits nor produces a conformation detectably different than that possessed under native conditions.", "PMID": 115491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11854", "title": "Energy transfer among the chromophores in phycocyanins measured by picosecond kinetics.", "content": "Energy-transfer processes in the algal light-harvesting proteins, the phycocyanins, have been studied by means of picosecond absorption spectroscopy. After excitation at 530 nm, the absorption at several wavelengths in the range 480--669 nm decayed with a short time constant (picosecond) and a long time constant (greater than 1 ns). For C-phycocyanin, energy transfer from the beta to the alpha subunits is interpreted as being a likely candidate for the short time constant; the long time constant probably is the excitation lifetime of the chromophore on the alpha subunits. The time constants for energy transfer in monomers, trimers, and hexamers of C-phycocyanin extracted from a blue-green alga, Phormidium luridum, were measured as approximately 85, approximately 56, and approximately 32 ps, respectively. The corresponding time constant in the cryptomonad phycocyanin 645 from Chroomonas species was found to be less than 5 ps.", "contents": "Energy transfer among the chromophores in phycocyanins measured by picosecond kinetics. Energy-transfer processes in the algal light-harvesting proteins, the phycocyanins, have been studied by means of picosecond absorption spectroscopy. After excitation at 530 nm, the absorption at several wavelengths in the range 480--669 nm decayed with a short time constant (picosecond) and a long time constant (greater than 1 ns). For C-phycocyanin, energy transfer from the beta to the alpha subunits is interpreted as being a likely candidate for the short time constant; the long time constant probably is the excitation lifetime of the chromophore on the alpha subunits. The time constants for energy transfer in monomers, trimers, and hexamers of C-phycocyanin extracted from a blue-green alga, Phormidium luridum, were measured as approximately 85, approximately 56, and approximately 32 ps, respectively. The corresponding time constant in the cryptomonad phycocyanin 645 from Chroomonas species was found to be less than 5 ps.", "PMID": 115492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11855", "title": "Adsorption of monovalent cations to bilayer membranes containing negative phospholipids.", "content": "The electrophoretic mobilities of multilamellar phosphatidylserine vesicles were measured in solutions containing monovalent cations, and the xi potentials, the electrostatic potentials at the hydrodynamic plane of shear, were calculated from the Helmholtz--Smoluchowski equation. In the presence of 0.1 M lithium, sodium, ammonium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, tetraethylammonium, and tetramethylammonium chloride, the xi potentials were -60, -62, -72, -73, -77, -80, -82, and -91 mV, respectively. Similar results were obtained with phosphatidylglycerol vesicles; different results were obtained with cardiolipin, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid vesicles. The phosphatidylserine results are interpreted in terms of the Stern equation, a combination of the Gouy equation from the theory of the diffuse double layer, the Boltzmann relation, and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Evidence is presented that suggests the hydrodynamic plane of shear is 2 A from the surface of the membrane in solutions containing the alkali metal cations. With this assumption, the intrinsic association constants of the above monovalent cations with phosphatidylserine are 0.8, 0.6, 0.17, 0.15, 0.08, 0.05, 0.03, and 0 M-1, respectively. The validity of this approach was tested in two ways. First, the xi potentials of vesicles formed from mixtures of phosphatidylserine and a zwitterionic lipid, phosphatidylcholine, were measured in solutions containing different concentrations of sodium. All the data could be described by the Stern equation if the \"relaxation\" of the ionic atmosphere, which is predicted by classic electrostatic and hydrodynamic theory to occur at low salt concentrations and high potentials, was circumvented by using only large (diameter greater than 13 micrometers) vesicles for these measurements. Second, the fluorescent probe 2-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalene-6-sulfonate was used to estimate the potential at the surface of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol vesicles sonicated in 0.1 M NaCl. Reasonable agreement with the predicted values of the surface potential was obtained.", "contents": "Adsorption of monovalent cations to bilayer membranes containing negative phospholipids. The electrophoretic mobilities of multilamellar phosphatidylserine vesicles were measured in solutions containing monovalent cations, and the xi potentials, the electrostatic potentials at the hydrodynamic plane of shear, were calculated from the Helmholtz--Smoluchowski equation. In the presence of 0.1 M lithium, sodium, ammonium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, tetraethylammonium, and tetramethylammonium chloride, the xi potentials were -60, -62, -72, -73, -77, -80, -82, and -91 mV, respectively. Similar results were obtained with phosphatidylglycerol vesicles; different results were obtained with cardiolipin, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid vesicles. The phosphatidylserine results are interpreted in terms of the Stern equation, a combination of the Gouy equation from the theory of the diffuse double layer, the Boltzmann relation, and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Evidence is presented that suggests the hydrodynamic plane of shear is 2 A from the surface of the membrane in solutions containing the alkali metal cations. With this assumption, the intrinsic association constants of the above monovalent cations with phosphatidylserine are 0.8, 0.6, 0.17, 0.15, 0.08, 0.05, 0.03, and 0 M-1, respectively. The validity of this approach was tested in two ways. First, the xi potentials of vesicles formed from mixtures of phosphatidylserine and a zwitterionic lipid, phosphatidylcholine, were measured in solutions containing different concentrations of sodium. All the data could be described by the Stern equation if the \"relaxation\" of the ionic atmosphere, which is predicted by classic electrostatic and hydrodynamic theory to occur at low salt concentrations and high potentials, was circumvented by using only large (diameter greater than 13 micrometers) vesicles for these measurements. Second, the fluorescent probe 2-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalene-6-sulfonate was used to estimate the potential at the surface of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol vesicles sonicated in 0.1 M NaCl. Reasonable agreement with the predicted values of the surface potential was obtained.", "PMID": 115493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11856", "title": "Asymmetry of the site of choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine of rat liver microsomes.", "content": "[14C]Choline was incorporated into microsomal membranes in vivo, and from CDP-[14C]choline in vitro, and the site of incorporation determined by hydrolysis of the outer leaflet of the membrane bilayer using phospholipase C from Clostridium welchii. Labelled phosphatidylcholine was found to be concentrated in the outer leaflet of the membrane bilayer with a specific activity approximately three times that of the inner leaflet. During incorporation of CDP-choline and treatment with phospholipase C the vesicles retained labelled-protein contents indicating that they remained intact. When the microsomes were opened with taurocholate after incorporation of [14C]choline in vivo, the labelled phosphatidylcholine behaved as a single pool. Selective hydrolysis of labelled phosphatidylcholine in intact vesicles is not, therefore, a consequence of specificity of phospholipase C. These results indicate that the phosphatidylcholine of the outer leaflet of the microsomal membrane bilayer is preferentially labelled by the choline-phosphotransferase pathway and that this pool of phospholipid does not equilibrate with that of the inner leaflet.", "contents": "Asymmetry of the site of choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine of rat liver microsomes. [14C]Choline was incorporated into microsomal membranes in vivo, and from CDP-[14C]choline in vitro, and the site of incorporation determined by hydrolysis of the outer leaflet of the membrane bilayer using phospholipase C from Clostridium welchii. Labelled phosphatidylcholine was found to be concentrated in the outer leaflet of the membrane bilayer with a specific activity approximately three times that of the inner leaflet. During incorporation of CDP-choline and treatment with phospholipase C the vesicles retained labelled-protein contents indicating that they remained intact. When the microsomes were opened with taurocholate after incorporation of [14C]choline in vivo, the labelled phosphatidylcholine behaved as a single pool. Selective hydrolysis of labelled phosphatidylcholine in intact vesicles is not, therefore, a consequence of specificity of phospholipase C. These results indicate that the phosphatidylcholine of the outer leaflet of the microsomal membrane bilayer is preferentially labelled by the choline-phosphotransferase pathway and that this pool of phospholipid does not equilibrate with that of the inner leaflet.", "PMID": 115494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11857", "title": "Selective inhibition of precursor incorporation into ribosomal RNA in gamma-irradiated Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "Sublethal doses of gamma radiation are known to inhibit total RNA synthesis in the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena. To determine if the synthesis of a particular class of RNA is preferentially inhibited, pulse-labeled RNA was isolated from normal exponentially growing cells, irradiated cells, and cells in which total RNA synthesis had recovered to the pre-irradiation level. The RNAs were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and oligo(dT)-cellulose column chromatography. Inhibition of RNA synthesis primarily involves ribosomal RNA. However, radiation does not cause a delay in the processing of precursor rRNA or a preferential loss of either of the mature rRNAs. Following irradiation, poly(A)-containing RNA [poly(A+)RNA] is synthesized at a rate up to three times greater than the control rate. The elevated poly(A+)RNA synthesis occurs during the period of depressed rRNA synthesis and even after rRNA synthesis has recovered to its pre-irradiation rate. While the sizes of the total cellular ribonucleoside triphosphate pools are depressed in the irradiated cells, these pools probably do not represent the actual compartments containing the precursors for RNA synthesis, and the observed changes cannot explain the modifications in macromolecular synthesis in irradiated Tetrahymena.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of precursor incorporation into ribosomal RNA in gamma-irradiated Tetrahymena pyriformis. Sublethal doses of gamma radiation are known to inhibit total RNA synthesis in the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena. To determine if the synthesis of a particular class of RNA is preferentially inhibited, pulse-labeled RNA was isolated from normal exponentially growing cells, irradiated cells, and cells in which total RNA synthesis had recovered to the pre-irradiation level. The RNAs were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and oligo(dT)-cellulose column chromatography. Inhibition of RNA synthesis primarily involves ribosomal RNA. However, radiation does not cause a delay in the processing of precursor rRNA or a preferential loss of either of the mature rRNAs. Following irradiation, poly(A)-containing RNA [poly(A+)RNA] is synthesized at a rate up to three times greater than the control rate. The elevated poly(A+)RNA synthesis occurs during the period of depressed rRNA synthesis and even after rRNA synthesis has recovered to its pre-irradiation rate. While the sizes of the total cellular ribonucleoside triphosphate pools are depressed in the irradiated cells, these pools probably do not represent the actual compartments containing the precursors for RNA synthesis, and the observed changes cannot explain the modifications in macromolecular synthesis in irradiated Tetrahymena.", "PMID": 115495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11858", "title": "Distribution pattern and enzymic hypermethylation of inverted repetitive DNA sequences in P815 mastocytoma cells.", "content": "A specific class of DNA sequences, the inverted repetitive sequences, forms a double-stranded structure within a single linear polynucleotide chain in denatured DNA. The reassociation process is unimolecular and occurs very fast. Quantitative analyses have shown that in mouse P815 cells these sequences comprise about 4% of the nuclear DNA and are interspersed within sequences of other degrees of repetitiveness. After labeling the cells with L-[Me-3H]methionine and [14C]deoxycytidine, relative rates of enzymic DNA methylation were computed on the basis of radioactivities found in pyrimidine residues of the nuclear DNA. The results indicate that in P815 cells, DNA of inverted repetitive sequences is methylated to a level about 50% higher than the normal repetitive DNA sequences and to about 300% higher than the unique and intermediary intermediatry sequences. The biological function of the inverted repetitive sequences, as well as of the role of enzymic methylation of DNA remains unknown.", "contents": "Distribution pattern and enzymic hypermethylation of inverted repetitive DNA sequences in P815 mastocytoma cells. A specific class of DNA sequences, the inverted repetitive sequences, forms a double-stranded structure within a single linear polynucleotide chain in denatured DNA. The reassociation process is unimolecular and occurs very fast. Quantitative analyses have shown that in mouse P815 cells these sequences comprise about 4% of the nuclear DNA and are interspersed within sequences of other degrees of repetitiveness. After labeling the cells with L-[Me-3H]methionine and [14C]deoxycytidine, relative rates of enzymic DNA methylation were computed on the basis of radioactivities found in pyrimidine residues of the nuclear DNA. The results indicate that in P815 cells, DNA of inverted repetitive sequences is methylated to a level about 50% higher than the normal repetitive DNA sequences and to about 300% higher than the unique and intermediary intermediatry sequences. The biological function of the inverted repetitive sequences, as well as of the role of enzymic methylation of DNA remains unknown.", "PMID": 115496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11859", "title": "Characterization of UDP-galactosyl:asialo-mucin transferase activity in the Golgi system of rat liver.", "content": "UDPgalactosyltransferase activity (UDPgalactose:mucopolysaccharide galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.74) was measured in a well-characterized fraction of Golgi membranes in the presence of UDPgalactose and exogenous acceptor sites. Substrate saturation for 0.05 mg Golgi protein was achieved at a concentration of 4.6 mM UDPgalactose. Desialylated mucin proved to be the most suitable acceptor protein. Access to galactose acceptor sites was not rate limiting for the reaction when 20 mg of asialo-mucin/ml of incubation mixture was used. With these concentrations of substrates the use of nucleotides to inhibit pyrophosphatases and of detergents to perturb the membrane structure was not necessary and proved, in fact, to be inhibitory to galactose transfer. UDPgalactosyl:asialo-mucin transferase activity in Golgi membranes was 230 nmol galactose transferred/mg Golgi protein per 30 min.", "contents": "Characterization of UDP-galactosyl:asialo-mucin transferase activity in the Golgi system of rat liver. UDPgalactosyltransferase activity (UDPgalactose:mucopolysaccharide galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.74) was measured in a well-characterized fraction of Golgi membranes in the presence of UDPgalactose and exogenous acceptor sites. Substrate saturation for 0.05 mg Golgi protein was achieved at a concentration of 4.6 mM UDPgalactose. Desialylated mucin proved to be the most suitable acceptor protein. Access to galactose acceptor sites was not rate limiting for the reaction when 20 mg of asialo-mucin/ml of incubation mixture was used. With these concentrations of substrates the use of nucleotides to inhibit pyrophosphatases and of detergents to perturb the membrane structure was not necessary and proved, in fact, to be inhibitory to galactose transfer. UDPgalactosyl:asialo-mucin transferase activity in Golgi membranes was 230 nmol galactose transferred/mg Golgi protein per 30 min.", "PMID": 115498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11860", "title": "Pyrimidine-degrading enzymes. Purification and properties of beta-ureidopropionase of Euglena gracilis.", "content": "In photoorganotrophically grown, mid-log phase cells of Euglena gracilis, enzymes of pyrimidine degradation including uracil reductase, dihydrouracil dehydrogenase, dihydropyrimidinase, and beta-ureidopropionase, were detected in a crude extract. beta-Ureidopropionase (N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.6) was purified 100-fold by heat treatment, ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatography using Sepharose 6B and DEAE-Sephadex A-25. The enzyme follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km of beta-ureidopropionase for beta-ureidopropionate 3.8 . 10(-5) M, Hill coefficient n = 1). Other enzyme properties are: pH optimum 6.25, temperature optimum 60 degrees C, stimulation by Mg2+, inhibition by Cu2+, Mr approximately 1.5--2 . 10(6). beta-Ureidoisobutyrate, the intermediate of thymine degradation, and beta-ureidopropionate are competing substrates of beta-ureidopropionase (Ki = Km of beta-ureidopropionase for beta-ureidoisobutyrate 1.8 . 10(-5) M). Structural analogues of beta-ureidopropionate, isobutyrate and propionate are competitive inhibitors (Ki of beta-ureidopropionase 0.3 and 0.16 mM, respectively). There were no indications of regulatory function of beta-ureidopropionase in pyrimidine degradation.", "contents": "Pyrimidine-degrading enzymes. Purification and properties of beta-ureidopropionase of Euglena gracilis. In photoorganotrophically grown, mid-log phase cells of Euglena gracilis, enzymes of pyrimidine degradation including uracil reductase, dihydrouracil dehydrogenase, dihydropyrimidinase, and beta-ureidopropionase, were detected in a crude extract. beta-Ureidopropionase (N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.6) was purified 100-fold by heat treatment, ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatography using Sepharose 6B and DEAE-Sephadex A-25. The enzyme follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km of beta-ureidopropionase for beta-ureidopropionate 3.8 . 10(-5) M, Hill coefficient n = 1). Other enzyme properties are: pH optimum 6.25, temperature optimum 60 degrees C, stimulation by Mg2+, inhibition by Cu2+, Mr approximately 1.5--2 . 10(6). beta-Ureidoisobutyrate, the intermediate of thymine degradation, and beta-ureidopropionate are competing substrates of beta-ureidopropionase (Ki = Km of beta-ureidopropionase for beta-ureidoisobutyrate 1.8 . 10(-5) M). Structural analogues of beta-ureidopropionate, isobutyrate and propionate are competitive inhibitors (Ki of beta-ureidopropionase 0.3 and 0.16 mM, respectively). There were no indications of regulatory function of beta-ureidopropionase in pyrimidine degradation.", "PMID": 115499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11861", "title": "Photosensory transduction in the flagellated alga, Euglena gracilis I. Action of divalent cations, Ca2+ antagonists and Ca2+ ionophore on motility and photobehavior.", "content": "1. The flagellated alga, Euglena gracilis, swims forward essentially in a straight path under constant light intensity. Strong motility of the cells can be supported by Mg2+ alone but optimum motility is found in the presence of Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+. 2. Ca2+, Co2+, Mn2+ and Ba2+ induce a concentration-dependent increase in the rate at which the cells change the direction of their swimming path (a klinokinesis). Ni2+ immobilizes the flagellum. 3. On perception of a reduction ('step-down stimulus') in blue light intensity in their environment, Euglena rotate in place (tumble) for a finite period (the step-down photophobic response). 4. The duration of the tumbling is enhanced in the presence of divalent cations following the series Ca2+ greater than Ba2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Co2+ greater than Mg2+ = Ni2+ = 0. 5. Neither the tumbling response in the presence of low concentrations of Ca2+ or the Ca2+-stimulated response is altered by verapamil (a Ca2+ conductance antagonist). The Ca2+ conductance/active transport antagonist, ruthenium red, is also inactive. 6. The Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, has little effect on flagellar activity in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. However, in the presence of A23187, Ca2+ induces a specific light-independent, concentration-dependent discontinuous tumbling response of the cells. 7. The data support a role for Ca2+ and Mg2+ in control of flagellar activity. However, blue light-induced tumbling behavior would not appear to be the direct result of a light-mediated alteration in the Ca2+ conductance of the flagellar membrane to affect flagellar reorientation. The results are discussed in connection with previous theories on control of flagella activity in green alga.", "contents": "Photosensory transduction in the flagellated alga, Euglena gracilis I. Action of divalent cations, Ca2+ antagonists and Ca2+ ionophore on motility and photobehavior. 1. The flagellated alga, Euglena gracilis, swims forward essentially in a straight path under constant light intensity. Strong motility of the cells can be supported by Mg2+ alone but optimum motility is found in the presence of Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+. 2. Ca2+, Co2+, Mn2+ and Ba2+ induce a concentration-dependent increase in the rate at which the cells change the direction of their swimming path (a klinokinesis). Ni2+ immobilizes the flagellum. 3. On perception of a reduction ('step-down stimulus') in blue light intensity in their environment, Euglena rotate in place (tumble) for a finite period (the step-down photophobic response). 4. The duration of the tumbling is enhanced in the presence of divalent cations following the series Ca2+ greater than Ba2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Co2+ greater than Mg2+ = Ni2+ = 0. 5. Neither the tumbling response in the presence of low concentrations of Ca2+ or the Ca2+-stimulated response is altered by verapamil (a Ca2+ conductance antagonist). The Ca2+ conductance/active transport antagonist, ruthenium red, is also inactive. 6. The Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, has little effect on flagellar activity in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. However, in the presence of A23187, Ca2+ induces a specific light-independent, concentration-dependent discontinuous tumbling response of the cells. 7. The data support a role for Ca2+ and Mg2+ in control of flagellar activity. However, blue light-induced tumbling behavior would not appear to be the direct result of a light-mediated alteration in the Ca2+ conductance of the flagellar membrane to affect flagellar reorientation. The results are discussed in connection with previous theories on control of flagella activity in green alga.", "PMID": 115500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11862", "title": "Chemical basis of the electrophoretic variation observed at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The amino acid substitution responsible for the different electrophoretic mobility of the ADHs alleloenzyme and the ADHf alleloenzyme of the alcohol dehydrogenase from a Nigerian population of Drosophila melanogaster has been established as lysine (ADHs) for threonine (ADHf). This result is discussed with reference to the charge state model of electrophoretic variation, in conjunction with other know substitutions at this locus. It is concluded that electrophoretic methods should be capable of distinguishing many alleloenzymes which have identical isoelectric points without recourse to explanations involving conformational variability.", "contents": "Chemical basis of the electrophoretic variation observed at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus of Drosophila melanogaster. The amino acid substitution responsible for the different electrophoretic mobility of the ADHs alleloenzyme and the ADHf alleloenzyme of the alcohol dehydrogenase from a Nigerian population of Drosophila melanogaster has been established as lysine (ADHs) for threonine (ADHf). This result is discussed with reference to the charge state model of electrophoretic variation, in conjunction with other know substitutions at this locus. It is concluded that electrophoretic methods should be capable of distinguishing many alleloenzymes which have identical isoelectric points without recourse to explanations involving conformational variability.", "PMID": 115502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11863", "title": "Application of linear system analysis to the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex of the alert rhesus monkey using pseudorandom binary sequence and single frequency sinusoidal stimulation.", "content": "Horizontal eye movements of the alert rhesus monkey resulting from both pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) and single frequency sinusoidal rotational stimulation were analyzed using a PDP 11/40 computer in order to generate gain, phase, and coherence estimates at discrete frequencies between 0.008 and 1.28 Hz. A computer simulation of vestibular induced eye movements was used to validate our analysis procedures and to determine the effects of digital noise. Frequency domain transfer functions derived from gain and phase estimates revealed that the responses to PRBS stimulation and to single frequency sinusoids were not appreciably different. PRBS testing was accomplished in approximately one third the time required for sinusoidal testing and yielded highly reproducible data. We conclude that PRBS stimulation is a reliable and efficient method for assessing linear system parameters of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex. PRBS testing may be particularly advantageous in studies of vestibulo-oculomotor plasticity in which rapid assessment of alterations in system dynamics is essential.", "contents": "Application of linear system analysis to the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex of the alert rhesus monkey using pseudorandom binary sequence and single frequency sinusoidal stimulation. Horizontal eye movements of the alert rhesus monkey resulting from both pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) and single frequency sinusoidal rotational stimulation were analyzed using a PDP 11/40 computer in order to generate gain, phase, and coherence estimates at discrete frequencies between 0.008 and 1.28 Hz. A computer simulation of vestibular induced eye movements was used to validate our analysis procedures and to determine the effects of digital noise. Frequency domain transfer functions derived from gain and phase estimates revealed that the responses to PRBS stimulation and to single frequency sinusoids were not appreciably different. PRBS testing was accomplished in approximately one third the time required for sinusoidal testing and yielded highly reproducible data. We conclude that PRBS stimulation is a reliable and efficient method for assessing linear system parameters of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex. PRBS testing may be particularly advantageous in studies of vestibulo-oculomotor plasticity in which rapid assessment of alterations in system dynamics is essential.", "PMID": 115503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11864", "title": "[Isolation and properties of highly purified C1. botulinum toxin type E].", "content": "A new method of isolation of highly purified Cl. botulinum toxin of E type from the cultural fluid of strain 188 centrifugates was developed. The method allows to isolate the toxin both in a precursor and in activated forms with a yield of 10--15%. The method includes fractionation by ammonium sulfate, ultrafiltration and subsequent column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The preparations were found homogeneous during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation in agar with antitoxic horse serum. The potential specific toxicity of the preparations is 1--1,2.10(7) DLM/mg of protein. The molecular weight of the toxin is about 160 000; the molar extinction coefficient is equal to 278 nm. The isoelectric point lies around pH 6.0. The highly purified Cl. botulinum toxin of E type was found stable upon storage.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of highly purified C1. botulinum toxin type E]. A new method of isolation of highly purified Cl. botulinum toxin of E type from the cultural fluid of strain 188 centrifugates was developed. The method allows to isolate the toxin both in a precursor and in activated forms with a yield of 10--15%. The method includes fractionation by ammonium sulfate, ultrafiltration and subsequent column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The preparations were found homogeneous during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation in agar with antitoxic horse serum. The potential specific toxicity of the preparations is 1--1,2.10(7) DLM/mg of protein. The molecular weight of the toxin is about 160 000; the molar extinction coefficient is equal to 278 nm. The isoelectric point lies around pH 6.0. The highly purified Cl. botulinum toxin of E type was found stable upon storage.", "PMID": 115504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11865", "title": "The time course of the behavioral effects of amphetamine and their reversal by haloperidol in a primate species.", "content": "A group of six marmosets was administered amphetamine (Phase I), amphetamine plus haloperidol (Phase II), and then amphetamine alone (Phase III) over consecutive periods of 27, 51, and 33 days after which drug treatment was terminated (Phase IV). The animals' behavior was monitored during these periods and during a predrug treatment control period. Five mutually exclusive categories of behavior were assessed during the experiment. Social contact between animals was significantly suppressed and inactivity was increased throughout Phases I--III but both measures returned to normal values during Phase IV. Locomotion was significantly decreased towards the end of Phase I and initially during Phase II. Rapid head movements (termed checking) were significantly increased at the beginning of Phase I and again when the haloperidol was withdrawn at the beginning of Phase III. Towards the end of Phase I the animals developed destructive self-grooming habits. The time course of the effects of amphetamine and haloperidol on the different behavioral categories suggests that different mechanisms may be involved in each case. Viewed as a model of schizophrenia, the time course of haloperidol in reversing amphetamine-induced suppression of locomotion most closely resembles the time course of the antipsychotic effect of neuroleptics in man. Some effects of amphetamine (e.g., suppression of social interaction) are not reversed by haloperidol, and some effects of withdrawal of haloperidol (e.g., precipitation of checking movements not present when haloperidol was commenced) do not have an obvious counterpart in the clinical situation.", "contents": "The time course of the behavioral effects of amphetamine and their reversal by haloperidol in a primate species. A group of six marmosets was administered amphetamine (Phase I), amphetamine plus haloperidol (Phase II), and then amphetamine alone (Phase III) over consecutive periods of 27, 51, and 33 days after which drug treatment was terminated (Phase IV). The animals' behavior was monitored during these periods and during a predrug treatment control period. Five mutually exclusive categories of behavior were assessed during the experiment. Social contact between animals was significantly suppressed and inactivity was increased throughout Phases I--III but both measures returned to normal values during Phase IV. Locomotion was significantly decreased towards the end of Phase I and initially during Phase II. Rapid head movements (termed checking) were significantly increased at the beginning of Phase I and again when the haloperidol was withdrawn at the beginning of Phase III. Towards the end of Phase I the animals developed destructive self-grooming habits. The time course of the effects of amphetamine and haloperidol on the different behavioral categories suggests that different mechanisms may be involved in each case. Viewed as a model of schizophrenia, the time course of haloperidol in reversing amphetamine-induced suppression of locomotion most closely resembles the time course of the antipsychotic effect of neuroleptics in man. Some effects of amphetamine (e.g., suppression of social interaction) are not reversed by haloperidol, and some effects of withdrawal of haloperidol (e.g., precipitation of checking movements not present when haloperidol was commenced) do not have an obvious counterpart in the clinical situation.", "PMID": 115505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11866", "title": "Identification of branched chain fatty acids in baboon liver lipids.", "content": "A total of 26 monomethyl branched saturated fatty acids was identified in baboon liver lipids; these included a novel anteiso component with an odd number of carbon atoms in the chain (13-methylpentadecanoic acid).", "contents": "Identification of branched chain fatty acids in baboon liver lipids. A total of 26 monomethyl branched saturated fatty acids was identified in baboon liver lipids; these included a novel anteiso component with an odd number of carbon atoms in the chain (13-methylpentadecanoic acid).", "PMID": 115510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11867", "title": "[Formation of epileptic activity complexes under the effect of the determinant focus in the cortex isol\u00e9].", "content": "In experiments on cats foci of enhanced excitation working in independent regimes were created in the neuronal-isolated cortex using weak strychnine solutions. Creation of a hyperactive focus by means of application of strychnine concentrated solutions or crystals leads to an increase in the amplitude and discharge frequency in other foci, synchronism in discharges of these foci and their unification into a single functional complex, working in the hyperactive focus regime. The latter, in such a way, presented the determinant structure. Under the influence of the determinaant focus there was also a marked generalization of the convulsive activity manifested by an embrace with epileptical discharges of the cortex area intact from strychnine. The results obtained indicate that the established relations between the foci of hyperactivity in the cortx as well as the effects of the determinant structure may be realized by the cortex mechanisms proper.", "contents": "[Formation of epileptic activity complexes under the effect of the determinant focus in the cortex isol\u00e9]. In experiments on cats foci of enhanced excitation working in independent regimes were created in the neuronal-isolated cortex using weak strychnine solutions. Creation of a hyperactive focus by means of application of strychnine concentrated solutions or crystals leads to an increase in the amplitude and discharge frequency in other foci, synchronism in discharges of these foci and their unification into a single functional complex, working in the hyperactive focus regime. The latter, in such a way, presented the determinant structure. Under the influence of the determinaant focus there was also a marked generalization of the convulsive activity manifested by an embrace with epileptical discharges of the cortex area intact from strychnine. The results obtained indicate that the established relations between the foci of hyperactivity in the cortx as well as the effects of the determinant structure may be realized by the cortex mechanisms proper.", "PMID": 115511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11868", "title": "[Thiophosphamide-induced chromosome aberrations in embryonal liver and bone marrow cells of A/He and C57BL/L mice].", "content": "Chromosomal aberrations were studied in cells of embryonic liver and bone marrow of A/He and C57BL/6 mice following mutagenic treatment by the alkylating agent thiophosphamide in g1-S periods of the cell cycle. Higher sensitivity of chromosomes to aberration induction was found in A/He mice.", "contents": "[Thiophosphamide-induced chromosome aberrations in embryonal liver and bone marrow cells of A/He and C57BL/L mice]. Chromosomal aberrations were studied in cells of embryonic liver and bone marrow of A/He and C57BL/6 mice following mutagenic treatment by the alkylating agent thiophosphamide in g1-S periods of the cell cycle. Higher sensitivity of chromosomes to aberration induction was found in A/He mice.", "PMID": 115512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11869", "title": "Hemopoietic stress and fetal hemoglobin synthesis: comparative studies in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Baboons exposed to acute hemolytic stres increase their production of fetal hemoglobin (HbF). Although the maximal in vivo HbF levels attained in 5 treated animals varied from 6.4% to 34.8%, their cultured bone marrow erythroid cells reverted to the fetal pattern of hemoglobin synthesis. These data suggest that HbF synthesis is modulated by the interaction of inhibiting and promoting factors, which is different among animals in vivo but equal in the cultures of their bone marrow erythroid cells.", "contents": "Hemopoietic stress and fetal hemoglobin synthesis: comparative studies in vivo and in vitro. Baboons exposed to acute hemolytic stres increase their production of fetal hemoglobin (HbF). Although the maximal in vivo HbF levels attained in 5 treated animals varied from 6.4% to 34.8%, their cultured bone marrow erythroid cells reverted to the fetal pattern of hemoglobin synthesis. These data suggest that HbF synthesis is modulated by the interaction of inhibiting and promoting factors, which is different among animals in vivo but equal in the cultures of their bone marrow erythroid cells.", "PMID": 115514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11870", "title": "A comparison of the anti-anaphylactic activities of salbutamol and disodium cromoglycate in the rat, the rat mast cell and in human lung tissue.", "content": "1 Salbutamol and disodium cromoglycate were compared for anti-anaphylactic activity against passive anaphylaxis in rat skin and peritoneum in vivo and in rat mast cells and human lung fragments in vitro.2 Salbutamol administered intravenously to rats inhibited cutaneous anaphylaxis, but also inhibited cutaneous responses to histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Salbutamol administered intraperitoneally inhibited the release of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) but not the release of histamine in the peritoneum. It was a very weak inhibitor of histamine release from rat mast cells in vitro.3 Disodium cromoglycate administered intravenously to rats inhibited cutaneous anaphylaxis. Disodium cromoglycate administered intraperitoneally to rats inhibited the release of histamine and, to a lesser extent, SRS-A in the peritoneum. It was an effective but short-acting inhibitor of histamine release from rat mast cells in vitro.4 Salbutamol was a potent inhibitor of the anaphylactic release of histamine and SRS-A from fragments of human lung.5 Disodium cromoglycate was a weak inhibitor of the anaphylactic release of histamine and SRS-A from fragments of human lung. The inhibition was variable and not dose-related.6 The concentration of salbutamol required to inhibit anaphylaxis in human lung is of the same order as that required to relax human bronchial muscle. It is suggested that salbutamol may be more effective in allergic asthma if given in a prophylactic regimen.", "contents": "A comparison of the anti-anaphylactic activities of salbutamol and disodium cromoglycate in the rat, the rat mast cell and in human lung tissue. 1 Salbutamol and disodium cromoglycate were compared for anti-anaphylactic activity against passive anaphylaxis in rat skin and peritoneum in vivo and in rat mast cells and human lung fragments in vitro.2 Salbutamol administered intravenously to rats inhibited cutaneous anaphylaxis, but also inhibited cutaneous responses to histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Salbutamol administered intraperitoneally inhibited the release of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) but not the release of histamine in the peritoneum. It was a very weak inhibitor of histamine release from rat mast cells in vitro.3 Disodium cromoglycate administered intravenously to rats inhibited cutaneous anaphylaxis. Disodium cromoglycate administered intraperitoneally to rats inhibited the release of histamine and, to a lesser extent, SRS-A in the peritoneum. It was an effective but short-acting inhibitor of histamine release from rat mast cells in vitro.4 Salbutamol was a potent inhibitor of the anaphylactic release of histamine and SRS-A from fragments of human lung.5 Disodium cromoglycate was a weak inhibitor of the anaphylactic release of histamine and SRS-A from fragments of human lung. The inhibition was variable and not dose-related.6 The concentration of salbutamol required to inhibit anaphylaxis in human lung is of the same order as that required to relax human bronchial muscle. It is suggested that salbutamol may be more effective in allergic asthma if given in a prophylactic regimen.", "PMID": 115530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11871", "title": "A comparison of the abilities of acetylsalicylic acid, flurbiprofen and indomethacin to inhibit the release reaction and prostaglandin synthesis in human blood platelets.", "content": "1 A quantitative comparison has been made of the abilities of acetylsalicylic acid, flurbiprofen and indomethacin to inhibit the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet release reaction and to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. 2 Experiments were carried out on human platelets that had been incubated with the agents in vitro and on platelets obtained from volunteers who had ingested standard doses of the drugs. 3 The results obtained for acetylsalicylic acid show that there is a close relation between the release reaction and the synthesis of prostaglandins in platelets. 4 Flurbiprofen and indomethacin appear to inhibit the release reaction rather more effectively than they inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins. It is possible that these agents inhibit the release reaction by another mechanism.", "contents": "A comparison of the abilities of acetylsalicylic acid, flurbiprofen and indomethacin to inhibit the release reaction and prostaglandin synthesis in human blood platelets. 1 A quantitative comparison has been made of the abilities of acetylsalicylic acid, flurbiprofen and indomethacin to inhibit the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet release reaction and to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. 2 Experiments were carried out on human platelets that had been incubated with the agents in vitro and on platelets obtained from volunteers who had ingested standard doses of the drugs. 3 The results obtained for acetylsalicylic acid show that there is a close relation between the release reaction and the synthesis of prostaglandins in platelets. 4 Flurbiprofen and indomethacin appear to inhibit the release reaction rather more effectively than they inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins. It is possible that these agents inhibit the release reaction by another mechanism.", "PMID": 115531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11872", "title": "Thyrotrophin releasing hormone stimulates release of [3H]-dopamine from slices of rat nucleus accumbens in vitro.", "content": "Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) (25 to 100 microM) was found to stimulate the efflux of [3Hu-dopamine from small slices of rat nucleus accumbens, but not from similar slices of rat caudate nucleus. Uptake inhibition was not responsible for this action, since at 10 and 50 microM TRH had no effect on the ability of small slices of nucleus accumbens to accumulate radioactivity when incubated with 10(-7) M [3H]-dopamine. In addition the hormone had no effect on basal or dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase, nor did it displace [3H]-spiperone binding, in membrane preparations from nucleus accumbens.", "contents": "Thyrotrophin releasing hormone stimulates release of [3H]-dopamine from slices of rat nucleus accumbens in vitro. Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) (25 to 100 microM) was found to stimulate the efflux of [3Hu-dopamine from small slices of rat nucleus accumbens, but not from similar slices of rat caudate nucleus. Uptake inhibition was not responsible for this action, since at 10 and 50 microM TRH had no effect on the ability of small slices of nucleus accumbens to accumulate radioactivity when incubated with 10(-7) M [3H]-dopamine. In addition the hormone had no effect on basal or dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase, nor did it displace [3H]-spiperone binding, in membrane preparations from nucleus accumbens.", "PMID": 115532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11873", "title": "Treatment settings in psychiatry: long-term family and social findings.", "content": "Treatment in a psychiatric unit, as distinct from a psychiatric hospital, held no benefits in the long term (5-8 years after admission) as far as the patient's mental and behavioural status and employment, or the family's burdens, health needs or attitude were concerned. Schizophrenic patients from both settings received more hospital treatment and medication, were more often unemployed, and had more adverse effect on relatives' health than neurotic or depressive patients. Hospital attendence identified relatives who expressed a need for support.", "contents": "Treatment settings in psychiatry: long-term family and social findings. Treatment in a psychiatric unit, as distinct from a psychiatric hospital, held no benefits in the long term (5-8 years after admission) as far as the patient's mental and behavioural status and employment, or the family's burdens, health needs or attitude were concerned. Schizophrenic patients from both settings received more hospital treatment and medication, were more often unemployed, and had more adverse effect on relatives' health than neurotic or depressive patients. Hospital attendence identified relatives who expressed a need for support.", "PMID": 115534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11874", "title": "Downward gaze in monkeys: stimulation and lesion studies.", "content": "Ten monkeys were stimulated unilaterally and bilaterally through bipolar electrodes placed stereotactically on each side of the midline under light barbiturate anaesthesia. Bilateral simultaneous stimulation elicited straight downward binocular movements from a core of tissue about 40 mm3 on each side which included the fields of Forel, zona incerta, subthalamic nucleus, oral pole of the red nucleus, fasciculus retroflexus and 'area tegmentalis'. Unilateral stimulation of the same points yielded downward eye movements in only 25 per cent of the instances. Upward deviation of the globes could be elicited by bilateral stimulation of tissue located more caudal, ventral and medial than that from which downward movements were obtained. Bilateral electrolytic lesions within the region outlined above caused significant defects in downward gaze both in saccadic and slow pursuit binocular movements. Passive bending of the head backwards, however, resulted in downward deviation of the globes (oculocephalic reflex). Optokinetic nystagmus and after-nystagmus downward were abolished. Oblique (45 degrees) optokinetic stimulation elicited a perverted response in the horizontal plane. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes elicited by bilateral warm irrigation of both ear canals with the monkey in the erect position, or by turning the animal while lying on one side, caused a strong tonic deviation upward with absence of nystagmus downward. Some of these monkeys showed additional alterations in upward gaze but they were less severe in intensity and duration than those of downward gaze. All eye deviations in the horizontal plane were consistently normal. Recovery occurred in all types of vertical binocular movements except in the rapid motions (saccades and quick phases of nystagmus) below the horizontal meridian. A unilateral lesion had no effect. The minimal damage producing downward gaze defects was about 1.7 mm in diameter, cetred in the prerubral fields, rostral and medial to the red nuclei with minimal involvement of the oral pole of these structures. The nuclei of Cajal, Darkschewitsch and interstitialis of the posterior commissure, as well as the fasciculus retroflexus and the posterior commissure, were spared by this lesion. The so-called rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus and the nucleus campi Foreli appear to be destroyed. These structures are known to receive an input from the paramedian pontine reticular formation and project on to the oculomotor nerve nucleus. These results demonstrate that the prerubral fields contain structures which are critical for rapid eye movements downward, and therefore an isolated downward gaze palsy is a strong indicator of a bilateral lesion of this zone. The findings in the few reported cases with this sign and available pathological analysis suggest that our conclusions from the experimental monkey apply to man as well. The concept of bilateral innervation for vertical eye movements is amply confirmed for the downward vectors...", "contents": "Downward gaze in monkeys: stimulation and lesion studies. Ten monkeys were stimulated unilaterally and bilaterally through bipolar electrodes placed stereotactically on each side of the midline under light barbiturate anaesthesia. Bilateral simultaneous stimulation elicited straight downward binocular movements from a core of tissue about 40 mm3 on each side which included the fields of Forel, zona incerta, subthalamic nucleus, oral pole of the red nucleus, fasciculus retroflexus and 'area tegmentalis'. Unilateral stimulation of the same points yielded downward eye movements in only 25 per cent of the instances. Upward deviation of the globes could be elicited by bilateral stimulation of tissue located more caudal, ventral and medial than that from which downward movements were obtained. Bilateral electrolytic lesions within the region outlined above caused significant defects in downward gaze both in saccadic and slow pursuit binocular movements. Passive bending of the head backwards, however, resulted in downward deviation of the globes (oculocephalic reflex). Optokinetic nystagmus and after-nystagmus downward were abolished. Oblique (45 degrees) optokinetic stimulation elicited a perverted response in the horizontal plane. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes elicited by bilateral warm irrigation of both ear canals with the monkey in the erect position, or by turning the animal while lying on one side, caused a strong tonic deviation upward with absence of nystagmus downward. Some of these monkeys showed additional alterations in upward gaze but they were less severe in intensity and duration than those of downward gaze. All eye deviations in the horizontal plane were consistently normal. Recovery occurred in all types of vertical binocular movements except in the rapid motions (saccades and quick phases of nystagmus) below the horizontal meridian. A unilateral lesion had no effect. The minimal damage producing downward gaze defects was about 1.7 mm in diameter, cetred in the prerubral fields, rostral and medial to the red nuclei with minimal involvement of the oral pole of these structures. The nuclei of Cajal, Darkschewitsch and interstitialis of the posterior commissure, as well as the fasciculus retroflexus and the posterior commissure, were spared by this lesion. The so-called rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus and the nucleus campi Foreli appear to be destroyed. These structures are known to receive an input from the paramedian pontine reticular formation and project on to the oculomotor nerve nucleus. These results demonstrate that the prerubral fields contain structures which are critical for rapid eye movements downward, and therefore an isolated downward gaze palsy is a strong indicator of a bilateral lesion of this zone. The findings in the few reported cases with this sign and available pathological analysis suggest that our conclusions from the experimental monkey apply to man as well. The concept of bilateral innervation for vertical eye movements is amply confirmed for the downward vectors...", "PMID": 115543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11875", "title": "Sexual behavior in male rhesus monkeys elicited by electrical stimulation of preoptic and hypothalamic areas.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus or dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) has produced sexual behavioral responses in 11 male rhesus monkeys. At a short latency following the onset of each train of stimulation, the stimulated males would mount estrogen-treated, receptive females. Quantitative measures of the elicited sexual behavior, in 4 males, were applied to describe differences between the effect of preoptic and DMH stimulation on male sexual performance. As compared to spontaneous sexual activity, stimulation of the DMH produced mounts of longer duration, with more thrusts per mount, higher thrusting rates and a greater number of ejaculations per test session; refractory periods between successive ejaculatory episodes were shortened as a result of stimulation-induced mounting behavior. Preoptic stimulation also induced mounts of longer than normal duration characterized by a slightly increased number of thrusts per mount. In contrast to DMH stimulus effects, however, thrusting rate was decreased significantly by preoptic stimulation and ejaculation did not occur even after multiple stimulus-induced mounts. Penile erections were elicited by stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial nucleus and the posterior hypothalamus in socially isolated or restrained males; however, stimulation of these same sites was ineffective for provoking sexual behavioral responses when tests were performed while the males were paired with receptive females.", "contents": "Sexual behavior in male rhesus monkeys elicited by electrical stimulation of preoptic and hypothalamic areas. Electrical stimulation of the preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus or dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) has produced sexual behavioral responses in 11 male rhesus monkeys. At a short latency following the onset of each train of stimulation, the stimulated males would mount estrogen-treated, receptive females. Quantitative measures of the elicited sexual behavior, in 4 males, were applied to describe differences between the effect of preoptic and DMH stimulation on male sexual performance. As compared to spontaneous sexual activity, stimulation of the DMH produced mounts of longer duration, with more thrusts per mount, higher thrusting rates and a greater number of ejaculations per test session; refractory periods between successive ejaculatory episodes were shortened as a result of stimulation-induced mounting behavior. Preoptic stimulation also induced mounts of longer than normal duration characterized by a slightly increased number of thrusts per mount. In contrast to DMH stimulus effects, however, thrusting rate was decreased significantly by preoptic stimulation and ejaculation did not occur even after multiple stimulus-induced mounts. Penile erections were elicited by stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial nucleus and the posterior hypothalamus in socially isolated or restrained males; however, stimulation of these same sites was ineffective for provoking sexual behavioral responses when tests were performed while the males were paired with receptive females.", "PMID": 115544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11876", "title": "Vestibular projections to the monkey thalamus: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "Vestibulothalamic projections were studied in the monkey (macaca mulatta) by injecting anerograde trace substances (radioactive leucine and proline) into the vestibular nuclear complex. Terminal labelling was found bilaterally mainly in the nucleus ventroposterior lateralis pars oralis (VPLo) and to a lesser extent in the nucleus ventroposterior inferior (VPI) and nucleus ventralis lateralis pars caudalis (VLc). The labelling was sparse, and scattered over wide areas. The vestibular origin of this projection was confirmed by injecting retrograde tracer substances (horseradish peroxidase and 125I wheat germ agglutinin) into VPLo. In the autoradiographic study no labelling was found in the posterior group.", "contents": "Vestibular projections to the monkey thalamus: an autoradiographic study. Vestibulothalamic projections were studied in the monkey (macaca mulatta) by injecting anerograde trace substances (radioactive leucine and proline) into the vestibular nuclear complex. Terminal labelling was found bilaterally mainly in the nucleus ventroposterior lateralis pars oralis (VPLo) and to a lesser extent in the nucleus ventroposterior inferior (VPI) and nucleus ventralis lateralis pars caudalis (VLc). The labelling was sparse, and scattered over wide areas. The vestibular origin of this projection was confirmed by injecting retrograde tracer substances (horseradish peroxidase and 125I wheat germ agglutinin) into VPLo. In the autoradiographic study no labelling was found in the posterior group.", "PMID": 115546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11877", "title": "Disordered mineral metabolism produced by ketogenic diet therapy.", "content": "Vitamin D and mineral metabolism status was examined in five children maintained chronically on combined ketogenic diet-anticonvulsant drug therapy (KG), and the results compared to those obtained in 18 patients treated with anticonvulsant drugs alone (AD) and 15 normal controls. KG patients exhibited biochemical findings of vitamin D deficiency osteomalacia: decreased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and calcium concentrations, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone concentrations, decreased urinary calcium and increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion, and decreased bone mass. Although the KG and AD groups demonstrated similar reductions in serum 25OHD concentration, the KG patients exhibited a significantly greater reduction in bone mass. In response to vitamin D supplementation (5000 IU/day), mean bone mass in the KG group increased by 8.1 +/- 0.9% (P less than 0.001) over a 12-month period. These results suggest that ketogenic diet and anticonvulsant drug therapy have additive deleterious effects on bone mass and that these effects are partially reversible by vitamin D treatment.", "contents": "Disordered mineral metabolism produced by ketogenic diet therapy. Vitamin D and mineral metabolism status was examined in five children maintained chronically on combined ketogenic diet-anticonvulsant drug therapy (KG), and the results compared to those obtained in 18 patients treated with anticonvulsant drugs alone (AD) and 15 normal controls. KG patients exhibited biochemical findings of vitamin D deficiency osteomalacia: decreased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and calcium concentrations, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone concentrations, decreased urinary calcium and increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion, and decreased bone mass. Although the KG and AD groups demonstrated similar reductions in serum 25OHD concentration, the KG patients exhibited a significantly greater reduction in bone mass. In response to vitamin D supplementation (5000 IU/day), mean bone mass in the KG group increased by 8.1 +/- 0.9% (P less than 0.001) over a 12-month period. These results suggest that ketogenic diet and anticonvulsant drug therapy have additive deleterious effects on bone mass and that these effects are partially reversible by vitamin D treatment.", "PMID": 115548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11878", "title": "On the solid state of bone.", "content": "Photovoltaic effect (infrared and visible light) is observed in bone and its two major components, collagen and apatite, at room temperature. A dimunition in the magnitude of photovoltage is observed after exposure to ultraviolet light in all the cases. The drift mobility of the charge carriers is obtained by measuring I versus V relationships in sandwich samples and relating them to the permittivity of the medium. Lifetime of the injected carriers is measured in the usual way. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects are due to protonic conduction phenomena.", "contents": "On the solid state of bone. Photovoltaic effect (infrared and visible light) is observed in bone and its two major components, collagen and apatite, at room temperature. A dimunition in the magnitude of photovoltage is observed after exposure to ultraviolet light in all the cases. The drift mobility of the charge carriers is obtained by measuring I versus V relationships in sandwich samples and relating them to the permittivity of the medium. Lifetime of the injected carriers is measured in the usual way. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects are due to protonic conduction phenomena.", "PMID": 115549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11879", "title": "X-ray diffraction of the calcified tissues in Polypterus.", "content": "Pyrolyzed scales, fin spines, and bone from the ray-finned bony fish Polypterus (Actinopterygii) showed two mineral phases on X-ray diffraction: hydroxyapatite (HA), Ca5(PO4)3OH, and whitlockite, Ca3(PO4)2. The ratio of HA/whitlockite varied with the structure (scale, spine, bone) within each individual fish. The relative proportions of HA to whitlockite in pyrolyzed samples reflected the Ca/P ratio of the sample. Whitlockite appears after pyrolysis when the Ca/P is lower than 1.67. Among the five fish investigated, for each structure a general trend was noted. The proportion of HA relative to whitlockite increased with size (age) of the fish. Thus the smallest fish, a juvenile, exhibited a low Ca/P mineral in its calcified tissues, whereas the larger fish had progressively more HA and less whitlockite.", "contents": "X-ray diffraction of the calcified tissues in Polypterus. Pyrolyzed scales, fin spines, and bone from the ray-finned bony fish Polypterus (Actinopterygii) showed two mineral phases on X-ray diffraction: hydroxyapatite (HA), Ca5(PO4)3OH, and whitlockite, Ca3(PO4)2. The ratio of HA/whitlockite varied with the structure (scale, spine, bone) within each individual fish. The relative proportions of HA to whitlockite in pyrolyzed samples reflected the Ca/P ratio of the sample. Whitlockite appears after pyrolysis when the Ca/P is lower than 1.67. Among the five fish investigated, for each structure a general trend was noted. The proportion of HA relative to whitlockite increased with size (age) of the fish. Thus the smallest fish, a juvenile, exhibited a low Ca/P mineral in its calcified tissues, whereas the larger fish had progressively more HA and less whitlockite.", "PMID": 115550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11880", "title": "Studies on the biology of fish bone. III. Ultrastructure of osteogenesis and resorption in osteocytic (cellular) and anosteocytic (acellular) bones.", "content": "The comparative ultrastructure of fish bone osteogenesis and resorption induced by scale removal was described in the osteocytic (cellular-boned) Carassius auratus and the anosteocytic (acellular-boned) Tilapia macrocephala. Osteocytes, present in osteocytic bone, were lacking in anosteocytic bone. In osteocytic bone the osteoblast secreted a collagenous preosseous matrix in which it became enmeshed and then was termed a preosteocyte. When the preosseous matrix mineralized, the preosteocyte was termed an osteocyte and was completely surrounded by bone. In anosteocytic bone the osteoblasts receded from the mineralizing front and never became trapped as osteocytes. During resorption, types A and B resorptive cells, present in both bone types, invaded the matrix and demineralized the osseous zone. These cells were characterized by large amounts of granular endoplasmic reticulum and intracellular inclusions containing crystal-like material. Although functionally similar to mammalian osteoclasts, these cells lacked a characteristic ruffled border and were not multinucleated. The osteocytes of cellular bone did not appear to be involved during demineralization.", "contents": "Studies on the biology of fish bone. III. Ultrastructure of osteogenesis and resorption in osteocytic (cellular) and anosteocytic (acellular) bones. The comparative ultrastructure of fish bone osteogenesis and resorption induced by scale removal was described in the osteocytic (cellular-boned) Carassius auratus and the anosteocytic (acellular-boned) Tilapia macrocephala. Osteocytes, present in osteocytic bone, were lacking in anosteocytic bone. In osteocytic bone the osteoblast secreted a collagenous preosseous matrix in which it became enmeshed and then was termed a preosteocyte. When the preosseous matrix mineralized, the preosteocyte was termed an osteocyte and was completely surrounded by bone. In anosteocytic bone the osteoblasts receded from the mineralizing front and never became trapped as osteocytes. During resorption, types A and B resorptive cells, present in both bone types, invaded the matrix and demineralized the osseous zone. These cells were characterized by large amounts of granular endoplasmic reticulum and intracellular inclusions containing crystal-like material. Although functionally similar to mammalian osteoclasts, these cells lacked a characteristic ruffled border and were not multinucleated. The osteocytes of cellular bone did not appear to be involved during demineralization.", "PMID": 115551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11881", "title": "Passive accumulation of magnesium, sodium, and potassium by chick calvaria.", "content": "Four-day-old chick calvaria were used to determine the passive concentrations of magnesium, sodium, and potassium in metabolically poisoned bone. When incubated in buffers containing the blood levels of sodium and magnesium, these calvaria contained sodium and magnesium at the identical concentrations found in freshly dissected calvaria. Calvarial sodium and magnesium levels could be varied by altering the buffer concentrations of these cations. The potassium content of metabolically poisoned calvaria incubated in buffers containing 4 mM potassium was less than 20% of the content of freshly dissected calvaria. When the buffer concentrations of sodium and potassium were systematically varied, ouabain-poisoned calvaria concentrated these cations in the bone extracellular fluid by a factor of approximately two above buffer cation levels. Presumably, the hydroxyapatite crystal zeta potential is responsible for this concentrative phenomenon. These results are discussed in terms of the control of the ionic content of the bone extracellular fluid by the postulated \"bone membrane.\"", "contents": "Passive accumulation of magnesium, sodium, and potassium by chick calvaria. Four-day-old chick calvaria were used to determine the passive concentrations of magnesium, sodium, and potassium in metabolically poisoned bone. When incubated in buffers containing the blood levels of sodium and magnesium, these calvaria contained sodium and magnesium at the identical concentrations found in freshly dissected calvaria. Calvarial sodium and magnesium levels could be varied by altering the buffer concentrations of these cations. The potassium content of metabolically poisoned calvaria incubated in buffers containing 4 mM potassium was less than 20% of the content of freshly dissected calvaria. When the buffer concentrations of sodium and potassium were systematically varied, ouabain-poisoned calvaria concentrated these cations in the bone extracellular fluid by a factor of approximately two above buffer cation levels. Presumably, the hydroxyapatite crystal zeta potential is responsible for this concentrative phenomenon. These results are discussed in terms of the control of the ionic content of the bone extracellular fluid by the postulated \"bone membrane.\"", "PMID": 115552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11882", "title": "Matrix vesicles in chicken epiphyseal cartilage. Separation from lysosomes and the distribution of inorganic pyrophosphatase activity.", "content": "The extracellular matrix vesicles from epiphyseal cartilage of chickens were isolated by differential centrifugation. The matrix vesicles obtained showed considerable activity of lysosomal enzymes. This appears to have been due to lysosomal contamination because when we used a new density gradient medium (Percoll), the lysosomal enzyme activities and the activity of alkaline phosphatase could be totally separated. Electron microscopy of the alkaline phosphatase-rich fraction showed matrix vesicle-like structures. Phosphatase activities of the cells and matrix vesicles were further studied by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Specific magnesium-activated inorganic pyrophosphatase, distinct from nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, could be demonstrated in the cellular fraction. No such separate activity could be demonstrated in the matrix vesicle fraction, and it is supposed that the pyrophosphatase activity in the matrix vesicles originates from the alkaline phosphate.", "contents": "Matrix vesicles in chicken epiphyseal cartilage. Separation from lysosomes and the distribution of inorganic pyrophosphatase activity. The extracellular matrix vesicles from epiphyseal cartilage of chickens were isolated by differential centrifugation. The matrix vesicles obtained showed considerable activity of lysosomal enzymes. This appears to have been due to lysosomal contamination because when we used a new density gradient medium (Percoll), the lysosomal enzyme activities and the activity of alkaline phosphatase could be totally separated. Electron microscopy of the alkaline phosphatase-rich fraction showed matrix vesicle-like structures. Phosphatase activities of the cells and matrix vesicles were further studied by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Specific magnesium-activated inorganic pyrophosphatase, distinct from nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, could be demonstrated in the cellular fraction. No such separate activity could be demonstrated in the matrix vesicle fraction, and it is supposed that the pyrophosphatase activity in the matrix vesicles originates from the alkaline phosphate.", "PMID": 115553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11883", "title": "Effect of human salivary proteins on the precipitation kinetics of calcium phosphate.", "content": "Inhibition of calcium phosphate precipitation in saliva, and prevention of the formation of mineral accretions on tooth surfaces, has been ascribed to the existence of inhibiting salivary macromolecules. Marked reductions in the crystal growth rate of hydroxyapatite (HA) seeds were measured in supersaturated solutions containing either of two proline-rich proteins, PRP1 or PRP3, or statherin; the three macromolecules were isolated from human parotid saliva. The reductions were also observed when the HA seeds were pretreated with solutions of the macromolecules before adding them to the supersaturated calcium phosphate solution. This effect was very similar in the case of the two PRPs and it was directly related to the extent of adsorption site coverage of these proteins on the HA seeds. The effect of statherin was larger than anticipated from its adsorption behavior. However, comparison on the basis of number of moles adsorbed per unit area of HA shows that the PRP are more effective inhibitors than statherin. The macromolecule concentrations used were considerably lower than those in the salivary secretions, therefore these macromolecules could readily prevent mineral accretion on tooth surfaces through their adsorption onto the enamel surface.", "contents": "Effect of human salivary proteins on the precipitation kinetics of calcium phosphate. Inhibition of calcium phosphate precipitation in saliva, and prevention of the formation of mineral accretions on tooth surfaces, has been ascribed to the existence of inhibiting salivary macromolecules. Marked reductions in the crystal growth rate of hydroxyapatite (HA) seeds were measured in supersaturated solutions containing either of two proline-rich proteins, PRP1 or PRP3, or statherin; the three macromolecules were isolated from human parotid saliva. The reductions were also observed when the HA seeds were pretreated with solutions of the macromolecules before adding them to the supersaturated calcium phosphate solution. This effect was very similar in the case of the two PRPs and it was directly related to the extent of adsorption site coverage of these proteins on the HA seeds. The effect of statherin was larger than anticipated from its adsorption behavior. However, comparison on the basis of number of moles adsorbed per unit area of HA shows that the PRP are more effective inhibitors than statherin. The macromolecule concentrations used were considerably lower than those in the salivary secretions, therefore these macromolecules could readily prevent mineral accretion on tooth surfaces through their adsorption onto the enamel surface.", "PMID": 115554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11884", "title": "Effect of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate and vitamin D on bone mineralization.", "content": "Administration of large quantities of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate to growing chicks resulted in a decrease in percent bone ash and an increase in percent osteoid. The degree of inhibition of bone mineral accumulation was a function of both duration and quantity of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid administration. The inhibition of bone mineral accumulation could be partially corrected with administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Administration of high levels of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate also resulted in inhibition of intestinal calcium absorption. This could be reversed or prevented by the administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "contents": "Effect of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate and vitamin D on bone mineralization. Administration of large quantities of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate to growing chicks resulted in a decrease in percent bone ash and an increase in percent osteoid. The degree of inhibition of bone mineral accumulation was a function of both duration and quantity of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid administration. The inhibition of bone mineral accumulation could be partially corrected with administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Administration of high levels of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate also resulted in inhibition of intestinal calcium absorption. This could be reversed or prevented by the administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "PMID": 115555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11885", "title": "Formation and serum disappearance of fragments of parathyroid hormone in the infused dog.", "content": "Radioiodinated parathyroid hormone [125I-PTH(1-84)] was infused into intact dogs. At various times venous samples were chromatographed to determine the levels of intact hormone (1-84) and large fragments in the circulation. Both bioactive (electrolytically iodinated) and inactive (chloramine-T-labeled) preparations were used. In both instances, plateau concentrations of intact hormone and of large metabolite(s) were quickly reached. After cessation of infusion the levels of intact hormone and metabolite(s) quickly declined. Clearly, in the dog, the peripheral formation and disappearance of large fragments of exogenous PTH occur at rates comparable to the clearance of the intact hormone itself.", "contents": "Formation and serum disappearance of fragments of parathyroid hormone in the infused dog. Radioiodinated parathyroid hormone [125I-PTH(1-84)] was infused into intact dogs. At various times venous samples were chromatographed to determine the levels of intact hormone (1-84) and large fragments in the circulation. Both bioactive (electrolytically iodinated) and inactive (chloramine-T-labeled) preparations were used. In both instances, plateau concentrations of intact hormone and of large metabolite(s) were quickly reached. After cessation of infusion the levels of intact hormone and metabolite(s) quickly declined. Clearly, in the dog, the peripheral formation and disappearance of large fragments of exogenous PTH occur at rates comparable to the clearance of the intact hormone itself.", "PMID": 115556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11886", "title": "Identification of O-phosphoserine, O-phosphothreonine and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in the non-collagenous proteins of bovine cementum; comparison with dentin, enamel and bone.", "content": "O-phosphoserine [Ser(P)], O-phosphothreonine [Thr(P)], and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) have been identified in native, calcified cementum and in non-collagenous proteins which can be extracted from the tissue in EDTA at neutral pH. The concentrations of Ser(P) and Thr(P) and the amino acid composition of the EDTA extractable proteins are more similar to those found in bone than in dentin or enamel. The concentration of Gla in cementum is lower than it is in bone and higher than it is in enamel, which contains essentially no Gla. Based on the contents of Gla in these mineralized tissues and the distribution of alkaline and acid phosphatases in these tissues, it is speculated that Gla may be part of these or other proenzymes rather than being involved directly and structurally with the deposition of the mineral phase.", "contents": "Identification of O-phosphoserine, O-phosphothreonine and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in the non-collagenous proteins of bovine cementum; comparison with dentin, enamel and bone. O-phosphoserine [Ser(P)], O-phosphothreonine [Thr(P)], and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) have been identified in native, calcified cementum and in non-collagenous proteins which can be extracted from the tissue in EDTA at neutral pH. The concentrations of Ser(P) and Thr(P) and the amino acid composition of the EDTA extractable proteins are more similar to those found in bone than in dentin or enamel. The concentration of Gla in cementum is lower than it is in bone and higher than it is in enamel, which contains essentially no Gla. Based on the contents of Gla in these mineralized tissues and the distribution of alkaline and acid phosphatases in these tissues, it is speculated that Gla may be part of these or other proenzymes rather than being involved directly and structurally with the deposition of the mineral phase.", "PMID": 115557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11887", "title": "Temporal cell-mediated immune responses of cattle following experimental and natural exposure to living Brucella abortus.", "content": "A study on cell-mediated immune responses in cattle with different exposure experiences to Brucella abortus was conducted by an in vitro lymphocyte stimulation assay. The purpose of this study was to determine how soon the cell-mediated immune responses would be detected following experimental exposure to B. abortus and to study the cell-mediated immune trend following experimental and natural exposure of cattle to B. abortus. The first positive cell-mediated immune responses occurred one to two weeks after experimental inoculation with living B. abortus strain 2308. The cell-mediated immune responses in these animals appeared at least one week before the appearance of of B. abortus serum agglutinating antibodies. Animals which were naturally infected with B. abortus biotypes 1 and 2 demonstrated positive cell-mediated immune responses throughout the study.", "contents": "Temporal cell-mediated immune responses of cattle following experimental and natural exposure to living Brucella abortus. A study on cell-mediated immune responses in cattle with different exposure experiences to Brucella abortus was conducted by an in vitro lymphocyte stimulation assay. The purpose of this study was to determine how soon the cell-mediated immune responses would be detected following experimental exposure to B. abortus and to study the cell-mediated immune trend following experimental and natural exposure of cattle to B. abortus. The first positive cell-mediated immune responses occurred one to two weeks after experimental inoculation with living B. abortus strain 2308. The cell-mediated immune responses in these animals appeared at least one week before the appearance of of B. abortus serum agglutinating antibodies. Animals which were naturally infected with B. abortus biotypes 1 and 2 demonstrated positive cell-mediated immune responses throughout the study.", "PMID": 115558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11888", "title": "Long-term culture of canine peripheral blood monocytes in vitro.", "content": "Various cultural conditions were assessed for their ability to maintain canine peripheral blood monocytes in vitro. Approximately ten days after incubation of peripheral blood leukocytes in Earle's minimum essential medium supplemented with homologous red cell lysates and normal horse serum, virtually a pure macrophage culture was obtained which could then be maintained for about two months. This culture was judged to be pure by surface marker analysis and their phagocytic activity. The number of monocytes could be increased by injecting the dogs with a chloroform extract from Listeria monocytogenes prior to collection of the blood.", "contents": "Long-term culture of canine peripheral blood monocytes in vitro. Various cultural conditions were assessed for their ability to maintain canine peripheral blood monocytes in vitro. Approximately ten days after incubation of peripheral blood leukocytes in Earle's minimum essential medium supplemented with homologous red cell lysates and normal horse serum, virtually a pure macrophage culture was obtained which could then be maintained for about two months. This culture was judged to be pure by surface marker analysis and their phagocytic activity. The number of monocytes could be increased by injecting the dogs with a chloroform extract from Listeria monocytogenes prior to collection of the blood.", "PMID": 115559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11889", "title": "Actions of various gastrointestinal peptides on the isolated amphibian spinal cord.", "content": "The effects of a number of peptides which are found in the gastrointestinal tract have been ascertained on the direct current recorded dorsal and ventral root responses of the isolated hemisected toad spinal cord. Motilin, substance P, bombesin, neurotensin, and thyrotropin releasing hormone had potent depolarizing actions on dorsal root terminals and motoneurons. These substances evoked discernable effects at concentrations as low as 10--7 M, or even lower with motilin. The effects of motilin, neurotensin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone were greatly reduced or abolished by perfusion of the preparation with tetrodotoxin. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, secretin, and pancreozymin (cholecystokinin) also depolarized dorsal root terminals and motoneurons. The effects of secretin and cholecystokinin were not abolished by tetrodotoxin. Leu- and Met-enkephalin had weak hyperpolarizing actions on the dorsal and ventral root potentials of repetitively stimulated preparations. Gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, glucagon, and somatostatin had no apparent effects on the responses of the preparation. Angiotensin and vasopressin both had rather weak depolarizing effects on the dorsal and ventral roots.", "contents": "Actions of various gastrointestinal peptides on the isolated amphibian spinal cord. The effects of a number of peptides which are found in the gastrointestinal tract have been ascertained on the direct current recorded dorsal and ventral root responses of the isolated hemisected toad spinal cord. Motilin, substance P, bombesin, neurotensin, and thyrotropin releasing hormone had potent depolarizing actions on dorsal root terminals and motoneurons. These substances evoked discernable effects at concentrations as low as 10--7 M, or even lower with motilin. The effects of motilin, neurotensin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone were greatly reduced or abolished by perfusion of the preparation with tetrodotoxin. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, secretin, and pancreozymin (cholecystokinin) also depolarized dorsal root terminals and motoneurons. The effects of secretin and cholecystokinin were not abolished by tetrodotoxin. Leu- and Met-enkephalin had weak hyperpolarizing actions on the dorsal and ventral root potentials of repetitively stimulated preparations. Gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, glucagon, and somatostatin had no apparent effects on the responses of the preparation. Angiotensin and vasopressin both had rather weak depolarizing effects on the dorsal and ventral roots.", "PMID": 115560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11890", "title": "Effects of MK-771 on the isolated amphibian spinal cord: comparison with thyrotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "Topically applied MK-771 (pyro-2-aminoadipyl-histidyl-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide), a novel thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog, was found to be equipotent with TRH in depolarizing the ventral roots of the isolated, hemisected amphibian (Bufo marinus) spinal cord. The 3-methyl-histidyl analog of TRH was approximately 10 times more potent than MK-771 and TRH. MK-771 is known to be equiactive with TRH in their actions on the pituitary gland. Taken together these findings suggest that the previously observed enhanced potency of systemically administered MK-771 over TRH in in vivo central nervous system (CNS) test paradigms is not likely to be due to a difference in the agonist requirements of CNS as compared with pituitary receptors for TRH.", "contents": "Effects of MK-771 on the isolated amphibian spinal cord: comparison with thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Topically applied MK-771 (pyro-2-aminoadipyl-histidyl-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide), a novel thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog, was found to be equipotent with TRH in depolarizing the ventral roots of the isolated, hemisected amphibian (Bufo marinus) spinal cord. The 3-methyl-histidyl analog of TRH was approximately 10 times more potent than MK-771 and TRH. MK-771 is known to be equiactive with TRH in their actions on the pituitary gland. Taken together these findings suggest that the previously observed enhanced potency of systemically administered MK-771 over TRH in in vivo central nervous system (CNS) test paradigms is not likely to be due to a difference in the agonist requirements of CNS as compared with pituitary receptors for TRH.", "PMID": 115561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11891", "title": "Randomized sequential trial of parenteral nutrition in healing of colonic anastomoses in man.", "content": "Adults who underwent elective colonic resection with anastomosis for both benign and malignant disease were randomly assigned to control or treated groups. Treated patients received daily 50 ml/kg of amino acid solution containing either 10 or 25 g/dl glucose by central or peripheral vein plus 500 ml of commercial soybean emulsion for 24 hours before operation and for 5 consecutive days after. Patients in both groups were examined by roentgenography after a water-soluble contrast enema, between 10 and 14 days after operation, and the integrity of the anastomosis was assessed radiologically without knowledge of the treatment given. Results were assessed by sequential analysis. After 21 pairs of subjects were entered,a boundary was crossed making the area favourable to treatment inaccessible, and the trial was terminated. Forty-seven patients were included in the trial: there were four anastomotic leaks in 23 control subjects and eight leaks in 24 treated subjects. The authors conclude that intensive perioperative parenteral nutrition in patients who undergo routine elective colonic resection does not improve the rate of healing of colonic anastomoses.", "contents": "Randomized sequential trial of parenteral nutrition in healing of colonic anastomoses in man. Adults who underwent elective colonic resection with anastomosis for both benign and malignant disease were randomly assigned to control or treated groups. Treated patients received daily 50 ml/kg of amino acid solution containing either 10 or 25 g/dl glucose by central or peripheral vein plus 500 ml of commercial soybean emulsion for 24 hours before operation and for 5 consecutive days after. Patients in both groups were examined by roentgenography after a water-soluble contrast enema, between 10 and 14 days after operation, and the integrity of the anastomosis was assessed radiologically without knowledge of the treatment given. Results were assessed by sequential analysis. After 21 pairs of subjects were entered,a boundary was crossed making the area favourable to treatment inaccessible, and the trial was terminated. Forty-seven patients were included in the trial: there were four anastomotic leaks in 23 control subjects and eight leaks in 24 treated subjects. The authors conclude that intensive perioperative parenteral nutrition in patients who undergo routine elective colonic resection does not improve the rate of healing of colonic anastomoses.", "PMID": 115562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11892", "title": "Hypospadias: a review.", "content": "Hypospadias is a common congenital anomaly with a prevalence estimated to be as high as 1 in 125 live male births. Its etiology is not entirely resolved but is embryologic in origin and has been attributed to fusion defects. Several authors believe it is a manifestation of intersex. Experience to date has produced a general consensus with regard to indications, timing and surgical principles for repair of the hypospadiac meatus. While two-stage procedures have been the mainstay of therapy, successful single-stage procedures have recently been developed. The prevention and management of the complications of persistant chordee, fistula and stricture make hypospadias repair one of the more challenging urologic procedures.", "contents": "Hypospadias: a review. Hypospadias is a common congenital anomaly with a prevalence estimated to be as high as 1 in 125 live male births. Its etiology is not entirely resolved but is embryologic in origin and has been attributed to fusion defects. Several authors believe it is a manifestation of intersex. Experience to date has produced a general consensus with regard to indications, timing and surgical principles for repair of the hypospadiac meatus. While two-stage procedures have been the mainstay of therapy, successful single-stage procedures have recently been developed. The prevention and management of the complications of persistant chordee, fistula and stricture make hypospadias repair one of the more challenging urologic procedures.", "PMID": 115563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11893", "title": "Monitoring the critically ill surgical patient.", "content": "Critically ill surgical patients account for approximately half the patients in an active multidisciplinary critical care unit. Hypovolemia and sepsis are common in such patients and affect a number of organ systems. Monitoring these systems provides therapeutically relevant information that may decrease morbidity and improve patient survival. Circulatory hemodynamics may be assessed by direct measurement of the arterial blood pressure, central venous and pulmonary artery pressure monitoring and cardiac output determination; the data thus obtained are valuable in guiding fluid replacement in the hypovolemic individual. The respiratory status may be assessed by bedside spirometry and measurement of arterial blood gas tensions to gauge pulmonary function and the need for assisted ventilation. Renal dysfunction is common in such patients; careful analysis of both urine and blood may identify prerenal as opposed to renal and postrenal factors. Monitoring of the gastrointestinal tract, especially for hemorrhage, is important. Finally, careful attention to nutritional status and provision of adequate protein and energy intake by mouth or by vein is a vital component of the optimal care of these patients.", "contents": "Monitoring the critically ill surgical patient. Critically ill surgical patients account for approximately half the patients in an active multidisciplinary critical care unit. Hypovolemia and sepsis are common in such patients and affect a number of organ systems. Monitoring these systems provides therapeutically relevant information that may decrease morbidity and improve patient survival. Circulatory hemodynamics may be assessed by direct measurement of the arterial blood pressure, central venous and pulmonary artery pressure monitoring and cardiac output determination; the data thus obtained are valuable in guiding fluid replacement in the hypovolemic individual. The respiratory status may be assessed by bedside spirometry and measurement of arterial blood gas tensions to gauge pulmonary function and the need for assisted ventilation. Renal dysfunction is common in such patients; careful analysis of both urine and blood may identify prerenal as opposed to renal and postrenal factors. Monitoring of the gastrointestinal tract, especially for hemorrhage, is important. Finally, careful attention to nutritional status and provision of adequate protein and energy intake by mouth or by vein is a vital component of the optimal care of these patients.", "PMID": 115566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11894", "title": "External irradiation in the management of stage II endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with stage II endometrial carcinoma were reviewed and the possible risk factors involved in state II disease are presented. Twenty-four patients received external irradiation as part of their treatment with or without intracavitary or intravaginal radium and/or TAH BSO. The 5-year actuarial survival in our series was 81.4%. The data showed that preoperative external irradiation can be effectively administered without undue complication. A strong argument against the traditional use of preoperative intracavitary radium is presented. Preoperative external irradiation administered with a 4-field box technique to deliver a minimum dose of 5000 rad in 5--6 weeks to all the structures at risk is the recommended treatment for stage II endometrial carcinoma.", "contents": "External irradiation in the management of stage II endometrial carcinoma. Twenty-nine patients with stage II endometrial carcinoma were reviewed and the possible risk factors involved in state II disease are presented. Twenty-four patients received external irradiation as part of their treatment with or without intracavitary or intravaginal radium and/or TAH BSO. The 5-year actuarial survival in our series was 81.4%. The data showed that preoperative external irradiation can be effectively administered without undue complication. A strong argument against the traditional use of preoperative intracavitary radium is presented. Preoperative external irradiation administered with a 4-field box technique to deliver a minimum dose of 5000 rad in 5--6 weeks to all the structures at risk is the recommended treatment for stage II endometrial carcinoma.", "PMID": 115571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11895", "title": "Levels of histaminase and L-DOPA decarboxylase activity in the transition from C-cell hyperplasia to familial medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "The distribution of calcitonin, L-dopa decarboxylase, and histaminase is studied in sectioned total thyroid glands from patients with different stages of familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. In 5 glands with gross carcinoma and in 3 with early microscopic carcinoma the distribution of all three parameters positively correlates (p less than .01 for each correlation). In contrast, in 6 glands with C-cell hyperplasia only the distribution of calcitonin and L-dopa decarboxylase correlates (r = 0.64, p less than .01) while those for histaminase vs. calcitonin (r = .17, p = N.S.) and histaminase vs. dopa decarboxylase (r = .03, p = N.S.) do not. In the glands with microscopic carcinoma the peak levels of histaminase occur in the areas of disease as defined by immunohistochemical staining of calcitonin; mean histaminase activity is the only one of the three parameters measured that distinguishes between C-cell hyperplasia and microscopic carcinoma (p less than .005). Immunohistochemical staining of histaminase shows positive cells in glands with gross and microscopic carcinoma, but in none of the glands with hyperplasia alone. Histaminase is thus found in high amounts in some malignant C-cells only and may be a useful marker to distinguish between hyperplasia and malignancy in thyroids with early C-cell proliferative disorders.", "contents": "Levels of histaminase and L-DOPA decarboxylase activity in the transition from C-cell hyperplasia to familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. The distribution of calcitonin, L-dopa decarboxylase, and histaminase is studied in sectioned total thyroid glands from patients with different stages of familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. In 5 glands with gross carcinoma and in 3 with early microscopic carcinoma the distribution of all three parameters positively correlates (p less than .01 for each correlation). In contrast, in 6 glands with C-cell hyperplasia only the distribution of calcitonin and L-dopa decarboxylase correlates (r = 0.64, p less than .01) while those for histaminase vs. calcitonin (r = .17, p = N.S.) and histaminase vs. dopa decarboxylase (r = .03, p = N.S.) do not. In the glands with microscopic carcinoma the peak levels of histaminase occur in the areas of disease as defined by immunohistochemical staining of calcitonin; mean histaminase activity is the only one of the three parameters measured that distinguishes between C-cell hyperplasia and microscopic carcinoma (p less than .005). Immunohistochemical staining of histaminase shows positive cells in glands with gross and microscopic carcinoma, but in none of the glands with hyperplasia alone. Histaminase is thus found in high amounts in some malignant C-cells only and may be a useful marker to distinguish between hyperplasia and malignancy in thyroids with early C-cell proliferative disorders.", "PMID": 115572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11896", "title": "Depressed PHA transformation and acute leukemia in macroglobulinemia.", "content": "Two out of fifty-three patients with macroglobulinemia developed acute leukemia following chemotherapy. The Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) Transformation Index performed prior to the appearance of acute leukemia was found to be markedly depressed in these two patients in comparison with ten other patients with macroglobulinemia. In addition, a clone with monosomy 7 was detected in one of the currently reported patients when the leukemic process became apparent. The cytogenetic analysis was normal in the same patient 48 months earlier, when macroglobulinemia was diagnosed. The low PHA Transformation Index and the chromosomal hypodiploidy are of interest and their clinical significance merits further investigation.", "contents": "Depressed PHA transformation and acute leukemia in macroglobulinemia. Two out of fifty-three patients with macroglobulinemia developed acute leukemia following chemotherapy. The Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) Transformation Index performed prior to the appearance of acute leukemia was found to be markedly depressed in these two patients in comparison with ten other patients with macroglobulinemia. In addition, a clone with monosomy 7 was detected in one of the currently reported patients when the leukemic process became apparent. The cytogenetic analysis was normal in the same patient 48 months earlier, when macroglobulinemia was diagnosed. The low PHA Transformation Index and the chromosomal hypodiploidy are of interest and their clinical significance merits further investigation.", "PMID": 115573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11897", "title": "Isolation and identification of a human serum fibronectin-like protein elevated during malignant disease.", "content": "A human DNA-binding protein, designated MAD-2, has recently been found to be elevated in the serum from patients with malignant diseases. MAD-2 has been purified approximately 500-fold from peritoneal and pleural fluids collected from cancer patients. Immunodiffusion studies have indicated that MAD-2 is immunochemically identical to human plasma fibronectin. The purified material has been resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis into two major protein chains with molecular weights in the range of 200,000 to 210,000 in either the presence or absence of disulfide bond-reducing agents. These results suggest that MAD-2 is a fibronectin fragment which has been generated through proteolysis. A quantitative assay system capable of detecting ng quantities of MAD-2 has been developed and used to verify the presence of elevated MAD-2 levels in DNA-binding protein fractions isolated from the serum of individuals with malignant diseases.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of a human serum fibronectin-like protein elevated during malignant disease. A human DNA-binding protein, designated MAD-2, has recently been found to be elevated in the serum from patients with malignant diseases. MAD-2 has been purified approximately 500-fold from peritoneal and pleural fluids collected from cancer patients. Immunodiffusion studies have indicated that MAD-2 is immunochemically identical to human plasma fibronectin. The purified material has been resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis into two major protein chains with molecular weights in the range of 200,000 to 210,000 in either the presence or absence of disulfide bond-reducing agents. These results suggest that MAD-2 is a fibronectin fragment which has been generated through proteolysis. A quantitative assay system capable of detecting ng quantities of MAD-2 has been developed and used to verify the presence of elevated MAD-2 levels in DNA-binding protein fractions isolated from the serum of individuals with malignant diseases.", "PMID": 115574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11898", "title": "Induction of osteogenic sarcomas and tumors of the hepatobiliary system in nonhuman primates with aflatoxin B1.", "content": "The carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been under evaluation in nonhuman primates for the past 13 years. A total of 47 Old World monkeys, chiefly rhesus and cynomolgus, have received AFB1 i.p. (0.125 to 0.25 mg/kg) and/or p.o. (0.1 to 0.8 mg/kg) for 2 months or longer, and 12 are currently alive and without evidence of tumor. Thirteen of the 35 monkeys necropsied to date (37%) developed one or more malignant neoplasms, yielding an overall tumor incidence of 28%. Five of the neoplasms were primary liver tumors (2 hepatocellular carcinomas and 3 hemangioendothelial sarcomas), and 2 cases of osteogenic sarcoma were found. Other tumors diagnosed were 6 carcinomas of the gall bladder or bile duct, 3 tumors of the pancreas or its ducts, and one papillary Grade I carcinoma of the urinary bladder. The tumors developed in animals receiving an average total AFB1 dose of 709 mg (range, 99 to 1354 mg) for an average of 114 months (range, 47 to 147 months). Fifteen of the 22 necropsied monkeys (68%) without tumor showed histological evidence of liver damage, including toxic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hyperplastic liver nodules. These animals had received an average total AFB1 dose of 363 mg (range, 0.35 to 1368 mg) for an average of 55 months (range, 2 to 141 months). Our results indicate that AFB1 is a potent hepatotoxin and carcinogen in nonhuman primates and further support the hypothesis that humans exposed to this substance may be at risk of developing cancer.", "contents": "Induction of osteogenic sarcomas and tumors of the hepatobiliary system in nonhuman primates with aflatoxin B1. The carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been under evaluation in nonhuman primates for the past 13 years. A total of 47 Old World monkeys, chiefly rhesus and cynomolgus, have received AFB1 i.p. (0.125 to 0.25 mg/kg) and/or p.o. (0.1 to 0.8 mg/kg) for 2 months or longer, and 12 are currently alive and without evidence of tumor. Thirteen of the 35 monkeys necropsied to date (37%) developed one or more malignant neoplasms, yielding an overall tumor incidence of 28%. Five of the neoplasms were primary liver tumors (2 hepatocellular carcinomas and 3 hemangioendothelial sarcomas), and 2 cases of osteogenic sarcoma were found. Other tumors diagnosed were 6 carcinomas of the gall bladder or bile duct, 3 tumors of the pancreas or its ducts, and one papillary Grade I carcinoma of the urinary bladder. The tumors developed in animals receiving an average total AFB1 dose of 709 mg (range, 99 to 1354 mg) for an average of 114 months (range, 47 to 147 months). Fifteen of the 22 necropsied monkeys (68%) without tumor showed histological evidence of liver damage, including toxic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hyperplastic liver nodules. These animals had received an average total AFB1 dose of 363 mg (range, 0.35 to 1368 mg) for an average of 55 months (range, 2 to 141 months). Our results indicate that AFB1 is a potent hepatotoxin and carcinogen in nonhuman primates and further support the hypothesis that humans exposed to this substance may be at risk of developing cancer.", "PMID": 115576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11899", "title": "Effects of transplacental exposure to diethylstilbestrol on carcinogenic susceptibility during postnatal life in hamster progeny.", "content": "Prenatal exposure to a single dose of diethylstilbestrol (DES) produced a significant increase in carcinogenic response of hamster progeny that were subsequently subjected to the carcinogenic stimulus of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) during postnatal life. The compounds were administered according to the following schedules. The pregnant animals (second group) received a single dose of DES, 10 mg/kg, on Day 14 of gestation. Postnatally, at 6 weeks of age, the progeny were given DMBA, 25 mg/kg p.o., twice weekly for 8 weeks. The first group received DMBA at 6 weeks of age, 30 mg/kg p.o., twice weekly for 18 weeks. The progeny exposed to DES prenatally and DMBA postnatally (DES-DMBA-exposed progeny) developed a greater multiplicity of tumors per tumor-bearing animal (p less than 0.001) and higher rates of neoplasms of the reproductive tract, e.g., ovarian and uterine tumors, mammary gland and forestomach tumors, and dermal melanomas. The prenatally DES-exposed progeny also had significantly higher incidences of malignant tumors, e.g., carcinomas of the mammary gland (p less than 0.001) and carcinomas of the forestomach (p less than 0.001), than did the hamsters given DMBA alone during postnatal life. Endocrine imbalance produced by exposure in utero may heighten the sensitivity of the progeny to development of neoplasms after a challenge with carcinogenic stimuli in adult life. The significance of these experimental data to the human situation is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of transplacental exposure to diethylstilbestrol on carcinogenic susceptibility during postnatal life in hamster progeny. Prenatal exposure to a single dose of diethylstilbestrol (DES) produced a significant increase in carcinogenic response of hamster progeny that were subsequently subjected to the carcinogenic stimulus of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) during postnatal life. The compounds were administered according to the following schedules. The pregnant animals (second group) received a single dose of DES, 10 mg/kg, on Day 14 of gestation. Postnatally, at 6 weeks of age, the progeny were given DMBA, 25 mg/kg p.o., twice weekly for 8 weeks. The first group received DMBA at 6 weeks of age, 30 mg/kg p.o., twice weekly for 18 weeks. The progeny exposed to DES prenatally and DMBA postnatally (DES-DMBA-exposed progeny) developed a greater multiplicity of tumors per tumor-bearing animal (p less than 0.001) and higher rates of neoplasms of the reproductive tract, e.g., ovarian and uterine tumors, mammary gland and forestomach tumors, and dermal melanomas. The prenatally DES-exposed progeny also had significantly higher incidences of malignant tumors, e.g., carcinomas of the mammary gland (p less than 0.001) and carcinomas of the forestomach (p less than 0.001), than did the hamsters given DMBA alone during postnatal life. Endocrine imbalance produced by exposure in utero may heighten the sensitivity of the progeny to development of neoplasms after a challenge with carcinogenic stimuli in adult life. The significance of these experimental data to the human situation is discussed.", "PMID": 115577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11900", "title": "Enhancement of endotoxic shock by N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-(L-seryl)-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide).", "content": "We described elsewhere that the synergistic antitumor activity of endotoxic extracts from Re mutants of gram-negative bacteria and trehalose mycolate against guinea pig syngeneic line 10 tumor was abrogated after peptide substances accompanying these extracts had been removed. This activity could be restored by combining peptide-free endotoxin either with cell wall skeleton from Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, a polymeric mycolic acid-arabinogalactan-mucopeptide complex, or with a combination of two separate components, trehalose dimycolate and N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-(L-seryl)-D-isoglutamine (MDP). We report here that when a combination of endotoxin (150 microgram) and a mixture of MDP (150 microgram) and trehalose dimycolate (150 microgram) was inoculated into established dermal tumors, a significant number of the animals died, presumably of endotoxic shock. All surviving animals suffered severe but temporary lethargy. When administered alone intradermally in the dose levels tested, none of the components caused severe lethargy or lethality. The lethal effects of 159 microgram of MDP also occurred in combination with relatively weak endotoxic products, such as Pseudomonas vaccine (Pseudogen), and these effects did not depend upon the presence of malignant tissue. Guinea pigs inoculated i.v. were even more susceptible inasmuch as the addition of as little as 6 microgram of MDP to 150 microgram of Pseudogen, itself not lethal, caused the death of 80% of the animals.", "contents": "Enhancement of endotoxic shock by N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-(L-seryl)-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide). We described elsewhere that the synergistic antitumor activity of endotoxic extracts from Re mutants of gram-negative bacteria and trehalose mycolate against guinea pig syngeneic line 10 tumor was abrogated after peptide substances accompanying these extracts had been removed. This activity could be restored by combining peptide-free endotoxin either with cell wall skeleton from Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, a polymeric mycolic acid-arabinogalactan-mucopeptide complex, or with a combination of two separate components, trehalose dimycolate and N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-(L-seryl)-D-isoglutamine (MDP). We report here that when a combination of endotoxin (150 microgram) and a mixture of MDP (150 microgram) and trehalose dimycolate (150 microgram) was inoculated into established dermal tumors, a significant number of the animals died, presumably of endotoxic shock. All surviving animals suffered severe but temporary lethargy. When administered alone intradermally in the dose levels tested, none of the components caused severe lethargy or lethality. The lethal effects of 159 microgram of MDP also occurred in combination with relatively weak endotoxic products, such as Pseudomonas vaccine (Pseudogen), and these effects did not depend upon the presence of malignant tissue. Guinea pigs inoculated i.v. were even more susceptible inasmuch as the addition of as little as 6 microgram of MDP to 150 microgram of Pseudogen, itself not lethal, caused the death of 80% of the animals.", "PMID": 115579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11901", "title": "Quantitative assessment of generalized epithelial changes in tracheal mucosa following exposure to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.", "content": "Sequential morphological changes occurring after brief carcinogen exposures of heterotopic tracheal transplants in rats were semiquantitatively studied. Tracheas were exposed to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene for 1, 2, or 4 weeks, during which time means of 138, 152, and 160 microgram 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, respectively, were delivered. The first two types of exposures resulted only in generalized epithelial changes; these included hyperplasia and early metaplasia, both of which regressed rapidly, and persistent atrophic alterations. No focal epithelial lesions or tumors developed. The third type of exposure (160 microgram 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene delivered in 4 weeks) resulted in the appearance of generalized mucosal changes with long-lasting, severe inhibition of mucus production. In addition, focal metaplastic lesions reappeared at 4 to 8 months after exposure, and invasive carcinomas developed after 1 year with an incidence of 9%. Overall carcinoma incidence, including carcinoma in situ, was 15%. The studies emphasize the importance of the duration of carcinogen exposure, and they demonstrate the emergence of focal lesions when effective carcinogenic exposures are being used. The possible significance of epithelial atrophy in the pathogenesis of cancer in this experimental model is discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of generalized epithelial changes in tracheal mucosa following exposure to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Sequential morphological changes occurring after brief carcinogen exposures of heterotopic tracheal transplants in rats were semiquantitatively studied. Tracheas were exposed to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene for 1, 2, or 4 weeks, during which time means of 138, 152, and 160 microgram 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, respectively, were delivered. The first two types of exposures resulted only in generalized epithelial changes; these included hyperplasia and early metaplasia, both of which regressed rapidly, and persistent atrophic alterations. No focal epithelial lesions or tumors developed. The third type of exposure (160 microgram 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene delivered in 4 weeks) resulted in the appearance of generalized mucosal changes with long-lasting, severe inhibition of mucus production. In addition, focal metaplastic lesions reappeared at 4 to 8 months after exposure, and invasive carcinomas developed after 1 year with an incidence of 9%. Overall carcinoma incidence, including carcinoma in situ, was 15%. The studies emphasize the importance of the duration of carcinogen exposure, and they demonstrate the emergence of focal lesions when effective carcinogenic exposures are being used. The possible significance of epithelial atrophy in the pathogenesis of cancer in this experimental model is discussed.", "PMID": 115580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11902", "title": "Renal tubular transport of methotrexate in the rhesus monkey and dog.", "content": "The mechanism and localization of renal transport of methotrexate (MTX) were studied in the rhesus monkey and the dog. It was found that in both animals MTX was bound with plasma protein in a range of 50 to 68% varying with the MTX plasma concentration. Paper chromatographic analysis showed that a negligible amount of MTX was metabolized. The excretion of MTX in rhesus monkey was mainly by tubular secretion which was blocked by probenecid, but in the dog a bidirectional transport mechanism for MTX was indicated. Tubular secretion was localized in the proximal tubules, and a tubular reabsorptive process was in the distal section. Simultaneous administration of folic acid blocked the tubular reabsorption of MTX, resulting in an increase of renal excretion. Maximum tubular excretory capacity determination showed that a maximum tubular excretory capacity value of approximately 5 mumol/100 ml of glomerular filtrate was observed in the rhesus monkey at a plasma concentration of 0.07 mM and a value of 2 mumol/100 ml of glomerular filtrate for the dog. Studies with renal cortical slice technique also indicated that the monkey kidney can accumulate greater amounts of MTX than can the dog kidney.", "contents": "Renal tubular transport of methotrexate in the rhesus monkey and dog. The mechanism and localization of renal transport of methotrexate (MTX) were studied in the rhesus monkey and the dog. It was found that in both animals MTX was bound with plasma protein in a range of 50 to 68% varying with the MTX plasma concentration. Paper chromatographic analysis showed that a negligible amount of MTX was metabolized. The excretion of MTX in rhesus monkey was mainly by tubular secretion which was blocked by probenecid, but in the dog a bidirectional transport mechanism for MTX was indicated. Tubular secretion was localized in the proximal tubules, and a tubular reabsorptive process was in the distal section. Simultaneous administration of folic acid blocked the tubular reabsorption of MTX, resulting in an increase of renal excretion. Maximum tubular excretory capacity determination showed that a maximum tubular excretory capacity value of approximately 5 mumol/100 ml of glomerular filtrate was observed in the rhesus monkey at a plasma concentration of 0.07 mM and a value of 2 mumol/100 ml of glomerular filtrate for the dog. Studies with renal cortical slice technique also indicated that the monkey kidney can accumulate greater amounts of MTX than can the dog kidney.", "PMID": 115582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11903", "title": "Effect of catechol estrogens on rat mammary tumors.", "content": "The effect of 1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3, 16 alpha, 17 beta-triol (estriol), 1, 3, 5(10)-estratriene-2,3-diol-17-one (2-hydroxyestrone), and 1,3,5(10)-estratriene-2,3,17 beta-triol (2-hydroxyestradiol) on the growth of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumor and of R3230AC-transplantable mammary tumor was compared with that produced by estradiol benzoate treatment. Estriol showed minimal inhibition of tumor growth in dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced tumor and no effect on R3230AC tumor while 2-hydroxyestrone showed no effect of tumor inhibition. On the other hand, 2-hydroxyestradiol showed appreciable inhibition of tumor growth in both tumors studied. That 2-hydroxyestradiol has been found to bind to estrogen receptors in mammary tumors and is uterotropic suggests that the inhibition of tumor growth by 2-hydroxyestradiol may be similar to the mechanism of inhibition of mammary tumors by high concentrations of estradiol.", "contents": "Effect of catechol estrogens on rat mammary tumors. The effect of 1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3, 16 alpha, 17 beta-triol (estriol), 1, 3, 5(10)-estratriene-2,3-diol-17-one (2-hydroxyestrone), and 1,3,5(10)-estratriene-2,3,17 beta-triol (2-hydroxyestradiol) on the growth of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumor and of R3230AC-transplantable mammary tumor was compared with that produced by estradiol benzoate treatment. Estriol showed minimal inhibition of tumor growth in dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced tumor and no effect on R3230AC tumor while 2-hydroxyestrone showed no effect of tumor inhibition. On the other hand, 2-hydroxyestradiol showed appreciable inhibition of tumor growth in both tumors studied. That 2-hydroxyestradiol has been found to bind to estrogen receptors in mammary tumors and is uterotropic suggests that the inhibition of tumor growth by 2-hydroxyestradiol may be similar to the mechanism of inhibition of mammary tumors by high concentrations of estradiol.", "PMID": 115583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11904", "title": "Biochemical basis for cytotoxicity of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in rat liver epithelial cells.", "content": "When the effects of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) on normal and malignant rat liver epithelial cells were compared in a colony inhibition assay, this carcinogen showed a preferential cytotoxic action on the normal cells. In investigations of the biochemical basis of this selective toxicity, it was found that both cell lines were similarly effective in binding DMBA to DNA and that both cell lines had the capacity to metabolize this carcinogen. However, the hepatoma cells were more efficient than were the normal cells in generating very polar metabolites (not organic solvent extractable). These studies suggest that the basis of the resistance of the hepatoma cells to the toxicity induced by DMBA lies in their ability to detoxify biologically active metabolites. Several phenols were examined as possible toxic metabolites of DMBA, but these were not toxic at dose levels at which DMBA kills most of the normal cells.", "contents": "Biochemical basis for cytotoxicity of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in rat liver epithelial cells. When the effects of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) on normal and malignant rat liver epithelial cells were compared in a colony inhibition assay, this carcinogen showed a preferential cytotoxic action on the normal cells. In investigations of the biochemical basis of this selective toxicity, it was found that both cell lines were similarly effective in binding DMBA to DNA and that both cell lines had the capacity to metabolize this carcinogen. However, the hepatoma cells were more efficient than were the normal cells in generating very polar metabolites (not organic solvent extractable). These studies suggest that the basis of the resistance of the hepatoma cells to the toxicity induced by DMBA lies in their ability to detoxify biologically active metabolites. Several phenols were examined as possible toxic metabolites of DMBA, but these were not toxic at dose levels at which DMBA kills most of the normal cells.", "PMID": 115585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11905", "title": "Disposition and metabolism of pentamethylmelamine and hexamethylmelamine in rabbits and humans.", "content": "The disposition and metabolism of pentamethylmelamine (PMM) and hexamethylmelamine (HMM) were studied in the rabbit, and the disposition of PMM was studied in humans. Parent compound and metabolites were identified by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses. Plasma elimination in both species following i.v. administration of each drug was best described by a two-compartment open model. Both compounds were extensively demethylated with less than 1% of the total dose administered recovered in the urine over 24 hr. The areas under the plasma time-concentration curves of PMM and HMM following p.o. administration to rabbits were 5 and 25% of the areas following i.v. administration. Gastrointestinal absorption was rapid and efficient with 75 to 89% of drug equivalents recoverable in the urine after p.o. administration of [ring-14C]PMM or [ring-14C]HMM to rabbits. Reduced bioavailability of PMM and HMM p.o. appears to be a consequence of rapid metabolism presumably in the liver.", "contents": "Disposition and metabolism of pentamethylmelamine and hexamethylmelamine in rabbits and humans. The disposition and metabolism of pentamethylmelamine (PMM) and hexamethylmelamine (HMM) were studied in the rabbit, and the disposition of PMM was studied in humans. Parent compound and metabolites were identified by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses. Plasma elimination in both species following i.v. administration of each drug was best described by a two-compartment open model. Both compounds were extensively demethylated with less than 1% of the total dose administered recovered in the urine over 24 hr. The areas under the plasma time-concentration curves of PMM and HMM following p.o. administration to rabbits were 5 and 25% of the areas following i.v. administration. Gastrointestinal absorption was rapid and efficient with 75 to 89% of drug equivalents recoverable in the urine after p.o. administration of [ring-14C]PMM or [ring-14C]HMM to rabbits. Reduced bioavailability of PMM and HMM p.o. appears to be a consequence of rapid metabolism presumably in the liver.", "PMID": 115586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11906", "title": "An appraisal of the role of radiation therapy in the management of nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors of the testis in the era of effective chemotherapy.", "content": "Patients with nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors of the testis can be divided into two broad groups. The first includes patients with negative lymphograms or small-volume metastases confined to the abdominal nodes. The overall cure rate with orchiectomy and nodal irradiation is 80%. A policy of early detection of relapse and treatment with chemotherapy is advocated. Adopting this approach, no deaths have occurred in this group of patients treated in 1976 and 1977, and only one (associated with acute myeloblastic leukemia) occurred in 1975. The second group consists of patients with other stage categories who receive chemotherapy as initial treatment, followed in stage II and II and selected stage IV patients by radiation therapy to sites of initial involvement and surgery. Preliminary experience has shown this to be a practicable and promising approach. The prognosis for stage IV patients depends upon metastatic site and volume; in those patients with limited lung disease 80% are surviving disease-free.", "contents": "An appraisal of the role of radiation therapy in the management of nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors of the testis in the era of effective chemotherapy. Patients with nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors of the testis can be divided into two broad groups. The first includes patients with negative lymphograms or small-volume metastases confined to the abdominal nodes. The overall cure rate with orchiectomy and nodal irradiation is 80%. A policy of early detection of relapse and treatment with chemotherapy is advocated. Adopting this approach, no deaths have occurred in this group of patients treated in 1976 and 1977, and only one (associated with acute myeloblastic leukemia) occurred in 1975. The second group consists of patients with other stage categories who receive chemotherapy as initial treatment, followed in stage II and II and selected stage IV patients by radiation therapy to sites of initial involvement and surgery. Preliminary experience has shown this to be a practicable and promising approach. The prognosis for stage IV patients depends upon metastatic site and volume; in those patients with limited lung disease 80% are surviving disease-free.", "PMID": 115587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11907", "title": "Somatostatinergic nerves in the cervical spinal cord of the monkey.", "content": "Somatostatinergic nerves in the spinal cord of the monkey were investigated utilizing immunohistochemistry with various antibodies against synthetic somatostatin. In contrast to earlier investigations, it is shown that somatostatinergic nerve endings occur in most of the areas of the grey matter of the spinal cord. The somatostatinergic axons are, however, characteristically distributed in three main regions: (1) Densely-packed endings are seen in lamina II of the substantia gelatinosa, forming a crescent-shaped pattern in the columna dorsalis. Somatostatin immunoreactivity is also seen in lamina I and in the Lissauer tract. (2) A fine network of fibers is observed around the central canal; the endings are concentrated on special cell bodies. Some single perikarya are also stained in this region. (3) A loose network of single fibers is found ending on perikarya of the columna lateralis or ventralis. The perikarya of the nerve axons, with the exception of those terminating in the columna dorsalis, have as yet not been identified. In order to better understand the somatostatinergic system of the spinal cord, these newly-detected somatostatinergic nerves must be studied and their exact pathways analyzed.", "contents": "Somatostatinergic nerves in the cervical spinal cord of the monkey. Somatostatinergic nerves in the spinal cord of the monkey were investigated utilizing immunohistochemistry with various antibodies against synthetic somatostatin. In contrast to earlier investigations, it is shown that somatostatinergic nerve endings occur in most of the areas of the grey matter of the spinal cord. The somatostatinergic axons are, however, characteristically distributed in three main regions: (1) Densely-packed endings are seen in lamina II of the substantia gelatinosa, forming a crescent-shaped pattern in the columna dorsalis. Somatostatin immunoreactivity is also seen in lamina I and in the Lissauer tract. (2) A fine network of fibers is observed around the central canal; the endings are concentrated on special cell bodies. Some single perikarya are also stained in this region. (3) A loose network of single fibers is found ending on perikarya of the columna lateralis or ventralis. The perikarya of the nerve axons, with the exception of those terminating in the columna dorsalis, have as yet not been identified. In order to better understand the somatostatinergic system of the spinal cord, these newly-detected somatostatinergic nerves must be studied and their exact pathways analyzed.", "PMID": 115591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11908", "title": "The nephrotoxicity of p-aminophenol. I. The effect on microsomal cytochromes, glutathione and covalent binding in kidney and liver.", "content": "p-Aminophenol administration lowered the microsomal cytochrome P-450 and b5 content and decreased the activity of NADPH cytochrome c reductase in kidney, but not in liver. Kidney GSH was depleted to 29% of the control value at 2 h, and only partly restored (50% of control) at 24 h. Liver GSH was transiently decreased, the lowest levels (77% of control) occurring at 30 min. The maximum level of covalently bound radioactivity was at two hours when 16.8% of the total radioactivity in kidney, 1.5% in liver and 3.6% in plasma was protein bound. At this time 81% of the total radioactivity in kidney and 95% of that in the liver was present in the soluble fraction.", "contents": "The nephrotoxicity of p-aminophenol. I. The effect on microsomal cytochromes, glutathione and covalent binding in kidney and liver. p-Aminophenol administration lowered the microsomal cytochrome P-450 and b5 content and decreased the activity of NADPH cytochrome c reductase in kidney, but not in liver. Kidney GSH was depleted to 29% of the control value at 2 h, and only partly restored (50% of control) at 24 h. Liver GSH was transiently decreased, the lowest levels (77% of control) occurring at 30 min. The maximum level of covalently bound radioactivity was at two hours when 16.8% of the total radioactivity in kidney, 1.5% in liver and 3.6% in plasma was protein bound. At this time 81% of the total radioactivity in kidney and 95% of that in the liver was present in the soluble fraction.", "PMID": 115595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11909", "title": "Effects of membrane perturbants on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in rat-liver microsomes. Circular dichroism studies.", "content": "Rat-liver microsomes were treated with two non-ionic detergents, Triton X-100 and Lubrol WX, with phospholipase A2, or with aqueous acetone solution. The activity of the membrane-bound UDP-glucoronosyltransferase (UDPGT, EC 2.4.1.17) was measured after the treatment with these perturbants. At the same time, modifications of the secondary structure of the microsomal proteins were followed and studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The detergents greatly activated UDPGT, maximally at a 1 mM concentration of either detergent. The maximally activating Triton X-100 treatment did not greatly change the ellipticity of the microsomes at 222 nm ((theta)222), whereas that with Lubrol WX affected the secondary structure of the membrane proteins more strongly. UDPGT activation also occurred in phospholipase A2-treated microsomes. Maximal activation was obtained after 1--5 min of incubation and was stable throughout the experiment. Phospholipase A2 at the ratio of microsomal protein to phospholipase 250 : 1 (w/w) slightly increased (theta)222 after 10 min of incubation and did not change it further even after 30 min of incubation. Treatment of liver microsomes with a 10 : 90 (v/v) aqueous acetone solution removed 90% of the total membrane phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The UDPGT activity was decreased in lipid-depleted microsomes, and the enzyme was not reactivated when phosphatidylcholine-lysophosphatidylcholine liposomes were added at a low temperature. An even greater decrease was obtained when the lipid binding was carried out at 37 degree C. Lipid-depleted microsomes had a high (theta)222 associated with a red-shift of 2 nm, indicating partial aggregation of membrane proteins and an increase in the alpha-helical content of the protein after acetone extraction. However, this particular protein structure was partially reversible, since a binding of phospholipids to lipid-depleted microsomes gave a (theta)222 close to that found in control microsomes. The UDPGT activity was not dependent on the secondary structure of the membrane proteins.", "contents": "Effects of membrane perturbants on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in rat-liver microsomes. Circular dichroism studies. Rat-liver microsomes were treated with two non-ionic detergents, Triton X-100 and Lubrol WX, with phospholipase A2, or with aqueous acetone solution. The activity of the membrane-bound UDP-glucoronosyltransferase (UDPGT, EC 2.4.1.17) was measured after the treatment with these perturbants. At the same time, modifications of the secondary structure of the microsomal proteins were followed and studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The detergents greatly activated UDPGT, maximally at a 1 mM concentration of either detergent. The maximally activating Triton X-100 treatment did not greatly change the ellipticity of the microsomes at 222 nm ((theta)222), whereas that with Lubrol WX affected the secondary structure of the membrane proteins more strongly. UDPGT activation also occurred in phospholipase A2-treated microsomes. Maximal activation was obtained after 1--5 min of incubation and was stable throughout the experiment. Phospholipase A2 at the ratio of microsomal protein to phospholipase 250 : 1 (w/w) slightly increased (theta)222 after 10 min of incubation and did not change it further even after 30 min of incubation. Treatment of liver microsomes with a 10 : 90 (v/v) aqueous acetone solution removed 90% of the total membrane phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The UDPGT activity was decreased in lipid-depleted microsomes, and the enzyme was not reactivated when phosphatidylcholine-lysophosphatidylcholine liposomes were added at a low temperature. An even greater decrease was obtained when the lipid binding was carried out at 37 degree C. Lipid-depleted microsomes had a high (theta)222 associated with a red-shift of 2 nm, indicating partial aggregation of membrane proteins and an increase in the alpha-helical content of the protein after acetone extraction. However, this particular protein structure was partially reversible, since a binding of phospholipids to lipid-depleted microsomes gave a (theta)222 close to that found in control microsomes. The UDPGT activity was not dependent on the secondary structure of the membrane proteins.", "PMID": 115596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11910", "title": "Nucleic acid base and carcinogen metabolite specificities during intercalative interactions between DNA and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide.", "content": "Intercalation of the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) or its metabolic intermediate forms, probably precedes the covalent bond formation of the ultimate carcinogenic form with DNA. A 'complete' empirical-potential energy description of the base-sequence and metabolite specificities of the 4-NQO intercalation process is presented in this work. The important force and structural interaction components are depicted via decomposed energy functions. Energy-minimized intercalated complexes are presented and indicate several interesting characteristics. It is clear that the various intercalated quinoline-metabolites do not generally enter into 'strictly' parallel-planar stacked orientations (unlike the structurally rigid ethidium-intercalated complexes). Intercalation is energetically permitted for six of seven quinoline-metabolites (QMS) studied, although, intercalation into to Pyr(3'-5')Pur sequences is preferred over Pur(3'-5'1Pyr sequences. The three quinoline-metabolites that are more energetically favoured to undergo intercalation than the parent form are also known to enter into the greatest amount of covalent interactions with DNA and its constituents. Thus the present work further suggests the existence of a two-step binding mechanism: intercalation followed by covalent reaction.", "contents": "Nucleic acid base and carcinogen metabolite specificities during intercalative interactions between DNA and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Intercalation of the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) or its metabolic intermediate forms, probably precedes the covalent bond formation of the ultimate carcinogenic form with DNA. A 'complete' empirical-potential energy description of the base-sequence and metabolite specificities of the 4-NQO intercalation process is presented in this work. The important force and structural interaction components are depicted via decomposed energy functions. Energy-minimized intercalated complexes are presented and indicate several interesting characteristics. It is clear that the various intercalated quinoline-metabolites do not generally enter into 'strictly' parallel-planar stacked orientations (unlike the structurally rigid ethidium-intercalated complexes). Intercalation is energetically permitted for six of seven quinoline-metabolites (QMS) studied, although, intercalation into to Pyr(3'-5')Pur sequences is preferred over Pur(3'-5'1Pyr sequences. The three quinoline-metabolites that are more energetically favoured to undergo intercalation than the parent form are also known to enter into the greatest amount of covalent interactions with DNA and its constituents. Thus the present work further suggests the existence of a two-step binding mechanism: intercalation followed by covalent reaction.", "PMID": 115597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11911", "title": "Characteristics of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in rat mammary epithlial cells grown in primary culture.", "content": "Rat mammary epithelial cells grown in primary culture contain the microsomal enzyme, aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase (AHH), which catalyses the oxidative conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to more polar derivatives. Constitutive AHH activity, measured with an established fluorometric method, was 46 pmol/mg protein/h in homogenates of rat mammary epithelial cells after 5 days in culture. The addition of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), benz[a]anthracene (BA), or 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) to the cell culture medium increased AHH activity 5.3-, 4.7- and 2.4-fold, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that maximal hydroxylase induction occurred 16 h after 1 micro M DMBA was added to the culture medium. The decay of the DMBA-induced hydroxylase was biphasic: one component had a t1/2 of 15--30 min and another a t1/2 of 4 h. Norepinephrine, 17 beta-estradiol and 5,6-benzoflavone also increased AHH activity in mammary epithelial cells in vitro, however, sodium phenobarbital had no effect. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), previously shown to be a potent in vitro inducer of AHH activity, had no effect on either constitutive or DMBA-induced mammary epithelial hydroxylase activities following treatment with 1% activated charcoal. Metyrapone and 7,8-benzoflavone, inhibitors of microsomal mixed function oxidase activity, reduced both constitutive and DMBA-induced AHH activities when added to homogenates of untreated and DMBA-treated mammary epithelial cells. The addition of 7,8-benzoflavone reduced both constitutive and DMBA-induced hydroxylase activities by approx. 80%, whereas metyrapone addition inhibited these activities by 20%. The study demonstrates several in vitro factors which alter AHH activity in primary cultures of rat mammary epithelial cells.", "contents": "Characteristics of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in rat mammary epithlial cells grown in primary culture. Rat mammary epithelial cells grown in primary culture contain the microsomal enzyme, aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase (AHH), which catalyses the oxidative conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to more polar derivatives. Constitutive AHH activity, measured with an established fluorometric method, was 46 pmol/mg protein/h in homogenates of rat mammary epithelial cells after 5 days in culture. The addition of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), benz[a]anthracene (BA), or 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) to the cell culture medium increased AHH activity 5.3-, 4.7- and 2.4-fold, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that maximal hydroxylase induction occurred 16 h after 1 micro M DMBA was added to the culture medium. The decay of the DMBA-induced hydroxylase was biphasic: one component had a t1/2 of 15--30 min and another a t1/2 of 4 h. Norepinephrine, 17 beta-estradiol and 5,6-benzoflavone also increased AHH activity in mammary epithelial cells in vitro, however, sodium phenobarbital had no effect. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), previously shown to be a potent in vitro inducer of AHH activity, had no effect on either constitutive or DMBA-induced mammary epithelial hydroxylase activities following treatment with 1% activated charcoal. Metyrapone and 7,8-benzoflavone, inhibitors of microsomal mixed function oxidase activity, reduced both constitutive and DMBA-induced AHH activities when added to homogenates of untreated and DMBA-treated mammary epithelial cells. The addition of 7,8-benzoflavone reduced both constitutive and DMBA-induced hydroxylase activities by approx. 80%, whereas metyrapone addition inhibited these activities by 20%. The study demonstrates several in vitro factors which alter AHH activity in primary cultures of rat mammary epithelial cells.", "PMID": 115598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11912", "title": "The formation of dihydrodiols in the chemical or enzymic oxidation of dibenz[a,c]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]-anthracene and chrysene.", "content": "The formation of trans-dihydrodiols from dibenz[a,c]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and chrysene by chemical oxidation in an ascorbic acid-ferrous sulphate-EDTA system and by rat-liver microsomal fractions has been studied using a combination of thin-layer (TLC) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate the mixtures of isomeric dihydrodiols. The 1,2- and 3,4-dihydrodiols of dibenz[a,c]anthracene, the 1,2-,3,4- and 5,6-dihydrodiols of dibenz[a,h]anthracene and the 1,2-, 3,4- and 5,6-dihydrodiols of chrysene were formed in chemical oxidations. These dihydrodiols were also formed when the three parent hydrocarbons were metabolized by rat-liver microsomal fractions and, in addition, dibenz[a,c]anthracene yielded the 10,11-dihydrodiol. The 1,2- and 3,4-dihydrodiols of dibenz[a,c]anthracene have not been reported previously either as metabolites of the hydrocarbon or as products of chemical syntheses and the 5,6-dihydrodiol of chrysene was not detected in earlier metabolic studies.", "contents": "The formation of dihydrodiols in the chemical or enzymic oxidation of dibenz[a,c]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]-anthracene and chrysene. The formation of trans-dihydrodiols from dibenz[a,c]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and chrysene by chemical oxidation in an ascorbic acid-ferrous sulphate-EDTA system and by rat-liver microsomal fractions has been studied using a combination of thin-layer (TLC) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate the mixtures of isomeric dihydrodiols. The 1,2- and 3,4-dihydrodiols of dibenz[a,c]anthracene, the 1,2-,3,4- and 5,6-dihydrodiols of dibenz[a,h]anthracene and the 1,2-, 3,4- and 5,6-dihydrodiols of chrysene were formed in chemical oxidations. These dihydrodiols were also formed when the three parent hydrocarbons were metabolized by rat-liver microsomal fractions and, in addition, dibenz[a,c]anthracene yielded the 10,11-dihydrodiol. The 1,2- and 3,4-dihydrodiols of dibenz[a,c]anthracene have not been reported previously either as metabolites of the hydrocarbon or as products of chemical syntheses and the 5,6-dihydrodiol of chrysene was not detected in earlier metabolic studies.", "PMID": 115599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11913", "title": "Regulation of the binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene to DNA of cultured murine epidermal cells at metabolic level: competition of the binding by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and by other precarcinogens.", "content": "The binding of labeled carcinogen [3H]DMBA to murine epidermal cells (MEC) DNA in culture has been studied. The influence of unlabeled noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), several PAH metablites, and various directly and indirectly acting non-PAH carcinogens on the binding of [3H]DMBA to MEC DNA has been examined. All the carcinogenic PAH and some of non-carcinogenic PAH effectively inhibit the binding of [3H]DMBA to MEC DNA. The non-PAH chemical carcinogens requiring metabolic activation also reduce the binding of labeled DMBA to MEC DNA; however, a higher concentration of these compounds is required for 50% inhibition of binding than the concentrations of PAH for the same degree of inhibition of binding of [3H]DMBA to MEC DNA. The directly acting carcinogens do not significantly inhibit the binding of [3H]DMBA to DNA. The relationship between structures of PAH and their ability to inhibit the binding of [3H]DMBA to MEC DNA is also discussed. Thus, it appears that the binding of DMBA to cellular DNA is primarily controlled at a level of metabolism and to some extent at the level of binding of reactive metabolites to DNA.", "contents": "Regulation of the binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene to DNA of cultured murine epidermal cells at metabolic level: competition of the binding by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and by other precarcinogens. The binding of labeled carcinogen [3H]DMBA to murine epidermal cells (MEC) DNA in culture has been studied. The influence of unlabeled noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), several PAH metablites, and various directly and indirectly acting non-PAH carcinogens on the binding of [3H]DMBA to MEC DNA has been examined. All the carcinogenic PAH and some of non-carcinogenic PAH effectively inhibit the binding of [3H]DMBA to MEC DNA. The non-PAH chemical carcinogens requiring metabolic activation also reduce the binding of labeled DMBA to MEC DNA; however, a higher concentration of these compounds is required for 50% inhibition of binding than the concentrations of PAH for the same degree of inhibition of binding of [3H]DMBA to MEC DNA. The directly acting carcinogens do not significantly inhibit the binding of [3H]DMBA to DNA. The relationship between structures of PAH and their ability to inhibit the binding of [3H]DMBA to MEC DNA is also discussed. Thus, it appears that the binding of DMBA to cellular DNA is primarily controlled at a level of metabolism and to some extent at the level of binding of reactive metabolites to DNA.", "PMID": 115602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11914", "title": "[Role of vitamin B 12 in the incorporation of ribonucleosides into the DNA of various Periplaneta americana cell lines].", "content": "Hemocytes and non hemocytes in vitro cell lines from Periplaneta americana, have been tested for their ability to incorporate, in the presence of vitamin B 12, various nucleic acid precursors into their DNA. Evidence was shown for enhanced transformation of all ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides in the presence of vitamin B 12. Moreover, in hemocyte cell lines, it was demonstrated that vitamin B 12 produced an activation of thymidine kinase activity.", "contents": "[Role of vitamin B 12 in the incorporation of ribonucleosides into the DNA of various Periplaneta americana cell lines]. Hemocytes and non hemocytes in vitro cell lines from Periplaneta americana, have been tested for their ability to incorporate, in the presence of vitamin B 12, various nucleic acid precursors into their DNA. Evidence was shown for enhanced transformation of all ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides in the presence of vitamin B 12. Moreover, in hemocyte cell lines, it was demonstrated that vitamin B 12 produced an activation of thymidine kinase activity.", "PMID": 115604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11915", "title": "[Plasma estrogens in Pleurodeles waltlii. Comparison between diploid and triploid females].", "content": "Estrogens have been examined in the plasma of diploid and triploid newts Pleurodeles waltlii. Estradiol-17 beta (E2) and estrone (E1) were determined by radioimmunoassay, before and after enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugates. Total (t) and unconjugated (u) E2 levels were positively correlated (E2u = 0.478 35 E2t + 0.579 98; r = 0.883), but no correlation was detected between E1 levels. No statistical difference was found for the estrogen levels between the different experimental lots of diploid newts (E2t = 7.5 +/- 0.37 ng/ml, E2u = 4.3 +/- 0.20 ng/ml, E1t = 2.19 +/- 0.08 ng/ml, E1t = 0.41 +/- 0.02 ng/ml) but every estrogen level was lower in the triploid group (E2t = 1.8 +/- 0.60, E2u = 1.0 +/- 0.18, E1t = 1.4 +/- 0.13, E1u = 0.3 +/- 0.04 ng/ml). This difference is discussed in relation to lower fertility of the triploid females.", "contents": "[Plasma estrogens in Pleurodeles waltlii. Comparison between diploid and triploid females]. Estrogens have been examined in the plasma of diploid and triploid newts Pleurodeles waltlii. Estradiol-17 beta (E2) and estrone (E1) were determined by radioimmunoassay, before and after enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugates. Total (t) and unconjugated (u) E2 levels were positively correlated (E2u = 0.478 35 E2t + 0.579 98; r = 0.883), but no correlation was detected between E1 levels. No statistical difference was found for the estrogen levels between the different experimental lots of diploid newts (E2t = 7.5 +/- 0.37 ng/ml, E2u = 4.3 +/- 0.20 ng/ml, E1t = 2.19 +/- 0.08 ng/ml, E1t = 0.41 +/- 0.02 ng/ml) but every estrogen level was lower in the triploid group (E2t = 1.8 +/- 0.60, E2u = 1.0 +/- 0.18, E1t = 1.4 +/- 0.13, E1u = 0.3 +/- 0.04 ng/ml). This difference is discussed in relation to lower fertility of the triploid females.", "PMID": 115605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11916", "title": "[2 new esterase loci Es-14 and Es-15 in mice (genus Muc L.) : characterization by different substrates and inhibitors].", "content": "Allelic differences at an esterase locus designated Es-14 exist between Mus musculus (both inbred strains and wild Mice) and Mus spretus. This locus is expressed in a variety of tissues. Mus musculus has been assigned the allele Es-14r while Mus spretus carries the alternate alleles Es-14l. Each phenotype manifests itself as a single band of enzyme activity and F1 hybrids show two bands corresponding to the parental forms. Allozyme variation was also detected at another esterase locus, temporarily disignated as Es-15 until confirmed by current linkage analysis. A slow variant Es-15 was recorded in a Mus musculus population from Greece while inbred strains carry the Es-15m allele. Study of a Mus spicilegus population from Greece revealed the presence of a third allele, Es-15r. Substrate and inhibition characteristics are provided for both loci.", "contents": "[2 new esterase loci Es-14 and Es-15 in mice (genus Muc L.) : characterization by different substrates and inhibitors]. Allelic differences at an esterase locus designated Es-14 exist between Mus musculus (both inbred strains and wild Mice) and Mus spretus. This locus is expressed in a variety of tissues. Mus musculus has been assigned the allele Es-14r while Mus spretus carries the alternate alleles Es-14l. Each phenotype manifests itself as a single band of enzyme activity and F1 hybrids show two bands corresponding to the parental forms. Allozyme variation was also detected at another esterase locus, temporarily disignated as Es-15 until confirmed by current linkage analysis. A slow variant Es-15 was recorded in a Mus musculus population from Greece while inbred strains carry the Es-15m allele. Study of a Mus spicilegus population from Greece revealed the presence of a third allele, Es-15r. Substrate and inhibition characteristics are provided for both loci.", "PMID": 115606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11917", "title": "[Inhibition of 9-amino-2-methoxy-6-chloroacridine fluorescence by human serum albumin].", "content": "Study of the fluorescence quenching of 9-amino 2-methoxy 6-chloro acridine upon serum albumine additions reveals a single protein fixation site. Characteristic values of thermodynamic functions are obtained from experiments at different temperatures.", "contents": "[Inhibition of 9-amino-2-methoxy-6-chloroacridine fluorescence by human serum albumin]. Study of the fluorescence quenching of 9-amino 2-methoxy 6-chloro acridine upon serum albumine additions reveals a single protein fixation site. Characteristic values of thermodynamic functions are obtained from experiments at different temperatures.", "PMID": 115607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11918", "title": "[Factor VIII-related antigen (F VIII R : Ag). Purification by immuno-affinity chromatography].", "content": "Immuno-affinity chromatography on immunoglobulins from a rabbit immunised with the plasma of a patient devoid of factor VII R : Ag allows the elimination of certain contaminants from preparations already enriched in factor VIII. The biological activity and criteria of purity of the factor VIII R : Ag preparation obtained are presented.", "contents": "[Factor VIII-related antigen (F VIII R : Ag). Purification by immuno-affinity chromatography]. Immuno-affinity chromatography on immunoglobulins from a rabbit immunised with the plasma of a patient devoid of factor VII R : Ag allows the elimination of certain contaminants from preparations already enriched in factor VIII. The biological activity and criteria of purity of the factor VIII R : Ag preparation obtained are presented.", "PMID": 115608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11919", "title": "[Dissolution of the pulmonary collagen of the normal rat by repeated pepsin action].", "content": "A non-denaturating method of extracting collagen from Rat lungs was developed. It consists in dissolving the collagen by repeated action of pepsin. Depending on the age of the animal, efficiency values between 50 and 90% are obtained.", "contents": "[Dissolution of the pulmonary collagen of the normal rat by repeated pepsin action]. A non-denaturating method of extracting collagen from Rat lungs was developed. It consists in dissolving the collagen by repeated action of pepsin. Depending on the age of the animal, efficiency values between 50 and 90% are obtained.", "PMID": 115609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11920", "title": "[Vitamin A consumption in pregnant and non pregnant rats, and in castrated rats receiving or not receiving estradiol or pregnenolone; relation to tocopherol and cytochrome P-450].", "content": "Consumption of vitamin A and cytochrome P 450 by pregnant Rat is more important than in non pregnant and ovariectomised Rat. Estradiol implant in ovariectomised female has some, but slighter, influence only on retinol. These physiological situations have no action on the hepatic levels of tocopherols (total and alpha). These results are discussed.", "contents": "[Vitamin A consumption in pregnant and non pregnant rats, and in castrated rats receiving or not receiving estradiol or pregnenolone; relation to tocopherol and cytochrome P-450]. Consumption of vitamin A and cytochrome P 450 by pregnant Rat is more important than in non pregnant and ovariectomised Rat. Estradiol implant in ovariectomised female has some, but slighter, influence only on retinol. These physiological situations have no action on the hepatic levels of tocopherols (total and alpha). These results are discussed.", "PMID": 115610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11921", "title": "[In vivo and in vitro study of the effect of pregnant female serum graft rejection in Salamandra salamandra Lin].", "content": "Serum from pregnant female Salamandra salamandra inhibits the cytotoxic reaction from the mother towards its larvae. Such a serum accelerates the allograft rejection reaction. In vitro studies show that a serum from pregnant female inhibits the cytotoxic reaction of host spleen cells towards epithelial cells of the donor of the graft.", "contents": "[In vivo and in vitro study of the effect of pregnant female serum graft rejection in Salamandra salamandra Lin]. Serum from pregnant female Salamandra salamandra inhibits the cytotoxic reaction from the mother towards its larvae. Such a serum accelerates the allograft rejection reaction. In vitro studies show that a serum from pregnant female inhibits the cytotoxic reaction of host spleen cells towards epithelial cells of the donor of the graft.", "PMID": 115611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11922", "title": "Exercise cross-sectional echocardiography in ischemic heart disease.", "content": "We performed cross-sectional echocardiograms at rest, during supine bicycle exercise, and after sublingual nitroglycerin administration in 28 patients suspected of having ischemic heart disease. Technically adequate exercise cross-sectional echocardiograms were obtained in 20 patients (71%). Ten patients had new areas of reversible segmental dysynergy, and all 10 had significant stenoses of coronary arteries supplying areas of the heart corresponding to the location of reversible dysynergy. Six of these 10 patients also underwent exercise thallium-201 perfusion scanning, and all six had reversible perfusion defects in the area that demonstrated reversible dysynergy on exercise cross-sectional echocardiography. At least two of the remaining 10 patients who did not have reversible segmental dysynergy on exercise cross-sectional echocardiography probably experienced myocardial ischemia that we did not detect. We conclude that exercise cross-sectional echocardiography is technically difficult but feasible. The mechanical consequences of exercise-induced regional myocardial ischemia can be detected noninvasively by real-time, two-dimensional, cross-sectional echocardiography.", "contents": "Exercise cross-sectional echocardiography in ischemic heart disease. We performed cross-sectional echocardiograms at rest, during supine bicycle exercise, and after sublingual nitroglycerin administration in 28 patients suspected of having ischemic heart disease. Technically adequate exercise cross-sectional echocardiograms were obtained in 20 patients (71%). Ten patients had new areas of reversible segmental dysynergy, and all 10 had significant stenoses of coronary arteries supplying areas of the heart corresponding to the location of reversible dysynergy. Six of these 10 patients also underwent exercise thallium-201 perfusion scanning, and all six had reversible perfusion defects in the area that demonstrated reversible dysynergy on exercise cross-sectional echocardiography. At least two of the remaining 10 patients who did not have reversible segmental dysynergy on exercise cross-sectional echocardiography probably experienced myocardial ischemia that we did not detect. We conclude that exercise cross-sectional echocardiography is technically difficult but feasible. The mechanical consequences of exercise-induced regional myocardial ischemia can be detected noninvasively by real-time, two-dimensional, cross-sectional echocardiography.", "PMID": 115614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11923", "title": "Long-term effects of physical training on coronary patients with impaired ventricular function.", "content": "Eighteen patients with coronary heart disease and an ejection fraction of 0.40 or less were entered into an individualized exercise training program. Maximal symptom-limited exercise stress test and cardiac catheterization studies were performed initially and 12--42 months (average 18.5 months) after exercise training. At the time of the follow-up study, the mean functional aerobic impairment (FAI) improved from 32.1 to 23.4% (p less than or equal to 0.01); resting and submaximal heart rates were significantly lower (p less than 0.01 and 0.05, respectively). There was no significant change in the pulmonary artery or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac index, stroke index, left ventricular end-diastolic volume or ejection fraction. Exercise training, therefore, can be beneficial even for patients with impaired ventricular function. Increase in physical work capacity was not correlated with improvement of ventricular function; on the other hand, exercise training did not cause deterioration of ventricular function.", "contents": "Long-term effects of physical training on coronary patients with impaired ventricular function. Eighteen patients with coronary heart disease and an ejection fraction of 0.40 or less were entered into an individualized exercise training program. Maximal symptom-limited exercise stress test and cardiac catheterization studies were performed initially and 12--42 months (average 18.5 months) after exercise training. At the time of the follow-up study, the mean functional aerobic impairment (FAI) improved from 32.1 to 23.4% (p less than or equal to 0.01); resting and submaximal heart rates were significantly lower (p less than 0.01 and 0.05, respectively). There was no significant change in the pulmonary artery or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac index, stroke index, left ventricular end-diastolic volume or ejection fraction. Exercise training, therefore, can be beneficial even for patients with impaired ventricular function. Increase in physical work capacity was not correlated with improvement of ventricular function; on the other hand, exercise training did not cause deterioration of ventricular function.", "PMID": 115617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11924", "title": "Epithelial or dandruff allergen for the diagnosis of dog allergy by RAST?", "content": "When used for screening by the RAST technique, dog epithelium provided too few positive results (29.2%) compared with dog dandruff (58.8%), cat epithelium (53.6%) and horse dandruff (52.2%). However, dog dandruff can provide an unexpectedly high incidence of positive RAST results (45.2%) in sera from patients with an allergic history to cat or horse, but not to dog. Dog dandruff allergens were found to cross-react with some cat or horse serum proteins in about 25% of such patients. We conclude that dog dandruff is preferable to epithelium for screening by the RAST technique, but if emotional issues involving a family pet arise then confirmation by a trial separation is likely to be more convincing than a provocation test with a possibly non-specific allergenic extract.", "contents": "Epithelial or dandruff allergen for the diagnosis of dog allergy by RAST? When used for screening by the RAST technique, dog epithelium provided too few positive results (29.2%) compared with dog dandruff (58.8%), cat epithelium (53.6%) and horse dandruff (52.2%). However, dog dandruff can provide an unexpectedly high incidence of positive RAST results (45.2%) in sera from patients with an allergic history to cat or horse, but not to dog. Dog dandruff allergens were found to cross-react with some cat or horse serum proteins in about 25% of such patients. We conclude that dog dandruff is preferable to epithelium for screening by the RAST technique, but if emotional issues involving a family pet arise then confirmation by a trial separation is likely to be more convincing than a provocation test with a possibly non-specific allergenic extract.", "PMID": 115618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11925", "title": "Blood histamine levels after exercise testing.", "content": "Histamine has been measured in whole blood and in the plasma of twenty-three subjects following exercise testing of seventeen asthmatics and six normal controls. Whole blood histamine rose in both asthmatics and controls and was associated with a concomitant rise in the basophil count. Plasma histamine in the peripheral venous blood only rose in one patient who developed urticaria after exercise.", "contents": "Blood histamine levels after exercise testing. Histamine has been measured in whole blood and in the plasma of twenty-three subjects following exercise testing of seventeen asthmatics and six normal controls. Whole blood histamine rose in both asthmatics and controls and was associated with a concomitant rise in the basophil count. Plasma histamine in the peripheral venous blood only rose in one patient who developed urticaria after exercise.", "PMID": 115619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11926", "title": "IgE antibodies against penicillin as determined by Phadebas RAST.", "content": "Serum samples from eighty-one patients with suspected penicillin allergy were investigated with Phadebas RAST using the penicillin derivatives Benzylpenicilloyl-human serum albumin (PBO-HSA) and Phenoxymethylpenicilloyl-human serum albumin (PMPO-HSA) and the results were compared with skin test results and clinical data. Of the sixty-one patients who had anaphylactic shock and/or urticaria as a possible consequence of penicillin administration, reagins against PBO-HAS and PMPO-HSA could be detected in thirty-four cases (56%). Five per cent of these patients, with positive RAST results, showed negative skin tests; in the other 95% both RAST and skin tests were positive. All, except eight, of the RAST-negative patients had had their adverse reactions at least 2 years prior to the blood sampling and in some of these cases skin tests were also negative. RAST and provocation test results agreed in 80% of the cases where exposition was performed. It is concluded that the RAST technique is a valuable diagnostic tool for the detection of immediate type hypersensitivity to penicillin.", "contents": "IgE antibodies against penicillin as determined by Phadebas RAST. Serum samples from eighty-one patients with suspected penicillin allergy were investigated with Phadebas RAST using the penicillin derivatives Benzylpenicilloyl-human serum albumin (PBO-HSA) and Phenoxymethylpenicilloyl-human serum albumin (PMPO-HSA) and the results were compared with skin test results and clinical data. Of the sixty-one patients who had anaphylactic shock and/or urticaria as a possible consequence of penicillin administration, reagins against PBO-HAS and PMPO-HSA could be detected in thirty-four cases (56%). Five per cent of these patients, with positive RAST results, showed negative skin tests; in the other 95% both RAST and skin tests were positive. All, except eight, of the RAST-negative patients had had their adverse reactions at least 2 years prior to the blood sampling and in some of these cases skin tests were also negative. RAST and provocation test results agreed in 80% of the cases where exposition was performed. It is concluded that the RAST technique is a valuable diagnostic tool for the detection of immediate type hypersensitivity to penicillin.", "PMID": 115620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11927", "title": "Serum creatine kinase BB linked to immunoglobulin G.", "content": "We describe an atypical form of creatine kinase in the serum of a woman after myocardial infarction. Electrophoresis on agarose gel showed a single fraction between CK-MM and CK-MB isoenzymes. After ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 we isolated the atypical CK and CK-BB as detected by electrophoresis of the eluted fractions. Results of our immunological investigations and exclusion chromatography clearly demonstrate that the atypical CK consists of complexes with high molecular masses formed by CK-BB isoenzyme and immunoglobulin G. The clinical significance, if any, of this Macro CK has yet to be determined.", "contents": "Serum creatine kinase BB linked to immunoglobulin G. We describe an atypical form of creatine kinase in the serum of a woman after myocardial infarction. Electrophoresis on agarose gel showed a single fraction between CK-MM and CK-MB isoenzymes. After ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 we isolated the atypical CK and CK-BB as detected by electrophoresis of the eluted fractions. Results of our immunological investigations and exclusion chromatography clearly demonstrate that the atypical CK consists of complexes with high molecular masses formed by CK-BB isoenzyme and immunoglobulin G. The clinical significance, if any, of this Macro CK has yet to be determined.", "PMID": 115622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11928", "title": "A numerical comparison of the use of T3-uptake values and of TBG levels for the estimation of free thyroxine in serum.", "content": "The correlation of the diagnostic indices FTI and T4/TBG with actual free T4 levels (FT4) was investigated by numerical analysis. It was shown that, FT4 being kept constant, both indices vary with altered TBG concentrations. Thus neither index is truly proportional to FT4. In this respect both indices appear doubtful tools for diagnosing patients with abnormal TBG levels. A \"map\" constructed by plotting T4 versus T3U appeared to offer a higher discriminatory potential with respect to pathologic FT4 values. Such an idealized map was shown to consist of hypo-, eu- and hyperthyroid domains separated by lines governed by the limit values of the FT4 normal range. In practice, of course, these domains are separated by border regions rather than border lines and they should be derived from clinical data.", "contents": "A numerical comparison of the use of T3-uptake values and of TBG levels for the estimation of free thyroxine in serum. The correlation of the diagnostic indices FTI and T4/TBG with actual free T4 levels (FT4) was investigated by numerical analysis. It was shown that, FT4 being kept constant, both indices vary with altered TBG concentrations. Thus neither index is truly proportional to FT4. In this respect both indices appear doubtful tools for diagnosing patients with abnormal TBG levels. A \"map\" constructed by plotting T4 versus T3U appeared to offer a higher discriminatory potential with respect to pathologic FT4 values. Such an idealized map was shown to consist of hypo-, eu- and hyperthyroid domains separated by lines governed by the limit values of the FT4 normal range. In practice, of course, these domains are separated by border regions rather than border lines and they should be derived from clinical data.", "PMID": 115623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11929", "title": "pH-independent inhibition of plasma angiotensin I degradation: implications for renin assay.", "content": "Valid enzymatic assay of plasma renin (EC 3.4.99.19) requires complete inhibition of enzymes that destroy angiotensin I. Historically, the degree of such inhibition has varied with assay pH and with the combination of protease inactivators employed. To circumvent this problem, we studied the effects of several protease inactivators on both the formation and degradation of angiotensin I by human plasma at pH 5.5 and at pH 7.4. While several reagent combinations effectively suppressed the rate of angiotensin I disappearance at one of the two pH values, three combinations of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride with chelating agents accomplished this at both pH values. Of these, however, only the combination of 5 mmol/l ethylenediamine tetraacetate, 1.5 mmol/l 8-hydroxyquinoline, and 7.5 mmol/l phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride also maximized the rate of angiotensin I formation at both pH 5.5 and 7.4. Thus, the use of the latter reagent combination would facilitate comparison of renin assays performed at different pH values and would permit standardization of the protease inactivators employed in such assays.", "contents": "pH-independent inhibition of plasma angiotensin I degradation: implications for renin assay. Valid enzymatic assay of plasma renin (EC 3.4.99.19) requires complete inhibition of enzymes that destroy angiotensin I. Historically, the degree of such inhibition has varied with assay pH and with the combination of protease inactivators employed. To circumvent this problem, we studied the effects of several protease inactivators on both the formation and degradation of angiotensin I by human plasma at pH 5.5 and at pH 7.4. While several reagent combinations effectively suppressed the rate of angiotensin I disappearance at one of the two pH values, three combinations of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride with chelating agents accomplished this at both pH values. Of these, however, only the combination of 5 mmol/l ethylenediamine tetraacetate, 1.5 mmol/l 8-hydroxyquinoline, and 7.5 mmol/l phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride also maximized the rate of angiotensin I formation at both pH 5.5 and 7.4. Thus, the use of the latter reagent combination would facilitate comparison of renin assays performed at different pH values and would permit standardization of the protease inactivators employed in such assays.", "PMID": 115624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11930", "title": "Longitudinal study of circulating immune complexes in a patient with Staphylococcus albus-induced shunt nephritis.", "content": "The direct measurement and partial characterization of circulating immune complexes has been performed in a longitudinal study of a patient with Staphylococcus albus-induced shunt nephritis. The high levels of immune complexes were associated with cryoglobulinaemia and hypocomplementaemia. The activation of complement was found to be via the classical pathway, but the functioning of the alternative pathway may have been impaired in vivo due to very low levels of C3. The host response to the infection was also characterized by the production of a marked macroglobulinaemia, high titres of rheumatoid factor and a typical acute phase increase in the C-reactive protein level. Immune complex levels were persistently elevated many months after the removal of the focus of the infection. A possible explanation for this surprising finding may lie in the nature of the antigens in the immune complexes. It was found that the immune complexes contained both antibodies to and antigens from Staphlococcus albus. In particular, glycerol teichoic acid and staphylococcal nuclease were identified as components of the immune complexes present during the acute phase. Glycerol teichoic acid was also identified in the immune complexes found later although other Staphylococcus albus antigens as yet unidentified were also present and persisted in the circulation for several months.", "contents": "Longitudinal study of circulating immune complexes in a patient with Staphylococcus albus-induced shunt nephritis. The direct measurement and partial characterization of circulating immune complexes has been performed in a longitudinal study of a patient with Staphylococcus albus-induced shunt nephritis. The high levels of immune complexes were associated with cryoglobulinaemia and hypocomplementaemia. The activation of complement was found to be via the classical pathway, but the functioning of the alternative pathway may have been impaired in vivo due to very low levels of C3. The host response to the infection was also characterized by the production of a marked macroglobulinaemia, high titres of rheumatoid factor and a typical acute phase increase in the C-reactive protein level. Immune complex levels were persistently elevated many months after the removal of the focus of the infection. A possible explanation for this surprising finding may lie in the nature of the antigens in the immune complexes. It was found that the immune complexes contained both antibodies to and antigens from Staphlococcus albus. In particular, glycerol teichoic acid and staphylococcal nuclease were identified as components of the immune complexes present during the acute phase. Glycerol teichoic acid was also identified in the immune complexes found later although other Staphylococcus albus antigens as yet unidentified were also present and persisted in the circulation for several months.", "PMID": 115626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11931", "title": "An IgM monoclonal protein with multiple serological specificities.", "content": "An IgM lambda M-component with a false Wasserman reaction and 'false' rheumatoid factor activity from a patient suffering from a well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma is presented. The monoclonal protein showed antibody activity against cardiolipin and cross-reacted with acryl particles, not with human IgG. Both these activities were found in the Fab fragment. The reduction of the 19S IgM to 7S IgM subunits was responsible for a strong decrease in activity. The importance of the IgM quaternary structure in determining antibody affinity is emphasized.", "contents": "An IgM monoclonal protein with multiple serological specificities. An IgM lambda M-component with a false Wasserman reaction and 'false' rheumatoid factor activity from a patient suffering from a well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma is presented. The monoclonal protein showed antibody activity against cardiolipin and cross-reacted with acryl particles, not with human IgG. Both these activities were found in the Fab fragment. The reduction of the 19S IgM to 7S IgM subunits was responsible for a strong decrease in activity. The importance of the IgM quaternary structure in determining antibody affinity is emphasized.", "PMID": 115627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11932", "title": "Celluar immunoglobulins in human gamma- and alpha-heavy chain diseases.", "content": "Proliferating cells from twenty-four patients with alpha- or gamma-heavy chain disease (HCD) were studied by direct immunofluorescence and in several cases by biosynthesis experiments with 14C-amino acid incorporation. In twenty-two patients, the cells contained the HCD proteins only and no light chain synthesis could be detected. Conversely, apparently non-secreted monotypic light chains were found in one case of gamma-HCD and one case of alpha-HCD. The proportion of proliferating cells containing cytoplasmic heavy chains, their appearance and the presence or not of surface heavy chains showed great variation from patient to patient. In some cases, the proliferation predominantly affected either plasma cells or lymphocytes whereas in others the disease seemed to correspond to a proliferation of HCD protein-bearing lymphocytes with persistent maturation into plasma cells. Large cell lymphomas supervening on alpha-HCD belonged to the same proliferating clone as the clone secreting the HCD protein, as shown by surface markers and biosynthesis experiments which demonstrated synthesis but no secretion of HCD proteins. In one patient with gamma-HCD, the cells carried surface gamma and delta chains.", "contents": "Celluar immunoglobulins in human gamma- and alpha-heavy chain diseases. Proliferating cells from twenty-four patients with alpha- or gamma-heavy chain disease (HCD) were studied by direct immunofluorescence and in several cases by biosynthesis experiments with 14C-amino acid incorporation. In twenty-two patients, the cells contained the HCD proteins only and no light chain synthesis could be detected. Conversely, apparently non-secreted monotypic light chains were found in one case of gamma-HCD and one case of alpha-HCD. The proportion of proliferating cells containing cytoplasmic heavy chains, their appearance and the presence or not of surface heavy chains showed great variation from patient to patient. In some cases, the proliferation predominantly affected either plasma cells or lymphocytes whereas in others the disease seemed to correspond to a proliferation of HCD protein-bearing lymphocytes with persistent maturation into plasma cells. Large cell lymphomas supervening on alpha-HCD belonged to the same proliferating clone as the clone secreting the HCD protein, as shown by surface markers and biosynthesis experiments which demonstrated synthesis but no secretion of HCD proteins. In one patient with gamma-HCD, the cells carried surface gamma and delta chains.", "PMID": 115628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11933", "title": "Metabolism of carbaryl by kidney, liver, and lung from human postembryonic fetal autopsy tissue.", "content": "Metabolic profiles of carbaryl in human postembryonic fetal autopsy tissue were determined using an in vitro tissue-maintenance technique. 1-Naphthyl-14C or N-methyl-14C-carbaryl was applied to growth medium containing explants of the tissue. Each mixture was incubated for 18 hr and the medium analyzed by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Fetal liver performed the metabolic processes of demethylation, hydrolysis, hydroxylation, and oxidation, followed by conjugation, as was found with adult liver. However, the anionics from fetal liver amounts to 20% of those found with adult liver. The kidney made naphthyl glucuronide and naphthyl sulfate, whereas the lung produced naphthyl sulfate from carbaryl. The metabolic activities of the fetal kidney and lung were close to the corresponding human adult tissues based upon the anionic metabolites found and the amount of unmetabolized carbaryl in the medium after 18 hr of incubation. Silica gel chromatography of ether-extractable neutral fractions from DEAE-cellulose revealed 3,4, and 9 ether-extractable metabolites from lung, kidney, and liver, respectively. The present study shows that the in vitro technique is capable of semiquantitatively demonstrating the metabolic activities of specific organs from the human fetus.", "contents": "Metabolism of carbaryl by kidney, liver, and lung from human postembryonic fetal autopsy tissue. Metabolic profiles of carbaryl in human postembryonic fetal autopsy tissue were determined using an in vitro tissue-maintenance technique. 1-Naphthyl-14C or N-methyl-14C-carbaryl was applied to growth medium containing explants of the tissue. Each mixture was incubated for 18 hr and the medium analyzed by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Fetal liver performed the metabolic processes of demethylation, hydrolysis, hydroxylation, and oxidation, followed by conjugation, as was found with adult liver. However, the anionics from fetal liver amounts to 20% of those found with adult liver. The kidney made naphthyl glucuronide and naphthyl sulfate, whereas the lung produced naphthyl sulfate from carbaryl. The metabolic activities of the fetal kidney and lung were close to the corresponding human adult tissues based upon the anionic metabolites found and the amount of unmetabolized carbaryl in the medium after 18 hr of incubation. Silica gel chromatography of ether-extractable neutral fractions from DEAE-cellulose revealed 3,4, and 9 ether-extractable metabolites from lung, kidney, and liver, respectively. The present study shows that the in vitro technique is capable of semiquantitatively demonstrating the metabolic activities of specific organs from the human fetus.", "PMID": 115633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11934", "title": "The subcellular distribution of gold in monkey liver, kidney and spleen, in vivo.", "content": "1. The subcellular distribution of gold in the livers, kidney cortex and the spleens of rhesus monkeys was determined at 2, 10 and 20 days after the administration of sodium (195Au)-aurothiomalate. The serum gold levels were also determined over the period of study. 2. With the continued decrease in the serum gold levels from day 1 to day 20, a continued increase in the tissue levels of the organs studied was observed. The corresponding subcellular fractions of the tissues also showed continued increases in the radioactive concentrations of gold. 3. Gold was found to localise in all the organelles of the cells in the liver, kidney cortex and the spleen, though in varying amounts. The largest increases in the concentrations of gold from day 2 to day 20 were found in the lysosomal bodies of liver and kidney. The concentrations in the kidney cortex increased from approximately five times those in the liver or the spleen on day 2 to about eight times those on day 20.", "contents": "The subcellular distribution of gold in monkey liver, kidney and spleen, in vivo. 1. The subcellular distribution of gold in the livers, kidney cortex and the spleens of rhesus monkeys was determined at 2, 10 and 20 days after the administration of sodium (195Au)-aurothiomalate. The serum gold levels were also determined over the period of study. 2. With the continued decrease in the serum gold levels from day 1 to day 20, a continued increase in the tissue levels of the organs studied was observed. The corresponding subcellular fractions of the tissues also showed continued increases in the radioactive concentrations of gold. 3. Gold was found to localise in all the organelles of the cells in the liver, kidney cortex and the spleen, though in varying amounts. The largest increases in the concentrations of gold from day 2 to day 20 were found in the lysosomal bodies of liver and kidney. The concentrations in the kidney cortex increased from approximately five times those in the liver or the spleen on day 2 to about eight times those on day 20.", "PMID": 115629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11935", "title": "Bacterial plasmids: autonomous replication and vehicles for gene cloning.", "content": "The use of recombinant DNA techniques in the analysis of the structure and replication of bacterial plasmids has provided much information on the properties of these genetic elements and has led to the construction of plasmid elements that are potentially very useful as gene cloning vehicles in Escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria. The genetic and molecular properties of plasmids mini-F, ColE1, and RK2 are described with particular emphasis on the origin and direction of replication and the identification of genetic regions essential for maintenance of these elements in the extra-chromosomal state. Low molecular weight derivatives of each of these plasmids have been obtained and a restriction enzyme map determined for these various derivatives. A hybrid DNA molecule consisting of a low molecular weight derivative of ColE1 joined to a segment of bacteriophage DNA has been constructed and shown to be capable of existing either as a plasmid element or packaged as an infectious viral particle. Finally, several of the low molecular weight derivatives of these plasmids described have certain advantages as vehicles for the cloning of DNA including derivatives of he broad host range plasmid RK2 that may be useful for gene cloning in gram-negative bacteria distantly related to E. coli.", "contents": "Bacterial plasmids: autonomous replication and vehicles for gene cloning. The use of recombinant DNA techniques in the analysis of the structure and replication of bacterial plasmids has provided much information on the properties of these genetic elements and has led to the construction of plasmid elements that are potentially very useful as gene cloning vehicles in Escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria. The genetic and molecular properties of plasmids mini-F, ColE1, and RK2 are described with particular emphasis on the origin and direction of replication and the identification of genetic regions essential for maintenance of these elements in the extra-chromosomal state. Low molecular weight derivatives of each of these plasmids have been obtained and a restriction enzyme map determined for these various derivatives. A hybrid DNA molecule consisting of a low molecular weight derivative of ColE1 joined to a segment of bacteriophage DNA has been constructed and shown to be capable of existing either as a plasmid element or packaged as an infectious viral particle. Finally, several of the low molecular weight derivatives of these plasmids described have certain advantages as vehicles for the cloning of DNA including derivatives of he broad host range plasmid RK2 that may be useful for gene cloning in gram-negative bacteria distantly related to E. coli.", "PMID": 115636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11936", "title": "Recurrent infective endocarditis in a drug addict. Multiple separate episodes in nine years.", "content": "Multiple episodes of documented recurrent infective endocarditis occurred in an habitual drug abuser. The six recurrences represent the largest known number reported in a single patient. The case illustrates many characteristics of infective endocarditis and serves to emphasize that recurrent infections are likely if endocarditis risk factors are not eliminated.", "contents": "Recurrent infective endocarditis in a drug addict. Multiple separate episodes in nine years. Multiple episodes of documented recurrent infective endocarditis occurred in an habitual drug abuser. The six recurrences represent the largest known number reported in a single patient. The case illustrates many characteristics of infective endocarditis and serves to emphasize that recurrent infections are likely if endocarditis risk factors are not eliminated.", "PMID": 115638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11937", "title": "Radiation therapy and mechanical dilation of endobronchial obstruction secondary to Wegener's granulomatosis.", "content": "A patient with Wegener's granulomatosis, which was otherwise well controlled with steroids and cyclophosphamide, had persistent total obstruction of an inflamed left mainstem bronchus. The inflammation resolved, and the lung expanded following radiation therapy. However, intermittent atelectasis and pneumonia occurred distal to a residual short stricture. Repeated dilation endoscopically with Plummer bougies has proven effective in maintaining good ventilation and preventing recurrence of the atelectasis and pneumonia in the left lung for 18 months.", "contents": "Radiation therapy and mechanical dilation of endobronchial obstruction secondary to Wegener's granulomatosis. A patient with Wegener's granulomatosis, which was otherwise well controlled with steroids and cyclophosphamide, had persistent total obstruction of an inflamed left mainstem bronchus. The inflammation resolved, and the lung expanded following radiation therapy. However, intermittent atelectasis and pneumonia occurred distal to a residual short stricture. Repeated dilation endoscopically with Plummer bougies has proven effective in maintaining good ventilation and preventing recurrence of the atelectasis and pneumonia in the left lung for 18 months.", "PMID": 115639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11938", "title": "Preparation of highly potent Naja naja atra (Formosan cobra) antivenin.", "content": "As the preparation of high titer antiserum against Naja naja atra venom is a time-consuming process, attempts were made to develop a immunization procedure for producing highly potent antiserums within a short period. Rabbits were immunized for 12 weeks with (1) whole venom as used routinely in our Institute, (II) whole venom adsorbed on carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) and mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant and (III) neurotoxin adsorbed on CMC and adjuvant mixture followed by CMC-whole venom-adjuvant mixture. The results showed that one ml of the antiserum prepared by method (III) could neutralize 445 LD50 of whole venom, in other words, its potency was 4 and 40 times higher than those prepared by methods (II) and (I), respectively.", "contents": "Preparation of highly potent Naja naja atra (Formosan cobra) antivenin. As the preparation of high titer antiserum against Naja naja atra venom is a time-consuming process, attempts were made to develop a immunization procedure for producing highly potent antiserums within a short period. Rabbits were immunized for 12 weeks with (1) whole venom as used routinely in our Institute, (II) whole venom adsorbed on carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) and mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant and (III) neurotoxin adsorbed on CMC and adjuvant mixture followed by CMC-whole venom-adjuvant mixture. The results showed that one ml of the antiserum prepared by method (III) could neutralize 445 LD50 of whole venom, in other words, its potency was 4 and 40 times higher than those prepared by methods (II) and (I), respectively.", "PMID": 115651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11939", "title": "The nature and role of pregnancy-associated antigens and the endocrinology of early pregnancy in the ewe.", "content": "Depite descriptions of many of the physiological events of early pregnancy in the ewe, the way in which the immunological and endocrine adjustments are brought about is not well understood. Obviously, specific effects--for example, maintenance of the corpus luteum--are brought about by the presence of a conceptus in the uterus. This has led to a search for substances produced by the conceptus or induced by the presence of the conceptus in the uterus which could be involved in establishing pregnancy. This paper describes the presence in sheep of substances associated with pregnancy and discusses the origin and characterization of these substances and their role in ovine pregnancy.", "contents": "The nature and role of pregnancy-associated antigens and the endocrinology of early pregnancy in the ewe. Depite descriptions of many of the physiological events of early pregnancy in the ewe, the way in which the immunological and endocrine adjustments are brought about is not well understood. Obviously, specific effects--for example, maintenance of the corpus luteum--are brought about by the presence of a conceptus in the uterus. This has led to a search for substances produced by the conceptus or induced by the presence of the conceptus in the uterus which could be involved in establishing pregnancy. This paper describes the presence in sheep of substances associated with pregnancy and discusses the origin and characterization of these substances and their role in ovine pregnancy.", "PMID": 115656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11940", "title": "Comparative aspects of blastocyst-endometrial interactions at implantation.", "content": "Since the trophoblast-uterine adhesion is as nearly a universal phenomenon in implantation as can be found, an attempt was made to determine whether or not there was a reduction in cell surface glycoproteins in the rat, as can be observed in the ferret. Neither colloidal iron nor cationized ferritin revealed the type of pattern anticipated for a localized reduction in surface negativity in the imprint of the blastocyst in the implantation chamber. The use of lectin-coated latex beads also proved disappointing in defining regional differences in adhesiveness. However, a number of observations on the changing shape of the implantation chamber, the secretion of periluminal material by decidual cells, and the penetration of the residual basal lamina of the luminal epithelium by the decidual cells were made in the course of these studies. The implantation chamber of the rabbit, in which the blastocyst does not make an imprint, was contrasted with that of the rat. The areas of fusion of trophoblast knobs with uterin epithelial cells shown to be visible by scanning electron microscopy. Finally, some observations on the hypertrophy of maternal epithelial cells to form the uterine plaque in the rhesus monkey are described, and the hypertrophy of endothelial cells to form admirably suited to protein secretion is presented.", "contents": "Comparative aspects of blastocyst-endometrial interactions at implantation. Since the trophoblast-uterine adhesion is as nearly a universal phenomenon in implantation as can be found, an attempt was made to determine whether or not there was a reduction in cell surface glycoproteins in the rat, as can be observed in the ferret. Neither colloidal iron nor cationized ferritin revealed the type of pattern anticipated for a localized reduction in surface negativity in the imprint of the blastocyst in the implantation chamber. The use of lectin-coated latex beads also proved disappointing in defining regional differences in adhesiveness. However, a number of observations on the changing shape of the implantation chamber, the secretion of periluminal material by decidual cells, and the penetration of the residual basal lamina of the luminal epithelium by the decidual cells were made in the course of these studies. The implantation chamber of the rabbit, in which the blastocyst does not make an imprint, was contrasted with that of the rat. The areas of fusion of trophoblast knobs with uterin epithelial cells shown to be visible by scanning electron microscopy. Finally, some observations on the hypertrophy of maternal epithelial cells to form the uterine plaque in the rhesus monkey are described, and the hypertrophy of endothelial cells to form admirably suited to protein secretion is presented.", "PMID": 115657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11941", "title": "Immunological interference with the maternal recognition of pregnancy in primates.", "content": "If chorionic gonadotropin is involved, as part of the luteotrophic stimulus, in the maternal recognition of pregnancy in primates, then immunization against the beta subunit of hCG should prevent a conception going beyond the length of the normal cycle. Immunization against hCG-beta suppresses fertility in marmoset monkeys, baboons and rhesus monkeys, as long as the antibody titres remained high. As titres decline, however, female marmosets experience recurrent abortions interspersed with occasional live births. Young marmosets born to mothers with low circulating levels of antibody reach apparently normal sexual maturity. Immunization against hCG-beta subunit may have potential as a possible long-term method of fertility control in humans, but its reversibility needs further study. There is still a lack of basic knowledge of the functions of chorionic gonadotropin, especially now that its restriction to pregnancy seems improbable. Immunization against hCG may be valuable as a research tool with which to study the immunological relationships between mother and fetus during early pregnancy.", "contents": "Immunological interference with the maternal recognition of pregnancy in primates. If chorionic gonadotropin is involved, as part of the luteotrophic stimulus, in the maternal recognition of pregnancy in primates, then immunization against the beta subunit of hCG should prevent a conception going beyond the length of the normal cycle. Immunization against hCG-beta suppresses fertility in marmoset monkeys, baboons and rhesus monkeys, as long as the antibody titres remained high. As titres decline, however, female marmosets experience recurrent abortions interspersed with occasional live births. Young marmosets born to mothers with low circulating levels of antibody reach apparently normal sexual maturity. Immunization against hCG-beta subunit may have potential as a possible long-term method of fertility control in humans, but its reversibility needs further study. There is still a lack of basic knowledge of the functions of chorionic gonadotropin, especially now that its restriction to pregnancy seems improbable. Immunization against hCG may be valuable as a research tool with which to study the immunological relationships between mother and fetus during early pregnancy.", "PMID": 115658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11942", "title": "Deoxyribonucleoside toxicity in adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency: implications for the development of new immunosuppressive agents.", "content": "The immunodeficient state associated with adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency may result from the selective phosphorylation by thymus-derived lymphocytes of the ADA substrate deoxyadenosine and the PNP substrate deoxyguanosine, leading to the intracellular trapping of toxic deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Agents such as deoxycytidine might be able to favourably modify the immunodeficient state by inhibiting deoxyribonucleoside phosphorylation. Deficiencies of other nucleotide catabolic enzymes, if selectively expressed by lymphocytes, might also lead to immunodeficiency via nucleoside trapping in lymphoid tissues. Purine deoxyribonucleoside analogues, either alone or in combination with ADA inhibitors, may have value as lymphospecific antimetabolites.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleoside toxicity in adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency: implications for the development of new immunosuppressive agents. The immunodeficient state associated with adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency may result from the selective phosphorylation by thymus-derived lymphocytes of the ADA substrate deoxyadenosine and the PNP substrate deoxyguanosine, leading to the intracellular trapping of toxic deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Agents such as deoxycytidine might be able to favourably modify the immunodeficient state by inhibiting deoxyribonucleoside phosphorylation. Deficiencies of other nucleotide catabolic enzymes, if selectively expressed by lymphocytes, might also lead to immunodeficiency via nucleoside trapping in lymphoid tissues. Purine deoxyribonucleoside analogues, either alone or in combination with ADA inhibitors, may have value as lymphospecific antimetabolites.", "PMID": 115660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11943", "title": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase: immunodetection and characterization of the human enzyme.", "content": "An antibody prepared against human placental purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) has been used to characterize the subunit structure of the normal enzyme by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The antibody against the placental enzyme reacts with PNP present in human lymphocytes, fibroblasts, erythrocytes and placenta. The enzyme can be detected in intact cells by immunofluorescence with the same antibody preparation. The techniques allow the identification of cross-reacting material in a small number of lymphocytes and could therefore be used to detect abnormal enzyme protein in immunodeficiency.", "contents": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase: immunodetection and characterization of the human enzyme. An antibody prepared against human placental purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) has been used to characterize the subunit structure of the normal enzyme by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The antibody against the placental enzyme reacts with PNP present in human lymphocytes, fibroblasts, erythrocytes and placenta. The enzyme can be detected in intact cells by immunofluorescence with the same antibody preparation. The techniques allow the identification of cross-reacting material in a small number of lymphocytes and could therefore be used to detect abnormal enzyme protein in immunodeficiency.", "PMID": 115662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11944", "title": "An approach to the restoration of T cell function in a purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficient patient.", "content": "A patient with a selective impairment of T cell-dependent immunity based on a purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency has been treated with transfusions of irradiated erythrocytes and plasma. After each transfusion with PNP-containing erythrocytes a decrease in accumulated nucleosides and their deoxy compounds was observed, whereas uric acid excretion and serum uric acid increased. Lymphocyte counts increased transiently after each erythrocyte and plasma infusion and a partial restoration of T cell-dependent immunity was gradually attained. The pattern of restoration was reminiscent of the immunological reconstitution seen in patients with severe combined immunodeficiencies treated with bone marrow transplantation. Amelioration of T cell-dependent immunity was shown to be related to the metabolic changes. On the basis of the presumed mechanism of lymphocyte intoxication and consequently starvation of intracellular DNA precursors, deoxycytidine was given orally. This did not lead to further improvement in immunological function. However, partial restoration of immunological disturbances in PNP deficiency can be attained by erythrocyte transfusions and evidence is presented that additional pharmacological approaches are possible.", "contents": "An approach to the restoration of T cell function in a purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficient patient. A patient with a selective impairment of T cell-dependent immunity based on a purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency has been treated with transfusions of irradiated erythrocytes and plasma. After each transfusion with PNP-containing erythrocytes a decrease in accumulated nucleosides and their deoxy compounds was observed, whereas uric acid excretion and serum uric acid increased. Lymphocyte counts increased transiently after each erythrocyte and plasma infusion and a partial restoration of T cell-dependent immunity was gradually attained. The pattern of restoration was reminiscent of the immunological reconstitution seen in patients with severe combined immunodeficiencies treated with bone marrow transplantation. Amelioration of T cell-dependent immunity was shown to be related to the metabolic changes. On the basis of the presumed mechanism of lymphocyte intoxication and consequently starvation of intracellular DNA precursors, deoxycytidine was given orally. This did not lead to further improvement in immunological function. However, partial restoration of immunological disturbances in PNP deficiency can be attained by erythrocyte transfusions and evidence is presented that additional pharmacological approaches are possible.", "PMID": 115663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11945", "title": "[Epidemiology and prognosis of non-A, non-B hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of non-A, non-B hepatitis (n = 325) was determined among all cases (n = 1368) of acute viral hepatitis observed in the Hannover are abetwen 1975 and 1978. Hepatitis A was excluded by demonstration of anti-HAV-IgM, hepatitis B by demonstration of HBs antigen or an isolated occurrence of anti-HBc at the beginning of the disease. Non-A, non-B hepatitis occurred predominantly in adults and showed no seasonal variability. As a consequence of results of followup investigations in 174 hepatitis patients 2 years after the onset of the disease it can be assumed that non-A, non-B hepatitis tends to lead to chronic courses more frequently than hepatitis B.", "contents": "[Epidemiology and prognosis of non-A, non-B hepatitis (author's transl)]. The frequency of non-A, non-B hepatitis (n = 325) was determined among all cases (n = 1368) of acute viral hepatitis observed in the Hannover are abetwen 1975 and 1978. Hepatitis A was excluded by demonstration of anti-HAV-IgM, hepatitis B by demonstration of HBs antigen or an isolated occurrence of anti-HBc at the beginning of the disease. Non-A, non-B hepatitis occurred predominantly in adults and showed no seasonal variability. As a consequence of results of followup investigations in 174 hepatitis patients 2 years after the onset of the disease it can be assumed that non-A, non-B hepatitis tends to lead to chronic courses more frequently than hepatitis B.", "PMID": 115667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11946", "title": "[Mucopolysaccharidosis I-S (Scheie's disease) (author's transl)].", "content": "Mucopolysaccharidosis I-S in two encygotic twin sisters. The disease is characterised by opacification of the cornea, hepatospenomegaly, carpal tunnel syndrome, flexion contractures of the fingers and toes, valvar heart disease, normal intelligence and essentially normal behaviour. The biochemical defect consists of deficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase alpha-L-iduronidase. Urinary dermatan-sulphate excretion is raised. The muscles are also involved:the electron microscopic revelas interstitial storage of glycosaminoglycan-like substance. There is no specific treatment.", "contents": "[Mucopolysaccharidosis I-S (Scheie's disease) (author's transl)]. Mucopolysaccharidosis I-S in two encygotic twin sisters. The disease is characterised by opacification of the cornea, hepatospenomegaly, carpal tunnel syndrome, flexion contractures of the fingers and toes, valvar heart disease, normal intelligence and essentially normal behaviour. The biochemical defect consists of deficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase alpha-L-iduronidase. Urinary dermatan-sulphate excretion is raised. The muscles are also involved:the electron microscopic revelas interstitial storage of glycosaminoglycan-like substance. There is no specific treatment.", "PMID": 115668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11947", "title": "Potentiation by indomethacin of TRH-induced TSH secretion in the rat.", "content": "We have studied the effect of two inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on the basal and TRH-stimulated plasma TSH levels in the rat. Animals were injected sc daily with indomethacin 3 mg/0.5 ml) or aspirin (16--30 mg/0.5 ml) for 3 days. The plasma T4 and T3 were consistently lower in the indomethacin or aspirin groups than in the controls, while the basal TSH levels did not change. Indomethacin treatment significantly potentiated the TSH response to synthetic TRH (20 ng. iv) in intact and thyroidectomized rats. The pituitary TSH content was markedly increased by indomethacin, while hypothalamic TRH content did not change. In contrast, aspirin inhibited the TSH response to TRH in intact rats, when pituitary TSH content decreased significantly. No potentiation by aspirin of TRH-stimulated TSH response in the thyroidectomized rats was observed. The increased sensitivity of plasma TSH response to exogenous TRH in the indomethacin group is presumably due to higher pituitary TSH content than in the controls. The action of indomethacin appears to be mediated, at least in part, at the pituitary level. In addition, there is a dissociation between the action of indomethacin and the action of aspirin in the TSH response to TRH.", "contents": "Potentiation by indomethacin of TRH-induced TSH secretion in the rat. We have studied the effect of two inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on the basal and TRH-stimulated plasma TSH levels in the rat. Animals were injected sc daily with indomethacin 3 mg/0.5 ml) or aspirin (16--30 mg/0.5 ml) for 3 days. The plasma T4 and T3 were consistently lower in the indomethacin or aspirin groups than in the controls, while the basal TSH levels did not change. Indomethacin treatment significantly potentiated the TSH response to synthetic TRH (20 ng. iv) in intact and thyroidectomized rats. The pituitary TSH content was markedly increased by indomethacin, while hypothalamic TRH content did not change. In contrast, aspirin inhibited the TSH response to TRH in intact rats, when pituitary TSH content decreased significantly. No potentiation by aspirin of TRH-stimulated TSH response in the thyroidectomized rats was observed. The increased sensitivity of plasma TSH response to exogenous TRH in the indomethacin group is presumably due to higher pituitary TSH content than in the controls. The action of indomethacin appears to be mediated, at least in part, at the pituitary level. In addition, there is a dissociation between the action of indomethacin and the action of aspirin in the TSH response to TRH.", "PMID": 115671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11948", "title": "The pattern of urinary excretion of corticosteroids in Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Urinary total 17-oxogenic steroids (17-OGS), cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, tetrahydrocortisol (THF), allo-tetrahydrocortisol (all-THF), tetrahydrocortisone (THE), cortols and cortolones, were estimated by established methods in 30 female and 20 male rhesus monkeys. The pattern of the excretion of these steroids in this species was comparable with the human corticosteroids excretion, irrespective of sex difference. The results obtained from this investigation show that they could be used during the study of adrenocortical function and cortisol metabolism in this species.", "contents": "The pattern of urinary excretion of corticosteroids in Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Urinary total 17-oxogenic steroids (17-OGS), cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, tetrahydrocortisol (THF), allo-tetrahydrocortisol (all-THF), tetrahydrocortisone (THE), cortols and cortolones, were estimated by established methods in 30 female and 20 male rhesus monkeys. The pattern of the excretion of these steroids in this species was comparable with the human corticosteroids excretion, irrespective of sex difference. The results obtained from this investigation show that they could be used during the study of adrenocortical function and cortisol metabolism in this species.", "PMID": 115672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11949", "title": "Decrease of plasma somatotropin levels following thyroliberin (TRH) administration in patients with hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Thyroliberin was observed to induce a significant decrease of plasma somatotropin levels in patients with untreated hyperthyroidism, except those with very low initial somatotropin levels. These data have confirmed our previous finding where we noted that under the conditions of thyroid hormone excess thyroliberin was able to exert an inhibitory effect on somatotropin release.", "contents": "Decrease of plasma somatotropin levels following thyroliberin (TRH) administration in patients with hyperthyroidism. Thyroliberin was observed to induce a significant decrease of plasma somatotropin levels in patients with untreated hyperthyroidism, except those with very low initial somatotropin levels. These data have confirmed our previous finding where we noted that under the conditions of thyroid hormone excess thyroliberin was able to exert an inhibitory effect on somatotropin release.", "PMID": 115673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11950", "title": "Recording small sharp spikes with depth electroencephalography.", "content": "Two patients with intractable seizures and focal temporal sharp waves also had small sharp spikes as incidental findings in their scalp electroencephalograms. Depth electroencephalography verified the intracerebral origin of the small sharp spikes and differentiated them from the more significant epileptiform abnormalities.", "contents": "Recording small sharp spikes with depth electroencephalography. Two patients with intractable seizures and focal temporal sharp waves also had small sharp spikes as incidental findings in their scalp electroencephalograms. Depth electroencephalography verified the intracerebral origin of the small sharp spikes and differentiated them from the more significant epileptiform abnormalities.", "PMID": 115674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11951", "title": "Relationships between plasma concentrations of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and 3-sulfamoylmethyl-1,2-benzisoxazole (AD-810), a new anticonvulsant agent, and their anticonvulsant or neurotoxic effects in experimental animals.", "content": "The relationships between plasma concentrations of diphenylhydantoin (DPH), phenobarbital (PB), carbamazepine (CBZ), and 3-sulfamoylmethyl-1,2-benzisoxazole (AD-810), a new anticonvulsant agent, and their anticonvulsant and neurotoxic effects were studied in various species of animals. Anticonvulsant activities of test drugs were examined by the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test. Neurotoxicities were determined by the rotorod performance test in mice and rats and by behavioral observations in rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. It was demonstrated that both the anticonvulsant effects and the neurotoxic effects of the drugs tested were more closely correlated with their plasma concentrations than with the dosages administered. There was a critical plasma concentration for each drug to show an anticonvulsant effect or to cause a neurotoxic effect in an individual animal. The critical plasma concentrations for anticonvulsant and neurotoxic effects of each drug were relatively constant among different species, with the exception of DPH in rabbits, which had twice the value in other species. The therapeutic ranges of plasma concentrations of DPH, PB, and CBZ determined in various species of animals coincided well with those recommended clinically. AD-810 was found to be effective against MES without signs of neurological toxicity in the ranges of plasma concentrations of 9.8 to 74.0, 10.8 to 95.0, 9.6 to 117.0, and 12.6 to 96.2 microgram/ml in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs, respectively. These results seem to suggest that AD-810 may be effective clinically at plasma concentrations above 10 microgram/ml, with a therapeutic range up to 70 microgram/ml, which is much wider than the therapeutic ranges of DPH (10--20 microgram/ml), PB (10--30 microgram/ml), and CBZ (4--10 microgram/ml).", "contents": "Relationships between plasma concentrations of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and 3-sulfamoylmethyl-1,2-benzisoxazole (AD-810), a new anticonvulsant agent, and their anticonvulsant or neurotoxic effects in experimental animals. The relationships between plasma concentrations of diphenylhydantoin (DPH), phenobarbital (PB), carbamazepine (CBZ), and 3-sulfamoylmethyl-1,2-benzisoxazole (AD-810), a new anticonvulsant agent, and their anticonvulsant and neurotoxic effects were studied in various species of animals. Anticonvulsant activities of test drugs were examined by the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test. Neurotoxicities were determined by the rotorod performance test in mice and rats and by behavioral observations in rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. It was demonstrated that both the anticonvulsant effects and the neurotoxic effects of the drugs tested were more closely correlated with their plasma concentrations than with the dosages administered. There was a critical plasma concentration for each drug to show an anticonvulsant effect or to cause a neurotoxic effect in an individual animal. The critical plasma concentrations for anticonvulsant and neurotoxic effects of each drug were relatively constant among different species, with the exception of DPH in rabbits, which had twice the value in other species. The therapeutic ranges of plasma concentrations of DPH, PB, and CBZ determined in various species of animals coincided well with those recommended clinically. AD-810 was found to be effective against MES without signs of neurological toxicity in the ranges of plasma concentrations of 9.8 to 74.0, 10.8 to 95.0, 9.6 to 117.0, and 12.6 to 96.2 microgram/ml in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs, respectively. These results seem to suggest that AD-810 may be effective clinically at plasma concentrations above 10 microgram/ml, with a therapeutic range up to 70 microgram/ml, which is much wider than the therapeutic ranges of DPH (10--20 microgram/ml), PB (10--30 microgram/ml), and CBZ (4--10 microgram/ml).", "PMID": 115675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11952", "title": "Effects of chronic cerebellar stimulation on chronic limbic seizures in monkeys.", "content": "No influences of chronic cerebellar stimulation were found in 10 different controlled experiments in 5 different monkeys with chronic alumina-induced psychomotor seizures. The stimulation parameters used were comparable to those used in human epileptics, and continuous daily EEG and behavioral monitoring allowed all seizures to be measured for daily frequency and duration over the several weeks of the experiments. Nocturnal seizures were similarly quantified in 3 monkeys to verify that cerebellar stimulation did not affect them. Motor cortex potentials evoked by cerebellar pulses confirmed that the stimulations were activating the cerebellum throughout the experiments, and measures of electrode access resistance and impedance verified that the electrodes remained in contact with the cerebellum. In one monkey given phenobarbital medication, interictal morbid behavior appeared to be improved by chronic stimulation of either cerebellum or dorsolateral frontal cortex, thus indicating an arousal influence of brain stimulation not due to cerebellum per se.", "contents": "Effects of chronic cerebellar stimulation on chronic limbic seizures in monkeys. No influences of chronic cerebellar stimulation were found in 10 different controlled experiments in 5 different monkeys with chronic alumina-induced psychomotor seizures. The stimulation parameters used were comparable to those used in human epileptics, and continuous daily EEG and behavioral monitoring allowed all seizures to be measured for daily frequency and duration over the several weeks of the experiments. Nocturnal seizures were similarly quantified in 3 monkeys to verify that cerebellar stimulation did not affect them. Motor cortex potentials evoked by cerebellar pulses confirmed that the stimulations were activating the cerebellum throughout the experiments, and measures of electrode access resistance and impedance verified that the electrodes remained in contact with the cerebellum. In one monkey given phenobarbital medication, interictal morbid behavior appeared to be improved by chronic stimulation of either cerebellum or dorsolateral frontal cortex, thus indicating an arousal influence of brain stimulation not due to cerebellum per se.", "PMID": 115677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11953", "title": "A case of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome successfully treated by removal of a parietotemporal astrocytoma.", "content": "We report a case of Lennox-Gastaut-type epilepsy that was followed for 3 years. The patient showed typical EEG findings and later a parietotemporal astrocytoma (type II) on the left. Removal of the tumor was followed by recovery of the child and disappearance of EEG epileptic elements.", "contents": "A case of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome successfully treated by removal of a parietotemporal astrocytoma. We report a case of Lennox-Gastaut-type epilepsy that was followed for 3 years. The patient showed typical EEG findings and later a parietotemporal astrocytoma (type II) on the left. Removal of the tumor was followed by recovery of the child and disappearance of EEG epileptic elements.", "PMID": 115678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11954", "title": "Posttraumatic epilepsy prophylaxis.", "content": "Despite a large body of experimental evidence suggesting that posttraumatic epilepsy can be prevented, there is no generally accepted pharmacological regimen for posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. This article describes a phenytoin anticonvulsant regimen specifically tailored for the patient with acute head injury and designed to provide immediate and sustained plasma concentrations of phenytoin between 10 and 20 microgram/ml. Initially, an intravenous phenytoin dose of 11 mg/kg body weight is immediately followed by an intramuscular dose of 13 mg/kg body weight. This is followed by daily intramuscular maintenance doses, usually 8.8 mg/kg body weight, until oral medication can be tolerated. Maintenance dosage adjustments, when necessary, are based on serial plasma concentrations of the drug. Eighty-four patients with severe head injuries with substantial risk of posttraumatic epilepsy were administered this regimen. Only 6% of these patients had seizures during the first year after injury (first week excluded), and this is considerably less than the rates reported elsewhere in the literature. Only one-third of these patients are known to have continued to take phenytoin after the first month, and only half of these had plasma phenytoin concentrations above the desired minimal level. The greatly reduced incidence of posttraumatic seizures in these patients, despite the low rate of long-term drug compliance, suggests that a prophylactic effect, rather than a suppressive effect, is produced.", "contents": "Posttraumatic epilepsy prophylaxis. Despite a large body of experimental evidence suggesting that posttraumatic epilepsy can be prevented, there is no generally accepted pharmacological regimen for posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. This article describes a phenytoin anticonvulsant regimen specifically tailored for the patient with acute head injury and designed to provide immediate and sustained plasma concentrations of phenytoin between 10 and 20 microgram/ml. Initially, an intravenous phenytoin dose of 11 mg/kg body weight is immediately followed by an intramuscular dose of 13 mg/kg body weight. This is followed by daily intramuscular maintenance doses, usually 8.8 mg/kg body weight, until oral medication can be tolerated. Maintenance dosage adjustments, when necessary, are based on serial plasma concentrations of the drug. Eighty-four patients with severe head injuries with substantial risk of posttraumatic epilepsy were administered this regimen. Only 6% of these patients had seizures during the first year after injury (first week excluded), and this is considerably less than the rates reported elsewhere in the literature. Only one-third of these patients are known to have continued to take phenytoin after the first month, and only half of these had plasma phenytoin concentrations above the desired minimal level. The greatly reduced incidence of posttraumatic seizures in these patients, despite the low rate of long-term drug compliance, suggests that a prophylactic effect, rather than a suppressive effect, is produced.", "PMID": 115679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11955", "title": "Clonazepam in a focal-motor monkey model: efficacy, tolerance, toxicity, withdrawal, and management.", "content": "Since the clinical data have been equivocal in regard to the effects of clonazepam (CZP) in focal-motor seizures, an alumina gel monkey model was used to evaluate quantitatively its efficacy with respect to this seizure category. The insolubility of CZP and its short biological half-life in monkey necessitated its evaluation in the model via constant-rate intravenous administration in a solution of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG). Two groups of monkeys were given CZP in PEG (N = 6) or a PEG solution alone as a control compound (N = 5) for 6 weeks; these treatments were bordered at both ends by 3 weeks of treatment with saline only in order to establish a baseline. CZP was administered at a concentration sufficient to achieve a plasma level of 30 ng/ml in drug step I (3 weeks) and at least double that level in drug step II (3 weeks). As a solute for CZP, and when given by itself, PEG was always administered at a concentration of 35%. The results indicate that CZP is effective for focal-motor seizures and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, particularly when its concentration in plasma is higher than 60 ng/ml. Withdrawal seizures were evident on cessation of CZP administration. CZP appears to be a useful broad-spectrum anticonvulsant when managed carefully. An unexpected finding was the irreversibility of the pharmacological effect of PEG. Cessation of PEG administration significantly reduced seizure frequency in subsequent weeks to a level below the initial baseline level.", "contents": "Clonazepam in a focal-motor monkey model: efficacy, tolerance, toxicity, withdrawal, and management. Since the clinical data have been equivocal in regard to the effects of clonazepam (CZP) in focal-motor seizures, an alumina gel monkey model was used to evaluate quantitatively its efficacy with respect to this seizure category. The insolubility of CZP and its short biological half-life in monkey necessitated its evaluation in the model via constant-rate intravenous administration in a solution of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG). Two groups of monkeys were given CZP in PEG (N = 6) or a PEG solution alone as a control compound (N = 5) for 6 weeks; these treatments were bordered at both ends by 3 weeks of treatment with saline only in order to establish a baseline. CZP was administered at a concentration sufficient to achieve a plasma level of 30 ng/ml in drug step I (3 weeks) and at least double that level in drug step II (3 weeks). As a solute for CZP, and when given by itself, PEG was always administered at a concentration of 35%. The results indicate that CZP is effective for focal-motor seizures and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, particularly when its concentration in plasma is higher than 60 ng/ml. Withdrawal seizures were evident on cessation of CZP administration. CZP appears to be a useful broad-spectrum anticonvulsant when managed carefully. An unexpected finding was the irreversibility of the pharmacological effect of PEG. Cessation of PEG administration significantly reduced seizure frequency in subsequent weeks to a level below the initial baseline level.", "PMID": 115680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11956", "title": "Stupor following administration of valproic acid to patients receiving other antiepileptic drugs.", "content": "Stupor is an unusual complication following the addition of valproic acid to other antiepileptic drugs. We report four such cases. Stupor occurred acutely in 3 patients and insidiously in the fourth. In the cases of acute toxicity, neither toxic levels of valproate nor significant elevations in blood levels of the other drugs occurred. In the fourth patient, stupor occurred concomitantly with a rise in the phenobarbital level. The electroencephalograms of all 4 patients revealed generalized high-amplitude rhythmic bisynchronous delta activity. Recovery occurred following discontinuation of valproic acid or other antiepileptic drugs. These observations suggest that stupor may occur as a result of drug interactions after the addition of valproic acid to other antiepileptic drugs.", "contents": "Stupor following administration of valproic acid to patients receiving other antiepileptic drugs. Stupor is an unusual complication following the addition of valproic acid to other antiepileptic drugs. We report four such cases. Stupor occurred acutely in 3 patients and insidiously in the fourth. In the cases of acute toxicity, neither toxic levels of valproate nor significant elevations in blood levels of the other drugs occurred. In the fourth patient, stupor occurred concomitantly with a rise in the phenobarbital level. The electroencephalograms of all 4 patients revealed generalized high-amplitude rhythmic bisynchronous delta activity. Recovery occurred following discontinuation of valproic acid or other antiepileptic drugs. These observations suggest that stupor may occur as a result of drug interactions after the addition of valproic acid to other antiepileptic drugs.", "PMID": 115681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11957", "title": "A translocation X;Y system for detecting meiotic nondisjunction and chromosome breakage in males of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A nondisjunction and chromosome breakage screening system devised by Craymer and modified in our laboratory, involves an X;Y translocation with the short arm of the Y (Ys), marked with the wild type allele of yellow, attached to the distal end of an X (break point 11D) carrying the recessive marker y; and the long arm of the Y chromosome (YL), marked with the dominant locus Bar of Stone (BS), attached to the proximal end of the X. A female tester strain carrying normal chromosomes homozygous for the yellow allele is employed in the mating scheme. Following normal disjunction in the male, all zygotes, which in this case receive aneuploid paternal sex-chromosomes and a normal euploid maternal complement, will die as a result of genetic imbalance. Thus all survivors from this corss can be classified as exceptions arising from: (1) nondisjunction in the female; (2) gross deletion of the paternal X;Y chromosome; (3) complete loss of the paternal X;Y chromosome; or (4) primary meiotic nondisjunction in the male. Results indicate the sensitivity of this scheme for the detection of events induced by x-rays and various chemicals. Positive results have been obtained with the known mutagens EMS and x-radiation.", "contents": "A translocation X;Y system for detecting meiotic nondisjunction and chromosome breakage in males of Drosophila melanogaster. A nondisjunction and chromosome breakage screening system devised by Craymer and modified in our laboratory, involves an X;Y translocation with the short arm of the Y (Ys), marked with the wild type allele of yellow, attached to the distal end of an X (break point 11D) carrying the recessive marker y; and the long arm of the Y chromosome (YL), marked with the dominant locus Bar of Stone (BS), attached to the proximal end of the X. A female tester strain carrying normal chromosomes homozygous for the yellow allele is employed in the mating scheme. Following normal disjunction in the male, all zygotes, which in this case receive aneuploid paternal sex-chromosomes and a normal euploid maternal complement, will die as a result of genetic imbalance. Thus all survivors from this corss can be classified as exceptions arising from: (1) nondisjunction in the female; (2) gross deletion of the paternal X;Y chromosome; (3) complete loss of the paternal X;Y chromosome; or (4) primary meiotic nondisjunction in the male. Results indicate the sensitivity of this scheme for the detection of events induced by x-rays and various chemicals. Positive results have been obtained with the known mutagens EMS and x-radiation.", "PMID": 115682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11958", "title": "Studies of human liver bilirubin-glycosyl transferase. Bilirubin UDP-xylosyl and UDP-glucuronyl transferase activities in diseased human livers.", "content": "The activity of bilirubin UDP-xylosyl transferase as well as UDP-glucuronyl transferase in liver biopsy specimens of 3 control subjects, 42 cases with liver disease and 5 cases with Gilbert's syndrome was measured. Normal values of these enzyme levels were determined to be 142--302 U/kg protein for the former and 260--400 U/kg protein for the latter. Both enzyme levels in acute hepatitis in convalescence and chronic hepatitis were nearly in the normal range. In the cirrhotic liver they tended to a small decrease and patients with Gilbert's syndrome demonstrated significantly decreased enzyme levels. These enzyme levels were only correlated with serum unconjugated bilirubin concentration, but not with the other liver function tests. Finally, both enzyme activities were exactly correlated with each other.", "contents": "Studies of human liver bilirubin-glycosyl transferase. Bilirubin UDP-xylosyl and UDP-glucuronyl transferase activities in diseased human livers. The activity of bilirubin UDP-xylosyl transferase as well as UDP-glucuronyl transferase in liver biopsy specimens of 3 control subjects, 42 cases with liver disease and 5 cases with Gilbert's syndrome was measured. Normal values of these enzyme levels were determined to be 142--302 U/kg protein for the former and 260--400 U/kg protein for the latter. Both enzyme levels in acute hepatitis in convalescence and chronic hepatitis were nearly in the normal range. In the cirrhotic liver they tended to a small decrease and patients with Gilbert's syndrome demonstrated significantly decreased enzyme levels. These enzyme levels were only correlated with serum unconjugated bilirubin concentration, but not with the other liver function tests. Finally, both enzyme activities were exactly correlated with each other.", "PMID": 115686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11959", "title": "Apolipoprotein A-IV: a protein occurring in human mesenteric lymph chylomicrons and free in plasma. Isolation and quantification.", "content": "1. Human mesenteric lymph chylomicrons were isolated from chylous ascites fluid by ultra-centrifugation and agarose/gel chromatography and their apoprotein composition was analysed by dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, analytical isoelectric focusing and immuno-chemically. Major components of mesenteric lymph chylomicrons were apoprotein A-I, proteins of Mr less than 15 000 including the C-group apoproteins and a protein of Mr 46 000. Minor components were apoprotein E and a protein of Mr approximately equal to 200 000 (B-like protein). This apoprotein composition was qualitatively identical with that of chylomicrons from intestinal lymph of the rat, but was distinctly different from plasma chylomicrons of humans with fasting chylomicronaemia. 2. The protein of Mr approximately equal to 46 000 has been isolated by preparative dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from human and rat lymph chylomicrons and was compared to a protein of identical Mr present in rat high-density lipoproteins (apoplipoprotein A-IV) and in the rho less than 1.006 g/ml serum lipoprotein fraction of individual humans with alimentary hypertriglyceridaemia. In both species the 46 000-Mr proteins isolated from lymph and serum were identical according to amino acid composition and isoelectric point in 6 M urea. The human proteins from both sources were also immunologically identical. The similarities in the molecular properties of the human apolipoprotein and rat apolipoprotein A-IV indicate that these proteins are homologous. 3. Plasma levels of human apolipoprotein A-IV determined by electroimmunodiffusion were 14.15 +/- 3.66 mg/100 ml (n = 59), but greater than 90% of the protein was unassociated with the major lipoprotein fractions. It is concluded, that apolipoprotein A-IV is a main protein component of human lymph chylomicrons, that is removed from the particles in the plasma compartment.", "contents": "Apolipoprotein A-IV: a protein occurring in human mesenteric lymph chylomicrons and free in plasma. Isolation and quantification. 1. Human mesenteric lymph chylomicrons were isolated from chylous ascites fluid by ultra-centrifugation and agarose/gel chromatography and their apoprotein composition was analysed by dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, analytical isoelectric focusing and immuno-chemically. Major components of mesenteric lymph chylomicrons were apoprotein A-I, proteins of Mr less than 15 000 including the C-group apoproteins and a protein of Mr 46 000. Minor components were apoprotein E and a protein of Mr approximately equal to 200 000 (B-like protein). This apoprotein composition was qualitatively identical with that of chylomicrons from intestinal lymph of the rat, but was distinctly different from plasma chylomicrons of humans with fasting chylomicronaemia. 2. The protein of Mr approximately equal to 46 000 has been isolated by preparative dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from human and rat lymph chylomicrons and was compared to a protein of identical Mr present in rat high-density lipoproteins (apoplipoprotein A-IV) and in the rho less than 1.006 g/ml serum lipoprotein fraction of individual humans with alimentary hypertriglyceridaemia. In both species the 46 000-Mr proteins isolated from lymph and serum were identical according to amino acid composition and isoelectric point in 6 M urea. The human proteins from both sources were also immunologically identical. The similarities in the molecular properties of the human apolipoprotein and rat apolipoprotein A-IV indicate that these proteins are homologous. 3. Plasma levels of human apolipoprotein A-IV determined by electroimmunodiffusion were 14.15 +/- 3.66 mg/100 ml (n = 59), but greater than 90% of the protein was unassociated with the major lipoprotein fractions. It is concluded, that apolipoprotein A-IV is a main protein component of human lymph chylomicrons, that is removed from the particles in the plasma compartment.", "PMID": 115688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11960", "title": "Studies on the structure of the rabbit kidney brush border.", "content": "The effects of salts and non-ionic detergents on renal brush borders have been studied. 2 M sodium chloride, iodide or thiocyanate dissociated up to 40% of the protein from the brush borders, destroying the core filaments and resulting in the formation of membrane vesicles; EDTA had a similar effect on structure but released little protein. Triton X-100 and Nonidet P-40 extracted up to 60% of the protein including the major membrane glycoproteins and the enzymes trehalase, maltase and aminopeptidase (microsomal). Triton exhibited a selective effect on lipids removing phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin but not the bulk of the phosphatidylcholine or cholesterol. The residual structures after Triton extraction comprised the core filaments associated with vesicles of lipid containing alkaline phosphatase and several other proteins. Treatment of these core-vesicle complexes with 2 M sodium chloride dissociated the filaments, releasing the vesicles which could be recovered as a pellicle on centrifugation. It is suggested that the proteins found in the vesicles might serve to interconnect the core filaments with the lipid bilayer.", "contents": "Studies on the structure of the rabbit kidney brush border. The effects of salts and non-ionic detergents on renal brush borders have been studied. 2 M sodium chloride, iodide or thiocyanate dissociated up to 40% of the protein from the brush borders, destroying the core filaments and resulting in the formation of membrane vesicles; EDTA had a similar effect on structure but released little protein. Triton X-100 and Nonidet P-40 extracted up to 60% of the protein including the major membrane glycoproteins and the enzymes trehalase, maltase and aminopeptidase (microsomal). Triton exhibited a selective effect on lipids removing phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin but not the bulk of the phosphatidylcholine or cholesterol. The residual structures after Triton extraction comprised the core filaments associated with vesicles of lipid containing alkaline phosphatase and several other proteins. Treatment of these core-vesicle complexes with 2 M sodium chloride dissociated the filaments, releasing the vesicles which could be recovered as a pellicle on centrifugation. It is suggested that the proteins found in the vesicles might serve to interconnect the core filaments with the lipid bilayer.", "PMID": 115689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11961", "title": "Effects of apramycin, a novel aminoglycoside antibiotic on bacterial protein synthesis.", "content": "1. The novel aminoglycoside antibiotic apramycin is shown to be a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in bacteria both in vivo and in vitro. 2. In cell-free systems from Escherichia coli programmed with poly(U), apramycin induces translation errors, as assayed by incorporation of leucine, isoleucine and serine, although this effect occurs only to a limited extent. 3. Apramycin inhibits the translocation step of protein synthesis both in vivo, in protoplasts of Bacillus megaterium, and in vitro, in cell-free systems from E. coli. It is proposed that this is the primary inhibitory effect of the drug.", "contents": "Effects of apramycin, a novel aminoglycoside antibiotic on bacterial protein synthesis. 1. The novel aminoglycoside antibiotic apramycin is shown to be a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in bacteria both in vivo and in vitro. 2. In cell-free systems from Escherichia coli programmed with poly(U), apramycin induces translation errors, as assayed by incorporation of leucine, isoleucine and serine, although this effect occurs only to a limited extent. 3. Apramycin inhibits the translocation step of protein synthesis both in vivo, in protoplasts of Bacillus megaterium, and in vitro, in cell-free systems from E. coli. It is proposed that this is the primary inhibitory effect of the drug.", "PMID": 115690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11962", "title": "The value of whole body bone scan in the pre-operative assessment in carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "In 126 patients with primary breast cancer a patient moving whole body bone scan was performed when they first presented. None of the patients in stage I had an evidence of skeletal metastases. Two patients (3%) of 62 in stage II and 4 patients (17%) in stage III had evidence of skeletal metastases. It appears that whole body scanning is the most accurate, sensitive and convenient method of detecting osseous metastases and of staging breast cancer. This investigation should be carried out pre-operatively. Detection of early asymptomatic bony metastases will provide a better planning of treatment with rational approach.", "contents": "The value of whole body bone scan in the pre-operative assessment in carcinoma of the breast. In 126 patients with primary breast cancer a patient moving whole body bone scan was performed when they first presented. None of the patients in stage I had an evidence of skeletal metastases. Two patients (3%) of 62 in stage II and 4 patients (17%) in stage III had evidence of skeletal metastases. It appears that whole body scanning is the most accurate, sensitive and convenient method of detecting osseous metastases and of staging breast cancer. This investigation should be carried out pre-operatively. Detection of early asymptomatic bony metastases will provide a better planning of treatment with rational approach.", "PMID": 115691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11963", "title": "Evaluation of one dimensional profile scans with a whole body counter--82bromide space in liver cirrhosis: concise communication.", "content": "One dimensional profile scans with a whole body counter are refocused with a linear space invariant filter in the frequency domain, 'Hanning' window and inverse system transfer function. Artifacts are eliminated in a way that a clinically applicable method is developed. Topographic information is achieved with the highly energetic nuclide 82bromide. The bromide space (extracellular volume) in patients with liver cirrhosis (n = 9) compared to normal subjects (n = 10) is increased most in the upper abdominal thoracic region.", "contents": "Evaluation of one dimensional profile scans with a whole body counter--82bromide space in liver cirrhosis: concise communication. One dimensional profile scans with a whole body counter are refocused with a linear space invariant filter in the frequency domain, 'Hanning' window and inverse system transfer function. Artifacts are eliminated in a way that a clinically applicable method is developed. Topographic information is achieved with the highly energetic nuclide 82bromide. The bromide space (extracellular volume) in patients with liver cirrhosis (n = 9) compared to normal subjects (n = 10) is increased most in the upper abdominal thoracic region.", "PMID": 115692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11964", "title": "Idiotypic cross-reactivity of human and murine phosphorylcholine-binding immunoglobulins.", "content": "The idiotypic cross-reactivity of mouse and human monoclonal immunoglobulins with binding activity for phosphorylcholine (PC) was investigated, using an idiotypic antibody elicited against the PC-binding human IgMFR. The isolated FR heavy chain proved to be a better inhibitor for the reaction of IgMFR with anti-FR than the FR light chain, but the intact protein was necessary for full idiotypic expression. PC was an inhibitor only at concentrations greater than 10(-3) M indicating that the idiotypic antibody was not combining site-directed. Among the murine PC-binding IgA myeloma proteins, MOPC 167 was found to be the best inhibitor, but its inhibitory capacity was about 4 orders of magnitude lower than that of the homologous IgMFR. McPC 603 was an even weaker inhibitor, while TEPC 15 effected no better inhibition than human monoclonal immunoglobulins without PC-binding activity. MOPC 167 has a most similar binding specificity to IgMFR as indicated by the high affinity for choline of these two proteins. TEPC 15 and McPC 603, on the other hand, exhibit a much lower affinity for choline. In addition to their similarity in specificity, proteins FR and MOPC 167 show important structural similarities within parts of their heavy and light chain variable domains. The data provide some evidence for the existence of idiotypic cross-reactivity between the two species man and mouse.", "contents": "Idiotypic cross-reactivity of human and murine phosphorylcholine-binding immunoglobulins. The idiotypic cross-reactivity of mouse and human monoclonal immunoglobulins with binding activity for phosphorylcholine (PC) was investigated, using an idiotypic antibody elicited against the PC-binding human IgMFR. The isolated FR heavy chain proved to be a better inhibitor for the reaction of IgMFR with anti-FR than the FR light chain, but the intact protein was necessary for full idiotypic expression. PC was an inhibitor only at concentrations greater than 10(-3) M indicating that the idiotypic antibody was not combining site-directed. Among the murine PC-binding IgA myeloma proteins, MOPC 167 was found to be the best inhibitor, but its inhibitory capacity was about 4 orders of magnitude lower than that of the homologous IgMFR. McPC 603 was an even weaker inhibitor, while TEPC 15 effected no better inhibition than human monoclonal immunoglobulins without PC-binding activity. MOPC 167 has a most similar binding specificity to IgMFR as indicated by the high affinity for choline of these two proteins. TEPC 15 and McPC 603, on the other hand, exhibit a much lower affinity for choline. In addition to their similarity in specificity, proteins FR and MOPC 167 show important structural similarities within parts of their heavy and light chain variable domains. The data provide some evidence for the existence of idiotypic cross-reactivity between the two species man and mouse.", "PMID": 115695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11965", "title": "A mouse myeloma variant with a defect in light chain synthesis.", "content": "A spontaneous assembly variant, B 50, has been isolated from the MPC-11 mouse myeloma cell line. This variant synthesizes fewer light chains per cell than the parent resulting the production of a slight molar excess of heavy chains. These changes are associated with a delay and change in the pathway of assembly and a delay in secretion. Spontaneous revertants of B 50 have been obtained, all of which synthesize normal amounts of light chains and assemble and secrete the immunoglobulin molecule through the same pathways and with the same kinetics as the parental cells. A comparison of the tryptic-chymotryptic peptides of the parental, variant and revertant heavy and light chains did not reveal any differences. These studies indicate that variants in mouse myeloma cells can arise with defects in the quantitative expression of the immunoglobulin gene and suggest that the presence of excess light chains facilitates the assembly and secretion of some immunoglobulin molecules.", "contents": "A mouse myeloma variant with a defect in light chain synthesis. A spontaneous assembly variant, B 50, has been isolated from the MPC-11 mouse myeloma cell line. This variant synthesizes fewer light chains per cell than the parent resulting the production of a slight molar excess of heavy chains. These changes are associated with a delay and change in the pathway of assembly and a delay in secretion. Spontaneous revertants of B 50 have been obtained, all of which synthesize normal amounts of light chains and assemble and secrete the immunoglobulin molecule through the same pathways and with the same kinetics as the parental cells. A comparison of the tryptic-chymotryptic peptides of the parental, variant and revertant heavy and light chains did not reveal any differences. These studies indicate that variants in mouse myeloma cells can arise with defects in the quantitative expression of the immunoglobulin gene and suggest that the presence of excess light chains facilitates the assembly and secretion of some immunoglobulin molecules.", "PMID": 115696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11966", "title": "Presence of serum IgD and IgD-containing plasma cells in the mouse.", "content": "A new technique which makes use of anti-delta-specific allo-or heteroantisera coupled to Sepharose 4 B has been employed to investigate the presence of IgD molecules in the sera of three mouse strains. The sera were reacted with the insoluble immunosorbents, and the eluted material was labeled with 125I prior to antigenic or sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis. This material reacted with anti-delta or anti-L chain reagents, but not with other anti-class-specific antisera and, after reduction, was resolved in three discrete bands in SDS-PAGE. The fastest of these bands comigrated with L chain, whereas the other two moved identically to mouse lymphocyte surface delta chains. Immunofluorescence studies on fixed smears of spleen and Peyer's patches' cells revealed the presence of a small but consistent number IgD-containing plasma cells.", "contents": "Presence of serum IgD and IgD-containing plasma cells in the mouse. A new technique which makes use of anti-delta-specific allo-or heteroantisera coupled to Sepharose 4 B has been employed to investigate the presence of IgD molecules in the sera of three mouse strains. The sera were reacted with the insoluble immunosorbents, and the eluted material was labeled with 125I prior to antigenic or sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis. This material reacted with anti-delta or anti-L chain reagents, but not with other anti-class-specific antisera and, after reduction, was resolved in three discrete bands in SDS-PAGE. The fastest of these bands comigrated with L chain, whereas the other two moved identically to mouse lymphocyte surface delta chains. Immunofluorescence studies on fixed smears of spleen and Peyer's patches' cells revealed the presence of a small but consistent number IgD-containing plasma cells.", "PMID": 115697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11967", "title": "Mutations affecting immunoglobulin light chain secretion by myeloma cells. I. Functional analysis by cell fusion.", "content": "Two clones of MOPC 315 cells have been selected which synthesize but do not secrete Ig lambda light chains. These clones were analyzed by fusion with a cell line synthesizing and secreting kappa chains. Conditions were established for recovery at high frequency (approximately 10(-3)) of spontaneously fused, viable hybrid cells. The resulting hybrid cell lines synthesized both kappa and lambda chains but secreted only kappa chains. Hybrid cells produced by fusion of a lambda-secreting clone of MOPC 315 with the kappa-secreting cell line were also isolated and shown to synthesize and secrete both kappa and lambda chains. These results suggest that the nonsecretion of lambda chains was not due to a defect the secretion mechanism of the variant cells. A more likely alternative is that the lambda chains in the variant cell lines were structurally altered to a form which could not be secreted.", "contents": "Mutations affecting immunoglobulin light chain secretion by myeloma cells. I. Functional analysis by cell fusion. Two clones of MOPC 315 cells have been selected which synthesize but do not secrete Ig lambda light chains. These clones were analyzed by fusion with a cell line synthesizing and secreting kappa chains. Conditions were established for recovery at high frequency (approximately 10(-3)) of spontaneously fused, viable hybrid cells. The resulting hybrid cell lines synthesized both kappa and lambda chains but secreted only kappa chains. Hybrid cells produced by fusion of a lambda-secreting clone of MOPC 315 with the kappa-secreting cell line were also isolated and shown to synthesize and secrete both kappa and lambda chains. These results suggest that the nonsecretion of lambda chains was not due to a defect the secretion mechanism of the variant cells. A more likely alternative is that the lambda chains in the variant cell lines were structurally altered to a form which could not be secreted.", "PMID": 115698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11968", "title": "Contribution of vision to muscle responses in monkey during free-fall: visual stabilization decreases vestibular dependent responses.", "content": "In a previous study the muscle responses from the lower limbs were studied in the Baboon (Papio-Papio) during sudden falls. On the other hand, recent findings concerning the role of vision in the control of posture during rapid perturbations in man have stimulated the present investigation. EMG activities were recorded from the fully conscious animal using chronic electrodes implanted in various muscles (splenius, quadriceps femoris, soleus, and tibialis anterior). For testing, the monkey was seated in a special chair suspended from an electromagnet and unexpectedly dropped 90 cm. EMG responses were recorded in three randomly presented conditions: with normal motion of visual world (N), with visual world stabilized with respect to the head (S) using a box covered inside by a black and white checkboard pattern surrounding the animal's head, and in total darkness (D). Results showed that condition S is accompanied in all tested muscles by a significant decrease in the EMG response; this effect is particularly evident in the interval 60--120 ms but may occur earlier. Condition D is in most of the cases accompanied by a less important decrease which is situated between condition N and condition S. These results are in contrast to previous concludions of other authors which negated the role of vision in similar situations.", "contents": "Contribution of vision to muscle responses in monkey during free-fall: visual stabilization decreases vestibular dependent responses. In a previous study the muscle responses from the lower limbs were studied in the Baboon (Papio-Papio) during sudden falls. On the other hand, recent findings concerning the role of vision in the control of posture during rapid perturbations in man have stimulated the present investigation. EMG activities were recorded from the fully conscious animal using chronic electrodes implanted in various muscles (splenius, quadriceps femoris, soleus, and tibialis anterior). For testing, the monkey was seated in a special chair suspended from an electromagnet and unexpectedly dropped 90 cm. EMG responses were recorded in three randomly presented conditions: with normal motion of visual world (N), with visual world stabilized with respect to the head (S) using a box covered inside by a black and white checkboard pattern surrounding the animal's head, and in total darkness (D). Results showed that condition S is accompanied in all tested muscles by a significant decrease in the EMG response; this effect is particularly evident in the interval 60--120 ms but may occur earlier. Condition D is in most of the cases accompanied by a less important decrease which is situated between condition N and condition S. These results are in contrast to previous concludions of other authors which negated the role of vision in similar situations.", "PMID": 115701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11969", "title": "Long-term effects of postnatal undernutrition and maternal malnutrition on mouse cerebral cortex. I. Cellular densities, cortical volume and total numbers of cells.", "content": "Quantitative analysis of cellular densities as well as an estimate of the cortical volume and of its total cell population were performed on the cortex of postnatally undernourished mice (2--21 days) and on that of pups from malnourished mothers (gestation and lactation). Animals were followed until 180 days of age after more than 5 months of nutritional rehabilitation, and data were obtained at 10, 30, 60, and 180 days of age. The neuronal density was much higher in all cortical layers of the two experimental series, suggesting a delay in cortical maturation. Moreover, layers II, III, and IV were more delayed than layers I, V, and VI. Postnatal undernutrition had more severe effects than maternal malnutrition and the degree of recovery after a long rehabilitation was much less. The increase of the cortical volume was greatly reduced in postnatal undernutrition and to a lesser degree in maternal malnutrition. The total number of glial cells was also reduced more in postnatal undernutrition than in maternal malnutrition, but the total number of neurons was never smaller than in the controls.", "contents": "Long-term effects of postnatal undernutrition and maternal malnutrition on mouse cerebral cortex. I. Cellular densities, cortical volume and total numbers of cells. Quantitative analysis of cellular densities as well as an estimate of the cortical volume and of its total cell population were performed on the cortex of postnatally undernourished mice (2--21 days) and on that of pups from malnourished mothers (gestation and lactation). Animals were followed until 180 days of age after more than 5 months of nutritional rehabilitation, and data were obtained at 10, 30, 60, and 180 days of age. The neuronal density was much higher in all cortical layers of the two experimental series, suggesting a delay in cortical maturation. Moreover, layers II, III, and IV were more delayed than layers I, V, and VI. Postnatal undernutrition had more severe effects than maternal malnutrition and the degree of recovery after a long rehabilitation was much less. The increase of the cortical volume was greatly reduced in postnatal undernutrition and to a lesser degree in maternal malnutrition. The total number of glial cells was also reduced more in postnatal undernutrition than in maternal malnutrition, but the total number of neurons was never smaller than in the controls.", "PMID": 115702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11970", "title": "Long-term effects of postnatal undernutrition and maternal malnutrition on mouse cerebral cortex. II. Evolution of dendritic branchings and spines in the visual region.", "content": "Quantitative analysis of the dendritic branchings of pyramidal cells from layers V and III, as well as of the number of spines on their apical dendrites, were performed on the visual cortex of postnatally undernourished mice (2nd--21st day) and on that of pups from malnourished mothers (gestation and lactation). Animals were followed till 180 days of age after more than 5 months of nutritional rehabilitation, and data were obtained at 10, 15, 21, 30, 60, and 180 days of age. The increase and maturation of dendritic branchings and spines were much more reduced in postnatal undernutrition than in maternal malnutrition. Furthermore, permanent damage still remained at 180 days in postnatal undernutrition while almost no damage was statistically detectable after maternal malnutrition.", "contents": "Long-term effects of postnatal undernutrition and maternal malnutrition on mouse cerebral cortex. II. Evolution of dendritic branchings and spines in the visual region. Quantitative analysis of the dendritic branchings of pyramidal cells from layers V and III, as well as of the number of spines on their apical dendrites, were performed on the visual cortex of postnatally undernourished mice (2nd--21st day) and on that of pups from malnourished mothers (gestation and lactation). Animals were followed till 180 days of age after more than 5 months of nutritional rehabilitation, and data were obtained at 10, 15, 21, 30, 60, and 180 days of age. The increase and maturation of dendritic branchings and spines were much more reduced in postnatal undernutrition than in maternal malnutrition. Furthermore, permanent damage still remained at 180 days in postnatal undernutrition while almost no damage was statistically detectable after maternal malnutrition.", "PMID": 115703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11971", "title": "The velocity response of vestibular nucleus neurons during vestibular, visual, and combined angular acceleration.", "content": "In alert Rhesus monkeys neuronal activity in the vestibular nuclei was measured during horizontal angular acceleration in darkness, acceleration of an optokinetic stimulus, and combined visual-vestibular stimulation. The working ranges for visual input velocity and acceleration extend up to 60 degrees/s and 5 degrees/s2. The corresponding working range for vestibular input acceleration is wider and time-dependent. During combined stimulation, that is acceleration of the monkey in the light, a linear relation between neuronal activity and velocity could be established for all neurons. Type I vestibular plus eye movement neurons displayed the greatest sensitivity and had a small linear range of operation. Other vestibular neurons were less sensitive but had a larger range of linear response to different values of acceleration. Accelerating the animal and visual surround, simultaneously but in opposite directions, results in neuronal activity proportional to relative velocity over a limited range.", "contents": "The velocity response of vestibular nucleus neurons during vestibular, visual, and combined angular acceleration. In alert Rhesus monkeys neuronal activity in the vestibular nuclei was measured during horizontal angular acceleration in darkness, acceleration of an optokinetic stimulus, and combined visual-vestibular stimulation. The working ranges for visual input velocity and acceleration extend up to 60 degrees/s and 5 degrees/s2. The corresponding working range for vestibular input acceleration is wider and time-dependent. During combined stimulation, that is acceleration of the monkey in the light, a linear relation between neuronal activity and velocity could be established for all neurons. Type I vestibular plus eye movement neurons displayed the greatest sensitivity and had a small linear range of operation. Other vestibular neurons were less sensitive but had a larger range of linear response to different values of acceleration. Accelerating the animal and visual surround, simultaneously but in opposite directions, results in neuronal activity proportional to relative velocity over a limited range.", "PMID": 115704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11972", "title": "Xanthumin and 8-epi-xanthatin as insect development inhibitors from Xanthium canadense Mill.", "content": "Two insect development inhibitors against Drosophila melanogaster have been isolated from the leaves of X. canadense and identified as xanthumin and 8-epi-xanthatin.", "contents": "Xanthumin and 8-epi-xanthatin as insect development inhibitors from Xanthium canadense Mill. Two insect development inhibitors against Drosophila melanogaster have been isolated from the leaves of X. canadense and identified as xanthumin and 8-epi-xanthatin.", "PMID": 115705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11973", "title": "Automatic recognition of squirrel monkey vocalisations by means of a filterbank.", "content": "Up to now the problem of classifying squirrel monkey vocalizations has not been solved satisfactorily. The problems is now approached by a method, which consists of 2 phases. At first the monkey vocalizations are compared with the aid of physical criteria and classified by types. According to the classification of types, the membership of the individual vocalizations is tested.", "contents": "Automatic recognition of squirrel monkey vocalisations by means of a filterbank. Up to now the problem of classifying squirrel monkey vocalizations has not been solved satisfactorily. The problems is now approached by a method, which consists of 2 phases. At first the monkey vocalizations are compared with the aid of physical criteria and classified by types. According to the classification of types, the membership of the individual vocalizations is tested.", "PMID": 115706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11974", "title": "Immunochemical identification of vitellogenin in the serum of the newt Triturus cristatus.", "content": "The hematic yold precursor--vitellogenin--has been identified immunochemically in the serum of estrogenized females of the nest Triturus cristatus by employing an antiserum prepared against yold proteins.", "contents": "Immunochemical identification of vitellogenin in the serum of the newt Triturus cristatus. The hematic yold precursor--vitellogenin--has been identified immunochemically in the serum of estrogenized females of the nest Triturus cristatus by employing an antiserum prepared against yold proteins.", "PMID": 115707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11975", "title": "Effect of dihydroergocristine infusion on tolbutamide-induced insulin secretion in man.", "content": "The insulinemic response to 1 g of tolbutamide i.v. is greatly enhanced (+ 145%) after a 60-min infusion of the alpha-lytic dihydrogenated ergot alkaloid, dihydroergocristine (83.3 micrograms/min, corresponding to a total dose of 5 mg) in 7 healthy subjects. No differences are observed in the glycemic responses.", "contents": "Effect of dihydroergocristine infusion on tolbutamide-induced insulin secretion in man. The insulinemic response to 1 g of tolbutamide i.v. is greatly enhanced (+ 145%) after a 60-min infusion of the alpha-lytic dihydrogenated ergot alkaloid, dihydroergocristine (83.3 micrograms/min, corresponding to a total dose of 5 mg) in 7 healthy subjects. No differences are observed in the glycemic responses.", "PMID": 115708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11976", "title": "[Effect of nitroglycerin and sodium nitrite on myocardial mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation normally and in coronarogenic ischemia].", "content": "The effect of nitroglycerin and sodium nitrite (2.10(-6), 2.10(-5) and 2.10(-4) g/ml) on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria of the normal and ischemized dog myocardium has been investigated in the presence of glutamate, succinate and alfaketoglutarate. The drugs inhibited ADP-activated oxygen consumption and ADP phosphorylation rate upon oxidation of succinic acid formed in mitochondria from exogenic glutamate, without changes in the phosphorylation coefficient and free oxidation rate (i. e. in the absence of ADP) in mitochondria of the healthy and ischemic heart. In the ischemic area one can also observe an inhibition of ADP-activated oxidation of endogenic succinate formed from exogenic glutamate.", "contents": "[Effect of nitroglycerin and sodium nitrite on myocardial mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation normally and in coronarogenic ischemia]. The effect of nitroglycerin and sodium nitrite (2.10(-6), 2.10(-5) and 2.10(-4) g/ml) on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria of the normal and ischemized dog myocardium has been investigated in the presence of glutamate, succinate and alfaketoglutarate. The drugs inhibited ADP-activated oxygen consumption and ADP phosphorylation rate upon oxidation of succinic acid formed in mitochondria from exogenic glutamate, without changes in the phosphorylation coefficient and free oxidation rate (i. e. in the absence of ADP) in mitochondria of the healthy and ischemic heart. In the ischemic area one can also observe an inhibition of ADP-activated oxidation of endogenic succinate formed from exogenic glutamate.", "PMID": 115709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11977", "title": "[Fistula-free method of evaluating cholagogue agents on rats].", "content": "A new fistula-free method for standardizing and studying the choleretic activity of drugs on white rats is proposed. In rats under ether-urethane anestheia, a \"biological test tube\" of varied length where the bile is excreted, is created by ligation of the duodenum above and below the site of communication with the bile duct. In order to recover the patency of the digestive tract, the stomach or the proximal segment of the intestine is connected to its distal strip by a polyethylene tube. Supply of pancreatic juice to the \"biological test tube\" is eliminated by ligation of the pancreatic gland duct. The amount of bile (mg) excreted during a certain period of time, is established from the weight difference between the filled and bile-free dissected isolated segment of the duodenum. The choleretic activity of the drug is assessed in a similar way. The trial of the method performed on 50 rats, with the use of choleretic test-preparations (insulin and mebethisol) confirmed its sensitivty. The method proposed can be recommended for preliminary screening and dynamic study of the choleretic activity of drugs.", "contents": "[Fistula-free method of evaluating cholagogue agents on rats]. A new fistula-free method for standardizing and studying the choleretic activity of drugs on white rats is proposed. In rats under ether-urethane anestheia, a \"biological test tube\" of varied length where the bile is excreted, is created by ligation of the duodenum above and below the site of communication with the bile duct. In order to recover the patency of the digestive tract, the stomach or the proximal segment of the intestine is connected to its distal strip by a polyethylene tube. Supply of pancreatic juice to the \"biological test tube\" is eliminated by ligation of the pancreatic gland duct. The amount of bile (mg) excreted during a certain period of time, is established from the weight difference between the filled and bile-free dissected isolated segment of the duodenum. The choleretic activity of the drug is assessed in a similar way. The trial of the method performed on 50 rats, with the use of choleretic test-preparations (insulin and mebethisol) confirmed its sensitivty. The method proposed can be recommended for preliminary screening and dynamic study of the choleretic activity of drugs.", "PMID": 115710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11978", "title": "Pituitary function testing in amenorrhea-galactorrhea-hyperprolactinemia.", "content": "Fifteen patients, age 16 to 55, presented with amenorrhea-galactorrhea-hyperprolactinemia. Pituitary function was evaluated by bolus injections of insulin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in 13 and by LHRH and TRH in 2. Responses to growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), cortisol (F), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin were measured. GH, TSH, and F responses were normal in most cases. LH responses were decreased (P less than 0.025) in patients with abnormal sellar tomography, whereas FSH responses tended to decrease with elevated prolactin levels. Prolactin responses were absent in five of the seven cases which could be evaluated. The clinical value of such testing appears to be limited to an individualized basis, although some prognosis of ovulatory response to bromocriptine therapy may be obtained from the gonadotropin response.", "contents": "Pituitary function testing in amenorrhea-galactorrhea-hyperprolactinemia. Fifteen patients, age 16 to 55, presented with amenorrhea-galactorrhea-hyperprolactinemia. Pituitary function was evaluated by bolus injections of insulin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in 13 and by LHRH and TRH in 2. Responses to growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), cortisol (F), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin were measured. GH, TSH, and F responses were normal in most cases. LH responses were decreased (P less than 0.025) in patients with abnormal sellar tomography, whereas FSH responses tended to decrease with elevated prolactin levels. Prolactin responses were absent in five of the seven cases which could be evaluated. The clinical value of such testing appears to be limited to an individualized basis, although some prognosis of ovulatory response to bromocriptine therapy may be obtained from the gonadotropin response.", "PMID": 115722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11979", "title": "Acute decreases in serum prolactin concentrations caused by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in nonhuman primates.", "content": "The acute effects of single injections of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations were studied in oophorectomized female and intact adult male rhesus monkeys. Some animals were challenged with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to determine whether THC influences pituitary responsiveness to releasing hormone. THC markedly suppresses serum PRL concentrations in animals of both sexes. TRH injections resulted in normal PRL release when administered simultaneously with or 30 minutes after THC administration. These results suggest that the serum prolactin-lowering effect of THC occurs principally at a suprapituitary level.", "contents": "Acute decreases in serum prolactin concentrations caused by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in nonhuman primates. The acute effects of single injections of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations were studied in oophorectomized female and intact adult male rhesus monkeys. Some animals were challenged with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to determine whether THC influences pituitary responsiveness to releasing hormone. THC markedly suppresses serum PRL concentrations in animals of both sexes. TRH injections resulted in normal PRL release when administered simultaneously with or 30 minutes after THC administration. These results suggest that the serum prolactin-lowering effect of THC occurs principally at a suprapituitary level.", "PMID": 115723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11980", "title": "Effects of delta 9-tetraphydrocannabinol administration on gonadal steroidogenic activity in vivo.", "content": "The effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration on gonadal steroidogenic activity in vivo were studied in two animal models: (1) luteal function of the rhesus monkey and (2) periovulatory steroid concentrations of rabbits treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). THC-treated monkeys demonstrated progesterone concentrations and luteal phase lengths which were not different from those in untreated controls. THC did not impair the normal pattern of response of the corpus luteum to increasing doses of hCG as measured by serum progesterone concentrations and luteal phase lengths. Rabbits treated with THC manifested normal periovulatory steroidal patterns (progesterone, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone). These data suggest that THC does not significantly inhibit steroidogenesis by a direct action on the ovary. Its effect may be mediated by a central mechanism of action.", "contents": "Effects of delta 9-tetraphydrocannabinol administration on gonadal steroidogenic activity in vivo. The effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration on gonadal steroidogenic activity in vivo were studied in two animal models: (1) luteal function of the rhesus monkey and (2) periovulatory steroid concentrations of rabbits treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). THC-treated monkeys demonstrated progesterone concentrations and luteal phase lengths which were not different from those in untreated controls. THC did not impair the normal pattern of response of the corpus luteum to increasing doses of hCG as measured by serum progesterone concentrations and luteal phase lengths. Rabbits treated with THC manifested normal periovulatory steroidal patterns (progesterone, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone). These data suggest that THC does not significantly inhibit steroidogenesis by a direct action on the ovary. Its effect may be mediated by a central mechanism of action.", "PMID": 115724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11981", "title": "Immune response after vaginal application of antigens in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The immune response after  vaginal application of antigens was investigated in six sexually mature female rhesus monkeys. Two model antigens, i.e., lipopolysaccharide (LPS) OF Salmonella typhosa and abortive type T-4 coliphages were applied with or without adjuvant. A plastic sponge used as the antigen carrier was introduced into the upper vagina and placed against the ectocervix. For primary immunization, each monkey received 18 vaginal antigen applications and 10 applications for each booster course. For comparison, three other female rhesus monkeys were immunized systemically. Alum or LPS was used as adjuvant. Blood was obtained two times and cervical mucus three times weekly from each monkey. Antibodies were only barely detectable in cervical mucus after the primary vaginal immunization. However, booster treatments resulted in definite antibody responses. Specific antibodies were also detected in the circulating blood after vaginal booster immunization. The antibody level in cervical secretion in three of four cases was higher than that in circulatin blood. Systemic immunization resulted in high levels of circulating antibodies, but less than 10% appeared in cervical secretions. A characteristic decrease in antibody levels in cervical mucus was usually observed at midcycle after local immunization as well as after systemic immunization. More than 90% of T-4 coliphages applied vaginally were absorbed within 48 hours. Although alum appeared to retard the absorption of antigens, it seemed to enhance the local response. More than 90% of the antibodies to the T-4 coliphages could be removed from the serum and cervial mucus by treatment with anti-immunoglobuin G antiserum. The lymphocyte response to antigens was studied by measuring the 3H-thymidine uptake by peripheral blood lymphocytes in culture. A positive response was observed in three of three systemically immunized and in only two of six locally immunized aminals. In general, the immune response was significantly weaker after local vaginal immunization than after systemic immunization.", "contents": "Immune response after vaginal application of antigens in the rhesus monkey. The immune response after  vaginal application of antigens was investigated in six sexually mature female rhesus monkeys. Two model antigens, i.e., lipopolysaccharide (LPS) OF Salmonella typhosa and abortive type T-4 coliphages were applied with or without adjuvant. A plastic sponge used as the antigen carrier was introduced into the upper vagina and placed against the ectocervix. For primary immunization, each monkey received 18 vaginal antigen applications and 10 applications for each booster course. For comparison, three other female rhesus monkeys were immunized systemically. Alum or LPS was used as adjuvant. Blood was obtained two times and cervical mucus three times weekly from each monkey. Antibodies were only barely detectable in cervical mucus after the primary vaginal immunization. However, booster treatments resulted in definite antibody responses. Specific antibodies were also detected in the circulating blood after vaginal booster immunization. The antibody level in cervical secretion in three of four cases was higher than that in circulatin blood. Systemic immunization resulted in high levels of circulating antibodies, but less than 10% appeared in cervical secretions. A characteristic decrease in antibody levels in cervical mucus was usually observed at midcycle after local immunization as well as after systemic immunization. More than 90% of T-4 coliphages applied vaginally were absorbed within 48 hours. Although alum appeared to retard the absorption of antigens, it seemed to enhance the local response. More than 90% of the antibodies to the T-4 coliphages could be removed from the serum and cervial mucus by treatment with anti-immunoglobuin G antiserum. The lymphocyte response to antigens was studied by measuring the 3H-thymidine uptake by peripheral blood lymphocytes in culture. A positive response was observed in three of three systemically immunized and in only two of six locally immunized aminals. In general, the immune response was significantly weaker after local vaginal immunization than after systemic immunization.", "PMID": 115725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11982", "title": "[Changes of plasma levels of TRH and its target hormones by two hour constant intravenous infusion of TRH tartrate in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Constant iv infusion of TRH tartrate for 2 hours was administered to normal men in a dosage of 0.5 (n=4), 1.0 (n=2) and 2 (n=4) mg/120 minutes. Measurements at every 15 minutes were performed for plasma levels of TRH, TSH, Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) by radioimmunoassay. Plasma levels of TRH increased promptly and stayed at the same levels until the end of the infusion. The Mean Clearance Rate (MRC), Half-life and Volume of Distribution of TRH were respectively, 4.62 +/- 0.53 L/min. (M +/- SE), 17.8 +/- 3.8 minutes and 112 +/- 15 L in the 0.5 mg administered group and 6.38 +/- 2.50 L/min., 9.0 +/- 1.4 minutes and 82 +/- 30 L in the 2 mg administered group. Plasma levels of TRH increased in two phases, and increments of plasma TSH were dose dependable to the dosage of TRH. Plasma levels of T4 increased gradually in the course of TRH infusion and stayed at high levels even in the withdrawal phase of TRH. Plasma levels of T3 increased markedly during and after the TRH infusion in the 0.5 mg administered group, while increments of plasma T3 were minute in the 2 mg administered group. From the above data, it is suggested that the amount of TRH production in man, which is much more than has previously been reported, may indicate the existence of an extrahypothalamic synthesis of TRH in man.", "contents": "[Changes of plasma levels of TRH and its target hormones by two hour constant intravenous infusion of TRH tartrate in man (author's transl)]. Constant iv infusion of TRH tartrate for 2 hours was administered to normal men in a dosage of 0.5 (n=4), 1.0 (n=2) and 2 (n=4) mg/120 minutes. Measurements at every 15 minutes were performed for plasma levels of TRH, TSH, Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) by radioimmunoassay. Plasma levels of TRH increased promptly and stayed at the same levels until the end of the infusion. The Mean Clearance Rate (MRC), Half-life and Volume of Distribution of TRH were respectively, 4.62 +/- 0.53 L/min. (M +/- SE), 17.8 +/- 3.8 minutes and 112 +/- 15 L in the 0.5 mg administered group and 6.38 +/- 2.50 L/min., 9.0 +/- 1.4 minutes and 82 +/- 30 L in the 2 mg administered group. Plasma levels of TRH increased in two phases, and increments of plasma TSH were dose dependable to the dosage of TRH. Plasma levels of T4 increased gradually in the course of TRH infusion and stayed at high levels even in the withdrawal phase of TRH. Plasma levels of T3 increased markedly during and after the TRH infusion in the 0.5 mg administered group, while increments of plasma T3 were minute in the 2 mg administered group. From the above data, it is suggested that the amount of TRH production in man, which is much more than has previously been reported, may indicate the existence of an extrahypothalamic synthesis of TRH in man.", "PMID": 115728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11983", "title": "The effect of glibenclamide treatment on the insulin and glucagon responses to oral glucose and galactose in maturity onset diabetics.", "content": "Glibenclamide has been shown to stimulate an insulin releasing factor in the duodenum. The possibility that this effect is of importance in its hypoglycaemic action was investigated by studying the effect of galactose on insulin release before and after treatment with glibenclamide; galactose stimulates insulin release when given orally but has no effect when given parenterally; thus its ability to release insulin appears to reside in an action on a gut factor. Measurements of plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon were made on twelve maturity onset diabetic patients following an oral glucose tolerance test and an oral galactose tolerance test before and after one week of treatment with glibenclamide. Glibenclamide significantly reduced the blood glucose levels. Both basal insulin and basal glucagon levels were unchanged. The insulin response to oral glucose was enhanced. Glucagon levels before treatment did not suppression of glucagon levels. Galactose stimulated insulin release but insulin levels before and after treatment were identical. An effect of glibenclamide on gut insulin releasing activity was not demonstrated but the galactose tolerance test provides a useful technique by which to examine the enteroinsular axis.", "contents": "The effect of glibenclamide treatment on the insulin and glucagon responses to oral glucose and galactose in maturity onset diabetics. Glibenclamide has been shown to stimulate an insulin releasing factor in the duodenum. The possibility that this effect is of importance in its hypoglycaemic action was investigated by studying the effect of galactose on insulin release before and after treatment with glibenclamide; galactose stimulates insulin release when given orally but has no effect when given parenterally; thus its ability to release insulin appears to reside in an action on a gut factor. Measurements of plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon were made on twelve maturity onset diabetic patients following an oral glucose tolerance test and an oral galactose tolerance test before and after one week of treatment with glibenclamide. Glibenclamide significantly reduced the blood glucose levels. Both basal insulin and basal glucagon levels were unchanged. The insulin response to oral glucose was enhanced. Glucagon levels before treatment did not suppression of glucagon levels. Galactose stimulated insulin release but insulin levels before and after treatment were identical. An effect of glibenclamide on gut insulin releasing activity was not demonstrated but the galactose tolerance test provides a useful technique by which to examine the enteroinsular axis.", "PMID": 115730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11984", "title": "Global and effective synergism of amikacin, gentamicin or tobramycin when combined with carbenicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The authors describe a study to evaluate the synergistic effects of the combinations of amikacin-carbenicillin, gentamicin-carbenicillin and tobramycin-carbenicillin at the associated minimal bactericidal concentrations and at doses related to the serum levels reached by the drugs in the blood.", "contents": "Global and effective synergism of amikacin, gentamicin or tobramycin when combined with carbenicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The authors describe a study to evaluate the synergistic effects of the combinations of amikacin-carbenicillin, gentamicin-carbenicillin and tobramycin-carbenicillin at the associated minimal bactericidal concentrations and at doses related to the serum levels reached by the drugs in the blood.", "PMID": 115732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11985", "title": "The role of mesna in the treatment of status asthmaticus in children.", "content": "Status asthmaticus in children is a life-threatening condition that calls for a comprehensive set of therapeutic measures, viz. evacuation of tracheobronchial secretions, parenteral drug administration and improvement of alveolar gas exchange. In the authors' experience, that therapeutic procedure can be much improved by bronchial lavage with mesna. This is illustrated by the good results obtained in fourteen patients with status asthmaticus and in another forty-four cases of global respiratory insufficiency. Evaluation was by blood gas values and X-ray pictures. The method used for bronchial lavage is described.", "contents": "The role of mesna in the treatment of status asthmaticus in children. Status asthmaticus in children is a life-threatening condition that calls for a comprehensive set of therapeutic measures, viz. evacuation of tracheobronchial secretions, parenteral drug administration and improvement of alveolar gas exchange. In the authors' experience, that therapeutic procedure can be much improved by bronchial lavage with mesna. This is illustrated by the good results obtained in fourteen patients with status asthmaticus and in another forty-four cases of global respiratory insufficiency. Evaluation was by blood gas values and X-ray pictures. The method used for bronchial lavage is described.", "PMID": 115733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11986", "title": "Chronic liver disease after acute non-A, non-B viral hepatitis.", "content": "We have analyzed the frequency of chronicity and its distribution according to epidemiologic background following acute non-A, non-B hepatitis. Eighteen of 45 cases (40%) developed chronic liver disease. The incidence of chronicity was significantly higher following transfusion and among drug addicts (54% and 58%) than among patients without obvious source of infection (20%). Chronic active hepatitis developed in 4 of 13 patients (31%) with posttransfusion hepatitis. This lesion was not observed among the addicts or the patients without obvious source for the acute hepatitis.", "contents": "Chronic liver disease after acute non-A, non-B viral hepatitis. We have analyzed the frequency of chronicity and its distribution according to epidemiologic background following acute non-A, non-B hepatitis. Eighteen of 45 cases (40%) developed chronic liver disease. The incidence of chronicity was significantly higher following transfusion and among drug addicts (54% and 58%) than among patients without obvious source of infection (20%). Chronic active hepatitis developed in 4 of 13 patients (31%) with posttransfusion hepatitis. This lesion was not observed among the addicts or the patients without obvious source for the acute hepatitis.", "PMID": 115740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11987", "title": "The genetics of a small autosomal region of Drosophila melanogaster containing the structural gene for alcohol dehydrogenase. I. Characterization of deficiencies and mapping of ADH and visible mutations.", "content": "The position of the structural gene coding for alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in Drosophila melanogaster has been shown to be within polytene chromosome bands 35B1 and 35B3, most probably within 35B2. The genetic and cytological properties of twelve deficiencies in polytene chromosome region 34--35 have been characterized, eleven of which include Adh. Also mapped cytogenetically are seven other recessive visible mutant loci. Flies heterozygous for overlapping deficiencies that include both the Adh locus and that for the outspread mutant (osp: a recessive wing phenotype) are homozygous viable and show a complete ADH negative phenotype and strong osp phenotype. These deficiencies probably include two polytene chromosome bands, 35B2 and 35B3.", "contents": "The genetics of a small autosomal region of Drosophila melanogaster containing the structural gene for alcohol dehydrogenase. I. Characterization of deficiencies and mapping of ADH and visible mutations. The position of the structural gene coding for alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in Drosophila melanogaster has been shown to be within polytene chromosome bands 35B1 and 35B3, most probably within 35B2. The genetic and cytological properties of twelve deficiencies in polytene chromosome region 34--35 have been characterized, eleven of which include Adh. Also mapped cytogenetically are seven other recessive visible mutant loci. Flies heterozygous for overlapping deficiencies that include both the Adh locus and that for the outspread mutant (osp: a recessive wing phenotype) are homozygous viable and show a complete ADH negative phenotype and strong osp phenotype. These deficiencies probably include two polytene chromosome bands, 35B2 and 35B3.", "PMID": 115743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11988", "title": "The genetics of a small autosomal region of Drosophila melanogaster containing the structural gene for alcohol dehydrogenase. II. Lethal mutations in the region.", "content": "Forty-seven lethal mutations and alleles of nine visible loci (including alcohol dehydrogenase) have been mapped by both deficiency mapping and, in most cases, by recombination mapping to a small region (34D-35C) of chromosome arm 2L of Drosophila melanogaster. The lethals fall into approximately 21 complementation groups, and we estimate that the total number of lethal plus visible complementation groups within the 34-band deficiency, Df(2L)64j, is approximately 34, a remarkable numerical coincidence. The possible genetic significance of this coincidence is discussed. Lethals mapping close to the structural gene for alcohol dehydrogenase, both distally and proximally, have been identified and will be used for the construction of selective crosses for the study of exchange within this locus. Despite many abnormal cytological features (e.g., ectopic pairing, weak points) region 35 of chromosome arm 2L does not display any unusual genetic features; indeed, in terms of the amount of recombination per band and the average map distance between adjacent loci, this region is similar to that between zeste and white on the X chromosome.", "contents": "The genetics of a small autosomal region of Drosophila melanogaster containing the structural gene for alcohol dehydrogenase. II. Lethal mutations in the region. Forty-seven lethal mutations and alleles of nine visible loci (including alcohol dehydrogenase) have been mapped by both deficiency mapping and, in most cases, by recombination mapping to a small region (34D-35C) of chromosome arm 2L of Drosophila melanogaster. The lethals fall into approximately 21 complementation groups, and we estimate that the total number of lethal plus visible complementation groups within the 34-band deficiency, Df(2L)64j, is approximately 34, a remarkable numerical coincidence. The possible genetic significance of this coincidence is discussed. Lethals mapping close to the structural gene for alcohol dehydrogenase, both distally and proximally, have been identified and will be used for the construction of selective crosses for the study of exchange within this locus. Despite many abnormal cytological features (e.g., ectopic pairing, weak points) region 35 of chromosome arm 2L does not display any unusual genetic features; indeed, in terms of the amount of recombination per band and the average map distance between adjacent loci, this region is similar to that between zeste and white on the X chromosome.", "PMID": 115744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11989", "title": "Hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: the biology of female and male sterility.", "content": "High levels of female and male sterility were observed among the hybrids from one of the two reciprocal crosses between a wild strain of D. melanogaster known as pi2 and laboratory strains. The sterility, which is part of a common syndrome called hybrid dysgenesis, was found to be associated with the rudimentary condition of one or both of the ovaries or testes. All other tissues, including those of the reproductive system were normal, as were longevity and mating behavior. The morphological details of the sterility closely mimic the agametic condition occurring when germ cells are destroyed by irradiation or by the maternal-effect mutation, grandchildless. We suggest that sterility in hybrid dysgenesis is also caused by failure in the early development of germ cells. There is a thermo-sensitive period beginning at approximately the time of initiation of mitosis among primordial germ cells a few hours before the egg hatches and ending during the early larval stages. Our results suggest that hybrid dysgenesis, which also includes male recombination, mutation and other traits, may be limited to the germ line, and that each of the primordial germ cells develops, or fails to develop, independently of the others. This hypothesis is consistent with the observed frequencies of unilateral and bilateral sterility, with the shape of the thermosensitivity curves and with the fact that males are less often sterile than females. The features of this intraspecific hybrid sterility are found to resemble those seen in some interspecific Drosophila hybrids, especially those from the cross D. melanogaster X D. simulans.", "contents": "Hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: the biology of female and male sterility. High levels of female and male sterility were observed among the hybrids from one of the two reciprocal crosses between a wild strain of D. melanogaster known as pi2 and laboratory strains. The sterility, which is part of a common syndrome called hybrid dysgenesis, was found to be associated with the rudimentary condition of one or both of the ovaries or testes. All other tissues, including those of the reproductive system were normal, as were longevity and mating behavior. The morphological details of the sterility closely mimic the agametic condition occurring when germ cells are destroyed by irradiation or by the maternal-effect mutation, grandchildless. We suggest that sterility in hybrid dysgenesis is also caused by failure in the early development of germ cells. There is a thermo-sensitive period beginning at approximately the time of initiation of mitosis among primordial germ cells a few hours before the egg hatches and ending during the early larval stages. Our results suggest that hybrid dysgenesis, which also includes male recombination, mutation and other traits, may be limited to the germ line, and that each of the primordial germ cells develops, or fails to develop, independently of the others. This hypothesis is consistent with the observed frequencies of unilateral and bilateral sterility, with the shape of the thermosensitivity curves and with the fact that males are less often sterile than females. The features of this intraspecific hybrid sterility are found to resemble those seen in some interspecific Drosophila hybrids, especially those from the cross D. melanogaster X D. simulans.", "PMID": 115745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11990", "title": "Aberrations induced in chromosomes of somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster irradiated in C-metaphase.", "content": "Experiments conducted on the X irradiation of neural ganglia of Drosophila melanogaster are described. The ganglia were placed in saline containing colchicine. After two hours, they were irradiated and then samples were fixed at 5,15,25,35 minutes from the beginning of irradiation. The results obtained show that the aberration level increases with time subsequent to fixing. This increase takes place first for chromatid deletions and then for isochromatid deletions and chromatid exchanges. Gaps and subchromatid exchanges do not, on the contrary, show any increase with time. We did not observe a difference in radiosensitivity between the sexes. Some hypotheses are put forth in an attempt to explain these results.", "contents": "Aberrations induced in chromosomes of somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster irradiated in C-metaphase. Experiments conducted on the X irradiation of neural ganglia of Drosophila melanogaster are described. The ganglia were placed in saline containing colchicine. After two hours, they were irradiated and then samples were fixed at 5,15,25,35 minutes from the beginning of irradiation. The results obtained show that the aberration level increases with time subsequent to fixing. This increase takes place first for chromatid deletions and then for isochromatid deletions and chromatid exchanges. Gaps and subchromatid exchanges do not, on the contrary, show any increase with time. We did not observe a difference in radiosensitivity between the sexes. Some hypotheses are put forth in an attempt to explain these results.", "PMID": 115746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11991", "title": "Lysosomal dysfunctions associated with mutations at mouse pigment genes.", "content": "Melanosomes and lysosomes share several structural and biosynthetic properties. Therefore, a large number of mouse pigment mutants were tested to determine whether genes affecting melanosome structure of function might also affect the lysosome. Among 31 mouse pigment mutants, six had 1.5- to 2.5-fold increased concentrations of kidney beta-glucuronidase. Three mutants, pale ear, pearl and pallid, had a generalized effect on lysosomal enzymes since there were coordinate increases in kidney beta-galactosidase and alpha-mannosidase. The effects of these three mutations are lysosome specific since rates of kidney protein synthesis and activities of three nonlysosomal kidney enzymes were normal. Also, the mutants are relatively tissue specific in that all had normal liver lysosomal enzyme concentrations.--A common dysfunction in all three mutants was a lowered rate of lysosomal enzyme secretion from kidney into urine. While normal C57BL/6J mice daily secreted 27 to 30% of total kidney beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase, secretion of these two enzymes was coordinately depressed to 1 to 2%, 8 to 9% and 4 to 5% of total kidney enzyme in the pale-ear, pearl and pallid mutants, respectively. Although depressed lysosomal enzyme secretion is the major pigment mutant alteration, the higher lysomal enzyme concentrations in pearl and pallid may be partly due to an increase in lysosomal enzyme synthesis. In these mutants kidney glucuronidase synthetic rate was increased 1.4- to 1.5-fold.--These results suggest that there are several critical genes in mammals that control the biogenesis, processing and/or function of related classes of subcellular organelles. The mechanism of action of these genes is amenable to further analysis since they have been incorporated into congenic inbred strains of mice.", "contents": "Lysosomal dysfunctions associated with mutations at mouse pigment genes. Melanosomes and lysosomes share several structural and biosynthetic properties. Therefore, a large number of mouse pigment mutants were tested to determine whether genes affecting melanosome structure of function might also affect the lysosome. Among 31 mouse pigment mutants, six had 1.5- to 2.5-fold increased concentrations of kidney beta-glucuronidase. Three mutants, pale ear, pearl and pallid, had a generalized effect on lysosomal enzymes since there were coordinate increases in kidney beta-galactosidase and alpha-mannosidase. The effects of these three mutations are lysosome specific since rates of kidney protein synthesis and activities of three nonlysosomal kidney enzymes were normal. Also, the mutants are relatively tissue specific in that all had normal liver lysosomal enzyme concentrations.--A common dysfunction in all three mutants was a lowered rate of lysosomal enzyme secretion from kidney into urine. While normal C57BL/6J mice daily secreted 27 to 30% of total kidney beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase, secretion of these two enzymes was coordinately depressed to 1 to 2%, 8 to 9% and 4 to 5% of total kidney enzyme in the pale-ear, pearl and pallid mutants, respectively. Although depressed lysosomal enzyme secretion is the major pigment mutant alteration, the higher lysomal enzyme concentrations in pearl and pallid may be partly due to an increase in lysosomal enzyme synthesis. In these mutants kidney glucuronidase synthetic rate was increased 1.4- to 1.5-fold.--These results suggest that there are several critical genes in mammals that control the biogenesis, processing and/or function of related classes of subcellular organelles. The mechanism of action of these genes is amenable to further analysis since they have been incorporated into congenic inbred strains of mice.", "PMID": 115747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11992", "title": "[Identification of the restriction and modification systems in Streptomyces strains].", "content": "Host range of actinophage phi C31, VP5 and Pg81 in respect to 109 strains of Streptomyces genus and hybrid strain Rcg2 from the cross S. coelicolor A3(2)XS. griseus Kr was studied. The existence of RM-systems in strains S. griseus Kr15, S. griseus Kr20, Rcg2, S. griseofovillus 43 was shown using phage Pg81. Mutants of Pg81 were observed which to some extent lost snesitivity to RM-system in the strain Rcg2. The presence of RM-system in S. lividans 67 was demonstrated by the phage VP5.", "contents": "[Identification of the restriction and modification systems in Streptomyces strains]. Host range of actinophage phi C31, VP5 and Pg81 in respect to 109 strains of Streptomyces genus and hybrid strain Rcg2 from the cross S. coelicolor A3(2)XS. griseus Kr was studied. The existence of RM-systems in strains S. griseus Kr15, S. griseus Kr20, Rcg2, S. griseofovillus 43 was shown using phage Pg81. Mutants of Pg81 were observed which to some extent lost snesitivity to RM-system in the strain Rcg2. The presence of RM-system in S. lividans 67 was demonstrated by the phage VP5.", "PMID": 115749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11993", "title": "[Ecologically conditioned changes in gene frequencies for polymorphic systems in the nonnative population of the northeastern USSR].", "content": "Examination of 1051 healthy residents of Magadan in terms of nine polymorphic systems has shown changes in phenotype frequencies depending on duration of the persons' staying in the North. The frequency pattern of phenotypes is significantly different among men and women. The phenotype frequencies of alkaline serum phosphatase and acidic erythrocyte phosphatase were found in a more strict correlation with the northern residence term. The part played by selective migratory behaviour in development of genetic structure of population is discussed and also possible ecologic factors resulting in phenotype and gene frequency changes are analysed.", "contents": "[Ecologically conditioned changes in gene frequencies for polymorphic systems in the nonnative population of the northeastern USSR]. Examination of 1051 healthy residents of Magadan in terms of nine polymorphic systems has shown changes in phenotype frequencies depending on duration of the persons' staying in the North. The frequency pattern of phenotypes is significantly different among men and women. The phenotype frequencies of alkaline serum phosphatase and acidic erythrocyte phosphatase were found in a more strict correlation with the northern residence term. The part played by selective migratory behaviour in development of genetic structure of population is discussed and also possible ecologic factors resulting in phenotype and gene frequency changes are analysed.", "PMID": 115750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11994", "title": "[Thiophosphamide induction of sister chromatid exchanges at various phases in the cell cycle of a Chinese hamster cell culture].", "content": "Influence of three concentrations of thiophosphamide (thioTEPA) on the formation of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) has been studied at different phases during 2 cell cycles in cultured Chinese hamster cells. It is shown that the frequency of SCE does not differ from the control level under the effect of the mutagen on cells in the G2 phase of the first cell cycle from the moment of harvesting. Thiophosphamide induces the same number of SCE at S, G1 stages of the first cell cycle and G2 of the second one till the moment of harvesting. The number of SCE correlates in a direct proportion with a concentration of thiophosphamide. A scheme of forming SCE is proposed.", "contents": "[Thiophosphamide induction of sister chromatid exchanges at various phases in the cell cycle of a Chinese hamster cell culture]. Influence of three concentrations of thiophosphamide (thioTEPA) on the formation of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) has been studied at different phases during 2 cell cycles in cultured Chinese hamster cells. It is shown that the frequency of SCE does not differ from the control level under the effect of the mutagen on cells in the G2 phase of the first cell cycle from the moment of harvesting. Thiophosphamide induces the same number of SCE at S, G1 stages of the first cell cycle and G2 of the second one till the moment of harvesting. The number of SCE correlates in a direct proportion with a concentration of thiophosphamide. A scheme of forming SCE is proposed.", "PMID": 115751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11995", "title": "Restriction-fragment map of the temperate Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPO2.", "content": "The endonucleases BglI, BglII, EcoRI, SalI, SmaI, and XbaI were used to fragment the phage SPO2 DNA. Electrophoretic analysis using ethidiumbromide agarose gels showed the phage to have nine BglI sites, one BglII site, four EcoRI sites, one SalI site, one SmaI site, and six XbaI sites. Using partial digestions, multiple endonuclease digestion, and autoradiography the fragments were sized and ordered into a circular map of 23 Md. Such an analysis locates the endonuclease sites, indicates which endonucleases are potentially useful in cloning with SPO2, and allows insertions and/or deletions in the SPO2 DNA to be characterized.", "contents": "Restriction-fragment map of the temperate Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPO2. The endonucleases BglI, BglII, EcoRI, SalI, SmaI, and XbaI were used to fragment the phage SPO2 DNA. Electrophoretic analysis using ethidiumbromide agarose gels showed the phage to have nine BglI sites, one BglII site, four EcoRI sites, one SalI site, one SmaI site, and six XbaI sites. Using partial digestions, multiple endonuclease digestion, and autoradiography the fragments were sized and ordered into a circular map of 23 Md. Such an analysis locates the endonuclease sites, indicates which endonucleases are potentially useful in cloning with SPO2, and allows insertions and/or deletions in the SPO2 DNA to be characterized.", "PMID": 115752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11996", "title": "Isolation and characterization of viable deletion mutants of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPO2.", "content": "Spontaneous deletion mutants of the bacteriophage SPO2, which are viable and retain their temperate character, were isolated using a heat-EDTA enrichment step. They were identified by endonuclease digestion and agarose-gel electrophoresis of phage DNA. Two of the nine mutants were characterized in detail. Both mutants have a 2.3 Md deletion removing the single BglII site and two of the XbaI fragments. The deletion extends 1.0 Md to one side of the former BglII site and 1.3 Md on the other side. This region of the SPO2 genome is non-essential for either lysogeny or viable phage production and thus is a suitable region for the insertion of exogenous DNA fragments.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of viable deletion mutants of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPO2. Spontaneous deletion mutants of the bacteriophage SPO2, which are viable and retain their temperate character, were isolated using a heat-EDTA enrichment step. They were identified by endonuclease digestion and agarose-gel electrophoresis of phage DNA. Two of the nine mutants were characterized in detail. Both mutants have a 2.3 Md deletion removing the single BglII site and two of the XbaI fragments. The deletion extends 1.0 Md to one side of the former BglII site and 1.3 Md on the other side. This region of the SPO2 genome is non-essential for either lysogeny or viable phage production and thus is a suitable region for the insertion of exogenous DNA fragments.", "PMID": 115753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11997", "title": "Correlation of activation and aggregation of platelets. Discrimination between anti-activating and anti-aggregating agents.", "content": "Shape change and release reaction indicate different degrees of the complex platelet response termed activation. Aggregation is a variable consequence of activation. Aggregation shows a temperature dependency opposite to that shown by the preceding shape change. Aggregation increases at lower temperature and requires, in contrast to activation, extracellular Ca2+, stirring, and at a low degree of activation the presence of fibrinogen. Aggregation can enhance activation by triggering prostaglandin endoperoxide-thromboxane synthesis. If activation reaches a high level associated with the release reaction, activation is further amplified by prostaglandin endoperoxide-thromboxane synthesis emerging independent of aggregation. These mechanisms of amplification of activation are blocked by indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin endoperoxide-thromboxane synthesis=anti-activating agent. In contrast, anti-aggregating agents, exemplified here with n-acetyl neuraminic acid, attack the aggregation of activated platelets but neither activation nor prostaglandin endoperoxide-thromboxane synthesis. Its anti-aggregating effect, in addition, enables n-acetyl neuraminic acid to imitate the inhibitory effect of indomethacin on the feedback amplification which results from aggregation. Anti-aggregating agents as characterized here may open a new valuable concept for anti-aggregation in vivo.", "contents": "Correlation of activation and aggregation of platelets. Discrimination between anti-activating and anti-aggregating agents. Shape change and release reaction indicate different degrees of the complex platelet response termed activation. Aggregation is a variable consequence of activation. Aggregation shows a temperature dependency opposite to that shown by the preceding shape change. Aggregation increases at lower temperature and requires, in contrast to activation, extracellular Ca2+, stirring, and at a low degree of activation the presence of fibrinogen. Aggregation can enhance activation by triggering prostaglandin endoperoxide-thromboxane synthesis. If activation reaches a high level associated with the release reaction, activation is further amplified by prostaglandin endoperoxide-thromboxane synthesis emerging independent of aggregation. These mechanisms of amplification of activation are blocked by indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin endoperoxide-thromboxane synthesis=anti-activating agent. In contrast, anti-aggregating agents, exemplified here with n-acetyl neuraminic acid, attack the aggregation of activated platelets but neither activation nor prostaglandin endoperoxide-thromboxane synthesis. Its anti-aggregating effect, in addition, enables n-acetyl neuraminic acid to imitate the inhibitory effect of indomethacin on the feedback amplification which results from aggregation. Anti-aggregating agents as characterized here may open a new valuable concept for anti-aggregation in vivo.", "PMID": 115757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11998", "title": "Effect of estrogen on postovulatory LH surge in baboons.", "content": "In normally cycling female baboons, an LH surge appeared prior to ovulation, in addition, another LH surge (postovulatory LH surge) was observed within two days after ovulation. An attempt was then made to determine the effect of postovulatory LH on the luteinization of corpus luteum in baboons. Injections of 300 micrograms estradiol benzoate were given at 09.00 and 16.00 hr daily for 5 days following ovulation; the plasma level of LH was increased, but plasma progestin was suppressed. These results infer that the injected estrogen (estradiol benzoate) may inhibit the luteotrophic effect of postovulatory LH on the corpus luteum, therefore, plasma progestin remains lower even though postovulatory LH is elevated.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen on postovulatory LH surge in baboons. In normally cycling female baboons, an LH surge appeared prior to ovulation, in addition, another LH surge (postovulatory LH surge) was observed within two days after ovulation. An attempt was then made to determine the effect of postovulatory LH on the luteinization of corpus luteum in baboons. Injections of 300 micrograms estradiol benzoate were given at 09.00 and 16.00 hr daily for 5 days following ovulation; the plasma level of LH was increased, but plasma progestin was suppressed. These results infer that the injected estrogen (estradiol benzoate) may inhibit the luteotrophic effect of postovulatory LH on the corpus luteum, therefore, plasma progestin remains lower even though postovulatory LH is elevated.", "PMID": 115773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_11999", "title": "Subcellular distribution of aromatase in human placenta and ovary.", "content": "The aromatization of androstenedione in human ovarian microsomes is inhibited by an antibody to porcine hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. Likewise, the antibody inhibits aromatization in mitochondria isolated from human ovaries and placentae. A given quantity of the antibody produces the same percent inhibition of aromatization in microsomes and mitochondria of both ovaries and placentae. These data, in addition to the low specific activity observed for the mitochondrial aromatase, indicate that aromatization in mitochondria probably results from microsomal contamination.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of aromatase in human placenta and ovary. The aromatization of androstenedione in human ovarian microsomes is inhibited by an antibody to porcine hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. Likewise, the antibody inhibits aromatization in mitochondria isolated from human ovaries and placentae. A given quantity of the antibody produces the same percent inhibition of aromatization in microsomes and mitochondria of both ovaries and placentae. These data, in addition to the low specific activity observed for the mitochondrial aromatase, indicate that aromatization in mitochondria probably results from microsomal contamination.", "PMID": 115774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12000", "title": "Parenteral nutrition: first decade, trends.", "content": "Parenteral feeding has saved lives and enhanced therapy of patients who cannot eat. Future trends of this technique for patients, physicians, hospitals are discussed.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition: first decade, trends. Parenteral feeding has saved lives and enhanced therapy of patients who cannot eat. Future trends of this technique for patients, physicians, hospitals are discussed.", "PMID": 115776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12001", "title": "Differences in the genetic control of primary and secondary antibody responses.", "content": "Primary and secondary antibody responses to f and s antigens of Salmonella typhimurium have been studied in H and L lines of mice genetically selected for primary reponse to sheep erythrocytes (SE) (Selection I). The range of interline separation obtained (non-specific effect of Selection I) was as large as for the selection antigen in the primary response to f antigen and slightly smaller in the primary response to s antigen. For these two antigens the interline difference was reduced after booster. The kinetics of responses were compared with those obtained in H and L lines of Selections III and IV carried out for secondary responses to f and s antigens of S. typhimurium respectively (specific effect of Selection III and IV). The genetic analysis was made in Selection I from the variances of individual agglutinin titres obtained in large groups of interline hybrids immunized with S. typhimurium. These calculations gave a reliable estimate of the effective number of independent loci regulating primary and secondary responses. The results demonstrated a major difference in the genetic control: a single locus regulated the secondary response to f antigen while six loci were involved in the control of the primary response. A similar difference was evident for s antigen. The primary response was likely to be under polygenic regulation although the effective number of loci could not be calculated, while the secondary response was under monogenic control.", "contents": "Differences in the genetic control of primary and secondary antibody responses. Primary and secondary antibody responses to f and s antigens of Salmonella typhimurium have been studied in H and L lines of mice genetically selected for primary reponse to sheep erythrocytes (SE) (Selection I). The range of interline separation obtained (non-specific effect of Selection I) was as large as for the selection antigen in the primary response to f antigen and slightly smaller in the primary response to s antigen. For these two antigens the interline difference was reduced after booster. The kinetics of responses were compared with those obtained in H and L lines of Selections III and IV carried out for secondary responses to f and s antigens of S. typhimurium respectively (specific effect of Selection III and IV). The genetic analysis was made in Selection I from the variances of individual agglutinin titres obtained in large groups of interline hybrids immunized with S. typhimurium. These calculations gave a reliable estimate of the effective number of independent loci regulating primary and secondary responses. The results demonstrated a major difference in the genetic control: a single locus regulated the secondary response to f antigen while six loci were involved in the control of the primary response. A similar difference was evident for s antigen. The primary response was likely to be under polygenic regulation although the effective number of loci could not be calculated, while the secondary response was under monogenic control.", "PMID": 115781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12002", "title": "A biclonal origin of two monoclonal proteins, IgG3(kappa) and IgA1(lambda), from a single patient.", "content": "The cellulose acetate electrophoretic pattern of the serum from patient Sik disclosed two distinct peaks, representing two monoclonal proteins. On immunoelectrophoresis the two M-components were found to differ in heavy chain class as well as in light chain type, IgG3(kappa) and IgA1(lambda). Serum immunoglobulin levels remained relatively constant over a period of 7 years and no clinical symptoms of a malignant deterioration occurred. It was found that the isolated M-components did not share idiotypic antigenicity. Bone marrow cells synthesizing the monoclonal proteins were identified by means of the immunofluorescent technique using isotypic as well as idiotypic antisera. Two distinct monoclonal cell populations were observed, containing either the IgG3(kappa) or the IgA1(lambda) monoclonal protein. The alpha 1-chain belonged to the VHIII subgroup, whereas the gamma 3-chain was found to be blocked. Subsequent sequence determination showed the gamma 3-chain to belong to the VHIII subgroup. It was concluded that the two M-components in the serum of patient Sik resulted from two independent neoplastic transformations.", "contents": "A biclonal origin of two monoclonal proteins, IgG3(kappa) and IgA1(lambda), from a single patient. The cellulose acetate electrophoretic pattern of the serum from patient Sik disclosed two distinct peaks, representing two monoclonal proteins. On immunoelectrophoresis the two M-components were found to differ in heavy chain class as well as in light chain type, IgG3(kappa) and IgA1(lambda). Serum immunoglobulin levels remained relatively constant over a period of 7 years and no clinical symptoms of a malignant deterioration occurred. It was found that the isolated M-components did not share idiotypic antigenicity. Bone marrow cells synthesizing the monoclonal proteins were identified by means of the immunofluorescent technique using isotypic as well as idiotypic antisera. Two distinct monoclonal cell populations were observed, containing either the IgG3(kappa) or the IgA1(lambda) monoclonal protein. The alpha 1-chain belonged to the VHIII subgroup, whereas the gamma 3-chain was found to be blocked. Subsequent sequence determination showed the gamma 3-chain to belong to the VHIII subgroup. It was concluded that the two M-components in the serum of patient Sik resulted from two independent neoplastic transformations.", "PMID": 115782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12003", "title": "Proteolytic transformation of SC5b-9 into an amphiphilic macromolecule resembling the C5b-9 membrane attack complex of complement.", "content": "Proteolysis of fluid-phase SC5b-9 left a major part of the macromolecule intact and caused transition of the molecule from a hydrophilic to an amphiphilic state. The transformed complex exhibited neoantigens characteristic of the C5b-9 membrane attack complex of the complement. It yielded an SDS gel electrophoresis pattern that was similar, but not identical to that of the proteolysed, membrane attack complex. The proteolytically altered SC5b-9 complex bound lipid and incorporated into artificial lipid vesicles to yield a membrane-bound structure resembling the C5b-9 complement lesion.", "contents": "Proteolytic transformation of SC5b-9 into an amphiphilic macromolecule resembling the C5b-9 membrane attack complex of complement. Proteolysis of fluid-phase SC5b-9 left a major part of the macromolecule intact and caused transition of the molecule from a hydrophilic to an amphiphilic state. The transformed complex exhibited neoantigens characteristic of the C5b-9 membrane attack complex of the complement. It yielded an SDS gel electrophoresis pattern that was similar, but not identical to that of the proteolysed, membrane attack complex. The proteolytically altered SC5b-9 complex bound lipid and incorporated into artificial lipid vesicles to yield a membrane-bound structure resembling the C5b-9 complement lesion.", "PMID": 115783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12004", "title": "Evaluation of a new polyvalent Pseudomonas vaccine in respiratory infections.", "content": "A new polyvalent, cell wall extract, Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine (PEV-01), was evaluated by using a guinea pig model of experimental Pseudomonas pneumonia. Guinea pigs routinely developed fourfold rises in serum hemagglutinating Pseudomonas antibodies after four vaccine injections given over 2 weeks. Vaccinated animals survived an intratracheal Pseudomonas challenge (1 X 10(8) colony-forming units) significantly better (13 of 14 survived) than did a control group (5 of 14 survived) (P less than 0.01). Clearance of viable Pseudomonas from lung tissue was significantly better in vaccinees than controls at both 3 h (P less than 0.02) and 6 h (P less than 0.05) after infection. Both gross and histological examinations of lung tissue revealed less pulmonary tissue damage in vaccinated animals following Pseudomonas infection. Thus, PEV-01 Pseudomonas vaccine appears capable of eliciting a specific protective response in the guinea pig respiratory tract.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new polyvalent Pseudomonas vaccine in respiratory infections. A new polyvalent, cell wall extract, Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine (PEV-01), was evaluated by using a guinea pig model of experimental Pseudomonas pneumonia. Guinea pigs routinely developed fourfold rises in serum hemagglutinating Pseudomonas antibodies after four vaccine injections given over 2 weeks. Vaccinated animals survived an intratracheal Pseudomonas challenge (1 X 10(8) colony-forming units) significantly better (13 of 14 survived) than did a control group (5 of 14 survived) (P less than 0.01). Clearance of viable Pseudomonas from lung tissue was significantly better in vaccinees than controls at both 3 h (P less than 0.02) and 6 h (P less than 0.05) after infection. Both gross and histological examinations of lung tissue revealed less pulmonary tissue damage in vaccinated animals following Pseudomonas infection. Thus, PEV-01 Pseudomonas vaccine appears capable of eliciting a specific protective response in the guinea pig respiratory tract.", "PMID": 115786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12005", "title": "Isolation of a cured strain from Corynebacterium diphtheriae PW8.", "content": "A nonlysogenic, non-toxinogenic strain was isolated from the PW8 strain of C. diphtheriae by two-step ultraviolet induction. This strain was lysed by phages derived from the PW8 strain but not by beta phages from the C7(beta) strain. When this cured strain was lysogenized with phages from the PW8 strain, toxin production by the resulting lysogens was about a half or a quarter of that of the parent strain PW8.", "contents": "Isolation of a cured strain from Corynebacterium diphtheriae PW8. A nonlysogenic, non-toxinogenic strain was isolated from the PW8 strain of C. diphtheriae by two-step ultraviolet induction. This strain was lysed by phages derived from the PW8 strain but not by beta phages from the C7(beta) strain. When this cured strain was lysogenized with phages from the PW8 strain, toxin production by the resulting lysogens was about a half or a quarter of that of the parent strain PW8.", "PMID": 115787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12006", "title": "Serotypes of beta-hemolytic Treponema hyodysenteriae.", "content": "Cultures form 13 isolates of pathogenic, beta-hemolytic Treponema hyodysenteriae from 11 geographically separate outbreaks and 2 experimentally induced cases of swine dysentery were lyophilized and extracted with hot phenol-water. The resulting water phases were examined serologically with antisera produced in rabbits against whole-cell bacterins of the 13 isolates for evidence of antigenic classes within the species. Water-phase antigens gave precipitin reactions with homologous antisera. Results from cross-testing of each water phase with each antiserum showed four serologically distinct groups among the isolants examined. Based on precipitin reactions in agarose gel, four serotypes of pathogenic, beta-hemolytic T. hyodysenteriae are proposed.", "contents": "Serotypes of beta-hemolytic Treponema hyodysenteriae. Cultures form 13 isolates of pathogenic, beta-hemolytic Treponema hyodysenteriae from 11 geographically separate outbreaks and 2 experimentally induced cases of swine dysentery were lyophilized and extracted with hot phenol-water. The resulting water phases were examined serologically with antisera produced in rabbits against whole-cell bacterins of the 13 isolates for evidence of antigenic classes within the species. Water-phase antigens gave precipitin reactions with homologous antisera. Results from cross-testing of each water phase with each antiserum showed four serologically distinct groups among the isolants examined. Based on precipitin reactions in agarose gel, four serotypes of pathogenic, beta-hemolytic T. hyodysenteriae are proposed.", "PMID": 115788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12007", "title": "Role of rabbit lysozyme in in vitro serum and plasma serum bactericidal reactions against Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of purified rabbit lysozyme was kinetically investigated at concentrations comparable to those in normal rabbit serum and plasma serum. The bactericidal capability, lysozyme content, and electrophoretic composition of \"purified beta-lysin,\" fractionated from normal rabbit serum, were also examined. In contrast to the extensive antibacterial activity of dilute normal rabbit serum observed in vitro, rabbit lysozyme was only weakly bactericidal for Bacillus subtilis. Inhibition of lysozyme enzymatic and bactericidal activities in normal rabbit serum by antilysozyme immunoglobulin G slightly reduced the initial rate of killing. The addition of neutralizing antibody or histamine (another lysozyme inhibitor) to partially purified bactericidal serum fractions had no effect on killing kinetics. Increasing the ionic strength of reaction mixtures containing normal serum or partially purified bactericidal fractions to levels which completely inhibited lysozyme activity resulted in stimulation of their respective killing kinetics. The addition of inhibitors to normal rabbit plasma serum completely eliminated its bactericidal activity. With regard to the killing of B. subtilis by rabbit and human blood fractions, these analyses clearly demonstrated that (i) although lysozyme is not a significant antibacterial component of normal rabbit serum, it represents the principal factor in normal rabbit plasma serum; (ii) different primary bactericidal mechanisms which are not detectable by singlepoint analyses operate in the sera of different species; and (iii) purified beta-lysin isolated from normal rabbit serum by the classical procedure is a heterogenous mixture of components.", "contents": "Role of rabbit lysozyme in in vitro serum and plasma serum bactericidal reactions against Bacillus subtilis. The antibacterial activity of purified rabbit lysozyme was kinetically investigated at concentrations comparable to those in normal rabbit serum and plasma serum. The bactericidal capability, lysozyme content, and electrophoretic composition of \"purified beta-lysin,\" fractionated from normal rabbit serum, were also examined. In contrast to the extensive antibacterial activity of dilute normal rabbit serum observed in vitro, rabbit lysozyme was only weakly bactericidal for Bacillus subtilis. Inhibition of lysozyme enzymatic and bactericidal activities in normal rabbit serum by antilysozyme immunoglobulin G slightly reduced the initial rate of killing. The addition of neutralizing antibody or histamine (another lysozyme inhibitor) to partially purified bactericidal serum fractions had no effect on killing kinetics. Increasing the ionic strength of reaction mixtures containing normal serum or partially purified bactericidal fractions to levels which completely inhibited lysozyme activity resulted in stimulation of their respective killing kinetics. The addition of inhibitors to normal rabbit plasma serum completely eliminated its bactericidal activity. With regard to the killing of B. subtilis by rabbit and human blood fractions, these analyses clearly demonstrated that (i) although lysozyme is not a significant antibacterial component of normal rabbit serum, it represents the principal factor in normal rabbit plasma serum; (ii) different primary bactericidal mechanisms which are not detectable by singlepoint analyses operate in the sera of different species; and (iii) purified beta-lysin isolated from normal rabbit serum by the classical procedure is a heterogenous mixture of components.", "PMID": 115789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12008", "title": "Adoptive transfer of protection against Trypanosoma cruzi with lymphocytes and macrophages.", "content": "Female C57BL/6J mice were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and subsequently given macrophages or lymphocytes from syngeneic donors which had recovered from the acute infection. Mice which received immune peritoneal macrophages, splenic lymphocytes, or lymph node lymphocytes developed lower mean parasitemias and cumulative mortalities than did recipients of nonimmune cells. Neither peritoneal lymphocytes nor splenic macrophages were protective, however. These studies indicate that splenic and lymph node lymphocytes are effective in transferring protection against T. cruzi, whereas the macrophage is somewhat less effective.", "contents": "Adoptive transfer of protection against Trypanosoma cruzi with lymphocytes and macrophages. Female C57BL/6J mice were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and subsequently given macrophages or lymphocytes from syngeneic donors which had recovered from the acute infection. Mice which received immune peritoneal macrophages, splenic lymphocytes, or lymph node lymphocytes developed lower mean parasitemias and cumulative mortalities than did recipients of nonimmune cells. Neither peritoneal lymphocytes nor splenic macrophages were protective, however. These studies indicate that splenic and lymph node lymphocytes are effective in transferring protection against T. cruzi, whereas the macrophage is somewhat less effective.", "PMID": 115790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12009", "title": "Outer membrane antigens of Neisseria meningitidis group B serotype 2 studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "This study shows that the capsular polysaccharide, protein, and lipopolysaccharide antigens from the outer membrane of Neisseria meningitidis group B serotype 2 may be identified by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. By using this technique, seven precipitates were resolved when outer membrane preparations were reacted against goat anti-whole cell group B type 2 antiserum. Most of these precipitates were identified by comparison with purified reference preparations. Different outer membrane preparations, reflecting different growth conditions, varied in their compositions of lipopolysaccharide, protein, and polysaccharide. Detergent treatment altered the protein and lipopolysaccharide precipitation patterns. In the presence of detergent, the lipopolysaccharide did not precipitate, and the electrophoretic migration of the protein antigens decreased. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis is a useful qualitative method for analysis of the antigenic components of the meningococcal outer membrane. The crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel technique is presently being used to measure the human immune response to the different cell surface components.", "contents": "Outer membrane antigens of Neisseria meningitidis group B serotype 2 studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. This study shows that the capsular polysaccharide, protein, and lipopolysaccharide antigens from the outer membrane of Neisseria meningitidis group B serotype 2 may be identified by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. By using this technique, seven precipitates were resolved when outer membrane preparations were reacted against goat anti-whole cell group B type 2 antiserum. Most of these precipitates were identified by comparison with purified reference preparations. Different outer membrane preparations, reflecting different growth conditions, varied in their compositions of lipopolysaccharide, protein, and polysaccharide. Detergent treatment altered the protein and lipopolysaccharide precipitation patterns. In the presence of detergent, the lipopolysaccharide did not precipitate, and the electrophoretic migration of the protein antigens decreased. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis is a useful qualitative method for analysis of the antigenic components of the meningococcal outer membrane. The crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel technique is presently being used to measure the human immune response to the different cell surface components.", "PMID": 115791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12010", "title": "Inhibition of the growth of Neisseria meningitidis by reduced ferritin and other iron-binding agents.", "content": "Serogroups of N. meningitidis were characterized as virulent or avirulent according to their capacity to establish meningococcal infection in mice. An agar plate diffusion technique demonstrated that iron had a definite growth-supporting role for both of these meningococcal types. The avirulent strains could use ionic or chelated iron as well as the virulent strains. Iron-reversible growth inhibition occurred to the same extent for both bacterial types in the presence of the synthetic iron-chelating agents Desferal and ethylenediamine-di-orthohydroxy phenylacetic acid. A difference in response was demonstrated for these bacterial types when grown in the presence of various iron-binding proteins from animal body fluids and tissues. The growth of the avirulent strain was inhibited to a greater degree by egg white conalbumin. The humoral iron-binding protein transferrin showed a significant inhibitory capacity only when used in conjunction with bicarbonate. Under conditions of increased iron saturation of this protein, the avirulent strain was inhibited to the furthest extent. In the presence of ferritin, the cellular iron-binding protein, which had been reduced, inhibition of the growth of either strain type did not occur on iron-poor media (less than 5 micrograms/100 ml). However, with the incorporation of iron into the media, the inhibitory effect of the protein became evident. As the concentration of iron increased, the inhibition increased to a certain level and subsequently declined. A substantial difference in the ability of the avirulent type to grow in the presence of reduced horse spleen ferritin was observed. For this microorganism, a correlation appears to exist between the capacity to grow by utilizing the available iron in the presence of reduced ferritin and the ability to establish infection. The host protein ferritin, in the reduced state, apart from simply being a storage protein for iron, can prevent the growth of a procaryotic organism. Our experiments suggest a role for ferritin in the prevention of emningococcal disease. A cehmotherapeutic potential for Desferal is also implied.", "contents": "Inhibition of the growth of Neisseria meningitidis by reduced ferritin and other iron-binding agents. Serogroups of N. meningitidis were characterized as virulent or avirulent according to their capacity to establish meningococcal infection in mice. An agar plate diffusion technique demonstrated that iron had a definite growth-supporting role for both of these meningococcal types. The avirulent strains could use ionic or chelated iron as well as the virulent strains. Iron-reversible growth inhibition occurred to the same extent for both bacterial types in the presence of the synthetic iron-chelating agents Desferal and ethylenediamine-di-orthohydroxy phenylacetic acid. A difference in response was demonstrated for these bacterial types when grown in the presence of various iron-binding proteins from animal body fluids and tissues. The growth of the avirulent strain was inhibited to a greater degree by egg white conalbumin. The humoral iron-binding protein transferrin showed a significant inhibitory capacity only when used in conjunction with bicarbonate. Under conditions of increased iron saturation of this protein, the avirulent strain was inhibited to the furthest extent. In the presence of ferritin, the cellular iron-binding protein, which had been reduced, inhibition of the growth of either strain type did not occur on iron-poor media (less than 5 micrograms/100 ml). However, with the incorporation of iron into the media, the inhibitory effect of the protein became evident. As the concentration of iron increased, the inhibition increased to a certain level and subsequently declined. A substantial difference in the ability of the avirulent type to grow in the presence of reduced horse spleen ferritin was observed. For this microorganism, a correlation appears to exist between the capacity to grow by utilizing the available iron in the presence of reduced ferritin and the ability to establish infection. The host protein ferritin, in the reduced state, apart from simply being a storage protein for iron, can prevent the growth of a procaryotic organism. Our experiments suggest a role for ferritin in the prevention of emningococcal disease. A cehmotherapeutic potential for Desferal is also implied.", "PMID": 115792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12011", "title": "Purification of a surface-specific soluble antigen from Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "A complex antigenic preparation obtained from Listeria monocytogenes serovariant 4b by freeze-pressing, centrifugation, and gel filtration treatment was studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, with the aim of preparing an antigenic fraction that could be used to investigate the serological response to listeric infection. Of 17 immunoprecipitates revealed in the soluble extract, one of three major antigens (designated antigen 2) was shown to be a strong antigen in humans or rabbits infected with L. monocytogenes serovariant 4b. A monospecific antiantigen 2 serum was obtained and used to prepare a serologically homogeneous antigen by immunoadsorption. Antigen 2, most probably located on the bacterial surface, is common to all serovariants of L. monocytogenes and to Listeria grayi and is not shared by the main bacterial species known to have common antigens with L. monocytogenes.", "contents": "Purification of a surface-specific soluble antigen from Listeria monocytogenes. A complex antigenic preparation obtained from Listeria monocytogenes serovariant 4b by freeze-pressing, centrifugation, and gel filtration treatment was studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, with the aim of preparing an antigenic fraction that could be used to investigate the serological response to listeric infection. Of 17 immunoprecipitates revealed in the soluble extract, one of three major antigens (designated antigen 2) was shown to be a strong antigen in humans or rabbits infected with L. monocytogenes serovariant 4b. A monospecific antiantigen 2 serum was obtained and used to prepare a serologically homogeneous antigen by immunoadsorption. Antigen 2, most probably located on the bacterial surface, is common to all serovariants of L. monocytogenes and to Listeria grayi and is not shared by the main bacterial species known to have common antigens with L. monocytogenes.", "PMID": 115793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12012", "title": "Protection against group B meningococcal disease: evaluation of serotype 2 protein vaccines in a mouse bacteremia model.", "content": "A mouse bacteremia model was used to evaluate the immunogenicity and protection against challenge provided by five different meningococcal serotype 2 vaccines. Mice vaccinated with serotype 2 protein vaccines had levels of bacteremia reduced by at least 100-fold after challenge with group B serotype 2 miningococci. Mice vaccinated with serotype 2 protein vaccine and challenged with group C serotype 2 meningococci showed 10-fold or less reduction in bacteremia. Vaccines were primarily serotype specific since no increase in protection was observed after challenge with either group B serotype 4 or group C nontypable meningococci. Serotype 2 antibody levels, measured by the bactericidal assay and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 3 weeks after immunization, demonstrated a graded dose-response which correlated with protection up to 40 weeks after vaccination with a single 10- or 25-micrograms dose of serotype 2 protein vaccine. A 1-microgram booster dose of serotype 2 vaccine, given 2 weeks after primary immunization, significantly increased both bactericidal (P less than 0.01) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (P less than 0.02) titers. The data obtained from the mouse bacteremia model indicate that serotype 2 protein vaccines are stable and immunogenic, and protect mice against challenge with group B serotype 2 meningococci.", "contents": "Protection against group B meningococcal disease: evaluation of serotype 2 protein vaccines in a mouse bacteremia model. A mouse bacteremia model was used to evaluate the immunogenicity and protection against challenge provided by five different meningococcal serotype 2 vaccines. Mice vaccinated with serotype 2 protein vaccines had levels of bacteremia reduced by at least 100-fold after challenge with group B serotype 2 miningococci. Mice vaccinated with serotype 2 protein vaccine and challenged with group C serotype 2 meningococci showed 10-fold or less reduction in bacteremia. Vaccines were primarily serotype specific since no increase in protection was observed after challenge with either group B serotype 4 or group C nontypable meningococci. Serotype 2 antibody levels, measured by the bactericidal assay and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 3 weeks after immunization, demonstrated a graded dose-response which correlated with protection up to 40 weeks after vaccination with a single 10- or 25-micrograms dose of serotype 2 protein vaccine. A 1-microgram booster dose of serotype 2 vaccine, given 2 weeks after primary immunization, significantly increased both bactericidal (P less than 0.01) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (P less than 0.02) titers. The data obtained from the mouse bacteremia model indicate that serotype 2 protein vaccines are stable and immunogenic, and protect mice against challenge with group B serotype 2 meningococci.", "PMID": 115794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12013", "title": "Passage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in compromised mice.", "content": "There was no appreciable increase in the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO-1 after six passes through infections in mice. When strain PAO-1 was passed through mice compromised with iron and methotrexate, the virulence of the passed bacteria increased for normal as well as compromised mice. Bacteria harvested from intraperitoneal passage in compromised mice were more virulent than bacteria harvested from intrathoracic passage. These bacteria expressed 50% lethal dose values distinctive of the respective bacterial isolate when injected intraperitoneally, intrathoracically, or intravenously. Differences between bacteria from intraperitoneal and intrathoracic passage were apparently due to differences in the selective pressures in the two sites of infection, because the intrathoracically passed bacteria assumed the virulence characteristics of the intraperitoneally passed bacteria after intraperitoneal passage in compromised mice.", "contents": "Passage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in compromised mice. There was no appreciable increase in the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO-1 after six passes through infections in mice. When strain PAO-1 was passed through mice compromised with iron and methotrexate, the virulence of the passed bacteria increased for normal as well as compromised mice. Bacteria harvested from intraperitoneal passage in compromised mice were more virulent than bacteria harvested from intrathoracic passage. These bacteria expressed 50% lethal dose values distinctive of the respective bacterial isolate when injected intraperitoneally, intrathoracically, or intravenously. Differences between bacteria from intraperitoneal and intrathoracic passage were apparently due to differences in the selective pressures in the two sites of infection, because the intrathoracically passed bacteria assumed the virulence characteristics of the intraperitoneally passed bacteria after intraperitoneal passage in compromised mice.", "PMID": 115795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12014", "title": "Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: broad-spectrum immunity with combinations of rickettsial strains.", "content": "Scrub typhus immunogens were prepared from Rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains Karp, Kato, Gilliam, Kostival, and Buie by exposing frozen infected yolk sac suspensions to 300 krad of gamma radiation. Mouse protection tests showed that each of the irradiated immunogens protected C3H/HeDub mice against high challenge levels of Karp and Gilliam, but that none of these single-strain immunogens were capable of protecting against all five of the challenge strains. Broad-spectrum protection was achieved by using combinations of three strains of irradiated rickettsiae in a vaccination regimen of three injections at 5-day intervals. A comparison of vaccination efficacy employing three such combinations (Karp-Gilliam-Kato, Karp-Kostival-Kato, and Buie-Kostival-Kato) indicated that both sequential administration of strains on successive vaccination days and multiple injections of trivalent mixtures produced protective responses superior to those obtained with single-strain immunogens. Trivalent mixtures of rickettsiae exhibited a striking synergistic effect on the immune response of C3H/HeDub mice and elicited a protective response against Kato challenge that could not be obtained with any single-strain immunogen. Mice vaccinated with the trivalent Karp-Gilliam-Kato immunogen resisted challenge with more than 10(3) 50% mouse lethal doses of Karp and Gilliam for 12 months, and were resistant to similar levels of challenge with Kato and Buie for 6 months.", "contents": "Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: broad-spectrum immunity with combinations of rickettsial strains. Scrub typhus immunogens were prepared from Rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains Karp, Kato, Gilliam, Kostival, and Buie by exposing frozen infected yolk sac suspensions to 300 krad of gamma radiation. Mouse protection tests showed that each of the irradiated immunogens protected C3H/HeDub mice against high challenge levels of Karp and Gilliam, but that none of these single-strain immunogens were capable of protecting against all five of the challenge strains. Broad-spectrum protection was achieved by using combinations of three strains of irradiated rickettsiae in a vaccination regimen of three injections at 5-day intervals. A comparison of vaccination efficacy employing three such combinations (Karp-Gilliam-Kato, Karp-Kostival-Kato, and Buie-Kostival-Kato) indicated that both sequential administration of strains on successive vaccination days and multiple injections of trivalent mixtures produced protective responses superior to those obtained with single-strain immunogens. Trivalent mixtures of rickettsiae exhibited a striking synergistic effect on the immune response of C3H/HeDub mice and elicited a protective response against Kato challenge that could not be obtained with any single-strain immunogen. Mice vaccinated with the trivalent Karp-Gilliam-Kato immunogen resisted challenge with more than 10(3) 50% mouse lethal doses of Karp and Gilliam for 12 months, and were resistant to similar levels of challenge with Kato and Buie for 6 months.", "PMID": 115796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12015", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bovine immunoglobulin subclass-specific response to Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to follow the bovine response, by immunoglobulin class and subclass, to defined smooth and rough lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Brucella abortus. Binding to smooth LPS of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 in sera from Brucella-infected animals was significantly greater than binding in sera from normal uninfected animals. Competition or steric blocking among IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 for binding sites on smooth LPS was shown to occur. Binding of IgM to Brucella smooth LPS with sera from uninfected animals was elevated above the assay control levels, and attempts to eliminate this nonspecific IgM binding were not successful. The same levels of nonspecific IgM binding were also seen with Brucella rough LPS, Escherichia coli LPS, and Pseudomonas solanacearum LPS. Sera from some, but not all, Brucella-infected animals showed elevated binding of IgG1 and IgM to both E. coli LPS and Brucella rough LPS as well as to Brucella smooth LPS. This was interpreted as specific antibody. Cross-reactions between B. abortus smooth or rough LPS and E. coli LPS could not be shown by immunodiffusion.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bovine immunoglobulin subclass-specific response to Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharides. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to follow the bovine response, by immunoglobulin class and subclass, to defined smooth and rough lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Brucella abortus. Binding to smooth LPS of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 in sera from Brucella-infected animals was significantly greater than binding in sera from normal uninfected animals. Competition or steric blocking among IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 for binding sites on smooth LPS was shown to occur. Binding of IgM to Brucella smooth LPS with sera from uninfected animals was elevated above the assay control levels, and attempts to eliminate this nonspecific IgM binding were not successful. The same levels of nonspecific IgM binding were also seen with Brucella rough LPS, Escherichia coli LPS, and Pseudomonas solanacearum LPS. Sera from some, but not all, Brucella-infected animals showed elevated binding of IgG1 and IgM to both E. coli LPS and Brucella rough LPS as well as to Brucella smooth LPS. This was interpreted as specific antibody. Cross-reactions between B. abortus smooth or rough LPS and E. coli LPS could not be shown by immunodiffusion.", "PMID": 115797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12016", "title": "Use of glutaraldehyde-modified timothy grass pollen extract in nasal hyposensitisation treatment of hay fever.", "content": "12 patients suffering from grass pollen hay fever were treated for 14 weeks pre- and co-seasonally by intranasal self-administration of an aqueous solution of a glutaraldehyde-treated timothy grass pollen allergen. These patients had a statistically significant decrease in nasal symptom scores during the grass pollen peak period and in nasal challenge end-point titre after the season compared to placebo-treated patients. No significant effect was seen on the eye symptoms. 1 patient withdrew from the trial as a consequence of too strong local nasal reactions during treatment. Most other patients treated with active material reported mild local reactions during the first minutes after administration of the nasal spray. In the actively treated group a significant increase in serum and nasal secretion of grass pollen specific IgE, IgG and IgA antibodies was obtained during the treatment. In contrast, in the placebo group a significant increase in IgE antibody levels in serum and secretion occurred during the pollen season. The reduction in symptoms and increase in antibody production together with the simplicity of the procedure makes this approach to immunotherapy attractive.", "contents": "Use of glutaraldehyde-modified timothy grass pollen extract in nasal hyposensitisation treatment of hay fever. 12 patients suffering from grass pollen hay fever were treated for 14 weeks pre- and co-seasonally by intranasal self-administration of an aqueous solution of a glutaraldehyde-treated timothy grass pollen allergen. These patients had a statistically significant decrease in nasal symptom scores during the grass pollen peak period and in nasal challenge end-point titre after the season compared to placebo-treated patients. No significant effect was seen on the eye symptoms. 1 patient withdrew from the trial as a consequence of too strong local nasal reactions during treatment. Most other patients treated with active material reported mild local reactions during the first minutes after administration of the nasal spray. In the actively treated group a significant increase in serum and nasal secretion of grass pollen specific IgE, IgG and IgA antibodies was obtained during the treatment. In contrast, in the placebo group a significant increase in IgE antibody levels in serum and secretion occurred during the pollen season. The reduction in symptoms and increase in antibody production together with the simplicity of the procedure makes this approach to immunotherapy attractive.", "PMID": 115801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12017", "title": "Canadian survey to determine the rate of drug resistance to isoniazid, PAS and streptomycin in newly detected untreated tuberculosis patients and retreatment cases.", "content": "In 1975, a survey was carried out in Canada to determine the primary and acquired drug resistance of M. tuberculosis isolates to isoniazid (INH), para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and streptomycin. The results of this investigation were compared with those of the primary drug resistant study of Armstrong, undertaken in 1963-64. It revealed that primary drug resistance has increased from 4.9% to 6.3%. The increase is mainly due to immigrants having arrived in this country during the last 12 years. In these newcomers the primary resistance rate was 11.5%. Moreover, 57.8% of the immigrants examined in the survey were of Asian origin, with a drug resistance rate of 11.7%, while 15.6% had arrived from South Europe with a resistant ratio of 16.7%. In retreatment cases, the national average of drug resistance was 26.4%. Among the Canadian provinces, the highest drug resistance rate in retreatment patients (40%) was found in Quebec. While in primary resistance Streptomycin exhibited the highest incidence, in retreatment cases isoniazid resistance proved to be more frequent. In natives, the rates and patterns of primary and acquired resistance were very similar to those observed in other Canadian born patients.", "contents": "Canadian survey to determine the rate of drug resistance to isoniazid, PAS and streptomycin in newly detected untreated tuberculosis patients and retreatment cases. In 1975, a survey was carried out in Canada to determine the primary and acquired drug resistance of M. tuberculosis isolates to isoniazid (INH), para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and streptomycin. The results of this investigation were compared with those of the primary drug resistant study of Armstrong, undertaken in 1963-64. It revealed that primary drug resistance has increased from 4.9% to 6.3%. The increase is mainly due to immigrants having arrived in this country during the last 12 years. In these newcomers the primary resistance rate was 11.5%. Moreover, 57.8% of the immigrants examined in the survey were of Asian origin, with a drug resistance rate of 11.7%, while 15.6% had arrived from South Europe with a resistant ratio of 16.7%. In retreatment cases, the national average of drug resistance was 26.4%. Among the Canadian provinces, the highest drug resistance rate in retreatment patients (40%) was found in Quebec. While in primary resistance Streptomycin exhibited the highest incidence, in retreatment cases isoniazid resistance proved to be more frequent. In natives, the rates and patterns of primary and acquired resistance were very similar to those observed in other Canadian born patients.", "PMID": 115802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12018", "title": "Repairs of X-ray induced sublethal damage in class B oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Repair of X-ray-induced sublethal damage (Elkind-type recovery) in class B oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster was studied. Newly hatched females of two different stocks were treated with either acute or fractionated exposures. For the fractionation experiments a constant time interval of one hour between the dose fractions was used. As genetic endpoints dominant lethality, chromosome aberrations (detachments) and non-disjunction were studied. The repair of X-ray-induced sublethal damage in class B oocytes is expressed as a reappearance on the initial shoulder in the fractionation curve. For dominant lethality it could be shown that less sublethal damage is repaired in oocytes of Berlin wild females than in those of attached-X females (on the average 76 per cent and 101 per cent respectively). Complete repair (about 100 per cent) was observed for detachments in occytes of attached-X females. Within the dose ranges used no radiation effects on non-disjunction could be observed. The results are interpreted to show that in class B oocytes (1) sublethal damage is due to chromosome breaks and/or lesions leading to breaks and (2) X-ray-induced dominant lethality is the consequence of chromosome damage (true dominant lethals).", "contents": "Repairs of X-ray induced sublethal damage in class B oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster. Repair of X-ray-induced sublethal damage (Elkind-type recovery) in class B oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster was studied. Newly hatched females of two different stocks were treated with either acute or fractionated exposures. For the fractionation experiments a constant time interval of one hour between the dose fractions was used. As genetic endpoints dominant lethality, chromosome aberrations (detachments) and non-disjunction were studied. The repair of X-ray-induced sublethal damage in class B oocytes is expressed as a reappearance on the initial shoulder in the fractionation curve. For dominant lethality it could be shown that less sublethal damage is repaired in oocytes of Berlin wild females than in those of attached-X females (on the average 76 per cent and 101 per cent respectively). Complete repair (about 100 per cent) was observed for detachments in occytes of attached-X females. Within the dose ranges used no radiation effects on non-disjunction could be observed. The results are interpreted to show that in class B oocytes (1) sublethal damage is due to chromosome breaks and/or lesions leading to breaks and (2) X-ray-induced dominant lethality is the consequence of chromosome damage (true dominant lethals).", "PMID": 115805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12019", "title": "Time dependence of Elkind-type recovery in class B oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Recovery from X-ray-induced damage in class B oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster was studied by the dose-fractionation technique. A total dose of 500 R was delivered either as a single exposure or as two fractions of 2000 R and 3000 R separated by increasing time intervals. The use of attached-X females made it possible to study simultaneously the induction of dominant lethals and of chromosome aberrations (detachments of the attached-X chromosome). The same repair kinetics were observed for sublethal damage and for the lesions leading to detachments. The time-response curves are of similar shape: a plateau is reached within 20 to 30 min and half of the repairable damage disappears in 5 to 7 min. It is concluded that the same type of X-ray-induced primary lesion in chromosomes is responsible for the induction of detachments and for dominant lethals. As primary lesions actual chromosome breaks or lesions leading to breaks and chromosome rearrangements are assumed.", "contents": "Time dependence of Elkind-type recovery in class B oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster. Recovery from X-ray-induced damage in class B oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster was studied by the dose-fractionation technique. A total dose of 500 R was delivered either as a single exposure or as two fractions of 2000 R and 3000 R separated by increasing time intervals. The use of attached-X females made it possible to study simultaneously the induction of dominant lethals and of chromosome aberrations (detachments of the attached-X chromosome). The same repair kinetics were observed for sublethal damage and for the lesions leading to detachments. The time-response curves are of similar shape: a plateau is reached within 20 to 30 min and half of the repairable damage disappears in 5 to 7 min. It is concluded that the same type of X-ray-induced primary lesion in chromosomes is responsible for the induction of detachments and for dominant lethals. As primary lesions actual chromosome breaks or lesions leading to breaks and chromosome rearrangements are assumed.", "PMID": 115806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12020", "title": "The nature of the damage to Escherichia coli DNA induced by gamma-irradiation.", "content": "Quantitative studies of the number of gamma-induced single-strand breaks (SSBs) and enzyme-labile sites (ELSs) were performed using the model of Col E1 plasmids, which undergo transition from the covalently closed form (CCF) into the open circular form (OCF) during gamma-irradiation of the plasmid-bearing strain E. coli JC 411. By adding 0.5 MEDTA the repair endonucleases of the cell, which effect the transition of ELSs into SSBs during and after gamma-irradiation, were totally inhibited. It was found thless than 15 per cent of the number of gamma-induced lesions are primarily induced SSBs. About the saditions of direct radiation damage. The conclusions are that (1) the contribution of the direct radiation effect in the cell is greater than that of the indirect effect; (2) the main type of gamma-induced lesions are the ELSs (most of which--more than 75 per cent--are alkali-stable; (3) the enzymatic incision of gamma-induced ELSs into SSBs is effected very quickly, mainly during irradiation; and (4) 0.5 MEDTA is a universal inhibitor of repair processes in cell, including the action of N-glycosidases and endonucleases.", "contents": "The nature of the damage to Escherichia coli DNA induced by gamma-irradiation. Quantitative studies of the number of gamma-induced single-strand breaks (SSBs) and enzyme-labile sites (ELSs) were performed using the model of Col E1 plasmids, which undergo transition from the covalently closed form (CCF) into the open circular form (OCF) during gamma-irradiation of the plasmid-bearing strain E. coli JC 411. By adding 0.5 MEDTA the repair endonucleases of the cell, which effect the transition of ELSs into SSBs during and after gamma-irradiation, were totally inhibited. It was found thless than 15 per cent of the number of gamma-induced lesions are primarily induced SSBs. About the saditions of direct radiation damage. The conclusions are that (1) the contribution of the direct radiation effect in the cell is greater than that of the indirect effect; (2) the main type of gamma-induced lesions are the ELSs (most of which--more than 75 per cent--are alkali-stable; (3) the enzymatic incision of gamma-induced ELSs into SSBs is effected very quickly, mainly during irradiation; and (4) 0.5 MEDTA is a universal inhibitor of repair processes in cell, including the action of N-glycosidases and endonucleases.", "PMID": 115807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12021", "title": "Patterns of distribution of phosphomono-esterases on surfaces of demineralized bone.", "content": "Decalcification over short periods (5 days) with MnNa2 EDTA, MgNa2 EDTA and EGTA according to a method described in the present paper, creates sections of high quality with simultaneous good preservation of phosphomonoesterases on bone surfaces. In fact, the enzyme distribution seems to be comparable to that obtained by using undecalcified sections. Na2 EDTA creates, on the other hand, poor preservation of alkaline phosphatase probably due to the fact that this chelate contrary to the other chelates removes the essential metal from the protein, leaving an unstable enzyme molecule which undergoes denaturation. Decalcification over longer periods (15 days) does not influence the pattern of distribution of acid phosphatase, whereas the alkaline phosphatase reaction becomes depressed in certain surface areas. The significance of this differential distribution is discussed. It might be an indication of differential processes of bone transformations in such a way that bone surfaces corresponding to areas of enzyme reactions are depository whereas bone surfaces corresponding to areas of lack of enzyme reaction are resorptive. New experimental designs are, however, necessary before the phenomenon is fully perceived. Two different coupling agents were used in connexion with the demonstration of acid phosphatase reaction. When HPR was used as the coupler the final enzyme distribution coincided with that usually described in the literature, i.e., strong reaction of cells adjacent to resorptive surfaces and weak reaction of cells adjacent to depository surfaces. When, however, Fast dark blue R was used all surface cells reacted markedly. This method also revealed certain cell types with nuclear reaction.", "contents": "Patterns of distribution of phosphomono-esterases on surfaces of demineralized bone. Decalcification over short periods (5 days) with MnNa2 EDTA, MgNa2 EDTA and EGTA according to a method described in the present paper, creates sections of high quality with simultaneous good preservation of phosphomonoesterases on bone surfaces. In fact, the enzyme distribution seems to be comparable to that obtained by using undecalcified sections. Na2 EDTA creates, on the other hand, poor preservation of alkaline phosphatase probably due to the fact that this chelate contrary to the other chelates removes the essential metal from the protein, leaving an unstable enzyme molecule which undergoes denaturation. Decalcification over longer periods (15 days) does not influence the pattern of distribution of acid phosphatase, whereas the alkaline phosphatase reaction becomes depressed in certain surface areas. The significance of this differential distribution is discussed. It might be an indication of differential processes of bone transformations in such a way that bone surfaces corresponding to areas of enzyme reactions are depository whereas bone surfaces corresponding to areas of lack of enzyme reaction are resorptive. New experimental designs are, however, necessary before the phenomenon is fully perceived. Two different coupling agents were used in connexion with the demonstration of acid phosphatase reaction. When HPR was used as the coupler the final enzyme distribution coincided with that usually described in the literature, i.e., strong reaction of cells adjacent to resorptive surfaces and weak reaction of cells adjacent to depository surfaces. When, however, Fast dark blue R was used all surface cells reacted markedly. This method also revealed certain cell types with nuclear reaction.", "PMID": 115813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12022", "title": "Nutritional concepts in the treatment of head and neck malignancies.", "content": "Cancer cachexia should no longer be a contraindication to adequate antineoplastic treatment. Current methods of nutritional assessment allow one to identify malnutrition and to follow the nutritional status of the patient throughout the cancer-management program. Enteral nutritional repletion and maintenance remain the ideal course of action, but the gastrointestinal tract is not always readily available or advisable for use; in such circumstances, intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) may be indicated. The properly nourished patient better tolerates cancer therapy, experiences fewer complications of malnutrition (e.g., sepsis and poor wound healing), and has a better-functioning immune system than does his malnourished counterpart. This article reviews methods of nutritional assessment, delineates indications and techniques for nutritional repletion, and summarizes the results obtained.", "contents": "Nutritional concepts in the treatment of head and neck malignancies. Cancer cachexia should no longer be a contraindication to adequate antineoplastic treatment. Current methods of nutritional assessment allow one to identify malnutrition and to follow the nutritional status of the patient throughout the cancer-management program. Enteral nutritional repletion and maintenance remain the ideal course of action, but the gastrointestinal tract is not always readily available or advisable for use; in such circumstances, intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) may be indicated. The properly nourished patient better tolerates cancer therapy, experiences fewer complications of malnutrition (e.g., sepsis and poor wound healing), and has a better-functioning immune system than does his malnourished counterpart. This article reviews methods of nutritional assessment, delineates indications and techniques for nutritional repletion, and summarizes the results obtained.", "PMID": 115811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12023", "title": "The influence of fixation procedure, embedding medium and section thickness on morphometric data in thyroid gland.", "content": "In this study, the effects of fixation procedures, embedding medium and section thickness on stereological measurements of normal thyroid were analysed. The following conclusions were drawn: A) the use of a single section for the analysis of a lobe is sufficient if this section is located in the central part of the lobe. B) fixation and embedding with glutaraldehyde-Epon leads to a larger shrinkage than Bouin-paraplast, but the difference between the two procedures is not significant. C) osmium post-fixation reduces the shrinkage induced by glutaraldehyde and lowers the axial deformation produced by sectioning. D) Bouin's fixative and paraplast embedding induce considerable shrinkage of the interstitial tissue. The shrinkage obtained with glutaraldehyde-Epon is less. However, it is still not known whether this difference is due to the fixative, or to the embedding procedure or to both. E) only in glutaraldehyde and osmium-fixed material, embedded in Epon, can follicles and colloids be assumed to be spherical in shape without significant errors.", "contents": "The influence of fixation procedure, embedding medium and section thickness on morphometric data in thyroid gland. In this study, the effects of fixation procedures, embedding medium and section thickness on stereological measurements of normal thyroid were analysed. The following conclusions were drawn: A) the use of a single section for the analysis of a lobe is sufficient if this section is located in the central part of the lobe. B) fixation and embedding with glutaraldehyde-Epon leads to a larger shrinkage than Bouin-paraplast, but the difference between the two procedures is not significant. C) osmium post-fixation reduces the shrinkage induced by glutaraldehyde and lowers the axial deformation produced by sectioning. D) Bouin's fixative and paraplast embedding induce considerable shrinkage of the interstitial tissue. The shrinkage obtained with glutaraldehyde-Epon is less. However, it is still not known whether this difference is due to the fixative, or to the embedding procedure or to both. E) only in glutaraldehyde and osmium-fixed material, embedded in Epon, can follicles and colloids be assumed to be spherical in shape without significant errors.", "PMID": 115814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12024", "title": "Mucopolysaccharidosis in a domestic short-haired cat--a disease distinct from that seen in the Siamese cat.", "content": "A 10-month-old male domestic short-haired cat was examined because of progressive lameness, a broad face with depressed nasal bridge, small ears, corneal clouding, and multiple bone dysplasia. The cat excreted excessive amounts of glycosaminoglycan (a component of connective tissue) in its urine and had evidence of lysosomal storage of glycosaminoglycans in fibroblasts and neurons. Activity of alpha-L-iduronidase, a lysosomal enzyme involved in glycosaminoglycan degradation, was deficient in cultured fibroblasts and leukocytes. The mucopolysaccharidosis was distinct from that seen in Siamese cats in terms of the pathologic changes and the specific enzyme deficiency.", "contents": "Mucopolysaccharidosis in a domestic short-haired cat--a disease distinct from that seen in the Siamese cat. A 10-month-old male domestic short-haired cat was examined because of progressive lameness, a broad face with depressed nasal bridge, small ears, corneal clouding, and multiple bone dysplasia. The cat excreted excessive amounts of glycosaminoglycan (a component of connective tissue) in its urine and had evidence of lysosomal storage of glycosaminoglycans in fibroblasts and neurons. Activity of alpha-L-iduronidase, a lysosomal enzyme involved in glycosaminoglycan degradation, was deficient in cultured fibroblasts and leukocytes. The mucopolysaccharidosis was distinct from that seen in Siamese cats in terms of the pathologic changes and the specific enzyme deficiency.", "PMID": 115818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12025", "title": "Polioencephalomalacia in range cattle.", "content": "Polioencephalomalacia developed in 27 of 225 cattle grazing on 486 hectares of dry, short, grama grass pasture. Chemicals in drinking water, toxin from nitrate-utilizing ruminal bacteria, and documented poisonous plants were considered as etiologic agents. Attempts to reproduce the disease by injecting mice and dosing sheep with broth filtrate from nitrate-utilizing ruminal bacteria were not successful. Mushrooms collected from the pasture and fed to a cow did not reproduce the disease.", "contents": "Polioencephalomalacia in range cattle. Polioencephalomalacia developed in 27 of 225 cattle grazing on 486 hectares of dry, short, grama grass pasture. Chemicals in drinking water, toxin from nitrate-utilizing ruminal bacteria, and documented poisonous plants were considered as etiologic agents. Attempts to reproduce the disease by injecting mice and dosing sheep with broth filtrate from nitrate-utilizing ruminal bacteria were not successful. Mushrooms collected from the pasture and fed to a cow did not reproduce the disease.", "PMID": 115820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12026", "title": "Apocrine secretion in the terminal bronchiole of mouse lung.", "content": "The question of the existence of apocrine secretory activity by the Clara cells of the mouse lung terminal bronchiole has been investigated in depth. The overall superiority of 1--2 micrometer plastic sections for light microscopy was demonstrated. The preservation of the anatomy of the terminal bronchiole was shown to be adversely affected by slow killing methods, by post mortem delays before fixation, and by the instillation of fluids via the trachea. The use of collapsed lungs removed from rapidly killed animals is probably the best method for the study of the small bronchioles of the lung. Apocrine secretion takes place as originally described by Clara in 1937. The reason why the phenomenon has received so little attention in the literature is probably because the tracheal or vascular perfusion of fixative, and delays before fixation, all prevent apocrine droplets from being preserved.", "contents": "Apocrine secretion in the terminal bronchiole of mouse lung. The question of the existence of apocrine secretory activity by the Clara cells of the mouse lung terminal bronchiole has been investigated in depth. The overall superiority of 1--2 micrometer plastic sections for light microscopy was demonstrated. The preservation of the anatomy of the terminal bronchiole was shown to be adversely affected by slow killing methods, by post mortem delays before fixation, and by the instillation of fluids via the trachea. The use of collapsed lungs removed from rapidly killed animals is probably the best method for the study of the small bronchioles of the lung. Apocrine secretion takes place as originally described by Clara in 1937. The reason why the phenomenon has received so little attention in the literature is probably because the tracheal or vascular perfusion of fixative, and delays before fixation, all prevent apocrine droplets from being preserved.", "PMID": 115821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12027", "title": "The effect of triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride on the in vivo susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to gentamicin.", "content": "A chelating agent, triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride (TRIEN dihydrochloride) increased the efficacy of gentamicin in vivo against a clinical isolate of P. aeruginosa, designated Ps 15. Mice which were inoculated with 10 X LD50 of Ps 15 and treated with doses of 2 approximately 16 mg of gentamicin per kg per day all died. However, treatment with 8 mg of gentamicin per kg body weight per day plus 30 mg of Trien dihydrochloride per day markedly reduced the mortality. The combined therapy also reduced the number of viable organisms that accumulated in the kidney during a 24-hour period post inoculation. When a dosage level of 8 mg of gentamicin was exceeded in the combined treatment regimen, all of the infected mice died, and a high concentration of endotoxin could be detected in the mouse sera by the limulus assay.", "contents": "The effect of triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride on the in vivo susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to gentamicin. A chelating agent, triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride (TRIEN dihydrochloride) increased the efficacy of gentamicin in vivo against a clinical isolate of P. aeruginosa, designated Ps 15. Mice which were inoculated with 10 X LD50 of Ps 15 and treated with doses of 2 approximately 16 mg of gentamicin per kg per day all died. However, treatment with 8 mg of gentamicin per kg body weight per day plus 30 mg of Trien dihydrochloride per day markedly reduced the mortality. The combined therapy also reduced the number of viable organisms that accumulated in the kidney during a 24-hour period post inoculation. When a dosage level of 8 mg of gentamicin was exceeded in the combined treatment regimen, all of the infected mice died, and a high concentration of endotoxin could be detected in the mouse sera by the limulus assay.", "PMID": 115822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12028", "title": "Influence of neomycin and metronidazole on colonic microflora of volunteers.", "content": "The influence on colonic microflora of neomycin and metronidazole alone, or in combination, was studied in volunteers taking a normal diet. Bacterial counts on daily faecal samples revealed that metronidazole had no influence on anaerobic faecal bacteria. Neomycin on the other hand, was effective against sensitive aerobes. However, the combination of neomycin and metronidazole profoundly reduced both aerobic and bacteria. Assay of faecal antibiotic concentrations showed that neomycin achieved high intraluminal levels while metronidazole was undetectable or present at low concentrations.", "contents": "Influence of neomycin and metronidazole on colonic microflora of volunteers. The influence on colonic microflora of neomycin and metronidazole alone, or in combination, was studied in volunteers taking a normal diet. Bacterial counts on daily faecal samples revealed that metronidazole had no influence on anaerobic faecal bacteria. Neomycin on the other hand, was effective against sensitive aerobes. However, the combination of neomycin and metronidazole profoundly reduced both aerobic and bacteria. Assay of faecal antibiotic concentrations showed that neomycin achieved high intraluminal levels while metronidazole was undetectable or present at low concentrations.", "PMID": 115830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12029", "title": "Effects of low ampicillin concentrations on penicillin sensitive and beta-lactamase producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The effects of therapeutic concentrations of ampicillin on non-beta-lactamase and beta-lactamase producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were studied. A small but significant fraction of bacteria in a gonococcal population was found to respond in a bacteriostatic rather than a bactericidal way upon ampicillin treatment. In agreement with this was the finding of morphologically unaltered cells in the scanning electron microscope after ampicillin exposure. Ampicillin treatment of beta-lactamase producing gonococci caused a significant release of the enzyme into the surrounding growth media. However, initially all beta-lactamase activity was cellbound. The rate of initial ampicillin hydrolysis was much higher in intact cells of N. gonorrhoeae (TEM-1) than in cells of Escherichia coli K-12 (TEM-1). This suggests that the diffusion rate of ampicillin is much higher in the former organism. The viability of gonococci (TEM-1) was unlike E. coli (TEM-1) affected by low concentrations of ampicillin. However, after complete hydrolysis of ampicillin, viable gonococci (probably bacteriostatic reacting cells) were able to initiate new growth. This heterogeneity of the cell population to penicillin killing is probably one reason why beta-lactamase producing gonococci despite a rather low MIC-value to ampicillin cause infections that are not susceptible to therapy by this agent.", "contents": "Effects of low ampicillin concentrations on penicillin sensitive and beta-lactamase producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The effects of therapeutic concentrations of ampicillin on non-beta-lactamase and beta-lactamase producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were studied. A small but significant fraction of bacteria in a gonococcal population was found to respond in a bacteriostatic rather than a bactericidal way upon ampicillin treatment. In agreement with this was the finding of morphologically unaltered cells in the scanning electron microscope after ampicillin exposure. Ampicillin treatment of beta-lactamase producing gonococci caused a significant release of the enzyme into the surrounding growth media. However, initially all beta-lactamase activity was cellbound. The rate of initial ampicillin hydrolysis was much higher in intact cells of N. gonorrhoeae (TEM-1) than in cells of Escherichia coli K-12 (TEM-1). This suggests that the diffusion rate of ampicillin is much higher in the former organism. The viability of gonococci (TEM-1) was unlike E. coli (TEM-1) affected by low concentrations of ampicillin. However, after complete hydrolysis of ampicillin, viable gonococci (probably bacteriostatic reacting cells) were able to initiate new growth. This heterogeneity of the cell population to penicillin killing is probably one reason why beta-lactamase producing gonococci despite a rather low MIC-value to ampicillin cause infections that are not susceptible to therapy by this agent.", "PMID": 115831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12030", "title": "Bacteriological studies with cefsulodin (CGP 7174/E), the first antipseudomonal cephalosporin.", "content": "The new cephalosporin, cefsulodin, has considerable antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When 217 strains of Ps. aeruginosa were tested against both azlocillin and cefsulodin, 26.3% were found to have the same minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC); the MIC for azlocillin was lower than that for cefsulodin in 16.6% of strains, but higher in 57.1%. 22 gentamicin-resistant strains were all susceptible to cefsulodin. Biophotometer investigations demonstrate less bactericidal effects for cefsulodin and azlocillin than for carbenicillin and ticarcillin using higher inocula than used in the agar of tube dilution test. Cefsulodin and gentamicin are synergistic against Ps. aeruginosa. Using high pressure liquid chromatography and biological techniques, cefsulodin is found to be moderately stable in solution and in standard solid laboratory media.", "contents": "Bacteriological studies with cefsulodin (CGP 7174/E), the first antipseudomonal cephalosporin. The new cephalosporin, cefsulodin, has considerable antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When 217 strains of Ps. aeruginosa were tested against both azlocillin and cefsulodin, 26.3% were found to have the same minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC); the MIC for azlocillin was lower than that for cefsulodin in 16.6% of strains, but higher in 57.1%. 22 gentamicin-resistant strains were all susceptible to cefsulodin. Biophotometer investigations demonstrate less bactericidal effects for cefsulodin and azlocillin than for carbenicillin and ticarcillin using higher inocula than used in the agar of tube dilution test. Cefsulodin and gentamicin are synergistic against Ps. aeruginosa. Using high pressure liquid chromatography and biological techniques, cefsulodin is found to be moderately stable in solution and in standard solid laboratory media.", "PMID": 115832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12031", "title": "A pharmacological and in vitro comparison of three oral cephalosporins.", "content": "The pharmacology of cephradine, cephalexin and a new oral cephalosporin, cefaclor, has been compared in six volunteers. Cefaclor was absorbed rapidly and was cleared from the serum more rapidly than the other two agents. This was probably partially due to its instability in serum at body temperature, which was investigated. Against a wide range of common pathogens cefaclor was the more active oral cephalosporin. In particular the activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae was of interest.", "contents": "A pharmacological and in vitro comparison of three oral cephalosporins. The pharmacology of cephradine, cephalexin and a new oral cephalosporin, cefaclor, has been compared in six volunteers. Cefaclor was absorbed rapidly and was cleared from the serum more rapidly than the other two agents. This was probably partially due to its instability in serum at body temperature, which was investigated. Against a wide range of common pathogens cefaclor was the more active oral cephalosporin. In particular the activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae was of interest.", "PMID": 115833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12032", "title": "Induction of enzyme activity in cell culture: a rapid screen for detection of planar polychlorinated organic compounds.", "content": "Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in rat hepatoma cell line serves as a simple and rapid method to detect minute (pg) amounts of certain classes of compounds, e.g., dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls. This method may provide a quick screen for such substances in extracts from foods prior to chemical identification. AHH activity is measured by conversion of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) to 3-hydroxy BP in homogenized cell extracts from control and treated cultures and is reported as pmol product formed/mg protein/min. Substances screened by this method include polyhalogenated analogs of dibenzo-p-dioxin (24 compounds), dibenzofuran (11 compounds), biphenyl (7 compounds), and extracts from several food sources. Response of the most reactive compound, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was used to prepare a standard curve, and the AHH activity induced by mole doses of test substance is reported as an ED50 response (the estimated dose needed to produce 50% maximum enzyme induction). The AHH activity induced by food extracts is equated to the standard curve and reported as TCDD equivalents. A potent ED50 response in cell culture appears to correlate well with known toxic responses in other mammalian and avian systems for certain test substances. This correlation suggests that the cell culture enzyme induction method is a useful model for screening food extracts that are suspected to be contaminated with polychlorinated planar substances. A collaborative study would demonstrate the reproducibility of the method.", "contents": "Induction of enzyme activity in cell culture: a rapid screen for detection of planar polychlorinated organic compounds. Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in rat hepatoma cell line serves as a simple and rapid method to detect minute (pg) amounts of certain classes of compounds, e.g., dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls. This method may provide a quick screen for such substances in extracts from foods prior to chemical identification. AHH activity is measured by conversion of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) to 3-hydroxy BP in homogenized cell extracts from control and treated cultures and is reported as pmol product formed/mg protein/min. Substances screened by this method include polyhalogenated analogs of dibenzo-p-dioxin (24 compounds), dibenzofuran (11 compounds), biphenyl (7 compounds), and extracts from several food sources. Response of the most reactive compound, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was used to prepare a standard curve, and the AHH activity induced by mole doses of test substance is reported as an ED50 response (the estimated dose needed to produce 50% maximum enzyme induction). The AHH activity induced by food extracts is equated to the standard curve and reported as TCDD equivalents. A potent ED50 response in cell culture appears to correlate well with known toxic responses in other mammalian and avian systems for certain test substances. This correlation suggests that the cell culture enzyme induction method is a useful model for screening food extracts that are suspected to be contaminated with polychlorinated planar substances. A collaborative study would demonstrate the reproducibility of the method.", "PMID": 115836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12033", "title": "Developmental induction of Myxococcus xanthus myxospores.", "content": "Myxospore differentiation during the developmental cycle of Myxococcus xanthus is characterized by several distinguishable morphological stages. Two experimentally useful criteria of myxospore induction are the conversion of vegetative rods to optically refractile short rods or ovoids and the development of resistance to sonic lysis. The use of optical refractility as the first morphological criterion of myxospore induction has facilitated an analysis of induction on developmental plates. The time-dependent changes in the cell population from vegetative rods to the final products of development, autolysed cells and myxospores, were determined in liquid suspension by interrupting cells from developmental plates before the first appearance of myxospores. The treatment of cells involved a two-step induction system. The cells were first aerated in buffer at 32 degrees C (preinduction) and then aerated in 1% tryptone (Difco) at 32 degrees C (induction). At early plate times (0 to 18 h) there was little or no response to these treatments. After 18 h, many of the cells undergoing development on plates responded to preinduction in buffer by subsequent induction to myxospores in tryptone medium (intermediate cells). After 32 h, cells induced to myxospores in tryptone medium and did not require preinduction (competent cells). After 36 h, cells begin to undergo differentiation to myxospores on plates. These results indicate that there was a sequence of physiological changes in developing cells that are defined by the differential response of cells to treatment in liquid suspension. The liquid induction system described here provides a means to analyze the regulation of developmental myxospore induction.", "contents": "Developmental induction of Myxococcus xanthus myxospores. Myxospore differentiation during the developmental cycle of Myxococcus xanthus is characterized by several distinguishable morphological stages. Two experimentally useful criteria of myxospore induction are the conversion of vegetative rods to optically refractile short rods or ovoids and the development of resistance to sonic lysis. The use of optical refractility as the first morphological criterion of myxospore induction has facilitated an analysis of induction on developmental plates. The time-dependent changes in the cell population from vegetative rods to the final products of development, autolysed cells and myxospores, were determined in liquid suspension by interrupting cells from developmental plates before the first appearance of myxospores. The treatment of cells involved a two-step induction system. The cells were first aerated in buffer at 32 degrees C (preinduction) and then aerated in 1% tryptone (Difco) at 32 degrees C (induction). At early plate times (0 to 18 h) there was little or no response to these treatments. After 18 h, many of the cells undergoing development on plates responded to preinduction in buffer by subsequent induction to myxospores in tryptone medium (intermediate cells). After 32 h, cells induced to myxospores in tryptone medium and did not require preinduction (competent cells). After 36 h, cells begin to undergo differentiation to myxospores on plates. These results indicate that there was a sequence of physiological changes in developing cells that are defined by the differential response of cells to treatment in liquid suspension. The liquid induction system described here provides a means to analyze the regulation of developmental myxospore induction.", "PMID": 115838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12034", "title": "Cotransformation of temperature sensitivity and nutritional markers in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Cotransformation remains the only tool for establishing linkage in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Because of the difficulty of inducing auxotrophic markers via mutagenesis in this species, most previous studies have utilized antibiotic resistance and naturally occurring (auxotypic) auxotrophic markers. We have succeeded in isolating auxotrophic and temperature-sensitive mutants. The temperature-sensitive mutants have been characterized by their growth on complex and defined media at 31, 37, and 40 degrees C. Two of the mutants exhibited an unusual pattern of temperature sensitivity--growth on the defined medium but absence of growth on the complex medium at 37 degrees C. Both mutants, however, were temperature-sensitive on the two media at 40 degrees C. We have demonstrated linkages between markers isolated in our laboratory and the auxotypic markers of the clinical isolate RUG208. Ts-2 exhibited 85 to 95% linkage to Arg- and his-2 exhibited 40% linkage to Val-. In addition weak linkages were shown between his-2 and Arg- (2 to 6%) and between Arg- and Val- (3 to 5%). Linkages among his-2, Arg-, and Val- which could be demonstrated when deoxyribonucleic acid from strain F62 was used to transform RUG208 were absent when F62 was used as recipient for RUG208 DNA. Our data are consistent with a tentative map order of his-2, Val-, Arg-, Ts-2.", "contents": "Cotransformation of temperature sensitivity and nutritional markers in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Cotransformation remains the only tool for establishing linkage in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Because of the difficulty of inducing auxotrophic markers via mutagenesis in this species, most previous studies have utilized antibiotic resistance and naturally occurring (auxotypic) auxotrophic markers. We have succeeded in isolating auxotrophic and temperature-sensitive mutants. The temperature-sensitive mutants have been characterized by their growth on complex and defined media at 31, 37, and 40 degrees C. Two of the mutants exhibited an unusual pattern of temperature sensitivity--growth on the defined medium but absence of growth on the complex medium at 37 degrees C. Both mutants, however, were temperature-sensitive on the two media at 40 degrees C. We have demonstrated linkages between markers isolated in our laboratory and the auxotypic markers of the clinical isolate RUG208. Ts-2 exhibited 85 to 95% linkage to Arg- and his-2 exhibited 40% linkage to Val-. In addition weak linkages were shown between his-2 and Arg- (2 to 6%) and between Arg- and Val- (3 to 5%). Linkages among his-2, Arg-, and Val- which could be demonstrated when deoxyribonucleic acid from strain F62 was used to transform RUG208 were absent when F62 was used as recipient for RUG208 DNA. Our data are consistent with a tentative map order of his-2, Val-, Arg-, Ts-2.", "PMID": 115839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12035", "title": "Transformation and transfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: effects of metal ions.", "content": "The ability of different metal ions to promote transformation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by deoxyribonucleic acid of the plasmid RP1 was examined. CaCl2, MgCl2, and MnCl2 were found to promote such transformation, although at different frequencies and with the optimum response at different concentrations. Only MgCl2 promoted transfection of P. aeruginosa by the linear deoxyribonucleic acid of phage F116. CaCl2 was demonstrated to allow adsorption and entry into the cell of F116 deoxyribonucleic acid such that it became resistant to exogenous deoxyribonuclease, but phage production occurred only when MgCl2 was provided. Inactivation of linear phage deoxyribonucleic acid taken up in the absence of MgCl2 was observed. The transfection frequencies at various concentrations of MgCl2 were compared, and the optimum response occurred at the concentration which promoted the highest frequency of transformation by RP1 deoxyribonucleic acid.", "contents": "Transformation and transfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: effects of metal ions. The ability of different metal ions to promote transformation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by deoxyribonucleic acid of the plasmid RP1 was examined. CaCl2, MgCl2, and MnCl2 were found to promote such transformation, although at different frequencies and with the optimum response at different concentrations. Only MgCl2 promoted transfection of P. aeruginosa by the linear deoxyribonucleic acid of phage F116. CaCl2 was demonstrated to allow adsorption and entry into the cell of F116 deoxyribonucleic acid such that it became resistant to exogenous deoxyribonuclease, but phage production occurred only when MgCl2 was provided. Inactivation of linear phage deoxyribonucleic acid taken up in the absence of MgCl2 was observed. The transfection frequencies at various concentrations of MgCl2 were compared, and the optimum response occurred at the concentration which promoted the highest frequency of transformation by RP1 deoxyribonucleic acid.", "PMID": 115840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12036", "title": "Macromolecular synthesis in synchronized cultures of Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "Synchronous culture of Anacystis nidulans has been induced by the light-dark-light regimen. At various time intervals during synchronous growth, samples were pulsed with radioactive labels to determine phospholipid, protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) syntheses within the cell division cycle. A temporal order of protein, RNA, and DNA syntheses occurred within the cell division cycle, whereas phospholipid was characteristically synthesized during midcycle (during cell enlargement) and during the time of cell division. Chemically determined protein, RNA, and DNA syntheses were found to support the schedule of these macromolecules in cultures growing at an 8-h doubling time.", "contents": "Macromolecular synthesis in synchronized cultures of Anacystis nidulans. Synchronous culture of Anacystis nidulans has been induced by the light-dark-light regimen. At various time intervals during synchronous growth, samples were pulsed with radioactive labels to determine phospholipid, protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) syntheses within the cell division cycle. A temporal order of protein, RNA, and DNA syntheses occurred within the cell division cycle, whereas phospholipid was characteristically synthesized during midcycle (during cell enlargement) and during the time of cell division. Chemically determined protein, RNA, and DNA syntheses were found to support the schedule of these macromolecules in cultures growing at an 8-h doubling time.", "PMID": 115841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12037", "title": "Restriction enzyme analysis of Bacillus subtilis ribosomal ribonucleic acid genes.", "content": "The organization of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes (rDNA) of Bacillus subtilis was examined by cleaving the genome with several restriction endonucleases. The rDNA sequences were assayed by hybridization with purified radioactive rRNA's. Our interpretation of the resulting electrophoretic patterns is strengthened by an analysis of a fragment of B. subtilis rDNA cloned in Escherichia coli. The results indicated that there are eight rRNA operons in B. subtilis. Each operon contains one copy of the sequences coding for 16S, 23S, and 5S rRNA. The sequences coding for 5S rRNA were shown to be more closely linked to the 23S rRNA genes than to the 16S rRNA genes.", "contents": "Restriction enzyme analysis of Bacillus subtilis ribosomal ribonucleic acid genes. The organization of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes (rDNA) of Bacillus subtilis was examined by cleaving the genome with several restriction endonucleases. The rDNA sequences were assayed by hybridization with purified radioactive rRNA's. Our interpretation of the resulting electrophoretic patterns is strengthened by an analysis of a fragment of B. subtilis rDNA cloned in Escherichia coli. The results indicated that there are eight rRNA operons in B. subtilis. Each operon contains one copy of the sequences coding for 16S, 23S, and 5S rRNA. The sequences coding for 5S rRNA were shown to be more closely linked to the 23S rRNA genes than to the 16S rRNA genes.", "PMID": 115842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12038", "title": "Mutants of Anabaena strain CA altered in their ability to grow under nitrogen-fixing conditions.", "content": "Mutants of Anabaena strain CA impaired in nitrogenase activity and growth on N2 were isolated and characterized. One mutant was selected for resistance to L-methionine-DL-sulfoximine, and others were selected for resistance to DL-7-azatryptophan or for requirements for combined nitrogen. The mutants varied in sensitivity of growth and nitrogenase activity to atmospheric 02. Several of the mutants whose growth on N2 was impaired under aerobic conditions could grow and reduce acetylene at rates comparable to the wild type when grown microaerobically under N2-CO2 (99:1). The acetylene reduction activity of some of the strains grown under N2-CO2 was immediately and completely lost upon exposure to atmospheric O2, but in at least one strain this loss was reversed when the O2 concentration was lowered, even after 10 h of exposure to air. The characteristics of the O2-sensitive mutants suggest that there may be several sites sensitive to O2 and that the protective mechanism involves several different phenomena.", "contents": "Mutants of Anabaena strain CA altered in their ability to grow under nitrogen-fixing conditions. Mutants of Anabaena strain CA impaired in nitrogenase activity and growth on N2 were isolated and characterized. One mutant was selected for resistance to L-methionine-DL-sulfoximine, and others were selected for resistance to DL-7-azatryptophan or for requirements for combined nitrogen. The mutants varied in sensitivity of growth and nitrogenase activity to atmospheric 02. Several of the mutants whose growth on N2 was impaired under aerobic conditions could grow and reduce acetylene at rates comparable to the wild type when grown microaerobically under N2-CO2 (99:1). The acetylene reduction activity of some of the strains grown under N2-CO2 was immediately and completely lost upon exposure to atmospheric O2, but in at least one strain this loss was reversed when the O2 concentration was lowered, even after 10 h of exposure to air. The characteristics of the O2-sensitive mutants suggest that there may be several sites sensitive to O2 and that the protective mechanism involves several different phenomena.", "PMID": 115843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12039", "title": "Transcriptional regulation of Escherichia coli K-12 major outer membrane protein 1b.", "content": "Eleven independent insertion mutations were isolated that prevented expression of major outer membrane protein 1b. Seven of the mutations were Mucts insertions located at ombP. These ompB::Mucts strains fell into two phenotypic classes with regard to expression of proteins 1a and 1b. The remaining four mutants were comprised of one Tn5 and three Mucts insertions mapping at par. The Mucts insertions at par were used to construct fusions of the lac operon to the par promoter. Expression of beta-galactosidase in these fusion strains reflected known regulatory properties of protein 1b. When an ompB allele was introduced into the par-lac fusion strains, beta-galactosidase activity was reduced 14- to 31-fold. Transcriptional regulation of the par gene and the existence of two functions at ompB are discussed. The results suggest that par is the structural gene for protein 1b and that an ompB gene product is a diffusible, positive regulatory element controlling expression of par.", "contents": "Transcriptional regulation of Escherichia coli K-12 major outer membrane protein 1b. Eleven independent insertion mutations were isolated that prevented expression of major outer membrane protein 1b. Seven of the mutations were Mucts insertions located at ombP. These ompB::Mucts strains fell into two phenotypic classes with regard to expression of proteins 1a and 1b. The remaining four mutants were comprised of one Tn5 and three Mucts insertions mapping at par. The Mucts insertions at par were used to construct fusions of the lac operon to the par promoter. Expression of beta-galactosidase in these fusion strains reflected known regulatory properties of protein 1b. When an ompB allele was introduced into the par-lac fusion strains, beta-galactosidase activity was reduced 14- to 31-fold. Transcriptional regulation of the par gene and the existence of two functions at ompB are discussed. The results suggest that par is the structural gene for protein 1b and that an ompB gene product is a diffusible, positive regulatory element controlling expression of par.", "PMID": 115844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12040", "title": "Function of modified nucleosides 7-methylguanosine, ribothymidine, and 2-thiomethyl-N6-(isopentenyl)adenosine in procaryotic transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "To elucidate subtle functions of transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) modifications in protein synthesis, pairs of tRNA's that differ in modifications at specific positions were prepared from Bacillus subtilis. The tRNA's differ in modifications in the anticodon loop, the extra arm, and the TUC loop. The functional properties of these species were compared in aminoacylation, as well as in initiation and peptide bond formation, at programmed ribosomes. These experiments demonstrated the following. (i) In tRNA(f) (Met) the methylation of guanosine 46 in the extra arm to 7-methylguanosine by the 7-methylguanosine-forming enzyme from Escherichia coli changes the aminoacylation kinetics for the B. subtilis methionyl-tRNA synthetase. In repeated experiments the V(max) value is decreased by one-half. (ii) tRNA(f) (Met) species with ribothymidine at position 54 (rT54) or uridine at position 54 (U54) were obtained from untreated or trimethoprim-treated B. subtilis. The formylated fMet-tRNA(f) (Met) species with U54 and rT54, respectively, function equally well in an in vitro initiation system containing AUG, initiation factors, and 70s ribosomes. The unformylated Met-tRNA(t) (Met) species, however, differ from each other: \"Met-tRNA(f) (Met) rT\" is inactive, whereas the U54 counter-upart effectively forms the initiation complex. (iii) Two isoacceptors, tRNA(1) (Phe) and tRNA(2) (Phe), were obtained from B. subtilis. tRNA(1) (Phe) accumulates only under special growth conditions and is an incompletely modified precursor oftRNA(2) (Phe): in the first position of the anticodon, guanosine replaces Gm, and next to the 3' end of the anticodon (isopentenyl)adenosine replaces 2-thiomethyl-N(6)-(isopentenyl)adenosine. Both tRNA's behave identically in aminoacylation kinetics. In the factor-dependent AUGU(3)-directed formation of fMet-Phe, the undermodified tRNA(1) (Phe) is always less efficient at Mg(2+) concentrations between 5 and 15 mM than its mature counterpart.", "contents": "Function of modified nucleosides 7-methylguanosine, ribothymidine, and 2-thiomethyl-N6-(isopentenyl)adenosine in procaryotic transfer ribonucleic acid. To elucidate subtle functions of transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) modifications in protein synthesis, pairs of tRNA's that differ in modifications at specific positions were prepared from Bacillus subtilis. The tRNA's differ in modifications in the anticodon loop, the extra arm, and the TUC loop. The functional properties of these species were compared in aminoacylation, as well as in initiation and peptide bond formation, at programmed ribosomes. These experiments demonstrated the following. (i) In tRNA(f) (Met) the methylation of guanosine 46 in the extra arm to 7-methylguanosine by the 7-methylguanosine-forming enzyme from Escherichia coli changes the aminoacylation kinetics for the B. subtilis methionyl-tRNA synthetase. In repeated experiments the V(max) value is decreased by one-half. (ii) tRNA(f) (Met) species with ribothymidine at position 54 (rT54) or uridine at position 54 (U54) were obtained from untreated or trimethoprim-treated B. subtilis. The formylated fMet-tRNA(f) (Met) species with U54 and rT54, respectively, function equally well in an in vitro initiation system containing AUG, initiation factors, and 70s ribosomes. The unformylated Met-tRNA(t) (Met) species, however, differ from each other: \"Met-tRNA(f) (Met) rT\" is inactive, whereas the U54 counter-upart effectively forms the initiation complex. (iii) Two isoacceptors, tRNA(1) (Phe) and tRNA(2) (Phe), were obtained from B. subtilis. tRNA(1) (Phe) accumulates only under special growth conditions and is an incompletely modified precursor oftRNA(2) (Phe): in the first position of the anticodon, guanosine replaces Gm, and next to the 3' end of the anticodon (isopentenyl)adenosine replaces 2-thiomethyl-N(6)-(isopentenyl)adenosine. Both tRNA's behave identically in aminoacylation kinetics. In the factor-dependent AUGU(3)-directed formation of fMet-Phe, the undermodified tRNA(1) (Phe) is always less efficient at Mg(2+) concentrations between 5 and 15 mM than its mature counterpart.", "PMID": 115845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12041", "title": "Transfer ribonucleic acid synthesis during sporulation and spore outgrowth in Bacillus subtilis studied by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The synthesis of transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) was examined during spore formation and spore outgrowth in Bacillus subtilis by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of in vivo 32P-labeled RNA. The two-dimensional gel system separated the B. subtilis tRNA's into 32 well-resolved spots, with the relative abundances ranging from 0.9 to 17% of the total. There were several spots (five to six) resolved which were not quantitated due to their low abundance. All of the tRNA species resolved by this gel system were synthesized at every stage examined, including vegetative growth, different stages of sporulation, and different stages of outgrowth. Quantitation of the separated tRNA's showed that in general the tRNA species were present in approximately the same relative abundances at the different developmental periods. tRNA turnover and compartmentation occurring during sporulation were examined by labeling during vegetative growth followed by the addition of excess phosphate to block further 32P incorporation. The two-dimensional gels of these samples showed the same tRNA's seen during vegetative growth, and they were in approximately the same relative abundances, indicating minimal differences in the rates of turnover of individual tRNA's. Vegetatively labeled samples, chased with excess phosphate into mature spores, also showed all of the tRNA species seen during vegetative growth, but an additional five to six minor spots were also observed. These are hypothesized to arise from the loss of 3'-terminal residues from preexisting tRNA's.", "contents": "Transfer ribonucleic acid synthesis during sporulation and spore outgrowth in Bacillus subtilis studied by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The synthesis of transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) was examined during spore formation and spore outgrowth in Bacillus subtilis by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of in vivo 32P-labeled RNA. The two-dimensional gel system separated the B. subtilis tRNA's into 32 well-resolved spots, with the relative abundances ranging from 0.9 to 17% of the total. There were several spots (five to six) resolved which were not quantitated due to their low abundance. All of the tRNA species resolved by this gel system were synthesized at every stage examined, including vegetative growth, different stages of sporulation, and different stages of outgrowth. Quantitation of the separated tRNA's showed that in general the tRNA species were present in approximately the same relative abundances at the different developmental periods. tRNA turnover and compartmentation occurring during sporulation were examined by labeling during vegetative growth followed by the addition of excess phosphate to block further 32P incorporation. The two-dimensional gels of these samples showed the same tRNA's seen during vegetative growth, and they were in approximately the same relative abundances, indicating minimal differences in the rates of turnover of individual tRNA's. Vegetatively labeled samples, chased with excess phosphate into mature spores, also showed all of the tRNA species seen during vegetative growth, but an additional five to six minor spots were also observed. These are hypothesized to arise from the loss of 3'-terminal residues from preexisting tRNA's.", "PMID": 115846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12042", "title": "Regulatory nucleotides involved in the Rel function of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "We have examined the accumulation of polyphosphorylated nucleotides in Bacillus subtilis in relation to the function of the rel gene. Our results are as follows. (i) During inhibition of isoleucine activation by O-methylthreonine, wildtype B. subtilis cells accumulate unusual nucleotides with the chromatographic and chemical properties of pppApp, ppApp, pppGpp, ppGpp, pGpp, and ppGp. (ii) During the carbon source downshift elicited by inhibiting glucose uptake, we observed accumulation of the polyphosphorylated guanosine but not adenosine nucleotides. (iii) At the end of long phase in sporulation medium, we observed a small transient accumulation of the polyphosphorylated guanosine but not adenosine nucleotides. (iv) We were unable to detect a nucleotide with chromatographic behavior expected for pppAppp under any conditions. (v) The rel mutant of Swanton and Edlin (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 46-583-588, 1972) did not accumulate any of these polyphosphorylated nucleotides under any of the conditions examined. (vi) the rel mutant is unimpaired in sporulation. We conclude that one or more of the nucleotides we have detected may be involved in controlling the specificity of transcription during the stringent response, but none of them are required for sporogenesis.", "contents": "Regulatory nucleotides involved in the Rel function of Bacillus subtilis. We have examined the accumulation of polyphosphorylated nucleotides in Bacillus subtilis in relation to the function of the rel gene. Our results are as follows. (i) During inhibition of isoleucine activation by O-methylthreonine, wildtype B. subtilis cells accumulate unusual nucleotides with the chromatographic and chemical properties of pppApp, ppApp, pppGpp, ppGpp, pGpp, and ppGp. (ii) During the carbon source downshift elicited by inhibiting glucose uptake, we observed accumulation of the polyphosphorylated guanosine but not adenosine nucleotides. (iii) At the end of long phase in sporulation medium, we observed a small transient accumulation of the polyphosphorylated guanosine but not adenosine nucleotides. (iv) We were unable to detect a nucleotide with chromatographic behavior expected for pppAppp under any conditions. (v) The rel mutant of Swanton and Edlin (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 46-583-588, 1972) did not accumulate any of these polyphosphorylated nucleotides under any of the conditions examined. (vi) the rel mutant is unimpaired in sporulation. We conclude that one or more of the nucleotides we have detected may be involved in controlling the specificity of transcription during the stringent response, but none of them are required for sporogenesis.", "PMID": 115847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12043", "title": "Completed Bacillus subtilis nucleoid as a doublet structure.", "content": "When outgrowing spores of the temperature-sensitive dna initiation mutants of Bacillus subtilis, TsB134 and dna-1, were allowed to undergo a single round of replication by shifting to the restrictive temperature soon after its initiation, both segregating daughter nucleoids appeared as clearly defined doublet structures. The components of each doublet remained together as a discrete pair, even under conditions which resulted in the formation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-less cells. A doublet nucleoid was also observed at a high frequency when TsB134 spores were allowed to germinate and grow out in the complete absence of DNA synthesis at the permissive temperature. TsB134 spores were foud to contain the usual \"haploid\" amount of DNA. It is suggested that the doublet nucleoid reflects a folding of a single chromosome into two large domains which resolve from one another under conditions of cell extension in the absence of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Completed Bacillus subtilis nucleoid as a doublet structure. When outgrowing spores of the temperature-sensitive dna initiation mutants of Bacillus subtilis, TsB134 and dna-1, were allowed to undergo a single round of replication by shifting to the restrictive temperature soon after its initiation, both segregating daughter nucleoids appeared as clearly defined doublet structures. The components of each doublet remained together as a discrete pair, even under conditions which resulted in the formation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-less cells. A doublet nucleoid was also observed at a high frequency when TsB134 spores were allowed to germinate and grow out in the complete absence of DNA synthesis at the permissive temperature. TsB134 spores were foud to contain the usual \"haploid\" amount of DNA. It is suggested that the doublet nucleoid reflects a folding of a single chromosome into two large domains which resolve from one another under conditions of cell extension in the absence of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 115848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12044", "title": "Organization of transfer and ribosomal ribonucleic acid genes in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The structural relationship between the transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) and the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of Bacillus subtilis has been studied by restriction endonuclease analysis of total chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and characterization of DNA fragments cloned in Escherichia coli. The DNA sequences encoding rRNA and tRNA were assayed by hybridization to radioactive RNA. The results support the conclusion that the tRNA genes are interspersed between and closely linked to the rRNA genes of B. subtilis. They probably do not appear between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes as in E. coli.", "contents": "Organization of transfer and ribosomal ribonucleic acid genes in Bacillus subtilis. The structural relationship between the transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) and the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of Bacillus subtilis has been studied by restriction endonuclease analysis of total chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and characterization of DNA fragments cloned in Escherichia coli. The DNA sequences encoding rRNA and tRNA were assayed by hybridization to radioactive RNA. The results support the conclusion that the tRNA genes are interspersed between and closely linked to the rRNA genes of B. subtilis. They probably do not appear between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes as in E. coli.", "PMID": 115849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12045", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of 5S ribosomal RNA from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) liver.", "content": "Staring from low molecular weight RNA obtained from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) liver, 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was highly purified by successive chromatography on columns of DEAE-Sephadex A50 and Sephadex G100. Products of complete and partial digestions on this RNA with pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) [EC 3.1.4.22] and RNase T [EC 3.1.4.8] were isolated and sequenced by conventional and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures. The nucleotide sequence of this RNA thus established was compared with those of five other vertebrae 5S rRNAs, and the rates of base substitution per site per year were found to be nearly constant in these RNAs. The analyses of the partial digests of the trout 5S rRNA revealed several sites susceptible to RNase attack, which could be accounted for by the secondary structure model for eukaryotic 5S rRNAs proposed by Nishikawa and Takemura (1).", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of 5S ribosomal RNA from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) liver. Staring from low molecular weight RNA obtained from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) liver, 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was highly purified by successive chromatography on columns of DEAE-Sephadex A50 and Sephadex G100. Products of complete and partial digestions on this RNA with pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) [EC 3.1.4.22] and RNase T [EC 3.1.4.8] were isolated and sequenced by conventional and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures. The nucleotide sequence of this RNA thus established was compared with those of five other vertebrae 5S rRNAs, and the rates of base substitution per site per year were found to be nearly constant in these RNAs. The analyses of the partial digests of the trout 5S rRNA revealed several sites susceptible to RNase attack, which could be accounted for by the secondary structure model for eukaryotic 5S rRNAs proposed by Nishikawa and Takemura (1).", "PMID": 115850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12046", "title": "Methods for sequencing oligoribonucleotides and RNA by high performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Conditions were established for the separation and quantitative determination of ribonucleosides, mono- and oligo-ribonucleotides by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on columns of AS-Pellionex SAX and AL-Pellionex WAX. By combining a high-speed UV spectrum monitor with an HPLC apparatus, products of RNase digestions of oligonucleotides and 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were identified by measuring their UV spectra under continuous solvent flow, and also from their retention times on the columns (positions of elution). It took only 10 to 30 min for one chromatography run and required less than 0.01 A260 unit of sample per nucleotide material in each peak.", "contents": "Methods for sequencing oligoribonucleotides and RNA by high performance liquid chromatography. Conditions were established for the separation and quantitative determination of ribonucleosides, mono- and oligo-ribonucleotides by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on columns of AS-Pellionex SAX and AL-Pellionex WAX. By combining a high-speed UV spectrum monitor with an HPLC apparatus, products of RNase digestions of oligonucleotides and 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were identified by measuring their UV spectra under continuous solvent flow, and also from their retention times on the columns (positions of elution). It took only 10 to 30 min for one chromatography run and required less than 0.01 A260 unit of sample per nucleotide material in each peak.", "PMID": 115851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12047", "title": "Extracellular hydrogenase from photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "With Rhodospirillum rubrum, hydrogenase was found to exist partly as an extracellular enzyme in the culture medium. After 4-day cultivation, the total activity and the specific activity of the enzyme in the medium were about 10 times and 230 times as high as those in the crude extract obtained from disrupted cells. The time course for the production of hydrogenase during cultivation was studied.", "contents": "Extracellular hydrogenase from photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodospirillum rubrum. With Rhodospirillum rubrum, hydrogenase was found to exist partly as an extracellular enzyme in the culture medium. After 4-day cultivation, the total activity and the specific activity of the enzyme in the medium were about 10 times and 230 times as high as those in the crude extract obtained from disrupted cells. The time course for the production of hydrogenase during cultivation was studied.", "PMID": 115852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12048", "title": "The complete amino acid sequence of the beta-subunit of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The complete amono aicd sequence of the beta-subunit of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase is presented. The beta-subunit contained 237 amino acid residues, 4 of which were methionines. Accordingly, cyanogen bromide cleavage of the S-carboxymethylated beta-subunit produced five peptides. The sequences of these peptides were determined by analyses of the peptides obtained by tryptic, staphyloccal protease and thermolysin digestions. The alignment of the cyanogen bromide peptides was deduced by the use of overlapping peptides containing methionine which were obtained by tryptic digestion of the S-carboxymethylated beta-subunit. The calculated molecular weight was 26,588, which is close to the value estimated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "contents": "The complete amino acid sequence of the beta-subunit of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The complete amono aicd sequence of the beta-subunit of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase is presented. The beta-subunit contained 237 amino acid residues, 4 of which were methionines. Accordingly, cyanogen bromide cleavage of the S-carboxymethylated beta-subunit produced five peptides. The sequences of these peptides were determined by analyses of the peptides obtained by tryptic, staphyloccal protease and thermolysin digestions. The alignment of the cyanogen bromide peptides was deduced by the use of overlapping peptides containing methionine which were obtained by tryptic digestion of the S-carboxymethylated beta-subunit. The calculated molecular weight was 26,588, which is close to the value estimated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "PMID": 115853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12049", "title": "Purification and properties of reductases for aromatic aldehydes and ketones from guinea pig liver.", "content": "NADPH-dependent enzymatic reduction of aromatic aldehydes and ketones observed in the cytosol of guinea pig liver was mediated by at least three distinct reductases (AR 1, AR 2, and AR 3), which were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. By several procedures AR 2 and AR 3 were purified to homogeneity, but AR 1 could be purified only 30-fold because of the small amount. These enzymes were found to have similar molecular weights of 34,000 to 36,000 and similar Stokes radii of about 2.5 nm. AR 3 was identical to aldehyde reductase [EC 1.1.1.2] in substrate specificity for aromatic aldehydes and D-glucuronate and specific inhibition by barbiturates. AR 1 and AR 2 acted on aromatic ketones and cyclohexanone as well as aromatic aldehydes at optimal pHs of 5.4 and 6.0, respectively, and were immunochemically distinguished from AR 3. AR 1 was the most sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents, and AR 2 was more stable at 50 degrees C than the other enzymes. Similar heterogeneity was observed in the kidney enzymes, but other tissues had little aldehyde reductase activity and contained only AR 3. In addition, lung contained a high molecular weight aromatic ketone reductase different from the above reductases.", "contents": "Purification and properties of reductases for aromatic aldehydes and ketones from guinea pig liver. NADPH-dependent enzymatic reduction of aromatic aldehydes and ketones observed in the cytosol of guinea pig liver was mediated by at least three distinct reductases (AR 1, AR 2, and AR 3), which were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. By several procedures AR 2 and AR 3 were purified to homogeneity, but AR 1 could be purified only 30-fold because of the small amount. These enzymes were found to have similar molecular weights of 34,000 to 36,000 and similar Stokes radii of about 2.5 nm. AR 3 was identical to aldehyde reductase [EC 1.1.1.2] in substrate specificity for aromatic aldehydes and D-glucuronate and specific inhibition by barbiturates. AR 1 and AR 2 acted on aromatic ketones and cyclohexanone as well as aromatic aldehydes at optimal pHs of 5.4 and 6.0, respectively, and were immunochemically distinguished from AR 3. AR 1 was the most sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents, and AR 2 was more stable at 50 degrees C than the other enzymes. Similar heterogeneity was observed in the kidney enzymes, but other tissues had little aldehyde reductase activity and contained only AR 3. In addition, lung contained a high molecular weight aromatic ketone reductase different from the above reductases.", "PMID": 115854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12050", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of formylmethionine tRNA from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of formylmethionine tRNA from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8, was determined by a combination of classical methods using unlabeled samples to determine the sequences of the oligonucleotides of RNase T1 and RNase A digests and a rapid sequencing gel technique using 5'-32P labeled samples to determine overlapping sequences. Formylmethionine tRNA from T. thermophilus is composed of two species, tRNAf1Met and tRNAf2Met. Their nucleotide sequences are almost identical, and are also almost identical with that of E. coli tRNAfMet, except for slight modifications and replacements. Both species have modifications at three points which do not exist in E. coli tRNAfMet: 2'-O-methylation at G19, N-1-methylation at A59 and 2-thiolation at T55. Moreover U51 in E. coli tRNAfMet is replaced by C51 in both species, so that a G-C pair is formed between this C51 and G65. tRNAf2Met has a reversed G-C pair at positions 52 and 64 compared with those in tRNAf1Met and E. coli tRNAfMet. Other regions are mostly the same as those in all prokaryotic initiator tRNAs so far reported. The thermostability of these thermophile initiator tRNAs is discussed in relation to their unique modifications.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of formylmethionine tRNA from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. The nucleotide sequence of formylmethionine tRNA from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8, was determined by a combination of classical methods using unlabeled samples to determine the sequences of the oligonucleotides of RNase T1 and RNase A digests and a rapid sequencing gel technique using 5'-32P labeled samples to determine overlapping sequences. Formylmethionine tRNA from T. thermophilus is composed of two species, tRNAf1Met and tRNAf2Met. Their nucleotide sequences are almost identical, and are also almost identical with that of E. coli tRNAfMet, except for slight modifications and replacements. Both species have modifications at three points which do not exist in E. coli tRNAfMet: 2'-O-methylation at G19, N-1-methylation at A59 and 2-thiolation at T55. Moreover U51 in E. coli tRNAfMet is replaced by C51 in both species, so that a G-C pair is formed between this C51 and G65. tRNAf2Met has a reversed G-C pair at positions 52 and 64 compared with those in tRNAf1Met and E. coli tRNAfMet. Other regions are mostly the same as those in all prokaryotic initiator tRNAs so far reported. The thermostability of these thermophile initiator tRNAs is discussed in relation to their unique modifications.", "PMID": 115855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12051", "title": "Biochemical studies on the mechanism of difference in the renal toxicity of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan between Sprague Dawley and Wistar rats.", "content": "The biochemical mechanisms of the renal toxicity of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan to rats were studied using Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats, which had different LD50 values. When the amino acid was injected intraperitoneally, Wistar rats, which had a low LD50 value of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, excreted larger amonts of serotonin and smaller amounts of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid into the urine than Spraque Dawley rats, which had a high LD50 value. The activity of renal aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase was higher in Wistar rats than in Sprague Dawley rats, while the activity of renal aromatic amino acid transaminase was in an opposite relationship. The activity of renal monoamine oxidase was almost the same in both strains and the activity of renal UDP glucuronyltransferase in Wistar rats was higher than in Sprague Dawley rats. Since the renal damage caused in rats by 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan was very similar to that caused by serotonin, the amine formed from the administered amino acid was thought to be an important factor for the renal necroses, and difference in serotonin formation from the administered precursor amino acid may be one of the important factors leading to the difference in LD50 values in the two strains of rats.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on the mechanism of difference in the renal toxicity of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan between Sprague Dawley and Wistar rats. The biochemical mechanisms of the renal toxicity of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan to rats were studied using Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats, which had different LD50 values. When the amino acid was injected intraperitoneally, Wistar rats, which had a low LD50 value of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, excreted larger amonts of serotonin and smaller amounts of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid into the urine than Spraque Dawley rats, which had a high LD50 value. The activity of renal aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase was higher in Wistar rats than in Sprague Dawley rats, while the activity of renal aromatic amino acid transaminase was in an opposite relationship. The activity of renal monoamine oxidase was almost the same in both strains and the activity of renal UDP glucuronyltransferase in Wistar rats was higher than in Sprague Dawley rats. Since the renal damage caused in rats by 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan was very similar to that caused by serotonin, the amine formed from the administered amino acid was thought to be an important factor for the renal necroses, and difference in serotonin formation from the administered precursor amino acid may be one of the important factors leading to the difference in LD50 values in the two strains of rats.", "PMID": 115856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12052", "title": "Purification of viral proteins from avian sarcoma virus QV2.", "content": "A procedure was established whereby most of the major viral proteins were isolated to apparent homogeneity in biologically and immunologically active forms from a single batch of avian sarcoma virus QV2. For the initial step of purification, gently disrupted virions were fractionated by CsCl centrifugation into envelope proteins, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, and viral core proteins. Further purification of envelope glycoproteins and DNA polymerase was performed by affinity chromatography on agarose columns cross-linked with plant lectins and poly(C), respectively. On the other hand, core proteins were fractionated by a combination of gel filtration and ion-exchange column chromatography into components p27, p19, and p15. The core protein p15 thus isolated retained proteolytic activity even after storage for 6 months. The present study also demonstrated that QV2 p19 is structurally altered from the corresponding protein of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), a reference avian leukosis-sarcoma virus having a well-characterized polypeptide composition.", "contents": "Purification of viral proteins from avian sarcoma virus QV2. A procedure was established whereby most of the major viral proteins were isolated to apparent homogeneity in biologically and immunologically active forms from a single batch of avian sarcoma virus QV2. For the initial step of purification, gently disrupted virions were fractionated by CsCl centrifugation into envelope proteins, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, and viral core proteins. Further purification of envelope glycoproteins and DNA polymerase was performed by affinity chromatography on agarose columns cross-linked with plant lectins and poly(C), respectively. On the other hand, core proteins were fractionated by a combination of gel filtration and ion-exchange column chromatography into components p27, p19, and p15. The core protein p15 thus isolated retained proteolytic activity even after storage for 6 months. The present study also demonstrated that QV2 p19 is structurally altered from the corresponding protein of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), a reference avian leukosis-sarcoma virus having a well-characterized polypeptide composition.", "PMID": 115857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12053", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay of pancreatic glucagon at the picogram level using beta-D-galactosidase as a label.", "content": "An enzyme immunoassay of pancreatic glucagon was established by using E. coli beta-D-galactosidease [EC 3.2.1.23] as a marker. In order to increase the sensitivity of the immunoassay, different peptides obtained from glucagon fragments were used to produce the enzyme conjugate and the immunogen. Antiserum N6E raised against C-terminal fragment peptide (15-29) could be diluted to more than 1 : 100,000 in the assay and was highly specific for pancreatic glucagon. The antiserum reacted well with the C-terminal fragment peptide (21-29) as well as another fragment peptide (15-29) and pancreatic glucagon. The enzyme immunoassay using antiserum N6E and fragment peptide (21-29)-enzyme conjugate could detect as little as 1 to 2 pg of glucagon. The mean recovery of glucagon added to serum specimens was 104% and the coefficients of variation were 3.7-14.5% (within assay) and 9.0-18.5% (between assay).", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay of pancreatic glucagon at the picogram level using beta-D-galactosidase as a label. An enzyme immunoassay of pancreatic glucagon was established by using E. coli beta-D-galactosidease [EC 3.2.1.23] as a marker. In order to increase the sensitivity of the immunoassay, different peptides obtained from glucagon fragments were used to produce the enzyme conjugate and the immunogen. Antiserum N6E raised against C-terminal fragment peptide (15-29) could be diluted to more than 1 : 100,000 in the assay and was highly specific for pancreatic glucagon. The antiserum reacted well with the C-terminal fragment peptide (21-29) as well as another fragment peptide (15-29) and pancreatic glucagon. The enzyme immunoassay using antiserum N6E and fragment peptide (21-29)-enzyme conjugate could detect as little as 1 to 2 pg of glucagon. The mean recovery of glucagon added to serum specimens was 104% and the coefficients of variation were 3.7-14.5% (within assay) and 9.0-18.5% (between assay).", "PMID": 115858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12054", "title": "Isolation and characterization of major outer membrane proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO with special reference to peptidoglycan-associated protein.", "content": "The outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO contains six major proteins (proteins D, E, F, G,H, and I). Two of them (protein F and protein H) were found to be retained by the peptidoglycan layer when cell envelopes were extracted with 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution at 35 degrees C. At higher temperature (greater than 55 degrees C), no proteins were retained by peptidoglycan. By making use of this property, purification of protein F and protein H was achieved. Three other major outer membrane proteins, D, E, and I were also isolated and characterized. Their amino acids compositions were determined. Circular dichroism spectra of these isolated proteins were measured in SDS solution. Protein F was rich in beta-structure, while protein I was rich in alpha-helix. When isolated protein F was heated (100 degrees C-15 min) in SDS solution, the circular dichroism spectrum changed significantly. In parallel with the conformational change, the electrophoretic mobility of protein F on urea-SDS polyacrylamide gel also changed. These results indicate that protein F is a so-called heat-modifiable protein.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of major outer membrane proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO with special reference to peptidoglycan-associated protein. The outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO contains six major proteins (proteins D, E, F, G,H, and I). Two of them (protein F and protein H) were found to be retained by the peptidoglycan layer when cell envelopes were extracted with 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution at 35 degrees C. At higher temperature (greater than 55 degrees C), no proteins were retained by peptidoglycan. By making use of this property, purification of protein F and protein H was achieved. Three other major outer membrane proteins, D, E, and I were also isolated and characterized. Their amino acids compositions were determined. Circular dichroism spectra of these isolated proteins were measured in SDS solution. Protein F was rich in beta-structure, while protein I was rich in alpha-helix. When isolated protein F was heated (100 degrees C-15 min) in SDS solution, the circular dichroism spectrum changed significantly. In parallel with the conformational change, the electrophoretic mobility of protein F on urea-SDS polyacrylamide gel also changed. These results indicate that protein F is a so-called heat-modifiable protein.", "PMID": 115859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12055", "title": "A novel peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein found in the cell envelope of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.", "content": "Protein H, one of the major outer membrane proteins Pseudomonas aeruginosa, shows an interesting interaction with the peptidoglycan layer of the cell. It is retained by peptidoglycan after extraction of the cell envelope with SDS solution at 35 degrees C. A protein of the same molecular weight (21,000) as protein H was found in the peptidoglycan-associated fraction of Escherichia coli K-12 prepared under the same conditions. This protein, designated here as protein 21K, was purified from the cell envelope of E. coli, and the properties of two proteins (protein H and protein 21K) were compared. By gas chromatographic analysis of purified protein 21K and protein H, it was found that both contained covalently linked fatty acid. In isotopic labeling experiments, [14C]palmitic acid and [2-3H]glycerol were incorported into both proteins H and 21K. These two proteins showed similar amino acid compositions, but no apparent correlation was found between protein 21K or protein H and Braun's lipoprotein. These results suggest that protein 21K of E. coli K-12 and protein H of P. aeruginosa PAO are a novel type of lipoprotein. All nine gram-negative bacteria tested, including enteric and non-enteric bacteria, contained a similar protein of apparent molecular weight 21,000 as a peptidoglycan-protein complex.", "contents": "A novel peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein found in the cell envelope of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Protein H, one of the major outer membrane proteins Pseudomonas aeruginosa, shows an interesting interaction with the peptidoglycan layer of the cell. It is retained by peptidoglycan after extraction of the cell envelope with SDS solution at 35 degrees C. A protein of the same molecular weight (21,000) as protein H was found in the peptidoglycan-associated fraction of Escherichia coli K-12 prepared under the same conditions. This protein, designated here as protein 21K, was purified from the cell envelope of E. coli, and the properties of two proteins (protein H and protein 21K) were compared. By gas chromatographic analysis of purified protein 21K and protein H, it was found that both contained covalently linked fatty acid. In isotopic labeling experiments, [14C]palmitic acid and [2-3H]glycerol were incorported into both proteins H and 21K. These two proteins showed similar amino acid compositions, but no apparent correlation was found between protein 21K or protein H and Braun's lipoprotein. These results suggest that protein 21K of E. coli K-12 and protein H of P. aeruginosa PAO are a novel type of lipoprotein. All nine gram-negative bacteria tested, including enteric and non-enteric bacteria, contained a similar protein of apparent molecular weight 21,000 as a peptidoglycan-protein complex.", "PMID": 115860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12056", "title": "Mouse immunoglobulin mu heavy chain mRNA of Y5781, a high yield myeloma.", "content": "The BALB/c myeloma tumor, Y5781, has a high level of mu heavy chain mRNA and kappa light chain mRNA, as suggested by denaturing gel analyses of poly(A)-rich, total polysomal mRNA, and confirmed for the mu heavy chain mRNA by kinetic complexity analyses. Both the mRNA coding for the heavy and light chains appear as very prominent and discrete peaks above the generally polydisperse background of the total polysomal mRNA. This mRNA level appears to be stable through a limited number of subcutaneous passages of this myeloma, providing a potentially useful system for mu heavy chain mRNA synthesis and processing. The mu heavy chain mRNA of this myeloma has been enriched to about 60% homogeneity by physicochemical means. In agreement with a previous report (Faust, C.H., Jr., Heim, I., and Moore, J. (1979) Biochemistry 18, 1106-1119), the following physical and biological properties were observed. The mature cytoplasmic mu heavy chain mRNA is 950,000 daltons, i.e. about 2800 nucleotides, and contains approximately 800 undefined, nontranslated bases. In an mRNA-dependent cell-free system, this mRNA stimulates the synthesis of a single, serologically reactive mu heavy chain-like protein, confirmed by tryptic peptide maps.", "contents": "Mouse immunoglobulin mu heavy chain mRNA of Y5781, a high yield myeloma. The BALB/c myeloma tumor, Y5781, has a high level of mu heavy chain mRNA and kappa light chain mRNA, as suggested by denaturing gel analyses of poly(A)-rich, total polysomal mRNA, and confirmed for the mu heavy chain mRNA by kinetic complexity analyses. Both the mRNA coding for the heavy and light chains appear as very prominent and discrete peaks above the generally polydisperse background of the total polysomal mRNA. This mRNA level appears to be stable through a limited number of subcutaneous passages of this myeloma, providing a potentially useful system for mu heavy chain mRNA synthesis and processing. The mu heavy chain mRNA of this myeloma has been enriched to about 60% homogeneity by physicochemical means. In agreement with a previous report (Faust, C.H., Jr., Heim, I., and Moore, J. (1979) Biochemistry 18, 1106-1119), the following physical and biological properties were observed. The mature cytoplasmic mu heavy chain mRNA is 950,000 daltons, i.e. about 2800 nucleotides, and contains approximately 800 undefined, nontranslated bases. In an mRNA-dependent cell-free system, this mRNA stimulates the synthesis of a single, serologically reactive mu heavy chain-like protein, confirmed by tryptic peptide maps.", "PMID": 115861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12057", "title": "Site of action of RNase I on the 50 S ribosome of Escherichia coli and the association of the enzyme with the partially degraded subunit.", "content": "The 50 S ribosome of Escherichia coli is partially degraded by RNase I in presence of a high concentration of Mg2+ (10 to 20 mM); the partially degraded subunit becomes resistant to the further action of RNase I. The latter remains latent in association with the subparticle as in case of 30 S ribosome (Neu, H.C., and Heppel, L.A. (1954) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 51, 1267-1274). As a result of nucleolytic action, 23 S RNA is degraded to a smaller size and four proteins (L4, L10, L7/L12) are released from the subunit. From the location of these proteins, it appears that the primary site of action of RNase I is the central protuberance of the armchair model proposed for the subunit (Stoffler, G., and Whitman, H.G. (1977) in Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Biosynthesis (Weissbach, H., and Pestka, S., eds) pp. 117-144, Academic Press, New York).", "contents": "Site of action of RNase I on the 50 S ribosome of Escherichia coli and the association of the enzyme with the partially degraded subunit. The 50 S ribosome of Escherichia coli is partially degraded by RNase I in presence of a high concentration of Mg2+ (10 to 20 mM); the partially degraded subunit becomes resistant to the further action of RNase I. The latter remains latent in association with the subparticle as in case of 30 S ribosome (Neu, H.C., and Heppel, L.A. (1954) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 51, 1267-1274). As a result of nucleolytic action, 23 S RNA is degraded to a smaller size and four proteins (L4, L10, L7/L12) are released from the subunit. From the location of these proteins, it appears that the primary site of action of RNase I is the central protuberance of the armchair model proposed for the subunit (Stoffler, G., and Whitman, H.G. (1977) in Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Biosynthesis (Weissbach, H., and Pestka, S., eds) pp. 117-144, Academic Press, New York).", "PMID": 115862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12058", "title": "Evidence for the presence of two separate protein activators for the enzymic hydrolysis of GM1 and GM2 gangliosides.", "content": "Two different protein activators were isolated simultaneously from human liver for the enzymic hydrolysis of GM1 (Gal beta 1 leads to 3GalNAc beta 1 leads to 4Gal(3 comes from 2 alpha NeuAc)beta 1 leads to 4Glc-Cer) by beta-galactosidase and GM2 (GalNAc beta 1 leads to 4Gal(3 comes from 2 alpha NeuAc)beta 1 leads to 4Glc-Cer) by beta-hexosaminidase A. The hydrolysis of GM1 is stimulated only by the GM1-specific activator which has very little effect on the hydrolysis of GM2. The same is also true for the hydrolysis of GM2. The antiserum raised against GM1 activator did not cross-react with GM2 activator and vice versa. These results suggest the presence of two different activators for the separate hydrolysis of GM1 and GM2. In connection with the enzymic hydrolysis of GM1 and GM2, we found that the hydrolysis of GM2 by human hepatic beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase A was severely inhibited by a buffer of high ionic strength, whereas no such inhibition was observed in the hydrolysis of GM1 by beta-galactosidase.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of two separate protein activators for the enzymic hydrolysis of GM1 and GM2 gangliosides. Two different protein activators were isolated simultaneously from human liver for the enzymic hydrolysis of GM1 (Gal beta 1 leads to 3GalNAc beta 1 leads to 4Gal(3 comes from 2 alpha NeuAc)beta 1 leads to 4Glc-Cer) by beta-galactosidase and GM2 (GalNAc beta 1 leads to 4Gal(3 comes from 2 alpha NeuAc)beta 1 leads to 4Glc-Cer) by beta-hexosaminidase A. The hydrolysis of GM1 is stimulated only by the GM1-specific activator which has very little effect on the hydrolysis of GM2. The same is also true for the hydrolysis of GM2. The antiserum raised against GM1 activator did not cross-react with GM2 activator and vice versa. These results suggest the presence of two different activators for the separate hydrolysis of GM1 and GM2. In connection with the enzymic hydrolysis of GM1 and GM2, we found that the hydrolysis of GM2 by human hepatic beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase A was severely inhibited by a buffer of high ionic strength, whereas no such inhibition was observed in the hydrolysis of GM1 by beta-galactosidase.", "PMID": 115863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12059", "title": "Characterization of \"thyroliberin-deamidating enzyme\" as a post-proline-cleaving enzyme. Partial purification and enzyme-chemical analysis of the enzyme from anterior pituitary tissue.", "content": "An enzyme which catalyzes the deamidation of thyroliberin (TRF; less than Glu-His-Pro-NH2) has been purified 110-fold from extracts of bovine anterior pituitary by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and gel filtration. This enzyme of 76,000 molecular weight (as estimated by gel filtration) exhibits maximal activity at neutral pH (optimum pH 7.4 to 7.6) in buffers of high ionic strength supplemented with thiol-protecting agents. As indicated by the strong inhibition of the enzymatic activity by N-ethylmaleimide and Hg2+, as well as by the extreme sensitivity toward diisopropyl fluorophosphate, -SH, and -OH residues apparently represent essential functional groups of the enzyme. The stereospecific deamidation of TRF (Km = 4.1 . 10(-4) M) is inhibited competitively by TRF analogues which contain proline or by the proline containing biologically active peptides luliberin (LH-RF), oxytocin, vasopressin, angiotensin II, and Substance P. TRF analogues without proline or peptide amides without proline are ineffective. This enzyme cleaves the appropriate Pro-X bonds in luliberin, angiotensin II, pyroGlu-His-Pro-Gly-NH2, and the collagenase substrate Z-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro. Thus, it may be characterized as a post-proline-cleaving enzyme.", "contents": "Characterization of \"thyroliberin-deamidating enzyme\" as a post-proline-cleaving enzyme. Partial purification and enzyme-chemical analysis of the enzyme from anterior pituitary tissue. An enzyme which catalyzes the deamidation of thyroliberin (TRF; less than Glu-His-Pro-NH2) has been purified 110-fold from extracts of bovine anterior pituitary by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and gel filtration. This enzyme of 76,000 molecular weight (as estimated by gel filtration) exhibits maximal activity at neutral pH (optimum pH 7.4 to 7.6) in buffers of high ionic strength supplemented with thiol-protecting agents. As indicated by the strong inhibition of the enzymatic activity by N-ethylmaleimide and Hg2+, as well as by the extreme sensitivity toward diisopropyl fluorophosphate, -SH, and -OH residues apparently represent essential functional groups of the enzyme. The stereospecific deamidation of TRF (Km = 4.1 . 10(-4) M) is inhibited competitively by TRF analogues which contain proline or by the proline containing biologically active peptides luliberin (LH-RF), oxytocin, vasopressin, angiotensin II, and Substance P. TRF analogues without proline or peptide amides without proline are ineffective. This enzyme cleaves the appropriate Pro-X bonds in luliberin, angiotensin II, pyroGlu-His-Pro-Gly-NH2, and the collagenase substrate Z-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro. Thus, it may be characterized as a post-proline-cleaving enzyme.", "PMID": 115864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12060", "title": "The primer tRNA for Moloney murine leukemia virus DNA synthesis. Nucleotide sequence and aminoacylation of tRNAPro.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of a tRNA primer molecule for initiation of Moloney murine leukemia virus DNA synthesis has been determined. The sequence is heterogeneous in two positions but both forms, when drawn in a cloverleaf structure, have anticodon specificities for proline. We have termed these isoacceptors tRNA1Pro and tRNA2Pro. Aminoacylation studies confirmed the specificity for proline. The two forms occur in approximately equal amounts in uninfected mouse and chicken cells and in Moloney leukemia virus particles.", "contents": "The primer tRNA for Moloney murine leukemia virus DNA synthesis. Nucleotide sequence and aminoacylation of tRNAPro. The nucleotide sequence of a tRNA primer molecule for initiation of Moloney murine leukemia virus DNA synthesis has been determined. The sequence is heterogeneous in two positions but both forms, when drawn in a cloverleaf structure, have anticodon specificities for proline. We have termed these isoacceptors tRNA1Pro and tRNA2Pro. Aminoacylation studies confirmed the specificity for proline. The two forms occur in approximately equal amounts in uninfected mouse and chicken cells and in Moloney leukemia virus particles.", "PMID": 115865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12061", "title": "Interaction of rabbit secretory component with rabbit IgA dimer.", "content": "Secretory component (SC), a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 80,000, has been isolated from rabbit milk and found to be heterogenous in size and charge. Functionally intact IgA dimer has been dissociated from milk secretory IgA using a chaotropic agent and further purified to homogeneity. The interaction between SC and IgA dimer is a reversible time- and temperature-dependent process. At 23 degrees C, the association rate constant (2.4 x 10(5) M-1 min-1) and the dissociation rate constant (1.8 x 10(-3) min-1) have been measured independently and the affinity constant based on these rates (1.3 x 10(8) M-1) is similar to that calculated from Scatchard plots (1.9 x 10(8) M-1). One class of binding sites has been estimated from Scatchard plots in spite of the observed heterogeneity of SC. The interaction is tighter at low temperatures because the decrease in dissociation rate is greater than the decrease in association rate. The thermodynamic calculations reveal a delta G of -11.0 kcal . mol-1, a delta H of -8.9 kcal . mol-1 and a delta S of +7.0 cal. mol-1 degree-1. The pH range over which interaction occurs is rather large (5 to 8) with no significant differences in apparent Ka.", "contents": "Interaction of rabbit secretory component with rabbit IgA dimer. Secretory component (SC), a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 80,000, has been isolated from rabbit milk and found to be heterogenous in size and charge. Functionally intact IgA dimer has been dissociated from milk secretory IgA using a chaotropic agent and further purified to homogeneity. The interaction between SC and IgA dimer is a reversible time- and temperature-dependent process. At 23 degrees C, the association rate constant (2.4 x 10(5) M-1 min-1) and the dissociation rate constant (1.8 x 10(-3) min-1) have been measured independently and the affinity constant based on these rates (1.3 x 10(8) M-1) is similar to that calculated from Scatchard plots (1.9 x 10(8) M-1). One class of binding sites has been estimated from Scatchard plots in spite of the observed heterogeneity of SC. The interaction is tighter at low temperatures because the decrease in dissociation rate is greater than the decrease in association rate. The thermodynamic calculations reveal a delta G of -11.0 kcal . mol-1, a delta H of -8.9 kcal . mol-1 and a delta S of +7.0 cal. mol-1 degree-1. The pH range over which interaction occurs is rather large (5 to 8) with no significant differences in apparent Ka.", "PMID": 115866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12062", "title": "Receptor-mediated internalization and degradation of diphtheria toxin by monkey kidney cells.", "content": "The receptor-mediated internalization and degradation of radiolabeled diphtheria toxin by cultured monkey kidney cells was studied. The ability of a number of enzymes and chemicals to remove cell surface-bound toxin was tested; the combination of pronase and inositol hexaphosphate (PIHP) proved most effective. Using PIHP, the kinetics of toxin-cell association at 37 degrees C was resolved into two compounds: surface binding and internalization. The PIHP assay also allowed estimation of the half-time of toxin internalization (about 25 min). An assay involving precipitation of culture supernatants with trichloroacetic acid was developed and used to measure the rate of degradation and excretion of cell-associated toxin. Agents which markedly inhibited toxin internalization similarly prevented degradation, implying an intracellular location for the degradative process. The primary radioactive product excreted by Vero cells was monoiodotyrosine. The extent and rate of toxin degradation indicated lysosomal involvement. Finally, agents which blocked internalization or degradation, or both, (e.g. antibody and concanavalin A), protected cells from the cytotoxin action of diphtheria toxin, suggesting that these processes are necessary for expression of biological effect.", "contents": "Receptor-mediated internalization and degradation of diphtheria toxin by monkey kidney cells. The receptor-mediated internalization and degradation of radiolabeled diphtheria toxin by cultured monkey kidney cells was studied. The ability of a number of enzymes and chemicals to remove cell surface-bound toxin was tested; the combination of pronase and inositol hexaphosphate (PIHP) proved most effective. Using PIHP, the kinetics of toxin-cell association at 37 degrees C was resolved into two compounds: surface binding and internalization. The PIHP assay also allowed estimation of the half-time of toxin internalization (about 25 min). An assay involving precipitation of culture supernatants with trichloroacetic acid was developed and used to measure the rate of degradation and excretion of cell-associated toxin. Agents which markedly inhibited toxin internalization similarly prevented degradation, implying an intracellular location for the degradative process. The primary radioactive product excreted by Vero cells was monoiodotyrosine. The extent and rate of toxin degradation indicated lysosomal involvement. Finally, agents which blocked internalization or degradation, or both, (e.g. antibody and concanavalin A), protected cells from the cytotoxin action of diphtheria toxin, suggesting that these processes are necessary for expression of biological effect.", "PMID": 115867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12063", "title": "Cathepsin D isozymes from porcine spleens. Large scale purification and polypeptide chain arrangements.", "content": "Six cathepsin D isozymes have been purified from porcine spleen using a large scale purification procedure. Five isozymes, I to V, have an identical molecular weight of 50,000 and are similar in specific activity. Isozymes I to IV contained two polypeptide chains each. The light and heavy chains have Mr = 15,000 and 35,000, respectively. Isozyme V is a single polypeptide. The molecular weight of the sixth isozyme is about 100,000 and it has only 5% of the specific activity of the other isozymes. On Ouchterlony immunodiffusion, an antiserum formed precipitin lines against the urea-denatured isozyme with Mr = 100,000. This immunoreactivity showed immunoidentity with those formed against other isozymes. The NH2-terminal sequence of light chains was identical for the isozymes. This sequence is homologous to the NH2-terminal sequence of other acid proteases, especially near the region of the active center aspartate-32. The NH2-terminal sequence of the single chain, isozyme V, Is apparently the same as the light chain sequence. The NH2-terminal sequence analysis of the heavy chain from isozyme I produced two sets of related sequences, suggesting the prescene of structural microheterogeneity. The carbohydrate analysis of the isozymes, the light chain, and the heavy chain revealed the presence of possibly four attachment sites, with one in the light chain and three in the heavy chain. Each carbohydrate unit contains 2 residues of mannose and 1 residue of glucosamine. The results suggest that the high molecular weight cathepsin D (Mr = 100,000) is the probable precursor of the single chain (Mr = 50,000), which in turn produces the two-chain isozymes. These are likely in vivo processes.", "contents": "Cathepsin D isozymes from porcine spleens. Large scale purification and polypeptide chain arrangements. Six cathepsin D isozymes have been purified from porcine spleen using a large scale purification procedure. Five isozymes, I to V, have an identical molecular weight of 50,000 and are similar in specific activity. Isozymes I to IV contained two polypeptide chains each. The light and heavy chains have Mr = 15,000 and 35,000, respectively. Isozyme V is a single polypeptide. The molecular weight of the sixth isozyme is about 100,000 and it has only 5% of the specific activity of the other isozymes. On Ouchterlony immunodiffusion, an antiserum formed precipitin lines against the urea-denatured isozyme with Mr = 100,000. This immunoreactivity showed immunoidentity with those formed against other isozymes. The NH2-terminal sequence of light chains was identical for the isozymes. This sequence is homologous to the NH2-terminal sequence of other acid proteases, especially near the region of the active center aspartate-32. The NH2-terminal sequence of the single chain, isozyme V, Is apparently the same as the light chain sequence. The NH2-terminal sequence analysis of the heavy chain from isozyme I produced two sets of related sequences, suggesting the prescene of structural microheterogeneity. The carbohydrate analysis of the isozymes, the light chain, and the heavy chain revealed the presence of possibly four attachment sites, with one in the light chain and three in the heavy chain. Each carbohydrate unit contains 2 residues of mannose and 1 residue of glucosamine. The results suggest that the high molecular weight cathepsin D (Mr = 100,000) is the probable precursor of the single chain (Mr = 50,000), which in turn produces the two-chain isozymes. These are likely in vivo processes.", "PMID": 115868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12064", "title": "Purification and characterization of hydroperoxidase II of Escherichia coli B.", "content": "The second heme-containing hydroperoxidase isozyme (HP-II) has been isolated from aerobic cultures of Escherichia coli B. The protein exists as a stable tetramer of subunits of equal size, with a combined molecular weight of 312,000. The heme spectrum of HP-II is unusual, in that it exhibits two absorbance maxima at 407 and 591 nm; the alkaline pyridine hemochromogen spectrum shows maxima at 425, 559, and 609 nm. HP-II differs in several respects from the HP-I isozyme previously reported (Claiborne, A., and Fridovich, I. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 4245-4252). Thus HP-II is virtually devoid of peroxidatic activity toward o-dianisidine but has a 6-fold higher catalatic activity than HP-I. Antisera to HP-II do not cross-react with HP-I, and analyses of chymotryptic and cyanogen bromide digests suggest differences in primary structure between these two isozymes.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of hydroperoxidase II of Escherichia coli B. The second heme-containing hydroperoxidase isozyme (HP-II) has been isolated from aerobic cultures of Escherichia coli B. The protein exists as a stable tetramer of subunits of equal size, with a combined molecular weight of 312,000. The heme spectrum of HP-II is unusual, in that it exhibits two absorbance maxima at 407 and 591 nm; the alkaline pyridine hemochromogen spectrum shows maxima at 425, 559, and 609 nm. HP-II differs in several respects from the HP-I isozyme previously reported (Claiborne, A., and Fridovich, I. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 4245-4252). Thus HP-II is virtually devoid of peroxidatic activity toward o-dianisidine but has a 6-fold higher catalatic activity than HP-I. Antisera to HP-II do not cross-react with HP-I, and analyses of chymotryptic and cyanogen bromide digests suggest differences in primary structure between these two isozymes.", "PMID": 115870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12065", "title": "Anomeric configuration of N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphorylundecaprenols formed in Bacillus cereus Membranes.", "content": "The structural difference was studied between two N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphorylundecaprenols formed by incubation of Bacillus cereus membranes with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. On the treatment with 50% phenol, the major one of these glycolipids (Lipid 1) yielded a saccharide phosphate, while the other (Lipid 2) yielded N-acetylglucosamine along with a saccharide phosphate. The saccharide phosphates from Lipids 1 and 2 were identified as alpha-N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate and its beta-anomer, respectively, based on their susceptibility to acid, alpha- and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases, and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase. Thus, it seems most probable that Lipids 1 and 2 were alpha- and beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphorylundecaprenols, respectively.", "contents": "Anomeric configuration of N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphorylundecaprenols formed in Bacillus cereus Membranes. The structural difference was studied between two N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphorylundecaprenols formed by incubation of Bacillus cereus membranes with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. On the treatment with 50% phenol, the major one of these glycolipids (Lipid 1) yielded a saccharide phosphate, while the other (Lipid 2) yielded N-acetylglucosamine along with a saccharide phosphate. The saccharide phosphates from Lipids 1 and 2 were identified as alpha-N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate and its beta-anomer, respectively, based on their susceptibility to acid, alpha- and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases, and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase. Thus, it seems most probable that Lipids 1 and 2 were alpha- and beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphorylundecaprenols, respectively.", "PMID": 115872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12066", "title": "The interaction of divalent copper and the microsomal electron transport system. A re-examination of the effects of copper chelates on the function of cytochrome P-450.", "content": "Lipophilic chelates of divalent copper, possessing superoxide dismutase-like activity, have been proposed to enhance the decay of oxycytochrome P-450 to explain their inhibitory effect on microsomal mixed-function oxidation reactions (Richter, C., Azzi, A., Weser, U., and Wendel, A. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5061-5066). The present investigation, however, failed to provide evidence in favor of this hypothesis. In particular, it was found that the reported inhibition of cytochrome P-450-catalyzed hydroxylation reactions by copper-tyrosine is associated with an inhibition rather than a stimulation of the formation of hydrogen peroxide, the product of the dismutation of the superoxide radicals generated as a result of the decay of oxycytochrome P-450. The attenuation of both these reactions was shown to be the consequence of an impaired function of the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. Additional sites of interaction of copper chelates and the microsomal electron transport system appear to exist since divalent copper was found to undergo reduction reactions with NADPH and NADH as electron donors. These reduction reactions do not involve superoxide radicals and, therefore, are unrelated to the ability of copper chelates to function in a superoxide dismutase-like manner.", "contents": "The interaction of divalent copper and the microsomal electron transport system. A re-examination of the effects of copper chelates on the function of cytochrome P-450. Lipophilic chelates of divalent copper, possessing superoxide dismutase-like activity, have been proposed to enhance the decay of oxycytochrome P-450 to explain their inhibitory effect on microsomal mixed-function oxidation reactions (Richter, C., Azzi, A., Weser, U., and Wendel, A. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5061-5066). The present investigation, however, failed to provide evidence in favor of this hypothesis. In particular, it was found that the reported inhibition of cytochrome P-450-catalyzed hydroxylation reactions by copper-tyrosine is associated with an inhibition rather than a stimulation of the formation of hydrogen peroxide, the product of the dismutation of the superoxide radicals generated as a result of the decay of oxycytochrome P-450. The attenuation of both these reactions was shown to be the consequence of an impaired function of the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. Additional sites of interaction of copper chelates and the microsomal electron transport system appear to exist since divalent copper was found to undergo reduction reactions with NADPH and NADH as electron donors. These reduction reactions do not involve superoxide radicals and, therefore, are unrelated to the ability of copper chelates to function in a superoxide dismutase-like manner.", "PMID": 115873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12067", "title": "Covalent structure of protein A. A low molecular weight protein degraded during germination of Bacillus megaterium spores.", "content": "The complete covalent structure of Protein A, a protein degraded during bacterial spore germination, has been determined. The intact protein was cleaved with a highly specific spore protease into two peptides, residues 1 to 21 and 22 to 61. The larger peptide was further cleaved into two fragments with either cyanogen bromide or by trypsin cleavage following arginine modification with cyclohexanedione. The peptides derived from cyanogen bromide fragmentation encompassed residues 22 to 53 and 54 to 61 while trypsin hydrolysis yielded overlapping fragments comprising residues 22 to 48 and 49 to 61. Automated sequenator analysis together with carboxypeptidase Y digestion of the intact protein and the peptide fragments provided data from which the following unique amino acid sequence was deduced. NH2-Ala-Asn-Thr-Asn-Lys-Leu-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly10-Ser-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ile-Asp-Gln-Met-Lys-Tyr20-Glu-Ile-Ala-Ser-Glu-Phe-Gly-Val-Asn-Leu30-Gly-Pro-Glu-Ala-Thr-Ala-Arg-Ala-Asn-Gly40-Ser-Val-Gly-Gly-Glu-Ile-Thr-Lys-Arg-Leu50-Val-Gln-Met-Ala-Glu-Gln-Gln-Leu-Gly-Gly60-Lys-COOH.", "contents": "Covalent structure of protein A. A low molecular weight protein degraded during germination of Bacillus megaterium spores. The complete covalent structure of Protein A, a protein degraded during bacterial spore germination, has been determined. The intact protein was cleaved with a highly specific spore protease into two peptides, residues 1 to 21 and 22 to 61. The larger peptide was further cleaved into two fragments with either cyanogen bromide or by trypsin cleavage following arginine modification with cyclohexanedione. The peptides derived from cyanogen bromide fragmentation encompassed residues 22 to 53 and 54 to 61 while trypsin hydrolysis yielded overlapping fragments comprising residues 22 to 48 and 49 to 61. Automated sequenator analysis together with carboxypeptidase Y digestion of the intact protein and the peptide fragments provided data from which the following unique amino acid sequence was deduced. NH2-Ala-Asn-Thr-Asn-Lys-Leu-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly10-Ser-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ile-Asp-Gln-Met-Lys-Tyr20-Glu-Ile-Ala-Ser-Glu-Phe-Gly-Val-Asn-Leu30-Gly-Pro-Glu-Ala-Thr-Ala-Arg-Ala-Asn-Gly40-Ser-Val-Gly-Gly-Glu-Ile-Thr-Lys-Arg-Leu50-Val-Gln-Met-Ala-Glu-Gln-Gln-Leu-Gly-Gly60-Lys-COOH.", "PMID": 115874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12068", "title": "Purification of an adenosine deaminase complexing protein from human plasma.", "content": "A protein which specifically complexes with adenosine deaminase (complexing protein) has been purified to homogeneity from human plasma. This protein was compared with complexing protein isolated from human kidney. The two proteins produce electrophoretically different forms of high molecular weight adenosine deaminase when combined with the Mr = 36,000 enzyme monomer from erythrocytes. This difference may, at least in part, be due to the greater sialic acid content of complexing protein from plasma. By other criteria, including amino acid composition, total carbohydrate content, and subunit structure, the two proteins are quite similar. In addition, plasma complexing protein shows complete cross-reactivity with anti-kidney complexing protein serum. These results suggest that plasma and kidney complexing proteins are products of the same gene.", "contents": "Purification of an adenosine deaminase complexing protein from human plasma. A protein which specifically complexes with adenosine deaminase (complexing protein) has been purified to homogeneity from human plasma. This protein was compared with complexing protein isolated from human kidney. The two proteins produce electrophoretically different forms of high molecular weight adenosine deaminase when combined with the Mr = 36,000 enzyme monomer from erythrocytes. This difference may, at least in part, be due to the greater sialic acid content of complexing protein from plasma. By other criteria, including amino acid composition, total carbohydrate content, and subunit structure, the two proteins are quite similar. In addition, plasma complexing protein shows complete cross-reactivity with anti-kidney complexing protein serum. These results suggest that plasma and kidney complexing proteins are products of the same gene.", "PMID": 115875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12069", "title": "Cephalosporin-sensitive penicillin-binding proteins of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis active in the conversion of [14C]penicillin G to [14C]phenylacetylglycine.", "content": "Breakdown of the covalent complex formed between [14C]penicillin G and higher molecular weight, cephalosporin-sensitive penicillin-binding proteins was studied using mixtures of the purified proteins isolated from membranes of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. These penicillin-binding proteins were found to release the bound 14C label in a first order process characterized by half-lives of 10 to 300 min at 37 degrees C. Denaturation of the penicilloyl.penicillin-binding proctein complex prevented this release, indicating that the process is enzyme-catalyzed. [14C]Phenylacetylglycine was identified as the major labeled fragmentation product, indicating that these cephalosporin-sensitive penicillin-binding proteins, for which no in vitro transpeptidase or carboxypeptidase activity has been found, catalyze the same fragmentation of the bound penicilloyl moiety previously described for several penicillin-sensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidases.", "contents": "Cephalosporin-sensitive penicillin-binding proteins of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis active in the conversion of [14C]penicillin G to [14C]phenylacetylglycine. Breakdown of the covalent complex formed between [14C]penicillin G and higher molecular weight, cephalosporin-sensitive penicillin-binding proteins was studied using mixtures of the purified proteins isolated from membranes of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. These penicillin-binding proteins were found to release the bound 14C label in a first order process characterized by half-lives of 10 to 300 min at 37 degrees C. Denaturation of the penicilloyl.penicillin-binding proctein complex prevented this release, indicating that the process is enzyme-catalyzed. [14C]Phenylacetylglycine was identified as the major labeled fragmentation product, indicating that these cephalosporin-sensitive penicillin-binding proteins, for which no in vitro transpeptidase or carboxypeptidase activity has been found, catalyze the same fragmentation of the bound penicilloyl moiety previously described for several penicillin-sensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidases.", "PMID": 115876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12070", "title": "Synthesis of gamma-L-glutaminyl-[3,5-3H]4-hydroxybenzene and the study of reactions catalyzed by the tyrosinase of Agaricus bisporus.", "content": "gamma-L-Glutaminyl-[3,5-3H]4-hydroxybenzene was synthesized in order to study the kinetics of its hydroxylation by tyrosinase purified from Agaricus bisporus and to explore its role in the induction of the dormant state in the spores of this species. It was found to be unique among the monophenolic substrates for tyrosinase in that the lag period for the hydroxylation reaction decreased with increasing substrate concentration. Unlike previously studied compounds, this phenol appeared to function as an electron donor, allowing it to act as its own co-substrate in the hydroxylation reaction. Its catechol product, gamma-L-glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene, was found to be a superior co-substrate, yielding its electrons more readily (oxidation peak potential +0.18 V as compared with +0.65 V for the phenol). In situ periodate oxidation of gamma-L-glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene to gamma-L-glutaminyl-3,4-benzoquinone confirmed the co-substrate role of the catechol in the hydroxylation reaction. The tyrosinase-mediated oxidation of gamma-L-glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene to gamma-L-glutaminyl-3,4-benzoquinone occurred with an apparent Km = 1.54 mM and Vmax = 0.36 mmol/min/mg of enzyme. gamma-L-Glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene acted as an inhibitor of the oxidation reaction.", "contents": "Synthesis of gamma-L-glutaminyl-[3,5-3H]4-hydroxybenzene and the study of reactions catalyzed by the tyrosinase of Agaricus bisporus. gamma-L-Glutaminyl-[3,5-3H]4-hydroxybenzene was synthesized in order to study the kinetics of its hydroxylation by tyrosinase purified from Agaricus bisporus and to explore its role in the induction of the dormant state in the spores of this species. It was found to be unique among the monophenolic substrates for tyrosinase in that the lag period for the hydroxylation reaction decreased with increasing substrate concentration. Unlike previously studied compounds, this phenol appeared to function as an electron donor, allowing it to act as its own co-substrate in the hydroxylation reaction. Its catechol product, gamma-L-glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene, was found to be a superior co-substrate, yielding its electrons more readily (oxidation peak potential +0.18 V as compared with +0.65 V for the phenol). In situ periodate oxidation of gamma-L-glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene to gamma-L-glutaminyl-3,4-benzoquinone confirmed the co-substrate role of the catechol in the hydroxylation reaction. The tyrosinase-mediated oxidation of gamma-L-glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene to gamma-L-glutaminyl-3,4-benzoquinone occurred with an apparent Km = 1.54 mM and Vmax = 0.36 mmol/min/mg of enzyme. gamma-L-Glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene acted as an inhibitor of the oxidation reaction.", "PMID": 115880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12071", "title": "Carbohydrate structure of yeast invertase. Demonstration of a form with only core oligosaccharides and a form with completed polysaccharide chains.", "content": "Invertase, extracted from broken cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae X-2180 mm2 mannan mutant, was separated into a fraction insoluble in 75% ammonium sulfate (P75 invertase, 36% carbohydrate) and a soluble fraction (S75 invertase, 53% carbohydrate). The latter reacted with antibodies specific for the alpha 1 leads to 6-linked mannose of the mannoprotein outer chain, whereas the P75 invertase failed to react with this antiserum although it did react with serum against terminal alpha 1 leads to 3-linked mannose units that are characteristic of the mannoprotein core. A bacterial endo alpha 1 leads to 6-mannanase removed the outer chains from the S75 invertase and converted it to a form that was similar in electrophoretic and immunochemical properties to the P75 invertase, whereas the endomannanase had little effect on the latter invertase. The results suggest that the P75 invertase is a form of the enzyme to which only the core oligosaccharide units had been added, and the S75 invertase represents an enzyme fraction to which the polysaccharide outer chains were also attached. A strong anomeric PMR signal for unsubstituted alpha 1 leads to 6-linked mannose in the S75 invertase, and a much reduced signal in the P75 invertase and endomannanase-digested S75 invertase, support these conclusions. Endo-N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase digestion of the S75 and P75 invertases, as well as of a purified wild type yeast invertase, produced an apparently identical series of 3 to 4 carbohydrate-containing proteins that were separable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate but that migrated as a single band on isoelectric focusing. The bands ranged from about 63,000 to 69,000 daltons and differed by the size of one or more carbohydrate core units each of 15 mannoses and 1 N-acetylglucosamine. The results suggest that the external invertase molecules contain some core units without attached outer chains, and that the cells contain a precursor form of the enzyme to which only the core units have been added. In support of this conclusion, PMR spectra and chromatographic patterns show that the core fragments from the P75, S75, and wild type invertases are essentially identical.", "contents": "Carbohydrate structure of yeast invertase. Demonstration of a form with only core oligosaccharides and a form with completed polysaccharide chains. Invertase, extracted from broken cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae X-2180 mm2 mannan mutant, was separated into a fraction insoluble in 75% ammonium sulfate (P75 invertase, 36% carbohydrate) and a soluble fraction (S75 invertase, 53% carbohydrate). The latter reacted with antibodies specific for the alpha 1 leads to 6-linked mannose of the mannoprotein outer chain, whereas the P75 invertase failed to react with this antiserum although it did react with serum against terminal alpha 1 leads to 3-linked mannose units that are characteristic of the mannoprotein core. A bacterial endo alpha 1 leads to 6-mannanase removed the outer chains from the S75 invertase and converted it to a form that was similar in electrophoretic and immunochemical properties to the P75 invertase, whereas the endomannanase had little effect on the latter invertase. The results suggest that the P75 invertase is a form of the enzyme to which only the core oligosaccharide units had been added, and the S75 invertase represents an enzyme fraction to which the polysaccharide outer chains were also attached. A strong anomeric PMR signal for unsubstituted alpha 1 leads to 6-linked mannose in the S75 invertase, and a much reduced signal in the P75 invertase and endomannanase-digested S75 invertase, support these conclusions. Endo-N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase digestion of the S75 and P75 invertases, as well as of a purified wild type yeast invertase, produced an apparently identical series of 3 to 4 carbohydrate-containing proteins that were separable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate but that migrated as a single band on isoelectric focusing. The bands ranged from about 63,000 to 69,000 daltons and differed by the size of one or more carbohydrate core units each of 15 mannoses and 1 N-acetylglucosamine. The results suggest that the external invertase molecules contain some core units without attached outer chains, and that the cells contain a precursor form of the enzyme to which only the core units have been added. In support of this conclusion, PMR spectra and chromatographic patterns show that the core fragments from the P75, S75, and wild type invertases are essentially identical.", "PMID": 115881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12072", "title": "Thymidylate synthetase and 2'-deoxyuridylate form a tight complex in the presence of pteroyltriglutamate.", "content": "Thymidylate synthetases of human and bacterial origin form a tightly bound complex with the substrate dUMP in the presence of pteroyltriglutamate. This complex and the weaker enzyme . dUMP binary complex can be isolated and conveniently assayed by nitrocellulose disc filtration using [6-3H]dUMP as the radioactive ligand. Intact thymidylate synthetase . dUMP . pteroyltriglutamate complex can be obtained by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-25, but the binary enzyme . dUMP complex dissociates under the same conditions. Scatchard plots show the presence of two nonequivalent dUMP binding sites on the enzyme for the pteroyltriglutamate complex, with dissociation constants of 5 and 95 nM compared to 730 nM for the binary complex. The implications of these findings for folate analog inhibition of thymidylate synthetase are discussed.", "contents": "Thymidylate synthetase and 2'-deoxyuridylate form a tight complex in the presence of pteroyltriglutamate. Thymidylate synthetases of human and bacterial origin form a tightly bound complex with the substrate dUMP in the presence of pteroyltriglutamate. This complex and the weaker enzyme . dUMP binary complex can be isolated and conveniently assayed by nitrocellulose disc filtration using [6-3H]dUMP as the radioactive ligand. Intact thymidylate synthetase . dUMP . pteroyltriglutamate complex can be obtained by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-25, but the binary enzyme . dUMP complex dissociates under the same conditions. Scatchard plots show the presence of two nonequivalent dUMP binding sites on the enzyme for the pteroyltriglutamate complex, with dissociation constants of 5 and 95 nM compared to 730 nM for the binary complex. The implications of these findings for folate analog inhibition of thymidylate synthetase are discussed.", "PMID": 115883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12073", "title": "Characterization and biosynthesis of proteoglycans of corneal stroma from rhesus monkey.", "content": "The proteoglycans of the Rhesus monkey corneal stroma were characterized by analyzing both radiolabeled proteoglycans synthesized by corneas in organ culture and native corneal proteoglycans obtained by large scale preparations. The analyses indicate that the proteoglycans synthesized in organ culture were similar to, if not identical with, their counterparts in the stroma although they are synthesized in different prportions in vitro than they acumulate in vivo. The corneal stroma contains two proteoglycans. The chondroitin-dermatan sulfate proteoglycan consists of approximately 70% protein and has a Mr = approximately 100,000 to 150,000. It contains one chondroitin-dermatan sulfate side chain of Mr = approximately 55,000. The keratan sulfate proteoglycan consists of approximately 74% protein and has a Mr = approximately -40,000 to 70,000. It contains one or two keratan sulfate side chains with a Mr = approximately 7,000 each. Radiolabeling indicates that both proteoglycans contain glycoprotein-type oligosaccharides as part of their structure.", "contents": "Characterization and biosynthesis of proteoglycans of corneal stroma from rhesus monkey. The proteoglycans of the Rhesus monkey corneal stroma were characterized by analyzing both radiolabeled proteoglycans synthesized by corneas in organ culture and native corneal proteoglycans obtained by large scale preparations. The analyses indicate that the proteoglycans synthesized in organ culture were similar to, if not identical with, their counterparts in the stroma although they are synthesized in different prportions in vitro than they acumulate in vivo. The corneal stroma contains two proteoglycans. The chondroitin-dermatan sulfate proteoglycan consists of approximately 70% protein and has a Mr = approximately 100,000 to 150,000. It contains one chondroitin-dermatan sulfate side chain of Mr = approximately 55,000. The keratan sulfate proteoglycan consists of approximately 74% protein and has a Mr = approximately -40,000 to 70,000. It contains one or two keratan sulfate side chains with a Mr = approximately 7,000 each. Radiolabeling indicates that both proteoglycans contain glycoprotein-type oligosaccharides as part of their structure.", "PMID": 115885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12074", "title": "The relationship between human serum and human pancreatic DNase I.", "content": "Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activities have been partially purified from human serum and pancreas. Several of their physical and enzymatic characteristics were determined and compared in order to evaluate their relatedness. Human serum deoxyribonuclease has an isoelectric point in the range of 3.9 to 4.3 and a molecular weight of 33,000 to 38,000. Optimal enzymatic activity at pH 7.0 was dependent on both Mg2+ and Ca2+, whereas a pH optimum of from 5.5 to 5.8 was observed in the presence of Mg2+ and ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). The proportion of single strand or double strand breakage products at early stages of DNA digestion were variable functions of the composition of the buffers employed for the reactions. Single strand break age was predominant under all reaction conditions. Double strand breakage occurred with greatest frequency under neutral conditions in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+, was inhibited by the inclusion of 0.15 M NaCl, and did not occur at pH 5.8 in the presence of Mg2+, EGTA, and 0.15 M NaCl. Human pancreas deoxyribonuclease exhibited essentially the same physical properties and enzymatic characteristics as those of the human serum enzyme. Thus, human serum deoxyribonuclease may originate in this pancreas.", "contents": "The relationship between human serum and human pancreatic DNase I. Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activities have been partially purified from human serum and pancreas. Several of their physical and enzymatic characteristics were determined and compared in order to evaluate their relatedness. Human serum deoxyribonuclease has an isoelectric point in the range of 3.9 to 4.3 and a molecular weight of 33,000 to 38,000. Optimal enzymatic activity at pH 7.0 was dependent on both Mg2+ and Ca2+, whereas a pH optimum of from 5.5 to 5.8 was observed in the presence of Mg2+ and ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). The proportion of single strand or double strand breakage products at early stages of DNA digestion were variable functions of the composition of the buffers employed for the reactions. Single strand break age was predominant under all reaction conditions. Double strand breakage occurred with greatest frequency under neutral conditions in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+, was inhibited by the inclusion of 0.15 M NaCl, and did not occur at pH 5.8 in the presence of Mg2+, EGTA, and 0.15 M NaCl. Human pancreas deoxyribonuclease exhibited essentially the same physical properties and enzymatic characteristics as those of the human serum enzyme. Thus, human serum deoxyribonuclease may originate in this pancreas.", "PMID": 115887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12075", "title": "Transcription termination in the Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA operon rrnC.", "content": "The distal portion of the Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA operon rrnC has been analyzed to determine (a) the transcription boundaries of an operon containing rRNA genes distal to rDNA, and (b) the sequence elements which dictate efficient termination of RNA synthesis. I have sequenced a 505-base pair DNA restriction fragment containing the genes which specify 5 S rRNA, TRNA1Asp, and tRNATrp, in that order. Segments of a spacer DNA separate these genes: the 5 S-tRNA1Asp and tRNA1Asp-tRNATrp spacers are 52 and 8 base pairs long, respectively. In vitro transcription of restriction endonuclease fragments containing the distal portion of rrnC indicates that termination of transcription occurs at a locus beginning 28 base pairs after the tRNATrp gene. The rrnC terminator shares several features with many other known sites of transcription termination in E. coli.", "contents": "Transcription termination in the Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA operon rrnC. The distal portion of the Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA operon rrnC has been analyzed to determine (a) the transcription boundaries of an operon containing rRNA genes distal to rDNA, and (b) the sequence elements which dictate efficient termination of RNA synthesis. I have sequenced a 505-base pair DNA restriction fragment containing the genes which specify 5 S rRNA, TRNA1Asp, and tRNATrp, in that order. Segments of a spacer DNA separate these genes: the 5 S-tRNA1Asp and tRNA1Asp-tRNATrp spacers are 52 and 8 base pairs long, respectively. In vitro transcription of restriction endonuclease fragments containing the distal portion of rrnC indicates that termination of transcription occurs at a locus beginning 28 base pairs after the tRNATrp gene. The rrnC terminator shares several features with many other known sites of transcription termination in E. coli.", "PMID": 115888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12076", "title": "Serum alkaline phosphatase in heterotopic para-articular ossification after total hip replacement.", "content": "Estimations of serum alkaline phosphatase were carried out prospectively on a series of patients having a total hip replacement. The levels of serum alkaline phosphatase before operation indicated a group of patients who subsequently developed heterotopic ossification. Levels of this enzyme after operation did not indicate those patients who were developing heterotopic ossification.", "contents": "Serum alkaline phosphatase in heterotopic para-articular ossification after total hip replacement. Estimations of serum alkaline phosphatase were carried out prospectively on a series of patients having a total hip replacement. The levels of serum alkaline phosphatase before operation indicated a group of patients who subsequently developed heterotopic ossification. Levels of this enzyme after operation did not indicate those patients who were developing heterotopic ossification.", "PMID": 115891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12077", "title": "Plasma cell immunoglobulin M molecules. Their biosynthesis, assembly, and intracellular transport.", "content": "Immunoglobulin M (IgM)-secreting murine plasmablasts have been used to explore the cytologic site(s) of the successive modifications of the polypeptide H and L chains (steps of glycosylation, chain assembly, and polymerization) which occur during intracellular transport (ICT) and the interrelationships between these events. A combination of pulse-chase biosynthetic labeling protocols (using amino acids and sugars), subcellular fractionation, and electron microscope autoradiography was used in conjunction with inhibitors of glycosylation and agents (carboxyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone [CCCP] and monensin) which block Ig exit from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) or Golgi cisternae. The data are consistent with the following conclusions: (1) Sugar addition and modification occur in three main steps: (a) en bloc addition of core sugars to nascent H chains, (b) partial trimming of these oligosaccharide chains in the RER, (c) quasiconcerted addition of terminal sugars (galactose, fucose, and sialic acid) in a very distal compartment between monensin-sensitive Golgi cisternae and the cell surface. (2) H and L chain assembly occurs between nascent H chains and a pool of free light chains present in the RER, followed by interchain disulfide bonding and rapid assembly of monomers into J chain-containing pentamers in the RER. Small amounts of various apparently non-obligatory intermediates in polymerization are also formed. (3) Carbohydrate addition is not required for chain assembly, polymerization, and secretion since completely unglycosylated chains (synthesized in the presence of deoxyglucose or tunicamycin) undergo polymerization and are secreted (although at a reduced rate). (4) Surface 8s IgM molecules do not represent a step in the IgM secretory pathway.", "contents": "Plasma cell immunoglobulin M molecules. Their biosynthesis, assembly, and intracellular transport. Immunoglobulin M (IgM)-secreting murine plasmablasts have been used to explore the cytologic site(s) of the successive modifications of the polypeptide H and L chains (steps of glycosylation, chain assembly, and polymerization) which occur during intracellular transport (ICT) and the interrelationships between these events. A combination of pulse-chase biosynthetic labeling protocols (using amino acids and sugars), subcellular fractionation, and electron microscope autoradiography was used in conjunction with inhibitors of glycosylation and agents (carboxyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone [CCCP] and monensin) which block Ig exit from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) or Golgi cisternae. The data are consistent with the following conclusions: (1) Sugar addition and modification occur in three main steps: (a) en bloc addition of core sugars to nascent H chains, (b) partial trimming of these oligosaccharide chains in the RER, (c) quasiconcerted addition of terminal sugars (galactose, fucose, and sialic acid) in a very distal compartment between monensin-sensitive Golgi cisternae and the cell surface. (2) H and L chain assembly occurs between nascent H chains and a pool of free light chains present in the RER, followed by interchain disulfide bonding and rapid assembly of monomers into J chain-containing pentamers in the RER. Small amounts of various apparently non-obligatory intermediates in polymerization are also formed. (3) Carbohydrate addition is not required for chain assembly, polymerization, and secretion since completely unglycosylated chains (synthesized in the presence of deoxyglucose or tunicamycin) undergo polymerization and are secreted (although at a reduced rate). (4) Surface 8s IgM molecules do not represent a step in the IgM secretory pathway.", "PMID": 115892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12078", "title": "Covalent attachment of enzyme as a membrane-label for viable eucaryotic cells.", "content": "An enzyme, beta-D-galactosidase, was covalently coupled to mammalian cells by means of a bifunctional reagent. The coupling procedure did not cause appreciable loss of cell viability (less than 6%) as measured by plating efficiently and membrane integrity. After 24 h in culture, the cells exhibited an average of 2.6 x 10(4) molecules of beta-D-galactosidase per cell. Histological evidence indicated that the enzyme was localized on the cell surface and distributed uniformly among the cell population. Considerations for choosing enzyme-label include sensitivity of assay by enzymatic, immunologic and histochemical methods, and the possibility of isolating labeled membrane components by enzyme-specific affinity chromatography.", "contents": "Covalent attachment of enzyme as a membrane-label for viable eucaryotic cells. An enzyme, beta-D-galactosidase, was covalently coupled to mammalian cells by means of a bifunctional reagent. The coupling procedure did not cause appreciable loss of cell viability (less than 6%) as measured by plating efficiently and membrane integrity. After 24 h in culture, the cells exhibited an average of 2.6 x 10(4) molecules of beta-D-galactosidase per cell. Histological evidence indicated that the enzyme was localized on the cell surface and distributed uniformly among the cell population. Considerations for choosing enzyme-label include sensitivity of assay by enzymatic, immunologic and histochemical methods, and the possibility of isolating labeled membrane components by enzyme-specific affinity chromatography.", "PMID": 115893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12079", "title": "Preparation of reference antisera for laboratory diagnosis of blastomycosis.", "content": "Antiserum was prepared in rabbits against the A antigen and a new antigen (labeled the D antigen) of yeast-phase cells of Blastomyces dermatitidis by using immunoelectrophoretic precipitin arcs as vaccine. The antiserum can be used as a reference serum in the immunodiffusion test for identyfying antibodies to the A antigen in sera from patients thought to have blastomycosis. Antibodies to the D antigen have not yet been found in human sera. The rabbit antiserum that was absorbed with Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-phase cells did not react in the complement fixation test with either H. capsulatum yeast-phase or mycelial-phase complement fixation antigen. Therefore, it could also be used as a positive control serum in the complement fixation test. A fluorescent-antibody conjugate prepared from the absorbed serum was found to be valuable for the identification of yeast-phase cells of B. dermatitidis.", "contents": "Preparation of reference antisera for laboratory diagnosis of blastomycosis. Antiserum was prepared in rabbits against the A antigen and a new antigen (labeled the D antigen) of yeast-phase cells of Blastomyces dermatitidis by using immunoelectrophoretic precipitin arcs as vaccine. The antiserum can be used as a reference serum in the immunodiffusion test for identyfying antibodies to the A antigen in sera from patients thought to have blastomycosis. Antibodies to the D antigen have not yet been found in human sera. The rabbit antiserum that was absorbed with Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-phase cells did not react in the complement fixation test with either H. capsulatum yeast-phase or mycelial-phase complement fixation antigen. Therefore, it could also be used as a positive control serum in the complement fixation test. A fluorescent-antibody conjugate prepared from the absorbed serum was found to be valuable for the identification of yeast-phase cells of B. dermatitidis.", "PMID": 115894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12080", "title": "New serotypes of group B streptococci isolated from human sources.", "content": "Antisera raised in rabbits against two nontypable group B streptococci, which were not agglutinable in a specific group B antiserum, were tested with acid extracts of 78 nontypable human group B streptococci. One antiserum (12351) reacted with 15 strains, and the other (7271) reacted with only 2 strains. Antiserum to Wilkinson's strain SS 1169 (NT 1) reacted with three strains. Antiserum against strain 12351 appears to be a useful antiserum against a new type antigen, which is probably polysaccharide in nature.", "contents": "New serotypes of group B streptococci isolated from human sources. Antisera raised in rabbits against two nontypable group B streptococci, which were not agglutinable in a specific group B antiserum, were tested with acid extracts of 78 nontypable human group B streptococci. One antiserum (12351) reacted with 15 strains, and the other (7271) reacted with only 2 strains. Antiserum to Wilkinson's strain SS 1169 (NT 1) reacted with three strains. Antiserum against strain 12351 appears to be a useful antiserum against a new type antigen, which is probably polysaccharide in nature.", "PMID": 115895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12081", "title": "Radial immunodiffusion test with a Brucella polysaccharide antigen for differentiating infected from vaccinated cattle.", "content": "A Brucella antigen containing polysaccharide but lacking smooth lipopolysaccharide was employed in a rapid radial immunodiffusion test. With this serological test, cattle infected with Brucella abortus could be identified in recently vaccinated herds which had high numbers of reactors to standard diagnostic tests.", "contents": "Radial immunodiffusion test with a Brucella polysaccharide antigen for differentiating infected from vaccinated cattle. A Brucella antigen containing polysaccharide but lacking smooth lipopolysaccharide was employed in a rapid radial immunodiffusion test. With this serological test, cattle infected with Brucella abortus could be identified in recently vaccinated herds which had high numbers of reactors to standard diagnostic tests.", "PMID": 115896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12082", "title": "Production of cells and viruses in a new multiple-tube tissue culture propagator.", "content": "A novel method for large-scale culture of anchorage-dependent cells is described. Culture vessels were constructed by using roller bottles and Pyrex tubing. Parallel glass tubes, equally spaced by silicone rings and inserted into the roller bottles, provided an increased culture area. The roller bottles were fitted with a second opening for medium recirculation. Culture vessels of 1,000-, 4,000-, 8,000- and 16,000-cm2 growth area were constructed to propagate Vero, BS-C-1, primary chicken embryo, and IMH-P cells. These cultured cells were used to efficiently produce several viruses: rubella virus, measles virus, poliovirus, cytomegalovirus, and herpesvirus of turkey.", "contents": "Production of cells and viruses in a new multiple-tube tissue culture propagator. A novel method for large-scale culture of anchorage-dependent cells is described. Culture vessels were constructed by using roller bottles and Pyrex tubing. Parallel glass tubes, equally spaced by silicone rings and inserted into the roller bottles, provided an increased culture area. The roller bottles were fitted with a second opening for medium recirculation. Culture vessels of 1,000-, 4,000-, 8,000- and 16,000-cm2 growth area were constructed to propagate Vero, BS-C-1, primary chicken embryo, and IMH-P cells. These cultured cells were used to efficiently produce several viruses: rubella virus, measles virus, poliovirus, cytomegalovirus, and herpesvirus of turkey.", "PMID": 115897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12083", "title": "Characterization of a screening test for diphtherial toxin antigen produced by individual plaques of corynebacteriophages.", "content": "A passive immune hemolysis assay has been developed to detect diphtherial toxin produced in individual plaques of tox+ corynebacteriophages. This assay permits rapid screening of large numbers of corynebacteriophages for their ability to code for diphtherial toxin or related antigens. The specificity of the assay and its potential usefulness for genetic studies of toxinogenesis have been demonstrated with well-characterized tox+ and tox- laboratory strains of corynebacteriophages.", "contents": "Characterization of a screening test for diphtherial toxin antigen produced by individual plaques of corynebacteriophages. A passive immune hemolysis assay has been developed to detect diphtherial toxin produced in individual plaques of tox+ corynebacteriophages. This assay permits rapid screening of large numbers of corynebacteriophages for their ability to code for diphtherial toxin or related antigens. The specificity of the assay and its potential usefulness for genetic studies of toxinogenesis have been demonstrated with well-characterized tox+ and tox- laboratory strains of corynebacteriophages.", "PMID": 115898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12084", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described for Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. A double antibody sandwich method was used, employing polyvinyl microtiter plates as the solid phase, a primary coat of monospecific rabbit antitoxin serum, an outer layer composed of a horseradish peroxidase-sheep antitoxin immunoglobulin G conjugate, and an ortho-phenylene-diamine substrate. Absorbance (optical density) of hydrolyzed end product was read spectrophotometrically at 492 nm. ELISA detected as little as 30 pg (0.3 ng/ml) of purified toxin, and absorbance was linear over a 20-fold or greater concentration range. Toxin was demonstrated in culture filtrates from 42 of 48 (88%) consecutive clinical P. aeruginosa isolates compared with 37 of 48 (77%) positive by hemagglutination inhibition. Results of the two assays correlated closely (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001). Specificity was confirmed by neutralizability of ELISA activity with monospecific antitoxin. ELISA was thus a sensitive, specific, and quantifiable technique for the assay of P. aeruginosa exotoxin A in both purified and crude culture materials.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described for Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. A double antibody sandwich method was used, employing polyvinyl microtiter plates as the solid phase, a primary coat of monospecific rabbit antitoxin serum, an outer layer composed of a horseradish peroxidase-sheep antitoxin immunoglobulin G conjugate, and an ortho-phenylene-diamine substrate. Absorbance (optical density) of hydrolyzed end product was read spectrophotometrically at 492 nm. ELISA detected as little as 30 pg (0.3 ng/ml) of purified toxin, and absorbance was linear over a 20-fold or greater concentration range. Toxin was demonstrated in culture filtrates from 42 of 48 (88%) consecutive clinical P. aeruginosa isolates compared with 37 of 48 (77%) positive by hemagglutination inhibition. Results of the two assays correlated closely (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001). Specificity was confirmed by neutralizability of ELISA activity with monospecific antitoxin. ELISA was thus a sensitive, specific, and quantifiable technique for the assay of P. aeruginosa exotoxin A in both purified and crude culture materials.", "PMID": 115899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12085", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of human intestinal goblet cell mucin. Investigation of mucus from different organs and species.", "content": "We have developed a double-antibody radioimmunoassay for the quantitative measurement of human goblet cell mucin (GCM) in order to study intestinal mucus in human and other species. The assay used 3H-labeled mucin as the antigen, rabbit antisera, and sheep anti-rabbit IgG antisera as the second antibody. A number of applications of the assay were investigated. A survey of human tissues revealed that mucins of the rectum, colon, and small intestine had identical affinity for the rabbit antibody, whereas lung eyelid conjunctiva, esophagus, and stomach reacted less strongly. GCM concentration ranged from 1.9 to 14 microgram mucin protein/mg tissue protein in the small and large intestine, respectively. The radioimmunoassay was also found to be useful as a marker during the isolation of GCM from human ileal extracts, where it indicated that a 10,000-fold purification had been achieved. Antigenic determinants of the mucin did not rely upon ABH blood group-specific terminal sugars in oligosaccharide chains. A comparison of mucins among various species revealed a partial species specificity of the GCM antibody. Human GCM cross-reacted with dog, monkey, and rabbit mucins, but not with mucins of rat, pig, toad, and oyster. Organ distributions of cross-reactive mucins in rabbit tissues indicated a pattern that was qualitatively similar to that seen in human tissues. Possible implications of these findings for autoimmune diseases are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of human intestinal goblet cell mucin. Investigation of mucus from different organs and species. We have developed a double-antibody radioimmunoassay for the quantitative measurement of human goblet cell mucin (GCM) in order to study intestinal mucus in human and other species. The assay used 3H-labeled mucin as the antigen, rabbit antisera, and sheep anti-rabbit IgG antisera as the second antibody. A number of applications of the assay were investigated. A survey of human tissues revealed that mucins of the rectum, colon, and small intestine had identical affinity for the rabbit antibody, whereas lung eyelid conjunctiva, esophagus, and stomach reacted less strongly. GCM concentration ranged from 1.9 to 14 microgram mucin protein/mg tissue protein in the small and large intestine, respectively. The radioimmunoassay was also found to be useful as a marker during the isolation of GCM from human ileal extracts, where it indicated that a 10,000-fold purification had been achieved. Antigenic determinants of the mucin did not rely upon ABH blood group-specific terminal sugars in oligosaccharide chains. A comparison of mucins among various species revealed a partial species specificity of the GCM antibody. Human GCM cross-reacted with dog, monkey, and rabbit mucins, but not with mucins of rat, pig, toad, and oyster. Organ distributions of cross-reactive mucins in rabbit tissues indicated a pattern that was qualitatively similar to that seen in human tissues. Possible implications of these findings for autoimmune diseases are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 115900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12086", "title": "Purinogenic immunodeficiency diseases. Differential effects of deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine on DNA synthesis in human T lymphoblasts.", "content": "Deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine are toxic to human lymphoid cells in culture and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the immunodeficiency states associated with adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, respectively. We have studied the relative incorporation of several labeled nucleosides into DNA and into nucleotide pools to further elucidate the mechanism of deoxyribonucleoside toxicity. In the presence of an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase [erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine [EHNA], 5 muM], deoxyadenosine (1-50 muM) progressively decreased the incorporation of thymidine, uridine, and deoxyuridine into DNA, but did not affect uridine incorporation into RNA. This decrease in DNA synthesis was associated with increasing dATP and decreasing dCTP pools. Likewise, incubation of cells with deoxyguanosine caused an elevation of dGTP, depletion of dCTP, and inhibition of DNA synthesis. To test the hypothesis that dATP and dGTP accumulation inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, simultaneous rates of incorporation of [(3)H]uridine and [(14)C]thymidine into DNA were measured in the presence of deoxyadenosine plus EHNA or deoxyguanosine, and in the presence of hydroxyurea, a known inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase. Hydroxyurea (100 muM) and deoxyguanosine (10 muM) decreased the incorporation of [(3)H]uridine but not of [(14)C]thymidine into DNA; both compounds also substantially increased [(3)H]cytidine incorporation into the ribonucleotide pool while reducing incorporation into the deoxyribonucleotide pool. In contrast, deoxyadenosine plus EHNA did not show this differential inhibition of [(3)H]uridine incorporation into DNA, and the alteration in [(3)H]cytidine incorporation into nucleotide pools was less impressive. These data show an association between accumulation of dATP or dGTP and a primary inhibition of DNA synthesis, and they provide support for ribonucleotide reductase inhibition as the mechanism responsible for deoxyguanosine toxicity. Deoxyadenosine toxicity, however, appears to result from another, or perhaps a combination of, molecular event(s).", "contents": "Purinogenic immunodeficiency diseases. Differential effects of deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine on DNA synthesis in human T lymphoblasts. Deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine are toxic to human lymphoid cells in culture and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the immunodeficiency states associated with adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, respectively. We have studied the relative incorporation of several labeled nucleosides into DNA and into nucleotide pools to further elucidate the mechanism of deoxyribonucleoside toxicity. In the presence of an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase [erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine [EHNA], 5 muM], deoxyadenosine (1-50 muM) progressively decreased the incorporation of thymidine, uridine, and deoxyuridine into DNA, but did not affect uridine incorporation into RNA. This decrease in DNA synthesis was associated with increasing dATP and decreasing dCTP pools. Likewise, incubation of cells with deoxyguanosine caused an elevation of dGTP, depletion of dCTP, and inhibition of DNA synthesis. To test the hypothesis that dATP and dGTP accumulation inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, simultaneous rates of incorporation of [(3)H]uridine and [(14)C]thymidine into DNA were measured in the presence of deoxyadenosine plus EHNA or deoxyguanosine, and in the presence of hydroxyurea, a known inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase. Hydroxyurea (100 muM) and deoxyguanosine (10 muM) decreased the incorporation of [(3)H]uridine but not of [(14)C]thymidine into DNA; both compounds also substantially increased [(3)H]cytidine incorporation into the ribonucleotide pool while reducing incorporation into the deoxyribonucleotide pool. In contrast, deoxyadenosine plus EHNA did not show this differential inhibition of [(3)H]uridine incorporation into DNA, and the alteration in [(3)H]cytidine incorporation into nucleotide pools was less impressive. These data show an association between accumulation of dATP or dGTP and a primary inhibition of DNA synthesis, and they provide support for ribonucleotide reductase inhibition as the mechanism responsible for deoxyguanosine toxicity. Deoxyadenosine toxicity, however, appears to result from another, or perhaps a combination of, molecular event(s).", "PMID": 115901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12087", "title": "Erythropoiesis in vitro. Role of calcium.", "content": "The in vitro plasma clot technique was employed to examine the role of calcium during the interaction of erythropoietin and mouse erythroid progenitor cells. Erythropoietin-induced erythroid colony formation was increased 24% by the carboxylic ionophore A23187 (10 nM), whereas a 35% increase was produced by the carboxylic ionophore Ro 2-2985/1 (1 nM). EGTA (3 mM) inhibited erythropoietin-induced erythroid colony formation. Inhibition of erythroid colony formation by EGTA could be reversed by Ca2+, but not by Mn2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, or Fe2+. At least 30 min exposure of marrow cells to erythropoietin in vitro was required for production of erythroid colonies. EGTA substantially inhibited erythropoietin-induced erythroid colony formation even when the marrow cells were exposed to the hormone for up to 2 h before addition of the chelator. Marrow cells incubated first in calcium-free medium with erythropoietin and then cultured in the presence of calcium but not erythropoietin, failed to form erythroid colonies although colony formation occurred when erythropoietin was provided. Taken together, the data indicate that calcium is required for both extracellular and intracellular events during the interaction of erythropoietin with its target cells.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis in vitro. Role of calcium. The in vitro plasma clot technique was employed to examine the role of calcium during the interaction of erythropoietin and mouse erythroid progenitor cells. Erythropoietin-induced erythroid colony formation was increased 24% by the carboxylic ionophore A23187 (10 nM), whereas a 35% increase was produced by the carboxylic ionophore Ro 2-2985/1 (1 nM). EGTA (3 mM) inhibited erythropoietin-induced erythroid colony formation. Inhibition of erythroid colony formation by EGTA could be reversed by Ca2+, but not by Mn2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, or Fe2+. At least 30 min exposure of marrow cells to erythropoietin in vitro was required for production of erythroid colonies. EGTA substantially inhibited erythropoietin-induced erythroid colony formation even when the marrow cells were exposed to the hormone for up to 2 h before addition of the chelator. Marrow cells incubated first in calcium-free medium with erythropoietin and then cultured in the presence of calcium but not erythropoietin, failed to form erythroid colonies although colony formation occurred when erythropoietin was provided. Taken together, the data indicate that calcium is required for both extracellular and intracellular events during the interaction of erythropoietin with its target cells.", "PMID": 115902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12088", "title": "Biotin-response organicaciduria. Multiple carboxylase defects and complementation studies with propionicacidemia in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "Fibroblast cultures from two individuals with biotin-responsive organicacidemia were found to have a pleiotropic deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase, beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, and pyruvate carboxylase activities after growth in biotin limited culture medium, conditions which do not affect the carboxylase activities of normal cells. All three enzyme activities were restored to normal levels after transferring the mutant strains to biotin-rich medium. Both patients excreted abnormal levels of an array of metabolic intermediates, including beta-methylcrotonate, beta-hydroxyisovalerate, beta-hydroxypropionate, and lactate, which reflect metabolic blocks at all three carboxylase sites.14 mutants deficient in only propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity from patients with propionicacidemia and the two biotin-responsive strains were examined for complementation with seven previously mapped pcc mutants. No new pcc complementation groups were identified. Nine of the mutants were mapped to group pccA. The remaining 12 mutants mapped to pccBC or its B or C subgroups, confirming the complex nature of this group. The biotin-responsive mutants failed to complement each other but did complement mutants from all the pcc groups. Thus biotin-responsive organicacidemia is defined by a new complementation group, bio. The results obtained in this study suggest that the bio mutants have a defect of either biotin transport or a common holocarboxylase synthetase required for the biotin activation of all three mitochondrial carboxylases.", "contents": "Biotin-response organicaciduria. Multiple carboxylase defects and complementation studies with propionicacidemia in cultured fibroblasts. Fibroblast cultures from two individuals with biotin-responsive organicacidemia were found to have a pleiotropic deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase, beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, and pyruvate carboxylase activities after growth in biotin limited culture medium, conditions which do not affect the carboxylase activities of normal cells. All three enzyme activities were restored to normal levels after transferring the mutant strains to biotin-rich medium. Both patients excreted abnormal levels of an array of metabolic intermediates, including beta-methylcrotonate, beta-hydroxyisovalerate, beta-hydroxypropionate, and lactate, which reflect metabolic blocks at all three carboxylase sites.14 mutants deficient in only propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity from patients with propionicacidemia and the two biotin-responsive strains were examined for complementation with seven previously mapped pcc mutants. No new pcc complementation groups were identified. Nine of the mutants were mapped to group pccA. The remaining 12 mutants mapped to pccBC or its B or C subgroups, confirming the complex nature of this group. The biotin-responsive mutants failed to complement each other but did complement mutants from all the pcc groups. Thus biotin-responsive organicacidemia is defined by a new complementation group, bio. The results obtained in this study suggest that the bio mutants have a defect of either biotin transport or a common holocarboxylase synthetase required for the biotin activation of all three mitochondrial carboxylases.", "PMID": 115903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12089", "title": "Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in relation to laboratory-induced resistance to gentamicin.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain C2 was habituated to gentamicin by serial passage in broth containing increasing concentrations of the antibiotic and up to 250 microgram/ml. The resistant progenies differed from the parent strain in antibiotic susceptibility to two other aminoglycosides, colonial morphology, lytic phage patterns, phage adsorption, and agglutination with the seven Fisher's antisera. All the progenies failed to grow at 42 degrees C and oxidised glucose in O/F tubes after incubation at 37 degrees C for three days but were catalase- and oxidase-positive. Reversion to the original properties of the parent strain was demonstrated in all cases after 10 serial subcultures in antibiotic-free broth.", "contents": "Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in relation to laboratory-induced resistance to gentamicin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain C2 was habituated to gentamicin by serial passage in broth containing increasing concentrations of the antibiotic and up to 250 microgram/ml. The resistant progenies differed from the parent strain in antibiotic susceptibility to two other aminoglycosides, colonial morphology, lytic phage patterns, phage adsorption, and agglutination with the seven Fisher's antisera. All the progenies failed to grow at 42 degrees C and oxidised glucose in O/F tubes after incubation at 37 degrees C for three days but were catalase- and oxidase-positive. Reversion to the original properties of the parent strain was demonstrated in all cases after 10 serial subcultures in antibiotic-free broth.", "PMID": 115904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12090", "title": "Commissural columns in the sensory-motor cortex of monkeys.", "content": "Callosally projecting cells and the terminal ramifications of their axons were identified in the monkey sensory-motor cortex by retrograde and anterograde labeling techniques, often by double labeling cells and axons in the same animal. Bundles of callosal fibers terminate in small column-like zones 0.5-1 mm wide in the motor cortex (area 4) and in the first (SI) and second (SII) somatic sensory areas. Such columns are aligned in register to form elongated strips extending mediolaterally in the long axes of the pre- and postcentral gyri. Significant portions of area 4, SI and SII, in regions corresponding to the representations of the hand and foot, are not callosally connected. The cells of origin of callosal fibers in SI are largely confined to layer IIIB and form columns and strips corresponding to the above. In connected zones of SI, the callosal connection is reciprocal and precisely point-to point. This and the laminar distribution of the terminal ramifications of callosal fibers (to layers I-IV) suggest that callosal fibers may arise from the terminate upon exactly homotopic, column-like groups of layer IIIB pyramidal cells. Commissurally projecting cells and their terminal ramifications are not limited to particular architectonic fields or particular parts of fields in SI. All architectonic fields of SI project heterotopically to the contralateral SII.", "contents": "Commissural columns in the sensory-motor cortex of monkeys. Callosally projecting cells and the terminal ramifications of their axons were identified in the monkey sensory-motor cortex by retrograde and anterograde labeling techniques, often by double labeling cells and axons in the same animal. Bundles of callosal fibers terminate in small column-like zones 0.5-1 mm wide in the motor cortex (area 4) and in the first (SI) and second (SII) somatic sensory areas. Such columns are aligned in register to form elongated strips extending mediolaterally in the long axes of the pre- and postcentral gyri. Significant portions of area 4, SI and SII, in regions corresponding to the representations of the hand and foot, are not callosally connected. The cells of origin of callosal fibers in SI are largely confined to layer IIIB and form columns and strips corresponding to the above. In connected zones of SI, the callosal connection is reciprocal and precisely point-to point. This and the laminar distribution of the terminal ramifications of callosal fibers (to layers I-IV) suggest that callosal fibers may arise from the terminate upon exactly homotopic, column-like groups of layer IIIB pyramidal cells. Commissurally projecting cells and their terminal ramifications are not limited to particular architectonic fields or particular parts of fields in SI. All architectonic fields of SI project heterotopically to the contralateral SII.", "PMID": 115905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12091", "title": "Commissural projections of the cortical hand motor area in monkeys.", "content": "The topographical organization of the contralateral cortical projections of the motor hand area was studied with autoradiographic methods in 11 macaque monkeys. Two general observations were noted in the material studied. (1) The commissural cortico-cortical connections of the motor hand area were directed to the contralateral precentral gyrus. The projections were preferentially directed to both homotopic and non-homotopic areas. (2) Focally labeled areas of motor cortex (diameter 900 micrometers) gave rise to individual terminal columns of label (diameter 600-900 micrometers). Larger areas of labeled motor cortex, (3,000 micrometers in diameter) gave rise to contralateral terminal bands of label. These bands (600-1,000 micrometers in width) were oriented in an antero-posterior direction and appeared to be formed by a sequence of adjacent labeled columns.", "contents": "Commissural projections of the cortical hand motor area in monkeys. The topographical organization of the contralateral cortical projections of the motor hand area was studied with autoradiographic methods in 11 macaque monkeys. Two general observations were noted in the material studied. (1) The commissural cortico-cortical connections of the motor hand area were directed to the contralateral precentral gyrus. The projections were preferentially directed to both homotopic and non-homotopic areas. (2) Focally labeled areas of motor cortex (diameter 900 micrometers) gave rise to individual terminal columns of label (diameter 600-900 micrometers). Larger areas of labeled motor cortex, (3,000 micrometers in diameter) gave rise to contralateral terminal bands of label. These bands (600-1,000 micrometers in width) were oriented in an antero-posterior direction and appeared to be formed by a sequence of adjacent labeled columns.", "PMID": 115906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12092", "title": "The structural organization of the inferior and lateral subdivisions of the Macaca monkey pulvinar.", "content": "Previous light microscopic studies of Macaca pulvinar have demonstrated that both the inferior and adjacent portion of the lateral pulvinar subdivisions are reciprocally connected to the entire occipital lobe, including striate cortex. They differ in that inferior but not lateral pulvinar receives a projection from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. In this study, the internal organization of these two subdivisions in compared by relating light microscopic Golgi morphology to the synaptic organization observed by electron microscopy. The Golgi impregnated neurons in inferior and lateral pulvinar are typical of other thalamic nuclei and are not qualitatively different in the two subdivisions. Projections neurons (PN) vary in cell body (15--40 micrometers) and dendritic tree (150--600 micrometers) diameters but bear the same varieties of dendritic appendages; spine-like, hair-like, and knot-like. Local circuit neurons (LCN) have smaller cell body diameters (10--20 micrometers) but can have very large dendritic field diameters (150--600 micrometers). They are best distinguished from PNs by their elaborate dendritic appendages, which have been identified as pre-synaptic dendrites in the EM. LCN axons are infrequently seen. In the EM both subdivisions contain four types of synaptic terminals. RS and RL terminal both contain round symaptic vesicles and make asymmetric synaptic contacts, but are subdivided on the basis of small (RS = 0.09 micrometers) versus large (RL = 2.2 micrometers) cross sectional diameters and organelle content. RLs contact larger caliber dendrites and frequently form synaptic complexes with presynaptic dendrites of LCNs, while RSs contact fine caliber dendrites and rarely take part in synaptic complexes. F terminal and P boutons both contain flat and pleomorphis vesicles and make symmetric synaptic contacts. They are characterized by vesicle number and cytoplasmic density. Fs are infrequently observed in pulvinar compared to P boutons and are of uncertain origin. P boutons can be equated with LCN dendritic appendages and have been identified as pre-synaptic dendrites. The quantitative distribution of each type is very similar in both subdivisions, avveraging RS 85%, RL 5%, F 0.3%, P 8% and unidentified 2%.", "contents": "The structural organization of the inferior and lateral subdivisions of the Macaca monkey pulvinar. Previous light microscopic studies of Macaca pulvinar have demonstrated that both the inferior and adjacent portion of the lateral pulvinar subdivisions are reciprocally connected to the entire occipital lobe, including striate cortex. They differ in that inferior but not lateral pulvinar receives a projection from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. In this study, the internal organization of these two subdivisions in compared by relating light microscopic Golgi morphology to the synaptic organization observed by electron microscopy. The Golgi impregnated neurons in inferior and lateral pulvinar are typical of other thalamic nuclei and are not qualitatively different in the two subdivisions. Projections neurons (PN) vary in cell body (15--40 micrometers) and dendritic tree (150--600 micrometers) diameters but bear the same varieties of dendritic appendages; spine-like, hair-like, and knot-like. Local circuit neurons (LCN) have smaller cell body diameters (10--20 micrometers) but can have very large dendritic field diameters (150--600 micrometers). They are best distinguished from PNs by their elaborate dendritic appendages, which have been identified as pre-synaptic dendrites in the EM. LCN axons are infrequently seen. In the EM both subdivisions contain four types of synaptic terminals. RS and RL terminal both contain round symaptic vesicles and make asymmetric synaptic contacts, but are subdivided on the basis of small (RS = 0.09 micrometers) versus large (RL = 2.2 micrometers) cross sectional diameters and organelle content. RLs contact larger caliber dendrites and frequently form synaptic complexes with presynaptic dendrites of LCNs, while RSs contact fine caliber dendrites and rarely take part in synaptic complexes. F terminal and P boutons both contain flat and pleomorphis vesicles and make symmetric synaptic contacts. They are characterized by vesicle number and cytoplasmic density. Fs are infrequently observed in pulvinar compared to P boutons and are of uncertain origin. P boutons can be equated with LCN dendritic appendages and have been identified as pre-synaptic dendrites. The quantitative distribution of each type is very similar in both subdivisions, avveraging RS 85%, RL 5%, F 0.3%, P 8% and unidentified 2%.", "PMID": 115907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12093", "title": "The morphology and distribution of striate cortex terminals in the inferior and lateral subdivisions of the Macaca monkey pulvinar.", "content": "The origin of the various types of axon terminals in Macaca pulvinar remains uncertain because of the contradictory results obtained in EM degeneration studies. We have used EM-autoradiography to determine the morphology of terminals in the inferior and lateral pulvinar which originate from neurons in visual cortex. After injections of H3 proline into area 17, both the small diameter (RS) and the large diameter (RL) terminals containing round vesicles and making asymmetric contacts are labeled in the two pulvinar subdivisions. Labeled and unlabeled terminals are intermixed within the pulvinar focus which suggests that the dendrites of the same pulvinar neuron receive overlapping inputs from several cortical areas. Because only 5% of the pulvinar terminals are RLs (Ogren and Hendrickson, '79), and this small number of RLs originates from at least two visual cortical areas plus the superior colliculus (Partlow et al., '77), superior colliculus input to inferior pulvinar is small compared to the combined RS and RL cortical input. Together the findings from this study and the preceding paper (Ogren and Henderickson, '79), show that while pulvinar is typical of other thalamic nuclei in the structure of its neurons and synapses, it differs in that the input from subcortical structures is minimal. It is suggested that inferior and lateral pulvinar function principally as integrators of visula cortical information.", "contents": "The morphology and distribution of striate cortex terminals in the inferior and lateral subdivisions of the Macaca monkey pulvinar. The origin of the various types of axon terminals in Macaca pulvinar remains uncertain because of the contradictory results obtained in EM degeneration studies. We have used EM-autoradiography to determine the morphology of terminals in the inferior and lateral pulvinar which originate from neurons in visual cortex. After injections of H3 proline into area 17, both the small diameter (RS) and the large diameter (RL) terminals containing round vesicles and making asymmetric contacts are labeled in the two pulvinar subdivisions. Labeled and unlabeled terminals are intermixed within the pulvinar focus which suggests that the dendrites of the same pulvinar neuron receive overlapping inputs from several cortical areas. Because only 5% of the pulvinar terminals are RLs (Ogren and Hendrickson, '79), and this small number of RLs originates from at least two visual cortical areas plus the superior colliculus (Partlow et al., '77), superior colliculus input to inferior pulvinar is small compared to the combined RS and RL cortical input. Together the findings from this study and the preceding paper (Ogren and Henderickson, '79), show that while pulvinar is typical of other thalamic nuclei in the structure of its neurons and synapses, it differs in that the input from subcortical structures is minimal. It is suggested that inferior and lateral pulvinar function principally as integrators of visula cortical information.", "PMID": 115908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12094", "title": "Projections of the cerebellar and dorsal column nuclei upon the inferior olive in the rhesus monkey: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "Projections from the cerebellar and dorsal column nuclei to the inferior olive of the rhesus monkey were traced with anterograde autoradiographic methods. The cerebellar nuclei give rise to a massive projection which reaches the contralateral inferior olivary complex by way of the descending limb of the superior cerebellar peduncle. Dentato-olivary fibers project exclusively upon the principal olivary nucleus (PO) and observe a strict topography. The dorsal, lateral, and ventral dentate project respectively to the dorsal, lateral, and ventral lamellae of the PO. Within the lamellae, the dentato-olivary fibers are related point for point in the medio-lateral axis. By contrast, the rostro-caudal topography is reversed so that the rostral pole of the dentate projects to the caudal PO and the caudal dentate to the rostral PO. These connections are predominantly crossed but a small ipsilateral component recrosses the midline at the olivary commissure and mirrors the topography on the opposite side. The anterior interpositus projects only to the medial half of the DAO and the posterior interpositus projects only to the rostral two thirds of the MAO. The ipsilateral component is minor in comparison with the contralateral projection, but appears to be more substantial than the ipsilateral projection to the PO arising from the dentate nucleus. The fastigial nucleus does not project upon the olivary complex. The dorsal column nuclei project topographically upon the contralateral accessory nuclei with the gracile nucleus sending fibers primarily to the lateral half of the DAO and the cuneate nucleus projecting to rostral cell groups of the MAO. The present results when compared with other olivary connections described by previous studies in a variety of species suggest that regions of the MAO and DAO receiving sensory information from the periphery may lie outside the influence of cerebellar feedback loops.", "contents": "Projections of the cerebellar and dorsal column nuclei upon the inferior olive in the rhesus monkey: an autoradiographic study. Projections from the cerebellar and dorsal column nuclei to the inferior olive of the rhesus monkey were traced with anterograde autoradiographic methods. The cerebellar nuclei give rise to a massive projection which reaches the contralateral inferior olivary complex by way of the descending limb of the superior cerebellar peduncle. Dentato-olivary fibers project exclusively upon the principal olivary nucleus (PO) and observe a strict topography. The dorsal, lateral, and ventral dentate project respectively to the dorsal, lateral, and ventral lamellae of the PO. Within the lamellae, the dentato-olivary fibers are related point for point in the medio-lateral axis. By contrast, the rostro-caudal topography is reversed so that the rostral pole of the dentate projects to the caudal PO and the caudal dentate to the rostral PO. These connections are predominantly crossed but a small ipsilateral component recrosses the midline at the olivary commissure and mirrors the topography on the opposite side. The anterior interpositus projects only to the medial half of the DAO and the posterior interpositus projects only to the rostral two thirds of the MAO. The ipsilateral component is minor in comparison with the contralateral projection, but appears to be more substantial than the ipsilateral projection to the PO arising from the dentate nucleus. The fastigial nucleus does not project upon the olivary complex. The dorsal column nuclei project topographically upon the contralateral accessory nuclei with the gracile nucleus sending fibers primarily to the lateral half of the DAO and the cuneate nucleus projecting to rostral cell groups of the MAO. The present results when compared with other olivary connections described by previous studies in a variety of species suggest that regions of the MAO and DAO receiving sensory information from the periphery may lie outside the influence of cerebellar feedback loops.", "PMID": 115909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12095", "title": "The distribution of oxytocin- and neurophysin-stained fibers in the spinal cord of the rat and monkey.", "content": "Immunohistochemical methods have been used to describe the distribution of neurophysin I- and oxytocin-stained fibers in the spinal cord. In albino rats of either sex, such fibers descend through the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus to the caudal end of the cord. Fibers leave the lateral funiculus to innervate the marginal zone of the dorsal horn at all levels, and the intermediolateral column at thoracic, lumbar and sacral levels. Some fibers course medially through the intermediate gray to end in the central gray, which is innervated at all levels, and also appears to be innervated by fibers descending in the central gray itself. A semiquantitative analysis shows that the density of terminal fields in the intermediolateral column, marginal zone, and central gray varies significantly at different levels. The intermediolateral column is preferentially innervated between T1-T3, T9-T11, and T13-L2. The nucleus intercalatusspinalis and the dorsal commissural nucleus (between T13 and L2), both of which contain preganglionic neurons, are densely innervated. In the monkey (Macaca fascicularis), neurophysin I- and oxytocin-stained fibers descend through the lateral funiculus to the filum terminale, where some of them enter the pia-arachnoid surrounding the filum. The intermediolateral column is not innervated between T1-T3, is sparsely innervated at sacral levels, and is moderately innervated between T4 and L3; the greatest density of fibers occurs at L3. At most levels, few if any fibers are found in the central gray and marginal zone; the central gray is sparsely innervated between T8 and L2 at S2, and between Co3-Co6, and the marginal zone contains a small number of fibers in the region of S2 and Co6. Neurophysin I- and oxytocin-stained fibers were also found in the intermediolateral column, marginal zone, and central gray of homozygous Brattleboro, spontaneously hypertensive, and Egyptian sand rats. The results suggest that the paraventriculo-spinal pathway is particularly related to specific groups of sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, and to the marginal zone, whick is involved in the relay of ascending nociceptive information through the spinothalamic tract.", "contents": "The distribution of oxytocin- and neurophysin-stained fibers in the spinal cord of the rat and monkey. Immunohistochemical methods have been used to describe the distribution of neurophysin I- and oxytocin-stained fibers in the spinal cord. In albino rats of either sex, such fibers descend through the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus to the caudal end of the cord. Fibers leave the lateral funiculus to innervate the marginal zone of the dorsal horn at all levels, and the intermediolateral column at thoracic, lumbar and sacral levels. Some fibers course medially through the intermediate gray to end in the central gray, which is innervated at all levels, and also appears to be innervated by fibers descending in the central gray itself. A semiquantitative analysis shows that the density of terminal fields in the intermediolateral column, marginal zone, and central gray varies significantly at different levels. The intermediolateral column is preferentially innervated between T1-T3, T9-T11, and T13-L2. The nucleus intercalatusspinalis and the dorsal commissural nucleus (between T13 and L2), both of which contain preganglionic neurons, are densely innervated. In the monkey (Macaca fascicularis), neurophysin I- and oxytocin-stained fibers descend through the lateral funiculus to the filum terminale, where some of them enter the pia-arachnoid surrounding the filum. The intermediolateral column is not innervated between T1-T3, is sparsely innervated at sacral levels, and is moderately innervated between T4 and L3; the greatest density of fibers occurs at L3. At most levels, few if any fibers are found in the central gray and marginal zone; the central gray is sparsely innervated between T8 and L2 at S2, and between Co3-Co6, and the marginal zone contains a small number of fibers in the region of S2 and Co6. Neurophysin I- and oxytocin-stained fibers were also found in the intermediolateral column, marginal zone, and central gray of homozygous Brattleboro, spontaneously hypertensive, and Egyptian sand rats. The results suggest that the paraventriculo-spinal pathway is particularly related to specific groups of sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, and to the marginal zone, whick is involved in the relay of ascending nociceptive information through the spinothalamic tract.", "PMID": 115910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12096", "title": "Improved methodology for quantitative determination of serum and milk proteins by single radial immunodiffusion.", "content": "Single radial immunodiffusion is a simple inexpensive method for quantitating specific proteins in a heterogenous mixture. However, it has been criticized for its lack of accuracy and repeatability; coefficients of variation of 25% have been reported by some workers. We have adopted several refinements to the single radial immunodiffusion techniques which have appeared in the literature and have made several innovations of our own. Also, as an integral part of the technique, we have developed a computer program that determines the best-fitting curve for a given set of standards, applies this curve to the raw ring-diameters, and corrects the data for plate variation and sample dilution. This program has reduced errors greatly in calculating protein concentration since all data handling beyond the recording of the precipitant ring diameter is by computer. It also allows for the storage, retrieval, and analysis of large volumes of data on many different proteins simultaneously. The overall result of this system has been to decrease the coefficients of variation to below 5% for all the milk and serum proteins tested.", "contents": "Improved methodology for quantitative determination of serum and milk proteins by single radial immunodiffusion. Single radial immunodiffusion is a simple inexpensive method for quantitating specific proteins in a heterogenous mixture. However, it has been criticized for its lack of accuracy and repeatability; coefficients of variation of 25% have been reported by some workers. We have adopted several refinements to the single radial immunodiffusion techniques which have appeared in the literature and have made several innovations of our own. Also, as an integral part of the technique, we have developed a computer program that determines the best-fitting curve for a given set of standards, applies this curve to the raw ring-diameters, and corrects the data for plate variation and sample dilution. This program has reduced errors greatly in calculating protein concentration since all data handling beyond the recording of the precipitant ring diameter is by computer. It also allows for the storage, retrieval, and analysis of large volumes of data on many different proteins simultaneously. The overall result of this system has been to decrease the coefficients of variation to below 5% for all the milk and serum proteins tested.", "PMID": 115911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12097", "title": "Effect of diet on the metabolism and toxicology of drugs.", "content": "The human organism is continuously exposed to a variety of xenobiotics, as drugs, pesticides, food additives and many environmental contaminants, all of which are potentially toxic. The body metabolizes these highly reactive chemicals to pharmacologically-inert compounds, which are readily eliminated from the body. This process of deactivation is dependent on nutritional status. Malnutrition, almost invariably, leads to a reduced capacity to deactivate these exogenous materials with consequent increase in toxicity.", "contents": "Effect of diet on the metabolism and toxicology of drugs. The human organism is continuously exposed to a variety of xenobiotics, as drugs, pesticides, food additives and many environmental contaminants, all of which are potentially toxic. The body metabolizes these highly reactive chemicals to pharmacologically-inert compounds, which are readily eliminated from the body. This process of deactivation is dependent on nutritional status. Malnutrition, almost invariably, leads to a reduced capacity to deactivate these exogenous materials with consequent increase in toxicity.", "PMID": 115915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12098", "title": "Genetic control of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in mice. I. Lymphocyte proliferative response to acetylcholine receptors is under H-2-linked Ir gene control.", "content": "As a first step in determining the genetic control of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in mice, we tested the proliferative responses of lymph node cells to torpedo acetylcholine receptors (TAR). Studies with congenic and recombinant inbred strains of mice revealed that T-cell responses to TAR are controlled by an H-2 linked Ir gene, mapping in the I-A subregion of mouse major histocompatibility complex.", "contents": "Genetic control of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in mice. I. Lymphocyte proliferative response to acetylcholine receptors is under H-2-linked Ir gene control. As a first step in determining the genetic control of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in mice, we tested the proliferative responses of lymph node cells to torpedo acetylcholine receptors (TAR). Studies with congenic and recombinant inbred strains of mice revealed that T-cell responses to TAR are controlled by an H-2 linked Ir gene, mapping in the I-A subregion of mouse major histocompatibility complex.", "PMID": 115916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12099", "title": "Macrophages in resistance to rickettsial infection: macrophage activation in vitro for killing of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.", "content": "Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, strain Gilliam, replicates in cultures of resident peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice. Macrophage cultures treated with culture supernatants of spleen cells from rickettsial-infected mice stimulated with heat-killed rickettsiae markedly suppressed macrophage infection by rickettsiae. Rickettsiacidal activity of activated macrophages was dependent upon both lymphokine concentration and time of incubation in lymphokines. Treatment of macrophage cultures with lymphokines before exposure to viable rickettsiae resulted in an immediate decrease in percent macrophages infected and numbers of viable intracellular rickettsiae. In these cultures, enhanced intracellular killing was also apparent with further incubation (24 hr). The immediate effect of lymphokine-pretreated macrophages was dissociated from intracellular killing by infecting macrophage cultures first and adding lymphokines after infection. In these cultures, both percent macrophages infected and titers of viable intracellular rickettsiae were dramatically reduced as well.", "contents": "Macrophages in resistance to rickettsial infection: macrophage activation in vitro for killing of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, strain Gilliam, replicates in cultures of resident peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice. Macrophage cultures treated with culture supernatants of spleen cells from rickettsial-infected mice stimulated with heat-killed rickettsiae markedly suppressed macrophage infection by rickettsiae. Rickettsiacidal activity of activated macrophages was dependent upon both lymphokine concentration and time of incubation in lymphokines. Treatment of macrophage cultures with lymphokines before exposure to viable rickettsiae resulted in an immediate decrease in percent macrophages infected and numbers of viable intracellular rickettsiae. In these cultures, enhanced intracellular killing was also apparent with further incubation (24 hr). The immediate effect of lymphokine-pretreated macrophages was dissociated from intracellular killing by infecting macrophage cultures first and adding lymphokines after infection. In these cultures, both percent macrophages infected and titers of viable intracellular rickettsiae were dramatically reduced as well.", "PMID": 115917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12100", "title": "Lipid A from endotoxin: antigenic activities of purified fractions in liposomes.", "content": "Isolation of lipid A by acid hydrolysis of Shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharide resulted in a product that consisted of a heterogeneous mixture of bands when visualized by thin layer chromatography. Differential extraction with ethyl acetate and chloroform, or extraction with EDTA, followed by chloroform-methanol-water (Bligh-Dyer extraction), or a combination of both extraction schemes, resulted in partial purification of immunologically active lipid A. Eight fractions were purified further by preparative thin layer chromatography, and each of the fractions had phosphate, carbohydrate, and esterified fatty acids. Upon incorporation into liposomes, five of the eight purified fractions reacted with anti-lipid A serum, but the three fractions with the most number of esterified fatty acids failed to react with anti-lipid A serum. At least one fraction that originally was unreactive with anti-lipid A serum became reactive as a hapten inhibitor upon removal of esterified fatty acids by alkaline hydrolysis. Alkali-treated fractions from \"unreactive\" and \"reactive\" lipid A had similar activities as hapten inhibitors. Our data suggest that lipid A can exist in multiple forms that differ by the number and placement, and possibly by the type, of fatty acids linked to the carbohydrate of lipid A. Highly acylated forms of lipid A do not react with antiserum against the unpurified lipid A mixture, but removal of fatty acids does expose immunoreactive groups.", "contents": "Lipid A from endotoxin: antigenic activities of purified fractions in liposomes. Isolation of lipid A by acid hydrolysis of Shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharide resulted in a product that consisted of a heterogeneous mixture of bands when visualized by thin layer chromatography. Differential extraction with ethyl acetate and chloroform, or extraction with EDTA, followed by chloroform-methanol-water (Bligh-Dyer extraction), or a combination of both extraction schemes, resulted in partial purification of immunologically active lipid A. Eight fractions were purified further by preparative thin layer chromatography, and each of the fractions had phosphate, carbohydrate, and esterified fatty acids. Upon incorporation into liposomes, five of the eight purified fractions reacted with anti-lipid A serum, but the three fractions with the most number of esterified fatty acids failed to react with anti-lipid A serum. At least one fraction that originally was unreactive with anti-lipid A serum became reactive as a hapten inhibitor upon removal of esterified fatty acids by alkaline hydrolysis. Alkali-treated fractions from \"unreactive\" and \"reactive\" lipid A had similar activities as hapten inhibitors. Our data suggest that lipid A can exist in multiple forms that differ by the number and placement, and possibly by the type, of fatty acids linked to the carbohydrate of lipid A. Highly acylated forms of lipid A do not react with antiserum against the unpurified lipid A mixture, but removal of fatty acids does expose immunoreactive groups.", "PMID": 115918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12101", "title": "Expression of a sheep red blood cell receptor by a murine lymphoma.", "content": "Murine 6C3HED lymphoma cells were found to rosette with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Normal C3H lymphocytes did not exhibit this property. This rosetting capacity of 6C3HED cells was found to be an accurate and reproducible means for discriminating between normal and tumor cells. The SRBC receptor on these lymphoma cells appeared to be serologically distinct from that expressed by normal human T lymphocytes since reciprocal blocking experiments demonstrated that inhibitory antisera were not cross-reactive. The expression of the SRBC receptor by the 6C3HED cells appeared to correlate with the expression of a tumor-associated antigen and was spatially related to an antigen expressed by 6C3HED and normal neonatal but not adult mouse cells.", "contents": "Expression of a sheep red blood cell receptor by a murine lymphoma. Murine 6C3HED lymphoma cells were found to rosette with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Normal C3H lymphocytes did not exhibit this property. This rosetting capacity of 6C3HED cells was found to be an accurate and reproducible means for discriminating between normal and tumor cells. The SRBC receptor on these lymphoma cells appeared to be serologically distinct from that expressed by normal human T lymphocytes since reciprocal blocking experiments demonstrated that inhibitory antisera were not cross-reactive. The expression of the SRBC receptor by the 6C3HED cells appeared to correlate with the expression of a tumor-associated antigen and was spatially related to an antigen expressed by 6C3HED and normal neonatal but not adult mouse cells.", "PMID": 115920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12102", "title": "Cross-reactivity of rat, mouse, and human IgD.", "content": "Highly purified sheep anti-rat lymphocyte membrane IgD (mIgD) was used to detect cross-reactivity with the putative murine-delta chain on mouse lymphocytes. Cross-reactivity is demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescent staining and by immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled lymphocyte membrane extracts followed by electrophoresis on 10% polyacrylamide gels. In addition, cross-reactivity of anti-rat-delta with human IgD is shown by gel diffusion analysis. The anti-rat-delta reagent stained both Ig5a+ and Ig5b+ lymphocytes. Preincubation of Ig5b+ (but not Ig5a+) cells with monoclonal allotype-specific antibodies (anti-Ig5b) under capping conditions caused inhibition of staining by the sheep anti-rat-delta reagent, indicating that it is the delta-chain that is recognized on mouse lymphocytes and that the anti-rat-delta reagents does not distinguish between mouse-delta allotypes. Furthermore, absorption of the sheep anti-rat-delta serum with purified human IgD reduced subsequent staining of mouse lymphocytes by approximately 50%; staining was not affected by absorption with human IgM. This xenogeneic anti-delta antiserum appears to detect determinants on the delta-heavy chain, which are shared by at least three species of mammals, suggesting that these determinants represent important molecular features conserved during evolution.", "contents": "Cross-reactivity of rat, mouse, and human IgD. Highly purified sheep anti-rat lymphocyte membrane IgD (mIgD) was used to detect cross-reactivity with the putative murine-delta chain on mouse lymphocytes. Cross-reactivity is demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescent staining and by immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled lymphocyte membrane extracts followed by electrophoresis on 10% polyacrylamide gels. In addition, cross-reactivity of anti-rat-delta with human IgD is shown by gel diffusion analysis. The anti-rat-delta reagent stained both Ig5a+ and Ig5b+ lymphocytes. Preincubation of Ig5b+ (but not Ig5a+) cells with monoclonal allotype-specific antibodies (anti-Ig5b) under capping conditions caused inhibition of staining by the sheep anti-rat-delta reagent, indicating that it is the delta-chain that is recognized on mouse lymphocytes and that the anti-rat-delta reagents does not distinguish between mouse-delta allotypes. Furthermore, absorption of the sheep anti-rat-delta serum with purified human IgD reduced subsequent staining of mouse lymphocytes by approximately 50%; staining was not affected by absorption with human IgM. This xenogeneic anti-delta antiserum appears to detect determinants on the delta-heavy chain, which are shared by at least three species of mammals, suggesting that these determinants represent important molecular features conserved during evolution.", "PMID": 115921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12103", "title": "Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide is mitogenic for spleen cells of endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice.", "content": "Preparations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from rough and smooth strains of Brucella abortus were mitogenic for spleen cells of athymic nude mice, C3H/HeAU mice, and the endotoxin-resistant C3H/Hej mice. The mitogenic response induced by crude smooth-LPS (f5) was greater than that produced by purified smooth-LPS (f5p); however, the dose-response curves were similar for both preparations. The mitogenic activity of mouse spleen cells to both f5 and f5p was higher than that produced by stimulation with purified rough-LPS. The dose-response curves with rough-LPS were also qualitatively different from those produced with the preparations of smooth-LPS.", "contents": "Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide is mitogenic for spleen cells of endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice. Preparations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from rough and smooth strains of Brucella abortus were mitogenic for spleen cells of athymic nude mice, C3H/HeAU mice, and the endotoxin-resistant C3H/Hej mice. The mitogenic response induced by crude smooth-LPS (f5) was greater than that produced by purified smooth-LPS (f5p); however, the dose-response curves were similar for both preparations. The mitogenic activity of mouse spleen cells to both f5 and f5p was higher than that produced by stimulation with purified rough-LPS. The dose-response curves with rough-LPS were also qualitatively different from those produced with the preparations of smooth-LPS.", "PMID": 115923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12104", "title": "A simple two-step method for purification of secretory IgA from human colostrum.", "content": "This paper describes an extremely simple method for the purification of secretory IgA in two steps from a colostrum pool. The first step of this technique utilizes the agar transparency effect produced by high concentrations of secretory IgA contained in colostrum pool when it is subjected to electrophoresis in this support. The secretory IgA is obtained by extraction and elution of the transparent zone adjacent to the well. In the second step, in order to obtain the maximum degree of purity, the eluate is subjected to precipitation with ammonium sulfate (1.33 M) or chromatographed through Sephadex G-200 gel. The simplicity of the method and the purity of the protein obtained make this procedure suitable for purification of macromolecular substances in concentrated state.", "contents": "A simple two-step method for purification of secretory IgA from human colostrum. This paper describes an extremely simple method for the purification of secretory IgA in two steps from a colostrum pool. The first step of this technique utilizes the agar transparency effect produced by high concentrations of secretory IgA contained in colostrum pool when it is subjected to electrophoresis in this support. The secretory IgA is obtained by extraction and elution of the transparent zone adjacent to the well. In the second step, in order to obtain the maximum degree of purity, the eluate is subjected to precipitation with ammonium sulfate (1.33 M) or chromatographed through Sephadex G-200 gel. The simplicity of the method and the purity of the protein obtained make this procedure suitable for purification of macromolecular substances in concentrated state.", "PMID": 115924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12105", "title": "Immunohistological staining of antigens on semithin sections of specimens embedded in plastic (GMA-Quetol 523).", "content": "Glycol methacrylate-Quetol 523, introduced by Kushida (1977) for combined light and electronmicroscopy studies at low magnification, also permits application of immunofluorescence methods to semithin sections. To recover the antigenicity of proteins fixed with formaldehyde, abrupt dehydration before embedding and subsequent treatment of the semithin sections with protease were essential. Post-staining with suitable histological stains allows exact correlation of antigen localization with tissue structure.", "contents": "Immunohistological staining of antigens on semithin sections of specimens embedded in plastic (GMA-Quetol 523). Glycol methacrylate-Quetol 523, introduced by Kushida (1977) for combined light and electronmicroscopy studies at low magnification, also permits application of immunofluorescence methods to semithin sections. To recover the antigenicity of proteins fixed with formaldehyde, abrupt dehydration before embedding and subsequent treatment of the semithin sections with protease were essential. Post-staining with suitable histological stains allows exact correlation of antigen localization with tissue structure.", "PMID": 115925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12106", "title": "Immunological studies on Pityrosporum genus and Malassezia furfur.", "content": "The antigenicity of Malassezia furfur from patients with tinea versicolor and 3 species of Pityrosporum was investigated using the antiserum against P. orbiculare. The Ouchterlony gel diffusion test revealed a considerable similarity between the antigenicities of P. orbiculare and P. ovale, and little similarity between P. orbiculare andP. canis. Similar results were obtained by immunofluorescence staining with the FITC-labeled P. orbiculare antiserum. Hyphae and round spores of M. furfur in the scales and biopsy specimens from the lesions in patients with tinea versicolor revealed specific fluorescence much the same as seen in cases of P. orbiculare or P. ovale. The FITC-labeled antiserum absorbed with P. orbiculare or P. ovale failed to give a positive reaction with hyphae and round spores of M. furfur. These findings suggest a similar antigenicity among P. orbiculare, P. ovale and M. furfur.", "contents": "Immunological studies on Pityrosporum genus and Malassezia furfur. The antigenicity of Malassezia furfur from patients with tinea versicolor and 3 species of Pityrosporum was investigated using the antiserum against P. orbiculare. The Ouchterlony gel diffusion test revealed a considerable similarity between the antigenicities of P. orbiculare and P. ovale, and little similarity between P. orbiculare andP. canis. Similar results were obtained by immunofluorescence staining with the FITC-labeled P. orbiculare antiserum. Hyphae and round spores of M. furfur in the scales and biopsy specimens from the lesions in patients with tinea versicolor revealed specific fluorescence much the same as seen in cases of P. orbiculare or P. ovale. The FITC-labeled antiserum absorbed with P. orbiculare or P. ovale failed to give a positive reaction with hyphae and round spores of M. furfur. These findings suggest a similar antigenicity among P. orbiculare, P. ovale and M. furfur.", "PMID": 115927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12107", "title": "Response to therapy in an experimental rabbit model of meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "A uniformly fatal, reproducible model of experimental meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes was developed in rabbits for study of the natural progression of the disease and was used to evaluate treatment regimens. Bacterial titers in cerebrospinal fluid and pleocytosis approximated those found in humans. Therapeutic studies in vivo revealed that rifampin was less rapidly bactericidal than ampicillin or penicillin, the agents usually recommended for treatment of meningitis; that penicillin plus rifampin was no more efficacious than penicillin alone; that ampicillin demonstrated greater bactericidal activity in vivo than did penicillin; and that addition of an aminoglycoside (gentamicin) to either penicillin or ampicillin significantly enhanced their bactericidal activity in vivo. Ampicillin plus gentamicin was the most effective combination in vivo and may represent the preferred mode of therapy for listeria meningitis.", "contents": "Response to therapy in an experimental rabbit model of meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes. A uniformly fatal, reproducible model of experimental meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes was developed in rabbits for study of the natural progression of the disease and was used to evaluate treatment regimens. Bacterial titers in cerebrospinal fluid and pleocytosis approximated those found in humans. Therapeutic studies in vivo revealed that rifampin was less rapidly bactericidal than ampicillin or penicillin, the agents usually recommended for treatment of meningitis; that penicillin plus rifampin was no more efficacious than penicillin alone; that ampicillin demonstrated greater bactericidal activity in vivo than did penicillin; and that addition of an aminoglycoside (gentamicin) to either penicillin or ampicillin significantly enhanced their bactericidal activity in vivo. Ampicillin plus gentamicin was the most effective combination in vivo and may represent the preferred mode of therapy for listeria meningitis.", "PMID": 115932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12108", "title": "[An experimental study on Pseudomonas osteomyelitis with special reference to the production of experimental osteomyelitis in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "I) The author has successfully produced a model of experimental osteomyelitis caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa using the following procedure though such a demonstration has been said to be very difficult. After impregnation in a solution containing about 10(5) pseudomonas aeruginosa, 3 mm silk thread of No. 5 was dried under low-pressure atmosphere and then inserted into the metaphysis of right tibia of a mouse. This method can be produced experimental osteomyelitis in 100% of the animals. In the experimental osteomyelitis generated pathologically by this method, inoculated organisms do not transmigrate into blood, the kidney and the contralateral tibia. This may therefore be regarded as a local infection causing no death, making a long period of observation possible. In view of the X-ray and patho-histological findings, it is similar to human osteomyelitis. Furthermore, its host is a pure-bred mouse with constant elements making a league-scale experiment possible. II) This is an experimental model of osteomyelitis proved quite useful for the quantitative analysis of the effects of antibiotics, and would be a good method for evaluation of antibiotics to be developed in the future.", "contents": "[An experimental study on Pseudomonas osteomyelitis with special reference to the production of experimental osteomyelitis in mice (author's transl)]. I) The author has successfully produced a model of experimental osteomyelitis caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa using the following procedure though such a demonstration has been said to be very difficult. After impregnation in a solution containing about 10(5) pseudomonas aeruginosa, 3 mm silk thread of No. 5 was dried under low-pressure atmosphere and then inserted into the metaphysis of right tibia of a mouse. This method can be produced experimental osteomyelitis in 100% of the animals. In the experimental osteomyelitis generated pathologically by this method, inoculated organisms do not transmigrate into blood, the kidney and the contralateral tibia. This may therefore be regarded as a local infection causing no death, making a long period of observation possible. In view of the X-ray and patho-histological findings, it is similar to human osteomyelitis. Furthermore, its host is a pure-bred mouse with constant elements making a league-scale experiment possible. II) This is an experimental model of osteomyelitis proved quite useful for the quantitative analysis of the effects of antibiotics, and would be a good method for evaluation of antibiotics to be developed in the future.", "PMID": 115949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12109", "title": "Systematic multi-modal treatment of osteosarcoma, with special reference to the role of fast neutron radiotherapy.", "content": "Sixty-one patients with osteosarcoma were treated. Twenty-four of these patients were managed with our systematic multi-modal treatment. Overall survival rate was markedly improved chiefly by intensive systemic chemotherapy with multiple drugs, especially adriamycin and high dose methotrexate. Preoperative regional intra-arterial infusion of anti-tumor drugs and fast neutron radiotherapy were employed and it was suggested that fast neutron had a higher relative biological effectiveness and a greater therapeutic gain factor as compared with X-rays. Fast neutron radiotherapy can play a significant role in the very systematic treatment of osteosarcoma and is specifically useful for preservation of the affected limbs.", "contents": "Systematic multi-modal treatment of osteosarcoma, with special reference to the role of fast neutron radiotherapy. Sixty-one patients with osteosarcoma were treated. Twenty-four of these patients were managed with our systematic multi-modal treatment. Overall survival rate was markedly improved chiefly by intensive systemic chemotherapy with multiple drugs, especially adriamycin and high dose methotrexate. Preoperative regional intra-arterial infusion of anti-tumor drugs and fast neutron radiotherapy were employed and it was suggested that fast neutron had a higher relative biological effectiveness and a greater therapeutic gain factor as compared with X-rays. Fast neutron radiotherapy can play a significant role in the very systematic treatment of osteosarcoma and is specifically useful for preservation of the affected limbs.", "PMID": 115950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12110", "title": "Experimental intra-oral carcinoma.", "content": "Fundamental studies of tumour host relationships in oral cancer cases would be assisted if a suitable animal model could be found. Current concepts in the use of animal models for the study of intra-oral carcinoma are reviewed and the development of a unique transplantable tumour system which had been induced and maintained only in syngeneic animals, is recorded.", "contents": "Experimental intra-oral carcinoma. Fundamental studies of tumour host relationships in oral cancer cases would be assisted if a suitable animal model could be found. Current concepts in the use of animal models for the study of intra-oral carcinoma are reviewed and the development of a unique transplantable tumour system which had been induced and maintained only in syngeneic animals, is recorded.", "PMID": 115954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12111", "title": "Effects of methamphetamine and scopolamine on variability of response location.", "content": "Methamphetamine and scopolamine were studied in monkeys responding under a multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. A response on any one of six levers could satisfy the schedule requirements. Variability of response location was evaluated in terms of switches, where a switch was defined as a response on one lever followed by a response on a different lever. Under baseline conditions the fixed-ratio schedule generated a high rate of responding and a low level of variability, while the fixed-interval schedule generated a low rate of responding and a high level of variability. Both methamphetamine (0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg) and scopolamine (2.4 to 240 microgram/kg) decreased overall response rate and increased variability of response location in each component of the multiple schedule with increasing doses of drug. At lower doses both drugs were found to decrease rate without affecting response variability.", "contents": "Effects of methamphetamine and scopolamine on variability of response location. Methamphetamine and scopolamine were studied in monkeys responding under a multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. A response on any one of six levers could satisfy the schedule requirements. Variability of response location was evaluated in terms of switches, where a switch was defined as a response on one lever followed by a response on a different lever. Under baseline conditions the fixed-ratio schedule generated a high rate of responding and a low level of variability, while the fixed-interval schedule generated a low rate of responding and a high level of variability. Both methamphetamine (0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg) and scopolamine (2.4 to 240 microgram/kg) decreased overall response rate and increased variability of response location in each component of the multiple schedule with increasing doses of drug. At lower doses both drugs were found to decrease rate without affecting response variability.", "PMID": 115956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12112", "title": "Distinct Ir genes for helper and killer cells in the cytotoxic response to H-Y antigen.", "content": "The H-Y-specific cytotoxic T-cell response requires helper cells: cells from bone marrow chimeras B6 X CBA leads to B6, B6 X CBA leads to B10.A (5R), or B6 X CBA leads to CBA are each unable to respond to H-2k male cells. If, however, cells from B6 X CBA leads to B6 or B6 X CBA leads to B10.A (5R) chimeras are adoptively transferred together with cells from B6 X CBA leads to CBA chimeras, H-Y-specific CTL restricted to H-2k can be obtained. Thus, cells from B6 X CBA leads to B6 or B6 X CBA leads to B10.,A (5R) chimeras (restricted to the left end of the H-2b haplotype) can help CTL precursors from B6 X CBA leads to CBA chimeras (restricted to H-2k). The two classes of T cells required for the CTL response to H-Y antigen are controlled by different IR genes. All H-Y-specific CTL obtained from chimeras B6 + CBA leads to B6 X CBA were found to be of B6 origin. This suggests that CTL or their precursors must express antigens encoded in the left end of the H-2b haplotype for interaction with helper cells.", "contents": "Distinct Ir genes for helper and killer cells in the cytotoxic response to H-Y antigen. The H-Y-specific cytotoxic T-cell response requires helper cells: cells from bone marrow chimeras B6 X CBA leads to B6, B6 X CBA leads to B10.A (5R), or B6 X CBA leads to CBA are each unable to respond to H-2k male cells. If, however, cells from B6 X CBA leads to B6 or B6 X CBA leads to B10.A (5R) chimeras are adoptively transferred together with cells from B6 X CBA leads to CBA chimeras, H-Y-specific CTL restricted to H-2k can be obtained. Thus, cells from B6 X CBA leads to B6 or B6 X CBA leads to B10.,A (5R) chimeras (restricted to the left end of the H-2b haplotype) can help CTL precursors from B6 X CBA leads to CBA chimeras (restricted to H-2k). The two classes of T cells required for the CTL response to H-Y antigen are controlled by different IR genes. All H-Y-specific CTL obtained from chimeras B6 + CBA leads to B6 X CBA were found to be of B6 origin. This suggests that CTL or their precursors must express antigens encoded in the left end of the H-2b haplotype for interaction with helper cells.", "PMID": 115957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12113", "title": "The specific binding of Listeria monocytogenes-immune T lymphocytes to macrophages. I. Quantitation and role of H-2 gene products.", "content": "A system was developed to study the binding of Listeria monocytogenes-specific T cells to L. monocytogenes-pulsed macrophages as an analogue of the initial phase of T-cell activation: antigen recognition. Specific binding, demonstrable after a brief (1 h) contact, was quantitated by the depletion of L. monocytogenes-specific T-cell activity in the cells nonadherent to L. monocytogenes-pulsed macrophage monolayers. L. monocytogenes-specific T-cell function was measured by its ability to activate L. monocytogenes-pulsed macrophages, both to secrete a protein mitogenic for thymocytes and to effect nonspecific tumoricidal activity. These manifestations of T-cell function are known to be regulated by products of I region of the H-2 gene complex. Studies designed to determine the role of H-2 gene products in specific T-cell-macrophage binding have revealed the following. T cells bind specifically to syngeneic macrophages and poorly to allogeneic macrophages. The binding ability appears to map to the K end of the H-2 gene complex (K through I-E). At least two distinct populations of B6AF1 T cells with binding avidity for L. monocytogenes presented on parental macrophages can be identified. Finally, the binding of a given parental-reactive B6AF1 T-cell clone can be specifically inhibited by pretreatment of the antigen-pulsed B6AF1 binding macrophage with anti-H-2 (anti-Ia) antibodies reactive with the appropriate parental haplotype. These results strongly suggest that H-2 gene products play a direct role in mediating the specific binding of T cells to macrophages and imply that the antigen-dependent physical interaction between T cells and macrophages is the initial, and determining, event in some forms of H-2 gene control of immune reactivity.", "contents": "The specific binding of Listeria monocytogenes-immune T lymphocytes to macrophages. I. Quantitation and role of H-2 gene products. A system was developed to study the binding of Listeria monocytogenes-specific T cells to L. monocytogenes-pulsed macrophages as an analogue of the initial phase of T-cell activation: antigen recognition. Specific binding, demonstrable after a brief (1 h) contact, was quantitated by the depletion of L. monocytogenes-specific T-cell activity in the cells nonadherent to L. monocytogenes-pulsed macrophage monolayers. L. monocytogenes-specific T-cell function was measured by its ability to activate L. monocytogenes-pulsed macrophages, both to secrete a protein mitogenic for thymocytes and to effect nonspecific tumoricidal activity. These manifestations of T-cell function are known to be regulated by products of I region of the H-2 gene complex. Studies designed to determine the role of H-2 gene products in specific T-cell-macrophage binding have revealed the following. T cells bind specifically to syngeneic macrophages and poorly to allogeneic macrophages. The binding ability appears to map to the K end of the H-2 gene complex (K through I-E). At least two distinct populations of B6AF1 T cells with binding avidity for L. monocytogenes presented on parental macrophages can be identified. Finally, the binding of a given parental-reactive B6AF1 T-cell clone can be specifically inhibited by pretreatment of the antigen-pulsed B6AF1 binding macrophage with anti-H-2 (anti-Ia) antibodies reactive with the appropriate parental haplotype. These results strongly suggest that H-2 gene products play a direct role in mediating the specific binding of T cells to macrophages and imply that the antigen-dependent physical interaction between T cells and macrophages is the initial, and determining, event in some forms of H-2 gene control of immune reactivity.", "PMID": 115958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12114", "title": "Patterns of virus-immune T-cell responsiveness. Comparison of (H-2k X H-2b) leads to H-2b radiation chimeras and negatively selected H-2b lymphocytes.", "content": "Negatively selected H-2K(b)D(b) TDL can be induced to respond strongly to vaccinia virus presented in the context of both H-2K(k) and H-2D(b) when stimulated in irradiated H-2K(k)D(b) recipients. Addition of excess (H- 2K(k)D(b) x H-2K(b)D(b))F1 TDL, which are low responders to H-2D(b)-vaccinia virus, does not obviously suppress the reactivity pattern of the H-2K(b)D(b) T cells. However, lymphocytes from chimeras made by reconstituting H- 2K(b)D(b) mice with (H-2K(k)D(k) x H-2K(b)D(b))F(l) bone marrow cells make little, if any, cytotoxic T-cell response to vaccinia virus when sensitized in H-2K(k)D(b) recipients. We have thus documented one instance where the responder phenotype of T ceils from an F(l) {arrow} parent chimera is not equivalent to that associated with the H-2 type of the parental thymus. Lymphocytes from both the chimera and the H-2K(b)D(b) parent (after negative selection) are tolerant to the H-2K(k) and I-A(k) alloantigens encountered in the recipient, but the chimera T cells are also defective in their response to a neoantigen (vaccinia virus) presented in the context of H-2K(k) which the parental T cells invariably recognize. It is thus possible that at least part of the phenomenology associated with the F(l) {arrow} parent radiation chimeras reflects deletion of repertoire in the context of H-2 antigens present during thymocyte ontogeny on other than radiation-resistant thymic epithelium.", "contents": "Patterns of virus-immune T-cell responsiveness. Comparison of (H-2k X H-2b) leads to H-2b radiation chimeras and negatively selected H-2b lymphocytes. Negatively selected H-2K(b)D(b) TDL can be induced to respond strongly to vaccinia virus presented in the context of both H-2K(k) and H-2D(b) when stimulated in irradiated H-2K(k)D(b) recipients. Addition of excess (H- 2K(k)D(b) x H-2K(b)D(b))F1 TDL, which are low responders to H-2D(b)-vaccinia virus, does not obviously suppress the reactivity pattern of the H-2K(b)D(b) T cells. However, lymphocytes from chimeras made by reconstituting H- 2K(b)D(b) mice with (H-2K(k)D(k) x H-2K(b)D(b))F(l) bone marrow cells make little, if any, cytotoxic T-cell response to vaccinia virus when sensitized in H-2K(k)D(b) recipients. We have thus documented one instance where the responder phenotype of T ceils from an F(l) {arrow} parent chimera is not equivalent to that associated with the H-2 type of the parental thymus. Lymphocytes from both the chimera and the H-2K(b)D(b) parent (after negative selection) are tolerant to the H-2K(k) and I-A(k) alloantigens encountered in the recipient, but the chimera T cells are also defective in their response to a neoantigen (vaccinia virus) presented in the context of H-2K(k) which the parental T cells invariably recognize. It is thus possible that at least part of the phenomenology associated with the F(l) {arrow} parent radiation chimeras reflects deletion of repertoire in the context of H-2 antigens present during thymocyte ontogeny on other than radiation-resistant thymic epithelium.", "PMID": 115959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12115", "title": "Ir gene controlled carrier effects in the induction and elicitation of hapten-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity responses.", "content": "The genetic requirements of carrier recognition were examined in the priming and elicitation of hapten specific, T-cell mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. It was shown that nitrophenyl acetyl-poly-(L-glu56-L-lys35-L-phe9) (NP-GLO) could prime for NP responses only in strains of mice which are Ir gene responders to GLO. In contrast to this requirement, NO-GLO could elicit an NP-specific response in NP-bovine gamma globulin primed mice, even in GLO nonresponder strains. Furthermore, the nonimmunogenic molecule, NP-GL, could elicit an NP-specific DTH response in animals primed with NP on an immunogenic carrier.", "contents": "Ir gene controlled carrier effects in the induction and elicitation of hapten-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. The genetic requirements of carrier recognition were examined in the priming and elicitation of hapten specific, T-cell mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. It was shown that nitrophenyl acetyl-poly-(L-glu56-L-lys35-L-phe9) (NP-GLO) could prime for NP responses only in strains of mice which are Ir gene responders to GLO. In contrast to this requirement, NO-GLO could elicit an NP-specific response in NP-bovine gamma globulin primed mice, even in GLO nonresponder strains. Furthermore, the nonimmunogenic molecule, NP-GL, could elicit an NP-specific DTH response in animals primed with NP on an immunogenic carrier.", "PMID": 115960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12116", "title": "Protein synthesis in Bunyamwera virus-infected cells.", "content": "In Vero cells infected with Bunyamwera virus there is a rapid inhibition of cell RNA and protein synthesis to levels of 30 and 3% respectively of the control rate, both the rate of inhibition and the time lag before its initiation being multiplicity dependent. Using u.v.-irradiated virus, investigation of the mechanism of inhibition of host cell protein synthesis indicates that synthesis of new virus components is required for inhibition to occur. Quantitative comparison of the proteins synthesized in infected cells shows that at higher m.o.i. synthesis of virus, as well as cellular proteins, is inhibited. Bunyamwera virus-infected Vero cells synthesized three virus-specific proteins identified as the structural virion proteins. Nucleoprotein is synthesized predominantly early in infection while the major envelope glycoprotein and the minor glycoprotein are synthesized predominantly late in the infection cycle.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in Bunyamwera virus-infected cells. In Vero cells infected with Bunyamwera virus there is a rapid inhibition of cell RNA and protein synthesis to levels of 30 and 3% respectively of the control rate, both the rate of inhibition and the time lag before its initiation being multiplicity dependent. Using u.v.-irradiated virus, investigation of the mechanism of inhibition of host cell protein synthesis indicates that synthesis of new virus components is required for inhibition to occur. Quantitative comparison of the proteins synthesized in infected cells shows that at higher m.o.i. synthesis of virus, as well as cellular proteins, is inhibited. Bunyamwera virus-infected Vero cells synthesized three virus-specific proteins identified as the structural virion proteins. Nucleoprotein is synthesized predominantly early in infection while the major envelope glycoprotein and the minor glycoprotein are synthesized predominantly late in the infection cycle.", "PMID": 115963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12117", "title": "An ethological perspective on social behavior in long stay hospitalized psychiatric patients.", "content": "Ethological methods were employed to gather normative data on social behavior in long stay male inpatients in the ward environment. Most were diagnosed schizophrenic. Social bheavior was categorized into four main types: altruistic, assertive, cigarette, and verbal. Patients (N = 24) were divided into three groups on the basis of the amount of social interaction (top, middle, and bottom thirds of the interactional scale). With the use of these divisions, results indicated: a) marked variability between thirds in the amount of social behavior exhibited; b) differences in the kinds of social behavior utlized by each third--the top was predominantly verbal whereas the middle and bottom were predominantly nonverbal; c) differences in the modes of interaction between thirds--verbal behavior characterized interactions between the top and top, and top and bottom, whereas assertive behavior characterized interactions between the top and middle, middle and middle, middle and bottom, and bottom and bottom; and d) correlative relationships between various social and nonsocial parameters, the most noteworthy including the positive relationship between head up, eyes open, and high rate of social interaction, and the positive relationships between altruistic, cigarette, and verbal behavior. Discussion focused on issues of variability between patients, stability of behaviors over time, behaviors indicative of bonding and social attentiveness, profiles of behavior characteristic of each third of the interactional scale, and the ethological constructs of dominance and attention structure.", "contents": "An ethological perspective on social behavior in long stay hospitalized psychiatric patients. Ethological methods were employed to gather normative data on social behavior in long stay male inpatients in the ward environment. Most were diagnosed schizophrenic. Social bheavior was categorized into four main types: altruistic, assertive, cigarette, and verbal. Patients (N = 24) were divided into three groups on the basis of the amount of social interaction (top, middle, and bottom thirds of the interactional scale). With the use of these divisions, results indicated: a) marked variability between thirds in the amount of social behavior exhibited; b) differences in the kinds of social behavior utlized by each third--the top was predominantly verbal whereas the middle and bottom were predominantly nonverbal; c) differences in the modes of interaction between thirds--verbal behavior characterized interactions between the top and top, and top and bottom, whereas assertive behavior characterized interactions between the top and middle, middle and middle, middle and bottom, and bottom and bottom; and d) correlative relationships between various social and nonsocial parameters, the most noteworthy including the positive relationship between head up, eyes open, and high rate of social interaction, and the positive relationships between altruistic, cigarette, and verbal behavior. Discussion focused on issues of variability between patients, stability of behaviors over time, behaviors indicative of bonding and social attentiveness, profiles of behavior characteristic of each third of the interactional scale, and the ethological constructs of dominance and attention structure.", "PMID": 115964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12118", "title": "An ethological analysis of long stay hospitalized psychiatric patients. Senders and receivers in social interaction.", "content": "Ethological methods were employed to monitor social interaction among 24 long stay male patients on a psychiatric ward. Most were diagnosed as schizophrenic. Analysis was made using four molar behavioral groupings: assertive, altruistic, cigarette, and verbal. Within each grouping social behavior was divided into two categories: sending and receiving. Patients were ranked in an interactional scale and divided into three groups on the basis of the amount of social interaction: top, middle, and bottom third. Results showed that individuals in the top third tended to be senders of social behavior, whereas individuals in the middle and bottom thirds tended to be receivers. Individuals in the middle received relatively large amounts of assertive behavior. In addition, correlative relationships indicated positive associations between send and receive verbal and send and receive cigarette. No associatiociation existed between send and receive verbal and send and receive assertive. Findings are discussed in terms of a) sending and receiving profiles characteristic of each third of the interactional scale; b) the value of dividing social behavior into components of sending and receiving; and c) the role assertive behavior plays in the social organization of hospitalized groups.", "contents": "An ethological analysis of long stay hospitalized psychiatric patients. Senders and receivers in social interaction. Ethological methods were employed to monitor social interaction among 24 long stay male patients on a psychiatric ward. Most were diagnosed as schizophrenic. Analysis was made using four molar behavioral groupings: assertive, altruistic, cigarette, and verbal. Within each grouping social behavior was divided into two categories: sending and receiving. Patients were ranked in an interactional scale and divided into three groups on the basis of the amount of social interaction: top, middle, and bottom third. Results showed that individuals in the top third tended to be senders of social behavior, whereas individuals in the middle and bottom thirds tended to be receivers. Individuals in the middle received relatively large amounts of assertive behavior. In addition, correlative relationships indicated positive associations between send and receive verbal and send and receive cigarette. No associatiociation existed between send and receive verbal and send and receive assertive. Findings are discussed in terms of a) sending and receiving profiles characteristic of each third of the interactional scale; b) the value of dividing social behavior into components of sending and receiving; and c) the role assertive behavior plays in the social organization of hospitalized groups.", "PMID": 115965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12119", "title": "Lyophilised dura mater: experimental implantation and extended clinical neurosurgical use.", "content": "The historical development of dural substitutes and the process of regeneration of dura mater are reviewed. Lyophilised human cadaver dura mater has been implanted intracranially in baboons and the graft shown to be incorporated with vascularisation but with ossification. In the human, lyophilised dura mater used as a dural substitute also becomes a viable tissue but without ossification. A retrospective study of its use in 100 neurosurgical patients showed a low complication rate and it is suggested that there are occasions when the ready availability of lyophilised dura mater, without the need for a further incision, makes it the dural substitute of choice.", "contents": "Lyophilised dura mater: experimental implantation and extended clinical neurosurgical use. The historical development of dural substitutes and the process of regeneration of dura mater are reviewed. Lyophilised human cadaver dura mater has been implanted intracranially in baboons and the graft shown to be incorporated with vascularisation but with ossification. In the human, lyophilised dura mater used as a dural substitute also becomes a viable tissue but without ossification. A retrospective study of its use in 100 neurosurgical patients showed a low complication rate and it is suggested that there are occasions when the ready availability of lyophilised dura mater, without the need for a further incision, makes it the dural substitute of choice.", "PMID": 115967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12120", "title": "Luxotonic responses of units in macaque striate cortex.", "content": "1. Single units in striate cortex were studied in alert macaques while they viewed a ganzfeld. Of the 385 well-isolated units studied for 10 min to 2 h, 24% gave \"luxotonic\" responses, i.e., their rate of discharge for 1 min or more in diffuse, featureless, wideangle illumination (20-450 cd/m2) was at least double that during a comparable period in darkness, or vice versa, and not attributable to eye movements of blinking. Those discharging faster in the light, \"photergic\" units, outnumber those responding to darkness, \"scotergic\" units 1 by 4:1. 2. In the lateral geniculate nucleus, on the other hand, among 46 units studied, 28% were luxotonic, but scotergic units were the more common. Both types were present in both magno- and parvocellular laminae. 3. For striate cortex two-thirds of the luxotonic units were binocular. Some showed highly similar response for either eye alone, and essentially no summation binocularly; others had grossly differing responses from each eye, and complex binocular interaction. 4. Many units of all types at striate cortex showed significant modulation of their activity consequent to saccadic eye movements made in darkness, whereas comparable modulation was not observed at the lateral geniculate nucleus. 5. On the basis of these and other findings it is concluded that luxotonic cortical activity is prominent probably only in alert primates, and that this is a consequence of the fact that all retinal ganglion cells in primates synapse in the lateral geniculate nucleus (Ref. 9). Possible functions range from mere trophic input to providing a veridical image or a scaling factor for maintenance of perceptual constancy in the face of varying levels of general illumination.", "contents": "Luxotonic responses of units in macaque striate cortex. 1. Single units in striate cortex were studied in alert macaques while they viewed a ganzfeld. Of the 385 well-isolated units studied for 10 min to 2 h, 24% gave \"luxotonic\" responses, i.e., their rate of discharge for 1 min or more in diffuse, featureless, wideangle illumination (20-450 cd/m2) was at least double that during a comparable period in darkness, or vice versa, and not attributable to eye movements of blinking. Those discharging faster in the light, \"photergic\" units, outnumber those responding to darkness, \"scotergic\" units 1 by 4:1. 2. In the lateral geniculate nucleus, on the other hand, among 46 units studied, 28% were luxotonic, but scotergic units were the more common. Both types were present in both magno- and parvocellular laminae. 3. For striate cortex two-thirds of the luxotonic units were binocular. Some showed highly similar response for either eye alone, and essentially no summation binocularly; others had grossly differing responses from each eye, and complex binocular interaction. 4. Many units of all types at striate cortex showed significant modulation of their activity consequent to saccadic eye movements made in darkness, whereas comparable modulation was not observed at the lateral geniculate nucleus. 5. On the basis of these and other findings it is concluded that luxotonic cortical activity is prominent probably only in alert primates, and that this is a consequence of the fact that all retinal ganglion cells in primates synapse in the lateral geniculate nucleus (Ref. 9). Possible functions range from mere trophic input to providing a veridical image or a scaling factor for maintenance of perceptual constancy in the face of varying levels of general illumination.", "PMID": 115968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12121", "title": "Experimental delayed radiation necrosis of the brain. Part 1: Effect of early dexamethasone treatment.", "content": "The authors have designed an experiment to detect a hitherto unrecognized interaction between high doses of the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, and brain irradiation. Eighteen juvenile male rhesus monkeys received 1800 rads to the whole brain in 8.5 minutes. For 1 1/2 days before and 10 1/2 days after the irradiation, nine animals received approximately 2.9 mg/kg/day of dexamethasone intramuscularly in addition to irradiation, while the remaining nine animals served as the control group and received saline. All animals eventually developed a progressive neurological syndrome, and died of delayed radiation necrosis of the brain. The two groups were compared with regard to latency to onset of clinical signs, survival time, and number, distribution, and location of lesions of radionecrosis. Large doses of desamethasone did not alter the susceptibility of the primate brain to delayed radiation necrosis. Detailed morphological study of the radionecrotic lesions supports the hypothesis that most, if not all, of the lesions develop as the consequence of injury to blood vessels.", "contents": "Experimental delayed radiation necrosis of the brain. Part 1: Effect of early dexamethasone treatment. The authors have designed an experiment to detect a hitherto unrecognized interaction between high doses of the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, and brain irradiation. Eighteen juvenile male rhesus monkeys received 1800 rads to the whole brain in 8.5 minutes. For 1 1/2 days before and 10 1/2 days after the irradiation, nine animals received approximately 2.9 mg/kg/day of dexamethasone intramuscularly in addition to irradiation, while the remaining nine animals served as the control group and received saline. All animals eventually developed a progressive neurological syndrome, and died of delayed radiation necrosis of the brain. The two groups were compared with regard to latency to onset of clinical signs, survival time, and number, distribution, and location of lesions of radionecrosis. Large doses of desamethasone did not alter the susceptibility of the primate brain to delayed radiation necrosis. Detailed morphological study of the radionecrotic lesions supports the hypothesis that most, if not all, of the lesions develop as the consequence of injury to blood vessels.", "PMID": 115970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12122", "title": "Experimental acute balloon compression of the spinal cord. Factors affecting disappearance and return of the spinal evoked response.", "content": "Acute balloon compression of the thoracic spinal cord for 15, 7, 5, 3, and 1 minute in monkeys caused immediate disappearance of the spinal evoked response and complete focal ischemia of the compressed segment in all animals. Only the animals in the 1-minute group, however, demonstrated return of the evoked response. These data, coupled with data from previous experiments of slow balloon compression of the spinal cord and spinal cord ischemia, suggest that the major pathological substrate for neural dysfunction after balloon compression of the spinal cord, be it acute or slow, is physical injury of the neural membrane, irrespective of blood flow changes. These findings also suggest that the ability of that membrane to recover is related to rapidity and length of time of compression. Focal changes in blood flow do not appear to be significant in this mechanism.", "contents": "Experimental acute balloon compression of the spinal cord. Factors affecting disappearance and return of the spinal evoked response. Acute balloon compression of the thoracic spinal cord for 15, 7, 5, 3, and 1 minute in monkeys caused immediate disappearance of the spinal evoked response and complete focal ischemia of the compressed segment in all animals. Only the animals in the 1-minute group, however, demonstrated return of the evoked response. These data, coupled with data from previous experiments of slow balloon compression of the spinal cord and spinal cord ischemia, suggest that the major pathological substrate for neural dysfunction after balloon compression of the spinal cord, be it acute or slow, is physical injury of the neural membrane, irrespective of blood flow changes. These findings also suggest that the ability of that membrane to recover is related to rapidity and length of time of compression. Focal changes in blood flow do not appear to be significant in this mechanism.", "PMID": 115971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12123", "title": "The effect of early postnatal acquired malnutrition on intestinal growth, disaccharidases and enterokinase.", "content": "The effect of undernutrition on rat small intestine during the critical newborn period was studied. A severe state of protein-energy malnutrition was induced by litter expansion which caused the mean total body weight of experimentally malnourished rats to diminish significantly as compared to control animals. Intestinal weight and total DNA were similarly diminished in the malnourished rats. DNA and protein expressed per gram wet tissue showed no significant differences between groups. Retarded intestinal growth in the malnourished animals was the result of reduced cell number. The mean specific activities of sucrase and maltase were diminished in the experimental group, with mean activities being 20 to 50% of controls, respectively. These differences were larger when expressed as total organ activities. On the other hand, specific lactase activity was significantly higher in undernourished rats but total lactase activity per organ was similar in both groups. Enterokinase specific activity or total organ activity was significantly higher in the undernourished rats.", "contents": "The effect of early postnatal acquired malnutrition on intestinal growth, disaccharidases and enterokinase. The effect of undernutrition on rat small intestine during the critical newborn period was studied. A severe state of protein-energy malnutrition was induced by litter expansion which caused the mean total body weight of experimentally malnourished rats to diminish significantly as compared to control animals. Intestinal weight and total DNA were similarly diminished in the malnourished rats. DNA and protein expressed per gram wet tissue showed no significant differences between groups. Retarded intestinal growth in the malnourished animals was the result of reduced cell number. The mean specific activities of sucrase and maltase were diminished in the experimental group, with mean activities being 20 to 50% of controls, respectively. These differences were larger when expressed as total organ activities. On the other hand, specific lactase activity was significantly higher in undernourished rats but total lactase activity per organ was similar in both groups. Enterokinase specific activity or total organ activity was significantly higher in the undernourished rats.", "PMID": 115973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12124", "title": "Long-term effects of early undernutrition and environmental stimulation on learning performance of adult rats.", "content": "Early undernutrition was achieved in rats by increasing litter size; the undernourished groups were reared from birth to 21 days in litters of 18 pups per dam and the control groups in litters of six pups per dam. Each of these groups was divided at weaning into two sub-groups: previously undernourished, stimulated (PUS+) and non-stimulated (PUS-); and control, stimulated (CS+) and non-stimulated (CS-). From weaning, all animals were fed ad libitum. Environmental manipulation began at weaning and lasted 11 weeks. \"Stimulated\" rats were maintained in colonies of three per cage, were handled for 5 minutes each day and allowed to explore a \"stimulation chamber\" for 30 minutes. All groups were tested in a Hebb-Williams maze at 100 approximately 10 days of age. The nutritional treatment did not impair Hebb-Williams performance, and environmental stimulation improved the learning performance both in control and previously undernourished groups. Neither nutritional nor stimulation treatment affected intraproblem learning. Total DNA and cholesterol were reduced in forebrain and cerebellum in undernourished rats. Brain stem was the region of the CNS least affected by early undernutrition. Environmental manipulation did not modify neurochemical parameters.", "contents": "Long-term effects of early undernutrition and environmental stimulation on learning performance of adult rats. Early undernutrition was achieved in rats by increasing litter size; the undernourished groups were reared from birth to 21 days in litters of 18 pups per dam and the control groups in litters of six pups per dam. Each of these groups was divided at weaning into two sub-groups: previously undernourished, stimulated (PUS+) and non-stimulated (PUS-); and control, stimulated (CS+) and non-stimulated (CS-). From weaning, all animals were fed ad libitum. Environmental manipulation began at weaning and lasted 11 weeks. \"Stimulated\" rats were maintained in colonies of three per cage, were handled for 5 minutes each day and allowed to explore a \"stimulation chamber\" for 30 minutes. All groups were tested in a Hebb-Williams maze at 100 approximately 10 days of age. The nutritional treatment did not impair Hebb-Williams performance, and environmental stimulation improved the learning performance both in control and previously undernourished groups. Neither nutritional nor stimulation treatment affected intraproblem learning. Total DNA and cholesterol were reduced in forebrain and cerebellum in undernourished rats. Brain stem was the region of the CNS least affected by early undernutrition. Environmental manipulation did not modify neurochemical parameters.", "PMID": 115974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12125", "title": "Effects of low dietary protein concentration and energy deprivation on lymphocyte transformation in melanoma-bearing mice.", "content": "Temporal changes in lymphocyte blastogenesis were studied using spleen cells from syngeneic melanoma-bearing and control mice fed various levels of purified diets containing 6, 10 or 30% casein. T-cell blastogenesis was stimulated by the presence of the tumor and these responses changed with the duration of feeding. In addition, protein concentration did not affect T-cell transformation but the level of energy intake influenced concanavalin A induced DNA synthesis. In contrast, the growing melanoma did not influence B-cell transformation whereas a very low level of dietary protein, a low level of energy intake and duration of the dietary manipulation influenced these cells. Tumor weights were generally not affected by the diet except in mice receiving a very low level of energy intake. Thus, we have found that B-cell responses were affected more than those of T-cells and that moderate protein deficiency did not enhance cellular immune responses in syngeneic tumor-bearing and control mice.", "contents": "Effects of low dietary protein concentration and energy deprivation on lymphocyte transformation in melanoma-bearing mice. Temporal changes in lymphocyte blastogenesis were studied using spleen cells from syngeneic melanoma-bearing and control mice fed various levels of purified diets containing 6, 10 or 30% casein. T-cell blastogenesis was stimulated by the presence of the tumor and these responses changed with the duration of feeding. In addition, protein concentration did not affect T-cell transformation but the level of energy intake influenced concanavalin A induced DNA synthesis. In contrast, the growing melanoma did not influence B-cell transformation whereas a very low level of dietary protein, a low level of energy intake and duration of the dietary manipulation influenced these cells. Tumor weights were generally not affected by the diet except in mice receiving a very low level of energy intake. Thus, we have found that B-cell responses were affected more than those of T-cells and that moderate protein deficiency did not enhance cellular immune responses in syngeneic tumor-bearing and control mice.", "PMID": 115975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12126", "title": "Production and metabolism of thyroid hormones in protein-deficient and food-restricted pregnant rats.", "content": "Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in the plasma and their metabolic clearance and production rates were studied in pregnant protein-deficient and food-restricted rats on the 20th day of gestation. Total T3 levels in the plasma were significantly reduced in malnourished dams, with those of food-restricted dams being consistently lower than those of protein-deficient dams. There were no changes in plasma total T4 concentrations as a result of dietary treatment. Unbound T4 and T3 in the plasma were significantly reduced in both protein-deficient and food-restricted dams. Maternal protein deficiency significantly lowered fetal T4, whereras food restriction caused an elevation. Metabolic clearance rates of T3 and T4 and production rate of T4 were unaffected by diet, while the production rate of T3 was significantly increased in protein deficient dams. Thyroxine to triiodothyronine ratios in malnourished dams were elevated suggesting depressed peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. Alternative factors which may lead to these effects are discussed.", "contents": "Production and metabolism of thyroid hormones in protein-deficient and food-restricted pregnant rats. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in the plasma and their metabolic clearance and production rates were studied in pregnant protein-deficient and food-restricted rats on the 20th day of gestation. Total T3 levels in the plasma were significantly reduced in malnourished dams, with those of food-restricted dams being consistently lower than those of protein-deficient dams. There were no changes in plasma total T4 concentrations as a result of dietary treatment. Unbound T4 and T3 in the plasma were significantly reduced in both protein-deficient and food-restricted dams. Maternal protein deficiency significantly lowered fetal T4, whereras food restriction caused an elevation. Metabolic clearance rates of T3 and T4 and production rate of T4 were unaffected by diet, while the production rate of T3 was significantly increased in protein deficient dams. Thyroxine to triiodothyronine ratios in malnourished dams were elevated suggesting depressed peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. Alternative factors which may lead to these effects are discussed.", "PMID": 115976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12127", "title": "Effect of maternal protein and/or energy deficiency during pregnancy on catecholamines and serotonin in fetal rat brain.", "content": "An investigation was made of the effect of maternal protein and/or energy deficiency during pregnancy on developmental changes in the levels of catecholamines and serotonin in fetal brain. Pregnant rats were fed on a 20%, 6% or 0% casein diet from day 1 of pregnancy to the day of autopsy (day 18, 20 or 22 of pregnancy). In the control group, the catecholamine content of the brain increased during pregnancy, being 21 ng on day 18, 48 ng on day 20 and 52 ng on day 22. A similar increase was found in the group on a 6% casein diet. In contrast, with complete protein deprivation there was no developmental increase in catecholamine. A slight increase in serotonin and a marked increase in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid occurred during late pregnancy, irrespective of the maternal diet. At term, the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine and the tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the forebrain, cerebellum and brain stem of the fetuses in the group on a 0% casein diet were significantly less than those in the groups on 20% and 6% casein diets. The free tyrosine concentrations (mumol/g) in the brain of fetuses in the groups on 20%, 6% and 0% casein diets were 0.701, 0.213 and 0.661, respectively. From the above results it is concluded that the low catecholamine content of the brain in fetuses in the group on a 0% casein diet was due to disturbance of the system for catecholamine synthesis, rather than to deficiency of precursors.", "contents": "Effect of maternal protein and/or energy deficiency during pregnancy on catecholamines and serotonin in fetal rat brain. An investigation was made of the effect of maternal protein and/or energy deficiency during pregnancy on developmental changes in the levels of catecholamines and serotonin in fetal brain. Pregnant rats were fed on a 20%, 6% or 0% casein diet from day 1 of pregnancy to the day of autopsy (day 18, 20 or 22 of pregnancy). In the control group, the catecholamine content of the brain increased during pregnancy, being 21 ng on day 18, 48 ng on day 20 and 52 ng on day 22. A similar increase was found in the group on a 6% casein diet. In contrast, with complete protein deprivation there was no developmental increase in catecholamine. A slight increase in serotonin and a marked increase in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid occurred during late pregnancy, irrespective of the maternal diet. At term, the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine and the tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the forebrain, cerebellum and brain stem of the fetuses in the group on a 0% casein diet were significantly less than those in the groups on 20% and 6% casein diets. The free tyrosine concentrations (mumol/g) in the brain of fetuses in the groups on 20%, 6% and 0% casein diets were 0.701, 0.213 and 0.661, respectively. From the above results it is concluded that the low catecholamine content of the brain in fetuses in the group on a 0% casein diet was due to disturbance of the system for catecholamine synthesis, rather than to deficiency of precursors.", "PMID": 115977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12128", "title": "The effect on bone repair of aspirin cones placed in extraction sockets in dogs: a histopathologic study.", "content": "Four canines of eight 2-year-old dogs were extracted surgically, a mucoperiosteal flap being raised. A standardized pair of the post-extraction cavities were filled with three aspirin cones, the other pair being used as controls. The flaps were sutured with surgical gut. The dogs were killed at intervals of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks; bone blocks including the cavities were resected and decalcified for histologic examination; serial sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosisin. Microscopic observation on 2 week samples showed an inflammatory response with granulation tissue in both experimental and control cavities with delayed bone apposition in cavities filled with aspirin cones. The 4, 6 and 8 week samples did not show any major difference between the experimental and control cavities. We observed a decrease in infiltrating of cells followed in both by a similarly increasing amount of fibrous tissue and bone remodeling. These results were due perhaps to the details of the experimental method as the suture allowed aspirin to stay in the cavities for only a short time (2--3 days), as occurs in clinical practice.", "contents": "The effect on bone repair of aspirin cones placed in extraction sockets in dogs: a histopathologic study. Four canines of eight 2-year-old dogs were extracted surgically, a mucoperiosteal flap being raised. A standardized pair of the post-extraction cavities were filled with three aspirin cones, the other pair being used as controls. The flaps were sutured with surgical gut. The dogs were killed at intervals of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks; bone blocks including the cavities were resected and decalcified for histologic examination; serial sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosisin. Microscopic observation on 2 week samples showed an inflammatory response with granulation tissue in both experimental and control cavities with delayed bone apposition in cavities filled with aspirin cones. The 4, 6 and 8 week samples did not show any major difference between the experimental and control cavities. We observed a decrease in infiltrating of cells followed in both by a similarly increasing amount of fibrous tissue and bone remodeling. These results were due perhaps to the details of the experimental method as the suture allowed aspirin to stay in the cavities for only a short time (2--3 days), as occurs in clinical practice.", "PMID": 115978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12129", "title": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia in rabbit oral mucosa.", "content": "Several papules on the floor of the mouth and the ventral surface of the tongue of a zinc-deficient rabbit were studied by light and electron microscopy. These papules appeared to be consistent with focal epithelial hyperplasia of man and chimpanzees. There was a concurrence of cytoplasmic vacuolization with the appearance of viral particles within the nucleus. Intranuclear crystalline viral aggregates were frequently observed in the upper spinous cells.", "contents": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia in rabbit oral mucosa. Several papules on the floor of the mouth and the ventral surface of the tongue of a zinc-deficient rabbit were studied by light and electron microscopy. These papules appeared to be consistent with focal epithelial hyperplasia of man and chimpanzees. There was a concurrence of cytoplasmic vacuolization with the appearance of viral particles within the nucleus. Intranuclear crystalline viral aggregates were frequently observed in the upper spinous cells.", "PMID": 115979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12130", "title": "Relationships among fluoride concentration in enamel, degree of fluorosis and caries incidence in a community residing in a high fluoride area.", "content": "The caries inhibitory effect of optimally fluoridated drinking water is well documented. Communities are often exposed to naturally fluoridated water with F content exceeding the optimal level. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between enamel fluoride, degree of fluorosis (DEGF) and caries incidence (DMFT) in an endemic fluoride area. Eighty-five 14- to 16-year-old children (37 males and 48 females) who were born and had been living continually in the town of Kenhardt in South Africa were selected for this study. The fluoride content of the common water supply is 3.2 ppm F. The DMFT and DEGF were determined clinically. Acid etch biopsies were carried out on both maxillary central incisors of each subject. Ca and F analysis were carried out and mass enamel expressed in microgram and mass F in pg. Data transformations to loge mass F (1nF), loge mass En (1nEn) and square root DMFT were made. The 1nF values were corrected to a standardized depth of 10 micrometer (208.6 microgram enamel equivalent mass) by covariance analysis. Correlations between the parameters square root DMFT, 1nF ad DEGF were calculated, adjusting for the sex of the individual. The correlations were as follows: (formula: see text). A positive association among the three parameters was established.", "contents": "Relationships among fluoride concentration in enamel, degree of fluorosis and caries incidence in a community residing in a high fluoride area. The caries inhibitory effect of optimally fluoridated drinking water is well documented. Communities are often exposed to naturally fluoridated water with F content exceeding the optimal level. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between enamel fluoride, degree of fluorosis (DEGF) and caries incidence (DMFT) in an endemic fluoride area. Eighty-five 14- to 16-year-old children (37 males and 48 females) who were born and had been living continually in the town of Kenhardt in South Africa were selected for this study. The fluoride content of the common water supply is 3.2 ppm F. The DMFT and DEGF were determined clinically. Acid etch biopsies were carried out on both maxillary central incisors of each subject. Ca and F analysis were carried out and mass enamel expressed in microgram and mass F in pg. Data transformations to loge mass F (1nF), loge mass En (1nEn) and square root DMFT were made. The 1nF values were corrected to a standardized depth of 10 micrometer (208.6 microgram enamel equivalent mass) by covariance analysis. Correlations between the parameters square root DMFT, 1nF ad DEGF were calculated, adjusting for the sex of the individual. The correlations were as follows: (formula: see text). A positive association among the three parameters was established.", "PMID": 115980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12131", "title": "Cryosurgery of major and minor salivary gland: a light microscopic evaluation in the Rhesus monkey.", "content": "The minor salivary glands in the hard palate and the submandibular gland of the Rhesus monkey were subjected to a liquid nitrogen, direct-spray, one-cycle freeze. A 4-min freeze in the temperature range of -40 degrees C to -60 degrees C was used. The extent of tissue destruction was determined at intervals up to 1 year. Clinically relevant findings resulted and form the basis for subsequent studies by this group of investigators.", "contents": "Cryosurgery of major and minor salivary gland: a light microscopic evaluation in the Rhesus monkey. The minor salivary glands in the hard palate and the submandibular gland of the Rhesus monkey were subjected to a liquid nitrogen, direct-spray, one-cycle freeze. A 4-min freeze in the temperature range of -40 degrees C to -60 degrees C was used. The extent of tissue destruction was determined at intervals up to 1 year. Clinically relevant findings resulted and form the basis for subsequent studies by this group of investigators.", "PMID": 115981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12132", "title": "Plasma carnitine levels during intravenous feeding of the neonate.", "content": "The premature infant has a limited capacity for fatty acid oxidation. This study shows that solutions commonly used for intravenous feedings in the newborn infant contain no carnitine. Infants maintained on this solution have significantly lower total, free, and acylcarnitine levels as compared to when they are fed orally with expressed human milk or a proprietary formula, which is known to contain carnitine. The exogenous supply of carnitine to the premature infant may have a significant influence on the ability to stimulate optimal fatty acid oxidation.", "contents": "Plasma carnitine levels during intravenous feeding of the neonate. The premature infant has a limited capacity for fatty acid oxidation. This study shows that solutions commonly used for intravenous feedings in the newborn infant contain no carnitine. Infants maintained on this solution have significantly lower total, free, and acylcarnitine levels as compared to when they are fed orally with expressed human milk or a proprietary formula, which is known to contain carnitine. The exogenous supply of carnitine to the premature infant may have a significant influence on the ability to stimulate optimal fatty acid oxidation.", "PMID": 115982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12133", "title": "Specific and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of glyburide.", "content": "A specific and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the rapid determination of intact glyburide in dog serum. With butylparaben as an internal standard, 1 ml of acid-buffered serum was extracted with toluene and an aliquot of the toluene was evaporated to dryness. The redissolved residue was chromatographed on a microparticulate reversed-phase column, and quantitation was achieved by monitoring the UV absorbance of the eluate at 228 nm. The response was linear, and the lower detection limit was approximately 20 ng/ml. Assay precision, as estimated by analyzing replicate samples of a laboratory standard, was better than 6% (CV). The utility of the analytical methodology for the determination of this highly potent sulfonylurea in pharmacokinetic studies in the dog was demonstrated.", "contents": "Specific and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of glyburide. A specific and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the rapid determination of intact glyburide in dog serum. With butylparaben as an internal standard, 1 ml of acid-buffered serum was extracted with toluene and an aliquot of the toluene was evaporated to dryness. The redissolved residue was chromatographed on a microparticulate reversed-phase column, and quantitation was achieved by monitoring the UV absorbance of the eluate at 228 nm. The response was linear, and the lower detection limit was approximately 20 ng/ml. Assay precision, as estimated by analyzing replicate samples of a laboratory standard, was better than 6% (CV). The utility of the analytical methodology for the determination of this highly potent sulfonylurea in pharmacokinetic studies in the dog was demonstrated.", "PMID": 115986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12134", "title": "Urinary metabolites of 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole in the dog.", "content": "The antiprotozoal drug 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole (I), which exhibits activity against trypanosomiasis, is also antibacterial in vivo. Since the urine from a dog dosed with I showed a broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than I itself, metabolites from this urine were isolated and partially characterized. The metabolites were mono- and dihydroxy-substituted species with the hydroxyl groups on carbons 4--7 of the hexahydrobenzisoxazole ring. These observations led to the synthesis of several such hydroxy derivatives of I, and their properties fully supported the proposed positions of metabolic hydroxylation. One synthetic compound, the 6,7-cis-dihydroxy compound, exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Salmonella schottmuelleri in mice and greater trypanocidal activity in vivo against Trypanosoma cruzi (Brazil strain) than I.", "contents": "Urinary metabolites of 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole in the dog. The antiprotozoal drug 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole (I), which exhibits activity against trypanosomiasis, is also antibacterial in vivo. Since the urine from a dog dosed with I showed a broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than I itself, metabolites from this urine were isolated and partially characterized. The metabolites were mono- and dihydroxy-substituted species with the hydroxyl groups on carbons 4--7 of the hexahydrobenzisoxazole ring. These observations led to the synthesis of several such hydroxy derivatives of I, and their properties fully supported the proposed positions of metabolic hydroxylation. One synthetic compound, the 6,7-cis-dihydroxy compound, exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Salmonella schottmuelleri in mice and greater trypanocidal activity in vivo against Trypanosoma cruzi (Brazil strain) than I.", "PMID": 115987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12135", "title": "Loss of nitroglycerin from aqueous solution into plastic intravenous delivery systems.", "content": "The mechanism of potential loss of nitroglycerin stored in plastic and glass containers was studied from an equilibrium and kinetic approach. Plastic strips equilibrated with dilute aqueous solutions of neat nitroglycerin showed that the drug was lost by absorption. Drug loss was followed by an electron-capture GLC assay. The same assay of control solutions in glass showed no drug loss in 48 hr at pH 5.7. The kinetics of nitroglycerin absorption and desorption were determined using synthesized 14C-labeled drug. Absorption can be quantified using a diffusion model, where the concentration in the aqueous phase falls with time. Curve fitting yielded an average diffusion coefficient in plastic of 2.05 x 10(-9) cm2/sec and a partition coefficient of 104 (plastic-water) at 30 degrees. Temperature-dependence studies of absorption showed that the diffusion coefficient followed an Arrhenius relationship with an energy requirement of 19.6 kcal/mole, whereas effects on the partition coefficient were negligible. Nitroglycerin desorption from plastic disks under sink conditions into water can be quantified by assuming a diffusion model where the concentration at the surface of a plane sheet remains constant. Nonlinear least-squares curve fitting generated a diffusion coefficient of 1.14 x 10(-9) cm2/sec for the desorption process at 30 degrees.", "contents": "Loss of nitroglycerin from aqueous solution into plastic intravenous delivery systems. The mechanism of potential loss of nitroglycerin stored in plastic and glass containers was studied from an equilibrium and kinetic approach. Plastic strips equilibrated with dilute aqueous solutions of neat nitroglycerin showed that the drug was lost by absorption. Drug loss was followed by an electron-capture GLC assay. The same assay of control solutions in glass showed no drug loss in 48 hr at pH 5.7. The kinetics of nitroglycerin absorption and desorption were determined using synthesized 14C-labeled drug. Absorption can be quantified using a diffusion model, where the concentration in the aqueous phase falls with time. Curve fitting yielded an average diffusion coefficient in plastic of 2.05 x 10(-9) cm2/sec and a partition coefficient of 104 (plastic-water) at 30 degrees. Temperature-dependence studies of absorption showed that the diffusion coefficient followed an Arrhenius relationship with an energy requirement of 19.6 kcal/mole, whereas effects on the partition coefficient were negligible. Nitroglycerin desorption from plastic disks under sink conditions into water can be quantified by assuming a diffusion model where the concentration at the surface of a plane sheet remains constant. Nonlinear least-squares curve fitting generated a diffusion coefficient of 1.14 x 10(-9) cm2/sec for the desorption process at 30 degrees.", "PMID": 115988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12136", "title": "Influence of dietary protein on the anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic effects and on the pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in rats.", "content": "Influence of dietary protein deficiency on the anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic effects and on the kinetics of phenylbutazone was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats fed ad libitum a 21% (control) or a 5% (low) protein diet for 3 weeks. A low protein diet fed to a decrease in body weight gain, plasma proteins, albumin, globulins, hepatic total and microsomal proteins and in cytochrome P-450. Phenylbutazone produced a greater ulcerogenic effect in rats fed a low protein diet than in control rats; its anti-inflammatory effect did not increase. Plasma t 1/2 of phenylbutazone was longer in protein-deficient rats than in control rats. Dietary protein deprivation led to a decrease in the plasma clearance and plasma protein binding of phenylbutazone but did not lead to a change in its bioavailability. No relationship between the severity of gastric ulceration and the concentration of phenylbutazone or oxyphenbutazone in the stomach tissue was found in any animal of the two groups. The increased susceptibility of protein-deficient rats to the ulcerogenic effect of phenylbutazone was reversible and was not observed when these animals were fed a control diet for 3 weeks. It is concluded that a dietary protein deficiency increases the ulcerogenic toxicity of phenylbutazone relative to its useful anti-inflammatory effects.", "contents": "Influence of dietary protein on the anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic effects and on the pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in rats. Influence of dietary protein deficiency on the anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic effects and on the kinetics of phenylbutazone was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats fed ad libitum a 21% (control) or a 5% (low) protein diet for 3 weeks. A low protein diet fed to a decrease in body weight gain, plasma proteins, albumin, globulins, hepatic total and microsomal proteins and in cytochrome P-450. Phenylbutazone produced a greater ulcerogenic effect in rats fed a low protein diet than in control rats; its anti-inflammatory effect did not increase. Plasma t 1/2 of phenylbutazone was longer in protein-deficient rats than in control rats. Dietary protein deprivation led to a decrease in the plasma clearance and plasma protein binding of phenylbutazone but did not lead to a change in its bioavailability. No relationship between the severity of gastric ulceration and the concentration of phenylbutazone or oxyphenbutazone in the stomach tissue was found in any animal of the two groups. The increased susceptibility of protein-deficient rats to the ulcerogenic effect of phenylbutazone was reversible and was not observed when these animals were fed a control diet for 3 weeks. It is concluded that a dietary protein deficiency increases the ulcerogenic toxicity of phenylbutazone relative to its useful anti-inflammatory effects.", "PMID": 115991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12137", "title": "Correlation between response to norepinephrine and removal of 45Ca from high-affinity binding sites by extracellular EDTA in rabbit aortic smooth muscle.", "content": "Divalent ion chelators (EDTA, EGTA) were found to remove 45Ca from high-affinity binding sites in isolated rabbit aortic smooth muscle in a concentration-dependent manner. Measurement of 14C-labeled EDTA uptake (10 to 60-min incubation periods) yielded tissue/medium ratios equivalent to the extracellular space [14C]-sucrose tissue/medium ratio). Addition of high EDTA concentrations (0.5--1.5 mM) elicits large but reversible increases in 45Ca efflux, rapidly removes virtually all 45Ca from muscles previously incubated with 45Ca for as short a time as 7 min (filling of extracellular and superficial sites) or as long as 180 min (more complete equilibration of 45Ca), and blocks the norepinephrine-induced contractile response (this response is only partially inhibited by 0.05 mM EDTA, a concentration too low to remove most of the 45Ca present). Furthermore, phosphatidyl serine, a compound known to decrease exchangeability of 45Ca in this tissue, inhibits the EDTA-induced increase in 45Ca loss. Thus, those slowly depleted Ca++ stores that are important for the contractile action of norepinephrine are removed by EDTA even though this chelator is confined to the extracellular space. Possibly, release or removal of high-affinity Ca++ is regulated by EDTA-accessible Ca++ bound at relatively superficial membrane sites.", "contents": "Correlation between response to norepinephrine and removal of 45Ca from high-affinity binding sites by extracellular EDTA in rabbit aortic smooth muscle. Divalent ion chelators (EDTA, EGTA) were found to remove 45Ca from high-affinity binding sites in isolated rabbit aortic smooth muscle in a concentration-dependent manner. Measurement of 14C-labeled EDTA uptake (10 to 60-min incubation periods) yielded tissue/medium ratios equivalent to the extracellular space [14C]-sucrose tissue/medium ratio). Addition of high EDTA concentrations (0.5--1.5 mM) elicits large but reversible increases in 45Ca efflux, rapidly removes virtually all 45Ca from muscles previously incubated with 45Ca for as short a time as 7 min (filling of extracellular and superficial sites) or as long as 180 min (more complete equilibration of 45Ca), and blocks the norepinephrine-induced contractile response (this response is only partially inhibited by 0.05 mM EDTA, a concentration too low to remove most of the 45Ca present). Furthermore, phosphatidyl serine, a compound known to decrease exchangeability of 45Ca in this tissue, inhibits the EDTA-induced increase in 45Ca loss. Thus, those slowly depleted Ca++ stores that are important for the contractile action of norepinephrine are removed by EDTA even though this chelator is confined to the extracellular space. Possibly, release or removal of high-affinity Ca++ is regulated by EDTA-accessible Ca++ bound at relatively superficial membrane sites.", "PMID": 115992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12138", "title": "Establishing a free-ranging breeding colony of rhesus monkeys. Part I.", "content": "The Caribbean Primate Research Center recently contracted with the Food and Drug Administration to establish a free-ranging island breeding colony of rhesus monkeys. The goal of the program is to produce 600 to 800 offspring yearly from 1,000 breeding age females. The initial colony stock will consist of approximately 360 animals from an existing colony that was established on an island off the southwestern coast of Puerto Rico in 1961. Expansion of the colony will be accomplished by the purchase and introduction of rhesus females obtained from the wild. The colony site, reproductive history, composition, and the methodology of our expansion plans are discussed. In addition, anticipated problems are identified and analyzed.", "contents": "Establishing a free-ranging breeding colony of rhesus monkeys. Part I. The Caribbean Primate Research Center recently contracted with the Food and Drug Administration to establish a free-ranging island breeding colony of rhesus monkeys. The goal of the program is to produce 600 to 800 offspring yearly from 1,000 breeding age females. The initial colony stock will consist of approximately 360 animals from an existing colony that was established on an island off the southwestern coast of Puerto Rico in 1961. Expansion of the colony will be accomplished by the purchase and introduction of rhesus females obtained from the wild. The colony site, reproductive history, composition, and the methodology of our expansion plans are discussed. In addition, anticipated problems are identified and analyzed.", "PMID": 116000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12139", "title": "The effects of gonadectomy and oestradiol-17 beta on pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH in the adult male marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).", "content": "Exogenous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) administered in a wide range of doses (0.2-25 micrograms) to intact male marmoset monkeys induced a marked increased in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Maximum LH concentrations achieved after injection of LH-RH occurred progressively later as the dosage increased. Bilateral orchidectomy sigificantly enhanced pituitary responsiveness to a standard dose (2.0 microgram) of LH-RH, whereas the introduction of oestradiol-17 beta implants effectively inhibited the responses. LH-RH-induced LH release after gonadectomy (with and without oestradiol-17 beta treatment) was similar in males and females. The use of marmosets for appropriate investigation into the physiological role of LH-RH in controlling LH secretion in primates is proposed.", "contents": "The effects of gonadectomy and oestradiol-17 beta on pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH in the adult male marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Exogenous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) administered in a wide range of doses (0.2-25 micrograms) to intact male marmoset monkeys induced a marked increased in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Maximum LH concentrations achieved after injection of LH-RH occurred progressively later as the dosage increased. Bilateral orchidectomy sigificantly enhanced pituitary responsiveness to a standard dose (2.0 microgram) of LH-RH, whereas the introduction of oestradiol-17 beta implants effectively inhibited the responses. LH-RH-induced LH release after gonadectomy (with and without oestradiol-17 beta treatment) was similar in males and females. The use of marmosets for appropriate investigation into the physiological role of LH-RH in controlling LH secretion in primates is proposed.", "PMID": 116001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12140", "title": "Distribution of egg deposits and gross lesions in nonhuman primates infected with Schistosoma haematobium (Iran).", "content": "Widespread tissue egg deposits and gross lesions were recorded in 15 species of primates subsequent to Schistosoma haematobium (Iran) infections of variable intensity and duration. Considerable extra-intestinal involvement as well as pathology in different parts of the urogenital system were observed. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder was recorded for Cebus apella.", "contents": "Distribution of egg deposits and gross lesions in nonhuman primates infected with Schistosoma haematobium (Iran). Widespread tissue egg deposits and gross lesions were recorded in 15 species of primates subsequent to Schistosoma haematobium (Iran) infections of variable intensity and duration. Considerable extra-intestinal involvement as well as pathology in different parts of the urogenital system were observed. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder was recorded for Cebus apella.", "PMID": 116002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12141", "title": "Seasonal variation of reproductive parameters in the laboratory-housed male cynomologus macaque (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "Changes in body weight, sperm concentration and testicular volume were monitored for a 13-lunar month period in seven laboratory-housed adult male Macaca fascicularis. No significant change was noted in body weight or sperm concentration between periods of maximal and minimal mean values nor between periods standardized for comparison between the three parameters. Testis volumes were significantly greater during the months of July through early September and during the standardized period of May through July than during January through March and the standardized interval October through January.", "contents": "Seasonal variation of reproductive parameters in the laboratory-housed male cynomologus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Changes in body weight, sperm concentration and testicular volume were monitored for a 13-lunar month period in seven laboratory-housed adult male Macaca fascicularis. No significant change was noted in body weight or sperm concentration between periods of maximal and minimal mean values nor between periods standardized for comparison between the three parameters. Testis volumes were significantly greater during the months of July through early September and during the standardized period of May through July than during January through March and the standardized interval October through January.", "PMID": 116003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12142", "title": "Clinical appearance of the hyaloid artery system in the newborn rhesus monkey.", "content": "Fifteen healthy newborn rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were given funduscopic examinations as part of a screening process before utilization in a research project. The hyaloid vasculature, a system that supplies blood to the embryonic ocular structures, was observed in each subject and was noted to regress clinically at two to three weeks of age. Although the phenomenon has been described morphologically in the literature, its clinical appearance has not been illustrated for the primate clinician.", "contents": "Clinical appearance of the hyaloid artery system in the newborn rhesus monkey. Fifteen healthy newborn rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were given funduscopic examinations as part of a screening process before utilization in a research project. The hyaloid vasculature, a system that supplies blood to the embryonic ocular structures, was observed in each subject and was noted to regress clinically at two to three weeks of age. Although the phenomenon has been described morphologically in the literature, its clinical appearance has not been illustrated for the primate clinician.", "PMID": 116004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12143", "title": "An X-ray cephalometric analysis of premaxillary growth in operated and unoperated baboons (Papio cynocephalus).", "content": "Rates of growth of the premaxilla in baboons, which have undergone removal of the nasal septum, and unoperated controls are compared using X-ray cephalometric analysis and direct measures. It is found that our X-ray analysis without the use of metallic implants is not sensitive enough to detect changes of growth rate which are detectable through direct measurement.", "contents": "An X-ray cephalometric analysis of premaxillary growth in operated and unoperated baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Rates of growth of the premaxilla in baboons, which have undergone removal of the nasal septum, and unoperated controls are compared using X-ray cephalometric analysis and direct measures. It is found that our X-ray analysis without the use of metallic implants is not sensitive enough to detect changes of growth rate which are detectable through direct measurement.", "PMID": 116005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12144", "title": "Sugar hydrolases and their arrangement on the rat intestinal microvillus membrane.", "content": "The arrangement of the sugar hydrolases, sucrase-isomaltase, maltase, and lactase on the microvillus membrane of rat intestine was investigated by immunological technique. The enzymes were purified essentially free of each other to near homogeneity and antisera of high specificity were obtained against each. Microvillus membranes were prepared routinely in high purity from rat intestine and contained an average 61% protein, 20% lipid, and 19% carbohydrate, with the sugar hydrolases comprising an estimated 20--25% of the membrane protein. The immunoreactivity of membrane-bound sucrase-isomaltase, maltase, and lactase was investigated with antisera demostrating specific reactivity to each, when tested in the presence of other membrane extractives. The membrane-bound enzymes were found in each case to combine with antibody in amounts equivalent to that required to effect precipitation of comparable units of the free enzymes from solution. Preloading membrane vesicles with antibodies to any two of the enzymes did not affect either the immunoreactivity or extractability (by papain or Triton X-100) of the third. The antibody-binding studies indicated an arrangement of these enzymes independent of each other on the membrane surface, in a manner allowing each to maintain a high degree of molecular freedom.", "contents": "Sugar hydrolases and their arrangement on the rat intestinal microvillus membrane. The arrangement of the sugar hydrolases, sucrase-isomaltase, maltase, and lactase on the microvillus membrane of rat intestine was investigated by immunological technique. The enzymes were purified essentially free of each other to near homogeneity and antisera of high specificity were obtained against each. Microvillus membranes were prepared routinely in high purity from rat intestine and contained an average 61% protein, 20% lipid, and 19% carbohydrate, with the sugar hydrolases comprising an estimated 20--25% of the membrane protein. The immunoreactivity of membrane-bound sucrase-isomaltase, maltase, and lactase was investigated with antisera demostrating specific reactivity to each, when tested in the presence of other membrane extractives. The membrane-bound enzymes were found in each case to combine with antibody in amounts equivalent to that required to effect precipitation of comparable units of the free enzymes from solution. Preloading membrane vesicles with antibodies to any two of the enzymes did not affect either the immunoreactivity or extractability (by papain or Triton X-100) of the third. The antibody-binding studies indicated an arrangement of these enzymes independent of each other on the membrane surface, in a manner allowing each to maintain a high degree of molecular freedom.", "PMID": 116006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12145", "title": "Urethritis attributable to Neisseria meningitidis, group X: a case report.", "content": "Neisseria meningitidis, Group X, was recovered from the anterior urethra of a 27-year-old male patient with urethritis. This isolate represents the first reported recovery of this organism from this anatomic site in association with this disease. He was treated with probenicid by mouth, followed by 4.8 million units of aqueous procaine penicillin G injected intramuscularly and became asymptomatic in three days. His recovery strongly indicates that the meningococcus was the etiologic agent of the urethritis since the condition promptly cleared with penicillin therapy.", "contents": "Urethritis attributable to Neisseria meningitidis, group X: a case report. Neisseria meningitidis, Group X, was recovered from the anterior urethra of a 27-year-old male patient with urethritis. This isolate represents the first reported recovery of this organism from this anatomic site in association with this disease. He was treated with probenicid by mouth, followed by 4.8 million units of aqueous procaine penicillin G injected intramuscularly and became asymptomatic in three days. His recovery strongly indicates that the meningococcus was the etiologic agent of the urethritis since the condition promptly cleared with penicillin therapy.", "PMID": 116007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12146", "title": "Restriction cleavage map of SP01 DNA: general location of early, middle, and late genes.", "content": "A detailed restriction endonuclease map for the genome of Bacillus subtilis phage SP01 is presented. Sites of cleavage for the restriction enzymes BglII, EcoRI, HaeIII, and SalI were determined. This physical map showed that SP01 DNA was 140 kilobases in length and contained a repeated sequence of 12.4 kilobases at its termini. Combined with previously published information, we were also able to identify the general locations of genes expressed at early, middle, or late times in the phage lytic cycle. In particular, early genes were largely clustered in the terminal repeats, whereas a major cluster of late genes was located in the left-central portion of the genome.", "contents": "Restriction cleavage map of SP01 DNA: general location of early, middle, and late genes. A detailed restriction endonuclease map for the genome of Bacillus subtilis phage SP01 is presented. Sites of cleavage for the restriction enzymes BglII, EcoRI, HaeIII, and SalI were determined. This physical map showed that SP01 DNA was 140 kilobases in length and contained a repeated sequence of 12.4 kilobases at its termini. Combined with previously published information, we were also able to identify the general locations of genes expressed at early, middle, or late times in the phage lytic cycle. In particular, early genes were largely clustered in the terminal repeats, whereas a major cluster of late genes was located in the left-central portion of the genome.", "PMID": 116010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12147", "title": "Brucella abortus in coyotes. I. A serologic and bacteriologic survey in eastern Texas.", "content": "Prevalence of Brucella abortus serum antibodies in coyotes from east central Texas was determined by the buffered Brucella antigen (card test), rivanol, standard agglutination tube, and cold complement fixation tube tests. Eighteen percent (9 of 51) of the coyotes were positive serologically. B. abortus biotype 1 was isolated from various tissues from 7 of 43 coyotes by bacteriologic culture. Congenital transmission was found.", "contents": "Brucella abortus in coyotes. I. A serologic and bacteriologic survey in eastern Texas. Prevalence of Brucella abortus serum antibodies in coyotes from east central Texas was determined by the buffered Brucella antigen (card test), rivanol, standard agglutination tube, and cold complement fixation tube tests. Eighteen percent (9 of 51) of the coyotes were positive serologically. B. abortus biotype 1 was isolated from various tissues from 7 of 43 coyotes by bacteriologic culture. Congenital transmission was found.", "PMID": 116012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12148", "title": "Bacteriophage T4-coded dihydrofolate reductase: synthesis, turnover, and location of the virion protein.", "content": "Dihydrofolate reductase plays a dual role in bacteriophage T4, first, as an enzyme of thymidylate metabolism, and second, as a protein component of the tail baseplate. Antibody to the purified enzyme has been used to study its synthesis and intracellular turnover. The antibody specifically precipitates one protein from T4D-infected cell extracts. This has been identified as dihydrofolate reductase, although the polypeptide molecular weight (22,000) is lower than that earlier determined for this enzyme. The protein comigrates on gels with pY, a genetically undefined protein component of the baseplate. However, it is not pY, for pY is synthesized late in infection, whereas virtually no dihydrofolate reductase synthesis occurs later than 10 min after infection at 37 degrees C. Dihydrofolate reductase, once formed, is neither degraded nor converted to proteins of higher or lower molecular weight. Thus, it is probably incorporated into virions at the same molecular weight as that of the soluble enzyme. 125I-radiolabeled antibody binds to the wedge substructure of the baseplate, and this binding is blocked by preincubation with purified T4 dihydrofolate reductase. Thus, the enzyme protein seems to be a component of the wedge.", "contents": "Bacteriophage T4-coded dihydrofolate reductase: synthesis, turnover, and location of the virion protein. Dihydrofolate reductase plays a dual role in bacteriophage T4, first, as an enzyme of thymidylate metabolism, and second, as a protein component of the tail baseplate. Antibody to the purified enzyme has been used to study its synthesis and intracellular turnover. The antibody specifically precipitates one protein from T4D-infected cell extracts. This has been identified as dihydrofolate reductase, although the polypeptide molecular weight (22,000) is lower than that earlier determined for this enzyme. The protein comigrates on gels with pY, a genetically undefined protein component of the baseplate. However, it is not pY, for pY is synthesized late in infection, whereas virtually no dihydrofolate reductase synthesis occurs later than 10 min after infection at 37 degrees C. Dihydrofolate reductase, once formed, is neither degraded nor converted to proteins of higher or lower molecular weight. Thus, it is probably incorporated into virions at the same molecular weight as that of the soluble enzyme. 125I-radiolabeled antibody binds to the wedge substructure of the baseplate, and this binding is blocked by preincubation with purified T4 dihydrofolate reductase. Thus, the enzyme protein seems to be a component of the wedge.", "PMID": 116011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12149", "title": "Inhibition of mammary tumorigenesis in carcinogen-treated Lewis rats by suppression of prolactin secretion.", "content": "One hundred sixty-eight female Lewis rats were treated intragastrically with 10 mg 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene at 56 and 63 days of age. Pituitary prolactin secretion was suppressed in one-half of these rats by daily sc administrations of 2-bromoergocryptine mesylate (CB-154; 0.4 mg/100 g body wt) from 29 to 90 days of age (series 1) and from 90 to 140 days of age (series 2). Treatment with CB-154 was initiated prior to the onset of palpable mammary carcinomas. Control rats were given injections of saline. Inguinal mammary glands were excised from 10 control and 10 CB-154-treated rats at the cessation of saline and CB-154 treatments and examined for hyperplastic nodules (HN). The remaining rats were palpated weekly for mammary carcinomas (MC) and killed at 200 days of age. Mean number of HN per rat, mean number of MC per rat, and percent of rats with MC were, respectively: series 1--controls, 0.6, 1.5, and 68; CB-154 treatment, 0.5, 1.1, and 62; series 2--controls, 10.4, 2.0, and 94; CB-154 treatment, 5.1, 1.1, and 56. The number of HN and MC was only slightly reduced in rats when prolactin was suppressed during carcinogen treatment (series 1) but markedly reduced when prolactin was suppressed after carcinogen treatment (series 2). These results provide evidence that prolactin is involved in the early development of mammary dysplasias in the carcinogen-treated female Lewis rat.", "contents": "Inhibition of mammary tumorigenesis in carcinogen-treated Lewis rats by suppression of prolactin secretion. One hundred sixty-eight female Lewis rats were treated intragastrically with 10 mg 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene at 56 and 63 days of age. Pituitary prolactin secretion was suppressed in one-half of these rats by daily sc administrations of 2-bromoergocryptine mesylate (CB-154; 0.4 mg/100 g body wt) from 29 to 90 days of age (series 1) and from 90 to 140 days of age (series 2). Treatment with CB-154 was initiated prior to the onset of palpable mammary carcinomas. Control rats were given injections of saline. Inguinal mammary glands were excised from 10 control and 10 CB-154-treated rats at the cessation of saline and CB-154 treatments and examined for hyperplastic nodules (HN). The remaining rats were palpated weekly for mammary carcinomas (MC) and killed at 200 days of age. Mean number of HN per rat, mean number of MC per rat, and percent of rats with MC were, respectively: series 1--controls, 0.6, 1.5, and 68; CB-154 treatment, 0.5, 1.1, and 62; series 2--controls, 10.4, 2.0, and 94; CB-154 treatment, 5.1, 1.1, and 56. The number of HN and MC was only slightly reduced in rats when prolactin was suppressed during carcinogen treatment (series 1) but markedly reduced when prolactin was suppressed after carcinogen treatment (series 2). These results provide evidence that prolactin is involved in the early development of mammary dysplasias in the carcinogen-treated female Lewis rat.", "PMID": 116049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12150", "title": "[Treatment of chronic coronary insufficiency with Irrigor].", "content": "The results of treatment of 103 patients suffering from ischemic heart disease with irrigor for 7--25 days are discussed. The drug was given in a daily dose of 30 to 150 mg in tablets, intramuscularly, and intravenously. Ergometry, study of the values of central hemodynamics and lipid metabolism, and recording of the rheoencephalo-, rheovaso-, and electroencephalogram were conducted before and after the treatment. The efficacy of irrigor was appraised in treatment applied in courses, in a single intravenous infusion, and under conditions of the double blind method. A relatively stable clinical effect was noted on the 9th--12th day. A good effect was produced in 49.3% of patients. The efficacy of irrigor was the highest in patients with grade I and II chronic coronary insufficiency, with no history of circulatory insufficiency or myocardial infarction, and in intramuscular and intravenous administration. Treatment with irrigor improved the indices of central hemodynamics and cerebral and peripheral blood flow. No side effects of the treatment were noted. The study showed irrigor to be an effective agent in the treatment of ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Treatment of chronic coronary insufficiency with Irrigor]. The results of treatment of 103 patients suffering from ischemic heart disease with irrigor for 7--25 days are discussed. The drug was given in a daily dose of 30 to 150 mg in tablets, intramuscularly, and intravenously. Ergometry, study of the values of central hemodynamics and lipid metabolism, and recording of the rheoencephalo-, rheovaso-, and electroencephalogram were conducted before and after the treatment. The efficacy of irrigor was appraised in treatment applied in courses, in a single intravenous infusion, and under conditions of the double blind method. A relatively stable clinical effect was noted on the 9th--12th day. A good effect was produced in 49.3% of patients. The efficacy of irrigor was the highest in patients with grade I and II chronic coronary insufficiency, with no history of circulatory insufficiency or myocardial infarction, and in intramuscular and intravenous administration. Treatment with irrigor improved the indices of central hemodynamics and cerebral and peripheral blood flow. No side effects of the treatment were noted. The study showed irrigor to be an effective agent in the treatment of ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 116053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12151", "title": "Pregnancy diagnosis in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus): evaluation of the hemagglutination inhibition test for urinary chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "The Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test was evaluated as a means of detecting urinary chorionic gonadotropin to aid in pregnancy diagnosis in owl monkeys. Using radioimmunoassay, the excretion pattern of chorionic gonadotropin from pregnant owl monekys was delineated, the hormone being detected from 16 weeks prepartum until birth. By comparison, the pregnancy test kit detected chorionic gonadotropin between the fourteenth week prepartum and the last week of gestation with 94% accuracy. In a 2-year study using a simplified urine collection technique, the Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test was shown to be a valuable procedure for diagnosing pregnancy and detecting spontaneous abortions in owl monkeys.", "contents": "Pregnancy diagnosis in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus): evaluation of the hemagglutination inhibition test for urinary chorionic gonadotropin. The Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test was evaluated as a means of detecting urinary chorionic gonadotropin to aid in pregnancy diagnosis in owl monkeys. Using radioimmunoassay, the excretion pattern of chorionic gonadotropin from pregnant owl monekys was delineated, the hormone being detected from 16 weeks prepartum until birth. By comparison, the pregnancy test kit detected chorionic gonadotropin between the fourteenth week prepartum and the last week of gestation with 94% accuracy. In a 2-year study using a simplified urine collection technique, the Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test was shown to be a valuable procedure for diagnosing pregnancy and detecting spontaneous abortions in owl monkeys.", "PMID": 116070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12152", "title": "Cholinesterase activity in Japanese quail dusted with carbaryl.", "content": "Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were dusted with 5% carbaryl to determine if this topical treatment would alter plasma and brain cholinesterase activities. Within 6 hours after dusting, plasma cholinesterase activity was depressed compared with controls, the depression averaging 20% for females and 27% for males. By 24 hours the cholinesterase activity of females had returned to normal, but the cholinesterase activity of males remained depressed. Brain cholinesterase activity was not affected by the treatment, and there were no overt toxic signs.", "contents": "Cholinesterase activity in Japanese quail dusted with carbaryl. Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were dusted with 5% carbaryl to determine if this topical treatment would alter plasma and brain cholinesterase activities. Within 6 hours after dusting, plasma cholinesterase activity was depressed compared with controls, the depression averaging 20% for females and 27% for males. By 24 hours the cholinesterase activity of females had returned to normal, but the cholinesterase activity of males remained depressed. Brain cholinesterase activity was not affected by the treatment, and there were no overt toxic signs.", "PMID": 116071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12153", "title": "Clinical utilization of mechanical sutures for intestinal anastomosis in Macaca mulatta.", "content": "Using three mechanical stapling instruments that employ stainless steel wire staples, a Mann-Bollman fistula was created on the terminal ileum in 27 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Two functional end-to-end anastomoses were accomplished and an ileostium constructed. Staples of various sizes were used; it was found that pediatric-sized staples were necessary for the intestinal tissue of these primates. Six months after surgery, microscopic examination revealed encapsulation of the staples by granulomatous inflammatory tissue. When staples of the proper size were selected, mechanical suturing provided rapid and consistent anastomoses, and wound closures had less edema, inflammation and necrosis than with conventional suturing methods.", "contents": "Clinical utilization of mechanical sutures for intestinal anastomosis in Macaca mulatta. Using three mechanical stapling instruments that employ stainless steel wire staples, a Mann-Bollman fistula was created on the terminal ileum in 27 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Two functional end-to-end anastomoses were accomplished and an ileostium constructed. Staples of various sizes were used; it was found that pediatric-sized staples were necessary for the intestinal tissue of these primates. Six months after surgery, microscopic examination revealed encapsulation of the staples by granulomatous inflammatory tissue. When staples of the proper size were selected, mechanical suturing provided rapid and consistent anastomoses, and wound closures had less edema, inflammation and necrosis than with conventional suturing methods.", "PMID": 116072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12154", "title": "Root canal procedure for disarming nonhuman primates.", "content": "Nonhuman primates were disarmed by shortening their canine teeth. These teeth were cut off near the gingival level, the entire pulpal tissue removed and the canal filled with a formulated paste which was radiopaque, adhesive and germicidal. The teeth were sealed with a commercial alloy. This endodontic procedure was a quick, practical one-step method for permanently disarming nonhuman primates.", "contents": "Root canal procedure for disarming nonhuman primates. Nonhuman primates were disarmed by shortening their canine teeth. These teeth were cut off near the gingival level, the entire pulpal tissue removed and the canal filled with a formulated paste which was radiopaque, adhesive and germicidal. The teeth were sealed with a commercial alloy. This endodontic procedure was a quick, practical one-step method for permanently disarming nonhuman primates.", "PMID": 116073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12155", "title": "Multiple cannulation of the primate superficial lateral coccygeal vein.", "content": "The superficial lateral coccygeal veins of Macaca fascicularis were exposed surgically and cannulated with polyethylene tubing. The cannula was used for administering continuous infusions or obtaining multiple blood samples, and it was removed 12--18 hours after insertion.", "contents": "Multiple cannulation of the primate superficial lateral coccygeal vein. The superficial lateral coccygeal veins of Macaca fascicularis were exposed surgically and cannulated with polyethylene tubing. The cannula was used for administering continuous infusions or obtaining multiple blood samples, and it was removed 12--18 hours after insertion.", "PMID": 116074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12156", "title": "Bilateral inguinal hernia in a pig-tailed monkey (Macaca nemestrina).", "content": "A pig-tailed monkey developed bilateral inguinal hernias following escape from its cage and subsequent recapture. The hernias were surgically repaired and the monkey recovered.", "contents": "Bilateral inguinal hernia in a pig-tailed monkey (Macaca nemestrina). A pig-tailed monkey developed bilateral inguinal hernias following escape from its cage and subsequent recapture. The hernias were surgically repaired and the monkey recovered.", "PMID": 116075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12157", "title": "Deranged isoleucine metabolism during ketotic attacks in patients with methylmalonic acidaemia.", "content": "Two patients with methylmalonic acidaemia due to methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency were studied for several years. Both exhibited at least two attacks of severe ketoacidosis, during which they excreted, in addition to methylmalonic acid, a number of abnormal compounds: 3-hydroxypropionic acid, 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric, 3-hydroxy-n-valeric acid, 3-oxo-n-valeric acid, 2-methyl-3-oxobutyric acid, citraconic acid and N-tiglyglycine. These compounds represent partly intermediary metabolites from the isoleucine degradation pathway and partly secondary metabolites of propionyl-CoA and tiglyl-CoA.", "contents": "Deranged isoleucine metabolism during ketotic attacks in patients with methylmalonic acidaemia. Two patients with methylmalonic acidaemia due to methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency were studied for several years. Both exhibited at least two attacks of severe ketoacidosis, during which they excreted, in addition to methylmalonic acid, a number of abnormal compounds: 3-hydroxypropionic acid, 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric, 3-hydroxy-n-valeric acid, 3-oxo-n-valeric acid, 2-methyl-3-oxobutyric acid, citraconic acid and N-tiglyglycine. These compounds represent partly intermediary metabolites from the isoleucine degradation pathway and partly secondary metabolites of propionyl-CoA and tiglyl-CoA.", "PMID": 116077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12158", "title": "Diagnosis of Gaucher's disease in cultured skin fibroblasts and leucocytes.", "content": "Washing skin fibroblasts or leucocytes in 0.25 mol/l sucrose increases the activity of beta-glucosidase at acid pH. This effect is primarily due to removal of low levels of sodium chloride, which inhibit acid beta-glucosidase. A secondary factor for skin fibroblasts in the removal of residual phosphate buffer pH 7.3 used to wash the cells following trypsinization. As the beta-glucosidase activity of water-lysed leucocytes is higher at acid pH than that of a saline suspension of leucocytes, the former are better for the diagnosis of Gaucher's disease. However, more reliable results still may be obtained by assay of this enzyme in cultured skin fibroblasts.", "contents": "Diagnosis of Gaucher's disease in cultured skin fibroblasts and leucocytes. Washing skin fibroblasts or leucocytes in 0.25 mol/l sucrose increases the activity of beta-glucosidase at acid pH. This effect is primarily due to removal of low levels of sodium chloride, which inhibit acid beta-glucosidase. A secondary factor for skin fibroblasts in the removal of residual phosphate buffer pH 7.3 used to wash the cells following trypsinization. As the beta-glucosidase activity of water-lysed leucocytes is higher at acid pH than that of a saline suspension of leucocytes, the former are better for the diagnosis of Gaucher's disease. However, more reliable results still may be obtained by assay of this enzyme in cultured skin fibroblasts.", "PMID": 116079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12159", "title": "The use of natural and artifical substrates in the prenatal diagnosis of Krabbe's disease.", "content": "Krabbe's disease was diagnosed prenatally using cultured amniotic fluid cells and the diagnosis confirmed using fetal brain, liver and cultured fetal skin fibroblasts. The enzyme defect was demonstrated by assay of galactocerebrosidase and lactocerebrosidase I, and by hydrolysis of the chromogenic analogue, 2-hexadecanoylamino-4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside. The relative merits of the three diagnostic methods are discussed.", "contents": "The use of natural and artifical substrates in the prenatal diagnosis of Krabbe's disease. Krabbe's disease was diagnosed prenatally using cultured amniotic fluid cells and the diagnosis confirmed using fetal brain, liver and cultured fetal skin fibroblasts. The enzyme defect was demonstrated by assay of galactocerebrosidase and lactocerebrosidase I, and by hydrolysis of the chromogenic analogue, 2-hexadecanoylamino-4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside. The relative merits of the three diagnostic methods are discussed.", "PMID": 116080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12160", "title": "Non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia in a family with an unusual phenotype.", "content": "A 10-year-old girl, one of three affected sisters, with non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia is described. In contrast to other reported cases, the course of the disorder was comparatively mild in this family. The only clinical signs were mental retardation and abnormalities in the EEG; blood glycine levels were 2-3 times normal. In the propositus, the formation of 14CO2 from glycine-1-14C and of FH414CH2OH from glycine-2-14C were impaired, shown by the decreased 14CO2 content of expired air and diminished labelling of carbon 3 of serine. However, the biochemical defect was no less than that seen in patients with much more severe clinical effects.", "contents": "Non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia in a family with an unusual phenotype. A 10-year-old girl, one of three affected sisters, with non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia is described. In contrast to other reported cases, the course of the disorder was comparatively mild in this family. The only clinical signs were mental retardation and abnormalities in the EEG; blood glycine levels were 2-3 times normal. In the propositus, the formation of 14CO2 from glycine-1-14C and of FH414CH2OH from glycine-2-14C were impaired, shown by the decreased 14CO2 content of expired air and diminished labelling of carbon 3 of serine. However, the biochemical defect was no less than that seen in patients with much more severe clinical effects.", "PMID": 116082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12161", "title": "A sensitive semi-automated kinetic assay of alpha-D-glucosidase for the prenatal diagnosis of type 2 glycogenosis (Pompe's disease).", "content": "Prenatal diagnosis of type 2 glycogenosis (Pompe's disease) has been done on cultured amniotic fluid cells, using a semi-automated fluorimetric kinetic assay for alpha-D-glucosidase with 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucoside as substrate. The activity of the enzyme was related to that of beta-D-galactosidase, and found to be absent in cells from an affected fetus. The diagnosis was confirmed in fetal liver, where the same assay was used to show absence of alpha-D-glucosidase activity with normal beta-D-galactosidase activity, and where increased glycogen deposition was demonstrated histologically. This type of assay is generally applicable to lysosomal enzymes, and to other fluorigenic enzyme reactions.", "contents": "A sensitive semi-automated kinetic assay of alpha-D-glucosidase for the prenatal diagnosis of type 2 glycogenosis (Pompe's disease). Prenatal diagnosis of type 2 glycogenosis (Pompe's disease) has been done on cultured amniotic fluid cells, using a semi-automated fluorimetric kinetic assay for alpha-D-glucosidase with 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucoside as substrate. The activity of the enzyme was related to that of beta-D-galactosidase, and found to be absent in cells from an affected fetus. The diagnosis was confirmed in fetal liver, where the same assay was used to show absence of alpha-D-glucosidase activity with normal beta-D-galactosidase activity, and where increased glycogen deposition was demonstrated histologically. This type of assay is generally applicable to lysosomal enzymes, and to other fluorigenic enzyme reactions.", "PMID": 116083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12162", "title": "Familial hyperlysinaemia due to L-lysine alpha-ketoglutarate reductase deficiency: results of attempted treatment.", "content": "A mentally retarded male infant with persistent hyperlysinaemia due to L-lysine alpha-ketoglutarate reductase deficiency is described. The effect of dietary restriction of lysine on his mental and behavioural development was examined. By restricting daily dietary lysine to 5.5 mg/kg body weight the fasting serum lysine became normal. Urinary lysine also became normal and the secondary metabolites homocitrulline, homoarginine, N alpha-acetyllysine and N epsilon-acetyllysine were no longer detected. After control of serum lysine for 2.5 y it was felt that the patient's social behaviour, but not his mental development, had improved somewhat.", "contents": "Familial hyperlysinaemia due to L-lysine alpha-ketoglutarate reductase deficiency: results of attempted treatment. A mentally retarded male infant with persistent hyperlysinaemia due to L-lysine alpha-ketoglutarate reductase deficiency is described. The effect of dietary restriction of lysine on his mental and behavioural development was examined. By restricting daily dietary lysine to 5.5 mg/kg body weight the fasting serum lysine became normal. Urinary lysine also became normal and the secondary metabolites homocitrulline, homoarginine, N alpha-acetyllysine and N epsilon-acetyllysine were no longer detected. After control of serum lysine for 2.5 y it was felt that the patient's social behaviour, but not his mental development, had improved somewhat.", "PMID": 116084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12163", "title": "Aspartylglycosaminuria in Northern Norway in eight patients: clinical heterogeneity and variations with the diet.", "content": "Urinary excretion of aspartylglycosamines was investigated in eight patients by semiquantitative thin-layer chromatography, and bound glycosamines by a quantitative photometric method (Elson-Morgan reaction). Each patient showed a fairly constant level, relative to the creatinine, of aspartylglycosamines in urine. The least retarded patient, aged 31, excreted about 350 mg/g creatinine, one-third of that found in two severely retarded young patients, aged 4 and 7 years (1400 and 940 mg/g creatinine, respectively). Three days on a low-protein diet did not change the aspartylglycosamine excretion in the patient showing the highest excretion rate.", "contents": "Aspartylglycosaminuria in Northern Norway in eight patients: clinical heterogeneity and variations with the diet. Urinary excretion of aspartylglycosamines was investigated in eight patients by semiquantitative thin-layer chromatography, and bound glycosamines by a quantitative photometric method (Elson-Morgan reaction). Each patient showed a fairly constant level, relative to the creatinine, of aspartylglycosamines in urine. The least retarded patient, aged 31, excreted about 350 mg/g creatinine, one-third of that found in two severely retarded young patients, aged 4 and 7 years (1400 and 940 mg/g creatinine, respectively). Three days on a low-protein diet did not change the aspartylglycosamine excretion in the patient showing the highest excretion rate.", "PMID": 116085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12164", "title": "Diaphragmatic pedicle flap for treatment of Boerhaave's syndrome.", "content": "A case of spontaneous perforation of the esophagus is described, which was managed by thoracotomy, primary closure, and reinforcement of the suture line with as diaphragmatic pedicle flap. The advantages of this technique are discussed.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic pedicle flap for treatment of Boerhaave's syndrome. A case of spontaneous perforation of the esophagus is described, which was managed by thoracotomy, primary closure, and reinforcement of the suture line with as diaphragmatic pedicle flap. The advantages of this technique are discussed.", "PMID": 116090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12165", "title": "Studies on the conjugation of horseradish peroxidase to immunoglobulin G via glutaraldehyde.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase was conjugated to immunoglobulin G via glutaraldehyde by a two-step procedure using an increasing excess of peroxidase in the second step reaction. The yield of conjugated monomeric IgG and the amount of free IgG were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and gel-filtration. The antigen binding capacity of the enzyme-antibody conjugates was evaluated by radial immunodiffusion. Conjugation of peroxidase to IgG with a 1:20 molar:molar excess of glutaraldehyde-activated peroxidase resulted in a high yield of conjugated IgG without any detectable amounts of polymers of IgG or residual free IgG. The antigen binding capacity of the conjugate varied between different antigen-antibody systems, but in general it was not significantly different from that of native IgG. The enzyme activity was reduced to 70% of the activity of native peroxidase.", "contents": "Studies on the conjugation of horseradish peroxidase to immunoglobulin G via glutaraldehyde. Horseradish peroxidase was conjugated to immunoglobulin G via glutaraldehyde by a two-step procedure using an increasing excess of peroxidase in the second step reaction. The yield of conjugated monomeric IgG and the amount of free IgG were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and gel-filtration. The antigen binding capacity of the enzyme-antibody conjugates was evaluated by radial immunodiffusion. Conjugation of peroxidase to IgG with a 1:20 molar:molar excess of glutaraldehyde-activated peroxidase resulted in a high yield of conjugated IgG without any detectable amounts of polymers of IgG or residual free IgG. The antigen binding capacity of the conjugate varied between different antigen-antibody systems, but in general it was not significantly different from that of native IgG. The enzyme activity was reduced to 70% of the activity of native peroxidase.", "PMID": 116093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12166", "title": "Nutritional assessment of the hospitalized patient.", "content": "While some symptoms of the malnourished state are obvious, others may be subtle. In either case, assessment is indicated to uncover any inconspicuous symptoms and secondly to quantitate those that are apparent. Such procedures are pertinent because immune competence and other organ systems related to survival are dependent on the adequately nourished state. It is also important to remember that certain vitamin and mineral deficiencies may accompany protein calorie malnutrition and thus their attention would be especially needed during the repair of this condition. The deficiencies seen most often include vitamins C, A, and D, as well as zinc, copper, and calcium. Furthermore, the refeeding process may also precipitate shortages of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium, unless adequate amounts of these nutrients are included in the diet. From this and earlier discussed situations, it is suggested that nutritional assessment should be the initial step in nutritional therapy. It should be approached with concern not only for what the collective assessment tools will reveal, but also with consideration for the patient's clinical problem, the current metabolic situation and the projected therapeutic regimen which will be formulated.", "contents": "Nutritional assessment of the hospitalized patient. While some symptoms of the malnourished state are obvious, others may be subtle. In either case, assessment is indicated to uncover any inconspicuous symptoms and secondly to quantitate those that are apparent. Such procedures are pertinent because immune competence and other organ systems related to survival are dependent on the adequately nourished state. It is also important to remember that certain vitamin and mineral deficiencies may accompany protein calorie malnutrition and thus their attention would be especially needed during the repair of this condition. The deficiencies seen most often include vitamins C, A, and D, as well as zinc, copper, and calcium. Furthermore, the refeeding process may also precipitate shortages of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium, unless adequate amounts of these nutrients are included in the diet. From this and earlier discussed situations, it is suggested that nutritional assessment should be the initial step in nutritional therapy. It should be approached with concern not only for what the collective assessment tools will reveal, but also with consideration for the patient's clinical problem, the current metabolic situation and the projected therapeutic regimen which will be formulated.", "PMID": 116095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12167", "title": "Hyperalimentation.", "content": "As widespread use of parenteral nutrition enters the second decade, it is obvious that a great deal of progress has been made, both as to increasing safety and developing new solutions. There are few hard data in this area, not surprising in so young a field. Prospective studies hopefully will yield definitive results in areas in which such knowledge is lacking. More importantly, better understanding of various disease states will undoubtedly result in the modification of existing solutions to allow for better treatment.", "contents": "Hyperalimentation. As widespread use of parenteral nutrition enters the second decade, it is obvious that a great deal of progress has been made, both as to increasing safety and developing new solutions. There are few hard data in this area, not surprising in so young a field. Prospective studies hopefully will yield definitive results in areas in which such knowledge is lacking. More importantly, better understanding of various disease states will undoubtedly result in the modification of existing solutions to allow for better treatment.", "PMID": 116096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12168", "title": "Paranasal sinus aspergillosis.", "content": "Four cases of aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses seen recently at the North Carolina Baptist Hospital are reported. Paranasal sinus aspergillosis is prone to develop in patients living in the southeastern states because those states 1. have an agricultural economy and 2. have a hot, humid climate that causes a high incidence of nasal and sinus disorders. The increasing use of immunosuppressive and oncological drugs should further increase the incidence of aspergillosis. Diagnosis of aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses requires a high index of suspicion which should be present particularly for a patient who has unilateral sinusitis that does not respond to routine therapy, or who has a localized sinus mass or bony erosion. Immunodiffusion tests are specific for aspergillosis. Treatment consists of surgical removal of the diseased mucosa and adequate aeration and drainage of the sinus. Culture of the specimen on Sabouraud's agar will confirm the diagnosis.", "contents": "Paranasal sinus aspergillosis. Four cases of aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses seen recently at the North Carolina Baptist Hospital are reported. Paranasal sinus aspergillosis is prone to develop in patients living in the southeastern states because those states 1. have an agricultural economy and 2. have a hot, humid climate that causes a high incidence of nasal and sinus disorders. The increasing use of immunosuppressive and oncological drugs should further increase the incidence of aspergillosis. Diagnosis of aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses requires a high index of suspicion which should be present particularly for a patient who has unilateral sinusitis that does not respond to routine therapy, or who has a localized sinus mass or bony erosion. Immunodiffusion tests are specific for aspergillosis. Treatment consists of surgical removal of the diseased mucosa and adequate aeration and drainage of the sinus. Culture of the specimen on Sabouraud's agar will confirm the diagnosis.", "PMID": 116100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12169", "title": "Hypopharyngeal diverticulum and the cricopharyngeus muscle: a posterior surgical approach.", "content": "Hypopharyngeal diverticulum and dysphagia due to cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction are a continuing challenge to the head and neck surgeon. The ability to completely transect the cricopharyngeus muscle is generally agreed to be the key to successful relief of symptoms, and--to an even greater extent--to prevention of recurrence. In the past, the most significant complications arising from such surgery have been recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and recurrent diverticulum or cricopharyngeus spasm. Both of these problems have been prevented by a modified surgical approach which takes advantage of the relatively bloodless retropharyngeal space. The logic of this posterior approach to the cricopharyngeus, from an anatomic standpoint, coupled with the good visualization and relatively bloodless field when approaching the muscle, suggests that it might be a suitable substitute for the more common lateral approach if continued long-term experience in larger number of cases does not lead to significant complications.", "contents": "Hypopharyngeal diverticulum and the cricopharyngeus muscle: a posterior surgical approach. Hypopharyngeal diverticulum and dysphagia due to cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction are a continuing challenge to the head and neck surgeon. The ability to completely transect the cricopharyngeus muscle is generally agreed to be the key to successful relief of symptoms, and--to an even greater extent--to prevention of recurrence. In the past, the most significant complications arising from such surgery have been recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and recurrent diverticulum or cricopharyngeus spasm. Both of these problems have been prevented by a modified surgical approach which takes advantage of the relatively bloodless retropharyngeal space. The logic of this posterior approach to the cricopharyngeus, from an anatomic standpoint, coupled with the good visualization and relatively bloodless field when approaching the muscle, suggests that it might be a suitable substitute for the more common lateral approach if continued long-term experience in larger number of cases does not lead to significant complications.", "PMID": 116101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12170", "title": "Respiration-coupled calcium transport by membrane vesicles from Azotobacter vinelandii.", "content": "Membrane vesicles, isolated from osmotic lysates of Azotobacter vinelandii spheroplasts in Tris-acetate buffer, rapidly accumulate calcium in the presence of an oxidizable substrate. The addition of D-lactate to vesicles increases the rate of calcium uptake by 34-fold; L-malate, NADH, NADPH, and reduced phenazine methosulfate are nearly as effective as lactate. The intravesicular calcium pool which accumulates under these conditions is rapidly discharged by isotopic exchange or in the presence of respiratory inhibitors, uncouplers, or EGTA. The uptake rates for calcium follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics yielding a Km of 48 microM and a V max of 45 nmoles/min/mg membrane protein. Initial rates of EGTA-induced calcium efflux also follow saturation kinetics, giving a V max identical to that for calcium entry; but the Km for exodus is 14 mM, assuming that free calcium accumulates in vesicles. The difference in the affinity of calcium for the entry and exit processes observed during respiration is sufficient to account for the estimated 150-fold calcium concentration gradient achieved under steady-state conditions. The uptake system is specific for calcium as opposed to other cations, but zinc and lanthanum are effective competitors. Calcium uptake is blocked when electron is inhibited by exposure of vesicles to p-chlormercuriphenylsulfonate, hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, or cyanide, or under anoxic conditions. Divalent cation ionophores (A23187 and X537A) and proton ionophores (CCP and gramicidin D) also block calcium transport effectively. The electrogenic potassium ionophore valinomycin has no effect on lactate-dependent calcium uptake in the presence of potassium; but ionophores which induce electroneutral exchange of protons for sodium or potassium (monensin and nigericin, respectively) did block calcium transport in the presence of the appropriate cation. The fluorescence intensity of quinacrine (an amine probe) in the presence of A. vinelandii membrane vesicles is reduced by 25% on addition of lactate; the quenching is blocked by CCP. This indicates that a pH gradient (inside acid) is developed across the vesicle membrane during lactate oxidation. These results indicate that these membrane preparations contain vesicles of inverted topology (with respect to the intact cell) and suggest that calcium transport occurs by means of electroneutral calcium/proton antiport.", "contents": "Respiration-coupled calcium transport by membrane vesicles from Azotobacter vinelandii. Membrane vesicles, isolated from osmotic lysates of Azotobacter vinelandii spheroplasts in Tris-acetate buffer, rapidly accumulate calcium in the presence of an oxidizable substrate. The addition of D-lactate to vesicles increases the rate of calcium uptake by 34-fold; L-malate, NADH, NADPH, and reduced phenazine methosulfate are nearly as effective as lactate. The intravesicular calcium pool which accumulates under these conditions is rapidly discharged by isotopic exchange or in the presence of respiratory inhibitors, uncouplers, or EGTA. The uptake rates for calcium follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics yielding a Km of 48 microM and a V max of 45 nmoles/min/mg membrane protein. Initial rates of EGTA-induced calcium efflux also follow saturation kinetics, giving a V max identical to that for calcium entry; but the Km for exodus is 14 mM, assuming that free calcium accumulates in vesicles. The difference in the affinity of calcium for the entry and exit processes observed during respiration is sufficient to account for the estimated 150-fold calcium concentration gradient achieved under steady-state conditions. The uptake system is specific for calcium as opposed to other cations, but zinc and lanthanum are effective competitors. Calcium uptake is blocked when electron is inhibited by exposure of vesicles to p-chlormercuriphenylsulfonate, hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, or cyanide, or under anoxic conditions. Divalent cation ionophores (A23187 and X537A) and proton ionophores (CCP and gramicidin D) also block calcium transport effectively. The electrogenic potassium ionophore valinomycin has no effect on lactate-dependent calcium uptake in the presence of potassium; but ionophores which induce electroneutral exchange of protons for sodium or potassium (monensin and nigericin, respectively) did block calcium transport in the presence of the appropriate cation. The fluorescence intensity of quinacrine (an amine probe) in the presence of A. vinelandii membrane vesicles is reduced by 25% on addition of lactate; the quenching is blocked by CCP. This indicates that a pH gradient (inside acid) is developed across the vesicle membrane during lactate oxidation. These results indicate that these membrane preparations contain vesicles of inverted topology (with respect to the intact cell) and suggest that calcium transport occurs by means of electroneutral calcium/proton antiport.", "PMID": 116111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12171", "title": "Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the sternum: a case report.", "content": "A 12 1/2-year-old female presented with Ewing's sarcoma of the manubrium sterni which extended into the anterior mediastinum. At presentation there was no evidence of metastatic disease. Her initial treatment consisted of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The residual tumor was subsequently resected and the sternal defect was repaired with Marlex mesh. Postoperatively, she was maintained on chemotherapy consisting of BCNU, cyclophosphamide, and adriamycin. The adriamycin was discontinued after she developed sterile fibrinous pericarditis. She remains free of her disease two years after diagnosis. Although extremely rare, Ewing's does occur in the sternum and this area is amenable to wide local resection without severe functional disability.", "contents": "Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the sternum: a case report. A 12 1/2-year-old female presented with Ewing's sarcoma of the manubrium sterni which extended into the anterior mediastinum. At presentation there was no evidence of metastatic disease. Her initial treatment consisted of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The residual tumor was subsequently resected and the sternal defect was repaired with Marlex mesh. Postoperatively, she was maintained on chemotherapy consisting of BCNU, cyclophosphamide, and adriamycin. The adriamycin was discontinued after she developed sterile fibrinous pericarditis. She remains free of her disease two years after diagnosis. Although extremely rare, Ewing's does occur in the sternum and this area is amenable to wide local resection without severe functional disability.", "PMID": 116117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12172", "title": "Successful therapy of crystalcryoglobulinemia: a case report.", "content": "Successful therapy for a case of multiple myeloma with a spontaneously crystallizing cryoglobulin of the IgG2-kappa light chain variety was achieved, using both continuous-flow cell centrifugation plasmapheresis to rapidly lower the M component and combination chemotherapy with phenylalanine mustard, prednisone, procarbazine, and vincristine to control the myeloma process. This resulted in resolution of incapacitating large and small necrotic cutaneous ulcerations of the extremities. Physicochemical studies of the crystalcryoprotein demonstrated that cryoprecipitation was rapid and accompanied by the formation of needle-shaped crystals, yet was completely reversible at 37 degrees C. Cryocrit determinations varied depending upon relative centrifugal forces and temperature and did not always relate linearly to the amount of abnormal protein, thus making these alone unreliable in assessing response to therapy.", "contents": "Successful therapy of crystalcryoglobulinemia: a case report. Successful therapy for a case of multiple myeloma with a spontaneously crystallizing cryoglobulin of the IgG2-kappa light chain variety was achieved, using both continuous-flow cell centrifugation plasmapheresis to rapidly lower the M component and combination chemotherapy with phenylalanine mustard, prednisone, procarbazine, and vincristine to control the myeloma process. This resulted in resolution of incapacitating large and small necrotic cutaneous ulcerations of the extremities. Physicochemical studies of the crystalcryoprotein demonstrated that cryoprecipitation was rapid and accompanied by the formation of needle-shaped crystals, yet was completely reversible at 37 degrees C. Cryocrit determinations varied depending upon relative centrifugal forces and temperature and did not always relate linearly to the amount of abnormal protein, thus making these alone unreliable in assessing response to therapy.", "PMID": 116118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12173", "title": "[Lipoamino acids in the composition of actinomycete polar lipids].", "content": "The capacity for substitution of phospholipids, in particular phosphatidyl ethanolamine, by a phosphorus-lacking lipoamino acid was studied in different groups of actinomycetes. In the conditions of phosphorus deficiency, most cultures were found to be capable of synthesizing a phosphorus-lacking nitrogen-containing lipoamino acid. Its characteristics (Rf) in TLC are similar to those of ornithinolipid. This fact confirms, for the first time and for different groups of actinomycetes, the hypothesis concerning interchangeability of membranous lipids. In the case of Actinomyces olivaceus, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and ornithine containing a phosphorus-lacking lipid can be regarded, this being corroborated by comparative data about their quantitative content. The detection of the phosphorus-lacking nitrogen-containing lipid in the composition of the polar fraction in different actinomycetes in the conditions of phosphorus deficiency in the medium demonstrates the possibility of adaptive changes in the composition of membranous lipids in microorganisms depending on their habitat.", "contents": "[Lipoamino acids in the composition of actinomycete polar lipids]. The capacity for substitution of phospholipids, in particular phosphatidyl ethanolamine, by a phosphorus-lacking lipoamino acid was studied in different groups of actinomycetes. In the conditions of phosphorus deficiency, most cultures were found to be capable of synthesizing a phosphorus-lacking nitrogen-containing lipoamino acid. Its characteristics (Rf) in TLC are similar to those of ornithinolipid. This fact confirms, for the first time and for different groups of actinomycetes, the hypothesis concerning interchangeability of membranous lipids. In the case of Actinomyces olivaceus, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and ornithine containing a phosphorus-lacking lipid can be regarded, this being corroborated by comparative data about their quantitative content. The detection of the phosphorus-lacking nitrogen-containing lipid in the composition of the polar fraction in different actinomycetes in the conditions of phosphorus deficiency in the medium demonstrates the possibility of adaptive changes in the composition of membranous lipids in microorganisms depending on their habitat.", "PMID": 116114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12174", "title": "[Growth and biomass accumulation by several strains of Pseudomonas on nutrient with ethanol].", "content": "The capacity to grow in a mineral medium with ethanol as a sole carbon source was studied in 147 Pseudomonas strains. All of the strains can grow in this medium. The biomass accumulation in the mineral medium with ethanol (1%) and maize extract (0.2%) is 2.5--5.0 times higher than without the latter. Strains which accumulate up to 3.5 g of dry biomass per litre (containing 62--66% of protein and 5.3% of nucleic acids) in the mineral medium with ethanol (1%) and maize extract (0.2%) have been selected. The quantitative content of essential amino acids satisfies the requirements while that of lysine, threonine, valine and leucine is twice as high.", "contents": "[Growth and biomass accumulation by several strains of Pseudomonas on nutrient with ethanol]. The capacity to grow in a mineral medium with ethanol as a sole carbon source was studied in 147 Pseudomonas strains. All of the strains can grow in this medium. The biomass accumulation in the mineral medium with ethanol (1%) and maize extract (0.2%) is 2.5--5.0 times higher than without the latter. Strains which accumulate up to 3.5 g of dry biomass per litre (containing 62--66% of protein and 5.3% of nucleic acids) in the mineral medium with ethanol (1%) and maize extract (0.2%) have been selected. The quantitative content of essential amino acids satisfies the requirements while that of lysine, threonine, valine and leucine is twice as high.", "PMID": 116115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12175", "title": "[Diauxotrophic properties of microorganisms assimilating C2--C4 hydrocarbons].", "content": "Diauxotrophic properties of bacteria assimilating gaseous hydrocarbons C2--C4  and other complex organic substances but not methane were studied. If the medium contained two substrates (hydrocarbon+carbohydrate), the non-growing cells of the strains did not display diauxotrophic properties. In the phase of exponential growth, oxygen-containing carbon sources and then gaseous hydrocarbons were assimilated, i.e. diauxia was observed. If a microbial association containing an obligate methylotroph and a facultative gas-assimilating culture was grown on a medium with a natural gas, the latter culture assimilated carbon-containing metabolites of the methylotroph and then, when their concentration decreased, gaseous hydrocarbons. The order in which complex organic substances (exometabolites of methylotrophs) and hydrocarbons C2--C4 were assimilated was determined by their concentration in the medium. In the course of growth of such a microbial association, the inhibiting effect of metabolites of methylotrophs on their growth decreased as well as the loss of methane being transformed by methylotrophs into exometabolites, and hydrocarbons C2--C4 were utilized.", "contents": "[Diauxotrophic properties of microorganisms assimilating C2--C4 hydrocarbons]. Diauxotrophic properties of bacteria assimilating gaseous hydrocarbons C2--C4  and other complex organic substances but not methane were studied. If the medium contained two substrates (hydrocarbon+carbohydrate), the non-growing cells of the strains did not display diauxotrophic properties. In the phase of exponential growth, oxygen-containing carbon sources and then gaseous hydrocarbons were assimilated, i.e. diauxia was observed. If a microbial association containing an obligate methylotroph and a facultative gas-assimilating culture was grown on a medium with a natural gas, the latter culture assimilated carbon-containing metabolites of the methylotroph and then, when their concentration decreased, gaseous hydrocarbons. The order in which complex organic substances (exometabolites of methylotrophs) and hydrocarbons C2--C4 were assimilated was determined by their concentration in the medium. In the course of growth of such a microbial association, the inhibiting effect of metabolites of methylotrophs on their growth decreased as well as the loss of methane being transformed by methylotrophs into exometabolites, and hydrocarbons C2--C4 were utilized.", "PMID": 116113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12176", "title": "[Morphologic heterogeneity under different conditions of living and destruction in Anabaena variabilis cyanobacteria].", "content": "The proportion between various morphological forms of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis was studied under different conditions of its growth and destruction. When the cells lost viability at the stationary phase of cultural growth under the optimal conditions of illumination (1500--2000 lx), in the dark or when nitrogen was deficient, the filaments became shorter (4 to 2.2 cells per filament on the average), the cells larger, 4.5x6 microns). Under the conditions of nitrogen deficiency, the content of phycocyanin sharply decreased as well as that of chlorophyll. \"Aging\" under the conditions of optimal illumination was accompanied with \"weighting\" of the cells at the prolonged stationary phase and a gradual decrease in the content of phycocyanin and chlorophyll. When the cells were exhausted in the dark, the content of protein, RNA and phycocyanin decreased while that of chlorphyll hardly changed for a considerably long period of time. The most versatile morphological heterogeneity, when the cells were rapidly destroyed under the conditions of high light intensity, was as follows: both larger and more spherical as well as smaller and longer than in the control cells was found and catenuate cells were detected. The colour of the culture was light-brown or blue. When grown in a medium containing aspartic acid, the culture consisted of long filaments (ca. 18 cells per fragment instead of 4 cells in the control).", "contents": "[Morphologic heterogeneity under different conditions of living and destruction in Anabaena variabilis cyanobacteria]. The proportion between various morphological forms of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis was studied under different conditions of its growth and destruction. When the cells lost viability at the stationary phase of cultural growth under the optimal conditions of illumination (1500--2000 lx), in the dark or when nitrogen was deficient, the filaments became shorter (4 to 2.2 cells per filament on the average), the cells larger, 4.5x6 microns). Under the conditions of nitrogen deficiency, the content of phycocyanin sharply decreased as well as that of chlorophyll. \"Aging\" under the conditions of optimal illumination was accompanied with \"weighting\" of the cells at the prolonged stationary phase and a gradual decrease in the content of phycocyanin and chlorophyll. When the cells were exhausted in the dark, the content of protein, RNA and phycocyanin decreased while that of chlorphyll hardly changed for a considerably long period of time. The most versatile morphological heterogeneity, when the cells were rapidly destroyed under the conditions of high light intensity, was as follows: both larger and more spherical as well as smaller and longer than in the control cells was found and catenuate cells were detected. The colour of the culture was light-brown or blue. When grown in a medium containing aspartic acid, the culture consisted of long filaments (ca. 18 cells per fragment instead of 4 cells in the control).", "PMID": 116116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12177", "title": "Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors and food intolerance.", "content": "12 patients with adverse reactions to foods are discussed, including 1 with biopsy-proven ulcerative proctitis. 10 had predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vomiting) and two had rhinitis and headache. Skin tests (in all but two) and radioallergosorbent tests (RAST) in some patients were negative. All of the patients were challenged in hospital with the offending food, either alone or preceded by a prostaglandin synthetase-inhibiting drug (aspirin, indomethacin or Ibuprofen). In 11 of the 12 patients this premedication prevented both the gastrointestinal and the more remote symptoms. Blood and stool prostaglandin measurements (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha) showed changes which correlated with clinical symptoms and did not occur if one of the inhibiting drugs had been given prior to challenge.", "contents": "Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors and food intolerance. 12 patients with adverse reactions to foods are discussed, including 1 with biopsy-proven ulcerative proctitis. 10 had predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vomiting) and two had rhinitis and headache. Skin tests (in all but two) and radioallergosorbent tests (RAST) in some patients were negative. All of the patients were challenged in hospital with the offending food, either alone or preceded by a prostaglandin synthetase-inhibiting drug (aspirin, indomethacin or Ibuprofen). In 11 of the 12 patients this premedication prevented both the gastrointestinal and the more remote symptoms. Blood and stool prostaglandin measurements (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha) showed changes which correlated with clinical symptoms and did not occur if one of the inhibiting drugs had been given prior to challenge.", "PMID": 116124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12178", "title": "Xenobiotica-metabolizing enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster: activities of epoxide hydratase and glutathione S-transferase compared with similar activities in rat liver.", "content": "Activities of epoxide hydratase and glutathione (GSH) S-transferase were investigated in subcellular fractions of Drosophila melanogaster, and these activities were compared with analogous enzymic activities in extracts from rat liver. Microsomes of Drosophila were active in the hydratation of styrene oxide catalyzed by epoxide hydratase. The post-microsomal supernatant of Drosophila catalyzed the conjugation of GSH with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. However, GSH S-transferase activity with styrene oxide as the electrophilic substrate was not measurable. The respective specific activities of epoxide hydratase (per mg microsomal protein) and GSH S-transferase (per mg cytosolic protein) were factors of 5- and 10-fold lower than the corresponding activities in rat liver. However, when expressed per gram body weight, activities of both epoxide hydratase and GSH S-transferase were 3 times higher for Drosophila enzymes. The apparent Km values for the two Drosophila enzymes were higher, whereas the apparent Km values were lower, than the values found for the rat-liver enzymes. Among 3 different Drosophila strains (a wild-type, a white eye-color carrying mutant strain and a DDT-resistant strain), preliminary experiments showed no differences as far as these two enzymic activities were concerned. It is concluded that the results obtained in genetic toxicology testing with Drosophila are probably relevant to effects to be expected in mammalian systems with compounds requiring metabolic processes involving the enzymes investigated here.", "contents": "Xenobiotica-metabolizing enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster: activities of epoxide hydratase and glutathione S-transferase compared with similar activities in rat liver. Activities of epoxide hydratase and glutathione (GSH) S-transferase were investigated in subcellular fractions of Drosophila melanogaster, and these activities were compared with analogous enzymic activities in extracts from rat liver. Microsomes of Drosophila were active in the hydratation of styrene oxide catalyzed by epoxide hydratase. The post-microsomal supernatant of Drosophila catalyzed the conjugation of GSH with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. However, GSH S-transferase activity with styrene oxide as the electrophilic substrate was not measurable. The respective specific activities of epoxide hydratase (per mg microsomal protein) and GSH S-transferase (per mg cytosolic protein) were factors of 5- and 10-fold lower than the corresponding activities in rat liver. However, when expressed per gram body weight, activities of both epoxide hydratase and GSH S-transferase were 3 times higher for Drosophila enzymes. The apparent Km values for the two Drosophila enzymes were higher, whereas the apparent Km values were lower, than the values found for the rat-liver enzymes. Among 3 different Drosophila strains (a wild-type, a white eye-color carrying mutant strain and a DDT-resistant strain), preliminary experiments showed no differences as far as these two enzymic activities were concerned. It is concluded that the results obtained in genetic toxicology testing with Drosophila are probably relevant to effects to be expected in mammalian systems with compounds requiring metabolic processes involving the enzymes investigated here.", "PMID": 116125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12179", "title": "Is multiple sulphatase deficiency due to defective regulation of sulphohydrolase expression?", "content": "Multiple sulphatase deficiency disease is an unusual autosomal recessive disorder characterised biochemically by a deficiency of several sulphohydrolase activities. The laboratory diagnosis of this combined neurological connective tissue disorder is made on the basis of decreased activities of the lysosomal enzymes, arylsulphatase A and arylsulphatase B and the microsomal enzyme, arylsulphatase C. The primary defect in this multi-enzyme deficiency has not been identified. Using immunological techniques to characterise further the residual activities of arylsulphatases A and B in the multiple sulphatase deficiency disease, we have examined the levels of cross-reaching material (CRM) to arylsulphatases A and B in cultured skin fibroblasts from controls and patients with multiple sulphatase deficiency, metachromatic leukodystrophy (deficiency of only arylsulphatase A activity) and Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (deficiency of only arylsulphatase B activity). We report here results indicating that arylsulphatases A and B in multiple sulphatase deficiency are reduced in their levels of CRM while retaining a normal activity/CRM ratio. Because the two enzymes are apparently structurally unrelated, these data are consistent with the possibility that their combined deficiencies in this disorder may result from a defect in the coordinated expression of sulphohydrolases.", "contents": "Is multiple sulphatase deficiency due to defective regulation of sulphohydrolase expression? Multiple sulphatase deficiency disease is an unusual autosomal recessive disorder characterised biochemically by a deficiency of several sulphohydrolase activities. The laboratory diagnosis of this combined neurological connective tissue disorder is made on the basis of decreased activities of the lysosomal enzymes, arylsulphatase A and arylsulphatase B and the microsomal enzyme, arylsulphatase C. The primary defect in this multi-enzyme deficiency has not been identified. Using immunological techniques to characterise further the residual activities of arylsulphatases A and B in the multiple sulphatase deficiency disease, we have examined the levels of cross-reaching material (CRM) to arylsulphatases A and B in cultured skin fibroblasts from controls and patients with multiple sulphatase deficiency, metachromatic leukodystrophy (deficiency of only arylsulphatase A activity) and Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (deficiency of only arylsulphatase B activity). We report here results indicating that arylsulphatases A and B in multiple sulphatase deficiency are reduced in their levels of CRM while retaining a normal activity/CRM ratio. Because the two enzymes are apparently structurally unrelated, these data are consistent with the possibility that their combined deficiencies in this disorder may result from a defect in the coordinated expression of sulphohydrolases.", "PMID": 116130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12180", "title": "A modified RNA polymerase transcribes a cloned gene under sporulation control in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A modified form of RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis selectively transcribes a cloned gene under early sporulation control. This RNA polymerase lacks sigma factor but contains a newly identified subunit of molecular weight 37,000, termed P37. P37 could be a regulatory protein that controls, at least in part, an early stage of spore development.", "contents": "A modified RNA polymerase transcribes a cloned gene under sporulation control in Bacillus subtilis. A modified form of RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis selectively transcribes a cloned gene under early sporulation control. This RNA polymerase lacks sigma factor but contains a newly identified subunit of molecular weight 37,000, termed P37. P37 could be a regulatory protein that controls, at least in part, an early stage of spore development.", "PMID": 116131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12181", "title": "A region of the Drosophila genome necessary for CNS development.", "content": "Mutations in genes involved in essential aspects of central nervous system development in Drosophila melanogaster are expected to be lethal. Thus, when searching for neurogenic mutants attention should be focused on embryonic lethal point mutants, for many of these might affect neural development. However, this approach can be very time consuming, for the location of neurogenic genes is unknown. A more convenient approach, which allows a faster screening of the genome, is to use relatively small chromosome deletions to determine whether the lack of a definite part of the genome affects neurogenesis. Once any region producing an interesting neural phenotype is found, it can be further analysed by the use of smaller deletions or point lethal mutants mapping within it, until the gene(s) responsible can be more precisely localised. We report here on a region of the Drosophila genome which has been found necessary for normal neurogenesis.", "contents": "A region of the Drosophila genome necessary for CNS development. Mutations in genes involved in essential aspects of central nervous system development in Drosophila melanogaster are expected to be lethal. Thus, when searching for neurogenic mutants attention should be focused on embryonic lethal point mutants, for many of these might affect neural development. However, this approach can be very time consuming, for the location of neurogenic genes is unknown. A more convenient approach, which allows a faster screening of the genome, is to use relatively small chromosome deletions to determine whether the lack of a definite part of the genome affects neurogenesis. Once any region producing an interesting neural phenotype is found, it can be further analysed by the use of smaller deletions or point lethal mutants mapping within it, until the gene(s) responsible can be more precisely localised. We report here on a region of the Drosophila genome which has been found necessary for normal neurogenesis.", "PMID": 116132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12182", "title": "Cis-active control of mouse beta-galactosidase biosynthesis by a systemic regulatory locus.", "content": "Several higher organisms have been reported in which enzyme levels are determined genetically by sites located in close proximity to the corresponding structural genes. In several cases, these sites have been shown to act by controlling the rates of enzyme synthesis. Cis compared with trans action has been tested for those proximate regulatory sites controlling enzymes for which appropriate structural variants exist. The rate of synthesis of beta-galactosidase in mouse tissues is under the control of a regulatory locus; Bgl-s, that is tightly linked to the enzyme structural gene; we have tested the cis/trans nature of Bgl-s action by analysis of the electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme from animals heterozygous for the appropriate regulatory and structural alleles. Our results indicate that Bgl-s acts cis, controlling the expression of the structural gene located on the same chromosome.", "contents": "Cis-active control of mouse beta-galactosidase biosynthesis by a systemic regulatory locus. Several higher organisms have been reported in which enzyme levels are determined genetically by sites located in close proximity to the corresponding structural genes. In several cases, these sites have been shown to act by controlling the rates of enzyme synthesis. Cis compared with trans action has been tested for those proximate regulatory sites controlling enzymes for which appropriate structural variants exist. The rate of synthesis of beta-galactosidase in mouse tissues is under the control of a regulatory locus; Bgl-s, that is tightly linked to the enzyme structural gene; we have tested the cis/trans nature of Bgl-s action by analysis of the electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme from animals heterozygous for the appropriate regulatory and structural alleles. Our results indicate that Bgl-s acts cis, controlling the expression of the structural gene located on the same chromosome.", "PMID": 116134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12183", "title": "The dependence of coronary collateral blood flow on regional vascular resistances. Pharmacological studies with glyceryl trinitrate, adenosine and verapamil.", "content": "A method was applied in anesthetized dogs enabling the measurement of regional resistances up to and behind the start of collaterals and the collateral resistance. The studies show that peripheral coronary pressure, i.e. perfusion pressure of the collaterals, can change when the ratio of pre- and post-collateral resistance alters. Drugs can influence collateral blood flow not only by directly effecting the collaterals but also by altering collateral perfusion pressure. Glyceryl trinitrate given in minor doses improved collateral blood flow by directly dilating the collaterals and also by increasing collateral perfusion pressure. Higher doses did not improve collateral flow due to a decrease of collateral perfusion pressure. A steal-phenomenon occurred in some cases. Adenosine and verapamil had no direct influence on the collateral resistance. Verapamil given in small doses increased perfusion pressure slightly but not enough to improve collateral blood flow. High doses of verapamil, like low doses of adenosine, had no significant influence on collateral perfusion pressure and collateral blood flow. Adenosine given in high dosage led to a diminution of collateral flow by decreasing collateral perfusion pressure, i.e. a steal-phenomenon.", "contents": "The dependence of coronary collateral blood flow on regional vascular resistances. Pharmacological studies with glyceryl trinitrate, adenosine and verapamil. A method was applied in anesthetized dogs enabling the measurement of regional resistances up to and behind the start of collaterals and the collateral resistance. The studies show that peripheral coronary pressure, i.e. perfusion pressure of the collaterals, can change when the ratio of pre- and post-collateral resistance alters. Drugs can influence collateral blood flow not only by directly effecting the collaterals but also by altering collateral perfusion pressure. Glyceryl trinitrate given in minor doses improved collateral blood flow by directly dilating the collaterals and also by increasing collateral perfusion pressure. Higher doses did not improve collateral flow due to a decrease of collateral perfusion pressure. A steal-phenomenon occurred in some cases. Adenosine and verapamil had no direct influence on the collateral resistance. Verapamil given in small doses increased perfusion pressure slightly but not enough to improve collateral blood flow. High doses of verapamil, like low doses of adenosine, had no significant influence on collateral perfusion pressure and collateral blood flow. Adenosine given in high dosage led to a diminution of collateral flow by decreasing collateral perfusion pressure, i.e. a steal-phenomenon.", "PMID": 116137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12184", "title": "Ultrastructure of somatotrophs of rats with median eminence lesions: studies in basal conditions and after thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation.", "content": "Anterior pituitaries from female Sprague-Dawley rats (160-200 g b.w) bearing electrolytic lesions of the median eminence were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated by electron microscopy and the findings compared with those from intact animals or sham-operated controls. This study was performed in basal conditions and after stimulation with thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Animals with lesions showed a reduction of both the number of somatotrophic cells and growth hormone granules. After injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone exocytosis of growth hormone granules from somatotrophs was frequent in rats with lesions of the median eminence but rare in sham-operated animals. The differences were statistically significant.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of somatotrophs of rats with median eminence lesions: studies in basal conditions and after thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation. Anterior pituitaries from female Sprague-Dawley rats (160-200 g b.w) bearing electrolytic lesions of the median eminence were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated by electron microscopy and the findings compared with those from intact animals or sham-operated controls. This study was performed in basal conditions and after stimulation with thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Animals with lesions showed a reduction of both the number of somatotrophic cells and growth hormone granules. After injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone exocytosis of growth hormone granules from somatotrophs was frequent in rats with lesions of the median eminence but rare in sham-operated animals. The differences were statistically significant.", "PMID": 116140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12185", "title": "Plasma concentrations of phensuximide, methsuximide, and their metabolites in relation to clinical efficacy.", "content": "The clinical efficacy of phensuximide and methsuximide was studied in relation to plasma concentrations of these compounds and their desmethyl metabolites. Single- and chronic-dose studies of each drug were carried out in five patients with intractable seizures. Patients were evaluated before and during treatment by 6-hour simultaneous video and telemetered electroencephalographic recordings to characterize the seizure type and by daily determinations of plasma antiepileptic drug concentrations. Phensuximide had a mean half-life of 7.8 hours and accumulated to an average fasting level of only 5.7 micrograms per milliliter. Desmethylphensuximide averaged only 1.7 micrograms per milliliter with a similar half-life. Methsuximide had an even shorter half-life, averaging 1.4 hours, but its desmethyl metabolite had a mean half-life of 38 hours and therefore accumulated to levels in excess of 40 micrograms per milliliter. The addition of phensuximide to their regimens benefited none of the patients, but two had an excellent response to methsuximide. The failure of phensuximide and its desmethyl metabolite to accumulate to reasonable levels is the likely explanation for the relatively weak antiepileptic effect of phensuximide as compared with methsuximide.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of phensuximide, methsuximide, and their metabolites in relation to clinical efficacy. The clinical efficacy of phensuximide and methsuximide was studied in relation to plasma concentrations of these compounds and their desmethyl metabolites. Single- and chronic-dose studies of each drug were carried out in five patients with intractable seizures. Patients were evaluated before and during treatment by 6-hour simultaneous video and telemetered electroencephalographic recordings to characterize the seizure type and by daily determinations of plasma antiepileptic drug concentrations. Phensuximide had a mean half-life of 7.8 hours and accumulated to an average fasting level of only 5.7 micrograms per milliliter. Desmethylphensuximide averaged only 1.7 micrograms per milliliter with a similar half-life. Methsuximide had an even shorter half-life, averaging 1.4 hours, but its desmethyl metabolite had a mean half-life of 38 hours and therefore accumulated to levels in excess of 40 micrograms per milliliter. The addition of phensuximide to their regimens benefited none of the patients, but two had an excellent response to methsuximide. The failure of phensuximide and its desmethyl metabolite to accumulate to reasonable levels is the likely explanation for the relatively weak antiepileptic effect of phensuximide as compared with methsuximide.", "PMID": 116142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12186", "title": "Mineralization of the stylohyoid-stylomandibular ligament complex. A radiographic incidence study.", "content": "In this Veterans Administration-based study, 1,771 oral panoramic radiographs were reviewed to detect abnormalities in the styloid process, stylohyoid-stylomandibular ligament complex. Three hundred twenty-three (18.2 percent) of the radiographs revealed mineralization in these areas which varied from an apparent elongation of the styloid process to extensive involvement of the entire ligament complex with segmentation, nodularity, and the development of jointlike structures. Mineralization was unilateral in 12.4 percent of patients and was observed more commonly in patients 50 to 59 years of age. No relationship could be established between the extent of mineralization and increasing patient age. This study suggests that mineralization of the stylohyoid complex is not uncommon and probably only rarely causes symptoms.", "contents": "Mineralization of the stylohyoid-stylomandibular ligament complex. A radiographic incidence study. In this Veterans Administration-based study, 1,771 oral panoramic radiographs were reviewed to detect abnormalities in the styloid process, stylohyoid-stylomandibular ligament complex. Three hundred twenty-three (18.2 percent) of the radiographs revealed mineralization in these areas which varied from an apparent elongation of the styloid process to extensive involvement of the entire ligament complex with segmentation, nodularity, and the development of jointlike structures. Mineralization was unilateral in 12.4 percent of patients and was observed more commonly in patients 50 to 59 years of age. No relationship could be established between the extent of mineralization and increasing patient age. This study suggests that mineralization of the stylohyoid complex is not uncommon and probably only rarely causes symptoms.", "PMID": 116179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12187", "title": "Pulpal response to bacteria in the dog.", "content": "Twenty-six teeth from 8-month-old beagle dogs were used to evaluate the pulpal response to bacteria in bacterially contaminated minimally exposed and unexposed pulp in the dog. The effects were evaluated by means of serial radiographs, consecutive vital dye injections, and histologic sections. Periapical lesions developed in all of the eight teeth which were bacterially infected and exposed. Out of ten teeth which were bacterially infected and had cavities without pulp exposure, only two teeth in the acute group demonstrated inflammatory changes and loss of odontoblastic function directly beneath the infected dentinal tubules. Within the limits of the experimental design, this study demonstrated the pulpal responses of the dog with respect to bacteria.", "contents": "Pulpal response to bacteria in the dog. Twenty-six teeth from 8-month-old beagle dogs were used to evaluate the pulpal response to bacteria in bacterially contaminated minimally exposed and unexposed pulp in the dog. The effects were evaluated by means of serial radiographs, consecutive vital dye injections, and histologic sections. Periapical lesions developed in all of the eight teeth which were bacterially infected and exposed. Out of ten teeth which were bacterially infected and had cavities without pulp exposure, only two teeth in the acute group demonstrated inflammatory changes and loss of odontoblastic function directly beneath the infected dentinal tubules. Within the limits of the experimental design, this study demonstrated the pulpal responses of the dog with respect to bacteria.", "PMID": 116180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12188", "title": "Soil stabilization by a prokaryotic desert crust: implications for Precambrian land biota.", "content": "A cyanophyte dominated mat, desert crust, forms the ground cover in areas measuring hundreds of square meters in Utah and smaller patches in Colorado. The algal mat shows stromatolitic features such as sediment trapping and accretion, a convoluted surface, and polygonal cracking. Sand and clay particles are immobilized by a dense network of filaments of the two dominating cyanophyte species, Microcoleus vaginatus and M. chthonoplastes, which secrete sheaths to which particles adhere. These microorganisms can tolerate long periods of desiccation and are capable of instant reactivation and migration following wetting. Migration occurs in two events: 1. immediately following wetting of dry mat, trichomes are mechanically expelled from the sheath as it swells during rehydration, and 2. subsequently, trichomes begin a self-propelled gliding motility which is accompanied by further production of sheath. The maximum distance traveled on solid agar by trichomes of Microcoleus vaginatus during a 12 hour period of light was 4.8 cm. This corresponds to approximately 500 times the length of the fastest trichome, and provides a measure of the potential for spreading of the mat in nature via the motility of the trichomes. Dehydration resistence of the sheath modifies the extracellular environment of the trichomes and enables their transition to dormancy. Following prolonged wetting and evaporative drying of the mat in the laboratory, a smooth wafer-like crust is formed by the sheaths of Microcleus trichomes that have migrated to the surface. Calcium carbonate precipitates among the algal filaments under experimental conditions, indicating a potential for mat lithification and fossilization in the form of a caliche crust. It is suggested that limestones containing tubular microfossils may, in part, be of such an origin. The formation of mature Precambrian soils may be attributable to soil accretion, stabilization, and biogenic modification by blue-green algal land mats similar to desert crust.", "contents": "Soil stabilization by a prokaryotic desert crust: implications for Precambrian land biota. A cyanophyte dominated mat, desert crust, forms the ground cover in areas measuring hundreds of square meters in Utah and smaller patches in Colorado. The algal mat shows stromatolitic features such as sediment trapping and accretion, a convoluted surface, and polygonal cracking. Sand and clay particles are immobilized by a dense network of filaments of the two dominating cyanophyte species, Microcoleus vaginatus and M. chthonoplastes, which secrete sheaths to which particles adhere. These microorganisms can tolerate long periods of desiccation and are capable of instant reactivation and migration following wetting. Migration occurs in two events: 1. immediately following wetting of dry mat, trichomes are mechanically expelled from the sheath as it swells during rehydration, and 2. subsequently, trichomes begin a self-propelled gliding motility which is accompanied by further production of sheath. The maximum distance traveled on solid agar by trichomes of Microcoleus vaginatus during a 12 hour period of light was 4.8 cm. This corresponds to approximately 500 times the length of the fastest trichome, and provides a measure of the potential for spreading of the mat in nature via the motility of the trichomes. Dehydration resistence of the sheath modifies the extracellular environment of the trichomes and enables their transition to dormancy. Following prolonged wetting and evaporative drying of the mat in the laboratory, a smooth wafer-like crust is formed by the sheaths of Microcleus trichomes that have migrated to the surface. Calcium carbonate precipitates among the algal filaments under experimental conditions, indicating a potential for mat lithification and fossilization in the form of a caliche crust. It is suggested that limestones containing tubular microfossils may, in part, be of such an origin. The formation of mature Precambrian soils may be attributable to soil accretion, stabilization, and biogenic modification by blue-green algal land mats similar to desert crust.", "PMID": 116183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12189", "title": "Aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in the muscle of Ascaris suum (Nematoda).", "content": "The muscle of Ascaris suum contains sorbitol dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.14] and the apparent Km values indicate that the enzyme favours fructose formation. Aldose reductase [EC 1.1.1.21] is also present and like the mammalian enzyme it has a very high apparent Km for glucose. Possible functions of the sorbitol pathway in Ascaris muscle are discussed.", "contents": "Aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in the muscle of Ascaris suum (Nematoda). The muscle of Ascaris suum contains sorbitol dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.14] and the apparent Km values indicate that the enzyme favours fructose formation. Aldose reductase [EC 1.1.1.21] is also present and like the mammalian enzyme it has a very high apparent Km for glucose. Possible functions of the sorbitol pathway in Ascaris muscle are discussed.", "PMID": 116186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12190", "title": "Carrier detection of pyruvate carboxylase deficiency in fibroblasts and lymphocytes.", "content": "Pyruvate carboxylase (E.C. 6.4.1.1) activity was determined in the circulating peripheral lymphocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts from the family of a patient with hepatic, cerebral, renal cortical, leukocyte, and fibroblast pyruvate carboxylase deficiency (PC Portland deficiency). Lymphocyte activities were: mother, 33--39%; father, 11--29%; brother, 82--103%; and sister, 38--48% of the lowest normal. Fibroblasts from the patient's mother and father had 42 and 34%, respectively, of the activity of the lowest normal. These data demonstrate that the disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and that lymphocytes and fibroblasts can be used to detect carriers. Neither pyruvate carboxylase nor mitochondrial PEPCK activity in lymphocytes was increased by a 21-hr fast.", "contents": "Carrier detection of pyruvate carboxylase deficiency in fibroblasts and lymphocytes. Pyruvate carboxylase (E.C. 6.4.1.1) activity was determined in the circulating peripheral lymphocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts from the family of a patient with hepatic, cerebral, renal cortical, leukocyte, and fibroblast pyruvate carboxylase deficiency (PC Portland deficiency). Lymphocyte activities were: mother, 33--39%; father, 11--29%; brother, 82--103%; and sister, 38--48% of the lowest normal. Fibroblasts from the patient's mother and father had 42 and 34%, respectively, of the activity of the lowest normal. These data demonstrate that the disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and that lymphocytes and fibroblasts can be used to detect carriers. Neither pyruvate carboxylase nor mitochondrial PEPCK activity in lymphocytes was increased by a 21-hr fast.", "PMID": 116187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12191", "title": "Inhibitory effect of cystic fibrosis serum on pseudomonas phagocytosis by rabbit and human alveolar macrophages.", "content": "This report presents experimental observations indicating the presence of an inhibitory activity in cystic fibrosis (CF) serum which impairs phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by rabbit as well as human alveolar macrophages. Of the 49 patient serum samples studied, 40 consistently showed greater than or equal to 60% inhibition, 3 showed no inhibition and 6 were in the range of 20-60% inhibition of Pseudomonas phagocytosis. In parallel studies, the phagocytosis of S. aureus and S. marcescens was found not to be inhibited by CF serum. Mixing of CF serum with normal serum could not overcome the inhibitory effect, indicating the presence of an inhibitory factor rather than the lack of a necessary component. The inhibitory activity is not lost upon exposure of serum to glass, upon freezing the serum once, or upon heating at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of cystic fibrosis serum on pseudomonas phagocytosis by rabbit and human alveolar macrophages. This report presents experimental observations indicating the presence of an inhibitory activity in cystic fibrosis (CF) serum which impairs phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by rabbit as well as human alveolar macrophages. Of the 49 patient serum samples studied, 40 consistently showed greater than or equal to 60% inhibition, 3 showed no inhibition and 6 were in the range of 20-60% inhibition of Pseudomonas phagocytosis. In parallel studies, the phagocytosis of S. aureus and S. marcescens was found not to be inhibited by CF serum. Mixing of CF serum with normal serum could not overcome the inhibitory effect, indicating the presence of an inhibitory factor rather than the lack of a necessary component. The inhibitory activity is not lost upon exposure of serum to glass, upon freezing the serum once, or upon heating at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes.", "PMID": 116188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12192", "title": "Invasive mycotic infections in the immunocompromised child.", "content": "Oncologic therapy creates a highly vulnerable group of children with little or no natural immunity. In addition to the problems of coagulopathies, these children are prone to unusual infectious diseases. One group of saprophytic infections, the mycotic organisms, represents stubborn and often lethal diseases challenging present diagnostic and therapeutic skills. This is a case report of invasive Aspergillus organisms in the nose and premaxilla in a 9-year-old child suffering from acute monocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Invasive mycotic infections in the immunocompromised child. Oncologic therapy creates a highly vulnerable group of children with little or no natural immunity. In addition to the problems of coagulopathies, these children are prone to unusual infectious diseases. One group of saprophytic infections, the mycotic organisms, represents stubborn and often lethal diseases challenging present diagnostic and therapeutic skills. This is a case report of invasive Aspergillus organisms in the nose and premaxilla in a 9-year-old child suffering from acute monocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 116184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12193", "title": "Catastrophic necrosis of the neck.", "content": "This case report illuminates the high possibility of catastrophic complications in the lateral neck, the vagaries associated with the preoperative therapeutic information, the technical effort to gain maximum surgical security, and the overwhelming complications associated with chemotherapy, irradiation, and surgical intervention.", "contents": "Catastrophic necrosis of the neck. This case report illuminates the high possibility of catastrophic complications in the lateral neck, the vagaries associated with the preoperative therapeutic information, the technical effort to gain maximum surgical security, and the overwhelming complications associated with chemotherapy, irradiation, and surgical intervention.", "PMID": 116185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12194", "title": "Immunological purification and partial characterization of variant-specific surface antigen messenger RNA of Trypanosoma brucei brucei.", "content": "Polyadenylated RNA isolated from total polyribosomes of two variable antigen types (VATs) of T. brucei brucei were shown to program the synthesis, in mRNA-dependant reticulocyte lysates, of a wide variety of polypeptides. After immunoprecipitation of these cell-free products with an homologous antiserum raised against purified variant-specific surface antigen (VSSA), a major electrophoretic band was apparent on fluorography. It was confirmed that this band corresponds to the variable antigen since only an excess of purified homologous antigen will provoke competition. The apparent molecular weight of the in vitro synthesized antigen is about 63,000 daltons. The VSSA mRNA has been found in membrane-bound polyribosomes and a 15 fold immunological purification of this mRNA has been obtained, using partially purified anti-VSSA IgG in conjunction with inactivated Staphylococcus aureus.", "contents": "Immunological purification and partial characterization of variant-specific surface antigen messenger RNA of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Polyadenylated RNA isolated from total polyribosomes of two variable antigen types (VATs) of T. brucei brucei were shown to program the synthesis, in mRNA-dependant reticulocyte lysates, of a wide variety of polypeptides. After immunoprecipitation of these cell-free products with an homologous antiserum raised against purified variant-specific surface antigen (VSSA), a major electrophoretic band was apparent on fluorography. It was confirmed that this band corresponds to the variable antigen since only an excess of purified homologous antigen will provoke competition. The apparent molecular weight of the in vitro synthesized antigen is about 63,000 daltons. The VSSA mRNA has been found in membrane-bound polyribosomes and a 15 fold immunological purification of this mRNA has been obtained, using partially purified anti-VSSA IgG in conjunction with inactivated Staphylococcus aureus.", "PMID": 116191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12195", "title": "Analysis of RNA secondary structure by photochemical reversal of psoralen crosslinks.", "content": "Aminomethyltrioxsalen (AMT), a psoralen, is known to cause interstrand crosslinks in double stranded nucleic acids. We have demonstrated the photochemical reversal of this reaction, and have used this result to develop a method for identification of specific sequences which are adjacent because of RNA secondary structure formation. E. coli 5S rRNA is used as a model system. We isolated and characterized a product that is derived from the stem region of 5S RNA.", "contents": "Analysis of RNA secondary structure by photochemical reversal of psoralen crosslinks. Aminomethyltrioxsalen (AMT), a psoralen, is known to cause interstrand crosslinks in double stranded nucleic acids. We have demonstrated the photochemical reversal of this reaction, and have used this result to develop a method for identification of specific sequences which are adjacent because of RNA secondary structure formation. E. coli 5S rRNA is used as a model system. We isolated and characterized a product that is derived from the stem region of 5S RNA.", "PMID": 116192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12196", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of tRNA tyrosine from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "The sequence of tRNA tyrosine from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is pCUCCUGAUm1 GGUG psi AGDDGGDDAUCACACor (psi) CCGGUG psi Ai6 AACCGGUUGm7 GUm5C GCUAGT psi CGm1 AUUCUGGUCAGGAGACCAOH. This sequence differs in 30 nucleotides from the tRNA-Tyr seqence of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has a unique anticodon stem of only four GC base pairs. The normal fifth pair position of nucleotide 28-44 is occupied by a C-U and in 20% of the tRNA-Tyr molecules it is psi-U. This unusual feature and its implications are considered in the discussion.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of tRNA tyrosine from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The sequence of tRNA tyrosine from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is pCUCCUGAUm1 GGUG psi AGDDGGDDAUCACACor (psi) CCGGUG psi Ai6 AACCGGUUGm7 GUm5C GCUAGT psi CGm1 AUUCUGGUCAGGAGACCAOH. This sequence differs in 30 nucleotides from the tRNA-Tyr seqence of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has a unique anticodon stem of only four GC base pairs. The normal fifth pair position of nucleotide 28-44 is occupied by a C-U and in 20% of the tRNA-Tyr molecules it is psi-U. This unusual feature and its implications are considered in the discussion.", "PMID": 116193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12197", "title": "Series of 4.5S RNAs associated with poly(A)-containing RNAs of rodent cells.", "content": "Uninfected mouse kidney cells and mouse leukemia cells L1210 in cluture contained a series of 4.5S RNAs which was structurally identical to the series of 4.5S RNAs associated with genomic RNAs of murine retroviruses and poly(A)-containing RNAs from virus infected cells. Normal rat kidney cells and baby hamster kidney cells in culture also contained a series of 4.5S RNAs. The strucutre of the 4.5S RNAs from mouse, rat and hamster cells were very similar, but not identical. These 4.5S RNAs were not found in cultured cells of other vertebrates, such as human, monkey, cat, mink, rabbit and chicken cells.", "contents": "Series of 4.5S RNAs associated with poly(A)-containing RNAs of rodent cells. Uninfected mouse kidney cells and mouse leukemia cells L1210 in cluture contained a series of 4.5S RNAs which was structurally identical to the series of 4.5S RNAs associated with genomic RNAs of murine retroviruses and poly(A)-containing RNAs from virus infected cells. Normal rat kidney cells and baby hamster kidney cells in culture also contained a series of 4.5S RNAs. The strucutre of the 4.5S RNAs from mouse, rat and hamster cells were very similar, but not identical. These 4.5S RNAs were not found in cultured cells of other vertebrates, such as human, monkey, cat, mink, rabbit and chicken cells.", "PMID": 116194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12198", "title": "Studies on the specificity of preribosomal RNA transcription in nucleoli after selective deproteinization.", "content": "Fidelity of preribosomal RNA transcription in vitro was studied after selective deproteinization of nucleoli using either sequential salt extraction or sodium deoxycholate treatment. Homochromatography fingerprinting and identification of marker oligonucleotides from a T1 ribonuclease digest of the transcripts were used to evaluate the RNA products. These studies indicated that: (1) nucleoli retained their endogenous RNA polymerase I activity and the specificity of transcription up to 0.6 M NaCl extraction; (2) exogenous RNA polymerase I transcribed nucleolar chromatin only after 1.0 M NaCl extraction and the transcription pattern, like that of totally deproteinized DNA, was completely random; (3) extraction of nucleoli with deoxycholate resulted in a DNP complex in which the endogenous RNA polymerase I transcribed pre-rRNA specifically; however, it also initiated random transcription, producing a \"mixed\" fingerprint pattern on the homochromatogram. The random transcription was selectively inhibited either by deoxycholate or rifampicin AF/013. These studies indicate that the selectivity of pre-rRNA transcription is due both to the endogenous RNA polymerase I molecules that were involved in transcription in vivo and are tightly bound to the template and to factors in intact nucleoli which prevent random transcription by the released RNA polymerase I molecules.", "contents": "Studies on the specificity of preribosomal RNA transcription in nucleoli after selective deproteinization. Fidelity of preribosomal RNA transcription in vitro was studied after selective deproteinization of nucleoli using either sequential salt extraction or sodium deoxycholate treatment. Homochromatography fingerprinting and identification of marker oligonucleotides from a T1 ribonuclease digest of the transcripts were used to evaluate the RNA products. These studies indicated that: (1) nucleoli retained their endogenous RNA polymerase I activity and the specificity of transcription up to 0.6 M NaCl extraction; (2) exogenous RNA polymerase I transcribed nucleolar chromatin only after 1.0 M NaCl extraction and the transcription pattern, like that of totally deproteinized DNA, was completely random; (3) extraction of nucleoli with deoxycholate resulted in a DNP complex in which the endogenous RNA polymerase I transcribed pre-rRNA specifically; however, it also initiated random transcription, producing a \"mixed\" fingerprint pattern on the homochromatogram. The random transcription was selectively inhibited either by deoxycholate or rifampicin AF/013. These studies indicate that the selectivity of pre-rRNA transcription is due both to the endogenous RNA polymerase I molecules that were involved in transcription in vivo and are tightly bound to the template and to factors in intact nucleoli which prevent random transcription by the released RNA polymerase I molecules.", "PMID": 116195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12199", "title": "Separation of satellite DNA chromatin and main band DNA chromatin from mouse brain.", "content": "Using restriction endonucleases which preferentially digest mouse main band DNA and leave satellite DNA intact, we have isolated highly purified chromatin fractions containing only mouse satellite or main band DNA. Following the digestion of mouse brain nuclei with EndoR Alu I, main band DNA chromatin is selectively extracted with 10mM Tris, 10mM EDTA. Satellite DNA chromatin is subsequently extracted from the nuclear pellet with Tris-3M urea and further purified on sucrose gradients. Chromatin extracted from digested nuclei with Tris-EDTA contains only main band DNA and has a molecular weight lower than 2 x 10(6). Chromatin fractions obtained from the lower regions of sucrose gradients of the Tris-Urea extracts contain 40--95% satellite DNA and have a molecular weight of 6 to 8 x 10(6). Both the satellite DNA and main band DNA chromatins contain all five histones and have a protein to DNA ratio of 1.3 to 1.", "contents": "Separation of satellite DNA chromatin and main band DNA chromatin from mouse brain. Using restriction endonucleases which preferentially digest mouse main band DNA and leave satellite DNA intact, we have isolated highly purified chromatin fractions containing only mouse satellite or main band DNA. Following the digestion of mouse brain nuclei with EndoR Alu I, main band DNA chromatin is selectively extracted with 10mM Tris, 10mM EDTA. Satellite DNA chromatin is subsequently extracted from the nuclear pellet with Tris-3M urea and further purified on sucrose gradients. Chromatin extracted from digested nuclei with Tris-EDTA contains only main band DNA and has a molecular weight lower than 2 x 10(6). Chromatin fractions obtained from the lower regions of sucrose gradients of the Tris-Urea extracts contain 40--95% satellite DNA and have a molecular weight of 6 to 8 x 10(6). Both the satellite DNA and main band DNA chromatins contain all five histones and have a protein to DNA ratio of 1.3 to 1.", "PMID": 116196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12200", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of human tRNAGly (anticodon GCC).", "content": "The sequence of tRNAGCCGly from human placenta was determined by recently developed postlabeling techniques. The tRNA was digested completely with RNases T1 and A in the presence of alkaline phosphatase, the oligonucleotides were 3'-terminally (3H)-labeled, mapped on PEI-cellulose thin layers, isolated, and sequenced by methods based on base-specific cleavages. Overlaps were obtained by readout sequencing techniques on polyacrylamide gels and PEI-cellulose thin layers. The thin-layer readout technique was used also to locate and identify modified nucleotides. The primary structure was found to exhibit a large degree of homology (94.6%) with silkworm tRNAGCCGly but only 67.6% homology with human tRNACCCGly.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of human tRNAGly (anticodon GCC). The sequence of tRNAGCCGly from human placenta was determined by recently developed postlabeling techniques. The tRNA was digested completely with RNases T1 and A in the presence of alkaline phosphatase, the oligonucleotides were 3'-terminally (3H)-labeled, mapped on PEI-cellulose thin layers, isolated, and sequenced by methods based on base-specific cleavages. Overlaps were obtained by readout sequencing techniques on polyacrylamide gels and PEI-cellulose thin layers. The thin-layer readout technique was used also to locate and identify modified nucleotides. The primary structure was found to exhibit a large degree of homology (94.6%) with silkworm tRNAGCCGly but only 67.6% homology with human tRNACCCGly.", "PMID": 116197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12201", "title": "[Is long term medical follow up of tuberculous patients possible? (author's transl)].", "content": "Tuberculosis still remains a current disease, of difficult eradication as shown by numerous studies and epidemiological surveys. The authors studied 180 newly affected tuberculous patients admitted to Pr. Laval's department at Marseille and tried to discover why only 91 (50.6%) were still followed or could be traced 3 years after their first hospitalization. Five parameters were studied: origin, sex and age, living area, socio-economical data (change of address, lack of accomodation, profession), tobacco and alcohol addiction. No significant part was played by nationality, living area, or profession. On the other hand, changing of address, chronic tobacco and alcohol addiction were the factors responsible for loosing sight of the patients. An attempt to define this tuberculous patient, which would not be followed up for long, gave the picture of a 40 to 45 years old man, living in a hotel or with no fixed accomodation, smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day and drinking. Such a profile of a tuberculous patient should increase the watchfulness over likely ones.", "contents": "[Is long term medical follow up of tuberculous patients possible? (author's transl)]. Tuberculosis still remains a current disease, of difficult eradication as shown by numerous studies and epidemiological surveys. The authors studied 180 newly affected tuberculous patients admitted to Pr. Laval's department at Marseille and tried to discover why only 91 (50.6%) were still followed or could be traced 3 years after their first hospitalization. Five parameters were studied: origin, sex and age, living area, socio-economical data (change of address, lack of accomodation, profession), tobacco and alcohol addiction. No significant part was played by nationality, living area, or profession. On the other hand, changing of address, chronic tobacco and alcohol addiction were the factors responsible for loosing sight of the patients. An attempt to define this tuberculous patient, which would not be followed up for long, gave the picture of a 40 to 45 years old man, living in a hotel or with no fixed accomodation, smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day and drinking. Such a profile of a tuberculous patient should increase the watchfulness over likely ones.", "PMID": 116211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12202", "title": "The effect of organic nitrites and nitrates on glycogenolytic activity in the heart and skeletal muscle.", "content": "Organic nitrites (sodium nitrite, amyl nitrite) and nitrates (nitroglycerin, pentaerythritol, nitromannite) affect similarly phosphorolytic, amylolytic and total glycogenolytic activities in the heart and skeletal muscle. The action of these drugs on glycogen metabolism is due to liberation of adrenaline and concurrent inhibition of its effect on enzymatic activities. The drugs antagonize the stimulatory action of adrenaline on phospholytic activity and inhibitory action on amylolytic activity.", "contents": "The effect of organic nitrites and nitrates on glycogenolytic activity in the heart and skeletal muscle. Organic nitrites (sodium nitrite, amyl nitrite) and nitrates (nitroglycerin, pentaerythritol, nitromannite) affect similarly phosphorolytic, amylolytic and total glycogenolytic activities in the heart and skeletal muscle. The action of these drugs on glycogen metabolism is due to liberation of adrenaline and concurrent inhibition of its effect on enzymatic activities. The drugs antagonize the stimulatory action of adrenaline on phospholytic activity and inhibitory action on amylolytic activity.", "PMID": 116206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12203", "title": "Glucuronidation of lipophilic substrates: preparation of 3-benzo[a]pyrenyl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid in multimilligram quantities by microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase.", "content": "A convenient method for the enzymic conversion of multimilligram quantities of 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene to 3-benzo[a]pyrenyl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid in 90% yield is described. Commercially available freeze-dried rabbit liver microsomes were incubated in the presence of UDPGA, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, and Triton X-100 detergent (Figure 1). The course of the biosynthetic reaction was followed by fluorimetry. The glucuronide product was extracted from the acidified incubation supernate with ethyl acetate and the acid function of the glucuronide was utilized in an acid-base extraction procedure to purify the glucuronide from biological and unreacted starting material. The glucuronide precipitated from ethyl acetate and was collected by centrifugation. High pressure liquid chromatography and spectroscopic techniques were used to verify the structure and purity of 3-benzo[a]pyrenyl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid.", "contents": "Glucuronidation of lipophilic substrates: preparation of 3-benzo[a]pyrenyl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid in multimilligram quantities by microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase. A convenient method for the enzymic conversion of multimilligram quantities of 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene to 3-benzo[a]pyrenyl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid in 90% yield is described. Commercially available freeze-dried rabbit liver microsomes were incubated in the presence of UDPGA, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, and Triton X-100 detergent (Figure 1). The course of the biosynthetic reaction was followed by fluorimetry. The glucuronide product was extracted from the acidified incubation supernate with ethyl acetate and the acid function of the glucuronide was utilized in an acid-base extraction procedure to purify the glucuronide from biological and unreacted starting material. The glucuronide precipitated from ethyl acetate and was collected by centrifugation. High pressure liquid chromatography and spectroscopic techniques were used to verify the structure and purity of 3-benzo[a]pyrenyl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid.", "PMID": 116212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12204", "title": "Large scale isolation of pig muscle phosphoglucose isomerase.", "content": "A large-scale purification procedure for phosphoglucose isomerase from pig skeletal muscle is described. It consists of two fractionations by selective precipitation and two ion exchange chromatography steps yielding an end product of approximately 900 units (micromoles of substrate converted to product per min per mg of protein, at 30 degrees) specific activity. The method separates three isoenzymic forms with an overall recovery of about 30% of the original total enzyme activity in the form of Isoenzyme III, the latter being the predominant enzyme species.", "contents": "Large scale isolation of pig muscle phosphoglucose isomerase. A large-scale purification procedure for phosphoglucose isomerase from pig skeletal muscle is described. It consists of two fractionations by selective precipitation and two ion exchange chromatography steps yielding an end product of approximately 900 units (micromoles of substrate converted to product per min per mg of protein, at 30 degrees) specific activity. The method separates three isoenzymic forms with an overall recovery of about 30% of the original total enzyme activity in the form of Isoenzyme III, the latter being the predominant enzyme species.", "PMID": 116213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12205", "title": "Subtilisin and cyanogen bromide cleavage products of fibronectin that retain gelatin-binding activity.", "content": "The gelatin-binding region of fibronectin has been obtained by subtilisin digestion and cyanogen bromide cleavage of the molecule. Enzymatic digestion yielded two fragments of molecular weights 50,000 (S50K) and 30,000 (S30K) which were isolated by elution from gelatin-Sepharose affinity columns. Because the S50K fragment also mediated the adhesion of fibroblasts to collagen, it contains both the collagen and cell binding sites on the fibronectin molecule. Both fragments had valine as the NH2-terminal residue, were enriched in half-cystine and methionine residues compared to the whole molecule, and were identical by immunodiffusion. The S50K fragment begins with the sequence Val-Tyr-Gln-Pro-Gln-Pro-His-Pro-Gln-Pro-(Pro)-(Gly)-Tyr-Gly-His-( )-Val, a region with an extended conformation which is susceptible to proteolysis and connects this domain to the remainder of the fibronectin molecule. The S50K fragment appears to be located in the COOH-terminal one-third of the fibronectin molecule but does not contain the interchain disulfide bridge(s); the S30K fragment is probably derived from the NH2-terminal region of S50K.", "contents": "Subtilisin and cyanogen bromide cleavage products of fibronectin that retain gelatin-binding activity. The gelatin-binding region of fibronectin has been obtained by subtilisin digestion and cyanogen bromide cleavage of the molecule. Enzymatic digestion yielded two fragments of molecular weights 50,000 (S50K) and 30,000 (S30K) which were isolated by elution from gelatin-Sepharose affinity columns. Because the S50K fragment also mediated the adhesion of fibroblasts to collagen, it contains both the collagen and cell binding sites on the fibronectin molecule. Both fragments had valine as the NH2-terminal residue, were enriched in half-cystine and methionine residues compared to the whole molecule, and were identical by immunodiffusion. The S50K fragment begins with the sequence Val-Tyr-Gln-Pro-Gln-Pro-His-Pro-Gln-Pro-(Pro)-(Gly)-Tyr-Gly-His-( )-Val, a region with an extended conformation which is susceptible to proteolysis and connects this domain to the remainder of the fibronectin molecule. The S50K fragment appears to be located in the COOH-terminal one-third of the fibronectin molecule but does not contain the interchain disulfide bridge(s); the S30K fragment is probably derived from the NH2-terminal region of S50K.", "PMID": 116223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12206", "title": "Control features within the rplJL-rpoBC transcription unit of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Gene fusions constructed in vitro have been used to examine transcription regulatory signals from the operon which encodes ribosomal proteins L10 and L7/12 and the RNA polymerase beta and beta' subunits (the rplJL-rpoBC operon). Portions of this operon, which were obtained by in vitro deletions, have been placed between the ara promoter and the lacZ gene in the gene-fusion plasmid pMC81 developed by M. Casadaban and S. Cohen. The effect of the inserted DNA segment on the expression of the lacZ gene (in the presence and absence of arabinose) permits the localization of regulatory signals to discrete regions of the rplJL-rpoBC operon. An element that reduces the level of distal gene expression to one-sixth is located on a fragment which spans the rplL-rpoB intercistronic region. This strongly supports the idea that there is an attenuator in this region. The terminator for the operon is located on a fragment which spans the 3' end of the rpoC gene. The major promoter for the operon precedes the rplJ gene [Yamamoto, M. & Nomura, M. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 3891-3895 and Linn, T. & Scaife, J. (1978) Nature (London) 276, 33-37] and was not examined in this study. However, a weak promoter is observed on the fragment that spans the rplJ-rplL intercistronic region. Other regions of the operon may also contain weak promoters. The contribution of these elements to the regulation of this complex operon is discussed.", "contents": "Control features within the rplJL-rpoBC transcription unit of Escherichia coli. Gene fusions constructed in vitro have been used to examine transcription regulatory signals from the operon which encodes ribosomal proteins L10 and L7/12 and the RNA polymerase beta and beta' subunits (the rplJL-rpoBC operon). Portions of this operon, which were obtained by in vitro deletions, have been placed between the ara promoter and the lacZ gene in the gene-fusion plasmid pMC81 developed by M. Casadaban and S. Cohen. The effect of the inserted DNA segment on the expression of the lacZ gene (in the presence and absence of arabinose) permits the localization of regulatory signals to discrete regions of the rplJL-rpoBC operon. An element that reduces the level of distal gene expression to one-sixth is located on a fragment which spans the rplL-rpoB intercistronic region. This strongly supports the idea that there is an attenuator in this region. The terminator for the operon is located on a fragment which spans the 3' end of the rpoC gene. The major promoter for the operon precedes the rplJ gene [Yamamoto, M. & Nomura, M. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 3891-3895 and Linn, T. & Scaife, J. (1978) Nature (London) 276, 33-37] and was not examined in this study. However, a weak promoter is observed on the fragment that spans the rplJ-rplL intercistronic region. Other regions of the operon may also contain weak promoters. The contribution of these elements to the regulation of this complex operon is discussed.", "PMID": 116224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12207", "title": "Proton-dependent inhibition of yeast and brain hexokinases by aluminum in ATP preparations.", "content": "The aluminum present as a contaminant in ATP preparations can cause strong inhibition of yeast hexokinase P-II activity at pH 7.0 or below but has little or no inhibitory effect at a pH of 7.5 or greater. The inhibition is reversed by citrate, 3-phosphoglycerate, malate, phosphate, and catecholamines, all of which have previously been described as activators of hexokinase at low pH. We suggest that these agents activate the enzyme only by virtue of their ability to coordinate with aluminum present in the assay system. The presence of aluminum is also responsible for the \"negative cooperativity\" observed at low pH with respect to Mg . ATP concentration--i.e., the inhibition by aluminum is uncompetitive at low Mg . ATP concentrations but becomes competitive at high Mg . ATP concentrations. The inhibition is thought to be due to formation of a complex of Al . ATP with the enzyme, with a dissociation constant (Ki) of 0.1 microM. Yeast hexokinase P-I is somewhat less sensitive to A1 than is hexokinase P-II, and yeast glucokinase is not detectably affected. The hexokinase in rat brain (type I) shows a pH-dependent inhibition by Al similar to that observed with the yeast hexokinases, whereas the rat muscle (type II) enzyme is less sensitive, suggesting a possible relationship to aluminum encephalopathy in man.", "contents": "Proton-dependent inhibition of yeast and brain hexokinases by aluminum in ATP preparations. The aluminum present as a contaminant in ATP preparations can cause strong inhibition of yeast hexokinase P-II activity at pH 7.0 or below but has little or no inhibitory effect at a pH of 7.5 or greater. The inhibition is reversed by citrate, 3-phosphoglycerate, malate, phosphate, and catecholamines, all of which have previously been described as activators of hexokinase at low pH. We suggest that these agents activate the enzyme only by virtue of their ability to coordinate with aluminum present in the assay system. The presence of aluminum is also responsible for the \"negative cooperativity\" observed at low pH with respect to Mg . ATP concentration--i.e., the inhibition by aluminum is uncompetitive at low Mg . ATP concentrations but becomes competitive at high Mg . ATP concentrations. The inhibition is thought to be due to formation of a complex of Al . ATP with the enzyme, with a dissociation constant (Ki) of 0.1 microM. Yeast hexokinase P-I is somewhat less sensitive to A1 than is hexokinase P-II, and yeast glucokinase is not detectably affected. The hexokinase in rat brain (type I) shows a pH-dependent inhibition by Al similar to that observed with the yeast hexokinases, whereas the rat muscle (type II) enzyme is less sensitive, suggesting a possible relationship to aluminum encephalopathy in man.", "PMID": 116225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12208", "title": "Organization of the multiple genes for the 70,000-dalton heat-shock protein in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The organization and number of 70,000-dalton heat-shock protein genes of Drosophila melanogaster has been investigated in a wild-type Oregon R fly stock and in a KC cell line. Six copies were found in the KC cells, and slightly more were found in the Oregon R population examined. In both cases, the basic gene element consisting of the mRNA coding region plus a short 5' \"noncoding\" sequence element was conserved. Two gene variants distinguished by specific restriction sites were found in both genomic DNAs. Restriction maps of the six genes in KC cells showed that these two gene variants are arranged differently. Restriction analysis of Oregon R embryonic DNA revealed polymorphism in the organization of the genes, which is not observed in KC cells. The data suggest that the arrangement as well as the number of genes for the 70,000-dalton heat-shock protein in D. melanogaster is subject to variations at both the 87A and 87C cytogenetic loci.", "contents": "Organization of the multiple genes for the 70,000-dalton heat-shock protein in Drosophila melanogaster. The organization and number of 70,000-dalton heat-shock protein genes of Drosophila melanogaster has been investigated in a wild-type Oregon R fly stock and in a KC cell line. Six copies were found in the KC cells, and slightly more were found in the Oregon R population examined. In both cases, the basic gene element consisting of the mRNA coding region plus a short 5' \"noncoding\" sequence element was conserved. Two gene variants distinguished by specific restriction sites were found in both genomic DNAs. Restriction maps of the six genes in KC cells showed that these two gene variants are arranged differently. Restriction analysis of Oregon R embryonic DNA revealed polymorphism in the organization of the genes, which is not observed in KC cells. The data suggest that the arrangement as well as the number of genes for the 70,000-dalton heat-shock protein in D. melanogaster is subject to variations at both the 87A and 87C cytogenetic loci.", "PMID": 116226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12209", "title": "Involvement of gangliosides in lymphocyte stimulation.", "content": "N4-Dinitrophenyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid hydrazide was attached covalently to the aldehyde groups produced by periodate oxidate of bovine brain gangliosides and it was incorporated into mature thymocytes. High concentrations of antibodies to dinitrophenyl (DNP) or lower concentrations followed by protein A agglutinated the cells and stimulated DNA synthesis. Incubation of the thymocytes containing DNP-modified ganglioside with rabbit anti-DNP and fluorescein-labeled anti-rabbit IgG resulted in the formation of uniform rings on the cell surface, which subsequently developed into patches and caps. These results indicate that gangliosides may play a primary role in the lymphocyte activation process.", "contents": "Involvement of gangliosides in lymphocyte stimulation. N4-Dinitrophenyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid hydrazide was attached covalently to the aldehyde groups produced by periodate oxidate of bovine brain gangliosides and it was incorporated into mature thymocytes. High concentrations of antibodies to dinitrophenyl (DNP) or lower concentrations followed by protein A agglutinated the cells and stimulated DNA synthesis. Incubation of the thymocytes containing DNP-modified ganglioside with rabbit anti-DNP and fluorescein-labeled anti-rabbit IgG resulted in the formation of uniform rings on the cell surface, which subsequently developed into patches and caps. These results indicate that gangliosides may play a primary role in the lymphocyte activation process.", "PMID": 116227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12210", "title": "Effective tumor immunization induced by cells of elevated membrane-lipid microviscosity.", "content": "The immunogenicity of a series of mouse tumor lines propagated in vivo (T and B lymphomas and mammary adenocarcinoma) was tested after alteration of the cell membrane-lipid microviscosity. Tumor cells used for immunization were first treated to alter the lipid content, then irradiated and injected intraperitoneally into syngeneic mice. A second identical immunization was performed 14 days later. The degree of immunization in the treated mice was assessed by survival time after challenge with untreated viable tumor cells of the same origin as the immunizing cells. For all tumors tested, enrichment of the immunizing cells with cholesterol or cholesteryl hemisuccinate, which increased the membrane-lipid microviscosity significantly, afforded a marked increase in immunization, compared to that obtained with cells that were only irradiated. Furthermore, in over 90% of the mice that were pretreated with cholesteryl hemisuccinate-enriched cells, tumor growth after the challenge was not detectable. Because the lipid-modifying treatments of the immunizing cells involve no toxic substances, these results may provide the basis for a potent approach to immunotherapy of human cancer.", "contents": "Effective tumor immunization induced by cells of elevated membrane-lipid microviscosity. The immunogenicity of a series of mouse tumor lines propagated in vivo (T and B lymphomas and mammary adenocarcinoma) was tested after alteration of the cell membrane-lipid microviscosity. Tumor cells used for immunization were first treated to alter the lipid content, then irradiated and injected intraperitoneally into syngeneic mice. A second identical immunization was performed 14 days later. The degree of immunization in the treated mice was assessed by survival time after challenge with untreated viable tumor cells of the same origin as the immunizing cells. For all tumors tested, enrichment of the immunizing cells with cholesterol or cholesteryl hemisuccinate, which increased the membrane-lipid microviscosity significantly, afforded a marked increase in immunization, compared to that obtained with cells that were only irradiated. Furthermore, in over 90% of the mice that were pretreated with cholesteryl hemisuccinate-enriched cells, tumor growth after the challenge was not detectable. Because the lipid-modifying treatments of the immunizing cells involve no toxic substances, these results may provide the basis for a potent approach to immunotherapy of human cancer.", "PMID": 116228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12211", "title": "Photoelectric properties and detection of the aromatic carcinogens benza[a]pyrene and dimethylbenzanthracene.", "content": "The absolute photoelectron quantum yield spectra for benzo[a]pyrene and dimethylbenzanthracene are presented in the wavelength range 180--230 nm. These polycyclic aromatic carcinogens have photoelectron quantum yields of approximately 2 x 10(-3) electrons per incident photon at 180 nm. The quantum yields fall off quickly and monotonically at wavelengths longer than 210 nm (5.9 eV). Threshold values for benzo[a]pyrene and dimethylbenzanthracene are 5.25 +/- 0.06 cV and 5.27 +/- 0.04 eV, respectively. The photoelectron quantum yields of benzo[a]pyrene and dimethylbenzanthracene are several orders of magnitude greater than typical components of biological membranes (amino acids, phospholipids, and polysaccharides). Preliminary micrographs of benzo[a]pyrene and dimethylbenzanthracene sublimed onto poly(L-lysine) and onto dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine demonstrate the high contrast of small crystallites of carcinogens against a background of membrane components. These results and calculations involving relative contrast factors suggest that the distribution of these carcinogens in biological membranes can be determined by using photoelectron microscopy.", "contents": "Photoelectric properties and detection of the aromatic carcinogens benza[a]pyrene and dimethylbenzanthracene. The absolute photoelectron quantum yield spectra for benzo[a]pyrene and dimethylbenzanthracene are presented in the wavelength range 180--230 nm. These polycyclic aromatic carcinogens have photoelectron quantum yields of approximately 2 x 10(-3) electrons per incident photon at 180 nm. The quantum yields fall off quickly and monotonically at wavelengths longer than 210 nm (5.9 eV). Threshold values for benzo[a]pyrene and dimethylbenzanthracene are 5.25 +/- 0.06 cV and 5.27 +/- 0.04 eV, respectively. The photoelectron quantum yields of benzo[a]pyrene and dimethylbenzanthracene are several orders of magnitude greater than typical components of biological membranes (amino acids, phospholipids, and polysaccharides). Preliminary micrographs of benzo[a]pyrene and dimethylbenzanthracene sublimed onto poly(L-lysine) and onto dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine demonstrate the high contrast of small crystallites of carcinogens against a background of membrane components. These results and calculations involving relative contrast factors suggest that the distribution of these carcinogens in biological membranes can be determined by using photoelectron microscopy.", "PMID": 116229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12212", "title": "Identification of mannose 6-phosphate in glycoproteins that inhibit the assimilation of beta-galactosidase by fibroblasts.", "content": "Bovine testicular beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) is rapidly and selectively assimilated by human skin fibroblasts. The assimilation of the enzyme is strongly inhibited by mannose 6-phosphate and by a glycoprotein fraction isolated from bovine testes (glycoprotein inhibitors). These results suggest that beta-galactosidase and the glycoprotein inhibitors have a common recognition marker that contains mannose 6-phosphate. The presence of mannose phosphate in the glycoprotein inhibitors was demonstrated by acid hydrolysis of the glycoproteins to liberate mannose phosphate followed by reduction with NaB(3)H(4) to give [(3)H]mannitol phosphate. The (3)H-labeled compound was identified by paper electrophoresis and by the release of [(3)H]mannitol on treatment with phosphatase. The [(3)H]mannitol phosphate was oxidized with periodate and the resulting phosphorylated fragment, on reduction with NaB(3)H(4), yielded [(3)H]ethylene glycol phosphate, indicating substitution of phosphate on carbon 6 of mannitol. Mannose 6-phosphate was also found in a major carbohydrate-containing fraction of peptides produced from the glycoprotein inhibitors by tryspin digestion. It was estimated that about 2% of the mannose residues were present as mannose 6-phosphate. Phosphorylated oligosaccharides were also identified in hydrolysates of the glycoprotein inhibitors. One, a disaccharide, was identified as alpha-(mannosyl-6-phosphate)-(1 --> 2)-mannose. These observations suggest that the recognition marker of beta-galactosidase contains alpha1,2-linked mannose 6-phosphate; terminal alpha1,2-linked mannose residues are known to occur in the high-mannose type oligosaccharides present on beta-galactosidase.", "contents": "Identification of mannose 6-phosphate in glycoproteins that inhibit the assimilation of beta-galactosidase by fibroblasts. Bovine testicular beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) is rapidly and selectively assimilated by human skin fibroblasts. The assimilation of the enzyme is strongly inhibited by mannose 6-phosphate and by a glycoprotein fraction isolated from bovine testes (glycoprotein inhibitors). These results suggest that beta-galactosidase and the glycoprotein inhibitors have a common recognition marker that contains mannose 6-phosphate. The presence of mannose phosphate in the glycoprotein inhibitors was demonstrated by acid hydrolysis of the glycoproteins to liberate mannose phosphate followed by reduction with NaB(3)H(4) to give [(3)H]mannitol phosphate. The (3)H-labeled compound was identified by paper electrophoresis and by the release of [(3)H]mannitol on treatment with phosphatase. The [(3)H]mannitol phosphate was oxidized with periodate and the resulting phosphorylated fragment, on reduction with NaB(3)H(4), yielded [(3)H]ethylene glycol phosphate, indicating substitution of phosphate on carbon 6 of mannitol. Mannose 6-phosphate was also found in a major carbohydrate-containing fraction of peptides produced from the glycoprotein inhibitors by tryspin digestion. It was estimated that about 2% of the mannose residues were present as mannose 6-phosphate. Phosphorylated oligosaccharides were also identified in hydrolysates of the glycoprotein inhibitors. One, a disaccharide, was identified as alpha-(mannosyl-6-phosphate)-(1 --> 2)-mannose. These observations suggest that the recognition marker of beta-galactosidase contains alpha1,2-linked mannose 6-phosphate; terminal alpha1,2-linked mannose residues are known to occur in the high-mannose type oligosaccharides present on beta-galactosidase.", "PMID": 116230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12213", "title": "Cloning immunoglobulin gamma 2b chain gene of mouse: characterization and partial sequence determination.", "content": "DNA from newborn mice was digested with restriction endonuclease EcoRI, and a 6.6-kilobase fragment encoding immunoglobulin gamma 2b chain mRNA derived from MPC 11 myeloma was enriched about 100-fold by RPC-5 column chromatography and agarose gell electrophoresis. The 6.6-kilobase fragment was cloned with lambda gt WES.lambda B as EK2 vector. The cloned phage (lambda WES.IgH22) contained the constant region gene of the gamma 2b chain but not the variable region gene of MPC 11 mRNA. The constant region genes of the other gamma chains (i.e., gamma 1, gamma 2a, and gamma 3) were not present in lambda gt WES.IgH22 DNA. R-loop mapping indicates that the gamma 2b chain structural gene is divided into two parts (330 +/- 60 SD base pairs and 930 +/- 110 SD base pairs) by an intervening sequence (360 +/- 100 SD base pairs). The nucleotide sequence around the junction of the hinge region and CH2 domain was determined and shown to match the amino acid sequence of the initial part of the CH2 domain of the gamma 2b chain. The base sequence upstream from the junction, however, is unrelated to the amino acid sequence of the CH1 domain and the hinge region of all the gamma chains whose sequences have been determined. These results indicate that the gamma 2b chain gene is interrupted at the junction of the hinge region and CH2 domain by an intervening sequence. The existence of two more intervening sequences, one between the CH1 domain and the hinge region and the other between the CH2 and CH3 domains, is discussed.", "contents": "Cloning immunoglobulin gamma 2b chain gene of mouse: characterization and partial sequence determination. DNA from newborn mice was digested with restriction endonuclease EcoRI, and a 6.6-kilobase fragment encoding immunoglobulin gamma 2b chain mRNA derived from MPC 11 myeloma was enriched about 100-fold by RPC-5 column chromatography and agarose gell electrophoresis. The 6.6-kilobase fragment was cloned with lambda gt WES.lambda B as EK2 vector. The cloned phage (lambda WES.IgH22) contained the constant region gene of the gamma 2b chain but not the variable region gene of MPC 11 mRNA. The constant region genes of the other gamma chains (i.e., gamma 1, gamma 2a, and gamma 3) were not present in lambda gt WES.IgH22 DNA. R-loop mapping indicates that the gamma 2b chain structural gene is divided into two parts (330 +/- 60 SD base pairs and 930 +/- 110 SD base pairs) by an intervening sequence (360 +/- 100 SD base pairs). The nucleotide sequence around the junction of the hinge region and CH2 domain was determined and shown to match the amino acid sequence of the initial part of the CH2 domain of the gamma 2b chain. The base sequence upstream from the junction, however, is unrelated to the amino acid sequence of the CH1 domain and the hinge region of all the gamma chains whose sequences have been determined. These results indicate that the gamma 2b chain gene is interrupted at the junction of the hinge region and CH2 domain by an intervening sequence. The existence of two more intervening sequences, one between the CH1 domain and the hinge region and the other between the CH2 and CH3 domains, is discussed.", "PMID": 116231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12214", "title": "Promoter mutations in the transfer RNA gene tyrT of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The DNA sequences for nine independent promoter mutants of a tyrosine tRNA gene, tyrT of Escherichia coli, are reported. The nine mutations involve six transitions, two transversions, and one deletion. They are located at four different sites in the first 30 base pairs preceding the start point of transcription. The changes found are: a T.A to A.T transversion at position -8 (two mutants); a T.A to C.G transition at position -8 (three mutants); a T.A to C.G transition at position -13 (two mutants); a T.A to C.G transition at position -16 (one mutant); and a deletion of a G.C base pair at position -26/27 (one mutant). Four of the five different mutant tyrT promoters have alterations at positions that might have been expected from DNA sequence studies with other prokaryote promoters. One of these mutants (a G.C deletion at position -26/27) occurs in a stretch of eight consecutive G.C base pairs which may be characteristic of stable RNA promoters.", "contents": "Promoter mutations in the transfer RNA gene tyrT of Escherichia coli. The DNA sequences for nine independent promoter mutants of a tyrosine tRNA gene, tyrT of Escherichia coli, are reported. The nine mutations involve six transitions, two transversions, and one deletion. They are located at four different sites in the first 30 base pairs preceding the start point of transcription. The changes found are: a T.A to A.T transversion at position -8 (two mutants); a T.A to C.G transition at position -8 (three mutants); a T.A to C.G transition at position -13 (two mutants); a T.A to C.G transition at position -16 (one mutant); and a deletion of a G.C base pair at position -26/27 (one mutant). Four of the five different mutant tyrT promoters have alterations at positions that might have been expected from DNA sequence studies with other prokaryote promoters. One of these mutants (a G.C deletion at position -26/27) occurs in a stretch of eight consecutive G.C base pairs which may be characteristic of stable RNA promoters.", "PMID": 116232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12215", "title": "Passive modulation of blood-group antigens.", "content": "Rh-positive erythrocytes were enriched and depleted of membrane cholesterol, and the mediated change in the degree of exposure of the D antigens was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, using indirect fluorescent antibody labeling. The results are compatible with a model in which the expression of the D antigens can be modulated significantly by the lipid microviscosity (eta). At a high cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratio (C/PL) of 1.55, which corresponds to eta (25 degrees C) = 7.5 poise (1 poise = 0.1 Pa.sec), the relative detectable number of D antigens was about double than that at C/PL = 0.65, eta (25 degrees C) = 4.1 poise. In analogous experiments similar fluidity changes resulted in only about 20% modulation of expression of the A1 antigen, suggesting that in the native state this antigen is already well exposed on the erythrocyte surface. This type of antigenic modulation may also operate in vivo, and may thus bear some fundamental implications on tumor immunology and autoimmune diseases.", "contents": "Passive modulation of blood-group antigens. Rh-positive erythrocytes were enriched and depleted of membrane cholesterol, and the mediated change in the degree of exposure of the D antigens was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, using indirect fluorescent antibody labeling. The results are compatible with a model in which the expression of the D antigens can be modulated significantly by the lipid microviscosity (eta). At a high cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratio (C/PL) of 1.55, which corresponds to eta (25 degrees C) = 7.5 poise (1 poise = 0.1 Pa.sec), the relative detectable number of D antigens was about double than that at C/PL = 0.65, eta (25 degrees C) = 4.1 poise. In analogous experiments similar fluidity changes resulted in only about 20% modulation of expression of the A1 antigen, suggesting that in the native state this antigen is already well exposed on the erythrocyte surface. This type of antigenic modulation may also operate in vivo, and may thus bear some fundamental implications on tumor immunology and autoimmune diseases.", "PMID": 116233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12216", "title": "Immunoglobulin differentiation is dictated by repeated recombination sequences within the V region prototype gene: a hypothesis.", "content": "Analysis of the available DNA sequences of immunoglobulin light chain genes reveals a unique structural pattern. A stretch of about 15 nucleotides repeats five times within the variable (V) region gene, with few base changes. Identification of these homologous sequences is apparent in the embryonic V(lambda) gene and might also be recognized in V(kappa) genes isolated from a myeloma. Although different from each other, the V(lambda) and V(kappa) hyperhomologous sequences display a remarkable resemblance to different prokaryote sequences associated with recombinational events. The homologous sequences appear at all three sites where hypervariable regions of the mature peptide are encoded. In addition, they are located at the site where V/constant (C) recombination is supposed to take place. Consequently, a general model is proposed for immunoglobulin differentiation. The hyperhomologous loci are postulated to be comprised of recombination sequences which makes them available for a mechanism of single-stranded DNA exposure. B cell maturation begins with V/C recombination, a step that is rate limiting. The fidelity of the process is ensured by extensive DNA homology between the two embryonic subgenes of V and C. Next, an error-prone repair system is activated and thereby introduces changes into the content of the immunoglobulin gene at the exposed loci. The process ends when mutations make the recombination sequence unrecognizable as such. The model is consistent with large amounts of data and is compatible with the view that immunoglobulin diversity is being generated somatically.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin differentiation is dictated by repeated recombination sequences within the V region prototype gene: a hypothesis. Analysis of the available DNA sequences of immunoglobulin light chain genes reveals a unique structural pattern. A stretch of about 15 nucleotides repeats five times within the variable (V) region gene, with few base changes. Identification of these homologous sequences is apparent in the embryonic V(lambda) gene and might also be recognized in V(kappa) genes isolated from a myeloma. Although different from each other, the V(lambda) and V(kappa) hyperhomologous sequences display a remarkable resemblance to different prokaryote sequences associated with recombinational events. The homologous sequences appear at all three sites where hypervariable regions of the mature peptide are encoded. In addition, they are located at the site where V/constant (C) recombination is supposed to take place. Consequently, a general model is proposed for immunoglobulin differentiation. The hyperhomologous loci are postulated to be comprised of recombination sequences which makes them available for a mechanism of single-stranded DNA exposure. B cell maturation begins with V/C recombination, a step that is rate limiting. The fidelity of the process is ensured by extensive DNA homology between the two embryonic subgenes of V and C. Next, an error-prone repair system is activated and thereby introduces changes into the content of the immunoglobulin gene at the exposed loci. The process ends when mutations make the recombination sequence unrecognizable as such. The model is consistent with large amounts of data and is compatible with the view that immunoglobulin diversity is being generated somatically.", "PMID": 116234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12217", "title": "Some sequence similarities among cloned mouse DNA segments that code for lambda and kappa light chains of immunoglobulins.", "content": "A comparison between the cloned mouse DNA segments that were found to code for the lambda and kappa light chains of immunoglobulins established that there were seven short nucleotide sequences, two of which matched 6 out of 7, two 7 out of 8, two 8 out of 9, and one 9 out of 10 bases; these sequences were located either at homologous amino acid positions or at positions displaced by four amino acids or less. They all occurred in the framework regions (FRs), five next to the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). Three of these were unique and did not occur elsewhere in the immunoglobulin nucleotides sequenced thus far or in DNA's of phage phi X174, phage G4, or simian virus 40. Five could serve as sites of joining by recombination or insertion of CDR to FR segments, and the invariant tryptophan that is the first residue of the second FR might serve as a sixth. These sites are consistent with the mini-gene or insertional hypotheses for the generation of antibody diversity but could also serve as points of recognition for a mutator enzyme or could serve to limit somatic mutation to the CDRs.", "contents": "Some sequence similarities among cloned mouse DNA segments that code for lambda and kappa light chains of immunoglobulins. A comparison between the cloned mouse DNA segments that were found to code for the lambda and kappa light chains of immunoglobulins established that there were seven short nucleotide sequences, two of which matched 6 out of 7, two 7 out of 8, two 8 out of 9, and one 9 out of 10 bases; these sequences were located either at homologous amino acid positions or at positions displaced by four amino acids or less. They all occurred in the framework regions (FRs), five next to the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). Three of these were unique and did not occur elsewhere in the immunoglobulin nucleotides sequenced thus far or in DNA's of phage phi X174, phage G4, or simian virus 40. Five could serve as sites of joining by recombination or insertion of CDR to FR segments, and the invariant tryptophan that is the first residue of the second FR might serve as a sixth. These sites are consistent with the mini-gene or insertional hypotheses for the generation of antibody diversity but could also serve as points of recognition for a mutator enzyme or could serve to limit somatic mutation to the CDRs.", "PMID": 116235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12218", "title": "Cloned pairs of variable region genes for immunoglobulin heavy chains isolated from a clone library of the entire mouse genome.", "content": "To investigate the organization of immunoglobulin genes, we have constructed a clone library containing 10(6) randomly generated fragments of mouse embryo DNA, corresponding to eight equivalents of the genome. The cloning method involved methylation of embryo DNA at EcoRI recognition sites, partial digestion by EcoRI* endonclease activity, and direct ligation of the resulting large fragments to the lambda phage vector Charon 4A. The library was searched for sequences homologous to a cloned complementary DNA copy of a mu heavy chain mRNA. Nine clones bearing variable heavy chain (VH) sequences were isolated, representing at least eight distinct VH genes. Thus, multiple related VH genes are available in the genome to contribute to immunoglobulin diversity. Each of the two clones carries a pair of VH genes, one pair separated by 15 +/- 1 kilobase pairs of mouse DNA and the other by 14 +/- 2 kilobase pairs. This indicates that related VH genes are clustered and may occur in a tandem array having a repeating unit of 14--16 kilobase pairs. The large spacer sequences between VH genes cannot, however, be highly conserved.", "contents": "Cloned pairs of variable region genes for immunoglobulin heavy chains isolated from a clone library of the entire mouse genome. To investigate the organization of immunoglobulin genes, we have constructed a clone library containing 10(6) randomly generated fragments of mouse embryo DNA, corresponding to eight equivalents of the genome. The cloning method involved methylation of embryo DNA at EcoRI recognition sites, partial digestion by EcoRI* endonclease activity, and direct ligation of the resulting large fragments to the lambda phage vector Charon 4A. The library was searched for sequences homologous to a cloned complementary DNA copy of a mu heavy chain mRNA. Nine clones bearing variable heavy chain (VH) sequences were isolated, representing at least eight distinct VH genes. Thus, multiple related VH genes are available in the genome to contribute to immunoglobulin diversity. Each of the two clones carries a pair of VH genes, one pair separated by 15 +/- 1 kilobase pairs of mouse DNA and the other by 14 +/- 2 kilobase pairs. This indicates that related VH genes are clustered and may occur in a tandem array having a repeating unit of 14--16 kilobase pairs. The large spacer sequences between VH genes cannot, however, be highly conserved.", "PMID": 116236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12219", "title": "The effects of methamphetamine on fine motor control in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Six rhesus monkeys were trained to extend their arms through a tube to press a lever with between 25 and 40 g of force for 3 or 5 sec. Responding was maintained by the delivery of 1.5 cc of water. Stimulus lights indicated whether the exerted force was below 25 g. between 25 and 40 g (i.e., correct) or above 40 g. Sessions were terminated after 50 water deliveries or 30 min had elapsed. Performance was well-maintained in all monkeys. Allowing the animals access to water prior to the session had no effect on performance. Discontinuing sessions for two weeks disrupted some aspects of performance but responding improved within 5 sessions. Single injections of methamphetamine (0.06-0.5 mg/kg) were given IM 20 min prior to the session. The highest dose of 0.5 mg/kg totally eliminated responding. Lower doses decreased rate of responding somewhat and increased phasic activity (i.e., tremors) in a dose-dependent manner. The procedure seems ideally suited for investigating the effects of psychotropic drugs on fine motor control in rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "The effects of methamphetamine on fine motor control in rhesus monkeys. Six rhesus monkeys were trained to extend their arms through a tube to press a lever with between 25 and 40 g of force for 3 or 5 sec. Responding was maintained by the delivery of 1.5 cc of water. Stimulus lights indicated whether the exerted force was below 25 g. between 25 and 40 g (i.e., correct) or above 40 g. Sessions were terminated after 50 water deliveries or 30 min had elapsed. Performance was well-maintained in all monkeys. Allowing the animals access to water prior to the session had no effect on performance. Discontinuing sessions for two weeks disrupted some aspects of performance but responding improved within 5 sessions. Single injections of methamphetamine (0.06-0.5 mg/kg) were given IM 20 min prior to the session. The highest dose of 0.5 mg/kg totally eliminated responding. Lower doses decreased rate of responding somewhat and increased phasic activity (i.e., tremors) in a dose-dependent manner. The procedure seems ideally suited for investigating the effects of psychotropic drugs on fine motor control in rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 116246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12220", "title": "Effects of an enkephalin analog on complex learning in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Facilitation of the learning of a discrimination reversal task for a reward of food was found in rhesus monkeys after subcutaneous administration of a potent pentafluorinated enkephalin analog. (D-Ala2)-F5-Phe4-enkephalin-NH2. General activity, short-term memory, startle, and analgesia, however, were not significantly affected. In a within-subject design, each of 6 monkeys (3 males and 3 females) received each of 5 doses of the enkephalin analog (0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 microgram/kg). One daily injection was made for 7 consecutive days, including pre- and posttests on the first and last days with the diluent control. The enkephalin doses, with the exception of the 0.1 microgram/kg level, produced significantly faster learning than the diluent. Some sex differences were suggested by the data, but these effects are difficult to interpret. The results suggest that relatively small amounts of this analog given systematically can exert a reliable effect on a complex behavior such as reversal learning at doses devoid of opiate effects, due perhaps to enhanced cognitive flexibility rather than improvement in short-term memory or association formation.", "contents": "Effects of an enkephalin analog on complex learning in the rhesus monkey. Facilitation of the learning of a discrimination reversal task for a reward of food was found in rhesus monkeys after subcutaneous administration of a potent pentafluorinated enkephalin analog. (D-Ala2)-F5-Phe4-enkephalin-NH2. General activity, short-term memory, startle, and analgesia, however, were not significantly affected. In a within-subject design, each of 6 monkeys (3 males and 3 females) received each of 5 doses of the enkephalin analog (0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 microgram/kg). One daily injection was made for 7 consecutive days, including pre- and posttests on the first and last days with the diluent control. The enkephalin doses, with the exception of the 0.1 microgram/kg level, produced significantly faster learning than the diluent. Some sex differences were suggested by the data, but these effects are difficult to interpret. The results suggest that relatively small amounts of this analog given systematically can exert a reliable effect on a complex behavior such as reversal learning at doses devoid of opiate effects, due perhaps to enhanced cognitive flexibility rather than improvement in short-term memory or association formation.", "PMID": 116247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12221", "title": "Effects of zimelidine, a selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor, on serum prolactin levels in man.", "content": "The levels of serum prolactin were studied both after an acute intake of zimelidine and during a treatment period of 3--7 weeks. No significant changes in basal serum prolactin levels were seen after single oral doses of zimelidine (100 mg) in healthy volunteers during an investigation period of 12 h. Serum prolactin concentrations remained well within the pretreatment levels also during a continuous treatment of depressive patients with zimelidine up to 150 mg orally b.i.d. It is concluded that clinical doses of the selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor zimelidine does not exert any significant effect on serum prolactin levels.", "contents": "Effects of zimelidine, a selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor, on serum prolactin levels in man. The levels of serum prolactin were studied both after an acute intake of zimelidine and during a treatment period of 3--7 weeks. No significant changes in basal serum prolactin levels were seen after single oral doses of zimelidine (100 mg) in healthy volunteers during an investigation period of 12 h. Serum prolactin concentrations remained well within the pretreatment levels also during a continuous treatment of depressive patients with zimelidine up to 150 mg orally b.i.d. It is concluded that clinical doses of the selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor zimelidine does not exert any significant effect on serum prolactin levels.", "PMID": 116266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12222", "title": "Maturational changes related to dopamine in the effects of d-amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, and strychnine on seizure susceptibility.", "content": "The effects of four neural excitants (damphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, and strychnine) on myoclonic and clonic seizure susceptibility were investigated in two age groups (30 and 120 days) of short-sleep mice. Amphetamine and cocaine decreased susceptibility to myoclonus in young mice and increased susceptibility in mature mice. These effects were attenuated by pretreatment with haloperidol, indicating mediation by a dopaminergic system. Amphetamine did not alter clonic susceptibility in either age group of mice, whereas cocaine affected clonic susceptibility and myoclonus. These effects were not attenuated by haloperidol, indicating mediation by systems other than dopamine. Nicotine decreased susceptibility to myoclonus and increased susceptibility to clonus, whereas strychnine increased susceptibility to both types of seizure. Haloperidol, however, failed to alter any of these effects. These results are consistent with our previous work which suggests that a dopaminergic mechanism in these mice undergoes marked developmental changes between 30 and 120 days of age.", "contents": "Maturational changes related to dopamine in the effects of d-amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, and strychnine on seizure susceptibility. The effects of four neural excitants (damphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, and strychnine) on myoclonic and clonic seizure susceptibility were investigated in two age groups (30 and 120 days) of short-sleep mice. Amphetamine and cocaine decreased susceptibility to myoclonus in young mice and increased susceptibility in mature mice. These effects were attenuated by pretreatment with haloperidol, indicating mediation by a dopaminergic system. Amphetamine did not alter clonic susceptibility in either age group of mice, whereas cocaine affected clonic susceptibility and myoclonus. These effects were not attenuated by haloperidol, indicating mediation by systems other than dopamine. Nicotine decreased susceptibility to myoclonus and increased susceptibility to clonus, whereas strychnine increased susceptibility to both types of seizure. Haloperidol, however, failed to alter any of these effects. These results are consistent with our previous work which suggests that a dopaminergic mechanism in these mice undergoes marked developmental changes between 30 and 120 days of age.", "PMID": 116267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12223", "title": "Cocaine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital effects on responding maintained by food or cocaine in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The effects of IM injections of cocaine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital were studied in rhesus monkeys whose lever-press responding was maintained under a second-order fixed-interval, fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. Within each session, fixed-interval components, ending with the IV injection of 30 microgram/kg cocaine (one group of monkeys) or the delivery of a 300 mg food pellet (second group of monkeys), alternated with fixed-interval components ending without an injection of cocaine or the delivery of food (extinction). Drug pretreatments generally caused comparable dose-related decreases in the overall rates of responding reinforced either by cocaine or by food. Response rates during extinction usually increased and then decreased as the dose of each drug increased. An analysis of the drug effects on response rates in different temporal segments of the fixed intervals showed that in both the reinforcement and extinction components, the normally low control rates of responding which occurred earlier in the intervals were usually increased, while higher control rates which occurred later in the intervals were increased less or decreased. Thus, the effects of these drugs were relatively independent of the reinforcing event (food or cocaine) and tended to depend more on the ongoing rate of responding under these conditions.", "contents": "Cocaine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital effects on responding maintained by food or cocaine in rhesus monkeys. The effects of IM injections of cocaine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital were studied in rhesus monkeys whose lever-press responding was maintained under a second-order fixed-interval, fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. Within each session, fixed-interval components, ending with the IV injection of 30 microgram/kg cocaine (one group of monkeys) or the delivery of a 300 mg food pellet (second group of monkeys), alternated with fixed-interval components ending without an injection of cocaine or the delivery of food (extinction). Drug pretreatments generally caused comparable dose-related decreases in the overall rates of responding reinforced either by cocaine or by food. Response rates during extinction usually increased and then decreased as the dose of each drug increased. An analysis of the drug effects on response rates in different temporal segments of the fixed intervals showed that in both the reinforcement and extinction components, the normally low control rates of responding which occurred earlier in the intervals were usually increased, while higher control rates which occurred later in the intervals were increased less or decreased. Thus, the effects of these drugs were relatively independent of the reinforcing event (food or cocaine) and tended to depend more on the ongoing rate of responding under these conditions.", "PMID": 116268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12224", "title": "Social isolation and other behavioral changes in groups of adult vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) produced by low, nonchronic doses of d-amphetamine.", "content": "Doses (0.1--0.7 mg/kg body weight) d-amphetamine were administered to three independent groups of green vervet monkeys (Cerecopithecus aethiops). Each group formed a triad with one male and two females. Amphetamine changed both the individual and the social behavior patterns significantly. Stereotypy and social isolation (withdrawal) were characteristic features of the amphetaminized animals. Also stereotyped social grooming was observed. The results are discussed in relation to behavior changes seen in amphetamine psychoses and in naturally occurring endogenous psychoses. It is emphasized that the study of patterns of behavior is an important object of research and relevant line in future investigations on psychopathology.", "contents": "Social isolation and other behavioral changes in groups of adult vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) produced by low, nonchronic doses of d-amphetamine. Doses (0.1--0.7 mg/kg body weight) d-amphetamine were administered to three independent groups of green vervet monkeys (Cerecopithecus aethiops). Each group formed a triad with one male and two females. Amphetamine changed both the individual and the social behavior patterns significantly. Stereotypy and social isolation (withdrawal) were characteristic features of the amphetaminized animals. Also stereotyped social grooming was observed. The results are discussed in relation to behavior changes seen in amphetamine psychoses and in naturally occurring endogenous psychoses. It is emphasized that the study of patterns of behavior is an important object of research and relevant line in future investigations on psychopathology.", "PMID": 116271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12225", "title": "Effect of drugs influencing central serotonergic mechanisms on methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in the rat.", "content": "Pretreatment with L-tryptophan, a precursor of serotonin, was found to decrease the intensity of stereotyped behavior induced by methamphetamine, while methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, was found to increase the intensity of methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior. These results suggest that the intensity of methamphetamine-induced stereotypy depends on the balance between central dopaminergic and serotonergic systems and that the central serotonergic system may have an opposing, tonic effect upon central dopaminergic systems involved in the mediation of stereotypy. In contrast to L-tryptophan, however, pretreatment with quipazine, a serotonin agonist, and clomipramine, a selective, serotonin neuronal uptake blocker, was found to potentiate the stereotyped behavior induced by methamphetamine. The probable mechanisms by which quipazine and clomipramine might have potentiated the methamphetamine-induced stereotypy are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of drugs influencing central serotonergic mechanisms on methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in the rat. Pretreatment with L-tryptophan, a precursor of serotonin, was found to decrease the intensity of stereotyped behavior induced by methamphetamine, while methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, was found to increase the intensity of methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior. These results suggest that the intensity of methamphetamine-induced stereotypy depends on the balance between central dopaminergic and serotonergic systems and that the central serotonergic system may have an opposing, tonic effect upon central dopaminergic systems involved in the mediation of stereotypy. In contrast to L-tryptophan, however, pretreatment with quipazine, a serotonin agonist, and clomipramine, a selective, serotonin neuronal uptake blocker, was found to potentiate the stereotyped behavior induced by methamphetamine. The probable mechanisms by which quipazine and clomipramine might have potentiated the methamphetamine-induced stereotypy are discussed.", "PMID": 116272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12226", "title": "Scopolamine state-dependent memory processes in man.", "content": "Scopolamine state-dependent learning was investigated in man using four learning and recall tasks. Twenty-eight subjects performed the four tasks on the first day of the 2 day experiment under either the influence of the drug (5 microgram/kg of scopolamine administered IV) or a placebo and tried to recall the material on the second day in either the same or altered drug state. State-dependent learning theory predicts that those subjects in the same drug state on both days should recall more material than those who had their drug condition changed. Results confirmed this prediction for the two recall tasks which did not involve recall cues or prompts but not for the tasks involving memory acids. This implies that the drug state has memory cueing properties of its own and that recall can be enhanced either by restoring the drug state which existed at the time of learning or by providing external prompts.external prompts.", "contents": "Scopolamine state-dependent memory processes in man. Scopolamine state-dependent learning was investigated in man using four learning and recall tasks. Twenty-eight subjects performed the four tasks on the first day of the 2 day experiment under either the influence of the drug (5 microgram/kg of scopolamine administered IV) or a placebo and tried to recall the material on the second day in either the same or altered drug state. State-dependent learning theory predicts that those subjects in the same drug state on both days should recall more material than those who had their drug condition changed. Results confirmed this prediction for the two recall tasks which did not involve recall cues or prompts but not for the tasks involving memory acids. This implies that the drug state has memory cueing properties of its own and that recall can be enhanced either by restoring the drug state which existed at the time of learning or by providing external prompts.external prompts.", "PMID": 116273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12227", "title": "Cannabinols and feeding in sheep.", "content": "Marijuana, long used for the euphoria which results, recently has been found to stimulate hunger in humans but in several laboratory animals cannabinoids decrease food intake. Sheep, relatively more sensitive to chemicals that affect food intake, were injected IV with the d-and l-isomers of tetrahydrocannabinol and with a 9-aza-cannabinol) 9-AC) (8-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)-5,5-dimethyl-5H-[1]benzopyranol[3,4]pyridin-10-01, HCL) and feeding behavior was monitored. In the first 30 min, food intake was increased by the l-isomer and by 9-AC but not affected by d-delta 9-THC. After 24 h, feed intake was decreased by at least one dose of d-and l-delta 9-THC and 9-AC. The l-but not d-isomer was active at very low doses compared with doses used in many laboratory animals.", "contents": "Cannabinols and feeding in sheep. Marijuana, long used for the euphoria which results, recently has been found to stimulate hunger in humans but in several laboratory animals cannabinoids decrease food intake. Sheep, relatively more sensitive to chemicals that affect food intake, were injected IV with the d-and l-isomers of tetrahydrocannabinol and with a 9-aza-cannabinol) 9-AC) (8-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)-5,5-dimethyl-5H-[1]benzopyranol[3,4]pyridin-10-01, HCL) and feeding behavior was monitored. In the first 30 min, food intake was increased by the l-isomer and by 9-AC but not affected by d-delta 9-THC. After 24 h, feed intake was decreased by at least one dose of d-and l-delta 9-THC and 9-AC. The l-but not d-isomer was active at very low doses compared with doses used in many laboratory animals.", "PMID": 116274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12228", "title": "Increased tolerance in mice following prenatal exposure to barbiturate.", "content": "HS/Ibg (heterogeneous stock) mice dams were fed milled mouse food containing 3 g/kg phenobarbital (PhB) in acid form and water as their only nutritional source from gestation days 9--19. Control females received milled food and water. Blood PhB levels of treated females and fetuses were 40--200 micrograms/ml blood. At the age of 50 days, male offspring were injected with C14 -sodium pentobarbital (PenB) (50 mg/kg). Sleep time and temperature loss were monitored and, in randomly selected individuals, brain PenB levels were determined upon awakening. The experiment was repeated on the same animals for 3 consecutive days. All offspring developed functional (central nervous system) tolerance during the 3 testing days as evidenced by the daily decrease in sleep time while brain levels of PenB upon awakening increased (P less than 0.001). Offspring who received PhB prenatally had generally shorter sleep times, less temperature loss, and higher brain PenB levels upon awakening than controls. The differences were most pronounced on the second day (sleep time reduced 27%, P less than 0.001; temperature loss 47%, P less than 0.001; brain PhB levels increased 23%, P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Increased tolerance in mice following prenatal exposure to barbiturate. HS/Ibg (heterogeneous stock) mice dams were fed milled mouse food containing 3 g/kg phenobarbital (PhB) in acid form and water as their only nutritional source from gestation days 9--19. Control females received milled food and water. Blood PhB levels of treated females and fetuses were 40--200 micrograms/ml blood. At the age of 50 days, male offspring were injected with C14 -sodium pentobarbital (PenB) (50 mg/kg). Sleep time and temperature loss were monitored and, in randomly selected individuals, brain PenB levels were determined upon awakening. The experiment was repeated on the same animals for 3 consecutive days. All offspring developed functional (central nervous system) tolerance during the 3 testing days as evidenced by the daily decrease in sleep time while brain levels of PenB upon awakening increased (P less than 0.001). Offspring who received PhB prenatally had generally shorter sleep times, less temperature loss, and higher brain PenB levels upon awakening than controls. The differences were most pronounced on the second day (sleep time reduced 27%, P less than 0.001; temperature loss 47%, P less than 0.001; brain PhB levels increased 23%, P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 116275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12229", "title": "A new motility meter based on the Doppler principle.", "content": "A new motility meter for recording the locomotor activity of small laboratory animals is described in detail. The equipment is designed to record simultaneously, but independently, the motility of eight animals (or groups of animals) in separate cages. The functional mechanism is an application of the well known Doppler principle. The use of electromagnetic waves presents the important advantages of contactless detection and freedom from interference of external stimuli with spontaneous activity; both horizontal and vertical components of movement are registered. To test the equipment, motility was studied in rats treated with saline, haloperidol, d,l-amphetamine, and the combination of haloperidol and d,l-amphetamine. Motility, as measured with the Doppler motility meter, proved to be very sensitive to drug-effects.", "contents": "A new motility meter based on the Doppler principle. A new motility meter for recording the locomotor activity of small laboratory animals is described in detail. The equipment is designed to record simultaneously, but independently, the motility of eight animals (or groups of animals) in separate cages. The functional mechanism is an application of the well known Doppler principle. The use of electromagnetic waves presents the important advantages of contactless detection and freedom from interference of external stimuli with spontaneous activity; both horizontal and vertical components of movement are registered. To test the equipment, motility was studied in rats treated with saline, haloperidol, d,l-amphetamine, and the combination of haloperidol and d,l-amphetamine. Motility, as measured with the Doppler motility meter, proved to be very sensitive to drug-effects.", "PMID": 116276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12230", "title": "Central cholinergic receptor supersensitivity after long-term atropine administration.", "content": "Rats were treated with a single dose of atropine (AT) at 5 mg/kg, or every day for 14 or 31 days with the same dose of AT, 3 h after the single dose and 24 h after the last dose of chronically administered AT, 10 micrograms of ACh was injected intracerebroventricularly, and two tests were used to examine the behavior of the animals. The tremorigenic effect of oxotremorine was also measured in mice treated with 10 mg/kg of AT for 1 month. It was shown that a single dose of AT antagonized ACh-induced behavior. The long-term treatment with AT enhanced the depressive-behavior of ACh in rats and the tremorigenic effect of oxotremorine in mice. The results suggest that long-term blockade of central cholinergic receptors induces their hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Central cholinergic receptor supersensitivity after long-term atropine administration. Rats were treated with a single dose of atropine (AT) at 5 mg/kg, or every day for 14 or 31 days with the same dose of AT, 3 h after the single dose and 24 h after the last dose of chronically administered AT, 10 micrograms of ACh was injected intracerebroventricularly, and two tests were used to examine the behavior of the animals. The tremorigenic effect of oxotremorine was also measured in mice treated with 10 mg/kg of AT for 1 month. It was shown that a single dose of AT antagonized ACh-induced behavior. The long-term treatment with AT enhanced the depressive-behavior of ACh in rats and the tremorigenic effect of oxotremorine in mice. The results suggest that long-term blockade of central cholinergic receptors induces their hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 116277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12231", "title": "Some effects of piracetam (UCB 6215, Nootropyl) on chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "A study is described of effects of a nootropic drug on chronic schizophrenia. The nootropic drugs act on the central nervous system with the cerebral cortex as their target. Chronic schizophrenic patients on the drug showed improvement in object naming and in tests where the patient was required to indicate the number of times he had been tapped. Improvements were also noted in learning and memory tasks. In dichotic listening the patients showed a reduction in the amount of incorrect verbal responses produced. There were no improvements in symptom rating or social behaviour rating. These results suggest some cognitive improvement but little if any change in the disease state of the patient.", "contents": "Some effects of piracetam (UCB 6215, Nootropyl) on chronic schizophrenia. A study is described of effects of a nootropic drug on chronic schizophrenia. The nootropic drugs act on the central nervous system with the cerebral cortex as their target. Chronic schizophrenic patients on the drug showed improvement in object naming and in tests where the patient was required to indicate the number of times he had been tapped. Improvements were also noted in learning and memory tasks. In dichotic listening the patients showed a reduction in the amount of incorrect verbal responses produced. There were no improvements in symptom rating or social behaviour rating. These results suggest some cognitive improvement but little if any change in the disease state of the patient.", "PMID": 116278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12232", "title": "Electrophysiological correlates of the behavioral effects of tubocurarine in conscious cats.", "content": "The effects of tubocurarine on behavior, electrical activity, and auditory evoked potentials were studied in restrained conscious cats. Tubocurarine hydrochloride (doses of 0.05--1 micrograms intraventricularly) produced various central stimulatory effects characterized by EEG desynchronization, decrease in both low (7--9 Hz) and high (10--14 Hz) alpha waves, and decrease in the amplitude and area of the surface positive (P1) wave of auditory evoked potentials. Concomitant with the alterations in brain electrical activity tubocurarine hydrochloride produced generalized behavioral arousal phenomena and the cats became restless and exhibited miaowing and increased movement of the head and ears. Almost all parameters except behavior showed a distinct dose-response relationship. A correlation between the behavioral effects and the EEG analog was thus demonstrated.", "contents": "Electrophysiological correlates of the behavioral effects of tubocurarine in conscious cats. The effects of tubocurarine on behavior, electrical activity, and auditory evoked potentials were studied in restrained conscious cats. Tubocurarine hydrochloride (doses of 0.05--1 micrograms intraventricularly) produced various central stimulatory effects characterized by EEG desynchronization, decrease in both low (7--9 Hz) and high (10--14 Hz) alpha waves, and decrease in the amplitude and area of the surface positive (P1) wave of auditory evoked potentials. Concomitant with the alterations in brain electrical activity tubocurarine hydrochloride produced generalized behavioral arousal phenomena and the cats became restless and exhibited miaowing and increased movement of the head and ears. Almost all parameters except behavior showed a distinct dose-response relationship. A correlation between the behavioral effects and the EEG analog was thus demonstrated.", "PMID": 116279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12233", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine, maprotiline, L-dopa, and haloperidol on the components of the predatory behavior of the ferret, Putorius furo L.", "content": "Ferret predation on rats was examined in an arena. One hour before the test one of the following drugs was administered. d-Amphetamine (0.8 and 1.4 mg/kg IM), MAPROTILINE (10 AND 40 Mg/kg orally), L-dopa (30 and 60 mg/kg orally), or haloperidol (0.14 and 0.6 mg/kg IM). Provided that capture was successful, the sequence of the behavioral components was not changed by these drugs. With the exceptions of paw movements and rolling over, which were not affected by the drugs, the components of predatory behavior were influenced differently. This leads to the assumption that a drug affects different mechanisms which control behavior. It is assumed that dopamine is involved in the control of capture elicitation as well as in the control of pursuit and biting. Capture elicitation was inhibited by d-amphetamine and L-dopa, but not by maprotiline, and was even facilitated by haloperidol. The orientation of pursuit movements and biting was impaired by L-dopa and improved by haloperidol, whereas maprotiline did not influence these components.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine, maprotiline, L-dopa, and haloperidol on the components of the predatory behavior of the ferret, Putorius furo L. Ferret predation on rats was examined in an arena. One hour before the test one of the following drugs was administered. d-Amphetamine (0.8 and 1.4 mg/kg IM), MAPROTILINE (10 AND 40 Mg/kg orally), L-dopa (30 and 60 mg/kg orally), or haloperidol (0.14 and 0.6 mg/kg IM). Provided that capture was successful, the sequence of the behavioral components was not changed by these drugs. With the exceptions of paw movements and rolling over, which were not affected by the drugs, the components of predatory behavior were influenced differently. This leads to the assumption that a drug affects different mechanisms which control behavior. It is assumed that dopamine is involved in the control of capture elicitation as well as in the control of pursuit and biting. Capture elicitation was inhibited by d-amphetamine and L-dopa, but not by maprotiline, and was even facilitated by haloperidol. The orientation of pursuit movements and biting was impaired by L-dopa and improved by haloperidol, whereas maprotiline did not influence these components.", "PMID": 116280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12234", "title": "Stimulation of human prolactin secretion by mescaline.", "content": "Prolactin (PRL) and Growth Hormone (GH) secretions were studied in human serum after the oral administration of 5 mg/kg mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxy-beta-phenylethylamine) or 2,3,4-trimethoxy-beta-phenylethylamine (2,3,4-TMPEA) respectively. Mescaline stimulated the secretion of PRL more than four-fold above base-line levels. Peak concentrations were found 90--120 min after drug intake. Five hours later serum PRL was still markedly increased. Mescaline also triggered GH secretion. There was no alteration of serum PRL and GH concentrations after intake of the non-hallucinogenic 2,3,4-TMPEA.", "contents": "Stimulation of human prolactin secretion by mescaline. Prolactin (PRL) and Growth Hormone (GH) secretions were studied in human serum after the oral administration of 5 mg/kg mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxy-beta-phenylethylamine) or 2,3,4-trimethoxy-beta-phenylethylamine (2,3,4-TMPEA) respectively. Mescaline stimulated the secretion of PRL more than four-fold above base-line levels. Peak concentrations were found 90--120 min after drug intake. Five hours later serum PRL was still markedly increased. Mescaline also triggered GH secretion. There was no alteration of serum PRL and GH concentrations after intake of the non-hallucinogenic 2,3,4-TMPEA.", "PMID": 116281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12235", "title": "The effect of high dose oxprenolol on stress-induced physical and psychophysiological variables.", "content": "The effects of oral oxprenolol (480 mg) and lorazepam (2 mg) on skin conductance, reaction time, critical flicker frequency and self-rating visual analogue scales for anxiety, sedation and concentration were investigated in 6 healthy male volunteers. Oxprenolol exerted a central action similar to lorazepam as shown by a significant lowering of skin conductance and decrease in the number of spontaneous fluctuations during stress, impaired critical flicker frequency and decrease in alertness with reduced concentration.", "contents": "The effect of high dose oxprenolol on stress-induced physical and psychophysiological variables. The effects of oral oxprenolol (480 mg) and lorazepam (2 mg) on skin conductance, reaction time, critical flicker frequency and self-rating visual analogue scales for anxiety, sedation and concentration were investigated in 6 healthy male volunteers. Oxprenolol exerted a central action similar to lorazepam as shown by a significant lowering of skin conductance and decrease in the number of spontaneous fluctuations during stress, impaired critical flicker frequency and decrease in alertness with reduced concentration.", "PMID": 116282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12236", "title": "Effect of naloxone on the behaviour of rats exposed to a novel environment.", "content": "It has recently been suggested that endogenous opiates may play a general role in stress responding. To test this hypothesis, naloxone hydrochloride (0.5-4.0 mg/kg SC) was administered to rats exposed to an open field situation. Naloxone treatment produced a decrease in locomotor activity and rearing, and an increase in defaecation. A simple dose-response relationship was not observed, with the most potent effects exerted by the 1 mg/kg dose. Nvertheless, these results indicate that naloxone increases emotionality in the rat and suggest that opioid peptides may be released under conditions of nonpainful stress.", "contents": "Effect of naloxone on the behaviour of rats exposed to a novel environment. It has recently been suggested that endogenous opiates may play a general role in stress responding. To test this hypothesis, naloxone hydrochloride (0.5-4.0 mg/kg SC) was administered to rats exposed to an open field situation. Naloxone treatment produced a decrease in locomotor activity and rearing, and an increase in defaecation. A simple dose-response relationship was not observed, with the most potent effects exerted by the 1 mg/kg dose. Nvertheless, these results indicate that naloxone increases emotionality in the rat and suggest that opioid peptides may be released under conditions of nonpainful stress.", "PMID": 116284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12237", "title": "Piracetam as an aid to learning in dyslexia. Preliminary report.", "content": "Sixteen male dyslexic children were seen again when adults and matched with 14 student volunteers for a 21-day trial of piracetam. It was found, using a double-blind cross-over technique, that dyslexics significantly increased their verbal learning by 15.0% and students by 8.6% (over and above their placebo increase).", "contents": "Piracetam as an aid to learning in dyslexia. Preliminary report. Sixteen male dyslexic children were seen again when adults and matched with 14 student volunteers for a 21-day trial of piracetam. It was found, using a double-blind cross-over technique, that dyslexics significantly increased their verbal learning by 15.0% and students by 8.6% (over and above their placebo increase).", "PMID": 116285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12238", "title": "Methadone effects on brain functioning and type A and B CNV shapes.", "content": "Twelve male outpatients participating in a methadone maintenance treatment program were evaluated for the effects of acute administration of methadone on brain functioning (contingent negative variation or CNV), attention performance (reaction time and continuous performance test), and psychophysiological activity (heart rate and eye blink rate). Individual differences in response to methadone were assessed by classifying patients into two groups on the basis of basal CNV shapes: Type A (quick rise time) and type B (slow rise time). Methadone produced a pattern of increased electrical brain activity (CNV) and enhanced attention performance in type B patients and elevated heart rate and lowered eye blink rate in type A subjects. Results are interpreted in terms of the distraction-arousal and the eye blink-hedonia hypotheses.", "contents": "Methadone effects on brain functioning and type A and B CNV shapes. Twelve male outpatients participating in a methadone maintenance treatment program were evaluated for the effects of acute administration of methadone on brain functioning (contingent negative variation or CNV), attention performance (reaction time and continuous performance test), and psychophysiological activity (heart rate and eye blink rate). Individual differences in response to methadone were assessed by classifying patients into two groups on the basis of basal CNV shapes: Type A (quick rise time) and type B (slow rise time). Methadone produced a pattern of increased electrical brain activity (CNV) and enhanced attention performance in type B patients and elevated heart rate and lowered eye blink rate in type A subjects. Results are interpreted in terms of the distraction-arousal and the eye blink-hedonia hypotheses.", "PMID": 116287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12239", "title": "A characteristic effect of hallucinogens on investigatory responding in rats.", "content": "The disruption of the temporal distribution of investigatory responses by rats in a novel hole-board following lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD), as described in a companion paper (Geyer and Light, 1979), was found to be a characteristic effect of a variety of hallucinogens. Similar effects were produced by indoleamine hallucinogens, such as LSD, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and psilocin, and by phenylethylamine hallucinogens, such as mescaline or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM). Congeners of DOM that are inactive in humans had no significant effects. Furthermore, of a variety of other psychoactive drugs tested, only apomorphine produced an effect similar to that of the hallucinogens. These results suggest that a simple behavioral measure of exploration in a hole-board may provide a useful animal model with which to examine the common effects of hallucinogens.", "contents": "A characteristic effect of hallucinogens on investigatory responding in rats. The disruption of the temporal distribution of investigatory responses by rats in a novel hole-board following lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD), as described in a companion paper (Geyer and Light, 1979), was found to be a characteristic effect of a variety of hallucinogens. Similar effects were produced by indoleamine hallucinogens, such as LSD, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and psilocin, and by phenylethylamine hallucinogens, such as mescaline or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM). Congeners of DOM that are inactive in humans had no significant effects. Furthermore, of a variety of other psychoactive drugs tested, only apomorphine produced an effect similar to that of the hallucinogens. These results suggest that a simple behavioral measure of exploration in a hole-board may provide a useful animal model with which to examine the common effects of hallucinogens.", "PMID": 116288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12240", "title": "Modification of spontaneous ECoG and behavior in cat by monoamine precursors.", "content": "The effects of increasing the brain monoamine content on the three types of localized rhythms identified in somatic area I (\"mu-type rhythms\") were studied in freely moving cats. Increases in brain monoamines (catecholamines and serotonin) were produced by injecting L-Dopa and 5-HTP, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan and tryptamine were also tested. It is concluded that the two subsets of rhythms, one accompanying high levels of alertness and vigilance and the other appearing during quiet wakefulness, are related to the catecholaminergic systems, while those characterizing drowsiness seem to be controlled by a serotoninergic system. The latter, however, is distinct from that controlling slow sleep.", "contents": "Modification of spontaneous ECoG and behavior in cat by monoamine precursors. The effects of increasing the brain monoamine content on the three types of localized rhythms identified in somatic area I (\"mu-type rhythms\") were studied in freely moving cats. Increases in brain monoamines (catecholamines and serotonin) were produced by injecting L-Dopa and 5-HTP, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan and tryptamine were also tested. It is concluded that the two subsets of rhythms, one accompanying high levels of alertness and vigilance and the other appearing during quiet wakefulness, are related to the catecholaminergic systems, while those characterizing drowsiness seem to be controlled by a serotoninergic system. The latter, however, is distinct from that controlling slow sleep.", "PMID": 116289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12241", "title": "Effects of meperidine on operant behavioral thermoregulation in mice under conditions of symmetrical thermal drive.", "content": "The effects of meperidine on operant behavioral thermoregulation were investigated using a convective thermal controller and mice trained to alternate at will the thermal-drive condition, changing it from an air flow of 15 degrees C to one of 45 degrees C, and vice versa. Administration of 15 mg/kg meperidine resulted in significantly lower response rates, a significantly larger fraction of time spent in one (mostly cold) drive condition, and significantly lower body temperatures than administration of saline. In a second experiment the animal was automatically returned to the hot-drive condition every 3 min unless it had been exposed to this condition in the previous 0.4 min although otherwise it remained free to alternative drive conditions at will. Under these conditions, meperidine-treated animals also spent significantly more time in cold drive and had significantly lower body temperatures than control animals, in spite of lower response rates. Pretreatment with 4.5 mg/kg tranylcypromine (4 h prior) did not significantly alter the effects of meperidine administration in either experiment.", "contents": "Effects of meperidine on operant behavioral thermoregulation in mice under conditions of symmetrical thermal drive. The effects of meperidine on operant behavioral thermoregulation were investigated using a convective thermal controller and mice trained to alternate at will the thermal-drive condition, changing it from an air flow of 15 degrees C to one of 45 degrees C, and vice versa. Administration of 15 mg/kg meperidine resulted in significantly lower response rates, a significantly larger fraction of time spent in one (mostly cold) drive condition, and significantly lower body temperatures than administration of saline. In a second experiment the animal was automatically returned to the hot-drive condition every 3 min unless it had been exposed to this condition in the previous 0.4 min although otherwise it remained free to alternative drive conditions at will. Under these conditions, meperidine-treated animals also spent significantly more time in cold drive and had significantly lower body temperatures than control animals, in spite of lower response rates. Pretreatment with 4.5 mg/kg tranylcypromine (4 h prior) did not significantly alter the effects of meperidine administration in either experiment.", "PMID": 116290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12242", "title": "Facilitation of opiate- and enkephalin-induced motor activity in the mouse by phenytoin sodium and carbamazepine.", "content": "In the first experiment, adult male Swiss-Webster mice were systemically injected with a standard dose of morphine. Compared to the influence of vehicle, the motor activity of morphine-injected mice was increased. Neither phenytoin sodium nor carbamazepine alone facilitated motor activity, but pretreatment with both drugs further facilitated the increased motor activity produced by morphine. In a second experiment, mice were injected centrally with a long-acting analog of leu-enkephalin. It also increased motor activity in comparison with vehicle. Again, both phenytoin sodium and carbamazepine further facilitated this response. Both experiments suggest a facilitatory interaction between some aspects of these anticonvulsants and opiate-induced motor activity.", "contents": "Facilitation of opiate- and enkephalin-induced motor activity in the mouse by phenytoin sodium and carbamazepine. In the first experiment, adult male Swiss-Webster mice were systemically injected with a standard dose of morphine. Compared to the influence of vehicle, the motor activity of morphine-injected mice was increased. Neither phenytoin sodium nor carbamazepine alone facilitated motor activity, but pretreatment with both drugs further facilitated the increased motor activity produced by morphine. In a second experiment, mice were injected centrally with a long-acting analog of leu-enkephalin. It also increased motor activity in comparison with vehicle. Again, both phenytoin sodium and carbamazepine further facilitated this response. Both experiments suggest a facilitatory interaction between some aspects of these anticonvulsants and opiate-induced motor activity.", "PMID": 116291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12243", "title": "Comparison of serum levels after intramuscular injections of 2% and 10% cis(Z)-flupentixol decanoate in Viscoleo to schizophrenic patients.", "content": "The serum concentrations of cis(Z)-flupentixol after injection of 2% and 10% cis(Z)-flupentixol decanoate in Viscoleo (Depixol injection, Fluanxol Depot) have been investigated in a crossover study with eight schizophrenic patients. No statistically significant difference was found between the two preparations when the data from individual days or areas under the serum concentration curves were considered. For the individual patients a difference was found between the two treatments in six cases; one preparation gave the higher serum concentration in four cases and the other preparation in two cases. Thus, the difference found within individual patients reflects the intraindividual variation rather than a difference between preparations. The maximum serum concentration was seen at 4 or 7 days after injection. The maximum/minimum fluctuation ratio indicates that dosage intervals longer than 2 weeks seem reasonable for most of the patients. The similarity in the serum concentrations, no matter which concentration of flupentixol decanoate solution was given, indicates that a dispersal and possibly a metabolic breakdown of the oil depot takes place in the muscle.", "contents": "Comparison of serum levels after intramuscular injections of 2% and 10% cis(Z)-flupentixol decanoate in Viscoleo to schizophrenic patients. The serum concentrations of cis(Z)-flupentixol after injection of 2% and 10% cis(Z)-flupentixol decanoate in Viscoleo (Depixol injection, Fluanxol Depot) have been investigated in a crossover study with eight schizophrenic patients. No statistically significant difference was found between the two preparations when the data from individual days or areas under the serum concentration curves were considered. For the individual patients a difference was found between the two treatments in six cases; one preparation gave the higher serum concentration in four cases and the other preparation in two cases. Thus, the difference found within individual patients reflects the intraindividual variation rather than a difference between preparations. The maximum serum concentration was seen at 4 or 7 days after injection. The maximum/minimum fluctuation ratio indicates that dosage intervals longer than 2 weeks seem reasonable for most of the patients. The similarity in the serum concentrations, no matter which concentration of flupentixol decanoate solution was given, indicates that a dispersal and possibly a metabolic breakdown of the oil depot takes place in the muscle.", "PMID": 116292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12244", "title": "Amphetamine psychosis and psychotic symptoms.", "content": "Amphetamine psychosis has been considered to be a pharmacologic model of schizophrenia. Fifteen previously reported cases were reviewed in which experimental induction of amphetamine psychosis occurred in nonschizophrenic drug abusers. Seven (possibly ten) cases manifested Schneider's first rank symptoms and all had World Health Organization Present-State Exam symptoms which discriminated schizophrenia. This observation draws further parallels between the phenomenology of amphetamine psychosis and schizophrenic symptoms.", "contents": "Amphetamine psychosis and psychotic symptoms. Amphetamine psychosis has been considered to be a pharmacologic model of schizophrenia. Fifteen previously reported cases were reviewed in which experimental induction of amphetamine psychosis occurred in nonschizophrenic drug abusers. Seven (possibly ten) cases manifested Schneider's first rank symptoms and all had World Health Organization Present-State Exam symptoms which discriminated schizophrenia. This observation draws further parallels between the phenomenology of amphetamine psychosis and schizophrenic symptoms.", "PMID": 116294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12245", "title": "Reduction of swimming time in mice through interaction of infrasound and alcohol.", "content": "The effects of noise, alcohol, and the combination of the two were studied on muscular fatigue in several mouse strains to investigate a possible interaction between the two stresses. Muscular fatigue was measured by latency to submersion during a forced-swimming test. Animals were exposed to acoustic stimuli of fixed frequency and intensity for 2h preceding the test. Ethanol was administered orally from 30 min to 3h 30 min prior to testing. Alcohol doses and sound intensities were subliminal when administered separately. While no significant interaction occurred between alcohol and audible sound, the interaction between alcohol and infrasound was highly significant indicating that their joint effects are more than merely additive. Blood alcohol measurements indicate that these interactive effects are prolonged for more than 2h after elimination of alcohol from the blood. Effects are similar in genetically deaf and hearing mice, implicating involvement of nonauditory pathways.", "contents": "Reduction of swimming time in mice through interaction of infrasound and alcohol. The effects of noise, alcohol, and the combination of the two were studied on muscular fatigue in several mouse strains to investigate a possible interaction between the two stresses. Muscular fatigue was measured by latency to submersion during a forced-swimming test. Animals were exposed to acoustic stimuli of fixed frequency and intensity for 2h preceding the test. Ethanol was administered orally from 30 min to 3h 30 min prior to testing. Alcohol doses and sound intensities were subliminal when administered separately. While no significant interaction occurred between alcohol and audible sound, the interaction between alcohol and infrasound was highly significant indicating that their joint effects are more than merely additive. Blood alcohol measurements indicate that these interactive effects are prolonged for more than 2h after elimination of alcohol from the blood. Effects are similar in genetically deaf and hearing mice, implicating involvement of nonauditory pathways.", "PMID": 116295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12246", "title": "Urinary dicarboxylic acids in patients receiving lithium or rubidium salts.", "content": "Lithium salts administered in therapeutic doses to four subjects who were kept on controlled diets increased up to fivefold the urinary output of some dicarboxylic acids. Some of the acids affected are intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, others are chemically similar but not directly related in metabolic terms. This is probably a direct effect on renal transport. Rubidium salts increased urinary 2-oxoglutarate output and blood 2-oxoglutarate levels, probably by some action on intermediary metabolism.", "contents": "Urinary dicarboxylic acids in patients receiving lithium or rubidium salts. Lithium salts administered in therapeutic doses to four subjects who were kept on controlled diets increased up to fivefold the urinary output of some dicarboxylic acids. Some of the acids affected are intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, others are chemically similar but not directly related in metabolic terms. This is probably a direct effect on renal transport. Rubidium salts increased urinary 2-oxoglutarate output and blood 2-oxoglutarate levels, probably by some action on intermediary metabolism.", "PMID": 116296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12247", "title": "Food-choice in a food-preference test: comparison of two mouse strains and the effects of chlordiazepoxide treatment.", "content": "In male mice of the C57 strain, chlordiazepoxide (CDP) (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) reduced the latency to begin eating and prolonged the total time devoted to eating in a food-preference test. The increase in feeding duration arose from an increase in the mean duration of individual eating episodes and not from a change in the number of episodes that were initiated. In contrast, in male mice of the A2G strain CDP (at the same dose levels) did not reduce the latency to begin eating and only prolonged the total time devoted to eating at a single dose level (5.0 mg/kg). The two strains differed in their choice between novel and familiar foods that were concurrently available in the test. The A2G mice virtually ignored the palatable novel foods and devoted all their feeding to the familiar food. The C57 strain, however, spent more time eating the novel foods than the familiar food. CDP at all doses increased the duration of feeding devoted to familiar food in the C57 animals, but did not increase feeding duration in the A2G mice. However, CDP (10.0 mg/kg) increased the time spent eating novel foods in both strains to the same degree. Possible mechanisms underlying the effect of CDP on food-preference behaviour in mice and accounting for the strain difference in response to CDP are considered.", "contents": "Food-choice in a food-preference test: comparison of two mouse strains and the effects of chlordiazepoxide treatment. In male mice of the C57 strain, chlordiazepoxide (CDP) (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) reduced the latency to begin eating and prolonged the total time devoted to eating in a food-preference test. The increase in feeding duration arose from an increase in the mean duration of individual eating episodes and not from a change in the number of episodes that were initiated. In contrast, in male mice of the A2G strain CDP (at the same dose levels) did not reduce the latency to begin eating and only prolonged the total time devoted to eating at a single dose level (5.0 mg/kg). The two strains differed in their choice between novel and familiar foods that were concurrently available in the test. The A2G mice virtually ignored the palatable novel foods and devoted all their feeding to the familiar food. The C57 strain, however, spent more time eating the novel foods than the familiar food. CDP at all doses increased the duration of feeding devoted to familiar food in the C57 animals, but did not increase feeding duration in the A2G mice. However, CDP (10.0 mg/kg) increased the time spent eating novel foods in both strains to the same degree. Possible mechanisms underlying the effect of CDP on food-preference behaviour in mice and accounting for the strain difference in response to CDP are considered.", "PMID": 116297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12248", "title": "Naloxone effects on serum growth hormone and prolactin in man.", "content": "Endogenous and exogenous opiate-like compounds have been found to cause increased serum growth hormone and prolactin levels in animals, and, in some cases, humans. Naloxone, a relatively specific narcotic antagonist, decreases serum prolactin and growth hormone levels in animals. Naloxone (20 mg IV) did not significantly alter serum prolactin levels and, minimally but not significantly, increased growth hormone levels in humans to whom it was administered.", "contents": "Naloxone effects on serum growth hormone and prolactin in man. Endogenous and exogenous opiate-like compounds have been found to cause increased serum growth hormone and prolactin levels in animals, and, in some cases, humans. Naloxone, a relatively specific narcotic antagonist, decreases serum prolactin and growth hormone levels in animals. Naloxone (20 mg IV) did not significantly alter serum prolactin levels and, minimally but not significantly, increased growth hormone levels in humans to whom it was administered.", "PMID": 116298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12249", "title": "Food and water intake in the non-deprived pigeon after chlordiazepoxide administration.", "content": "Food and water intake were measured in non-deprived pigeons over a 4h period during daytime. Under control conditions, the ratio of food to water intake was approximately 1:1, and both intakes were a simple linear function of time. Chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg, i.m.) doubled the mean amount of food intake, whilst leaving water intake unchanged. This is a first indication that chlordiazepoxide can selectively stimulate appetite for food in an avian species. Some birds showed sedation following a first acute injection; its duration was shortened after repeated injections, and the hyperphagic response to the drug was revealed.", "contents": "Food and water intake in the non-deprived pigeon after chlordiazepoxide administration. Food and water intake were measured in non-deprived pigeons over a 4h period during daytime. Under control conditions, the ratio of food to water intake was approximately 1:1, and both intakes were a simple linear function of time. Chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg, i.m.) doubled the mean amount of food intake, whilst leaving water intake unchanged. This is a first indication that chlordiazepoxide can selectively stimulate appetite for food in an avian species. Some birds showed sedation following a first acute injection; its duration was shortened after repeated injections, and the hyperphagic response to the drug was revealed.", "PMID": 116299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12250", "title": "Neonatal death in babies with rhesus isoimmunization.", "content": "In the 27 years, 1951--1977, 4315 babies weighing over 1 kg were born alive in Newcastle suffering from haemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rhesus isoimmunization; 197 (4.5 per cent) died within four weeks of delivery. Many babies with severe anaemia (cord Hb less than or equal to 8 g/dl) died of cerebral and/or pulmonary haemorrhage as a result of coagulation failure; others with hydrops had a chance of recovery with intensive care as long as there was no associated pulmonary hypoplasia. Hyaline membrane disease was no more common in babies with haemolytic disease than in other preterm babies of comparable birthweight, but incorrect assessment of gestational age prior to the induction of labour increased the risk of death from hyaline membrane disease. The introduction of closed chest cardiac massage virtually eliminated the risk of sudden unexpected death during exchange transfusion but there was still a 1.5 per cent chance of sudden circulatory collapse during exchange transfusion. Affected babies of less than 36 weeks gestation with respiratory problems face a substantial risk of kernicterus when the indirect serum bilirubin level exceeds 270 mumol/l (15 mg/100 ml). The establishment of a single referral centre for Rhesus isoimmunization reduced neonatal mortality in the area to half the national average in the early 1950's and this superiority was maintained throughout the next decade.", "contents": "Neonatal death in babies with rhesus isoimmunization. In the 27 years, 1951--1977, 4315 babies weighing over 1 kg were born alive in Newcastle suffering from haemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rhesus isoimmunization; 197 (4.5 per cent) died within four weeks of delivery. Many babies with severe anaemia (cord Hb less than or equal to 8 g/dl) died of cerebral and/or pulmonary haemorrhage as a result of coagulation failure; others with hydrops had a chance of recovery with intensive care as long as there was no associated pulmonary hypoplasia. Hyaline membrane disease was no more common in babies with haemolytic disease than in other preterm babies of comparable birthweight, but incorrect assessment of gestational age prior to the induction of labour increased the risk of death from hyaline membrane disease. The introduction of closed chest cardiac massage virtually eliminated the risk of sudden unexpected death during exchange transfusion but there was still a 1.5 per cent chance of sudden circulatory collapse during exchange transfusion. Affected babies of less than 36 weeks gestation with respiratory problems face a substantial risk of kernicterus when the indirect serum bilirubin level exceeds 270 mumol/l (15 mg/100 ml). The establishment of a single referral centre for Rhesus isoimmunization reduced neonatal mortality in the area to half the national average in the early 1950's and this superiority was maintained throughout the next decade.", "PMID": 116300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12251", "title": "Studies on some possible biochemical treatments of primary hyperoxaluria.", "content": "The effects of some putative inhibitors of oxalate production or urinary oxalate excretion have been investigated in the Cynamolgus monkey and in patients with Type I primary hyperoxaluria (hyperoxaluria with glycollic aciduria). Sodium-1-hydroxybutan-sulphonate, D,L-phenyllactate, succinimide and isocarboxazide did not reduce the urinary oxalate excretion in the monkeys. Pyridoxine reduced the excretion of oxalate and glycollate in some patients, and its therapeutic use has been documented over a five-year period. Succinimide, which has been used by other workers for the treatment of non-hyperoxaluric stone formers, did not decrease the excretion of either oxalate or glycollate in three patients in whom it was tried. It did not change the inhibitory activity of the urine with respect to the growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals in any of the three patients, and it did not have any consistent effect on the excretion of calcium oxalate crystals in the one patient who had detectable crystaluria before treatment. We have identified several metabolites of succinimide in the urine of patients taking the drug. These include 2,3-dehydrosuccinamic, 2-hydroxysuccinamic and 3-hydroxysuccinamic acids. Isocarboxazide, cholestyramine and thiamine did not affect the urinary oxalate excretion in the patients. The significance of these observations from the viewpoint of the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on some possible biochemical treatments of primary hyperoxaluria. The effects of some putative inhibitors of oxalate production or urinary oxalate excretion have been investigated in the Cynamolgus monkey and in patients with Type I primary hyperoxaluria (hyperoxaluria with glycollic aciduria). Sodium-1-hydroxybutan-sulphonate, D,L-phenyllactate, succinimide and isocarboxazide did not reduce the urinary oxalate excretion in the monkeys. Pyridoxine reduced the excretion of oxalate and glycollate in some patients, and its therapeutic use has been documented over a five-year period. Succinimide, which has been used by other workers for the treatment of non-hyperoxaluric stone formers, did not decrease the excretion of either oxalate or glycollate in three patients in whom it was tried. It did not change the inhibitory activity of the urine with respect to the growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals in any of the three patients, and it did not have any consistent effect on the excretion of calcium oxalate crystals in the one patient who had detectable crystaluria before treatment. We have identified several metabolites of succinimide in the urine of patients taking the drug. These include 2,3-dehydrosuccinamic, 2-hydroxysuccinamic and 3-hydroxysuccinamic acids. Isocarboxazide, cholestyramine and thiamine did not affect the urinary oxalate excretion in the patients. The significance of these observations from the viewpoint of the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria is discussed.", "PMID": 116301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12252", "title": "The suitability of negative pions for radiotherapy: 4 years preclinical research with the biomedical PiE3-beam at SIN.", "content": "The radiobiological experiences over 4 years research with the biomedical pion channel of the 590 MeV proton-accelerator of the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research (SIN) have been summarized. Mainly sensitive biological systems have been chosen (limiting factor: dose-rate not more than 10 rad/min, exceptionally till 30 rad/min). The RBE values in the peak region vary between 0.7-3.3 and in the plateau region between 0.4-1. The gain factors for pion radiotherapy of cancer are, beside the excellent physical dose distribution, irradiation in the same treatment with two types of radiation: sparsely ionizing (low LET) radiation in plateau (healthy tissue) region and densely ionizing (high LET) radiation in peak (tumor) region. The biological effectiveness ratio in peak and plateau as the clinically most important relation vary between 1.4-4.2. This is valid also for clinically limiting factors such as reaction of skin, of small intestine, vascular damage, dominant lethals in hypoxic cells, tumor induction. For peak pions the RBE in hypoxic cells (tumor cells) can be much higher than in euoxic cells (healthy tissue). This preclinical work supports the hope in a highly effective cancer therapy with negative pions.", "contents": "The suitability of negative pions for radiotherapy: 4 years preclinical research with the biomedical PiE3-beam at SIN. The radiobiological experiences over 4 years research with the biomedical pion channel of the 590 MeV proton-accelerator of the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research (SIN) have been summarized. Mainly sensitive biological systems have been chosen (limiting factor: dose-rate not more than 10 rad/min, exceptionally till 30 rad/min). The RBE values in the peak region vary between 0.7-3.3 and in the plateau region between 0.4-1. The gain factors for pion radiotherapy of cancer are, beside the excellent physical dose distribution, irradiation in the same treatment with two types of radiation: sparsely ionizing (low LET) radiation in plateau (healthy tissue) region and densely ionizing (high LET) radiation in peak (tumor) region. The biological effectiveness ratio in peak and plateau as the clinically most important relation vary between 1.4-4.2. This is valid also for clinically limiting factors such as reaction of skin, of small intestine, vascular damage, dominant lethals in hypoxic cells, tumor induction. For peak pions the RBE in hypoxic cells (tumor cells) can be much higher than in euoxic cells (healthy tissue). This preclinical work supports the hope in a highly effective cancer therapy with negative pions.", "PMID": 116302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12253", "title": "Pre-clinical studies of the negative pi-meson beam at TRIUMF.", "content": "The pi- flux from the biomedical channel at TRIUMF increases with increasing channel momentum, while the contaminating electron flux decreases. Since the electrons appear to result from conversion of the high energy gamma-rays produced by pi0 decay in the production target, the electron contamination can be reduced further by target configurations which minimize gamma conversion. The attenuation of pi- beams by in-flight interactions was found to decrease from an initial value of 1.67 +/- 0.02% per g/cm2 at zero depth to 1.48 +/- 0.02% per g/cm2 near the stopping peak. The inactivation of cultured CHO cells by an extended-peak pi- dose distribution has been measured using the gel technique. The survival data have been fitted by a model which characterizes the physical quality of the dose profile by means of measured star densities. This model provides a convenient method of analysis for large sets of survival data and may be useful for prediction of the biological effect of new pi- dose distributions. The RBE value for 50% survival measured at the centre of a 7 cm extended peak was found to be approximately 1.4, in reasonable agreement with recent values obtained at LAMPF and SIN.", "contents": "Pre-clinical studies of the negative pi-meson beam at TRIUMF. The pi- flux from the biomedical channel at TRIUMF increases with increasing channel momentum, while the contaminating electron flux decreases. Since the electrons appear to result from conversion of the high energy gamma-rays produced by pi0 decay in the production target, the electron contamination can be reduced further by target configurations which minimize gamma conversion. The attenuation of pi- beams by in-flight interactions was found to decrease from an initial value of 1.67 +/- 0.02% per g/cm2 at zero depth to 1.48 +/- 0.02% per g/cm2 near the stopping peak. The inactivation of cultured CHO cells by an extended-peak pi- dose distribution has been measured using the gel technique. The survival data have been fitted by a model which characterizes the physical quality of the dose profile by means of measured star densities. This model provides a convenient method of analysis for large sets of survival data and may be useful for prediction of the biological effect of new pi- dose distributions. The RBE value for 50% survival measured at the centre of a 7 cm extended peak was found to be approximately 1.4, in reasonable agreement with recent values obtained at LAMPF and SIN.", "PMID": 116303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12254", "title": "Therapy planning and dosimetry for the pion applicator at the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research (SIN).", "content": "At the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research a 60 beam pion applicator for radiotherapy is under construction. The methods to produce homogeneous dose distributions in arbitrarily shaped volumes is presented, together with details on the activities in therapy planning and dosimetry in view of the use of the use of the applicator for patients.", "contents": "Therapy planning and dosimetry for the pion applicator at the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research (SIN). At the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research a 60 beam pion applicator for radiotherapy is under construction. The methods to produce homogeneous dose distributions in arbitrarily shaped volumes is presented, together with details on the activities in therapy planning and dosimetry in view of the use of the use of the applicator for patients.", "PMID": 116304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12255", "title": "Measurements at the piE3 single beam correlated to dosimetry and therapy-planning for the pion applicator at SIN.", "content": "Using ionization chambers, aluminium activation, TLD and scintillation counters 3-dimensional total dose-distributions, stardose-distributions and pion stop-distributions have been measured in a single pion beam for various momenta and momentum spreads. It is demonstrated how these data will be used as an input into the therapy-planning program. The techniques developed are suited to check dynamical treatment with 60 pion beams.", "contents": "Measurements at the piE3 single beam correlated to dosimetry and therapy-planning for the pion applicator at SIN. Using ionization chambers, aluminium activation, TLD and scintillation counters 3-dimensional total dose-distributions, stardose-distributions and pion stop-distributions have been measured in a single pion beam for various momenta and momentum spreads. It is demonstrated how these data will be used as an input into the therapy-planning program. The techniques developed are suited to check dynamical treatment with 60 pion beams.", "PMID": 116306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12256", "title": "Application of the thermoluminescent dosimetry to a pion beam.", "content": "The thermoluminescent dosimetry is currently applied to radiation therapy in order to measure dose distributions on phantoms or to control the dose in vivo for special procedures or critical organs. The application of this method to the SIN's (Switzerland) pion beam has been studied. Measurements have been made on the following thermoluminescent materials: 7LiF, 6LiF, Li(nat)F, Li2B4O7, CaF2 : Mn, and CaF2 : Dy. Except for the last one a reduction (10%) of the sensitivity of the phosphors has been observed in the peak relative to the plateau region. An increase of the 6LiF sensitivity relative to that of 7LiF has been pointed out due to the neutron background through the (n, alpha) reaction on 6Li. Glow curves of the LiF phosphors have been measured. A reduction (5%) of the intensities of peak 3 and 4 relative to peak 5 has been observed for irradiation in the peak region. This effect however can't be used in order to localize the dosimeter in the beam because the intensity of the thermoluminescence peaks shows a larger variability in a batch of dosimeters.", "contents": "Application of the thermoluminescent dosimetry to a pion beam. The thermoluminescent dosimetry is currently applied to radiation therapy in order to measure dose distributions on phantoms or to control the dose in vivo for special procedures or critical organs. The application of this method to the SIN's (Switzerland) pion beam has been studied. Measurements have been made on the following thermoluminescent materials: 7LiF, 6LiF, Li(nat)F, Li2B4O7, CaF2 : Mn, and CaF2 : Dy. Except for the last one a reduction (10%) of the sensitivity of the phosphors has been observed in the peak relative to the plateau region. An increase of the 6LiF sensitivity relative to that of 7LiF has been pointed out due to the neutron background through the (n, alpha) reaction on 6Li. Glow curves of the LiF phosphors have been measured. A reduction (5%) of the intensities of peak 3 and 4 relative to peak 5 has been observed for irradiation in the peak region. This effect however can't be used in order to localize the dosimeter in the beam because the intensity of the thermoluminescence peaks shows a larger variability in a batch of dosimeters.", "PMID": 116307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12257", "title": "Visualization of pi- and pi+ stopping density distributions in one and two dimensions.", "content": "A technique suitable for mapping pi+/- stopping density distributions in patients or phantoms is described. As a position sensitive detector a multiwire proportional chamber with a slit or a hole collimator in front was applied. Results using a water and a Rando phantom are presented for various momenta and momentum band widths of the pi+/- beam. To our knowledge the two-dimensional visualization of a pi- stopping density distribution was realized for the first time.", "contents": "Visualization of pi- and pi+ stopping density distributions in one and two dimensions. A technique suitable for mapping pi+/- stopping density distributions in patients or phantoms is described. As a position sensitive detector a multiwire proportional chamber with a slit or a hole collimator in front was applied. Results using a water and a Rando phantom are presented for various momenta and momentum band widths of the pi+/- beam. To our knowledge the two-dimensional visualization of a pi- stopping density distribution was realized for the first time.", "PMID": 116308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12258", "title": "Energy deposition spectra of negative pions and their application to radiation therapy.", "content": "Treatment planning for pion radiation therapy must take into account changes in radiation quality within the patient. At the biomedical channel piE3 of SIN (Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research) microdosimetric measurements have been performed to investigate radiation quality within pion irradiated phantoms. Results are presented in terms of microdosimetric spectra and derived quantities. As expected marked differences are observed between dose peak and plateau for \"narrow\" pion beams. The influence of simulated site diameter on measured spectra has been found to be more pronounced in the plateau region than in the peak. Investigation of the influence of peak width on radiation quality revealed a dilution of the high-LET dose fraction for broader peaks.", "contents": "Energy deposition spectra of negative pions and their application to radiation therapy. Treatment planning for pion radiation therapy must take into account changes in radiation quality within the patient. At the biomedical channel piE3 of SIN (Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research) microdosimetric measurements have been performed to investigate radiation quality within pion irradiated phantoms. Results are presented in terms of microdosimetric spectra and derived quantities. As expected marked differences are observed between dose peak and plateau for \"narrow\" pion beams. The influence of simulated site diameter on measured spectra has been found to be more pronounced in the plateau region than in the peak. Investigation of the influence of peak width on radiation quality revealed a dilution of the high-LET dose fraction for broader peaks.", "PMID": 116309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12259", "title": "Radiobiological data for clinical dosimetry in pion tumour therapy.", "content": "Ehrlich ascites tumour cells were irradiated with negative pions at different positions in the plateau and the peak of the depth absorbed dose curve. Dose-survival curves for immediate testing of the viability of the cells are given and are compared with other types of radiations in use for therapy. From the data obtained after repair of potentially lethal damage effective survival curves for fractionated irradiation are evaluated.", "contents": "Radiobiological data for clinical dosimetry in pion tumour therapy. Ehrlich ascites tumour cells were irradiated with negative pions at different positions in the plateau and the peak of the depth absorbed dose curve. Dose-survival curves for immediate testing of the viability of the cells are given and are compared with other types of radiations in use for therapy. From the data obtained after repair of potentially lethal damage effective survival curves for fractionated irradiation are evaluated.", "PMID": 116310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12260", "title": "[Periosteal reactions in bone tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphology of solid, lamellar and spicular periosteal reactions of benign and malignant primary and metastatic bone tumors in x-ray-pictures with regard to common and specific characteristics of different bone tumors is presented. The specific behaviour of the periosteum itself and of the subperiosteal region as an expression of the reactive biodynamics in skeletal neoplasia is demonstrated; and the diagnostic value of the radiograph is explained. The possibilities but also the limitations of sophisticated radiologic image analysis in establishing a differential diagnosis and a diagnosis of bone tumors and other bone lesions are discussed.", "contents": "[Periosteal reactions in bone tumors (author's transl)]. Morphology of solid, lamellar and spicular periosteal reactions of benign and malignant primary and metastatic bone tumors in x-ray-pictures with regard to common and specific characteristics of different bone tumors is presented. The specific behaviour of the periosteum itself and of the subperiosteal region as an expression of the reactive biodynamics in skeletal neoplasia is demonstrated; and the diagnostic value of the radiograph is explained. The possibilities but also the limitations of sophisticated radiologic image analysis in establishing a differential diagnosis and a diagnosis of bone tumors and other bone lesions are discussed.", "PMID": 116314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12261", "title": "The value of B-scan ultrasound following intrauterine fetal transfusion.", "content": "B-scan ultrasound performed in 6 patients for a total of 15 intrauterine fetal transfusions provided quick, easy, and reliable confirmation of the fetal intra-abdominal placement of transfused blood.", "contents": "The value of B-scan ultrasound following intrauterine fetal transfusion. B-scan ultrasound performed in 6 patients for a total of 15 intrauterine fetal transfusions provided quick, easy, and reliable confirmation of the fetal intra-abdominal placement of transfused blood.", "PMID": 116315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12262", "title": "Infective endocarditis in the narcotic addict.", "content": "As long as the illicit use of heroin and other drugs continues in our society, infective endocarditis will remain a significant medical problem in the drug-using population. The majority of infections are produced by S. aureus, and the tricuspid valve is most commonly involved. Addicts, unlike the general population, may also develop endocarditis with a variety of gram-negative bacilli and have a higher incidence of fungal infection. The outcome of each individual infection is dependent on the prompt recognition of the underlying valvular infection and the institution of antimicrobial therapy. Infection of the tricuspid valve has a much more favorable prognosis than does infection of the aortic or mitral valves. Fungal endocarditis, and frequently gram-negative bacillary endocarditis, require valvular surgery to effect a cure.", "contents": "Infective endocarditis in the narcotic addict. As long as the illicit use of heroin and other drugs continues in our society, infective endocarditis will remain a significant medical problem in the drug-using population. The majority of infections are produced by S. aureus, and the tricuspid valve is most commonly involved. Addicts, unlike the general population, may also develop endocarditis with a variety of gram-negative bacilli and have a higher incidence of fungal infection. The outcome of each individual infection is dependent on the prompt recognition of the underlying valvular infection and the institution of antimicrobial therapy. Infection of the tricuspid valve has a much more favorable prognosis than does infection of the aortic or mitral valves. Fungal endocarditis, and frequently gram-negative bacillary endocarditis, require valvular surgery to effect a cure.", "PMID": 116317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12263", "title": "[Immunodiffusion tests in gel media with the addition of polyethyleneglycol 6000 for the serodiagnosis of mycoses].", "content": "Different immunodiffusion techniques with and without the addition of polyetilenglycol 6000 (PEG), were studied to determine its effect on the sensitivity of these reactions. One hundred thirteen sera from patients who suffered or had suffered deep mycoses (paracoccidioidomycosis: 49, histoplasmosis: 25, aspergillosis: 25, candidiasis: 8 and coccidioidomycosis: 6) were examined by the quantitative Ouchterlony's immunodiffusion procedure. Regular medium and media with 2% and 4% PEG were used. Eighty two out of the one hundred thirteen sera were positive for the regular medium and 91 for the medium containing 2% of PEG; furthermore, an increase of 1 or 2 two fold dilutions in the titers was observed in 40% of the sera, for the later media. Twenty one sera from aspergillosis cases were examined by agarose gel immunoelectrophoresis, 80% had more precipitin bands in the medium with 2% of PEG. Thirty four serum samples of patients suffering aspergillosis, paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis were studied using the agarose electroosmophoresis with the secondary immunodiffusion test. An increase in the number of the anodic bands were observed in 55% while 64% presented more catodic bands, when the PEG medium was used. This results would indicate that the addition of 2% PEG 6000 to the regular medium improves the sensitivity of the immunodiffusion tests for mycoses.", "contents": "[Immunodiffusion tests in gel media with the addition of polyethyleneglycol 6000 for the serodiagnosis of mycoses]. Different immunodiffusion techniques with and without the addition of polyetilenglycol 6000 (PEG), were studied to determine its effect on the sensitivity of these reactions. One hundred thirteen sera from patients who suffered or had suffered deep mycoses (paracoccidioidomycosis: 49, histoplasmosis: 25, aspergillosis: 25, candidiasis: 8 and coccidioidomycosis: 6) were examined by the quantitative Ouchterlony's immunodiffusion procedure. Regular medium and media with 2% and 4% PEG were used. Eighty two out of the one hundred thirteen sera were positive for the regular medium and 91 for the medium containing 2% of PEG; furthermore, an increase of 1 or 2 two fold dilutions in the titers was observed in 40% of the sera, for the later media. Twenty one sera from aspergillosis cases were examined by agarose gel immunoelectrophoresis, 80% had more precipitin bands in the medium with 2% of PEG. Thirty four serum samples of patients suffering aspergillosis, paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis were studied using the agarose electroosmophoresis with the secondary immunodiffusion test. An increase in the number of the anodic bands were observed in 55% while 64% presented more catodic bands, when the PEG medium was used. This results would indicate that the addition of 2% PEG 6000 to the regular medium improves the sensitivity of the immunodiffusion tests for mycoses.", "PMID": 116327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12264", "title": "[Isolation of Ancylostoma duodenale antigens and production of immune sera].", "content": "Rabbits were immunized using intact larvae or homogenates from Ancylostoma duodenale. Antisera were tested by immunodiffusion. The homogenates promote the formation of antibodies but the intact worms were not able to induce them. The antisera were partially purified by precipitation with amonium sulphate 40% saturation and filtration through Sephadex G-200. The purified material was attached to Sepharose 6B and used as immunoabsorbent for the isolation of the antigens from the soluble extracts of parasites. The isolated antigens were used in order to obtain new antisera. These antisera were used for the preparation of more efficient immunoabsorbent which allow to isolate new antigens that gave three precipitation lines by immunodiffusion. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of crude homogenate discriminate 12 components, and the electrophoresis of the isolated antigens gave only 3 bands.", "contents": "[Isolation of Ancylostoma duodenale antigens and production of immune sera]. Rabbits were immunized using intact larvae or homogenates from Ancylostoma duodenale. Antisera were tested by immunodiffusion. The homogenates promote the formation of antibodies but the intact worms were not able to induce them. The antisera were partially purified by precipitation with amonium sulphate 40% saturation and filtration through Sephadex G-200. The purified material was attached to Sepharose 6B and used as immunoabsorbent for the isolation of the antigens from the soluble extracts of parasites. The isolated antigens were used in order to obtain new antisera. These antisera were used for the preparation of more efficient immunoabsorbent which allow to isolate new antigens that gave three precipitation lines by immunodiffusion. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of crude homogenate discriminate 12 components, and the electrophoresis of the isolated antigens gave only 3 bands.", "PMID": 116326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12265", "title": "Comparison of the effects of 11-palmitoyloxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system.", "content": "Delta 9-THC and 11-OH-delta 9-THC appear to in vivo affect the metabolism of both Type I and Type II substrates involving cytochrome P-450 as well as to affect the metabolism of a substrate requiring cytochrome P-448. These effects could not be observed significantly in in vitro experiments at the concentrations used. 11-Palmitoyloxy-delta 9-THC does not appear to affect the metabolism of either Type I or Type II substrates but does appear to affect those substrates requiring P-448. From these studies it appears that long-retained delta 9-THC metabolite 11-palmitoyloxy-delta 9-THC, as well as delta 9-THC and 11-OH-delta 9-THC, could alter in vivo the metabolism and activity of certain drugs and other foreign compounds.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of 11-palmitoyloxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system. Delta 9-THC and 11-OH-delta 9-THC appear to in vivo affect the metabolism of both Type I and Type II substrates involving cytochrome P-450 as well as to affect the metabolism of a substrate requiring cytochrome P-448. These effects could not be observed significantly in in vitro experiments at the concentrations used. 11-Palmitoyloxy-delta 9-THC does not appear to affect the metabolism of either Type I or Type II substrates but does appear to affect those substrates requiring P-448. From these studies it appears that long-retained delta 9-THC metabolite 11-palmitoyloxy-delta 9-THC, as well as delta 9-THC and 11-OH-delta 9-THC, could alter in vivo the metabolism and activity of certain drugs and other foreign compounds.", "PMID": 116333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12266", "title": "[Immunochemical characterization of rabies virus: determination of precipitable antigens].", "content": "Immunodiffusion and immuno-electrophoresis techniques were used to detect rabies precipitable antigens. The passive haemagglutination test with group \"O\" human red cells treated with tannic acid, was used as control test. The study was done with brain suspensions of rabies virus infected mice (CVS strain). Mouse and horse rabies antisera were used. The analysis of the results of both immunochemical assays showed the presence of two specific antigenic fractions of rabies virus. The same two fractions were detected when the antigens were heated. Experiments with brain extracts centrifuged at high speed, suggested that the antigenic fractions are of the \"soluble\" type.", "contents": "[Immunochemical characterization of rabies virus: determination of precipitable antigens]. Immunodiffusion and immuno-electrophoresis techniques were used to detect rabies precipitable antigens. The passive haemagglutination test with group \"O\" human red cells treated with tannic acid, was used as control test. The study was done with brain suspensions of rabies virus infected mice (CVS strain). Mouse and horse rabies antisera were used. The analysis of the results of both immunochemical assays showed the presence of two specific antigenic fractions of rabies virus. The same two fractions were detected when the antigens were heated. Experiments with brain extracts centrifuged at high speed, suggested that the antigenic fractions are of the \"soluble\" type.", "PMID": 116328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12267", "title": "Biochemical basis of aroclor 1254 and pesticide toxicity in vitro. 1. Effects on intracellular ATP concentration.", "content": "Aroclor 1254 and op'-DDT inhibit lymphocyte mitogenic response to PHA. We use petri dish purified lymphocytes for studying the biochemical basis of chemical toxicity. Aroclor 1254 and DDT decrease lymphocyte intracellular ATP concentration. The inhibitory effect on ATP production is due to the suppression of mitochondrial respiration as judged by decreased oxygen consumption. Lymphocyte glycolysis measured by lactate production is not inhibited by Aroclor 1254 to any significant extent. ATP is required for various biosynthetic reactions following mitogenic stimulation. The inhibition of mitochondrial respiration which leads to decreased ATP concentration may be responsible for Aroclor inhibition of lymphocyte mitogenic response to PHA.", "contents": "Biochemical basis of aroclor 1254 and pesticide toxicity in vitro. 1. Effects on intracellular ATP concentration. Aroclor 1254 and op'-DDT inhibit lymphocyte mitogenic response to PHA. We use petri dish purified lymphocytes for studying the biochemical basis of chemical toxicity. Aroclor 1254 and DDT decrease lymphocyte intracellular ATP concentration. The inhibitory effect on ATP production is due to the suppression of mitochondrial respiration as judged by decreased oxygen consumption. Lymphocyte glycolysis measured by lactate production is not inhibited by Aroclor 1254 to any significant extent. ATP is required for various biosynthetic reactions following mitogenic stimulation. The inhibition of mitochondrial respiration which leads to decreased ATP concentration may be responsible for Aroclor inhibition of lymphocyte mitogenic response to PHA.", "PMID": 116334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12268", "title": "Histological and immunological studies on the fowl lacrimal gland following surgical excision of Harder's gland.", "content": "Surgical removal of the Harderian gland of the domestic fowl resulted in increased secretory activity in the lacrimal gland and also in an increase in goblet cell numbers along the length of the lacrimal gland duct. Plasma cells were more numerous in the lacrimal glands of operated birds and they were capable of antibody responses to both systemically and topically applied bovine serum albumin (BSA). Gel diffusion studies showed the presence of anti-BSA activity in the tears and serum of fowls stimulated after surgical removal of the Harderian gland.", "contents": "Histological and immunological studies on the fowl lacrimal gland following surgical excision of Harder's gland. Surgical removal of the Harderian gland of the domestic fowl resulted in increased secretory activity in the lacrimal gland and also in an increase in goblet cell numbers along the length of the lacrimal gland duct. Plasma cells were more numerous in the lacrimal glands of operated birds and they were capable of antibody responses to both systemically and topically applied bovine serum albumin (BSA). Gel diffusion studies showed the presence of anti-BSA activity in the tears and serum of fowls stimulated after surgical removal of the Harderian gland.", "PMID": 116336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12269", "title": "[Central von Recklinghausen disease: report of a clinical case with multifocal symptoms and hydrocephalus due to stenosis of the aqueduct (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of von Recklinghausen disease is described in a boy aged 9 years, whose major manifestation was a severe progressive hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis. Family history revealed an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance of the neurofibromatosis. Like other reports in the literature, our case suggests secundary aqueductal stenosis to gliosis typical of \"central\" forms of von Recklinghausen disease. It seems probable that aqueductal stenosis is dependent on periaqueductal gliosis.", "contents": "[Central von Recklinghausen disease: report of a clinical case with multifocal symptoms and hydrocephalus due to stenosis of the aqueduct (author's transl)]. A case of von Recklinghausen disease is described in a boy aged 9 years, whose major manifestation was a severe progressive hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis. Family history revealed an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance of the neurofibromatosis. Like other reports in the literature, our case suggests secundary aqueductal stenosis to gliosis typical of \"central\" forms of von Recklinghausen disease. It seems probable that aqueductal stenosis is dependent on periaqueductal gliosis.", "PMID": 116341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12270", "title": "[The hypocalcemia test, using human and salmon synthetic calcitonins. Paradoxical hypercalcemic responses. Responses in patients with Paget's disease treated with EHDP].", "content": "The hypercalcemia observed during the acute calcitonin test reflects the size and the activity of the osteoclastic population throughout the entire skeleton. Several calcitonins of animal origin (pork, salmon) have already been used for this test in human pathology, but the results can be flawed by the presence of anti-calcitonin antibodies. The authors demonstrate that human synthetic anti-calcitonin in man has a hypocalcemia effect identical to salmon synthetic calcitonin, with an equipotential dose for the rat. The systematic study of acute salmon calcitonin in various osteopathies makes it possible to note a certain number of paradoxical responses with prolonged hypercalcemia in the hours following injection. This is observed especially in the \"hyperosteoidosis states\" and the authors attempt to give it a physiopathological explanation. Finally, the acute salmon calcitonin test can be used as a mean of surveillance of the anti-osteoclastic activity of the disphosphonates in the treatment of Paget's disease.", "contents": "[The hypocalcemia test, using human and salmon synthetic calcitonins. Paradoxical hypercalcemic responses. Responses in patients with Paget's disease treated with EHDP]. The hypercalcemia observed during the acute calcitonin test reflects the size and the activity of the osteoclastic population throughout the entire skeleton. Several calcitonins of animal origin (pork, salmon) have already been used for this test in human pathology, but the results can be flawed by the presence of anti-calcitonin antibodies. The authors demonstrate that human synthetic anti-calcitonin in man has a hypocalcemia effect identical to salmon synthetic calcitonin, with an equipotential dose for the rat. The systematic study of acute salmon calcitonin in various osteopathies makes it possible to note a certain number of paradoxical responses with prolonged hypercalcemia in the hours following injection. This is observed especially in the \"hyperosteoidosis states\" and the authors attempt to give it a physiopathological explanation. Finally, the acute salmon calcitonin test can be used as a mean of surveillance of the anti-osteoclastic activity of the disphosphonates in the treatment of Paget's disease.", "PMID": 116360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12271", "title": "Immunochemical determination of serum transferrin. Reference values, correlation with serum total iron-binding capacity and value in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disorders.", "content": "Immunologically determined reference values of serum transferrin are presented for adults and children. A good correlation between serum transferrin and total iron-binding capacity values was found. In 2 groups of anaemic patients - 51 patients with iron deficiency anaemia and 45 patients with anaemia of chronic disorders - serum transferrin determination distinguishes the two groups of anaemic patients from normals somewhat better than TIBC determination.", "contents": "Immunochemical determination of serum transferrin. Reference values, correlation with serum total iron-binding capacity and value in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disorders. Immunologically determined reference values of serum transferrin are presented for adults and children. A good correlation between serum transferrin and total iron-binding capacity values was found. In 2 groups of anaemic patients - 51 patients with iron deficiency anaemia and 45 patients with anaemia of chronic disorders - serum transferrin determination distinguishes the two groups of anaemic patients from normals somewhat better than TIBC determination.", "PMID": 116362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12272", "title": "Torulopsis glabrata pneumonia in a malnourished woman.", "content": "A middle-aged woman developed malabsorption and severe protein-calorie malnutrition after a near-total gastrectomy for a perforated gastric ulcer. A transbronchial lung biopsy showed pulmonary infection with Torulopsis glabrata. Improvement in the patient's nutritional status was followed by clearing of the pneumonia without the need for antifungal chemotherapy.", "contents": "Torulopsis glabrata pneumonia in a malnourished woman. A middle-aged woman developed malabsorption and severe protein-calorie malnutrition after a near-total gastrectomy for a perforated gastric ulcer. A transbronchial lung biopsy showed pulmonary infection with Torulopsis glabrata. Improvement in the patient's nutritional status was followed by clearing of the pneumonia without the need for antifungal chemotherapy.", "PMID": 116368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12273", "title": "Deafness and Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia.", "content": "Neurologic abnormalities are known to occur in a significant number of patients with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia. We have described such a patient whose initial presenting symptom was sudden hearing loss. She had no progression of the hearing deficit with long-term anticoagulant therapy.", "contents": "Deafness and Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia. Neurologic abnormalities are known to occur in a significant number of patients with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia. We have described such a patient whose initial presenting symptom was sudden hearing loss. She had no progression of the hearing deficit with long-term anticoagulant therapy.", "PMID": 116369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12274", "title": "Childhood convulsions.", "content": "An outline is given of the incidence and aetiology of childhood convulsions. Aspects of diagnosis and drug therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Childhood convulsions. An outline is given of the incidence and aetiology of childhood convulsions. Aspects of diagnosis and drug therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 116372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12275", "title": "Determination of the caloric requirement of patients with cancer.", "content": "The weight change of 16 adult patients with cancer receiving total parenteral nutrition for an average period of 12 days was evaluated. The nitrogen to calorie ratio of the hyperalimentation fluid ranged from 1:144 to 1:235. The amount of nonprotein calories delivered was expressed as a multiple of the resting metabolic expenditure, and patients were divided according to the following different rates of calories delivered/resting metabolic expenditure into three groups: group 1, 1.11 to 1.48, mean 1.33; group 2, 1.55 to 1.76, mean 1.67, and group 3, 1.78 to 2.10, mean 1.87. The weight change in group 2 patients, +0.32 kilograms per day, was statistically different from that of group 1 patients, p less than 0.01, but not from that of group 3 patients. We conclude that the optimal hyperalimentation infusion rate to achieve weight gain in patients with cancer includes 50 nonprotein calories per kilogram per day as well as 1.5 grams of amino acids per kilogram per day with a nitrogen to calorie ratio of 1:208.", "contents": "Determination of the caloric requirement of patients with cancer. The weight change of 16 adult patients with cancer receiving total parenteral nutrition for an average period of 12 days was evaluated. The nitrogen to calorie ratio of the hyperalimentation fluid ranged from 1:144 to 1:235. The amount of nonprotein calories delivered was expressed as a multiple of the resting metabolic expenditure, and patients were divided according to the following different rates of calories delivered/resting metabolic expenditure into three groups: group 1, 1.11 to 1.48, mean 1.33; group 2, 1.55 to 1.76, mean 1.67, and group 3, 1.78 to 2.10, mean 1.87. The weight change in group 2 patients, +0.32 kilograms per day, was statistically different from that of group 1 patients, p less than 0.01, but not from that of group 3 patients. We conclude that the optimal hyperalimentation infusion rate to achieve weight gain in patients with cancer includes 50 nonprotein calories per kilogram per day as well as 1.5 grams of amino acids per kilogram per day with a nitrogen to calorie ratio of 1:208.", "PMID": 116378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12276", "title": "Successful treatment with cefaclor of gonococcal urethritis in men.", "content": "Cefaclor, a new orally administered cephalosporin, was evaluated by a randomized trial for effectiveness in the treatment of uncomplicated urethritis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men. Regimens included 2,3, and 4 g of cefaclor, with or without 1 g of orally administered probenecid, as single daily doses for three days. The diagnoses were confirmed by isolation of N. gonorrhoeae; cures or therapeutic failures were determined by follow-up cultures on day 7 after completion of therapy. Sixty-six (73%) of 90 treated patients were evaluable for efficacy. The bacteriologic cure rate was 98% (65/66); one patient treated with 2 g of cefaclor plus probenecid had a positive culture for N. gonorrhoeae on follow-up examination. Adverse reactions consisted of mild nausea in five patients (7%) and vomiting in one patient (1%) who received 3- or 4-g doses. No treatment was discontinued, and no abnormality of screening hematologic tests or enzymes was observed. Thus, cefaclor, given in multiple doses, was highly efficacious for treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in men.", "contents": "Successful treatment with cefaclor of gonococcal urethritis in men. Cefaclor, a new orally administered cephalosporin, was evaluated by a randomized trial for effectiveness in the treatment of uncomplicated urethritis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men. Regimens included 2,3, and 4 g of cefaclor, with or without 1 g of orally administered probenecid, as single daily doses for three days. The diagnoses were confirmed by isolation of N. gonorrhoeae; cures or therapeutic failures were determined by follow-up cultures on day 7 after completion of therapy. Sixty-six (73%) of 90 treated patients were evaluable for efficacy. The bacteriologic cure rate was 98% (65/66); one patient treated with 2 g of cefaclor plus probenecid had a positive culture for N. gonorrhoeae on follow-up examination. Adverse reactions consisted of mild nausea in five patients (7%) and vomiting in one patient (1%) who received 3- or 4-g doses. No treatment was discontinued, and no abnormality of screening hematologic tests or enzymes was observed. Thus, cefaclor, given in multiple doses, was highly efficacious for treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in men.", "PMID": 116373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12277", "title": "Right atrial catheter insertion through the external jugular vein.", "content": "The external jugular vein may be used to place a right atrial catheter if the cephalic veins are not suitable for cannulation. Atrophy or sclerosis of the cephalic vein is seen in some patients with malnutrition or a malignant lesion. Some women patients also have cephalic veins of rather small caliber. In these patients, the insertion of the right atrial catheter, using the external jugular vein, may be warranted. The external jugular vein approach is recommended because of its easy accessibility and the lower risk involved than with the internal jugular or cephalic vein approach.", "contents": "Right atrial catheter insertion through the external jugular vein. The external jugular vein may be used to place a right atrial catheter if the cephalic veins are not suitable for cannulation. Atrophy or sclerosis of the cephalic vein is seen in some patients with malnutrition or a malignant lesion. Some women patients also have cephalic veins of rather small caliber. In these patients, the insertion of the right atrial catheter, using the external jugular vein, may be warranted. The external jugular vein approach is recommended because of its easy accessibility and the lower risk involved than with the internal jugular or cephalic vein approach.", "PMID": 116379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12278", "title": "Evaluation of five serologic tests for antibody to Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Sera from 1,167 individuals were tested for antibody to Neisseria gonorrhoeae by use of five different serologic tests. These were complement fixation, the indirect fluorescent antibody test, Gonosticon Dri-Dot, fluorescent gonorrhea test-heated, and gonorrhea screen test. Parallel cultures of material from the throat, urethra, cervix, and rectum were also done. The results were analyzed by a technique intended to separate test effects from population effects. Test specificities ranged from 81.3% for the Dri-Dot test to 96.1% for the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Sensitivities ranged from 55.6% for the Dri-Dot test to 81.5% for the fluorescent gonorrhea test-heated.", "contents": "Evaluation of five serologic tests for antibody to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sera from 1,167 individuals were tested for antibody to Neisseria gonorrhoeae by use of five different serologic tests. These were complement fixation, the indirect fluorescent antibody test, Gonosticon Dri-Dot, fluorescent gonorrhea test-heated, and gonorrhea screen test. Parallel cultures of material from the throat, urethra, cervix, and rectum were also done. The results were analyzed by a technique intended to separate test effects from population effects. Test specificities ranged from 81.3% for the Dri-Dot test to 96.1% for the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Sensitivities ranged from 55.6% for the Dri-Dot test to 81.5% for the fluorescent gonorrhea test-heated.", "PMID": 116374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12279", "title": "Granulocyte adherence assay in acute infection as a reflection of the host resistance.", "content": "The in vitro granulocyte adherence assay was used in six healthy individuals and 14 patients who had acute gram-negative infection to determine whether or not the assay is altered with acute infection and whether or not it adequately reflects the host resistance. The granulocyte adherence values for all patients were significantly lower than those for healthy individuals. In eight patients who recovered, the initial mean value did not differ from that of six patients who died, 7.2 +/- 5.9 and 7.0 +/- 10.9 per cent, respectively, with 50 milligram nylon fiber columns and 53.9 +/- 3.2 and 54.5 +/- 7.2 per cent with 80 milligram nylon fiber columns. However, it was significantly different, p less than 0.001, in both groups of patients from that in the group of healthy individuals, 24.2 +/- 2.5 per cent with 50 milligram columns and 85.7 +/- 4.6 per cent with 80 milligram columns. Subsequently, a significant change in granulocyte adherence, p less than 0.002, occurred in the patients who recovered. Values rose in all of these patients, while they remained low or further declined in those who died. These observations indicate that the in vitro granulocyte adherence capability is reduced in severe acute gram-negative infection and that if reflects the ability of the host to overcome the infection.", "contents": "Granulocyte adherence assay in acute infection as a reflection of the host resistance. The in vitro granulocyte adherence assay was used in six healthy individuals and 14 patients who had acute gram-negative infection to determine whether or not the assay is altered with acute infection and whether or not it adequately reflects the host resistance. The granulocyte adherence values for all patients were significantly lower than those for healthy individuals. In eight patients who recovered, the initial mean value did not differ from that of six patients who died, 7.2 +/- 5.9 and 7.0 +/- 10.9 per cent, respectively, with 50 milligram nylon fiber columns and 53.9 +/- 3.2 and 54.5 +/- 7.2 per cent with 80 milligram nylon fiber columns. However, it was significantly different, p less than 0.001, in both groups of patients from that in the group of healthy individuals, 24.2 +/- 2.5 per cent with 50 milligram columns and 85.7 +/- 4.6 per cent with 80 milligram columns. Subsequently, a significant change in granulocyte adherence, p less than 0.002, occurred in the patients who recovered. Values rose in all of these patients, while they remained low or further declined in those who died. These observations indicate that the in vitro granulocyte adherence capability is reduced in severe acute gram-negative infection and that if reflects the ability of the host to overcome the infection.", "PMID": 116380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12280", "title": "Bronchorrhoea--separation of mucus and serum components in sol and gel phases.", "content": "Bronchorrhoea sputum separates into two phases--sol and gel--at low speed centrifugation (5000 g), although higher speed (160 000 g) is required to obtain complete separation. Markers of mucus glycoprotein and serum transudate have been estimated in sputum, sol, and gel in five cases of bronchorrhoea associated with chronic bronchitis, asthma, or alveolar cell carcinoma. In all samples markers of both mucus glycoprotein and serum component were present in each phase. The concentration of serum markers was similar in both phases suggesting that it is to the serum that mucus glycoprotein is added. Since the volume of sol is greater, the total of serum components is higher in the sol than in the gel although, in total, a considerable amount was present in the gel. The fucose/sulphate ratio suggests that the glycoprotein in the sol is relatively more sulphated than is that of the gel, indicating that they may represent secretion from different cell types. The pattern of separation of two serum markers, IgA and transferrin, is different from that of albumin. Whether this is because they are locally produced or because they are selectively bound to mucus glycoprotein in the gel is not clear.", "contents": "Bronchorrhoea--separation of mucus and serum components in sol and gel phases. Bronchorrhoea sputum separates into two phases--sol and gel--at low speed centrifugation (5000 g), although higher speed (160 000 g) is required to obtain complete separation. Markers of mucus glycoprotein and serum transudate have been estimated in sputum, sol, and gel in five cases of bronchorrhoea associated with chronic bronchitis, asthma, or alveolar cell carcinoma. In all samples markers of both mucus glycoprotein and serum component were present in each phase. The concentration of serum markers was similar in both phases suggesting that it is to the serum that mucus glycoprotein is added. Since the volume of sol is greater, the total of serum components is higher in the sol than in the gel although, in total, a considerable amount was present in the gel. The fucose/sulphate ratio suggests that the glycoprotein in the sol is relatively more sulphated than is that of the gel, indicating that they may represent secretion from different cell types. The pattern of separation of two serum markers, IgA and transferrin, is different from that of albumin. Whether this is because they are locally produced or because they are selectively bound to mucus glycoprotein in the gel is not clear.", "PMID": 116383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12281", "title": "Platelet aggregation evoked in vitro and in vivo by phosphatidic acids and lysoderivatives: identity with substances in aged serum (DAS).", "content": "In serum incubated at 36 degrees C for 18-24 hours a factor (DAS) develops which on intravenous injection into cats evokes platelet aggregation followed by an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). This change in PVR is mediated via the platelets since it significantly correlates with the preinjection platelet count. There is evidence that phosphatidic acids (PA) and lysophosphatidic acids (LPA) are the active components of DAS. Investigations performed on platelet-rich plasma from man, cat, pig, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, and rat demonstrate that only human and feline platelets exposed to PA or to LPA are aggregated. Feline platelets are more sensitive to either compound than are the platelets from men; however, human platelets exhibit two exceptional properties, a) the sensitivity rapidly declines with time, b) pretreatment with subthreshold concentrations of LPA or PA induces a specific tachyphylaxis.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation evoked in vitro and in vivo by phosphatidic acids and lysoderivatives: identity with substances in aged serum (DAS). In serum incubated at 36 degrees C for 18-24 hours a factor (DAS) develops which on intravenous injection into cats evokes platelet aggregation followed by an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). This change in PVR is mediated via the platelets since it significantly correlates with the preinjection platelet count. There is evidence that phosphatidic acids (PA) and lysophosphatidic acids (LPA) are the active components of DAS. Investigations performed on platelet-rich plasma from man, cat, pig, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, and rat demonstrate that only human and feline platelets exposed to PA or to LPA are aggregated. Feline platelets are more sensitive to either compound than are the platelets from men; however, human platelets exhibit two exceptional properties, a) the sensitivity rapidly declines with time, b) pretreatment with subthreshold concentrations of LPA or PA induces a specific tachyphylaxis.", "PMID": 116384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12282", "title": "A simple enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) test for factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIAGN).", "content": "An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) system has been developed to measure factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIAGN). This assay gives similar results to the commonly used Laurell electroimmunodiffusion (EID) assay for VIIIAGN as shown by comparison of both techniques with samples from healthy controls, patients with hemophilia A, and patients with von Willebrand's disease. The assay also has a greater precision than the EID technique as demonstrated by multiple assays of aliquots of a single sample. The use of this EIA test for VIIIAGN is simple and employs inexpensive reagents and equipment. The use of expensive antisera is minimized. EIA for VIIIAGN has the advantage of increased sensitivity compared to Laurell EIA.", "contents": "A simple enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) test for factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIAGN). An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) system has been developed to measure factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIAGN). This assay gives similar results to the commonly used Laurell electroimmunodiffusion (EID) assay for VIIIAGN as shown by comparison of both techniques with samples from healthy controls, patients with hemophilia A, and patients with von Willebrand's disease. The assay also has a greater precision than the EID technique as demonstrated by multiple assays of aliquots of a single sample. The use of this EIA test for VIIIAGN is simple and employs inexpensive reagents and equipment. The use of expensive antisera is minimized. EIA for VIIIAGN has the advantage of increased sensitivity compared to Laurell EIA.", "PMID": 116386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12283", "title": "[Ultrahard longitudinal pendulum irradiation of tumors in the region of the visceral cranium (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of 71 patients with malignant, mostly extended tumors in the region of the visceral cranium is made, and the irradiation technique as well as the results of a longitudinal pendulum irradiation with high-energy ultrahard X-rays are reported. The advantages in comparison with rays of another quality and with other techniques of irradiation consist in a very small radiation exposure of the skin and in a homogeneous distribution of the dose in the target volume as well as a sparing of the contralateral eye. The adjustment is simple and easy to reproduce, the acute side-effects are small and reversible, the cosmetic result is very good.", "contents": "[Ultrahard longitudinal pendulum irradiation of tumors in the region of the visceral cranium (author's transl)]. An analysis of 71 patients with malignant, mostly extended tumors in the region of the visceral cranium is made, and the irradiation technique as well as the results of a longitudinal pendulum irradiation with high-energy ultrahard X-rays are reported. The advantages in comparison with rays of another quality and with other techniques of irradiation consist in a very small radiation exposure of the skin and in a homogeneous distribution of the dose in the target volume as well as a sparing of the contralateral eye. The adjustment is simple and easy to reproduce, the acute side-effects are small and reversible, the cosmetic result is very good.", "PMID": 116392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12284", "title": "Effect of phenoxybenzamine on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the baboon during hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Experiments were performed on 2 groups of baboons anesthetized with Sernylan. One group served as control and the other was premedicated with 5 mg/kg phenoxybenzamine (PBZ). A 2-step hypovolemic shock model was used followed by retransfusion of the shed blood. Cerebral blood flow was measured by the 133Xe clearance method. Arterial and cerebral venous samples were taken and analyzed for blood gases as well as glucose and lactate content. The cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen, glucose, and lactate were calculated. In addition, the effect of CO2 inhalation was studied before shock was induced. PBZ produced no effect on either CBF or the flow response to CO2 prior to bleeding. PBZ pretreatment prevented the fall in cerebral blood flow and CMRO2 produced by systemic hypotension due to bleeding. Lactic acid showed no evidence of change either in production or uptake by the brain during the experimental procedure. The cerebral metabolic pathway of glucose, however, seemed to be affected by PBZ both before and during shock.", "contents": "Effect of phenoxybenzamine on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the baboon during hemorrhagic shock. Experiments were performed on 2 groups of baboons anesthetized with Sernylan. One group served as control and the other was premedicated with 5 mg/kg phenoxybenzamine (PBZ). A 2-step hypovolemic shock model was used followed by retransfusion of the shed blood. Cerebral blood flow was measured by the 133Xe clearance method. Arterial and cerebral venous samples were taken and analyzed for blood gases as well as glucose and lactate content. The cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen, glucose, and lactate were calculated. In addition, the effect of CO2 inhalation was studied before shock was induced. PBZ produced no effect on either CBF or the flow response to CO2 prior to bleeding. PBZ pretreatment prevented the fall in cerebral blood flow and CMRO2 produced by systemic hypotension due to bleeding. Lactic acid showed no evidence of change either in production or uptake by the brain during the experimental procedure. The cerebral metabolic pathway of glucose, however, seemed to be affected by PBZ both before and during shock.", "PMID": 116393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12285", "title": "Deterimental effect of prolonged hypothermia in cats and monkeys with and without regional cerebral ischemia.", "content": "In a previous study occlusion of a middle cerebral artery (MCA) followed by 48 h of hypothermia (29 degrees) was lethal in 5 of 5 monkeys as compared to only 3 of 9 normothermic animals. The present study extended these observations in monkeys and cats with or without MCA occlusion. In monkeys MCA occlusion plus 48 h of hypothermia was consistently lethal. Without MCA occlusion of 2 of 3 monkeys survived, but were comatose the first 12 h post-hypothermia. In normothermic cats, MCA occlusion was lethal in only one of 5 animals whereas hypothermia was lethal in 20 of 21 cats with or without MCA occlusion. The detrimental effects of hypothermia were not favorably influenced either by hemodilution or by deliberate alterations in PaCO2. The effect of 48 h of hypothermia and rewarming on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolites was evaluated in 6 normal monkeys. CBF was reduced 60 to 70 percent at 29 degrees C and returned to only a maximum of 50 percent of control with re-warming. Prior to re-warming distribution of CBF was inhomogeneous. Cerebral metabolites were borderline normal prior to re-warming but energy stores decreased while lactate increased with re-warming.", "contents": "Deterimental effect of prolonged hypothermia in cats and monkeys with and without regional cerebral ischemia. In a previous study occlusion of a middle cerebral artery (MCA) followed by 48 h of hypothermia (29 degrees) was lethal in 5 of 5 monkeys as compared to only 3 of 9 normothermic animals. The present study extended these observations in monkeys and cats with or without MCA occlusion. In monkeys MCA occlusion plus 48 h of hypothermia was consistently lethal. Without MCA occlusion of 2 of 3 monkeys survived, but were comatose the first 12 h post-hypothermia. In normothermic cats, MCA occlusion was lethal in only one of 5 animals whereas hypothermia was lethal in 20 of 21 cats with or without MCA occlusion. The detrimental effects of hypothermia were not favorably influenced either by hemodilution or by deliberate alterations in PaCO2. The effect of 48 h of hypothermia and rewarming on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolites was evaluated in 6 normal monkeys. CBF was reduced 60 to 70 percent at 29 degrees C and returned to only a maximum of 50 percent of control with re-warming. Prior to re-warming distribution of CBF was inhomogeneous. Cerebral metabolites were borderline normal prior to re-warming but energy stores decreased while lactate increased with re-warming.", "PMID": 116394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12286", "title": "Manufacture of antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM) for clinical trials.", "content": "Methods are described for preparing large amounts of horse anti-human thymocyte globulin (ATG, ATGAM; The Upjohn Company) for clinical use. These methods have been used since 1968 to provide material for clinical trials. Characteristics of 40 lots of ATG are summarized.", "contents": "Manufacture of antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM) for clinical trials. Methods are described for preparing large amounts of horse anti-human thymocyte globulin (ATG, ATGAM; The Upjohn Company) for clinical use. These methods have been used since 1968 to provide material for clinical trials. Characteristics of 40 lots of ATG are summarized.", "PMID": 116400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12287", "title": "Brain blood flow and metabolism after global ischemia and post-insult thiopental therapy in monkeys.", "content": "We measured total and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF, rCBF) and cerebral metabolic rate (CMR) of oxygen (O2), glucose (G), and lactate (L) levels for 4 h after 16 min global brain ischemia in rhesus monkeys with and without post-insult thiopental therapy. Eleven monkeys weighing 4-5 kg anesthetized with 1 percent halothane, 66 percent nitrous oxide and 33 percent oxygen, were subjected to 16 min global brain ischemia by a combination of trimethaphan hypotension (to a mean arterial pressure of 50 torr) and a high pressure (1500 torr) neck tourniquet. Post-ischemia, 7 monkeys were untreated (controls) and 4 received thiopental 90 mg/kg infused intravenously over 60 min, beginning at 5 min post-ischemia. Total CBF and rCBF were measured by continuous monitoring of cerebral venous (torcula) and parietal-occipital (external scintillation) 133Xe activity, respectively, after intra-innominate artery injection of 500 micronCi 133Xe in saline. In control monkeys, hyperemia in rCBF, but not in total CBF was observed at 6-7 min post-ischemia, whereas both total CBF and rCBF increased in thiopental treated monkeys. The hyperemia in thiopental treated monkeys coincided with an increase in CMRG without a proportional increase in CMRO2 or lactate levels. Indeed, CMRO2 was depressed in the first 30 min post-ischemia. At 30 min post-ischemia, CMRO2 rose to twofold greater than pre-ischemia in control monkeys, but only to pre-ischemic levels in thiopental treated monkeys. The data suggest that thiopental therapy improves distribution of brain blood flow and brain glucose uptake early post-ischemia and depresses CMRO2 later post-ischemia.", "contents": "Brain blood flow and metabolism after global ischemia and post-insult thiopental therapy in monkeys. We measured total and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF, rCBF) and cerebral metabolic rate (CMR) of oxygen (O2), glucose (G), and lactate (L) levels for 4 h after 16 min global brain ischemia in rhesus monkeys with and without post-insult thiopental therapy. Eleven monkeys weighing 4-5 kg anesthetized with 1 percent halothane, 66 percent nitrous oxide and 33 percent oxygen, were subjected to 16 min global brain ischemia by a combination of trimethaphan hypotension (to a mean arterial pressure of 50 torr) and a high pressure (1500 torr) neck tourniquet. Post-ischemia, 7 monkeys were untreated (controls) and 4 received thiopental 90 mg/kg infused intravenously over 60 min, beginning at 5 min post-ischemia. Total CBF and rCBF were measured by continuous monitoring of cerebral venous (torcula) and parietal-occipital (external scintillation) 133Xe activity, respectively, after intra-innominate artery injection of 500 micronCi 133Xe in saline. In control monkeys, hyperemia in rCBF, but not in total CBF was observed at 6-7 min post-ischemia, whereas both total CBF and rCBF increased in thiopental treated monkeys. The hyperemia in thiopental treated monkeys coincided with an increase in CMRG without a proportional increase in CMRO2 or lactate levels. Indeed, CMRO2 was depressed in the first 30 min post-ischemia. At 30 min post-ischemia, CMRO2 rose to twofold greater than pre-ischemia in control monkeys, but only to pre-ischemic levels in thiopental treated monkeys. The data suggest that thiopental therapy improves distribution of brain blood flow and brain glucose uptake early post-ischemia and depresses CMRO2 later post-ischemia.", "PMID": 116395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12288", "title": "Cardiac allograft survival in rhesus primates treated with combined total lymphoid irradiation and rabbit antithymocyte globulin.", "content": "Eighteen abdominal heterotopic cardiac allografts were performed in outbred rhesus primates. For immunosuppression seven animals received six 100-rad/day total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) doses the week preceding transplant and three 3-mg/kg i.m. rabbit antithymocyte globulin (RATG) doses on postoperative days -1, 0, and +1; five animals were given this RATG dose but no irradiation; three were given TLI alone; and three were given no immunosuppressive therapy. Circulating T lymphocyte counts were monitored in all animals (rosettes). Graft survival in the combined TLI-RATG therapy group (169 +/- 15 days) was significantly greater than in untreated (11 +/- 1 days), RATG alone (22 +/- 12 days), or TLI alone (38 +/- 6 days) treated animals (P less than 0.001, 0.0001, and 0.001, respectively). The animals receiving combined TLI-RATG therapy also achieved significantly greater and more prolonged T lymphopenia than that obtained in the other three groups. Six of seven cardiac allografts placed in animals receiving TLI-RATG therapy were removed electively before cessation of electrical activity; however, in four of these rejection pathology was noted. Thus, it seems that combined TLI-RATG therapy may be of benefit in the management of transplant recipients, but its use will probably not abolish these patients' requirements for immunosuppressive maintenance measures.", "contents": "Cardiac allograft survival in rhesus primates treated with combined total lymphoid irradiation and rabbit antithymocyte globulin. Eighteen abdominal heterotopic cardiac allografts were performed in outbred rhesus primates. For immunosuppression seven animals received six 100-rad/day total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) doses the week preceding transplant and three 3-mg/kg i.m. rabbit antithymocyte globulin (RATG) doses on postoperative days -1, 0, and +1; five animals were given this RATG dose but no irradiation; three were given TLI alone; and three were given no immunosuppressive therapy. Circulating T lymphocyte counts were monitored in all animals (rosettes). Graft survival in the combined TLI-RATG therapy group (169 +/- 15 days) was significantly greater than in untreated (11 +/- 1 days), RATG alone (22 +/- 12 days), or TLI alone (38 +/- 6 days) treated animals (P less than 0.001, 0.0001, and 0.001, respectively). The animals receiving combined TLI-RATG therapy also achieved significantly greater and more prolonged T lymphopenia than that obtained in the other three groups. Six of seven cardiac allografts placed in animals receiving TLI-RATG therapy were removed electively before cessation of electrical activity; however, in four of these rejection pathology was noted. Thus, it seems that combined TLI-RATG therapy may be of benefit in the management of transplant recipients, but its use will probably not abolish these patients' requirements for immunosuppressive maintenance measures.", "PMID": 116401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12289", "title": "Augmentation of hemagglutination by low ionic conditions.", "content": "Short incubation at 37 C, 80 per cent reduction in ionic concentration and removal of liquid phases after each reaction step, provided the basis for the construction of four new serologic tests for alloantibodies to human erythrocytes. In the first, the incubation fluid was replaced with protamine sulfate to aggregate intensely the evaluated red blood cells. After dispersal by phosphate buffer, residual antibody mediated agglutination could be discerned. As a second method, this low ionic polycation (LIP) test was followed by a normal ionic IgG antiglobulin test (LIP-AGT). A third method employed low ionic washing of erythrocytes and low ionic antiglobulin serum (LIAGT). Finally, a modified LIP test was conducted entirely under low ionic conditions and followed by a low ionic antiglobulin test (modified LIP-AGT). LIP, LIP-AGT and LIAGT were successfully employed for all routine blood bank serology tests. Their sensitivity and impact on blood bank performance are described.", "contents": "Augmentation of hemagglutination by low ionic conditions. Short incubation at 37 C, 80 per cent reduction in ionic concentration and removal of liquid phases after each reaction step, provided the basis for the construction of four new serologic tests for alloantibodies to human erythrocytes. In the first, the incubation fluid was replaced with protamine sulfate to aggregate intensely the evaluated red blood cells. After dispersal by phosphate buffer, residual antibody mediated agglutination could be discerned. As a second method, this low ionic polycation (LIP) test was followed by a normal ionic IgG antiglobulin test (LIP-AGT). A third method employed low ionic washing of erythrocytes and low ionic antiglobulin serum (LIAGT). Finally, a modified LIP test was conducted entirely under low ionic conditions and followed by a low ionic antiglobulin test (modified LIP-AGT). LIP, LIP-AGT and LIAGT were successfully employed for all routine blood bank serology tests. Their sensitivity and impact on blood bank performance are described.", "PMID": 116397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12290", "title": "A strong antibody reacting with enzyme modified E positive red blood cells.", "content": "A high titer antibody was discovered in a healthy young man of blood group A1 R2r. The antibody strongly agglutinated all E positive red blood cells including his own, which had been modified by papain, ficin and bromelin, but only very weakly when modified by trypsin. The antibody was shown to be an IgM antibody. It did not react with unmodified red blood cells.", "contents": "A strong antibody reacting with enzyme modified E positive red blood cells. A high titer antibody was discovered in a healthy young man of blood group A1 R2r. The antibody strongly agglutinated all E positive red blood cells including his own, which had been modified by papain, ficin and bromelin, but only very weakly when modified by trypsin. The antibody was shown to be an IgM antibody. It did not react with unmodified red blood cells.", "PMID": 116398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12291", "title": "Fatal delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-c + E.", "content": "A 72-year-old man with a peptic ulcer received seven units of apparently compatible red blood cells. Six days after the last unit, he had a hemolytic transfusion reaction manifested by high fever, marked fall in hematocrit, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, severe bilirubinemia and oliguria. He went on to become uremic, hyperkalemic, anuric and died five days later. Serologic studies showed that the donor and recipient bloods were completely compatible prior to the transfusions and that unexpected antibodies were not detected. The anamnestic response from donor antigens was precipitous even after a latent period of six days.", "contents": "Fatal delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-c + E. A 72-year-old man with a peptic ulcer received seven units of apparently compatible red blood cells. Six days after the last unit, he had a hemolytic transfusion reaction manifested by high fever, marked fall in hematocrit, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, severe bilirubinemia and oliguria. He went on to become uremic, hyperkalemic, anuric and died five days later. Serologic studies showed that the donor and recipient bloods were completely compatible prior to the transfusions and that unexpected antibodies were not detected. The anamnestic response from donor antigens was precipitous even after a latent period of six days.", "PMID": 116399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12292", "title": "The production of nymphs of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum for experimental infection with Theileria annulata.", "content": "Methods are described for the production of nymphs of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum for later use in transmission experiments with Theileria annulata where the timing of the application of nymphs to infected cattle needs to be accurately controlled. Larvae are fed on the torsos of rabbits where approximately 98% undergo a two-host feeding cycle. This cycle is interrupted 2 days after the first larvae moult into nymphs by killing the rabbits and the nymphs are then collected with a suction pump. Nymphs produced by the interrupted larval feeding method feed well on cattle, in regard to timing of detachment and weight, compared with nymphs produced by interrupted feeding on rabbits.", "contents": "The production of nymphs of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum for experimental infection with Theileria annulata. Methods are described for the production of nymphs of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum for later use in transmission experiments with Theileria annulata where the timing of the application of nymphs to infected cattle needs to be accurately controlled. Larvae are fed on the torsos of rabbits where approximately 98% undergo a two-host feeding cycle. This cycle is interrupted 2 days after the first larvae moult into nymphs by killing the rabbits and the nymphs are then collected with a suction pump. Nymphs produced by the interrupted larval feeding method feed well on cattle, in regard to timing of detachment and weight, compared with nymphs produced by interrupted feeding on rabbits.", "PMID": 116404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12293", "title": "Renal handling of urate and oxalate: possible implications for urolithiasis.", "content": "Both urate and oxalate are organic acids of considerable clinical interest, owing to their limited solubility. Calcium oxalate is the most frequent constituent of renal calculi and occasionally precipitates in body fluids. Urate precipitations are common in the kidney and in various other tissues. In this paper, a short outline of the present knowledge of renal handling of these substances will be followed by some conclusions as to the possible relevance of this knowledge for the understanding of urolithiasis and intrarenal precipitation. Direct (micropuncture) data are available for urate in the rat (1, 6, 7, 10, 21, 23, 28, 36, 42), rabbit (35), dog (34) and cebus monkey (33) and in the rat only for oxalate (11, 15, 20).", "contents": "Renal handling of urate and oxalate: possible implications for urolithiasis. Both urate and oxalate are organic acids of considerable clinical interest, owing to their limited solubility. Calcium oxalate is the most frequent constituent of renal calculi and occasionally precipitates in body fluids. Urate precipitations are common in the kidney and in various other tissues. In this paper, a short outline of the present knowledge of renal handling of these substances will be followed by some conclusions as to the possible relevance of this knowledge for the understanding of urolithiasis and intrarenal precipitation. Direct (micropuncture) data are available for urate in the rat (1, 6, 7, 10, 21, 23, 28, 36, 42), rabbit (35), dog (34) and cebus monkey (33) and in the rat only for oxalate (11, 15, 20).", "PMID": 116410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12294", "title": "Intraperitoneal rupture of pseudodiverticulum of bladder.", "content": "A case is presented of a pseudodiverticulum of the bladder which developed after a bladder rupture nine years previously. In this case, rupture of the pseudodiverticulum occurred intraperitoneally. The pseudodiverticulum communicated with the bladder via a small fish-mouthed opening surrounded by attenuated fibrotic bladder wall.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal rupture of pseudodiverticulum of bladder. A case is presented of a pseudodiverticulum of the bladder which developed after a bladder rupture nine years previously. In this case, rupture of the pseudodiverticulum occurred intraperitoneally. The pseudodiverticulum communicated with the bladder via a small fish-mouthed opening surrounded by attenuated fibrotic bladder wall.", "PMID": 116411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12295", "title": "Surgical management of gastric torsion.", "content": "Considerable investigation has been devoted to the gastric dilatation-torsion complex. An adequate explanation of its cause has yet to be made, or a means of prevention described. We do know of its highly lethal nature, especially if not aggressively treated, of the high incidence of recurrence, and of the associated pathophysiology. As surgeons, we must approach the patient in an aggressive systematic manner. Decompression and patient stabilization must be achieved prior to definitive surgical management. The surgery planned must correct the obvious pathologic state and include procedures designed to prevent recurrence of this condition. The tube gastrostomy technique promotes gastric fixation by dense adhesion bands exceeding that attainable by gastropexy alone. The procedure is easy to perform, requires little surgical time, and does not appear to be discomforting to the patient. In addition, the tube gastrostomy acts as a convenient decompressive pathway during the postoperative period, circumventing gastric intubation or pharyngostomy tube placement should distention occur.", "contents": "Surgical management of gastric torsion. Considerable investigation has been devoted to the gastric dilatation-torsion complex. An adequate explanation of its cause has yet to be made, or a means of prevention described. We do know of its highly lethal nature, especially if not aggressively treated, of the high incidence of recurrence, and of the associated pathophysiology. As surgeons, we must approach the patient in an aggressive systematic manner. Decompression and patient stabilization must be achieved prior to definitive surgical management. The surgery planned must correct the obvious pathologic state and include procedures designed to prevent recurrence of this condition. The tube gastrostomy technique promotes gastric fixation by dense adhesion bands exceeding that attainable by gastropexy alone. The procedure is easy to perform, requires little surgical time, and does not appear to be discomforting to the patient. In addition, the tube gastrostomy acts as a convenient decompressive pathway during the postoperative period, circumventing gastric intubation or pharyngostomy tube placement should distention occur.", "PMID": 116414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12296", "title": "The gangliosidoses: comparative features and research applications.", "content": "Ganglioside storage diseases are inherited defects of lysosomal hydrolases that result in intralysosomal accumulation of gangliosides and other complex metabolites. Gangliosidoses occur in man, cats, cattle, dogs and swine. In all species, these diseases are characterized clinically by relentlessly progressive neurological deterioration. Lysosomal hypertrophy with characteristic ultrastructural inclusions occur in neurons, endothelial and other cells. Definitive diagnosis requires biochemical identification of the storage product and enzyme deficiency. Gangliosidoses in animals are important models of human lysosomal diseases and may be a significant complication in the maintenance of certain purebred stocks of domestic animals.", "contents": "The gangliosidoses: comparative features and research applications. Ganglioside storage diseases are inherited defects of lysosomal hydrolases that result in intralysosomal accumulation of gangliosides and other complex metabolites. Gangliosidoses occur in man, cats, cattle, dogs and swine. In all species, these diseases are characterized clinically by relentlessly progressive neurological deterioration. Lysosomal hypertrophy with characteristic ultrastructural inclusions occur in neurons, endothelial and other cells. Definitive diagnosis requires biochemical identification of the storage product and enzyme deficiency. Gangliosidoses in animals are important models of human lysosomal diseases and may be a significant complication in the maintenance of certain purebred stocks of domestic animals.", "PMID": 116415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12297", "title": "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a university hospital. An analysis of survival and cost.", "content": "A cost analysis and study were done of patient survival after inhospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation during one year at a university hospital. The immediate survival rate in 128 patients was 52 percent. Survival to discharge and six-month survival rates were 19 percent and 15.6 percent, respectively. In all, 23 patients (18 percent) had multiple arrests (two to four per patient) during the same hospital stay. Immediate and six-month survival rates in this group were 52 percent (12 patients) and 9 percent (two patients), respectively. Gender or location where cardiopulmonary arrests occurred in the hospital did not influence survival. The cost of a Code Blue (direct expenses only) was $366. We conclude that the outcome following resuscitation at this university hospital compares favorably with the experience of others, and that the direct cost is modest in relation to the results obtained.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a university hospital. An analysis of survival and cost. A cost analysis and study were done of patient survival after inhospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation during one year at a university hospital. The immediate survival rate in 128 patients was 52 percent. Survival to discharge and six-month survival rates were 19 percent and 15.6 percent, respectively. In all, 23 patients (18 percent) had multiple arrests (two to four per patient) during the same hospital stay. Immediate and six-month survival rates in this group were 52 percent (12 patients) and 9 percent (two patients), respectively. Gender or location where cardiopulmonary arrests occurred in the hospital did not influence survival. The cost of a Code Blue (direct expenses only) was $366. We conclude that the outcome following resuscitation at this university hospital compares favorably with the experience of others, and that the direct cost is modest in relation to the results obtained.", "PMID": 116426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12298", "title": "[Acute renal failure following general and vascular surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1967 to 1976 after 25851 operations for abdominal and vascular diseases acute renal failure was found in 123 cases. In 1353 patients with gastric surgery we observed acute renal failure in 33 (2,5%), after 1499 operations on the gallbladder and bileduct in 12 (0,8%) and after 725 oprations on the colon and rectum in 40 (5,5%) cases. In almost 80% renal failure was caused by septic shock, which is the reason of the high mortality rate of 88% in our patients. It should be emphasized that only prophylaxis and immediate therapy of septic complications can lower the rate of postoperative renal failure and its letal event.", "contents": "[Acute renal failure following general and vascular surgery (author's transl)]. From 1967 to 1976 after 25851 operations for abdominal and vascular diseases acute renal failure was found in 123 cases. In 1353 patients with gastric surgery we observed acute renal failure in 33 (2,5%), after 1499 operations on the gallbladder and bileduct in 12 (0,8%) and after 725 oprations on the colon and rectum in 40 (5,5%) cases. In almost 80% renal failure was caused by septic shock, which is the reason of the high mortality rate of 88% in our patients. It should be emphasized that only prophylaxis and immediate therapy of septic complications can lower the rate of postoperative renal failure and its letal event.", "PMID": 116436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12299", "title": "Surveys of simian malaria in Japan.", "content": "The survey of simian malaria in Japan which had been conducted since 1965 showed that no Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata and Macaca fuscata yakui) were infected with malaria parasites. Most interestingly, however, Babesia sp. was found in 4 (4.3%) of 93 Macaca fuscata yakui which had been reared in a monkey park. As for the monkeys imported from abroad, Plasmodium was only found in Macaca irus from Southeast Asia, namely, P. inui (14.1-25.0%), P. cynomologi (0.6, 3.2%) and P. coatneyi (4.3%) from various countries. On the other hand, Hepatocystis kochi was found in high proportion in Cercopithecus aethiops from Uganda. Two other blood sporozoa identified as H. semnopitheci and Entopolypoides macai were also seen in Macaca irus imported from Southeast Asia.", "contents": "Surveys of simian malaria in Japan. The survey of simian malaria in Japan which had been conducted since 1965 showed that no Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata and Macaca fuscata yakui) were infected with malaria parasites. Most interestingly, however, Babesia sp. was found in 4 (4.3%) of 93 Macaca fuscata yakui which had been reared in a monkey park. As for the monkeys imported from abroad, Plasmodium was only found in Macaca irus from Southeast Asia, namely, P. inui (14.1-25.0%), P. cynomologi (0.6, 3.2%) and P. coatneyi (4.3%) from various countries. On the other hand, Hepatocystis kochi was found in high proportion in Cercopithecus aethiops from Uganda. Two other blood sporozoa identified as H. semnopitheci and Entopolypoides macai were also seen in Macaca irus imported from Southeast Asia.", "PMID": 116437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12300", "title": "The bacillus cereus toxin: isolation of permeability factor.", "content": "The Bacillus cereus protein has been obtained from culture fluid in homogenic form as indicated by SDS-disc electrophoresis and immunodiffusion not described before. The protein has a molecular weight of 100000 daltons. Purification was accomplished by the following steps: (1) removal of ballast nitrous components with DE-32 cellulose at pH 7.2; (2) removal of the proteins from the culture filtrate (deluted four times by water) with DE-32 cellulose at pH 8.6; (3) elution by 0.005 M tris-HCl buffer at pH 7.0 containing 0.5 M NaCl; (4) column rechromatography on DE-32 cellulose at pH 8.6. The isolated protein was identified as a vascular permeability factor acording to the bluing zone in rabbit skin tests or to the bluing lung tissue in mice.", "contents": "The bacillus cereus toxin: isolation of permeability factor. The Bacillus cereus protein has been obtained from culture fluid in homogenic form as indicated by SDS-disc electrophoresis and immunodiffusion not described before. The protein has a molecular weight of 100000 daltons. Purification was accomplished by the following steps: (1) removal of ballast nitrous components with DE-32 cellulose at pH 7.2; (2) removal of the proteins from the culture filtrate (deluted four times by water) with DE-32 cellulose at pH 8.6; (3) elution by 0.005 M tris-HCl buffer at pH 7.0 containing 0.5 M NaCl; (4) column rechromatography on DE-32 cellulose at pH 8.6. The isolated protein was identified as a vascular permeability factor acording to the bluing zone in rabbit skin tests or to the bluing lung tissue in mice.", "PMID": 116438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12301", "title": "Light and electron microscopic studies on gamogony and sporogony of 5 sarcocystis species in vivo and in tissue cultures.", "content": "The gamogony and sporogony of 2 Sarcocystis species was investigated in their natural final hosts and those of 5 species in various cultured cells with identical features concerning timing and ultrasturcture.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic studies on gamogony and sporogony of 5 sarcocystis species in vivo and in tissue cultures. The gamogony and sporogony of 2 Sarcocystis species was investigated in their natural final hosts and those of 5 species in various cultured cells with identical features concerning timing and ultrasturcture.", "PMID": 116439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12302", "title": "A collaborative study on a new quantitative suspension test, the in vitro test, for the evaluation of the bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants.", "content": "In a collaborative study on a new quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of the bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants, three laboratories performed the in vitro test on a phenol and an aldehyde standard in the critical use dilutions using Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as test organisms. The most striking finding was that the means of the germidical effect of one laboratory were significant lower than those of both others. Nevertheless the dispersion of the results did not differ among the laboratories. The differences could not be attributed to the subculture technique followed, nor to the daily inconstancy of the bacterial suspension resistance. The only feature that could explain the difference was the assessment of the microbiological work in itself. It should be stated, however, that the variance of the germicidal-effect values were rather low for this kind of microbiological work, so that differences between laboratories were significant even if the absolute values differed less than 1 unit.", "contents": "A collaborative study on a new quantitative suspension test, the in vitro test, for the evaluation of the bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants. In a collaborative study on a new quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of the bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants, three laboratories performed the in vitro test on a phenol and an aldehyde standard in the critical use dilutions using Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as test organisms. The most striking finding was that the means of the germidical effect of one laboratory were significant lower than those of both others. Nevertheless the dispersion of the results did not differ among the laboratories. The differences could not be attributed to the subculture technique followed, nor to the daily inconstancy of the bacterial suspension resistance. The only feature that could explain the difference was the assessment of the microbiological work in itself. It should be stated, however, that the variance of the germicidal-effect values were rather low for this kind of microbiological work, so that differences between laboratories were significant even if the absolute values differed less than 1 unit.", "PMID": 116440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12303", "title": "Efficacy of inactivators against 14 disinfectant substances.", "content": "More than 24 inactivators were tested for their suitability against 14 disinfectant substances by a quantitative suspension test. Even simple inactivators were found to be efficace: 0.1% cysteine and 0.5% sodium thiosulfate for mercuric chloride and the iodophor; 0.1% sodium sulfite for these two substances and for the QAC in the lower concentration; 1.0% polysorbate 80 for hexylresorcinol, o-phenylphenol and the QAC in the lower concentration; 0.5% sodium thioglycolate for mercuric chloride, the iodophor and chloramine-T. The inactivator active against most disinfectants was the combination LPHT or 0.3% lecithin / 3.0% polysorbate 80 /0.1% histidine / 0.5% sodium thiosulfate. Also active were: LPWT (0.5% lecithin / 1.0% polysorbate 80 /1.0% Lubrol W / 1.0% sodium thiosulfate), LPT (2.0% lecithin / 2.0% polysorbate 80 / 0.5% sodium thiosulfate) and PS (3.0% polysorbate 80 / 3.0% saponin).", "contents": "Efficacy of inactivators against 14 disinfectant substances. More than 24 inactivators were tested for their suitability against 14 disinfectant substances by a quantitative suspension test. Even simple inactivators were found to be efficace: 0.1% cysteine and 0.5% sodium thiosulfate for mercuric chloride and the iodophor; 0.1% sodium sulfite for these two substances and for the QAC in the lower concentration; 1.0% polysorbate 80 for hexylresorcinol, o-phenylphenol and the QAC in the lower concentration; 0.5% sodium thioglycolate for mercuric chloride, the iodophor and chloramine-T. The inactivator active against most disinfectants was the combination LPHT or 0.3% lecithin / 3.0% polysorbate 80 /0.1% histidine / 0.5% sodium thiosulfate. Also active were: LPWT (0.5% lecithin / 1.0% polysorbate 80 /1.0% Lubrol W / 1.0% sodium thiosulfate), LPT (2.0% lecithin / 2.0% polysorbate 80 / 0.5% sodium thiosulfate) and PS (3.0% polysorbate 80 / 3.0% saponin).", "PMID": 116441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12304", "title": "[Examinations on the behaviour of grampositive and gramnegative bacteria on aluminium foil (author's transl)].", "content": "The survival times of Staph. aureus, Strept. faecalis, E. coli, Klebs. pneumoniae, Ser. marcescens and P. aeruginosa were found out on aluminium foil. It was examined whether there exists a dependence on the initial colony count and in mixed cultures a mutual influence of the several species of bacteria. The longest survival times were found among the grampositive cocci. Ser. marcescens and Klebs. pneumoniae could no more be indicated after 19 days in case of initial colony count of log 7.0/cm2; E. coli could no more be shown after 14 days. P. aeruginosa had the shortest survival time. The dependence on the initial colony count was ascertained in 3 different concentrations of bacteria. The highest concentrations showed the smallest reduction of cocci and the longest survival times of Enterobacteriaceae respectively. The middle and lowest initial colony counts showed quicker reduction or shorter survival times. Ser. marcescens was more resistant to drying than Klebs. pneumoniae. The quickest dying rates showed P. aeruginosa without any dependence on initial colony count. In mixed cultures with Staph. aureus or Strept. faecalis survival times of Enterobacteriaceae were longer; the same result gave Klebs. pneumoniae in culture together with Ser. marcescens. The following explanation might be possible: because of the drying resistance of grampositive cocci the total bacteria number in these mixed cultures after several days is higher than in monocultures of E. coli, Klebs. pneumoniae or Ser. marcescens. This protects the Enterobacteriaceae against external influences for a longer time. Therefore it is understandable that the effect increases with the length of duration. The same interpretation could apply to the mixed cultures of Klebs. pneumoniae/Ser. marcescens.", "contents": "[Examinations on the behaviour of grampositive and gramnegative bacteria on aluminium foil (author's transl)]. The survival times of Staph. aureus, Strept. faecalis, E. coli, Klebs. pneumoniae, Ser. marcescens and P. aeruginosa were found out on aluminium foil. It was examined whether there exists a dependence on the initial colony count and in mixed cultures a mutual influence of the several species of bacteria. The longest survival times were found among the grampositive cocci. Ser. marcescens and Klebs. pneumoniae could no more be indicated after 19 days in case of initial colony count of log 7.0/cm2; E. coli could no more be shown after 14 days. P. aeruginosa had the shortest survival time. The dependence on the initial colony count was ascertained in 3 different concentrations of bacteria. The highest concentrations showed the smallest reduction of cocci and the longest survival times of Enterobacteriaceae respectively. The middle and lowest initial colony counts showed quicker reduction or shorter survival times. Ser. marcescens was more resistant to drying than Klebs. pneumoniae. The quickest dying rates showed P. aeruginosa without any dependence on initial colony count. In mixed cultures with Staph. aureus or Strept. faecalis survival times of Enterobacteriaceae were longer; the same result gave Klebs. pneumoniae in culture together with Ser. marcescens. The following explanation might be possible: because of the drying resistance of grampositive cocci the total bacteria number in these mixed cultures after several days is higher than in monocultures of E. coli, Klebs. pneumoniae or Ser. marcescens. This protects the Enterobacteriaceae against external influences for a longer time. Therefore it is understandable that the effect increases with the length of duration. The same interpretation could apply to the mixed cultures of Klebs. pneumoniae/Ser. marcescens.", "PMID": 116442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12305", "title": "[Disinfectant testing with Bacillus spores (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with special conditions for testing the sporocidal effect of disinfectants. A method for the production of spore suspensions (Fig. 1) and the negative influence of heating to its resistance against disinfectants was described (Fig. 2). It was shown that spores of a non-virulent strain of Bac. anthracis could be used for this procedure (Fig. 3). In performing the suspension--and the germ-carrier test it was necessary to watch the effect of postinhibition and of inactivators. The application of 10 microliter disposible loops in the suspension-test was recommended. Since the test for the evaluation of the influence of organic matter on the results of disinfection was unreliable (Fig. 4), it was proposed to replace it by invention of a safety-factor. The germ-carrier test should be done with constant amounts of spores, dried to the surface under defined conditions. Exposition of germ-carriers to disinfectants should be done in a chamber with constant temperature and rel. humidity, since the results are strongly influenced by these factors (Fig. 5).", "contents": "[Disinfectant testing with Bacillus spores (author's transl)]. This paper deals with special conditions for testing the sporocidal effect of disinfectants. A method for the production of spore suspensions (Fig. 1) and the negative influence of heating to its resistance against disinfectants was described (Fig. 2). It was shown that spores of a non-virulent strain of Bac. anthracis could be used for this procedure (Fig. 3). In performing the suspension--and the germ-carrier test it was necessary to watch the effect of postinhibition and of inactivators. The application of 10 microliter disposible loops in the suspension-test was recommended. Since the test for the evaluation of the influence of organic matter on the results of disinfection was unreliable (Fig. 4), it was proposed to replace it by invention of a safety-factor. The germ-carrier test should be done with constant amounts of spores, dried to the surface under defined conditions. Exposition of germ-carriers to disinfectants should be done in a chamber with constant temperature and rel. humidity, since the results are strongly influenced by these factors (Fig. 5).", "PMID": 116443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12306", "title": "[Immunological study of the cellular components of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. VI. The toxicity and protective properties of its mucus and its fractions].", "content": "Capsule-like mucus was obtained from two newly isolated mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa and then treated with ethanol. The mucus was fractionated by the method of differential centrifugation (at 15, 000 g for 1 h, at 105, 000 or 170, 000 g for 3 h) and gel chromatography in columns packed with Sepharose 4B. The sediment fractions contained 30--80% of high molecular polysaccharide protein (peptide) mucus components which were toxic for mice and protected 25--77% of rats against experimental P. aeruginosa infection. The supernatant fluid fractions contained 60--80% of predominantly protein components with molecular mass between 20,000 and 60,000 daltons. These mucus components were slightly toxic for mice and rats and protected 80--100% of rats against P. aeruginosa infection.", "contents": "[Immunological study of the cellular components of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. VI. The toxicity and protective properties of its mucus and its fractions]. Capsule-like mucus was obtained from two newly isolated mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa and then treated with ethanol. The mucus was fractionated by the method of differential centrifugation (at 15, 000 g for 1 h, at 105, 000 or 170, 000 g for 3 h) and gel chromatography in columns packed with Sepharose 4B. The sediment fractions contained 30--80% of high molecular polysaccharide protein (peptide) mucus components which were toxic for mice and protected 25--77% of rats against experimental P. aeruginosa infection. The supernatant fluid fractions contained 60--80% of predominantly protein components with molecular mass between 20,000 and 60,000 daltons. These mucus components were slightly toxic for mice and rats and protected 80--100% of rats against P. aeruginosa infection.", "PMID": 116456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12307", "title": "[Experimental protective of fraction I of the plague microbe].", "content": "The immunogenic properties of the freeze-dried preparation of fraction I tisolated from the culture of avirulent Pasteurella pestis strain were studied in experiments on hamadryas baboons, guinea-pigs and white mice. The preparation was found to have a pronounced protective effect in hamadryas baboons and white mice, especially when the preparation was used in mixture with incomplete Freund adjuvant. In hamadryas baboons resistance to infection was shown to correlate with hemagglutionation antibody titres.", "contents": "[Experimental protective of fraction I of the plague microbe]. The immunogenic properties of the freeze-dried preparation of fraction I tisolated from the culture of avirulent Pasteurella pestis strain were studied in experiments on hamadryas baboons, guinea-pigs and white mice. The preparation was found to have a pronounced protective effect in hamadryas baboons and white mice, especially when the preparation was used in mixture with incomplete Freund adjuvant. In hamadryas baboons resistance to infection was shown to correlate with hemagglutionation antibody titres.", "PMID": 116458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12308", "title": "[Dynamics of the accumulation of the basic immunoglobulin classes in the intestinal contents in food toxinfections].", "content": "The work presents the data on the dynamics of accululation of the main classes of immunoglobulins (A, G and M) in coprofiltrates obtained from patients with alimentary toxicoinfections (bacteriologically confirmed salmonellosis and diseases of unknown etiology). The levels of immunoglobulins of all classes (mainly IgA and IgG) were shown to be elevated in the process of the disease. The dynamics of the increase in the level of IgA (both general and secretory) was supposed to indicate the formation of local immunity in the intestinal wall. The presence of serum IgA and the characteristic IgG dynamics seemed to be indicative of destructive processes occurring in the intestinal wall. Thus, the dynamics of accumulation of immunoglobulins in coprofiltrates obtained from patients with alimentary toxicoinfections reflects the main local pathological and immunological processes.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the accumulation of the basic immunoglobulin classes in the intestinal contents in food toxinfections]. The work presents the data on the dynamics of accululation of the main classes of immunoglobulins (A, G and M) in coprofiltrates obtained from patients with alimentary toxicoinfections (bacteriologically confirmed salmonellosis and diseases of unknown etiology). The levels of immunoglobulins of all classes (mainly IgA and IgG) were shown to be elevated in the process of the disease. The dynamics of the increase in the level of IgA (both general and secretory) was supposed to indicate the formation of local immunity in the intestinal wall. The presence of serum IgA and the characteristic IgG dynamics seemed to be indicative of destructive processes occurring in the intestinal wall. Thus, the dynamics of accumulation of immunoglobulins in coprofiltrates obtained from patients with alimentary toxicoinfections reflects the main local pathological and immunological processes.", "PMID": 116459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12309", "title": "[Immunological characteristics of the protein antigens of the family Neisseriaceae. II. The importance of an immunochemical analysis of the protein complexes for a study of taxonomy problems].", "content": "The study of antigenic interrelations in the family Neisseriaceae resulted in the isolation of 2 main immunologically separated variants of protein complexes: the first variant was characteristic of nonpathogenic and pathogenic species of the genus Neisseria as well as of 7 taxonomically undefined Neisseria species (N. lactamicus, N. cuniculi, N. ellongata, N. ovis, N. animalis, N. cinerea, N. canis) and Gemella haemolysans; the second variant was represented by the genera Branhamella and Acinetobacter. N. caviae and 3 out of 14 Neisseria strains of undefined species had no common antigens with the genera Neisseria and Branhamella. The importance of the immunotyping of protein complexes for studying the problems connected with the taxonomy of the family Neisseriaceae was considered.", "contents": "[Immunological characteristics of the protein antigens of the family Neisseriaceae. II. The importance of an immunochemical analysis of the protein complexes for a study of taxonomy problems]. The study of antigenic interrelations in the family Neisseriaceae resulted in the isolation of 2 main immunologically separated variants of protein complexes: the first variant was characteristic of nonpathogenic and pathogenic species of the genus Neisseria as well as of 7 taxonomically undefined Neisseria species (N. lactamicus, N. cuniculi, N. ellongata, N. ovis, N. animalis, N. cinerea, N. canis) and Gemella haemolysans; the second variant was represented by the genera Branhamella and Acinetobacter. N. caviae and 3 out of 14 Neisseria strains of undefined species had no common antigens with the genera Neisseria and Branhamella. The importance of the immunotyping of protein complexes for studying the problems connected with the taxonomy of the family Neisseriaceae was considered.", "PMID": 116460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12310", "title": "[Analysis of the structural features of the sperm chromatin of amphibia].", "content": "Deoxyribonucleoproteid (DNP) organisation of the sperm from amphibian species (Rana temporaria, Triturus vulgaris, Bufo bufo) with different sperm chromosomal basic proteins has been analysed by nuclease fragmentation. Electrophoretic distribution of chromatin fragments reveals regular organisation of DNP in the sperm of the species investigated. In spermal DNP of the frog Rana temporaria, 3 sub-fractions of histone H1 were found. In the sperm of the newt Triturus vulgaris and the toad Bufo bufo, abundant arginin-rich histones H3 and H4 as well as the presence of low molecular weight protamine-like proteins were noted. Spermal chromatin of all the species studied exhibits high content of chromosomal RNA which is resistant to the effect of exogenous RNAse.", "contents": "[Analysis of the structural features of the sperm chromatin of amphibia]. Deoxyribonucleoproteid (DNP) organisation of the sperm from amphibian species (Rana temporaria, Triturus vulgaris, Bufo bufo) with different sperm chromosomal basic proteins has been analysed by nuclease fragmentation. Electrophoretic distribution of chromatin fragments reveals regular organisation of DNP in the sperm of the species investigated. In spermal DNP of the frog Rana temporaria, 3 sub-fractions of histone H1 were found. In the sperm of the newt Triturus vulgaris and the toad Bufo bufo, abundant arginin-rich histones H3 and H4 as well as the presence of low molecular weight protamine-like proteins were noted. Spermal chromatin of all the species studied exhibits high content of chromosomal RNA which is resistant to the effect of exogenous RNAse.", "PMID": 116455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12311", "title": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in young asymptomatic subjects with \"ischaemic\" changes in exercise electrocardiogram.", "content": "In order to assess the significance of a positive electrocardiographic response to exercise test in 10 asymptomatic subjects with normal resting ECG, a myocardial perfusion scanning with Thallium-201 at rest and during exercise was performed. The following ECG tests were also performed on these subjects: forced hyperventilation, exercise test after nitroglycerin (TNG), exercise test after propranolol. Myocardial perfusion scans did not reveal any defect at rest nor during exercise. Hyperventilation determined abnormalities of ventricular repolarization in all subjects. TNG did not improve the response to exercise test and even decreased the ischemic threshold. After propranolol the electrocardiographic response to exercise became normal in 9 cases, while in 1 subject the ST depressions were impressively reduced. All subjects had a follow-up of 14 to 91 months. During this period none presented symptoms suggesting a coronary disease. This study suggests that combined evaluation of Thallium myocardial perfusion imaging during exercise and exercise ECG test after TNG is most useful in differentiating ischemic from nonischemic exercise ST depressions in asymptomatic population.", "contents": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in young asymptomatic subjects with \"ischaemic\" changes in exercise electrocardiogram. In order to assess the significance of a positive electrocardiographic response to exercise test in 10 asymptomatic subjects with normal resting ECG, a myocardial perfusion scanning with Thallium-201 at rest and during exercise was performed. The following ECG tests were also performed on these subjects: forced hyperventilation, exercise test after nitroglycerin (TNG), exercise test after propranolol. Myocardial perfusion scans did not reveal any defect at rest nor during exercise. Hyperventilation determined abnormalities of ventricular repolarization in all subjects. TNG did not improve the response to exercise test and even decreased the ischemic threshold. After propranolol the electrocardiographic response to exercise became normal in 9 cases, while in 1 subject the ST depressions were impressively reduced. All subjects had a follow-up of 14 to 91 months. During this period none presented symptoms suggesting a coronary disease. This study suggests that combined evaluation of Thallium myocardial perfusion imaging during exercise and exercise ECG test after TNG is most useful in differentiating ischemic from nonischemic exercise ST depressions in asymptomatic population.", "PMID": 116461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12312", "title": "[Pyknodysostosis. (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome)].", "content": "The syndrome of pyknodysostosis is described in a male patient 42 years of age. Pyknodysostosis is characterized by short stature, delayed closure of fontanels, persistence of open cranial sutures and bone fractures. Pyknodysostosis is a hereditary disorder with a prevalence to offsprings of consanguineous intermarriages.", "contents": "[Pyknodysostosis. (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome)]. The syndrome of pyknodysostosis is described in a male patient 42 years of age. Pyknodysostosis is characterized by short stature, delayed closure of fontanels, persistence of open cranial sutures and bone fractures. Pyknodysostosis is a hereditary disorder with a prevalence to offsprings of consanguineous intermarriages.", "PMID": 116468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12313", "title": "[The distribution of ventilation and perfusion in the obstructive syndrome during nitroglycerin and bronchospasmolytic therapy].", "content": "In chronic obstructive lung disease and pulmonary artery hypertension a cranialisation of both ventilation and perfusion can be observed. Nitroglycerine induces a decrease of tension and peripheral resistance. A ventilation-perfusion mismatching induces arterial hypoxemia. If bronchospasmolytic agents are added, hypoxemia can be prohibited.", "contents": "[The distribution of ventilation and perfusion in the obstructive syndrome during nitroglycerin and bronchospasmolytic therapy]. In chronic obstructive lung disease and pulmonary artery hypertension a cranialisation of both ventilation and perfusion can be observed. Nitroglycerine induces a decrease of tension and peripheral resistance. A ventilation-perfusion mismatching induces arterial hypoxemia. If bronchospasmolytic agents are added, hypoxemia can be prohibited.", "PMID": 116469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12314", "title": "[Antibody-dependent cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes in healthy subjects].", "content": "A method of determining the cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes against Rh-positive erythrocytes labelled with 51Cr and sensitized with anti-D antibody is described. A measure of this activity was the cytotoxic index reflecting the intensity of erythrocytolysis, and expressed as per cent of released 51Cr. The method was applied in investigations of lymphocytes of 54 blood donors. The values of the cytotoxic index ranged from 60% to 94%, the arithmetical mean was 76 +/- 10%. The obtained results are an introduction to further investigations on changes of lymphocytes K in blood diseases.", "contents": "[Antibody-dependent cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes in healthy subjects]. A method of determining the cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes against Rh-positive erythrocytes labelled with 51Cr and sensitized with anti-D antibody is described. A measure of this activity was the cytotoxic index reflecting the intensity of erythrocytolysis, and expressed as per cent of released 51Cr. The method was applied in investigations of lymphocytes of 54 blood donors. The values of the cytotoxic index ranged from 60% to 94%, the arithmetical mean was 76 +/- 10%. The obtained results are an introduction to further investigations on changes of lymphocytes K in blood diseases.", "PMID": 116466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12315", "title": "Lafora-like bodies in a cat. Case report suggestive of glycogen metabolism disturbances.", "content": "Lafora-like bodies in an 8-year-old cat were studied light and electron microscopically and histochemically. In addition ot Lafora-like bodies composed of branching filaments, glycogen granules and electron-dense materaisl, abnormal accumulations of glycogen granules attracted attention. The most remarkable features were the developmental processes of the branching filaments originating directly from glycogen granules. Lafora-like bodies in the present study showed ultrastructural, histochemical, and enzymatic similarities to those described in the previous reports in Lafora's disease, glycogenosm is considered to be probably related to the productive mechanism of Lafora-like bodies.", "contents": "Lafora-like bodies in a cat. Case report suggestive of glycogen metabolism disturbances. Lafora-like bodies in an 8-year-old cat were studied light and electron microscopically and histochemically. In addition ot Lafora-like bodies composed of branching filaments, glycogen granules and electron-dense materaisl, abnormal accumulations of glycogen granules attracted attention. The most remarkable features were the developmental processes of the branching filaments originating directly from glycogen granules. Lafora-like bodies in the present study showed ultrastructural, histochemical, and enzymatic similarities to those described in the previous reports in Lafora's disease, glycogenosm is considered to be probably related to the productive mechanism of Lafora-like bodies.", "PMID": 116473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12316", "title": "Correlative studies of axonal spheroids and Lafora-like bodies in aged dogs.", "content": "The gracile nucleus and conus medullaris, the sites of predilection for spheroids and Lafora-like bodies, were examined light and electron microscopically in 91 dogs ranging from 1 month to 19 years of age. The number of both structures showed a tendency to increase with age. Spheroids have already been found in younger dogs before the appearance of Lafora-like bodies. In the aged dog, intra-spheroidal Lafora-like bodies were occasionally observed. Correlative studies may yield clues on the pathogenesis of aging phenomena in the CNS.", "contents": "Correlative studies of axonal spheroids and Lafora-like bodies in aged dogs. The gracile nucleus and conus medullaris, the sites of predilection for spheroids and Lafora-like bodies, were examined light and electron microscopically in 91 dogs ranging from 1 month to 19 years of age. The number of both structures showed a tendency to increase with age. Spheroids have already been found in younger dogs before the appearance of Lafora-like bodies. In the aged dog, intra-spheroidal Lafora-like bodies were occasionally observed. Correlative studies may yield clues on the pathogenesis of aging phenomena in the CNS.", "PMID": 116474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12317", "title": "Anaphylaxis in the monkey: hemodynamics and blood flow distribution.", "content": "Aggregate anaphylaxis was induced in eight ovalbumin-sensitized monkeys (Macaca irus). Hemodynamics, blood flow distribution and myocardial performance were studied. Following challenge, severe circulatory shock developed. Systemic arterial and left atrial pressures decreased and pulmonary arterial and right atrial pressures increased. There was a tenfold increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, and cardiac output was markedly reduced (-75%). A redistribution of the blood flow to vital organs (brain, heart and liver) occurred, at the expense of flow to other regions (muscles, kidneys, pancreas and spleen). There was also a redistribution of the blood flow within the myocardium, resulting in an unchanged right ventricular blood flow, despite a decrease in total myocardial blood flow. Right ventricular stroke work was reduced in spite of high filling pressures, whereas the decrease in left ventricular stroke work coincided with low filling pressures. It is concluded that the initial main cause of the low outflow state was an increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation followed by acute right heart failure.", "contents": "Anaphylaxis in the monkey: hemodynamics and blood flow distribution. Aggregate anaphylaxis was induced in eight ovalbumin-sensitized monkeys (Macaca irus). Hemodynamics, blood flow distribution and myocardial performance were studied. Following challenge, severe circulatory shock developed. Systemic arterial and left atrial pressures decreased and pulmonary arterial and right atrial pressures increased. There was a tenfold increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, and cardiac output was markedly reduced (-75%). A redistribution of the blood flow to vital organs (brain, heart and liver) occurred, at the expense of flow to other regions (muscles, kidneys, pancreas and spleen). There was also a redistribution of the blood flow within the myocardium, resulting in an unchanged right ventricular blood flow, despite a decrease in total myocardial blood flow. Right ventricular stroke work was reduced in spite of high filling pressures, whereas the decrease in left ventricular stroke work coincided with low filling pressures. It is concluded that the initial main cause of the low outflow state was an increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation followed by acute right heart failure.", "PMID": 116476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12318", "title": "Release of gastrin from the skeletal muscles and from the antral mucosa in cats induced by sulfonuric drugs.", "content": "The present observations indicate that sulfonuric drugs release gastrin both from peripheral nerves in striated muscles and from endocrine-like cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrin appears in perfusates of extirpated cat legs after administration of tolbutamide or glibenclamide (5-50 mg/kg or 5-500 microgram/kg perfused tissue respectively) to the perfusion medium. Furthermore gastrin is released into the portal vein of cats after i.v. administration of glibenclamide (5-50 microgram/kg). The finding that sulfonuric drugs not only release insulin from beta-cells in the pancreas, but also gastrin from gastrin producing cells in the stomach as well as from nerve fibers in the skeletal muscles, indicate that sulfonuric drugs have more wide spread effects than previously assumed. Possible consequences of the drug induced release of peptides from peripheral nerves as well as of the release of gastrin from the gastrointestinal tract are discussed.", "contents": "Release of gastrin from the skeletal muscles and from the antral mucosa in cats induced by sulfonuric drugs. The present observations indicate that sulfonuric drugs release gastrin both from peripheral nerves in striated muscles and from endocrine-like cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrin appears in perfusates of extirpated cat legs after administration of tolbutamide or glibenclamide (5-50 mg/kg or 5-500 microgram/kg perfused tissue respectively) to the perfusion medium. Furthermore gastrin is released into the portal vein of cats after i.v. administration of glibenclamide (5-50 microgram/kg). The finding that sulfonuric drugs not only release insulin from beta-cells in the pancreas, but also gastrin from gastrin producing cells in the stomach as well as from nerve fibers in the skeletal muscles, indicate that sulfonuric drugs have more wide spread effects than previously assumed. Possible consequences of the drug induced release of peptides from peripheral nerves as well as of the release of gastrin from the gastrointestinal tract are discussed.", "PMID": 116478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12319", "title": "Some aspects of tuberculoid leprosy and chemotherapeutic trials.", "content": "The author describes the progress made in our knowledge of tuberculoid leprosy since the original case of Jadassohn in 1898. The numerical importance of T patients in different parts of the world is reviewed and their role in the transmission of the disease discussed. An analysis is made of the subgroups into which T leprosy is divided according to the clinical symptoms, bacteriology, histopathology and immunology in the Madrid classification as well as in the Souza-Lima-Souza Campos and Ridley-Jopling studies. The author concludes that a majority of T patients are immunologically stable and belong to two well defined groups, the first called T annular in the Souza-Lima-Souza Campos study and TT in the Ridley-Jopling classification and the second called T reactional by S.L.-S.C. and BT by R.J. Taking into account the high proportion of T cases in most epidemiological situations, their generally accepted good prognosis under treatment and the present availability of several drugs of proved efficacy, the author suggests to carry out in T leprosy under controlled conditions a trial of a number of therapeutic regimens of not more than 12 months duration. Follow-up periods will make possible medium and long-term evaluation of results after 3 and 5 years respectively of the initiation of the chemotherapeutic regimens. The practical implications of effective and well tolerated short-term therapy in T leprosy is stressed. Its widespread use in field programmes will represent among other advantages a considerable economy in personnel and drugs costs. The use of a single protocol is recommended. The one worked out by THELEP for therapeutic trials in lepromatous leprosy could be adopted with a few changes made necessary because of the morphological and bacteriological differences between L and T leprosy. It is suggested that, if the results of the trial are successful, similar regimens could be tried in indeterminate leprosy.", "contents": "Some aspects of tuberculoid leprosy and chemotherapeutic trials. The author describes the progress made in our knowledge of tuberculoid leprosy since the original case of Jadassohn in 1898. The numerical importance of T patients in different parts of the world is reviewed and their role in the transmission of the disease discussed. An analysis is made of the subgroups into which T leprosy is divided according to the clinical symptoms, bacteriology, histopathology and immunology in the Madrid classification as well as in the Souza-Lima-Souza Campos and Ridley-Jopling studies. The author concludes that a majority of T patients are immunologically stable and belong to two well defined groups, the first called T annular in the Souza-Lima-Souza Campos study and TT in the Ridley-Jopling classification and the second called T reactional by S.L.-S.C. and BT by R.J. Taking into account the high proportion of T cases in most epidemiological situations, their generally accepted good prognosis under treatment and the present availability of several drugs of proved efficacy, the author suggests to carry out in T leprosy under controlled conditions a trial of a number of therapeutic regimens of not more than 12 months duration. Follow-up periods will make possible medium and long-term evaluation of results after 3 and 5 years respectively of the initiation of the chemotherapeutic regimens. The practical implications of effective and well tolerated short-term therapy in T leprosy is stressed. Its widespread use in field programmes will represent among other advantages a considerable economy in personnel and drugs costs. The use of a single protocol is recommended. The one worked out by THELEP for therapeutic trials in lepromatous leprosy could be adopted with a few changes made necessary because of the morphological and bacteriological differences between L and T leprosy. It is suggested that, if the results of the trial are successful, similar regimens could be tried in indeterminate leprosy.", "PMID": 116471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12320", "title": "Glibenclamide and glipizide in maturity onset diabetes. A double-blind cross-over study.", "content": "The effects of glibenclamide and glipizide on the concentrations of S-glucose, S-insulin and S-lipids and on the 24-hour urinary glucose excretion were studied in 37 patients with maturity onset diabetes. A double-blind, cross over double-dummy technique was used. The fasting S-insulin concentration was higher during glibenclamide therapy, while the increase in insulin concentration one hour postprandially was stronger during  glipizide therapy, supporting the concept that glibenclamide has a more prolonged and glipizide a more fast-acting effect on insulin secretion. The S-glucose concentration was lower in the fasting state as well as one hour postprandially during glibenclamide therapy which, together with a lower 24-hour urinary glucose excretion, indicates that glibenclamide has a stronger blood glucose-lowering effect. Although statistically significant, the differences were marginal from a clinical point of view. The lipid levels remained unchanged.", "contents": "Glibenclamide and glipizide in maturity onset diabetes. A double-blind cross-over study. The effects of glibenclamide and glipizide on the concentrations of S-glucose, S-insulin and S-lipids and on the 24-hour urinary glucose excretion were studied in 37 patients with maturity onset diabetes. A double-blind, cross over double-dummy technique was used. The fasting S-insulin concentration was higher during glibenclamide therapy, while the increase in insulin concentration one hour postprandially was stronger during  glipizide therapy, supporting the concept that glibenclamide has a more prolonged and glipizide a more fast-acting effect on insulin secretion. The S-glucose concentration was lower in the fasting state as well as one hour postprandially during glibenclamide therapy which, together with a lower 24-hour urinary glucose excretion, indicates that glibenclamide has a stronger blood glucose-lowering effect. Although statistically significant, the differences were marginal from a clinical point of view. The lipid levels remained unchanged.", "PMID": 116480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12321", "title": "Clinical significance of abnormal heterogeneity of transferrin in relation to alcohol consumption.", "content": "An abnormal microheterogeneous component of serum transferrin, with a higher isoelectric point than the normal main component, was studied by means of isoelectric focusing and direct immunofixation in 98 alcoholic patients, 22 patients with liver diseases and 100 controls. Its relation to acute and prolonged ethanol intake was studied in healthy volunteers. The abnormal transferrin component was found to be a sensitive indicator of prolonged, high alcohol ingestion, and was observed in 81% of patients with an admitted consumption of more than 60 g ethanol/day, and normalized after at least 10 days of abstinence. It occurred in 1% of the controls and in none of the cases with liver diseases without current alcohol abuse. There is evidence of a reduced sialic acid content in the abnormal transferrin. No similar change has been found in a number of other glycoproteins. This test may be a useful and sensitive tool for the detection of chronic alcohol consumption.", "contents": "Clinical significance of abnormal heterogeneity of transferrin in relation to alcohol consumption. An abnormal microheterogeneous component of serum transferrin, with a higher isoelectric point than the normal main component, was studied by means of isoelectric focusing and direct immunofixation in 98 alcoholic patients, 22 patients with liver diseases and 100 controls. Its relation to acute and prolonged ethanol intake was studied in healthy volunteers. The abnormal transferrin component was found to be a sensitive indicator of prolonged, high alcohol ingestion, and was observed in 81% of patients with an admitted consumption of more than 60 g ethanol/day, and normalized after at least 10 days of abstinence. It occurred in 1% of the controls and in none of the cases with liver diseases without current alcohol abuse. There is evidence of a reduced sialic acid content in the abnormal transferrin. No similar change has been found in a number of other glycoproteins. This test may be a useful and sensitive tool for the detection of chronic alcohol consumption.", "PMID": 116481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12322", "title": "Free light chains of immunoglobulins in amyloidosis.", "content": "Monomeric (M) and dimeric (D) forms of free light chains in serum have been measured by a sensitive radioimmunoassay in eight patients with amyloidosis without monoclonal proteins. Significantly elevated concentrations of D lambda chains were demonstrated in two of four patients with localized amyloidosis. The two patients had a significantly increased D/M ratio of both kappa and lambda chains. One patient had localized amyloidosis and normal concentration of monomeric and dimeric light chains had an abnormal fragment of light chains. A low kappa/lambda ratio was found in patients with localized amyloidosis. Four patients with secondary amyloidosis and renal insufficiency had increased amounts of free light chains. The concentration of light chains and the D/M ratio in this group corresponded to the impairment of renal function.", "contents": "Free light chains of immunoglobulins in amyloidosis. Monomeric (M) and dimeric (D) forms of free light chains in serum have been measured by a sensitive radioimmunoassay in eight patients with amyloidosis without monoclonal proteins. Significantly elevated concentrations of D lambda chains were demonstrated in two of four patients with localized amyloidosis. The two patients had a significantly increased D/M ratio of both kappa and lambda chains. One patient had localized amyloidosis and normal concentration of monomeric and dimeric light chains had an abnormal fragment of light chains. A low kappa/lambda ratio was found in patients with localized amyloidosis. Four patients with secondary amyloidosis and renal insufficiency had increased amounts of free light chains. The concentration of light chains and the D/M ratio in this group corresponded to the impairment of renal function.", "PMID": 116482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12323", "title": "Ventilation-perfusion studies in suspected pulmonary embolism.", "content": "The results of ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) imaging and pulmonary angiography were retrospectively analyzed in 146 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) to define the frequency of PE associated with various scintigraphic patterns. When the radionuclide images demonstrated at least two moderate-sized or one large area of V-Q mismatch, the probability of PE was 92%. However, only one of three patients with a single moderate-sized V-Q mismatch had PE, while small V-Q mismatches were not associated with PE in any of 19 patients. Matched V-Q abnormalities in lung regions that were radiographically normal were infrequently due to PE (4.8%). When a perfusion defect was substantially smaller than a corresponding radiographic abnormality, the frequency of PE was low (7.7%). Conversely, when a perfusion defect was substantially larger than the corresponding radiographic abnormality, there was a high probability of PE (87%). Matched perfusion and radiographic abnormalities indicated an intermediate probability of PE (27%). Patients with suspected pulmonary embolism may be classified into groups with low, intermediate, or high probability of pulmonary embolism on the basis of size and number of perfusion defects and a careful comparison of perfusion defects with ventilatory and radiographic findings.", "contents": "Ventilation-perfusion studies in suspected pulmonary embolism. The results of ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) imaging and pulmonary angiography were retrospectively analyzed in 146 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) to define the frequency of PE associated with various scintigraphic patterns. When the radionuclide images demonstrated at least two moderate-sized or one large area of V-Q mismatch, the probability of PE was 92%. However, only one of three patients with a single moderate-sized V-Q mismatch had PE, while small V-Q mismatches were not associated with PE in any of 19 patients. Matched V-Q abnormalities in lung regions that were radiographically normal were infrequently due to PE (4.8%). When a perfusion defect was substantially smaller than a corresponding radiographic abnormality, the frequency of PE was low (7.7%). Conversely, when a perfusion defect was substantially larger than the corresponding radiographic abnormality, there was a high probability of PE (87%). Matched perfusion and radiographic abnormalities indicated an intermediate probability of PE (27%). Patients with suspected pulmonary embolism may be classified into groups with low, intermediate, or high probability of pulmonary embolism on the basis of size and number of perfusion defects and a careful comparison of perfusion defects with ventilatory and radiographic findings.", "PMID": 116491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12324", "title": "What becomes of pulmonary infarcts?", "content": "In 32 patients, 58 angiographically proven pulmonary infarcts were followed for 3 months or longer by serial chest radiography. Complete clearing was seen in 29 (50%) of the infarcts on chest radiography. In the other 29 infarcts that left residual findings, linear scars were identified in 14, pleural diaphragmatic adhesions in nine, and localized pleural thickening in six; in all cases the features were diminutive when compared with the original abnormality. Follow-up perfusion lung images at similar time intervals to the chest films were available for 44 infarcts. Seven of these showed complete resolution and the other 37 showed a residual but much smaller perfusion defect. None of the patients had known preexisting pulmonary disease. The frequency of permanent radiographic scarring seemed to be the same at all ages.", "contents": "What becomes of pulmonary infarcts? In 32 patients, 58 angiographically proven pulmonary infarcts were followed for 3 months or longer by serial chest radiography. Complete clearing was seen in 29 (50%) of the infarcts on chest radiography. In the other 29 infarcts that left residual findings, linear scars were identified in 14, pleural diaphragmatic adhesions in nine, and localized pleural thickening in six; in all cases the features were diminutive when compared with the original abnormality. Follow-up perfusion lung images at similar time intervals to the chest films were available for 44 infarcts. Seven of these showed complete resolution and the other 37 showed a residual but much smaller perfusion defect. None of the patients had known preexisting pulmonary disease. The frequency of permanent radiographic scarring seemed to be the same at all ages.", "PMID": 116492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12325", "title": "CT of the esophagus: I. Normal appearance.", "content": "The thoracic esophagus is easily demonstrable throughout its entire length on thoracic computed tomography (CT). The soft tissue planes separating the esophagus from its adjacent mediastinal structures are normally distinct. Blurring or distortion of these tissue interfaces is a reliable indicator of disease. The normal CT anatomy of the esophagus and mediastinal relationships are described. Air in the esophagus is considered a normal finding.", "contents": "CT of the esophagus: I. Normal appearance. The thoracic esophagus is easily demonstrable throughout its entire length on thoracic computed tomography (CT). The soft tissue planes separating the esophagus from its adjacent mediastinal structures are normally distinct. Blurring or distortion of these tissue interfaces is a reliable indicator of disease. The normal CT anatomy of the esophagus and mediastinal relationships are described. Air in the esophagus is considered a normal finding.", "PMID": 116493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12326", "title": "CT of the esophagus. II. Carcinoma.", "content": "Thoracoabdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning was performed prior to treatment on 30 patients with proven carcinoma of the esophagus. Operative, bronchoscopic, and/or autopsy data were reviewed and showed that CT correctly identified the extent of medistinal spread in 27 patients and intraabdominal metastases in 22 patients. The ability of CT to reliably predict the extent of disease should help the surgeon and radiation oncologist plan optimal therapy.", "contents": "CT of the esophagus. II. Carcinoma. Thoracoabdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning was performed prior to treatment on 30 patients with proven carcinoma of the esophagus. Operative, bronchoscopic, and/or autopsy data were reviewed and showed that CT correctly identified the extent of medistinal spread in 27 patients and intraabdominal metastases in 22 patients. The ability of CT to reliably predict the extent of disease should help the surgeon and radiation oncologist plan optimal therapy.", "PMID": 116494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12327", "title": "Unusual features of pulmonary sling.", "content": "Patients with an anomalously placed left pulmonary artery (\"pulmonary sling\") typically have signs and symptoms of respiratory obstruction in the neonatal period. Experience with four previously unreported patients confirmed this. Typical radiographic features include unilateral air trapping (usually on the right side), an abnormal position of the esophagus, and a soft tissue mass interposed between the trachea and esophagus. Less common findings include a normal esophageal position, left-side air trapping, and delayed egress of neonatal pulmonary fluid. Both typical and atypical features were seen; the more unusual aspects are emphasized.", "contents": "Unusual features of pulmonary sling. Patients with an anomalously placed left pulmonary artery (\"pulmonary sling\") typically have signs and symptoms of respiratory obstruction in the neonatal period. Experience with four previously unreported patients confirmed this. Typical radiographic features include unilateral air trapping (usually on the right side), an abnormal position of the esophagus, and a soft tissue mass interposed between the trachea and esophagus. Less common findings include a normal esophageal position, left-side air trapping, and delayed egress of neonatal pulmonary fluid. Both typical and atypical features were seen; the more unusual aspects are emphasized.", "PMID": 116496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12328", "title": "Late complications at repair site of operated coarctation of aorta.", "content": "Late complications at the repair site of coarctation of the aorta include aneurysms and persistent coarctation. Aneurysms are usually due to failure of the surgical anastomosis and can occur many years after repair. Continued aortic coarctation may be due to either repair failure or failure of the anastomotic site to grow with the patient. Three cases are presented and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "Late complications at repair site of operated coarctation of aorta. Late complications at the repair site of coarctation of the aorta include aneurysms and persistent coarctation. Aneurysms are usually due to failure of the surgical anastomosis and can occur many years after repair. Continued aortic coarctation may be due to either repair failure or failure of the anastomotic site to grow with the patient. Three cases are presented and the literature reviewed.", "PMID": 116497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12329", "title": "Primary hemangiopericytoma of lung: radiography and pathology.", "content": "Two cases of primary hemangiopericytoma of the lung are reported. The massive tumors had radiographic features of round or oval contour, homogeneous opacity, well circumscribed smooth outline without calcification, and no compression of the surrounding lung tissue. They were rather homogeneous histologically, well encapsulated, and centrally located, but extended peripherally by replacement, instead of compression, of the pulmonary parenchyma. Review of the literature about 34 other cases suggests these are the usual characteristics of primary hemangiopericytomas of the lungs.", "contents": "Primary hemangiopericytoma of lung: radiography and pathology. Two cases of primary hemangiopericytoma of the lung are reported. The massive tumors had radiographic features of round or oval contour, homogeneous opacity, well circumscribed smooth outline without calcification, and no compression of the surrounding lung tissue. They were rather homogeneous histologically, well encapsulated, and centrally located, but extended peripherally by replacement, instead of compression, of the pulmonary parenchyma. Review of the literature about 34 other cases suggests these are the usual characteristics of primary hemangiopericytomas of the lungs.", "PMID": 116498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12330", "title": "CT as a primary diagnostic method in evaluating intraabdominal abscess.", "content": "In 19 cases, a correct diagnosis of intraabdominal abscess was made by CT body scanning. There was one false-positive diagnosis and initially one false-negative diagnosis. CT proved to be an efficient imaging method for diagnosis, for planning of therapeutic procedures, and in monitoring response to operative or conservative treatment. It has advantages over ultrasound and gallium scanning especially in severely ill, postoperative, and obese subjects. In addition, needle aspiration under CT control is readily performed and can be undertaken at the same examination. Confirmation of the diagnosis and therapeutic aspiration with or without introduction of a drainage catheter can then be undertaken.", "contents": "CT as a primary diagnostic method in evaluating intraabdominal abscess. In 19 cases, a correct diagnosis of intraabdominal abscess was made by CT body scanning. There was one false-positive diagnosis and initially one false-negative diagnosis. CT proved to be an efficient imaging method for diagnosis, for planning of therapeutic procedures, and in monitoring response to operative or conservative treatment. It has advantages over ultrasound and gallium scanning especially in severely ill, postoperative, and obese subjects. In addition, needle aspiration under CT control is readily performed and can be undertaken at the same examination. Confirmation of the diagnosis and therapeutic aspiration with or without introduction of a drainage catheter can then be undertaken.", "PMID": 116499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12331", "title": "Evaluation of contrast markers for CT aspiration biopsy.", "content": "Precision percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy under guidance of computed tomography is facilitated by injection of a small amount of contrast material during the biopsy procedure. CT scan immediately after biopsy clearly documents the biopsy site. There was no adverse effect of the contrast agents on the quality of staining or preservation of cellular architecture. To the contrary, the aspirates obtained after contrast injection were generally better preserved and better stained than the control specimens. This may be due to a decrease in drying, with the more fluid aspirates obtained after contrast injection.", "contents": "Evaluation of contrast markers for CT aspiration biopsy. Precision percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy under guidance of computed tomography is facilitated by injection of a small amount of contrast material during the biopsy procedure. CT scan immediately after biopsy clearly documents the biopsy site. There was no adverse effect of the contrast agents on the quality of staining or preservation of cellular architecture. To the contrary, the aspirates obtained after contrast injection were generally better preserved and better stained than the control specimens. This may be due to a decrease in drying, with the more fluid aspirates obtained after contrast injection.", "PMID": 116500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12332", "title": "Antral mucosal diaphragms in adults.", "content": "A group of 53 patients with the diagnosis of antral mucosal diaphragm is reported. In over 50% of the cases the diaphragm was considered an asymptomatic lesion. In addition, an autopsy study in 29 unselected cases is reported with demonstration of five antral mucosal diaphragms in different forms. On the basis of these findings, it is evident that the antral mucosal diaphragm in the adult is not an acquired lesion secondary to peptic ulcer disease, but may be congenital. In addition, techniques of radiologic evaluation of the diaphragm for significant narrowing of the central aperture using the compressed barium tablet, and for significant gastric outlet obstruction using the \"barium burger\" examination, are described.", "contents": "Antral mucosal diaphragms in adults. A group of 53 patients with the diagnosis of antral mucosal diaphragm is reported. In over 50% of the cases the diaphragm was considered an asymptomatic lesion. In addition, an autopsy study in 29 unselected cases is reported with demonstration of five antral mucosal diaphragms in different forms. On the basis of these findings, it is evident that the antral mucosal diaphragm in the adult is not an acquired lesion secondary to peptic ulcer disease, but may be congenital. In addition, techniques of radiologic evaluation of the diaphragm for significant narrowing of the central aperture using the compressed barium tablet, and for significant gastric outlet obstruction using the \"barium burger\" examination, are described.", "PMID": 116501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12333", "title": "Colitis in the elderly: ischemic colitis mimicking ulcerative and granulomatous colitis.", "content": "Eight patients over age 60 years had sudden onset of acute abdominal pain and rectal bleeding in the absence of prior inflammatory bowel disease. Several improved on medical therapy alone; those who required surgery suffered no recurrence up to 6 years. Although the pathologic specimens on these patients were first considered to represent ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, their histories and clinical courses are much more consistent with ischemic colitis. Since there are only a limited number of reactions that the bowel can muster against a host of damaging processes, histologic criteria alone are usually not sufficient to separate ischemic disease of the colon from ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. This is also true of radiographic features. Thus the diagnosis of ischemic colitis rests on clinical onset and course after treatment.", "contents": "Colitis in the elderly: ischemic colitis mimicking ulcerative and granulomatous colitis. Eight patients over age 60 years had sudden onset of acute abdominal pain and rectal bleeding in the absence of prior inflammatory bowel disease. Several improved on medical therapy alone; those who required surgery suffered no recurrence up to 6 years. Although the pathologic specimens on these patients were first considered to represent ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, their histories and clinical courses are much more consistent with ischemic colitis. Since there are only a limited number of reactions that the bowel can muster against a host of damaging processes, histologic criteria alone are usually not sufficient to separate ischemic disease of the colon from ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. This is also true of radiographic features. Thus the diagnosis of ischemic colitis rests on clinical onset and course after treatment.", "PMID": 116502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12334", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic portography. III. Relationships between portosystemic collaterals and portal pressure in cirrhosis.", "content": "The relationships among collateral veins, gastroesophageal varices, extrahepatic shunting, and free portal pressure were studied by percutaneous transhepatic portography in 57 patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The size of esophageal varices was related to the size of the coronary and short gastric veins and to the portal pressure. The size of gastric varices was related to cephalad collaterals from the spleen and splenic vein, but not to portal pressure. Portosystemic shunting was associated with collaterals in the lower abdomen, but not with varices or portal pressure.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic portography. III. Relationships between portosystemic collaterals and portal pressure in cirrhosis. The relationships among collateral veins, gastroesophageal varices, extrahepatic shunting, and free portal pressure were studied by percutaneous transhepatic portography in 57 patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The size of esophageal varices was related to the size of the coronary and short gastric veins and to the portal pressure. The size of gastric varices was related to cephalad collaterals from the spleen and splenic vein, but not to portal pressure. Portosystemic shunting was associated with collaterals in the lower abdomen, but not with varices or portal pressure.", "PMID": 116503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12335", "title": "Transhepatic obliteration of esophageal varices using the stainless steel coil.", "content": "Coronary veins in seven of eight patients with bleeding esophageal varices were successfully catheterized and embolized with Gelfoam followed by multiple steel coils. Bleeding immediately ceased in all seven, but recurred within 1 month in six. One had not rebled on 3 month follow-up. Therefore, steel coils do not prevent recurrent bleeding any more effectively than other embolic materials used for this purpose.", "contents": "Transhepatic obliteration of esophageal varices using the stainless steel coil. Coronary veins in seven of eight patients with bleeding esophageal varices were successfully catheterized and embolized with Gelfoam followed by multiple steel coils. Bleeding immediately ceased in all seven, but recurred within 1 month in six. One had not rebled on 3 month follow-up. Therefore, steel coils do not prevent recurrent bleeding any more effectively than other embolic materials used for this purpose.", "PMID": 116504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12336", "title": "Three methods for determining anteversion and retroversion of a total hip prosthesis.", "content": "Three new methods to assess the degree of anteversion or retroversion of the femoral component of a total hip prosthesis are described. Compared with previously described methods, the new methods make few physical demands on the recently operated patient. The only requirement is that the affected femur be held in a neutral position parallel to the x-ray table. The methods are relatively easy to perform and are accurate and objective.", "contents": "Three methods for determining anteversion and retroversion of a total hip prosthesis. Three new methods to assess the degree of anteversion or retroversion of the femoral component of a total hip prosthesis are described. Compared with previously described methods, the new methods make few physical demands on the recently operated patient. The only requirement is that the affected femur be held in a neutral position parallel to the x-ray table. The methods are relatively easy to perform and are accurate and objective.", "PMID": 116505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12337", "title": "Fibrous lesions in the lower extremities in neurofibromatosis.", "content": "Multiple fibrous lesions have been noted in the lower extremities of patients with neurofibromatosis (Recklinghausen's disease). These lesions are probably a combination of fibrous cortical defects, nonossifying fibromas, and intraosseous neurofibromas. When several fibrocystic lesions frequent the knee areas in an adolescent, neurofibromatosis should be suspected.", "contents": "Fibrous lesions in the lower extremities in neurofibromatosis. Multiple fibrous lesions have been noted in the lower extremities of patients with neurofibromatosis (Recklinghausen's disease). These lesions are probably a combination of fibrous cortical defects, nonossifying fibromas, and intraosseous neurofibromas. When several fibrocystic lesions frequent the knee areas in an adolescent, neurofibromatosis should be suspected.", "PMID": 116506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12338", "title": "Peritendinitis calcarea of flexor carpi ulnaris.", "content": "Calcific tendinitis of the flexor carpi ulnaris presents a characteristic radiographic appearance of amorphous calcification near the pisiform. This calcification frequently is associated with acute symptoms and may be related to certain occupations and hobbies. Knowledge of the pertinent anatomic and radiographic criteria permits accurate diagnosis.", "contents": "Peritendinitis calcarea of flexor carpi ulnaris. Calcific tendinitis of the flexor carpi ulnaris presents a characteristic radiographic appearance of amorphous calcification near the pisiform. This calcification frequently is associated with acute symptoms and may be related to certain occupations and hobbies. Knowledge of the pertinent anatomic and radiographic criteria permits accurate diagnosis.", "PMID": 116507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12339", "title": "Computed tomographic mammography (CTM).", "content": "Breasts of 724 patients were studied by physical examination, mammography, and computed tomographic mammography (CTM) using a scanner designed for evaluation of the breast. Among cases in which CTM was not accompanied by use of contrast material, there were 60 malignant lesions, of which 10% were missed by mammography, 32% by CTM, and 8% by both. Among cases where CTM was supplemented by a 50 ml injection of 75% contrast material, there were 63 malignant lesions, of which 14% were missed by mammography, 16% by CTM, and 3% by both. Among cases where CTM was supplemented by a 300 ml infusion of 30% contrast material, there were 41 malignant lesions, of which 7% were missed by mammography and 5% by CTM, but none by both. Clinically, 22% of the malignant lesions in the infusion series were occult. There were 44 benign lesions in patients studied with the infusion technique. With mammography 68% were suspicious for malignancy, and with CTM, 56%.", "contents": "Computed tomographic mammography (CTM). Breasts of 724 patients were studied by physical examination, mammography, and computed tomographic mammography (CTM) using a scanner designed for evaluation of the breast. Among cases in which CTM was not accompanied by use of contrast material, there were 60 malignant lesions, of which 10% were missed by mammography, 32% by CTM, and 8% by both. Among cases where CTM was supplemented by a 50 ml injection of 75% contrast material, there were 63 malignant lesions, of which 14% were missed by mammography, 16% by CTM, and 3% by both. Among cases where CTM was supplemented by a 300 ml infusion of 30% contrast material, there were 41 malignant lesions, of which 7% were missed by mammography and 5% by CTM, but none by both. Clinically, 22% of the malignant lesions in the infusion series were occult. There were 44 benign lesions in patients studied with the infusion technique. With mammography 68% were suspicious for malignancy, and with CTM, 56%.", "PMID": 116508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12340", "title": "Amniography in second trimester diagnosis of myelomeningocele.", "content": "Twenty-eight fetuses, at 14-22 gestational weeks, were examined by amniography to identify a thoracic, lumbar, or sacral myelomeningocele. The end point was a fluoroscopic spot film with the fetal back in profile, to show the presence or absence of a bulging midline mass. Fetal irradiation was 0.66 rad +/- 0.36 (SD). There were 26 true negatives and one indeterminate examination. The one true positive was in a patient who had just had negative real-time ultrasonography. It is suggested amniography be used (1) when ultrasonography and amniotic fluid alpha fetoprotein determination disagree about the presence of a neural tube defect, and (2) for further confirmation when both these tests are positive.", "contents": "Amniography in second trimester diagnosis of myelomeningocele. Twenty-eight fetuses, at 14-22 gestational weeks, were examined by amniography to identify a thoracic, lumbar, or sacral myelomeningocele. The end point was a fluoroscopic spot film with the fetal back in profile, to show the presence or absence of a bulging midline mass. Fetal irradiation was 0.66 rad +/- 0.36 (SD). There were 26 true negatives and one indeterminate examination. The one true positive was in a patient who had just had negative real-time ultrasonography. It is suggested amniography be used (1) when ultrasonography and amniotic fluid alpha fetoprotein determination disagree about the presence of a neural tube defect, and (2) for further confirmation when both these tests are positive.", "PMID": 116509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12341", "title": "CT of septo-optic dysplasia.", "content": "Two girls, aged 7 1/2 and 12 years, clinically suspect for septo-optic dysplasia, were investigated by computed tomography (CT). The clinical picture in both cases associated blindness with hypoplasia of both optic discs, and short stature with growth hormone deficiency. Diabetes insipidus was also present in one case. CT demonstrated agenesis of the septum pellucidum and thin optic nerves. In the case with diabetes insipidus the pituitary stalk was enlarged. It is shown that CT accurately delinerates the altered anatomy of septo-optic dysplasia. CT is recommended rather than pneumoencephalography as the definitive neuroradiologic investigation of these patients.", "contents": "CT of septo-optic dysplasia. Two girls, aged 7 1/2 and 12 years, clinically suspect for septo-optic dysplasia, were investigated by computed tomography (CT). The clinical picture in both cases associated blindness with hypoplasia of both optic discs, and short stature with growth hormone deficiency. Diabetes insipidus was also present in one case. CT demonstrated agenesis of the septum pellucidum and thin optic nerves. In the case with diabetes insipidus the pituitary stalk was enlarged. It is shown that CT accurately delinerates the altered anatomy of septo-optic dysplasia. CT is recommended rather than pneumoencephalography as the definitive neuroradiologic investigation of these patients.", "PMID": 116510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12342", "title": "Radiology in Nicaragua: Lessons from a radiologic paramedic training effort.", "content": "The authors, during repeated visits and a sabbatical period, participated in the initiation of a program to train radiologic technologists in Nicaragua. The training program, its objectives, and the level of development of Nicaraguan radiology in 1977-1978 are described. The results achieved and problems encountered are discussed. Although the training was effective, all of the goals could not be accomplished because of political unrest. Nevertheless, lessions were learned and conclusions reached concerning future efforts to improve radiologic services in countries such as Nicaragua. These relate to economics, language barriers, governmental control, and the attitudes of native physicians and radiologists.", "contents": "Radiology in Nicaragua: Lessons from a radiologic paramedic training effort. The authors, during repeated visits and a sabbatical period, participated in the initiation of a program to train radiologic technologists in Nicaragua. The training program, its objectives, and the level of development of Nicaraguan radiology in 1977-1978 are described. The results achieved and problems encountered are discussed. Although the training was effective, all of the goals could not be accomplished because of political unrest. Nevertheless, lessions were learned and conclusions reached concerning future efforts to improve radiologic services in countries such as Nicaragua. These relate to economics, language barriers, governmental control, and the attitudes of native physicians and radiologists.", "PMID": 116511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12343", "title": "Long-term results of myocardial revascularization.", "content": "During 1970 to 1977, among 1,733 patients who underwent isolated coronary bypass grafting, the operative mortality was 2.5 percent. Actuarial 5 year survival is 88.1 percent. At an average follow-up of 46 months (range 13 to 108), 90 percent of patients remain angina-free or with symptomatic improvement. The 5 year survival rate of patients with single vessel coronary artery disease is 97.9 percent. In patients with multivessel disease, operative survival appears to be favorably influenced by the presence of normal preoperative ventricular function. Late survival is significantly better in patients with multivessel disease with normal preoperative ventricular function or with complete revascularization. Risk of perioperative myocardial infarction has been appreciably reduced by the introduction of cold potassium chloride cardioplegia. Late myocardial infarction has occurred at an average annual risk of 1.46 percent. These data show that long-term survival and a small incidence of late myocardial infarction after myocardial revascularization are more likely in patients who undergo complete revascularization before significant left ventricular myocardial damage has occurred.", "contents": "Long-term results of myocardial revascularization. During 1970 to 1977, among 1,733 patients who underwent isolated coronary bypass grafting, the operative mortality was 2.5 percent. Actuarial 5 year survival is 88.1 percent. At an average follow-up of 46 months (range 13 to 108), 90 percent of patients remain angina-free or with symptomatic improvement. The 5 year survival rate of patients with single vessel coronary artery disease is 97.9 percent. In patients with multivessel disease, operative survival appears to be favorably influenced by the presence of normal preoperative ventricular function. Late survival is significantly better in patients with multivessel disease with normal preoperative ventricular function or with complete revascularization. Risk of perioperative myocardial infarction has been appreciably reduced by the introduction of cold potassium chloride cardioplegia. Late myocardial infarction has occurred at an average annual risk of 1.46 percent. These data show that long-term survival and a small incidence of late myocardial infarction after myocardial revascularization are more likely in patients who undergo complete revascularization before significant left ventricular myocardial damage has occurred.", "PMID": 116533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12344", "title": "Estimating fat body mass from antrhopometric data.", "content": "Regression equations have been derived for the calculation of fat body mass in boys from 4 to 12 1/2 years old and girls 4 to 19 years old. Height and weight give a good prediction of fat body mass, but the addition of skinfold thicknesses to the regression equations reduces the number of large errors in the estimates. The regression equations and the limits of accuracy are given.", "contents": "Estimating fat body mass from antrhopometric data. Regression equations have been derived for the calculation of fat body mass in boys from 4 to 12 1/2 years old and girls 4 to 19 years old. Height and weight give a good prediction of fat body mass, but the addition of skinfold thicknesses to the regression equations reduces the number of large errors in the estimates. The regression equations and the limits of accuracy are given.", "PMID": 116536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12345", "title": "Decreased chemotactic and random migration of leukocytes during Intralipid infusion.", "content": "The soybean oil emulsion Intralipid was given intravenously to 12 healthy subjects for 2 hr. During the infusion an impairment of the chemotactic and random migration of leukocytes was noted. It was correlated to the dose given and to the degree of hypertriglyceridemia induced. Migration was fully restituted 22 hr after the infusion. Also when added in vitro Intralipid caused an impairment of leukocyte motility that followed a dose response pattern.", "contents": "Decreased chemotactic and random migration of leukocytes during Intralipid infusion. The soybean oil emulsion Intralipid was given intravenously to 12 healthy subjects for 2 hr. During the infusion an impairment of the chemotactic and random migration of leukocytes was noted. It was correlated to the dose given and to the degree of hypertriglyceridemia induced. Migration was fully restituted 22 hr after the infusion. Also when added in vitro Intralipid caused an impairment of leukocyte motility that followed a dose response pattern.", "PMID": 116537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12346", "title": "Free amino acid levels in the blood of patients undergoing parenteral alimentation.", "content": "Free amino acid levels were determined in the blood of patients undergoing parenteral alimentation. During amino acid infusions, alanine, valine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, threonine, serine, methionine, phenylalanine, and lysine levels increased. Bivariate regression analysis was then done to determine the average rise in each amino acid when 1 mmole/hr of that amino acid was infused and when 1 mmole/hr of glucose was infused. This analysis was done on both arterial plasma and arterial wh-le blood increments. The average rise in the amino acid level with 1 mmole of infusion per hour varied from 32 to 133 mumole/liter. Only alanine levels were positively correlated with glucose infusion, while the branched chain levels were all negatively correlated. In no instance could a significant positive arteriovenous difference across the forearm be correlated with the infusion of an amino acid, despite amino acid levels as much as five times normal. Methionine, proline, valine, threonine, and lysine showed the greatest rise in blood concentration per millimole of amino acid infused per hour suggesting that their degradation or use in protein synthesis was limited. While the blood concentration rise in glycine was only about half as much per millimole per hour infused as was found in the previously mentioned group of amino acids, high rates of infusion of this amino acid resulted in large increments inglycine levels. It may be desirable to reduce the amounts of these amino acids in parenteral amino acid formulations.", "contents": "Free amino acid levels in the blood of patients undergoing parenteral alimentation. Free amino acid levels were determined in the blood of patients undergoing parenteral alimentation. During amino acid infusions, alanine, valine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, threonine, serine, methionine, phenylalanine, and lysine levels increased. Bivariate regression analysis was then done to determine the average rise in each amino acid when 1 mmole/hr of that amino acid was infused and when 1 mmole/hr of glucose was infused. This analysis was done on both arterial plasma and arterial wh-le blood increments. The average rise in the amino acid level with 1 mmole of infusion per hour varied from 32 to 133 mumole/liter. Only alanine levels were positively correlated with glucose infusion, while the branched chain levels were all negatively correlated. In no instance could a significant positive arteriovenous difference across the forearm be correlated with the infusion of an amino acid, despite amino acid levels as much as five times normal. Methionine, proline, valine, threonine, and lysine showed the greatest rise in blood concentration per millimole of amino acid infused per hour suggesting that their degradation or use in protein synthesis was limited. While the blood concentration rise in glycine was only about half as much per millimole per hour infused as was found in the previously mentioned group of amino acids, high rates of infusion of this amino acid resulted in large increments inglycine levels. It may be desirable to reduce the amounts of these amino acids in parenteral amino acid formulations.", "PMID": 116538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12347", "title": "Plasma zinc and the clinical features of malnutrition.", "content": "Human protein-energy malnutrition and zinc deficiency have common clinical features. These were related to the plasma zinc concentrations in 42 severely malnourished children. A low plasma zinc concentration was strongly associated with nutritional edema but not with the degree of edema or the plasma albumin concentration. In the absence of edema, there were significant relationships between plasma zinc concentrations and stunting, skin ulceration, and wasting. Infection was not necessarily associated with a lower zinc concentration. From these data it can be predicted that a malnourished child with edema, skin ulceration, stunting, or severe wasting, will have a low plasma zinc concentration.", "contents": "Plasma zinc and the clinical features of malnutrition. Human protein-energy malnutrition and zinc deficiency have common clinical features. These were related to the plasma zinc concentrations in 42 severely malnourished children. A low plasma zinc concentration was strongly associated with nutritional edema but not with the degree of edema or the plasma albumin concentration. In the absence of edema, there were significant relationships between plasma zinc concentrations and stunting, skin ulceration, and wasting. Infection was not necessarily associated with a lower zinc concentration. From these data it can be predicted that a malnourished child with edema, skin ulceration, stunting, or severe wasting, will have a low plasma zinc concentration.", "PMID": 116539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12348", "title": "Folacin deficiency and requirement in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciuresus).", "content": "Acute folacin deficiency was studied in eight young squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Half of the animals were fed a semipurified deficient diet (no added folic acid) and half were fed a control diet (0.84 mg of added folic acid per kilogram of dry diet). Monkeys fed the deficient diet lost weight and suffered from diarrhea and dehydration leading to the death of one of the animals after 6 weeks. Folacin deficiency also was studied in six older animals fed diets containing varying levels of added folic acid. Monkeys fed diets containing 0.14 or 0.27 mg of added folic acid per kilogram of dry diet slowly developed alopecia, a scaly dermatitis, and a mild macrocytic anemia. When these animals were fed the deficient diet, they lost weight rapidly, the alopecia and dermatitis worsened, excretion of formiminoglutamic acid in the urine increased, and a severe megaloblastic anemia with profound intramedullary hemolysis developed. Deficient monkeys had low plasma and red blood cell folacin values but maintained normal plasma vitamin B12 values. Repletion of the animals fed the deficient diet with injections of folic acid reversed both the hematological and physical deterioration. The folacin requirement for maintenance of body weight in these animals was 28 micrograms of total folacin per kilogram of body weight per day. More  than 75 micrograms of total folacin per kilogram of body weight/day may be needed to assure growth and normal hematological parameters and bone marrow cytology.", "contents": "Folacin deficiency and requirement in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciuresus). Acute folacin deficiency was studied in eight young squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Half of the animals were fed a semipurified deficient diet (no added folic acid) and half were fed a control diet (0.84 mg of added folic acid per kilogram of dry diet). Monkeys fed the deficient diet lost weight and suffered from diarrhea and dehydration leading to the death of one of the animals after 6 weeks. Folacin deficiency also was studied in six older animals fed diets containing varying levels of added folic acid. Monkeys fed diets containing 0.14 or 0.27 mg of added folic acid per kilogram of dry diet slowly developed alopecia, a scaly dermatitis, and a mild macrocytic anemia. When these animals were fed the deficient diet, they lost weight rapidly, the alopecia and dermatitis worsened, excretion of formiminoglutamic acid in the urine increased, and a severe megaloblastic anemia with profound intramedullary hemolysis developed. Deficient monkeys had low plasma and red blood cell folacin values but maintained normal plasma vitamin B12 values. Repletion of the animals fed the deficient diet with injections of folic acid reversed both the hematological and physical deterioration. The folacin requirement for maintenance of body weight in these animals was 28 micrograms of total folacin per kilogram of body weight per day. More  than 75 micrograms of total folacin per kilogram of body weight/day may be needed to assure growth and normal hematological parameters and bone marrow cytology.", "PMID": 116540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12349", "title": "Evaluation of the moving intermediate zone concept for determing susceptibility of pseudomonads to gentamicin by the standardized disk agar-diffusion test.", "content": "The usefulness of the moving intermediate zone concept for improving the performance of the standardized disk agar-diffusion test in measuring susceptibility of the fluorescent group of pseudomonads to gentamicin was studied. For this purpose, a 3-mm moving intermediate zone lying --3 mm and --6 mm below that measured for the quality control microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ATCC 27853, and a wider moving intermediate zone lying --2 mm and --7 mm below that for the quality control microorganism were investigated. Data from the authors' previous study of the usefulness of using fixed breakpoints and fixed zones for assessing susceptibility of the fluorescent pseudomonads to gentamicin were used for this analysis. The results indicate that both the 3-mm moving intermediate zone and the wider 5-mm moving intermediate zone produced unacceptably high rates of error for testing the susceptibility of the fluorescent group of pseudomonads to gentamicin by the standardized disk agar-diffusion test.", "contents": "Evaluation of the moving intermediate zone concept for determing susceptibility of pseudomonads to gentamicin by the standardized disk agar-diffusion test. The usefulness of the moving intermediate zone concept for improving the performance of the standardized disk agar-diffusion test in measuring susceptibility of the fluorescent group of pseudomonads to gentamicin was studied. For this purpose, a 3-mm moving intermediate zone lying --3 mm and --6 mm below that measured for the quality control microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ATCC 27853, and a wider moving intermediate zone lying --2 mm and --7 mm below that for the quality control microorganism were investigated. Data from the authors' previous study of the usefulness of using fixed breakpoints and fixed zones for assessing susceptibility of the fluorescent pseudomonads to gentamicin were used for this analysis. The results indicate that both the 3-mm moving intermediate zone and the wider 5-mm moving intermediate zone produced unacceptably high rates of error for testing the susceptibility of the fluorescent group of pseudomonads to gentamicin by the standardized disk agar-diffusion test.", "PMID": 116543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12350", "title": "Assignment of the red cell antigen, Targett (Rh40), to the Rh blood group system.", "content": "Statistical and serological evidence from a large kindred and two unrelated adults indicates that Targett (Tar) is an antigen in the Rh blood group system and that its presence is assocciated with a weak expression of the Rh antigen D. In the numerical notation the Tar antigen is designated Rh40.", "contents": "Assignment of the red cell antigen, Targett (Rh40), to the Rh blood group system. Statistical and serological evidence from a large kindred and two unrelated adults indicates that Targett (Tar) is an antigen in the Rh blood group system and that its presence is assocciated with a weak expression of the Rh antigen D. In the numerical notation the Tar antigen is designated Rh40.", "PMID": 116544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12351", "title": "Effects of biorhythms on blood flow distribution in the pregnant uterus (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Ten rhesus monkeys were studied between 143 and 161 days of gestation. The unanesthetized animals were confined to restraining chairs and maintained in a controlled environment with continuous monitoring of spontaneous uterine dynamics. Forty-five determinations of blood flow distribution were made using radionuclide-labeled microspheres. The microsphere injections confirmed a circadian pattern of uterine blood flow. These biorhythms are related to alterations in distribution of blood flow to placental and nonplacental portions of the uterus. Myometrial blood flow is highest during the period of light. It is correlated positively to aortic blood pressure (r = 0.490, p less than 0.05) and inversely to uterine artery blood flow (r = -0.508, p less than 0.05). Placental blood flow is highest during the period of darkness. The flow rates are significantly correlated to intra-amniotic pressure (r = -0.602, p less than 0.05) but not to aortic blood pressure (r = -0.185, p less than 0.05). The data indicate that blood flow distribution in the primate uterus is modulated by factors in addition to physiologic pressure-flow relationships. Extrapolation to the human has potential significance.", "contents": "Effects of biorhythms on blood flow distribution in the pregnant uterus (Macaca mulatta). Ten rhesus monkeys were studied between 143 and 161 days of gestation. The unanesthetized animals were confined to restraining chairs and maintained in a controlled environment with continuous monitoring of spontaneous uterine dynamics. Forty-five determinations of blood flow distribution were made using radionuclide-labeled microspheres. The microsphere injections confirmed a circadian pattern of uterine blood flow. These biorhythms are related to alterations in distribution of blood flow to placental and nonplacental portions of the uterus. Myometrial blood flow is highest during the period of light. It is correlated positively to aortic blood pressure (r = 0.490, p less than 0.05) and inversely to uterine artery blood flow (r = -0.508, p less than 0.05). Placental blood flow is highest during the period of darkness. The flow rates are significantly correlated to intra-amniotic pressure (r = -0.602, p less than 0.05) but not to aortic blood pressure (r = -0.185, p less than 0.05). The data indicate that blood flow distribution in the primate uterus is modulated by factors in addition to physiologic pressure-flow relationships. Extrapolation to the human has potential significance.", "PMID": 116548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12352", "title": "Complement in tears from normal humans.", "content": "Tears from ten normal persons were used in hemolytic assays to test for activity of total hemolytic complement (tested in all ten subjects), activities of each of the nine complement components (tested in two subjects), and activity of the alternate pathway (tested in two subjects). A modified radial-immunodiffusion method was used to confirm the presence of C3 and C4 complement proteins in the tear samples from all ten subjects. Factor B protein was detected in tears from two of four normal subjects tested. In dilutions up to 1:4, hemolytic activity was observed in tears from five of the ten subjects. Samples from the remaining five subjects had CH50 activity at dilutions up to 1:2. In control tests, human serum had CH50 activity at 1:32. No lysis occurred in Veronal-buffered saline or in serum and tears heated to 56 degrees C for 30 minutes. Complement proteins C3 through C9 displayed hemolytic activity in tears from each of two subjects tested for complement components. The classic and alternate complement pathways in tears can be included among the defense mechanisms of the ocular surfaces.", "contents": "Complement in tears from normal humans. Tears from ten normal persons were used in hemolytic assays to test for activity of total hemolytic complement (tested in all ten subjects), activities of each of the nine complement components (tested in two subjects), and activity of the alternate pathway (tested in two subjects). A modified radial-immunodiffusion method was used to confirm the presence of C3 and C4 complement proteins in the tear samples from all ten subjects. Factor B protein was detected in tears from two of four normal subjects tested. In dilutions up to 1:4, hemolytic activity was observed in tears from five of the ten subjects. Samples from the remaining five subjects had CH50 activity at dilutions up to 1:2. In control tests, human serum had CH50 activity at 1:32. No lysis occurred in Veronal-buffered saline or in serum and tears heated to 56 degrees C for 30 minutes. Complement proteins C3 through C9 displayed hemolytic activity in tears from each of two subjects tested for complement components. The classic and alternate complement pathways in tears can be included among the defense mechanisms of the ocular surfaces.", "PMID": 116549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12353", "title": "Treatment of Pseudomonas endophthalmitis associated with prosthetic intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "Eight patients were treated for Pseudomonas endophthalmitis associated with the implantation of contaminated intraocular lenses. All patients showed clinical signs of infection (loss of red reflex, diminished visual acuity, and intraocular lens coagulum) and P. aeruginosa was isolated from vitreous aspirates and unused lenses of the same lot. Antibiotic treatment was initiated with systemic penicillin G, cephalothin, and chloramphenicol as well as subtenon-injected gentamicin. After identification of the organism, treatment was continued with systemic carbenicillin and gentamicin and subtenon-injected gentamicin. The intraocular lens was left in place for the first 48 hours of treatment in all eight patients. Five patients were successfully treated without removal of the intraocular lens and attained visual acuity of 6/6 (20/20) to 6/15 (20/50). Three patients (the two most seriously infected and one in whom antibiotics were discontinued) eventually lost their infected eye. Vitreous concentrations of gentamicin were good in one patient (1.7 micrograms/ml) and undetectable in another. Carbenicillin concentrations in vitreous (96 and 140 micrograms/ml) were high in two patients sampled. Endophthalmitis in the presence of a prosthetic intraocular lens can be successfully treated in some patients without removal of the prosthesis.", "contents": "Treatment of Pseudomonas endophthalmitis associated with prosthetic intraocular lens implantation. Eight patients were treated for Pseudomonas endophthalmitis associated with the implantation of contaminated intraocular lenses. All patients showed clinical signs of infection (loss of red reflex, diminished visual acuity, and intraocular lens coagulum) and P. aeruginosa was isolated from vitreous aspirates and unused lenses of the same lot. Antibiotic treatment was initiated with systemic penicillin G, cephalothin, and chloramphenicol as well as subtenon-injected gentamicin. After identification of the organism, treatment was continued with systemic carbenicillin and gentamicin and subtenon-injected gentamicin. The intraocular lens was left in place for the first 48 hours of treatment in all eight patients. Five patients were successfully treated without removal of the intraocular lens and attained visual acuity of 6/6 (20/20) to 6/15 (20/50). Three patients (the two most seriously infected and one in whom antibiotics were discontinued) eventually lost their infected eye. Vitreous concentrations of gentamicin were good in one patient (1.7 micrograms/ml) and undetectable in another. Carbenicillin concentrations in vitreous (96 and 140 micrograms/ml) were high in two patients sampled. Endophthalmitis in the presence of a prosthetic intraocular lens can be successfully treated in some patients without removal of the prosthesis.", "PMID": 116550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12354", "title": "Rescreening for gonorrhea: an evaluation of compliance methods and results.", "content": "To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a routine rescreening (RS) culture several weeks after treatment for gonorrhea, as well as the specific efforts to ensure return visits, we followed 438 consecutive patients, 347 men and 91 women. Return visit compliance rates were 70 per cent for a test-of-cure culture, 27 per cent for a six-week RS, and 15 per cent at 12 weeks. The program detected seven cases of gonorrhea at $796 per case. In our clinic, RS is not a cost-effective way go control gonorrhea.", "contents": "Rescreening for gonorrhea: an evaluation of compliance methods and results. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a routine rescreening (RS) culture several weeks after treatment for gonorrhea, as well as the specific efforts to ensure return visits, we followed 438 consecutive patients, 347 men and 91 women. Return visit compliance rates were 70 per cent for a test-of-cure culture, 27 per cent for a six-week RS, and 15 per cent at 12 weeks. The program detected seven cases of gonorrhea at $796 per case. In our clinic, RS is not a cost-effective way go control gonorrhea.", "PMID": 116551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12355", "title": "A Marxian interpretation of the growth and development of coronary care technology.", "content": "Cost containment efforts will fail if they continue to ignore the structural relationships between health care costs and private profit in capitalist society. The recent history of coronary care shows that apparent irrationalities of health policy make sense from the standpoint of capitalist profit structure. Coronary care units (CCUs) gained wide acceptance, despite high costs. Studies of CCU effectiveness, using random controlled trials and epidemiologic techniques, do not show a consistent advantage of CCUs over non-intensive ward care or simple rest at home. From a Marxian perspective, the proliferation of CCUs and similar innovations is a complex historical process that includes initiatives by industrial corporations, cooperation by clinical investigators at academic medical centers, support by private philanthropies linked to corporate interests, intervention by state agencies, and changes in the health care labor force. Cost-effective methodology obscures the profit motive as a basic source of high costs and ineffective practices. Health-policy alternatives curtailing corporate involvement in medicine would reduce costs by restricting profit.", "contents": "A Marxian interpretation of the growth and development of coronary care technology. Cost containment efforts will fail if they continue to ignore the structural relationships between health care costs and private profit in capitalist society. The recent history of coronary care shows that apparent irrationalities of health policy make sense from the standpoint of capitalist profit structure. Coronary care units (CCUs) gained wide acceptance, despite high costs. Studies of CCU effectiveness, using random controlled trials and epidemiologic techniques, do not show a consistent advantage of CCUs over non-intensive ward care or simple rest at home. From a Marxian perspective, the proliferation of CCUs and similar innovations is a complex historical process that includes initiatives by industrial corporations, cooperation by clinical investigators at academic medical centers, support by private philanthropies linked to corporate interests, intervention by state agencies, and changes in the health care labor force. Cost-effective methodology obscures the profit motive as a basic source of high costs and ineffective practices. Health-policy alternatives curtailing corporate involvement in medicine would reduce costs by restricting profit.", "PMID": 116553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12356", "title": "Infection rates of Ascocystis-infected Aedes triseriatus following ingestion of La Crosse virus by the larvae.", "content": "The La Crosse (LAC) virus infection rate of Aedes triseriatus larvae that ingest LAC virus does not appear to be increased by concomitant infection of larvae by the gregarine parasite, Ascocystis barretti. Infection rates ranged only from 0--2.6% in adult Ae. triseriatus reared from groups of A. barretti-infected larvae that had ingested LAC virus (California encephalitis group) at dosages of 2.0--7.7 log10 SMICLD50/ml. Females resulting from orally infected larvae transmitted LAC virus to suckling mice. Larvae that were infected with A. barretti and devoured carcasses of adult mosquitoes containing 4.7 log10 SMICLD50/ml failed to become infected. A. barretti spores developing in transovarially infected mosquitoes did not harbor LAC virus; thus, A. barretti does not appear to be a mechanism for virus dispersal.", "contents": "Infection rates of Ascocystis-infected Aedes triseriatus following ingestion of La Crosse virus by the larvae. The La Crosse (LAC) virus infection rate of Aedes triseriatus larvae that ingest LAC virus does not appear to be increased by concomitant infection of larvae by the gregarine parasite, Ascocystis barretti. Infection rates ranged only from 0--2.6% in adult Ae. triseriatus reared from groups of A. barretti-infected larvae that had ingested LAC virus (California encephalitis group) at dosages of 2.0--7.7 log10 SMICLD50/ml. Females resulting from orally infected larvae transmitted LAC virus to suckling mice. Larvae that were infected with A. barretti and devoured carcasses of adult mosquitoes containing 4.7 log10 SMICLD50/ml failed to become infected. A. barretti spores developing in transovarially infected mosquitoes did not harbor LAC virus; thus, A. barretti does not appear to be a mechanism for virus dispersal.", "PMID": 116554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12357", "title": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for malaria. I. The use of in vitro-cultured Plasmodium falciparum as antigen.", "content": "Using the Panama II strain of Plasmodium falciparum obtained from continuous in vitro culture as antigen, the micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to test serum samples from 50 persons from the southeastern United States and serum specimens collected weekly from four non-immune and nine semi-immune patients infected with P. falciparum. None of the 50 sera from the United States had ELISA antibody titers greater than 1:80. The nine semi-immune patients had rapid ELISA antibody responses (titers greater than 1:2560) following patent parasitemia. ELISA titers remained elevated despite disappearance of patent parasitemia, and declined gradually following curative antimalarial therapy. The ELISA responses observed in the four non-immune patients were more variable, though positive titers appeared rapidly with patent parasitemia. Maximum titers were lower than those observed in semi-immune patients. These results demonstrate that P. falciparum obtained from continuous in vitro culture is an excellent antigen for the micro-ELISA test for malaria. However, further assessments of the ELISA are needed to identify the conditions associated with positive responses.", "contents": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for malaria. I. The use of in vitro-cultured Plasmodium falciparum as antigen. Using the Panama II strain of Plasmodium falciparum obtained from continuous in vitro culture as antigen, the micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to test serum samples from 50 persons from the southeastern United States and serum specimens collected weekly from four non-immune and nine semi-immune patients infected with P. falciparum. None of the 50 sera from the United States had ELISA antibody titers greater than 1:80. The nine semi-immune patients had rapid ELISA antibody responses (titers greater than 1:2560) following patent parasitemia. ELISA titers remained elevated despite disappearance of patent parasitemia, and declined gradually following curative antimalarial therapy. The ELISA responses observed in the four non-immune patients were more variable, though positive titers appeared rapidly with patent parasitemia. Maximum titers were lower than those observed in semi-immune patients. These results demonstrate that P. falciparum obtained from continuous in vitro culture is an excellent antigen for the micro-ELISA test for malaria. However, further assessments of the ELISA are needed to identify the conditions associated with positive responses.", "PMID": 116555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12358", "title": "The development of a \"high volume tissue schizonticidal drug screen\" based upon mortality of mice inoculated with sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei.", "content": "A biological test system has been developed to assess the prophylactic activity of compounds against sporozoite-induced Plasmodium berghei malaria in mice. The procedure was designed to serve as the foundation of an effort to develop tissue schizonticidal drugs in a manner parallel to that of a previous system employed in the U.S. Arym Antimalarial Drug Development Program to screen compounds for blood schizonticidal activity. In tests with 35 known antimalarial compounds, the new screen was found to be in agreement 93% and 80%, respectively, when assessed compound activity was compared with results obtained in a definitive mouse causal prophylactic test and a rhesus monkey radical curative system.", "contents": "The development of a \"high volume tissue schizonticidal drug screen\" based upon mortality of mice inoculated with sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei. A biological test system has been developed to assess the prophylactic activity of compounds against sporozoite-induced Plasmodium berghei malaria in mice. The procedure was designed to serve as the foundation of an effort to develop tissue schizonticidal drugs in a manner parallel to that of a previous system employed in the U.S. Arym Antimalarial Drug Development Program to screen compounds for blood schizonticidal activity. In tests with 35 known antimalarial compounds, the new screen was found to be in agreement 93% and 80%, respectively, when assessed compound activity was compared with results obtained in a definitive mouse causal prophylactic test and a rhesus monkey radical curative system.", "PMID": 116556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12359", "title": "Plasmodium fragile and Macaca mulatta monkeys as a model system for the study of malaria vaccines.", "content": "Pladmodium fragile and the Macaca mulatta monkey are presented as a model system for the study of malarial vaccines. Four animals were immunized with culture-grown P. fragile merozoites and subsequently challenged with culture-produced parasites. One animal failed to develop a detectable parasitemia following primary challenge. Two other immunized animals had primary infections which were short-term. the parasitemias in these three monkeys following secondary challenge were short-term and the immunity was apparently sterilizing. The fourth immunized monkeys had recrudescences of the primary and secondary infection but differed markedly from the four control animals. Indirect fluorescent antibody titers increased as a result of the immunization and were indicative of the level of immunity. Because of the many similarities to the human-P. falciparum model system, the P. fragile-M. mulatta system appears to be particularly well suited for a number of malaria vaccine studies.", "contents": "Plasmodium fragile and Macaca mulatta monkeys as a model system for the study of malaria vaccines. Pladmodium fragile and the Macaca mulatta monkey are presented as a model system for the study of malarial vaccines. Four animals were immunized with culture-grown P. fragile merozoites and subsequently challenged with culture-produced parasites. One animal failed to develop a detectable parasitemia following primary challenge. Two other immunized animals had primary infections which were short-term. the parasitemias in these three monkeys following secondary challenge were short-term and the immunity was apparently sterilizing. The fourth immunized monkeys had recrudescences of the primary and secondary infection but differed markedly from the four control animals. Indirect fluorescent antibody titers increased as a result of the immunization and were indicative of the level of immunity. Because of the many similarities to the human-P. falciparum model system, the P. fragile-M. mulatta system appears to be particularly well suited for a number of malaria vaccine studies.", "PMID": 116557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12360", "title": "Antibody-dependent killing of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi by human peripheral blood leukocytes.", "content": "Bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi were found to be destroyed by human lymphoid cells, neutrophils, or eosinophils in the presence of specific antibodies. Nonspecific immunoglobulins present in normal serum did not mediate the cytotoxic reaction. Cells or antibody had no significant lytic effect on the parasite when tested separately and purified, non-activated human adherent cells were inactive antibody was present or not.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent killing of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi by human peripheral blood leukocytes. Bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi were found to be destroyed by human lymphoid cells, neutrophils, or eosinophils in the presence of specific antibodies. Nonspecific immunoglobulins present in normal serum did not mediate the cytotoxic reaction. Cells or antibody had no significant lytic effect on the parasite when tested separately and purified, non-activated human adherent cells were inactive antibody was present or not.", "PMID": 116558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12361", "title": "Use of micro-ELISA for quantitating antibody to Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli.", "content": "Of 229 residents of a Panamanian village where both Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli are endemic, 52% had antibody to one or both species by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 26% were positive by complement fixation, 17% were positive by direct agglutination, and 32% were positive on the basis of clinical impression. Although the sensitivity of ELISA makes it the procedure of choice for sero-epidemiologic studies, there does appear to be some serologic cross-reactivity between the two species. Sera from 55 Panamanians and 33 Bolivians were reactive with antigens of T. cruzi and T. rangeli, thus making definitive diagnosis by serologic methods impossible. Although the presence of antibodies to both species suggests serologic cross-reactivity, the possibility of dual infection must be considered also. Fifty-four Panamanians and 20 Bolivians had antibody to only one species.", "contents": "Use of micro-ELISA for quantitating antibody to Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli. Of 229 residents of a Panamanian village where both Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli are endemic, 52% had antibody to one or both species by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 26% were positive by complement fixation, 17% were positive by direct agglutination, and 32% were positive on the basis of clinical impression. Although the sensitivity of ELISA makes it the procedure of choice for sero-epidemiologic studies, there does appear to be some serologic cross-reactivity between the two species. Sera from 55 Panamanians and 33 Bolivians were reactive with antigens of T. cruzi and T. rangeli, thus making definitive diagnosis by serologic methods impossible. Although the presence of antibodies to both species suggests serologic cross-reactivity, the possibility of dual infection must be considered also. Fifty-four Panamanians and 20 Bolivians had antibody to only one species.", "PMID": 116559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12362", "title": "Presidential address: Eponyms in biliary tract surgery.", "content": "A selected group of men whose eponyms are currently used in biliary tract surgery are described. The eponyms chosen comprise two areas: gross anatomy (Glisson, Wirsung, Santorini, Winslow, Heister, and Vater) and operative anatomy (Kocher, Courvoisier, Morison, Hartmann, Calot, Roux, and Oddi). A brief review of biliary tract disease from antiquity until the 17th century places these men in proper historical sequence. A condensed biographical sketch of each man's life and work is provided and a few closing comments are made about eponyms.", "contents": "Presidential address: Eponyms in biliary tract surgery. A selected group of men whose eponyms are currently used in biliary tract surgery are described. The eponyms chosen comprise two areas: gross anatomy (Glisson, Wirsung, Santorini, Winslow, Heister, and Vater) and operative anatomy (Kocher, Courvoisier, Morison, Hartmann, Calot, Roux, and Oddi). A brief review of biliary tract disease from antiquity until the 17th century places these men in proper historical sequence. A condensed biographical sketch of each man's life and work is provided and a few closing comments are made about eponyms.", "PMID": 116560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12363", "title": "Acute acalculous cholecystitis: a complication of hyperalimentation.", "content": "In a 5 year period, eight patients in whom acute acalculous cholecystitis developed during intravenous hyperalimentation are reviewed with emphasis on factors contributing to pathogenesis. Gallbladder distention, biliary stasis, and bile inspissation, thought to be important in the pathogenesis of this disease, are enhanced with the use of hyperalimentation, and this potential complication is being seen with increasing frequency in seriously ill or injured patients who are being fed parenterally. In addition to hyperalimentation, sepsis, hypotension, multiple transfusions (more than 10 units), prolonged fasting, and ventilatory support were frequent common denominators. Typical findings of pain, tenderness, and a mass in the right upper abdominal quadrant are infrequent, and the diagnosis rests on a high index of suspicion and ultrasonography. This syndrome may be preventable by the stimulation of gallbladder emptying with intermittent fat ingestion or parenteral infusion of cholecystokinin.", "contents": "Acute acalculous cholecystitis: a complication of hyperalimentation. In a 5 year period, eight patients in whom acute acalculous cholecystitis developed during intravenous hyperalimentation are reviewed with emphasis on factors contributing to pathogenesis. Gallbladder distention, biliary stasis, and bile inspissation, thought to be important in the pathogenesis of this disease, are enhanced with the use of hyperalimentation, and this potential complication is being seen with increasing frequency in seriously ill or injured patients who are being fed parenterally. In addition to hyperalimentation, sepsis, hypotension, multiple transfusions (more than 10 units), prolonged fasting, and ventilatory support were frequent common denominators. Typical findings of pain, tenderness, and a mass in the right upper abdominal quadrant are infrequent, and the diagnosis rests on a high index of suspicion and ultrasonography. This syndrome may be preventable by the stimulation of gallbladder emptying with intermittent fat ingestion or parenteral infusion of cholecystokinin.", "PMID": 116561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12364", "title": "Safe, cost-effective postoperative nutrition. Defined formula diet via needle-catheter jejunostomy.", "content": "To assess the safety and cost-effectiveness of needle-catheter jejunostomy for the purpose of feeding defined formula diet, we studied 199 consecutive patients who underwent major elective and emergency abdominal operations between July 1975 and June 1978 and in whom a needle-catheter jejunostomy was inserted. The complication rate was 2.5 per cent (1 per cent major and 1.5 per cent minor) during 7,238 patient-days of catheter exposure during which over 6 million calories were administered. There were no catheter-related deaths, bowel obstructions, bowel perforations, or intraperitoneal administration of feeding formula. The presence of a route of intestinal access and the use of defined formula diet in 111 patients who were unable to eat for over 10 days postoperatively resulted in a gross cost savings of almost $50,000 and a net savings of almost $33,000 by avoiding the necessity for central total parenteral nutrition. We belive the technique of needle-catheter jejunostomy is both safe and cost-effective in the administration of defined formula diet in the postoperative period, and we suggest that other surgeons gain experience with the technique to define its role in their own therapeutic armamentarium.", "contents": "Safe, cost-effective postoperative nutrition. Defined formula diet via needle-catheter jejunostomy. To assess the safety and cost-effectiveness of needle-catheter jejunostomy for the purpose of feeding defined formula diet, we studied 199 consecutive patients who underwent major elective and emergency abdominal operations between July 1975 and June 1978 and in whom a needle-catheter jejunostomy was inserted. The complication rate was 2.5 per cent (1 per cent major and 1.5 per cent minor) during 7,238 patient-days of catheter exposure during which over 6 million calories were administered. There were no catheter-related deaths, bowel obstructions, bowel perforations, or intraperitoneal administration of feeding formula. The presence of a route of intestinal access and the use of defined formula diet in 111 patients who were unable to eat for over 10 days postoperatively resulted in a gross cost savings of almost $50,000 and a net savings of almost $33,000 by avoiding the necessity for central total parenteral nutrition. We belive the technique of needle-catheter jejunostomy is both safe and cost-effective in the administration of defined formula diet in the postoperative period, and we suggest that other surgeons gain experience with the technique to define its role in their own therapeutic armamentarium.", "PMID": 116563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12365", "title": "[Animal experiments on the biomechanical vibration behaviour of the bulbus (author's transl)].", "content": "Mechanical vibration may have a detrimental effect on visual performance. This particularly seems to be the case if the natural frequency of the bulbus is excited. Experiments with animals were made with the aim of calculating the biomechanic transmission of vibration between the cranium and bulbus. Postmortem experiments using pig crania have shown that in vivo application of the method of sewing miniature accelerometers onto the cornea may be possible. Our experiments with monkeys gave typical resonance curves for the transmission of vibration of the bulbi with maxima between 25 and 31.5 Hz. Transferability of the results to the human eye is discussed.", "contents": "[Animal experiments on the biomechanical vibration behaviour of the bulbus (author's transl)]. Mechanical vibration may have a detrimental effect on visual performance. This particularly seems to be the case if the natural frequency of the bulbus is excited. Experiments with animals were made with the aim of calculating the biomechanic transmission of vibration between the cranium and bulbus. Postmortem experiments using pig crania have shown that in vivo application of the method of sewing miniature accelerometers onto the cornea may be possible. Our experiments with monkeys gave typical resonance curves for the transmission of vibration of the bulbi with maxima between 25 and 31.5 Hz. Transferability of the results to the human eye is discussed.", "PMID": 116566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12366", "title": "[Identification of antithrombin III in human aqueous humor (author's transl)].", "content": "Using radial immunodiffusion it is possible to identify and to quantitate antithrombin III in human aqueous humor. The importance of antithrombin III as a cofactor of heparin is stressed.", "contents": "[Identification of antithrombin III in human aqueous humor (author's transl)]. Using radial immunodiffusion it is possible to identify and to quantitate antithrombin III in human aqueous humor. The importance of antithrombin III as a cofactor of heparin is stressed.", "PMID": 116567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12367", "title": "Cardiac tamponade caused by caval catheter--a radiological demonstration of an unusual complication.", "content": "An adult male developed shock some hours after the start of intravenous alimentation. The caval catheter, which had been inserted through the right subclavian vein, was later radiographically demonstrated to be in the pericardial sac. We reviewed the literature on this and other complications of caval catheters. From this information and our own experience we offer some suggestions for prevention and management of some of the complications of caval catheters.", "contents": "Cardiac tamponade caused by caval catheter--a radiological demonstration of an unusual complication. An adult male developed shock some hours after the start of intravenous alimentation. The caval catheter, which had been inserted through the right subclavian vein, was later radiographically demonstrated to be in the pericardial sac. We reviewed the literature on this and other complications of caval catheters. From this information and our own experience we offer some suggestions for prevention and management of some of the complications of caval catheters.", "PMID": 116569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12368", "title": "Immunogenetic studies of rhesus monkeys. 6. Absence of the human Xga blood group on rhesus erythrocytes.", "content": "It was not possible to demonstrate Xga on the erythrocytes of any of 140 rhesus monkeys of both sexes tested with human antiserum rendered specific for Xga by absorption.", "contents": "Immunogenetic studies of rhesus monkeys. 6. Absence of the human Xga blood group on rhesus erythrocytes. It was not possible to demonstrate Xga on the erythrocytes of any of 140 rhesus monkeys of both sexes tested with human antiserum rendered specific for Xga by absorption.", "PMID": 116572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12369", "title": "Effects of intravenous injection of leukocytic endogenous mediator on cardiohepatic functions in rhesus macaques.", "content": "A crude preparation of leukocytic endogenous mediator administered IV over a 10-minute period into a rhesus macaque at a dosage of 10 ml/kg of body weight resulted in hypotension, tachycardia, vasodilation, hypoalbuminemia, and hypoproteinemia. Decreases in cardiac and hepatic functions and biphasic changes in peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes also were seen. All measured changes, except hepatic functions and plasma albumin values, returned to base-line values within 24 hours. Data indicate that presently utilized crude leucocytic endogenous mediator preparations contain a heretofore undescribed, and as yet unidentified, component. Induced early cardiovascular changes may be related in part to certain compounds likely to be in the crude preparation.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous injection of leukocytic endogenous mediator on cardiohepatic functions in rhesus macaques. A crude preparation of leukocytic endogenous mediator administered IV over a 10-minute period into a rhesus macaque at a dosage of 10 ml/kg of body weight resulted in hypotension, tachycardia, vasodilation, hypoalbuminemia, and hypoproteinemia. Decreases in cardiac and hepatic functions and biphasic changes in peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes also were seen. All measured changes, except hepatic functions and plasma albumin values, returned to base-line values within 24 hours. Data indicate that presently utilized crude leucocytic endogenous mediator preparations contain a heretofore undescribed, and as yet unidentified, component. Induced early cardiovascular changes may be related in part to certain compounds likely to be in the crude preparation.", "PMID": 116575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12370", "title": "Binding of canine IgM and IgG to protein A of Staphylococcus aureus: a simple method for the isolation of canine immunoglobulins from serum and the lymphocyte surface.", "content": "The binding of normal canine serum IgG and IgM to staphylococcal protein A is described. Virtually all (greater than 99%) of IgG and up to 90% of IgM could be removed from canine serum, utilizing this phenomenon. The nature of the bound material was confirmed by immunodiffusion in agar, radioimmunoassay, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Attempts to elute differentially IgG and IgM from protein A-Sepharose columns, using gradients of pH or the chaotropic agent sodium thiocyanate, were unsuccessful. This phenomenon provides a basis for the isolation of canine IgM from serum. Lymphocyte surface IgM, studied by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed membrane radioiodination and solubilization in nonionic detergent, also showed the property of binding to staphylococcal protein A.", "contents": "Binding of canine IgM and IgG to protein A of Staphylococcus aureus: a simple method for the isolation of canine immunoglobulins from serum and the lymphocyte surface. The binding of normal canine serum IgG and IgM to staphylococcal protein A is described. Virtually all (greater than 99%) of IgG and up to 90% of IgM could be removed from canine serum, utilizing this phenomenon. The nature of the bound material was confirmed by immunodiffusion in agar, radioimmunoassay, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Attempts to elute differentially IgG and IgM from protein A-Sepharose columns, using gradients of pH or the chaotropic agent sodium thiocyanate, were unsuccessful. This phenomenon provides a basis for the isolation of canine IgM from serum. Lymphocyte surface IgM, studied by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed membrane radioiodination and solubilization in nonionic detergent, also showed the property of binding to staphylococcal protein A.", "PMID": 116576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12371", "title": "Prolactin and colibacillus-induced fluid transport in ligated intestinal segments.", "content": "Two experiments, using the ligated intestinal segment technique, were conducted to determine whether the pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) could reduce Escherichia coli-induced fluid loss into the small intestine of 2- to 3-week-old pigs. Inoculation of 10(6) to 10(8) enteropathogenic E coli organisms into ligated jejunal segments caused a significant accumulation of luminal fluid within 12 hours. In the first experiment, intraluminal inoculation with 0.5 mg of ovine PRL along with the bacteria did not have any effect on fluid accumulation. Systemic IV treatment of the animals with 1.0 mg of ovine PRL at 3-hour intervals, beginning either immediately after or 9 to 10 hours before intestinal ligation, did not significantly (P less than 0.05) reduce fluid accumulation as compared with control animals. In the second experiment, IM administration of 100 microgram of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) at 3-hour intervals, beginning 6 hours before intestinal ligation, significantly (P less than 0.05) increased circulating PRL concentrations, as measured by radioimmunoassay. However, TRH treatment did not reduce the accumulation of luminal fluid in E coli-inoculated segments.", "contents": "Prolactin and colibacillus-induced fluid transport in ligated intestinal segments. Two experiments, using the ligated intestinal segment technique, were conducted to determine whether the pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) could reduce Escherichia coli-induced fluid loss into the small intestine of 2- to 3-week-old pigs. Inoculation of 10(6) to 10(8) enteropathogenic E coli organisms into ligated jejunal segments caused a significant accumulation of luminal fluid within 12 hours. In the first experiment, intraluminal inoculation with 0.5 mg of ovine PRL along with the bacteria did not have any effect on fluid accumulation. Systemic IV treatment of the animals with 1.0 mg of ovine PRL at 3-hour intervals, beginning either immediately after or 9 to 10 hours before intestinal ligation, did not significantly (P less than 0.05) reduce fluid accumulation as compared with control animals. In the second experiment, IM administration of 100 microgram of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) at 3-hour intervals, beginning 6 hours before intestinal ligation, significantly (P less than 0.05) increased circulating PRL concentrations, as measured by radioimmunoassay. However, TRH treatment did not reduce the accumulation of luminal fluid in E coli-inoculated segments.", "PMID": 116577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12372", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responses in cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine and nonexposed control animals of the same age.", "content": "Cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine during calfhood were studied by an in vitro lymphocyte stimulation assay. Cattle were grouped in six groups according to the age after vaccination, and CMI responses of these groups, as well as of individual animals, were compared. Lymphocytes were prepared from peripheral blood of these cattle by the Ficoll-diatrizoate technique. Lymphocytes were then cultured with B abortus-soluble antigen. Culture results were assayed for [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA by liquid scintillation spectrometry. On a group basis, B abortus-soluble antigen induced lymphocyte stimulation responses in lymphocytes from all the groups, except the sixth group which contained animals that had been vaccinated the longest time (18 to 24 months before this experiment). Animals that had been vaccinated for 3 to 6 months had the highest lymphocyte stimulation response. Seroagglutination tests were conducted simultaneously with the lymphocyte stimulation test, but there was no apparent correlation between the concentrations of humoral antibodies and the CMI responses as measured by in vitro specific lymphocyte stimulation. The lymphocyte stimulation test exhibited significantly higher specificity (P less than 0.005) than the serologic tests.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responses in cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine and nonexposed control animals of the same age. Cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine during calfhood were studied by an in vitro lymphocyte stimulation assay. Cattle were grouped in six groups according to the age after vaccination, and CMI responses of these groups, as well as of individual animals, were compared. Lymphocytes were prepared from peripheral blood of these cattle by the Ficoll-diatrizoate technique. Lymphocytes were then cultured with B abortus-soluble antigen. Culture results were assayed for [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA by liquid scintillation spectrometry. On a group basis, B abortus-soluble antigen induced lymphocyte stimulation responses in lymphocytes from all the groups, except the sixth group which contained animals that had been vaccinated the longest time (18 to 24 months before this experiment). Animals that had been vaccinated for 3 to 6 months had the highest lymphocyte stimulation response. Seroagglutination tests were conducted simultaneously with the lymphocyte stimulation test, but there was no apparent correlation between the concentrations of humoral antibodies and the CMI responses as measured by in vitro specific lymphocyte stimulation. The lymphocyte stimulation test exhibited significantly higher specificity (P less than 0.005) than the serologic tests.", "PMID": 116578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12373", "title": "Bronchial and intravenous provocation tests with indomethacin in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics.", "content": "In an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms involved in analgesic-induced asthma, I performed bronchial and intravenous challenge tests with indomethacin in 5 aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. Bronchial challenge with less than 2 mg of indomethacin elicited bronchoconstriction that developed immediately in most cases, reached its macimum at a mean time of 64 min, and was over within 2 to 4 h. The time sequence of the reaction after intravenous challenge was similar to that after bronchial challenge, except that to obtain a comparable degree of bronchoconstriction it was necessary to administer at least twice the inhaled dose. Inhalation of disodium cromoglycate during bronchoconstriction inhibited the reaction within 8.6 +/- 5.7 min, regardless of the route of challenge. This suggests that sequential mast cell degranulation with liberation of chemical mediators is the mechanism responsible for bronchoconstriction in analgesic-induced asthma.", "contents": "Bronchial and intravenous provocation tests with indomethacin in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms involved in analgesic-induced asthma, I performed bronchial and intravenous challenge tests with indomethacin in 5 aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. Bronchial challenge with less than 2 mg of indomethacin elicited bronchoconstriction that developed immediately in most cases, reached its macimum at a mean time of 64 min, and was over within 2 to 4 h. The time sequence of the reaction after intravenous challenge was similar to that after bronchial challenge, except that to obtain a comparable degree of bronchoconstriction it was necessary to administer at least twice the inhaled dose. Inhalation of disodium cromoglycate during bronchoconstriction inhibited the reaction within 8.6 +/- 5.7 min, regardless of the route of challenge. This suggests that sequential mast cell degranulation with liberation of chemical mediators is the mechanism responsible for bronchoconstriction in analgesic-induced asthma.", "PMID": 116581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12374", "title": "[Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in an Oncological Center (author's transl)].", "content": "Distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed, both in cancerous hospitalized and ambulatorial patients, through Uroculture or by Screening at the time of admission in Hospital. The data have been statistically evaluated according to the specific sectorial activities. The chemiosensitivity of isolated strains was evaluated for eight antibiotics, selected among the most active ones. Minimal Inhibent Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were also evaluated for Gentamicin and Colistin. The results obtained are relevant to the significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "[Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in an Oncological Center (author's transl)]. Distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed, both in cancerous hospitalized and ambulatorial patients, through Uroculture or by Screening at the time of admission in Hospital. The data have been statistically evaluated according to the specific sectorial activities. The chemiosensitivity of isolated strains was evaluated for eight antibiotics, selected among the most active ones. Minimal Inhibent Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were also evaluated for Gentamicin and Colistin. The results obtained are relevant to the significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in neoplastic diseases.", "PMID": 116583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12375", "title": "[A medium for a simultaneous assay of l-triptophane desaminase, beta-galactosidase, motility and indole production (author's transl)].", "content": "The author describes a medium for a simultaneous assay, in a single test-tube, of 1-triptophane desaminase, beta-galactosidase, motility and indole production.", "contents": "[A medium for a simultaneous assay of l-triptophane desaminase, beta-galactosidase, motility and indole production (author's transl)]. The author describes a medium for a simultaneous assay, in a single test-tube, of 1-triptophane desaminase, beta-galactosidase, motility and indole production.", "PMID": 116584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12376", "title": "[Antimeningococcal antibodies in healthy mothers and their newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood specimen from 180 healthy mothers and their newborn were obtained during the delivery for the evaluation of placental transfer of anti-A, anti-B and anti-C antimeningococcal antibodies. The detection of titration of antibodies were performed by passive haemagglutination. Anti-A antibodies were found in 22%, anti-B in 64%, and anti-C in 30% of the mothers. In the newborns the corresponding proportions were 4.5%, 50% and 28%. For anti-A and anti-B antibodies a moderate positive correlation was found between the titre in mothers and their newborn. For anti-A antibodies, titres were generally low among both mothers and newborn and passive transfer was found in only 20%. For anti-B antibodies, titres were higher among both mothers and their newborn. Titre in newborn was as a rule lower than the corresponding titre of mother. Placental transfer of anti-B antibodies was high (78%). Finally, a strong positive correlation between the titre of mothers and their newborn was found for anti-C antibodies. Titres were usually similar in mothers and newborns and the placental transfer of anti-C antibodies was practically free (93%).", "contents": "[Antimeningococcal antibodies in healthy mothers and their newborn (author's transl)]. Blood specimen from 180 healthy mothers and their newborn were obtained during the delivery for the evaluation of placental transfer of anti-A, anti-B and anti-C antimeningococcal antibodies. The detection of titration of antibodies were performed by passive haemagglutination. Anti-A antibodies were found in 22%, anti-B in 64%, and anti-C in 30% of the mothers. In the newborns the corresponding proportions were 4.5%, 50% and 28%. For anti-A and anti-B antibodies a moderate positive correlation was found between the titre in mothers and their newborn. For anti-A antibodies, titres were generally low among both mothers and newborn and passive transfer was found in only 20%. For anti-B antibodies, titres were higher among both mothers and their newborn. Titre in newborn was as a rule lower than the corresponding titre of mother. Placental transfer of anti-B antibodies was high (78%). Finally, a strong positive correlation between the titre of mothers and their newborn was found for anti-C antibodies. Titres were usually similar in mothers and newborns and the placental transfer of anti-C antibodies was practically free (93%).", "PMID": 116588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12377", "title": "Alpha 1-antitrypsin and total trypsin-inhibitor capacity in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Twenty three patients with acute pancreatitis were studied to assess the serum alpha 1-antitrypsin levels as well as the total trypsin-inhibitor capacity. These parameters were found to be normal or increased, which is not the case with patients with chronic pancreatitis. The value of protease-inhibitor treatment in acute pancreatitis is doubted.", "contents": "Alpha 1-antitrypsin and total trypsin-inhibitor capacity in acute pancreatitis. Twenty three patients with acute pancreatitis were studied to assess the serum alpha 1-antitrypsin levels as well as the total trypsin-inhibitor capacity. These parameters were found to be normal or increased, which is not the case with patients with chronic pancreatitis. The value of protease-inhibitor treatment in acute pancreatitis is doubted.", "PMID": 116590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12378", "title": "Phosphonopeptides as antibacterial agents: metabolism and pharmacokinetics of alafosfalin in animals and humans.", "content": "The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of a synthetic antibacterial phosphonodipeptide, alafosfalin, have been studied in rats, baboons, and human volunteers. The compound was rapidly absorbed from the injection site after subcutaneous and intramuscular administration and gave peak plasma concentrations at 15 to 20 min after dosing. Distribution studies showed that high drug concentrations were produced in inflammatory exudates and most tissues except brain. Alafosfalin was rapidly cleared from the general circulation, mainly by the kidney. Plasma half-lives were 20 min in rats and approximately 1 h in baboons and humans. Alafosfalin was well absorbed after oral administration, but was extensively hydrolyzed to alanine and L-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid before it reached the general circulation. This first-pass metabolism was less marked in humans than in animals. Administration of 200-mg intramuscular and 500-mg oral doses produced concentrations of intact phosphonodipeptide in human plasma and urine which were in excess of the in vitro minimal inhibitory concentrations for many pathogenic organisms. The rate of absorption and elimination of alafosfalin in humans were also very similar to published data on beta-lactam antibiotics. This suggests that the pharmacokinetics can be matched to provide synergistic combinations for clinical use.", "contents": "Phosphonopeptides as antibacterial agents: metabolism and pharmacokinetics of alafosfalin in animals and humans. The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of a synthetic antibacterial phosphonodipeptide, alafosfalin, have been studied in rats, baboons, and human volunteers. The compound was rapidly absorbed from the injection site after subcutaneous and intramuscular administration and gave peak plasma concentrations at 15 to 20 min after dosing. Distribution studies showed that high drug concentrations were produced in inflammatory exudates and most tissues except brain. Alafosfalin was rapidly cleared from the general circulation, mainly by the kidney. Plasma half-lives were 20 min in rats and approximately 1 h in baboons and humans. Alafosfalin was well absorbed after oral administration, but was extensively hydrolyzed to alanine and L-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid before it reached the general circulation. This first-pass metabolism was less marked in humans than in animals. Administration of 200-mg intramuscular and 500-mg oral doses produced concentrations of intact phosphonodipeptide in human plasma and urine which were in excess of the in vitro minimal inhibitory concentrations for many pathogenic organisms. The rate of absorption and elimination of alafosfalin in humans were also very similar to published data on beta-lactam antibiotics. This suggests that the pharmacokinetics can be matched to provide synergistic combinations for clinical use.", "PMID": 116591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12379", "title": "Competition of beta-lactam antibiotics for the penicillin-binding proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus rettgeri, and Escherichia coli: comparison with antibacterial activity and effects upon bacterial morphology.", "content": "The competition of a number of beta-lactam morphogenic probes for the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus rettgeri, and Escherichia coli has been studied. The results indicate that the various gram-negative bacteria have similar, but not identical, PBP patterns and that the individual proteins probably perform similar morphogenic functions as in E. coli K-12. Comparison of the 50% binding concentrations of the compounds for the various PBPs of the five strains with their antibacterial activity indicates that the different antibiotics are excluded to a greater or lesser degree by the outer membrane permeability barrier and that the exclusion is most pronounced in P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Competition of beta-lactam antibiotics for the penicillin-binding proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus rettgeri, and Escherichia coli: comparison with antibacterial activity and effects upon bacterial morphology. The competition of a number of beta-lactam morphogenic probes for the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus rettgeri, and Escherichia coli has been studied. The results indicate that the various gram-negative bacteria have similar, but not identical, PBP patterns and that the individual proteins probably perform similar morphogenic functions as in E. coli K-12. Comparison of the 50% binding concentrations of the compounds for the various PBPs of the five strains with their antibacterial activity indicates that the different antibiotics are excluded to a greater or lesser degree by the outer membrane permeability barrier and that the exclusion is most pronounced in P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 116592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12380", "title": "Comparison of the penicillin-binding proteins of different strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine if the categorization of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains into disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) and non-DGI types was also paralleled by some common characteristic in their penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Fluorography of sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing polyacrylamide gels, on which the [14C]penicillin-labeled PBPs had been separated, was used to visualize the PBPs. No common characteristic PBP for genital or DGI strains was observed. Apart from PBPs 1 and 4, which were observed in all cases, there was an apparently random distribution of other PBPs in both types of N. gonorrhoeae. It was concluded from these data that the penicillin susceptibility associated with most DGI strains of N. gonorrhoeae cannot be correlated with any specific changes in their PBP patterns.", "contents": "Comparison of the penicillin-binding proteins of different strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This study was undertaken to determine if the categorization of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains into disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) and non-DGI types was also paralleled by some common characteristic in their penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Fluorography of sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing polyacrylamide gels, on which the [14C]penicillin-labeled PBPs had been separated, was used to visualize the PBPs. No common characteristic PBP for genital or DGI strains was observed. Apart from PBPs 1 and 4, which were observed in all cases, there was an apparently random distribution of other PBPs in both types of N. gonorrhoeae. It was concluded from these data that the penicillin susceptibility associated with most DGI strains of N. gonorrhoeae cannot be correlated with any specific changes in their PBP patterns.", "PMID": 116593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12381", "title": "Lytic effect of di- or tricarboxylic acids plus sodium dodecyl sulfate against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa was rapidly lysed and killed when treated with several multiple-carboxylic acids at 100 micrograms/ml, followed by exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate at 5 mg/ml.", "contents": "Lytic effect of di- or tricarboxylic acids plus sodium dodecyl sulfate against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was rapidly lysed and killed when treated with several multiple-carboxylic acids at 100 micrograms/ml, followed by exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate at 5 mg/ml.", "PMID": 116594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12382", "title": "Aucte intermittent porphyria and epilepsy.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy had suffered from intermittent acute hepatic porphyria, myoclonic convulsions and mental retardation (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). The porphyria was treated by stopping the administration of phenobarbitone and phenytoin. Sodium valproate at a dose of 70 mg/kg per day lessened the severity and frequency of convulsive crises.", "contents": "Aucte intermittent porphyria and epilepsy. A 14-year-old boy had suffered from intermittent acute hepatic porphyria, myoclonic convulsions and mental retardation (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). The porphyria was treated by stopping the administration of phenobarbitone and phenytoin. Sodium valproate at a dose of 70 mg/kg per day lessened the severity and frequency of convulsive crises.", "PMID": 116601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12383", "title": "The absence of protein--sparing effects utilizing crystalline amino acids in stressed patients.", "content": "The protein-sparing effects of the peripheral infusion of crystalline amino acids (PAA) was studied metabolically in selected surgical patients subjected to various degrees of stress. Twenty-one patients (sixteen cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, three with major abdominal traumatic injuries and four with paralytic ileus) were infused with 2 1/24 hours of a solution of 4.2% Travasol amino acids with only 5% glucose as a source of nonprotein calories. One-half of the cancer patients were also allowed ad libitum oral intake of a regular hospital diet or Vivonex-HN. The nutritional status was evaluated by measuring changes in body weight, serum albumin levels and nitrogen balance. Body weight decreased in only the trauma patients. When these solutions were the sole source of nutrients all patients were in negative nitrogen balance and had significant decreases in their serum albumin levels. Serum albumin levels were preserved only when extra sources of calories were provided. The infusion of the crystalline amino acids without adequate levels of nonprotein energy did not conserve protein in these stressed patients.", "contents": "The absence of protein--sparing effects utilizing crystalline amino acids in stressed patients. The protein-sparing effects of the peripheral infusion of crystalline amino acids (PAA) was studied metabolically in selected surgical patients subjected to various degrees of stress. Twenty-one patients (sixteen cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, three with major abdominal traumatic injuries and four with paralytic ileus) were infused with 2 1/24 hours of a solution of 4.2% Travasol amino acids with only 5% glucose as a source of nonprotein calories. One-half of the cancer patients were also allowed ad libitum oral intake of a regular hospital diet or Vivonex-HN. The nutritional status was evaluated by measuring changes in body weight, serum albumin levels and nitrogen balance. Body weight decreased in only the trauma patients. When these solutions were the sole source of nutrients all patients were in negative nitrogen balance and had significant decreases in their serum albumin levels. Serum albumin levels were preserved only when extra sources of calories were provided. The infusion of the crystalline amino acids without adequate levels of nonprotein energy did not conserve protein in these stressed patients.", "PMID": 116604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12384", "title": "Proline metabolism in sepsis, cirrhosis and general surgery. The peripheral energy deficit.", "content": "Proline metabolism was prospectively evaluated in patients with surgical sepsis, cirrhosis, and elective surgical procedures. Significant correlations were found in the septic patients. Proline levels were an excellent indicator of mortality and correlated positively with lactate levels. Lactate and proline were inversely related to total peripheral resistance and oxygen consumption. In septic patients who expired: the metabolites involved in the hepatic pathways of proline degradation were elevated in proportion to proline; lactate, glutamate and proline were directly related to pyruvate; lactate/pyruvate ratios were constant; proline, glutamate, ammonia, ornithine, lactate and pyruvate levels were inversely proportional to oxygen consumption and total peripheral resistance. The primary defects in sepsis seem to be metabolic; there are very strong correlations in time between physiology and metabolism; the metabolic abnormality seems to be a progressive energy-fuel deficit, possibly from a progressive inhibition of substrate entry into the Krebs cycle.", "contents": "Proline metabolism in sepsis, cirrhosis and general surgery. The peripheral energy deficit. Proline metabolism was prospectively evaluated in patients with surgical sepsis, cirrhosis, and elective surgical procedures. Significant correlations were found in the septic patients. Proline levels were an excellent indicator of mortality and correlated positively with lactate levels. Lactate and proline were inversely related to total peripheral resistance and oxygen consumption. In septic patients who expired: the metabolites involved in the hepatic pathways of proline degradation were elevated in proportion to proline; lactate, glutamate and proline were directly related to pyruvate; lactate/pyruvate ratios were constant; proline, glutamate, ammonia, ornithine, lactate and pyruvate levels were inversely proportional to oxygen consumption and total peripheral resistance. The primary defects in sepsis seem to be metabolic; there are very strong correlations in time between physiology and metabolism; the metabolic abnormality seems to be a progressive energy-fuel deficit, possibly from a progressive inhibition of substrate entry into the Krebs cycle.", "PMID": 116605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12385", "title": "Chylous ascites following abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. Management with total parenteral hyperalimentation.", "content": "Chylous ascites may follow operative injury to retroperitoneal lymphatics. When possible, early reoperation has been advised. This report describes a patient with chylous ascites following emergency abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. Because the patient was not a candidate for reoperation, total parenteral hyperalimentation was employed in management. This approach resulted in a successful outcome.", "contents": "Chylous ascites following abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. Management with total parenteral hyperalimentation. Chylous ascites may follow operative injury to retroperitoneal lymphatics. When possible, early reoperation has been advised. This report describes a patient with chylous ascites following emergency abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. Because the patient was not a candidate for reoperation, total parenteral hyperalimentation was employed in management. This approach resulted in a successful outcome.", "PMID": 116606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12386", "title": "The effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation on myocardial infarct size.", "content": "The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated in 6 baboons. Subsequently, 3 animals were supported with long-term (24-hour) intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP), and 3 were on coronary occlusion alone. Animals were studied hemodynamically and with unipolar electrocardiographic mapping acutely and then were studied after a week and killed. A histological measurement of infarct size was made. The use of IABP had no influence on the area of ischemia determined by unipolar mapping or on infarct size measured quantitatively at a week. Similarly, there were no acute hemodynamic differences between the two groups. The only significant difference noted was a reduction in systolic pressure in IABP animals during balloon pumping and a significantly higher left ventricular systolic pressure a week following infarction in animals treated with IABP. The data indicate no significant effect of IABP on altering infarct size in animals with acute coronary ligation in the absence of cardiogenic shock.", "contents": "The effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation on myocardial infarct size. The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated in 6 baboons. Subsequently, 3 animals were supported with long-term (24-hour) intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP), and 3 were on coronary occlusion alone. Animals were studied hemodynamically and with unipolar electrocardiographic mapping acutely and then were studied after a week and killed. A histological measurement of infarct size was made. The use of IABP had no influence on the area of ischemia determined by unipolar mapping or on infarct size measured quantitatively at a week. Similarly, there were no acute hemodynamic differences between the two groups. The only significant difference noted was a reduction in systolic pressure in IABP animals during balloon pumping and a significantly higher left ventricular systolic pressure a week following infarction in animals treated with IABP. The data indicate no significant effect of IABP on altering infarct size in animals with acute coronary ligation in the absence of cardiogenic shock.", "PMID": 116607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12387", "title": "[Comparative immunochemical study of the serum proteins of Lacertilia (Reptilia)].", "content": "The immunochemical relationships of the serum proteins of Uromastix acanthinurus, Agama mutabilis, Oplurus cuvieri, O. quadrimaculatus, Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Chalcides ocellatus and Lacerta lepida were studied by means of immunoelectrophoresis with an antiserum anti-Uromastix successively absorbed. Homogeneity of the Iguania species was pointed out and they were found more closely related to the Scincid Chalcides ocellatus than to the Lacertid Lacerta lepida. Within the Iguania, the two Agamids are immunologically more closely related to the Chamaeleon than to the two Iguanids.", "contents": "[Comparative immunochemical study of the serum proteins of Lacertilia (Reptilia)]. The immunochemical relationships of the serum proteins of Uromastix acanthinurus, Agama mutabilis, Oplurus cuvieri, O. quadrimaculatus, Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Chalcides ocellatus and Lacerta lepida were studied by means of immunoelectrophoresis with an antiserum anti-Uromastix successively absorbed. Homogeneity of the Iguania species was pointed out and they were found more closely related to the Scincid Chalcides ocellatus than to the Lacertid Lacerta lepida. Within the Iguania, the two Agamids are immunologically more closely related to the Chamaeleon than to the two Iguanids.", "PMID": 116608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12388", "title": "[Average steady-state plasma levels with slow release quinidine preparations].", "content": "Arabogalactane sulphate of quinidine (AGSQ) is a slow release preparation of quinidine. The aim of this study was to compare the plasma levels of quinidine obtained by different preparations of AGSQ (AGSQ I, II and III) and to determine which was best suited to therapeutics. The \"in vitro\" study showed different amounts of quinidine liberated in 6 hours, 34% with AGSQ I, 58% with AGSQ II and 100% with AGSQ III. The plasma quinidine levels were studied after administration of a dose corresponding to 330 mg quinidine base, morning and evening for 7 consecutive days to 27 hospitalised patients; 7 received AGSQ I, 11 received AGSQ II 5, received AGSQ III and 4 quinidine sulphate. The delay in reaching a steady state was 24 hours for the quinidine sulphate 36 hours for AGSQ I, 48 hours for AGSQ II and 60 hours for AGSQ III. The average plasma level on the 7th day (Cee) was 2.74 +/- 0.71 microgram/ml, 2.62 +/- 0.74 microgram/ml and 3.29 +/- 0.72 microgram/ml respectively. The plasma quinidine levels were maintained between toxic and therapeutic levels (3,5 and 1,7 microgram/ml) only with AGSQ II by suppressing the peak observed 1 hour administration of quinidine sulphate. An excellent correlation (r = 0,984) was observed between the plasma quinidine 6 hours after ingestion and the Cee. A blood test during the steady state, 6 hours after ingestion of the drug, is useful in adjusting the dosage. These results suggest that AGSQ II is the preparation best suited for therapeutic usage although it does not give the best relative bioavailability of the drug.", "contents": "[Average steady-state plasma levels with slow release quinidine preparations]. Arabogalactane sulphate of quinidine (AGSQ) is a slow release preparation of quinidine. The aim of this study was to compare the plasma levels of quinidine obtained by different preparations of AGSQ (AGSQ I, II and III) and to determine which was best suited to therapeutics. The \"in vitro\" study showed different amounts of quinidine liberated in 6 hours, 34% with AGSQ I, 58% with AGSQ II and 100% with AGSQ III. The plasma quinidine levels were studied after administration of a dose corresponding to 330 mg quinidine base, morning and evening for 7 consecutive days to 27 hospitalised patients; 7 received AGSQ I, 11 received AGSQ II 5, received AGSQ III and 4 quinidine sulphate. The delay in reaching a steady state was 24 hours for the quinidine sulphate 36 hours for AGSQ I, 48 hours for AGSQ II and 60 hours for AGSQ III. The average plasma level on the 7th day (Cee) was 2.74 +/- 0.71 microgram/ml, 2.62 +/- 0.74 microgram/ml and 3.29 +/- 0.72 microgram/ml respectively. The plasma quinidine levels were maintained between toxic and therapeutic levels (3,5 and 1,7 microgram/ml) only with AGSQ II by suppressing the peak observed 1 hour administration of quinidine sulphate. An excellent correlation (r = 0,984) was observed between the plasma quinidine 6 hours after ingestion and the Cee. A blood test during the steady state, 6 hours after ingestion of the drug, is useful in adjusting the dosage. These results suggest that AGSQ II is the preparation best suited for therapeutic usage although it does not give the best relative bioavailability of the drug.", "PMID": 116611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12389", "title": "[Value of potassium canrenoate in the prevention of arrhythmia during the acute phase of myocardial infarction].", "content": "This study was based on a series of 486 patients with acute myocardial infarction. All were treated with heparin and nitrite derivatives. 320 patients received 600 mg/24 h Potassium Canrenoate for 5 days (long duration); 90 patients received 1000 mg of Potassium for the first 36 hours only. 76 patients did not receive the drug and served as controls. The biochemical changes due to Potassium Canrenoate are discussed with special emphasis on the serum and intraerythrocytic potassium levels. The antiarrhythmic action of the potassium was assessed directly (the number of ventricular extra systoles decreased significantly) and indirectly (the amount of antiarrhythmic therapy required in association was three times less in patients treated by Potassium Canrenoate). The mortality rate changed from 17 to 12%. The beneficial effect of Potassium Canrenoate is attributed to the maintenance or the restoration normal potassium levels of ischaemic myocardial tissue.", "contents": "[Value of potassium canrenoate in the prevention of arrhythmia during the acute phase of myocardial infarction]. This study was based on a series of 486 patients with acute myocardial infarction. All were treated with heparin and nitrite derivatives. 320 patients received 600 mg/24 h Potassium Canrenoate for 5 days (long duration); 90 patients received 1000 mg of Potassium for the first 36 hours only. 76 patients did not receive the drug and served as controls. The biochemical changes due to Potassium Canrenoate are discussed with special emphasis on the serum and intraerythrocytic potassium levels. The antiarrhythmic action of the potassium was assessed directly (the number of ventricular extra systoles decreased significantly) and indirectly (the amount of antiarrhythmic therapy required in association was three times less in patients treated by Potassium Canrenoate). The mortality rate changed from 17 to 12%. The beneficial effect of Potassium Canrenoate is attributed to the maintenance or the restoration normal potassium levels of ischaemic myocardial tissue.", "PMID": 116612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12390", "title": "[Constrictive pericarditis and rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "Pericarditis is the commonest cardiac manifestation of rhumatoid arthritis. It is often clinically latent but it may evolve to constriction or less often to tamponade. The case presented is of a 60 year-old woman with a 5 year history of seropositive nodular rhumatoid arthritis in whom bilateral pleural effusions and constrictive pericarditis were observed after sudden termination of corticotherapy. She was treated successfully by pericardectomy. This complication is far from being exceptional (55 cases already reported). It justifies a systematic search for pericarditis in rhumatoid arthritis, especially by echocardiography.", "contents": "[Constrictive pericarditis and rheumatoid arthritis]. Pericarditis is the commonest cardiac manifestation of rhumatoid arthritis. It is often clinically latent but it may evolve to constriction or less often to tamponade. The case presented is of a 60 year-old woman with a 5 year history of seropositive nodular rhumatoid arthritis in whom bilateral pleural effusions and constrictive pericarditis were observed after sudden termination of corticotherapy. She was treated successfully by pericardectomy. This complication is far from being exceptional (55 cases already reported). It justifies a systematic search for pericarditis in rhumatoid arthritis, especially by echocardiography.", "PMID": 116613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12391", "title": "[Embolism in a fragment of the mitral papillary muscle to the left main coronary artery. A rare complication of valve replacement].", "content": "A 64-year-old man, who underwent double valve replacement for mitral and aortic incompetence due to infective endocarditis, presented with a coronary embolism of a fragment of mitral papillary muscle in the immediate post-operative period. The diagnosis, suggested by the sudden development of acute myocardial insufficiency during ventricular filling, was confirmed by the absence of clinical or electrical improvement during circulatory assistance and by surgical exploration of the left coronary artery. Complete recovery after embolectomy emphasises the value of the association of circulatory assistance and immediate myocardial revascularisation.", "contents": "[Embolism in a fragment of the mitral papillary muscle to the left main coronary artery. A rare complication of valve replacement]. A 64-year-old man, who underwent double valve replacement for mitral and aortic incompetence due to infective endocarditis, presented with a coronary embolism of a fragment of mitral papillary muscle in the immediate post-operative period. The diagnosis, suggested by the sudden development of acute myocardial insufficiency during ventricular filling, was confirmed by the absence of clinical or electrical improvement during circulatory assistance and by surgical exploration of the left coronary artery. Complete recovery after embolectomy emphasises the value of the association of circulatory assistance and immediate myocardial revascularisation.", "PMID": 116614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12392", "title": "[Identification of the sinus potential in man by endocavitary electrocardiography. Identification criteria, preliminary results].", "content": "The potential of the sinus node was recorded in 24 patients by endocavitary electrocardiography using the same equipment as for usual electrophysiological investigation. The sinus node potential is a slow wave which starts progressively, has a rounded peak and precedes the endocavitary atrial activation and the surface P wave, and is relayed at an acute angle to the high amplitude deflection of atrial depolarisation. In some specially selected recordings it is easy to confirm the sinus origin of this slow wave where its preatrial position may be defined by the fixed relation of the S-P interval and by the variability of the T-S interval. Usually it is necessary to use technical manoeuvres (vagal stimulation, premature atrial stimulation) to demonstrate the preatrial behaviour of a potential thought to be of sinus origin. The variability of the sinus potential and the apparent sinoatrial conduction time, is suggestive of a physiological instability of the intrasinus pacemaker. The sinoatrial conduction time measured directly does not seem to exceed 140 ms in normal subjects.", "contents": "[Identification of the sinus potential in man by endocavitary electrocardiography. Identification criteria, preliminary results]. The potential of the sinus node was recorded in 24 patients by endocavitary electrocardiography using the same equipment as for usual electrophysiological investigation. The sinus node potential is a slow wave which starts progressively, has a rounded peak and precedes the endocavitary atrial activation and the surface P wave, and is relayed at an acute angle to the high amplitude deflection of atrial depolarisation. In some specially selected recordings it is easy to confirm the sinus origin of this slow wave where its preatrial position may be defined by the fixed relation of the S-P interval and by the variability of the T-S interval. Usually it is necessary to use technical manoeuvres (vagal stimulation, premature atrial stimulation) to demonstrate the preatrial behaviour of a potential thought to be of sinus origin. The variability of the sinus potential and the apparent sinoatrial conduction time, is suggestive of a physiological instability of the intrasinus pacemaker. The sinoatrial conduction time measured directly does not seem to exceed 140 ms in normal subjects.", "PMID": 116617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12393", "title": "[Outcome of myocardial infarctions complicated by heart conduction disorders in the acute phase].", "content": "Of 945 patients hospitalised for myocardial infarction between January 1st 1972 and December 31st 1975, 40 with anterior myocardial infarction (Group I-A) and 53 with posterior myocardial infarction (Group II-A) were complicated by atrioventricular and/or intraventricular arrhythmias. The average follow up period is now of 48 months (range 24 to 78 months). Their outcome was compared to two control groups of 50 anterior myocardial infarctions (Group I-B) and 50 posterior myocardial infarctions (Group II-B) uncomplicated by arrhythmias in the acute phase. The immediate (10%) and secondary (30%) mortality was identical in the two groups II-A and II-B with posterior wall necrosis. The immediate (32%) and secondary (40%) mortality in Group I-A was much higher than in Group I-B (22% and 28% respectively). Sudden death was the most frequent form of demise in all groups (I-A, II-A, II-B) except Group I-B in which heart failure predominated. Death occured earlier in Group I-A than in the control Group II-B. These results pose the problem of the indication of prophylactic permanent pacing to decrease the incidence of sudden death.", "contents": "[Outcome of myocardial infarctions complicated by heart conduction disorders in the acute phase]. Of 945 patients hospitalised for myocardial infarction between January 1st 1972 and December 31st 1975, 40 with anterior myocardial infarction (Group I-A) and 53 with posterior myocardial infarction (Group II-A) were complicated by atrioventricular and/or intraventricular arrhythmias. The average follow up period is now of 48 months (range 24 to 78 months). Their outcome was compared to two control groups of 50 anterior myocardial infarctions (Group I-B) and 50 posterior myocardial infarctions (Group II-B) uncomplicated by arrhythmias in the acute phase. The immediate (10%) and secondary (30%) mortality was identical in the two groups II-A and II-B with posterior wall necrosis. The immediate (32%) and secondary (40%) mortality in Group I-A was much higher than in Group I-B (22% and 28% respectively). Sudden death was the most frequent form of demise in all groups (I-A, II-A, II-B) except Group I-B in which heart failure predominated. Death occured earlier in Group I-A than in the control Group II-B. These results pose the problem of the indication of prophylactic permanent pacing to decrease the incidence of sudden death.", "PMID": 116618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12394", "title": "[Syncope and transient neurologic deficits of undetermined origin. Clinical and electrophysiological correlations].", "content": "A consecutive series of 140 patients who presented either with syncope or transient neurological deficit of undertermined cause underwent electrophysiological investigation. The patients were classified in 3 groups: Group I comprising 55 patients having presented \"true syncope\"; Group II comprising 42 patients with \"false vertigo\"; and Group III comprising 43 patients in whom a transient neurological deficit had been observed. Globally, the investigations were positive in 58 patients (41,4%). Paroxysmal atrioventricular block was recorded in 21 cases (15%), sinus node dysfunction in 34 cases (2,1%). Permanent pacing was instituted in 57 patients. The correlation between the results of electrophysiological investigation and the clinical symptomatology showed a highly significant difference between Groups I and II where the results were positive in 57% cases, and Groupe III where 93% of the investigations were negative.", "contents": "[Syncope and transient neurologic deficits of undetermined origin. Clinical and electrophysiological correlations]. A consecutive series of 140 patients who presented either with syncope or transient neurological deficit of undertermined cause underwent electrophysiological investigation. The patients were classified in 3 groups: Group I comprising 55 patients having presented \"true syncope\"; Group II comprising 42 patients with \"false vertigo\"; and Group III comprising 43 patients in whom a transient neurological deficit had been observed. Globally, the investigations were positive in 58 patients (41,4%). Paroxysmal atrioventricular block was recorded in 21 cases (15%), sinus node dysfunction in 34 cases (2,1%). Permanent pacing was instituted in 57 patients. The correlation between the results of electrophysiological investigation and the clinical symptomatology showed a highly significant difference between Groups I and II where the results were positive in 57% cases, and Groupe III where 93% of the investigations were negative.", "PMID": 116619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12395", "title": "[Painless ST elevation with syncope. Diagnosis by continuous electrocardiography].", "content": "The aetiology of syncope in a 53 year old man was discovered on continuous ambulatory electrocardiography. A ventricular arrhythmia associated with ST elevation was recorded. It proved resistant to medical therapy and a double aorto-coronary bypass graft was performed. Post-operative Holter monitoring showed surgery to have been effective.", "contents": "[Painless ST elevation with syncope. Diagnosis by continuous electrocardiography]. The aetiology of syncope in a 53 year old man was discovered on continuous ambulatory electrocardiography. A ventricular arrhythmia associated with ST elevation was recorded. It proved resistant to medical therapy and a double aorto-coronary bypass graft was performed. Post-operative Holter monitoring showed surgery to have been effective.", "PMID": 116620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12396", "title": "[Critical study of the morphogenesis of trunco-conal malformations].", "content": "Anatomical and angiocardiographic studies have made possible discussion of hypotheses of the development and differentiation of the conus and of the trunco-conal orientation of the septum. Three autopsy specimens and two angiocardiogrammes of intertwined great vessels with transposition and partial distortion of the great vessels were studied. The specimen of intertwined great vessels comprised a muscular sub-aortic infundibulum posterior to and greater than the pulmonary infundibulum. In the case of transposition the opposite situation was encountered with a muscular pulmonary infundibulum posterior to and greater than the sub-aortic infundibulum; the plane of the aortic valves was higher than that of the pulmonary valves. The specimen of partial distortion of the great vessels comprised a muscular sub-aortic infundibulum posterior to and greater than the pulmonary infundibulum with the aortic valve set higher and in fibrous continuity with the mitral valve. It is concluded that the relations of the great vessels between each other and with the ventricles depend on the orientation of the trunco-conal septum and on the process of incorporation of the cone. The presence or absence of a posterior muscular infundibulum is not related to the growth or differential reabsorption of the cone but to a process of cellular differentiation. There was no relation between the level of the valves and their spatial orientation and the length of the infundibulum. The continuity or discontinuity between the aortic and atrio-ventricular valves is not determined by the level of the aortic valves.", "contents": "[Critical study of the morphogenesis of trunco-conal malformations]. Anatomical and angiocardiographic studies have made possible discussion of hypotheses of the development and differentiation of the conus and of the trunco-conal orientation of the septum. Three autopsy specimens and two angiocardiogrammes of intertwined great vessels with transposition and partial distortion of the great vessels were studied. The specimen of intertwined great vessels comprised a muscular sub-aortic infundibulum posterior to and greater than the pulmonary infundibulum. In the case of transposition the opposite situation was encountered with a muscular pulmonary infundibulum posterior to and greater than the sub-aortic infundibulum; the plane of the aortic valves was higher than that of the pulmonary valves. The specimen of partial distortion of the great vessels comprised a muscular sub-aortic infundibulum posterior to and greater than the pulmonary infundibulum with the aortic valve set higher and in fibrous continuity with the mitral valve. It is concluded that the relations of the great vessels between each other and with the ventricles depend on the orientation of the trunco-conal septum and on the process of incorporation of the cone. The presence or absence of a posterior muscular infundibulum is not related to the growth or differential reabsorption of the cone but to a process of cellular differentiation. There was no relation between the level of the valves and their spatial orientation and the length of the infundibulum. The continuity or discontinuity between the aortic and atrio-ventricular valves is not determined by the level of the aortic valves.", "PMID": 116621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12397", "title": "Pathogenesis of diarrhoea caused by astrovirus infections in lambs.", "content": "Experimental infection of 2-day-old gnotobiotic lambs with lamb astrovirus produced mild diarrhoea after an incubation period of about 48 hours. No other clinical symptoms developed. Infection was studied by immunofluorescent and histological examination of tissues from the lambs. Astroviruses infected only mature villus epithelial cells and subepithelial macrophages in the small intestine, where they produced partial villus atrophy. Infected enterocytes were replaced with cuboidal cells from the crypts, and the lesion gradually healed by 5 days after infection. No serological relationship was detected by immunofluorescence between lamb astrovirus antigen in gut sections and antisera to either calf or human astrovirus.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of diarrhoea caused by astrovirus infections in lambs. Experimental infection of 2-day-old gnotobiotic lambs with lamb astrovirus produced mild diarrhoea after an incubation period of about 48 hours. No other clinical symptoms developed. Infection was studied by immunofluorescent and histological examination of tissues from the lambs. Astroviruses infected only mature villus epithelial cells and subepithelial macrophages in the small intestine, where they produced partial villus atrophy. Infected enterocytes were replaced with cuboidal cells from the crypts, and the lesion gradually healed by 5 days after infection. No serological relationship was detected by immunofluorescence between lamb astrovirus antigen in gut sections and antisera to either calf or human astrovirus.", "PMID": 116623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12398", "title": "Measles virus-specified polypeptides in infected cells.", "content": "The synthesis of wild-type measles virus-specified polypeptides in Vero cells in pulse-chase experiments, in cells with synchronized protein synthesis by high salt concentration, and in the presence of proteolytic enzyme inhibitors was analyzed by polyacrylamide slab-gel electrophoresis. Six major (L, G, 2, NP, 5 and M) structural polypeptides were identified in infected cells. The results of pulse-chase experiments suggested that most of the structural polypeptides were synthesized at their final length. Polypeptide M was found to be sensitive to trypsin. In TLCK-treated cells its molecular weight was about 1000--2000 daltons higher than in untreated cells. A minor virus-specific polypeptide with a molecular weight of about 23,000 was found as a very faint and diffuse band. In addition, three nonstructural polypeptides with molecular weights of 65,000, 38,000 and 18,000 were also detected. The experiments with proteolytic enzyme inhibitors and with synchronized protein synthesis suggested that the polypeptide with a molecular weight of 65,000 might be a precursor of the structural polypeptide 5.", "contents": "Measles virus-specified polypeptides in infected cells. The synthesis of wild-type measles virus-specified polypeptides in Vero cells in pulse-chase experiments, in cells with synchronized protein synthesis by high salt concentration, and in the presence of proteolytic enzyme inhibitors was analyzed by polyacrylamide slab-gel electrophoresis. Six major (L, G, 2, NP, 5 and M) structural polypeptides were identified in infected cells. The results of pulse-chase experiments suggested that most of the structural polypeptides were synthesized at their final length. Polypeptide M was found to be sensitive to trypsin. In TLCK-treated cells its molecular weight was about 1000--2000 daltons higher than in untreated cells. A minor virus-specific polypeptide with a molecular weight of about 23,000 was found as a very faint and diffuse band. In addition, three nonstructural polypeptides with molecular weights of 65,000, 38,000 and 18,000 were also detected. The experiments with proteolytic enzyme inhibitors and with synchronized protein synthesis suggested that the polypeptide with a molecular weight of 65,000 might be a precursor of the structural polypeptide 5.", "PMID": 116624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12399", "title": "Fetal infection of the baboon (Papio cynocephalus) with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.", "content": "Recent observations of LCM-induced fetal damage in humans suggested attempts to develop an animal model for studies on viral congenital malformations. We report herein viral studies on three pregnant baboons (Papio cynocephalus) inoculated subcutaneously with LCM virus strain WE3. The first animal, inoculated in the 9th week of pregnancy, aborted 9 days after a high virus dose. Inoculation of the second baboon during a later stage (23rd week) of pregnancy with a moderate virus dose, resulted in the demonstration of virus in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and cord blood. The infant showed only a slight pleocytosis of the spinal fluid, but no virus shedding and no late sequelae. The third baboon inoculated with a high virus dose during the 21st week of pregnancy delivered an underweight, icteric infant that succumbed on the 6th day. All organs of this animal that were tested contained virus. Microscopic examination of these tissues revealed multifocal necrosis, cerebral glial nodules, meningitis, and bilateral choriovasculitis. These results illustrate that fetal damage observed in the LCM-inoculate baboon resembles that seen in humans following infection with LCM virus.", "contents": "Fetal infection of the baboon (Papio cynocephalus) with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Recent observations of LCM-induced fetal damage in humans suggested attempts to develop an animal model for studies on viral congenital malformations. We report herein viral studies on three pregnant baboons (Papio cynocephalus) inoculated subcutaneously with LCM virus strain WE3. The first animal, inoculated in the 9th week of pregnancy, aborted 9 days after a high virus dose. Inoculation of the second baboon during a later stage (23rd week) of pregnancy with a moderate virus dose, resulted in the demonstration of virus in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and cord blood. The infant showed only a slight pleocytosis of the spinal fluid, but no virus shedding and no late sequelae. The third baboon inoculated with a high virus dose during the 21st week of pregnancy delivered an underweight, icteric infant that succumbed on the 6th day. All organs of this animal that were tested contained virus. Microscopic examination of these tissues revealed multifocal necrosis, cerebral glial nodules, meningitis, and bilateral choriovasculitis. These results illustrate that fetal damage observed in the LCM-inoculate baboon resembles that seen in humans following infection with LCM virus.", "PMID": 116625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12400", "title": "[Cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of the arteries of the base of the brain in certain lower vertebrates].", "content": "The arteries in the encephalon base have been investigated by Koelle's and Falck's methods in Teleostei (Anarhichas lupus, Eleginus navaga, Leuciscus brandti, Pelingas), amphibians (Rana temporaria, Rana semiplicata, Bufo bufo) and in reptiles (Testudo horsfieldi, Trionyx chinensis). Cholin- and adrenergic nerve fibres of the encephalic arteries have been revealed in all the vertebrates studied, but their concentration is far from being equal. In fishes and reptiles neural conductors from scarse plexus with wide loops. Concentration of effector neural fibres only in Bufo bufo exceeds that of fishes. In some cases, the arteries of frogs have equal or less density of cholin- and adrenergic neural conductors as compared with those of Pelingas. Certain individual peculiarities are noted in distribution of the effector neural fibres of the encephalic arteries of the vertebrates. In reptiles, the neural apparatus of the encephalic blood vessels reaches a considerable development; it is definitely differentiated into two plexuses - superficial and deep, having a close interconnection. The development of the effector vascular plexus in vertebrates corresponds to increasing mass of the brain and the vascular diameters. Taking into consideration structural peculiarities of the neural conductors and their concentration, it should be recognized that the role of the neural factor in regulation of the cerebral circulation increases in the following order: fishes - amphibians - reptiles.", "contents": "[Cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of the arteries of the base of the brain in certain lower vertebrates]. The arteries in the encephalon base have been investigated by Koelle's and Falck's methods in Teleostei (Anarhichas lupus, Eleginus navaga, Leuciscus brandti, Pelingas), amphibians (Rana temporaria, Rana semiplicata, Bufo bufo) and in reptiles (Testudo horsfieldi, Trionyx chinensis). Cholin- and adrenergic nerve fibres of the encephalic arteries have been revealed in all the vertebrates studied, but their concentration is far from being equal. In fishes and reptiles neural conductors from scarse plexus with wide loops. Concentration of effector neural fibres only in Bufo bufo exceeds that of fishes. In some cases, the arteries of frogs have equal or less density of cholin- and adrenergic neural conductors as compared with those of Pelingas. Certain individual peculiarities are noted in distribution of the effector neural fibres of the encephalic arteries of the vertebrates. In reptiles, the neural apparatus of the encephalic blood vessels reaches a considerable development; it is definitely differentiated into two plexuses - superficial and deep, having a close interconnection. The development of the effector vascular plexus in vertebrates corresponds to increasing mass of the brain and the vascular diameters. Taking into consideration structural peculiarities of the neural conductors and their concentration, it should be recognized that the role of the neural factor in regulation of the cerebral circulation increases in the following order: fishes - amphibians - reptiles.", "PMID": 116627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12401", "title": "[Ileo-colonic lymph nodes in macaques and pavians of different ages].", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative alterations occurring in various structural components of the ileocolonic lymph nodes of Papio hamadryas at the age of 3.5 months and 5 years and Macaca rhesus at the age of 5 years were studied by means of mathematical methods. Cellular composition was counted in every histological preparation per 1,000 cells in cortical plateau, in myelin cords, in follicles with light centers and in follicles without light centers. Part (in %) of every cell variety was determined, as well as correlation of different structural components of the lymph nodes. Construcgion and cytoarchitectonics of the ileocolonic lymph nodes were stated to depend on the age of monkeys and their systematic differences.", "contents": "[Ileo-colonic lymph nodes in macaques and pavians of different ages]. Quantitative and qualitative alterations occurring in various structural components of the ileocolonic lymph nodes of Papio hamadryas at the age of 3.5 months and 5 years and Macaca rhesus at the age of 5 years were studied by means of mathematical methods. Cellular composition was counted in every histological preparation per 1,000 cells in cortical plateau, in myelin cords, in follicles with light centers and in follicles without light centers. Part (in %) of every cell variety was determined, as well as correlation of different structural components of the lymph nodes. Construcgion and cytoarchitectonics of the ileocolonic lymph nodes were stated to depend on the age of monkeys and their systematic differences.", "PMID": 116628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12402", "title": "Cranial neuropathy, myeloradiculopathy, and myositis: complications of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.", "content": "Polymyositis, transverse myelitis, ascending polyneuritis, bilateral optic neuritis, and hearing loss developed in a patient with high complement-fixing antibody titers to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Each of her three children had primary atypical pneumonia with isolation of the organism. The neurologic disturbance is thought to represent a postinfectious complication of M pneumoniae infection.", "contents": "Cranial neuropathy, myeloradiculopathy, and myositis: complications of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Polymyositis, transverse myelitis, ascending polyneuritis, bilateral optic neuritis, and hearing loss developed in a patient with high complement-fixing antibody titers to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Each of her three children had primary atypical pneumonia with isolation of the organism. The neurologic disturbance is thought to represent a postinfectious complication of M pneumoniae infection.", "PMID": 116630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12403", "title": "Predominance of oligoclonal IgG type lambda in CSF in aseptic meningitis.", "content": "Oligoclonal immunoglobulins (Ig) demonstrble as bands by agarose-gel electrophoresis of CSF were characterized in ten patients with aseptic meningitis. Oligoclonal CSF IgG was found in all patients, IgM was found in two. The oligoclonal Ig was more often of lambda light-chain type than of kappa type. In four patients, oligoclonal Ig bands contained kappa and lambda light chains simultaneously. In two patients, bands consisting of free lambda light chains were found. On repeated investigations more than one year later in three cases, the oligoclonal IgG was of the same light-chain type. The immune response within the CNS in aseptic meningitis seems to be dominated by synthesis of IgG with lambda light chains.", "contents": "Predominance of oligoclonal IgG type lambda in CSF in aseptic meningitis. Oligoclonal immunoglobulins (Ig) demonstrble as bands by agarose-gel electrophoresis of CSF were characterized in ten patients with aseptic meningitis. Oligoclonal CSF IgG was found in all patients, IgM was found in two. The oligoclonal Ig was more often of lambda light-chain type than of kappa type. In four patients, oligoclonal Ig bands contained kappa and lambda light chains simultaneously. In two patients, bands consisting of free lambda light chains were found. On repeated investigations more than one year later in three cases, the oligoclonal IgG was of the same light-chain type. The immune response within the CNS in aseptic meningitis seems to be dominated by synthesis of IgG with lambda light chains.", "PMID": 116631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12404", "title": "Drawing-induced seizures.", "content": "In a review of the literature on triggering mechanisms in reflex epilepsy, we found no reported instance of drawing as the provoking factor. Recently we studied the case of a 17-year-old man with myoclonic seizures. These seizures were most effectively triggered by drawing, although occasionally they occurred spontaneously and could also be evoked by other activities requiring concentration. The results of a neurological examination were normal, and family history was unremarkable. Treatment with primidone and methsuximide has been very effective.", "contents": "Drawing-induced seizures. In a review of the literature on triggering mechanisms in reflex epilepsy, we found no reported instance of drawing as the provoking factor. Recently we studied the case of a 17-year-old man with myoclonic seizures. These seizures were most effectively triggered by drawing, although occasionally they occurred spontaneously and could also be evoked by other activities requiring concentration. The results of a neurological examination were normal, and family history was unremarkable. Treatment with primidone and methsuximide has been very effective.", "PMID": 116632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12405", "title": "360 degrees prophylactic cryoretinopexy. A clinical and experimental study.", "content": "Complications occurred after 360 degrees prophylactic cryoretinopexy in three of six eyes in which fellow eyes had previously developed aphakic retinal detachment. Two of the six prophylactically treated eyes developed retinal detachment in advance of anticipated cataract surgery, and a third developed vitreitis and progressive preretinal membrane formation after uncomplicated cataract extraction. In an experiment study with rhesus monkeys, preretinal membrane formation was produced by administering heavy freezes with 360 degrees cryoretinopexy. Although the quantities of cold were considered excessive for clinical use, the cryoretinopexy used clinically in this series must also be considered excessive. The use of 360 degrees cryoretinopexy in the management of eyes at high risk for retinal detachment must be considered judiciously. Particular caution must be exercised in administering cryoretinopexy to nondetached retinas so as to avoid heavy freezes, which destroy the linear retinal layers.", "contents": "360 degrees prophylactic cryoretinopexy. A clinical and experimental study. Complications occurred after 360 degrees prophylactic cryoretinopexy in three of six eyes in which fellow eyes had previously developed aphakic retinal detachment. Two of the six prophylactically treated eyes developed retinal detachment in advance of anticipated cataract surgery, and a third developed vitreitis and progressive preretinal membrane formation after uncomplicated cataract extraction. In an experiment study with rhesus monkeys, preretinal membrane formation was produced by administering heavy freezes with 360 degrees cryoretinopexy. Although the quantities of cold were considered excessive for clinical use, the cryoretinopexy used clinically in this series must also be considered excessive. The use of 360 degrees cryoretinopexy in the management of eyes at high risk for retinal detachment must be considered judiciously. Particular caution must be exercised in administering cryoretinopexy to nondetached retinas so as to avoid heavy freezes, which destroy the linear retinal layers.", "PMID": 116636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12406", "title": "Long-term observations of proton-irradiated monkey eyes.", "content": "Fifteen owl monkeys (30 eyes) that received proton irradiation of discrete areas of the retina and choroid have been observed for 3 1/2 years or more after irradiation. The dose delivered to the retina varied from a single dose of 1,600 to 4,750 proton rads and from 10,250 to 18,250 rads delivered in five fractions over a period of one month. Fundus examination, fluorescein angiography, and light and electron microscopy revealed chorioretinal changes at the area of irradiation. The part of the retina adjacent to the chorioretinal scar showed preservation of normal retinal vascular architecture on trypsin digest studies of the retina and on electron microscopic examination, even 1 mm from the edge of the scar. The results of this study suggest that proton beam irradiation may markedly reduce delayed ocular complications, especially radiation retinopathy, which is common to other forms of radiotherapy in the treatment of intraocular tumors.", "contents": "Long-term observations of proton-irradiated monkey eyes. Fifteen owl monkeys (30 eyes) that received proton irradiation of discrete areas of the retina and choroid have been observed for 3 1/2 years or more after irradiation. The dose delivered to the retina varied from a single dose of 1,600 to 4,750 proton rads and from 10,250 to 18,250 rads delivered in five fractions over a period of one month. Fundus examination, fluorescein angiography, and light and electron microscopy revealed chorioretinal changes at the area of irradiation. The part of the retina adjacent to the chorioretinal scar showed preservation of normal retinal vascular architecture on trypsin digest studies of the retina and on electron microscopic examination, even 1 mm from the edge of the scar. The results of this study suggest that proton beam irradiation may markedly reduce delayed ocular complications, especially radiation retinopathy, which is common to other forms of radiotherapy in the treatment of intraocular tumors.", "PMID": 116637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12407", "title": "Modifications of vestibulo-ocular reflex induced by diazepam: experiments in the macaque.", "content": "The vestibulo-ocular reflex in the macaque was tested before and after intravenous administration of diazepam. The drug effect was marked by decrease in gain and increase in time constant of nystagmus in response to a modified B\u00e1r\u00e1ny test and by reduction in directional asymmetry of nystagmus. Because the time course of reduction in gain differed from the time course of increase in time constant, diazepam probably has more than one site of action. These results emphasize the complexity of neural processing in the vestibulo-ocular reflex arc.", "contents": "Modifications of vestibulo-ocular reflex induced by diazepam: experiments in the macaque. The vestibulo-ocular reflex in the macaque was tested before and after intravenous administration of diazepam. The drug effect was marked by decrease in gain and increase in time constant of nystagmus in response to a modified B\u00e1r\u00e1ny test and by reduction in directional asymmetry of nystagmus. Because the time course of reduction in gain differed from the time course of increase in time constant, diazepam probably has more than one site of action. These results emphasize the complexity of neural processing in the vestibulo-ocular reflex arc.", "PMID": 116638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12408", "title": "The failure of prolactin to initiate lactogenesis in the ewe.", "content": "Infusion of exogenous prolactin (NIH-P-S11) at 1 mg/h for 10 h into ewes pretreated for 30 days with oestradiol benzoate and progesterone was unable to initiate milk secretion. Similarly primed ewes injected with 10 microgram thyrotrophin releasing hormone also failed to lactate but all ewes injected with dexamethasone (10 mg daily for 5 days) after oestrogen plus progesterone treatment secreted copious quantities of milk. The results suggest that prolactin, itself, is not capable of initiating lactogenesis in the ewe.", "contents": "The failure of prolactin to initiate lactogenesis in the ewe. Infusion of exogenous prolactin (NIH-P-S11) at 1 mg/h for 10 h into ewes pretreated for 30 days with oestradiol benzoate and progesterone was unable to initiate milk secretion. Similarly primed ewes injected with 10 microgram thyrotrophin releasing hormone also failed to lactate but all ewes injected with dexamethasone (10 mg daily for 5 days) after oestrogen plus progesterone treatment secreted copious quantities of milk. The results suggest that prolactin, itself, is not capable of initiating lactogenesis in the ewe.", "PMID": 116641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12409", "title": "Selection for ethanol tolerance in two populations of Drosophila melanogaster segregating alcohol dehydrogenase allozymes.", "content": "Selection for ethanol tolerance was equally successful in two populations of D. melanogaster in both of which the frequency of AdhF was 0.5 at the start of the experiment. Increased tolerance to ethanol was not invariably associated with increased frequencies of AdhF. In one population alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity was significantly higher in three of the four selected sublines compared with their controls but there was no difference in activity between the selected and control sublines in the second population. The level of ADH activity in the control and selected lines was significantly correlated with the frequency of AdhF, but not with ethanol tolerance. These results show that adaptation to environmental alcohols in populations of D. melanogaster can be independent of the ADH system.", "contents": "Selection for ethanol tolerance in two populations of Drosophila melanogaster segregating alcohol dehydrogenase allozymes. Selection for ethanol tolerance was equally successful in two populations of D. melanogaster in both of which the frequency of AdhF was 0.5 at the start of the experiment. Increased tolerance to ethanol was not invariably associated with increased frequencies of AdhF. In one population alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity was significantly higher in three of the four selected sublines compared with their controls but there was no difference in activity between the selected and control sublines in the second population. The level of ADH activity in the control and selected lines was significantly correlated with the frequency of AdhF, but not with ethanol tolerance. These results show that adaptation to environmental alcohols in populations of D. melanogaster can be independent of the ADH system.", "PMID": 116642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12410", "title": "Measurement of diamine oxidase activity in vaginal fluid -- an aid to diagnosis of ruptured fetal membranes.", "content": "Measurement of diamine oxidase (DAO) activity in vaginal fluid as an aid to diagnosis of premature rupture of the fetal membranes was studied. In 76 patients following artificial rupture of the membranes and in 70 patients with known intact membranes, the accuracy was 100%. One hundred and forty-nine patients were admitted to hospital with suspected ruptured membranes; using the criteria outlined in this paper, 51 had ruptured membranes and in 98 the membranes were intact. The overall accuracy was 96%.", "contents": "Measurement of diamine oxidase activity in vaginal fluid -- an aid to diagnosis of ruptured fetal membranes. Measurement of diamine oxidase (DAO) activity in vaginal fluid as an aid to diagnosis of premature rupture of the fetal membranes was studied. In 76 patients following artificial rupture of the membranes and in 70 patients with known intact membranes, the accuracy was 100%. One hundred and forty-nine patients were admitted to hospital with suspected ruptured membranes; using the criteria outlined in this paper, 51 had ruptured membranes and in 98 the membranes were intact. The overall accuracy was 96%.", "PMID": 116652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12411", "title": "A review of 2,003 consecutive amniocenteses performed under ultrasonic control in late pregnancy.", "content": "A review of 2003 consecutive amniocenteses performed in late pregnancy under ultrasonic control is presented. No perinatal mortality was encountered. On this evidence the method described is suggested to be the safest available for obtaining liquor in late pregnancy.", "contents": "A review of 2,003 consecutive amniocenteses performed under ultrasonic control in late pregnancy. A review of 2003 consecutive amniocenteses performed in late pregnancy under ultrasonic control is presented. No perinatal mortality was encountered. On this evidence the method described is suggested to be the safest available for obtaining liquor in late pregnancy.", "PMID": 116653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12412", "title": "Multiplicity of induction patterns of rat liver microsomal mono-oxygenases and other polypeptides produced by administration of various xenobiotics.", "content": "Induction of hepatic microsomal mono-oxygenase species after administration of various xenobiotics is a well-documented phenomenon. To examine the number and specific species of rat liver microsomal membrane polypeptides involved in such responses, we have used sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis to analyse microsomal fractions from animals treated with a number of important xenobiotics. The following are the principal points to have emerged from this study. 1. A minimum of twelve electrophoretically distinct patterns of induction of haemopolypeptides and other polypeptides could be distinguished after administration, either singly or in certain combinations, of phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, polychlorinated biphenyls, 2-acetylaminofluorene, safrole (or isosafrole), pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile and ethanol. The patterns consisted of various permutations of the amounts of eight polypeptides of 47000-56000 mol.wt., of which at least three were haemopolypeptides. The possible identities of these polypeptides, which included species of cytochrome P-450, cytochrome P-448 and epoxide hydratase, are discussed. 2. Agents (3-methylcholanthrene, benzo[a]-pyrene, polychlorinated biphenyls, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and beta-naphthoflavone) that result in the induction of cytochrome P-448 caused a marked increase in two polypeptides of 54000 and 56000 mol.wt., whereas safrole and isosafrole induced only the former polypeptide. 3. Administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene resulted in the induction of two polypeptides; evidence is presented that suggests that one of these is a species of epoxide hydratase [cf. Levin, Lu, Thomas, Ryan, Kizer & Griffin (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 3240-3243] ANd that the other may be a novel haemopolypeptide. 4. The overall results emphasize the complexity of the responses exhibited by rat liver microsomal fractions to the administration of xenobiotics.", "contents": "Multiplicity of induction patterns of rat liver microsomal mono-oxygenases and other polypeptides produced by administration of various xenobiotics. Induction of hepatic microsomal mono-oxygenase species after administration of various xenobiotics is a well-documented phenomenon. To examine the number and specific species of rat liver microsomal membrane polypeptides involved in such responses, we have used sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis to analyse microsomal fractions from animals treated with a number of important xenobiotics. The following are the principal points to have emerged from this study. 1. A minimum of twelve electrophoretically distinct patterns of induction of haemopolypeptides and other polypeptides could be distinguished after administration, either singly or in certain combinations, of phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, polychlorinated biphenyls, 2-acetylaminofluorene, safrole (or isosafrole), pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile and ethanol. The patterns consisted of various permutations of the amounts of eight polypeptides of 47000-56000 mol.wt., of which at least three were haemopolypeptides. The possible identities of these polypeptides, which included species of cytochrome P-450, cytochrome P-448 and epoxide hydratase, are discussed. 2. Agents (3-methylcholanthrene, benzo[a]-pyrene, polychlorinated biphenyls, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and beta-naphthoflavone) that result in the induction of cytochrome P-448 caused a marked increase in two polypeptides of 54000 and 56000 mol.wt., whereas safrole and isosafrole induced only the former polypeptide. 3. Administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene resulted in the induction of two polypeptides; evidence is presented that suggests that one of these is a species of epoxide hydratase [cf. Levin, Lu, Thomas, Ryan, Kizer & Griffin (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 3240-3243] ANd that the other may be a novel haemopolypeptide. 4. The overall results emphasize the complexity of the responses exhibited by rat liver microsomal fractions to the administration of xenobiotics.", "PMID": 116655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12413", "title": "Aortic atherosclerosis in normal and spontaneously diabetic Macaca nigra.", "content": "Aortic atherosclerosis is minimal in normal Macaca nigra; development of atherosclerosis correlates with increasing severity of diabetes mellitus. The extent of aortic involvement (plaque plus sudanophilia) was quantified and compared with metabolic and clinical parameters. Increasing atherosclerosis correlated with decreasing ability to clear glucose in a tolerance test (P less than 0.01), decreasing insulin (P = 0.02), and increasing glucose (P less than 0.01) and triglycerides (P less than 0.01). A diabetic index, established as a summation of several metabolic measurements, correlated with atherosclerosis at P less than 0.001. On the average, involvement of the thoracic aorta was about 3-fold greater than in the abdominal portion; involvement reached over 40% in severely diabetic monkeys. Atherosclerosis development is unique in these monkeys since they consume a natural ration low in fat and cholesterol. Serum cholesterol did not correlate with diabetes or artherosclerosis. Increasing age alone was associated with slight sudanophila, some intima-media thickening, and occasional small lesions. However, only with increasing severity of diabetes was there significant atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Aortic atherosclerosis in normal and spontaneously diabetic Macaca nigra. Aortic atherosclerosis is minimal in normal Macaca nigra; development of atherosclerosis correlates with increasing severity of diabetes mellitus. The extent of aortic involvement (plaque plus sudanophilia) was quantified and compared with metabolic and clinical parameters. Increasing atherosclerosis correlated with decreasing ability to clear glucose in a tolerance test (P less than 0.01), decreasing insulin (P = 0.02), and increasing glucose (P less than 0.01) and triglycerides (P less than 0.01). A diabetic index, established as a summation of several metabolic measurements, correlated with atherosclerosis at P less than 0.001. On the average, involvement of the thoracic aorta was about 3-fold greater than in the abdominal portion; involvement reached over 40% in severely diabetic monkeys. Atherosclerosis development is unique in these monkeys since they consume a natural ration low in fat and cholesterol. Serum cholesterol did not correlate with diabetes or artherosclerosis. Increasing age alone was associated with slight sudanophila, some intima-media thickening, and occasional small lesions. However, only with increasing severity of diabetes was there significant atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 116665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12414", "title": "[5-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from C.acidophila. 2. Identification and characterization of reaction products].", "content": "Evidences for a phosphorolitic cleavage of 5'-MTA by a specific enzyme from C. acidophila are reported. Methylthioribose-1-phosphate and adenine have been identified as reaction products, by several analytical procedures.", "contents": "[5-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from C.acidophila. 2. Identification and characterization of reaction products]. Evidences for a phosphorolitic cleavage of 5'-MTA by a specific enzyme from C. acidophila are reported. Methylthioribose-1-phosphate and adenine have been identified as reaction products, by several analytical procedures.", "PMID": 116666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12415", "title": "Effect of glyceryl trinitrate on echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions during exercise in the upright position.", "content": "Changes in left ventricular size may be of importance in the development of angina and in its amelioration by glyceryl trinitrate, but left ventricular dimensions have not been measured during exercise in the upright position, the circumstance in which angina most often occurs. To assess changes in left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions, echocardiograms were obtained from 5 normal subjects and 6 patients with angina during rest and exercise upright, both before and after glyceryl trinitrate. The end-systolic dimension was considered an index of regional performance rather than an estimate of overall left ventricular behaviour. During exercise the end-diastolic dimension rose both in the normal subjects and in the patients. The end-systolic dimension fell progressively with exercise in the normal subjects but changed inconsistently in the patients. Glyceryl trinitrate lowered the end-diastolic dimension during exercise below comparable pretreatment values in both groups; the glyceryl trinitrate-induced decrease in end-diastolic dimension in the patients diminished at higher exercise levels. In all normal subjects and in 4 of the 6 patients with normal systolic shortening (= end-diastolic--end-systolic dimension) glyceryl trinitrate caused relatively small changes in the end-systolic dimension and systolic shortening on exercise. In contrast, in the 2 patients with hypokinetic ventricles glyceryl trinitrate conspicuously decreased the end-systolic dimension and increased systolic shortening. Thus, during exercise, in the normal subjects and in the patients with normally functioning left ventricles on echocardiography, glyceryl trinitrate caused a modest fall in the end-diastolic dimension and little change in the end-systolic dimension, but in patients with ventricular hypokinesia it greatly improved regional contractile performance. Alleviation of ischaemic hypokinesia during exercise may be an important part of the benefit of glyceryl trinitrate.", "contents": "Effect of glyceryl trinitrate on echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions during exercise in the upright position. Changes in left ventricular size may be of importance in the development of angina and in its amelioration by glyceryl trinitrate, but left ventricular dimensions have not been measured during exercise in the upright position, the circumstance in which angina most often occurs. To assess changes in left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions, echocardiograms were obtained from 5 normal subjects and 6 patients with angina during rest and exercise upright, both before and after glyceryl trinitrate. The end-systolic dimension was considered an index of regional performance rather than an estimate of overall left ventricular behaviour. During exercise the end-diastolic dimension rose both in the normal subjects and in the patients. The end-systolic dimension fell progressively with exercise in the normal subjects but changed inconsistently in the patients. Glyceryl trinitrate lowered the end-diastolic dimension during exercise below comparable pretreatment values in both groups; the glyceryl trinitrate-induced decrease in end-diastolic dimension in the patients diminished at higher exercise levels. In all normal subjects and in 4 of the 6 patients with normal systolic shortening (= end-diastolic--end-systolic dimension) glyceryl trinitrate caused relatively small changes in the end-systolic dimension and systolic shortening on exercise. In contrast, in the 2 patients with hypokinetic ventricles glyceryl trinitrate conspicuously decreased the end-systolic dimension and increased systolic shortening. Thus, during exercise, in the normal subjects and in the patients with normally functioning left ventricles on echocardiography, glyceryl trinitrate caused a modest fall in the end-diastolic dimension and little change in the end-systolic dimension, but in patients with ventricular hypokinesia it greatly improved regional contractile performance. Alleviation of ischaemic hypokinesia during exercise may be an important part of the benefit of glyceryl trinitrate.", "PMID": 116668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12416", "title": "Studies of uptake of the bretylium analogue, iodobenzyltrimethylammonium iodide, by non-primate, monkey and human hearts.", "content": "Uptake of (+/-)-[3H]-noradrenaline, [14C]-bretylium and [125I]-o-iodobenzyltrimethylammonium iodide (RIBA) by rat heart was studied by the Langendorff technique. All three compounds showed significant uptake. 2 Corticosterone and 17-beta-oestradiol inhibited the uptake of all three compounds by rat heart, a finding consistent with extraneuronal uptake (uptake2). 3 [131I]-RIBA was injected intravenously into pigs and monkeys (M. speciosus). Myocardial samples taken from pigs killed 1 and 2 h after injection showed significant uptake. No significant uptake was found in myocardial samples of monkeys killed 10 min, 2 h and 24 h, respectively, after injection. 4 Four normal human volunteers received [125I]-RIBA intravenously and the image of the precordial area was followed by means of scintillation camera for the first 4 h after injection. In two of the subjects, the scintigrams were repeated at 22 and 23 h after injection, respectively. No evidence of myocardial uptake was observed. 5 These results suggest the possibility that man and at least one other primate species may differ from lower species with regard to uptake.", "contents": "Studies of uptake of the bretylium analogue, iodobenzyltrimethylammonium iodide, by non-primate, monkey and human hearts. Uptake of (+/-)-[3H]-noradrenaline, [14C]-bretylium and [125I]-o-iodobenzyltrimethylammonium iodide (RIBA) by rat heart was studied by the Langendorff technique. All three compounds showed significant uptake. 2 Corticosterone and 17-beta-oestradiol inhibited the uptake of all three compounds by rat heart, a finding consistent with extraneuronal uptake (uptake2). 3 [131I]-RIBA was injected intravenously into pigs and monkeys (M. speciosus). Myocardial samples taken from pigs killed 1 and 2 h after injection showed significant uptake. No significant uptake was found in myocardial samples of monkeys killed 10 min, 2 h and 24 h, respectively, after injection. 4 Four normal human volunteers received [125I]-RIBA intravenously and the image of the precordial area was followed by means of scintillation camera for the first 4 h after injection. In two of the subjects, the scintigrams were repeated at 22 and 23 h after injection, respectively. No evidence of myocardial uptake was observed. 5 These results suggest the possibility that man and at least one other primate species may differ from lower species with regard to uptake.", "PMID": 116669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12417", "title": "Ferritin, a sensitizing substance in the leucocyte migration inhibition test in patients with malignant lymphoma.", "content": "The nature of the factor in Hodgkin's disease involved spleen to which many patients with malignant lymphoma react in the leucocyte migration inhibition test has been investigated. Our results suggest that ferritin from Hodgkin's disease involved spleens is antigenically different to that prepared from normal spleen. Isoelectric focusing shows the presence of more acidic 'isoferritins' in ferritin prepared from Hodgkin's disease involved spleen than in that prepared from normal spleen. Further observations using the leucocyte migration inhibition test suggest that sensitization to the abnormal ferritin, acting as an onco-fetal tumour associated substance, may be responsible for the reaction of patients with malignant lymphoma in this test.", "contents": "Ferritin, a sensitizing substance in the leucocyte migration inhibition test in patients with malignant lymphoma. The nature of the factor in Hodgkin's disease involved spleen to which many patients with malignant lymphoma react in the leucocyte migration inhibition test has been investigated. Our results suggest that ferritin from Hodgkin's disease involved spleens is antigenically different to that prepared from normal spleen. Isoelectric focusing shows the presence of more acidic 'isoferritins' in ferritin prepared from Hodgkin's disease involved spleen than in that prepared from normal spleen. Further observations using the leucocyte migration inhibition test suggest that sensitization to the abnormal ferritin, acting as an onco-fetal tumour associated substance, may be responsible for the reaction of patients with malignant lymphoma in this test.", "PMID": 116671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12418", "title": "Pituitary gonadotrophins and prolactin in patients with endometrial cancer, fibroids or ovarian tumours.", "content": "The serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and, prolactin (PRL) were measured before and after gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation in 17 patients with endometrial cancer, in 15 patients with uterine fibroids, in 11 patients with ovarian cystadenomas or cancer and in 14 age-matched controls. The women with fibroids had a low FSH level and a diminished FSH response to GnRH but an excessive PRL response to TRH while the other patient groups did not differ from the controls. The results indicate no relation between pituitary function and endometrial or ovarian tumor.", "contents": "Pituitary gonadotrophins and prolactin in patients with endometrial cancer, fibroids or ovarian tumours. The serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and, prolactin (PRL) were measured before and after gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation in 17 patients with endometrial cancer, in 15 patients with uterine fibroids, in 11 patients with ovarian cystadenomas or cancer and in 14 age-matched controls. The women with fibroids had a low FSH level and a diminished FSH response to GnRH but an excessive PRL response to TRH while the other patient groups did not differ from the controls. The results indicate no relation between pituitary function and endometrial or ovarian tumor.", "PMID": 116672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12419", "title": "Immunological activity to different corneal antigens in patients with corneal diseases.", "content": "Patients suffering from various corneal diseases and waiting for keratoplasty have been immunologically investigated in order to establish sensitisation to corneal antigens. The presence of lymphocytes sensitised to the soluble from human corneas, bovine corneal epithelium, and bovine corneal stroma, which all possess common antigenicity, could be demonstrated in 30%, 50%, and 23%, respectively, of all patients. In none of these patients could a positive plasma antibody titre to human corneal antigens be detected. The results suggest the dominance of T-lymphocyte activity. No correlation was found between the degree of corneal vascularisation and the presence of sensitised lymphocytes to human corneal antigens. Arrangement of the patients according to diagnosis showed that especially those suffering from herpes simplex virus keratitis reacted positively to human corneal antigens. A possible explanation is given. Lymphocytes of controls showed no or only very low stimulation with the soluble fractions of human corneas or bovine corneal stromas. The soluble fraction of bovine corneal epithelium stimulated the lymphocytes of 6 out of 19 controls. The elimination of the donor corneal epithelium before transplantation may be beneficial in view of the involvement of histocompatibility antigens.", "contents": "Immunological activity to different corneal antigens in patients with corneal diseases. Patients suffering from various corneal diseases and waiting for keratoplasty have been immunologically investigated in order to establish sensitisation to corneal antigens. The presence of lymphocytes sensitised to the soluble from human corneas, bovine corneal epithelium, and bovine corneal stroma, which all possess common antigenicity, could be demonstrated in 30%, 50%, and 23%, respectively, of all patients. In none of these patients could a positive plasma antibody titre to human corneal antigens be detected. The results suggest the dominance of T-lymphocyte activity. No correlation was found between the degree of corneal vascularisation and the presence of sensitised lymphocytes to human corneal antigens. Arrangement of the patients according to diagnosis showed that especially those suffering from herpes simplex virus keratitis reacted positively to human corneal antigens. A possible explanation is given. Lymphocytes of controls showed no or only very low stimulation with the soluble fractions of human corneas or bovine corneal stromas. The soluble fraction of bovine corneal epithelium stimulated the lymphocytes of 6 out of 19 controls. The elimination of the donor corneal epithelium before transplantation may be beneficial in view of the involvement of histocompatibility antigens.", "PMID": 116673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12420", "title": "Tyrosyluria in marasmus.", "content": "1. Plasma tyrosine and urinary p-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid (PHPLA) and p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (PHPAA) were studied in thirty patients with marasmus and twenty normal controls in the same age group. 2. In the control group conventional tyrosyluria was not observed but 30% of the group excreted high levels of PHPAA. In the group with marasmus, plasma tyrosine and urinary PHPLA and PHPAA values were signigificantly higher than the control values. However only 13.3% of the patients were considered to have conventional tyrosyluria and 52.3% were found to excrete high levels of PHPAA. 3. Administration of ascorbic acid resulted in a reduction of PHPLA excretion while it had no effect on PHPAA excretion. 4. It was inferred that (a) tyrosyluria in marasmus is due to the reduced activity of the hepatic enzyme 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate: oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, decarboxylating) (PHPAA-oxidase; EC 1.13.11.27) due to the deficiency of ascorbic acid and (b) high excretion of PHPAA is related to age and nutrition of the child and is unaffected by the administration of ascorbic acid. 5. It was further inferred that urinary excretion of PHPLA is a reliable index of tyrosyluria.", "contents": "Tyrosyluria in marasmus. 1. Plasma tyrosine and urinary p-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid (PHPLA) and p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (PHPAA) were studied in thirty patients with marasmus and twenty normal controls in the same age group. 2. In the control group conventional tyrosyluria was not observed but 30% of the group excreted high levels of PHPAA. In the group with marasmus, plasma tyrosine and urinary PHPLA and PHPAA values were signigificantly higher than the control values. However only 13.3% of the patients were considered to have conventional tyrosyluria and 52.3% were found to excrete high levels of PHPAA. 3. Administration of ascorbic acid resulted in a reduction of PHPLA excretion while it had no effect on PHPAA excretion. 4. It was inferred that (a) tyrosyluria in marasmus is due to the reduced activity of the hepatic enzyme 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate: oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, decarboxylating) (PHPAA-oxidase; EC 1.13.11.27) due to the deficiency of ascorbic acid and (b) high excretion of PHPAA is related to age and nutrition of the child and is unaffected by the administration of ascorbic acid. 5. It was further inferred that urinary excretion of PHPLA is a reliable index of tyrosyluria.", "PMID": 116674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12421", "title": "Studies on prolactin. Selective reduction of the disulfide bonds of the ovine hormone.", "content": "Methods for selective reduction of the disulfide bonds in ovine prolactin are reported. Cleavage of all three disulfide bonds abolishes biological activity and denatures the hormone. Reduction-carbamidomethylation of one or two of the disulfide bridges does not diminish the biological activities in the pigeon crop-sac and mouse mammary gland bioassays. When compared to the native hormone, monomers of these two partially reduced-carbamidomethylated derivatives also show only modest changes in properties measured by exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism, and immunological cross-reactivities. However, cleavage of cystine-4--11 and cystine-191--199, followed by carbamidomethylation, destroys the biological activity of this derivative in a teleost fish bioassay (Gillichthys urinary bladder). In contrast, reduction of cystine-4--11 actually increased the teleost potency of this derivative compared to the intact hormone. Since teleost prolactin appears to lack a homologue to the cystine-4--11 disulfide bond in the amino-terminal loop of the ovine hormone, selective reduction of this bond in ovine prolactin may produce a derivative whose properties more closely resemble the fish hormone.", "contents": "Studies on prolactin. Selective reduction of the disulfide bonds of the ovine hormone. Methods for selective reduction of the disulfide bonds in ovine prolactin are reported. Cleavage of all three disulfide bonds abolishes biological activity and denatures the hormone. Reduction-carbamidomethylation of one or two of the disulfide bridges does not diminish the biological activities in the pigeon crop-sac and mouse mammary gland bioassays. When compared to the native hormone, monomers of these two partially reduced-carbamidomethylated derivatives also show only modest changes in properties measured by exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism, and immunological cross-reactivities. However, cleavage of cystine-4--11 and cystine-191--199, followed by carbamidomethylation, destroys the biological activity of this derivative in a teleost fish bioassay (Gillichthys urinary bladder). In contrast, reduction of cystine-4--11 actually increased the teleost potency of this derivative compared to the intact hormone. Since teleost prolactin appears to lack a homologue to the cystine-4--11 disulfide bond in the amino-terminal loop of the ovine hormone, selective reduction of this bond in ovine prolactin may produce a derivative whose properties more closely resemble the fish hormone.", "PMID": 116675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12422", "title": "Physical-chemical characterization and carbohydrate-binding activity of the A and B subunits of the Bandeiraea simplificolia I isolectins.", "content": "Bandeiraea simplicifolia I plant seed isolectins comprise a family of tetrameric alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-binding glycoproteins composed of various combinations of teo different kinds of subunits designated A and B. Subtypes of the A (Aa, Ab, Ac, Ad, and Ae) and B (Ba, Bb, Bc, Bd, and Be) subunits were demotypes varies from seed to seed (e.g., some seeds contain only B subunits, others only A subunits), subtypes Ac and Bc predominate in a natural mixture of the isolectins. Two-dimensional agar gel diffusion studies indicate that, in addition to common structural features, each subunit contains its own distinct antigenic determinants. Although the A and B subunits have closely similar amino acid compositions, they differ markedly in one respect: the B subunit has one methionine residue whereas the A subunit contains no methionine. The neutral carbohydrate content of both subunits is identical. The ability of biopolymers and synthetic glycoproteins to precipitate A4 and B4, as well as the capacity of sugars and oligosaccharides to inhibit precipitate formation, was examined. On the basis of these studies, it is suggested that hydrogen bonding occurs between the hydrogen atoms of the C-3 and C-4 hydroxyl groups of alpha-D-GalNAcp and alpha-D-galp units and the A and B subunits, respectively.", "contents": "Physical-chemical characterization and carbohydrate-binding activity of the A and B subunits of the Bandeiraea simplificolia I isolectins. Bandeiraea simplicifolia I plant seed isolectins comprise a family of tetrameric alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-binding glycoproteins composed of various combinations of teo different kinds of subunits designated A and B. Subtypes of the A (Aa, Ab, Ac, Ad, and Ae) and B (Ba, Bb, Bc, Bd, and Be) subunits were demotypes varies from seed to seed (e.g., some seeds contain only B subunits, others only A subunits), subtypes Ac and Bc predominate in a natural mixture of the isolectins. Two-dimensional agar gel diffusion studies indicate that, in addition to common structural features, each subunit contains its own distinct antigenic determinants. Although the A and B subunits have closely similar amino acid compositions, they differ markedly in one respect: the B subunit has one methionine residue whereas the A subunit contains no methionine. The neutral carbohydrate content of both subunits is identical. The ability of biopolymers and synthetic glycoproteins to precipitate A4 and B4, as well as the capacity of sugars and oligosaccharides to inhibit precipitate formation, was examined. On the basis of these studies, it is suggested that hydrogen bonding occurs between the hydrogen atoms of the C-3 and C-4 hydroxyl groups of alpha-D-GalNAcp and alpha-D-galp units and the A and B subunits, respectively.", "PMID": 116677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12423", "title": "The respiration of brain mitochondria and its regulation by monovalent cation transport.", "content": "The Na+ and K+ permeability properties of rat brain mitochondria were determined to explain the influences of these cations upon respiration. A new procedure for isolating exceptionally intact mitochondria with minimal contamination by synaptosomes was developed for this purpose. Respiration was uncoupled by Na+ and less so by K+. Uncoupling was maximal in the presence of EDTA plus Pi and was decreased by Mg2+. Maximal uncoupler-stimulated respiration rates were inhibited by Na+ but largely unaffected by K+. The inhibition by Na+ was relatively insensitive to Mg2+. Membrane Na+ and K+ conductances as well as neutral exchanges (Na+/H+ and K+/H+ antiport activities) were determined by swelling measurements and correlated with metabolic effects of the cations. Cation conductance, i.e. electrophoretic Na+ or K+ permeation, was increased by EDTA (Na+ greater than K+) and decreased by Mg2+. Magnesium preferentially suppressed Na+ conductance so as to reverse the cation selectivity (K+ greater than Na+). Neutral cation/H+ exchange rates (Na+ greater than K+) were not influenced by chelator or Mg2+. The extent of cation-dependent uncoupling of respiration correlated best with the inner membrane conductance of the ion according to an empirical relationship derived with the model K+ conductor valinomycin. The metabolic influences of Na+ and K+ can be explained in terms of coupled flow of these ions with protons and their effect upon the H+ electrochemical gradient although alternative possibilities are discussed. These in vitro studies are compared to previous observations in situ to assess their physiological significance.", "contents": "The respiration of brain mitochondria and its regulation by monovalent cation transport. The Na+ and K+ permeability properties of rat brain mitochondria were determined to explain the influences of these cations upon respiration. A new procedure for isolating exceptionally intact mitochondria with minimal contamination by synaptosomes was developed for this purpose. Respiration was uncoupled by Na+ and less so by K+. Uncoupling was maximal in the presence of EDTA plus Pi and was decreased by Mg2+. Maximal uncoupler-stimulated respiration rates were inhibited by Na+ but largely unaffected by K+. The inhibition by Na+ was relatively insensitive to Mg2+. Membrane Na+ and K+ conductances as well as neutral exchanges (Na+/H+ and K+/H+ antiport activities) were determined by swelling measurements and correlated with metabolic effects of the cations. Cation conductance, i.e. electrophoretic Na+ or K+ permeation, was increased by EDTA (Na+ greater than K+) and decreased by Mg2+. Magnesium preferentially suppressed Na+ conductance so as to reverse the cation selectivity (K+ greater than Na+). Neutral cation/H+ exchange rates (Na+ greater than K+) were not influenced by chelator or Mg2+. The extent of cation-dependent uncoupling of respiration correlated best with the inner membrane conductance of the ion according to an empirical relationship derived with the model K+ conductor valinomycin. The metabolic influences of Na+ and K+ can be explained in terms of coupled flow of these ions with protons and their effect upon the H+ electrochemical gradient although alternative possibilities are discussed. These in vitro studies are compared to previous observations in situ to assess their physiological significance.", "PMID": 116678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12424", "title": "Anaerobic hydrogenase activity in Anacystis nidulans. H2-dependent photoreduction and related reactions.", "content": "1. Anaerobic hydrogenase activity in whole cells and cell-free preparations of H2-induced Anacystis was studied both manometrically and spectrophotometrically in presence of physiological and artificial electron acceptors. 2. Up to 90% of the activity measured in crude extracts were recovered in the chlorophyll-containing membrane fraction after centrifugation (144 000 X g, 3 h). 3. Reduction of methyl viologen, diquat, ferredoxin, nitrite and NADP by the membranes was light dependent while oxidants of more positive redox potential were reduced also in the dark. 4. Evolution of H2 by the membranes was obtained with dithionite and with reduced methyl viologen; the reaction was stimulated by detergents. 5. Both uptake and evolution of H2 were sensitive to O2, CO, and thiolblocking agents. The H2-dependent reductions were inhibited also by the plastoquinone antagonist dibromothymoquinone, while the ferredoxin inhibitor disalicylidenepropanediamine affected the photoreduction of nitrite and NADP only. 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea did not inhibit any one of the H2-dependent reactions. 6. The results present evidence for a membrane-bound 'photoreduction' hydrogenase in H2-induced Anacystis. The enzyme apparently initiates a light-driven electron flow from H2 to various low-potential acceptors including endogenous ferredoxin.", "contents": "Anaerobic hydrogenase activity in Anacystis nidulans. H2-dependent photoreduction and related reactions. 1. Anaerobic hydrogenase activity in whole cells and cell-free preparations of H2-induced Anacystis was studied both manometrically and spectrophotometrically in presence of physiological and artificial electron acceptors. 2. Up to 90% of the activity measured in crude extracts were recovered in the chlorophyll-containing membrane fraction after centrifugation (144 000 X g, 3 h). 3. Reduction of methyl viologen, diquat, ferredoxin, nitrite and NADP by the membranes was light dependent while oxidants of more positive redox potential were reduced also in the dark. 4. Evolution of H2 by the membranes was obtained with dithionite and with reduced methyl viologen; the reaction was stimulated by detergents. 5. Both uptake and evolution of H2 were sensitive to O2, CO, and thiolblocking agents. The H2-dependent reductions were inhibited also by the plastoquinone antagonist dibromothymoquinone, while the ferredoxin inhibitor disalicylidenepropanediamine affected the photoreduction of nitrite and NADP only. 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea did not inhibit any one of the H2-dependent reactions. 6. The results present evidence for a membrane-bound 'photoreduction' hydrogenase in H2-induced Anacystis. The enzyme apparently initiates a light-driven electron flow from H2 to various low-potential acceptors including endogenous ferredoxin.", "PMID": 116679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12425", "title": "Aerobic hydrogenase activity in Anacystis nidulans. The oxyhydrogen reaction.", "content": "1. The oxyhydrogen reaction of Anacystis nidulans was studied manometrically and polarographically in whole cells and in cell-free preparations; the activity was found to be associated with the particulate fraction. 2. Besides O2, the isolated membranes reduced artificial electron acceptors of positive redox potential; the reactions were unaffected by O2 levels less than 10--15%; aerobically the artificial acceptors were reduced simultaneously with O2. 3. H2-supported O2 uptake was inhibited by CO, KCN and 2-n-heptyl-8-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide. Inhibition by CO was partly reversed by strong light. Uncouplers stimulated the oxyhydrogen reaction. 4. The kinetic properties of O2 uptake by isolated membranes were the same in presence of H2 and of other respiratory substrates. 5. Low rates of H2 evolution by the membrane preparations were found in presence of dithionite; methyl viologen stimulated the reaction. 6. The results indicate that under certain growth conditions Anacystis synthesizes a membrane-bound hydrogenase which appears to be involved in phosphorylative electron flow from H2 to O2 through the respiratory chain.", "contents": "Aerobic hydrogenase activity in Anacystis nidulans. The oxyhydrogen reaction. 1. The oxyhydrogen reaction of Anacystis nidulans was studied manometrically and polarographically in whole cells and in cell-free preparations; the activity was found to be associated with the particulate fraction. 2. Besides O2, the isolated membranes reduced artificial electron acceptors of positive redox potential; the reactions were unaffected by O2 levels less than 10--15%; aerobically the artificial acceptors were reduced simultaneously with O2. 3. H2-supported O2 uptake was inhibited by CO, KCN and 2-n-heptyl-8-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide. Inhibition by CO was partly reversed by strong light. Uncouplers stimulated the oxyhydrogen reaction. 4. The kinetic properties of O2 uptake by isolated membranes were the same in presence of H2 and of other respiratory substrates. 5. Low rates of H2 evolution by the membrane preparations were found in presence of dithionite; methyl viologen stimulated the reaction. 6. The results indicate that under certain growth conditions Anacystis synthesizes a membrane-bound hydrogenase which appears to be involved in phosphorylative electron flow from H2 to O2 through the respiratory chain.", "PMID": 116680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12426", "title": "Two regimens of electrogenic cyclic redox chain operation in chromatophores of non-sulfur purple bacteria. A study using antimycin A.", "content": "Antimycin A causes a biphasic suppression of the light-induced membrane potential generation in Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides chromatophores incubated anerobically. The first phase is observed at low antibiotic concentrations and is apparently due to its action as a cyclic electron transfer inhibitor. The second phase is manifested at concentrations which are greater than 1--2 muM and is due to uncoupling that may be connected with an antibiotic-induced dissipation of the electrochemical H+ gradient across the chromatophore membrane. The inhibitory effect of antimycin added at low concentrations under aerobic conditions is removed by succinate to a large extent. It is expected that the electrogenic cyclic redox chain in the bacterial chromatophores incubed under conditions of continuous illumination may function at two regimes: (1) as a complete chain involving all the redox components, and (2) as a shortened chain involving only the P-870 photoreaction center, ubiquinone and cytochrome c2.", "contents": "Two regimens of electrogenic cyclic redox chain operation in chromatophores of non-sulfur purple bacteria. A study using antimycin A. Antimycin A causes a biphasic suppression of the light-induced membrane potential generation in Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides chromatophores incubated anerobically. The first phase is observed at low antibiotic concentrations and is apparently due to its action as a cyclic electron transfer inhibitor. The second phase is manifested at concentrations which are greater than 1--2 muM and is due to uncoupling that may be connected with an antibiotic-induced dissipation of the electrochemical H+ gradient across the chromatophore membrane. The inhibitory effect of antimycin added at low concentrations under aerobic conditions is removed by succinate to a large extent. It is expected that the electrogenic cyclic redox chain in the bacterial chromatophores incubed under conditions of continuous illumination may function at two regimes: (1) as a complete chain involving all the redox components, and (2) as a shortened chain involving only the P-870 photoreaction center, ubiquinone and cytochrome c2.", "PMID": 116681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12427", "title": "Short-lived delayed luminescence of photosynthetic organisms. I. Nanosecond afterglows in purple bacteria at low redox potentials.", "content": "A combined study of emissions of purple bacteria Rhodospirillum rubrum, Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii and Thiocapsa roseopersicina was performed under conditions of low potential. It has been shown that a considerable part of the emission represents a delayed luminescence with a lifetime of about 5 ns and an activation energy delta E = 0.05 +/- 0.03 eV. Intensity of this delayed luminescence is approximately equal to that of prompt fluorescence. It diminishes as temperature decreases and also as the intermediate acceptor I becomes reduced after prolonged illumination under low potential conditions. This luminescence represents a radiative decay of the intermediate state, PF, and the luminescence activation energy, delta E, reflects the energy barrier between P*-890 and PF. The value of this barrier determined in the present work is much lower than those obtained previously [3,4,26] for the free-energy release during the primary act of charge separation, basing on redox potential techniques. The reason for this discrepancy is discussed. Delayed luminescence in the picosecond time range is predicted to exist under conditions of active photosynthesis as a result of a small (approx. 0.05 eV) energy barrier between PF and the excited singlet state of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll.", "contents": "Short-lived delayed luminescence of photosynthetic organisms. I. Nanosecond afterglows in purple bacteria at low redox potentials. A combined study of emissions of purple bacteria Rhodospirillum rubrum, Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii and Thiocapsa roseopersicina was performed under conditions of low potential. It has been shown that a considerable part of the emission represents a delayed luminescence with a lifetime of about 5 ns and an activation energy delta E = 0.05 +/- 0.03 eV. Intensity of this delayed luminescence is approximately equal to that of prompt fluorescence. It diminishes as temperature decreases and also as the intermediate acceptor I becomes reduced after prolonged illumination under low potential conditions. This luminescence represents a radiative decay of the intermediate state, PF, and the luminescence activation energy, delta E, reflects the energy barrier between P*-890 and PF. The value of this barrier determined in the present work is much lower than those obtained previously [3,4,26] for the free-energy release during the primary act of charge separation, basing on redox potential techniques. The reason for this discrepancy is discussed. Delayed luminescence in the picosecond time range is predicted to exist under conditions of active photosynthesis as a result of a small (approx. 0.05 eV) energy barrier between PF and the excited singlet state of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll.", "PMID": 116682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12428", "title": "The ability of the mitochondrial Ca2+-binding glycoprotein to restore Ca2+ transport in glycoprotein-depleted rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Rat liver mitochondria may be subfractionated in sediment and supernatant fractions by swelling in the presence of EDTA and oxaloacetate. The sediment is largely depleted of the Ca2+-binding glycoprotein and its Ca2+-transporting activity may be as low as 10--20% of the starting value. Both the rate of Ca2+ uptake and the capacity to maintain a high Ca2+ concentration gradient across the membrane are depressed. Addition of an osmotic supernatant to the assay mixture may partially restore the original Ca2+-transporting ability. The active component in the supernatant is the Ca2+-binding glycoprotein. This is shown by the following facts: (a) the effect is enhanced by the addition of the purified glycoprotein to the supernatant; (b) precipitation of the glycoprotein from the supernatant by affinity chromatography-purified antibodies abolishes the stimulatory effect, and (c) in the presence of 130 microM Mg2+, the glycoprotein alone may restore fully the Ca2+-transporting ability of the particles. The maximal velocity is already reached at 0.1 microgram glycoprotein/mg mitochondrial protein.", "contents": "The ability of the mitochondrial Ca2+-binding glycoprotein to restore Ca2+ transport in glycoprotein-depleted rat liver mitochondria. Rat liver mitochondria may be subfractionated in sediment and supernatant fractions by swelling in the presence of EDTA and oxaloacetate. The sediment is largely depleted of the Ca2+-binding glycoprotein and its Ca2+-transporting activity may be as low as 10--20% of the starting value. Both the rate of Ca2+ uptake and the capacity to maintain a high Ca2+ concentration gradient across the membrane are depressed. Addition of an osmotic supernatant to the assay mixture may partially restore the original Ca2+-transporting ability. The active component in the supernatant is the Ca2+-binding glycoprotein. This is shown by the following facts: (a) the effect is enhanced by the addition of the purified glycoprotein to the supernatant; (b) precipitation of the glycoprotein from the supernatant by affinity chromatography-purified antibodies abolishes the stimulatory effect, and (c) in the presence of 130 microM Mg2+, the glycoprotein alone may restore fully the Ca2+-transporting ability of the particles. The maximal velocity is already reached at 0.1 microgram glycoprotein/mg mitochondrial protein.", "PMID": 116683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12429", "title": "Studies on polyamine biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis.", "content": "Euglene gracilis (strain Z) was found to contain five polyamines which could be separated by high-pressure cation-exchange chromatography. 1,3-Diaminopropane, putrescine, norspermidine (N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-diaminopropane), spermidine and norspermine (N,N'-bis(aminopropyl)-1,3-diaminopropane) were identified. Biosynthesis of putrescine in E. gracilis proceeds through decarboxylation of L-ornithine, no arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) activity could be detected. The properties of the enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50) in this alga were found to be similar to those of the enzymes isolated from animal tissues or yeast cells. A bioxynthetic scheme is proposed which relates the different polyamines occurring in E. gracilis.", "contents": "Studies on polyamine biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. Euglene gracilis (strain Z) was found to contain five polyamines which could be separated by high-pressure cation-exchange chromatography. 1,3-Diaminopropane, putrescine, norspermidine (N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-diaminopropane), spermidine and norspermine (N,N'-bis(aminopropyl)-1,3-diaminopropane) were identified. Biosynthesis of putrescine in E. gracilis proceeds through decarboxylation of L-ornithine, no arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) activity could be detected. The properties of the enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50) in this alga were found to be similar to those of the enzymes isolated from animal tissues or yeast cells. A bioxynthetic scheme is proposed which relates the different polyamines occurring in E. gracilis.", "PMID": 116684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12430", "title": "The effects of platinum complexes on seven enzymes.", "content": "The effects of K2PtCl4, cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2, and trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 on the activities of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, dihydrofolate reductase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, catalase, tyrosinase, and peroxidase have been investigated. All of the enzymes which are thought to have essential sulfhydryl groups (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) were significantly inhibited by K2PtCl4. The other four enzymes studied are not known to have essential sulfhydryl groups, and were not significantly affected by the Pt compounds under the conditions employed. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was the only enzyme inhibited by all three Pt compounds tested, with K2PtCl4 being the most effective and cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 the least effective inhibitor. Semilogarithmic plots of residual activity versus inhibition time indicated that the inhibition reactions were not simple first-order processes, except for the inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by K2PtCl4 which appeared to be first-order with respect to enzyme concentration.", "contents": "The effects of platinum complexes on seven enzymes. The effects of K2PtCl4, cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2, and trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 on the activities of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, dihydrofolate reductase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, catalase, tyrosinase, and peroxidase have been investigated. All of the enzymes which are thought to have essential sulfhydryl groups (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) were significantly inhibited by K2PtCl4. The other four enzymes studied are not known to have essential sulfhydryl groups, and were not significantly affected by the Pt compounds under the conditions employed. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was the only enzyme inhibited by all three Pt compounds tested, with K2PtCl4 being the most effective and cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 the least effective inhibitor. Semilogarithmic plots of residual activity versus inhibition time indicated that the inhibition reactions were not simple first-order processes, except for the inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by K2PtCl4 which appeared to be first-order with respect to enzyme concentration.", "PMID": 116685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12431", "title": "Effect of growth rate on lipid and lipoteichoic acid composition in Streptococcus faecium.", "content": "The lipid composition of Streptococcus faecium (S. faecalis ATCC 9790) was analyzed at various growth rates. Diphosphatidylglycerol and the non-ionic lipid fraction containing diacylglycerols and neutral glycolipids appeared to accumulate relative to cellular mass as the culture mass doubling time increased from 30 to 80 min. Within the same range of doubling times the non-ionic lipid fraction appeared to become substantially enriched with diacylglycerols. All lipid species and cellular lipoteichoic acid accumulated relative to the cellular mass at doubling times exceeding 80 min, although diacylglycerol accumulation exceeded that of all other compounds studied.", "contents": "Effect of growth rate on lipid and lipoteichoic acid composition in Streptococcus faecium. The lipid composition of Streptococcus faecium (S. faecalis ATCC 9790) was analyzed at various growth rates. Diphosphatidylglycerol and the non-ionic lipid fraction containing diacylglycerols and neutral glycolipids appeared to accumulate relative to cellular mass as the culture mass doubling time increased from 30 to 80 min. Within the same range of doubling times the non-ionic lipid fraction appeared to become substantially enriched with diacylglycerols. All lipid species and cellular lipoteichoic acid accumulated relative to the cellular mass at doubling times exceeding 80 min, although diacylglycerol accumulation exceeded that of all other compounds studied.", "PMID": 116686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12432", "title": "Electrophoretic cell separation by means of microspheres.", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility of fixed human erythrocytes immunologically labeled with poly(vinylpyridine) or poly(glutaraldehyde) microspheres was reduced by approximately 40%. This observation was utilized in preparative scale electrophoretic separations of fixed human and turkey erythrocytes, the mobilities of which under normal physiological conditions do not differ sufficiently to allow their separation by continuous flow electrophoresis. We suggest that resolution in the electrophoretic separation of cell subpopulations, currently limited by finite and often overlapping mobility distributions, may be significantly enhanced by immunospecific labeling of target populations using microspheres.", "contents": "Electrophoretic cell separation by means of microspheres. The electrophoretic mobility of fixed human erythrocytes immunologically labeled with poly(vinylpyridine) or poly(glutaraldehyde) microspheres was reduced by approximately 40%. This observation was utilized in preparative scale electrophoretic separations of fixed human and turkey erythrocytes, the mobilities of which under normal physiological conditions do not differ sufficiently to allow their separation by continuous flow electrophoresis. We suggest that resolution in the electrophoretic separation of cell subpopulations, currently limited by finite and often overlapping mobility distributions, may be significantly enhanced by immunospecific labeling of target populations using microspheres.", "PMID": 116687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12433", "title": "The role of 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase in 5'-methylthioadenosine-mediated inhibition of lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "To determine if increased 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity in activated lymphocytes may be responsible for the decreased inhibitory effect noted when 5'-methylthioadenosine is added after stimulation, the activity of this enzyme was monitored during lymphocyte transformation. A direct correlation existed between the transformation process and 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity; the longer the stimulation process progressed, the phosphorylase activity; the longer the stimulation process progressed, the greater the enzyme activity. The 7-deaza analog of 5'-methylthioadenosine, 5'-methylthiotubercidin, was utilized to explore further the role that the phosphorylase may play in the reversal process. 5'-Methylthiotubercidin acted as a potent inhibitor, but not a substrate, of the 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, and was an even more potent inhibitor of lymphocyte transformation than 5'-methylthioadenosine. However, in direct contrast to the 5'-methylthioadenosine effect, inhibition by 5'-methylthiotubercidin could not be completely reversed. These data suggest the 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase plays an important role in reversing 5'-methylthioadenosine-mediated inhibition and that the potent, nonreversible inhibitory effects of 5'-methylthiotubercidin are due to its resistance to 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase degradation.", "contents": "The role of 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase in 5'-methylthioadenosine-mediated inhibition of lymphocyte transformation. To determine if increased 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity in activated lymphocytes may be responsible for the decreased inhibitory effect noted when 5'-methylthioadenosine is added after stimulation, the activity of this enzyme was monitored during lymphocyte transformation. A direct correlation existed between the transformation process and 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity; the longer the stimulation process progressed, the phosphorylase activity; the longer the stimulation process progressed, the greater the enzyme activity. The 7-deaza analog of 5'-methylthioadenosine, 5'-methylthiotubercidin, was utilized to explore further the role that the phosphorylase may play in the reversal process. 5'-Methylthiotubercidin acted as a potent inhibitor, but not a substrate, of the 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, and was an even more potent inhibitor of lymphocyte transformation than 5'-methylthioadenosine. However, in direct contrast to the 5'-methylthioadenosine effect, inhibition by 5'-methylthiotubercidin could not be completely reversed. These data suggest the 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase plays an important role in reversing 5'-methylthioadenosine-mediated inhibition and that the potent, nonreversible inhibitory effects of 5'-methylthiotubercidin are due to its resistance to 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase degradation.", "PMID": 116688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12434", "title": "A mathematical model of the optokinetic reflex.", "content": "The role of the optokinetic reflex (OKR) is that of cooperating with the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in the task of image stabilization on the retina during head rotations in a stationary visual surround. Since the dynamics of VOR was already well established, it has been possible to make a broad estimation of what the dynamics of OKR should be in order to obtain the performances observed in normal subjects. A mathematical model of OKR has been presented, and the experimental results obtained by Raphan et al. (1977) in the monkey and by Collins et al. (1970) in man were used to validate the model and to obtain a precise estimation of its parameters.", "contents": "A mathematical model of the optokinetic reflex. The role of the optokinetic reflex (OKR) is that of cooperating with the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in the task of image stabilization on the retina during head rotations in a stationary visual surround. Since the dynamics of VOR was already well established, it has been possible to make a broad estimation of what the dynamics of OKR should be in order to obtain the performances observed in normal subjects. A mathematical model of OKR has been presented, and the experimental results obtained by Raphan et al. (1977) in the monkey and by Collins et al. (1970) in man were used to validate the model and to obtain a precise estimation of its parameters.", "PMID": 116689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12435", "title": "[Coordinate regulation of riboflavin permease and alpha-glucosidase synthesis in the yeast Pichia guilliermondii].", "content": "Riboflavin permease of the yeast Pichia guilliermondii appear to be inducible transport system. Its synthesis is induced by sucrose, maltose, alpha-methyl-D-glocoside, melizitose and raffinose, but not by D-glucose, trehalose or cellobiose. The synthesis of riboflavin permease in the presence of sucrose of maltose is depressed by cycloheximide, actinomycin D and 8-hydroxyquinoline. These results suggest that the synthesis of riboflavin permease is regulated on the transcription level. The inducers of riboflavin permease are also able to induce the synthesis of alpha-glucosidase. The mutants have been selected in which the synthesis of riboflavin permease occurs constitutively; the synthesis of alpha-glucosidase in the mutants is also constitutive. Growing of the yeast in a medium with high content of glucose results in a parallel decrease of the riboflavin permease and alpha -- glucosidase activities. These data are indicative of corrdinate regulation of riboflavin permease and alpha -- glucosidase in P. guilliermondii. Suboptimal or excessive content of vitamin B2 in the medium does not affect the level of riboflavin permease in this yeast species.", "contents": "[Coordinate regulation of riboflavin permease and alpha-glucosidase synthesis in the yeast Pichia guilliermondii]. Riboflavin permease of the yeast Pichia guilliermondii appear to be inducible transport system. Its synthesis is induced by sucrose, maltose, alpha-methyl-D-glocoside, melizitose and raffinose, but not by D-glucose, trehalose or cellobiose. The synthesis of riboflavin permease in the presence of sucrose of maltose is depressed by cycloheximide, actinomycin D and 8-hydroxyquinoline. These results suggest that the synthesis of riboflavin permease is regulated on the transcription level. The inducers of riboflavin permease are also able to induce the synthesis of alpha-glucosidase. The mutants have been selected in which the synthesis of riboflavin permease occurs constitutively; the synthesis of alpha-glucosidase in the mutants is also constitutive. Growing of the yeast in a medium with high content of glucose results in a parallel decrease of the riboflavin permease and alpha -- glucosidase activities. These data are indicative of corrdinate regulation of riboflavin permease and alpha -- glucosidase in P. guilliermondii. Suboptimal or excessive content of vitamin B2 in the medium does not affect the level of riboflavin permease in this yeast species.", "PMID": 116690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12436", "title": "Inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis of dimethylbenzanthracene treated rats with a brominated triphenylethylene.", "content": "Daily administration of a brominated triphenylethylene (TBP), to rats which received 20 mg of DMBA p. o. inhibits mammary carcinogenesis. The effect appears even with very small doses (i ppm in the diet) and seems to be dose related. With one exception (an adenofibroma) the tumours in control and treated animals were malignant. Administration of TBP prevents the appearance of corporea lutea in the ovaries but not the usual necrosis of the adrenal cortex.", "contents": "Inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis of dimethylbenzanthracene treated rats with a brominated triphenylethylene. Daily administration of a brominated triphenylethylene (TBP), to rats which received 20 mg of DMBA p. o. inhibits mammary carcinogenesis. The effect appears even with very small doses (i ppm in the diet) and seems to be dose related. With one exception (an adenofibroma) the tumours in control and treated animals were malignant. Administration of TBP prevents the appearance of corporea lutea in the ovaries but not the usual necrosis of the adrenal cortex.", "PMID": 116693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12437", "title": "Altered arachidonate metabolism by platelets in patients with myeloproliferative disorders.", "content": "Platelet lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways were investigated by the incubation of 1(-14) C-arachidonic acid with washed platelets in 33 patients with myeloproliferative disorders, including 14 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 12 with polycythemia vera (PV), 4 with essential thrombocythemia (ET), and 3 with myelofibrosis (MF). In patients with MF and CML, mean activities of the lipoxygenase pathway were significantly lower when compared with normal controls (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01, respectively). When a normal range of the activity was defined as mean +/- 2 SD, all patients with MF, 8 with CML, 6 with PV, and 1 with ET showed decreased lipoxygenase activities, while activities of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway were decreased in one of each patient with CML, PV, and ET. In 4 of 10 patients with a selective lipoxygenase deficiency, platelets were aggregated by lower concentrations of arachidonic acid than those necessary to induce normal platelet aggregation. It is suggested that the lipoxygenase activity could modulate platelet functions through its effect on arachidonate metabolism by the cyclo-oxygenase pathway and that a selective lipoxygenase deficiency could offer a mechanism for hyperfunction of the platelet, which may lead to a thrombotic tendency, one of the common features of myeloproliferative disorders.", "contents": "Altered arachidonate metabolism by platelets in patients with myeloproliferative disorders. Platelet lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways were investigated by the incubation of 1(-14) C-arachidonic acid with washed platelets in 33 patients with myeloproliferative disorders, including 14 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 12 with polycythemia vera (PV), 4 with essential thrombocythemia (ET), and 3 with myelofibrosis (MF). In patients with MF and CML, mean activities of the lipoxygenase pathway were significantly lower when compared with normal controls (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01, respectively). When a normal range of the activity was defined as mean +/- 2 SD, all patients with MF, 8 with CML, 6 with PV, and 1 with ET showed decreased lipoxygenase activities, while activities of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway were decreased in one of each patient with CML, PV, and ET. In 4 of 10 patients with a selective lipoxygenase deficiency, platelets were aggregated by lower concentrations of arachidonic acid than those necessary to induce normal platelet aggregation. It is suggested that the lipoxygenase activity could modulate platelet functions through its effect on arachidonate metabolism by the cyclo-oxygenase pathway and that a selective lipoxygenase deficiency could offer a mechanism for hyperfunction of the platelet, which may lead to a thrombotic tendency, one of the common features of myeloproliferative disorders.", "PMID": 116695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12438", "title": "Enzymes of the purine interconversion system in chronic lymphatic leukemia: decreased purine nucleoside phosphorylase and adenosine deaminase activity.", "content": "Activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA), adenosine kinase (AK), adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), all enzymes of the purine interconversion system, were determined in lymphocytes of 25 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) and in 23 controls. A statistically significant decrease of PNP activities and a reduction of ADA activities at borderline levels were found in the patients, whereas for the other enzymes assayed no deviation from normal values was observed.", "contents": "Enzymes of the purine interconversion system in chronic lymphatic leukemia: decreased purine nucleoside phosphorylase and adenosine deaminase activity. Activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA), adenosine kinase (AK), adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), all enzymes of the purine interconversion system, were determined in lymphocytes of 25 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) and in 23 controls. A statistically significant decrease of PNP activities and a reduction of ADA activities at borderline levels were found in the patients, whereas for the other enzymes assayed no deviation from normal values was observed.", "PMID": 116697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12439", "title": "Vasoactive material present in the glomerula caudalia of the Vervet monkey.", "content": "Complex encapsulated neurovascular structures, glomus organs, occur in superficial and deep positions in many species. No direct evidence for their function exists. In skin they may serve thermoregulation by the reason for their structural complexity remains obscure. The concept of a local humoral circulatory control mechanism postulated on the basis of a very high acetylcholine content reported for human glomera coccygia has been investigated in homologous caudal glomus organs in monkey. No acetylcholine was detected. The organs contained 3-4 times the concentration of catecholamine (mainly noradrenaline) found in nearby vessels. Neither structure nor content of vasoactive component gives any support for an endocrine function.", "contents": "Vasoactive material present in the glomerula caudalia of the Vervet monkey. Complex encapsulated neurovascular structures, glomus organs, occur in superficial and deep positions in many species. No direct evidence for their function exists. In skin they may serve thermoregulation by the reason for their structural complexity remains obscure. The concept of a local humoral circulatory control mechanism postulated on the basis of a very high acetylcholine content reported for human glomera coccygia has been investigated in homologous caudal glomus organs in monkey. No acetylcholine was detected. The organs contained 3-4 times the concentration of catecholamine (mainly noradrenaline) found in nearby vessels. Neither structure nor content of vasoactive component gives any support for an endocrine function.", "PMID": 116696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12440", "title": "Sexual disturbances in temporal lobe epilepsy:a controlled study.", "content": "Seventy cases each of temporal lobe epilepsy and grand mal epilepsy were studied for their sexual functioning. The two groups were similar as regards age, sex, duration of illness, frequency of seizures and menstrual and marital history. A significantly greater number of temporal lobe epileptics were found to be hyposexual. They had a global loss of performance and interest in the sexual sphere and showed no concern over it. One case in the group of temporal lobe eiplepsy, as against none in the other group, was hypersexual. There were no cases of sexual deviations in either of the groups. The findings of the study are discussed in the light of the relevant literature.", "contents": "Sexual disturbances in temporal lobe epilepsy:a controlled study. Seventy cases each of temporal lobe epilepsy and grand mal epilepsy were studied for their sexual functioning. The two groups were similar as regards age, sex, duration of illness, frequency of seizures and menstrual and marital history. A significantly greater number of temporal lobe epileptics were found to be hyposexual. They had a global loss of performance and interest in the sexual sphere and showed no concern over it. One case in the group of temporal lobe eiplepsy, as against none in the other group, was hypersexual. There were no cases of sexual deviations in either of the groups. The findings of the study are discussed in the light of the relevant literature.", "PMID": 116699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12441", "title": "Fine needle catheter jejunostomy--an assessment of a new method of nutritional support after major gastrointestinal surgery.", "content": "The results of our experience with the technique of fine needle catheter jejunostomy and early postoperative feeding through the catheter over a 12-month period are presented. Of the 43 patiening with an elemental diet without complications, 3 (7 per cent) were not fed for different reasons and 13 (30 per cent) developed complications that led to temporary or permanent cessation of the feeding. One patient in this group died of inhalation pneumonia. The voluntary food intake of 12 of the patients who were fed by jejunostomy after major colorectal surgery was assessed daily for 2 weeks after operation and compared with that of 12 control patients who did not have nutritional support. No significant difference in voluntary food intake was found between the two groups. The changes in body composition and plasma proteins and the clinical outcome of 20 of the patients fed by jejunostomy after major colorectal surgery were also compared with those of 20 matched controls. Body weight and lean body mass (as assessed by total body potassium and arm muscle circumference) and plasma prealbumin fell significantly in the control patients but not in those fed by jejunostomy. However, plasma transferrin decreased in both groups and there was no significant difference in clinical outcome in terms of complication rate or duration of postoperative hospital stay. The study would suggest that this technique of jejunostomy feeding should be reserved for selected cases where it may prove to be of real value, rather than being used routinely.", "contents": "Fine needle catheter jejunostomy--an assessment of a new method of nutritional support after major gastrointestinal surgery. The results of our experience with the technique of fine needle catheter jejunostomy and early postoperative feeding through the catheter over a 12-month period are presented. Of the 43 patiening with an elemental diet without complications, 3 (7 per cent) were not fed for different reasons and 13 (30 per cent) developed complications that led to temporary or permanent cessation of the feeding. One patient in this group died of inhalation pneumonia. The voluntary food intake of 12 of the patients who were fed by jejunostomy after major colorectal surgery was assessed daily for 2 weeks after operation and compared with that of 12 control patients who did not have nutritional support. No significant difference in voluntary food intake was found between the two groups. The changes in body composition and plasma proteins and the clinical outcome of 20 of the patients fed by jejunostomy after major colorectal surgery were also compared with those of 20 matched controls. Body weight and lean body mass (as assessed by total body potassium and arm muscle circumference) and plasma prealbumin fell significantly in the control patients but not in those fed by jejunostomy. However, plasma transferrin decreased in both groups and there was no significant difference in clinical outcome in terms of complication rate or duration of postoperative hospital stay. The study would suggest that this technique of jejunostomy feeding should be reserved for selected cases where it may prove to be of real value, rather than being used routinely.", "PMID": 116701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12442", "title": "Multi-element analysis of the living body by neutron activation analysis-application to critically ill patients receiving intravenous nutrition.", "content": "Neutron activation analysis has been used to determine the total content in the body of N, K, Na, Cl, P and Ca in 25 critically ill surgical patients before and after a 14-day course of intravenous nutrition. Muscle elemental composition was also determined in these patients at the same time as the total body analysis. Over the 14-day period of intravenous feeding the total body contents of all the measured elements increased (2-9.7 per cent) but only the increase in K was statistically significant. Muscle chemistry suggested an intracellular K depletion which was corrected over the study period. The results of the total body multi-element analysis were interpreted to show a mean gain of 1.25 l of extracellular fluid and 0.51 l of intracellular fluid and direct measurement of total body water suggested that this interpretation was probably valid. The first application of the technique to patients with nutritional and metabolic problems has quantified the weight gained by two body compartments during a 2-week period of intravenous nutrition. Its further application should help to solve a number of nutritional and metabolic problems in clinical surgery.", "contents": "Multi-element analysis of the living body by neutron activation analysis-application to critically ill patients receiving intravenous nutrition. Neutron activation analysis has been used to determine the total content in the body of N, K, Na, Cl, P and Ca in 25 critically ill surgical patients before and after a 14-day course of intravenous nutrition. Muscle elemental composition was also determined in these patients at the same time as the total body analysis. Over the 14-day period of intravenous feeding the total body contents of all the measured elements increased (2-9.7 per cent) but only the increase in K was statistically significant. Muscle chemistry suggested an intracellular K depletion which was corrected over the study period. The results of the total body multi-element analysis were interpreted to show a mean gain of 1.25 l of extracellular fluid and 0.51 l of intracellular fluid and direct measurement of total body water suggested that this interpretation was probably valid. The first application of the technique to patients with nutritional and metabolic problems has quantified the weight gained by two body compartments during a 2-week period of intravenous nutrition. Its further application should help to solve a number of nutritional and metabolic problems in clinical surgery.", "PMID": 116702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12443", "title": "Failure of iron to promote attachment of gonococci to human spermatozoa under physiological conditions.", "content": "The effect of iron on the attachment of gonococci to human spermatozoa was investigated using the three iron salts, ferric chloride, ferric nitrate, and ammonium ferric citrate (AFC). Ferric chloride and ferric nitrate were found to be unsuitable for such studies because they were insoluble at physiological pH values, produced a marked decrease in the pH of unbuffered medium (Ringer's solution), and agglutinated spermatozoa. AFC, in contrast, was soluble at physiological pH, did not affect the pH value of Ringer's solution, and did not agglunate spermatozoa. When gonococci and spermatozoa were mixed together in media with and without AFC, the proportion of spermatozoa with adherent gonococci was approximately the same in each case. Thus, in contrast to previous report, we have found that the addition of iron does not increase the attachment of gonococci to human spermatozoa.", "contents": "Failure of iron to promote attachment of gonococci to human spermatozoa under physiological conditions. The effect of iron on the attachment of gonococci to human spermatozoa was investigated using the three iron salts, ferric chloride, ferric nitrate, and ammonium ferric citrate (AFC). Ferric chloride and ferric nitrate were found to be unsuitable for such studies because they were insoluble at physiological pH values, produced a marked decrease in the pH of unbuffered medium (Ringer's solution), and agglutinated spermatozoa. AFC, in contrast, was soluble at physiological pH, did not affect the pH value of Ringer's solution, and did not agglunate spermatozoa. When gonococci and spermatozoa were mixed together in media with and without AFC, the proportion of spermatozoa with adherent gonococci was approximately the same in each case. Thus, in contrast to previous report, we have found that the addition of iron does not increase the attachment of gonococci to human spermatozoa.", "PMID": 116704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12444", "title": "Frequency of simultaneous carriage of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis.", "content": "Gonococci were found by culture in 112 of 442 patients suspected of having gonorrhoea. Meningococci were cultured from the pharynx more than twice as often in patients harbouring gonococci (26%) than in patients from whom gonococci could not be cultured (11%). These results could indicate an individual susceptibility to Neisseria organisms or they could be caused by a difference in the behaviour of patients with and without gonorrhoea, the conduct of the former making them not only more likely to be infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae but possibly more exposed to Neisseria meningitidis as well.", "contents": "Frequency of simultaneous carriage of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. Gonococci were found by culture in 112 of 442 patients suspected of having gonorrhoea. Meningococci were cultured from the pharynx more than twice as often in patients harbouring gonococci (26%) than in patients from whom gonococci could not be cultured (11%). These results could indicate an individual susceptibility to Neisseria organisms or they could be caused by a difference in the behaviour of patients with and without gonorrhoea, the conduct of the former making them not only more likely to be infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae but possibly more exposed to Neisseria meningitidis as well.", "PMID": 116705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12445", "title": "Meningococcal colonisation misdiagnosed as gonococcal pharyngeal infection.", "content": "Three cases of pharyngeal gonorrhoea were misdiagnosed in patients harbouring meningococci which failed to utilise maltose in CTA medium. The microbiological identity of the isolates was established by other means. Although meningococci giving atypical reactions to carbohydrate utilisation tests occur only rarely, the possibility of a misdiagnosis of gonorrhea, and its social and legal repercussions, should be considered.", "contents": "Meningococcal colonisation misdiagnosed as gonococcal pharyngeal infection. Three cases of pharyngeal gonorrhoea were misdiagnosed in patients harbouring meningococci which failed to utilise maltose in CTA medium. The microbiological identity of the isolates was established by other means. Although meningococci giving atypical reactions to carbohydrate utilisation tests occur only rarely, the possibility of a misdiagnosis of gonorrhea, and its social and legal repercussions, should be considered.", "PMID": 116706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12446", "title": "Single-dose minocycline in the treatment of gonococcal urethritis. Clinical efficacy in relation to bacterial resistance and its effects on associated Chlamydia trachomatis infections.", "content": "Seventy-two men with gonococcal urethritis were given a single 300-mg dose of minocycline. The failure rate was 13% and the trial was terminated at an early stage. Failure was correlated with increased resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to minocycline. The activity of penicillin, spectinomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, rosamicin, thiamphenicol, and piperacillin against N. gonorrhoeae were examined in vitro. With the exception of spectinomycin, parallel patterns of resistance to the other antibiotics and minocycline were found. Resistance to spectinomycin was not found, confirming the usefulness of this antibiotic in the treatment of gonorrhoea. The incidence of PGU was significantly lower after a single dose of minocycline than in previous studies.", "contents": "Single-dose minocycline in the treatment of gonococcal urethritis. Clinical efficacy in relation to bacterial resistance and its effects on associated Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Seventy-two men with gonococcal urethritis were given a single 300-mg dose of minocycline. The failure rate was 13% and the trial was terminated at an early stage. Failure was correlated with increased resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to minocycline. The activity of penicillin, spectinomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, rosamicin, thiamphenicol, and piperacillin against N. gonorrhoeae were examined in vitro. With the exception of spectinomycin, parallel patterns of resistance to the other antibiotics and minocycline were found. Resistance to spectinomycin was not found, confirming the usefulness of this antibiotic in the treatment of gonorrhoea. The incidence of PGU was significantly lower after a single dose of minocycline than in previous studies.", "PMID": 116707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12447", "title": "Staphylococcus saprophyticus in the aetiology of nongonococcal urethritis.", "content": "The occurrence of Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urethral specimens of 252 men attending a venereal disease clinic was studied. When using a selective broth medium containing novobiocin and nalidixic acid, Staph. saprophyticus was isolated from 20.8% of 178 men with symptoms of urethritis and from 14.9% of 74 men without such symptoms. Staph. saprophyticus was found significantly less often in controls (7.1% of 56) than in the men with symptoms of urethritis. In the 35 men from whom Staph. saprophyticus was recovered more than 10 leucocytes per high power field in urethral smears occurred more often than in those from whom this organism, or either of the other two agents, were not isolated. No differences were found in the symptoms reported by the men harbouring Staph. saprophyticus or C. trachomatis or those with negative cultures. The results of the present study tend to suggest that Staph. saprophyticus is the aetiological agent of some cases of nongonococcal urethritis.", "contents": "Staphylococcus saprophyticus in the aetiology of nongonococcal urethritis. The occurrence of Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urethral specimens of 252 men attending a venereal disease clinic was studied. When using a selective broth medium containing novobiocin and nalidixic acid, Staph. saprophyticus was isolated from 20.8% of 178 men with symptoms of urethritis and from 14.9% of 74 men without such symptoms. Staph. saprophyticus was found significantly less often in controls (7.1% of 56) than in the men with symptoms of urethritis. In the 35 men from whom Staph. saprophyticus was recovered more than 10 leucocytes per high power field in urethral smears occurred more often than in those from whom this organism, or either of the other two agents, were not isolated. No differences were found in the symptoms reported by the men harbouring Staph. saprophyticus or C. trachomatis or those with negative cultures. The results of the present study tend to suggest that Staph. saprophyticus is the aetiological agent of some cases of nongonococcal urethritis.", "PMID": 116708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12448", "title": "Mapping of local cerebral functional activity by measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization with [14C]deoxyglucose.", "content": "A method has been developed to measure the rates of glucose utilization in the individual structural and functional components of the central nervous system. It can be applied to conscious as well as anaesthetized animals. The method is based on the use of [14C]deoxyglucose as a tracer for glucose consumption. [14C]Deoxyglucose-6-phosphate accumulates in the tissue in a mathematically definable relationship to the rate of the tissue's glucose utilization. The [14C]deoxyglucose-6-phosphate concentrations in the various tissues of the nervous system are measured by a quantitative autoradiographic technique. The autoradiographs themselves are pictorial representations of the relative rates of glucose consumption in these tissues. Application of this method to rats and monkeys in various states of altered function demonstrates a clear and close relationship between the local levels of functional activity and energy metabolism. The method appears to be useful for mapping functional neural pathways on the basis of evoked metabolic responses (Plum, Gjedde and Samson, 1976).", "contents": "Mapping of local cerebral functional activity by measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization with [14C]deoxyglucose. A method has been developed to measure the rates of glucose utilization in the individual structural and functional components of the central nervous system. It can be applied to conscious as well as anaesthetized animals. The method is based on the use of [14C]deoxyglucose as a tracer for glucose consumption. [14C]Deoxyglucose-6-phosphate accumulates in the tissue in a mathematically definable relationship to the rate of the tissue's glucose utilization. The [14C]deoxyglucose-6-phosphate concentrations in the various tissues of the nervous system are measured by a quantitative autoradiographic technique. The autoradiographs themselves are pictorial representations of the relative rates of glucose consumption in these tissues. Application of this method to rats and monkeys in various states of altered function demonstrates a clear and close relationship between the local levels of functional activity and energy metabolism. The method appears to be useful for mapping functional neural pathways on the basis of evoked metabolic responses (Plum, Gjedde and Samson, 1976).", "PMID": 116709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12449", "title": "Memory disorder in Korsakoff's psychosis: a neuropathological and neuropsychological investigation of two cases.", "content": "Neuropathological findings in the brains of two alcoholic patients with Korsakoff's psychosis are reported. Their memory defects had been studied in detail quantitatively over a period of nine years in one case and three years in the other, relevant details of which are presented. Both patients had had a relatively pure long-term memory impairment in the absence of other cognitive deficits and in the absence of a short-term memory impairment. Their retrograde amnesia for public events and famous faces had been measured and found to have extended backwards over at least twenty-five years. There was severe impairment in anterograde recognition memory for both verbal and non-verbal material. On a newly prepared memory quotient battery both patients had scored well below the bottom of the normal scale (less than 60, where 100 is the mean with a standard deviation of +/- 15). Both patients had also shown the characteristic differential improvement in retention when tested by cued recall and also the characteristic 'prior learning effect', i.e. normal retention of one list of words when tested by cued recall but impaired retention of a second list sharing the same cues as the first list. There had been a slight but significant deterioration in intelligence in one of the patients in the two years prior to his death, although his IQ still fell within the normal range. The other patient remained undeteriorated until his death, and his IQ also was close to an estimated measure of his premorbid IQ. In the brains of both patients there was marked gliosis, shrinkage and discolouration bilaterally in the medial nuclei of the mammillary bodies. In addition there was a thin band of gliosis bilaterally between the wall of the third ventricle and the medial dorsal nucleus, the rostral limit lying anterior to the medial dorsal nucleus. In the patient with no intellectual deterioration these were the only pathological changes that were seen. In neither patient was there evident local loss of nerve cells, gliosis or any other qualitative evidence of abnormality in the hippocampi, the white matter of the temporal lobes or the greater part of the medial dorsal nuclei, although it is difficult to be certain whether there was any overlap between the band of gliosis and the most medial region of the medial dorsal nueleus and other adjacent thalamic nuclei. In the other patient there was also a small zone of softening in the cerebellum and an increase in astrocytes in other regions of the cerebral hemispheres, including the basal ganglia, amygdala, and brain-stem, but without noticeable loss of cells. The question of the minimal lesion for the alcoholic Korsakoff amnesic state, and some aspects of the related anatomy, is discussed in the context of other reports in the literature which are, however, difficult to assess in the absence of details of the specificity, severity and character of the memory disorders.", "contents": "Memory disorder in Korsakoff's psychosis: a neuropathological and neuropsychological investigation of two cases. Neuropathological findings in the brains of two alcoholic patients with Korsakoff's psychosis are reported. Their memory defects had been studied in detail quantitatively over a period of nine years in one case and three years in the other, relevant details of which are presented. Both patients had had a relatively pure long-term memory impairment in the absence of other cognitive deficits and in the absence of a short-term memory impairment. Their retrograde amnesia for public events and famous faces had been measured and found to have extended backwards over at least twenty-five years. There was severe impairment in anterograde recognition memory for both verbal and non-verbal material. On a newly prepared memory quotient battery both patients had scored well below the bottom of the normal scale (less than 60, where 100 is the mean with a standard deviation of +/- 15). Both patients had also shown the characteristic differential improvement in retention when tested by cued recall and also the characteristic 'prior learning effect', i.e. normal retention of one list of words when tested by cued recall but impaired retention of a second list sharing the same cues as the first list. There had been a slight but significant deterioration in intelligence in one of the patients in the two years prior to his death, although his IQ still fell within the normal range. The other patient remained undeteriorated until his death, and his IQ also was close to an estimated measure of his premorbid IQ. In the brains of both patients there was marked gliosis, shrinkage and discolouration bilaterally in the medial nuclei of the mammillary bodies. In addition there was a thin band of gliosis bilaterally between the wall of the third ventricle and the medial dorsal nucleus, the rostral limit lying anterior to the medial dorsal nucleus. In the patient with no intellectual deterioration these were the only pathological changes that were seen. In neither patient was there evident local loss of nerve cells, gliosis or any other qualitative evidence of abnormality in the hippocampi, the white matter of the temporal lobes or the greater part of the medial dorsal nuclei, although it is difficult to be certain whether there was any overlap between the band of gliosis and the most medial region of the medial dorsal nueleus and other adjacent thalamic nuclei. In the other patient there was also a small zone of softening in the cerebellum and an increase in astrocytes in other regions of the cerebral hemispheres, including the basal ganglia, amygdala, and brain-stem, but without noticeable loss of cells. The question of the minimal lesion for the alcoholic Korsakoff amnesic state, and some aspects of the related anatomy, is discussed in the context of other reports in the literature which are, however, difficult to assess in the absence of details of the specificity, severity and character of the memory disorders.", "PMID": 116710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12450", "title": "Plasticity in speech organization following commissurotomy.", "content": "For three-and-a-half years we have been studying the cognitive and conscious mechanisms in a remarkable 18-year-old man: Case P.S. This unique individual had his corpus callosum divided in order to control intractable epilepsy. Although for some time after the operation he appeared like other split-brain patients, unable to describe verbally stimuli directed to his mute right hemisphere, he behaved as if he was capable of comprehending a wide range of language-related stimuli directed to that hemisphere. Spelling by choosing the appropriate letters with his left hand, he could process nouns, verbs, rhymes, antonyms, and superordinate concepts. When asked about tachistoscopic presentations delivered to his left visual field, he either said he had seen nothing, or only a flash of light. He was also unable to identify verbally tactile 'sterognostic' inputs to his left hand. In the last year P.S. has begun to speak about stimuli directed to his right hemisphere. This series of experiments suggests that this speech is not interhemispheric transfer within the visual modality. Further, plotting the relative increased proficiency of verbal description of inputs directed to the right hemisphere, this speech system seems to be in a process of continuing development.", "contents": "Plasticity in speech organization following commissurotomy. For three-and-a-half years we have been studying the cognitive and conscious mechanisms in a remarkable 18-year-old man: Case P.S. This unique individual had his corpus callosum divided in order to control intractable epilepsy. Although for some time after the operation he appeared like other split-brain patients, unable to describe verbally stimuli directed to his mute right hemisphere, he behaved as if he was capable of comprehending a wide range of language-related stimuli directed to that hemisphere. Spelling by choosing the appropriate letters with his left hand, he could process nouns, verbs, rhymes, antonyms, and superordinate concepts. When asked about tachistoscopic presentations delivered to his left visual field, he either said he had seen nothing, or only a flash of light. He was also unable to identify verbally tactile 'sterognostic' inputs to his left hand. In the last year P.S. has begun to speak about stimuli directed to his right hemisphere. This series of experiments suggests that this speech is not interhemispheric transfer within the visual modality. Further, plotting the relative increased proficiency of verbal description of inputs directed to the right hemisphere, this speech system seems to be in a process of continuing development.", "PMID": 116711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12451", "title": "Visual areas in the temporal cortex of the macaque.", "content": "Visual receptive fields and responsiveness of neurons to somesthetic and auditory stimuli were studied in the inferior temporal cortex and adjacent regions of immobilized macaques. Neurons throughout cytoarchitectonic area TE were responsive only to visual stimuli and had large receptive fields that almost always included the center of gaze and usually extended into both visual half-fields. There was no indication of any visuotopic organization within area TE. Neurons in an anterior and in a dorsal portion of TE tended to have larger receptive fields. By contrast, dorsal, ventral and anterior to area TE, units often responded to somesthetic and auditory as well as to visual stimuli. In these regions visual receptive fields were even larger than in TE and often included the entire visual field. Posterior to TE the neurons were exclusively visual and had much smaller receptive fields that were confined to the contralateral visual field and were topographically organized.", "contents": "Visual areas in the temporal cortex of the macaque. Visual receptive fields and responsiveness of neurons to somesthetic and auditory stimuli were studied in the inferior temporal cortex and adjacent regions of immobilized macaques. Neurons throughout cytoarchitectonic area TE were responsive only to visual stimuli and had large receptive fields that almost always included the center of gaze and usually extended into both visual half-fields. There was no indication of any visuotopic organization within area TE. Neurons in an anterior and in a dorsal portion of TE tended to have larger receptive fields. By contrast, dorsal, ventral and anterior to area TE, units often responded to somesthetic and auditory as well as to visual stimuli. In these regions visual receptive fields were even larger than in TE and often included the entire visual field. Posterior to TE the neurons were exclusively visual and had much smaller receptive fields that were confined to the contralateral visual field and were topographically organized.", "PMID": 116712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12452", "title": "Effects of interruption of the nigrostriatal pathway and of dopaminergic agents on the spontaneous activity of globus pallidus neurons in the awake monkey.", "content": "Interruption of the nigrostriatal pathway has been shown to change parameters of striatal activity. These changes are often difficult to explain because the functional structure of the striatum is not understood sufficiently. The function of the globus pallidus appears to be simpler. It transmits the output of the striatum to the thalamus and to the midbrain. Yet the effects of interruption of the nigrostriatal pathway on the activity of pallidal neurons are unknown. To study these effects the spontaneous activity of globus pallidus neurons was recorded in intact monkeys and in monkeys with lesions of the ventromedial midbrain tegmentum. The two groups of animals were studied with and without administration of dopaminergic agents. In intact monkeys medial pallidal neurons discharge uninterruptedly at high firing rates, while the discharge of most lateral pallidal neurons is interrupted by relatively long periods of silence. Lesions involving the nigrostriatal pathway change the firing patterns but not the mean firing rates of pallidal neurons. In lesioned monkeys pallidal neurons fire in bursts continuously: during movement, rest and sleepiness. Two lines of evidence strongly suggest that the bursting pallidal activities are a consequence of the interruption of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway: (1) the percentage of bursting pallidal neurons is proportional to the amount of degeneration in the pars compacta of the ipsilateral substantia nigra; (2) chronic administration of dopamine antagonists, haloperidol and reserpine, reproduces in intact monkeys the bursting activities observed in lesioned animals. On the other hand, single injections of dopamine agonists, apomorphine and piribedil, silence the medial pallidum and concomittantly abolish the signs of parkinsonism displayed by lesioned monkeys.", "contents": "Effects of interruption of the nigrostriatal pathway and of dopaminergic agents on the spontaneous activity of globus pallidus neurons in the awake monkey. Interruption of the nigrostriatal pathway has been shown to change parameters of striatal activity. These changes are often difficult to explain because the functional structure of the striatum is not understood sufficiently. The function of the globus pallidus appears to be simpler. It transmits the output of the striatum to the thalamus and to the midbrain. Yet the effects of interruption of the nigrostriatal pathway on the activity of pallidal neurons are unknown. To study these effects the spontaneous activity of globus pallidus neurons was recorded in intact monkeys and in monkeys with lesions of the ventromedial midbrain tegmentum. The two groups of animals were studied with and without administration of dopaminergic agents. In intact monkeys medial pallidal neurons discharge uninterruptedly at high firing rates, while the discharge of most lateral pallidal neurons is interrupted by relatively long periods of silence. Lesions involving the nigrostriatal pathway change the firing patterns but not the mean firing rates of pallidal neurons. In lesioned monkeys pallidal neurons fire in bursts continuously: during movement, rest and sleepiness. Two lines of evidence strongly suggest that the bursting pallidal activities are a consequence of the interruption of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway: (1) the percentage of bursting pallidal neurons is proportional to the amount of degeneration in the pars compacta of the ipsilateral substantia nigra; (2) chronic administration of dopamine antagonists, haloperidol and reserpine, reproduces in intact monkeys the bursting activities observed in lesioned animals. On the other hand, single injections of dopamine agonists, apomorphine and piribedil, silence the medial pallidum and concomittantly abolish the signs of parkinsonism displayed by lesioned monkeys.", "PMID": 116713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12453", "title": "Laminar origins and terminations of cortical connections of the occipital lobe in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Cortical connections within the occipital lobe (areas 17, 18 and 19) of the rhesus monkey are investigated with the autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase procedures. Two efferent systems, each with a specific laminar organization, are observed. (1) Rostrally directed connections, from area 17 to 18, area 18 to 19 and area 19 to the inferotemporal region (area TE), originate from neurons in layer IIIc (and, in area 19, from a small complement of neurons in layer Va), and terminate in and around layer IV. (2) In contrast, connections in the reverse direction ('caudally directed' connections), from area TE to 19, area 19 to 18, and area 18 to 17, originate from neurons in layers Vb, VI and, to a lesser extent, IIIa, and terminate mainly in layer I. In addition, the laminar organization of several intrinsic and callosal connections are observed. In trinsic connections within areas 18 and 19 originate from neurons in layers IIIc and, to a lesser extent, Va, and terminate in vertical bands in layers I to IV. Callosal connections from areas 18, 19, and the caudal inferotemporal region originate from neurons mainly in layer IIIc. From areas 18 and 19, these callosal connections terminate in vertical bands in layers I through IV. Thus, different cortical projection systems are characterized by specific laminar distributions of efferent terminations as well as of their neurons of origin.", "contents": "Laminar origins and terminations of cortical connections of the occipital lobe in the rhesus monkey. Cortical connections within the occipital lobe (areas 17, 18 and 19) of the rhesus monkey are investigated with the autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase procedures. Two efferent systems, each with a specific laminar organization, are observed. (1) Rostrally directed connections, from area 17 to 18, area 18 to 19 and area 19 to the inferotemporal region (area TE), originate from neurons in layer IIIc (and, in area 19, from a small complement of neurons in layer Va), and terminate in and around layer IV. (2) In contrast, connections in the reverse direction ('caudally directed' connections), from area TE to 19, area 19 to 18, and area 18 to 17, originate from neurons in layers Vb, VI and, to a lesser extent, IIIa, and terminate mainly in layer I. In addition, the laminar organization of several intrinsic and callosal connections are observed. In trinsic connections within areas 18 and 19 originate from neurons in layers IIIc and, to a lesser extent, Va, and terminate in vertical bands in layers I to IV. Callosal connections from areas 18, 19, and the caudal inferotemporal region originate from neurons mainly in layer IIIc. From areas 18 and 19, these callosal connections terminate in vertical bands in layers I through IV. Thus, different cortical projection systems are characterized by specific laminar distributions of efferent terminations as well as of their neurons of origin.", "PMID": 116716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12454", "title": "Use of a spectrophotometer for radiographic photodensitometry of bone.", "content": "A conventional spectrophotometer was used to do radiographic photodensitometry of bone mass. An experiment to produce osteoporosis in guinea pigs required quantification of changes in bone mass. Lack of a densitometer necessitated finding another method for quantification. The method developed involved using industrial film in a closed X-ray system. Optical density of X-rays was then read in a spectrophotometer at nine femur locations. Highly significant correlations between optical density and femur calcium content and femur dry weight per millimeter were obtained. Histological sections from an animal with low optical density measurements confirmed bone loss by showing decreased cortical width and loss of trabecular bone. In addition to using readily available equipment, this method offers the advantage of being able to detect bone loss in specific areas of the bones. In addition, bones are left intact and can be used for other purposes.", "contents": "Use of a spectrophotometer for radiographic photodensitometry of bone. A conventional spectrophotometer was used to do radiographic photodensitometry of bone mass. An experiment to produce osteoporosis in guinea pigs required quantification of changes in bone mass. Lack of a densitometer necessitated finding another method for quantification. The method developed involved using industrial film in a closed X-ray system. Optical density of X-rays was then read in a spectrophotometer at nine femur locations. Highly significant correlations between optical density and femur calcium content and femur dry weight per millimeter were obtained. Histological sections from an animal with low optical density measurements confirmed bone loss by showing decreased cortical width and loss of trabecular bone. In addition to using readily available equipment, this method offers the advantage of being able to detect bone loss in specific areas of the bones. In addition, bones are left intact and can be used for other purposes.", "PMID": 116726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12455", "title": "Precipitation of calcium phosphates from electrolyte solutions. V. The influence of citrate ions.", "content": "The influence of citrate ions on the precipitation of crystalline apatitic precipitates with low Ca/P molar ratios [octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and calcium-deficient apatites (DA) (system A)] and of the intercrystalline mixtures of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and DA (system B) was investigated. Samples were prepared by direct mixing of calcium chloride solutions (A, 6.10(-3) mol dm-3; B, 1.10(-1) mol dm-3) and sodium phosphate solutions (A, 6.10(-3) mol dm-3; B, 2.10(-2) mol dm-3) containing citrate (0-2.10(-3) mol dm-3) and preadjusted to pH 7.4. In the presence of citrate ions: (a) crystal growth of OCP and DA was slowed down; (b) habit modification of DCPD crystals occurred; and (c) equilibration in intercrystalline mixtures of DCPD and DA's was slowed down. All phenomena were caused by surface adsorption of negatively charged ions, most probably CaC6H5O7-, which is the prevalent calcium citrate species under the given experimental conditions. Habit modification of DCPD was induced by preferential adsorption at the (001) crystal plane.", "contents": "Precipitation of calcium phosphates from electrolyte solutions. V. The influence of citrate ions. The influence of citrate ions on the precipitation of crystalline apatitic precipitates with low Ca/P molar ratios [octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and calcium-deficient apatites (DA) (system A)] and of the intercrystalline mixtures of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and DA (system B) was investigated. Samples were prepared by direct mixing of calcium chloride solutions (A, 6.10(-3) mol dm-3; B, 1.10(-1) mol dm-3) and sodium phosphate solutions (A, 6.10(-3) mol dm-3; B, 2.10(-2) mol dm-3) containing citrate (0-2.10(-3) mol dm-3) and preadjusted to pH 7.4. In the presence of citrate ions: (a) crystal growth of OCP and DA was slowed down; (b) habit modification of DCPD crystals occurred; and (c) equilibration in intercrystalline mixtures of DCPD and DA's was slowed down. All phenomena were caused by surface adsorption of negatively charged ions, most probably CaC6H5O7-, which is the prevalent calcium citrate species under the given experimental conditions. Habit modification of DCPD was induced by preferential adsorption at the (001) crystal plane.", "PMID": 116729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12456", "title": "Giant cell carcinoma of the liver: occurrence in a patient with ileal carcinoid, medullary breast carcinoma and pulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Pure giant cell carcinoma of the liver is a rare tumor that is usually associated with cirrhosis. Its occurrence in a young woman without evidence of cirrhosis, and in association with two other uncommon tumors, is described in this report.", "contents": "Giant cell carcinoma of the liver: occurrence in a patient with ileal carcinoid, medullary breast carcinoma and pulmonary aspergillosis. Pure giant cell carcinoma of the liver is a rare tumor that is usually associated with cirrhosis. Its occurrence in a young woman without evidence of cirrhosis, and in association with two other uncommon tumors, is described in this report.", "PMID": 116725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12457", "title": "Rabbit cranial sutures in vitro: a new experimental model for studying the response of fibrous joints to mechanical stress.", "content": "An organ culture system has been developed whereby mechanical stress can be applied to cranial sutures under controlled experimental conditions. The application of a continuous tensile mechanical stress (30 g) to cranial sutures from newborn rabbits (1--2 days) was accompanied by a significant increase in the incorporation of 3H-leucine and 3H-proline into suture protein. The specific activities of 3H-hydroxyproline indicated that mechanical stress produced a two-fold increase in the incorporation of 3H-proline into collagen. However, the proportion of the total radioactivity recoverable in collagen (45.63 +/- 2.33% for nonstressed; 40.58 +/- 2.17% for stressed sutures) was not significantly different. These data suggest that the increase in collagen synthesis occurs as part of a general stimulation of protein synthesis, and do not support the view that mechanical stress is the principal mechanism regulating the turnover of collagen in fibrous joints. These initial studies demonstrate that an in vitro experimental model has considerable potential for investigating the morphological and metabolic response of fibrous joints to mechanical deformation.", "contents": "Rabbit cranial sutures in vitro: a new experimental model for studying the response of fibrous joints to mechanical stress. An organ culture system has been developed whereby mechanical stress can be applied to cranial sutures under controlled experimental conditions. The application of a continuous tensile mechanical stress (30 g) to cranial sutures from newborn rabbits (1--2 days) was accompanied by a significant increase in the incorporation of 3H-leucine and 3H-proline into suture protein. The specific activities of 3H-hydroxyproline indicated that mechanical stress produced a two-fold increase in the incorporation of 3H-proline into collagen. However, the proportion of the total radioactivity recoverable in collagen (45.63 +/- 2.33% for nonstressed; 40.58 +/- 2.17% for stressed sutures) was not significantly different. These data suggest that the increase in collagen synthesis occurs as part of a general stimulation of protein synthesis, and do not support the view that mechanical stress is the principal mechanism regulating the turnover of collagen in fibrous joints. These initial studies demonstrate that an in vitro experimental model has considerable potential for investigating the morphological and metabolic response of fibrous joints to mechanical deformation.", "PMID": 116730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12458", "title": "Bone morphology in epileptics.", "content": "In 31 epileptics, most of whom had been on anticonvulsive drugs for decades, the amount of osteoid--active and inactive--and the osteoclast activity were measured in iliac crest biopsies and compared with the same variables from a control group. Although falling within normal limits, the amount of osteoid, in particular the inactive osteoid, was significantly increased in the epileptics. The osteoclast activity was also significantly increased in the epileptics.", "contents": "Bone morphology in epileptics. In 31 epileptics, most of whom had been on anticonvulsive drugs for decades, the amount of osteoid--active and inactive--and the osteoclast activity were measured in iliac crest biopsies and compared with the same variables from a control group. Although falling within normal limits, the amount of osteoid, in particular the inactive osteoid, was significantly increased in the epileptics. The osteoclast activity was also significantly increased in the epileptics.", "PMID": 116732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12459", "title": "Bone mineral content in epileptics.", "content": "The bone mineral content in the forearms was measured in 71 epileptics, admitted to an institution for epileptics. The mineral content was decreased in epileptics as compared with age-matched normal controls. The decrease was in the order of 10--15% except in the distal end of the forearm in women. Also, the strength of the hand and forearm was decreased by 1/3 and since there is a known relationship between strength and bone mineral content, the loss of bone mineral may be secondary to the loss of strength. Therefore, inactivity could be an important contributory factor to the bone mineral loss in these epileptics.", "contents": "Bone mineral content in epileptics. The bone mineral content in the forearms was measured in 71 epileptics, admitted to an institution for epileptics. The mineral content was decreased in epileptics as compared with age-matched normal controls. The decrease was in the order of 10--15% except in the distal end of the forearm in women. Also, the strength of the hand and forearm was decreased by 1/3 and since there is a known relationship between strength and bone mineral content, the loss of bone mineral may be secondary to the loss of strength. Therefore, inactivity could be an important contributory factor to the bone mineral loss in these epileptics.", "PMID": 116733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12460", "title": "Differences in intracortical bone remodeling in three aboriginal American populations: possible dietary factors.", "content": "Cross sections of intracortical bone revealed differences among three early American populations--Eskimo, Arikara, and Pueblo--in the frequency of a form of remodeling called, here, type II. This remodeling appears to occur exclusively within the walls of haversian canals of well-mineralized osteons. The populations are known to have differed in their nutrition. The Eskimo, with a high-protein diet, exhibited the most frequent type II remodeling, whereas the Pueblo, with a low-protein diet, showed the least. Type II remodeling probably reflects the physiological state of the group. Variation in frequency of classic intracortical bone remodeling was not apparent.", "contents": "Differences in intracortical bone remodeling in three aboriginal American populations: possible dietary factors. Cross sections of intracortical bone revealed differences among three early American populations--Eskimo, Arikara, and Pueblo--in the frequency of a form of remodeling called, here, type II. This remodeling appears to occur exclusively within the walls of haversian canals of well-mineralized osteons. The populations are known to have differed in their nutrition. The Eskimo, with a high-protein diet, exhibited the most frequent type II remodeling, whereas the Pueblo, with a low-protein diet, showed the least. Type II remodeling probably reflects the physiological state of the group. Variation in frequency of classic intracortical bone remodeling was not apparent.", "PMID": 116734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12461", "title": "Composition of apatites in human urinary calculi.", "content": "Calcium-deficient carbonate apatites in urinary calculi from 17 patients have been studied. Magnesium ions in each case were detected as a component of apatite. In most of the cases, CO23- ions were included in the apatitic lattice. Using a calcination procedure, we have determined the most probable average value for the CO23- content, degree of deficiency, x, and the Mg/Ca ratio in each sample.", "contents": "Composition of apatites in human urinary calculi. Calcium-deficient carbonate apatites in urinary calculi from 17 patients have been studied. Magnesium ions in each case were detected as a component of apatite. In most of the cases, CO23- ions were included in the apatitic lattice. Using a calcination procedure, we have determined the most probable average value for the CO23- content, degree of deficiency, x, and the Mg/Ca ratio in each sample.", "PMID": 116735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12462", "title": "EDTA soluble protein of human mature normal enamel.", "content": "Pure human mature enamel was prepared using a careful microdissection technique. After EDTA dissolution, the soluble proteins were recovered representing a concentration of 0.035% in the initial enamel. When the samples were analyzed with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining revealed only one sharp fast migrating band, whereas o-toluidine blue, methylene blue, Amido Black 10B, and pyronine red G showed a thin double band at the same migration distance. Ultracentrifugation studies suggested that the proteins were of low molecular weight or of weak density. Absorption spectra showed a strong absorbance at 260 nm. After hydrolysis, amino acid analyses yielded a composition of 25% Gly, 13.5% Glu, 11% Ser, and 11% Pro. Cysteine measured as cysteic acid was present at 2%, and 2% hydroxyproline was found. A carbohydrate content of 15% was estimated by the anthrone method. Glucose, galactose, mannose, and fucose, identified through gas chromatography, were in a molar ratio of 9:4:3:1. Thus the organic matrix of adult human enamel consists of one or possibly two acidic glycoproteins.", "contents": "EDTA soluble protein of human mature normal enamel. Pure human mature enamel was prepared using a careful microdissection technique. After EDTA dissolution, the soluble proteins were recovered representing a concentration of 0.035% in the initial enamel. When the samples were analyzed with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining revealed only one sharp fast migrating band, whereas o-toluidine blue, methylene blue, Amido Black 10B, and pyronine red G showed a thin double band at the same migration distance. Ultracentrifugation studies suggested that the proteins were of low molecular weight or of weak density. Absorption spectra showed a strong absorbance at 260 nm. After hydrolysis, amino acid analyses yielded a composition of 25% Gly, 13.5% Glu, 11% Ser, and 11% Pro. Cysteine measured as cysteic acid was present at 2%, and 2% hydroxyproline was found. A carbohydrate content of 15% was estimated by the anthrone method. Glucose, galactose, mannose, and fucose, identified through gas chromatography, were in a molar ratio of 9:4:3:1. Thus the organic matrix of adult human enamel consists of one or possibly two acidic glycoproteins.", "PMID": 116736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12463", "title": "Acute effects of Solanum malacoxylon on bone formation rates in growing rats.", "content": "The plant Solanum malacoxylon is responsible for a syndrome of hypercalcemia, soft tissue mineralization, and progressive wasting in South American cattle known as enteque seco or espichamento. There is evidence that a glycoside of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is the active principle in the plant. The basis for the hyperostosis seen in the disease is unclear. To study the acute effects on bone formation rates, 8-week-old rats were given an aqueous extract equivalent to 250 or 1000 mg of Solanum daily per os for 7 days. Bones were labeled by injection of fluochrome 2 days before the start of treatment and 2 days prior to sacrifice. Morphometric evaluation of undecalcified sections of caudal vertebrae revealed an increased amount of trabecular bone in both Solanum treated groups with no difference due to dose level. This was associated with an increase in the bone apposition rate on trabecular surfaces. No differences were found in the amount of osteoid seam width. Periosteal apposition rate and endochondral bone formation were also measured and no significant differences found. The findings indicate that acute stimulation of cell level bone formation on trabecular surfaces may play a role in the hyperostosis seen in the naturally occurring condition.", "contents": "Acute effects of Solanum malacoxylon on bone formation rates in growing rats. The plant Solanum malacoxylon is responsible for a syndrome of hypercalcemia, soft tissue mineralization, and progressive wasting in South American cattle known as enteque seco or espichamento. There is evidence that a glycoside of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is the active principle in the plant. The basis for the hyperostosis seen in the disease is unclear. To study the acute effects on bone formation rates, 8-week-old rats were given an aqueous extract equivalent to 250 or 1000 mg of Solanum daily per os for 7 days. Bones were labeled by injection of fluochrome 2 days before the start of treatment and 2 days prior to sacrifice. Morphometric evaluation of undecalcified sections of caudal vertebrae revealed an increased amount of trabecular bone in both Solanum treated groups with no difference due to dose level. This was associated with an increase in the bone apposition rate on trabecular surfaces. No differences were found in the amount of osteoid seam width. Periosteal apposition rate and endochondral bone formation were also measured and no significant differences found. The findings indicate that acute stimulation of cell level bone formation on trabecular surfaces may play a role in the hyperostosis seen in the naturally occurring condition.", "PMID": 116737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12464", "title": "Detection of collagen degradation products from subcutaneously implanted organic bone matrix.", "content": "Demineralized bovine bone powder was reduced with NaB3H4 to label the collagen crosslinks with tritium. The powder was enclosed in small nylon mesh pouches and implanted subcutaneously into rats for 3 weeks. Histological examinations revealed that multinuclear giant cells accumulated around the bone matrix, some in Howship's lacunae. Collagenous peptides containing intermolecular crosslinks were detected in the urea-soluble fraction extracted from the implant. Two crosslink-containing peptides were isolated from a dialyzable fraction: one contained dihydroxylysinonorleucine and the other hydroxylysinonorleucine. Both peptides had molecular weights of approximately 1000 estimated from the elution positions of gel filtration chromatography; and both had similar quantitative compositions of amino acids. There were no homologous peptides detected in a control experiment of the reduced bone matrix which was incubated in vitro with buffered saline for 1 week at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Detection of collagen degradation products from subcutaneously implanted organic bone matrix. Demineralized bovine bone powder was reduced with NaB3H4 to label the collagen crosslinks with tritium. The powder was enclosed in small nylon mesh pouches and implanted subcutaneously into rats for 3 weeks. Histological examinations revealed that multinuclear giant cells accumulated around the bone matrix, some in Howship's lacunae. Collagenous peptides containing intermolecular crosslinks were detected in the urea-soluble fraction extracted from the implant. Two crosslink-containing peptides were isolated from a dialyzable fraction: one contained dihydroxylysinonorleucine and the other hydroxylysinonorleucine. Both peptides had molecular weights of approximately 1000 estimated from the elution positions of gel filtration chromatography; and both had similar quantitative compositions of amino acids. There were no homologous peptides detected in a control experiment of the reduced bone matrix which was incubated in vitro with buffered saline for 1 week at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 116738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12465", "title": "Influence of magnesium depletion on matrix-induced endochondral bone formation.", "content": "The effect of magnesium deficiency on bone cell differentiation and bone formation was investigated using in vivo matrix-induced endochondral ossification as a test system. Demineralized bone matrix was implanted subcutaneously in young (35-day-old) male Long-Evans rats that had been fed a semisynthetic Mg-deficient diet (50 ppm Mg) for 7 days. Plasma Mg levels were reduced to 25-30% of control values at that time. Control rats were paired the same diet, supplemented to contain 1000 ppm Mg. The implants were harvested 7, 9, 11, 15, and 20 days after implantation and analyzed for Mg and Ca content, 45Ca incorporation, and alkaline phosphatase levels. At each stage, plaques (implants) removed from Mg-deficient rats showed retardation in cartilage and bone differentiation and matrix calcification. Magnesium content was markedly reduced when compared to the control plaques. Histological appearance of the matrix-induced plaques confirmed the retardation in bone development and mineralization suggested by the chemical indicators. Most marked was the virtual absence of bone marrow in 20-day-old plaques in Mg-depleted rats. These data show that bone cell differentiation can occur in a severely Mg-depleted environment, although the onset of mineralization and bone remodeling was delayed and bone marrow differentiation was impaired.", "contents": "Influence of magnesium depletion on matrix-induced endochondral bone formation. The effect of magnesium deficiency on bone cell differentiation and bone formation was investigated using in vivo matrix-induced endochondral ossification as a test system. Demineralized bone matrix was implanted subcutaneously in young (35-day-old) male Long-Evans rats that had been fed a semisynthetic Mg-deficient diet (50 ppm Mg) for 7 days. Plasma Mg levels were reduced to 25-30% of control values at that time. Control rats were paired the same diet, supplemented to contain 1000 ppm Mg. The implants were harvested 7, 9, 11, 15, and 20 days after implantation and analyzed for Mg and Ca content, 45Ca incorporation, and alkaline phosphatase levels. At each stage, plaques (implants) removed from Mg-deficient rats showed retardation in cartilage and bone differentiation and matrix calcification. Magnesium content was markedly reduced when compared to the control plaques. Histological appearance of the matrix-induced plaques confirmed the retardation in bone development and mineralization suggested by the chemical indicators. Most marked was the virtual absence of bone marrow in 20-day-old plaques in Mg-depleted rats. These data show that bone cell differentiation can occur in a severely Mg-depleted environment, although the onset of mineralization and bone remodeling was delayed and bone marrow differentiation was impaired.", "PMID": 116739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12466", "title": "Bone mineralization and metabolism of 3H-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in thyroparathyroidectomized rats treated with parathyroid extract.", "content": "Thyroparathyroidectomized rats fed a diet containing 1.2% calcium, 0.55% phosphorus maintain normal serum levels of these ions. Treatment of such rats with parathyroid extract (PTE; 20 U/100 g twice daily; 10 days) has no statistically significant effect on rates of bone formation, matrix apposition, or osteoid maturation. Significant decreases in osteoid width and mineralizing front width, as well as a 60% increase in the rate of initial mineralization were observed in the PTE-treated group. Conversion of 3H-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 3H-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was 4-fold higher in the PTE-treated group than in the untreated animals. Increased formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in response to treatment with PTE may play a major role in correcting the mineralizing defect resulting from thyroparathyroidectomy.", "contents": "Bone mineralization and metabolism of 3H-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in thyroparathyroidectomized rats treated with parathyroid extract. Thyroparathyroidectomized rats fed a diet containing 1.2% calcium, 0.55% phosphorus maintain normal serum levels of these ions. Treatment of such rats with parathyroid extract (PTE; 20 U/100 g twice daily; 10 days) has no statistically significant effect on rates of bone formation, matrix apposition, or osteoid maturation. Significant decreases in osteoid width and mineralizing front width, as well as a 60% increase in the rate of initial mineralization were observed in the PTE-treated group. Conversion of 3H-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 3H-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was 4-fold higher in the PTE-treated group than in the untreated animals. Increased formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in response to treatment with PTE may play a major role in correcting the mineralizing defect resulting from thyroparathyroidectomy.", "PMID": 116740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12467", "title": "Enzymatic properties of the Ca2+-binding glycoprotein isolated from preosseous cartilage.", "content": "The Ca2+-binding glycoprotein isolated from preosseous cartilage shows also alkaline phosphatase activity. The purification procedure indicates that the enzyme is inhibited in crude extract and conceivably in the intact tissue; the activity may be controlled by the proteoglycans present in the matrix. Other substrates are hydrolyzed by the purified enzyme in addition to p-nitrophenylphosphate; the highest specific activity was measured with ATP and pyrophosphate (PPi) at pH 7.5 and 9.0 Mg2+ induces an activation of ATP and PPi hydrolysis; Ca2+ activates hydrolysis of ATP but inhibits that of PPi. The glycoprotein shows also transphosphorylase activity, L-serine being the best phosphate acceptor. The release or transfer of Pi catalyzed by the glycoprotein can be an important step in calcium phosphate precipitation.", "contents": "Enzymatic properties of the Ca2+-binding glycoprotein isolated from preosseous cartilage. The Ca2+-binding glycoprotein isolated from preosseous cartilage shows also alkaline phosphatase activity. The purification procedure indicates that the enzyme is inhibited in crude extract and conceivably in the intact tissue; the activity may be controlled by the proteoglycans present in the matrix. Other substrates are hydrolyzed by the purified enzyme in addition to p-nitrophenylphosphate; the highest specific activity was measured with ATP and pyrophosphate (PPi) at pH 7.5 and 9.0 Mg2+ induces an activation of ATP and PPi hydrolysis; Ca2+ activates hydrolysis of ATP but inhibits that of PPi. The glycoprotein shows also transphosphorylase activity, L-serine being the best phosphate acceptor. The release or transfer of Pi catalyzed by the glycoprotein can be an important step in calcium phosphate precipitation.", "PMID": 116741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12468", "title": "Incorporation of serum albumin into the developing dentine and enamel matrix in the rabbit incisor.", "content": "Rabbit serum albumin labeled with 125I was injected into rabbits (650-870 g). The incorporation pattern of the labeled albumin into the developing dentine and enamel matrix was studied 1 h, 6 h, and 3 days after the injection using autoradiography. Silver grains were observed over the predentine 1 h after the injection. They were found over the dentine matrix adjacent to the predentine-dentine junction at 6 h. The silver grain band was concentrated over the internal dentine matrix at 3 days. However, no appreciable amount of the silver grains could be seen over the enamel matrix at any time after the injection. It is possible that there might be some physiological barrier between the extravascular fluid and the enamel matrix. The role of the albumin in dentine is discussed.", "contents": "Incorporation of serum albumin into the developing dentine and enamel matrix in the rabbit incisor. Rabbit serum albumin labeled with 125I was injected into rabbits (650-870 g). The incorporation pattern of the labeled albumin into the developing dentine and enamel matrix was studied 1 h, 6 h, and 3 days after the injection using autoradiography. Silver grains were observed over the predentine 1 h after the injection. They were found over the dentine matrix adjacent to the predentine-dentine junction at 6 h. The silver grain band was concentrated over the internal dentine matrix at 3 days. However, no appreciable amount of the silver grains could be seen over the enamel matrix at any time after the injection. It is possible that there might be some physiological barrier between the extravascular fluid and the enamel matrix. The role of the albumin in dentine is discussed.", "PMID": 116743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12469", "title": "Enamel structure in some therapsids and mesozoic mammals.", "content": "The distribution of enamel tubules, the shapes and arrangements of prisms, and the orientation of crystals in ground sections from several therapsids and mesozoic mammals have been investigated by conventional and polarizing microscopy. Along each of three separate phylogenetic lines which evolved occluding teeth, there was a progressive increase in the numbers of enamel tubules. In the investigation, the arcade-shaped prisms typical of recent mammals were first seen in material from the Cretaceous period. All the enamels investigated from the Triassic contained columns of crystals, which were deduced as hexagonal. The inner ends of the crystals within each column deviated towards the center of the column. It is concluded that the existence of an interprismatic region provides the most important distinction between prismatic enamels and the hexagonal columns of crystals in the Triassic material.", "contents": "Enamel structure in some therapsids and mesozoic mammals. The distribution of enamel tubules, the shapes and arrangements of prisms, and the orientation of crystals in ground sections from several therapsids and mesozoic mammals have been investigated by conventional and polarizing microscopy. Along each of three separate phylogenetic lines which evolved occluding teeth, there was a progressive increase in the numbers of enamel tubules. In the investigation, the arcade-shaped prisms typical of recent mammals were first seen in material from the Cretaceous period. All the enamels investigated from the Triassic contained columns of crystals, which were deduced as hexagonal. The inner ends of the crystals within each column deviated towards the center of the column. It is concluded that the existence of an interprismatic region provides the most important distinction between prismatic enamels and the hexagonal columns of crystals in the Triassic material.", "PMID": 116744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12470", "title": "Vaterite, a constituent of the eggshells of the nonparasitic cuckoos, Guira guira and Crotophagi ani.", "content": "The crystalline spherules occurring in patches on the outer surface of the eggshells of Guira guira and the bloom on the entire outer surface of those of Crotophagi ani were shown by X-ray diffraction analysis to be vaterite.", "contents": "Vaterite, a constituent of the eggshells of the nonparasitic cuckoos, Guira guira and Crotophagi ani. The crystalline spherules occurring in patches on the outer surface of the eggshells of Guira guira and the bloom on the entire outer surface of those of Crotophagi ani were shown by X-ray diffraction analysis to be vaterite.", "PMID": 116746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12471", "title": "A bone-fixing trephine for large-diameter iliac biopsies in dogs.", "content": "For experimental studies of bone in dogs it may be necessary to collect from the iliac crest biopsies of a larger diameter than is usually obtainable. A disadvantage of using a trephine with a large bore is that the biopsy may be pulled out of the trephine by the forces exerted by tendons inserted in the medial cortex of the ilium. To overcome this difficulty we developed a trephine with an internal bore of 10 mm combined with a biopsy-fixing attachment.", "contents": "A bone-fixing trephine for large-diameter iliac biopsies in dogs. For experimental studies of bone in dogs it may be necessary to collect from the iliac crest biopsies of a larger diameter than is usually obtainable. A disadvantage of using a trephine with a large bore is that the biopsy may be pulled out of the trephine by the forces exerted by tendons inserted in the medial cortex of the ilium. To overcome this difficulty we developed a trephine with an internal bore of 10 mm combined with a biopsy-fixing attachment.", "PMID": 116747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12472", "title": "Potassium, sodium, and the intracellular fluid space of cells from bone.", "content": "Cells enzymatically dispersed from fetal rat calvaria were analyzed for sodium and potassium content and intracellular fluid space (ICF). Even when obtained in comparatively high yield, the cells are damaged by the isolation procedure as evidenced by high sodium and low potassium content immediately after isolation. During a post-incubation period potassium is accumulated and sodium extruded to steady-state levels. Although electrolyte content of cells after recovery did not vary as a function of cell yield, ICF was increased in cells obtained in lower yield, suggesting cell swelling as a result of membrane damage. The weighted mean values obtained for the best cell preparations were 117 mM K+ and 27 mM Na+. Based on DNA assay of isolated cells and the whole tissue, 20- to 21-day calvaria were found to have an average of 8.1 x 10(6) cells/calvarium. Combining cell data with analysis of total tissue sodium, potassium, and water, it was concluded that the tissue extracellular sodium is in equilibrium with blood but that the potassium concentraiton is approximately 5-fold higher than blood levels.", "contents": "Potassium, sodium, and the intracellular fluid space of cells from bone. Cells enzymatically dispersed from fetal rat calvaria were analyzed for sodium and potassium content and intracellular fluid space (ICF). Even when obtained in comparatively high yield, the cells are damaged by the isolation procedure as evidenced by high sodium and low potassium content immediately after isolation. During a post-incubation period potassium is accumulated and sodium extruded to steady-state levels. Although electrolyte content of cells after recovery did not vary as a function of cell yield, ICF was increased in cells obtained in lower yield, suggesting cell swelling as a result of membrane damage. The weighted mean values obtained for the best cell preparations were 117 mM K+ and 27 mM Na+. Based on DNA assay of isolated cells and the whole tissue, 20- to 21-day calvaria were found to have an average of 8.1 x 10(6) cells/calvarium. Combining cell data with analysis of total tissue sodium, potassium, and water, it was concluded that the tissue extracellular sodium is in equilibrium with blood but that the potassium concentraiton is approximately 5-fold higher than blood levels.", "PMID": 116751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12473", "title": "Lattice parameters and cation distribution of solid solutions of calcium and strontium hydroxyapatite.", "content": "Solid solutions of strontium and calcium hydroxyapatite were synthesized by solid-state reaction. Lattice parameters of these compounds were determined using two types of Guinier cameras. They vary linearly with the molar percentage of strontium hydroxyapatite. The distribution of Ca and Sr ions over the fourfold and sixfold positions in the apatite structure was determined by comparing experimental and calculated values for the intensity ratios of suitable reflections. A slight, although significant, preference of Sr for the sixfold position was found. An ideal behavior is predicted for these solid solutions.", "contents": "Lattice parameters and cation distribution of solid solutions of calcium and strontium hydroxyapatite. Solid solutions of strontium and calcium hydroxyapatite were synthesized by solid-state reaction. Lattice parameters of these compounds were determined using two types of Guinier cameras. They vary linearly with the molar percentage of strontium hydroxyapatite. The distribution of Ca and Sr ions over the fourfold and sixfold positions in the apatite structure was determined by comparing experimental and calculated values for the intensity ratios of suitable reflections. A slight, although significant, preference of Sr for the sixfold position was found. An ideal behavior is predicted for these solid solutions.", "PMID": 116752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12474", "title": "Experimental alveolar bone loss in the monkey evaluated by 125I absorptiometry.", "content": "An 125I absorptiometry technique is described which has sufficient precision to detect the alveolar bone loss associated with ligature-related periodontitis in the monkey. Six monkeys had significant drops in alveolar bone mass 14 days after the the application of a silk ligature around the gingival margin of an adjacent tooth. Variation in the magnitude of bone loss was observed. These may represent variations in the pathogenicity of the microflora produced in response to a ligature and/or variation in host response to the insult produced by specific dental plaque organisms. The lack of bone loss post-ligature plus antibiotic therapy supports the theory that the bacterial-host interaction, not simply irritation from the ligature alone, is responsible for the bone loss. The potential for bone regeneration after ligature-induced bone loss is demonstrated.", "contents": "Experimental alveolar bone loss in the monkey evaluated by 125I absorptiometry. An 125I absorptiometry technique is described which has sufficient precision to detect the alveolar bone loss associated with ligature-related periodontitis in the monkey. Six monkeys had significant drops in alveolar bone mass 14 days after the the application of a silk ligature around the gingival margin of an adjacent tooth. Variation in the magnitude of bone loss was observed. These may represent variations in the pathogenicity of the microflora produced in response to a ligature and/or variation in host response to the insult produced by specific dental plaque organisms. The lack of bone loss post-ligature plus antibiotic therapy supports the theory that the bacterial-host interaction, not simply irritation from the ligature alone, is responsible for the bone loss. The potential for bone regeneration after ligature-induced bone loss is demonstrated.", "PMID": 116753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12475", "title": "Regulation of intestinal calcium-binding protein in rats: role of parathyroid hormone.", "content": "Intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) levels of rats fed a high (1.5%) Ca diet were the same whether the animals were parathyroidectomized (PTX), sham-operated controls pair-fed with the PTX animals, or sham-operated controls fed ad libitum. Consequently, a given base level of CaBP seems to be parathyroid hormone independent and not closely related to feed intake. On the other hand, whereas the ad libitum fed controls more than doubled their intestinal CaBP in response to a 2-day low-calcium (0.02%) regimen, neither the parathyroidectomized animals nor the pair-fed sham-operated controls were able to do so. Since the latter two groups consumed less feed and therefore less vitamin D than the ad libitum fed animals, the inability to increase CaBP in response to a low-calcium diet may have been caused by a restricted vitamin D intake rather than by the absence of parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "Regulation of intestinal calcium-binding protein in rats: role of parathyroid hormone. Intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) levels of rats fed a high (1.5%) Ca diet were the same whether the animals were parathyroidectomized (PTX), sham-operated controls pair-fed with the PTX animals, or sham-operated controls fed ad libitum. Consequently, a given base level of CaBP seems to be parathyroid hormone independent and not closely related to feed intake. On the other hand, whereas the ad libitum fed controls more than doubled their intestinal CaBP in response to a 2-day low-calcium (0.02%) regimen, neither the parathyroidectomized animals nor the pair-fed sham-operated controls were able to do so. Since the latter two groups consumed less feed and therefore less vitamin D than the ad libitum fed animals, the inability to increase CaBP in response to a low-calcium diet may have been caused by a restricted vitamin D intake rather than by the absence of parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 116754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12476", "title": "Regulation of calcium transport in isolated periosteal cells, effects of hormones and metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "Calcium transport was studied in cells isolated from cultured periostea of 18-day-old chick embryos. Net calcium uptake was stimulated by iodoacetate (IAA) and inhibited by dinitrophenol (DNP). Calcium efflux from the intracellular compartment was inhibited by IAA. Changes in the extra- or intracellular sodium concentration had only minor effects on calcium transport. This indicates that calcium efflux from periosteal cells is probably directly dependent on ATP hydrolysis, whereas calcium-sodium exchange is of less importance. The cation ionophore A23187 stimulated calcium uptake during short incubations but was inhibitory in long incubations. The possible involvement of the mitochondria in this effect is discussed. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) stimulated the net uptake of calcium in relatively low doses (both 0.01 U/ml or higher). The effects of the hormones on net calcium uptake were not additive. Calcium efflux was not changed in the presence of PTH or CT.", "contents": "Regulation of calcium transport in isolated periosteal cells, effects of hormones and metabolic inhibitors. Calcium transport was studied in cells isolated from cultured periostea of 18-day-old chick embryos. Net calcium uptake was stimulated by iodoacetate (IAA) and inhibited by dinitrophenol (DNP). Calcium efflux from the intracellular compartment was inhibited by IAA. Changes in the extra- or intracellular sodium concentration had only minor effects on calcium transport. This indicates that calcium efflux from periosteal cells is probably directly dependent on ATP hydrolysis, whereas calcium-sodium exchange is of less importance. The cation ionophore A23187 stimulated calcium uptake during short incubations but was inhibitory in long incubations. The possible involvement of the mitochondria in this effect is discussed. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) stimulated the net uptake of calcium in relatively low doses (both 0.01 U/ml or higher). The effects of the hormones on net calcium uptake were not additive. Calcium efflux was not changed in the presence of PTH or CT.", "PMID": 116755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12477", "title": "Aspartic acid-rich proteins: major components of the soluble organic matrix of mollusk shells.", "content": "DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography separates soluble organic matrix components of three mollusk shells, each from a different taxonomic class, into analogous subfractions. The proteins of all subfractions are enriched in acidic and polar amino acids. In each chromatogram, however, the subfraction which contains the major portion of total protein also contains the highest concentration of aspartic acid. Thus the major components of the soluble organic matrix are aspartic acid-rich proteins. The identification of these proteins in mollusks, together with the known occurrence of aspartic acid and phosphoserine-rich proteins in vertebrate tooth dentin, emphasizes the fundamental importance of such acidic proteins in the processes of mineralization.", "contents": "Aspartic acid-rich proteins: major components of the soluble organic matrix of mollusk shells. DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography separates soluble organic matrix components of three mollusk shells, each from a different taxonomic class, into analogous subfractions. The proteins of all subfractions are enriched in acidic and polar amino acids. In each chromatogram, however, the subfraction which contains the major portion of total protein also contains the highest concentration of aspartic acid. Thus the major components of the soluble organic matrix are aspartic acid-rich proteins. The identification of these proteins in mollusks, together with the known occurrence of aspartic acid and phosphoserine-rich proteins in vertebrate tooth dentin, emphasizes the fundamental importance of such acidic proteins in the processes of mineralization.", "PMID": 116756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12478", "title": "The occurrence of chondroitin-6-sulphate in adult human compact bone tissue.", "content": "Compact bone tissue chondroitin sulphate, previously considered to be pure chondroitin-4-sulphate, was isolated from three adult human femoral diaphyses and digested with chondroitinase ABC. Assaying these digests by means of high performance liquid chromatography we could demonstrate that 12 to 14% of the disaccharide residues were 6-sulphated. The 4/6-ratios were also studied in chondroitin sulphate fractions of different molecular size. Slightly increasing amounts of 6-sulphated disaccharides were found with increasing size of the chondroitin sulphates.", "contents": "The occurrence of chondroitin-6-sulphate in adult human compact bone tissue. Compact bone tissue chondroitin sulphate, previously considered to be pure chondroitin-4-sulphate, was isolated from three adult human femoral diaphyses and digested with chondroitinase ABC. Assaying these digests by means of high performance liquid chromatography we could demonstrate that 12 to 14% of the disaccharide residues were 6-sulphated. The 4/6-ratios were also studied in chondroitin sulphate fractions of different molecular size. Slightly increasing amounts of 6-sulphated disaccharides were found with increasing size of the chondroitin sulphates.", "PMID": 116757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12479", "title": "Infrared absorption bands from NCO- and NCN2- in heated carbonate-containing apatites prepared in the presence of NH4+ ions.", "content": "Infrared bands at about 2200 and 2010 cm-1 in the spectra of heated synthetic and biological CO3Aps are assigned to cyanate and cyanamide ions respectively. The formation of these ions is associated with the presence of nitrogenous species in the unheated materials.", "contents": "Infrared absorption bands from NCO- and NCN2- in heated carbonate-containing apatites prepared in the presence of NH4+ ions. Infrared bands at about 2200 and 2010 cm-1 in the spectra of heated synthetic and biological CO3Aps are assigned to cyanate and cyanamide ions respectively. The formation of these ions is associated with the presence of nitrogenous species in the unheated materials.", "PMID": 116758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12480", "title": "Change in response with age of human articular cartilage to plasma somatomedin activity.", "content": "Normal male articular cartilage (34 specimens, age range 1--30 years) has been examined in vitro for response to somatomedin (SM) activity. Basal 3H-thymidine and 35S-sulfate incorporation both decreased with increasing age of the cartilage donor. However, enhancement of isotope incorporation which was attained on addition of 10% normal plasma (containing IU SM/ml) was greatest in cartilage from adolescents in the age range 12--17 years. The mean enhancement of 3H-thymidine incorporation (expressed as % basal) was as follows: age 1--10 years = 184 +/- 28 (SE), N = 9; 12--17 years = 436 +/- 101 (11); 18--30 years = 231 +/- 49 (8); and for 35S-sulfate incorporation was 1--10 years = 389 +/- 100 (8); 12--17 years = 824 +/- 273 (11); and 18--30 years = 572 +/- 56 (8). The increased response of cartilage in the 12--17 year group suggests that a greater sensitivity to the somatomedins may contribute to the increased skeletal growth during adolesence.", "contents": "Change in response with age of human articular cartilage to plasma somatomedin activity. Normal male articular cartilage (34 specimens, age range 1--30 years) has been examined in vitro for response to somatomedin (SM) activity. Basal 3H-thymidine and 35S-sulfate incorporation both decreased with increasing age of the cartilage donor. However, enhancement of isotope incorporation which was attained on addition of 10% normal plasma (containing IU SM/ml) was greatest in cartilage from adolescents in the age range 12--17 years. The mean enhancement of 3H-thymidine incorporation (expressed as % basal) was as follows: age 1--10 years = 184 +/- 28 (SE), N = 9; 12--17 years = 436 +/- 101 (11); 18--30 years = 231 +/- 49 (8); and for 35S-sulfate incorporation was 1--10 years = 389 +/- 100 (8); 12--17 years = 824 +/- 273 (11); and 18--30 years = 572 +/- 56 (8). The increased response of cartilage in the 12--17 year group suggests that a greater sensitivity to the somatomedins may contribute to the increased skeletal growth during adolesence.", "PMID": 116761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12481", "title": "Therapeutic implications of patterns of recurrence in cancer of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Five hundred twenty-six patients with invasive cervical cancer, treated at the University of Kentucky from 1964 to 1976, were followed 2--12 years after therapy. One hundred and sixty patients (31%) developed tumor recurrence. Recurrent cancer was noted with 1 year after therapy in 58% of patients and within 2 years of treatment in 76% of patients. Only 6% of patients with recurrent cervical cancer survived 3 or more years. Stage of disease, cell type, lesion size, and the presence of lymph vascular space invasion by tumor cells were all shown to be prognostically significant. The addition of extrafascial hysterectomy to radiation therapy significantly decreased the incidence of recurrence in stage IB cervical tumors 5 cm or more in diameter. Analysis of this data suggests that radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy is as effective as irradiation only in the treatment of large cell squamous carcinomas 2 cm or less in diameter.", "contents": "Therapeutic implications of patterns of recurrence in cancer of the uterine cervix. Five hundred twenty-six patients with invasive cervical cancer, treated at the University of Kentucky from 1964 to 1976, were followed 2--12 years after therapy. One hundred and sixty patients (31%) developed tumor recurrence. Recurrent cancer was noted with 1 year after therapy in 58% of patients and within 2 years of treatment in 76% of patients. Only 6% of patients with recurrent cervical cancer survived 3 or more years. Stage of disease, cell type, lesion size, and the presence of lymph vascular space invasion by tumor cells were all shown to be prognostically significant. The addition of extrafascial hysterectomy to radiation therapy significantly decreased the incidence of recurrence in stage IB cervical tumors 5 cm or more in diameter. Analysis of this data suggests that radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy is as effective as irradiation only in the treatment of large cell squamous carcinomas 2 cm or less in diameter.", "PMID": 116764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12482", "title": "Sialic acid metabolism in rats undergoing chemically-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in specific dietary states.", "content": "The enzymes responsible for the activation, transfer and hydrolysis of sialic acids were investigated in female rats with mammary adenocarcinomas induced by administration of a single oral dose (10 mg) of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene. The carcinogenic process was modulated by the levels and degree of unsaturation of the dietary lipids. Tumor incidence was highest in rats fed a diet containing 20% corn oil, intermediate with 18% coconut oil plus 2% linoleic acid, and lowest in the group receiving a diet with 2% linoleic acid. Sialyltransferase and CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase activities were higher in tumors than in control mammary glands. Neuraminidase activity, on the other hand, was higher in control tissue than in tumors. In addition to these tumor-related effects, comparison of the enzyme levels in mammary tissues from control animals of the 3 dietary groups revealed the presence of diet-related effects on sialic acid metabolism. In the livers of tumor-bearing rats, only minor changes of enzyme activities were detected.", "contents": "Sialic acid metabolism in rats undergoing chemically-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in specific dietary states. The enzymes responsible for the activation, transfer and hydrolysis of sialic acids were investigated in female rats with mammary adenocarcinomas induced by administration of a single oral dose (10 mg) of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene. The carcinogenic process was modulated by the levels and degree of unsaturation of the dietary lipids. Tumor incidence was highest in rats fed a diet containing 20% corn oil, intermediate with 18% coconut oil plus 2% linoleic acid, and lowest in the group receiving a diet with 2% linoleic acid. Sialyltransferase and CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase activities were higher in tumors than in control mammary glands. Neuraminidase activity, on the other hand, was higher in control tissue than in tumors. In addition to these tumor-related effects, comparison of the enzyme levels in mammary tissues from control animals of the 3 dietary groups revealed the presence of diet-related effects on sialic acid metabolism. In the livers of tumor-bearing rats, only minor changes of enzyme activities were detected.", "PMID": 116765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12483", "title": "Reduction in the formation of carcinogen-induced transformed foci by pencillin G sodium in the C3H/10T1/2 CL8 cell lines.", "content": "The C3H/10T1/2 CL8 cell line is being widely used to study mechanisms of malignant transformation in vitro. As currently employed, the standard assay system uses a combination of penicillin (100 I.U./ml) and streptomycin (50 micrograms/ml) to reduce the occurrence of bacterial contamination. The penicillin component of this mixture has been discovered to cause a reduction in the number of transformed foci which develop after exposure of cells to MCA, DMBA and X-rays. This reduction is dose dependent; 500 I.U./ml virtually eliminates transformation, while 100 I.U./ml causes an approximate 50% decrease in the number of foci. This effect does not appear to be due to overt toxicity and is largely reversible on removal of the antibiotic. Gentamicin (25 micrograms/ml) causes no reduction in the formation of transformed foci when compared to cultures maintained in antibiotic-free medium and offers the advantages of chemical stability, a wider spectrum of antibacterial activity in comparison with penicillin/streptomycin and, in addition, is active against many mycoplasma. It is suggested that future studies with this cell line should ideally be performed without antibiotics or should employ Gentamicin for antibacterial protection.", "contents": "Reduction in the formation of carcinogen-induced transformed foci by pencillin G sodium in the C3H/10T1/2 CL8 cell lines. The C3H/10T1/2 CL8 cell line is being widely used to study mechanisms of malignant transformation in vitro. As currently employed, the standard assay system uses a combination of penicillin (100 I.U./ml) and streptomycin (50 micrograms/ml) to reduce the occurrence of bacterial contamination. The penicillin component of this mixture has been discovered to cause a reduction in the number of transformed foci which develop after exposure of cells to MCA, DMBA and X-rays. This reduction is dose dependent; 500 I.U./ml virtually eliminates transformation, while 100 I.U./ml causes an approximate 50% decrease in the number of foci. This effect does not appear to be due to overt toxicity and is largely reversible on removal of the antibiotic. Gentamicin (25 micrograms/ml) causes no reduction in the formation of transformed foci when compared to cultures maintained in antibiotic-free medium and offers the advantages of chemical stability, a wider spectrum of antibacterial activity in comparison with penicillin/streptomycin and, in addition, is active against many mycoplasma. It is suggested that future studies with this cell line should ideally be performed without antibiotics or should employ Gentamicin for antibacterial protection.", "PMID": 116766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12484", "title": "Sporogenesis of a myxosporidan with motile spores.", "content": "Three types of cells comprise each Fabespora vermicola sporoblast: valvogenic (VAV), capsulogenic (CAP), and germinative (GEM). Walls, polar caps, and sutures are the main assemblages produced by the VAV cells. The unique polar cap organelle extends over the aperture region of the polar capsule component of the CAP cell. The VAV cell also assembles a wall located on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane facing the sporoblast exterior. Bundles of 7 nm microfilaments develop within the extracellular space between the VAV and interior cells of the sporoblast. These microfilaments assemble late in sporogenesis when the spore acquires the capacity for locomotion. Polar filament construction takes place exclusively within the polar capsule primordium (PCP) by apparent self-assembly prior to the PCP being enveloped by membranes. The CAP and GEM cells accumulate considerable glycogen during sporogenesis. The first identifiable GEM cell is single, but has two unpaired nuclei. These GEM cell nuclei later form a paired structure which is sustained into the spore stage.", "contents": "Sporogenesis of a myxosporidan with motile spores. Three types of cells comprise each Fabespora vermicola sporoblast: valvogenic (VAV), capsulogenic (CAP), and germinative (GEM). Walls, polar caps, and sutures are the main assemblages produced by the VAV cells. The unique polar cap organelle extends over the aperture region of the polar capsule component of the CAP cell. The VAV cell also assembles a wall located on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane facing the sporoblast exterior. Bundles of 7 nm microfilaments develop within the extracellular space between the VAV and interior cells of the sporoblast. These microfilaments assemble late in sporogenesis when the spore acquires the capacity for locomotion. Polar filament construction takes place exclusively within the polar capsule primordium (PCP) by apparent self-assembly prior to the PCP being enveloped by membranes. The CAP and GEM cells accumulate considerable glycogen during sporogenesis. The first identifiable GEM cell is single, but has two unpaired nuclei. These GEM cell nuclei later form a paired structure which is sustained into the spore stage.", "PMID": 116767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12485", "title": "Fine structure of the monkey epididymis: a correlated thin-section and freeze-cleave study.", "content": "The epithelium of the monkey epididymis was studied by means of freeze-fracture techniques and conventional electron microscopy. For the study of transepithelial permeability lanthanum hydroxide was used as an intercellular tracer. The epididymal epithelium consists mainly of tall columnar cells. The long stereocilia at the apical surface, similarly to microvilli, exhibit after freeze-fracture, two distinct faces: the E face, concave and with fewer membrane-associated particles, and the complementary convex P face. In the lumen unusual groups of smooth-surfaced vacuoles are present. A tight junctional network, which shows some permeability to the lanthanum tracer, is located at the apical end of the cells. Supranuclear cross-fractures clearly show the well developed Golgi cisternae and numerous vacuole profiles. The highly infolded, centrally located nucleus exhibits, after freeze-fracture, an even distribution of nuclear pores. In the perinuclear region the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which also presents pores, displays a sheet-like organization. The basal cytoplasm is filled by numerous globular profiles of membrane-bounded granules. Freeze-cleave exposes large cytoplasmic areas where the types and amount of organelles indicate an intense metabolic activity.", "contents": "Fine structure of the monkey epididymis: a correlated thin-section and freeze-cleave study. The epithelium of the monkey epididymis was studied by means of freeze-fracture techniques and conventional electron microscopy. For the study of transepithelial permeability lanthanum hydroxide was used as an intercellular tracer. The epididymal epithelium consists mainly of tall columnar cells. The long stereocilia at the apical surface, similarly to microvilli, exhibit after freeze-fracture, two distinct faces: the E face, concave and with fewer membrane-associated particles, and the complementary convex P face. In the lumen unusual groups of smooth-surfaced vacuoles are present. A tight junctional network, which shows some permeability to the lanthanum tracer, is located at the apical end of the cells. Supranuclear cross-fractures clearly show the well developed Golgi cisternae and numerous vacuole profiles. The highly infolded, centrally located nucleus exhibits, after freeze-fracture, an even distribution of nuclear pores. In the perinuclear region the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which also presents pores, displays a sheet-like organization. The basal cytoplasm is filled by numerous globular profiles of membrane-bounded granules. Freeze-cleave exposes large cytoplasmic areas where the types and amount of organelles indicate an intense metabolic activity.", "PMID": 116768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12486", "title": "Fine structure of isolated fibrils from the cuticle of Lumbricus sp.", "content": "A method has been developed to isolate and purify cuticular fibrils of Lumbricus. Polarizing microscopy confirms the collagenous nature of the isolated fibrils. Study in the electron microscope of isolated fibrils, negatively or positively stained, shows that they are cylindrical, unbranching and without periodic structure. Enzymatic treatment of cuticles with alpha-amylase and trypsin results in a more or less complete dissociation of the fibrils which appear clearly to be made up of helically wound bundles of filaments (30-40 A). The biophysical data and compared to the ultrastructural organization of other periodically cross-banded fibrils.", "contents": "Fine structure of isolated fibrils from the cuticle of Lumbricus sp. A method has been developed to isolate and purify cuticular fibrils of Lumbricus. Polarizing microscopy confirms the collagenous nature of the isolated fibrils. Study in the electron microscope of isolated fibrils, negatively or positively stained, shows that they are cylindrical, unbranching and without periodic structure. Enzymatic treatment of cuticles with alpha-amylase and trypsin results in a more or less complete dissociation of the fibrils which appear clearly to be made up of helically wound bundles of filaments (30-40 A). The biophysical data and compared to the ultrastructural organization of other periodically cross-banded fibrils.", "PMID": 116769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12487", "title": "Photooxidation products of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.", "content": "The principal products of the photooxidation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA) in aqueous solutions by photooxidation induced by laboratory lighting have been characterized by high performance liquid chromatograms (HPLC), ultraviolet and mass spectrograms and by comparisons with authentic samples. The products identified were the 7,12-epidioxy-7,12-dihydro-7-12-dimethyl-, 7,12-dione, 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methyl-, 12-hydroxymethyl-7-methyl-, 7-formyl-12-methyl-, 12-formyl-7-methyl-, and 12-hydroxy-12-methyl-7-one derivatives of benz[a]-anthracene. The HPLC profile of products is similar to that obtained from oxidation of DMBA by 'one-electron' reagents, singlet oxygen, or liver microsomal metabolism. The first points of attack are the 7- and 12- positions. The mechanism of photooxidation appears to be generation of singlet oxygen by photodynamic effect of DMBA. None of the products is photosensitizing, however.", "contents": "Photooxidation products of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The principal products of the photooxidation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA) in aqueous solutions by photooxidation induced by laboratory lighting have been characterized by high performance liquid chromatograms (HPLC), ultraviolet and mass spectrograms and by comparisons with authentic samples. The products identified were the 7,12-epidioxy-7,12-dihydro-7-12-dimethyl-, 7,12-dione, 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methyl-, 12-hydroxymethyl-7-methyl-, 7-formyl-12-methyl-, 12-formyl-7-methyl-, and 12-hydroxy-12-methyl-7-one derivatives of benz[a]-anthracene. The HPLC profile of products is similar to that obtained from oxidation of DMBA by 'one-electron' reagents, singlet oxygen, or liver microsomal metabolism. The first points of attack are the 7- and 12- positions. The mechanism of photooxidation appears to be generation of singlet oxygen by photodynamic effect of DMBA. None of the products is photosensitizing, however.", "PMID": 116777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12488", "title": "Evaluation of a nephelometric assay for haptoglobin and its clinical usefulness.", "content": "Serum haptoglobin has been advocated as an indicator of intravascular hemolysis. We have evaluated a nephelometric determination of serum haptoglobin. The assay is sensitive and exhibits within-run precision in the range of 2.5-7.4% coefficient of variation (CV) and between-run precision of 7.0% (CV). In addition, when haptoglobin values determined with the nephelometric assay were compared with hemoglobin-binding capacity determined by electrophoresis, the correlation coefficient was 0.968. The assay is essentially independent of phenotype and free of significant interference by hemolysis. The clinical correlation of haptoglobin values obtained for 100 selected patients with the nephelometric technique correlated well, if less than 250 mg/L, with the presence of hemolytic disease.", "contents": "Evaluation of a nephelometric assay for haptoglobin and its clinical usefulness. Serum haptoglobin has been advocated as an indicator of intravascular hemolysis. We have evaluated a nephelometric determination of serum haptoglobin. The assay is sensitive and exhibits within-run precision in the range of 2.5-7.4% coefficient of variation (CV) and between-run precision of 7.0% (CV). In addition, when haptoglobin values determined with the nephelometric assay were compared with hemoglobin-binding capacity determined by electrophoresis, the correlation coefficient was 0.968. The assay is essentially independent of phenotype and free of significant interference by hemolysis. The clinical correlation of haptoglobin values obtained for 100 selected patients with the nephelometric technique correlated well, if less than 250 mg/L, with the presence of hemolytic disease.", "PMID": 116779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12489", "title": "Neuraminidase in mucolipidoses: normal activity in frozen autopsy tissues from three patients with I-cell disease and adult beta-galactosidase deficiency.", "content": "Neuraminidase was assayed in the frozen autopsy tissues from three patients with I-cell disease and an adult patient with cherry-red spots, myoclonus, cerebellar ataxia and beta-galactosidase deficiency. Both diseases showed normal neuraminidase activity toward neuramine lactose and fetuin in cerebral gray matter, liver and kidney. These results suggest that the neuraminidase deficiency is limited only to some tissues and that this biochemical abnormality is not caused by a primary genetic mutation in these diseases.", "contents": "Neuraminidase in mucolipidoses: normal activity in frozen autopsy tissues from three patients with I-cell disease and adult beta-galactosidase deficiency. Neuraminidase was assayed in the frozen autopsy tissues from three patients with I-cell disease and an adult patient with cherry-red spots, myoclonus, cerebellar ataxia and beta-galactosidase deficiency. Both diseases showed normal neuraminidase activity toward neuramine lactose and fetuin in cerebral gray matter, liver and kidney. These results suggest that the neuraminidase deficiency is limited only to some tissues and that this biochemical abnormality is not caused by a primary genetic mutation in these diseases.", "PMID": 116781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12490", "title": "Membrane-bound antibodies to bloodstream Trypanosoma cruzi in mice: strain differences in susceptibility to complement-mediated lysis.", "content": "The Y, CL and other strains of Trypanosoma cruzi display different morphological and immunological characteristics. Such observations are here extended to the interaction of bloodstream forms of different strains of T. cruzi with components of the complement system. We demonstrate that the bloodstream forms of the Y and B strains, but not those of the CL strain, are lysed by normal human serum. Lysis is mediated by combined activities of the alternative and classical complement pathways. These activities are triggered by antibodies on the surface of the parasites as shown by: (a) binding of fluorescein or radiolabelled anti-mouse immunoglobulin to the parasite's membrane and (b) the finding that bloodstream forms from lethally irradiated mice can be sensitized and rendered susceptible to complement-mediated lysis by incubation with sera from acutely infected animals. Bloodstream forms of the CL strain also bear surface immunoglobulin and sensitizing antibodies are present in the sera of mice infected with this strain. However, CL trypomastigotes from acutely infected mice fail to be lysed by human or mouse complement unless the parasites are pre-incubated with sera from chronically infected animals. The basis of the different interactions between CL and Y trypomastigotes with antibodies and the complement system, and their biological significance are discussed.", "contents": "Membrane-bound antibodies to bloodstream Trypanosoma cruzi in mice: strain differences in susceptibility to complement-mediated lysis. The Y, CL and other strains of Trypanosoma cruzi display different morphological and immunological characteristics. Such observations are here extended to the interaction of bloodstream forms of different strains of T. cruzi with components of the complement system. We demonstrate that the bloodstream forms of the Y and B strains, but not those of the CL strain, are lysed by normal human serum. Lysis is mediated by combined activities of the alternative and classical complement pathways. These activities are triggered by antibodies on the surface of the parasites as shown by: (a) binding of fluorescein or radiolabelled anti-mouse immunoglobulin to the parasite's membrane and (b) the finding that bloodstream forms from lethally irradiated mice can be sensitized and rendered susceptible to complement-mediated lysis by incubation with sera from acutely infected animals. Bloodstream forms of the CL strain also bear surface immunoglobulin and sensitizing antibodies are present in the sera of mice infected with this strain. However, CL trypomastigotes from acutely infected mice fail to be lysed by human or mouse complement unless the parasites are pre-incubated with sera from chronically infected animals. The basis of the different interactions between CL and Y trypomastigotes with antibodies and the complement system, and their biological significance are discussed.", "PMID": 116784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12491", "title": "Suppressive effect of IgA soluble immune complexes on neutrophil chemotaxis.", "content": "The effect of IgA and IgG soluble immune complexes (SIC) on neutrophil chemotaxis was investigated. Six types of SIC were prepared from kappa-type IgA and IgG myeloma proteins: IgA-anti-kappa chain antibody SIC in IgA excess, IgA-anti-kappa chain antibody in SIC in anti-kappa chain antibody excess, IgA-anti-alpha chain antibody SIC in IgA excess, IgG-anti-kappa chain antibody SIC in IgG excess, IgG-anti-kappa chain antibody SIC in anti-kappa chain antibody excess, and IgG-anti-gamma chain antibody SIC in IgG excess. Three types of IgA SIC had a marked suppressive effect on neutrophil chemotaxis, while IgG SIC, free IgA, free anti-kappa chain antibody, and free anti-gamma chain antibody showed no inhibitory activity. This suppressive effect on neutrophil chemotaxis caused specifically by polymerized IgA was a cell-directed one and was expressed in a concentration dependent manner.", "contents": "Suppressive effect of IgA soluble immune complexes on neutrophil chemotaxis. The effect of IgA and IgG soluble immune complexes (SIC) on neutrophil chemotaxis was investigated. Six types of SIC were prepared from kappa-type IgA and IgG myeloma proteins: IgA-anti-kappa chain antibody SIC in IgA excess, IgA-anti-kappa chain antibody in SIC in anti-kappa chain antibody excess, IgA-anti-alpha chain antibody SIC in IgA excess, IgG-anti-kappa chain antibody SIC in IgG excess, IgG-anti-kappa chain antibody SIC in anti-kappa chain antibody excess, and IgG-anti-gamma chain antibody SIC in IgG excess. Three types of IgA SIC had a marked suppressive effect on neutrophil chemotaxis, while IgG SIC, free IgA, free anti-kappa chain antibody, and free anti-gamma chain antibody showed no inhibitory activity. This suppressive effect on neutrophil chemotaxis caused specifically by polymerized IgA was a cell-directed one and was expressed in a concentration dependent manner.", "PMID": 116785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12492", "title": "MICC cytotoxic effector function of human T lymphocyte subpopulations bearing Fc-receptors for IgG and IgM.", "content": "Purified subpopulations of human T lymphocytes bearing Fc-IgG and Fc-IgM receptors were studied for their ability to mediate mitogen (PHA) induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC) to chicken erythrocyte (CRBC) and DBA/Mastocytoma P815Y tumour cell targets. There were marked differences in the ability of the Fc-IgG receptor-bearing T cell (T gamma) and the Fc-IgM (T mu) to mediating MICC to CRBC and P815Y target cells. T gamma cells were very efficient killers of CRBC and T mu cells had no cytotoxic activity to CRBC. On the other hand, both the T gamma and T mu subpopulations were able to mediate MICC to P815Y tumour cell targets.", "contents": "MICC cytotoxic effector function of human T lymphocyte subpopulations bearing Fc-receptors for IgG and IgM. Purified subpopulations of human T lymphocytes bearing Fc-IgG and Fc-IgM receptors were studied for their ability to mediate mitogen (PHA) induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC) to chicken erythrocyte (CRBC) and DBA/Mastocytoma P815Y tumour cell targets. There were marked differences in the ability of the Fc-IgG receptor-bearing T cell (T gamma) and the Fc-IgM (T mu) to mediating MICC to CRBC and P815Y target cells. T gamma cells were very efficient killers of CRBC and T mu cells had no cytotoxic activity to CRBC. On the other hand, both the T gamma and T mu subpopulations were able to mediate MICC to P815Y tumour cell targets.", "PMID": 116786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12493", "title": "Autoantibody specific for the glomerular mesangium and Bowman's capsule in man.", "content": "Investigation of serum from a nominally healthy subject revealed an unusual autoantibody with specificity for the glomerular mesangium and Bowman's capsule. Immunofluorescence studies on rodent kidney sections revealed typical mesangial fluorescence and intense linear staining of Bowman's capsule. The antibody was organ, but not species, specific and did not correspond to any previously described antibody with anti-mesangial activity (e.g. anti-actomyosin or anti-fibronectin). Intravenous injection in mice resulted in heavy mesangial deposition of antibody within one hour, the antibody disappeared within 2--4 weeks, and no urinary abnormalities were seen. Retrospective analysis of clinical data revealed a history of chronic hepatitis and possible drug abuse, but no evidence for impaired renal function at any timepoint. To our knowledge this is the first report of specific anti-mesangial antibody in man, the pathogenetic relevance remains unclear.", "contents": "Autoantibody specific for the glomerular mesangium and Bowman's capsule in man. Investigation of serum from a nominally healthy subject revealed an unusual autoantibody with specificity for the glomerular mesangium and Bowman's capsule. Immunofluorescence studies on rodent kidney sections revealed typical mesangial fluorescence and intense linear staining of Bowman's capsule. The antibody was organ, but not species, specific and did not correspond to any previously described antibody with anti-mesangial activity (e.g. anti-actomyosin or anti-fibronectin). Intravenous injection in mice resulted in heavy mesangial deposition of antibody within one hour, the antibody disappeared within 2--4 weeks, and no urinary abnormalities were seen. Retrospective analysis of clinical data revealed a history of chronic hepatitis and possible drug abuse, but no evidence for impaired renal function at any timepoint. To our knowledge this is the first report of specific anti-mesangial antibody in man, the pathogenetic relevance remains unclear.", "PMID": 116788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12494", "title": "Finger print deposits of the kidney in pure monoclonal IgG kappa cryoglobulinemia.", "content": "In a male patient with pure monoclonal IgG kappa cryoglobulin associated with the nephrotic syndrome, finger print deposits were observed in the subendothelial space and mesangial matrix of the kidney by electron microscopy. The structure was similar to a unique tubular crystal structure of IgGl kappa cryoglobulin which was reported by Bogaars et al. [1973] in the serum of a patient with multiple myeloma. It was therefore supposed that the finger print deposits in the kidney of this patient were the precipitation of the monoclonal IgG kappa cryoglobulin in serum.", "contents": "Finger print deposits of the kidney in pure monoclonal IgG kappa cryoglobulinemia. In a male patient with pure monoclonal IgG kappa cryoglobulin associated with the nephrotic syndrome, finger print deposits were observed in the subendothelial space and mesangial matrix of the kidney by electron microscopy. The structure was similar to a unique tubular crystal structure of IgGl kappa cryoglobulin which was reported by Bogaars et al. [1973] in the serum of a patient with multiple myeloma. It was therefore supposed that the finger print deposits in the kidney of this patient were the precipitation of the monoclonal IgG kappa cryoglobulin in serum.", "PMID": 116789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12495", "title": "Pre-infarction angina secondary to calcific aortic stenosis with Bernheim's effect.", "content": "Pre-infarction angina, in the absence of coronary artery disease, was found in a 62 year-old man with severe calcific aortic stenosis. After application of intraaortic balloon pump counter-pulsation, the condition was stabilized, and coronary arteriograms were safely carried out. Interestingly, an elevated right atrial and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure with an associated Bernheim's effect was demonstrated by cardiac catheterization. The hemodynamics of the right heart returned to normal after surgical correction of the aortic stenosis. The clinical indications for intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation in this setting are discussed.", "contents": "Pre-infarction angina secondary to calcific aortic stenosis with Bernheim's effect. Pre-infarction angina, in the absence of coronary artery disease, was found in a 62 year-old man with severe calcific aortic stenosis. After application of intraaortic balloon pump counter-pulsation, the condition was stabilized, and coronary arteriograms were safely carried out. Interestingly, an elevated right atrial and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure with an associated Bernheim's effect was demonstrated by cardiac catheterization. The hemodynamics of the right heart returned to normal after surgical correction of the aortic stenosis. The clinical indications for intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation in this setting are discussed.", "PMID": 116790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12496", "title": "Non-parenteral combined afterload and preload reduction therapy in congestive heart failure.", "content": "It has been shown that hydralazine is beneficial in chronic heart failure by virtue of its afterload reducing effect. Nitroglycerin paste results in venodilation and fall in left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP). Thirteen patients with chronic heart failure were given a combination of oral hydralazine and nitroglycerin paste. With oral hydralazine (75 to 100 mg every 8 h), left ventricular stroke work increased and LVFP slightly fell. Following addition of 2% nitroglycerin paste, an additional decline in mean pulmonary artery and LVFP was observed without significant changes in heart rate and arterial pressure. There were no untoward side effects from either therapy. Eight patients followed for three to eight months (mean five months) reported subjective improvement in shortness of breath and other symptoms related to ventricular dysfunction. This study shows that in certain patients with chronic heart failure, hydralazine and nitroglycerin paste combination produces salutary clinical effects on long term probably through afterload and preload reduction, respectively.", "contents": "Non-parenteral combined afterload and preload reduction therapy in congestive heart failure. It has been shown that hydralazine is beneficial in chronic heart failure by virtue of its afterload reducing effect. Nitroglycerin paste results in venodilation and fall in left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP). Thirteen patients with chronic heart failure were given a combination of oral hydralazine and nitroglycerin paste. With oral hydralazine (75 to 100 mg every 8 h), left ventricular stroke work increased and LVFP slightly fell. Following addition of 2% nitroglycerin paste, an additional decline in mean pulmonary artery and LVFP was observed without significant changes in heart rate and arterial pressure. There were no untoward side effects from either therapy. Eight patients followed for three to eight months (mean five months) reported subjective improvement in shortness of breath and other symptoms related to ventricular dysfunction. This study shows that in certain patients with chronic heart failure, hydralazine and nitroglycerin paste combination produces salutary clinical effects on long term probably through afterload and preload reduction, respectively.", "PMID": 116791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12497", "title": "Fractures of the fibula at the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis.", "content": "Two basic fracture types are found at the level of the syndesmosis, supination-external rotation (SE) and pronation-abduction (PA), reflecting the mechanism of injury. The SE-type fracture of the fibula extends from the anterior edge in a posterosuperior direction, and the PA-type fracture extends from the medial surface either transversely or obliquely in a laterosuperior direction, and are often comminuted. The SE-types exist in 2 locations above and below the anterior fibular tubercle. All 3 types exist also in atypical forms. Treatment of the initial stages is by cast immobilization, and advanced lesions are treated by open reduction and internal fixation of the medial and lateral lesions of the ankle. The most common type of Wagstaffe fracture was type 2 which represents fractured anterior spike of the proximal fragment of the fibula.", "contents": "Fractures of the fibula at the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. Two basic fracture types are found at the level of the syndesmosis, supination-external rotation (SE) and pronation-abduction (PA), reflecting the mechanism of injury. The SE-type fracture of the fibula extends from the anterior edge in a posterosuperior direction, and the PA-type fracture extends from the medial surface either transversely or obliquely in a laterosuperior direction, and are often comminuted. The SE-types exist in 2 locations above and below the anterior fibular tubercle. All 3 types exist also in atypical forms. Treatment of the initial stages is by cast immobilization, and advanced lesions are treated by open reduction and internal fixation of the medial and lateral lesions of the ankle. The most common type of Wagstaffe fracture was type 2 which represents fractured anterior spike of the proximal fragment of the fibula.", "PMID": 116794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12498", "title": "Therapy of the spondyloarthropathies.", "content": "The key to successful therapy for patients with ankylosing spondylitis is a lifelong, carefully devised, and well-instructed exercise program. This program is designed to maintain maximum range of motion within the spine, and the costovertebral and girdle joints, thereby preventing the tendency to flexion contractures and loss of height. The exercise program frequency requires long-term concomitant therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, partly to relieve the painful perispinal muscle spasm which frequently inhibits the exercise movements. The drugs are not known to alter the natural history of the inflammatory lesion. Local measures directed at ocular, urethral, and mucocutaneous inflammation may be symptomatically beneficial. These simple therapeutic principles ensure a good functional prognosis in the vast majority of patients with spondylitis.", "contents": "Therapy of the spondyloarthropathies. The key to successful therapy for patients with ankylosing spondylitis is a lifelong, carefully devised, and well-instructed exercise program. This program is designed to maintain maximum range of motion within the spine, and the costovertebral and girdle joints, thereby preventing the tendency to flexion contractures and loss of height. The exercise program frequency requires long-term concomitant therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, partly to relieve the painful perispinal muscle spasm which frequently inhibits the exercise movements. The drugs are not known to alter the natural history of the inflammatory lesion. Local measures directed at ocular, urethral, and mucocutaneous inflammation may be symptomatically beneficial. These simple therapeutic principles ensure a good functional prognosis in the vast majority of patients with spondylitis.", "PMID": 116795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12499", "title": "Treatment of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with intravaginal rings impregnated with either progesterone or norethisterone.", "content": "The effects of both progesterone- and norethisterone-loaded intravaginal rings were investigated in twenty-five rhesus monkeys for 52 weeks. The intravaginal rings were designed to provide a sustained release of either the human dosage level of the hormone or ten times this level. Untreated placebo rings were used for control purposes. The devices were well retained. With the exception of increased plasma fibrinogen levels in animals treated with norethisterone, no marked differences in either local or systemic toxicity between the progesterone and norethisterone intravaginal rings were apparent. Following insertion of the hormone-treated intravaginal rings, a dose-related decrease in vaginal bleeding was recorded. The vaginal microbial flora were assessed qualitatively and semiquantitatively and all groups including the placebo controls showed a changes in mcirobial populations. Terminal studies indicated that at high dose levels, ovulation was suppressed and widespread atrophy of the uterine mucosal and glandular endometrial epithelium had occurred. An increase in cervical mucus was observed within the lumen of the endocervical canal in a proportion of hormone-treated animals. In the vagina, a dose-related focal or diffuse atrophy of the mucosal epithelium was found.", "contents": "Treatment of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with intravaginal rings impregnated with either progesterone or norethisterone. The effects of both progesterone- and norethisterone-loaded intravaginal rings were investigated in twenty-five rhesus monkeys for 52 weeks. The intravaginal rings were designed to provide a sustained release of either the human dosage level of the hormone or ten times this level. Untreated placebo rings were used for control purposes. The devices were well retained. With the exception of increased plasma fibrinogen levels in animals treated with norethisterone, no marked differences in either local or systemic toxicity between the progesterone and norethisterone intravaginal rings were apparent. Following insertion of the hormone-treated intravaginal rings, a dose-related decrease in vaginal bleeding was recorded. The vaginal microbial flora were assessed qualitatively and semiquantitatively and all groups including the placebo controls showed a changes in mcirobial populations. Terminal studies indicated that at high dose levels, ovulation was suppressed and widespread atrophy of the uterine mucosal and glandular endometrial epithelium had occurred. An increase in cervical mucus was observed within the lumen of the endocervical canal in a proportion of hormone-treated animals. In the vagina, a dose-related focal or diffuse atrophy of the mucosal epithelium was found.", "PMID": 116799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12500", "title": "Calcium measurements in serum and plasma--total and ionized.", "content": "This article will review the methods currently employed for measuring the concentrations of total and ionized calcium in serum or plasma. As far as total calcium is concerned, various techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry, spectrophotometry, fluorometry, complexometric titration, and flame photometry will be described and compared. Particular emphasis will be given to the accuracy and precision of each technique. Possible sources of error and interfering agents will be identified and the various procedures for the taking and handling of blood samples evaluated. Inter-laboratory variation in the measurement of calcium will be studied. An assessment will be made of a new reference method for measuring total calcium in serum using isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. The usefulness of the total calcium measurement in clinical medicine will be briefly discussed. Within the last decade the refinement of spectrophotometric techniques and the improvements in ion-selective electrode technology have revolutionized the measurement of ionized calcium in serum, such that it may now be possible to replace total calcium measurements with ionized calcium measurements on a routine basis. The various techniques currently in use for measuring ionized calcium will be described and evaluated. Particular attention will be paid to the preparation of standards, the procedures for taking blood samples, and the handling of the samples prior to and during measurement. An assessment of the relative value of measuring total and ionized calcium will be presented.", "contents": "Calcium measurements in serum and plasma--total and ionized. This article will review the methods currently employed for measuring the concentrations of total and ionized calcium in serum or plasma. As far as total calcium is concerned, various techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry, spectrophotometry, fluorometry, complexometric titration, and flame photometry will be described and compared. Particular emphasis will be given to the accuracy and precision of each technique. Possible sources of error and interfering agents will be identified and the various procedures for the taking and handling of blood samples evaluated. Inter-laboratory variation in the measurement of calcium will be studied. An assessment will be made of a new reference method for measuring total calcium in serum using isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. The usefulness of the total calcium measurement in clinical medicine will be briefly discussed. Within the last decade the refinement of spectrophotometric techniques and the improvements in ion-selective electrode technology have revolutionized the measurement of ionized calcium in serum, such that it may now be possible to replace total calcium measurements with ionized calcium measurements on a routine basis. The various techniques currently in use for measuring ionized calcium will be described and evaluated. Particular attention will be paid to the preparation of standards, the procedures for taking blood samples, and the handling of the samples prior to and during measurement. An assessment of the relative value of measuring total and ionized calcium will be presented.", "PMID": 116800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12501", "title": "Protein and caloric or macronutrient metabolic management of the critically ill patient.", "content": "Aggressive and early use of nutritional support therapies in critically ill patients represents a major advance in critical care medicine. The net protein catabolism and erosion of protein stores which is characteristic of the metabolic response to injury results in significant added morbidity and mortality in critical care units. The early administration of appropriate protein and energy in support of enhanced demands will maintain host defense and preserve organ function, thus, allowing time for stabilization of clinical status while life support strategies are implemented. In all circumstances, protein, vitamins, minerals, and nonprotein calories must be provided within fluid and electrolyte restrictions and in conjunction with optimal hemodynamic and pulmonary support.", "contents": "Protein and caloric or macronutrient metabolic management of the critically ill patient. Aggressive and early use of nutritional support therapies in critically ill patients represents a major advance in critical care medicine. The net protein catabolism and erosion of protein stores which is characteristic of the metabolic response to injury results in significant added morbidity and mortality in critical care units. The early administration of appropriate protein and energy in support of enhanced demands will maintain host defense and preserve organ function, thus, allowing time for stabilization of clinical status while life support strategies are implemented. In all circumstances, protein, vitamins, minerals, and nonprotein calories must be provided within fluid and electrolyte restrictions and in conjunction with optimal hemodynamic and pulmonary support.", "PMID": 116801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12502", "title": "The use of immobilized enzymes in the food industry: a review.", "content": "The production of high fructose corn syrups was greatly facilitated by the use of immobilized glucose isomerase. Similarly, in Japan, the fermentation industry proved its processing efficiency for amino acids through the use of immobilized amino acid acylase. This article discusses the use of soluble enzymes in the food industry followed by a section on the various available methods to immobilize enzymes. Once enzymes are immobilized, many of their operational parameters could be altered. Rationale for the determination of the effects of immobilization is provided. A relatively new concept is the use of a single matrix for immobilizing more than one enzyme. Immobilized multi-enzyme systems offer many attractive advantages; however, such a process also raises some interesting questions about kinetics. These questions and their suggested answers are discussed in the penultimate section. The major emphasis of this article is on the use of immobilized enzymes in the food industry. Two systems--amino acylase and glucose isomerase--have been demonstrated to be techno-economically feasible. Immobilization of other enzymes, such as glucoamylase, lactase, protease, and flavor modifying enzymes, has received some attention. The potential of these new systems are also discussed.", "contents": "The use of immobilized enzymes in the food industry: a review. The production of high fructose corn syrups was greatly facilitated by the use of immobilized glucose isomerase. Similarly, in Japan, the fermentation industry proved its processing efficiency for amino acids through the use of immobilized amino acid acylase. This article discusses the use of soluble enzymes in the food industry followed by a section on the various available methods to immobilize enzymes. Once enzymes are immobilized, many of their operational parameters could be altered. Rationale for the determination of the effects of immobilization is provided. A relatively new concept is the use of a single matrix for immobilizing more than one enzyme. Immobilized multi-enzyme systems offer many attractive advantages; however, such a process also raises some interesting questions about kinetics. These questions and their suggested answers are discussed in the penultimate section. The major emphasis of this article is on the use of immobilized enzymes in the food industry. Two systems--amino acylase and glucose isomerase--have been demonstrated to be techno-economically feasible. Immobilization of other enzymes, such as glucoamylase, lactase, protease, and flavor modifying enzymes, has received some attention. The potential of these new systems are also discussed.", "PMID": 116802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12503", "title": "Chromosomal evolution in Malagasy lemurs. IV. Chromosome banding studies in the genuses Phaner, Varecia, Lemur, Microcebus, and Cheirogaleus.", "content": "The karotypes of five species of Malagasy lemurs are described and compared with those of 12 previously studied species or subspecies. Based on these studies, phylogenetic relationships among nearly all the species of Cheirogaleidae and Lemuridae are proposed. The karyotype of the common ancestor is identical or very similar to that of Microcebus. Nearly 60 chromosomal changes, including five intrachromosomal rearrangements of the X chromosome, have been detected during the evolution of these two families. The possible evolutionary role of the different chromosomal rearrangements is discussed.", "contents": "Chromosomal evolution in Malagasy lemurs. IV. Chromosome banding studies in the genuses Phaner, Varecia, Lemur, Microcebus, and Cheirogaleus. The karotypes of five species of Malagasy lemurs are described and compared with those of 12 previously studied species or subspecies. Based on these studies, phylogenetic relationships among nearly all the species of Cheirogaleidae and Lemuridae are proposed. The karyotype of the common ancestor is identical or very similar to that of Microcebus. Nearly 60 chromosomal changes, including five intrachromosomal rearrangements of the X chromosome, have been detected during the evolution of these two families. The possible evolutionary role of the different chromosomal rearrangements is discussed.", "PMID": 116803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12504", "title": "Chromosomal unit fibers in Drosophila.", "content": "Chromosomal unit fibers consisting of long, regular fibers of about 0.40 micron diameter were obtained from disintegrated, isolated chromosomes of two Drosophila melanogaster cell lines. In one cell line with an essentially normal karyotype, three clearly defined size classes of 15,13, and 11 micron length were observed corresponding to the three larger chromosomes of Drosophila. In a cell line carrying an additional translocation between the two largest chromosomes a 19 micron fiber derived from the translocation chromosome was observed. Direct determinations of the DNA content per micron length of Drosophila unit fibers show that DNA is contracted by a factor of about 1400x  in agreement with calculations based on the length of the unit fibers and the known DNA content of the individual Drosophila chromosomes. These findings support our previously proposed model for the unit fiber sub-structure of chromosomes as being derived by a hierarchy of coiling with the corresponding contraction ratios being 7 (100 A string of nucleosomes), 5 to 6 (250-300 A thick nucleohistone fiber), and about 40 (unit fiber), resulting in a total contraction of DNA in unit fibers in the order of 1400x.", "contents": "Chromosomal unit fibers in Drosophila. Chromosomal unit fibers consisting of long, regular fibers of about 0.40 micron diameter were obtained from disintegrated, isolated chromosomes of two Drosophila melanogaster cell lines. In one cell line with an essentially normal karyotype, three clearly defined size classes of 15,13, and 11 micron length were observed corresponding to the three larger chromosomes of Drosophila. In a cell line carrying an additional translocation between the two largest chromosomes a 19 micron fiber derived from the translocation chromosome was observed. Direct determinations of the DNA content per micron length of Drosophila unit fibers show that DNA is contracted by a factor of about 1400x  in agreement with calculations based on the length of the unit fibers and the known DNA content of the individual Drosophila chromosomes. These findings support our previously proposed model for the unit fiber sub-structure of chromosomes as being derived by a hierarchy of coiling with the corresponding contraction ratios being 7 (100 A string of nucleosomes), 5 to 6 (250-300 A thick nucleohistone fiber), and about 40 (unit fiber), resulting in a total contraction of DNA in unit fibers in the order of 1400x.", "PMID": 116826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12505", "title": "The occurrence of long transcription units among the X and Y ribosomal genes of Drosophila melanogaster: transcription of insertion sequences.", "content": "Most of the ribosomal transcription units (rTUs) in Drosophila melanogaster observed by electron microscopy measure about 8 kb; a length which corresponds to the size of the 38S precursor to ribosomal RNA in D. melanogaster. However, interspersed among these rTUs are transcription units that are much longer (up to 14.6 kb) than the 8 kb expected for rTUs. Some of these larger length estimates can be attributed to stretching but an important fraction is significantly larger and has up to 60 more fibers per gene.--The following evidence suggests that these larger transcription units are ribosomal genes consisting of insertion sequences. The long transcription units are within the sizes expected for rTUs containing insertion sequences as reported by other workers. Their RNP fibers cross-react with antibodies raised against ribosomal proteins in a manner similar to that observed for ribosomal RNP. They are interspersed among rTUs in the X chromosome.--These putative ribosomal genes carrying insertions are present both in the X and, although to a lesser extent, in the Y ribosomal chromatin as is indicated by their existence in nurse cells of both Oregon R females and females of the genotype sc4sc8/sc4sc8/y+ Y. Analysis of the fiber patterns of \"long TUs\" supports the hypothesis that the insertion region is being transcribed.--\"Long TUs\" are found in tandem with non-transcribed spacer regions which are heterogeneous in length with a mean of 1.53+/-0.61 micrometers (or 8.5+/-3.4 kb).", "contents": "The occurrence of long transcription units among the X and Y ribosomal genes of Drosophila melanogaster: transcription of insertion sequences. Most of the ribosomal transcription units (rTUs) in Drosophila melanogaster observed by electron microscopy measure about 8 kb; a length which corresponds to the size of the 38S precursor to ribosomal RNA in D. melanogaster. However, interspersed among these rTUs are transcription units that are much longer (up to 14.6 kb) than the 8 kb expected for rTUs. Some of these larger length estimates can be attributed to stretching but an important fraction is significantly larger and has up to 60 more fibers per gene.--The following evidence suggests that these larger transcription units are ribosomal genes consisting of insertion sequences. The long transcription units are within the sizes expected for rTUs containing insertion sequences as reported by other workers. Their RNP fibers cross-react with antibodies raised against ribosomal proteins in a manner similar to that observed for ribosomal RNP. They are interspersed among rTUs in the X chromosome.--These putative ribosomal genes carrying insertions are present both in the X and, although to a lesser extent, in the Y ribosomal chromatin as is indicated by their existence in nurse cells of both Oregon R females and females of the genotype sc4sc8/sc4sc8/y+ Y. Analysis of the fiber patterns of \"long TUs\" supports the hypothesis that the insertion region is being transcribed.--\"Long TUs\" are found in tandem with non-transcribed spacer regions which are heterogeneous in length with a mean of 1.53+/-0.61 micrometers (or 8.5+/-3.4 kb).", "PMID": 116827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12506", "title": "3H-uridine incorporation in the puff 93D and in chromocentric heterochromatin of heat shocked salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The autoradiographic patterns of 3H-uridine labelling of the major temperature shock puff sites and the chromocentric (beta-)heterochromatin in heat shocked (37 degrees C) salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster have been studied. It is seen that in response to the heat shock treatment, four of the major temperature shock puffs (63BC, 87A, 87C and 95D) show a correlated level of 3H-uridine incorporation in a given nucleus. However, although the mean grain density on 93D puff is maximum in the heat shocked preparations, in individual nuclei this puff is labelled to a widely varying level and this variation in its labelling is statistically not correlated to the labelling of the other four temperature shock puffs in a nucleus. The chromocentric beta-heterochromatin, which has been shown in several earlier studies to hybridize with temperature shock RNA fractions, is seen to be totally inactive in transcription after the heat shock.", "contents": "3H-uridine incorporation in the puff 93D and in chromocentric heterochromatin of heat shocked salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster. The autoradiographic patterns of 3H-uridine labelling of the major temperature shock puff sites and the chromocentric (beta-)heterochromatin in heat shocked (37 degrees C) salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster have been studied. It is seen that in response to the heat shock treatment, four of the major temperature shock puffs (63BC, 87A, 87C and 95D) show a correlated level of 3H-uridine incorporation in a given nucleus. However, although the mean grain density on 93D puff is maximum in the heat shocked preparations, in individual nuclei this puff is labelled to a widely varying level and this variation in its labelling is statistically not correlated to the labelling of the other four temperature shock puffs in a nucleus. The chromocentric beta-heterochromatin, which has been shown in several earlier studies to hybridize with temperature shock RNA fractions, is seen to be totally inactive in transcription after the heat shock.", "PMID": 116828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12507", "title": "Genetic instability in Drosophila melanogaster: tandem duplications as monitors of intrastrand exchange.", "content": "Two tandem duplications of the X chromosome associated with the white eye color locus are described. In heterozygous females both revert to a nonduplicated chromosome without detectable meiotic recombination. Clustering of revertants suggests the reversion event occurs in the germ line prior to meiosis. Similarly in males one duplication also reverts with clustering implying a premeiotic event. Revertant X chromosomes derived from males are either nonduplicated or deleted. Intrastrand exchange can account for some but not all revertants recovered.", "contents": "Genetic instability in Drosophila melanogaster: tandem duplications as monitors of intrastrand exchange. Two tandem duplications of the X chromosome associated with the white eye color locus are described. In heterozygous females both revert to a nonduplicated chromosome without detectable meiotic recombination. Clustering of revertants suggests the reversion event occurs in the germ line prior to meiosis. Similarly in males one duplication also reverts with clustering implying a premeiotic event. Revertant X chromosomes derived from males are either nonduplicated or deleted. Intrastrand exchange can account for some but not all revertants recovered.", "PMID": 116829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12508", "title": "Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and transient hypoparathyroidism during therapy with potassium phosphate in diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "The effects of intravenous administration of potassium phosphate in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis were studied in nine children, ages 9 9/12 to 17 10/12 yr. During phosphate infusion (20--40 meq/L of fluid), all children maintained normal serum concentrations of phosphorus. Transient hypocalcemia occurred in six and transient hypomagnesemia in five patients. One child developed carpopedal spasms refractory to intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate but responsive to intramuscular injection of magnesium sulfate. In three patients, serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone were low at the time of hypocalcemia, an observation that suggests transient hypoparathyroidism. This study indicates that the use of potassium phosphate as the sole source of potassium replacement might potentiate ketoacidosis-induced hypocalcemia through multiple mechanisms.", "contents": "Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and transient hypoparathyroidism during therapy with potassium phosphate in diabetic ketoacidosis. The effects of intravenous administration of potassium phosphate in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis were studied in nine children, ages 9 9/12 to 17 10/12 yr. During phosphate infusion (20--40 meq/L of fluid), all children maintained normal serum concentrations of phosphorus. Transient hypocalcemia occurred in six and transient hypomagnesemia in five patients. One child developed carpopedal spasms refractory to intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate but responsive to intramuscular injection of magnesium sulfate. In three patients, serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone were low at the time of hypocalcemia, an observation that suggests transient hypoparathyroidism. This study indicates that the use of potassium phosphate as the sole source of potassium replacement might potentiate ketoacidosis-induced hypocalcemia through multiple mechanisms.", "PMID": 116830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12509", "title": "Pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis: a reappraisal.", "content": "This study reviews the pathogenic hormonal abnormalities (insulin deficiency and stress hormone excess) in diabetic ketoacidosis. The data both supporting and negating a primary role for insulin deficiency in the pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis are examined. Evidence implicating excess stress hormone secretion as a necessary event in the development of severe metabolic decompensation is discussed. The data suggest that diabetic ketoacidosis may be prevented by correcting either the relative deficiency of insulin or the excess secreation of one or a combination of the stress hormones. Studies supporting a primary role for insulin deficiency in the pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis include the beneficial therapeutic response to insulin administration in ketoacidosis, development of ketoacidosis; and (3) stress hormone excess is necessary for fulminant ketoacidosis to be manifested.s following insulin withdrawal from diabetic man and animals, and hypoglycemic and hypoketonemic effects of insulin. Studies negating a primary role for insulin deficiency in ketoacidosis include the \"normal\" plasma insulin concentration in the majority of ketoacidotic cases, delayed onset of ketoacidosis after insulin withdrawal from diabetic man, and lack of hypolipolytic and hypoketonemic effect of insulin without prior stress hormone adipocyte and hepatocyte stimulation. Evidence that stress hormones (glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone) contribute to the metabolic decompensation of ketoacidosis includes: (1) in all cases of ketoacidosis, at least one stress hormone is always elevated; (2) pharmacologic blockade of each of the stress hormones reduces the rate and/or frequency of metabolic decompensation in diabetic man; (3) removal of the pituitary and/or the adrenal gland in diabetic animals completely prevents the development of ketoacidosis after insulin withdrawal; and (4) administration of each of the four stress hormones under appropriate conditions induces metabolic decompensation in diabetic man with \"normal\" circulating levels of plasma insulin concentration. From these studies, the following conclusions are supported: (1) absolute insulin deficiency is an unusual cause of ketoacidosis; (2) the presence of relative insulin deficiency is necessary for the development of ketoacidosis; and (3) stress hormone excess is necessary for fulminant ketoacidosis to be manifested.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis: a reappraisal. This study reviews the pathogenic hormonal abnormalities (insulin deficiency and stress hormone excess) in diabetic ketoacidosis. The data both supporting and negating a primary role for insulin deficiency in the pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis are examined. Evidence implicating excess stress hormone secretion as a necessary event in the development of severe metabolic decompensation is discussed. The data suggest that diabetic ketoacidosis may be prevented by correcting either the relative deficiency of insulin or the excess secreation of one or a combination of the stress hormones. Studies supporting a primary role for insulin deficiency in the pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis include the beneficial therapeutic response to insulin administration in ketoacidosis, development of ketoacidosis; and (3) stress hormone excess is necessary for fulminant ketoacidosis to be manifested.s following insulin withdrawal from diabetic man and animals, and hypoglycemic and hypoketonemic effects of insulin. Studies negating a primary role for insulin deficiency in ketoacidosis include the \"normal\" plasma insulin concentration in the majority of ketoacidotic cases, delayed onset of ketoacidosis after insulin withdrawal from diabetic man, and lack of hypolipolytic and hypoketonemic effect of insulin without prior stress hormone adipocyte and hepatocyte stimulation. Evidence that stress hormones (glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone) contribute to the metabolic decompensation of ketoacidosis includes: (1) in all cases of ketoacidosis, at least one stress hormone is always elevated; (2) pharmacologic blockade of each of the stress hormones reduces the rate and/or frequency of metabolic decompensation in diabetic man; (3) removal of the pituitary and/or the adrenal gland in diabetic animals completely prevents the development of ketoacidosis after insulin withdrawal; and (4) administration of each of the four stress hormones under appropriate conditions induces metabolic decompensation in diabetic man with \"normal\" circulating levels of plasma insulin concentration. From these studies, the following conclusions are supported: (1) absolute insulin deficiency is an unusual cause of ketoacidosis; (2) the presence of relative insulin deficiency is necessary for the development of ketoacidosis; and (3) stress hormone excess is necessary for fulminant ketoacidosis to be manifested.", "PMID": 116831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12510", "title": "Evidence for a rapid in vivo effect on estradiol-17 beta on prolactin secretion in ovariectomized rats.", "content": "Repeated intraarterial injections of synthetic thryrotropin releasing hormone (TRH, 1 microgram/rat) increased plasma prolactin levels 4 hours after a single subcutaneous injection of 10 micrograms estradiol-17 beta (E2-17 beta) in rats ovariectomized 1, 2 or 4 weeks and at 2 hours after E2-17 beta injection in rats ovariectomized for 6 weeks. The effect of TRH was still present at 24 but not 48 hours after estradiol treatment. TRH-induced increases in plasma prolactin were similar in groups of rats treated with 10 micrograms E2-17 beta (s.c.) or implanted with 0.5 cm Silastic capsules of crystalline E2-17 beta (s.c.) whereas smaller, yet significant, TRH-induced increases in plasma prolactin were observed in rats injected s.c. with 1.0 microgram E2-17 beta. Single intraarterial injections of TRH at 4 or 8 hours after E2-17 beta treatment induced increases in plasma prolactin similar in magnitude to those observed at the same times after E2-17 beta in rats given repeated TRH injections. No effect of TRH was observed in ovariectomized rats given sesame oil and E2-17 beta treatment did not influence plasma prolactin in rats given saline instead of TRH. Intraarterial administration of serotonin creatinine sulfate (5-HT, 10 mg/kg body weight) induced marked increases in plasma prolactin in rats ovariectomized for 4 weeks which were potentiated at 2 and 6 hours after E2-17 beta (10 micrograms) treatment. The data show that estradiol has a fairly rapid stimulatory effect on plasma levels of prolactin induced by two different secretagogues but the exact site and mechanism of action remain unresolved.", "contents": "Evidence for a rapid in vivo effect on estradiol-17 beta on prolactin secretion in ovariectomized rats. Repeated intraarterial injections of synthetic thryrotropin releasing hormone (TRH, 1 microgram/rat) increased plasma prolactin levels 4 hours after a single subcutaneous injection of 10 micrograms estradiol-17 beta (E2-17 beta) in rats ovariectomized 1, 2 or 4 weeks and at 2 hours after E2-17 beta injection in rats ovariectomized for 6 weeks. The effect of TRH was still present at 24 but not 48 hours after estradiol treatment. TRH-induced increases in plasma prolactin were similar in groups of rats treated with 10 micrograms E2-17 beta (s.c.) or implanted with 0.5 cm Silastic capsules of crystalline E2-17 beta (s.c.) whereas smaller, yet significant, TRH-induced increases in plasma prolactin were observed in rats injected s.c. with 1.0 microgram E2-17 beta. Single intraarterial injections of TRH at 4 or 8 hours after E2-17 beta treatment induced increases in plasma prolactin similar in magnitude to those observed at the same times after E2-17 beta in rats given repeated TRH injections. No effect of TRH was observed in ovariectomized rats given sesame oil and E2-17 beta treatment did not influence plasma prolactin in rats given saline instead of TRH. Intraarterial administration of serotonin creatinine sulfate (5-HT, 10 mg/kg body weight) induced marked increases in plasma prolactin in rats ovariectomized for 4 weeks which were potentiated at 2 and 6 hours after E2-17 beta (10 micrograms) treatment. The data show that estradiol has a fairly rapid stimulatory effect on plasma levels of prolactin induced by two different secretagogues but the exact site and mechanism of action remain unresolved.", "PMID": 116836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12511", "title": "Effect of nutritional counseling on the blood glucose and nutritional knowledge of diabetic subjects.", "content": "The nutritional knowledge and control of diabetes was assessed in 43 nonketosis-prone diabetic subjects. Patients were semiliterate or illiterate. They were exposed to a 1-h nutritional counseling program in groups of three to five. The nutritional counseling program was highly simplified and emphasized only a few important aspects of diabetic diet. Patients' nutritional knowledge improved significantly after nutritional counseling. The control of diabetes also improved significantly in those patients in whom control had been inadequate.", "contents": "Effect of nutritional counseling on the blood glucose and nutritional knowledge of diabetic subjects. The nutritional knowledge and control of diabetes was assessed in 43 nonketosis-prone diabetic subjects. Patients were semiliterate or illiterate. They were exposed to a 1-h nutritional counseling program in groups of three to five. The nutritional counseling program was highly simplified and emphasized only a few important aspects of diabetic diet. Patients' nutritional knowledge improved significantly after nutritional counseling. The control of diabetes also improved significantly in those patients in whom control had been inadequate.", "PMID": 116832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12512", "title": "In vivo patterns of circulating steroids in adult male rats III. Effect of total parenteral nutrition on the diurnal variation of testosterone.", "content": "The in vivo pattern of circulating testosterone (T) during a 24 hr period was investigated in stock-fed and total parenterally nourished (TPN) rats. A diurnal rhythm of T was observed in control rats with highest concentrations occurring during the dark period. The loss of this rhythm in rats maintained on TPN shows that nutritional regimen affects circulating T and overrides the synchronizing effect of the light/dark cycle.", "contents": "In vivo patterns of circulating steroids in adult male rats III. Effect of total parenteral nutrition on the diurnal variation of testosterone. The in vivo pattern of circulating testosterone (T) during a 24 hr period was investigated in stock-fed and total parenterally nourished (TPN) rats. A diurnal rhythm of T was observed in control rats with highest concentrations occurring during the dark period. The loss of this rhythm in rats maintained on TPN shows that nutritional regimen affects circulating T and overrides the synchronizing effect of the light/dark cycle.", "PMID": 116837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12513", "title": "Comparison of the effect of TRH on plasma TSH level in young and adult rats.", "content": "Since it is known that TRH degrading system in plasma is inactive during suckling period in the rat, it was of interest to see whether this might prolong the effect of TRH on plasma TSH. Time course of plasma TSH after s. c. administration of 2 ng TRH g-1 was studied in 7, 48 and 120 day-old rats. The highest basal TSH level (448 +/- 72 microU ml-1) was found in 48 day-old males, while it was the lowest (82 +/- 22.8 microU ml-1) in 7 day-old animals. Time course was essentially the same in all three age groups. If the increase of plasma TSH was compared to the level of saline treated controls at the same time, 8.2 and 10.1 fold increase was found 10 and 30 min after TRH injection, respectively, in 7 day-old pups. However, the increase was only 2.3 and 3.4 fold in older animals at the same time intervals. The highest absolute level obtained during TRH stimulation was found in 48 day-old animals (1055 +/- 121.6 microU ml-1). These results show that the effect of TRH on plasma TSH was not prolonged in neonatal rats thus suggesting that extravascular TRH degradation may be of some importance in TSH regulation.", "contents": "Comparison of the effect of TRH on plasma TSH level in young and adult rats. Since it is known that TRH degrading system in plasma is inactive during suckling period in the rat, it was of interest to see whether this might prolong the effect of TRH on plasma TSH. Time course of plasma TSH after s. c. administration of 2 ng TRH g-1 was studied in 7, 48 and 120 day-old rats. The highest basal TSH level (448 +/- 72 microU ml-1) was found in 48 day-old males, while it was the lowest (82 +/- 22.8 microU ml-1) in 7 day-old animals. Time course was essentially the same in all three age groups. If the increase of plasma TSH was compared to the level of saline treated controls at the same time, 8.2 and 10.1 fold increase was found 10 and 30 min after TRH injection, respectively, in 7 day-old pups. However, the increase was only 2.3 and 3.4 fold in older animals at the same time intervals. The highest absolute level obtained during TRH stimulation was found in 48 day-old animals (1055 +/- 121.6 microU ml-1). These results show that the effect of TRH on plasma TSH was not prolonged in neonatal rats thus suggesting that extravascular TRH degradation may be of some importance in TSH regulation.", "PMID": 116838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12514", "title": "Perinatal period and pregnancy: intervals of high risk for chemical carcinogens.", "content": "Experiments in rodents indicate that during the post-embryonic period of prenatal development, the fetus is more sensitive than the adult to certain carcinogens, by several decimal orders of magnitude. Most such agents are direct-acting and independent of metabolism. To other substances, often those which require enzyme-mediated metabolic conversion to a chemically reactive derivative in order to effect carcinogenesis, the fetus may be less vulnerable than the adult. The neonate is also more susceptible than adults to some carcinogens, and may be more susceptible than the fetus to certain agents. Both rodent and primate studies indicate that gravid females are also at elevated risk for carcinogenesis, in part because of the presence in the placenta of trophoblastic tissue which may become malignant. The contributions of rapid growth rate, changing metabolic competence, and tissue differentiation to elevated perinatal susceptibility to carcinogens in rodents and primates are discussed, together with the implications of these findings for human beings subjected to industrial or environmental exposures to such chemicals.", "contents": "Perinatal period and pregnancy: intervals of high risk for chemical carcinogens. Experiments in rodents indicate that during the post-embryonic period of prenatal development, the fetus is more sensitive than the adult to certain carcinogens, by several decimal orders of magnitude. Most such agents are direct-acting and independent of metabolism. To other substances, often those which require enzyme-mediated metabolic conversion to a chemically reactive derivative in order to effect carcinogenesis, the fetus may be less vulnerable than the adult. The neonate is also more susceptible than adults to some carcinogens, and may be more susceptible than the fetus to certain agents. Both rodent and primate studies indicate that gravid females are also at elevated risk for carcinogenesis, in part because of the presence in the placenta of trophoblastic tissue which may become malignant. The contributions of rapid growth rate, changing metabolic competence, and tissue differentiation to elevated perinatal susceptibility to carcinogens in rodents and primates are discussed, together with the implications of these findings for human beings subjected to industrial or environmental exposures to such chemicals.", "PMID": 116842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12515", "title": "A phylogenetic study on vertebrate mitochondrial DNA polymerase.", "content": "We have started a phylogenetic survey for the mitochondrial DNA polymerase and present in this study the results obtained for all the different classes for the vertebrates. The operating conditions include the purification of mitochondria, the analysis of the DNA polymerase activity in the extract and the determination of the sedimentation coefficient on sucrose gradients. The utilization of digitonin for removing the external membrane of the organelle and contaminating proteins has been generalized since this detergent shows no effect on the activities of either DNA polymerases alpha or gamma. The results obtained for the mitochondria of different classes of vertebrates show that the activity responding to the specific assay of DNA polymerase gamma tended invariably to increase during purification while that of DNA polymerase alpha tended to decrease. Furthermore in almost all the cases the gamma-polymerase represented the only DNA polymerase activity found in the mitochondria after digitonin treatment. The analysis of the sedimentation patterns of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase strongly suggests the presence of a single type of DNA polymerase showing the typical properties of the gamma-polymerase. It is concluded that the vertebrate mitochondria contain a well-defined and unique form of DNA polymerase which corresponds to the DNA polymerase gamma.", "contents": "A phylogenetic study on vertebrate mitochondrial DNA polymerase. We have started a phylogenetic survey for the mitochondrial DNA polymerase and present in this study the results obtained for all the different classes for the vertebrates. The operating conditions include the purification of mitochondria, the analysis of the DNA polymerase activity in the extract and the determination of the sedimentation coefficient on sucrose gradients. The utilization of digitonin for removing the external membrane of the organelle and contaminating proteins has been generalized since this detergent shows no effect on the activities of either DNA polymerases alpha or gamma. The results obtained for the mitochondria of different classes of vertebrates show that the activity responding to the specific assay of DNA polymerase gamma tended invariably to increase during purification while that of DNA polymerase alpha tended to decrease. Furthermore in almost all the cases the gamma-polymerase represented the only DNA polymerase activity found in the mitochondria after digitonin treatment. The analysis of the sedimentation patterns of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase strongly suggests the presence of a single type of DNA polymerase showing the typical properties of the gamma-polymerase. It is concluded that the vertebrate mitochondria contain a well-defined and unique form of DNA polymerase which corresponds to the DNA polymerase gamma.", "PMID": 116847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12516", "title": "beta-Galactosidase from Aspergillus niger. Separation and characterization of three multiple forms.", "content": "The enzyme beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) from Aspergillus niger was purified and resolved into three multiple forms, using molecular sieving, ion-exchange, an hydrophobic chromatography. The isolated enzyme forms accounted for 83%, 8%, and 9% of the total beta-galactosidase activity, respectively. They were glycoproteins with estimated molecular weights of 124,000, 150,000 and 173,000, isoelectric points of about 4.6, and pH optima between 2.5 and 4.0. Amino acid and carbohydrate analyses showed that multiplicity was mainly due to dissimilar carbohydrate contents (about 12.5%, 20.5% and 29% neutral carbohydrates, respectively). The multiple form pattern might depend on the culture conditions. The beta-galactosidase forms were heat-stable up to about 60 degrees C. The Km values for lactose ranged from 85 mM to 125 mM, whereas those for the synthetic substrate o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside were equal to about 2.4 mM. The V values obtained at 30 degrees C for lactose and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside were 104 units/mg enzyme protein and 121 units/mg enzyme protein, respectively (weighted averages for the three enzyme forms). The slight reactional dissimilarities between the three enzyme forms are unlikely to be physiologically relevant. The biological significance of A. niger beta-galactosidase multiplicity might be related to the observed differences in carbohydrate content, as suggested by recent reports on other microbial glycoprotein enzymes.", "contents": "beta-Galactosidase from Aspergillus niger. Separation and characterization of three multiple forms. The enzyme beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) from Aspergillus niger was purified and resolved into three multiple forms, using molecular sieving, ion-exchange, an hydrophobic chromatography. The isolated enzyme forms accounted for 83%, 8%, and 9% of the total beta-galactosidase activity, respectively. They were glycoproteins with estimated molecular weights of 124,000, 150,000 and 173,000, isoelectric points of about 4.6, and pH optima between 2.5 and 4.0. Amino acid and carbohydrate analyses showed that multiplicity was mainly due to dissimilar carbohydrate contents (about 12.5%, 20.5% and 29% neutral carbohydrates, respectively). The multiple form pattern might depend on the culture conditions. The beta-galactosidase forms were heat-stable up to about 60 degrees C. The Km values for lactose ranged from 85 mM to 125 mM, whereas those for the synthetic substrate o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside were equal to about 2.4 mM. The V values obtained at 30 degrees C for lactose and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside were 104 units/mg enzyme protein and 121 units/mg enzyme protein, respectively (weighted averages for the three enzyme forms). The slight reactional dissimilarities between the three enzyme forms are unlikely to be physiologically relevant. The biological significance of A. niger beta-galactosidase multiplicity might be related to the observed differences in carbohydrate content, as suggested by recent reports on other microbial glycoprotein enzymes.", "PMID": 116848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12517", "title": "Characterization and comparison of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase variants.", "content": "1. Variants of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase from a variety of bacterial species have been isolated and purified to homogeneity. They constitute a heterogeneous group of proteins as judged by analytical affinity and hydrophobic ('detergent') chromatography, native and sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, sensitivity to sulfhydryl specific reagents, steady state kinetic analysis, and reaction with antisera. 2. The most striking observation is that three variants of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (R factor type III, Streptomyces acrimycini, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens) possess an apparent subunit molecular weight (24,500) which is significantly greater than that of all other variants examined (22,500). The three atypical variants are not identical since they show marked differences in a number of important parameters. 3. Although the fundamental mechanism of catalysis may prove to be identical for all chloramphenicol acetyltransferase variants, there is a wide range of sensitivity to thiol-directed inhibitors among the enzymes studied. 4. Amino acid sequence analysis of the N-termini of selected variants suggests that the qualitative differences among chloramphenicol acetyltransferase variants is a reflection of structural heterogeneity which is most marked in comparisons between variants from Gram-positive and Gram-negative species.", "contents": "Characterization and comparison of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase variants. 1. Variants of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase from a variety of bacterial species have been isolated and purified to homogeneity. They constitute a heterogeneous group of proteins as judged by analytical affinity and hydrophobic ('detergent') chromatography, native and sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, sensitivity to sulfhydryl specific reagents, steady state kinetic analysis, and reaction with antisera. 2. The most striking observation is that three variants of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (R factor type III, Streptomyces acrimycini, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens) possess an apparent subunit molecular weight (24,500) which is significantly greater than that of all other variants examined (22,500). The three atypical variants are not identical since they show marked differences in a number of important parameters. 3. Although the fundamental mechanism of catalysis may prove to be identical for all chloramphenicol acetyltransferase variants, there is a wide range of sensitivity to thiol-directed inhibitors among the enzymes studied. 4. Amino acid sequence analysis of the N-termini of selected variants suggests that the qualitative differences among chloramphenicol acetyltransferase variants is a reflection of structural heterogeneity which is most marked in comparisons between variants from Gram-positive and Gram-negative species.", "PMID": 116849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12518", "title": "Structure and properties of the putrescine carbamoyltransferase of Streptococcus faecalis.", "content": "Ornithine and putrescine carbamoyltransferases from Streptococcus faecalis ATCC11700 have been purified and their structural properties compared. The molecular weight of native ornithine carbamoyltransferase, measured by molecular sieving, is 250 000. It is composed of six apparently identical subunits with a molecular weight of 39 000, as determined by cross-linking with the bifunctional reagent glutaraldehyde followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. Using the same method, putrescine carbamoyltransferase is a trimer of 140 000 consisting of three identical subunits with a molecular weight of 40 000. Ornithine carbamoyltransferase displays a narrow specificity towards its substrate, ornithine. In contrast, putrescine carbamoyltransferase carbamoylates ornithine and several diamines (diaminopropane, diaminohexane, spermine, spermidine, cadaverine) in addition to its preferred substrate, putrescine, but with a considerable lower efficiency than for putrescine. The kinetic mechanism of putrescine carbamoyltransferase has been investigated. Initial velocity studies yield intersecting plots using either putrescine or ornithine as substrate, indicating a sequential mechanism. The patterns of protection of the enzyme by the reactants during heat inactivation as well as the results of product and dead-end inhibition studies provide evidence for a random addition of the substrates. The putrescine inhibition that is induced by phosphate does, however, suggest that a preferred pathway exists in which carbamoylphosphate is the leading substrate. The different kinetic constants have been established. The properties of putrescine carbamoyltransferase are compared to the known properties of other carbamoyltransferases. The evolutionary implications of this comparison are discussed.", "contents": "Structure and properties of the putrescine carbamoyltransferase of Streptococcus faecalis. Ornithine and putrescine carbamoyltransferases from Streptococcus faecalis ATCC11700 have been purified and their structural properties compared. The molecular weight of native ornithine carbamoyltransferase, measured by molecular sieving, is 250 000. It is composed of six apparently identical subunits with a molecular weight of 39 000, as determined by cross-linking with the bifunctional reagent glutaraldehyde followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. Using the same method, putrescine carbamoyltransferase is a trimer of 140 000 consisting of three identical subunits with a molecular weight of 40 000. Ornithine carbamoyltransferase displays a narrow specificity towards its substrate, ornithine. In contrast, putrescine carbamoyltransferase carbamoylates ornithine and several diamines (diaminopropane, diaminohexane, spermine, spermidine, cadaverine) in addition to its preferred substrate, putrescine, but with a considerable lower efficiency than for putrescine. The kinetic mechanism of putrescine carbamoyltransferase has been investigated. Initial velocity studies yield intersecting plots using either putrescine or ornithine as substrate, indicating a sequential mechanism. The patterns of protection of the enzyme by the reactants during heat inactivation as well as the results of product and dead-end inhibition studies provide evidence for a random addition of the substrates. The putrescine inhibition that is induced by phosphate does, however, suggest that a preferred pathway exists in which carbamoylphosphate is the leading substrate. The different kinetic constants have been established. The properties of putrescine carbamoyltransferase are compared to the known properties of other carbamoyltransferases. The evolutionary implications of this comparison are discussed.", "PMID": 116850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12519", "title": "A study of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. Improved purification, relative molecular mass, and amino acid composition.", "content": "The purification procedure for p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase has been modified by replacement of the DEAE-cellulose (DE-32) column in the original procedure by a Sephadex--Cibacron-blue affinity column. In this way the yield of enzyme could be improved from 16% to about 40--50%. Preparative gel chromatography indicated that the enzyme does not exist as a monomeric species as earlier believed but mainly as a dimer. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of purified enzyme revealed a minimum relative molecular mass (Mr) of 43000--45000. Analytical gel chromatography, sedimentation equilibrium and sedimentation velocity experiments showed that the enzyme exists in solution mainly as a dimer but also in higher-order quaternary structures (presumably tetramer and hexamer). Temperature dependence of the distribution of the oligomers suggests that the association is of hydrophobic nature. The amino acid composition of the enzyme is also presented. The enzyme contains no disulfide but five sulfhydryl groups. In the native state of the enzyme only one sulfhydryl group is accessible to N-ethylmaleimide or 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The iso-electric point of the enzyme was found to be 5.8.", "contents": "A study of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. Improved purification, relative molecular mass, and amino acid composition. The purification procedure for p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase has been modified by replacement of the DEAE-cellulose (DE-32) column in the original procedure by a Sephadex--Cibacron-blue affinity column. In this way the yield of enzyme could be improved from 16% to about 40--50%. Preparative gel chromatography indicated that the enzyme does not exist as a monomeric species as earlier believed but mainly as a dimer. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of purified enzyme revealed a minimum relative molecular mass (Mr) of 43000--45000. Analytical gel chromatography, sedimentation equilibrium and sedimentation velocity experiments showed that the enzyme exists in solution mainly as a dimer but also in higher-order quaternary structures (presumably tetramer and hexamer). Temperature dependence of the distribution of the oligomers suggests that the association is of hydrophobic nature. The amino acid composition of the enzyme is also presented. The enzyme contains no disulfide but five sulfhydryl groups. In the native state of the enzyme only one sulfhydryl group is accessible to N-ethylmaleimide or 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The iso-electric point of the enzyme was found to be 5.8.", "PMID": 116851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12520", "title": "Nucleotide sequences adjacent to the proteins covalently linked to the cowpea mosaic virus genome. Sequence determination after labelling in vitro using RNA ligase.", "content": "The sequences of the first 17 nucleotides of cowpea mosaic virus middle and bottom RNAs adjacent to the covalently-linked proteins have been determined. Sequences of the oligonucleotides, produced by complete T1 RNase digestion, were established after labelling of the 3' termini in vitro using RNA ligase. Both sequences are A/U-rich, the first nine nucleotides being identical.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequences adjacent to the proteins covalently linked to the cowpea mosaic virus genome. Sequence determination after labelling in vitro using RNA ligase. The sequences of the first 17 nucleotides of cowpea mosaic virus middle and bottom RNAs adjacent to the covalently-linked proteins have been determined. Sequences of the oligonucleotides, produced by complete T1 RNase digestion, were established after labelling of the 3' termini in vitro using RNA ligase. Both sequences are A/U-rich, the first nine nucleotides being identical.", "PMID": 116852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12521", "title": "The influence of vagotomy on bile kinetics in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "An increased incidence of gallstones has been reported following truncal vagotomy and gastric drainage but never conclusively proven. In the Rhesus monkey, bile composition and flow is similar to man. A model of biliary drainage was established which permits continuous monitoring of bile kinetics. Following truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty, a significant fall in the bile acid concentration was observed, accompanied by a rise in cholesterol concentration. This resulted in an overall rise in cholesterol saturation. Similar changes in hepatic bile composition were, however, also seen following pyloroplasty alone, and suggests that the vagotomy itself may not be the important factor in producing bile changes.", "contents": "The influence of vagotomy on bile kinetics in the rhesus monkey. An increased incidence of gallstones has been reported following truncal vagotomy and gastric drainage but never conclusively proven. In the Rhesus monkey, bile composition and flow is similar to man. A model of biliary drainage was established which permits continuous monitoring of bile kinetics. Following truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty, a significant fall in the bile acid concentration was observed, accompanied by a rise in cholesterol concentration. This resulted in an overall rise in cholesterol saturation. Similar changes in hepatic bile composition were, however, also seen following pyloroplasty alone, and suggests that the vagotomy itself may not be the important factor in producing bile changes.", "PMID": 116853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12522", "title": "Clonidine effect in chronic angina pectoris. Double-blind, crossover trial on 60 patients.", "content": "Increased adrenergic activity, often manifested in chronic angina, is likely to influence adversely the course of the disease. In view of the inhibitory effect of clonidine (CL) upon the adrenergic nervous system, the effectiveness of small doses of CL in chronic angina was evaluated in a double-blind crossover study on 60 patients suffering at least 5 coronary pains per week in spite of routine medication. CL was given orally in a dose of 2 x 75 microgram/day for a 2 wk. Reduction in frequency of coronary pains by at least 50% was observed in 53.7% of patients, total nitroglycerin consumption decreased from 322 to 174 tablets/week, and ergometric performance increased from 168 to 283 W x min/patient. Urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline diminished. Blood pressure and heart rate were not considerably changed. Mild and transient side effects occurred in 10 patients, 9 of them completed the trial. It is concluded that CL in low doses is effective and safe in patients with chronic angina, presumably by alleviating adrenergic strain.", "contents": "Clonidine effect in chronic angina pectoris. Double-blind, crossover trial on 60 patients. Increased adrenergic activity, often manifested in chronic angina, is likely to influence adversely the course of the disease. In view of the inhibitory effect of clonidine (CL) upon the adrenergic nervous system, the effectiveness of small doses of CL in chronic angina was evaluated in a double-blind crossover study on 60 patients suffering at least 5 coronary pains per week in spite of routine medication. CL was given orally in a dose of 2 x 75 microgram/day for a 2 wk. Reduction in frequency of coronary pains by at least 50% was observed in 53.7% of patients, total nitroglycerin consumption decreased from 322 to 174 tablets/week, and ergometric performance increased from 168 to 283 W x min/patient. Urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline diminished. Blood pressure and heart rate were not considerably changed. Mild and transient side effects occurred in 10 patients, 9 of them completed the trial. It is concluded that CL in low doses is effective and safe in patients with chronic angina, presumably by alleviating adrenergic strain.", "PMID": 116856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12523", "title": "Effect of intracerebroventricular administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone upon the electroenteromyogram of rat duodenum.", "content": "Electroenteromyographic activity (EMG) of the duodenum was recorded in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. TRH intraventricularly administered to rats produced changes in EMG such as increased amplitude, decreased frequency of slow waves and the association of bursts of spike potentials with nearly every cycle of the basal electric rhythm (BER). The effect was selectively prompt and marked in the EMG of proximal duodenum. The response was abolished by vagotomy or atropine injection and no response was elicited in the neonatally 6-OHDA-treated rat. Hypophysectomy, cord-transection or acute i.v. injection of 6-OHDA did not block the response. In the brain, TRH seems to stimulate the neuronal system controlling the vagus efferents involved in the regulation of the duodenal enteric nervous system which in turn modulates the myogenic excitability of the duodenum.", "contents": "Effect of intracerebroventricular administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone upon the electroenteromyogram of rat duodenum. Electroenteromyographic activity (EMG) of the duodenum was recorded in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. TRH intraventricularly administered to rats produced changes in EMG such as increased amplitude, decreased frequency of slow waves and the association of bursts of spike potentials with nearly every cycle of the basal electric rhythm (BER). The effect was selectively prompt and marked in the EMG of proximal duodenum. The response was abolished by vagotomy or atropine injection and no response was elicited in the neonatally 6-OHDA-treated rat. Hypophysectomy, cord-transection or acute i.v. injection of 6-OHDA did not block the response. In the brain, TRH seems to stimulate the neuronal system controlling the vagus efferents involved in the regulation of the duodenal enteric nervous system which in turn modulates the myogenic excitability of the duodenum.", "PMID": 116857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12524", "title": "Motilin excites neurons in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord.", "content": "The 22 amino acid polypeptide motilin was tested by iontophoretic application onto neurons in the rat cerebral cortex and by perfusion over the isolated hemisected toad spinal cord. Motilin (25--150 nA) excited identified cortico-spinal neurons and other deep spontaneously firing cortical cells. Excitation developed relatively rapidly and lasted for up to 60 sec after the application. Motilin was a potent excitant (threshold concentration 2.5 x 10(-9) M) of neurons in the amphibian spinal cord, eliciting a depolarization of dorsal root terminals and motoneurons. Its effects were substantially reduced after tetrodotoxin, suggesting a primary site of action on spinal cord interneurons.", "contents": "Motilin excites neurons in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord. The 22 amino acid polypeptide motilin was tested by iontophoretic application onto neurons in the rat cerebral cortex and by perfusion over the isolated hemisected toad spinal cord. Motilin (25--150 nA) excited identified cortico-spinal neurons and other deep spontaneously firing cortical cells. Excitation developed relatively rapidly and lasted for up to 60 sec after the application. Motilin was a potent excitant (threshold concentration 2.5 x 10(-9) M) of neurons in the amphibian spinal cord, eliciting a depolarization of dorsal root terminals and motoneurons. Its effects were substantially reduced after tetrodotoxin, suggesting a primary site of action on spinal cord interneurons.", "PMID": 116858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12525", "title": "Immunofluorescent and immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of primate heart muscle antigens cross-reactive with Streptococcus pyogenes.", "content": "The presence of antigens in heart muscles cross-reactive with antibodies against Streptococcus pyogenes were examined in heart samples of seven primate species (chimpanzee, rhesus macaque, stump-tailed macaque, hamadryas baboon, capuchin monkey, green monkey and patas monkey). Cross-reactive antigens were localized by means of the indirect immunofluorescent technique in nearly all samples tested. The fluorescence pattern was the same as found in the heart muscle of other mammals. Using the indirect immunoferritin technique the substructural distribution of the antigens was investigated in heart muscle of rhesus macaque and hamadryas baboon. Beside the location on the cell surface the antigens were also demonstrated within the cell. Above all there was a strong labelling along the intercalated discs and in the sarcoplasmatic reticulum.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent and immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of primate heart muscle antigens cross-reactive with Streptococcus pyogenes. The presence of antigens in heart muscles cross-reactive with antibodies against Streptococcus pyogenes were examined in heart samples of seven primate species (chimpanzee, rhesus macaque, stump-tailed macaque, hamadryas baboon, capuchin monkey, green monkey and patas monkey). Cross-reactive antigens were localized by means of the indirect immunofluorescent technique in nearly all samples tested. The fluorescence pattern was the same as found in the heart muscle of other mammals. Using the indirect immunoferritin technique the substructural distribution of the antigens was investigated in heart muscle of rhesus macaque and hamadryas baboon. Beside the location on the cell surface the antigens were also demonstrated within the cell. Above all there was a strong labelling along the intercalated discs and in the sarcoplasmatic reticulum.", "PMID": 116866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12526", "title": "Developmental G6PD polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster: evidence for non-structural variants.", "content": "G6PD isozyme variation in Drosophila melanogaster is investigated in the larval stage through electrophoretic and genetic analyses. As current structural models for this gene-enzyme system fail to apply in these laboratory populations, the authors suggest a regulatory hypothesis to explain their observations.", "contents": "Developmental G6PD polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster: evidence for non-structural variants. G6PD isozyme variation in Drosophila melanogaster is investigated in the larval stage through electrophoretic and genetic analyses. As current structural models for this gene-enzyme system fail to apply in these laboratory populations, the authors suggest a regulatory hypothesis to explain their observations.", "PMID": 116867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12527", "title": "Effects of estrogens on the characteristics of [3H]spiroperidol and [3H]RU24213 binding in rat anterior pituitary gland and brain.", "content": "Since estrogens have been found to exert a marked inhibitory effect on dopaminergic action at the anterior pituitary and striatal levels in the rat, the effect of estrogen treatment has been studied on the binding characteristics of the dopamine (DA) antagonist [3H]spiroperidol and of the new DA agonist [3H]N-n-propyl-N-phenylethyl-beta-(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride ([3H]RU24213) in rat striatum, nucleus accumbens + olfactory tubercle, frontal cortex and anterior pituitary gland. Specificity of binding was carefully examined in order to investigate possible changes of the agonist and antagonist states of the DA receptor. Estrogen treatment led to a small increase (approx. 20%) of [3H]spiroperidol and [3H]RU24213 binding in rat striatum, nucleus accumbens + olfactory tubercle and frontal cortex while no significant effect was found in the anterior pituitary gland. That the increased binding is due to a corresponding increased number of binding sites and not to higher affinity is indicated by the absence of effect of estrogen treatment on the IC50 values for displacement of the two labeled ligands by a variety of unlabeled compounds. Specificity of binding of DA agonists and antagonists remained unchanged after estrogen treatment. The present data suggest that the potent desensitizing effect of estrogen on DA action at the striatal and pituitary levels is exerted at a step subsequent to binding of DA to its receptor.", "contents": "Effects of estrogens on the characteristics of [3H]spiroperidol and [3H]RU24213 binding in rat anterior pituitary gland and brain. Since estrogens have been found to exert a marked inhibitory effect on dopaminergic action at the anterior pituitary and striatal levels in the rat, the effect of estrogen treatment has been studied on the binding characteristics of the dopamine (DA) antagonist [3H]spiroperidol and of the new DA agonist [3H]N-n-propyl-N-phenylethyl-beta-(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride ([3H]RU24213) in rat striatum, nucleus accumbens + olfactory tubercle, frontal cortex and anterior pituitary gland. Specificity of binding was carefully examined in order to investigate possible changes of the agonist and antagonist states of the DA receptor. Estrogen treatment led to a small increase (approx. 20%) of [3H]spiroperidol and [3H]RU24213 binding in rat striatum, nucleus accumbens + olfactory tubercle and frontal cortex while no significant effect was found in the anterior pituitary gland. That the increased binding is due to a corresponding increased number of binding sites and not to higher affinity is indicated by the absence of effect of estrogen treatment on the IC50 values for displacement of the two labeled ligands by a variety of unlabeled compounds. Specificity of binding of DA agonists and antagonists remained unchanged after estrogen treatment. The present data suggest that the potent desensitizing effect of estrogen on DA action at the striatal and pituitary levels is exerted at a step subsequent to binding of DA to its receptor.", "PMID": 116893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12528", "title": "Effects of early undernutrition on motivation and discrimination learning in rats.", "content": "Offspring were either adequately nourished or undernourished during the suckling period. They had free access to food from weaning, and were given 2 behavioral tests between 13 and 19 weeks of age. Motivation for water was tested on a variable interval (VI) schedule at 3 levels of deprivation and a test of light-dark discrimination made at 23.5 hr of water deprivation. The results indicated (1) no clear difference in VI response rate, but (2) significant differences in discrimination performance between the 2 groups. A learning ability or certain relevant abilities rather than motivation for water appeared responsible for the difference in discrimination learning.", "contents": "Effects of early undernutrition on motivation and discrimination learning in rats. Offspring were either adequately nourished or undernourished during the suckling period. They had free access to food from weaning, and were given 2 behavioral tests between 13 and 19 weeks of age. Motivation for water was tested on a variable interval (VI) schedule at 3 levels of deprivation and a test of light-dark discrimination made at 23.5 hr of water deprivation. The results indicated (1) no clear difference in VI response rate, but (2) significant differences in discrimination performance between the 2 groups. A learning ability or certain relevant abilities rather than motivation for water appeared responsible for the difference in discrimination learning.", "PMID": 116896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12529", "title": "Another Kasahara-variant alkaline phosphatase in renal cell carcinomas.", "content": "Another Kasahara-variant alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme was found in 2 out of 25 human renal cell carcinoma tissues. This enzyme electrophoresed in a single diffuse band which is cathodal to but continuous with the liver alkaline phosphatase. After neuraminidase treatment, this enzyme electrophoresed in the same position as that of neuraminidase-treated Kasahara isoenzyme. The enzymic properties of another neuraminidase-treated Kasahara-variant enzyme such as inhibitions by L-phenylalanine, L-homoarginine, L-tryptophan, and L-leucine, effects of inorganic phosphate, urea, and sodium dodecyl sulfate, heat stability, and the reactivity with concanavalin-A are consistent with those of Kasahara isoenzyme. On Ouchterlony's double diffusion, the precipitin lines of Kasahara and the new variant enzyme produced by antibody to Kasahara isoenzyme fused completely. These facts may indicate the occurrence of another Kasahara-variant isoenzyme.", "contents": "Another Kasahara-variant alkaline phosphatase in renal cell carcinomas. Another Kasahara-variant alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme was found in 2 out of 25 human renal cell carcinoma tissues. This enzyme electrophoresed in a single diffuse band which is cathodal to but continuous with the liver alkaline phosphatase. After neuraminidase treatment, this enzyme electrophoresed in the same position as that of neuraminidase-treated Kasahara isoenzyme. The enzymic properties of another neuraminidase-treated Kasahara-variant enzyme such as inhibitions by L-phenylalanine, L-homoarginine, L-tryptophan, and L-leucine, effects of inorganic phosphate, urea, and sodium dodecyl sulfate, heat stability, and the reactivity with concanavalin-A are consistent with those of Kasahara isoenzyme. On Ouchterlony's double diffusion, the precipitin lines of Kasahara and the new variant enzyme produced by antibody to Kasahara isoenzyme fused completely. These facts may indicate the occurrence of another Kasahara-variant isoenzyme.", "PMID": 116899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12530", "title": "[Spontaneous transformation characteristics of Bacillus subtilis bacteria. I. The relatively low transforming activity of spontaneously released DNA for markers located close to the origin and termination points of chromosome replication].", "content": "Relative efficiencies of spontaneous Bacillus subtilis transformation for markers placed in different areas of the cell chromosome were studied. As donor of genetic material, an untransformable strain BD224 trpC2 thr5 rec4 was used during its early log-phase. It was found that for markers placed near points of origin and termination of the chromosome replication the relative transformation efficiencies are significantly lower than those in the case of transformation with DNA extracted from the same donor cells. If a contact of spontaneously released DNA with the recipient cells was delayed for about 60 minutes (\"separate\" experiment) this difference proved to be less pronounced for ade16 placed near the origin, but remained practically unchanged for metB placed near the termination point. The results obtained can be explained by permanent attachment of chromosome regions, carrying \"origin\" and \"termination\" points, to a cytoplasmic membrane. During spontaneously release of cellular genetic material, \"origin\" and \"terminal\" DNA fragments carrying ade16 and metB respectively, can retain the contact with components of cell membrane. Hence, their penetration in the recipient cell and (or) participation in recombination can be violated. The first of two fragments becomes free from structurating substances more easy.", "contents": "[Spontaneous transformation characteristics of Bacillus subtilis bacteria. I. The relatively low transforming activity of spontaneously released DNA for markers located close to the origin and termination points of chromosome replication]. Relative efficiencies of spontaneous Bacillus subtilis transformation for markers placed in different areas of the cell chromosome were studied. As donor of genetic material, an untransformable strain BD224 trpC2 thr5 rec4 was used during its early log-phase. It was found that for markers placed near points of origin and termination of the chromosome replication the relative transformation efficiencies are significantly lower than those in the case of transformation with DNA extracted from the same donor cells. If a contact of spontaneously released DNA with the recipient cells was delayed for about 60 minutes (\"separate\" experiment) this difference proved to be less pronounced for ade16 placed near the origin, but remained practically unchanged for metB placed near the termination point. The results obtained can be explained by permanent attachment of chromosome regions, carrying \"origin\" and \"termination\" points, to a cytoplasmic membrane. During spontaneously release of cellular genetic material, \"origin\" and \"terminal\" DNA fragments carrying ade16 and metB respectively, can retain the contact with components of cell membrane. Hence, their penetration in the recipient cell and (or) participation in recombination can be violated. The first of two fragments becomes free from structurating substances more easy.", "PMID": 116902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12531", "title": "[Mutations in the purine nucleoside phosphorylase (pup) gene of Escherichia coli K-12 characterized by leaky damage to enzymatic activity and a pleiotropic effect].", "content": "The phenotype of earlier obtained mutants AIR38 and AIR6 is caused by leaky mutations of the structural gene for purine nucleoside phosphorylase (pup). These mutants are unable to grow on the medium with inosine as the only carbon source in the presence of thymidine. In contrast to ordinary leaky mutations, AIR38 and AIR6 are dominant in heterozygotes. When the strain F' with mutations AIR38 or AIR6 on episomes was used for conjugational matings with F- recA (pup+), recombinants with unexpected phenotype were observed: about 20% of recombinants F' became pup+ and thus the convertion of AIR38 and AIR6 alleles to pup+ took place. AIR38 mutation, unlike AIR6, is mapped in the proximal region of the pup gene and is characterized by pleyotropic effect on deo-genes: the inosine-induction of purine nucleoside phosphorylase in AIR38 mutant is absent and the induction of thymidine phosphorylase by exogenous thymidine is decreased. A speculation was made that the mutation AIR38 altered the structure of purine nucleoside phosphorylase in the site responsible for its interaction with membrane.", "contents": "[Mutations in the purine nucleoside phosphorylase (pup) gene of Escherichia coli K-12 characterized by leaky damage to enzymatic activity and a pleiotropic effect]. The phenotype of earlier obtained mutants AIR38 and AIR6 is caused by leaky mutations of the structural gene for purine nucleoside phosphorylase (pup). These mutants are unable to grow on the medium with inosine as the only carbon source in the presence of thymidine. In contrast to ordinary leaky mutations, AIR38 and AIR6 are dominant in heterozygotes. When the strain F' with mutations AIR38 or AIR6 on episomes was used for conjugational matings with F- recA (pup+), recombinants with unexpected phenotype were observed: about 20% of recombinants F' became pup+ and thus the convertion of AIR38 and AIR6 alleles to pup+ took place. AIR38 mutation, unlike AIR6, is mapped in the proximal region of the pup gene and is characterized by pleyotropic effect on deo-genes: the inosine-induction of purine nucleoside phosphorylase in AIR38 mutant is absent and the induction of thymidine phosphorylase by exogenous thymidine is decreased. A speculation was made that the mutation AIR38 altered the structure of purine nucleoside phosphorylase in the site responsible for its interaction with membrane.", "PMID": 116903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12532", "title": "[Riboflavin auxotrophs of Escherichia coli].", "content": "Escherichia coli riboflavin auxotrophs having a different level of riboflavin requirement were isolated. This auxotrophic mutations are located near cysB93 and trpA62 markers. The complementary effect of Bacillus subtilis riboflavin operon linked with pPR1 hybrid plasmid with rib8-1 and rib1-1 mutations was obtained.", "contents": "[Riboflavin auxotrophs of Escherichia coli]. Escherichia coli riboflavin auxotrophs having a different level of riboflavin requirement were isolated. This auxotrophic mutations are located near cysB93 and trpA62 markers. The complementary effect of Bacillus subtilis riboflavin operon linked with pPR1 hybrid plasmid with rib8-1 and rib1-1 mutations was obtained.", "PMID": 116904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12533", "title": "[Problems in the genetics of peptic ulcer. II. An analysis of the associations of the disease with certain simply heritable traits].", "content": "The research of distribution of blood group ABO, Rhesus, Lewis, Secretor, C5+-component of choline esterase and the ability to taste PTC among Moscow population patients suffering from duodenal ulcer is carried out in comparison with the control. Statistically authentic association of the disease with 0(I) blood group, unsecretor and the association of joint signs (coefficients of association are 1.32, 2.17 and 2.62 respectively) is found. Authenticity of relation with disease is not proved during the investigation of other signs. The values of risk to fall ill for the patients possessing and not possessing the signs of duodenal ulcer are obtained (concerning separate factors and joint factors). It is established that the combination of 0(I) blood group and unsecretor increases the risk of the diseases in 2.4 times as compared with the patients possessing A, B, AB blood groups and secretors.", "contents": "[Problems in the genetics of peptic ulcer. II. An analysis of the associations of the disease with certain simply heritable traits]. The research of distribution of blood group ABO, Rhesus, Lewis, Secretor, C5+-component of choline esterase and the ability to taste PTC among Moscow population patients suffering from duodenal ulcer is carried out in comparison with the control. Statistically authentic association of the disease with 0(I) blood group, unsecretor and the association of joint signs (coefficients of association are 1.32, 2.17 and 2.62 respectively) is found. Authenticity of relation with disease is not proved during the investigation of other signs. The values of risk to fall ill for the patients possessing and not possessing the signs of duodenal ulcer are obtained (concerning separate factors and joint factors). It is established that the combination of 0(I) blood group and unsecretor increases the risk of the diseases in 2.4 times as compared with the patients possessing A, B, AB blood groups and secretors.", "PMID": 116905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12534", "title": "Synthesis of proteins coded by plasmid vectors of pCV series (Apr, Tcr) and their recombinant derivatives (pDm) in E. coli minicells.", "content": "Polypeptide synthesis directed by vector plasmids of pCV series conferring ampicillin and tetracycline resistance (Apr, Tcr) and by recombinant plasmids (pDm) have been analyzed using the minicell system. It has been found that a polypeptide of 34 000 daltons is responsible for the Tcr phenotype and regulated from the promoter near the HindIII site. Cloning of DNA fragments into HindIII site allowed to conclude that DNA from Drosophila melanogaster contains nucleotide sequences which may act as promoters for a 34 000 dalton polypeptide gene. beta-Lactamase is expressed as five proteins of 24 000, 26 5000, 27 000, 28 500 and 29 500 daltons. Insertion of DNA fragments into PstI site prevents the synthesis of all five polypeptides. Recombinant clones Dm39 and Dm187 produce additional proteins of 19 000, 23 000, 24 000 and 27 000 daltons.", "contents": "Synthesis of proteins coded by plasmid vectors of pCV series (Apr, Tcr) and their recombinant derivatives (pDm) in E. coli minicells. Polypeptide synthesis directed by vector plasmids of pCV series conferring ampicillin and tetracycline resistance (Apr, Tcr) and by recombinant plasmids (pDm) have been analyzed using the minicell system. It has been found that a polypeptide of 34 000 daltons is responsible for the Tcr phenotype and regulated from the promoter near the HindIII site. Cloning of DNA fragments into HindIII site allowed to conclude that DNA from Drosophila melanogaster contains nucleotide sequences which may act as promoters for a 34 000 dalton polypeptide gene. beta-Lactamase is expressed as five proteins of 24 000, 26 5000, 27 000, 28 500 and 29 500 daltons. Insertion of DNA fragments into PstI site prevents the synthesis of all five polypeptides. Recombinant clones Dm39 and Dm187 produce additional proteins of 19 000, 23 000, 24 000 and 27 000 daltons.", "PMID": 116907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12535", "title": "Modification of a DNA cloning vehicle to give a high strand-separation melting temperature.", "content": "We have constructed a recombinant DNA cloning vector with a high strand-separation melting temperature. This feature is the result of an insertion of a short sequence of dG:dC base pairs. The new vector is useful for cloning DNA segments in anticipation of forming R-loops for the purpose of either transcriptional mapping or gene isolation.", "contents": "Modification of a DNA cloning vehicle to give a high strand-separation melting temperature. We have constructed a recombinant DNA cloning vector with a high strand-separation melting temperature. This feature is the result of an insertion of a short sequence of dG:dC base pairs. The new vector is useful for cloning DNA segments in anticipation of forming R-loops for the purpose of either transcriptional mapping or gene isolation.", "PMID": 116908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12536", "title": "Age-related defense against infection with intracellular pathogens.", "content": "Young adult (6--12 weeks old) and aged (20--24 months old) NMRI mice were infected with various intracellular parasites. The following results were obtained: (1) After a sublethal infection with Listeria monocytogenes, aged mice were found to show a resistance similar to that of young adults. A challenge infection with this pathogen was followed by specific immunity of long duration in both age-groups. (2) On the other hand, young animals were significantly more resistant to Salmonella typhimurium than aged mice. It was concluded that this was due to the LD50 which was 14 times greater for 2-month-old than for 20-month-old mice. Furthermore, during 7 weeks after infection there were more S. typhimurium in the spleens of senescent mice than in those of young adult controls. (3) Aged mice showed highly increased susceptibility to the weakly virulent DX strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Almost all aged animals died whereas the control mice survived. When death of the aged mice was prevented by treatment with sulfadiazine after infection with the DX strain, the aged mice were found to be as well protected against subsequent infection with the strongly virulent BK strains as the young adult mice. These results suggest that the susceptibility of the aged animal to infectious agents may considerably vary from one pathogen to another.", "contents": "Age-related defense against infection with intracellular pathogens. Young adult (6--12 weeks old) and aged (20--24 months old) NMRI mice were infected with various intracellular parasites. The following results were obtained: (1) After a sublethal infection with Listeria monocytogenes, aged mice were found to show a resistance similar to that of young adults. A challenge infection with this pathogen was followed by specific immunity of long duration in both age-groups. (2) On the other hand, young animals were significantly more resistant to Salmonella typhimurium than aged mice. It was concluded that this was due to the LD50 which was 14 times greater for 2-month-old than for 20-month-old mice. Furthermore, during 7 weeks after infection there were more S. typhimurium in the spleens of senescent mice than in those of young adult controls. (3) Aged mice showed highly increased susceptibility to the weakly virulent DX strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Almost all aged animals died whereas the control mice survived. When death of the aged mice was prevented by treatment with sulfadiazine after infection with the DX strain, the aged mice were found to be as well protected against subsequent infection with the strongly virulent BK strains as the young adult mice. These results suggest that the susceptibility of the aged animal to infectious agents may considerably vary from one pathogen to another.", "PMID": 116909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12537", "title": "Craniofacial growth in olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis): browridge formation.", "content": "The examination of a developmental series of skulls of olive baboons has led to the generation of a model for browridge formation. Evidence in support of the model comes from surface configuration of browridge bone as studied by scanning electron microscopy, histology of the bone by the analysis of thin sections and by measurements that reflect both depositional cycles in browridge bone and the biomechanics of mastication. The model relates sudden changes in the biomechanical system caused by the tooth eruption cycle to cyclical changes in the formation of browridge bone. We suggest that browridge bone is added during periods of peak stress caused by the positive response of the masticatory muscles to relatively sudden reduction of their biomechanical efficiency.", "contents": "Craniofacial growth in olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis): browridge formation. The examination of a developmental series of skulls of olive baboons has led to the generation of a model for browridge formation. Evidence in support of the model comes from surface configuration of browridge bone as studied by scanning electron microscopy, histology of the bone by the analysis of thin sections and by measurements that reflect both depositional cycles in browridge bone and the biomechanics of mastication. The model relates sudden changes in the biomechanical system caused by the tooth eruption cycle to cyclical changes in the formation of browridge bone. We suggest that browridge bone is added during periods of peak stress caused by the positive response of the masticatory muscles to relatively sudden reduction of their biomechanical efficiency.", "PMID": 116911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12538", "title": "Control of glycogen metabolism in the developing turkey poult.", "content": "An experiment was conducted with young turkey poults to evaluate factors controlling glycogen metabolism in the period following hatching. Glucose and sucrose solutions were given along with a standard starter diet. Liver and carcass glycogen were measured on days 1, 4 and 6. Liver glycogen synthetase (EC 2.4.1.21) and phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) were also assayed at these times. The characteristics of active and inactive glycogen synthetase at these times were determined and sensitivity of the active and inactive forms were related to physiological concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate. Supplemental glucose or sucrose increased carcass glycogen in comparison to controls; however, but sucrose was more effective than glucose in promoting liver glycogen synthesis in 4- and 6-day-old poults. There was an age dependent increase in carcass glycogen between days 1 and 6, but a decrease in liver glycogen between days 4 and 6. The activation of liver glycogen synthetase is incomplete in 1 day old poults but activity increases during the 1st week of life. Activation of glycogen synthetase decreased the apparent Ka for glucose-6-phosphate. Phosphorylase inactivation in vitro was not affected by age. Liver glucose-6-phosphate increases rapidly after hatching and the concentration is related to the in vitro Ka derived for both active and inactive synthetases. Both glucose and sucrose increased liver glucose-6-phosphate at days 4 and 6 as well as glycogen synthetase activity. The increase in enzyme activity may be caused indirectly by an allosteric effect of glucose-6-phosphate. Phosphorylase, while not affected by supplemental carbohydrates, did decrease in activity between days 4 and 6. The decrease in activity could affect the phosphorylase a/ synthetase a ratio and change glycogen metabolism.", "contents": "Control of glycogen metabolism in the developing turkey poult. An experiment was conducted with young turkey poults to evaluate factors controlling glycogen metabolism in the period following hatching. Glucose and sucrose solutions were given along with a standard starter diet. Liver and carcass glycogen were measured on days 1, 4 and 6. Liver glycogen synthetase (EC 2.4.1.21) and phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) were also assayed at these times. The characteristics of active and inactive glycogen synthetase at these times were determined and sensitivity of the active and inactive forms were related to physiological concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate. Supplemental glucose or sucrose increased carcass glycogen in comparison to controls; however, but sucrose was more effective than glucose in promoting liver glycogen synthesis in 4- and 6-day-old poults. There was an age dependent increase in carcass glycogen between days 1 and 6, but a decrease in liver glycogen between days 4 and 6. The activation of liver glycogen synthetase is incomplete in 1 day old poults but activity increases during the 1st week of life. Activation of glycogen synthetase decreased the apparent Ka for glucose-6-phosphate. Phosphorylase inactivation in vitro was not affected by age. Liver glucose-6-phosphate increases rapidly after hatching and the concentration is related to the in vitro Ka derived for both active and inactive synthetases. Both glucose and sucrose increased liver glucose-6-phosphate at days 4 and 6 as well as glycogen synthetase activity. The increase in enzyme activity may be caused indirectly by an allosteric effect of glucose-6-phosphate. Phosphorylase, while not affected by supplemental carbohydrates, did decrease in activity between days 4 and 6. The decrease in activity could affect the phosphorylase a/ synthetase a ratio and change glycogen metabolism.", "PMID": 116912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12539", "title": "Aeration sensitizes Streptococcus faecalis to hydroxyurea.", "content": "Hydroxyurea in up to 60 mM concentration did not inhibit growth or DNA synthesis in nonaerated cultures of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 8043. In contrast, in cultures aerated by shaking already 1 mM hydroxyurea decreased the rate of net DNA synthesis and in higher concentrations of the drug the growth of the total cell mass also slowed down and the number of cells per chain increased from 1-2 to 10. The differential rate of DNA synthesis, but not the growth of the total cell mass, could be restored almost to the control level by adding thymidine to the medium. Thus there are at least two targets for hydroxyurea in the cells of S. faecalis grown in aerated cultures.", "contents": "Aeration sensitizes Streptococcus faecalis to hydroxyurea. Hydroxyurea in up to 60 mM concentration did not inhibit growth or DNA synthesis in nonaerated cultures of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 8043. In contrast, in cultures aerated by shaking already 1 mM hydroxyurea decreased the rate of net DNA synthesis and in higher concentrations of the drug the growth of the total cell mass also slowed down and the number of cells per chain increased from 1-2 to 10. The differential rate of DNA synthesis, but not the growth of the total cell mass, could be restored almost to the control level by adding thymidine to the medium. Thus there are at least two targets for hydroxyurea in the cells of S. faecalis grown in aerated cultures.", "PMID": 116943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12540", "title": "Gestation and inter-birth intervals in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra).", "content": "A single, timed mating indicated a gestation period of 133 days for Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra. This figure is confirmed by approximate correspondence with minimum inter-birth intervals, results from radioimmunoassay of urinary oestrogens during pregnancy, and general agreement with a logarithmic plot of gestation period against body weight for simian primates. Birth data indicate that owl monkey females in present colonies in captivity breed throughout the year and will, on average, produce 3 infants every 2 years. There is no evidence of a characteristic post-partum oestrus.", "contents": "Gestation and inter-birth intervals in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra). A single, timed mating indicated a gestation period of 133 days for Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra. This figure is confirmed by approximate correspondence with minimum inter-birth intervals, results from radioimmunoassay of urinary oestrogens during pregnancy, and general agreement with a logarithmic plot of gestation period against body weight for simian primates. Birth data indicate that owl monkey females in present colonies in captivity breed throughout the year and will, on average, produce 3 infants every 2 years. There is no evidence of a characteristic post-partum oestrus.", "PMID": 116944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12541", "title": "An analysis of tooth and body size relationship in five primate taxa.", "content": "The strength and the nature of the covariance between tooth and body size was investigated in Homo, Gorilla, Pan, Papio and Colobus. When sexes are combined in each taxon, the correlations are strong enough to compare the allometry coefficients of taxa, and the non-human taxa show a sufficiently strong linear relationship to compute 'interspecific' allometry coefficients. Allometry coefficients for each variable were not uniform among the taxa, and coefficients also differed from one variable to another. Computed 'intra' and 'inter' specific allometry coefficients from these data suggest that canine size will usually scale at a higher level than molar crown area, which is at most isometric, and not positively allometric with respect to body size. The consequence is that larger representatives of a taxon would be expected to combine relatively larger canines with a proportional, or relatively smaller, molar crown area. It is pointed out that these differences do not correspond to those found between 'gracile' and 'robust' australopithecines.", "contents": "An analysis of tooth and body size relationship in five primate taxa. The strength and the nature of the covariance between tooth and body size was investigated in Homo, Gorilla, Pan, Papio and Colobus. When sexes are combined in each taxon, the correlations are strong enough to compare the allometry coefficients of taxa, and the non-human taxa show a sufficiently strong linear relationship to compute 'interspecific' allometry coefficients. Allometry coefficients for each variable were not uniform among the taxa, and coefficients also differed from one variable to another. Computed 'intra' and 'inter' specific allometry coefficients from these data suggest that canine size will usually scale at a higher level than molar crown area, which is at most isometric, and not positively allometric with respect to body size. The consequence is that larger representatives of a taxon would be expected to combine relatively larger canines with a proportional, or relatively smaller, molar crown area. It is pointed out that these differences do not correspond to those found between 'gracile' and 'robust' australopithecines.", "PMID": 116945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12542", "title": "Female aggression and male membership in troops of Japanese macaques and olive baboons.", "content": "A detailed comparison of Macaca fuscata and Papio anubis reveals that female aggression to males has an effect on male association with females in both species, but only in M. fuscata do females appear to be able to limit the number of males in their troop. It is suggested that this is the reasons why 'solitary' males are commonly reported in M. fuscata, but rare in P. anubis, and may be related ultimately to the different degrees of sexual dimorphism in the two species.", "contents": "Female aggression and male membership in troops of Japanese macaques and olive baboons. A detailed comparison of Macaca fuscata and Papio anubis reveals that female aggression to males has an effect on male association with females in both species, but only in M. fuscata do females appear to be able to limit the number of males in their troop. It is suggested that this is the reasons why 'solitary' males are commonly reported in M. fuscata, but rare in P. anubis, and may be related ultimately to the different degrees of sexual dimorphism in the two species.", "PMID": 116946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12543", "title": "The primates in Darfur, Republic of Sudan.", "content": "The paper describes the distribution, group size and relative abundance of Erythrocebus patas and Papio doguera in Darfur Province, Sudan. Less detailed information is given on Cercopithecus aethiops and Galago senegalensis. Detailed observations were carried out in the field and by low-level aerial survey during 1972--1978 and have been supplemented by references to the literature where appropriate.", "contents": "The primates in Darfur, Republic of Sudan. The paper describes the distribution, group size and relative abundance of Erythrocebus patas and Papio doguera in Darfur Province, Sudan. Less detailed information is given on Cercopithecus aethiops and Galago senegalensis. Detailed observations were carried out in the field and by low-level aerial survey during 1972--1978 and have been supplemented by references to the literature where appropriate.", "PMID": 116947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12544", "title": "Fetal sex ratio in the rhesus (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Fetal sex ratio was determined in several hundred timed Macaca mulatta pregnancies terminated by hysterotomy between 75 and 179 days' gestation. From 75 to 149 days' gestation a greater number of females occurred in utero, while after 150 days a greater number of males was observed. However, this difference was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Fetal sex ratio in the rhesus (Macaca mulatta). Fetal sex ratio was determined in several hundred timed Macaca mulatta pregnancies terminated by hysterotomy between 75 and 179 days' gestation. From 75 to 149 days' gestation a greater number of females occurred in utero, while after 150 days a greater number of males was observed. However, this difference was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 116948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12545", "title": "[Hunger and intellectual development].", "content": "Severe hunger in infancy and early childhood is associated with reduced head size, reduction in cell number and impaired chemical composition of the brain. Intellectual deficits correlating with malnutrition persist into later life. Because malnutrition and poor socio-economic conditions often exist together the additional unfavorable influence or lack of environmental stimuli on intellectual development has to be taken in account.", "contents": "[Hunger and intellectual development]. Severe hunger in infancy and early childhood is associated with reduced head size, reduction in cell number and impaired chemical composition of the brain. Intellectual deficits correlating with malnutrition persist into later life. Because malnutrition and poor socio-economic conditions often exist together the additional unfavorable influence or lack of environmental stimuli on intellectual development has to be taken in account.", "PMID": 116949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12546", "title": "[Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). Clinical studies on the regulation of TBG concentration in serum and the value of TBG for the evaluation of thyroid function].", "content": "1. The radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the competitive ligand binding assay (CLBA) are convenient routine methods for the precise and reproducible measurement of TBG in large numbers of serum samples. 2. There is an age dependent variation of the TBG-concentration in serum. There is a steady decrease of TBG with increasing age with a minimum between the 20th and 50th year. In higher age TBG increases again significantly. 3. There are significantly negative correlation between TBG-serum levels on the one hand and free T4- and T3- fractions on the other. The low TBG-level in hyperthyroid patients increases gradually to normal during treatment with thyroid blocking drugs, the elevated TBG-concentrations in hypothyroid patients decrease to normal during treatment with thyroid hormones. 4. Estrogen stimulates TBG-synthesis in the liver. During enhanced endogenous estrogen production (pregnancy) as well as during exogenous estrogen application a rise occurs in TBG-concentration in serum, which seems to be dose related. 5. Androgens induces a decrease of the TBG-concentration in serum. 6. During viral hepatitis and in compensated cirrhosis of the liver TBG-concentration is significantly elevated. In cirrhosis of the liver with poor hepatic function the TBG-concentration is decreased. 7. The T4/TBG-quotient is a good parameter to estimate free T4-concentration in serum.", "contents": "[Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). Clinical studies on the regulation of TBG concentration in serum and the value of TBG for the evaluation of thyroid function]. 1. The radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the competitive ligand binding assay (CLBA) are convenient routine methods for the precise and reproducible measurement of TBG in large numbers of serum samples. 2. There is an age dependent variation of the TBG-concentration in serum. There is a steady decrease of TBG with increasing age with a minimum between the 20th and 50th year. In higher age TBG increases again significantly. 3. There are significantly negative correlation between TBG-serum levels on the one hand and free T4- and T3- fractions on the other. The low TBG-level in hyperthyroid patients increases gradually to normal during treatment with thyroid blocking drugs, the elevated TBG-concentrations in hypothyroid patients decrease to normal during treatment with thyroid hormones. 4. Estrogen stimulates TBG-synthesis in the liver. During enhanced endogenous estrogen production (pregnancy) as well as during exogenous estrogen application a rise occurs in TBG-concentration in serum, which seems to be dose related. 5. Androgens induces a decrease of the TBG-concentration in serum. 6. During viral hepatitis and in compensated cirrhosis of the liver TBG-concentration is significantly elevated. In cirrhosis of the liver with poor hepatic function the TBG-concentration is decreased. 7. The T4/TBG-quotient is a good parameter to estimate free T4-concentration in serum.", "PMID": 116950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12547", "title": "Plant plasma membrane. Correlation between glucan synthase II activity and a mannosyl transferase activity.", "content": "In cotyledons of germinating cucumber seeds (Cucumis sativus), plasma membranes were investigated biochemically and partially characterized. Glucan synthease II was utilized as a marker to locate plasma membrane vesicles within fractions obtained by differential centrifugation or within sucrose gradients used either in zonal centrifugations or in sedimentations to equilibrium density. Thorough homogenization led to a homogeneous population of plasma membrane vesicles which could be clearly separated from mitochondria by centrifugation at 150000 x g for 4 h in a zonal rotor. The profiles of glucan synthase II activity and naphthylphthalamic acid binding coincided with that of a mannosyl transferase activity, monitored by direct transfer of mannose from GDPmannose to endogeneous acceptors.", "contents": "Plant plasma membrane. Correlation between glucan synthase II activity and a mannosyl transferase activity. In cotyledons of germinating cucumber seeds (Cucumis sativus), plasma membranes were investigated biochemically and partially characterized. Glucan synthease II was utilized as a marker to locate plasma membrane vesicles within fractions obtained by differential centrifugation or within sucrose gradients used either in zonal centrifugations or in sedimentations to equilibrium density. Thorough homogenization led to a homogeneous population of plasma membrane vesicles which could be clearly separated from mitochondria by centrifugation at 150000 x g for 4 h in a zonal rotor. The profiles of glucan synthase II activity and naphthylphthalamic acid binding coincided with that of a mannosyl transferase activity, monitored by direct transfer of mannose from GDPmannose to endogeneous acceptors.", "PMID": 116951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12548", "title": "Hemagglutinin activity of human plasma fibronectin.", "content": "Purified human plasma fibronectin at concentrations of about 30 microgram/ml was found to agglutinate trypsin-treated erythrocytes from certain species. The hemagglutination reaction was inhibited by specific antibodies to fibronectin, by relatively low concentrations of polyamines and by higher concentrations of basic amino acids and nonacetylated amino sugars. The divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ and the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetate did not affect the reaction. None of the neutral amino acids, neutral sugars or polyanions tested was inhibitory. The results imply that plasma fibronectin is capable of interacting with cell surfaces and support the idea of a similarity between cellular and plasma fibronectins.", "contents": "Hemagglutinin activity of human plasma fibronectin. Purified human plasma fibronectin at concentrations of about 30 microgram/ml was found to agglutinate trypsin-treated erythrocytes from certain species. The hemagglutination reaction was inhibited by specific antibodies to fibronectin, by relatively low concentrations of polyamines and by higher concentrations of basic amino acids and nonacetylated amino sugars. The divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ and the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetate did not affect the reaction. None of the neutral amino acids, neutral sugars or polyanions tested was inhibitory. The results imply that plasma fibronectin is capable of interacting with cell surfaces and support the idea of a similarity between cellular and plasma fibronectins.", "PMID": 116952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12549", "title": "Polysaccharide meningococcal vaccines--current status.", "content": "Two separate periods of intensive research, with a 25-year hiatus after the advent of the sulfonamides, have resulted in two good, but imperfect, antimeningococcal vaccines--against serogroups A and C. Neither is recommended for routine use, but both have been effective in halting epidemics. Lack of an effective group B immunogen remains the major obstacle to the control of meningococcal disease.", "contents": "Polysaccharide meningococcal vaccines--current status. Two separate periods of intensive research, with a 25-year hiatus after the advent of the sulfonamides, have resulted in two good, but imperfect, antimeningococcal vaccines--against serogroups A and C. Neither is recommended for routine use, but both have been effective in halting epidemics. Lack of an effective group B immunogen remains the major obstacle to the control of meningococcal disease.", "PMID": 116953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12550", "title": "Peptic ulcer: antacids or cimetidine?", "content": "Controlled studies indicate that both high-dose antacids and cimetidine can be highly effective. Thus, the choice must rest on other considerations--acceptability, compliance, side effects, and cost. The problem of recurrence is addressed.", "contents": "Peptic ulcer: antacids or cimetidine? Controlled studies indicate that both high-dose antacids and cimetidine can be highly effective. Thus, the choice must rest on other considerations--acceptability, compliance, side effects, and cost. The problem of recurrence is addressed.", "PMID": 116954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12551", "title": "Assignment of structural beta-galactosidase loci to human chromosomes 3 and 22.", "content": "Hybrid cell lines isolated after fusions between Chinese hamster E36 cells and normal human white blood cells were analyzed for human beta-galactosidase isoenzymes and for human chromosomes, especially 3, 12, and 22, the candidates for bearing a beta-galactosidase locus. Results of neuraminidase treatment of the cell lysates and immunological studies showed that in man two structural beta-galactosidase loci are present and can be assigned to chromosomes 3 and 22. No correlation was found between the expression of human beta-galactosidase and the presence of human chromosome 12.", "contents": "Assignment of structural beta-galactosidase loci to human chromosomes 3 and 22. Hybrid cell lines isolated after fusions between Chinese hamster E36 cells and normal human white blood cells were analyzed for human beta-galactosidase isoenzymes and for human chromosomes, especially 3, 12, and 22, the candidates for bearing a beta-galactosidase locus. Results of neuraminidase treatment of the cell lysates and immunological studies showed that in man two structural beta-galactosidase loci are present and can be assigned to chromosomes 3 and 22. No correlation was found between the expression of human beta-galactosidase and the presence of human chromosome 12.", "PMID": 116956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12552", "title": "Human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase polymorphism in Kenya.", "content": "In this study, 1736 Western Kenyans were examined for red cell carbonic anhydrase (CA) variants. No CA I variants were detected, but the CA II2 isozyme was found with a calculated gene frequency of 0.054.", "contents": "Human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase polymorphism in Kenya. In this study, 1736 Western Kenyans were examined for red cell carbonic anhydrase (CA) variants. No CA I variants were detected, but the CA II2 isozyme was found with a calculated gene frequency of 0.054.", "PMID": 116957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12553", "title": "Pokeweed mitogen induced differentiation of human B cells: evaluation by a protein A haemolytic plaque assay.", "content": "Using the protein A plaque assay, the number of human cells secreting immunoglobulin of various classes after pokeweed mitogen stimulation was determined. At optimal response (on day 5-7) a mean of 58,354 IgM PFC/10(6), 34,207 IgG PFC/10(6) and 10,525 IgA PFC/10(6) cells was found when using peripheral blood lymphocytes. In spleen cells, peak values which were slightly higher than in blood, were obtained at day 4-6. The proportions of cells secreting light chains of either type were found to be comparable to those of unstimulated cells thus supporting the notion of the polyclonality of the response. Pokeweed mitogen stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes was found to be totally T-cell dependent whereas the response of spleen cells was not. When assayed for antigen-specific precursor cells in cultures stimulated by mitogen, the frequency of SRBC-specific IgM producing cells was found to be 1.3/1000 cells. This frequency was regularly found to be independent of medium supplement.", "contents": "Pokeweed mitogen induced differentiation of human B cells: evaluation by a protein A haemolytic plaque assay. Using the protein A plaque assay, the number of human cells secreting immunoglobulin of various classes after pokeweed mitogen stimulation was determined. At optimal response (on day 5-7) a mean of 58,354 IgM PFC/10(6), 34,207 IgG PFC/10(6) and 10,525 IgA PFC/10(6) cells was found when using peripheral blood lymphocytes. In spleen cells, peak values which were slightly higher than in blood, were obtained at day 4-6. The proportions of cells secreting light chains of either type were found to be comparable to those of unstimulated cells thus supporting the notion of the polyclonality of the response. Pokeweed mitogen stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes was found to be totally T-cell dependent whereas the response of spleen cells was not. When assayed for antigen-specific precursor cells in cultures stimulated by mitogen, the frequency of SRBC-specific IgM producing cells was found to be 1.3/1000 cells. This frequency was regularly found to be independent of medium supplement.", "PMID": 116958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12554", "title": "Biochemistry and genetics of gangliosidoses.", "content": "The gangliosidoses comprise an-ever increasing number of biochemically and phenotypically variant diseases. In most of them an autosomal recessive inherited deficiency of a lysosomal hydrolase results in the fatal accumulation of glucolipids (predominantly in the nervous tissue) and of oligosaccharides. The structure, substrate specificity, immunological properties of and genetic studies on the relevant glycosidases, ganglioside GM1 beta-galactosidase and beta-hexosaminidase isoenzymes, are reviewed in this paper. Contrary to general expectation, only a poor correlation is observed between the severity of the disease and residual activity of the defective enzyme when measured with synthetic or natural substrates in the presence of detergents. For the understanding of variant diseases and for their pre- and postnatal diagnosis, the necessity of studying the substrate specificity of normal and mutated enzymes under conditions similar to the in vivo situation, e.g., with natural substrates in the presence of appropriate activator proteins, is stressed. The possibility that detergents may have adverse affects on the substrate specificity of the enzymes is discussed for the beta-hexosaminidases. The significance of activator proteins for the proper interaction of lipid substrates and water-soluble hydrolases is illustrated by the fatal glycolipid storage resulting from an activator protein deficiency in the AB variant of GM2-gangliosidosis. Recent somatic complementation studies have revealed the existence of a presumably post-translational modification factor necessary for the expression of ganglioside GM1 beta-galactosidase activity. This factor is deficient in a group of variants of GM1-glangliosidosis. Among the possible reasons for the variability of enzyme activity levels in heterozygotes and patients, allelic mutations, formation of hybrid enzymes, and the existence of patients as compound heterozygotes are discussed. All these may result in the production of mutant enzymes with an altered specificity for a variety of natural substrates.", "contents": "Biochemistry and genetics of gangliosidoses. The gangliosidoses comprise an-ever increasing number of biochemically and phenotypically variant diseases. In most of them an autosomal recessive inherited deficiency of a lysosomal hydrolase results in the fatal accumulation of glucolipids (predominantly in the nervous tissue) and of oligosaccharides. The structure, substrate specificity, immunological properties of and genetic studies on the relevant glycosidases, ganglioside GM1 beta-galactosidase and beta-hexosaminidase isoenzymes, are reviewed in this paper. Contrary to general expectation, only a poor correlation is observed between the severity of the disease and residual activity of the defective enzyme when measured with synthetic or natural substrates in the presence of detergents. For the understanding of variant diseases and for their pre- and postnatal diagnosis, the necessity of studying the substrate specificity of normal and mutated enzymes under conditions similar to the in vivo situation, e.g., with natural substrates in the presence of appropriate activator proteins, is stressed. The possibility that detergents may have adverse affects on the substrate specificity of the enzymes is discussed for the beta-hexosaminidases. The significance of activator proteins for the proper interaction of lipid substrates and water-soluble hydrolases is illustrated by the fatal glycolipid storage resulting from an activator protein deficiency in the AB variant of GM2-gangliosidosis. Recent somatic complementation studies have revealed the existence of a presumably post-translational modification factor necessary for the expression of ganglioside GM1 beta-galactosidase activity. This factor is deficient in a group of variants of GM1-glangliosidosis. Among the possible reasons for the variability of enzyme activity levels in heterozygotes and patients, allelic mutations, formation of hybrid enzymes, and the existence of patients as compound heterozygotes are discussed. All these may result in the production of mutant enzymes with an altered specificity for a variety of natural substrates.", "PMID": 116955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12555", "title": "The neonatally thymectomized rat: a model for compensatory IgM antibody formation in exocrine secretions.", "content": "The effect of T-cell deprivation on IgM antibodies in saliva was studied in rats. IgM was never detected in salivas obtained from normal or sham-thymectomized rats, but was detected in saliva samples from 8/15 (53.3%) rats that had undergone neonatal thymectomy. All (6/6) neonatally thymectomized rats exhibited an IgM antibody response to DNP in salivary secretions after local immunization with a T-dependent antigen (DNPBGG), while no IgA anti-DNP activity was detected in saliva from these antimals. IgM antibodies were detected in saliva from 5/7 thymectomized rats following local injection with a T-independent antigen (DNP-Lys-Gicoll). This was accompanied by detectable but substantially reduced levels of secretory IgA antibody in saliva from 7/7 rats. The results suggested that absent or decreased salivary IgA responses accompanying T-cell deprivation in the rats are compensated for by secretion of IgM antibodies into the saliva. The neonatally thymectomized rat may thus provide a model for the study of synthesis, secretion and protective potential of exocrine IgM antibodies.", "contents": "The neonatally thymectomized rat: a model for compensatory IgM antibody formation in exocrine secretions. The effect of T-cell deprivation on IgM antibodies in saliva was studied in rats. IgM was never detected in salivas obtained from normal or sham-thymectomized rats, but was detected in saliva samples from 8/15 (53.3%) rats that had undergone neonatal thymectomy. All (6/6) neonatally thymectomized rats exhibited an IgM antibody response to DNP in salivary secretions after local immunization with a T-dependent antigen (DNPBGG), while no IgA anti-DNP activity was detected in saliva from these antimals. IgM antibodies were detected in saliva from 5/7 thymectomized rats following local injection with a T-independent antigen (DNP-Lys-Gicoll). This was accompanied by detectable but substantially reduced levels of secretory IgA antibody in saliva from 7/7 rats. The results suggested that absent or decreased salivary IgA responses accompanying T-cell deprivation in the rats are compensated for by secretion of IgM antibodies into the saliva. The neonatally thymectomized rat may thus provide a model for the study of synthesis, secretion and protective potential of exocrine IgM antibodies.", "PMID": 116959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12556", "title": "Inhibition of human eosinophil chemotaxis by IgA paraproteins.", "content": "Sera from patients with IgA myeloma inhibit normal human eosinophil chemotaxis. No correlation was noted between inhibition and the absolute concentration of IgA or lambda-K light-chain type. Eosinophil chemotactic inhibitory activity was associated with isolated IgA paraproteins and was found to be cell directed and stable at 56 degrees C. Pepsin digestion of IgA paraproteins resulted in loss of both IgA Fc fragment and eosinophil chemotactic inhibitory activity. Polymeric IgA accounted for most of the inhibitory activity as evidenced by sucrose density gradient centrifugation studies and a loss of inhibitory activity following dithiothrietol reduction and iodoacetamide alkylation which converted polymeric IgA to monomeric IgA. Comparative studies with neutrophils showed that both neutrophil and eosinophil chemotaxis and chemokinesis were effectively inhibited by IgA paraproteins. The mechanisms of suppression of eosinophil and neutrophil chemotaxis by IgA paraproteins appear to be similar and possibly may involve a membrane receptor for IgA.", "contents": "Inhibition of human eosinophil chemotaxis by IgA paraproteins. Sera from patients with IgA myeloma inhibit normal human eosinophil chemotaxis. No correlation was noted between inhibition and the absolute concentration of IgA or lambda-K light-chain type. Eosinophil chemotactic inhibitory activity was associated with isolated IgA paraproteins and was found to be cell directed and stable at 56 degrees C. Pepsin digestion of IgA paraproteins resulted in loss of both IgA Fc fragment and eosinophil chemotactic inhibitory activity. Polymeric IgA accounted for most of the inhibitory activity as evidenced by sucrose density gradient centrifugation studies and a loss of inhibitory activity following dithiothrietol reduction and iodoacetamide alkylation which converted polymeric IgA to monomeric IgA. Comparative studies with neutrophils showed that both neutrophil and eosinophil chemotaxis and chemokinesis were effectively inhibited by IgA paraproteins. The mechanisms of suppression of eosinophil and neutrophil chemotaxis by IgA paraproteins appear to be similar and possibly may involve a membrane receptor for IgA.", "PMID": 116966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12557", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of nitroglycerin.", "content": "The authors have studied the hemodynamic effects of sublingually administered nitroglycerin (NG). Obtained data indicate that the response to NG is time-dependent. A first phase, lasting about 2 minutes, is characterized by a reduction of total systemic resistance (TSR) and an increase of cardiac output (CO), without significant variations of left ventricular filling pressure (FP) and blood pressure (BP). A modest increase of heart rate (HR) is observed. The second phase is characterized by a reduced FP and later, after 5 minutes, of BP. Subsequently HR increases to a greater degree, CO decreases and TRS presents a variation toward control values.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of nitroglycerin. The authors have studied the hemodynamic effects of sublingually administered nitroglycerin (NG). Obtained data indicate that the response to NG is time-dependent. A first phase, lasting about 2 minutes, is characterized by a reduction of total systemic resistance (TSR) and an increase of cardiac output (CO), without significant variations of left ventricular filling pressure (FP) and blood pressure (BP). A modest increase of heart rate (HR) is observed. The second phase is characterized by a reduced FP and later, after 5 minutes, of BP. Subsequently HR increases to a greater degree, CO decreases and TRS presents a variation toward control values.", "PMID": 116967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12558", "title": "Rhesus monkey aqueous humor composition and a primate ocular perfusate.", "content": "The composition of rhesus monkey aqueous humor has been studied in large-volume, pooled samples. Replicate determinations of the concentrations of a number of constituents have been carried out for both aqueous humor and serum from large veins by means of automatic analyzing equipment. Since aqueous humor  has been obtained by anterior chamber paracentesis, it is a mixture of anterior and posterior chamber aqueous. When compared to serum, the pooled aqueous contains an excess of chloride, bicarbonate, ascorbate, lactate, uric acid, and several neutral amino acids. Rhesus monkey aqueous humor is deficient in calcium, urea nitrogen, phosphates, glucose, protein, creatinine, iron, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, a number of serum enzymes, acidic and basic amino acids, and several neutral amino acids. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, and two neutral amino acids (cysteine and valine) are of equal concentration in aqueous humor and serum. Glutathione concentration is very low in both aqueous humor and serum. Pooled rhesus monkey aqueous humor and serum are isosmolar, with measured osmolality being about 303 mOsm. Based upon the chemical analysis, a new solution has been formulated to substitute for primate aqueous humor during anterior ocular perfusion. This new solution causes very little change in the physiologic integrity of the outflow pathways during prolonged, repeated perfusion. In this respect, its effects are very similar to those of pooled rhesus monkey aqueous humor during perfusion of rhesus monkey eyes. In contrast, perfusion of rhesus monkey eyes with glutathione-bicarbonate-Ringer's solution has been shown to cause progressive increase of the total facility. To minimize physiologic alterations during operative procedures, a solution similar to this new one could be formulated for irrigation of the inside of the human eye.", "contents": "Rhesus monkey aqueous humor composition and a primate ocular perfusate. The composition of rhesus monkey aqueous humor has been studied in large-volume, pooled samples. Replicate determinations of the concentrations of a number of constituents have been carried out for both aqueous humor and serum from large veins by means of automatic analyzing equipment. Since aqueous humor  has been obtained by anterior chamber paracentesis, it is a mixture of anterior and posterior chamber aqueous. When compared to serum, the pooled aqueous contains an excess of chloride, bicarbonate, ascorbate, lactate, uric acid, and several neutral amino acids. Rhesus monkey aqueous humor is deficient in calcium, urea nitrogen, phosphates, glucose, protein, creatinine, iron, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, a number of serum enzymes, acidic and basic amino acids, and several neutral amino acids. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, and two neutral amino acids (cysteine and valine) are of equal concentration in aqueous humor and serum. Glutathione concentration is very low in both aqueous humor and serum. Pooled rhesus monkey aqueous humor and serum are isosmolar, with measured osmolality being about 303 mOsm. Based upon the chemical analysis, a new solution has been formulated to substitute for primate aqueous humor during anterior ocular perfusion. This new solution causes very little change in the physiologic integrity of the outflow pathways during prolonged, repeated perfusion. In this respect, its effects are very similar to those of pooled rhesus monkey aqueous humor during perfusion of rhesus monkey eyes. In contrast, perfusion of rhesus monkey eyes with glutathione-bicarbonate-Ringer's solution has been shown to cause progressive increase of the total facility. To minimize physiologic alterations during operative procedures, a solution similar to this new one could be formulated for irrigation of the inside of the human eye.", "PMID": 116968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12559", "title": "Ocular fluorophotometry in streptozotocin diabetes mellitus in the rat: effect of pancreatic islet isografts.", "content": "Fluorophotometry was used to evaluate the integrity of the blood-ocular barriers to fluorescein in experimental diabetes mellitus in rats. This technique allowed quantitation of ocular fluorescein concentrations following intravenous injection. Streptozotacin-induced diabetes resulted in an increased fluorescein accumulation in the anterior chamber (1.52 +/- 0.17 microgram/ml, mean +/- S.E.M.) and vitreous (0.82 +/- 0.11) over baseline nondiabetic levels (0.68 +/- 0.80 and 0.40 +/- 0.03, respectively). Fluorophotometry was repeated at 5, 13, and 20 days following portal vein pancreatic islet transplantation. At 5 days anterior chamber (1.40 +/- 0.17) and vitreous (0.61 +/- 0.08) fluorescein concentrations remained elevated. However, at 13 and 20 days following islet transplantation, ocular fluorescein concentrations were identical to levels observed prior to the induction of diabetes. Intravenous glucose (0.5 gm/kg) tolerance testing was performed 5 and 13 days following transplantation. The glucose responses to the tolerance test were normal and similar at both times. However, at 5 days the insulin response was abnormal with a decreased initial peak and an absent second peak. At 13 days there was a normal biphasic insulin response. In experimental diabetes mellitus ocular vascular permeability was more closely correlated with insulin than blood glucose abnormalities.", "contents": "Ocular fluorophotometry in streptozotocin diabetes mellitus in the rat: effect of pancreatic islet isografts. Fluorophotometry was used to evaluate the integrity of the blood-ocular barriers to fluorescein in experimental diabetes mellitus in rats. This technique allowed quantitation of ocular fluorescein concentrations following intravenous injection. Streptozotacin-induced diabetes resulted in an increased fluorescein accumulation in the anterior chamber (1.52 +/- 0.17 microgram/ml, mean +/- S.E.M.) and vitreous (0.82 +/- 0.11) over baseline nondiabetic levels (0.68 +/- 0.80 and 0.40 +/- 0.03, respectively). Fluorophotometry was repeated at 5, 13, and 20 days following portal vein pancreatic islet transplantation. At 5 days anterior chamber (1.40 +/- 0.17) and vitreous (0.61 +/- 0.08) fluorescein concentrations remained elevated. However, at 13 and 20 days following islet transplantation, ocular fluorescein concentrations were identical to levels observed prior to the induction of diabetes. Intravenous glucose (0.5 gm/kg) tolerance testing was performed 5 and 13 days following transplantation. The glucose responses to the tolerance test were normal and similar at both times. However, at 5 days the insulin response was abnormal with a decreased initial peak and an absent second peak. At 13 days there was a normal biphasic insulin response. In experimental diabetes mellitus ocular vascular permeability was more closely correlated with insulin than blood glucose abnormalities.", "PMID": 116969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12560", "title": "Increase in axial length of the macaque monkey eye after corneal opacification.", "content": "The cornea of one eye was opacified in two young macaque monkeys by multiple stromal injections of a suspension of polystyrene particles (latex). Ultrasound measurements showed that the eye with opaque cornea grew at a faster rate, so that after 1 year it was more than 1 mm longer than the normal eye. This difference in axial length was due to elongation of the posterior segment, since lens thickness, depth of anterior chamber, and corneal curvature were identical in both eyes. At histological examination, no pathological changes were observed in the anterior segment of the latex-injected eye except for a scant vascularization of the corneal opacity. The result of this experiment demonstrates that opacification of the corneal has effects on axial length similar to, although less marked than, those on lid fusion and therefore supports our previous conclusion that the myopia caused by lid fusion is triggered by the abnormal visual impact and involves central visual pathways.", "contents": "Increase in axial length of the macaque monkey eye after corneal opacification. The cornea of one eye was opacified in two young macaque monkeys by multiple stromal injections of a suspension of polystyrene particles (latex). Ultrasound measurements showed that the eye with opaque cornea grew at a faster rate, so that after 1 year it was more than 1 mm longer than the normal eye. This difference in axial length was due to elongation of the posterior segment, since lens thickness, depth of anterior chamber, and corneal curvature were identical in both eyes. At histological examination, no pathological changes were observed in the anterior segment of the latex-injected eye except for a scant vascularization of the corneal opacity. The result of this experiment demonstrates that opacification of the corneal has effects on axial length similar to, although less marked than, those on lid fusion and therefore supports our previous conclusion that the myopia caused by lid fusion is triggered by the abnormal visual impact and involves central visual pathways.", "PMID": 116970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12561", "title": "Retinal detachment from hyperosmotic intravitreal injection.", "content": "Hyperosmotic solutions were injected into the rabbit vitreous to study their effects upon the retina. Injection of 0.05 ml of a 1000 mOsm solution caused rapid whitening of the posterior retina followed by the development of a large detachment and permanent retinal degeneration. The weakest solutions which produced ophthalmoscopically visible changes in the retina (after an injection of 0.05 ml) were near 500 mOsm. Sodium chloride, sodium aspartate, EDTA, mannitol, sucrose, and penicillin were effective at similar osmolarities. An osmotic load in the vitreous caused immediate loss of the c-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG), and a slower decline of the a- and b-waves. The reported intravitreal toxicity of some drugs may relate to osmotic rather than pharmacologic effects. Osmolarity should be accounted for in planning the amount and location of any vitreous injection.", "contents": "Retinal detachment from hyperosmotic intravitreal injection. Hyperosmotic solutions were injected into the rabbit vitreous to study their effects upon the retina. Injection of 0.05 ml of a 1000 mOsm solution caused rapid whitening of the posterior retina followed by the development of a large detachment and permanent retinal degeneration. The weakest solutions which produced ophthalmoscopically visible changes in the retina (after an injection of 0.05 ml) were near 500 mOsm. Sodium chloride, sodium aspartate, EDTA, mannitol, sucrose, and penicillin were effective at similar osmolarities. An osmotic load in the vitreous caused immediate loss of the c-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG), and a slower decline of the a- and b-waves. The reported intravitreal toxicity of some drugs may relate to osmotic rather than pharmacologic effects. Osmolarity should be accounted for in planning the amount and location of any vitreous injection.", "PMID": 116971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12562", "title": "Programming, budgeting, and control in health care organization: the state of the art.", "content": "The planning, budgeting, and controlling processes (PBCP) largely subsume all of the planning and controlling activities of an organization. This paper discusses these activities within the context of a single management control system, focusing on three topics. First, a brief historical perspective of management concerns which relate to PBCP is presented and several important external pressures currently imposed on the health care industry are discussed. Second, normative models of the processes--programming, budgeting, and controlling--are presented. The discussion focuses on the elements and relationships of these processes, and numerous references to the literature are provided. Third, several issues related to the gap between the state of the art in PBCP for hospitals and the current state of practice are discussed.", "contents": "Programming, budgeting, and control in health care organization: the state of the art. The planning, budgeting, and controlling processes (PBCP) largely subsume all of the planning and controlling activities of an organization. This paper discusses these activities within the context of a single management control system, focusing on three topics. First, a brief historical perspective of management concerns which relate to PBCP is presented and several important external pressures currently imposed on the health care industry are discussed. Second, normative models of the processes--programming, budgeting, and controlling--are presented. The discussion focuses on the elements and relationships of these processes, and numerous references to the literature are provided. Third, several issues related to the gap between the state of the art in PBCP for hospitals and the current state of practice are discussed.", "PMID": 116990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12563", "title": "Sharing arrangements in the nonprofit hospital industry.", "content": "The major task of this paper is to develop hypotheses about voluntary sharing arrangements (SAs) from a plausible economic analysis of the hospital industry. The second task of the paper is to review some emerging evidence about SAs. Our research suggests that some SAs could or actually do reduce hospital costs to the community. However, there are reasons which indicate that cost reduction is neither a necessary nor a sufficient result for the success of many SAs.", "contents": "Sharing arrangements in the nonprofit hospital industry. The major task of this paper is to develop hypotheses about voluntary sharing arrangements (SAs) from a plausible economic analysis of the hospital industry. The second task of the paper is to review some emerging evidence about SAs. Our research suggests that some SAs could or actually do reduce hospital costs to the community. However, there are reasons which indicate that cost reduction is neither a necessary nor a sufficient result for the success of many SAs.", "PMID": 116991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12564", "title": "The effects of various fixatives on the relative thickness of cellular membranes in the ventral lobe of the rat prostate.", "content": "A desitometric method was utilized in the measurement of the relative thickness of the cellular membranes in the ventral lobe of the rat prostate. Potassium permanganate, glutaraldehyde, osmium tetroxide, and ruthenium tetroxide solutions were used as fixatives. During preparation for electron microscopy, the tissues were given standardized treatments to reduce methodological errors; latex particles were applied to the thin sections to serve as reference particles of a known size. The most remarkable observation of the study was that the densitometric method yielded reproducible results and that the different fixatives gave significantly different values for the relative thickness of cellular membranes. Glutaraldehyde, or glutaraldehyde followed by ruthenium tetroxide post-fixation, gave the highest values for membrane thickness, while osmium tetroxide and potassium permanganate gave the lowest values. Glutaraldehyde treatment, prior to osmium tetroxide or potassium permanganate post-fixations, rendered the membranes thicker than after osmium tetroxide and potassium permanganate treatments alone. Ruthenium tetroxide appeared to be very suitable for fixation of cellular membranes.", "contents": "The effects of various fixatives on the relative thickness of cellular membranes in the ventral lobe of the rat prostate. A desitometric method was utilized in the measurement of the relative thickness of the cellular membranes in the ventral lobe of the rat prostate. Potassium permanganate, glutaraldehyde, osmium tetroxide, and ruthenium tetroxide solutions were used as fixatives. During preparation for electron microscopy, the tissues were given standardized treatments to reduce methodological errors; latex particles were applied to the thin sections to serve as reference particles of a known size. The most remarkable observation of the study was that the densitometric method yielded reproducible results and that the different fixatives gave significantly different values for the relative thickness of cellular membranes. Glutaraldehyde, or glutaraldehyde followed by ruthenium tetroxide post-fixation, gave the highest values for membrane thickness, while osmium tetroxide and potassium permanganate gave the lowest values. Glutaraldehyde treatment, prior to osmium tetroxide or potassium permanganate post-fixations, rendered the membranes thicker than after osmium tetroxide and potassium permanganate treatments alone. Ruthenium tetroxide appeared to be very suitable for fixation of cellular membranes.", "PMID": 116994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12565", "title": "The relative thickness of intracellular membranes in epithelial cells of the ventral lobe of the rat prostate.", "content": "The relative thickness of intracellular membranes of epithelial cells in the ventral lobe of the rat prostrate was measured by a densitometric method. Glutaraldehyde perfusion followed by ruthenium tetroxide immersion fixation appeared to be the most suitable method for membrane thickness measurements. By thickness, the membranes could be roughly subdivided into three groups. The inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion made up the thinnest membranes of the cell. The second group of membranes consisted of the membranes of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, the different faces of the latter organelle, and the Golgi vesicles. The thickest group of membranes included those of the cell membrane, secretory granules, condensing vacuoles, lysosomes, autophagic vacuoles and multivesicular bodies. The differences in thickness of the membranes are probably due to the varying protein/lipid ratio, and the qualities and proportions of the different lipids in the membranes.", "contents": "The relative thickness of intracellular membranes in epithelial cells of the ventral lobe of the rat prostate. The relative thickness of intracellular membranes of epithelial cells in the ventral lobe of the rat prostrate was measured by a densitometric method. Glutaraldehyde perfusion followed by ruthenium tetroxide immersion fixation appeared to be the most suitable method for membrane thickness measurements. By thickness, the membranes could be roughly subdivided into three groups. The inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion made up the thinnest membranes of the cell. The second group of membranes consisted of the membranes of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, the different faces of the latter organelle, and the Golgi vesicles. The thickest group of membranes included those of the cell membrane, secretory granules, condensing vacuoles, lysosomes, autophagic vacuoles and multivesicular bodies. The differences in thickness of the membranes are probably due to the varying protein/lipid ratio, and the qualities and proportions of the different lipids in the membranes.", "PMID": 116995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12566", "title": "The separation of basal and differentiating cells from human epidermis for DNA cytofluorometry.", "content": "A method for the selective separation of human epidermal cells, in which the Feulgen-stainable material suffers minimal damage, was investigated. The principal stage involves alpha-chymotrypsin treatment of skin specimens as well as shaking in an isotonic solution. With respect to DNA distribution pattern, there was good agreement between that of epidermal cells separated with the microdissection-ultrasonic irradiation method, reported previously by us, and those separated by the present method.", "contents": "The separation of basal and differentiating cells from human epidermis for DNA cytofluorometry. A method for the selective separation of human epidermal cells, in which the Feulgen-stainable material suffers minimal damage, was investigated. The principal stage involves alpha-chymotrypsin treatment of skin specimens as well as shaking in an isotonic solution. With respect to DNA distribution pattern, there was good agreement between that of epidermal cells separated with the microdissection-ultrasonic irradiation method, reported previously by us, and those separated by the present method.", "PMID": 116996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12567", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase activity of the cat hind leg.", "content": "The accessibility of tissue carbonic anhydrase to plasma was studied in five surgically isolated cat hind legs. After the leg was skinned and the paw circulation occluded with a tourniquet, it was perfused with a solution that contained neither red cells nor carbonic anhydrase. Solutions containing either H14CO3- or 14CO2 were injected with 125I-albumin, 22Na+, and 3H2O into the femoral artery and the concentrations of each were measured in the femoral venous outflow. Under control circumstances the outflow patterns of H14CO3- and 14CO2 were very similar. However, after carbonic anhydrase inhibition with 20 mg/l acetazolamide in the perfusion solution, the initial exchange of H14CO3- (\"extraction\") was greatly decreased, whereas the extraction of 14CO2 was slightly increased. Because there was insignificant carbonic anhydrase activity in the venous outflow, these data suggest the presence of carbonic anhydrase at a readily accessible site, possibly bound to the endothelial surface. In this location it would promote CO2 exchange and minimize disequilibrium between plasma HCO3- and CO2.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase activity of the cat hind leg. The accessibility of tissue carbonic anhydrase to plasma was studied in five surgically isolated cat hind legs. After the leg was skinned and the paw circulation occluded with a tourniquet, it was perfused with a solution that contained neither red cells nor carbonic anhydrase. Solutions containing either H14CO3- or 14CO2 were injected with 125I-albumin, 22Na+, and 3H2O into the femoral artery and the concentrations of each were measured in the femoral venous outflow. Under control circumstances the outflow patterns of H14CO3- and 14CO2 were very similar. However, after carbonic anhydrase inhibition with 20 mg/l acetazolamide in the perfusion solution, the initial exchange of H14CO3- (\"extraction\") was greatly decreased, whereas the extraction of 14CO2 was slightly increased. Because there was insignificant carbonic anhydrase activity in the venous outflow, these data suggest the presence of carbonic anhydrase at a readily accessible site, possibly bound to the endothelial surface. In this location it would promote CO2 exchange and minimize disequilibrium between plasma HCO3- and CO2.", "PMID": 117001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12568", "title": "Herbicidins C and E, two new necleoside antibiotics.", "content": "Streptomyces saganonensis No. 4075 used for production of herbicidins A and B has also produced other two antibiotics, herbicidins C and E in submerged culture. Isolation of the antibiotics was performed by adsorption on resinous adsorbent followed by elution with aqueous MeOH and completed by silica-gel chromatography. Physico-chemical characteriation revealed that herbicidins C and E are new nucleoside antibiotics having an adenine moiety in their structures. Herbicidins C and E indicated inhibitory activity against germination of chinese cabbage at 12.5 micrograms/ml and 25 micrograms/ml, respectively, and Anacystis nidulans, a blue green algae, at 100 approximately 200 micrograms/ml.", "contents": "Herbicidins C and E, two new necleoside antibiotics. Streptomyces saganonensis No. 4075 used for production of herbicidins A and B has also produced other two antibiotics, herbicidins C and E in submerged culture. Isolation of the antibiotics was performed by adsorption on resinous adsorbent followed by elution with aqueous MeOH and completed by silica-gel chromatography. Physico-chemical characteriation revealed that herbicidins C and E are new nucleoside antibiotics having an adenine moiety in their structures. Herbicidins C and E indicated inhibitory activity against germination of chinese cabbage at 12.5 micrograms/ml and 25 micrograms/ml, respectively, and Anacystis nidulans, a blue green algae, at 100 approximately 200 micrograms/ml.", "PMID": 117003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12569", "title": "Teaching mending skills to mentally retarded adolescents.", "content": "This experiment presents a model for analyzing community living skills and teaching them to mentally retarded adolescents. A task analysis of three mending skills was developed and validated, aided by consultation with persons having expertise in home economics and mental retardation. The task analysis was modified to compensate for the constraints imposed by the trainees' disabilities. Five moderately retarded youths received training on sewing hems, buttons, and seams. Sewing skills were acquired rapidly and maintained. The behavior generalized from trained to untrained tasks on their common components for all subjects. A multiple baseline across participants combined with a multiple baseline across responses demonstrated the combined effectiveness of an objectively validated, detailed task analysis; graduated sequence of prompts; and response consequences in training and maintaining community living skills with mentally retarded adolescents.", "contents": "Teaching mending skills to mentally retarded adolescents. This experiment presents a model for analyzing community living skills and teaching them to mentally retarded adolescents. A task analysis of three mending skills was developed and validated, aided by consultation with persons having expertise in home economics and mental retardation. The task analysis was modified to compensate for the constraints imposed by the trainees' disabilities. Five moderately retarded youths received training on sewing hems, buttons, and seams. Sewing skills were acquired rapidly and maintained. The behavior generalized from trained to untrained tasks on their common components for all subjects. A multiple baseline across participants combined with a multiple baseline across responses demonstrated the combined effectiveness of an objectively validated, detailed task analysis; graduated sequence of prompts; and response consequences in training and maintaining community living skills with mentally retarded adolescents.", "PMID": 117004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12570", "title": "High mobility group nonhistone chromosomal proteins also exist in Tetrahymena.", "content": "High mobility group (HMG) nonhistone chromosomal proteins have been shown to exist also in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. One or two histone-like components were extracted with 0.25 M HCl from the chromatin, in addition to five histone species. These proteins were also extracted selectively with 0.5 M HClO4, 0.35 M NaCl, or 4 mM spermidine, together with H1 histone, and were characterized as HMG proteins on the basis of the following criteria: high mobilities on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, relatively low molecular weights, amino acid compositions rich in lysine and glutamic acid, and relative contents in chromatin. This extends the distribution of the HMG proteins to all four eukaryotic kingdoms, and suggests the possibility that they have some universal role in chromatin structure and function.", "contents": "High mobility group nonhistone chromosomal proteins also exist in Tetrahymena. High mobility group (HMG) nonhistone chromosomal proteins have been shown to exist also in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. One or two histone-like components were extracted with 0.25 M HCl from the chromatin, in addition to five histone species. These proteins were also extracted selectively with 0.5 M HClO4, 0.35 M NaCl, or 4 mM spermidine, together with H1 histone, and were characterized as HMG proteins on the basis of the following criteria: high mobilities on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, relatively low molecular weights, amino acid compositions rich in lysine and glutamic acid, and relative contents in chromatin. This extends the distribution of the HMG proteins to all four eukaryotic kingdoms, and suggests the possibility that they have some universal role in chromatin structure and function.", "PMID": 117005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12571", "title": "Studies on Ca2+-Mg2+ binding sites of frog skeletal muscle myosin.", "content": "From skeletal muscle myosin light chains readily dissociate from the myosin oligomer in the absence of divalent cations, and unlike rabbit skeletal muscle myosin light chains, the released light chains of frog skeletal muscle myosin have a high Ca2+ binding affinity. Whereas each Ca2+ binding light chain of frog skeletal muscle myosin, when in association with the heavy chains bound 1 mol of Ca2+, when in the dissociated state bound 0.5 mol of Ca2+; the latter were readily displaced with low Mg2+ concentrations. Whereas 10(-5) M Mg2+ displaced all of the Ca2+ binding sites on the released light chains at Ca2+ concentration ranges of 10(-7) to 10(-4) M, there was negligible displacement of the Ca2+ binding sites with native frog skeletal muscle myosin under these same conditions.", "contents": "Studies on Ca2+-Mg2+ binding sites of frog skeletal muscle myosin. From skeletal muscle myosin light chains readily dissociate from the myosin oligomer in the absence of divalent cations, and unlike rabbit skeletal muscle myosin light chains, the released light chains of frog skeletal muscle myosin have a high Ca2+ binding affinity. Whereas each Ca2+ binding light chain of frog skeletal muscle myosin, when in association with the heavy chains bound 1 mol of Ca2+, when in the dissociated state bound 0.5 mol of Ca2+; the latter were readily displaced with low Mg2+ concentrations. Whereas 10(-5) M Mg2+ displaced all of the Ca2+ binding sites on the released light chains at Ca2+ concentration ranges of 10(-7) to 10(-4) M, there was negligible displacement of the Ca2+ binding sites with native frog skeletal muscle myosin under these same conditions.", "PMID": 117006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12572", "title": "Porous titanium endosseous dental implants in Rhesus monkeys: microradiography and histological evaluation.", "content": "Artificial tooth roots with porous surface coatings were fabricated by sintering spherical powder of titanium alloy to solid cylindrical cores. The tooth roots were implanted subgingivally in healed mandibular premolar extraction sites of fifteen Rhesus monkeys. Supracrestal abutments were screwed into pretapped holes in the superior aspect of the primary subgingival stage four to eight weeks after implantation of the root. Clinical evaluations were performed monthly. Ten animals were sacrificed for histological evaluation of the functioning free standing implants. Of twenty-nine implants placed, three were lost and four were rated failures on the basis of histological evaluation. Postmortem evaluations revealed bone growth into the porous surface coating of the primary stage of all the implants. The most characteristic features which could be used to describe differences in the implant histology were the buccal and lingual crestal bone heights measured in relation to the root porosity. Twelve of sixteen implants had crestal bone heights within one millimeter of the superior aspect of the root. Four other implants displayed excessive bone recession, revealing as much as one half of the root porosity supracrestally. The four implant failures could be related to unfavorable features of recipient bone sites. The results demonstrate that the bone growth into the porous surface coatings of artificial tooth roots is an efficacious method of dental implant fixation.", "contents": "Porous titanium endosseous dental implants in Rhesus monkeys: microradiography and histological evaluation. Artificial tooth roots with porous surface coatings were fabricated by sintering spherical powder of titanium alloy to solid cylindrical cores. The tooth roots were implanted subgingivally in healed mandibular premolar extraction sites of fifteen Rhesus monkeys. Supracrestal abutments were screwed into pretapped holes in the superior aspect of the primary subgingival stage four to eight weeks after implantation of the root. Clinical evaluations were performed monthly. Ten animals were sacrificed for histological evaluation of the functioning free standing implants. Of twenty-nine implants placed, three were lost and four were rated failures on the basis of histological evaluation. Postmortem evaluations revealed bone growth into the porous surface coating of the primary stage of all the implants. The most characteristic features which could be used to describe differences in the implant histology were the buccal and lingual crestal bone heights measured in relation to the root porosity. Twelve of sixteen implants had crestal bone heights within one millimeter of the superior aspect of the root. Four other implants displayed excessive bone recession, revealing as much as one half of the root porosity supracrestally. The four implant failures could be related to unfavorable features of recipient bone sites. The results demonstrate that the bone growth into the porous surface coatings of artificial tooth roots is an efficacious method of dental implant fixation.", "PMID": 117007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12573", "title": "Immobilized enzyme electrodes for the potentiometric measurement of glucose concentration: immobilization techniques and materials.", "content": "Glucose oxidase, catalase, and bovine serum albumin were co-immobilized with glutaraldehyde around a platinum screen or around a single platinum-iridium wire. The potential difference between this dual enzyme electrode and a Ag/AgCL reference electrode was proportional to the logarithm of the glucose concentration over the range from 10 to about 150 mg glucose per 100 ml in buffered solution at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. The enzyme electrode responded in serum only if coated with a semipermeable film, such as cellulose acetate, to exclude serum macromolecules. The potentiometric results were similar to those obtained with the two enzymes co-immobilized in polyacrylamide gel around a platinum screen or with only one of the enzymes, glucose oxidase, covalently coupled to a platinum screen. The results so far suggest that glucose for development of a continuous in vivo glucose sensor.", "contents": "Immobilized enzyme electrodes for the potentiometric measurement of glucose concentration: immobilization techniques and materials. Glucose oxidase, catalase, and bovine serum albumin were co-immobilized with glutaraldehyde around a platinum screen or around a single platinum-iridium wire. The potential difference between this dual enzyme electrode and a Ag/AgCL reference electrode was proportional to the logarithm of the glucose concentration over the range from 10 to about 150 mg glucose per 100 ml in buffered solution at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. The enzyme electrode responded in serum only if coated with a semipermeable film, such as cellulose acetate, to exclude serum macromolecules. The potentiometric results were similar to those obtained with the two enzymes co-immobilized in polyacrylamide gel around a platinum screen or with only one of the enzymes, glucose oxidase, covalently coupled to a platinum screen. The results so far suggest that glucose for development of a continuous in vivo glucose sensor.", "PMID": 117008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12574", "title": "Spectrin rearrangement early in erythrocyte ghost endocytosis.", "content": "The endocytic vacuoles induced in white ghosts were found to be depleted of spectrin and therefore it was proposed that they arose from spectrin-free areas in the erythrocyte membrane. To follow changes in spectrin distribution during endocytosis, affinity-purified rabbit antispectrin antibodies were produced. Quantitative techniques were developed for the use of a highly specific 125I-F(ab')2 antispectrin, and these showed that before the appearance of vacuoles, as assessed by phase microscopy, there was a reproducible decrease in immunoreactive spectrin. To determine whether this spectrin decrease represented a local or diffuse spectrin loss or a spectrin rearrangement, morphologic studies were undertaken using transmission electron microscopy on samples treated with rabbit antispectrin and ferritin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin. These studies showed that endocytosis was preceded by the creation of extensive spectrin-free areas separated by discrete spectrin-containing zones. Pretreatment of ghosts with alkaline phosphatase blocked all forms of endocytosis and prevented the creation of spectrin-free areas. Therefore, it is proposed that under the impetus of endocytosis inducers, phosphorylated spectrin is redistributed so that spectrin-free zones are created, and that endocytic vacuoles form and fuse in spectrin-free areas.", "contents": "Spectrin rearrangement early in erythrocyte ghost endocytosis. The endocytic vacuoles induced in white ghosts were found to be depleted of spectrin and therefore it was proposed that they arose from spectrin-free areas in the erythrocyte membrane. To follow changes in spectrin distribution during endocytosis, affinity-purified rabbit antispectrin antibodies were produced. Quantitative techniques were developed for the use of a highly specific 125I-F(ab')2 antispectrin, and these showed that before the appearance of vacuoles, as assessed by phase microscopy, there was a reproducible decrease in immunoreactive spectrin. To determine whether this spectrin decrease represented a local or diffuse spectrin loss or a spectrin rearrangement, morphologic studies were undertaken using transmission electron microscopy on samples treated with rabbit antispectrin and ferritin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin. These studies showed that endocytosis was preceded by the creation of extensive spectrin-free areas separated by discrete spectrin-containing zones. Pretreatment of ghosts with alkaline phosphatase blocked all forms of endocytosis and prevented the creation of spectrin-free areas. Therefore, it is proposed that under the impetus of endocytosis inducers, phosphorylated spectrin is redistributed so that spectrin-free zones are created, and that endocytic vacuoles form and fuse in spectrin-free areas.", "PMID": 117012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12575", "title": "The innominate steal syndrome.", "content": "Two patients with isolated innominate artery occlusion presented with symptoms of significant right-sided cerebrovascular insufficiency. One of these also noted progressive pain and weakness of the right upper extremity. Both were treated with dacron bypass grafts from the ascending aorta to the innominate bifurcation with complete relief of all symptoms. Unlike the subclavian steal, innominate artery occlusion induces distinct and much more significant hemodynamic alterations in extracranial arterial flow and is rarely asymptomatic. Three distinct patterns of blood flow have been described secondary to this lesion. Correction is best achieved by either innominate artery endarterectomy or dacron bypass grafting which the authors favor. Extra-anatomic bypasses represent a less satisfactory solution except in the poor risk patients. Long term relief of symptoms and patency of the reconstruction have been generally achieved by either of the recommended techniques.", "contents": "The innominate steal syndrome. Two patients with isolated innominate artery occlusion presented with symptoms of significant right-sided cerebrovascular insufficiency. One of these also noted progressive pain and weakness of the right upper extremity. Both were treated with dacron bypass grafts from the ascending aorta to the innominate bifurcation with complete relief of all symptoms. Unlike the subclavian steal, innominate artery occlusion induces distinct and much more significant hemodynamic alterations in extracranial arterial flow and is rarely asymptomatic. Three distinct patterns of blood flow have been described secondary to this lesion. Correction is best achieved by either innominate artery endarterectomy or dacron bypass grafting which the authors favor. Extra-anatomic bypasses represent a less satisfactory solution except in the poor risk patients. Long term relief of symptoms and patency of the reconstruction have been generally achieved by either of the recommended techniques.", "PMID": 117010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12576", "title": "Reversible inhibition of Chlamydomonas flagellar surface motility.", "content": "Chlamydomonas exhibits force transduction in association with its flagellar surface; this can be visualized by the saltatory movements of attached polystyrene microspheres. This flagellar surface motility has been quantitated by determining the percentage of attached microspheres in motion at the time of observation (60% in the case of control cells at 25 degrees C). A number of experimental treatments reversibly inhibit flagellar surface motility. These include an increase in sodium or potassium chloride concentration, a decrease in temperature, or a decrease in the free calcium concentration in the medium. Many of the conditions that result in inhibition of flagellar surface motility also result in an induction of flagellar resorption. Although both flagellar stability and flagellar surface motility are dependent on the availability of calcium, the two processes are separable; under appropriate conditions, flagellar surface motility can occur at normal levels on flagella that are resorbing. Inhibition of protein synthesis results in a gradual loss of both the binding of microspheres to the flagellum and the flagellar surface motility. After resumption of protein synthesis, both binding and movement return to control levels. The effect of the inhibition of protein synthesis is interpreted in terms of selective turnover of certain components within the intact flagellum, one or more of these components being necessary for the binding of the microspheres and their subsequent movement. If this turnover is inhibited by keeping the cells below 5 degrees C, the absence of protein synthesis no longer has an effect on microsphere attachment and motility, when measured immediately after warming the cells to 25 degrees C.", "contents": "Reversible inhibition of Chlamydomonas flagellar surface motility. Chlamydomonas exhibits force transduction in association with its flagellar surface; this can be visualized by the saltatory movements of attached polystyrene microspheres. This flagellar surface motility has been quantitated by determining the percentage of attached microspheres in motion at the time of observation (60% in the case of control cells at 25 degrees C). A number of experimental treatments reversibly inhibit flagellar surface motility. These include an increase in sodium or potassium chloride concentration, a decrease in temperature, or a decrease in the free calcium concentration in the medium. Many of the conditions that result in inhibition of flagellar surface motility also result in an induction of flagellar resorption. Although both flagellar stability and flagellar surface motility are dependent on the availability of calcium, the two processes are separable; under appropriate conditions, flagellar surface motility can occur at normal levels on flagella that are resorbing. Inhibition of protein synthesis results in a gradual loss of both the binding of microspheres to the flagellum and the flagellar surface motility. After resumption of protein synthesis, both binding and movement return to control levels. The effect of the inhibition of protein synthesis is interpreted in terms of selective turnover of certain components within the intact flagellum, one or more of these components being necessary for the binding of the microspheres and their subsequent movement. If this turnover is inhibited by keeping the cells below 5 degrees C, the absence of protein synthesis no longer has an effect on microsphere attachment and motility, when measured immediately after warming the cells to 25 degrees C.", "PMID": 117013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12577", "title": "Late results after extra-anatomic bypass routes.", "content": "The long-term results of 37 carotido-subclavian grafts was 100% till the end of the third year. This method is now our preferred method for correction of subclavian lesions. The operative mortality was 0%. The long-term results of the femoro-femoro bypasses was 79.7% from the third through the fifth year. 5 out of 7 axillo-femoral grafts remained patent. In our opinion the axillo-femoral bypass should only implanted in patients with an infected area in the aortoiliac segment but not routinally.", "contents": "Late results after extra-anatomic bypass routes. The long-term results of 37 carotido-subclavian grafts was 100% till the end of the third year. This method is now our preferred method for correction of subclavian lesions. The operative mortality was 0%. The long-term results of the femoro-femoro bypasses was 79.7% from the third through the fifth year. 5 out of 7 axillo-femoral grafts remained patent. In our opinion the axillo-femoral bypass should only implanted in patients with an infected area in the aortoiliac segment but not routinally.", "PMID": 117011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12578", "title": "Lactose synthetase activity in mouse mammary glands is controlled by thyroid hormones.", "content": "Epithelial cells in explants from the mammary glands of euthyroid mature virgin mice are proliferatively dormant. They must undergo DNA synthesis and traverse the cell cycle in vitro before they are able to differentiate fully in response to insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin, and synthesize enzymatically active alpha-lactalbumin (measured as lactose synthetase activity). In contrast, glands from hyperthyroid mature virgin mice do not require DNA synthesis in vitro to differentiate. Explants from the euthyroid virgin tissue overcome their dependence on DNA synthesis when 10(-9) M 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine is added directly to the cultures in addition to the other three hormones. Explants from involuted mammary glands from euthyroid primiparous mice do not require DNA synthesis in vitro to make the milk protein even though they, like explants from mature euthyroid virgin tissue, are proliferatively dormant and do not contain detectable lactose synthetase activity in vivo. Glands from primiparous animals made mildly hypothyroid by ingestion of 0.1% thiouracil in drinking water during 7 wk of involution remain morphologically indistinguishable from glands of their euthyroid counterparts. However, explants from the glands of these hypothyroid animals revert to a state of dependence on DNA synthesis to differentiate functionally. These observations suggest that the dependence on DNA synthesis and cell cycle traversal for hormonal induction of lactose synthetase activity in the mouse mammary gland is controlled by thyroid hormones.", "contents": "Lactose synthetase activity in mouse mammary glands is controlled by thyroid hormones. Epithelial cells in explants from the mammary glands of euthyroid mature virgin mice are proliferatively dormant. They must undergo DNA synthesis and traverse the cell cycle in vitro before they are able to differentiate fully in response to insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin, and synthesize enzymatically active alpha-lactalbumin (measured as lactose synthetase activity). In contrast, glands from hyperthyroid mature virgin mice do not require DNA synthesis in vitro to differentiate. Explants from the euthyroid virgin tissue overcome their dependence on DNA synthesis when 10(-9) M 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine is added directly to the cultures in addition to the other three hormones. Explants from involuted mammary glands from euthyroid primiparous mice do not require DNA synthesis in vitro to make the milk protein even though they, like explants from mature euthyroid virgin tissue, are proliferatively dormant and do not contain detectable lactose synthetase activity in vivo. Glands from primiparous animals made mildly hypothyroid by ingestion of 0.1% thiouracil in drinking water during 7 wk of involution remain morphologically indistinguishable from glands of their euthyroid counterparts. However, explants from the glands of these hypothyroid animals revert to a state of dependence on DNA synthesis to differentiate functionally. These observations suggest that the dependence on DNA synthesis and cell cycle traversal for hormonal induction of lactose synthetase activity in the mouse mammary gland is controlled by thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 117014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12579", "title": "Contributions of lipids and proteins to the surface charge of membranes. An electron microscopy study with cationized and anionized ferritin.", "content": "The surface charge of cultured neurons was investigated with the electron microscope markers anionized ferritin (AF) and cationized ferritin (CF). To determine which membrane components could react with the markers, model reactions were used. Both protein-coated Sepharose beads and lipid vesicles were reacted at physiological pH. Results with these model reactions indicate that the following groups may contribute to the surface charge: acidic groups--the sialic acid of both glycoproteins and gangliosides, the carboxyl group of proteins, and the phosphates of phospholipids; basic groups--the amines of proteins. The effect of chemical fixation on the surface charge was investigated. Glutaraldehyde fixation was shown to increase the charge of neutral proteins but not by a mechanism involving unbound aldehydes. Glutaraldehyde fixation of phospholipid vesicles in the presence of CF showed that amine-containing phospholipids were cross-linked to CF. This cross-linkage was seen with the electron microscope as the clumping of CF and the burying of CF in the membrane. Paraformaldehyde fixation had a lesser effect on the charge of proteins but did react with phospholipids as did glutaraldehyde. It is concluded that at physiological pH: (a) most of the charged proteins and lipids on cell surface can contribute to the membrane surface charge, and (b) the membrane surface charge of cells can be greatly changed by chemical fixation.", "contents": "Contributions of lipids and proteins to the surface charge of membranes. An electron microscopy study with cationized and anionized ferritin. The surface charge of cultured neurons was investigated with the electron microscope markers anionized ferritin (AF) and cationized ferritin (CF). To determine which membrane components could react with the markers, model reactions were used. Both protein-coated Sepharose beads and lipid vesicles were reacted at physiological pH. Results with these model reactions indicate that the following groups may contribute to the surface charge: acidic groups--the sialic acid of both glycoproteins and gangliosides, the carboxyl group of proteins, and the phosphates of phospholipids; basic groups--the amines of proteins. The effect of chemical fixation on the surface charge was investigated. Glutaraldehyde fixation was shown to increase the charge of neutral proteins but not by a mechanism involving unbound aldehydes. Glutaraldehyde fixation of phospholipid vesicles in the presence of CF showed that amine-containing phospholipids were cross-linked to CF. This cross-linkage was seen with the electron microscope as the clumping of CF and the burying of CF in the membrane. Paraformaldehyde fixation had a lesser effect on the charge of proteins but did react with phospholipids as did glutaraldehyde. It is concluded that at physiological pH: (a) most of the charged proteins and lipids on cell surface can contribute to the membrane surface charge, and (b) the membrane surface charge of cells can be greatly changed by chemical fixation.", "PMID": 117015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12580", "title": "Biochemical and genetic characterization of three hamster cell mutants resistant to diphtheria toxin.", "content": "We describe here three different hamster cell mutants which are resistant to diphtheria toxin and which provide models for investigating some of the functions required by the toxin inactivates elongation factor 2 (EF-2). Cell-free extracts from mutants Dtx(r)-3 was codominant. The evidence suggests that the codominant phenotype is the result of a mutation in a gene coding for EF-2. The recessive phenotype might arise by alteration of an enzyme which modifies the structure of EF-2 so that it becomes a substrate for reaction with the toxin. Another mutant, Dtx(r)-2, contained EF-2 that was sensitive to the toxin and this phenotype was recessive. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin is known to inactivate EF-2 as does diphtheria toxin and we tested the mutants for cross-resistance to pseudomonas exotoxin. Dtx(r)-1 and Dtx(r)-3 were cross-resistant while Dtx(r)-2 was not. It is known that diphtheria toxin does not penetrate to the cytoplasm of mouse cells and that these cell have a naturally occurring phenotype of diphtheria toxin resistance. We fused each of the mutants with mouse 3T3 cells and measured the resistance. We fused each of the mutants with mouse 3T3 cells and measured the resistance of the hybrid cells to diphtheria toxin. Intraspecies hybrids containing the genome of mutants Dtx(r)-1 and Dtx(r)-3 had some resistance while those formed with Dtx(r)-2 were as sensitive as hybrids derived from fusions between wild-type hamster cells and mouse 3T3 cells.", "contents": "Biochemical and genetic characterization of three hamster cell mutants resistant to diphtheria toxin. We describe here three different hamster cell mutants which are resistant to diphtheria toxin and which provide models for investigating some of the functions required by the toxin inactivates elongation factor 2 (EF-2). Cell-free extracts from mutants Dtx(r)-3 was codominant. The evidence suggests that the codominant phenotype is the result of a mutation in a gene coding for EF-2. The recessive phenotype might arise by alteration of an enzyme which modifies the structure of EF-2 so that it becomes a substrate for reaction with the toxin. Another mutant, Dtx(r)-2, contained EF-2 that was sensitive to the toxin and this phenotype was recessive. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin is known to inactivate EF-2 as does diphtheria toxin and we tested the mutants for cross-resistance to pseudomonas exotoxin. Dtx(r)-1 and Dtx(r)-3 were cross-resistant while Dtx(r)-2 was not. It is known that diphtheria toxin does not penetrate to the cytoplasm of mouse cells and that these cell have a naturally occurring phenotype of diphtheria toxin resistance. We fused each of the mutants with mouse 3T3 cells and measured the resistance. We fused each of the mutants with mouse 3T3 cells and measured the resistance of the hybrid cells to diphtheria toxin. Intraspecies hybrids containing the genome of mutants Dtx(r)-1 and Dtx(r)-3 had some resistance while those formed with Dtx(r)-2 were as sensitive as hybrids derived from fusions between wild-type hamster cells and mouse 3T3 cells.", "PMID": 117016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12581", "title": "Dissociation of prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and metoclopramide in chronic renal failure.", "content": "PRL secretion was evaluated in 14 males with chronic renal failure on long term hemodialysis. Twelve had basal hyperprolactinemia. Ten subjects were challenged with TRH in doses ranging from 200--1000 micrograms. None of them responded to 200 or 500 micrograms TRH, although 2 of 4 subjects tested did respond to 1000 micrograms TRH. In contrast, all 4 subjects challenged with metoclopramide did have PRL responses which were indistinguishable from those of the controls. These results indicate that there is a dissociation in responsiveness to metoclopramide and TRH in chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Dissociation of prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and metoclopramide in chronic renal failure. PRL secretion was evaluated in 14 males with chronic renal failure on long term hemodialysis. Twelve had basal hyperprolactinemia. Ten subjects were challenged with TRH in doses ranging from 200--1000 micrograms. None of them responded to 200 or 500 micrograms TRH, although 2 of 4 subjects tested did respond to 1000 micrograms TRH. In contrast, all 4 subjects challenged with metoclopramide did have PRL responses which were indistinguishable from those of the controls. These results indicate that there is a dissociation in responsiveness to metoclopramide and TRH in chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 117018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12582", "title": "Normalization of insulin and glucagon secretion in ketosis-resistant diabetes mellitus with prolonged diet therapy.", "content": "Glucose tolerance and insulin and glucagon secretion were examined sequentially during 6 months of calorie and carbohydrate restriction in an obese, recent-onset, ketosis-resistant diabetic adult. The subject was then followed for 9 additional months, during which some weight was regained. Fasting plasma glucose levels returned to normal after 6 week of calorie restriction and remained normal during periods of carbohydrate refeeding. Normalization of 2-h plasma glucose concentrations after a standard oral carbohydrate load required 5 months, and glucose disposal after an iv glucose load did not return to normal until the end of the study. Insulin secretion in response to oral glucose reached maximal levels during the first months of weight reduction and then decreased as glucose tolerance continued to improve. Acute phase insulin release in response to iv glucose gradually increased throughout the study. Glucagon stimulation by iv arginine and suppression by iv glucose also returned to normal levels slowly over several months. Abnormalities in glucose tolerance and glucoregulatory hormone secretion of ketosis-resistant diabetes are totally reversible with prolonged dietary therapy. Reduction in tissue resistance to the action of insulin also appeared to be of major importance in the recovery of normal glucose tolerance in this subject.", "contents": "Normalization of insulin and glucagon secretion in ketosis-resistant diabetes mellitus with prolonged diet therapy. Glucose tolerance and insulin and glucagon secretion were examined sequentially during 6 months of calorie and carbohydrate restriction in an obese, recent-onset, ketosis-resistant diabetic adult. The subject was then followed for 9 additional months, during which some weight was regained. Fasting plasma glucose levels returned to normal after 6 week of calorie restriction and remained normal during periods of carbohydrate refeeding. Normalization of 2-h plasma glucose concentrations after a standard oral carbohydrate load required 5 months, and glucose disposal after an iv glucose load did not return to normal until the end of the study. Insulin secretion in response to oral glucose reached maximal levels during the first months of weight reduction and then decreased as glucose tolerance continued to improve. Acute phase insulin release in response to iv glucose gradually increased throughout the study. Glucagon stimulation by iv arginine and suppression by iv glucose also returned to normal levels slowly over several months. Abnormalities in glucose tolerance and glucoregulatory hormone secretion of ketosis-resistant diabetes are totally reversible with prolonged dietary therapy. Reduction in tissue resistance to the action of insulin also appeared to be of major importance in the recovery of normal glucose tolerance in this subject.", "PMID": 117019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12583", "title": "Teichoic acid antibody determination by agar-gel diffusion: effect of using dilute antigen preparations.", "content": "Because the reported frequency of teichoic acid precipitins in controls and various patient groups has varied considerably among laboratories, we studied the effect of using various concentrations of staphylococcal extracts in agar-gel diffusion tests for teichoic acid antibodies. Of 25 normal sera, only 1 was positive against an undiluted extract, but 4 were positive against a 16-fold-diluted extract. Of nine sera from patients with staphylococcal bacteremia, two were positive at a higher titer against the diluted extract. A false-positive serum against the undiluted extract had a twofold titer increase against the diluted extract. Because human immune serum globulin is generally used as a positive teichoic acid antibody control, the variability of five different lots was studied. Three lots ahd teichoic acid antibody titers of 1:4, whereas one each had titers of 1:2 and 1:8. Based on this study, we feel that staphylococcal extracts should not be diluted. If immune serum globulins are used to determine the adequacy of ultrasonic extracts, newly acquired globulin lots should be standarized against an ultrasonic extract of proven sensitivity and specificity.", "contents": "Teichoic acid antibody determination by agar-gel diffusion: effect of using dilute antigen preparations. Because the reported frequency of teichoic acid precipitins in controls and various patient groups has varied considerably among laboratories, we studied the effect of using various concentrations of staphylococcal extracts in agar-gel diffusion tests for teichoic acid antibodies. Of 25 normal sera, only 1 was positive against an undiluted extract, but 4 were positive against a 16-fold-diluted extract. Of nine sera from patients with staphylococcal bacteremia, two were positive at a higher titer against the diluted extract. A false-positive serum against the undiluted extract had a twofold titer increase against the diluted extract. Because human immune serum globulin is generally used as a positive teichoic acid antibody control, the variability of five different lots was studied. Three lots ahd teichoic acid antibody titers of 1:4, whereas one each had titers of 1:2 and 1:8. Based on this study, we feel that staphylococcal extracts should not be diluted. If immune serum globulins are used to determine the adequacy of ultrasonic extracts, newly acquired globulin lots should be standarized against an ultrasonic extract of proven sensitivity and specificity.", "PMID": 117022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12584", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay for detecting Brucella antibodies in cow's milk.", "content": "An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed for detecting Brucella antibodies in milk of cows infected with Brucella abortus. The enzyme immunoassay using heat-killed cells of B. abortus strain 19 was of comparable sensitivity to the Brucella ring test in detecting antibodies in milk of a reference positive control cow experimentally infected with B. abortus strain 2308 and in milk of 16 naturally infected cows from which B. abortus was isolated. No detectable enzyme immunoassay reactions were present in milk of 11 noninfected controls. The enzyme immunoassay is a procedure which can be readily automated so that screening tests for brucellosis could be conducted at a reference laboratory where uniform conditions can be maintained.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay for detecting Brucella antibodies in cow's milk. An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed for detecting Brucella antibodies in milk of cows infected with Brucella abortus. The enzyme immunoassay using heat-killed cells of B. abortus strain 19 was of comparable sensitivity to the Brucella ring test in detecting antibodies in milk of a reference positive control cow experimentally infected with B. abortus strain 2308 and in milk of 16 naturally infected cows from which B. abortus was isolated. No detectable enzyme immunoassay reactions were present in milk of 11 noninfected controls. The enzyme immunoassay is a procedure which can be readily automated so that screening tests for brucellosis could be conducted at a reference laboratory where uniform conditions can be maintained.", "PMID": 117023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12585", "title": "Bactericidal antibody response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa by adults with urinary tract infections.", "content": "In this investigation we found that adults with upper urinary tract infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced serum antibodies with bactericidal activity against the bacterium. Seventeen of 20 infected adults showed bactericidal activity with a titer range of 1:10 to 1:10,000.", "contents": "Bactericidal antibody response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa by adults with urinary tract infections. In this investigation we found that adults with upper urinary tract infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced serum antibodies with bactericidal activity against the bacterium. Seventeen of 20 infected adults showed bactericidal activity with a titer range of 1:10 to 1:10,000.", "PMID": 117024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12586", "title": "Action and interaction of penicillin and gentamicin on enterococci.", "content": "The action and interaction of benzylpenicillin and gentamicin on Streptococcus faecalis was studied using mainly turbidimetric methods. The minimum antibacterial concentration (MAC) of each antibiotic lay considerably below the conventionally determined minimum inhibitory concentration, and levels of the two agents exceeding the MAC were necessary in order to obtain a synergic interaction. Evidence was obtained that gentamicin interfered with bacterial lysis induced by penicillin, and this suggests that the aminoglycoside is responsible for the bactericidal activity of the combination, the role of the penicillin being solely to facilitate access of the aminoglycoside to its target site. Our findings do not, however, fully support the generally held view that the increased permeability of enterococci to aminoglycosides is due to penicillin-induced cell wall damage. 'Persisters'--cells surviving prolonged exposure to the optimum lethal concentration of penicillin--were not killed by subsequent exposure to gentamicin if the penicillin was removed but were killed if the penicillin remained present.", "contents": "Action and interaction of penicillin and gentamicin on enterococci. The action and interaction of benzylpenicillin and gentamicin on Streptococcus faecalis was studied using mainly turbidimetric methods. The minimum antibacterial concentration (MAC) of each antibiotic lay considerably below the conventionally determined minimum inhibitory concentration, and levels of the two agents exceeding the MAC were necessary in order to obtain a synergic interaction. Evidence was obtained that gentamicin interfered with bacterial lysis induced by penicillin, and this suggests that the aminoglycoside is responsible for the bactericidal activity of the combination, the role of the penicillin being solely to facilitate access of the aminoglycoside to its target site. Our findings do not, however, fully support the generally held view that the increased permeability of enterococci to aminoglycosides is due to penicillin-induced cell wall damage. 'Persisters'--cells surviving prolonged exposure to the optimum lethal concentration of penicillin--were not killed by subsequent exposure to gentamicin if the penicillin was removed but were killed if the penicillin remained present.", "PMID": 117025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12587", "title": "Immunochemical demonstration of J chain: a marker of B-cell malignancy.", "content": "Many B-cell lymphomas can be shown to contain cytoplasmic immunoglobulin which is characteristically monotypic with respect to light chains. In Hodgkin's disease, however, the Reed-Sternberg cells have been shown to contain both immunoglobulin light chains. This finding, which is also present in some other lymphomas, has been used as evidence both for and against a B-cell derivation of these cells. J chain is present in normal immunoblasts irrespective of the class of immunoglobulin being synthesised and, thus, should be present in tumour cells that synthesise cytoplasmic immunoglobulin. In a series of lymphomas, in which the cells could be shown to contain immunoglobulin, J chain was present only in those tumours exhibiting a monotypic light chain staining pattern. J chain was not present in Reed-Sternberg cells and other cells staining polytypically for light chains. Demonstration of J chain is thus a useful marker for B-cell lymphomas; its absence in Reed-Sternberg cells indicates that the immunoglobulin in these cells is not synthesised by them and cannot be used as evidence for their derivation from B-cells.", "contents": "Immunochemical demonstration of J chain: a marker of B-cell malignancy. Many B-cell lymphomas can be shown to contain cytoplasmic immunoglobulin which is characteristically monotypic with respect to light chains. In Hodgkin's disease, however, the Reed-Sternberg cells have been shown to contain both immunoglobulin light chains. This finding, which is also present in some other lymphomas, has been used as evidence both for and against a B-cell derivation of these cells. J chain is present in normal immunoblasts irrespective of the class of immunoglobulin being synthesised and, thus, should be present in tumour cells that synthesise cytoplasmic immunoglobulin. In a series of lymphomas, in which the cells could be shown to contain immunoglobulin, J chain was present only in those tumours exhibiting a monotypic light chain staining pattern. J chain was not present in Reed-Sternberg cells and other cells staining polytypically for light chains. Demonstration of J chain is thus a useful marker for B-cell lymphomas; its absence in Reed-Sternberg cells indicates that the immunoglobulin in these cells is not synthesised by them and cannot be used as evidence for their derivation from B-cells.", "PMID": 117027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12588", "title": "Combined melanocytoma-mastocytoma in a case of nodular mastocytosis.", "content": "A patient with long-standing nodular mastocytosis developed a slate-blue lesion on the scalp which produced symptoms of histamine release on mechanical and thermal stimulation. Light and electron microscopic examination of the lesion showed zones of mast cells and zones of melanized cells. A transition zone showing cells with dual (melanosomal and mast) granulation, as well as granules representing intergrades between classical mast granules and melanosomes, was present. Features of this lesion add to the accumulated evidence that there is a histogenetic relationship between mast cells and melanocytes.", "contents": "Combined melanocytoma-mastocytoma in a case of nodular mastocytosis. A patient with long-standing nodular mastocytosis developed a slate-blue lesion on the scalp which produced symptoms of histamine release on mechanical and thermal stimulation. Light and electron microscopic examination of the lesion showed zones of mast cells and zones of melanized cells. A transition zone showing cells with dual (melanosomal and mast) granulation, as well as granules representing intergrades between classical mast granules and melanosomes, was present. Features of this lesion add to the accumulated evidence that there is a histogenetic relationship between mast cells and melanocytes.", "PMID": 117029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12589", "title": "Adenylate energy charge: a method for the determination of viable cell mass in dental plaque samples.", "content": "The biochemical function, adenylate energy charge (AEC), correlates with the viable count of S. mutans. AEC may be used to estimate the percent viable fraction of bacteria in dental plaque samples. An interactive computer program designed to process the AEC data is described.", "contents": "Adenylate energy charge: a method for the determination of viable cell mass in dental plaque samples. The biochemical function, adenylate energy charge (AEC), correlates with the viable count of S. mutans. AEC may be used to estimate the percent viable fraction of bacteria in dental plaque samples. An interactive computer program designed to process the AEC data is described.", "PMID": 117030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12590", "title": "Cellular mechanics of dentinal bridge repair using 3H-thymidine.", "content": "Cellular reorganization in the pulp following mechanical pulp exposure involves three steps: First, lysis and macrophage resolution of the clot form; second, there is an invasion of the clot area by fibroblasts and endothelial cells, i.e., formation of granulation tissue; third, an organization and differentiation of these cells into functional odontoblasts occurs as early as 9 days after exposure. Autoradiographic results showed an increased DNA synthesis in the fibroblast and endothelial cell populations which coincided with a histologically-observed increase in those populations. A relative increase in fibroblastic activity, as compared to endothelial cell activity, suggested that fibroblasts may be the cells that replace odontoblasts.", "contents": "Cellular mechanics of dentinal bridge repair using 3H-thymidine. Cellular reorganization in the pulp following mechanical pulp exposure involves three steps: First, lysis and macrophage resolution of the clot form; second, there is an invasion of the clot area by fibroblasts and endothelial cells, i.e., formation of granulation tissue; third, an organization and differentiation of these cells into functional odontoblasts occurs as early as 9 days after exposure. Autoradiographic results showed an increased DNA synthesis in the fibroblast and endothelial cell populations which coincided with a histologically-observed increase in those populations. A relative increase in fibroblastic activity, as compared to endothelial cell activity, suggested that fibroblasts may be the cells that replace odontoblasts.", "PMID": 117031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12591", "title": "Clinical studies of plaque control agents: an overview.", "content": "Dental plaque is massed packed bacterial cells which accumulate on the supra- and subgingival surfaces of the teeth as well as on the oral mucosa. The microorganisms of plaque have been shown to be associated with both dental caries and periodontal disease. This overview of clinical studies of plaque control agents reviews the properties and effects of chemical compounds which have demonstrated a potential for the control of plaque microorganisms. The search for clinically effective antiplaque agents has been stimulated by findings in laboratory and animal studies of plaque dynamics. Based upon these in vitro and in vivo experiments, chemotherapeutic agents such as antibiotics, antiseptics, enzymes, detergents, bacteriosides, antimetabolites, and oxidizing agents have been evaluated against human plaque microorganisms using the ultimate biological model -- man. Continued study of chemotherapeutic agents should be encouraged because many of these drugs have been shown to be safe for human use and may require only the development of a delivery system to potentiate their concentration in a specific local site. Use of these chemotherapeutic agents, which can be self-administered, becomes an attractive way of providing the public with a cost-effective method of preventing caries and periodontal disease.", "contents": "Clinical studies of plaque control agents: an overview. Dental plaque is massed packed bacterial cells which accumulate on the supra- and subgingival surfaces of the teeth as well as on the oral mucosa. The microorganisms of plaque have been shown to be associated with both dental caries and periodontal disease. This overview of clinical studies of plaque control agents reviews the properties and effects of chemical compounds which have demonstrated a potential for the control of plaque microorganisms. The search for clinically effective antiplaque agents has been stimulated by findings in laboratory and animal studies of plaque dynamics. Based upon these in vitro and in vivo experiments, chemotherapeutic agents such as antibiotics, antiseptics, enzymes, detergents, bacteriosides, antimetabolites, and oxidizing agents have been evaluated against human plaque microorganisms using the ultimate biological model -- man. Continued study of chemotherapeutic agents should be encouraged because many of these drugs have been shown to be safe for human use and may require only the development of a delivery system to potentiate their concentration in a specific local site. Use of these chemotherapeutic agents, which can be self-administered, becomes an attractive way of providing the public with a cost-effective method of preventing caries and periodontal disease.", "PMID": 117032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12592", "title": "Auditory lateralization in monkeys: an examination of two cues serving directional hearing.", "content": "In assigning binaural ongoing time differences (phase) as the cue for localization of low frequencies, and binaural intensity differences as the cue for localization of high frequencies, the duplex theory has successfully accounted for human directional hearing of tones. Sensitivity of monkeys to these cues was examined in two experiments. The dependencies on frequency of interaural intensity difference thresholds (lateralization experiment I) and time difference thresholds (lateralization experiment II) were determined behaviorally on three monkeys (M. nemestrina). The range of frequencies was from 125 Hz to 8 kHz in experiment I and from 250 Hz to 2 kHz in experiment II. The results indicate that the duplex theory is applicable to monkeys. However, monkeys are less sensitive than man to both binaural cues. The shortest time disparity monkeys discriminate is 42 microseconds at 1.5 kHz and the smallest intensity difference is 3.5 dB at 500 Hz. Good agreement between the present findings and localization measurements [C. H. Brown et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 1484-1492 (1978)] suggests: (a) that monkeys utilize time disparity cues through higher frequencies than man; and (b) that inaccurate localization by monkeys at high frequencies reflects decreasing sensitivity to interaural intensity cues.", "contents": "Auditory lateralization in monkeys: an examination of two cues serving directional hearing. In assigning binaural ongoing time differences (phase) as the cue for localization of low frequencies, and binaural intensity differences as the cue for localization of high frequencies, the duplex theory has successfully accounted for human directional hearing of tones. Sensitivity of monkeys to these cues was examined in two experiments. The dependencies on frequency of interaural intensity difference thresholds (lateralization experiment I) and time difference thresholds (lateralization experiment II) were determined behaviorally on three monkeys (M. nemestrina). The range of frequencies was from 125 Hz to 8 kHz in experiment I and from 250 Hz to 2 kHz in experiment II. The results indicate that the duplex theory is applicable to monkeys. However, monkeys are less sensitive than man to both binaural cues. The shortest time disparity monkeys discriminate is 42 microseconds at 1.5 kHz and the smallest intensity difference is 3.5 dB at 500 Hz. Good agreement between the present findings and localization measurements [C. H. Brown et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 1484-1492 (1978)] suggests: (a) that monkeys utilize time disparity cues through higher frequencies than man; and (b) that inaccurate localization by monkeys at high frequencies reflects decreasing sensitivity to interaural intensity cues.", "PMID": 117036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12593", "title": "Dietitians' effectiveness and patient compliance with dietary regimens. A pilot study.", "content": "Demonstration of dietitians' effectiveness is a necessary prerequisite in documenting the cost-effectiveness of untritional care. In this report, a framework for the study of dietitians' effectiveness and patient compliance with dietary regimens is developed, and the results of a pilot study are presented. Personal, attitudinal, and situational variables that affect adherence to diets were investigated. Findings suggest that (a) disclosure of patient non-compliance varies, depending on the type of question asked and the sequence of questions in an interview; and (b) dietitians with higher \"Orientations to Social Influence\" use more influence strategies, involve patients in counseling sessions more, and tend to have patients with more appropriate health attitudes and behaviors.", "contents": "Dietitians' effectiveness and patient compliance with dietary regimens. A pilot study. Demonstration of dietitians' effectiveness is a necessary prerequisite in documenting the cost-effectiveness of untritional care. In this report, a framework for the study of dietitians' effectiveness and patient compliance with dietary regimens is developed, and the results of a pilot study are presented. Personal, attitudinal, and situational variables that affect adherence to diets were investigated. Findings suggest that (a) disclosure of patient non-compliance varies, depending on the type of question asked and the sequence of questions in an interview; and (b) dietitians with higher \"Orientations to Social Influence\" use more influence strategies, involve patients in counseling sessions more, and tend to have patients with more appropriate health attitudes and behaviors.", "PMID": 117041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12594", "title": "Productivity improvement and job satisfaction among public health nutritionists.", "content": "A workshop for public health nutritionists which scrutinized ways to improve productivity and job satisfaction is reported. Participants believed that productivity could be improved most by improving the execution of tasks, followed by better planning of programs, office management, and skills in group education, and by delegation of non-professional activities to lesser-trained personnel. Job satisfaction of public health nutritionists could be increased by reducing stress and discomfort and promoting feelings of personal effectiveness and efficiency through role clarification and by management training. There is a large potential for greater productivity in the profession. Realization of this potential will contribute measurably to the cost-effectiveness of nutritional services.", "contents": "Productivity improvement and job satisfaction among public health nutritionists. A workshop for public health nutritionists which scrutinized ways to improve productivity and job satisfaction is reported. Participants believed that productivity could be improved most by improving the execution of tasks, followed by better planning of programs, office management, and skills in group education, and by delegation of non-professional activities to lesser-trained personnel. Job satisfaction of public health nutritionists could be increased by reducing stress and discomfort and promoting feelings of personal effectiveness and efficiency through role clarification and by management training. There is a large potential for greater productivity in the profession. Realization of this potential will contribute measurably to the cost-effectiveness of nutritional services.", "PMID": 117042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12595", "title": "Circulating prolactin and its response to TRH following administration of testosterone undecanoate in normal men.", "content": "To investigate the effect of orally administered testosterone undercanoate (TU) on circulating prolactin (PRL) and PRL response to TRH stimulation, 8 eugonadal male volunteers, aged 19--30, presenting with normal plasma levels of FSH, LH, testosterone (T), estradiol (E2) and PRL, were given 120 mg/day of TU for 6 days. Plasma PRL levels were measured daily during the pre-treatment phase (3 days), treatment phase (6 days) and post-treatment phase (3 days) by radioimmunoassay. The TRH Test (200 micrograms iv) was done on the 3rd day of the pretreatment phase and on the treatment phase. No significant changes in circulating PRL levels or in PRL response to TRH stimulation were observed. Plasma T and E2 levels showed a slight, but not significant tendency to increase, while gonadotropin levels remained unchanged.", "contents": "Circulating prolactin and its response to TRH following administration of testosterone undecanoate in normal men. To investigate the effect of orally administered testosterone undercanoate (TU) on circulating prolactin (PRL) and PRL response to TRH stimulation, 8 eugonadal male volunteers, aged 19--30, presenting with normal plasma levels of FSH, LH, testosterone (T), estradiol (E2) and PRL, were given 120 mg/day of TU for 6 days. Plasma PRL levels were measured daily during the pre-treatment phase (3 days), treatment phase (6 days) and post-treatment phase (3 days) by radioimmunoassay. The TRH Test (200 micrograms iv) was done on the 3rd day of the pretreatment phase and on the treatment phase. No significant changes in circulating PRL levels or in PRL response to TRH stimulation were observed. Plasma T and E2 levels showed a slight, but not significant tendency to increase, while gonadotropin levels remained unchanged.", "PMID": 117045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12596", "title": "Effects of tourniquet ischemia and postischemic edema on muscle metabolism.", "content": "In vivo interstitial muscle pressures measured by wick catheter, tissue gas tensions measured by mass spectrometer, and glucose and high-energy phosphate metabolism measured fluorometrically were studied in the anterior tibial (AT) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles of primate limbs during and following tourniquet ischemia (2.5 hours; 400 mm Hg) to elucidate postischemic edema and its metabolic consequences. During ischemia, interstitial pressure in the VL rose, while in the AT it decreased, but 24 hours later pressures in both experimental muscles were significantly greater than those in the controls. In both experimental muscles PO2 decreased significantly within 15 minutes of ischemia. PCO2 increased significantly in the AT at 30 minutes and at 75 minutes in the VL muscle. Twenty-four hours later only PO2 in the experimental AT was significantly different than its matched control. During ischemia glucose and phosphocreatine (CrP) decreased significantly, and G-6-P and lactate increased significantly in both muscles, but at 24 hours glucose levels were 25% lower and G-6-P 16.2% higher in the experimental AT and CrP 34% lower in the experimental VL. This study shows that there are significant acute and delayed alterations in primate muscle metabolism following tourniquet ischemia and suggests that these changes may be related to the anatomic location of the muscle studied and the type of trauma it has sustained.", "contents": "Effects of tourniquet ischemia and postischemic edema on muscle metabolism. In vivo interstitial muscle pressures measured by wick catheter, tissue gas tensions measured by mass spectrometer, and glucose and high-energy phosphate metabolism measured fluorometrically were studied in the anterior tibial (AT) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles of primate limbs during and following tourniquet ischemia (2.5 hours; 400 mm Hg) to elucidate postischemic edema and its metabolic consequences. During ischemia, interstitial pressure in the VL rose, while in the AT it decreased, but 24 hours later pressures in both experimental muscles were significantly greater than those in the controls. In both experimental muscles PO2 decreased significantly within 15 minutes of ischemia. PCO2 increased significantly in the AT at 30 minutes and at 75 minutes in the VL muscle. Twenty-four hours later only PO2 in the experimental AT was significantly different than its matched control. During ischemia glucose and phosphocreatine (CrP) decreased significantly, and G-6-P and lactate increased significantly in both muscles, but at 24 hours glucose levels were 25% lower and G-6-P 16.2% higher in the experimental AT and CrP 34% lower in the experimental VL. This study shows that there are significant acute and delayed alterations in primate muscle metabolism following tourniquet ischemia and suggests that these changes may be related to the anatomic location of the muscle studied and the type of trauma it has sustained.", "PMID": 117047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12597", "title": "An unlabeled antibody macromolecule technique using hemocyanin for the identification of type B and type C retrovirus envelope and cell surface antigens by correlative fluorescence, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The present resolution (75-100 A) of the conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) and its ability to image the surfaces of large numbers of whole cells in situ permit the approach of problems such as viral and cell surface antigen localization by immunological labeling with visual markers. Identification of virus and cell surface antigens in situ has been accomplished in indirect reactions by unconjugated markers. Hemocyanin (Hcy) from whelk, Busycon canniculatum, has been developed as an immunospecific marker for virion and cell surface labeling in the electron microscope. Its size (30 x 50 nm) and distinct cylindrical shape permit easy visualization in the SEM and the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The Hcy method involves the preparation of antisera to Hcy in appropriate hosts for use in an unlabeled antibody macromolecule procedure based exclusively on antigen-antibody affinity to couple the macromolecule to the antigen site. Further correlative data from fluorescence microscopy can be obtained from similarly labeled samples by binding fluorescein to the bridging antibodies used in the Hcy technique. The usefulness of the Hcy marker system was demonstrated by employing highly specific antisera to the major envelope and cell surface glycoprotein (gp70) of Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV), a type C retrovirus. The antiserum was shown to bind to the virion and cell surfaces of virus-infected cells in the homologous virus-infected cell system. It also demonstrated the expression of R-MuLV gp70-related antigens on a murine cell line Mm5mt/c1 which produces mouse mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), a type B retrovirus. Furthermore, when used in the Hcy marker system the anti-gp70 serum was able to distinguish type B from type C budding virus on the same cell. Methods for the preparation of immunoreagents and labeling of cells are discussed.", "contents": "An unlabeled antibody macromolecule technique using hemocyanin for the identification of type B and type C retrovirus envelope and cell surface antigens by correlative fluorescence, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy. The present resolution (75-100 A) of the conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) and its ability to image the surfaces of large numbers of whole cells in situ permit the approach of problems such as viral and cell surface antigen localization by immunological labeling with visual markers. Identification of virus and cell surface antigens in situ has been accomplished in indirect reactions by unconjugated markers. Hemocyanin (Hcy) from whelk, Busycon canniculatum, has been developed as an immunospecific marker for virion and cell surface labeling in the electron microscope. Its size (30 x 50 nm) and distinct cylindrical shape permit easy visualization in the SEM and the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The Hcy method involves the preparation of antisera to Hcy in appropriate hosts for use in an unlabeled antibody macromolecule procedure based exclusively on antigen-antibody affinity to couple the macromolecule to the antigen site. Further correlative data from fluorescence microscopy can be obtained from similarly labeled samples by binding fluorescein to the bridging antibodies used in the Hcy technique. The usefulness of the Hcy marker system was demonstrated by employing highly specific antisera to the major envelope and cell surface glycoprotein (gp70) of Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV), a type C retrovirus. The antiserum was shown to bind to the virion and cell surfaces of virus-infected cells in the homologous virus-infected cell system. It also demonstrated the expression of R-MuLV gp70-related antigens on a murine cell line Mm5mt/c1 which produces mouse mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), a type B retrovirus. Furthermore, when used in the Hcy marker system the anti-gp70 serum was able to distinguish type B from type C budding virus on the same cell. Methods for the preparation of immunoreagents and labeling of cells are discussed.", "PMID": 117048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12598", "title": "Antibody binding by native and denatured myosin and paramyosin.", "content": "By the techniques of immunodiffusion and fluorescent immunohistochemistry we show that antibodies to both the native and the SDS-denatured forms of the proteins, paramyosin and myosin, react with the native, SDS-denatured and glutaraldehyde-fixed forms of their respective antigens. Anti-denatured myosin also binds to both native and denatured forms of the proteolytic subfragments of myosin: globular subfragment-1 and alpha-helical LMM. Anti-native myosin, on the other hand, while able to bind to both native and denatured LMM or rod and to native and glutaraldehyde-fixed S-1, does not bind to SDS-denatured S-1.", "contents": "Antibody binding by native and denatured myosin and paramyosin. By the techniques of immunodiffusion and fluorescent immunohistochemistry we show that antibodies to both the native and the SDS-denatured forms of the proteins, paramyosin and myosin, react with the native, SDS-denatured and glutaraldehyde-fixed forms of their respective antigens. Anti-denatured myosin also binds to both native and denatured forms of the proteolytic subfragments of myosin: globular subfragment-1 and alpha-helical LMM. Anti-native myosin, on the other hand, while able to bind to both native and denatured LMM or rod and to native and glutaraldehyde-fixed S-1, does not bind to SDS-denatured S-1.", "PMID": 117049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12599", "title": "Microbial contamination of topical medicaments used in the treatment and prevention of pressure sores.", "content": "Topical medicaments used in the treatment and prevention of pressure sores in patients in three hospitals were examined for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus contamination. Contamination rates were found to vary between hospitals and were affected by differences in the packaging of the product and in the method of application used by the nursing staff.", "contents": "Microbial contamination of topical medicaments used in the treatment and prevention of pressure sores. Topical medicaments used in the treatment and prevention of pressure sores in patients in three hospitals were examined for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus contamination. Contamination rates were found to vary between hospitals and were affected by differences in the packaging of the product and in the method of application used by the nursing staff.", "PMID": 117050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12600", "title": "Comparison of serological methods for the detection of B. abortus antibodies in sera from vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle.", "content": "A total of 4551 sera from 863 Strain 19 vaccinated and non-vaccinated adult cattle, independent of disease status, were tested by five serological methods to detect the presence of antibodies to B. abortus. Results from Standard Agglutination Tube (SAT), Buffered Brucella Antigen or card (CT), Complement Fixation (CF), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Rivanol (Riv) methods were compared. There was a 95% probability for agreement among CT negative sera, between serological methods, for all groups of vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle. The agreement between tests with Riv Positive sera, excluding the calfhood and adult vaccinated group tested by the CF method, was 91-100%. The probability of a serum which was serologically negative by other methods being Riv negative was 98%. The usefulness of serological results from Riv (greater than or equal to 1/50) tests for classifying the reactor status of cattle are of doubtful supplemental value to confirm card test positive results. Vaccination history is an important consideration when evaluating serological data on cattle sera particularly from SAT and CF methods.", "contents": "Comparison of serological methods for the detection of B. abortus antibodies in sera from vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle. A total of 4551 sera from 863 Strain 19 vaccinated and non-vaccinated adult cattle, independent of disease status, were tested by five serological methods to detect the presence of antibodies to B. abortus. Results from Standard Agglutination Tube (SAT), Buffered Brucella Antigen or card (CT), Complement Fixation (CF), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Rivanol (Riv) methods were compared. There was a 95% probability for agreement among CT negative sera, between serological methods, for all groups of vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle. The agreement between tests with Riv Positive sera, excluding the calfhood and adult vaccinated group tested by the CF method, was 91-100%. The probability of a serum which was serologically negative by other methods being Riv negative was 98%. The usefulness of serological results from Riv (greater than or equal to 1/50) tests for classifying the reactor status of cattle are of doubtful supplemental value to confirm card test positive results. Vaccination history is an important consideration when evaluating serological data on cattle sera particularly from SAT and CF methods.", "PMID": 117051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12601", "title": "Serological differentiation between infected and vaccinated cattle by visual and quantitative immunofluorescence using Brucella abortus antigen coupled sepharose beads.", "content": "The ability to differentiate cattle infected with brucellosis from animals vaccinated against the disease is of considerable economic advantage in countries adopting eradication schemes. Current serological tests such as bacterial tube agglutination do not readily distinguish cattle in this way. An immunofluorescent procedure was investigated in an attempt to overcome this problem. Antigenic extract of brucella abortus strain 544/W were coupled to sodium metaperiodate oxidised Sepharose CL4B beads. Following coupling, the beads were chemically reduced or blocked with rhodamine labelled BSA prior to reduction. Characterised bovine serum samples were tested by indirect immunofluorescence on both types of bead and by standard bacterial tube agglutination. Serological discrimination between infected and vaccinated cattle was achieved by fluorescence quantitation using unblocked beads and by visual determination of colour using rhodamine-albumin blocked beads. Bacterial tube agglutination failed to distinguish between the two groups of sera.", "contents": "Serological differentiation between infected and vaccinated cattle by visual and quantitative immunofluorescence using Brucella abortus antigen coupled sepharose beads. The ability to differentiate cattle infected with brucellosis from animals vaccinated against the disease is of considerable economic advantage in countries adopting eradication schemes. Current serological tests such as bacterial tube agglutination do not readily distinguish cattle in this way. An immunofluorescent procedure was investigated in an attempt to overcome this problem. Antigenic extract of brucella abortus strain 544/W were coupled to sodium metaperiodate oxidised Sepharose CL4B beads. Following coupling, the beads were chemically reduced or blocked with rhodamine labelled BSA prior to reduction. Characterised bovine serum samples were tested by indirect immunofluorescence on both types of bead and by standard bacterial tube agglutination. Serological discrimination between infected and vaccinated cattle was achieved by fluorescence quantitation using unblocked beads and by visual determination of colour using rhodamine-albumin blocked beads. Bacterial tube agglutination failed to distinguish between the two groups of sera.", "PMID": 117052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12602", "title": "Use of 2-mercaptoethanol to facilitate detection and classification of IgM abnormalities by immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "IgM immunoglobulins in elevated serum concentrations have a tendency to polymerize and form aggregates. When subjected to immunoelectrophoreses these proteins may deposit at the point of origin. This can result in failure to detect an IgM abnormality or the masking of other serum protein abnormalities migrating near the area of application. This paper demonstrates the importance of using reducing agents such as 2-mercaptoethanol not only to detect and/or to confirm the monoclonal IgM gammopathies but also to unmask other protein abnormalities.", "contents": "Use of 2-mercaptoethanol to facilitate detection and classification of IgM abnormalities by immunoelectrophoresis. IgM immunoglobulins in elevated serum concentrations have a tendency to polymerize and form aggregates. When subjected to immunoelectrophoreses these proteins may deposit at the point of origin. This can result in failure to detect an IgM abnormality or the masking of other serum protein abnormalities migrating near the area of application. This paper demonstrates the importance of using reducing agents such as 2-mercaptoethanol not only to detect and/or to confirm the monoclonal IgM gammopathies but also to unmask other protein abnormalities.", "PMID": 117053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12603", "title": "Comparison of radioimmunoprecipitation assays for the detection of human anti-tumor virus antibodies.", "content": "The demonstration of human antibodies reactive in radioimmunoprecipitation assays (RIAs) with primate tumor virus (oncornavirus) antigen has implications for a possible previously published negative findings and led to considerable scientific controversy. We feel much of the discrepancy may be of methodological origin. An attempt is therefore made in this communication to resolve these apparent discrepancies by comparing various published parameters of the RIAs used in the search for human antibodies reactive with oncornavirus antigens.", "contents": "Comparison of radioimmunoprecipitation assays for the detection of human anti-tumor virus antibodies. The demonstration of human antibodies reactive in radioimmunoprecipitation assays (RIAs) with primate tumor virus (oncornavirus) antigen has implications for a possible previously published negative findings and led to considerable scientific controversy. We feel much of the discrepancy may be of methodological origin. An attempt is therefore made in this communication to resolve these apparent discrepancies by comparing various published parameters of the RIAs used in the search for human antibodies reactive with oncornavirus antigens.", "PMID": 117054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12604", "title": "Diffusion in gel-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA): a simple method for quantitation of class-specific antibodies.", "content": "A new method for quantifying class-specific antibodies is presented. The method has been named Diffusion-In-Gel-Enzyme-Linked-ImmunoSorbentAssay (DIG-ELISA), and is briefly as follows. Antiserum ia allowed to diffuse from wells in a gel layered over an antigen-coated plastic surface. The gel is then removed and the preparation is incubated with enzyme-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin. The enzyme is then visualised in situ by a colour reaction produced by pouring a substrate-containing gel over the plastic surface. Bovine serum albumin and rabbit-anti-BSA were used as a model system, and horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase as enzymes for visualization.", "contents": "Diffusion in gel-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA): a simple method for quantitation of class-specific antibodies. A new method for quantifying class-specific antibodies is presented. The method has been named Diffusion-In-Gel-Enzyme-Linked-ImmunoSorbentAssay (DIG-ELISA), and is briefly as follows. Antiserum ia allowed to diffuse from wells in a gel layered over an antigen-coated plastic surface. The gel is then removed and the preparation is incubated with enzyme-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin. The enzyme is then visualised in situ by a colour reaction produced by pouring a substrate-containing gel over the plastic surface. Bovine serum albumin and rabbit-anti-BSA were used as a model system, and horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase as enzymes for visualization.", "PMID": 117055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12605", "title": "Improved detection of immune complexes in human and mouse serum using a microassay adaptation of the C1Q binding test.", "content": "A microassay adaptation of the [125I]C1q binding test for the detection of circulating immune complexes is described. This technique is more rapid to perform, requires smaller volumes of serum and reagents, and surprisingly, increases the sensitivity of the assay when compared to the previously reported C1q binding method.", "contents": "Improved detection of immune complexes in human and mouse serum using a microassay adaptation of the C1Q binding test. A microassay adaptation of the [125I]C1q binding test for the detection of circulating immune complexes is described. This technique is more rapid to perform, requires smaller volumes of serum and reagents, and surprisingly, increases the sensitivity of the assay when compared to the previously reported C1q binding method.", "PMID": 117056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12606", "title": "A modified cytoplasmic antigen of Candida albicans for serodiagnosis of systemic candidiasis.", "content": "A modified cytoplasmic antigen, prepared by Natamycin degradation of Candida albicans cells is described. The reactivity of this antigen in detecting precipitins to Candida albicans proved tobe very similar qualitatively and quantitatively to a standardised reference antigen, prepared by X-press disruption when both were compared by immunological techniques; the majority of antigenic components in each proving to be identical. When tested against 127 human sera of unknown antibody content the two antigens showed 100% correlation by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and 87.5% correlation by double diffusion. The modified antigen proved to be reproducible and reliable in use and is easily prepared in the routine laboratory.", "contents": "A modified cytoplasmic antigen of Candida albicans for serodiagnosis of systemic candidiasis. A modified cytoplasmic antigen, prepared by Natamycin degradation of Candida albicans cells is described. The reactivity of this antigen in detecting precipitins to Candida albicans proved tobe very similar qualitatively and quantitatively to a standardised reference antigen, prepared by X-press disruption when both were compared by immunological techniques; the majority of antigenic components in each proving to be identical. When tested against 127 human sera of unknown antibody content the two antigens showed 100% correlation by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and 87.5% correlation by double diffusion. The modified antigen proved to be reproducible and reliable in use and is easily prepared in the routine laboratory.", "PMID": 117057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12607", "title": "Detection of 3-hydroxy fatty acids at picogram levels in biologic specimens. A chemical method for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?", "content": "A method for the detection of 3-hydroxy dodecanoic acid at low picogram levels is described. The procedure involves preparation of a heptafluorobutryl derivative of the butyl ester of the fatty acid and its detection by gas-liquid chromatography using an electron capture detector. The method was adapted for use with biological specimens. Potential of the method for screening for gonococcal infection is discussed. Limitations of the method are that about 105 Neisseria gonorrhoeae cells are required for detection and that interfering substances are a major problem working at maximum sensitivity of the electron capture detector necessitating complex purification procedures. The method eliminates the need to maintain the viability of cells in specimens, thus facilitating collection and transport of specimens.", "contents": "Detection of 3-hydroxy fatty acids at picogram levels in biologic specimens. A chemical method for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae? A method for the detection of 3-hydroxy dodecanoic acid at low picogram levels is described. The procedure involves preparation of a heptafluorobutryl derivative of the butyl ester of the fatty acid and its detection by gas-liquid chromatography using an electron capture detector. The method was adapted for use with biological specimens. Potential of the method for screening for gonococcal infection is discussed. Limitations of the method are that about 105 Neisseria gonorrhoeae cells are required for detection and that interfering substances are a major problem working at maximum sensitivity of the electron capture detector necessitating complex purification procedures. The method eliminates the need to maintain the viability of cells in specimens, thus facilitating collection and transport of specimens.", "PMID": 117058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12608", "title": "The effects of UVB and 7, 12, dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA) on epidermal melanocytes of the tail in C57BL mice.", "content": "The morphological and numerical changes in the epidermal melanocyte system of the tail of C57BL mice were studied after exposure to 7, 12 dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA) followed by UVB irradiation. The dorsal aspect of the tail was exposed for 5 days per week, for a total duration of 10 weeks, to a daily dosage of 0.1 J/cm2 UVB (peak 310 nm). Once a week, 0.2 ml of 0.15% DMBA in acetone was locally applied to the irradiated areas. Biopsies were studied by the combined skin-splitting DOPA and electron microscopic techniques. After 10 weeks of DMBA treatment the following changes were observed: DMBA treatment the following changes were observed: the original brick-like arrangement of melanocytes became confluent, melanocytes were irregularly shaped, dendrites shortened and clumped together, and the outer root sheaths of the hair follicles became covered with melanocytes. There was a significant increase in the number of DOPA positive melanocytes at the end of the first week in DMBA and DMBA + UVB treated skin. Ultrastructurally, an increase in melanosome formation in melanocytes and transfer into keratinocytes was found, as well as redistribution of melanosomes from singlets and doublets into larger groups. Damage of melanocytes by the DMBA treatment was seen, but no inflammation or tumor formation was observed.", "contents": "The effects of UVB and 7, 12, dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA) on epidermal melanocytes of the tail in C57BL mice. The morphological and numerical changes in the epidermal melanocyte system of the tail of C57BL mice were studied after exposure to 7, 12 dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA) followed by UVB irradiation. The dorsal aspect of the tail was exposed for 5 days per week, for a total duration of 10 weeks, to a daily dosage of 0.1 J/cm2 UVB (peak 310 nm). Once a week, 0.2 ml of 0.15% DMBA in acetone was locally applied to the irradiated areas. Biopsies were studied by the combined skin-splitting DOPA and electron microscopic techniques. After 10 weeks of DMBA treatment the following changes were observed: DMBA treatment the following changes were observed: the original brick-like arrangement of melanocytes became confluent, melanocytes were irregularly shaped, dendrites shortened and clumped together, and the outer root sheaths of the hair follicles became covered with melanocytes. There was a significant increase in the number of DOPA positive melanocytes at the end of the first week in DMBA and DMBA + UVB treated skin. Ultrastructurally, an increase in melanosome formation in melanocytes and transfer into keratinocytes was found, as well as redistribution of melanosomes from singlets and doublets into larger groups. Damage of melanocytes by the DMBA treatment was seen, but no inflammation or tumor formation was observed.", "PMID": 117059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12609", "title": "Heterogenity of serotypes of Neisseria meningitidis that cause endemic disease.", "content": "Three collections of strains of Neisseria meningitidis that caused meningococcal disease during nonepidemic periods were serotyped to determine whether serotypes that cause endemic disease are more heterogeneous than those responsible for epidemic disease. Thirty-four strains isolated from pediatric patients in Houston, Texas, from February 1977 to March 1978 were of three separate serogroups and 11 serotypes; 27 contemporary (1977-1978) strains from predominantly military populations, obtained nationwide, were of six serogroups and six serotypes, while 11 strains isolated at military posts in the southwest United States from 1970 through 1976 were of four serogroups and five serotypes. Between 9% and 20% of the strains were nontypable, while type II strains which were responsible for the epidemics in the Northern and Western Hemispheres earlier in the 1970's, accounted for only 20%-44% of the strains. In contast to epidemics, which appear to be caused by a single serotype, endemic meningococcal disease appears to be caused by a broad, heterogeneous distribution of serotypes. Thus, development of a serotype-specific vaccine may have limited application to the prevention of endemic meningococcal disease.", "contents": "Heterogenity of serotypes of Neisseria meningitidis that cause endemic disease. Three collections of strains of Neisseria meningitidis that caused meningococcal disease during nonepidemic periods were serotyped to determine whether serotypes that cause endemic disease are more heterogeneous than those responsible for epidemic disease. Thirty-four strains isolated from pediatric patients in Houston, Texas, from February 1977 to March 1978 were of three separate serogroups and 11 serotypes; 27 contemporary (1977-1978) strains from predominantly military populations, obtained nationwide, were of six serogroups and six serotypes, while 11 strains isolated at military posts in the southwest United States from 1970 through 1976 were of four serogroups and five serotypes. Between 9% and 20% of the strains were nontypable, while type II strains which were responsible for the epidemics in the Northern and Western Hemispheres earlier in the 1970's, accounted for only 20%-44% of the strains. In contast to epidemics, which appear to be caused by a single serotype, endemic meningococcal disease appears to be caused by a broad, heterogeneous distribution of serotypes. Thus, development of a serotype-specific vaccine may have limited application to the prevention of endemic meningococcal disease.", "PMID": 117060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12610", "title": "In vivo enhancement of dengue virus infection in rhesus monkeys by passively transferred antibody.", "content": "Five pairs of juvenile, dengue virus-susceptible rhesus monkeys were given normal or dengue-immune human cord-blood serum injected intravenously to a final dilution of 1:300. The pool of immune human cord-blood serum had a titer of antibody to dengue type 2 virus (D2V) of 1:140 in the plaque-reduction neutralization test and a titer of human monocyte infection enhancement of greater than 1:2,000,000. Fifteen minutes after inoculation of serum, animals were infected with D2V (strain no. 16681). Daily titers of viremia were always higher in the animals that had received antiserum to D2V than in animals that had received normal cord-blood serum. Ratios of infection enhancement ranged from 2.7 to 51.4. The demonstration of antibody dependence of dengue virus infection in subhuman primates--a complex, outbred experimental host--supports the hypothesis that the severity of dengue in humans is regulated by antibody.", "contents": "In vivo enhancement of dengue virus infection in rhesus monkeys by passively transferred antibody. Five pairs of juvenile, dengue virus-susceptible rhesus monkeys were given normal or dengue-immune human cord-blood serum injected intravenously to a final dilution of 1:300. The pool of immune human cord-blood serum had a titer of antibody to dengue type 2 virus (D2V) of 1:140 in the plaque-reduction neutralization test and a titer of human monocyte infection enhancement of greater than 1:2,000,000. Fifteen minutes after inoculation of serum, animals were infected with D2V (strain no. 16681). Daily titers of viremia were always higher in the animals that had received antiserum to D2V than in animals that had received normal cord-blood serum. Ratios of infection enhancement ranged from 2.7 to 51.4. The demonstration of antibody dependence of dengue virus infection in subhuman primates--a complex, outbred experimental host--supports the hypothesis that the severity of dengue in humans is regulated by antibody.", "PMID": 117061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12611", "title": "Effect of bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin on the immune response of BALB/c mice to a tumor allograft.", "content": "The effect of dosage and route of inoculation of bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) on immune response to allogeneic tumor cells was investigated. BALB/c mice were tested 14 and 21 days after injection of EL-4 lymphoma for spleen-cell cytotoxicity against EL-4 cells in vitro and for complement-dependent, antibody-mediated lysis of tumor cells. BCG treatment had no measurable effect on the antibody-mediated lysis of tumor cells, but spleen-cell cytotoxicity was significantly increased in mice treated with 10(4) or 10(8) BCG by the intraperitoneal route; no such increase occurred when BCG was given by the oral or subcutaneous routes. The cytotoxic effector cells were primarily thymus-derived, since treatment of spleens with rabbit antiserum to mouse brain serum decreased cytotoxicity titers by approximately 90%. Within the framework of these experiments, the intraperitoneal route of BCG inoculation resulted in a more effective immune stimulation than the oral or subcutaneous routes.", "contents": "Effect of bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin on the immune response of BALB/c mice to a tumor allograft. The effect of dosage and route of inoculation of bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) on immune response to allogeneic tumor cells was investigated. BALB/c mice were tested 14 and 21 days after injection of EL-4 lymphoma for spleen-cell cytotoxicity against EL-4 cells in vitro and for complement-dependent, antibody-mediated lysis of tumor cells. BCG treatment had no measurable effect on the antibody-mediated lysis of tumor cells, but spleen-cell cytotoxicity was significantly increased in mice treated with 10(4) or 10(8) BCG by the intraperitoneal route; no such increase occurred when BCG was given by the oral or subcutaneous routes. The cytotoxic effector cells were primarily thymus-derived, since treatment of spleens with rabbit antiserum to mouse brain serum decreased cytotoxicity titers by approximately 90%. Within the framework of these experiments, the intraperitoneal route of BCG inoculation resulted in a more effective immune stimulation than the oral or subcutaneous routes.", "PMID": 117062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12612", "title": "Temporomandibular joint meniscectomy--effects on joint structure and masticatory function in macaca fascicularis.", "content": "The postoperative effects of unilateral temporomandibular joint meniscectomy on joint structure and masticatory function were evaluated in four mature Macaca fascicularis and compared with one control. Mandibular movement during mastication was monitored objectively with an optoelectronic tracking system within four months and again within twelve months postmeniscectomy in each animal. Temporomandibular joint structure was documented radiographically and histologically. Results showed that degenerative joint disease was produced in the postsurgical joint, and that the morphological changes were location-dependent. Fibrous ankylosis was observed histologically in three animals. The contralateral joints were not affected morphologically, except for bony resorption of the articular eminence noted microscopically in one animal. Radiographically, however, the joint appeared normal. Variable alterations in masticatory patterns were observed following unilateral meniscectomy. While there appeared to be an association between temporomandibular joint structure and masticatory function, radiographic and microscopic observation of morphological alterations in the joint did not result in predictable functional limitations in chewing pattern.", "contents": "Temporomandibular joint meniscectomy--effects on joint structure and masticatory function in macaca fascicularis. The postoperative effects of unilateral temporomandibular joint meniscectomy on joint structure and masticatory function were evaluated in four mature Macaca fascicularis and compared with one control. Mandibular movement during mastication was monitored objectively with an optoelectronic tracking system within four months and again within twelve months postmeniscectomy in each animal. Temporomandibular joint structure was documented radiographically and histologically. Results showed that degenerative joint disease was produced in the postsurgical joint, and that the morphological changes were location-dependent. Fibrous ankylosis was observed histologically in three animals. The contralateral joints were not affected morphologically, except for bony resorption of the articular eminence noted microscopically in one animal. Radiographically, however, the joint appeared normal. Variable alterations in masticatory patterns were observed following unilateral meniscectomy. While there appeared to be an association between temporomandibular joint structure and masticatory function, radiographic and microscopic observation of morphological alterations in the joint did not result in predictable functional limitations in chewing pattern.", "PMID": 117065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12613", "title": "Ovarian activity, and total gonadotrophin and gonadotrophin releasing hormone levels in response to some synthetic non-steroidal ovulating agents in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).", "content": "Effects of clomiphene citrate, cyclofenil and prostaglandins (PGE1 and PGF2 alpha) on ovarian 32P uptake, on gonadotrophin levels in the pituitary gland and blood serum and on a gonadotrophin releasing hormone-like (GnRH-like) substance in the hypothalamus were investigated in Heteropneustes fossilis. These drugs were very effective in increasing the serum level of gonadotrophin with a subsequent increase in ovarian 32P uptake in sham-hypophysectomized recipients. All the drugs except cyclofenil failed to stimulate 32P incorporation by the ovary in hypophysectomized fish. Clomiphene citrate and cyclofenil also induced a significant increase in the GnRH-like factor in the hypothalamus of H. fossilis. Such a response was not obtained in fish treated with PGE1 and PGF2 alpha. It seems likely that the action of clomiphene is routed through the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis and that of prostaglandins directly through the pituitary-ovarian axis. The action of cyclofenil is bimodal; one effect like that of clomiphene and the other direct upon the ovary probably by increasing its sensitivity to the available gonadotrophin.", "contents": "Ovarian activity, and total gonadotrophin and gonadotrophin releasing hormone levels in response to some synthetic non-steroidal ovulating agents in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Effects of clomiphene citrate, cyclofenil and prostaglandins (PGE1 and PGF2 alpha) on ovarian 32P uptake, on gonadotrophin levels in the pituitary gland and blood serum and on a gonadotrophin releasing hormone-like (GnRH-like) substance in the hypothalamus were investigated in Heteropneustes fossilis. These drugs were very effective in increasing the serum level of gonadotrophin with a subsequent increase in ovarian 32P uptake in sham-hypophysectomized recipients. All the drugs except cyclofenil failed to stimulate 32P incorporation by the ovary in hypophysectomized fish. Clomiphene citrate and cyclofenil also induced a significant increase in the GnRH-like factor in the hypothalamus of H. fossilis. Such a response was not obtained in fish treated with PGE1 and PGF2 alpha. It seems likely that the action of clomiphene is routed through the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis and that of prostaglandins directly through the pituitary-ovarian axis. The action of cyclofenil is bimodal; one effect like that of clomiphene and the other direct upon the ovary probably by increasing its sensitivity to the available gonadotrophin.", "PMID": 117067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12614", "title": "Identification and purification of a new protein from water-soluble extracts of human adrenal gland.", "content": "An homogenate of human foetal adrenal gland was subjected to negative immunoabsorption by column chromatography using anti-whole human serum coupled to Sepharose 4B. Two peaks were eluted and used to immunize rabbits. The antisera produced were absorbed and tested for specificity by double immunodiffusion. Two antigens, which appeared to be specific to the adrenal gland, were identified having molecular weights of 25 000 and 65 000 as determined by gel filtration. The lower molecular weight antigen was isolated by physicochemical methods and found to be a protein. The amino acid composition is reported.", "contents": "Identification and purification of a new protein from water-soluble extracts of human adrenal gland. An homogenate of human foetal adrenal gland was subjected to negative immunoabsorption by column chromatography using anti-whole human serum coupled to Sepharose 4B. Two peaks were eluted and used to immunize rabbits. The antisera produced were absorbed and tested for specificity by double immunodiffusion. Two antigens, which appeared to be specific to the adrenal gland, were identified having molecular weights of 25 000 and 65 000 as determined by gel filtration. The lower molecular weight antigen was isolated by physicochemical methods and found to be a protein. The amino acid composition is reported.", "PMID": 117068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12615", "title": "A comparison of responding maintained under second-order schedules of intramuscular cocaine injection or food presentation in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "Key pressing by squirrel monkeys was maintained under second-order schedules of either intramuscular cocaine injection or food presentation. Under one schedule, each completion of a 10-response fixed-ratio unit produced a brief visual stimulus; the first fixed-ratio unit completed after 30 minutes elapsed produced the stimulus paired with either cocaine injection or food presentation. Generally, short pauses followed by high rates of responding were maintained within the fixed-ratio units, and responding was positively accelerated over the 30-minute interval. Under another schedule, each completion of a 3-minute fixed-interval unit produced the brief stimulus; completion of the 10th fixed-interval unit produced the stimulus paired with either cocaine injection or food presentation. Generally, short pauses followed by high rates of responding were maintained within the fixed-ratio units, and responding was positively accelerated over the 30-minute interval. Under another schedule, each completion of a 3-minute fixed-interval unit produced the brief stimulus; completion of the 10th fixed-interval unit produced the stimulus paired with either cocaine injection or food presentation. Rates of responding increased within the fixed-interval units, and to a greater extent over the entire 10 fixed-interval units. Patterns of responding depended more on the schedule of reinforcement than on whether cocaine or food maintained responding. Omitting the brief stimuli following all but the last fixed-ratio or fixed-interval units decreased average rates and altered the patterns of responding. Substituting a visual stimulus that was never paired with cocaine or food following all but the last fixed-ratio or fixed-interval units decreased response rates to a lesser extent and did not substantially alter patterns of responding. When the duration of the paired stimulus was varied from .3 to 30.0 seconds, the highest response rates occurred at intermediate durations (1.0 to 10.0 seconds). The manner in which the stimulus changes affected performances depended more on the schedule of reinforcement than on whether cocaine injection or food presentation maintained responding.", "contents": "A comparison of responding maintained under second-order schedules of intramuscular cocaine injection or food presentation in squirrel monkeys. Key pressing by squirrel monkeys was maintained under second-order schedules of either intramuscular cocaine injection or food presentation. Under one schedule, each completion of a 10-response fixed-ratio unit produced a brief visual stimulus; the first fixed-ratio unit completed after 30 minutes elapsed produced the stimulus paired with either cocaine injection or food presentation. Generally, short pauses followed by high rates of responding were maintained within the fixed-ratio units, and responding was positively accelerated over the 30-minute interval. Under another schedule, each completion of a 3-minute fixed-interval unit produced the brief stimulus; completion of the 10th fixed-interval unit produced the stimulus paired with either cocaine injection or food presentation. Generally, short pauses followed by high rates of responding were maintained within the fixed-ratio units, and responding was positively accelerated over the 30-minute interval. Under another schedule, each completion of a 3-minute fixed-interval unit produced the brief stimulus; completion of the 10th fixed-interval unit produced the stimulus paired with either cocaine injection or food presentation. Rates of responding increased within the fixed-interval units, and to a greater extent over the entire 10 fixed-interval units. Patterns of responding depended more on the schedule of reinforcement than on whether cocaine or food maintained responding. Omitting the brief stimuli following all but the last fixed-ratio or fixed-interval units decreased average rates and altered the patterns of responding. Substituting a visual stimulus that was never paired with cocaine or food following all but the last fixed-ratio or fixed-interval units decreased response rates to a lesser extent and did not substantially alter patterns of responding. When the duration of the paired stimulus was varied from .3 to 30.0 seconds, the highest response rates occurred at intermediate durations (1.0 to 10.0 seconds). The manner in which the stimulus changes affected performances depended more on the schedule of reinforcement than on whether cocaine injection or food presentation maintained responding.", "PMID": 117071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12616", "title": "Neurobehavioral effects of methyl N-butyl ketone and methyl N-amyl ketone in rats and monkeys: a summary of NIOSH investigations.", "content": "The results from four NIOSH investigations concerning the neurobehavioral effects of methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK) and methyl n-amyl ketone (MAK) on experimental animals are summarized. The investigations were initiated following clinical reports of neurologic sequelae in humans exposed to these ketone solvents. In order to explore both acute and chronic effects of MBK and MAK, two general types of studies were conducted: 1) neurophysiologic evaluation of monkeys and rats following chronic inhalation, and 2) behavioral effects in rats following oral or intraperitoneal administration. Results from chronic inhalation studies after 4 months of 1000 ppm MBK exposure (all exposures: 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week) showed the following: decreased motor nerve conduction velocities (NCV) in the ulnar and sciatic-tibial nerves, reduced amplitude of evoked muscle action potentials (MAP), lengthened latency of components of the visual evoked brain potential, decreased body weight, and hindlimb drag. Decrements in sciatic-tibial NCV and MAP amplitude were found after 9 months exposure to 100 ppm MBK. In contrast, exposure to approximately 1000 ppm MAK for 9 months had no adverse affects on neurophysiologic indicators of nervous system integrity. Dose-response investigations of the effects of MBK (oral) and MAK (ip) showed for both solvents a reduction in the response rate of rats trained on a multiple schedule of reinforcement.", "contents": "Neurobehavioral effects of methyl N-butyl ketone and methyl N-amyl ketone in rats and monkeys: a summary of NIOSH investigations. The results from four NIOSH investigations concerning the neurobehavioral effects of methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK) and methyl n-amyl ketone (MAK) on experimental animals are summarized. The investigations were initiated following clinical reports of neurologic sequelae in humans exposed to these ketone solvents. In order to explore both acute and chronic effects of MBK and MAK, two general types of studies were conducted: 1) neurophysiologic evaluation of monkeys and rats following chronic inhalation, and 2) behavioral effects in rats following oral or intraperitoneal administration. Results from chronic inhalation studies after 4 months of 1000 ppm MBK exposure (all exposures: 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week) showed the following: decreased motor nerve conduction velocities (NCV) in the ulnar and sciatic-tibial nerves, reduced amplitude of evoked muscle action potentials (MAP), lengthened latency of components of the visual evoked brain potential, decreased body weight, and hindlimb drag. Decrements in sciatic-tibial NCV and MAP amplitude were found after 9 months exposure to 100 ppm MBK. In contrast, exposure to approximately 1000 ppm MAK for 9 months had no adverse affects on neurophysiologic indicators of nervous system integrity. Dose-response investigations of the effects of MBK (oral) and MAK (ip) showed for both solvents a reduction in the response rate of rats trained on a multiple schedule of reinforcement.", "PMID": 117069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12617", "title": "An experimental analysis of the effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine on the acquisition and performance of response chains in monkeys.", "content": "In one component of a multiple schedule of food presentation, monkeys acquired a different four-response chain each session by responding sequentially on three keys in the presence of four geometric forms (learning). In the other component, the four-response chain was the same each session (performance). Both d-amphetamine and cocaine, at the higher doses, disrupted the behavior in the learning component; the overall response rate decreased, the overall accuracy was impaired (i.e., percent errors increased), and there was less within-session error reduction. The performance component was generally less sensitive than the learning component to the disruptive effects of both drugs on rate and accuracy. After pre-feeding or during an extended session, the response rate decreased in both components, but accuracy was generally unaffected. When the four discriminative stimuli in both components were removed, the behavior was disrupted to a greater extent in the performance component. The disruptive effects of both drugs on behavior in the learning component were attenuated when the drugs were administered during the session after the response chain had been acquired. It was concluded that the greater sensitivity of the learning component to disruptive drug effects is related to the relatively weak stimulus control and/or the lower rate of reinforcement associated with that component.", "contents": "An experimental analysis of the effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine on the acquisition and performance of response chains in monkeys. In one component of a multiple schedule of food presentation, monkeys acquired a different four-response chain each session by responding sequentially on three keys in the presence of four geometric forms (learning). In the other component, the four-response chain was the same each session (performance). Both d-amphetamine and cocaine, at the higher doses, disrupted the behavior in the learning component; the overall response rate decreased, the overall accuracy was impaired (i.e., percent errors increased), and there was less within-session error reduction. The performance component was generally less sensitive than the learning component to the disruptive effects of both drugs on rate and accuracy. After pre-feeding or during an extended session, the response rate decreased in both components, but accuracy was generally unaffected. When the four discriminative stimuli in both components were removed, the behavior was disrupted to a greater extent in the performance component. The disruptive effects of both drugs on behavior in the learning component were attenuated when the drugs were administered during the session after the response chain had been acquired. It was concluded that the greater sensitivity of the learning component to disruptive drug effects is related to the relatively weak stimulus control and/or the lower rate of reinforcement associated with that component.", "PMID": 117072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12618", "title": "Specific Lyt 123 cells are involved in protection against Listeria monocytogenes and in delayed-type hypersensitivity to listerial antigens.", "content": "Specific anti-Lyt antisera and complement were used to determine the Lyt phenotype of peritoneal exudate T lymphocytes from Listeria monocytogenes-immune mice. It was found that Lyt 123+ T cells are crucially involved both in protection against listerial infection and in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to listerial antigens. Thus, both functions critically depend on a T-cell subclass phenotypically different from that which mediates DTH to noninfectious antigens and help in antibody formation on the one hand, as well as those T cells mediating cytotoxic reactions on the other.", "contents": "Specific Lyt 123 cells are involved in protection against Listeria monocytogenes and in delayed-type hypersensitivity to listerial antigens. Specific anti-Lyt antisera and complement were used to determine the Lyt phenotype of peritoneal exudate T lymphocytes from Listeria monocytogenes-immune mice. It was found that Lyt 123+ T cells are crucially involved both in protection against listerial infection and in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to listerial antigens. Thus, both functions critically depend on a T-cell subclass phenotypically different from that which mediates DTH to noninfectious antigens and help in antibody formation on the one hand, as well as those T cells mediating cytotoxic reactions on the other.", "PMID": 117073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12619", "title": "Ethylene oxide: toxicology review and field study results of hospital use.", "content": "Ethylene oxide (ETO) is used extensively within health care facilities for sterilization of equipment and supplies. Alternative chemicals or processes have, in themselves, serious limitations or health hazards. NIOSH recognizes, therefore, that the continued use of ETO as a gaseous sterilant is highly desirable in many situations. Recent results of tests for mutagenesis have increased the concern for potential health havards associated with exposure to ETO. In order to assess the potential for exposure and associated hazards, NIOSH prepared a \"Special Occupational Hazard Review with Control Recommendations for the Use of ETO as a Sterilant in Medical Facilities,\" DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-200 (Aug. 1977). An assessment was made of the evidence for toxic effects of ETO, especially with respect to mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic potentials. Additionally, a limited field survey was conducted by NIOSH to document the use, problems, and potential for human exposure in medical facilities. Based on this review, measures for control of control of occupational exposure have been recommended. The report includes a summary of the airborne ETO concentrations measured within health care facilities as part of the field survery. NIOSH estimates that there are in excess of ten thousand ETO sterilizers in use in U.S. health care facilities, and that approximately 75 thousand workers are potentially exposed to ETO in those facilities. Reasons for the unnecessary exposure of personnel were found to include: improper or inadequate ventilation of sterilizers, aerators, and working spaces; improper handling and/or storage of sterilized items; untrained workers operating some sterilization equipment; improper operating techniques leading to mishandling of some ETO sterilizing equipment; poor design of the sterilization facility; and design limitations of the sterilization equipment.", "contents": "Ethylene oxide: toxicology review and field study results of hospital use. Ethylene oxide (ETO) is used extensively within health care facilities for sterilization of equipment and supplies. Alternative chemicals or processes have, in themselves, serious limitations or health hazards. NIOSH recognizes, therefore, that the continued use of ETO as a gaseous sterilant is highly desirable in many situations. Recent results of tests for mutagenesis have increased the concern for potential health havards associated with exposure to ETO. In order to assess the potential for exposure and associated hazards, NIOSH prepared a \"Special Occupational Hazard Review with Control Recommendations for the Use of ETO as a Sterilant in Medical Facilities,\" DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-200 (Aug. 1977). An assessment was made of the evidence for toxic effects of ETO, especially with respect to mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic potentials. Additionally, a limited field survey was conducted by NIOSH to document the use, problems, and potential for human exposure in medical facilities. Based on this review, measures for control of control of occupational exposure have been recommended. The report includes a summary of the airborne ETO concentrations measured within health care facilities as part of the field survery. NIOSH estimates that there are in excess of ten thousand ETO sterilizers in use in U.S. health care facilities, and that approximately 75 thousand workers are potentially exposed to ETO in those facilities. Reasons for the unnecessary exposure of personnel were found to include: improper or inadequate ventilation of sterilizers, aerators, and working spaces; improper handling and/or storage of sterilized items; untrained workers operating some sterilization equipment; improper operating techniques leading to mishandling of some ETO sterilizing equipment; poor design of the sterilization facility; and design limitations of the sterilization equipment.", "PMID": 117070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12620", "title": "A role for clonal dominance in the maintenance of allotype suppression?", "content": "The establishment of immunological memory during the early and complete phase of allotype suppression in the young rabbit has been shown to lead to the preferential production of antibodies with the nonsuppressed allotypic specificity in response to recall injections given after spontaneous or induced release from suppression. It is suggested that this manifestation of clonal dominance, applied to stimulation by environmental antigens, may contribute to the long lasting persistence of allotype imbalance in allotype suppressed rabbits.", "contents": "A role for clonal dominance in the maintenance of allotype suppression? The establishment of immunological memory during the early and complete phase of allotype suppression in the young rabbit has been shown to lead to the preferential production of antibodies with the nonsuppressed allotypic specificity in response to recall injections given after spontaneous or induced release from suppression. It is suggested that this manifestation of clonal dominance, applied to stimulation by environmental antigens, may contribute to the long lasting persistence of allotype imbalance in allotype suppressed rabbits.", "PMID": 117074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12621", "title": "Functional analysis of T cells expressing Ia antigens. I. Demonstration of helper T-cell heterogeneity.", "content": "We have examined the expression of I-region antigens on functional subpopulations of murine T cells. A.TH anti-A.TL (anti-Ik, Sk, Gk) alloantiserum was raised by immunization of recipients with concanavalin A (Con A) stimulated thymic and peripheral T-cell blasts. In contrast to similar antisera made by conventional methods, the anti-Ia blast serum was highly cytotoxic for purified T lymphocytes. Moreover, it reacted in a specific fashion with T cells having particular functions. Treatment of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed B10.A (H-2 alpha) T cells with this antiserum plus complement resulted in the elimination of helper activity for B-cell responses to trinitrophenyl-KLH. Inhibition was shown to be a result of the selective killing of one type of helper T cell whose activity could be replaced by a factor(s) found in the supernate of Con A-activated spleen cells. A second type of helper cell required for responses to protein-bound antigens appeared to be Ia-. By absorption and analysis on H-2 recombinants, at least two specificities were detectable on helper T cells; one mapping in the I-A subregion and a second in a region(s) to the right of I-J. In addition, the helper T cell(s) involved in the generation of alloreactive cytotoxic lymphocytes was shown to be Ia+, whereas cytotoxic effector cells and their precursors were Ia- with this antiserum. These results provide strong evidence for the selective expression of I-region determinants on T-cell subsets and suggest that T-cell-associated Ia antigens may play an important role in T-lymphocyte function.", "contents": "Functional analysis of T cells expressing Ia antigens. I. Demonstration of helper T-cell heterogeneity. We have examined the expression of I-region antigens on functional subpopulations of murine T cells. A.TH anti-A.TL (anti-Ik, Sk, Gk) alloantiserum was raised by immunization of recipients with concanavalin A (Con A) stimulated thymic and peripheral T-cell blasts. In contrast to similar antisera made by conventional methods, the anti-Ia blast serum was highly cytotoxic for purified T lymphocytes. Moreover, it reacted in a specific fashion with T cells having particular functions. Treatment of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed B10.A (H-2 alpha) T cells with this antiserum plus complement resulted in the elimination of helper activity for B-cell responses to trinitrophenyl-KLH. Inhibition was shown to be a result of the selective killing of one type of helper T cell whose activity could be replaced by a factor(s) found in the supernate of Con A-activated spleen cells. A second type of helper cell required for responses to protein-bound antigens appeared to be Ia-. By absorption and analysis on H-2 recombinants, at least two specificities were detectable on helper T cells; one mapping in the I-A subregion and a second in a region(s) to the right of I-J. In addition, the helper T cell(s) involved in the generation of alloreactive cytotoxic lymphocytes was shown to be Ia+, whereas cytotoxic effector cells and their precursors were Ia- with this antiserum. These results provide strong evidence for the selective expression of I-region determinants on T-cell subsets and suggest that T-cell-associated Ia antigens may play an important role in T-lymphocyte function.", "PMID": 117075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12622", "title": "The effect of calcium ions on the secretion of quanta evoked by an impulse at nerve terminal release sites.", "content": "A study has been made of the effects of calcium ions on the number of quanta secreted from all the release sites at an amphibian motor nerve terminal recorded with an intracellular microelectrode (m) compared with the number secreted simultaneously from a small number of release sites recorded with an extracellular microelectrode (me). If the endplate potential was made subthreshold by lowering the external calcium concentration ([Ca]o less than or equal to 0.4 mM), it was possible to find small groups of release sites for which me was comparable to m, indicating considerable nonuniformity in the probability of release of a quantum at different groups of release sites (Pe) in a given [Ca]o. Increasing [Ca]o in the range from 0.25 to 0.4 mM increased the probability of release of a quantum at groups of release sites (Pe), independent of the initial value of Pe, and the dependence of Pe on [Ca]o followed a fourth power relationship. A conditioning impulse enhanced the probability of release of a quantum by a subsequent test impulse at release sites, if Pe was less than 1.0 during the conditioning impulse. It is shown that the present observations regarding the dependence of Pe on [Ca]o and on conditioning impulses can be quantitatively predicted from previous observations regarding the dependence of the binomial parameters m, p, and n on [Ca]o and on conditioning impulses determined with intracellular electrodes, if the probability of secretion of a quantum at a release site (Pj) is different for different release sites and Pj is distributed as a beta random variable.", "contents": "The effect of calcium ions on the secretion of quanta evoked by an impulse at nerve terminal release sites. A study has been made of the effects of calcium ions on the number of quanta secreted from all the release sites at an amphibian motor nerve terminal recorded with an intracellular microelectrode (m) compared with the number secreted simultaneously from a small number of release sites recorded with an extracellular microelectrode (me). If the endplate potential was made subthreshold by lowering the external calcium concentration ([Ca]o less than or equal to 0.4 mM), it was possible to find small groups of release sites for which me was comparable to m, indicating considerable nonuniformity in the probability of release of a quantum at different groups of release sites (Pe) in a given [Ca]o. Increasing [Ca]o in the range from 0.25 to 0.4 mM increased the probability of release of a quantum at groups of release sites (Pe), independent of the initial value of Pe, and the dependence of Pe on [Ca]o followed a fourth power relationship. A conditioning impulse enhanced the probability of release of a quantum by a subsequent test impulse at release sites, if Pe was less than 1.0 during the conditioning impulse. It is shown that the present observations regarding the dependence of Pe on [Ca]o and on conditioning impulses can be quantitatively predicted from previous observations regarding the dependence of the binomial parameters m, p, and n on [Ca]o and on conditioning impulses determined with intracellular electrodes, if the probability of secretion of a quantum at a release site (Pj) is different for different release sites and Pj is distributed as a beta random variable.", "PMID": 117076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12623", "title": "Light-mediated changes in pigmentation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures.", "content": "Cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO grown under uninterrupted broad-spectrum light showed different pigmentation from dark-grown cultures. Whereas dark-grown bacteria produced pigments which resulted in blue-purple coloured agar, light-grown organisms produced red coloured plates. Extraction and quantification of pigments showed that both dark- and light-grown cultures produced similar concentrations of pyorubrin (red) and pyoverdin (yellow). In contrast, the concentration of pyocyanin (blue) was substantially reduced under certain lighting conditions. This decrease was dependent on both the light intensity and wavelength and occurred with light in the ultraviolet and violet region of the spectrum. After its release from bacteria, pyocyanin was rapidly and nonreversibly photoinactivated with first-order kinetics to produce colourless photoproduct(s).", "contents": "Light-mediated changes in pigmentation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures. Cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO grown under uninterrupted broad-spectrum light showed different pigmentation from dark-grown cultures. Whereas dark-grown bacteria produced pigments which resulted in blue-purple coloured agar, light-grown organisms produced red coloured plates. Extraction and quantification of pigments showed that both dark- and light-grown cultures produced similar concentrations of pyorubrin (red) and pyoverdin (yellow). In contrast, the concentration of pyocyanin (blue) was substantially reduced under certain lighting conditions. This decrease was dependent on both the light intensity and wavelength and occurred with light in the ultraviolet and violet region of the spectrum. After its release from bacteria, pyocyanin was rapidly and nonreversibly photoinactivated with first-order kinetics to produce colourless photoproduct(s).", "PMID": 117077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12624", "title": "The intracellular survival and growth of gonococci in human phagocytes.", "content": "In reassessment of previous tests for intracellular survival, results have been confirmed and additional evidence obtained indicating that some gonococci can survive and multiply in human phagocytes. Use was made of the ability of penicillin to penetrate phagocytes and to kill only actively growing organisms. In microscopic counts on 33 urethral exudate smears, an average of 49% of gonococci were associated with polymorphonuclear phagocytes. The organisms were unevenly distributed amongst the phagocytes, with most cells uninfected and some containing large numbers. Many phagocytes also remained uninfected in tests in vitro with low gonococcal inocula although experiments with large inocula showed that most phagocytes could ingest gonococci. It is proposed that ingestion of one gonococcus may stimulate the phagocytes to take up more. Phagocytes were killed and disintegrated after ingesting large numbers of gonococci and similar effect in vivo may be responsible for the large clumps of organisms seen in urethral exudate. These results underline the probable importance in the pathogenesis of gonorrhoea of intracellular survival in phagocytes.", "contents": "The intracellular survival and growth of gonococci in human phagocytes. In reassessment of previous tests for intracellular survival, results have been confirmed and additional evidence obtained indicating that some gonococci can survive and multiply in human phagocytes. Use was made of the ability of penicillin to penetrate phagocytes and to kill only actively growing organisms. In microscopic counts on 33 urethral exudate smears, an average of 49% of gonococci were associated with polymorphonuclear phagocytes. The organisms were unevenly distributed amongst the phagocytes, with most cells uninfected and some containing large numbers. Many phagocytes also remained uninfected in tests in vitro with low gonococcal inocula although experiments with large inocula showed that most phagocytes could ingest gonococci. It is proposed that ingestion of one gonococcus may stimulate the phagocytes to take up more. Phagocytes were killed and disintegrated after ingesting large numbers of gonococci and similar effect in vivo may be responsible for the large clumps of organisms seen in urethral exudate. These results underline the probable importance in the pathogenesis of gonorrhoea of intracellular survival in phagocytes.", "PMID": 117078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12625", "title": "Complete lysis of glutamic acid-producing bacteria by the use of antibiotics which inhibit the biosynthesis of cell walls.", "content": "A novel method for obtaining complete lysis of coryneform bacteria has been devised. Bacteria in the late-exponential phase of growth are treated with antibiotics which inhibit biosynthesis of the cell wall. Organisms treated in this way show increased sensitivity to lysis by added lytic enzymes. The preparation of DNA from this group of organisms is thus greatly facilitated.", "contents": "Complete lysis of glutamic acid-producing bacteria by the use of antibiotics which inhibit the biosynthesis of cell walls. A novel method for obtaining complete lysis of coryneform bacteria has been devised. Bacteria in the late-exponential phase of growth are treated with antibiotics which inhibit biosynthesis of the cell wall. Organisms treated in this way show increased sensitivity to lysis by added lytic enzymes. The preparation of DNA from this group of organisms is thus greatly facilitated.", "PMID": 117079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12626", "title": "Delayed effects of subarachnoid haemorrhage on cerebral metabolism and the cerebrovascular response to hypercapnia in the primate.", "content": "A technique is described for the production of subarachnoid haemorrhage in baboons and their subsequent recovery for chronic study of cerebrovascular reactivity. The baboons make complete neurological recoveries but the response of their cerebral circulation to hypercapnia is impaired one week later. Baseline values of cerebral blood flow and of cerebral oxygen consumption are unaffected at this time. There is no evidence of hypoxic brain damage.", "contents": "Delayed effects of subarachnoid haemorrhage on cerebral metabolism and the cerebrovascular response to hypercapnia in the primate. A technique is described for the production of subarachnoid haemorrhage in baboons and their subsequent recovery for chronic study of cerebrovascular reactivity. The baboons make complete neurological recoveries but the response of their cerebral circulation to hypercapnia is impaired one week later. Baseline values of cerebral blood flow and of cerebral oxygen consumption are unaffected at this time. There is no evidence of hypoxic brain damage.", "PMID": 117080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12627", "title": "Late effects of subarachnoid haemorrhage on the response of the primate cerebral circulation to drug-induced changes in arterial blood pressure.", "content": "The ability of the cerebral circulation to maintain a constant level of cerebral blood flow with halothane-induced hypotension and angiotensin-induced hypertension was found to be impaired one week after subarachnoid haemorrhage in the baboon. No evidence of hypoxic brain damage was found. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Late effects of subarachnoid haemorrhage on the response of the primate cerebral circulation to drug-induced changes in arterial blood pressure. The ability of the cerebral circulation to maintain a constant level of cerebral blood flow with halothane-induced hypotension and angiotensin-induced hypertension was found to be impaired one week after subarachnoid haemorrhage in the baboon. No evidence of hypoxic brain damage was found. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 117081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12628", "title": "Bullet injury to the pituitary gland: a rare cause of panhypopituitarism.", "content": "An unusual case of head injury with a direct bullet injury to the pituitary gland is described. The hormonal profile one month after the injury showed severe panhypopituitatism which did not improve one month after surgical removal of the intrasellar bullet fragment.", "contents": "Bullet injury to the pituitary gland: a rare cause of panhypopituitarism. An unusual case of head injury with a direct bullet injury to the pituitary gland is described. The hormonal profile one month after the injury showed severe panhypopituitatism which did not improve one month after surgical removal of the intrasellar bullet fragment.", "PMID": 117082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12629", "title": "Induction of allergic encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys treated with anti monkey thymocyte sera.", "content": "Treatment with rabbit anti-moneky thymus cell sera whether limited (3 days) or extensive (15 days), did not alter the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rhesus monkeys challenged with myelin basic protein or central nervous system tissue (CNS) when compared to similarly challenged control monkeys treated with normal rabbit serum. No consistent difference in disease incidence or intensity as measured by incubation period, neurologic signs or CNS pathology was observed between experimental and control monkeys. This finding is in contrast to previous reports on the efficacy of ATS treatment in prevention of EAE in rodents.", "contents": "Induction of allergic encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys treated with anti monkey thymocyte sera. Treatment with rabbit anti-moneky thymus cell sera whether limited (3 days) or extensive (15 days), did not alter the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rhesus monkeys challenged with myelin basic protein or central nervous system tissue (CNS) when compared to similarly challenged control monkeys treated with normal rabbit serum. No consistent difference in disease incidence or intensity as measured by incubation period, neurologic signs or CNS pathology was observed between experimental and control monkeys. This finding is in contrast to previous reports on the efficacy of ATS treatment in prevention of EAE in rodents.", "PMID": 117083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12630", "title": "Effect of sequential infection with Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum in the Aotus trivirgatus monkey.", "content": "Aotus trivirgatus monkeys with prior experience with Plasmodium vivax were inoculated with P. falciparum via the bites of infected mosquitoes. The animals with prior malaria had higher parasitemias and significantly higher levels of mosquito infectivity than monkeys with no prior P. vivax experience. Monkeys with a history of P. falciparum that were inoculated with P. vivax had essentially the same parasitemias as those with no prior malaria. However, levels of mosquito infectivity were markedly increased in those monkeys with a history of P. falciparum. The results imply that the introduction of another malaria species into a malarious area may result in higher levels of mosquito infection and more rapid establishment and distribution of that species.", "contents": "Effect of sequential infection with Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum in the Aotus trivirgatus monkey. Aotus trivirgatus monkeys with prior experience with Plasmodium vivax were inoculated with P. falciparum via the bites of infected mosquitoes. The animals with prior malaria had higher parasitemias and significantly higher levels of mosquito infectivity than monkeys with no prior P. vivax experience. Monkeys with a history of P. falciparum that were inoculated with P. vivax had essentially the same parasitemias as those with no prior malaria. However, levels of mosquito infectivity were markedly increased in those monkeys with a history of P. falciparum. The results imply that the introduction of another malaria species into a malarious area may result in higher levels of mosquito infection and more rapid establishment and distribution of that species.", "PMID": 117086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12631", "title": "Infection and transmission studies with Plasmodium simiovale in the Macaca mulatta monkey.", "content": "Six different anophelines--Anopheles freeborni, An. b. balabacensis, An. maculatus, An. stephensi, An. atroparvus, and An. quadrimaculatus--were shown to be susceptible to infection with Plasmodium simiovale when fed upon splenectomized Macaca mulatta monkeys between the 1st and 26th days of patent parasitemia. Transmission was obtained via the bites of An. b. balabacensis and An. maculatus mosquitoes. Prepatent periods in M. mulatta monkeys following sporozoite inoculation ranged from 11 to 20 days with a median of 14 days.", "contents": "Infection and transmission studies with Plasmodium simiovale in the Macaca mulatta monkey. Six different anophelines--Anopheles freeborni, An. b. balabacensis, An. maculatus, An. stephensi, An. atroparvus, and An. quadrimaculatus--were shown to be susceptible to infection with Plasmodium simiovale when fed upon splenectomized Macaca mulatta monkeys between the 1st and 26th days of patent parasitemia. Transmission was obtained via the bites of An. b. balabacensis and An. maculatus mosquitoes. Prepatent periods in M. mulatta monkeys following sporozoite inoculation ranged from 11 to 20 days with a median of 14 days.", "PMID": 117087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12632", "title": "Aspects of the sporogonic development of Leucocytozoon tawaki of the Fiordland crested penguin in its primary vector, Austrosimulium ungulatum: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Early oocysts of Leucocytozoon tawaki Fallis, Bisset and Allison were located between the basal lamina and the midgut epithelium of the vector, Austrosimulium ungulatum. The spherical oocysts were surrounded by an amorphous, electron-dense wall and contained a large, central core of closely spaced dense particles, the crystalloid inclusion. Around the latter were many concentrically arranged cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum. A few large, poorly defined nuclei, some of which contained spindle apparatus, were seen. Sporozoite formation occurred around the peripheral cytoplasm of maturing oocysts. The sporozoite pellicle was subtended by 30 microtubules which appeared to originate from the most posterior of 3 dense, polar rings. Each forming sporozoite contained a central nucleus, mitochondrion, and a crystalloid inclusion both anterior and posterior to the nucleus. The nature and significance of the crystalloid in Leucocytozoan species and other apicomplexans is discussed with special reference to similar viruslike inclusions in the sporogonic stages of certain species of Plasmodium.", "contents": "Aspects of the sporogonic development of Leucocytozoon tawaki of the Fiordland crested penguin in its primary vector, Austrosimulium ungulatum: an ultrastructural study. Early oocysts of Leucocytozoon tawaki Fallis, Bisset and Allison were located between the basal lamina and the midgut epithelium of the vector, Austrosimulium ungulatum. The spherical oocysts were surrounded by an amorphous, electron-dense wall and contained a large, central core of closely spaced dense particles, the crystalloid inclusion. Around the latter were many concentrically arranged cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum. A few large, poorly defined nuclei, some of which contained spindle apparatus, were seen. Sporozoite formation occurred around the peripheral cytoplasm of maturing oocysts. The sporozoite pellicle was subtended by 30 microtubules which appeared to originate from the most posterior of 3 dense, polar rings. Each forming sporozoite contained a central nucleus, mitochondrion, and a crystalloid inclusion both anterior and posterior to the nucleus. The nature and significance of the crystalloid in Leucocytozoan species and other apicomplexans is discussed with special reference to similar viruslike inclusions in the sporogonic stages of certain species of Plasmodium.", "PMID": 117089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12633", "title": "Studies on the West African I strain of Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus trivirgatus monkeys.", "content": "The West African I strain of Plasmodium falciparum was isolated from a commercial airline pilot who had an overnight stay in Nigeria. Once established in the Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra monkey, the parasite produced high parasitemias and readily infected mosquitoes. Anopheles freeborni and An. maculatus mosquitoes transmitted the infection to additional animals. Infected salivary glands were also seen in An. culcifacies. Comparative infectivity studies indicated the most susceptible mosquito to be An. freeborni, followed by An. culicifacies, An. maculatus, and An. balabacensis balabacensis. Only 2 An. albimanus mosquitoes were infected out of 450 examined. The one A. t. trivirgatus monkey inoculated with this strain had very low levels of parasitemia.", "contents": "Studies on the West African I strain of Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus trivirgatus monkeys. The West African I strain of Plasmodium falciparum was isolated from a commercial airline pilot who had an overnight stay in Nigeria. Once established in the Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra monkey, the parasite produced high parasitemias and readily infected mosquitoes. Anopheles freeborni and An. maculatus mosquitoes transmitted the infection to additional animals. Infected salivary glands were also seen in An. culcifacies. Comparative infectivity studies indicated the most susceptible mosquito to be An. freeborni, followed by An. culicifacies, An. maculatus, and An. balabacensis balabacensis. Only 2 An. albimanus mosquitoes were infected out of 450 examined. The one A. t. trivirgatus monkey inoculated with this strain had very low levels of parasitemia.", "PMID": 117091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12634", "title": "Extraordinary hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate with idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "content": "This case describes an extraordinarily elevated total bilirubin level that reverted to normal 9 1/2 wk after Fredet-Ramstedt pyloromyotomy. Although the etiology of jaundice occurring in patients with IHPS remains uncertain, theories implicating inhibition of the glucuronyl transferase system have been proposed. Infants with IHPS have a documented hypergastrinemia. An hypothesis is offered, illustrated by this case, to explain the inhibition of the glucuronyl transferase system with resultant hyperbilirubinemia by the hypergastrinemia of idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "contents": "Extraordinary hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate with idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. This case describes an extraordinarily elevated total bilirubin level that reverted to normal 9 1/2 wk after Fredet-Ramstedt pyloromyotomy. Although the etiology of jaundice occurring in patients with IHPS remains uncertain, theories implicating inhibition of the glucuronyl transferase system have been proposed. Infants with IHPS have a documented hypergastrinemia. An hypothesis is offered, illustrated by this case, to explain the inhibition of the glucuronyl transferase system with resultant hyperbilirubinemia by the hypergastrinemia of idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "PMID": 117092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12635", "title": "A safer system for percutaneous subclavian venous catheterization in newborn infants.", "content": "Percutaneous infraclavicular cannulation of the subclavian vein in even the tiniest infants can be performed with safety and ease using a plastic cannula metal needle stylet and following plastic catheter. This route for achieving superior vena caval catheterization provides a most satisfactory method for central pressure monitoring, long term antibiotic administration, total parenteral nutrition, and exchange transfusion. Few serious complications have been noted in over a hundred infant cannulations. The procedure can be performed in the intensive care nursery with a success rate of over 95%. Sepsis rates in clean cases are acceptably low. Most sepsis is due to other clearly identifiable sources of infection in these already critically ill infants.", "contents": "A safer system for percutaneous subclavian venous catheterization in newborn infants. Percutaneous infraclavicular cannulation of the subclavian vein in even the tiniest infants can be performed with safety and ease using a plastic cannula metal needle stylet and following plastic catheter. This route for achieving superior vena caval catheterization provides a most satisfactory method for central pressure monitoring, long term antibiotic administration, total parenteral nutrition, and exchange transfusion. Few serious complications have been noted in over a hundred infant cannulations. The procedure can be performed in the intensive care nursery with a success rate of over 95%. Sepsis rates in clean cases are acceptably low. Most sepsis is due to other clearly identifiable sources of infection in these already critically ill infants.", "PMID": 117093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12636", "title": "N-Benzoyl derivatives of amino acids and amino acid analogs as growth inhibitors in microbial antitumor screen.", "content": "Twenty-seven N-benzoyl derivatives of amino acids and amino acid analogs were prepared and tested for growth-inhibitory activity in a microbial antitumor screen. Of these, 19 showed some inhibitory capacity, from a modest 13% to a potent 96% at 1 mg/ml. The activities of the \"modest\" inhibitors were comparable to those of most inhibitory chloracetyl and trifluoroacetyl derivatives reported earlier. The intermediate inhibitors were as active as N-chloroacetyl-beta-hydroxy-D-norleucine isomer B, the most active acyl derivative noted previously. The most active compounds in this study were N-benzoyl-p-chloro-DL-phenylalanine and N-benzoyl-m-fluoro-DL-phenylalanine, which inhibited the test organism almost completely under the assay conditions.", "contents": "N-Benzoyl derivatives of amino acids and amino acid analogs as growth inhibitors in microbial antitumor screen. Twenty-seven N-benzoyl derivatives of amino acids and amino acid analogs were prepared and tested for growth-inhibitory activity in a microbial antitumor screen. Of these, 19 showed some inhibitory capacity, from a modest 13% to a potent 96% at 1 mg/ml. The activities of the \"modest\" inhibitors were comparable to those of most inhibitory chloracetyl and trifluoroacetyl derivatives reported earlier. The intermediate inhibitors were as active as N-chloroacetyl-beta-hydroxy-D-norleucine isomer B, the most active acyl derivative noted previously. The most active compounds in this study were N-benzoyl-p-chloro-DL-phenylalanine and N-benzoyl-m-fluoro-DL-phenylalanine, which inhibited the test organism almost completely under the assay conditions.", "PMID": 117094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12637", "title": "Kinetics of drug-drug interactions: biliary excretion of iodoxamic acid and iopanoic acid in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The dynamic method originally developed for studying the capacity-limited kinetics of the cholecystographic agents iodoxamic acid and iopanoic acid was applied to study the in vivo interactions of these two compounds following coadminstration in the monkey. Results indicate that these interactions are complex. The compounds appear to compete for plasma protein binding sites as well as for binding sites on intrahepatic proteins. The biliary excretion data apparently fit the \"ligand exclusion\" model in which iopanoic acid acts as an inhibitor and competes with iodoxamic acid for binding to either of two identical sites within the liver. This competition probably is the rate-limiting step in the liver's overall elimination of these radiographic contrast agents.", "contents": "Kinetics of drug-drug interactions: biliary excretion of iodoxamic acid and iopanoic acid in rhesus monkeys. The dynamic method originally developed for studying the capacity-limited kinetics of the cholecystographic agents iodoxamic acid and iopanoic acid was applied to study the in vivo interactions of these two compounds following coadminstration in the monkey. Results indicate that these interactions are complex. The compounds appear to compete for plasma protein binding sites as well as for binding sites on intrahepatic proteins. The biliary excretion data apparently fit the \"ligand exclusion\" model in which iopanoic acid acts as an inhibitor and competes with iodoxamic acid for binding to either of two identical sites within the liver. This competition probably is the rate-limiting step in the liver's overall elimination of these radiographic contrast agents.", "PMID": 117095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12638", "title": "Effects of morphine, pentazocine and cyclazocine alone and in combination with naloxone on electric shock titration in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "The effects of morphine, pentazocine and cyclazocine were examined on a discrete-trial shock titration procedure. Monkeys received continuous shock during 15-sec shock periods. If the monkey did not respond during the shock period, shock remained on for 15 sec and then increased by one increment on the next 15-sec shock period. If five responses were made during the shock period, the shock was immediately terminated for 15 sec during which the chamber was dark (time out). After the 15-sec time out period, the shock resumed at the next lower intensity. Morphine, pentazocine and cyclazocine altered patterns and rates of responding similarly. At a low dose, pentazocine, cyclazocine and morphine decreased median shock levels and increased rates of responding in the presence and in the absence of shock (i.e., during time out). These effects were observed over a wider dose range with pentazocine and cyclazocine than with morphine; moreover, decreases in median shock level and increases in rates of responding in the absence of shock were of greater magnitude after pentazocine and cyclazocine than after morphine. At higher doses, morphine, pentazocine and cyclazocine increased median shock levels and decreased rates of responding in the absence of shock. Rates of responding in the presence of shock were either unchanged or decreased very slightly, suggesting that increases in the intensity at which shock is maintained under shock titration procedures is not necessarily due to decreases in rates of responding. In contrast, naloxone had very little behavioral effect when administered alone. The effects of morphine were antagonized by a dose of naloxone as low as 0.01 mg/kg, whereas higher doses of naloxone were required to antagonize the effects of pentazocine and cyclazocine.", "contents": "Effects of morphine, pentazocine and cyclazocine alone and in combination with naloxone on electric shock titration in the squirrel monkey. The effects of morphine, pentazocine and cyclazocine were examined on a discrete-trial shock titration procedure. Monkeys received continuous shock during 15-sec shock periods. If the monkey did not respond during the shock period, shock remained on for 15 sec and then increased by one increment on the next 15-sec shock period. If five responses were made during the shock period, the shock was immediately terminated for 15 sec during which the chamber was dark (time out). After the 15-sec time out period, the shock resumed at the next lower intensity. Morphine, pentazocine and cyclazocine altered patterns and rates of responding similarly. At a low dose, pentazocine, cyclazocine and morphine decreased median shock levels and increased rates of responding in the presence and in the absence of shock (i.e., during time out). These effects were observed over a wider dose range with pentazocine and cyclazocine than with morphine; moreover, decreases in median shock level and increases in rates of responding in the absence of shock were of greater magnitude after pentazocine and cyclazocine than after morphine. At higher doses, morphine, pentazocine and cyclazocine increased median shock levels and decreased rates of responding in the absence of shock. Rates of responding in the presence of shock were either unchanged or decreased very slightly, suggesting that increases in the intensity at which shock is maintained under shock titration procedures is not necessarily due to decreases in rates of responding. In contrast, naloxone had very little behavioral effect when administered alone. The effects of morphine were antagonized by a dose of naloxone as low as 0.01 mg/kg, whereas higher doses of naloxone were required to antagonize the effects of pentazocine and cyclazocine.", "PMID": 117098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12639", "title": "Possible mechanism of the inhibitory effect of ouabain on renin secretion from rat renal cortical slices.", "content": "1. The effects of ouabain on renin secretion by rat renal cortical slices were studied. 2. Renin secretion was inhibited by 10(-3) M-ouabain in the presence of free Ca (10(-4) to 2.6 x 10(-3) M). Inhibition was blocked at Ca less than 10(-8) M. 3. The effect of free Ca on ouabain-inhibition was shown to be independent of the presence of EGTA, completely reversible, and unrelated to passive leakage of renin from non-viable cells, as assessed by simultaneous release of lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH). 4. It is proposed that, as a result of inhibition of Na, K-ATPase by ouabain, (a) intracellular Na increases in the renin-secreting juxtaglomerular cells, (b) intracellular Ca increases, via an Na-Ca exchange mechanism, and (c) that Ca accumulation, in some unknown manner, inhibits renin secretion.", "contents": "Possible mechanism of the inhibitory effect of ouabain on renin secretion from rat renal cortical slices. 1. The effects of ouabain on renin secretion by rat renal cortical slices were studied. 2. Renin secretion was inhibited by 10(-3) M-ouabain in the presence of free Ca (10(-4) to 2.6 x 10(-3) M). Inhibition was blocked at Ca less than 10(-8) M. 3. The effect of free Ca on ouabain-inhibition was shown to be independent of the presence of EGTA, completely reversible, and unrelated to passive leakage of renin from non-viable cells, as assessed by simultaneous release of lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH). 4. It is proposed that, as a result of inhibition of Na, K-ATPase by ouabain, (a) intracellular Na increases in the renin-secreting juxtaglomerular cells, (b) intracellular Ca increases, via an Na-Ca exchange mechanism, and (c) that Ca accumulation, in some unknown manner, inhibits renin secretion.", "PMID": 117099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12640", "title": "The role of the flocculus of the monkey in saccadic eye movements.", "content": "1. Purkinje cell discharges were recorded from the flocculus of monkeys either spontaneously making saccadic eye movements (saccades) or trained to fixate a small visual target presented on a tangent screen. In the trained monkeys, saccades of known magnitude and direction were induced by changing the position of the fixation target. 2. Among 513 Purkinje cells, 343 units (66.9%) paused during saccades in all directions (286 units) or in particular directions (57 units). In most units, there were intimate temporal relationships between the beginnings of pauses and saccades, and between the ends of pasuses and saccades. 3. The pause in activity preceded saccades by an average of 9.6 msec, with a maximum lead time of 30 msec. In a fraction of the units (7.6%), the pause started after the onset of saccades. 4. There were 104 units (20.3%) which showed bursts during saccades in all directions (eighty-two units) or in particular directions (twenty-two units). 5. In sixty-six units (12.8%) a burst was associated with saccades in one direction and a pause in the opposite direction. 6. The burst in the burst and burst-pause units preceded saccades by an average of 3.8 msec. There was no significant difference in the lead times between these two groups of units. 7. There was a linear relationship between the duration of the pause in Purkinje cell activity and that of the accompanying saccade. A linear relationship was also seen between the pause duration and the magnitude of saccade.", "contents": "The role of the flocculus of the monkey in saccadic eye movements. 1. Purkinje cell discharges were recorded from the flocculus of monkeys either spontaneously making saccadic eye movements (saccades) or trained to fixate a small visual target presented on a tangent screen. In the trained monkeys, saccades of known magnitude and direction were induced by changing the position of the fixation target. 2. Among 513 Purkinje cells, 343 units (66.9%) paused during saccades in all directions (286 units) or in particular directions (57 units). In most units, there were intimate temporal relationships between the beginnings of pauses and saccades, and between the ends of pasuses and saccades. 3. The pause in activity preceded saccades by an average of 9.6 msec, with a maximum lead time of 30 msec. In a fraction of the units (7.6%), the pause started after the onset of saccades. 4. There were 104 units (20.3%) which showed bursts during saccades in all directions (eighty-two units) or in particular directions (twenty-two units). 5. In sixty-six units (12.8%) a burst was associated with saccades in one direction and a pause in the opposite direction. 6. The burst in the burst and burst-pause units preceded saccades by an average of 3.8 msec. There was no significant difference in the lead times between these two groups of units. 7. There was a linear relationship between the duration of the pause in Purkinje cell activity and that of the accompanying saccade. A linear relationship was also seen between the pause duration and the magnitude of saccade.", "PMID": 117100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12641", "title": "The role of the flocculus of the monkey in fixation and smooth pursuit eye movements.", "content": "1. Purkinje cell discharges were recorded from the flocculus of monkeys trained to fixate a small visual target and to track the target when moved slowly. 2. A striking feature of Purkinje cell activity during the steady fixation was a high rate of tonic discharges with regular interspike intervals. The average discharge rate in the whole population of Purkinje cells ranged from 37 to 145 spikes/sec. The coefficient of variation of the interspike intervals was typically smaller than 0.5 in most units. 3. In 43.9% of the Purkinje cells, tonic levels of activity changed by more than 20% of the average background activity with shifts of gaze. 4. In some Purkinje cells, especially in most burst-pause units, discharge rates during steady fixation were proportional to eye positions in one plane, implicating these cells as sources of eye position information to their target cells. 5. When the monkey tracked a sinusoidally oscillating target, the activity of some Purkinje cells was clearly modulated in phase with the eye velocity. 6. In the other Purkinje cells exhibiting smooth pursuit modulation, the activity curve appeared with a phase shift. When these cells were tested with sinusoidal target movements at different frequencies, but with a constant magnitude, the peak firing rates were proportional to the frequencies of the excursions, i.e. the velocities. 7. The flocculus thus provides the oculomotor system with eye position information during fixation and with velocity information during smooth pursuit and participates in the control of oculomotor functions stabilizing retinal images.", "contents": "The role of the flocculus of the monkey in fixation and smooth pursuit eye movements. 1. Purkinje cell discharges were recorded from the flocculus of monkeys trained to fixate a small visual target and to track the target when moved slowly. 2. A striking feature of Purkinje cell activity during the steady fixation was a high rate of tonic discharges with regular interspike intervals. The average discharge rate in the whole population of Purkinje cells ranged from 37 to 145 spikes/sec. The coefficient of variation of the interspike intervals was typically smaller than 0.5 in most units. 3. In 43.9% of the Purkinje cells, tonic levels of activity changed by more than 20% of the average background activity with shifts of gaze. 4. In some Purkinje cells, especially in most burst-pause units, discharge rates during steady fixation were proportional to eye positions in one plane, implicating these cells as sources of eye position information to their target cells. 5. When the monkey tracked a sinusoidally oscillating target, the activity of some Purkinje cells was clearly modulated in phase with the eye velocity. 6. In the other Purkinje cells exhibiting smooth pursuit modulation, the activity curve appeared with a phase shift. When these cells were tested with sinusoidal target movements at different frequencies, but with a constant magnitude, the peak firing rates were proportional to the frequencies of the excursions, i.e. the velocities. 7. The flocculus thus provides the oculomotor system with eye position information during fixation and with velocity information during smooth pursuit and participates in the control of oculomotor functions stabilizing retinal images.", "PMID": 117101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12642", "title": "Processing of eye movement signals in the flocculus of the monkey.", "content": "1. Extracellular recordings were made from afferents to the Purkinje cells of the flocculus of monkeys either spontaneously making saccadic eye movements (saccades) or trained to fixate a small visual target projected on a tangent screen. In the trained monkeys, saccades of known magnitude and direction were induced by changing the position of the fixation target. 2. Among a population of 108 units, eight were climbing fibres, seventy-one were mossy fibres, and twenty-nine were non-Purkinje cells. Based on their discharge patterns the latter two groups of units were categorized into one of four classes. 3. Long-lead burst units (twenty-two units) exhibited saccade-related discharges substantially before saccade onset (average: 113 msec). Most of these (twenty units) discharged for saccades in a particular direction, while the remainder exhibited discharges for saccades in all directions. All units were essentially silent between saccades. 4. Burst units (twenty-seven units) started discharging slightly before saccades (average: 6.9 msec). Discharges were associated with saccades in all directions (sixteen units) or in preferred directions (eleven units) and were not observed during periods of fixation. 5. Burst-tonic units (twenty-two units) were characterized by saccade-related burst and position-related intersaccadic tonic activity. 6. Tonic units (thirty-seven units) exhibited position-related tonic activity. The position-related activity in both burst-tonic and tonic units was observed only for fixation points within a specified region. The units were silent for fixation positions outside this region of preferred fixation.", "contents": "Processing of eye movement signals in the flocculus of the monkey. 1. Extracellular recordings were made from afferents to the Purkinje cells of the flocculus of monkeys either spontaneously making saccadic eye movements (saccades) or trained to fixate a small visual target projected on a tangent screen. In the trained monkeys, saccades of known magnitude and direction were induced by changing the position of the fixation target. 2. Among a population of 108 units, eight were climbing fibres, seventy-one were mossy fibres, and twenty-nine were non-Purkinje cells. Based on their discharge patterns the latter two groups of units were categorized into one of four classes. 3. Long-lead burst units (twenty-two units) exhibited saccade-related discharges substantially before saccade onset (average: 113 msec). Most of these (twenty units) discharged for saccades in a particular direction, while the remainder exhibited discharges for saccades in all directions. All units were essentially silent between saccades. 4. Burst units (twenty-seven units) started discharging slightly before saccades (average: 6.9 msec). Discharges were associated with saccades in all directions (sixteen units) or in preferred directions (eleven units) and were not observed during periods of fixation. 5. Burst-tonic units (twenty-two units) were characterized by saccade-related burst and position-related intersaccadic tonic activity. 6. Tonic units (thirty-seven units) exhibited position-related tonic activity. The position-related activity in both burst-tonic and tonic units was observed only for fixation points within a specified region. The units were silent for fixation positions outside this region of preferred fixation.", "PMID": 117102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12643", "title": "Origin and developmental patterns of lactase and other glycosidases in sheep amniotic and allantoic fluid.", "content": "Intestinal lactase activity (with its associated cellobiase, 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-galactosidase and -beta-glucosidase activities) was used as a specific intestinal marker enzyme to study the release of protein and enzymes of intestinal origin in sheep amniotic fluid during gestation. In amniotic fluid, intestinal lactase activity peaked at 66--85 days of gestation and then decreased with gestation. This enzyme activity was very low or absent in allantoic fluid throughout gestation suggesting that there is no important transfer of amniotic fluid lactase towards the allantoic cavity. Maltase and 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-glucosidase showed no statistically significant variation with gestation in both amniotic and allantoic fluid whereas alpha-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase which were first higher in allantoic than in amniotic fluid increased in amniotic fluid to reach allantoic fluid levels near term. Such patterns are consistent with the suggestion that the fetal urine is a source of alpha-galactosidase and N-acety-beta-hexosaminidase activities and that sheep urine is first accumulated in the allantoic sac via the urachus up to 86--90 days of gestation and thereafter passes more and more into the amniotic sac.", "contents": "Origin and developmental patterns of lactase and other glycosidases in sheep amniotic and allantoic fluid. Intestinal lactase activity (with its associated cellobiase, 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-galactosidase and -beta-glucosidase activities) was used as a specific intestinal marker enzyme to study the release of protein and enzymes of intestinal origin in sheep amniotic fluid during gestation. In amniotic fluid, intestinal lactase activity peaked at 66--85 days of gestation and then decreased with gestation. This enzyme activity was very low or absent in allantoic fluid throughout gestation suggesting that there is no important transfer of amniotic fluid lactase towards the allantoic cavity. Maltase and 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-glucosidase showed no statistically significant variation with gestation in both amniotic and allantoic fluid whereas alpha-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase which were first higher in allantoic than in amniotic fluid increased in amniotic fluid to reach allantoic fluid levels near term. Such patterns are consistent with the suggestion that the fetal urine is a source of alpha-galactosidase and N-acety-beta-hexosaminidase activities and that sheep urine is first accumulated in the allantoic sac via the urachus up to 86--90 days of gestation and thereafter passes more and more into the amniotic sac.", "PMID": 117104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12644", "title": "Primaquine analogues: derivatives of 4-amino-2-methoxyacridine.", "content": "Based on the antimalarial activity of primaquine (1a) and its 4-methyl analogue 1b, 4-aminoacridinyl analogues, 4-[(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)amino]-2-methoxyacridine (2a) and 4-[(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)amino]-2-methoxy-9-methylacridine (2b), were prepared and evaluated as potential tissue schizonticidal agents. These compounds were found to be substantially less active than primaquine against Plasmodium cynomolgi in the rhesus monkey. The antileishmanial activity in hamsters of 4-[[6-(diethylamino)hexyl]amino]-2-methoxy-9-methylacridine (2d) was found to be considerably less than that of 8-[[6-(diethylamino)hexyl]amino]-6-methoxy-4-methylquinoline (1c).", "contents": "Primaquine analogues: derivatives of 4-amino-2-methoxyacridine. Based on the antimalarial activity of primaquine (1a) and its 4-methyl analogue 1b, 4-aminoacridinyl analogues, 4-[(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)amino]-2-methoxyacridine (2a) and 4-[(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)amino]-2-methoxy-9-methylacridine (2b), were prepared and evaluated as potential tissue schizonticidal agents. These compounds were found to be substantially less active than primaquine against Plasmodium cynomolgi in the rhesus monkey. The antileishmanial activity in hamsters of 4-[[6-(diethylamino)hexyl]amino]-2-methoxy-9-methylacridine (2d) was found to be considerably less than that of 8-[[6-(diethylamino)hexyl]amino]-6-methoxy-4-methylquinoline (1c).", "PMID": 117105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12645", "title": "3-[(1,2,3-Thiadiazol-5-ylthio)methyl]cephalosporins.", "content": "The syntheses of ten 3-](1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylthio)methyl]cephalosporins, made by displacement of the 3'-acetoxy group by the novel thiol derivatives, potassium 1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-thiolate and dipotassium 1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carboxylate-5-thiolate, are described. Several of the compounds showed good in vitro antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. The subcutaneous in vivo activities against Staphylococcus aureus were generally less than that of cafazolin. Four of the compounds were administered orally and all were active; the 7 beta-(thiophen-2-acetamido) and 7 beta-(D-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3-[(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylthio)methyl] compounds were equally active by either route, with a PD50 of ca. 1 mg/kg.", "contents": "3-[(1,2,3-Thiadiazol-5-ylthio)methyl]cephalosporins. The syntheses of ten 3-](1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylthio)methyl]cephalosporins, made by displacement of the 3'-acetoxy group by the novel thiol derivatives, potassium 1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-thiolate and dipotassium 1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carboxylate-5-thiolate, are described. Several of the compounds showed good in vitro antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. The subcutaneous in vivo activities against Staphylococcus aureus were generally less than that of cafazolin. Four of the compounds were administered orally and all were active; the 7 beta-(thiophen-2-acetamido) and 7 beta-(D-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3-[(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylthio)methyl] compounds were equally active by either route, with a PD50 of ca. 1 mg/kg.", "PMID": 117106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12646", "title": "Folate antagonists. 15. 2,3-Diamino-6-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)quinazoline and related 2,4-diamino-6-[(phenyl and naphthyl)sulfinyl and sulfonyl]quinazolines, a potent new class of antimetabolites with phenomenal antimalarial activity.", "content": "Oxidation of an array of 2,4-diamino-6-(arylthio)quinazolines provided the corresponding arylsulfinyl and arylsulfonyl analogues. A variety of these nonclassical analogues of methotrexate exhibited suppressive antimalarial activity superior to that of the parent thioquinazolines against drug-sensitive lines of Plasmodium berghei in mice and P. gallinaceum in chicks, and several displayed potent prophylactic activity against P. gallinaceum. The sulfinyl- and sulfonylquinazolines also retained antimalarial effects against chloroquine-, cycloguanil-, and DDS-resistant lines of P. berghei in mice and against chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant strains of P. falciparum in owl monkeys. Coadministration of one of the most active of these compounds, 2,4-diamino-6-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)-quinazoline (35), with sulfadiazine to monkeys infected with P. falciparum of P. vivax led to greatly enhanced activity and prevented the development of quinazoline resistance.", "contents": "Folate antagonists. 15. 2,3-Diamino-6-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)quinazoline and related 2,4-diamino-6-[(phenyl and naphthyl)sulfinyl and sulfonyl]quinazolines, a potent new class of antimetabolites with phenomenal antimalarial activity. Oxidation of an array of 2,4-diamino-6-(arylthio)quinazolines provided the corresponding arylsulfinyl and arylsulfonyl analogues. A variety of these nonclassical analogues of methotrexate exhibited suppressive antimalarial activity superior to that of the parent thioquinazolines against drug-sensitive lines of Plasmodium berghei in mice and P. gallinaceum in chicks, and several displayed potent prophylactic activity against P. gallinaceum. The sulfinyl- and sulfonylquinazolines also retained antimalarial effects against chloroquine-, cycloguanil-, and DDS-resistant lines of P. berghei in mice and against chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant strains of P. falciparum in owl monkeys. Coadministration of one of the most active of these compounds, 2,4-diamino-6-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)-quinazoline (35), with sulfadiazine to monkeys infected with P. falciparum of P. vivax led to greatly enhanced activity and prevented the development of quinazoline resistance.", "PMID": 117107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12647", "title": "Genetic polymorphisms in diabetics and non-diabetics.", "content": "Phenotype distributions of some genetic polymorphisms are reported in a sample of 721 diabetics and 515 non-diabetic, non-blood donor controls. Reference is also made, in the case of the ABO and Rhesus systems, to previously published results for blood donors resident in the Durham area. Non-insulin-taking diabetics show an increased frequency of blood group A1 (and A1 + A2) when compared with controls. This difference is particularly marked in male diabetics. When diabetics are compared with age matched controls, the difference is confined to the older cases. It is proposed that this effect is predominantly the result of a deficiency of group A1 in controls rather than the result of increased susceptibility to the disease among A1 people. No association with any of the Rhesus phenotypes is shown. In non-diabetics, the results suggest an enhanced survival value for the rr genotype. No significant associations are seen when the MNSs, Kell, Lewis, Duffy, haptoglobin, red cell acid phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, adenylate kinase, and adenosine deaminase distributions in these groups of subjects are compared.-", "contents": "Genetic polymorphisms in diabetics and non-diabetics. Phenotype distributions of some genetic polymorphisms are reported in a sample of 721 diabetics and 515 non-diabetic, non-blood donor controls. Reference is also made, in the case of the ABO and Rhesus systems, to previously published results for blood donors resident in the Durham area. Non-insulin-taking diabetics show an increased frequency of blood group A1 (and A1 + A2) when compared with controls. This difference is particularly marked in male diabetics. When diabetics are compared with age matched controls, the difference is confined to the older cases. It is proposed that this effect is predominantly the result of a deficiency of group A1 in controls rather than the result of increased susceptibility to the disease among A1 people. No association with any of the Rhesus phenotypes is shown. In non-diabetics, the results suggest an enhanced survival value for the rr genotype. No significant associations are seen when the MNSs, Kell, Lewis, Duffy, haptoglobin, red cell acid phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, adenylate kinase, and adenosine deaminase distributions in these groups of subjects are compared.-", "PMID": 117108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12648", "title": "A new estimate of sequence divergence of mitochondrial DNA using restriction endonuclease mappings.", "content": "A new estimate of the sequence divergence of mitochondrial DNA in related species using restriction enzyme maps is constructed. The estimate is derived assuming a simple Posisson-like model for the evolutionary process and is chosen to maximize an expression which is a reasonable approximation to the true likelihood of the restriction map data. Using this estimate, four sets of mitochondrial DNA data are analyzed and discussed.", "contents": "A new estimate of sequence divergence of mitochondrial DNA using restriction endonuclease mappings. A new estimate of the sequence divergence of mitochondrial DNA in related species using restriction enzyme maps is constructed. The estimate is derived assuming a simple Posisson-like model for the evolutionary process and is chosen to maximize an expression which is a reasonable approximation to the true likelihood of the restriction map data. Using this estimate, four sets of mitochondrial DNA data are analyzed and discussed.", "PMID": 117114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12649", "title": "Effects of oral and intramuscular carbaryl administrations on repeated chain acquisition in monkeys.", "content": "A type of learning task was utilized to determine the effective dose of carbaryl on Macaca fascicularis for both oral and in routes of administration. Monkeys were required to press four buttons in a set order; the order was changed daily. A baseline reversal design was utilized to test all animals several times at each concentration. The im carbaryl injections resulted in consistent, statistically reliable decrements in total session time and increases in errors at 5 and 10 mg/kg for the 4 animals in this section of the experiment, but produced no change in performance at 1 mg/kg. Errors increased in 3 of 4 monkeys after 3 mg/kg injections. Oral doses as high as 50 mg/kg were not consistently effective in changing performance on the task in any of 5 animals included in this section of the experiment. Some support was given to the suggestion that monkeys are more tolerant of carbaryl than are rats. These are the first reported effects (other than the LD50) of carbaryl in monkeys.", "contents": "Effects of oral and intramuscular carbaryl administrations on repeated chain acquisition in monkeys. A type of learning task was utilized to determine the effective dose of carbaryl on Macaca fascicularis for both oral and in routes of administration. Monkeys were required to press four buttons in a set order; the order was changed daily. A baseline reversal design was utilized to test all animals several times at each concentration. The im carbaryl injections resulted in consistent, statistically reliable decrements in total session time and increases in errors at 5 and 10 mg/kg for the 4 animals in this section of the experiment, but produced no change in performance at 1 mg/kg. Errors increased in 3 of 4 monkeys after 3 mg/kg injections. Oral doses as high as 50 mg/kg were not consistently effective in changing performance on the task in any of 5 animals included in this section of the experiment. Some support was given to the suggestion that monkeys are more tolerant of carbaryl than are rats. These are the first reported effects (other than the LD50) of carbaryl in monkeys.", "PMID": 117115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12650", "title": "Testicular function among carbaryl-exposed exployees.", "content": "A cohort of 101 male carbaryl production workers with at least 1 yr experience in the carbaryl area was selected from employment records. Of these individuals, 47 provided satifactory semen samples for analysis; 36 of the 47 provided blood for hormone assay. There were no major age or employment-status differences between those who agreed to participate and those who did not. In the absence of sufficiently detailed industrial hygiene exposure data, a subjective exposure classification was developed. No apparent relationships were found between sperm count and exposure category or years worked in classifications based on carbaryl exposure. Also, no relationship was found between fathering children and exposure to carbaryl. When the sperm-count distribution of the carbaryl-exposed workers was compared with a distribution of sperm counts representing a nonexposed (control) population, no overall differences were observed that could be related to carbaryl exposure. There was a small excess in the number of sperm counts less than 20 million per milliliter among the carbaryl-exposed men, but the excess was not significant at alpha = 0.05.", "contents": "Testicular function among carbaryl-exposed exployees. A cohort of 101 male carbaryl production workers with at least 1 yr experience in the carbaryl area was selected from employment records. Of these individuals, 47 provided satifactory semen samples for analysis; 36 of the 47 provided blood for hormone assay. There were no major age or employment-status differences between those who agreed to participate and those who did not. In the absence of sufficiently detailed industrial hygiene exposure data, a subjective exposure classification was developed. No apparent relationships were found between sperm count and exposure category or years worked in classifications based on carbaryl exposure. Also, no relationship was found between fathering children and exposure to carbaryl. When the sperm-count distribution of the carbaryl-exposed workers was compared with a distribution of sperm counts representing a nonexposed (control) population, no overall differences were observed that could be related to carbaryl exposure. There was a small excess in the number of sperm counts less than 20 million per milliliter among the carbaryl-exposed men, but the excess was not significant at alpha = 0.05.", "PMID": 117116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12651", "title": "Peripelvic new bone formation following straddle injuries in hemophiliac patients: report of two cases.", "content": "Of 123 patients suffering from either Haemophilia A or B examined at our clinic two were found with peripelvic new bone formation following straddle injuries. An awareness of the possibility of peripelvic ossification should prompt immediate treatment to stop hemorrhage into soft tissues in such cases.", "contents": "Peripelvic new bone formation following straddle injuries in hemophiliac patients: report of two cases. Of 123 patients suffering from either Haemophilia A or B examined at our clinic two were found with peripelvic new bone formation following straddle injuries. An awareness of the possibility of peripelvic ossification should prompt immediate treatment to stop hemorrhage into soft tissues in such cases.", "PMID": 117117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12652", "title": "Viral genome RNA serves as messenger early in the infectious cycle of murine leukemia virus.", "content": "When NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts were infected with the Moloney strain of murine leukemia virus, part of the viral genome RNA molecules were detected in polyribosomes of the infected cells early in the infectious cycle. The binding appears to be specific, since we could demonstrate the release of viral RNA from polyribosomes with EDTA. Moreover, when infection occurred in the presence of cycloheximide, most viral RNA molecules were detected in the free cytoplasm. Size analysis on polyribosomal viral RNA molecules indicated that two size class molecules, 38S and 23S, are present in polyribosomes at 3 h after infection. Analysis of the polyriboadenylate [poly(rA)] content of viral RNA extracted from infected polyribosomes demonstrated that such molecules bind with greatest abundance at 3 h after infection, as has been detected with total viral RNA. No molecules lacking poly(rA) stretches could be detected in polyribosomes. Furthermore, when a similar analysis was performed on unbound molecules present in the free cytoplasm, identical results were obtained. We conclude that no selection towards poly(rA)-containing viral molecules is evident on binding to polyribosomes. These findings suggest that the incoming viral genome of the Moloney strain of murine leukemia virus may serve as a messenger for the synthesis of one or more virus-specific proteins early after infection of mouse fibroblasts.", "contents": "Viral genome RNA serves as messenger early in the infectious cycle of murine leukemia virus. When NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts were infected with the Moloney strain of murine leukemia virus, part of the viral genome RNA molecules were detected in polyribosomes of the infected cells early in the infectious cycle. The binding appears to be specific, since we could demonstrate the release of viral RNA from polyribosomes with EDTA. Moreover, when infection occurred in the presence of cycloheximide, most viral RNA molecules were detected in the free cytoplasm. Size analysis on polyribosomal viral RNA molecules indicated that two size class molecules, 38S and 23S, are present in polyribosomes at 3 h after infection. Analysis of the polyriboadenylate [poly(rA)] content of viral RNA extracted from infected polyribosomes demonstrated that such molecules bind with greatest abundance at 3 h after infection, as has been detected with total viral RNA. No molecules lacking poly(rA) stretches could be detected in polyribosomes. Furthermore, when a similar analysis was performed on unbound molecules present in the free cytoplasm, identical results were obtained. We conclude that no selection towards poly(rA)-containing viral molecules is evident on binding to polyribosomes. These findings suggest that the incoming viral genome of the Moloney strain of murine leukemia virus may serve as a messenger for the synthesis of one or more virus-specific proteins early after infection of mouse fibroblasts.", "PMID": 117118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12653", "title": "Clonal analysis of mammalian cell cultures persistently infected with Japanese encephalitis virus.", "content": "More than 200 cells were cloned from populations of mammalian cells persistently infected with Japanese encephalitis virus. Only four cloned cultures contained cells that had viral antigen measurable by immunofluorescence and that released infectious virus, yet all clones harbored virus-specific RNA. Superinfection of cloned cells with wild-type Japanese encephalitis virus did not produce cytopathic effects, but resulted in production of viral antigen and infectious virus in formerly nonproducing clones. Cocultivation of nonproducer clone cells with normally permissive cells did not induce virus production, nor did treatment of nonproducer clones with various inhibitors of DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis. It is suggested that the cloning procedure may have selected for a particular subpopulation of cells and that defective virus is also involved in establishment and maintenance of persistent infection.", "contents": "Clonal analysis of mammalian cell cultures persistently infected with Japanese encephalitis virus. More than 200 cells were cloned from populations of mammalian cells persistently infected with Japanese encephalitis virus. Only four cloned cultures contained cells that had viral antigen measurable by immunofluorescence and that released infectious virus, yet all clones harbored virus-specific RNA. Superinfection of cloned cells with wild-type Japanese encephalitis virus did not produce cytopathic effects, but resulted in production of viral antigen and infectious virus in formerly nonproducing clones. Cocultivation of nonproducer clone cells with normally permissive cells did not induce virus production, nor did treatment of nonproducer clones with various inhibitors of DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis. It is suggested that the cloning procedure may have selected for a particular subpopulation of cells and that defective virus is also involved in establishment and maintenance of persistent infection.", "PMID": 117119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12654", "title": "Characterization of a bacteriophage related to R-type pyocins.", "content": "A bacteriophage with a contractile tail which shows very similar features to R-type pyocins was isolated and characterized. This phage, named PS17,was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and CsCl density gradient centrifugation. It was a DNA-containing phage, and the density of the purified particles in CsCl was found to be 1.468. DNA from this phage had a density of 1.720 in CsCl, indicating its guanine plus cytosine content to be 61.2%. The head was polyhedral, 69 nm in diameter, and the tail was 150 nm in length. This phage was neutralized by antiserum preparations against five R-type pyocins, and the antiserum against this phage was active in neutralizing R-type pyocins. The properties of this phage, PS17, were compared with another similar phage, PS3, which was previously reported.", "contents": "Characterization of a bacteriophage related to R-type pyocins. A bacteriophage with a contractile tail which shows very similar features to R-type pyocins was isolated and characterized. This phage, named PS17,was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and CsCl density gradient centrifugation. It was a DNA-containing phage, and the density of the purified particles in CsCl was found to be 1.468. DNA from this phage had a density of 1.720 in CsCl, indicating its guanine plus cytosine content to be 61.2%. The head was polyhedral, 69 nm in diameter, and the tail was 150 nm in length. This phage was neutralized by antiserum preparations against five R-type pyocins, and the antiserum against this phage was active in neutralizing R-type pyocins. The properties of this phage, PS17, were compared with another similar phage, PS3, which was previously reported.", "PMID": 117120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12655", "title": "Bactericidal activity of the tail of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage PS17.", "content": "The tail of bacteriophage PS17 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown to be bactericidal, and its properties were compared with those of pyocin R1. Temperature-sensitive mutants were isolated from PS17, and the products at nonpermissive temperature were morphologically characterized. Bactericidal substances were found in the lysates of such mutants that were defective in the head formation but not in the tail formation. Phage tails were purified from the lysate of one such mutant, and its chemical and biological properties were studied. Isolated tails killed sensitive cells by a single-hit process and repressed the uptake of leucine in sensitive cells. These results were consistent with the previous findings on the serological and morphological relationship between PS17 and pyocin R1. However, certain differences were also shown between them in shape and protein composition.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of the tail of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage PS17. The tail of bacteriophage PS17 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown to be bactericidal, and its properties were compared with those of pyocin R1. Temperature-sensitive mutants were isolated from PS17, and the products at nonpermissive temperature were morphologically characterized. Bactericidal substances were found in the lysates of such mutants that were defective in the head formation but not in the tail formation. Phage tails were purified from the lysate of one such mutant, and its chemical and biological properties were studied. Isolated tails killed sensitive cells by a single-hit process and repressed the uptake of leucine in sensitive cells. These results were consistent with the previous findings on the serological and morphological relationship between PS17 and pyocin R1. However, certain differences were also shown between them in shape and protein composition.", "PMID": 117121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12656", "title": "Management of bladder diverticula by transurethral resection: re-evaluation of an old technique.", "content": "Many surgical techniques have been described for bladder diverticulectomy, including extravesical, intravesical or combined procedures. An alternative therapeutic technique not widely recognized is transurethral resection of the diverticular neck. We have used this procedure on 6 patients, either to promote emptying of a diverticulum or to permit adequate endoscopic examination. Each operation was successful and there were no complications. We herein describe this technique and recommend its use in selected patients.", "contents": "Management of bladder diverticula by transurethral resection: re-evaluation of an old technique. Many surgical techniques have been described for bladder diverticulectomy, including extravesical, intravesical or combined procedures. An alternative therapeutic technique not widely recognized is transurethral resection of the diverticular neck. We have used this procedure on 6 patients, either to promote emptying of a diverticulum or to permit adequate endoscopic examination. Each operation was successful and there were no complications. We herein describe this technique and recommend its use in selected patients.", "PMID": 117122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12657", "title": "Studies of the toxicity of an intravenous fat emulsion. i. Hematologic changes and survival after administration of a soybean oil (FE-S15) in beagles.", "content": "The potential toxicity of FE-S15 (B. Braun-Melsungen), a soybean-oil fat emulsion used in parenteral nutrition, was studied in dogs. Forty pure-bred beagles, in two experimental groups (FE-S15 at 9 and 4 g/kg/day) and two corresponding control groups (receiving Dextrose-Ringer's solution), were given daily infusions for 28 days via a central venous catheter. Vital signs and hematologic, biochemical, and bacteriologic changes were monitored closely. When compared with control groups, no significant weight loss was observed in either group; the food intake decreased only in animals receiving fat in high doses. Hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased in all groups during infusion, the greatest fall observed in the group receiving high-dose fat infusion where the hematocrit declined from 45.5% to 31.7%. This decrease was significantly different from the controls only during one observation period. Clinical signs, such as lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and fever were observed infrequently in both experimental and control animals, more often in those treated with high-dose fat infusion. It appears that the fat emulsion FE-S15 causes only minor side effects but otherwise is well tolerated in dogs at a potentially toxic level.", "contents": "Studies of the toxicity of an intravenous fat emulsion. i. Hematologic changes and survival after administration of a soybean oil (FE-S15) in beagles. The potential toxicity of FE-S15 (B. Braun-Melsungen), a soybean-oil fat emulsion used in parenteral nutrition, was studied in dogs. Forty pure-bred beagles, in two experimental groups (FE-S15 at 9 and 4 g/kg/day) and two corresponding control groups (receiving Dextrose-Ringer's solution), were given daily infusions for 28 days via a central venous catheter. Vital signs and hematologic, biochemical, and bacteriologic changes were monitored closely. When compared with control groups, no significant weight loss was observed in either group; the food intake decreased only in animals receiving fat in high doses. Hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased in all groups during infusion, the greatest fall observed in the group receiving high-dose fat infusion where the hematocrit declined from 45.5% to 31.7%. This decrease was significantly different from the controls only during one observation period. Clinical signs, such as lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and fever were observed infrequently in both experimental and control animals, more often in those treated with high-dose fat infusion. It appears that the fat emulsion FE-S15 causes only minor side effects but otherwise is well tolerated in dogs at a potentially toxic level.", "PMID": 117123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12658", "title": "New synthetic substrates for parenteral feeding.", "content": "The glycerol esters of short and medium chain fatty acids are predicted to become important in future nutritional therapy. These compounds provide a mixture of carbohydrate and \"carnitine-independent\" fat which, together, can serve more tissues than either substrate alone. Medium chain triglycerides are available for enteral feeding, and water-soluble monoglycerides are suggested for parenteral feeding. Two monoglycerides have been tested by continuous infusion into the rat and dog. Experimental evidence indicates rapid ester hydrolysis by endogenous mechanisms which release the basic components of the glycerides. Nutritional tests with these glycerides have produced results at least comparable to glucose as an energy source, and no toxicity has yet been noted. The data suggest that further investigations should be conducted on the benefits of these compounds.", "contents": "New synthetic substrates for parenteral feeding. The glycerol esters of short and medium chain fatty acids are predicted to become important in future nutritional therapy. These compounds provide a mixture of carbohydrate and \"carnitine-independent\" fat which, together, can serve more tissues than either substrate alone. Medium chain triglycerides are available for enteral feeding, and water-soluble monoglycerides are suggested for parenteral feeding. Two monoglycerides have been tested by continuous infusion into the rat and dog. Experimental evidence indicates rapid ester hydrolysis by endogenous mechanisms which release the basic components of the glycerides. Nutritional tests with these glycerides have produced results at least comparable to glucose as an energy source, and no toxicity has yet been noted. The data suggest that further investigations should be conducted on the benefits of these compounds.", "PMID": 117125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12659", "title": "Studies of the toxicity of an intravenous fat emulsion. II. Blood chemical changes after administration of a soybean oil (FE-S15) in beagles.", "content": "Biochemical changes were monitored during fat infusion as part of an evaluation of the toxicity that accompanies the intravenous administration of a new soybean oil emulsion in dogs. Beagles were given FE-S15 at 9 and 4 g/kg/day for 28 days via a central venous catheter. The total serum lipid, triglyceride, and phospholipid concentrations of the animals receiving fat in high doses increased 3 to 4 times in comparison to that of the control group; cholesterol increased 5 times. The rise of serum lipid fractions was proportionally smaller in animals receiving the low dose fat infusion. All values returned to the control range 2 wks after termination of the infusion. The serum protein level fell from 6.5 to 5.1 g/dl in animals given 9 g/kg/day fat while animals receiving 4 g/kg/day had a significant increase to 8.4 g/dl (day 27). In comparison with the control groups, the animals receiving low dose fat infusion also had a significant rise in serum albumin and, to a lesser degree, in alpha and beta globulins. A rise in alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in all dogs receiving fat infusion, but was significantly different from the controls only in animals on high dose fat infusion. None of the other monitored biochemical serum values were affected by the administered fat and there was no evidence of disturbance in liver function.", "contents": "Studies of the toxicity of an intravenous fat emulsion. II. Blood chemical changes after administration of a soybean oil (FE-S15) in beagles. Biochemical changes were monitored during fat infusion as part of an evaluation of the toxicity that accompanies the intravenous administration of a new soybean oil emulsion in dogs. Beagles were given FE-S15 at 9 and 4 g/kg/day for 28 days via a central venous catheter. The total serum lipid, triglyceride, and phospholipid concentrations of the animals receiving fat in high doses increased 3 to 4 times in comparison to that of the control group; cholesterol increased 5 times. The rise of serum lipid fractions was proportionally smaller in animals receiving the low dose fat infusion. All values returned to the control range 2 wks after termination of the infusion. The serum protein level fell from 6.5 to 5.1 g/dl in animals given 9 g/kg/day fat while animals receiving 4 g/kg/day had a significant increase to 8.4 g/dl (day 27). In comparison with the control groups, the animals receiving low dose fat infusion also had a significant rise in serum albumin and, to a lesser degree, in alpha and beta globulins. A rise in alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in all dogs receiving fat infusion, but was significantly different from the controls only in animals on high dose fat infusion. None of the other monitored biochemical serum values were affected by the administered fat and there was no evidence of disturbance in liver function.", "PMID": 117124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12660", "title": "Metabolic response to postoperative parenteral nutrition in infants.", "content": "Thirty-five infants who had tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal stenosis, anal  atresia, or Hirschsprung's disease were managed with various types of parenteral solution after their radical operations. The infants were divided into 6 groups and given 1) the usual low calorie infusion consisting of 5% glucose, water, and electrolytes, 2) high calorie formula consisting of 21 g/kg/day glucose, and 4 g/kg/day synthesized crystalline L-amino acids, 3) solutions without phosphate, 4) solutions of Cal/N ratio 200 providing 4 g/kg/day amino acids, 5) solutions of Cal/N ratio 400 providing 2 g/kg/day amino acids, and 6) a regimen containing fat emulsion. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) balances, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood glucose, plasma phosphate, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) values were investigated. Parenteral solutions, providing 100 Cal/kg/day of Cal/N ratio 200, yielded sufficient positive N balance (120 mg/kg/day average). High calorie solutions without phosphate caused marked hypophosphatemia (0.3 mEq/1) with undetectable P in 24-hr urine. P balance correlated with N balance. Solutions of Cal/N 400 induced a lower BUN level, although there was a cumulative negative N balance. Solutions of Cal/N 200 induced higher levels of IRI and lower glucose than those of Cal/N 400. Increased IRI response and remarkedly decreased NEFA levels were seen in the group administered solutions without fat. Solutions with fat emulsion suppressed IRI response and improved the level of plasma NEFA.", "contents": "Metabolic response to postoperative parenteral nutrition in infants. Thirty-five infants who had tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal stenosis, anal  atresia, or Hirschsprung's disease were managed with various types of parenteral solution after their radical operations. The infants were divided into 6 groups and given 1) the usual low calorie infusion consisting of 5% glucose, water, and electrolytes, 2) high calorie formula consisting of 21 g/kg/day glucose, and 4 g/kg/day synthesized crystalline L-amino acids, 3) solutions without phosphate, 4) solutions of Cal/N ratio 200 providing 4 g/kg/day amino acids, 5) solutions of Cal/N ratio 400 providing 2 g/kg/day amino acids, and 6) a regimen containing fat emulsion. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) balances, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood glucose, plasma phosphate, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) values were investigated. Parenteral solutions, providing 100 Cal/kg/day of Cal/N ratio 200, yielded sufficient positive N balance (120 mg/kg/day average). High calorie solutions without phosphate caused marked hypophosphatemia (0.3 mEq/1) with undetectable P in 24-hr urine. P balance correlated with N balance. Solutions of Cal/N 400 induced a lower BUN level, although there was a cumulative negative N balance. Solutions of Cal/N 200 induced higher levels of IRI and lower glucose than those of Cal/N 400. Increased IRI response and remarkedly decreased NEFA levels were seen in the group administered solutions without fat. Solutions with fat emulsion suppressed IRI response and improved the level of plasma NEFA.", "PMID": 117127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12661", "title": "Home parenteral nutrition: an alternative approach to the management of complicated gastrointestinal fistulas not responding to conventional medical or surgical therapy.", "content": "Twelve patients, 9 with enterocutaneous fistulas and 3 with enterovaginal fistulas, were placed on a home parenteral nutrition (HPN) program after conventional inpatient total parenteral nutrition with bowel rest and/or surgical attempts at fistula closure failed. Fistula closure was achieved (in 66%) after from 28 to 400 days on the program. Six closed spontaneously while 2 were closed surgically. Underlying inflammation in the bowel and the persistence of fistula drainage beyond 180 days were indicative of poor prognosis for closure. Number, location, and volume of drainage were not useful prognostic indices. HPN offers an alternative approach in the management of \"intractable\" gastrointestinal fistulas.", "contents": "Home parenteral nutrition: an alternative approach to the management of complicated gastrointestinal fistulas not responding to conventional medical or surgical therapy. Twelve patients, 9 with enterocutaneous fistulas and 3 with enterovaginal fistulas, were placed on a home parenteral nutrition (HPN) program after conventional inpatient total parenteral nutrition with bowel rest and/or surgical attempts at fistula closure failed. Fistula closure was achieved (in 66%) after from 28 to 400 days on the program. Six closed spontaneously while 2 were closed surgically. Underlying inflammation in the bowel and the persistence of fistula drainage beyond 180 days were indicative of poor prognosis for closure. Number, location, and volume of drainage were not useful prognostic indices. HPN offers an alternative approach in the management of \"intractable\" gastrointestinal fistulas.", "PMID": 117126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12662", "title": "Therapeutic and economic implications of emergency department evaluation for venous thrombosis.", "content": "Records of 160 emergency department patients with lower extremity complaints were reviewed to determine the economic and therapeutic impact of noninvasive venous impedance testing. Venograms obtained in 86 extremities were used to determine diagnostic accuracy. The incidence of pulmonary thromboembolic events, postphlebitic syndrome and complications of anticoagulation was ascertained. Outflow impedance testing correctly identified all patients with deep venous thrombosis and overall diagnostic accuracy was 95% (41/43 patients). In 123 patients (33 positive results, 90 negative) therapeutic decisions were based solely on impedance test results. Examination required 20 to 30 minutres at a cost of $35. Follow-up ranging from 4 to 60 weeks failed to reveal documented thromboembolic complications or recurrence of lower extremity symptoms. In 37 patients (six positive results, 31 negative) impedance test results were ignored and inpatient workup, including invasive venography, was undertaken. Hospital charges for these patients averaged $1,500. In addition to its ease of performance and high degree of accuracy, comparison with inpatient evaluation documents its cost effectiveness. Impedance testing for emergency department evaluation of suspected deep vein thrombosis appears appropriate.", "contents": "Therapeutic and economic implications of emergency department evaluation for venous thrombosis. Records of 160 emergency department patients with lower extremity complaints were reviewed to determine the economic and therapeutic impact of noninvasive venous impedance testing. Venograms obtained in 86 extremities were used to determine diagnostic accuracy. The incidence of pulmonary thromboembolic events, postphlebitic syndrome and complications of anticoagulation was ascertained. Outflow impedance testing correctly identified all patients with deep venous thrombosis and overall diagnostic accuracy was 95% (41/43 patients). In 123 patients (33 positive results, 90 negative) therapeutic decisions were based solely on impedance test results. Examination required 20 to 30 minutres at a cost of $35. Follow-up ranging from 4 to 60 weeks failed to reveal documented thromboembolic complications or recurrence of lower extremity symptoms. In 37 patients (six positive results, 31 negative) impedance test results were ignored and inpatient workup, including invasive venography, was undertaken. Hospital charges for these patients averaged $1,500. In addition to its ease of performance and high degree of accuracy, comparison with inpatient evaluation documents its cost effectiveness. Impedance testing for emergency department evaluation of suspected deep vein thrombosis appears appropriate.", "PMID": 117195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12663", "title": "Vascularization of premalignant lesions in carcinogen-treated hamster cheek pouch.", "content": "Of 27 lesions induced in Syrian golden hamsters by 12 applications of 0.5% 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in liquid paraffin, 14 showed a static phase of at least 28 days' duration in their life history. Ten static lesions resumed growth, and this was accompanied by clinically obvious vascularization in 8 cases, 7 of which culminated in carcinomas by the end of the study. Because the wall of the normal hamster cheek pouch possesses small nodules whose histologic structure closely resembles that of hyperplastic epithelium, they could be misinterpreted as a product of carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Vascularization of premalignant lesions in carcinogen-treated hamster cheek pouch. Of 27 lesions induced in Syrian golden hamsters by 12 applications of 0.5% 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in liquid paraffin, 14 showed a static phase of at least 28 days' duration in their life history. Ten static lesions resumed growth, and this was accompanied by clinically obvious vascularization in 8 cases, 7 of which culminated in carcinomas by the end of the study. Because the wall of the normal hamster cheek pouch possesses small nodules whose histologic structure closely resembles that of hyperplastic epithelium, they could be misinterpreted as a product of carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 117196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12664", "title": "Enhancing effect of inducers of liver microsomal enzymes on induction of hyperplastic liver nodules by N-2-fluorenylacetamide in rats.", "content": "The effects of inducers of liver microsomal enzymes on the induction of hyperplastic liver nodules by N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) were studied in male F344 rats. The rats were fed a diet containing 200 ppm 2-FAA for 2 weeks and then given test chemicals for the following 8 weeks. Partial hepatectomies were performed at the end of the third week of the experiment. The compounds were tested, and their concentrations (in ppm) in the diet were as follows: 1,000 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), 500 PCB, 500 PCB plus 70 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA); 500 PCB plus 500 phenobarbital, 70 MCA, 500 phenobarbital, 500 phenobarbital plus 500 beta-naphthoflavone, and 2,500 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5,5-dimethyloxazoline-dione-2,4 (DDOD). All experimental groups developed significantly greater numbers and total areas of hyperplastic nodules than did the controls. In groups treated similarly with the test chemicals but without partial hepatectomy, the numbers and total areas of hyperplastic nodules were significantly less than those in the experimental groups with partial hepatectomy. Administration of test chemicals except 2-FAA to partially hepatectomized rats did not induce hyperplastic nodules. The present results showed the early detection of the enhancing effect on induction of hyperplastic liver nodules by a system consisting of the following three procedures: 1) 2-FAA feeding; 2) administration of test chemicals, and 3) partial hepatectomy during administration of test chemicals. In this system DDOD enhanced the induction of hyperplastic nodules of the liver.", "contents": "Enhancing effect of inducers of liver microsomal enzymes on induction of hyperplastic liver nodules by N-2-fluorenylacetamide in rats. The effects of inducers of liver microsomal enzymes on the induction of hyperplastic liver nodules by N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) were studied in male F344 rats. The rats were fed a diet containing 200 ppm 2-FAA for 2 weeks and then given test chemicals for the following 8 weeks. Partial hepatectomies were performed at the end of the third week of the experiment. The compounds were tested, and their concentrations (in ppm) in the diet were as follows: 1,000 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), 500 PCB, 500 PCB plus 70 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA); 500 PCB plus 500 phenobarbital, 70 MCA, 500 phenobarbital, 500 phenobarbital plus 500 beta-naphthoflavone, and 2,500 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5,5-dimethyloxazoline-dione-2,4 (DDOD). All experimental groups developed significantly greater numbers and total areas of hyperplastic nodules than did the controls. In groups treated similarly with the test chemicals but without partial hepatectomy, the numbers and total areas of hyperplastic nodules were significantly less than those in the experimental groups with partial hepatectomy. Administration of test chemicals except 2-FAA to partially hepatectomized rats did not induce hyperplastic nodules. The present results showed the early detection of the enhancing effect on induction of hyperplastic liver nodules by a system consisting of the following three procedures: 1) 2-FAA feeding; 2) administration of test chemicals, and 3) partial hepatectomy during administration of test chemicals. In this system DDOD enhanced the induction of hyperplastic nodules of the liver.", "PMID": 117197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12665", "title": "[Macro-creatine kinase; circulating immunoglobulin enzyme complexes as cause of elevated CK-activities (author's transl)].", "content": "We report a case of a woman (58 years old) with persistent and elevated CK activities and without corresponding clinical signs. For seven months CK-B activity was determined above normal by an inhibition test. By exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, electrophoresis of CK isoenzymes and immunological methods we were able to explain this phenomenon as Macro CK consisting of immunoglobulin G bound CK-BB.", "contents": "[Macro-creatine kinase; circulating immunoglobulin enzyme complexes as cause of elevated CK-activities (author's transl)]. We report a case of a woman (58 years old) with persistent and elevated CK activities and without corresponding clinical signs. For seven months CK-B activity was determined above normal by an inhibition test. By exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, electrophoresis of CK isoenzymes and immunological methods we were able to explain this phenomenon as Macro CK consisting of immunoglobulin G bound CK-BB.", "PMID": 117203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12666", "title": "Spontaneous zinc deficiency in marmosets, saguinus mystax.", "content": "Moustached marmosets, Saguinus mystax, developed alopecia, skin lesions and general debilitation approximately 6 months after being brought into our laboratory. These lesions resembled the signs of zinc deficiency in pigs, rats and squirrel monkeys. The marmosets were fed a commercial monkey diet containing 150 parts per million zinc and about 100 g of apples and oranges per week. The addition of 40 parts per million zinc to the drinking water brought about improvement in hair coat and skin condition.", "contents": "Spontaneous zinc deficiency in marmosets, saguinus mystax. Moustached marmosets, Saguinus mystax, developed alopecia, skin lesions and general debilitation approximately 6 months after being brought into our laboratory. These lesions resembled the signs of zinc deficiency in pigs, rats and squirrel monkeys. The marmosets were fed a commercial monkey diet containing 150 parts per million zinc and about 100 g of apples and oranges per week. The addition of 40 parts per million zinc to the drinking water brought about improvement in hair coat and skin condition.", "PMID": 117220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12667", "title": "The occurrence of a bilateral mandibular mast cell neoplasm in a mouse with lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "A 7-month-old female mouse was killed after developing lethargy, rough hair coat and enlarged superficial lymph nodes. Postmortem and histologic examination revealed lymphocytic leukemia involving several organs and a bilateral mast cell neoplasm in the mandible.", "contents": "The occurrence of a bilateral mandibular mast cell neoplasm in a mouse with lymphocytic leukemia. A 7-month-old female mouse was killed after developing lethargy, rough hair coat and enlarged superficial lymph nodes. Postmortem and histologic examination revealed lymphocytic leukemia involving several organs and a bilateral mast cell neoplasm in the mandible.", "PMID": 117221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12668", "title": "Corynebacterium equi in the cottontop marmoset (Saguinus oedipus): a case report.", "content": "A wild-caught cottontop marmoset died after a short illness characterized by loss of appetite, loss of weight and general unthriftiness. Necropsy revealed a large thoracic abscess from which Corynebacterium equi was recovered.", "contents": "Corynebacterium equi in the cottontop marmoset (Saguinus oedipus): a case report. A wild-caught cottontop marmoset died after a short illness characterized by loss of appetite, loss of weight and general unthriftiness. Necropsy revealed a large thoracic abscess from which Corynebacterium equi was recovered.", "PMID": 117222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12669", "title": "A rapid procedure for shortening canine teeth of nonhuman primates.", "content": "A modified pulp cap procedure was utilized to shorten canine teeth of nonhuman primates. A temporary cap was made by cutting the tooth with a diamond-faced cutting disc, making a conical cavity in the tooth with a carbide dental burr, and filling the cavity with a rapid-hardening filler material. A permanent pulp cap was made by repeating the above technique, making three anchor holes, connecting the holes with a furrow, and capping with quick-setting dental restorative material or amalgam. These procedures provided a simple, rapid and uncomplicated alternative to canine tooth extraction.", "contents": "A rapid procedure for shortening canine teeth of nonhuman primates. A modified pulp cap procedure was utilized to shorten canine teeth of nonhuman primates. A temporary cap was made by cutting the tooth with a diamond-faced cutting disc, making a conical cavity in the tooth with a carbide dental burr, and filling the cavity with a rapid-hardening filler material. A permanent pulp cap was made by repeating the above technique, making three anchor holes, connecting the holes with a furrow, and capping with quick-setting dental restorative material or amalgam. These procedures provided a simple, rapid and uncomplicated alternative to canine tooth extraction.", "PMID": 117223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12670", "title": "Reproduction of wild-caught marmosets (Saguinus labiatus labiatus) under laboratory conditions.", "content": "The reproductive performance of marmosets (Saguinus labiatus labiatus) was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Nineteen of 22 (86%) male-female pairs produced 32 live births during the first 18 months in the laboratory. The reproductive performance and survival rates were comparable to those of other Saguinus species maintained under similar conditions.", "contents": "Reproduction of wild-caught marmosets (Saguinus labiatus labiatus) under laboratory conditions. The reproductive performance of marmosets (Saguinus labiatus labiatus) was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Nineteen of 22 (86%) male-female pairs produced 32 live births during the first 18 months in the laboratory. The reproductive performance and survival rates were comparable to those of other Saguinus species maintained under similar conditions.", "PMID": 117224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12671", "title": "A spontaneous outbreak of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) toxicity in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): clinical observations.", "content": "A spontaneous, progressive disease occurred in a large domestic breeding colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The disease was characterized by slow but continuous weight loss, alopecia, acne, facial edema, diarrhea and trauma from other monkeys. Breeding efficiency was impaired with a high incidence of abortions and stillbirths. Live offspring were small and unthrifty contributing to a high infant mortality rate. The cause of this disease was polychlorinated biphenyls (PCSs) which were present in the concrete sealant on the cage floors. Removing the sealant and resurfacing the floors alleviated the problem.", "contents": "A spontaneous outbreak of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) toxicity in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): clinical observations. A spontaneous, progressive disease occurred in a large domestic breeding colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The disease was characterized by slow but continuous weight loss, alopecia, acne, facial edema, diarrhea and trauma from other monkeys. Breeding efficiency was impaired with a high incidence of abortions and stillbirths. Live offspring were small and unthrifty contributing to a high infant mortality rate. The cause of this disease was polychlorinated biphenyls (PCSs) which were present in the concrete sealant on the cage floors. Removing the sealant and resurfacing the floors alleviated the problem.", "PMID": 117226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12672", "title": "A spontaneous outbreak of polycholorinated biphenyl (PCB) toxicity in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): toxicopathology.", "content": "Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were shown to be the cause of a wasting syndrome and reproductive dysfunction in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The polychlorinated biphenyls were found by gas chromatographic analysis in high amounts in the superficial layers of concrete slab floors in the housing facility. The concrete sealant was suspected as the original source although it is not known whether it contained polychlorinated biphenyls before it was applied or if it was contaminated later. Histopathologic findings for the most part were confined to epithelial tissues where squamous metaplasia of several glandular tissues was observed. A striking finding was severe hypertrophy of the glandular stomach and a similar but less severe lesion in the colon. The lesions may be related in part to impaired vitamin A metabolism, but not to a dietary deficiency.", "contents": "A spontaneous outbreak of polycholorinated biphenyl (PCB) toxicity in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): toxicopathology. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were shown to be the cause of a wasting syndrome and reproductive dysfunction in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The polychlorinated biphenyls were found by gas chromatographic analysis in high amounts in the superficial layers of concrete slab floors in the housing facility. The concrete sealant was suspected as the original source although it is not known whether it contained polychlorinated biphenyls before it was applied or if it was contaminated later. Histopathologic findings for the most part were confined to epithelial tissues where squamous metaplasia of several glandular tissues was observed. A striking finding was severe hypertrophy of the glandular stomach and a similar but less severe lesion in the colon. The lesions may be related in part to impaired vitamin A metabolism, but not to a dietary deficiency.", "PMID": 117227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12673", "title": "Diagnosis of the mucopolysaccharidoses using cultured skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells.", "content": "Assay of alpha-L-iduronidase, heparin sulphamidase, N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase, arylsulphatase B, alpha-L-fucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase and alpha-D-mannosidase in cultured cells is described. Activities in deficient fibroblast strains are compared to control fibroblast strains. The first case of Sanfilippo B in the United Kingdom is reported. A comparison of enzyme activities in cultured fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells is made.", "contents": "Diagnosis of the mucopolysaccharidoses using cultured skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells. Assay of alpha-L-iduronidase, heparin sulphamidase, N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase, arylsulphatase B, alpha-L-fucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase and alpha-D-mannosidase in cultured cells is described. Activities in deficient fibroblast strains are compared to control fibroblast strains. The first case of Sanfilippo B in the United Kingdom is reported. A comparison of enzyme activities in cultured fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells is made.", "PMID": 117232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12674", "title": "Phenylketonuria in Indian children.", "content": "Three untreated phenylketonuric Indian children aged respectively 3 1/2 years, 1 1/2 years and 1 year showed rapid neurological deterioration. Plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and urine phenylalanine concentrations were significantly raised and the phenylalanine-tyrosine ratio was high. Analysis of a biopsy of the right frontal lobe of the brain in one case showed the myeline lipids--cerebroside and sulphatide--to be decreased. The total cerebroside in white matter was low. Light microscopy showed marked pallor of the white matter of the brain and extensive spongy degeneration. Ultrastructurally these spongy vesicles are located between the lamellae of the myelin sheath.", "contents": "Phenylketonuria in Indian children. Three untreated phenylketonuric Indian children aged respectively 3 1/2 years, 1 1/2 years and 1 year showed rapid neurological deterioration. Plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and urine phenylalanine concentrations were significantly raised and the phenylalanine-tyrosine ratio was high. Analysis of a biopsy of the right frontal lobe of the brain in one case showed the myeline lipids--cerebroside and sulphatide--to be decreased. The total cerebroside in white matter was low. Light microscopy showed marked pallor of the white matter of the brain and extensive spongy degeneration. Ultrastructurally these spongy vesicles are located between the lamellae of the myelin sheath.", "PMID": 117245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12675", "title": "Osteogenesis imperfecta: evidence for the existence of an abnormal amino acid sequence in the molecule of dermal collagen.", "content": "A collagen-type pattern of peptide and amino acid spots was obtained when partial hydrolysates of normal human dermis were examined by a specially developed thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) 'finger-printing' technique. The pattern was consistent and independent of age and sex. Two clinically similar cases of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita gave identical patterns which differed in specific regions from those given by their age-matched, normal controls. A single case of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda showed the same overall pattern as the congenita cases. It is concluded that an abnormal amino acid sequence occurs in the collagen molecule of both types of osteogenesis imperfecta.", "contents": "Osteogenesis imperfecta: evidence for the existence of an abnormal amino acid sequence in the molecule of dermal collagen. A collagen-type pattern of peptide and amino acid spots was obtained when partial hydrolysates of normal human dermis were examined by a specially developed thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) 'finger-printing' technique. The pattern was consistent and independent of age and sex. Two clinically similar cases of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita gave identical patterns which differed in specific regions from those given by their age-matched, normal controls. A single case of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda showed the same overall pattern as the congenita cases. It is concluded that an abnormal amino acid sequence occurs in the collagen molecule of both types of osteogenesis imperfecta.", "PMID": 117246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12676", "title": "Biochemical and clinical studies of a new case of alpha-aminoadipic aciduria.", "content": "A mentally retarded, 10-year-old female with obesity, hypotonia, clumsiness and mild ocular abnormalities excreted in her urine large amounts of alpha-aminoadipic acid. Amino acid analyser studies and gas-liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC--MS) confirmed the presence of alpha-aminoadipic acid in both urine and plasma but, in contrast to most other patients with this disorder, failed to demonstrate significant levels of alpha-ketoadipic acid in urine. Other known causes of alpha-aminoadipic aciduria were eliminated by showing that levels of lysine, saccharopine and pipecolic acid in plasma and urine were normal and that the activity of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase was also normal. Loading with L-lysine and L-tryptophan both increased the concentration of alpha-aminoadipic acid in blood and urine compatible with the primary deficiency of alpha-ketoadipate dehydrogenase, in spite of the absence of alpha-ketoadipic aciduria. Dietary restriction of lysine and administration of vitamins B1 and B6 were unsuccessful in correcting the biochemical abnormality.", "contents": "Biochemical and clinical studies of a new case of alpha-aminoadipic aciduria. A mentally retarded, 10-year-old female with obesity, hypotonia, clumsiness and mild ocular abnormalities excreted in her urine large amounts of alpha-aminoadipic acid. Amino acid analyser studies and gas-liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC--MS) confirmed the presence of alpha-aminoadipic acid in both urine and plasma but, in contrast to most other patients with this disorder, failed to demonstrate significant levels of alpha-ketoadipic acid in urine. Other known causes of alpha-aminoadipic aciduria were eliminated by showing that levels of lysine, saccharopine and pipecolic acid in plasma and urine were normal and that the activity of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase was also normal. Loading with L-lysine and L-tryptophan both increased the concentration of alpha-aminoadipic acid in blood and urine compatible with the primary deficiency of alpha-ketoadipate dehydrogenase, in spite of the absence of alpha-ketoadipic aciduria. Dietary restriction of lysine and administration of vitamins B1 and B6 were unsuccessful in correcting the biochemical abnormality.", "PMID": 117247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12677", "title": "Transient B cell immaturity with intractable diarrhoea: a possible new immunodeficiency syndrome.", "content": "A male boy is described, who suffered from an intractable diarrhoea and several infections and who died in a severe marasmic state at the age of 8 months. Immunological studies revealed a block in the normal differentiation of B cells to Ig-producing plasma cells. After the age of 5 months, however, this block disappeared, leading to a dramatic increase in circulating Ig, most pronounced in the IgM class. In the intestine, plasma cells could only be detected after the age of 5 months, and then with a marked preponderance of IgM cells. Our results thus indicate a reversible block in the normal maturation of B cells in our patient. An older brother may have had a similar disease, suggesting a possible genetic basis for the disorder.", "contents": "Transient B cell immaturity with intractable diarrhoea: a possible new immunodeficiency syndrome. A male boy is described, who suffered from an intractable diarrhoea and several infections and who died in a severe marasmic state at the age of 8 months. Immunological studies revealed a block in the normal differentiation of B cells to Ig-producing plasma cells. After the age of 5 months, however, this block disappeared, leading to a dramatic increase in circulating Ig, most pronounced in the IgM class. In the intestine, plasma cells could only be detected after the age of 5 months, and then with a marked preponderance of IgM cells. Our results thus indicate a reversible block in the normal maturation of B cells in our patient. An older brother may have had a similar disease, suggesting a possible genetic basis for the disorder.", "PMID": 117248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12678", "title": "Biochemical studies of a human low-activity galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase variant.", "content": "A low activity galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (transferase) variant in a newborn infant has been demonstrated by biochemical studies in erythrocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts. The newborn infant was a galactosaemic suspect identified in a neonatal metabolic screening programme. On breast feeding, he did well without clinical symptoms of galactosaemia during the first 15 days of life. However, substantial amounts of erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate and urinary galactitol corresponding to the levels in untreated galactosaemic patients, along with mild amino aciduria, were found. The transferase activity, as measured by a sensitive micro kinetic radioisotopic method, was about 7--10% of the normal. On starch gel electrophoresis, the enzyme from the haemolysate had similar mobility as the normal in Tris--glycine buffer, pH 8.8 and phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, but had a slower mobility than that of the normal in the histidine buffer, pH 7.8. The mobility difference was much clearer in a semipurified enzyme preparation. The transferase enzyme in the haemolysate appeared to be more heat labile.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of a human low-activity galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase variant. A low activity galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (transferase) variant in a newborn infant has been demonstrated by biochemical studies in erythrocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts. The newborn infant was a galactosaemic suspect identified in a neonatal metabolic screening programme. On breast feeding, he did well without clinical symptoms of galactosaemia during the first 15 days of life. However, substantial amounts of erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate and urinary galactitol corresponding to the levels in untreated galactosaemic patients, along with mild amino aciduria, were found. The transferase activity, as measured by a sensitive micro kinetic radioisotopic method, was about 7--10% of the normal. On starch gel electrophoresis, the enzyme from the haemolysate had similar mobility as the normal in Tris--glycine buffer, pH 8.8 and phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, but had a slower mobility than that of the normal in the histidine buffer, pH 7.8. The mobility difference was much clearer in a semipurified enzyme preparation. The transferase enzyme in the haemolysate appeared to be more heat labile.", "PMID": 117249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12679", "title": "Secondary metabolic changes in fibroblasts from six patients with hereditary lactic acidosis.", "content": "Studies on fibroblasts from patients with lactic acidosis of different causes showed secondary metabolic changes in pathways of glucose metabolism. These secondary changes may be important clues to the diagnosis of the many different types of hereditary lactic acidosis.", "contents": "Secondary metabolic changes in fibroblasts from six patients with hereditary lactic acidosis. Studies on fibroblasts from patients with lactic acidosis of different causes showed secondary metabolic changes in pathways of glucose metabolism. These secondary changes may be important clues to the diagnosis of the many different types of hereditary lactic acidosis.", "PMID": 117250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12680", "title": "Fructose load test--an in vivo screening test designed to assess pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and interconversion.", "content": "An in vivo screening test is described, which is designed to assess the activity and interconversion of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Oral fructose was administered to six healthy subjects following (a) an overnight fast and (b) an oral glucose load. The rise in blood pyruvate and lactate levels following fructose was almost twice as great in the fasted state compared to the fed (post-glucose) state. It is proposed that this difference is due to the conversion of pyruvate dehydrogenase to its active form, following feeding.", "contents": "Fructose load test--an in vivo screening test designed to assess pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and interconversion. An in vivo screening test is described, which is designed to assess the activity and interconversion of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Oral fructose was administered to six healthy subjects following (a) an overnight fast and (b) an oral glucose load. The rise in blood pyruvate and lactate levels following fructose was almost twice as great in the fasted state compared to the fed (post-glucose) state. It is proposed that this difference is due to the conversion of pyruvate dehydrogenase to its active form, following feeding.", "PMID": 117251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12681", "title": "Prenatal and postnatal diagnostic difficulties in a family with rare alleles of the galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase locus.", "content": "Whole-blood galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (Gal-PUT) (EC 2.7.7.12) activity was absent in a newborn boy with galactosaemic symptoms. The symptoms disappeared on a galactose free diet. In the next pregnancy prenatal diagnosis was performed. Gal-PUT activity was measured by isotope technique and Gal-PUT genotype was determined by gel electrophoresis. The mother was shown to be heterozygous Duarte/heterozygous Los Angeles, the father heterozygous Duarte/heterozygous galactosaemia. The fetus had the same genotype as the father. A normal girl without galactosaemic symptoms was born. Reinvestigation of the index case showed that he was also heterozygous Duarte/heterozygous galactosaemia. It is concluded that the activity of Gal-PUT should always be measured by isotope technique to prove the diagnosis of heteditary galactosaemia. Furthermore, Gal-PUT-genotyping in families with rare alleles is essential for safe prenatal diagnosis.", "contents": "Prenatal and postnatal diagnostic difficulties in a family with rare alleles of the galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase locus. Whole-blood galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (Gal-PUT) (EC 2.7.7.12) activity was absent in a newborn boy with galactosaemic symptoms. The symptoms disappeared on a galactose free diet. In the next pregnancy prenatal diagnosis was performed. Gal-PUT activity was measured by isotope technique and Gal-PUT genotype was determined by gel electrophoresis. The mother was shown to be heterozygous Duarte/heterozygous Los Angeles, the father heterozygous Duarte/heterozygous galactosaemia. The fetus had the same genotype as the father. A normal girl without galactosaemic symptoms was born. Reinvestigation of the index case showed that he was also heterozygous Duarte/heterozygous galactosaemia. It is concluded that the activity of Gal-PUT should always be measured by isotope technique to prove the diagnosis of heteditary galactosaemia. Furthermore, Gal-PUT-genotyping in families with rare alleles is essential for safe prenatal diagnosis.", "PMID": 117252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12682", "title": "Combined deficiency of xanthine oxidase and sulphite oxidase: a defect of molybdenum metabolism or transport?", "content": "A child is described who presented in the neonatal period with feeding difficulties, severe neurological abnormalities, lens dislocation of the eyes and dysmorphic symptoms of the head. Routine laboratory investigations revealed a decreased serum urate and a positive sulphite reaction of the urine. Subsequent chromatographic examinations showed xanthinuria and increased excretion of S-sulphocysteine and taurine to be present. In addition, high thiosulphate and low sulphate excretions in the urine were observed. Xanthine oxidase deficiency was demonstrated in a jejunal biopsy specimen, whereas the excretion of sulphur containing substances was considered to be characteristic of sulphite oxidase deficiency. This new combination of defects may be the result of malfunctioning of both enzymes, possibly caused by alterations in the essential molybdenum containing active centre of the enzymes, which they share in common.", "contents": "Combined deficiency of xanthine oxidase and sulphite oxidase: a defect of molybdenum metabolism or transport? A child is described who presented in the neonatal period with feeding difficulties, severe neurological abnormalities, lens dislocation of the eyes and dysmorphic symptoms of the head. Routine laboratory investigations revealed a decreased serum urate and a positive sulphite reaction of the urine. Subsequent chromatographic examinations showed xanthinuria and increased excretion of S-sulphocysteine and taurine to be present. In addition, high thiosulphate and low sulphate excretions in the urine were observed. Xanthine oxidase deficiency was demonstrated in a jejunal biopsy specimen, whereas the excretion of sulphur containing substances was considered to be characteristic of sulphite oxidase deficiency. This new combination of defects may be the result of malfunctioning of both enzymes, possibly caused by alterations in the essential molybdenum containing active centre of the enzymes, which they share in common.", "PMID": 117254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12683", "title": "Metabolic inhibitors of host-tissue origin in Mycobacterium leprae.", "content": "It is not clear why host-derived bacteria are metabolically inert, compared to organisms grown in vitro. o-Diphenoloxidase is the only metabolic property proven to be present in Mycobacterium leprae separated from infected human as well as animal (mouse and armadillo) tissues. However, highly concentrated suspensions of M. leprae obtained from the organs of experimentally infected armadillos showed little or extremely low o-diphenoloxidase, while the organisms bound 14C-labeled dopa. When these preparations were diluted, they readily oxidized D-dopa to pigment. The activity remained unaltered by washing the suspensions with dilute alkali or acetone and ether, indicating that it is an intrinsic property of the bacilli. Treatment with different proteases relieved the inhibition, and resulted in a 100% stimulation of O-diphenoloxidase in the bacilli. Evidently, the M. leprae suspensions obtained from infected tissues contain an inhibitory material which is protein in nature, and the metabolic inertness sometimes observed in host-grown bacteria may not be due to loss of enzymes or metabolites from the organisms.", "contents": "Metabolic inhibitors of host-tissue origin in Mycobacterium leprae. It is not clear why host-derived bacteria are metabolically inert, compared to organisms grown in vitro. o-Diphenoloxidase is the only metabolic property proven to be present in Mycobacterium leprae separated from infected human as well as animal (mouse and armadillo) tissues. However, highly concentrated suspensions of M. leprae obtained from the organs of experimentally infected armadillos showed little or extremely low o-diphenoloxidase, while the organisms bound 14C-labeled dopa. When these preparations were diluted, they readily oxidized D-dopa to pigment. The activity remained unaltered by washing the suspensions with dilute alkali or acetone and ether, indicating that it is an intrinsic property of the bacilli. Treatment with different proteases relieved the inhibition, and resulted in a 100% stimulation of O-diphenoloxidase in the bacilli. Evidently, the M. leprae suspensions obtained from infected tissues contain an inhibitory material which is protein in nature, and the metabolic inertness sometimes observed in host-grown bacteria may not be due to loss of enzymes or metabolites from the organisms.", "PMID": 117257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12684", "title": "Superstructures of wet inactive chromatin and the chromosome surface.", "content": "Superpacking of chromatin and the surface features of metaphase chromosomes have been studied by SiO replication of wet, unstained, and unfixed specimens in an exceedingly thin (less than or equal to nm) aqueous layer, keeping them wet. Hydrophilic Formvar substrates allow controlled thinning of the aqueous layer covering the wet specimens. Whole mounts of chromatin and chromosomes were prepared by applying a microsurface spreading method to swollen nuclei and mitotic cells at metaphase. The highest level of nucleosome folding of the inactive chromatin in chicken erythrocytes and rat liver nuclei is basically a second-order superhelical organization (width 150--200 nm, pitch distance 50--150 nm) of the elementary nucleosome filament. In unfavorable environments (as determined by ionic agents, fixative, and dehydrating agetns) this superstructure collapses into chains of superbeads and beads. Formalin (10%) apparently attacks at discrete sites of chromatin, which are then separated into superbeads. The latter consist of 4--6 nucleosomes and seemingly correspond to successive turns of an original solenoidal coil (width 30--35 nm), which forms the superhilical organization. When this organization is unfolded, eg, in 1--2 mM EDTA, DNAse-sensitive filaments (diameter 1.7 nm) are seen to be wrapped around the nucleosomes. The wet chromosomes in each metaphase spread are held to each other by smooth microtubular fibers, 20--20 nm in diameter. Before they enter into a chromsome, these fibers branch into 9--13 protofilaments, each 5 nm wide. The chromosome surface contains a dense distribution of subunits about 10--25 nm in diameter. This size distribution corresponds to that of nucleosomes and their superbeads. Distinct from this beaded chromosome surface are several smooth, 23--30-nm-diameter fibers, which are longitudinal at the centromere and seem to continue into the chromatid structure. The surface replicas of dried chromosomes do not show these features, which are revealed only in wet chromosomes.", "contents": "Superstructures of wet inactive chromatin and the chromosome surface. Superpacking of chromatin and the surface features of metaphase chromosomes have been studied by SiO replication of wet, unstained, and unfixed specimens in an exceedingly thin (less than or equal to nm) aqueous layer, keeping them wet. Hydrophilic Formvar substrates allow controlled thinning of the aqueous layer covering the wet specimens. Whole mounts of chromatin and chromosomes were prepared by applying a microsurface spreading method to swollen nuclei and mitotic cells at metaphase. The highest level of nucleosome folding of the inactive chromatin in chicken erythrocytes and rat liver nuclei is basically a second-order superhelical organization (width 150--200 nm, pitch distance 50--150 nm) of the elementary nucleosome filament. In unfavorable environments (as determined by ionic agents, fixative, and dehydrating agetns) this superstructure collapses into chains of superbeads and beads. Formalin (10%) apparently attacks at discrete sites of chromatin, which are then separated into superbeads. The latter consist of 4--6 nucleosomes and seemingly correspond to successive turns of an original solenoidal coil (width 30--35 nm), which forms the superhilical organization. When this organization is unfolded, eg, in 1--2 mM EDTA, DNAse-sensitive filaments (diameter 1.7 nm) are seen to be wrapped around the nucleosomes. The wet chromosomes in each metaphase spread are held to each other by smooth microtubular fibers, 20--20 nm in diameter. Before they enter into a chromsome, these fibers branch into 9--13 protofilaments, each 5 nm wide. The chromosome surface contains a dense distribution of subunits about 10--25 nm in diameter. This size distribution corresponds to that of nucleosomes and their superbeads. Distinct from this beaded chromosome surface are several smooth, 23--30-nm-diameter fibers, which are longitudinal at the centromere and seem to continue into the chromatid structure. The surface replicas of dried chromosomes do not show these features, which are revealed only in wet chromosomes.", "PMID": 117265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12685", "title": "RNA synthesis during spore germination in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "We have analyzed the RNA synthesized during spore germination in Bacillus subtilis. Early in germination there is little incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA. A large increase in incorporation into RNA was found at 45--60 min into germination which was in part due to increases in the specific activity of the UTP pool. When corrected for specific activity changes, the instantaneous rate of RNA synthesis showed a seven to tenfold increase between 30 and 45 min of germination. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies showed that the RNA synthesized during germination appeared very similar to the RNA made during vegetative growth. DNA-RNA hybridization studies indicated that mRNA and rRNA were synthesized throughout germination. Their relative proportions remained constant and were very similar to the composition of RNA synthesized during vegetative growth.", "contents": "RNA synthesis during spore germination in Bacillus subtilis. We have analyzed the RNA synthesized during spore germination in Bacillus subtilis. Early in germination there is little incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA. A large increase in incorporation into RNA was found at 45--60 min into germination which was in part due to increases in the specific activity of the UTP pool. When corrected for specific activity changes, the instantaneous rate of RNA synthesis showed a seven to tenfold increase between 30 and 45 min of germination. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies showed that the RNA synthesized during germination appeared very similar to the RNA made during vegetative growth. DNA-RNA hybridization studies indicated that mRNA and rRNA were synthesized throughout germination. Their relative proportions remained constant and were very similar to the composition of RNA synthesized during vegetative growth.", "PMID": 117279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12686", "title": "Restriction of plasmid-mediated transformation in Bacillus subtilis 168.", "content": "When plasmids carrying leucine genes of Bacillus subtilis 168 were isolated from a restriction and modification deficient (r-m-) strain and used for transformation of a restricting strain B. subtilis 168 leu recE4, the number of transformants was greatly reduced. Transformation of rec+ strain (transformation by integration of the donor DNA into the chromosome) with the plasmids was not affected irrespective of whether the recipient carried the r+ or r- phenotype. These results show that the plasmid-mediated transformation is subject to the host controlled restriction and suggest that r-m- strains should be used for construction of recombinant DNA molecules in B. subtilis 168.", "contents": "Restriction of plasmid-mediated transformation in Bacillus subtilis 168. When plasmids carrying leucine genes of Bacillus subtilis 168 were isolated from a restriction and modification deficient (r-m-) strain and used for transformation of a restricting strain B. subtilis 168 leu recE4, the number of transformants was greatly reduced. Transformation of rec+ strain (transformation by integration of the donor DNA into the chromosome) with the plasmids was not affected irrespective of whether the recipient carried the r+ or r- phenotype. These results show that the plasmid-mediated transformation is subject to the host controlled restriction and suggest that r-m- strains should be used for construction of recombinant DNA molecules in B. subtilis 168.", "PMID": 117281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12687", "title": "Induction of bacteriolytic enzyme from pyocinogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its enzymatic properties.", "content": "Mitomycin C induced a pyocinogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa P15 to produce a bacteriolytic enzyme, PR1-lysozyme, together with pyocin R1. No significant accumulation of the enzyme was observed inside the induced cells. The enzyme was partially purified by acrinol treatment and Amberlie CG-50 column chromatography. The mode of action of the enzyme on the host bacterial cells as well as on Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells or peptidoglycan isolated from Salmonella typhimurium, was compared with that of hen egg-white lysozyme or phage lambda-lysozyme. It is suggested that PR1-lysozyme should be classified as a glycosidase, rather than an amidase or an endopeptidase.", "contents": "Induction of bacteriolytic enzyme from pyocinogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its enzymatic properties. Mitomycin C induced a pyocinogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa P15 to produce a bacteriolytic enzyme, PR1-lysozyme, together with pyocin R1. No significant accumulation of the enzyme was observed inside the induced cells. The enzyme was partially purified by acrinol treatment and Amberlie CG-50 column chromatography. The mode of action of the enzyme on the host bacterial cells as well as on Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells or peptidoglycan isolated from Salmonella typhimurium, was compared with that of hen egg-white lysozyme or phage lambda-lysozyme. It is suggested that PR1-lysozyme should be classified as a glycosidase, rather than an amidase or an endopeptidase.", "PMID": 117282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12688", "title": "Glycosyltransferases of Streptococcus mutans strain Ingbritt.", "content": "The glycosyltransferases of S. mutans strain Ingbritt have been resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by incubation in the presence of non-ionic detergent to restore enzyme activity. A group of high molecular weight proteins synthesizing glucans has been identified, as well as three distinct fructan-synthesizing activities. The glucan-forming enzymes have been purified by affinity chromatography on insoluble glucan, followed by gel chromatography in SDS, and antiserum to the purified enzymes has shown that they are antigenically identical within serotypes c, e and f, and cross-react strongly with serotype b.", "contents": "Glycosyltransferases of Streptococcus mutans strain Ingbritt. The glycosyltransferases of S. mutans strain Ingbritt have been resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by incubation in the presence of non-ionic detergent to restore enzyme activity. A group of high molecular weight proteins synthesizing glucans has been identified, as well as three distinct fructan-synthesizing activities. The glucan-forming enzymes have been purified by affinity chromatography on insoluble glucan, followed by gel chromatography in SDS, and antiserum to the purified enzymes has shown that they are antigenically identical within serotypes c, e and f, and cross-react strongly with serotype b.", "PMID": 117283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12689", "title": "Nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium sp. strains in pure culture in relation to extracellular polysaccharide composition and antigenic affinity.", "content": "Five strains of slow-growing Rhizobium sp. (strains CB756, 32HI, CB562, CB627 and QA549) out of seventy examined developed appreciable nitrogenase activity in pure culture. CB756 and 32HI were serologically indistinguishable and each produced 6-deoxy-L-talose as a major component of its extracellular polysaccharide. They did not share these properties with CB562, CB627 or QA549.", "contents": "Nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium sp. strains in pure culture in relation to extracellular polysaccharide composition and antigenic affinity. Five strains of slow-growing Rhizobium sp. (strains CB756, 32HI, CB562, CB627 and QA549) out of seventy examined developed appreciable nitrogenase activity in pure culture. CB756 and 32HI were serologically indistinguishable and each produced 6-deoxy-L-talose as a major component of its extracellular polysaccharide. They did not share these properties with CB562, CB627 or QA549.", "PMID": 117284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12690", "title": "The rubro-olivo-cerebellar teaching circuit.", "content": "The hypothesis proposes a neural teaching circuit, and invokes the parvocellular Red Nucleus as the key nucleus in that circuit acting on the inferior olivary nucleus to maintain the efficiency of motor learning in primates, while acknowledging the inferior olive to be the key nucleus by which learning instructions go to Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex. Anatomical, physiological and pathological data is reviewed in an attempt to attribute a function to the evasive parvocellular Red Nucleus.", "contents": "The rubro-olivo-cerebellar teaching circuit. The hypothesis proposes a neural teaching circuit, and invokes the parvocellular Red Nucleus as the key nucleus in that circuit acting on the inferior olivary nucleus to maintain the efficiency of motor learning in primates, while acknowledging the inferior olive to be the key nucleus by which learning instructions go to Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex. Anatomical, physiological and pathological data is reviewed in an attempt to attribute a function to the evasive parvocellular Red Nucleus.", "PMID": 117287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12691", "title": "Is the selenium drinking water standard justified?", "content": "Four cases are presented which suggest that the present U.S.E.P.A. drinking water standard for selenium of 10 micrograms/L in inappropriate. The rationale upon which this standard is based is that selenium is carcinogenic, induces dental caries formation, and is highly toxic to animals. However, a critical assessment of this literature can not support these claims. Case no. 1 demonstrates that there is insufficient evidence to classify selenium as a carcinogen. Data derived from the three respective groups of researchers claiming a carcinogenic effect induced by selenium are obscure due to 1) the inability to accurately identify malignancies, 2) the apparent opposite effects of different selenium compounds, and 3) the lack of proper controls. Case no. 2 reviews recent evidence that selenium reduces the incidence of cancer in laboratory animals and in man, an effect which can probably be attributed to the antioxidant properties of selenium compounds. Case no. 3 provides evidence which does not permit the classification of selenium as a cariogenic element. Epidemiological studies supporting such a claim are inadequate since they lack properly matched control groups. Animal data do not support this link as well. Case no. 4 is a review of studies which clearly demonstrate the essentiality of selenium, an aspect of selenium metabolism that was not considered when the 10 micrograms/L standard was promulgated. In light of the four cases presented and an assessment of selenium toxicity in man, it is concluded that the 10 micrograms/L standard can not be justified. Instead, it is suggested that 50 micrograms/L selenium should provide sufficient protection from the toxic effects of this element. This is consistent with the current state of knowledge with respect to the potential adverse health effects associated with selenium.", "contents": "Is the selenium drinking water standard justified? Four cases are presented which suggest that the present U.S.E.P.A. drinking water standard for selenium of 10 micrograms/L in inappropriate. The rationale upon which this standard is based is that selenium is carcinogenic, induces dental caries formation, and is highly toxic to animals. However, a critical assessment of this literature can not support these claims. Case no. 1 demonstrates that there is insufficient evidence to classify selenium as a carcinogen. Data derived from the three respective groups of researchers claiming a carcinogenic effect induced by selenium are obscure due to 1) the inability to accurately identify malignancies, 2) the apparent opposite effects of different selenium compounds, and 3) the lack of proper controls. Case no. 2 reviews recent evidence that selenium reduces the incidence of cancer in laboratory animals and in man, an effect which can probably be attributed to the antioxidant properties of selenium compounds. Case no. 3 provides evidence which does not permit the classification of selenium as a cariogenic element. Epidemiological studies supporting such a claim are inadequate since they lack properly matched control groups. Animal data do not support this link as well. Case no. 4 is a review of studies which clearly demonstrate the essentiality of selenium, an aspect of selenium metabolism that was not considered when the 10 micrograms/L standard was promulgated. In light of the four cases presented and an assessment of selenium toxicity in man, it is concluded that the 10 micrograms/L standard can not be justified. Instead, it is suggested that 50 micrograms/L selenium should provide sufficient protection from the toxic effects of this element. This is consistent with the current state of knowledge with respect to the potential adverse health effects associated with selenium.", "PMID": 117288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12692", "title": "Oropharyngeal microflora in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australian children. An indicator of environmental contamination.", "content": "Faecal microorganisms, not normally resident in the oropharynx, were isolated much more often from Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal Australian children. This is almost certainly due to differences in standards of hygiene and living in these two groups, and is an important factor in contributing to the common and serious problem of gastrointestinal infections in young Aborigines. In the non-Aboriginal group, the isolations of faecal organisms were much more common from infants and from children under the age of two years when compared with older children; this is probably due to the readiness of spreading microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract to the mouth in the younger children.", "contents": "Oropharyngeal microflora in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australian children. An indicator of environmental contamination. Faecal microorganisms, not normally resident in the oropharynx, were isolated much more often from Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal Australian children. This is almost certainly due to differences in standards of hygiene and living in these two groups, and is an important factor in contributing to the common and serious problem of gastrointestinal infections in young Aborigines. In the non-Aboriginal group, the isolations of faecal organisms were much more common from infants and from children under the age of two years when compared with older children; this is probably due to the readiness of spreading microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract to the mouth in the younger children.", "PMID": 117289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12693", "title": "Adaptation of thymidine utilization to changing rates of DNA synthesis in the cell cycle.", "content": "In synchronous cultures of P-815 murine mastocytoma and of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the relative contribution of exogenous thymidine to DNA synthesis was studied by comparing rates of (3H)thymidine incorporation with the rate of DNA synthesis as derived from incorporation of (3H)thymidine (10(-5) M) in the presence of amethopterin. In synchronous P-815 cultures, time-dependent variations of DNA synthesis rates were in close agreement with those of (3H)thymidine incorporation rates at concentrations of the precursor ranging from 5 x 10(-8) to 10(-5) M. Similarly, in synchronous CHO cell cultures prepared by two different methods, time-dependent changes in DNA synthesis rate were almost identical with those of the rate of incorporation of (3H)thymidine supplied at 5 x 10(-8) M. Thus, at a given thymidine concentration in the medium, the proportion of thymine residues in DNA that were derived from exogenous thymidine remained nearly constant, even though rates of cellular DNA synthesis underwent pronounced changes. This indicates that in the synchronous culture systems used, utilization of exogenous thymidine is efficiently adapted to changing rates of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Adaptation of thymidine utilization to changing rates of DNA synthesis in the cell cycle. In synchronous cultures of P-815 murine mastocytoma and of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the relative contribution of exogenous thymidine to DNA synthesis was studied by comparing rates of (3H)thymidine incorporation with the rate of DNA synthesis as derived from incorporation of (3H)thymidine (10(-5) M) in the presence of amethopterin. In synchronous P-815 cultures, time-dependent variations of DNA synthesis rates were in close agreement with those of (3H)thymidine incorporation rates at concentrations of the precursor ranging from 5 x 10(-8) to 10(-5) M. Similarly, in synchronous CHO cell cultures prepared by two different methods, time-dependent changes in DNA synthesis rate were almost identical with those of the rate of incorporation of (3H)thymidine supplied at 5 x 10(-8) M. Thus, at a given thymidine concentration in the medium, the proportion of thymine residues in DNA that were derived from exogenous thymidine remained nearly constant, even though rates of cellular DNA synthesis underwent pronounced changes. This indicates that in the synchronous culture systems used, utilization of exogenous thymidine is efficiently adapted to changing rates of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 117296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12694", "title": "[Options in dietary treatment by oral and parenteral balanced nutrition (author's transl)].", "content": "Balanced nutrition is an important tool in the treatment of several pediatric disorders. Its application is based on the knowledge of normal metabolism and of the pathophysiology in metabolic disorders. The principles of oral balanced dietary treatment are discussed in relation to phenylketonuria and renal insufficiency. In case of unability to ingest foods by the oral-enteral route parenteral nutrition becomes necessary. The indications, principles and hazards of parenteral nutrition are discussed, especially the type of amino acid solution required. It is pointed out that xylit and sorbitol containing solutions should be abandoned completely since there are no indications for its use but potential hazards by toxic side effects.", "contents": "[Options in dietary treatment by oral and parenteral balanced nutrition (author's transl)]. Balanced nutrition is an important tool in the treatment of several pediatric disorders. Its application is based on the knowledge of normal metabolism and of the pathophysiology in metabolic disorders. The principles of oral balanced dietary treatment are discussed in relation to phenylketonuria and renal insufficiency. In case of unability to ingest foods by the oral-enteral route parenteral nutrition becomes necessary. The indications, principles and hazards of parenteral nutrition are discussed, especially the type of amino acid solution required. It is pointed out that xylit and sorbitol containing solutions should be abandoned completely since there are no indications for its use but potential hazards by toxic side effects.", "PMID": 117300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12695", "title": "[Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture of the Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims (or nevus sebaceus linearis) syndrome is described. The syndrome especially its excessive formes, is a relatively rare, but typical biotype of the neuroectodermal phakomatosis disorders. Symptomes are multiple widespread linear sebaceus nevi, seizures and mental retardation, ECG anomalies and ocular dysplasia and dystrophia, which can cause blindness.", "contents": "[Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims-syndrome (author's transl)]. The clinical picture of the Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims (or nevus sebaceus linearis) syndrome is described. The syndrome especially its excessive formes, is a relatively rare, but typical biotype of the neuroectodermal phakomatosis disorders. Symptomes are multiple widespread linear sebaceus nevi, seizures and mental retardation, ECG anomalies and ocular dysplasia and dystrophia, which can cause blindness.", "PMID": 117301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12696", "title": "[Artherogenesis. Experimental investigations on the pathogenesis of obliterating arteriopathies in mini-pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "The principal objective of our experiments was to obtain information on the initial processes involved in the pathogenesis of obliterating arteriopathies or arteriosclerosis. We thereby concentrate on the formal pathogenesis, which we intend to elucidate by discussing the basic data and with preliminary radioimmunoassay examinations using angiopathy-models on the mini-pig. Very early in artherogenesis, an adhesion of thrombocytes in viscous metamorphose to the apparently intact arterial walls is always detectable and is followed by the formation of an intima-plaque.", "contents": "[Artherogenesis. Experimental investigations on the pathogenesis of obliterating arteriopathies in mini-pigs (author's transl)]. The principal objective of our experiments was to obtain information on the initial processes involved in the pathogenesis of obliterating arteriopathies or arteriosclerosis. We thereby concentrate on the formal pathogenesis, which we intend to elucidate by discussing the basic data and with preliminary radioimmunoassay examinations using angiopathy-models on the mini-pig. Very early in artherogenesis, an adhesion of thrombocytes in viscous metamorphose to the apparently intact arterial walls is always detectable and is followed by the formation of an intima-plaque.", "PMID": 117308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12697", "title": "[Take-off and landing--stresses for the pilot (author's transl)].", "content": "Methodologically it is possible to assess roughly the intensity of strains due to flying stress by means of measuring the pilot's various individually very different stress reactions. Take-off and especially landing are stresses for the pilot. They differ according to the operational and other accompanying circumstances, the quality of the pilot's training and the flight pattern. If the stress exceeds the individual capacities considerably, a disproportion may arise known in aeronautics as \"pilot's error\". The stresses described can be effectively reduced by a close cooperation of technicians and physicians.", "contents": "[Take-off and landing--stresses for the pilot (author's transl)]. Methodologically it is possible to assess roughly the intensity of strains due to flying stress by means of measuring the pilot's various individually very different stress reactions. Take-off and especially landing are stresses for the pilot. They differ according to the operational and other accompanying circumstances, the quality of the pilot's training and the flight pattern. If the stress exceeds the individual capacities considerably, a disproportion may arise known in aeronautics as \"pilot's error\". The stresses described can be effectively reduced by a close cooperation of technicians and physicians.", "PMID": 117309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12698", "title": "[Legionaire's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In a review of all cases of legionaire's disease known so far the epidemiology, diagnosis and therapy of this disease are discussed. Risk factors have been shown to be stays in hotels and hospitals, especially if the rooms were subject to faulty air conditioning, water containers or to earthworks. Furthermore, the male sex and an immunosuppressive therapy were established as risk factors. The diagnosis can only be confirmed by increased titer in the indirect fluorescence test. Erythromycin and Rifampicin (as a supplementary medication) have proved the antibiotics of choice.", "contents": "[Legionaire's disease (author's transl)]. In a review of all cases of legionaire's disease known so far the epidemiology, diagnosis and therapy of this disease are discussed. Risk factors have been shown to be stays in hotels and hospitals, especially if the rooms were subject to faulty air conditioning, water containers or to earthworks. Furthermore, the male sex and an immunosuppressive therapy were established as risk factors. The diagnosis can only be confirmed by increased titer in the indirect fluorescence test. Erythromycin and Rifampicin (as a supplementary medication) have proved the antibiotics of choice.", "PMID": 117313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12699", "title": "[The diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (carried in) (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cases of Kala-Azar carried in from the Mediterranean area between May 1977 and March 1979 suggest that in this age of mass tourism these diseases, considered by us as rarities until now, may become more common. In all cases considerable difficulties in diagnosis were first encountered. Serology was always indicative, the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) being found very reliable. In 4 of the 5 cases the identity of the pathogen was previously established by different methods.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (carried in) (author's transl)]. Five cases of Kala-Azar carried in from the Mediterranean area between May 1977 and March 1979 suggest that in this age of mass tourism these diseases, considered by us as rarities until now, may become more common. In all cases considerable difficulties in diagnosis were first encountered. Serology was always indicative, the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) being found very reliable. In 4 of the 5 cases the identity of the pathogen was previously established by different methods.", "PMID": 117316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12700", "title": "[Epidemiology of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Among hospital-acquired infections, urinary tract infections are the widest spread. The most common pathogenic agents are E. coli, Enterococci and Proteus mirabilis. Indwelling bladder catheters account for about 70% of infections. Suprapubic urine drainage can reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections by approximatively 50%.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. Among hospital-acquired infections, urinary tract infections are the widest spread. The most common pathogenic agents are E. coli, Enterococci and Proteus mirabilis. Indwelling bladder catheters account for about 70% of infections. Suprapubic urine drainage can reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections by approximatively 50%.", "PMID": 117318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12701", "title": "[Hospital acquired urinary tract infection (author's transl)].", "content": "To explain hospital acquired urinary tract infections in a Urological Clinic, 3691 case histories were evaluated. About 15% of iatrogenic infections were found, among them 7% bacteremias and 0.9% of cases with urosepsis. Autoinfection and intermittent infections should be differentiated. The iatrogenic infection can be prevented by avoiding certain diagnostic and operative interventions, observation of asepsis and exact indication, the autoinfection and intermittend infection by shortening the period of hospitalization. The observed different risk of infection of individual organ systems had its origin, not in a low defense potency but in the operative technique used.", "contents": "[Hospital acquired urinary tract infection (author's transl)]. To explain hospital acquired urinary tract infections in a Urological Clinic, 3691 case histories were evaluated. About 15% of iatrogenic infections were found, among them 7% bacteremias and 0.9% of cases with urosepsis. Autoinfection and intermittent infections should be differentiated. The iatrogenic infection can be prevented by avoiding certain diagnostic and operative interventions, observation of asepsis and exact indication, the autoinfection and intermittend infection by shortening the period of hospitalization. The observed different risk of infection of individual organ systems had its origin, not in a low defense potency but in the operative technique used.", "PMID": 117320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12702", "title": "[Concentrations of cefradine in renal tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "After a single bolus injection of two grams of cefradine the concentrations of antibiotic in serum and renal tissues of 21 patients were estimated. After 30 minutes the mean serum concentrations were 159 microgram/ml, after 60 mins 62 microgram/ml and after 95 mins 22 microgram/ml. The tissue concentrations in normal renal tissue (group I) after 30 minutes were 348 microgram/ml and with tissue of chronically inflamed kidneys (group II) 118 microgram/ml in the same period. After 90 minutes the concentrations of group I were 214 microgram/g, and in group II 28 microgram/g, e.g. 8 times lower. The estimated cefradine concentrations in serum and in normal and impaired renal tissue within the time interval of 10 to 90 minutes are above the minimal inhibition concentrations for most cefradine sensitive pathogens.", "contents": "[Concentrations of cefradine in renal tissue (author's transl)]. After a single bolus injection of two grams of cefradine the concentrations of antibiotic in serum and renal tissues of 21 patients were estimated. After 30 minutes the mean serum concentrations were 159 microgram/ml, after 60 mins 62 microgram/ml and after 95 mins 22 microgram/ml. The tissue concentrations in normal renal tissue (group I) after 30 minutes were 348 microgram/ml and with tissue of chronically inflamed kidneys (group II) 118 microgram/ml in the same period. After 90 minutes the concentrations of group I were 214 microgram/g, and in group II 28 microgram/g, e.g. 8 times lower. The estimated cefradine concentrations in serum and in normal and impaired renal tissue within the time interval of 10 to 90 minutes are above the minimal inhibition concentrations for most cefradine sensitive pathogens.", "PMID": 117321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12703", "title": "[Urinary tract infections. Therapeutic failures and course monitoring (author's transl)].", "content": "The proportion of reinfections and relapses in urinary tract infections amounts to about 35-70%. Hydrokinetic conditions (e.g. size of bladder, frequency of micturition, rate of multiplication of the pathogens, adhesiveness of bacteria) not seldom lead to a discrepancy between the in vivo response of the pathogen to the chemotherapeutic agent and the corresponding MIC determined in vitro. Ten causes for the therapeutic failure are discussed in greater detail. Monitoring the course in good time with due regard to the risks is essential. A scheme for microbiological monitoring investigations before beginning therapy, during treatment and after discontinuing the medicament, as well as for long term therapy is suggested.", "contents": "[Urinary tract infections. Therapeutic failures and course monitoring (author's transl)]. The proportion of reinfections and relapses in urinary tract infections amounts to about 35-70%. Hydrokinetic conditions (e.g. size of bladder, frequency of micturition, rate of multiplication of the pathogens, adhesiveness of bacteria) not seldom lead to a discrepancy between the in vivo response of the pathogen to the chemotherapeutic agent and the corresponding MIC determined in vitro. Ten causes for the therapeutic failure are discussed in greater detail. Monitoring the course in good time with due regard to the risks is essential. A scheme for microbiological monitoring investigations before beginning therapy, during treatment and after discontinuing the medicament, as well as for long term therapy is suggested.", "PMID": 117322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12704", "title": "[The development of transfusion medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of transfusion medicine started from the attempts to transfuse blood in animals in the 17th century and the first fruits were seen in the second half of the 19th century. About 1800, however, Blundell introduced a new development which brought fundamental changes with the elucidation of the problems of defibrination, the phenomenon of hemolysis and coagulation. At the beginning of the 20th century the serological problems were solved by Landsteiner's discoveries. The introduction of anticoagulation permitted the conservation of blood and led to the discontinuation of direct blood transfusion in favour of indirect transfusion of conserved blood. This considerably enlarged the functions and possibilites of transfusion medicine which opened into the development of blood component therapy with its opportunities for optimal care of the patients.", "contents": "[The development of transfusion medicine (author's transl)]. The development of transfusion medicine started from the attempts to transfuse blood in animals in the 17th century and the first fruits were seen in the second half of the 19th century. About 1800, however, Blundell introduced a new development which brought fundamental changes with the elucidation of the problems of defibrination, the phenomenon of hemolysis and coagulation. At the beginning of the 20th century the serological problems were solved by Landsteiner's discoveries. The introduction of anticoagulation permitted the conservation of blood and led to the discontinuation of direct blood transfusion in favour of indirect transfusion of conserved blood. This considerably enlarged the functions and possibilites of transfusion medicine which opened into the development of blood component therapy with its opportunities for optimal care of the patients.", "PMID": 117327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12705", "title": "[Ileovesical fistula in Crohn's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Ileovesical fistulae are rare in Crohn's disease and may occur at any age and any stage of the disease. Typical diagnostic pointers are pneumaturia and fecaluria. Cystoscopy and the cystogram are important pointers to the diagnosis. Resection of the intestine and partial resection of the urinary bladder is the treatment of choice and leads to healing, as is demonstrated in the discussion of a case.", "contents": "[Ileovesical fistula in Crohn's disease (author's transl)]. Ileovesical fistulae are rare in Crohn's disease and may occur at any age and any stage of the disease. Typical diagnostic pointers are pneumaturia and fecaluria. Cystoscopy and the cystogram are important pointers to the diagnosis. Resection of the intestine and partial resection of the urinary bladder is the treatment of choice and leads to healing, as is demonstrated in the discussion of a case.", "PMID": 117328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12706", "title": "[Epidemiology of Hospital-acquired infections in surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of hospital-acquired infections in surgery fluctuates between 1.5 and 29%, the average infection is 5%. The most frequent hospital infections are: urinary tract infections, wound infections, respiratory tract infections, sepsis and infections of the skin. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are most commonly isolated from the nosocomial infections. Hospital infections in surgery are of endogenous origin, i.e. from the organisms of the body itself (e. g. wound infections after intestinal interventions) or exogenous from direct or indrect contact. The most frequent route of transmission is by hands. Almost half of all hospital-acquired infections have their origin in surgery. Standards of prevention of hospital-acquired infections in surgery departments are described.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of Hospital-acquired infections in surgery (author's transl)]. The incidence of hospital-acquired infections in surgery fluctuates between 1.5 and 29%, the average infection is 5%. The most frequent hospital infections are: urinary tract infections, wound infections, respiratory tract infections, sepsis and infections of the skin. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are most commonly isolated from the nosocomial infections. Hospital infections in surgery are of endogenous origin, i.e. from the organisms of the body itself (e. g. wound infections after intestinal interventions) or exogenous from direct or indrect contact. The most frequent route of transmission is by hands. Almost half of all hospital-acquired infections have their origin in surgery. Standards of prevention of hospital-acquired infections in surgery departments are described.", "PMID": 117331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12707", "title": "[Clinical experience with acute mesenteric vascular occlusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1964 and 1978 twenty patients suffering from acute mesenteric vascular occlusion were treated in the surgical department (University of M\u00fcnster). The average duration of the anamnesis until their hospitalization was 3.1 days and the actual operation was performed 11.35 hours later on the average. In only 15% of the cases had a correct preoperative diagnosis been given. As regards the frequency of causation, 60% of the mesenteric vascular occlusions were caused by a mesenteric arterioembolism, 20% by a mesenteric venous embolism, 10% by a mesenteric arterial thrombosis and 10% by a non-obstructive occlusion. In a post cardiac infarction condition was the predisposing factor in 50% of all cases, valvular defect in 33.5% and tachyarrhythmia in 16.6%. The causes found for the mesenteric venous tbrombosis were insufficiency of the right heart, absolute bradyarrhythmia, recurrent venous thrombosis of the leg, and myeloproliferative syndromes.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with acute mesenteric vascular occlusion (author's transl)]. Between 1964 and 1978 twenty patients suffering from acute mesenteric vascular occlusion were treated in the surgical department (University of M\u00fcnster). The average duration of the anamnesis until their hospitalization was 3.1 days and the actual operation was performed 11.35 hours later on the average. In only 15% of the cases had a correct preoperative diagnosis been given. As regards the frequency of causation, 60% of the mesenteric vascular occlusions were caused by a mesenteric arterioembolism, 20% by a mesenteric venous embolism, 10% by a mesenteric arterial thrombosis and 10% by a non-obstructive occlusion. In a post cardiac infarction condition was the predisposing factor in 50% of all cases, valvular defect in 33.5% and tachyarrhythmia in 16.6%. The causes found for the mesenteric venous tbrombosis were insufficiency of the right heart, absolute bradyarrhythmia, recurrent venous thrombosis of the leg, and myeloproliferative syndromes.", "PMID": 117332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12708", "title": "[Complement: function. Biological significance and clinical aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "The term complement comprises approximately twenty serum proteins. Activation of these components can be started by antigen-antibody complexes or even without the participation of antibodies. The activated complement proteins bring about a number of important biological actions. They produce vigorous local inflammatory reactions, exert phagocytosis--increase effects, destroy microbial and animal cells and affect the immune response to antigen stimulus. Congenital lack of individual complement components may considerably impair the antimicrobial defense or even be the cause of excessive inflammatory reactions. The activation of complement may also have harmful effects on the organism.", "contents": "[Complement: function. Biological significance and clinical aspects (author's transl)]. The term complement comprises approximately twenty serum proteins. Activation of these components can be started by antigen-antibody complexes or even without the participation of antibodies. The activated complement proteins bring about a number of important biological actions. They produce vigorous local inflammatory reactions, exert phagocytosis--increase effects, destroy microbial and animal cells and affect the immune response to antigen stimulus. Congenital lack of individual complement components may considerably impair the antimicrobial defense or even be the cause of excessive inflammatory reactions. The activation of complement may also have harmful effects on the organism.", "PMID": 117339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12709", "title": "[Diagnostic significance of cholinesterase determination in human serum (author's transl)].", "content": "The differential diagnostic importance of CHE determination in searching for and observing the course of liver diseases is emphasized in the literature within the small and large enzyme pattern (eg. Gergs 1976). In chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis normal or almost normal values suggest a favorable prognosis. Greatly reduced CHE points to limitation of liver function and a severe form of the disease suggesting toxic influences and considerable deficiency. Rapidly falling CHE activity both in acute hepatitis and in chronic inflammations of the liver point to the danger of threatening hepatic coma.", "contents": "[Diagnostic significance of cholinesterase determination in human serum (author's transl)]. The differential diagnostic importance of CHE determination in searching for and observing the course of liver diseases is emphasized in the literature within the small and large enzyme pattern (eg. Gergs 1976). In chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis normal or almost normal values suggest a favorable prognosis. Greatly reduced CHE points to limitation of liver function and a severe form of the disease suggesting toxic influences and considerable deficiency. Rapidly falling CHE activity both in acute hepatitis and in chronic inflammations of the liver point to the danger of threatening hepatic coma.", "PMID": 117340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12710", "title": "[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute hepatic prophyrias (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnosis of porphyria is a clinical and biochemical procedure. Acute hepatic porphyrias are molecular regulation diseases which are characterized by a relative enzyme deficiency of the ferro-chelatase chain and an induction of hepatic delta-aminoacid synthase. There are indistinct clinical and pathobiochemical transitions between the three acute hepatic types of porphyria: acute intermittent porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria and porphyria variegata. They develop a similar acute clinical syndrome. The differential diagnosis is made possible by a differentiation of porphyrins and porphyrin precursers in the urine and the porphyrines in the stool and by the determination of uroporphyrinogen synthase activity in the erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute hepatic prophyrias (author's transl)]. Diagnosis of porphyria is a clinical and biochemical procedure. Acute hepatic porphyrias are molecular regulation diseases which are characterized by a relative enzyme deficiency of the ferro-chelatase chain and an induction of hepatic delta-aminoacid synthase. There are indistinct clinical and pathobiochemical transitions between the three acute hepatic types of porphyria: acute intermittent porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria and porphyria variegata. They develop a similar acute clinical syndrome. The differential diagnosis is made possible by a differentiation of porphyrins and porphyrin precursers in the urine and the porphyrines in the stool and by the determination of uroporphyrinogen synthase activity in the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 117341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12711", "title": "[Citrate concentration in samples for physiological coagulation investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "Citrate determination in coagulation blood samples sometimes end considerable deviations from the prescribed end concentration. Only a part of these samples can be recognized in the laboratory by simple inspection, in the undiscovered cases faulty results must be reckoned with. The citrate end concentration is more reproducible under routine conditions when a special sampling apparatus (Citrate-Monocuvette) is used.", "contents": "[Citrate concentration in samples for physiological coagulation investigations (author's transl)]. Citrate determination in coagulation blood samples sometimes end considerable deviations from the prescribed end concentration. Only a part of these samples can be recognized in the laboratory by simple inspection, in the undiscovered cases faulty results must be reckoned with. The citrate end concentration is more reproducible under routine conditions when a special sampling apparatus (Citrate-Monocuvette) is used.", "PMID": 117344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12712", "title": "X-ray-induced mitotic recombination in Drosophila melanogaster. IV. Distribution within eu- and heterochromatin.", "content": "By using suitably marked X-chromosomes it was possible, on the one hand, to distinguish between induced mitotic recombination in euchromatin and in heterochromatin and, on the other hand, to get some ideas about the distribution of the recombination events within the euchromatin. These results have been taken as a basis for discussing the question: To what extent is induced mitotic recombination a simple breakage-fusion mechanism and to what extent is it comparable to meiotic recombination? Furthermore, the results give evidence that must be considered when recombination data are used to make mitotic maps.", "contents": "X-ray-induced mitotic recombination in Drosophila melanogaster. IV. Distribution within eu- and heterochromatin. By using suitably marked X-chromosomes it was possible, on the one hand, to distinguish between induced mitotic recombination in euchromatin and in heterochromatin and, on the other hand, to get some ideas about the distribution of the recombination events within the euchromatin. These results have been taken as a basis for discussing the question: To what extent is induced mitotic recombination a simple breakage-fusion mechanism and to what extent is it comparable to meiotic recombination? Furthermore, the results give evidence that must be considered when recombination data are used to make mitotic maps.", "PMID": 117349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12713", "title": "Effects of arginine deprivation upon chromosome aberrations, sces and survival of cho cells treated with mutagenic agents.", "content": "Arginine deprivation sensitizes CHO cells to the clastogenic activity of the mutagenic agents UV light, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, mitomycin C and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. Cells were allowed to undergo proliferative arrest by deprivation of the amino acid arginine, treated with mutagenic agent and refed with complete medium. The resulting mitotic cells displayed more chromosome aberrations than did mitotic cells in proliferating cell cultures which had been treated similarly. This effect was observed at each dose tested (representing a 300-fold range in concentration). Survival of arginine-deprived cells exposed to UV light was also markedly reduced in comparison to the response of proliferating cells. Sister-chromatid exchange levels induced by MNNG, in contrast, were similar in arginine-deprived and proliferating cells.", "contents": "Effects of arginine deprivation upon chromosome aberrations, sces and survival of cho cells treated with mutagenic agents. Arginine deprivation sensitizes CHO cells to the clastogenic activity of the mutagenic agents UV light, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, mitomycin C and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. Cells were allowed to undergo proliferative arrest by deprivation of the amino acid arginine, treated with mutagenic agent and refed with complete medium. The resulting mitotic cells displayed more chromosome aberrations than did mitotic cells in proliferating cell cultures which had been treated similarly. This effect was observed at each dose tested (representing a 300-fold range in concentration). Survival of arginine-deprived cells exposed to UV light was also markedly reduced in comparison to the response of proliferating cells. Sister-chromatid exchange levels induced by MNNG, in contrast, were similar in arginine-deprived and proliferating cells.", "PMID": 117351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12714", "title": "An in vitro chromosome assay using cultured rat-liver cells.", "content": "An in vitro chromosome assay has been developed which utilises an epithelial-like cell line derived from rat liver. The cell line, designed RL1, retains sufficient metabolic enzyme activity to detect chromosome damage induced by a variety of chemical mutagens and carcinogens without the incorporation of an extrinsic metabolising system. The cells are grown on standard glass microscope slides, exposed to the test chemical and processed in situ for metaphase analysis. In a small validation study, chromosome damage was detected in cultures exposed to the direct-acting agents, methyl nitronitrosoguanine, 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin and 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane and to compounds requiring metabolic activation, including cyclophosphamide, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 3-methylcholanthrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Negative results were obtained with pyrene and carbon tetrachloride.", "contents": "An in vitro chromosome assay using cultured rat-liver cells. An in vitro chromosome assay has been developed which utilises an epithelial-like cell line derived from rat liver. The cell line, designed RL1, retains sufficient metabolic enzyme activity to detect chromosome damage induced by a variety of chemical mutagens and carcinogens without the incorporation of an extrinsic metabolising system. The cells are grown on standard glass microscope slides, exposed to the test chemical and processed in situ for metaphase analysis. In a small validation study, chromosome damage was detected in cultures exposed to the direct-acting agents, methyl nitronitrosoguanine, 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin and 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane and to compounds requiring metabolic activation, including cyclophosphamide, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 3-methylcholanthrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Negative results were obtained with pyrene and carbon tetrachloride.", "PMID": 117353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12715", "title": "Mutagenic, cancerogenic and teratogenic effects of alcohol.", "content": "Alcohol is mutagenic, cancerogenic and teratogenic in man. Ethanol is mutagenic via its first metabolite, acetaldehyde. This is substantiated by the findings that acetaldehyde induces chromosomal aberrations, sister-chromatid exchanges and cross-links between DNA strands. Methanol, a contaminant of many alcoholic beverages, is also mutagenic via its metabolite, formaldehyde. In addition, different indirect pathways may lead to mutations by alcohol. The cancerogenic activity of alcohol remains unverified by modern standard carcinogenicity tests. Ethanol and other alcohols, as well as aldehydes, inhibit RNA synthesis in cells and in cell-free transcriptional systems. A reduction of cellular RNA synthesis may play an important role in the mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic activity of alcohol.", "contents": "Mutagenic, cancerogenic and teratogenic effects of alcohol. Alcohol is mutagenic, cancerogenic and teratogenic in man. Ethanol is mutagenic via its first metabolite, acetaldehyde. This is substantiated by the findings that acetaldehyde induces chromosomal aberrations, sister-chromatid exchanges and cross-links between DNA strands. Methanol, a contaminant of many alcoholic beverages, is also mutagenic via its metabolite, formaldehyde. In addition, different indirect pathways may lead to mutations by alcohol. The cancerogenic activity of alcohol remains unverified by modern standard carcinogenicity tests. Ethanol and other alcohols, as well as aldehydes, inhibit RNA synthesis in cells and in cell-free transcriptional systems. A reduction of cellular RNA synthesis may play an important role in the mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic activity of alcohol.", "PMID": 117354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12716", "title": "Mutagenicity of nitrosodiethanolamine on Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Nitrosodiethanolamine was examined in the Ames assay for bacterial mutagens. In absence of S9 activation a mutagenic effect was found.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of nitrosodiethanolamine on Salmonella typhimurium. Nitrosodiethanolamine was examined in the Ames assay for bacterial mutagens. In absence of S9 activation a mutagenic effect was found.", "PMID": 117355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12717", "title": "A negative test for mutagenic action of microwave radiation in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Microwave radiation (2450 MHz CW) was tested for mutagenicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Embryos in water were exposed to the electromagnetic field with a mean specific absorption rate of 100 W/kg. A sensitive somatic test system was used, in which mutagenicity was measured as the frequency of somatic mutations for eye pigmentation. With the test system used, microwaves did not show any mutagenic activity.", "contents": "A negative test for mutagenic action of microwave radiation in Drosophila melanogaster. Microwave radiation (2450 MHz CW) was tested for mutagenicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Embryos in water were exposed to the electromagnetic field with a mean specific absorption rate of 100 W/kg. A sensitive somatic test system was used, in which mutagenicity was measured as the frequency of somatic mutations for eye pigmentation. With the test system used, microwaves did not show any mutagenic activity.", "PMID": 117356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12718", "title": "Mutagenicity tests with griseofulvin.", "content": "Griseofulvin was studied for its ability to induce structural chromosomal aberrations in germ and somatic cells of the male mouse. It was also tested for its capacity to produce his+ revertants in Salmonella typhimurium. All tests yielded negative results, whereas highly significant effects were recorded in control assays with thio-TEPA.", "contents": "Mutagenicity tests with griseofulvin. Griseofulvin was studied for its ability to induce structural chromosomal aberrations in germ and somatic cells of the male mouse. It was also tested for its capacity to produce his+ revertants in Salmonella typhimurium. All tests yielded negative results, whereas highly significant effects were recorded in control assays with thio-TEPA.", "PMID": 117357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12719", "title": "Effects of cancer chemotherapeutic agents on testicular DNA synthesis in the rat. Evaluation of a short-term test for studies of the genetic toxicity of chemicals and drugs in vivo.", "content": "Changes in the rate of testicular DNA synthesis in the rat were studied at various times after single doses of 12 cancer chemotherapeutic agents. The animals were given intravenous injections of [14C]thymidine and [3H]thymidine 24 and 3 h, resp., before they were killed. By combining measurements of the free serum radioactivity and the testicular incorporation of the differentially labelled precursor, different response patterns were obtained for agents with different modes of action. The DNA-damaging agents cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, thio-TEPA, busulphan, CCNU and procarbacine, after some delay, caused  a decrease of testicular thymidine incorporation and a corresponding increase of free serum radioactivity. The non-DNA-damaging agents 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside had a rapid effect on testicular thymidine incorporation and produced diverse response patterns different from that of the DNA-damaging agents. Actinomycin D and also vinblastine caused changes in testicular thymidine incorporation and showed response patterns different from those of the other agents. These results show that simple measurements of testicular DNA synthesis may provide useful information for the evaluation of genotoxic effects of chemical compounds and may help one to distinguish between DNA-damaging agents and metabolic inhibitors of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of cancer chemotherapeutic agents on testicular DNA synthesis in the rat. Evaluation of a short-term test for studies of the genetic toxicity of chemicals and drugs in vivo. Changes in the rate of testicular DNA synthesis in the rat were studied at various times after single doses of 12 cancer chemotherapeutic agents. The animals were given intravenous injections of [14C]thymidine and [3H]thymidine 24 and 3 h, resp., before they were killed. By combining measurements of the free serum radioactivity and the testicular incorporation of the differentially labelled precursor, different response patterns were obtained for agents with different modes of action. The DNA-damaging agents cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, thio-TEPA, busulphan, CCNU and procarbacine, after some delay, caused  a decrease of testicular thymidine incorporation and a corresponding increase of free serum radioactivity. The non-DNA-damaging agents 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside had a rapid effect on testicular thymidine incorporation and produced diverse response patterns different from that of the DNA-damaging agents. Actinomycin D and also vinblastine caused changes in testicular thymidine incorporation and showed response patterns different from those of the other agents. These results show that simple measurements of testicular DNA synthesis may provide useful information for the evaluation of genotoxic effects of chemical compounds and may help one to distinguish between DNA-damaging agents and metabolic inhibitors of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 117358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12720", "title": "Medical technology -- a different view of the contentious debate over costs.", "content": "There is a growing conviction that medical technologies are major contributors to escalating costs, and regulating them is generally viewed as the least contentious way to control expenses in the 1980's. Five forms of technology control are being discussed or developed. All aim to reduce costs by controlling big, expensive technologies in the class of computed tomographic (CT) scanning. We present evidence that technologies such as the CT scanner account for far less of the growth in medical expenditures than do the collective expenses of thousands of small tests and procedures. Furthermore, we suggest that each strategy for controlling large technology involves substantial practical and conceptual problems that would severely limit its effectiveness. We thus suggest a shift away from attempts to harness the big technologies, and toward incentives to encourage the more discerning use of all technologies. To this end, we propose changes in physician reimbursement and education and expanded insurance incentives to encourage physicians and hospitals to be more selective in the use of technology.", "contents": "Medical technology -- a different view of the contentious debate over costs. There is a growing conviction that medical technologies are major contributors to escalating costs, and regulating them is generally viewed as the least contentious way to control expenses in the 1980's. Five forms of technology control are being discussed or developed. All aim to reduce costs by controlling big, expensive technologies in the class of computed tomographic (CT) scanning. We present evidence that technologies such as the CT scanner account for far less of the growth in medical expenditures than do the collective expenses of thousands of small tests and procedures. Furthermore, we suggest that each strategy for controlling large technology involves substantial practical and conceptual problems that would severely limit its effectiveness. We thus suggest a shift away from attempts to harness the big technologies, and toward incentives to encourage the more discerning use of all technologies. To this end, we propose changes in physician reimbursement and education and expanded insurance incentives to encourage physicians and hospitals to be more selective in the use of technology.", "PMID": 117359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12721", "title": "[Effect of multivalent cations on the enzymatic determination of glucose with glucose oxidase].", "content": "Iron and copper ions, in a concentration greater than 10(-4) M, inhibit the indicator reaction of a glucose oxidase-peroxidase reagent for the enzymatic determination of glucose, when weakly complexing buffers or buffer-free reaction media are used. The addition of EDTA and other complexing agents or, time-dependently, the buffer ions themselves reverse the inhibition to a great extent. The discussed mechanism of inhibition is based on the assumption that the metal ions share in the re-oxidation of the co-enzyme of glucose oxidase.", "contents": "[Effect of multivalent cations on the enzymatic determination of glucose with glucose oxidase]. Iron and copper ions, in a concentration greater than 10(-4) M, inhibit the indicator reaction of a glucose oxidase-peroxidase reagent for the enzymatic determination of glucose, when weakly complexing buffers or buffer-free reaction media are used. The addition of EDTA and other complexing agents or, time-dependently, the buffer ions themselves reverse the inhibition to a great extent. The discussed mechanism of inhibition is based on the assumption that the metal ions share in the re-oxidation of the co-enzyme of glucose oxidase.", "PMID": 117362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12722", "title": "Controlled smoking.", "content": "The health risks of smoking are related to the interaction of what is smoked, smoking rate, and the topography of consumption. Assessment and treatment efforts should take all three of these factors into account. A working model of smoking behavior is proposed which involves the consideration of antecedents, concomitants, and consequences of smoking on cognitive, behavioral, situational and physiological levels. Further, the relative importance of these factors is not assumed to be the same across individuals. An approach to smoking risk reduction, called controlled smoking, is proposed which includes the elements of: (1) comprehensive assessment, (2) individualized goals, (3) emphasis on regulation, and (4) a skill development approach to treatment. Finally, some possible commonalities among behavioral approaches to substance abuse are presented.", "contents": "Controlled smoking. The health risks of smoking are related to the interaction of what is smoked, smoking rate, and the topography of consumption. Assessment and treatment efforts should take all three of these factors into account. A working model of smoking behavior is proposed which involves the consideration of antecedents, concomitants, and consequences of smoking on cognitive, behavioral, situational and physiological levels. Further, the relative importance of these factors is not assumed to be the same across individuals. An approach to smoking risk reduction, called controlled smoking, is proposed which includes the elements of: (1) comprehensive assessment, (2) individualized goals, (3) emphasis on regulation, and (4) a skill development approach to treatment. Finally, some possible commonalities among behavioral approaches to substance abuse are presented.", "PMID": 117365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12723", "title": "[Reactions of limbic cortex neurons to stimulation of the splanchnic and sciatic nerves and mammillary region of the hypothalamus].", "content": "The background and evoked activities of the limbic cortex neurons to electrical stimulation of the splanchnic and ischiatic nerves and the mammillary body of the hypothalamus were investigated in anesthetized cats. In the presence of effective convergence of sensory visceral and somatic volleys on the limbic cortex neurons low convergence of volleys from the central hypothalamic and peripheral sources was observed. Orthodromic and antidromic responses to the stimulation of the mammillary body were detected testifying to the existence of direct bilateral connections between the anterior limbic cortex and the mammillary body.", "contents": "[Reactions of limbic cortex neurons to stimulation of the splanchnic and sciatic nerves and mammillary region of the hypothalamus]. The background and evoked activities of the limbic cortex neurons to electrical stimulation of the splanchnic and ischiatic nerves and the mammillary body of the hypothalamus were investigated in anesthetized cats. In the presence of effective convergence of sensory visceral and somatic volleys on the limbic cortex neurons low convergence of volleys from the central hypothalamic and peripheral sources was observed. Orthodromic and antidromic responses to the stimulation of the mammillary body were detected testifying to the existence of direct bilateral connections between the anterior limbic cortex and the mammillary body.", "PMID": 117389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12724", "title": "Dopamine inhibition of action potentials in a prolactin secreting cell line is modulated by oestrogen.", "content": "Secretory activity of the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by the brain through stimulatory and inhibitory substances released from nerve endings in the median eminence of the hypothalamus and carried by the adenohypophysial portal blood system to their respective target cells. These hypothalamic influences are modulated by the feedback action of peripheral hormones. Prolactin (PRL) secreting cells are, at least partially, under the stimulatory influence of thyrotropin releasing hromone (TRH) and of oestrogens. However, they are mainly controlled by inhibitory substances among which dopamine (DA) is one of the most potent in vivo as well as in vitro. The inhibitory effect of DA is reversed by oestrogen in vitro. The mechanism by which these factors interact on their target cells is poorly understood. The recent discovery that anterior pituitary cells are excitable and that they are able to generate Ca2+-dependent action potentials has led to the suggestion that these effects are involved in a stimulus-secretion coupling at the membrane level. In this paper, we report that DA inhibits both the spontaneous and TRH-induced action potentials in clonal PRL pituitary cells. In addition, oestradiol-17 beta is able to reverse the inhibitory effect of DA.", "contents": "Dopamine inhibition of action potentials in a prolactin secreting cell line is modulated by oestrogen. Secretory activity of the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by the brain through stimulatory and inhibitory substances released from nerve endings in the median eminence of the hypothalamus and carried by the adenohypophysial portal blood system to their respective target cells. These hypothalamic influences are modulated by the feedback action of peripheral hormones. Prolactin (PRL) secreting cells are, at least partially, under the stimulatory influence of thyrotropin releasing hromone (TRH) and of oestrogens. However, they are mainly controlled by inhibitory substances among which dopamine (DA) is one of the most potent in vivo as well as in vitro. The inhibitory effect of DA is reversed by oestrogen in vitro. The mechanism by which these factors interact on their target cells is poorly understood. The recent discovery that anterior pituitary cells are excitable and that they are able to generate Ca2+-dependent action potentials has led to the suggestion that these effects are involved in a stimulus-secretion coupling at the membrane level. In this paper, we report that DA inhibits both the spontaneous and TRH-induced action potentials in clonal PRL pituitary cells. In addition, oestradiol-17 beta is able to reverse the inhibitory effect of DA.", "PMID": 117385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12725", "title": "[Morphofunctional interrelationships between the hippocampus and hypothalamus in rats].", "content": "Evoked reactions of the hypothalamic arcuate and medial preoptic nuclei neurons were recorded when the hippocampus was stimulated by single stimuli in anaesthetized rats. In the arcuate nucleus phasic responses and primary inhibition were found to be dominant and in the medial preoptic nucleus--both phasic and nonspecifical responses. After injection of the horseradish peroxidase into the stimulated hippocampal region stained cells were found in the nuclei of the mammillary complex, mediobasal hypothalamus and in the medial preoptic nucleus. Groups of stained neurons were observed in the periphery of ventro- and dorsomedial, lateral and mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus. In all the studied structures, except the medial mammillary nucleus, reticular-like cells were found alongside with spindle-like and triangle neurons. The data obtained are discussed in connection with the problem of hypothalamo-hippocampal interaction.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional interrelationships between the hippocampus and hypothalamus in rats]. Evoked reactions of the hypothalamic arcuate and medial preoptic nuclei neurons were recorded when the hippocampus was stimulated by single stimuli in anaesthetized rats. In the arcuate nucleus phasic responses and primary inhibition were found to be dominant and in the medial preoptic nucleus--both phasic and nonspecifical responses. After injection of the horseradish peroxidase into the stimulated hippocampal region stained cells were found in the nuclei of the mammillary complex, mediobasal hypothalamus and in the medial preoptic nucleus. Groups of stained neurons were observed in the periphery of ventro- and dorsomedial, lateral and mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus. In all the studied structures, except the medial mammillary nucleus, reticular-like cells were found alongside with spindle-like and triangle neurons. The data obtained are discussed in connection with the problem of hypothalamo-hippocampal interaction.", "PMID": 117390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12726", "title": "Brain TRF immunoreactivity during various physiological and stress conditions in the rat.", "content": "Methanol extracts of several rat tissues (hypothalamus, amygdala, the rest of the forebrain, brain stem and pancreas) were partially purified in SP-cation exchange chromatography and measured in TRF radioimmunoassay. It was found that hypothalamic and amygdaloid TRF contents were highest during the light period of the day, but brain stem TRF had an opposite rhythm. Hypothalamic TRF content rose after 10 min by 14% (p less than 0.05) when the rats were exposed to transfer stress. During short-time immobilization stress tests, hypothalamic TRF rose by 41% (p less than 0.05) after a 10-sec immobilization. Cold exposure did not produce any changes in hypothalamic TRF contents within 45 min. Handling stress and time of day appear to be the most important factors influencing the hypothalamic TRF content and have to be taken into account when measuring TRF.", "contents": "Brain TRF immunoreactivity during various physiological and stress conditions in the rat. Methanol extracts of several rat tissues (hypothalamus, amygdala, the rest of the forebrain, brain stem and pancreas) were partially purified in SP-cation exchange chromatography and measured in TRF radioimmunoassay. It was found that hypothalamic and amygdaloid TRF contents were highest during the light period of the day, but brain stem TRF had an opposite rhythm. Hypothalamic TRF content rose after 10 min by 14% (p less than 0.05) when the rats were exposed to transfer stress. During short-time immobilization stress tests, hypothalamic TRF rose by 41% (p less than 0.05) after a 10-sec immobilization. Cold exposure did not produce any changes in hypothalamic TRF contents within 45 min. Handling stress and time of day appear to be the most important factors influencing the hypothalamic TRF content and have to be taken into account when measuring TRF.", "PMID": 117391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12727", "title": "Immobilization stress and prolactin secretion in male rats. Possible roles of dopamine and TRH.", "content": "Immoblization stress had a biphasic effect on serum prolactin levels: the early short stimulatory phase followed by a long inhibitory phase in male rats. Stress induced the rise in serum prolactin without concomitant increase in serum TSH levels which declined during the immoblization for 300 min. Other stressors, ether inhalation or formalin s.c. injection, or TSH i.v. injection, which were effective in controls failed to elevate serum prolactin after the 300-min immobilization. Serum TSH responded to TRH after the stress as well. Pimozide, dopamine receptor blocker, was effective in increase of serum prolactin in the stressed rats as well as in controls. In pimozide pretreated rats, elevated serum prolactin levels decrease in 10 min by the immobilization and returned to the preimmobilization levels thereafter which were higher than those in stressed animals without pimozide treatment. It is suggested that TRH is not a physiological PRF in the stress-induced prolactin release and that the dopaminergic system may be activated by the immunoblization stress, resulting in decrease of the prolactin-releasing activity of the pituitary.", "contents": "Immobilization stress and prolactin secretion in male rats. Possible roles of dopamine and TRH. Immoblization stress had a biphasic effect on serum prolactin levels: the early short stimulatory phase followed by a long inhibitory phase in male rats. Stress induced the rise in serum prolactin without concomitant increase in serum TSH levels which declined during the immoblization for 300 min. Other stressors, ether inhalation or formalin s.c. injection, or TSH i.v. injection, which were effective in controls failed to elevate serum prolactin after the 300-min immobilization. Serum TSH responded to TRH after the stress as well. Pimozide, dopamine receptor blocker, was effective in increase of serum prolactin in the stressed rats as well as in controls. In pimozide pretreated rats, elevated serum prolactin levels decrease in 10 min by the immobilization and returned to the preimmobilization levels thereafter which were higher than those in stressed animals without pimozide treatment. It is suggested that TRH is not a physiological PRF in the stress-induced prolactin release and that the dopaminergic system may be activated by the immunoblization stress, resulting in decrease of the prolactin-releasing activity of the pituitary.", "PMID": 117392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12728", "title": "Occlusion of the cerebral arteries in Recklinghausen's disease.", "content": "Two children, aged 18 months and 6 years, who had Recklinghausen's disease, had occlusion of cerebral arteries. One child had no motor deficit but the other had right hemiparesis and partial occlusion of the left posterior cerebral artery, a fact not found in the literature.", "contents": "Occlusion of the cerebral arteries in Recklinghausen's disease. Two children, aged 18 months and 6 years, who had Recklinghausen's disease, had occlusion of cerebral arteries. One child had no motor deficit but the other had right hemiparesis and partial occlusion of the left posterior cerebral artery, a fact not found in the literature.", "PMID": 117396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12729", "title": "[Cannulation of the subclavian vein using the subclavicular route: technic of choice for fluid therapy and prolonged total parenteral feeding].", "content": "The various routes to the large veins and the technique for placing a long-term plastic catheter for fluid therapy and prolonged total parenteral feeding, are described with respective limitations and contraindications. It is considered that cannulation of the subclavian vein by the subclavicular route using Cavafix instrumentation is preferable because it is comparatively easy to carry out complications are limited, and scrupulous asepsis is possible. It can also be applied in any patient even in the most serious of conditions without having to make him take up a special position.", "contents": "[Cannulation of the subclavian vein using the subclavicular route: technic of choice for fluid therapy and prolonged total parenteral feeding]. The various routes to the large veins and the technique for placing a long-term plastic catheter for fluid therapy and prolonged total parenteral feeding, are described with respective limitations and contraindications. It is considered that cannulation of the subclavian vein by the subclavicular route using Cavafix instrumentation is preferable because it is comparatively easy to carry out complications are limited, and scrupulous asepsis is possible. It can also be applied in any patient even in the most serious of conditions without having to make him take up a special position.", "PMID": 117399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12730", "title": "[Plasma hyperosmolarity aspects in intensive care and its treatment with potassium canreonate].", "content": "Intravenous administration of 400-600 mg/day potassium canrenoate normalised plasma osmolarity and permitted rapid re-establishment of the metabolic picture in 9/12 patients with hyperosmolarity admitted to a resuscitation department for complex physiopathological pictures. The soundness of the drug in this sense is affirmed, as well as its permission of the recommencement of parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "[Plasma hyperosmolarity aspects in intensive care and its treatment with potassium canreonate]. Intravenous administration of 400-600 mg/day potassium canrenoate normalised plasma osmolarity and permitted rapid re-establishment of the metabolic picture in 9/12 patients with hyperosmolarity admitted to a resuscitation department for complex physiopathological pictures. The soundness of the drug in this sense is affirmed, as well as its permission of the recommencement of parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 117400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12731", "title": "[Treatment of acute renal insufficiency in intensive care. Current perspectives with TPA and proxazole].", "content": "A critical assessment is made of cases of ARF observed in a resuscitation department over the last three years. Reference is made to the physiopathological and pharmacological premises underlying the employment of a different therapeutic protocol, based on the maintenance of high diuresis with proxazol and the use of TPA to establish a nitrogen balance with a high cal/N ratio, coupled with the administration of histidine.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute renal insufficiency in intensive care. Current perspectives with TPA and proxazole]. A critical assessment is made of cases of ARF observed in a resuscitation department over the last three years. Reference is made to the physiopathological and pharmacological premises underlying the employment of a different therapeutic protocol, based on the maintenance of high diuresis with proxazol and the use of TPA to establish a nitrogen balance with a high cal/N ratio, coupled with the administration of histidine.", "PMID": 117401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12732", "title": "[Total parenteral nutrition in surgery].", "content": "Following a number of general remarks regarding the metabolic physiopathology of the surgical patient, the indications and biochemical premises for total parenteral nutrition are examined. Stress is also labor, on problems of administration routes and modalities and on the chemico-clinical controls needed to weigh up the technique. Finally, the results of personal experience in the treatment of 16 patients whose prevalent pathology consist of necrotico-haemorrhagic A.P. and its sequelae are reported. The usefulness of the technique is confirmed because it offers interesting results in difficult and often dramatic surgical situations.", "contents": "[Total parenteral nutrition in surgery]. Following a number of general remarks regarding the metabolic physiopathology of the surgical patient, the indications and biochemical premises for total parenteral nutrition are examined. Stress is also labor, on problems of administration routes and modalities and on the chemico-clinical controls needed to weigh up the technique. Finally, the results of personal experience in the treatment of 16 patients whose prevalent pathology consist of necrotico-haemorrhagic A.P. and its sequelae are reported. The usefulness of the technique is confirmed because it offers interesting results in difficult and often dramatic surgical situations.", "PMID": 117402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12733", "title": "Cortical projection to hand-arm motor area from post-arcuate area in macaque monkeys: a histological study of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "In four macaque monkeys horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into physiologically defined hand-arm motor area. Ipsilaterally, HRP labeled neurons were found in both upper and lower limbs of the posterior bank of the arcuate sulcus and in an area surrounding the arcuate spur. Contralaterally, labeled neurons were found in the same areas, though less dense in concentration. Labeled neurons were found mostly in layer III of the cortex.", "contents": "Cortical projection to hand-arm motor area from post-arcuate area in macaque monkeys: a histological study of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. In four macaque monkeys horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into physiologically defined hand-arm motor area. Ipsilaterally, HRP labeled neurons were found in both upper and lower limbs of the posterior bank of the arcuate sulcus and in an area surrounding the arcuate spur. Contralaterally, labeled neurons were found in the same areas, though less dense in concentration. Labeled neurons were found mostly in layer III of the cortex.", "PMID": 117403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12734", "title": "Assessment of the cost/effectiveness of chemotherapy for skin and urinary tract infections using in vitro sensitivity testing.", "content": "Results of skin and urine cultures performed by a Wellington laboratory over a selected period, were used to estimate the prevalence of common organisms and their in vitro sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents, to determine the most efficacious and economical, anti-infective therapy. For streptococcal or mixed gram positive infections penicillin is the antibiotic of choice. For mild to moderate staphylococcal infections, erythromycin is indicated. A single dose of cotrimoxazole is economical for uncomplicated urinary tract infections, however urine culture seems warranted. Reservations are expressed regarding the assessment of in vitro sensitivity to cotrimoxazole and possible development of resistance to this agent. Ampicillin/amoxycillin is indicated for organisms resistant to sulphonamides. The need to supply doctors with information on changing sensitivity patterns of micro-organisms in the community is emphasised.", "contents": "Assessment of the cost/effectiveness of chemotherapy for skin and urinary tract infections using in vitro sensitivity testing. Results of skin and urine cultures performed by a Wellington laboratory over a selected period, were used to estimate the prevalence of common organisms and their in vitro sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents, to determine the most efficacious and economical, anti-infective therapy. For streptococcal or mixed gram positive infections penicillin is the antibiotic of choice. For mild to moderate staphylococcal infections, erythromycin is indicated. A single dose of cotrimoxazole is economical for uncomplicated urinary tract infections, however urine culture seems warranted. Reservations are expressed regarding the assessment of in vitro sensitivity to cotrimoxazole and possible development of resistance to this agent. Ampicillin/amoxycillin is indicated for organisms resistant to sulphonamides. The need to supply doctors with information on changing sensitivity patterns of micro-organisms in the community is emphasised.", "PMID": 117404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12735", "title": "Prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in normal and complicated late pregnancies.", "content": "Maternal serum prolactin level (PRL) was determined with radioimmunoassay in normal and complicated late pregnancy. The mean basal PRL levels were not statistically different among normal (179.3 ng/ml), preeclamptic (169.7 ng/ml), hypertensive (171.4 ng/ml), twin (194.8 ng/ml), or diabetic pregnancies (134.4 ng/ml), although 3 of 17 diabetic women had abnormally low PRL levels. The PRL response to 200 micrograms of intravenously administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was investigated and found similar in normal, preeclamptic, hypertensive, and twin pregnancies. There was no response to TRH in 2 of 3 diabetics with a low basal PRL level. One of these diabetic patients experienced an unexplained intrauterine death 4 weeks later; the others delivered term infants, 1 of whom died of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). These preliminary results suggest that low basal PRL levels and unresponsiveness to TRH may be related to a poor fetal or neonatal prognosis in diabetic pregnancies.", "contents": "Prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in normal and complicated late pregnancies. Maternal serum prolactin level (PRL) was determined with radioimmunoassay in normal and complicated late pregnancy. The mean basal PRL levels were not statistically different among normal (179.3 ng/ml), preeclamptic (169.7 ng/ml), hypertensive (171.4 ng/ml), twin (194.8 ng/ml), or diabetic pregnancies (134.4 ng/ml), although 3 of 17 diabetic women had abnormally low PRL levels. The PRL response to 200 micrograms of intravenously administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was investigated and found similar in normal, preeclamptic, hypertensive, and twin pregnancies. There was no response to TRH in 2 of 3 diabetics with a low basal PRL level. One of these diabetic patients experienced an unexplained intrauterine death 4 weeks later; the others delivered term infants, 1 of whom died of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). These preliminary results suggest that low basal PRL levels and unresponsiveness to TRH may be related to a poor fetal or neonatal prognosis in diabetic pregnancies.", "PMID": 117409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12736", "title": "Fetal movements in human pregnancies in the third trimester.", "content": "Fetal movements (FM) were measured using a real-time B-scan method in 50 women in the third trimester. One hundred ninety-five observations were made. The number of FM per 20-minute observation period was similar in normal, diabetic, and hypertensive pregnancies and in patients with placenta previa, but was significantly lower in patients with Rh isoimmunization and an affected fetus. The number of FM did not vary with gestational age, mode of delivery, or birth weight and was significantly increased in patients either with a reactive nonstress test (NST) or in the presence of fetal breathing movements (FBM). Fetal movements were absent before delivery in 4 patients: In 3, the fetus died in utero and in the other a positive contraction stress test (CST) was observed. Conversely, in 2 other fetuses who died in utero, FM were observed during the last examination before death. In both, the cause of fetal death was related to an acute change. No relationship between FM and neonatal death was observed. These data suggest FM monitoring may be helpful in evaluating antepartum fetal condition.", "contents": "Fetal movements in human pregnancies in the third trimester. Fetal movements (FM) were measured using a real-time B-scan method in 50 women in the third trimester. One hundred ninety-five observations were made. The number of FM per 20-minute observation period was similar in normal, diabetic, and hypertensive pregnancies and in patients with placenta previa, but was significantly lower in patients with Rh isoimmunization and an affected fetus. The number of FM did not vary with gestational age, mode of delivery, or birth weight and was significantly increased in patients either with a reactive nonstress test (NST) or in the presence of fetal breathing movements (FBM). Fetal movements were absent before delivery in 4 patients: In 3, the fetus died in utero and in the other a positive contraction stress test (CST) was observed. Conversely, in 2 other fetuses who died in utero, FM were observed during the last examination before death. In both, the cause of fetal death was related to an acute change. No relationship between FM and neonatal death was observed. These data suggest FM monitoring may be helpful in evaluating antepartum fetal condition.", "PMID": 117410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12737", "title": "The in vitro and in vivo effects of a surgical lubricant on the recovery of gonococci from the endocervical canal.", "content": "A surgical lubricant containing phenylmercuric borate, tested in vitro, was shown to alter the recovery of the gonococcus. In vivo studies of 150 patients, 60 (40%) of whom were infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, were performed to determine if examination with the surgical lubricant, as compared to tap water, altered the ability to recover N. gonorrhoeae from the cervix. Results indicated that although the surgical lubricant containing phenylmercuric borate was bacteriostatic in vitro, it did not alter the recovery of N. gonorrhoese from infected patients.", "contents": "The in vitro and in vivo effects of a surgical lubricant on the recovery of gonococci from the endocervical canal. A surgical lubricant containing phenylmercuric borate, tested in vitro, was shown to alter the recovery of the gonococcus. In vivo studies of 150 patients, 60 (40%) of whom were infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, were performed to determine if examination with the surgical lubricant, as compared to tap water, altered the ability to recover N. gonorrhoeae from the cervix. Results indicated that although the surgical lubricant containing phenylmercuric borate was bacteriostatic in vitro, it did not alter the recovery of N. gonorrhoese from infected patients.", "PMID": 117411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12738", "title": "Distribution of ligandin in normal and azocarcinogen-treated rat liver and azocarcinogen-induced liver tumors.", "content": "Antibodies were raised in rabbits against pure ligandin. Employing the fluorescent antibody procedure, an antigen identical to ligandin was shown to be uniformly distributed in the hepatic cells of both normal rat liver and in early and late 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB)-treated liver. Ligandin was absent in liver carcinomas induced by this azocarcinogen. The results obtained with fluorescent antibody procedure were confirmed by the immunoquantitation of ligandin in the cytosols prepared from normal rat liver, early and late 3'-Me-DAB-treated liver, mixtures of both late 3'-Me-DAB-treated liver and liver carcinomas and liver carcinomas. Riboflavin-deficient diets lowered significantly the hepatic ligandin content.", "contents": "Distribution of ligandin in normal and azocarcinogen-treated rat liver and azocarcinogen-induced liver tumors. Antibodies were raised in rabbits against pure ligandin. Employing the fluorescent antibody procedure, an antigen identical to ligandin was shown to be uniformly distributed in the hepatic cells of both normal rat liver and in early and late 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB)-treated liver. Ligandin was absent in liver carcinomas induced by this azocarcinogen. The results obtained with fluorescent antibody procedure were confirmed by the immunoquantitation of ligandin in the cytosols prepared from normal rat liver, early and late 3'-Me-DAB-treated liver, mixtures of both late 3'-Me-DAB-treated liver and liver carcinomas and liver carcinomas. Riboflavin-deficient diets lowered significantly the hepatic ligandin content.", "PMID": 117413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12739", "title": "Study of the anti-tumor effect of polypeptide pineal extract.", "content": "Bovine pineal polypeptide extract (PPE) exerted an anti-tumor effect on mouse-transplantable tumors: mammary cancer (RSM), squamous cell cervical carcinoma (SCC), hepatoma-22a and lympholeukemia LIO-1, and had no effect on Harding-Passey melanoma and leukemia L-1210. It was shown that PPE possessed the ability to decrease the incidence of DMBA-induced mammary adenocarcinomas in rats. The daily administration of 0.5 mg PPE prolonged the life span of rats by 25% and failed to influence spontaneous tumor development. The arguments in favor of a possible mechanism of anti-tumor action of the pineal gland are submitted. It is suggested that the anti-tumor effect of PPE may occur when the syndrome of cancrophilia is induced by tumor transplantation or chemical carcinogens.", "contents": "Study of the anti-tumor effect of polypeptide pineal extract. Bovine pineal polypeptide extract (PPE) exerted an anti-tumor effect on mouse-transplantable tumors: mammary cancer (RSM), squamous cell cervical carcinoma (SCC), hepatoma-22a and lympholeukemia LIO-1, and had no effect on Harding-Passey melanoma and leukemia L-1210. It was shown that PPE possessed the ability to decrease the incidence of DMBA-induced mammary adenocarcinomas in rats. The daily administration of 0.5 mg PPE prolonged the life span of rats by 25% and failed to influence spontaneous tumor development. The arguments in favor of a possible mechanism of anti-tumor action of the pineal gland are submitted. It is suggested that the anti-tumor effect of PPE may occur when the syndrome of cancrophilia is induced by tumor transplantation or chemical carcinogens.", "PMID": 117414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12740", "title": "A case of neurofibromatosis with severe osseous disease of the thoracic spine.", "content": "A case of neurofibromatosis in a 7-year-old boy from Greenland is presented. The patient suddenly developed a severe thoracic scoliosis because of a total luxation of the upper thoracic vertebrae caused by erosion from soft tissue tumours in the region. Tomography revealed the bone changes, and CT whole-body scanning showed the extent of the soft tissue tumours and also the destruction of the vertebrae. The diagnosis was verified by biopsy.", "contents": "A case of neurofibromatosis with severe osseous disease of the thoracic spine. A case of neurofibromatosis in a 7-year-old boy from Greenland is presented. The patient suddenly developed a severe thoracic scoliosis because of a total luxation of the upper thoracic vertebrae caused by erosion from soft tissue tumours in the region. Tomography revealed the bone changes, and CT whole-body scanning showed the extent of the soft tissue tumours and also the destruction of the vertebrae. The diagnosis was verified by biopsy.", "PMID": 117420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12741", "title": "Effects of levamisole on the immune responses of experimentally malnourished rats.", "content": "Levamisole (Ketrax), and anthelmintic drug commonly used in the tropics, has been found to restore the impaired spontaneous rosette-forming lymphocytes and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in experimentally malnourished rats. It, however, has no effects on plaque-forming cells. The drug was also found to reconstitute the histologic integrity of the thymus in malnutrition.", "contents": "Effects of levamisole on the immune responses of experimentally malnourished rats. Levamisole (Ketrax), and anthelmintic drug commonly used in the tropics, has been found to restore the impaired spontaneous rosette-forming lymphocytes and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in experimentally malnourished rats. It, however, has no effects on plaque-forming cells. The drug was also found to reconstitute the histologic integrity of the thymus in malnutrition.", "PMID": 117421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12742", "title": "A circulating inhibitor of platelet aggregation in Bartter's syndrome.", "content": "Aggregation studies were performed on platelets from five patients with Bartter's syndrome. Epinephrine failed to induce aggregation in all five patients. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) produced a single reversible phase of aggregation, and there was depressed sensitivity to collagen. Response to ristocetin was normal. There was a dose-related inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation when plasma from the patients was addeded to normal platelet-rich plasma. This inhibition was diminished or absent when patients were receiving aspirin. Washed platelets from two patients who were no longer undergoing aspirin therapy, showed a normal response to epinephrine in normal platelet-poor plasma. Bleeding time was reduced from 23 minutes to 12 minutes in one patient while on aspirin therapy. These studies suggest that a circulating inhibitor of platelet aggregation, probably of prostaglandin origin, is present in the plasma  of patients with Bartter's syndrome.", "contents": "A circulating inhibitor of platelet aggregation in Bartter's syndrome. Aggregation studies were performed on platelets from five patients with Bartter's syndrome. Epinephrine failed to induce aggregation in all five patients. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) produced a single reversible phase of aggregation, and there was depressed sensitivity to collagen. Response to ristocetin was normal. There was a dose-related inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation when plasma from the patients was addeded to normal platelet-rich plasma. This inhibition was diminished or absent when patients were receiving aspirin. Washed platelets from two patients who were no longer undergoing aspirin therapy, showed a normal response to epinephrine in normal platelet-poor plasma. Bleeding time was reduced from 23 minutes to 12 minutes in one patient while on aspirin therapy. These studies suggest that a circulating inhibitor of platelet aggregation, probably of prostaglandin origin, is present in the plasma  of patients with Bartter's syndrome.", "PMID": 117424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12743", "title": "Organochlorine residues in six species of estuarine birds, South Carolina, 1971-75.", "content": "In South Carolina between 1971 and 1975, authors evaluated the occurrence of organochlorine residues in the laughing gull (Larus atricilla), white ibis (Eudocimus albus), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), American oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus), willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus), and ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres). Tissues of birds found dead and eggs were analyzed, eggshell thicknesses were measured, and incidental observations were made of reproductive success and population status. Eggshell thickness of the white bis, American oystercatcher, and laughing gull were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) from the pre-1947 norms. DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were found most frequently and at the highest concentration in eggs. DDE residues declined significantly in oystercatcher eggs, and declined slightly in laughing gull eggs; no change was noted in white ibis eggs. No consistent trends were found for dieldrin and PCBs. Authors found no obvious problems with reproductive success of any species. Populations of the five species breeding in South Carolina appear stable. The white ibis and laughing gull in South Carolina have experienced population explosions over the past 50 years; the glossy ibis has increased substantially since the first documented breeding records in 1947.", "contents": "Organochlorine residues in six species of estuarine birds, South Carolina, 1971-75. In South Carolina between 1971 and 1975, authors evaluated the occurrence of organochlorine residues in the laughing gull (Larus atricilla), white ibis (Eudocimus albus), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), American oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus), willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus), and ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres). Tissues of birds found dead and eggs were analyzed, eggshell thicknesses were measured, and incidental observations were made of reproductive success and population status. Eggshell thickness of the white bis, American oystercatcher, and laughing gull were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) from the pre-1947 norms. DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were found most frequently and at the highest concentration in eggs. DDE residues declined significantly in oystercatcher eggs, and declined slightly in laughing gull eggs; no change was noted in white ibis eggs. No consistent trends were found for dieldrin and PCBs. Authors found no obvious problems with reproductive success of any species. Populations of the five species breeding in South Carolina appear stable. The white ibis and laughing gull in South Carolina have experienced population explosions over the past 50 years; the glossy ibis has increased substantially since the first documented breeding records in 1947.", "PMID": 117426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12744", "title": "Shell thinning and residues of organochlorines and mercury in seabird eggs, Eastern Canada, 1970-76.", "content": "Organochlorine and mercury concentrations are reported for 252 eggs of Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), double-crested cormorant (Phalarocorax auritus), common eider (Somateria mollissima), common tern (Sterna hirundo), razorbill (Alca torda), common murre (Uria aalge) black guillemot (Cepphus grylle), and Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica) from the Bay of Fundy, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the open Atlantic shore of Canada during 1970-76. Concentrations of all organochlorines except DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were low. DDE, PCBs, and mercury residues were highest in cormorant and petrel, intermediated in alcids, and lowest in eider and tern. Temporal and spatial aspects of contamination patterns are discussed. Authors conclude that only in cormorants were DDE residues high enough to cause, through eggshell thinning, local population declines.", "contents": "Shell thinning and residues of organochlorines and mercury in seabird eggs, Eastern Canada, 1970-76. Organochlorine and mercury concentrations are reported for 252 eggs of Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), double-crested cormorant (Phalarocorax auritus), common eider (Somateria mollissima), common tern (Sterna hirundo), razorbill (Alca torda), common murre (Uria aalge) black guillemot (Cepphus grylle), and Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica) from the Bay of Fundy, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the open Atlantic shore of Canada during 1970-76. Concentrations of all organochlorines except DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were low. DDE, PCBs, and mercury residues were highest in cormorant and petrel, intermediated in alcids, and lowest in eider and tern. Temporal and spatial aspects of contamination patterns are discussed. Authors conclude that only in cormorants were DDE residues high enough to cause, through eggshell thinning, local population declines.", "PMID": 117427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12745", "title": "Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT in water and sediment of the St. Lucie Estuary, Florida, 1977.", "content": "sigma DDT residues in the St. Lucie River bottom sediments increased after Lake Okeechobee water was discharged through the St. Lucie Canal into the area. sigma DDT levels were highest in sediment samples from the Palm City area, ranging from 1.8 ppb to 6.15 ppb. Sediment samples from the A1A Highway Bridge area contained 1.6-6.8 ppb Aroclor 1254. Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and sigma DDT in sediment samples from the junction of the St. Lucie and Indian Rivers were not detectable. Surface water samples from the estuary did not show any detectable DDT or PCB residues.", "contents": "Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT in water and sediment of the St. Lucie Estuary, Florida, 1977. sigma DDT residues in the St. Lucie River bottom sediments increased after Lake Okeechobee water was discharged through the St. Lucie Canal into the area. sigma DDT levels were highest in sediment samples from the Palm City area, ranging from 1.8 ppb to 6.15 ppb. Sediment samples from the A1A Highway Bridge area contained 1.6-6.8 ppb Aroclor 1254. Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and sigma DDT in sediment samples from the junction of the St. Lucie and Indian Rivers were not detectable. Surface water samples from the estuary did not show any detectable DDT or PCB residues.", "PMID": 117428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12746", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on mast cell degranulation and its prevention.", "content": "The surface alterations of rat peritoneal mast cells during degranulation induced by calcium chloride (CaCl2) and its prevention by salbutamol sulfate (Sal. Sulf.), chlorpheniramine maleate (CM), and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) were followed with a scanning electron microscope. CaCl2 caused a protuberation of the cytoplasmic granules already after 30 s, an advanced degranulation after 60-75 s, and a complete destruction of the cells after 180 s of incubation. The degranulation process was prevented by Sal. Sulf., CM, and DSCG. A comparison of the surface changes induced by these agents with the ultrastructural findings observed with a transmission electron microscope showed that neither Sal. Sulf. nor CM prevented the alterations of the internal structure of the cells, suggesting that these substances act mainly on the cytoplasmic membrane. The best prevention for both the surface and the internal structure of the cells was obtained by DSCG, indicating that this substance is a stabilizer of both membrane and internal organelles of the mast cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on mast cell degranulation and its prevention. The surface alterations of rat peritoneal mast cells during degranulation induced by calcium chloride (CaCl2) and its prevention by salbutamol sulfate (Sal. Sulf.), chlorpheniramine maleate (CM), and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) were followed with a scanning electron microscope. CaCl2 caused a protuberation of the cytoplasmic granules already after 30 s, an advanced degranulation after 60-75 s, and a complete destruction of the cells after 180 s of incubation. The degranulation process was prevented by Sal. Sulf., CM, and DSCG. A comparison of the surface changes induced by these agents with the ultrastructural findings observed with a transmission electron microscope showed that neither Sal. Sulf. nor CM prevented the alterations of the internal structure of the cells, suggesting that these substances act mainly on the cytoplasmic membrane. The best prevention for both the surface and the internal structure of the cells was obtained by DSCG, indicating that this substance is a stabilizer of both membrane and internal organelles of the mast cells.", "PMID": 117429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12747", "title": "Comparison of nucleotide sequences of large T1 ribonuclease fragments of 18S ribosomal RNA of rat and chicken.", "content": "Nucleotide sequences of large T1 ribonuclease fragments of 18S ribosomal RNA of Novikoff rat ascites hepatoma cells and chicken lymphoblastoid cells were determined and compared. Among the 19 large T1 ribonuclease fragments examined of rat 18S ribosomal RNA, 12 fragments were found to be the same in chicken 18S ribosomal RNA. Three fragments of rat 18S ribosomal RNA were not found among large T1 ribonuclease fragments of chicken 18S ribosomal RNA. Four fragments of rat 18S ribosomal RNA were found to be changed in chicken 18S ribosomal RNA. All the changes were point mutations except the change in the largest T1 ribonuclease fragment 1 which is 21 nucleotides long. 2'-0-methylation at the center of the fragment was lost in chicken 18S ribosomal RNA; all the other nucleotides were the same.", "contents": "Comparison of nucleotide sequences of large T1 ribonuclease fragments of 18S ribosomal RNA of rat and chicken. Nucleotide sequences of large T1 ribonuclease fragments of 18S ribosomal RNA of Novikoff rat ascites hepatoma cells and chicken lymphoblastoid cells were determined and compared. Among the 19 large T1 ribonuclease fragments examined of rat 18S ribosomal RNA, 12 fragments were found to be the same in chicken 18S ribosomal RNA. Three fragments of rat 18S ribosomal RNA were not found among large T1 ribonuclease fragments of chicken 18S ribosomal RNA. Four fragments of rat 18S ribosomal RNA were found to be changed in chicken 18S ribosomal RNA. All the changes were point mutations except the change in the largest T1 ribonuclease fragment 1 which is 21 nucleotides long. 2'-0-methylation at the center of the fragment was lost in chicken 18S ribosomal RNA; all the other nucleotides were the same.", "PMID": 117430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12748", "title": "Further characterization of a cell-free system for measuring replicative and repair DNA synthesis with cultured human fibroblasts and evidence for the involvement of DNA polymerase alpha in DNA repair.", "content": "DNA repair synthesis can be specifically measured in osmotically opened, confluent cultured human fibroblasts after exposure to DNA damaging agents such that both induction and mediation of DNA repair synthesis can take place in this cell-free system. Alternatively, by utilizing osmotically shocked, log phase cells and altering the DNA precursors, pH and ionic strength, replicative DNA synthesis can be specifically monitored. Autoradiographic studies show that virtually all of the nuclei from the lysates of the confluent, UV-iradiated cells are lightly labeled in the fashion characteristic of DNA repair. By contrast, only a fraction of nuclei is labeled in a population of unperturbed, opened log phase cells and the labeling is heavy and characteristic of replicative synthesis. Furthermore, equilibrium density gradient sedimentation shows that DNA synthesis in lysates of log-phase cells is semiconservative, whereas that with UV-irradiated cells is repair synthesis. This open cell system has been used to study the enzymology of DNA repair. Thus, dideoxythymidine triphosphate, a specific inhibitor of DNA polymerases beta and gamma, does not inhibit either replicative or repair synthesis. By contrast, aphidicolin, a specific inhibitor of DNA polymerase alpha, inhibits DNA repair and replicative synthesis in both intact and permeabilized cells. Finally, phage T4 UV-exonuclease stimulates repair synthesis, but only when phage T4 UV-endonuclease is also added to the UV-irradiated nuclei.", "contents": "Further characterization of a cell-free system for measuring replicative and repair DNA synthesis with cultured human fibroblasts and evidence for the involvement of DNA polymerase alpha in DNA repair. DNA repair synthesis can be specifically measured in osmotically opened, confluent cultured human fibroblasts after exposure to DNA damaging agents such that both induction and mediation of DNA repair synthesis can take place in this cell-free system. Alternatively, by utilizing osmotically shocked, log phase cells and altering the DNA precursors, pH and ionic strength, replicative DNA synthesis can be specifically monitored. Autoradiographic studies show that virtually all of the nuclei from the lysates of the confluent, UV-iradiated cells are lightly labeled in the fashion characteristic of DNA repair. By contrast, only a fraction of nuclei is labeled in a population of unperturbed, opened log phase cells and the labeling is heavy and characteristic of replicative synthesis. Furthermore, equilibrium density gradient sedimentation shows that DNA synthesis in lysates of log-phase cells is semiconservative, whereas that with UV-irradiated cells is repair synthesis. This open cell system has been used to study the enzymology of DNA repair. Thus, dideoxythymidine triphosphate, a specific inhibitor of DNA polymerases beta and gamma, does not inhibit either replicative or repair synthesis. By contrast, aphidicolin, a specific inhibitor of DNA polymerase alpha, inhibits DNA repair and replicative synthesis in both intact and permeabilized cells. Finally, phage T4 UV-exonuclease stimulates repair synthesis, but only when phage T4 UV-endonuclease is also added to the UV-irradiated nuclei.", "PMID": 117431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12749", "title": "Pre-operative intravenous feeding--a controlled trial.", "content": "Seventy-four patients with a pre-operative diagnosis of stomach or oesophageal cancer were entered into a randomized, controlled clinical trial to assess the value of a short course of pre-operative intravenous nutrition. The effectiveness of this treatment was assessed by the clinical course and monitored by means of immune and biochemical profiles. Pre-operative parenteral nutrition given over a 7-10-day period resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of postoperative wound infections. Clinical benefit was confined to those patients who had a low serum albumin on admission to hospital. It is doubtful whether this limited benefit justifies the routine use of intravenous feeding, with its attendant hazards, in the pre-operative preparation of patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer.", "contents": "Pre-operative intravenous feeding--a controlled trial. Seventy-four patients with a pre-operative diagnosis of stomach or oesophageal cancer were entered into a randomized, controlled clinical trial to assess the value of a short course of pre-operative intravenous nutrition. The effectiveness of this treatment was assessed by the clinical course and monitored by means of immune and biochemical profiles. Pre-operative parenteral nutrition given over a 7-10-day period resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of postoperative wound infections. Clinical benefit was confined to those patients who had a low serum albumin on admission to hospital. It is doubtful whether this limited benefit justifies the routine use of intravenous feeding, with its attendant hazards, in the pre-operative preparation of patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer.", "PMID": 117442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12750", "title": "[Regularities in the synthesis of neutral protease from Bacillus subtilis].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to study the formation of extracellular protease by the suspension from Bacillus subtilis str. 103 washed cells selected at the growth stages characterized by the highest rate of the enzyme synthesis (after 12 and 35 hours). In relation to the protein and RNA synthesis as measured by 14C-valine and 14C-uracyl the cells of that age showed a high metabolic activity. The enzyme synthesis by the cells of the log-phase was inhibited completely with chloramphenicol and by the cells of the stationary phase--almost completely. The experiments demonstrated the protease synthesis insensitive to riphampycin for a long time. This may be indicative of a certain pool of long-lived mRNA responsible for the biosynthesis.", "contents": "[Regularities in the synthesis of neutral protease from Bacillus subtilis]. Experiments were carried out to study the formation of extracellular protease by the suspension from Bacillus subtilis str. 103 washed cells selected at the growth stages characterized by the highest rate of the enzyme synthesis (after 12 and 35 hours). In relation to the protein and RNA synthesis as measured by 14C-valine and 14C-uracyl the cells of that age showed a high metabolic activity. The enzyme synthesis by the cells of the log-phase was inhibited completely with chloramphenicol and by the cells of the stationary phase--almost completely. The experiments demonstrated the protease synthesis insensitive to riphampycin for a long time. This may be indicative of a certain pool of long-lived mRNA responsible for the biosynthesis.", "PMID": 117444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12751", "title": "[Synthesis of L-aspartic acid by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens as related to the cultivation conditions].", "content": "The capacity of the cultures Escherichia coli str. 85, 113, BC, C and K-12 and Pseudomonas fluorescens str. 1 to synthesize L-aspartic acid from fumarate and ammonium ions was studied. E. coli str. 85 was shown to synthesize the largest amounts of aspartic acid. The cultivation conditions which helped to increase the activity several times were selected. The product of fumarate amination by ammonium ions was identified and found to be L-isomer of aspartic acid with an angle of rotation of [alpha] 20/D = +25,5 degrees in 6 N HCl.", "contents": "[Synthesis of L-aspartic acid by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens as related to the cultivation conditions]. The capacity of the cultures Escherichia coli str. 85, 113, BC, C and K-12 and Pseudomonas fluorescens str. 1 to synthesize L-aspartic acid from fumarate and ammonium ions was studied. E. coli str. 85 was shown to synthesize the largest amounts of aspartic acid. The cultivation conditions which helped to increase the activity several times were selected. The product of fumarate amination by ammonium ions was identified and found to be L-isomer of aspartic acid with an angle of rotation of [alpha] 20/D = +25,5 degrees in 6 N HCl.", "PMID": 117446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12752", "title": "[Products of bacterial destruction of sodium dodecyl sulphate].", "content": "The products of Na dodecyl sulphate destruction by the three bacterial cultures--Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Flavobacterium devorans, Achromobacter guttatus--were examined. The cultures were shown to decompose Na dodecyl sulphate in a similar way. The primary mechanism of destruction was found to be hydrolysis of the sulpho-ester bond in the molecule, leading to the separation of sulphate-ion and formation of dodecanol. Products of bacterial destruction of alkyl sulphates did not show foam forming capacity.", "contents": "[Products of bacterial destruction of sodium dodecyl sulphate]. The products of Na dodecyl sulphate destruction by the three bacterial cultures--Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Flavobacterium devorans, Achromobacter guttatus--were examined. The cultures were shown to decompose Na dodecyl sulphate in a similar way. The primary mechanism of destruction was found to be hydrolysis of the sulpho-ester bond in the molecule, leading to the separation of sulphate-ion and formation of dodecanol. Products of bacterial destruction of alkyl sulphates did not show foam forming capacity.", "PMID": 117448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12753", "title": "[Stabilization of proteases from Bacillus subtilis in solution].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to study the effect of the styrene and maleinic acid copolymer on the activity of proteases produced by Bacillus subtilis--protosubtilin G15x. Unlike the hydrophilic ethylene--maleinic acid copolymer, styrenated maleinic acid produced a stabilizing effect on proteases via hydrophobic interaction. It is suggested that at least two forms of the enzyme differing in their activity and stability are involved in the process of inactivation. On the basis of the data obtained a scheme of protease inactivation is proposed.", "contents": "[Stabilization of proteases from Bacillus subtilis in solution]. Experiments were carried out to study the effect of the styrene and maleinic acid copolymer on the activity of proteases produced by Bacillus subtilis--protosubtilin G15x. Unlike the hydrophilic ethylene--maleinic acid copolymer, styrenated maleinic acid produced a stabilizing effect on proteases via hydrophobic interaction. It is suggested that at least two forms of the enzyme differing in their activity and stability are involved in the process of inactivation. On the basis of the data obtained a scheme of protease inactivation is proposed.", "PMID": 117445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12754", "title": "[Dynamics of B1 aflatoxin and Aspergillus flavus spore formation on rye and wheat grain].", "content": "Rye and wheat grain was infected with Aspergillus flavus spores. The dynamics of B1 aflatoxin and spore formation was studied. The synthesis of B1 aflatoxin in the mold-affected grain started simultaneously with the emergence of fungal spores; its further accumulation in the grain correlated with an increase in the spore number till the stage of maximum spore formation. The highest level of aflatoxin synthesis was inversely proportional to the number of Aspergillus flavus spores which infected the grain before its molding.", "contents": "[Dynamics of B1 aflatoxin and Aspergillus flavus spore formation on rye and wheat grain]. Rye and wheat grain was infected with Aspergillus flavus spores. The dynamics of B1 aflatoxin and spore formation was studied. The synthesis of B1 aflatoxin in the mold-affected grain started simultaneously with the emergence of fungal spores; its further accumulation in the grain correlated with an increase in the spore number till the stage of maximum spore formation. The highest level of aflatoxin synthesis was inversely proportional to the number of Aspergillus flavus spores which infected the grain before its molding.", "PMID": 117447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12755", "title": "Absorbed dose from secondary electrons in high energy photon beams.", "content": "The absorbed dose in high energy photon beams due to scattered electrons from the irradiated air volume and from beam-shaping platforms has been calculated using the Fermi-Eyges theory of multiple scattering. The results are presented as lateral surface absorbed dose distributions across the field for three different radiation qualities, namely 60Co, 6 MV and 21 MV X-rays. For 60Co the relative absorbed dose due to electrons expelled in air reaches a value as high as 30% of the absorbed dose at dose maximum at a field size 40 X 40 cm2 and an SSD of 100 cm. The absorbed dose from electrons emanating from beam-shaping platforms contribute significantly to the absorbed dose at the surface when the platform is placed closer than 20--40 cm from the surface for field sizes greater than 10 X 10 cm2 to 40 X 40 cm2 respectively.", "contents": "Absorbed dose from secondary electrons in high energy photon beams. The absorbed dose in high energy photon beams due to scattered electrons from the irradiated air volume and from beam-shaping platforms has been calculated using the Fermi-Eyges theory of multiple scattering. The results are presented as lateral surface absorbed dose distributions across the field for three different radiation qualities, namely 60Co, 6 MV and 21 MV X-rays. For 60Co the relative absorbed dose due to electrons expelled in air reaches a value as high as 30% of the absorbed dose at dose maximum at a field size 40 X 40 cm2 and an SSD of 100 cm. The absorbed dose from electrons emanating from beam-shaping platforms contribute significantly to the absorbed dose at the surface when the platform is placed closer than 20--40 cm from the surface for field sizes greater than 10 X 10 cm2 to 40 X 40 cm2 respectively.", "PMID": 117462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12756", "title": "Cross immunological reactions between three haptens of the \"para\" group and 4-aminoantipyrine.", "content": "Cross passive hemagglutination reactions between sulfanilic acid (SA), para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), p-phenethidine (PT) and 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA) haptens have been investigated using conjugates of diazo derivaties of these compounds with homologous serum proteins. Intense cross passive hemagglutination reactions were found between PABA, SA and 4-AA haptens. Although anti-PT sera cross reacted intensely with PABA, SA as well as with 4-AA haptens, antibodies cross reacting with PT were not detected in any of the anti-PABA, anti-SA and anti-4-AA antisera. The conjugates containing a heterologous hapten de not substantially alter the titer of the hemagglutination reactions performed with erythrocytes coated with the homologous hapten, but completely suppress the hemagglutination reactions performed with erythrocytes coated with this hapten as well as with other, but not all, heterologous, haptens. The results support the conclusion that the apparent polysensitization to drugs may actually rely upon cross reactions with haptens chemically related to the immunizing one.", "contents": "Cross immunological reactions between three haptens of the \"para\" group and 4-aminoantipyrine. Cross passive hemagglutination reactions between sulfanilic acid (SA), para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), p-phenethidine (PT) and 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA) haptens have been investigated using conjugates of diazo derivaties of these compounds with homologous serum proteins. Intense cross passive hemagglutination reactions were found between PABA, SA and 4-AA haptens. Although anti-PT sera cross reacted intensely with PABA, SA as well as with 4-AA haptens, antibodies cross reacting with PT were not detected in any of the anti-PABA, anti-SA and anti-4-AA antisera. The conjugates containing a heterologous hapten de not substantially alter the titer of the hemagglutination reactions performed with erythrocytes coated with the homologous hapten, but completely suppress the hemagglutination reactions performed with erythrocytes coated with this hapten as well as with other, but not all, heterologous, haptens. The results support the conclusion that the apparent polysensitization to drugs may actually rely upon cross reactions with haptens chemically related to the immunizing one.", "PMID": 117463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12757", "title": "Physical activity in modern industry.", "content": "The research carried out in order to estimate the physical effort under the present circumstances of the industrial technological development have pointed out that most of the activities in the heavy industry branches are now carried on within the frame of medium load. An evident trend was found of extending the activities implying light work in mechanized mining, automatic glass-processing, thermo-power stations, but tasks requiring high energy cost are still in forestry, mining, building. Significant differences in the physical capacity related to the level of occupational physical load have been revealed. Experimental working regimens as well as programmes of gynmastics during the breaks of the shift in activities of lower physical effort proved to have a beneficial effect on performance, on work capacity and fatigue prevention. Maximum permissible duration of loads carried by women and factors of stress were also assessed in occupational activities where women are employed in increasing number. The present problems of physical activity in industry require further research into: more detailed aspects connected with the increase of static effort, effect of physically active recreation, methods for improving physical capacity. Further studies are also expected to assess and evaluate physical effort in new occupations.", "contents": "Physical activity in modern industry. The research carried out in order to estimate the physical effort under the present circumstances of the industrial technological development have pointed out that most of the activities in the heavy industry branches are now carried on within the frame of medium load. An evident trend was found of extending the activities implying light work in mechanized mining, automatic glass-processing, thermo-power stations, but tasks requiring high energy cost are still in forestry, mining, building. Significant differences in the physical capacity related to the level of occupational physical load have been revealed. Experimental working regimens as well as programmes of gynmastics during the breaks of the shift in activities of lower physical effort proved to have a beneficial effect on performance, on work capacity and fatigue prevention. Maximum permissible duration of loads carried by women and factors of stress were also assessed in occupational activities where women are employed in increasing number. The present problems of physical activity in industry require further research into: more detailed aspects connected with the increase of static effort, effect of physically active recreation, methods for improving physical capacity. Further studies are also expected to assess and evaluate physical effort in new occupations.", "PMID": 117464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12758", "title": "Physical fitness in different groups of industrial workers.", "content": "Maximum oxygen consumption was determined by the indirect method (with submaximal effort) in 155 forestry workers, 120 miners, 240 tool manufacturers (turners, planers etc.), 75 control-board operators. Differences were found according both to age and occupation. Variance analysis showed that age had a greater impact (F = 68) than occupation (F = 20). The highest values were recorded in foresters (57 -- 39 ml/kg/min depending on age). In miners the average values were 49 -- 35 ml/kg/min, while toolmakers and pannel operators showed maximum oxygen consumption of 45 -- 32 ml/kg/min, VO2 being nearly the same in both groups of occupation for the respective groups of age. Values of 50 ml/kg/min or above were found in 88% of 20 -- 29 year -old foresters and in 54% of the miners, while in toolmakers and in pannel operators such vales of VO2 were found only in 37% and 27% respectively, of the cases.", "contents": "Physical fitness in different groups of industrial workers. Maximum oxygen consumption was determined by the indirect method (with submaximal effort) in 155 forestry workers, 120 miners, 240 tool manufacturers (turners, planers etc.), 75 control-board operators. Differences were found according both to age and occupation. Variance analysis showed that age had a greater impact (F = 68) than occupation (F = 20). The highest values were recorded in foresters (57 -- 39 ml/kg/min depending on age). In miners the average values were 49 -- 35 ml/kg/min, while toolmakers and pannel operators showed maximum oxygen consumption of 45 -- 32 ml/kg/min, VO2 being nearly the same in both groups of occupation for the respective groups of age. Values of 50 ml/kg/min or above were found in 88% of 20 -- 29 year -old foresters and in 54% of the miners, while in toolmakers and in pannel operators such vales of VO2 were found only in 37% and 27% respectively, of the cases.", "PMID": 117466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12759", "title": "Physical work load in modern mining.", "content": "Following our Institute's involvement in the physiology of mining work (since 1953), this paper deals with underground work load investigated in terms of time, energy expenditure and heart rate in coal miners working with various types and degrees of mechanization. Results showed that a chamber coal face and at heading (coal or sterile rock) mechanization of haulage and loading (conveyor belt and loading machine) led to 50 -- 100 kcal reduction of energy expenditure/hour. At longwall faces, mechanization of haulage (by conveyor) or hewing and loading (with drum-combine) shortened shoveling time, while there was an increase of manual work in the tasks of supporting which was conducive to metabolic rates of 300 kcal/hour. In the case of fully mechanized coal working, including supporting, there was a significant decrease of energy expenditure.", "contents": "Physical work load in modern mining. Following our Institute's involvement in the physiology of mining work (since 1953), this paper deals with underground work load investigated in terms of time, energy expenditure and heart rate in coal miners working with various types and degrees of mechanization. Results showed that a chamber coal face and at heading (coal or sterile rock) mechanization of haulage and loading (conveyor belt and loading machine) led to 50 -- 100 kcal reduction of energy expenditure/hour. At longwall faces, mechanization of haulage (by conveyor) or hewing and loading (with drum-combine) shortened shoveling time, while there was an increase of manual work in the tasks of supporting which was conducive to metabolic rates of 300 kcal/hour. In the case of fully mechanized coal working, including supporting, there was a significant decrease of energy expenditure.", "PMID": 117467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12760", "title": "[Manipulation box to measure the motor performance involving the distal musculature of the arm in primates (author's transl)].", "content": "For studies of motor performance in the baboon, regarding precise finger movements, a new latch-box was developed. The device was designed so as to involve mainly the distal musculature of the arm. Handling the different knobs or latches which open the compartments of the box had to be performed in a given motor sequence. Monkeys were trained to use two fingers of the hand: thumb and index. Data are presented which show that, after exclusion of a central nervous structure, it is possible to differentiate the performance obtained with the device described above that obtained in a pointing task, mainly involving the proximal musculature.", "contents": "[Manipulation box to measure the motor performance involving the distal musculature of the arm in primates (author's transl)]. For studies of motor performance in the baboon, regarding precise finger movements, a new latch-box was developed. The device was designed so as to involve mainly the distal musculature of the arm. Handling the different knobs or latches which open the compartments of the box had to be performed in a given motor sequence. Monkeys were trained to use two fingers of the hand: thumb and index. Data are presented which show that, after exclusion of a central nervous structure, it is possible to differentiate the performance obtained with the device described above that obtained in a pointing task, mainly involving the proximal musculature.", "PMID": 117472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12761", "title": "Motion sickness-induced food aversions in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "Conditioned aversions to colored, flavored water were established in Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) by following consumption with 90 min of simultaneous rotational and vertical stimulation. The experimental group (N = 13) drank significantly less of the green, almond-flavored test solution than did the control group (N = 14) during three post-treatment preference testing days. Individual differences were noted in that two experimental monkeys readily drank the test solution after rotational stimulation. Only two of the experimental monkeys showed emesis during rotation, yet 10 monkeys in this group developed an aversion. These results that (1) motion sickness can be readily induced in Squirrel monkeys with simultaneous rotational and vertical stimulation and (2) that conditioned food aversions are achieved in the absence of emesis in this species.", "contents": "Motion sickness-induced food aversions in the squirrel monkey. Conditioned aversions to colored, flavored water were established in Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) by following consumption with 90 min of simultaneous rotational and vertical stimulation. The experimental group (N = 13) drank significantly less of the green, almond-flavored test solution than did the control group (N = 14) during three post-treatment preference testing days. Individual differences were noted in that two experimental monkeys readily drank the test solution after rotational stimulation. Only two of the experimental monkeys showed emesis during rotation, yet 10 monkeys in this group developed an aversion. These results that (1) motion sickness can be readily induced in Squirrel monkeys with simultaneous rotational and vertical stimulation and (2) that conditioned food aversions are achieved in the absence of emesis in this species.", "PMID": 117473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12762", "title": "The Ranvier node as a chemo-electric pulsatory unit: a study of its structure-functions relations.", "content": "The Ranvier node of (Rana temporaria) frog nerve fibres is investigated by electron microscopy, Particular attention is given to the paranodal septate structures and to the extranodal junction of two Schwann cells. An interpretation of the functional meaning of these structures along with a quantitative analysis of the Schwann extranodal junction as regards the diffusion from/to the node is attempted. A 73 per cent reduction of the diffusion coefficient is obtained if the extranodal Schwann cell processes are considered impermeable to the diffusing vectors which indicates a protective role. Only 1 per cent reduction is obtained in the case of excitation-involved cations to which the Schwann cell membrane is considered to be permeable. This indicates the active role of the Schwann cell in the extranodal area ion diffusion, by minimizing the variations in ion concentration near the nodal membrane. Thus the nervous fibre-Schwann cell assembly may be regarded as a balanced pulsatory chemo-electric unit.", "contents": "The Ranvier node as a chemo-electric pulsatory unit: a study of its structure-functions relations. The Ranvier node of (Rana temporaria) frog nerve fibres is investigated by electron microscopy, Particular attention is given to the paranodal septate structures and to the extranodal junction of two Schwann cells. An interpretation of the functional meaning of these structures along with a quantitative analysis of the Schwann extranodal junction as regards the diffusion from/to the node is attempted. A 73 per cent reduction of the diffusion coefficient is obtained if the extranodal Schwann cell processes are considered impermeable to the diffusing vectors which indicates a protective role. Only 1 per cent reduction is obtained in the case of excitation-involved cations to which the Schwann cell membrane is considered to be permeable. This indicates the active role of the Schwann cell in the extranodal area ion diffusion, by minimizing the variations in ion concentration near the nodal membrane. Thus the nervous fibre-Schwann cell assembly may be regarded as a balanced pulsatory chemo-electric unit.", "PMID": 117470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12763", "title": "Vascular considerations in the use of a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap after a mastectomy with an axillary dissection.", "content": "Is an intact thoracodorsal vascular pedicle necessary for clinical rotation of a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap? Our laboratory and clinical experiences indicate that it is not necessary. These are described herein.", "contents": "Vascular considerations in the use of a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap after a mastectomy with an axillary dissection. Is an intact thoracodorsal vascular pedicle necessary for clinical rotation of a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap? Our laboratory and clinical experiences indicate that it is not necessary. These are described herein.", "PMID": 117475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12764", "title": "Seizures abolished by excision of a cavernous hemangioma of the scalp and skull.", "content": "A large vascular malformation of the supraorbital and scalp areas was present in an adolescent girl who had seizures and headaches. Removal of the malformation included the outer table of the skull. The patient has had no seizures during a two-year follow-up.", "contents": "Seizures abolished by excision of a cavernous hemangioma of the scalp and skull. A large vascular malformation of the supraorbital and scalp areas was present in an adolescent girl who had seizures and headaches. Removal of the malformation included the outer table of the skull. The patient has had no seizures during a two-year follow-up.", "PMID": 117476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12765", "title": "Noradrenergic agonists and antagonists: effects on conditioned fear as measured by the potentiated startle paradigm.", "content": "Clonidine (10-40 microgram/kg) produced a dose-dependent reduction of fear as measured by the potentiated startle effect (increased acoustic startle in the presence of a cue which had been previously paired with shock). The reduction of potential startle could not be accounted for entirely by a general depressant effect of clonidine on startle nor by an acceleration of extinction. Piperoxane and yohimbine, which are associated with anxiety in humans, increased potentiated startle, whereas propranolol and WB-4101 did not. These results provide further evidence that the potentiated startle paradigm in the rat is sensitive to drug that alter anxiety in humans. Moreover, they support the hypothesis that norepinephrine transmission is important for the expression of fear or anxiety.", "contents": "Noradrenergic agonists and antagonists: effects on conditioned fear as measured by the potentiated startle paradigm. Clonidine (10-40 microgram/kg) produced a dose-dependent reduction of fear as measured by the potentiated startle effect (increased acoustic startle in the presence of a cue which had been previously paired with shock). The reduction of potential startle could not be accounted for entirely by a general depressant effect of clonidine on startle nor by an acceleration of extinction. Piperoxane and yohimbine, which are associated with anxiety in humans, increased potentiated startle, whereas propranolol and WB-4101 did not. These results provide further evidence that the potentiated startle paradigm in the rat is sensitive to drug that alter anxiety in humans. Moreover, they support the hypothesis that norepinephrine transmission is important for the expression of fear or anxiety.", "PMID": 117478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12766", "title": "Effects of trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, and haloperidol upon temporal information processing by schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Healthy controls, unmedicated, actively symptomatic schizophrenics, and similar patients undergoing treatment with either trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, or haloperidol were studied with tests of temporal discrimination and measures of transmitted information shown previously to be sensitive to various kinds of brain dysfunction, including haloperidol effects in a nonpsychotic population. Variations in psychophysical method, cognitive load, discrimination complexity, and sense-mode conditions permitted representative sampling of the temporal processing. Untreated, actively psychotic patients showed no impairment of temporal processing while all three antipsychotic medications were associated with significant deficit; trifluoperazine and haloperidol produced the most deficit, with chlorpromazine in the middle between the higher potency drugs on the one hand and unmedicated patients and healthy controls on the other.", "contents": "Effects of trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, and haloperidol upon temporal information processing by schizophrenic patients. Healthy controls, unmedicated, actively symptomatic schizophrenics, and similar patients undergoing treatment with either trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, or haloperidol were studied with tests of temporal discrimination and measures of transmitted information shown previously to be sensitive to various kinds of brain dysfunction, including haloperidol effects in a nonpsychotic population. Variations in psychophysical method, cognitive load, discrimination complexity, and sense-mode conditions permitted representative sampling of the temporal processing. Untreated, actively psychotic patients showed no impairment of temporal processing while all three antipsychotic medications were associated with significant deficit; trifluoperazine and haloperidol produced the most deficit, with chlorpromazine in the middle between the higher potency drugs on the one hand and unmedicated patients and healthy controls on the other.", "PMID": 117479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12767", "title": "Progressive ratio and fixed ratio schedules of cocaine-maintained responding in baboons.", "content": "Responding maintained under progressive ratio (PR) and fixed ratio (FR 160) schedules of IV saline or cocaine (0.01-4.0 mg/kg) injections was studied in baboons. Each injection was followed by a time-out period which was 3-h with the PR schedule and was either 3 or 12 with the FR schedule. On the PR schedule the ratio requirement was systematically increased each day until reaching the 'breaking point' at which self-injection performance fell below a criterion level (one or zero injections per day). Overall response rates on the PR schedule increased with progressive increases in the ratio until a maximum at which an abrupt reduction in responding occurred. With the 3-h time-out the dose-breaking point function on the PR schedule was similar to the dose-response rate function on the FR schedule. These dose-effect functions were inverted U-shaped curves characterized by a graded ascending limb (0.01-0.32 mg/kg) and a downturn at the highest doses (3.0-4.0 mg/kg). On the FR schedule the downturn in the dose-response rate function was attributable to a cumulative drug effect as revealed by manipulation of time-out duration and analysis of sequential interresponse time distributions and cumulative response records. PR and FR schedules provide similar information about the relative reinforcing efficacy of different cocaine doses.", "contents": "Progressive ratio and fixed ratio schedules of cocaine-maintained responding in baboons. Responding maintained under progressive ratio (PR) and fixed ratio (FR 160) schedules of IV saline or cocaine (0.01-4.0 mg/kg) injections was studied in baboons. Each injection was followed by a time-out period which was 3-h with the PR schedule and was either 3 or 12 with the FR schedule. On the PR schedule the ratio requirement was systematically increased each day until reaching the 'breaking point' at which self-injection performance fell below a criterion level (one or zero injections per day). Overall response rates on the PR schedule increased with progressive increases in the ratio until a maximum at which an abrupt reduction in responding occurred. With the 3-h time-out the dose-breaking point function on the PR schedule was similar to the dose-response rate function on the FR schedule. These dose-effect functions were inverted U-shaped curves characterized by a graded ascending limb (0.01-0.32 mg/kg) and a downturn at the highest doses (3.0-4.0 mg/kg). On the FR schedule the downturn in the dose-response rate function was attributable to a cumulative drug effect as revealed by manipulation of time-out duration and analysis of sequential interresponse time distributions and cumulative response records. PR and FR schedules provide similar information about the relative reinforcing efficacy of different cocaine doses.", "PMID": 117480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12768", "title": "Prolongation of the ejaculation latency in the male rat by thioridazine and chlorimipramine.", "content": "Thioridazine (3 mg/kg) and chlorimipramine (1.5-6.0 mg/kg) prolonged the ejaculation latency and increased the number of mounts but did not change the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation. Blockade of peripheral and central noradrenaline receptors by phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine respectively resulted in a suppression of all aspects of the sexual behavior with increasing doses. DL-5-HTP (25-100 mg/kg) in combination with an inhibitory of peripheral 5-HTP decarboxylase (benserazide, 25 mg/kg) produced, like chlorimipramine and thioridazine, a prolongation of ejactulation latency and an increase in the number of mounts preceding ejaculation. Selective inhibition of 5-HT reuptake however, by zimelidine (0-20 mg/kg) or alaproclate (0-20 mg/kg) did not affect the mating behavior. At higher doses of these drugs some animals failed to initiate sexual activities. There was an increase in the postejaculatory interval but not change in the ejaculatory latency. It is concluded tha the prolonged ejaculation latencies observed following treatment with thioridazine or chlorimipramine is not due to a blockade of central or peripheral adrenergic alpha-receptors.", "contents": "Prolongation of the ejaculation latency in the male rat by thioridazine and chlorimipramine. Thioridazine (3 mg/kg) and chlorimipramine (1.5-6.0 mg/kg) prolonged the ejaculation latency and increased the number of mounts but did not change the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation. Blockade of peripheral and central noradrenaline receptors by phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine respectively resulted in a suppression of all aspects of the sexual behavior with increasing doses. DL-5-HTP (25-100 mg/kg) in combination with an inhibitory of peripheral 5-HTP decarboxylase (benserazide, 25 mg/kg) produced, like chlorimipramine and thioridazine, a prolongation of ejactulation latency and an increase in the number of mounts preceding ejaculation. Selective inhibition of 5-HT reuptake however, by zimelidine (0-20 mg/kg) or alaproclate (0-20 mg/kg) did not affect the mating behavior. At higher doses of these drugs some animals failed to initiate sexual activities. There was an increase in the postejaculatory interval but not change in the ejaculatory latency. It is concluded tha the prolonged ejaculation latencies observed following treatment with thioridazine or chlorimipramine is not due to a blockade of central or peripheral adrenergic alpha-receptors.", "PMID": 117481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12769", "title": "Decreased uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine in blood platelets from patients with endogenous depression.", "content": "5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake was studied by using blood platelets from 13 patients with endogenous depression (Hamilton rating scale 33 +/- 7) and 13 healthy volunteers. An improved method with a short incubation time and low substrate concentration was used, and the incubation was performed in Krebs-Henseleit buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C. A clear difference in 5-HT uptake by blood platelets was noted: The Vmax of the reaction in patients was 39, and in controls 71 pmol per 2 x 10(7) platelets in 5 min. There was no significant difference in the Km. After a 4-week treatment with imipramine, a competitive inhibition of 5-HT uptake with an increased Km was seen; after a similar treatment with amoxapine there was little change in 5-HT uptake. Amoxapine was inferior to imipramine as an inhibitor of 5-HT uptake, also in vitro. There was no difference in clinical recovery in these treatment groups. These results may be of importance so as to understand the potential biological differences between depressed patients and normal persons.", "contents": "Decreased uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine in blood platelets from patients with endogenous depression. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake was studied by using blood platelets from 13 patients with endogenous depression (Hamilton rating scale 33 +/- 7) and 13 healthy volunteers. An improved method with a short incubation time and low substrate concentration was used, and the incubation was performed in Krebs-Henseleit buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C. A clear difference in 5-HT uptake by blood platelets was noted: The Vmax of the reaction in patients was 39, and in controls 71 pmol per 2 x 10(7) platelets in 5 min. There was no significant difference in the Km. After a 4-week treatment with imipramine, a competitive inhibition of 5-HT uptake with an increased Km was seen; after a similar treatment with amoxapine there was little change in 5-HT uptake. Amoxapine was inferior to imipramine as an inhibitor of 5-HT uptake, also in vitro. There was no difference in clinical recovery in these treatment groups. These results may be of importance so as to understand the potential biological differences between depressed patients and normal persons.", "PMID": 117482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12770", "title": "Facilitation of self-stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in rats following chronic administration of spiroperidol or amphetamine.", "content": "The effect of chronic administration of spiroperidol, a dopaminergic antagonist, on self-stimulation of the prefrontal cortex was investigated. When spiroperidol was administered either before or after daily self-stimulation tests for 9 days, self-stimulation rates were significantly elevated for several weeks following withdrawal of the drug. Self-stimulation of the nucleus accumbens, supracallosal bundle, and other forebrain sites was not altered, suggesting that the increased self-stimulation of the prefrontal cortex was not due to increased motor activity. Self-stimulation of the prefrontal cortex was also facilitated by chronic administration of d-amphetamine whereas self-stimulation of the supracallosal bundle was suppressed and self stimulation of the nucleus accumbens was unchanged. The results suggest that dopamine modulates self-stimulation of the prefrontal cortex. Additionally, the effects of chronic spiroperidol on self-stimulation of this structure may model the therapeutic effects of neuroleptics in humans.", "contents": "Facilitation of self-stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in rats following chronic administration of spiroperidol or amphetamine. The effect of chronic administration of spiroperidol, a dopaminergic antagonist, on self-stimulation of the prefrontal cortex was investigated. When spiroperidol was administered either before or after daily self-stimulation tests for 9 days, self-stimulation rates were significantly elevated for several weeks following withdrawal of the drug. Self-stimulation of the nucleus accumbens, supracallosal bundle, and other forebrain sites was not altered, suggesting that the increased self-stimulation of the prefrontal cortex was not due to increased motor activity. Self-stimulation of the prefrontal cortex was also facilitated by chronic administration of d-amphetamine whereas self-stimulation of the supracallosal bundle was suppressed and self stimulation of the nucleus accumbens was unchanged. The results suggest that dopamine modulates self-stimulation of the prefrontal cortex. Additionally, the effects of chronic spiroperidol on self-stimulation of this structure may model the therapeutic effects of neuroleptics in humans.", "PMID": 117483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12771", "title": "The involvement of serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system as the possible mechanism for slow head-shaking behavior induced by methamphetamine in rats.", "content": "Following the IV administration of d-methamphetamine (MA), rats showed slow head shaking (SHS) and stereotyped gnawing (SG) behaviors in a dose-dependent manner. Methysergide, cyrpoheptadine, and p-chlorophenylalanine given intracerebroventricularly (ICV) or systemically significantly blocked SHS behavior induced by 10 mg/kg MA. Combined administration of L-5-hydroxytryptophan and peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (Ro 4-4602) enhanced SHS behavior. Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor (H44/68) blocked SG behaviors, but dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitors (FLA 63 and U-14, 624) and combined administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and Ro-4-4602 enhanced it. These drugs did not affect SHS behavior. Phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, clonidine, isoproterenol, and propranolol given ICV or systemically showed no effect on either SHS or SG behaviors. These results suggest that SHS behavior is produced by the activation of seronergic neurons in the central nervous system and are consistent with the view that SG behaviors are mediated through the release of dopamine. Some neuroleptics inhibited SHS as well as SG behaviors, but the older of inhibitory activity of neuroleptics onSHS behavior was quite different from their effects on SG behaviors induced by MA or apomorphine.", "contents": "The involvement of serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system as the possible mechanism for slow head-shaking behavior induced by methamphetamine in rats. Following the IV administration of d-methamphetamine (MA), rats showed slow head shaking (SHS) and stereotyped gnawing (SG) behaviors in a dose-dependent manner. Methysergide, cyrpoheptadine, and p-chlorophenylalanine given intracerebroventricularly (ICV) or systemically significantly blocked SHS behavior induced by 10 mg/kg MA. Combined administration of L-5-hydroxytryptophan and peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (Ro 4-4602) enhanced SHS behavior. Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor (H44/68) blocked SG behaviors, but dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitors (FLA 63 and U-14, 624) and combined administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and Ro-4-4602 enhanced it. These drugs did not affect SHS behavior. Phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, clonidine, isoproterenol, and propranolol given ICV or systemically showed no effect on either SHS or SG behaviors. These results suggest that SHS behavior is produced by the activation of seronergic neurons in the central nervous system and are consistent with the view that SG behaviors are mediated through the release of dopamine. Some neuroleptics inhibited SHS as well as SG behaviors, but the older of inhibitory activity of neuroleptics onSHS behavior was quite different from their effects on SG behaviors induced by MA or apomorphine.", "PMID": 117484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12772", "title": "Dopaminergic factors in human prolactin regulation: a pituitary model for the study of a neuroendocrine system in man.", "content": "This study in normal male subjects further investigates the effects of dopaminergic-antidopaminergic interactions as manifested by the prolactin response to dopamine and neuroleptic drugs. Incremental doses of dopamine hydrochloride (4 microgram/min, 15 microgram/min, 60 microgram/min, 300 microgram/min) were infused at a constant rate over 90-120 min after a fixed dose of a neuroleptic drug (sufficient for about half of the maximal prolactin response) had been given IV. A dose of dopamine in the order of 15-60 microgram/min appeared to match the \"loss\" of endogenous dopaminergic inhibition due to the antidopaminergic effect of the neuroleptic drug. The lactotrophic cells of the pituitary gland are suggested to serve as a model in man for the study of some basic neurohormonal mechanisms.", "contents": "Dopaminergic factors in human prolactin regulation: a pituitary model for the study of a neuroendocrine system in man. This study in normal male subjects further investigates the effects of dopaminergic-antidopaminergic interactions as manifested by the prolactin response to dopamine and neuroleptic drugs. Incremental doses of dopamine hydrochloride (4 microgram/min, 15 microgram/min, 60 microgram/min, 300 microgram/min) were infused at a constant rate over 90-120 min after a fixed dose of a neuroleptic drug (sufficient for about half of the maximal prolactin response) had been given IV. A dose of dopamine in the order of 15-60 microgram/min appeared to match the \"loss\" of endogenous dopaminergic inhibition due to the antidopaminergic effect of the neuroleptic drug. The lactotrophic cells of the pituitary gland are suggested to serve as a model in man for the study of some basic neurohormonal mechanisms.", "PMID": 117485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12773", "title": "Dose and physical dependence as factors in the self-administration of morphine by rats.", "content": "Groups of naive rats were offered morphine sulfate for self-admininstration in doses of 0.0032-10 mg/kg for 6 days. On day 7 saline was substituted for morphine. Loss of weight was taken as physiological evidence of dependence. Rats that did not lose weight formed a single population whose mean injection rate did not differ from control rats receiving only saline injections. Injection rates for rats losing weight were log-normally distributed, and the mean of the logarithms of the injection rates was linearly related to the logarithm of the dose. Mean daily injection rates averaged 12 for controls, 23 at 10 mg/kg, and 411 at 0.01 mg/kg. A transient increase in morphine intake after an injection of nalorphine was taken as behavioral evidence of dependence. Nalorphine increased morphine intake when rats were self-injecting 0.32 and 1.0 mg/kg of morphine, but not 0.032 or 0.1 mg/kg. The reinforcing property of morphine may occur without behavioral evidence of dependence.", "contents": "Dose and physical dependence as factors in the self-administration of morphine by rats. Groups of naive rats were offered morphine sulfate for self-admininstration in doses of 0.0032-10 mg/kg for 6 days. On day 7 saline was substituted for morphine. Loss of weight was taken as physiological evidence of dependence. Rats that did not lose weight formed a single population whose mean injection rate did not differ from control rats receiving only saline injections. Injection rates for rats losing weight were log-normally distributed, and the mean of the logarithms of the injection rates was linearly related to the logarithm of the dose. Mean daily injection rates averaged 12 for controls, 23 at 10 mg/kg, and 411 at 0.01 mg/kg. A transient increase in morphine intake after an injection of nalorphine was taken as behavioral evidence of dependence. Nalorphine increased morphine intake when rats were self-injecting 0.32 and 1.0 mg/kg of morphine, but not 0.032 or 0.1 mg/kg. The reinforcing property of morphine may occur without behavioral evidence of dependence.", "PMID": 117486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12774", "title": "Water intake and time course of drinking after single or repeated chlordiazepoxide injections.", "content": "Chlordiazepoxide (5.0, 10.0 or 15.0 mg/kg) was given to rats either acutely or for 9 consecutive days. Its effects were examined in a 15-min drinking test in which latency to drink, volume of water consumption and the time-course of drinking were measured. Chlordiazepoxide (10.0 mg/kg) produced the strongest stimulant effect on drinking and enhanced the frequency of occurrence of drinking both at the beginning and at the end of the test period. Chlordiazepoxide (15.0 mg/kg) delayed the onset of drinking and its peak effect was observed later than for other injection conditions. Single and repeated administration of chlordiazepoxide had the same effects on the measures taken in the test. Initial sedation to the drug treatment and subsequent tolerance to this effect were not, therefore, factors influencing the drug effects observed in this experiment. Possible mechanisms underlying the stimulation of drinking by chlordiazepoxide are considered.", "contents": "Water intake and time course of drinking after single or repeated chlordiazepoxide injections. Chlordiazepoxide (5.0, 10.0 or 15.0 mg/kg) was given to rats either acutely or for 9 consecutive days. Its effects were examined in a 15-min drinking test in which latency to drink, volume of water consumption and the time-course of drinking were measured. Chlordiazepoxide (10.0 mg/kg) produced the strongest stimulant effect on drinking and enhanced the frequency of occurrence of drinking both at the beginning and at the end of the test period. Chlordiazepoxide (15.0 mg/kg) delayed the onset of drinking and its peak effect was observed later than for other injection conditions. Single and repeated administration of chlordiazepoxide had the same effects on the measures taken in the test. Initial sedation to the drug treatment and subsequent tolerance to this effect were not, therefore, factors influencing the drug effects observed in this experiment. Possible mechanisms underlying the stimulation of drinking by chlordiazepoxide are considered.", "PMID": 117488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12775", "title": "Morphine abstinence and serotonin supersensitivity in man: analogies with the mechanism of migraine?", "content": "Supersensitivity to serotonin during migraine attack has been previously observed. Since the attack has been attributed to a critical lowering of morphine-like factors, we can expect serotonin supersensitivity during morphine abstinence. Slight signs of morphine abstinence have also been induced in volunteers after mild (10-24 mg/day) and limited (3 days) treatment. To evaluate the sensitivity to serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, and tyramine in the smooth muscle of the hand dorsal vein, in vivo, the computerized venotest was applied before, during, and 24 h after withdrawal of morphine. Venous sensitivity to serotonin and dopamine (but not to noradrenaline and tyramine) increased 10- to 20-fold after morphine withdrawal. Venous monoamine supersensitivity in morphine abstinence, similar to that observed during migraine attacks, could be indirect evidence of an analogous mechanism in both conditions.", "contents": "Morphine abstinence and serotonin supersensitivity in man: analogies with the mechanism of migraine? Supersensitivity to serotonin during migraine attack has been previously observed. Since the attack has been attributed to a critical lowering of morphine-like factors, we can expect serotonin supersensitivity during morphine abstinence. Slight signs of morphine abstinence have also been induced in volunteers after mild (10-24 mg/day) and limited (3 days) treatment. To evaluate the sensitivity to serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, and tyramine in the smooth muscle of the hand dorsal vein, in vivo, the computerized venotest was applied before, during, and 24 h after withdrawal of morphine. Venous sensitivity to serotonin and dopamine (but not to noradrenaline and tyramine) increased 10- to 20-fold after morphine withdrawal. Venous monoamine supersensitivity in morphine abstinence, similar to that observed during migraine attacks, could be indirect evidence of an analogous mechanism in both conditions.", "PMID": 117490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12776", "title": "Involvement of central cholinoceptors in Metrazol-induced convulsions.", "content": "Atropine sulphate (10 mg/kg IP) afforded 90% protection against clonic convulsions induced by standard doses of metrazol (80 mg/kg SC) in mice, whereas atropine methonitrate (10 mg/kg IP) did not offer any protection. Furthermore, physostigmine (1 mg/kg IP) caused recurrence of convulsions in atropinzed metrazol-treated mice and converted the subconvulsive dose of metrazol (40 mg/kg SC) into a 100% convulsive dose. However, neostigmine (1 mg/kg IP) did not antagonize the protection afforded by atropine sulphate against metrazol. The results of the study suggest an involvement of central cholinergic mechanisms in metrazol-induced convulsions.", "contents": "Involvement of central cholinoceptors in Metrazol-induced convulsions. Atropine sulphate (10 mg/kg IP) afforded 90% protection against clonic convulsions induced by standard doses of metrazol (80 mg/kg SC) in mice, whereas atropine methonitrate (10 mg/kg IP) did not offer any protection. Furthermore, physostigmine (1 mg/kg IP) caused recurrence of convulsions in atropinzed metrazol-treated mice and converted the subconvulsive dose of metrazol (40 mg/kg SC) into a 100% convulsive dose. However, neostigmine (1 mg/kg IP) did not antagonize the protection afforded by atropine sulphate against metrazol. The results of the study suggest an involvement of central cholinergic mechanisms in metrazol-induced convulsions.", "PMID": 117491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12777", "title": "Ineffectiveness of deanol in tardive dyskinesia: a placebo controlled study.", "content": "In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, deanol acetamidobenzoate, administered in doses up to 1.5 g q.d. for three weeks to chronic schizophrenic patients presenting moderate to severe tardive dyskinesia, failed to alleviate the dyskinetic movements. However, there was a tendency for a significant increase in the schizophrenic symptoms of the deanol-treated group relative to the control group. The ineffectiveness of deanol in alleviating tardive dyskinesia is consistent with its inability to enhance brain acetylcholine synthesis. The worsening of the schizophrenic symptoms may possibly result from an interference by deanol with central cholinergic function.", "contents": "Ineffectiveness of deanol in tardive dyskinesia: a placebo controlled study. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, deanol acetamidobenzoate, administered in doses up to 1.5 g q.d. for three weeks to chronic schizophrenic patients presenting moderate to severe tardive dyskinesia, failed to alleviate the dyskinetic movements. However, there was a tendency for a significant increase in the schizophrenic symptoms of the deanol-treated group relative to the control group. The ineffectiveness of deanol in alleviating tardive dyskinesia is consistent with its inability to enhance brain acetylcholine synthesis. The worsening of the schizophrenic symptoms may possibly result from an interference by deanol with central cholinergic function.", "PMID": 117492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12778", "title": "Interactions between personal expectations and naloxone: effects on tolerance to ischemic pain.", "content": "Sixteen healthy subjects participated in an investigation of the interactive effects of naloxone and personal expectations of control, stress, and anxiety, on time tolerance to ischemic pain. Control and anxiety levels provided no significant naloxone-saline discriminations, but there was a significant interaction between stress levels and naloxone-induced reduction in tolerance to ischemia. This finding suggests that activity in the opiate system may be a function of the modifying influences of variable attitudes to environmental stress. A primary analgesic role for the endorphins is challenged, however, by the findings that tolerance levels failed to reveal naloxone reactors and stress levels were not significantly associated with differences in tolerance. The latter, on the other hand, correlated significantly with control and anxiety levels, indicating that further research is needed to clarify the complex relationship between these three variables and their effects on the modulation of pain perception.", "contents": "Interactions between personal expectations and naloxone: effects on tolerance to ischemic pain. Sixteen healthy subjects participated in an investigation of the interactive effects of naloxone and personal expectations of control, stress, and anxiety, on time tolerance to ischemic pain. Control and anxiety levels provided no significant naloxone-saline discriminations, but there was a significant interaction between stress levels and naloxone-induced reduction in tolerance to ischemia. This finding suggests that activity in the opiate system may be a function of the modifying influences of variable attitudes to environmental stress. A primary analgesic role for the endorphins is challenged, however, by the findings that tolerance levels failed to reveal naloxone reactors and stress levels were not significantly associated with differences in tolerance. The latter, on the other hand, correlated significantly with control and anxiety levels, indicating that further research is needed to clarify the complex relationship between these three variables and their effects on the modulation of pain perception.", "PMID": 117493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12779", "title": "Effects of abrupt and gradual withdrawal from long-term haloperidol treatment on open field behavior of rats.", "content": "The effects of abrupt and gradual withdrawal from long-term haloperidol treatment on rat open field behavior was studied. Abrupt withdrawal induced a significant increase in all parameters of activity observed except defecation, this increase being higher 72 h after the last haloperidol injection. Results were considered to be a consequence of supersensitivity of central dopaminergic receptors. These differences were almost unobservable in animals gradually withdrawn, thus suggesting that the phenomenon is reversible.", "contents": "Effects of abrupt and gradual withdrawal from long-term haloperidol treatment on open field behavior of rats. The effects of abrupt and gradual withdrawal from long-term haloperidol treatment on rat open field behavior was studied. Abrupt withdrawal induced a significant increase in all parameters of activity observed except defecation, this increase being higher 72 h after the last haloperidol injection. Results were considered to be a consequence of supersensitivity of central dopaminergic receptors. These differences were almost unobservable in animals gradually withdrawn, thus suggesting that the phenomenon is reversible.", "PMID": 117495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12780", "title": "Alcohol consumption in male social drinkers as a function of situationally induced depressive affect and anxiety.", "content": "Forty male subjects were randomly assigned to one of two conditions designed to induce either positive (Incentive Gain Condition) or negative (Incentive Loss Condition) affective states. This procedure was validated by an analysis of pre and post manipulation scores on the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. Following the incentive manipulation subjects participated in an ad-lib drinking situation (Alcohol Taste Rating Rask) believing that the experiment was concerned with the relationship between intelligence, taste sensitivity and alcohol preferences. Contrary to expectation the analysis revealed that more alcohol was consumed by subjects in the incentive gain condition, this effect being most pronounced in heavy social drinkers in the incentive loss and gain conditions. A second analysis demonstrated that significantly less alcohol was consumed by subjects who, prior to ad lib drinking, evinced greater degrees of depressive affect and anxiety. The discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for tension reduction models of alcoholism.", "contents": "Alcohol consumption in male social drinkers as a function of situationally induced depressive affect and anxiety. Forty male subjects were randomly assigned to one of two conditions designed to induce either positive (Incentive Gain Condition) or negative (Incentive Loss Condition) affective states. This procedure was validated by an analysis of pre and post manipulation scores on the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. Following the incentive manipulation subjects participated in an ad-lib drinking situation (Alcohol Taste Rating Rask) believing that the experiment was concerned with the relationship between intelligence, taste sensitivity and alcohol preferences. Contrary to expectation the analysis revealed that more alcohol was consumed by subjects in the incentive gain condition, this effect being most pronounced in heavy social drinkers in the incentive loss and gain conditions. A second analysis demonstrated that significantly less alcohol was consumed by subjects who, prior to ad lib drinking, evinced greater degrees of depressive affect and anxiety. The discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for tension reduction models of alcoholism.", "PMID": 117496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12781", "title": "The in vivo distribution of an antidepressant drug (DMI) in male and female rats.", "content": "The accumulation of IP injected 3H-desipramine (DMI) in the brain and in the liver has been studied in both male and female rats. The total amount of DMI in the brains of females is 2 to 4 times that found in the brains of males. In females the amount of DMI is highest on the day of estrus and lowest on proestrus. This sex difference was not found following the injections of another psychoactive drug, 3H-chlorpromazine. In both males and females the level of DMI in the cortex and caudate is slightyl higher than in the hippocampus, septum and hypothalamus. The pharmaco-kinetics and dose dependence of the accumulation of DMI are also similar in males and females. Maximal levels are reached in the liver in less than 15 min, whereas in the brain it takes 30 min. The decline of radioactivity in the liver is faster than in brain. There is no saturation in the amount of DMI taken in brain. There is no saturation in the amount of DMI taken up in brain or liver in the dose range up to 40 mg/kg. The sex difference in the amount of 3H-DMI in brain, which may be the result of sex-dependent metabolism in liver microsomes, may explain the male-female differences in reaction to antidepressants.", "contents": "The in vivo distribution of an antidepressant drug (DMI) in male and female rats. The accumulation of IP injected 3H-desipramine (DMI) in the brain and in the liver has been studied in both male and female rats. The total amount of DMI in the brains of females is 2 to 4 times that found in the brains of males. In females the amount of DMI is highest on the day of estrus and lowest on proestrus. This sex difference was not found following the injections of another psychoactive drug, 3H-chlorpromazine. In both males and females the level of DMI in the cortex and caudate is slightyl higher than in the hippocampus, septum and hypothalamus. The pharmaco-kinetics and dose dependence of the accumulation of DMI are also similar in males and females. Maximal levels are reached in the liver in less than 15 min, whereas in the brain it takes 30 min. The decline of radioactivity in the liver is faster than in brain. There is no saturation in the amount of DMI taken in brain. There is no saturation in the amount of DMI taken up in brain or liver in the dose range up to 40 mg/kg. The sex difference in the amount of 3H-DMI in brain, which may be the result of sex-dependent metabolism in liver microsomes, may explain the male-female differences in reaction to antidepressants.", "PMID": 117497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12782", "title": "Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) is under genetic control. A lower MAO activity in chronic schizophrenia has repeatedly been reported, and it has been suggested that reduced activity of this enzyme reflects an increased vulnerability to schizophrenia. To test this hypothesis platelet MAO was determined in 65 first-degree relatives of 22 schizophrenic index patients and in matched healthy controls. No difference in mean activity between the two samples could be detected, suggesting that reduced MAO activity in schizophrenia is more likely to be a phenomenon secondary to the disease. A significant parent-offspring correlation of MAO activities was obtained.", "contents": "Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) is under genetic control. A lower MAO activity in chronic schizophrenia has repeatedly been reported, and it has been suggested that reduced activity of this enzyme reflects an increased vulnerability to schizophrenia. To test this hypothesis platelet MAO was determined in 65 first-degree relatives of 22 schizophrenic index patients and in matched healthy controls. No difference in mean activity between the two samples could be detected, suggesting that reduced MAO activity in schizophrenia is more likely to be a phenomenon secondary to the disease. A significant parent-offspring correlation of MAO activities was obtained.", "PMID": 117498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12783", "title": "Benzodiazepine receptors in the brain as affected by different experimental stresses: the changes are small and not undirectional.", "content": "Rats and mice were exposed to several different stress situations to investigate whether brain benzodiazepine receptors were sensitive to altered external or internal environmental circumstances. All stresses were applied for several days. Electrical foot shock and post-natal isolation of newborn pups resulted in small (7--25%; P less than 0.05--0.001) decreases in benzodiazepine receptor binding in some cerebral cortex or hippocampal areas while immobilization stress resulted in a small (9%; P less than 0.05) increase in frontal cortex. Other brain areas (i.e., striatum, cerebellum, pons-medulla, and occipital cortex) and other stress forms (isolation of male mice, forced swimming in cold water, or chronic amphetamine intoxication) did not change receptor binding. The effect of prolonged stress on benzodiazepine receptors is complex and not very pronounced.", "contents": "Benzodiazepine receptors in the brain as affected by different experimental stresses: the changes are small and not undirectional. Rats and mice were exposed to several different stress situations to investigate whether brain benzodiazepine receptors were sensitive to altered external or internal environmental circumstances. All stresses were applied for several days. Electrical foot shock and post-natal isolation of newborn pups resulted in small (7--25%; P less than 0.05--0.001) decreases in benzodiazepine receptor binding in some cerebral cortex or hippocampal areas while immobilization stress resulted in a small (9%; P less than 0.05) increase in frontal cortex. Other brain areas (i.e., striatum, cerebellum, pons-medulla, and occipital cortex) and other stress forms (isolation of male mice, forced swimming in cold water, or chronic amphetamine intoxication) did not change receptor binding. The effect of prolonged stress on benzodiazepine receptors is complex and not very pronounced.", "PMID": 117499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12784", "title": "Antinociceptive effects of central and systemic administrations of nicotine in the rat.", "content": "Nicotine (0.16--0.50 mg/kg, SC) was found to exert a potent antinociceptive action on thermal stimuli as measured by the tail-flick test. This antinociceptive action of nicotine could be blocked by centrally active nicotinic or muscarinic blockers implicating both classes of cholinergic receptors in this effect. Quaternary blockers, however, failed to prevent nicotine-induced antinociception. This finding, together with the ability of small doses of nicotine (25 micrograms) to induce potent antinociceptive effects when administered centrally, suggests a central site of action for the antinociceptive action of nicotine. The present results also support the suggestion that nicotine may selectively reduce sensitivity to certain classes of pain stimuli, perhaps through a central releasing action on acetylcholine.", "contents": "Antinociceptive effects of central and systemic administrations of nicotine in the rat. Nicotine (0.16--0.50 mg/kg, SC) was found to exert a potent antinociceptive action on thermal stimuli as measured by the tail-flick test. This antinociceptive action of nicotine could be blocked by centrally active nicotinic or muscarinic blockers implicating both classes of cholinergic receptors in this effect. Quaternary blockers, however, failed to prevent nicotine-induced antinociception. This finding, together with the ability of small doses of nicotine (25 micrograms) to induce potent antinociceptive effects when administered centrally, suggests a central site of action for the antinociceptive action of nicotine. The present results also support the suggestion that nicotine may selectively reduce sensitivity to certain classes of pain stimuli, perhaps through a central releasing action on acetylcholine.", "PMID": 117500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12785", "title": "Effects of caffeine and various xanthines on hornets and bees.", "content": "The effect of caffeine was assessed on Vespa orientalis hornets maintained either in sealed breeding boxes or as entire colonies free to forage, and also on Apis mellifera bees within their hives. In a number of instances the hornets were also used to study the effect of various bodily extracts of queen hornets and of the following xanthines: Purine; hypoxanthine; uric acid; theophylline; and theobromine. The studied materials were found to exert an effect on three categories of activities: (1) Motor motility, flight, and construction; (2) sensory response to light (retinal and extraretinal), noise, irritability, orientation; and (3) physiological changes in appetite, copulation, oviposition, hibernation, resistance to cold, and longevity. Up to a point the produced effects were reversible. Throughout the period of experimentation the test insects did not show signs of tolerance or addiction towards caffeine.", "contents": "Effects of caffeine and various xanthines on hornets and bees. The effect of caffeine was assessed on Vespa orientalis hornets maintained either in sealed breeding boxes or as entire colonies free to forage, and also on Apis mellifera bees within their hives. In a number of instances the hornets were also used to study the effect of various bodily extracts of queen hornets and of the following xanthines: Purine; hypoxanthine; uric acid; theophylline; and theobromine. The studied materials were found to exert an effect on three categories of activities: (1) Motor motility, flight, and construction; (2) sensory response to light (retinal and extraretinal), noise, irritability, orientation; and (3) physiological changes in appetite, copulation, oviposition, hibernation, resistance to cold, and longevity. Up to a point the produced effects were reversible. Throughout the period of experimentation the test insects did not show signs of tolerance or addiction towards caffeine.", "PMID": 117503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12786", "title": "Differential effects of methylphenidate and d-amphetamine on stereotyped behavior in the rat.", "content": "Different equimolar doses of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate were compared for their potency in eliciting stereotyped behavior in rats. Although at lower doses d-amphetamine appeared more effective in causing stereotyped gnawing, repetitive body movements, and sniffing, at higher doses methylphenidate at certain times caused a greater incidence of gnawing than did d-amphetamine. Understanding these differences and comparing related biochemical correlates may lead to a better definition of mechanisms underlying psychostimulant effects.", "contents": "Differential effects of methylphenidate and d-amphetamine on stereotyped behavior in the rat. Different equimolar doses of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate were compared for their potency in eliciting stereotyped behavior in rats. Although at lower doses d-amphetamine appeared more effective in causing stereotyped gnawing, repetitive body movements, and sniffing, at higher doses methylphenidate at certain times caused a greater incidence of gnawing than did d-amphetamine. Understanding these differences and comparing related biochemical correlates may lead to a better definition of mechanisms underlying psychostimulant effects.", "PMID": 117504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12787", "title": "Stretching and yawning: a role of glutamate.", "content": "Systemic injection of GDEE (glutamate diethyl ester), an antagonist of glutamate and aspartate receptors, induces stretching and yawning in rats. This was not accompanied by excessive grooming. Coupled with previous work these findings give evidence that a glutamatergic mechanism is involved in stretching and yawning.", "contents": "Stretching and yawning: a role of glutamate. Systemic injection of GDEE (glutamate diethyl ester), an antagonist of glutamate and aspartate receptors, induces stretching and yawning in rats. This was not accompanied by excessive grooming. Coupled with previous work these findings give evidence that a glutamatergic mechanism is involved in stretching and yawning.", "PMID": 117505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12788", "title": "Disruption of drug-dependent learning (memory retrieval) using an ethanol drug state: a replication.", "content": "Eight groups (n = 8 per group) of rats were trained to escape foot shock by turning in the correct direction in a T-maze and 24 h after reaching criterion all groups were tested with no foot shock. The four experimental groups were given alternating drug and nondrug test days while the four control groups always experienced the same drug state in training and in testing. Two experimental groups (transfer) heard a 1 kHz tone that was simultaneously paired with foot shock during training, and the tone continued to be sounded on all test trials. These two groups responded significantly (P less than 0.05) above random level with low response latencies on all days of testing, regardless of drug state. The other two experimental groups (DDL) did not receive the tone, and these groups demonstrated dissociated performance. The present study, using 2400 mg/kg ethanol, replicated the DDL and memory retrieval results of our previous chlordiazepoxide studies.", "contents": "Disruption of drug-dependent learning (memory retrieval) using an ethanol drug state: a replication. Eight groups (n = 8 per group) of rats were trained to escape foot shock by turning in the correct direction in a T-maze and 24 h after reaching criterion all groups were tested with no foot shock. The four experimental groups were given alternating drug and nondrug test days while the four control groups always experienced the same drug state in training and in testing. Two experimental groups (transfer) heard a 1 kHz tone that was simultaneously paired with foot shock during training, and the tone continued to be sounded on all test trials. These two groups responded significantly (P less than 0.05) above random level with low response latencies on all days of testing, regardless of drug state. The other two experimental groups (DDL) did not receive the tone, and these groups demonstrated dissociated performance. The present study, using 2400 mg/kg ethanol, replicated the DDL and memory retrieval results of our previous chlordiazepoxide studies.", "PMID": 117506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12789", "title": "[Criteria in evaluating the nutritional status of the child in Costa Rica].", "content": "The present discussion reveals the need to review and substitute certain criteria currently used in Costa Rica in regards to: a) nutritional recommendations; b) standards of weight; and c) classification and evaluation of the nutritional status. Such concepts will lead to the adoption of alternate criteria and standards for a better assessment of malnutrition in children. Computation of the adequacy of the diet should be made as a function of the child's weight and not of his age (Sukhatme approach). The adoption of the Weight for Height and Height for Age criteria are recommended as a substitute for Weight for Age. The normal curves of weight and height of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS, USA) would be more accurate criteria. Systematic collections of weights and heights at the national level should be made, and the data processed by simple and rapid programs to discover and assess growth deficiencies. The philosophy and orientation, scientific basis, definition of target population, infrastructure and logistics of the nutrition intervention programs of Costa Rica, should be critically revised in the light of the present report. This particularly applies to the Program of Social Development and Family Allowances.", "contents": "[Criteria in evaluating the nutritional status of the child in Costa Rica]. The present discussion reveals the need to review and substitute certain criteria currently used in Costa Rica in regards to: a) nutritional recommendations; b) standards of weight; and c) classification and evaluation of the nutritional status. Such concepts will lead to the adoption of alternate criteria and standards for a better assessment of malnutrition in children. Computation of the adequacy of the diet should be made as a function of the child's weight and not of his age (Sukhatme approach). The adoption of the Weight for Height and Height for Age criteria are recommended as a substitute for Weight for Age. The normal curves of weight and height of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS, USA) would be more accurate criteria. Systematic collections of weights and heights at the national level should be made, and the data processed by simple and rapid programs to discover and assess growth deficiencies. The philosophy and orientation, scientific basis, definition of target population, infrastructure and logistics of the nutrition intervention programs of Costa Rica, should be critically revised in the light of the present report. This particularly applies to the Program of Social Development and Family Allowances.", "PMID": 117518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12790", "title": "[Admissions for protein-calorie malnutrition at the National Children's Hospital, Costa Rica, 1975].", "content": "The hospital records of 478 children with protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) were reviewed. These represented all children diagnosed as malnourished during 1975 (3.6 per cent of all hospital admittances in the National Children's Hospital); 52% of the cases were infants less than 6 months of age; 28% had low birth weight, a rate much in excess of the prevalence of low birth weight in the general population of Costa Rica (7%). In general, malnourished children had been weaned early, 75% during the first month of life. A considerable number of children belonged to \"malnourishing families\" which have particular characteristics favorable to establishment of malnutrition in the family. Thus, 36% of their siblings had also been admitted with malnutrition at a previous date to that of this study.", "contents": "[Admissions for protein-calorie malnutrition at the National Children's Hospital, Costa Rica, 1975]. The hospital records of 478 children with protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) were reviewed. These represented all children diagnosed as malnourished during 1975 (3.6 per cent of all hospital admittances in the National Children's Hospital); 52% of the cases were infants less than 6 months of age; 28% had low birth weight, a rate much in excess of the prevalence of low birth weight in the general population of Costa Rica (7%). In general, malnourished children had been weaned early, 75% during the first month of life. A considerable number of children belonged to \"malnourishing families\" which have particular characteristics favorable to establishment of malnutrition in the family. Thus, 36% of their siblings had also been admitted with malnutrition at a previous date to that of this study.", "PMID": 117519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12791", "title": "[Food consumption of children under 5 in rural communities of Costa Rica, 1977].", "content": "Six Costa Rican communities of different ecological settings were selected for the study of food intake in children under 5 years of age. Intake was expressed as calorie and protein adequacy. Calorie deficiency was more prevalent than protein defficiency. Practically there were no differences in adequacy by age, although 4 year-olds had a slightly greater deficiency than observed in a relatively more advanced rural region 4 years earlier. Only 13 per cent of the children selected at random were covered by Social Development and Family Allowances programs which provide for two \"hot meals\" per day. Calorie deficiencies of children benefiting from this program were of similar magnitude as those of children not attending the food distribution centers. These observations point to the need to carry out further investigation of the actual effectiveness and drawbacks of such programs.", "contents": "[Food consumption of children under 5 in rural communities of Costa Rica, 1977]. Six Costa Rican communities of different ecological settings were selected for the study of food intake in children under 5 years of age. Intake was expressed as calorie and protein adequacy. Calorie deficiency was more prevalent than protein defficiency. Practically there were no differences in adequacy by age, although 4 year-olds had a slightly greater deficiency than observed in a relatively more advanced rural region 4 years earlier. Only 13 per cent of the children selected at random were covered by Social Development and Family Allowances programs which provide for two \"hot meals\" per day. Calorie deficiencies of children benefiting from this program were of similar magnitude as those of children not attending the food distribution centers. These observations point to the need to carry out further investigation of the actual effectiveness and drawbacks of such programs.", "PMID": 117520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12792", "title": "Changes of the thyroid gland and periodontal tissues of marmosets related to experimental hypothyroidism.", "content": "Adult marmosets of both sexes, weighing about 300 grams received intraperitoneal injections of 1.5 mCi of I131. Alterations in periodontal and thyroid gland tissues were determined 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after the administration, using the histological method. In the thyroid gland, degeneration and necrosis of the follicles and absence of the colloid substance with later substitution of the glandular tissue by a cicatricial fibrous tissue were observed. In the periodontium changes occurred in the alveolar bone, followed by degeneration of the periodontal ligament with areas of hyalinization from 30 days period up to the conclusion of the experiment. The cementum and the dentine were the last structures to present evidences of degeneration, showing areas of resorption only in the 60 and 90 days periods.", "contents": "Changes of the thyroid gland and periodontal tissues of marmosets related to experimental hypothyroidism. Adult marmosets of both sexes, weighing about 300 grams received intraperitoneal injections of 1.5 mCi of I131. Alterations in periodontal and thyroid gland tissues were determined 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after the administration, using the histological method. In the thyroid gland, degeneration and necrosis of the follicles and absence of the colloid substance with later substitution of the glandular tissue by a cicatricial fibrous tissue were observed. In the periodontium changes occurred in the alveolar bone, followed by degeneration of the periodontal ligament with areas of hyalinization from 30 days period up to the conclusion of the experiment. The cementum and the dentine were the last structures to present evidences of degeneration, showing areas of resorption only in the 60 and 90 days periods.", "PMID": 117522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12793", "title": "[Confirmation of the presence of uteroglobin in tubal secretions].", "content": "The acrylamide gel electrophoresis of rabbit serum, of rabbit tubal secretions at the oestrus stage (STO) and at the luteal stage (STL), followed by immunodiffusion with anti-serum, was done to detect any tubal proteins which were not found in the rabbit serum. The anti-rabbit STO goat anti-serum was absorbed with rabbit plasma in order to purify antibodies to proteins found specifically in tubal secretions. This technique revealed the presence of a protein (STx) in STO and STL but not in the rabbit serum. The electrophoretic migration (Rf = 0.72) of the tubal protein (STx) is similar to uteroglobin (Rf = 0.74). The tubal protein was detected immunologically only in tissues where uteroglobin had been found by other workers: lungs, semen, Fallopian tubes and uterine secretions (5 days post-ovulation); further more a complete identity for the precipitating line existed between these extracts. These results corroborate the presence of uteroglobin or of a very similar protein in oestrus of luteal tubal secretions and in some other rabbit tissues.", "contents": "[Confirmation of the presence of uteroglobin in tubal secretions]. The acrylamide gel electrophoresis of rabbit serum, of rabbit tubal secretions at the oestrus stage (STO) and at the luteal stage (STL), followed by immunodiffusion with anti-serum, was done to detect any tubal proteins which were not found in the rabbit serum. The anti-rabbit STO goat anti-serum was absorbed with rabbit plasma in order to purify antibodies to proteins found specifically in tubal secretions. This technique revealed the presence of a protein (STx) in STO and STL but not in the rabbit serum. The electrophoretic migration (Rf = 0.72) of the tubal protein (STx) is similar to uteroglobin (Rf = 0.74). The tubal protein was detected immunologically only in tissues where uteroglobin had been found by other workers: lungs, semen, Fallopian tubes and uterine secretions (5 days post-ovulation); further more a complete identity for the precipitating line existed between these extracts. These results corroborate the presence of uteroglobin or of a very similar protein in oestrus of luteal tubal secretions and in some other rabbit tissues.", "PMID": 117524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12794", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of propranolol in the cat and comparisons with humans and three other species.", "content": "The aims of this study were to describe the pharmacokinetics of propranolol in the cat, to compare pharmacokinetic parameters for propranolol in the cat with those of four other species and to apply the two-step infusion method of Wagner (Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 16, 691-700, 1974) in order to attain a rapid steady-state level for propranolol in plasma. Seven healthy adult cats received propranolol either as an I.V. bolus or by the two-step I.V. infusion method. The latter method was very effective in rapidly attaining and maintaining steady-state plasma propranolol levels. Pharmacokinetic parameters for propranolol in the cat are as follows: plasma clearance, 31.3 ml/(kg x min); volume of distribution, 1.57 L/kg; elimination half-life, 35 min. When compared with other species, the order of plasma clearances for propranolol were: rat greater than dog greater than cat greater than man greater than monkey. A plot of total area under the plasma propranolol concentration-time curve versus dose was not linear at the lower doses, but was linear at doses greater than 0.242 mg/kg.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of propranolol in the cat and comparisons with humans and three other species. The aims of this study were to describe the pharmacokinetics of propranolol in the cat, to compare pharmacokinetic parameters for propranolol in the cat with those of four other species and to apply the two-step infusion method of Wagner (Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 16, 691-700, 1974) in order to attain a rapid steady-state level for propranolol in plasma. Seven healthy adult cats received propranolol either as an I.V. bolus or by the two-step I.V. infusion method. The latter method was very effective in rapidly attaining and maintaining steady-state plasma propranolol levels. Pharmacokinetic parameters for propranolol in the cat are as follows: plasma clearance, 31.3 ml/(kg x min); volume of distribution, 1.57 L/kg; elimination half-life, 35 min. When compared with other species, the order of plasma clearances for propranolol were: rat greater than dog greater than cat greater than man greater than monkey. A plot of total area under the plasma propranolol concentration-time curve versus dose was not linear at the lower doses, but was linear at doses greater than 0.242 mg/kg.", "PMID": 117534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12795", "title": "Inactivation of creatine kinase in physiological saline solutions.", "content": "To determine the optimal conditions for measuring the activity of creatine kinase released from isolated skeletal muscle preparations, we investigated the stability of the enzyme during storage in saline solutions of varying composition. Parameters studied were temperature, presence of albumin or dithiothreitol, calcium concentration and anionic composition. It is concluded that maximal activity is retained when samples are kept at 4 degrees C and analyzed within 24 hours in the presence of a thiol-protective compound. If longer storage periods are anticipated, inactivation is significantly retarded by addition of albumin or by decreasing the free calcium concentration of the storage salines.", "contents": "Inactivation of creatine kinase in physiological saline solutions. To determine the optimal conditions for measuring the activity of creatine kinase released from isolated skeletal muscle preparations, we investigated the stability of the enzyme during storage in saline solutions of varying composition. Parameters studied were temperature, presence of albumin or dithiothreitol, calcium concentration and anionic composition. It is concluded that maximal activity is retained when samples are kept at 4 degrees C and analyzed within 24 hours in the presence of a thiol-protective compound. If longer storage periods are anticipated, inactivation is significantly retarded by addition of albumin or by decreasing the free calcium concentration of the storage salines.", "PMID": 117535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12796", "title": "Theileria mutans in Nigeria.", "content": "Two strains of bovine Theileria from northern Nigeria were shown to be identical to Theileria mutans in the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. One of the strains was transmitted by the tick Amblyomma variegatum; large macroschizonts, typical for T mutans, could be demonstrated in infected cattle. It is concluded from these experiments and from the literature that there is reliable evidence so far for the occurrence in Nigeria of only two bovine Tehileria species, T mutans and T velifera.", "contents": "Theileria mutans in Nigeria. Two strains of bovine Theileria from northern Nigeria were shown to be identical to Theileria mutans in the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. One of the strains was transmitted by the tick Amblyomma variegatum; large macroschizonts, typical for T mutans, could be demonstrated in infected cattle. It is concluded from these experiments and from the literature that there is reliable evidence so far for the occurrence in Nigeria of only two bovine Tehileria species, T mutans and T velifera.", "PMID": 117536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12797", "title": "Serological comparison of British Theileria mutans and Japanese T sergenti.", "content": "A serological comparison between British Theileria mutans and Japanese T sergenti using the indirect fluorescent antibody test, showed that the two parasites were indistinguishable. On the basis of this and previous findings it is suggested that the British parasite is identical with the Japanese one and that its name should therefore be changed to T sergenti.", "contents": "Serological comparison of British Theileria mutans and Japanese T sergenti. A serological comparison between British Theileria mutans and Japanese T sergenti using the indirect fluorescent antibody test, showed that the two parasites were indistinguishable. On the basis of this and previous findings it is suggested that the British parasite is identical with the Japanese one and that its name should therefore be changed to T sergenti.", "PMID": 117537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12798", "title": "[Experimental trachoma].", "content": "During half a century, the agent of trachoma could be mainly demonstrated by inoculation to the conjunctiva of animals; by this mean the cycle of the agent could be revealed. There was a huge progress when T'ANG for these studies inoculated embryonated chicken eggs. However, experimentally infected animals are used at present time not only in trachome countries where do not exist laboratories: monkeys, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats and mice allow modern studies of chlamydial infection. Monkeys living in the countries where trachoma is endemic were selected because of their cheapness (orangoutan in Java, macaques in Northern Africa and in Ta\u00efwan, baboons in Africa). The monkeys selected by American workers are coming from South America. First pioneers (NICOLLE, CUENOD and NATAF, PAGES, JULIANELLE) have demonstrated the infectivity of animals and the place of the agent of trachoma on taxonomic point of view. As PAGES, we have demonstrated that infection could be regularly provoked when inoculating macaques; moreover a pannus could appear when adding hydrocortison drops or when infiltrating the cornea with tuberculin. Cultures of WEEKS bacilli were introduced in the eyes of trachomatous animals; we could observe an aggravation of the disease. If biology of trachoma is better known at present time, experimental trachoma is until now fundamentally important. It permits immunological studies especially for the purpose of vaccination; one can check terapeutical means for instance antibiotics; studies are performed to demonstrate cross immunizations or enhancement of defence (with levamisole). Experimental trachoma is hitherto and again for a long time commonly requested for the study of trachoma.", "contents": "[Experimental trachoma]. During half a century, the agent of trachoma could be mainly demonstrated by inoculation to the conjunctiva of animals; by this mean the cycle of the agent could be revealed. There was a huge progress when T'ANG for these studies inoculated embryonated chicken eggs. However, experimentally infected animals are used at present time not only in trachome countries where do not exist laboratories: monkeys, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats and mice allow modern studies of chlamydial infection. Monkeys living in the countries where trachoma is endemic were selected because of their cheapness (orangoutan in Java, macaques in Northern Africa and in Ta\u00efwan, baboons in Africa). The monkeys selected by American workers are coming from South America. First pioneers (NICOLLE, CUENOD and NATAF, PAGES, JULIANELLE) have demonstrated the infectivity of animals and the place of the agent of trachoma on taxonomic point of view. As PAGES, we have demonstrated that infection could be regularly provoked when inoculating macaques; moreover a pannus could appear when adding hydrocortison drops or when infiltrating the cornea with tuberculin. Cultures of WEEKS bacilli were introduced in the eyes of trachomatous animals; we could observe an aggravation of the disease. If biology of trachoma is better known at present time, experimental trachoma is until now fundamentally important. It permits immunological studies especially for the purpose of vaccination; one can check terapeutical means for instance antibiotics; studies are performed to demonstrate cross immunizations or enhancement of defence (with levamisole). Experimental trachoma is hitherto and again for a long time commonly requested for the study of trachoma.", "PMID": 117538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12799", "title": "[Intralobal pulmonary sequestration and tuberculosis superinfection].", "content": "Among 16 pulmonary sequestrations observed in 23 years, 3 were associated with pulmonary tuberculosis. A detailed report is given on a 37-year-old man who was found by serendipity to have a right lower sequestration after 6 years treatment for tuberculosis; middle and upper lobe function had already been lost. Two and half years after pneumonectomy, the patient is in good health. Discussion centers on the diagnosis and potential complications of pulmonary sequestrations.", "contents": "[Intralobal pulmonary sequestration and tuberculosis superinfection]. Among 16 pulmonary sequestrations observed in 23 years, 3 were associated with pulmonary tuberculosis. A detailed report is given on a 37-year-old man who was found by serendipity to have a right lower sequestration after 6 years treatment for tuberculosis; middle and upper lobe function had already been lost. Two and half years after pneumonectomy, the patient is in good health. Discussion centers on the diagnosis and potential complications of pulmonary sequestrations.", "PMID": 117543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12800", "title": "[Successful allotransplantation of an island of Langerhans].", "content": "Combined renal and pancreatic transplantation in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy and renal insufficiency is designed to improve the poor prognosis observed with hemodialysis or renal transplantation alone. Interest has recently shifted from pancreatic organ to islet transplantation, in view of the absence of complications with the latter. However, no permanent success with islet transplants in diabetic patients has so far been reported. In the series presented, one patient with juvenile diabetes and subsequent renal failure was successfully treated with simultaneous kidney and intrasplenic pancreatic islet allotransplants. One year after the operation the patient has normal blood glucose levels without exogenous insulin, despite treatment with prednisone.", "contents": "[Successful allotransplantation of an island of Langerhans]. Combined renal and pancreatic transplantation in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy and renal insufficiency is designed to improve the poor prognosis observed with hemodialysis or renal transplantation alone. Interest has recently shifted from pancreatic organ to islet transplantation, in view of the absence of complications with the latter. However, no permanent success with islet transplants in diabetic patients has so far been reported. In the series presented, one patient with juvenile diabetes and subsequent renal failure was successfully treated with simultaneous kidney and intrasplenic pancreatic islet allotransplants. One year after the operation the patient has normal blood glucose levels without exogenous insulin, despite treatment with prednisone.", "PMID": 117544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12801", "title": "[Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis and skeletal changes].", "content": "Two cases of von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis with osseous involvement are described and compared with cases in the literature. The most important skeletal lesions are dysplastic defects of the skull, macrocranium, deformities of the vertebral column with associated lesions of the vertebral bodies, congenital bowing, pseudarthrosis, length disparity and periostal dysplasias of the extremities, and congenital anomalies, erosions and cysts in the remaining skeleton.", "contents": "[Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis and skeletal changes]. Two cases of von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis with osseous involvement are described and compared with cases in the literature. The most important skeletal lesions are dysplastic defects of the skull, macrocranium, deformities of the vertebral column with associated lesions of the vertebral bodies, congenital bowing, pseudarthrosis, length disparity and periostal dysplasias of the extremities, and congenital anomalies, erosions and cysts in the remaining skeleton.", "PMID": 117545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12802", "title": "[Is the use of large amounts of glucose in parenteral feeding a problem?].", "content": "Intravenous feeding with glucose as the sole carbohydrate was analyzed in a retrospective study of 30 patients. Very good assimilation of intravenous glucose without dangerous blood sugar variations could be demonstrated. As the administration of glucose was increased stepwise in the initial phase, the incidence of glucose intolerance was minimal. The good correlation of blood and urinary sugar shows that there is no problem in the control of carbohydrate metabolism during intravenous alimentation with glucose, and that urine samples provide adequate control after the initial phase.", "contents": "[Is the use of large amounts of glucose in parenteral feeding a problem?]. Intravenous feeding with glucose as the sole carbohydrate was analyzed in a retrospective study of 30 patients. Very good assimilation of intravenous glucose without dangerous blood sugar variations could be demonstrated. As the administration of glucose was increased stepwise in the initial phase, the incidence of glucose intolerance was minimal. The good correlation of blood and urinary sugar shows that there is no problem in the control of carbohydrate metabolism during intravenous alimentation with glucose, and that urine samples provide adequate control after the initial phase.", "PMID": 117546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12803", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopic study of so-called carvable composite filling materials after over one-year functional period].", "content": "28 class-5 and 16 class-1 fillings were made from the composite material \"Epoxydent\" on a macaca speciosa monkey and examined with the electron microscope after a 15 months functional period. Statistically significant differences in the size of the marginal space were found to be larger than in comparable composites Adaptic, Concise, Compo-Cap and Cosmic. The spaces were frequently not located on the filling margin but inside, within the filling material. This is attributed to the \"carving\" technique during the gel phase of setting. The surface shows abrasions and porosities with loss of particles, sometimes fractures and discolored margins with secondary caries. It is not recommended to replace metal fillings by so-called carvable composits.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopic study of so-called carvable composite filling materials after over one-year functional period]. 28 class-5 and 16 class-1 fillings were made from the composite material \"Epoxydent\" on a macaca speciosa monkey and examined with the electron microscope after a 15 months functional period. Statistically significant differences in the size of the marginal space were found to be larger than in comparable composites Adaptic, Concise, Compo-Cap and Cosmic. The spaces were frequently not located on the filling margin but inside, within the filling material. This is attributed to the \"carving\" technique during the gel phase of setting. The surface shows abrasions and porosities with loss of particles, sometimes fractures and discolored margins with secondary caries. It is not recommended to replace metal fillings by so-called carvable composits.", "PMID": 117547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12804", "title": "Structure of the constant and 3' untranslated regions of the murine gamma 2b heavy chain messenger RNA.", "content": "The complete coding sequence for the constant region of the mouse gamma 2b immunoglobulin heavy chain and the 3' untranslated region has been determined. The coding portion of the sequence is 1008 nucleotides long (amino acid residues 114 to 449), and the 3' noncoding region contains 102 nucleotides preceeding the polyadenylate. An extra carboxyl-terminal lysine residue which had not been observed in the gamma 2b or other gamma subclass protein sequences occurs in the nucleotide sequence and is probably processed posttranslationally. A 17-nucleotide sequence occurs with slight variation twice in CH1 and once in CH2 domains in the same relative location but with different translational phase. This sequence may be the site of crossover in a gamma 2b . gamma 2a heavy chain variant, an indication of possible recombinational activity of some kind.", "contents": "Structure of the constant and 3' untranslated regions of the murine gamma 2b heavy chain messenger RNA. The complete coding sequence for the constant region of the mouse gamma 2b immunoglobulin heavy chain and the 3' untranslated region has been determined. The coding portion of the sequence is 1008 nucleotides long (amino acid residues 114 to 449), and the 3' noncoding region contains 102 nucleotides preceeding the polyadenylate. An extra carboxyl-terminal lysine residue which had not been observed in the gamma 2b or other gamma subclass protein sequences occurs in the nucleotide sequence and is probably processed posttranslationally. A 17-nucleotide sequence occurs with slight variation twice in CH1 and once in CH2 domains in the same relative location but with different translational phase. This sequence may be the site of crossover in a gamma 2b . gamma 2a heavy chain variant, an indication of possible recombinational activity of some kind.", "PMID": 117548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12805", "title": "Sequence of the cloned gene for the constant region of murine gamma 2b immunoglobulin heavy chain.", "content": "The complete nucleotide sequence of the gamma 2b constant region gene cloned from BALB/c liver DNA is reported. The sequence of approximately 1870 base pairs includes the 5' flanking, 3' untranslated, and 3' flanking regions and three introns. The C gamma 2b coding region is divided by these introns into four segments corresponding to the homology domains and hinge region of the protein. The introns separating the hinge from the CH2 domain and the CH2 from the CH3 domain are small (106 and 119 base pairs). A larger intervening sequence of 314 base pairs separates the CH1  and hinge regions. The stretch of DNA comprising this large intron plus the hinge shows a strong homology with the other CH domains.", "contents": "Sequence of the cloned gene for the constant region of murine gamma 2b immunoglobulin heavy chain. The complete nucleotide sequence of the gamma 2b constant region gene cloned from BALB/c liver DNA is reported. The sequence of approximately 1870 base pairs includes the 5' flanking, 3' untranslated, and 3' flanking regions and three introns. The C gamma 2b coding region is divided by these introns into four segments corresponding to the homology domains and hinge region of the protein. The introns separating the hinge from the CH2 domain and the CH2 from the CH3 domain are small (106 and 119 base pairs). A larger intervening sequence of 314 base pairs separates the CH1  and hinge regions. The stretch of DNA comprising this large intron plus the hinge shows a strong homology with the other CH domains.", "PMID": 117549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12806", "title": "Genetic mechanism accounting for precise immunoglobulin domain deletion in a variant of MPC 11 myeloma cells.", "content": "A variant of the MPC 11 cell line, M 311, produces a short immunoglobulin heavy chain. When compared with the parental gamma 2b heavy chain, M 311 was found to have a carboxyl terminal deletion comprising the CH3 domain. The COOH-terminal cyanogen bromide (CNBr) cleavage fragment of M 311 is identical to a corresponding segment ofa parental heavy chain CNBr fragment, with the exception of a substitution of asparagine for lysine at the COOH-terminal residue. This observation enabled prediction of both the parental DNA sequence in this region and the genetic mechanism which generated the variant, a frameshift followed by premature termination. This hypothesis is supported by studies of the DNA sequence of the MPC 11 gamma 2b constant region gene.", "contents": "Genetic mechanism accounting for precise immunoglobulin domain deletion in a variant of MPC 11 myeloma cells. A variant of the MPC 11 cell line, M 311, produces a short immunoglobulin heavy chain. When compared with the parental gamma 2b heavy chain, M 311 was found to have a carboxyl terminal deletion comprising the CH3 domain. The COOH-terminal cyanogen bromide (CNBr) cleavage fragment of M 311 is identical to a corresponding segment ofa parental heavy chain CNBr fragment, with the exception of a substitution of asparagine for lysine at the COOH-terminal residue. This observation enabled prediction of both the parental DNA sequence in this region and the genetic mechanism which generated the variant, a frameshift followed by premature termination. This hypothesis is supported by studies of the DNA sequence of the MPC 11 gamma 2b constant region gene.", "PMID": 117550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12807", "title": "Problems encountered with hyperalimentation in critically ill patients.", "content": "An analysis of complications arising from hyperalimentation in 17 septic patients in an ICU is presented. All developed hypophyosphatemia. Hyperglycemia necessitated intravenous insulin in 16 patients. Hypoalbuminemia persisted in all patients despite 134 gm of protein a day. Abnormal liver function and azotemia were common. Catheter complications occurred in three of 90 catheter insertions. Mortality in this population was 70%. Guidelines for the use of Dextrostix for monitoring blood glucose levels and a protocol for hyperalimentation in patients with sepsis are suggested.", "contents": "Problems encountered with hyperalimentation in critically ill patients. An analysis of complications arising from hyperalimentation in 17 septic patients in an ICU is presented. All developed hypophyosphatemia. Hyperglycemia necessitated intravenous insulin in 16 patients. Hypoalbuminemia persisted in all patients despite 134 gm of protein a day. Abnormal liver function and azotemia were common. Catheter complications occurred in three of 90 catheter insertions. Mortality in this population was 70%. Guidelines for the use of Dextrostix for monitoring blood glucose levels and a protocol for hyperalimentation in patients with sepsis are suggested.", "PMID": 117553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12808", "title": "Lidocaine: a neglected anticonvulsant?", "content": "An elderly man had focal motor status epilepticus secondary to a frontal lobe hematoma. Phenytoin, phenobarbital, and diazepam did not stop the seizures. Intravenous lidocaine by bolus injection and continuous infusion rapidly controlled the seizures.", "contents": "Lidocaine: a neglected anticonvulsant? An elderly man had focal motor status epilepticus secondary to a frontal lobe hematoma. Phenytoin, phenobarbital, and diazepam did not stop the seizures. Intravenous lidocaine by bolus injection and continuous infusion rapidly controlled the seizures.", "PMID": 117554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12809", "title": "Recovery from Bacillus cereus sepsis.", "content": "A patient with acute leukemia developed two separate episodes of Bacillus cereus septicemia during one hospitalization. Leukopenia as a consequence of cytotoxic chemotherapy preceded both illnesses. The course of the infections was favorably influenced by the return of adequate numbers of circulating granulocytes and aminoglycoside therapy. Only one other compromised host is known to have recovered from this otherwise fatal disease.", "contents": "Recovery from Bacillus cereus sepsis. A patient with acute leukemia developed two separate episodes of Bacillus cereus septicemia during one hospitalization. Leukopenia as a consequence of cytotoxic chemotherapy preceded both illnesses. The course of the infections was favorably influenced by the return of adequate numbers of circulating granulocytes and aminoglycoside therapy. Only one other compromised host is known to have recovered from this otherwise fatal disease.", "PMID": 117555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12810", "title": "Morphological changes in 49 chacma baboons after cardiac allografts.", "content": "The morhpological changes in 49 chacma baboons after cardiac transplantation were studied by light and electron microscopy. Non-immunosuppressed grafts were tolerated for an average of 10 days and immunosuppressed grafts for 18 days. Serial biopsy specimens of non-immunosuppressed grafts showed a progression in severity of rejection changes. Electron microscopy mirrored the light microscopic changes. Rejection changes in the baboon appear similar to those encountered in human and canine allografts. Heterotopic transplants showed more severe grades of rejection than would be compatible with life in orthotopic transplants.", "contents": "Morphological changes in 49 chacma baboons after cardiac allografts. The morhpological changes in 49 chacma baboons after cardiac transplantation were studied by light and electron microscopy. Non-immunosuppressed grafts were tolerated for an average of 10 days and immunosuppressed grafts for 18 days. Serial biopsy specimens of non-immunosuppressed grafts showed a progression in severity of rejection changes. Electron microscopy mirrored the light microscopic changes. Rejection changes in the baboon appear similar to those encountered in human and canine allografts. Heterotopic transplants showed more severe grades of rejection than would be compatible with life in orthotopic transplants.", "PMID": 117558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12811", "title": "Highlights of physiological research at the University of Cape Town, 1912-1978.", "content": "During the 68 years since it was founded, 548 publications have appeared from the Department of Physiology of the University of Cape Town, which has at different times included subdepartments of pharmacology and of medical biochemistry. The main fields of physiological research have been electrophysiology of the heart and of nerves, calcium metabolism (especially of teeth), endocrinology (especially of sex hormones), phonocardiography, bile secretion, exercise physiology (especially tests of physical fitness), measurement of obesity, renal physiology (especially membrane transport of sodium) and neurophysiology. Work continues in some of these fields.", "contents": "Highlights of physiological research at the University of Cape Town, 1912-1978. During the 68 years since it was founded, 548 publications have appeared from the Department of Physiology of the University of Cape Town, which has at different times included subdepartments of pharmacology and of medical biochemistry. The main fields of physiological research have been electrophysiology of the heart and of nerves, calcium metabolism (especially of teeth), endocrinology (especially of sex hormones), phonocardiography, bile secretion, exercise physiology (especially tests of physical fitness), measurement of obesity, renal physiology (especially membrane transport of sodium) and neurophysiology. Work continues in some of these fields.", "PMID": 117559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12812", "title": "Computed tomography in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine.", "content": "Computed tomography of the cervical spine has been carried out on 21 patients with the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. There was a correlation between the shape and the extent of ossification and the type of myelopathy. Computed tomography is important for operative intervention.", "contents": "Computed tomography in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine. Computed tomography of the cervical spine has been carried out on 21 patients with the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. There was a correlation between the shape and the extent of ossification and the type of myelopathy. Computed tomography is important for operative intervention.", "PMID": 117562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12813", "title": "Effects of influenza, mumps, and western equine encephalitis viruses on fetal rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Pregnant Rhesus monkeys were infected via instillation of influenza, mumps and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses respectively into the amniotic sacs at approximately 90 days gestation to determine if fetal infections would occur. Virus was recovered from fetal tissues after seven days in 100% of the exposed animals. Thus, the viruses are capable of causing fetal infection. Rhesus monkey fetuses were inoculated with influenza, mumps and WEE viruses by the direct intracerebral route at approximately 90 days gestation to determine possible teratogenicity of the viruses. influenza virus caused no malformations or measurable fetal effects. Mumps virus resulted in significant fetal mortality. WEE virus resulted in a 100% incidence of encephalitis and hydrocephalus. Thus, mumps and WEE viruses are teratogens in primates and are potential teratogens of man.", "contents": "Effects of influenza, mumps, and western equine encephalitis viruses on fetal rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Pregnant Rhesus monkeys were infected via instillation of influenza, mumps and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses respectively into the amniotic sacs at approximately 90 days gestation to determine if fetal infections would occur. Virus was recovered from fetal tissues after seven days in 100% of the exposed animals. Thus, the viruses are capable of causing fetal infection. Rhesus monkey fetuses were inoculated with influenza, mumps and WEE viruses by the direct intracerebral route at approximately 90 days gestation to determine possible teratogenicity of the viruses. influenza virus caused no malformations or measurable fetal effects. Mumps virus resulted in significant fetal mortality. WEE virus resulted in a 100% incidence of encephalitis and hydrocephalus. Thus, mumps and WEE viruses are teratogens in primates and are potential teratogens of man.", "PMID": 117564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12814", "title": "Fetal mortality and malformations associated with experimental infections of western equine encephalomyelitis vaccine virus in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Pregnant Rhesus monkeys were infected via installation of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis (WEE) vaccine virus into the amniotic sacs at 50 and 80 days gestation to determine if the resulting infections would produce fetal mortality or fetal malformations, particularly within the central nervous system. Of those receiving virus at 50 days gestation, 13 of 18 fetuses were aborted or dead in utero at time of Caesarean section; 2 of 18 were malformed (hydrocephalus and polyarthrosis); and 3 of 18 were anatomically normal. Of those receiving virus at 80 days gestation four of eight fetuses were aborted or dead in utero at time of Caesarean section, one of eight was malformed (hydrocephalus) and three of eight were anatomically normal. Three of three controls receiving neutralized virus at each gestational age were anatomically normal. Fetal WEE vaccine virus infection significantly increased fetal mortality and resulted in a significant incidence of fetal malformations.", "contents": "Fetal mortality and malformations associated with experimental infections of western equine encephalomyelitis vaccine virus in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Pregnant Rhesus monkeys were infected via installation of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis (WEE) vaccine virus into the amniotic sacs at 50 and 80 days gestation to determine if the resulting infections would produce fetal mortality or fetal malformations, particularly within the central nervous system. Of those receiving virus at 50 days gestation, 13 of 18 fetuses were aborted or dead in utero at time of Caesarean section; 2 of 18 were malformed (hydrocephalus and polyarthrosis); and 3 of 18 were anatomically normal. Of those receiving virus at 80 days gestation four of eight fetuses were aborted or dead in utero at time of Caesarean section, one of eight was malformed (hydrocephalus) and three of eight were anatomically normal. Three of three controls receiving neutralized virus at each gestational age were anatomically normal. Fetal WEE vaccine virus infection significantly increased fetal mortality and resulted in a significant incidence of fetal malformations.", "PMID": 117565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12815", "title": "Toxicological studies on cefuroxime sodium.", "content": "The intravenous LD50 of cefuroxime sodium for mice was 10.4 g/kg. The maximum dosage administered in other acute toxicity tests was well tolerated by mice (10 g/kg, subcutaneous), by rats (4 g/kg, intravenous, 5 g/kg, subcutaneous) and by cats, dogs and monkeys (2 g/kg, intramuscularly). Cefuroxime sodium was administered subcutaneously (s.c.) or intramuscularly (i.m.) for 3 months to rats (100, 300 or 900 mg/kg/day) followed by a recovery period, and also for 6 months to rats and dogs (50, 150 or 450 mg/kg/day) and for 1 month to monkeys (150 or 450 mg/kg/day). In all these tests there were no serious toxic effects. Minor haematological changes were attributable in part if not entirely to haemorrhage and tissue reaction at the site of injection of large doses. In rats large doses caused some increase in urine volume and electrolyte excretion, and slightly aggravated an age related nephropathy. Administration to rats intravenously (i.v.) for1 month of up to 400 mg/kg/day had no toxic effects. In reproduction studies on mice and rabbits there were no adverse effects on fertility, organogenesis or the rearing of young.", "contents": "Toxicological studies on cefuroxime sodium. The intravenous LD50 of cefuroxime sodium for mice was 10.4 g/kg. The maximum dosage administered in other acute toxicity tests was well tolerated by mice (10 g/kg, subcutaneous), by rats (4 g/kg, intravenous, 5 g/kg, subcutaneous) and by cats, dogs and monkeys (2 g/kg, intramuscularly). Cefuroxime sodium was administered subcutaneously (s.c.) or intramuscularly (i.m.) for 3 months to rats (100, 300 or 900 mg/kg/day) followed by a recovery period, and also for 6 months to rats and dogs (50, 150 or 450 mg/kg/day) and for 1 month to monkeys (150 or 450 mg/kg/day). In all these tests there were no serious toxic effects. Minor haematological changes were attributable in part if not entirely to haemorrhage and tissue reaction at the site of injection of large doses. In rats large doses caused some increase in urine volume and electrolyte excretion, and slightly aggravated an age related nephropathy. Administration to rats intravenously (i.v.) for1 month of up to 400 mg/kg/day had no toxic effects. In reproduction studies on mice and rabbits there were no adverse effects on fertility, organogenesis or the rearing of young.", "PMID": 117570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12816", "title": "Total body irradiation (T.B.I.). Preliminary results of a new technique in 30 patients with hematologic malignancy.", "content": "The authors present the preliminary results of a new technique of total body irradiation (T.B.I.) used in 30 patients with hematological malignancy. The schedule proposed is easy to use and reproducible. The clinical and hematologic tolerance is good even for patients having had previous cyclic polychemotherapy and/or large-field irradiation. Low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas previously nontreated appear to be the best indication. Further investigations have to be performed particularly to specify the interest of combining T.B.I. and chemotherapy or T.B.I. and radiotherapy in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas.", "contents": "Total body irradiation (T.B.I.). Preliminary results of a new technique in 30 patients with hematologic malignancy. The authors present the preliminary results of a new technique of total body irradiation (T.B.I.) used in 30 patients with hematological malignancy. The schedule proposed is easy to use and reproducible. The clinical and hematologic tolerance is good even for patients having had previous cyclic polychemotherapy and/or large-field irradiation. Low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas previously nontreated appear to be the best indication. Further investigations have to be performed particularly to specify the interest of combining T.B.I. and chemotherapy or T.B.I. and radiotherapy in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas.", "PMID": 117573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12817", "title": "[Dose distribution of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The biokinetics of 32P-P, 32P-PPi, 85Sr, 99mTc- and 113Sn-EHDP were evaluated in the young rat. The dose distribution of the beta-emitters 32P, 89Sr, 121Sn and 188Re was calculated from the measured biological half-lifes. The highest dose to soft tissues and therefore also to bone-marrow in relation to the bone dosis was found for 32P-P. The lowest dose was found for 89Sr. Favourable results were obtained in the diphosphonate compounds. The use of 32P-PPi instead of 32P-P appears to be advantageous, too. The dose relation between normal bone and the growth plate of the femur was significantly lower for 89Sr than for the other radiopharmaceuticals.", "contents": "[Dose distribution of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals in the rat (author's transl)]. The biokinetics of 32P-P, 32P-PPi, 85Sr, 99mTc- and 113Sn-EHDP were evaluated in the young rat. The dose distribution of the beta-emitters 32P, 89Sr, 121Sn and 188Re was calculated from the measured biological half-lifes. The highest dose to soft tissues and therefore also to bone-marrow in relation to the bone dosis was found for 32P-P. The lowest dose was found for 89Sr. Favourable results were obtained in the diphosphonate compounds. The use of 32P-PPi instead of 32P-P appears to be advantageous, too. The dose relation between normal bone and the growth plate of the femur was significantly lower for 89Sr than for the other radiopharmaceuticals.", "PMID": 117574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12818", "title": "Testicular steroidogenesis in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to investigate testicular steroidogenesis in the Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta. Testicular fragments (50 mg) were incubated for 3 hr with pregnenolone-7-3H or with progesterone-7-3H. The major metabolite of pregnenolone was progesterone (70.1%), with a lesser conversion to 17-hydroxyprogesterone (1.6%), androstenedione (3.3%), and testosterone (7.2%). The delta-5 intermediates 17-hydroxypregnenolone (4.6%) and dehydroepiandrosterone (8.6%) were also identified in the pregnenolone incubates. A majority of the progesterone substrate was not metabolized by the testicular fragments (80.1%), while some conversion to 17-hydroxyprogesterone (3.4%), androstenedione (4.8%), and testosterone (11.7%) occurred in the incubates. These results suggest that testicular fragments from the Rhesus monkey may convert pregnenolone to testosterone through both the delta-4 and the delta-5 pathways.", "contents": "Testicular steroidogenesis in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta. Studies were undertaken to investigate testicular steroidogenesis in the Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta. Testicular fragments (50 mg) were incubated for 3 hr with pregnenolone-7-3H or with progesterone-7-3H. The major metabolite of pregnenolone was progesterone (70.1%), with a lesser conversion to 17-hydroxyprogesterone (1.6%), androstenedione (3.3%), and testosterone (7.2%). The delta-5 intermediates 17-hydroxypregnenolone (4.6%) and dehydroepiandrosterone (8.6%) were also identified in the pregnenolone incubates. A majority of the progesterone substrate was not metabolized by the testicular fragments (80.1%), while some conversion to 17-hydroxyprogesterone (3.4%), androstenedione (4.8%), and testosterone (11.7%) occurred in the incubates. These results suggest that testicular fragments from the Rhesus monkey may convert pregnenolone to testosterone through both the delta-4 and the delta-5 pathways.", "PMID": 117575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12819", "title": "Accidental contamination of diagnostic cultures of mycobacteria and phage identification of the contaminating strain.", "content": "Phage typing of mycobacteria is a new technique not yet widely used for classification and intraspecies differentiation. Systematic long-term studies organized by the WHO have succeeded, using a battery of 11 different mycobacterial phages, in dividing M. tuberculosis into 3 different phage sub-groups, preliminarily labelled as A, B and C. A special case of phage-typing is presented which enabled identification of a virulent mycobacterial strain causing accidental contamination of diagnostic mycobacterial cultures. The strain was an old laboratory one, H37Rv, belonging to phage subgroup B.", "contents": "Accidental contamination of diagnostic cultures of mycobacteria and phage identification of the contaminating strain. Phage typing of mycobacteria is a new technique not yet widely used for classification and intraspecies differentiation. Systematic long-term studies organized by the WHO have succeeded, using a battery of 11 different mycobacterial phages, in dividing M. tuberculosis into 3 different phage sub-groups, preliminarily labelled as A, B and C. A special case of phage-typing is presented which enabled identification of a virulent mycobacterial strain causing accidental contamination of diagnostic mycobacterial cultures. The strain was an old laboratory one, H37Rv, belonging to phage subgroup B.", "PMID": 117577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12820", "title": "[WR, a new strain of mice, highly sensitive to the cytogenetic effect of thiotepa].", "content": "Mice of the WR strain (genotype -aa, +WY) were selected for the appearance of black spots with normal pigmentation, presumably due to genetic recombination in the W gene region. The frequency of heterozigotes +WY with black spots was 25% in the 11th generation. The cytogenetic effect of thioTEPA (dose 5 mg/kg) was investigated in bone marrow cells of C57BL/10 NZW, 101/H and 129/Re mice. Mice of the WR strain were most sensitive to thioTEPA. It is suggested that the WR mice may be used as a sensitive object for the genetical screening of chemical compounds.", "contents": "[WR, a new strain of mice, highly sensitive to the cytogenetic effect of thiotepa]. Mice of the WR strain (genotype -aa, +WY) were selected for the appearance of black spots with normal pigmentation, presumably due to genetic recombination in the W gene region. The frequency of heterozigotes +WY with black spots was 25% in the 11th generation. The cytogenetic effect of thioTEPA (dose 5 mg/kg) was investigated in bone marrow cells of C57BL/10 NZW, 101/H and 129/Re mice. Mice of the WR strain were most sensitive to thioTEPA. It is suggested that the WR mice may be used as a sensitive object for the genetical screening of chemical compounds.", "PMID": 117576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12821", "title": "[Polyamine content in tissues of 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene-induced sarcoma and liver of tumor-carrying rats].", "content": "Putrescine in determinable amounts is contained in the tumour tissue, in the liver tissue of normal animals it was not detected by the applied method. The spermidine content in the tumour is also considerably higher, it is 15.-3 times as high as that in the normal liver both per 1 g of fresh tissue and per 1 mg of RNA. The spermine content in the tumours is somewhat lower as compared to its content in the normal liver. The shifts in the contents of polyamines are of the same character both for the liver of rats with carcinogen-induced sarcomas and for tumours. Putrescine is determined in noticeable amounts in the liver of tumour-carrying rats. Thus, the carcinoven-induced sarcoma as well as the liver of rats with sarcomas are characterized by a high content of putrescine and spermidine as well as by a high value of the spermidine/spermine ratio.", "contents": "[Polyamine content in tissues of 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene-induced sarcoma and liver of tumor-carrying rats]. Putrescine in determinable amounts is contained in the tumour tissue, in the liver tissue of normal animals it was not detected by the applied method. The spermidine content in the tumour is also considerably higher, it is 15.-3 times as high as that in the normal liver both per 1 g of fresh tissue and per 1 mg of RNA. The spermine content in the tumours is somewhat lower as compared to its content in the normal liver. The shifts in the contents of polyamines are of the same character both for the liver of rats with carcinogen-induced sarcomas and for tumours. Putrescine is determined in noticeable amounts in the liver of tumour-carrying rats. Thus, the carcinoven-induced sarcoma as well as the liver of rats with sarcomas are characterized by a high content of putrescine and spermidine as well as by a high value of the spermidine/spermine ratio.", "PMID": 117578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12822", "title": "[Changes in sperm ultrastructure of bulls with decreased sperm activity and freezability].", "content": "A decrease of sperm freezability occurred at the K. breeding station, and this situation lasted longer than a year. Out of the 2550 ejaculates taken from 42 breeding bulls within 12 months, 685, i.e. 26.7%, were unfit for use immediately after sperm collection, mostly owing to a low activity of spermatozoa and pathological forms of their motility, and another 469 ejaculates, i. e. 18.3%, were unfit for use after sperm freezing; on the whole, 1154 (i. e. 45.2%) ejaculates had to be excluded. It was revealed by the vital-lethal primuline test that the spermatozoa died quickly after collection. The findings obtained during an electron-microscopic examination of the spermatozoa at the beginning of the process included visible changes in the ultrastructure of the flagellum, particularly its middle piece (deformed shape, incomplete set of axial filaments, vacuolization of the flagellum, abnormal arrangement of the mitochondrial spiral), numerous abnormities of the external cytoplasmic membrane and invagination, vacuolization, and abnormal density of nucleoplasm. The primary changes on the flagella and in the nucleus give evidence that the testicular tissues were altered. The etiological factors behind these processes are believed to include a reduction in the resistance of bulls due to long-lasting consumption of feeds contaminated with the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, insufficient movement and bad zoo-hygienic practices, all this combined with the secondary action of the infectious germs of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, which were revealed by cultivation tests in 50% of the ejaculates of the bulls; a positive antibody titre was demonstrated in all bulls.", "contents": "[Changes in sperm ultrastructure of bulls with decreased sperm activity and freezability]. A decrease of sperm freezability occurred at the K. breeding station, and this situation lasted longer than a year. Out of the 2550 ejaculates taken from 42 breeding bulls within 12 months, 685, i.e. 26.7%, were unfit for use immediately after sperm collection, mostly owing to a low activity of spermatozoa and pathological forms of their motility, and another 469 ejaculates, i. e. 18.3%, were unfit for use after sperm freezing; on the whole, 1154 (i. e. 45.2%) ejaculates had to be excluded. It was revealed by the vital-lethal primuline test that the spermatozoa died quickly after collection. The findings obtained during an electron-microscopic examination of the spermatozoa at the beginning of the process included visible changes in the ultrastructure of the flagellum, particularly its middle piece (deformed shape, incomplete set of axial filaments, vacuolization of the flagellum, abnormal arrangement of the mitochondrial spiral), numerous abnormities of the external cytoplasmic membrane and invagination, vacuolization, and abnormal density of nucleoplasm. The primary changes on the flagella and in the nucleus give evidence that the testicular tissues were altered. The etiological factors behind these processes are believed to include a reduction in the resistance of bulls due to long-lasting consumption of feeds contaminated with the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, insufficient movement and bad zoo-hygienic practices, all this combined with the secondary action of the infectious germs of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, which were revealed by cultivation tests in 50% of the ejaculates of the bulls; a positive antibody titre was demonstrated in all bulls.", "PMID": 117588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12823", "title": "[The relationship between fermentation and the morphological structure of rumen epithelium in sheep fed pelleted feeds].", "content": "Wethers were fed complete granular feed rations including 41.81% of grass hay, 25.28% of barley, 15.37% of sawdust, 14.98% of molasses, 1.32% of urea, and 1.24% of mineral supplement in dry matter for 24 weeks. Samples of the dorsal rumen sac of these wethers were subjected to patho-anatomical, histological, histo-chemical, and electron-microscopical examination. Volatile fatty acids were also determined in the rumen fluid of slaughtered animals. The control group was given the same diet in the classical form with long hay. The rumen contents of the slaughtered animals of the experimental group had an increased level of total volatile fatty acids (125.93 mM) and butyric acid (17.8 M%). The acetate:propionate ratio was 3.66. No substantial differences were observed in enzymatic activity. Electronograms recorded an increase in the number of T cells and keratinizing cells -- this suggests an increased intensity of the process of keratinization.", "contents": "[The relationship between fermentation and the morphological structure of rumen epithelium in sheep fed pelleted feeds]. Wethers were fed complete granular feed rations including 41.81% of grass hay, 25.28% of barley, 15.37% of sawdust, 14.98% of molasses, 1.32% of urea, and 1.24% of mineral supplement in dry matter for 24 weeks. Samples of the dorsal rumen sac of these wethers were subjected to patho-anatomical, histological, histo-chemical, and electron-microscopical examination. Volatile fatty acids were also determined in the rumen fluid of slaughtered animals. The control group was given the same diet in the classical form with long hay. The rumen contents of the slaughtered animals of the experimental group had an increased level of total volatile fatty acids (125.93 mM) and butyric acid (17.8 M%). The acetate:propionate ratio was 3.66. No substantial differences were observed in enzymatic activity. Electronograms recorded an increase in the number of T cells and keratinizing cells -- this suggests an increased intensity of the process of keratinization.", "PMID": 117589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12824", "title": "[The occurrence of aflatoxins in some components and complete feed mixtures for pigs].", "content": "The feed components and complete feed mixtures used in pig breeding and fattening in June 1978 were examined qualitatively by the silica-gel thin-layer chromatographic method, and quantitatively by the method after Velasco. The object of the examination was the occurrence of aflatoxins. On the whole, 104 feed samples were taken and subjected to the laboratory examination; this total number included 77 samples (74.0%) coming from 24 farms and 27 samples (26.0%) from eight feed plants in the South Moravian region. The presence of aflatoxins was detected in 14 samples of the examined feeds, i. e. 13.4%. The highest content -- 1920 micrograms kg-1 -- was found in groundnut from India. As to the complete feed mixtures, aflatoxin was found in mixtures for pig fattening (A1 and SOL), in mixtures for pregnant sows (KPB), for lactating sows (KPK), and in the complete feed mixtunts ranged between 50 and 350 micrograms kg-1 of feed. The organoleptically altered feed samples, taken from metallic containers standing in front of the stables on the farms, contained aflatoxin almost in all cases. It will be necessary, on the basis of these findings, to take preventive measures during the harvesting, post-harvest treatment, and storage of grain and feed components, in order to avert the multiplication of the mould and deterioration of the feeds.", "contents": "[The occurrence of aflatoxins in some components and complete feed mixtures for pigs]. The feed components and complete feed mixtures used in pig breeding and fattening in June 1978 were examined qualitatively by the silica-gel thin-layer chromatographic method, and quantitatively by the method after Velasco. The object of the examination was the occurrence of aflatoxins. On the whole, 104 feed samples were taken and subjected to the laboratory examination; this total number included 77 samples (74.0%) coming from 24 farms and 27 samples (26.0%) from eight feed plants in the South Moravian region. The presence of aflatoxins was detected in 14 samples of the examined feeds, i. e. 13.4%. The highest content -- 1920 micrograms kg-1 -- was found in groundnut from India. As to the complete feed mixtures, aflatoxin was found in mixtures for pig fattening (A1 and SOL), in mixtures for pregnant sows (KPB), for lactating sows (KPK), and in the complete feed mixtunts ranged between 50 and 350 micrograms kg-1 of feed. The organoleptically altered feed samples, taken from metallic containers standing in front of the stables on the farms, contained aflatoxin almost in all cases. It will be necessary, on the basis of these findings, to take preventive measures during the harvesting, post-harvest treatment, and storage of grain and feed components, in order to avert the multiplication of the mould and deterioration of the feeds.", "PMID": 117590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12825", "title": "[Detection of chlamydia by the immunofluorescence method].", "content": "The possibility of detecting chlamydia by the direct immunofluorescence method was tested in the impression preparation of experimentally infected mice, chick embryos and naturally infected domestic mammals. In comparison with slight-microscope detection, this method was found to be sensitive and expedient. The greatest amount of antigen could be detected in the lungs of mice after intranasal infection already within 6 to 12 hours. In the other organs the findings were less ample; the visualization of the antigen had a good fluorescence brilliance if log 10 KEID50 was more than 3.0. In the tissues of chick embryos, the antigen could be detected in the impression preparations of the allanto-amnionic fluid, embryonal muscle, yolk sac, and chorio-allantoid membrane the fifth day after infection. After the intratracheal infection of ducklings with 1 000 000 infection doses, only individual specifically radiating cells with a low brilliance of fluorescence were detected in the organ preparations of ducklings killed 22 t0 57 days after infection. The method proved to be suitable for the detection of chlamydia in the organs of naturally infected domestic mammals in which a great amount of specifically fluorescing high-brilliance cells were found.", "contents": "[Detection of chlamydia by the immunofluorescence method]. The possibility of detecting chlamydia by the direct immunofluorescence method was tested in the impression preparation of experimentally infected mice, chick embryos and naturally infected domestic mammals. In comparison with slight-microscope detection, this method was found to be sensitive and expedient. The greatest amount of antigen could be detected in the lungs of mice after intranasal infection already within 6 to 12 hours. In the other organs the findings were less ample; the visualization of the antigen had a good fluorescence brilliance if log 10 KEID50 was more than 3.0. In the tissues of chick embryos, the antigen could be detected in the impression preparations of the allanto-amnionic fluid, embryonal muscle, yolk sac, and chorio-allantoid membrane the fifth day after infection. After the intratracheal infection of ducklings with 1 000 000 infection doses, only individual specifically radiating cells with a low brilliance of fluorescence were detected in the organ preparations of ducklings killed 22 t0 57 days after infection. The method proved to be suitable for the detection of chlamydia in the organs of naturally infected domestic mammals in which a great amount of specifically fluorescing high-brilliance cells were found.", "PMID": 117591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12826", "title": "[Aanalysis of resistance and its transferability in microflora from primary meat production].", "content": "Resistance spectra and their transferability were studied in G- strains isolated from the primary production of meat by the method after Bohus (1974). Out of the set of strains, 93% were resistant, and out of these, 65% were multiresistant. Thirty-five per cent of the resistant strains were R plasmid donors. Of the two recipients, the laboratory strain of E. coli IHE Nx was significantly better. Among the 21 determined resistance spectra, the following were the most frequent: Tc, SmTcSu, and TcAm. Transfer of two to four, or even six, different plasmid types, mostly simple, was recorded from the two most frequent complex types of donor strain resistance: SmCmTcAmSu and SmTcAmSu. The determinants Tc and Am prevailed in the spectra of the transferring R plasmids, mostly as separate markers and only in 21 to 36% of cases in more complex types.", "contents": "[Aanalysis of resistance and its transferability in microflora from primary meat production]. Resistance spectra and their transferability were studied in G- strains isolated from the primary production of meat by the method after Bohus (1974). Out of the set of strains, 93% were resistant, and out of these, 65% were multiresistant. Thirty-five per cent of the resistant strains were R plasmid donors. Of the two recipients, the laboratory strain of E. coli IHE Nx was significantly better. Among the 21 determined resistance spectra, the following were the most frequent: Tc, SmTcSu, and TcAm. Transfer of two to four, or even six, different plasmid types, mostly simple, was recorded from the two most frequent complex types of donor strain resistance: SmCmTcAmSu and SmTcAmSu. The determinants Tc and Am prevailed in the spectra of the transferring R plasmids, mostly as separate markers and only in 21 to 36% of cases in more complex types.", "PMID": 117592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12827", "title": "[Therapy of domestic animals affected by alkylphosphates].", "content": "Sheep were studied for the possibility of treatment after parenteral (intramuscular) intoxication with EDMM (methylthiophosphorous acid O-ethyl-S-2-dimethylamino-ethylester) and with EDIM (methylthiophosphorous acid O-ethyl-S-2-diisopropyl-aminoethylester). In both cases of intoxication, the therapy was based on a system of an anticholinergic and cholinesterase reactivator administered singly at a time of the maximum development of the clinical signs of poisoning and maximum inhibition of both erythrocytic (AChE, E.C.3.1.1.7.) and plasma (BChE, E.C.3.1.1.8.) cholinesterase. The optimum therapeutic system requires the administration of 20.0 mg atropine s. c. pro toto and 10.0 mg trimedoxim per kg 1. w. i. v. In both cases of poisoning with doses = LD50 in i. m. administration, the mentioned system was actually positive. In a single administration irrespective of the doses of the used drugs, the system does not guarantee survival after ingestion of anticholinesterasic doses above LD50.", "contents": "[Therapy of domestic animals affected by alkylphosphates]. Sheep were studied for the possibility of treatment after parenteral (intramuscular) intoxication with EDMM (methylthiophosphorous acid O-ethyl-S-2-dimethylamino-ethylester) and with EDIM (methylthiophosphorous acid O-ethyl-S-2-diisopropyl-aminoethylester). In both cases of intoxication, the therapy was based on a system of an anticholinergic and cholinesterase reactivator administered singly at a time of the maximum development of the clinical signs of poisoning and maximum inhibition of both erythrocytic (AChE, E.C.3.1.1.7.) and plasma (BChE, E.C.3.1.1.8.) cholinesterase. The optimum therapeutic system requires the administration of 20.0 mg atropine s. c. pro toto and 10.0 mg trimedoxim per kg 1. w. i. v. In both cases of poisoning with doses = LD50 in i. m. administration, the mentioned system was actually positive. In a single administration irrespective of the doses of the used drugs, the system does not guarantee survival after ingestion of anticholinesterasic doses above LD50.", "PMID": 117593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12828", "title": "[Disseminated aspergillosis in a loon].", "content": "A case is described of generalized mycosis in a diver of the species Gavia arctica, caused by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The organism of the bird was so much damaged that the bird died. There is a detailed description of the mycological characteristics of the invading agent and a description of the histopathological changes in the primarily affected organ -- the lungs. Further, a survey is presented of the orders of freely living birds and birds in captivity in which aspergillosis has been detected.", "contents": "[Disseminated aspergillosis in a loon]. A case is described of generalized mycosis in a diver of the species Gavia arctica, caused by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The organism of the bird was so much damaged that the bird died. There is a detailed description of the mycological characteristics of the invading agent and a description of the histopathological changes in the primarily affected organ -- the lungs. Further, a survey is presented of the orders of freely living birds and birds in captivity in which aspergillosis has been detected.", "PMID": 117594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12829", "title": "[Cytogenetic analysis of lymphoid blood cells in bovine leucosis].", "content": "For the cytogenetic analysis lymphocytes of the peripheral blood were used that had been obtained from cows suffering from leucosis. The blood was taken from a diseased cow, from its 15 months old daughter suffering from leucosis, and from the healthy bull-father (NAT-47). The diagnosis of leucosis was determined by means of hematological examination. In the cow 139 metaphase plates were evaluated, in the daughter 118, and in the bull 132. On the one hand, normoploidy was determined and on the other hand, chromosome aberrations. In the cow 31.0 p. c. of chromosome aberrations were found, in the daughter 32.3 p. c., and in the bull 37.2 p. c. Breaks in X chromosomes were found in the cow (6.7 p. c.) and in the daughter (1.7 p. c.). Longitudinal diversion of arms in the centromere in X chromosomes in the vertical axis into two separate arms was found in the cow amounting to 6.5 p. c., in the daughter to 5.9 p. c., and in the bull to only 0.8 p. c.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic analysis of lymphoid blood cells in bovine leucosis]. For the cytogenetic analysis lymphocytes of the peripheral blood were used that had been obtained from cows suffering from leucosis. The blood was taken from a diseased cow, from its 15 months old daughter suffering from leucosis, and from the healthy bull-father (NAT-47). The diagnosis of leucosis was determined by means of hematological examination. In the cow 139 metaphase plates were evaluated, in the daughter 118, and in the bull 132. On the one hand, normoploidy was determined and on the other hand, chromosome aberrations. In the cow 31.0 p. c. of chromosome aberrations were found, in the daughter 32.3 p. c., and in the bull 37.2 p. c. Breaks in X chromosomes were found in the cow (6.7 p. c.) and in the daughter (1.7 p. c.). Longitudinal diversion of arms in the centromere in X chromosomes in the vertical axis into two separate arms was found in the cow amounting to 6.5 p. c., in the daughter to 5.9 p. c., and in the bull to only 0.8 p. c.", "PMID": 117595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12830", "title": "[Use of the ECG in bovine cysticerosis].", "content": "In two calves with massive cysticercosis and one healthy control calf the method of electrocardiographic examination was applied to a preciser determination of the clinical finding. The examination was performed on the 75th day after the experimental infection. Singly recorded electrocardiographic findings provided no characteristic symptoms indicating an injury of the conductive system of the heart. However, in both infected calves a lowering of the pulse frequency was found and in one of them also a flattening and a change of the polarity of the T wave. Autopsy and histological examination of the heart of the infected calves performed 111 days and 250 days after the infection revealed an attacking of the cardiac muscle by cysticerci and dispersed chronic myocarditis. This finding and the investigated dynamics of pathological changes in the course of cysticercosis in other experimental animals indicate that at the time of the electrocardiographic examination cysticercoid myocarditis at a stage of rest was recorded.", "contents": "[Use of the ECG in bovine cysticerosis]. In two calves with massive cysticercosis and one healthy control calf the method of electrocardiographic examination was applied to a preciser determination of the clinical finding. The examination was performed on the 75th day after the experimental infection. Singly recorded electrocardiographic findings provided no characteristic symptoms indicating an injury of the conductive system of the heart. However, in both infected calves a lowering of the pulse frequency was found and in one of them also a flattening and a change of the polarity of the T wave. Autopsy and histological examination of the heart of the infected calves performed 111 days and 250 days after the infection revealed an attacking of the cardiac muscle by cysticerci and dispersed chronic myocarditis. This finding and the investigated dynamics of pathological changes in the course of cysticercosis in other experimental animals indicate that at the time of the electrocardiographic examination cysticercoid myocarditis at a stage of rest was recorded.", "PMID": 117596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12831", "title": "[The proportion of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in horses during graduated physical loading].", "content": "Changes in the concentration of lactate in the blood are described as a response to gradated physical strain, consisting of 1140 m of walk, 2 x 1000 m of trot, and 3 x x 5000 m of gallop in seven horses in thirteen experiments. The dependence of lactate concentration on speed in different track sections was examined and the aerobic and anaerobic stages of metabolism were clearly differentiated. It appears realistic on the basis of the onset and course of anaerobic metabolism to work out tests for evaluating the physical capacities and training abilities of horses.", "contents": "[The proportion of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in horses during graduated physical loading]. Changes in the concentration of lactate in the blood are described as a response to gradated physical strain, consisting of 1140 m of walk, 2 x 1000 m of trot, and 3 x x 5000 m of gallop in seven horses in thirteen experiments. The dependence of lactate concentration on speed in different track sections was examined and the aerobic and anaerobic stages of metabolism were clearly differentiated. It appears realistic on the basis of the onset and course of anaerobic metabolism to work out tests for evaluating the physical capacities and training abilities of horses.", "PMID": 117597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12832", "title": "[Survival of bacteria on zinc-coated and aluminum materials].", "content": "The survival of St. aureus. E. coli, and of salmonellae was tested without any protein error and with it on new galvanized and with disinfection disturbed plate and compared with the survival of these microorganisms on new aluminous plate which was considered to be inert. The investigation by means of the impression method lasted for seven days. The growth of the microorganisms was evaluated according to the index of their survival. A distinct oligodynamic effect of the galvanized plate was proved especially on gram-negative bacteria. The effectiveness increased by a disturbing of these plates with a long-term disinfection in a concentrated solution of chloramine BS. An antimicrobial effect was recorded also in aluminous plates disturbed by disinfection. On both kinds of plate the effectiveness was lowered by a protein error--by an adding of blood serum to the broth suspensions.", "contents": "[Survival of bacteria on zinc-coated and aluminum materials]. The survival of St. aureus. E. coli, and of salmonellae was tested without any protein error and with it on new galvanized and with disinfection disturbed plate and compared with the survival of these microorganisms on new aluminous plate which was considered to be inert. The investigation by means of the impression method lasted for seven days. The growth of the microorganisms was evaluated according to the index of their survival. A distinct oligodynamic effect of the galvanized plate was proved especially on gram-negative bacteria. The effectiveness increased by a disturbing of these plates with a long-term disinfection in a concentrated solution of chloramine BS. An antimicrobial effect was recorded also in aluminous plates disturbed by disinfection. On both kinds of plate the effectiveness was lowered by a protein error--by an adding of blood serum to the broth suspensions.", "PMID": 117598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12833", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the double and multiple flagella of the sperm of the drake].", "content": "The structure of double and multiple flagella of the spermatozoa of a drake was investigated. In spermatozoa with this defect one or two implantation pits were observed in the head of the spermatozoon with one or two proximal centrioles situated in the extended base of the nucleus. The structure of the proximal centrioles was frequently disturbed. Distal centrioles were placed separately without any marked figural or structural disturbance. The mitochondrial sheath was formed around both or more flagella, and between the flagella only one line of mitochondria was usually found. The ring showed defects in shape and changes in the deposition. An amorphous sheath was formed around each flagellum separately without any marked defects. In single cases insignificant changes were recorded in the arrangement of fibrils of the axial bundle.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the double and multiple flagella of the sperm of the drake]. The structure of double and multiple flagella of the spermatozoa of a drake was investigated. In spermatozoa with this defect one or two implantation pits were observed in the head of the spermatozoon with one or two proximal centrioles situated in the extended base of the nucleus. The structure of the proximal centrioles was frequently disturbed. Distal centrioles were placed separately without any marked figural or structural disturbance. The mitochondrial sheath was formed around both or more flagella, and between the flagella only one line of mitochondria was usually found. The ring showed defects in shape and changes in the deposition. An amorphous sheath was formed around each flagellum separately without any marked defects. In single cases insignificant changes were recorded in the arrangement of fibrils of the axial bundle.", "PMID": 117599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12834", "title": "[Glycoproteins in the blood of dogs after administration of beta, beta'-dichlorodiethylsulphide].", "content": "The protein spectrum of the dog blood serum was studied after the administration of beta,beta'-dichlorodiethylsulphide. Paper electrophoresis was used for this purpose. Fuchsin-positive substances were determined after previous oxidation with periodic acid, which made it possible to reveal that the glycoproteins detected in this way were represented in serum proteins mostly in the fraction of alpha 2 globulins. After beta, beta'-dichlorodiethylsulphide intoxication the values of these glycoproteins significantly increase. The rise is statistically significant 24 hours after administration (average rise by 141%) and within the time scope it reaches its maximum in the terminal stage (rise by 210%).", "contents": "[Glycoproteins in the blood of dogs after administration of beta, beta'-dichlorodiethylsulphide]. The protein spectrum of the dog blood serum was studied after the administration of beta,beta'-dichlorodiethylsulphide. Paper electrophoresis was used for this purpose. Fuchsin-positive substances were determined after previous oxidation with periodic acid, which made it possible to reveal that the glycoproteins detected in this way were represented in serum proteins mostly in the fraction of alpha 2 globulins. After beta, beta'-dichlorodiethylsulphide intoxication the values of these glycoproteins significantly increase. The rise is statistically significant 24 hours after administration (average rise by 141%) and within the time scope it reaches its maximum in the terminal stage (rise by 210%).", "PMID": 117600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12835", "title": "[The effect of LH releasing hormone on testosterone levels in the blood of boars with sexual dysfunctions].", "content": "The levels were assessed of testosterone in the blood plasma before and 90 minutes after i.v. application of 1 mg of synthetic LH-releasing hormone to 57 boars with disorders of sexual functions and to 43 boars without sexual dysfunctions. The group of animals with sexual disorders included boars with inferior ejaculate quality and low fertility (24 animals) and cases with disturbed sexual potency (33 boars). In animals with the studied changes of sexual functions, compared with boars without sexual dysfunctions, no statistically significant difference was found in the basal concentration of testosterone in the blood. LH-releasing hormone application increased significantly the testosterone levels in the group of boars without sexual disorders by 99.5% on an average and in the whole group of animals with changes in sexual functions approximately by only 65.8%. At the same time in the subgroup of inferior ejaculate quality and low fertility the post-application increase of testicular incretion reached 60.4% and in potency disorders 61.6% and was statistically insignificant in the latter. On the basis of these findings it was derived that in boars with reproduction deviations there existed a decreased incretion reserve of the system hypophysis - testicle and the involvement of this factor in the formation of the studied sexual disorders is assumed. The obtained results are discussed in view of the earlier findings about the incretion reserve of the testicles in boars with  changes in sexual functions.", "contents": "[The effect of LH releasing hormone on testosterone levels in the blood of boars with sexual dysfunctions]. The levels were assessed of testosterone in the blood plasma before and 90 minutes after i.v. application of 1 mg of synthetic LH-releasing hormone to 57 boars with disorders of sexual functions and to 43 boars without sexual dysfunctions. The group of animals with sexual disorders included boars with inferior ejaculate quality and low fertility (24 animals) and cases with disturbed sexual potency (33 boars). In animals with the studied changes of sexual functions, compared with boars without sexual dysfunctions, no statistically significant difference was found in the basal concentration of testosterone in the blood. LH-releasing hormone application increased significantly the testosterone levels in the group of boars without sexual disorders by 99.5% on an average and in the whole group of animals with changes in sexual functions approximately by only 65.8%. At the same time in the subgroup of inferior ejaculate quality and low fertility the post-application increase of testicular incretion reached 60.4% and in potency disorders 61.6% and was statistically insignificant in the latter. On the basis of these findings it was derived that in boars with reproduction deviations there existed a decreased incretion reserve of the system hypophysis - testicle and the involvement of this factor in the formation of the studied sexual disorders is assumed. The obtained results are discussed in view of the earlier findings about the incretion reserve of the testicles in boars with  changes in sexual functions.", "PMID": 117601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12836", "title": "[The effect of high doses of aflatoxin on the pig].", "content": "In two experiments, 18 pigs were given feed contaminated with aflatoxin which had been prepared by the extraction of the cultures of toxinogenic strains of the fungus Aspergillus flavus. After the ingestion of aflatoxin (AFB1) at a dose of 5.4 to 10.5 mg per kg of live weight, the pigs showed symptoms of peracute aflatoxicosis and died within 12--20 hours. After ingestion of AFB1 at a dose of 1.4 or 3.1 mg per kg live weight, the pigs suffered from acute aflatoxicosis and died within 3 to 26 days from the administration of the contaminated feed. In the cases of these experimental aflatoxicoses, clinical symptoms, haematological and biochemical changes in the blood and the patho-anatomical and histological findings in the swine organism were described.", "contents": "[The effect of high doses of aflatoxin on the pig]. In two experiments, 18 pigs were given feed contaminated with aflatoxin which had been prepared by the extraction of the cultures of toxinogenic strains of the fungus Aspergillus flavus. After the ingestion of aflatoxin (AFB1) at a dose of 5.4 to 10.5 mg per kg of live weight, the pigs showed symptoms of peracute aflatoxicosis and died within 12--20 hours. After ingestion of AFB1 at a dose of 1.4 or 3.1 mg per kg live weight, the pigs suffered from acute aflatoxicosis and died within 3 to 26 days from the administration of the contaminated feed. In the cases of these experimental aflatoxicoses, clinical symptoms, haematological and biochemical changes in the blood and the patho-anatomical and histological findings in the swine organism were described.", "PMID": 117602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12837", "title": "[Organoleptic and microbiological examination of suffocated carp stored under various conditions].", "content": "A process of dead market carp deterioration was studied in relation to conditions of the environment and the fish treatment by organoleptic and microbiological methods. A scheme is presented for fish assessment according to the symptoms of deterioration and the limits of carp storability under the given conditions of storing are determined. The results of the microbiological examination were not in keeping with the degree of deterioration of the fish.", "contents": "[Organoleptic and microbiological examination of suffocated carp stored under various conditions]. A process of dead market carp deterioration was studied in relation to conditions of the environment and the fish treatment by organoleptic and microbiological methods. A scheme is presented for fish assessment according to the symptoms of deterioration and the limits of carp storability under the given conditions of storing are determined. The results of the microbiological examination were not in keeping with the degree of deterioration of the fish.", "PMID": 117603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12838", "title": "[The suitability of some chemical methods for evaluation of freshness of stored suffocated carp].", "content": "For the assessment of the degree of meat freshness of stored unbleeded carp some simple chemical methods were tested to be used as auxiliary criteria for veterinary decisions regarding the edibility. Under the experimental conditions where the suffocated carp were stored at cooling and room temperatures in water or in the air, differences were determined in the followed criteria between fresh and deteriorating fish which were statistically insignificant for most indicators. In view of requirements regarding chemical indicators only the determination of ribose content was found to be expedient. Changes in the levels of ribose were significantly correlated with the sense-detected changes in meat freshness of the stored carp.", "contents": "[The suitability of some chemical methods for evaluation of freshness of stored suffocated carp]. For the assessment of the degree of meat freshness of stored unbleeded carp some simple chemical methods were tested to be used as auxiliary criteria for veterinary decisions regarding the edibility. Under the experimental conditions where the suffocated carp were stored at cooling and room temperatures in water or in the air, differences were determined in the followed criteria between fresh and deteriorating fish which were statistically insignificant for most indicators. In view of requirements regarding chemical indicators only the determination of ribose content was found to be expedient. Changes in the levels of ribose were significantly correlated with the sense-detected changes in meat freshness of the stored carp.", "PMID": 117604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12839", "title": "[Change in ribose levels in the meat of stored carp].", "content": "To study the changes in ribose levels in carp meat during storage, total ribose soluble in acids was determined, ribose precipitating by barium hydroxide (free ribose), the ratio of these two values, and determination from the alkaline extract of zinc sulphate was also used. Already in freshly suffocated carp relatively high levels of acid-soluble ribose were found as well as free ribose. The even increase of pentose in the alkaline extract of zinc sulphate allows to use the procedure for the evaluation of carp meat loss of freshness during storage; the limiting value for inedible carp meat is the content greater than 10 mumol per kg.", "contents": "[Change in ribose levels in the meat of stored carp]. To study the changes in ribose levels in carp meat during storage, total ribose soluble in acids was determined, ribose precipitating by barium hydroxide (free ribose), the ratio of these two values, and determination from the alkaline extract of zinc sulphate was also used. Already in freshly suffocated carp relatively high levels of acid-soluble ribose were found as well as free ribose. The even increase of pentose in the alkaline extract of zinc sulphate allows to use the procedure for the evaluation of carp meat loss of freshness during storage; the limiting value for inedible carp meat is the content greater than 10 mumol per kg.", "PMID": 117605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12840", "title": "[Uric acid in the tissues and blood of chick embryos].", "content": "In the liver, kidney and skeletal muscle of the shank, blood plasma and blood cells of 90 chick embryos of the initial breed Leghorn White, commercial hybrid Primant, uric acid was found in all the intervals within the studied ontogenetic seqeuence. Uric acid was determined colorimetrically in tissue homogenate supernatant; in the blood plasma and in the blood cells it was determined colorimetrically on the 10th, 15th and 20th day of incubation. A significant rise (p less than 0.05) of this metabolite was ascertained in all the samples tested.", "contents": "[Uric acid in the tissues and blood of chick embryos]. In the liver, kidney and skeletal muscle of the shank, blood plasma and blood cells of 90 chick embryos of the initial breed Leghorn White, commercial hybrid Primant, uric acid was found in all the intervals within the studied ontogenetic seqeuence. Uric acid was determined colorimetrically in tissue homogenate supernatant; in the blood plasma and in the blood cells it was determined colorimetrically on the 10th, 15th and 20th day of incubation. A significant rise (p less than 0.05) of this metabolite was ascertained in all the samples tested.", "PMID": 117606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12841", "title": "[Use of 25-MeV brehmsstrahlung in the combined treatment of cancer of the large intestine].", "content": "Preoperatively, 105 patients with cancer of the colon were subjected to radiation therapy with a braking beam from 25 MeV Betatron. The colon was examined roentgeno-endoscopically in all these cases. As a result of the radiation treatment a marked clinical effect was noted in 94 patients, while in 12 cases locally-unresectable tumors were rendered resectable. 77 patients were radically operated upon, and a morphological assay of the operation specimens indicated significant changes arising in the tumor tissue due to the effect of ionizing radiation. The results of the combined therapy of colonic cancer patients prove the rationale of employing high-energy radiation therapy preoperatively.", "contents": "[Use of 25-MeV brehmsstrahlung in the combined treatment of cancer of the large intestine]. Preoperatively, 105 patients with cancer of the colon were subjected to radiation therapy with a braking beam from 25 MeV Betatron. The colon was examined roentgeno-endoscopically in all these cases. As a result of the radiation treatment a marked clinical effect was noted in 94 patients, while in 12 cases locally-unresectable tumors were rendered resectable. 77 patients were radically operated upon, and a morphological assay of the operation specimens indicated significant changes arising in the tumor tissue due to the effect of ionizing radiation. The results of the combined therapy of colonic cancer patients prove the rationale of employing high-energy radiation therapy preoperatively.", "PMID": 117631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12842", "title": "[Blood serum immunoglobulins in lymphogranulomatosis and other malignant lymphomas].", "content": "Under examination were the levels of serum immunoglobulins G, A, M, and D in 25 patients with lymphogranulomatosis and in 22 patients with nonlymphogranulomatous malignant lymphomas. A reliable increase in IgG concentration was found in both groups, but it was more pronounced in cases with malignant lymphomas. The IgA and IgD level also tends to rise but somewhat more sharply in malignant lymphomas. The level of IgM in lymphogranulomatosis patients was not significantly changed, while in nonlymphogranulomatous malignant lymphomas it was raised a little.", "contents": "[Blood serum immunoglobulins in lymphogranulomatosis and other malignant lymphomas]. Under examination were the levels of serum immunoglobulins G, A, M, and D in 25 patients with lymphogranulomatosis and in 22 patients with nonlymphogranulomatous malignant lymphomas. A reliable increase in IgG concentration was found in both groups, but it was more pronounced in cases with malignant lymphomas. The IgA and IgD level also tends to rise but somewhat more sharply in malignant lymphomas. The level of IgM in lymphogranulomatosis patients was not significantly changed, while in nonlymphogranulomatous malignant lymphomas it was raised a little.", "PMID": 117632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12843", "title": "[Remote results of preoperative large fractionation gamma-therapy for breast cancer].", "content": "The results of using large fractionation irradiation preoperatively in 131 breast cancer patients are reported. A focal dosage for a primary tumor was found to be 2400 rad (1350 ret) and 1800 rad (1100 ret) for axillary lymph nodes, which given by 600 rad in a day neither effect the course of surgical intervention nor increase the number of the postoperative complications. A five-year cure with stage I-II was 66,3 +/- 11,1%, with stage III--47,9 +/- 7,3%. The whole course of radical treatment lasted on the average for 41-46 days.", "contents": "[Remote results of preoperative large fractionation gamma-therapy for breast cancer]. The results of using large fractionation irradiation preoperatively in 131 breast cancer patients are reported. A focal dosage for a primary tumor was found to be 2400 rad (1350 ret) and 1800 rad (1100 ret) for axillary lymph nodes, which given by 600 rad in a day neither effect the course of surgical intervention nor increase the number of the postoperative complications. A five-year cure with stage I-II was 66,3 +/- 11,1%, with stage III--47,9 +/- 7,3%. The whole course of radical treatment lasted on the average for 41-46 days.", "PMID": 117633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12844", "title": "[Lysosomal beta-galactosidase properties and the molecular genetics of GM1 gangliosidosis].", "content": "Review of the data is presented on the hereditary disease gangliosidosis GM1 and on the enzyme beta-galactosidose, deficiency of which is responsible for this disease. Heterogeneity of the disease and existence of various forms of beta-galactosidase are considered. Possible correlation is discussed between the defects of the enzyme forms detected and the type of the disease.", "contents": "[Lysosomal beta-galactosidase properties and the molecular genetics of GM1 gangliosidosis]. Review of the data is presented on the hereditary disease gangliosidosis GM1 and on the enzyme beta-galactosidose, deficiency of which is responsible for this disease. Heterogeneity of the disease and existence of various forms of beta-galactosidase are considered. Possible correlation is discussed between the defects of the enzyme forms detected and the type of the disease.", "PMID": 117628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12845", "title": "Epidemiology of waterskiing injuries.", "content": "Coast Guard statistics indicate a national boating fatality rate of 9.6 deaths per 100,000 crafts. In 1977 in California, five fatalities and 70 serious injuries were directly attributable to waterskiing. The four cases reported here include three patients with propeller injuries, including one nearly fatal amputation. In each case basic measures for boating safety were overlooked.", "contents": "Epidemiology of waterskiing injuries. Coast Guard statistics indicate a national boating fatality rate of 9.6 deaths per 100,000 crafts. In 1977 in California, five fatalities and 70 serious injuries were directly attributable to waterskiing. The four cases reported here include three patients with propeller injuries, including one nearly fatal amputation. In each case basic measures for boating safety were overlooked.", "PMID": 117637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12846", "title": "[Monoclonal gammopathy and platelet function (author's transl)].", "content": "This study of 20 patients with monoclonal gammopathy (17 patients with multiple myeloma and 3 patients with Waldenstr\u00f6m's syndrome) showed a decreased platlet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen, a reduced platlet retention and a prolonged bleeding time in 25% of the cases in comparison with 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Using Wu and Hoak's technique as increased number of reversible platelet aggregates was observed. There was no relationship between the parameters of primary haemostasis and protein analysis. A disturbed mechanism of primary haemostasis is the main factor responsible for the bleeding diathesis in patients with monoclonal gammopathy.", "contents": "[Monoclonal gammopathy and platelet function (author's transl)]. This study of 20 patients with monoclonal gammopathy (17 patients with multiple myeloma and 3 patients with Waldenstr\u00f6m's syndrome) showed a decreased platlet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen, a reduced platlet retention and a prolonged bleeding time in 25% of the cases in comparison with 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Using Wu and Hoak's technique as increased number of reversible platelet aggregates was observed. There was no relationship between the parameters of primary haemostasis and protein analysis. A disturbed mechanism of primary haemostasis is the main factor responsible for the bleeding diathesis in patients with monoclonal gammopathy.", "PMID": 117639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12847", "title": "[Clinical effectiveness of the therapeutic nutrition of sick children using enteral feeding preparations and low-lactose mixtures].", "content": "The paper concerns the results of clinical trials of new specialized foods--protein, defatted and fat enpits as well as low lactose milk mixtures, which were used in dietotherapy of sick children with different disease entities (hypothrophy, bronchopulmonary abnormalities, emaciation pre- and postoperatively, mucoviscidosis, Laurence-Moon-Bardte-Biedle's syndrome, Marfan's syndrome, galactosemia, lactase deficiency). The diets including new therapeutic foods were shown to exert high therapeutic effects, that gave grounds for the methodological recommendations for using them in pediatrics to be given.", "contents": "[Clinical effectiveness of the therapeutic nutrition of sick children using enteral feeding preparations and low-lactose mixtures]. The paper concerns the results of clinical trials of new specialized foods--protein, defatted and fat enpits as well as low lactose milk mixtures, which were used in dietotherapy of sick children with different disease entities (hypothrophy, bronchopulmonary abnormalities, emaciation pre- and postoperatively, mucoviscidosis, Laurence-Moon-Bardte-Biedle's syndrome, Marfan's syndrome, galactosemia, lactase deficiency). The diets including new therapeutic foods were shown to exert high therapeutic effects, that gave grounds for the methodological recommendations for using them in pediatrics to be given.", "PMID": 117635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12848", "title": "Hyperacidity and hypergastrinemia following extensive intestinal resection.", "content": "Increased gastric acid secretion occurs after extensive intestinal resection in man, dog, rat, and monkey. Hypergastrinemia has been observed in patients with short gut syndrome and appears to accompany the hyperacidity after intestinal resection in dog, rat, and monkey. Postresectional hypergastrinemia is caused by increased release of gastrin and/or decreased degradation of the hormone. Other hormonal changes after extensive resection include increased insulin, GIP, pancreatic glucagon, and decreased enteroglucagon.", "contents": "Hyperacidity and hypergastrinemia following extensive intestinal resection. Increased gastric acid secretion occurs after extensive intestinal resection in man, dog, rat, and monkey. Hypergastrinemia has been observed in patients with short gut syndrome and appears to accompany the hyperacidity after intestinal resection in dog, rat, and monkey. Postresectional hypergastrinemia is caused by increased release of gastrin and/or decreased degradation of the hormone. Other hormonal changes after extensive resection include increased insulin, GIP, pancreatic glucagon, and decreased enteroglucagon.", "PMID": 117643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12849", "title": "Liver microsomal oxidations in baboon (Papio papio).", "content": "1. The activity of baboon (Papio papio) hepatic microsomes was evaluated using several model substrates. 2. As with other species studied in this laboratory, baboon microsomal enzyme activities were in the decreasing order: aldrin epoxidation greater than p-nitroanisole O-demethylation greater dihydroisodrin hydroxylation greater than benzo(a)pyrene oxidations. 3. Substrate, time, protein and cofactor requirements were examined. 4. Activities of stored frozen tissue and microsomal pellets remained similar up to seven days. 5. In the six animals studied (three male, three female), no differences in hepatic microsomal activity due to sex were apparent.", "contents": "Liver microsomal oxidations in baboon (Papio papio). 1. The activity of baboon (Papio papio) hepatic microsomes was evaluated using several model substrates. 2. As with other species studied in this laboratory, baboon microsomal enzyme activities were in the decreasing order: aldrin epoxidation greater than p-nitroanisole O-demethylation greater dihydroisodrin hydroxylation greater than benzo(a)pyrene oxidations. 3. Substrate, time, protein and cofactor requirements were examined. 4. Activities of stored frozen tissue and microsomal pellets remained similar up to seven days. 5. In the six animals studied (three male, three female), no differences in hepatic microsomal activity due to sex were apparent.", "PMID": 117644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12850", "title": "Metabolic O-demethylation of 3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine in vivo in dog and monkey.", "content": "1. The disposition of the hallucinogen 3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine in vivo was examined in dogs and monkeys. 2. O-Demethylation is important since 3-O-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine (3-methoxy-alpha-methyltyramine) was found in the urine of both species, and traces of alpha-methyldopamine were found in the urine of dogs. 3. Also found in the urine of dogs were 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propan-2-one and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, which are side-chain modified metabolites of alpha-methyldopamine. 4. 1-(3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-one, a side-chain modified metabolite of 3-O-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine, was present in the urine of both dogs and monkeys. 5. The 3-O-demethylated isomers 4-O-methyldopamine and 1-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-one were not detected.", "contents": "Metabolic O-demethylation of 3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine in vivo in dog and monkey. 1. The disposition of the hallucinogen 3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine in vivo was examined in dogs and monkeys. 2. O-Demethylation is important since 3-O-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine (3-methoxy-alpha-methyltyramine) was found in the urine of both species, and traces of alpha-methyldopamine were found in the urine of dogs. 3. Also found in the urine of dogs were 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propan-2-one and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, which are side-chain modified metabolites of alpha-methyldopamine. 4. 1-(3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-one, a side-chain modified metabolite of 3-O-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine, was present in the urine of both dogs and monkeys. 5. The 3-O-demethylated isomers 4-O-methyldopamine and 1-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-one were not detected.", "PMID": 117645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12851", "title": "[Effect of tridemorph on Torulopsis candida Berlese].", "content": "From the results of application of various inhibitors, or combinations of inhibitors to cell suspensions of the yeast Torulopsis candida and by determination of O2-consumption and growth rates it is concluded, that a main site of action of tridemorph is localized in the pathway of the respiratory chain. Tridemorph inhibits as well the respiration as the growth of T. candida depending on the concentration and the time of exposition. Tridemorph does not uncouple respiration but inhibits the uncoupled respiration to the same extent. Inhibition of respiration and growth by tridemorph is enhanced by suboptimal concentrations of antimycin A, oligomycin, rotenone, and 2,4-dinitrophenole. That leads to the conclusion that these inhibitors essentially enlarge the permeability for tridemorph which can be more rapidly transported to the site of action.", "contents": "[Effect of tridemorph on Torulopsis candida Berlese]. From the results of application of various inhibitors, or combinations of inhibitors to cell suspensions of the yeast Torulopsis candida and by determination of O2-consumption and growth rates it is concluded, that a main site of action of tridemorph is localized in the pathway of the respiratory chain. Tridemorph inhibits as well the respiration as the growth of T. candida depending on the concentration and the time of exposition. Tridemorph does not uncouple respiration but inhibits the uncoupled respiration to the same extent. Inhibition of respiration and growth by tridemorph is enhanced by suboptimal concentrations of antimycin A, oligomycin, rotenone, and 2,4-dinitrophenole. That leads to the conclusion that these inhibitors essentially enlarge the permeability for tridemorph which can be more rapidly transported to the site of action.", "PMID": 117646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12852", "title": "[The value of the symptom of dysphagia from the surgeon's viewpoint].", "content": "Dysphagia is the leading symptom in the most frequent and surgically most important disturbances of the passage of the oesophagus. Possibilities and results of the treatment are analysed on the basis of clinical material from the surgical clinic of Halle university. Nevertheless insufficient results in malignant tumours are opposite to favourable results of the operation in benign diseases (diverticles, achalasia, strictures). Measures for the improvement of the situation of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[The value of the symptom of dysphagia from the surgeon's viewpoint]. Dysphagia is the leading symptom in the most frequent and surgically most important disturbances of the passage of the oesophagus. Possibilities and results of the treatment are analysed on the basis of clinical material from the surgical clinic of Halle university. Nevertheless insufficient results in malignant tumours are opposite to favourable results of the operation in benign diseases (diverticles, achalasia, strictures). Measures for the improvement of the situation of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 117648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12853", "title": "Light and scanning microscopy of the tongue and its gustatory organs in the common toad, Bufo bufo (L.).", "content": "Unlike frogs and European tree frogs, the common toad Bufo bufo possesses a tongue lacking filiform papillae on its dorsal surface. Instead, the mucosal epithelium forms irregular, high folds, dividing the surface of the tongue into numerous separate compartments. At the bottom of those compartments occur openings of tubular glands and singular ciliated cells. In a strongly distended tongue the folds of mucosa disappear, and the regions of glandular orifices assume a shape of pocket-like recesses. The taste discs with an average diameter of 120 micrograms are localized on the top of markedly shortened fungiform papillae. The superficial layer of taste discs contains a single type of glandular supporting cells, which in part of discs show features suggesting their gradual dezintegration, probably related to the process of cellular turnover in gustatory organs.", "contents": "Light and scanning microscopy of the tongue and its gustatory organs in the common toad, Bufo bufo (L.). Unlike frogs and European tree frogs, the common toad Bufo bufo possesses a tongue lacking filiform papillae on its dorsal surface. Instead, the mucosal epithelium forms irregular, high folds, dividing the surface of the tongue into numerous separate compartments. At the bottom of those compartments occur openings of tubular glands and singular ciliated cells. In a strongly distended tongue the folds of mucosa disappear, and the regions of glandular orifices assume a shape of pocket-like recesses. The taste discs with an average diameter of 120 micrograms are localized on the top of markedly shortened fungiform papillae. The superficial layer of taste discs contains a single type of glandular supporting cells, which in part of discs show features suggesting their gradual dezintegration, probably related to the process of cellular turnover in gustatory organs.", "PMID": 117649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12854", "title": "[Isotachophoretic isolation of IgD and IgE and production of monospecific antisera against them].", "content": "The method of preparative isotachophoresis in acrylamide gel ensuring a high yield of IgD and IgE with insignificant admixtures of IgG, etc. was used for the isolation of IgD and IgE from the blood sera of myeloma patients. As a result of immunization with these antigens, monospecific IgD and IgE antisera were obtained. These antisera, alongside with specific antibodies, contained antibodies to admixtures; the latter were eliminated by the method of immune absorbtion carried out with the use of a sorbent based on Sepharose activated with bromo-cyanogen and conjugated with normal human blood serum. Ig D antisera were also shown to contain antibodies to idiotypical IgD determinants located in the Fab fragment of this immunoglobulin.", "contents": "[Isotachophoretic isolation of IgD and IgE and production of monospecific antisera against them]. The method of preparative isotachophoresis in acrylamide gel ensuring a high yield of IgD and IgE with insignificant admixtures of IgG, etc. was used for the isolation of IgD and IgE from the blood sera of myeloma patients. As a result of immunization with these antigens, monospecific IgD and IgE antisera were obtained. These antisera, alongside with specific antibodies, contained antibodies to admixtures; the latter were eliminated by the method of immune absorbtion carried out with the use of a sorbent based on Sepharose activated with bromo-cyanogen and conjugated with normal human blood serum. Ig D antisera were also shown to contain antibodies to idiotypical IgD determinants located in the Fab fragment of this immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 117652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12855", "title": "[Certain results of infectious disease prevention in the German Democratic Republic].", "content": "The history of the formation of the sanitary and hygienic service in the GDR is outlined with special reference to the friendly assistance of the USSR. The data on the morbidity dynamics in the GDR for the most important infectious diseases are presented for the 30-year period of the existance of the GDR. The role played by the system of immunoprophylaxis developed in the GDR in controlling infectious diseases, is shown and the immediate tasks presented, at increasing the effectiveness of this system on the basis of close and extensive cooperation between the scientists and physicians of the USSR and the GDR.", "contents": "[Certain results of infectious disease prevention in the German Democratic Republic]. The history of the formation of the sanitary and hygienic service in the GDR is outlined with special reference to the friendly assistance of the USSR. The data on the morbidity dynamics in the GDR for the most important infectious diseases are presented for the 30-year period of the existance of the GDR. The role played by the system of immunoprophylaxis developed in the GDR in controlling infectious diseases, is shown and the immediate tasks presented, at increasing the effectiveness of this system on the basis of close and extensive cooperation between the scientists and physicians of the USSR and the GDR.", "PMID": 117653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12856", "title": "[Isolation and immunochemical study of the toxic complex of Cl. botulinum type F].", "content": "The toxic comples of Cl. botulinum, type F, was separated into the toxic and nontoxic protein fractions by the methods of ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration in accordance with a specially devised purification scheme. Highly purified, electrophoretically and serologically homogeneous toxin with a molecular weight of 150,000 and potency equal to 10 X 10(6) DLM per 1 mg of protein was isolated from the toxic fraction. The nontoxic protein component had faintly pronounced hemagglutinating properties and was essentially different from type A and B hemagglutinins. The toxic complex of Cl. botulinum, type F, was shown to contain a proteolytically active fraction.", "contents": "[Isolation and immunochemical study of the toxic complex of Cl. botulinum type F]. The toxic comples of Cl. botulinum, type F, was separated into the toxic and nontoxic protein fractions by the methods of ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration in accordance with a specially devised purification scheme. Highly purified, electrophoretically and serologically homogeneous toxin with a molecular weight of 150,000 and potency equal to 10 X 10(6) DLM per 1 mg of protein was isolated from the toxic fraction. The nontoxic protein component had faintly pronounced hemagglutinating properties and was essentially different from type A and B hemagglutinins. The toxic complex of Cl. botulinum, type F, was shown to contain a proteolytically active fraction.", "PMID": 117654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12857", "title": "[Immunostimulating activity of the lipopolysaccharides of blue-green algae].", "content": "The whole cells of blue-gree algae and lipopolysaccharides isolated from these cells were shown to stimulate the production of macro-(mainly) and microglobulin antibodies in rabbits. The macro- and microphage indices in rabbits increased significantly after the injection of LPS isolated from blue-green algae 24--48 hours before infecting the animals with a virulent Y. pseudotuberculosis strain. Besides, the inhibiting action of this strain on the migration of phagocytes to the site of infection was abolished immediately after the injection. The use of the indirect hemagglutination test allowed to prove the absence of close antigenic interrelations between blue-green algae and the following organisms: Spirulina platensis, Microcystis aeruginosa, Phormidium africanum and P. uncinatum.", "contents": "[Immunostimulating activity of the lipopolysaccharides of blue-green algae]. The whole cells of blue-gree algae and lipopolysaccharides isolated from these cells were shown to stimulate the production of macro-(mainly) and microglobulin antibodies in rabbits. The macro- and microphage indices in rabbits increased significantly after the injection of LPS isolated from blue-green algae 24--48 hours before infecting the animals with a virulent Y. pseudotuberculosis strain. Besides, the inhibiting action of this strain on the migration of phagocytes to the site of infection was abolished immediately after the injection. The use of the indirect hemagglutination test allowed to prove the absence of close antigenic interrelations between blue-green algae and the following organisms: Spirulina platensis, Microcystis aeruginosa, Phormidium africanum and P. uncinatum.", "PMID": 117655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12858", "title": "[Hyperkinesis in acute renal failure (clinico-pathomorphologic studies)].", "content": "Results of clinical and pathomorphological examinations of 74 patients with acute renal insufficiency are presented. Various forms of hyperkineses accompanying the grave course of acute renal insufficiency complicated with comatose state are described. The development of hyperkineses in patients with acute renal insufficiency is prognostically unfavourable. A substantial role in the pathogenesis of these neurological disturbances belongs to the water-electrolyte imbalance leading to development of diffuse microcirculatory and degenerative changes in all the divisions of the brain and the spinal cord. The pathomophological changes make it possible to differentiate a syndrome of metencephalic degeneration.", "contents": "[Hyperkinesis in acute renal failure (clinico-pathomorphologic studies)]. Results of clinical and pathomorphological examinations of 74 patients with acute renal insufficiency are presented. Various forms of hyperkineses accompanying the grave course of acute renal insufficiency complicated with comatose state are described. The development of hyperkineses in patients with acute renal insufficiency is prognostically unfavourable. A substantial role in the pathogenesis of these neurological disturbances belongs to the water-electrolyte imbalance leading to development of diffuse microcirculatory and degenerative changes in all the divisions of the brain and the spinal cord. The pathomophological changes make it possible to differentiate a syndrome of metencephalic degeneration.", "PMID": 117656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12859", "title": "The alkane-hydroxylating enzyme system of the yeast Candida guilliermondii.", "content": "The growth of the investigated Candida guilliermondii strain on n-alkanes induces an alkane-hydroxylating enzyme system, which consists of a cytochrome P-450 and a NADPH-dependent reductase. The cytochrome P-450 was purified to 4 nmoles per mg protein. Long-chain alkanes, preferably hexadecane to octadecane, are hydroxylated to the corresponding primary alcohol by this enzyme system. The substrate induces a type I spectrum, other compounds checked type II spectra.", "contents": "The alkane-hydroxylating enzyme system of the yeast Candida guilliermondii. The growth of the investigated Candida guilliermondii strain on n-alkanes induces an alkane-hydroxylating enzyme system, which consists of a cytochrome P-450 and a NADPH-dependent reductase. The cytochrome P-450 was purified to 4 nmoles per mg protein. Long-chain alkanes, preferably hexadecane to octadecane, are hydroxylated to the corresponding primary alcohol by this enzyme system. The substrate induces a type I spectrum, other compounds checked type II spectra.", "PMID": 117657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12860", "title": "Catalytic properties of the liver microsomal hydroxylase system in reconstituted phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "Two types of cytochrome P-450, P-450LM2 and P-450LM3, have been purified from rabbit liver microsomes and incorporated into phospholipid vesicles by a cholate gel filtration technique together with purified preparations of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. The catalytic properties of the vesicles have been compared with a system reconstituted with small amounts of dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC). 6 beta-Hydroxylation of androstenedione proceeded at a rate 10 times higher in the vesicles compared to the DLPC-system. The kinetics for the reaction were the same in the vesicles as in intact microsomes i.e. sigmoidal substrate curves were obtained and Hill-coefficients of about 1.4 were calculated in these systems. In contrast, Michaelis-Menten kinetics were obtained for 6 beta-hydroxylation in the DLPC-system. The results could indicate cooperativity between different P-450 molecules in the intact membrane but not in the DLPC-system. P-450LM2-catalyzed 16-hydroxylation of androstenedione was in contrast to the situation with P-450LM3 inhibited in the vesicles as compared to the DLPC system. It is suggested that for evaluation of substrate specificity and other properties of different types of liver microsomal P-450, phospholipid vesicles may be a more relevant integration level than the DLPC-system.", "contents": "Catalytic properties of the liver microsomal hydroxylase system in reconstituted phospholipid vesicles. Two types of cytochrome P-450, P-450LM2 and P-450LM3, have been purified from rabbit liver microsomes and incorporated into phospholipid vesicles by a cholate gel filtration technique together with purified preparations of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. The catalytic properties of the vesicles have been compared with a system reconstituted with small amounts of dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC). 6 beta-Hydroxylation of androstenedione proceeded at a rate 10 times higher in the vesicles compared to the DLPC-system. The kinetics for the reaction were the same in the vesicles as in intact microsomes i.e. sigmoidal substrate curves were obtained and Hill-coefficients of about 1.4 were calculated in these systems. In contrast, Michaelis-Menten kinetics were obtained for 6 beta-hydroxylation in the DLPC-system. The results could indicate cooperativity between different P-450 molecules in the intact membrane but not in the DLPC-system. P-450LM2-catalyzed 16-hydroxylation of androstenedione was in contrast to the situation with P-450LM3 inhibited in the vesicles as compared to the DLPC system. It is suggested that for evaluation of substrate specificity and other properties of different types of liver microsomal P-450, phospholipid vesicles may be a more relevant integration level than the DLPC-system.", "PMID": 117658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12861", "title": "Enzymatic activities of matrix-bound components of the liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 system.", "content": "Cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase were covalently attached to Sepharose 4B in different ways in order to find out factors which are important for the organization of the individual components to a catalytically active system. Both proteins can be bound individually, simultaneously, and successively to the matrix retaining N-demethylase activity after reconstitution with the complementary essential components. The activity of the system with immobilized components depends on the individual component, the sequence of fixation if both proteins are bound, the degree of purification, and the level of disintegration (detergent-treated samples). The functional importance of the lipid component is beyond doubt, but its specific role needs further investigations. At present it is difficult to differentiate between the influence of chemical modification on the properties of the proteins and the disturbed interactions within the system as the main reason for the decrease in the activity after immobilization. The cluster-like (aggregated) arrangement of the cytochrome P-450 system is necessary for an optimal activity.", "contents": "Enzymatic activities of matrix-bound components of the liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 system. Cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase were covalently attached to Sepharose 4B in different ways in order to find out factors which are important for the organization of the individual components to a catalytically active system. Both proteins can be bound individually, simultaneously, and successively to the matrix retaining N-demethylase activity after reconstitution with the complementary essential components. The activity of the system with immobilized components depends on the individual component, the sequence of fixation if both proteins are bound, the degree of purification, and the level of disintegration (detergent-treated samples). The functional importance of the lipid component is beyond doubt, but its specific role needs further investigations. At present it is difficult to differentiate between the influence of chemical modification on the properties of the proteins and the disturbed interactions within the system as the main reason for the decrease in the activity after immobilization. The cluster-like (aggregated) arrangement of the cytochrome P-450 system is necessary for an optimal activity.", "PMID": 117659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12862", "title": "Electronic and steric factors in regioselective hydroxylation catalyzed by purified cytochrome P-450.", "content": "A reconstituted hydroxylation system consisting of electrophoretically homogeneous phenobarbital-inducible rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P-450 LM2), NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, phospholipid, buffer, NADPH, and O2 was used to oxidize four cyclohexane derivatives: cyclohexene, methylcyclohexane, norcarane and norbornane. Cyclohexene gave only cyclohexene oxide and allylic cyclohexenol, while methylcyclohexane yielded all possible monohydric alcohols, but with 1 degrees:2 degrees:3 degrees ratios of 0.072:1:1.25. Norcarane yielded 2-norcaranol. While oxidation of norbornane produced exo-2- and endo-2-norborneols in a ratio of 3.4:1, replacement of all four exo-hydrogens by deuterium led to a reversal of the exo:endo ratio to 0.76:1. These and other observations are interpreted as evidence for a selective, hydrogen-abstracting enzyme-bound oxidant exhibiting a large intramolecular deuterium isotope effect. A transient substrate carbon radical is a probable intermediate in the hydroxylation process.", "contents": "Electronic and steric factors in regioselective hydroxylation catalyzed by purified cytochrome P-450. A reconstituted hydroxylation system consisting of electrophoretically homogeneous phenobarbital-inducible rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P-450 LM2), NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, phospholipid, buffer, NADPH, and O2 was used to oxidize four cyclohexane derivatives: cyclohexene, methylcyclohexane, norcarane and norbornane. Cyclohexene gave only cyclohexene oxide and allylic cyclohexenol, while methylcyclohexane yielded all possible monohydric alcohols, but with 1 degrees:2 degrees:3 degrees ratios of 0.072:1:1.25. Norcarane yielded 2-norcaranol. While oxidation of norbornane produced exo-2- and endo-2-norborneols in a ratio of 3.4:1, replacement of all four exo-hydrogens by deuterium led to a reversal of the exo:endo ratio to 0.76:1. These and other observations are interpreted as evidence for a selective, hydrogen-abstracting enzyme-bound oxidant exhibiting a large intramolecular deuterium isotope effect. A transient substrate carbon radical is a probable intermediate in the hydroxylation process.", "PMID": 117660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12863", "title": "The influence of oestrogen administration in vivo on in vitro prolactin release. Interaction between dopamine and thyrotrophin releasing hormone.", "content": "The influence of oestrogen administered to the ovariectomized rat on the interaction between dopamine (DA) and thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) on the release of radioimmunoassayable (RIA) and [3H]leucine incorporated into prolactin ([3H]PRL) was examined in vitro. Dopamine had a more marked suppressing effect on newly synthetized PRL (80%), as determined [3H]PRL, than on total PRL (50%), as determined by RIA-PRL. The administration of 5 micrograms of oestradiolbenzoate (OeB) for 7 days resulted in blocking the suppressing effect of DA when RIA-PRL was measured but not when [3H]PRL was measured. The administration of 5 micrograms of OeB enabled TRH to partially override the suppressing effect of DA and the degree of response was more marked when RIA-PRL was measured than when [3H]PRL was measured. The administration of 50 micrograms of OeB for 3 days enabled TRH to override the DA blockade of prolactin release to levels comparable to that of the control when RIA-PRL was measured but had little to no effect on [3H]PRL. The results are discussed in relation to the two storage pools of PRL in the pituitary and the data suggest that DA acts predominantly to suppress the newly synthetized, rapidly releasable pool. Oestrogen acts to block DA action on the older more stable PRL pool. The ability of TRH to override the DA blockade of PRL release depends upon the presence of oestrogen; here TRH acts predominantly on the older more stable pool of PRL. Oestrogen's action on disrupting the DA suppression of PRL release appears to be related to the time of day the hormone is administered subsequent to when the pituitary is exposed to DA in vitro.", "contents": "The influence of oestrogen administration in vivo on in vitro prolactin release. Interaction between dopamine and thyrotrophin releasing hormone. The influence of oestrogen administered to the ovariectomized rat on the interaction between dopamine (DA) and thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) on the release of radioimmunoassayable (RIA) and [3H]leucine incorporated into prolactin ([3H]PRL) was examined in vitro. Dopamine had a more marked suppressing effect on newly synthetized PRL (80%), as determined [3H]PRL, than on total PRL (50%), as determined by RIA-PRL. The administration of 5 micrograms of oestradiolbenzoate (OeB) for 7 days resulted in blocking the suppressing effect of DA when RIA-PRL was measured but not when [3H]PRL was measured. The administration of 5 micrograms of OeB enabled TRH to partially override the suppressing effect of DA and the degree of response was more marked when RIA-PRL was measured than when [3H]PRL was measured. The administration of 50 micrograms of OeB for 3 days enabled TRH to override the DA blockade of prolactin release to levels comparable to that of the control when RIA-PRL was measured but had little to no effect on [3H]PRL. The results are discussed in relation to the two storage pools of PRL in the pituitary and the data suggest that DA acts predominantly to suppress the newly synthetized, rapidly releasable pool. Oestrogen acts to block DA action on the older more stable PRL pool. The ability of TRH to override the DA blockade of PRL release depends upon the presence of oestrogen; here TRH acts predominantly on the older more stable pool of PRL. Oestrogen's action on disrupting the DA suppression of PRL release appears to be related to the time of day the hormone is administered subsequent to when the pituitary is exposed to DA in vitro.", "PMID": 117662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12864", "title": "A TSH secreting pituitary tumour causing hyperthyroidism: presentation of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A 45 year old male with a 12 year history of mild hyperthyroidism and a pituitary tumour is presented. He had both clinical and laboratory evidence of hyperthyroidism and his serum TSH was persistently and markedly elevated. A TRH test resulted in no further rise in serum TSH. No evidence of pituitary or peripheral endocrine deficiencies existed and prolactin levels were normal. Craniotomy was performed and a pituitary adenoma was removed. On light microscopy, it was mostly composed of chromophobes. However, occasional granulated cells were observed, and on electron microscopy, most of the cells contained fine granules, which suggested possible thyrotroph origin of the tumour. One week post-operatively the patient's serum TSH returned to normal. Again, TRH produced no response in TSH. The patient became hypothyroid by clinical and laboratory findings and is currently on thyroid replacement therapy. The previously reported TSH secreting tumours associated with hyperthyroidism are reviewed.", "contents": "A TSH secreting pituitary tumour causing hyperthyroidism: presentation of a case and review of the literature. A 45 year old male with a 12 year history of mild hyperthyroidism and a pituitary tumour is presented. He had both clinical and laboratory evidence of hyperthyroidism and his serum TSH was persistently and markedly elevated. A TRH test resulted in no further rise in serum TSH. No evidence of pituitary or peripheral endocrine deficiencies existed and prolactin levels were normal. Craniotomy was performed and a pituitary adenoma was removed. On light microscopy, it was mostly composed of chromophobes. However, occasional granulated cells were observed, and on electron microscopy, most of the cells contained fine granules, which suggested possible thyrotroph origin of the tumour. One week post-operatively the patient's serum TSH returned to normal. Again, TRH produced no response in TSH. The patient became hypothyroid by clinical and laboratory findings and is currently on thyroid replacement therapy. The previously reported TSH secreting tumours associated with hyperthyroidism are reviewed.", "PMID": 117663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12865", "title": "The effects of tetraiodothyroacetic and triiodothyroacetic acids on thyroid function in euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects.", "content": "The effects of tetraiodothyroacetic (Tetrac) and triiodothyroacetic acids (Triac) on thyroid function have been investigated in euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. 50, 100, 200, 400 or 800 micrograms of Triac were administered to 8 euthyroid volunteers three times (tds) over a 24 hour period. 3 X 800 micrograms Triac/24 h was sufficient to cause a significant reduction in serum T3. Tetrac, given as an iv bolus of 3600 microgram, produced a sustained reduction in serum T3 for up to 4 days after the injection. Intermediate doses of Tetrac (1200 micrograms) or Triac (400 micrograms tds) significantly reduced the TSH response to TRH (66% and 43% respectively). Seven hyperthyroid patients received Triac 200 micrograms tds for 2 days, and in 2, a rapid decrease in serum T3 was seen. Similar changes in serum T3 were also produced with iodide administration. The results suggest that 1) in euthyroidism, Tetrac and Triac act directly at the pituitary level to inhibit the TSH response to TRH; 2) in some cases of hyperthyroidism, Triac produces a block in T3 secretion by virtue of the iodide produced by its metabolism.", "contents": "The effects of tetraiodothyroacetic and triiodothyroacetic acids on thyroid function in euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. The effects of tetraiodothyroacetic (Tetrac) and triiodothyroacetic acids (Triac) on thyroid function have been investigated in euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. 50, 100, 200, 400 or 800 micrograms of Triac were administered to 8 euthyroid volunteers three times (tds) over a 24 hour period. 3 X 800 micrograms Triac/24 h was sufficient to cause a significant reduction in serum T3. Tetrac, given as an iv bolus of 3600 microgram, produced a sustained reduction in serum T3 for up to 4 days after the injection. Intermediate doses of Tetrac (1200 micrograms) or Triac (400 micrograms tds) significantly reduced the TSH response to TRH (66% and 43% respectively). Seven hyperthyroid patients received Triac 200 micrograms tds for 2 days, and in 2, a rapid decrease in serum T3 was seen. Similar changes in serum T3 were also produced with iodide administration. The results suggest that 1) in euthyroidism, Tetrac and Triac act directly at the pituitary level to inhibit the TSH response to TRH; 2) in some cases of hyperthyroidism, Triac produces a block in T3 secretion by virtue of the iodide produced by its metabolism.", "PMID": 117664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12866", "title": "In vitro analysis of antisera to relaxin.", "content": "This article describes the development of an in vitro assay to quantitate the ability of antisera to inhibit the biological action of the pregnancy hormone, relaxin. The procedure employed a modification of the in vitro assay for the ability of relaxin to inhibit spontaneous uterine contractions as initially described by Kroc et al. (1959). Several antisera were tested that showed inhibition of relaxin activity. Tests of cross-reactivity demonstrated that antiserum produced against porcine relaxin effectively inhibited the activity in relaxin preparations from cows and rabbits but was much less effective in inhibiting the activity in rat relaxin preparations. Agar double-immunodiffusion studies supported the cross-reactivity studies in that cow and rabbit relaxin preparations gave reactions of identity with the porcine relaxin while the rat relaxin preparation did not produce a precipitin line with the anti-porcine relaxin antiserum.", "contents": "In vitro analysis of antisera to relaxin. This article describes the development of an in vitro assay to quantitate the ability of antisera to inhibit the biological action of the pregnancy hormone, relaxin. The procedure employed a modification of the in vitro assay for the ability of relaxin to inhibit spontaneous uterine contractions as initially described by Kroc et al. (1959). Several antisera were tested that showed inhibition of relaxin activity. Tests of cross-reactivity demonstrated that antiserum produced against porcine relaxin effectively inhibited the activity in relaxin preparations from cows and rabbits but was much less effective in inhibiting the activity in rat relaxin preparations. Agar double-immunodiffusion studies supported the cross-reactivity studies in that cow and rabbit relaxin preparations gave reactions of identity with the porcine relaxin while the rat relaxin preparation did not produce a precipitin line with the anti-porcine relaxin antiserum.", "PMID": 117665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12867", "title": "Autoantibodies in serum and sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Sera from 89 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 88 control persons were examined for the occurrence of rheumatoid factors (RF) of the IgG, IgA and IgM classes by an indirect immunofluorescence method and by the latex fixation slide test. The prevalence of RF-IgG was significantly higher (88%) (p less than 0.0005) among the CF patients than among the control persons (7%), while no difference was found between the two groups with regard to RF of the IgA or IgM classes. Fifty-five of the CF patients had chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in their lungs and two or more precipitins against these bacteria in their sera determined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. These CF patients did not differ from the 34 CF patients without chronic P. aeruginosa infection, neither with regard to prevalence nor titer of RFs, but there was a positive correlation between the number of P. aeruginosa precipitins in the 55 chronically infected CF patients and their titers of IgG-RF. Nineteen CF patients were examined also for RFs, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-DNA antibodies in their sputum sol phase and corresponding sera. RFs were demonstrated in the sputum sol phase from 6 of the patients by the latex fixation test, whereas their sera were negative in this test, possibly indicating a local production of RF. Positive reactions for ANA and anti-DNA antibodies were found in 7 and 10 of the sputa respectively, and in higher titers than in the corresponding sera, also suggesting a local production. Titers of autoantibodies in sputum were low and no difference was found between patients with chronic P. aeruginosa infection and patients without P. aeruginosa infection. The possible role of autoantibodies in the patogenesis of pulmonary tissue damage in CF patients is discussed.", "contents": "Autoantibodies in serum and sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis. Sera from 89 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 88 control persons were examined for the occurrence of rheumatoid factors (RF) of the IgG, IgA and IgM classes by an indirect immunofluorescence method and by the latex fixation slide test. The prevalence of RF-IgG was significantly higher (88%) (p less than 0.0005) among the CF patients than among the control persons (7%), while no difference was found between the two groups with regard to RF of the IgA or IgM classes. Fifty-five of the CF patients had chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in their lungs and two or more precipitins against these bacteria in their sera determined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. These CF patients did not differ from the 34 CF patients without chronic P. aeruginosa infection, neither with regard to prevalence nor titer of RFs, but there was a positive correlation between the number of P. aeruginosa precipitins in the 55 chronically infected CF patients and their titers of IgG-RF. Nineteen CF patients were examined also for RFs, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-DNA antibodies in their sputum sol phase and corresponding sera. RFs were demonstrated in the sputum sol phase from 6 of the patients by the latex fixation test, whereas their sera were negative in this test, possibly indicating a local production of RF. Positive reactions for ANA and anti-DNA antibodies were found in 7 and 10 of the sputa respectively, and in higher titers than in the corresponding sera, also suggesting a local production. Titers of autoantibodies in sputum were low and no difference was found between patients with chronic P. aeruginosa infection and patients without P. aeruginosa infection. The possible role of autoantibodies in the patogenesis of pulmonary tissue damage in CF patients is discussed.", "PMID": 117671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12868", "title": "Adhesion and locomotion of human leukocytes in vitro; importance of protein coating; effect of lidocain, ethanol and endotoxin.", "content": "The adhesion of leukocytes to glass beads in protein-free media was quantitatively high and not dependent on divalent cations. Addition of plasma, albumin or gelatin in increasing concentrations gradually reduced leukocyte adhesion, which then became increasingly dependent on divalent cations. Heat inactivation of plasma did not affect leukocyte adhesion. Leukocyte migration in glass capillary tubes, which was dependent on a heat labile plasma factor, was promoted by each of the proteins listed and by siliconizing the tubes. Leukocyte migration in millipore filters was enhanced when albumin was present in the cell starting compartment. Lidocain reduced both leukocyte adhesion to protein-coated glass and leukocyte migration in capillary tubes and millipores filters. Ethanol reduced leukocyte adhesion and leukocyte filter migration. E. coli endotoxin enhanced adhesion of leukocytes but inhibited their migration in tubes and filters. The findings indicate the existence of a relationship between adhesion and migration of leukocytes.", "contents": "Adhesion and locomotion of human leukocytes in vitro; importance of protein coating; effect of lidocain, ethanol and endotoxin. The adhesion of leukocytes to glass beads in protein-free media was quantitatively high and not dependent on divalent cations. Addition of plasma, albumin or gelatin in increasing concentrations gradually reduced leukocyte adhesion, which then became increasingly dependent on divalent cations. Heat inactivation of plasma did not affect leukocyte adhesion. Leukocyte migration in glass capillary tubes, which was dependent on a heat labile plasma factor, was promoted by each of the proteins listed and by siliconizing the tubes. Leukocyte migration in millipore filters was enhanced when albumin was present in the cell starting compartment. Lidocain reduced both leukocyte adhesion to protein-coated glass and leukocyte migration in capillary tubes and millipores filters. Ethanol reduced leukocyte adhesion and leukocyte filter migration. E. coli endotoxin enhanced adhesion of leukocytes but inhibited their migration in tubes and filters. The findings indicate the existence of a relationship between adhesion and migration of leukocytes.", "PMID": 117672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12869", "title": "The influence of specific antibodies and cellular immunity in the induction of tolerance of chemotactic activity caused by Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Exudate aspirated from wound chambers implanted subcutaneously on rabbits at different time intervals after local lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, showed a peak of chemotactic mediator concentration in vitro about two hours before the peak of polymorphonuclear lekocytes accumulated in vivo was demonstrated. Injection of LPS locally into the wound chambers three days after the first injection of LPS showed a reduced number of PMNs accumulated in the exudate. Antibodies to the LPS preparation were demonstrated in the exudate and serum by indirect haemagglutination of sheep erythrocytes before the second LPS injection. This antibody titre increased up to two weeks after the first LPS injection, and was slightly higher in the serum than in the exudate. Also, a migration inhibition factor (MIF) activity was demonstrated in the exudates formed. This MIF activity of the exudates increased after the second LPS injection. The increased titre of specific antibody may indicate an accelerated clearance of LPS, and the MIF activity may indicate a reduced response of PMNs to chemotactic mediators. However, the involvement of other biological mechanisms contributing to the decreased response, cannot  be excluded.", "contents": "The influence of specific antibodies and cellular immunity in the induction of tolerance of chemotactic activity caused by Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide. Exudate aspirated from wound chambers implanted subcutaneously on rabbits at different time intervals after local lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, showed a peak of chemotactic mediator concentration in vitro about two hours before the peak of polymorphonuclear lekocytes accumulated in vivo was demonstrated. Injection of LPS locally into the wound chambers three days after the first injection of LPS showed a reduced number of PMNs accumulated in the exudate. Antibodies to the LPS preparation were demonstrated in the exudate and serum by indirect haemagglutination of sheep erythrocytes before the second LPS injection. This antibody titre increased up to two weeks after the first LPS injection, and was slightly higher in the serum than in the exudate. Also, a migration inhibition factor (MIF) activity was demonstrated in the exudates formed. This MIF activity of the exudates increased after the second LPS injection. The increased titre of specific antibody may indicate an accelerated clearance of LPS, and the MIF activity may indicate a reduced response of PMNs to chemotactic mediators. However, the involvement of other biological mechanisms contributing to the decreased response, cannot  be excluded.", "PMID": 117673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12870", "title": "Cold activation of complement and kinin.", "content": "Differences between serum and plasma complement, which now is called as the cold activation of complement, was investigated in relation with the phenomenon reported as the cold promoted activation of factor VII, to which kallikrein and Hageman factor are known to participate. Despite the presence of several similarities in these two phenomena, it is concluded that the cold activation of complement is not related to the coagulation nor the kinin system. Evidence that tranexamic acid, a potent antiplasmin compound, provided an inhibitory effect on the cold activation of complement, suggested that the phenomenon could not be explained by a single mechanism, and plasmin might be involved in the phenomenon in a limited case.", "contents": "Cold activation of complement and kinin. Differences between serum and plasma complement, which now is called as the cold activation of complement, was investigated in relation with the phenomenon reported as the cold promoted activation of factor VII, to which kallikrein and Hageman factor are known to participate. Despite the presence of several similarities in these two phenomena, it is concluded that the cold activation of complement is not related to the coagulation nor the kinin system. Evidence that tranexamic acid, a potent antiplasmin compound, provided an inhibitory effect on the cold activation of complement, suggested that the phenomenon could not be explained by a single mechanism, and plasmin might be involved in the phenomenon in a limited case.", "PMID": 117680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12871", "title": "Purification and characterization of a kininase from human urine.", "content": "A kininase has been purified from male human urine which splits the C-terminal arginyl residue from bradykinin, but does not split hippuryl-L-arginine or converts Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II. It contains cadmium ion in its active center, and has a molecular weight of 210,000 by ultracentrifugation.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a kininase from human urine. A kininase has been purified from male human urine which splits the C-terminal arginyl residue from bradykinin, but does not split hippuryl-L-arginine or converts Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II. It contains cadmium ion in its active center, and has a molecular weight of 210,000 by ultracentrifugation.", "PMID": 117682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12872", "title": "Regional variation and characteristics of GABA-receptors in the mammalian CNS.", "content": "Neurophysiological, biochemical and histochemical analyses have indicated a heterogeneous distribution of the GABA-ergic system in mammalian brain. The poor correlation between the regional distributions of presynaptic markers and synaptic receptors for GABA suggests that it is impossible to predict the functional importance of this neurotransmitter system in any particular brain region using either pre- or post-synaptic determinations alone. The possibility that the receptor affinity for GABA may vary significantly among different brain regions suggests that this may be another mechanism whereby the brain regulates the activity level of this transmitter system. Thus, in any given brain region, the storage and uptake capacities for GABA, the rates of its synthesis and release, and the number and affinity of GABA receptor recognition sites can all play a role in regulating GABA-ergic tone. Subtle alterations in any one or more of these parameters can lead to dysfunction, whose manifestation will depend upon the brain region involved. Regional distribution studies can also yield insights into the possible mechanisms of action of centrally-active drugs. Thus, a significant correlation between the regional distribution of a neurotransmitter receptor and a particular class of drug provides circumstantial evidence that the drug interacts with this receptor site. Such a situation appears to exist for the benzodiazepines and the GABA-receptor.", "contents": "Regional variation and characteristics of GABA-receptors in the mammalian CNS. Neurophysiological, biochemical and histochemical analyses have indicated a heterogeneous distribution of the GABA-ergic system in mammalian brain. The poor correlation between the regional distributions of presynaptic markers and synaptic receptors for GABA suggests that it is impossible to predict the functional importance of this neurotransmitter system in any particular brain region using either pre- or post-synaptic determinations alone. The possibility that the receptor affinity for GABA may vary significantly among different brain regions suggests that this may be another mechanism whereby the brain regulates the activity level of this transmitter system. Thus, in any given brain region, the storage and uptake capacities for GABA, the rates of its synthesis and release, and the number and affinity of GABA receptor recognition sites can all play a role in regulating GABA-ergic tone. Subtle alterations in any one or more of these parameters can lead to dysfunction, whose manifestation will depend upon the brain region involved. Regional distribution studies can also yield insights into the possible mechanisms of action of centrally-active drugs. Thus, a significant correlation between the regional distribution of a neurotransmitter receptor and a particular class of drug provides circumstantial evidence that the drug interacts with this receptor site. Such a situation appears to exist for the benzodiazepines and the GABA-receptor.", "PMID": 117683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12873", "title": "Peptide inhibition of mammalian histidine decarboxylase.", "content": "The hypothesis that N-terminal histidine peptides might act as inhibitors to histidine decarboxylase was investigated. A murine mastocytoma was utilized as enzyme source. The crude extract of this tissue exhibits high rates of decarboxylation of both histidine and DOPA and was used to establish the specificity in the effect of the compounds tested. For kinetic analyses a highly purified histidine decarboxylase fraction was used. The effect of some representative peptides on both enzyme activities were recorded. Histidine decarboxylase exclusively was inhibited by N-terminal histidine peptides. None of the other peptides investigated interfered negatively with this enzyme. This inhibition was consistent in the purified preparation and appeared to be more pronounced with increasing hydrophobicity in the second amino acid. Histidyl-phenylalanine was found to be about 100-fold as potent as the commonly used specific histidine decarboxylase inhibitor alpha-methyl histidine. It is concluded that small peptides with histidine as the N-terminal amino acid might act as specific inhibitors for mammalian histidine decarboxylase. An analog effect of small tyrosyl or phenylalanyl peptides was not seen for the DOPA decarboxylase.", "contents": "Peptide inhibition of mammalian histidine decarboxylase. The hypothesis that N-terminal histidine peptides might act as inhibitors to histidine decarboxylase was investigated. A murine mastocytoma was utilized as enzyme source. The crude extract of this tissue exhibits high rates of decarboxylation of both histidine and DOPA and was used to establish the specificity in the effect of the compounds tested. For kinetic analyses a highly purified histidine decarboxylase fraction was used. The effect of some representative peptides on both enzyme activities were recorded. Histidine decarboxylase exclusively was inhibited by N-terminal histidine peptides. None of the other peptides investigated interfered negatively with this enzyme. This inhibition was consistent in the purified preparation and appeared to be more pronounced with increasing hydrophobicity in the second amino acid. Histidyl-phenylalanine was found to be about 100-fold as potent as the commonly used specific histidine decarboxylase inhibitor alpha-methyl histidine. It is concluded that small peptides with histidine as the N-terminal amino acid might act as specific inhibitors for mammalian histidine decarboxylase. An analog effect of small tyrosyl or phenylalanyl peptides was not seen for the DOPA decarboxylase.", "PMID": 117688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12874", "title": "Further evidence on the structure of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A).", "content": "Arachidonic acid stimulates the release of SRS-A from the peritoneal cavity of sensitized rats or from rat peritoneal cells incubated in vitro. When rat peritoneal cells are incubated in the presence of tritiated arachidonic acid, significant amounts of radioactivity migrate in parallel to bioactivity on purification with Amberlite XAD-8, DE-52, Silicic acid and Sephadex LH-20. Lipoxidase (E.C. 1.13.1.13 and E.C. 1.13.11.12) inactivates mouse, rat and human SRS-A in a concentration-dependent pattern. Following extensive purification, rat SRS-A is also inactivated by the 2 x crystalline suspension of lipoxidase. These findings suggest (a) that SRS-A is a metabolite of arachidonic acid and (b) because of the strict specificity of lipoxidase, that the SRS-A molecule contains a cis, cis-1, 4-pentadiene and a structure very close either to arachidonic acid, to linoleic acid or to linolenic acid.", "contents": "Further evidence on the structure of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). Arachidonic acid stimulates the release of SRS-A from the peritoneal cavity of sensitized rats or from rat peritoneal cells incubated in vitro. When rat peritoneal cells are incubated in the presence of tritiated arachidonic acid, significant amounts of radioactivity migrate in parallel to bioactivity on purification with Amberlite XAD-8, DE-52, Silicic acid and Sephadex LH-20. Lipoxidase (E.C. 1.13.1.13 and E.C. 1.13.11.12) inactivates mouse, rat and human SRS-A in a concentration-dependent pattern. Following extensive purification, rat SRS-A is also inactivated by the 2 x crystalline suspension of lipoxidase. These findings suggest (a) that SRS-A is a metabolite of arachidonic acid and (b) because of the strict specificity of lipoxidase, that the SRS-A molecule contains a cis, cis-1, 4-pentadiene and a structure very close either to arachidonic acid, to linoleic acid or to linolenic acid.", "PMID": 117689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12875", "title": "In vitro studies of the effect of metal ions, EDTA and their mixtures on kynurenine aminotransferase and kynurenine hydrolase.", "content": "In the present study use was made of the chelating ability of EDTA and the activating property of some metal ions Ca(II), Mg(II) or Mn(II) to counteract the inhibitory effect of Cu(II), Co(II), Pb(II) or Zn(II) ions on the B6-dependent kynurenine hydrolase and on kynurenine aminotransferase. These may be of help in studying the therapeutic trials in the treatment of metal poisoning. EDTA was able to counteract the inhibitory effect of Cu(II) or Co(II) on kynurenine aminotransferase and partially counteract the inhibitory effect of Cu(II), Co(II) on kynurenine aminotransferase and partially counteract the inhibitory effect of Cu(II), Co(II), Pb(II) or Zn(II) ions on kynurenine hydrolase. The difference in the response of the two B6-dependent enzymes to EDTA is attributed to the difference in the functional groups involved in the active site(s) of the two apoenzymes. Moreover, Mn(II), Ca(II) and Mg(II) ions have the ability to counteract some of the inhibitory effect of these metal ions.", "contents": "In vitro studies of the effect of metal ions, EDTA and their mixtures on kynurenine aminotransferase and kynurenine hydrolase. In the present study use was made of the chelating ability of EDTA and the activating property of some metal ions Ca(II), Mg(II) or Mn(II) to counteract the inhibitory effect of Cu(II), Co(II), Pb(II) or Zn(II) ions on the B6-dependent kynurenine hydrolase and on kynurenine aminotransferase. These may be of help in studying the therapeutic trials in the treatment of metal poisoning. EDTA was able to counteract the inhibitory effect of Cu(II) or Co(II) on kynurenine aminotransferase and partially counteract the inhibitory effect of Cu(II), Co(II) on kynurenine aminotransferase and partially counteract the inhibitory effect of Cu(II), Co(II), Pb(II) or Zn(II) ions on kynurenine hydrolase. The difference in the response of the two B6-dependent enzymes to EDTA is attributed to the difference in the functional groups involved in the active site(s) of the two apoenzymes. Moreover, Mn(II), Ca(II) and Mg(II) ions have the ability to counteract some of the inhibitory effect of these metal ions.", "PMID": 117692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12876", "title": "The determination of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins in pentachlorophenol and wood treatment solutions.", "content": "Analytical methods have been implemented to measure levels of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorodibenzofurans in pentachlorophenol solutions used in the Boulton wood treatment process. When normalized against the pentachlorophenol (PCP) content, the octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin level was 34% higher in the recirculating PCP solution than in the fresh PCP solution, and in the sludge it was 90% higher. A smaller concentration increase was observed for the heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the recirculating solution, but a similar increase was observed in the sludge.", "contents": "The determination of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins in pentachlorophenol and wood treatment solutions. Analytical methods have been implemented to measure levels of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorodibenzofurans in pentachlorophenol solutions used in the Boulton wood treatment process. When normalized against the pentachlorophenol (PCP) content, the octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin level was 34% higher in the recirculating PCP solution than in the fresh PCP solution, and in the sludge it was 90% higher. A smaller concentration increase was observed for the heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the recirculating solution, but a similar increase was observed in the sludge.", "PMID": 117693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12877", "title": "Pseudothrombocytopenia due to agglutinins.", "content": "Pseudothrombocytopenia may have any of a number of causes, one of which is agglutination in vitro. This phenomenon was found in samples of blood from six patients. A serum factor responsible for the agglutination was demonstrated. The factor was dependent upon the presence of EDTA and was more active at room temperature than at 37 C. It could be identified as an IgM immunoglobulin in four cases. In the other two cases definite characterization was not possible, but there was some evidence in favor of an IgM factor. All six patients had elevated serum IgM levels, but they had different and unrelated clinical disorders.", "contents": "Pseudothrombocytopenia due to agglutinins. Pseudothrombocytopenia may have any of a number of causes, one of which is agglutination in vitro. This phenomenon was found in samples of blood from six patients. A serum factor responsible for the agglutination was demonstrated. The factor was dependent upon the presence of EDTA and was more active at room temperature than at 37 C. It could be identified as an IgM immunoglobulin in four cases. In the other two cases definite characterization was not possible, but there was some evidence in favor of an IgM factor. All six patients had elevated serum IgM levels, but they had different and unrelated clinical disorders.", "PMID": 117695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12878", "title": "An archival system for clinical laboratory data.", "content": "A magnetic tape-based archival system that provides for generation of computer-output microfiche has been developed. Data from magnetic tapes written on a turnkey laboratory system are used as the basis for generating the archival tapes. Programmed searches of the tapes allow retrieval directly by name or test(s). Accessing the computer-output microfiche allows retrieval by name and is being used to supplant a traditional file system.", "contents": "An archival system for clinical laboratory data. A magnetic tape-based archival system that provides for generation of computer-output microfiche has been developed. Data from magnetic tapes written on a turnkey laboratory system are used as the basis for generating the archival tapes. Programmed searches of the tapes allow retrieval directly by name or test(s). Accessing the computer-output microfiche allows retrieval by name and is being used to supplant a traditional file system.", "PMID": 117696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12879", "title": "Listeria monocytogens: synergistic effects of ampicillin and gentamicin.", "content": "Listeria monocytogenes infections are most common in newborn infants and persons with impaired defense mechanisms. There are reports of successful treatment with ampicillin alone: however, there is uncertainty as to what regimen constitutes the most effective therapy. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the in-vitro synergism between ampicillin and gentamicin against L. monocytogenes. Seven strains of L. monocytogenes isolated from bloods or cerebrospinal fluids of infants and three control strains obtained from the Center for Disease Control were tested. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and gentamicin were determined in Todd-Hewitt broth with an inoculum of 10(5) organisms/ml. Killing curves were determined for ampicillin 6 microgram/ml, gentamicin, 0.5 microgram/ml, and the combination of ampicillin, 6 microgram/ml, plus gentamicin, 0.5 microgram/ml. Incubation of approximately 10(7) organisms/ml with these concentrations of ampicillin and gentamicin caused no significant reduction in the viable bacterial population in 24 hours. The combination, on the other hand, was bactericidal in all seven strains isolated from patients and one control strain. The authors believe the ultimate test of the superiority of this combination to ampicillin alone must come from clinical studies. However, the synergistic and bactericidal effects of ampicillin with gentamicin may be very desirable in treatment of newborns and patients with underlying disease.", "contents": "Listeria monocytogens: synergistic effects of ampicillin and gentamicin. Listeria monocytogenes infections are most common in newborn infants and persons with impaired defense mechanisms. There are reports of successful treatment with ampicillin alone: however, there is uncertainty as to what regimen constitutes the most effective therapy. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the in-vitro synergism between ampicillin and gentamicin against L. monocytogenes. Seven strains of L. monocytogenes isolated from bloods or cerebrospinal fluids of infants and three control strains obtained from the Center for Disease Control were tested. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and gentamicin were determined in Todd-Hewitt broth with an inoculum of 10(5) organisms/ml. Killing curves were determined for ampicillin 6 microgram/ml, gentamicin, 0.5 microgram/ml, and the combination of ampicillin, 6 microgram/ml, plus gentamicin, 0.5 microgram/ml. Incubation of approximately 10(7) organisms/ml with these concentrations of ampicillin and gentamicin caused no significant reduction in the viable bacterial population in 24 hours. The combination, on the other hand, was bactericidal in all seven strains isolated from patients and one control strain. The authors believe the ultimate test of the superiority of this combination to ampicillin alone must come from clinical studies. However, the synergistic and bactericidal effects of ampicillin with gentamicin may be very desirable in treatment of newborns and patients with underlying disease.", "PMID": 117697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12880", "title": "An improvemed assay for von Willebrand factor.", "content": "The authors have developed an improved assay for von Willebrand factor (VIIIVWF) utilizing 4% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to freeze formalin-fixed washed platelets. A platelet aggregometer is used to conduct the assay. The platelets are thawed and an activity curve is established using normal pooled plasma to support ristocetin-induced agglutination. The VIIIVWF level in unknown plasma can then be measured. The platelet preparation is stable for more than a year. Correlation of VIIIVWF measured by this system and Factor VIII antigen (VIIIAg) measured by electroimmunodiffusion was excellent. This is evidence that these two properties reside on the same molecule. Neither VIIIVWF nor VIIIAg correlates well with Factor VIII antihemophilic factor (VIIIAHF).", "contents": "An improvemed assay for von Willebrand factor. The authors have developed an improved assay for von Willebrand factor (VIIIVWF) utilizing 4% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to freeze formalin-fixed washed platelets. A platelet aggregometer is used to conduct the assay. The platelets are thawed and an activity curve is established using normal pooled plasma to support ristocetin-induced agglutination. The VIIIVWF level in unknown plasma can then be measured. The platelet preparation is stable for more than a year. Correlation of VIIIVWF measured by this system and Factor VIII antigen (VIIIAg) measured by electroimmunodiffusion was excellent. This is evidence that these two properties reside on the same molecule. Neither VIIIVWF nor VIIIAg correlates well with Factor VIII antihemophilic factor (VIIIAHF).", "PMID": 117698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12881", "title": "Infantile sialidosis: a phenocopy of type 1 GM1 gangliosidosis distinguished by genetic complementation and urinary oligosaccharides.", "content": "A clinical description of an apparently classical case of type 1 GM1 gangliosidosis is presented. The patient was the first-born child of first cousins. She was diagnosed at 6 weeks and died at 6 months. beta-Galactosidase activity was deficient in cultured fibroblasts using [3H]GM1 ganglioside and [3H]ceramide-lactose as substrates. Genetic complementation studies performed after cell fusion between cultured fibroblasts from the patient and from two other type 1, one type 2, and one juvenile GM1 gangliosidosis strain were positive with all strains. Subsequent studies revealed an increased excretion of a sialic acid-containing hexasaccharide in the patient's cells. Parents' fibroblasts contained normal levels of beta-galactosidase. The case emphasizes the variability of the clinical expression in sialidosis and the importance of demonstrating a primary gene defect in establishing a diagnosis of an inborn error or metabolism.", "contents": "Infantile sialidosis: a phenocopy of type 1 GM1 gangliosidosis distinguished by genetic complementation and urinary oligosaccharides. A clinical description of an apparently classical case of type 1 GM1 gangliosidosis is presented. The patient was the first-born child of first cousins. She was diagnosed at 6 weeks and died at 6 months. beta-Galactosidase activity was deficient in cultured fibroblasts using [3H]GM1 ganglioside and [3H]ceramide-lactose as substrates. Genetic complementation studies performed after cell fusion between cultured fibroblasts from the patient and from two other type 1, one type 2, and one juvenile GM1 gangliosidosis strain were positive with all strains. Subsequent studies revealed an increased excretion of a sialic acid-containing hexasaccharide in the patient's cells. Parents' fibroblasts contained normal levels of beta-galactosidase. The case emphasizes the variability of the clinical expression in sialidosis and the importance of demonstrating a primary gene defect in establishing a diagnosis of an inborn error or metabolism.", "PMID": 117700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12882", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase-I polymorphism in a Philippine aboriginal population.", "content": "Polymorphism of carbonic anhydrase-I (CA1) was found by electrophoresis in an aboriginal group of Mindanao, Philippines, with a remarkably high frequency of variant types. The frequency of the variant allele was estimated at .256. The variant isozyme designated CA1 3Negrito (CA1 3N) is electrophoretically indistinguishable from the \"Guam\" variant and may be regarded as a potential anthropological marker in the Western Pacific.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase-I polymorphism in a Philippine aboriginal population. Polymorphism of carbonic anhydrase-I (CA1) was found by electrophoresis in an aboriginal group of Mindanao, Philippines, with a remarkably high frequency of variant types. The frequency of the variant allele was estimated at .256. The variant isozyme designated CA1 3Negrito (CA1 3N) is electrophoretically indistinguishable from the \"Guam\" variant and may be regarded as a potential anthropological marker in the Western Pacific.", "PMID": 117701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12883", "title": "Cost-effectiveness of clinical pharmaceutical services: a follow-up report.", "content": "The cost-effectiveness of pharmacist-conducted training programs for patients self-administering at home antihemophilic factor, calcitonin, cytarabine, injectable analgesics and parenteral nutrients was studied. Records of 35 patients participating in the training programs from September 1976 through August 1978 were reviewed. The benefits of the patient training programs were measured by approximating the days of hospitalization or outpatient visits saved (and their related costs) per patient. For every dollar charged by the pharmacy service for the patient training programs, 1.25 days of hospitalization and $321.90 in hospital charges were saved. The cost-effectiveness ratios demonstrated the benefits of the patient training programs. Third-party reimbursement can be improved by designing comprehensive measures of cost-effectiveness.", "contents": "Cost-effectiveness of clinical pharmaceutical services: a follow-up report. The cost-effectiveness of pharmacist-conducted training programs for patients self-administering at home antihemophilic factor, calcitonin, cytarabine, injectable analgesics and parenteral nutrients was studied. Records of 35 patients participating in the training programs from September 1976 through August 1978 were reviewed. The benefits of the patient training programs were measured by approximating the days of hospitalization or outpatient visits saved (and their related costs) per patient. For every dollar charged by the pharmacy service for the patient training programs, 1.25 days of hospitalization and $321.90 in hospital charges were saved. The cost-effectiveness ratios demonstrated the benefits of the patient training programs. Third-party reimbursement can be improved by designing comprehensive measures of cost-effectiveness.", "PMID": 117702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12884", "title": "Role of parenteral nutrition in patients with short bowel syndrome.", "content": "More patients with extensive resection of the small bowel--secondary to regional enteritis, mesenteric infarction, cancer, etc.--are surviving perioperative treatment. To avoid nutrition-caused malabsorption and to maintain body composition, intravenous nutrition is initiated with a silastic atrial catheter in the immediate postoperative period. The patients are trained in \"home hyperalimentation\" procedures designed to allow normal nutrition to be maintained during the months required for bowel adaptation to occur. Because bowel adaptation to the absorption and transport of foodstuffs is in part dependent on the intraluminal presence of foodstuffs, elemental and regular diets are ingested during the period of intravenous support which may last for years. By using combined oral and intravenous nutrition, approximately 20 per cent of patients with short bowel syndrome eventually can take sufficient oral nutrients to sustain life.", "contents": "Role of parenteral nutrition in patients with short bowel syndrome. More patients with extensive resection of the small bowel--secondary to regional enteritis, mesenteric infarction, cancer, etc.--are surviving perioperative treatment. To avoid nutrition-caused malabsorption and to maintain body composition, intravenous nutrition is initiated with a silastic atrial catheter in the immediate postoperative period. The patients are trained in \"home hyperalimentation\" procedures designed to allow normal nutrition to be maintained during the months required for bowel adaptation to occur. Because bowel adaptation to the absorption and transport of foodstuffs is in part dependent on the intraluminal presence of foodstuffs, elemental and regular diets are ingested during the period of intravenous support which may last for years. By using combined oral and intravenous nutrition, approximately 20 per cent of patients with short bowel syndrome eventually can take sufficient oral nutrients to sustain life.", "PMID": 117703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12885", "title": "Protein digestion and absorption in man. Normal mechanisms and protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "Protein is an essential nutrient normally assimilated in an efficient manner following the action of gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. After hydrolysis, protein digestion products in the form of amino acids and small peptides undergo mucosal uptake by distinct transport mechanisms. Although gastric and pancreatic enzymes are important, the small intestine appears to be the critical rate-limiting tissue in this process. Impaired intake, assimilation or excessive enteric protein loss may occur with several diseases leading to protein-energy malnutrition. Although the clinical and laboratory features of this condition are nonspecific and wide ranging in spectrum, their presence may provide a clue to underlying disease and serve as an index of patient nutritional status. Disease of the exocrine pancreas or small intestine may cause significant protein-energy malnutrition which, in turn, can cause major structural and functional abnormalities in these tissues.", "contents": "Protein digestion and absorption in man. Normal mechanisms and protein-energy malnutrition. Protein is an essential nutrient normally assimilated in an efficient manner following the action of gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. After hydrolysis, protein digestion products in the form of amino acids and small peptides undergo mucosal uptake by distinct transport mechanisms. Although gastric and pancreatic enzymes are important, the small intestine appears to be the critical rate-limiting tissue in this process. Impaired intake, assimilation or excessive enteric protein loss may occur with several diseases leading to protein-energy malnutrition. Although the clinical and laboratory features of this condition are nonspecific and wide ranging in spectrum, their presence may provide a clue to underlying disease and serve as an index of patient nutritional status. Disease of the exocrine pancreas or small intestine may cause significant protein-energy malnutrition which, in turn, can cause major structural and functional abnormalities in these tissues.", "PMID": 117704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12886", "title": "Drugs, alcohol and malabsorption.", "content": "Alcohol and a number of drugs (e.g., neomycin, cholestyramine, antacids, laxatives, paraminosalicyclic acid, colchicine and oral hypoglycemic agents) can cause malabsorption due to drugs and alcohol is surveyed. Examined in detail are the mechanisms of malabsorption produced by neomycin and cholestyramine, and the factors responsible for malabsorption in the chronic alcoholic.", "contents": "Drugs, alcohol and malabsorption. Alcohol and a number of drugs (e.g., neomycin, cholestyramine, antacids, laxatives, paraminosalicyclic acid, colchicine and oral hypoglycemic agents) can cause malabsorption due to drugs and alcohol is surveyed. Examined in detail are the mechanisms of malabsorption produced by neomycin and cholestyramine, and the factors responsible for malabsorption in the chronic alcoholic.", "PMID": 117705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12887", "title": "An overview of intestinal immunity and malabsorption.", "content": "Intestinal immune responses are adapted to function at external mucosal surfaces. Specialized forms of antibody, secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM), provid humoral immunity but little is known of local cell mediated immune reactions. Antigens in the intestinal lumen gain preferential access via Peyer's patches in which sensitised lymphocytes proliferate before entering the lymphatic system. These lymphoblasts return to the intestinal mucosa via the bloodstream to provide predominantly IgA antibody responses. Secretory IgA antibody can neutralize viruses, bacteria and toxins, and appears to block the entry of some food antigens into the lamina propria. Disturbances of intestinal immunity may result in malabsorption. Immunodeficiency states are often associated with malabsorption due to Giardia lamblia infestation. In alpha chain disease there is a malignant expansion of plasma cells in the intestinal mucosa which secrete an abnormal heavy chain fragment of IgA. Arthus type hypersensitivity reactions to milk proteins and gluten may contribute to the mucosal injury in patients suffering from milk allergy and coeliac disease.", "contents": "An overview of intestinal immunity and malabsorption. Intestinal immune responses are adapted to function at external mucosal surfaces. Specialized forms of antibody, secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM), provid humoral immunity but little is known of local cell mediated immune reactions. Antigens in the intestinal lumen gain preferential access via Peyer's patches in which sensitised lymphocytes proliferate before entering the lymphatic system. These lymphoblasts return to the intestinal mucosa via the bloodstream to provide predominantly IgA antibody responses. Secretory IgA antibody can neutralize viruses, bacteria and toxins, and appears to block the entry of some food antigens into the lamina propria. Disturbances of intestinal immunity may result in malabsorption. Immunodeficiency states are often associated with malabsorption due to Giardia lamblia infestation. In alpha chain disease there is a malignant expansion of plasma cells in the intestinal mucosa which secrete an abnormal heavy chain fragment of IgA. Arthus type hypersensitivity reactions to milk proteins and gluten may contribute to the mucosal injury in patients suffering from milk allergy and coeliac disease.", "PMID": 117706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12888", "title": "H-Y gene expression in apparent absence of the long arm of the Y chromosome.", "content": "H-Y antigen expression was detected on cells from an individual having a presumptive 45,X/46,X,i(Yp) karyotype, but was absent on cells from another person having a 46,X,i(Yq) karyotype. This suggests that the short arm of the human Y chromosome is essential for H-Y antigen expression, at least in the subjects studied.", "contents": "H-Y gene expression in apparent absence of the long arm of the Y chromosome. H-Y antigen expression was detected on cells from an individual having a presumptive 45,X/46,X,i(Yp) karyotype, but was absent on cells from another person having a 46,X,i(Yq) karyotype. This suggests that the short arm of the human Y chromosome is essential for H-Y antigen expression, at least in the subjects studied.", "PMID": 117709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12889", "title": "Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome: genetic studies and report of affected sibs.", "content": "We report a brother and sister with Dyggye-Melchior-Clausen dysplasia with mental retardation (MR) but as yet without spinal cord injury due to cervical spine abnormality. Mucopolysaccharide metabolism was studied in several ways and was found to be normal. Segregation analysis and study of consanguinity data confirm that both forms of the syndrome--that with MR, and that without MR (Smith-McCort dysplasia) are rare autosomal recessives. Spinal cord injury and early death is a danger in both.", "contents": "Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome: genetic studies and report of affected sibs. We report a brother and sister with Dyggye-Melchior-Clausen dysplasia with mental retardation (MR) but as yet without spinal cord injury due to cervical spine abnormality. Mucopolysaccharide metabolism was studied in several ways and was found to be normal. Segregation analysis and study of consanguinity data confirm that both forms of the syndrome--that with MR, and that without MR (Smith-McCort dysplasia) are rare autosomal recessives. Spinal cord injury and early death is a danger in both.", "PMID": 117710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12890", "title": "Inborn errors of lysosomal catabolism--principles of heterozygote detection.", "content": "Carriers of an inborn error of lysosomal catabolism can be recognized, as they have enzyme levels approximately half those of normal individuals. Of the various tissues readily available for assay, plasma and leukocytes and, in some situations, tears are preferred. Although mixed leukocytes have proved satisfactory in Tay-Sachs screening programs, purified preparations of granulocytes or lymphocytes will allow better discrimination in most situations. Enzymes are assayed relative to some other reference parameter which must be a constant or highly correlated with test enzyme activity. In the two mass screening programs in operation, beta-hexosaminidase A and alpha-mannosidase have both been assayed relative to total beta-hexosaminidase activity. Carrier detection is particularly important in X-linked diseases. The techniques used mostly involve hair roots or fibroblasts and depend on random inactivation of the X chromosome. In the mucolipidoses II and III, in which there are a number of deficient enzymes in cells, carriers may be identified on the basis of the ratio of beta-hexosaminidase I1 and I2 to total hexosaminidase.", "contents": "Inborn errors of lysosomal catabolism--principles of heterozygote detection. Carriers of an inborn error of lysosomal catabolism can be recognized, as they have enzyme levels approximately half those of normal individuals. Of the various tissues readily available for assay, plasma and leukocytes and, in some situations, tears are preferred. Although mixed leukocytes have proved satisfactory in Tay-Sachs screening programs, purified preparations of granulocytes or lymphocytes will allow better discrimination in most situations. Enzymes are assayed relative to some other reference parameter which must be a constant or highly correlated with test enzyme activity. In the two mass screening programs in operation, beta-hexosaminidase A and alpha-mannosidase have both been assayed relative to total beta-hexosaminidase activity. Carrier detection is particularly important in X-linked diseases. The techniques used mostly involve hair roots or fibroblasts and depend on random inactivation of the X chromosome. In the mucolipidoses II and III, in which there are a number of deficient enzymes in cells, carriers may be identified on the basis of the ratio of beta-hexosaminidase I1 and I2 to total hexosaminidase.", "PMID": 117711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12891", "title": "Retinal damage from light.", "content": "Exposure of a monkey retina to the light from a slit lamp for 40 minutes produced a visible retinal change that disappeared after four weeks. Exposures of 20, ten, and five minutes produced no visible changes. Extensive retinal damage was produced in the macula of the other eye of the monkey by a one-hour exposure to the light from an operation microscope. This damage was almost unchanged one year later. Exposure of the monkey retina from the same operation microscope, for the same length of time, with the blue light filtered out, produced a much smaller lesion that, after one year, could not be seen visibly but was detected with fluorescein angiography.", "contents": "Retinal damage from light. Exposure of a monkey retina to the light from a slit lamp for 40 minutes produced a visible retinal change that disappeared after four weeks. Exposures of 20, ten, and five minutes produced no visible changes. Extensive retinal damage was produced in the macula of the other eye of the monkey by a one-hour exposure to the light from an operation microscope. This damage was almost unchanged one year later. Exposure of the monkey retina from the same operation microscope, for the same length of time, with the blue light filtered out, produced a much smaller lesion that, after one year, could not be seen visibly but was detected with fluorescein angiography.", "PMID": 117713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12892", "title": "Pressure and heart rate responses to raised carotid pressure in the toad.", "content": "Neither transient nor steady occlusion of the bilateral carotid arterial trunks had noticeable effects on blood pressure or heart rate of the toad Bufo arenarum Hensel. Distension of isolated carotid labyrinths had no circulatory effects, whereas distension of unisolated carotid trunks by fluid infusion caused an increase in blood pressure proportional to the applied pressure. A simultaneous tachycardia was recorded. These circulatory effects seem to depend on the venous return to the heart because carotid distension was followed by a proportional rise in right atrial pressure. Consequently infusion of small volumes of saline into the right atrium also promoted tachycardia and hypertension. These responses seem not to depend on central nervous mechanisms because they persisted after complete deafferentation or removal of the bulbomesencephalic centers.", "contents": "Pressure and heart rate responses to raised carotid pressure in the toad. Neither transient nor steady occlusion of the bilateral carotid arterial trunks had noticeable effects on blood pressure or heart rate of the toad Bufo arenarum Hensel. Distension of isolated carotid labyrinths had no circulatory effects, whereas distension of unisolated carotid trunks by fluid infusion caused an increase in blood pressure proportional to the applied pressure. A simultaneous tachycardia was recorded. These circulatory effects seem to depend on the venous return to the heart because carotid distension was followed by a proportional rise in right atrial pressure. Consequently infusion of small volumes of saline into the right atrium also promoted tachycardia and hypertension. These responses seem not to depend on central nervous mechanisms because they persisted after complete deafferentation or removal of the bulbomesencephalic centers.", "PMID": 117717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12893", "title": "Regional distribution of blood flow in awake heat-stressed baboons.", "content": "Radioactive microspheres (containing six different nuclide labels) were used to measure blood flow (BF) to most major organs of eight conscious baboons during heat stress. Cardiac output (CO), arterial mean pressure, and arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH did not change, but heart rate increased and stroke volume fell as body temperature increased by as much as 2.56 degrees C. Skin BF increased in all regions sampled so that the fraction of CO distributed to skin (not including feet and hands) increased from 3% (control) to 14%. Increased skin BF was compensated for by decreases in splanchnic (intestines, stomach, pancreas, and spleen) (35%), renal (27%), and possibly muscle BF. There was no change in BF to the brain, spinal cord, coronary, or subcutaneous adipose tissue during heating. Therefore, baboons show a generalized redistribution of BF during heat stress, so that increments in skin BF are provided without increases in CO, whereas man depends on changes in both; despite this latter difference between the baboon and man, the similarity in magnitude of the splanchnic and renal vasoconstriction between the two primates may indicate that the baboon would be a suitable animal model for investigations into mechanisms of changes in regional blood flow in man during heat stress.", "contents": "Regional distribution of blood flow in awake heat-stressed baboons. Radioactive microspheres (containing six different nuclide labels) were used to measure blood flow (BF) to most major organs of eight conscious baboons during heat stress. Cardiac output (CO), arterial mean pressure, and arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH did not change, but heart rate increased and stroke volume fell as body temperature increased by as much as 2.56 degrees C. Skin BF increased in all regions sampled so that the fraction of CO distributed to skin (not including feet and hands) increased from 3% (control) to 14%. Increased skin BF was compensated for by decreases in splanchnic (intestines, stomach, pancreas, and spleen) (35%), renal (27%), and possibly muscle BF. There was no change in BF to the brain, spinal cord, coronary, or subcutaneous adipose tissue during heating. Therefore, baboons show a generalized redistribution of BF during heat stress, so that increments in skin BF are provided without increases in CO, whereas man depends on changes in both; despite this latter difference between the baboon and man, the similarity in magnitude of the splanchnic and renal vasoconstriction between the two primates may indicate that the baboon would be a suitable animal model for investigations into mechanisms of changes in regional blood flow in man during heat stress.", "PMID": 117718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12894", "title": "Benefit--cost methodology in the evaluation of therapeutic services for alcoholism.", "content": "Benefit--cost analysis as a form of \"social profitability analysis\" can be a powerful tool in the overall evaluation of alcoholism treatment efforts. Alcoholism treatment potentially leads to a multiplicity of benefits in addition to sobriety. Benefit--cost analysis provides a methodology for converting many of these diverse benefits into a common metric (dollars), thereby allowing the comparison of aggregate benefits and treatment costs. The analysis thus leads to the expression of treatment outcome in terms of the return on investment. A benefit--cost analysis conducted on 3034 clients from the Oklahoma data base indicated a return to society of $1.98 for every $1 invested in alcoholism treatment. Such data may represent a critical portion of the information required for responsible resource allocation decisions.", "contents": "Benefit--cost methodology in the evaluation of therapeutic services for alcoholism. Benefit--cost analysis as a form of \"social profitability analysis\" can be a powerful tool in the overall evaluation of alcoholism treatment efforts. Alcoholism treatment potentially leads to a multiplicity of benefits in addition to sobriety. Benefit--cost analysis provides a methodology for converting many of these diverse benefits into a common metric (dollars), thereby allowing the comparison of aggregate benefits and treatment costs. The analysis thus leads to the expression of treatment outcome in terms of the return on investment. A benefit--cost analysis conducted on 3034 clients from the Oklahoma data base indicated a return to society of $1.98 for every $1 invested in alcoholism treatment. Such data may represent a critical portion of the information required for responsible resource allocation decisions.", "PMID": 117722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12895", "title": "Microimmunodiffusion test for diagnosis of ovine progressive pneumonia.", "content": "Two microimmunodiffusion tests (MIDT) for detection and measurement of ovine progressive pneumonia antibody are described. Substrates of various salt concentrations and pH were used to determine the optimal conditions for the tests. In comparisons between two MIDT and one macroimmunodiffusion test, sera from cull ewes were used. The MIDT require less reagents and were more responsive than the macroimmunodiffusion test. After extended incubation of the test materials, results in all three tests were comparable.", "contents": "Microimmunodiffusion test for diagnosis of ovine progressive pneumonia. Two microimmunodiffusion tests (MIDT) for detection and measurement of ovine progressive pneumonia antibody are described. Substrates of various salt concentrations and pH were used to determine the optimal conditions for the tests. In comparisons between two MIDT and one macroimmunodiffusion test, sera from cull ewes were used. The MIDT require less reagents and were more responsive than the macroimmunodiffusion test. After extended incubation of the test materials, results in all three tests were comparable.", "PMID": 117729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12896", "title": "Kinetics of detection of blastogenic responses of neonatal calves inoculated in utero with tetanus toxoid, killed Mycobacterium bovis, and killed Brucella abortus.", "content": "Nine pregnant cows were laparotomized and their fetuses were immunized with tetanus toxoid, killed Brucella abortus, and killed Mycobacterium bovis. Blastogenesis assays and total leukocyte and differential counts were done when the calves were 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 60 days of age. Initial blastogenesis responses to antigens, phytohemagglutinin, and concanavalin A were not positive as frequently as were the responses obtained when the calves were 2 to 3 weeks of age. The probability of obtaining a positive response to an antigen was positively correlated with the magnitude of the response, as determined by delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions. Leukocyte and differential WBC counts in immunized calves were similar to those of unimmunized calves. The mean leukocyte count for the immunized calves remained near 16,000 cells/mm3; blood obtained in the first few days after birth contained a greater number of neutrophils than lymphocytes, whereas lymphocyte-to-neutrophil ratio gradually approached those of adult cattle, in which lymphocytes predominate.", "contents": "Kinetics of detection of blastogenic responses of neonatal calves inoculated in utero with tetanus toxoid, killed Mycobacterium bovis, and killed Brucella abortus. Nine pregnant cows were laparotomized and their fetuses were immunized with tetanus toxoid, killed Brucella abortus, and killed Mycobacterium bovis. Blastogenesis assays and total leukocyte and differential counts were done when the calves were 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 60 days of age. Initial blastogenesis responses to antigens, phytohemagglutinin, and concanavalin A were not positive as frequently as were the responses obtained when the calves were 2 to 3 weeks of age. The probability of obtaining a positive response to an antigen was positively correlated with the magnitude of the response, as determined by delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions. Leukocyte and differential WBC counts in immunized calves were similar to those of unimmunized calves. The mean leukocyte count for the immunized calves remained near 16,000 cells/mm3; blood obtained in the first few days after birth contained a greater number of neutrophils than lymphocytes, whereas lymphocyte-to-neutrophil ratio gradually approached those of adult cattle, in which lymphocytes predominate.", "PMID": 117730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12897", "title": "Characterization of antigens from Aspergillus fumigatus. IV. Evaluation of commercial and experimental preparations and fractions in the detection of antibody in aspergillosis.", "content": "Commercially available preparations of Aspergillus fumigatus, experimental extracts and fractions of A. fumigatus, and extracts of 5 other aspergilli were evaluated in a blind manner for their abilities to detect antibody in 66 serum specimens from patients with aspergilloma, allergic bronchopulmonary and invasive aspergillosis, and unconfirmed aspergillosis. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis was more sensitive than immunodiffusion in 2 dimensions. Although qualitative differences in antigen composition could be detected, commercial preparations compared favorably with the best experimental extracts in detecting positive specimens. Extracts from young, actively-growing myceliums were most effective and produced the largest numbers of precipitin bands. In contrast to all unfractionated preparations, several fractions of A. fumigatus were devoid of substances that react with C-reactive protein of serums, yet were as effective as the best preparations in detecting serums positive for Aspergillus.", "contents": "Characterization of antigens from Aspergillus fumigatus. IV. Evaluation of commercial and experimental preparations and fractions in the detection of antibody in aspergillosis. Commercially available preparations of Aspergillus fumigatus, experimental extracts and fractions of A. fumigatus, and extracts of 5 other aspergilli were evaluated in a blind manner for their abilities to detect antibody in 66 serum specimens from patients with aspergilloma, allergic bronchopulmonary and invasive aspergillosis, and unconfirmed aspergillosis. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis was more sensitive than immunodiffusion in 2 dimensions. Although qualitative differences in antigen composition could be detected, commercial preparations compared favorably with the best experimental extracts in detecting positive specimens. Extracts from young, actively-growing myceliums were most effective and produced the largest numbers of precipitin bands. In contrast to all unfractionated preparations, several fractions of A. fumigatus were devoid of substances that react with C-reactive protein of serums, yet were as effective as the best preparations in detecting serums positive for Aspergillus.", "PMID": 117731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12898", "title": "Laboratory assessment of prolactin status.", "content": "The laboratory assessment of prolactin status was evaluated by detailed study of 921 subjects (587 normal subjects and 334 patients with pathological conditions). The effect on serum prolactin levels of age, sex, circadian rhythm, pulsatility of secretion, stress, drug ingestion, and pregnancy was defined in normal subjects. The normal prolactin responses to stimulation (TRH metoclopramide) and suppression (L-dopa, bromocriptine) were also determined. Basal prolactin levels were measured in patients with defined pathological conditions including prolactinoma, idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia, acromegaly, Cushing's disease, chronic renal failure, primary hypothyroidism, pituitary ablation, Kallman's syndrome, Nelson's syndrome, growth hormone deficiency, gonadotrophin deficiency, craniopharyngioma, panhypopituitarism, and chronic progressive arthropathy. Based on these data, a strategy for the routine laboratory assessment of prolactin status is outlined.", "contents": "Laboratory assessment of prolactin status. The laboratory assessment of prolactin status was evaluated by detailed study of 921 subjects (587 normal subjects and 334 patients with pathological conditions). The effect on serum prolactin levels of age, sex, circadian rhythm, pulsatility of secretion, stress, drug ingestion, and pregnancy was defined in normal subjects. The normal prolactin responses to stimulation (TRH metoclopramide) and suppression (L-dopa, bromocriptine) were also determined. Basal prolactin levels were measured in patients with defined pathological conditions including prolactinoma, idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia, acromegaly, Cushing's disease, chronic renal failure, primary hypothyroidism, pituitary ablation, Kallman's syndrome, Nelson's syndrome, growth hormone deficiency, gonadotrophin deficiency, craniopharyngioma, panhypopituitarism, and chronic progressive arthropathy. Based on these data, a strategy for the routine laboratory assessment of prolactin status is outlined.", "PMID": 117734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12899", "title": "[TRH stimulation test in the diagnosis of hyperthyreosis].", "content": "After a review concerning the present knowledge on the hypothalamic peptide releasing hormones, the response of TSH to intravenous administration of TRH in man (Thyreotrophin Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test) is discussed, with regard to clinical endocrinology. Personal investigations with the TRH test were carried out in 3 groups of conditions correlated with thyroid hyperfunction: 1) suspected hyperthyroidism with equivocal routine tests (9 subjects); 2) autonomous thyroid decompensated adenoma, with or without clinical hyperthyroidism (5 subjects); 3) thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease) in remission phase after pharmacological or surgical treatment (10 subjects). In these conditions the test provided useful diagnostic information for appropriate therapeutical decisions.", "contents": "[TRH stimulation test in the diagnosis of hyperthyreosis]. After a review concerning the present knowledge on the hypothalamic peptide releasing hormones, the response of TSH to intravenous administration of TRH in man (Thyreotrophin Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test) is discussed, with regard to clinical endocrinology. Personal investigations with the TRH test were carried out in 3 groups of conditions correlated with thyroid hyperfunction: 1) suspected hyperthyroidism with equivocal routine tests (9 subjects); 2) autonomous thyroid decompensated adenoma, with or without clinical hyperthyroidism (5 subjects); 3) thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease) in remission phase after pharmacological or surgical treatment (10 subjects). In these conditions the test provided useful diagnostic information for appropriate therapeutical decisions.", "PMID": 117732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12900", "title": "Cricopharyngeus myotomy as the only treatment for Zenker diverticulum.", "content": "Cricopharyngeal dysfunction, one of the most common causes of pharyngeal dysphagia, exhibits a variety of manifestations, one of which is Zenker diverticulum. This paper examines the physiology of swallowing, pathophysiology of its aberrations, and various methods of treating Zenker diverticulum. It is our purpose to emphasize cricopharyngeus (CP) myotomy as the only needed treatment for this diverticulum. Even in its advanced stages, excision of the diverticulum is a needless surgical exercise. Seven cases of Zenker diverticulum are reported in elderly patients; one of them had an excision of the diverticulum prior to presentation. Some were either completely obstructed or aspirating on esophagram. Cricopharyngeus myotomy, the only treatment provided, proved to be safe and effective without morbidity or fatalities. Patients' ability to eat orally was restored on the night of or the morning after surgery. No Levin tube is necessary and there is no risk of suture line leakage after the conventional diverticulectomy and CP myotomy. Hospital stay is greatly reduced and there is no risk of structure formation. In contrast to endoscopic division of CP muscle, there is no risk of mediastinitis because there is no break through the mucosa.", "contents": "Cricopharyngeus myotomy as the only treatment for Zenker diverticulum. Cricopharyngeal dysfunction, one of the most common causes of pharyngeal dysphagia, exhibits a variety of manifestations, one of which is Zenker diverticulum. This paper examines the physiology of swallowing, pathophysiology of its aberrations, and various methods of treating Zenker diverticulum. It is our purpose to emphasize cricopharyngeus (CP) myotomy as the only needed treatment for this diverticulum. Even in its advanced stages, excision of the diverticulum is a needless surgical exercise. Seven cases of Zenker diverticulum are reported in elderly patients; one of them had an excision of the diverticulum prior to presentation. Some were either completely obstructed or aspirating on esophagram. Cricopharyngeus myotomy, the only treatment provided, proved to be safe and effective without morbidity or fatalities. Patients' ability to eat orally was restored on the night of or the morning after surgery. No Levin tube is necessary and there is no risk of suture line leakage after the conventional diverticulectomy and CP myotomy. Hospital stay is greatly reduced and there is no risk of structure formation. In contrast to endoscopic division of CP muscle, there is no risk of mediastinitis because there is no break through the mucosa.", "PMID": 117733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12901", "title": "Thyroid calcitonin cells and parathyroid gland of the Indian rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta in response to experimental hypercalcaemia.", "content": "Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) were subjected to hypercalcaemia by daily intramuscular injections of vitamin D2 (100,000 IU) and by providing them gram soaked in 1% CaCl2 solution for eating and 1% CaCl2 solution (prepared in tap water) for drinking. After 10, 15, 20 and 30 days of such treatment the serum calcium level recorded a rise (18.24 +/- 0.56, 26.20 +/- 1.30, 17.25 +/- 0.25 and 20.50 +/- 0.55 mg/dl respectively) as compared to those of control animals (12.80 +/- 1.00, 12.30 +/- 0.50, 12.70 +/- 0.20 and 12.30 +/- 0.30 mg/dl). Serial sections of thyroid parathyroid complex and isthmus were subjected to selective staining for lcalising the C cells. The structure and behaviour of these cells both under normal and experimental conditions has been studied. Hypercalcaemia resulted in the increase of these cells. Mitotic figures of the C cells were also encountered after 10 days of hypercalcaemia. The specimens subjected to 30 days treatment showed complete degranulation of these cells. Chronic hypercalcaemia inhibits the activity of parathyroid cells which display degenerative changes. The anterior and posterior poles, the peripheral regions of thyroid and isthmus are completely devoid of calcitonin cells.", "contents": "Thyroid calcitonin cells and parathyroid gland of the Indian rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta in response to experimental hypercalcaemia. Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) were subjected to hypercalcaemia by daily intramuscular injections of vitamin D2 (100,000 IU) and by providing them gram soaked in 1% CaCl2 solution for eating and 1% CaCl2 solution (prepared in tap water) for drinking. After 10, 15, 20 and 30 days of such treatment the serum calcium level recorded a rise (18.24 +/- 0.56, 26.20 +/- 1.30, 17.25 +/- 0.25 and 20.50 +/- 0.55 mg/dl respectively) as compared to those of control animals (12.80 +/- 1.00, 12.30 +/- 0.50, 12.70 +/- 0.20 and 12.30 +/- 0.30 mg/dl). Serial sections of thyroid parathyroid complex and isthmus were subjected to selective staining for lcalising the C cells. The structure and behaviour of these cells both under normal and experimental conditions has been studied. Hypercalcaemia resulted in the increase of these cells. Mitotic figures of the C cells were also encountered after 10 days of hypercalcaemia. The specimens subjected to 30 days treatment showed complete degranulation of these cells. Chronic hypercalcaemia inhibits the activity of parathyroid cells which display degenerative changes. The anterior and posterior poles, the peripheral regions of thyroid and isthmus are completely devoid of calcitonin cells.", "PMID": 117736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12902", "title": "[Hashimoto's thyroiditis and monoclonal gammapathy (two cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe two cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with a monoclonal dysproteinemia (IgG lambda in one case and IgG kappa in the other). They show that the antithyroid activity (anti-microsomial in the first case, anti thyroglobulin in the second case) is not carried by the abnormal gammaglobulin. The two diseases, therefore, appear to be separate but can both be considered as the consequence of a particular immunological state.", "contents": "[Hashimoto's thyroiditis and monoclonal gammapathy (two cases) (author's transl)]. The authors describe two cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with a monoclonal dysproteinemia (IgG lambda in one case and IgG kappa in the other). They show that the antithyroid activity (anti-microsomial in the first case, anti thyroglobulin in the second case) is not carried by the abnormal gammaglobulin. The two diseases, therefore, appear to be separate but can both be considered as the consequence of a particular immunological state.", "PMID": 117737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12903", "title": "Competitive ligand - binding assay for thyroxine binding globulin. Comparison with TBG radioimmunoassay and T3 uptake test.", "content": "A simple and reproducible competitive ligand binding assay has been utilized to measure serum TBG concentration. In euthyroid subjects TBG concentration (mean +/- SD, mg/l) was 33.7 +/- 4; hyperthyroid 24 -/+ 6; T3-thyrotoxicosis 20 +/- 7; hypothyroid 37 -/+ 7; pregnant 67 -/+ 18; post-partum period 59.8 -/+ 17; oral contraceptives 45 -/+ 7. The correlation of CLBA with RIA measurement of TBG was significant (p less than 0.001). The estimations of serum TBG by CLBA correlated significantly with T3 uptake test (p less than 0.001), but at higher concentration of TBG correlation was non-linear. T4 : TBG ration according to serum T4 and TBG concentration provided a reliable index in the assessment of thyroid function.", "contents": "Competitive ligand - binding assay for thyroxine binding globulin. Comparison with TBG radioimmunoassay and T3 uptake test. A simple and reproducible competitive ligand binding assay has been utilized to measure serum TBG concentration. In euthyroid subjects TBG concentration (mean +/- SD, mg/l) was 33.7 +/- 4; hyperthyroid 24 -/+ 6; T3-thyrotoxicosis 20 +/- 7; hypothyroid 37 -/+ 7; pregnant 67 -/+ 18; post-partum period 59.8 -/+ 17; oral contraceptives 45 -/+ 7. The correlation of CLBA with RIA measurement of TBG was significant (p less than 0.001). The estimations of serum TBG by CLBA correlated significantly with T3 uptake test (p less than 0.001), but at higher concentration of TBG correlation was non-linear. T4 : TBG ration according to serum T4 and TBG concentration provided a reliable index in the assessment of thyroid function.", "PMID": 117741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12904", "title": "[Clinical use of the assay of the thyroxin-binding-globulin (TBG) and of the calculated index: T4/TBG (author's transl)].", "content": "The level of TBG in normal adults is 2.21 +/- 0.4 mg/100 ml, without any sex difference. TBG levels are high in the neonatal period (3.26 +/- 0.49 mg/100 ml) and in children under the age of 1 year (2.61 +/- 0.66 mg). Estrogens induce a significant increase (3.96 +/- 1.0 mg) and corticoids a significant decrease of TBG (1.44 +/- 0.32 mg). TBG is also decreased in thyrotoxicosis (1.88 +/- 0.34 mg) but normal in hypothyroidism. There is a strong correlation between T4 and TBG levels, and the T4/TBG ratio appears to be a useful index, which remains constant in normal adults, and under treatment by estrogens and corticoids.", "contents": "[Clinical use of the assay of the thyroxin-binding-globulin (TBG) and of the calculated index: T4/TBG (author's transl)]. The level of TBG in normal adults is 2.21 +/- 0.4 mg/100 ml, without any sex difference. TBG levels are high in the neonatal period (3.26 +/- 0.49 mg/100 ml) and in children under the age of 1 year (2.61 +/- 0.66 mg). Estrogens induce a significant increase (3.96 +/- 1.0 mg) and corticoids a significant decrease of TBG (1.44 +/- 0.32 mg). TBG is also decreased in thyrotoxicosis (1.88 +/- 0.34 mg) but normal in hypothyroidism. There is a strong correlation between T4 and TBG levels, and the T4/TBG ratio appears to be a useful index, which remains constant in normal adults, and under treatment by estrogens and corticoids.", "PMID": 117738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12905", "title": "[Serum thyroid hormones and TSH response to TRH during treatment of Graves' disease by carbimazole (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum concentrations of Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) free thyroxine index (F.T.I.) and TSH response to TRH were evaluated in 55 Graves' diseases treated by Carbimazole. There is a good correlation between serum thyroid hormones and clinical state: 83,7% for T4; 79,5% for T3; on the other hand there is a discrepancy between T3 and T4 in many cases and between delta TSH and T4 (47%) or T3 (46%). The decrease of T4 occurs before that of T3: 46,6% normal at the 4th month and 72,5% at the 9th month for T4 against 41% and 50% for T3. At the end of the treatment 96,4% of patients are clinically normal but 20% of them remain with T3 and T4 values above normal.", "contents": "[Serum thyroid hormones and TSH response to TRH during treatment of Graves' disease by carbimazole (author's transl)]. Serum concentrations of Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) free thyroxine index (F.T.I.) and TSH response to TRH were evaluated in 55 Graves' diseases treated by Carbimazole. There is a good correlation between serum thyroid hormones and clinical state: 83,7% for T4; 79,5% for T3; on the other hand there is a discrepancy between T3 and T4 in many cases and between delta TSH and T4 (47%) or T3 (46%). The decrease of T4 occurs before that of T3: 46,6% normal at the 4th month and 72,5% at the 9th month for T4 against 41% and 50% for T3. At the end of the treatment 96,4% of patients are clinically normal but 20% of them remain with T3 and T4 values above normal.", "PMID": 117739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12906", "title": "[Neonatal screening for hypothyroidism. Nord-Picardie regional experience (author's transl)].", "content": "The routine T4 determination from filter paper blood spots, with supplementary T.S.H. and T.B.G. determinations on subnormal T4 values, is a reliable method for neonatal hypothyroidism screening. Preliminary results, presently reported, agree with previous studies. However a larger experience is still necessary to decide the best way for mass-screening of congenital hypothyroidism.", "contents": "[Neonatal screening for hypothyroidism. Nord-Picardie regional experience (author's transl)]. The routine T4 determination from filter paper blood spots, with supplementary T.S.H. and T.B.G. determinations on subnormal T4 values, is a reliable method for neonatal hypothyroidism screening. Preliminary results, presently reported, agree with previous studies. However a larger experience is still necessary to decide the best way for mass-screening of congenital hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 117740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12907", "title": "The TRG Test. Which is the best index of TSH release?.", "content": "Prolonged (two hours) TRH tests were performed on 29 controls and 182 thyrotoxicosis patients of varying thyroid status after treatment with radioiodine. The object was to find which of the simple measurements of TSH from the TRH test most faithfully reflected the total amount of TSH (TTSH) released in response to the TRH. The simple indices compared were the absolute levels of TSH (ATSH) achieved at intervals during the test, and the increments in TSH (delta TSH) recorded at the same points in time. TTSH was measured by planimetry of the area beneath the response curve. Patients were classified as normo-responders, hyper-responders or hypo-responders according to normal limits for TTSH deduced from the controls. When each simple index of TSH response  was substituted in turn for TTSH, the overall frequency of misclassification was considerably greater for ATSH than for delta TSH. This was largely due to the wide variability of passive or basal TSH secretion, which seriously confused the distinction between normally-responsive and hypo-responsive patients when ATSH was used. The delta TSH measured at 30 minutes gave the best overall results in terms of least classification error and closest correlation with TTSH.", "contents": "The TRG Test. Which is the best index of TSH release?. Prolonged (two hours) TRH tests were performed on 29 controls and 182 thyrotoxicosis patients of varying thyroid status after treatment with radioiodine. The object was to find which of the simple measurements of TSH from the TRH test most faithfully reflected the total amount of TSH (TTSH) released in response to the TRH. The simple indices compared were the absolute levels of TSH (ATSH) achieved at intervals during the test, and the increments in TSH (delta TSH) recorded at the same points in time. TTSH was measured by planimetry of the area beneath the response curve. Patients were classified as normo-responders, hyper-responders or hypo-responders according to normal limits for TTSH deduced from the controls. When each simple index of TSH response  was substituted in turn for TTSH, the overall frequency of misclassification was considerably greater for ATSH than for delta TSH. This was largely due to the wide variability of passive or basal TSH secretion, which seriously confused the distinction between normally-responsive and hypo-responsive patients when ATSH was used. The delta TSH measured at 30 minutes gave the best overall results in terms of least classification error and closest correlation with TTSH.", "PMID": 117742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12908", "title": "Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F-18)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: validation of method.", "content": "Tracer techniques and quantitative autoradiographic and tissue counting models for measurement of metabolic rates were combined with positron computed tomography (PCT) and (F-18)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) for the measurement of local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMRGlc) in humans. A three-compartment model, which incorporates hydrolysis of FDG-6-PO4 to FDG, was developed for the measure of kinetic constants and calculation of LCMRGlc. Our model is an extension of that developed by Sokoloff et al. Although small, hydrolysis of FDG-6-PO4 was found to be significant. A PCT system, the ECAT, was used to determine the rate constants, lumped constant, and stability of the model in human beings. The data indicate that cerebral FDG-6-PO4 in humans increases for about 90 minutes, plateaus, and then slowly decreases. After 10 minutes, cerebral blood FDG activity levels were found to be a minor fraction of tissue activity. Precursor pool turnover rate, distribution volumes, and red blood cell-plasma concentration ratios were determined. Reproducibility (precision) of LCMRGlc measurements (approximate 2 cm2 regions) was +/- 5.5% over a 5-hour period. The replacement of arterial blood sampling with venous sampling was validated.", "contents": "Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F-18)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: validation of method. Tracer techniques and quantitative autoradiographic and tissue counting models for measurement of metabolic rates were combined with positron computed tomography (PCT) and (F-18)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) for the measurement of local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMRGlc) in humans. A three-compartment model, which incorporates hydrolysis of FDG-6-PO4 to FDG, was developed for the measure of kinetic constants and calculation of LCMRGlc. Our model is an extension of that developed by Sokoloff et al. Although small, hydrolysis of FDG-6-PO4 was found to be significant. A PCT system, the ECAT, was used to determine the rate constants, lumped constant, and stability of the model in human beings. The data indicate that cerebral FDG-6-PO4 in humans increases for about 90 minutes, plateaus, and then slowly decreases. After 10 minutes, cerebral blood FDG activity levels were found to be a minor fraction of tissue activity. Precursor pool turnover rate, distribution volumes, and red blood cell-plasma concentration ratios were determined. Reproducibility (precision) of LCMRGlc measurements (approximate 2 cm2 regions) was +/- 5.5% over a 5-hour period. The replacement of arterial blood sampling with venous sampling was validated.", "PMID": 117743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12909", "title": "[Mechanisms in group formation and cohesion in Tupaia glis Diard, 1820. Results of long-term studies of a family group].", "content": "In long-term studies of a family group, all the partner-orientated interactions are quantitatively registered and analysed in connection with the usuage of space by the animals. From this, the connections between the interactions and respectively status forms of the group members are recognizable. During the growing-up period of the juveniles in the group, beginning with the first leaving of the nest box at the age of about 33 days, three phases can be differentiated. A phase of \"integration\" of about 5 to 8 days, in which the behavior patterns between adults and juveniles are polarized on licking mouth with the adults and scent marking the juveniles, is obviously the presupposition for including the rising generation in the relational system (including the space system) of the adults. This phase is followed by a \"neutral phase\", lasting about 30 days, during which the juveniles stand in connection with the adults by means of a space bonding, in which relatively few interactions occur. Through the joint use of parental resting places and through the resting in close spatial neighbourhood, a true retention of experience for the juveniles must be thought of. At the age of about 60 days an 'ambivalent phase\" begins, in which the contacts between parents and the offspring increases again, with an alteration and a superposition of sexual and agonistic interactions. Besides, the sex-specific differences become recognizable: the male interacts with his daughters increasingly sexually, with the sons he is more and more aggressive; the relations of the mother with the female offspring are ambivalent, during which she shows male behaviour patterns and with her sons the female scarcely has contact. Lying in bodily contact has, beyond the importance for a pair bonding, significance for a group bonding. Licking the mouth as an element of the care system (infantile behavior) can be used as an appeasement gesture. The age of 90--100 days, in which the parents frequently have aggressive gesture with their offspring of the same sex, is regarded as the time of reaching sexual maturity. A longer lasting integration of a female offspring (and a male) is described. The social organization of Tupaia glis is based on a permanent pair bonding. Through the addition of the young, a parental family with a maximum of two generations of brothers and sisters can arise. Limiting factors of the group size are incest barriers, a density stress, and the possibilities of communication of the species themselves.", "contents": "[Mechanisms in group formation and cohesion in Tupaia glis Diard, 1820. Results of long-term studies of a family group]. In long-term studies of a family group, all the partner-orientated interactions are quantitatively registered and analysed in connection with the usuage of space by the animals. From this, the connections between the interactions and respectively status forms of the group members are recognizable. During the growing-up period of the juveniles in the group, beginning with the first leaving of the nest box at the age of about 33 days, three phases can be differentiated. A phase of \"integration\" of about 5 to 8 days, in which the behavior patterns between adults and juveniles are polarized on licking mouth with the adults and scent marking the juveniles, is obviously the presupposition for including the rising generation in the relational system (including the space system) of the adults. This phase is followed by a \"neutral phase\", lasting about 30 days, during which the juveniles stand in connection with the adults by means of a space bonding, in which relatively few interactions occur. Through the joint use of parental resting places and through the resting in close spatial neighbourhood, a true retention of experience for the juveniles must be thought of. At the age of about 60 days an 'ambivalent phase\" begins, in which the contacts between parents and the offspring increases again, with an alteration and a superposition of sexual and agonistic interactions. Besides, the sex-specific differences become recognizable: the male interacts with his daughters increasingly sexually, with the sons he is more and more aggressive; the relations of the mother with the female offspring are ambivalent, during which she shows male behaviour patterns and with her sons the female scarcely has contact. Lying in bodily contact has, beyond the importance for a pair bonding, significance for a group bonding. Licking the mouth as an element of the care system (infantile behavior) can be used as an appeasement gesture. The age of 90--100 days, in which the parents frequently have aggressive gesture with their offspring of the same sex, is regarded as the time of reaching sexual maturity. A longer lasting integration of a female offspring (and a male) is described. The social organization of Tupaia glis is based on a permanent pair bonding. Through the addition of the young, a parental family with a maximum of two generations of brothers and sisters can arise. Limiting factors of the group size are incest barriers, a density stress, and the possibilities of communication of the species themselves.", "PMID": 117744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12910", "title": "[Comparison of the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures that synthesize melanin and other pigments to 12 antibiotics and 5-nitro-8-quinolinol].", "content": "Sensitivity of 80 Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures forming melanin and 80 cultures synthesizing other pigments to amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, carbenicillin, levomycetin, monomycin, 5-NOK, polymyxin M, rifampicin, streptomycin, tetracycline, tobramycin and erythromycin was determined. It was found that the cultures of Ps. aeruginosa synthesizing melanin were less resistant to most of the antibiotics that the other representatives of this species.", "contents": "[Comparison of the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures that synthesize melanin and other pigments to 12 antibiotics and 5-nitro-8-quinolinol]. Sensitivity of 80 Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures forming melanin and 80 cultures synthesizing other pigments to amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, carbenicillin, levomycetin, monomycin, 5-NOK, polymyxin M, rifampicin, streptomycin, tetracycline, tobramycin and erythromycin was determined. It was found that the cultures of Ps. aeruginosa synthesizing melanin were less resistant to most of the antibiotics that the other representatives of this species.", "PMID": 117745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12911", "title": "Effect of divalent cation concentrations on the antibiotic susceptibilities of nonfermenters other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The effects of supplementing Mueller-Hinton broth with calcium and magnesium on the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of eight aminoglycosides, colistin, tetracycline, and carbenicillin for 11 nonfermenters other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied and compared with the effects for Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa. MICs were simultaneously performed in unsupplemented Mueller-Hinton broth and Mueller-Hinton broth supplemented to contain 5 mg of calcium and 2.5 mg of magnesium per dl. Changes in MICs were expressed as the increases in the number of log(2) concentrations caused by supplementation. The usual increases in MICs of aminoglycosides caused by supplementation were: zero concentrations for E. coli, one to six concentrations for P. aeruginosa, and one to two concentrations for most other nonfermenters. The largest increases (five to six concentrations) were observed with gentamicin and P. aeruginosa. The usual increases in MICs of colistin were: zero concentrations for E. coli, two concentrations for P. aeruginosa, and one to two concentrations for other nonfermenters. Increases in MICs of tetracycline were: one to five concentrations for all organisms tested. The usual increases in MICs of carbenicillin were: zero concentrations for E. coli and P. aeruginosa and zero to two concentrations for other nonfermenters. These observations indicated that supplementation of Mueller-Hinton broth to contain recommended concentrations of calcium and magnesium had little effect on MICs of aminoglycosides and colistin for E. coli but increased MICs for most nonfermenters, increased MICs of tetracycline for E. coli and all nonfermenters, and had little effect on MICs of carbenicillin for E. coli and P. aeruginosa but increased the MICs for several nonfermenters other than P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Effect of divalent cation concentrations on the antibiotic susceptibilities of nonfermenters other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The effects of supplementing Mueller-Hinton broth with calcium and magnesium on the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of eight aminoglycosides, colistin, tetracycline, and carbenicillin for 11 nonfermenters other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied and compared with the effects for Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa. MICs were simultaneously performed in unsupplemented Mueller-Hinton broth and Mueller-Hinton broth supplemented to contain 5 mg of calcium and 2.5 mg of magnesium per dl. Changes in MICs were expressed as the increases in the number of log(2) concentrations caused by supplementation. The usual increases in MICs of aminoglycosides caused by supplementation were: zero concentrations for E. coli, one to six concentrations for P. aeruginosa, and one to two concentrations for most other nonfermenters. The largest increases (five to six concentrations) were observed with gentamicin and P. aeruginosa. The usual increases in MICs of colistin were: zero concentrations for E. coli, two concentrations for P. aeruginosa, and one to two concentrations for other nonfermenters. Increases in MICs of tetracycline were: one to five concentrations for all organisms tested. The usual increases in MICs of carbenicillin were: zero concentrations for E. coli and P. aeruginosa and zero to two concentrations for other nonfermenters. These observations indicated that supplementation of Mueller-Hinton broth to contain recommended concentrations of calcium and magnesium had little effect on MICs of aminoglycosides and colistin for E. coli but increased MICs for most nonfermenters, increased MICs of tetracycline for E. coli and all nonfermenters, and had little effect on MICs of carbenicillin for E. coli and P. aeruginosa but increased the MICs for several nonfermenters other than P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 117746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12912", "title": "Antimalarial properties of floxacrine, a dihydroacridinedione derivative.", "content": "Evaluations of the activities of floxacrine [7-chloro-10-hydroxy-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroacridine-1,9(2H, 10H)-dione] in owl monkeys infected with trophozoites of a chloroquine-quinine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum, a strain of this plasmodium resistant to both of these quinolines and pyrimethamine, or a strain of P. vivax resistant only to pyrimethamine showed that: (i) this compound regularly effected temporary clearance of parasitemia at daily doses of 1.25 to 2.5 mg/kg; (ii) doses required for the cure of established infections were larger by factors of 6 to 64 than those that effected parasite clearance; (iii) there was more than a 10-fold difference in doses required for the cure of infections with the different strains; and (iv) resistance to floxacrine developed rapidly. Evaluations of the activities of floxacrine in rhesus monkeys challenged with sporozoites of P. cynomolgi showed that: (i) 0.625-mg/kg doses administered daily throughout the incubation period provided complete protection against infection; (ii) single 40.0-mg/kg doses delivered 2 h before sporozoite challenge were without prophylactic activity; and (iii) daily doses of 40.0 mg/kg, the maximum tolerated level, productive of a hemorrhagic syndrome in some subjects, would not cure established infections. These observations suggest that the potential contribution of floxacrine to malaria therapy would be limited to the prophylactic area and for practical reasons would be restricted there by the requirement for daily dosage.", "contents": "Antimalarial properties of floxacrine, a dihydroacridinedione derivative. Evaluations of the activities of floxacrine [7-chloro-10-hydroxy-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroacridine-1,9(2H, 10H)-dione] in owl monkeys infected with trophozoites of a chloroquine-quinine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum, a strain of this plasmodium resistant to both of these quinolines and pyrimethamine, or a strain of P. vivax resistant only to pyrimethamine showed that: (i) this compound regularly effected temporary clearance of parasitemia at daily doses of 1.25 to 2.5 mg/kg; (ii) doses required for the cure of established infections were larger by factors of 6 to 64 than those that effected parasite clearance; (iii) there was more than a 10-fold difference in doses required for the cure of infections with the different strains; and (iv) resistance to floxacrine developed rapidly. Evaluations of the activities of floxacrine in rhesus monkeys challenged with sporozoites of P. cynomolgi showed that: (i) 0.625-mg/kg doses administered daily throughout the incubation period provided complete protection against infection; (ii) single 40.0-mg/kg doses delivered 2 h before sporozoite challenge were without prophylactic activity; and (iii) daily doses of 40.0 mg/kg, the maximum tolerated level, productive of a hemorrhagic syndrome in some subjects, would not cure established infections. These observations suggest that the potential contribution of floxacrine to malaria therapy would be limited to the prophylactic area and for practical reasons would be restricted there by the requirement for daily dosage.", "PMID": 117747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12913", "title": "Erythromycin and clindamycin resistance in Corynebacterium diphtheriae from skin lesions.", "content": "Erythromycin- and clindamycin-resistant Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates were recovered from skin lesions. Resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin was induced by a subinhibitory concentration (0.03 microgram/ml) of erythromycin. Clindamycin (0.07 microgram/ml) was a more effective inducer of its own resistance than of erythromycin resistance. Erythromycin-inducible cross-resistance to vernamycin B alpha was demonstrated in disk diffusion tests.", "contents": "Erythromycin and clindamycin resistance in Corynebacterium diphtheriae from skin lesions. Erythromycin- and clindamycin-resistant Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates were recovered from skin lesions. Resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin was induced by a subinhibitory concentration (0.03 microgram/ml) of erythromycin. Clindamycin (0.07 microgram/ml) was a more effective inducer of its own resistance than of erythromycin resistance. Erythromycin-inducible cross-resistance to vernamycin B alpha was demonstrated in disk diffusion tests.", "PMID": 117748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12914", "title": "Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H.", "content": "Fourteen mycotoxins were tested for inhibitory effects on ribonucleic acid polymerase of rat liver and Escherichia coli and nuclear ribonuclease H of rat liver and Tetrahymena pyriformis. These enzymes were strongly inhibited by (-)-luteoskyrin, (+)-rugulosin, patulin, and PR toxin.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Fourteen mycotoxins were tested for inhibitory effects on ribonucleic acid polymerase of rat liver and Escherichia coli and nuclear ribonuclease H of rat liver and Tetrahymena pyriformis. These enzymes were strongly inhibited by (-)-luteoskyrin, (+)-rugulosin, patulin, and PR toxin.", "PMID": 117749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12915", "title": "Effect of dyes on the quantitative recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "A total of 69 dyes were incorporated separately at different concentrations into an agar medium for evaluation of their effects on the quantitative recovery of five serotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica. One strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one strain of Bacillus cereus were included for comparative purposes. Certain dyes were evaluated further for their selective properties with five additional serotypes of Y. enterocolitica, three strains of P. aeruginosa, and two of Engerobacter spp. Metanil yellow was the only dye which was tolerated bettr by Y. enterocolitica than by P. aeruginosa. Dye sensitivity was variable amond strains of the same serotype of Y. enterocolitica. In general, Y. enterocolitica showed a tolerance to dyes greater than that of gram-positive bacteria and similar to that of other gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "Effect of dyes on the quantitative recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica. A total of 69 dyes were incorporated separately at different concentrations into an agar medium for evaluation of their effects on the quantitative recovery of five serotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica. One strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one strain of Bacillus cereus were included for comparative purposes. Certain dyes were evaluated further for their selective properties with five additional serotypes of Y. enterocolitica, three strains of P. aeruginosa, and two of Engerobacter spp. Metanil yellow was the only dye which was tolerated bettr by Y. enterocolitica than by P. aeruginosa. Dye sensitivity was variable amond strains of the same serotype of Y. enterocolitica. In general, Y. enterocolitica showed a tolerance to dyes greater than that of gram-positive bacteria and similar to that of other gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 117750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12916", "title": "Effect of carbon dioxide on growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens.", "content": "In minimal medium at 30 degrees C, growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens was stimulated when the pressure (p) of CO2 in solution was 100 mm of Hg, but at higher concentrations the growth rate declined linearly with increasing pCO2. All concentrations of CO2 were inhibitory for growth in complex medium, and at 30 degrees C the maximum degree of inhibition was attained when pCO2 was 250 mm of Hg. The degree of inhibition at a constant pCO2 in solution increased with decreasing temperature. The degree of inhibition was directly proportional to temperature for growth in complex medium, but not in minimal medium. The inhibition of cell respiration by CO2 was the same whether cells had been grown in air or in the presence of CO2, indicating that adaptive enzyme synthesis does not occur in response to CO2.", "contents": "Effect of carbon dioxide on growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens. In minimal medium at 30 degrees C, growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens was stimulated when the pressure (p) of CO2 in solution was 100 mm of Hg, but at higher concentrations the growth rate declined linearly with increasing pCO2. All concentrations of CO2 were inhibitory for growth in complex medium, and at 30 degrees C the maximum degree of inhibition was attained when pCO2 was 250 mm of Hg. The degree of inhibition at a constant pCO2 in solution increased with decreasing temperature. The degree of inhibition was directly proportional to temperature for growth in complex medium, but not in minimal medium. The inhibition of cell respiration by CO2 was the same whether cells had been grown in air or in the presence of CO2, indicating that adaptive enzyme synthesis does not occur in response to CO2.", "PMID": 117751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12917", "title": "Effect of chlorine substitution on the bacterial metabolism of various polychlorinated biphenyls.", "content": "Of 36 pure isomers (chlorine numbers 1 to 5) of polychlorinated biphenyls examined, 23 compounds were metabolized by Alcaligenes sp. strain Y42, and 33 compounds were metabolized by Acinetobacter sp. strain P6. The major pathway of many polychlorinated biphenyl isomers examined was considered to proceed through 2',3'-dihydro-2',3'-diol compounds, concomitant dehydrogenated 2',3'-dihydroxy compounds, subsequently the 1',2'-meta-cleavage compounds (chlorinated derivatives of 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoic acids), and then chlorobenzoic acids. The meta-cleavage products were usually converted to chlorobenzoic acids upon further incubation in many polychlorinated biphenyls, but they accumulated specifically in the metabolism of 2,4'-, 2,4,4'-, and 2,5,4'-chlorobiphenyls, which are all chlorinated at the 2,4'-position in the molecules in common. Dihydroxy compounds accumulated mainly in the metabolism of 2,6-, 2,3,6-, 2,4,2',5'-, 2,5,2',5'-, and 2,4,5,2',5'-chlorobiphenyls by Acinetobacter sp. P6. The 2,3,2',3'-, 2,3,2',5'-, and 2,4,5,2',3'-chlorobiphenyls, which are chlorinated at the 2,3-position of one of the rings, were metabolized in a different fashion. Two major metabolites of a chlorobenzoic acid and an unknown compound accumulated always in the metabolism of this group of polychlorinated biphenyls. 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl was metabolized quite differently between the two organisms. Alcaligenes sp. Y42 metabolized this compound very slowly to trichlorobenzoic acid by the major oxidative route. In contrast, Acinetobacter sp. P6 metabolized it to a trihydroxy compound via a dihydroxy compound.", "contents": "Effect of chlorine substitution on the bacterial metabolism of various polychlorinated biphenyls. Of 36 pure isomers (chlorine numbers 1 to 5) of polychlorinated biphenyls examined, 23 compounds were metabolized by Alcaligenes sp. strain Y42, and 33 compounds were metabolized by Acinetobacter sp. strain P6. The major pathway of many polychlorinated biphenyl isomers examined was considered to proceed through 2',3'-dihydro-2',3'-diol compounds, concomitant dehydrogenated 2',3'-dihydroxy compounds, subsequently the 1',2'-meta-cleavage compounds (chlorinated derivatives of 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoic acids), and then chlorobenzoic acids. The meta-cleavage products were usually converted to chlorobenzoic acids upon further incubation in many polychlorinated biphenyls, but they accumulated specifically in the metabolism of 2,4'-, 2,4,4'-, and 2,5,4'-chlorobiphenyls, which are all chlorinated at the 2,4'-position in the molecules in common. Dihydroxy compounds accumulated mainly in the metabolism of 2,6-, 2,3,6-, 2,4,2',5'-, 2,5,2',5'-, and 2,4,5,2',5'-chlorobiphenyls by Acinetobacter sp. P6. The 2,3,2',3'-, 2,3,2',5'-, and 2,4,5,2',3'-chlorobiphenyls, which are chlorinated at the 2,3-position of one of the rings, were metabolized in a different fashion. Two major metabolites of a chlorobenzoic acid and an unknown compound accumulated always in the metabolism of this group of polychlorinated biphenyls. 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl was metabolized quite differently between the two organisms. Alcaligenes sp. Y42 metabolized this compound very slowly to trichlorobenzoic acid by the major oxidative route. In contrast, Acinetobacter sp. P6 metabolized it to a trihydroxy compound via a dihydroxy compound.", "PMID": 117752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12918", "title": "Spore survival during batch dry rendering of abattoir waste.", "content": "Normal batch dry rendering practice does not ensure sterile products, because bacterial spores are protected against thermal denaturation by the high fat-low water content environment which results from drying the materials at temperatures below those required for sterilization.", "contents": "Spore survival during batch dry rendering of abattoir waste. Normal batch dry rendering practice does not ensure sterile products, because bacterial spores are protected against thermal denaturation by the high fat-low water content environment which results from drying the materials at temperatures below those required for sterilization.", "PMID": 117753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12919", "title": "[Analysis on costs-benefits of vaccination against measles (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis has been carried out on costs-benefits of vaccination against measles according to datas available in the Country and particularly in the Lombardy Region. A remarkable economic benefit can be forseen after a transitory period during which only newborns will be vaccinated.", "contents": "[Analysis on costs-benefits of vaccination against measles (author's transl)]. An analysis has been carried out on costs-benefits of vaccination against measles according to datas available in the Country and particularly in the Lombardy Region. A remarkable economic benefit can be forseen after a transitory period during which only newborns will be vaccinated.", "PMID": 117757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12920", "title": "[Characteristics of the virus and of measles vaccines (author's transl)].", "content": "Characteristics of measles virus and some aspects of virus-cell interaction are reported. For their interest, findings from recents investigations on comparison between SSPE isolates and wild strains are summarized. Both inactivated and live attenuated measles vaccines are then briefly described. The former has been used in the U.S.A. from 1963 to 1968 and discontinued thereafter mainly for safety problems, the latter, prepared with Schwarz or with Moraten strain, are in use today for the prophylaxis against measles.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the virus and of measles vaccines (author's transl)]. Characteristics of measles virus and some aspects of virus-cell interaction are reported. For their interest, findings from recents investigations on comparison between SSPE isolates and wild strains are summarized. Both inactivated and live attenuated measles vaccines are then briefly described. The former has been used in the U.S.A. from 1963 to 1968 and discontinued thereafter mainly for safety problems, the latter, prepared with Schwarz or with Moraten strain, are in use today for the prophylaxis against measles.", "PMID": 117758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12921", "title": "Effect of detergent on protease-induced mortality and pulmonary histopathology.", "content": "Adddition of an anionic detergent to aerosols of Bacillus subtilis protease markedly increased mortality in guinea pigs following a single aerosol exposure and altered the nature of the lung pathology after exposure. It was observed that the detergent inhibited in vitro activity of serum protease inhibitors and it is suggested that such impairment may be, in part, responsible for the observed in vivo effects of detergent on protease-induced mortality and pulmonary pathology.", "contents": "Effect of detergent on protease-induced mortality and pulmonary histopathology. Adddition of an anionic detergent to aerosols of Bacillus subtilis protease markedly increased mortality in guinea pigs following a single aerosol exposure and altered the nature of the lung pathology after exposure. It was observed that the detergent inhibited in vitro activity of serum protease inhibitors and it is suggested that such impairment may be, in part, responsible for the observed in vivo effects of detergent on protease-induced mortality and pulmonary pathology.", "PMID": 117756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12922", "title": "Morphologic variations along the length of the monkey vas deferens.", "content": "Gross and microscopic morphology of the vas deferens of sexually mature macaque monkeys were studied with special reference to the changes and modifications occurring throughout its entire length. The vas deferens was subdivided into four regional segments designated proximal, middle, distal, and ampulla. Each segment showed morphologic variations and it seemed to correspond roughly to the region located in a different part of the body which it traverses. The longitudinal folds of the epithelium are simple in the proximal region but gradually become more complex towards the distal region. In the ampulla, they often branch and form crypts. Stereocilia of epithelial cells are taller and more uniform in the proximal portion in comparison with the short, irregular stereocilia found in the more distal segment of the vas deferens. The luminal epithelial cells of the proximal part apparently have no granules or cytoplasmic blebbings, while the principal cells in the distal portion contain large numbers of cytoplasmic granules and apical blebs. Cells in the middle segments possess cytological features intermediate to the proximal and distal regions. These structural variations along the length of the vas deferens sug gest that this segment of the excurrent duct of the testis performs functions other than just as a passageway for spermatozoa.", "contents": "Morphologic variations along the length of the monkey vas deferens. Gross and microscopic morphology of the vas deferens of sexually mature macaque monkeys were studied with special reference to the changes and modifications occurring throughout its entire length. The vas deferens was subdivided into four regional segments designated proximal, middle, distal, and ampulla. Each segment showed morphologic variations and it seemed to correspond roughly to the region located in a different part of the body which it traverses. The longitudinal folds of the epithelium are simple in the proximal region but gradually become more complex towards the distal region. In the ampulla, they often branch and form crypts. Stereocilia of epithelial cells are taller and more uniform in the proximal portion in comparison with the short, irregular stereocilia found in the more distal segment of the vas deferens. The luminal epithelial cells of the proximal part apparently have no granules or cytoplasmic blebbings, while the principal cells in the distal portion contain large numbers of cytoplasmic granules and apical blebs. Cells in the middle segments possess cytological features intermediate to the proximal and distal regions. These structural variations along the length of the vas deferens sug gest that this segment of the excurrent duct of the testis performs functions other than just as a passageway for spermatozoa.", "PMID": 117763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12923", "title": "[The incidence of concealed accessory atrioventricular pathways in paroxysmal junctional tachycardias].", "content": "Forty patients with normal resting ECGs and a history of paroxysmal junctional tachycardia underwent endocavitory electrocardiography. Accessory atrioventricular pathways were demonstrated in 34 patients (82.5%), 14 of whom (35%) had Kent bundles. The ventriculo-atrial conduction time during ventricular stimulation was constantin 85% of the 40 patients but increased after injection of striadyne (ATP). This may suggest a reentry circuit partially bypassing the atrioventricular node.", "contents": "[The incidence of concealed accessory atrioventricular pathways in paroxysmal junctional tachycardias]. Forty patients with normal resting ECGs and a history of paroxysmal junctional tachycardia underwent endocavitory electrocardiography. Accessory atrioventricular pathways were demonstrated in 34 patients (82.5%), 14 of whom (35%) had Kent bundles. The ventriculo-atrial conduction time during ventricular stimulation was constantin 85% of the 40 patients but increased after injection of striadyne (ATP). This may suggest a reentry circuit partially bypassing the atrioventricular node.", "PMID": 117767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12924", "title": "[Mitral valve prolapse and spasmophilia in the adult].", "content": "75 cases of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) for which no cause was found underwent electromyography (EMG). In 64 cases (85.3%) EMG showed changes suggestive of spasmophilia. The symptoms observed were those already described in this condition. The specific clinical signs of spasmophilia were often elicited with a positive Chvostek sign in 20 out of 30 cases (73.3%). Radiological, echocardiographical and haemodynamic studies underlined the hyperkinetic state of the left ventricle. Biochemical investigations showed a high incidence of low erythrocytic magnesium levels. Chest pain suggestive of angina pectoris, mitral valve prolapse and spasmophilia are frequently associated. The role of the low erythrocyte magnesium on left ventricular hyperkinesis and the production of MVP is discussed.", "contents": "[Mitral valve prolapse and spasmophilia in the adult]. 75 cases of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) for which no cause was found underwent electromyography (EMG). In 64 cases (85.3%) EMG showed changes suggestive of spasmophilia. The symptoms observed were those already described in this condition. The specific clinical signs of spasmophilia were often elicited with a positive Chvostek sign in 20 out of 30 cases (73.3%). Radiological, echocardiographical and haemodynamic studies underlined the hyperkinetic state of the left ventricle. Biochemical investigations showed a high incidence of low erythrocytic magnesium levels. Chest pain suggestive of angina pectoris, mitral valve prolapse and spasmophilia are frequently associated. The role of the low erythrocyte magnesium on left ventricular hyperkinesis and the production of MVP is discussed.", "PMID": 117769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12925", "title": "[Electrocardiographic changes during stimulation of the hypothalamus in the dog].", "content": "Electrical stimulation in the area around the ventro-median nuclei of the hypothalamus of the dog produced changes suggestive of ischaemia in the standard bipolar and epicardial leads, principally over the apical, lateral and diaphragmatic walls of the left ventricle. It is suggested that these changes may be the central expression of orthosympathetic stimulation by released catecholamines on the permeability and membrane potentials of the myocardial cells with respect to ions, especially Ca++.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic changes during stimulation of the hypothalamus in the dog]. Electrical stimulation in the area around the ventro-median nuclei of the hypothalamus of the dog produced changes suggestive of ischaemia in the standard bipolar and epicardial leads, principally over the apical, lateral and diaphragmatic walls of the left ventricle. It is suggested that these changes may be the central expression of orthosympathetic stimulation by released catecholamines on the permeability and membrane potentials of the myocardial cells with respect to ions, especially Ca++.", "PMID": 117770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12926", "title": "[Late thrombosis of mitral valve prosthesis in 27 cases].", "content": "Twenty seven cases of late thrombosis of ball and floating or tilting disc prostheses were studied. All patients were on anticoagulant therapy which appeared to be well adapted in 33% patients. Signs suggestive of thrombosis were inconsistant and the diagnosis was made on the association of severl of the following features: -- systemic embolism (44%); -- radiographic signs of left ventricular failure (51%); -- absence of opening click, variable A2 -- opening click intervals, apparition or aggravation of a systolic regurgitant murmur or a distolic murmur suggestive of obstruction on the phonocardiogramme; -- delayed opening of the mobile component or the presence of abnormal echos between the ball and anterior cage echo on the echocardiogramme; -- a gradient of over 12 mmHg across the prosthesis. An isolated episode of systemic embolism when the rest of the work-up is negative may be managed by the addition of a platelet antiaggregant and reinforcement of the anticoagulant therapy; further investigaton is advisable in the face of progressive symptoms. Fibrinolytic treatment and/or surgery is justified when systemic emboli recur or if the work-up is positive.", "contents": "[Late thrombosis of mitral valve prosthesis in 27 cases]. Twenty seven cases of late thrombosis of ball and floating or tilting disc prostheses were studied. All patients were on anticoagulant therapy which appeared to be well adapted in 33% patients. Signs suggestive of thrombosis were inconsistant and the diagnosis was made on the association of severl of the following features: -- systemic embolism (44%); -- radiographic signs of left ventricular failure (51%); -- absence of opening click, variable A2 -- opening click intervals, apparition or aggravation of a systolic regurgitant murmur or a distolic murmur suggestive of obstruction on the phonocardiogramme; -- delayed opening of the mobile component or the presence of abnormal echos between the ball and anterior cage echo on the echocardiogramme; -- a gradient of over 12 mmHg across the prosthesis. An isolated episode of systemic embolism when the rest of the work-up is negative may be managed by the addition of a platelet antiaggregant and reinforcement of the anticoagulant therapy; further investigaton is advisable in the face of progressive symptoms. Fibrinolytic treatment and/or surgery is justified when systemic emboli recur or if the work-up is positive.", "PMID": 117771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12927", "title": "[Artefacts during continuous electrocardiography by the Holter method].", "content": "Continuous ECG by the Holter method provides valuable information on the electrical activity of the heart but the interpretation of the playback may be made difficult by the presence of artefacts. The principal artefacts which may mimic arrhythmias or blocks, disturb QRS detection or deform the ventricular depolarisation are described. The majority are caused by incomplete preparation of the patient or the electrodes, but others may arise from a mechanical or electrical fault. Artefacts interfere with the automatic analysis of the tape, which is one reason for knowing the limitations of these systems of automatic analysis, and therefore control visual reinterpretation is necessary in cases where there is the slightest doubt. The presence of these artefacts is a limitation of the Holter method, the practice of which demands a certain amount of experience to avoid incorrect diagnoses which could lead to inappropriate or injustified therapy.", "contents": "[Artefacts during continuous electrocardiography by the Holter method]. Continuous ECG by the Holter method provides valuable information on the electrical activity of the heart but the interpretation of the playback may be made difficult by the presence of artefacts. The principal artefacts which may mimic arrhythmias or blocks, disturb QRS detection or deform the ventricular depolarisation are described. The majority are caused by incomplete preparation of the patient or the electrodes, but others may arise from a mechanical or electrical fault. Artefacts interfere with the automatic analysis of the tape, which is one reason for knowing the limitations of these systems of automatic analysis, and therefore control visual reinterpretation is necessary in cases where there is the slightest doubt. The presence of these artefacts is a limitation of the Holter method, the practice of which demands a certain amount of experience to avoid incorrect diagnoses which could lead to inappropriate or injustified therapy.", "PMID": 117773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12928", "title": "[Right ventricular dysplasia; a study in 7 cases].", "content": "Seven new cases of right ventricular dysplasia are described, five of which were complicated by ventricular tachycardia. The frontiers of this syndrome are unclear and it is uncertain whether it should be considered as a separate disease entity, or as a minor form of \"paper thin\" right ventricle or Uhl's disease.", "contents": "[Right ventricular dysplasia; a study in 7 cases]. Seven new cases of right ventricular dysplasia are described, five of which were complicated by ventricular tachycardia. The frontiers of this syndrome are unclear and it is uncertain whether it should be considered as a separate disease entity, or as a minor form of \"paper thin\" right ventricle or Uhl's disease.", "PMID": 117774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12929", "title": "[Antiarrhythmic action of disopyramide: a study of plasma levels].", "content": "The action of dysopyramide was studied in 13 patients, 11 with ventricular and 2 with supraventricular arrhythmias. The drug was given parenterally at first and then by mouth. The patients were monitored with an arrhythmia counter and the plasma levels of disopyramide measured throughout the treatment period. The plasma level was stable at about 4 micrograms/ml during the different phases. Toxic levels of 10 microgram/ml were observed in 1 patient in renal failure. The antiarrhythmic action was very effective (70% success), especially on the ventricular arrhythmias. Two of the four patients who failed to respond to treatment had low, non-therapeutic plasma levels. The dosage should be adapted with respect to the patient's weight and renal function.", "contents": "[Antiarrhythmic action of disopyramide: a study of plasma levels]. The action of dysopyramide was studied in 13 patients, 11 with ventricular and 2 with supraventricular arrhythmias. The drug was given parenterally at first and then by mouth. The patients were monitored with an arrhythmia counter and the plasma levels of disopyramide measured throughout the treatment period. The plasma level was stable at about 4 micrograms/ml during the different phases. Toxic levels of 10 microgram/ml were observed in 1 patient in renal failure. The antiarrhythmic action was very effective (70% success), especially on the ventricular arrhythmias. Two of the four patients who failed to respond to treatment had low, non-therapeutic plasma levels. The dosage should be adapted with respect to the patient's weight and renal function.", "PMID": 117775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12930", "title": "[Familial cardiomyopathy: a study of two families with myocardial and skeletal muscle biopsies].", "content": "Cardiomyopathy was diagnosed in several members of two families. This familial cardiomyopathy showed symmetrical or asymmetrical hypertrophy of the ventricular walls with or without obstruction to the left ventricular outflow tract. Certain forms were asymptomatic and were revealed by the family history and echocardiography. Myocardial and intercostal muscle biopsy was performed for a biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Different myocardial features were observed in the two families: a large increase in the glycogen deposits in the one, without clinical signs of a glycogen storage disease, and intracellular deposits of a filamentous protein substance in the other.", "contents": "[Familial cardiomyopathy: a study of two families with myocardial and skeletal muscle biopsies]. Cardiomyopathy was diagnosed in several members of two families. This familial cardiomyopathy showed symmetrical or asymmetrical hypertrophy of the ventricular walls with or without obstruction to the left ventricular outflow tract. Certain forms were asymptomatic and were revealed by the family history and echocardiography. Myocardial and intercostal muscle biopsy was performed for a biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Different myocardial features were observed in the two families: a large increase in the glycogen deposits in the one, without clinical signs of a glycogen storage disease, and intracellular deposits of a filamentous protein substance in the other.", "PMID": 117777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12931", "title": "[Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome with non-obstructive cardiomyopathy treated with methotrexate].", "content": "The case of a 50 year old male with the Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis and generalised pustular psoriasis is reported. This condition wax complicated by non-obstructive cardiomyopathy, congestive cardiac failure and first-degree atrioventricular block, the site of which was localised by electrophysiological studies (nodal block with an infrahisian conduction defect). After failure of several therapeutic regimes, a spectacular improvement was obtained with Methotrexate associated with a diuretic; the signs of heart failure regressed and the cardiomyopathy stablised. A parallel improvement was seen in the skin, cardiac and articular lesions and has been maintained with an 18 months follow-up. Left ventricular performance was studied by echocardiography. The mechanism of the beneficial effect of Methotrexate is unclear; this therapeutic trial is to be extended to include other cases of primary cardiomyopathy without obstruction.", "contents": "[Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome with non-obstructive cardiomyopathy treated with methotrexate]. The case of a 50 year old male with the Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis and generalised pustular psoriasis is reported. This condition wax complicated by non-obstructive cardiomyopathy, congestive cardiac failure and first-degree atrioventricular block, the site of which was localised by electrophysiological studies (nodal block with an infrahisian conduction defect). After failure of several therapeutic regimes, a spectacular improvement was obtained with Methotrexate associated with a diuretic; the signs of heart failure regressed and the cardiomyopathy stablised. A parallel improvement was seen in the skin, cardiac and articular lesions and has been maintained with an 18 months follow-up. Left ventricular performance was studied by echocardiography. The mechanism of the beneficial effect of Methotrexate is unclear; this therapeutic trial is to be extended to include other cases of primary cardiomyopathy without obstruction.", "PMID": 117779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12932", "title": "[Secondary tamponade following cardiac surgery with reference to 3 cases].", "content": "Secondary tamponnade after cardiac surgery occurs after a variable period, generally between the 15th day and the 5th post-operative week. Although this is a rare complication, it occurred three times in a consecutive series of 225 patients (1.3 p. 100). Based on this short experience as compared to the number of cases already published, the authors discuss their opinions on: -- the factors of inflammation and post-operative anticoagulation which predispose to this complication; -- the progress in diagnosis brought about by echocardiography; -- the minimal suggested management of pericardocentesis completed or not by surgical drainage; -- the possibilities of prevention based on prolonged follow-up of patients who present post-operative \"pericardial problems\". In this way it may be possible to eliminate a not negligeable cause of secondary mortality after cardiac surgery.", "contents": "[Secondary tamponade following cardiac surgery with reference to 3 cases]. Secondary tamponnade after cardiac surgery occurs after a variable period, generally between the 15th day and the 5th post-operative week. Although this is a rare complication, it occurred three times in a consecutive series of 225 patients (1.3 p. 100). Based on this short experience as compared to the number of cases already published, the authors discuss their opinions on: -- the factors of inflammation and post-operative anticoagulation which predispose to this complication; -- the progress in diagnosis brought about by echocardiography; -- the minimal suggested management of pericardocentesis completed or not by surgical drainage; -- the possibilities of prevention based on prolonged follow-up of patients who present post-operative \"pericardial problems\". In this way it may be possible to eliminate a not negligeable cause of secondary mortality after cardiac surgery.", "PMID": 117780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12933", "title": "Separation and identification of the carotenoid pigments of stigmata isolated from light-grown cells of Euglena gracilis strain Z.", "content": "Thin layer chromatography of the carotenoid pigments of stigmata isolated from light grown cells of Euglena gracilis strain Z resolved 29 compounds, of which 16 could be eluted and their absorption spectra recorded. Seven of these compounds were identified by a combination of co-chromatography with authentic compounds and by chemical tests, one of these compounds (beta-carotene) was further identified by mass spectrometry. The major carotenoids were found to be beta-carotene, diatoxanthin and diadinoxanthin which together comprised approximately 60% of the stigma pigments. In addition significant quantities of canthaxanthin, echinenone and cryptoxanthin were isolated and a possible carotenoid ester was detected. The results of this analysis are compared with those of previous workers and the significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "Separation and identification of the carotenoid pigments of stigmata isolated from light-grown cells of Euglena gracilis strain Z. Thin layer chromatography of the carotenoid pigments of stigmata isolated from light grown cells of Euglena gracilis strain Z resolved 29 compounds, of which 16 could be eluted and their absorption spectra recorded. Seven of these compounds were identified by a combination of co-chromatography with authentic compounds and by chemical tests, one of these compounds (beta-carotene) was further identified by mass spectrometry. The major carotenoids were found to be beta-carotene, diatoxanthin and diadinoxanthin which together comprised approximately 60% of the stigma pigments. In addition significant quantities of canthaxanthin, echinenone and cryptoxanthin were isolated and a possible carotenoid ester was detected. The results of this analysis are compared with those of previous workers and the significance of the findings is discussed.", "PMID": 117781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12934", "title": "Modulation of E rosette forming activity of human lymphocytes by rosette inhibiting factor (RIF) ann rosette restoring factor (RRF).", "content": "The mechanism of action of RIF and RRF on spontaneous rosette formation by human T lymphocytes with SRBC was studied on cells isolated from healthy donors and from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. E rosette formation by lymphocytes from healthy donor is inhibited in vitro by RIF. The effect of RIF is reversible since the primary activity of lymphocytes can be restored by contact with RRF. On the other hand, E rosette formation by lymphocytes from tuberculous patients by means of RRF can be depressed by RIF to the starting level. It was found that prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (indomethacin and RO 20-5720) prevent inhibition or restoration of E rosette activity by RIF and RRF, respectively.", "contents": "Modulation of E rosette forming activity of human lymphocytes by rosette inhibiting factor (RIF) ann rosette restoring factor (RRF). The mechanism of action of RIF and RRF on spontaneous rosette formation by human T lymphocytes with SRBC was studied on cells isolated from healthy donors and from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. E rosette formation by lymphocytes from healthy donor is inhibited in vitro by RIF. The effect of RIF is reversible since the primary activity of lymphocytes can be restored by contact with RRF. On the other hand, E rosette formation by lymphocytes from tuberculous patients by means of RRF can be depressed by RIF to the starting level. It was found that prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (indomethacin and RO 20-5720) prevent inhibition or restoration of E rosette activity by RIF and RRF, respectively.", "PMID": 117784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12935", "title": "In vitro response to rosette inhibition factor (RIF) and rosette restoring factor (RRF) of human lymphocyte after fractionation on a discontinuous density albumin gradient.", "content": "In vitro studies on peripheral blood lymphocytes from tuberculous patients and healthy subjects are reported. Factors isolated from human serum used in the experiments included the Rosette Inhibition Factor (RIF) from serum of tuberculous patients and the Rosette Restoring Factor (RRF) from serum of healthy subjects. Lymphocytes were fractionated on a discontinuous BSA gradient. Lymphocytes from healthy subjects, sensitive to RIF, as well as lymphocytes from tuberculous patients, sensitive to RRF, were localized in the third fraction of the BSA gradient. A small percentage of bone marrow cells upon coming into contact with RRF spontaneously formed rosettes with SRBC and were also localized in the third fraction after centrifugation in discontinuous BSA gradient. The results indicate that RIF and RRF act on the same subpopulations, probably precursors of T cells.", "contents": "In vitro response to rosette inhibition factor (RIF) and rosette restoring factor (RRF) of human lymphocyte after fractionation on a discontinuous density albumin gradient. In vitro studies on peripheral blood lymphocytes from tuberculous patients and healthy subjects are reported. Factors isolated from human serum used in the experiments included the Rosette Inhibition Factor (RIF) from serum of tuberculous patients and the Rosette Restoring Factor (RRF) from serum of healthy subjects. Lymphocytes were fractionated on a discontinuous BSA gradient. Lymphocytes from healthy subjects, sensitive to RIF, as well as lymphocytes from tuberculous patients, sensitive to RRF, were localized in the third fraction of the BSA gradient. A small percentage of bone marrow cells upon coming into contact with RRF spontaneously formed rosettes with SRBC and were also localized in the third fraction after centrifugation in discontinuous BSA gradient. The results indicate that RIF and RRF act on the same subpopulations, probably precursors of T cells.", "PMID": 117785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12936", "title": "Immunogenic properties of slime produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The slime of 8 various Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was purified and used to immunize rabbits. All studied slime-extracts were strongly immunogenic for animals. The level of antibodies against slime was determined by the passive hemagglutination test. Immune hemagglutinins were present mainly in the IgM fraction of antisera.", "contents": "Immunogenic properties of slime produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The slime of 8 various Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was purified and used to immunize rabbits. All studied slime-extracts were strongly immunogenic for animals. The level of antibodies against slime was determined by the passive hemagglutination test. Immune hemagglutinins were present mainly in the IgM fraction of antisera.", "PMID": 117786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12937", "title": "Cell fusion induced by invertebrate virus. Brief report.", "content": "Inoculation of invertebrate cells with Chilo Iridescent Virus (CIV) leads rapidly to massive formation of syncytia. This polykaryocytosis occurs at a high multiplicity of infection and does not require viral genome expression. Thus, cell fusion appears in non permissive conditions, and CIV suspensions rendered non infections by UV irradiation still retain the ability to produce rapid and extensive cell fusion. In the same way, some polykaryocytes could be detected in vertebrate cells (CV1 cell line). However, this process is more effective and faster in invertebrate cell systems.", "contents": "Cell fusion induced by invertebrate virus. Brief report. Inoculation of invertebrate cells with Chilo Iridescent Virus (CIV) leads rapidly to massive formation of syncytia. This polykaryocytosis occurs at a high multiplicity of infection and does not require viral genome expression. Thus, cell fusion appears in non permissive conditions, and CIV suspensions rendered non infections by UV irradiation still retain the ability to produce rapid and extensive cell fusion. In the same way, some polykaryocytes could be detected in vertebrate cells (CV1 cell line). However, this process is more effective and faster in invertebrate cell systems.", "PMID": 117787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12938", "title": "Synthesis of DNA in cells infected with African swine fever virus.", "content": "Incorporation of 14C-thymidine by cells infected with African swine fever virus (ASFV) occurs in the nucleus. Part of this DNA is transferred to the cytoplasm and becomes resistant to DNAse. The nuclear fraction washed with Triton X100 retained all labeled DNA and was able to synthesize viral and cellular DNA under in vitro conditions in the presence of the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates, Mg+2, and sucrose. Under similar conditions nuclei from uninfected cells synthesized very little DNA.", "contents": "Synthesis of DNA in cells infected with African swine fever virus. Incorporation of 14C-thymidine by cells infected with African swine fever virus (ASFV) occurs in the nucleus. Part of this DNA is transferred to the cytoplasm and becomes resistant to DNAse. The nuclear fraction washed with Triton X100 retained all labeled DNA and was able to synthesize viral and cellular DNA under in vitro conditions in the presence of the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates, Mg+2, and sucrose. Under similar conditions nuclei from uninfected cells synthesized very little DNA.", "PMID": 117788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12939", "title": "Genetic and behavioral studies of female sex appeal in Drosophila.", "content": "The sex appeal of a Drosophila melanogaster female is defined here as the stimulus (or set of stimuli) which induces wing vibration in courting males. A quantitative measure of sex appeal is the cumulative duration of wing vibration induced by a given female averaged over several consecutive test intervals using different standardized male testers (sex appeal parameter, SAP). By use of SAP, both males and females are found to have the same amount of sex appeal on the first day after eclosion. However, males rapidly lose it by the next day, so that mature males become distinct from females. We report the ontogeny of the male's response to sex appeal. By the SAP method, we also demonstrate that the male's response is dependent on his previous encounter with females. The sex appeal of 287 gynandromorphs was examined in order to localize the sex appeal focus by means of blastoderm fate mapping. Most mosaic flies were classified as either positive (femalelike, with high SAPs) or negative (malelike, with SAPs of zero). Sixteen percent of the gynandromorphs had intermediate levels of SAP, inducing only short vibrations, a response which males rarely give to normal females. Assuming that the gynanders with such intermediate sex appeal must have both female and male foci, distances to the foci from external landmarks were calculated. The center of the focus seems to be an internal structure mapping to the ventroposterior region of the blastoderm fate map, close to the primordia of the anterior sternites. The focus might include a large mesodermal area, but only part of it must have a female genotype for the sex appeal to be expressed. A possible involvement of the fat bodies in production of the sex appeal stimulus is discussed in relation to these findings. Consistent with this conclusion is the fact that females whose abdomens were amputated still retain enough sex appeal to induce male wing vibrations.", "contents": "Genetic and behavioral studies of female sex appeal in Drosophila. The sex appeal of a Drosophila melanogaster female is defined here as the stimulus (or set of stimuli) which induces wing vibration in courting males. A quantitative measure of sex appeal is the cumulative duration of wing vibration induced by a given female averaged over several consecutive test intervals using different standardized male testers (sex appeal parameter, SAP). By use of SAP, both males and females are found to have the same amount of sex appeal on the first day after eclosion. However, males rapidly lose it by the next day, so that mature males become distinct from females. We report the ontogeny of the male's response to sex appeal. By the SAP method, we also demonstrate that the male's response is dependent on his previous encounter with females. The sex appeal of 287 gynandromorphs was examined in order to localize the sex appeal focus by means of blastoderm fate mapping. Most mosaic flies were classified as either positive (femalelike, with high SAPs) or negative (malelike, with SAPs of zero). Sixteen percent of the gynandromorphs had intermediate levels of SAP, inducing only short vibrations, a response which males rarely give to normal females. Assuming that the gynanders with such intermediate sex appeal must have both female and male foci, distances to the foci from external landmarks were calculated. The center of the focus seems to be an internal structure mapping to the ventroposterior region of the blastoderm fate map, close to the primordia of the anterior sternites. The focus might include a large mesodermal area, but only part of it must have a female genotype for the sex appeal to be expressed. A possible involvement of the fat bodies in production of the sex appeal stimulus is discussed in relation to these findings. Consistent with this conclusion is the fact that females whose abdomens were amputated still retain enough sex appeal to induce male wing vibrations.", "PMID": 117791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12940", "title": "Genetic basis of aristal morphology in Drosophila melanogaster and its correlation with behavior: selection for increased and decreased aristal branching.", "content": "The aristae of Drosophila have been shown to play a role in mating behavior and geotaxis. Two populations of D. melanogaster were selected for increased and decreased numbers of major aristal branches. Selection was successful and resulted in two lines differing by an average of six aristal branches. Hybridization analyses of selected lines revealed that genes influencing aristal branching are located on both the X chromosome and the autosomes. Polygenic control of aristal morphology is indicated by a gradual response to selection and low realized heritabilities. When selection was relaxed for 19 generations, the number of aristal branches did not revert to the number in the control line. Changes in aristal branching did not appear to have a consistent influence on geotaxis, although there was a tendency for flies with fewer aristal branches to be geonegative. Neither mating speed nor ethological isolation between the two populations was affected by selection. It is concluded that the number of aristal branches in Drosophila is a neutral trait (i.e., not subject to natural selection) under laboratory conditions. Correlations between aristal morphology and behavior found in other selection experiments by previous investigators were likely due to linkage disequilibria.", "contents": "Genetic basis of aristal morphology in Drosophila melanogaster and its correlation with behavior: selection for increased and decreased aristal branching. The aristae of Drosophila have been shown to play a role in mating behavior and geotaxis. Two populations of D. melanogaster were selected for increased and decreased numbers of major aristal branches. Selection was successful and resulted in two lines differing by an average of six aristal branches. Hybridization analyses of selected lines revealed that genes influencing aristal branching are located on both the X chromosome and the autosomes. Polygenic control of aristal morphology is indicated by a gradual response to selection and low realized heritabilities. When selection was relaxed for 19 generations, the number of aristal branches did not revert to the number in the control line. Changes in aristal branching did not appear to have a consistent influence on geotaxis, although there was a tendency for flies with fewer aristal branches to be geonegative. Neither mating speed nor ethological isolation between the two populations was affected by selection. It is concluded that the number of aristal branches in Drosophila is a neutral trait (i.e., not subject to natural selection) under laboratory conditions. Correlations between aristal morphology and behavior found in other selection experiments by previous investigators were likely due to linkage disequilibria.", "PMID": 117792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12941", "title": "Chemical characterization of a new Japanese variant of carbonic anhydrase I, CA INagasaki 1 (76 arg leads to gln).", "content": "A new inherited variant of carbonic anhydrase I (CA I), designated CA INagasaki 1 (CA INGS 1), was discovered during a survey of hemolysates from 5852 individuals from the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Analysis of the amino acid composition of a tryptic peptide from the CA INGS 1 variant indicated that a glutaminyl residue was substituted for an arginyl residue at position 76. Heat degradation studies showed that the CA INGS 1 variant was less stable than normal CA I. The CO2 hydrase and esterase activities of the normal and variant carbonic anhydrases I, as well as the relative amounts of the two enzymes in heterozygotes, were similar.", "contents": "Chemical characterization of a new Japanese variant of carbonic anhydrase I, CA INagasaki 1 (76 arg leads to gln). A new inherited variant of carbonic anhydrase I (CA I), designated CA INagasaki 1 (CA INGS 1), was discovered during a survey of hemolysates from 5852 individuals from the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Analysis of the amino acid composition of a tryptic peptide from the CA INGS 1 variant indicated that a glutaminyl residue was substituted for an arginyl residue at position 76. Heat degradation studies showed that the CA INGS 1 variant was less stable than normal CA I. The CO2 hydrase and esterase activities of the normal and variant carbonic anhydrases I, as well as the relative amounts of the two enzymes in heterozygotes, were similar.", "PMID": 117793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12942", "title": "An analysis of cytoplasmic RNA populations in Drosophila melanogaster, Oregon R.", "content": "Nucleic acid reassociation methods were used to estimate the number of different polyadenylated RNA [poly (A) + RNA] sequences in the cytoplasm of whole Drosophila melanogaster at different stages of development and in the cytoplasm of cells of the L3 cell line. The number-average length (LN) of poly (A) + RNA from L3 cells is 1.4 kb, and the steady-state LN of the poly (A) tracts is 70 nucleotides. Analysis of RNA-driven reassociation with copy DNA shows that the poly (A) + RNA from L3 cells contains 5200 different sequences distributed in three abundance classes. The RNA forms hybrid duplexes with about 4.5% of single-copy Drosophila DNA, corresponding to 6500 sequences of 1.4 kb. The LN of poly (A) tracts present in whole embryos, larvae, pupae, and imagos is in each case close to 70 nucleotides. RNA-driven reassociation experiments show that poly (A) + RNA from these sources contains, respectively, 3500, greater than or equal to 4900, 6900, and greater than or equal to 4900 sequences. Cross-hybridization reactions show extensive homology between these RNA populations. All five poly (A) + RNA preparations contain a prominent component with a sedimentation coefficient of 13 and a size of 1.78 kb, which is shown to be the larger species of mitochondrial rRNA. This rRNA binds to oligo (dT) cellulose and serves as an efficient template for cDNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase. In RNA-driven reassociation experiments it behaves like an abundant mRNA.", "contents": "An analysis of cytoplasmic RNA populations in Drosophila melanogaster, Oregon R. Nucleic acid reassociation methods were used to estimate the number of different polyadenylated RNA [poly (A) + RNA] sequences in the cytoplasm of whole Drosophila melanogaster at different stages of development and in the cytoplasm of cells of the L3 cell line. The number-average length (LN) of poly (A) + RNA from L3 cells is 1.4 kb, and the steady-state LN of the poly (A) tracts is 70 nucleotides. Analysis of RNA-driven reassociation with copy DNA shows that the poly (A) + RNA from L3 cells contains 5200 different sequences distributed in three abundance classes. The RNA forms hybrid duplexes with about 4.5% of single-copy Drosophila DNA, corresponding to 6500 sequences of 1.4 kb. The LN of poly (A) tracts present in whole embryos, larvae, pupae, and imagos is in each case close to 70 nucleotides. RNA-driven reassociation experiments show that poly (A) + RNA from these sources contains, respectively, 3500, greater than or equal to 4900, 6900, and greater than or equal to 4900 sequences. Cross-hybridization reactions show extensive homology between these RNA populations. All five poly (A) + RNA preparations contain a prominent component with a sedimentation coefficient of 13 and a size of 1.78 kb, which is shown to be the larger species of mitochondrial rRNA. This rRNA binds to oligo (dT) cellulose and serves as an efficient template for cDNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase. In RNA-driven reassociation experiments it behaves like an abundant mRNA.", "PMID": 117794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12943", "title": "Increasing the resolution of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by varying the degree of gel crosslinking.", "content": "Resolution of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis may be substantially improved by taking advantage of the gel sieving effects of varying concentrations of bisacrylamide crosslinker. A dilution procedure is described which permits simultaneous variation of both total acrylamide concentration and percent crosslinking within a single linear regression alaysis.", "contents": "Increasing the resolution of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by varying the degree of gel crosslinking. Resolution of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis may be substantially improved by taking advantage of the gel sieving effects of varying concentrations of bisacrylamide crosslinker. A dilution procedure is described which permits simultaneous variation of both total acrylamide concentration and percent crosslinking within a single linear regression alaysis.", "PMID": 117795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12944", "title": "Purine transport by malpighian tubules of pteridine-deficient eye color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Uptakes of guanine into Malpighian tubules of wild-type Drosophila and the eye color mutants white (w), brown (bw), and pink-peach (pp) have been compared. Tubules for each of these mutants are unable to concentrate guanine intracellularly. The transport of xanthine and riboflavin is also deficient in w tubules. The transport of guanosine, adenine, hypoxanthine, and guanosine monophosphate is similar in wild-type and white Malpighian tubules. These data and other information about these mutants make it likely that these pteridine-deficient eye color mutants do not produce pigments because of the inability to transport a pteridine precursor. This view supports the hypothesis that mutants which lack both pteridine and ommochromes do so because precursors to both classes of pigments share a common transport system.", "contents": "Purine transport by malpighian tubules of pteridine-deficient eye color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Uptakes of guanine into Malpighian tubules of wild-type Drosophila and the eye color mutants white (w), brown (bw), and pink-peach (pp) have been compared. Tubules for each of these mutants are unable to concentrate guanine intracellularly. The transport of xanthine and riboflavin is also deficient in w tubules. The transport of guanosine, adenine, hypoxanthine, and guanosine monophosphate is similar in wild-type and white Malpighian tubules. These data and other information about these mutants make it likely that these pteridine-deficient eye color mutants do not produce pigments because of the inability to transport a pteridine precursor. This view supports the hypothesis that mutants which lack both pteridine and ommochromes do so because precursors to both classes of pigments share a common transport system.", "PMID": 117796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12945", "title": "Properties of allophycocyanin II and its alpha- and beta-subunits from the thermophilic blue--green alga Mastigocladus laminosus.", "content": "Purified allophycocyanin II and its subunits have been examined with respect to spectroscopic properties, sedimentation, reconstitution and isoelectric behaviour. In 0.02m-potassium phosphate buffer, pH8.0, and at a concentration of 0.25mg/ml, allophycocyanin II and its alpha- and beta-subunits show visible absorption maxima at 650, 615 and 615nm respectively, whereas the fluorescence emission maxima were determined to be at 662, 640 and 630nm respectively. The absorption difference spectrum (dilution difference) of allophycocyanin II displays maxima at 650 and 590nm with a minimum at 610nm. The c.d. spectrum of allophycocyanin II showed only one positive-ellipticity band at 635nm, and a major negative-ellipticity band at 340nm. Oxidation of allophycocyanin II, low- and high-pH solutions (pH3.0 and 11.0), various ethanol concentrations as well as dialysis against distilled water induce a spectral change leading to phycocyanin-like characteristics. In most cases these shifts are reversible. Allophycocyanin II is thermostable over a period of 60min at temperatures up to 60 degrees C. The isoelectric points of allophycocyanin II and its alpha- and beta-subunits are 4.65, 4.64 and 4.82 respectively. Estimated molecular weights from sedimentation-equilibrium analyses were 102500 for allophycocycanin II, 16000 for the alpha- and 31500 for the beta-subunit. Recombination of alpha- and beta-subunits leads to allophycocyanin II, which is indistinguishable from native allophycocyanin with respect to its spectral form, to its gel-filtration and to its electrophoretic behaviour.", "contents": "Properties of allophycocyanin II and its alpha- and beta-subunits from the thermophilic blue--green alga Mastigocladus laminosus. Purified allophycocyanin II and its subunits have been examined with respect to spectroscopic properties, sedimentation, reconstitution and isoelectric behaviour. In 0.02m-potassium phosphate buffer, pH8.0, and at a concentration of 0.25mg/ml, allophycocyanin II and its alpha- and beta-subunits show visible absorption maxima at 650, 615 and 615nm respectively, whereas the fluorescence emission maxima were determined to be at 662, 640 and 630nm respectively. The absorption difference spectrum (dilution difference) of allophycocyanin II displays maxima at 650 and 590nm with a minimum at 610nm. The c.d. spectrum of allophycocyanin II showed only one positive-ellipticity band at 635nm, and a major negative-ellipticity band at 340nm. Oxidation of allophycocyanin II, low- and high-pH solutions (pH3.0 and 11.0), various ethanol concentrations as well as dialysis against distilled water induce a spectral change leading to phycocyanin-like characteristics. In most cases these shifts are reversible. Allophycocyanin II is thermostable over a period of 60min at temperatures up to 60 degrees C. The isoelectric points of allophycocyanin II and its alpha- and beta-subunits are 4.65, 4.64 and 4.82 respectively. Estimated molecular weights from sedimentation-equilibrium analyses were 102500 for allophycocycanin II, 16000 for the alpha- and 31500 for the beta-subunit. Recombination of alpha- and beta-subunits leads to allophycocyanin II, which is indistinguishable from native allophycocyanin with respect to its spectral form, to its gel-filtration and to its electrophoretic behaviour.", "PMID": 117797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12946", "title": "Purification and characterization of NADPH--cytochrome c reductase from the midgut of the southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania).", "content": "1. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was solubilized with bromelain and purified about 400-fold from sucrose/pyrophosphate-washed microsomal fractions from southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania) larval midguts. 2. The enzyme has a mol.wt. of 70 035 +/- 1300 and contained 2 mol of flavin/mol of enzyme consisting of almost equimolar amounts of FMN and FAD. 3. Aerobic titration of the enzyme with NADPH caused the formation of a stable half-reduced state at 0.5 mol of NADPH/mol of flavin. 4. Kinetic analysis showed that the reduction of cytochrome c proceeded by a Bi Bi Ping Pong mechanism. 5. Apparent Km values for NADPH and cytochrome c and Ki values for NADP+ and 2'-AMP were considerably higher for the insect reductase than for the mammalian liver enzyme. 6. These are discussed in relation to possible differences in the active sites of the enzymes.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of NADPH--cytochrome c reductase from the midgut of the southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania). 1. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was solubilized with bromelain and purified about 400-fold from sucrose/pyrophosphate-washed microsomal fractions from southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania) larval midguts. 2. The enzyme has a mol.wt. of 70 035 +/- 1300 and contained 2 mol of flavin/mol of enzyme consisting of almost equimolar amounts of FMN and FAD. 3. Aerobic titration of the enzyme with NADPH caused the formation of a stable half-reduced state at 0.5 mol of NADPH/mol of flavin. 4. Kinetic analysis showed that the reduction of cytochrome c proceeded by a Bi Bi Ping Pong mechanism. 5. Apparent Km values for NADPH and cytochrome c and Ki values for NADP+ and 2'-AMP were considerably higher for the insect reductase than for the mammalian liver enzyme. 6. These are discussed in relation to possible differences in the active sites of the enzymes.", "PMID": 117798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12947", "title": "Characterization and localization of human placental ferritin.", "content": "Ferritin has been purified from normal full-term human placentae and its antigenic and molecular characteristics compared with adult liver ferritin. Placental ferritin is composed predominantly of a single subunit type, co-migrating with a liver ferritin standard on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Comparison of dose-response curves in an immunoradiometric assay indicated some tissue-specific antigenicity for placental ferritin. This was supported by immunofluorescence studies on cryostat sections of human placentae by using antibodies to placental and spleen ferritin. Specific staining for placental ferritin was demonstrated within placental syncytiotrophoblast, particularly localized towards the microvillus plasma membrane. Ferritin has also been shown by electrophoretic and antigenic analysis to be present in protein fractions solubilized from isolated human syncytiotrophoblast microvillus plasma-membrane preparations, suggesting that ferritin may play an active role in the transfer of iron from maternal transferrin across the syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane.", "contents": "Characterization and localization of human placental ferritin. Ferritin has been purified from normal full-term human placentae and its antigenic and molecular characteristics compared with adult liver ferritin. Placental ferritin is composed predominantly of a single subunit type, co-migrating with a liver ferritin standard on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Comparison of dose-response curves in an immunoradiometric assay indicated some tissue-specific antigenicity for placental ferritin. This was supported by immunofluorescence studies on cryostat sections of human placentae by using antibodies to placental and spleen ferritin. Specific staining for placental ferritin was demonstrated within placental syncytiotrophoblast, particularly localized towards the microvillus plasma membrane. Ferritin has also been shown by electrophoretic and antigenic analysis to be present in protein fractions solubilized from isolated human syncytiotrophoblast microvillus plasma-membrane preparations, suggesting that ferritin may play an active role in the transfer of iron from maternal transferrin across the syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane.", "PMID": 117799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12948", "title": "Stimulation by secretin of bilirubin UDP-glycosyltransferase activities and of cytochrome P-450 concentration in rat liver.", "content": "The activity of bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase in liver tissue was increased 1.5-fold after 90 min of secretion administration (4 i.u./h per kg body wt.) in anaesthetized Wistar rats biopsied half-hourly over a period of 2 h. In unanaesthetized R/A Wistar rats, activities of liver enzymes were assayed after administration secretin for 1 h. Bilirubin UDP-glycosyltransferase activities and cytochrome P-450 concentration were increased, but p-nitrophenol UDP-glucuronyltransferase and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activities remained unchanged.", "contents": "Stimulation by secretin of bilirubin UDP-glycosyltransferase activities and of cytochrome P-450 concentration in rat liver. The activity of bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase in liver tissue was increased 1.5-fold after 90 min of secretion administration (4 i.u./h per kg body wt.) in anaesthetized Wistar rats biopsied half-hourly over a period of 2 h. In unanaesthetized R/A Wistar rats, activities of liver enzymes were assayed after administration secretin for 1 h. Bilirubin UDP-glycosyltransferase activities and cytochrome P-450 concentration were increased, but p-nitrophenol UDP-glucuronyltransferase and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activities remained unchanged.", "PMID": 117800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12949", "title": "Gold-induced changes in the morphology and functional capabilities of human monocytes.", "content": "The capacity of gold compounds to induce morphologic changes and alterations in the functional activity of human mononuclear phagocytes (M phi) in vitro was examined. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated with gold sodium thiomalate (25 microgram/ml) for 96 hours. As a result, M phi developed electron dense precipitates within phagolysosomes, as well as marked dilatation of these organelles. Gold incubation also altered a number of M phi functions. While viability and adherence were unaffected, the capacity to spread on surfaces was diminished. Pinocytosis of soluble proteins and phagocytosis of opsonized sheep erythrocytes were impaired, but Fc mediated particle binding was not. These data indicate that gold can alter certain functional activities of M phi and support the idea that the major action of gold in rheumatoid arthritis results from its capacity to alter M phi function.", "contents": "Gold-induced changes in the morphology and functional capabilities of human monocytes. The capacity of gold compounds to induce morphologic changes and alterations in the functional activity of human mononuclear phagocytes (M phi) in vitro was examined. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated with gold sodium thiomalate (25 microgram/ml) for 96 hours. As a result, M phi developed electron dense precipitates within phagolysosomes, as well as marked dilatation of these organelles. Gold incubation also altered a number of M phi functions. While viability and adherence were unaffected, the capacity to spread on surfaces was diminished. Pinocytosis of soluble proteins and phagocytosis of opsonized sheep erythrocytes were impaired, but Fc mediated particle binding was not. These data indicate that gold can alter certain functional activities of M phi and support the idea that the major action of gold in rheumatoid arthritis results from its capacity to alter M phi function.", "PMID": 117813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12950", "title": "The gastric antisecretory activity of 3-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-8-thiocarboxamide hydrochloride (tiquinamide).", "content": "3-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-8-thiocarboxamide hydrochloride (tiquinamide) possesses potent gastric antisecretory activity in a number of animal species. It causes a marked inhibition in the volume and concentration of basal and chemically-stimulated gastric acid secretion in the conscious rat and guinea-pig, and of chemically-stimulated secretion in the anaesthetised cat, dog and monkey. Marked activity is also seen in conscious Heidenhain-pouch dogs, against secretion stimulated by betazole and gastrin tetrapeptide. In the pylorus-ligated rat preparation, the antisecretory effect of 30 mg/kg tiquinamide persists for 8-9 h. The possible mode of action of this drug, in view of its wide non-selective antisecretory profile, is discussed.", "contents": "The gastric antisecretory activity of 3-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-8-thiocarboxamide hydrochloride (tiquinamide). 3-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-8-thiocarboxamide hydrochloride (tiquinamide) possesses potent gastric antisecretory activity in a number of animal species. It causes a marked inhibition in the volume and concentration of basal and chemically-stimulated gastric acid secretion in the conscious rat and guinea-pig, and of chemically-stimulated secretion in the anaesthetised cat, dog and monkey. Marked activity is also seen in conscious Heidenhain-pouch dogs, against secretion stimulated by betazole and gastrin tetrapeptide. In the pylorus-ligated rat preparation, the antisecretory effect of 30 mg/kg tiquinamide persists for 8-9 h. The possible mode of action of this drug, in view of its wide non-selective antisecretory profile, is discussed.", "PMID": 117815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12951", "title": "beta-lactoglobulins in the mammary secretions of camel (Camelus dromedarius) and she-ass. Immunological detection and preliminary physico-chemical characterization.", "content": "The mammary secretions of a monogastric, the ass, and those of a Tylopode, the camel (camelus dromedarius), were examined by double diffusion in agarose gel against rabbit sera anti-bovine beta-lactoglobulin. Clear precipitin reactions were obtained. After immunoelectrophoresis the camel and she-ass beta-lactoglobulins showed very different electrophoretic mobilities.", "contents": "beta-lactoglobulins in the mammary secretions of camel (Camelus dromedarius) and she-ass. Immunological detection and preliminary physico-chemical characterization. The mammary secretions of a monogastric, the ass, and those of a Tylopode, the camel (camelus dromedarius), were examined by double diffusion in agarose gel against rabbit sera anti-bovine beta-lactoglobulin. Clear precipitin reactions were obtained. After immunoelectrophoresis the camel and she-ass beta-lactoglobulins showed very different electrophoretic mobilities.", "PMID": 117816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12952", "title": "[Collagen and hydroxyproline in carcass and skin of young rats fed with hypoproteic and hypocaloric diet].", "content": "The AA, reports the variations of collagen of carcass and skin of overnourished and proteic and caloric malnourished rats. The level of collagen is higher in malnourished when compared with normal and overnourished rats. The insoluble hydroxyproline concentration is higher in malnourished than in overnourished rats. This is reported to a variation of metabolic enzymatic patterns related to the catabolism of collagen.", "contents": "[Collagen and hydroxyproline in carcass and skin of young rats fed with hypoproteic and hypocaloric diet]. The AA, reports the variations of collagen of carcass and skin of overnourished and proteic and caloric malnourished rats. The level of collagen is higher in malnourished when compared with normal and overnourished rats. The insoluble hydroxyproline concentration is higher in malnourished than in overnourished rats. This is reported to a variation of metabolic enzymatic patterns related to the catabolism of collagen.", "PMID": 117817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12953", "title": "Whole body potassium and total exchangeable potassium in elderly patients with cardiac-failure.", "content": "Body potassium status of patients with cardiac failure may be estimated by a number of methods, but increasing reliance is being placed upon radioisotope dilution with 42K which measures the total exchangeable potassium. Total exchangeable potassium comprises between 86 per cent and 97 per cent of whole body potassium in healthy subjects. We have measured total exchangeable potassium in 22 oedema-free elderly patients with stable cardiac failure and compared the results with simultaneously determined measurements of whole body potassium obtained by whole body counting. The mean whole body potassium was 2360 +/- 640 mmol. The mean value of total exchangeable potassium measured at 24 hours was 1820 +/- 610 mmol (77% of whole body potassium) and increased further to 2000 +/- 600 mmol (84%) when measured after 48 hours. In patients with cardiac failure and, perhaps, also other patients with a history of fluid retention, the mixing of a tracer dose may be significantly delayed, which if not appreciated may lead to an overestimate of potassium depletion.", "contents": "Whole body potassium and total exchangeable potassium in elderly patients with cardiac-failure. Body potassium status of patients with cardiac failure may be estimated by a number of methods, but increasing reliance is being placed upon radioisotope dilution with 42K which measures the total exchangeable potassium. Total exchangeable potassium comprises between 86 per cent and 97 per cent of whole body potassium in healthy subjects. We have measured total exchangeable potassium in 22 oedema-free elderly patients with stable cardiac failure and compared the results with simultaneously determined measurements of whole body potassium obtained by whole body counting. The mean whole body potassium was 2360 +/- 640 mmol. The mean value of total exchangeable potassium measured at 24 hours was 1820 +/- 610 mmol (77% of whole body potassium) and increased further to 2000 +/- 600 mmol (84%) when measured after 48 hours. In patients with cardiac failure and, perhaps, also other patients with a history of fluid retention, the mixing of a tracer dose may be significantly delayed, which if not appreciated may lead to an overestimate of potassium depletion.", "PMID": 117819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12954", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of dopamine and dopamine combined with nitroglycerin in patients subjected to coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of dopamine and dopamine with nitroglycerin were evaluated in eight patients with coronary heart disease who underwent aortocoronary bypass surgery. The study was performed under anaesthesia and before surgery. Dopamine 8 micrograms kg-1 min-1 alone produced a marked increase of the cardiac index from 2.47 to 3.47 litre min-1 m-2 but only small changes in heart rate (from 65 to 68 beat min-1). This improvement in cardiac performance was accompanied by an increase of the mean pulmonary artery pressure from 10.9 to 21.3 mm Hg and in the left ventricular filling pressure from 6.1 to 13.8 mm Hg with unchanged systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. Mean arterial pressure increased from 72 to 103 mm Hg. Simultaneous infusion of dopamine (8 micrograms kg-1 min-1) and nitroglycerin (mean dose 0.5 microgram 21.3 to 14.4 mm Hg) and of left ventricular filling pressure (from 13.8 to 7.9 mm Hg). Cardiac index (from 3.47 to 3.34 litre min-1 m-2) and mean arterial pressure (from 103 to 95 mm Hg) were not reduced to the same extent by the addition of nitroglycerin. The combined treatment of dopamine with nitroglycerine seems to be of value in patients with pre-existing high left ventricular filling pressure or with pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of dopamine and dopamine combined with nitroglycerin in patients subjected to coronary bypass surgery. The haemodynamic effects of dopamine and dopamine with nitroglycerin were evaluated in eight patients with coronary heart disease who underwent aortocoronary bypass surgery. The study was performed under anaesthesia and before surgery. Dopamine 8 micrograms kg-1 min-1 alone produced a marked increase of the cardiac index from 2.47 to 3.47 litre min-1 m-2 but only small changes in heart rate (from 65 to 68 beat min-1). This improvement in cardiac performance was accompanied by an increase of the mean pulmonary artery pressure from 10.9 to 21.3 mm Hg and in the left ventricular filling pressure from 6.1 to 13.8 mm Hg with unchanged systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. Mean arterial pressure increased from 72 to 103 mm Hg. Simultaneous infusion of dopamine (8 micrograms kg-1 min-1) and nitroglycerin (mean dose 0.5 microgram 21.3 to 14.4 mm Hg) and of left ventricular filling pressure (from 13.8 to 7.9 mm Hg). Cardiac index (from 3.47 to 3.34 litre min-1 m-2) and mean arterial pressure (from 103 to 95 mm Hg) were not reduced to the same extent by the addition of nitroglycerin. The combined treatment of dopamine with nitroglycerine seems to be of value in patients with pre-existing high left ventricular filling pressure or with pulmonary hypertension.", "PMID": 117821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12955", "title": "65Zinc absorption in patients suffering from acrodermatitis enteropathica and in normal adults assessed by whole-body counting technique.", "content": "65Zinc absorption was studied in five acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) patients and in eight normal adults by means of a whole-body counting assay. The absorption was calculated from retention values recorded in the time interval 8-30 days after oral administration of the isotope. Two AE patients (7 and 13 years old) had a low absorption, 3.3 and 1.8% respectively, corroborating their high need for additional elemental zinc (about 2 mg/kg/day). Three adult AE patients, all in their twenties, had a considerably lower need for extra zinc (about 0.2 mg/kg/day). Their zinc absorption ranged from 28 to 36% (mean 34%). In the controls the range was 27 - 65% (mean 43%). Turnover of retained 65Zn from day 8 - 30 was about 0.7% in the patient as well as in the control groups. Oral zinc therapy was withdrawn prior to the study. During the zinc-free period (3-7) a marked decrease in serum zinc and serum alkaline phosphatase values was noted in the two children with AE and they showed clinical evidence of zinc deficiency (angular stomatitis, scaling around finger nails, and irritability). None of the adult patients showed such evidence of impending zinc deficiency. One complained of exacerbation of facial acne, and another of pain in her feet. All symptoms disappeared promptly when oral zinc therapy was resumed.", "contents": "65Zinc absorption in patients suffering from acrodermatitis enteropathica and in normal adults assessed by whole-body counting technique. 65Zinc absorption was studied in five acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) patients and in eight normal adults by means of a whole-body counting assay. The absorption was calculated from retention values recorded in the time interval 8-30 days after oral administration of the isotope. Two AE patients (7 and 13 years old) had a low absorption, 3.3 and 1.8% respectively, corroborating their high need for additional elemental zinc (about 2 mg/kg/day). Three adult AE patients, all in their twenties, had a considerably lower need for extra zinc (about 0.2 mg/kg/day). Their zinc absorption ranged from 28 to 36% (mean 34%). In the controls the range was 27 - 65% (mean 43%). Turnover of retained 65Zn from day 8 - 30 was about 0.7% in the patient as well as in the control groups. Oral zinc therapy was withdrawn prior to the study. During the zinc-free period (3-7) a marked decrease in serum zinc and serum alkaline phosphatase values was noted in the two children with AE and they showed clinical evidence of zinc deficiency (angular stomatitis, scaling around finger nails, and irritability). None of the adult patients showed such evidence of impending zinc deficiency. One complained of exacerbation of facial acne, and another of pain in her feet. All symptoms disappeared promptly when oral zinc therapy was resumed.", "PMID": 117822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12956", "title": "Direct iodination of specific residues in crystals of yeast formylatable methionine-accepting transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Crystals of yeast formylatable methionine-accepting transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNAfMet) were iodinated by using a modification of Commerford's procedure [Commerford, S.L. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 1993]. Chromatographic analysis of nuclease digestion products showed that radioactive iodine binds covalently to the 5 position of three nucleotide residues: U8, C73, and C74. These three iodine substitutions were assigned to three peaks in a difference Fourier synthesis comparing the iodinated derivative with native tRNAfMet. In this way the positions of U8, C73, and C74 were marked in the crystal structure of yeast tRNAfMet, providing guidepoints for the interpretation of a 4.5-A electron density map.", "contents": "Direct iodination of specific residues in crystals of yeast formylatable methionine-accepting transfer ribonucleic acid. Crystals of yeast formylatable methionine-accepting transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNAfMet) were iodinated by using a modification of Commerford's procedure [Commerford, S.L. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 1993]. Chromatographic analysis of nuclease digestion products showed that radioactive iodine binds covalently to the 5 position of three nucleotide residues: U8, C73, and C74. These three iodine substitutions were assigned to three peaks in a difference Fourier synthesis comparing the iodinated derivative with native tRNAfMet. In this way the positions of U8, C73, and C74 were marked in the crystal structure of yeast tRNAfMet, providing guidepoints for the interpretation of a 4.5-A electron density map.", "PMID": 117826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12957", "title": "Affinity labeling of a reactive sulfhydryl residue at the peptidyl transferase P site in Drosophila ribosomes.", "content": "An affinity label has been prepared that is specific for the P site of a eucaryotic peptidyl transferase, that of Drosophila melanogaster. It has the sequence C-A-C-C-A-(Ac[3H]Leu) with a mercury atom added at the C-5 position of all three cytosine residues (referred to as the mercurated fragment). This label is an analogue of the 3' terminus of N-acetylleucyl-tRNA. The mercurated fragment binds specifically to the P site of peptidyl transferase. It participates fully in peptide bond formation as judged by its ability to transfer N-acetylleucine to puromycin with at least the same efficiency as a nonmercurated fragment. Once bound to the P site, the mercurated fragment reacts covalently with a ribosomal protein(s). This affinity-labeling process can be effectively competed by nonmercurated fragment, which indicates a site-specific reaction. The covalent attachment of the affinity label to a ribosomal protein(s) occurs through the formation of a mercury-sulfur bond, as judged by its lability in the presence of thiol reducing agents. The major ribosomal protein labeled at the P site of D. melanogaster was found to be a small, basic protein. The electrophoretic behavior of this protein parallels that of major P site proteins found in Escherichia coli ribosomes and in other eucaryotes. These results suggest conservation of some of the overall properties of the P site proteins from these organisms.", "contents": "Affinity labeling of a reactive sulfhydryl residue at the peptidyl transferase P site in Drosophila ribosomes. An affinity label has been prepared that is specific for the P site of a eucaryotic peptidyl transferase, that of Drosophila melanogaster. It has the sequence C-A-C-C-A-(Ac[3H]Leu) with a mercury atom added at the C-5 position of all three cytosine residues (referred to as the mercurated fragment). This label is an analogue of the 3' terminus of N-acetylleucyl-tRNA. The mercurated fragment binds specifically to the P site of peptidyl transferase. It participates fully in peptide bond formation as judged by its ability to transfer N-acetylleucine to puromycin with at least the same efficiency as a nonmercurated fragment. Once bound to the P site, the mercurated fragment reacts covalently with a ribosomal protein(s). This affinity-labeling process can be effectively competed by nonmercurated fragment, which indicates a site-specific reaction. The covalent attachment of the affinity label to a ribosomal protein(s) occurs through the formation of a mercury-sulfur bond, as judged by its lability in the presence of thiol reducing agents. The major ribosomal protein labeled at the P site of D. melanogaster was found to be a small, basic protein. The electrophoretic behavior of this protein parallels that of major P site proteins found in Escherichia coli ribosomes and in other eucaryotes. These results suggest conservation of some of the overall properties of the P site proteins from these organisms.", "PMID": 117829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12958", "title": "Sequence of histone 2B of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The complete sequence of histone 2B of Drosophila has been determined by using an improved Beckman sequenator. Comparing these data with those previously published by other investigators on the histone 2B of calf [Iwai, K., Hayashi, H., & Ishikawa, K. (1972) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 72, 357--367], trout [Koostra, A., & Bailey, G. S. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 2504--2510], and Patella (a limpet) [van Helden, P. D., Strickland, W. N., Brandt, W. F., & von Holt, C. (1979) Eur. J. Biochem. 93, 71--78], it is possible to assess the evolutionary stability of this protein. There is little conservation of sequence in the N-terminal portion of the molecule (residues 1--26 numbering according to calf H2B), while the remainder of the protein, which we designate the C-terminal portion, is highly conserved. In the region of 27--125 residues, there are 9 substitutions in the composite data among the 98 positions, 8 of them conservative. These data indicate that very different selective pressures operate on the two different portions of the H2B molecule, implying the existence of two well-defined regions. Studies on the structure of the nucleosome by others have suggested that the C-terminal portion of H2B is involved in histone-histone interactions while the N-terminal portion is a relatively free \"tail\" binding to DNA. The sequence data indicate that the function of the C-terminal region of H2B requires considerable sequence specificity while that of the N-terminal region does not.", "contents": "Sequence of histone 2B of Drosophila melanogaster. The complete sequence of histone 2B of Drosophila has been determined by using an improved Beckman sequenator. Comparing these data with those previously published by other investigators on the histone 2B of calf [Iwai, K., Hayashi, H., & Ishikawa, K. (1972) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 72, 357--367], trout [Koostra, A., & Bailey, G. S. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 2504--2510], and Patella (a limpet) [van Helden, P. D., Strickland, W. N., Brandt, W. F., & von Holt, C. (1979) Eur. J. Biochem. 93, 71--78], it is possible to assess the evolutionary stability of this protein. There is little conservation of sequence in the N-terminal portion of the molecule (residues 1--26 numbering according to calf H2B), while the remainder of the protein, which we designate the C-terminal portion, is highly conserved. In the region of 27--125 residues, there are 9 substitutions in the composite data among the 98 positions, 8 of them conservative. These data indicate that very different selective pressures operate on the two different portions of the H2B molecule, implying the existence of two well-defined regions. Studies on the structure of the nucleosome by others have suggested that the C-terminal portion of H2B is involved in histone-histone interactions while the N-terminal portion is a relatively free \"tail\" binding to DNA. The sequence data indicate that the function of the C-terminal region of H2B requires considerable sequence specificity while that of the N-terminal region does not.", "PMID": 117830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12959", "title": "Purification and enzymatic properties of lysyl hydroxylase from fetal porcine skin.", "content": "Lysyl hydroxylase from fetal porcine skin is shown to bind in a highly specific manner to aminoethyl-Sepharose 4B. When coupled to ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, chromatography of lysyl hydroxylase preparations on aminoethyl-Sepharose 4B has yielded a highly purified (greater than 95%) preparation of lysyl hydroxylase. The enzyme consists of two subunits with molecular weights of 70 000 and 115 000. The overall recovery of activity was 2.5%, yielding approximately to 3.5 mg of purified enzyme from 900 g of fetal porcine skin. The enzyme is more active at 30 degrees C than at 37 degrees C and has a pH optimum near 8.0. Both catalase and bovine serum albumin are required by the enzyme for maximum activity. The sulfhydryl reagents p-(chloromercuri)-benzoate, N-ethylmaleimide, and iodoacetamide are potent inhibitors of the enzyme, whereas dithiothreitol appears to be an activator.", "contents": "Purification and enzymatic properties of lysyl hydroxylase from fetal porcine skin. Lysyl hydroxylase from fetal porcine skin is shown to bind in a highly specific manner to aminoethyl-Sepharose 4B. When coupled to ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, chromatography of lysyl hydroxylase preparations on aminoethyl-Sepharose 4B has yielded a highly purified (greater than 95%) preparation of lysyl hydroxylase. The enzyme consists of two subunits with molecular weights of 70 000 and 115 000. The overall recovery of activity was 2.5%, yielding approximately to 3.5 mg of purified enzyme from 900 g of fetal porcine skin. The enzyme is more active at 30 degrees C than at 37 degrees C and has a pH optimum near 8.0. Both catalase and bovine serum albumin are required by the enzyme for maximum activity. The sulfhydryl reagents p-(chloromercuri)-benzoate, N-ethylmaleimide, and iodoacetamide are potent inhibitors of the enzyme, whereas dithiothreitol appears to be an activator.", "PMID": 117833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12960", "title": "Ribosome binding site analysis of ovalbumin messenger ribonucleic acid.", "content": "The region of the ovalbumin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNAov) molecule bound to the 40S ribosomal subunit and its associated initiation factors in the wheat germ cell-free translation system were isolated and characterized. Two mRNAov fragments, 87 and 92 nucleotides in length, were protected from T1 ribonuclease digestion by binding of guanosine 5',beta,gamma-methylenetriphosphate and were shown by hybridization and fingerprint mapping to be derived from the 5' end of mRNAov. Both these mRNAov fragments were of sufficient length to contain both the cap structure and the AUG initiation codon. Four T1-resistant oligonucleotides, prepared by direct digestion of mRNAov with T1 ribonuclease were also found to bind to the wheat germ 40S ribosomal subunit. Nucleotide sequence analysis of these oligonucleotides revealed (1) that they were not a subset of the ribosome binding fragments described above, (2) that they were derived from within the mRNAov molecule (one from within the coding region and three from the noncoding region at the 3' end of the mRNAov molecule), and (3) that three of the four mRNAov nucleotides contained 3'-terminal AUG trinucleotides. These data suggested that features of the mRNAov molecule in addition to the nucleotide sequence might be important in specifying the correct ribosome binding site for the initiation of protein synthesis. The amount of mRNAov bound to the wheat germ 40S ribosomal subunit in a preinitiation complex was found to vary inversely with the potassium ion concentration. Lowering the potassium concentration to levels suboptimal for translation also resulted in the protection of larger fragments of the mRNAov molecule derived from the same 5'-end region as the ribosome binding fragments described above. The ability of the cap analogue 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate (m7G5'p) to reduce the amount of mRNAov bound to the wheat germ 40S ribosomal subunit was found to depend directly on thepotassium concentration. Interestingly, the effects of potassium on the amount of mRNAov bound in a preinitiation complex and the inhibition of this binding by m7G5'p could be observed by changing the potassium concentration after binding had occurred. These data suggested that the interaction between the wheat germ 40S ribosomal subunit and mRNAov was very sensitive to the ionic environment.", "contents": "Ribosome binding site analysis of ovalbumin messenger ribonucleic acid. The region of the ovalbumin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNAov) molecule bound to the 40S ribosomal subunit and its associated initiation factors in the wheat germ cell-free translation system were isolated and characterized. Two mRNAov fragments, 87 and 92 nucleotides in length, were protected from T1 ribonuclease digestion by binding of guanosine 5',beta,gamma-methylenetriphosphate and were shown by hybridization and fingerprint mapping to be derived from the 5' end of mRNAov. Both these mRNAov fragments were of sufficient length to contain both the cap structure and the AUG initiation codon. Four T1-resistant oligonucleotides, prepared by direct digestion of mRNAov with T1 ribonuclease were also found to bind to the wheat germ 40S ribosomal subunit. Nucleotide sequence analysis of these oligonucleotides revealed (1) that they were not a subset of the ribosome binding fragments described above, (2) that they were derived from within the mRNAov molecule (one from within the coding region and three from the noncoding region at the 3' end of the mRNAov molecule), and (3) that three of the four mRNAov nucleotides contained 3'-terminal AUG trinucleotides. These data suggested that features of the mRNAov molecule in addition to the nucleotide sequence might be important in specifying the correct ribosome binding site for the initiation of protein synthesis. The amount of mRNAov bound to the wheat germ 40S ribosomal subunit in a preinitiation complex was found to vary inversely with the potassium ion concentration. Lowering the potassium concentration to levels suboptimal for translation also resulted in the protection of larger fragments of the mRNAov molecule derived from the same 5'-end region as the ribosome binding fragments described above. The ability of the cap analogue 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate (m7G5'p) to reduce the amount of mRNAov bound to the wheat germ 40S ribosomal subunit was found to depend directly on thepotassium concentration. Interestingly, the effects of potassium on the amount of mRNAov bound in a preinitiation complex and the inhibition of this binding by m7G5'p could be observed by changing the potassium concentration after binding had occurred. These data suggested that the interaction between the wheat germ 40S ribosomal subunit and mRNAov was very sensitive to the ionic environment.", "PMID": 117832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12961", "title": "Nucleic acid hybridization of highly repeated DNA in extracts of single Drosophila.", "content": "We have developed and characterized a method for the rapid detection and quantitation of specific DNAs in partially purified extracts of single Drosophila. While the method should be applicable to a number of repetitious DNA sequences, we have used the polypyrimidine DNA sequences (TCTCT)n to develop this technique. Using hydroxyapatite chromatography, we were able to measure the amount of nucleic acid hybrid formed and to obtain a thermal elution profile of the hybrid formed in extracts of single flies. Under a variety of conditions, purified DNA and DNA in partially purified extracts gave essentially identical results. The procedure can be used to detect the presence of rare sequences, or to measure the relative abundance of a prevalent DNA species. 40 different wild type strains of Drosophila melanogaster were examined using this technique and all contain similar amounts of the same polypyrimidine/polypurine sequence. From a small scale screening of different laboratory stocks of D. melanogaster, a variant was found which formed more DNA-DNA hybrid with labelled polypyrimidine tracts than did wild type. The additional hybrid was distinguished by a lower thermal stability than the hybrid formed in wild type.", "contents": "Nucleic acid hybridization of highly repeated DNA in extracts of single Drosophila. We have developed and characterized a method for the rapid detection and quantitation of specific DNAs in partially purified extracts of single Drosophila. While the method should be applicable to a number of repetitious DNA sequences, we have used the polypyrimidine DNA sequences (TCTCT)n to develop this technique. Using hydroxyapatite chromatography, we were able to measure the amount of nucleic acid hybrid formed and to obtain a thermal elution profile of the hybrid formed in extracts of single flies. Under a variety of conditions, purified DNA and DNA in partially purified extracts gave essentially identical results. The procedure can be used to detect the presence of rare sequences, or to measure the relative abundance of a prevalent DNA species. 40 different wild type strains of Drosophila melanogaster were examined using this technique and all contain similar amounts of the same polypyrimidine/polypurine sequence. From a small scale screening of different laboratory stocks of D. melanogaster, a variant was found which formed more DNA-DNA hybrid with labelled polypyrimidine tracts than did wild type. The additional hybrid was distinguished by a lower thermal stability than the hybrid formed in wild type.", "PMID": 117834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12962", "title": "Isolation and characterization of cDNA complementary to transient maternal poly(A)+ RNA from the Drosophila oocyte.", "content": "cDNA complementary to total oocyte poly(A)+ RNA from Drosophila melanogaster was enriched for sequences complementary to transient maternal sequences; that is, those sequences which disappear from the oocyte during subsequent. A seven- to ten-fold enrichment factor was obtained, from 5.3% to about 50% of the total cDNA. Kinetic analysis of this enriched fraction indicates that the transient maternal sequences include 44 +/- 14 different sequences.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of cDNA complementary to transient maternal poly(A)+ RNA from the Drosophila oocyte. cDNA complementary to total oocyte poly(A)+ RNA from Drosophila melanogaster was enriched for sequences complementary to transient maternal sequences; that is, those sequences which disappear from the oocyte during subsequent. A seven- to ten-fold enrichment factor was obtained, from 5.3% to about 50% of the total cDNA. Kinetic analysis of this enriched fraction indicates that the transient maternal sequences include 44 +/- 14 different sequences.", "PMID": 117835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12963", "title": "Studies on temperature adaptation in Tetrahymena. Positional distribution of fatty acids and species analysis of phosphatidylethanolamine from Tetrahymena pyriformis grown at different temperatures.", "content": "Phosphatidylethanolamine of 15 degrees C-grown Tetrahymena pyriformis (NT-I) cells contains more polyunsaturated fatty acids than 39.5 degrees C-grown cells. This increase in unsaturation is due to an increase in linoleic (C18 : 2) and linolenic (C18 : 3) acids, and a decrease in myristic (C14 : 0), palmitic (C16 : 0), palmitoleic (C16 : 1) and heptadecanoic (C17 : 0) acids. Compared with 39.5 degrees C-grown cells, the proportion of palmitic acid (C16 : 0) decreased in the 1-position as does at the 2-position in 15 degrees C-grown cells. On the contrary, there is a significant increase in linoleic (C18 : 2 delta 9, 12) and gamma-linolenic (gamma-C18 : 3) acids in the 1- and 2-positions, respectively. Phosphatidylethanolamine has been subfractionated into seven different diglyceride species. In 15 degrees C cells, the amounts of fractions 2 (1-linolenoyl-2-linoleoyl) and 3 (1-linolenoyl-2-palmitoleoyl, 1-linolenoyl-2-oleoyl) increased while there was a great decrease in subfraction 7 (1-myristoyl-2-palmitoleoyl, 1-palmitoyl-2-palmitoleoyl). Since subfractions 1 and 2 contain over 70% linoleic (C18 : 2) and linolenic (C18 : 3) acids, these fractions might be composed mainly of 1-linolenoyl-2-linolenoyl and 1-linolenoyl-2-linoleoyl molecular species at 15 degrees C. These data support evidence that phosphatidylethanolamine would play a principal role as an acceptor of acyl chains for temperature acclimation.", "contents": "Studies on temperature adaptation in Tetrahymena. Positional distribution of fatty acids and species analysis of phosphatidylethanolamine from Tetrahymena pyriformis grown at different temperatures. Phosphatidylethanolamine of 15 degrees C-grown Tetrahymena pyriformis (NT-I) cells contains more polyunsaturated fatty acids than 39.5 degrees C-grown cells. This increase in unsaturation is due to an increase in linoleic (C18 : 2) and linolenic (C18 : 3) acids, and a decrease in myristic (C14 : 0), palmitic (C16 : 0), palmitoleic (C16 : 1) and heptadecanoic (C17 : 0) acids. Compared with 39.5 degrees C-grown cells, the proportion of palmitic acid (C16 : 0) decreased in the 1-position as does at the 2-position in 15 degrees C-grown cells. On the contrary, there is a significant increase in linoleic (C18 : 2 delta 9, 12) and gamma-linolenic (gamma-C18 : 3) acids in the 1- and 2-positions, respectively. Phosphatidylethanolamine has been subfractionated into seven different diglyceride species. In 15 degrees C cells, the amounts of fractions 2 (1-linolenoyl-2-linoleoyl) and 3 (1-linolenoyl-2-palmitoleoyl, 1-linolenoyl-2-oleoyl) increased while there was a great decrease in subfraction 7 (1-myristoyl-2-palmitoleoyl, 1-palmitoyl-2-palmitoleoyl). Since subfractions 1 and 2 contain over 70% linoleic (C18 : 2) and linolenic (C18 : 3) acids, these fractions might be composed mainly of 1-linolenoyl-2-linolenoyl and 1-linolenoyl-2-linoleoyl molecular species at 15 degrees C. These data support evidence that phosphatidylethanolamine would play a principal role as an acceptor of acyl chains for temperature acclimation.", "PMID": 117836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12964", "title": "Studies on the relationship between glycerophosphoglycolipids and lipoteichoic acids. IV. Trigalactosylglycerophospho-acylkojibiosyldiacylglycerol and related compounds from Streptococcus lactis Kiel 42172.", "content": "Streptococcus lactis Kiel 42172 contains at least six unusually polar glycerophosphoglycolipids. The predominant one was composed of D-galactose, D-glucose, glycerol, acyl groups and phosphorus in a molar ratio of approx. 3 : 2 : 2 : 3 : 1. By analysis of the breakdown products of HF hydrolysis and Smith-degradation the structure was established to be [Galp (alpha 1 leads to 6)Galp(alpha 1 leads to 3)-sn-glycero(2 comes from 1 alpha Galp)-1-phospho] leads to 6Glcp(alpha 1 leads to 2), acyl leads to Glcp(alpha 1 leads to 3)-acyl2Gro. By HF hydrolysis the other compounds were shown to be in the main also derivatives of GroP leads to 6Glc(alpha 1 leads to 2), acyl leads to 6Glc(alpha 1 leads to 3)acyl2Gro but they released as water-soluble glycosides Gal(alpha 1 leads to 2)Gro, Gal(alpha 1 leads to 3)Gro, Gal(alpha 1 leads to 3)Gro(2 comes from 1 alpha Gal), Gal(alpha 1 leads to 6)Gal(alpha 1 leads to 3)Gro and Gal(alpha 1 leads to 6)Gal-(alpha 1 leads to 6)Gal(alpha 1 leads to 3)Gro(2 comes from 1 alpha Gal), respectively. In the lipid extract Glc(alpha 1 leads to 2), acyl leads to 6Glc(alpha 1 leads to 3)acyl2Gro and GroP leads to 6Glc(alpha 1 leads to 2), acyl leads to 6Glc(alpha 1 leads to 3) acyl2Gro were also observed. This set of compounds is proposed to constitute a biosynthetic series reflecting the individual steps in the synthesis of the lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus lactis Kiel 42172 which is made up by the same lipid anchor and a non-classical poly(galabiosyl, galactosyl glycerophosphate)-chain (Koch, H.U. and Fischer, W. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 5275--5281).", "contents": "Studies on the relationship between glycerophosphoglycolipids and lipoteichoic acids. IV. Trigalactosylglycerophospho-acylkojibiosyldiacylglycerol and related compounds from Streptococcus lactis Kiel 42172. Streptococcus lactis Kiel 42172 contains at least six unusually polar glycerophosphoglycolipids. The predominant one was composed of D-galactose, D-glucose, glycerol, acyl groups and phosphorus in a molar ratio of approx. 3 : 2 : 2 : 3 : 1. By analysis of the breakdown products of HF hydrolysis and Smith-degradation the structure was established to be [Galp (alpha 1 leads to 6)Galp(alpha 1 leads to 3)-sn-glycero(2 comes from 1 alpha Galp)-1-phospho] leads to 6Glcp(alpha 1 leads to 2), acyl leads to Glcp(alpha 1 leads to 3)-acyl2Gro. By HF hydrolysis the other compounds were shown to be in the main also derivatives of GroP leads to 6Glc(alpha 1 leads to 2), acyl leads to 6Glc(alpha 1 leads to 3)acyl2Gro but they released as water-soluble glycosides Gal(alpha 1 leads to 2)Gro, Gal(alpha 1 leads to 3)Gro, Gal(alpha 1 leads to 3)Gro(2 comes from 1 alpha Gal), Gal(alpha 1 leads to 6)Gal(alpha 1 leads to 3)Gro and Gal(alpha 1 leads to 6)Gal-(alpha 1 leads to 6)Gal(alpha 1 leads to 3)Gro(2 comes from 1 alpha Gal), respectively. In the lipid extract Glc(alpha 1 leads to 2), acyl leads to 6Glc(alpha 1 leads to 3)acyl2Gro and GroP leads to 6Glc(alpha 1 leads to 2), acyl leads to 6Glc(alpha 1 leads to 3) acyl2Gro were also observed. This set of compounds is proposed to constitute a biosynthetic series reflecting the individual steps in the synthesis of the lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus lactis Kiel 42172 which is made up by the same lipid anchor and a non-classical poly(galabiosyl, galactosyl glycerophosphate)-chain (Koch, H.U. and Fischer, W. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 5275--5281).", "PMID": 117837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12965", "title": "Enzymatic sulfation of galactosyl- and lactosylceramides in cell lines derived from renal tubules.", "content": "1. The renal cell lines, JTC-12 and MDCK, not only synthesize galactosylceramide 3-sulfate and lactosylceramide 3'-sulfate in vivo, but also contain enzymes that catalyze the transfer of sulfate to galactosylceramide and lactosylceramide in vitro. 2. Concentration of cations necessary for maximum sulfotransferase activity occurred at 40 mM Ca2+ with galactosylceramide and 15 mM Ca2+ with lactosylceramide as the substrate. Na+ was also found to stimulate the sulfation of galactosylceramide, but was slightly inhibitory for the sulfation of lactosylceramide. 3. The products of the in vitro assay mixture were characterized as galactosylceramide 3-sulfate and lactosylceramide 3'-sulfate by a variety of TLC separations. 4. The apparent Km of JTC-12 cells for galactosylceramide was 17 microM, while that for lactosylceramide was 82 microM. The Km values of MDCK cells were comparable to those of JTC-12 cells. Competition studies suggested that galactosylceramide and lactosylceramide were sulfated by a single enzyme in both cell lines.", "contents": "Enzymatic sulfation of galactosyl- and lactosylceramides in cell lines derived from renal tubules. 1. The renal cell lines, JTC-12 and MDCK, not only synthesize galactosylceramide 3-sulfate and lactosylceramide 3'-sulfate in vivo, but also contain enzymes that catalyze the transfer of sulfate to galactosylceramide and lactosylceramide in vitro. 2. Concentration of cations necessary for maximum sulfotransferase activity occurred at 40 mM Ca2+ with galactosylceramide and 15 mM Ca2+ with lactosylceramide as the substrate. Na+ was also found to stimulate the sulfation of galactosylceramide, but was slightly inhibitory for the sulfation of lactosylceramide. 3. The products of the in vitro assay mixture were characterized as galactosylceramide 3-sulfate and lactosylceramide 3'-sulfate by a variety of TLC separations. 4. The apparent Km of JTC-12 cells for galactosylceramide was 17 microM, while that for lactosylceramide was 82 microM. The Km values of MDCK cells were comparable to those of JTC-12 cells. Competition studies suggested that galactosylceramide and lactosylceramide were sulfated by a single enzyme in both cell lines.", "PMID": 117838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12966", "title": "Co-oxidation of carotenes requires one soybean lipoxygenase isoenzyme.", "content": "The type II lipoxygenase (optimum pH 6.5) from soybeans was purified and separated into two fractions either by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex or by isoelectric focusing. In the presence of linoleic acid and oxygen both fractions co-oxidise canthaxanthine or beta-carotene as effectively as a combination of these fractions. Oxygenation of linoleic acid and co-oxidation of canthaxanthine by type II lipoxygenase is stimulated by 13-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid but not by 13-hydroxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid or 9-hydroperoxy-trans-10,cis-12-octadecadienoic acid.", "contents": "Co-oxidation of carotenes requires one soybean lipoxygenase isoenzyme. The type II lipoxygenase (optimum pH 6.5) from soybeans was purified and separated into two fractions either by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex or by isoelectric focusing. In the presence of linoleic acid and oxygen both fractions co-oxidise canthaxanthine or beta-carotene as effectively as a combination of these fractions. Oxygenation of linoleic acid and co-oxidation of canthaxanthine by type II lipoxygenase is stimulated by 13-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid but not by 13-hydroxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid or 9-hydroperoxy-trans-10,cis-12-octadecadienoic acid.", "PMID": 117839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12967", "title": "The effect of temperature on unsaturated fatty acid loss in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "Cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis W incorporate exogenous 3-[14C]-cilienic acid and gamma-[1(-14)C] linolenic acid, terminal products of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, into glycerophosphatides without randomization of the radiolabel. There was no difference in the rate of loss of each of the two acids at 15 or 28.5 degrees C. Differential turnover of these fatty acids, therefore, does not appear to be the cause of the shift in fatty acid pattern observed with temperature reduction.", "contents": "The effect of temperature on unsaturated fatty acid loss in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis W incorporate exogenous 3-[14C]-cilienic acid and gamma-[1(-14)C] linolenic acid, terminal products of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, into glycerophosphatides without randomization of the radiolabel. There was no difference in the rate of loss of each of the two acids at 15 or 28.5 degrees C. Differential turnover of these fatty acids, therefore, does not appear to be the cause of the shift in fatty acid pattern observed with temperature reduction.", "PMID": 117840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12968", "title": "9-LR-linoleyl hydroperoxide, a novel product from the oxygenation of linoleic acid by type-2 lipoxygenases from soybeans and peas.", "content": "Type-2 lipoxygenases from soybeans and peas, which have a pH optimum of 6--7 were examined for oxygenation activity at pH 9.0. The reaction velocity was found to be strongly dependent on substrate concentration. At higher substrate concentrations an inhibitory effect was observed, which is connected with the occurrence of a kinetic lag phase. On incubation of linoleic acid at pH 9.0 with either of these enzymes predominantly 9-LR-hydroperoxy-10-trans,12-cis-octadecadienoic acid is formed. The similarity of the product specificity with that of prostaglandin synthetase is discussed in view of the formation of prostaglandin-like substances by soybean lipoxygenase-2 (Bild, G.S., Bhat, S.G., Ramadoss, C.S. and Axelrod, B. (1978) J. Biol. Chem, 253, 21--23).", "contents": "9-LR-linoleyl hydroperoxide, a novel product from the oxygenation of linoleic acid by type-2 lipoxygenases from soybeans and peas. Type-2 lipoxygenases from soybeans and peas, which have a pH optimum of 6--7 were examined for oxygenation activity at pH 9.0. The reaction velocity was found to be strongly dependent on substrate concentration. At higher substrate concentrations an inhibitory effect was observed, which is connected with the occurrence of a kinetic lag phase. On incubation of linoleic acid at pH 9.0 with either of these enzymes predominantly 9-LR-hydroperoxy-10-trans,12-cis-octadecadienoic acid is formed. The similarity of the product specificity with that of prostaglandin synthetase is discussed in view of the formation of prostaglandin-like substances by soybean lipoxygenase-2 (Bild, G.S., Bhat, S.G., Ramadoss, C.S. and Axelrod, B. (1978) J. Biol. Chem, 253, 21--23).", "PMID": 117841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12969", "title": "Proteolytic fragmentation of myosin: location of SH-1 and SH-2 thiols.", "content": "The heavy chain fragmentation pattern of native myosin when digested by proteolytic enzymes is influenced by such conditions as the nature of the proteolytic agent, ionic strength and presence or absence of divalent cations. HMM and S-1 produced by digestion of 14CNEM-labelled myosin under various conditions were analyzed by sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified samples of these species were digested under controlled conditions by chymotrypsin and trypsin and a comparison of the observed heavy chain fragmentation patterns led to a sequential arrangement of the proteolytic fragments. The main features of this arrangement are the following: a 21K molecular weight tryptic peptide is found at the N-terminal side of myosin heavy chain. Adjacent to it is a 48K peptide, then a 19.5K peptide containing the two SH-1 and SH-2 thiols. These three peptides constitute the heavy chain of S-1. Adjacent to this S-1 heavy chain is a tryptic (and also chymotryptic) 40K peptide. The rest of the HMM heavy chain on the C-terminus is a sequence susceptible to both chymotrypsin and trypsin attack yielding an undefined number of small peptides.", "contents": "Proteolytic fragmentation of myosin: location of SH-1 and SH-2 thiols. The heavy chain fragmentation pattern of native myosin when digested by proteolytic enzymes is influenced by such conditions as the nature of the proteolytic agent, ionic strength and presence or absence of divalent cations. HMM and S-1 produced by digestion of 14CNEM-labelled myosin under various conditions were analyzed by sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified samples of these species were digested under controlled conditions by chymotrypsin and trypsin and a comparison of the observed heavy chain fragmentation patterns led to a sequential arrangement of the proteolytic fragments. The main features of this arrangement are the following: a 21K molecular weight tryptic peptide is found at the N-terminal side of myosin heavy chain. Adjacent to it is a 48K peptide, then a 19.5K peptide containing the two SH-1 and SH-2 thiols. These three peptides constitute the heavy chain of S-1. Adjacent to this S-1 heavy chain is a tryptic (and also chymotryptic) 40K peptide. The rest of the HMM heavy chain on the C-terminus is a sequence susceptible to both chymotrypsin and trypsin attack yielding an undefined number of small peptides.", "PMID": 117842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12970", "title": "Evidence for the resistance of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and pseudo-hormone, pyroglutamyl histidyl-amphetamine, to degradation by enzymes of the digestive tract in vitro.", "content": "TRH and pseudo-hormone (pyro Glu-His-amphetamine) were submitted to the digestion of chymotrypsin and prolidase and independently to the digestion of enzymes of the digestive track: pepsin (stomach), pancreatins (pancreas) and enzymes extracted from the intestinal mucosa (small intestine). Using thin layer chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis techniques to detect enzymic digestion products, only intact TRH and pseudo-hormone were found, indicating that both entities were, under the conditions used, resistant to in vitro digestion by enzymes of the digestive tract.", "contents": "Evidence for the resistance of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and pseudo-hormone, pyroglutamyl histidyl-amphetamine, to degradation by enzymes of the digestive tract in vitro. TRH and pseudo-hormone (pyro Glu-His-amphetamine) were submitted to the digestion of chymotrypsin and prolidase and independently to the digestion of enzymes of the digestive track: pepsin (stomach), pancreatins (pancreas) and enzymes extracted from the intestinal mucosa (small intestine). Using thin layer chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis techniques to detect enzymic digestion products, only intact TRH and pseudo-hormone were found, indicating that both entities were, under the conditions used, resistant to in vitro digestion by enzymes of the digestive tract.", "PMID": 117843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12971", "title": "Hemolysis with red cell covered surfaces.", "content": "Polypropylene (PP) disks activated by exposure to ammonia glow discharge were used as substrates for red cells deposited from saline suspensions. In some cases these cell-coated disks were further treated by glutaraldehyde to bind the cells more strongly. Each disk was used in a rotational blood-shearing device to induce hemolysis, which was compared with that induced by virgin PP. When the cell coating was uniform and dense from a single settling of cells, the glutaraldehyde-fixed surfaces were about 10% less hemolytic than PP. Non-fixed cells detached from outer regions of the disk and apparently contributed additional hemolysis in the process. Secondary layers of settled cells, both fixed and non-fixed, also proved to be more hemolytic than PP. Coatings of gamma-globulin reduced hemolysis relative to uncoated cell surfaces. The best performance was that of activated surfaces without cells, with hemolysis about 20% less than PP. Tests of cells hemolyzing during detachment in a saline medium suggested that hemolysis of whole blood involves a series of brief attachment/detachment events at the solid surface.", "contents": "Hemolysis with red cell covered surfaces. Polypropylene (PP) disks activated by exposure to ammonia glow discharge were used as substrates for red cells deposited from saline suspensions. In some cases these cell-coated disks were further treated by glutaraldehyde to bind the cells more strongly. Each disk was used in a rotational blood-shearing device to induce hemolysis, which was compared with that induced by virgin PP. When the cell coating was uniform and dense from a single settling of cells, the glutaraldehyde-fixed surfaces were about 10% less hemolytic than PP. Non-fixed cells detached from outer regions of the disk and apparently contributed additional hemolysis in the process. Secondary layers of settled cells, both fixed and non-fixed, also proved to be more hemolytic than PP. Coatings of gamma-globulin reduced hemolysis relative to uncoated cell surfaces. The best performance was that of activated surfaces without cells, with hemolysis about 20% less than PP. Tests of cells hemolyzing during detachment in a saline medium suggested that hemolysis of whole blood involves a series of brief attachment/detachment events at the solid surface.", "PMID": 117846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12972", "title": "Bonding erythrocytes to plastic substrates by glow-discharge activation.", "content": "A procedure was developed for attaching erythrocytes to various plastics. Plastic disks were exposed to ammonia glow discharge (AGD) and found thereafter to form weak bonds with red cells settling from a dilute saline suspension poured over the disks. When the disks were used to produce a rotating shear flow, complete cell detachment was observed for stresses exceeding 34 dynes/cm2. Far stronger bonding was achieved by treating AGD-bonded cells with glutaraldehyde, and subsequent shearing failed to detach any cells (maximum stress 58 dynes/cm2). The proposed chemical mechanism involves attachment of -NH2 groups on the plastic during AGD, and formation also of carbonyl oxygen later, to provide sites for hydrogen bonding with the cell membrane. Subsequent glutaraldehyde exposure produces crosslinking between disk and cell, as well as fixing the cell in the normal way. Thus, the initial step succeeds in attaching erythrocytes in a deformable condition but rather weakly, while the second step produces rigid cells which are also bonded more strongly.", "contents": "Bonding erythrocytes to plastic substrates by glow-discharge activation. A procedure was developed for attaching erythrocytes to various plastics. Plastic disks were exposed to ammonia glow discharge (AGD) and found thereafter to form weak bonds with red cells settling from a dilute saline suspension poured over the disks. When the disks were used to produce a rotating shear flow, complete cell detachment was observed for stresses exceeding 34 dynes/cm2. Far stronger bonding was achieved by treating AGD-bonded cells with glutaraldehyde, and subsequent shearing failed to detach any cells (maximum stress 58 dynes/cm2). The proposed chemical mechanism involves attachment of -NH2 groups on the plastic during AGD, and formation also of carbonyl oxygen later, to provide sites for hydrogen bonding with the cell membrane. Subsequent glutaraldehyde exposure produces crosslinking between disk and cell, as well as fixing the cell in the normal way. Thus, the initial step succeeds in attaching erythrocytes in a deformable condition but rather weakly, while the second step produces rigid cells which are also bonded more strongly.", "PMID": 117847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12973", "title": "Convenient method for studying enzyme kinetics.", "content": "A convenient method for enzyme kinetic studies is introduced. The method includes identification of reaction mechanism and estimation of the associated kinetic constants with a minimum number of experiments. The application of the method is illustrated by using literature data. Factors limiting the application of this method are also discussed.", "contents": "Convenient method for studying enzyme kinetics. A convenient method for enzyme kinetic studies is introduced. The method includes identification of reaction mechanism and estimation of the associated kinetic constants with a minimum number of experiments. The application of the method is illustrated by using literature data. Factors limiting the application of this method are also discussed.", "PMID": 117848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12974", "title": "[Transforming activity and the oncogenicity of simian adenovirus SA7 DNA].", "content": "The transforming and oncogenous activity of uncleaved DNA of simian adenovirus SA7 (AdSA7) and the products of its restriction by endonucleases R. Bam HI and R. SalI was studied. It was shown that uncleaved virus DNA transformed the rat kidney cells and rat embryo fibroblasts and induced tumors in newborn hamsters. AdSA7 DNA, hydrolysed by R. Bam HI, posessed the transforming activity. The mixture of DNA fragments, obtained after hydrolysis by R. SalI was oncogenous in hamsters.", "contents": "[Transforming activity and the oncogenicity of simian adenovirus SA7 DNA]. The transforming and oncogenous activity of uncleaved DNA of simian adenovirus SA7 (AdSA7) and the products of its restriction by endonucleases R. Bam HI and R. SalI was studied. It was shown that uncleaved virus DNA transformed the rat kidney cells and rat embryo fibroblasts and induced tumors in newborn hamsters. AdSA7 DNA, hydrolysed by R. Bam HI, posessed the transforming activity. The mixture of DNA fragments, obtained after hydrolysis by R. SalI was oncogenous in hamsters.", "PMID": 117850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12975", "title": "[Immunochemical study of heterogenous antigens Y. pestis EV similar to human red cells].", "content": "Franctions containing heterogenous antigens Y. pestis EV similar to human red cells can be obtained by the method of immunosorption of antigens by fixed antibodies on polyacrylamide gel.", "contents": "[Immunochemical study of heterogenous antigens Y. pestis EV similar to human red cells]. Franctions containing heterogenous antigens Y. pestis EV similar to human red cells can be obtained by the method of immunosorption of antigens by fixed antibodies on polyacrylamide gel.", "PMID": 117851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12976", "title": "[Immunoglobulin receptors of group A Streptococcus].", "content": "It was shown in the gel precipitation tests that absorption of human and rabbit IgG or Fc-fragments obtained from human IgG group A streptococcal cultures results in inhibition of the reactions of these preparations with immunoglobulin sera. The reactions of F(ab')2-fragments with the corresponding sera are not inhibited during their absorption by the same cultures. The results obtained support the presence in a number of group A streptococcal cultures of immunoglobulin receptors (Ig-receptors) capable of reacting with Fc-parts of human and rabbit IgG. Pepsin treatment destroys Ig-receptors. These receptors could not be found by the method used in hydrochloric acid extracts prepared from streptococci containing the receptors. The method can be applied for determination of Ig-receptors in streptococcal cultures.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulin receptors of group A Streptococcus]. It was shown in the gel precipitation tests that absorption of human and rabbit IgG or Fc-fragments obtained from human IgG group A streptococcal cultures results in inhibition of the reactions of these preparations with immunoglobulin sera. The reactions of F(ab')2-fragments with the corresponding sera are not inhibited during their absorption by the same cultures. The results obtained support the presence in a number of group A streptococcal cultures of immunoglobulin receptors (Ig-receptors) capable of reacting with Fc-parts of human and rabbit IgG. Pepsin treatment destroys Ig-receptors. These receptors could not be found by the method used in hydrochloric acid extracts prepared from streptococci containing the receptors. The method can be applied for determination of Ig-receptors in streptococcal cultures.", "PMID": 117852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12977", "title": "[Population of L-forms of Bacillus subtilis studied in Ficoll density gradients].", "content": "The distribution of cells in the population of L-forms of Bas. subtilis was analysed by isopicnic centrifugation in density gradient of ficoll. Two main fractions of L-forms different in their density were found. The study of the fractions by various methods indicated that a considerable part of the L-forms population is presented by unviable cells of diverse size with fragments of genome or without DNA.", "contents": "[Population of L-forms of Bacillus subtilis studied in Ficoll density gradients]. The distribution of cells in the population of L-forms of Bas. subtilis was analysed by isopicnic centrifugation in density gradient of ficoll. Two main fractions of L-forms different in their density were found. The study of the fractions by various methods indicated that a considerable part of the L-forms population is presented by unviable cells of diverse size with fragments of genome or without DNA.", "PMID": 117853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12978", "title": "[Counter-flow isotachophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes. Role of electroendosmosis].", "content": "A variant of counter-flow isotachophoresis of proteins on cellulose acetate membranes is proposed. The liquid counter-flow is created by electroendosmosis in the membrane. Proteins are concentrated at the Kolrausch boundary during isotachophoresis in the presence of ampholytes. The method permits one to make microanalysis of proteinic mixtures in diluted solutions, and it can be used in combination with immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic methods of antigenic protein detection.", "contents": "[Counter-flow isotachophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes. Role of electroendosmosis]. A variant of counter-flow isotachophoresis of proteins on cellulose acetate membranes is proposed. The liquid counter-flow is created by electroendosmosis in the membrane. Proteins are concentrated at the Kolrausch boundary during isotachophoresis in the presence of ampholytes. The method permits one to make microanalysis of proteinic mixtures in diluted solutions, and it can be used in combination with immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic methods of antigenic protein detection.", "PMID": 117854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12979", "title": "[Estimation of the contribution of thiophosphamide-induced chromosomal aberrations to perimplantation embryonic mortality in mice].", "content": "Thiotepa-induced perimplantation mortality in mice was analysed cytologically. The contribution of induced chromosomal aberrations to preimplantation embryonic death was studied. Under the influence of 1.25 mg/kg of thiotepa on late spermatids the stop of cleavage division was found at 2--16 cell stage in 27% of the cases and at 17--22 cell stage in 11.9% (totally in 38.9%) as compared to 6% in the controls. The cytogenetic analysis of embryos consisting of 2--16 cells revealed gross structural chromosomal aberrations in 75% metaphases suitable for analysis.", "contents": "[Estimation of the contribution of thiophosphamide-induced chromosomal aberrations to perimplantation embryonic mortality in mice]. Thiotepa-induced perimplantation mortality in mice was analysed cytologically. The contribution of induced chromosomal aberrations to preimplantation embryonic death was studied. Under the influence of 1.25 mg/kg of thiotepa on late spermatids the stop of cleavage division was found at 2--16 cell stage in 27% of the cases and at 17--22 cell stage in 11.9% (totally in 38.9%) as compared to 6% in the controls. The cytogenetic analysis of embryos consisting of 2--16 cells revealed gross structural chromosomal aberrations in 75% metaphases suitable for analysis.", "PMID": 117855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12980", "title": "The effects of sodium cromoglycate on lung irritant receptors and left ventricular cardiac receptors in the anaesthetized dog.", "content": "1 The time from the injection of sodium cromoglycate 10 to 50 mug/kg into a saphenous vein, the cervical carotid arteries, the left ventricle and the aortic arch, to the onset of reflex hypotension has been measured in anaesthetized dogs. The shortest latency was 16.9 s on injection of sodium cromoglycate into the left ventricle.2 Instillation of 2% lignocaine into the pericardium of an anaesthetized dog blocked the reflex hypotensive response to sodium cromoglycate (10 to 50 mug/kg i.v.), and also prevented sodium cromoglycate (100 mug/kg) from reversing reflex bronchoconstriction induced by inhalation of an aerosol of histamine.3 The effect of sodium cromoglycate (100 mug/kg i.v.) on resting discharge and histamine-induced discharge (20 mug/kg i.v.) of five lung irritant receptors in five anaesthetized dogs has been studied. Sodium cromoglycate (100 mug/kg i.v.) did not affect the resting discharge of these receptors or their ability to respond to histamine.4 Sodium cromoglycate (100 mug/kg i.v.) increased the rate of discharge of three receptors found in the endocardium of the left ventricle of the canine heart. A solution of sodium cromoglycate (0.1%) was applied topically to one receptor and its rate of discharge was increased.5 It is suggested that in the dog, sodium cromoglycate produces reflex hypotension and reverses histamine-induced reflex bronchoconstriction by activating receptors in the left ventricle of the heart.", "contents": "The effects of sodium cromoglycate on lung irritant receptors and left ventricular cardiac receptors in the anaesthetized dog. 1 The time from the injection of sodium cromoglycate 10 to 50 mug/kg into a saphenous vein, the cervical carotid arteries, the left ventricle and the aortic arch, to the onset of reflex hypotension has been measured in anaesthetized dogs. The shortest latency was 16.9 s on injection of sodium cromoglycate into the left ventricle.2 Instillation of 2% lignocaine into the pericardium of an anaesthetized dog blocked the reflex hypotensive response to sodium cromoglycate (10 to 50 mug/kg i.v.), and also prevented sodium cromoglycate (100 mug/kg) from reversing reflex bronchoconstriction induced by inhalation of an aerosol of histamine.3 The effect of sodium cromoglycate (100 mug/kg i.v.) on resting discharge and histamine-induced discharge (20 mug/kg i.v.) of five lung irritant receptors in five anaesthetized dogs has been studied. Sodium cromoglycate (100 mug/kg i.v.) did not affect the resting discharge of these receptors or their ability to respond to histamine.4 Sodium cromoglycate (100 mug/kg i.v.) increased the rate of discharge of three receptors found in the endocardium of the left ventricle of the canine heart. A solution of sodium cromoglycate (0.1%) was applied topically to one receptor and its rate of discharge was increased.5 It is suggested that in the dog, sodium cromoglycate produces reflex hypotension and reverses histamine-induced reflex bronchoconstriction by activating receptors in the left ventricle of the heart.", "PMID": 117865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12981", "title": "Assessment procedures used in studies on long-stay patients: a survey of papers published in the British Journal of Psychiatry.", "content": "Every article published in the British Journal of Psychiatry between 1945 and 1974 was reviewed that provided original information derived from the direct assessment of long-stay patients. The 225 articles were examined for details of assessment practice and characteristics of the patients studied. Most studies used a very restricted range of assessment methods, with rating scales, used most frequently. Many used wholly unstandardized methods, and the description of patient characteristics was inadequate. A number of improvements in assessment practice are suggested.", "contents": "Assessment procedures used in studies on long-stay patients: a survey of papers published in the British Journal of Psychiatry. Every article published in the British Journal of Psychiatry between 1945 and 1974 was reviewed that provided original information derived from the direct assessment of long-stay patients. The 225 articles were examined for details of assessment practice and characteristics of the patients studied. Most studies used a very restricted range of assessment methods, with rating scales, used most frequently. Many used wholly unstandardized methods, and the description of patient characteristics was inadequate. A number of improvements in assessment practice are suggested.", "PMID": 117866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12982", "title": "Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine.", "content": "\"The Japanese disease\" or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine was initially thought to affect only the Japanese people. Non-Japanese Asian and Caucasian cases have been reported but appear to be exceedingly rare. The reason is unknown. Although the disease appears to be generally benign, it can cause a myelopathy. We present here 16 non-Japanese patients in Singapore who were found to have ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine.", "contents": "Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine. \"The Japanese disease\" or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine was initially thought to affect only the Japanese people. Non-Japanese Asian and Caucasian cases have been reported but appear to be exceedingly rare. The reason is unknown. Although the disease appears to be generally benign, it can cause a myelopathy. We present here 16 non-Japanese patients in Singapore who were found to have ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine.", "PMID": 117867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12983", "title": "Acute pulmonary distress following high-dose irradiation of the upper half of the body.", "content": "Two cases of acute pulmonary distress following very shortly after irradiation of the upper half of the body are described. The first occurred one hour and forty minutes after irradiation and led to the patient's death three hours after irradiation. The second occurred 15 minutes after irradiation and was successfully treated with hydrocortisone and Frusemide. The features are the sudden onset of dyspnoea and cyanosis associated with pyrexia. Auscultatory evidence of pulmonary oedema was not apparent initially. The response to steroid alone is transitory. High single-dose pulmonary irradiation causes transudation of extracellular fluid and diapedesis of red cells from the alveolar capillaries. The supervention of these effects on severly compromised pulmonary function can well prove dangerous.", "contents": "Acute pulmonary distress following high-dose irradiation of the upper half of the body. Two cases of acute pulmonary distress following very shortly after irradiation of the upper half of the body are described. The first occurred one hour and forty minutes after irradiation and led to the patient's death three hours after irradiation. The second occurred 15 minutes after irradiation and was successfully treated with hydrocortisone and Frusemide. The features are the sudden onset of dyspnoea and cyanosis associated with pyrexia. Auscultatory evidence of pulmonary oedema was not apparent initially. The response to steroid alone is transitory. High single-dose pulmonary irradiation causes transudation of extracellular fluid and diapedesis of red cells from the alveolar capillaries. The supervention of these effects on severly compromised pulmonary function can well prove dangerous.", "PMID": 117868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12984", "title": "Contrast enhancement of high-energy radiotherapy films.", "content": "An order-of-magnitude improvment in the contrast of high-energy localization and verification films has been achieved through the application of a simple, inexpensive, contrast enhancement technique. The method involves making reversal contact \"prints\" of the original film onto ordinary X-ray fi-m with equipment commonly available in any radiotherapy department. This results in \"gamma multiplication\". The theory as well as several applications of this effect are presented.", "contents": "Contrast enhancement of high-energy radiotherapy films. An order-of-magnitude improvment in the contrast of high-energy localization and verification films has been achieved through the application of a simple, inexpensive, contrast enhancement technique. The method involves making reversal contact \"prints\" of the original film onto ordinary X-ray fi-m with equipment commonly available in any radiotherapy department. This results in \"gamma multiplication\". The theory as well as several applications of this effect are presented.", "PMID": 117869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12985", "title": "O-diphenoloxidase concentrations in leprosy.", "content": "O-diphenoloxidase activity was studied in 15 patients with lepromatous leprosy, 15 with tuberculois leprosy, and 15 controls. O-diphenoloxidase isolated from skin and serum samples of patients with lepromatous leprosy had the specificity of a bacterially derived enzyme and not that of a mammalian-derived enzyme. Only the patients who had lepromatous leprosy for over two years showed enzyme activity in serum, though all showed it in skin tissue. O-diphenoloxidase activity in serum may be a useful diagnostic marker of lepromatous leprosy.", "contents": "O-diphenoloxidase concentrations in leprosy. O-diphenoloxidase activity was studied in 15 patients with lepromatous leprosy, 15 with tuberculois leprosy, and 15 controls. O-diphenoloxidase isolated from skin and serum samples of patients with lepromatous leprosy had the specificity of a bacterially derived enzyme and not that of a mammalian-derived enzyme. Only the patients who had lepromatous leprosy for over two years showed enzyme activity in serum, though all showed it in skin tissue. O-diphenoloxidase activity in serum may be a useful diagnostic marker of lepromatous leprosy.", "PMID": 117872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12986", "title": "Reduction in polypharmacy for epilepsy.", "content": "A two-year prospective study of 40 adult outpatients with chronic epilepsy was carried out in which blood drug concentrations were monitored, and anticonvulsant polypharmacy was reduced to treatment with a single drug in 29 patients (72%). In the year after the reduction of treatment the control of seizures was improved in 16 patients (55%), unchanged in eight(28%), and worse in five (17%). Mental function was improved in 16 (55%). The main reason for failure to reduce to or maintain treatment with a single drug was exacerbation of seizures during the difficult withdrawal period, especially in patients with frequent seizures, taking several drugs, or with additional neuropsychological handicaps. It is more difficult to reduce polypharmacy than to avoid it in the first place. Polypharmacy may sometimes aggravate control of seizures.", "contents": "Reduction in polypharmacy for epilepsy. A two-year prospective study of 40 adult outpatients with chronic epilepsy was carried out in which blood drug concentrations were monitored, and anticonvulsant polypharmacy was reduced to treatment with a single drug in 29 patients (72%). In the year after the reduction of treatment the control of seizures was improved in 16 patients (55%), unchanged in eight(28%), and worse in five (17%). Mental function was improved in 16 (55%). The main reason for failure to reduce to or maintain treatment with a single drug was exacerbation of seizures during the difficult withdrawal period, especially in patients with frequent seizures, taking several drugs, or with additional neuropsychological handicaps. It is more difficult to reduce polypharmacy than to avoid it in the first place. Polypharmacy may sometimes aggravate control of seizures.", "PMID": 117874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12987", "title": "Bronchodilator effect of sodium cromoglycate and its clinical implications.", "content": "The bronchodilator effect of sodium cromoglycate (SCG) solution was investigated. Twenty asthmatic children aged 6-15 years (mean 11.3) were examined and the action of SCG compared with that of salbutamol and placebo (water). SCG produced a significantly raised peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) before exercise, which reached a maximum immediately after exercise. The bronchodilatation was sustained for up to four hours, when the PEFR was still significantly above the resting value. This effect was comparable in degree and duration with that of salbutamol. In contrast, placebo produced insignificant bronchodilatation before exercise but significant albeit short-lived bronchodilatation after exercise, which is the characteristic response of the asthmatic to a short period of exercise. This powerful bronchodilator action of SCG and its equally potent inhibitory action on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction was achieved by administering the solution via an efficient nebuliser. In order to achieve maximum clinical effect the SCG must, therefore, be given in this form.", "contents": "Bronchodilator effect of sodium cromoglycate and its clinical implications. The bronchodilator effect of sodium cromoglycate (SCG) solution was investigated. Twenty asthmatic children aged 6-15 years (mean 11.3) were examined and the action of SCG compared with that of salbutamol and placebo (water). SCG produced a significantly raised peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) before exercise, which reached a maximum immediately after exercise. The bronchodilatation was sustained for up to four hours, when the PEFR was still significantly above the resting value. This effect was comparable in degree and duration with that of salbutamol. In contrast, placebo produced insignificant bronchodilatation before exercise but significant albeit short-lived bronchodilatation after exercise, which is the characteristic response of the asthmatic to a short period of exercise. This powerful bronchodilator action of SCG and its equally potent inhibitory action on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction was achieved by administering the solution via an efficient nebuliser. In order to achieve maximum clinical effect the SCG must, therefore, be given in this form.", "PMID": 117875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12988", "title": "Role of residual insulin secretion in protecting against ketoacidosis in insulin-dependent diabetes.", "content": "The role of preserved beta-cell function in preventing ketoacidosis in type I insulin-dependent diabetes was assessed in eight patients with and seven patients without residual beta-cell function as determined from C-peptide concentrations. After 12 hours of insulin fatty-acid, and glycerol concentrations were all significantly higher in patients without beta-cell function than in those with residual secretion. Mean blood glucose concentrations reached 17.2 +/- SE of mean 1.3 mmol/l (310 +/- 23 mg/100 ml) in the first group compared with 8.8 +/- 1.4 mmol/l (159 +/- 25 mg/100 ml) in the second (P less than 0.01), while 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations rose to 5.5 +/- mmol/l (57 +/- 5 mg/100 ml) and 1.4 +/- 0.3 mmol/l (15 +/- 3 mg/100 ml) in the two groups respectively (P less than 0.01). Individual mean C-peptide concentrations showed a significant inverse correlation with the final blood glucose values (r = -0.91; P less than 0.02). These findings strongly suggest that even minimal residual insulin secretion is important for metabolic wellbeing in diabetes and may prevent the development of severe ketoacidosis when insulin delivery is inadequate.", "contents": "Role of residual insulin secretion in protecting against ketoacidosis in insulin-dependent diabetes. The role of preserved beta-cell function in preventing ketoacidosis in type I insulin-dependent diabetes was assessed in eight patients with and seven patients without residual beta-cell function as determined from C-peptide concentrations. After 12 hours of insulin fatty-acid, and glycerol concentrations were all significantly higher in patients without beta-cell function than in those with residual secretion. Mean blood glucose concentrations reached 17.2 +/- SE of mean 1.3 mmol/l (310 +/- 23 mg/100 ml) in the first group compared with 8.8 +/- 1.4 mmol/l (159 +/- 25 mg/100 ml) in the second (P less than 0.01), while 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations rose to 5.5 +/- mmol/l (57 +/- 5 mg/100 ml) and 1.4 +/- 0.3 mmol/l (15 +/- 3 mg/100 ml) in the two groups respectively (P less than 0.01). Individual mean C-peptide concentrations showed a significant inverse correlation with the final blood glucose values (r = -0.91; P less than 0.02). These findings strongly suggest that even minimal residual insulin secretion is important for metabolic wellbeing in diabetes and may prevent the development of severe ketoacidosis when insulin delivery is inadequate.", "PMID": 117878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12989", "title": "Significance of early increase in stable and radioactive plasma calcium after parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Early effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) deficiency were studied in 12 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism due to single parathyroid adenoma by following the precise time course of changes in plasma calcium (Ca) and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (IPTH) after parathyroid surgery and by prelabeling 2 patients with radiocalcium (Ca*). Surgical removal of the adenoma was immediately followed by a sudden increase in plasma Ca which preceded the usual fall. The increase in plasma Ca commenced simultaneously with the fall in iPTH and was accompanied by a parallel increase in specific activity (sp. act.) of plasma Ca*. Specific activity continued to rise for 2 h in both prelabeled patients, whereas blood calcium was already falling thereafter reaching a markedly low removal rate constant as long as plasma Ca decreased. When plasma Ca began to rise, sp. act. resumed a descending course. Our findings indicate that the initial hypercalemia depends on PTH withdrawal and results from a rapid flux into general extracellular fluid (ECF) of calcium coming from a compartment with higher sp. act., contained within the miscible pool, immediately followed by a reduction in calcium transfer from bone. These results suggest that acute PTH deficiency determines an outflow of calcium from bone cells and support the theory that PTH initiates its action by modifying their intracellular calcium content.", "contents": "Significance of early increase in stable and radioactive plasma calcium after parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism. Early effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) deficiency were studied in 12 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism due to single parathyroid adenoma by following the precise time course of changes in plasma calcium (Ca) and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (IPTH) after parathyroid surgery and by prelabeling 2 patients with radiocalcium (Ca*). Surgical removal of the adenoma was immediately followed by a sudden increase in plasma Ca which preceded the usual fall. The increase in plasma Ca commenced simultaneously with the fall in iPTH and was accompanied by a parallel increase in specific activity (sp. act.) of plasma Ca*. Specific activity continued to rise for 2 h in both prelabeled patients, whereas blood calcium was already falling thereafter reaching a markedly low removal rate constant as long as plasma Ca decreased. When plasma Ca began to rise, sp. act. resumed a descending course. Our findings indicate that the initial hypercalemia depends on PTH withdrawal and results from a rapid flux into general extracellular fluid (ECF) of calcium coming from a compartment with higher sp. act., contained within the miscible pool, immediately followed by a reduction in calcium transfer from bone. These results suggest that acute PTH deficiency determines an outflow of calcium from bone cells and support the theory that PTH initiates its action by modifying their intracellular calcium content.", "PMID": 117882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12990", "title": "Comparison of the effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, prostaglandin E2, and osteoclast-activating factor with parathyroid hormone on the ultrastructure of osteoclasts in cultured long bones of fetal rats.", "content": "The effects of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], prostaglandin (PGE2), and osteoclast-activating factor (OAF) on the size of osteoclasts, nuclei, ruffled borders, and clear zones in cultured long bones of fetal rats were quantitated. In addition, the number of osteoclasts in the bones was counted and the release of calcium from the bone into the culture medium was determined. These data were compared with the corresponding effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH). All agents tested increased the size of the ruffled borders significantly after 3 h, the size of the clear zones after 12 h, and the size of the cells after 12-24 h. No important differences in sizes were noticed between the agents tested or between the agents and PTH. The number of osteoclasts was increased after 24 h of treatment with PTH, but not after the other agents. Calcium release was significantly increased for all agents between 12 and 24 h. It is concluded that bone resorption by 1,25(OH)2D3, OAF, and PGE2 is mediated primarily by increased activity of existing osteoclasts similar to PTH activation.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, prostaglandin E2, and osteoclast-activating factor with parathyroid hormone on the ultrastructure of osteoclasts in cultured long bones of fetal rats. The effects of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], prostaglandin (PGE2), and osteoclast-activating factor (OAF) on the size of osteoclasts, nuclei, ruffled borders, and clear zones in cultured long bones of fetal rats were quantitated. In addition, the number of osteoclasts in the bones was counted and the release of calcium from the bone into the culture medium was determined. These data were compared with the corresponding effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH). All agents tested increased the size of the ruffled borders significantly after 3 h, the size of the clear zones after 12 h, and the size of the cells after 12-24 h. No important differences in sizes were noticed between the agents tested or between the agents and PTH. The number of osteoclasts was increased after 24 h of treatment with PTH, but not after the other agents. Calcium release was significantly increased for all agents between 12 and 24 h. It is concluded that bone resorption by 1,25(OH)2D3, OAF, and PGE2 is mediated primarily by increased activity of existing osteoclasts similar to PTH activation.", "PMID": 117883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12991", "title": "A cat model for the evaluation of mechanisms of bone resorption: induction of bone loss by simulated immune complexes and inhibition by indomethacin.", "content": "When simulated immune complexes (SIC) (heat-aggregated IgG) possessing many of the properties of true antigen-antibody complexes were injected via the root canal into the periapical tissues of cat maxillary cuspids, radiographically and histologically evident bone resorption occurred at these sites within 7 days. Bone loss was accompanied in all cases by inflammation of the surrounding collagenous connective tissues and was characterized by the presence of osteoclasts. Bone resorption, but not the accumulation of inflammatory cells, was blocked by the systemic administration of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase. The most likely explanation is that SIC-activated mechanisms such as the complement cascade, prostaglandin synthesis, and neutrophil degranulation were responsible for the bone loss. The minor inflammation and bone loss that followed the repeated injections of BSA and of monomeric IgG can best be explained as a response to trauma. The data presented establish that the cat maxillary cuspid is a useful model in which to explore the mechanism underlying pathological bone resorption.", "contents": "A cat model for the evaluation of mechanisms of bone resorption: induction of bone loss by simulated immune complexes and inhibition by indomethacin. When simulated immune complexes (SIC) (heat-aggregated IgG) possessing many of the properties of true antigen-antibody complexes were injected via the root canal into the periapical tissues of cat maxillary cuspids, radiographically and histologically evident bone resorption occurred at these sites within 7 days. Bone loss was accompanied in all cases by inflammation of the surrounding collagenous connective tissues and was characterized by the presence of osteoclasts. Bone resorption, but not the accumulation of inflammatory cells, was blocked by the systemic administration of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase. The most likely explanation is that SIC-activated mechanisms such as the complement cascade, prostaglandin synthesis, and neutrophil degranulation were responsible for the bone loss. The minor inflammation and bone loss that followed the repeated injections of BSA and of monomeric IgG can best be explained as a response to trauma. The data presented establish that the cat maxillary cuspid is a useful model in which to explore the mechanism underlying pathological bone resorption.", "PMID": 117884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12992", "title": "Comparison of the effects of a potent synthetic analog of bovine parathyroid hormone with native bPTH-(1-84) and synthetic bPTH-(1-34) on bone resorption and collagen synthesis.", "content": "An analog of bobine PTH [nle-8, nle-18, tyr-34 bPTH-(1-34) amide, (PTH-Ana)] which is a potent stimulator of renal adenylate cyclase has been compared with the native hormone bPTH-(1-84) and the biologically active amino terminal portion, bPTH-(1-34), for its effects on bone resorption and bone collagen synthesis in organ culture. All three compounds stimulated the release of previously incorporated 45Ca from cultured fetal rat long bone shafts with similar dose-response curves at 10(-9) to 3 X 10(-8) M. All three compounds inhibited bone collagen synthesis as measured by incorporation of proline into collagenase digestible protein, whereas incorporation into noncollagen protein was not inhibited. The effects were dose related and decreases in percent collagen synthesis were significant at 10(-9) M. Thus PTH-Ana appears to have the same effects on bone resorption and collagen synthesis as bPTH-(1-84) and (1-34) and is likely to be a valid probe for investigating PTH receptors in bone as well as in kidney.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of a potent synthetic analog of bovine parathyroid hormone with native bPTH-(1-84) and synthetic bPTH-(1-34) on bone resorption and collagen synthesis. An analog of bobine PTH [nle-8, nle-18, tyr-34 bPTH-(1-34) amide, (PTH-Ana)] which is a potent stimulator of renal adenylate cyclase has been compared with the native hormone bPTH-(1-84) and the biologically active amino terminal portion, bPTH-(1-34), for its effects on bone resorption and bone collagen synthesis in organ culture. All three compounds stimulated the release of previously incorporated 45Ca from cultured fetal rat long bone shafts with similar dose-response curves at 10(-9) to 3 X 10(-8) M. All three compounds inhibited bone collagen synthesis as measured by incorporation of proline into collagenase digestible protein, whereas incorporation into noncollagen protein was not inhibited. The effects were dose related and decreases in percent collagen synthesis were significant at 10(-9) M. Thus PTH-Ana appears to have the same effects on bone resorption and collagen synthesis as bPTH-(1-84) and (1-34) and is likely to be a valid probe for investigating PTH receptors in bone as well as in kidney.", "PMID": 117885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12993", "title": "Early osteogenesis in compact bone isografts: a quantitative study of contributions of the different graft cells.", "content": "Isografts of cortical bone were tranplanted subcutaneously in the rat and the rate of osteogenesis 12 to 14 days later was assessed by measurement of 85Sr uptake and by histology. Some grafts were implanted complete whereas others had had one or more of their cellular components (viz. periosteum, endosteum, osteocytes, marrow) removed by mechanical or enzymatic pretreatment. From an analysis of the differences in osteogenesis between grafts devoid of different combinations of cellular components, the contribution of each component to osteogenesis was determined. The results indicate that the endosteal lining cells and marrow stroma together produce more than half of the new bone, the periosteal cells contribute about 30%, the osteocytes possibly make a small (10%) contribution, and the free, hemopoietic cells of the marrow make no significant contribution. Evidence about the relative contributions to osteogenesis of graft and host cells is reviewed and the possible osteogenetic role of bone marrow is discussed.", "contents": "Early osteogenesis in compact bone isografts: a quantitative study of contributions of the different graft cells. Isografts of cortical bone were tranplanted subcutaneously in the rat and the rate of osteogenesis 12 to 14 days later was assessed by measurement of 85Sr uptake and by histology. Some grafts were implanted complete whereas others had had one or more of their cellular components (viz. periosteum, endosteum, osteocytes, marrow) removed by mechanical or enzymatic pretreatment. From an analysis of the differences in osteogenesis between grafts devoid of different combinations of cellular components, the contribution of each component to osteogenesis was determined. The results indicate that the endosteal lining cells and marrow stroma together produce more than half of the new bone, the periosteal cells contribute about 30%, the osteocytes possibly make a small (10%) contribution, and the free, hemopoietic cells of the marrow make no significant contribution. Evidence about the relative contributions to osteogenesis of graft and host cells is reviewed and the possible osteogenetic role of bone marrow is discussed.", "PMID": 117887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12994", "title": "Ectopic calcification in lambs from feeding the plant Cestrum diurnum.", "content": "Hypercalcemia and ectopic calcification were induced in 5 lambs by supplementing the diet with the dried leaves of the plant Cestrum diurnum, for 8 to 9 weeks. Lambs developed mineralization of blood vessels, heart, kidneys, and lungs. These tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy. In the vascular tissue there was calcification of elastic fibers in the hyperplastic intima and the media, along with mineralization of mitochondria of aortic smooth muscle cells. Myocardial cells and their mitochondria were mineralized. In the kidney, there was calcification of the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules, Bowman's capsule, and the mesangial cells of the glomeruli. In the lung, there was mineralization of the alveolar septal walls and the bronchi and bronchioles. Feeding of the calcinogenic plant to lambs caused extensive soft tissue calcification. Results of the study indicated that degeneration was the early soft tissue lesion in this plant toxicity.", "contents": "Ectopic calcification in lambs from feeding the plant Cestrum diurnum. Hypercalcemia and ectopic calcification were induced in 5 lambs by supplementing the diet with the dried leaves of the plant Cestrum diurnum, for 8 to 9 weeks. Lambs developed mineralization of blood vessels, heart, kidneys, and lungs. These tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy. In the vascular tissue there was calcification of elastic fibers in the hyperplastic intima and the media, along with mineralization of mitochondria of aortic smooth muscle cells. Myocardial cells and their mitochondria were mineralized. In the kidney, there was calcification of the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules, Bowman's capsule, and the mesangial cells of the glomeruli. In the lung, there was mineralization of the alveolar septal walls and the bronchi and bronchioles. Feeding of the calcinogenic plant to lambs caused extensive soft tissue calcification. Results of the study indicated that degeneration was the early soft tissue lesion in this plant toxicity.", "PMID": 117888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12995", "title": "Cathepsin D: ultra-immunohistochemical localization in dentinogenesis.", "content": "Cathepsin D was purified from rat liver using a new affinity chromatographic method, based on the coupling to the specific inhibitor pepstatin. This preparation was used for the production of specific antibodies from rabbit. The purified IgG fraction was conjugated to horseradish peroxidase in a two-step coupling procedure and used for electron microscopic immunohistochemistry of the odontoblast-predentine region of the rat incisor. Precipitates, indicating the presence of cathepsin D, were seen in the odontoblast, odontoblast process, and in the extracellular unmineralized matrix, the predentine. The observations are discussed in relation to proteoglycan degradation at the mineralization front simultaneous with crystal formation, and in relation to the function of lysosomal enzymes in the turnover of connective tissue.", "contents": "Cathepsin D: ultra-immunohistochemical localization in dentinogenesis. Cathepsin D was purified from rat liver using a new affinity chromatographic method, based on the coupling to the specific inhibitor pepstatin. This preparation was used for the production of specific antibodies from rabbit. The purified IgG fraction was conjugated to horseradish peroxidase in a two-step coupling procedure and used for electron microscopic immunohistochemistry of the odontoblast-predentine region of the rat incisor. Precipitates, indicating the presence of cathepsin D, were seen in the odontoblast, odontoblast process, and in the extracellular unmineralized matrix, the predentine. The observations are discussed in relation to proteoglycan degradation at the mineralization front simultaneous with crystal formation, and in relation to the function of lysosomal enzymes in the turnover of connective tissue.", "PMID": 117889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12996", "title": "Intracellular divalent cations and neuronal excitability.", "content": "Itracellular injections of Mg into cat spinal motoneurones have a depolarizing action, associated with a fall in input conductance, and depression of the postspike hyperpolarizing after-potential (a.h.p.) as well as its underlying conductance increase. There is also an increase in excitability, sometimes leading to outright discharge, and a change in the current-firing relation: the normal primary range is largely abolished and the firing appears to have the characteristics of the normal secondary range. Intracellular effects of Mg are thus mainly opposite to those of Ca, possibly owing to competition at sites where Ca activates K channels. Intracellular injections of Mn also tend to depress the a.h.p. but have relatively little effect on resting potential and conductance, or action potentials. Co also depresses the a.h.p. but has a more pronounced depolarizing action, and produces particularly strong depression of action potentials. By contrast intracellular Sr tends to raise the membrane conductance and has a mild hyperpolarizing effect. During the injection of Sr, a.h.p's are depressed but this is followed by a rebound of increased a.h.p. amplitude and conductance. Unlike the other divalent cations tested, Sr strongly depressed excitatory postsynaptic potentials. In most respects Sr appears to behave like Ca.", "contents": "Intracellular divalent cations and neuronal excitability. Itracellular injections of Mg into cat spinal motoneurones have a depolarizing action, associated with a fall in input conductance, and depression of the postspike hyperpolarizing after-potential (a.h.p.) as well as its underlying conductance increase. There is also an increase in excitability, sometimes leading to outright discharge, and a change in the current-firing relation: the normal primary range is largely abolished and the firing appears to have the characteristics of the normal secondary range. Intracellular effects of Mg are thus mainly opposite to those of Ca, possibly owing to competition at sites where Ca activates K channels. Intracellular injections of Mn also tend to depress the a.h.p. but have relatively little effect on resting potential and conductance, or action potentials. Co also depresses the a.h.p. but has a more pronounced depolarizing action, and produces particularly strong depression of action potentials. By contrast intracellular Sr tends to raise the membrane conductance and has a mild hyperpolarizing effect. During the injection of Sr, a.h.p's are depressed but this is followed by a rebound of increased a.h.p. amplitude and conductance. Unlike the other divalent cations tested, Sr strongly depressed excitatory postsynaptic potentials. In most respects Sr appears to behave like Ca.", "PMID": 117890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12997", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in skin of Rana pipiens.", "content": "Using immunofluorescent techniques thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is demonstrated in skin of Rana pipiens and R. catesbeiana. The immunofluorescent-TRH is localized in all cell layers of the epidermis and in the epithelium lining the various cutaneous glands, but not in the dermal layer.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in skin of Rana pipiens. Using immunofluorescent techniques thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is demonstrated in skin of Rana pipiens and R. catesbeiana. The immunofluorescent-TRH is localized in all cell layers of the epidermis and in the epithelium lining the various cutaneous glands, but not in the dermal layer.", "PMID": 117895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12998", "title": "Current concepts in the immediate management of acute spinal cord injuries.", "content": "The management of acute spinal cord injuries has changed considerably during the past 10 years owing to new information about the pathophysiology of cord trauma and new diagnostic and treatment methods. It is now known that the cord suffers not only from the immediate physical effects of trauma, but also from secondary pathologic processes, such as ischemia and edema, which are treatable in the first few hours after injury. New neuroradiologic and neurophysiological techniques, such as the recording of the somatosensory evoked potential, increase the accuracy of diagnosis and prognosis in the acute phase. Current immediate treatment includes the administration of steroids and mannitol, with careful attention to respiratory and cardiovascular homeostasis, to overcome post-traumatic ischemia and edema, and immobilization of the spine with devices such as the halo. New surgical procedures are used in selected cases to improve neurologic recovery, to provide rigid immobilization of the spine or to allow earlier mobilization of the patient. The care of spinal cord injuries in the acute phase is facilitated by multidisciplinary units.", "contents": "Current concepts in the immediate management of acute spinal cord injuries. The management of acute spinal cord injuries has changed considerably during the past 10 years owing to new information about the pathophysiology of cord trauma and new diagnostic and treatment methods. It is now known that the cord suffers not only from the immediate physical effects of trauma, but also from secondary pathologic processes, such as ischemia and edema, which are treatable in the first few hours after injury. New neuroradiologic and neurophysiological techniques, such as the recording of the somatosensory evoked potential, increase the accuracy of diagnosis and prognosis in the acute phase. Current immediate treatment includes the administration of steroids and mannitol, with careful attention to respiratory and cardiovascular homeostasis, to overcome post-traumatic ischemia and edema, and immobilization of the spine with devices such as the halo. New surgical procedures are used in selected cases to improve neurologic recovery, to provide rigid immobilization of the spine or to allow earlier mobilization of the patient. The care of spinal cord injuries in the acute phase is facilitated by multidisciplinary units.", "PMID": 117894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_12999", "title": "In vitro induced pinocytotic activity by a juvenile hormone analogue in oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Pinocytotic activity has been analyzed in Drosophila oocytes following either in vivo or in vitro exposure to horseradish peroxidase. The enzyme tracer gains access to the yolk spheres only when supplied to the oocyte in vivo. In oocytes cultured in vitro, peroxidase remains restricted to the residual coated vesicles and to the tubular profiles formed in excess in the cortical ooplasm. In an attempt to induce peroxidase uptake by oocytes cultured in vitro, various incubations were tested. Among these, hemolymph from both sexes is capable of promoting peroxidase uptake up to a level comparable to that detectable in vivo. On the other hand, fat body extracts fail to promote such cellular activity. Finally, the juvenile hormone analogue ZR-515 is shown to be the only factor required to promote pinocytotic activity under the experimental conditions tested. The observations are interpreted to indicate that vitellogenin has no inductive role on pinocytosis but simply acts by adhering to the forming coated vesicles which in turn are produced by the oolemma in response to the action of juvenile hormone.", "contents": "In vitro induced pinocytotic activity by a juvenile hormone analogue in oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster. Pinocytotic activity has been analyzed in Drosophila oocytes following either in vivo or in vitro exposure to horseradish peroxidase. The enzyme tracer gains access to the yolk spheres only when supplied to the oocyte in vivo. In oocytes cultured in vitro, peroxidase remains restricted to the residual coated vesicles and to the tubular profiles formed in excess in the cortical ooplasm. In an attempt to induce peroxidase uptake by oocytes cultured in vitro, various incubations were tested. Among these, hemolymph from both sexes is capable of promoting peroxidase uptake up to a level comparable to that detectable in vivo. On the other hand, fat body extracts fail to promote such cellular activity. Finally, the juvenile hormone analogue ZR-515 is shown to be the only factor required to promote pinocytotic activity under the experimental conditions tested. The observations are interpreted to indicate that vitellogenin has no inductive role on pinocytosis but simply acts by adhering to the forming coated vesicles which in turn are produced by the oolemma in response to the action of juvenile hormone.", "PMID": 117896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13000", "title": "Water compartments in living, glycerinated and fixed skeletal muscles of the frog.", "content": "The kinetics of water replacement with heavy water (deuterium oxide) in the gastrocnemius and sartorius muscles of the frog under isotonic conditions, studied both gravimetrically and by infrared photometry, reveals three water compartments: (i) non-exchangeable (approximately 80 ml/kg fresh weight), (ii) slowly exchanging (approximately 500 ml/kg fresh weight), (iii) rapid exchanging--extracellular (approximately 200 ml/kg fresh weight). Exposure to both glycerol and glutaraldehyde increases the permeability coefficients and the amount of rapid exchanging water; glutaraldehyde also increases the amount of non-exchangeable water. Approximately 90% of the water is kept in the tissue only by weak intermolecular forces, the energies of which amount to 1 kcal/mol. The amount of non-exchangeable water is equivalent to about six continuous adsorption layers covering the myofilaments. Approximately 70% of the tissue water appears to be replaced by glutaraldehyde during standard fixation.", "contents": "Water compartments in living, glycerinated and fixed skeletal muscles of the frog. The kinetics of water replacement with heavy water (deuterium oxide) in the gastrocnemius and sartorius muscles of the frog under isotonic conditions, studied both gravimetrically and by infrared photometry, reveals three water compartments: (i) non-exchangeable (approximately 80 ml/kg fresh weight), (ii) slowly exchanging (approximately 500 ml/kg fresh weight), (iii) rapid exchanging--extracellular (approximately 200 ml/kg fresh weight). Exposure to both glycerol and glutaraldehyde increases the permeability coefficients and the amount of rapid exchanging water; glutaraldehyde also increases the amount of non-exchangeable water. Approximately 90% of the water is kept in the tissue only by weak intermolecular forces, the energies of which amount to 1 kcal/mol. The amount of non-exchangeable water is equivalent to about six continuous adsorption layers covering the myofilaments. Approximately 70% of the tissue water appears to be replaced by glutaraldehyde during standard fixation.", "PMID": 117897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13001", "title": "Alpha-amanitin-resistant D. melanogaster with an altered RNA polymerase II.", "content": "Following EMS mutagenesis we recovered a mutant of D. melanogaster that grows at concentrations of alpha-amanitin lethal to wild-type. To our knowledge this mutant represents the first example of an amanitin-resistant eucaryotic organism. The amanitin resistance of the mutant (AmaC4) is due to an alteration in its DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II, which is approximately 250 times less sensitive to inhibition by amanitin than the wild-type polymerase II whether tested in nuclei, in partially-fractionated extracts or as a highly purified enzyme. While the wild-type enzyme activity is inhibited 50% by 2.1 x 10(-8) M alpha-amanitin, inhibition of 50% of the AmaC4 RNA polymerase II activity requires a toxin concentration of 5.6 x 10(-6) M. The mutation responsible for the amanitin resistance of AmaC4 is on the X chromosome near the vermillion locus.", "contents": "Alpha-amanitin-resistant D. melanogaster with an altered RNA polymerase II. Following EMS mutagenesis we recovered a mutant of D. melanogaster that grows at concentrations of alpha-amanitin lethal to wild-type. To our knowledge this mutant represents the first example of an amanitin-resistant eucaryotic organism. The amanitin resistance of the mutant (AmaC4) is due to an alteration in its DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II, which is approximately 250 times less sensitive to inhibition by amanitin than the wild-type polymerase II whether tested in nuclei, in partially-fractionated extracts or as a highly purified enzyme. While the wild-type enzyme activity is inhibited 50% by 2.1 x 10(-8) M alpha-amanitin, inhibition of 50% of the AmaC4 RNA polymerase II activity requires a toxin concentration of 5.6 x 10(-6) M. The mutation responsible for the amanitin resistance of AmaC4 is on the X chromosome near the vermillion locus.", "PMID": 117900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13002", "title": "Precursor-specific nucleotide sequences can govern RNA folding.", "content": "An immediate precursor of 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from Bacillus subtilis has 21 and 42 nucleotide precursor-specific segments associated with its 5' and 3' termini, respectively. On the basis of its nucleotide sequence, predicted secondary structure and location in the rRNA transcriptional unit, the 3' precursor element apparently functions during the termination of transcription. A portion of the 5' precursor element is shown to facilitate the native folding of the mature domain of the precursor. Precursor 5S rRNA molecules which lack the 5' terminal 8-9 nucleotides of the 5' precursor elements were fabricated. These abbreviated constructs assume a non-native conformation, as revealed by their behavior during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The aberrant conformation is evidently forced upon the abbreviated constructs by the residual 5' precursor sequence, since its removal by the maturation endonuclease RNAase M5 precipitates the reordering of the mature domain into its native conformation. Inspection of the nucleotide sequence of the 5S precursor suggested the nature of the conformational aberration, and gel electrophoresis analyses of limited nuclease digests of end-labeled precursors in the native and aberrant conformations are consistent with the derived model. We conclude taht the 5' terminal six nucleotides in the intact 5S precursor assist in the folding of the mature domain by forming a base-paired duplex with neighboring nucleotides, thereby preventing that adjacent sequence from engendering the abnormal conformation. The involvement of precursor-specific sequences and conformational dynamics in RNA function are discussed.", "contents": "Precursor-specific nucleotide sequences can govern RNA folding. An immediate precursor of 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from Bacillus subtilis has 21 and 42 nucleotide precursor-specific segments associated with its 5' and 3' termini, respectively. On the basis of its nucleotide sequence, predicted secondary structure and location in the rRNA transcriptional unit, the 3' precursor element apparently functions during the termination of transcription. A portion of the 5' precursor element is shown to facilitate the native folding of the mature domain of the precursor. Precursor 5S rRNA molecules which lack the 5' terminal 8-9 nucleotides of the 5' precursor elements were fabricated. These abbreviated constructs assume a non-native conformation, as revealed by their behavior during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The aberrant conformation is evidently forced upon the abbreviated constructs by the residual 5' precursor sequence, since its removal by the maturation endonuclease RNAase M5 precipitates the reordering of the mature domain into its native conformation. Inspection of the nucleotide sequence of the 5S precursor suggested the nature of the conformational aberration, and gel electrophoresis analyses of limited nuclease digests of end-labeled precursors in the native and aberrant conformations are consistent with the derived model. We conclude taht the 5' terminal six nucleotides in the intact 5S precursor assist in the folding of the mature domain by forming a base-paired duplex with neighboring nucleotides, thereby preventing that adjacent sequence from engendering the abnormal conformation. The involvement of precursor-specific sequences and conformational dynamics in RNA function are discussed.", "PMID": 117902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13003", "title": "Expression of ribosomal DNA insertions in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Approximately half of the ribosomal genes on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster are interrupted by an insertion of type 1. Nuclear RNA from D. melanogaster embryos was transferred to DBM paper and hybridized with cloned type 1 insertion sequences. With a DNA fragment derived specifically from large insertions, transcripts were detected between 5 and 10 kb. These insertion transcripts represent less than one RNA molecule per nucleus, which is more than three orders of magnitude below the concentration of nascent rRNA chains, as determined by kinetics of hybridization. With a DNA fragment derived from the right end of large insertions which is also complementary to short insertions, more discrete RNA bands appeared with sizes between 1 and 8.5 kb, representing altogether about 13 RNA molecules per nucleus. Insertion transcripts large enough to be potential precursors to 28S rRNA represent less than one molecule per nucleus. It was shown by sandwich hybridization that at least some of the insertion transcripts are derived from rDNA. No significant difference was found between insertion transcripts in RNA extracted from ovaries, embryos, larvae, pupae or adult flies. Unless a mechanism other than splicing is involved, ribosomal genes with insertions cannot contribute significantly to the synthesis of 28S rRNA. A cytoplasmic RNA approximately 1 kb long, which is complementary to a short insertion and to ribosomal gene sequences flanking both sides of the insertion, was found. The abundance of this short unspliced RNA is about 50 molecules per embryo cell.", "contents": "Expression of ribosomal DNA insertions in Drosophila melanogaster. Approximately half of the ribosomal genes on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster are interrupted by an insertion of type 1. Nuclear RNA from D. melanogaster embryos was transferred to DBM paper and hybridized with cloned type 1 insertion sequences. With a DNA fragment derived specifically from large insertions, transcripts were detected between 5 and 10 kb. These insertion transcripts represent less than one RNA molecule per nucleus, which is more than three orders of magnitude below the concentration of nascent rRNA chains, as determined by kinetics of hybridization. With a DNA fragment derived from the right end of large insertions which is also complementary to short insertions, more discrete RNA bands appeared with sizes between 1 and 8.5 kb, representing altogether about 13 RNA molecules per nucleus. Insertion transcripts large enough to be potential precursors to 28S rRNA represent less than one molecule per nucleus. It was shown by sandwich hybridization that at least some of the insertion transcripts are derived from rDNA. No significant difference was found between insertion transcripts in RNA extracted from ovaries, embryos, larvae, pupae or adult flies. Unless a mechanism other than splicing is involved, ribosomal genes with insertions cannot contribute significantly to the synthesis of 28S rRNA. A cytoplasmic RNA approximately 1 kb long, which is complementary to a short insertion and to ribosomal gene sequences flanking both sides of the insertion, was found. The abundance of this short unspliced RNA is about 50 molecules per embryo cell.", "PMID": 117903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13004", "title": "The clustered and scrambled arrangement of moderately repetitive elements in Drosophila DNA.", "content": "An examination of cloned Drosophila DNA has revealed large clusters of densely spaced, short (less than or equal to 1 kb), moderately repetitive elements. Different clusters have many of the same repetitive elements, but these elements are arranged differently in each cluster. It is improbable that this clustered arrangement can be detected by conventional reassociation kinetic and electron microscopic techniques, but it can be detected and features of its fine structure can be determined by a two-dimensional version of Southern's blotting technique. The genomic organization of these clustered repetitive elements was investigated by hybridizing restriction fragments of cloned DNA to polytene chromosomes, to filter-bound recombinant DNA clones and to Southern blots of total Drosophila DNA. These studies demonstrated that clusters occur in euchromatic regions of the chromosomes and that at least one of the clusters has the same repetitive element organization in cloned and in chromosomal DNA. These studies also demonstrated that copies of the elements from one cluster are scattered in at least 1000 chromosomal regions. These regions appear to have differing concentrations of repetitive DNA, but together they account for a large fraction of Drosophila's moderately repetitive DNA. Aside from indicating the genomic organization of cluster elements, this work has identified cluster elements throughout a 9 kb region neighboring one of the heat shock genes, throughout the intron of the major rDNA repeat and within the apparently transposable element, 412.", "contents": "The clustered and scrambled arrangement of moderately repetitive elements in Drosophila DNA. An examination of cloned Drosophila DNA has revealed large clusters of densely spaced, short (less than or equal to 1 kb), moderately repetitive elements. Different clusters have many of the same repetitive elements, but these elements are arranged differently in each cluster. It is improbable that this clustered arrangement can be detected by conventional reassociation kinetic and electron microscopic techniques, but it can be detected and features of its fine structure can be determined by a two-dimensional version of Southern's blotting technique. The genomic organization of these clustered repetitive elements was investigated by hybridizing restriction fragments of cloned DNA to polytene chromosomes, to filter-bound recombinant DNA clones and to Southern blots of total Drosophila DNA. These studies demonstrated that clusters occur in euchromatic regions of the chromosomes and that at least one of the clusters has the same repetitive element organization in cloned and in chromosomal DNA. These studies also demonstrated that copies of the elements from one cluster are scattered in at least 1000 chromosomal regions. These regions appear to have differing concentrations of repetitive DNA, but together they account for a large fraction of Drosophila's moderately repetitive DNA. Aside from indicating the genomic organization of cluster elements, this work has identified cluster elements throughout a 9 kb region neighboring one of the heat shock genes, throughout the intron of the major rDNA repeat and within the apparently transposable element, 412.", "PMID": 117904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13005", "title": "Genetic and molecular analysis of the 87A7 and 87C1 heat-inducible loci of D. melanogaster.", "content": "Two different types of heat-inducible sequences are found at the cytogenetic loci 87A7 and 87C1 of D. melanogaster. One of these codes for the 70,000 dalton heat shock protein (hsp 70) and is found at both loci. The other type of sequence (alpha beta) codes for an RNA of unknown function and is found only at 87C1. We have completed a study of the organization of the two loci, using deficiencies that delete one or other locus, and have estimated the number of the hsp 70 genes at each locus. Thus in at least three strains of files there are a total of five coding sequences, three at 87C1 and two at 87A7. Restriction mapping of the coding regions at the two loci reveals that each of the two cytogenetic loci has its own characteristic coding sequence. The overall organization of the two loci appears to differ considerably. The alpha beta and hsp 70 heat-induced sequences at 87C1 are closely linked and are contained within two Eco RI restriction fragments.", "contents": "Genetic and molecular analysis of the 87A7 and 87C1 heat-inducible loci of D. melanogaster. Two different types of heat-inducible sequences are found at the cytogenetic loci 87A7 and 87C1 of D. melanogaster. One of these codes for the 70,000 dalton heat shock protein (hsp 70) and is found at both loci. The other type of sequence (alpha beta) codes for an RNA of unknown function and is found only at 87C1. We have completed a study of the organization of the two loci, using deficiencies that delete one or other locus, and have estimated the number of the hsp 70 genes at each locus. Thus in at least three strains of files there are a total of five coding sequences, three at 87C1 and two at 87A7. Restriction mapping of the coding regions at the two loci reveals that each of the two cytogenetic loci has its own characteristic coding sequence. The overall organization of the two loci appears to differ considerably. The alpha beta and hsp 70 heat-induced sequences at 87C1 are closely linked and are contained within two Eco RI restriction fragments.", "PMID": 117906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13006", "title": "Studies of cloned sequences from four Drosophila heat shock loci.", "content": "DNA cloned from the D. melanogaster (Oregon R) heat shock loci at 63BC and 95D codes for the 83,000 and the 68,000 dalton heat shock proteins, respectively. Both coding sequences occur once per haploid genome. Sequences complementary to messenger RNA for the 70,000 dalton heat shock protein are represented five times, twice at 87A and three times at 87 C. The copies at 87A differ characteristically from those at 87C in an interval of a few hundred bp near the 5' end of the messenger sequence, and the corresponding two classes of hsp 70 messenger RNA are found on polysomes after heat shock. Within this differential region, there is about 15% divergence between messenger sequences cloned from the two loci, while in the rest of the messenger region examined the homology is much closer although still imperfect. Unexpectedly, considerable homology is found between the sequence for the 68,000 dalton heat shock protein at 95D and the sequences for the 70,000 dalton protein at 87A and 87C, and between these sequences and a site in 87D. Messenger RNA molecules of 2.4, 2.55 and 3.05 kb code for the 68,000, 70,000 and 83,000 dalton heat shock proteins and hybridize to apparently uninterrupted DNA sequences of 2.1, 2.25 and 2.6 kb, respectively.", "contents": "Studies of cloned sequences from four Drosophila heat shock loci. DNA cloned from the D. melanogaster (Oregon R) heat shock loci at 63BC and 95D codes for the 83,000 and the 68,000 dalton heat shock proteins, respectively. Both coding sequences occur once per haploid genome. Sequences complementary to messenger RNA for the 70,000 dalton heat shock protein are represented five times, twice at 87A and three times at 87 C. The copies at 87A differ characteristically from those at 87C in an interval of a few hundred bp near the 5' end of the messenger sequence, and the corresponding two classes of hsp 70 messenger RNA are found on polysomes after heat shock. Within this differential region, there is about 15% divergence between messenger sequences cloned from the two loci, while in the rest of the messenger region examined the homology is much closer although still imperfect. Unexpectedly, considerable homology is found between the sequence for the 68,000 dalton heat shock protein at 95D and the sequences for the 70,000 dalton protein at 87A and 87C, and between these sequences and a site in 87D. Messenger RNA molecules of 2.4, 2.55 and 3.05 kb code for the 68,000, 70,000 and 83,000 dalton heat shock proteins and hybridize to apparently uninterrupted DNA sequences of 2.1, 2.25 and 2.6 kb, respectively.", "PMID": 117907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13007", "title": "Clinical studies on cerebral schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines.", "content": "The author examined the cerebral schistosomiasis japonica (CSJ) in the Philippines which is one of the areas heavily infected with S. japonicum. Seventy-five subjects were selected randomly from 307 patients with CSJ, who showed neurological symptoms such as convulsions, paroxysmal disturbance of consciousness and hemiparesis. The mean age of the subjects was 33. Of the 71 patients who had paroxysmal disease, 54 had convulsions, in 33 of which it was of the Jacksonian type, and 24 had psychomotor seizures and 1 autonomic seizures. Thus, 58 patients or 82% of the paroxysmal disease group showed a sign of the localized lesion of the brain. Fifty-one patients (72%) of this group had attacks more than once a month, and the onset of the paroxysmal disease was later than 20 years old in 49 (69%). EEGs were judged as abnormal in 24 (32% of total subjects), borderline in 13 (17%) and normal in 38 (51%). The characteristic abnormal or borderline findings of EEG were random and paroxysmal slow waves with asymmetry. Discussion was made in reference to the strong suspicion that the cerebral symptoms of the subjects, the paroxysmal diseases in particular, were a syndrome associated with Schistosoma japonicum and to the difference between CSJ in Japan and that in the Philippines.", "contents": "Clinical studies on cerebral schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines. The author examined the cerebral schistosomiasis japonica (CSJ) in the Philippines which is one of the areas heavily infected with S. japonicum. Seventy-five subjects were selected randomly from 307 patients with CSJ, who showed neurological symptoms such as convulsions, paroxysmal disturbance of consciousness and hemiparesis. The mean age of the subjects was 33. Of the 71 patients who had paroxysmal disease, 54 had convulsions, in 33 of which it was of the Jacksonian type, and 24 had psychomotor seizures and 1 autonomic seizures. Thus, 58 patients or 82% of the paroxysmal disease group showed a sign of the localized lesion of the brain. Fifty-one patients (72%) of this group had attacks more than once a month, and the onset of the paroxysmal disease was later than 20 years old in 49 (69%). EEGs were judged as abnormal in 24 (32% of total subjects), borderline in 13 (17%) and normal in 38 (51%). The characteristic abnormal or borderline findings of EEG were random and paroxysmal slow waves with asymmetry. Discussion was made in reference to the strong suspicion that the cerebral symptoms of the subjects, the paroxysmal diseases in particular, were a syndrome associated with Schistosoma japonicum and to the difference between CSJ in Japan and that in the Philippines.", "PMID": 117911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13008", "title": "Proposal for a program in particle-beam radiation therapy in the the United States. A report from the Committee for Radiation Oncology Studies (CROS) and its Particle Subcommittee.", "content": "The Program for Particle Therapy proposes utilization of hospital-based particle generators in a nationwide program to evaluate, through meaningful clinical trials, particle radiation therapy and the impact its utilization can have in cancer care. The scientific rationale for use of particle therapy compared to conventional radiation in the effort to achieve uncomplicated local control of cancer, to heal, cure and palliate the patient, indicates the advantages of particle therapy consist of either or both a) enhanced biological effect and b) physical properties leading to improvement in dose distribution. It has been estimated that in tho control local-regional cancer. Any new modality enabling the therapist to increase dose to tumor, while sparing critical normal tissue, can enhance local control and benefit systemic therapy. Limited clinical trials to date warrant further definitive clinical study of particle beams. Physical and biologic considerations of fast-neutron beams have been essentially completed; equipment design, availability, and predicted reliability are good; and the medical community has indicated support of further study. A major clinical investigation can be implemented to provide the scientific basis for judging clinical merit of use of high LET radiations. Concurrently, the first phase of work can be started with protons, negative pions, and heavy ions. It is anticipated that clinical results will accrue much more rapidly with hospital-based units for clinical trials; this Program proposes this transfer of particle technology from the laboratory to such hospital-based facilities in two phases, over a 10-year period.", "contents": "Proposal for a program in particle-beam radiation therapy in the the United States. A report from the Committee for Radiation Oncology Studies (CROS) and its Particle Subcommittee. The Program for Particle Therapy proposes utilization of hospital-based particle generators in a nationwide program to evaluate, through meaningful clinical trials, particle radiation therapy and the impact its utilization can have in cancer care. The scientific rationale for use of particle therapy compared to conventional radiation in the effort to achieve uncomplicated local control of cancer, to heal, cure and palliate the patient, indicates the advantages of particle therapy consist of either or both a) enhanced biological effect and b) physical properties leading to improvement in dose distribution. It has been estimated that in tho control local-regional cancer. Any new modality enabling the therapist to increase dose to tumor, while sparing critical normal tissue, can enhance local control and benefit systemic therapy. Limited clinical trials to date warrant further definitive clinical study of particle beams. Physical and biologic considerations of fast-neutron beams have been essentially completed; equipment design, availability, and predicted reliability are good; and the medical community has indicated support of further study. A major clinical investigation can be implemented to provide the scientific basis for judging clinical merit of use of high LET radiations. Concurrently, the first phase of work can be started with protons, negative pions, and heavy ions. It is anticipated that clinical results will accrue much more rapidly with hospital-based units for clinical trials; this Program proposes this transfer of particle technology from the laboratory to such hospital-based facilities in two phases, over a 10-year period.", "PMID": 117912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13009", "title": "[Effect of creatine and other phosphorylable amino compounds on the ileal absorption of Ca-45 in the rat].", "content": "Some carbohydrates which increase calcium absorption were phosphate acceptors. When administrated to adult Rat in ileal ligated loop, phosphorylable amino compounds such as creatine, L-aspartic and L-glutamic acids also increased calcium absorption; other effective compounds such as D- and L-lysine and D-alanine might be involved in reactions of phorphorylation. L-alanine, L- and D-valine and asparagine were ineffective in enhancing calcium absorption and were not phosphorylable. Injection of creatine into ileal loop induced the formation of its phosphorylated derivative. Absorption of the amino compound was not correlated with the fact that they were effective on calcium absorption.", "contents": "[Effect of creatine and other phosphorylable amino compounds on the ileal absorption of Ca-45 in the rat]. Some carbohydrates which increase calcium absorption were phosphate acceptors. When administrated to adult Rat in ileal ligated loop, phosphorylable amino compounds such as creatine, L-aspartic and L-glutamic acids also increased calcium absorption; other effective compounds such as D- and L-lysine and D-alanine might be involved in reactions of phorphorylation. L-alanine, L- and D-valine and asparagine were ineffective in enhancing calcium absorption and were not phosphorylable. Injection of creatine into ileal loop induced the formation of its phosphorylated derivative. Absorption of the amino compound was not correlated with the fact that they were effective on calcium absorption.", "PMID": 117913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13010", "title": "[Effects of temperature on K, Na and water movements in isolated hepatocytes].", "content": "Isolated hepatocytes incubated at 1 degrees C loss K, gain Na and water. Rewarming results in a transient increase in K and Na permeabilities. These are insensitive to quinine, suggesting that they are not caused by an intracellular Ca accumulation.", "contents": "[Effects of temperature on K, Na and water movements in isolated hepatocytes]. Isolated hepatocytes incubated at 1 degrees C loss K, gain Na and water. Rewarming results in a transient increase in K and Na permeabilities. These are insensitive to quinine, suggesting that they are not caused by an intracellular Ca accumulation.", "PMID": 117914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13011", "title": "[Demonstration of dopaminergic receptors in human pituitary adenomas secreting prolactin].", "content": "3H Domperidone binding on cellular membranes from human prolactin adenomas demonstrates the presence of two dopaminergic binding sites. The mean value of the dissociation constant (Kd) for five adenomas is of 0.29 +/- 0.14 nM for the first site and of 4.19 +/- 1.56 nM for the second site. The maximal number of binding sites (Bmax) varies from one adenoma to another. The binding is completely displaced at 30 nM of tritiated Domperidone by apomorohine, a specific dopaminergic agonist.", "contents": "[Demonstration of dopaminergic receptors in human pituitary adenomas secreting prolactin]. 3H Domperidone binding on cellular membranes from human prolactin adenomas demonstrates the presence of two dopaminergic binding sites. The mean value of the dissociation constant (Kd) for five adenomas is of 0.29 +/- 0.14 nM for the first site and of 4.19 +/- 1.56 nM for the second site. The maximal number of binding sites (Bmax) varies from one adenoma to another. The binding is completely displaced at 30 nM of tritiated Domperidone by apomorohine, a specific dopaminergic agonist.", "PMID": 117916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13012", "title": "[Isolation and composition of plasma membranes of bovine glomerulus].", "content": "Plasma membranes of Beef kidney glomeruli were prepared by ultracentrifugation on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. They were characterized by specific marker enzyme activities and electron microscopy morphological studies. Amino acid composition revealed a high amount of hydrophobic residues. Carbohydrate amount was found to be as high as 8.9 p. cent of the dry weight.", "contents": "[Isolation and composition of plasma membranes of bovine glomerulus]. Plasma membranes of Beef kidney glomeruli were prepared by ultracentrifugation on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. They were characterized by specific marker enzyme activities and electron microscopy morphological studies. Amino acid composition revealed a high amount of hydrophobic residues. Carbohydrate amount was found to be as high as 8.9 p. cent of the dry weight.", "PMID": 117917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13013", "title": "[In vitro differentiation of primitive molar tissue from mouse embryo].", "content": "The developing molar tissues of the lower jaw of 13, 14 and 15 day Mouse embryos were removed and cultured in vitro. Complete molar dentition differentiated.", "contents": "[In vitro differentiation of primitive molar tissue from mouse embryo]. The developing molar tissues of the lower jaw of 13, 14 and 15 day Mouse embryos were removed and cultured in vitro. Complete molar dentition differentiated.", "PMID": 117918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13014", "title": "[The \"hitch-hiking\" effect of a selected gene and gamete combination (linkage disequilibrium): the example of 2 closely linked loci in the swine, Hal (halothane sensitivity) and PHI (phosphohexose isomerase)].", "content": "The observation of two lines of pigs selected differently for four generations confirms a recent theoretical work (Thomson, 1977) showing that a possible source of linkage disequilibrium may be the hitch-hiking effect of a selected locus (Hal) on another closely linked neutral locus (PHI).", "contents": "[The \"hitch-hiking\" effect of a selected gene and gamete combination (linkage disequilibrium): the example of 2 closely linked loci in the swine, Hal (halothane sensitivity) and PHI (phosphohexose isomerase)]. The observation of two lines of pigs selected differently for four generations confirms a recent theoretical work (Thomson, 1977) showing that a possible source of linkage disequilibrium may be the hitch-hiking effect of a selected locus (Hal) on another closely linked neutral locus (PHI).", "PMID": 117919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13015", "title": "[Heme structure in cooperative and noncooperative hemoglobins: study by resonant Raman diffusion].", "content": "The modifications of heme sites of hemoglobin, which should occur upon apoprotein alterations (responsible for variations of oxygen affinity), have been examined by Resonnant Raman scattering. The oxygenated (R) and deoxygenated (T) shape of apoprotein do not modify the heme states. The spectral differences between these forms are essentially due to the presence or the absence of the sixth ligand.", "contents": "[Heme structure in cooperative and noncooperative hemoglobins: study by resonant Raman diffusion]. The modifications of heme sites of hemoglobin, which should occur upon apoprotein alterations (responsible for variations of oxygen affinity), have been examined by Resonnant Raman scattering. The oxygenated (R) and deoxygenated (T) shape of apoprotein do not modify the heme states. The spectral differences between these forms are essentially due to the presence or the absence of the sixth ligand.", "PMID": 117920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13016", "title": "[Differential interaction of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic (TNBS) and 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic (DNBS) acids on mouse lymphocytes].", "content": "Modifications of lymphoid cells with dinitro-2,4 phenylsulfonic acid (DNBS) or trinitro-2,4,6 phenylsulfonic acid (TNBS) have been studied. TNBS action always produces an electrophoretic mobility increase in relation with the amount of amino-groups, according to the cell type. DNBS action produces an electrophoretic mobility increase for B cells of spleen and a decrease for T cells of spleen and thymic cells. The hydrophobic fluorescent probe 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate used to study conformational changes of cells revealed a slight fluorescence decrease for TNP-modified cells and an important fluorescence increase for DNP-modified cells.", "contents": "[Differential interaction of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic (TNBS) and 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic (DNBS) acids on mouse lymphocytes]. Modifications of lymphoid cells with dinitro-2,4 phenylsulfonic acid (DNBS) or trinitro-2,4,6 phenylsulfonic acid (TNBS) have been studied. TNBS action always produces an electrophoretic mobility increase in relation with the amount of amino-groups, according to the cell type. DNBS action produces an electrophoretic mobility increase for B cells of spleen and a decrease for T cells of spleen and thymic cells. The hydrophobic fluorescent probe 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate used to study conformational changes of cells revealed a slight fluorescence decrease for TNP-modified cells and an important fluorescence increase for DNP-modified cells.", "PMID": 117922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13017", "title": "[Antigenicity of ribosomal proteins from a malignant mouse cell line. Preliminary results].", "content": "An original immunological two-dimensional technique with two different gels permits the protein analysis of 80 S cytoplasmic ribosomal murine particles and of their 60 S and 40 S subunits. The diagrams isolate and characterize a definite number of specific polypeptidic structures from each ribosomal particle.", "contents": "[Antigenicity of ribosomal proteins from a malignant mouse cell line. Preliminary results]. An original immunological two-dimensional technique with two different gels permits the protein analysis of 80 S cytoplasmic ribosomal murine particles and of their 60 S and 40 S subunits. The diagrams isolate and characterize a definite number of specific polypeptidic structures from each ribosomal particle.", "PMID": 117923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13018", "title": "[Fucosidosis and blood group substances in the urine].", "content": "Glycopeptide and oligosaccharide fractions obtained from fucosidosis urine contains more Lea activity (4-8 fold) than control urine. Both fucosidosis fractions also contained Leb and H activities, no A activity in contrast to the salivary and erythrocyte phenotypes (A, Le a+ b-). The amount of Leb activity is lower in both fractions (1) and (2) than that of Leb control children (4-16 fold decrease). Blood group A activity was not detected at any concentration used (less than or equal to 50 fold-concentrated urine) whereas A activity was found in (A, Le a- b+) control urine. On the contrary, both fucosidosis fractions contained H activity, whereas A (Le a- b+) control children fractions had none (less than or equal to 50-fold concentrated urine). H and Leb activity might originate from Lea precursor apart from the \"non-secretory\" type of the patient.", "contents": "[Fucosidosis and blood group substances in the urine]. Glycopeptide and oligosaccharide fractions obtained from fucosidosis urine contains more Lea activity (4-8 fold) than control urine. Both fucosidosis fractions also contained Leb and H activities, no A activity in contrast to the salivary and erythrocyte phenotypes (A, Le a+ b-). The amount of Leb activity is lower in both fractions (1) and (2) than that of Leb control children (4-16 fold decrease). Blood group A activity was not detected at any concentration used (less than or equal to 50 fold-concentrated urine) whereas A activity was found in (A, Le a- b+) control urine. On the contrary, both fucosidosis fractions contained H activity, whereas A (Le a- b+) control children fractions had none (less than or equal to 50-fold concentrated urine). H and Leb activity might originate from Lea precursor apart from the \"non-secretory\" type of the patient.", "PMID": 117924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13019", "title": "[Conformational coupling between structural units. A decisive step in the functional structure formation].", "content": "Proteins built up of several structural domains are compared with oligomeric proteins made up of several subunits. On this basis the functional consequences of a conformational coupling between domains are analyzed. From the data obtained on the elastase molecule it is proposed that the last step in protein folding insures the optimal coupling between domains and the energy of interaction is utilized for catalysis.", "contents": "[Conformational coupling between structural units. A decisive step in the functional structure formation]. Proteins built up of several structural domains are compared with oligomeric proteins made up of several subunits. On this basis the functional consequences of a conformational coupling between domains are analyzed. From the data obtained on the elastase molecule it is proposed that the last step in protein folding insures the optimal coupling between domains and the energy of interaction is utilized for catalysis.", "PMID": 117925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13020", "title": "[Reduction of isoprenaline induced tachycardia in pregnant rats. Role of a serum factor].", "content": "The in vivo isoprenaline (50 microgram/kg) induced tachycardia (beta 1 adrenergic stimulant effect) was decreased in pregnant (20th day) Rats compared to non pregnant Rats. The in vitro positive chronotropic effect of isoprenaline (10 ng/ml) on cultured Rat heart cells was abolished by pregnant Rat serum whereas progesterone (0.10 to 5 microgram/ml) or oestradiol (0.1 to 25 microgram/ml) were ineffective. The decreased beta 1 adrenergic responsiveness in pregnant Rats could be related to a seric factor, different from these two hormones.", "contents": "[Reduction of isoprenaline induced tachycardia in pregnant rats. Role of a serum factor]. The in vivo isoprenaline (50 microgram/kg) induced tachycardia (beta 1 adrenergic stimulant effect) was decreased in pregnant (20th day) Rats compared to non pregnant Rats. The in vitro positive chronotropic effect of isoprenaline (10 ng/ml) on cultured Rat heart cells was abolished by pregnant Rat serum whereas progesterone (0.10 to 5 microgram/ml) or oestradiol (0.1 to 25 microgram/ml) were ineffective. The decreased beta 1 adrenergic responsiveness in pregnant Rats could be related to a seric factor, different from these two hormones.", "PMID": 117926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13021", "title": "[Immunochemical study of protein anomalies in platelets of patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and Bernard-Soulier syndrome].", "content": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of \"Triton X-100\" solubilized proteins from (125I) iodinated normal and abnormal (Bernard-Soulier and thrombasthenic) platelets was performed using rabbit antibodies raised against whole, normal platelets. In Bernard-Soulier platelets neither of the two surface oriented forms of GP I, glycocalicin and glycoprotein Ib (band 13) were detected. In two patients with type I thrombasthenia, the most prominent precipitate (No. 16) and platelet fibrinogen (No 24) were not detected whereas in one patient with type II thromblasthenia, fibrinogen was normally detected and the amount of protein 16 was around 15% of the normal level. The alloantibody IgG L..., able to induce a \"thrombasthenic-like\" reactivity in normal human platelets, has been shown to be directed against protein 16.", "contents": "[Immunochemical study of protein anomalies in platelets of patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and Bernard-Soulier syndrome]. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of \"Triton X-100\" solubilized proteins from (125I) iodinated normal and abnormal (Bernard-Soulier and thrombasthenic) platelets was performed using rabbit antibodies raised against whole, normal platelets. In Bernard-Soulier platelets neither of the two surface oriented forms of GP I, glycocalicin and glycoprotein Ib (band 13) were detected. In two patients with type I thrombasthenia, the most prominent precipitate (No. 16) and platelet fibrinogen (No 24) were not detected whereas in one patient with type II thromblasthenia, fibrinogen was normally detected and the amount of protein 16 was around 15% of the normal level. The alloantibody IgG L..., able to induce a \"thrombasthenic-like\" reactivity in normal human platelets, has been shown to be directed against protein 16.", "PMID": 117927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13022", "title": "[Different primary structure of 2 variants of Friend virus p 30 polypeptide separated by isoelectric focusing].", "content": "Variants of p 30 (iso-p 30s), the 30,000 dalton major polypeptide of murine C-type retraviruses, have been characterized in all virus strains by isoelectric focusing. Several of these iso-p 30s have been found to coexist in a given virus strain. In the present study, two iso-p 30s, characteristic of the Friend-Rauscher subgroup, separated by preparative isoelectric focusing of p 30 in thin layers of polydextran gel, were subjected to tryptic peptide mapping and aminoacid analysis. The two iso-p 30s, with isoelectric points (pI) of 6.5 and 7.1, were found to possess a partially different primary structure, with about 50% homology. The results are discussed.", "contents": "[Different primary structure of 2 variants of Friend virus p 30 polypeptide separated by isoelectric focusing]. Variants of p 30 (iso-p 30s), the 30,000 dalton major polypeptide of murine C-type retraviruses, have been characterized in all virus strains by isoelectric focusing. Several of these iso-p 30s have been found to coexist in a given virus strain. In the present study, two iso-p 30s, characteristic of the Friend-Rauscher subgroup, separated by preparative isoelectric focusing of p 30 in thin layers of polydextran gel, were subjected to tryptic peptide mapping and aminoacid analysis. The two iso-p 30s, with isoelectric points (pI) of 6.5 and 7.1, were found to possess a partially different primary structure, with about 50% homology. The results are discussed.", "PMID": 117928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13023", "title": "[Enzymatic activity of peritoneal macrophages of Balb C mice after enteral or parenteral stimulation with bacterial extracts].", "content": "A study of peritoneal macrophage activation has been conducted by simultaneous investigation in eleven enzymes in Balb/c Mice stimulated with bacterial extracts, by oral and parenteral route. The results showed important changes in Macrophage number and activity. On the other hand this activation depended upon the route of administration, antigen nature, and time interval between stimulation and peritoneal harvesting.", "contents": "[Enzymatic activity of peritoneal macrophages of Balb C mice after enteral or parenteral stimulation with bacterial extracts]. A study of peritoneal macrophage activation has been conducted by simultaneous investigation in eleven enzymes in Balb/c Mice stimulated with bacterial extracts, by oral and parenteral route. The results showed important changes in Macrophage number and activity. On the other hand this activation depended upon the route of administration, antigen nature, and time interval between stimulation and peritoneal harvesting.", "PMID": 117929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13024", "title": "[Demonstration of measles virus antigens in osteoclasts in Paget's disease of bone].", "content": "The first results of histo-immunological studies on biopsies in Paget's bone disease strongly favour the presence of antigenic material of viral origin in osteoclasts. Measles virus may play a role in the etiology of Paget's bone disease.", "contents": "[Demonstration of measles virus antigens in osteoclasts in Paget's disease of bone]. The first results of histo-immunological studies on biopsies in Paget's bone disease strongly favour the presence of antigenic material of viral origin in osteoclasts. Measles virus may play a role in the etiology of Paget's bone disease.", "PMID": 117930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13025", "title": "[Isoprenaline, modifications of the turnover of ATP in the perfused rat heart].", "content": "5 hrs after a single sub-cutaneous injection of the drug in a dose of 5 mg/kg, the ATP concentration was reduced by 15%, the incorporation of 14C adenine was augmented by 20% and the turnover of ATP was accelerated: the reduction of specific radioactivity attained 16%, 75 mn after the period of marquage, instead of 7% in the control hearts. When the drug was added to the perfusion fluid, there was no supplementary reduction of the ATP concentration and the action on the nucleotide turnover only existed if the ATP level was reduced by a pretreatment: the reduction of specific radioactivity then attained 24% after 75 min. of perfusion.", "contents": "[Isoprenaline, modifications of the turnover of ATP in the perfused rat heart]. 5 hrs after a single sub-cutaneous injection of the drug in a dose of 5 mg/kg, the ATP concentration was reduced by 15%, the incorporation of 14C adenine was augmented by 20% and the turnover of ATP was accelerated: the reduction of specific radioactivity attained 16%, 75 mn after the period of marquage, instead of 7% in the control hearts. When the drug was added to the perfusion fluid, there was no supplementary reduction of the ATP concentration and the action on the nucleotide turnover only existed if the ATP level was reduced by a pretreatment: the reduction of specific radioactivity then attained 24% after 75 min. of perfusion.", "PMID": 117931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13026", "title": "[Unmasking of the fast sodium channel in less than 4 day old embryonic chicken heart by inhibitors of sodium inactivation].", "content": "Embryonic Chick hearts aged less than 4 days are not always sensitive to tetrodotoxin, an inhibitor of fast sodium channel. It is shown that in the most frequent cases, in which tetrodotoxin sensitivity is apparently absent, this sensitivity can be demonstrated after previous treatment by veratridine or by toxin II of androctonus australis Hector Scorpion venom. It is concluded that the fast tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channel is regularly present in the heart of Chick embryos aged 2 and 3 days, but most often in a permanently inactivated state.", "contents": "[Unmasking of the fast sodium channel in less than 4 day old embryonic chicken heart by inhibitors of sodium inactivation]. Embryonic Chick hearts aged less than 4 days are not always sensitive to tetrodotoxin, an inhibitor of fast sodium channel. It is shown that in the most frequent cases, in which tetrodotoxin sensitivity is apparently absent, this sensitivity can be demonstrated after previous treatment by veratridine or by toxin II of androctonus australis Hector Scorpion venom. It is concluded that the fast tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channel is regularly present in the heart of Chick embryos aged 2 and 3 days, but most often in a permanently inactivated state.", "PMID": 117932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13027", "title": "[Correlation between the regional blood volume and epileptic seizures in Papio papio].", "content": "The method of labelling red cells with technetium-99m was used to measured regional blood volume auring different types of epileptic seizures induced in the Baboon Papio papio. During seizures the cerebral blood volume increases and there is simultaneously a decrease of blood volume in nasal and hepatic regions, and a transitory increase of blood volume in the forepaws.", "contents": "[Correlation between the regional blood volume and epileptic seizures in Papio papio]. The method of labelling red cells with technetium-99m was used to measured regional blood volume auring different types of epileptic seizures induced in the Baboon Papio papio. During seizures the cerebral blood volume increases and there is simultaneously a decrease of blood volume in nasal and hepatic regions, and a transitory increase of blood volume in the forepaws.", "PMID": 117933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13028", "title": "[Serotoninergic innervation of the paraventricular organ in chick embryo and chick; histofluorescence and autoradiography study optic and electron microscopy].", "content": "Fluorescence microscopy (Falck and Hillarp technique) of 11th day old chick embryo shows aminergic neurons and processes in the paraventricular organ area. Administration of tritiated amines permits us to observe uptake and storage of serotonin only as early as the 10th day; this suggests a very early hypothalamic serotoninergic nervous system differentiation.", "contents": "[Serotoninergic innervation of the paraventricular organ in chick embryo and chick; histofluorescence and autoradiography study optic and electron microscopy]. Fluorescence microscopy (Falck and Hillarp technique) of 11th day old chick embryo shows aminergic neurons and processes in the paraventricular organ area. Administration of tritiated amines permits us to observe uptake and storage of serotonin only as early as the 10th day; this suggests a very early hypothalamic serotoninergic nervous system differentiation.", "PMID": 117934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13029", "title": "[Protein kinase activity in Escherichia coli].", "content": "When growing E. coli in a minimal medium, at least four proteins from the soluble fraction and one ribosome-associated protein are found phosphorylated at the level of their threonine and serine residues.", "contents": "[Protein kinase activity in Escherichia coli]. When growing E. coli in a minimal medium, at least four proteins from the soluble fraction and one ribosome-associated protein are found phosphorylated at the level of their threonine and serine residues.", "PMID": 117936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13030", "title": "[Morphological study of paramyxovirus Yucaipa].", "content": "Paramyxovirus Yucaipa exhibits a dramatic polymorphism. One can observe round particles, 250 nm in diameter, and numerous filamentous forms, some of which are 1800 nm long.", "contents": "[Morphological study of paramyxovirus Yucaipa]. Paramyxovirus Yucaipa exhibits a dramatic polymorphism. One can observe round particles, 250 nm in diameter, and numerous filamentous forms, some of which are 1800 nm long.", "PMID": 117937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13031", "title": "[Propionic acidemia and sodium dipropylacetate].", "content": "After administering sodium dipropylacetate to normal rats and biotin-deficient rats, we observed a slight hyperglycinemia, significant constant hyperglycinuria, but no accumulation of propionic acid in the blood or significant urinary elimination. Hepatic propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity, in vivo and in vitro, did not change, neither did sodium dipropylacetate inhibit propionyl-CoA carboxylase nor induce propionic acidemia resulting from a deficiency in this enzyme.", "contents": "[Propionic acidemia and sodium dipropylacetate]. After administering sodium dipropylacetate to normal rats and biotin-deficient rats, we observed a slight hyperglycinemia, significant constant hyperglycinuria, but no accumulation of propionic acid in the blood or significant urinary elimination. Hepatic propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity, in vivo and in vitro, did not change, neither did sodium dipropylacetate inhibit propionyl-CoA carboxylase nor induce propionic acidemia resulting from a deficiency in this enzyme.", "PMID": 117938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13032", "title": "[Immunostimulating and adjuvant activities of a low molecular weight lipopeptide].", "content": "From crude extracts of a Streptomyces strain exhibiting immunopotentiating effects, a tetrapeptide was isolated and its structure established as L Ala leads to D isoGlu leads to L, L Dap comes from Gly. This peptide was devoid of biological activity but its chemical coupling with lauric acid gave a substance endowed with adjuvant and immunostimulating properties. This substance and the corresponding synthetic lauroyltetrapeptide were as active in this respect as the muramyl-dipeptide, thus far considered as the minimal adjuvant-active structure of bacterial cell walls: the presence of a sugar moiety is therefore not a prerequisite for immunopotentiating activities.", "contents": "[Immunostimulating and adjuvant activities of a low molecular weight lipopeptide]. From crude extracts of a Streptomyces strain exhibiting immunopotentiating effects, a tetrapeptide was isolated and its structure established as L Ala leads to D isoGlu leads to L, L Dap comes from Gly. This peptide was devoid of biological activity but its chemical coupling with lauric acid gave a substance endowed with adjuvant and immunostimulating properties. This substance and the corresponding synthetic lauroyltetrapeptide were as active in this respect as the muramyl-dipeptide, thus far considered as the minimal adjuvant-active structure of bacterial cell walls: the presence of a sugar moiety is therefore not a prerequisite for immunopotentiating activities.", "PMID": 117939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13033", "title": "[Discovery and purification of a virus in gland hyperplasia of insects. Study of Merodon equistris F. (Diptera, Syrphidae)].", "content": "ADNA virus was purified from the salivary gland affected by a large proliferation in the Diptera Merodon equestris. Structure, nucleic acid as well as development and intracellular cycle of the virus have been characterized.", "contents": "[Discovery and purification of a virus in gland hyperplasia of insects. Study of Merodon equistris F. (Diptera, Syrphidae)]. ADNA virus was purified from the salivary gland affected by a large proliferation in the Diptera Merodon equestris. Structure, nucleic acid as well as development and intracellular cycle of the virus have been characterized.", "PMID": 117940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13034", "title": "[Purification of the vascular plasminogen activator].", "content": "We have isolated a purified preparation of the vascular plasminogen activator. Plasma obtained from post occlusion venous blood has been chromatographed with low and high ionic strength buffers. The purified protein has a relative molecular weight of 71,000.", "contents": "[Purification of the vascular plasminogen activator]. We have isolated a purified preparation of the vascular plasminogen activator. Plasma obtained from post occlusion venous blood has been chromatographed with low and high ionic strength buffers. The purified protein has a relative molecular weight of 71,000.", "PMID": 117941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13035", "title": "[Regulation of macronuclear DNA content during the cell cycle of the ciliate Tetrahymena paravorax (microstome form)].", "content": "Results of autoradiographic studies of 3H-thymidine incorporation support a model of macronuclear DNA content regulation involving an action upon the extremes of DNA content: elimination of S phase in cells with large DNA content, additional S phase in cells with DNA content. The frequency of each of these phenomena is about 20%: the inequality of frequencies obtained with the two types of sister cells (proters and opisthes) is relatable to the asymetry of cytodieresis observed in this ciliate.", "contents": "[Regulation of macronuclear DNA content during the cell cycle of the ciliate Tetrahymena paravorax (microstome form)]. Results of autoradiographic studies of 3H-thymidine incorporation support a model of macronuclear DNA content regulation involving an action upon the extremes of DNA content: elimination of S phase in cells with large DNA content, additional S phase in cells with DNA content. The frequency of each of these phenomena is about 20%: the inequality of frequencies obtained with the two types of sister cells (proters and opisthes) is relatable to the asymetry of cytodieresis observed in this ciliate.", "PMID": 117942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13036", "title": "[Effect of ovariectomy on circulating calcitonin levels in the rat].", "content": "Ovariectomy in 3 month-old Rats is followed by a fall in plasma CT level and a decreased secretion of CT after a calcium load. These results show that ovarian hormones may play a role in the direct or indirect control of the secretion of CT in the adult female.", "contents": "[Effect of ovariectomy on circulating calcitonin levels in the rat]. Ovariectomy in 3 month-old Rats is followed by a fall in plasma CT level and a decreased secretion of CT after a calcium load. These results show that ovarian hormones may play a role in the direct or indirect control of the secretion of CT in the adult female.", "PMID": 117943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13037", "title": "[Effect of cell proliferation on the condensation of the X chromosome in culture medium of the individual karyotype 49 XXXXX].", "content": "The influence of cell proliferation on the condensation of the X chromosome was observed in vitro in human fibroblasts with 49 XXXXX karyotype. The frequency of cells with four Barr-bodies is low during the logarithmic growth phase and increases to 80% when the cells are becoming confluent or, independently of cell contact, when cell growth is arrested in a medium with low serum content. The condensation of th X chromosomes is reversible when the cells start growing again in medium with a higher serum content.", "contents": "[Effect of cell proliferation on the condensation of the X chromosome in culture medium of the individual karyotype 49 XXXXX]. The influence of cell proliferation on the condensation of the X chromosome was observed in vitro in human fibroblasts with 49 XXXXX karyotype. The frequency of cells with four Barr-bodies is low during the logarithmic growth phase and increases to 80% when the cells are becoming confluent or, independently of cell contact, when cell growth is arrested in a medium with low serum content. The condensation of th X chromosomes is reversible when the cells start growing again in medium with a higher serum content.", "PMID": 117944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13038", "title": "[Kinetics of the penetration of benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(k)fluoranthene into cells].", "content": "Microspectrofluorometric methods have been used to study the kinetics of the increase of fluorescence due to the intake of Benzo(k)Fluoranth\u00e8ne and Benzo(a)Pyr\u00e8ne in single living L cells. A computer program based on the methods of the least square fit has allowed the determination of the kinetic parameters. The results show that pinocytosis cannot be the unique mechanism of intake.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the penetration of benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(k)fluoranthene into cells]. Microspectrofluorometric methods have been used to study the kinetics of the increase of fluorescence due to the intake of Benzo(k)Fluoranth\u00e8ne and Benzo(a)Pyr\u00e8ne in single living L cells. A computer program based on the methods of the least square fit has allowed the determination of the kinetic parameters. The results show that pinocytosis cannot be the unique mechanism of intake.", "PMID": 117945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13039", "title": "[Isolation of the yellow fever virus from an egg-cluster and the larvae of the tick Amblyomma variegatum].", "content": "The yellow fever virus is isolated in natura from eggs of a Tick Amblyomma variegatum. It is then isolated from larvae issued from the same egg-cluster and also from blood of a monkey bitten by larvae of the same origin. It is reported that the same virus has been previously obtained from adults of the same species of Tick. An acarine appears for the first time as a sylvatic vector and reservoir (at least temporary) of yellow fever.", "contents": "[Isolation of the yellow fever virus from an egg-cluster and the larvae of the tick Amblyomma variegatum]. The yellow fever virus is isolated in natura from eggs of a Tick Amblyomma variegatum. It is then isolated from larvae issued from the same egg-cluster and also from blood of a monkey bitten by larvae of the same origin. It is reported that the same virus has been previously obtained from adults of the same species of Tick. An acarine appears for the first time as a sylvatic vector and reservoir (at least temporary) of yellow fever.", "PMID": 117946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13040", "title": "[Induction of vitellogenin by estradiol and androgens in a teleostean fish: Gobius niger L].", "content": "At any point in the sexual cycle of both males and females, oestradiol benzoate induces synthesis of plasmatic vitellogenin, identifiable by a specific immunserum. Pharmacological doses of purified testosterone and dihydrotestosterone also induce synthesis of this yolk precursor. Although a partial aromatisation of testosterone into oestrogen is possible, our results show that there must also be interaction between the androgens and the oestrogens receptors in the liver.", "contents": "[Induction of vitellogenin by estradiol and androgens in a teleostean fish: Gobius niger L]. At any point in the sexual cycle of both males and females, oestradiol benzoate induces synthesis of plasmatic vitellogenin, identifiable by a specific immunserum. Pharmacological doses of purified testosterone and dihydrotestosterone also induce synthesis of this yolk precursor. Although a partial aromatisation of testosterone into oestrogen is possible, our results show that there must also be interaction between the androgens and the oestrogens receptors in the liver.", "PMID": 117947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13041", "title": "[Immunohistochemical demonstration of calcitonin cells in the fetal thyroid of mice].", "content": "Calcitonin was revealed by means of an indirect immunohistochemical method using a serum against synthetic human calcitonin. After the use of the Bouin-Hollande fixative liquid, the hormone was detected in cells located in the central part of the thyro\u00efdian wings. They are few at the 18th day of fetal life, their number increases regularly until reaching ten times the initial number at birth. The immunological reaction is negative if only aldehyde fixatives are used.", "contents": "[Immunohistochemical demonstration of calcitonin cells in the fetal thyroid of mice]. Calcitonin was revealed by means of an indirect immunohistochemical method using a serum against synthetic human calcitonin. After the use of the Bouin-Hollande fixative liquid, the hormone was detected in cells located in the central part of the thyro\u00efdian wings. They are few at the 18th day of fetal life, their number increases regularly until reaching ten times the initial number at birth. The immunological reaction is negative if only aldehyde fixatives are used.", "PMID": 117948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13042", "title": "[Distribution of organic and inorganic carbon in tissues containing calcium carbonate by secondary ion emission microanalysis].", "content": "The differences of emissivity of secondary ions at masses 12 (C+ and C-), 24 (C2-) and 26 (C2H2- or CN-) of organic moitie and CO3Ca of semi thin sections of egg shell of quail allow the distinction between organic and inorganic carbon on images obtained with Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy. There differences of emissivity do not correspond only to the difference of concentration but to the difference of ionic yield. The emissivity at mass 26 (C2H2- or CN-) is higher than those obtained at mass 24 (C2-) in glycoproteinic material (rich in Nitrogen) and lower in the embedding material (Araldite, poor in Nitrogen). This result indicates that the ion present at mass 26 could by CN- rather than C2H2-.", "contents": "[Distribution of organic and inorganic carbon in tissues containing calcium carbonate by secondary ion emission microanalysis]. The differences of emissivity of secondary ions at masses 12 (C+ and C-), 24 (C2-) and 26 (C2H2- or CN-) of organic moitie and CO3Ca of semi thin sections of egg shell of quail allow the distinction between organic and inorganic carbon on images obtained with Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy. There differences of emissivity do not correspond only to the difference of concentration but to the difference of ionic yield. The emissivity at mass 26 (C2H2- or CN-) is higher than those obtained at mass 24 (C2-) in glycoproteinic material (rich in Nitrogen) and lower in the embedding material (Araldite, poor in Nitrogen). This result indicates that the ion present at mass 26 could by CN- rather than C2H2-.", "PMID": 117949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13043", "title": "[Erythrocyte magnesium and HLA groups].", "content": "Red blood cell Magnesium levels were determined in 351 unrelated male subjects with known HLA groups. Significantly lower values are observed among subjects carrying BW 35 allele. Furthermore, significant variations are also noted according to the constitution of HLA-B groups with respect to BW 4 and BW 6 public specificities. This observation brings to light other variations among the subjects carrying B 8 allele.", "contents": "[Erythrocyte magnesium and HLA groups]. Red blood cell Magnesium levels were determined in 351 unrelated male subjects with known HLA groups. Significantly lower values are observed among subjects carrying BW 35 allele. Furthermore, significant variations are also noted according to the constitution of HLA-B groups with respect to BW 4 and BW 6 public specificities. This observation brings to light other variations among the subjects carrying B 8 allele.", "PMID": 117950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13044", "title": "Clinical correlations between long-term (IgE) and short-term (IgG S-TS) anaphylactic antibodies in atopic and 'non-atopic' subjects with respiratory allergic disease.", "content": "The sera of atopic and non-atopic persons with allergic pulmonary disorders were examined for long-term sensitizing, IgE and short-term sensitizing heat-stable (S-TS) antibodies which were present separately or together in the sera of some patients sensitive to antigens such as budgerigar serum proteins and Aspergillus funigatus. In fourteen atopic patients with extrinsic asthma, six had both types of antibody to common allergens, and of nine non-atopic patients with crytogenic (intrinsic) asthma, four had only heat-stable short-term sensitizing antibodies. The sera of atopic subjects with type I prick test reactions and positive RAST's, showed specific IgE antibody by baboon PCA tests to budgerigar serum proteins, A. funigatus, Timothy grass pollen extract and hen egg extract, and not to Dermatophagoides farinae, possibly because of naturally occurring mite antibodies in the baboon. The sera of non-atopic asthmatics, who had given negative prick test but positive immediate, dual or late intracutaneous tests, and only late asthmatic reactions, contained precipitins in most cases and gave little or no RAST reaction. On baboon PCA these sera contained either, S-TS antibody alone, or S-TS plus long-term sensitizing antibody, or long-term sensitizing antibody alone. Some of the sera with long-term sensitizing antibody contained blocking antibody which could diffuse away in the 24 hr delay for the baboon PCA test and could also be responsible for the negative RAST. Tests with insoluble anti-IgE immuno-adsorbents on two sera from persons sensitive to aspergillus confirmed that the S-TS activity was not due to IgE, and on two sera with negative RAST and negative prick tests to budgerigar serum antigens confirmed that the 24 hr monkey PCA responses were due to IgE.", "contents": "Clinical correlations between long-term (IgE) and short-term (IgG S-TS) anaphylactic antibodies in atopic and 'non-atopic' subjects with respiratory allergic disease. The sera of atopic and non-atopic persons with allergic pulmonary disorders were examined for long-term sensitizing, IgE and short-term sensitizing heat-stable (S-TS) antibodies which were present separately or together in the sera of some patients sensitive to antigens such as budgerigar serum proteins and Aspergillus funigatus. In fourteen atopic patients with extrinsic asthma, six had both types of antibody to common allergens, and of nine non-atopic patients with crytogenic (intrinsic) asthma, four had only heat-stable short-term sensitizing antibodies. The sera of atopic subjects with type I prick test reactions and positive RAST's, showed specific IgE antibody by baboon PCA tests to budgerigar serum proteins, A. funigatus, Timothy grass pollen extract and hen egg extract, and not to Dermatophagoides farinae, possibly because of naturally occurring mite antibodies in the baboon. The sera of non-atopic asthmatics, who had given negative prick test but positive immediate, dual or late intracutaneous tests, and only late asthmatic reactions, contained precipitins in most cases and gave little or no RAST reaction. On baboon PCA these sera contained either, S-TS antibody alone, or S-TS plus long-term sensitizing antibody, or long-term sensitizing antibody alone. Some of the sera with long-term sensitizing antibody contained blocking antibody which could diffuse away in the 24 hr delay for the baboon PCA test and could also be responsible for the negative RAST. Tests with insoluble anti-IgE immuno-adsorbents on two sera from persons sensitive to aspergillus confirmed that the S-TS activity was not due to IgE, and on two sera with negative RAST and negative prick tests to budgerigar serum antigens confirmed that the 24 hr monkey PCA responses were due to IgE.", "PMID": 117951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13045", "title": "The effect of lisuride hydrogen maleate, an ergot derivative on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in man.", "content": "The effects of single oral doses of 0.2 mg of lisuride hydrogen maleate, a semisynthetic ergot derivative, on serum levels of prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), cortisol and blood glucose were studied in six normal males. Lisuride effectively inhibited basal PRL secretion as well as the PRL response to TRH given 3 h later. In addition, the drug raised basal GH levels and decreased basal and TRH stimulated TSH secretion. No significant differences between lisuride and control were observed in basal LH and FSH, LHRH stimulated gonadotrophins or in cortisol. Drowsiness was noted by all subjects, one became nauseated and another vomited, 60 and 90 min respectively after administration of lisuride. No changes were seen in pulse rate and blood pressure. The endocrine effects of lisuride were attenuated by the prior administration of the dopamine antagonist metoclopramide. These results suggest that lisuride acts as a long-acting dopamine agonist and that therefore this drug could be of therapeutic use in hyperprolactinaemic states and acromegaly.", "contents": "The effect of lisuride hydrogen maleate, an ergot derivative on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in man. The effects of single oral doses of 0.2 mg of lisuride hydrogen maleate, a semisynthetic ergot derivative, on serum levels of prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), cortisol and blood glucose were studied in six normal males. Lisuride effectively inhibited basal PRL secretion as well as the PRL response to TRH given 3 h later. In addition, the drug raised basal GH levels and decreased basal and TRH stimulated TSH secretion. No significant differences between lisuride and control were observed in basal LH and FSH, LHRH stimulated gonadotrophins or in cortisol. Drowsiness was noted by all subjects, one became nauseated and another vomited, 60 and 90 min respectively after administration of lisuride. No changes were seen in pulse rate and blood pressure. The endocrine effects of lisuride were attenuated by the prior administration of the dopamine antagonist metoclopramide. These results suggest that lisuride acts as a long-acting dopamine agonist and that therefore this drug could be of therapeutic use in hyperprolactinaemic states and acromegaly.", "PMID": 117952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13046", "title": "Metoclopramide stimulation: a test of growth hormone reserve in adolescent males.", "content": "A comparison was made between the growth hormone (GH) response to metoclopramide ('Maxolon'--Beecham Laboratories) and insulin induced hypoglycaemia in thirty-five short adolescent males. Both tests initially caused adequate release of GH from the pituitary gland in 86% of those subjects who had normal GH reserve. The peak growth hormone responses of the two tests were similar in magnitude and were strongly correlated (r = 0.80, P less than 0.001). Both tests raised serum GH to a similar degree in twenty-nine out of the thirty-five boys (83%), but four boys who responded satisfactorily to hypoglycaemia failed to respond to metoclopramide (MCP) stimulation, and two boys who failed to respond to hypoglycaemia responded satisfactorily to MCP stimulation. MCP stimulation does not require prior preparation of the patient and is relatively free of side effects. Consequently, it is suggested that MCP stimulation may be a useful 1 hour out-patient test for growth hormone deficiency in this relatively common group of patients.", "contents": "Metoclopramide stimulation: a test of growth hormone reserve in adolescent males. A comparison was made between the growth hormone (GH) response to metoclopramide ('Maxolon'--Beecham Laboratories) and insulin induced hypoglycaemia in thirty-five short adolescent males. Both tests initially caused adequate release of GH from the pituitary gland in 86% of those subjects who had normal GH reserve. The peak growth hormone responses of the two tests were similar in magnitude and were strongly correlated (r = 0.80, P less than 0.001). Both tests raised serum GH to a similar degree in twenty-nine out of the thirty-five boys (83%), but four boys who responded satisfactorily to hypoglycaemia failed to respond to metoclopramide (MCP) stimulation, and two boys who failed to respond to hypoglycaemia responded satisfactorily to MCP stimulation. MCP stimulation does not require prior preparation of the patient and is relatively free of side effects. Consequently, it is suggested that MCP stimulation may be a useful 1 hour out-patient test for growth hormone deficiency in this relatively common group of patients.", "PMID": 117953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13047", "title": "Chronic dopamine receptor stimulation using bromocriptine: failure to modify thyroid function.", "content": "Administration of 2.5 mg bromocriptine (Parlodel), a dopamine agonist, on two occasions to six normal volunteers did not alter the plasma TSH response to an i.v. injection of 100 micrograms TRH, but significantly (P less than 0.01) blunted it after 200 micrograms. Chronic bromocriptine treatment (7.5--50 mg/day) of fifteen acromegalic subjects failed to influence basal plasma TSH or the response pattern to 200 micrograms TRH. The thyroxine Binding Index (TBI) and the levels of T3 and T4 were not modified by treatment. These results indicate that chronic dopaminergic therapy with bromocriptine does not alter thyroid function.", "contents": "Chronic dopamine receptor stimulation using bromocriptine: failure to modify thyroid function. Administration of 2.5 mg bromocriptine (Parlodel), a dopamine agonist, on two occasions to six normal volunteers did not alter the plasma TSH response to an i.v. injection of 100 micrograms TRH, but significantly (P less than 0.01) blunted it after 200 micrograms. Chronic bromocriptine treatment (7.5--50 mg/day) of fifteen acromegalic subjects failed to influence basal plasma TSH or the response pattern to 200 micrograms TRH. The thyroxine Binding Index (TBI) and the levels of T3 and T4 were not modified by treatment. These results indicate that chronic dopaminergic therapy with bromocriptine does not alter thyroid function.", "PMID": 117954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13048", "title": "Free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) in autonomous thyroid nodules.", "content": "Total and free thyroid hormones (T3, T4, FT3 and FT4), TSH and its response to TRH were determined in sixty-three patients affected by autonomous thyroid nodules: mean concentrations of free T3 (FT3) were significantly higher in hot nodules (suppressing extranodular tissue on the scan) as compared to warm ones, even in those cases where total T3 and T4 were within normal ranges (hot nodules, group as a whole: 8.8 +/- 3.5 pg/ml; warm nodules: 5.3 +/- 1.2; hot nodules with normal total T3 and T4 concentrations: 7.5 +/- 3). Also the clinical condition of thyrotoxicosis appeared to be correlated with FT3 concentrations (toxic patients, group as a whole: 9.6 +/- 4.0 pg/ml; euthyroid patients: 6.8 +/- 3.1; toxic patients with normal values of T3 and T4; 8.3 +/- 2.8). On the contrary the correlation of total and free thyroid hormone concentrations with the response of TSH to TRH was not significant.", "contents": "Free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) in autonomous thyroid nodules. Total and free thyroid hormones (T3, T4, FT3 and FT4), TSH and its response to TRH were determined in sixty-three patients affected by autonomous thyroid nodules: mean concentrations of free T3 (FT3) were significantly higher in hot nodules (suppressing extranodular tissue on the scan) as compared to warm ones, even in those cases where total T3 and T4 were within normal ranges (hot nodules, group as a whole: 8.8 +/- 3.5 pg/ml; warm nodules: 5.3 +/- 1.2; hot nodules with normal total T3 and T4 concentrations: 7.5 +/- 3). Also the clinical condition of thyrotoxicosis appeared to be correlated with FT3 concentrations (toxic patients, group as a whole: 9.6 +/- 4.0 pg/ml; euthyroid patients: 6.8 +/- 3.1; toxic patients with normal values of T3 and T4; 8.3 +/- 2.8). On the contrary the correlation of total and free thyroid hormone concentrations with the response of TSH to TRH was not significant.", "PMID": 117956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13049", "title": "Function of the hypothalamo-hypophysial-thyroid axis in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Hypothalamo-hypophysial-thyroid function has been studied in twenty-five patients with chronic renal failure. Eight were receiving conservative treatment, nine peritoneal dialysis and eight haemodialysis. All were clinically euthyroid. Total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels were reduced but free T4 levels were normal, while free T3 was reduced in patients with the most severe renal failure. It is suggested that the binding of thyroid hormones by the transport proteins is reduced and that peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is impaired in renal failure. The thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) is reduced in renal failure but this reduction is probably independent of alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism. Growth hormone was released by TRH in seven of the patients studied, possibly as a result of protein malnutrition.", "contents": "Function of the hypothalamo-hypophysial-thyroid axis in chronic renal failure. Hypothalamo-hypophysial-thyroid function has been studied in twenty-five patients with chronic renal failure. Eight were receiving conservative treatment, nine peritoneal dialysis and eight haemodialysis. All were clinically euthyroid. Total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels were reduced but free T4 levels were normal, while free T3 was reduced in patients with the most severe renal failure. It is suggested that the binding of thyroid hormones by the transport proteins is reduced and that peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is impaired in renal failure. The thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) is reduced in renal failure but this reduction is probably independent of alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism. Growth hormone was released by TRH in seven of the patients studied, possibly as a result of protein malnutrition.", "PMID": 117957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13050", "title": "Lumbar kyphosis in Hunter's disease (MPS ii).", "content": "Although radiological involvement of the lower dorsal and upper lumbar vertebrae is common in the severe form of Hunter's disease (MPS II), there are reports in the literature that clinical kyphosis does not occur. We report a boy with marked clinical kyphosis in whom the diagnosis of MPS II was proved by demonstrating a severe deficiency of serum and leucocyte iduronate-sulphate sulphatase and an accelerated incorporation of radiosulphate into his cultured fibroblast glycosaminoglycans, which could not be corrected by the product of other typed reference MPS II cells. The existence of several other genetic diseases, sometimes complicated by kyphosis, was excluded by assay of fibroblast lysosomal enzymes.", "contents": "Lumbar kyphosis in Hunter's disease (MPS ii). Although radiological involvement of the lower dorsal and upper lumbar vertebrae is common in the severe form of Hunter's disease (MPS II), there are reports in the literature that clinical kyphosis does not occur. We report a boy with marked clinical kyphosis in whom the diagnosis of MPS II was proved by demonstrating a severe deficiency of serum and leucocyte iduronate-sulphate sulphatase and an accelerated incorporation of radiosulphate into his cultured fibroblast glycosaminoglycans, which could not be corrected by the product of other typed reference MPS II cells. The existence of several other genetic diseases, sometimes complicated by kyphosis, was excluded by assay of fibroblast lysosomal enzymes.", "PMID": 117962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13051", "title": "Interaction of amino acids with glycl-L-leucine hydrolysis and transport in monkey small intestine.", "content": "1. There are two saturable transport processes in the monkey small intestine for glycyl-L-leucine, one with Vmax. 1 mumol min-1 g-1 wet weight of tissue and an affinity constant (kt) of 5 mmol/l, and the other with Vmax 3.9 mumol min-1 g-1 wet weight of tissue and kt 33 mmol/l. 2. Glycyl-L-leucine uptake is inhibited by a wide variety of amino acids, although to a variable extent. The inhibition was shown to be competitive with leucine used as the representative amino acid. Phenylalanine, methionine, alanine and leucine are the most potent in their inhibitory action. 3. The effect of various amino acids on the hydrolysis of glycyl-L-leucine by particulate and cytosol fractions of monkey small intestine was studied. All the amino acids, except glycine, proline, alanine and glutamic acid, inhibit both the particulate and cytosol glycyl-L-leucine hydrolase activities. In general, the cytosol enzyme is more susceptible to amino acid inhibition than the particulate enzyme. 4. There is no correlation between the effects of amino acids on glycyl-L-leucine uptake and hydrolysis of glycyl-L-leucine by either particulate or cytosol fraction.", "contents": "Interaction of amino acids with glycl-L-leucine hydrolysis and transport in monkey small intestine. 1. There are two saturable transport processes in the monkey small intestine for glycyl-L-leucine, one with Vmax. 1 mumol min-1 g-1 wet weight of tissue and an affinity constant (kt) of 5 mmol/l, and the other with Vmax 3.9 mumol min-1 g-1 wet weight of tissue and kt 33 mmol/l. 2. Glycyl-L-leucine uptake is inhibited by a wide variety of amino acids, although to a variable extent. The inhibition was shown to be competitive with leucine used as the representative amino acid. Phenylalanine, methionine, alanine and leucine are the most potent in their inhibitory action. 3. The effect of various amino acids on the hydrolysis of glycyl-L-leucine by particulate and cytosol fractions of monkey small intestine was studied. All the amino acids, except glycine, proline, alanine and glutamic acid, inhibit both the particulate and cytosol glycyl-L-leucine hydrolase activities. In general, the cytosol enzyme is more susceptible to amino acid inhibition than the particulate enzyme. 4. There is no correlation between the effects of amino acids on glycyl-L-leucine uptake and hydrolysis of glycyl-L-leucine by either particulate or cytosol fraction.", "PMID": 117966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13052", "title": "Muscle protein degradation in premature human infants.", "content": "1. Myofibrillar protein degradation has been measured by the rate of 3-methylhistidine excretion in premature infants weighing between 635 g and 1295 g. Analyses were made in conjunction with 1--3 day nitrogen balance studies. 2. In 56 balance studies in 36 infants, total muscle protein breakdown varied between 0.70 and 2.58 (mean 1.05) g day-1 kg-1 body weight while the percentage of total muscle protein degraded each day was between 3.3 and 8.3 (mean 4.8). 3. Both total and fractional rates of protein breakdown showed highly significant negative correlations with nitrogen retention but no relationship to total energy input. 4. Protein degradation was higher than average in infants who were losing weight at the time of the balance study, lower in infants who were gaining weight and higher in those who died within 2 weeks of the analysis. 5. Myofibrillar protein breakdown was not different between infants fed orally and those receiving total parenteral nutrition. 6. Generally the effects of nitrogen and evergy status on muscle protein degradation in the premature infants are different from changes reported in adult human beings or adult rats. We suggest that this difference may be a consequence of the very limited energy reserves of the premature infant.", "contents": "Muscle protein degradation in premature human infants. 1. Myofibrillar protein degradation has been measured by the rate of 3-methylhistidine excretion in premature infants weighing between 635 g and 1295 g. Analyses were made in conjunction with 1--3 day nitrogen balance studies. 2. In 56 balance studies in 36 infants, total muscle protein breakdown varied between 0.70 and 2.58 (mean 1.05) g day-1 kg-1 body weight while the percentage of total muscle protein degraded each day was between 3.3 and 8.3 (mean 4.8). 3. Both total and fractional rates of protein breakdown showed highly significant negative correlations with nitrogen retention but no relationship to total energy input. 4. Protein degradation was higher than average in infants who were losing weight at the time of the balance study, lower in infants who were gaining weight and higher in those who died within 2 weeks of the analysis. 5. Myofibrillar protein breakdown was not different between infants fed orally and those receiving total parenteral nutrition. 6. Generally the effects of nitrogen and evergy status on muscle protein degradation in the premature infants are different from changes reported in adult human beings or adult rats. We suggest that this difference may be a consequence of the very limited energy reserves of the premature infant.", "PMID": 117967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13053", "title": "The skin, the eye, and systemic disease.", "content": "Both the skin and the eye are easily accessible structures which may reflect systemic disorders. Certain systemic conditions frequently involve the oculocutaneous structures and will be discussed herein. The practitioner must be aware of these disorders, and the interrelationship of the skin and the eye.", "contents": "The skin, the eye, and systemic disease. Both the skin and the eye are easily accessible structures which may reflect systemic disorders. Certain systemic conditions frequently involve the oculocutaneous structures and will be discussed herein. The practitioner must be aware of these disorders, and the interrelationship of the skin and the eye.", "PMID": 117978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13054", "title": "Disseminated gonococcal infections (DGI).", "content": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae infects superficial membranes of the eyes, oropharynx, genital tract, and rectum prior to dissemination. Gonococcal isolates cultured from patients with disseminated gonococcal infections (DGI) show resistance to serum bacteriolysis, are very sensitive to penicillin, and have characteristic growth requirements for certain amino acids. DGI is characterized by recurrent chills and fever, polyarthralgias and/or polyarthritis (with effusions), and skin lesions. The skin manifestations of DGI include vesicopustules, hemorrhagic bullae, and petechiae. These lesions are found over the juxta-articular areas of the hands (extensor surfaces) or the feet (dorsal aspects). Focal and disseminated gonococcal infections are now treated with several types of penicillin regimens, tetracycline, or spectinomycin.", "contents": "Disseminated gonococcal infections (DGI). Neisseria gonorrhoeae infects superficial membranes of the eyes, oropharynx, genital tract, and rectum prior to dissemination. Gonococcal isolates cultured from patients with disseminated gonococcal infections (DGI) show resistance to serum bacteriolysis, are very sensitive to penicillin, and have characteristic growth requirements for certain amino acids. DGI is characterized by recurrent chills and fever, polyarthralgias and/or polyarthritis (with effusions), and skin lesions. The skin manifestations of DGI include vesicopustules, hemorrhagic bullae, and petechiae. These lesions are found over the juxta-articular areas of the hands (extensor surfaces) or the feet (dorsal aspects). Focal and disseminated gonococcal infections are now treated with several types of penicillin regimens, tetracycline, or spectinomycin.", "PMID": 117979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13055", "title": "Simultaneous scabies and gonococcal infection.", "content": "A case is presented of an unusual complication arising in a man with scabies and gonococcal urethritis: the secondary infection of excoriated genital lesions by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This occurred after he had occluded his genitals with a plastic wrap.", "contents": "Simultaneous scabies and gonococcal infection. A case is presented of an unusual complication arising in a man with scabies and gonococcal urethritis: the secondary infection of excoriated genital lesions by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This occurred after he had occluded his genitals with a plastic wrap.", "PMID": 117980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13056", "title": "A simplified technique to prepare fungal specimens for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A simplified technique to prepare fungal specimens for scanning electron microscopy is described and discussed. Fixation in either 6% glutaraldehyde or 2% Os04 (both unbuffered aqueous solutions), yielded good results. The minimum fixation time in OSO4 was 2 h, in glutaraldehyde 4 to 5 h. Chemical dehydration with 2-methoxyethanol or 2,2-dimethoxypropane proved to be useful since it considerably reduced the preparation time. Because of the relatively few changes of reagent solutions during the whole process, the fungal specimens were less disturbed without much loss of material. The preparation technique described has been applied to specimens of various fungal groups with good results.", "contents": "A simplified technique to prepare fungal specimens for scanning electron microscopy. A simplified technique to prepare fungal specimens for scanning electron microscopy is described and discussed. Fixation in either 6% glutaraldehyde or 2% Os04 (both unbuffered aqueous solutions), yielded good results. The minimum fixation time in OSO4 was 2 h, in glutaraldehyde 4 to 5 h. Chemical dehydration with 2-methoxyethanol or 2,2-dimethoxypropane proved to be useful since it considerably reduced the preparation time. Because of the relatively few changes of reagent solutions during the whole process, the fungal specimens were less disturbed without much loss of material. The preparation technique described has been applied to specimens of various fungal groups with good results.", "PMID": 117981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13057", "title": "Antibiotic compatibility and stability in a parenteral nutrition solution.", "content": "Eight antibiotics, alone and in selected combinations, were evaluated for stability and compatibility in a protein hydrolysate parenteral nutrition solution. Samples were stored under varying conditions and evaluated at 12-hour intervals over a period of 24--48 h. Compatibility and stability were assessed by quantitative bacteriologic assay, pH determinations and visual inspection. In most cases, antibiotics were compatible and stable over the entire study period. Carbenicillin, methicillin in combination with gentamicin, and tobramycin in combination with cephalothin or methicillin, exhibited a gradual loss of antibacterial activity after 24 h. These results indicate that the antibiotics studied may be administered in protein hydrolysate parenteral nutrition solutions. This mode of therapy offers a means of combating infection, while maintaining a nutritional source for host defences, tissue repair, and growth.", "contents": "Antibiotic compatibility and stability in a parenteral nutrition solution. Eight antibiotics, alone and in selected combinations, were evaluated for stability and compatibility in a protein hydrolysate parenteral nutrition solution. Samples were stored under varying conditions and evaluated at 12-hour intervals over a period of 24--48 h. Compatibility and stability were assessed by quantitative bacteriologic assay, pH determinations and visual inspection. In most cases, antibiotics were compatible and stable over the entire study period. Carbenicillin, methicillin in combination with gentamicin, and tobramycin in combination with cephalothin or methicillin, exhibited a gradual loss of antibacterial activity after 24 h. These results indicate that the antibiotics studied may be administered in protein hydrolysate parenteral nutrition solutions. This mode of therapy offers a means of combating infection, while maintaining a nutritional source for host defences, tissue repair, and growth.", "PMID": 117983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13058", "title": "Induction of prematurely condensed chromosomes from testicular cells of the mouse.", "content": "Mitotic CHO cells and mouse testicular cells were fused with polyethylene glycol. Several types of prematurely condensed chromosomes were observed. From chromosome morphology it was possible to determine that most of the PCC represented mouse cells. Labeling of either the CHO cells in vitro or the testicular cells in vivo with 3H-TdR prior to fusion also demonstrated that the PCC were derived from the mouse cells. In some PCC, 20 chromosomes could be counted, the haploid number for mouse. It is assumed that these PCC were induced in mouse spermatid nuclei.", "contents": "Induction of prematurely condensed chromosomes from testicular cells of the mouse. Mitotic CHO cells and mouse testicular cells were fused with polyethylene glycol. Several types of prematurely condensed chromosomes were observed. From chromosome morphology it was possible to determine that most of the PCC represented mouse cells. Labeling of either the CHO cells in vitro or the testicular cells in vivo with 3H-TdR prior to fusion also demonstrated that the PCC were derived from the mouse cells. In some PCC, 20 chromosomes could be counted, the haploid number for mouse. It is assumed that these PCC were induced in mouse spermatid nuclei.", "PMID": 117994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13059", "title": "Additional metabolic correlates of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM)-induced cellular tolerance and physical dependence: the role of the hepatic microsomal electron transport system.", "content": "The microsomal cytochromes P-450 and b5 and the enzymes of the hepatic microsomal electron transport system (HMETS) including NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and NADPH oxidase activities were monitored in male ICR mice (25-30 g) over a six-day period following the repeated oral administration of 7, 14 and 28 mg/kg per day of l-alpha-acetylmethadol hydrochloride (LAAM) or an equivalent volume of water. Cytochrome P-450 and the microsomal enzyme activity of NADPH oxidase were maximally elevated (three- to four-fold above control values) by the third day of LAAM administration (28 mg/kg per day). These elevations not only correlated on a dose and a temporal basis with previously reported microsomal activities including LAAM N-demethylase, but also with the reported development of cellular tolerance and physical dependence following an identical regimen of LAAM. In addition, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5 increased in activity and content, respectively, after the repeated administration of this narcotic. However, the enzyme activity was first significantly elevated after only a single dose of LAAM. Thereafter, it showed a pattern of induction similar to that of NADPH oxidase. In contrast, cytochrome b5 was only elevated after the last repeated dose. The significance of these findings is discussed in some detail relative to the generation of the two analgesically active metabolites of LAAM.", "contents": "Additional metabolic correlates of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM)-induced cellular tolerance and physical dependence: the role of the hepatic microsomal electron transport system. The microsomal cytochromes P-450 and b5 and the enzymes of the hepatic microsomal electron transport system (HMETS) including NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and NADPH oxidase activities were monitored in male ICR mice (25-30 g) over a six-day period following the repeated oral administration of 7, 14 and 28 mg/kg per day of l-alpha-acetylmethadol hydrochloride (LAAM) or an equivalent volume of water. Cytochrome P-450 and the microsomal enzyme activity of NADPH oxidase were maximally elevated (three- to four-fold above control values) by the third day of LAAM administration (28 mg/kg per day). These elevations not only correlated on a dose and a temporal basis with previously reported microsomal activities including LAAM N-demethylase, but also with the reported development of cellular tolerance and physical dependence following an identical regimen of LAAM. In addition, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5 increased in activity and content, respectively, after the repeated administration of this narcotic. However, the enzyme activity was first significantly elevated after only a single dose of LAAM. Thereafter, it showed a pattern of induction similar to that of NADPH oxidase. In contrast, cytochrome b5 was only elevated after the last repeated dose. The significance of these findings is discussed in some detail relative to the generation of the two analgesically active metabolites of LAAM.", "PMID": 117996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13060", "title": "[The psychotropic action of TRH].", "content": "During a double-blind trial about using TRH perfusions, the authors didn't established any antidepressive effect. On the other hand they observed an anxiety reaction under a 1,200 microgram in perfusion. The study of the basic level of T3, T4, T.S.H. and Prolactin corroborated the normality of the biological evaluation among the depressed. No difference of the hormonal response under T.R.H. was established depending on different types of depression. The authors reported that the Prolactin respons is higher among the subjects for whom the T.R.H. was the more distressing.", "contents": "[The psychotropic action of TRH]. During a double-blind trial about using TRH perfusions, the authors didn't established any antidepressive effect. On the other hand they observed an anxiety reaction under a 1,200 microgram in perfusion. The study of the basic level of T3, T4, T.S.H. and Prolactin corroborated the normality of the biological evaluation among the depressed. No difference of the hormonal response under T.R.H. was established depending on different types of depression. The authors reported that the Prolactin respons is higher among the subjects for whom the T.R.H. was the more distressing.", "PMID": 117999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13061", "title": "Episodic and TRH induced growth hormone release in primary hypothyroidism of man and rat.", "content": "In 27 hypothyroid subjects studied over 20 to 120 minutes, the concentration of serum growth hormone (GH) was variable with the amplitude and frequency of the secretory patterns similar to those reported by others for normal individuals. Serum GH, after the administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) did not differ from values observed as spontaneous surges, in contrast to a consistent increase in thyrotropin and prolactin. Episodic secretion of GH persisted in thyroidectomized rats and did not differ significantly from that present in intact controls. It is concluded that episodic GH secretion is not abolished in primary hypothyroidism and that TRH is not a constant GH secretagogue in human subjects with hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Episodic and TRH induced growth hormone release in primary hypothyroidism of man and rat. In 27 hypothyroid subjects studied over 20 to 120 minutes, the concentration of serum growth hormone (GH) was variable with the amplitude and frequency of the secretory patterns similar to those reported by others for normal individuals. Serum GH, after the administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) did not differ from values observed as spontaneous surges, in contrast to a consistent increase in thyrotropin and prolactin. Episodic secretion of GH persisted in thyroidectomized rats and did not differ significantly from that present in intact controls. It is concluded that episodic GH secretion is not abolished in primary hypothyroidism and that TRH is not a constant GH secretagogue in human subjects with hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 118000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13062", "title": "5'-Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from Caldariella acidophila. Purification and properties.", "content": "The occurrence of 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase in Caldariella acidophila, a thermophilic bacterium growing optimally at 87 degrees C, is reported. It represents the first example in prokaryotes of a phosphoryolytic cleavage of the thioether. The reaction products, purified by ion-exchange chromatography, have been identified as 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate and adenine by several analytical procedures. The enzyme has been purified to homogeneity in 32% yield by using DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite chromatography, gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. The enzyme shows a high degree of thermophilicity, its temperature optimum being at 93 degrees C; furthermore no loss of activity is observable after exposure for 1 h at 100 degrees C. The kinetic data indicate a sequential mechanism of the reaction. The apparent Km values are 0.095 mM for 5'-methylthioadenosine and 6.1 mM for phosphate. The specificity of the reaction is rather strict. Experiments performed with analogues of the substrate, i.e. 5'-methylthioinosine, 5'-dimethylthioadenosine sulfonium salt, 5'-n-butylthioadenosine, 5'-isobutylthioadenosine, 5'-isobutylthioinosine, adenosylhomocysteine, 5'-thioethanoladenosine, adenosine, indicate the relevance of the adenine amino group and the sulfur in thioether form in the binding to the enzyme protein.", "contents": "5'-Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from Caldariella acidophila. Purification and properties. The occurrence of 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase in Caldariella acidophila, a thermophilic bacterium growing optimally at 87 degrees C, is reported. It represents the first example in prokaryotes of a phosphoryolytic cleavage of the thioether. The reaction products, purified by ion-exchange chromatography, have been identified as 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate and adenine by several analytical procedures. The enzyme has been purified to homogeneity in 32% yield by using DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite chromatography, gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. The enzyme shows a high degree of thermophilicity, its temperature optimum being at 93 degrees C; furthermore no loss of activity is observable after exposure for 1 h at 100 degrees C. The kinetic data indicate a sequential mechanism of the reaction. The apparent Km values are 0.095 mM for 5'-methylthioadenosine and 6.1 mM for phosphate. The specificity of the reaction is rather strict. Experiments performed with analogues of the substrate, i.e. 5'-methylthioinosine, 5'-dimethylthioadenosine sulfonium salt, 5'-n-butylthioadenosine, 5'-isobutylthioadenosine, 5'-isobutylthioinosine, adenosylhomocysteine, 5'-thioethanoladenosine, adenosine, indicate the relevance of the adenine amino group and the sulfur in thioether form in the binding to the enzyme protein.", "PMID": 118001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13063", "title": "Isolation, characterization and localization of the proteinase B inhibitor IB3 from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.", "content": "A heat-stable polypeptide has been detected in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis which inhibits specifically proteinase B from yeast. This proteinase B inhibitor IB3 differs substantially in chemical, physical and antigenic properties from the earlier described proteinase B inhibitors IB1 and IB2 from yeast. The inhibitor IB3 has been purified from S. carlsbergensis and appears to be homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight has been estimated at 11 500, with no evidence for the existence of subunits. The amino acid analysis shows the absence of tryptophan. No compounds other than amino acids could be detected. The isoelectric point is 4.6. The inhibitor is not affected by incubation with proteinase B but is inactivated by proteinase A and carboxypeptidase Y from yeast and by trypsin from bovine pancreas. The proteinase B inhibitor association constant was calculated to be 3.3 x 10(9) M-1 and the enzyme inhibitor complex is stable at 25 degrees C in the pH range 5--10. The inhibitor does not exhibit immunological cross-reactivity with IB1 and IB2. After centrifugal fractionation at 40 000 x g of a metabolic lysate from spheroplasts the inhibitor was found to be localized in the supernatant, i.e. the extravacuolar soluble fraction.", "contents": "Isolation, characterization and localization of the proteinase B inhibitor IB3 from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. A heat-stable polypeptide has been detected in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis which inhibits specifically proteinase B from yeast. This proteinase B inhibitor IB3 differs substantially in chemical, physical and antigenic properties from the earlier described proteinase B inhibitors IB1 and IB2 from yeast. The inhibitor IB3 has been purified from S. carlsbergensis and appears to be homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight has been estimated at 11 500, with no evidence for the existence of subunits. The amino acid analysis shows the absence of tryptophan. No compounds other than amino acids could be detected. The isoelectric point is 4.6. The inhibitor is not affected by incubation with proteinase B but is inactivated by proteinase A and carboxypeptidase Y from yeast and by trypsin from bovine pancreas. The proteinase B inhibitor association constant was calculated to be 3.3 x 10(9) M-1 and the enzyme inhibitor complex is stable at 25 degrees C in the pH range 5--10. The inhibitor does not exhibit immunological cross-reactivity with IB1 and IB2. After centrifugal fractionation at 40 000 x g of a metabolic lysate from spheroplasts the inhibitor was found to be localized in the supernatant, i.e. the extravacuolar soluble fraction.", "PMID": 118002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13064", "title": "Purification and properties of alcohol oxidase from Poria contigua.", "content": "1. Alcohol oxidase (alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase) was purified 22-fold from the brown rot fungus Poria contigua. The final enzyme preparation was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by sedimentation in an ultracentrifuge. The molecular weight was calculated to be 610000 +/- 5000 from sedimentation equilibrium experiments. Electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate gels and electron microscopic analysis indicate that the enzyme is an octamer composed of eight probably identical subunits, each having a molecular weight of 79 000. The enzyme contains eight mol FAD/mol as the prosthetic group. 2. This alcohol oxidase oxidizes not only methanol but also lower primary alcohols (C2-C4), 2-propin-1-ol and formaldehyde. The apparent Km value for methanol is 0.2 mM, and that for formaldehyde 6.1 mM. Sodium azide was found to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to methanol. 3. The enzyme from the fungus Poria contigua is immunologically different from the alcohol oxidase isolated from the methanol-utilizing yeast Candida boidinii. Furthermore antiserum raised against this enzyme did not cross-react with the alcohol oxidase from the white rot fungus Polyporus obtusus.", "contents": "Purification and properties of alcohol oxidase from Poria contigua. 1. Alcohol oxidase (alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase) was purified 22-fold from the brown rot fungus Poria contigua. The final enzyme preparation was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by sedimentation in an ultracentrifuge. The molecular weight was calculated to be 610000 +/- 5000 from sedimentation equilibrium experiments. Electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate gels and electron microscopic analysis indicate that the enzyme is an octamer composed of eight probably identical subunits, each having a molecular weight of 79 000. The enzyme contains eight mol FAD/mol as the prosthetic group. 2. This alcohol oxidase oxidizes not only methanol but also lower primary alcohols (C2-C4), 2-propin-1-ol and formaldehyde. The apparent Km value for methanol is 0.2 mM, and that for formaldehyde 6.1 mM. Sodium azide was found to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to methanol. 3. The enzyme from the fungus Poria contigua is immunologically different from the alcohol oxidase isolated from the methanol-utilizing yeast Candida boidinii. Furthermore antiserum raised against this enzyme did not cross-react with the alcohol oxidase from the white rot fungus Polyporus obtusus.", "PMID": 118005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13065", "title": "Requirement for ribosomal protein BM-L11 in stringent control of RNA synthesis in Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "A spontaneously occurring thiostrepton-resistant mutant of Bacillus megaterium has been shown to yield ribosomes lacking protein BM-L11, a protein immunologically related to Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L11. Here we have demonstrated that the mutant strain has acquired the relaxed phenotype and is unable to synthesise guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate in vivo. Ribosomes from the mutant strain are unable to support the synthesis of these two compounds in vitro, but this deficiency can be overcome by re-addition of purified protein BM-L11 to the ribosomes. Thus protein BM-L11 appears to be indispensable for the synthesis of guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate; the implications of this observation are discussed.", "contents": "Requirement for ribosomal protein BM-L11 in stringent control of RNA synthesis in Bacillus megaterium. A spontaneously occurring thiostrepton-resistant mutant of Bacillus megaterium has been shown to yield ribosomes lacking protein BM-L11, a protein immunologically related to Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L11. Here we have demonstrated that the mutant strain has acquired the relaxed phenotype and is unable to synthesise guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate in vivo. Ribosomes from the mutant strain are unable to support the synthesis of these two compounds in vitro, but this deficiency can be overcome by re-addition of purified protein BM-L11 to the ribosomes. Thus protein BM-L11 appears to be indispensable for the synthesis of guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate; the implications of this observation are discussed.", "PMID": 118006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13066", "title": "Kinetic study of a phosphoryl exchange reaction between fructose and fructose 1-phosphate catalyzed by the membrane-bound enzyme II of the phosphoenolpyruvate-fructose 1-phosphotransferase system of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A phosphoryl exchange reaction between fructose 1-phosphate and fructose was found to be catalyzed by a membrane preparation isolated from Bacillus subtilis. The regulation of the biosynthesis of the activity in the wild type as well as in the regulation mutants fruB closely correlates with that of the membrane-bound enzyme II of the phosphoenolpyruvate fructose 1-phosphotransferase system which is known to mediate the transmembrane vectorial phosphorylation of fructose. The computed analysis of the kinetic data shows that the mechanism of the enzyme II is ping-pong, i.e. that a phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate occurs in the reaction. The apparent dissociation constants of the enzyme II/fructose 1-phosphate complex and of the phosphoryl enzyme II/fructose complex are estimated. The value of the standard free energy of the hydrolysis of the bond between the phosphoryl moiety and the enzyme suggests a covalent bonding. This intermediate is assumed to occur in the physiological functioning of the enzyme which utilizes the phosphocarrier protein HPr as phosphoryl donor. The exchange reaction is competitively inhibited by high fructose concentrations: this indicates that the same site of the enzyme binds fructose and fructose 1-phosphate, this site being accessible to fructose on the external side of the membrane when the enzyme is phosphorylated.", "contents": "Kinetic study of a phosphoryl exchange reaction between fructose and fructose 1-phosphate catalyzed by the membrane-bound enzyme II of the phosphoenolpyruvate-fructose 1-phosphotransferase system of Bacillus subtilis. A phosphoryl exchange reaction between fructose 1-phosphate and fructose was found to be catalyzed by a membrane preparation isolated from Bacillus subtilis. The regulation of the biosynthesis of the activity in the wild type as well as in the regulation mutants fruB closely correlates with that of the membrane-bound enzyme II of the phosphoenolpyruvate fructose 1-phosphotransferase system which is known to mediate the transmembrane vectorial phosphorylation of fructose. The computed analysis of the kinetic data shows that the mechanism of the enzyme II is ping-pong, i.e. that a phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate occurs in the reaction. The apparent dissociation constants of the enzyme II/fructose 1-phosphate complex and of the phosphoryl enzyme II/fructose complex are estimated. The value of the standard free energy of the hydrolysis of the bond between the phosphoryl moiety and the enzyme suggests a covalent bonding. This intermediate is assumed to occur in the physiological functioning of the enzyme which utilizes the phosphocarrier protein HPr as phosphoryl donor. The exchange reaction is competitively inhibited by high fructose concentrations: this indicates that the same site of the enzyme binds fructose and fructose 1-phosphate, this site being accessible to fructose on the external side of the membrane when the enzyme is phosphorylated.", "PMID": 118007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13067", "title": "Hydrolysis of aryl beta-D-glucopyranosides and beta-D-xylopyranosides by an induced beta-D-glucosidase from Stachybotrys atra.", "content": "The induced beta-D-glucosidase from Stachybotrys atra hydrolyzes aryl beta-D-glucopyranosides and aryl beta-D-xylopyranosides by the same basic two-step mechanism. In the first step the aglycon group is split of with simultaneous formation of an enzyme-glycosyl complex. In the second step this intermediate complex reacts with water yeilding beta-D-glucose or beta-D-xylose. For beta-D-xyloside hydrolysis each of the two steps is partially rate-controlling, whereas for beta-D-glucoside hydrolysis the second step is rate-limiting. The enzyme is inhibited by high concentrations of substrate and the exact rate-concentration equation is a second-order equation. 1-Thio-beta-D-glycopyranosides with an aromatic aglycon inhibit the reaction in both a competitive and non-competitive way. A tentative mechanism is proposed to explain all types of inhibition. In this mechanism substrates and inhibitors with an aromatic aglycon group bind through hydrophobic forces to the 'aglycon subsite' of the intermediate enzyme-glycosyl complex. Binding of the second substrate molecule or of the inhibitor to this complex does not prevent the reaction of the glycosyl moiety with water, it only decreases the rate of the second step.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of aryl beta-D-glucopyranosides and beta-D-xylopyranosides by an induced beta-D-glucosidase from Stachybotrys atra. The induced beta-D-glucosidase from Stachybotrys atra hydrolyzes aryl beta-D-glucopyranosides and aryl beta-D-xylopyranosides by the same basic two-step mechanism. In the first step the aglycon group is split of with simultaneous formation of an enzyme-glycosyl complex. In the second step this intermediate complex reacts with water yeilding beta-D-glucose or beta-D-xylose. For beta-D-xyloside hydrolysis each of the two steps is partially rate-controlling, whereas for beta-D-glucoside hydrolysis the second step is rate-limiting. The enzyme is inhibited by high concentrations of substrate and the exact rate-concentration equation is a second-order equation. 1-Thio-beta-D-glycopyranosides with an aromatic aglycon inhibit the reaction in both a competitive and non-competitive way. A tentative mechanism is proposed to explain all types of inhibition. In this mechanism substrates and inhibitors with an aromatic aglycon group bind through hydrophobic forces to the 'aglycon subsite' of the intermediate enzyme-glycosyl complex. Binding of the second substrate molecule or of the inhibitor to this complex does not prevent the reaction of the glycosyl moiety with water, it only decreases the rate of the second step.", "PMID": 118008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13068", "title": "Sensitization of bleached Stentor to far UV.", "content": "Stentors are more sensitive to far UV-induced delay of oral regeneration following bleaching of their UV-absorbant cortical pigment granules. This finding supports a subcortical location of UV-sensitive sites.", "contents": "Sensitization of bleached Stentor to far UV. Stentors are more sensitive to far UV-induced delay of oral regeneration following bleaching of their UV-absorbant cortical pigment granules. This finding supports a subcortical location of UV-sensitive sites.", "PMID": 118009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13069", "title": "Structure, synthesis and orientation of microfibrils. VI. The role of ions in microfibril deposition in Oocystis solitaria.", "content": "The action of a series of chelators, cryptates and ionophores on microfibril deposition and the presence of cortical microtubules in Oocystis solitaria has been investigated. Having a potent inhibitory effect on cellulose synthesis were the calcium ionophores A 23187 and X-537A, the flourescent calcium chelator chlorotetracycline and the cryptates 211 and 221. Only at unphysiological concentrations, e.g. 100 mM or more, were the chelators EDTA and EGTA effective in completely inhibitory cellulose synthesis. A reduction in the rate of cellulose synthesis was observed with the sodium-selectiv ionophore dianemycin. This partial inhibition was independent of the ionophore concentration. Without effect on microfibril deposition were the potassium-selective ionophore valinomycin and cryptate 222. In all cases, whether cellulose synthesis is blocked or not, none of the above agents prevented the reassembly of cortical microtubules when applied during the recovery from colchicine treatment. Destruction of cortical microtubules through the calcium ionophore may be achieved, but only when additional (2 mM) calcium is added to the culture medium.", "contents": "Structure, synthesis and orientation of microfibrils. VI. The role of ions in microfibril deposition in Oocystis solitaria. The action of a series of chelators, cryptates and ionophores on microfibril deposition and the presence of cortical microtubules in Oocystis solitaria has been investigated. Having a potent inhibitory effect on cellulose synthesis were the calcium ionophores A 23187 and X-537A, the flourescent calcium chelator chlorotetracycline and the cryptates 211 and 221. Only at unphysiological concentrations, e.g. 100 mM or more, were the chelators EDTA and EGTA effective in completely inhibitory cellulose synthesis. A reduction in the rate of cellulose synthesis was observed with the sodium-selectiv ionophore dianemycin. This partial inhibition was independent of the ionophore concentration. Without effect on microfibril deposition were the potassium-selective ionophore valinomycin and cryptate 222. In all cases, whether cellulose synthesis is blocked or not, none of the above agents prevented the reassembly of cortical microtubules when applied during the recovery from colchicine treatment. Destruction of cortical microtubules through the calcium ionophore may be achieved, but only when additional (2 mM) calcium is added to the culture medium.", "PMID": 118010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13070", "title": "Insensitivity of ciliary outgrowth in situ by Stentor to far UV.", "content": "Outgrowth of membranellar cilia in situ by the ciliate protozoan Stentor coeruleus is not affected by either far UV or by postirradiation exposure to cycloheximide, while UV does affect the outgrowth of membranellar cilia during the more elaborate process of oral regeneration in this ciliate, and cycloheximide prolongs the UV effect. These results suggest that direct damage to outgrowing ciliary shafts cannot explain the UV sensitivity of oral regeneration.", "contents": "Insensitivity of ciliary outgrowth in situ by Stentor to far UV. Outgrowth of membranellar cilia in situ by the ciliate protozoan Stentor coeruleus is not affected by either far UV or by postirradiation exposure to cycloheximide, while UV does affect the outgrowth of membranellar cilia during the more elaborate process of oral regeneration in this ciliate, and cycloheximide prolongs the UV effect. These results suggest that direct damage to outgrowing ciliary shafts cannot explain the UV sensitivity of oral regeneration.", "PMID": 118011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13071", "title": "Recent memory in aged non-human primates: hypersensitivity to visual interference during retention.", "content": "The effect of irrelevant visual information presented during retention of recent memory was investigated in young and aged monkeys. The monkeys were required to remember the location of a visual stimulus over short durations, during which time, on certain trials, irrelevant visual stimulation was presented. It was found that although the young monkeys performed as well with or without the irrelevant stimulation, the aged monkeys were significantly impaired when irrelevant stimulation was presented. Thus, these data provide direct support for the notions that aged subjects suffer a decreased ability to suppress visual stimuli from interfering with accurate behavior, and that this disability contributes to the memory impairments reported with old age. When considered with previous research in humans and non-human primates, these results suggest that this disability to suppress sensory interference may reflect a general effect of aging which may contribute to many other age-related behavioral impairments. Finally, it was suggested that the striking similarities of the behavioral profile now established for the aged monkey to that of younger monkeys suffering destruction of the frontal cortex (and anatomically related subcortical sites) offers the heuristic possibility that these two syndromes share a common neurological etiology.", "contents": "Recent memory in aged non-human primates: hypersensitivity to visual interference during retention. The effect of irrelevant visual information presented during retention of recent memory was investigated in young and aged monkeys. The monkeys were required to remember the location of a visual stimulus over short durations, during which time, on certain trials, irrelevant visual stimulation was presented. It was found that although the young monkeys performed as well with or without the irrelevant stimulation, the aged monkeys were significantly impaired when irrelevant stimulation was presented. Thus, these data provide direct support for the notions that aged subjects suffer a decreased ability to suppress visual stimuli from interfering with accurate behavior, and that this disability contributes to the memory impairments reported with old age. When considered with previous research in humans and non-human primates, these results suggest that this disability to suppress sensory interference may reflect a general effect of aging which may contribute to many other age-related behavioral impairments. Finally, it was suggested that the striking similarities of the behavioral profile now established for the aged monkey to that of younger monkeys suffering destruction of the frontal cortex (and anatomically related subcortical sites) offers the heuristic possibility that these two syndromes share a common neurological etiology.", "PMID": 118012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13072", "title": "Anticlotting properties of fragments D from human fibrinogen and fibrin.", "content": "It appeared from our previous studies that Ca2+ concentrations comparable to those occurring in blood protect the C-terminal part of the gamma-chain remnants of fibrin(ogen) fragments D against further plasmin attack. This study shows that purified fibrin(ogen) fragments D formed in the presence of Ca2+ ions have anticlotting activity in vitro, whereas shortening of the gamma-chain remnants leads to loss of such activity.", "contents": "Anticlotting properties of fragments D from human fibrinogen and fibrin. It appeared from our previous studies that Ca2+ concentrations comparable to those occurring in blood protect the C-terminal part of the gamma-chain remnants of fibrin(ogen) fragments D against further plasmin attack. This study shows that purified fibrin(ogen) fragments D formed in the presence of Ca2+ ions have anticlotting activity in vitro, whereas shortening of the gamma-chain remnants leads to loss of such activity.", "PMID": 118016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13073", "title": "Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on fasting gallbladder storage patterns in man.", "content": "Gallbladder storage and emptying patterns were studied in fasting normal subjects by a duodenal perfusion technique using indocyanine green as a biliary marker. Fasting gallbladder storage patterns were very variable but a more uniform biliary output with net storage of about 40% of the biliary marker was observed during a simulated interprandial state (2--4 h after meals) produced by a low dose intravenous infusion of secretin and caerulein. With this background hormonal stimulation, infusion of bovine pancreatic polypeptide to achieve physiological interprandial levels promoted further gallbladder storage of bile. Bovine pancreatic polypeptide produced storage by a major effect on the gallbladder rather than on the liver, common bile duct or sphincter of Oddi since a reduction of biliary output was not observed during bovine pancreatic polypeptide infusion in cholecystectomized subjects. Bovine pancreatic polypeptide had a separate effect on the pancreas, reducing trypsin output in both normal and cholecystectomized subjects.", "contents": "Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on fasting gallbladder storage patterns in man. Gallbladder storage and emptying patterns were studied in fasting normal subjects by a duodenal perfusion technique using indocyanine green as a biliary marker. Fasting gallbladder storage patterns were very variable but a more uniform biliary output with net storage of about 40% of the biliary marker was observed during a simulated interprandial state (2--4 h after meals) produced by a low dose intravenous infusion of secretin and caerulein. With this background hormonal stimulation, infusion of bovine pancreatic polypeptide to achieve physiological interprandial levels promoted further gallbladder storage of bile. Bovine pancreatic polypeptide produced storage by a major effect on the gallbladder rather than on the liver, common bile duct or sphincter of Oddi since a reduction of biliary output was not observed during bovine pancreatic polypeptide infusion in cholecystectomized subjects. Bovine pancreatic polypeptide had a separate effect on the pancreas, reducing trypsin output in both normal and cholecystectomized subjects.", "PMID": 118019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13074", "title": "Sulphr containing amino acids in chronic renal failure with particular reference to homocystine and cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulphide.", "content": "We measured plasma sulphur amino acids in twenty-two patients with chronic renal failure and compared the findings with those obtained in twenty-two normal subjects. In fasting blood (08.00 hours) cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulphide was significantly increased in the renal patients, mean values (+/- SD) being 8.2 +/- 3.4 and 3.1 +/- 1.0 mumol/l respectively (P less than 0.001). The increase was positively correlated with reduced renal function, as assessed by serum creatinine (r = 0.62; P less than 0.01). Homocystine was detected in nineteen patients, the mean concentration (+/- SD) being 1.7 +/- 0.6 mumol/l; it was not found in any normal subject. Methionine levels were not different but there were significant increases in cystine (P less than 0.001) and taurine (P less than 0.05) in the patients. Similar values for these amino acids were found in a second blood sample drawn at 16.00 hours. Changes in the other neutral and acidic amino acids measured were in agreement with those reported in chronic azotaemia. We concluded that plasma levels of all the principal sulphur amino acids except methionine are elevated in chronic renal failure emphasizing the importance of the kidney in sulphur excretion. Prolonged accumulation of homocysteine and cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulphide may be relevant to the development of accelerated vascular disease in patients with chronic renal failure by producing endothelial damage.", "contents": "Sulphr containing amino acids in chronic renal failure with particular reference to homocystine and cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulphide. We measured plasma sulphur amino acids in twenty-two patients with chronic renal failure and compared the findings with those obtained in twenty-two normal subjects. In fasting blood (08.00 hours) cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulphide was significantly increased in the renal patients, mean values (+/- SD) being 8.2 +/- 3.4 and 3.1 +/- 1.0 mumol/l respectively (P less than 0.001). The increase was positively correlated with reduced renal function, as assessed by serum creatinine (r = 0.62; P less than 0.01). Homocystine was detected in nineteen patients, the mean concentration (+/- SD) being 1.7 +/- 0.6 mumol/l; it was not found in any normal subject. Methionine levels were not different but there were significant increases in cystine (P less than 0.001) and taurine (P less than 0.05) in the patients. Similar values for these amino acids were found in a second blood sample drawn at 16.00 hours. Changes in the other neutral and acidic amino acids measured were in agreement with those reported in chronic azotaemia. We concluded that plasma levels of all the principal sulphur amino acids except methionine are elevated in chronic renal failure emphasizing the importance of the kidney in sulphur excretion. Prolonged accumulation of homocysteine and cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulphide may be relevant to the development of accelerated vascular disease in patients with chronic renal failure by producing endothelial damage.", "PMID": 118020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13075", "title": "Beneficial effect of practolol in preventing adrenaline-induced systemic and myocardial metabolic changes.", "content": "The aim of the study was to investigate whether the beta blocking agent, practolol, is able to modify some of the metabolic and hormonal responses and the local myocardial changes evoked by an excess of adrenaline similar to that seen after acute coronary occlusion. Adrenaline (1.2 micrograms/kg/min) and practolol (1 mg/kg) were infused concurrently to anaesthetized intact dogs for 5 h. Blood free fatty acid and triiodothyronine levels were measured initially and after 2, 4 and 5 h of infusion. At the end of the infusion the myocardium was subjected to biochemical, histoenzymatic and electron microscopic examination. The results were compared with those obtained in dogs infused with adrenaline alone and with saline alone. Practolol reduced the adrenaline-induced increase in free fatty acids and a fall in triiodothyronine in the blood. Myocardial acetate accumulation and ATP decrease were both reduced by practolol. Histoenzymatic and electron microscopic changes were less. These effects of practolol upon systemic and myocardial disturbances induced by the excess of adrenaline indicate that it might be effective in modifying any excessive adrenergic response which may occur in acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Beneficial effect of practolol in preventing adrenaline-induced systemic and myocardial metabolic changes. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the beta blocking agent, practolol, is able to modify some of the metabolic and hormonal responses and the local myocardial changes evoked by an excess of adrenaline similar to that seen after acute coronary occlusion. Adrenaline (1.2 micrograms/kg/min) and practolol (1 mg/kg) were infused concurrently to anaesthetized intact dogs for 5 h. Blood free fatty acid and triiodothyronine levels were measured initially and after 2, 4 and 5 h of infusion. At the end of the infusion the myocardium was subjected to biochemical, histoenzymatic and electron microscopic examination. The results were compared with those obtained in dogs infused with adrenaline alone and with saline alone. Practolol reduced the adrenaline-induced increase in free fatty acids and a fall in triiodothyronine in the blood. Myocardial acetate accumulation and ATP decrease were both reduced by practolol. Histoenzymatic and electron microscopic changes were less. These effects of practolol upon systemic and myocardial disturbances induced by the excess of adrenaline indicate that it might be effective in modifying any excessive adrenergic response which may occur in acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 118021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13076", "title": "Acute dietary effects on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and lipolytic enzymes in healthy normal males.", "content": "Diurnal plasma lipids and lipoproteins were studied in twelve healthy young males on corn oil and palm oil diets, respectively. The major triglyceridy. Lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase were also measured. diurnal changes of triglycerides and cholesterol were confined to lipoproteins of d less than 1.006 kg/l. There was a diurnal rise of lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase activity with corn oil but not with palm oil. Fasting and postprandial postheparin lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase were similar but there was a significant correlation of postprandial hepatic lipase with postprandial plasma triglycerides on palm oil. Marked diurnal changes of triglyceride fatty acids were observed not only in 'very low density lipoprotein' but also in high-density lipoprotein amounting to approximately one third of total high density lipoprotein triglyceride fatty acids.", "contents": "Acute dietary effects on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and lipolytic enzymes in healthy normal males. Diurnal plasma lipids and lipoproteins were studied in twelve healthy young males on corn oil and palm oil diets, respectively. The major triglyceridy. Lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase were also measured. diurnal changes of triglycerides and cholesterol were confined to lipoproteins of d less than 1.006 kg/l. There was a diurnal rise of lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase activity with corn oil but not with palm oil. Fasting and postprandial postheparin lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase were similar but there was a significant correlation of postprandial hepatic lipase with postprandial plasma triglycerides on palm oil. Marked diurnal changes of triglyceride fatty acids were observed not only in 'very low density lipoprotein' but also in high-density lipoprotein amounting to approximately one third of total high density lipoprotein triglyceride fatty acids.", "PMID": 118024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13077", "title": "Inhibition of fracture healing by indomethacin in rats.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin (2 mg/kg/day) on the healing of closed unimmobilized femoral fractures was examined in rats. A standard femoral fracture was produced in 205 male adolescent rats, and three different experiments were done. In a long-term experiment, the rats were treated with either indomethacin or placebo for 29 days and fracture healing followed for a maximum of 91 days. In two short-term experiments, the rats were treated with either indomethacin or placebo for a week and followed for a maximum of 122 days. The effect of age was studied in one experiment. Indomethacin plasma levels were about 1 microgram/ml in the indomethacin-treated animals. In the long-term experiment, indomethacin inhibited fracture healing (P less than 0.006) and increased the angulation between the femur fragments. In the short-term experiments indomethacin inhibited fracture healding (P less than 0.033) and increased the interfragmentary angle as well as fracture instability. All untreated fractures healed within 10 weeks in younger rats (210 g), whereas only 44% healed in older rats (295 g).", "contents": "Inhibition of fracture healing by indomethacin in rats. The effect of indomethacin (2 mg/kg/day) on the healing of closed unimmobilized femoral fractures was examined in rats. A standard femoral fracture was produced in 205 male adolescent rats, and three different experiments were done. In a long-term experiment, the rats were treated with either indomethacin or placebo for 29 days and fracture healing followed for a maximum of 91 days. In two short-term experiments, the rats were treated with either indomethacin or placebo for a week and followed for a maximum of 122 days. The effect of age was studied in one experiment. Indomethacin plasma levels were about 1 microgram/ml in the indomethacin-treated animals. In the long-term experiment, indomethacin inhibited fracture healing (P less than 0.006) and increased the angulation between the femur fragments. In the short-term experiments indomethacin inhibited fracture healding (P less than 0.033) and increased the interfragmentary angle as well as fracture instability. All untreated fractures healed within 10 weeks in younger rats (210 g), whereas only 44% healed in older rats (295 g).", "PMID": 118026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13078", "title": "Synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol by liver, adipose tissue and intestinal mucosa from obese and control patients.", "content": "Biopsies of adipose tissue, liver and small bowel mucosa obtained from grossly obese and control subjects were used to study absolute rates of fatty acid, cholesterol, and other nonsaponifiable lipid synthesis using glucose as substrate and 3H2O as the isotopic marker. Fatty acid synthesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue expressed on a cell basis was greater in obese than control subjects and was stimulated by a high concentration of insulin (1000 micro U/ml), but not by a lower amount (100 micro U/ml). Fatty acid synthesis in omental adipose tissue exceeded by 3-fold that of subcutaneous fat. Fatty acid synthesis in obese liver was twice that of control liver and 20 times greater than obese adipose tissue. In terms of total organ activity fatty acid synthesis in fat tissue equalled or exceeded that of liver in both obese and control subjects. The cholesterol content of obese adipose tissue 1.86 +/- 0.11 mg/g exceeded that of controls 1.47 +/- 0.07 mg/g. All tissues examined synthesized cholesterol and nonsaponifiable lipids, liver greater than adipose tissue greater than small bowel mucosa. Nonsaponifiable lipid synthesis per gram of adipose tissue or liver was similar in obese and control tissue. The synthesis of total nonsaponifiable lipids including sterols, hydrocarbons and squalene was appreciable in adipose tissue and was approximately 15% of that of liver. However, cholesterol synthesis in the liver exporessed in terms of total organ activity was 50 times that in adipose tissue. The study demonstrates by direct comparison that liver is the dominant cholesterogenic organ in man and also shows that adipose tissue is a significant site of formation of fatty acids and nonsaponifiable lipids.", "contents": "Synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol by liver, adipose tissue and intestinal mucosa from obese and control patients. Biopsies of adipose tissue, liver and small bowel mucosa obtained from grossly obese and control subjects were used to study absolute rates of fatty acid, cholesterol, and other nonsaponifiable lipid synthesis using glucose as substrate and 3H2O as the isotopic marker. Fatty acid synthesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue expressed on a cell basis was greater in obese than control subjects and was stimulated by a high concentration of insulin (1000 micro U/ml), but not by a lower amount (100 micro U/ml). Fatty acid synthesis in omental adipose tissue exceeded by 3-fold that of subcutaneous fat. Fatty acid synthesis in obese liver was twice that of control liver and 20 times greater than obese adipose tissue. In terms of total organ activity fatty acid synthesis in fat tissue equalled or exceeded that of liver in both obese and control subjects. The cholesterol content of obese adipose tissue 1.86 +/- 0.11 mg/g exceeded that of controls 1.47 +/- 0.07 mg/g. All tissues examined synthesized cholesterol and nonsaponifiable lipids, liver greater than adipose tissue greater than small bowel mucosa. Nonsaponifiable lipid synthesis per gram of adipose tissue or liver was similar in obese and control tissue. The synthesis of total nonsaponifiable lipids including sterols, hydrocarbons and squalene was appreciable in adipose tissue and was approximately 15% of that of liver. However, cholesterol synthesis in the liver exporessed in terms of total organ activity was 50 times that in adipose tissue. The study demonstrates by direct comparison that liver is the dominant cholesterogenic organ in man and also shows that adipose tissue is a significant site of formation of fatty acids and nonsaponifiable lipids.", "PMID": 118029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13079", "title": "Capillary permeability in healthy males with different insulin response to glucose.", "content": "The capillary permeability in human skeletal muscle, expressed as capillary diffusion capacity (CDC) for 51Cr-EDTA, was determined during exercise with a local clearance method in two groups of healthy male subjects: a younger group with a mean age of 30 years and an older one with a mean age of 58 years. The main finding was that, in both age groups, CDC was significantly negatively correlated to the early phase of insulin response to an intravenous glucose load. No correlation was found between CDC and peripheral insulin sensitivity. CDC was significantly higher in the older age group (P less than 0.01) independent of insulin response, blood flow and body weight. These data indicate that subjects with low insulin response to glucose have a higher capillary permeability than high responders, and that muscle capillary permeability increases with age.", "contents": "Capillary permeability in healthy males with different insulin response to glucose. The capillary permeability in human skeletal muscle, expressed as capillary diffusion capacity (CDC) for 51Cr-EDTA, was determined during exercise with a local clearance method in two groups of healthy male subjects: a younger group with a mean age of 30 years and an older one with a mean age of 58 years. The main finding was that, in both age groups, CDC was significantly negatively correlated to the early phase of insulin response to an intravenous glucose load. No correlation was found between CDC and peripheral insulin sensitivity. CDC was significantly higher in the older age group (P less than 0.01) independent of insulin response, blood flow and body weight. These data indicate that subjects with low insulin response to glucose have a higher capillary permeability than high responders, and that muscle capillary permeability increases with age.", "PMID": 118030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13080", "title": "Abnormal cation composition and transport in erythrocytes from hypertensive patients.", "content": "Red cell sodium and potassium were determined in 100 untreated subjects with uncomplicated essential hypertension and compared with the values from 908 healthy normotensive control subjects. Red cell sodium concentration (expressed as mmol/l of erythrocytes) was significantly higher in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects. Red cell potassium concentration (in mmol/l of erythrocytes) was not significantly different in the two groups. Passive efflux of red cell potassium into buffered isotonic sucrose solution determined in eight hypertensive and nine normotensive subjects showed a lower potassium efflux rate in the hypertensive subjects. Comparison of active sodium efflux in sixteen hypertensive and fourteen normotensive subjects showed that ouabain-sensitive active sodium efflux was higher in red cells of normotensive than in those of hypertensive subjects.", "contents": "Abnormal cation composition and transport in erythrocytes from hypertensive patients. Red cell sodium and potassium were determined in 100 untreated subjects with uncomplicated essential hypertension and compared with the values from 908 healthy normotensive control subjects. Red cell sodium concentration (expressed as mmol/l of erythrocytes) was significantly higher in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects. Red cell potassium concentration (in mmol/l of erythrocytes) was not significantly different in the two groups. Passive efflux of red cell potassium into buffered isotonic sucrose solution determined in eight hypertensive and nine normotensive subjects showed a lower potassium efflux rate in the hypertensive subjects. Comparison of active sodium efflux in sixteen hypertensive and fourteen normotensive subjects showed that ouabain-sensitive active sodium efflux was higher in red cells of normotensive than in those of hypertensive subjects.", "PMID": 118031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13081", "title": "Distribution of beta-endorphin in normal and schizophrenic human brains.", "content": "beta-Endorphin was measured by radioimmunoassay in post-mortem human brains. Samples of brain were taken from five discrete areas, both from control brains and brains of schizophrenic patients. No difference in beta-endorphin levels was found in these two groups of brains. beta-Endorphin was confirmed to be widely distributed in the brain, but there were considerable differences in the concentrations in different areas.", "contents": "Distribution of beta-endorphin in normal and schizophrenic human brains. beta-Endorphin was measured by radioimmunoassay in post-mortem human brains. Samples of brain were taken from five discrete areas, both from control brains and brains of schizophrenic patients. No difference in beta-endorphin levels was found in these two groups of brains. beta-Endorphin was confirmed to be widely distributed in the brain, but there were considerable differences in the concentrations in different areas.", "PMID": 118032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13082", "title": "On the contribution of prostaglandin-like substances to the action of bradykinin on intestinal motility and blood flow in canine jejunal loop in situ.", "content": "Blood flow and motility were studied in a canine jejunal loop in situ with intact innervation. Bradykinin was administered into a side branch of the supplying artery and indomethacin was infused intravenously 1 h before experiments. In the control group without indomethacin infusion, bradykinin 1-10 nmol/l gradually increased blood flow without significantly altering motility. Higher concentrations of bradykinin (20-100 nmol/l) augmented rhythmic contractions of the intestine. Phasic blood flow decreased during contraction and increased after relaxation, and mean blood flow increased. Bradykinin (0.2-1.0 mumol/l) caused tonic intestinal contractions. Blood flow initially increased but was soon impeded in proportion to the amplitude and duration of the tonic contractions. With intestinal muscle relaxation, blood flow increased to values markedly higher than control. In the group pretreated with indomethacin, blood flow did not increase after bradykinin administration. However, administration of PGE2 produced significant increase in flow, similar to that observed after bradykinin. Acetylcholine or isoprenaline also markedly increased blood flow. Increased intestinal motility caused by bradykinin mechanically impeded blood flow through the intestine, thus masking its direct vasodilating action. The action of bradykinin on the intestinal vascular bed is probably mediated or modulated by endogenous prostaglandin-like substances.", "contents": "On the contribution of prostaglandin-like substances to the action of bradykinin on intestinal motility and blood flow in canine jejunal loop in situ. Blood flow and motility were studied in a canine jejunal loop in situ with intact innervation. Bradykinin was administered into a side branch of the supplying artery and indomethacin was infused intravenously 1 h before experiments. In the control group without indomethacin infusion, bradykinin 1-10 nmol/l gradually increased blood flow without significantly altering motility. Higher concentrations of bradykinin (20-100 nmol/l) augmented rhythmic contractions of the intestine. Phasic blood flow decreased during contraction and increased after relaxation, and mean blood flow increased. Bradykinin (0.2-1.0 mumol/l) caused tonic intestinal contractions. Blood flow initially increased but was soon impeded in proportion to the amplitude and duration of the tonic contractions. With intestinal muscle relaxation, blood flow increased to values markedly higher than control. In the group pretreated with indomethacin, blood flow did not increase after bradykinin administration. However, administration of PGE2 produced significant increase in flow, similar to that observed after bradykinin. Acetylcholine or isoprenaline also markedly increased blood flow. Increased intestinal motility caused by bradykinin mechanically impeded blood flow through the intestine, thus masking its direct vasodilating action. The action of bradykinin on the intestinal vascular bed is probably mediated or modulated by endogenous prostaglandin-like substances.", "PMID": 118033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13083", "title": "Lactate elimination in man: effects of lactate concentration and hepatic dysfunction.", "content": "Lactate elimination was studied in twenty-six healthy volunteers during primed constant lactate infusion or multiple lactate injection tests, at blood lactate concentrations of 1-8 mmol-1. Although lactate elimination fitted a single exponential curve over a 30 min period, a significant correlation between the rate removal constant (KL) and the peak blood lactate concentration (Lphi) was demonstrated: loge KL = -2.43-0.132 Lphi (P = 0.003, r = 0.63, n = 20) This suggests that lactate removal does not follow first order kinetics over a wide concentration range but becomes saturated at relatively low blood lactate concentrations. Estimates of the lactate distribution volume did not differ significantly at different dosage levels, but remained in the range 270-300 ml kg-1. Skeletal muscle uptake accounted for about 26% of the infused lactate load. Seven patients with well-compensated hepatic cirrhosis were compared with a group of six control subjects during primed constant infusion tests. Fasting and steady state blood lactate concentrations achieved were similar in both groups. A significant prolongation in lactate half-life was demonstrated in the cirrhotics (18.8 +/- 1.4 min (mean +/- SEM) compared to 14.7 +/- 2.2 min; P less than 0.02). Since peripheral uptake of lactate in the forearm was similar in the two groups, this suggests that hepatic lactate uptake was impaired, due either to hepatocyte dysfunction or portal diversion.", "contents": "Lactate elimination in man: effects of lactate concentration and hepatic dysfunction. Lactate elimination was studied in twenty-six healthy volunteers during primed constant lactate infusion or multiple lactate injection tests, at blood lactate concentrations of 1-8 mmol-1. Although lactate elimination fitted a single exponential curve over a 30 min period, a significant correlation between the rate removal constant (KL) and the peak blood lactate concentration (Lphi) was demonstrated: loge KL = -2.43-0.132 Lphi (P = 0.003, r = 0.63, n = 20) This suggests that lactate removal does not follow first order kinetics over a wide concentration range but becomes saturated at relatively low blood lactate concentrations. Estimates of the lactate distribution volume did not differ significantly at different dosage levels, but remained in the range 270-300 ml kg-1. Skeletal muscle uptake accounted for about 26% of the infused lactate load. Seven patients with well-compensated hepatic cirrhosis were compared with a group of six control subjects during primed constant infusion tests. Fasting and steady state blood lactate concentrations achieved were similar in both groups. A significant prolongation in lactate half-life was demonstrated in the cirrhotics (18.8 +/- 1.4 min (mean +/- SEM) compared to 14.7 +/- 2.2 min; P less than 0.02). Since peripheral uptake of lactate in the forearm was similar in the two groups, this suggests that hepatic lactate uptake was impaired, due either to hepatocyte dysfunction or portal diversion.", "PMID": 118034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13084", "title": "A rosette assay for the determination of C 1 q receptor-bearing cells.", "content": "A rosette assay for the identification of cells with receptors for C 1 q is described. Glutaraldehyde-treated bovine erythrocytes bound C 1 q specifically, and the reagent thus prepared provided a valid indicator for rosette formation mediated by C 1 q receptors. The presence of these receptors on the membrane of a subset of human peripheral lymphocytes (mainly non-G cells) and on B-derived lymphoblastoid cells was confirmed. Rosette formation was dependent on the number of C 1 q molecules bound per indicator cell and was specifically inhibited by soluble native C 1 q and pepsin-resistant C 1 q fragments. These data, together with the reduced binding activity of C 1 r-C 1 s-associated C 1 q, indicated that the C 1 q binding sites for lymphoid membranes are expressed on the collagen-like moiety, C 1 q rosette formation provided a simple new procedure for fractionation of human lymphocyte populations and separation from phagocytes that do not express receptors for C 1 q.", "contents": "A rosette assay for the determination of C 1 q receptor-bearing cells. A rosette assay for the identification of cells with receptors for C 1 q is described. Glutaraldehyde-treated bovine erythrocytes bound C 1 q specifically, and the reagent thus prepared provided a valid indicator for rosette formation mediated by C 1 q receptors. The presence of these receptors on the membrane of a subset of human peripheral lymphocytes (mainly non-G cells) and on B-derived lymphoblastoid cells was confirmed. Rosette formation was dependent on the number of C 1 q molecules bound per indicator cell and was specifically inhibited by soluble native C 1 q and pepsin-resistant C 1 q fragments. These data, together with the reduced binding activity of C 1 r-C 1 s-associated C 1 q, indicated that the C 1 q binding sites for lymphoid membranes are expressed on the collagen-like moiety, C 1 q rosette formation provided a simple new procedure for fractionation of human lymphocyte populations and separation from phagocytes that do not express receptors for C 1 q.", "PMID": 118036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13085", "title": "The detection of membrane-associated complement components (C 3 and C 4) on circulating human normal and leukemic leukocytes and on cultured cells with monkey erythrocytes.", "content": "Monkey erythrocyte (Mk) rosette formation is described as an exquisitely sensitive method for the detection of complement (C) components on the membrane of human leukocytes. Blocking of the immune adherence receptor on Mk blocked subsequent rosette formation as did pretreatment of leukocytes with antiserum to the C components C 3 and C 4. In vitro C deposition by immune complex formation with normal human lymphocytes enhanced Mk rosette formation, and this could be inhibited with antiserum to C 3. The use of Mk rosette formation revealed that cells from a wide variety of human lymphoid and myeloid leukemias carry membrane-bound C. It was also shown that several lymphoblastoid cell lines, including a T cell line, probably synthesize both C 3 and C 4. Mk rosette formation is not dependent on metabolic activity of the rosetting leukocyte, and it is suggested that this technique will be of value in detecting C deposition in a variety of situations.", "contents": "The detection of membrane-associated complement components (C 3 and C 4) on circulating human normal and leukemic leukocytes and on cultured cells with monkey erythrocytes. Monkey erythrocyte (Mk) rosette formation is described as an exquisitely sensitive method for the detection of complement (C) components on the membrane of human leukocytes. Blocking of the immune adherence receptor on Mk blocked subsequent rosette formation as did pretreatment of leukocytes with antiserum to the C components C 3 and C 4. In vitro C deposition by immune complex formation with normal human lymphocytes enhanced Mk rosette formation, and this could be inhibited with antiserum to C 3. The use of Mk rosette formation revealed that cells from a wide variety of human lymphoid and myeloid leukemias carry membrane-bound C. It was also shown that several lymphoblastoid cell lines, including a T cell line, probably synthesize both C 3 and C 4. Mk rosette formation is not dependent on metabolic activity of the rosetting leukocyte, and it is suggested that this technique will be of value in detecting C deposition in a variety of situations.", "PMID": 118035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13086", "title": "MK-771-induced electromyographic (EMG) activity in the rat: comparison with thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and antagonism by neurotensin.", "content": "Administered by either intravenous (i.v.) or intracisternal (i.cis.) injections, MK-771 and TRH induced a dose-related increase in EMG activity recorded from the flexor ulnaris muscle in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. By the i.v. route, MK-771 was 6 times more potent than TRH and with i.cis. administration MK-771 was some 30 times more active than TRH. At equieffective doses of the two peptides, MK-771 exhibited a greater (approximately 3 fold) duration of action than TRH. In unanesthetized, spinally transected rats MK-771 was also more potent than TRH in eliciting EMG activity recorded from the biceps femoris muscle. Substance P, administered by the i.cis route failed to induce EMG activity. Intracisternally administered neurotensin, which did not affect EMG activity by itself, antagonized the actions of MK-771 while somatostatin was inactive in this regard. Neurotensin did not affect the EMG activity induced by physostigmine. While these studies do not delineate the mechanism whereby TRH and MK-771 induce EMG activity, it appears reasonable to suggest that TRH and related peptides, such as MK-771, may have some influence in functional disorders of human muscle.", "contents": "MK-771-induced electromyographic (EMG) activity in the rat: comparison with thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and antagonism by neurotensin. Administered by either intravenous (i.v.) or intracisternal (i.cis.) injections, MK-771 and TRH induced a dose-related increase in EMG activity recorded from the flexor ulnaris muscle in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. By the i.v. route, MK-771 was 6 times more potent than TRH and with i.cis. administration MK-771 was some 30 times more active than TRH. At equieffective doses of the two peptides, MK-771 exhibited a greater (approximately 3 fold) duration of action than TRH. In unanesthetized, spinally transected rats MK-771 was also more potent than TRH in eliciting EMG activity recorded from the biceps femoris muscle. Substance P, administered by the i.cis route failed to induce EMG activity. Intracisternally administered neurotensin, which did not affect EMG activity by itself, antagonized the actions of MK-771 while somatostatin was inactive in this regard. Neurotensin did not affect the EMG activity induced by physostigmine. While these studies do not delineate the mechanism whereby TRH and MK-771 induce EMG activity, it appears reasonable to suggest that TRH and related peptides, such as MK-771, may have some influence in functional disorders of human muscle.", "PMID": 118037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13087", "title": "Motor unit responses in muscles stretched by imposed displacements of the monkey wrist.", "content": "Imposed angular displacements of monkey's wrist produce three major peaks of activity (terms M1, M2, and M3 peaks) in the averaged gross EMG activity ot the stretched muscles. The displacements were imposed on monkey's wrist by computer controlled step loads (range 60--540 g). Gross EMG was recorded simultaneously with the activity of single motor units (SMUs) in the stretched muscles. SMUs were identified and separated using a computer \"shape-fitting\" program. Average response histograms (ARHs) were constructed for each SMU's responses to randomly presented repetitions of up to five different step loads. Eighty-three percent of the SMUs showed a single excitatory response peak that was limited to a time interval corresponding to that of only one of the gross EMG peaks. Despite marked differences in the time courses of the imposed displacements, the time courses of the SMU excitatory responses were maintained. By increasing the background load and hence the tonic firing of the individual SMUs, the histograms show that the long latency of the M2 peak is not due to an inhibitory-excitatory sequence. The SMUs responding at longer latencies (M2 and M3 SMUs) show firing characteristics in keeping with those reported for fast twitch motor units while those of M1 SMUs correlate with those found for slow twitch units. These results establish that the M1, M2, and M3 peaks do not merely represent synchronized oscillatory activity of the motoneurons but largely result from the reflex excitation of separately responding motoneuron \"subpopulations\", each of which contributes to the generation of only one of the gross EMG peaks.", "contents": "Motor unit responses in muscles stretched by imposed displacements of the monkey wrist. Imposed angular displacements of monkey's wrist produce three major peaks of activity (terms M1, M2, and M3 peaks) in the averaged gross EMG activity ot the stretched muscles. The displacements were imposed on monkey's wrist by computer controlled step loads (range 60--540 g). Gross EMG was recorded simultaneously with the activity of single motor units (SMUs) in the stretched muscles. SMUs were identified and separated using a computer \"shape-fitting\" program. Average response histograms (ARHs) were constructed for each SMU's responses to randomly presented repetitions of up to five different step loads. Eighty-three percent of the SMUs showed a single excitatory response peak that was limited to a time interval corresponding to that of only one of the gross EMG peaks. Despite marked differences in the time courses of the imposed displacements, the time courses of the SMU excitatory responses were maintained. By increasing the background load and hence the tonic firing of the individual SMUs, the histograms show that the long latency of the M2 peak is not due to an inhibitory-excitatory sequence. The SMUs responding at longer latencies (M2 and M3 SMUs) show firing characteristics in keeping with those reported for fast twitch motor units while those of M1 SMUs correlate with those found for slow twitch units. These results establish that the M1, M2, and M3 peaks do not merely represent synchronized oscillatory activity of the motoneurons but largely result from the reflex excitation of separately responding motoneuron \"subpopulations\", each of which contributes to the generation of only one of the gross EMG peaks.", "PMID": 118044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13088", "title": "Disturbance of delayed match-to-sample in macaques by tetanization of anterior commissure versus limbic system or basal ganglia.", "content": "Three pig-tailed macaques were trained to select (\"match\") from a pair of colored images that which they had seen (\"sample\") and responded to 5--15 s previously. The anterior commissure (AC) and/or its radiation, various loci in basal ganglia, hippocampal formation and \"control\" areas, (splenium of corpus callosum, precentral gyrus, insular cortex), totalling 40 loci, were each tetanized for 4 s during presentation of the \"sample\" image, during the delay period, or when the monkey was required to select the \"matching\" image. For several loci in the hippocampal formation tetanization at any phase of the task reduced \"matching\" to chance levels and gave evidence of electrical after-discharge; but other comparable hippocampal loci had little or no effect. Response to \"sample\" or \"match\" stimuli were absent during tetanization of basal ganglia or anterior commissure. When finally made, upon cessation of tetanization, responses were equally correct for basal ganglia and \"control\" sites, but for AC were at chance levels.", "contents": "Disturbance of delayed match-to-sample in macaques by tetanization of anterior commissure versus limbic system or basal ganglia. Three pig-tailed macaques were trained to select (\"match\") from a pair of colored images that which they had seen (\"sample\") and responded to 5--15 s previously. The anterior commissure (AC) and/or its radiation, various loci in basal ganglia, hippocampal formation and \"control\" areas, (splenium of corpus callosum, precentral gyrus, insular cortex), totalling 40 loci, were each tetanized for 4 s during presentation of the \"sample\" image, during the delay period, or when the monkey was required to select the \"matching\" image. For several loci in the hippocampal formation tetanization at any phase of the task reduced \"matching\" to chance levels and gave evidence of electrical after-discharge; but other comparable hippocampal loci had little or no effect. Response to \"sample\" or \"match\" stimuli were absent during tetanization of basal ganglia or anterior commissure. When finally made, upon cessation of tetanization, responses were equally correct for basal ganglia and \"control\" sites, but for AC were at chance levels.", "PMID": 118045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13089", "title": "Compensation of postural reactions to fall in the vestibular neurectomized monkey. Role of the reamining labyrinthine afferences.", "content": "The electromyographic (EMG) responses from soleus and tibialis anterior muscles and the monosynaptic H- and T-reflex responses from soleus muscles were recorded bilaterally from conscious baboon while unexpectedly dropping it with unrestricted vision. These responses were recorded either after unilateral vestibular neurectomy (U.N. Baboons) or after bilateral neurectomy performed in one stage (B.N. 1 baboons) and in two stages (B.N. 2 baboons). A positive correlation was found between modifications and development of EMG responses and reflex data. In the U.N. baboons, some differences were observed when comparing data from the H- and T-reflex methods, suggesting that recovery of normal responses to fall is achieved both by means of direct influences on alpha-motoneurons and via the gamma-loop. In the U.N. baboons postural reactions to fall developed in three distinct periods. The first or critical stage showed asymmetrical EMG and reflex responses with increased responses from contralateral soleus muscle and decreased responses from ipsilateral soleus. Opposite effects were recorded from tibialis anterior flexor muscles. The second or acute stage which began around 4 to 7 days after surgery exhibited symmetrical, but very reduced, responses when compared to the control in soleus muscles, and symmetrical, but increased, responses from tibialis anterior muscles. This stage lasted until about the end of the second postoperative week and was followed by the third or compensatory stage during which EMG as well as reflex responses developed towards the control pattern in all tested muscles. Almost normal responses were recorded on both sides 3 weeks after surgery. Only a partial recovery was found in the B.N. 1 baboons, indicating that the contralateral remaining labyrinthine afferences constitute a necessary condition for the full compensation of postural reactions to fall in the case of unilateral vestibular neurectomy. The Bechterew's compensation was obtained in the B.N. 2 baboons. These results are discussed in relation with the general organization of the vestibulospinal pathways and with those concerning development of the postoperative activity at the vestibular nuclei level. A model of vestibular compensation achieved by means of a multisensory substitution process is suggested.", "contents": "Compensation of postural reactions to fall in the vestibular neurectomized monkey. Role of the reamining labyrinthine afferences. The electromyographic (EMG) responses from soleus and tibialis anterior muscles and the monosynaptic H- and T-reflex responses from soleus muscles were recorded bilaterally from conscious baboon while unexpectedly dropping it with unrestricted vision. These responses were recorded either after unilateral vestibular neurectomy (U.N. Baboons) or after bilateral neurectomy performed in one stage (B.N. 1 baboons) and in two stages (B.N. 2 baboons). A positive correlation was found between modifications and development of EMG responses and reflex data. In the U.N. baboons, some differences were observed when comparing data from the H- and T-reflex methods, suggesting that recovery of normal responses to fall is achieved both by means of direct influences on alpha-motoneurons and via the gamma-loop. In the U.N. baboons postural reactions to fall developed in three distinct periods. The first or critical stage showed asymmetrical EMG and reflex responses with increased responses from contralateral soleus muscle and decreased responses from ipsilateral soleus. Opposite effects were recorded from tibialis anterior flexor muscles. The second or acute stage which began around 4 to 7 days after surgery exhibited symmetrical, but very reduced, responses when compared to the control in soleus muscles, and symmetrical, but increased, responses from tibialis anterior muscles. This stage lasted until about the end of the second postoperative week and was followed by the third or compensatory stage during which EMG as well as reflex responses developed towards the control pattern in all tested muscles. Almost normal responses were recorded on both sides 3 weeks after surgery. Only a partial recovery was found in the B.N. 1 baboons, indicating that the contralateral remaining labyrinthine afferences constitute a necessary condition for the full compensation of postural reactions to fall in the case of unilateral vestibular neurectomy. The Bechterew's compensation was obtained in the B.N. 2 baboons. These results are discussed in relation with the general organization of the vestibulospinal pathways and with those concerning development of the postoperative activity at the vestibular nuclei level. A model of vestibular compensation achieved by means of a multisensory substitution process is suggested.", "PMID": 118046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13090", "title": "Vestibular nuclei activity in the alert monkey during suppression of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus.", "content": "Single neurons were recorded in the vestibular nuclei of monkeys trained to suppress nystagmus by visual fixation during vestibular or optokinetic stimulation. During optokinetic nystagmus vestibular nuclei neurons exhibit frequency changes. With the suppression of optokinetic nystagmus this neuronal activity on average is attenuated by 40% at stimulus velocities of 40 degrees/s. At a stimulus velocity of 5 degrees/s responses are, under both conditions, close to threshold. For steps in velocity, suppression of vestibular nystagmus shortens the time constants of the decay of neuronal activity from 15--35 s to 5--9 s, while the amplitude of the response remains unchanged. The results are discussed in relation to current models of visual-vestibular interaction. These models use a feedback mechanism which normally operates during vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus. Nystagmus suppression interrupts this feedback loop.", "contents": "Vestibular nuclei activity in the alert monkey during suppression of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus. Single neurons were recorded in the vestibular nuclei of monkeys trained to suppress nystagmus by visual fixation during vestibular or optokinetic stimulation. During optokinetic nystagmus vestibular nuclei neurons exhibit frequency changes. With the suppression of optokinetic nystagmus this neuronal activity on average is attenuated by 40% at stimulus velocities of 40 degrees/s. At a stimulus velocity of 5 degrees/s responses are, under both conditions, close to threshold. For steps in velocity, suppression of vestibular nystagmus shortens the time constants of the decay of neuronal activity from 15--35 s to 5--9 s, while the amplitude of the response remains unchanged. The results are discussed in relation to current models of visual-vestibular interaction. These models use a feedback mechanism which normally operates during vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus. Nystagmus suppression interrupts this feedback loop.", "PMID": 118047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13091", "title": "Silymarin, an inhibitor of lipoxygenase.", "content": "Silybin (I), silydianin (II) and silychristin (III), the constituents of silymarin, non-competitively inhibit the lipoxygenase from soybeans (EC 1.13.11.12) in vitro.", "contents": "Silymarin, an inhibitor of lipoxygenase. Silybin (I), silydianin (II) and silychristin (III), the constituents of silymarin, non-competitively inhibit the lipoxygenase from soybeans (EC 1.13.11.12) in vitro.", "PMID": 118048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13092", "title": "Silymarin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase.", "content": "Silybin (I), silydianin (II) and silychristin (III), the main constituents of silymarin, inhibit the formation of prostaglandins in vitro. The inhibition is log-linearly dependent on the concentration of the effectors.", "contents": "Silymarin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase. Silybin (I), silydianin (II) and silychristin (III), the main constituents of silymarin, inhibit the formation of prostaglandins in vitro. The inhibition is log-linearly dependent on the concentration of the effectors.", "PMID": 118049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13093", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of ovine lactoferrin.", "content": "Ovine lactoferrin was isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. Comparative analyses were performed with the bovine protein. Differences in the amino acid compositions and the tertiary structure of the proteins were observed.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of ovine lactoferrin. Ovine lactoferrin was isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. Comparative analyses were performed with the bovine protein. Differences in the amino acid compositions and the tertiary structure of the proteins were observed.", "PMID": 118050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13094", "title": "Genetic polymorphisms and intrauterine development. Evidence of decreased heterozygosity in light-for-dates human newborn babies.", "content": "In 2 independent samples of low-birth-weight infants the proportion of females and homozygotes for a series of polymorphic systems was higher in light-for-dates than in preterm babies. The observation seems to give support to the hypothesis that homozygosity for 'normal' polymorphisms may decrease in general intrauterine growth rate. Since it is known that survival rate is strongly related to birth weight, a correlation between growth retardation and homozygosity may have a major role in the maintenance of such polimorphisms.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphisms and intrauterine development. Evidence of decreased heterozygosity in light-for-dates human newborn babies. In 2 independent samples of low-birth-weight infants the proportion of females and homozygotes for a series of polymorphic systems was higher in light-for-dates than in preterm babies. The observation seems to give support to the hypothesis that homozygosity for 'normal' polymorphisms may decrease in general intrauterine growth rate. Since it is known that survival rate is strongly related to birth weight, a correlation between growth retardation and homozygosity may have a major role in the maintenance of such polimorphisms.", "PMID": 118051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13095", "title": "A species comparison of 2,4-dinitrotoluene metabolism in vitro.", "content": "Postmitochondrial supernatants prepared from livers of mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys metabolized 2,4-dinitrotulene. The pattern of metabolites was characterized in both sexes of the species examined. In addition, the pattern of metabolites was altered by varying incubation conditions and pretreating male rats with phenobarbital or SKF 525-A.", "contents": "A species comparison of 2,4-dinitrotoluene metabolism in vitro. Postmitochondrial supernatants prepared from livers of mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys metabolized 2,4-dinitrotulene. The pattern of metabolites was characterized in both sexes of the species examined. In addition, the pattern of metabolites was altered by varying incubation conditions and pretreating male rats with phenobarbital or SKF 525-A.", "PMID": 118052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13096", "title": "Use of fats and oils in child feeding.", "content": "The nutritional status of mal- or undernourished children can be improved by increasing their dietary intake of calories. Where this is liable to be restricted by the sheer bulk of the diet, alternative feeding programmes may be called for. A more fundamental solution is to increase the calorie density of the diet by the addition of fat. Cost may, however, be an overriding factor.", "contents": "Use of fats and oils in child feeding. The nutritional status of mal- or undernourished children can be improved by increasing their dietary intake of calories. Where this is liable to be restricted by the sheer bulk of the diet, alternative feeding programmes may be called for. A more fundamental solution is to increase the calorie density of the diet by the addition of fat. Cost may, however, be an overriding factor.", "PMID": 118062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13097", "title": "Time dependency of a critical effect of EGTA on DNA synthesis in cultures of Swiss 3T3 cells.", "content": "In a temporal analysis of the mitogenic response to serum, a critical period has been demonstrated just prior to the onset of replicative DNA synthesis during which transient calcium depletion blocks the subsequent entry of the cells into the S phase of the mitotic cycle. Transient washington of monolayer cultures of 3T3 cells with 2.5 mM EGTA between 6 and 8 h after serum-stimulated initiation of DNA synthesis was found to reduce cell-associated calcium levels and to inhibit thymidine incorporation, whereas similar treatment before (1-5 h) and after (8-9 h) had no detectable effect on either of these parameters when estimated after 21 h incubation. The effects during the chelation-sensitive period were reversed by the subsequent addition of fresh serum.", "contents": "Time dependency of a critical effect of EGTA on DNA synthesis in cultures of Swiss 3T3 cells. In a temporal analysis of the mitogenic response to serum, a critical period has been demonstrated just prior to the onset of replicative DNA synthesis during which transient calcium depletion blocks the subsequent entry of the cells into the S phase of the mitotic cycle. Transient washington of monolayer cultures of 3T3 cells with 2.5 mM EGTA between 6 and 8 h after serum-stimulated initiation of DNA synthesis was found to reduce cell-associated calcium levels and to inhibit thymidine incorporation, whereas similar treatment before (1-5 h) and after (8-9 h) had no detectable effect on either of these parameters when estimated after 21 h incubation. The effects during the chelation-sensitive period were reversed by the subsequent addition of fresh serum.", "PMID": 118063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13098", "title": "Calcium and pancreatic beta-cell function. 6. Glucose and intracellular 45Ca distribution.", "content": "Glucose stimulates the uptake of 45Ca into beta-cell-rich pancreatic islets isolated from ob/ob-mice. The distribution of the incorporated radioactivity was analysed by labelling the organelles with 45Ca in their cellular environment. The radioactive content of the organelles was measured after homogenization and fractionation of the islets under conditions preventing 45Ca redistribution. The 45Ca taken up in response to glucose appeared essentially in the secretory granule fraction and in that enriched in mitochondria. Modification of the 45Ca loading procedure, involving reduction of the oxygen tension and incubation volume, resulted in the disappearance of the glucose effect on the mitochondrial fraction whereas part of the stimulatory effect on the secretory granules persisted. Buffering of calcium by the secretory granules and mitochondria may be important for regulating the cytoplasmic Ca2+ involved in stimulus-secretion coupling.", "contents": "Calcium and pancreatic beta-cell function. 6. Glucose and intracellular 45Ca distribution. Glucose stimulates the uptake of 45Ca into beta-cell-rich pancreatic islets isolated from ob/ob-mice. The distribution of the incorporated radioactivity was analysed by labelling the organelles with 45Ca in their cellular environment. The radioactive content of the organelles was measured after homogenization and fractionation of the islets under conditions preventing 45Ca redistribution. The 45Ca taken up in response to glucose appeared essentially in the secretory granule fraction and in that enriched in mitochondria. Modification of the 45Ca loading procedure, involving reduction of the oxygen tension and incubation volume, resulted in the disappearance of the glucose effect on the mitochondrial fraction whereas part of the stimulatory effect on the secretory granules persisted. Buffering of calcium by the secretory granules and mitochondria may be important for regulating the cytoplasmic Ca2+ involved in stimulus-secretion coupling.", "PMID": 118064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13099", "title": "Cost-benefit analysis of BCG-vaccination in Austria.", "content": "BCG-vaccination in Austria is performed generally in newborn, but only partially in school children. A cost-benefit analysis was performed considering age-dependent immunizations, tuberculosis morbidity, protection rate and duration of protection, costs of vaccination, costs of tuberculosis therapy, frequency of complications due to vaccination and costs for treatment of these complications. This analysis shows an economic balance between costs and benefits with regard to immunication of newborn, i. e., costs of vaccination are approximately compensated by the saved costs of prevented diseases. In contrary vaccination of school children reveals a considerable economic gain. General revaccination of schoolchildren would make BCG-vaccination much more effective in an economic respect.", "contents": "Cost-benefit analysis of BCG-vaccination in Austria. BCG-vaccination in Austria is performed generally in newborn, but only partially in school children. A cost-benefit analysis was performed considering age-dependent immunizations, tuberculosis morbidity, protection rate and duration of protection, costs of vaccination, costs of tuberculosis therapy, frequency of complications due to vaccination and costs for treatment of these complications. This analysis shows an economic balance between costs and benefits with regard to immunication of newborn, i. e., costs of vaccination are approximately compensated by the saved costs of prevented diseases. In contrary vaccination of school children reveals a considerable economic gain. General revaccination of schoolchildren would make BCG-vaccination much more effective in an economic respect.", "PMID": 118066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13100", "title": "Cost-benefit calculations of vaccinations against measles and mumps in Austria.", "content": "The analysis of combined measles-mumps vaccination in Austria showed that this measure is highly profitable in economical respect. The benefit-cost ratio Qc amounts to 2.65 without and 4.48 with consideration of the so-called \"nursing vacation\", a one week's vacation which is being granted in Austria to employed mothers for the nursing of a sick child once a year. The benefit-cost difference Dc amounts to AS 672.85 OF 1,681.90 respectively, per child. Twelve years after the beginning of vaccination of 100,000 one year old children per year which corresponds roughly to the birth rate in Austria an amount of 63 mill. AS can be saved, if \"nursing vacations\" are not considered. This amount will be even 528 mill. AS, if \"nursing vacations\" are taken in account.", "contents": "Cost-benefit calculations of vaccinations against measles and mumps in Austria. The analysis of combined measles-mumps vaccination in Austria showed that this measure is highly profitable in economical respect. The benefit-cost ratio Qc amounts to 2.65 without and 4.48 with consideration of the so-called \"nursing vacation\", a one week's vacation which is being granted in Austria to employed mothers for the nursing of a sick child once a year. The benefit-cost difference Dc amounts to AS 672.85 OF 1,681.90 respectively, per child. Twelve years after the beginning of vaccination of 100,000 one year old children per year which corresponds roughly to the birth rate in Austria an amount of 63 mill. AS can be saved, if \"nursing vacations\" are not considered. This amount will be even 528 mill. AS, if \"nursing vacations\" are taken in account.", "PMID": 118067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13101", "title": "Benefit-cost and cost-effectiveness analysis: theory and application.", "content": "Benefit-cost analysis and cost-effectivensss analysis are terms used with increasing frequency by health planners and those concerned with review and evaluation of specific programs. The economic bases for these formal techniques are however often obscured by adaptations of convenience or misapplications of the concepts by biological scientists (and others). This paper reviews briefly the theory of benefit-cost analysis and its potential as a tool in choosing programs of optimum size, of maximum economic efficiency as a given size, and in choosing amongst worthwhile alternative projects. Because of the difficulties of quantification of necessary data and the political nature of many policy decisions, the technique of benefit-cost analysis seldom finds application but cost-effectiveness emerges as a calculus of more practical use and acceptability. Examples are drawn from WHO papers and the medical literature to illustrate the \"benefits and risks\" of these techniques.", "contents": "Benefit-cost and cost-effectiveness analysis: theory and application. Benefit-cost analysis and cost-effectivensss analysis are terms used with increasing frequency by health planners and those concerned with review and evaluation of specific programs. The economic bases for these formal techniques are however often obscured by adaptations of convenience or misapplications of the concepts by biological scientists (and others). This paper reviews briefly the theory of benefit-cost analysis and its potential as a tool in choosing programs of optimum size, of maximum economic efficiency as a given size, and in choosing amongst worthwhile alternative projects. Because of the difficulties of quantification of necessary data and the political nature of many policy decisions, the technique of benefit-cost analysis seldom finds application but cost-effectiveness emerges as a calculus of more practical use and acceptability. Examples are drawn from WHO papers and the medical literature to illustrate the \"benefits and risks\" of these techniques.", "PMID": 118068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13102", "title": "Cost-benefit studies of vaccinations in Finland.", "content": "The benefits of vaccination are, in general, recognized. For some diseases these benefits are obvious. When starting or evaluating new vaccination programmes, a more critical approach is needed. Before starting vaccination against measles and rubella in Finland a cost-benefit study was performed. According to those studies the net benefits of each vaccination would be ca. 100 million Finnish marks in 25-30 years. Those benefits not measurable in money value of human life, decrease of suffering, etc., were not included. For the purpose of formulating the national influenza vaccination policy a similar study was performed on influenza. The method used before seemed to be less suitable, however, with certain assumptions the vaccinations against influenza proved to be profitable.", "contents": "Cost-benefit studies of vaccinations in Finland. The benefits of vaccination are, in general, recognized. For some diseases these benefits are obvious. When starting or evaluating new vaccination programmes, a more critical approach is needed. Before starting vaccination against measles and rubella in Finland a cost-benefit study was performed. According to those studies the net benefits of each vaccination would be ca. 100 million Finnish marks in 25-30 years. Those benefits not measurable in money value of human life, decrease of suffering, etc., were not included. For the purpose of formulating the national influenza vaccination policy a similar study was performed on influenza. The method used before seemed to be less suitable, however, with certain assumptions the vaccinations against influenza proved to be profitable.", "PMID": 118069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13103", "title": "Methods for risk-benefit and cost-benefit analysis of vaccinations.", "content": "The basic aim of vaccination is to prevent more severe complications of the respective disease than might be caused by the vaccine itself. Following this idea formulae were developed for calculation of the risk ratio Q and the risk difference D. The following parameters are considered in this formulae: risk of the disease (R), risk of vaccination (r), protection rate (p) and duration of protection (t). Besides, for calculations with partially vaccinated populations the immunization rate \"I\" has to be considered. A vaccination is beneficial if Q greater than 1.0 and D greater than 0. If vaccinations have proved to be valuable from the medical point of view, additional cost-benefit calculations may be of great importance for socio-economic considerations. Consequently, the above mentioned formulae were modified for calculation of the benefit cost ratio (Qc) and the benefit cost difference (Dc) for monovalent as well as for bivalent vaccines.", "contents": "Methods for risk-benefit and cost-benefit analysis of vaccinations. The basic aim of vaccination is to prevent more severe complications of the respective disease than might be caused by the vaccine itself. Following this idea formulae were developed for calculation of the risk ratio Q and the risk difference D. The following parameters are considered in this formulae: risk of the disease (R), risk of vaccination (r), protection rate (p) and duration of protection (t). Besides, for calculations with partially vaccinated populations the immunization rate \"I\" has to be considered. A vaccination is beneficial if Q greater than 1.0 and D greater than 0. If vaccinations have proved to be valuable from the medical point of view, additional cost-benefit calculations may be of great importance for socio-economic considerations. Consequently, the above mentioned formulae were modified for calculation of the benefit cost ratio (Qc) and the benefit cost difference (Dc) for monovalent as well as for bivalent vaccines.", "PMID": 118070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13104", "title": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa: prevention better than cure?", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen in certain groups of patients. The use of antibiotics in these patients may be associated with toxic side effects, drug resistance and therapeutic failure. Pseudomonas vaccines have been prepared by many workers and one vaccine has been widely used in clinical trials. Administration of this vaccine was associated with a high incidence of toxic reactions. A new polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine has recently been prepared. We report the reactivity of this polyvalent vaccine in healthy volunteers and compare this with the reactivity of the earlier pseudomonas vaccine reported in the literature. The vaccine is at present being used in burned patients and has been associated with a significant reduction in mortality. We suggest that this new polyvalent vaccine has a low incidence of toxic effects and promises a considerable advance upon earlier vaccines.", "contents": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa: prevention better than cure? Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen in certain groups of patients. The use of antibiotics in these patients may be associated with toxic side effects, drug resistance and therapeutic failure. Pseudomonas vaccines have been prepared by many workers and one vaccine has been widely used in clinical trials. Administration of this vaccine was associated with a high incidence of toxic reactions. A new polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine has recently been prepared. We report the reactivity of this polyvalent vaccine in healthy volunteers and compare this with the reactivity of the earlier pseudomonas vaccine reported in the literature. The vaccine is at present being used in burned patients and has been associated with a significant reduction in mortality. We suggest that this new polyvalent vaccine has a low incidence of toxic effects and promises a considerable advance upon earlier vaccines.", "PMID": 118071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13105", "title": "Carbamazepine serum levels in children with epilepsy: a micro immuno-assay technique.", "content": "In part 1 of this study, 26 children with seizures were given 20 mg/kg/day carbamazepine and five developed side-effects. With this initial dose, equilibrium was reached in the serum within four to six days in 25 of the 26 children. The sudden withdrawal of other anticonvulsants did not usually affect the rise of carbamazepine in serum, unless given in high doses. In Part 2 of the study it was shown that satisfactory levels were obtained in the serum of 38 children given carbamazepine either twice or three times daily, but higher levels were obtained with the latter. The lowest carbamazepine serum level associated with complete control of seizures was 6mg/1. Seizure control was comparable whether carbamazepine was given twice or three times daily. Complete control of temporal-lobe seizures was obtained in nine of 20 children, and of grand mal in 10 of 18 children. Serum levels of carbamazepine remained remarkable constant during the follow-up period of between 10 and 30 months.", "contents": "Carbamazepine serum levels in children with epilepsy: a micro immuno-assay technique. In part 1 of this study, 26 children with seizures were given 20 mg/kg/day carbamazepine and five developed side-effects. With this initial dose, equilibrium was reached in the serum within four to six days in 25 of the 26 children. The sudden withdrawal of other anticonvulsants did not usually affect the rise of carbamazepine in serum, unless given in high doses. In Part 2 of the study it was shown that satisfactory levels were obtained in the serum of 38 children given carbamazepine either twice or three times daily, but higher levels were obtained with the latter. The lowest carbamazepine serum level associated with complete control of seizures was 6mg/1. Seizure control was comparable whether carbamazepine was given twice or three times daily. Complete control of temporal-lobe seizures was obtained in nine of 20 children, and of grand mal in 10 of 18 children. Serum levels of carbamazepine remained remarkable constant during the follow-up period of between 10 and 30 months.", "PMID": 118072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13106", "title": "Phenytoin serum levels in children with epilepsy: a micro immuno-assay technique.", "content": "The enzyme multiple immuno-assay technique (EMIT) was used to study phenytoin serum levels in 50 children with seizures. It was found that: (1) a single dose of phenytoin suspension or capsules (5mg/kg/day) produced inadequate serum levels 16 and 24 hours after ingestion, and for this reason single dosage is not recommended; (2) twice-daily dosage of phenytoin suspension or capsules (5mg/kg/day) produced adequate serum levels in most children throughout the 24 hours, and this dosage is recommended; (3) 12 children continued to have seizures but when the dose was increased to 10mg/kg/day six of the 12 obtained control of seizures; (4) phenytoin reached equilibrium in the serum in five days provided the child had not previously been taking phenobarbitone; (5) of 13 children who had been taking phenobarbitone, 10 did not achieve equilibrium of phenytoin in serum for one to four weeks; (6) phenytoin suspension given twice-daily produced satisfactory serum levels provided the bottle was shaken well before dispensing; (7) apart from minor variations, phenytoin maintained its level in serum during the 14 to 30 months follow-up period, whether 5mg or 10mg/kg/day of phenytoin was given.", "contents": "Phenytoin serum levels in children with epilepsy: a micro immuno-assay technique. The enzyme multiple immuno-assay technique (EMIT) was used to study phenytoin serum levels in 50 children with seizures. It was found that: (1) a single dose of phenytoin suspension or capsules (5mg/kg/day) produced inadequate serum levels 16 and 24 hours after ingestion, and for this reason single dosage is not recommended; (2) twice-daily dosage of phenytoin suspension or capsules (5mg/kg/day) produced adequate serum levels in most children throughout the 24 hours, and this dosage is recommended; (3) 12 children continued to have seizures but when the dose was increased to 10mg/kg/day six of the 12 obtained control of seizures; (4) phenytoin reached equilibrium in the serum in five days provided the child had not previously been taking phenobarbitone; (5) of 13 children who had been taking phenobarbitone, 10 did not achieve equilibrium of phenytoin in serum for one to four weeks; (6) phenytoin suspension given twice-daily produced satisfactory serum levels provided the bottle was shaken well before dispensing; (7) apart from minor variations, phenytoin maintained its level in serum during the 14 to 30 months follow-up period, whether 5mg or 10mg/kg/day of phenytoin was given.", "PMID": 118073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13107", "title": "Mutagenic and DNA-damaging effects of N-alkyl-N-(alpha-acetoxyalkyl)nitrosamines, models for metabolically activated N,N-dialkylnitrosamines.", "content": "Mutagenic and DNA-damaging effects of a series of N,N-dialkylnitrosamines monosubstituted at the alpha-carbon with an acetoxyl group were tested in Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Bacilus subtilis in the absence of metabolic activation system. The compounds comprised 8 N-alkyl-N-(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamines (alkyl=methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl) and N-butyl-N-(1-acetoxybutyl)nitrosamine. All the compounds, except one with a tert-butyl group, gave positive results in these mutagenicity and repair tests. Presumed release of alkyl cations from the corresponding alpha-acetoxy derivatives by hydrolysis and heterolysis caused mutagenic and DNA-damaging effects in the bacteria. Structure-activity correlation of the compounds was noted in these tests and discussed in regard to the mutagenicity with metabolic activation and carcinogenicity of N,N-dialkylnitrosamines. The results support the hypothesis that alpha-carbon hydroxylation is one probable mechanism involved in the metabolic activation of N,N-dialkylnitrosamines.", "contents": "Mutagenic and DNA-damaging effects of N-alkyl-N-(alpha-acetoxyalkyl)nitrosamines, models for metabolically activated N,N-dialkylnitrosamines. Mutagenic and DNA-damaging effects of a series of N,N-dialkylnitrosamines monosubstituted at the alpha-carbon with an acetoxyl group were tested in Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Bacilus subtilis in the absence of metabolic activation system. The compounds comprised 8 N-alkyl-N-(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamines (alkyl=methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl) and N-butyl-N-(1-acetoxybutyl)nitrosamine. All the compounds, except one with a tert-butyl group, gave positive results in these mutagenicity and repair tests. Presumed release of alkyl cations from the corresponding alpha-acetoxy derivatives by hydrolysis and heterolysis caused mutagenic and DNA-damaging effects in the bacteria. Structure-activity correlation of the compounds was noted in these tests and discussed in regard to the mutagenicity with metabolic activation and carcinogenicity of N,N-dialkylnitrosamines. The results support the hypothesis that alpha-carbon hydroxylation is one probable mechanism involved in the metabolic activation of N,N-dialkylnitrosamines.", "PMID": 118074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13108", "title": "[Cost benefit analysis of the program for the improvement of perinatal mortality and morbidity in Austria (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective cost benefit analysis is initiated for the program to improve the perinatal mortality and morbidity in Austria which was started by the Federal Ministry for Health and Environment in 1974. Based on the official registry of birth in Austria the expenses for the intensive maternity care and delivery are calculated. From 1974-1978 the perinatal mortality of 2,514 children was prevented. It is assumed that for each prevented case of perinatal mortality two cases of cerebral damage were prevented. The benefit is calculated as alternative cost. The comparison of cost and benefit showed an approximate balance.", "contents": "[Cost benefit analysis of the program for the improvement of perinatal mortality and morbidity in Austria (author's transl)]. A retrospective cost benefit analysis is initiated for the program to improve the perinatal mortality and morbidity in Austria which was started by the Federal Ministry for Health and Environment in 1974. Based on the official registry of birth in Austria the expenses for the intensive maternity care and delivery are calculated. From 1974-1978 the perinatal mortality of 2,514 children was prevented. It is assumed that for each prevented case of perinatal mortality two cases of cerebral damage were prevented. The benefit is calculated as alternative cost. The comparison of cost and benefit showed an approximate balance.", "PMID": 118075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13109", "title": "Genetic determination of the developmental program for mouse liver beta-galactosidase: involvement of sites proximate to and distant from the structural gene.", "content": "The identification and mode of action of genetic loci that program gene expression during development are important for understanding differentiation in higher organisms. Previous work from this laboratory has identified two patterns for the postnatal development of liver beta-galactosidase among inbred mouse strains: type I, where activity levels remain constant after about 30 days of age, is found in strains DBA/2J, CBA/J, and BALB/cJ, among others; type II, where activity levels increase between 25 and 50 days of age to reach a new adult level, is found in strain C57BL/6J and related strains. It has been shown that the type I vs. type II developmental difference between strains C57BL/6J and DBA/2J is due to variation at a locus, Bgl-t, that maps with the beta-galactosidase complex, [Bgl], on chromosome 9. In the present study, we have confirmed the existence of Bgl-t as a temporal locus within [Bgl] by analysis of both a congenic strain carrying the beta-galactosidase complex of strain CBA/J in the C57BL/6J genetic background and a cross of strains CBA/J and C57BL/6J. The existence of additional temporal loci for beta-galactosidase that segregate independently of the structural gene and participate in determination of the type I vs. type II difference was revealed by analysis of: (1) a congenic strain containing the beta-galactosidase complex of strain BALB/cJ in the C57BL/10Sn background; (2) recombinant inbred lines derived from progenitor strains C57BL/6ByJ and BALB/cByJ; and (3) a genetic cross between strains C57BL/6ByJ and BALB/cByJ. Thus, for these pairs of strains, the type I vs. type II developmental difference is due to variation at a temporal locus (or loci) unlinked to the enzyme structural gene, and not at Bgl-t. These facts, together with information gathered from an examination of the distribution of beta-galactosidase phenotypes among over 100 inbred strains (Breen, Lusis and Paigen 1977), have led us to conclude that the postnatal developmental pattern for liver beta-galactosidase is determined by a set of interacting temporal genes. One of these, Bgl-t, is located within [Bgl], and one or more are separable from [Bgl] by recombination. A possible mode of interaction among the temporal and instructural loci is suggested.", "contents": "Genetic determination of the developmental program for mouse liver beta-galactosidase: involvement of sites proximate to and distant from the structural gene. The identification and mode of action of genetic loci that program gene expression during development are important for understanding differentiation in higher organisms. Previous work from this laboratory has identified two patterns for the postnatal development of liver beta-galactosidase among inbred mouse strains: type I, where activity levels remain constant after about 30 days of age, is found in strains DBA/2J, CBA/J, and BALB/cJ, among others; type II, where activity levels increase between 25 and 50 days of age to reach a new adult level, is found in strain C57BL/6J and related strains. It has been shown that the type I vs. type II developmental difference between strains C57BL/6J and DBA/2J is due to variation at a locus, Bgl-t, that maps with the beta-galactosidase complex, [Bgl], on chromosome 9. In the present study, we have confirmed the existence of Bgl-t as a temporal locus within [Bgl] by analysis of both a congenic strain carrying the beta-galactosidase complex of strain CBA/J in the C57BL/6J genetic background and a cross of strains CBA/J and C57BL/6J. The existence of additional temporal loci for beta-galactosidase that segregate independently of the structural gene and participate in determination of the type I vs. type II difference was revealed by analysis of: (1) a congenic strain containing the beta-galactosidase complex of strain BALB/cJ in the C57BL/10Sn background; (2) recombinant inbred lines derived from progenitor strains C57BL/6ByJ and BALB/cByJ; and (3) a genetic cross between strains C57BL/6ByJ and BALB/cByJ. Thus, for these pairs of strains, the type I vs. type II developmental difference is due to variation at a temporal locus (or loci) unlinked to the enzyme structural gene, and not at Bgl-t. These facts, together with information gathered from an examination of the distribution of beta-galactosidase phenotypes among over 100 inbred strains (Breen, Lusis and Paigen 1977), have led us to conclude that the postnatal developmental pattern for liver beta-galactosidase is determined by a set of interacting temporal genes. One of these, Bgl-t, is located within [Bgl], and one or more are separable from [Bgl] by recombination. A possible mode of interaction among the temporal and instructural loci is suggested.", "PMID": 118077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13110", "title": "[Combined effect of alkylating compounds on human chromosomes].", "content": "A combined effect of thiophosphamide and dipin on chromosomes of unstimulated human lymphocytes was studied in experiments carried out thrice according to the scheme of a complete two-factor experiment. The exposure to the mutagens lasted for an hour, the concentrations being from 3.17 to 22.19 . 10-5 M. After washing a fresh medium with PHA was added to lymphocytes and then they were cultivated during 60 hrs. Both at separate and combined action of tested chemicals the effect observed in all the cytogenetic tests was not subjected to a linear dependence on the concentration of mutagens. With the change in the proportion between thiophosphamide and dipin, given that the summed number of their molecules was constant, the cytogenetic effect was directly proportional to the part of each mutagen in a combined treatment. The analysis of variance and regression analysis of the results obtained as well as the analysis of types of appearing chromosome aberrations and the analysis of distribution of breaks in cells at the combined action showed that, taking into account that the concentration dependences were not linear. the combined effect of thiophosphamide and dipin was additive, without any interaction of individual effects.", "contents": "[Combined effect of alkylating compounds on human chromosomes]. A combined effect of thiophosphamide and dipin on chromosomes of unstimulated human lymphocytes was studied in experiments carried out thrice according to the scheme of a complete two-factor experiment. The exposure to the mutagens lasted for an hour, the concentrations being from 3.17 to 22.19 . 10-5 M. After washing a fresh medium with PHA was added to lymphocytes and then they were cultivated during 60 hrs. Both at separate and combined action of tested chemicals the effect observed in all the cytogenetic tests was not subjected to a linear dependence on the concentration of mutagens. With the change in the proportion between thiophosphamide and dipin, given that the summed number of their molecules was constant, the cytogenetic effect was directly proportional to the part of each mutagen in a combined treatment. The analysis of variance and regression analysis of the results obtained as well as the analysis of types of appearing chromosome aberrations and the analysis of distribution of breaks in cells at the combined action showed that, taking into account that the concentration dependences were not linear. the combined effect of thiophosphamide and dipin was additive, without any interaction of individual effects.", "PMID": 118078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13111", "title": "[Modelling modification of chemical mutagenesis in human cells. III. Linear index of protection as the standardized criterion of modification].", "content": "The effect of substances with radioprotective activity, APAETP 2,3 (aminopropylaminoethylthiophosphoric acid 2,3), APAETP 3,3 and cystaphos, on chromosome aberrations, induced by thioTEPA in the culture of human lymphocytes was investigated. It is shown that the obtained curves \"concentration -- effect\" for thioTEPA can be described by equations rho = 1 -- e-(KC + alpha)2 and X = E -(KC + alpha)2 --1 for aberrant cells and for chromosome breaks in the presence of the investigated substances. On the basis of comparison of angle coefficients of regression the unificated characteristic of the efficiency of chemical mutagenesis is proposed: the linear protection index (LPI), with generalizes the effect of modificators in chemical mutagenesis.", "contents": "[Modelling modification of chemical mutagenesis in human cells. III. Linear index of protection as the standardized criterion of modification]. The effect of substances with radioprotective activity, APAETP 2,3 (aminopropylaminoethylthiophosphoric acid 2,3), APAETP 3,3 and cystaphos, on chromosome aberrations, induced by thioTEPA in the culture of human lymphocytes was investigated. It is shown that the obtained curves \"concentration -- effect\" for thioTEPA can be described by equations rho = 1 -- e-(KC + alpha)2 and X = E -(KC + alpha)2 --1 for aberrant cells and for chromosome breaks in the presence of the investigated substances. On the basis of comparison of angle coefficients of regression the unificated characteristic of the efficiency of chemical mutagenesis is proposed: the linear protection index (LPI), with generalizes the effect of modificators in chemical mutagenesis.", "PMID": 118079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13112", "title": "[Production and study of Bacillus subtilis mutants for genes involved in nucleoside catabolism].", "content": "By means of selection for a low thymine requirement the mutants fo thymine auxotrophs for deoxyriboaldolase (dra) and phosphodeoxyribomutase (drm) genes were obtained. Besides the mutants for pyrimidinenucleoside phosphorylase gene (pdp) were olso isolated using selection on the fluorodeoxyuridine resistance. The latter enzyme provides for pyrimidine nucleosides catabolism (thymidine, uridine) in Bacilli, as well as the conversion of exogenous thymine to thymidine in thymine auxotrophs. The data obtained when studying the deo-enzymes activities in various types of the mutants and also under the condition of induction by thymidine and acetoaldehyde are in accordance with the assumption that deoxyriboso-5-phosphate is an inductor of the deo-enzymes in Bacillus subtilis. The genes dra and pdp were tightly linked as it had been shown by the transformation experiments; in contrast, no linkage was revealed between dra and drm or pdp and drm. A secondary mutation (adn), not linked with dra and blocking the ability of bacteria to catabolise adenosine (purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity remains constant) was found in some dra-mutants.", "contents": "[Production and study of Bacillus subtilis mutants for genes involved in nucleoside catabolism]. By means of selection for a low thymine requirement the mutants fo thymine auxotrophs for deoxyriboaldolase (dra) and phosphodeoxyribomutase (drm) genes were obtained. Besides the mutants for pyrimidinenucleoside phosphorylase gene (pdp) were olso isolated using selection on the fluorodeoxyuridine resistance. The latter enzyme provides for pyrimidine nucleosides catabolism (thymidine, uridine) in Bacilli, as well as the conversion of exogenous thymine to thymidine in thymine auxotrophs. The data obtained when studying the deo-enzymes activities in various types of the mutants and also under the condition of induction by thymidine and acetoaldehyde are in accordance with the assumption that deoxyriboso-5-phosphate is an inductor of the deo-enzymes in Bacillus subtilis. The genes dra and pdp were tightly linked as it had been shown by the transformation experiments; in contrast, no linkage was revealed between dra and drm or pdp and drm. A secondary mutation (adn), not linked with dra and blocking the ability of bacteria to catabolise adenosine (purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity remains constant) was found in some dra-mutants.", "PMID": 118080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13113", "title": "[Radiosensitivity of somatic cells and imaginal disks of male and female Drosohila].", "content": "Primary chromosome damages as well as the frequency of spontaneous and X-rays induced chromosome aberrations in Drosophila melanogaster males and females are studied. It is found using cytofluorimetric method that primary chromosome damages in ganglia cells of females and males are the same. In these cells as well as in cells of imaginal discs the frequency of induced chromosome aberrations, except gaps, is considerably higher for females. Ganglia cells of females and males of Drosophila are found not to differ from each other in their proliferation activity. The frequency of morphoses for both sexes is also the same. The assumption is made concerning the role of the non-identical repair in the increased mutability of female somatic cells, which is more intensive in this sex, as well as concerning more intensive identical repair in imaginal discs of females.", "contents": "[Radiosensitivity of somatic cells and imaginal disks of male and female Drosohila]. Primary chromosome damages as well as the frequency of spontaneous and X-rays induced chromosome aberrations in Drosophila melanogaster males and females are studied. It is found using cytofluorimetric method that primary chromosome damages in ganglia cells of females and males are the same. In these cells as well as in cells of imaginal discs the frequency of induced chromosome aberrations, except gaps, is considerably higher for females. Ganglia cells of females and males of Drosophila are found not to differ from each other in their proliferation activity. The frequency of morphoses for both sexes is also the same. The assumption is made concerning the role of the non-identical repair in the increased mutability of female somatic cells, which is more intensive in this sex, as well as concerning more intensive identical repair in imaginal discs of females.", "PMID": 118081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13114", "title": "Isolation and characterization of recombinant DNA plasmids carrying Drosophila tRNA genes.", "content": "Recombinant plasmids carrying Drosophila melanogaster tRNA genes were constructed by ligation of HindIII-cleaved Drosophila DNA to HindIII cut pBR322 DNA. 90 clones were isolated that contained genes for one or more of eleven tRNAs. 43 of the plasmids were characterized by a number of methods: restriction nuclease digestion; agarose gel electrophoresis; hybridization with individual, purified, 125I-labelled Drosophila tRNA molecules and in situ hybridization to Drosophila chromosomes. The results show that several different tRNA genes have been isolated which code for single, specific isoacceptors. The DNAs from 8 plasmids each hybridize to single sites on Drosophila polytene chromosomes. In addition, the data show examples of two different plasmids hybridizing to different loci coding for the same tRNA; this means that we have isolated representatives of tRNA genes which map at widely separated points on the Drosophila genome.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of recombinant DNA plasmids carrying Drosophila tRNA genes. Recombinant plasmids carrying Drosophila melanogaster tRNA genes were constructed by ligation of HindIII-cleaved Drosophila DNA to HindIII cut pBR322 DNA. 90 clones were isolated that contained genes for one or more of eleven tRNAs. 43 of the plasmids were characterized by a number of methods: restriction nuclease digestion; agarose gel electrophoresis; hybridization with individual, purified, 125I-labelled Drosophila tRNA molecules and in situ hybridization to Drosophila chromosomes. The results show that several different tRNA genes have been isolated which code for single, specific isoacceptors. The DNAs from 8 plasmids each hybridize to single sites on Drosophila polytene chromosomes. In addition, the data show examples of two different plasmids hybridizing to different loci coding for the same tRNA; this means that we have isolated representatives of tRNA genes which map at widely separated points on the Drosophila genome.", "PMID": 118082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13115", "title": "Construction and characterization of E. coli promoter-probe plasmid vectors. I. Cloning of promoter-containing DNA fragments.", "content": "Derivatives of the Escherichia coli drug-resistance plasmid pBR316 have been constructed which act as molecular probes for promoter-containing DNA restriction fragments from various prokaryotic genomes. The plasmids, designated pBRH1 and pBRH3B, contain a unique EcoRI restriction site located within the promoter for the tetracycline resistance (Tcr) gene. This site was created by the insertion of a chemically synthesized octanucleotide, containing the EcoRI cleavage sequence, into the HindIII site of pBR316. Base-pair alterations within the Tc promoter produced by this insertion resulted in a substantial reduction (pBRH3B) or elimination (pBRH1) in ability of these plasmids to confer Tc resistance to the host strain. Cloning of EcoRI-cleaved foreign DNA fragments into the EcoRI site of these plasmids allows for the isolation of recombinant transformants with Tcr levels greater than that of the plasmid vector. Further characterization of these recombinant plasmids demonstrates that the Tcr phenotype is dependent upon the orientation of the inserted fragment, but not on the molecular weight. We have concluded that these fragments carry promoters which, in the proper orientation, allow for the transcription of the Tcr gene. The utility of these \"promoter-probe\" plasmids lies in the ability to select for promoter-containing DNA fragments by insertional activation of the Tcr gene.", "contents": "Construction and characterization of E. coli promoter-probe plasmid vectors. I. Cloning of promoter-containing DNA fragments. Derivatives of the Escherichia coli drug-resistance plasmid pBR316 have been constructed which act as molecular probes for promoter-containing DNA restriction fragments from various prokaryotic genomes. The plasmids, designated pBRH1 and pBRH3B, contain a unique EcoRI restriction site located within the promoter for the tetracycline resistance (Tcr) gene. This site was created by the insertion of a chemically synthesized octanucleotide, containing the EcoRI cleavage sequence, into the HindIII site of pBR316. Base-pair alterations within the Tc promoter produced by this insertion resulted in a substantial reduction (pBRH3B) or elimination (pBRH1) in ability of these plasmids to confer Tc resistance to the host strain. Cloning of EcoRI-cleaved foreign DNA fragments into the EcoRI site of these plasmids allows for the isolation of recombinant transformants with Tcr levels greater than that of the plasmid vector. Further characterization of these recombinant plasmids demonstrates that the Tcr phenotype is dependent upon the orientation of the inserted fragment, but not on the molecular weight. We have concluded that these fragments carry promoters which, in the proper orientation, allow for the transcription of the Tcr gene. The utility of these \"promoter-probe\" plasmids lies in the ability to select for promoter-containing DNA fragments by insertional activation of the Tcr gene.", "PMID": 118083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13116", "title": "Evaluation of the teratogenicity of anticonvulsants.", "content": "Evaluation and comparison of the reports on teratogenicity of drugs are very difficult because many fundamental, clinical and social problems exist in the research of congenital anomalies and detection of human teratogens. Since the etiological significance of anti-convulsants has not been established in humans, the following efforts should be made extensively: 1) systematic collection and detailed analysis of more human cases, 2) study on the role of epilepsy and treatment with multiple drugs, 3) investigation on the mechanism of teratogenesis including comparative pharmacokinetic studies in animals and humans.", "contents": "Evaluation of the teratogenicity of anticonvulsants. Evaluation and comparison of the reports on teratogenicity of drugs are very difficult because many fundamental, clinical and social problems exist in the research of congenital anomalies and detection of human teratogens. Since the etiological significance of anti-convulsants has not been established in humans, the following efforts should be made extensively: 1) systematic collection and detailed analysis of more human cases, 2) study on the role of epilepsy and treatment with multiple drugs, 3) investigation on the mechanism of teratogenesis including comparative pharmacokinetic studies in animals and humans.", "PMID": 118096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13117", "title": "Effect of triiodothyronine administration on the plasma TSH and prolactin responses to TRH in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary insufficiency.", "content": "A study was carried out in 10 patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies to determine the response of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and their suppressibility by treatment with triiodothyronine (T3) given at a dose of 60 microgram/day for 1 week. In 3 patients the basal tsh values were normal and in 7 patients, 2 of whom had not received regular thyroid replacement therapy, they were elevated. The response of TSH to TRH was normal in 6 patients and exaggerated in 4 (of these, 1 patient had not received previous substitution therapy and 2 had received only irregular treatment). The basal and stimulated levels of TSH were markedly suppressed by the treatment with T3. The basal PRL levels were normal in 7 and slightly elevated in 3 patients. The response of PRL to TRH stimulation was exaggerated in 2, normal in 6 and absent in 2 patients. The basal PRL levels were not suppressible by T3 treatment but in 4 patients this treatment reduced the PRL response to TRH stimulation. From these findings the following conclusions are drawn: (1) T3 suppresses TSH at the pituitary level, and (2) the hyperreactivity of TSH to TRH and the low set point of suppressibility are probably due to a lack of TRH in the type of patients studied.", "contents": "Effect of triiodothyronine administration on the plasma TSH and prolactin responses to TRH in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary insufficiency. A study was carried out in 10 patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies to determine the response of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and their suppressibility by treatment with triiodothyronine (T3) given at a dose of 60 microgram/day for 1 week. In 3 patients the basal tsh values were normal and in 7 patients, 2 of whom had not received regular thyroid replacement therapy, they were elevated. The response of TSH to TRH was normal in 6 patients and exaggerated in 4 (of these, 1 patient had not received previous substitution therapy and 2 had received only irregular treatment). The basal and stimulated levels of TSH were markedly suppressed by the treatment with T3. The basal PRL levels were normal in 7 and slightly elevated in 3 patients. The response of PRL to TRH stimulation was exaggerated in 2, normal in 6 and absent in 2 patients. The basal PRL levels were not suppressible by T3 treatment but in 4 patients this treatment reduced the PRL response to TRH stimulation. From these findings the following conclusions are drawn: (1) T3 suppresses TSH at the pituitary level, and (2) the hyperreactivity of TSH to TRH and the low set point of suppressibility are probably due to a lack of TRH in the type of patients studied.", "PMID": 118103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13118", "title": "Effect of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine on growth and differentiation of cultured embryonic retinal pigment cells.", "content": "Chicken embryo retinal pigment cells cultured for 2 weeks in 1 or 10 microns BrdU accumulate only 25% of the amount of melanin found in controls. Growth is inhibited by 10 microns BrdU but not by 1 micron BrdU. Cells cultured with BrdU had decreased tyrosinase activity and lost the typical epithelial appearance of controls. Equimolar concentrations of deoxythymidine did not prevent the inhibition of melanogenesis due to BrdU but did prevent the growth inhibition of the higher concentration of BrdU (10 microns). Tenfold higher concentrations of deoxythymidine prevented inhibition of epithelial differentiation and melanogenesis. Ultrastructurally, BrdU produced an absence of melanosomes and disruption of the lamellar array of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The perinuclear arrangement of microfilaments became irregular. The cell surface was radically affected as membranes were no longer ruffled and cell junctions disappeared. Melanogenesis is a complex form of differentiated function, involving synthesis of tyrosinase and control of its activity, macromolecular synthesis of the melanosome, and the subsequent synthesis of melanin within the melanosome. BrdU appears to inhibit melanogenesis through a coordinated and simultaneous interference with these processes, suggesting that there may be a \"program\" of gene activity for melanogenesis that is regulated as a unit.", "contents": "Effect of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine on growth and differentiation of cultured embryonic retinal pigment cells. Chicken embryo retinal pigment cells cultured for 2 weeks in 1 or 10 microns BrdU accumulate only 25% of the amount of melanin found in controls. Growth is inhibited by 10 microns BrdU but not by 1 micron BrdU. Cells cultured with BrdU had decreased tyrosinase activity and lost the typical epithelial appearance of controls. Equimolar concentrations of deoxythymidine did not prevent the inhibition of melanogenesis due to BrdU but did prevent the growth inhibition of the higher concentration of BrdU (10 microns). Tenfold higher concentrations of deoxythymidine prevented inhibition of epithelial differentiation and melanogenesis. Ultrastructurally, BrdU produced an absence of melanosomes and disruption of the lamellar array of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The perinuclear arrangement of microfilaments became irregular. The cell surface was radically affected as membranes were no longer ruffled and cell junctions disappeared. Melanogenesis is a complex form of differentiated function, involving synthesis of tyrosinase and control of its activity, macromolecular synthesis of the melanosome, and the subsequent synthesis of melanin within the melanosome. BrdU appears to inhibit melanogenesis through a coordinated and simultaneous interference with these processes, suggesting that there may be a \"program\" of gene activity for melanogenesis that is regulated as a unit.", "PMID": 118105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13119", "title": "Primary cultures of hepatocytes on human fibroblasts.", "content": "Parenchymal hepatocytes isolated from adult rats were cultured on three types of collagen-containing substrata: collagen-coated plates, collagen membranes and confluent diploid human fibroblasts. Hepatocytes on the latter two substrata maintained characteristic morphology for at least 10 days in culture, whereas degenerative changes (cell death and formation of multinucleated hepatocytes) and growth of nonparenchymal elements were seen after 5 days in cultures on collagen-coated plates. Parallel findings were seen on basal and induced levels of cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome C reductase. The basal levels of cytochrome P-450 were not measurable after day 3 in hepatocytes cultured on collagen-coated plates, whereas measurable levels were maintained in the hepatocytes cultured on the other two substrata. Addition of phenobarbital or methylcholanthrene at day 5 in culture caused an increase in cytochromes P-450 and P-448, respectively, only in hepatocytes cultured on collagen membranes and confluent fibroblasts. Analogous results were seen for the enzyme NADPH-cytochrome C reductase. The similarities in performance between hepatocytes on collagen membranes and on human fibroblasts show that a continuous collagen-containing substratum is important for optimal performance of hepatocytes in primary culture. The possible importance of cultures of hepatocytes on human fibroblasts for carcinogenesis studies is discussed.", "contents": "Primary cultures of hepatocytes on human fibroblasts. Parenchymal hepatocytes isolated from adult rats were cultured on three types of collagen-containing substrata: collagen-coated plates, collagen membranes and confluent diploid human fibroblasts. Hepatocytes on the latter two substrata maintained characteristic morphology for at least 10 days in culture, whereas degenerative changes (cell death and formation of multinucleated hepatocytes) and growth of nonparenchymal elements were seen after 5 days in cultures on collagen-coated plates. Parallel findings were seen on basal and induced levels of cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome C reductase. The basal levels of cytochrome P-450 were not measurable after day 3 in hepatocytes cultured on collagen-coated plates, whereas measurable levels were maintained in the hepatocytes cultured on the other two substrata. Addition of phenobarbital or methylcholanthrene at day 5 in culture caused an increase in cytochromes P-450 and P-448, respectively, only in hepatocytes cultured on collagen membranes and confluent fibroblasts. Analogous results were seen for the enzyme NADPH-cytochrome C reductase. The similarities in performance between hepatocytes on collagen membranes and on human fibroblasts show that a continuous collagen-containing substratum is important for optimal performance of hepatocytes in primary culture. The possible importance of cultures of hepatocytes on human fibroblasts for carcinogenesis studies is discussed.", "PMID": 118106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13120", "title": "Immune mechanisms against canine distemper. II. Role of antibody in antigen modulation and prevention of intercellular and extracellular spread of canine distemper virus.", "content": "Specific antibody was shown to be highly effective in neutralizing extracellular canine distemper virus (CDV) as well as preventing the intercellular spread of this virus. Thus, relatively low levels of antibody neutralized 1 x 10(5) TCID50 of extracellular CDV and the development of plaques or CPE in Hep-2 and Vero cells respectively could be prevented even when up to 5% of the cells were infected. This inhibition of CPE and virus spread was most pronounced when antibody was added early but could still limit the degree of CPE if added as late as 48 h post-infection. This anti-viral activity was observed in different cell types including canine macrophages, cells normally infected with CDV in vivo. Prolonged exposure of infected target cells to high concentrations of antibody led to redistribution of surface viral antigens and their subsequent disappearance. The possible role of antibody in the defence against, and/or recovery from CDV and the mechanism(s) by which antibody may aid in recovery are discussed.", "contents": "Immune mechanisms against canine distemper. II. Role of antibody in antigen modulation and prevention of intercellular and extracellular spread of canine distemper virus. Specific antibody was shown to be highly effective in neutralizing extracellular canine distemper virus (CDV) as well as preventing the intercellular spread of this virus. Thus, relatively low levels of antibody neutralized 1 x 10(5) TCID50 of extracellular CDV and the development of plaques or CPE in Hep-2 and Vero cells respectively could be prevented even when up to 5% of the cells were infected. This inhibition of CPE and virus spread was most pronounced when antibody was added early but could still limit the degree of CPE if added as late as 48 h post-infection. This anti-viral activity was observed in different cell types including canine macrophages, cells normally infected with CDV in vivo. Prolonged exposure of infected target cells to high concentrations of antibody led to redistribution of surface viral antigens and their subsequent disappearance. The possible role of antibody in the defence against, and/or recovery from CDV and the mechanism(s) by which antibody may aid in recovery are discussed.", "PMID": 118114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13121", "title": "[Balanced parenteral and oral feeding of underweight newborn infants].", "content": "The oral feeding of 50 newborns with low birth weight was combined with infusions of two different amino acid solutions (mother milk-adapted and requirement-adapted), parenteral lipids and glucose. All infants showed a rapid weight gain, the N-balance became positive, hypoglycemic or hyperosmotic reactions were missing. Amino acid imbalances could not be seen, values of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and asparagine differed in both groups just as proline. In management of infants with low birth weight the supplemental application of these amino acid solutions, lipids and glucose has advantages.", "contents": "[Balanced parenteral and oral feeding of underweight newborn infants]. The oral feeding of 50 newborns with low birth weight was combined with infusions of two different amino acid solutions (mother milk-adapted and requirement-adapted), parenteral lipids and glucose. All infants showed a rapid weight gain, the N-balance became positive, hypoglycemic or hyperosmotic reactions were missing. Amino acid imbalances could not be seen, values of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and asparagine differed in both groups just as proline. In management of infants with low birth weight the supplemental application of these amino acid solutions, lipids and glucose has advantages.", "PMID": 118117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13122", "title": "[Total and partial parenteral feeding of premature and newborn infants: nitrogen balances and serum amino acid chromatograms].", "content": "We report upon 30 critically ill premature and newborn infants (mean birth weight: 2,350 g). In all cases we applied initially total parenteral nutrition with increasing supplies, subsequently partial parenteral nutrition. Donors of nutritive substance and calories were a 6% mother-milk adapted amino-acid solution, a glucose solution 10% and 20% and a 20% lipid emulsion. Serum electrolytes, urea, glucose, serum aminograms and nitrogen balances were determined at regular intervals. Serum aminograms were found altogether acceptable in relation to those of breast-fed newborns and small infants and to normal values, which we evaluated among 45 premature and newborn infants before supplying protein.", "contents": "[Total and partial parenteral feeding of premature and newborn infants: nitrogen balances and serum amino acid chromatograms]. We report upon 30 critically ill premature and newborn infants (mean birth weight: 2,350 g). In all cases we applied initially total parenteral nutrition with increasing supplies, subsequently partial parenteral nutrition. Donors of nutritive substance and calories were a 6% mother-milk adapted amino-acid solution, a glucose solution 10% and 20% and a 20% lipid emulsion. Serum electrolytes, urea, glucose, serum aminograms and nitrogen balances were determined at regular intervals. Serum aminograms were found altogether acceptable in relation to those of breast-fed newborns and small infants and to normal values, which we evaluated among 45 premature and newborn infants before supplying protein.", "PMID": 118118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13123", "title": "[Effect of peripheral venous parenteral feeding on the postoperative protein status].", "content": "Following limited abdominal surgery peripheral-venous parenteral feeding was performed in 30 patients: 15 patients (group II) received 0.8 g amino acids and 4 g carbohydrates/kg BW; and 15 patients (group III) 1 g amino acids and 5 g carbohydrates/kg BW. As a control group (I) 10 patients were infused only with water, electrolytes and vitamins. A significant improvement of nitrogen balances was noticed in both groups of patients with parenteral nutrition, and about 90% of the infused amino acids was retained as nitrogen. However, the serum levels of various proteins--albumin, transferrin, pre-albumin and retinol-binding protein--presented no significant changes. There was no evidence that peripheral parenteral nutrition improved postoperative metabolism of plasma proteins. It is assumed that the administered amino acids are probably utilised in peripheral tissues (e.g. muscle, wound-repair) and are, therefore, not or only in low measures available for synthesis of plasma proteins in liver.", "contents": "[Effect of peripheral venous parenteral feeding on the postoperative protein status]. Following limited abdominal surgery peripheral-venous parenteral feeding was performed in 30 patients: 15 patients (group II) received 0.8 g amino acids and 4 g carbohydrates/kg BW; and 15 patients (group III) 1 g amino acids and 5 g carbohydrates/kg BW. As a control group (I) 10 patients were infused only with water, electrolytes and vitamins. A significant improvement of nitrogen balances was noticed in both groups of patients with parenteral nutrition, and about 90% of the infused amino acids was retained as nitrogen. However, the serum levels of various proteins--albumin, transferrin, pre-albumin and retinol-binding protein--presented no significant changes. There was no evidence that peripheral parenteral nutrition improved postoperative metabolism of plasma proteins. It is assumed that the administered amino acids are probably utilised in peripheral tissues (e.g. muscle, wound-repair) and are, therefore, not or only in low measures available for synthesis of plasma proteins in liver.", "PMID": 118119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13124", "title": "[Use of different parenterally administered amino acid solutions with healthy test subjects].", "content": "We studied the alterations in the pattern of free serum amino acids during continuous parenteral infusion of 4 different standardised L-amino acid solutions. Nearly for all amino acids, a dose-dependent steady state could be established, usually as early as 30 or 60 minutes after starting the infusion. Amino acid solutions that caused the smallest changes of the amino acid pattern in plasma during infusion produced always the smallest increase of total amino acid nitrogen and the greatest rate of amino acid transfer. So we conclude that these solutions are utilised most effectively.", "contents": "[Use of different parenterally administered amino acid solutions with healthy test subjects]. We studied the alterations in the pattern of free serum amino acids during continuous parenteral infusion of 4 different standardised L-amino acid solutions. Nearly for all amino acids, a dose-dependent steady state could be established, usually as early as 30 or 60 minutes after starting the infusion. Amino acid solutions that caused the smallest changes of the amino acid pattern in plasma during infusion produced always the smallest increase of total amino acid nitrogen and the greatest rate of amino acid transfer. So we conclude that these solutions are utilised most effectively.", "PMID": 118120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13125", "title": "Periapical surgery.", "content": "A retrospective study of 572 teeth treated with periapical surgery was undertaken in order to evaluate the influence of preoperative, operative and postoperative factors in the healing process as well as the operation method used. It was also the aim to assess whether the histophatological diagnosis of biopsies taken at the operation could be correlated to healing. Statistical analyses by the AID method and conventional cross-classification methods were performed. Factors of importance were found to be the extent of the destrucion, the operation method used, the bone surrounding the destruction, the quality of the orthograde root filling, the age of the patient, and the marginal bone buccally. The operation method was of importance in large destructions where root fillings were considered as not having properly sealed the canals, and when treating inflamed cysts. The histopathological diagnosis could not be ascribed any definite prognostic value.", "contents": "Periapical surgery. A retrospective study of 572 teeth treated with periapical surgery was undertaken in order to evaluate the influence of preoperative, operative and postoperative factors in the healing process as well as the operation method used. It was also the aim to assess whether the histophatological diagnosis of biopsies taken at the operation could be correlated to healing. Statistical analyses by the AID method and conventional cross-classification methods were performed. Factors of importance were found to be the extent of the destrucion, the operation method used, the bone surrounding the destruction, the quality of the orthograde root filling, the age of the patient, and the marginal bone buccally. The operation method was of importance in large destructions where root fillings were considered as not having properly sealed the canals, and when treating inflamed cysts. The histopathological diagnosis could not be ascribed any definite prognostic value.", "PMID": 118123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13126", "title": "Primary reconstruction of defects in the upper and lower lips following tumor excision.", "content": "Three cases of basal cell carcinoma and epithelioma in the upper and lower lips are reported. The defects in the upper lip following tumor excision were repaired with an application of Burow's technique. Martin's method, after modification of Bernard cheiloplasty, was used for the repair of the lower lip defect. The methods proved to be quite effective in providing excellent aesthetic results. No disturbance was noted in the activity of the repaired upper lips. The labial function, however, associated with the orbicularis oris was left impaired in the newly formed lower lip.", "contents": "Primary reconstruction of defects in the upper and lower lips following tumor excision. Three cases of basal cell carcinoma and epithelioma in the upper and lower lips are reported. The defects in the upper lip following tumor excision were repaired with an application of Burow's technique. Martin's method, after modification of Bernard cheiloplasty, was used for the repair of the lower lip defect. The methods proved to be quite effective in providing excellent aesthetic results. No disturbance was noted in the activity of the repaired upper lips. The labial function, however, associated with the orbicularis oris was left impaired in the newly formed lower lip.", "PMID": 118124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13127", "title": "Cervico-facial actinomycosis. A retrospective study.", "content": "A retrospective investigation of 25 cases of verified cervico-facial actinomycosis recorded in the period 1971--76 is presented. The results have been compared with the findings from a previous examination carried out by one of the authors during 1955--64. A marked increase of cervico-facial actinomycosis was noted. The clinical picture seems to be changing to a more alarming appearance, in agreement with the classical description of this entity. According to this agreement with the classical description of this entity. According to  this a prolongation of the period of treatment was found. Other aspects of the disease are discussed based on the present results. The recommended treatment is still a combination of antibiotic medication and surgical removal of infectious foci.", "contents": "Cervico-facial actinomycosis. A retrospective study. A retrospective investigation of 25 cases of verified cervico-facial actinomycosis recorded in the period 1971--76 is presented. The results have been compared with the findings from a previous examination carried out by one of the authors during 1955--64. A marked increase of cervico-facial actinomycosis was noted. The clinical picture seems to be changing to a more alarming appearance, in agreement with the classical description of this entity. According to this agreement with the classical description of this entity. According to  this a prolongation of the period of treatment was found. Other aspects of the disease are discussed based on the present results. The recommended treatment is still a combination of antibiotic medication and surgical removal of infectious foci.", "PMID": 118125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13128", "title": "Attenuated mumps virus therapy of carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.", "content": "This paper presents treatment of carcinoma of the maxillary sinus with an attenuated mumps virus. The mumps virus was inoculated into two cases of very advanced carcinoma of the maxillary sinus by local and general injection. Shortly after injection, relief from severe cancer pain and growth inhibition or necrosis of tumor were observed in both cases. In this communication, we discuss a possible mechanism of antitumor effect of mumps virus by utilizing immunologic tests and interferon assay.", "contents": "Attenuated mumps virus therapy of carcinoma of the maxillary sinus. This paper presents treatment of carcinoma of the maxillary sinus with an attenuated mumps virus. The mumps virus was inoculated into two cases of very advanced carcinoma of the maxillary sinus by local and general injection. Shortly after injection, relief from severe cancer pain and growth inhibition or necrosis of tumor were observed in both cases. In this communication, we discuss a possible mechanism of antitumor effect of mumps virus by utilizing immunologic tests and interferon assay.", "PMID": 118126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13129", "title": "Aspiration using prefilled dental anesthetic cartridges.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to make clear if aspiration was possible by the non-aspirating technique using non-aspirating cartridges. Four prefilled anesthetic cartridges used in Scandinavia generally were selected for study. The pressure required for aspiration varied between 130--320 mm Hg. In the majority of cases, aspiration did not occur in the pressure of 320 mm Hg. Thus, if the patient has normal blood pressure- the aspiration occurs very seldom by using non-aspirating cartridges.", "contents": "Aspiration using prefilled dental anesthetic cartridges. The purpose of this study was to make clear if aspiration was possible by the non-aspirating technique using non-aspirating cartridges. Four prefilled anesthetic cartridges used in Scandinavia generally were selected for study. The pressure required for aspiration varied between 130--320 mm Hg. In the majority of cases, aspiration did not occur in the pressure of 320 mm Hg. Thus, if the patient has normal blood pressure- the aspiration occurs very seldom by using non-aspirating cartridges.", "PMID": 118127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13130", "title": "Treatment of a persistent oro-antral fistula with a posteriorly based lateral tongue flap.", "content": "Occasionally an oro-antral communication persists after vigorous standard therapy. This case report demonstrates the successful use of a posteriorly based lateral tongue flap in such a situation.", "contents": "Treatment of a persistent oro-antral fistula with a posteriorly based lateral tongue flap. Occasionally an oro-antral communication persists after vigorous standard therapy. This case report demonstrates the successful use of a posteriorly based lateral tongue flap in such a situation.", "PMID": 118128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13131", "title": "Changes in bone mass in rat mandibles after tooth extraction.", "content": "An experimental study concerning changes in bone mass in trabecular bone of mandibles on rats after extractions of upper molars has been carried out. The material consisted of 32 SPF Wistar rats, fed on Nafag-184 only. Experimental and control groups consisted of eight females and eight males, each group having same average weight with respect to sex at the age of 16 weeks. At this age the upper right molars were extracted on all rats in the experimental group. The rats were sacrificed after 16 weeks. Identical increase in weight within each sex group was found. Microradiograms of two buccal-lingual 100-mu-thick ground sections at a distance of 0.5 mm through the first molar in each side of the mandible were used. Quantitation of bone mass (bone area in percent) of a trabecular bone was done by electronic point counting. No significant difference in bone mass was found between left and right sides in the control group (P greater than 0.50), whereas a significant difference was found between left and right sides in the experimental group (P approximately 0.0001) with lowest mean value in right sides. Conclusively the analysis shows that local reduction in bite force causes osteoporotic changes in trabecular bone of the jaw.", "contents": "Changes in bone mass in rat mandibles after tooth extraction. An experimental study concerning changes in bone mass in trabecular bone of mandibles on rats after extractions of upper molars has been carried out. The material consisted of 32 SPF Wistar rats, fed on Nafag-184 only. Experimental and control groups consisted of eight females and eight males, each group having same average weight with respect to sex at the age of 16 weeks. At this age the upper right molars were extracted on all rats in the experimental group. The rats were sacrificed after 16 weeks. Identical increase in weight within each sex group was found. Microradiograms of two buccal-lingual 100-mu-thick ground sections at a distance of 0.5 mm through the first molar in each side of the mandible were used. Quantitation of bone mass (bone area in percent) of a trabecular bone was done by electronic point counting. No significant difference in bone mass was found between left and right sides in the control group (P greater than 0.50), whereas a significant difference was found between left and right sides in the experimental group (P approximately 0.0001) with lowest mean value in right sides. Conclusively the analysis shows that local reduction in bite force causes osteoporotic changes in trabecular bone of the jaw.", "PMID": 118129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13132", "title": "Cultivation of fibroblasts on human teeth. Ultrastructural observations of cells cultivated in multilayers.", "content": "The periodontal ligament in a traumatically lost tooth is often destroyed due to drying. In attempts to restore the periodontal ligament, a technique has been worked out for using gingival biopsies as an alternative cell source. A biopsy from the attached gingiva was set up for tissue cultivation. After the establishment of a pure fibroblast culture, cells were repeatedly added to the root surfaces of 12 human teeth from which the cells and the original periodontal ligament had been removed. The teeth were examined in the transmission electron microscope. The root surface of specimens from all 12 teeth was covered with a pelliclelike material arranged in a layered pattern. The cells frequently appeared in multilayers on top of the pellicle. The cells were flattened and appeared elongated in sections. Areas of close proximity between cells and the pellicular material were seen and were interpreted as adherence junctions. The possibility that these multicellular arrangements can replace the periodontal ligament in transplantation has to be further investigated.", "contents": "Cultivation of fibroblasts on human teeth. Ultrastructural observations of cells cultivated in multilayers. The periodontal ligament in a traumatically lost tooth is often destroyed due to drying. In attempts to restore the periodontal ligament, a technique has been worked out for using gingival biopsies as an alternative cell source. A biopsy from the attached gingiva was set up for tissue cultivation. After the establishment of a pure fibroblast culture, cells were repeatedly added to the root surfaces of 12 human teeth from which the cells and the original periodontal ligament had been removed. The teeth were examined in the transmission electron microscope. The root surface of specimens from all 12 teeth was covered with a pelliclelike material arranged in a layered pattern. The cells frequently appeared in multilayers on top of the pellicle. The cells were flattened and appeared elongated in sections. Areas of close proximity between cells and the pellicular material were seen and were interpreted as adherence junctions. The possibility that these multicellular arrangements can replace the periodontal ligament in transplantation has to be further investigated.", "PMID": 118130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13133", "title": "Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma.", "content": "An ameloblastic fibro-odontoma in a 14-year-old girl is reported. The case has clinical interest because of the location and the size of the tumor which was surgically enucleated. The different views about clinical, radiographical and histopathological characteristics and the classification of this benign tumor are discussed. The postoperative course was uneventful and the case has been controlled for 3 years without recurrence.", "contents": "Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma. An ameloblastic fibro-odontoma in a 14-year-old girl is reported. The case has clinical interest because of the location and the size of the tumor which was surgically enucleated. The different views about clinical, radiographical and histopathological characteristics and the classification of this benign tumor are discussed. The postoperative course was uneventful and the case has been controlled for 3 years without recurrence.", "PMID": 118131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13134", "title": "Prognosis of teeth involved in the line of mandibular fractures.", "content": "The management of teeth positioned in the line of mandibular jaw fractures was studied by a follow-up examination of 132 patients with mandibular fractures involving 185 teeth. The observation period varied from 1 to 3 years. The clinical and radiographic findings revealed complete recovery in 59% of the involved teeth. The degree of periodontal and pulpal complications were closely related to the displacement between the fragments and to the type of fracture. Six different fracture types were classified with regard to the extent of involvement of the tooth supporting tissue; 23% of the teeth which initially responded negatively to electric stimulation showed positive sensibility at the time of reexamination. Thus, a long time observation period is advisable with regard to the final outcome of the pulp damage. Conservative treatment of teeth involved in the line of mandibular fractures has a favorable prognosis especially if optimal reduction of the jaw fragments is achieved.", "contents": "Prognosis of teeth involved in the line of mandibular fractures. The management of teeth positioned in the line of mandibular jaw fractures was studied by a follow-up examination of 132 patients with mandibular fractures involving 185 teeth. The observation period varied from 1 to 3 years. The clinical and radiographic findings revealed complete recovery in 59% of the involved teeth. The degree of periodontal and pulpal complications were closely related to the displacement between the fragments and to the type of fracture. Six different fracture types were classified with regard to the extent of involvement of the tooth supporting tissue; 23% of the teeth which initially responded negatively to electric stimulation showed positive sensibility at the time of reexamination. Thus, a long time observation period is advisable with regard to the final outcome of the pulp damage. Conservative treatment of teeth involved in the line of mandibular fractures has a favorable prognosis especially if optimal reduction of the jaw fragments is achieved.", "PMID": 118132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13135", "title": "Synthesis of a series of residue 1 (pyroglutamic acid) analogs of thyrotrophin releasing hormone.", "content": "This report describes the synthesis of 23 analogs of thyrotrophin releasing hormone, L-pyroglutamic acid-L-histidyl-L-prolineamide, where only the pyroglutamic acid moiety is modified. Twelve of the analogs contain different heterocyclic rings or are derivatized pyrrolidone rings. The syntheses of these pyroglutamic acid analogs are also described. Peptide bond formation was generally achieved by catalyzing carbodiimide coupling with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. The histidine side chain was protected with the 2,4-dinitrophenyl group during di- and tripeptide synthesis and was removed with benzenethiol Final purification of tripeptides involved passage of synthetic material over a Dowex 1--X4 (bicarbonate) column. The route for synthesis of thyrotrophin releasing hormone and its analogs is highly efficient, since the native hormone may be obtained with 90% efficiency.", "contents": "Synthesis of a series of residue 1 (pyroglutamic acid) analogs of thyrotrophin releasing hormone. This report describes the synthesis of 23 analogs of thyrotrophin releasing hormone, L-pyroglutamic acid-L-histidyl-L-prolineamide, where only the pyroglutamic acid moiety is modified. Twelve of the analogs contain different heterocyclic rings or are derivatized pyrrolidone rings. The syntheses of these pyroglutamic acid analogs are also described. Peptide bond formation was generally achieved by catalyzing carbodiimide coupling with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. The histidine side chain was protected with the 2,4-dinitrophenyl group during di- and tripeptide synthesis and was removed with benzenethiol Final purification of tripeptides involved passage of synthetic material over a Dowex 1--X4 (bicarbonate) column. The route for synthesis of thyrotrophin releasing hormone and its analogs is highly efficient, since the native hormone may be obtained with 90% efficiency.", "PMID": 118133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13136", "title": "I.R.-Stimulated catalysis (a potential spectral tool).", "content": "Catalytic rate is proposed as an infrared spectrographic index. Initial investigations of catalytic activity, on beta-galactosidase show a 1-2 fold increase in rate for a mutant enzyme when exposed to 10.6 micrometer irradiation at 2%. No increase was obtained for the wild-type enzyme.", "contents": "I.R.-Stimulated catalysis (a potential spectral tool). Catalytic rate is proposed as an infrared spectrographic index. Initial investigations of catalytic activity, on beta-galactosidase show a 1-2 fold increase in rate for a mutant enzyme when exposed to 10.6 micrometer irradiation at 2%. No increase was obtained for the wild-type enzyme.", "PMID": 118134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13137", "title": "Molecular weight of B. subtilis alpha-amylase derived from chemical studies.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase was cleaved with cyanogen bromide and the amino terminal sequences of the purified products were determined. The molecular weights of the cyanogen bromide fragments were ascertained on an agarose column equilibrated with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. The molecular wieghts of these fragments were also calculated from their amino acid compositions. The data obtained bzyme monomer as 48,000.", "contents": "Molecular weight of B. subtilis alpha-amylase derived from chemical studies. Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase was cleaved with cyanogen bromide and the amino terminal sequences of the purified products were determined. The molecular weights of the cyanogen bromide fragments were ascertained on an agarose column equilibrated with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. The molecular wieghts of these fragments were also calculated from their amino acid compositions. The data obtained bzyme monomer as 48,000.", "PMID": 118135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13138", "title": "[Histology and clinical aspects of cutaneous neurinomas].", "content": "27 year old male patient suffered for four years from multiple cutaneous and subcutaneous neurilemmomas of the right lower leg. The patient showed no symptoms of neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen. The small tumors attained a size not greater than 1.5--2 cm in diameter. On pressure and sometimes spontaneously they proved to be painful. Histologically, the tumors are composed of two parts, the more solid portion (Antoni A tissue) and the loose, cystic portion (Antoni B tissue).", "contents": "[Histology and clinical aspects of cutaneous neurinomas]. 27 year old male patient suffered for four years from multiple cutaneous and subcutaneous neurilemmomas of the right lower leg. The patient showed no symptoms of neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen. The small tumors attained a size not greater than 1.5--2 cm in diameter. On pressure and sometimes spontaneously they proved to be painful. Histologically, the tumors are composed of two parts, the more solid portion (Antoni A tissue) and the loose, cystic portion (Antoni B tissue).", "PMID": 118140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13139", "title": "Effect of varying CO2 equilibria on rates of HCO3- formation in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The effects of elevated plasma CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) and [HCO3-] on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HCO3- accession have been reviewed in the context of the basal route of CSF HCO3- formation. The basal rate of 53 mM/h appears to be a consequence entirely of formation, via the reaction CO2 + OH- leads to HCO3-. Two-thirds of this rate is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, and the remainder uncatalyzed. The HCO3- accession matches 37% that of sodium, so that the HCO3- rate is involved with CSF turnover. When PCO2 is elevated twofold, the rate of HCO3- formation increase 10%, and results in elevation of CSF [HCO3-] by 5 mM in 1 h. Also, when plasma [HCO3-] is elevated 15 mM, CSF [HCO3-] rises about 5 mM/h; this is transfer of HCO3- \"as such\" by diffusion from plasma. The effects of hypercapnia and metabolic alkalosis on CSF HCO3- accumulation are additive, but they occur by separate processes. The effect of hypercapnia is an exaltation of the normal process due to increased substrate (CO2), but that of increased plasma HCO3- is due to imposition of an abnormal diffusion gradient for this ion between plasma and CSF. The effect of hypercapnia in elevating brain HCO3- operates to maintain brain pH and is also based on the formation of HCO3- from CO2. Brain HCO3- may also be a source of CSF HCO3-. Relations have been sought between the chemically calculated rates of HCO3- formation in CSF and those observed. The chemically calculated catalytic rate is 1,600 times greater than that observed, agreeing with the fact that more than 99.9% of choroid plexus carbonic anhydrase must be inhibited to yield a decrease in fluid formation or ion transport from plasma to CSF. The calculated uncatalyzed rate agrees closely with what is observed after complete inhibition of the enzyme. These considerations support the idea that all the HCO3- reaching the CSF is formed from CO2, rather than by transfer of the ion from plasma to CSF.", "contents": "Effect of varying CO2 equilibria on rates of HCO3- formation in cerebrospinal fluid. The effects of elevated plasma CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) and [HCO3-] on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HCO3- accession have been reviewed in the context of the basal route of CSF HCO3- formation. The basal rate of 53 mM/h appears to be a consequence entirely of formation, via the reaction CO2 + OH- leads to HCO3-. Two-thirds of this rate is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, and the remainder uncatalyzed. The HCO3- accession matches 37% that of sodium, so that the HCO3- rate is involved with CSF turnover. When PCO2 is elevated twofold, the rate of HCO3- formation increase 10%, and results in elevation of CSF [HCO3-] by 5 mM in 1 h. Also, when plasma [HCO3-] is elevated 15 mM, CSF [HCO3-] rises about 5 mM/h; this is transfer of HCO3- \"as such\" by diffusion from plasma. The effects of hypercapnia and metabolic alkalosis on CSF HCO3- accumulation are additive, but they occur by separate processes. The effect of hypercapnia is an exaltation of the normal process due to increased substrate (CO2), but that of increased plasma HCO3- is due to imposition of an abnormal diffusion gradient for this ion between plasma and CSF. The effect of hypercapnia in elevating brain HCO3- operates to maintain brain pH and is also based on the formation of HCO3- from CO2. Brain HCO3- may also be a source of CSF HCO3-. Relations have been sought between the chemically calculated rates of HCO3- formation in CSF and those observed. The chemically calculated catalytic rate is 1,600 times greater than that observed, agreeing with the fact that more than 99.9% of choroid plexus carbonic anhydrase must be inhibited to yield a decrease in fluid formation or ion transport from plasma to CSF. The calculated uncatalyzed rate agrees closely with what is observed after complete inhibition of the enzyme. These considerations support the idea that all the HCO3- reaching the CSF is formed from CO2, rather than by transfer of the ion from plasma to CSF.", "PMID": 118142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13140", "title": "Reduction of human blood O2 affinity using dihydroxyacetone, phosphate, and pyruvate.", "content": "Human blood oxygen affinity (BOA) was measured after blood from six normal donors was incubated with 4 concentrations of dihydroxyacetone (0.022, 0.044, 0.088, and 0.175 M) plus equimolar disodium phosphate and pyruvate (sodium salt) (0.013, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 M) in solutions labeled DDP X 1, DDP X 2, DDP X 4, and DDP X 8, respectively. Blood P50 rose (BOA was reduced) from a control value of 26.0 +/- 0.4 Torr (mean +/- SD) to 29.4 +/- 0.6, 30.6 +/- 0.4, 31.9 +/- 0.15 and 33.3 +/- 1.4 Torr after 2 h of incubation at 37 degrees C with solutions DDP X 1, DDP X 2, DDP X 4, and DDP X 8, respectively. P50 changes at 2 h were 75% complete within 30 min. During these incubations, erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration rose from 0.76 +/- 0.09 mol/mol Hb (control) to 1.09 +/- 0.17, 1.14 +/- 0.10, 1.33 +/- 0.15, and 1.45 +/- 0.25 mol/mol Hb with increasing solution concentration. BOA is decreased by an increase in erythrocyte 2,3-DPG. Reduced BOA may improve oxygen delivery to ischemic tissues.", "contents": "Reduction of human blood O2 affinity using dihydroxyacetone, phosphate, and pyruvate. Human blood oxygen affinity (BOA) was measured after blood from six normal donors was incubated with 4 concentrations of dihydroxyacetone (0.022, 0.044, 0.088, and 0.175 M) plus equimolar disodium phosphate and pyruvate (sodium salt) (0.013, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 M) in solutions labeled DDP X 1, DDP X 2, DDP X 4, and DDP X 8, respectively. Blood P50 rose (BOA was reduced) from a control value of 26.0 +/- 0.4 Torr (mean +/- SD) to 29.4 +/- 0.6, 30.6 +/- 0.4, 31.9 +/- 0.15 and 33.3 +/- 1.4 Torr after 2 h of incubation at 37 degrees C with solutions DDP X 1, DDP X 2, DDP X 4, and DDP X 8, respectively. P50 changes at 2 h were 75% complete within 30 min. During these incubations, erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration rose from 0.76 +/- 0.09 mol/mol Hb (control) to 1.09 +/- 0.17, 1.14 +/- 0.10, 1.33 +/- 0.15, and 1.45 +/- 0.25 mol/mol Hb with increasing solution concentration. BOA is decreased by an increase in erythrocyte 2,3-DPG. Reduced BOA may improve oxygen delivery to ischemic tissues.", "PMID": 118143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13141", "title": "Tularemia in a group of nonhuman primates.", "content": "In an episode of tularemia in a Canadian zoologic garden, three black and red tamarins (Sanguinus nigricollis) and one talapoin (Cercopithecus talapoin) died. A second talapoin developed abscesses in the tongue and submandibular area; this animal recovered with treatment. Francisella tularensis was isolated from lung, liver, and spleen from each dead monkey and from pus collected from the tongue abscess of the sick talapoin. The attending veterinarian contracted the disease from a tamarin bite. The source of the disease was identified as wild ground squirrels, and the causative organism was recovered from the liver and spleen of one squirrel and from fleas found on it.", "contents": "Tularemia in a group of nonhuman primates. In an episode of tularemia in a Canadian zoologic garden, three black and red tamarins (Sanguinus nigricollis) and one talapoin (Cercopithecus talapoin) died. A second talapoin developed abscesses in the tongue and submandibular area; this animal recovered with treatment. Francisella tularensis was isolated from lung, liver, and spleen from each dead monkey and from pus collected from the tongue abscess of the sick talapoin. The attending veterinarian contracted the disease from a tamarin bite. The source of the disease was identified as wild ground squirrels, and the causative organism was recovered from the liver and spleen of one squirrel and from fleas found on it.", "PMID": 118145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13142", "title": "Pure tone thresholds for the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Auditory thresholds were measured for 18 ears from 13 rhesus monkeys using a simple reaction-time procedure. The threshold contour was a smooth W-shaped function with rises at the extreme frequencies and around 4 kHz and was comparable in shape with previously reported thresholds for this animal. Standard deviations averaged 5.3 dB.", "contents": "Pure tone thresholds for the rhesus monkey. Auditory thresholds were measured for 18 ears from 13 rhesus monkeys using a simple reaction-time procedure. The threshold contour was a smooth W-shaped function with rises at the extreme frequencies and around 4 kHz and was comparable in shape with previously reported thresholds for this animal. Standard deviations averaged 5.3 dB.", "PMID": 118150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13143", "title": "Structure of the hairs on cochlear sensory cells.", "content": "A study of cochlear sensory hairs has been made using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The structure of the hairs and the relation to the hair cells and to the tectorial membrane is described. A number of micrographs demonstrate both the inner structure of the hairs and their relation to the surrounding structures.", "contents": "Structure of the hairs on cochlear sensory cells. A study of cochlear sensory hairs has been made using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The structure of the hairs and the relation to the hair cells and to the tectorial membrane is described. A number of micrographs demonstrate both the inner structure of the hairs and their relation to the surrounding structures.", "PMID": 118151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13144", "title": "A behavior analysis approach to high-rate myoclonic seizures.", "content": "Epilepsy represents a serious medical and social problem. In the majority of cases, seizures are successfully managed by a variety of anticonvulsant medications, even though these drugs may potentiate significant physical and developmental side effects. A small group of studies to date have offered evidence that behavioral procedures can successfully manage some seizure disorders and are particularly desirable treatment choices when seizure disorders are intractable to drug management or when drug side effects are to be avoided. The present case adds to this small but growing group of studies in that it demonstrates the use of behavioral procedures in the analysis and treatment of high-rate myoclonic seizures. Seizures were evaluated on a hospital ward and in a controlled experimental setting. The data indicated a variable rate of seizures across days and activities and a reduction of seizure frequency in the controlled setting when time-out was made contingent on seizures. A program of contingent rest' was then applied on the hospital ward that demonstrated a reduction in myoclonic seizure frequency and the apparent prevention of several grand mal episodes. An observer calibration procedure showed high correspondence between behaviorally and physiologically recorded seizures. A discussion of issues in behavioral medicine research follows.", "contents": "A behavior analysis approach to high-rate myoclonic seizures. Epilepsy represents a serious medical and social problem. In the majority of cases, seizures are successfully managed by a variety of anticonvulsant medications, even though these drugs may potentiate significant physical and developmental side effects. A small group of studies to date have offered evidence that behavioral procedures can successfully manage some seizure disorders and are particularly desirable treatment choices when seizure disorders are intractable to drug management or when drug side effects are to be avoided. The present case adds to this small but growing group of studies in that it demonstrates the use of behavioral procedures in the analysis and treatment of high-rate myoclonic seizures. Seizures were evaluated on a hospital ward and in a controlled experimental setting. The data indicated a variable rate of seizures across days and activities and a reduction of seizure frequency in the controlled setting when time-out was made contingent on seizures. A program of contingent rest' was then applied on the hospital ward that demonstrated a reduction in myoclonic seizure frequency and the apparent prevention of several grand mal episodes. An observer calibration procedure showed high correspondence between behaviorally and physiologically recorded seizures. A discussion of issues in behavioral medicine research follows.", "PMID": 118152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13145", "title": "Myxococcus xanthus mutants with temperature-sensitive, stage-specific defects: evidence for independent pathways in development.", "content": "Fruiting-body formation in the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus consists of a temporal sequence of cellular aggregation and sporulation. To examine the developmental stages more closely, we established synchronous and reproducible conditions for fruiting-body formation. Mutants that are temperature sensitive for fruiting-body formation were isolated and analyzed under these conditions. The terminal morphologies of the mutant strains at the nonpermissive temperature were found to resemble intermediate stages of fruiting-body formation and therefore were grouped in the following phenotypic classes: (i) rough mutants, which show no aggregation; (ii) swirl mutants, which show defective aggregation; (iii) flat-mound mutants and translucent-mound mutants, mutants which aggregate but show very low levels of sporulation. The mutants were characterized by temperature-shift experiments and found to exhibit discrete and reproducible temperature-sensitive periods. The ends of the temperature-sensitive periods in the various mutants covered a broad range of the developmental cycle. No correlation was found between the terminal morphologies at the restrictive temperature and the timing of the temperature-sensitive periods. However, the terminal morphologies correlated well with sporulation. The rough and swirl mutants produced normal numbers of myxospores at 34 degrees C even though they failed to aggregate. In contrast, the flat-mound and translucent-mound mutants, which aggregate normally, produced very few spores. The translucent-mound mutants were also temperature sensitive for induction of glycerol spores. The results indicate that both aggregation and sporulation are initiated early in the developmental cycle and that these processes are largely independent of each other.", "contents": "Myxococcus xanthus mutants with temperature-sensitive, stage-specific defects: evidence for independent pathways in development. Fruiting-body formation in the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus consists of a temporal sequence of cellular aggregation and sporulation. To examine the developmental stages more closely, we established synchronous and reproducible conditions for fruiting-body formation. Mutants that are temperature sensitive for fruiting-body formation were isolated and analyzed under these conditions. The terminal morphologies of the mutant strains at the nonpermissive temperature were found to resemble intermediate stages of fruiting-body formation and therefore were grouped in the following phenotypic classes: (i) rough mutants, which show no aggregation; (ii) swirl mutants, which show defective aggregation; (iii) flat-mound mutants and translucent-mound mutants, mutants which aggregate but show very low levels of sporulation. The mutants were characterized by temperature-shift experiments and found to exhibit discrete and reproducible temperature-sensitive periods. The ends of the temperature-sensitive periods in the various mutants covered a broad range of the developmental cycle. No correlation was found between the terminal morphologies at the restrictive temperature and the timing of the temperature-sensitive periods. However, the terminal morphologies correlated well with sporulation. The rough and swirl mutants produced normal numbers of myxospores at 34 degrees C even though they failed to aggregate. In contrast, the flat-mound and translucent-mound mutants, which aggregate normally, produced very few spores. The translucent-mound mutants were also temperature sensitive for induction of glycerol spores. The results indicate that both aggregation and sporulation are initiated early in the developmental cycle and that these processes are largely independent of each other.", "PMID": 118153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13146", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid repair capacities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: absence of photoreactivation.", "content": "No difference in survival was observed when ultraviolet-irradiated gonococcal cells were subsequently incubated in the dark or exposed to photoreactivating light. This observation indicates that photoreactivation is absent in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid repair capacities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: absence of photoreactivation. No difference in survival was observed when ultraviolet-irradiated gonococcal cells were subsequently incubated in the dark or exposed to photoreactivating light. This observation indicates that photoreactivation is absent in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 118154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13147", "title": "Lactose metabolism in Streptococcus lactis: phosphorylation of galactose and glucose moieties in vivo.", "content": "Starved cells of Streptococcus lactis ML3 grown previously on lactose, galactose, or maltose were devoid of adenosine 5'-triphosphate contained only three glycolytic intermediates: 3-phosphoglycerate, 2-phosphoglycerate, and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The three metabolites (total concentration, ca 40 mM) served as the intracellular PEP potential for sugar transport via PEP-dependent phosphotransferase systems. When accumulation of [14C]lactose by iodoacetate-inhibited starved cells was abolished within 1 s of commencement of transport, a phosphorylated disaccharide was identified by autoradiography. The compound was isolated by ion-exchange (borate) chromatography, and enzymatic analysis showed that the derivative was 6-phosphoryl-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl (1 leads to 4')-alpha-D-glucopyranose (lactose 6-phosphate). After maximum lactose uptake (ca. 15 mM in 15 s) the cells were collected by membrane filtration and extracted with trichloroacetic acid. Neither free nor phosphorylated lactose was detected in cell extracts, but enzymatic analysis revealed high levels of galactose 6-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate. The starved organisms rapidly accumulated glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, methyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside, and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside in phosphorylated form to intracellular concentrations of 32, 32, 42, and 38.5 mM, respectively. In contrast, maximum accumulation of lactose (ca. 15 mM) was only 40 to 50% that of the monosaccharides. From the stoichiometry of PEP-dependent lactose transport and the results of enzymatic analysis, it was concluded that (i) ca. 60% of the PEP potential was utilized via the lactose phosphotransferase system for phosphorylation of the galactosyl moiety of the disaccharide, and (ii) the residual potential (ca. 40%) was consumed during phosphorylation of the glucose moiety.", "contents": "Lactose metabolism in Streptococcus lactis: phosphorylation of galactose and glucose moieties in vivo. Starved cells of Streptococcus lactis ML3 grown previously on lactose, galactose, or maltose were devoid of adenosine 5'-triphosphate contained only three glycolytic intermediates: 3-phosphoglycerate, 2-phosphoglycerate, and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The three metabolites (total concentration, ca 40 mM) served as the intracellular PEP potential for sugar transport via PEP-dependent phosphotransferase systems. When accumulation of [14C]lactose by iodoacetate-inhibited starved cells was abolished within 1 s of commencement of transport, a phosphorylated disaccharide was identified by autoradiography. The compound was isolated by ion-exchange (borate) chromatography, and enzymatic analysis showed that the derivative was 6-phosphoryl-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl (1 leads to 4')-alpha-D-glucopyranose (lactose 6-phosphate). After maximum lactose uptake (ca. 15 mM in 15 s) the cells were collected by membrane filtration and extracted with trichloroacetic acid. Neither free nor phosphorylated lactose was detected in cell extracts, but enzymatic analysis revealed high levels of galactose 6-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate. The starved organisms rapidly accumulated glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, methyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside, and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside in phosphorylated form to intracellular concentrations of 32, 32, 42, and 38.5 mM, respectively. In contrast, maximum accumulation of lactose (ca. 15 mM) was only 40 to 50% that of the monosaccharides. From the stoichiometry of PEP-dependent lactose transport and the results of enzymatic analysis, it was concluded that (i) ca. 60% of the PEP potential was utilized via the lactose phosphotransferase system for phosphorylation of the galactosyl moiety of the disaccharide, and (ii) the residual potential (ca. 40%) was consumed during phosphorylation of the glucose moiety.", "PMID": 118155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13148", "title": "Requirement for peptidoglycan synthesis during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Cultures of Bacillus subtilis were treated during sporulation with antibiotics (bacitracin and vancomycin) that affect peptidoglycan synthesis. The cells were resistant to the effects of the antibiotics only when the drugs were added about 2 h after the beginning of sporulation. This was about 1 h later than the escape time of a temperature-sensitive sporulation mutant that is unable to complete prespore septation. Similar experiments were done with a mutant temperature sensitive for peptidoglycan synthesis. This showed an escape curve similar to that shown by the antibiotics. When sporulating cells were treated with antibiotics, they produced alkaline phosphatase earlier than normal. Enzyme production was unaffected by inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis but was inhibited by chloramphenicol. Sporulation mutants that are unable to make alkaline phosphatase under normal conditions were able to make it in the presence of bacitracin. The alkaline phosphatase made under these conditions was under \"sporulation-type\" control since its synthesis was repressible by casein hydrolysate and unaffected by inorganic phosphate. When cells were treated with bacitracin in the growth medium as well as in the sporulation medium, alkaline phosphatase synthesis was at the same level as in an untreated control. A number of other antibiotics and surfactants were tested for the ability to cause premature production of the phosphatase of those tested, only taurodeoxycholate whowed this behavior. Moreover, incubation of cells with taurodeoxycholate in the growth medium as well as in the sporulation medium prevented premature enzyme production.", "contents": "Requirement for peptidoglycan synthesis during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis. Cultures of Bacillus subtilis were treated during sporulation with antibiotics (bacitracin and vancomycin) that affect peptidoglycan synthesis. The cells were resistant to the effects of the antibiotics only when the drugs were added about 2 h after the beginning of sporulation. This was about 1 h later than the escape time of a temperature-sensitive sporulation mutant that is unable to complete prespore septation. Similar experiments were done with a mutant temperature sensitive for peptidoglycan synthesis. This showed an escape curve similar to that shown by the antibiotics. When sporulating cells were treated with antibiotics, they produced alkaline phosphatase earlier than normal. Enzyme production was unaffected by inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis but was inhibited by chloramphenicol. Sporulation mutants that are unable to make alkaline phosphatase under normal conditions were able to make it in the presence of bacitracin. The alkaline phosphatase made under these conditions was under \"sporulation-type\" control since its synthesis was repressible by casein hydrolysate and unaffected by inorganic phosphate. When cells were treated with bacitracin in the growth medium as well as in the sporulation medium, alkaline phosphatase synthesis was at the same level as in an untreated control. A number of other antibiotics and surfactants were tested for the ability to cause premature production of the phosphatase of those tested, only taurodeoxycholate whowed this behavior. Moreover, incubation of cells with taurodeoxycholate in the growth medium as well as in the sporulation medium prevented premature enzyme production.", "PMID": 118156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13149", "title": "Identification of cistrons involved in conjugal transfer of narrow-host-range R plasmid R91-5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The development of a transductional method for complementation tests between transfer-deficient mutants of the narrow-host-range R plasmic R91-5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has allowed the indentification of cistrons involved in the conjugal transfer of this plasmid. Complementation tests performed between transfer-deficient mutants characterized phenotypically with respect to sensitivity to donor-specific phage, ability to inhibit the replication of phage G101, and expression of entry-exclusion has identified a minimum of 10 transfer cistrons. Although most mutagen-induced mutants were relatively heterogeneous and appeared to be affected in a single cistron only, a high proportion of mutants isolated after selection for donor-specific phage resistance had deletions but always included tra Y. Mutants selected directly on the basis of transfer deficiency which also became donor-specific phage resistant fell into all 10 cistrons, suggesting that many R91-5 transfer cistrons are concerned with the synthesis of sex pili and other surface structures necessary for conjugal transfer. Conversely, most retaining donor-specific phage sensitivity belonged to one cistron, whereas transfer-deficient mutants which had also lost the ability to inhibit the replication of phage G101 comprised four cistrons.", "contents": "Identification of cistrons involved in conjugal transfer of narrow-host-range R plasmid R91-5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The development of a transductional method for complementation tests between transfer-deficient mutants of the narrow-host-range R plasmic R91-5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has allowed the indentification of cistrons involved in the conjugal transfer of this plasmid. Complementation tests performed between transfer-deficient mutants characterized phenotypically with respect to sensitivity to donor-specific phage, ability to inhibit the replication of phage G101, and expression of entry-exclusion has identified a minimum of 10 transfer cistrons. Although most mutagen-induced mutants were relatively heterogeneous and appeared to be affected in a single cistron only, a high proportion of mutants isolated after selection for donor-specific phage resistance had deletions but always included tra Y. Mutants selected directly on the basis of transfer deficiency which also became donor-specific phage resistant fell into all 10 cistrons, suggesting that many R91-5 transfer cistrons are concerned with the synthesis of sex pili and other surface structures necessary for conjugal transfer. Conversely, most retaining donor-specific phage sensitivity belonged to one cistron, whereas transfer-deficient mutants which had also lost the ability to inhibit the replication of phage G101 comprised four cistrons.", "PMID": 118157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13150", "title": "Podospora anserina mutant defective in protoperithecium formation, ascospore germination, and cell regeneration.", "content": "A mutant (modx) was selected on the basis of the suppression of self-lysis due to a recessive mutation (modB). modx, a dominant mutation, reduced hyphal branching from nonapical cells, abolished protoperithecium formation, and induced the death of stationary cells only when these were isolated to obtain further development. Mutant ascospores, formed in the fruiting bodies which occasionally occur under specific conditions (32 degrees C on starved medium), showed a delay in the germination process (up to 3 months instead of about 5 h for wild-type ascospores) when submitted to incubation under standard conditions (26 degrees C on germination medium) and failed to germinate at 18 degrees C. Revertants from modx strains, selected on the basis of the suppression of the nonrenewal of growth from stationary cells, were wild type for all the other three defects. Indirect arguments suggested that the modx mutant strain might be defective in the control of a specific class of stable messenger ribonucleic acids which would be essential for the physiology of ascospores and stationary cells.", "contents": "Podospora anserina mutant defective in protoperithecium formation, ascospore germination, and cell regeneration. A mutant (modx) was selected on the basis of the suppression of self-lysis due to a recessive mutation (modB). modx, a dominant mutation, reduced hyphal branching from nonapical cells, abolished protoperithecium formation, and induced the death of stationary cells only when these were isolated to obtain further development. Mutant ascospores, formed in the fruiting bodies which occasionally occur under specific conditions (32 degrees C on starved medium), showed a delay in the germination process (up to 3 months instead of about 5 h for wild-type ascospores) when submitted to incubation under standard conditions (26 degrees C on germination medium) and failed to germinate at 18 degrees C. Revertants from modx strains, selected on the basis of the suppression of the nonrenewal of growth from stationary cells, were wild type for all the other three defects. Indirect arguments suggested that the modx mutant strain might be defective in the control of a specific class of stable messenger ribonucleic acids which would be essential for the physiology of ascospores and stationary cells.", "PMID": 118158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13151", "title": "Iso-branched 2- and 3-hydroxy fatty acids as characteristic lipid constituents of some gliding bacteria.", "content": "The fatty acids present in the total hydrolysates of several gliding bacteria (Myxococcus fulvus, Stigmatella aurantiaca, Cytophaga johnsonae, Cytophaga sp. strain samoa and Flexibacter elegans) were analyzed by combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. In addition to 13-methyl-tetradecanoic acid, 15-methyl-hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and hexadecenoic acid, 2- and 3-hydroxy fatty acids comprised up to 50% of the total fatty acids. The majority was odd-numbered and iso-branched. Small amounts of even-numbered and unbranched fatty acids were also present. Whereas 2-hydroxy-15-methyl hexadecanoic acid was characteristic for myxobacteria, 2-hydroxy-13-methyl-tetradecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-13-methyl-tetradecanoic acid, and 3-hydroxy-15-methyl-hexadecanoic acid were dominant in the Cytophaga-Flexibacter group.", "contents": "Iso-branched 2- and 3-hydroxy fatty acids as characteristic lipid constituents of some gliding bacteria. The fatty acids present in the total hydrolysates of several gliding bacteria (Myxococcus fulvus, Stigmatella aurantiaca, Cytophaga johnsonae, Cytophaga sp. strain samoa and Flexibacter elegans) were analyzed by combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. In addition to 13-methyl-tetradecanoic acid, 15-methyl-hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and hexadecenoic acid, 2- and 3-hydroxy fatty acids comprised up to 50% of the total fatty acids. The majority was odd-numbered and iso-branched. Small amounts of even-numbered and unbranched fatty acids were also present. Whereas 2-hydroxy-15-methyl hexadecanoic acid was characteristic for myxobacteria, 2-hydroxy-13-methyl-tetradecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-13-methyl-tetradecanoic acid, and 3-hydroxy-15-methyl-hexadecanoic acid were dominant in the Cytophaga-Flexibacter group.", "PMID": 118159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13152", "title": "Outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: heat- 2-mercaptoethanol-modifiable proteins.", "content": "A number of polyacrylamide gel systems and solubilization procedures were studied to define the number and nature of \"major\" polypeptide bands in the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was shown that five of the eight major outer membrane proteins were \"heat modifiable\" in that their mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was determined by the solubilization temperature. Four of these heat-modifiable proteins had characteristics similar to protein II of the Escherichia coli outer membrane. Addition of lipopolysaccharide subsequent to solubilization caused reversal of the heat modification. The other heat-modifiable protein, the porin protein F, was unusually stable to sodium dodecyl sulfate. Long periods of boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate were required to cause conversion to the heat-modified form. This was demonstrated both with outer membrane-associated and purified lipopolysaccharide-depleted protein F. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide treatment had no effect on the mobility of heat-modified protein F. Thus it is concluded that protein F represents a new class of heat-modifiable protein. It was further demonstrated that the electrophoretic mobility of protein F was modified by 2-mercaptoethanol and that the 2-mercaptoethanol and heat modification of mobility were independent of one another. The optimal conditions for the examination of the outer membrane proteins of P. aeruginosa by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are discussed.", "contents": "Outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: heat- 2-mercaptoethanol-modifiable proteins. A number of polyacrylamide gel systems and solubilization procedures were studied to define the number and nature of \"major\" polypeptide bands in the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was shown that five of the eight major outer membrane proteins were \"heat modifiable\" in that their mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was determined by the solubilization temperature. Four of these heat-modifiable proteins had characteristics similar to protein II of the Escherichia coli outer membrane. Addition of lipopolysaccharide subsequent to solubilization caused reversal of the heat modification. The other heat-modifiable protein, the porin protein F, was unusually stable to sodium dodecyl sulfate. Long periods of boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate were required to cause conversion to the heat-modified form. This was demonstrated both with outer membrane-associated and purified lipopolysaccharide-depleted protein F. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide treatment had no effect on the mobility of heat-modified protein F. Thus it is concluded that protein F represents a new class of heat-modifiable protein. It was further demonstrated that the electrophoretic mobility of protein F was modified by 2-mercaptoethanol and that the 2-mercaptoethanol and heat modification of mobility were independent of one another. The optimal conditions for the examination of the outer membrane proteins of P. aeruginosa by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are discussed.", "PMID": 118160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13153", "title": "Dielectric properties of native and decoated spores of Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "A general model for use in interpreting dielectric data obtained with bacterial endospores is developed and applied to past results for Bacillus cereus spores and new results for Bacillus megaterium spores. The latter were also subjected to a decoating treatment to yield dormant cells with damaged outer membranes that could be germinated with lysozyme. For both spore types, core ions appeared to be completely immobilized, and decoating of B. megaterium spores did not affect this extreme state of electrostasis in the core. The cortex of B. megaterium appeared to contain a high level of mobile ions, in the cortex of B. cereus. The outer membrane-coat complex of B. megaterium acted dielectrically as an insulating layer around the cortex, so that native dormant spores showed a Maxwell-Wagner dispersion over the frequency range from about 1 to 20 MHz. The decoating treatment resulted in a shift in the dispersion to frequencies below the range of observation. Increases in cell conductivity in response to increases in environmental ionic strength indicated that the coats. of B. megaterium could be penetrated by environmental ions and that they had an inherent fixed charge concentration of about 10 to 20 milliequivalents per liter. In contrast, the dispersion for B. cereus spores was very sensitive to changes in environmental ion concentration, and it appeared that some 40% of the spore volume could be penetrated by environmental ions and that these ions traversed a dielectrically effective layer, either the exosporium or the outer membrane. It appears that dormancy is associated with extreme electrostasis of core ions but not necessarily of ions in enveloping structures and that the coat-outer membrane complex is dielectrically effective but not required for maintenance of extreme electrostasis in the core.", "contents": "Dielectric properties of native and decoated spores of Bacillus megaterium. A general model for use in interpreting dielectric data obtained with bacterial endospores is developed and applied to past results for Bacillus cereus spores and new results for Bacillus megaterium spores. The latter were also subjected to a decoating treatment to yield dormant cells with damaged outer membranes that could be germinated with lysozyme. For both spore types, core ions appeared to be completely immobilized, and decoating of B. megaterium spores did not affect this extreme state of electrostasis in the core. The cortex of B. megaterium appeared to contain a high level of mobile ions, in the cortex of B. cereus. The outer membrane-coat complex of B. megaterium acted dielectrically as an insulating layer around the cortex, so that native dormant spores showed a Maxwell-Wagner dispersion over the frequency range from about 1 to 20 MHz. The decoating treatment resulted in a shift in the dispersion to frequencies below the range of observation. Increases in cell conductivity in response to increases in environmental ionic strength indicated that the coats. of B. megaterium could be penetrated by environmental ions and that they had an inherent fixed charge concentration of about 10 to 20 milliequivalents per liter. In contrast, the dispersion for B. cereus spores was very sensitive to changes in environmental ion concentration, and it appeared that some 40% of the spore volume could be penetrated by environmental ions and that these ions traversed a dielectrically effective layer, either the exosporium or the outer membrane. It appears that dormancy is associated with extreme electrostasis of core ions but not necessarily of ions in enveloping structures and that the coat-outer membrane complex is dielectrically effective but not required for maintenance of extreme electrostasis in the core.", "PMID": 118161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13154", "title": "Synthesis of nitrogenase and heterocysts by Anabaena sp. CA in the presence of high levels of ammonia.", "content": "Anabaena sp. CA fails to synthesize heterocysts and nitrogenase when grown with KNO3 as the nitrogen source. By contrast, both heterocysts and proheterocysts are synthesized in NH4Cl-containing media to a level nearly commensurate with cells grown in the absence of combined nitrogen. The growth rate of the organism in NH4Cl-containing media was similar to that obtained with KNO3 as the nitrogen source and was independent of the presence of N2 in the atmosphere. Thus, our results indicate that the organism assimilated nitrate and ammonium nitrogen equally well to meet the nitrogen requirements for growth. Moreover, in contrast to previous studies with other cyanobacteria, the repressor singal for heterocyst differentiation in Anabaena sp. CA is not derived from the metabolism of ammonia but appears to be involved with nitrate metabolism. Nitrogenase activity was partially expressed in NH4Cl-grown cultures. Increasing the level of nitrogenase activity to a value representative of a N2-grown culture required both the inhibition of ammonia assimilation and de novo protein synthesis. An increase in the number of mature heterocysts was not required. The fact that high levels of exogenous ammonia only partially repress the synthesis of proteins required for the maximum expression of nitrogenase activity in Anabaena sp. CA has important implications.", "contents": "Synthesis of nitrogenase and heterocysts by Anabaena sp. CA in the presence of high levels of ammonia. Anabaena sp. CA fails to synthesize heterocysts and nitrogenase when grown with KNO3 as the nitrogen source. By contrast, both heterocysts and proheterocysts are synthesized in NH4Cl-containing media to a level nearly commensurate with cells grown in the absence of combined nitrogen. The growth rate of the organism in NH4Cl-containing media was similar to that obtained with KNO3 as the nitrogen source and was independent of the presence of N2 in the atmosphere. Thus, our results indicate that the organism assimilated nitrate and ammonium nitrogen equally well to meet the nitrogen requirements for growth. Moreover, in contrast to previous studies with other cyanobacteria, the repressor singal for heterocyst differentiation in Anabaena sp. CA is not derived from the metabolism of ammonia but appears to be involved with nitrate metabolism. Nitrogenase activity was partially expressed in NH4Cl-grown cultures. Increasing the level of nitrogenase activity to a value representative of a N2-grown culture required both the inhibition of ammonia assimilation and de novo protein synthesis. An increase in the number of mature heterocysts was not required. The fact that high levels of exogenous ammonia only partially repress the synthesis of proteins required for the maximum expression of nitrogenase activity in Anabaena sp. CA has important implications.", "PMID": 118162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13155", "title": "Pentitol metabolism in Lactobacillus casei.", "content": "Strains of Lactobacillus casei capable of growing on either ribitol or xylitol carry out a heterolactic fermentation producing ethanol, acetate, and a mixture of D- and L-lactate. Following conversion of the pentitols to ribulose 5-phosphate or xylulose 5-phosphate via enzymatic steps unique to these organisms, the intermediate products are further metabolized by enzymes of the pentose pathway. The initial enzymes of the pathway, i.e., pentitol:phosphoenolypyruvate phosphotransferase and penititol phosphate dehydrogenase, do not appear to be stringently regulated by glucose or intermediate products of glycolysis.", "contents": "Pentitol metabolism in Lactobacillus casei. Strains of Lactobacillus casei capable of growing on either ribitol or xylitol carry out a heterolactic fermentation producing ethanol, acetate, and a mixture of D- and L-lactate. Following conversion of the pentitols to ribulose 5-phosphate or xylulose 5-phosphate via enzymatic steps unique to these organisms, the intermediate products are further metabolized by enzymes of the pentose pathway. The initial enzymes of the pathway, i.e., pentitol:phosphoenolypyruvate phosphotransferase and penititol phosphate dehydrogenase, do not appear to be stringently regulated by glucose or intermediate products of glycolysis.", "PMID": 118163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13156", "title": "The mechanism of kynurenine hydrolysis catalyzed by kynureninase.", "content": "Several kynurenine analogs have been prepared and examined for their susceptibility to hydrolytic cleavage by bacterial kynureninase. In addition to L-kynurenine, 4-fluoro- and 5-fluoro-L-kynurenines were hydrolyzed rapidly. 3-Hydroxy-, 5-hydroxy-, 5-methyl-, and N'-formyl-L-kynurenines, and beta-benzoyl-DL-alanine were hydrolyzed slowly, whereas D-kynurenine, S-benzyl-L-cysteine, and L-asparagine were not hydrolyzed. Kinetic parameters for these kynurenine analogs indicate that a substituent on the benzene ring of kynurenine does not greatly affect the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate but does markedly affect the rate of hydrolysis. gamma-(o-Aminophenyl)-L-homoserine was converted into L-alanine and o-amino-benzaldehyde, suggesting that the sigma-bond electrons between the beta- and gamma-carbon atoms of this kynurenine analog remain in the alanyl moiety during the enzyme reaction. Aromatic compounds such as o-aminobenzaldehyde and o-aminoacetophenone strongly inhibited the kynurenine hydrolysis. It was shown that kynurenic acid is not produced by kynureninase by the use of isotopically labeled substrate. A small amount of pyruvate was definitely formed in the kynureninase reaction. On the basis of these results, a reaction mechanism is proposed for the enzymatic kynurenine cleavage, involving hydrolysis of the alpha, gamma-diketone intermediate to give anthranilic acid and the pyruvate-pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate Schiff base, which is further converted into the alanine-pyridoxal 5'-phosphate Schiff base, or directly hydrolyzed to give pyruvate and the pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate form of the enzyme.", "contents": "The mechanism of kynurenine hydrolysis catalyzed by kynureninase. Several kynurenine analogs have been prepared and examined for their susceptibility to hydrolytic cleavage by bacterial kynureninase. In addition to L-kynurenine, 4-fluoro- and 5-fluoro-L-kynurenines were hydrolyzed rapidly. 3-Hydroxy-, 5-hydroxy-, 5-methyl-, and N'-formyl-L-kynurenines, and beta-benzoyl-DL-alanine were hydrolyzed slowly, whereas D-kynurenine, S-benzyl-L-cysteine, and L-asparagine were not hydrolyzed. Kinetic parameters for these kynurenine analogs indicate that a substituent on the benzene ring of kynurenine does not greatly affect the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate but does markedly affect the rate of hydrolysis. gamma-(o-Aminophenyl)-L-homoserine was converted into L-alanine and o-amino-benzaldehyde, suggesting that the sigma-bond electrons between the beta- and gamma-carbon atoms of this kynurenine analog remain in the alanyl moiety during the enzyme reaction. Aromatic compounds such as o-aminobenzaldehyde and o-aminoacetophenone strongly inhibited the kynurenine hydrolysis. It was shown that kynurenic acid is not produced by kynureninase by the use of isotopically labeled substrate. A small amount of pyruvate was definitely formed in the kynureninase reaction. On the basis of these results, a reaction mechanism is proposed for the enzymatic kynurenine cleavage, involving hydrolysis of the alpha, gamma-diketone intermediate to give anthranilic acid and the pyruvate-pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate Schiff base, which is further converted into the alanine-pyridoxal 5'-phosphate Schiff base, or directly hydrolyzed to give pyruvate and the pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate form of the enzyme.", "PMID": 118164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13157", "title": "Disintegration of Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophore membrane into photoreaction units, reaction centers, and ubiquinone-10 protein with mixture of cholate and deoxycholate.", "content": "1. The membrane of Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores was disintegrated with mild detergents (cholate and deoxycholate) in order to study the spatial arrangement of the functional proteins in the photochemical apparatus and the electron transport system in the membrane. 2. The components solubilized from the membrane by a mixture of cholate and deoxycholate (C-DOC) were separated into four fractions by molecular-sieve chromatography in the presence of C-DOC; they were designated as F1, F2, F3, and F4 in the order of elution. The fractions were further purified by repeated molecular-sieve chromatography in the presence of C-DOC until each fraction was chromatographically homogeneous. 3. F1 appeared to be conjugated forms of F2. 4. The purified F2 was composed of a rigid complex having a weight of 7 X 10(5) daltons, containing approximately 10 different kinds of protein species with molecular weights of 3.8 X 10(4), 3.6 X 10(4), 3.5 X 10(4), 2.8 X 10(4), 2.7 X 10(4), 2.6 X 10(4), 1.3 X 10(4), 1.2 X 10(4), 1.1 X 10(4), and 1.0 X 10(4). The complex contained 33 bacteriochlorophylls, 4 iron atoms, and 90 phosphates, but no cytochrome, ubiquinone, or phospholipid. It showed the same reaction center activity as chromatophores, indicating that the complex was a unit of the photochemical apparatus (photoreaction unit). Each chromatophore of average size was estimated to possess about 24 photoreaction units. 5. The purified F3 showed an absorbance spectrum characteristic of reaction centers, and contained 3.4 bacteriochlorophylls, 2.0 bacteriopheophytins, and 1.9 acid-labile iron atoms, but no cytochrome or ubiquinone (C-DOC reaction center). It had a weight of 1.2 X 10(5) daltons, and the main components were 4 protein species with molecular weights of 2.8 X 10(4), 2.7 X 10(4), 2.6 X 10(4), and 1.0 X 10(4). 6. The purified F4 showed a molecular weight of about 11,000, and contained one mole of ubiquinone-10 per mole (ubiquinone-10 protein). 7. The reaction center activity of C-DOC reaction centers was stimulated by ubiquinone-10 protein. In addition, the reaction center oxidized reduced cytochrome c2 in the light, provided that ubiquinone-10 protein was present (photo-oxidase activity).", "contents": "Disintegration of Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophore membrane into photoreaction units, reaction centers, and ubiquinone-10 protein with mixture of cholate and deoxycholate. 1. The membrane of Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores was disintegrated with mild detergents (cholate and deoxycholate) in order to study the spatial arrangement of the functional proteins in the photochemical apparatus and the electron transport system in the membrane. 2. The components solubilized from the membrane by a mixture of cholate and deoxycholate (C-DOC) were separated into four fractions by molecular-sieve chromatography in the presence of C-DOC; they were designated as F1, F2, F3, and F4 in the order of elution. The fractions were further purified by repeated molecular-sieve chromatography in the presence of C-DOC until each fraction was chromatographically homogeneous. 3. F1 appeared to be conjugated forms of F2. 4. The purified F2 was composed of a rigid complex having a weight of 7 X 10(5) daltons, containing approximately 10 different kinds of protein species with molecular weights of 3.8 X 10(4), 3.6 X 10(4), 3.5 X 10(4), 2.8 X 10(4), 2.7 X 10(4), 2.6 X 10(4), 1.3 X 10(4), 1.2 X 10(4), 1.1 X 10(4), and 1.0 X 10(4). The complex contained 33 bacteriochlorophylls, 4 iron atoms, and 90 phosphates, but no cytochrome, ubiquinone, or phospholipid. It showed the same reaction center activity as chromatophores, indicating that the complex was a unit of the photochemical apparatus (photoreaction unit). Each chromatophore of average size was estimated to possess about 24 photoreaction units. 5. The purified F3 showed an absorbance spectrum characteristic of reaction centers, and contained 3.4 bacteriochlorophylls, 2.0 bacteriopheophytins, and 1.9 acid-labile iron atoms, but no cytochrome or ubiquinone (C-DOC reaction center). It had a weight of 1.2 X 10(5) daltons, and the main components were 4 protein species with molecular weights of 2.8 X 10(4), 2.7 X 10(4), 2.6 X 10(4), and 1.0 X 10(4). 6. The purified F4 showed a molecular weight of about 11,000, and contained one mole of ubiquinone-10 per mole (ubiquinone-10 protein). 7. The reaction center activity of C-DOC reaction centers was stimulated by ubiquinone-10 protein. In addition, the reaction center oxidized reduced cytochrome c2 in the light, provided that ubiquinone-10 protein was present (photo-oxidase activity).", "PMID": 118165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13158", "title": "In vivo methylation of elongation factor Tu of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A protein existing mainly in the supernatant fraction of Escherichia coli was found to be methylated by accepting the methyl moiety originating from methionine. The protein was identified as peptide synthesis elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) by the following criteria. 1) The methylatable protein separated at the same position as purified EF-Tu on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. 2) The methylatable protein interacted with antiserum specific for EF-Tu. Amino acid analysis of the methyl-labeled protein suggested that the site of methylation was an epsilon-amino group of lysine.", "contents": "In vivo methylation of elongation factor Tu of Escherichia coli. A protein existing mainly in the supernatant fraction of Escherichia coli was found to be methylated by accepting the methyl moiety originating from methionine. The protein was identified as peptide synthesis elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) by the following criteria. 1) The methylatable protein separated at the same position as purified EF-Tu on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. 2) The methylatable protein interacted with antiserum specific for EF-Tu. Amino acid analysis of the methyl-labeled protein suggested that the site of methylation was an epsilon-amino group of lysine.", "PMID": 118166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13159", "title": "Characterization of polyriboadenylate polymerase from Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "Poly(A) polymerase [polyadenylate nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.19] was extracted from Tetrahymena pyriformis. The enzyme was demonstrated to be present in three forms by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and they were termed poly(A) polymerase Ia, Ib, and II in order of increasing affinity to the column. The properties of enzymes Ia and Ib were similar except that Ia utilizes poly(A) as a primer rather efficiently. Enzyme II differed from enzymes Ia and Ib not only in elution profile on DEAE-cellulose column chromatography but also in pH and temperature preferences, molecular weight, requirement for divalent cations, sensitivity to salts at high ionic strength, optimal primer concentration, and subcellular localization. The molecular weights of enzymes Ia and Ib measured by gel filtration were both 43,000, and that of enzyme II was 95,000. All three enzymes required Mn2+ for maximal activity; Mg2+ could replace Mn2+ in the reaction of enzyme II, but only partially. In the presence of 0.1 M ammonium sulfate the activities of enzymes Ia and Ib were both completely inhibited, whereas enzyme II still showed 42% of its original activity. These findings suggest that there are two distinct types of poly(A) polymerase in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "contents": "Characterization of polyriboadenylate polymerase from Tetrahymena pyriformis. Poly(A) polymerase [polyadenylate nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.19] was extracted from Tetrahymena pyriformis. The enzyme was demonstrated to be present in three forms by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and they were termed poly(A) polymerase Ia, Ib, and II in order of increasing affinity to the column. The properties of enzymes Ia and Ib were similar except that Ia utilizes poly(A) as a primer rather efficiently. Enzyme II differed from enzymes Ia and Ib not only in elution profile on DEAE-cellulose column chromatography but also in pH and temperature preferences, molecular weight, requirement for divalent cations, sensitivity to salts at high ionic strength, optimal primer concentration, and subcellular localization. The molecular weights of enzymes Ia and Ib measured by gel filtration were both 43,000, and that of enzyme II was 95,000. All three enzymes required Mn2+ for maximal activity; Mg2+ could replace Mn2+ in the reaction of enzyme II, but only partially. In the presence of 0.1 M ammonium sulfate the activities of enzymes Ia and Ib were both completely inhibited, whereas enzyme II still showed 42% of its original activity. These findings suggest that there are two distinct types of poly(A) polymerase in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "PMID": 118167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13160", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450s from phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats.", "content": "Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and P-448 have been purified from phenobarbital (PB)- and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-treated rats, by modifications of Imai and Sato's procedures )1974). The purified preparations of cytochrome P-450 and P-448 were homogeneous judging from their specific contents (17 and 16 nmol per mg protein, respectively) and the results of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Ouchterlony immunodiffusion analyses. These two cytochromes are different in their physico-chemical and immunological properties, and their substrate specificities. In reconstituted systems containing the purified cytochrome and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, ethoxycoumarin deethylation and benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 and P-448 were completely inhibited by the homologous antibody, while essentially no effect was observed with heterologous conbinations of antigen and antibody. In contrast, the benzphetamine demethylation activities of cytochrome P-450 and P-448 were markedly inhibited by the heterologous antibody as well as by the homologous one. These results suggest that the two cytochromes are immunologically different but have some antigenic determinants in common. Drug metabolizing activities of microsomes from PB- and MC-treated rats were inhibited by the antibodies, essentially as expected from the results with the reconstituted systems. The remaining activities in the presence of excess concentrations of the antibody, however, were higher in MC-microsomes treated with anti P-448 antibody than in PB microsomes treated with anti P-450 antibody. These results suggest that cytochrome P-448 molecules may be so localized in the microsomal membrane that the membrane structure may hinder the access of the antibody to the antigenic determinant.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450s from phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and P-448 have been purified from phenobarbital (PB)- and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-treated rats, by modifications of Imai and Sato's procedures )1974). The purified preparations of cytochrome P-450 and P-448 were homogeneous judging from their specific contents (17 and 16 nmol per mg protein, respectively) and the results of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Ouchterlony immunodiffusion analyses. These two cytochromes are different in their physico-chemical and immunological properties, and their substrate specificities. In reconstituted systems containing the purified cytochrome and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, ethoxycoumarin deethylation and benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 and P-448 were completely inhibited by the homologous antibody, while essentially no effect was observed with heterologous conbinations of antigen and antibody. In contrast, the benzphetamine demethylation activities of cytochrome P-450 and P-448 were markedly inhibited by the heterologous antibody as well as by the homologous one. These results suggest that the two cytochromes are immunologically different but have some antigenic determinants in common. Drug metabolizing activities of microsomes from PB- and MC-treated rats were inhibited by the antibodies, essentially as expected from the results with the reconstituted systems. The remaining activities in the presence of excess concentrations of the antibody, however, were higher in MC-microsomes treated with anti P-448 antibody than in PB microsomes treated with anti P-450 antibody. These results suggest that cytochrome P-448 molecules may be so localized in the microsomal membrane that the membrane structure may hinder the access of the antibody to the antigenic determinant.", "PMID": 118169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13161", "title": "The role of the intrachain disulfide bond in the conformation and stability of the constant fragment of the immunoglobulin light chain.", "content": "The conformation and stabilities of the CL fragment isolated from a type lambda Bence Jones protein and the fragment in which the intrachain disulfide bond had been reduced were studied by measuring CD, fluorescence, and ultraviolet absorption. The results indicated that no great conformational change occurs on reduction of the disulfide, unless the SH groups are alkylated. Intact CL was more resistant than reduced CL to guanidine hydrochloride. The denaturation curves were analyzed using an equation based on the binding of guanidine hydrochloride and the free energy changes of denaturation in the absence of the denaturant were estimated as about 6 kcal.mol-1 for intact CL and about 1.8 kcal.mol-1 for reduced CL. The difference in stability between intact CL and reduced CL was explained to a great extent in terms of the entropy change associated with reduction of the intrachain disulfide bond of the fragment in the denatured state.", "contents": "The role of the intrachain disulfide bond in the conformation and stability of the constant fragment of the immunoglobulin light chain. The conformation and stabilities of the CL fragment isolated from a type lambda Bence Jones protein and the fragment in which the intrachain disulfide bond had been reduced were studied by measuring CD, fluorescence, and ultraviolet absorption. The results indicated that no great conformational change occurs on reduction of the disulfide, unless the SH groups are alkylated. Intact CL was more resistant than reduced CL to guanidine hydrochloride. The denaturation curves were analyzed using an equation based on the binding of guanidine hydrochloride and the free energy changes of denaturation in the absence of the denaturant were estimated as about 6 kcal.mol-1 for intact CL and about 1.8 kcal.mol-1 for reduced CL. The difference in stability between intact CL and reduced CL was explained to a great extent in terms of the entropy change associated with reduction of the intrachain disulfide bond of the fragment in the denatured state.", "PMID": 118170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13162", "title": "Comparative study on the structure of the light chains of human immunoglobulins. II. Assignment of a new subgroup.", "content": "The primary structure of the variable region of the human lambda type Bence Jones protein NIG-48 was determined by analysis of the N-terminal sequence of the completely reduced and aminoethylated protein, as well as of five cyanogen bromide fragments. The variable region of NIG-48 contains 112 amino acid residues. The protein NIG-48, having a unique sequence of the variable region, a low degree of homology (about 50%) with lambda chains of the five other subgroups and the addition of two residues around 65, may represent a new subgroup, namely V lambda VI.", "contents": "Comparative study on the structure of the light chains of human immunoglobulins. II. Assignment of a new subgroup. The primary structure of the variable region of the human lambda type Bence Jones protein NIG-48 was determined by analysis of the N-terminal sequence of the completely reduced and aminoethylated protein, as well as of five cyanogen bromide fragments. The variable region of NIG-48 contains 112 amino acid residues. The protein NIG-48, having a unique sequence of the variable region, a low degree of homology (about 50%) with lambda chains of the five other subgroups and the addition of two residues around 65, may represent a new subgroup, namely V lambda VI.", "PMID": 118171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13163", "title": "Purification and immunochemical properties of human low molecular weight kininogen.", "content": "A low molecular weight (LMW) kininogen was isolated from pooled human serum by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, CM-Sephadex C-50, Sephadex G-150, and Sephadex G-100. It was shown to be homogeneous by ultracentrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoelectrophoresis. The sedimentation coefficient, S020,W, of purified LMW kininogen was 3.85 s, and its molecular weight was determined to be 78,000 by Sephadex G-100 gel-filtration. The LMW kininogen contained 79.3% protein, 8.0% hexose, 3.9% hexosamine, and 4.9% sialic acid. In order to determine the immunochemical properties of LMW kininogen, specific antiserum was prepared in rabbits. The antigenic determinant of LMW kininogen was not related to the sialic acid and kinin moieties in the kininogen molecule, but could not be distinguished from that of high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen. In the quantitative single radial immunodiffusion test, a sialic acid-free LMW kininogen reacted to a greater extent with the antiserum than the native LMW kininogen. The kininogen level in human serum was estimated by single radial immunodiffusion. The antiserum cross-reacted with monkey serum, but not with sera from dogs, rats, and mice, horses, pigs, guinea pigs, oxen, and rabbits.", "contents": "Purification and immunochemical properties of human low molecular weight kininogen. A low molecular weight (LMW) kininogen was isolated from pooled human serum by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, CM-Sephadex C-50, Sephadex G-150, and Sephadex G-100. It was shown to be homogeneous by ultracentrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoelectrophoresis. The sedimentation coefficient, S020,W, of purified LMW kininogen was 3.85 s, and its molecular weight was determined to be 78,000 by Sephadex G-100 gel-filtration. The LMW kininogen contained 79.3% protein, 8.0% hexose, 3.9% hexosamine, and 4.9% sialic acid. In order to determine the immunochemical properties of LMW kininogen, specific antiserum was prepared in rabbits. The antigenic determinant of LMW kininogen was not related to the sialic acid and kinin moieties in the kininogen molecule, but could not be distinguished from that of high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen. In the quantitative single radial immunodiffusion test, a sialic acid-free LMW kininogen reacted to a greater extent with the antiserum than the native LMW kininogen. The kininogen level in human serum was estimated by single radial immunodiffusion. The antiserum cross-reacted with monkey serum, but not with sera from dogs, rats, and mice, horses, pigs, guinea pigs, oxen, and rabbits.", "PMID": 118172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13164", "title": "Effect of temperature on dry mass of polytene nuclei in Drosophila.", "content": "Nuclei were isolated by an aqueous detergent method from Drosophila prepupal salivary glands, and measured by integrating interference microscopy. There was a highly significant correlation between nuclear volume and dry mass. Dry masses fell into 2, 3 or 4 distinct groups corresponding to polytene replication classes; the mean of a given dry mass group was between 8 and 30% less than twice that of the group below, indicating that the ratio of DNA:dry mass increases during polytenic growth. The proportion of nuclei in the higher mass groups, the mean dry mass of nuclei within a given mass group, and the percentage loss of nuclear dry mass in the first hour after isolation were all higher when animals were reared at 15 degrees instead of 25 degrees C. Nuclear dry mass in prepupae was affected by the temperature during both the embryonic and larval periods, and also to some extent by the nutrition and degree of crowding of the cultures.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on dry mass of polytene nuclei in Drosophila. Nuclei were isolated by an aqueous detergent method from Drosophila prepupal salivary glands, and measured by integrating interference microscopy. There was a highly significant correlation between nuclear volume and dry mass. Dry masses fell into 2, 3 or 4 distinct groups corresponding to polytene replication classes; the mean of a given dry mass group was between 8 and 30% less than twice that of the group below, indicating that the ratio of DNA:dry mass increases during polytenic growth. The proportion of nuclei in the higher mass groups, the mean dry mass of nuclei within a given mass group, and the percentage loss of nuclear dry mass in the first hour after isolation were all higher when animals were reared at 15 degrees instead of 25 degrees C. Nuclear dry mass in prepupae was affected by the temperature during both the embryonic and larval periods, and also to some extent by the nutrition and degree of crowding of the cultures.", "PMID": 118174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13165", "title": "Chymotrypsin activation of melanosome tyrosinase in hamster melanotic melanoma.", "content": "The tyrosinase activity in two sucrose gradient isolated melanosome fractions from a melanotic hamster melanoma was found to increase after alpha-chymotrypsin treatment. The enhancement in tyrosinase activity had its maximum at a concentration of 1 mg/ml alpha-chymotrypsin after 120 min incubation at 37 degrees C. No direct activating effect of alpha-chymotrypsin was found either on the soluble tyrosinase fraction from freshly prepared untreaed whole-tumor homogenate or on purified mushroom tyrosinase. The activating effect of alpha-chymotrypsin upon the melanosome tyrosinase is believed to be due to the endopeptidic hydrolysis of the--CO--NH--bound existing between tyrosinase and tyrosine and phenylalanine residues in the melanin molecule. Although alternative interpretations are not excluded, the observed enhancement in tyrosinase activity after alpha-chymotrypsin treatment of melanosomes might indicate the existence of an \"enzyme liberating\" mechanism in the melanosomes.", "contents": "Chymotrypsin activation of melanosome tyrosinase in hamster melanotic melanoma. The tyrosinase activity in two sucrose gradient isolated melanosome fractions from a melanotic hamster melanoma was found to increase after alpha-chymotrypsin treatment. The enhancement in tyrosinase activity had its maximum at a concentration of 1 mg/ml alpha-chymotrypsin after 120 min incubation at 37 degrees C. No direct activating effect of alpha-chymotrypsin was found either on the soluble tyrosinase fraction from freshly prepared untreaed whole-tumor homogenate or on purified mushroom tyrosinase. The activating effect of alpha-chymotrypsin upon the melanosome tyrosinase is believed to be due to the endopeptidic hydrolysis of the--CO--NH--bound existing between tyrosinase and tyrosine and phenylalanine residues in the melanin molecule. Although alternative interpretations are not excluded, the observed enhancement in tyrosinase activity after alpha-chymotrypsin treatment of melanosomes might indicate the existence of an \"enzyme liberating\" mechanism in the melanosomes.", "PMID": 118173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13166", "title": "Growth of nonfermentative bacteria at 42 degrees C.", "content": "Growth at 42 degrees C is advocated to differentiate species of the fluorescent pseudomonas group as well as to differentiate other nonfermentative bacteria. Methodologies vary in the performance of the test, resulting in differing and often discrepant results between investigators. During this evaluation, the test was performed by inoculating 3 ml of Trypticase soy broth with a loopful of an overnight broth culture. Growth in the 42 degrees C tube was judged as heavy or slight after 24 and 48 h incubation at 41.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa grew abundantly after overnight incubation, whereas 16 of 74 isolates of P. putida (22%) showed slight turbidity in the broth after 24 or 48 h which could not be regarded as an inoculum effect. Trypticase soy agar was used in conjunction with Trypticase soy broth, with the growth again judged as heavy or slight. Growth of P. putida on slants was still seen in some cases (6%) although the number of strains showing growth had declined. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride was added to Trypticase soy broth (0.005%) as a color indicator of growth. Strains of P. putida, although showing visible evidence of growth, gave no color change when compared with the 35 degrees C control. The constancy in test results using nonfermentative bacteria is not only method dependent but also strain dependent. Although the test for growth at 42 degrees C is important as a taxonomic tool when used under controlled conditions, other tests such as acetamide are preferred as a substitute for use in the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Growth of nonfermentative bacteria at 42 degrees C. Growth at 42 degrees C is advocated to differentiate species of the fluorescent pseudomonas group as well as to differentiate other nonfermentative bacteria. Methodologies vary in the performance of the test, resulting in differing and often discrepant results between investigators. During this evaluation, the test was performed by inoculating 3 ml of Trypticase soy broth with a loopful of an overnight broth culture. Growth in the 42 degrees C tube was judged as heavy or slight after 24 and 48 h incubation at 41.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa grew abundantly after overnight incubation, whereas 16 of 74 isolates of P. putida (22%) showed slight turbidity in the broth after 24 or 48 h which could not be regarded as an inoculum effect. Trypticase soy agar was used in conjunction with Trypticase soy broth, with the growth again judged as heavy or slight. Growth of P. putida on slants was still seen in some cases (6%) although the number of strains showing growth had declined. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride was added to Trypticase soy broth (0.005%) as a color indicator of growth. Strains of P. putida, although showing visible evidence of growth, gave no color change when compared with the 35 degrees C control. The constancy in test results using nonfermentative bacteria is not only method dependent but also strain dependent. Although the test for growth at 42 degrees C is important as a taxonomic tool when used under controlled conditions, other tests such as acetamide are preferred as a substitute for use in the clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 118175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13167", "title": "The Automicrobic System for urines.", "content": "An evaluation of the Automicrobic System (AMS) for Urines (Vitek Systems, Inc.) was carried out under the auspices of the Product Evaluation Committee of the College of American Pathologists from the period June 1977 through October 1978. Data generated during this evaluation indicated that, when comparing the AMS methodology to our clinical microbiology laboratory methodology, a 37% time saving could be realized by utilizing the AMS. Quantitation with the AMS showed a 99% correlation with the clinical microbiology laboratory method except for yeast which correlated only 50% of the time. The average overall identification accuracy was 95%. Negative response accuracy was 99%. Other members of the Enterobacteriaceae which the instrument is not designed to identify may produce erroneous results if they occur in urine specimens. Specimens containing two organisms were identified with a 94% correlation when compared to our conventional methodology. The time when a well becomes positive may be used as a fairly reliable indicator of significance (count greater than 70,000 colony-forming units per ml) for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter group, and group D Enterococcus, but not for Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and yeast. Specimen collection must be performed properly since specimens considered as contaminated by conventional plating-out techniques may be reported out by the AMS as only one or two organisms and thus lead to an erroneous assumption as to significance. Cost per specimen was $1.83 more by utilizing the AMS method as compared to our conventional method. This is offset by a saving of 1.74 h daily of personnel time and a final report in 13 h. At least 30 urine specimens would be needed daily to pay for the instrument and specimen costs in 1 year. The AMS can provide significant aid to a clinical microbiology laboratory when all factors are considered.", "contents": "The Automicrobic System for urines. An evaluation of the Automicrobic System (AMS) for Urines (Vitek Systems, Inc.) was carried out under the auspices of the Product Evaluation Committee of the College of American Pathologists from the period June 1977 through October 1978. Data generated during this evaluation indicated that, when comparing the AMS methodology to our clinical microbiology laboratory methodology, a 37% time saving could be realized by utilizing the AMS. Quantitation with the AMS showed a 99% correlation with the clinical microbiology laboratory method except for yeast which correlated only 50% of the time. The average overall identification accuracy was 95%. Negative response accuracy was 99%. Other members of the Enterobacteriaceae which the instrument is not designed to identify may produce erroneous results if they occur in urine specimens. Specimens containing two organisms were identified with a 94% correlation when compared to our conventional methodology. The time when a well becomes positive may be used as a fairly reliable indicator of significance (count greater than 70,000 colony-forming units per ml) for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter group, and group D Enterococcus, but not for Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and yeast. Specimen collection must be performed properly since specimens considered as contaminated by conventional plating-out techniques may be reported out by the AMS as only one or two organisms and thus lead to an erroneous assumption as to significance. Cost per specimen was $1.83 more by utilizing the AMS method as compared to our conventional method. This is offset by a saving of 1.74 h daily of personnel time and a final report in 13 h. At least 30 urine specimens would be needed daily to pay for the instrument and specimen costs in 1 year. The AMS can provide significant aid to a clinical microbiology laboratory when all factors are considered.", "PMID": 118176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13168", "title": "Microbiology subsystem of a total, dedicated laboratory computer system.", "content": "The computer system used by the Microbiology Service of the Clinical Pathology Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health is discussed. This microbiology subsystem is a part of a dedicated on-line laboratory computer system used by the entire department. The laboratory computer is connected on-line to a hospital computer which provides patient admission, transfer, and discharge data. Mark sense worksheets and cathode ray tube terminals are used for result entry and correction. Cumulative patient reports are printed. Results for both active and completed accessions can be easily retrieved on cathode ray terminals in the laboratory. All laboratory data are archived on magnetic tape from which a research data base and microfiched laboratory records are generated. The manner in which the system is integrated in the routine operation of the microbiology laboratory is emphasized. In addition, some of the costs, benefits, liabilities, and pitfalls associated with the introduction of the computer in the laboratory are reviewed. Finally, we have presented our concept of some of the future enhancements to our present system and some of the directions in which any future microbiology system might develop.", "contents": "Microbiology subsystem of a total, dedicated laboratory computer system. The computer system used by the Microbiology Service of the Clinical Pathology Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health is discussed. This microbiology subsystem is a part of a dedicated on-line laboratory computer system used by the entire department. The laboratory computer is connected on-line to a hospital computer which provides patient admission, transfer, and discharge data. Mark sense worksheets and cathode ray tube terminals are used for result entry and correction. Cumulative patient reports are printed. Results for both active and completed accessions can be easily retrieved on cathode ray terminals in the laboratory. All laboratory data are archived on magnetic tape from which a research data base and microfiched laboratory records are generated. The manner in which the system is integrated in the routine operation of the microbiology laboratory is emphasized. In addition, some of the costs, benefits, liabilities, and pitfalls associated with the introduction of the computer in the laboratory are reviewed. Finally, we have presented our concept of some of the future enhancements to our present system and some of the directions in which any future microbiology system might develop.", "PMID": 118177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13169", "title": "Immune response and prevalence of antibody to Norwalk enteritis virus as determined by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A solid-phase microtiter radioimmunoassay was established for the detection of Norwalk virus and its antibody, with clinical materials from human volunteers previously studied in Massachusetts as reagents. A study of 308 Massachusetts residents showed that serum antibody to Norwalk agent was rarely present during childhood but was detectable in approximately 50% of adults. All volunteers inoculated with Norwalk virus who developed illness seroconverted (10/10), whereas only one-third (5/15) of nonill volunteers seroconverted (P = 0.0009). The 10 nonill, nonseroconverting subjects had undetectable to low preexisting antibody levels. Paradoxically, 10/13 subjects with preexisting antibody became ill, whereas 17/25 lacking antibody did not (P = 0.009). All 3 subjects with preexisting anti-Norwalk radioimmunoassay blocking activity in duodenal intraluminal fluids became ill, whereas only 5/11 lacking such activity developed illness (P = 0.15). These data further support the unique concept that some individuals are susceptible to repeated infections with this agent, whereas others are incapable of developing infection.", "contents": "Immune response and prevalence of antibody to Norwalk enteritis virus as determined by radioimmunoassay. A solid-phase microtiter radioimmunoassay was established for the detection of Norwalk virus and its antibody, with clinical materials from human volunteers previously studied in Massachusetts as reagents. A study of 308 Massachusetts residents showed that serum antibody to Norwalk agent was rarely present during childhood but was detectable in approximately 50% of adults. All volunteers inoculated with Norwalk virus who developed illness seroconverted (10/10), whereas only one-third (5/15) of nonill volunteers seroconverted (P = 0.0009). The 10 nonill, nonseroconverting subjects had undetectable to low preexisting antibody levels. Paradoxically, 10/13 subjects with preexisting antibody became ill, whereas 17/25 lacking antibody did not (P = 0.009). All 3 subjects with preexisting anti-Norwalk radioimmunoassay blocking activity in duodenal intraluminal fluids became ill, whereas only 5/11 lacking such activity developed illness (P = 0.15). These data further support the unique concept that some individuals are susceptible to repeated infections with this agent, whereas others are incapable of developing infection.", "PMID": 118178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13170", "title": "Simple inoculum standardizing system for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests.", "content": "A collaborative study was undertaken to evaluate a simple, convenient device which expedites inoculum standardization for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. The Inocupac system (Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing [3M] Co., St. Paul, Minn.) was used to perform disk tests in parallel with the standard Bauer-Kirby method. Five investigators tested 100 selected isolates, each in triplicate. Inter- and intralaboratory precision of both disk procedures was essentially comparable. The Inocupac system failed to consistently provide satisfactory growth with some streptococci, but when testing common gram-negative bacilli, staphylococci, and most enterococci, the Inocupac system gave zones about the same size (+/-2 mm) as the Bauer-Kirby procedure. Interpretive agreement between the two test systems varied from 90 to 99% with different antimicrobial agents, and repeated tests with the Bauer-Kirby method demonstrated the same degree of interpretive agreement. The Inocupac system is a valid alternative method for inoculating disk susceptibility tests.", "contents": "Simple inoculum standardizing system for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. A collaborative study was undertaken to evaluate a simple, convenient device which expedites inoculum standardization for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. The Inocupac system (Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing [3M] Co., St. Paul, Minn.) was used to perform disk tests in parallel with the standard Bauer-Kirby method. Five investigators tested 100 selected isolates, each in triplicate. Inter- and intralaboratory precision of both disk procedures was essentially comparable. The Inocupac system failed to consistently provide satisfactory growth with some streptococci, but when testing common gram-negative bacilli, staphylococci, and most enterococci, the Inocupac system gave zones about the same size (+/-2 mm) as the Bauer-Kirby procedure. Interpretive agreement between the two test systems varied from 90 to 99% with different antimicrobial agents, and repeated tests with the Bauer-Kirby method demonstrated the same degree of interpretive agreement. The Inocupac system is a valid alternative method for inoculating disk susceptibility tests.", "PMID": 118179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13171", "title": "Real-time ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors.", "content": "Inflammatory and neoplastic infiltrations of the intestinal wall lead in advanced stages to a tumorous thickening that can be visualized by ultrasound as the so-called cockade sign. The possibilities and limitations of ultrasound diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors are presented. Over a period of 2 years, 73 tumors were diagnosed, 39 primarily by means of ultrasound with the real-time technique; 15 tumors were curatively resected at the time of primary ultrasound diagnosis.", "contents": "Real-time ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors. Inflammatory and neoplastic infiltrations of the intestinal wall lead in advanced stages to a tumorous thickening that can be visualized by ultrasound as the so-called cockade sign. The possibilities and limitations of ultrasound diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors are presented. Over a period of 2 years, 73 tumors were diagnosed, 39 primarily by means of ultrasound with the real-time technique; 15 tumors were curatively resected at the time of primary ultrasound diagnosis.", "PMID": 118182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13172", "title": "Ultrasound diagnosis of interstitial pregnancy: findings and pitfalls.", "content": "The diagnosis of an unruptured interstitial gestation can be made by means of ultrasound examination. The most specific finding is an incomplete myometrial mantle around the sac. An eccentrically placed sac and failure to demonstrate the sac within the uterine cavity, i.e., near the internal os on the longitudinal scans, may be helpful ancillary findings. The differential diagnosis must take into consideration a pregnancy within one horn of a bicornuate uterus and a pregnancy within a myomatous uterus. Although this is a rare condition, it carries significant mortality if it ruptures. Diagnosis prior to rupture will reduce mortality and offer the possibility of preserving reproductive capabilities.", "contents": "Ultrasound diagnosis of interstitial pregnancy: findings and pitfalls. The diagnosis of an unruptured interstitial gestation can be made by means of ultrasound examination. The most specific finding is an incomplete myometrial mantle around the sac. An eccentrically placed sac and failure to demonstrate the sac within the uterine cavity, i.e., near the internal os on the longitudinal scans, may be helpful ancillary findings. The differential diagnosis must take into consideration a pregnancy within one horn of a bicornuate uterus and a pregnancy within a myomatous uterus. Although this is a rare condition, it carries significant mortality if it ruptures. Diagnosis prior to rupture will reduce mortality and offer the possibility of preserving reproductive capabilities.", "PMID": 118183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13173", "title": "Echocardiographic measurements in normal subjects: evaluation of an adult population without clinically apparent heart disease.", "content": "In order to determine normal echocardiographic values for older subjects, we studied 136 adults (78 men and 58 women, 20 to 97 years of age) without evidence of cardiovascular disease. When patients were subdivided into six age groups, progressive changes were found in mean normal values for various parameters. Specifically, when the oldest group (over 70 years) was compared with the youngest group (21-30 years), significant (p less than 0.01) increases in aortic root (22 percent) and left atrial (16 percent) dimensions, in ventricular septal (20 percent) and left ventricular free-wall (18 percent) thicknesses, and in estimated left ventricular mass (15 percent) were noted. In addition, a significant (p less than 0.01) decrease in mean mitral E-F slope (43 percent) and slight decreases in mean left ventricular systolic and diastolic internal dimensions (5 and 6 percent, respectively; p less than 0.05) were noted. Left ventricular ejection fraction and percentage fractional shortening were found to be independent of age. These data have been used to derive regression equations that are related to both age and body surface area. The regression equations can be used to calculate mean normal values and 95 percent prediction intervals for echocardiographic measurements in adults.", "contents": "Echocardiographic measurements in normal subjects: evaluation of an adult population without clinically apparent heart disease. In order to determine normal echocardiographic values for older subjects, we studied 136 adults (78 men and 58 women, 20 to 97 years of age) without evidence of cardiovascular disease. When patients were subdivided into six age groups, progressive changes were found in mean normal values for various parameters. Specifically, when the oldest group (over 70 years) was compared with the youngest group (21-30 years), significant (p less than 0.01) increases in aortic root (22 percent) and left atrial (16 percent) dimensions, in ventricular septal (20 percent) and left ventricular free-wall (18 percent) thicknesses, and in estimated left ventricular mass (15 percent) were noted. In addition, a significant (p less than 0.01) decrease in mean mitral E-F slope (43 percent) and slight decreases in mean left ventricular systolic and diastolic internal dimensions (5 and 6 percent, respectively; p less than 0.05) were noted. Left ventricular ejection fraction and percentage fractional shortening were found to be independent of age. These data have been used to derive regression equations that are related to both age and body surface area. The regression equations can be used to calculate mean normal values and 95 percent prediction intervals for echocardiographic measurements in adults.", "PMID": 118184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13174", "title": "Sonographic evaluation of the nonfunctioning kidney.", "content": "The results of B-mode ultrasound examinations in 113 consecutive patients with unilateral renal nonfunction or severe azotemia were reviewed. The causes of nonfunction included the following: hydronephrosis; renal parenchymal disease; renal agenesis; atrophy or dysplasia; multicystic, medullary cystic, and polycystic kidneys; renal arterial or venous occlusive disease; extensively infiltrating neoplasm. The sonographic findings were consistent with the final diagnosis in 92 percent of the cases. A coronal view of the kidney for diagnosing hydronephrosis is described. This view demonstrates the dilated calyces in continuity with the renal pelvis and, when combined with transverse views, improves the reliability of the sonographic diagnosis of hydronephrosis. In cases where the renal landmarks appear totally normal, obstruction can be excluded as a cause of nonfunction, and retrograde pyelography may be avoided. The sonographic manifestations of other parenchymal abnormalities associated with nonfunction, such as cystic renal disease, glomerulonephritis, and renal transplant rejection, are also discussed.", "contents": "Sonographic evaluation of the nonfunctioning kidney. The results of B-mode ultrasound examinations in 113 consecutive patients with unilateral renal nonfunction or severe azotemia were reviewed. The causes of nonfunction included the following: hydronephrosis; renal parenchymal disease; renal agenesis; atrophy or dysplasia; multicystic, medullary cystic, and polycystic kidneys; renal arterial or venous occlusive disease; extensively infiltrating neoplasm. The sonographic findings were consistent with the final diagnosis in 92 percent of the cases. A coronal view of the kidney for diagnosing hydronephrosis is described. This view demonstrates the dilated calyces in continuity with the renal pelvis and, when combined with transverse views, improves the reliability of the sonographic diagnosis of hydronephrosis. In cases where the renal landmarks appear totally normal, obstruction can be excluded as a cause of nonfunction, and retrograde pyelography may be avoided. The sonographic manifestations of other parenchymal abnormalities associated with nonfunction, such as cystic renal disease, glomerulonephritis, and renal transplant rejection, are also discussed.", "PMID": 118185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13175", "title": "Ultrasound visualization of the human yolk sac.", "content": "Ultrasound scanning in early pregnancy sometimes reveals a 2-5 mm spheric structure lying adjacent to the fetus. The occurrence of this structure was studied in 60 consecutive ultrasound examinations. In the 7th to 9th weeks the sphere was seen in 19 of 22 examinations, and in the 10th and 11th weeks it was seen in 10 of 20 examinations. The sphere was not demonstrated in any of 18 examinations in the 12th to 14th weeks. It is believed that the spheric structure is the yolk sac.", "contents": "Ultrasound visualization of the human yolk sac. Ultrasound scanning in early pregnancy sometimes reveals a 2-5 mm spheric structure lying adjacent to the fetus. The occurrence of this structure was studied in 60 consecutive ultrasound examinations. In the 7th to 9th weeks the sphere was seen in 19 of 22 examinations, and in the 10th and 11th weeks it was seen in 10 of 20 examinations. The sphere was not demonstrated in any of 18 examinations in the 12th to 14th weeks. It is believed that the spheric structure is the yolk sac.", "PMID": 118186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13176", "title": "The posterior thoracic approach in echocardiography.", "content": "Echocardiograms were recorded using a left posterior thoracic approach in 17 patients with left pleural effusion. Comparison of these records with those obtained using the conventional technique in the same patients revealed that the left posterior thoracic approach yielded records of adequate quality in all patients. The mitral valve, the left ventricle, and the posterior pericardium were well defined. In 10 patients in whom pericardial effusion was also p;esent, the posterior approach facilitated clear separation of the pleural and pericardial effusions. A major limitation of the posterior technique appears to be inability to record the aortic root, the aortic valve, and the left atrium.", "contents": "The posterior thoracic approach in echocardiography. Echocardiograms were recorded using a left posterior thoracic approach in 17 patients with left pleural effusion. Comparison of these records with those obtained using the conventional technique in the same patients revealed that the left posterior thoracic approach yielded records of adequate quality in all patients. The mitral valve, the left ventricle, and the posterior pericardium were well defined. In 10 patients in whom pericardial effusion was also p;esent, the posterior approach facilitated clear separation of the pleural and pericardial effusions. A major limitation of the posterior technique appears to be inability to record the aortic root, the aortic valve, and the left atrium.", "PMID": 118187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13177", "title": "Ethylene glycol-water mixture for use in ultrasound test objects.", "content": "Ethylene glycol-water mixtures have been found suitable for use in ultrasound test objects. A plot of the required percentage of ethylene glycol with room temperature for an acoustic velocity of 1540 m/sec is presented to aid the clinical user. The velocity measurements performed are shown to be dominated by near-field transient diffraction effects. A 30 percent ethylene glycol-water mixture has been found to have a constant acoustic velocity of 1638 +/- 3.5 m/sec over a wide temperature range (15.6 degrees C-38.4 degrees C). This mixture is suitable for a test object velocity standard. Proper use of the A.I.U.M. 100-mm test object is discussed.", "contents": "Ethylene glycol-water mixture for use in ultrasound test objects. Ethylene glycol-water mixtures have been found suitable for use in ultrasound test objects. A plot of the required percentage of ethylene glycol with room temperature for an acoustic velocity of 1540 m/sec is presented to aid the clinical user. The velocity measurements performed are shown to be dominated by near-field transient diffraction effects. A 30 percent ethylene glycol-water mixture has been found to have a constant acoustic velocity of 1638 +/- 3.5 m/sec over a wide temperature range (15.6 degrees C-38.4 degrees C). This mixture is suitable for a test object velocity standard. Proper use of the A.I.U.M. 100-mm test object is discussed.", "PMID": 118188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13178", "title": "Antithrombin activities in childhood malnutrition.", "content": "Antithrombin activities in 30 severely malnourished children and 40 normal children were estimated in clotting tests by thrombin neutralisation as anti-Xa and by a heparin antithrombin assay; and by immunodiffusion as alpha 2-globulin and alpha 1-antitrypsin. The patients' mean alpha 2-globulin was severely depressed, and there were less marked depletions in mean values for thrombin neutralisation, anti-Xa, and in the heparin antithrombin assay (which showed the flat curve thought to reflect a thrombotic tendency). The alpha 1-antitrypsin values were normal. The findings support the concept of antithrombin as the summation of alpha 2-globulin and alpha 1-antitrypsin (with alpha 2-macroglobulin); and the low values may be related to the high incidence of thrombosis reported in childhood malnutrition, although it was not seen in these patients.", "contents": "Antithrombin activities in childhood malnutrition. Antithrombin activities in 30 severely malnourished children and 40 normal children were estimated in clotting tests by thrombin neutralisation as anti-Xa and by a heparin antithrombin assay; and by immunodiffusion as alpha 2-globulin and alpha 1-antitrypsin. The patients' mean alpha 2-globulin was severely depressed, and there were less marked depletions in mean values for thrombin neutralisation, anti-Xa, and in the heparin antithrombin assay (which showed the flat curve thought to reflect a thrombotic tendency). The alpha 1-antitrypsin values were normal. The findings support the concept of antithrombin as the summation of alpha 2-globulin and alpha 1-antitrypsin (with alpha 2-macroglobulin); and the low values may be related to the high incidence of thrombosis reported in childhood malnutrition, although it was not seen in these patients.", "PMID": 118190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13179", "title": "Significance of the detection of beta-galactosidase and of beta-xylosidase in the taxonomic study of the genus Haemophilus.", "content": "A total of 314 strains of Haemophilus, isolated from clinical samples, were studied for the production of beta-galactosidase and beta-xylosidase. None of the H. influenzae strains studied (9 beta-lactamase positive strains and 129 beta-lactamase negative strains) possessed these enzymes. Both enzymes were almost constantly observed among strains of H. paraphrophilus (10 strains studied) and of H. paraphrohaemolyticus (9 strains studied). Among the other species (H. parainfluenzae, 55 strains; H. haemolyticus, 5 strains; H. parahaemolyticus, 97 strains), beta-galactosidase was present in about 30% of the strains studied whereas beta-xylosidase was detected occasionally (3% of the strains studied). Detection of these two enzymes could be a valuable test for the taxonomic study of the genus Haemophilus. However, the type of substrate used for the detection of beta-xylosidase is important: use of the para-nitro-phenyl-beta-xylopyranoside yielded more positive results than the use of its ortho-isomer.", "contents": "Significance of the detection of beta-galactosidase and of beta-xylosidase in the taxonomic study of the genus Haemophilus. A total of 314 strains of Haemophilus, isolated from clinical samples, were studied for the production of beta-galactosidase and beta-xylosidase. None of the H. influenzae strains studied (9 beta-lactamase positive strains and 129 beta-lactamase negative strains) possessed these enzymes. Both enzymes were almost constantly observed among strains of H. paraphrophilus (10 strains studied) and of H. paraphrohaemolyticus (9 strains studied). Among the other species (H. parainfluenzae, 55 strains; H. haemolyticus, 5 strains; H. parahaemolyticus, 97 strains), beta-galactosidase was present in about 30% of the strains studied whereas beta-xylosidase was detected occasionally (3% of the strains studied). Detection of these two enzymes could be a valuable test for the taxonomic study of the genus Haemophilus. However, the type of substrate used for the detection of beta-xylosidase is important: use of the para-nitro-phenyl-beta-xylopyranoside yielded more positive results than the use of its ortho-isomer.", "PMID": 118191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13180", "title": "The cells of origin of the primate spinothalamic tract.", "content": "Spinothalamic tract cells in the lumbar, sacral and caudal segments of the primate spinal cord were labelled by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the thalamus. The laminar distribution of stained spinothalamic cells in the lumbosacral enlargement differed according to whether the HRP was injected into the lateral or the medial thalamus. Lateral injections labelled cells in most laminae, but the largest numbers of cells were in laminae I and V. The highest concentrations of cells labelled from the medial thalamus were in laminae VI-VIII. Ninety percent or more of the stained spinothalamic cells in the lumbosacral enlargement were contralateral to the injection site. In the conus medullaris stained spinothalamic cells were most numerous in laminae I, V and VI following lateral thalamic injections of HRP. Many of the cells of the conus were in Stilling's nucleus. Twenty-three percent of the cells in the conus were ipsilateral to the injection site in the lateral thalamus. Only a few cells in the conus were labelled by medial thalamic injections. The total number of spinothalamic cells from L5 caudally was estimated to be at least 1,200-2,500. An injection of HRP into the midbrain resulted in laminar distribution of labelled cells much like that produced by a lateral thalamic injection. The types of spinothalamic tract cells and the sizes of their somata were determined for different laminae. The cell types resemble those already described from Golgi and other studies of the spinal cord gray matter. The spinothalamic tract cells in lamina I included Waldeyer cells and numerous small fusiform, pyriform or triangular cells. Those in lamina II included limitrophe and central cells. Spinothalamic cells in lamina III were central cells. Most of the labelled cells in laminae IV-X were polygonal, although there were also flattened cells in these layers. The smallest spinothalamic cells were in laminae I-III, while the largest were in laminae V and VII-IX. Spinothalamic cells in the  conus medullaris included cells like those in the lumbosacral enlargement, but also a special cell type in Stilling's nucleus. Some cells in the conus had dendrites that crossed the midline. Spinothalamic axons could sometimes be traced to the ventral white commissure within one or a few sections. In longitudinal sections, most labelled axons were in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus on the side of the injection, although a few were in the ventral funiculus or on the contralateral side. The axons were widely dispersed, and a few were located adjacent to the pia-glial membrane.", "contents": "The cells of origin of the primate spinothalamic tract. Spinothalamic tract cells in the lumbar, sacral and caudal segments of the primate spinal cord were labelled by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the thalamus. The laminar distribution of stained spinothalamic cells in the lumbosacral enlargement differed according to whether the HRP was injected into the lateral or the medial thalamus. Lateral injections labelled cells in most laminae, but the largest numbers of cells were in laminae I and V. The highest concentrations of cells labelled from the medial thalamus were in laminae VI-VIII. Ninety percent or more of the stained spinothalamic cells in the lumbosacral enlargement were contralateral to the injection site. In the conus medullaris stained spinothalamic cells were most numerous in laminae I, V and VI following lateral thalamic injections of HRP. Many of the cells of the conus were in Stilling's nucleus. Twenty-three percent of the cells in the conus were ipsilateral to the injection site in the lateral thalamus. Only a few cells in the conus were labelled by medial thalamic injections. The total number of spinothalamic cells from L5 caudally was estimated to be at least 1,200-2,500. An injection of HRP into the midbrain resulted in laminar distribution of labelled cells much like that produced by a lateral thalamic injection. The types of spinothalamic tract cells and the sizes of their somata were determined for different laminae. The cell types resemble those already described from Golgi and other studies of the spinal cord gray matter. The spinothalamic tract cells in lamina I included Waldeyer cells and numerous small fusiform, pyriform or triangular cells. Those in lamina II included limitrophe and central cells. Spinothalamic cells in lamina III were central cells. Most of the labelled cells in laminae IV-X were polygonal, although there were also flattened cells in these layers. The smallest spinothalamic cells were in laminae I-III, while the largest were in laminae V and VII-IX. Spinothalamic cells in the  conus medullaris included cells like those in the lumbosacral enlargement, but also a special cell type in Stilling's nucleus. Some cells in the conus had dendrites that crossed the midline. Spinothalamic axons could sometimes be traced to the ventral white commissure within one or a few sections. In longitudinal sections, most labelled axons were in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus on the side of the injection, although a few were in the ventral funiculus or on the contralateral side. The axons were widely dispersed, and a few were located adjacent to the pia-glial membrane.", "PMID": 118192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13181", "title": "Nuclei in which functionally identified spinothalamic tract neurons terminate.", "content": "The approximate level of termination of the axons of individual, functionally characterized spinothalamic tract neurons within the monkey thalmus was mapped by antidromic activation using a monopolar electrode which was moved in a systematic grid of tracks through the thalamus. The course of individual axons could be followed through several thalamic levels, and in a few cases branches to both the VPL nucleus and to the intralaminar nuclei were demonstrated. Most of the axons studied, however, projected just to the VPLc or VPLo nuclei. The spinothalamic tract cells that projected to the VPLc nucleus included representative of all known functional categories: low threshold, wide dynamic range, high threshold and \"deep.\" It is speculated that these different classes of spinothalamic projections could make contributions to such sensory modalities as touch, proprioception and pain.", "contents": "Nuclei in which functionally identified spinothalamic tract neurons terminate. The approximate level of termination of the axons of individual, functionally characterized spinothalamic tract neurons within the monkey thalmus was mapped by antidromic activation using a monopolar electrode which was moved in a systematic grid of tracks through the thalamus. The course of individual axons could be followed through several thalamic levels, and in a few cases branches to both the VPL nucleus and to the intralaminar nuclei were demonstrated. Most of the axons studied, however, projected just to the VPLc or VPLo nuclei. The spinothalamic tract cells that projected to the VPLc nucleus included representative of all known functional categories: low threshold, wide dynamic range, high threshold and \"deep.\" It is speculated that these different classes of spinothalamic projections could make contributions to such sensory modalities as touch, proprioception and pain.", "PMID": 118193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13182", "title": "Invasive basal cell carcinoma with metaplastic bone formation associated with a long-standing dermatofibroma.", "content": "A nodule present for many years on the right leg of a 77-year-old woman was excised and studied by light microscopy. An invasive keratinizing basal cell carcinoma associated with metaplastic bone formation, arising within a dermatofibroma, was found.", "contents": "Invasive basal cell carcinoma with metaplastic bone formation associated with a long-standing dermatofibroma. A nodule present for many years on the right leg of a 77-year-old woman was excised and studied by light microscopy. An invasive keratinizing basal cell carcinoma associated with metaplastic bone formation, arising within a dermatofibroma, was found.", "PMID": 118199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13183", "title": "Bathing trunk nevus with extensive vascular involvement.", "content": "An extensive congenital melanocytic nevus is described which, in its deeper portion, had striking neurofibromatous features. At the dermal subcutaneous junction, there were prominent subendothelial collections of nevus cells in large veins. Similar findings have been described in neurofibromatosis. The apparent relationship of these two disorders both histologically and clinically suggests a histogenetic relationship between nevus and Schwann cells.", "contents": "Bathing trunk nevus with extensive vascular involvement. An extensive congenital melanocytic nevus is described which, in its deeper portion, had striking neurofibromatous features. At the dermal subcutaneous junction, there were prominent subendothelial collections of nevus cells in large veins. Similar findings have been described in neurofibromatosis. The apparent relationship of these two disorders both histologically and clinically suggests a histogenetic relationship between nevus and Schwann cells.", "PMID": 118200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13184", "title": "Effect of hormone and guanyl nucleotide pretreatment on the activation energy of pancreatic adenylate cyclase.", "content": "The activation energy of adenylate cyclase by p[NH]ppG in rat pancreatic plasma membranes was estimated to be 141-189 kj/mol. When a high concentration of secretin or CCK-8 (C-terminal octopeptide of cholecystokinin-pancreozimin) was added to the assay medium, the activation energy was reduced to 73 kj/mol. This hormone effect was exerted on the activation energy of the activation process of adenylate cyclase by p[NH]ppG. Indeed, when plasma membranes were preactivated with p[NH]ppG alone or with p[NH]ppG and CCK-8 and then washed, there resulted a persistent activation with low activation energy (65 and 48 kj/mol, respectively). A similar low activation energy was observed in membranes preincubated with GMP and CCK-8. The latter treatment could not induce persistent activation but facilitated the activation by p[NH]ppG, suggesting that the step of p[NP]ppG activation requiring a high activation energy in the absence of hormone had developed during preincubation with GMP and CCK-8, and had not been reversed by membrane washing. By contrast, EDTA pretreatment did not influence p[NH]ppG activation while provoking a reversible deactivation of persistently activated adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "Effect of hormone and guanyl nucleotide pretreatment on the activation energy of pancreatic adenylate cyclase. The activation energy of adenylate cyclase by p[NH]ppG in rat pancreatic plasma membranes was estimated to be 141-189 kj/mol. When a high concentration of secretin or CCK-8 (C-terminal octopeptide of cholecystokinin-pancreozimin) was added to the assay medium, the activation energy was reduced to 73 kj/mol. This hormone effect was exerted on the activation energy of the activation process of adenylate cyclase by p[NH]ppG. Indeed, when plasma membranes were preactivated with p[NH]ppG alone or with p[NH]ppG and CCK-8 and then washed, there resulted a persistent activation with low activation energy (65 and 48 kj/mol, respectively). A similar low activation energy was observed in membranes preincubated with GMP and CCK-8. The latter treatment could not induce persistent activation but facilitated the activation by p[NH]ppG, suggesting that the step of p[NP]ppG activation requiring a high activation energy in the absence of hormone had developed during preincubation with GMP and CCK-8, and had not been reversed by membrane washing. By contrast, EDTA pretreatment did not influence p[NH]ppG activation while provoking a reversible deactivation of persistently activated adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 118201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13185", "title": "[Importance of heredity in ophthalmology (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of his studies on Fabry's disease, the dyscephalic syndrome of Fran\u00e7ois, the ligneous conjunctivitis and the macular dystrophy of the cornea the author stresses the importance of heredity in ophthalmology.", "contents": "[Importance of heredity in ophthalmology (author's transl)]. On the basis of his studies on Fabry's disease, the dyscephalic syndrome of Fran\u00e7ois, the ligneous conjunctivitis and the macular dystrophy of the cornea the author stresses the importance of heredity in ophthalmology.", "PMID": 118204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13186", "title": "Long-term care standards: enforcement and compliance.", "content": "This paper discusses the regulation of long-term care in the United States. First, it addresses alternate models of regulation that potentially could explain both enforcer and provider actions. Then it describes in more detail the incentives for enforcement of regulatory standards. Empirical evidence concerning the effect of regulation on provider incomes and the relationship between reported compliance with standards and provider operating costs is examined. In the latter case, the evidence is consistent with a self-interest theory of behavior for regulatory agencies and inspectors. Ideas for reform of the long-term care marketplace are summarized in the concluding selection, with emphasis on their probable impact on enforcement of standards.", "contents": "Long-term care standards: enforcement and compliance. This paper discusses the regulation of long-term care in the United States. First, it addresses alternate models of regulation that potentially could explain both enforcer and provider actions. Then it describes in more detail the incentives for enforcement of regulatory standards. Empirical evidence concerning the effect of regulation on provider incomes and the relationship between reported compliance with standards and provider operating costs is examined. In the latter case, the evidence is consistent with a self-interest theory of behavior for regulatory agencies and inspectors. Ideas for reform of the long-term care marketplace are summarized in the concluding selection, with emphasis on their probable impact on enforcement of standards.", "PMID": 118205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13187", "title": "Double labeling immunohistochemical technique provides evidence of the specificity of glial cell markers.", "content": "Sequential treatment of rat cerebellar slices with two antisera, each specific for a different glial cell marker, revealed, by indirect immunofluroescence combined with the immunoperoxidase method on the same tissue section, that carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme II (CA II) is exclusively localized in oligodendrocytes while the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) is, as well established, a specific marker for astrocytes.", "contents": "Double labeling immunohistochemical technique provides evidence of the specificity of glial cell markers. Sequential treatment of rat cerebellar slices with two antisera, each specific for a different glial cell marker, revealed, by indirect immunofluroescence combined with the immunoperoxidase method on the same tissue section, that carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme II (CA II) is exclusively localized in oligodendrocytes while the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) is, as well established, a specific marker for astrocytes.", "PMID": 118210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13188", "title": "Infantile gastroenteritis virus.", "content": "The authors demonstrated presence of virus particles of 55--75 nm manifesting morphological properties of the virus of infantile gastroenteritis (rotavirus, orbivirus, reo-like virus) by means of the electron microscopy, when investigating samples of stools of children sufferring from non-bacterial diarrheal diseases. Stool extracts were incubated with commercial gamma globulins or with convalescent sera provoking formation of extensive immunocomplexes. The complexes do not form when stool extracts are incubated with sera obtained from initial stages of the disease. This finding is an evidence of the presence of the virus in question among our population.", "contents": "Infantile gastroenteritis virus. The authors demonstrated presence of virus particles of 55--75 nm manifesting morphological properties of the virus of infantile gastroenteritis (rotavirus, orbivirus, reo-like virus) by means of the electron microscopy, when investigating samples of stools of children sufferring from non-bacterial diarrheal diseases. Stool extracts were incubated with commercial gamma globulins or with convalescent sera provoking formation of extensive immunocomplexes. The complexes do not form when stool extracts are incubated with sera obtained from initial stages of the disease. This finding is an evidence of the presence of the virus in question among our population.", "PMID": 118211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13189", "title": "Surface K antigen in Salmonella paratyphi B.", "content": "It was established by agar immunoelectrophoresis that Salmonella paratyphi B lysate contains a large number of soluble antigens which display a varying degree of serological specifity as well as different diffusion and electrophoretic mobility. Salmonella paratyphi B was found to possess, apart from specific O and H antigens, a surface K antigen. This is a distinct antigen having strict serological specificity. Purified K antigen displayed anodic mobility in immunoelectrophoresis. A detailed study of K antigen properties in cultures treated by different methods as well as immunochemical investigations of purified K antigen showed that the surface K antigen of S. paratyphi B differs from its O, M, Vi, H and other known antigens in terms of basic characteristics.", "contents": "Surface K antigen in Salmonella paratyphi B. It was established by agar immunoelectrophoresis that Salmonella paratyphi B lysate contains a large number of soluble antigens which display a varying degree of serological specifity as well as different diffusion and electrophoretic mobility. Salmonella paratyphi B was found to possess, apart from specific O and H antigens, a surface K antigen. This is a distinct antigen having strict serological specificity. Purified K antigen displayed anodic mobility in immunoelectrophoresis. A detailed study of K antigen properties in cultures treated by different methods as well as immunochemical investigations of purified K antigen showed that the surface K antigen of S. paratyphi B differs from its O, M, Vi, H and other known antigens in terms of basic characteristics.", "PMID": 118212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13190", "title": "Profiles of fourteen specific serum proteins in children with recurrent scarlet fever.", "content": "Venous blood samples were obtained from 42 children hospitalized for the recurrent episode of scarlet fever: immediately after admission and toward the end of one week's hospitalisation, after a three-week period and at a later control after four months. The 14 specific proteins were simultaneously quantitated in the serum specimens using radial immunodiffusion on antibodyagar plates. Antistreptolysin O titres were also determined and compared with the corresponding immunoglobulin levels. However, the titres showed only minor differences in various stages of illness the course of which was mild and without complications. Serum levels of prealbumin, albumin, alpha2HS-glycoproetin, transferrin and beta 2-glycoprotein I were found decreased at the acute clinical stage. Of the \"negative acute phase reactants\" prealbumin proved to be the most expressive one. Of a triad of \"positive reactants\" the largest relative increments showed haptoglobin, its increase was twofold of orosomucoid and that threefold of ceruloplasmin. C-reactive protein was increased almost in two thirds of patients on admission, but normalized in all cases about the end of the first week of penicillin therapy. No significant changes were found for alpha 2-macroglobulin. We could demonstrate significant rise and fall of IgD concentration in serum together with IgG, IgA, and IgM, all manifested the peak values already after one week's hospitalisation. In the recurrent episode of scarlet fever IgA showed significantly minor increments compared with the first illness.", "contents": "Profiles of fourteen specific serum proteins in children with recurrent scarlet fever. Venous blood samples were obtained from 42 children hospitalized for the recurrent episode of scarlet fever: immediately after admission and toward the end of one week's hospitalisation, after a three-week period and at a later control after four months. The 14 specific proteins were simultaneously quantitated in the serum specimens using radial immunodiffusion on antibodyagar plates. Antistreptolysin O titres were also determined and compared with the corresponding immunoglobulin levels. However, the titres showed only minor differences in various stages of illness the course of which was mild and without complications. Serum levels of prealbumin, albumin, alpha2HS-glycoproetin, transferrin and beta 2-glycoprotein I were found decreased at the acute clinical stage. Of the \"negative acute phase reactants\" prealbumin proved to be the most expressive one. Of a triad of \"positive reactants\" the largest relative increments showed haptoglobin, its increase was twofold of orosomucoid and that threefold of ceruloplasmin. C-reactive protein was increased almost in two thirds of patients on admission, but normalized in all cases about the end of the first week of penicillin therapy. No significant changes were found for alpha 2-macroglobulin. We could demonstrate significant rise and fall of IgD concentration in serum together with IgG, IgA, and IgM, all manifested the peak values already after one week's hospitalisation. In the recurrent episode of scarlet fever IgA showed significantly minor increments compared with the first illness.", "PMID": 118213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13191", "title": "Wild - type Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage AP 34 transducing gentamicin-tobramycin resistance and autoplaque formation.", "content": "A method of determining antibodies by their adsorption on large-pore or surface immunosorbents with subsequent treatment of the carrier with anti-immunoglobulin serum and antiphage serum isologous to the antibodies and then with the bacteriophage, has been presented. The adsorbed virions are split off by means of papain-induced hydrolysis of the antibody complex. The antigens are determined by the reaction of phage fixing inhibition. The method permits to determine small amounts of antibodies to proteins, haptenes and cells with objective calculation of results.", "contents": "Wild - type Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage AP 34 transducing gentamicin-tobramycin resistance and autoplaque formation. A method of determining antibodies by their adsorption on large-pore or surface immunosorbents with subsequent treatment of the carrier with anti-immunoglobulin serum and antiphage serum isologous to the antibodies and then with the bacteriophage, has been presented. The adsorbed virions are split off by means of papain-induced hydrolysis of the antibody complex. The antigens are determined by the reaction of phage fixing inhibition. The method permits to determine small amounts of antibodies to proteins, haptenes and cells with objective calculation of results.", "PMID": 118214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13192", "title": "Detection of protein A-like substances on haemolytic streptococci prior to use in mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination (MRPAH).", "content": "Before mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination tests (MRPAH) can be used to measure the class of bacterial antibodies, the bacteria have to be shown to be free of Protein A or Protein A-like substances on their surfaces. Two basic procedures have been examined: haemagglutination of red cells coated with immunoglobulin by the bacteria, and the MRPAH reaction itself to reveal absorption of purified gamma Fc by the bacterial suspension. The use of a purified gamma Fc component has proved successful in providing a sensitive test for the detection of Protein A-like substances on the surface of bacterial. In addition to both the Cowan and Wood strains of Staph, aureus, strains of haemolytic streptococci of groups A, C and G had Protein A-like substances on their surfaces. In contrast, strains of group B and group D, as well as Strep. milleri, had no detectable Protein A-like activity.", "contents": "Detection of protein A-like substances on haemolytic streptococci prior to use in mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination (MRPAH). Before mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination tests (MRPAH) can be used to measure the class of bacterial antibodies, the bacteria have to be shown to be free of Protein A or Protein A-like substances on their surfaces. Two basic procedures have been examined: haemagglutination of red cells coated with immunoglobulin by the bacteria, and the MRPAH reaction itself to reveal absorption of purified gamma Fc by the bacterial suspension. The use of a purified gamma Fc component has proved successful in providing a sensitive test for the detection of Protein A-like substances on the surface of bacterial. In addition to both the Cowan and Wood strains of Staph, aureus, strains of haemolytic streptococci of groups A, C and G had Protein A-like substances on their surfaces. In contrast, strains of group B and group D, as well as Strep. milleri, had no detectable Protein A-like activity.", "PMID": 118215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13193", "title": "A comparison of the ability of beta-galactosidase and horseradish peroxidase enzyme-antibody conjugates to detect specific antibodies.", "content": "The ability of two different enzyme-antibody conjugates to detect specific antibodies has been compared. beta-Galactosidase was conjugated to antibodies raised against rabbit Fc fragments using m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was conjugated to part of the same batch of antibodies using the periodate method. The beta-galactosidase and HRP labels enabled detection of approximately 8 fmoles and 4 fmoles respectively of human growth hormone (HGH) antibodies, when their enzyme activities were measured spectrophotometrically. The detection limit of the beta-galactosidase label was increased 4-fold when a fluorimetric detection system was employed.", "contents": "A comparison of the ability of beta-galactosidase and horseradish peroxidase enzyme-antibody conjugates to detect specific antibodies. The ability of two different enzyme-antibody conjugates to detect specific antibodies has been compared. beta-Galactosidase was conjugated to antibodies raised against rabbit Fc fragments using m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was conjugated to part of the same batch of antibodies using the periodate method. The beta-galactosidase and HRP labels enabled detection of approximately 8 fmoles and 4 fmoles respectively of human growth hormone (HGH) antibodies, when their enzyme activities were measured spectrophotometrically. The detection limit of the beta-galactosidase label was increased 4-fold when a fluorimetric detection system was employed.", "PMID": 118216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13194", "title": "A radio (51Cr) micro-tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay: specific tumor-associated immunity in 3 murine tumor systems.", "content": "A radio (51Cr) micro-tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay is described. In this study, murine mononuclear cells were labeled with 51Cr, plated into tissue culture plates with different tumor extracts and counts/min (cpm) of the non-adherent cells were used as a parameter of adherence inhibition. This assay was used to measure anti-tumor immunity, in vitro, in 3 murine tumor systems: MCA-38 colon adenocarcinoma, L1210 lymphoma and P815 mastocytoma. Tumor immunity was detected using 3 doses (0.01-0.001 mg/ml) of tumor extract in the MCA-38 tumor model, and using 2 doses (0.1-0.05 mg/ml) of tumor extract in both the L1210 and P815 tumor models. It was observed that specific tumor-associated adherence inhibition could be measured in the MCA-38 tumor model between days 7 and 22 of tumor growth and in the L1210 and P815 tumor models between days 7 and 17 of tumor growth. The radio-LAI assay described is an easy, specific and reproducible way to measure tumor-associated adherence inhibition, in vitro.", "contents": "A radio (51Cr) micro-tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay: specific tumor-associated immunity in 3 murine tumor systems. A radio (51Cr) micro-tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay is described. In this study, murine mononuclear cells were labeled with 51Cr, plated into tissue culture plates with different tumor extracts and counts/min (cpm) of the non-adherent cells were used as a parameter of adherence inhibition. This assay was used to measure anti-tumor immunity, in vitro, in 3 murine tumor systems: MCA-38 colon adenocarcinoma, L1210 lymphoma and P815 mastocytoma. Tumor immunity was detected using 3 doses (0.01-0.001 mg/ml) of tumor extract in the MCA-38 tumor model, and using 2 doses (0.1-0.05 mg/ml) of tumor extract in both the L1210 and P815 tumor models. It was observed that specific tumor-associated adherence inhibition could be measured in the MCA-38 tumor model between days 7 and 22 of tumor growth and in the L1210 and P815 tumor models between days 7 and 17 of tumor growth. The radio-LAI assay described is an easy, specific and reproducible way to measure tumor-associated adherence inhibition, in vitro.", "PMID": 118217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13195", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of class-specific antibodies to Streptococcus mutans in monkey serum and saliva.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed to measure class-specific antibodies to Steptococcus mutans in the serum and saliva of monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies purified by affinity chromatography on immobilised monkey immunoglobulins and labelled with 125I were employed. Formolised cells of S. mutans and an extract of culture supernatant adsorbed to polystyrene wells were used as solid-phase antigens. The coefficients of variation for IgG, IgA and IgM assays were less than or equal to 10% for both antigen systems. Two monkeys were immunised with formolised cells of S. mutans by subcutaneous injection and subsequent instillation of bacterial cells into their right parotid ducts. IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses to S. mutans in samples of serum and saliva were quantitated by RIA. Immobilisation of purified components of S. mutans on polystyrene wells enabled the measurement of antibody response to a number of antigens to be made. The RIA is a sensitive, reproducible and quantitative method of measuring serum and salivary antibody responses in monkeys.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of class-specific antibodies to Streptococcus mutans in monkey serum and saliva. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed to measure class-specific antibodies to Steptococcus mutans in the serum and saliva of monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies purified by affinity chromatography on immobilised monkey immunoglobulins and labelled with 125I were employed. Formolised cells of S. mutans and an extract of culture supernatant adsorbed to polystyrene wells were used as solid-phase antigens. The coefficients of variation for IgG, IgA and IgM assays were less than or equal to 10% for both antigen systems. Two monkeys were immunised with formolised cells of S. mutans by subcutaneous injection and subsequent instillation of bacterial cells into their right parotid ducts. IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses to S. mutans in samples of serum and saliva were quantitated by RIA. Immobilisation of purified components of S. mutans on polystyrene wells enabled the measurement of antibody response to a number of antigens to be made. The RIA is a sensitive, reproducible and quantitative method of measuring serum and salivary antibody responses in monkeys.", "PMID": 118218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13196", "title": "Isolation and purification of bovine IgM by dissociating immunoglobulin-brucella complexes.", "content": "Methods for the dissociation of immunoglobulin-Brucella complexes (IgM-rich) were evaluated. The antigen-antibody complex was separated from serum by centrifugation and dissociated with either H2O, 2.0 M pH 2.0 glycine buffer, or various concentrations of KSCN. Optimal antibody recoveries for KSCN were obtained using 1.0--2.0 M KSCN. Dissociation of the complex with water resulted in the highest recovery of antibody and the glycine buffer was lowest. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the eluted antibody revealed the presence of IgG and IgM. At concentrations of KSCN greater than 2.5 M, albumin-like protein was also eluted from the antibody-antigen complex. The IgM could readily be separated from IgG and albumin by gel filtration. Purified IgM was Brucella specific, monodisperse, and had a sedimentation coefficient of 20.0.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of bovine IgM by dissociating immunoglobulin-brucella complexes. Methods for the dissociation of immunoglobulin-Brucella complexes (IgM-rich) were evaluated. The antigen-antibody complex was separated from serum by centrifugation and dissociated with either H2O, 2.0 M pH 2.0 glycine buffer, or various concentrations of KSCN. Optimal antibody recoveries for KSCN were obtained using 1.0--2.0 M KSCN. Dissociation of the complex with water resulted in the highest recovery of antibody and the glycine buffer was lowest. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the eluted antibody revealed the presence of IgG and IgM. At concentrations of KSCN greater than 2.5 M, albumin-like protein was also eluted from the antibody-antigen complex. The IgM could readily be separated from IgG and albumin by gel filtration. Purified IgM was Brucella specific, monodisperse, and had a sedimentation coefficient of 20.0.", "PMID": 118220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13197", "title": "Anti-tissue antibodies and immunoglobulin levels in relation to HLA and other markers in Icelandic families.", "content": "Studies of 521 sera from the Icelandic cousin marriage project were made to assess the incidence of various anti-tissue antibodies and the levels of immunoglobulins, as these were considered to be useful markers of the humoral immune response. Comparisons were made between these parameters and the HLA-A and B antigens, the blood groups, the immunoglobulin allotypes (Gm, Km and Am), the properdin factor (Bf), and other markers. These investigations offered another approach to the study of the sites of action of immune response genes in man. Because the immune response may be expected to differ for each individual and depend at least in part, on the degree of exposure to different antigens, no absolute correlation was expected. There was, however, a marked association between certain IgG anti-tissue antibodies and HLA antigens. This was most marked for HLA-A10, B18 and b27, but not for HLA-A1 or B8. The comparison of immunoglobulin levels with HLA antigens, was less striking, although HLA-A2 appeared to be associated with low levels of IgE. There were also some associations between immunoglobulin levels and ABO blood groups.", "contents": "Anti-tissue antibodies and immunoglobulin levels in relation to HLA and other markers in Icelandic families. Studies of 521 sera from the Icelandic cousin marriage project were made to assess the incidence of various anti-tissue antibodies and the levels of immunoglobulins, as these were considered to be useful markers of the humoral immune response. Comparisons were made between these parameters and the HLA-A and B antigens, the blood groups, the immunoglobulin allotypes (Gm, Km and Am), the properdin factor (Bf), and other markers. These investigations offered another approach to the study of the sites of action of immune response genes in man. Because the immune response may be expected to differ for each individual and depend at least in part, on the degree of exposure to different antigens, no absolute correlation was expected. There was, however, a marked association between certain IgG anti-tissue antibodies and HLA antigens. This was most marked for HLA-A10, B18 and b27, but not for HLA-A1 or B8. The comparison of immunoglobulin levels with HLA antigens, was less striking, although HLA-A2 appeared to be associated with low levels of IgE. There were also some associations between immunoglobulin levels and ABO blood groups.", "PMID": 118221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13198", "title": "Mk in three generations of an English family.", "content": "Mk was demonstrated in three generations of an English family. The propositus was detected as a result of an incompatibility in cross-match. General serological, biochemical and biophysical aspects have been studied.", "contents": "Mk in three generations of an English family. Mk was demonstrated in three generations of an English family. The propositus was detected as a result of an incompatibility in cross-match. General serological, biochemical and biophysical aspects have been studied.", "PMID": 118222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13199", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to hen's egg-white lysozyme in mice. I. Antibody and T-lymphocyte proliferative responses to the native protein.", "content": "We have initiated studies to determine whether the antibody and T-lymphocyte proliferative responses to lysozyme and its antigenic sites is genetically controlled in mice. Mice of the H-2f, H-2k and H-2p were high responders, while haplotypes H-2b,  H-2d, H-2r and H-2s were low responders. Studies with recombinants indicated that the immune response is controlled by two H-2I region loci, one being in the I-A subregion and the other may be in the I-C subregions.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to hen's egg-white lysozyme in mice. I. Antibody and T-lymphocyte proliferative responses to the native protein. We have initiated studies to determine whether the antibody and T-lymphocyte proliferative responses to lysozyme and its antigenic sites is genetically controlled in mice. Mice of the H-2f, H-2k and H-2p were high responders, while haplotypes H-2b,  H-2d, H-2r and H-2s were low responders. Studies with recombinants indicated that the immune response is controlled by two H-2I region loci, one being in the I-A subregion and the other may be in the I-C subregions.", "PMID": 118223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13200", "title": "B-complex genetic control of immune response to HSA, (T,G)-A--L, GT and other substances in chickens.", "content": "Immune response to poly-(L-tyrosine-L-glutamic acid)-poly-D,L-alanine-poly-L-lysine (T,G)-A--L), human serum albumin (HSA), and (L-glutamic acid50, L-tyrosine50)n (GT) was found to be linked to the B complex in an outbred line of Leghorns segregating for the B1, B2, and B19 alleles. Birds of the blood group genotypes B1B1, B2B2, and B19B19 were low, intermediate, and high responders, respectively to either (T,G)-A--L or HSA. Response to GT, however, differed, with the B2B2 genotype being the only responder. No real genotype differences in immune response to DNP-congugates and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) could be detected.", "contents": "B-complex genetic control of immune response to HSA, (T,G)-A--L, GT and other substances in chickens. Immune response to poly-(L-tyrosine-L-glutamic acid)-poly-D,L-alanine-poly-L-lysine (T,G)-A--L), human serum albumin (HSA), and (L-glutamic acid50, L-tyrosine50)n (GT) was found to be linked to the B complex in an outbred line of Leghorns segregating for the B1, B2, and B19 alleles. Birds of the blood group genotypes B1B1, B2B2, and B19B19 were low, intermediate, and high responders, respectively to either (T,G)-A--L or HSA. Response to GT, however, differed, with the B2B2 genotype being the only responder. No real genotype differences in immune response to DNP-congugates and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) could be detected.", "PMID": 118224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13201", "title": "Annual rhythms of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin and testosterone in the serum of male rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Six male rhesus monkeys were kept under rigidly controlled conditions for 1-2 years. During August of the first year a thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) test was performed on each of the monkeys by giving 10 microgram TRH as a bolus injection. Significantly increased serum prolactin levels occurred 15 min after the injection. After a training period of 2 months, during which blood samples were collected every other day by puncture of the saphenous vein, blood was collected three times a week for 14 months. Serum levels of prolactin, LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay. Mean serum prolactin levels increased significantly during June, July and August in all six animals. Peak levels were observed in August and September and then levels declined gradually to reach a minimum in April and May. Mean serum testosterone levels closely paralleled the annual pattern of prolactin. Mean serum LH levels significantly decreased during the time when mean serum prolactin and testosterone levels were increasing and they increased again at the time of decreasing mean prolactin levels, i.e. mean serum LH and prolactin were negatively correlated. In individual monkeys, however, a rigid negative correlation between serum prolactin and LH could not be demonstrated. Mean serum FSH levels did not change significantly.", "contents": "Annual rhythms of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin and testosterone in the serum of male rhesus monkeys. Six male rhesus monkeys were kept under rigidly controlled conditions for 1-2 years. During August of the first year a thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) test was performed on each of the monkeys by giving 10 microgram TRH as a bolus injection. Significantly increased serum prolactin levels occurred 15 min after the injection. After a training period of 2 months, during which blood samples were collected every other day by puncture of the saphenous vein, blood was collected three times a week for 14 months. Serum levels of prolactin, LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay. Mean serum prolactin levels increased significantly during June, July and August in all six animals. Peak levels were observed in August and September and then levels declined gradually to reach a minimum in April and May. Mean serum testosterone levels closely paralleled the annual pattern of prolactin. Mean serum LH levels significantly decreased during the time when mean serum prolactin and testosterone levels were increasing and they increased again at the time of decreasing mean prolactin levels, i.e. mean serum LH and prolactin were negatively correlated. In individual monkeys, however, a rigid negative correlation between serum prolactin and LH could not be demonstrated. Mean serum FSH levels did not change significantly.", "PMID": 118229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13202", "title": "Immediate response of 5-methoxytryptophol in the circulation to hypoglycaemic stress induced by insulin.", "content": "Pineal indoles have been shown to affect the release of anterior pituitary hormones but details of the interrelationships are lacking. Using a new gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (g.c.-m.s.) assay the concentration of 5-methoxytryptophol (ML) was measured in plasma samples obtained from 16 children undergoing investigation of pituitary function for delayed growth. All the children received an insulin tolerance test (ITT) to study their endocrine response to stress. Some children received luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) and/or thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH). The change in concentration of ML during an ITT was similar to the change in concentration of blood sugar; a drop at 20 min followed by a rise at 30 min. This was not significantly altered by the administration of LH-RH or TRH, nor was there a different pattern of response in children who were deficient in growth hormone as opposed to those with idiopathic delayed growth. The fall in concentration of ML with stress may mediate the increased secretion of pituitary hormones. Alternatively, the pineal gland may respond directly to insulin.", "contents": "Immediate response of 5-methoxytryptophol in the circulation to hypoglycaemic stress induced by insulin. Pineal indoles have been shown to affect the release of anterior pituitary hormones but details of the interrelationships are lacking. Using a new gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (g.c.-m.s.) assay the concentration of 5-methoxytryptophol (ML) was measured in plasma samples obtained from 16 children undergoing investigation of pituitary function for delayed growth. All the children received an insulin tolerance test (ITT) to study their endocrine response to stress. Some children received luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) and/or thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH). The change in concentration of ML during an ITT was similar to the change in concentration of blood sugar; a drop at 20 min followed by a rise at 30 min. This was not significantly altered by the administration of LH-RH or TRH, nor was there a different pattern of response in children who were deficient in growth hormone as opposed to those with idiopathic delayed growth. The fall in concentration of ML with stress may mediate the increased secretion of pituitary hormones. Alternatively, the pineal gland may respond directly to insulin.", "PMID": 118230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13203", "title": "Wall-associated protein antigens of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "When heat-killed whole organisms of Streptococcus mutans strain Ingbritt (serotype c) were injected into rabbits, antibodies to at least 12 antigens were detectable by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In contrast, when rabbits were immunized with organisms which had been subjected to extraction with the detergent sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), antibodies to only two protein antigens were found. These two proteins (A and B), while existing in a form apparently closely associated with peptidoglycan, could also be recovered from homogenates of whole organisms after sonication and from culture filtrates. Antigenic material was excreted throughout growth. SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis showed A to have a molecular weight of 29 000, while B had a molecular weight of 190 000. Antigen B was purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. All of six strains of serotype c examined produced antigen B. Strains of serotypes e and f also produce antigenically identical proteins and strains of serotypes d and g produce proteins which cross-reacted with antigen B. Antigen B was specifically precipitated by rabbit antiserum to human heart tissue.", "contents": "Wall-associated protein antigens of Streptococcus mutans. When heat-killed whole organisms of Streptococcus mutans strain Ingbritt (serotype c) were injected into rabbits, antibodies to at least 12 antigens were detectable by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In contrast, when rabbits were immunized with organisms which had been subjected to extraction with the detergent sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), antibodies to only two protein antigens were found. These two proteins (A and B), while existing in a form apparently closely associated with peptidoglycan, could also be recovered from homogenates of whole organisms after sonication and from culture filtrates. Antigenic material was excreted throughout growth. SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis showed A to have a molecular weight of 29 000, while B had a molecular weight of 190 000. Antigen B was purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. All of six strains of serotype c examined produced antigen B. Strains of serotypes e and f also produce antigenically identical proteins and strains of serotypes d and g produce proteins which cross-reacted with antigen B. Antigen B was specifically precipitated by rabbit antiserum to human heart tissue.", "PMID": 118231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13204", "title": "The distribution of isoprenoid quinones in streptococci of serological groups D and N.", "content": "The isoprenoid quinone contents of streptococci of serological groups D and N were investigated. Streptococcus faecalis, S. faecalis subsp. liquefaciens and S. faecalis subsp. zymogenes strains contained demethylmenaquinones with nine isoprene units as their major isoprenologues. Menaquinones with eight isoprene units predominated in S. faecium subsp. casseliflavus and S. faecium subsp. mobilis whereas menaquinones with nine isoprene units constituted the major components in strains of S. cremoris, S. cremoris subsp. alactosus, S. lactis and S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis. Strains of S. avium, S. bovis, S. durans, S. equinus, S. faecium, S. raffinolactis and S. suis contained neither menaquinones nor ubiquinones. The isoprenoid quinone data correlate well with other kinds of data on these organisms and are of value in the classification of these bacteria.", "contents": "The distribution of isoprenoid quinones in streptococci of serological groups D and N. The isoprenoid quinone contents of streptococci of serological groups D and N were investigated. Streptococcus faecalis, S. faecalis subsp. liquefaciens and S. faecalis subsp. zymogenes strains contained demethylmenaquinones with nine isoprene units as their major isoprenologues. Menaquinones with eight isoprene units predominated in S. faecium subsp. casseliflavus and S. faecium subsp. mobilis whereas menaquinones with nine isoprene units constituted the major components in strains of S. cremoris, S. cremoris subsp. alactosus, S. lactis and S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis. Strains of S. avium, S. bovis, S. durans, S. equinus, S. faecium, S. raffinolactis and S. suis contained neither menaquinones nor ubiquinones. The isoprenoid quinone data correlate well with other kinds of data on these organisms and are of value in the classification of these bacteria.", "PMID": 118232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13205", "title": "Virulence factors in Bacillus thuringiensis: purification and properties of a protein inhibitor of immunity in insects.", "content": "We have previously shown that Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. alesti, serotype 3, produces two extracellular inhibitors of the immune system of Saturniid pupae (designated inhibitors A and B; Edlund et al., 1976). Starting from the culture supernatant of a new mutant of B. thuringiensis with a decreased extracellular proteolytic activity, we have now purified immune inhibitor A(InA). The procedure described consists of three steps: ultrafiltration, precipitation with ammonium sulphate and chromatography on hydroxylapatite. Purified InA gave a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using either a gel concentration of 7.5% (w/v) and reducing and denaturing conditions or a gradient gel and native conditions. In both cases the apparent molecular weight was 78 000. A certain amount of proteolytic activity was always co-purified with InA but the two activities could be dissociated by heat or EDTA treatment. Antiserum against purified InA gave only one sharp precipitation band on immunodiffusion against InA with or without EDTA. InA inhibited the in vitro killing of Escherichia coli by immune haemolymph but did not affect the killing of Bacillus subtilis. InA was toxic for Drosophila when injected into the abdomen of adult male flies.", "contents": "Virulence factors in Bacillus thuringiensis: purification and properties of a protein inhibitor of immunity in insects. We have previously shown that Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. alesti, serotype 3, produces two extracellular inhibitors of the immune system of Saturniid pupae (designated inhibitors A and B; Edlund et al., 1976). Starting from the culture supernatant of a new mutant of B. thuringiensis with a decreased extracellular proteolytic activity, we have now purified immune inhibitor A(InA). The procedure described consists of three steps: ultrafiltration, precipitation with ammonium sulphate and chromatography on hydroxylapatite. Purified InA gave a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using either a gel concentration of 7.5% (w/v) and reducing and denaturing conditions or a gradient gel and native conditions. In both cases the apparent molecular weight was 78 000. A certain amount of proteolytic activity was always co-purified with InA but the two activities could be dissociated by heat or EDTA treatment. Antiserum against purified InA gave only one sharp precipitation band on immunodiffusion against InA with or without EDTA. InA inhibited the in vitro killing of Escherichia coli by immune haemolymph but did not affect the killing of Bacillus subtilis. InA was toxic for Drosophila when injected into the abdomen of adult male flies.", "PMID": 118233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13206", "title": "Molecular basis of altered enzyme specificities in a family of mutant amidases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A family of mutant amidases has been derived by experimental evolution of the aliphatic amidase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAC1. Mutation amiE16, in the structural gene for the enzyme, results in the production of the mutant B amidase by strain B6. This strain, unlike the wild-type, can utilize butyramide for growth. Strain B6 gave rise by a single mutational event to strain V9, utilizing valeramide, and strain PhB3, utilizing phenylacetamide. Strain V9 was not itself able to utilize phenylacetamide but gave rise by mutation to the phenylacetamide-utilizing mutant PhV1. Peptide 108 was isolated from chymotryptic digests of mutant amidases from strains B6, PhB3 and PhV1, but could not be detected in chymotryptic digests of the wild-type amidase. The sequence of peptide 108 was established as Met-Arg-His-Gly-Asp-Ile-Phe. Thermolytic digests of mutant amidases from strains B6, PhB3, PhV1 and V9 were compared with digests of the wild-type amidase. A peptide of the composition Met, Arg, His, Gly2, Asp3, Ile, Ser3, Thr, Val was found in the digest of the wild-type amidase and was replaced in the digests of the mutant amidases by a peptide of the composition Met, Arg, His, Gly2, Asp3, Ile, Ser3, Thr, Val, Phe. Mutation amiE16 is common to the four mutant enzymes and can be accounted for by the mutation Ser leads to Phe.  The sequence of the chymotryptic peptide corresponds with the N-terminal sequence of the amidase protein, and can also be related to the thermolysin peptides. It is concluded that mutation amiE16 is a Ser leads to Phe change at position 7 from the N-terminus and the effect of this on the enzyme conformation is discussed.", "contents": "Molecular basis of altered enzyme specificities in a family of mutant amidases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A family of mutant amidases has been derived by experimental evolution of the aliphatic amidase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAC1. Mutation amiE16, in the structural gene for the enzyme, results in the production of the mutant B amidase by strain B6. This strain, unlike the wild-type, can utilize butyramide for growth. Strain B6 gave rise by a single mutational event to strain V9, utilizing valeramide, and strain PhB3, utilizing phenylacetamide. Strain V9 was not itself able to utilize phenylacetamide but gave rise by mutation to the phenylacetamide-utilizing mutant PhV1. Peptide 108 was isolated from chymotryptic digests of mutant amidases from strains B6, PhB3 and PhV1, but could not be detected in chymotryptic digests of the wild-type amidase. The sequence of peptide 108 was established as Met-Arg-His-Gly-Asp-Ile-Phe. Thermolytic digests of mutant amidases from strains B6, PhB3, PhV1 and V9 were compared with digests of the wild-type amidase. A peptide of the composition Met, Arg, His, Gly2, Asp3, Ile, Ser3, Thr, Val was found in the digest of the wild-type amidase and was replaced in the digests of the mutant amidases by a peptide of the composition Met, Arg, His, Gly2, Asp3, Ile, Ser3, Thr, Val, Phe. Mutation amiE16 is common to the four mutant enzymes and can be accounted for by the mutation Ser leads to Phe.  The sequence of the chymotryptic peptide corresponds with the N-terminal sequence of the amidase protein, and can also be related to the thermolysin peptides. It is concluded that mutation amiE16 is a Ser leads to Phe change at position 7 from the N-terminus and the effect of this on the enzyme conformation is discussed.", "PMID": 118234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13207", "title": "Characterization of infection and replication of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus in human cell cultures.", "content": "Human cells derived from both normal and neoplastic tissues can be infected by Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) without accompanying cytopathology. Infection of cell cultures such as human rhabdomyosarcoma (A204) results in a persistenly infected cell line which can be subcultured over 30 sequential culture passages without significant change in phenotype properties according to reverse, transcriptase (RT), MPMV p27 antigen content, virus particle count and infectivity titre. Productive virus infections were established at relatively low virus particle (VP) input multiplicities (p.i.m.; about 0.06 VP/cell) In A204 cell cultures. At higher p.i.m. (about 600 to 6000 VP/cell) newly synthesized virus was detected within 4 days post infection. Although virus production was cumulative following primary infection, after subculture of infected cultures MPVM production was greater during active cell division. Using synchronization techniques, MPMV replication in persistently infected cultures was found to be cell cycle-dependent. The major internal antigen, p27, was synthesized in G2 and newly synthesized virus particles were released predominantly during mitosis and early G1. Colcemid arrest of cells during mitosis inhibited subsequent MPMV release. Consequently, production of extracellular virus depends upon the progression of cells through the mitotic stage. These data, which provided a basic understanding of the virus-host relationship that occurs in primate cells productively infected with MPMV, were used as a guideline for isolating MPMV-like viruses from experimentally and naturally infected Rhesus monkey.", "contents": "Characterization of infection and replication of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus in human cell cultures. Human cells derived from both normal and neoplastic tissues can be infected by Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) without accompanying cytopathology. Infection of cell cultures such as human rhabdomyosarcoma (A204) results in a persistenly infected cell line which can be subcultured over 30 sequential culture passages without significant change in phenotype properties according to reverse, transcriptase (RT), MPMV p27 antigen content, virus particle count and infectivity titre. Productive virus infections were established at relatively low virus particle (VP) input multiplicities (p.i.m.; about 0.06 VP/cell) In A204 cell cultures. At higher p.i.m. (about 600 to 6000 VP/cell) newly synthesized virus was detected within 4 days post infection. Although virus production was cumulative following primary infection, after subculture of infected cultures MPVM production was greater during active cell division. Using synchronization techniques, MPMV replication in persistently infected cultures was found to be cell cycle-dependent. The major internal antigen, p27, was synthesized in G2 and newly synthesized virus particles were released predominantly during mitosis and early G1. Colcemid arrest of cells during mitosis inhibited subsequent MPMV release. Consequently, production of extracellular virus depends upon the progression of cells through the mitotic stage. These data, which provided a basic understanding of the virus-host relationship that occurs in primate cells productively infected with MPMV, were used as a guideline for isolating MPMV-like viruses from experimentally and naturally infected Rhesus monkey.", "PMID": 118235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13208", "title": "Pneumoviruses: the cell surface of lytically and persistently infected cells.", "content": "Human embryonic lung (MRC-5), feline embryo (FEA), mink lung (Mv1Lu) and monkey kidney (BSC-1) cells infected by respiratory syncytial virus showed characteristic morphological changes when viewed by scanning electron microscopy. The surfaces of respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells developed a profusion of slender filaments after 48 h incubation at 31 degrees C. Similar changes in surface morphology were observed in BSC-1 cells infected by murine pneumonia virus. Filament production therefore appears to be a common property of pneumo-viruses. Filaments were not observed in cells infected with either syncytial and non-syncytial herpes simplex virus, the cytocidal vesicular stomatitis and Batai (Bunyaviridae) viruses, or the focus-inducing rabbit fibroma virus. Filament production was not observed in cells infected with ts mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus during incubation at the restrictive temperature, or in a persistently infected culture of BSC-1 cells at 37 degrees C. The persistently infected cells (the RS ts 1/BSC-1 line) had some of the characteristics of cells transformed by oncogenic viruses, namely ability to overlap adjacent cells and agglutination by a low concentration of concanavalin A. The pseudo-transformed phenotype was temperature-dependent, however, and suppressed by raising the temperature of incubation to 39 degrees C. The presence of virus antigen at the cell surface was similarly temperature-dependent in these cells, diminished at high temperature (39 degrees C) and enhanced at low temperature (31 degrees C), suggesting that the changes in the host cell were the result of insertion of virus protein into the cell membrane. Evidently, persistent infection by a cytoplasmic virus can produce alterations in the host cell usually associated with transformation by nuclear viruses.", "contents": "Pneumoviruses: the cell surface of lytically and persistently infected cells. Human embryonic lung (MRC-5), feline embryo (FEA), mink lung (Mv1Lu) and monkey kidney (BSC-1) cells infected by respiratory syncytial virus showed characteristic morphological changes when viewed by scanning electron microscopy. The surfaces of respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells developed a profusion of slender filaments after 48 h incubation at 31 degrees C. Similar changes in surface morphology were observed in BSC-1 cells infected by murine pneumonia virus. Filament production therefore appears to be a common property of pneumo-viruses. Filaments were not observed in cells infected with either syncytial and non-syncytial herpes simplex virus, the cytocidal vesicular stomatitis and Batai (Bunyaviridae) viruses, or the focus-inducing rabbit fibroma virus. Filament production was not observed in cells infected with ts mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus during incubation at the restrictive temperature, or in a persistently infected culture of BSC-1 cells at 37 degrees C. The persistently infected cells (the RS ts 1/BSC-1 line) had some of the characteristics of cells transformed by oncogenic viruses, namely ability to overlap adjacent cells and agglutination by a low concentration of concanavalin A. The pseudo-transformed phenotype was temperature-dependent, however, and suppressed by raising the temperature of incubation to 39 degrees C. The presence of virus antigen at the cell surface was similarly temperature-dependent in these cells, diminished at high temperature (39 degrees C) and enhanced at low temperature (31 degrees C), suggesting that the changes in the host cell were the result of insertion of virus protein into the cell membrane. Evidently, persistent infection by a cytoplasmic virus can produce alterations in the host cell usually associated with transformation by nuclear viruses.", "PMID": 118236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13209", "title": "Comparison of the structural properties of Sindbis and Semliki forest virus nucleocapsids.", "content": "The envelope spikes of Sindbis and Semliki Forest virus are arranged in a T = 4 icosahedral surface lattice and, by deduction, it has been suggested that the nucleocapsid proteins are similarly arranged. After treatment of the virions with a non-ionic detergent the released nucleocapsids sediment in sucrose gradients at about 160S and 150S and have densities in CsCl of 1.42 g/ml and 1.425 g/ml, respectively, for Sindbis and Semliki Forest virus. At pH 6.0 Sindbis nucleocapsids do not contract like those of Semliki Forest virus. Nucleocapsids of both viruses are sensitive to the action of ribonuclease but only those of Semliki Forest virus undergo a drastic structural rearrangement due to the treatment. EDTA treatment in hypotonic conditions results in a decrease in the S-value for both particles. Electron micrographs show that the SFV nucleocapsids are partly 'unfolded' while those of Sindbis appear slightly contracted after exposure to EDTA.", "contents": "Comparison of the structural properties of Sindbis and Semliki forest virus nucleocapsids. The envelope spikes of Sindbis and Semliki Forest virus are arranged in a T = 4 icosahedral surface lattice and, by deduction, it has been suggested that the nucleocapsid proteins are similarly arranged. After treatment of the virions with a non-ionic detergent the released nucleocapsids sediment in sucrose gradients at about 160S and 150S and have densities in CsCl of 1.42 g/ml and 1.425 g/ml, respectively, for Sindbis and Semliki Forest virus. At pH 6.0 Sindbis nucleocapsids do not contract like those of Semliki Forest virus. Nucleocapsids of both viruses are sensitive to the action of ribonuclease but only those of Semliki Forest virus undergo a drastic structural rearrangement due to the treatment. EDTA treatment in hypotonic conditions results in a decrease in the S-value for both particles. Electron micrographs show that the SFV nucleocapsids are partly 'unfolded' while those of Sindbis appear slightly contracted after exposure to EDTA.", "PMID": 118237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13210", "title": "Changes in the virus-host cell relationship in a stable non-virogenic cell line persistently infected with measles virus (BGM/MV).", "content": "A non-virogenic African green monkey kidney cell line BGM/MV persistently infected with a neurotropic mouse brain-adapted strain of measles virus, was found to have undergone significant changes in the virus-host cell relationship between passages 35 and 119. Rather than the stable non-cytopathic relationship previously reported in which approximately 100% of the cells contained measles antigens and less than 1% of the cells expressed cell surface measles antigen, we observed cyclic manifestations of c.p.e. together with changes in the percentage of cells expressing intracellular and cell surface measles antigens. Treatment of BGM/MV cells with actinomycin D effected an increase in the percentage of cells expressing cell surface virus haemagglutinin (HA) at times when the percentage of cells with surface HA was less than the percentage of cells with intracellular measles antigens. Superinfection studies employing measles virus and vesicular stomatitis virus revealed a consonant cyclic refractivity and essentially no refractivity, respectively. Endogenous, infectious measles virus was not detected nor was interferon. It was concluded that a host cell factor other than interferon was modulating the cyclic expression of the measles virus infection.", "contents": "Changes in the virus-host cell relationship in a stable non-virogenic cell line persistently infected with measles virus (BGM/MV). A non-virogenic African green monkey kidney cell line BGM/MV persistently infected with a neurotropic mouse brain-adapted strain of measles virus, was found to have undergone significant changes in the virus-host cell relationship between passages 35 and 119. Rather than the stable non-cytopathic relationship previously reported in which approximately 100% of the cells contained measles antigens and less than 1% of the cells expressed cell surface measles antigen, we observed cyclic manifestations of c.p.e. together with changes in the percentage of cells expressing intracellular and cell surface measles antigens. Treatment of BGM/MV cells with actinomycin D effected an increase in the percentage of cells expressing cell surface virus haemagglutinin (HA) at times when the percentage of cells with surface HA was less than the percentage of cells with intracellular measles antigens. Superinfection studies employing measles virus and vesicular stomatitis virus revealed a consonant cyclic refractivity and essentially no refractivity, respectively. Endogenous, infectious measles virus was not detected nor was interferon. It was concluded that a host cell factor other than interferon was modulating the cyclic expression of the measles virus infection.", "PMID": 118238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13211", "title": "Anti-riboflavin activity of 8-O-alkyl derivatives of riboflavin in some Gram-positive bacteria.", "content": "Two new 8-O-alkyl derivatives of riboflavin (RF), i.e., 8-methoxy- (MOF), and 8-ethoxy-8-demethyl-D-riboflavin (EOF), their tetraacetate, and the tetraacetate of 8-hydroxy-8-demethyl-D-riboflavin (HOF) were synthesized. The anti-RF activity of MOF, EOF and HOF was estimated from the ratio CR/CI, where CI is the concentration of test flavin added to the culture medium and CR is the minimum concentration of RF needed to restore the growth inhibition. Their activity was also compared with that of roseoflavin (RoF). The decreasing order of anti-RF activity was as follows: MOF greater than RoF greater than EOF in Sarcina lutea: RoF greater than MOF greater than EOF in Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. HOF showed no activity in any of the bacteria tested. The redox potential of these compounds decreases as follows: RF greater than RoF greater than EOF greater than MOF greater than HOF, and the RF activity of MOF and EOF could be explained by the redox potential difference between these compounds and RF.", "contents": "Anti-riboflavin activity of 8-O-alkyl derivatives of riboflavin in some Gram-positive bacteria. Two new 8-O-alkyl derivatives of riboflavin (RF), i.e., 8-methoxy- (MOF), and 8-ethoxy-8-demethyl-D-riboflavin (EOF), their tetraacetate, and the tetraacetate of 8-hydroxy-8-demethyl-D-riboflavin (HOF) were synthesized. The anti-RF activity of MOF, EOF and HOF was estimated from the ratio CR/CI, where CI is the concentration of test flavin added to the culture medium and CR is the minimum concentration of RF needed to restore the growth inhibition. Their activity was also compared with that of roseoflavin (RoF). The decreasing order of anti-RF activity was as follows: MOF greater than RoF greater than EOF in Sarcina lutea: RoF greater than MOF greater than EOF in Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. HOF showed no activity in any of the bacteria tested. The redox potential of these compounds decreases as follows: RF greater than RoF greater than EOF greater than MOF greater than HOF, and the RF activity of MOF and EOF could be explained by the redox potential difference between these compounds and RF.", "PMID": 118241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13212", "title": "The biosynthetic pathway of L-ascorbic acid in Euglena gracilis Z.", "content": "D-Glucose and D-galactose were the starting materials of L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis as evidenced by feeding experiments of unlabeled and labeled sugars, but D-glucose was the more effective precursor. The addition of various acid derivatives of D-glucose and D-galactose, with the exception of D-glucono-delta-lactone, considerably augmented L-ascorbic acid formation. D-Galacturonic acid and L-galactono-gamma-lactone showed greater effects than did D-glucurono-gamma-lactone and L-gulono-gamma-lactone. The results of isotopic dilution experiments also showed the preference for the galacto-configuration. Fed U-14C-D-glucose was transformed into labeled D-galacturonic acid to a greater extent than into labeled D-glucuronic acid, and added D-galacturonic acid only caused extensive accumulation of labeled D-galacturonic acid. These results together show that the pathway involving D-galacturonic acid and L-galactono-gamma-lactone is the major one, the one involving D-glucuronic acid L-gulono-gamma-lactone being the minor one. A likely pathway for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis in Euglena is proposed in the Scheme, which thus involves uronic acid intermediates and configurational inversion.", "contents": "The biosynthetic pathway of L-ascorbic acid in Euglena gracilis Z. D-Glucose and D-galactose were the starting materials of L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis as evidenced by feeding experiments of unlabeled and labeled sugars, but D-glucose was the more effective precursor. The addition of various acid derivatives of D-glucose and D-galactose, with the exception of D-glucono-delta-lactone, considerably augmented L-ascorbic acid formation. D-Galacturonic acid and L-galactono-gamma-lactone showed greater effects than did D-glucurono-gamma-lactone and L-gulono-gamma-lactone. The results of isotopic dilution experiments also showed the preference for the galacto-configuration. Fed U-14C-D-glucose was transformed into labeled D-galacturonic acid to a greater extent than into labeled D-glucuronic acid, and added D-galacturonic acid only caused extensive accumulation of labeled D-galacturonic acid. These results together show that the pathway involving D-galacturonic acid and L-galactono-gamma-lactone is the major one, the one involving D-glucuronic acid L-gulono-gamma-lactone being the minor one. A likely pathway for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis in Euglena is proposed in the Scheme, which thus involves uronic acid intermediates and configurational inversion.", "PMID": 118242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13213", "title": "Long-term prognosis of early epilepsy in juvenile head-injured patients (preliminary results).", "content": "The authors present the results of a long-term follow up of 52 juvenile head-injured patients who showed early epileptic seizures. The purpose of this study is to stress the role of long-term prognosis in the early seizures and to determine in which cases a treatment preventing late seizures is eligible. They consider long-term prognosis as to be favourable. Late epilepsy occurred in 15.3% of the cases and responded favourably to anticonvulsive therapy. They suggest prophylaptic treatment in those patients who had loss of consciousness immediately after trauma, recurring seizures, coma and/or surgery.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis of early epilepsy in juvenile head-injured patients (preliminary results). The authors present the results of a long-term follow up of 52 juvenile head-injured patients who showed early epileptic seizures. The purpose of this study is to stress the role of long-term prognosis in the early seizures and to determine in which cases a treatment preventing late seizures is eligible. They consider long-term prognosis as to be favourable. Late epilepsy occurred in 15.3% of the cases and responded favourably to anticonvulsive therapy. They suggest prophylaptic treatment in those patients who had loss of consciousness immediately after trauma, recurring seizures, coma and/or surgery.", "PMID": 118240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13214", "title": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for human seminal plasma inhibin.", "content": "Using a homogeneous inhibin preparation from human seminal plasma with a molecular weight of about 19 000, a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for inhibin has been developed. None of the purified hormones tested, such as LH, FSH and prolactin from different species, showed any cross-reaction in this RIA. Steroid hormones such as testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone did not interfere with the assay. The antiserum had an affinity constant (Ka) of 2.379 X 10(9). The assay sensitivity was 10-15 ng per tube and the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 5-7% (n = 6) and 15% (n = 10) respectively. The recovery for inhibin added to the serum of a castrated man was 95-110%. Using this RIA, inhibin levels in various biological fluids and tissues were measured. Normo-spermic semen contained significantly higher levels of inhibin than did oligospermic semen. Human prostate contained a substantial quantity of inhibin. Monkey semen, rat serum, and bovine, ovine and porcine follicular fluids cross-reacted in the RIA, while ram testicular inhibin and bull semen did not do so. In developing (9-28 days of age) male rats, circulating inhibin levels showed an inverse relationship with serum FSH levels. In female rats of this age endogenous inhibin concentrations changed in parallel with those of serum FSH.", "contents": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for human seminal plasma inhibin. Using a homogeneous inhibin preparation from human seminal plasma with a molecular weight of about 19 000, a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for inhibin has been developed. None of the purified hormones tested, such as LH, FSH and prolactin from different species, showed any cross-reaction in this RIA. Steroid hormones such as testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone did not interfere with the assay. The antiserum had an affinity constant (Ka) of 2.379 X 10(9). The assay sensitivity was 10-15 ng per tube and the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 5-7% (n = 6) and 15% (n = 10) respectively. The recovery for inhibin added to the serum of a castrated man was 95-110%. Using this RIA, inhibin levels in various biological fluids and tissues were measured. Normo-spermic semen contained significantly higher levels of inhibin than did oligospermic semen. Human prostate contained a substantial quantity of inhibin. Monkey semen, rat serum, and bovine, ovine and porcine follicular fluids cross-reacted in the RIA, while ram testicular inhibin and bull semen did not do so. In developing (9-28 days of age) male rats, circulating inhibin levels showed an inverse relationship with serum FSH levels. In female rats of this age endogenous inhibin concentrations changed in parallel with those of serum FSH.", "PMID": 118250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13215", "title": "Synthesis of 4-alkyl and 4-(beta-alkylvinyl) derivatives of primaquine as potential antimalarials.", "content": "4(beta-Alkylvinyl)-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinolines (6) were prepared from 6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline-4-carboxaldehyde (5) via a Wittig reaction. Stannous chloride reduction of 6 gave 4-(beta-alkylvinyl)-8-amino-6-methoxyquinolines (8), whereas catalytic reduction of 6 using Raney nickel catalyst gave 4-alkyl-8-amino-6-methoxyquinolines (7). Alkylation of 7 and 8 with 4-iodo-1-phthalimidopentane, followed by removal of the phthaloyl-protecting group with hydrazine, gave 4-alkyl and 4-(beta-alkylvinyl) derivatives of primiquine, respectively. These compounds were evaluated for antimalarial activity against P. berghei and P. berghei yoelii in mice and against P. cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys. Several of the compounds were active in the P. bergheii yoelii screen. None of the compounds showed significant activity in the other two screens.", "contents": "Synthesis of 4-alkyl and 4-(beta-alkylvinyl) derivatives of primaquine as potential antimalarials. 4(beta-Alkylvinyl)-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinolines (6) were prepared from 6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline-4-carboxaldehyde (5) via a Wittig reaction. Stannous chloride reduction of 6 gave 4-(beta-alkylvinyl)-8-amino-6-methoxyquinolines (8), whereas catalytic reduction of 6 using Raney nickel catalyst gave 4-alkyl-8-amino-6-methoxyquinolines (7). Alkylation of 7 and 8 with 4-iodo-1-phthalimidopentane, followed by removal of the phthaloyl-protecting group with hydrazine, gave 4-alkyl and 4-(beta-alkylvinyl) derivatives of primiquine, respectively. These compounds were evaluated for antimalarial activity against P. berghei and P. berghei yoelii in mice and against P. cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys. Several of the compounds were active in the P. bergheii yoelii screen. None of the compounds showed significant activity in the other two screens.", "PMID": 118257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13216", "title": "In vivo and in vitro effects of gold salts on lymphocyte transformation responses and antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "In vivo, gold salts have been shown to induce disease remission in rheumatoid arthritis. In some patients, this is associated with a return to normal of suppressed lymphocyte responses to mitogens and antigens. This study demonstrates that gold salts will suppress lymphocyte transformation in vitro but do not affect antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This suppression appears to be dose-related. In contrast to previous studies, evidence is provided to suggest that the suppression of lymphocyte responses by gold may at least in part be due to a direct toxic effect of myochrisine on the cultured cells.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro effects of gold salts on lymphocyte transformation responses and antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In vivo, gold salts have been shown to induce disease remission in rheumatoid arthritis. In some patients, this is associated with a return to normal of suppressed lymphocyte responses to mitogens and antigens. This study demonstrates that gold salts will suppress lymphocyte transformation in vitro but do not affect antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This suppression appears to be dose-related. In contrast to previous studies, evidence is provided to suggest that the suppression of lymphocyte responses by gold may at least in part be due to a direct toxic effect of myochrisine on the cultured cells.", "PMID": 118255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13217", "title": "Nucleoside conjugates as potential antitumor agents. 2. Synthesis and biological activity of 1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine conjugates of prednisolone and prednisone.", "content": "Two of the new anticancer drugs recently synthesized in our laboratory from conjugation of ara-C2 and several corticosteroids linked through a phosphodiester bond include prednisolone- (I) and prednisone-p-ara-C (II). They were demonstrated to be enzymatically hydrolyzed to the corresponding steroid and ara-CMP and the latter was further shown to be hydrolyzed to ara-C by phosphodiesterase I, snake venom, 5'-nucleotidase, and acid phosphatase. However, the conjugates were shown to be resistant to hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase. The activity of conjugates I and II against L1210 lymphoid leukemia in female mice (C3D2F1/J) was significantly greater than that of ara-C alone or in combination with the steroid. In fact, when the optimum dosage of 75 (mumol/kg)/day x 5 was used, the administration of ara-C alone was followed by an increased life span (ILS) of 45%. This result is similar to that previously reported. With the same equimolar doses of mixtures of ara-C and either prednisolone or prednisone, the ILS values were 40 and 44%, respectively. However, when the conjugates were used, the ILS values were 89 and 100% respectively. These findings seem promising and have provided the bases for continued study of these new compounds.", "contents": "Nucleoside conjugates as potential antitumor agents. 2. Synthesis and biological activity of 1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine conjugates of prednisolone and prednisone. Two of the new anticancer drugs recently synthesized in our laboratory from conjugation of ara-C2 and several corticosteroids linked through a phosphodiester bond include prednisolone- (I) and prednisone-p-ara-C (II). They were demonstrated to be enzymatically hydrolyzed to the corresponding steroid and ara-CMP and the latter was further shown to be hydrolyzed to ara-C by phosphodiesterase I, snake venom, 5'-nucleotidase, and acid phosphatase. However, the conjugates were shown to be resistant to hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase. The activity of conjugates I and II against L1210 lymphoid leukemia in female mice (C3D2F1/J) was significantly greater than that of ara-C alone or in combination with the steroid. In fact, when the optimum dosage of 75 (mumol/kg)/day x 5 was used, the administration of ara-C alone was followed by an increased life span (ILS) of 45%. This result is similar to that previously reported. With the same equimolar doses of mixtures of ara-C and either prednisolone or prednisone, the ILS values were 40 and 44%, respectively. However, when the conjugates were used, the ILS values were 89 and 100% respectively. These findings seem promising and have provided the bases for continued study of these new compounds.", "PMID": 118258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13218", "title": "Clinical forms of meningococcal arthritis: a study of five cases.", "content": "Five cases of meningococcal arthritis are described. Two clinical forms were observed: an early-onset acute polyarthritis (Type I) and a late-onset subacute monoarthritis (Type II). The 2 clinical subsets may represent sequential stages, an early bacteremic and a late stage of joint localization. To improve patient classification, diagnostic criteria are proposed.", "contents": "Clinical forms of meningococcal arthritis: a study of five cases. Five cases of meningococcal arthritis are described. Two clinical forms were observed: an early-onset acute polyarthritis (Type I) and a late-onset subacute monoarthritis (Type II). The 2 clinical subsets may represent sequential stages, an early bacteremic and a late stage of joint localization. To improve patient classification, diagnostic criteria are proposed.", "PMID": 118256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13219", "title": "Precipitation membrane effects in biologic membranes: the role of calcium.", "content": "Biologic membranes display rectification of electrical current, as well as other properties, in many respects similar to precipitation membranes. The experiments reported here, performed in frog skin, show that these characteristics are dependent upon the presence of calcium. Upon elimination of calcium from the bathing solution, the property of electrical rectification is lost, the current-voltage relation assuming a linear form. Readministration of calcium brings about complete recovery of the rectification pattern. This behavior is analogous to chemical deconditioning of precipitation membranes. Our findings support the assumption that the binding of calcium in biologic membranes produces electrical effects characteristic of precipitation membranes.", "contents": "Precipitation membrane effects in biologic membranes: the role of calcium. Biologic membranes display rectification of electrical current, as well as other properties, in many respects similar to precipitation membranes. The experiments reported here, performed in frog skin, show that these characteristics are dependent upon the presence of calcium. Upon elimination of calcium from the bathing solution, the property of electrical rectification is lost, the current-voltage relation assuming a linear form. Readministration of calcium brings about complete recovery of the rectification pattern. This behavior is analogous to chemical deconditioning of precipitation membranes. Our findings support the assumption that the binding of calcium in biologic membranes produces electrical effects characteristic of precipitation membranes.", "PMID": 118260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13220", "title": "Immunobiology of schistosomiasis.", "content": "Although malaria and hookworm disease appear to be on the decline, another dreaded parasitic disease-schistosomiasis-is on the increase. Presently, the number of infected individuals with schistosomes is estimated to be 250 million, and even though only a small proportion of them become sick and die, schistosomiasis remains a medical problem of great significance. The high incidence of infection of man with Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum or Schistosoma haematobium, as well as the chronic debilitating diseases produced, places these organisms among the world's most important infectious agents. This paper discusses the nature of immunity to schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Immunobiology of schistosomiasis. Although malaria and hookworm disease appear to be on the decline, another dreaded parasitic disease-schistosomiasis-is on the increase. Presently, the number of infected individuals with schistosomes is estimated to be 250 million, and even though only a small proportion of them become sick and die, schistosomiasis remains a medical problem of great significance. The high incidence of infection of man with Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum or Schistosoma haematobium, as well as the chronic debilitating diseases produced, places these organisms among the world's most important infectious agents. This paper discusses the nature of immunity to schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 118264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13221", "title": "Effects of some amino acids on horizontal cells in the fish retina.", "content": "Effects of some amino acids on horizontal cells were examined in the fish (Eugerres plumieri) retina. L-aspartate (5 mM in concentration) and L-glutamate (10 mM) consistently depolarized all types of horizontal cells, although the effect of L-aspartate was more pronounced. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA; 10 mM) consistently hyperpolarized the cone-connected L- and C-type horizontal cells, whereas the effect on the rod-connected cells was slight or nonexistent. The hyperpolarizing effect of GABA on the cone-horizontal cells was markedly diminished by picrotoxin (0.1 mM). Usually, glycine (10 mM) showed slight and variable effects. It merely depolarized some cone-horizontal cells but weakly hyperpolarized some rod-horizontal cells. In a few cases, however, glycine began to drastically hyperpolarize the cone-horizontal cells in retinas that had been repeatedly treated with certain agents used. Taurine and beta-alanine (10 mM each) had negligible effects, although the former slightly depolarized and the latter merely hyperpolarized both cone- and rod-horizontal cells.", "contents": "Effects of some amino acids on horizontal cells in the fish retina. Effects of some amino acids on horizontal cells were examined in the fish (Eugerres plumieri) retina. L-aspartate (5 mM in concentration) and L-glutamate (10 mM) consistently depolarized all types of horizontal cells, although the effect of L-aspartate was more pronounced. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA; 10 mM) consistently hyperpolarized the cone-connected L- and C-type horizontal cells, whereas the effect on the rod-connected cells was slight or nonexistent. The hyperpolarizing effect of GABA on the cone-horizontal cells was markedly diminished by picrotoxin (0.1 mM). Usually, glycine (10 mM) showed slight and variable effects. It merely depolarized some cone-horizontal cells but weakly hyperpolarized some rod-horizontal cells. In a few cases, however, glycine began to drastically hyperpolarize the cone-horizontal cells in retinas that had been repeatedly treated with certain agents used. Taurine and beta-alanine (10 mM each) had negligible effects, although the former slightly depolarized and the latter merely hyperpolarized both cone- and rod-horizontal cells.", "PMID": 118265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13222", "title": "Effects of nitroglycerin, adenosine, noradrenaline, and isoproterenol on the myocardial oxygen tension.", "content": "The effects of adenosine, nitroglycerin, noradrenaline, and isoproterenol on the myocardial oxygen tension were studied. The oxygen tension was measured by a polarographic method. Adenosine and nitroglycerin (intravenous and intracoronary injections) did not produce a beneficial effect on the normal myocardium. Intravenous administration of noradrenaline produced an increase in subendocardial oxygen tension, while intravenous administration of isoproterenol decreased subendocardial oxygen tension. However, intracoronary administration of catecholamines increased myocardial oxygen tension. These results suggest that in the absence of systemic hemodynamic changes, catecholamines produce a beneficial effect on the normal myocardium, but administration of adenosine and nitroglycerin (intravenous and intracoronary injections) have no beneficial effect. The effects of several physiological parameters on the myocardial oxygen tension were studied. Pacing with a higher rate resulted in a decrease in subendocardial oxygen tension. When the perfusion pressure was lowered, subendocardial oxygen tension was decreased. When the perfusion pressure was raised, subendocardial oxygen tension was increased.", "contents": "Effects of nitroglycerin, adenosine, noradrenaline, and isoproterenol on the myocardial oxygen tension. The effects of adenosine, nitroglycerin, noradrenaline, and isoproterenol on the myocardial oxygen tension were studied. The oxygen tension was measured by a polarographic method. Adenosine and nitroglycerin (intravenous and intracoronary injections) did not produce a beneficial effect on the normal myocardium. Intravenous administration of noradrenaline produced an increase in subendocardial oxygen tension, while intravenous administration of isoproterenol decreased subendocardial oxygen tension. However, intracoronary administration of catecholamines increased myocardial oxygen tension. These results suggest that in the absence of systemic hemodynamic changes, catecholamines produce a beneficial effect on the normal myocardium, but administration of adenosine and nitroglycerin (intravenous and intracoronary injections) have no beneficial effect. The effects of several physiological parameters on the myocardial oxygen tension were studied. Pacing with a higher rate resulted in a decrease in subendocardial oxygen tension. When the perfusion pressure was lowered, subendocardial oxygen tension was decreased. When the perfusion pressure was raised, subendocardial oxygen tension was increased.", "PMID": 118275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13223", "title": "Stimulus and behavioral factors contributing to the activation of monkey prefrontal neurons during gazing.", "content": "Many neurons in the inferior dorsolateral area of the monkey prefrontal cortex showed sustained increases in discharge rates during continuous gazing at a tiny light spot that had a reward significance. These increases might depend upon stimulus factors (light target), behavioral factors (gazing) or both. In this report, we tried to separate these factors and to test the extent to which each factor might contribute to the neuronal reaction. Monkeys were trained to exhibit two kinds of behavior: 1) maintained gazing at a light target and 2) \"gazing\" behavior without a clear target. We then examined neuronal behavior in these two kinds of gazing behavior. During \"gazing at target,\" many prefrontal neurons showed tonic activation; thus the previous findings were confirmed. These neurons behaved in various ways in \"gazing without target\": 1) some of the neurons were activated to the same extent as in \"gazing at target\"; 2) many others also showed activation but with lower discharge rates; and 3) the rest of the neurons completely ceased activation. Such variation in discharge patterns may be interpreted as meaning that there is a continous and graded difference among individual neurons in the dependence of their gaze-related activation upon a visible target. Then it seems that the stimulus factors are involved in a graded manner in generation of the activation, and further that other factors, probably behavioral ones, also contribute in part to it.", "contents": "Stimulus and behavioral factors contributing to the activation of monkey prefrontal neurons during gazing. Many neurons in the inferior dorsolateral area of the monkey prefrontal cortex showed sustained increases in discharge rates during continuous gazing at a tiny light spot that had a reward significance. These increases might depend upon stimulus factors (light target), behavioral factors (gazing) or both. In this report, we tried to separate these factors and to test the extent to which each factor might contribute to the neuronal reaction. Monkeys were trained to exhibit two kinds of behavior: 1) maintained gazing at a light target and 2) \"gazing\" behavior without a clear target. We then examined neuronal behavior in these two kinds of gazing behavior. During \"gazing at target,\" many prefrontal neurons showed tonic activation; thus the previous findings were confirmed. These neurons behaved in various ways in \"gazing without target\": 1) some of the neurons were activated to the same extent as in \"gazing at target\"; 2) many others also showed activation but with lower discharge rates; and 3) the rest of the neurons completely ceased activation. Such variation in discharge patterns may be interpreted as meaning that there is a continous and graded difference among individual neurons in the dependence of their gaze-related activation upon a visible target. Then it seems that the stimulus factors are involved in a graded manner in generation of the activation, and further that other factors, probably behavioral ones, also contribute in part to it.", "PMID": 118295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13224", "title": "Alcoholic ketoacidosis in a pregnant woman.", "content": "A case of alcoholic ketoacidosis in a 23-year-old chronic alcoholic, gravada V, para IV, is reported. Symptoms were constant, severe, nonradiating pain with crampy exacerbations, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. The patient had a tender and irritable full-term uterus. She was treated inhospital with vigorous fluid therapy and 5% dextrose in normal saline, sodium bicarbonate, glucose and insulin and showed improvement overnight. Alcoholic ketoacidosis has not been reported in pregnant women. Metabolic derangements combine to produce ketoacidosis more readily in the pregnant alcoholic. Differentiation of alcoholic ketoacidosis and diabetic ketoacidosis is important since treatment varies. For alcoholic ketoacidosis, treatment is vigorous rehydration with dextrose-saline while diabetic ketoacidosis usually requires multiple therapeutic modalities.", "contents": "Alcoholic ketoacidosis in a pregnant woman. A case of alcoholic ketoacidosis in a 23-year-old chronic alcoholic, gravada V, para IV, is reported. Symptoms were constant, severe, nonradiating pain with crampy exacerbations, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. The patient had a tender and irritable full-term uterus. She was treated inhospital with vigorous fluid therapy and 5% dextrose in normal saline, sodium bicarbonate, glucose and insulin and showed improvement overnight. Alcoholic ketoacidosis has not been reported in pregnant women. Metabolic derangements combine to produce ketoacidosis more readily in the pregnant alcoholic. Differentiation of alcoholic ketoacidosis and diabetic ketoacidosis is important since treatment varies. For alcoholic ketoacidosis, treatment is vigorous rehydration with dextrose-saline while diabetic ketoacidosis usually requires multiple therapeutic modalities.", "PMID": 118297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13225", "title": "[Acute and chronic viral hepatitis in childhood. A review].", "content": "The author reviews nomenclature, pathogenetic agents, immunological markers and mode of infection of hepatitis in childhood. Epidemiology, incubation period, prejaundiced phase, clinic and course in regard to different types of viral hepatitis are characterised. Especially jaundiced and nonjaundiced courses, biochemical parameters immunological diagnosis of hepatitis type A and type B respectively are emphasized together with histological and histologic-immunological criteria. Therapy and prophylaxis of A- and B-hepatitis are discussed. The author reports on the chronic, chronic-persisting and chronic-active form of the hepatitis including immunological markers, auto-antibodies and therapy.", "contents": "[Acute and chronic viral hepatitis in childhood. A review]. The author reviews nomenclature, pathogenetic agents, immunological markers and mode of infection of hepatitis in childhood. Epidemiology, incubation period, prejaundiced phase, clinic and course in regard to different types of viral hepatitis are characterised. Especially jaundiced and nonjaundiced courses, biochemical parameters immunological diagnosis of hepatitis type A and type B respectively are emphasized together with histological and histologic-immunological criteria. Therapy and prophylaxis of A- and B-hepatitis are discussed. The author reports on the chronic, chronic-persisting and chronic-active form of the hepatitis including immunological markers, auto-antibodies and therapy.", "PMID": 118300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13226", "title": "[Zinc deficiency syndrome during long-term parenteral nutrition in a patient with Crohn's disease and cirrhosis of the liver. Casuistry and zinc-pharmacokinetic (author's transl)].", "content": "A 29 year old patient with Crohn's disease and posthepatitic HBsAg-positive cirrhosis developed zinc deficiency in the course of complete parenteral nutrition. Zinc deficiency was proven by a low plasma zinc level of 12 microgram/dl. The daily input of zinc was 0.5 mg as calculated from the zinc concentration of infusion solutions used in parenteral nutrition during 3 1/2 months of treatment. The clinical picutre was that of acrodermatitis enteropathica. Cirrhosis of the liver and Crohn's disease were contributory causes of zinc deficiency. 6 bolus injections of 12-36 mg of zinc (total amount 144 mg) were given during 13 days. The plasma zinc level increased to 60-80 microgram/dl. 52% of the total amount of zinc injected were excreted by urine. The plasma half-life times of zinc were independent from basic zinc concentrations and averaged 1.55 +/- 0.22 h. It is concluded that severe signs of zinc deficiency will develop during parenteral nutrition in the presence of conditions leading to a negative zinc balance. In the case of long-term complete parenteral nutrition zinc should be substituted from the beginning of the treatment on.", "contents": "[Zinc deficiency syndrome during long-term parenteral nutrition in a patient with Crohn's disease and cirrhosis of the liver. Casuistry and zinc-pharmacokinetic (author's transl)]. A 29 year old patient with Crohn's disease and posthepatitic HBsAg-positive cirrhosis developed zinc deficiency in the course of complete parenteral nutrition. Zinc deficiency was proven by a low plasma zinc level of 12 microgram/dl. The daily input of zinc was 0.5 mg as calculated from the zinc concentration of infusion solutions used in parenteral nutrition during 3 1/2 months of treatment. The clinical picutre was that of acrodermatitis enteropathica. Cirrhosis of the liver and Crohn's disease were contributory causes of zinc deficiency. 6 bolus injections of 12-36 mg of zinc (total amount 144 mg) were given during 13 days. The plasma zinc level increased to 60-80 microgram/dl. 52% of the total amount of zinc injected were excreted by urine. The plasma half-life times of zinc were independent from basic zinc concentrations and averaged 1.55 +/- 0.22 h. It is concluded that severe signs of zinc deficiency will develop during parenteral nutrition in the presence of conditions leading to a negative zinc balance. In the case of long-term complete parenteral nutrition zinc should be substituted from the beginning of the treatment on.", "PMID": 118303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13227", "title": "Co-translational modification of nascent immunoglobulin heavy and light chains.", "content": "We have investigated the in vivo co-translational covalent modification of nascent immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. Nascent polypeptides were separated from completed polypeptides by ion-exchange chromatography of solubilized ribosomes on QAE-Sephadex. First, we have demonstrated that MPC 11 nascent heavy chains are quantitatively glycosylated very soon after the asparaginyl acceptor site passes through the membrane into the cisterna of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Nonglycosylated completed heavy chains of various classes cannot be glycosylated after release from the ribosome, due either to rapid intramolecular folding and/or intermolecular assembly, which cause the acceptor site to become unavailable for the glycosylation enzyme. Second, we have shown that the formation of the correct intrachain disulfide loop within the first light chain domain occurs rapidly and quantitatively as soon as the appropriate cysteine residues of the nascent light chain pass through the membrane into the cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum. The intrachain disulfide loop in the second or constant region domain of the light chain is not formed on nascent chains, because one of the cysteine residues involved in this disulfide bond does not pass through the endoplasmic reticulum membrane prior to chain completion and release from the ribosome. Third, we have demonstrated that some of the initial covalent assembly (formation of interchain disulfide bonds) occurs on nascent heavy chains prior to their release from the ribosome. The results are consistent with the pathway of covalent assembly of the cell line, in that completed light chains are assembled onto nascent heavy chains in MPC 11 cells (IgG2b), where a heavy-light half molecule is the major initial covalent intermediate; and completed heavy chains are assembled onto nascent heavy chains in MOPC 21 cells (IgG1), where a heavy chain dimer is the major initial disulfide linked intermediate.", "contents": "Co-translational modification of nascent immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. We have investigated the in vivo co-translational covalent modification of nascent immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. Nascent polypeptides were separated from completed polypeptides by ion-exchange chromatography of solubilized ribosomes on QAE-Sephadex. First, we have demonstrated that MPC 11 nascent heavy chains are quantitatively glycosylated very soon after the asparaginyl acceptor site passes through the membrane into the cisterna of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Nonglycosylated completed heavy chains of various classes cannot be glycosylated after release from the ribosome, due either to rapid intramolecular folding and/or intermolecular assembly, which cause the acceptor site to become unavailable for the glycosylation enzyme. Second, we have shown that the formation of the correct intrachain disulfide loop within the first light chain domain occurs rapidly and quantitatively as soon as the appropriate cysteine residues of the nascent light chain pass through the membrane into the cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum. The intrachain disulfide loop in the second or constant region domain of the light chain is not formed on nascent chains, because one of the cysteine residues involved in this disulfide bond does not pass through the endoplasmic reticulum membrane prior to chain completion and release from the ribosome. Third, we have demonstrated that some of the initial covalent assembly (formation of interchain disulfide bonds) occurs on nascent heavy chains prior to their release from the ribosome. The results are consistent with the pathway of covalent assembly of the cell line, in that completed light chains are assembled onto nascent heavy chains in MPC 11 cells (IgG2b), where a heavy-light half molecule is the major initial covalent intermediate; and completed heavy chains are assembled onto nascent heavy chains in MOPC 21 cells (IgG1), where a heavy chain dimer is the major initial disulfide linked intermediate.", "PMID": 118307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13228", "title": "Choroidal melanocytes - a model for studying the aging process in nonreplicative differentiated cells.", "content": "Choroidal melanocytes differentiate and cease to divide early in postnatal life. They have characteristic organelles, the melanosomes, which are formed from tyrosine in a reaction catalyzed by tyrosinase. As animals become old, enzyme activity declines and the melanosomes show changes that are quantitatively and qualitatively correlated to the animal's increasing age.", "contents": "Choroidal melanocytes - a model for studying the aging process in nonreplicative differentiated cells. Choroidal melanocytes differentiate and cease to divide early in postnatal life. They have characteristic organelles, the melanosomes, which are formed from tyrosine in a reaction catalyzed by tyrosinase. As animals become old, enzyme activity declines and the melanosomes show changes that are quantitatively and qualitatively correlated to the animal's increasing age.", "PMID": 118309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13229", "title": "Effects of glutaraldehyde and other drugs on concanavalin A-mediated red blood cell adsorption to nonsenescent, senescent and transformed human fibroblasts.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A)-mediated red blood cell (RBC) adsorption with the RBC coating method (in which Con A-coated RBC's are adsorbed to fibroblasts) was greatly increased by glutaraldehyde fixation of RBCs before Con A-coating and decreased by the fixation of fibroblasts. On the other hand, RBC adsorption with the fibroblast coating method (in which RBCs are adsorbed to Con A-coated fibroblasts) was decreased by the fixation of RBCs and increased by the fixation of fibroblasts before Con A coating. The fixation of RBCs or fibroblasts after Con A coating did not have these effects. In addition, the fixation of both RBCs and fibroblasts nearly completely abolished RBC adsorption with either method. However, the amount of [3H] Con A binding was not affected by the fixation. RBC adsorption with the fibroblast coating method was also affected by cytochalasin B, colchicine, NaN3 and dibucane treatments of fibroblasts. These drug treatments of fibroblasts, however, did not affect RBC adsorption with the RBC coating method, except cytochalasin B. In addition, the effects of drug treatments of fibroblasts examined occurred nearly to the same extent for nonsenescent, senescent, and transformed cells. Our results suggest that secondary processes after Con A binding, receptor mobility and receptor association with cytoskeletals, play important roles in RBC adsorption, but that the roles do not change with aging or transformation.", "contents": "Effects of glutaraldehyde and other drugs on concanavalin A-mediated red blood cell adsorption to nonsenescent, senescent and transformed human fibroblasts. Concanavalin A (Con A)-mediated red blood cell (RBC) adsorption with the RBC coating method (in which Con A-coated RBC's are adsorbed to fibroblasts) was greatly increased by glutaraldehyde fixation of RBCs before Con A-coating and decreased by the fixation of fibroblasts. On the other hand, RBC adsorption with the fibroblast coating method (in which RBCs are adsorbed to Con A-coated fibroblasts) was decreased by the fixation of RBCs and increased by the fixation of fibroblasts before Con A coating. The fixation of RBCs or fibroblasts after Con A coating did not have these effects. In addition, the fixation of both RBCs and fibroblasts nearly completely abolished RBC adsorption with either method. However, the amount of [3H] Con A binding was not affected by the fixation. RBC adsorption with the fibroblast coating method was also affected by cytochalasin B, colchicine, NaN3 and dibucane treatments of fibroblasts. These drug treatments of fibroblasts, however, did not affect RBC adsorption with the RBC coating method, except cytochalasin B. In addition, the effects of drug treatments of fibroblasts examined occurred nearly to the same extent for nonsenescent, senescent, and transformed cells. Our results suggest that secondary processes after Con A binding, receptor mobility and receptor association with cytoskeletals, play important roles in RBC adsorption, but that the roles do not change with aging or transformation.", "PMID": 118310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13230", "title": "Differential stimulation of hepatic mono-oxygenase and glucuronidating systems in chick embryo and neonatal rat by glucocorticoids.", "content": "White Leghorn embryos infused with corticosterone precociously reproduced the hatching surges of hepatic UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity to 2-aminophenol, aminopyrine N-demethylase activity and cytochrome P-450 concentration. Onset of transferase activity followed that of the others by 48 h over hatching and on infusion. Competence of demethylase and transferase to respond to corticosterone appeared over days 12--14. Glucocorticoids are suggested as the natural triggers of both transferase and monooxygenase activities in chick and both processes may share a further control. Exposure of CD rat foetuses at 18 1/2 days to dexamethasone by maternal injection evoked precocious onset of transferase activity to 2-aminophenol but not to bilirubin, nor of demethylase activity or cytochrome P-450 content. Injection of hour-old or infant rats with dexamethasone did reproduce precociously onset of the three latter and stimulated the former. Competence for glucocorticoid response thus appeared before birth for transferase activity to 2-aminophenol and at birth for the others. Onset of transferase following hatching or glucocorticoid lagged behind that of demethylase or cytochrome P-450 by 48 h in chick embryo and 36 h in newborn and infant rats; only in foetal rat was response of transferase rapid to administered glucocorticoid.", "contents": "Differential stimulation of hepatic mono-oxygenase and glucuronidating systems in chick embryo and neonatal rat by glucocorticoids. White Leghorn embryos infused with corticosterone precociously reproduced the hatching surges of hepatic UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity to 2-aminophenol, aminopyrine N-demethylase activity and cytochrome P-450 concentration. Onset of transferase activity followed that of the others by 48 h over hatching and on infusion. Competence of demethylase and transferase to respond to corticosterone appeared over days 12--14. Glucocorticoids are suggested as the natural triggers of both transferase and monooxygenase activities in chick and both processes may share a further control. Exposure of CD rat foetuses at 18 1/2 days to dexamethasone by maternal injection evoked precocious onset of transferase activity to 2-aminophenol but not to bilirubin, nor of demethylase activity or cytochrome P-450 content. Injection of hour-old or infant rats with dexamethasone did reproduce precociously onset of the three latter and stimulated the former. Competence for glucocorticoid response thus appeared before birth for transferase activity to 2-aminophenol and at birth for the others. Onset of transferase following hatching or glucocorticoid lagged behind that of demethylase or cytochrome P-450 by 48 h in chick embryo and 36 h in newborn and infant rats; only in foetal rat was response of transferase rapid to administered glucocorticoid.", "PMID": 118311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13231", "title": "Purification of mouse liver UDPglucuronosyltransferase.", "content": "The present study describes a method for the purification of hepatic microsomal UDPglucuronosyltransferase from two different strains of mice, by a combination of detergent solubilization, ion-exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography. Using this procedure up to 0.5 mg of UDPglucuronosyltransferase could be obtained from 30 g of mouse liver and this enzyme could be purified from as little as 10 g of mouse liver. The molecular weight of the apparently homogeneous preparation was 57 000 +/- 2 000 when determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified transferase catalysed the glucuronidation of approx. 0.6 mumol 4-nitrophenol min-1. mg-1 protein. Immunochemical analysis of this preparation further indicates that UDPglucuronosyltransferase has been purified to apparent homogeneity.", "contents": "Purification of mouse liver UDPglucuronosyltransferase. The present study describes a method for the purification of hepatic microsomal UDPglucuronosyltransferase from two different strains of mice, by a combination of detergent solubilization, ion-exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography. Using this procedure up to 0.5 mg of UDPglucuronosyltransferase could be obtained from 30 g of mouse liver and this enzyme could be purified from as little as 10 g of mouse liver. The molecular weight of the apparently homogeneous preparation was 57 000 +/- 2 000 when determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified transferase catalysed the glucuronidation of approx. 0.6 mumol 4-nitrophenol min-1. mg-1 protein. Immunochemical analysis of this preparation further indicates that UDPglucuronosyltransferase has been purified to apparent homogeneity.", "PMID": 118312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13232", "title": "Studies on the inhibition of hepatic microsomal glucuronidation by uridine nucleotides or adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "The ability of five nucleotides in the presence of excess divalent cations to inhibit UDPglucuronosyltransferase in sealed or leaky liver microsomal vesicles was studied. Two nucleotides inhibited potently while three others were weak inhibitors. At low concentration, both of the potent inhibitors, uridine tri- and diphosphates tended to inhibit more in sealed microsomal vesicles than in leaky microsomes, while the weak inhibitors, uridine diphosphate glucose and adenosine triphosphate behaved in the opposite manner and inhibited less in sealed than in leaky microsomes. At physiological concentrations of UDPglucuronic acid (0.4 mM) quite extensive inhibition of oestradiol glucuronidation could be achieved with physiological concentrations of uridine tri- or diphosphates (0.2 or 0.4 mM). In sealed or leaky microsomes, beta, gamma-methylene-interrupted uridine triphosphate, which is resistant to hydrolysis by nucleoside triphosphatase, inhibited much less than did uridine triphosphate.", "contents": "Studies on the inhibition of hepatic microsomal glucuronidation by uridine nucleotides or adenosine triphosphate. The ability of five nucleotides in the presence of excess divalent cations to inhibit UDPglucuronosyltransferase in sealed or leaky liver microsomal vesicles was studied. Two nucleotides inhibited potently while three others were weak inhibitors. At low concentration, both of the potent inhibitors, uridine tri- and diphosphates tended to inhibit more in sealed microsomal vesicles than in leaky microsomes, while the weak inhibitors, uridine diphosphate glucose and adenosine triphosphate behaved in the opposite manner and inhibited less in sealed than in leaky microsomes. At physiological concentrations of UDPglucuronic acid (0.4 mM) quite extensive inhibition of oestradiol glucuronidation could be achieved with physiological concentrations of uridine tri- or diphosphates (0.2 or 0.4 mM). In sealed or leaky microsomes, beta, gamma-methylene-interrupted uridine triphosphate, which is resistant to hydrolysis by nucleoside triphosphatase, inhibited much less than did uridine triphosphate.", "PMID": 118313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13233", "title": "Effects of lipid peroxidation on the activity of microsomal UDPglucuronosyltranserase.", "content": "This study is concerned with effects of lipid peroxidation of liver microsomal fractions in vitro on the activity of the membrane-dependent enzyme UDPglucuronosyltransferase. Peroxidation was initiated by the ascorbate-Fe2+ redox couple. Peroxidation had a biphasic effect on transferase activity (with p-nitrophenol or o-aminophenol as acceptors). An initial activation at low levels of peroxidation was followed by inactivation after more prolonged peroxidation. Activation was more pronounced with rat preparations than with those from guinea pig. When taken in conjunction with previous work on the effects of membrane perturbants on transferase activity the results indicate that activation was the result of membrane perturbation, probably resulting from shortening of phospholipid hydrocarbon chains. The inactivation of the enzyme in guinea pig liver microsomal preparations was not reversed by adding phospholipids. It is concluded that the irreversible inactivation was probably due to chemical reaction of intermediate products of peroxidation with essential membrane components, possibly the enzyme itself. Further experiements suggested that lipid peroxides were responsible.", "contents": "Effects of lipid peroxidation on the activity of microsomal UDPglucuronosyltranserase. This study is concerned with effects of lipid peroxidation of liver microsomal fractions in vitro on the activity of the membrane-dependent enzyme UDPglucuronosyltransferase. Peroxidation was initiated by the ascorbate-Fe2+ redox couple. Peroxidation had a biphasic effect on transferase activity (with p-nitrophenol or o-aminophenol as acceptors). An initial activation at low levels of peroxidation was followed by inactivation after more prolonged peroxidation. Activation was more pronounced with rat preparations than with those from guinea pig. When taken in conjunction with previous work on the effects of membrane perturbants on transferase activity the results indicate that activation was the result of membrane perturbation, probably resulting from shortening of phospholipid hydrocarbon chains. The inactivation of the enzyme in guinea pig liver microsomal preparations was not reversed by adding phospholipids. It is concluded that the irreversible inactivation was probably due to chemical reaction of intermediate products of peroxidation with essential membrane components, possibly the enzyme itself. Further experiements suggested that lipid peroxides were responsible.", "PMID": 118314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13234", "title": "Glucuronidation of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene in liver microsomes.", "content": "A simple and sensitive fluorimetric method is described for evaluation of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene conjugation with UDPglucuronic acid. It is less expensive than a radiochemical method and suitable for routine use. 3-Hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene is readily conjugated in isolated liver microsomes in the presence of UDPglucuronic acid. Activity in rat liver microsomes was 0.90--1.20 nmol.min-1.mg-1 microsomal protein. The activity in homozygous and heteroxygous Gunn rats was considerably lower than in Wistar rats. Activity in guinea pigs was 2.5--3 nmol.min-1.mg-1 protein. 3-Methylcholanthrene pretreatment (20 mg/kg of body weight for 4 consecutive days) of rats enhanced the hepatic UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity 2--5 fold. In untreated microsomal membranes of rat liver the apparent Km for 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was 0.09 mM and for Udpglucuronic acid 4.6 mM. Conjugation with UDPglucose did not occur. 4-Nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronide behaved like non competitive inhibitors. In contrast to 4-nitrophenol conjugation, both ionic (cholic acid) and non-ionic (Triton X-100, digitonin) surfactants had no effect or inhibited the glucuronic acid conjugation of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene in rat liver microsomes as also did the treatment of microsomal membranes with phospholipases A and C. Trypsin was almost without an effect on UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity when 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was used as substrate.", "contents": "Glucuronidation of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene in liver microsomes. A simple and sensitive fluorimetric method is described for evaluation of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene conjugation with UDPglucuronic acid. It is less expensive than a radiochemical method and suitable for routine use. 3-Hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene is readily conjugated in isolated liver microsomes in the presence of UDPglucuronic acid. Activity in rat liver microsomes was 0.90--1.20 nmol.min-1.mg-1 microsomal protein. The activity in homozygous and heteroxygous Gunn rats was considerably lower than in Wistar rats. Activity in guinea pigs was 2.5--3 nmol.min-1.mg-1 protein. 3-Methylcholanthrene pretreatment (20 mg/kg of body weight for 4 consecutive days) of rats enhanced the hepatic UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity 2--5 fold. In untreated microsomal membranes of rat liver the apparent Km for 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was 0.09 mM and for Udpglucuronic acid 4.6 mM. Conjugation with UDPglucose did not occur. 4-Nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronide behaved like non competitive inhibitors. In contrast to 4-nitrophenol conjugation, both ionic (cholic acid) and non-ionic (Triton X-100, digitonin) surfactants had no effect or inhibited the glucuronic acid conjugation of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene in rat liver microsomes as also did the treatment of microsomal membranes with phospholipases A and C. Trypsin was almost without an effect on UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity when 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was used as substrate.", "PMID": 118315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13235", "title": "Effects of intermittent styrene inhalation, ethanol intake and their combination on drug biotransformation in rat liver and kidneys.", "content": "The modifying effects of daily ethanol ingestion in the drinking water as a 15 % solution (v/v) on drug biotransformational changes induced by inhalation exposure to styrene (300 ppm or 1260 mg/m3, 6 h daily, 5 d/week, up to 17 weeks) were studied in rat liver and kidney. The drug hydroxylation activities (7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase and 2,5-diphenyloxazole hydroxylase) both in liver and in kidneys were increased more by ethanol ingestion than by styrene inhalation. When administered in combination, styrene and ethanol exerted mostly an additive enhancing effect. However, hepatic NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity was reduced both in styrene and in ethanol-treated rats. Hepatic styrene oxide hydratase activity was virtually unaffected by styrene treatments. The depression of glutathione concentration in liver was greater after styrene-ethanol than after styrene treatment alone. The hepatic UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity was enhanced slightly both in styrene and in styrene-ethanol rats. The binding affinity of styrene towards cytochrome P-450 was increased after styrene inhalation as shown by lowered K8 values. The perirenal fat concentration of styrene showed a rough inverse relationship to the overall monooxygenation activities in liver and kidney. Despite the additively induced enzyme activities in styrene-ethanol-treated rats the accumulation of styrene in fat of these animals was on the whole somewhat greater, suggesting that these two solvents in vivo also have mutual inhibitory effects on biotransformation.", "contents": "Effects of intermittent styrene inhalation, ethanol intake and their combination on drug biotransformation in rat liver and kidneys. The modifying effects of daily ethanol ingestion in the drinking water as a 15 % solution (v/v) on drug biotransformational changes induced by inhalation exposure to styrene (300 ppm or 1260 mg/m3, 6 h daily, 5 d/week, up to 17 weeks) were studied in rat liver and kidney. The drug hydroxylation activities (7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase and 2,5-diphenyloxazole hydroxylase) both in liver and in kidneys were increased more by ethanol ingestion than by styrene inhalation. When administered in combination, styrene and ethanol exerted mostly an additive enhancing effect. However, hepatic NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity was reduced both in styrene and in ethanol-treated rats. Hepatic styrene oxide hydratase activity was virtually unaffected by styrene treatments. The depression of glutathione concentration in liver was greater after styrene-ethanol than after styrene treatment alone. The hepatic UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity was enhanced slightly both in styrene and in styrene-ethanol rats. The binding affinity of styrene towards cytochrome P-450 was increased after styrene inhalation as shown by lowered K8 values. The perirenal fat concentration of styrene showed a rough inverse relationship to the overall monooxygenation activities in liver and kidney. Despite the additively induced enzyme activities in styrene-ethanol-treated rats the accumulation of styrene in fat of these animals was on the whole somewhat greater, suggesting that these two solvents in vivo also have mutual inhibitory effects on biotransformation.", "PMID": 118316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13236", "title": "The genome of B. subtilis phage SPP1: physical arrangement in phage genes.", "content": "41 genes of SPP1 have been delineated by using complementation analyses of 75 conditionally lethal (ts and sus) mutations. The physical locations of these genes on the SPP1 chromosome have been determined by transfection/marker rescue experiments in which restriction endonuclease generated fragments of SPP1 DNA were used as donor DNA. The physical order of these fragments has been previously established (Ratcliff et al., 1979).", "contents": "The genome of B. subtilis phage SPP1: physical arrangement in phage genes. 41 genes of SPP1 have been delineated by using complementation analyses of 75 conditionally lethal (ts and sus) mutations. The physical locations of these genes on the SPP1 chromosome have been determined by transfection/marker rescue experiments in which restriction endonuclease generated fragments of SPP1 DNA were used as donor DNA. The physical order of these fragments has been previously established (Ratcliff et al., 1979).", "PMID": 118320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13237", "title": "Analyses of mouse and Drosophila proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was employed for the protein analysis of several different mouse tissues and Drosophila. The number of protein spots detected with conventional protein dye staining techniques ranged from 110 in erythrocyte lysate to 320 in liver homogenate. Strain variation of protein spots on the gels was examined in five different tissues from two strains of inbred mice (DBA/2J and C57BL/6J) and their F1 hybrids. The protein spots which exhibited strain variation were shown to be autosomally inherited and to follow Mendelian genetics. From these analyses, it was shown that the frequencies of protein variations between these two strains of mice vary from 1 to 5% with the tissue examined. During the course of this study, the protein spots corresponding to nine muscle proteins and three testis enzymes from the mouse as well as two Drosophila enzymes were assigned on two-dimensional gels of their respective homogenates. Radioisotope labelling of Drosophila and autoradiography of the two-dimensional gels were also performed to improve the sensitivity and resolution of the technique. The potential application of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for mutant screening as well as biochemical genetic studies is discussed.", "contents": "Analyses of mouse and Drosophila proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was employed for the protein analysis of several different mouse tissues and Drosophila. The number of protein spots detected with conventional protein dye staining techniques ranged from 110 in erythrocyte lysate to 320 in liver homogenate. Strain variation of protein spots on the gels was examined in five different tissues from two strains of inbred mice (DBA/2J and C57BL/6J) and their F1 hybrids. The protein spots which exhibited strain variation were shown to be autosomally inherited and to follow Mendelian genetics. From these analyses, it was shown that the frequencies of protein variations between these two strains of mice vary from 1 to 5% with the tissue examined. During the course of this study, the protein spots corresponding to nine muscle proteins and three testis enzymes from the mouse as well as two Drosophila enzymes were assigned on two-dimensional gels of their respective homogenates. Radioisotope labelling of Drosophila and autoradiography of the two-dimensional gels were also performed to improve the sensitivity and resolution of the technique. The potential application of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for mutant screening as well as biochemical genetic studies is discussed.", "PMID": 118321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13238", "title": "[Acute meningo-encephalitis in adolescents and adults--I. Germs, rate of morbidity and lethality (author's transl)].", "content": "Diverse forms of acute meningo-encephalitis found in adolescents and adults are discussed considering 1244 cases treated at the Neurologic Clinic of the University at Cologne in the time from 1950 till 1975. The rate of morbidity and lethality was found to vary according to the type of causative germ. The inflammation often took another course than in childhood. The age at the outbreak of the disease, infection immunity, precursing and concomitant illnesses as well as the onset of medication influence the outcome of the meningo-encephalitis.", "contents": "[Acute meningo-encephalitis in adolescents and adults--I. Germs, rate of morbidity and lethality (author's transl)]. Diverse forms of acute meningo-encephalitis found in adolescents and adults are discussed considering 1244 cases treated at the Neurologic Clinic of the University at Cologne in the time from 1950 till 1975. The rate of morbidity and lethality was found to vary according to the type of causative germ. The inflammation often took another course than in childhood. The age at the outbreak of the disease, infection immunity, precursing and concomitant illnesses as well as the onset of medication influence the outcome of the meningo-encephalitis.", "PMID": 118326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13239", "title": "[Hemorrhagic diathesis in patients with malignant neoplasms (author's transl)].", "content": "Clotting analysis in 30 patients with bleeding complications in malignant hematological diseases revealed the following troubles: The global tests, Quick's index and partial thromboplastin time markedly differed from normal. Activity of clotting factors revealed hypo- or hyperfibrinogenemia, disturbances of the prothrombin complex (factors II, VII, IX and X), decrease of factors V, VIII, XII. Factor XI (= PTA) was not diminished in any case. Regarding the fibrin-stabilizing factor (factor XIII), its activity was significantly decreased in 30 patients with solid tumors and in 30 patients with hemoblastoses. Faulty clotting balance was characterized by hyperfibrinolysis or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) accompanied by reactive hyperfibrinolysis. About one quarter of the patients with malignant disturbances of the hematopoetic system demonstrated (mostly amegacaryocyte) thrombocytopenia. Finally, treatment of bleeding complications in malignant neoplastic diseases is pointed out.", "contents": "[Hemorrhagic diathesis in patients with malignant neoplasms (author's transl)]. Clotting analysis in 30 patients with bleeding complications in malignant hematological diseases revealed the following troubles: The global tests, Quick's index and partial thromboplastin time markedly differed from normal. Activity of clotting factors revealed hypo- or hyperfibrinogenemia, disturbances of the prothrombin complex (factors II, VII, IX and X), decrease of factors V, VIII, XII. Factor XI (= PTA) was not diminished in any case. Regarding the fibrin-stabilizing factor (factor XIII), its activity was significantly decreased in 30 patients with solid tumors and in 30 patients with hemoblastoses. Faulty clotting balance was characterized by hyperfibrinolysis or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) accompanied by reactive hyperfibrinolysis. About one quarter of the patients with malignant disturbances of the hematopoetic system demonstrated (mostly amegacaryocyte) thrombocytopenia. Finally, treatment of bleeding complications in malignant neoplastic diseases is pointed out.", "PMID": 118327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13240", "title": "Ewing sarcoma: treatment with high dose radiation and adjuvant chemotherapy.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with pathologically proven Ewing sarcoma without overt metastases at diagnosis were treated with a protocol designed by the Royal Marsden/St. Bartholomew's Hospitals Children's Solid Tumour Group (CSTG). They received megavoltage radiotherapy to the involved bone and adjuvant chemotherapy with a combination of four cytotoxic drugs. Seven patients have so far relapsed, four at the original site and three in other bones. The other 14 are clinically free of disease a median of 36 months from diagnosis. Comparison with a historical control group of 19 patients treated with surgery or radiotherapy, but without initial chemotherapy, shows a significant improvement in survival for the study group (P = 0.03). Seventeen of the controls have died. The treatment regime was moderately toxic, but there were no treatment-related deaths. These results confirm that an improved survival time and hopefully cure rate can be expected from treating Ewing tumour with high doses of megavoltage radiation and combination chemotherapy. Future goals must be the better control of large primary lesions and the eradication of micrometastases in other bones. The place of surgery should be re-evaluated in the treatment of the primary tumour, and better adjuvant chemotherapy regimes are needed.", "contents": "Ewing sarcoma: treatment with high dose radiation and adjuvant chemotherapy. Twenty-one patients with pathologically proven Ewing sarcoma without overt metastases at diagnosis were treated with a protocol designed by the Royal Marsden/St. Bartholomew's Hospitals Children's Solid Tumour Group (CSTG). They received megavoltage radiotherapy to the involved bone and adjuvant chemotherapy with a combination of four cytotoxic drugs. Seven patients have so far relapsed, four at the original site and three in other bones. The other 14 are clinically free of disease a median of 36 months from diagnosis. Comparison with a historical control group of 19 patients treated with surgery or radiotherapy, but without initial chemotherapy, shows a significant improvement in survival for the study group (P = 0.03). Seventeen of the controls have died. The treatment regime was moderately toxic, but there were no treatment-related deaths. These results confirm that an improved survival time and hopefully cure rate can be expected from treating Ewing tumour with high doses of megavoltage radiation and combination chemotherapy. Future goals must be the better control of large primary lesions and the eradication of micrometastases in other bones. The place of surgery should be re-evaluated in the treatment of the primary tumour, and better adjuvant chemotherapy regimes are needed.", "PMID": 118328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13241", "title": "Relapse rates following cessation of chemotherapy during complete remission of acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "The therapeutic benefit of maintenance chemotherapy beyond three years for children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in continuous complete remission was evaluated by the investigators of Childrens Cancer Study Group (CCSG). Two hundred and twenty leukemic children in first remission for three years or longer and who had received at least three years of continuous chemotherapy were eligible. One hundred and one patients were randomized to either continue chemotherapy for an additional three years or to discontinue therapy, and 119 patients nonrandomly continued or discontinued therapy. The patients had received a variety of chemotherapy regimens. The study period extended from April 1970 until December 1977, with a median follow-up time of 25 months. Relapses occurred in 15 randomized patients (15%). Randomized patients remaining on chemotherapy experienced a statistically significant lower relapse rate than patients randomized to discontinue therapy. Also among randomized patients, bone marrow relapse was significantly more frequent in males than in females. Considering the total patient group, age and white blood count at diagnosis had no significance in predicting relapse. Of relapse events in males, 21% were isolated testicular relapses, identifying the testicles as a major risk site in males completing three years of continuous complete remission. This study demonstrates that continuing chemotherapy beyond three years results in a significant prolongation of remission in males, although the eventual survival outcome for later discontinuance of therapy will require longer follow-up.", "contents": "Relapse rates following cessation of chemotherapy during complete remission of acute lymphocytic leukemia. The therapeutic benefit of maintenance chemotherapy beyond three years for children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in continuous complete remission was evaluated by the investigators of Childrens Cancer Study Group (CCSG). Two hundred and twenty leukemic children in first remission for three years or longer and who had received at least three years of continuous chemotherapy were eligible. One hundred and one patients were randomized to either continue chemotherapy for an additional three years or to discontinue therapy, and 119 patients nonrandomly continued or discontinued therapy. The patients had received a variety of chemotherapy regimens. The study period extended from April 1970 until December 1977, with a median follow-up time of 25 months. Relapses occurred in 15 randomized patients (15%). Randomized patients remaining on chemotherapy experienced a statistically significant lower relapse rate than patients randomized to discontinue therapy. Also among randomized patients, bone marrow relapse was significantly more frequent in males than in females. Considering the total patient group, age and white blood count at diagnosis had no significance in predicting relapse. Of relapse events in males, 21% were isolated testicular relapses, identifying the testicles as a major risk site in males completing three years of continuous complete remission. This study demonstrates that continuing chemotherapy beyond three years results in a significant prolongation of remission in males, although the eventual survival outcome for later discontinuance of therapy will require longer follow-up.", "PMID": 118329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13242", "title": "[Legal aspects of gene manipulation (author's transl)].", "content": "The objects, aims and methods of research are protected from political misappropriation. But the freedom of research is limited by the clash with the legally protected third party, especially in the law of integrity of life and limb. To protect the environment from the (hypothetical) epidemiological dangers of gene technology the legislator has limited himself to measures by which he can obtain this aim with the least infringement of freedom of research. Gene technological intervention in human idioplasm is apparently not yet serious. Nevertheless the ethical and legal problems which arise form the point of view of human dignity from experiment with human genetic material should be discussed now.", "contents": "[Legal aspects of gene manipulation (author's transl)]. The objects, aims and methods of research are protected from political misappropriation. But the freedom of research is limited by the clash with the legally protected third party, especially in the law of integrity of life and limb. To protect the environment from the (hypothetical) epidemiological dangers of gene technology the legislator has limited himself to measures by which he can obtain this aim with the least infringement of freedom of research. Gene technological intervention in human idioplasm is apparently not yet serious. Nevertheless the ethical and legal problems which arise form the point of view of human dignity from experiment with human genetic material should be discussed now.", "PMID": 118338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13243", "title": "[A controlled study on the significance of occult blood test in the stool (author's transl)].", "content": "1000 patients of a proctological practice were all investigated by coloscopy and parallel to this by comparison of the two tests for occult blood in the stool (Haemoccult and hemo FEC). 5,6% were positive by the Haemoccult test, 5,2% to hemo FEC. There was no significant difference between the two systems. In the entire study 13 carcinomata and 39 benign polyps of 5 mm diameter and more were found, 8 patients with carcinoma had a positive hemo FEC test, 7 had a positive Haemoccult test, i.e. 38% of carcinoma patients were not detected by the hemo FEC test and 46% in the Haemoccult test. Even in patients with somewhat larger polyps, the test for occult blood in the stool was negative in 56%. It is pointed out with reference to two separate patients that in individual cases of even advanced carcinoma of the large intestine no blood can be detected in the stool.", "contents": "[A controlled study on the significance of occult blood test in the stool (author's transl)]. 1000 patients of a proctological practice were all investigated by coloscopy and parallel to this by comparison of the two tests for occult blood in the stool (Haemoccult and hemo FEC). 5,6% were positive by the Haemoccult test, 5,2% to hemo FEC. There was no significant difference between the two systems. In the entire study 13 carcinomata and 39 benign polyps of 5 mm diameter and more were found, 8 patients with carcinoma had a positive hemo FEC test, 7 had a positive Haemoccult test, i.e. 38% of carcinoma patients were not detected by the hemo FEC test and 46% in the Haemoccult test. Even in patients with somewhat larger polyps, the test for occult blood in the stool was negative in 56%. It is pointed out with reference to two separate patients that in individual cases of even advanced carcinoma of the large intestine no blood can be detected in the stool.", "PMID": 118339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13244", "title": "[Gastric diseases in foreign workers in the German Federal Republic (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastric biopsies from foreign workers were compared with those from German patients of the same age group. With reference to population statistics investigations showed that a far higher percentage of foreign workers are gastric patients than are Germans of the same age. Chronic atrophic antral gastritis occurs in foreigners twice as often as in a comparative group of Germans. 77% of the duodenal ulcers and 88% of the gastric ulcers are found in the group of foreign workers examined aged from 21 to 40 years. The German patients, on the other hand, show normal gastric mucosa with more than chance frequency compared with foreign workers of corresponding age and sex.", "contents": "[Gastric diseases in foreign workers in the German Federal Republic (author's transl)]. Gastric biopsies from foreign workers were compared with those from German patients of the same age group. With reference to population statistics investigations showed that a far higher percentage of foreign workers are gastric patients than are Germans of the same age. Chronic atrophic antral gastritis occurs in foreigners twice as often as in a comparative group of Germans. 77% of the duodenal ulcers and 88% of the gastric ulcers are found in the group of foreign workers examined aged from 21 to 40 years. The German patients, on the other hand, show normal gastric mucosa with more than chance frequency compared with foreign workers of corresponding age and sex.", "PMID": 118347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13245", "title": "[Epidemiology of hepatitis B (author's transl)].", "content": "A hepatitis B epidemic was observed in an institution for retarded children. The mode of transmission and the epidemiology of this disease was studied. Approximately 50% of all children in this institution were infected by the enteral route. 7 children were hospitalized with an accute episode of hepatitis B and recovered completely. 9 children showed persisting hepatitis B surface antigen and DANE-particles in the serum without clinical signs of infection. 6 of those 9 children were diagnosed as trisomy 21. All of them excrete HBs Antigen in saliva, tears and urine. 80% of family members and teaching personnel involved with these children were infected, 23% had an acute episode of hepatitis B.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of hepatitis B (author's transl)]. A hepatitis B epidemic was observed in an institution for retarded children. The mode of transmission and the epidemiology of this disease was studied. Approximately 50% of all children in this institution were infected by the enteral route. 7 children were hospitalized with an accute episode of hepatitis B and recovered completely. 9 children showed persisting hepatitis B surface antigen and DANE-particles in the serum without clinical signs of infection. 6 of those 9 children were diagnosed as trisomy 21. All of them excrete HBs Antigen in saliva, tears and urine. 80% of family members and teaching personnel involved with these children were infected, 23% had an acute episode of hepatitis B.", "PMID": 118348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13246", "title": "[The extraoral fistula (author's transl)].", "content": "Extraoral fistulas, whether primary or as the residue of an abscess, have different causes. According to case reports in the literature and from clinical experience the dentogenous cause is the more frequent. For this reason a possible tooth involvement should be ruled out before therapy, loss of dental pulp of various origin and periodontal diseases should be excluded, otherwise the treatment must begin with the cause, after which further intervention is usually superfluous.", "contents": "[The extraoral fistula (author's transl)]. Extraoral fistulas, whether primary or as the residue of an abscess, have different causes. According to case reports in the literature and from clinical experience the dentogenous cause is the more frequent. For this reason a possible tooth involvement should be ruled out before therapy, loss of dental pulp of various origin and periodontal diseases should be excluded, otherwise the treatment must begin with the cause, after which further intervention is usually superfluous.", "PMID": 118357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13247", "title": "[Endocarditis therapy with high doses of oral doxycycline: Part II: Clinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "Nineteen patients previously treated unsuccessfully, usually with bactericidal antibiotics, received large doses (average: 15-20 mg/kg/day) of oral doxycycline (Vibramycin) after suitable testing for resistance. The good therapeutic results -- complete cure in eleven cases, great improvement in one, doubtful response to doxycycline in four, three failures -- justifies the observation that high oral doses of doxycycline can be considered as an important addition to the possibilities for treatment of endocarditis.", "contents": "[Endocarditis therapy with high doses of oral doxycycline: Part II: Clinical study (author's transl)]. Nineteen patients previously treated unsuccessfully, usually with bactericidal antibiotics, received large doses (average: 15-20 mg/kg/day) of oral doxycycline (Vibramycin) after suitable testing for resistance. The good therapeutic results -- complete cure in eleven cases, great improvement in one, doubtful response to doxycycline in four, three failures -- justifies the observation that high oral doses of doxycycline can be considered as an important addition to the possibilities for treatment of endocarditis.", "PMID": 118359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13248", "title": "[Hydergin therapy of cerebrovascular insufficiency in patients requiring digitalis. Results of a double-blind study (author's transl)].", "content": "In a controlled double-blind trial in 80 patients with cerebrovascular and cardiac insufficiency the differentiated effect of a combination therapy with cardiac glycosides and Hydergin were studied both with regard to parameters of cerebral organic and cardiac performance. Two randomized collectives of patients with an average age of 63 years were compared with each other for this purpose. They received either acetyldigoxin (0.4 mg/day) alone or in combination with Hydergin (3 mg/day). Duration of treatment was 8 weeks altogether. The single treatment with the cardiac glycoside alone does not lead to a satisfactory improvement in the symptoms of cerebral attacks. The results presented of this study support the necessity in these patients of an internist basic therapy in combination with a preparation like Hydergin acting favorably on cerebral metabolism.", "contents": "[Hydergin therapy of cerebrovascular insufficiency in patients requiring digitalis. Results of a double-blind study (author's transl)]. In a controlled double-blind trial in 80 patients with cerebrovascular and cardiac insufficiency the differentiated effect of a combination therapy with cardiac glycosides and Hydergin were studied both with regard to parameters of cerebral organic and cardiac performance. Two randomized collectives of patients with an average age of 63 years were compared with each other for this purpose. They received either acetyldigoxin (0.4 mg/day) alone or in combination with Hydergin (3 mg/day). Duration of treatment was 8 weeks altogether. The single treatment with the cardiac glycoside alone does not lead to a satisfactory improvement in the symptoms of cerebral attacks. The results presented of this study support the necessity in these patients of an internist basic therapy in combination with a preparation like Hydergin acting favorably on cerebral metabolism.", "PMID": 118360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13249", "title": "[Serum ribonuclease and its importance for renal diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Ribonuclease activity in the serum is recommended in the literature for the diagnosis of tumors, especially carcinoma of the pancreas. On the other hand it has long been suspected that serum RNAase increases when renal function is reduced. It is shown that the RNAase activity in human serum correlates well the creatinine clearance. Tumor diseases are frequently coupled with reduced renal function which leads to a rise in RNAase. The serum RNAase activity is therefore only of limited application for tumor diagnosis. The rise in RNAase activity in the serum is, however, a useful measure for the reduced renal function. The analysis of serum RNAase could replace the determination of creatinine clearance.", "contents": "[Serum ribonuclease and its importance for renal diagnosis (author's transl)]. Ribonuclease activity in the serum is recommended in the literature for the diagnosis of tumors, especially carcinoma of the pancreas. On the other hand it has long been suspected that serum RNAase increases when renal function is reduced. It is shown that the RNAase activity in human serum correlates well the creatinine clearance. Tumor diseases are frequently coupled with reduced renal function which leads to a rise in RNAase. The serum RNAase activity is therefore only of limited application for tumor diagnosis. The rise in RNAase activity in the serum is, however, a useful measure for the reduced renal function. The analysis of serum RNAase could replace the determination of creatinine clearance.", "PMID": 118361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13250", "title": "[Present day problems in the diagnosis of diabetes (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a longterm study showed that only a relatively small percentage of patients with limiting disturbance of glucose tolerance progressed in the direction of diabetic manifestation. There seems therefore to be grounds for the diagnostic term diabetes to be used only for clinically overt diabetes mellitus and to allow the definitions \"subclinical diabetes, chemical diabetes, latent diabetes and symptomatic diabetes\" to fall into disuse. On the question of quantity for the glucose tolerance test a 75 g load was proposed as a compromise because of the occasional poor tolerance of the 100 g load. For reasons of international comparability it seems better to adhere to the 50 to 100 g load as before.", "contents": "[Present day problems in the diagnosis of diabetes (author's transl)]. The results of a longterm study showed that only a relatively small percentage of patients with limiting disturbance of glucose tolerance progressed in the direction of diabetic manifestation. There seems therefore to be grounds for the diagnostic term diabetes to be used only for clinically overt diabetes mellitus and to allow the definitions \"subclinical diabetes, chemical diabetes, latent diabetes and symptomatic diabetes\" to fall into disuse. On the question of quantity for the glucose tolerance test a 75 g load was proposed as a compromise because of the occasional poor tolerance of the 100 g load. For reasons of international comparability it seems better to adhere to the 50 to 100 g load as before.", "PMID": 118365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13251", "title": "[Suprapubic drainage of the bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "The principal advantages of suprapubic drainage of the bladder compared with the transurethral indwelling catheter are to be seen in holding back ascending infection of the urinary tract and avoidance of urethral trauma. In addition to relieving the bladder in subvesical obstructions the most important indication in practise is continuous drainage of urine in patients in intensive care. With strict observation of puncture technique and contraindications (contracted bladder, tumors in the lower abdomen, bladder carcinoma, macrohematuria and hemorrhagic diathesis) the entire complication rate is 4.3% (2.3% macrohematuria, 1.5% local infection, 0.5% peritoneal lesion). With the introduction of the disposable puncture systems the suprapubic bladder fistula has become a superior alternative to the indwelling catheter in many cases.", "contents": "[Suprapubic drainage of the bladder (author's transl)]. The principal advantages of suprapubic drainage of the bladder compared with the transurethral indwelling catheter are to be seen in holding back ascending infection of the urinary tract and avoidance of urethral trauma. In addition to relieving the bladder in subvesical obstructions the most important indication in practise is continuous drainage of urine in patients in intensive care. With strict observation of puncture technique and contraindications (contracted bladder, tumors in the lower abdomen, bladder carcinoma, macrohematuria and hemorrhagic diathesis) the entire complication rate is 4.3% (2.3% macrohematuria, 1.5% local infection, 0.5% peritoneal lesion). With the introduction of the disposable puncture systems the suprapubic bladder fistula has become a superior alternative to the indwelling catheter in many cases.", "PMID": 118366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13252", "title": "[Uric acid stones in children. Identification and therapy of a newly detected defect of adenine-phosphoribosyltransferase (author's transl)].", "content": "APRT deficiency, a new cause of supposed \"uric acid\" stones in young children may be benign or life threatening. This stresses the importance of early recognition and diagnosis. The renal failure, severe in some instances, is preventable because 2,8-DHA formation, the precipitating factor in all, may be controlled by allopurinol preferably without alkali. A low purine diet is advised. \"Uric acid\" stones in children should always be subjected to sophisticated analysis, and regarded with suspicion in young adults. Diagnosis from red cell APRT activity will be impossible in transfused subjects.", "contents": "[Uric acid stones in children. Identification and therapy of a newly detected defect of adenine-phosphoribosyltransferase (author's transl)]. APRT deficiency, a new cause of supposed \"uric acid\" stones in young children may be benign or life threatening. This stresses the importance of early recognition and diagnosis. The renal failure, severe in some instances, is preventable because 2,8-DHA formation, the precipitating factor in all, may be controlled by allopurinol preferably without alkali. A low purine diet is advised. \"Uric acid\" stones in children should always be subjected to sophisticated analysis, and regarded with suspicion in young adults. Diagnosis from red cell APRT activity will be impossible in transfused subjects.", "PMID": 118367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13253", "title": "Mutagen-sensitive mutants in Drosophila melanogaster: effects on premutational damage.", "content": "Drosophila melanogaster males from a Basc stock were mutagenized with either X-rays, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), or nitrogen mustard (HN2). Groups of identically treated males were crossed to different types of female. Sex-linked recessive lethals were scored as a genetic end point. The females used were homozygous for X-chromosomal mutations (mus(1)101D1, mus(1)104D1, mei-9 or mei-41D5) which lead to defective DNA repair and which increase the mutagen sensitivity of larvae. Females from a white stock with normal DNA repair capacities served as controls. The premutational lesions induced in mature sperm are only processed after insemination by the maternal enzyme systems present in the oocytes. Differences in the efficiency of the processing of lesions can lead to maternal effects on the frequency of mutations recovered from mutagenized sperm. It was found that, with the exception of mus(1)104D1, all mutants analysed significantly modify the mutation fixation of one or more types of premutational lesions. The most drastic effect is found with the mus(1)101D1 stock in which HN2-induced DNA cross-links do not lead to sex-linked recessive lethals. It is assumed that mus(1)101D1 is defective in an early step of DNA cross-link repair. Our first set of data clearly demonstrates that the study of maternal effects in Drosophila is an efficient tool to analyse the in vivo function of repair mutations on chemically induced mutagenesis.", "contents": "Mutagen-sensitive mutants in Drosophila melanogaster: effects on premutational damage. Drosophila melanogaster males from a Basc stock were mutagenized with either X-rays, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), or nitrogen mustard (HN2). Groups of identically treated males were crossed to different types of female. Sex-linked recessive lethals were scored as a genetic end point. The females used were homozygous for X-chromosomal mutations (mus(1)101D1, mus(1)104D1, mei-9 or mei-41D5) which lead to defective DNA repair and which increase the mutagen sensitivity of larvae. Females from a white stock with normal DNA repair capacities served as controls. The premutational lesions induced in mature sperm are only processed after insemination by the maternal enzyme systems present in the oocytes. Differences in the efficiency of the processing of lesions can lead to maternal effects on the frequency of mutations recovered from mutagenized sperm. It was found that, with the exception of mus(1)104D1, all mutants analysed significantly modify the mutation fixation of one or more types of premutational lesions. The most drastic effect is found with the mus(1)101D1 stock in which HN2-induced DNA cross-links do not lead to sex-linked recessive lethals. It is assumed that mus(1)101D1 is defective in an early step of DNA cross-link repair. Our first set of data clearly demonstrates that the study of maternal effects in Drosophila is an efficient tool to analyse the in vivo function of repair mutations on chemically induced mutagenesis.", "PMID": 118370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13254", "title": "Reversion of nonsense mutants induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "We have studied the reversion of 8 nonsense alleles located in 7 different genes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe using 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (NQO) as a mutagenic agent. The nonsense mutants of S. pombe have been classified according to their suppressibility by defined opal and ochre suppressors into a class of efficiently suppressed opal and a class of inefficiency suppressed ochre mutants. The UGA alleles tested all revert consistently with NQO, in agreement with the high specificity of this mutagen for G-residues reported for bacteria and yeast. The UAA alleles show a lack or a low level of reversion with NQO. This low level of reversion is due to the low level of non-G-specific transversions at A sites of the UAA triplet. Within each class of nonsense mutants the extent of induction is site-dependent. We conclude that NQO acts predominantly on G-residues in S. pombe.", "contents": "Reversion of nonsense mutants induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We have studied the reversion of 8 nonsense alleles located in 7 different genes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe using 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (NQO) as a mutagenic agent. The nonsense mutants of S. pombe have been classified according to their suppressibility by defined opal and ochre suppressors into a class of efficiently suppressed opal and a class of inefficiency suppressed ochre mutants. The UGA alleles tested all revert consistently with NQO, in agreement with the high specificity of this mutagen for G-residues reported for bacteria and yeast. The UAA alleles show a lack or a low level of reversion with NQO. This low level of reversion is due to the low level of non-G-specific transversions at A sites of the UAA triplet. Within each class of nonsense mutants the extent of induction is site-dependent. We conclude that NQO acts predominantly on G-residues in S. pombe.", "PMID": 118371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13255", "title": "X-ray-induced mutations affecting the level of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster: frequency and genetic analysis of null-enzyme mutants.", "content": "The frequency of X-ray-induced (null-enzyme) mutations at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus in Drosophila melanogaster was measured. The rate of recovery of chromosomes that fail to direct the synthesis of a functional Adh protein is 3 x 10(-8) per R for chromosomes that do not include large chromosome rearrangements. However, this analysis excludes a larger number of chromosomes that are \"null-enzyme mutations\" because thye are deleted for the region of the Adh locus. The dose of X-rays required to induce a frequency of non-deletion null-enzyme mutants equal to the spontaneous frequency is about 73 rad calculated from the data reported in this communication.", "contents": "X-ray-induced mutations affecting the level of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster: frequency and genetic analysis of null-enzyme mutants. The frequency of X-ray-induced (null-enzyme) mutations at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus in Drosophila melanogaster was measured. The rate of recovery of chromosomes that fail to direct the synthesis of a functional Adh protein is 3 x 10(-8) per R for chromosomes that do not include large chromosome rearrangements. However, this analysis excludes a larger number of chromosomes that are \"null-enzyme mutations\" because thye are deleted for the region of the Adh locus. The dose of X-rays required to induce a frequency of non-deletion null-enzyme mutants equal to the spontaneous frequency is about 73 rad calculated from the data reported in this communication.", "PMID": 118372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13256", "title": "Mutagenic effectiveness of 14.1 MeV neutrons and 200 kV X-rays at the dumpy complex locus of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The effectiveness of 14.1 MeV neutrons relative to 200 kV X-rays for the induction of the various kinds of dumpy mutation in mature sperm of Drosophila melanogaster was investigated. The estimated RBE values are: 0.52 for all complete mutations; 0.64 for the (olv, ov) types; 0.33 for the (ol, lv, o, v, c) types; 0.33 for all fractional mutations. These data lend support to the thesis that (1) complete dumpy mutations of the olv and ov types are more frequently associated with chromosomal aberrations than those of the ol, lv, o, v and c types, and (2) fractional mutations and complete mutations of the (ol, lv, o, v, c) types are most probably point mutational events.", "contents": "Mutagenic effectiveness of 14.1 MeV neutrons and 200 kV X-rays at the dumpy complex locus of Drosophila melanogaster. The effectiveness of 14.1 MeV neutrons relative to 200 kV X-rays for the induction of the various kinds of dumpy mutation in mature sperm of Drosophila melanogaster was investigated. The estimated RBE values are: 0.52 for all complete mutations; 0.64 for the (olv, ov) types; 0.33 for the (ol, lv, o, v, c) types; 0.33 for all fractional mutations. These data lend support to the thesis that (1) complete dumpy mutations of the olv and ov types are more frequently associated with chromosomal aberrations than those of the ol, lv, o, v and c types, and (2) fractional mutations and complete mutations of the (ol, lv, o, v, c) types are most probably point mutational events.", "PMID": 118373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13257", "title": "X-ray induction of autosomal translocations in spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster and maternal effects of X.Y-chromosomes.", "content": "Wild-type ORK Drosophila melanogaster males were given an exposure of 3000 R X-radiation. Mature sperm were then sampled by mating to X.Y/X.Y, X.Y/X, or X/X females that carried markers on the second and third chromosomes for the detection of induced autosomal translocations. Two pairs of maternal stocks were used and heterozygous X.Y/X females were obtained by making both reciprocal crosses. The highest frequencies of induced translocations were obtained with X/X females. In one series these frequencies are higher than those obtained with either X.Y/X or X.Y/X.Y females. In the other series a uniform frequency of translocations was obtained with all types of female, except for one of the two types of heterozygous female, which gave lower frequencies. The experiments have provided data which show that the addition of Y-chromosomes to the maternal genome does not have a specific effect on the recovery of induced paternal autosomal translocations. Maternal Y-chromosomes increased the proportions of fertile F1 males, this effect being consistent in direction but varying in degree.", "contents": "X-ray induction of autosomal translocations in spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster and maternal effects of X.Y-chromosomes. Wild-type ORK Drosophila melanogaster males were given an exposure of 3000 R X-radiation. Mature sperm were then sampled by mating to X.Y/X.Y, X.Y/X, or X/X females that carried markers on the second and third chromosomes for the detection of induced autosomal translocations. Two pairs of maternal stocks were used and heterozygous X.Y/X females were obtained by making both reciprocal crosses. The highest frequencies of induced translocations were obtained with X/X females. In one series these frequencies are higher than those obtained with either X.Y/X or X.Y/X.Y females. In the other series a uniform frequency of translocations was obtained with all types of female, except for one of the two types of heterozygous female, which gave lower frequencies. The experiments have provided data which show that the addition of Y-chromosomes to the maternal genome does not have a specific effect on the recovery of induced paternal autosomal translocations. Maternal Y-chromosomes increased the proportions of fertile F1 males, this effect being consistent in direction but varying in degree.", "PMID": 118374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13258", "title": "Sensitivity of drosophila mutants to chemical carcinogens.", "content": "7 single-mutant and five double-mutant strains of Drosophila melanogaster were tested for their relative sensitivity to the chemical carcinogens: 1-acetylaminofluorene, benzo(alpha)pyrene, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, 4-nitro quinoline-1-oxide and aflatoxin B1. Among the single mutants, mei-9a, mei-41D5 and mus(1)104D1 are hypersensitive to all 5 chemicals, whereas mus(1)107D1 is hypersensitive only to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and is slightly sensitive to benzo(alpha)pyrene. The mei-9a mei-41D5 double-mutant is the most sensitive of 5 tested double-mutants which carry the mei-9a allele. When treated with 0.025 mM benzo(alpha)pyrene this double-mutant produces significantly more sex-linked recessive lethals and dominant lethals than does the control. Analysis of double-mutants reveals that the mei-9+ product functions in a different repair pathway of methyl methanesulfonate-induced damage than do the normal products of the mus(1)103, mus(1)104 and mus(1)107 loci. Our findings suggest that the sensitivity of Drosophila repair-deficient mutants could be exploited in screening for potential mutagens and carcinogens.", "contents": "Sensitivity of drosophila mutants to chemical carcinogens. 7 single-mutant and five double-mutant strains of Drosophila melanogaster were tested for their relative sensitivity to the chemical carcinogens: 1-acetylaminofluorene, benzo(alpha)pyrene, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, 4-nitro quinoline-1-oxide and aflatoxin B1. Among the single mutants, mei-9a, mei-41D5 and mus(1)104D1 are hypersensitive to all 5 chemicals, whereas mus(1)107D1 is hypersensitive only to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and is slightly sensitive to benzo(alpha)pyrene. The mei-9a mei-41D5 double-mutant is the most sensitive of 5 tested double-mutants which carry the mei-9a allele. When treated with 0.025 mM benzo(alpha)pyrene this double-mutant produces significantly more sex-linked recessive lethals and dominant lethals than does the control. Analysis of double-mutants reveals that the mei-9+ product functions in a different repair pathway of methyl methanesulfonate-induced damage than do the normal products of the mus(1)103, mus(1)104 and mus(1)107 loci. Our findings suggest that the sensitivity of Drosophila repair-deficient mutants could be exploited in screening for potential mutagens and carcinogens.", "PMID": 118375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13259", "title": "Effects of caffeine on maternal repair systems in Drosophila melanogaster. Concentration-dependent reversals of the effects of caffeine on chromosome loss and autosome-autosome translocations induced by x-rays in the paternal genome.", "content": "Drosophila melanogaster females were treated with 1% caffeine, mated with X-rayed males and the frequencies of induced sex-chromosome loss, translocations between the major autosomes and between the Y-chromosome and the major autosomes determined. In a reversal of the results obtained previously with 0.2% caffeine by Mendelson and Sobels, treatment of females with 1% caffeine led to a decrease in sex-chromosome loss, confirming preliminary data of Zimmering and Osgood and an increase in autosome--autosome translocations. It is suggested that the higher concentration of caffeine inhibits replication permitting more time available for chromosome-type restitutions by means of caffeine-insensitive repair mechanisms. In contrast with results for autosome--autosome translocation, the frequency of Y-autosome translocations was depressed below controls suggesting an isolation (by any one of several means) of Y-chromosome breaks from those in the autosomes.", "contents": "Effects of caffeine on maternal repair systems in Drosophila melanogaster. Concentration-dependent reversals of the effects of caffeine on chromosome loss and autosome-autosome translocations induced by x-rays in the paternal genome. Drosophila melanogaster females were treated with 1% caffeine, mated with X-rayed males and the frequencies of induced sex-chromosome loss, translocations between the major autosomes and between the Y-chromosome and the major autosomes determined. In a reversal of the results obtained previously with 0.2% caffeine by Mendelson and Sobels, treatment of females with 1% caffeine led to a decrease in sex-chromosome loss, confirming preliminary data of Zimmering and Osgood and an increase in autosome--autosome translocations. It is suggested that the higher concentration of caffeine inhibits replication permitting more time available for chromosome-type restitutions by means of caffeine-insensitive repair mechanisms. In contrast with results for autosome--autosome translocation, the frequency of Y-autosome translocations was depressed below controls suggesting an isolation (by any one of several means) of Y-chromosome breaks from those in the autosomes.", "PMID": 118376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13260", "title": "The genetic control of maternal effects on mutations recovered from X-rayed mature Drosophila sperm.", "content": "Drosophila melanogaster males carrying a ring-X-chromosome were X-rayed and crossed to virgin females of 7 stocks, which had their second and third chromosomes systematically substituted. In the same experiment dominant lethals, sex-chromosome losses, and reciprocal translocations were recorded. Maternal effects on mutation fixation were observable as differences in the mutation frequencies observed with the different types of females. With the set of substitution stocks studied it was found that the maternal genotype strongly influences the frequencies of chromosome losses. The influences on classical chromosome-breakage phenomena, such as dominant lethals and translocations, however, are weak. The differences in the chromosome-loss frequencies may result either from different time intervals between insemination and the beginning of chromosome replication, and/or the efficiency of a repair system. One or more strong genetic factors responsible for such modifications could be located on the third chromosome. On the second chromosome, at best only weak factors are present.", "contents": "The genetic control of maternal effects on mutations recovered from X-rayed mature Drosophila sperm. Drosophila melanogaster males carrying a ring-X-chromosome were X-rayed and crossed to virgin females of 7 stocks, which had their second and third chromosomes systematically substituted. In the same experiment dominant lethals, sex-chromosome losses, and reciprocal translocations were recorded. Maternal effects on mutation fixation were observable as differences in the mutation frequencies observed with the different types of females. With the set of substitution stocks studied it was found that the maternal genotype strongly influences the frequencies of chromosome losses. The influences on classical chromosome-breakage phenomena, such as dominant lethals and translocations, however, are weak. The differences in the chromosome-loss frequencies may result either from different time intervals between insemination and the beginning of chromosome replication, and/or the efficiency of a repair system. One or more strong genetic factors responsible for such modifications could be located on the third chromosome. On the second chromosome, at best only weak factors are present.", "PMID": 118377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13261", "title": "Influence of subcellular fractions of mammalian testes on the mutagenic activity of nitrofurans toward Escherichia coli; presence of a co-mutagen-like factor.", "content": "The activation of nitrofurans to mutagenic intermediates by testicular tissue was investigated. AF-2 and nitrofurazone were tested in a microsomal suspension assay with strain E. coli K-12 343/113 as indicator and subcellular fractions from rabbit testes. Different mutation patterns were observed in the presence or absence of testicular homogenate, indicating the presence of different mutagenic intermediates. The frequency of arg+ reversion increased proportionally to the homogenate concentration suggesting that the nitrofurans were activated by testicular components to intermediates that induced base-pair substitutions. Other experiments showed that a component of low molecular weight, present in the soluble fraction of homogenates of testes from rabbits, rats and monkeys, was responsible for the increased mutation frequency. It is concluded that this \"co-mutagen-like\" factor either alters the metabolism of nitrofurans in E. coli and/or promotes the formation of base-pair substitution-type mutations. This direct interaction between a nonenzymic component of mammalian testes and the mutation induction/expression process in E. coli suggests the role of co-mutagen-like factors in the sensitivity of testes to nitrofurans.", "contents": "Influence of subcellular fractions of mammalian testes on the mutagenic activity of nitrofurans toward Escherichia coli; presence of a co-mutagen-like factor. The activation of nitrofurans to mutagenic intermediates by testicular tissue was investigated. AF-2 and nitrofurazone were tested in a microsomal suspension assay with strain E. coli K-12 343/113 as indicator and subcellular fractions from rabbit testes. Different mutation patterns were observed in the presence or absence of testicular homogenate, indicating the presence of different mutagenic intermediates. The frequency of arg+ reversion increased proportionally to the homogenate concentration suggesting that the nitrofurans were activated by testicular components to intermediates that induced base-pair substitutions. Other experiments showed that a component of low molecular weight, present in the soluble fraction of homogenates of testes from rabbits, rats and monkeys, was responsible for the increased mutation frequency. It is concluded that this \"co-mutagen-like\" factor either alters the metabolism of nitrofurans in E. coli and/or promotes the formation of base-pair substitution-type mutations. This direct interaction between a nonenzymic component of mammalian testes and the mutation induction/expression process in E. coli suggests the role of co-mutagen-like factors in the sensitivity of testes to nitrofurans.", "PMID": 118378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13262", "title": "Relationship between cytotoxicity and induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in mouse foetal cells exposed to several doses of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals.", "content": "The increase in sister-chromatid exchanges induced by 5 chemicals, with different DNA damaging and carcinogenic activities, was studied in short-term foetal-mouse cultures. A significant increase in SCE was induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, N-diazoacetylglycine-amide, azaserine and methotrexate. k-Strophantin, on the contrary, was totally inactive. On a molar basis, MNNG was the most active chemical followed by MTX, AZS and DGA, in that order. At equitoxic concentrations (D37), the order of SCE-inducing abilities was MNNG, DGA, AZS and MTX. Compared with previous data, at equitoxic concentrations, the most DNA-damaging agents were also the most effective in inducing SCE. The SCE increase seems to correlate not with unspecific cytotoxicity but more with DNA damage or other damage at the genome level. MTX, a non-mutagen, which induced SCE only at toxic levels, could be considered a false positive because this positivity may reflect an enhancement of incorporation of 5-BrdUrd into DNA. The positive results obtained with AZS suggest a sufficient sensitivity of the method for detecting relatively weak carcinogens.", "contents": "Relationship between cytotoxicity and induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in mouse foetal cells exposed to several doses of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals. The increase in sister-chromatid exchanges induced by 5 chemicals, with different DNA damaging and carcinogenic activities, was studied in short-term foetal-mouse cultures. A significant increase in SCE was induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, N-diazoacetylglycine-amide, azaserine and methotrexate. k-Strophantin, on the contrary, was totally inactive. On a molar basis, MNNG was the most active chemical followed by MTX, AZS and DGA, in that order. At equitoxic concentrations (D37), the order of SCE-inducing abilities was MNNG, DGA, AZS and MTX. Compared with previous data, at equitoxic concentrations, the most DNA-damaging agents were also the most effective in inducing SCE. The SCE increase seems to correlate not with unspecific cytotoxicity but more with DNA damage or other damage at the genome level. MTX, a non-mutagen, which induced SCE only at toxic levels, could be considered a false positive because this positivity may reflect an enhancement of incorporation of 5-BrdUrd into DNA. The positive results obtained with AZS suggest a sufficient sensitivity of the method for detecting relatively weak carcinogens.", "PMID": 118379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13263", "title": "Mutagenicity and metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine and benzo[alpha]pyrene in tissue homogenates from inbred Syrian hamsters treated with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene or polychlorinated biphenyls.", "content": "There are significant differences between mice and hamsters in polycyclic hydrocarbon and nitrosamine metabolism. Homogenates of liver, lung and intestinal mucosa from 6 strains of Syrian golden hamster were compared for their ability to metabolize benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) to mutagens. Females of strains MHA/SSLak, LSH/SlLak, CB/SsLak, PD4/Lak LHC/Lak and Lak:LVG (SYR) were either untreated or received phenobarbital (PB), 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) or polychlorinated biphenyls (AR) to induce drug-metabolizing enzymes. Salmonella typhimurium TA92 and TA98 were used as indicators of the formation of mutagans. Dimethylnitrosamine demethylase (DMND) was assayed using 1 mM DMN as substrate. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) was measured using benzo[alpha]pyrene as substrate. MC does not induced AHH activity in hamster liver, but is an excellent inducer of enzymes converting BP to mutagens. This lack of correlation between increased AHH activity and increased metabolism of BP to mutagen in liver is in marked contrast to correlations seen in mice. MC induces AHH in hamster lung and intestinal mucosa. AR induces AHH in liver, lung and intestinal mucosa. Activity of DMND in liver is not affected by treatment of hamsters with BP or AR, but is repressed approx. 30% by treatment with MC. Activity of DMND and conversion of DMN to mutagen are correlated (r = 0.59) in hamster liver. Microsomes of hamster liver are more effective than those from mouse in converting DMN to mutagen, despite similar DMND activities in livers from the two species.", "contents": "Mutagenicity and metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine and benzo[alpha]pyrene in tissue homogenates from inbred Syrian hamsters treated with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene or polychlorinated biphenyls. There are significant differences between mice and hamsters in polycyclic hydrocarbon and nitrosamine metabolism. Homogenates of liver, lung and intestinal mucosa from 6 strains of Syrian golden hamster were compared for their ability to metabolize benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) to mutagens. Females of strains MHA/SSLak, LSH/SlLak, CB/SsLak, PD4/Lak LHC/Lak and Lak:LVG (SYR) were either untreated or received phenobarbital (PB), 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) or polychlorinated biphenyls (AR) to induce drug-metabolizing enzymes. Salmonella typhimurium TA92 and TA98 were used as indicators of the formation of mutagans. Dimethylnitrosamine demethylase (DMND) was assayed using 1 mM DMN as substrate. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) was measured using benzo[alpha]pyrene as substrate. MC does not induced AHH activity in hamster liver, but is an excellent inducer of enzymes converting BP to mutagens. This lack of correlation between increased AHH activity and increased metabolism of BP to mutagen in liver is in marked contrast to correlations seen in mice. MC induces AHH in hamster lung and intestinal mucosa. AR induces AHH in liver, lung and intestinal mucosa. Activity of DMND in liver is not affected by treatment of hamsters with BP or AR, but is repressed approx. 30% by treatment with MC. Activity of DMND and conversion of DMN to mutagen are correlated (r = 0.59) in hamster liver. Microsomes of hamster liver are more effective than those from mouse in converting DMN to mutagen, despite similar DMND activities in livers from the two species.", "PMID": 118380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13264", "title": "Effects of the hepatic S9 fraction from aroclor-1254-treated rats on the mutagenicity of benzo[alpha]pyrene and 2-aminoanthracene in the Salmonella/microsome assay.", "content": "The mutagenicity of benzo[alpha]pyrene and 2-aminoanthracene for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the plate-incorporation test was studied using liver S9 from untreated and aroclor-1254-treated rats. The induction of liver S9 protein, arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), and cytochrome P448/450 was followed with time. There was no change in protein concentrations with induction; AHH and cytochrome levels were increased at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days post Aroclor treatment. Benzo[alpha]pyrene mutagenicity was enhanced with Aroclor treatment while 2-aminoanthracene mutagenicity was depressed. The benzo[alpha]pyrene mutagenicity showed a positive correlation with the levels of AHH and cytochrome on the plate; 2-aminoanthracene showed a negative correlation with activity in induced samples.", "contents": "Effects of the hepatic S9 fraction from aroclor-1254-treated rats on the mutagenicity of benzo[alpha]pyrene and 2-aminoanthracene in the Salmonella/microsome assay. The mutagenicity of benzo[alpha]pyrene and 2-aminoanthracene for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the plate-incorporation test was studied using liver S9 from untreated and aroclor-1254-treated rats. The induction of liver S9 protein, arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), and cytochrome P448/450 was followed with time. There was no change in protein concentrations with induction; AHH and cytochrome levels were increased at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days post Aroclor treatment. Benzo[alpha]pyrene mutagenicity was enhanced with Aroclor treatment while 2-aminoanthracene mutagenicity was depressed. The benzo[alpha]pyrene mutagenicity showed a positive correlation with the levels of AHH and cytochrome on the plate; 2-aminoanthracene showed a negative correlation with activity in induced samples.", "PMID": 118381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13265", "title": "Studies on the mutagenicity of p-phenylenediamine in Salmonella typhimurium. Presence of PCB's in rat-liver microsomal fraction induced by Aroclor.", "content": "The mutagenicity of fresh solutions of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and Aroclor 1254 was investigated. The histidine-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium were used in the absence and presence of uninduced and/or Aroclor-induced rat-liver homogenate. The presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was also examined by chromatographic methods in Aroclor-induced rat-liver homogenate. In the absence of metabolic activation, as well as in the presence of uninduced rat-liver homogenate, PPD was not mutagenic in the strains used. In the presence of Aroclor-induced S9 a twofold increase (or less) was observed in the number of revertant colonies over those of the controls in TA1538 and TA98. There was no increase in the number of revertant colonies over those of the controls when PPD was dissolved in NH4OH solution and the solution mixed with H2O2 before the addition of S9 mix. Aroclor 1254 was not mutagenic in TA1538 or TA98. However, the presence of PCBs in Aroclor-induced rat-liver homogenate (induced S9) was identified by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas--liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).", "contents": "Studies on the mutagenicity of p-phenylenediamine in Salmonella typhimurium. Presence of PCB's in rat-liver microsomal fraction induced by Aroclor. The mutagenicity of fresh solutions of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and Aroclor 1254 was investigated. The histidine-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium were used in the absence and presence of uninduced and/or Aroclor-induced rat-liver homogenate. The presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was also examined by chromatographic methods in Aroclor-induced rat-liver homogenate. In the absence of metabolic activation, as well as in the presence of uninduced rat-liver homogenate, PPD was not mutagenic in the strains used. In the presence of Aroclor-induced S9 a twofold increase (or less) was observed in the number of revertant colonies over those of the controls in TA1538 and TA98. There was no increase in the number of revertant colonies over those of the controls when PPD was dissolved in NH4OH solution and the solution mixed with H2O2 before the addition of S9 mix. Aroclor 1254 was not mutagenic in TA1538 or TA98. However, the presence of PCBs in Aroclor-induced rat-liver homogenate (induced S9) was identified by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas--liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).", "PMID": 118383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13266", "title": "Diagnosis of Corynebacterium pyogenes infection in pigs by immunodiffusion test with protease antigen.", "content": "A protease antigen was prepared from the culture supernatant of Corynebacterium pyogenes by concentrating with a flash evaporator and ultrafiltration. It was adjusted to the concentration of 32 units by the single radial immunodiffusion with a tentative standard serum. In the immunodiffusion test, the antigen of 4 units reacted enough with sera having an antibody titer ranging from 1 to 128. As a result, it was decided that the antigen of 4 units should be used in the immunodiffusion test for the detection of protease antibody. By the immunodiffusion test, protease antibody was demonstrated in about 35% of 443 sera from pigs collected at random. The antibody titer showed the distribution of 2 peaks. The summits of the two peaks were seen at 4 and 32 of antibody titer, respectively. The valley between the two peaks was seen at 16 of titer. From the result, a diagnostic criterion of the immunodiffusion test was decided provisionally as follows: above 16 of antibody titer is positive, 1 to 8 suspect, and less than 1 negative. On the other hand, protease antibody was demonstrated in sera from 13 of 14 pigs carrying abscesses from which C. pyogenes had been isolated. Its titer was 8 (in 2 pigs), 16 (in 1), 32 (in 3), 64 (in 6), and 128 (in 1). From these results, it was proposed that the immunodiffusion test with protease antigen be used for the diagnosis of C. pyogenes infection in pigs.", "contents": "Diagnosis of Corynebacterium pyogenes infection in pigs by immunodiffusion test with protease antigen. A protease antigen was prepared from the culture supernatant of Corynebacterium pyogenes by concentrating with a flash evaporator and ultrafiltration. It was adjusted to the concentration of 32 units by the single radial immunodiffusion with a tentative standard serum. In the immunodiffusion test, the antigen of 4 units reacted enough with sera having an antibody titer ranging from 1 to 128. As a result, it was decided that the antigen of 4 units should be used in the immunodiffusion test for the detection of protease antibody. By the immunodiffusion test, protease antibody was demonstrated in about 35% of 443 sera from pigs collected at random. The antibody titer showed the distribution of 2 peaks. The summits of the two peaks were seen at 4 and 32 of antibody titer, respectively. The valley between the two peaks was seen at 16 of titer. From the result, a diagnostic criterion of the immunodiffusion test was decided provisionally as follows: above 16 of antibody titer is positive, 1 to 8 suspect, and less than 1 negative. On the other hand, protease antibody was demonstrated in sera from 13 of 14 pigs carrying abscesses from which C. pyogenes had been isolated. Its titer was 8 (in 2 pigs), 16 (in 1), 32 (in 3), 64 (in 6), and 128 (in 1). From these results, it was proposed that the immunodiffusion test with protease antigen be used for the diagnosis of C. pyogenes infection in pigs.", "PMID": 118384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13267", "title": "Chromatographic pattern of DNA isolated from liver tissue during hepatoma development.", "content": "DNA was isolated from livers of the rats treated with DAB during various steps of hepatoma development. After histological examination the tumor tissue was separated from the normal liver tissue and used as the source of DNA. Chromatographic fractionation on DEAE and Ecteola celluloses shows characteristic patterns for DNA isolated at various steps of hepatoma development. The largest differences in hepatoma DNA as compared to normal liver DNA were demonstrated in the DNA fraction eluated with 2.0 M-NaCl and NH3, gradient 0.1--1.0 M (m. w. 2--9 x 10(6)), and an increase in the first DNA fraction (m. w. less than 1 x 10(6)) was observed. Differences in the chromatographic patterns are discussed in terms of direct DAB action on DNA.", "contents": "Chromatographic pattern of DNA isolated from liver tissue during hepatoma development. DNA was isolated from livers of the rats treated with DAB during various steps of hepatoma development. After histological examination the tumor tissue was separated from the normal liver tissue and used as the source of DNA. Chromatographic fractionation on DEAE and Ecteola celluloses shows characteristic patterns for DNA isolated at various steps of hepatoma development. The largest differences in hepatoma DNA as compared to normal liver DNA were demonstrated in the DNA fraction eluated with 2.0 M-NaCl and NH3, gradient 0.1--1.0 M (m. w. 2--9 x 10(6)), and an increase in the first DNA fraction (m. w. less than 1 x 10(6)) was observed. Differences in the chromatographic patterns are discussed in terms of direct DAB action on DNA.", "PMID": 118386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13268", "title": "Hormone dependency of rat mammary carcinoma--a comparison of two assay systems.", "content": "Succinic dehydrogenase activity of the DMBA induced tumor explants cultured with or without hormones was assessed histochemically while receptors for estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) were estimated from the cytosol fraction of the tumor tissue. Tumor regression following ovariectomy (OVX) was kept as the end point for determining hormone dependency. By in vitro method positive correlation was observed in 5 of 6 responsive or hormone dependent tumors, and 13 out of 14 independent tumors. Presence of receptors (ER + PgR, PgR) correlated with responsiveness in 4 of 6 tumors while their absence in the non-responsive group correlated in 6 of 14 tumors. Prolactin responsive tumors did not regress following OVX even if ER + PgR or ER/PgR were present. Using the same tumor tissue the results of hormone dependency by the two methods were identical in only 9 of 20 tumors.", "contents": "Hormone dependency of rat mammary carcinoma--a comparison of two assay systems. Succinic dehydrogenase activity of the DMBA induced tumor explants cultured with or without hormones was assessed histochemically while receptors for estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) were estimated from the cytosol fraction of the tumor tissue. Tumor regression following ovariectomy (OVX) was kept as the end point for determining hormone dependency. By in vitro method positive correlation was observed in 5 of 6 responsive or hormone dependent tumors, and 13 out of 14 independent tumors. Presence of receptors (ER + PgR, PgR) correlated with responsiveness in 4 of 6 tumors while their absence in the non-responsive group correlated in 6 of 14 tumors. Prolactin responsive tumors did not regress following OVX even if ER + PgR or ER/PgR were present. Using the same tumor tissue the results of hormone dependency by the two methods were identical in only 9 of 20 tumors.", "PMID": 118387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13269", "title": "Comparison of the excretion of different types of melanogens in the melanoma patients.", "content": "Urinary melanogens are indolic and phenolic compounds which are excreted in an elevated amount in the urine of melanoma patients. Urinary melanogens can be divided into two principal groups according to their behavior during Thorm\u00e4hlen test--Thorm\u00e4hlen positive melanogens (TPM) and Thorm\u00e4hlen negative melanogens (TNM). When comparing TPM and TNM (represented by homovanillic and vanillactic acids) urinary excretion in stage III of melanoma patients we have found two significantly different relations for melanogens excretion, i. e. predominating TPM urinary excretion in melanotic forms of melanomas and predominating homovanillic acid and vanillactic acid urinary excretion in amelanotic forms of melanomas. We assumed that it could be an indirect evidence of the different catalytic activity of either cresolase or catecholase activities of tyrosinase.", "contents": "Comparison of the excretion of different types of melanogens in the melanoma patients. Urinary melanogens are indolic and phenolic compounds which are excreted in an elevated amount in the urine of melanoma patients. Urinary melanogens can be divided into two principal groups according to their behavior during Thorm\u00e4hlen test--Thorm\u00e4hlen positive melanogens (TPM) and Thorm\u00e4hlen negative melanogens (TNM). When comparing TPM and TNM (represented by homovanillic and vanillactic acids) urinary excretion in stage III of melanoma patients we have found two significantly different relations for melanogens excretion, i. e. predominating TPM urinary excretion in melanotic forms of melanomas and predominating homovanillic acid and vanillactic acid urinary excretion in amelanotic forms of melanomas. We assumed that it could be an indirect evidence of the different catalytic activity of either cresolase or catecholase activities of tyrosinase.", "PMID": 118388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13270", "title": "Thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone during infusion of epinephrine and propranolol in man.", "content": "Male volunteers were administered 100 microgram thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) intravenously during control (saline) and drug (epinephrine-propranolol) infusions. There were no differences in the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or prolactin responses to TRH during the epinephrine-propranolol infusion periods. There were no significant differences in growth hormone (GH) responses to epinephrine-propranolol infusions. Epinephrine-propranolol had no detectable effect on basal TSH, prolactin and GH concentrations. We conclude that the alpha-adrenergic system does not play any role at the pituitary level in modulating the effect of TRH-stimulated TSH or prolactin secretion in male volunteers.", "contents": "Thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone during infusion of epinephrine and propranolol in man. Male volunteers were administered 100 microgram thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) intravenously during control (saline) and drug (epinephrine-propranolol) infusions. There were no differences in the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or prolactin responses to TRH during the epinephrine-propranolol infusion periods. There were no significant differences in growth hormone (GH) responses to epinephrine-propranolol infusions. Epinephrine-propranolol had no detectable effect on basal TSH, prolactin and GH concentrations. We conclude that the alpha-adrenergic system does not play any role at the pituitary level in modulating the effect of TRH-stimulated TSH or prolactin secretion in male volunteers.", "PMID": 118391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13271", "title": "Treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage with sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine: an experimental study.", "content": "The effectiveness of simultaneous intravenous sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine in improving the cerebrovascular disturbances and survival rate after induced subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was studied in the cynomolgus monkey. We measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) using the intra-arterial xenon-133 clearance technique. In our experimental animal model, SAH was associated with a persistent reduction in rCBF, elevation of cerebrovascular resistance (CVR), cerebral vasospasm for the duration of the study (150 minutes), and poor survival. For animals receiving the treatment regime (administered approximately 25 minutes after the induced SAH), rCBF remained low, CVR was high, and cerebral vasospasm was persistent. Survival in this group was the same as that observed for the untreated animals. Simultaneous administration of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine was ineffective in improving rCBF, CVR, cerebral vasospasm, or survival after SAH. In the control group (receiving only the treatment and not an intracranial insult), rCBF was below resting levels both during and after therapy, indicating impaired cerebral autoregulation. (Neurosurgery, 5: 688--595, 1979).", "contents": "Treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage with sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine: an experimental study. The effectiveness of simultaneous intravenous sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine in improving the cerebrovascular disturbances and survival rate after induced subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was studied in the cynomolgus monkey. We measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) using the intra-arterial xenon-133 clearance technique. In our experimental animal model, SAH was associated with a persistent reduction in rCBF, elevation of cerebrovascular resistance (CVR), cerebral vasospasm for the duration of the study (150 minutes), and poor survival. For animals receiving the treatment regime (administered approximately 25 minutes after the induced SAH), rCBF remained low, CVR was high, and cerebral vasospasm was persistent. Survival in this group was the same as that observed for the untreated animals. Simultaneous administration of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine was ineffective in improving rCBF, CVR, cerebral vasospasm, or survival after SAH. In the control group (receiving only the treatment and not an intracranial insult), rCBF was below resting levels both during and after therapy, indicating impaired cerebral autoregulation. (Neurosurgery, 5: 688--595, 1979).", "PMID": 118392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13272", "title": "Spinal cord injury in the monkey: rate of cord cooling and temperature gradient during local hypothermia.", "content": "We have investigated the effectiveness of surface cord cooling in reducing spinal cord temperature with respect to the rate of cooling and the temperature gradient within the spinal cord parenchyma. Another question of some practical importance if spinal cooling is to be used clinically is that of the temperature within the spinal cord as a function of the dura being intact or open. In five monkeys, a laminectomy was carried out at T-10 and an impact injury of 350 g-cm force was applied to the spinal cord with the dura intact. Hypothermic perfusion with Elliott's B solution (artificial cerebrospinal fluid) was started, and we measured temperatures in the spinal cord with a thermistor probe mounted on a stereotactic drive. A series of measurements were made with the dura intact and the measurements were then repeated with the dura open. For comparison, we also recorded temperatures in one animal that had not been cord-injured. The rate of cord cooling was rapid during the first 3 minutes of hypothermic perfusion, after which there was a slight further reduction in cord temperature; a low level plateau of 6.7 degrees C was reached within 21 minutes after the start of cooling. The temperature gradient at varying depths of the spinal cord was approximately 6 degrees C (3.8 degrees C at the posterior surface to 10.1 degrees C in the deepest portion of the spinal cord), representing a temperature gradient of 1.3 degrees C/mm of cord tissue. Transmission of the cooling effect from perfusate to the spinal cord was not appreciably affected by the dura being intact or open. (Neurosurgery, 5: 583--587, 1979).", "contents": "Spinal cord injury in the monkey: rate of cord cooling and temperature gradient during local hypothermia. We have investigated the effectiveness of surface cord cooling in reducing spinal cord temperature with respect to the rate of cooling and the temperature gradient within the spinal cord parenchyma. Another question of some practical importance if spinal cooling is to be used clinically is that of the temperature within the spinal cord as a function of the dura being intact or open. In five monkeys, a laminectomy was carried out at T-10 and an impact injury of 350 g-cm force was applied to the spinal cord with the dura intact. Hypothermic perfusion with Elliott's B solution (artificial cerebrospinal fluid) was started, and we measured temperatures in the spinal cord with a thermistor probe mounted on a stereotactic drive. A series of measurements were made with the dura intact and the measurements were then repeated with the dura open. For comparison, we also recorded temperatures in one animal that had not been cord-injured. The rate of cord cooling was rapid during the first 3 minutes of hypothermic perfusion, after which there was a slight further reduction in cord temperature; a low level plateau of 6.7 degrees C was reached within 21 minutes after the start of cooling. The temperature gradient at varying depths of the spinal cord was approximately 6 degrees C (3.8 degrees C at the posterior surface to 10.1 degrees C in the deepest portion of the spinal cord), representing a temperature gradient of 1.3 degrees C/mm of cord tissue. Transmission of the cooling effect from perfusate to the spinal cord was not appreciably affected by the dura being intact or open. (Neurosurgery, 5: 583--587, 1979).", "PMID": 118393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13273", "title": "[Adrenergic activity and glycometabolic compensation in patients with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "In an assessment of the degree of adrenergic activity in the course of diabetes mellitus, plasma levels and urinary excretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine were determined in 20 normal subjects and 47 diabetics: 11 in good control (group I), 23 in poor control (group II), 13 with frank ketoacidosis (group III). The study was repeated in groups II and III once good glycometabolic control had been achieved. Slightly above normal catecholamine levels were noted in group I, while there was a marked increase in group II. Group III shaved an enormous increase by comparison with the other two groups. After medical treatment values in group III fell to within the group I range. The conclusion is drawn that a close relationship exists between adrenergic acitivity and the degree of control of diabetes. The sympathetic nervous system, therefore, interferes in the course of diabetes with blood sugar control via numerous, complex mechanisms.", "contents": "[Adrenergic activity and glycometabolic compensation in patients with diabetes mellitus]. In an assessment of the degree of adrenergic activity in the course of diabetes mellitus, plasma levels and urinary excretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine were determined in 20 normal subjects and 47 diabetics: 11 in good control (group I), 23 in poor control (group II), 13 with frank ketoacidosis (group III). The study was repeated in groups II and III once good glycometabolic control had been achieved. Slightly above normal catecholamine levels were noted in group I, while there was a marked increase in group II. Group III shaved an enormous increase by comparison with the other two groups. After medical treatment values in group III fell to within the group I range. The conclusion is drawn that a close relationship exists between adrenergic acitivity and the degree of control of diabetes. The sympathetic nervous system, therefore, interferes in the course of diabetes with blood sugar control via numerous, complex mechanisms.", "PMID": 118410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13274", "title": "[Unusual CT skull findings after preventive CNS treatment of acute leukemia in children].", "content": "CT examinations of the cranium were carried out among 15 children who had previously received cranial radiation and i.th. methotrexate during leukemia management. Surprisingly, 10 of 15 patients had abnormal CT findings. Only 2 of the 10 \"CT-positive\" children were clinically-neurologically conspicuous. The visible CT alterations of brain structure seemed especially marked and frequent the more time had elapsed since CNS-treatment. The most striking CT pathologica were found among children up to 5 years of age, who were also conspicuous through convulsions and delayed development.", "contents": "[Unusual CT skull findings after preventive CNS treatment of acute leukemia in children]. CT examinations of the cranium were carried out among 15 children who had previously received cranial radiation and i.th. methotrexate during leukemia management. Surprisingly, 10 of 15 patients had abnormal CT findings. Only 2 of the 10 \"CT-positive\" children were clinically-neurologically conspicuous. The visible CT alterations of brain structure seemed especially marked and frequent the more time had elapsed since CNS-treatment. The most striking CT pathologica were found among children up to 5 years of age, who were also conspicuous through convulsions and delayed development.", "PMID": 118413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13275", "title": "[Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II): a new type of cytostatic].", "content": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP) represents a new class of platinum compounds with cytostatic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action remains unknown, it is the most widely studied of these agents to date. The toxicology, metabolism, mode of application and clinical experience with this drug are presented and discussed. The value of DDP as monotherapy as well as in combination with other cytostatic agents, especially in the treatment of testicular cancer, as well as the possibilities of controlling its nephrotoxic effects are presented in greater detail.", "contents": "[Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II): a new type of cytostatic]. Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP) represents a new class of platinum compounds with cytostatic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action remains unknown, it is the most widely studied of these agents to date. The toxicology, metabolism, mode of application and clinical experience with this drug are presented and discussed. The value of DDP as monotherapy as well as in combination with other cytostatic agents, especially in the treatment of testicular cancer, as well as the possibilities of controlling its nephrotoxic effects are presented in greater detail.", "PMID": 118414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13276", "title": "Pseudophakia in children: a review of results of eighteen implant surgeons.", "content": "Intraocular lenses are a wise choice in a limited number of traumatic cataracts. It is necessary, however, to evaluate the patient very closely preoperatively to be assured that preoperative problems associated with increased postoperative complication are not present. In the proper patient, these authors feel that implant surgery is indicated. It offers a satisfactory alternative to the occasional patient that would have a functionless or amblyopic eye with a contact lens. Although the patient with a contact lens may see well with the contact in place, many are not able to wear the contact lens long enough during the day to consider it a functional success. These authors stress the use of a lightweight two-loop iridocapsular lens with one stage surgery and a short interval between the development of the cataract and the operation. Contact lenses or aphakic glasses are safe and will suffice with bilateral congenital cataracts. At the present time, further experimentation is necessary to determine if intraocular lens placement in the two-month-old infant with a unilateral congenital cataract will be safe and wil restore vision.", "contents": "Pseudophakia in children: a review of results of eighteen implant surgeons. Intraocular lenses are a wise choice in a limited number of traumatic cataracts. It is necessary, however, to evaluate the patient very closely preoperatively to be assured that preoperative problems associated with increased postoperative complication are not present. In the proper patient, these authors feel that implant surgery is indicated. It offers a satisfactory alternative to the occasional patient that would have a functionless or amblyopic eye with a contact lens. Although the patient with a contact lens may see well with the contact in place, many are not able to wear the contact lens long enough during the day to consider it a functional success. These authors stress the use of a lightweight two-loop iridocapsular lens with one stage surgery and a short interval between the development of the cataract and the operation. Contact lenses or aphakic glasses are safe and will suffice with bilateral congenital cataracts. At the present time, further experimentation is necessary to determine if intraocular lens placement in the two-month-old infant with a unilateral congenital cataract will be safe and wil restore vision.", "PMID": 118415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13277", "title": "New findings in the chromosome 13 long-arm deletion syndrome and retinoblastoma.", "content": "New clinical and pathologic findings in patients with deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13 (13q-) include optic nerve hypoplasia and retinal dysplasia. Fibroblasts derived from patients with a 13q- syndrome with and without retinoblastoma, as well as from familial and sporadic retinoblastoma, are a useful model for the study of genetic susceptibility to the development of spontaneous and radiation-induced cancers. Fibroblasts from patients with hereditary retinoblastoma appear more radiosensitive than fibroblasts from patients with sporadic retinoblastoma or normal control patients.", "contents": "New findings in the chromosome 13 long-arm deletion syndrome and retinoblastoma. New clinical and pathologic findings in patients with deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13 (13q-) include optic nerve hypoplasia and retinal dysplasia. Fibroblasts derived from patients with a 13q- syndrome with and without retinoblastoma, as well as from familial and sporadic retinoblastoma, are a useful model for the study of genetic susceptibility to the development of spontaneous and radiation-induced cancers. Fibroblasts from patients with hereditary retinoblastoma appear more radiosensitive than fibroblasts from patients with sporadic retinoblastoma or normal control patients.", "PMID": 118416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13278", "title": "Ocular asymmetry measuring device.", "content": "An instrument that measures ocular, eyebrow, canthal, and lower eyelid asymmetries accurately is useful for evaluating various deformities before oculoplastic surgery is performed. The ocular asymmetry measuring device comprises a headband, a ruler, and a T-shaped crosspiece. When the band is placed around the patient's head at forehead level, it fixes the ruler vertically over the midforehead. The metal rod is aligned with whatever eyelid, eyebrow, eye, or canthus is lower and is then elevated until it transects a similar structure on the opposite side. The degree of asymmetry is measured in millimeters. The device is useful in determining the degree of correction needed in various conditions that result from orbital fracture, facial paralysis, and congenital anomalies.", "contents": "Ocular asymmetry measuring device. An instrument that measures ocular, eyebrow, canthal, and lower eyelid asymmetries accurately is useful for evaluating various deformities before oculoplastic surgery is performed. The ocular asymmetry measuring device comprises a headband, a ruler, and a T-shaped crosspiece. When the band is placed around the patient's head at forehead level, it fixes the ruler vertically over the midforehead. The metal rod is aligned with whatever eyelid, eyebrow, eye, or canthus is lower and is then elevated until it transects a similar structure on the opposite side. The degree of asymmetry is measured in millimeters. The device is useful in determining the degree of correction needed in various conditions that result from orbital fracture, facial paralysis, and congenital anomalies.", "PMID": 118417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13279", "title": "[A new method for extraction of cartilage proteoglycans: the electrical extraction (author's transl)].", "content": "Sections (40 mu thick) or fine powder of baboon articular cartilage were submitted to electric current (40-60 V/cm) in a free zone electrophoretic system and the extraction of proteoglycans from cartilage was followed by histochemical and biochemical methods. An extraction of about 40 per cent of the total hexuronic acid was obtained in 5 hours. The metachromasia showed that the proteoglycans resistant to electrical extraction are found in the chondrocytes lacunae and in the calcified zone. Gel electrophoretic studies showed the absence of proteoglycan aggregates and a material with a migration similar or a little faster than that of proteoglycan subunits. In some experiments a material with the migration of chondroitin sulphate was found. The electrical extraction could give information about the relationship between collagen framework and proteoglycans in the cartilage matrix itself and about proteoglycan organization.", "contents": "[A new method for extraction of cartilage proteoglycans: the electrical extraction (author's transl)]. Sections (40 mu thick) or fine powder of baboon articular cartilage were submitted to electric current (40-60 V/cm) in a free zone electrophoretic system and the extraction of proteoglycans from cartilage was followed by histochemical and biochemical methods. An extraction of about 40 per cent of the total hexuronic acid was obtained in 5 hours. The metachromasia showed that the proteoglycans resistant to electrical extraction are found in the chondrocytes lacunae and in the calcified zone. Gel electrophoretic studies showed the absence of proteoglycan aggregates and a material with a migration similar or a little faster than that of proteoglycan subunits. In some experiments a material with the migration of chondroitin sulphate was found. The electrical extraction could give information about the relationship between collagen framework and proteoglycans in the cartilage matrix itself and about proteoglycan organization.", "PMID": 118421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13280", "title": "Non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae causing subacute bacterial endocarditis: case report.", "content": "This is the case report of a 13-yr-old European child from a boarding school at Herberton, on the Atherton Tableland, who developed subacute bacterial endocarditis, with 6 blood cultures at different times growing a non-toxigenic strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.", "contents": "Non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae causing subacute bacterial endocarditis: case report. This is the case report of a 13-yr-old European child from a boarding school at Herberton, on the Atherton Tableland, who developed subacute bacterial endocarditis, with 6 blood cultures at different times growing a non-toxigenic strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.", "PMID": 118422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13281", "title": "Monkeys show an oblique effect.", "content": "Monkeys aligned a cursor bar with high-contrast square-wave gratings presented in a variety of orientations. Alignment time increased with increasing spatial frequency from 6 to 24 cycles deg-1 regardless of the orientation of the grating. At higher spatial frequencies, alignment tasks took longer for obliquely oriented gratings than for horizontal and vertical ones. Reducing grating contrast by blurring the image of the 24 cycle deg-1 grating also produced longer alignment times for the obliques. These data indicate that monkeys have an oblique effect similar to that found in humans, implying that the monkey is a useful animal model for investigating the development of meridional anisotropies.", "contents": "Monkeys show an oblique effect. Monkeys aligned a cursor bar with high-contrast square-wave gratings presented in a variety of orientations. Alignment time increased with increasing spatial frequency from 6 to 24 cycles deg-1 regardless of the orientation of the grating. At higher spatial frequencies, alignment tasks took longer for obliquely oriented gratings than for horizontal and vertical ones. Reducing grating contrast by blurring the image of the 24 cycle deg-1 grating also produced longer alignment times for the obliques. These data indicate that monkeys have an oblique effect similar to that found in humans, implying that the monkey is a useful animal model for investigating the development of meridional anisotropies.", "PMID": 118425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13282", "title": "Parameters of the static burst discharge of lingual cold receptors in the cat.", "content": "Thermal stimuli were applied to the upper surface of the tongue of the cat. The stimuli ranged from 40 degrees C to 10 degrees C and were changed in cold steps of 5 degrees C, each temperature lasting 2 min. Afferent impulses of single specific cold fibers from the lingual nerve were analysed by a computer program. About 90% of the fibers showed bursts under static conditions. The bursts began as doublets at the temperature of maximal average frequency. This temperature varied from 40 degrees C to 15 degrees C in different fibers, the average being 30 degrees C. The parameters burst period, burst duration, pause duration, intraburst interval and spikes per burst increased monotonically from 30 degrees C to 15 degrees C. The possible physiological significance of the burst pattern is discussed.", "contents": "Parameters of the static burst discharge of lingual cold receptors in the cat. Thermal stimuli were applied to the upper surface of the tongue of the cat. The stimuli ranged from 40 degrees C to 10 degrees C and were changed in cold steps of 5 degrees C, each temperature lasting 2 min. Afferent impulses of single specific cold fibers from the lingual nerve were analysed by a computer program. About 90% of the fibers showed bursts under static conditions. The bursts began as doublets at the temperature of maximal average frequency. This temperature varied from 40 degrees C to 15 degrees C in different fibers, the average being 30 degrees C. The parameters burst period, burst duration, pause duration, intraburst interval and spikes per burst increased monotonically from 30 degrees C to 15 degrees C. The possible physiological significance of the burst pattern is discussed.", "PMID": 118427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13283", "title": "[Discrepancies between TRH test and classical dynamic thyroid tests results in hyperthyroidism. 47 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "We have investigated the frequency of discordant results between the TRH test and classic dynamic tests of thyroid function (thyroid suppression and TSH stimulation tests) for patients presenting a diagnostic problem for hyperthyroidism. 12 patients in group I posed the problem of having a relapse of Graves' disease previously treated: a discrepancy between TRH and T3 suppression test results was observed in 17% of the cases. 10 patients in group II demonstrated the ophtalmopathy of Graves' disease without hyperthyroidism: discordance between tests results in this group was present for 20%. Finally, 25 patients in group III had a \"hot\" thyroid nodul apparent at thyroid scan: in 40% of the cases, the response to TRH did not lead to the same diagnosis that was suggested by the classical dynamic tests of thyroid regulation. The discrepancies observed in this work, between the results of the TRH test and those of classic dynamic tests, demonstrate that this two types of tests are not completely interchangeable, because they do not reflect exactly the same function.", "contents": "[Discrepancies between TRH test and classical dynamic thyroid tests results in hyperthyroidism. 47 cases (author's transl)]. We have investigated the frequency of discordant results between the TRH test and classic dynamic tests of thyroid function (thyroid suppression and TSH stimulation tests) for patients presenting a diagnostic problem for hyperthyroidism. 12 patients in group I posed the problem of having a relapse of Graves' disease previously treated: a discrepancy between TRH and T3 suppression test results was observed in 17% of the cases. 10 patients in group II demonstrated the ophtalmopathy of Graves' disease without hyperthyroidism: discordance between tests results in this group was present for 20%. Finally, 25 patients in group III had a \"hot\" thyroid nodul apparent at thyroid scan: in 40% of the cases, the response to TRH did not lead to the same diagnosis that was suggested by the classical dynamic tests of thyroid regulation. The discrepancies observed in this work, between the results of the TRH test and those of classic dynamic tests, demonstrate that this two types of tests are not completely interchangeable, because they do not reflect exactly the same function.", "PMID": 118429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13284", "title": "[Franklin's disease associated with chronic active hepatitis and hypothyroidism. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on a new case of Franklin's disease; the originality of which lies in the fact that it was associated with hypothyro\u00efdism and mainly with B virus chronic active hepatitis. It seems likely that chronic antigenic stimulation during active hepatitis played role in the pathogenesis of the monoclonal gammapathy.", "contents": "[Franklin's disease associated with chronic active hepatitis and hypothyroidism. One case (author's transl)]. The authors report on a new case of Franklin's disease; the originality of which lies in the fact that it was associated with hypothyro\u00efdism and mainly with B virus chronic active hepatitis. It seems likely that chronic antigenic stimulation during active hepatitis played role in the pathogenesis of the monoclonal gammapathy.", "PMID": 118432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13285", "title": "[Strategy for the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A study carried out on 808 patients examined because hyperthyroidism was suspected has shown that the most discriminating thyroid test is the free thyroxin index (FT4) in the plasma. For about 70% of the patients the comparison between the clinical diagnosis made by a clinician at his first interview and the results of FT4, leads one to an accurate assessment of the thyroid function. For the remaining 30% of the patients the assay of triiodothyronin (T3) in the plasma is the best laboratory test; it enables a diagnosis in 20% of those patients. It is therefore only in about 10% of the patients that more sophisticated laboratory tests would be necessary, such as TRH stimulation test and a technetium uptake whenever a scintigraphy is performed. Scintigraphy with technetium is only required to look for a possible toxic adenoma. In summary such a decision tree makes it possible to reduce considerably the cost of the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Strategy for the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis (author's transl)]. A study carried out on 808 patients examined because hyperthyroidism was suspected has shown that the most discriminating thyroid test is the free thyroxin index (FT4) in the plasma. For about 70% of the patients the comparison between the clinical diagnosis made by a clinician at his first interview and the results of FT4, leads one to an accurate assessment of the thyroid function. For the remaining 30% of the patients the assay of triiodothyronin (T3) in the plasma is the best laboratory test; it enables a diagnosis in 20% of those patients. It is therefore only in about 10% of the patients that more sophisticated laboratory tests would be necessary, such as TRH stimulation test and a technetium uptake whenever a scintigraphy is performed. Scintigraphy with technetium is only required to look for a possible toxic adenoma. In summary such a decision tree makes it possible to reduce considerably the cost of the diagnosis.", "PMID": 118433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13286", "title": "Filter replicas and permanent collections of recombinant DNA plasmids.", "content": "A permanent, ordered collection of 23,000 recombinant DNA plasmids containing Drosophila melanogaster DNA has been established. Simple and practical methods for storing and manipulating this collection were developed. In addition, an improved, simple and inexpensive method for making paper filter replicas of such an ordered collection and of a high density (10,000 colonies/petri dish) unordered collection was developed. These filter replicas are suitable for nucleic acid hybridization screens of recombinant DNA colinies and each filter replica can be used for many (greater than 5) successive screens. The kinetics of this hybridization reaction were examined and allow design of experiments that detect colony complementarity to a nucleic acid that is 0.5% of the hybridization probe.", "contents": "Filter replicas and permanent collections of recombinant DNA plasmids. A permanent, ordered collection of 23,000 recombinant DNA plasmids containing Drosophila melanogaster DNA has been established. Simple and practical methods for storing and manipulating this collection were developed. In addition, an improved, simple and inexpensive method for making paper filter replicas of such an ordered collection and of a high density (10,000 colonies/petri dish) unordered collection was developed. These filter replicas are suitable for nucleic acid hybridization screens of recombinant DNA colinies and each filter replica can be used for many (greater than 5) successive screens. The kinetics of this hybridization reaction were examined and allow design of experiments that detect colony complementarity to a nucleic acid that is 0.5% of the hybridization probe.", "PMID": 118435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13287", "title": "Sequence and secondary structure of Drosophila melanogaster 5.8S and 2S rRNAs and of the processing site between them.", "content": "Drosophila melanogaster 5.8S and 2S rRNAs were end-labeled with 32p at either the 5' or 3' end and were sequenced. 5.8S rRNA is 123 nucleotides long and homologous to the 5' part of sequenced 5.8S molecules from other species. 2S rRNA is 30 nucleotides long and homologous to the 3' part of other 5.8S molecules. The 3' end of the 5.8S molecule is able to base-pair with the 5' end of the 2S rRNA to generate a helical region equivalent in position to the \"GC-rich hairpin\" found in all previously sequenced 5.8S molecules. Probing the structure of the labeled Drosophila 5.8S molecule with S1 nuclease in solution verifies its similarity to other 5.8S rRNAs. The 2S rRNA is shown to form a stable complex with both 5.8S and 26S rRNAs separately and together. 5.8S rRNA can also form either binary or ternary complexes with 2S and 26S rRNA. It is concluded that the 5.8S rRNA in Drosophila melanogaster is very similar both in sequence and structure to other 5.8 rRNAs but is split into two pieces, the 2S rRNA being the 3' part. 2S anchors the 5.8S and 26S rRNA. The order of the rRNA coding regions in the ribosomal DNA repeating unit is shown to be 18S - 5.8S - 2S - 26S. Direct sequencing of ribosomal DNA shows that the 5.8S and 2S regions are separated by a 28 nucleotide spacer which is A-T rich and is presumably removed by a specific processing event. A secondary structure model is proposed for the 26S-5.8S ternary complex and for the presumptive precursor molecule.", "contents": "Sequence and secondary structure of Drosophila melanogaster 5.8S and 2S rRNAs and of the processing site between them. Drosophila melanogaster 5.8S and 2S rRNAs were end-labeled with 32p at either the 5' or 3' end and were sequenced. 5.8S rRNA is 123 nucleotides long and homologous to the 5' part of sequenced 5.8S molecules from other species. 2S rRNA is 30 nucleotides long and homologous to the 3' part of other 5.8S molecules. The 3' end of the 5.8S molecule is able to base-pair with the 5' end of the 2S rRNA to generate a helical region equivalent in position to the \"GC-rich hairpin\" found in all previously sequenced 5.8S molecules. Probing the structure of the labeled Drosophila 5.8S molecule with S1 nuclease in solution verifies its similarity to other 5.8S rRNAs. The 2S rRNA is shown to form a stable complex with both 5.8S and 26S rRNAs separately and together. 5.8S rRNA can also form either binary or ternary complexes with 2S and 26S rRNA. It is concluded that the 5.8S rRNA in Drosophila melanogaster is very similar both in sequence and structure to other 5.8 rRNAs but is split into two pieces, the 2S rRNA being the 3' part. 2S anchors the 5.8S and 26S rRNA. The order of the rRNA coding regions in the ribosomal DNA repeating unit is shown to be 18S - 5.8S - 2S - 26S. Direct sequencing of ribosomal DNA shows that the 5.8S and 2S regions are separated by a 28 nucleotide spacer which is A-T rich and is presumably removed by a specific processing event. A secondary structure model is proposed for the 26S-5.8S ternary complex and for the presumptive precursor molecule.", "PMID": 118436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13288", "title": "Sequences of large T1 ribonuclease-resistant oligoribonucleotides from protamine mRNA: the overall architecture of protamine mRNA.", "content": "Limited T1 ribonuclease digestion of the family of protamine mRNA's purified from rainbow trout testis yields several large oligoribonucleotide fragments ranging in size from 12--54 nucleotides in length. Several of these fragments purified by two dimensional gel electrophoresis contain several G residues and must represent nuclease-resistant, base-paired regions of the mRNA. Sequence analysis of these oligonucleotides by the method of Simoncsits, A., Brownlee, G.G., Brown, R.S., Rubin, J.R. and Guilley, H. (1977) Nature 269: 833-836, shows that these oligoribonucleotides arise from the 5'- and 3'-non-coding regions of the mRNA. Comparisons of the sequences of the large RNA fragment with DNA sequences obtained after cloning double-stranded protamine cDNA in the plasmids pBr322 and pmB9 show precise correspondence of a 54 nucleotide RNA fragment with positions 49--100 from the 3'-poly(A) tract and extending to within 5 nucleotides of the termination codon. Two other RNA fragments of 21 and 25 nucleotides in length arise from the 5'-non-coding region of the message and possess an AUG-sequence at their 3'-termini which is the initiation codon. The presence of distinct by homologous sequences in several sets of large RNA fragments is consistent with the presence of several closely related protamine mRNA's.", "contents": "Sequences of large T1 ribonuclease-resistant oligoribonucleotides from protamine mRNA: the overall architecture of protamine mRNA. Limited T1 ribonuclease digestion of the family of protamine mRNA's purified from rainbow trout testis yields several large oligoribonucleotide fragments ranging in size from 12--54 nucleotides in length. Several of these fragments purified by two dimensional gel electrophoresis contain several G residues and must represent nuclease-resistant, base-paired regions of the mRNA. Sequence analysis of these oligonucleotides by the method of Simoncsits, A., Brownlee, G.G., Brown, R.S., Rubin, J.R. and Guilley, H. (1977) Nature 269: 833-836, shows that these oligoribonucleotides arise from the 5'- and 3'-non-coding regions of the mRNA. Comparisons of the sequences of the large RNA fragment with DNA sequences obtained after cloning double-stranded protamine cDNA in the plasmids pBr322 and pmB9 show precise correspondence of a 54 nucleotide RNA fragment with positions 49--100 from the 3'-poly(A) tract and extending to within 5 nucleotides of the termination codon. Two other RNA fragments of 21 and 25 nucleotides in length arise from the 5'-non-coding region of the message and possess an AUG-sequence at their 3'-termini which is the initiation codon. The presence of distinct by homologous sequences in several sets of large RNA fragments is consistent with the presence of several closely related protamine mRNA's.", "PMID": 118437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13289", "title": "Presence of two DNA polymerases in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "Two DNA polymerases were detected in Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain GL. One (enzyme I) was sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide, while the other (enzyme II) was insensitive. The molecular weight of the enzymes, as determined by glycerol gradient centrifugation analysis, were approximately 130,000 and 70,000, respectively. Optimal concentration of MgCl2 was 10mM for enzyme I and 18mM for enzyme II. KCl inhibited enzyme I but stimulated enzyme II. Poly (dA-dT) served effectively as a template for enzyme I, while poly(dA).(dT)12-18 was an effective template for enzyme II. Enzyme I activity increased with cell growth and sharply declined after the cells reached the stationary phase. On the other hand, enzyme II activity appeared only at the end of log phase. In cells synchronized by starvation-refeeding technique enzyme I was markedly stimulated in correspondence to the rate of DNA synthesis, whereas the level of enzyme II activity changed to lesser extent. By ethidium bromide treatment, only enzyme I activity was induced.", "contents": "Presence of two DNA polymerases in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Two DNA polymerases were detected in Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain GL. One (enzyme I) was sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide, while the other (enzyme II) was insensitive. The molecular weight of the enzymes, as determined by glycerol gradient centrifugation analysis, were approximately 130,000 and 70,000, respectively. Optimal concentration of MgCl2 was 10mM for enzyme I and 18mM for enzyme II. KCl inhibited enzyme I but stimulated enzyme II. Poly (dA-dT) served effectively as a template for enzyme I, while poly(dA).(dT)12-18 was an effective template for enzyme II. Enzyme I activity increased with cell growth and sharply declined after the cells reached the stationary phase. On the other hand, enzyme II activity appeared only at the end of log phase. In cells synchronized by starvation-refeeding technique enzyme I was markedly stimulated in correspondence to the rate of DNA synthesis, whereas the level of enzyme II activity changed to lesser extent. By ethidium bromide treatment, only enzyme I activity was induced.", "PMID": 118438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13290", "title": "[Investigation on the postoperative behavior of plasma amino acids in metabolically healthy patients. 1st communication (author's transl)].", "content": "In 12 patients before and after vaginal hysterectomy the plasma amino acid levels were determined. Without parenteral feeding the changes in plasma amino acid patterns can be explained by effects of operation and anaesthesia alone. The branched-chain amino acids decreased after operation. The following rise was never exceeding the control level. Even without substitution the concentrations of phenylalanine, methionine, and glutamic acid were increased. Tyrosine concentration remained within normal levels while cystine fell significantly.", "contents": "[Investigation on the postoperative behavior of plasma amino acids in metabolically healthy patients. 1st communication (author's transl)]. In 12 patients before and after vaginal hysterectomy the plasma amino acid levels were determined. Without parenteral feeding the changes in plasma amino acid patterns can be explained by effects of operation and anaesthesia alone. The branched-chain amino acids decreased after operation. The following rise was never exceeding the control level. Even without substitution the concentrations of phenylalanine, methionine, and glutamic acid were increased. Tyrosine concentration remained within normal levels while cystine fell significantly.", "PMID": 118441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13291", "title": "[Insulin secretion in rats after hypothalamic damage].", "content": "Experiments conducted on female Wistar rats showed that 24 hours after the injury of the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus (VMNH) without animal starvation there occurred a slight reduction of insulin in the islets and a significant elevation of the blood immunoreactive insulin (IRI) level, without any glycemia reduction. In animals with intact VMNH glybenclamide produced no changes in the insulin depot in the pancreatic cells, but somewhat increased the IRI level. However, after the VMNH injury glybenclamide caused a sharp insulin depletion in the islets, and a marked elevation of IRI and a decrease of sugar in the blood.", "contents": "[Insulin secretion in rats after hypothalamic damage]. Experiments conducted on female Wistar rats showed that 24 hours after the injury of the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus (VMNH) without animal starvation there occurred a slight reduction of insulin in the islets and a significant elevation of the blood immunoreactive insulin (IRI) level, without any glycemia reduction. In animals with intact VMNH glybenclamide produced no changes in the insulin depot in the pancreatic cells, but somewhat increased the IRI level. However, after the VMNH injury glybenclamide caused a sharp insulin depletion in the islets, and a marked elevation of IRI and a decrease of sugar in the blood.", "PMID": 118444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13292", "title": "Distinctive nucleotide sequences of promoters recognized by RNA polymerase containing a phage-coded \"sigma-like\" protein.", "content": "We report the nucleotide sequences of two promoters for bacteriophage SP01 \"middle\" genes. These promoters are recognized by a modified form of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase that contains a phage-coded \"sigma-like\" regulatory protein (gp28) in place of the bacterial sigma factor. Both promoters shared the identical hexanucleotide 5'A-G-G-A-G-A at about 35 base pairs preceding the start point of transcription and the identical heptanucleotide 5'-T-T-T-A-T-T-T (T is the thymine analog 5-hydroxymethyluracil in SP01 DNA) located about 10 base pairs preceding the transcriptional start point. The significance of these sequences in comparison with nucleotide sequences of promoters recognized by sigma-containing RNA polymerases is discussed.", "contents": "Distinctive nucleotide sequences of promoters recognized by RNA polymerase containing a phage-coded \"sigma-like\" protein. We report the nucleotide sequences of two promoters for bacteriophage SP01 \"middle\" genes. These promoters are recognized by a modified form of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase that contains a phage-coded \"sigma-like\" regulatory protein (gp28) in place of the bacterial sigma factor. Both promoters shared the identical hexanucleotide 5'A-G-G-A-G-A at about 35 base pairs preceding the start point of transcription and the identical heptanucleotide 5'-T-T-T-A-T-T-T (T is the thymine analog 5-hydroxymethyluracil in SP01 DNA) located about 10 base pairs preceding the transcriptional start point. The significance of these sequences in comparison with nucleotide sequences of promoters recognized by sigma-containing RNA polymerases is discussed.", "PMID": 118447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13293", "title": "Altered promoter selection by a novel form of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase holoenzyme prepared by several standard methods utilizes bacteriophage T7 DeltaD111 DNA as an efficient template. The major RNA products are specific transcripts from T7 promoters A(1) and C; these promoters are also efficiently utilized by RNA polymerases purified from a wide range of other bacterial species [Wiggs, J., Bush, J. & Chamberlin, M. (1979) Cell 16, 97-109]. In contrast, B. subtilis RNA polymerase preparations purified by a modification of the method of Burgess and Jendrisak (designated fraction 5) utilize T7 DeltaD111 promoters A(1) and C and an additional promoter site, J, which has been located at 90.6% on the standard T7 physical map. This promoter is not used by B. subtilis core RNA polymerase or by RNA polymerase from any other bacterial species we have tested. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of fraction 5 RNA polymerase shows that it contains B. subtilis components sigma and delta and a polypeptide of M(r) 92,000 in addition to the B. subtilis beta, beta', and alpha subunits. Chromatography of fraction 5 on single-stranded DNA-cellulose gives an enzyme fraction, Bs I, that is indistinguishable from B. subtilis RNA polymerase holoenzyme both in its peptide composition (betabeta'alpha(2)sigma) and in the selective transcription of only T7 RNAs A(1) and C. Chromatography of fraction 5 on phosphocellulose yields an enzyme fraction, Bs II, devoid of sigma subunit but containing the M(r) 92,000 peptide and traces of delta. This fraction synthesizes predominantly T7 J RNA in vitro together with traces of T7 A(1) and C RNAs. Hence, B. subtilis RNA polymerase fraction Bs II appears to contain a form of RNA polymerase that can transcribe selectively without detectable amounts of B. subtilis sigma subunit and that utilizes a promoter site not used by other known bacterial RNA polymerases. The structural basis for this specificity is not yet known.", "contents": "Altered promoter selection by a novel form of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase. Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase holoenzyme prepared by several standard methods utilizes bacteriophage T7 DeltaD111 DNA as an efficient template. The major RNA products are specific transcripts from T7 promoters A(1) and C; these promoters are also efficiently utilized by RNA polymerases purified from a wide range of other bacterial species [Wiggs, J., Bush, J. & Chamberlin, M. (1979) Cell 16, 97-109]. In contrast, B. subtilis RNA polymerase preparations purified by a modification of the method of Burgess and Jendrisak (designated fraction 5) utilize T7 DeltaD111 promoters A(1) and C and an additional promoter site, J, which has been located at 90.6% on the standard T7 physical map. This promoter is not used by B. subtilis core RNA polymerase or by RNA polymerase from any other bacterial species we have tested. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of fraction 5 RNA polymerase shows that it contains B. subtilis components sigma and delta and a polypeptide of M(r) 92,000 in addition to the B. subtilis beta, beta', and alpha subunits. Chromatography of fraction 5 on single-stranded DNA-cellulose gives an enzyme fraction, Bs I, that is indistinguishable from B. subtilis RNA polymerase holoenzyme both in its peptide composition (betabeta'alpha(2)sigma) and in the selective transcription of only T7 RNAs A(1) and C. Chromatography of fraction 5 on phosphocellulose yields an enzyme fraction, Bs II, devoid of sigma subunit but containing the M(r) 92,000 peptide and traces of delta. This fraction synthesizes predominantly T7 J RNA in vitro together with traces of T7 A(1) and C RNAs. Hence, B. subtilis RNA polymerase fraction Bs II appears to contain a form of RNA polymerase that can transcribe selectively without detectable amounts of B. subtilis sigma subunit and that utilizes a promoter site not used by other known bacterial RNA polymerases. The structural basis for this specificity is not yet known.", "PMID": 118448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13294", "title": "Extracts of Drosophila embryos mediate chromatin assembly in vitro.", "content": "Extracts of Drosophila embryos can mediate the assembly of a chromatinlike structure from histones and DNA under physiological conditions. The histone-DNA complex formed in vitro contains micrococcal nuclease-sensitive sites spaced at 200-base pair intervals. More extensive digestion of the complex by micrococcal nuclease generates 11S particles which cosediment with nucleosome core particles isolated from native chromatin. These particles contain 140-base pair DNA fragments which upon further cleavage with micrococcal nuclease give rise to a pattern of discretely sized DNA fragments characteristic of nucleosome core particles. We have assayed the chromatin assembly process both qualitatively by measuring the induction of supertwists into a relaxed circular DNA (a process requiring a nicking-closing enzyme) and quantitatively by measuring the formation of micrococcal nuclease-resistant DNA fragments from radioactively labeled linear DNA. The amount of chromatin formed depends primarily on the amount of histones, whereas the rate of assembly depends on the amount of extract protein added. The factors in the extract that mediate chromatin assembly appear to interact first with the DNA because preincubation of the DNA with the extract markedly increases the extent of assembly.", "contents": "Extracts of Drosophila embryos mediate chromatin assembly in vitro. Extracts of Drosophila embryos can mediate the assembly of a chromatinlike structure from histones and DNA under physiological conditions. The histone-DNA complex formed in vitro contains micrococcal nuclease-sensitive sites spaced at 200-base pair intervals. More extensive digestion of the complex by micrococcal nuclease generates 11S particles which cosediment with nucleosome core particles isolated from native chromatin. These particles contain 140-base pair DNA fragments which upon further cleavage with micrococcal nuclease give rise to a pattern of discretely sized DNA fragments characteristic of nucleosome core particles. We have assayed the chromatin assembly process both qualitatively by measuring the induction of supertwists into a relaxed circular DNA (a process requiring a nicking-closing enzyme) and quantitatively by measuring the formation of micrococcal nuclease-resistant DNA fragments from radioactively labeled linear DNA. The amount of chromatin formed depends primarily on the amount of histones, whereas the rate of assembly depends on the amount of extract protein added. The factors in the extract that mediate chromatin assembly appear to interact first with the DNA because preincubation of the DNA with the extract markedly increases the extent of assembly.", "PMID": 118449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13295", "title": "Evidence for hydrophobic region within heavy chains of mouse B lymphocyte membrane-bound IgM.", "content": "The gel filtration behavior, in the presence of detergents, of membrane-bound IgM from normal mouse spleen B lymphocytes was compared to that of secretory IgM from mouse plasma cells. The proteins were labeled either by surface radioiodination or biosynthetically with radioactive amino acids. Cell lysates were fractionated on calibrated Sepharose 6B columns in the presence of the detergents Nonidet P-40 or deoxycholate. Eluted fractions were immunoprecipitated and the reduced or unreduced precipitates were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis followed by radioautography. Surface (125)I-labeled 8S IgM exhibited a gel filtration pattern in Nonidet P-40 corresponding to much higher apparent molecular weight than that of secretory 8S IgM, a difference that almost disappeared when gel filtration was performed in the presence of deoxycholate, which forms much smaller micelles than does Nonidet P-40. Biosynthetically labeled lymphocytes contain two types of IgM molecules differing in their gel filtration behavior and fate: one identical to secretory 8S IgM of plasma cells and secreted in the medium during chase periods, and the other identical to surface (125)I-labeled IgM and remaining cell-associated. Because the surface-bound 8S IgM was not found to be associated with other labeled molecules, it is likely that the detergent-binding behavior of surface IgM is due to a hydrophobic segment carried by these Ig molecules. That lymphocytes synthesize two types of mu chains was also shown by the use of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycosylation. In its presence, two unglycosylated mu chains were observed: one identical in size to that made by tunicamycin-treated plasma cells, and the second slightly larger. Gel filtration in Nonidet P-40 of the cell lysates of tunicamycin-treated lymphocytes showed that the nonsecretory 8S IgM contains this second type of mu chains, whereas the IgM molecules of the secretory type contain plasma cell-like mu chains. It is suggested that membrane IgM mu chains contain a hydrophobic segment which is responsible for its association to the membrane.", "contents": "Evidence for hydrophobic region within heavy chains of mouse B lymphocyte membrane-bound IgM. The gel filtration behavior, in the presence of detergents, of membrane-bound IgM from normal mouse spleen B lymphocytes was compared to that of secretory IgM from mouse plasma cells. The proteins were labeled either by surface radioiodination or biosynthetically with radioactive amino acids. Cell lysates were fractionated on calibrated Sepharose 6B columns in the presence of the detergents Nonidet P-40 or deoxycholate. Eluted fractions were immunoprecipitated and the reduced or unreduced precipitates were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis followed by radioautography. Surface (125)I-labeled 8S IgM exhibited a gel filtration pattern in Nonidet P-40 corresponding to much higher apparent molecular weight than that of secretory 8S IgM, a difference that almost disappeared when gel filtration was performed in the presence of deoxycholate, which forms much smaller micelles than does Nonidet P-40. Biosynthetically labeled lymphocytes contain two types of IgM molecules differing in their gel filtration behavior and fate: one identical to secretory 8S IgM of plasma cells and secreted in the medium during chase periods, and the other identical to surface (125)I-labeled IgM and remaining cell-associated. Because the surface-bound 8S IgM was not found to be associated with other labeled molecules, it is likely that the detergent-binding behavior of surface IgM is due to a hydrophobic segment carried by these Ig molecules. That lymphocytes synthesize two types of mu chains was also shown by the use of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycosylation. In its presence, two unglycosylated mu chains were observed: one identical in size to that made by tunicamycin-treated plasma cells, and the second slightly larger. Gel filtration in Nonidet P-40 of the cell lysates of tunicamycin-treated lymphocytes showed that the nonsecretory 8S IgM contains this second type of mu chains, whereas the IgM molecules of the secretory type contain plasma cell-like mu chains. It is suggested that membrane IgM mu chains contain a hydrophobic segment which is responsible for its association to the membrane.", "PMID": 118450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13296", "title": "Attenuation in the Escherichia coli tryptophan operon: role of RNA secondary structure involving the tryptophan codon region.", "content": "The secondary structure of the terminated trp leader transcript from Escherichia coli was analyzed by RNase T1 partial digestion. Base-paired regions were recovered by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis and identified by denaturing gel electrophoresis and fingerprinting. The tandem tryptophan codons in the leader peptide coding region were found to be base paired with a more distal region of the transcript. This and other secondary structures that the trp leader RNA can form help explain the physiological response of the operon as well as the behavior of regulatory mutants.", "contents": "Attenuation in the Escherichia coli tryptophan operon: role of RNA secondary structure involving the tryptophan codon region. The secondary structure of the terminated trp leader transcript from Escherichia coli was analyzed by RNase T1 partial digestion. Base-paired regions were recovered by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis and identified by denaturing gel electrophoresis and fingerprinting. The tandem tryptophan codons in the leader peptide coding region were found to be base paired with a more distal region of the transcript. This and other secondary structures that the trp leader RNA can form help explain the physiological response of the operon as well as the behavior of regulatory mutants.", "PMID": 118451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13297", "title": "Termination of transcription in nucleoli isolated from Tetrahymena.", "content": "Correct termination of transcription of the rRNA gene in nucleoli isolated from Tetrahymena is dependent on a protein factor with a molecular weight between 50,000 and 100,000. At low ionic strength the endogenous RNA polymerase synthesizes a transcript identical in size to the precursor rRNA extracted from cells. In the presence of ammonium sulfate, however, the RNA polymerase reads through the normal termination point as demonstrated by size and hybridization studies of the transcript. After ammonium sulfate treatment, rDNA associated with chromosomal proteins (r-chromatin) can be separated from the termination factor by differential centrifugation. The endogenous RNA polymerase on the salt-treated r-chromatin is no longer able to recognize the normal terminator even at low ionic strength. Normal termination properties can be reconstituted by complementation with intact nucleoli or with a protein factor extracted from nucleoli.", "contents": "Termination of transcription in nucleoli isolated from Tetrahymena. Correct termination of transcription of the rRNA gene in nucleoli isolated from Tetrahymena is dependent on a protein factor with a molecular weight between 50,000 and 100,000. At low ionic strength the endogenous RNA polymerase synthesizes a transcript identical in size to the precursor rRNA extracted from cells. In the presence of ammonium sulfate, however, the RNA polymerase reads through the normal termination point as demonstrated by size and hybridization studies of the transcript. After ammonium sulfate treatment, rDNA associated with chromosomal proteins (r-chromatin) can be separated from the termination factor by differential centrifugation. The endogenous RNA polymerase on the salt-treated r-chromatin is no longer able to recognize the normal terminator even at low ionic strength. Normal termination properties can be reconstituted by complementation with intact nucleoli or with a protein factor extracted from nucleoli.", "PMID": 118452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13298", "title": "Amino acid sequence of an immunoglobulin-like HLA antigen heavy chain domain.", "content": "The classical human transplantation antigens, derived from the HLA-A, -B, and -C loci, are cell-surface-expressed glycoproteins. On the exterior of the cell the transplantation antigen heavy chain exposes two disulfide-containing domains and a glycosylated NH2-terminal extension. The disulfide-containing domain closest to the membrane has been isolated and its amino acid sequence has been determined. The HLA antigens used for the sequence analysis were derived from two and possibly three loci and comprised several allelic forms. The primary structure was remarkably invariant, and amino acid variations were observed only at three positions. Whether this suggests that the allelic variation of the HLA antigens is preferentially confined to other regions of the molecule or is a result of fortuitous selection of peptides remains to be established. The sequenced portion of the HLA antigen heavy chain is as homologous to beta 2-microglobulin and immunoglobulin light and heavy chains as are the latter to one another. This observation strengthens the notion that the transplantation antigens and the immunoglobulins are evolutionarily related.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of an immunoglobulin-like HLA antigen heavy chain domain. The classical human transplantation antigens, derived from the HLA-A, -B, and -C loci, are cell-surface-expressed glycoproteins. On the exterior of the cell the transplantation antigen heavy chain exposes two disulfide-containing domains and a glycosylated NH2-terminal extension. The disulfide-containing domain closest to the membrane has been isolated and its amino acid sequence has been determined. The HLA antigens used for the sequence analysis were derived from two and possibly three loci and comprised several allelic forms. The primary structure was remarkably invariant, and amino acid variations were observed only at three positions. Whether this suggests that the allelic variation of the HLA antigens is preferentially confined to other regions of the molecule or is a result of fortuitous selection of peptides remains to be established. The sequenced portion of the HLA antigen heavy chain is as homologous to beta 2-microglobulin and immunoglobulin light and heavy chains as are the latter to one another. This observation strengthens the notion that the transplantation antigens and the immunoglobulins are evolutionarily related.", "PMID": 118453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13299", "title": "Effect of interchain disulfide bond on hapten binding properties of light chain dimer of protein 315.", "content": "The hapten binding characteristics of the covalent light chain dimer, derived from the murine IgA secreted by plasmacytoma MOPC-315, to two nitroaromatic compounds, epsilon-N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-lysine and 4-(alpha-N-alanine)-m-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, were investigated by differential spectroscopic titrations. The binding curves for both haptens were found to display sigmoidity similar to that reported earlier for the reduced and alkylated dimer held together by noncovalent bonds only. However, the presence of the interchain disulfide bond in the covalent dimer was found to cause marked changes in its binding properties. The data, like those obtained for the noncovalent dimer, fit the allosteric model of Monod, Wyman, and Changeux in which binding of the first hapten to the dimer causes a conversion of both sites of the protein molecule from a lower to a higher affinity conformation. However, the binding parameters show that both the affinity and the positive cooperativity in the interaction between haptens and the covalent dimer are significantly enhanced. The differences in the parameters of the binding and of the allosteric transition caused by the presence of the interchain disulfide bond demonstrate the existence of longitudinal interactions in immunoglobulin derivatives. These properties of the light chain dimer make it a potential model for the receptors present on thymus-derived lymphocytes.", "contents": "Effect of interchain disulfide bond on hapten binding properties of light chain dimer of protein 315. The hapten binding characteristics of the covalent light chain dimer, derived from the murine IgA secreted by plasmacytoma MOPC-315, to two nitroaromatic compounds, epsilon-N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-lysine and 4-(alpha-N-alanine)-m-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, were investigated by differential spectroscopic titrations. The binding curves for both haptens were found to display sigmoidity similar to that reported earlier for the reduced and alkylated dimer held together by noncovalent bonds only. However, the presence of the interchain disulfide bond in the covalent dimer was found to cause marked changes in its binding properties. The data, like those obtained for the noncovalent dimer, fit the allosteric model of Monod, Wyman, and Changeux in which binding of the first hapten to the dimer causes a conversion of both sites of the protein molecule from a lower to a higher affinity conformation. However, the binding parameters show that both the affinity and the positive cooperativity in the interaction between haptens and the covalent dimer are significantly enhanced. The differences in the parameters of the binding and of the allosteric transition caused by the presence of the interchain disulfide bond demonstrate the existence of longitudinal interactions in immunoglobulin derivatives. These properties of the light chain dimer make it a potential model for the receptors present on thymus-derived lymphocytes.", "PMID": 118454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13300", "title": "A practicable immunological approach to block spermatogenesis without loss of androgens.", "content": "The intrinsic capacity of the immune system to elicit immune response selectively against late developing sperm proteins has been mobilized to intercept spermatogenesis. Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin given in appropriate doses intratesticularly is effective in bringing about this effect. In dogs and rhesus monkeys, the sperm count in the semen declined precipitously, and almost complete azospermia was attained in 4-6 weeks after immunization. The few sperm cells that were present were immotile. Examination of serial sections of testes in immunized rats showed about 98% of the tubules to be devoid of sperm. The tubules were partially or fully atrophied. The basement membrane was, however, intact and the pertubular cell layer was normal. Sertoli cell nuclei were apparently normal but the cytoplasm was vacuolated and, in most cells, partially disintegrated. The lumen of the tubules was exhausted of formed elements and at times filled with eosinophilic debris. Leydig cells were present and hyperplasia of interstitial cells was seen, with massive infiltration of leukocytes. Blood testosterone levels were in the normal range and Leydig cells were responsive to gonadotropins. Libido was intact. The method was applicable to a variety of mammalian species. The implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "A practicable immunological approach to block spermatogenesis without loss of androgens. The intrinsic capacity of the immune system to elicit immune response selectively against late developing sperm proteins has been mobilized to intercept spermatogenesis. Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin given in appropriate doses intratesticularly is effective in bringing about this effect. In dogs and rhesus monkeys, the sperm count in the semen declined precipitously, and almost complete azospermia was attained in 4-6 weeks after immunization. The few sperm cells that were present were immotile. Examination of serial sections of testes in immunized rats showed about 98% of the tubules to be devoid of sperm. The tubules were partially or fully atrophied. The basement membrane was, however, intact and the pertubular cell layer was normal. Sertoli cell nuclei were apparently normal but the cytoplasm was vacuolated and, in most cells, partially disintegrated. The lumen of the tubules was exhausted of formed elements and at times filled with eosinophilic debris. Leydig cells were present and hyperplasia of interstitial cells was seen, with massive infiltration of leukocytes. Blood testosterone levels were in the normal range and Leydig cells were responsive to gonadotropins. Libido was intact. The method was applicable to a variety of mammalian species. The implications of the results are discussed.", "PMID": 118455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13301", "title": "Neoplastic transformation of epithelial cells in whole mammary gland in vitro.", "content": "Biological characteristics of nodule-like alveolar lesions (NLAL) induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in organ culture of whole mammary gland (BALB/c female mice) were assessed after transplantation into gland-free mammary fat pads of syngeneic virgin mice. (i) Tissue-fragment explants from NLAL areas of the gland produced abnormal lobuloalveolar (LA) outgrowths in 3 of 10 fat pads. (ii) Transplantation of dissociated cells of NLAL-derived LA outgrowths into 36 fat pads showed 100% LA outgrowths and 3 (8%) of these 36 outgrowths produced mammary carcinomas. (iii) The explants of dissociated cells from whole mammary glands treated with DMBA in culture produced full or partial LA structures in 2 of 56 outgrowths. (iv) The explants of dissociated cells prepared from outgrowths derived from outgrowths derived from explants as in iii produced 9 LA outgrowths in 16 instances; mammary tumor incidence in these outgrowths was 3 of 16 (18%). (v) The explants of tissue fragments from LA outgrowths as in iv produced LA outgrowths in 20 of 20 fat pads; mammary carcinomas appeared in 16 of 20 (80%) of these outgrowths. No NLAL was detectable in control glands treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (solvent for DMBA); explants of the control glands consistently produced ductal outgrowths and no tumor. This accomplishment of chemical carcinogen-induced neoplastic transformation of epithelial cells in vitro provides a model for studying carcinogenesis in an entire isolated organ.", "contents": "Neoplastic transformation of epithelial cells in whole mammary gland in vitro. Biological characteristics of nodule-like alveolar lesions (NLAL) induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in organ culture of whole mammary gland (BALB/c female mice) were assessed after transplantation into gland-free mammary fat pads of syngeneic virgin mice. (i) Tissue-fragment explants from NLAL areas of the gland produced abnormal lobuloalveolar (LA) outgrowths in 3 of 10 fat pads. (ii) Transplantation of dissociated cells of NLAL-derived LA outgrowths into 36 fat pads showed 100% LA outgrowths and 3 (8%) of these 36 outgrowths produced mammary carcinomas. (iii) The explants of dissociated cells from whole mammary glands treated with DMBA in culture produced full or partial LA structures in 2 of 56 outgrowths. (iv) The explants of dissociated cells prepared from outgrowths derived from outgrowths derived from explants as in iii produced 9 LA outgrowths in 16 instances; mammary tumor incidence in these outgrowths was 3 of 16 (18%). (v) The explants of tissue fragments from LA outgrowths as in iv produced LA outgrowths in 20 of 20 fat pads; mammary carcinomas appeared in 16 of 20 (80%) of these outgrowths. No NLAL was detectable in control glands treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (solvent for DMBA); explants of the control glands consistently produced ductal outgrowths and no tumor. This accomplishment of chemical carcinogen-induced neoplastic transformation of epithelial cells in vitro provides a model for studying carcinogenesis in an entire isolated organ.", "PMID": 118456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13302", "title": "Retinoid prevents mammary gland transformation by carcinogenic hydrocarbon in whole-organ culture.", "content": "The mouse mammary gland in whole-organ culture, an in vitro system that is capable of alveolar development, differentiation, involution, and oncogenic transformation, has been used to examine the effects of the retinoid 2-retinylidene-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (retinylidene dimedone) on epithelial transformation by a low concentration (10 nM) of the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The retinoid significantly prevented mammary gland transformation only when administered after the carcinogen. In addition, the phenotypes of the early transformed state of the mammary gland were suppressed for 20 days after removal of the retinoid. The retinoid was effective during both mammary alveolar development and regression in culture at concentrations as low as 1 nM, and itself had no significant transforming or cytotoxic activity. Mammary glands treated with both the carcinogen and the retinoid resembled, at the microscopic level, those given the solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide) only. The mouse mammary gland in whole-organ culture provides a promising model system in which to study the actions by which retinoids prevent and suppress the chemical transformation in vitro and oncogenesis in vivo of epithelial cells in general and of mammary gland in particular. The present findings support the suggestion that a search for suitable retinoids as chemopreventive agents against human breast cancer is warranted. This model system may be useful as initial indicator in that search.", "contents": "Retinoid prevents mammary gland transformation by carcinogenic hydrocarbon in whole-organ culture. The mouse mammary gland in whole-organ culture, an in vitro system that is capable of alveolar development, differentiation, involution, and oncogenic transformation, has been used to examine the effects of the retinoid 2-retinylidene-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (retinylidene dimedone) on epithelial transformation by a low concentration (10 nM) of the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The retinoid significantly prevented mammary gland transformation only when administered after the carcinogen. In addition, the phenotypes of the early transformed state of the mammary gland were suppressed for 20 days after removal of the retinoid. The retinoid was effective during both mammary alveolar development and regression in culture at concentrations as low as 1 nM, and itself had no significant transforming or cytotoxic activity. Mammary glands treated with both the carcinogen and the retinoid resembled, at the microscopic level, those given the solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide) only. The mouse mammary gland in whole-organ culture provides a promising model system in which to study the actions by which retinoids prevent and suppress the chemical transformation in vitro and oncogenesis in vivo of epithelial cells in general and of mammary gland in particular. The present findings support the suggestion that a search for suitable retinoids as chemopreventive agents against human breast cancer is warranted. This model system may be useful as initial indicator in that search.", "PMID": 118457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13303", "title": "Effect of glucose/sulfonylurea interaction on release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin from isolated perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "The effect of a sulfonylurea, glibenclamide, on the release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin was studied in the isolated perfused rat pancreas. At glucose concentrations of 1.1 mM or less, the drug stimulated somatostatin release, whereas glucagon release, after 2-3 min of increase, was markedly inhibited. Insulin release was moderately stimulated, and maximal release occurred relatively late. A moderate glucose load (6.7 mM) inhibited glibenclamide-induced release of somatostatin, whereas the two in combination exerted an additive action on insulin release. Greater glucose loads, which by themselves would stimulate somatostatin release, only marginally suppressed glibenclamide-induced somatostatin release. The insulinogenic effect of these glucose levels was not modified by glibenclamide. Glibenclamide may thus stimulate both the alpha and beta as well as delta cells of the pancreas, depending on glucose concentration. We suggest a paracrine (local) interaction of somatostatin with the alpha and beta cells, which has an important role in the kinetics of insulin and glucagon release induced by sulfonylureas.", "contents": "Effect of glucose/sulfonylurea interaction on release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin from isolated perfused rat pancreas. The effect of a sulfonylurea, glibenclamide, on the release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin was studied in the isolated perfused rat pancreas. At glucose concentrations of 1.1 mM or less, the drug stimulated somatostatin release, whereas glucagon release, after 2-3 min of increase, was markedly inhibited. Insulin release was moderately stimulated, and maximal release occurred relatively late. A moderate glucose load (6.7 mM) inhibited glibenclamide-induced release of somatostatin, whereas the two in combination exerted an additive action on insulin release. Greater glucose loads, which by themselves would stimulate somatostatin release, only marginally suppressed glibenclamide-induced somatostatin release. The insulinogenic effect of these glucose levels was not modified by glibenclamide. Glibenclamide may thus stimulate both the alpha and beta as well as delta cells of the pancreas, depending on glucose concentration. We suggest a paracrine (local) interaction of somatostatin with the alpha and beta cells, which has an important role in the kinetics of insulin and glucagon release induced by sulfonylureas.", "PMID": 118458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13304", "title": "Biochemical and morphologic studies on diabetic rats: effects of sucrose-enriched diet in rats with pancreatic islet transplants.", "content": "Isolated pancreatic islets were administered to Lewis rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Then the rats were fed either a semisynthetic diet containing 60% (wt/wt) sucrose for 3 weeks or were continued on chow. Transplantation resulted in a decrease in serum glucose, an increase in serum insulin, and a marked decrease in serum triacylglycerol, particularly in the sucrose-fed diabetic rats. In these rats, in demarcated areas of hepatocytes surrounding portal vein termini, lipid was deposited in the cytosol and large lipoprotein particles engorged the Golgi apparatus, Golgi-derived secretory vacuoles, and GERL. This model permits observation of the effects of pancreatic islet hormones on lipogenesis by hepatocytes in situ.", "contents": "Biochemical and morphologic studies on diabetic rats: effects of sucrose-enriched diet in rats with pancreatic islet transplants. Isolated pancreatic islets were administered to Lewis rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Then the rats were fed either a semisynthetic diet containing 60% (wt/wt) sucrose for 3 weeks or were continued on chow. Transplantation resulted in a decrease in serum glucose, an increase in serum insulin, and a marked decrease in serum triacylglycerol, particularly in the sucrose-fed diabetic rats. In these rats, in demarcated areas of hepatocytes surrounding portal vein termini, lipid was deposited in the cytosol and large lipoprotein particles engorged the Golgi apparatus, Golgi-derived secretory vacuoles, and GERL. This model permits observation of the effects of pancreatic islet hormones on lipogenesis by hepatocytes in situ.", "PMID": 118459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13305", "title": "Membrane potential changes caused by thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the clonal GH3 cell and their relationship to secretion of pituitary hormone.", "content": "Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; thyroliberin) on membrane electrical properties were studied in the clonal rat anterior pituitary cell (GH3) by continuous recording of the intracellular potential. Application of TRH, which stimulates the release of prolactin and growth hormone from the GH3 cell, elicited a transient hyperpolarization of the cell membrane followed by an enhancement of the generation of action potentials for an extended period in the majority of cells tested. The transient hyperpolarization was due to an increase of the membrane conductance to K+. The enhancement of the spike generation was not due to membrane depolarization. The input resistance of the cell membrane was found to be increased during the facilitation. Thus the mechanism of the facilitatory action of TRH is different from the mechanisms of conventional excitatory neurotransmitters. TRH enhances the spike generation, thus promoting Ca2+ entry from extra- to intracellular space (the action potential of the GH3 cell has a Ca2+ component) and stimulating the release of hormones. This notion is supported by the observation that cobalt ions, which block the calcium spike in these cells, completely abolished the stimulatory effect of TRH on the release of prolactin and growth hormone.", "contents": "Membrane potential changes caused by thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the clonal GH3 cell and their relationship to secretion of pituitary hormone. Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; thyroliberin) on membrane electrical properties were studied in the clonal rat anterior pituitary cell (GH3) by continuous recording of the intracellular potential. Application of TRH, which stimulates the release of prolactin and growth hormone from the GH3 cell, elicited a transient hyperpolarization of the cell membrane followed by an enhancement of the generation of action potentials for an extended period in the majority of cells tested. The transient hyperpolarization was due to an increase of the membrane conductance to K+. The enhancement of the spike generation was not due to membrane depolarization. The input resistance of the cell membrane was found to be increased during the facilitation. Thus the mechanism of the facilitatory action of TRH is different from the mechanisms of conventional excitatory neurotransmitters. TRH enhances the spike generation, thus promoting Ca2+ entry from extra- to intracellular space (the action potential of the GH3 cell has a Ca2+ component) and stimulating the release of hormones. This notion is supported by the observation that cobalt ions, which block the calcium spike in these cells, completely abolished the stimulatory effect of TRH on the release of prolactin and growth hormone.", "PMID": 118460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13306", "title": "Small circular DNA of Drosophila melanogaster: chromosomal homology and kinetic complexity.", "content": "Nucleic acid reassociation techniques were used to determine the kinetic complexity of small circular DNA in cultured cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Two kinetic components are present. One of these constitutes 82% of the mass of the circular DNA and has a complexity of 1.8 x 10(4) nucleotide pairs; the other constitutes 18% of the mass and the a significantly higher but undefined sequence complexity. We have demonstrated that these circular molecules hybridize to middle repetitive chromosomal sequences by hybridization of in vitro-labeled circular DNA tracer with a vast excess of Drosophila chromosomal DNA. Thermal stability measurements indicate that base-pair mismatch between small circular DNA and middle repetitive chromosomal DNA does not exceed 2%. We discuss possible functions of these small circular DNAs in light of the above findings.", "contents": "Small circular DNA of Drosophila melanogaster: chromosomal homology and kinetic complexity. Nucleic acid reassociation techniques were used to determine the kinetic complexity of small circular DNA in cultured cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Two kinetic components are present. One of these constitutes 82% of the mass of the circular DNA and has a complexity of 1.8 x 10(4) nucleotide pairs; the other constitutes 18% of the mass and the a significantly higher but undefined sequence complexity. We have demonstrated that these circular molecules hybridize to middle repetitive chromosomal sequences by hybridization of in vitro-labeled circular DNA tracer with a vast excess of Drosophila chromosomal DNA. Thermal stability measurements indicate that base-pair mismatch between small circular DNA and middle repetitive chromosomal DNA does not exceed 2%. We discuss possible functions of these small circular DNAs in light of the above findings.", "PMID": 118461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13307", "title": "Removal of an adenine-like molecule during activation of dinitrogenase reductase from Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "During the activation of the inactive dinitrogenase reductase from Rhodospirillum rubrum, an adenine-like molecules is lost and phosphate is found on both active and inactive forms of the protein. ATP and divalent metals are required for activation of the reduced protein, but ATP is not required for activation of phenazine methosulfate-oxidized dinitrogenase reductase. Snake venom diesterase and spleen diesterase have no effect on the inactive protein; alkaline phosphatase removes phosphate from the activated protein but not from the inactive protein. ATP binds to both active and inactive forms of the protein.", "contents": "Removal of an adenine-like molecule during activation of dinitrogenase reductase from Rhodospirillum rubrum. During the activation of the inactive dinitrogenase reductase from Rhodospirillum rubrum, an adenine-like molecules is lost and phosphate is found on both active and inactive forms of the protein. ATP and divalent metals are required for activation of the reduced protein, but ATP is not required for activation of phenazine methosulfate-oxidized dinitrogenase reductase. Snake venom diesterase and spleen diesterase have no effect on the inactive protein; alkaline phosphatase removes phosphate from the activated protein but not from the inactive protein. ATP binds to both active and inactive forms of the protein.", "PMID": 118462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13308", "title": "Energetics of rapid transmembrane movement and of compositional asymmetry of phosphatidylethanolamine in membranes of Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "The energy requirements for the rapid transmembrane movement of phosphatidylethanolamine in membranes of Bacillus megaterium KM have been investigated by means of pulse label experiments. The transmembrane movement continues at a high rate in cells blocked in the production of metabolic energy by treatment with a combination of inhibitors. The movement is shown to be completely independent of the synthesis of lipid and of protein and, more generally, independent of sources of metabolic energy. The rate constant ki, defined as the fraction of the internal phosphatidylethanolamine that exchanges with the external layer of the membrane per unit time, has been found to have a value of about 0.1 per min. The compositional asymmetry of phosphatidylethanolamine in membranes of B. megaterium persisted, and indeed was somewhat enhance, in energy-poisoned cells under conditions in which rapid mixing of inner and outer layers was taking place. Therefore, the compositional asymmetry is not maintained by kinetic barriers to transbilayer exchange or by expenditure of metabolic energy. It must be an equilibrium condition, and presumably reflects the differential binding of phospholipids by proteins and other ligands on the two sides of the membrane.", "contents": "Energetics of rapid transmembrane movement and of compositional asymmetry of phosphatidylethanolamine in membranes of Bacillus megaterium. The energy requirements for the rapid transmembrane movement of phosphatidylethanolamine in membranes of Bacillus megaterium KM have been investigated by means of pulse label experiments. The transmembrane movement continues at a high rate in cells blocked in the production of metabolic energy by treatment with a combination of inhibitors. The movement is shown to be completely independent of the synthesis of lipid and of protein and, more generally, independent of sources of metabolic energy. The rate constant ki, defined as the fraction of the internal phosphatidylethanolamine that exchanges with the external layer of the membrane per unit time, has been found to have a value of about 0.1 per min. The compositional asymmetry of phosphatidylethanolamine in membranes of B. megaterium persisted, and indeed was somewhat enhance, in energy-poisoned cells under conditions in which rapid mixing of inner and outer layers was taking place. Therefore, the compositional asymmetry is not maintained by kinetic barriers to transbilayer exchange or by expenditure of metabolic energy. It must be an equilibrium condition, and presumably reflects the differential binding of phospholipids by proteins and other ligands on the two sides of the membrane.", "PMID": 118463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13309", "title": "Middle repetitive DNA: a fluid component of the Drosophila genome.", "content": "Most of the middle repetitive DNA of Drosophila melanogaster appears to be organized into families of 10-100 repeated elements that are found at scattered locations in the chromosome arms and occupy new chromosomal positions as populations of D. melanogaster diverge. These \"nomadic\" DNA segments can be identified by an analysis of cDm plasmids, hybrids of ColE1 and segments of randomly sheared D. melanogaster DNA. Eighty cDm plasmids were withdrawn, at random, from a library of approximately 17,000 cDm clones. Fifty-seven of these seem to contain either DNA that is not repeated in the D. melanogaster genome or DNA that has a low repetition frequency. The remaining 23 cDm plasmids contain repetitive sequences. Seventeen of these 23 plasmids contain repetitive sequences that are demonstrably scattered to many chromosomal sites that can be mapped in two D. melanogaster strains, g-1 and g-X11. The repeated elements hybridizing with each of the different Dm segments are at quite different chromosomal locations in these two strains. However, the size of each family of repeated sequences remains fairly constant in both strains. It is proposed that the number of elements in each family has been fixed by selection.", "contents": "Middle repetitive DNA: a fluid component of the Drosophila genome. Most of the middle repetitive DNA of Drosophila melanogaster appears to be organized into families of 10-100 repeated elements that are found at scattered locations in the chromosome arms and occupy new chromosomal positions as populations of D. melanogaster diverge. These \"nomadic\" DNA segments can be identified by an analysis of cDm plasmids, hybrids of ColE1 and segments of randomly sheared D. melanogaster DNA. Eighty cDm plasmids were withdrawn, at random, from a library of approximately 17,000 cDm clones. Fifty-seven of these seem to contain either DNA that is not repeated in the D. melanogaster genome or DNA that has a low repetition frequency. The remaining 23 cDm plasmids contain repetitive sequences. Seventeen of these 23 plasmids contain repetitive sequences that are demonstrably scattered to many chromosomal sites that can be mapped in two D. melanogaster strains, g-1 and g-X11. The repeated elements hybridizing with each of the different Dm segments are at quite different chromosomal locations in these two strains. However, the size of each family of repeated sequences remains fairly constant in both strains. It is proposed that the number of elements in each family has been fixed by selection.", "PMID": 118464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13310", "title": "Identification of chorion protein precursors and the mRNAs that encode them in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Specific antisera were generated for major size classes of Drosophila chorion proteins. These antisera were used in conjunction with cell-free translation of follicular RNA to identify precursors, containing signal peptides, for chorion components A1, A2, B1, and B2. An additional precursor cross-reacts with anti-B antisera, although its product appears to correspond to a protein distinct from authenic B proteins. The size classes of mRNA encoding A and B protein precursors have been identified by cell-free translations.", "contents": "Identification of chorion protein precursors and the mRNAs that encode them in Drosophila melanogaster. Specific antisera were generated for major size classes of Drosophila chorion proteins. These antisera were used in conjunction with cell-free translation of follicular RNA to identify precursors, containing signal peptides, for chorion components A1, A2, B1, and B2. An additional precursor cross-reacts with anti-B antisera, although its product appears to correspond to a protein distinct from authenic B proteins. The size classes of mRNA encoding A and B protein precursors have been identified by cell-free translations.", "PMID": 118465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13311", "title": "Reorganization of actin in platelets stimulated by thrombin as measured by the DNase I inhibition assay.", "content": "The effect of thrombin stimulation on actin organization in human platelets has been analyzed by using the DNase I inhibition assay, which is selective for unpolymerized and filamentous actin. The results provide biochemical evidence for the suggestion that stimulation leads to rapid polymerization of actin. The measurements also reveal changes in the polymerization state of actin occurring after cell lysis. These changes are influenced by the concentration of free calcium in the extracts.", "contents": "Reorganization of actin in platelets stimulated by thrombin as measured by the DNase I inhibition assay. The effect of thrombin stimulation on actin organization in human platelets has been analyzed by using the DNase I inhibition assay, which is selective for unpolymerized and filamentous actin. The results provide biochemical evidence for the suggestion that stimulation leads to rapid polymerization of actin. The measurements also reveal changes in the polymerization state of actin occurring after cell lysis. These changes are influenced by the concentration of free calcium in the extracts.", "PMID": 118466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13312", "title": "Genetic complementation studies of multiple sulfatase deficiency.", "content": "Cultured fibroblasts from two individuals with multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) were found to have decreased activities of arylsulfatases (aryl-sulfate sulfohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.1) A, B, and C as well as iduronate-sulfate sulfatase, sulfamidase, and N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase. The activity of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase was decreased in one line but not in the other. Mixtures of MSD cell extracts with extracts from normal cells did not result in inhibition of normal sulfatase activities. Mixtures of MSD cell extracts with extracts of fibroblasts from patients with Hunter or Sanfilippo A syndrome did not activate iduronate-sulfate sulfatase or sulfamidase activity. Heterokaryons formed by fusion of MSD cells with Sanfilippo A fibroblasts demonstrated a partial correction of the enzyme deficiency. In similar manner, MSD-Hunter heterokaryons showed a significant increase in iduronate-sulfate-sulfatase activity. Genetic complementation in heterokaryons of MSD fibroblasts and cells of either Sanfilippo A or Hunter syndrome implies a genetic defect in MSD different from that causing specific sulfatase deficiencies.", "contents": "Genetic complementation studies of multiple sulfatase deficiency. Cultured fibroblasts from two individuals with multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) were found to have decreased activities of arylsulfatases (aryl-sulfate sulfohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.1) A, B, and C as well as iduronate-sulfate sulfatase, sulfamidase, and N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase. The activity of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase was decreased in one line but not in the other. Mixtures of MSD cell extracts with extracts from normal cells did not result in inhibition of normal sulfatase activities. Mixtures of MSD cell extracts with extracts of fibroblasts from patients with Hunter or Sanfilippo A syndrome did not activate iduronate-sulfate sulfatase or sulfamidase activity. Heterokaryons formed by fusion of MSD cells with Sanfilippo A fibroblasts demonstrated a partial correction of the enzyme deficiency. In similar manner, MSD-Hunter heterokaryons showed a significant increase in iduronate-sulfate-sulfatase activity. Genetic complementation in heterokaryons of MSD fibroblasts and cells of either Sanfilippo A or Hunter syndrome implies a genetic defect in MSD different from that causing specific sulfatase deficiencies.", "PMID": 118467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13313", "title": "Effects of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone on a match-to-sample task in the baboon.", "content": "Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) were evaluated for effects on a delayed match-to-sample discrimination task in the juvenile baboon. The animals were exposed to 1/2 the threshold limit value (TLV) of each gas for 24 hr per day during a 7-day period. They were also exposed to a combination of MEK and MIBK at the same exposure concentrations. Each exposure condition affected accuracy of performance minimally but resulted in increased and decreased extra responses during the delay intervals. Response times were slowed under acetone, MEK or MIBK. In contrast to the effects of the individual gases, exposure to a combination of the same doses of MEK and MIBK produced a consistent increase in extra responses during delay and a concomitant decrease in response times. Changes in tissue uptake and metabolism are suggested as possible mechanisms to explain this observation.", "contents": "Effects of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone on a match-to-sample task in the baboon. Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) were evaluated for effects on a delayed match-to-sample discrimination task in the juvenile baboon. The animals were exposed to 1/2 the threshold limit value (TLV) of each gas for 24 hr per day during a 7-day period. They were also exposed to a combination of MEK and MIBK at the same exposure concentrations. Each exposure condition affected accuracy of performance minimally but resulted in increased and decreased extra responses during the delay intervals. Response times were slowed under acetone, MEK or MIBK. In contrast to the effects of the individual gases, exposure to a combination of the same doses of MEK and MIBK produced a consistent increase in extra responses during delay and a concomitant decrease in response times. Changes in tissue uptake and metabolism are suggested as possible mechanisms to explain this observation.", "PMID": 118468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13314", "title": "Effects of cimetidine on the secretion of some pituitary hormones.", "content": "Cimetidine infused intravenously into 6 healthy volunteers did not induce significant changes in plasma levels of prolactin (hPRL), thyreotropin (hTSH), gonadotropin (hLH and hFSH) and growth hormone (hGH). Conversely it caused a significant increase in prolactin response to TRH without modifying the hTSH response to thyreotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Data obtained in these experiments, together with data reported in the literature, suggest that the amplified prolactin response to TRH observed during cimetidine infusion, is likely to be connected with a blockade of H2-receptors rather than to unspecific actions of cimetidine.", "contents": "Effects of cimetidine on the secretion of some pituitary hormones. Cimetidine infused intravenously into 6 healthy volunteers did not induce significant changes in plasma levels of prolactin (hPRL), thyreotropin (hTSH), gonadotropin (hLH and hFSH) and growth hormone (hGH). Conversely it caused a significant increase in prolactin response to TRH without modifying the hTSH response to thyreotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Data obtained in these experiments, together with data reported in the literature, suggest that the amplified prolactin response to TRH observed during cimetidine infusion, is likely to be connected with a blockade of H2-receptors rather than to unspecific actions of cimetidine.", "PMID": 118470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13315", "title": "Cholecystokinin suppresses sham feeding in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The satiety effect of slow intravenous infusions of impure cholecystokinin (CCK) was investigated in 5 rhesus monkeys during sham feeding. CCK suppressed sham feeding. The dose for 50% inhibition of sham feeding was about 10 U/kg-hr; 20 U/kg-hr abolished sham feeding. No dose produced retching, vomiting, diarrhea or other behavioral signs of toxicity. These results demonstrate the potency of CCK for inhibiting feeding in the monkey when gastric, intestinal and postabsorptive mechanisms are not activated by ingested food.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin suppresses sham feeding in the rhesus monkey. The satiety effect of slow intravenous infusions of impure cholecystokinin (CCK) was investigated in 5 rhesus monkeys during sham feeding. CCK suppressed sham feeding. The dose for 50% inhibition of sham feeding was about 10 U/kg-hr; 20 U/kg-hr abolished sham feeding. No dose produced retching, vomiting, diarrhea or other behavioral signs of toxicity. These results demonstrate the potency of CCK for inhibiting feeding in the monkey when gastric, intestinal and postabsorptive mechanisms are not activated by ingested food.", "PMID": 118472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13316", "title": "[Continuing education through guidance--experiences with a continuing education programme related to practice, collected in a large psychiatric hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on the setting-up of a continuing education programme related to practice, applicable in particular to nursing personnel of long-time wards in a large psychiatric hospital. The article describes the prerequisites of \"continuing education within the framework of the hospital itself\", organised in various sub-sections such as guidelines for group work with patients on the wards, and topic-centered continuing education groups for co-workers. The planning and execution of group work is demonstrated by means of model examples. The assumption that continuing education can help to change the atmosphere prevalent in wards and can also change the degree of activation of the patients, has been confirmed by the experience collected so far. This illuminates once again the need for practice-related continuing education an subject-specific further training for psychiatric nursing staff, even though in the long-term therapeutic field, possibilities of rehabilitation may probably gain more ground in psychiatric treatment of the future.", "contents": "[Continuing education through guidance--experiences with a continuing education programme related to practice, collected in a large psychiatric hospital (author's transl)]. The article reports on the setting-up of a continuing education programme related to practice, applicable in particular to nursing personnel of long-time wards in a large psychiatric hospital. The article describes the prerequisites of \"continuing education within the framework of the hospital itself\", organised in various sub-sections such as guidelines for group work with patients on the wards, and topic-centered continuing education groups for co-workers. The planning and execution of group work is demonstrated by means of model examples. The assumption that continuing education can help to change the atmosphere prevalent in wards and can also change the degree of activation of the patients, has been confirmed by the experience collected so far. This illuminates once again the need for practice-related continuing education an subject-specific further training for psychiatric nursing staff, even though in the long-term therapeutic field, possibilities of rehabilitation may probably gain more ground in psychiatric treatment of the future.", "PMID": 118475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13317", "title": "A comparative study of the portal vessels connecting the endocrine and exocrine pancreas, with a discussion of some functional implications.", "content": "We have examined the pattern of the capillaries of the pancreas in rabbits, rats, mice, guinea-pigs, cats and baboons, using arterial and venous injections of Berlin blue. In all these species we found extensive, direct connexions between the capillary beds of the islets and the exocrine tissue of the gland, forming a highly developed portal system. Some of the functional implications of these vascular connexions are discussed, particularly the influence of the islet hormones insulin, glucagon and somatostatin upon the exocrine cells.", "contents": "A comparative study of the portal vessels connecting the endocrine and exocrine pancreas, with a discussion of some functional implications. We have examined the pattern of the capillaries of the pancreas in rabbits, rats, mice, guinea-pigs, cats and baboons, using arterial and venous injections of Berlin blue. In all these species we found extensive, direct connexions between the capillary beds of the islets and the exocrine tissue of the gland, forming a highly developed portal system. Some of the functional implications of these vascular connexions are discussed, particularly the influence of the islet hormones insulin, glucagon and somatostatin upon the exocrine cells.", "PMID": 118478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13318", "title": "Serum FSH, LH and testosterone in the male rhesus following prostaglandin injection.", "content": "Adult male rhesus were treated with PGE2, PGF2 alpha or the 13,14-dihydro-15-keto metabolite of PGE2 in a randomized crossover design. Serum concentrations of FSH, LH and testosterone were determined and compared to the respective values in the same uninjected animals. No significant changes were noted in controls or following the metabolite injection. FSH increased gradually for 4 hours after metabolite treatment. In contrast, injection of PGF2 alpha was followed by an abrupt (within 15 minutes) increase in LH and testosterone. FSH increased gradually in 2 of 3 treated animals. Injection of PGE2 was followed by a similar abrupt increase in LH concentration. This was not always associated with a significant increase in testosterone or FSH. These results demonstrate that injections of PGE2 or PGF2 alpha can change serum gonadotropin and testosterone concentrations in male rhesus monkeys, and that the effects of these two prostaglandins are qualitatively different.", "contents": "Serum FSH, LH and testosterone in the male rhesus following prostaglandin injection. Adult male rhesus were treated with PGE2, PGF2 alpha or the 13,14-dihydro-15-keto metabolite of PGE2 in a randomized crossover design. Serum concentrations of FSH, LH and testosterone were determined and compared to the respective values in the same uninjected animals. No significant changes were noted in controls or following the metabolite injection. FSH increased gradually for 4 hours after metabolite treatment. In contrast, injection of PGF2 alpha was followed by an abrupt (within 15 minutes) increase in LH and testosterone. FSH increased gradually in 2 of 3 treated animals. Injection of PGE2 was followed by a similar abrupt increase in LH concentration. This was not always associated with a significant increase in testosterone or FSH. These results demonstrate that injections of PGE2 or PGF2 alpha can change serum gonadotropin and testosterone concentrations in male rhesus monkeys, and that the effects of these two prostaglandins are qualitatively different.", "PMID": 118486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13319", "title": "The use of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the separation of radiolabeled arachidonic acid and its metabolites produced by thrombin-treated human platelets. II. Establishment of optimal assay conditions.", "content": "We have utilized HPLC to develop optimal conditions for assaying the transformation of arachidonic acid in thrombin-treated human platelets. In the presence of increasing amounts of albumin, the total amount of radioactivity released from thrombin-treated platelets pre-labeled with 3H-arachidonic acid is first enhanced and then inhibited. Maximal release, reflecting primarily enhanced amounts of free labeled arachidonic acid, occurs at a final albumin concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Calcium promoted the release of all radiolabeled metabolites, but it specifically enhanced HETE formation and release. Magnesium was without effect. Cyclo-oxygenase derived products constituted the bulk of released label at short time intervals, but after ten minutes exposure to thrombin in the presence of albumin (0.5 mg/ml) and 3 mM calcium, radioactivity in the released products was equally distributed among cyclo-oxygenase derived products (TXB2 + PGD2 + HHT), HETE and free arachidonic acid.", "contents": "The use of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the separation of radiolabeled arachidonic acid and its metabolites produced by thrombin-treated human platelets. II. Establishment of optimal assay conditions. We have utilized HPLC to develop optimal conditions for assaying the transformation of arachidonic acid in thrombin-treated human platelets. In the presence of increasing amounts of albumin, the total amount of radioactivity released from thrombin-treated platelets pre-labeled with 3H-arachidonic acid is first enhanced and then inhibited. Maximal release, reflecting primarily enhanced amounts of free labeled arachidonic acid, occurs at a final albumin concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Calcium promoted the release of all radiolabeled metabolites, but it specifically enhanced HETE formation and release. Magnesium was without effect. Cyclo-oxygenase derived products constituted the bulk of released label at short time intervals, but after ten minutes exposure to thrombin in the presence of albumin (0.5 mg/ml) and 3 mM calcium, radioactivity in the released products was equally distributed among cyclo-oxygenase derived products (TXB2 + PGD2 + HHT), HETE and free arachidonic acid.", "PMID": 118487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13320", "title": "Conformational requirements at the prostaglandin cyclooxygenase receptor site: a template for designing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "When space-filling models of the peroxy radical precursor of PGG were compared with models of 2(S)-(3-chloro-4-cyclohexylphenyl) propionic acid and other acidic cyclooxygenase inhibitors several common structural features were revealed. This led us to propose a template for designing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's) based on the conformation of the peroxy radical immediately prior to its cyclisation to PGG. The template can be equated with a complementary cyclooxygenase receptor site.", "contents": "Conformational requirements at the prostaglandin cyclooxygenase receptor site: a template for designing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. When space-filling models of the peroxy radical precursor of PGG were compared with models of 2(S)-(3-chloro-4-cyclohexylphenyl) propionic acid and other acidic cyclooxygenase inhibitors several common structural features were revealed. This led us to propose a template for designing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's) based on the conformation of the peroxy radical immediately prior to its cyclisation to PGG. The template can be equated with a complementary cyclooxygenase receptor site.", "PMID": 118488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13321", "title": "Increased renal tubular synthesis of prostaglandins in the rabbit kidney in response to ureteral obstruction.", "content": "The hydronephrotic rabbit kidney exhibits elevated basal prostaglandin synthesis and supersensitivity to peptide stimulation of vascular prostaglandin and thromboxane formation. In this study the distribution of the prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase in hydronephrotic and contralateral rabbit kidneys following one and four day ureteral obstructions was compared using immunohistofluorescence. No alterasions were detected in the distribution or intensity of cyclooxygenase-positive fluorescence in the renal vasculature in response to ureteral obstructions. However, two significant differences were noted between hydronephrotic and contralateral kidneys in the staining of renal tubules: (a) the intensity of fluorescent staining in cortical and medullary collecting tubules of the hydronephrotic kidney was increased and (b) cyclooxygenase antigenicity appeared in the thin limbs of Henle's loop in the hydronephrotic organ. Although alterations in prostaglandin formation by the renal vasculature have been documented previously, our results indicate that ureteral obstruction also causes increased prostaglandin synthesis by renal tubules.", "contents": "Increased renal tubular synthesis of prostaglandins in the rabbit kidney in response to ureteral obstruction. The hydronephrotic rabbit kidney exhibits elevated basal prostaglandin synthesis and supersensitivity to peptide stimulation of vascular prostaglandin and thromboxane formation. In this study the distribution of the prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase in hydronephrotic and contralateral rabbit kidneys following one and four day ureteral obstructions was compared using immunohistofluorescence. No alterasions were detected in the distribution or intensity of cyclooxygenase-positive fluorescence in the renal vasculature in response to ureteral obstructions. However, two significant differences were noted between hydronephrotic and contralateral kidneys in the staining of renal tubules: (a) the intensity of fluorescent staining in cortical and medullary collecting tubules of the hydronephrotic kidney was increased and (b) cyclooxygenase antigenicity appeared in the thin limbs of Henle's loop in the hydronephrotic organ. Although alterations in prostaglandin formation by the renal vasculature have been documented previously, our results indicate that ureteral obstruction also causes increased prostaglandin synthesis by renal tubules.", "PMID": 118489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13322", "title": "12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, a chemotactic fatty acid, is incorporated into neutrophil phospholipids and triglyceride.", "content": "Platelets contain a lipoxygenase which converts arachidonic acid to 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) which has been shown to be chemotactic for human neutrophils and eosinophils. [14C]-12-HETE was biosynthesized, purified and incubated at a concentration of 1 micro M with human neutrophils. Lipids were extracted from the neutrophils and the media, and the radiolabeled products identified. 26 percent of the radiolabel was found in the cells after 30 min incubation, essentially all of it esterified into phospholipid and triglyceride. The radiolabeled phospholipids and triglycerides were transesterified and the liberated fatty acid was identified as [14C]-12-HETE. This is the first demonstration of direct alteration of membrane components by a chemotactic agent and may be an example of a more generalized mechanism for altering membrane characteristics.", "contents": "12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, a chemotactic fatty acid, is incorporated into neutrophil phospholipids and triglyceride. Platelets contain a lipoxygenase which converts arachidonic acid to 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) which has been shown to be chemotactic for human neutrophils and eosinophils. [14C]-12-HETE was biosynthesized, purified and incubated at a concentration of 1 micro M with human neutrophils. Lipids were extracted from the neutrophils and the media, and the radiolabeled products identified. 26 percent of the radiolabel was found in the cells after 30 min incubation, essentially all of it esterified into phospholipid and triglyceride. The radiolabeled phospholipids and triglycerides were transesterified and the liberated fatty acid was identified as [14C]-12-HETE. This is the first demonstration of direct alteration of membrane components by a chemotactic agent and may be an example of a more generalized mechanism for altering membrane characteristics.", "PMID": 118490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13323", "title": "Adriamycin inhibits Ca permeability and Ca-dependent K movements in red blood cells.", "content": "Normal human red blood cells show a prompt, large increase in K permeability when their cytoplasmic Ca concentration is increased by various in vitro manipulations. Adriamycin, in concentrations greater than 0.02 mM, inhibits this response. Although the mechanism of adriamycin's action is not clear, experiments with dog red blood cells suggest that the drug inhibits passive Ca permeability. The importance of Ca-gated K movements in red blood cells is obscure, but in excitable tissues such ion currents play an important role in membrane repolarization. The influence of adriamycin on this ion conductance pathway may be related to the acute cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects of the drug.", "contents": "Adriamycin inhibits Ca permeability and Ca-dependent K movements in red blood cells. Normal human red blood cells show a prompt, large increase in K permeability when their cytoplasmic Ca concentration is increased by various in vitro manipulations. Adriamycin, in concentrations greater than 0.02 mM, inhibits this response. Although the mechanism of adriamycin's action is not clear, experiments with dog red blood cells suggest that the drug inhibits passive Ca permeability. The importance of Ca-gated K movements in red blood cells is obscure, but in excitable tissues such ion currents play an important role in membrane repolarization. The influence of adriamycin on this ion conductance pathway may be related to the acute cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects of the drug.", "PMID": 118499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13324", "title": "Measurement of radial immunodiffusion plates with a scanning densitometer.", "content": "Measurement of the diameters of the precipitation rings in radial immunodiffusion plates with a scanning densitometer is described. Data obtained by scanning were compared with a conventional visual method of measurement and although the differences were statistically significant, the differences were small and there was no basis for determining which method was a more accurate estimation of concentration. It was concluded that the scanning method, which uses equipment present in most clinical pathology laboratories, is an acceptable alternative method for measuring radial immunodiffusion.", "contents": "Measurement of radial immunodiffusion plates with a scanning densitometer. Measurement of the diameters of the precipitation rings in radial immunodiffusion plates with a scanning densitometer is described. Data obtained by scanning were compared with a conventional visual method of measurement and although the differences were statistically significant, the differences were small and there was no basis for determining which method was a more accurate estimation of concentration. It was concluded that the scanning method, which uses equipment present in most clinical pathology laboratories, is an acceptable alternative method for measuring radial immunodiffusion.", "PMID": 118500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13325", "title": "Increased level of L-ascorbic acid in the plasma of poly-chlorobiphenyls-treated rats and its inhibition by dietary vitamin E.", "content": "One-month-old male rats were fed a basal vitamin E deficient diet with or without 100 ppm vitamin E supplementation for 11 weeks and were injected intraperitoneally with either 500mg/kg body weight of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) in sesame oil or equivalent amount of sesame oil. Five days after PCB treatment, the level of total L-ascorbic acid in the plasma of vitamin E deficient rats increased 69% (p less than 0.001) as compared with 26% (p less than 0.01) of the supplemented group. The dehydro form of ascorbic acid increased 111% (p less than 0.001) and 33% (p less than 0.01), respectively, in the plasma of PCB treated rats maintained on the vitamin E deficient and supplemented diets. The levels of reduced ascorbic acid and of vitamin E in plasma were not significantly altered by PCB in both groups of animals. The results suggest that dietary vitamin E may modify cellular susceptibility to PCB toxicity.", "contents": "Increased level of L-ascorbic acid in the plasma of poly-chlorobiphenyls-treated rats and its inhibition by dietary vitamin E. One-month-old male rats were fed a basal vitamin E deficient diet with or without 100 ppm vitamin E supplementation for 11 weeks and were injected intraperitoneally with either 500mg/kg body weight of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) in sesame oil or equivalent amount of sesame oil. Five days after PCB treatment, the level of total L-ascorbic acid in the plasma of vitamin E deficient rats increased 69% (p less than 0.001) as compared with 26% (p less than 0.01) of the supplemented group. The dehydro form of ascorbic acid increased 111% (p less than 0.001) and 33% (p less than 0.01), respectively, in the plasma of PCB treated rats maintained on the vitamin E deficient and supplemented diets. The levels of reduced ascorbic acid and of vitamin E in plasma were not significantly altered by PCB in both groups of animals. The results suggest that dietary vitamin E may modify cellular susceptibility to PCB toxicity.", "PMID": 118502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13326", "title": "Tupaias (tree shrews)--a new animal model for gallstone research; first observations of gallstones.", "content": "In tupaias, rat-sized mammals with phylogenetic affinities to insectivores and primates, gallstones can be induced by diet. Twenty per cent butter, 20% sucrose, and 1% cholesterol, added to the standard diet, caused massive stone formation in 11 of 16 male tupaias. In the other five animals the bile contained cholesterol crystals or few stones, liquid crystals, and fat droplets. The stones were composed almost totally of cholesterol and closely resembled those described in squirrel monkeys, which had been fed a similar diet. The diet caused neither a change in body weight nor serious diarrhea or any other conceivable illness of the experimental animals. Only liver weight and liver fat content increased. No spontaneous gallstones were found in 200 healthy animals, which had been fed standard diet. In sick animals cystine stones or a soft concrement of undefined organic material were observed. Tupaia, thus, represents a suitable and convenient animal model for gallstone research.", "contents": "Tupaias (tree shrews)--a new animal model for gallstone research; first observations of gallstones. In tupaias, rat-sized mammals with phylogenetic affinities to insectivores and primates, gallstones can be induced by diet. Twenty per cent butter, 20% sucrose, and 1% cholesterol, added to the standard diet, caused massive stone formation in 11 of 16 male tupaias. In the other five animals the bile contained cholesterol crystals or few stones, liquid crystals, and fat droplets. The stones were composed almost totally of cholesterol and closely resembled those described in squirrel monkeys, which had been fed a similar diet. The diet caused neither a change in body weight nor serious diarrhea or any other conceivable illness of the experimental animals. Only liver weight and liver fat content increased. No spontaneous gallstones were found in 200 healthy animals, which had been fed standard diet. In sick animals cystine stones or a soft concrement of undefined organic material were observed. Tupaia, thus, represents a suitable and convenient animal model for gallstone research.", "PMID": 118503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13327", "title": "Unconjugated thyroxine and triiodothyronine in urine: influence of age, sex, drugs and thyroid function.", "content": "The 24 h urinary excretion (dU) of T4 and T3, determined by radioimmunoassays using extraction and separation on Sephadex columns, is higher in men than in women (mean dU-T4 and dU-T3 +/- 2 SD: 2.6 +/- 0.9 vs. 2.2 +/- 1.0 and 2.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.8 nmol, respectively). The excretion of T3 decreases with age, but expressed relatively to dU-creatinine there is no effect of age and sex. Children have increased T4 and T3 to creatinine excretion ratios and neonates excrete predominantly T4. Oestrogens, acute salicylate loading and diurnal variation yielded results, which were at variance with the hypothesis that dU-T4 and dU-T3 mirror corresponding free hormone concentrations in serum, and there was only a weal positive correlation to total serum hormones in thyrotoxicosis as well. General clinical use of urine T4 and T3 is obviated by poor diagnostic discrimination and inherent analytical and interpretative disadvantages.", "contents": "Unconjugated thyroxine and triiodothyronine in urine: influence of age, sex, drugs and thyroid function. The 24 h urinary excretion (dU) of T4 and T3, determined by radioimmunoassays using extraction and separation on Sephadex columns, is higher in men than in women (mean dU-T4 and dU-T3 +/- 2 SD: 2.6 +/- 0.9 vs. 2.2 +/- 1.0 and 2.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.8 nmol, respectively). The excretion of T3 decreases with age, but expressed relatively to dU-creatinine there is no effect of age and sex. Children have increased T4 and T3 to creatinine excretion ratios and neonates excrete predominantly T4. Oestrogens, acute salicylate loading and diurnal variation yielded results, which were at variance with the hypothesis that dU-T4 and dU-T3 mirror corresponding free hormone concentrations in serum, and there was only a weal positive correlation to total serum hormones in thyrotoxicosis as well. General clinical use of urine T4 and T3 is obviated by poor diagnostic discrimination and inherent analytical and interpretative disadvantages.", "PMID": 118510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13328", "title": "Determination of free thyroid hormone fractions using a simple T3-uptake test.", "content": "Results from a simple, fast and inexpensive Sephadex T3-uptake test (T3U) have been compared to free fractions of serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) determined by a dialysis procedure in forty-six sera from hypothyroids, 154 sera from euthyroids and ninety-one sera from hyperthyroids. Sera with high TBG levels were included in these groups. A second order correlation (r = 0.90) was found between T3U and free T4 and T3 fractions. The T3U had a low diagnostic value for all three groups. Free hormone indices calculated as the product between the T4 or T3 and T3U were linearly correlated to total free T4 (r = 0.94) and total free T3 (r = 0.96) if these are less than 2.5 times the upper nu described.", "contents": "Determination of free thyroid hormone fractions using a simple T3-uptake test. Results from a simple, fast and inexpensive Sephadex T3-uptake test (T3U) have been compared to free fractions of serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) determined by a dialysis procedure in forty-six sera from hypothyroids, 154 sera from euthyroids and ninety-one sera from hyperthyroids. Sera with high TBG levels were included in these groups. A second order correlation (r = 0.90) was found between T3U and free T4 and T3 fractions. The T3U had a low diagnostic value for all three groups. Free hormone indices calculated as the product between the T4 or T3 and T3U were linearly correlated to total free T4 (r = 0.94) and total free T3 (r = 0.96) if these are less than 2.5 times the upper nu described.", "PMID": 118511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13329", "title": "Abnormal thyroid function tests in devere non-thyroidal illness: diagnostic and pathophysiologic aspects.", "content": "In vitro thyroid function tests were studied in twenty-three patients with serious non-thyroidal illness. All had reduced protein binding of serum thyroxine (T4) and serum triiodothyronine (T3) as reflected in increased T4 and T3 uptake tests. The mean T4-binding prealbumin (TBPA) capacity and concentration were about one third the normal levels, whereas the decrease in R4-binding globulin (TBG) was much smaller. Increased serum free fatty acids and reverse T3 were frequently observed, but in vitro displacement of thyroid hormones from their binding sites was achieved only with much high concentrations of these compounds. Other still unrecognized substances significantly inhibiting binding of thyroid hormones might, however, occur in sera of severely ill patients. Evidence in favour of this possibility was the disproportionately high serum T4 by TBG-binding assay relative to T4 by radioimmunoassay. In most of the patients the dual-stage free T4 was elevated, whereas the single-stage free T4 index (CT4I) was within the reference interval. However, neither of these indices reflected the moderately increased dialysable free T4 concentration very accurately. The free T3 index was depressed in most of the patients, whereas the dialysable free T3 concentration was not affected. For practical purposes the combination of normal serum T4 and CT4I in a severely ill patient indicates absence of an associated thyrometabolic disorders.", "contents": "Abnormal thyroid function tests in devere non-thyroidal illness: diagnostic and pathophysiologic aspects. In vitro thyroid function tests were studied in twenty-three patients with serious non-thyroidal illness. All had reduced protein binding of serum thyroxine (T4) and serum triiodothyronine (T3) as reflected in increased T4 and T3 uptake tests. The mean T4-binding prealbumin (TBPA) capacity and concentration were about one third the normal levels, whereas the decrease in R4-binding globulin (TBG) was much smaller. Increased serum free fatty acids and reverse T3 were frequently observed, but in vitro displacement of thyroid hormones from their binding sites was achieved only with much high concentrations of these compounds. Other still unrecognized substances significantly inhibiting binding of thyroid hormones might, however, occur in sera of severely ill patients. Evidence in favour of this possibility was the disproportionately high serum T4 by TBG-binding assay relative to T4 by radioimmunoassay. In most of the patients the dual-stage free T4 was elevated, whereas the single-stage free T4 index (CT4I) was within the reference interval. However, neither of these indices reflected the moderately increased dialysable free T4 concentration very accurately. The free T3 index was depressed in most of the patients, whereas the dialysable free T3 concentration was not affected. For practical purposes the combination of normal serum T4 and CT4I in a severely ill patient indicates absence of an associated thyrometabolic disorders.", "PMID": 118513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13330", "title": "A sensitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitation of human IgM.", "content": "A highly sensitive and specific two-site solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the quantitation of human immunoglobulin M (IgM) in biological fluids is presented. Detection limit is 20 micrograms/l (12 ng/tube). Routine working range is 30--1000 micrograms/l. Between-assay coefficient of variation is 10%. The assay allows quantitation of IgM in human cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "A sensitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitation of human IgM. A highly sensitive and specific two-site solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the quantitation of human immunoglobulin M (IgM) in biological fluids is presented. Detection limit is 20 micrograms/l (12 ng/tube). Routine working range is 30--1000 micrograms/l. Between-assay coefficient of variation is 10%. The assay allows quantitation of IgM in human cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 118514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13331", "title": "Solubilization and preliminary characterization of the human ileal vitamin B12-intrinsic factor receptor.", "content": "The human ileal intrinsic factor receptor was solubilized with Triton X-100 using an improved method originally devised for the porcine receptor. At pH 7.4 and in the presence of Ca2+ the receptor bound the vitamin B12 complexes of normal human and pig intrinsic factor but not that of an abnormal biologically inert human intrinsic factor. EGTA dissociated vitamin B12-intrinsic factor from the receptor complexes. The solubilized vitamin B12-intrinsic factor receptor complex consisted of three to four molecular species termed HC-L, HC-20 S, HC-12 S and HC-8.5 S (the three last-mentioned referring to sedimentation coefficients). Of these HC-20 S was the dominating component and had a Stokes radius of 18 nm. Radioactive calcium was shown to be bound to vitamin B12-intrinsic factor and to be contained in its complex with the receptor.", "contents": "Solubilization and preliminary characterization of the human ileal vitamin B12-intrinsic factor receptor. The human ileal intrinsic factor receptor was solubilized with Triton X-100 using an improved method originally devised for the porcine receptor. At pH 7.4 and in the presence of Ca2+ the receptor bound the vitamin B12 complexes of normal human and pig intrinsic factor but not that of an abnormal biologically inert human intrinsic factor. EGTA dissociated vitamin B12-intrinsic factor from the receptor complexes. The solubilized vitamin B12-intrinsic factor receptor complex consisted of three to four molecular species termed HC-L, HC-20 S, HC-12 S and HC-8.5 S (the three last-mentioned referring to sedimentation coefficients). Of these HC-20 S was the dominating component and had a Stokes radius of 18 nm. Radioactive calcium was shown to be bound to vitamin B12-intrinsic factor and to be contained in its complex with the receptor.", "PMID": 118515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13332", "title": "The influence of the buffer on maintenance of tissue lipid in specimens for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Preparations of tissues and cells for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fixed with glutaraldehyde (G CHO) buffered in either Na-cacodylate or Piperazine-N-N' bis (20-ethanol sulfonic acid) (PIPES) differ in their morphology. The influence of the nature of these buffers in the tissue fixing and washing solutions on appearance in scanning electron microscopy is described. Biochemical determinations of lipid retention were performed on frog and chick embryos fixed for 24 hours with 3% G CHO in either 0.03 and 0.1 M PIPES (ph. 7.3) or 0.1 M Na-cacodylate (ph. 7.3). Embryonic tissue was chosen for its relatively high lipid content and delicacy which may be expected to enhance the sensitivity at which buffer effects become apparent. The comparable small and uniform sizes of the embryos minimize differences in fixation quality due to penetration. Lipid, recovered from homogenized tissue after treatment with chloroform/methanol/water (1:2.1:1, v/v) was considered as retained. The extraction results, which showed a significant reduction of lipid losses when PIPES buffer was used, are taken to account for the morphological differences observed in SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).", "contents": "The influence of the buffer on maintenance of tissue lipid in specimens for scanning electron microscopy. Preparations of tissues and cells for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fixed with glutaraldehyde (G CHO) buffered in either Na-cacodylate or Piperazine-N-N' bis (20-ethanol sulfonic acid) (PIPES) differ in their morphology. The influence of the nature of these buffers in the tissue fixing and washing solutions on appearance in scanning electron microscopy is described. Biochemical determinations of lipid retention were performed on frog and chick embryos fixed for 24 hours with 3% G CHO in either 0.03 and 0.1 M PIPES (ph. 7.3) or 0.1 M Na-cacodylate (ph. 7.3). Embryonic tissue was chosen for its relatively high lipid content and delicacy which may be expected to enhance the sensitivity at which buffer effects become apparent. The comparable small and uniform sizes of the embryos minimize differences in fixation quality due to penetration. Lipid, recovered from homogenized tissue after treatment with chloroform/methanol/water (1:2.1:1, v/v) was considered as retained. The extraction results, which showed a significant reduction of lipid losses when PIPES buffer was used, are taken to account for the morphological differences observed in SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).", "PMID": 118516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13333", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of infective endocarditis.", "content": "As part of a study of the development of infective endocarditis in ncarcotic addicts, we sought to establish the feasibility of using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to view the surface characteristics of human heart valves obtained at autopsy. Normal and infected heart valves from humans and animals were obtained at autopsy, fixed in formalin, and processed for SEM. Parallel samples from immediately adjacent regions were processed for light microscopy. Active and healed endocarditis were readily recognizable by SEM, and the observations correlated well with those made by light microscopy. The advantage of SEM in the study of endocarditis is that it provides significant information about damage to the endocardial surface across the entire valve. The relative proportions of fibrin, platelets, leukocytes, exposed stromal connective tissue and bacteria on the surface of a lesion can easily be analysed. SEM may prove particularly useful in the study of the pathogenesis of the early lesions of infective endocarditis on previously \"undamaged\" valves.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of infective endocarditis. As part of a study of the development of infective endocarditis in ncarcotic addicts, we sought to establish the feasibility of using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to view the surface characteristics of human heart valves obtained at autopsy. Normal and infected heart valves from humans and animals were obtained at autopsy, fixed in formalin, and processed for SEM. Parallel samples from immediately adjacent regions were processed for light microscopy. Active and healed endocarditis were readily recognizable by SEM, and the observations correlated well with those made by light microscopy. The advantage of SEM in the study of endocarditis is that it provides significant information about damage to the endocardial surface across the entire valve. The relative proportions of fibrin, platelets, leukocytes, exposed stromal connective tissue and bacteria on the surface of a lesion can easily be analysed. SEM may prove particularly useful in the study of the pathogenesis of the early lesions of infective endocarditis on previously \"undamaged\" valves.", "PMID": 118520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13334", "title": "The prevalence of group B streptococci in human urogenital secretions.", "content": "Urogenital secretions from a total of 510 patients (153 female and 151 male venereological patients, 123 gynaecological patients and 83 gynaecologically normal women) have been examined for group B streptococci (B-str.) and gonococci. The prevalence of B-str. (32%) among the female venereological patients was significantly higher than among the gynaecological patients (21.1%) and normal women (18.0%). Urethral samples gave a higher recovery rate of B-str. than cervical samples. A significant correlation was demonstrated between the presence of B-str. and the diagnosis of vaginitis in the gynaecological material. Fermentation types of B-str. isolated from urogenital patients differed considerably from the types prevalent in bovine isolates.", "contents": "The prevalence of group B streptococci in human urogenital secretions. Urogenital secretions from a total of 510 patients (153 female and 151 male venereological patients, 123 gynaecological patients and 83 gynaecologically normal women) have been examined for group B streptococci (B-str.) and gonococci. The prevalence of B-str. (32%) among the female venereological patients was significantly higher than among the gynaecological patients (21.1%) and normal women (18.0%). Urethral samples gave a higher recovery rate of B-str. than cervical samples. A significant correlation was demonstrated between the presence of B-str. and the diagnosis of vaginitis in the gynaecological material. Fermentation types of B-str. isolated from urogenital patients differed considerably from the types prevalent in bovine isolates.", "PMID": 118523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13335", "title": "Peritonitis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital patients treated with peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "From December 1976 to July 1977 Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured from the dialysate of 8 hospital patients on peritoneal dialysis. Seven of the cases occurred within 1 month. The source of the epidemic was a water bath used to preheat the dialysis fluids before start of dialysis. Six patients developed a severe protracted peritonitis with Ps. aeruginosa. Continuous peritoneal dialysis with antibiotics added to the dialysis fluid did not eradicate infection, but after removal of the catheters signs of peritonitis subsided rapidly in all patients. In conclusion, water baths used for this purpose should be replaced by dry-heat incubators.", "contents": "Peritonitis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. From December 1976 to July 1977 Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured from the dialysate of 8 hospital patients on peritoneal dialysis. Seven of the cases occurred within 1 month. The source of the epidemic was a water bath used to preheat the dialysis fluids before start of dialysis. Six patients developed a severe protracted peritonitis with Ps. aeruginosa. Continuous peritoneal dialysis with antibiotics added to the dialysis fluid did not eradicate infection, but after removal of the catheters signs of peritonitis subsided rapidly in all patients. In conclusion, water baths used for this purpose should be replaced by dry-heat incubators.", "PMID": 118524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13336", "title": "Chemotherapy of chronic infections with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lower airways of patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The bacteriological effect of chemotherapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps.ae.) in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis is reviewed. During a 5-year period 49 children and adults were treated with 190 courses of different antibiotics. The mucoid strains of Ps.ae. disappeared in 72.0% of the courses in which a combination of tobramycin and carbenicillin was employed. Tobramycin given alone had only bacteriological effect in 26.6% of the courses. Colimycin alone or in combination with carbenicillin had no effect. In 18 patients who received subsequent courses of tobramycin and combination of tobramycin and carbenicillin a significant difference in favour of the combination therapy was found, also in cases with many precipitins against Ps.ae. in serum. In 74.5% of the initially successful courses the patients were recolonized with Ps.ae. within 1 month. No nephrotoxic or ototoxic side effects were demonstrated in spite of the high doses of tobramycin (10 mg/kg/24 h) emmployed and the repeated courses.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of chronic infections with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lower airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. The bacteriological effect of chemotherapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps.ae.) in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis is reviewed. During a 5-year period 49 children and adults were treated with 190 courses of different antibiotics. The mucoid strains of Ps.ae. disappeared in 72.0% of the courses in which a combination of tobramycin and carbenicillin was employed. Tobramycin given alone had only bacteriological effect in 26.6% of the courses. Colimycin alone or in combination with carbenicillin had no effect. In 18 patients who received subsequent courses of tobramycin and combination of tobramycin and carbenicillin a significant difference in favour of the combination therapy was found, also in cases with many precipitins against Ps.ae. in serum. In 74.5% of the initially successful courses the patients were recolonized with Ps.ae. within 1 month. No nephrotoxic or ototoxic side effects were demonstrated in spite of the high doses of tobramycin (10 mg/kg/24 h) emmployed and the repeated courses.", "PMID": 118525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13337", "title": "Effect of phenoxymethylpenicillin and clindamycin on the oral, throat and faecal microflora of man.", "content": "Phenoxymethylpenicillin in capsules was given orally in doses of 800 mg twice daily for 7 days to 10 subjects. Saliva, throat and faecal specimens were taken up to 29 days for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. No changes in the normal flora in saliva, throat or faeces were noticed during the observation period. Clindamycin was given orally in doses of 150 mg 4 times daily to 10 other subjects. No changes in the aerobic oral flora were observed, while a significant decrease in the number of anaerobic bacteria occurred. In 2 volunteers, overgrowth of clindamycin-resistant clostridia were seen from days 4--16 in one and from days 2--7 in the other. The throat flora showed changes similar to the oral flora. Pronounced changes in the aerobic and anaerobic faecal bacterial flora occurred. Thus among the aerobes enterococci proliferated and among the anaerobes significant decreases in the number of cocci and gram-negative rods were noticed. In 4 subjects, clindamycin-resistant clostridia increased 4log. One of them developed diarrhoea and harboured an unidentified toxin-producing clostridial strain rather similar to Clostridium difficile.", "contents": "Effect of phenoxymethylpenicillin and clindamycin on the oral, throat and faecal microflora of man. Phenoxymethylpenicillin in capsules was given orally in doses of 800 mg twice daily for 7 days to 10 subjects. Saliva, throat and faecal specimens were taken up to 29 days for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. No changes in the normal flora in saliva, throat or faeces were noticed during the observation period. Clindamycin was given orally in doses of 150 mg 4 times daily to 10 other subjects. No changes in the aerobic oral flora were observed, while a significant decrease in the number of anaerobic bacteria occurred. In 2 volunteers, overgrowth of clindamycin-resistant clostridia were seen from days 4--16 in one and from days 2--7 in the other. The throat flora showed changes similar to the oral flora. Pronounced changes in the aerobic and anaerobic faecal bacterial flora occurred. Thus among the aerobes enterococci proliferated and among the anaerobes significant decreases in the number of cocci and gram-negative rods were noticed. In 4 subjects, clindamycin-resistant clostridia increased 4log. One of them developed diarrhoea and harboured an unidentified toxin-producing clostridial strain rather similar to Clostridium difficile.", "PMID": 118526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13338", "title": "Granulomatous glomerulonephritis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with gold salts.", "content": "The clinical course of rheumatoid arthritis in the patient described was characterized by two episodes of microhaematuria, both occurring shortly after the administration of gold salt. The second of these episodes developed into progressive renal failure. Renal biopsy disclosed a rarely described granulomatous glomerulonephritis. Various known pathogenic mechanisms of renal injury are evaluated concerning their applicability in this patient. However, although it is believed that the gold salt therapy was the main agent in the pathogenesis of this fatal renal complication, the mechanism whereby such a pathogenesis proceeded remains unclear.", "contents": "Granulomatous glomerulonephritis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with gold salts. The clinical course of rheumatoid arthritis in the patient described was characterized by two episodes of microhaematuria, both occurring shortly after the administration of gold salt. The second of these episodes developed into progressive renal failure. Renal biopsy disclosed a rarely described granulomatous glomerulonephritis. Various known pathogenic mechanisms of renal injury are evaluated concerning their applicability in this patient. However, although it is believed that the gold salt therapy was the main agent in the pathogenesis of this fatal renal complication, the mechanism whereby such a pathogenesis proceeded remains unclear.", "PMID": 118527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13339", "title": "Role of Aspergillus and Candida species in allergic bronchopulmonary mycoses. A comparative study.", "content": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and allergic bronchopulmonary candidiasis (ABPC) has been diagnosed in 20 and 13 cases respectively with one case in common, on the basis of laboratory and clinical findings. Most of the ABPA cases (60%) diagnosed had an early onset of respiratory symptoms, i.e. below the age of 30 years, while most of ABPC cases (69%) had a late onset of respiratory symptoms, i.e. after the age of 30 years. The precipitin bands in ABPA and ABPC were R-type and H-type, respectively. Apparently, ABPA and ABPC are independent of one another in origin as suggested by specific precipitins and dual skin reaction. In ABPA, A. fumigatus appears to be the primary causal organism although the contributory role of other species of Aspergillus, which include A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. terreus and A. niger, is evident from the present study. It is concluded that allergic bronchopulmonary mycoses (ABPM) could be caused by several fungal species independently or jointly belonging to the genera Asperigillus and Candida.", "contents": "Role of Aspergillus and Candida species in allergic bronchopulmonary mycoses. A comparative study. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and allergic bronchopulmonary candidiasis (ABPC) has been diagnosed in 20 and 13 cases respectively with one case in common, on the basis of laboratory and clinical findings. Most of the ABPA cases (60%) diagnosed had an early onset of respiratory symptoms, i.e. below the age of 30 years, while most of ABPC cases (69%) had a late onset of respiratory symptoms, i.e. after the age of 30 years. The precipitin bands in ABPA and ABPC were R-type and H-type, respectively. Apparently, ABPA and ABPC are independent of one another in origin as suggested by specific precipitins and dual skin reaction. In ABPA, A. fumigatus appears to be the primary causal organism although the contributory role of other species of Aspergillus, which include A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. terreus and A. niger, is evident from the present study. It is concluded that allergic bronchopulmonary mycoses (ABPM) could be caused by several fungal species independently or jointly belonging to the genera Asperigillus and Candida.", "PMID": 118528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13340", "title": "Further study of Rh, Kell, Duffy, P, MN, Lewis and Gerbiech blood groups of the Thais.", "content": "Blood and saliva from unselected blood donors at the Blood Bank, Siriraj Hospital were studied. Two Kell positive, two Rh negative and one Gerbiech negative were found, which could be considered as rare blood type in Thailand. The commonest Rh gene complex was CDe (R11 and the presence of CDE (Rz) in this study are the usual pattern of people in Southeast Asia. Fya is very common as in other people of Asia. In the Lewis system, the incidence of Le (a + b -) was 28.48% which agree well with our previous report 30.9%. There were 410 out of 1,668, (23.17%) who were found to be Lea non-secretor and 95 of them have Lewis antibodies in their sera. Aberrant secretion patterns were also found in this study, 5 people were found to secrete A or B substances according to their blood groups but no H substance was detectable. Further investigation of Lewis groups and secretion in Thailand are needed.", "contents": "Further study of Rh, Kell, Duffy, P, MN, Lewis and Gerbiech blood groups of the Thais. Blood and saliva from unselected blood donors at the Blood Bank, Siriraj Hospital were studied. Two Kell positive, two Rh negative and one Gerbiech negative were found, which could be considered as rare blood type in Thailand. The commonest Rh gene complex was CDe (R11 and the presence of CDE (Rz) in this study are the usual pattern of people in Southeast Asia. Fya is very common as in other people of Asia. In the Lewis system, the incidence of Le (a + b -) was 28.48% which agree well with our previous report 30.9%. There were 410 out of 1,668, (23.17%) who were found to be Lea non-secretor and 95 of them have Lewis antibodies in their sera. Aberrant secretion patterns were also found in this study, 5 people were found to secrete A or B substances according to their blood groups but no H substance was detectable. Further investigation of Lewis groups and secretion in Thailand are needed.", "PMID": 118532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13341", "title": "The social nature of chronic disease and disability.", "content": "Recent epidemiologic data on the changing scope and distribution of chronic illness and disability in the United States is analyzed in terms of medical, social, and economic costs. Research findings regarding current gaps in health and social service delivery systems for patients and their families are reviewed. Implications and recommendations for public policy and program changes are discussed, including practice directions for social workers.", "contents": "The social nature of chronic disease and disability. Recent epidemiologic data on the changing scope and distribution of chronic illness and disability in the United States is analyzed in terms of medical, social, and economic costs. Research findings regarding current gaps in health and social service delivery systems for patients and their families are reviewed. Implications and recommendations for public policy and program changes are discussed, including practice directions for social workers.", "PMID": 118538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13342", "title": "Membrane modulation in a methylotrophic bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus (Texas) as a function of growth substrate.", "content": "Methylococcus capsulatus (Texas), when grown on methane, undergoes with age a progressive degeneration of internal membrane structure with a simultaneous accumulation of intracellular inclusions. When M. capsulatus is grown on methanol, virtually no internal membranes are present but, instead, cells contain many intracellular droplets morphologically similar to inclusions in old methane-grown cells. Membranes are regenerated by the cells when a methanol-grown culture is transferred back to methane. The oxidative ability of methane- and methanol-grown cells was compared.", "contents": "Membrane modulation in a methylotrophic bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus (Texas) as a function of growth substrate. Methylococcus capsulatus (Texas), when grown on methane, undergoes with age a progressive degeneration of internal membrane structure with a simultaneous accumulation of intracellular inclusions. When M. capsulatus is grown on methanol, virtually no internal membranes are present but, instead, cells contain many intracellular droplets morphologically similar to inclusions in old methane-grown cells. Membranes are regenerated by the cells when a methanol-grown culture is transferred back to methane. The oxidative ability of methane- and methanol-grown cells was compared.", "PMID": 118544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13343", "title": "IgG-cryoglobulin consisting of both kappa and lambda light chains and beta 1C/1A.", "content": "A 72-year-old woman was diagnosed as multiple myeloma. Her plasma contained IgG-cryoglobulin consisting of both kappa and lambda light chains and beta 1C/1A. Such unique cryoglobulinemia has been reported in 2 cases in the literature, but never in Japan.", "contents": "IgG-cryoglobulin consisting of both kappa and lambda light chains and beta 1C/1A. A 72-year-old woman was diagnosed as multiple myeloma. Her plasma contained IgG-cryoglobulin consisting of both kappa and lambda light chains and beta 1C/1A. Such unique cryoglobulinemia has been reported in 2 cases in the literature, but never in Japan.", "PMID": 118545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13344", "title": "The dosing schedule dependent toxicities of adriamycin in beagle dogs and rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The toxic effects of Adriamycin were studied following i.v. administration of from 10.0 mg/kg to 0.039 mg/kg (200--0.780 mg/m2) to beagle dogs, and from 5.83 mg/kg to 0.625 mg/kg (49.9--7.5 mg/m2) in rhesus monkeys by a variety of short and long term treatment schedules. 5 daily doses and 1 dose every 3 weeks were given for both species and, only in dogs, as single injections, 10 daily treatments and 5 daily doses followed by 9 days rest, repeated 3 times. In both species, short term administration of toxic doses caused weight losses, anorexia, diarrhea, atypical oesophageal and intestinal mucosa, bone marrow hypoplasia, lymphoid atrophy and alopecia. Specific adverse responses seen only in monkeys were hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, atypical buccal mucosa and reddish urinary pigmentation. Testicular degeneration and prostatic atrophy were produced in dogs. The triweekly treatment schedule caused an additional toxicity at lower doses. In both species a cardiotoxicity syndrome developed with pulmonary oedema and centrolobular hepatic necrosis, plus focal necrosis and vacuolization in cardiac myocytes. Clinical signs of cardiac dysfunction were EKG arrhythmias in dogs, and peripheral oedema, ascites and hydrothorax in monkeys.", "contents": "The dosing schedule dependent toxicities of adriamycin in beagle dogs and rhesus monkeys. The toxic effects of Adriamycin were studied following i.v. administration of from 10.0 mg/kg to 0.039 mg/kg (200--0.780 mg/m2) to beagle dogs, and from 5.83 mg/kg to 0.625 mg/kg (49.9--7.5 mg/m2) in rhesus monkeys by a variety of short and long term treatment schedules. 5 daily doses and 1 dose every 3 weeks were given for both species and, only in dogs, as single injections, 10 daily treatments and 5 daily doses followed by 9 days rest, repeated 3 times. In both species, short term administration of toxic doses caused weight losses, anorexia, diarrhea, atypical oesophageal and intestinal mucosa, bone marrow hypoplasia, lymphoid atrophy and alopecia. Specific adverse responses seen only in monkeys were hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, atypical buccal mucosa and reddish urinary pigmentation. Testicular degeneration and prostatic atrophy were produced in dogs. The triweekly treatment schedule caused an additional toxicity at lower doses. In both species a cardiotoxicity syndrome developed with pulmonary oedema and centrolobular hepatic necrosis, plus focal necrosis and vacuolization in cardiac myocytes. Clinical signs of cardiac dysfunction were EKG arrhythmias in dogs, and peripheral oedema, ascites and hydrothorax in monkeys.", "PMID": 118548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13345", "title": "Prevention of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced intracranial arterial vasonecrosis with phosphodiesterase inhibitor phthalazinol (EG-626).", "content": "Experiments in monkeys have demonstrated that the chronic vasospasm and arterial injury reaction produced by subarachnoid blood injection can be prevented by treatment with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor phthalazinol. This protective effect, which is present even when the drug treatment is initiated after the subarachnoid blood injection, is presumed to occur because of the platelet inhibiting effect of phthalazinol.", "contents": "Prevention of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced intracranial arterial vasonecrosis with phosphodiesterase inhibitor phthalazinol (EG-626). Experiments in monkeys have demonstrated that the chronic vasospasm and arterial injury reaction produced by subarachnoid blood injection can be prevented by treatment with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor phthalazinol. This protective effect, which is present even when the drug treatment is initiated after the subarachnoid blood injection, is presumed to occur because of the platelet inhibiting effect of phthalazinol.", "PMID": 118551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13346", "title": "Massive doses of steroids in cryogenic cerebral injury and edema.", "content": "Cryogenic lesions were produced in the brains of rhesus monkeys and the accompanying edema measured by quantitative chemical methods. No effect on this type of edema could be demonstrated in animals treated with massive doses of steroids.", "contents": "Massive doses of steroids in cryogenic cerebral injury and edema. Cryogenic lesions were produced in the brains of rhesus monkeys and the accompanying edema measured by quantitative chemical methods. No effect on this type of edema could be demonstrated in animals treated with massive doses of steroids.", "PMID": 118553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13347", "title": "Anticomplement and the indirect antiglobulin test.", "content": "We used 140 IgG complement-fixing blood group alloantibodies of 17 different specificities in tests to determine whether anticomplement antibodies are still necessary in antiglobulin reagents to be used in indirect antiglobulin tests. Anti-Rh and other IgG noncomplement fixing antibodies were excluded from the study. A polyspecific antiglobulin reagent that contained anti-IgG and anticomplement antibodies, and an anti-IgG reagent containing the same level of anti-IgG as the polyspecific one, were compared. Titrations with some of the antibodies were repeated with only the polyspecific reagent. With each antibody, studies were done with complement activation blocked, and compared with results in which it was allowed to proceed. We found that 42.9% of the antibodies were detected at a higher dilution, and 64.3% of them were detected with a higher titer score, when the poly-specific antiglobulin serum containing anticomplement antibodies was used. We conclude that anticomplement antibodies are indeed still essential for the correct performance of indirect antiglobulin tests.", "contents": "Anticomplement and the indirect antiglobulin test. We used 140 IgG complement-fixing blood group alloantibodies of 17 different specificities in tests to determine whether anticomplement antibodies are still necessary in antiglobulin reagents to be used in indirect antiglobulin tests. Anti-Rh and other IgG noncomplement fixing antibodies were excluded from the study. A polyspecific antiglobulin reagent that contained anti-IgG and anticomplement antibodies, and an anti-IgG reagent containing the same level of anti-IgG as the polyspecific one, were compared. Titrations with some of the antibodies were repeated with only the polyspecific reagent. With each antibody, studies were done with complement activation blocked, and compared with results in which it was allowed to proceed. We found that 42.9% of the antibodies were detected at a higher dilution, and 64.3% of them were detected with a higher titer score, when the poly-specific antiglobulin serum containing anticomplement antibodies was used. We conclude that anticomplement antibodies are indeed still essential for the correct performance of indirect antiglobulin tests.", "PMID": 118556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13348", "title": "Pretransfusion blood group serology. Limited value of the antiglobulin phase of the crossmatch when a careful screening test for unexpected antibodies is performed.", "content": "The limited value of the antiglobulin phase of the cross match when a careful antibody screening is performed was demonstrated by analyzing 73,407 compatibility tests for 23,857 patients. By the blood grouping and screening of these patients, 178 cases were detected with unexpected blood group antibodies that had not been previously observed. Unexpected antibodies were detected in an additional 13 patients by the saline phase of the cross-match. In addition, the antiglobulin phase disclosed only one patient with a very weak anti-Lea and two patients whose sera gave doubtful reactions, possibly representing antibodies, but too weak to be identified.", "contents": "Pretransfusion blood group serology. Limited value of the antiglobulin phase of the crossmatch when a careful screening test for unexpected antibodies is performed. The limited value of the antiglobulin phase of the cross match when a careful antibody screening is performed was demonstrated by analyzing 73,407 compatibility tests for 23,857 patients. By the blood grouping and screening of these patients, 178 cases were detected with unexpected blood group antibodies that had not been previously observed. Unexpected antibodies were detected in an additional 13 patients by the saline phase of the cross-match. In addition, the antiglobulin phase disclosed only one patient with a very weak anti-Lea and two patients whose sera gave doubtful reactions, possibly representing antibodies, but too weak to be identified.", "PMID": 118557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13349", "title": "An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting IgG sensitized erythrocytes.", "content": "This paper describes an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for detecting IgG sensitized erythrocytes utilizing a commercially available anti-human IgG conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. Erythrocyte hemolysis in the assay was minimized by dissolving the p-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate in a carbonate-bicarbonate buffer. Nonspecific absorption of the enzyme conjugate to erythrocytes and glassware was reduced by adding 1% bovine serum albumin to wash solutions. Assay sensitivity was increased with greater concentrations of enzyme conjugate and erythrocytes in the incubation stage. The sensitivity of the described ELISA procedure is approximately equal to that of the standard antiglobulin test. Some possible future applications of ELISA in the blood bank are discussed.", "contents": "An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting IgG sensitized erythrocytes. This paper describes an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for detecting IgG sensitized erythrocytes utilizing a commercially available anti-human IgG conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. Erythrocyte hemolysis in the assay was minimized by dissolving the p-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate in a carbonate-bicarbonate buffer. Nonspecific absorption of the enzyme conjugate to erythrocytes and glassware was reduced by adding 1% bovine serum albumin to wash solutions. Assay sensitivity was increased with greater concentrations of enzyme conjugate and erythrocytes in the incubation stage. The sensitivity of the described ELISA procedure is approximately equal to that of the standard antiglobulin test. Some possible future applications of ELISA in the blood bank are discussed.", "PMID": 118558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13350", "title": "[Hemorrhagic syndrome after transfusion of incompatible blood].", "content": "The patients were observed by a reanimation-hematological team of the Leningrad emergency service. It has been established that the hemorrhagic syndrome is the main one deterimining the unity of pathogenesis and clinical picture of the hemotransfusional complication. Phase character of the changes in the homeostasis system during the transfusion of incompatible blood was noted. The express diagnosis of the disorders and a scheme of the sequence of administration of hemostatic drugs are proposed. Mortality among such patients was reduced.", "contents": "[Hemorrhagic syndrome after transfusion of incompatible blood]. The patients were observed by a reanimation-hematological team of the Leningrad emergency service. It has been established that the hemorrhagic syndrome is the main one deterimining the unity of pathogenesis and clinical picture of the hemotransfusional complication. Phase character of the changes in the homeostasis system during the transfusion of incompatible blood was noted. The express diagnosis of the disorders and a scheme of the sequence of administration of hemostatic drugs are proposed. Mortality among such patients was reduced.", "PMID": 118572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13351", "title": "[The use of dried grape press cake in pig fattening].", "content": "In dried grape press cake the content of crude nutrients and ash, overall sugar, amino acids, alpha-tocopherol and gross energy was determined. In biological experiments with pigs (total of 109 animals) 10% of mixture A1 or SOL was replaced by the same amount of dried crushed grape press cake, without affecting negatively the weight gains and consumption of mixtures per unit of weight gain. Nutritional effects of grape press cake are a subject of discussion and comprise three factors: higher content of enrgy (fat and sugars) in mixtures containing press cake, anti-oxidation effect of press cake and the effect of tocopherols on the metabolism of basic nutrients.", "contents": "[The use of dried grape press cake in pig fattening]. In dried grape press cake the content of crude nutrients and ash, overall sugar, amino acids, alpha-tocopherol and gross energy was determined. In biological experiments with pigs (total of 109 animals) 10% of mixture A1 or SOL was replaced by the same amount of dried crushed grape press cake, without affecting negatively the weight gains and consumption of mixtures per unit of weight gain. Nutritional effects of grape press cake are a subject of discussion and comprise three factors: higher content of enrgy (fat and sugars) in mixtures containing press cake, anti-oxidation effect of press cake and the effect of tocopherols on the metabolism of basic nutrients.", "PMID": 118573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13352", "title": "[Changes in biochemical indicators in the blood and organs of pigs fed dried grape press cake].", "content": "In two experiments the effect of feeding dried crushed white and red grape press cake replacing 10--20% of the complex feed mixture A1 and SOL, was studied on the 21 biochemical indicators of blood serum, plasma, suprarenal glands, liver and tissue of fattened pigs. Changes indicating unsuitability of this non-traditional feed were not observed. During feeding red grape press cake, the young pigs of 35kg body weight had a lower concentration of glucose in blood serum, in comparison with the control. The temporary increase of calcium level and decrease of inorganic phosphorus in these animals was accompanied by a lower activity of alkaline phosphatase. White and red grape press cake affected positively the vitamin E level in blood serum. In the muscles of the experimental slaughter pigs protein proportion was increased and fat proportion was decreased.", "contents": "[Changes in biochemical indicators in the blood and organs of pigs fed dried grape press cake]. In two experiments the effect of feeding dried crushed white and red grape press cake replacing 10--20% of the complex feed mixture A1 and SOL, was studied on the 21 biochemical indicators of blood serum, plasma, suprarenal glands, liver and tissue of fattened pigs. Changes indicating unsuitability of this non-traditional feed were not observed. During feeding red grape press cake, the young pigs of 35kg body weight had a lower concentration of glucose in blood serum, in comparison with the control. The temporary increase of calcium level and decrease of inorganic phosphorus in these animals was accompanied by a lower activity of alkaline phosphatase. White and red grape press cake affected positively the vitamin E level in blood serum. In the muscles of the experimental slaughter pigs protein proportion was increased and fat proportion was decreased.", "PMID": 118574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13353", "title": "[An electric dynamic katathermometer and the thermal environment in pig farrowing pens].", "content": "Temperature conditions were measured with an electric dynamic catathermometer (EDC) and thermometers in pig farrowing houses 13 and 90 cm above the floor of the central and side corridors, boxes for sows and in piglet pens, heated with electric infra-radiators (input 525 W). The heat flow density of the EDC sensor, characterizing the cooling properties of the environment, was higher near the floor, at the ends of stables, on the sides exposed to wind, and after turning on the fan. The thermal conditions in the farrowing houses were therefore highly variable. In the piglet pens the heat flow density was usually kept at a very low level, owing to the thermal radiation of the electric infra-radiators, with possible bad implications for production. However, these facts cannot be documented just by the current measurements of air temperature.", "contents": "[An electric dynamic katathermometer and the thermal environment in pig farrowing pens]. Temperature conditions were measured with an electric dynamic catathermometer (EDC) and thermometers in pig farrowing houses 13 and 90 cm above the floor of the central and side corridors, boxes for sows and in piglet pens, heated with electric infra-radiators (input 525 W). The heat flow density of the EDC sensor, characterizing the cooling properties of the environment, was higher near the floor, at the ends of stables, on the sides exposed to wind, and after turning on the fan. The thermal conditions in the farrowing houses were therefore highly variable. In the piglet pens the heat flow density was usually kept at a very low level, owing to the thermal radiation of the electric infra-radiators, with possible bad implications for production. However, these facts cannot be documented just by the current measurements of air temperature.", "PMID": 118575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13354", "title": "[The digestibility in vitro of some lignocellulose materials].", "content": "In our experiments we tested 11 kinds of different lignocellulose materials by means of the method in vitro according to Mellenberger et al. (1970) for a determination of their digestiblity. In experiments carried out with beech sawdust treated with 0.1 M of sulphuric acid a digestibility of 3.7% was found, in sawdust treated with 0.47 M of nitric acid a digestibility of 61.6% was found and after a neutralization with ammonia it amounted to 72.2%. Wood fibre (WF-1) treated enzymatically showed a digestibility of 28.6% and in the WF-2 complemented with newsprint paper it amounted to 33.4%. Untreated beech waste -- forest billets -- showed a low digestibility (5.6%) and that of zero fibre was somewhat higher (12.6%). Difibered beech sawdust showed a digestibility of 44.0% and the digestibility of the biomass prepared from lye waste obtained during the production of cellulose fibres amounted to 74.1%. Waste fibre also showed a high digestibility of 76.0%. Straw enriched with yeast proteins (SL-1) showed a digestibility of 58.0%. Cellulose used as a standard in the course of the testing of lignocellulose materials showed the highest digestibility -- 82.3%.", "contents": "[The digestibility in vitro of some lignocellulose materials]. In our experiments we tested 11 kinds of different lignocellulose materials by means of the method in vitro according to Mellenberger et al. (1970) for a determination of their digestiblity. In experiments carried out with beech sawdust treated with 0.1 M of sulphuric acid a digestibility of 3.7% was found, in sawdust treated with 0.47 M of nitric acid a digestibility of 61.6% was found and after a neutralization with ammonia it amounted to 72.2%. Wood fibre (WF-1) treated enzymatically showed a digestibility of 28.6% and in the WF-2 complemented with newsprint paper it amounted to 33.4%. Untreated beech waste -- forest billets -- showed a low digestibility (5.6%) and that of zero fibre was somewhat higher (12.6%). Difibered beech sawdust showed a digestibility of 44.0% and the digestibility of the biomass prepared from lye waste obtained during the production of cellulose fibres amounted to 74.1%. Waste fibre also showed a high digestibility of 76.0%. Straw enriched with yeast proteins (SL-1) showed a digestibility of 58.0%. Cellulose used as a standard in the course of the testing of lignocellulose materials showed the highest digestibility -- 82.3%.", "PMID": 118576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13355", "title": "[The occurrence of cadmium in some types of food].", "content": "An examination of 732 samples of foods of animal and vegetable origin revealed that 95% sea fish products, 94% samples of sea and fresh-water fish, 69.9% samples of foods of vegetable origin and 32.9% samples of foods of animal origin -- tinned beefand pork -- p\u00e2t\u00e9s and spreads -- did not comply with the requirements of the standard on contaminants in foods for cadmium content. Together with the investigation of cadmium content in foods the applied method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry was tested, from the point of interferences during establishing the actual cadmium content; at the same time, this study concerned cadmium losses during the process of mineralization of the biologic material samples. It was concluded that the measured cadmium values were affected by the presence of a higher content of sodium chloride in the samples. The re-gained yield of cadmium by the used method of mineralization is 85%.", "contents": "[The occurrence of cadmium in some types of food]. An examination of 732 samples of foods of animal and vegetable origin revealed that 95% sea fish products, 94% samples of sea and fresh-water fish, 69.9% samples of foods of vegetable origin and 32.9% samples of foods of animal origin -- tinned beefand pork -- p\u00e2t\u00e9s and spreads -- did not comply with the requirements of the standard on contaminants in foods for cadmium content. Together with the investigation of cadmium content in foods the applied method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry was tested, from the point of interferences during establishing the actual cadmium content; at the same time, this study concerned cadmium losses during the process of mineralization of the biologic material samples. It was concluded that the measured cadmium values were affected by the presence of a higher content of sodium chloride in the samples. The re-gained yield of cadmium by the used method of mineralization is 85%.", "PMID": 118577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13356", "title": "[Listeria enzootic in newborn lambs].", "content": "Epizootological, clinical and pathomorphological studies were made of a meningo-encephalitic form of listeriotic enzooty in new born lambs. The clinical symptoms as well as the patho-anatomical and patho-histological changes in the brain and in the inner organs of dead lambs were described. Arisal of enzooty was connected with the inclusion of silage in the daily ration of ewes. It was assumed also that infection of suckling lambs possible by the milk of diseased mother-ewes also and in the prenatal period too. The meningo-encephalitic form of listeriotic enzooty established in new born lambs with symptoms of suppurative meningo-encephalitis was similar to that observed in sheep. L. monocytogenes was isolated from a suspension of various brain tissue parts of dead lambs.", "contents": "[Listeria enzootic in newborn lambs]. Epizootological, clinical and pathomorphological studies were made of a meningo-encephalitic form of listeriotic enzooty in new born lambs. The clinical symptoms as well as the patho-anatomical and patho-histological changes in the brain and in the inner organs of dead lambs were described. Arisal of enzooty was connected with the inclusion of silage in the daily ration of ewes. It was assumed also that infection of suckling lambs possible by the milk of diseased mother-ewes also and in the prenatal period too. The meningo-encephalitic form of listeriotic enzooty established in new born lambs with symptoms of suppurative meningo-encephalitis was similar to that observed in sheep. L. monocytogenes was isolated from a suspension of various brain tissue parts of dead lambs.", "PMID": 118579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13357", "title": "Probable biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of the B antigen for Bh variants.", "content": "Red cells and serum from two Bh variants (B+H-cells) have been investigated for B and H blood group glycosyltransferases. The H enzyme could not be detected using either type 1 or type 2 chain acceptors. The B enzyme was present in normal amount when 2'-fucosyllactose was used as substrate, neither 6'-fucosyllactose nor 6'-fucosyllactosamine could act as acceptors for the B enzyme. Upon treatment of the Bh red cells by the B-degrading enzyme from Trichomonas foetus the B antigen was destroyed while H determinants were uncovered (B-H + cells). The cells thus treated could be further converted into A&H-red cells by the action of the A transferase from human blood group A serum. Previous treatment of the B-H + cells by the H-degrading enzyme from T. foetus, however, led to B-/-erythrocytes and prevented their conversion into A red blood cells by the A enzyme. The results clearly demonstrate that, as found in normal B individuals, the B antigen from Bh cells is built up from the H precursor and provide additional evidence that H is not a completely silent gene in Bh individuals.", "contents": "Probable biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of the B antigen for Bh variants. Red cells and serum from two Bh variants (B+H-cells) have been investigated for B and H blood group glycosyltransferases. The H enzyme could not be detected using either type 1 or type 2 chain acceptors. The B enzyme was present in normal amount when 2'-fucosyllactose was used as substrate, neither 6'-fucosyllactose nor 6'-fucosyllactosamine could act as acceptors for the B enzyme. Upon treatment of the Bh red cells by the B-degrading enzyme from Trichomonas foetus the B antigen was destroyed while H determinants were uncovered (B-H + cells). The cells thus treated could be further converted into A&H-red cells by the action of the A transferase from human blood group A serum. Previous treatment of the B-H + cells by the H-degrading enzyme from T. foetus, however, led to B-/-erythrocytes and prevented their conversion into A red blood cells by the A enzyme. The results clearly demonstrate that, as found in normal B individuals, the B antigen from Bh cells is built up from the H precursor and provide additional evidence that H is not a completely silent gene in Bh individuals.", "PMID": 118582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13358", "title": "Genetic linkage between the Radin and Rh blood group loci.", "content": "Lods of +3.89 at a recombination fraction (theta) of 0.10 and recombinant:nonrecombinant counts of 2:16 indicate linkage between the Rd and Rh blood group loci. The possibility that Rd is the same as Sc is discussed.", "contents": "Genetic linkage between the Radin and Rh blood group loci. Lods of +3.89 at a recombination fraction (theta) of 0.10 and recombinant:nonrecombinant counts of 2:16 indicate linkage between the Rd and Rh blood group loci. The possibility that Rd is the same as Sc is discussed.", "PMID": 118583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13359", "title": "Intensive plasma exchange in rhesus isoimmunisation.", "content": "Intensive plasma exchanges were carried out in a 34-year-old pregnant woman to lower the level of circulating anti-D. The patient proved interesting from a number of serological aspects. The possible protective effect of coexistent ABO incompatibility is discussed. The effect of plasma exchanges on cytotoxic HLA antibodies is also demonstrated.", "contents": "Intensive plasma exchange in rhesus isoimmunisation. Intensive plasma exchanges were carried out in a 34-year-old pregnant woman to lower the level of circulating anti-D. The patient proved interesting from a number of serological aspects. The possible protective effect of coexistent ABO incompatibility is discussed. The effect of plasma exchanges on cytotoxic HLA antibodies is also demonstrated.", "PMID": 118584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13360", "title": "A Japanese Rhmod family: serological and haematological observations.", "content": "This report describes a Japanese family have two Rhmod members, and two sibs with slightly depressed Rh antigens. It is proposed that the Rhmod and the depressed Rh antigen phenotypes are due to regulator genes in homozygous or heterozygous condition, respectively. The two Rhmod members showed mild reticulocytosis, stomatocytosis, slight anisocytosis, slight hyperchromia and slight punctate basophilia without anaemia. Scanning electron microscopy showed their red cells to be small and of bowl shape. Increased fragility of their erythrocytes was demonstrated by dynamic osmofragility testing using a coil planet centrifuge.", "contents": "A Japanese Rhmod family: serological and haematological observations. This report describes a Japanese family have two Rhmod members, and two sibs with slightly depressed Rh antigens. It is proposed that the Rhmod and the depressed Rh antigen phenotypes are due to regulator genes in homozygous or heterozygous condition, respectively. The two Rhmod members showed mild reticulocytosis, stomatocytosis, slight anisocytosis, slight hyperchromia and slight punctate basophilia without anaemia. Scanning electron microscopy showed their red cells to be small and of bowl shape. Increased fragility of their erythrocytes was demonstrated by dynamic osmofragility testing using a coil planet centrifuge.", "PMID": 118585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13361", "title": "[The efficacy of the intra-aortic balloon pump for patients with heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Assisted circulation was carried out with the help of an intra-aortic balloon pump in 22 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction and heart failure (despite medication). Two patients died in hospital. The combination of the balloon pump and nitrates proved to be particularly effective. The follow-up examination of the survivors showed a distinct pulmonary arterial pressure during ergometry. All of the examined patients revealed extensive akinetic and diskinetic areas, significant stenosis being detectable either in the proximal area of the Ramus descendens anterior or in two or three blood vessels.", "contents": "[The efficacy of the intra-aortic balloon pump for patients with heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Assisted circulation was carried out with the help of an intra-aortic balloon pump in 22 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction and heart failure (despite medication). Two patients died in hospital. The combination of the balloon pump and nitrates proved to be particularly effective. The follow-up examination of the survivors showed a distinct pulmonary arterial pressure during ergometry. All of the examined patients revealed extensive akinetic and diskinetic areas, significant stenosis being detectable either in the proximal area of the Ramus descendens anterior or in two or three blood vessels.", "PMID": 118591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13362", "title": "THe formation of cytochrome P-450-metabolic intermediate complexes from amines, in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "1. Cytochrome P-450-metabolic intermediate (MI) complexes were formed from SKF 525-A, propoxyphene, acetylmethadol, noracetylmethadol, norbenzphetamine, and N-hydroxyamphetamine, but not methadone, in the isolated perfused rat liver. 2. The amount of MI complex from SKF 525-A (8% of the cytochrome P-450) after 1 h exceeded that for all other compounds (1--2%). 3. Both MI complex and residual substrate contributed to the inhibition of mixed-function oxidase activity observed. No substrate altered the total cytochrome P-450 concentration of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. 4. The formation of MI complexes in isolated perfused liver corresponds to that seen in whole animals, and contrasts with that seen in microsomal preparations.", "contents": "THe formation of cytochrome P-450-metabolic intermediate complexes from amines, in the isolated perfused rat liver. 1. Cytochrome P-450-metabolic intermediate (MI) complexes were formed from SKF 525-A, propoxyphene, acetylmethadol, noracetylmethadol, norbenzphetamine, and N-hydroxyamphetamine, but not methadone, in the isolated perfused rat liver. 2. The amount of MI complex from SKF 525-A (8% of the cytochrome P-450) after 1 h exceeded that for all other compounds (1--2%). 3. Both MI complex and residual substrate contributed to the inhibition of mixed-function oxidase activity observed. No substrate altered the total cytochrome P-450 concentration of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. 4. The formation of MI complexes in isolated perfused liver corresponds to that seen in whole animals, and contrasts with that seen in microsomal preparations.", "PMID": 118592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13363", "title": "[Physicochemical characteristics of the Penicillium-bacterial virus type 5 and its nucleic acid].", "content": "Physico-chemical characteristics of PBV-5 virus and its nucleic acid were studied. Morphologically, the virus is a rectilinear polyhedron 270 A in diameter, without a process. The sedimentation constant of a virus particle is 117S, the buoyant density of the virus in cesium chloride density is 1.437 g/cm3. As shown by qualitative reactions with orcinol and diphenylamine, the virus contains DNA. The viral DNA preparation in CsCl gradient solution showed the buoyant density 1.719 g/cm3. Electron microscope examination of a PBV-5 DNA preparation showed the nucleic acid molecules to be single-stranded rings.", "contents": "[Physicochemical characteristics of the Penicillium-bacterial virus type 5 and its nucleic acid]. Physico-chemical characteristics of PBV-5 virus and its nucleic acid were studied. Morphologically, the virus is a rectilinear polyhedron 270 A in diameter, without a process. The sedimentation constant of a virus particle is 117S, the buoyant density of the virus in cesium chloride density is 1.437 g/cm3. As shown by qualitative reactions with orcinol and diphenylamine, the virus contains DNA. The viral DNA preparation in CsCl gradient solution showed the buoyant density 1.719 g/cm3. Electron microscope examination of a PBV-5 DNA preparation showed the nucleic acid molecules to be single-stranded rings.", "PMID": 118588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13364", "title": "[Mitosis pathology in experimental measles infection].", "content": "Experiments in monkeys, puppies, and guinea pigs showed both virulent and vaccine strains of measles virus to produce disorders in the reproductive apparatus of cells of the immunocompetent organs. The qualitative analysis of the pathological forms of mitosis abnormalities revealed mainly two types of the structural disorders of division: lethal forms and moderate forms not lethal for the cell. Virulent strains are characterized by predominance of lethal forms of pathology, vaccine strains by moderate lesions which are the source of mutations. In selection of prospective vaccine strains, their capacity to induce non-lethal forms of mitosis abnormalities should be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Mitosis pathology in experimental measles infection]. Experiments in monkeys, puppies, and guinea pigs showed both virulent and vaccine strains of measles virus to produce disorders in the reproductive apparatus of cells of the immunocompetent organs. The qualitative analysis of the pathological forms of mitosis abnormalities revealed mainly two types of the structural disorders of division: lethal forms and moderate forms not lethal for the cell. Virulent strains are characterized by predominance of lethal forms of pathology, vaccine strains by moderate lesions which are the source of mutations. In selection of prospective vaccine strains, their capacity to induce non-lethal forms of mitosis abnormalities should be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 118589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13365", "title": "[Radioimmunological determination of HBeAg/anti-HBe in HBsAg-positive liver diseases and in \"healthy\" HBsAg carriers].", "content": "This paper describes a \"solid-phase\"-radioimmunoassay for the demonstration of HBeAg and anti-HBe. The investigations revealed the following results: 1. HBeAg is positive in all patients with acute type B-hepatitis during the acute phase of illness. During the normal course of the disease HBeAg turns to negative followed by an anti-HBe lasting for several months. 2. Cases with a persistent virus B-replication as HBsAg-positive CPH, CAH or patients on hemodialysis are positive for HBeAg in their serum. By means of the fluorescent antibody technique these patients have demonstrable HBcAg and HBeAg in their liver biopsies. 3. Healthy HBsAg carriers are anti-HBe-positive in their serum. In their liver biopsies there are no signs of an on-going virus B-replication (HBsAg and HBeAg negative). 4. The radioimmunological determination of HBeAg and anti-HBe enables us to differentiate between the groups with HBsAg positive acute or chronic hepatitis and the group of healthy HBsAg-carriers.", "contents": "[Radioimmunological determination of HBeAg/anti-HBe in HBsAg-positive liver diseases and in \"healthy\" HBsAg carriers]. This paper describes a \"solid-phase\"-radioimmunoassay for the demonstration of HBeAg and anti-HBe. The investigations revealed the following results: 1. HBeAg is positive in all patients with acute type B-hepatitis during the acute phase of illness. During the normal course of the disease HBeAg turns to negative followed by an anti-HBe lasting for several months. 2. Cases with a persistent virus B-replication as HBsAg-positive CPH, CAH or patients on hemodialysis are positive for HBeAg in their serum. By means of the fluorescent antibody technique these patients have demonstrable HBcAg and HBeAg in their liver biopsies. 3. Healthy HBsAg carriers are anti-HBe-positive in their serum. In their liver biopsies there are no signs of an on-going virus B-replication (HBsAg and HBeAg negative). 4. The radioimmunological determination of HBeAg and anti-HBe enables us to differentiate between the groups with HBsAg positive acute or chronic hepatitis and the group of healthy HBsAg-carriers.", "PMID": 118595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13366", "title": "[Differences in postoperative metabolism in reference to pre- and postoperative initiation of total parenteral nutrition. I].", "content": "We investigated the postoperative metabolism of patients undergoing gastric resection by beginning total parenteral nutrition pre- (group 1) and postoperatively (group 2). A third group remained fasting until 3 h after the surgical intervention. Because of the high serum glucose concentrations and the high glucose losses in the 24-h urine on the operation day in group 1 and 2 only the base glucose requirement (150--250 g/24/h) should be given in the early postoperative period. The low blood glucose concentration in group 3 and the elevated lactate values in group 2 underline this recommandation. Compared with group 2 and 3, group 1 had low free fatty acid concentrations of 250 micronVal/l because of the continuous pre-, intra-, and postoperative infusion. Compared with normal metabolic conditions, the free fatty acids do not seem to have the same insulin-antagonizing effect in the posttraumatic state. The fall of cholesterol after the surgical trauma reached its maximum after 12--15 h and amounted to about 40 mg% in the first two groups. Albumin and total protein fell continuously in group 1 and 2. The electrophoresis in group 1 showed a rise of alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulin to more than double the initial value, the beta-globulin showed only slight changes, the gamma-globulin dropped only slightly up to the 4th postoperative day. As a sign of an augmented catabolism the serum urea concentration rose during the postoperative state. Group 1 and 2 had a favourable nitrogen balance. The postoperative bilirubin rise could be held lower in group 1 compared to group 2.", "contents": "[Differences in postoperative metabolism in reference to pre- and postoperative initiation of total parenteral nutrition. I]. We investigated the postoperative metabolism of patients undergoing gastric resection by beginning total parenteral nutrition pre- (group 1) and postoperatively (group 2). A third group remained fasting until 3 h after the surgical intervention. Because of the high serum glucose concentrations and the high glucose losses in the 24-h urine on the operation day in group 1 and 2 only the base glucose requirement (150--250 g/24/h) should be given in the early postoperative period. The low blood glucose concentration in group 3 and the elevated lactate values in group 2 underline this recommandation. Compared with group 2 and 3, group 1 had low free fatty acid concentrations of 250 micronVal/l because of the continuous pre-, intra-, and postoperative infusion. Compared with normal metabolic conditions, the free fatty acids do not seem to have the same insulin-antagonizing effect in the posttraumatic state. The fall of cholesterol after the surgical trauma reached its maximum after 12--15 h and amounted to about 40 mg% in the first two groups. Albumin and total protein fell continuously in group 1 and 2. The electrophoresis in group 1 showed a rise of alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulin to more than double the initial value, the beta-globulin showed only slight changes, the gamma-globulin dropped only slightly up to the 4th postoperative day. As a sign of an augmented catabolism the serum urea concentration rose during the postoperative state. Group 1 and 2 had a favourable nitrogen balance. The postoperative bilirubin rise could be held lower in group 1 compared to group 2.", "PMID": 118594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13367", "title": "[Effect of nitroimidazole therapy on the demonstration of gonococci].", "content": "The minimal inhibitory concentration of metronidazole and tinidazole lies between 4000 micrograms/ml and 7.8 micrograms/ml. Drug levels are present in this range for 2--5 hours in genital discharge following single dose oral therapy with 2 g tinidazole or 1.5 g metronidazole. Therefore, 5-nitroimidazole derivatives exert a bacteriostatic effect in the genital region at least on the more sensitive strains. As shown in our experiments, otherwise reliable laboratory procedures for the demonstration of gonococci may yield false negative results, if specimens for culture are obtained at an inappropriate time.", "contents": "[Effect of nitroimidazole therapy on the demonstration of gonococci]. The minimal inhibitory concentration of metronidazole and tinidazole lies between 4000 micrograms/ml and 7.8 micrograms/ml. Drug levels are present in this range for 2--5 hours in genital discharge following single dose oral therapy with 2 g tinidazole or 1.5 g metronidazole. Therefore, 5-nitroimidazole derivatives exert a bacteriostatic effect in the genital region at least on the more sensitive strains. As shown in our experiments, otherwise reliable laboratory procedures for the demonstration of gonococci may yield false negative results, if specimens for culture are obtained at an inappropriate time.", "PMID": 118597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13368", "title": "Feeding behaviour and diet of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in the Okorobik\u00f3 Mountains of Rio Muni (West Africa).", "content": "Some aspects of the nutritional behaviour of the Okorobik\u00f3-Matama (Rio Muni, West Africa) chimpanzees have been studied over two periods--from June 1963 to September 1964 and from July 1966 to February 1969. This research totaled 640 h, 119 of which were in sustained contact with the animals. We have complied a list of 43 plant and two termite species consumed by the chimpanzees. We studied the relative importance of the plants consumed in terms of the four principal biotopes and seasonal cycles, the feeding behavior, the rhythm of activity and chimpanzees' vertical stratification during feeding. We also took into accout group dynamics as a function of feeding, communication and polyspecific associations with other primates. We finally compared some aspects of the nutrition of these chimpanzees with that of gorillas living in nearby zones.", "contents": "Feeding behaviour and diet of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in the Okorobik\u00f3 Mountains of Rio Muni (West Africa). Some aspects of the nutritional behaviour of the Okorobik\u00f3-Matama (Rio Muni, West Africa) chimpanzees have been studied over two periods--from June 1963 to September 1964 and from July 1966 to February 1969. This research totaled 640 h, 119 of which were in sustained contact with the animals. We have complied a list of 43 plant and two termite species consumed by the chimpanzees. We studied the relative importance of the plants consumed in terms of the four principal biotopes and seasonal cycles, the feeding behavior, the rhythm of activity and chimpanzees' vertical stratification during feeding. We also took into accout group dynamics as a function of feeding, communication and polyspecific associations with other primates. We finally compared some aspects of the nutrition of these chimpanzees with that of gorillas living in nearby zones.", "PMID": 118604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13369", "title": "Developmental pharmacology and the Ah locus: regulatory and temporal genes affecting teratogenesis.", "content": "The \"Ah cluster\" is a group of regulatory, temporal, and structural genes associated with the inducibility of numerous monooxygenase activities by polycyclic aromatic compounds such as 3-methylcholanthrene. Age- and tissue-specific differences in temporal control of these enzymes are shown to exist. These differences could be important in the age- and tissue-specific differences in one's susceptibility to cancer, drug toxicity, and birth defects. Allelic differences at the Ah locus are shown in the mouse to be associated with benzo[a]-pyrene-produced in utero toxicity: increased stillborns, resorptions, and dysmorphogenesis, plus decreased fetal weight.", "contents": "Developmental pharmacology and the Ah locus: regulatory and temporal genes affecting teratogenesis. The \"Ah cluster\" is a group of regulatory, temporal, and structural genes associated with the inducibility of numerous monooxygenase activities by polycyclic aromatic compounds such as 3-methylcholanthrene. Age- and tissue-specific differences in temporal control of these enzymes are shown to exist. These differences could be important in the age- and tissue-specific differences in one's susceptibility to cancer, drug toxicity, and birth defects. Allelic differences at the Ah locus are shown in the mouse to be associated with benzo[a]-pyrene-produced in utero toxicity: increased stillborns, resorptions, and dysmorphogenesis, plus decreased fetal weight.", "PMID": 118606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13370", "title": "[Reactions against sodium-auro-thiomalate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 58 year old female patient with rheumatoid arthritis. About 4 hours after each intramuscular injection of Myochrysin (Sodium-auro-thiomalate 5%) she showed undesired reactions such as sialorrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, apathy, weakness, head ache, breast swelling, perspiration, feeling of incident death. The following day these symptoms declined, the joint pain, however, increased. The reaction recurred with each of the 5 Sodium-auro-thiomalate injections, but not after injections of 5% Solganal (Aurothioglucose). It is supposed that these side effects are connected with the quick absorption of the Sodium-auro-thiomalate in aqueous solution. The Aurothioglucose in oil suspension would not cause such reactions after an intramuscular injection because of its slower absorption.", "contents": "[Reactions against sodium-auro-thiomalate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. The authors report the case of a 58 year old female patient with rheumatoid arthritis. About 4 hours after each intramuscular injection of Myochrysin (Sodium-auro-thiomalate 5%) she showed undesired reactions such as sialorrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, apathy, weakness, head ache, breast swelling, perspiration, feeling of incident death. The following day these symptoms declined, the joint pain, however, increased. The reaction recurred with each of the 5 Sodium-auro-thiomalate injections, but not after injections of 5% Solganal (Aurothioglucose). It is supposed that these side effects are connected with the quick absorption of the Sodium-auro-thiomalate in aqueous solution. The Aurothioglucose in oil suspension would not cause such reactions after an intramuscular injection because of its slower absorption.", "PMID": 118603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13371", "title": "Leiomyomatosis cutis et uteri.", "content": "A 32 year old female patient showed multiple plaque-like leiomyomata cutis and an uterus myomatosous of early onset. In the skin large areas of plaque-like confluent erythematous nodules consisting of smooth muscle tissue are formed. The patient suffered from frequent attacks of severe pain elicited by temperature changes or trauma. Treatment with nitroglycerine and nifedipine together with phenoxybenzamine completely suppressed the symptoms.", "contents": "Leiomyomatosis cutis et uteri. A 32 year old female patient showed multiple plaque-like leiomyomata cutis and an uterus myomatosous of early onset. In the skin large areas of plaque-like confluent erythematous nodules consisting of smooth muscle tissue are formed. The patient suffered from frequent attacks of severe pain elicited by temperature changes or trauma. Treatment with nitroglycerine and nifedipine together with phenoxybenzamine completely suppressed the symptoms.", "PMID": 118608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13372", "title": "Fetal liver transplantation in aplastic anemia.", "content": "Fetal liver transplantation was attempted in 7 patients with aplastic anemia. 4 of these patients showed a partial response as evidenced by decrease in blood transfusion requirements and increase in the peripheral blood counts and hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. Bone marrow culture studies revealed evidence of a temporary mixed lymphoid chimerism (cases 1 and 3). While case 1 lived for 16 months, case 3 is surviving at 17 months. None of the patients showed apparent graft-versus-host disease. Increased incidence of infections was noticed. Possible causes for the same are discussed. 3 patients failed to respond. Fetal liver transplant may be of therapeutic value in management of aplastic anemia.", "contents": "Fetal liver transplantation in aplastic anemia. Fetal liver transplantation was attempted in 7 patients with aplastic anemia. 4 of these patients showed a partial response as evidenced by decrease in blood transfusion requirements and increase in the peripheral blood counts and hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. Bone marrow culture studies revealed evidence of a temporary mixed lymphoid chimerism (cases 1 and 3). While case 1 lived for 16 months, case 3 is surviving at 17 months. None of the patients showed apparent graft-versus-host disease. Increased incidence of infections was noticed. Possible causes for the same are discussed. 3 patients failed to respond. Fetal liver transplant may be of therapeutic value in management of aplastic anemia.", "PMID": 118610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13373", "title": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia in children. Possible use of the soft agar culture technique in the differentiation of cellular subtypes.", "content": "In 8 children with acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML), colony formation in soft agar cultures derived from bone marrow cells was studied in an attempt to differentiate the monocytic (Schilling) from the myelomonocytic (Naegeli) types. The children did not differ markedly in their clinical and morphological parameters. Three in vitro growth patterns were observed: markedly decreased or no growth in 4 cases, extensive growth of granulocytic colonies in 2 cases, and extensive growth of macrophage colonies in the remaining 2. It is suggested that the marrows presenting diminished or no growth patterns are presumably of acute myelogenous leukemia patients with a monocytic component. The excessive granulocytic or macrophage colony growth may be an in vitro indication for an in vivo proliferation of either granulocytic or monocytic leukemic cell lines, and therefore may represent the Naegeli or Schilling variants of AMML respectively. If these observations can be approved in a larger series of AMML patients, this approach can be valuable as another tool in the differential diagnosis of the subtypes of AMML in children.", "contents": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia in children. Possible use of the soft agar culture technique in the differentiation of cellular subtypes. In 8 children with acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML), colony formation in soft agar cultures derived from bone marrow cells was studied in an attempt to differentiate the monocytic (Schilling) from the myelomonocytic (Naegeli) types. The children did not differ markedly in their clinical and morphological parameters. Three in vitro growth patterns were observed: markedly decreased or no growth in 4 cases, extensive growth of granulocytic colonies in 2 cases, and extensive growth of macrophage colonies in the remaining 2. It is suggested that the marrows presenting diminished or no growth patterns are presumably of acute myelogenous leukemia patients with a monocytic component. The excessive granulocytic or macrophage colony growth may be an in vitro indication for an in vivo proliferation of either granulocytic or monocytic leukemic cell lines, and therefore may represent the Naegeli or Schilling variants of AMML respectively. If these observations can be approved in a larger series of AMML patients, this approach can be valuable as another tool in the differential diagnosis of the subtypes of AMML in children.", "PMID": 118611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13374", "title": "The cytologic diagnosis of tuberculosis in pleural effusions.", "content": "This paper reports on eight patients who had cytologic findings suggestive of florid pleural tuberculosis in pleural exudates. The suggestive diagnosis in each case was confirmed either by a pleural biopsy, culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the aspirated fluids or clinical improvement from the administration of tuberculotherapy. The pleural effusion from tuberculosis is characterized by the presence of abundant lymphocytes in the smear. The nuclei of the lymphocytes show characteristic morphologic features. The two most important differential diagnoses are those effusions rich in lymphocytes due to nonspecific causes and effusions containing numerous tumor cells from a well-differentiated lymphosarcoma.", "contents": "The cytologic diagnosis of tuberculosis in pleural effusions. This paper reports on eight patients who had cytologic findings suggestive of florid pleural tuberculosis in pleural exudates. The suggestive diagnosis in each case was confirmed either by a pleural biopsy, culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the aspirated fluids or clinical improvement from the administration of tuberculotherapy. The pleural effusion from tuberculosis is characterized by the presence of abundant lymphocytes in the smear. The nuclei of the lymphocytes show characteristic morphologic features. The two most important differential diagnoses are those effusions rich in lymphocytes due to nonspecific causes and effusions containing numerous tumor cells from a well-differentiated lymphosarcoma.", "PMID": 118607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13375", "title": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity and B cell markers in chronic myelogenous leukemia blast crisis.", "content": "High terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activities were found in blast cells having B cell markers in 3 patients suffering from chronic myelogenous leukemia. The blast cells from these patients were lymphoblastic in appearance. Two of these cases were treated with vincristine and prednisolone. They responded well to this therapy.", "contents": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity and B cell markers in chronic myelogenous leukemia blast crisis. High terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activities were found in blast cells having B cell markers in 3 patients suffering from chronic myelogenous leukemia. The blast cells from these patients were lymphoblastic in appearance. Two of these cases were treated with vincristine and prednisolone. They responded well to this therapy.", "PMID": 118612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13376", "title": "Urinary acidic glycohydrolases as an index of kidney damage in juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Two lysosomal glycohydrolases, beta-galactosidase and beta-N-hexosaminidase which have been associated with kidney disease were measured in the urine of 110 youngsters with juvenile diabetes mellitus. The mean enzyme excretions in the diabetic group were intermediate between those of normal youngsters and those with active renal disease. Three youngsters with known kidney disease had elevations comparable to others in the diabetic group but no direct correlation could be shown between enzyme elevations and proteinuria or Addis count abnormalities. Positive correlations were seen between enzyme levels and indices of metabolic balance including blood sugar, cholesterol and triglycerides but not with urine sugar or ketones. Duration and estimated stage and control of diabetes also correlated with the urinary enzymes. These preliminary studies are consistent with the possibility that the excretion of these enzymes reflects the ongoing renal damage which occurs in most juvenile diabetics.", "contents": "Urinary acidic glycohydrolases as an index of kidney damage in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Two lysosomal glycohydrolases, beta-galactosidase and beta-N-hexosaminidase which have been associated with kidney disease were measured in the urine of 110 youngsters with juvenile diabetes mellitus. The mean enzyme excretions in the diabetic group were intermediate between those of normal youngsters and those with active renal disease. Three youngsters with known kidney disease had elevations comparable to others in the diabetic group but no direct correlation could be shown between enzyme elevations and proteinuria or Addis count abnormalities. Positive correlations were seen between enzyme levels and indices of metabolic balance including blood sugar, cholesterol and triglycerides but not with urine sugar or ketones. Duration and estimated stage and control of diabetes also correlated with the urinary enzymes. These preliminary studies are consistent with the possibility that the excretion of these enzymes reflects the ongoing renal damage which occurs in most juvenile diabetics.", "PMID": 118609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13377", "title": "Anion gap in multiple myeloma.", "content": "The anion gap was evaluated in 26 consecutive patients with multiple myeloma (15 IgG and 11 IgA). The average union gap was found reduced only in IgG myeloma. Instead, in the subjects with IgA myeloma it resulted as increased. The partial differences between our results and those of other authors are discussed. The finding of correlations between the anion gaps and paraproteinemic concentrations (direct in IgA myeloma, inverse in IgG myeloma) gives further support to the conception that the charge exhibited in the serum by IgG and IgA paraproteins is, respectively, positive and negative. It is suggested that a 'normalization' of the anion gap during chemotherapy may be a useful tool to judge the efficacy of the treatment of multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Anion gap in multiple myeloma. The anion gap was evaluated in 26 consecutive patients with multiple myeloma (15 IgG and 11 IgA). The average union gap was found reduced only in IgG myeloma. Instead, in the subjects with IgA myeloma it resulted as increased. The partial differences between our results and those of other authors are discussed. The finding of correlations between the anion gaps and paraproteinemic concentrations (direct in IgA myeloma, inverse in IgG myeloma) gives further support to the conception that the charge exhibited in the serum by IgG and IgA paraproteins is, respectively, positive and negative. It is suggested that a 'normalization' of the anion gap during chemotherapy may be a useful tool to judge the efficacy of the treatment of multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 118613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13378", "title": "HLA antigens in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "A group of 40 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) was examined. Typing for HLA A and B antigens was performed. The frequencies of 24 HLA antigens in this group were compared with those of a group of 13 patients with drug-induced thrombocytopenia and two large groups of healthy controls. Differences of statistical significance between these groups were not found. Thus, associations of ITP and particular HLA antigens were not observed. The associations reported by others could not be confirmed.", "contents": "HLA antigens in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. A group of 40 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) was examined. Typing for HLA A and B antigens was performed. The frequencies of 24 HLA antigens in this group were compared with those of a group of 13 patients with drug-induced thrombocytopenia and two large groups of healthy controls. Differences of statistical significance between these groups were not found. Thus, associations of ITP and particular HLA antigens were not observed. The associations reported by others could not be confirmed.", "PMID": 118614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13379", "title": "Bacterial infections and thrombocytopenia in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "A bacterial infection was considered to be responsible for provoking or containing episodes of thrombocytopenia in 5 patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). In 3 patients the course of the disease was continuous and in 2 of them remission was attained after eradication of the infection. In the other 2 patients the course was intermittent and a number of relapses was provoked by the infection. The possible causal connection of chronic ITP and bacterial infections is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Bacterial infections and thrombocytopenia in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. A bacterial infection was considered to be responsible for provoking or containing episodes of thrombocytopenia in 5 patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). In 3 patients the course of the disease was continuous and in 2 of them remission was attained after eradication of the infection. In the other 2 patients the course was intermittent and a number of relapses was provoked by the infection. The possible causal connection of chronic ITP and bacterial infections is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 118615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13380", "title": "Factor XIII deficiency. A family study by measurement of factor XIII subunits A and S.", "content": "A girl with congenital factor XIII deficiency and her large family have been studied by electroimmunoassay of factor XIII subunits A and S. The homozygote has absence of subunit A and a decreased level of subunit S. The heterozygotes have decreased levels of both subunits, and were more readily identified by measurement of subunit A than by the ratio subunit S/subunit A. The mother of the propositus appears to be a new heterozygote, but heterozygosity on the paternal side is traced through three generations.", "contents": "Factor XIII deficiency. A family study by measurement of factor XIII subunits A and S. A girl with congenital factor XIII deficiency and her large family have been studied by electroimmunoassay of factor XIII subunits A and S. The homozygote has absence of subunit A and a decreased level of subunit S. The heterozygotes have decreased levels of both subunits, and were more readily identified by measurement of subunit A than by the ratio subunit S/subunit A. The mother of the propositus appears to be a new heterozygote, but heterozygosity on the paternal side is traced through three generations.", "PMID": 118616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13381", "title": "Genetic propensity to benignity in monoclonal-gammopathy.", "content": "52 patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy were HLA typed and compared withe 48 patients with malignant monoclonal gammopathy. Antigen B40 was more frequent within the first sample. This association is discussed, together with the results of familial investigations. For systematic serum electrophoresis detected 5 benign monoclonal gammopathies in 172 relatives of 37 patients suffering from multiple myeloma or Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia.", "contents": "Genetic propensity to benignity in monoclonal-gammopathy. 52 patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy were HLA typed and compared withe 48 patients with malignant monoclonal gammopathy. Antigen B40 was more frequent within the first sample. This association is discussed, together with the results of familial investigations. For systematic serum electrophoresis detected 5 benign monoclonal gammopathies in 172 relatives of 37 patients suffering from multiple myeloma or Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia.", "PMID": 118617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13382", "title": "Axillary Hodgkin's disease in manual workers.", "content": "Between 1965 and 1974, 16 patients were clinically staged as having unique axillary localizations of Hodgkin's disease. Sex ratio (4.3), mean age (40.8 years) and professional occupations (12 out of the 16 patients were engaged in manual work) were significantly different from that of all patients observed during the same period. These facts lead us to suppose the existence of a link between manual work and initial axillary localizations.", "contents": "Axillary Hodgkin's disease in manual workers. Between 1965 and 1974, 16 patients were clinically staged as having unique axillary localizations of Hodgkin's disease. Sex ratio (4.3), mean age (40.8 years) and professional occupations (12 out of the 16 patients were engaged in manual work) were significantly different from that of all patients observed during the same period. These facts lead us to suppose the existence of a link between manual work and initial axillary localizations.", "PMID": 118618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13383", "title": "Video scanning for the quantitative determination of alkaline phosphatase activity in the rat kidney.", "content": "The use of a video scanning equipment (Opton Micro-Videomat) for the quantitative determination of alkaline phosphatase activity in histological sections of the rat kidneys is presented. A photomicroscope with a telecamera, a video monitor, a computer and a recorder are incorporated into the system. Automatic measurement, accelerated detection, accuracy, sensitivity and reproducibility, as well as elimination of time-consuming work involved in other available methods are found to be the main advantage of the method.", "contents": "Video scanning for the quantitative determination of alkaline phosphatase activity in the rat kidney. The use of a video scanning equipment (Opton Micro-Videomat) for the quantitative determination of alkaline phosphatase activity in histological sections of the rat kidneys is presented. A photomicroscope with a telecamera, a video monitor, a computer and a recorder are incorporated into the system. Automatic measurement, accelerated detection, accuracy, sensitivity and reproducibility, as well as elimination of time-consuming work involved in other available methods are found to be the main advantage of the method.", "PMID": 118620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13384", "title": "Histochemical detection of monoamine oxidase activity in smooth muscle and epithelial tissues of Mytilus edulis L. and Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk.", "content": "Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was detected in the glio-interstitial tissue of the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus by the use of either dopamine or 5-HT as substrate and nitro blue tetrazolium salt as an electron receptor. Both substrates gave superimposable patterns. However, dopamine reactivity was very weak. Discrete but clear MAO activity was detected in the periphery of the smooth muscle cell, i.e., at the level of the peripherally localized mitochondria. The presence of MAO in the epithelium of the buccal palps was also demonstrated. These histochemical observations can be correlated with certain ultrastructural aspects, in particular the presence electron dense organelles profiles in glio-interstitial cells. This MAO activity is discussed in relationship with the high 5-HT content of ABRM and the control of its relaxation. Pigment formation and/or collagen tanning are discussed in terms of a possible relationship with inactivation of biogenic amines. These results complement previous data concerning the glio-interstitial tissue found in close association with muscle and nerve structures.", "contents": "Histochemical detection of monoamine oxidase activity in smooth muscle and epithelial tissues of Mytilus edulis L. and Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was detected in the glio-interstitial tissue of the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus by the use of either dopamine or 5-HT as substrate and nitro blue tetrazolium salt as an electron receptor. Both substrates gave superimposable patterns. However, dopamine reactivity was very weak. Discrete but clear MAO activity was detected in the periphery of the smooth muscle cell, i.e., at the level of the peripherally localized mitochondria. The presence of MAO in the epithelium of the buccal palps was also demonstrated. These histochemical observations can be correlated with certain ultrastructural aspects, in particular the presence electron dense organelles profiles in glio-interstitial cells. This MAO activity is discussed in relationship with the high 5-HT content of ABRM and the control of its relaxation. Pigment formation and/or collagen tanning are discussed in terms of a possible relationship with inactivation of biogenic amines. These results complement previous data concerning the glio-interstitial tissue found in close association with muscle and nerve structures.", "PMID": 118621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13385", "title": "Effect of testosterone on fracture healing in hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "The effect of hypophysectomy and hypophysectomy + testosterone treatment on fracture healing was investigated on 60 Wistar rats (30 day old). The aim of the experiment was to elucidate whether in callus formation testosterone acts directly on the cells (peripheral effect), or its effect is mediated through the hypophysis (central effect). Changes induced by hypophysectomy take place in the course of callus formation due primarily to the impairment of the enzyme system of the cells. The effect of hypophysectomy can be attenuated with testosterone which, despite hypophysectomy, stimulates fracture healing. It may be concluded that testosterone exerts a direct peripheral effect on the callus cells, presumably on their enzyme system.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone on fracture healing in hypophysectomized rats. The effect of hypophysectomy and hypophysectomy + testosterone treatment on fracture healing was investigated on 60 Wistar rats (30 day old). The aim of the experiment was to elucidate whether in callus formation testosterone acts directly on the cells (peripheral effect), or its effect is mediated through the hypophysis (central effect). Changes induced by hypophysectomy take place in the course of callus formation due primarily to the impairment of the enzyme system of the cells. The effect of hypophysectomy can be attenuated with testosterone which, despite hypophysectomy, stimulates fracture healing. It may be concluded that testosterone exerts a direct peripheral effect on the callus cells, presumably on their enzyme system.", "PMID": 118622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13386", "title": "Attempts to study the localization of liposomes and liposome entrapped antigen in the spleen.", "content": "Attempts were made to study the localization of intravenously injected liposomes and enclosed labelled antigens in the spleen of mice, using autoradiography. A more than hundred fold increased uptake of antigen by the spleen was obtained when liposome entrapped antigen was compared with free antigen or antigen-antibody complexes which have been used in earlier studies. No marked accumulation of the labelled antigen was found in the follicles of the spleen, although specific antibodies to the injected antigen have been injected simultaneously with the liposome entrapped antigen. It is argued that the bulk of the labelled antigen in the spleen 0.5 to 2 h after injection was still enclosed in the liposomes, whereas part of the label, arranged in patches in the red pulp and marginal zone, corresponds with labelled antigen in macrophages, released after digestion of the liposomal membranes. The present techniques did not enable the detection of the liposomes themselves.", "contents": "Attempts to study the localization of liposomes and liposome entrapped antigen in the spleen. Attempts were made to study the localization of intravenously injected liposomes and enclosed labelled antigens in the spleen of mice, using autoradiography. A more than hundred fold increased uptake of antigen by the spleen was obtained when liposome entrapped antigen was compared with free antigen or antigen-antibody complexes which have been used in earlier studies. No marked accumulation of the labelled antigen was found in the follicles of the spleen, although specific antibodies to the injected antigen have been injected simultaneously with the liposome entrapped antigen. It is argued that the bulk of the labelled antigen in the spleen 0.5 to 2 h after injection was still enclosed in the liposomes, whereas part of the label, arranged in patches in the red pulp and marginal zone, corresponds with labelled antigen in macrophages, released after digestion of the liposomal membranes. The present techniques did not enable the detection of the liposomes themselves.", "PMID": 118623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13387", "title": "Lysosome activity in immunogenesis during experimental protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Several structural characteristics of the lysosome apparatus in the liver and the spleen of 80 mature (4-month old) female albino Wistar rats subjected to ad libitum feeding (17.5% protein = control) and to chronic (16 weeks) highly restricted diet (5.7% protein) were studied electron-microscopically. The beta-glucosaminidase and alpha-mannosidase serum activity, assessing lysosome membrane permeability, was also determined. Results obtained in these studies are compared with data from quantitative and semi-qualitative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of IgG and IgM in the serum as well as with the existing capacities for the production of specific precipitating antibodies post antigen stimulation with 10% human gamma-globulin and incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Distinctly disturbed IgM synthesis and precipitating antibody production was observed in rats subjected to restricted diet. Inhibition of humoral immunogenesis probably begins as early as endocytosis, and is determined by the ineffective heterophagic function of the lysosomes against the introduced antigen. It can be assumed that this is a result of pathologically enhanced autophagy due to increased endogenic nutrition, exhausting the lysosome system's functional capacity and affecting not only hepatocytes and macrophages, but also some other immunocompetent cells.", "contents": "Lysosome activity in immunogenesis during experimental protein-calorie malnutrition. Several structural characteristics of the lysosome apparatus in the liver and the spleen of 80 mature (4-month old) female albino Wistar rats subjected to ad libitum feeding (17.5% protein = control) and to chronic (16 weeks) highly restricted diet (5.7% protein) were studied electron-microscopically. The beta-glucosaminidase and alpha-mannosidase serum activity, assessing lysosome membrane permeability, was also determined. Results obtained in these studies are compared with data from quantitative and semi-qualitative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of IgG and IgM in the serum as well as with the existing capacities for the production of specific precipitating antibodies post antigen stimulation with 10% human gamma-globulin and incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Distinctly disturbed IgM synthesis and precipitating antibody production was observed in rats subjected to restricted diet. Inhibition of humoral immunogenesis probably begins as early as endocytosis, and is determined by the ineffective heterophagic function of the lysosomes against the introduced antigen. It can be assumed that this is a result of pathologically enhanced autophagy due to increased endogenic nutrition, exhausting the lysosome system's functional capacity and affecting not only hepatocytes and macrophages, but also some other immunocompetent cells.", "PMID": 118624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13388", "title": "Effects of feeding a single daily meal and of changes in lighting schedule on the circadian rhythms of oxidoreductases in the rat gastric mucosa.", "content": "The present paper investigated the effect of restricted feeding (11.00 to 13.00 h) by a single daily meal upon the activity of various oxidoreductases of the rat gastric mucosa (SDH, alpha-GPDH, LDH, NADHTR), which at ad libitum feeding under normal lighting conditions with a dark night were shown to have distinct circadian activity variations related to the rat's nocturnal food intake preference (Zaviacic and Brozman 1978a). 1st part of the animals received food in 2-h-period by natural daylight (natural lighting conditions), the 2nd part at the same period of time but in the dark (lighting conditions reversed to natural). Checking the consumption of food, we found the animals to become adapted to the new time of food intake beginning with the 6th experimental day. The circadian rhythm of enzymes was examined on days 69, 83, 97, and 104 of limited feeding under the defined lighting schedule, at 06.00 h, 12.00 h, 18.00 h, and 24.00 h in groups of 5 animals. Synchronization of the highest dehydrogenases activities (particularly of SDH) with the time of restricted feeding was seen to develop in the gastric mucosa of the rat. The synchronization effect was more pronounced in the animals which received their food in the dark (and here even more in male than in female). The effect of light during food intake was found to be rather interfering with the development of synchronization of dehydrogenase activities with the time of food intake, and the influence was again more marked in male than in female. The time of food intake was at the feeding schedule restricted to daytime intake the main synchronizer for the circadian rhythm of oxidoreductases of the gastric mucosa of the rat, with the highest daily activities recorded around the feeding time and the lowest activities at night, which is the direct opposite of the circadian rhythm of the same enzymes determined in rats fed ad libitum under normal lighting conditions with a dark night.", "contents": "Effects of feeding a single daily meal and of changes in lighting schedule on the circadian rhythms of oxidoreductases in the rat gastric mucosa. The present paper investigated the effect of restricted feeding (11.00 to 13.00 h) by a single daily meal upon the activity of various oxidoreductases of the rat gastric mucosa (SDH, alpha-GPDH, LDH, NADHTR), which at ad libitum feeding under normal lighting conditions with a dark night were shown to have distinct circadian activity variations related to the rat's nocturnal food intake preference (Zaviacic and Brozman 1978a). 1st part of the animals received food in 2-h-period by natural daylight (natural lighting conditions), the 2nd part at the same period of time but in the dark (lighting conditions reversed to natural). Checking the consumption of food, we found the animals to become adapted to the new time of food intake beginning with the 6th experimental day. The circadian rhythm of enzymes was examined on days 69, 83, 97, and 104 of limited feeding under the defined lighting schedule, at 06.00 h, 12.00 h, 18.00 h, and 24.00 h in groups of 5 animals. Synchronization of the highest dehydrogenases activities (particularly of SDH) with the time of restricted feeding was seen to develop in the gastric mucosa of the rat. The synchronization effect was more pronounced in the animals which received their food in the dark (and here even more in male than in female). The effect of light during food intake was found to be rather interfering with the development of synchronization of dehydrogenase activities with the time of food intake, and the influence was again more marked in male than in female. The time of food intake was at the feeding schedule restricted to daytime intake the main synchronizer for the circadian rhythm of oxidoreductases of the gastric mucosa of the rat, with the highest daily activities recorded around the feeding time and the lowest activities at night, which is the direct opposite of the circadian rhythm of the same enzymes determined in rats fed ad libitum under normal lighting conditions with a dark night.", "PMID": 118625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13389", "title": "[Electron microscopic autoradiography on semithin sections (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study applies semithin sections for electron microscopic autoradiography. Due to (a) the decrease of exposition time, and (b) lower intensity of isotope labelling, low power electron microscopic autoradiography on semithin sections is favoured in comparison with conventional (ultrathin section high power) electron microscopic autoradiography, and due to (c) more precise localization of silver granules, and (d) ease of quantitative evaluation of autoradiography, it is superior to ordinary (thick section) light microscopic autoradiography.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic autoradiography on semithin sections (author's transl)]. The present study applies semithin sections for electron microscopic autoradiography. Due to (a) the decrease of exposition time, and (b) lower intensity of isotope labelling, low power electron microscopic autoradiography on semithin sections is favoured in comparison with conventional (ultrathin section high power) electron microscopic autoradiography, and due to (c) more precise localization of silver granules, and (d) ease of quantitative evaluation of autoradiography, it is superior to ordinary (thick section) light microscopic autoradiography.", "PMID": 118626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13390", "title": "The influence of Andiamina (hexobendine) on the histochemical reaction in the aorta wall of experimental animals.", "content": "The research was carried out on albino rats. The animals in the experimental group were given Andiamina (Hexobendine) in a dose of 40 mg/kg for a period of 7 days in the group I and 21 days in the group II. The results have pointed out that changes in the activity of the studied enzymes occurred especially after 21 days of Hexobendine administration. First of all, it caused a decrease in lactic and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities and to lesser degree, it influenced the activities of iso-citric dehydrogenase and NAD and NADP tetrazole reductases. At the same time, reaction to succinic dehydrogenase indicated an increase in the enzymatic activity.", "contents": "The influence of Andiamina (hexobendine) on the histochemical reaction in the aorta wall of experimental animals. The research was carried out on albino rats. The animals in the experimental group were given Andiamina (Hexobendine) in a dose of 40 mg/kg for a period of 7 days in the group I and 21 days in the group II. The results have pointed out that changes in the activity of the studied enzymes occurred especially after 21 days of Hexobendine administration. First of all, it caused a decrease in lactic and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities and to lesser degree, it influenced the activities of iso-citric dehydrogenase and NAD and NADP tetrazole reductases. At the same time, reaction to succinic dehydrogenase indicated an increase in the enzymatic activity.", "PMID": 118627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13391", "title": "[Histological and histoenzymological study of liver. II: In gallstone treated with chenodeoxycholic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "The histological and histochemical changes of liver from gallstones treated with ACDC are confronted with the same livers before treatment. There is few modification in histological patterns but the frequency of sinusoidal congestion increase. Numerous histoenzymological \"injuries\" are corrected by this treatment.", "contents": "[Histological and histoenzymological study of liver. II: In gallstone treated with chenodeoxycholic acid (author's transl)]. The histological and histochemical changes of liver from gallstones treated with ACDC are confronted with the same livers before treatment. There is few modification in histological patterns but the frequency of sinusoidal congestion increase. Numerous histoenzymological \"injuries\" are corrected by this treatment.", "PMID": 118628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13392", "title": "[Atypical antibody against liver cell cytoplasm in virus induced autoimmune hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A high titer (1:500) antibody against liver cell cytoplasm was found in one case of atypical viral hepatitis. The central areas of the rat liver lobule react more intensive than the periphery. Inconstantly it was found a reaction also with the parietal cells of the stomach, with the 3rd segment of proximal rat kidney tubules, and with smooth muscle. Possibly, this antibody is a marker of a virus induced autoimmune hepatitis.", "contents": "[Atypical antibody against liver cell cytoplasm in virus induced autoimmune hepatitis (author's transl)]. A high titer (1:500) antibody against liver cell cytoplasm was found in one case of atypical viral hepatitis. The central areas of the rat liver lobule react more intensive than the periphery. Inconstantly it was found a reaction also with the parietal cells of the stomach, with the 3rd segment of proximal rat kidney tubules, and with smooth muscle. Possibly, this antibody is a marker of a virus induced autoimmune hepatitis.", "PMID": 118629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13393", "title": "[Studies on the duration of the DNA synthesis in the myocardium of young rats (author's transl)].", "content": "In 150 young (14-day-old) rats the duration of the DNA synthesis of myocytes and interstitial cells of the heart was investigated by double-labelling with 3H-thymidine, and by the technique of %-labelled mitoses. Both these methods showed the S-phase to last about 10 h for each of the above 2 cell types. The inhibition of muscle cell proliferation which takes place in the early stages of the postnatal heart growth does not seem to be caused primarily by a disturbance of their S-phase.", "contents": "[Studies on the duration of the DNA synthesis in the myocardium of young rats (author's transl)]. In 150 young (14-day-old) rats the duration of the DNA synthesis of myocytes and interstitial cells of the heart was investigated by double-labelling with 3H-thymidine, and by the technique of %-labelled mitoses. Both these methods showed the S-phase to last about 10 h for each of the above 2 cell types. The inhibition of muscle cell proliferation which takes place in the early stages of the postnatal heart growth does not seem to be caused primarily by a disturbance of their S-phase.", "PMID": 118630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13394", "title": "Improved utilization of tissue blocks for electron microscopy. Effect of various concentrations of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.", "content": "Liver tissue from miniature pig fetuses was immersion-fixed in fixative mixtures with various concentrations of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. The preservation quality of hepatocytes was evaluated ultrastructurally in a peripheral zone (30--130 micron below the surface) and a central zone (500 micron below the surface). In the peripheral zone the best preservation was obtained with a fixative mixture containing 2% formaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde and in the central zone with a fixative mixture containing 8% formaldehyde and 8% glutaraldehyde. It is concluded that a better utilization of fairly large tissue blocks for ultrastructural investigation can be obtained by division of the block and subsequent fixation in fixatives containing various concentrations of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.", "contents": "Improved utilization of tissue blocks for electron microscopy. Effect of various concentrations of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. Liver tissue from miniature pig fetuses was immersion-fixed in fixative mixtures with various concentrations of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. The preservation quality of hepatocytes was evaluated ultrastructurally in a peripheral zone (30--130 micron below the surface) and a central zone (500 micron below the surface). In the peripheral zone the best preservation was obtained with a fixative mixture containing 2% formaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde and in the central zone with a fixative mixture containing 8% formaldehyde and 8% glutaraldehyde. It is concluded that a better utilization of fairly large tissue blocks for ultrastructural investigation can be obtained by division of the block and subsequent fixation in fixatives containing various concentrations of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.", "PMID": 118631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13395", "title": "Scapular correlates of muscle morphology in Papio cynocephalus.", "content": "The scapula responds to the compressive states of its surrounding matrix produced by muscle functioning and weight bearing in the upper extremity with discernible structural correlates. These structural correlates can be utilized to infer locomotor behavior. After dissection and drying, the weights of several muscles of the shoulder region of 11 adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus) were statistically compared to various dimensions of the bony scapula. A significant correlation was obtained between the weights of the individual compressive muscles, the combined weights of the compressive muscles and a scapular dimension of width. A nonsignificant correlation between these muscles and a sscapular dimension of length was also found. The results of this study were compared to those of a previous study of the scapular musculature in Macaca and opposing conclusions were obtained. The advisability of lumping macaques and baboons into a single gross locomotor category is rejected.", "contents": "Scapular correlates of muscle morphology in Papio cynocephalus. The scapula responds to the compressive states of its surrounding matrix produced by muscle functioning and weight bearing in the upper extremity with discernible structural correlates. These structural correlates can be utilized to infer locomotor behavior. After dissection and drying, the weights of several muscles of the shoulder region of 11 adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus) were statistically compared to various dimensions of the bony scapula. A significant correlation was obtained between the weights of the individual compressive muscles, the combined weights of the compressive muscles and a scapular dimension of width. A nonsignificant correlation between these muscles and a sscapular dimension of length was also found. The results of this study were compared to those of a previous study of the scapular musculature in Macaca and opposing conclusions were obtained. The advisability of lumping macaques and baboons into a single gross locomotor category is rejected.", "PMID": 118632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13396", "title": "Influence of zinc on onset and progression of oral carcinogenesis in rats.", "content": "Three-week-old female rats were fed 0.09 (zinc-deficient), 0.77 (zinc-adequate) or 3.98 (zinc-supplemented) mmol zinc/kg diet in three experimental groups and the palatal mucosa was painted with the water-soluble carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4NQO) three times a week for 20 weeks. The zinc-supplemented diet seemed to retard the induction of carcinogenesis, whereas a low-zinc diet had the opposite effect. Once initial cellular changes had been induced the supplementary zinc seemed to accelerate their further advancement. Zinc-deficiency in animals fed a copper/zinc low-zinc diet was reflected in the plasma and liver zinc levels as well as in the copper/zinc ratio. The development of cancer was accompanied by a decrease in plasma zinc and an increase in the plasma copper/zinc ratio as well as in the liver zinc. These changes were most remarkable in the zinc-supplemented group.", "contents": "Influence of zinc on onset and progression of oral carcinogenesis in rats. Three-week-old female rats were fed 0.09 (zinc-deficient), 0.77 (zinc-adequate) or 3.98 (zinc-supplemented) mmol zinc/kg diet in three experimental groups and the palatal mucosa was painted with the water-soluble carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4NQO) three times a week for 20 weeks. The zinc-supplemented diet seemed to retard the induction of carcinogenesis, whereas a low-zinc diet had the opposite effect. Once initial cellular changes had been induced the supplementary zinc seemed to accelerate their further advancement. Zinc-deficiency in animals fed a copper/zinc low-zinc diet was reflected in the plasma and liver zinc levels as well as in the copper/zinc ratio. The development of cancer was accompanied by a decrease in plasma zinc and an increase in the plasma copper/zinc ratio as well as in the liver zinc. These changes were most remarkable in the zinc-supplemented group.", "PMID": 118633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13397", "title": "Prospective studies of the effect of breast feeding on incidence of infection and allergy.", "content": "The effect of exclusive breast feeding in the first few weeks after birth on infant morbidity due to infectious and allergic disorders was investigated in three separate prospective studies. In a rural community in India, breast-fed infants had a significantly lower incidence of respiratory infection, otitis, diarrhoea, dehydration and pneumonia. In an urban population in Canada, breast feeding was associated with a marked decrease in the occurrence of otitis and respiratory disease and to a lesser extent of diarrhoea and dehydration. In newborn siblings of children with atopic disease exclusively breast-fed for a minimum of six weeks, the incidence of eczema, recurrent wheezing, elevated serum IgE-antibodies to cow's milk, complement activation in vivo after milk challenge and hemagglutinating antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin was significantly lower compared with formula-fed matched group. These observations provide clinical data attesting the immunologic advantages of human milk.", "contents": "Prospective studies of the effect of breast feeding on incidence of infection and allergy. The effect of exclusive breast feeding in the first few weeks after birth on infant morbidity due to infectious and allergic disorders was investigated in three separate prospective studies. In a rural community in India, breast-fed infants had a significantly lower incidence of respiratory infection, otitis, diarrhoea, dehydration and pneumonia. In an urban population in Canada, breast feeding was associated with a marked decrease in the occurrence of otitis and respiratory disease and to a lesser extent of diarrhoea and dehydration. In newborn siblings of children with atopic disease exclusively breast-fed for a minimum of six weeks, the incidence of eczema, recurrent wheezing, elevated serum IgE-antibodies to cow's milk, complement activation in vivo after milk challenge and hemagglutinating antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin was significantly lower compared with formula-fed matched group. These observations provide clinical data attesting the immunologic advantages of human milk.", "PMID": 118634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13398", "title": "Quantitative microbiological assay of thiomersal using agar diffusion from paper discs.", "content": "A quantitative assay method for determination of thiomersal in biological products is described and evaluated. A microbiological method using agar diffusion from filter paper discs is used. The advantages of the method in terms of low cost and reliability for determining the actual antimicrobial activity in the preparation are discussed. The assay method is in routine use in the production control of vaccines at our Institute.", "contents": "Quantitative microbiological assay of thiomersal using agar diffusion from paper discs. A quantitative assay method for determination of thiomersal in biological products is described and evaluated. A microbiological method using agar diffusion from filter paper discs is used. The advantages of the method in terms of low cost and reliability for determining the actual antimicrobial activity in the preparation are discussed. The assay method is in routine use in the production control of vaccines at our Institute.", "PMID": 118635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13399", "title": "Binding of 63Ni by cellular constituents in some tissues of mice after the administration of 63NiCl2 and 63Ni(CO)4.", "content": "One and 24 hours after the administration of 63NiCl2 and 63Ni(CO)4 to mice 63Ni was present in association with both particulate and soluble cellular constituents in the lung, liver and kidney. After disruption of the cellular organells by sonication, a considerable part of the 63Ni was still bound to the cellular fragments. Sephadex G-75 chromatography of the cytosol of the lung showed that the largest proportion of 63Ni was eluted in the void volume and a smaller proportion was present in the salt volume. In the kidney, the proportions were reversed. Twentyfour hours after the injection of 63NiCl2 an intermediate 63Ni-containing peak, with an estimated molecular weight of about 30,000, was found in the lung and the kidney. In the liver of 63 NiCl2-injected mice, most of the nickel was recovered in the void volume, a lesser amount in the salt volume. There was no evidence that 63Ni was bound to metallothionein (induced by Cd-pretreatment) or to superoxide dismutase in the studied tissues. Pretreatments with non-labelled NiCl2 did not alter the elution profiles. In serum, most 63Ni was present in association with albumin. Gel-chromatograms of red blood-cell hemolysates from 63Ni(CO)4-injected mice showed 63Ni at an elution volume corresponding to hemoglobin, but 63Ni-binding ligands with higher and lower molecular weights were also present.", "contents": "Binding of 63Ni by cellular constituents in some tissues of mice after the administration of 63NiCl2 and 63Ni(CO)4. One and 24 hours after the administration of 63NiCl2 and 63Ni(CO)4 to mice 63Ni was present in association with both particulate and soluble cellular constituents in the lung, liver and kidney. After disruption of the cellular organells by sonication, a considerable part of the 63Ni was still bound to the cellular fragments. Sephadex G-75 chromatography of the cytosol of the lung showed that the largest proportion of 63Ni was eluted in the void volume and a smaller proportion was present in the salt volume. In the kidney, the proportions were reversed. Twentyfour hours after the injection of 63NiCl2 an intermediate 63Ni-containing peak, with an estimated molecular weight of about 30,000, was found in the lung and the kidney. In the liver of 63 NiCl2-injected mice, most of the nickel was recovered in the void volume, a lesser amount in the salt volume. There was no evidence that 63Ni was bound to metallothionein (induced by Cd-pretreatment) or to superoxide dismutase in the studied tissues. Pretreatments with non-labelled NiCl2 did not alter the elution profiles. In serum, most 63Ni was present in association with albumin. Gel-chromatograms of red blood-cell hemolysates from 63Ni(CO)4-injected mice showed 63Ni at an elution volume corresponding to hemoglobin, but 63Ni-binding ligands with higher and lower molecular weights were also present.", "PMID": 118636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13400", "title": "A comparative study on the uptake and subsequent decarboxylation of monoamine precursors in cerebral microvessels.", "content": "The endothelial cells and pericytes of brain microvessels (capillaries and small veins) are equipped with an enzymatic barrier, impeding the passage of circulating amino acids, such as amine precursors, into the brain. The properties of this mechanism was studied in brain slices and isolated microvessels from various species including man and also fetal material, following incubation in dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS). A stereospecific, energy-dependent uptake leading to accumulation in the brain microvessel walls was found in all species studied; this process was found to exist already prenatally. The capacity of decarboxylation, the second step in the trapping mechanism at the blood-brain interphase, showed considerable species variation. The enzyme was present also in fetal brain microvessels. Inhibition experiments provided support for the presence of monoamine oxidase, but absence of catechol-O-methyl transferase, in the microvessel walls.", "contents": "A comparative study on the uptake and subsequent decarboxylation of monoamine precursors in cerebral microvessels. The endothelial cells and pericytes of brain microvessels (capillaries and small veins) are equipped with an enzymatic barrier, impeding the passage of circulating amino acids, such as amine precursors, into the brain. The properties of this mechanism was studied in brain slices and isolated microvessels from various species including man and also fetal material, following incubation in dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS). A stereospecific, energy-dependent uptake leading to accumulation in the brain microvessel walls was found in all species studied; this process was found to exist already prenatally. The capacity of decarboxylation, the second step in the trapping mechanism at the blood-brain interphase, showed considerable species variation. The enzyme was present also in fetal brain microvessels. Inhibition experiments provided support for the presence of monoamine oxidase, but absence of catechol-O-methyl transferase, in the microvessel walls.", "PMID": 118637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13401", "title": "Radiation therapy of secondary nodal metastases in the neck and mediastinum after resection of esophageal carcinoma.", "content": "Eighty-two patients underwent curative resection for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The 5-year actuarial survival rate was 33 per cent. Sixteen of 34 patients who developed secondary nodal metastases of the neck and mediastinum were irradiated with a dose of 40 to 60 Gy over 4 to 6 weeks (81 in average TDF), which probably prolonged the survival.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of secondary nodal metastases in the neck and mediastinum after resection of esophageal carcinoma. Eighty-two patients underwent curative resection for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The 5-year actuarial survival rate was 33 per cent. Sixteen of 34 patients who developed secondary nodal metastases of the neck and mediastinum were irradiated with a dose of 40 to 60 Gy over 4 to 6 weeks (81 in average TDF), which probably prolonged the survival.", "PMID": 118640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13402", "title": "Treatment of carcinoma of base of tongue with radiation therapy and 5-fluorouracil. Potential for optimization with 18F-FU.", "content": "The treatment of advanced base of tongue carcinoma with concurrent radiation therapy and 5-fluorouracil versus radiation therapy alone is compared. Although the results are inconclusive, it is noteworthy that all the 5-year survivors were patients given combined treatment. Important questions regarding optimization of time-dose relationships with combined therapy were generated. Accordingly, 18F-5 fluorouracil was synthesized in an attempt to answer some of these questions.", "contents": "Treatment of carcinoma of base of tongue with radiation therapy and 5-fluorouracil. Potential for optimization with 18F-FU. The treatment of advanced base of tongue carcinoma with concurrent radiation therapy and 5-fluorouracil versus radiation therapy alone is compared. Although the results are inconclusive, it is noteworthy that all the 5-year survivors were patients given combined treatment. Important questions regarding optimization of time-dose relationships with combined therapy were generated. Accordingly, 18F-5 fluorouracil was synthesized in an attempt to answer some of these questions.", "PMID": 118641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13403", "title": "Radiation beam characteristics of a 22 MeV microtron.", "content": "The properties of the electron and photon beams from a 22 MeV clinical microton are presented. Favourable isodose distributions for radiation therapy are obtained for both modalities. For the electron beam this is accomplished using a dual scattering foil system in which the secondary foil is shaped to optimize uniformity and minimize energy loss and energy straggling. The photon beam is flattened by a composite filter to produce dose distributions of high uniformity over a wide depth interval.", "contents": "Radiation beam characteristics of a 22 MeV microtron. The properties of the electron and photon beams from a 22 MeV clinical microton are presented. Favourable isodose distributions for radiation therapy are obtained for both modalities. For the electron beam this is accomplished using a dual scattering foil system in which the secondary foil is shaped to optimize uniformity and minimize energy loss and energy straggling. The photon beam is flattened by a composite filter to produce dose distributions of high uniformity over a wide depth interval.", "PMID": 118642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13404", "title": "An atypical manifestation of multiple myeloma in a 24-year-old male.", "content": "A structurally unusual, B-cell-derived malignant tumour is reported in a 24-year-old male. The gross autopsy findings were those of classical myelomatosis, with extensive and centrally located skeletal infiltrates and typical myeloma kidneys. The tumour cells were, however, morphologically very unusual. All elements were markedly pyroninophilic, indicating active protein synthesis, but typical plasma cell characteristics were lacking. The cells were ultrastructurally characterized by large and distended vacuoles, often with ribosomal granules attached, and containing an amorphous material. Virtually all tumour elements were found to be heavily loaded with IgG(kappa) in immunofluorescence studies. IgG paraprotein was also found in serum, and kappa light chains in the urine. It is concluded that the tumour represents an intermediate form between multiple myeloma and a tumour originating from the large pyroninophilic, immunoglobulin-secreting lymphocytes.", "contents": "An atypical manifestation of multiple myeloma in a 24-year-old male. A structurally unusual, B-cell-derived malignant tumour is reported in a 24-year-old male. The gross autopsy findings were those of classical myelomatosis, with extensive and centrally located skeletal infiltrates and typical myeloma kidneys. The tumour cells were, however, morphologically very unusual. All elements were markedly pyroninophilic, indicating active protein synthesis, but typical plasma cell characteristics were lacking. The cells were ultrastructurally characterized by large and distended vacuoles, often with ribosomal granules attached, and containing an amorphous material. Virtually all tumour elements were found to be heavily loaded with IgG(kappa) in immunofluorescence studies. IgG paraprotein was also found in serum, and kappa light chains in the urine. It is concluded that the tumour represents an intermediate form between multiple myeloma and a tumour originating from the large pyroninophilic, immunoglobulin-secreting lymphocytes.", "PMID": 118643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13405", "title": "Electron beam therapy of mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Sixteen patients with mycosis fungoides were treated with a 3.3 MeV skin electron beam to a dose of 30 Gy over 40 days. Nine patients achieved a complete remission which was generally short. Only two patients remained free of disease one year following treatment. All patients received palliative benefit from treatment, but no significant increase in survival can be anticipated.", "contents": "Electron beam therapy of mycosis fungoides. Sixteen patients with mycosis fungoides were treated with a 3.3 MeV skin electron beam to a dose of 30 Gy over 40 days. Nine patients achieved a complete remission which was generally short. Only two patients remained free of disease one year following treatment. All patients received palliative benefit from treatment, but no significant increase in survival can be anticipated.", "PMID": 118644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13406", "title": "Focal epileptic seizures ipsilateral to the tumour.", "content": "The authors report on six cases of cerebral tumours: three astrocytomas (two temporal and one frontal), two meningiomas (one parietal and one frontal), and a metastasis with a temporal location causing sensory-motor epileptic seizures ipsilateral to the lesion. The discussion includes comments on the pathogenesis of these manifestations viewed in the light of experimental and electrophysiological data, and on the hypotheses of the \"mirror focus\", irritation of the supplementary motor and secondary somato-sensory areas, compression of the opposite hemisphere, and possible absence of decussation of the sensory-motor pathways. The false localization suggested by this type of paroxysmal senzures and their rare clinical occurrence is emphasized.", "contents": "Focal epileptic seizures ipsilateral to the tumour. The authors report on six cases of cerebral tumours: three astrocytomas (two temporal and one frontal), two meningiomas (one parietal and one frontal), and a metastasis with a temporal location causing sensory-motor epileptic seizures ipsilateral to the lesion. The discussion includes comments on the pathogenesis of these manifestations viewed in the light of experimental and electrophysiological data, and on the hypotheses of the \"mirror focus\", irritation of the supplementary motor and secondary somato-sensory areas, compression of the opposite hemisphere, and possible absence of decussation of the sensory-motor pathways. The false localization suggested by this type of paroxysmal senzures and their rare clinical occurrence is emphasized.", "PMID": 118647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13407", "title": "Sensory Jacksonian seizures triggered by a frontally-located meningioma.", "content": "A patient who presented with sensory Jacksonian seizures and no other clinical symptoms was found to have a meningioma in the premotor area of the frontal lobe. The possibility that brain oedema caused by the tumour encroached on the supplementary motor area and triggered the seizures via cortico-cortical pathways is discussed.", "contents": "Sensory Jacksonian seizures triggered by a frontally-located meningioma. A patient who presented with sensory Jacksonian seizures and no other clinical symptoms was found to have a meningioma in the premotor area of the frontal lobe. The possibility that brain oedema caused by the tumour encroached on the supplementary motor area and triggered the seizures via cortico-cortical pathways is discussed.", "PMID": 118648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13408", "title": "Sodium acetate as a preservative in protein hydrolysate solutions.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of sodium acetate on microorganism growth in protein hydrolysate solutions was studied. Solutions of 5% protein hydrolysate and 5% dextrose in water (seven parts) and 50% dextose in water (three parts) containing 0, 30, 50 and 90 mEq/liter of sodium acetate were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The number of colony-forming units in the solutions after inoculation was compared with that after incubation for 24 hours at 37 C. Sodium acetate inhibited growth of S aureus and E coli. Growth of P aeruginosa was inhibited in protein hydrolysate solutions with and without sodium acetate; inhibition could not be attributed solely to sodium acetate and may have been releated to pH of the solutions (4.7 to 5.4). Growth of C albicans was not inhibited by sodium acetate. Sodium acetate reduced growth of some common contaminants of protein hydrolysates. Sodium acetate is known to reduce metabolic acidosis, a reported complication of parenteral nutrient therapy and a possible predisposing factor in C albicans sepsis. Addition of sodium acetate to protein hydrolysate solutions should be considered seriously.", "contents": "Sodium acetate as a preservative in protein hydrolysate solutions. The inhibitory effect of sodium acetate on microorganism growth in protein hydrolysate solutions was studied. Solutions of 5% protein hydrolysate and 5% dextrose in water (seven parts) and 50% dextose in water (three parts) containing 0, 30, 50 and 90 mEq/liter of sodium acetate were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The number of colony-forming units in the solutions after inoculation was compared with that after incubation for 24 hours at 37 C. Sodium acetate inhibited growth of S aureus and E coli. Growth of P aeruginosa was inhibited in protein hydrolysate solutions with and without sodium acetate; inhibition could not be attributed solely to sodium acetate and may have been releated to pH of the solutions (4.7 to 5.4). Growth of C albicans was not inhibited by sodium acetate. Sodium acetate reduced growth of some common contaminants of protein hydrolysates. Sodium acetate is known to reduce metabolic acidosis, a reported complication of parenteral nutrient therapy and a possible predisposing factor in C albicans sepsis. Addition of sodium acetate to protein hydrolysate solutions should be considered seriously.", "PMID": 118672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13409", "title": "Chronologic changes of activities of naphthol AS-D acetate esterase and other nonspecific esterases in the mononuclear phagocytes of tuberculous lesions.", "content": "Nonspecific esterases of mononuclear phagocytes (MNs) were studied histochemically in the developing and healing tuberculous lesions produced in rabbit skin by bacille Calmette Gu\u00e9rin (BCG). Nonspecific esterases were assayed with the following substrates: naphthol AS-D acetate (AS-D), naphthol AS-D chloroacetate (AS-D Chl), naphthol AS acetate (AS) and alpha-naphthyl acetate (alpha-N), beta-Galactosidase, a lysosomal enzyme of MNs, was also assayed as a marker of MN activation. The number of MNs hydrolyzing AS-D Chl, AS, and alpha-N increased for 2 to 4 weeks after infection. These chronologic changes were similar to that of beta-galactosidase. In contrast, MNs hydrolyzing AS-D appeared predominantly in the healing lesions five to six weeks after infection. These MNs had the morphologic features of balloon-like cells. They contained few lysosomes and gathered in clumps far from the caseous center. The activity of the AS-D esterase was almost completely inhibited by various trypsin inhibitors, but not by the serine esterase inhibitor of phenylmethylsulfonyl-fluoride. These results suggest that the AS-D esterase is a trypsin-like esterase which participates in the healing of tuberculous lesions.", "contents": "Chronologic changes of activities of naphthol AS-D acetate esterase and other nonspecific esterases in the mononuclear phagocytes of tuberculous lesions. Nonspecific esterases of mononuclear phagocytes (MNs) were studied histochemically in the developing and healing tuberculous lesions produced in rabbit skin by bacille Calmette Gu\u00e9rin (BCG). Nonspecific esterases were assayed with the following substrates: naphthol AS-D acetate (AS-D), naphthol AS-D chloroacetate (AS-D Chl), naphthol AS acetate (AS) and alpha-naphthyl acetate (alpha-N), beta-Galactosidase, a lysosomal enzyme of MNs, was also assayed as a marker of MN activation. The number of MNs hydrolyzing AS-D Chl, AS, and alpha-N increased for 2 to 4 weeks after infection. These chronologic changes were similar to that of beta-galactosidase. In contrast, MNs hydrolyzing AS-D appeared predominantly in the healing lesions five to six weeks after infection. These MNs had the morphologic features of balloon-like cells. They contained few lysosomes and gathered in clumps far from the caseous center. The activity of the AS-D esterase was almost completely inhibited by various trypsin inhibitors, but not by the serine esterase inhibitor of phenylmethylsulfonyl-fluoride. These results suggest that the AS-D esterase is a trypsin-like esterase which participates in the healing of tuberculous lesions.", "PMID": 118673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13410", "title": "Quantitative estimation of IgE and IgD by laser nephelometry.", "content": "The advantages and disadvantages of Laser Nephelometry (LN) in the determination of IgD and IgE are reported. Two laser nephelometer models (Behringwerke/Marburg), different batches of LN cuvettes, WHO reference standard sera, rabbit anti-human antisera and randomly selected allergic patients' sera were used for the standardization of the method. Cuvette blank values were significantly lower in the new model of laser nephelometer and the precision of these measurements was very high when two different cuvette charges were compared. In the determination of IgE by LN, it was possible to detect levels down to 125 IU/ml, the accuracy of the estimations varying between 4.8 and 8.2% and the repeatability between 3.2 and 24.4%, the highest variation coefficient being obtained in low level samples. The overall agreement between LN and RIST in 55 serum samples was 71%, and at concentrations below 200 IU/ml (normal) and above 400 IU/ml (increased) 80% and 85% respectively. In the determination of IgD by LN, the accuracy of the estimations was also very good (2.4 to 7.8%) and the variation coefficient varied between 2.8 and 13.3%. In the comparison of IgD estimations with LN and radial immunodiffusion in 27 samples a correlation coefficient of r = 0.82 was obtained. Although normal adult IgE values cannot be analysed, the clinically important increased IgE levels are correctly determined by LN. The method is more sensitive than the Mancini technique for IgE determination and in comparison with RIST, though low values are not obtained, LN is quicker, simpler and cheaper.", "contents": "Quantitative estimation of IgE and IgD by laser nephelometry. The advantages and disadvantages of Laser Nephelometry (LN) in the determination of IgD and IgE are reported. Two laser nephelometer models (Behringwerke/Marburg), different batches of LN cuvettes, WHO reference standard sera, rabbit anti-human antisera and randomly selected allergic patients' sera were used for the standardization of the method. Cuvette blank values were significantly lower in the new model of laser nephelometer and the precision of these measurements was very high when two different cuvette charges were compared. In the determination of IgE by LN, it was possible to detect levels down to 125 IU/ml, the accuracy of the estimations varying between 4.8 and 8.2% and the repeatability between 3.2 and 24.4%, the highest variation coefficient being obtained in low level samples. The overall agreement between LN and RIST in 55 serum samples was 71%, and at concentrations below 200 IU/ml (normal) and above 400 IU/ml (increased) 80% and 85% respectively. In the determination of IgD by LN, the accuracy of the estimations was also very good (2.4 to 7.8%) and the variation coefficient varied between 2.8 and 13.3%. In the comparison of IgD estimations with LN and radial immunodiffusion in 27 samples a correlation coefficient of r = 0.82 was obtained. Although normal adult IgE values cannot be analysed, the clinically important increased IgE levels are correctly determined by LN. The method is more sensitive than the Mancini technique for IgE determination and in comparison with RIST, though low values are not obtained, LN is quicker, simpler and cheaper.", "PMID": 118671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13411", "title": "Cellular pathology of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "Tissues were studied from four subjects with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The specimens consisted of tissues obtained from a 20-week-old fetus at autopsy, samples from a 9-year-old girl during open-heart surgery, and biopsies of cutaneous xanthomas from a 13-year-old girl and a 21-year-old man. The FH fetus, but not the 3 control fetuses, exhibited multifocal lipid deposition particularly involving the stromal cells of the thymus, spleen, and skin and both the stromal and parenchymal cells of the kidney. Only one minute focus of intimal lipid accumulation was found in the aorta and coronary arteries of the FH fetus. A segment of the ascending aorta from the 9-year-old girl showed: 1) foam-cell transformation of many medial smooth-muscle cells, 2) abnormal vascularization of the inner media and intima, and 3) intimal involvement by a typical artherosclerotic plaque with lipid deposits in thin, elongated cells that showed some myocytic features and in foam cells that lacked such features. The mitral and aortic valves of this patient also contained numerous foam cells and showed mild to moderate fibrous thickening. A segment of the saphenous vein, however, contained no lipid deposits. The three xanthomas from two FH homozygotes exhibited marked lipid accumulation in histiocytic foam cells but no lipid deposits in the endothelium of blood vessels in the lesions. The findings in this study, in conjunction with those reported in studies of other FH homozygotes, indicate that homozygous FH is characterized by accelerated atherosclerosis and prominent lipid accumulation in macrophages and other stromal cells of the aortic and mitral valves, skin, tendon, and, varibly, in other extravascular sites. Since most of the intracellular lipid was in the form of non-membrane-bound neutral lipid droplets, it appears that the cytoplasm is the major site of lipid storage in this disease.", "contents": "Cellular pathology of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Tissues were studied from four subjects with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The specimens consisted of tissues obtained from a 20-week-old fetus at autopsy, samples from a 9-year-old girl during open-heart surgery, and biopsies of cutaneous xanthomas from a 13-year-old girl and a 21-year-old man. The FH fetus, but not the 3 control fetuses, exhibited multifocal lipid deposition particularly involving the stromal cells of the thymus, spleen, and skin and both the stromal and parenchymal cells of the kidney. Only one minute focus of intimal lipid accumulation was found in the aorta and coronary arteries of the FH fetus. A segment of the ascending aorta from the 9-year-old girl showed: 1) foam-cell transformation of many medial smooth-muscle cells, 2) abnormal vascularization of the inner media and intima, and 3) intimal involvement by a typical artherosclerotic plaque with lipid deposits in thin, elongated cells that showed some myocytic features and in foam cells that lacked such features. The mitral and aortic valves of this patient also contained numerous foam cells and showed mild to moderate fibrous thickening. A segment of the saphenous vein, however, contained no lipid deposits. The three xanthomas from two FH homozygotes exhibited marked lipid accumulation in histiocytic foam cells but no lipid deposits in the endothelium of blood vessels in the lesions. The findings in this study, in conjunction with those reported in studies of other FH homozygotes, indicate that homozygous FH is characterized by accelerated atherosclerosis and prominent lipid accumulation in macrophages and other stromal cells of the aortic and mitral valves, skin, tendon, and, varibly, in other extravascular sites. Since most of the intracellular lipid was in the form of non-membrane-bound neutral lipid droplets, it appears that the cytoplasm is the major site of lipid storage in this disease.", "PMID": 118674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13412", "title": "[Control of afterload by intravenous nitroglycerin in patients undergoing myocardial revascularisation (author's transl)].", "content": "In 18 patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass grafting haemodynamic measurements were made before and after hypertensive episodes and intravenous administration of nitroglycerin (NTG). Patients of group I (n = 10) had good left heart function before operation. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) rose during the hypertensive episode from 82 +/- 12 mm Hg to 119 +/- 8 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) increased from 11 +/- 3 mm Hg to 15 +/- 2 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). The cardiac index (CI) was not significantly altered. Infusion of NTG decreased the MAP to 84 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), the PCWP to 9 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). The CI remained unchanged. Patients of group II (n = 8) had poor left heart function before operation. During the hypertensive episode the MAP increased from 77 +/- 15 mm Hg to 115 +/- 6 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), the PCWP from 13 +/- 4 mm Hg to 25 +/- 5 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). The CI decreased from 2.2 +/- 0.3 1/min x m2 to 1.5 +/- 3.41/min x m2. Infusion of NTG decreased the MAP to 83 +/- 4 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), the PCWP to 11 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). The CI rose to 2.3 +/- 0.3 1/min x m2 (p less than 0.01). The authors conclude that NTG is an effective antihypertensive agent. No untoward side effects were noted.", "contents": "[Control of afterload by intravenous nitroglycerin in patients undergoing myocardial revascularisation (author's transl)]. In 18 patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass grafting haemodynamic measurements were made before and after hypertensive episodes and intravenous administration of nitroglycerin (NTG). Patients of group I (n = 10) had good left heart function before operation. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) rose during the hypertensive episode from 82 +/- 12 mm Hg to 119 +/- 8 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) increased from 11 +/- 3 mm Hg to 15 +/- 2 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). The cardiac index (CI) was not significantly altered. Infusion of NTG decreased the MAP to 84 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), the PCWP to 9 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). The CI remained unchanged. Patients of group II (n = 8) had poor left heart function before operation. During the hypertensive episode the MAP increased from 77 +/- 15 mm Hg to 115 +/- 6 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), the PCWP from 13 +/- 4 mm Hg to 25 +/- 5 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). The CI decreased from 2.2 +/- 0.3 1/min x m2 to 1.5 +/- 3.41/min x m2. Infusion of NTG decreased the MAP to 83 +/- 4 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), the PCWP to 11 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). The CI rose to 2.3 +/- 0.3 1/min x m2 (p less than 0.01). The authors conclude that NTG is an effective antihypertensive agent. No untoward side effects were noted.", "PMID": 118675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13413", "title": "[Perfluorochemicals as artificial blood. problems and actual development (author's transl)].", "content": "Perfluorochemical-type blood substitutes are excellent carriers of gases such as O2, CO2, CO, N2. These chemical compounds are insoluble in water and have an extreme chemical and biological inertness. They can be prepared as pyrogen-free sterilisable emulsions. In the last 10 years improvements in emulsion techniques and the results of experimental research work in several laboratories aroused increasing interest in fluorocarbons in the medical and biological field. Beside the treatment of severe loss of blood, numerous further potential uses of these substitutes have been described. Further improvements and studies are needed, especially concerning the storage-phenomenon in the reticulohistiocytic system and also the problems linked with the absence or reduction of the clotting system. The existing literature on this subject seems to justify an optimistic view of fluorocarbons as promising blood substitutes.", "contents": "[Perfluorochemicals as artificial blood. problems and actual development (author's transl)]. Perfluorochemical-type blood substitutes are excellent carriers of gases such as O2, CO2, CO, N2. These chemical compounds are insoluble in water and have an extreme chemical and biological inertness. They can be prepared as pyrogen-free sterilisable emulsions. In the last 10 years improvements in emulsion techniques and the results of experimental research work in several laboratories aroused increasing interest in fluorocarbons in the medical and biological field. Beside the treatment of severe loss of blood, numerous further potential uses of these substitutes have been described. Further improvements and studies are needed, especially concerning the storage-phenomenon in the reticulohistiocytic system and also the problems linked with the absence or reduction of the clotting system. The existing literature on this subject seems to justify an optimistic view of fluorocarbons as promising blood substitutes.", "PMID": 118676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13414", "title": "A quantitative approach to cytoarchitectonics. V. The areal pattern of the cortex of microcebus murinus (E. Geoffroy 1828), (Lemuridae, primates).", "content": "The boundaries of iso- and allocortical areas of Microcebus murinus were analyzed with an automatic quantitative procedure using an image analyzer. The results are summarized in a cortical map and compared with a previous study of Microcebus murinus (Clark, 1931) and Galago demidovii (Zilles et al., 1979). A surprising correspondence could be observed between Microcebus and Galago with respect to the cortical areal pattern and the cytoarchitectonic structure of the various areas, including their position and extension, although both species are grouped into different suborders.", "contents": "A quantitative approach to cytoarchitectonics. V. The areal pattern of the cortex of microcebus murinus (E. Geoffroy 1828), (Lemuridae, primates). The boundaries of iso- and allocortical areas of Microcebus murinus were analyzed with an automatic quantitative procedure using an image analyzer. The results are summarized in a cortical map and compared with a previous study of Microcebus murinus (Clark, 1931) and Galago demidovii (Zilles et al., 1979). A surprising correspondence could be observed between Microcebus and Galago with respect to the cortical areal pattern and the cytoarchitectonic structure of the various areas, including their position and extension, although both species are grouped into different suborders.", "PMID": 118681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13415", "title": "Comparative studies on the pre- and postterminal blood vessels in the cerebellar cortex of Rhesus monkey, cat, and rat.", "content": "In the rhesus monkey, cat and rat, pial arteries give off branches which run vertically through all three layers of the cerebellar cortex. The large cortical arteries are surrounded by a perivascular space in the molecular layer. Their wall consists of several layers of smooth-muscle cells and the luminal endothelium. As the arteries reach the deeper layers of the cerebellar cortex, the number of smooth-muscle cells is reduced. In the rat, sometimes no smooth-muscle cells are detectable in the preterminal arterial vessels. If these deep arteries branch off by dichotomy of terminal vessels there occurs a gradual or complete loss of myocytes in all three species. In the cat, where cortical arteries give off branches at right angles, there is a sphincter-like accumulation of smooth-muscle cells at the opening to the smaller branch. The postterminal vessels and veins in all species exhibit the same mural structure found in capillaries. The wall consists only of an endothelium and occasional pericytes embedded in the basal lamina. Even the large veins which run to the pial veins show this simple mural structure.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the pre- and postterminal blood vessels in the cerebellar cortex of Rhesus monkey, cat, and rat. In the rhesus monkey, cat and rat, pial arteries give off branches which run vertically through all three layers of the cerebellar cortex. The large cortical arteries are surrounded by a perivascular space in the molecular layer. Their wall consists of several layers of smooth-muscle cells and the luminal endothelium. As the arteries reach the deeper layers of the cerebellar cortex, the number of smooth-muscle cells is reduced. In the rat, sometimes no smooth-muscle cells are detectable in the preterminal arterial vessels. If these deep arteries branch off by dichotomy of terminal vessels there occurs a gradual or complete loss of myocytes in all three species. In the cat, where cortical arteries give off branches at right angles, there is a sphincter-like accumulation of smooth-muscle cells at the opening to the smaller branch. The postterminal vessels and veins in all species exhibit the same mural structure found in capillaries. The wall consists only of an endothelium and occasional pericytes embedded in the basal lamina. Even the large veins which run to the pial veins show this simple mural structure.", "PMID": 118682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13416", "title": "[Hypophosphatemia. A review (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypophosphatemia with or without phosphorus depletion can be observed in various diseases--particularly diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory alkalosis, alcoholism, parenteral nutrition and hyperalimentation--and may cause serious neurologic, muscular, and hematologic disorders. This review summarizes the knowledges about hypophosphatemia--etiological mechanisms, pathophysiology and therapeutic modalities--and suggests that some place be reserved for serum phosphate in systematic and emergency panels of blood tests.", "contents": "[Hypophosphatemia. A review (author's transl)]. Hypophosphatemia with or without phosphorus depletion can be observed in various diseases--particularly diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory alkalosis, alcoholism, parenteral nutrition and hyperalimentation--and may cause serious neurologic, muscular, and hematologic disorders. This review summarizes the knowledges about hypophosphatemia--etiological mechanisms, pathophysiology and therapeutic modalities--and suggests that some place be reserved for serum phosphate in systematic and emergency panels of blood tests.", "PMID": 118683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13417", "title": "[Comparison by isoelectrofocusing between blood immunoglobulin G of the mother and her newborn. Value of the method (author's transl)].", "content": "The present investigation deals with the study about immunoglobulins in blood of twenty six couples mother-newborn. The immunoglobulins G were determinated by radial immunodiffusion and we stated the profile of serum's proteins after isoelectrofocusing. The results obtained from this study, showed a really important percentage of very differents profiles between mother and newborn's proteins. These divergences are independently from the level of immunoglobulins. The purpose of this investigation is to show the very high analytical power of the method. But it is limited in interpretation of results. With conventional protein procedures, it is not possible to say if the newborn is able to synthetize immunoglobulins very early in life. On the contrary, with specific methods of revelation, isoelectrofocusing seems the better procedure of investigation for identity immunoglobulins in blood.", "contents": "[Comparison by isoelectrofocusing between blood immunoglobulin G of the mother and her newborn. Value of the method (author's transl)]. The present investigation deals with the study about immunoglobulins in blood of twenty six couples mother-newborn. The immunoglobulins G were determinated by radial immunodiffusion and we stated the profile of serum's proteins after isoelectrofocusing. The results obtained from this study, showed a really important percentage of very differents profiles between mother and newborn's proteins. These divergences are independently from the level of immunoglobulins. The purpose of this investigation is to show the very high analytical power of the method. But it is limited in interpretation of results. With conventional protein procedures, it is not possible to say if the newborn is able to synthetize immunoglobulins very early in life. On the contrary, with specific methods of revelation, isoelectrofocusing seems the better procedure of investigation for identity immunoglobulins in blood.", "PMID": 118687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13418", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responses in cattle adult-vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19 and in cattle infected with Brucella abortus field strain.", "content": "Cell-mediated immune responses in cattle adult-vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19, cattle infected with B abortus field strain, and nonexposed cattle were studied by an in vitro lumphocyte-stimulation test (LST). Lymphocytes were prepared from peripheral bovine blood by the Ficoll-diatrizoate technique, and results were assayed for [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Serotests and bacteriologic isolation attempts were conducted simultaneously with LST. Lymphocytes from cattle infected with field strains had significantly (P = 0.01) higher specific lymphocyte-stimulation inexposed controls. The LST, the serum standard-tube agglutination test (STT), the Rivanol (RIV) test, and the complement-fixation (CF) test correctly classified cattle from which field strains and strain 19 of B abortus were isolated. The LST was negative in cattle vaccinated with B abortus strain 19 (nonshedding), but the three serotests had many false-positive reactions. The CF test had the least false-positive reaction, followed by the RIV test, and the STT was the least specific. Well before the three serotests became positive, the LST was positive in samples from some cattle during the incubation period of the infection. There was little or no correlation between cell-mediated immune responses (as measured by LST) and serum antibody responses (as measured by STT, RIV test, and CF test) in vaccinated but culture-negative cattle and in some nonvaccinated cattle during the incubation period.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responses in cattle adult-vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19 and in cattle infected with Brucella abortus field strain. Cell-mediated immune responses in cattle adult-vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19, cattle infected with B abortus field strain, and nonexposed cattle were studied by an in vitro lumphocyte-stimulation test (LST). Lymphocytes were prepared from peripheral bovine blood by the Ficoll-diatrizoate technique, and results were assayed for [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Serotests and bacteriologic isolation attempts were conducted simultaneously with LST. Lymphocytes from cattle infected with field strains had significantly (P = 0.01) higher specific lymphocyte-stimulation inexposed controls. The LST, the serum standard-tube agglutination test (STT), the Rivanol (RIV) test, and the complement-fixation (CF) test correctly classified cattle from which field strains and strain 19 of B abortus were isolated. The LST was negative in cattle vaccinated with B abortus strain 19 (nonshedding), but the three serotests had many false-positive reactions. The CF test had the least false-positive reaction, followed by the RIV test, and the STT was the least specific. Well before the three serotests became positive, the LST was positive in samples from some cattle during the incubation period of the infection. There was little or no correlation between cell-mediated immune responses (as measured by LST) and serum antibody responses (as measured by STT, RIV test, and CF test) in vaccinated but culture-negative cattle and in some nonvaccinated cattle during the incubation period.", "PMID": 118688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13419", "title": "Effects of cyclophosphamide on the lymphoid tissues and humoral and cellular immune responsiveness of young calves.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide (CY) was given IV to 5-month-old calves (ten doses; each dose of 5.0 mg/kg, 2-day intervals between doses). The effects of CY on circulating leukocytes, lymphoid tissues, and the humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed. The numbers of total leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils and platelets decreased significantly. The lymphocyte population was depleted in the cortex of the thymus and B-dependent areas of the spleen and lymph nodes. Significant decreases occurred in the frequency of the peripheral blood lymphocytes-bearing surface immunoglobulin (Ig) and in serum IgM and IgG concentrations. Primary serum antibody responses to avian erythrocytes and Brucella abortus strain 19 antigens were diminished or delayed. The blastogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin P, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and to purified protein derivative and B abortus antigens were enhanced as was the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the tuberculin skin test. While a diminished humoral immune response was associated with CY treatment, the cell-mediated response was potentiated. The effect of CY was transitory with most variables returning to near base line within 24 days after CY was ceased.", "contents": "Effects of cyclophosphamide on the lymphoid tissues and humoral and cellular immune responsiveness of young calves. Cyclophosphamide (CY) was given IV to 5-month-old calves (ten doses; each dose of 5.0 mg/kg, 2-day intervals between doses). The effects of CY on circulating leukocytes, lymphoid tissues, and the humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed. The numbers of total leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils and platelets decreased significantly. The lymphocyte population was depleted in the cortex of the thymus and B-dependent areas of the spleen and lymph nodes. Significant decreases occurred in the frequency of the peripheral blood lymphocytes-bearing surface immunoglobulin (Ig) and in serum IgM and IgG concentrations. Primary serum antibody responses to avian erythrocytes and Brucella abortus strain 19 antigens were diminished or delayed. The blastogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin P, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and to purified protein derivative and B abortus antigens were enhanced as was the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the tuberculin skin test. While a diminished humoral immune response was associated with CY treatment, the cell-mediated response was potentiated. The effect of CY was transitory with most variables returning to near base line within 24 days after CY was ceased.", "PMID": 118689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13420", "title": "Branches of the aortic arch in the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "The aortic arch branching patterns of 49 male macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were described and classified according to the classification systems of DeGaris, and the incidence of each pattern was determined. The most frequent pattern observed was a two-branch type in which a truncus communis of intermediate length (7 to 11 mm) and the left subclavian artery constituted the only aortic arch branches. Five patterns not previously described in the cynomolgus were observed. Comparison of the cynomolgus and the rhesus macaques indicated a significant difference between the two species with the rhesus generally having a shorter truncus communis.", "contents": "Branches of the aortic arch in the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). The aortic arch branching patterns of 49 male macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were described and classified according to the classification systems of DeGaris, and the incidence of each pattern was determined. The most frequent pattern observed was a two-branch type in which a truncus communis of intermediate length (7 to 11 mm) and the left subclavian artery constituted the only aortic arch branches. Five patterns not previously described in the cynomolgus were observed. Comparison of the cynomolgus and the rhesus macaques indicated a significant difference between the two species with the rhesus generally having a shorter truncus communis.", "PMID": 118690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13421", "title": "Confirmation by radial immunodiffusion of depression of the fourth component of complement in guinea pigs fed aflatoxin or rubratoxin.", "content": "Guinea pigs were fed either aflatoxin or rubratoxin in concentrations known to reduce serum complement activity. Depression of complement activity was accompanied by a decrease in C4. The measurement of C4 by radial immunodiffusion indicated it to be a useful and simple procedure for testing the effect of hepatotoxic mycotoxins on a component of the complement system of guinea pigs.", "contents": "Confirmation by radial immunodiffusion of depression of the fourth component of complement in guinea pigs fed aflatoxin or rubratoxin. Guinea pigs were fed either aflatoxin or rubratoxin in concentrations known to reduce serum complement activity. Depression of complement activity was accompanied by a decrease in C4. The measurement of C4 by radial immunodiffusion indicated it to be a useful and simple procedure for testing the effect of hepatotoxic mycotoxins on a component of the complement system of guinea pigs.", "PMID": 118691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13422", "title": "Protection against Klebsiella pneumoniae respiratory tract infection of mice and squirrel monkeys given kanamycin by aerosol and injection.", "content": "The methods of aerosol administration of kanamycin and IM injection of the antibiotic were compared for their protection of mice and squirrel monkeys against Klebsiella pneumoniae respiratory tract infection. Mice exposed to LD90 of K pneumoniae at 0.5, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after they were treated with aerosol of kanamycin (27 mg/kg of body weight) were significantly better protected at all exposure times than were mice given the antibiotic (450 mg/kg) by IM injection. Squirrel monkeys given the aerosol at dose level of 11.25 mg/kg were completely protected against K pneumoniae exposure at 6 and 24 hours, whereas only one of eight monkeys treated with the same dose given IM survived the exposure at 6 hours and none survived at 24 hours. Antibiotic clearance curves indicated that kanamycin remained in the lungs at higher concentrations and for longer periods after aerosol treatment than after IM treatment.", "contents": "Protection against Klebsiella pneumoniae respiratory tract infection of mice and squirrel monkeys given kanamycin by aerosol and injection. The methods of aerosol administration of kanamycin and IM injection of the antibiotic were compared for their protection of mice and squirrel monkeys against Klebsiella pneumoniae respiratory tract infection. Mice exposed to LD90 of K pneumoniae at 0.5, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after they were treated with aerosol of kanamycin (27 mg/kg of body weight) were significantly better protected at all exposure times than were mice given the antibiotic (450 mg/kg) by IM injection. Squirrel monkeys given the aerosol at dose level of 11.25 mg/kg were completely protected against K pneumoniae exposure at 6 and 24 hours, whereas only one of eight monkeys treated with the same dose given IM survived the exposure at 6 hours and none survived at 24 hours. Antibiotic clearance curves indicated that kanamycin remained in the lungs at higher concentrations and for longer periods after aerosol treatment than after IM treatment.", "PMID": 118692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13423", "title": "Longitudinal studies of naturally acquired Brucella abortus infection in sheep.", "content": "Naturally acquired Brucella abortus infections were studied during consecutive pregnancies in eight sheep and in their lambs over a period of 40 months to evaluate epizootiologic aspects of natural infection in sheep. Brucella abortus was isolated from the ewes following 16 of 26 natural terminations of pregnancy: from 5 of 6 ewes in the first year, from six of eight ewes in the second year, from two of six ewes in the third year, and from three of six ewes in the fourth year. Vaginal swab samples and milk samples were the most consistent source of the brucella organisms. Brucella abortus was isolated from three ewes when standard tube test seroagglutination titers were less than 1:100. In contrast, results of supplemental tests (card, 2-mercaptoethanol, complement-fixation, and Rivanol) remained positive during the study. During the 40 months, B abortus was isolated from 4 of 4 aborted fetuses, 2 of 5 stillborn lambs, 10 of 37 living lambs, and as an indicator of continuing infection, from 6 of 12 lambs born during the fourth year. Although B abortus has a definite host preference for cattle, this study demonstrated that under appropriate management conditions, sheep may be naturally infected and may remain infected for more than 40 months. Epizootiologic evaluation of all factors, including husbandry practices and exposure potential, should be utilized in determining the need to test other species that may have been exposed to cattle infected with B abortus.", "contents": "Longitudinal studies of naturally acquired Brucella abortus infection in sheep. Naturally acquired Brucella abortus infections were studied during consecutive pregnancies in eight sheep and in their lambs over a period of 40 months to evaluate epizootiologic aspects of natural infection in sheep. Brucella abortus was isolated from the ewes following 16 of 26 natural terminations of pregnancy: from 5 of 6 ewes in the first year, from six of eight ewes in the second year, from two of six ewes in the third year, and from three of six ewes in the fourth year. Vaginal swab samples and milk samples were the most consistent source of the brucella organisms. Brucella abortus was isolated from three ewes when standard tube test seroagglutination titers were less than 1:100. In contrast, results of supplemental tests (card, 2-mercaptoethanol, complement-fixation, and Rivanol) remained positive during the study. During the 40 months, B abortus was isolated from 4 of 4 aborted fetuses, 2 of 5 stillborn lambs, 10 of 37 living lambs, and as an indicator of continuing infection, from 6 of 12 lambs born during the fourth year. Although B abortus has a definite host preference for cattle, this study demonstrated that under appropriate management conditions, sheep may be naturally infected and may remain infected for more than 40 months. Epizootiologic evaluation of all factors, including husbandry practices and exposure potential, should be utilized in determining the need to test other species that may have been exposed to cattle infected with B abortus.", "PMID": 118693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13424", "title": "Comparison of Pasteurella multocida serotyping systems.", "content": "Thirty-two type specific cultures used in four typing systems for serologically classifying Pasteurella multocida were compared as originally described for: (1) Little and Lyon's plate agglutination test; (2) Carter's indirect hemagglutination test, hyaluronidase decapsulation test, and acriflavine reaction; (3) Namioka's plate and tube agglutination tests; and (4) Heddleston's gel diffusion precipitin test. In addition, seven cultures from Robert's five passive protection groups were included. When reference cultures were examined by the typing system from which they were described, the results generally correlated with those results published. However, serotypes determined by one typing system generally did not correlate with serotypes determined by another system. Cultures of a single serotype in one system often represented more than one serotype in another system. Results indicated that cultures with one or two serotyping antigens in common may differ in other antigens. Because of the antigenic complexity of P multocida and the nature of the antigens involved in each test, a reliable correlation or equality between serotypes determined by different typing systems could not be made.", "contents": "Comparison of Pasteurella multocida serotyping systems. Thirty-two type specific cultures used in four typing systems for serologically classifying Pasteurella multocida were compared as originally described for: (1) Little and Lyon's plate agglutination test; (2) Carter's indirect hemagglutination test, hyaluronidase decapsulation test, and acriflavine reaction; (3) Namioka's plate and tube agglutination tests; and (4) Heddleston's gel diffusion precipitin test. In addition, seven cultures from Robert's five passive protection groups were included. When reference cultures were examined by the typing system from which they were described, the results generally correlated with those results published. However, serotypes determined by one typing system generally did not correlate with serotypes determined by another system. Cultures of a single serotype in one system often represented more than one serotype in another system. Results indicated that cultures with one or two serotyping antigens in common may differ in other antigens. Because of the antigenic complexity of P multocida and the nature of the antigens involved in each test, a reliable correlation or equality between serotypes determined by different typing systems could not be made.", "PMID": 118694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13425", "title": "[The surgical treatment of pharyno-oesophageal diverticula].", "content": "An up to date report on the surgical technique used in the treatment of pharyngo-oesophageal diverticulum by one-stage diverticulectomy. The authors emphasise the possible difficulties associated with diverticula surrounded by peridiverticulitis, the approach to diverticula with mediastinal extension and practical points which make it possible to simplify the posterative course. The place of myotomy of the cricopharyngeal muscle without ablation of the sac in the treatment of small asymptomatic diverticula is discussed.", "contents": "[The surgical treatment of pharyno-oesophageal diverticula]. An up to date report on the surgical technique used in the treatment of pharyngo-oesophageal diverticulum by one-stage diverticulectomy. The authors emphasise the possible difficulties associated with diverticula surrounded by peridiverticulitis, the approach to diverticula with mediastinal extension and practical points which make it possible to simplify the posterative course. The place of myotomy of the cricopharyngeal muscle without ablation of the sac in the treatment of small asymptomatic diverticula is discussed.", "PMID": 118695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13426", "title": "Exostoses of the external auditory canal.", "content": "Exostosis of the external ear canal is a disease unique to man. It has been identified in prehistoric man, affecting the aborigines of the North American continent. Aural exostoses are typically firm, sessile, multinodular bony masses which arise from the tympanic ring of the bony portion of the external auditory canal. These growths develop subsequent to prolonged irritation of the canal. The large, primitive jaw of prehistoric man placed great mechanical stress on the tympanic ring. Chronic aural suppuration seen in the preantibiotic era was soon followed by exostoses. Today, prolonged contact of the external ear canal with cold sea water is the most prevalent cause (aquatic theory). As a result the disease is now essentially limited to coastal regions. In this way we have seen exostoses appear in different stages of the evolution of man as a result of mechanical, chemical and now thermal irritation. The author is an otolaryngologist in a coastal region. In examining 11,000 patients during a ten-year period, 70 cases of symptomatic exostoses of the external auditory canal were identified. The incidence of exostoses was found to be 6.36 per 1,000 patients examined for otolaryngologic disease. It is a predominantly male disease. The development of these \"irritation nodules\" is painless until the tenth year of aquatic exposure to irritation, when symptoms of obstruction occur. The hearing loss associated with exostoses is usually a conductive type, secondary to occlusion of the canal by impacted cerumen or acute external otitis. The results of studying the thermal characteristics of the body of water used for such aquatic activities is presented.", "contents": "Exostoses of the external auditory canal. Exostosis of the external ear canal is a disease unique to man. It has been identified in prehistoric man, affecting the aborigines of the North American continent. Aural exostoses are typically firm, sessile, multinodular bony masses which arise from the tympanic ring of the bony portion of the external auditory canal. These growths develop subsequent to prolonged irritation of the canal. The large, primitive jaw of prehistoric man placed great mechanical stress on the tympanic ring. Chronic aural suppuration seen in the preantibiotic era was soon followed by exostoses. Today, prolonged contact of the external ear canal with cold sea water is the most prevalent cause (aquatic theory). As a result the disease is now essentially limited to coastal regions. In this way we have seen exostoses appear in different stages of the evolution of man as a result of mechanical, chemical and now thermal irritation. The author is an otolaryngologist in a coastal region. In examining 11,000 patients during a ten-year period, 70 cases of symptomatic exostoses of the external auditory canal were identified. The incidence of exostoses was found to be 6.36 per 1,000 patients examined for otolaryngologic disease. It is a predominantly male disease. The development of these \"irritation nodules\" is painless until the tenth year of aquatic exposure to irritation, when symptoms of obstruction occur. The hearing loss associated with exostoses is usually a conductive type, secondary to occlusion of the canal by impacted cerumen or acute external otitis. The results of studying the thermal characteristics of the body of water used for such aquatic activities is presented.", "PMID": 118696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13427", "title": "Frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in severe protein calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Nine children with severe protein calorie malnutrition were studied regarding the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE's) in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the number of SCE's in the malnourished children as compared to an adequate control group. An interesting finding was that the proportion of 3rd or subsequent division metaphases found in the malnourished children, was higher and significantly different from that seen in the control group.", "contents": "Frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in severe protein calorie malnutrition. Nine children with severe protein calorie malnutrition were studied regarding the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE's) in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the number of SCE's in the malnourished children as compared to an adequate control group. An interesting finding was that the proportion of 3rd or subsequent division metaphases found in the malnourished children, was higher and significantly different from that seen in the control group.", "PMID": 118701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13428", "title": "Nerve fiber synapses on spiral ganglion cells in the human cochlea.", "content": "Nerve fiber synapses were observed on the small myelinated and unmyelinated spiral ganglion cells of the human cochlea. The nerve fibers penetrated the junctions of the ensheathing satellite cells and myelin lamellae, and partly invaginated into the perikarya to establish axosomatic synapses. One small myelinated neuron with a nerve fiber synapse demonstrated multipolar cell processes. However, most small neurons with identical ultrastructural characteristics did not show these synapses. Axodendritic synapses were also seen on the dendritic processes of the small neurons and between varicose nerves and unmyelinated nerve fibers some distance from the small neurons. While these observations conform in some aspects with the concept of parasympathetic nerve fibers and neurons in the cochlea, they are also compatible with the idea that the small neurons may have an auditory function influenced by the synaptic contacts of efferent fibers from the olivocochlear bundle.", "contents": "Nerve fiber synapses on spiral ganglion cells in the human cochlea. Nerve fiber synapses were observed on the small myelinated and unmyelinated spiral ganglion cells of the human cochlea. The nerve fibers penetrated the junctions of the ensheathing satellite cells and myelin lamellae, and partly invaginated into the perikarya to establish axosomatic synapses. One small myelinated neuron with a nerve fiber synapse demonstrated multipolar cell processes. However, most small neurons with identical ultrastructural characteristics did not show these synapses. Axodendritic synapses were also seen on the dendritic processes of the small neurons and between varicose nerves and unmyelinated nerve fibers some distance from the small neurons. While these observations conform in some aspects with the concept of parasympathetic nerve fibers and neurons in the cochlea, they are also compatible with the idea that the small neurons may have an auditory function influenced by the synaptic contacts of efferent fibers from the olivocochlear bundle.", "PMID": 118697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13429", "title": "A study on the pathogenesis of recurrent parotitis in childhood.", "content": "Roentgenologic, histopathologic, electron microscopic, virologic and immunologic studies were performed to investigate the etiologic features of recurrent parotitis in children. When examined sialographically and histopathologically, it was considered that pathologic changes in the parotid gland had developed as latent chronic inflammation with mild glandular destruction long before the disease became manifest clinically with acute exacerbation. Proliferation of the duct epithelium in the regenerative process and increase of intraductal pressure due to obstruction of the salivary outflow were assumed to be the causative factors of dilative changes of the peripheral ductal system. Investigation of complement fixation antibody, hemoagglutination inhibition antibody and neutralization antibody responses to mumps virus showed that onset of the disease was unrelated to mumps infection in the majority of cases. Increase of complement fixation antibody titer to various viruses was observed in many cases during acute exacerbation, and were considered to have brought about secondary ascending bacterial infection of the parotid gland by lowering of the systemic resistance. Comparison of serums IgA, IgG, IgM and salivary IgA in these patients with those of control children did not reveal participation of immunodeficiency in the development of this disease. But judging from the results of the long-term clinical follow-up study it was difficult to disregard the possibility that physiological immaturity of the immune response in young children may play some role in onset and recurrent exacerbation of the disease.", "contents": "A study on the pathogenesis of recurrent parotitis in childhood. Roentgenologic, histopathologic, electron microscopic, virologic and immunologic studies were performed to investigate the etiologic features of recurrent parotitis in children. When examined sialographically and histopathologically, it was considered that pathologic changes in the parotid gland had developed as latent chronic inflammation with mild glandular destruction long before the disease became manifest clinically with acute exacerbation. Proliferation of the duct epithelium in the regenerative process and increase of intraductal pressure due to obstruction of the salivary outflow were assumed to be the causative factors of dilative changes of the peripheral ductal system. Investigation of complement fixation antibody, hemoagglutination inhibition antibody and neutralization antibody responses to mumps virus showed that onset of the disease was unrelated to mumps infection in the majority of cases. Increase of complement fixation antibody titer to various viruses was observed in many cases during acute exacerbation, and were considered to have brought about secondary ascending bacterial infection of the parotid gland by lowering of the systemic resistance. Comparison of serums IgA, IgG, IgM and salivary IgA in these patients with those of control children did not reveal participation of immunodeficiency in the development of this disease. But judging from the results of the long-term clinical follow-up study it was difficult to disregard the possibility that physiological immaturity of the immune response in young children may play some role in onset and recurrent exacerbation of the disease.", "PMID": 118698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13430", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the normal human stapes.", "content": "The structure of the normal human stapes was studied with the scanning electron microscope. Specimens were obtained 48 hours after death from adult human temporal bones free from obvious inflammatory disease. The specimens were fixed, dissected, critical-point dried and coated with gold. In this scanning electron microscopic study an attempt has been made to systematically demonstrate the average scanning electron microscopic features of various areas of the normal human stapes. An emphasis has been placed upon demonstrating as clearly as possible the details previously unclear or unrecognized and duplication of many excellent earlier light and electron microscopic studies has been attempted. The typical appearance of the stapes head, neck, arch, crura and footplate has been presented. It is apparent that there exists a high degree of structural specialization particularly in the stapes arch and footplate area.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the normal human stapes. The structure of the normal human stapes was studied with the scanning electron microscope. Specimens were obtained 48 hours after death from adult human temporal bones free from obvious inflammatory disease. The specimens were fixed, dissected, critical-point dried and coated with gold. In this scanning electron microscopic study an attempt has been made to systematically demonstrate the average scanning electron microscopic features of various areas of the normal human stapes. An emphasis has been placed upon demonstrating as clearly as possible the details previously unclear or unrecognized and duplication of many excellent earlier light and electron microscopic studies has been attempted. The typical appearance of the stapes head, neck, arch, crura and footplate has been presented. It is apparent that there exists a high degree of structural specialization particularly in the stapes arch and footplate area.", "PMID": 118699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13431", "title": "[Eugregarines from Caraboidea Coleoptera. New data and species. (author's transl)].", "content": "In this work, we describe some new species of Eugregarines parasites from Caraboidea: Ramicephalus nebriae and Ramicephalus rostratus from Nebria lafresnayei Serville; Ramicephalus cecheni from Cechenus (Iniopachys) pyrenaeus Serville; Ancyrophora penetreti from Penetretus rufipennis Dejean; Ancryophora hispani from Chrysocarabus (Chrysotribax) hispanus Fabr.; Gregarina peloris from Pelor (Iberozabrus) obesus Serville; Gregarina dichirotrichi from Dichirotrichus pallidus Dejean. We complete the life-cycle of Gregarina ophoni Tuz. Arm., 1951 and confirm his classification in the genus Gregarina. We have found this parasite in a new host, Ophonus similis Dejean.", "contents": "[Eugregarines from Caraboidea Coleoptera. New data and species. (author's transl)]. In this work, we describe some new species of Eugregarines parasites from Caraboidea: Ramicephalus nebriae and Ramicephalus rostratus from Nebria lafresnayei Serville; Ramicephalus cecheni from Cechenus (Iniopachys) pyrenaeus Serville; Ancyrophora penetreti from Penetretus rufipennis Dejean; Ancryophora hispani from Chrysocarabus (Chrysotribax) hispanus Fabr.; Gregarina peloris from Pelor (Iberozabrus) obesus Serville; Gregarina dichirotrichi from Dichirotrichus pallidus Dejean. We complete the life-cycle of Gregarina ophoni Tuz. Arm., 1951 and confirm his classification in the genus Gregarina. We have found this parasite in a new host, Ophonus similis Dejean.", "PMID": 118700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13432", "title": "Eating epilepsy associated with a deep forebrain glioma.", "content": "Seizures associated with deglutition are rare, and previously reported cases of so-called eating epilepsy have not identified specific electrophysiological or anatomical foci. We evaluated a 14-year-old with a deep hemispheric astrocytoma in whom focal seizures were consistently triggered by eating. Electroencephalograms were consistent with a deeply located seizure focus. Eating epilepsy should be grouped with reflex epilepsies that may originate with the diencephalon.", "contents": "Eating epilepsy associated with a deep forebrain glioma. Seizures associated with deglutition are rare, and previously reported cases of so-called eating epilepsy have not identified specific electrophysiological or anatomical foci. We evaluated a 14-year-old with a deep hemispheric astrocytoma in whom focal seizures were consistently triggered by eating. Electroencephalograms were consistent with a deeply located seizure focus. Eating epilepsy should be grouped with reflex epilepsies that may originate with the diencephalon.", "PMID": 118704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13433", "title": "Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 34 antimicrobial agents for control strains Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853.", "content": "The use of control strains of bacteria is important to monitor the accuracy and precision of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Knowledge of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of commonly used organisms would be useful to achieve a degree of inter- as well as intra-laboratory reproducibility. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 34 antimicrobial agents for control strains Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, as determined by a microdilution method in cation-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth, are reported.", "contents": "Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 34 antimicrobial agents for control strains Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The use of control strains of bacteria is important to monitor the accuracy and precision of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Knowledge of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of commonly used organisms would be useful to achieve a degree of inter- as well as intra-laboratory reproducibility. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 34 antimicrobial agents for control strains Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, as determined by a microdilution method in cation-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth, are reported.", "PMID": 118705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13434", "title": "[Intranuclear structures of monkey kidney cells recognised by immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy using anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "Autoantibodies which react with a ribonucleoprotein material present in the saline extract of nuclei have been found in the sera of patients with Sharp's syndrome and in some cases of systemic lupus erythematosus and of systemic sclerosis. Such antibodies give a granular or reticulated immunofluorescence staining of the nuclei of mouse peripheral blood leukocytes. When cultures of monkey kidney cells (Macacus cynomolgus) were examined by immunofluorescence using such antibodies, it was found that the staining pattern depended on the state of the cell cultures. Nuclei of cells in stationary cultures showed the presence of perinucleolar granules of RNP whereas, within a few hours after subculture, the nuclei contained widely dispersed specks of antigen. In mitotic cells the antigen appears to be evenly dispersed throughout the cell volume with the exception of the chromosomes. Immuno-electron microscopy of cells treated 24 hours after subculture indicates that the specks correspond to aggregates of 200--250 A granules, probably interchromatin granules.", "contents": "[Intranuclear structures of monkey kidney cells recognised by immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy using anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies (author's transl)]. Autoantibodies which react with a ribonucleoprotein material present in the saline extract of nuclei have been found in the sera of patients with Sharp's syndrome and in some cases of systemic lupus erythematosus and of systemic sclerosis. Such antibodies give a granular or reticulated immunofluorescence staining of the nuclei of mouse peripheral blood leukocytes. When cultures of monkey kidney cells (Macacus cynomolgus) were examined by immunofluorescence using such antibodies, it was found that the staining pattern depended on the state of the cell cultures. Nuclei of cells in stationary cultures showed the presence of perinucleolar granules of RNP whereas, within a few hours after subculture, the nuclei contained widely dispersed specks of antigen. In mitotic cells the antigen appears to be evenly dispersed throughout the cell volume with the exception of the chromosomes. Immuno-electron microscopy of cells treated 24 hours after subculture indicates that the specks correspond to aggregates of 200--250 A granules, probably interchromatin granules.", "PMID": 118702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13435", "title": "Studies on the genetic control of murine humoral response to immunization with a peptidoglycan-containing fraction extracted from Brucella melitensis.", "content": "A peptidoglycan containing fraction (fraction \"5\") extracted from Brucella melitensis has been injected in low infra-vaccinating doses into inbred mice. The genetic control of the resulting anti-Brucella humoral response has been studied in the C57BL/6 \"good responder\" X DBA2 \"low responder\" model. The results observed in F1, F2 and reciprocal backcrosses show that the \"good responder\" character, although transmitted as a dominant trait, is under polygenic control and independent of H2 haplotype, Ig allotype, sexual chromosoms or the \"d\" coat color gene. On the other hand, the phenotypic expression of at least one of the genes involved is sex-limited and influenced by hormonal environmental factors. Moreover the expression in females of one of these sex-dependent genes is associated with the \"b\" coat color gene. These results are discussed in terms of their possible relevance in spontaneous or vaccinal resistance to experimental brucellosis, of the relative role of the peptidoglycan and lipoprotein moieties in fraction \"5\" and of the possible importance of sex-dependent and chromosome 4-linked genetic factors for B-cell functions.", "contents": "Studies on the genetic control of murine humoral response to immunization with a peptidoglycan-containing fraction extracted from Brucella melitensis. A peptidoglycan containing fraction (fraction \"5\") extracted from Brucella melitensis has been injected in low infra-vaccinating doses into inbred mice. The genetic control of the resulting anti-Brucella humoral response has been studied in the C57BL/6 \"good responder\" X DBA2 \"low responder\" model. The results observed in F1, F2 and reciprocal backcrosses show that the \"good responder\" character, although transmitted as a dominant trait, is under polygenic control and independent of H2 haplotype, Ig allotype, sexual chromosoms or the \"d\" coat color gene. On the other hand, the phenotypic expression of at least one of the genes involved is sex-limited and influenced by hormonal environmental factors. Moreover the expression in females of one of these sex-dependent genes is associated with the \"b\" coat color gene. These results are discussed in terms of their possible relevance in spontaneous or vaccinal resistance to experimental brucellosis, of the relative role of the peptidoglycan and lipoprotein moieties in fraction \"5\" and of the possible importance of sex-dependent and chromosome 4-linked genetic factors for B-cell functions.", "PMID": 118703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13436", "title": "Agar disk diffusion susceptibility characteristics of azlocillin, carbenicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin.", "content": "The agar disk diffusion susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae to mezlocillin and piperacillin was correlated with agar minimal inhibitory concentrations and compared with the susceptibility to carbenicillin. The agar disk susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin was correlated with agar minimal inhibitory concentrations and compared with the susceptibility to carbenicillin and ticarcillin. Criteria are offered for the zones of inhibition to provide information about resistant and susceptible isolates that correlate with known serum levels.", "contents": "Agar disk diffusion susceptibility characteristics of azlocillin, carbenicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin. The agar disk diffusion susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae to mezlocillin and piperacillin was correlated with agar minimal inhibitory concentrations and compared with the susceptibility to carbenicillin. The agar disk susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin was correlated with agar minimal inhibitory concentrations and compared with the susceptibility to carbenicillin and ticarcillin. Criteria are offered for the zones of inhibition to provide information about resistant and susceptible isolates that correlate with known serum levels.", "PMID": 118706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13437", "title": "High-level, plasmid-borne resistance to gentamicin in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes.", "content": "Each of three isolates of Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes harbored three R plasmids and a hemolysin-bacteriocin plasmid. The plasmids carried by one of these strains were physically characterized after their conjugative transfer. In each strain one of the plasmids carried genetic markers for resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, and tobramycin.", "contents": "High-level, plasmid-borne resistance to gentamicin in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes. Each of three isolates of Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes harbored three R plasmids and a hemolysin-bacteriocin plasmid. The plasmids carried by one of these strains were physically characterized after their conjugative transfer. In each strain one of the plasmids carried genetic markers for resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, and tobramycin.", "PMID": 118707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13438", "title": "Sublethal stress in Escherichia coli: a function of salinity.", "content": "Sublethal stress in Escherichia coli was detected in various test media after exposure (in vitro) to seawater of various salinites. Stress was measured with an electrochemical detection technique and a beta-galactosidase assay. Test media included EC medium, medium A-1, and tryptic soy broth modified to contain lactose for beta-galactosidase assay experiments. Stress was defined as the difference between a predicted electrochemical response time calculated for unstarved cells from a standard curve and the observed electrochemical response time for cells starved in seawater. The higher the salinity, the greater the stress for all test media examined. Stress was most pronounced in EC and was attributed primarily to initial die-off of starved cells exposed to the test medium at the elevated temperature of 44.5 degrees C. Lag time and growth rates in test media were not significantly affected by salinity. beta-Galactosidase specific activity, assayed in starved cells after transfer to an induction medium at 44.5 degrees C for 150 min, was inversely related to the salinity of the starved cell suspension. The consequences of these observations with respect to coliform enumeration methods are discussed.", "contents": "Sublethal stress in Escherichia coli: a function of salinity. Sublethal stress in Escherichia coli was detected in various test media after exposure (in vitro) to seawater of various salinites. Stress was measured with an electrochemical detection technique and a beta-galactosidase assay. Test media included EC medium, medium A-1, and tryptic soy broth modified to contain lactose for beta-galactosidase assay experiments. Stress was defined as the difference between a predicted electrochemical response time calculated for unstarved cells from a standard curve and the observed electrochemical response time for cells starved in seawater. The higher the salinity, the greater the stress for all test media examined. Stress was most pronounced in EC and was attributed primarily to initial die-off of starved cells exposed to the test medium at the elevated temperature of 44.5 degrees C. Lag time and growth rates in test media were not significantly affected by salinity. beta-Galactosidase specific activity, assayed in starved cells after transfer to an induction medium at 44.5 degrees C for 150 min, was inversely related to the salinity of the starved cell suspension. The consequences of these observations with respect to coliform enumeration methods are discussed.", "PMID": 118708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13439", "title": "Ultrastructural aspects of normolipidemic xanthomatosis.", "content": "Electron microscopic aspects in ten cases of normolipidemic cutaneous xanthomatosis have been investigated. Two additional types IV and V hyperlipoproteinaemic xanthomatosis have also been included. Ultrastructural findings in all cases were similar. Abundant histiocytic cells with numerous intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles, lysosomes, and myelin-figures, were the striking features. Moreover, in older lesions microfilaments and lipid vacuoles were found in some fibroblastic cells, as well as long space collagen around them. In some specimens we observed: giant multinucleated histiocytic cells, crystalline cleft-like spaces in histiocytes and some mastocytes with lipidic crystals in the extracellular space, as well as lipid vacuoles in Schwann cells, endothelial cells and pericytes. Rod-shaped tubulated bodies were found in some endothelial cells, with multiple basal vascular laminae. In xantelasma palpebrarum and in disseminate plane xanthoma the histiocytary foamy cells adopted a perivascular arrangement, as in hyperlipoproteinemic xanthomatosis. We concluded that ultrastructural aspects of different xanthomatosis are fairly similar as a consequence of the large amount of intracytoplasmic lipids accumulated in xanthomatosus cells. In xanthelasma palpebrarum and in disseminated plane xanthoma this cell phase is reached by similar pathways to those for hyperlipoproteinemic xanthomatosis, whilst in xanthoma disseminatum and juvenile xanthogranuloma the pathways seem to be different. A classification of normolipidemic xanthomatosis is also provided.", "contents": "Ultrastructural aspects of normolipidemic xanthomatosis. Electron microscopic aspects in ten cases of normolipidemic cutaneous xanthomatosis have been investigated. Two additional types IV and V hyperlipoproteinaemic xanthomatosis have also been included. Ultrastructural findings in all cases were similar. Abundant histiocytic cells with numerous intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles, lysosomes, and myelin-figures, were the striking features. Moreover, in older lesions microfilaments and lipid vacuoles were found in some fibroblastic cells, as well as long space collagen around them. In some specimens we observed: giant multinucleated histiocytic cells, crystalline cleft-like spaces in histiocytes and some mastocytes with lipidic crystals in the extracellular space, as well as lipid vacuoles in Schwann cells, endothelial cells and pericytes. Rod-shaped tubulated bodies were found in some endothelial cells, with multiple basal vascular laminae. In xantelasma palpebrarum and in disseminate plane xanthoma the histiocytary foamy cells adopted a perivascular arrangement, as in hyperlipoproteinemic xanthomatosis. We concluded that ultrastructural aspects of different xanthomatosis are fairly similar as a consequence of the large amount of intracytoplasmic lipids accumulated in xanthomatosus cells. In xanthelasma palpebrarum and in disseminated plane xanthoma this cell phase is reached by similar pathways to those for hyperlipoproteinemic xanthomatosis, whilst in xanthoma disseminatum and juvenile xanthogranuloma the pathways seem to be different. A classification of normolipidemic xanthomatosis is also provided.", "PMID": 118710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13440", "title": "Mammalian histidine decarboxylase. Stability studies with special reference to the effect of salts.", "content": "Histidine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.22) prepared from a murine mastocytoma is activated up to six-fold when the concentration of phosphate in the assay medium is increased from 1 mM to 150 mM. Chloride and sulfate, on the other hand, are inhibitory and appear to interfere with the binding of pyridoxal phosphate to the enzyme. The inhibition by chloride is relatively less pronounced at high than at low concentrations of phosphate. The enzyme is inhibited by heavy metal ions and to some extent by alkylation and oxidation, but also by strong reduction. The histidine decarboxylase activity is stablized by 150 mM potassium phosphate, 1 mM dithiothreitol and 10 micrometers pyridoxal phosphate when stored at 6--8 degrees C. This holds true for both crude extract enzyme and enzyme purified by molecular sieving and hydrophobic interaction chromatography.", "contents": "Mammalian histidine decarboxylase. Stability studies with special reference to the effect of salts. Histidine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.22) prepared from a murine mastocytoma is activated up to six-fold when the concentration of phosphate in the assay medium is increased from 1 mM to 150 mM. Chloride and sulfate, on the other hand, are inhibitory and appear to interfere with the binding of pyridoxal phosphate to the enzyme. The inhibition by chloride is relatively less pronounced at high than at low concentrations of phosphate. The enzyme is inhibited by heavy metal ions and to some extent by alkylation and oxidation, but also by strong reduction. The histidine decarboxylase activity is stablized by 150 mM potassium phosphate, 1 mM dithiothreitol and 10 micrometers pyridoxal phosphate when stored at 6--8 degrees C. This holds true for both crude extract enzyme and enzyme purified by molecular sieving and hydrophobic interaction chromatography.", "PMID": 118711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13441", "title": "The neuropharmacology of a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid analog, kojic amine.", "content": "Kojic amine (KA; 2-aminomethyl-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one), a compound which shares some structural features with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and muscimol, has been examined in a variety of test systems for GABAmimetic activity. In several in vitro central nervous system receptor binding assays employing rat brain membrane preparations, KA exhibited selective activity to displace 3H-muscimol but with a relatively high IC50 of 4.4 muM. KA did not alter the binding of 3H-diazepam. Iontophoretically applied KA exerted a pronounced (comparable to GABA on the basis of ejection currents)i inhibition of the firing of cerebellar Purkinje cells and spontaneously active or glutamate-activated neurons in the cerebral cortex. The inhibitory effects of KA, which were longer lasting than those of GABA, were antagonized by bicuculline and enhanced in the presence of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. On the isolated amphibian (Bufo marinus) spinal cord, KA was less than 1/3 as potent as GABA in depolarizing primary afferent terminals. In this preparation KA caused a marked decrease in the dorsal and ventral root potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of an adjacent or corresponding dorsal root. KA is a poor substrate for GABA uptake systems into rat brain synaptosomes, has no effect on GABA release in vitro, and does not inhibit GABA transaminase activity. Altogether, these data suggest that KA does have some GABAmimetic actions (which are perhaps restricted to hyperpolarizing post-synaptic GABA receptors) but also exerts other pharmacological effects as well.", "contents": "The neuropharmacology of a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid analog, kojic amine. Kojic amine (KA; 2-aminomethyl-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one), a compound which shares some structural features with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and muscimol, has been examined in a variety of test systems for GABAmimetic activity. In several in vitro central nervous system receptor binding assays employing rat brain membrane preparations, KA exhibited selective activity to displace 3H-muscimol but with a relatively high IC50 of 4.4 muM. KA did not alter the binding of 3H-diazepam. Iontophoretically applied KA exerted a pronounced (comparable to GABA on the basis of ejection currents)i inhibition of the firing of cerebellar Purkinje cells and spontaneously active or glutamate-activated neurons in the cerebral cortex. The inhibitory effects of KA, which were longer lasting than those of GABA, were antagonized by bicuculline and enhanced in the presence of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. On the isolated amphibian (Bufo marinus) spinal cord, KA was less than 1/3 as potent as GABA in depolarizing primary afferent terminals. In this preparation KA caused a marked decrease in the dorsal and ventral root potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of an adjacent or corresponding dorsal root. KA is a poor substrate for GABA uptake systems into rat brain synaptosomes, has no effect on GABA release in vitro, and does not inhibit GABA transaminase activity. Altogether, these data suggest that KA does have some GABAmimetic actions (which are perhaps restricted to hyperpolarizing post-synaptic GABA receptors) but also exerts other pharmacological effects as well.", "PMID": 118713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13442", "title": "[Treatment of inappropriate ADH secretion syndrome with demethylchlortetracycline].", "content": "A sixteen month girl with inappropriate ADH secretion was treated with demethylchlortetracycline. On a dose of 20 mgs/kg/day the disorder resolved completely. Treatment was continued with a maintenance dose of 15 mgs/kg/day. No side effects were observed.", "contents": "[Treatment of inappropriate ADH secretion syndrome with demethylchlortetracycline]. A sixteen month girl with inappropriate ADH secretion was treated with demethylchlortetracycline. On a dose of 20 mgs/kg/day the disorder resolved completely. Treatment was continued with a maintenance dose of 15 mgs/kg/day. No side effects were observed.", "PMID": 118718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13443", "title": "Clinical features of 22 cases with \"inter-sterno-costo-clavicular ossification\". A new rheumatic syndrome.", "content": "We present 22 cases with inter-sterno-costoclavicular ossification. Clinical and pathological findings show that abnormal ossification observed in this situation is due to non-suppurative chronic inflammation of the soft tissues around the sterno-costo-clavicular region such as the costo-clavicular ligament. We have classified X-ray findings into three stages according to the extent of the ossification; localized, generalized, and hyperostotic, and show that the disease progressed in this sequence. A considerable number of the patients showed abnormal X-ray findings in the spine or the sacro-iliac joint. Frequent association of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris was noted in this disease. Most of the cases were treated effectively with anti-inflammatory drugs, but a few cases required surgical resection of the ossified mass with the clavicle or the first rib in order to relieve the severe pain.", "contents": "Clinical features of 22 cases with \"inter-sterno-costo-clavicular ossification\". A new rheumatic syndrome. We present 22 cases with inter-sterno-costoclavicular ossification. Clinical and pathological findings show that abnormal ossification observed in this situation is due to non-suppurative chronic inflammation of the soft tissues around the sterno-costo-clavicular region such as the costo-clavicular ligament. We have classified X-ray findings into three stages according to the extent of the ossification; localized, generalized, and hyperostotic, and show that the disease progressed in this sequence. A considerable number of the patients showed abnormal X-ray findings in the spine or the sacro-iliac joint. Frequent association of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris was noted in this disease. Most of the cases were treated effectively with anti-inflammatory drugs, but a few cases required surgical resection of the ossified mass with the clavicle or the first rib in order to relieve the severe pain.", "PMID": 118719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13444", "title": "The release of gentamycin into the wound secretions from polymethylmethacrylate beads. A study with reference to the animal experiment.", "content": "Following implantation of Gentamycin PMMA beads, the concentration of antibiotics in the wound secretion was investigated in an animal experiment which corresponded to the clinically applied procedure. The measured concentrations of active substance over a period of 6 days were on an average 8 times higher than the maximum serum titers obtainable with systemic application of antibiotics, and consequently they exceeded by several dilution stages the minimum bactericidal concentrations of most of those bacteria which are responsible for infections of wounds and bones. The kinetics of release of Gentamycin out of the PMMA beads are presented, and compared with that of bone cement which contains antibiotics and which is used in endoprostheses. From the results, conclusions about the intraoperative techniques which should be realised have been drawn, conditions which are of decisive importance for the success of this new treatment for infections of the bone and soft tissue.", "contents": "The release of gentamycin into the wound secretions from polymethylmethacrylate beads. A study with reference to the animal experiment. Following implantation of Gentamycin PMMA beads, the concentration of antibiotics in the wound secretion was investigated in an animal experiment which corresponded to the clinically applied procedure. The measured concentrations of active substance over a period of 6 days were on an average 8 times higher than the maximum serum titers obtainable with systemic application of antibiotics, and consequently they exceeded by several dilution stages the minimum bactericidal concentrations of most of those bacteria which are responsible for infections of wounds and bones. The kinetics of release of Gentamycin out of the PMMA beads are presented, and compared with that of bone cement which contains antibiotics and which is used in endoprostheses. From the results, conclusions about the intraoperative techniques which should be realised have been drawn, conditions which are of decisive importance for the success of this new treatment for infections of the bone and soft tissue.", "PMID": 118720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13445", "title": "Profile of 24-hour plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Their variation with two methods of total parenteral nutrition administration.", "content": "The concentration of glucose and insulin in the plasma during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was measured every 20 minutes during a 24-hour period in three subjects with granulomatous enterocolitis. During a gravity drip, parallel variations in rate of flow and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were seen, and both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia occurred. During a constant (pumped) infusion, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were stable and normal. Glucose excretion in the urine was negligible and adequate gains in weight occurred, suggesting utilization of the administered nutrients. Hypertonic solutions for TPN should be infused at a constant rate either by careful attention to the flow rate during changes of intravenous bottles and tubing or by using a constant-infusion pump. Infusion of TPN solutions at a constant rate minimizes the risk of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.", "contents": "Profile of 24-hour plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Their variation with two methods of total parenteral nutrition administration. The concentration of glucose and insulin in the plasma during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was measured every 20 minutes during a 24-hour period in three subjects with granulomatous enterocolitis. During a gravity drip, parallel variations in rate of flow and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were seen, and both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia occurred. During a constant (pumped) infusion, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were stable and normal. Glucose excretion in the urine was negligible and adequate gains in weight occurred, suggesting utilization of the administered nutrients. Hypertonic solutions for TPN should be infused at a constant rate either by careful attention to the flow rate during changes of intravenous bottles and tubing or by using a constant-infusion pump. Infusion of TPN solutions at a constant rate minimizes the risk of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.", "PMID": 118721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13446", "title": "Role of endothelial injury and platelets in atherogenesis.", "content": "Endothelial cell injury is usually followed by the adherence and activation of platelets to exposed subendothelial surfaces. This is then followed by intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation and formation of connective tissue matrix by the smooth muscle cells through synthesis and secretion of collagen, elastic fiber proteins, and proteoglycans, and intracellular and extracellular lipid accumulation. Platelet activation is associated with morphological transformations which lead eventually to the \"release reaction\". A mitogenic factor has been recently recognized among the substances released from platelets and it may play a crucial role in promoting the intimal proliferation of smooth muscle cells which characterize atherosclerotic plaques.", "contents": "Role of endothelial injury and platelets in atherogenesis. Endothelial cell injury is usually followed by the adherence and activation of platelets to exposed subendothelial surfaces. This is then followed by intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation and formation of connective tissue matrix by the smooth muscle cells through synthesis and secretion of collagen, elastic fiber proteins, and proteoglycans, and intracellular and extracellular lipid accumulation. Platelet activation is associated with morphological transformations which lead eventually to the \"release reaction\". A mitogenic factor has been recently recognized among the substances released from platelets and it may play a crucial role in promoting the intimal proliferation of smooth muscle cells which characterize atherosclerotic plaques.", "PMID": 118723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13447", "title": "Oxygen levels safe for continued reproduction of Drosophila in normal and hypobaric atmospheres.", "content": "Reproduction of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster was examined in various combinations of oxygen concentration and total atmospheric pressure in an effort to establish extremes within which continued reproduction can take place. The effects of temperature were also examined. At 760 torr total pressure, it was found that reproduction could take place between 10% oxygen, PO2 = 76 torr, and 38% oxygen, PO2 = 288 torr, at a temperature of 26 degrees C. At 18 degrees C, the lower limit remained the same but the upper limit rose to 60% oxygen, PO2 = 456 torr. In hypobaric atmospheres totalling 250 torr, the low extreme was 30% oxygen, PO2 = 75 torr, and the upper level was 80% oxygen, PO2 = 200 torr. Because closed ecology life support systems proposed for future space programs will include similar small organisms with short life cycles, the author encourages similar reproductive studies with species most likely to accompany humans into space.", "contents": "Oxygen levels safe for continued reproduction of Drosophila in normal and hypobaric atmospheres. Reproduction of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster was examined in various combinations of oxygen concentration and total atmospheric pressure in an effort to establish extremes within which continued reproduction can take place. The effects of temperature were also examined. At 760 torr total pressure, it was found that reproduction could take place between 10% oxygen, PO2 = 76 torr, and 38% oxygen, PO2 = 288 torr, at a temperature of 26 degrees C. At 18 degrees C, the lower limit remained the same but the upper limit rose to 60% oxygen, PO2 = 456 torr. In hypobaric atmospheres totalling 250 torr, the low extreme was 30% oxygen, PO2 = 75 torr, and the upper level was 80% oxygen, PO2 = 200 torr. Because closed ecology life support systems proposed for future space programs will include similar small organisms with short life cycles, the author encourages similar reproductive studies with species most likely to accompany humans into space.", "PMID": 118743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13448", "title": "Specific interaction of human Tamm-Horsfall gylcoprotein with leucoagglutinin, a lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris (red kidney bean).", "content": "Human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein inhibits lymphocyte transformation induced by leucoagglutinin and haemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris (red kidney bean). The glycoprotein interacts with the two lectins, giving insoluble precipitates. The interaction with leucoagglutinin is highly specific, and the shape of the precipitin curve is that of an antigen-antibody reaction; precipitation is specifically inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Results are discussed, and it is suggested that inhibition of lymphocyte transformation is due to competition between human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and carbohydrate receptors on lymphocytes for the two lectins. The interaction between human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and Phaseolus vulgaris lectins has been used to develop a one-step procedure for the separation of the two lectins by affinity chromatography on (human Tamm-Horsfall-glycoprotein)-Sepharose.", "contents": "Specific interaction of human Tamm-Horsfall gylcoprotein with leucoagglutinin, a lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris (red kidney bean). Human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein inhibits lymphocyte transformation induced by leucoagglutinin and haemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris (red kidney bean). The glycoprotein interacts with the two lectins, giving insoluble precipitates. The interaction with leucoagglutinin is highly specific, and the shape of the precipitin curve is that of an antigen-antibody reaction; precipitation is specifically inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Results are discussed, and it is suggested that inhibition of lymphocyte transformation is due to competition between human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and carbohydrate receptors on lymphocytes for the two lectins. The interaction between human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and Phaseolus vulgaris lectins has been used to develop a one-step procedure for the separation of the two lectins by affinity chromatography on (human Tamm-Horsfall-glycoprotein)-Sepharose.", "PMID": 118744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13449", "title": "Density comparisons of heavy chains of membrane and secreted immunoglobulins of mouse.", "content": "In order to explore structural differences between membrane and secreted immunoglobulins the buoyant densities of mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chains were compared by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl containing guanidine hydrochloride. The buoyant densities, under denaturing conditions, of mouse myeloma protein MOPC 21 IgG, MOPC 315 IgA and MOPC 104E IgM H chains were consistent with their carbohydrate contents. Mouse membrane IgM and MOPC 104E-secreted IgM H chains were of equal density. The buoyant densities of MOPC 104E-secreted IgM and spleen-cell-secreted IgM H chains were indistinguishable. The IgD-like membrane H chain was denser than membrane IgM H chain, and its carbohydrate content was calculated to be 15.5%. The resolution of the technique was sufficient to conclude that the apparent 1500 mol.wt. difference, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, between membrane and secreted IgM H chains was due to peptide rather than to carbohydrate. The results also imply that intact membrane IgM and IgD bind detergent and are thus integral membrane proteins.", "contents": "Density comparisons of heavy chains of membrane and secreted immunoglobulins of mouse. In order to explore structural differences between membrane and secreted immunoglobulins the buoyant densities of mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chains were compared by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl containing guanidine hydrochloride. The buoyant densities, under denaturing conditions, of mouse myeloma protein MOPC 21 IgG, MOPC 315 IgA and MOPC 104E IgM H chains were consistent with their carbohydrate contents. Mouse membrane IgM and MOPC 104E-secreted IgM H chains were of equal density. The buoyant densities of MOPC 104E-secreted IgM and spleen-cell-secreted IgM H chains were indistinguishable. The IgD-like membrane H chain was denser than membrane IgM H chain, and its carbohydrate content was calculated to be 15.5%. The resolution of the technique was sufficient to conclude that the apparent 1500 mol.wt. difference, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, between membrane and secreted IgM H chains was due to peptide rather than to carbohydrate. The results also imply that intact membrane IgM and IgD bind detergent and are thus integral membrane proteins.", "PMID": 118745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13450", "title": "Serotyping of Pasteurella multocida isolants from poultry.", "content": "A total of 607 Pasteurella multocida strains were isolated in Israel from turkeys, geese, and chickens. Serotyping was carried out by the gel-diffusion precipitin test. The antigens were heat-stable saline extracts of the organisms, and the diagnostic sera were produced in chickens using formalinized bacterins. Among 31 serotypes containing one to five antigenic factors, serotypes 1 and 3 accounted for 58.1%, 80.8%, and 88.9% isolants from turkeys, geese, and chickens, respectively. On the basis of the incidence of these serotypes in the flocks examined, serotype 1 was predominant. The variety of antigenic components was greatest for strains from turkeys, with some untypable. The record of isolants from various flocks indicated the wide distribution of many of the strains. Attention was drawn to strains with multiple antigenic factors and the possible implication of their presence in the preparation and use of vaccines.", "contents": "Serotyping of Pasteurella multocida isolants from poultry. A total of 607 Pasteurella multocida strains were isolated in Israel from turkeys, geese, and chickens. Serotyping was carried out by the gel-diffusion precipitin test. The antigens were heat-stable saline extracts of the organisms, and the diagnostic sera were produced in chickens using formalinized bacterins. Among 31 serotypes containing one to five antigenic factors, serotypes 1 and 3 accounted for 58.1%, 80.8%, and 88.9% isolants from turkeys, geese, and chickens, respectively. On the basis of the incidence of these serotypes in the flocks examined, serotype 1 was predominant. The variety of antigenic components was greatest for strains from turkeys, with some untypable. The record of isolants from various flocks indicated the wide distribution of many of the strains. Attention was drawn to strains with multiple antigenic factors and the possible implication of their presence in the preparation and use of vaccines.", "PMID": 118742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13451", "title": "Occurrence and operation of the glycollate--glyoxylate shuttle in mitochondria of Euglena gracilis Z.", "content": "Both glyoxylate reductase (NADP+) and glycollate dehydrogenase were located exclusively in mitochondria in Euglena gracilis and constitute the glycollate--glyoxylate shuttle, whose existence in higher plants was thought doubtful, owing to different subcellular locations of the two enzymes. Disrupted Euglena mitochondria showed a glycollate-dependent NADPH oxidation, indicating actual operation of the shuttle in this protozoon.", "contents": "Occurrence and operation of the glycollate--glyoxylate shuttle in mitochondria of Euglena gracilis Z. Both glyoxylate reductase (NADP+) and glycollate dehydrogenase were located exclusively in mitochondria in Euglena gracilis and constitute the glycollate--glyoxylate shuttle, whose existence in higher plants was thought doubtful, owing to different subcellular locations of the two enzymes. Disrupted Euglena mitochondria showed a glycollate-dependent NADPH oxidation, indicating actual operation of the shuttle in this protozoon.", "PMID": 118746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13452", "title": "The effects of food deprivation and re-feeding on bovine adipose-tissue glycogen synthase.", "content": "Bovine adipose-tissue glycogen metabolism was studied during food deprivation and re-feeding. Changes in the specific activity of adipose-tissue glycogen synthase paralleled changes in tissue glycogen content: both parameters increased during food deprivation and remained so during the first 10 days of re-feeding. The values for the A0.5 (activation constant) for glucose 6-phosphate of the freshly isolated enzyme from adipose tissue from fed and starved steers were 2.9 +/- 0.1 mM and 0.90 +/- 0.05 mM respectively. Additionally, whereas incubation of adipose-tissue extracts from fed steers did not activate endogenous glycogen synthase (through a presumed phosphoprotein phosphatase mechanism), the enzyme from starved or re-fed (up to 3 days re-feeding) steers was reversibly activated as measured by changes in the value for the A0.5 for glucose 6-phosphate. Thus activation of bovine adipose-tissue glycogen synthase during food deprivation appears to be related to expression of glycogen synthase phosphatase activity. These effects of food deprivation on bovine glycogen metabolism contrast markedly with the effects observed in rat adipose tissue.", "contents": "The effects of food deprivation and re-feeding on bovine adipose-tissue glycogen synthase. Bovine adipose-tissue glycogen metabolism was studied during food deprivation and re-feeding. Changes in the specific activity of adipose-tissue glycogen synthase paralleled changes in tissue glycogen content: both parameters increased during food deprivation and remained so during the first 10 days of re-feeding. The values for the A0.5 (activation constant) for glucose 6-phosphate of the freshly isolated enzyme from adipose tissue from fed and starved steers were 2.9 +/- 0.1 mM and 0.90 +/- 0.05 mM respectively. Additionally, whereas incubation of adipose-tissue extracts from fed steers did not activate endogenous glycogen synthase (through a presumed phosphoprotein phosphatase mechanism), the enzyme from starved or re-fed (up to 3 days re-feeding) steers was reversibly activated as measured by changes in the value for the A0.5 for glucose 6-phosphate. Thus activation of bovine adipose-tissue glycogen synthase during food deprivation appears to be related to expression of glycogen synthase phosphatase activity. These effects of food deprivation on bovine glycogen metabolism contrast markedly with the effects observed in rat adipose tissue.", "PMID": 118747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13453", "title": "[Action of TRH on gastrointestinal motility in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was studied for its effects on some strips of the gastrointestinal tract in vitro. TRH showed to possess a certain stimulatory activity on proximal segments of the g.i. tract being approximately as effective as histamine. This motor activity of TRH is discussed taking into account a possible physiological role outside the brain.", "contents": "[Action of TRH on gastrointestinal motility in vitro (author's transl)]. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was studied for its effects on some strips of the gastrointestinal tract in vitro. TRH showed to possess a certain stimulatory activity on proximal segments of the g.i. tract being approximately as effective as histamine. This motor activity of TRH is discussed taking into account a possible physiological role outside the brain.", "PMID": 118762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13454", "title": "A long-term study of labetalol in general practice.", "content": "1 Forty-one patients with mild to moderate hypertension have been treated with labetalol for up to 5 years. 2 Mean BP before treatment was 180/107 mm Hg, after 2--3 yr treatment was 136/81 mmHg and after 5 yr was 136/74 mmHg. 3 One patient developed a licheniform rash and two patients have died of myocardial infarction. No other side-effects, not already observed in a previously reported double-blind trial, have emerged.", "contents": "A long-term study of labetalol in general practice. 1 Forty-one patients with mild to moderate hypertension have been treated with labetalol for up to 5 years. 2 Mean BP before treatment was 180/107 mm Hg, after 2--3 yr treatment was 136/81 mmHg and after 5 yr was 136/74 mmHg. 3 One patient developed a licheniform rash and two patients have died of myocardial infarction. No other side-effects, not already observed in a previously reported double-blind trial, have emerged.", "PMID": 118766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13455", "title": "Cell surface heterogeneity of human blood neutrophils and monocytes.", "content": "Until recently, human blood neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes have been considered to be homogeneous cell populations. However, much evidence has accumulated on their functional heterogeneity. This functional heterogeneity suggests the existence of different subsets of myeloid cells analogous to T and B subsets of lymphoid cells. The goal of this study was to investigate this question of myeloid subsets by examining myeloid cells for cell surface reactivity for IgG and complement (C). Normal PMN and monocytes were examined from 60 subjects for the presence of two types of IgG-Fc receptors and two activated C components, C3b and C3d. Most PMN and monocytes showed Fc receptor activity for rabbit IgG (Fc-R). In addition, the majority of monocytes but very few PMN reacted with human IgG (anti-Rh0) coated Rh-positive erythrocytes (Fc-H). Most PMN and monocytes showed C receptor reactivity for C3b, but only a minor subpopulation of both myeloid cells had C3d receptors. These data provide evidence that human blood myeloid cells may be composed of subsets with different membrane marker reactivities.", "contents": "Cell surface heterogeneity of human blood neutrophils and monocytes. Until recently, human blood neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes have been considered to be homogeneous cell populations. However, much evidence has accumulated on their functional heterogeneity. This functional heterogeneity suggests the existence of different subsets of myeloid cells analogous to T and B subsets of lymphoid cells. The goal of this study was to investigate this question of myeloid subsets by examining myeloid cells for cell surface reactivity for IgG and complement (C). Normal PMN and monocytes were examined from 60 subjects for the presence of two types of IgG-Fc receptors and two activated C components, C3b and C3d. Most PMN and monocytes showed Fc receptor activity for rabbit IgG (Fc-R). In addition, the majority of monocytes but very few PMN reacted with human IgG (anti-Rh0) coated Rh-positive erythrocytes (Fc-H). Most PMN and monocytes showed C receptor reactivity for C3b, but only a minor subpopulation of both myeloid cells had C3d receptors. These data provide evidence that human blood myeloid cells may be composed of subsets with different membrane marker reactivities.", "PMID": 118769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13456", "title": "Changes in fat, fat-free mass and body water in human normal pregnancy.", "content": "Measurements of body weight, total body water and total body potassium (40K) were made serially on three occasions during pregnancy and once post partum in 27 normal pregnant women. Skinfold thickness and fat cell diameter were also measured. A model of body composition was formulated to permit the estimation of changes in fat, lean tissue and water content of the maternal body. Total maternal body fat increased during pregnancy, reaching a peak towards the end of the second trimester before diminishing. Serial measurements of fat cell diameter showed poor correlation, whilst total body fat calculated from skinfold thickness correlated well with our estimated values for total body fat in pregnancy.", "contents": "Changes in fat, fat-free mass and body water in human normal pregnancy. Measurements of body weight, total body water and total body potassium (40K) were made serially on three occasions during pregnancy and once post partum in 27 normal pregnant women. Skinfold thickness and fat cell diameter were also measured. A model of body composition was formulated to permit the estimation of changes in fat, lean tissue and water content of the maternal body. Total maternal body fat increased during pregnancy, reaching a peak towards the end of the second trimester before diminishing. Serial measurements of fat cell diameter showed poor correlation, whilst total body fat calculated from skinfold thickness correlated well with our estimated values for total body fat in pregnancy.", "PMID": 118770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13457", "title": "Relationship between the \"phospholipid effect\" and calcium in the thyroid. I. - Effects of calcium ions, E.G.T.A., ionophore A 23187, verapamil and chlorpromazine on resting and stimulate thyroid slices.", "content": "The \"phospholipid effect\" which is the enhanced turnover of the phosphorylinositol group of phosphatidylinositol (PI) occurs in the thyroid of response to thyreostimulin (TSH). The possibility that Ca2+ ions are involved in this stimulation has been investigated with pig thyroid slices. Experiments performed in media without Ca2+ or containing E.G.T.A. (2 mM), indicate that it is not the extracellular Ca2+ which is implied, but rather the intracellular Ca2+. The ionophore A23187 (6.10(-6) M) increases the specific radioactivity of the acid soluble precursors, but has also a specific effect on the PI turnover, which is additive with the effect of a high concentration of TSH (50 mU/ml). Washing and loading of slices with various Ca2+ concentrations show that 0.9 mM restores the TSH phospholipid effect. Verapamil (10(-3) M) and Chlorpromazine (10(-3) M) redirect glycerolipid metabolism by increasing PI and phosphatidic acid (PA) synthesis at the expense of other glycerolipids, as phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). These results suggest that the \"phospholipid effect\" is not a result of Ca2+ entry into the thyroid cells. On the contrary, it seems that this increased turnover of PI in \"long term\" incubations (3 hr). An additive and acute effect of TSH effect is more pronounced when Ca2+ movements", "contents": "Relationship between the \"phospholipid effect\" and calcium in the thyroid. I. - Effects of calcium ions, E.G.T.A., ionophore A 23187, verapamil and chlorpromazine on resting and stimulate thyroid slices. The \"phospholipid effect\" which is the enhanced turnover of the phosphorylinositol group of phosphatidylinositol (PI) occurs in the thyroid of response to thyreostimulin (TSH). The possibility that Ca2+ ions are involved in this stimulation has been investigated with pig thyroid slices. Experiments performed in media without Ca2+ or containing E.G.T.A. (2 mM), indicate that it is not the extracellular Ca2+ which is implied, but rather the intracellular Ca2+. The ionophore A23187 (6.10(-6) M) increases the specific radioactivity of the acid soluble precursors, but has also a specific effect on the PI turnover, which is additive with the effect of a high concentration of TSH (50 mU/ml). Washing and loading of slices with various Ca2+ concentrations show that 0.9 mM restores the TSH phospholipid effect. Verapamil (10(-3) M) and Chlorpromazine (10(-3) M) redirect glycerolipid metabolism by increasing PI and phosphatidic acid (PA) synthesis at the expense of other glycerolipids, as phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). These results suggest that the \"phospholipid effect\" is not a result of Ca2+ entry into the thyroid cells. On the contrary, it seems that this increased turnover of PI in \"long term\" incubations (3 hr). An additive and acute effect of TSH effect is more pronounced when Ca2+ movements", "PMID": 118772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13458", "title": "Immunodiagnosis of hydatidosis using monospecific immune serum anti Ag5.", "content": "Microdouble diffusion technique using whole hydatid antigen and monospecific antiserum against Echinococcus genus-specific antigen 5 was applied to the diagnosis of human hydatid disease. The use of this simple and economical method may be extended to the specific diagnosis of parasitic diseases.", "contents": "Immunodiagnosis of hydatidosis using monospecific immune serum anti Ag5. Microdouble diffusion technique using whole hydatid antigen and monospecific antiserum against Echinococcus genus-specific antigen 5 was applied to the diagnosis of human hydatid disease. The use of this simple and economical method may be extended to the specific diagnosis of parasitic diseases.", "PMID": 118777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13459", "title": "Is ECG monitoring in the operating room cost effective?", "content": "ECG monitoring during anesthesia detects many arrhythmias, even in healthy patients. The clinical significance of these arrhythmias is uncertain. However, a conservative analysis of the cost of ECG monitoring in the USA reveals that the prevention of cardiac arrests occurring in 1 of 3,500 cases is quite cost effective. Routine ECG monitoring for all anesthetics in the USA is recommended.", "contents": "Is ECG monitoring in the operating room cost effective? ECG monitoring during anesthesia detects many arrhythmias, even in healthy patients. The clinical significance of these arrhythmias is uncertain. However, a conservative analysis of the cost of ECG monitoring in the USA reveals that the prevention of cardiac arrests occurring in 1 of 3,500 cases is quite cost effective. Routine ECG monitoring for all anesthetics in the USA is recommended.", "PMID": 118779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13460", "title": "Effect of ionophore RO 2-2985 on the contractile response of canine coronary, renal and femoral arteries.", "content": "The effects of the ionophore, RO 2-2985 (X537A, RO) were studied on isolated coronary, renal and femoral arteries in two types of experiments: (1) the effect of RO as a modulator of various contractile effects of KCl and phenylephrine (PE), and (2) the effect of RO itself as a contractile agonist. The effect of the ionophore A23187 was observed in similar experiments to help determine the nature of the RO response. In the first type of experiment, RO was found to have a differential effect upon the arteries contracted with KCl. The coronary arteries relaxed upon addition of the ionophore, whereas, the femoral and renal arteries did not. A23187 had only a transient effect on KCl-contracted coronary arteries. RO relaxed femoral and renal arteries contracted with PE, and A23187 had only a transient effect. RO attenuated ED50 values and maximum tension developments to both KCl and PE, and A23187 had no effect on these parameters. In the second type of experiment, RO (only at 10-5 M) was found to contract femoral and coronary arteries, but had no effect on renal arteries. Experiments with alpha-blocking agents and calculations using association constants of RO for catecholamines suggest that RO is not acting via catecholamine chelation. The dissimilarity between the effects of RO and A23187 suggest that RO may not be working through a specific effect on Ca++. These differential responses to RO suggest variations in intervessel regulation of PE- AND KCl-induced contradictions and can explain, in part, the in vivo effects of RO on regional blood flow.", "contents": "Effect of ionophore RO 2-2985 on the contractile response of canine coronary, renal and femoral arteries. The effects of the ionophore, RO 2-2985 (X537A, RO) were studied on isolated coronary, renal and femoral arteries in two types of experiments: (1) the effect of RO as a modulator of various contractile effects of KCl and phenylephrine (PE), and (2) the effect of RO itself as a contractile agonist. The effect of the ionophore A23187 was observed in similar experiments to help determine the nature of the RO response. In the first type of experiment, RO was found to have a differential effect upon the arteries contracted with KCl. The coronary arteries relaxed upon addition of the ionophore, whereas, the femoral and renal arteries did not. A23187 had only a transient effect on KCl-contracted coronary arteries. RO relaxed femoral and renal arteries contracted with PE, and A23187 had only a transient effect. RO attenuated ED50 values and maximum tension developments to both KCl and PE, and A23187 had no effect on these parameters. In the second type of experiment, RO (only at 10-5 M) was found to contract femoral and coronary arteries, but had no effect on renal arteries. Experiments with alpha-blocking agents and calculations using association constants of RO for catecholamines suggest that RO is not acting via catecholamine chelation. The dissimilarity between the effects of RO and A23187 suggest that RO may not be working through a specific effect on Ca++. These differential responses to RO suggest variations in intervessel regulation of PE- AND KCl-induced contradictions and can explain, in part, the in vivo effects of RO on regional blood flow.", "PMID": 118783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13461", "title": "Tuberculosis: genitourinary tuberculosis.", "content": "Genitourinary tuberculosis should be managed on an outpatient basis, patients being seen once a week. The treatment of choice is a short-course regimen comprising 2 months of either three or fours drugs - streptomycin, rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide - followed by isoniazid and rifampicin three times a week for either 2 or 4 months, depending on the severity of the lesion. Patients should be followed-up, normally for one year, and be told to report to their doctors if they have any recurrence of urinary symptoms. However, if they have renal calcification they should be followed-up as for any other case of calcification and seen annually for at least 10 years. Surgery still has an important part to play in the present management. Radical surgery, nearly always nephrectomy or epididymectomy, should be carried out when there are destructive lesions. Reconstructive surgery, mainly the the repair of strictures at the lower end of the ureter and bladder augmentation for a small fibrotic bladder, is frequently required. Both radical and reconstructive surgery should be carried out in the first 2 months of intensive chemotherapy. There is no reason now why all patients should not be able to return to a normal efficient life - free from all association with the disease - not later than 4 months after the start of treatment.", "contents": "Tuberculosis: genitourinary tuberculosis. Genitourinary tuberculosis should be managed on an outpatient basis, patients being seen once a week. The treatment of choice is a short-course regimen comprising 2 months of either three or fours drugs - streptomycin, rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide - followed by isoniazid and rifampicin three times a week for either 2 or 4 months, depending on the severity of the lesion. Patients should be followed-up, normally for one year, and be told to report to their doctors if they have any recurrence of urinary symptoms. However, if they have renal calcification they should be followed-up as for any other case of calcification and seen annually for at least 10 years. Surgery still has an important part to play in the present management. Radical surgery, nearly always nephrectomy or epididymectomy, should be carried out when there are destructive lesions. Reconstructive surgery, mainly the the repair of strictures at the lower end of the ureter and bladder augmentation for a small fibrotic bladder, is frequently required. Both radical and reconstructive surgery should be carried out in the first 2 months of intensive chemotherapy. There is no reason now why all patients should not be able to return to a normal efficient life - free from all association with the disease - not later than 4 months after the start of treatment.", "PMID": 118790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13462", "title": "Reverse passive haemagglutination test for the rapid identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and detection of penicillinase production.", "content": "In a comparison of the reverse passive haemagglutination test (RPHA) with the direct immunofluorescent and rapid carbohydrate utilisation tests for the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from clinical specimens, 315 isolates of oxidase-positive Gram-negative diplococci were tested as pure 24-hour-old subcultures and samples from 108 similar organisms were taken directly from primary isolation plates. A similar test system was used to detect penicillinase production. Results showed agreement in 97.8% of organisms tested with the RPHA and conventional methods for identification of N. gonorrhoeae; similarly there was good agreement with conventional methods for detection of penicillinase production. The test was reliable and could be read within four hours; a result was therefore available on the same day the clinical specimen was received. The time and work involved in identifying N. gonorrhoeae using the RPHA was less than with conventional methods, but differentiation between N. gonorrhoeae and other Neisseria species from throat swabs proved difficult.", "contents": "Reverse passive haemagglutination test for the rapid identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and detection of penicillinase production. In a comparison of the reverse passive haemagglutination test (RPHA) with the direct immunofluorescent and rapid carbohydrate utilisation tests for the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from clinical specimens, 315 isolates of oxidase-positive Gram-negative diplococci were tested as pure 24-hour-old subcultures and samples from 108 similar organisms were taken directly from primary isolation plates. A similar test system was used to detect penicillinase production. Results showed agreement in 97.8% of organisms tested with the RPHA and conventional methods for identification of N. gonorrhoeae; similarly there was good agreement with conventional methods for detection of penicillinase production. The test was reliable and could be read within four hours; a result was therefore available on the same day the clinical specimen was received. The time and work involved in identifying N. gonorrhoeae using the RPHA was less than with conventional methods, but differentiation between N. gonorrhoeae and other Neisseria species from throat swabs proved difficult.", "PMID": 118798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13463", "title": "Variations in the fissural pattern of the cerebral neocortex of the spider monkey (Ateles).", "content": "Data are reported on the range and variety of fissural patterning in 40 cerebral hemispheres from 22 specimens of spider monkeys (Ateles). The hemispheres are categorized according to a number of criteria, including proximity of the central sulcus to neighboring sulci, whether certain other sulci are joined or separated from each other, and the presence and location of idiosyncratic fissures. Interhemispheric variability was found to be as pronounced within as between specimens. The study revealed a wide variability in fissural patterns of primate brain specimens and a topological significance of many sulci in that they demarcate functional subdivisions of either somatosensory or somatomotor cortex.", "contents": "Variations in the fissural pattern of the cerebral neocortex of the spider monkey (Ateles). Data are reported on the range and variety of fissural patterning in 40 cerebral hemispheres from 22 specimens of spider monkeys (Ateles). The hemispheres are categorized according to a number of criteria, including proximity of the central sulcus to neighboring sulci, whether certain other sulci are joined or separated from each other, and the presence and location of idiosyncratic fissures. Interhemispheric variability was found to be as pronounced within as between specimens. The study revealed a wide variability in fissural patterns of primate brain specimens and a topological significance of many sulci in that they demarcate functional subdivisions of either somatosensory or somatomotor cortex.", "PMID": 118799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13464", "title": "Evaluation of bactericidal assay in serotyping Neisseria meningitidis group A.", "content": "Seventeen of 22 group A meningococcal strains were separated into four serotypes by a microbactericidal assay using group A antisera. In addition, 6 of 19 of these strains were killed by a group B antiserum and similar cidal patterns were obtained with a group C antiserum. There was little correlation between type and case or carrier isolates, or between types and geographical location.", "contents": "Evaluation of bactericidal assay in serotyping Neisseria meningitidis group A. Seventeen of 22 group A meningococcal strains were separated into four serotypes by a microbactericidal assay using group A antisera. In addition, 6 of 19 of these strains were killed by a group B antiserum and similar cidal patterns were obtained with a group C antiserum. There was little correlation between type and case or carrier isolates, or between types and geographical location.", "PMID": 118800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13465", "title": "Suppression of PHA-stimulated lymphocyte transformation in cynomolgus monkeys following infection with Coxiella burnetii.", "content": "Phytohemagglutin (PHA) induced blastogenesis of peripheral blood lymphocytes from cynomolgus monkeys infected with C. burnetii was suppressed between 14 and 28 days after infection. Lymphocytes became responsive to PHA again on day 35 with an increase in stimulation index when cultured with specific antigens. In contrast, production of specific humoral antibodies was not diminished during the acute and early convalescent stages of infection.", "contents": "Suppression of PHA-stimulated lymphocyte transformation in cynomolgus monkeys following infection with Coxiella burnetii. Phytohemagglutin (PHA) induced blastogenesis of peripheral blood lymphocytes from cynomolgus monkeys infected with C. burnetii was suppressed between 14 and 28 days after infection. Lymphocytes became responsive to PHA again on day 35 with an increase in stimulation index when cultured with specific antigens. In contrast, production of specific humoral antibodies was not diminished during the acute and early convalescent stages of infection.", "PMID": 118801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13466", "title": "Antineoplastic effect of orally administered 1-alkyl carbamoyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil on sc implanted Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma.", "content": "The antitumor activity of 1-alkyl carbamoyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil against Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma by long-term oral administration was examined. The 1-hexyl and 1-phenethyl carbamoyl-5-fluorouracil derviatives were markedly active against early Lewis lung carcinoma among the derivatives tested. These compounds were not markedly active against advanced Lewis lung carcinoma but did show acceptable activity. Increases in lifespan in mice with early Lewis lung carcinoma at optimal doses of 1-hexyl and 1-phenethyl carbamoxyl-5-fluorouracil were 98% and 78% respectively. In advanced Lewis lung carcinoma, the 1-hexyl derivative was active by either intermittent or daily administration, but the 1-phenethyl derivative was active only by daily administration. Lung metastases were not inhibited by optimal doses of the 1-hexyl derivative but were completely inhibited by the 1-phenethyl derivative. The 1-hexyl derivative was also active against B16 melanoma and the increase in lifespan at optimal doses was 27%. As a result, 1-hexyl carbamoyl-5-fluorouracil was found to be the most active derivative against early Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma. However, 1-phenethyl carbamoyl-5-fluorouracil was the most active derivative against advanced Lewis lung carcinoma by daily administration and this compound completely inhibited lung metastases, while 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide did not inhibit lung metastases.", "contents": "Antineoplastic effect of orally administered 1-alkyl carbamoyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil on sc implanted Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma. The antitumor activity of 1-alkyl carbamoyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil against Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma by long-term oral administration was examined. The 1-hexyl and 1-phenethyl carbamoyl-5-fluorouracil derviatives were markedly active against early Lewis lung carcinoma among the derivatives tested. These compounds were not markedly active against advanced Lewis lung carcinoma but did show acceptable activity. Increases in lifespan in mice with early Lewis lung carcinoma at optimal doses of 1-hexyl and 1-phenethyl carbamoxyl-5-fluorouracil were 98% and 78% respectively. In advanced Lewis lung carcinoma, the 1-hexyl derivative was active by either intermittent or daily administration, but the 1-phenethyl derivative was active only by daily administration. Lung metastases were not inhibited by optimal doses of the 1-hexyl derivative but were completely inhibited by the 1-phenethyl derivative. The 1-hexyl derivative was also active against B16 melanoma and the increase in lifespan at optimal doses was 27%. As a result, 1-hexyl carbamoyl-5-fluorouracil was found to be the most active derivative against early Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma. However, 1-phenethyl carbamoyl-5-fluorouracil was the most active derivative against advanced Lewis lung carcinoma by daily administration and this compound completely inhibited lung metastases, while 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide did not inhibit lung metastases.", "PMID": 118802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13467", "title": "Pharmacokinetic model for 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole in mouse, dog, and monkey.", "content": "A mathematic model has been developed to describe the time course of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole and its metabolites in the serum and tissues of mice, dogs, and monkeys. A flow-limited physiologic model has been used. The rate of metabolism in mice is described as a linear process; metabolism in dogs and monkeys is kinetically saturable. The urinary excretion in mice, dogs, and monkeys is described as a linear process; however, the kidney clearance in monkeys may decrease at high plasma concentrations. The model predictions are compared with published data. The kidney clearances of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole and its metabolites exhibit approximately a 0.7-power dependence on body weight when the mouse is compared with the larger species.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic model for 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole in mouse, dog, and monkey. A mathematic model has been developed to describe the time course of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole and its metabolites in the serum and tissues of mice, dogs, and monkeys. A flow-limited physiologic model has been used. The rate of metabolism in mice is described as a linear process; metabolism in dogs and monkeys is kinetically saturable. The urinary excretion in mice, dogs, and monkeys is described as a linear process; however, the kidney clearance in monkeys may decrease at high plasma concentrations. The model predictions are compared with published data. The kidney clearances of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole and its metabolites exhibit approximately a 0.7-power dependence on body weight when the mouse is compared with the larger species.", "PMID": 118803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13468", "title": "Development of the structural components of the brush border in absorptive cells of the chick intestine.", "content": "The spatial and temporal relationships between cytoplasmic filaments and the morphogenesis of the intestinal brush border were examined by transmission electron microscopy of normally developing tissue and of tissue exposed to a variety of experimental conditions in organ culture. Distinct stages in the development of the brush border were identified: (1) Irregular projections of the apical plasma membrane that contain a network of microfilaments are converted to uniform projections filled with a core bundle of straight microfilaments (7-11d of incubation). (2) Rootlets form by an elongation or aggregation of filaments (11-15d). (3) The terminal web forms first as a network of short filaments just below the apical plasma membrane, then secondarily stratifies into two layers (19d of incubation to 3d posthatching). (4) Core filaments elongate as microvilli achieve their maturity (21d of incubation to 5d posthatching). Microvillus formation was not perturbed by culturing 9d tissue in high concentrations of Ca++ or Mg++, either with or without the ionophore, A23187. Rootlet formation was stimulated by high Mg++, with or without A23187, and, for reasons unknown, by ethanol. Terminal web formation was not stimulated by Mg++ or Ca++, but the integrity of the terminal web was lost when 21d embryonic tissue was cultured with EGTA or cytochalasin B. After stratification, the terminal web could not be disrupted by EGTA, but instead was aggregated to the center of the apical end of the cell.", "contents": "Development of the structural components of the brush border in absorptive cells of the chick intestine. The spatial and temporal relationships between cytoplasmic filaments and the morphogenesis of the intestinal brush border were examined by transmission electron microscopy of normally developing tissue and of tissue exposed to a variety of experimental conditions in organ culture. Distinct stages in the development of the brush border were identified: (1) Irregular projections of the apical plasma membrane that contain a network of microfilaments are converted to uniform projections filled with a core bundle of straight microfilaments (7-11d of incubation). (2) Rootlets form by an elongation or aggregation of filaments (11-15d). (3) The terminal web forms first as a network of short filaments just below the apical plasma membrane, then secondarily stratifies into two layers (19d of incubation to 3d posthatching). (4) Core filaments elongate as microvilli achieve their maturity (21d of incubation to 5d posthatching). Microvillus formation was not perturbed by culturing 9d tissue in high concentrations of Ca++ or Mg++, either with or without the ionophore, A23187. Rootlet formation was stimulated by high Mg++, with or without A23187, and, for reasons unknown, by ethanol. Terminal web formation was not stimulated by Mg++ or Ca++, but the integrity of the terminal web was lost when 21d embryonic tissue was cultured with EGTA or cytochalasin B. After stratification, the terminal web could not be disrupted by EGTA, but instead was aggregated to the center of the apical end of the cell.", "PMID": 118806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13469", "title": "Subsequent cancer in patients with Ewing's sarcoma.", "content": "Among 31 long-term survivors of Ewing's sarcoma, two patients developed second primary cancers, compared to an expected number of 0.03 (relative risk = 72; 95% confidence limit = 8-259). One patient had renal medullary neuroblastoma, which is not known to be related to Ewing's tumor or its therapy. The second patient had a bone fibrosarcoma, arising at the primary tumor site, which was thought to be radiation-induced. The risk of radiation-induced bone sarcomas was lower, although not significantly so, than in a recently reported series of Ewing's tumor. These two reports suggest that patients with Ewing's sarcoma have a tendency to develop radiogenic sarcomas following primary megavoltage radiation therapy. The lowest radiation dose consistent with local tumor eradication should be employed to minimize the risk of subsequent radiogenic cancer.", "contents": "Subsequent cancer in patients with Ewing's sarcoma. Among 31 long-term survivors of Ewing's sarcoma, two patients developed second primary cancers, compared to an expected number of 0.03 (relative risk = 72; 95% confidence limit = 8-259). One patient had renal medullary neuroblastoma, which is not known to be related to Ewing's tumor or its therapy. The second patient had a bone fibrosarcoma, arising at the primary tumor site, which was thought to be radiation-induced. The risk of radiation-induced bone sarcomas was lower, although not significantly so, than in a recently reported series of Ewing's tumor. These two reports suggest that patients with Ewing's sarcoma have a tendency to develop radiogenic sarcomas following primary megavoltage radiation therapy. The lowest radiation dose consistent with local tumor eradication should be employed to minimize the risk of subsequent radiogenic cancer.", "PMID": 118804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13470", "title": "Phase II study of hexamethylmelamine alone and in combination with mitomycin C and vincristine in advanced breast carcinoma.", "content": "Fifty-three patients with metastatic breast carcinoma were randomized to treatment with hexamethylmelamine (HMM) as a single agent versus a three-drug reimen of HMM, vincristine, and mitomycin C (HOM). All patients had received prior treatment with 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide with or without methotrexate. HMM alone was used in a dose of 300 mg/m2/day x 14 days every 21 days. In the HOM regimen, the HMM dose was 200 mg/m2/day x 21 days, the vincristine dose was 1.5 mg on Days 1, 8, and 15, and the mitomycin C dose was 12 mg/m2 once every 6 weeks. No objective responses were observed with HMM in 15 evaluable patients. The HOM regimen resulted in five partial responses among the 27 evaluable patients. Gastrointestinal toxicity was the limiting toxicity of HMM, and thrombocytopenia was the major toxicity of the HOM regimen.", "contents": "Phase II study of hexamethylmelamine alone and in combination with mitomycin C and vincristine in advanced breast carcinoma. Fifty-three patients with metastatic breast carcinoma were randomized to treatment with hexamethylmelamine (HMM) as a single agent versus a three-drug reimen of HMM, vincristine, and mitomycin C (HOM). All patients had received prior treatment with 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide with or without methotrexate. HMM alone was used in a dose of 300 mg/m2/day x 14 days every 21 days. In the HOM regimen, the HMM dose was 200 mg/m2/day x 21 days, the vincristine dose was 1.5 mg on Days 1, 8, and 15, and the mitomycin C dose was 12 mg/m2 once every 6 weeks. No objective responses were observed with HMM in 15 evaluable patients. The HOM regimen resulted in five partial responses among the 27 evaluable patients. Gastrointestinal toxicity was the limiting toxicity of HMM, and thrombocytopenia was the major toxicity of the HOM regimen.", "PMID": 118805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13471", "title": "Costs and benefits of measles and mumps immunization in Austria.", "content": "The usefulness of an immunization programme can be evaluated by comparing either risks and benefits or costs and benefits. By means of special formulae, the benefit-cost ratio and the benefit-cost difference can be calculated for monovalent and bivalent vaccines. An analysis of combined measles-mumps immunization in Austria showed that this measure is highly profitable economically. Since employed mothers are allowed one week's vacation each year to nurse a sick child, this affects the calculations. Including the cost of the \"nursing vacation\" among the benefits that would be realized following an immunization programme, the estimated benefit-cost ratio is 4.48; if the cost of the \"nursing vacation\" is omitted the ratio is 2.65. The estimated annual benefit-cost differences are AS 1681.90 and AS 672.85, respectively, per child. Twelve years after the beginning of a programme to immunize 100 000 1-year-old children per year (corresponding roughly to the birth rate in Austria) an amount of AS 528 million would be saved if the \"nursing vacation\" is included in the calculations and an amount of AS 63 million if it is not.", "contents": "Costs and benefits of measles and mumps immunization in Austria. The usefulness of an immunization programme can be evaluated by comparing either risks and benefits or costs and benefits. By means of special formulae, the benefit-cost ratio and the benefit-cost difference can be calculated for monovalent and bivalent vaccines. An analysis of combined measles-mumps immunization in Austria showed that this measure is highly profitable economically. Since employed mothers are allowed one week's vacation each year to nurse a sick child, this affects the calculations. Including the cost of the \"nursing vacation\" among the benefits that would be realized following an immunization programme, the estimated benefit-cost ratio is 4.48; if the cost of the \"nursing vacation\" is omitted the ratio is 2.65. The estimated annual benefit-cost differences are AS 1681.90 and AS 672.85, respectively, per child. Twelve years after the beginning of a programme to immunize 100 000 1-year-old children per year (corresponding roughly to the birth rate in Austria) an amount of AS 528 million would be saved if the \"nursing vacation\" is included in the calculations and an amount of AS 63 million if it is not.", "PMID": 118811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13472", "title": "Immunoglobulin M and G responses measured by immunofluorescence in patients with Lassa or Marburg virus infections.", "content": "Immunoglobulin M antibodies can be measured by indirect immunofluorescence in sera of patients suffering from Lassa fever or Marburg virus disease 4-7 days after onset of illness. Titres reach a peak 1-2 weeks later. These antibodies disappear, or titres decrease considerably, 1-2 months after onset of illness. Antiviral IgG antibodies can be detected at the same time as, or a little later than, IgM antibodies, but they persist much longer. None of the three patients discussed in this paper who died of Lassa fever developed IgG antibodies and only one developed IgM antibodies.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin M and G responses measured by immunofluorescence in patients with Lassa or Marburg virus infections. Immunoglobulin M antibodies can be measured by indirect immunofluorescence in sera of patients suffering from Lassa fever or Marburg virus disease 4-7 days after onset of illness. Titres reach a peak 1-2 weeks later. These antibodies disappear, or titres decrease considerably, 1-2 months after onset of illness. Antiviral IgG antibodies can be detected at the same time as, or a little later than, IgM antibodies, but they persist much longer. None of the three patients discussed in this paper who died of Lassa fever developed IgG antibodies and only one developed IgM antibodies.", "PMID": 118812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13473", "title": "[Expression of a bacterial gene, cloned in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae].", "content": "Vectors allowing cloning of foreign D.N.A. in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been recently described. We have introduced in this yeast the lac Z gene of the bacteria Escherichia coli. An active beta-galactosidase, which is absent in the recipient strain, has been detected in transformed yeast. We thus conclude that the bacterial lac Z gene is expressed in yeast. We further showed that the enzyme found in the transformed yeast is identical to the bacterial enzyme with respect to size and immunological criteria.", "contents": "[Expression of a bacterial gene, cloned in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae]. Vectors allowing cloning of foreign D.N.A. in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been recently described. We have introduced in this yeast the lac Z gene of the bacteria Escherichia coli. An active beta-galactosidase, which is absent in the recipient strain, has been detected in transformed yeast. We thus conclude that the bacterial lac Z gene is expressed in yeast. We further showed that the enzyme found in the transformed yeast is identical to the bacterial enzyme with respect to size and immunological criteria.", "PMID": 118813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13474", "title": "[Hemolytic disease of African newborn. Results of a survey conducted at Brazzaville (Congo)].", "content": "The authors report one study on the haemolytic disease of african newborn made in Brazzaville (Congo). As in the most of the african countries this disease is not very frequent and it is not very severe. Two cases have been found in two twins, born after the nineth pregnancy. These twins were premature and that can explain the severity of the disease. One of these twins because of his weight which was not impotent died. The immunization in the african wife seems to occur very late, after the fifth pregnancy at least.", "contents": "[Hemolytic disease of African newborn. Results of a survey conducted at Brazzaville (Congo)]. The authors report one study on the haemolytic disease of african newborn made in Brazzaville (Congo). As in the most of the african countries this disease is not very frequent and it is not very severe. Two cases have been found in two twins, born after the nineth pregnancy. These twins were premature and that can explain the severity of the disease. One of these twins because of his weight which was not impotent died. The immunization in the african wife seems to occur very late, after the fifth pregnancy at least.", "PMID": 118810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13475", "title": "[Demonstration of \"hydroxylase\" and \"epoxide hydrase\" activities in preparations of nucleoli isolated from rat liver].", "content": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity and epoxyde hydrase (EH) activity have been found in Rat liver nucleoli obtained from untreated (C) and methylcholanthrene (MC) pretreated Rats. Electron microscopic observations of nucleolar preparations did not reveal significant contamination either by intact nuclei or by nuclear membranes. Very low but detectable activity of NADPH cytochrome C reductase was found in the nucleoli. Nucleolar preparations revealed little AHH activity (12-18 pmoles/min/mg). AHH was inducible by MC in nuclei but not in nucleoli. The presence of EH in nucleoli was demonstrated with phenanthrene 9,10-oxide (550-620 pmoles/min/mg) and benzopyrene 4,5-oxide (92-116 pmoles/min/mg). These values were lower than those obtained using intact nuclei. The addition of TCPO (10(-4) M) inhibited EH activity.", "contents": "[Demonstration of \"hydroxylase\" and \"epoxide hydrase\" activities in preparations of nucleoli isolated from rat liver]. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity and epoxyde hydrase (EH) activity have been found in Rat liver nucleoli obtained from untreated (C) and methylcholanthrene (MC) pretreated Rats. Electron microscopic observations of nucleolar preparations did not reveal significant contamination either by intact nuclei or by nuclear membranes. Very low but detectable activity of NADPH cytochrome C reductase was found in the nucleoli. Nucleolar preparations revealed little AHH activity (12-18 pmoles/min/mg). AHH was inducible by MC in nuclei but not in nucleoli. The presence of EH in nucleoli was demonstrated with phenanthrene 9,10-oxide (550-620 pmoles/min/mg) and benzopyrene 4,5-oxide (92-116 pmoles/min/mg). These values were lower than those obtained using intact nuclei. The addition of TCPO (10(-4) M) inhibited EH activity.", "PMID": 118814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13476", "title": "[Involution of genital function with age studied as an index aging in Drosophila melanogaster].", "content": "Reproductive system in Drosophila estimated by fertility in female and fertilizing power in male gradually decreased with age. Physiological changes as a function of age occur slowly in virgin females and their ageing seems really slower than those observed in inseminated ones. On the other hand, genital function involution is the same in virgin and mated males and seems independent of aging.", "contents": "[Involution of genital function with age studied as an index aging in Drosophila melanogaster]. Reproductive system in Drosophila estimated by fertility in female and fertilizing power in male gradually decreased with age. Physiological changes as a function of age occur slowly in virgin females and their ageing seems really slower than those observed in inseminated ones. On the other hand, genital function involution is the same in virgin and mated males and seems independent of aging.", "PMID": 118815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13477", "title": "[Frequency of locus E1 variants of plasma butyrylcholinesterase in a French population].", "content": "Human plasma cholinesterase (E.C.3.1.1.8) from 1,594 blood donors was phenotyped on the basis of dibuca\u00efne, fluoride, chloride and succinylcholine differential inhibitions according to the criteria of Brown et coll. The observed gene frequencies are: E1u = 0.970,8, E1a = 0.188,0, E1f = 0.103,0.", "contents": "[Frequency of locus E1 variants of plasma butyrylcholinesterase in a French population]. Human plasma cholinesterase (E.C.3.1.1.8) from 1,594 blood donors was phenotyped on the basis of dibuca\u00efne, fluoride, chloride and succinylcholine differential inhibitions according to the criteria of Brown et coll. The observed gene frequencies are: E1u = 0.970,8, E1a = 0.188,0, E1f = 0.103,0.", "PMID": 118816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13478", "title": "[Effect of cell proliferation on the condensation of X chromosomes in the form of Barr-bodies, in human 46 XX fibroblast cultures with different serum concentrations].", "content": "The frequency of Barr-bodies in cultivated 46 XX human fibroblasts considerably increases when in confluent monolayer cultures the cells no longer divide. Or, independently of cell contact, when the cells are grown in medium with low serum content, which will slow down or entirely arrest further growth. The frequency of Barr-bodies again diminishes when after the administration of culture medium with sufficient serum concentration, the cells start growing again, indicating that the condensation of the X chromosome is reversible under control of the cell proliferation.", "contents": "[Effect of cell proliferation on the condensation of X chromosomes in the form of Barr-bodies, in human 46 XX fibroblast cultures with different serum concentrations]. The frequency of Barr-bodies in cultivated 46 XX human fibroblasts considerably increases when in confluent monolayer cultures the cells no longer divide. Or, independently of cell contact, when the cells are grown in medium with low serum content, which will slow down or entirely arrest further growth. The frequency of Barr-bodies again diminishes when after the administration of culture medium with sufficient serum concentration, the cells start growing again, indicating that the condensation of the X chromosome is reversible under control of the cell proliferation.", "PMID": 118817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13479", "title": "[Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis for Simulium larvae, vectors of onchocerciasis].", "content": "On field trials in infested streams, the primary powder R 153-78 made of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis with a potency of 3,000 I.T.U. Aedes aegypti/milligramme is very toxic for Blackfly larvae, especially for Simulium damnosum s.l. larvae. The lethal concentration 100, in 24 h. is 0.2 X 10(-6) for a 10 min. treatment. This high toxicity, specific for Diptera larvae such as Mosquitoes and Blackflies, is related to the special characteristic of the bacterial crystal protein which has a clear serological and chemical individuality compared to the crystal proteins of the other B. thuringiensis serotypes essentially pathogenic for Lepidoptera larvae. These preliminary results are very promising and could lead, on further research, to the utilization of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis on large scale for onchoceriasis vector control in Africa.", "contents": "[Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis for Simulium larvae, vectors of onchocerciasis]. On field trials in infested streams, the primary powder R 153-78 made of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis with a potency of 3,000 I.T.U. Aedes aegypti/milligramme is very toxic for Blackfly larvae, especially for Simulium damnosum s.l. larvae. The lethal concentration 100, in 24 h. is 0.2 X 10(-6) for a 10 min. treatment. This high toxicity, specific for Diptera larvae such as Mosquitoes and Blackflies, is related to the special characteristic of the bacterial crystal protein which has a clear serological and chemical individuality compared to the crystal proteins of the other B. thuringiensis serotypes essentially pathogenic for Lepidoptera larvae. These preliminary results are very promising and could lead, on further research, to the utilization of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis on large scale for onchoceriasis vector control in Africa.", "PMID": 118818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13480", "title": "[Ultradian (between 5 and 70 minutes) respiratory (VO2, VCO2) rhythms of 4 small vertebrates used in biomedical research].", "content": "Four laboratory Vertebrate species with a predominant activity, either diurnal (Coturnix coturnix japonica), nocturnal (Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus), or equivocal (Cavia porcellus), present, in usual housing conditions (temperature 20 degrees C, hygrometry 60-70%, acoustical background 70 dB, LD12:12 lighting L = 150 lx), food and water ad libitum, ultradian respiratory (VO2, VCO2) rhythms of short periods. The frequencies of these rhythms are independent of food intake and activity variations correlated to the lighting phase and regimen (LD, LL). The period (tau) of these ultradian respiratory rhythms is in isolated animals, between 5 and 70 min., according to the species studied. Grouping of several individuals of a same species, in a ventilated chamber, modifies the statistical distribution of the periods of the ultradian rhythms, but does not change the interspecies differences.", "contents": "[Ultradian (between 5 and 70 minutes) respiratory (VO2, VCO2) rhythms of 4 small vertebrates used in biomedical research]. Four laboratory Vertebrate species with a predominant activity, either diurnal (Coturnix coturnix japonica), nocturnal (Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus), or equivocal (Cavia porcellus), present, in usual housing conditions (temperature 20 degrees C, hygrometry 60-70%, acoustical background 70 dB, LD12:12 lighting L = 150 lx), food and water ad libitum, ultradian respiratory (VO2, VCO2) rhythms of short periods. The frequencies of these rhythms are independent of food intake and activity variations correlated to the lighting phase and regimen (LD, LL). The period (tau) of these ultradian respiratory rhythms is in isolated animals, between 5 and 70 min., according to the species studied. Grouping of several individuals of a same species, in a ventilated chamber, modifies the statistical distribution of the periods of the ultradian rhythms, but does not change the interspecies differences.", "PMID": 118819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13481", "title": "[Role of lysosomes, microtubules and microfilaments in the mechanism of the lactogenic action of prolactin in the rabbit mammary gland].", "content": "The lysosomotropic agents, ammonium chloride and chloroquine, added to the culture medium of pseudopregnant Rabbit mammary gland, did not inhibit the initiation of casein synthesis by prolactin. By contrast, they considerably reduced the down-regulation of prolacting receptors. Converse-y, colchicine totally blocked the lactogenic action of prolactin without altering the down-regulation of the receptor. Cytochalasin B inhibited only partly the lactogenic action of prolactin while it has no effect on the down-regulation of the receptor. These data suggest that the degradation of the prolactin-receptor complex in lysosome is not a compulsory step in the mechanism of prolactin action. The integrity of microtubules but not of microfilaments is required for prolactin to initiate casein synthesis. These elements of the cytoskeleton are not strictly involved in the down-regulation of the receptor.", "contents": "[Role of lysosomes, microtubules and microfilaments in the mechanism of the lactogenic action of prolactin in the rabbit mammary gland]. The lysosomotropic agents, ammonium chloride and chloroquine, added to the culture medium of pseudopregnant Rabbit mammary gland, did not inhibit the initiation of casein synthesis by prolactin. By contrast, they considerably reduced the down-regulation of prolacting receptors. Converse-y, colchicine totally blocked the lactogenic action of prolactin without altering the down-regulation of the receptor. Cytochalasin B inhibited only partly the lactogenic action of prolactin while it has no effect on the down-regulation of the receptor. These data suggest that the degradation of the prolactin-receptor complex in lysosome is not a compulsory step in the mechanism of prolactin action. The integrity of microtubules but not of microfilaments is required for prolactin to initiate casein synthesis. These elements of the cytoskeleton are not strictly involved in the down-regulation of the receptor.", "PMID": 118820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13482", "title": "[Interaction between the vestibulo-ocular and the oculomotor systems].", "content": "Optomotor nystagmic activity has been elicited in the \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cat during repetitive electric stimulation of selective oculomotor regions of the frontal cortex and superior colliculus. These regions were nystagmogenic only when facilitated by a cortical arousal or a vestibular activation.", "contents": "[Interaction between the vestibulo-ocular and the oculomotor systems]. Optomotor nystagmic activity has been elicited in the \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cat during repetitive electric stimulation of selective oculomotor regions of the frontal cortex and superior colliculus. These regions were nystagmogenic only when facilitated by a cortical arousal or a vestibular activation.", "PMID": 118821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13483", "title": "[The value of good Biozzi antibody-producing strains of mice for the production of monoclonal antibodies].", "content": "We report here that using Biozzi's high and low responder strains of Mice in the preparation of monoclonal antibodies against human T lymphocytes, we observed with the high responder strain 1) a higher number of hybrids; 2) a huge increase in the proportion of hybrids secreting on antibody directed against human lymphocytes.", "contents": "[The value of good Biozzi antibody-producing strains of mice for the production of monoclonal antibodies]. We report here that using Biozzi's high and low responder strains of Mice in the preparation of monoclonal antibodies against human T lymphocytes, we observed with the high responder strain 1) a higher number of hybrids; 2) a huge increase in the proportion of hybrids secreting on antibody directed against human lymphocytes.", "PMID": 118822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13484", "title": "[Production of monoclonal anti-Schistosoma mansoni antibodies. Preliminary study of their biological activities].", "content": "Monoclonal antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni have been produced by fusion of splenic lymphocytes from S. mansoni infected Rats and P3-X63-Ag8 BALB/c cells. In vitro and in vivo studies of the biological activities of these antibodies have led to the identification of IgE antibodies with a high reaginic activity and antibodies which in a complement dependent or eosinophil dependent system were shown to have a marked cytotoxicity for schistosomula in vitro. This methodology seems to open new perspectives for the study of antibody function in immunity against parasites as well as for the isolation of the corresponding target antigens.", "contents": "[Production of monoclonal anti-Schistosoma mansoni antibodies. Preliminary study of their biological activities]. Monoclonal antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni have been produced by fusion of splenic lymphocytes from S. mansoni infected Rats and P3-X63-Ag8 BALB/c cells. In vitro and in vivo studies of the biological activities of these antibodies have led to the identification of IgE antibodies with a high reaginic activity and antibodies which in a complement dependent or eosinophil dependent system were shown to have a marked cytotoxicity for schistosomula in vitro. This methodology seems to open new perspectives for the study of antibody function in immunity against parasites as well as for the isolation of the corresponding target antigens.", "PMID": 118823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13485", "title": "[Existence of several non-specific recognition systems in macrophages].", "content": "Rat peritoneal cells were made to bind five particle species: immunoglobulin-coated Sheep red cells, glutaraldehyde-treated Sheep red cells, latex beads, leishmania and tumor cells. The dependence of binding on various physico-chemical parameters was studied. The binding of latex beads or Leishmania was not inhibited by cold (4 degrees C), sodium azide, cytochalasin B and ethyleneglycol or dimethylsulphoxide. The binding of immunoglobulin-coated Sheep red cells was unaffected by cold and azide, but it was inhibited by cytochalasin B, ethyleneglycol and dimethylsulphoxide. The binding of glutaraldehyde-treated Sheep red cells was inhibited by cold, azide and ethyleneglycol, but it resisted cytochalasin B and dimethylsulphoxide. The binding of tumor cells was inhibited by azide, cytochalasin B, ethyleneglycol and dimethylsulphoxide. It is concluded that: (a) macrophages are endowed several sets of non-specific binding structures that are differently affected by physico-chemical parameters, which provides a simple way of characterizing them; (b) the expression of a given binding structure on the macrophage membrane is modulated by metabolic inhibitors; (c) some lymphocytes were able to bind tumor cells or Leishmania. Thus, lymphocytes and macrophages might share some non-specific adhesive structures.", "contents": "[Existence of several non-specific recognition systems in macrophages]. Rat peritoneal cells were made to bind five particle species: immunoglobulin-coated Sheep red cells, glutaraldehyde-treated Sheep red cells, latex beads, leishmania and tumor cells. The dependence of binding on various physico-chemical parameters was studied. The binding of latex beads or Leishmania was not inhibited by cold (4 degrees C), sodium azide, cytochalasin B and ethyleneglycol or dimethylsulphoxide. The binding of immunoglobulin-coated Sheep red cells was unaffected by cold and azide, but it was inhibited by cytochalasin B, ethyleneglycol and dimethylsulphoxide. The binding of glutaraldehyde-treated Sheep red cells was inhibited by cold, azide and ethyleneglycol, but it resisted cytochalasin B and dimethylsulphoxide. The binding of tumor cells was inhibited by azide, cytochalasin B, ethyleneglycol and dimethylsulphoxide. It is concluded that: (a) macrophages are endowed several sets of non-specific binding structures that are differently affected by physico-chemical parameters, which provides a simple way of characterizing them; (b) the expression of a given binding structure on the macrophage membrane is modulated by metabolic inhibitors; (c) some lymphocytes were able to bind tumor cells or Leishmania. Thus, lymphocytes and macrophages might share some non-specific adhesive structures.", "PMID": 118824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13486", "title": "[Change in the envelope of a murine retrovirus produced in the presence of toyocamycin].", "content": "Toyocamycin (TMC), an adenosine analog, impairs qualitatively and quantitatively virus production in a cellular system chronically infected by Friend Virus. Viral particles released by cell cultures treated with 0.2 microgram/ml of the drug have lost most of their glycoprotein (gp 70) content. This phenomenon is likely to modify the viral envelope and could explain the loss of infectivity of the virus.", "contents": "[Change in the envelope of a murine retrovirus produced in the presence of toyocamycin]. Toyocamycin (TMC), an adenosine analog, impairs qualitatively and quantitatively virus production in a cellular system chronically infected by Friend Virus. Viral particles released by cell cultures treated with 0.2 microgram/ml of the drug have lost most of their glycoprotein (gp 70) content. This phenomenon is likely to modify the viral envelope and could explain the loss of infectivity of the virus.", "PMID": 118825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13487", "title": "[Modifications by Nematoda of the sensitivity of mice to Salmonella abortus ovis administered orally or subcutaneously].", "content": "Mice inoculated 6 to 9 days previously with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (=Nematospiroides dubius) become more frequently infected than controls after an oral challenge with a constant dose of Salmonella abortus ovis. But parasitism increases the LD 50 when the subcutaneous route of infection is used, probably by stimulating the immune system of the host.", "contents": "[Modifications by Nematoda of the sensitivity of mice to Salmonella abortus ovis administered orally or subcutaneously]. Mice inoculated 6 to 9 days previously with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (=Nematospiroides dubius) become more frequently infected than controls after an oral challenge with a constant dose of Salmonella abortus ovis. But parasitism increases the LD 50 when the subcutaneous route of infection is used, probably by stimulating the immune system of the host.", "PMID": 118826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13488", "title": "Immunobiology and therapeutic manipulation of heterotransplanted Nb rat prostatic adenocarcinoma. Chemotherapy of autonomous tumor, 102 Pr, heterotransplanted into congenitally athymic (nude) mice and syngeneic Nb rats.", "content": "Nb rat prostatic adenocarcinomas, previously induced by the administration of testosterone and estrogen, have been serially studied as heterotransplants into congenitally athymic (nude) mice and into groups of Nb rats. This animal system has been used to evaluate the chemotherapeutic efficacy of 5-fluorouracil and Ftorafur. The use of both species was to determine if there would be any significant difference in relative tumor growth in nude mice which lack functional T cells as opposed to intact Nb rats. The autonomous tumor, 102 Pr, is the subject of the thesis presented herein. One donor Nb rat bearing 102 Pr prostatic adenocarcinoma served as the donor for this experiment. The nude mice and Nb rats received the transplant on the same date and were subjected to the chemotherapies outlined above and were treated after there was sufficient increase in tumor volume from the 2 mm3 wedge to assure growth and neovascularity (greater than 60 mm3). Statistically significant data was presented revealing 5-fluorouracil to be efficacious in the treatment of these tumors. Also presented is data revealing differences in growth versus time in the respective recipient animal hosts. It is suggested herein that this combination animal model system could be used for screening potential cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Immunobiology and therapeutic manipulation of heterotransplanted Nb rat prostatic adenocarcinoma. Chemotherapy of autonomous tumor, 102 Pr, heterotransplanted into congenitally athymic (nude) mice and syngeneic Nb rats. Nb rat prostatic adenocarcinomas, previously induced by the administration of testosterone and estrogen, have been serially studied as heterotransplants into congenitally athymic (nude) mice and into groups of Nb rats. This animal system has been used to evaluate the chemotherapeutic efficacy of 5-fluorouracil and Ftorafur. The use of both species was to determine if there would be any significant difference in relative tumor growth in nude mice which lack functional T cells as opposed to intact Nb rats. The autonomous tumor, 102 Pr, is the subject of the thesis presented herein. One donor Nb rat bearing 102 Pr prostatic adenocarcinoma served as the donor for this experiment. The nude mice and Nb rats received the transplant on the same date and were subjected to the chemotherapies outlined above and were treated after there was sufficient increase in tumor volume from the 2 mm3 wedge to assure growth and neovascularity (greater than 60 mm3). Statistically significant data was presented revealing 5-fluorouracil to be efficacious in the treatment of these tumors. Also presented is data revealing differences in growth versus time in the respective recipient animal hosts. It is suggested herein that this combination animal model system could be used for screening potential cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 118827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13489", "title": "An enzyme immunoassay for the measurement of thyroglobulin in human serum.", "content": "An enzyme-linked sandwich immunoassay using silicone rods coated with rabbit (anti-human thyroglobulin) immunoglobulin G and rabbit (anti-human thyroglobulin) monovalent fragment of immunoglobulin F (Fab') conjugated with beta-D-galactosidase was developed for the measurement of thyroglobulin in human serum. The volume of serum needed for the assay was as little as 2 microliters. The sensitivity of the assay was 3.5 ng/ml, which is equal to or rather higher than that of radioimmunoassay. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by the following observations: (1) The absence of crossreaction of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, (2) non-detectability of thyroglobulin in the sera of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy, (3) parallelism of the standard curve with dilutions of reference serum. The precision of the assay was proven by the demonstration of the sufficient recovery of human thyroglobulin added to sera (92--99%) and coefficients of variance in within and between assays were 6.2--9.3 and 2.5--5.3%, respectively. Furthermore, a highly significant correlation was observed between thyroglobulin concentrations measured by our enzyme immunoassay and those by radioimmunoassay (r = 0.99, p less than 0.001, n = 63). Human thyroglobulin in serum was detectable in 90% of 146 normal subjects, the concentration (mean +/- S.D.) being 13.3 +/- 10.3 ng/ml.", "contents": "An enzyme immunoassay for the measurement of thyroglobulin in human serum. An enzyme-linked sandwich immunoassay using silicone rods coated with rabbit (anti-human thyroglobulin) immunoglobulin G and rabbit (anti-human thyroglobulin) monovalent fragment of immunoglobulin F (Fab') conjugated with beta-D-galactosidase was developed for the measurement of thyroglobulin in human serum. The volume of serum needed for the assay was as little as 2 microliters. The sensitivity of the assay was 3.5 ng/ml, which is equal to or rather higher than that of radioimmunoassay. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by the following observations: (1) The absence of crossreaction of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, (2) non-detectability of thyroglobulin in the sera of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy, (3) parallelism of the standard curve with dilutions of reference serum. The precision of the assay was proven by the demonstration of the sufficient recovery of human thyroglobulin added to sera (92--99%) and coefficients of variance in within and between assays were 6.2--9.3 and 2.5--5.3%, respectively. Furthermore, a highly significant correlation was observed between thyroglobulin concentrations measured by our enzyme immunoassay and those by radioimmunoassay (r = 0.99, p less than 0.001, n = 63). Human thyroglobulin in serum was detectable in 90% of 146 normal subjects, the concentration (mean +/- S.D.) being 13.3 +/- 10.3 ng/ml.", "PMID": 118829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13490", "title": "Blindness and modification of association cortex by early binocular deprivation in monkeys.", "content": "Cells in the parietal association area of stumptail monkeys did not respond to visual stimuli after binocular early deprivation. Although the monkeys responded to stimuli in the visual cortex, behaviourally they were blind. The importance of encouraging babies and infants to use all residual vision is stressed, so that the representation of visual input in the brain does not become permanently overtaken by other modalities.", "contents": "Blindness and modification of association cortex by early binocular deprivation in monkeys. Cells in the parietal association area of stumptail monkeys did not respond to visual stimuli after binocular early deprivation. Although the monkeys responded to stimuli in the visual cortex, behaviourally they were blind. The importance of encouraging babies and infants to use all residual vision is stressed, so that the representation of visual input in the brain does not become permanently overtaken by other modalities.", "PMID": 118828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13491", "title": "The progressive appearance of multiple urinary Bence-Jones proteins and serum paraproteins in a child with immune deficiency.", "content": "Multiple urinary Bence-Jones proteins and serum paraproteins were found in a child with type I dysgammaglobulinaemia (Seligmann et al., 1968). These showed a continually evolving pattern over a period of 4 months in relation to systemic infections and with no evidence of underlying malignancy.", "contents": "The progressive appearance of multiple urinary Bence-Jones proteins and serum paraproteins in a child with immune deficiency. Multiple urinary Bence-Jones proteins and serum paraproteins were found in a child with type I dysgammaglobulinaemia (Seligmann et al., 1968). These showed a continually evolving pattern over a period of 4 months in relation to systemic infections and with no evidence of underlying malignancy.", "PMID": 118834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13492", "title": "Cellular immunity in patients with meningococcal disease and in vaccinated subjects.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity was studied in patients with group A meningococcal meningitis and in normal subjects given group A meningococcal vaccine. Lymphocytes responsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin and to meningococcal antigens was markedly depressed in patients with acute meningococcal infection. This defect was present when lymphocytes were cultured in autologous or foetal calf serum. Patients also showed a transient increase in the degree of inhibition produced by whole group A meningococci in leucocyte migration assays. Meningococci of other groups produced a similar degree of inhibition. Vaccination with group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine had no effect on lymphocytes responsiveness to meningococcal antigens or on the inhibitory effect of group A meningococci on leucocyte migration.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in patients with meningococcal disease and in vaccinated subjects. Cell-mediated immunity was studied in patients with group A meningococcal meningitis and in normal subjects given group A meningococcal vaccine. Lymphocytes responsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin and to meningococcal antigens was markedly depressed in patients with acute meningococcal infection. This defect was present when lymphocytes were cultured in autologous or foetal calf serum. Patients also showed a transient increase in the degree of inhibition produced by whole group A meningococci in leucocyte migration assays. Meningococci of other groups produced a similar degree of inhibition. Vaccination with group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine had no effect on lymphocytes responsiveness to meningococcal antigens or on the inhibitory effect of group A meningococci on leucocyte migration.", "PMID": 118835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13493", "title": "Monomeric (7S) IgM in chronic liver disease.", "content": "Monomeric (7S) IgM was detected by polyacrylamide/agarose gell immunodiffusion and Sephadex G200 gel filtration in 33% of sera from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 5% of patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active liver disease (CALD). It was not found in the sera of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), HBsAg-positive CALD and normal control subjects. In the PBC group the presence of 7S IgM was associated with significantly higher IgM concentrations and Clq binding activity (P less than 0.001; P less than 0.01 respectively). The antibody specificity of the 7S IgM is unknown. Its presence in patients with high serum IgM concentrations probably reflects failure of complete polymerisation of 7S IgM because of an increased rate of synthesis of the protein. The association of the presence of 7S IgM and high total IgM with immune complexes suggests that the increased rate of synthesis of IgM and formation of immune complexes probably are a result of the same antigenic (or mitogenic) stimulus.", "contents": "Monomeric (7S) IgM in chronic liver disease. Monomeric (7S) IgM was detected by polyacrylamide/agarose gell immunodiffusion and Sephadex G200 gel filtration in 33% of sera from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 5% of patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active liver disease (CALD). It was not found in the sera of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), HBsAg-positive CALD and normal control subjects. In the PBC group the presence of 7S IgM was associated with significantly higher IgM concentrations and Clq binding activity (P less than 0.001; P less than 0.01 respectively). The antibody specificity of the 7S IgM is unknown. Its presence in patients with high serum IgM concentrations probably reflects failure of complete polymerisation of 7S IgM because of an increased rate of synthesis of the protein. The association of the presence of 7S IgM and high total IgM with immune complexes suggests that the increased rate of synthesis of IgM and formation of immune complexes probably are a result of the same antigenic (or mitogenic) stimulus.", "PMID": 118836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13494", "title": "Serum thymic hormone activity in protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "To characterize the underlying mechanisms of impaired cell-mediated immunity in protein-energy malnutrition, thymic hormone activity was measured in the serum samples of undernourished children and was found to be reduced in the majority. This indicates that the cellular immunological deficit in nutritional deficiency may be due to reduced thymic inductive activity.", "contents": "Serum thymic hormone activity in protein-energy malnutrition. To characterize the underlying mechanisms of impaired cell-mediated immunity in protein-energy malnutrition, thymic hormone activity was measured in the serum samples of undernourished children and was found to be reduced in the majority. This indicates that the cellular immunological deficit in nutritional deficiency may be due to reduced thymic inductive activity.", "PMID": 118837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13495", "title": "Conglutinin binding polyethylene glycol precipitation assay for immune complexes.", "content": "An assay for circulating immune complexes is described which uses radiolabelled bovine conglutinin as ligand and polyethylene glycol precipitation as the technique for separating bound ligands. The technique is simple to perform and gives good sensitivity detecting artificial immune complexes. Its use in detecting complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus and Burkitt's lymphoma is described and it is compared with the Clq binding assay also performed with polyethylene glycol. It is suggested that the simultaneous performance of polyethylene glycol assays using radiolabelled Clq and radiolabelled conglutinin may be an advantageous method for screening sera for the presence of immune complexes.", "contents": "Conglutinin binding polyethylene glycol precipitation assay for immune complexes. An assay for circulating immune complexes is described which uses radiolabelled bovine conglutinin as ligand and polyethylene glycol precipitation as the technique for separating bound ligands. The technique is simple to perform and gives good sensitivity detecting artificial immune complexes. Its use in detecting complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus and Burkitt's lymphoma is described and it is compared with the Clq binding assay also performed with polyethylene glycol. It is suggested that the simultaneous performance of polyethylene glycol assays using radiolabelled Clq and radiolabelled conglutinin may be an advantageous method for screening sera for the presence of immune complexes.", "PMID": 118838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13496", "title": "Binding of serum amyloid P-component (SAP) by amyloid fibrils.", "content": "Serum amyloid P-component (protein SAP) was found to bind in vitro to isolated amyloid fibrils of both primary and secondary types. The binding was strictly calcium-dependent, optimal uptake requiring at least 0.5 mM calcium ion. Using normal human serum as the source of protein SAP different fibril preparations became saturated with between 5--20 micrograms of SAP per mg dry weight of fibril. Isolated pure protein SAP bound in greater amounts. In control experiments SAP did not bind significantly to collagen fibrils, sheep erythrocytes, plastic shavings, or the following immobilized proteins: human kappa or lambda Bence-Jones proteins; human; rabbit or mouse IgG; human serum albumin. C-reactive protein, which resembles protein SAP structurally but has calcium-dependent specificity for different ligands, bound significantly to only one of five different amyloid fibril preparations.", "contents": "Binding of serum amyloid P-component (SAP) by amyloid fibrils. Serum amyloid P-component (protein SAP) was found to bind in vitro to isolated amyloid fibrils of both primary and secondary types. The binding was strictly calcium-dependent, optimal uptake requiring at least 0.5 mM calcium ion. Using normal human serum as the source of protein SAP different fibril preparations became saturated with between 5--20 micrograms of SAP per mg dry weight of fibril. Isolated pure protein SAP bound in greater amounts. In control experiments SAP did not bind significantly to collagen fibrils, sheep erythrocytes, plastic shavings, or the following immobilized proteins: human kappa or lambda Bence-Jones proteins; human; rabbit or mouse IgG; human serum albumin. C-reactive protein, which resembles protein SAP structurally but has calcium-dependent specificity for different ligands, bound significantly to only one of five different amyloid fibril preparations.", "PMID": 118839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13497", "title": "In vitro cellular immunity in Chagas' disease.", "content": "In vitro delayed hypersensitivity was studied in patients with either the chronic or the indeterminate phase of Chagas' disease. Normal healthy individuals were used as controls. The leucocyte migration inhibition test was applied using an antigen an extract of culture forms of T. cruzi or an extract of normal rat heart. The results showed that patients with the chronic phase of the disease reacted significantly with both antigens, whereas most patients with the indeterminate phase did not react with heart antigen and only five out of fourteen (35%) reacted with T. cruzi antigen. It is suggested that these individuals may represent patients about to develop the chronic phase of the disease. The relevance of these findings to the immune mechanism influencing the onset of the chronic phase of Chagas' disease is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro cellular immunity in Chagas' disease. In vitro delayed hypersensitivity was studied in patients with either the chronic or the indeterminate phase of Chagas' disease. Normal healthy individuals were used as controls. The leucocyte migration inhibition test was applied using an antigen an extract of culture forms of T. cruzi or an extract of normal rat heart. The results showed that patients with the chronic phase of the disease reacted significantly with both antigens, whereas most patients with the indeterminate phase did not react with heart antigen and only five out of fourteen (35%) reacted with T. cruzi antigen. It is suggested that these individuals may represent patients about to develop the chronic phase of the disease. The relevance of these findings to the immune mechanism influencing the onset of the chronic phase of Chagas' disease is discussed.", "PMID": 118840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13498", "title": "Antibodies against nickel-albumin in rabbits and man.", "content": "Five albino rabbits were immunized every 2 weeks by intradermal injections of a nickel rabbit-albumin complex and during alternate weeks by occluded cutaneous applications of 5% nickel sulphate in petrolatum. After 6 weeks of immunization, passive immunodiffusion disclosed precipitating antibodies against the nickel-albumin complex in the serum of the rabbits. The specificity of these antibodies was substantiated by the precipitation of anti-albumin antibodies with rabbit albumin prior to immunodiffusion. Passive immunodiffusion was used to examine serum from 14 nickel-sensitive patients for precipitating antibodies against nickel human-albumin complex. Five of the patients had widespread erythematous, non-eczematous reactions following oral challenge with 2.5 mg nickel as nickel sulphate, while five others suffered an aggravation of their nickel dermatitis. Precipitating antibodies were found in three patients, all of whom had experienced rapid-onset erythema after oral challenge. A weak precipitate was seen in one of nine controls. The specificity of the precipitates was substantiated by reproducibility and by negative immunodiffusion after precipitation in the positive sera with the antigen.", "contents": "Antibodies against nickel-albumin in rabbits and man. Five albino rabbits were immunized every 2 weeks by intradermal injections of a nickel rabbit-albumin complex and during alternate weeks by occluded cutaneous applications of 5% nickel sulphate in petrolatum. After 6 weeks of immunization, passive immunodiffusion disclosed precipitating antibodies against the nickel-albumin complex in the serum of the rabbits. The specificity of these antibodies was substantiated by the precipitation of anti-albumin antibodies with rabbit albumin prior to immunodiffusion. Passive immunodiffusion was used to examine serum from 14 nickel-sensitive patients for precipitating antibodies against nickel human-albumin complex. Five of the patients had widespread erythematous, non-eczematous reactions following oral challenge with 2.5 mg nickel as nickel sulphate, while five others suffered an aggravation of their nickel dermatitis. Precipitating antibodies were found in three patients, all of whom had experienced rapid-onset erythema after oral challenge. A weak precipitate was seen in one of nine controls. The specificity of the precipitates was substantiated by reproducibility and by negative immunodiffusion after precipitation in the positive sera with the antigen.", "PMID": 118843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13499", "title": "Toxicologic studies with sheep fed colored magazines and newsprint.", "content": "Paper containing colored inks from magazines and newspapers was fed as 23% of their ration to sheep for 175 days. A similar ration containing oat hulls in place of the paper was fed to control animals. The paper-fed animals consumed 29% more feed than the controls but the feed efficiency (kg animal weight gained/kg ration consumed) of the two rations was approximately equivalent. Lead contained in the paper accumulated in animal tissues. Hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase activity was several fold higher in the paper-fed animals than the controls. Histopathologic examination of liver and kidney using light and electron microscopy revealed no lesions attributable to diet.", "contents": "Toxicologic studies with sheep fed colored magazines and newsprint. Paper containing colored inks from magazines and newspapers was fed as 23% of their ration to sheep for 175 days. A similar ration containing oat hulls in place of the paper was fed to control animals. The paper-fed animals consumed 29% more feed than the controls but the feed efficiency (kg animal weight gained/kg ration consumed) of the two rations was approximately equivalent. Lead contained in the paper accumulated in animal tissues. Hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase activity was several fold higher in the paper-fed animals than the controls. Histopathologic examination of liver and kidney using light and electron microscopy revealed no lesions attributable to diet.", "PMID": 118844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13500", "title": "[Oscillations in the energy metabolism of the host and symbiont of a cicada. I. Analysis of possible metabolic and physiologic correlations of both systems].", "content": "The insect group which includes cicadas harbours intracellular bacterial symbionts which are passed on from generation to generation in the form of a 'symbiont ball' inserted between the egg membrane and the rear pole of the egg cell. Bioluminiscence methods can be used to measure the oscillations in ATP, ADP and AMP levels in egg systems which have been separated into a host and a symbiont part (Euscelidius variegatus, Euscelis incisus), and which are exposed to constant light or light-dark variations under otherwise constant conditions (26 degrees C, 70% relative humidity, 7000 lux). The energy charge can be calculated from the ATP, ADP and AMP concentrations. Comparisons of such curves suggest an 'antagonistic' relationship in the energy metabolism of the host and symbiont parts of the egg. The minima of oscilaltions in the host's energy metabolism generally occur at the same time as the maxima in the endocytobionts energy metabolism. Antagonistic correlations between the nucleus/cytoplasm and mitochondria/plastids were also observed in the eucyte system. Analogies between the two systems can be explained satisfactorily by the endosymbiont theory of the origin of eucytes. It follows that insect endocytobioses can serve as an experimental model for the biochemical analysis of the eucyte system.", "contents": "[Oscillations in the energy metabolism of the host and symbiont of a cicada. I. Analysis of possible metabolic and physiologic correlations of both systems]. The insect group which includes cicadas harbours intracellular bacterial symbionts which are passed on from generation to generation in the form of a 'symbiont ball' inserted between the egg membrane and the rear pole of the egg cell. Bioluminiscence methods can be used to measure the oscillations in ATP, ADP and AMP levels in egg systems which have been separated into a host and a symbiont part (Euscelidius variegatus, Euscelis incisus), and which are exposed to constant light or light-dark variations under otherwise constant conditions (26 degrees C, 70% relative humidity, 7000 lux). The energy charge can be calculated from the ATP, ADP and AMP concentrations. Comparisons of such curves suggest an 'antagonistic' relationship in the energy metabolism of the host and symbiont parts of the egg. The minima of oscilaltions in the host's energy metabolism generally occur at the same time as the maxima in the endocytobionts energy metabolism. Antagonistic correlations between the nucleus/cytoplasm and mitochondria/plastids were also observed in the eucyte system. Analogies between the two systems can be explained satisfactorily by the endosymbiont theory of the origin of eucytes. It follows that insect endocytobioses can serve as an experimental model for the biochemical analysis of the eucyte system.", "PMID": 118849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13501", "title": "The functional roles of cytochrome P-450 mediated systems: present knowledge and future areas of investigations.", "content": "Research in recent years has considerably enhanced our understanding of the membrane-bound cytochrome P-450-catalyzed biotransformations in organisms. A remarkable similarity has become apparent between diversified animal groups with respect to the components and functional roles of the cytochrome P-450 systems. For example, the steroidal hormone metabolism role for this cytochrome in mammals was recently extended to insect species. In addition, this cytochrome functions importantly in mammalian species for the metabolism of a variety of other endogenous substrates such as bile acids, anthranilic acid, fatty acids, bilirubin and heme, indoles, amines, and purines. Regarding the exogenous role, the system has been known to convert toxic lipophilic substances such as drugs and insecticides to more hydrophilic metabolites which can be easily eliminated by the water-based excretory system in organisms. This detoxication ability apparently arose in organisms, particularly the herbivores, in response to the need to detoxify plant-defensive toxins such as tannins, phenols, quinones, alkaloids, steroids, lecithins, and lignins. The interface between plants and insects is enormous, and therefore it appears probable that cytochrome P-450 will one day be shown to be important in the conversion/utilization of other plant secondary substances, e.g., synthesis of cholesterol from phytosterols, and sex pheromones from olefins, terpenes, and alkaloids.", "contents": "The functional roles of cytochrome P-450 mediated systems: present knowledge and future areas of investigations. Research in recent years has considerably enhanced our understanding of the membrane-bound cytochrome P-450-catalyzed biotransformations in organisms. A remarkable similarity has become apparent between diversified animal groups with respect to the components and functional roles of the cytochrome P-450 systems. For example, the steroidal hormone metabolism role for this cytochrome in mammals was recently extended to insect species. In addition, this cytochrome functions importantly in mammalian species for the metabolism of a variety of other endogenous substrates such as bile acids, anthranilic acid, fatty acids, bilirubin and heme, indoles, amines, and purines. Regarding the exogenous role, the system has been known to convert toxic lipophilic substances such as drugs and insecticides to more hydrophilic metabolites which can be easily eliminated by the water-based excretory system in organisms. This detoxication ability apparently arose in organisms, particularly the herbivores, in response to the need to detoxify plant-defensive toxins such as tannins, phenols, quinones, alkaloids, steroids, lecithins, and lignins. The interface between plants and insects is enormous, and therefore it appears probable that cytochrome P-450 will one day be shown to be important in the conversion/utilization of other plant secondary substances, e.g., synthesis of cholesterol from phytosterols, and sex pheromones from olefins, terpenes, and alkaloids.", "PMID": 118858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13502", "title": "Behavioral methods for the assessment of alcohol tolerance and dependence.", "content": "The effect of ethanol (ALC) on human and animal behavior is readily apparent, but careful use of behavioral measures can provide sensitive and precise descriptions of the actions of ALC and the development of tolerance and dependence. Many of the most useful behavioral methods are reviewed in this report, as well as data from studies that used self-administration (SA) techniques. Intragastric SA experiments with monkeys illustrate the establishment of a durable animal model that exhibits many similarities to human drinking patterns. Recent intravenous SA experiments demonstrated that an opiate antagonist, naltrexone HCl, produces significant decreases in the intravenous SA of ALC, a finding that implicates central opiate systems in the reinforcing effects of ALC.", "contents": "Behavioral methods for the assessment of alcohol tolerance and dependence. The effect of ethanol (ALC) on human and animal behavior is readily apparent, but careful use of behavioral measures can provide sensitive and precise descriptions of the actions of ALC and the development of tolerance and dependence. Many of the most useful behavioral methods are reviewed in this report, as well as data from studies that used self-administration (SA) techniques. Intragastric SA experiments with monkeys illustrate the establishment of a durable animal model that exhibits many similarities to human drinking patterns. Recent intravenous SA experiments demonstrated that an opiate antagonist, naltrexone HCl, produces significant decreases in the intravenous SA of ALC, a finding that implicates central opiate systems in the reinforcing effects of ALC.", "PMID": 118856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13503", "title": "Effects of induction of cytochrome P-450 enzymes on the concentration of foreign compounds and their metabolites and on the toxicological effects of these compounds.", "content": "Most foreign compounds, including nonnutrients in foods and vapors in air, undergo extensive metabolism before they are eliminated from the body. Included in this paper are discussions of the urinary clearance of various kinds of foreign compounds, the nonspecific enzymes that catalyze the formation of many metabolites of foreign compounds, the mechanisms by which the activities of these enzymes are altered, and the pharmacokinetics of the accumulation and elimination of the metabolites after single dose administration and during constant exposure of animals to foreign compounds. The formation of toxic reactive metabolites of foreign compounds and their role in toxic reactions are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of induction of cytochrome P-450 enzymes on the concentration of foreign compounds and their metabolites and on the toxicological effects of these compounds. Most foreign compounds, including nonnutrients in foods and vapors in air, undergo extensive metabolism before they are eliminated from the body. Included in this paper are discussions of the urinary clearance of various kinds of foreign compounds, the nonspecific enzymes that catalyze the formation of many metabolites of foreign compounds, the mechanisms by which the activities of these enzymes are altered, and the pharmacokinetics of the accumulation and elimination of the metabolites after single dose administration and during constant exposure of animals to foreign compounds. The formation of toxic reactive metabolites of foreign compounds and their role in toxic reactions are discussed.", "PMID": 118860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13504", "title": "Psychomotor development during treatment of severely marasmic infants.", "content": "Previous studies of amlnourished infants have shown that their psychomotor development improves parallel to their nutritional rehabilitation. The present study showed that our patients recovered weight-for-age faster than height-for-age, becoming 42% obese at the end of the treatment. The psychomotor development was also significantly improved, but mainly in social, language and fine coordination areas. The gross motor behaviour did not show any improvement during 5 months of treatment. These results are interpreted in terms of the syndrome of dissociation of maturation.", "contents": "Psychomotor development during treatment of severely marasmic infants. Previous studies of amlnourished infants have shown that their psychomotor development improves parallel to their nutritional rehabilitation. The present study showed that our patients recovered weight-for-age faster than height-for-age, becoming 42% obese at the end of the treatment. The psychomotor development was also significantly improved, but mainly in social, language and fine coordination areas. The gross motor behaviour did not show any improvement during 5 months of treatment. These results are interpreted in terms of the syndrome of dissociation of maturation.", "PMID": 118863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13505", "title": "[The resting EEG in relation to neurovegetative status and spatial perception in normal young adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The relationship between measurable EEG-parameters and an index of irritability of the autonomous system was examined. The data consisted of the resting EEGs of 488 adult students, 290 male and 198 female. Time-domain analysis was used for computerized evaluation. Females showed a significantly higher average autonomous irritability index than males. Moreover, positive correlations were found between this index and the number of occipital beta-waves; the correlation with number of alpha-waves was negative. Amplitudes tend to be correlated negatively with the index; most correlations are stronger in females than in males. In 73 proband, 35 male and 43 female,--carriers of various inherited EEG-variants and age- and sex-matched controls,--spatial perception was examined by the WU-subtest of the \"Intelligenzstrukturtest\" (Amthauer). Males showed significantly higher average test values than females, and in women, a significant relationship between occipital EEG and space perception was found. There appears to be a positive association between space perception and amplitude of occipital alpha- and beta-waves. On the other hand, however, carriers of the typical low-voltage EEG show very good space perception despite their low amplitudes of occipital alpha- and beta-waves.", "contents": "[The resting EEG in relation to neurovegetative status and spatial perception in normal young adults (author's transl)]. The relationship between measurable EEG-parameters and an index of irritability of the autonomous system was examined. The data consisted of the resting EEGs of 488 adult students, 290 male and 198 female. Time-domain analysis was used for computerized evaluation. Females showed a significantly higher average autonomous irritability index than males. Moreover, positive correlations were found between this index and the number of occipital beta-waves; the correlation with number of alpha-waves was negative. Amplitudes tend to be correlated negatively with the index; most correlations are stronger in females than in males. In 73 proband, 35 male and 43 female,--carriers of various inherited EEG-variants and age- and sex-matched controls,--spatial perception was examined by the WU-subtest of the \"Intelligenzstrukturtest\" (Amthauer). Males showed significantly higher average test values than females, and in women, a significant relationship between occipital EEG and space perception was found. There appears to be a positive association between space perception and amplitude of occipital alpha- and beta-waves. On the other hand, however, carriers of the typical low-voltage EEG show very good space perception despite their low amplitudes of occipital alpha- and beta-waves.", "PMID": 118864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13506", "title": "[The propagation of acetylcholine-induced seizures (author's transl)].", "content": "Acetylcholine (ACh) injected into the cortex induces epileptic seizures which spread very slowly, with a propagation speed of some millimeters per minute over the cortex. To study this propagation mechanism the ECoG recorded with two rows of equally spaced electrodes, one row on the homolateral the other on the contralateral hemisphere, was analysed using correlation techniques and spectral analytical methods. Rabbits were used as experimental animals. If a cortical area is involved in the seizure of rhythmic fast and low activity of about 30 Hz is observed. The frequency decreases discontinuously and simultaneously the amplitudes increase. After one or more seconds the activity seems to stabilize showing a tonic pattern of about 9 Hz but a few seconds later this tonic pattern is replaced by an irregular seizure activity. This mechanism was found for the spreading of the primary focus as well as for the spreading of the mirror focus on the contralateral hemisphere which occurs about 2 hours after the injection of ACh. The analysis of the approximately 9 Hz tonic period yielded the following results: at the beginning, the 9 Hz activity of the cortical area already involved leads the activity of the adjacent area which is going to be involved. High coherences were found between both areas during this state. Then the coherence decrease, indicating an uncoupling of the two areas. The subsequent increase of coherence indicates a renewed coupling, but now the newly involved area is leading. This was found by correlation and phase analysis. From these results it can be concluded that the propagation of such seizures is based on a stepwise propagation of an active focus and that the propagation is strongly correlated with certain graphoelements and rhythms.", "contents": "[The propagation of acetylcholine-induced seizures (author's transl)]. Acetylcholine (ACh) injected into the cortex induces epileptic seizures which spread very slowly, with a propagation speed of some millimeters per minute over the cortex. To study this propagation mechanism the ECoG recorded with two rows of equally spaced electrodes, one row on the homolateral the other on the contralateral hemisphere, was analysed using correlation techniques and spectral analytical methods. Rabbits were used as experimental animals. If a cortical area is involved in the seizure of rhythmic fast and low activity of about 30 Hz is observed. The frequency decreases discontinuously and simultaneously the amplitudes increase. After one or more seconds the activity seems to stabilize showing a tonic pattern of about 9 Hz but a few seconds later this tonic pattern is replaced by an irregular seizure activity. This mechanism was found for the spreading of the primary focus as well as for the spreading of the mirror focus on the contralateral hemisphere which occurs about 2 hours after the injection of ACh. The analysis of the approximately 9 Hz tonic period yielded the following results: at the beginning, the 9 Hz activity of the cortical area already involved leads the activity of the adjacent area which is going to be involved. High coherences were found between both areas during this state. Then the coherence decrease, indicating an uncoupling of the two areas. The subsequent increase of coherence indicates a renewed coupling, but now the newly involved area is leading. This was found by correlation and phase analysis. From these results it can be concluded that the propagation of such seizures is based on a stepwise propagation of an active focus and that the propagation is strongly correlated with certain graphoelements and rhythms.", "PMID": 118865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13507", "title": "[The effects of ordinary provocation on the power density spectrum. A clinical electroencephalographic study (author's transl)].", "content": "In the search for methods which might increase the discrimination of the EEG, the power density spectra of a random sample of patients during different conditions were analysed. Power density spectra were made during eyes closed, eyes open, after hyperventilation, during photic stimulation, and during auditory stimulation. It proved that the spectra may change under different provocation tests, sometimes in a rather peculiar way. The conclusion was, that these analyses improve explicit the EEG diagnosis, a problem however is the time required for spectra interpretation.", "contents": "[The effects of ordinary provocation on the power density spectrum. A clinical electroencephalographic study (author's transl)]. In the search for methods which might increase the discrimination of the EEG, the power density spectra of a random sample of patients during different conditions were analysed. Power density spectra were made during eyes closed, eyes open, after hyperventilation, during photic stimulation, and during auditory stimulation. It proved that the spectra may change under different provocation tests, sometimes in a rather peculiar way. The conclusion was, that these analyses improve explicit the EEG diagnosis, a problem however is the time required for spectra interpretation.", "PMID": 118866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13508", "title": "[Electromyographic differential diagnosis in cases of abducens nerve paresis with nuclear or distal neurogenic sive myogenic origine (author's transl)].", "content": "Abducens nerve paresis may be of nuclear, of peripheral distal neurogenic origine, or is simulated by a myogenic weakness of abduction. Polygraphic emg analysis of the oculoauricularphenomenon (oap) permits a differentiation. In the emg, the oap proved to be a physiologic and constant automatic and always bilateral interaction between the hemolateral abducens nerve and both Nn. faciales with corresponding and obligatory coinnervation of the Mm. retroauricularis of the external ear. In case of medullary, nuclear or internuclear lesions, the oap is disturbed, instable, diminished or abolished, whereas in distal neurogenic or myogenic paresis, even in complete paralysis the oap is bilaterally well preserved.", "contents": "[Electromyographic differential diagnosis in cases of abducens nerve paresis with nuclear or distal neurogenic sive myogenic origine (author's transl)]. Abducens nerve paresis may be of nuclear, of peripheral distal neurogenic origine, or is simulated by a myogenic weakness of abduction. Polygraphic emg analysis of the oculoauricularphenomenon (oap) permits a differentiation. In the emg, the oap proved to be a physiologic and constant automatic and always bilateral interaction between the hemolateral abducens nerve and both Nn. faciales with corresponding and obligatory coinnervation of the Mm. retroauricularis of the external ear. In case of medullary, nuclear or internuclear lesions, the oap is disturbed, instable, diminished or abolished, whereas in distal neurogenic or myogenic paresis, even in complete paralysis the oap is bilaterally well preserved.", "PMID": 118867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13509", "title": "[Electroneurographic proof of the anterior interosseous nerve syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A 52 year old female with an anterior interosseous nerve syndrome is reported, which probably was caused by an unusual mechanical stress--transport of a case with the left hand for a prolonged period. With insertion of pronator quadratus muscle by a needle electrode as far as radial and distal as possible we received a distinctly prolonged latency of 9.8 ms on the afflicted side by stimulation of median nerve in the bend of elbow; the corresponding value on the healthy side was 5.9 ms. The described technic seems recommendable for proofing of diagnosis and controlling the course of this illness in cases without complete denervation of the muscles innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve.", "contents": "[Electroneurographic proof of the anterior interosseous nerve syndrome (author's transl)]. A 52 year old female with an anterior interosseous nerve syndrome is reported, which probably was caused by an unusual mechanical stress--transport of a case with the left hand for a prolonged period. With insertion of pronator quadratus muscle by a needle electrode as far as radial and distal as possible we received a distinctly prolonged latency of 9.8 ms on the afflicted side by stimulation of median nerve in the bend of elbow; the corresponding value on the healthy side was 5.9 ms. The described technic seems recommendable for proofing of diagnosis and controlling the course of this illness in cases without complete denervation of the muscles innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve.", "PMID": 118868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13510", "title": "[Alpha activity and spindles in comatose patients after brain damage in reference to CT-results (author's transl)].", "content": "We observed seven comatose patients after various brain injuries who showed an alpha- or spindle-activity in the EEG. All patients were systematically examined by EEG and Computer-Tomography (CT). In all these cases a brain stem lesion was visible in CT. Three times the CT-findings could be verified by autopsy. The CT-findings agree with the well known localization of the lesion in the phono-mesencephalic region in these patients.", "contents": "[Alpha activity and spindles in comatose patients after brain damage in reference to CT-results (author's transl)]. We observed seven comatose patients after various brain injuries who showed an alpha- or spindle-activity in the EEG. All patients were systematically examined by EEG and Computer-Tomography (CT). In all these cases a brain stem lesion was visible in CT. Three times the CT-findings could be verified by autopsy. The CT-findings agree with the well known localization of the lesion in the phono-mesencephalic region in these patients.", "PMID": 118869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13511", "title": "[Electro-neurological correlations in early stages of posttraumatic comatose states. I. The EEG at different stages of acute traumatic secondary midbrain and bulbar brain syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "165 EEG were analysed from 140 patients in posttraumatic coma with secondary traumatic midbrain and bulbar brain syndrome. The EEG-pattern was related to the stage of midbrain or bulbar brain syndrome caused by supratentorial brain shift. There was a close relation between EEG-pattern and the grade of rostro-caudal deterioration. A decrease in the number of different EEG-patterns was associated with increasing intracranial pressure. An unfavourable state of coma was indicated by the disappearance of sleep or sleep-like activities, alternating pattern and loss of reactivity. In deep stages of midbrain syndrome the neurological examination reveals no lateralizing signs at all. The EEG gives the only hint to a local cerebral lesion. EEG abnormalities due to the herniation itself interferred with the EEG-changes due to secondary circulatory, respiratory and metabolic encephalopathies. In such cases the above mentioned regularities were slurred.", "contents": "[Electro-neurological correlations in early stages of posttraumatic comatose states. I. The EEG at different stages of acute traumatic secondary midbrain and bulbar brain syndrome (author's transl)]. 165 EEG were analysed from 140 patients in posttraumatic coma with secondary traumatic midbrain and bulbar brain syndrome. The EEG-pattern was related to the stage of midbrain or bulbar brain syndrome caused by supratentorial brain shift. There was a close relation between EEG-pattern and the grade of rostro-caudal deterioration. A decrease in the number of different EEG-patterns was associated with increasing intracranial pressure. An unfavourable state of coma was indicated by the disappearance of sleep or sleep-like activities, alternating pattern and loss of reactivity. In deep stages of midbrain syndrome the neurological examination reveals no lateralizing signs at all. The EEG gives the only hint to a local cerebral lesion. EEG abnormalities due to the herniation itself interferred with the EEG-changes due to secondary circulatory, respiratory and metabolic encephalopathies. In such cases the above mentioned regularities were slurred.", "PMID": 118870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13512", "title": "[Influence of diphenylhydantoine on delta sharp-waves in coma. A clinical contribution (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with severe drug intoxication developed the well known EEG stages, starting with burst suppression activity until the pattern with delta waves and sharp waves was reached. At this stage it was treated with diphenylhydantoine intravenously. During injection the sharp elements disappeared and the pattern of faster waves was established. Thus it may be concluded that the sharp wave delta pattern indicates activity similar to that seen in epilepsy and that such a pattern needs anticonvulsant therapy.", "contents": "[Influence of diphenylhydantoine on delta sharp-waves in coma. A clinical contribution (author's transl)]. A patient with severe drug intoxication developed the well known EEG stages, starting with burst suppression activity until the pattern with delta waves and sharp waves was reached. At this stage it was treated with diphenylhydantoine intravenously. During injection the sharp elements disappeared and the pattern of faster waves was established. Thus it may be concluded that the sharp wave delta pattern indicates activity similar to that seen in epilepsy and that such a pattern needs anticonvulsant therapy.", "PMID": 118871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13513", "title": "[The value of EEG and computertomography in ischemic stroke (author's transl)].", "content": "35 patients with ischaemic cerebrovascular disease were investigated using EEG and computertomography on the same day and the results from both investigations were compared. The EEG was pathological in 27 cases of which 26 showed focal changes and one case generalised changes. In 8 patients the EEG was normal. The CT-results showed a hypodense lesion in 17 patients and multiple hypodense lesions in 3 patients. 13 cases had atrophy and a normal CT was present in 2 cases. In 26 patients the EEG and CT results were both pathological and in one case both normal. In the diagnosis of ischaemic cerebrovascular disease both of these noninvasive investigative techniques complement each other; CT demonstrating the morphology of a lesion whilst EEG shows more functional changes in the brain.", "contents": "[The value of EEG and computertomography in ischemic stroke (author's transl)]. 35 patients with ischaemic cerebrovascular disease were investigated using EEG and computertomography on the same day and the results from both investigations were compared. The EEG was pathological in 27 cases of which 26 showed focal changes and one case generalised changes. In 8 patients the EEG was normal. The CT-results showed a hypodense lesion in 17 patients and multiple hypodense lesions in 3 patients. 13 cases had atrophy and a normal CT was present in 2 cases. In 26 patients the EEG and CT results were both pathological and in one case both normal. In the diagnosis of ischaemic cerebrovascular disease both of these noninvasive investigative techniques complement each other; CT demonstrating the morphology of a lesion whilst EEG shows more functional changes in the brain.", "PMID": 118872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13514", "title": "Comparison of the effects of deafferentation and ablation of medial basal hypothalamus on thyrotropin and prolactin secretion.", "content": "To further delineate the interrelationships of neural control of TSH and prolactin secretion, medial basal hypothalamic deafferentation (MBHD) or medial basal hypothalamic ablation (MBHA) were performed in euthyroid or hypothyroid male rats. MBHD produced a prompt and significant fall in plasma TSH but no change in plasma prolactin. MBHA produced a more marked fall in plasma TSH and a 6-fold rise in plasma prolactin within 3 days postoperatively. Plasma TSH remained at a low level postoperatively, but plasma prolactin gradually declined from its peak 3-5 days postoperatively to approximately the initial basal levels 2 weeks postoperatively. MBHA did not appreciably impair the ability of TRH to stimulate TSH secretion or of perphenazine to stimulate prolactin secretion. Where the same experiments were performed in both euthyroid and hypothyroid rats, there was no qualitative difference between the two, although basal plasma TSH was higher and prolactin lower in the hypothyroid than in the euthyroid animals. Our data support the concept that the medial basal hypothalamus is important in stimulating TSH and inhibiting prolactin secretion. Dormant inhibitory influences on prolactin secretion, but not stimulatory influences on TSH secretion, may be aroused after hypothalamic ablation.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of deafferentation and ablation of medial basal hypothalamus on thyrotropin and prolactin secretion. To further delineate the interrelationships of neural control of TSH and prolactin secretion, medial basal hypothalamic deafferentation (MBHD) or medial basal hypothalamic ablation (MBHA) were performed in euthyroid or hypothyroid male rats. MBHD produced a prompt and significant fall in plasma TSH but no change in plasma prolactin. MBHA produced a more marked fall in plasma TSH and a 6-fold rise in plasma prolactin within 3 days postoperatively. Plasma TSH remained at a low level postoperatively, but plasma prolactin gradually declined from its peak 3-5 days postoperatively to approximately the initial basal levels 2 weeks postoperatively. MBHA did not appreciably impair the ability of TRH to stimulate TSH secretion or of perphenazine to stimulate prolactin secretion. Where the same experiments were performed in both euthyroid and hypothyroid rats, there was no qualitative difference between the two, although basal plasma TSH was higher and prolactin lower in the hypothyroid than in the euthyroid animals. Our data support the concept that the medial basal hypothalamus is important in stimulating TSH and inhibiting prolactin secretion. Dormant inhibitory influences on prolactin secretion, but not stimulatory influences on TSH secretion, may be aroused after hypothalamic ablation.", "PMID": 118873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13515", "title": "Chloroplast elongation factors are synthesized in the chloroplast.", "content": "The elongation factor G (EF-Gchl) and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tuchl) present in spinach chloroplasts become labelled when isolated chloroplasts are incubated in the light with radioactive methionine. EF-Gchl and EF-Tuchl account for approximately 0.04% and 0.2% respectively of the total radioactivity incorporated by isolated organelles.", "contents": "Chloroplast elongation factors are synthesized in the chloroplast. The elongation factor G (EF-Gchl) and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tuchl) present in spinach chloroplasts become labelled when isolated chloroplasts are incubated in the light with radioactive methionine. EF-Gchl and EF-Tuchl account for approximately 0.04% and 0.2% respectively of the total radioactivity incorporated by isolated organelles.", "PMID": 118875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13516", "title": "Characterization of preribosomal ribonucleoprotein particles from Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "Ribonucleoprotein particles present in extracts of nuclei prepared from Tetrahymena pyriformis labelled for 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 min with [3H]uridine during exponential growth were analysed by sedimentation through linear 10--30% sucrose gradients. After 1 min of labelling, the early ribosomal RNA precursor (36-S) is found to be associated with slowly sedimenting particles which form a broad peak centred at approximately 50 S. Other kinds of particles sedimenting at 80 S, 66 S, 60 S and 44 S are observed when labelling is carried out for longer periods (2.5, 5 and 10 min). The 80-S particle contains 29-S and 18-S RNA species together with traces of 36-S RNA; the 60-S and 44-S particles contain 26-S and 17-S RNAs respectively. Similar results were obtained when [Me-3H]methionine was used for labelling in place of [3H]uridine. Methylation of the RNA present in slowly sedimenting nuclear components (30-70-S) is rapid, reaching a plateau at 5 min while that of the faster sedimenting (70--90-S) components is still increasing after 10 min. Only three types of ribonucleoprotein particles (80-S, 66-S, and 44-S) were observed when the cells were labelled after prolonged starvation. A scheme of ribosome biogenesis based on these results is presented.", "contents": "Characterization of preribosomal ribonucleoprotein particles from Tetrahymena pyriformis. Ribonucleoprotein particles present in extracts of nuclei prepared from Tetrahymena pyriformis labelled for 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 min with [3H]uridine during exponential growth were analysed by sedimentation through linear 10--30% sucrose gradients. After 1 min of labelling, the early ribosomal RNA precursor (36-S) is found to be associated with slowly sedimenting particles which form a broad peak centred at approximately 50 S. Other kinds of particles sedimenting at 80 S, 66 S, 60 S and 44 S are observed when labelling is carried out for longer periods (2.5, 5 and 10 min). The 80-S particle contains 29-S and 18-S RNA species together with traces of 36-S RNA; the 60-S and 44-S particles contain 26-S and 17-S RNAs respectively. Similar results were obtained when [Me-3H]methionine was used for labelling in place of [3H]uridine. Methylation of the RNA present in slowly sedimenting nuclear components (30-70-S) is rapid, reaching a plateau at 5 min while that of the faster sedimenting (70--90-S) components is still increasing after 10 min. Only three types of ribonucleoprotein particles (80-S, 66-S, and 44-S) were observed when the cells were labelled after prolonged starvation. A scheme of ribosome biogenesis based on these results is presented.", "PMID": 118876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13517", "title": "Cyanine dye as monitor of membrane potentials in Escherichia coli cells and membrane vesicles.", "content": "The fluorescence response of a positively charged cyanine dye: 3,3'-dimethylindodicarbocyanine iodide can be specifically related to the generation in Escherichia coli cells and E. coli membrane vesicles of an electrical membrane potential induced either by substrate oxidation or by an artificially imposed potassium diffusion gradient. The energy-dependent quenching of the dye fluorescence correlates well with the known effect on delta phi of: oxidation of various energy sources, external pH and solute accumulation. Thus, in the vesicles, the fluorescence quenching of the dye increases from succinate to D-lactate, to ascorbate/phenazine methosulfate and parallels the increasing ability of these electron donors to generate a delta phi. In the vesicles, delta phi is only weakly dependent on external pH, whereas in the cells, delta phi increases with increasing external pH. Lactose accumulation in the vesicles results in the partial utilization of delta phi. A calibration of the dye fluorescence in terms of delta phi has been determined using valinomycin-induced potassium diffusion potential.", "contents": "Cyanine dye as monitor of membrane potentials in Escherichia coli cells and membrane vesicles. The fluorescence response of a positively charged cyanine dye: 3,3'-dimethylindodicarbocyanine iodide can be specifically related to the generation in Escherichia coli cells and E. coli membrane vesicles of an electrical membrane potential induced either by substrate oxidation or by an artificially imposed potassium diffusion gradient. The energy-dependent quenching of the dye fluorescence correlates well with the known effect on delta phi of: oxidation of various energy sources, external pH and solute accumulation. Thus, in the vesicles, the fluorescence quenching of the dye increases from succinate to D-lactate, to ascorbate/phenazine methosulfate and parallels the increasing ability of these electron donors to generate a delta phi. In the vesicles, delta phi is only weakly dependent on external pH, whereas in the cells, delta phi increases with increasing external pH. Lactose accumulation in the vesicles results in the partial utilization of delta phi. A calibration of the dye fluorescence in terms of delta phi has been determined using valinomycin-induced potassium diffusion potential.", "PMID": 118877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13518", "title": "Secondary structure of the 5' end of bacteriophage MS2 RNA Methoxyamine and kethoxal modification.", "content": "To refine the secondary structure model of the 5' end of the bacteriophage MS2 genome, 32P-labeled MS2 RNA was partially digested with T1 RNase or with Cm-RNase and the 5'-end fragment was isolated, renatured and submitted to treatment with methoxyamine or kethoxal. The resulting modified RNA was digested with T1 RNase and the products were separated by minifingerprinting. Methoxyamine-induced modification of exposed cytidines was detected by differential mobility of modified oligonucleotides, while kethoxal-induced alteration of exposed guanosines was monitored by resistance to T1 ribonuclease digestion. The positions of the modified residues are discussed in terms of an improved secondary structure model proposed for the 5' end of the viral RNA. The structure itself is discussed in relation to sequence conservation and biological function.", "contents": "Secondary structure of the 5' end of bacteriophage MS2 RNA Methoxyamine and kethoxal modification. To refine the secondary structure model of the 5' end of the bacteriophage MS2 genome, 32P-labeled MS2 RNA was partially digested with T1 RNase or with Cm-RNase and the 5'-end fragment was isolated, renatured and submitted to treatment with methoxyamine or kethoxal. The resulting modified RNA was digested with T1 RNase and the products were separated by minifingerprinting. Methoxyamine-induced modification of exposed cytidines was detected by differential mobility of modified oligonucleotides, while kethoxal-induced alteration of exposed guanosines was monitored by resistance to T1 ribonuclease digestion. The positions of the modified residues are discussed in terms of an improved secondary structure model proposed for the 5' end of the viral RNA. The structure itself is discussed in relation to sequence conservation and biological function.", "PMID": 118878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13519", "title": "Aminopyrine: metabolism and effects in the rat after administration of inhibitors of hepatic monooxygenases.", "content": "The administration to the rat of the inhibitors of microsomal mixed function oxidase, SKF 525A and Oxine-5-sulphonic acid (OSA) caused a significant decrease of the hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase activity, as well as an increase in the plasma levels and antipyretic activity of orally administered aminopyrine. The plasma concentrations of the aminopyrine metabolite 4-aminoantipyrine were reduced in SKF 525-A treated animals while they were slightly increased in those pretreated with OSA. These findings suggest that the in vivo changes of aminopyrine disposition and activity brought about by SKF 525-A were the result of an inhibited hepatic drug metabolism, while the effects produced by OSA were due to a more rapid intestinal absorption of aminopyrine.", "contents": "Aminopyrine: metabolism and effects in the rat after administration of inhibitors of hepatic monooxygenases. The administration to the rat of the inhibitors of microsomal mixed function oxidase, SKF 525A and Oxine-5-sulphonic acid (OSA) caused a significant decrease of the hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase activity, as well as an increase in the plasma levels and antipyretic activity of orally administered aminopyrine. The plasma concentrations of the aminopyrine metabolite 4-aminoantipyrine were reduced in SKF 525-A treated animals while they were slightly increased in those pretreated with OSA. These findings suggest that the in vivo changes of aminopyrine disposition and activity brought about by SKF 525-A were the result of an inhibited hepatic drug metabolism, while the effects produced by OSA were due to a more rapid intestinal absorption of aminopyrine.", "PMID": 118879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13520", "title": "Hepatic necrosis in the pig produced by transient arterial occlusion.", "content": "The effects of transient liver ischaemia were studied in young pigs. At operation, a specially designed ligature sling was placed around the hepatic artery and brought out through the abdominal wall so that it could be later tightened. All other routes of arterial supply to the liver were divided. The arterial supply was occluded for 1, 2, 4 or 12 h on the 1st and 3rd postoperative days. Ischaemic damage was assessed histologically and by serum ASAT and acid hydrolase levels. Liver necrosis developed after 1--2 h of occlusion and increased after 4 and 12 h of occlusion. Ischaemic liver damage was reduced when the operation and occlusion were separated by 72 hr.", "contents": "Hepatic necrosis in the pig produced by transient arterial occlusion. The effects of transient liver ischaemia were studied in young pigs. At operation, a specially designed ligature sling was placed around the hepatic artery and brought out through the abdominal wall so that it could be later tightened. All other routes of arterial supply to the liver were divided. The arterial supply was occluded for 1, 2, 4 or 12 h on the 1st and 3rd postoperative days. Ischaemic damage was assessed histologically and by serum ASAT and acid hydrolase levels. Liver necrosis developed after 1--2 h of occlusion and increased after 4 and 12 h of occlusion. Ischaemic liver damage was reduced when the operation and occlusion were separated by 72 hr.", "PMID": 118880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13521", "title": "Inherited chi chain polymorphism in mouse antibodies to phenyloxazolone.", "content": "Mice of several but not all strains produce antibodies of restricted heterogeneity (public idiotype) against hapten 2-phenyl-oxazolone (phOx). This public idiotype is controlled by an allotype-linked gene in crosses between BALB/c and C57BL mice. RF mice do not produce the idiotype although allotype c strain, DBA/2, does. We studied whether the RF strain is negative for the idiotype because of an unsuitable H chain repertoire or an unsuitable L chain repertoire. Our breeding experiments indicate that the H chain repertoire of RF mice can support synthesis of the public idiotype but the L chain repertoire cannot.", "contents": "Inherited chi chain polymorphism in mouse antibodies to phenyloxazolone. Mice of several but not all strains produce antibodies of restricted heterogeneity (public idiotype) against hapten 2-phenyl-oxazolone (phOx). This public idiotype is controlled by an allotype-linked gene in crosses between BALB/c and C57BL mice. RF mice do not produce the idiotype although allotype c strain, DBA/2, does. We studied whether the RF strain is negative for the idiotype because of an unsuitable H chain repertoire or an unsuitable L chain repertoire. Our breeding experiments indicate that the H chain repertoire of RF mice can support synthesis of the public idiotype but the L chain repertoire cannot.", "PMID": 118886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13522", "title": "Studies on a new acute phase protein. III. A thermostable granulocyte antigen in the rat.", "content": "Antisera against polymorphonuclear leukocytes of the rat and against an extract of these cells heated at 100 degrees C for 1 hr were produced in rabbits. By use of indirect fluorescent antibody technique both immune sera stained neutrophils of the rat. In double diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis the antisera reacted with the heated extract of granulocytes. The antisera exhibited a cross-reactivity with granulocytes of other species. The results indicate that the neutrophils of the rat contain a thermostable antigen. Using immunodiffusion the antigen is demonstrable in sera of rats with inflammatory diseases.", "contents": "Studies on a new acute phase protein. III. A thermostable granulocyte antigen in the rat. Antisera against polymorphonuclear leukocytes of the rat and against an extract of these cells heated at 100 degrees C for 1 hr were produced in rabbits. By use of indirect fluorescent antibody technique both immune sera stained neutrophils of the rat. In double diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis the antisera reacted with the heated extract of granulocytes. The antisera exhibited a cross-reactivity with granulocytes of other species. The results indicate that the neutrophils of the rat contain a thermostable antigen. Using immunodiffusion the antigen is demonstrable in sera of rats with inflammatory diseases.", "PMID": 118889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13523", "title": "In vitro antimycoplasmal activity of mepartricin.", "content": "The in vitro antimycoplasmal activity of mepartricin was evaluated on several mycoplasma strains. The results demonstrate that this polyene antibiotic possesses a high efficacy against these microorganisms.", "contents": "In vitro antimycoplasmal activity of mepartricin. The in vitro antimycoplasmal activity of mepartricin was evaluated on several mycoplasma strains. The results demonstrate that this polyene antibiotic possesses a high efficacy against these microorganisms.", "PMID": 118890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13524", "title": "[Effect of a dinitro-o-cresol-containing herbicide (Hedolit) on human reproduction].", "content": "After epicutaneous application of Hedolit to guinea pigs the above mentioned substance was found less concentrated in the semen and in the testis than in the serum. Hedolit concentrations, as they were found in the serum, lead already to motility limitations of human sperma and cause a small mutageneous effect in drosophila melanogaster. The chosen epicutaneous modus of application did not lead to such traceable concentrations of Hedolit in the semen and in the testis.", "contents": "[Effect of a dinitro-o-cresol-containing herbicide (Hedolit) on human reproduction]. After epicutaneous application of Hedolit to guinea pigs the above mentioned substance was found less concentrated in the semen and in the testis than in the serum. Hedolit concentrations, as they were found in the serum, lead already to motility limitations of human sperma and cause a small mutageneous effect in drosophila melanogaster. The chosen epicutaneous modus of application did not lead to such traceable concentrations of Hedolit in the semen and in the testis.", "PMID": 118892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13525", "title": "Cigarette smoking, chronic peptic ulceration, and pepsin 1 secretion.", "content": "The relationship between the secretion of pepsin 1 (the most electronegative of the pepsins), and the smoking habits of 219 patients has been investigated. Significantly more cigarette smokers with peptic ulceration (72.5%) secreted pepsin 1 in greater than trace amounts after pentagastrin or histamine than did non-smokers with ulceration (51.2%). Differences of a similar order were found for men with duodenal ulcer, women with duodenal ulcer, and all patients with gastric ulcer, but the difference was statistically significant only for men with duodenal ulcer. Significantly more patients with peptic ulcer smoking six to 15 cigarettes/day secreted moderate or high concentrations of pepsin 1 than did heavier smokers or non-smokers. There was no significant association between cigarette smoking and pepsin 1 secretion among 74 patients without ulceration. Maximal acid output was not significantly related to smoking in any group studied. The findings add to the increasing body of evidence linking pepsins and pepsin 1 with the pathogenesis of peptic ulceration.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking, chronic peptic ulceration, and pepsin 1 secretion. The relationship between the secretion of pepsin 1 (the most electronegative of the pepsins), and the smoking habits of 219 patients has been investigated. Significantly more cigarette smokers with peptic ulceration (72.5%) secreted pepsin 1 in greater than trace amounts after pentagastrin or histamine than did non-smokers with ulceration (51.2%). Differences of a similar order were found for men with duodenal ulcer, women with duodenal ulcer, and all patients with gastric ulcer, but the difference was statistically significant only for men with duodenal ulcer. Significantly more patients with peptic ulcer smoking six to 15 cigarettes/day secreted moderate or high concentrations of pepsin 1 than did heavier smokers or non-smokers. There was no significant association between cigarette smoking and pepsin 1 secretion among 74 patients without ulceration. Maximal acid output was not significantly related to smoking in any group studied. The findings add to the increasing body of evidence linking pepsins and pepsin 1 with the pathogenesis of peptic ulceration.", "PMID": 118897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13526", "title": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in Macaca arctoides.", "content": "The amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio) of stumptail macaque monkeys (Macaca arctoides) was investigated by means of serial amniocenteses during the second half of pregnancy. Ten dated pregnancies were studied in 9 individual monkeys. The mean number of successful amniocenteses per pregnancy was 4. A rapid increase in the L/S ratio suggesting maturation of lung surfactant synthesis occurred as early as 130--140 days of pregnancy in some animals, and as late as 150--160 days in others. The earliest and latest times at which the L/S ratio first exceeded 2.0 were 135 and 164 days, respectively. These observations indicate that the L/S ratio of M. arctoides follows a course similar to that observed in human pregnancy, with a rise at 0.7--0.8 of term gestation. M. arctoides thus appears to be a useful model for the study of factors affecting fetal lung maturity, on the basis of the amniotic fluid L/S ratio. In particular, a rapid rise in L/S ratio before 130 days of pregnancy would be highly suggestive of accelerated maturation of pulmonary surfactant production.", "contents": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in Macaca arctoides. The amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio) of stumptail macaque monkeys (Macaca arctoides) was investigated by means of serial amniocenteses during the second half of pregnancy. Ten dated pregnancies were studied in 9 individual monkeys. The mean number of successful amniocenteses per pregnancy was 4. A rapid increase in the L/S ratio suggesting maturation of lung surfactant synthesis occurred as early as 130--140 days of pregnancy in some animals, and as late as 150--160 days in others. The earliest and latest times at which the L/S ratio first exceeded 2.0 were 135 and 164 days, respectively. These observations indicate that the L/S ratio of M. arctoides follows a course similar to that observed in human pregnancy, with a rise at 0.7--0.8 of term gestation. M. arctoides thus appears to be a useful model for the study of factors affecting fetal lung maturity, on the basis of the amniotic fluid L/S ratio. In particular, a rapid rise in L/S ratio before 130 days of pregnancy would be highly suggestive of accelerated maturation of pulmonary surfactant production.", "PMID": 118898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13527", "title": "Exoprotease production by sporogenous and asporogenous mycobacillin non-producer mutants of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Mycobacillin non-producers, whether sporogenous or asporogenous, possess less exoprotease, but effective exoprotease producers are not always good mycobacillin yielders. There might exist a minimum level of exoprotease formation for elaboration of mycobacillin.", "contents": "Exoprotease production by sporogenous and asporogenous mycobacillin non-producer mutants of Bacillus subtilis. Mycobacillin non-producers, whether sporogenous or asporogenous, possess less exoprotease, but effective exoprotease producers are not always good mycobacillin yielders. There might exist a minimum level of exoprotease formation for elaboration of mycobacillin.", "PMID": 118901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13528", "title": "The use of time and space by the Panamanian tamarin, Saguinus oedipus.", "content": "Tamarin activity patterns and habitat utilization strategies in the Tropical Dry Forest of the Panama Canal Zone were monitored quantitatively using radio-location telemetry. The daily tamarin activity pattern differed from that of other Neotropical primates in that early morning and late afternoon activity normally did not occur. Total daily activity time averaged 676 +/- 62 min. Sleeping trees, and behaviors associated with their use, were documented. Daily path length averaged 2,061 +/- 402 m. Mean travel distance was 468 +/- 66 m. Approximately one-third of the home range was utilized on a given day. Wet season home ranges for two social groups were 26 and 32 ha in area. Areas of low brush, forest edge, and vine-entangled second growth were heavily used by foraging tamarins. Large shade trees, particularly evergreens, were important as refuges from solar radiation. Open-canopy forest types and areas of grass were avoided. Social groups on resource-stable lowland sites defended territories; those on unstable upland sites used a system of time-space segregation. Upland groups became seminomadic during the dry season. Suitability of home range site may affect social group stability, natality, and infant survivorship.", "contents": "The use of time and space by the Panamanian tamarin, Saguinus oedipus. Tamarin activity patterns and habitat utilization strategies in the Tropical Dry Forest of the Panama Canal Zone were monitored quantitatively using radio-location telemetry. The daily tamarin activity pattern differed from that of other Neotropical primates in that early morning and late afternoon activity normally did not occur. Total daily activity time averaged 676 +/- 62 min. Sleeping trees, and behaviors associated with their use, were documented. Daily path length averaged 2,061 +/- 402 m. Mean travel distance was 468 +/- 66 m. Approximately one-third of the home range was utilized on a given day. Wet season home ranges for two social groups were 26 and 32 ha in area. Areas of low brush, forest edge, and vine-entangled second growth were heavily used by foraging tamarins. Large shade trees, particularly evergreens, were important as refuges from solar radiation. Open-canopy forest types and areas of grass were avoided. Social groups on resource-stable lowland sites defended territories; those on unstable upland sites used a system of time-space segregation. Upland groups became seminomadic during the dry season. Suitability of home range site may affect social group stability, natality, and infant survivorship.", "PMID": 118902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13529", "title": "Chromosomal polymorphism and somatic segregation in Saimiri sciureus.", "content": "Quinacrine (Q) and Giemsa (G) banding, and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) studies have been carried out in Saimiri sciureus. In one male and one female studied, the diploid number was 2n = 44 and the karyotype corresponded to that described for the geographical region of Georgetown, Guyana. In the second male three different cell lines were observed, one corresponding to the geographical region of Leticia (Colombia), another to the geographical location of Iquitos (Peru) and a third line with 46 chromosomes. In the three lines, pair A2 was heterozygous, with nucleolar organizers of different size, and pari B6 was also heterozygous, with different amounts of heterochromatin in the short arms. The presence of three different cell lines in this male may be due to a mechanism of somatic segregation. The chromosomal changes involved in the intraspecific polymorphism found in Saimiri have been reinterpreted.", "contents": "Chromosomal polymorphism and somatic segregation in Saimiri sciureus. Quinacrine (Q) and Giemsa (G) banding, and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) studies have been carried out in Saimiri sciureus. In one male and one female studied, the diploid number was 2n = 44 and the karyotype corresponded to that described for the geographical region of Georgetown, Guyana. In the second male three different cell lines were observed, one corresponding to the geographical region of Leticia (Colombia), another to the geographical location of Iquitos (Peru) and a third line with 46 chromosomes. In the three lines, pair A2 was heterozygous, with nucleolar organizers of different size, and pari B6 was also heterozygous, with different amounts of heterochromatin in the short arms. The presence of three different cell lines in this male may be due to a mechanism of somatic segregation. The chromosomal changes involved in the intraspecific polymorphism found in Saimiri have been reinterpreted.", "PMID": 118904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13530", "title": "Mangabey(Cercocebus albigena). Social organization and population density in relation to food use and availability.", "content": "Data are presented on the feeding behavior and activities of mangabeys (Cercocebus albigena) in the Ngogo study area, Kibale Forest, Uganda. Mangabeys spend 47% of activity observations feeding, 27% moving, and the remainder of the activity observations is accounted for by grooming, playing, vocalizing, copulating, etc. Feeding on fruit constitutes 58% of feeding records, arthropods 25%, young leaves and flowers 10%, cambium 5% and rare and unidentified items 2%. 29 tree species are used as sources of vegetable food and 31 tree species are used as substrate for arthropod search. Mangabeys move an average distance of 1,299 m per day, and use an average of 28,50 X 50 m quadrats per day. The activity patterns, the types and number of food species, the daily distances traveled, and the number of quadrats used per day, are not significantly different from those found in the literature for mangabeys in the Kanyawara research area, Kibale Forest, Uganda. Mangabey population density in Ngogo is approximately 1.46 times that of the Kanyawara mangabeys. The difference in density is associated with Ngogo exhibiting a greater mangabey food tree density than is found at Kanyawara. The higher mangabey density in Ngogo is associated with an average group size similar to that at Kanyawara, and an increase in the number of groups per unit area. The greater number of groups is accommodated by the mangabey having smaller home ranges, and less home range overlap than do the Kanyawara mangabeys. I suggest that these results are compatible with an interpretation based on disease control via regulation of group size, and social and spatial isolation between groups. The role of food availability in regulation of group size, or determining land tenure systems remains uncertain.", "contents": "Mangabey(Cercocebus albigena). Social organization and population density in relation to food use and availability. Data are presented on the feeding behavior and activities of mangabeys (Cercocebus albigena) in the Ngogo study area, Kibale Forest, Uganda. Mangabeys spend 47% of activity observations feeding, 27% moving, and the remainder of the activity observations is accounted for by grooming, playing, vocalizing, copulating, etc. Feeding on fruit constitutes 58% of feeding records, arthropods 25%, young leaves and flowers 10%, cambium 5% and rare and unidentified items 2%. 29 tree species are used as sources of vegetable food and 31 tree species are used as substrate for arthropod search. Mangabeys move an average distance of 1,299 m per day, and use an average of 28,50 X 50 m quadrats per day. The activity patterns, the types and number of food species, the daily distances traveled, and the number of quadrats used per day, are not significantly different from those found in the literature for mangabeys in the Kanyawara research area, Kibale Forest, Uganda. Mangabey population density in Ngogo is approximately 1.46 times that of the Kanyawara mangabeys. The difference in density is associated with Ngogo exhibiting a greater mangabey food tree density than is found at Kanyawara. The higher mangabey density in Ngogo is associated with an average group size similar to that at Kanyawara, and an increase in the number of groups per unit area. The greater number of groups is accommodated by the mangabey having smaller home ranges, and less home range overlap than do the Kanyawara mangabeys. I suggest that these results are compatible with an interpretation based on disease control via regulation of group size, and social and spatial isolation between groups. The role of food availability in regulation of group size, or determining land tenure systems remains uncertain.", "PMID": 118905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13531", "title": "Description and analysis of the arch display in the golden lion tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia.", "content": "Three different arch displays are described in captive lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) at the National Zoological Park. Analysis of social behaviours including huddling, sexual activity, territorial encounters and arch displays suggests that arch displaying is motivated by conflicting tendencies of a nonaggressive nature and may function as a regulator of social contact, thus maintaining homeostasis within and between a social group.", "contents": "Description and analysis of the arch display in the golden lion tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia. Three different arch displays are described in captive lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) at the National Zoological Park. Analysis of social behaviours including huddling, sexual activity, territorial encounters and arch displays suggests that arch displaying is motivated by conflicting tendencies of a nonaggressive nature and may function as a regulator of social contact, thus maintaining homeostasis within and between a social group.", "PMID": 118906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13532", "title": "Effects of increased testosterone secretion on the behavior of adult male rhesus living in a social group.", "content": "Selected members of an all-male social group of rhesus monkeys were treated with twice-weekly injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to determine the effects of the consequently increased androgen secretion on social behavior. Radioimmunoassay of blood samples confirmed significant increases in serum testosterone levels in each of 4 subject, but only 3 of these showed significant behavioral changes. The basic social structure of the group, including the dominance hierarchy, was not disrupted by the treatment with HCG. Rather, the behavioral changes which did not occur appeared to be intensifications of previously existing social relationship.", "contents": "Effects of increased testosterone secretion on the behavior of adult male rhesus living in a social group. Selected members of an all-male social group of rhesus monkeys were treated with twice-weekly injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to determine the effects of the consequently increased androgen secretion on social behavior. Radioimmunoassay of blood samples confirmed significant increases in serum testosterone levels in each of 4 subject, but only 3 of these showed significant behavioral changes. The basic social structure of the group, including the dominance hierarchy, was not disrupted by the treatment with HCG. Rather, the behavioral changes which did not occur appeared to be intensifications of previously existing social relationship.", "PMID": 118907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13533", "title": "Olfactory demarcation of territorial boundaries by a primate--Propithecus verreauxi.", "content": "Field observations of a troop of sifaka revealed that they scent mark the boundary areas of their territory far more than they do the interior, both during normal daily movements and during battles between adjacent troops. They are active throughout the territory but spend more time and have a higher frequency of marking at the periphery.", "contents": "Olfactory demarcation of territorial boundaries by a primate--Propithecus verreauxi. Field observations of a troop of sifaka revealed that they scent mark the boundary areas of their territory far more than they do the interior, both during normal daily movements and during battles between adjacent troops. They are active throughout the territory but spend more time and have a higher frequency of marking at the periphery.", "PMID": 118908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13534", "title": "Backward and forward masking in Macaca mulatta.", "content": "8 highly trained rhesus monkeys were examined on both backward and forward masking to determine the feasility of studying masking in unrestrained monkeys and of studying perceptual phenomenon without the confounding of linguistic variables. It was found that monkeys could respond well under the given conditions. The data indicated a more pronounced effect of the masking stimulus on backward masking than on forward masking.", "contents": "Backward and forward masking in Macaca mulatta. 8 highly trained rhesus monkeys were examined on both backward and forward masking to determine the feasility of studying masking in unrestrained monkeys and of studying perceptual phenomenon without the confounding of linguistic variables. It was found that monkeys could respond well under the given conditions. The data indicated a more pronounced effect of the masking stimulus on backward masking than on forward masking.", "PMID": 118909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13535", "title": "Influence of sociality following isolation on feeding rhythms of monkeys entrained to artificial light schedules.", "content": "Socialization following a period of isolation disrupted the feeding rhythms of monkeys entrained to artificial light schedules. When isolation was reinstituted, the performances of the subjects, which had shifted during socialization, reverted to profiles similar to but not the same as they were in the initial isolation period. The strength of the social factor may have derived, in part, from the effects of the isolation which preceded the socialization phase.", "contents": "Influence of sociality following isolation on feeding rhythms of monkeys entrained to artificial light schedules. Socialization following a period of isolation disrupted the feeding rhythms of monkeys entrained to artificial light schedules. When isolation was reinstituted, the performances of the subjects, which had shifted during socialization, reverted to profiles similar to but not the same as they were in the initial isolation period. The strength of the social factor may have derived, in part, from the effects of the isolation which preceded the socialization phase.", "PMID": 118910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13536", "title": "Troop male membership changes and infant killing in langurs (Presbytis entellus).", "content": "Almost all studies of Presbytis entellus have resulted in observations of troop male membership changes. Reports from three studies indicate that in some cases troop male membership change occurs through rapid and complete adult male replacement with attendant infant mortality. Data from other investigations of P. entellus show or suggest a different pattern of troop male membership change with no infant mortality. The phenomena of infant killing and rapid male replacement are evaluated on the basis of review of data from ten P. entellus studies. While these and my own data indicate that male social instability (i.e. frequent changes in troop male membership) is species-typical for P. entellus, they do not support the hypothesis that infant killing represents part of an evolved male reproductive strategy.", "contents": "Troop male membership changes and infant killing in langurs (Presbytis entellus). Almost all studies of Presbytis entellus have resulted in observations of troop male membership changes. Reports from three studies indicate that in some cases troop male membership change occurs through rapid and complete adult male replacement with attendant infant mortality. Data from other investigations of P. entellus show or suggest a different pattern of troop male membership change with no infant mortality. The phenomena of infant killing and rapid male replacement are evaluated on the basis of review of data from ten P. entellus studies. While these and my own data indicate that male social instability (i.e. frequent changes in troop male membership) is species-typical for P. entellus, they do not support the hypothesis that infant killing represents part of an evolved male reproductive strategy.", "PMID": 118911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13537", "title": "Locomotion, limb proportions, and skeletal allometry in lemurs and lorises.", "content": "The allometric patterns of postcranial scaling in lemurs (Lemuridae and Indriidae) and lorises (Lorisinae) are established and discussed in relation to locomotor and postural adaptations. The scaling trends of each limb and its components vary significantly among these three prosimian groups, but all are functionally explicable in reference to habitual locomotor behavior and details of substrate utilization.", "contents": "Locomotion, limb proportions, and skeletal allometry in lemurs and lorises. The allometric patterns of postcranial scaling in lemurs (Lemuridae and Indriidae) and lorises (Lorisinae) are established and discussed in relation to locomotor and postural adaptations. The scaling trends of each limb and its components vary significantly among these three prosimian groups, but all are functionally explicable in reference to habitual locomotor behavior and details of substrate utilization.", "PMID": 118912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13538", "title": "[Hemoglobins, XXX. The amino acid sequence of the monomeric hemoglobin from Lampetra fluviatilis (author's transl)].", "content": "The primary structure of the two main hemoglobin components of the river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis was established. Having a chain length of 149 amino acids the molecular weight of the globin is 16272. The two main components differ only by an N-formyl residue at the N-terminal proline. The sequence was compared with those of two related species. The heterogeneity of Cyclostomata hemoglobins and their possible origin was discussed.", "contents": "[Hemoglobins, XXX. The amino acid sequence of the monomeric hemoglobin from Lampetra fluviatilis (author's transl)]. The primary structure of the two main hemoglobin components of the river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis was established. Having a chain length of 149 amino acids the molecular weight of the globin is 16272. The two main components differ only by an N-formyl residue at the N-terminal proline. The sequence was compared with those of two related species. The heterogeneity of Cyclostomata hemoglobins and their possible origin was discussed.", "PMID": 118914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13539", "title": "[Rule of antibody structure. Primary structure of a human monoclonal IgAl-immunoglobulin (myeloma protein Tro). VI. Amino acid sequence of the L-chain, lambda-type, subgroup II].", "content": "The primary structure of the L-chain of an IgA1-immunoglobulin (Myeloma protein Tro) has been determined by means of cleavage with trypsin and, if necessary, with alpha-chymotrypsin. The tryptic peptides of the variable part were characterized by amino acid analysis, Dansyl-Edman degradation and cleavage with carboxypeptidase; the peptides of the constant part were identified by amino acid analyses and determination of its N- and C-terminal residues. The sequence of the remaining amino acids and the arrangement of the peptides were established in homology to known structures. The protein comprises 216 amino acids. The homology of the variable part clearly characterizes it as belonging to subgroup II of lambda-chains. In positions 27a, b and c, there are the subgroup-specific additional residues and in position 96 is the characteristic deletion. The constant part of the chain is Kern- and Oz- which indicates that it has serine in position 154 and arginine in position 191.", "contents": "[Rule of antibody structure. Primary structure of a human monoclonal IgAl-immunoglobulin (myeloma protein Tro). VI. Amino acid sequence of the L-chain, lambda-type, subgroup II]. The primary structure of the L-chain of an IgA1-immunoglobulin (Myeloma protein Tro) has been determined by means of cleavage with trypsin and, if necessary, with alpha-chymotrypsin. The tryptic peptides of the variable part were characterized by amino acid analysis, Dansyl-Edman degradation and cleavage with carboxypeptidase; the peptides of the constant part were identified by amino acid analyses and determination of its N- and C-terminal residues. The sequence of the remaining amino acids and the arrangement of the peptides were established in homology to known structures. The protein comprises 216 amino acids. The homology of the variable part clearly characterizes it as belonging to subgroup II of lambda-chains. In positions 27a, b and c, there are the subgroup-specific additional residues and in position 96 is the characteristic deletion. The constant part of the chain is Kern- and Oz- which indicates that it has serine in position 154 and arginine in position 191.", "PMID": 118915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13540", "title": "Respiratory syncytial virus infection in owl monkeys: viral shedding, immunological response, and associated illness caused by wild-type virus and two temperature-sensitive mutants.", "content": "Intranasal inoculation of owl monkeys with wild-type respiratory syncytial virus induced upper respiratory tract disease in each of seven animals. The response of owl monkeys to two highly defective, temperature-sensitive, multiple-lesion mutants was then compared to the pattern seen with wild-type respiratory syncytial virus. These mutants, ts-1 NG-1 and ts-1 NG-16, were derived from the ts-1 mutant that had been remutagenized with nitrosoguanidine (NG). Previously the ts-1 NG-1 and ts-1 NG-16 mutants had been shown to be more temperature sensitive and more stable genetically than their ts-1 parent. Both ts-1 NG-1 and ts-1 NG-16 produced infection that was delayed in onsent compared to wild-type virus infection. However, the mutants were shed from the upper respiratory tract for the same period of time and at the same titer as wild-type virus. The serum neutralizing antibody response to infection with the mutants was nearly equivalent to that elicited by wild-type virus. However, the extent of disease induced by the mutants was significantly less than that seen with wild-type virus. These observations suggest that the mutants are potential vaccine condidates and should be subjected to additional in vivo testing in primates and, ultimately, humans.", "contents": "Respiratory syncytial virus infection in owl monkeys: viral shedding, immunological response, and associated illness caused by wild-type virus and two temperature-sensitive mutants. Intranasal inoculation of owl monkeys with wild-type respiratory syncytial virus induced upper respiratory tract disease in each of seven animals. The response of owl monkeys to two highly defective, temperature-sensitive, multiple-lesion mutants was then compared to the pattern seen with wild-type respiratory syncytial virus. These mutants, ts-1 NG-1 and ts-1 NG-16, were derived from the ts-1 mutant that had been remutagenized with nitrosoguanidine (NG). Previously the ts-1 NG-1 and ts-1 NG-16 mutants had been shown to be more temperature sensitive and more stable genetically than their ts-1 parent. Both ts-1 NG-1 and ts-1 NG-16 produced infection that was delayed in onsent compared to wild-type virus infection. However, the mutants were shed from the upper respiratory tract for the same period of time and at the same titer as wild-type virus. The serum neutralizing antibody response to infection with the mutants was nearly equivalent to that elicited by wild-type virus. However, the extent of disease induced by the mutants was significantly less than that seen with wild-type virus. These observations suggest that the mutants are potential vaccine condidates and should be subjected to additional in vivo testing in primates and, ultimately, humans.", "PMID": 118925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13541", "title": "Purification and characterization of a hemolysin produced by Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor: another toxic substance produced by cholera vibrios.", "content": "A thermolabile direct hemolysin from an El Tor cholera vibrio strain has been isolated and partially characterized as a simple protein of ca. 20,000 molecular weight. In addition to its hemolytic activity, the hemolysin is cytotoxic, cardiotoxic, and rapidly lethal. In these respects it resembles the thermostable direct hemolysin/cytotoxin/cardiotoxin/lethal toxin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and certain other bacterial hemolysins, although there are other significant differences. Because identical diseases are produced by both hemolytic and nonhemolytic cholera vibrios, the El Tor hemolysin may be presumed to be pathogenetically irrelevant. These observations raise the question of \"When is a toxic substance also a toxin?\"", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a hemolysin produced by Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor: another toxic substance produced by cholera vibrios. A thermolabile direct hemolysin from an El Tor cholera vibrio strain has been isolated and partially characterized as a simple protein of ca. 20,000 molecular weight. In addition to its hemolytic activity, the hemolysin is cytotoxic, cardiotoxic, and rapidly lethal. In these respects it resembles the thermostable direct hemolysin/cytotoxin/cardiotoxin/lethal toxin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and certain other bacterial hemolysins, although there are other significant differences. Because identical diseases are produced by both hemolytic and nonhemolytic cholera vibrios, the El Tor hemolysin may be presumed to be pathogenetically irrelevant. These observations raise the question of \"When is a toxic substance also a toxin?\"", "PMID": 118926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13542", "title": "Effect of metal ions on diphtheria toxin production.", "content": "The effect of several metal ions on the production of diphtheria toxin was tested. By using the gel immunodiffusion system for detecting toxin, a wide range of metal ion concentrations was conveniently surveyed. Five divalent cations, Fe2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+ inhibited toxin production within a range of concentrations that did not inhibit growth of the producing strain. Growth and toxin production were inhibited at identical concentrations by both Cd2+ and Zn2+, whereas Al3+ and Sr2+ affected neither growth nor toxin production over the range of concentrations tested. The data showed that Fe2+ was the most effective inhibitor on an equivalence basis, followed by Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ in descending order. All eight strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae chosen from diverse ecological origins responded similarly to all metals at similar concentrations. A mutant strain which produces toxin at Fe2+ concentrations 500 times greater than are inhibitory for the parent strain had simultaneously acquired resistance to inhibitory concentrations of Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+. This suggests that there is at least one common point in the activity of all these metal ions, and that toxin may respond broadly to changes in metal ion concentrations in the environment.", "contents": "Effect of metal ions on diphtheria toxin production. The effect of several metal ions on the production of diphtheria toxin was tested. By using the gel immunodiffusion system for detecting toxin, a wide range of metal ion concentrations was conveniently surveyed. Five divalent cations, Fe2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+ inhibited toxin production within a range of concentrations that did not inhibit growth of the producing strain. Growth and toxin production were inhibited at identical concentrations by both Cd2+ and Zn2+, whereas Al3+ and Sr2+ affected neither growth nor toxin production over the range of concentrations tested. The data showed that Fe2+ was the most effective inhibitor on an equivalence basis, followed by Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ in descending order. All eight strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae chosen from diverse ecological origins responded similarly to all metals at similar concentrations. A mutant strain which produces toxin at Fe2+ concentrations 500 times greater than are inhibitory for the parent strain had simultaneously acquired resistance to inhibitory concentrations of Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+. This suggests that there is at least one common point in the activity of all these metal ions, and that toxin may respond broadly to changes in metal ion concentrations in the environment.", "PMID": 118927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13543", "title": "Experimental infection of the genital tract of female grivet monkeys by Mycoplasma hominis: effects of different routes of infection.", "content": "In a previous study we produced acute salpingitis and parametritis in grivet monkeys by inoculation of Mycoplasma hominis directly into the uterine tubes. With the purpose of examining in the same animal model the effect of more natural routes of infection, six female grivet monkeys were inoculated, two by two, with M. hominis by the following methods: (experiment A) into the uterine cavity through the cervical canal; (experiment B) into the uterine cavity by the same route, but after ligature of the isthmus of the uterine tubes had been performed and followed by curettage of the endometrium; and (experiment C) into the cervical epithelium. Whereas the animals in experiment A developed no or only very slight signs of infection, all monkeys in experiments B and C developed pronounced gross and microscopic inflammatory lesions of the uterine tubes and parametria, together with a significant antibody response. It is concluded that ascending M. hominis infection of the genital tract must be preceded by mechanical injury of the epithelial barrier, and that subsequent spread of the infection occurs via blood and lymph vessels rather than by the canalicular route. The inflammatory genital tract disease produced experimentally with M. hominis in grivet monkeys is very similar in its pathogenesis and pathology to the type of salpingitis caused in humans by microorganisms other than Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.", "contents": "Experimental infection of the genital tract of female grivet monkeys by Mycoplasma hominis: effects of different routes of infection. In a previous study we produced acute salpingitis and parametritis in grivet monkeys by inoculation of Mycoplasma hominis directly into the uterine tubes. With the purpose of examining in the same animal model the effect of more natural routes of infection, six female grivet monkeys were inoculated, two by two, with M. hominis by the following methods: (experiment A) into the uterine cavity through the cervical canal; (experiment B) into the uterine cavity by the same route, but after ligature of the isthmus of the uterine tubes had been performed and followed by curettage of the endometrium; and (experiment C) into the cervical epithelium. Whereas the animals in experiment A developed no or only very slight signs of infection, all monkeys in experiments B and C developed pronounced gross and microscopic inflammatory lesions of the uterine tubes and parametria, together with a significant antibody response. It is concluded that ascending M. hominis infection of the genital tract must be preceded by mechanical injury of the epithelial barrier, and that subsequent spread of the infection occurs via blood and lymph vessels rather than by the canalicular route. The inflammatory genital tract disease produced experimentally with M. hominis in grivet monkeys is very similar in its pathogenesis and pathology to the type of salpingitis caused in humans by microorganisms other than Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.", "PMID": 118928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13544", "title": "Alternate complement pathway activation by group A streptococci: role of M-protein.", "content": "Avirulent strains of group A streptococci readily activate the complement system in normal human serum via the alternate complement pathway (ACP). Virulent M-positive group A streptococci are much less potent as activators of the ACP. The ability of M-positive streptococci to activate the ACP is enhanced by trypsinization or mild peptic digestion. The latter treatment removes the serologically active and antiphagocytic type-specific moieties of M protein, but retains the surface fuzzy layer. The phagocytosis of avirulent streptococci is markedly enhanced by preopsonization in serum chelated with Mg-ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (classic complement pathway blocked) but not in serum devoid of heat-labile factors. These studies suggest that the function of M protein as a virulence factor may be mediated, at least in part, by its ability to retard interaction of ACP components with structures present on the streptococcal cell surface.", "contents": "Alternate complement pathway activation by group A streptococci: role of M-protein. Avirulent strains of group A streptococci readily activate the complement system in normal human serum via the alternate complement pathway (ACP). Virulent M-positive group A streptococci are much less potent as activators of the ACP. The ability of M-positive streptococci to activate the ACP is enhanced by trypsinization or mild peptic digestion. The latter treatment removes the serologically active and antiphagocytic type-specific moieties of M protein, but retains the surface fuzzy layer. The phagocytosis of avirulent streptococci is markedly enhanced by preopsonization in serum chelated with Mg-ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (classic complement pathway blocked) but not in serum devoid of heat-labile factors. These studies suggest that the function of M protein as a virulence factor may be mediated, at least in part, by its ability to retard interaction of ACP components with structures present on the streptococcal cell surface.", "PMID": 118929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13545", "title": "Antigens of Streptococcus mutans: cellular localization of the serotype-specific polysaccharide of strain AHT and release during exponential growth.", "content": "The serotype-specific polysaccharide of Streptococcus mutans AHT (serotype a) was shown to be loosely associated with the cell surface of this organism. The antigen was extracted from whole cells by boiling in sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.0, for 10 min. The purified product was found to be a diheteroglycan of galactose and glucose (3.6:1, molar ratio). The antigen possessed serological characteristics similar to the a antigen previously extracted from purified cell walls with hot formamide. Its physicochemical structure was identical to the previously studied wall antigen. Electron micrographs, developed after immunocytological labeling of this antigen on whole cells, revealed it to compose a dense microcapsule surrounding the microbe. Analyses of spent culture fluids indicated that the antigen was released during exponential growth at a rate directly proportional to the increase in culture biomass. It is concluded that the serotype-specific antigen may be a prime immunogen due to its surface localization at both capsule and wall sites.", "contents": "Antigens of Streptococcus mutans: cellular localization of the serotype-specific polysaccharide of strain AHT and release during exponential growth. The serotype-specific polysaccharide of Streptococcus mutans AHT (serotype a) was shown to be loosely associated with the cell surface of this organism. The antigen was extracted from whole cells by boiling in sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.0, for 10 min. The purified product was found to be a diheteroglycan of galactose and glucose (3.6:1, molar ratio). The antigen possessed serological characteristics similar to the a antigen previously extracted from purified cell walls with hot formamide. Its physicochemical structure was identical to the previously studied wall antigen. Electron micrographs, developed after immunocytological labeling of this antigen on whole cells, revealed it to compose a dense microcapsule surrounding the microbe. Analyses of spent culture fluids indicated that the antigen was released during exponential growth at a rate directly proportional to the increase in culture biomass. It is concluded that the serotype-specific antigen may be a prime immunogen due to its surface localization at both capsule and wall sites.", "PMID": 118930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13546", "title": "Partial purification of a specific antigen of Treponema hyodysenteriae.", "content": "A specific antigen of pathogenic Treponema hyodysenteriae was extracted from lyophilized cells of isolant B169 with hot phenol-water, isolated, and semipurified by starch block electrophoresis.", "contents": "Partial purification of a specific antigen of Treponema hyodysenteriae. A specific antigen of pathogenic Treponema hyodysenteriae was extracted from lyophilized cells of isolant B169 with hot phenol-water, isolated, and semipurified by starch block electrophoresis.", "PMID": 118931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13547", "title": "Immunity in Schistosoma mansoni using antigens of Fasciola hepatica isolated by concanavalin A affinity chromatography.", "content": "Antigens of Fasciola hepatica adult worms were chromatographed using concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B. Two unbound peaks appeared in the inclusion volume (DT-1 and DT-2), and one peak was eluted with alpha-methylglucoside (E1-1). At least seven peaks were obtained by isoelectric focusing of E1-1. The largest of these peaks, with an average pI of 4.0, contained the antigens reactive with antibodies to Schistosoma mansoni. Mice immunized with DT-2 or E1-1 and challenged with S. mansoni cercariae developed 39 to 82% fewer worms than controls. DT-1 had no protective effect. Combining DT-1 and DT-2 abolished this protection. These experiments demonstrate that F. hepatica glycoprotein antigens induce in mice significant protection to infection with S. mansoni and offer an interesting approach to the study of vaccines in experimental schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Immunity in Schistosoma mansoni using antigens of Fasciola hepatica isolated by concanavalin A affinity chromatography. Antigens of Fasciola hepatica adult worms were chromatographed using concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B. Two unbound peaks appeared in the inclusion volume (DT-1 and DT-2), and one peak was eluted with alpha-methylglucoside (E1-1). At least seven peaks were obtained by isoelectric focusing of E1-1. The largest of these peaks, with an average pI of 4.0, contained the antigens reactive with antibodies to Schistosoma mansoni. Mice immunized with DT-2 or E1-1 and challenged with S. mansoni cercariae developed 39 to 82% fewer worms than controls. DT-1 had no protective effect. Combining DT-1 and DT-2 abolished this protection. These experiments demonstrate that F. hepatica glycoprotein antigens induce in mice significant protection to infection with S. mansoni and offer an interesting approach to the study of vaccines in experimental schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 118932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13548", "title": "Suppression of antibody response to Leptospira biflexa and Brucella abortus and recovery from immunosuppression after Berenil treatment.", "content": "Zebu cattle infected with either Trypanosoma congolense EATRO 1800 or Trypanosoma vivax EATRO 1721 had suppressed humoral immune responses to Leptospira biflexa injected intravenously and to attenuated Brucella abortus injected subcutaneously. T. congolense infections were more suppressive than T. vivax infections. In cattle infected with T. vivax, the suppression of immune responses to both bacterial immunogens was abrogated when the animals were treated with Berenil at the time of antigen administration. In cattle infected with T. congolense, simultaneous Berenil treatment at the time of vaccination abolished the suppression of immune response to L. biflexa, and lessened but did not abrogate the suppression of immune response to B. abortus.", "contents": "Suppression of antibody response to Leptospira biflexa and Brucella abortus and recovery from immunosuppression after Berenil treatment. Zebu cattle infected with either Trypanosoma congolense EATRO 1800 or Trypanosoma vivax EATRO 1721 had suppressed humoral immune responses to Leptospira biflexa injected intravenously and to attenuated Brucella abortus injected subcutaneously. T. congolense infections were more suppressive than T. vivax infections. In cattle infected with T. vivax, the suppression of immune responses to both bacterial immunogens was abrogated when the animals were treated with Berenil at the time of antigen administration. In cattle infected with T. congolense, simultaneous Berenil treatment at the time of vaccination abolished the suppression of immune response to L. biflexa, and lessened but did not abrogate the suppression of immune response to B. abortus.", "PMID": 118933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13549", "title": "Comparison of two antigen detection techniques in a primate model of Haemophilus influenzae type b infection.", "content": "Rapid diagnosis of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis is possible using immunological tests for capsular antigen (polyribophosphate, PRP), such as countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and latex particle agglutination (LPA). We compared two tests in monkeys with evolving, serially quantitated H. influenzae type b bacteremia (n = 23) and meningitis (n = 21). In vitro, the LPA test was sensitive to 0.5 ng of PRP/ml of saline, and the CIE test was sensitive to 1.0 ng/ml; in serum, however, CIE detected 5.0 ng of PRP/ml, whereas the sensitivity of LPA was unchanged. LPA detected PRP earlier in the course of bacteremia (mean, 12 h after onset; range, 4 to 36 h) than did CIE (mean, 45 h; range, 4 to 168 h) (P less than 0.01). A positive LPA test required greater than or equal to 100 bacteria per ml of blood, whereas CIE required greater than or equal to 1,000/ml. PRP accumulated with continuing blood stream infection, aiding detection of low-grade bacteremia. LPA detected antigen in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) earlier in the course of meningitis and at a lower bacteria density than did CIE. Both methods detected antigen reliably with greater than or equal to 1,000 bacteria per ml of CSF. A close correlation existed between CSF concentrations of capsular antigen and bacteria (r = 0.90, P less than 0.001). We conclude that the LPA method permits earlier diagnosis of H. influenzae type b infection in part because of its greater sensitivity.", "contents": "Comparison of two antigen detection techniques in a primate model of Haemophilus influenzae type b infection. Rapid diagnosis of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis is possible using immunological tests for capsular antigen (polyribophosphate, PRP), such as countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and latex particle agglutination (LPA). We compared two tests in monkeys with evolving, serially quantitated H. influenzae type b bacteremia (n = 23) and meningitis (n = 21). In vitro, the LPA test was sensitive to 0.5 ng of PRP/ml of saline, and the CIE test was sensitive to 1.0 ng/ml; in serum, however, CIE detected 5.0 ng of PRP/ml, whereas the sensitivity of LPA was unchanged. LPA detected PRP earlier in the course of bacteremia (mean, 12 h after onset; range, 4 to 36 h) than did CIE (mean, 45 h; range, 4 to 168 h) (P less than 0.01). A positive LPA test required greater than or equal to 100 bacteria per ml of blood, whereas CIE required greater than or equal to 1,000/ml. PRP accumulated with continuing blood stream infection, aiding detection of low-grade bacteremia. LPA detected antigen in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) earlier in the course of meningitis and at a lower bacteria density than did CIE. Both methods detected antigen reliably with greater than or equal to 1,000 bacteria per ml of CSF. A close correlation existed between CSF concentrations of capsular antigen and bacteria (r = 0.90, P less than 0.001). We conclude that the LPA method permits earlier diagnosis of H. influenzae type b infection in part because of its greater sensitivity.", "PMID": 118934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13550", "title": "Enzymatic induction of interferon production by galactose oxidase treatment of human lymphoid cells.", "content": "Human lymphocyte cultures produced large amounts of interferon after treatment with the enzyme galactose oxidase. Interferon production was detectable as early as 3 h after enzymatic treatment and reached a level of about 10(4) reference units 20 to 24 h later. Galactose oxidase-induced interferon appeared to be immune interferon on the basis of acid lability, lack of neutralization by antibody to leukocyte interferon, and slow kinetics of activation of the cellular antiviral state. Interferon production was inhibited to the same extent (99%) by pretreatment of the cells with beta-galactosidase or with neuraminidase followed by beta-galactosidase, suggesting that the critical event for activation of interferon production is the oxidation of exposed galactose residues on lymphocyte membrane.", "contents": "Enzymatic induction of interferon production by galactose oxidase treatment of human lymphoid cells. Human lymphocyte cultures produced large amounts of interferon after treatment with the enzyme galactose oxidase. Interferon production was detectable as early as 3 h after enzymatic treatment and reached a level of about 10(4) reference units 20 to 24 h later. Galactose oxidase-induced interferon appeared to be immune interferon on the basis of acid lability, lack of neutralization by antibody to leukocyte interferon, and slow kinetics of activation of the cellular antiviral state. Interferon production was inhibited to the same extent (99%) by pretreatment of the cells with beta-galactosidase or with neuraminidase followed by beta-galactosidase, suggesting that the critical event for activation of interferon production is the oxidation of exposed galactose residues on lymphocyte membrane.", "PMID": 118935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13551", "title": "Leishmanial excreted factor: protein-bound and free forms from promastigote cultures of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani.", "content": "Leishmania spp. growing in culture produce an immunologically active substance called excreted factor (EF), which precipitates antibodies raised against intact cells and has been implicated as the conditioning agent for parasite infection of host macrophages. An improved method for isolation of the material is described, based on Sephadex column chromatography of growth medium which had been boiled at pH 5.0. This procedure allows the detection of differences among the EF molecules of different species, and it overcomes previous shortcomings through the monitoring of immunological activity throughout. Analysis of the products of this procedure revealed that EFs from Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani share a common carrier protein, identified as rabbit serum albumin, and are chemically quite similar. Growth medium from L. tropica boiled at acidic pH contains primarily an EF-albumin complex of 75,000 molecular weight. Treated growth medium from L. donovani, on the other hand, contains both the albumin complex and a smaller molecule (less than 27,000 molecular weight) that is not associated with rabbit protein. This material accounts for nearly 20% of the EF of one L. donovani strain, but constitutes only a minute fraction of L. tropica EF. Treatment of the EF-albumin complex with trichloroacetic acid separates the molecule into two major subunits, one having a molecular weight of about 61,000 (without anti-Leishmania activity) and the other having a molecular weight of about 18,000 (with no anti-rabbit activity). The protein-free EF of L. tropica differs from that released by trichloroacetic acid extraction in that it is capable of precipitating antisera of nonhomologous serotypes, whereas the albumin complex and the trichloroacetic acid-treated EF fragment are not. EFs from both species display pH-dependent affinity for certain lectins.", "contents": "Leishmanial excreted factor: protein-bound and free forms from promastigote cultures of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani. Leishmania spp. growing in culture produce an immunologically active substance called excreted factor (EF), which precipitates antibodies raised against intact cells and has been implicated as the conditioning agent for parasite infection of host macrophages. An improved method for isolation of the material is described, based on Sephadex column chromatography of growth medium which had been boiled at pH 5.0. This procedure allows the detection of differences among the EF molecules of different species, and it overcomes previous shortcomings through the monitoring of immunological activity throughout. Analysis of the products of this procedure revealed that EFs from Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani share a common carrier protein, identified as rabbit serum albumin, and are chemically quite similar. Growth medium from L. tropica boiled at acidic pH contains primarily an EF-albumin complex of 75,000 molecular weight. Treated growth medium from L. donovani, on the other hand, contains both the albumin complex and a smaller molecule (less than 27,000 molecular weight) that is not associated with rabbit protein. This material accounts for nearly 20% of the EF of one L. donovani strain, but constitutes only a minute fraction of L. tropica EF. Treatment of the EF-albumin complex with trichloroacetic acid separates the molecule into two major subunits, one having a molecular weight of about 61,000 (without anti-Leishmania activity) and the other having a molecular weight of about 18,000 (with no anti-rabbit activity). The protein-free EF of L. tropica differs from that released by trichloroacetic acid extraction in that it is capable of precipitating antisera of nonhomologous serotypes, whereas the albumin complex and the trichloroacetic acid-treated EF fragment are not. EFs from both species display pH-dependent affinity for certain lectins.", "PMID": 118936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13552", "title": "Light chain isotype-associated suppression of normal plasma cell numbers in patients with multiple myeloma: Medical Research Council's Working Party for Leukaemia in Adults and the Oxford Lymphoma Group.", "content": "The number of plasma cells in the lamina propria of the gut has been assessed in patients with multiple myeloma and other B-cell neoplasms. The total number of these plasma cells was reduced in most patients with myelomatosis and one-third of patients with lymphoplasmacytoid tumours. This reduction was not, however, seen in patients with other neoplasms of B-cell origin, although hypogammaglobulinaemia was common to all groups of patients. The depletion of gut plasma cell numbers was not uniform in myelomatosis patients. They showed selective loss of plasma cells with the same light chain isotype as that produced by the neoplastic clone.", "contents": "Light chain isotype-associated suppression of normal plasma cell numbers in patients with multiple myeloma: Medical Research Council's Working Party for Leukaemia in Adults and the Oxford Lymphoma Group. The number of plasma cells in the lamina propria of the gut has been assessed in patients with multiple myeloma and other B-cell neoplasms. The total number of these plasma cells was reduced in most patients with myelomatosis and one-third of patients with lymphoplasmacytoid tumours. This reduction was not, however, seen in patients with other neoplasms of B-cell origin, although hypogammaglobulinaemia was common to all groups of patients. The depletion of gut plasma cell numbers was not uniform in myelomatosis patients. They showed selective loss of plasma cells with the same light chain isotype as that produced by the neoplastic clone.", "PMID": 118938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13553", "title": "Occurrence of heat-labile Regan type of alkaline phosphatase in hematopoietic tumors.", "content": "The physiocochemical and immunological properties of alkaline phosphatase extracted from Hodgkin's nodes, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma nodes and leukemic leukocytes have been studied. The alkaline phosphatase from these three tumor types possesses the same biophysical and biochemical properties and immunological determinants as the placental alkaline phosphatase. However, it is more heat-labile than the placental isoenzyme. Immunological experiments indicate that, of these tumor types, Hodgkin's tumor contains the largest amounts of heat-labile Regan type of alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Occurrence of heat-labile Regan type of alkaline phosphatase in hematopoietic tumors. The physiocochemical and immunological properties of alkaline phosphatase extracted from Hodgkin's nodes, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma nodes and leukemic leukocytes have been studied. The alkaline phosphatase from these three tumor types possesses the same biophysical and biochemical properties and immunological determinants as the placental alkaline phosphatase. However, it is more heat-labile than the placental isoenzyme. Immunological experiments indicate that, of these tumor types, Hodgkin's tumor contains the largest amounts of heat-labile Regan type of alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 118939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13554", "title": "The initiation of tumours on mouse skin by dihydrodiols derived from 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and 3-methylcholanthrene.", "content": "The cis-2a,3-diol and the trans-4,5-, trans-7,8-, trans-9,10- and trans-11,12-dihydrodiols of 3-methylcholanthrene and the trans-3,4, trans-5,6-, trans-8,9. and trans-10,11- dihydrodiols  of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthrancene have been tested, in comparison with the parent hydrocarbons, for their abilities to initiate skin tumours in female CDI mice. Groups of mice received a single topical application (25 micrograms) of a diol or of a hydrocarbon, and 1 week later repeated topical applications (1 microgram) of 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate were commenced. The results show that the diol of 3-methylcholanthrene and the 3,4-diol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthrancene were active as initiating agents but that they were no more active than their parent hydrocarbon. The K-region 5,6-diol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthrancene, which cannot be converted directly into a vicinal diol-epoxide, was also active as a tumour-initiating agent when applied to mouse skin.", "contents": "The initiation of tumours on mouse skin by dihydrodiols derived from 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and 3-methylcholanthrene. The cis-2a,3-diol and the trans-4,5-, trans-7,8-, trans-9,10- and trans-11,12-dihydrodiols of 3-methylcholanthrene and the trans-3,4, trans-5,6-, trans-8,9. and trans-10,11- dihydrodiols  of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthrancene have been tested, in comparison with the parent hydrocarbons, for their abilities to initiate skin tumours in female CDI mice. Groups of mice received a single topical application (25 micrograms) of a diol or of a hydrocarbon, and 1 week later repeated topical applications (1 microgram) of 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate were commenced. The results show that the diol of 3-methylcholanthrene and the 3,4-diol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthrancene were active as initiating agents but that they were no more active than their parent hydrocarbon. The K-region 5,6-diol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthrancene, which cannot be converted directly into a vicinal diol-epoxide, was also active as a tumour-initiating agent when applied to mouse skin.", "PMID": 118940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13555", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of nitroxoline.", "content": "14C-Nitroxoline was given orally to the rats, and its distribution as well as plasma and bile levels were determined autoradiographically and by the aid of radioactivity measurements, respectively. Nitroxoline was also given to the human volunteers orally and intravenously in three various doses and the corresponding urine concentrations of unconjugated and conjugated nitroxoline were determined spectrophotometrically. A pharmacokinetical model was generated on the basis of the results. The curve fitting procedure between total nitroxoline cumulative quantities in urine and the model response simulated on analog-hybrid computer enabled the evaluation of the validity of the chosen model as well as of the identification of its parameters.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of nitroxoline. 14C-Nitroxoline was given orally to the rats, and its distribution as well as plasma and bile levels were determined autoradiographically and by the aid of radioactivity measurements, respectively. Nitroxoline was also given to the human volunteers orally and intravenously in three various doses and the corresponding urine concentrations of unconjugated and conjugated nitroxoline were determined spectrophotometrically. A pharmacokinetical model was generated on the basis of the results. The curve fitting procedure between total nitroxoline cumulative quantities in urine and the model response simulated on analog-hybrid computer enabled the evaluation of the validity of the chosen model as well as of the identification of its parameters.", "PMID": 118941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13556", "title": "The influence of caloric restriction on serum prolactin.", "content": "Nine obese female patients were placed on a liquid formula diet containing 320 kcal (1.34 MJ), 31 g protein, 44 g carbohydrate, 1.5 g fat, vitamins and essential minerals for a period of four weeks under metabolic-ward conditions. The diet was tolerated well in all patients and mean weight loss was 2.49 kg per week during the four-week period. Basal serum prolactin levels were normal (2.9 +/- 0.6 ng/ml) and did not show any change during this period. In six patients a TRH test was performed before and during caloric restriction. The maximal increment of PRL after TRH was significantly lowered during dietary treatment: 53.2 +/- 16.2 vs. 32.3 +/- 11.6 ng/ml; mean +/- s.e.m.; P less than 0.025). No change was observed in the serum TSH responset to TRH before and during caloric restriction. Dietary restriction suppresses prolactin synthesis and secretion as measured in response to TRH in obese female patients.", "contents": "The influence of caloric restriction on serum prolactin. Nine obese female patients were placed on a liquid formula diet containing 320 kcal (1.34 MJ), 31 g protein, 44 g carbohydrate, 1.5 g fat, vitamins and essential minerals for a period of four weeks under metabolic-ward conditions. The diet was tolerated well in all patients and mean weight loss was 2.49 kg per week during the four-week period. Basal serum prolactin levels were normal (2.9 +/- 0.6 ng/ml) and did not show any change during this period. In six patients a TRH test was performed before and during caloric restriction. The maximal increment of PRL after TRH was significantly lowered during dietary treatment: 53.2 +/- 16.2 vs. 32.3 +/- 11.6 ng/ml; mean +/- s.e.m.; P less than 0.025). No change was observed in the serum TSH responset to TRH before and during caloric restriction. Dietary restriction suppresses prolactin synthesis and secretion as measured in response to TRH in obese female patients.", "PMID": 118942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13557", "title": "The role of liver passage for conversion of pteroylmonoglutamate and pteroyltriglutamate to active folate coenzyme.", "content": "In an attempt to clarify the possible site of conversion of folates to active methylated coenzyme forms mono- and triglutamate was injected rapidly into the portal vein of dogs. Samples of blood were removed at various intervals from catheters placed in the portal vein, the hepatic vein and the femoral artery for assay carried out both with L. casei, S. Faecalis and liquid scintillating counting. Unreduced monoglutamates were extracted in the liver, immediately converted to methyltetrahydrofolate and released again to plasma from which it was slowly taken up by peripheral tissue. Reduced folates were refused by the liver. Triglutamates were extracted exclusively in the systemic circulation, converted to unreduced monoglutamate later to be reduced in the liver. No tissue displacement of folate was demonstrated. Only small amounts of monoglutamates, mainly reduced forms, were lost in the urine during the experiments. The kinetics of unreduced monoglutamate suggest a one compartment system, while the kinetics of methyltetrahydrofolate and triglutamate may implicate a two compartment system.", "contents": "The role of liver passage for conversion of pteroylmonoglutamate and pteroyltriglutamate to active folate coenzyme. In an attempt to clarify the possible site of conversion of folates to active methylated coenzyme forms mono- and triglutamate was injected rapidly into the portal vein of dogs. Samples of blood were removed at various intervals from catheters placed in the portal vein, the hepatic vein and the femoral artery for assay carried out both with L. casei, S. Faecalis and liquid scintillating counting. Unreduced monoglutamates were extracted in the liver, immediately converted to methyltetrahydrofolate and released again to plasma from which it was slowly taken up by peripheral tissue. Reduced folates were refused by the liver. Triglutamates were extracted exclusively in the systemic circulation, converted to unreduced monoglutamate later to be reduced in the liver. No tissue displacement of folate was demonstrated. Only small amounts of monoglutamates, mainly reduced forms, were lost in the urine during the experiments. The kinetics of unreduced monoglutamate suggest a one compartment system, while the kinetics of methyltetrahydrofolate and triglutamate may implicate a two compartment system.", "PMID": 118944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13558", "title": "Adenosine deaminase activity of normal lymphocytes and leukemic cells.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was determined in peripheral blood T cells, thymocytes and blasts of 42 acute leukemia patients. Thymocytes had higher ADA activity than mature peripheral blood T cells. B ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) cells had significantly lower activity compared with T ALL and non-B, non-T cells. The latter had a wide range of enzymatic activities but mostly in the T cell range. Based on these results, as well as on assays of B and T cell lines, it seems that thymus-derived cells--and especially prethymic and immature T cells--have high ADA activity. This finding could be useful in subtyping the heterogeneous group of non-B, non-T ALL.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase activity of normal lymphocytes and leukemic cells. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was determined in peripheral blood T cells, thymocytes and blasts of 42 acute leukemia patients. Thymocytes had higher ADA activity than mature peripheral blood T cells. B ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) cells had significantly lower activity compared with T ALL and non-B, non-T cells. The latter had a wide range of enzymatic activities but mostly in the T cell range. Based on these results, as well as on assays of B and T cell lines, it seems that thymus-derived cells--and especially prethymic and immature T cells--have high ADA activity. This finding could be useful in subtyping the heterogeneous group of non-B, non-T ALL.", "PMID": 118945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13559", "title": "Biotypes of Brucella abortus and their value in epidemiologic studies of infected cattle herds.", "content": "Four Texas cattle herds containing cows infected with either Brucella abortus biotype 1, 2, or 4 were studied to determine the probability of transmission of Brucella between adjacent cattle herds, the most probable means by which Brucella was introduced into the herds, and the relative frequency of strain 19 isolation from vaccinated cattle. A total of 1,935 cattle in the four herds were tested for brucellosis; 339 reactors were identified, and isolations of B abortus were made from 143. The biotype of B abortus was used to determine that purchased cattle or reentry of bred heifers into the herds was probably responsible for introducing B abortus and that the biotype was not readily transmitted to adjacent herds. Three (9%) of 32 B abortus isolations from adult-vaccinated cattle were strain 19. The data supported the hypothesis that biotypes can be useful in determining the source of B abortus for cattle and in differentiating field and vaccine strain infections in adult-vaccinated cattle.", "contents": "Biotypes of Brucella abortus and their value in epidemiologic studies of infected cattle herds. Four Texas cattle herds containing cows infected with either Brucella abortus biotype 1, 2, or 4 were studied to determine the probability of transmission of Brucella between adjacent cattle herds, the most probable means by which Brucella was introduced into the herds, and the relative frequency of strain 19 isolation from vaccinated cattle. A total of 1,935 cattle in the four herds were tested for brucellosis; 339 reactors were identified, and isolations of B abortus were made from 143. The biotype of B abortus was used to determine that purchased cattle or reentry of bred heifers into the herds was probably responsible for introducing B abortus and that the biotype was not readily transmitted to adjacent herds. Three (9%) of 32 B abortus isolations from adult-vaccinated cattle were strain 19. The data supported the hypothesis that biotypes can be useful in determining the source of B abortus for cattle and in differentiating field and vaccine strain infections in adult-vaccinated cattle.", "PMID": 118953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13560", "title": "Induction of resistance to aurodox by aurodox in the antibiotic-producing culture, Streptomyces goldiniensis.", "content": "The sensitivity of protein and aurodox synthesis to aurodox was examined in relationship to the development of resistance to aurodix on Streptomyces goldiniensis during fermentation. It was found that the culture remains sensitive to the antibiotic as long as no aurodox is present in the medium. Resistance only develops when aurodox is present, either exogenously added or endogenously synthesized by the culture. These observations suggest that the development of resistance is an inducible process, and evidence is presented indicating that aurodox induces a specific resistance system in S. goldiniensis.", "contents": "Induction of resistance to aurodox by aurodox in the antibiotic-producing culture, Streptomyces goldiniensis. The sensitivity of protein and aurodox synthesis to aurodox was examined in relationship to the development of resistance to aurodix on Streptomyces goldiniensis during fermentation. It was found that the culture remains sensitive to the antibiotic as long as no aurodox is present in the medium. Resistance only develops when aurodox is present, either exogenously added or endogenously synthesized by the culture. These observations suggest that the development of resistance is an inducible process, and evidence is presented indicating that aurodox induces a specific resistance system in S. goldiniensis.", "PMID": 118955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13561", "title": "Studies on bacterial cell wall inhibitors. VIII. Mode of action of a new antibiotic, azureomycin B, in Bacillus cereus T.", "content": "Azureomycin B, a new antibiotic which contains sugar, amino acid and phenol moieties and inhibits Gram-positive bacteria, was found to be a specific inhibitor of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacteria. The antibiotic lysed growing cells of Bacillus cereus T at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml but did not affect resting cells. Microscopical observation revealed swelling and lysis of the bacterial rods when treated with azureomycin B. The incorporation of [3H]diaminopimelic acid or [14C]glucosamine into acid-insoluble fraction of growing cells of Bacillus cereus T was strongly inhibited in the presence of azureomycin B, but that of [14C]leucine, [3H]thymidine or [3H]uridine were not, at least until 5 minutes after the beginning of the incubation. The antibiotic caused accumulation of a nucleotide precursor in the cells which was identified as UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu-meso-Dpm-D-Ala-D-Ala. Thus the site of action was suggested to lie between this nucleotide and peptidoglycan in the pathway of peptidoglycan synthesis.", "contents": "Studies on bacterial cell wall inhibitors. VIII. Mode of action of a new antibiotic, azureomycin B, in Bacillus cereus T. Azureomycin B, a new antibiotic which contains sugar, amino acid and phenol moieties and inhibits Gram-positive bacteria, was found to be a specific inhibitor of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacteria. The antibiotic lysed growing cells of Bacillus cereus T at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml but did not affect resting cells. Microscopical observation revealed swelling and lysis of the bacterial rods when treated with azureomycin B. The incorporation of [3H]diaminopimelic acid or [14C]glucosamine into acid-insoluble fraction of growing cells of Bacillus cereus T was strongly inhibited in the presence of azureomycin B, but that of [14C]leucine, [3H]thymidine or [3H]uridine were not, at least until 5 minutes after the beginning of the incubation. The antibiotic caused accumulation of a nucleotide precursor in the cells which was identified as UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu-meso-Dpm-D-Ala-D-Ala. Thus the site of action was suggested to lie between this nucleotide and peptidoglycan in the pathway of peptidoglycan synthesis.", "PMID": 118956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13562", "title": "Controlled biosynthesis of neoviridogriseins, new homologues of viridogrisein. IV. In vitro synergism between neoviridogrisein II and the antibiotics of the mikamycin A group.", "content": "Neoviridogrisein II is a homologue of viridogrisein in which the hydroxyproline residue is replaced by proline. Neoviridogrisein II proved to be more active than the parent antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria and Mycoplasma species. When neoviridogrisein II or viridogrisein was combined with griseoviridin, a non-peptidyl macrocyclic lactone, synergism was observed: maximum synergistic effect was observed for a combination ratio that depended on the test bacterium used. Neoviridogrisein II also exerted synergism when combined with mikamycin A and A-2315A.", "contents": "Controlled biosynthesis of neoviridogriseins, new homologues of viridogrisein. IV. In vitro synergism between neoviridogrisein II and the antibiotics of the mikamycin A group. Neoviridogrisein II is a homologue of viridogrisein in which the hydroxyproline residue is replaced by proline. Neoviridogrisein II proved to be more active than the parent antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria and Mycoplasma species. When neoviridogrisein II or viridogrisein was combined with griseoviridin, a non-peptidyl macrocyclic lactone, synergism was observed: maximum synergistic effect was observed for a combination ratio that depended on the test bacterium used. Neoviridogrisein II also exerted synergism when combined with mikamycin A and A-2315A.", "PMID": 118957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13563", "title": "In vitro and in vivo laboratory studies on three hydroxyiminophenylacetyl cephalosporins with particular reference to SK&F 80303, an unusually long-acting cephalosporin.", "content": "Three cephalosporins with 7-(2-hydroxyiminophenylacetamido) side chains (SK&F 79433, 80000 and 80303), differing in their 3-substituents, exhibited similar broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and various Gram-negative bacilli. All three were active in vivo (s.c., mouse) against S. aureus, Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae, but they differed significantly in serum pharmacokinetic profiles. SK&F 80303 produced high and extremely prolonged serum levels and protected mice when administered up to 24 hours prior to challenge with beta-lactamase-producing S. aureus or K. pneumoniae. It was resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases from S. aureus, and variably so to beta-lactamases from E. coli strains. SK&F 80303 was bacteriolytic to logarithmically growing S. aureus, E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae (partially). SK&F 80303 illustrates further the effect of the 3-sulfoalkyltetrazole substituent on the pharmacokinetic properties of cephalosporins. Its combined biological properties make it a possible candidate for therapeutic and long-term prophylactic use.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo laboratory studies on three hydroxyiminophenylacetyl cephalosporins with particular reference to SK&F 80303, an unusually long-acting cephalosporin. Three cephalosporins with 7-(2-hydroxyiminophenylacetamido) side chains (SK&F 79433, 80000 and 80303), differing in their 3-substituents, exhibited similar broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and various Gram-negative bacilli. All three were active in vivo (s.c., mouse) against S. aureus, Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae, but they differed significantly in serum pharmacokinetic profiles. SK&F 80303 produced high and extremely prolonged serum levels and protected mice when administered up to 24 hours prior to challenge with beta-lactamase-producing S. aureus or K. pneumoniae. It was resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases from S. aureus, and variably so to beta-lactamases from E. coli strains. SK&F 80303 was bacteriolytic to logarithmically growing S. aureus, E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae (partially). SK&F 80303 illustrates further the effect of the 3-sulfoalkyltetrazole substituent on the pharmacokinetic properties of cephalosporins. Its combined biological properties make it a possible candidate for therapeutic and long-term prophylactic use.", "PMID": 118958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13564", "title": "Comparative bactericidal activities of beta-lactam antibiotics determined in agar and broth media.", "content": "Comparative bactericidal activities were determined utilizing a relatively large number of test strains, in both agar and broth media, with special reference to the time of exposure of the bacteria to certain beta-lactam antibiotics. It was apparent that the activities increase with time. The concentrations producing a 99.9% kill with cephalothin for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., and carbenicillin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa were higher in broth than in agar. In contrast, those of benzylpenicillin for alpha-streptococcus (non-enterococcal) were higher in agar than in broth. If the bactericidal concentrations with 3-hour or 6-hour exposure to antibiotics were used as the criterion, these concentrations of carbenicillin for P. aeruginosa, and benzylpenicillin for alpha-streptococcus were, in particular, unusually high compared with the conventionally determined bacteriostatic concentrations (MICs).", "contents": "Comparative bactericidal activities of beta-lactam antibiotics determined in agar and broth media. Comparative bactericidal activities were determined utilizing a relatively large number of test strains, in both agar and broth media, with special reference to the time of exposure of the bacteria to certain beta-lactam antibiotics. It was apparent that the activities increase with time. The concentrations producing a 99.9% kill with cephalothin for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., and carbenicillin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa were higher in broth than in agar. In contrast, those of benzylpenicillin for alpha-streptococcus (non-enterococcal) were higher in agar than in broth. If the bactericidal concentrations with 3-hour or 6-hour exposure to antibiotics were used as the criterion, these concentrations of carbenicillin for P. aeruginosa, and benzylpenicillin for alpha-streptococcus were, in particular, unusually high compared with the conventionally determined bacteriostatic concentrations (MICs).", "PMID": 118959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13565", "title": "Disodium D-6-[alpha-(1,2,4-triazine-3,5-dione-6-carboxamido)-4-hydroxyphenylacetamido]penicillanate, BL-P1908.", "content": "The synthesis of a new penicillin, disodium D-6-[alpha-(1,2,4-triazine-3,5-dione-6-carboxyamido)-4-hydroxyphenylacetamido]penicillanate (BL-P1908), is described. The compound shows superior in vitro activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to carbenicillin and ticarcillin and produces higher intramuscular serum levels in mice than does carbenicillin.", "contents": "Disodium D-6-[alpha-(1,2,4-triazine-3,5-dione-6-carboxamido)-4-hydroxyphenylacetamido]penicillanate, BL-P1908. The synthesis of a new penicillin, disodium D-6-[alpha-(1,2,4-triazine-3,5-dione-6-carboxyamido)-4-hydroxyphenylacetamido]penicillanate (BL-P1908), is described. The compound shows superior in vitro activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to carbenicillin and ticarcillin and produces higher intramuscular serum levels in mice than does carbenicillin.", "PMID": 118961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13566", "title": "Immunological cross-reactivities of sulfocephalosporins.", "content": "The immunological cross-reaction among sulfocephalosporins (cefsulodin, SFC-I, SFC-II), cephaloridine, sulbenicillin, penicillin G and 7-aminocephalosporanic acid has been investigated. A specific antibody was produced in rabbits against several structurally related haptens. The sensitization was conducted with a hapten-human serum albumin conjugate, which was prepared in an alkaline solution, with Freund's complete adjuvant. A cross-reaction was claraly demonstrated between sulfocephalosporins and sulbenicillin, but not between sulfocephalosporins and cephaloridine, penicillin G or 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.", "contents": "Immunological cross-reactivities of sulfocephalosporins. The immunological cross-reaction among sulfocephalosporins (cefsulodin, SFC-I, SFC-II), cephaloridine, sulbenicillin, penicillin G and 7-aminocephalosporanic acid has been investigated. A specific antibody was produced in rabbits against several structurally related haptens. The sensitization was conducted with a hapten-human serum albumin conjugate, which was prepared in an alkaline solution, with Freund's complete adjuvant. A cross-reaction was claraly demonstrated between sulfocephalosporins and sulbenicillin, but not between sulfocephalosporins and cephaloridine, penicillin G or 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.", "PMID": 118962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13567", "title": "Aflatoxin variation among corn samples with varying ratios of Aspergillus flavus-inoculated/noninoculated kernels.", "content": "Aflatoxin levels and physical properties of corn kernels inoculated with Aspergillus flavus during development and noninoculated kernels were compared in samples with various proportions of the 2 kernel types. The relationship between mean toxin levels and associated standard deviations of 5 samples demonstrated a linear association from the lowest toxin in noninoculated corn through a mixture of 60% inoculated/40% noninoculated. However, at the highest toxin level in the 100% inoculated material, a reduction in sample variation was observed. Examination of individual kernal weights showed that inoculated kernels were distinctly lighter than noninoculated seed. A uniform grinding procedure of the samples yielded heterogeneous particle sizes based on the starting corn. The large particle fraction (greater than 500 micrometers) decreased from 100% noninoculated kernels through the mixtures to the 100% inoculated seed; particles below 150 micrometers were most abundant in the ground samples from inoculated kernels. In addition, the density of particles within a size category varied; lower densities were observed in samples obtained from A. flavus-inoculated kernels.", "contents": "Aflatoxin variation among corn samples with varying ratios of Aspergillus flavus-inoculated/noninoculated kernels. Aflatoxin levels and physical properties of corn kernels inoculated with Aspergillus flavus during development and noninoculated kernels were compared in samples with various proportions of the 2 kernel types. The relationship between mean toxin levels and associated standard deviations of 5 samples demonstrated a linear association from the lowest toxin in noninoculated corn through a mixture of 60% inoculated/40% noninoculated. However, at the highest toxin level in the 100% inoculated material, a reduction in sample variation was observed. Examination of individual kernal weights showed that inoculated kernels were distinctly lighter than noninoculated seed. A uniform grinding procedure of the samples yielded heterogeneous particle sizes based on the starting corn. The large particle fraction (greater than 500 micrometers) decreased from 100% noninoculated kernels through the mixtures to the 100% inoculated seed; particles below 150 micrometers were most abundant in the ground samples from inoculated kernels. In addition, the density of particles within a size category varied; lower densities were observed in samples obtained from A. flavus-inoculated kernels.", "PMID": 118963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13568", "title": "Reverse phase ion pair high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in crabmeat and mayonnaise.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in crabmeat and mayonnaise. EDTA is extracted from the food sample with water and converted to its copper chelate, which is then quantitated by reverse phase ion pair high pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Maximum sensitivity is obtained with detection at about 254 nm; higher wavelengths may be used for enhanced specificity. Cleanup procedures for crabmeat and mayonnaise were improved by using a radiotracer method. Analyses of crabmeat and mayonnaise samples spiked at 3 different levels showed greater than 90% recovery of EDTA.", "contents": "Reverse phase ion pair high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in crabmeat and mayonnaise. A method is described for the determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in crabmeat and mayonnaise. EDTA is extracted from the food sample with water and converted to its copper chelate, which is then quantitated by reverse phase ion pair high pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Maximum sensitivity is obtained with detection at about 254 nm; higher wavelengths may be used for enhanced specificity. Cleanup procedures for crabmeat and mayonnaise were improved by using a radiotracer method. Analyses of crabmeat and mayonnaise samples spiked at 3 different levels showed greater than 90% recovery of EDTA.", "PMID": 118964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13569", "title": "Equivalence of microbiological and hydroxylamine methods of analysis for ampicillin dosage forms.", "content": "Ampicillin formulations were assayed by microbiological and hydroxylamine methods to determine whether thehydroxylamine analytical method is a suitable substitute for the microbiological method. Paired assay results by the 2 analytical methods were obtained on different strengths of tablet, capsule, and suspension, formulations containing ampicillin and ampicillin degradation compounds. Several statistical tests were used to assess the equivalence of the paired assay results. The data analyses indicate that the hydroxylamine method is a suitable substitute for the microbiological method for potency assays and stability studies of ampicillin formulations. The hydroxylamine method yielded slightly higher assay results than the microbiological method for severely degraded formulations.", "contents": "Equivalence of microbiological and hydroxylamine methods of analysis for ampicillin dosage forms. Ampicillin formulations were assayed by microbiological and hydroxylamine methods to determine whether thehydroxylamine analytical method is a suitable substitute for the microbiological method. Paired assay results by the 2 analytical methods were obtained on different strengths of tablet, capsule, and suspension, formulations containing ampicillin and ampicillin degradation compounds. Several statistical tests were used to assess the equivalence of the paired assay results. The data analyses indicate that the hydroxylamine method is a suitable substitute for the microbiological method for potency assays and stability studies of ampicillin formulations. The hydroxylamine method yielded slightly higher assay results than the microbiological method for severely degraded formulations.", "PMID": 118965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13570", "title": "Reconstituted O-dealkylase systems containing various forms of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450.", "content": "Among the seven forms of purified liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 tested, P-4501, P-4502 (both from phenobarbital-treated rabbits), P-4504 (from phenobarbital-treated rats), and P-4482 (from methylcholanthrene-treated rats) could reconstitute significant activities catalyzing the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycourmarin, but remarkable differences were seen among the catalytic properties of the four reconstituted systems. The systems containing P-4501, and P-4504 required the presence of cytochrome b5 for maximal activity, but no such requirement was observed with the other two systems. The Km value of the P-4502 system for ethoxycoumarin was of the order of 10(-7) M, whereas those of the other systems were about 1,000 times higher. The Vmax value determined for the P-4482 system was higher than those for the other systems by a factor of 10. 7-Methoxycoumarin was metabolized in a way similar to ethoxycoumarin by the systems containing P-4501, P-4502, and P-4504, but acted as a strong uncoupler in the P-4482-containing system. In the P-4482 system, however, ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation was almost completely coupled to NADPH oxidation. In the other systems, on the other hand, NADPH oxidation was partially uncoupled to similar extents with respect to the product formation with both ethoxy- and methoxycoumarins as substrates. The four systems could also be distinguished from one another with respect to the effects of several inhibitors. The P-4502-containing system, but not the other three systems, was progressively inactivated during methoxycoumarin O-demethylation and benzphetamine N-demethylation. Such inactivation was not observable during the ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation reaction. It is suggested that the active site of P-4502 reacted with formaldehyde produced by the demethylation reactions and was thus irreversibly inactivated. The results reported in this paper provide a clear example of different catalytic properties of multiple forms of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450.", "contents": "Reconstituted O-dealkylase systems containing various forms of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. Among the seven forms of purified liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 tested, P-4501, P-4502 (both from phenobarbital-treated rabbits), P-4504 (from phenobarbital-treated rats), and P-4482 (from methylcholanthrene-treated rats) could reconstitute significant activities catalyzing the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycourmarin, but remarkable differences were seen among the catalytic properties of the four reconstituted systems. The systems containing P-4501, and P-4504 required the presence of cytochrome b5 for maximal activity, but no such requirement was observed with the other two systems. The Km value of the P-4502 system for ethoxycoumarin was of the order of 10(-7) M, whereas those of the other systems were about 1,000 times higher. The Vmax value determined for the P-4482 system was higher than those for the other systems by a factor of 10. 7-Methoxycoumarin was metabolized in a way similar to ethoxycoumarin by the systems containing P-4501, P-4502, and P-4504, but acted as a strong uncoupler in the P-4482-containing system. In the P-4482 system, however, ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation was almost completely coupled to NADPH oxidation. In the other systems, on the other hand, NADPH oxidation was partially uncoupled to similar extents with respect to the product formation with both ethoxy- and methoxycoumarins as substrates. The four systems could also be distinguished from one another with respect to the effects of several inhibitors. The P-4502-containing system, but not the other three systems, was progressively inactivated during methoxycoumarin O-demethylation and benzphetamine N-demethylation. Such inactivation was not observable during the ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation reaction. It is suggested that the active site of P-4502 reacted with formaldehyde produced by the demethylation reactions and was thus irreversibly inactivated. The results reported in this paper provide a clear example of different catalytic properties of multiple forms of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450.", "PMID": 118966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13571", "title": "Comparison of the 95,000 molecular weight protein from Limulus sperm with muscle alpha-actinin.", "content": "The 95,000 molecular weight protein (95K protein) of the false discharges of Limulus sperm, purified by means of preparative gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, was compared with a 95K protein from Limulus muscle and chicken gizzard alpha-actinin. The results were as follows. 1) One-dimensional peptide mapping using four different proteases showed differences among these proteins. 2) Two-dimensional peptide mapping using trypsin showed that about 30% of the peptides in the digest of the sperm 95K protein were similar to those of chicken gizzard alpha-actinin and about 50% of the peptides were similar to those of the Limulus muscle 95K protein. 3) The sperm 95K protein contained relatively large amounts of Gly, Pro, and Ser and relatively small amounts of Glu and Leu compared to the muscle proteins. 4) Antibodies against the sperm 95K protein did not cross-react with the Limulus muscle 95K protein or chicken gizzard alpha-actinin. These results suggest that the 95K protein of sperm is different from alpha-actinin in primary structure.", "contents": "Comparison of the 95,000 molecular weight protein from Limulus sperm with muscle alpha-actinin. The 95,000 molecular weight protein (95K protein) of the false discharges of Limulus sperm, purified by means of preparative gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, was compared with a 95K protein from Limulus muscle and chicken gizzard alpha-actinin. The results were as follows. 1) One-dimensional peptide mapping using four different proteases showed differences among these proteins. 2) Two-dimensional peptide mapping using trypsin showed that about 30% of the peptides in the digest of the sperm 95K protein were similar to those of chicken gizzard alpha-actinin and about 50% of the peptides were similar to those of the Limulus muscle 95K protein. 3) The sperm 95K protein contained relatively large amounts of Gly, Pro, and Ser and relatively small amounts of Glu and Leu compared to the muscle proteins. 4) Antibodies against the sperm 95K protein did not cross-react with the Limulus muscle 95K protein or chicken gizzard alpha-actinin. These results suggest that the 95K protein of sperm is different from alpha-actinin in primary structure.", "PMID": 118967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13572", "title": "Isolation and characterization of antithrombin III from human, porcine and rabbit plasma, and rat serum.", "content": "1. Human, porcine, rabbit, and rat antithrombin III have been purified by affinity chromatography using heparin-agarose. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions, amino-terminal sequences, immunological cross-reactivities, and inhibitions of human thrombin were studied. 2. Human, porcine, rabbit, and rat antithrombin III are single-chain glycoproteins containing hexose, glucosamine, and neuraminic acid. 3. The total carbohydrate contents were 17, 16, 14, and 15% for human, porcine, rabbit, and rat antithrombin III, respectively. 4. Molecular weights estimated from the migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis were 59,000, 58,000, 63,000, and 63,000 for human, porcine rabbit, and rat antithrombin III, respectively. 5. These four proteins have similar amino acid compositions, although some minor differences were noted. 6. Human, porcine, and rabbit antithrombin III have a histidine residue at the amino-terminus, while rat antithrombin III contains an amino-terminal asparagine residue. 7. The amino-terminal sequences up to the first 17 residues showed high homology among the four proteins. 8. Some immunological cross-reactivity was observed only between human and porcine antithrombin III. 9. The apparent dissociation constants (KI) for the complexes between human thrombin and human, porcine, rabbit, and rat antithrombin III were about 1.2 x 10(-10) M, 9.5 X 10 (-9) M, 1.4 X 10(-7) M, and 2.8 X 10(-9) M, respectively.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of antithrombin III from human, porcine and rabbit plasma, and rat serum. 1. Human, porcine, rabbit, and rat antithrombin III have been purified by affinity chromatography using heparin-agarose. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions, amino-terminal sequences, immunological cross-reactivities, and inhibitions of human thrombin were studied. 2. Human, porcine, rabbit, and rat antithrombin III are single-chain glycoproteins containing hexose, glucosamine, and neuraminic acid. 3. The total carbohydrate contents were 17, 16, 14, and 15% for human, porcine, rabbit, and rat antithrombin III, respectively. 4. Molecular weights estimated from the migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis were 59,000, 58,000, 63,000, and 63,000 for human, porcine rabbit, and rat antithrombin III, respectively. 5. These four proteins have similar amino acid compositions, although some minor differences were noted. 6. Human, porcine, and rabbit antithrombin III have a histidine residue at the amino-terminus, while rat antithrombin III contains an amino-terminal asparagine residue. 7. The amino-terminal sequences up to the first 17 residues showed high homology among the four proteins. 8. Some immunological cross-reactivity was observed only between human and porcine antithrombin III. 9. The apparent dissociation constants (KI) for the complexes between human thrombin and human, porcine, rabbit, and rat antithrombin III were about 1.2 x 10(-10) M, 9.5 X 10 (-9) M, 1.4 X 10(-7) M, and 2.8 X 10(-9) M, respectively.", "PMID": 118968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13573", "title": "Postnatal development of peroxisomal and mitochondrial enzymes in rat liver.", "content": "Subcellular organellles from livers of rats three days prenatal to 50 weeks postnatal were separated on sucrose gradients. The peroxisomes had a constant density of 1.243 g/ml throughout the life of the animal. The density of the mitochondria changed from about 1.236 g/ml at birth to a constant value of 1.200 g/ml after two weeks. The peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation and the peroxisomal and supernatant activities of catalase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were measured at each age, as well as the peroxisomal core enzyme, urate oxidase, and the mitochondrial matrix enzyme, glutamate dehydrogenase. All of these activities were very low or undetectable before birth. Mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase and peroxisomal urate oxidase reached maximal activities per g of liver at two and five weeks of age, respectively. Fatty acid beta-oxidation in both peroxisomes and mitochondria and peroxisomal glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase exhibited maximum activities per g of liver between one and two weeks of age before weaning and then decreased to steady state levels in the adult. Peroxisomal beta-oxidation accounted for at least 10% of the total beta-oxidation activity in the young rat liver, but became 30% of the total in the liver of the adult female and 20% in the adult male due to a decrease in mitochondrial beta-oxidation after two weeks of age. The greatest change in beta-oxidation was in the mitochondrial fraction rather than in the peroxisomes. At two weeks of age, four times as much beta-oxidation activity was in the mitochondria as in the peroxisomal fraction. Peroxisomal glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity accounted for 5% to 7% of the total activity in animals younger than one week, but only 1% to 2% in animals older than one week. Up to three weeks of age, 85% to 90% of the liver catalase was recovered in the peroxisomes. The activity of peroxisomal catalase per g of rat liver remained constant after three weeks of age, but the total activity of catalase further increased 2.5- to 3-fold, and all of the increased activity was in the supernatant fraction.", "contents": "Postnatal development of peroxisomal and mitochondrial enzymes in rat liver. Subcellular organellles from livers of rats three days prenatal to 50 weeks postnatal were separated on sucrose gradients. The peroxisomes had a constant density of 1.243 g/ml throughout the life of the animal. The density of the mitochondria changed from about 1.236 g/ml at birth to a constant value of 1.200 g/ml after two weeks. The peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation and the peroxisomal and supernatant activities of catalase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were measured at each age, as well as the peroxisomal core enzyme, urate oxidase, and the mitochondrial matrix enzyme, glutamate dehydrogenase. All of these activities were very low or undetectable before birth. Mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase and peroxisomal urate oxidase reached maximal activities per g of liver at two and five weeks of age, respectively. Fatty acid beta-oxidation in both peroxisomes and mitochondria and peroxisomal glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase exhibited maximum activities per g of liver between one and two weeks of age before weaning and then decreased to steady state levels in the adult. Peroxisomal beta-oxidation accounted for at least 10% of the total beta-oxidation activity in the young rat liver, but became 30% of the total in the liver of the adult female and 20% in the adult male due to a decrease in mitochondrial beta-oxidation after two weeks of age. The greatest change in beta-oxidation was in the mitochondrial fraction rather than in the peroxisomes. At two weeks of age, four times as much beta-oxidation activity was in the mitochondria as in the peroxisomal fraction. Peroxisomal glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity accounted for 5% to 7% of the total activity in animals younger than one week, but only 1% to 2% in animals older than one week. Up to three weeks of age, 85% to 90% of the liver catalase was recovered in the peroxisomes. The activity of peroxisomal catalase per g of rat liver remained constant after three weeks of age, but the total activity of catalase further increased 2.5- to 3-fold, and all of the increased activity was in the supernatant fraction.", "PMID": 118970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13574", "title": "Potentiation by p-fluorophenylalanine of the division-delaying effects of high hydrostatic pressure in synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "Cultures of heat-synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis, growing in a proteose peptone medium, were subjected to short pulses of the amino acid analogue, p-fluorophenylalanine, and high hydrostatic pressure. The pulses of these agents were chosen so that, when applied individually, they did not appreciably delay cell division. However, combined treatments, analogue pulse followed by pressure pulse, produced a pronounced synergism. The results are interpreted as further evidence to support the inclusion of analogue division proteins in pressure labile assemblies during the progression of Tetrahymena into division.", "contents": "Potentiation by p-fluorophenylalanine of the division-delaying effects of high hydrostatic pressure in synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis. Cultures of heat-synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis, growing in a proteose peptone medium, were subjected to short pulses of the amino acid analogue, p-fluorophenylalanine, and high hydrostatic pressure. The pulses of these agents were chosen so that, when applied individually, they did not appreciably delay cell division. However, combined treatments, analogue pulse followed by pressure pulse, produced a pronounced synergism. The results are interpreted as further evidence to support the inclusion of analogue division proteins in pressure labile assemblies during the progression of Tetrahymena into division.", "PMID": 118971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13575", "title": "DNA synthesis: evaluation of a hydrodynamic method for measuring the rate of replication fork movement.", "content": "When replicating DNA is labeled sequentially with radioactive and density tracers and analyzed by equilibrium centrifugation, the fraction banding at heavier than normal density is inversely proportional to the rate of replication fork movement if there is a sharp transition from one tracer to the other on the newly synthesized chains (Painter and Schaefer, '69). Primate CV-1 DNA labeled for 5 to 30 minutes with 3H-dThd and then for three hours with BrdUrd in the presence of FdUrd bands in a bimodal distribution in alkaline CsCl, rather than in a continuous distribution with a skew toward heavier density seen when FdUrd is omitted and centrifugation is in neutral CsCl. The heavy density peak represents interspersion of both tracers in the DNA and is caused by slow transition from dThd to BrdUrd incorporation when the tracers are switched in the labeling medium. This may result from preferential uptake and incorporation of dThd over BrdUrd. Because of the interspersion, calculation of the rate of replication fork movement is inaccurate. Reversal of the labeling sequence with administration of the long density pulse before the radioactive pulse reduces the problem of interspersion. Using this sequence of labeling, estimates of the rate of fork movement of 0.36-0.38 micrometer/min are obtained when the 3H pulse time is long enough to allow accurate measurement of the fraction of heavy DNA. Analysis by fiber autoradiography yields a rate of 0.56 micrometer/min in the same cell line. If appropriate precautions are taken to minimize mixing of the two tracers in the precursor pool and to ensure that the fraction of heavy DNA is measured accurately, the hydrodynamic technique provides an objective method of measuring rate of fork movement that gives values only slightly lower than those obtained by autoradiography.", "contents": "DNA synthesis: evaluation of a hydrodynamic method for measuring the rate of replication fork movement. When replicating DNA is labeled sequentially with radioactive and density tracers and analyzed by equilibrium centrifugation, the fraction banding at heavier than normal density is inversely proportional to the rate of replication fork movement if there is a sharp transition from one tracer to the other on the newly synthesized chains (Painter and Schaefer, '69). Primate CV-1 DNA labeled for 5 to 30 minutes with 3H-dThd and then for three hours with BrdUrd in the presence of FdUrd bands in a bimodal distribution in alkaline CsCl, rather than in a continuous distribution with a skew toward heavier density seen when FdUrd is omitted and centrifugation is in neutral CsCl. The heavy density peak represents interspersion of both tracers in the DNA and is caused by slow transition from dThd to BrdUrd incorporation when the tracers are switched in the labeling medium. This may result from preferential uptake and incorporation of dThd over BrdUrd. Because of the interspersion, calculation of the rate of replication fork movement is inaccurate. Reversal of the labeling sequence with administration of the long density pulse before the radioactive pulse reduces the problem of interspersion. Using this sequence of labeling, estimates of the rate of fork movement of 0.36-0.38 micrometer/min are obtained when the 3H pulse time is long enough to allow accurate measurement of the fraction of heavy DNA. Analysis by fiber autoradiography yields a rate of 0.56 micrometer/min in the same cell line. If appropriate precautions are taken to minimize mixing of the two tracers in the precursor pool and to ensure that the fraction of heavy DNA is measured accurately, the hydrodynamic technique provides an objective method of measuring rate of fork movement that gives values only slightly lower than those obtained by autoradiography.", "PMID": 118972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13576", "title": "Rapid alterations in cellular morphology and plasma membrane structure induced in rat thymocytes by mitogenic stimuli.", "content": "Under conditions where a maximum stimulation of 3-O-methyl-glucose transport is observed, three thymocyte mitogens (concanavalin A, ionophore A23187 and hydrogen peroxide) cause cell rounding and a decrease in the density of intra-membrane particles on the plasma membrane. The early effects of mitogens on the thymocyte plasma membrane are similar to those of osmotic shock.", "contents": "Rapid alterations in cellular morphology and plasma membrane structure induced in rat thymocytes by mitogenic stimuli. Under conditions where a maximum stimulation of 3-O-methyl-glucose transport is observed, three thymocyte mitogens (concanavalin A, ionophore A23187 and hydrogen peroxide) cause cell rounding and a decrease in the density of intra-membrane particles on the plasma membrane. The early effects of mitogens on the thymocyte plasma membrane are similar to those of osmotic shock.", "PMID": 118973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13577", "title": "Co-operativity of lectin binding to fibroblasts and its relation to cellular actomyosin.", "content": "We have investigated the binding of 125I-concanavalin A (125I-Con A) and 125I-succinyl concanavalin A (125I-s-Con A) to rat fibroblasts (16C line) as a function of the concentration of added lectin, and the alterations to this binding behaviour caused by drugs which modify the cytoskeleton. The changes in cell behaviour which occur at different levels of binding have also been studied. As shown previously for some other systems, the binding of Con A is complex and partly co-operative. Three phases can be distinguished in our system: (i) pre-nucleation binding, (ii) binding which shows a small positive slope in a Scatchard plot and a Hill coefficient greater than unity, and which therefore is incipiently co-operative, and (iii) post-co-operative binding. The co-operative phase of binding is paralleled by progressive inhibition of EGTA-mediated cell detachment from substrata, with inhibition being complete when this phase of binding is complete. Likewise, the phagocytosis of latex spheres is progressively inhibited up to a threshold which coincides with the completion of co-operative binding. Thirdly, cells pretreated with Con A round up with colchicine (10(-5) M) if co-operative finding is complete, but adopt broad epithelial shapes if it is not. s-Con A does not show cooperative binding, and correspondingly does not inhibit EGTA-mediated cell detachment, or show a distinct threshold in the inhibition of phagocytosis, or promote the 2 types of shape change with colchicine. The pattern of Con A binding is drastically altered by pretreatment of cells with cytochalasin B or azide. The Scatchard and Hill plots show that the co-operative phase remains and is complete at about the same level of binding, but that it is more readily nucleated and takes place against a changed number and/or distribution of receptors. Pretreatment of cells with colchicine causes changes in the pattern of binding which are different from those observed with cytochalasin B or azide and are more difficult to interpret. We conclude that a reciprocal relationship exists between the cellular actomyosin and the state of cell surface receptors. Perturbation of actomyosin by cytochalasin B or azide can enhance the freedom of some receptors to participate in a co-operative rearrangement which facilitates the binding of further molecules of lectin. Vice versa, the co-operative event has a feedback influence on the cellular actomyosin to cause alterations of cellular response.", "contents": "Co-operativity of lectin binding to fibroblasts and its relation to cellular actomyosin. We have investigated the binding of 125I-concanavalin A (125I-Con A) and 125I-succinyl concanavalin A (125I-s-Con A) to rat fibroblasts (16C line) as a function of the concentration of added lectin, and the alterations to this binding behaviour caused by drugs which modify the cytoskeleton. The changes in cell behaviour which occur at different levels of binding have also been studied. As shown previously for some other systems, the binding of Con A is complex and partly co-operative. Three phases can be distinguished in our system: (i) pre-nucleation binding, (ii) binding which shows a small positive slope in a Scatchard plot and a Hill coefficient greater than unity, and which therefore is incipiently co-operative, and (iii) post-co-operative binding. The co-operative phase of binding is paralleled by progressive inhibition of EGTA-mediated cell detachment from substrata, with inhibition being complete when this phase of binding is complete. Likewise, the phagocytosis of latex spheres is progressively inhibited up to a threshold which coincides with the completion of co-operative binding. Thirdly, cells pretreated with Con A round up with colchicine (10(-5) M) if co-operative finding is complete, but adopt broad epithelial shapes if it is not. s-Con A does not show cooperative binding, and correspondingly does not inhibit EGTA-mediated cell detachment, or show a distinct threshold in the inhibition of phagocytosis, or promote the 2 types of shape change with colchicine. The pattern of Con A binding is drastically altered by pretreatment of cells with cytochalasin B or azide. The Scatchard and Hill plots show that the co-operative phase remains and is complete at about the same level of binding, but that it is more readily nucleated and takes place against a changed number and/or distribution of receptors. Pretreatment of cells with colchicine causes changes in the pattern of binding which are different from those observed with cytochalasin B or azide and are more difficult to interpret. We conclude that a reciprocal relationship exists between the cellular actomyosin and the state of cell surface receptors. Perturbation of actomyosin by cytochalasin B or azide can enhance the freedom of some receptors to participate in a co-operative rearrangement which facilitates the binding of further molecules of lectin. Vice versa, the co-operative event has a feedback influence on the cellular actomyosin to cause alterations of cellular response.", "PMID": 118974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13578", "title": "Specific contact-dependent cell-to-cell communication during preconjugant interactions of the ciliate Euplotes crassus.", "content": "A system has been developed to study cellular interactions between cells of complementary mating types prior to mating in the ciliate, Euplotes crassus. The presumptive mates were distinguished by using singlet and doublet cells of appropriate mating types in the mixtures. Cells of a given mating type were prelabelled with [3H]leucine and mixed with unlabelled complementary cells. Exchange of [3H]leucine-labelled material from donor to recipient cells was monitored through the various stages of the preconjugant interaction. A label transfer between the mating type complementary cells was detected from the beginning of the visible mating reaction, which occurs after a waiting period from the time of cell mixing and involves ciliary agglutination prior to cell body fusion. Complementary cells which were prevented from physically contacting each other and cells which were not competent to mate appeared unable to take up the labelled material. It is suggested that this material consists of some substance(s) playing an important role in the preconjugant cell-to-cell interactions of E. crassus.", "contents": "Specific contact-dependent cell-to-cell communication during preconjugant interactions of the ciliate Euplotes crassus. A system has been developed to study cellular interactions between cells of complementary mating types prior to mating in the ciliate, Euplotes crassus. The presumptive mates were distinguished by using singlet and doublet cells of appropriate mating types in the mixtures. Cells of a given mating type were prelabelled with [3H]leucine and mixed with unlabelled complementary cells. Exchange of [3H]leucine-labelled material from donor to recipient cells was monitored through the various stages of the preconjugant interaction. A label transfer between the mating type complementary cells was detected from the beginning of the visible mating reaction, which occurs after a waiting period from the time of cell mixing and involves ciliary agglutination prior to cell body fusion. Complementary cells which were prevented from physically contacting each other and cells which were not competent to mate appeared unable to take up the labelled material. It is suggested that this material consists of some substance(s) playing an important role in the preconjugant cell-to-cell interactions of E. crassus.", "PMID": 118975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13579", "title": "Intracellular distribution of lead in Tetrahymena during continuous exposure to the metal.", "content": "Lead acetate (0.1--0.2%) forms a precipitate with the organic growth medium. The Tetrahymena cells ingest this lead-containing precipitate and cell growth is resumed after a variable lag period. Ingested lead is observed as electron-dense material in food vacuoles. Soon after exposure, cytoplasmic lead (preserved with certain fixation only) is revealed as electron-dense particles in cilia and in a halo around digestive vacuoles. Later the lead particles pervade the entire cell but after the lag period they are confined to membrane-bound spaces. In dilute growth medium, high concentrations of lead inhibit food-vacuole formation and cell growth. Under these conditions lead is deposited in alveoli of the pellicle and is also found in autophagic vacuoles and other membrane-limited structures. The study has revealed that lead enters Tetrahymena through the membrane of digestive vacuoles and through the cell surface. The change in distribution of lead during the lag period indicates that a mechanism is activated for removal of lead into membrane-bound spaces. The final storage of lead seems to be in lysosomes.", "contents": "Intracellular distribution of lead in Tetrahymena during continuous exposure to the metal. Lead acetate (0.1--0.2%) forms a precipitate with the organic growth medium. The Tetrahymena cells ingest this lead-containing precipitate and cell growth is resumed after a variable lag period. Ingested lead is observed as electron-dense material in food vacuoles. Soon after exposure, cytoplasmic lead (preserved with certain fixation only) is revealed as electron-dense particles in cilia and in a halo around digestive vacuoles. Later the lead particles pervade the entire cell but after the lag period they are confined to membrane-bound spaces. In dilute growth medium, high concentrations of lead inhibit food-vacuole formation and cell growth. Under these conditions lead is deposited in alveoli of the pellicle and is also found in autophagic vacuoles and other membrane-limited structures. The study has revealed that lead enters Tetrahymena through the membrane of digestive vacuoles and through the cell surface. The change in distribution of lead during the lag period indicates that a mechanism is activated for removal of lead into membrane-bound spaces. The final storage of lead seems to be in lysosomes.", "PMID": 118976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13580", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of biogenic amines in biological materials as o-phthalaldehyde derivatives.", "content": "A remarkably sensitive, simple and selective reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed, allowing, for the first time, the direct measurement of histamine, norepinephrine, octopamine, normetanephrine, dopamine, serotonin and tyramine in a single sample of plasma (2 ml), tissue (0.2 g), or urine. The biogenic amines were modified by pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde which stabilizes the molecules, aids in extraction, and improves HPLC detection at the nanogram level. To minimize losses during the sampling procedure a careful collection procedure was designed. We developed a simple sample cleanup in which the samples were thawed, neutralized with KOH, immediately derivatized, extracted into ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and then chromatographed by HPLC. The derivatives were stable in EtOAc for more then 24 h. Interfering amino acids were removed from the EtOAc by partitioning twice with Na2HPO4 buffer (pH 10.0). Complete separation was achieved in ca. 60--90 min on a muBondapak phenyl column using a stepwise gradient of acetonitrile and/or methanol-phosphate buffer (pH 5.1). A variable wavelength fluorometer with a 5-microliter flow-cell was used (excitation 340 nm; emission 480 nm). Linearity ranged from 200 pg to 50 ng onto the column. Precision (R.S.D.) for retention times was 1% and for derivatization and injection 2.5%. Recoveries of the seven biogenic amines from plasma spiked with 25 ng/ml averaged 70%, with a relative standard deviation of 6%. Separation studies were also done using a muBondapak C18 column. The effects of various eluents are presented. Gas-liquid chromatography was also investigated but lacked the sensitivity achieved by HPLC. The HPLC method is used routinely for the determination of biogenic amines in plasma from pigs with malignant hyperthemia and thermally stressed bovine. Significant differences in levels of biogenic amines were noted between stressed and non-stressed animals. Data on rat brain tissue samples were compared with the trihydroxyindole method and canine heart tissue was analyzed for ventricular norepinephrine and dopamine. Application of the method to urine from normal persons and a patient with a brain tumor has been demonstrated.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of biogenic amines in biological materials as o-phthalaldehyde derivatives. A remarkably sensitive, simple and selective reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed, allowing, for the first time, the direct measurement of histamine, norepinephrine, octopamine, normetanephrine, dopamine, serotonin and tyramine in a single sample of plasma (2 ml), tissue (0.2 g), or urine. The biogenic amines were modified by pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde which stabilizes the molecules, aids in extraction, and improves HPLC detection at the nanogram level. To minimize losses during the sampling procedure a careful collection procedure was designed. We developed a simple sample cleanup in which the samples were thawed, neutralized with KOH, immediately derivatized, extracted into ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and then chromatographed by HPLC. The derivatives were stable in EtOAc for more then 24 h. Interfering amino acids were removed from the EtOAc by partitioning twice with Na2HPO4 buffer (pH 10.0). Complete separation was achieved in ca. 60--90 min on a muBondapak phenyl column using a stepwise gradient of acetonitrile and/or methanol-phosphate buffer (pH 5.1). A variable wavelength fluorometer with a 5-microliter flow-cell was used (excitation 340 nm; emission 480 nm). Linearity ranged from 200 pg to 50 ng onto the column. Precision (R.S.D.) for retention times was 1% and for derivatization and injection 2.5%. Recoveries of the seven biogenic amines from plasma spiked with 25 ng/ml averaged 70%, with a relative standard deviation of 6%. Separation studies were also done using a muBondapak C18 column. The effects of various eluents are presented. Gas-liquid chromatography was also investigated but lacked the sensitivity achieved by HPLC. The HPLC method is used routinely for the determination of biogenic amines in plasma from pigs with malignant hyperthemia and thermally stressed bovine. Significant differences in levels of biogenic amines were noted between stressed and non-stressed animals. Data on rat brain tissue samples were compared with the trihydroxyindole method and canine heart tissue was analyzed for ventricular norepinephrine and dopamine. Application of the method to urine from normal persons and a patient with a brain tumor has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 118977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13581", "title": "Serological grouping of meningococci and encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae strains by latex agglutination.", "content": "The latex agglutination method, utilizing antibody-coated latex particles, was adapted for serogrouping of Neisseria meningitidis and serotyping of encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae strains from agar plates. It was found to give more clear-cut results than conventional slide agglutination. A 100% agreement with the antiserum agar method was found for all strains isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Many meningococcal strains from nasopharyngeal carriers are autoagglutinable, but some of these gave a positive reaction with the group B latex reagent, although they were negative by the antiserum agar method. The latex agglutination method has several advantages over others: the lack of autoagglutination, easy performance, easy interpretation, and very low consumption of antisera.", "contents": "Serological grouping of meningococci and encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae strains by latex agglutination. The latex agglutination method, utilizing antibody-coated latex particles, was adapted for serogrouping of Neisseria meningitidis and serotyping of encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae strains from agar plates. It was found to give more clear-cut results than conventional slide agglutination. A 100% agreement with the antiserum agar method was found for all strains isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Many meningococcal strains from nasopharyngeal carriers are autoagglutinable, but some of these gave a positive reaction with the group B latex reagent, although they were negative by the antiserum agar method. The latex agglutination method has several advantages over others: the lack of autoagglutination, easy performance, easy interpretation, and very low consumption of antisera.", "PMID": 118981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13582", "title": "Comparison of Minitek and conventional methods for the biochemical characterization of oral streptococci.", "content": "Fifty-six strains of viridans streptococci were tested in the Minitek system (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.), and the results were compared with those obtained by conventional methods. An overall agreement of 98.9% was obtained when the Minitek tests were performed as follows. (i) All disks were incubated anaerobically for 48 h except for esculin and arginine, which required 5 to 7 days. (ii) The arginine disks were overlaid with 0.1 ml of sterile mineral oil even though incubated anaerobically. (iii) The Voges-Proskauer tests were performed under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. (iv) All tests for carbohydrate fermentation except for raffinose and salicin were read after the addition of 2 to 3 drops of 0.025% phenol red (pH 7.2). Of all the tests performed, only the fermentation of starch resulted in such poor agreement as to be considered unreliable. Results for inulin (unavailable in the Minitek system) were obtained by conventional methods.", "contents": "Comparison of Minitek and conventional methods for the biochemical characterization of oral streptococci. Fifty-six strains of viridans streptococci were tested in the Minitek system (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.), and the results were compared with those obtained by conventional methods. An overall agreement of 98.9% was obtained when the Minitek tests were performed as follows. (i) All disks were incubated anaerobically for 48 h except for esculin and arginine, which required 5 to 7 days. (ii) The arginine disks were overlaid with 0.1 ml of sterile mineral oil even though incubated anaerobically. (iii) The Voges-Proskauer tests were performed under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. (iv) All tests for carbohydrate fermentation except for raffinose and salicin were read after the addition of 2 to 3 drops of 0.025% phenol red (pH 7.2). Of all the tests performed, only the fermentation of starch resulted in such poor agreement as to be considered unreliable. Results for inulin (unavailable in the Minitek system) were obtained by conventional methods.", "PMID": 118982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13583", "title": "Serodiagnosis of ram epididymitis by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, using Brucella ovis surface R antigen.", "content": "The counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) technique was developed as a diagnostic procedure for ram epididymitis caused by Brucella ovis. CIE test results with sera from naturally and experimentally infected male sheep compared favorably with those obtained by gel diffusion and complement fixation employing the same B. ovis surface R antigen. The main advantage of CIE over gel diffusion consists in a significant reduction of the time required to detect precipitin formation, whereas both methods obviate several of the difficulties encountered with complement fixation tests for B. ovis.", "contents": "Serodiagnosis of ram epididymitis by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, using Brucella ovis surface R antigen. The counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) technique was developed as a diagnostic procedure for ram epididymitis caused by Brucella ovis. CIE test results with sera from naturally and experimentally infected male sheep compared favorably with those obtained by gel diffusion and complement fixation employing the same B. ovis surface R antigen. The main advantage of CIE over gel diffusion consists in a significant reduction of the time required to detect precipitin formation, whereas both methods obviate several of the difficulties encountered with complement fixation tests for B. ovis.", "PMID": 118983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13584", "title": "Identification of clinical isolates of mycobacteria with gas-liquid chromatography alone.", "content": "Identification of 18 mycobacterial species was performed by analysis of profiles obtained by using gas-liquid chromatography. Organisms were saponified in methanolic NaOH, and the reaction mixture was treated with BF(3) in methanol and extracted with a hexane-chloroform mixture. An identification scheme was developed from 128 stock strains and tested against a collection of 79 clinical isolates. By using gas-liquid chromatographic profiles alone, 58% of specimens were correctly identified to species level, and an additional 41% were correctly identified to a group of two or three organisms. Use in a clinical laboratory over a 2-month period proved chromatography to be as accurate as and more rapid than concurrent biochemical testing. Of 81 isolates tested, 64% were identified to species level by chromatography alone. An additional 35% were differentiated to the same groups of two or three organisms as found in our analysis of stock strains. These groups consisted of: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. xenopi; M. avium complex, M. gastri, and M. scrofulaceum; or M. fortuitum and M. chelonei. Identification to species level from these groups could usually be done by colonial morphology alone and could always be done by the addition of one selected biochemical test. This study demonstrated the practical application of gas-liquid chromatography in the identification of mycobacteria in a clinical laboratory. In particular, all strains of M. gordonae and M. kansasii were identified to species level. M. tuberculosis was definitively identified in 85% of cases. When it could not be definitely identified, the only alternatives were M. bovis and M. xenopi, both of which are rare causes of infection.", "contents": "Identification of clinical isolates of mycobacteria with gas-liquid chromatography alone. Identification of 18 mycobacterial species was performed by analysis of profiles obtained by using gas-liquid chromatography. Organisms were saponified in methanolic NaOH, and the reaction mixture was treated with BF(3) in methanol and extracted with a hexane-chloroform mixture. An identification scheme was developed from 128 stock strains and tested against a collection of 79 clinical isolates. By using gas-liquid chromatographic profiles alone, 58% of specimens were correctly identified to species level, and an additional 41% were correctly identified to a group of two or three organisms. Use in a clinical laboratory over a 2-month period proved chromatography to be as accurate as and more rapid than concurrent biochemical testing. Of 81 isolates tested, 64% were identified to species level by chromatography alone. An additional 35% were differentiated to the same groups of two or three organisms as found in our analysis of stock strains. These groups consisted of: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. xenopi; M. avium complex, M. gastri, and M. scrofulaceum; or M. fortuitum and M. chelonei. Identification to species level from these groups could usually be done by colonial morphology alone and could always be done by the addition of one selected biochemical test. This study demonstrated the practical application of gas-liquid chromatography in the identification of mycobacteria in a clinical laboratory. In particular, all strains of M. gordonae and M. kansasii were identified to species level. M. tuberculosis was definitively identified in 85% of cases. When it could not be definitely identified, the only alternatives were M. bovis and M. xenopi, both of which are rare causes of infection.", "PMID": 118984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13585", "title": "Isolation of acid-fast organisms from surgical specimens.", "content": "A total of 204 surgical specimens positive for acid-fast organisms yielded 169 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 15 of which were isolated by Middlebrook 7H-9 broth medium only. Mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis were isolated from 33 specimens, and Nocardia asteroides was isolated from 2 specimens.", "contents": "Isolation of acid-fast organisms from surgical specimens. A total of 204 surgical specimens positive for acid-fast organisms yielded 169 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 15 of which were isolated by Middlebrook 7H-9 broth medium only. Mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis were isolated from 33 specimens, and Nocardia asteroides was isolated from 2 specimens.", "PMID": 118985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13586", "title": "Establishing and maintaining clinically healthy gingivae in Rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to determine a method and a minimal frequency of plaque removal for the establishment and maintenance of clinically healthy gingivae in Rhesus monkeys. Six adult, male monkeys were used and divided into three groups. In each group different methods were used for plaque removal. Frequencies of plaque removal of one, two and three times per week for consecutive weeks were tested. The results showed that gingival health could be established and maintained with any of the methods used (toothbrushing and interdental flossing: toothbrushing and a 3-min application of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate) but only when plaque was removed 3 times a week. This frequency of plaque removal sessions is discussed in relation to the necessity for sedation of the animals with possible adverse side effects.", "contents": "Establishing and maintaining clinically healthy gingivae in Rhesus monkeys. The aim of the present investigation was to determine a method and a minimal frequency of plaque removal for the establishment and maintenance of clinically healthy gingivae in Rhesus monkeys. Six adult, male monkeys were used and divided into three groups. In each group different methods were used for plaque removal. Frequencies of plaque removal of one, two and three times per week for consecutive weeks were tested. The results showed that gingival health could be established and maintained with any of the methods used (toothbrushing and interdental flossing: toothbrushing and a 3-min application of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate) but only when plaque was removed 3 times a week. This frequency of plaque removal sessions is discussed in relation to the necessity for sedation of the animals with possible adverse side effects.", "PMID": 118986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13587", "title": "Magnetic susceptibility of microorganisms.", "content": "Total magnetic susceptibility of 13 species and varieties of bacteria was investigated using the relative method of Guy. It has been established that the index of magnetic susceptibility is a constant characteristic of bacteria. Total magnetic susceptibility ranged from --0.3295.10(-6) in Escherichia P678 to --0.4965.10(-6) in Proteus. It has also been established that magnetic susceptibility changes during long-term passages of bacteria in fluctuating +/- 0.1 Oe) magnetic field. This is suggestive of a low threshold of their magnetic susceptibility and permits a rough assessment of the importance of fluctuations of the geomagnetic field for the viability of microbes.", "contents": "Magnetic susceptibility of microorganisms. Total magnetic susceptibility of 13 species and varieties of bacteria was investigated using the relative method of Guy. It has been established that the index of magnetic susceptibility is a constant characteristic of bacteria. Total magnetic susceptibility ranged from --0.3295.10(-6) in Escherichia P678 to --0.4965.10(-6) in Proteus. It has also been established that magnetic susceptibility changes during long-term passages of bacteria in fluctuating +/- 0.1 Oe) magnetic field. This is suggestive of a low threshold of their magnetic susceptibility and permits a rough assessment of the importance of fluctuations of the geomagnetic field for the viability of microbes.", "PMID": 118995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13588", "title": "Serum thyroid hormone concentrations and weight loss relationships in eight obese women during semistarvation.", "content": "Eight obese female patients were studied over a period of 15 days whilst on 300 kcal diet. Serum levels of thyroxine and free throxine index were not altered significantly by semistarvation. A TRH test performed before and after the diet showed no appreciable change. Weight loss was intially rapid but later slowed despite good patients compliance. Serum concentrations of T 3 and reverse T 3 (rT3) early decreased (p less than 0.01) and increased (p less than 0.05) respectively, but returned towards control levels even before discontinuation of semistarvation. There was a positive correlation between the percentage decrease in body weight and the percentage increase in serum rT 3 (p less than 0.001), and a negative correlation between decrease in body weight and decrease in serum T 3 (p less than 0.001). Our results do not suggest that the variations in serum triiodothyronines limit the weight loss; it is probable, on the contrary, that the weight loss promotes the observed variations in thyroid hormones by as yet unknown adaptive metabolic forces.", "contents": "Serum thyroid hormone concentrations and weight loss relationships in eight obese women during semistarvation. Eight obese female patients were studied over a period of 15 days whilst on 300 kcal diet. Serum levels of thyroxine and free throxine index were not altered significantly by semistarvation. A TRH test performed before and after the diet showed no appreciable change. Weight loss was intially rapid but later slowed despite good patients compliance. Serum concentrations of T 3 and reverse T 3 (rT3) early decreased (p less than 0.01) and increased (p less than 0.05) respectively, but returned towards control levels even before discontinuation of semistarvation. There was a positive correlation between the percentage decrease in body weight and the percentage increase in serum rT 3 (p less than 0.001), and a negative correlation between decrease in body weight and decrease in serum T 3 (p less than 0.001). Our results do not suggest that the variations in serum triiodothyronines limit the weight loss; it is probable, on the contrary, that the weight loss promotes the observed variations in thyroid hormones by as yet unknown adaptive metabolic forces.", "PMID": 118991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13589", "title": "The presence of antibody-coated anaerobic bacteria in asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy.", "content": "Quantitative anaerobic culture of urine samples obtained from 593 pregnant women by suprapubic bladder aspiration was performed to establish the involvement of anaerobic bacteria in asymptomatic urinary tract infections. The fluorescent antibody (FA) test was applied to the sediments of bladder aspirates to determine the site of infection. Anaerobic bacteriuria (greater than or equal to 10(4) microorganisms/ml of urine) was found in 34 patients, of whom five were FA-positive. These anaerobes were identified as Lactobacillus minutus, Veillonella parvula (two patients). Clostridium putrefaciens, and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. Aerobic bacteriuria (greater than 10(4) microorganisms/ml of urine) was detected in 27 patients, of whom 13 were FA-positive. In 10 women with mixed aerobic/anaerobic bacteriuria, no FA-positive bacteria were found. The finding of FA-positive anaerobes may indicate that these organisms are involved in silent renal infection.", "contents": "The presence of antibody-coated anaerobic bacteria in asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy. Quantitative anaerobic culture of urine samples obtained from 593 pregnant women by suprapubic bladder aspiration was performed to establish the involvement of anaerobic bacteria in asymptomatic urinary tract infections. The fluorescent antibody (FA) test was applied to the sediments of bladder aspirates to determine the site of infection. Anaerobic bacteriuria (greater than or equal to 10(4) microorganisms/ml of urine) was found in 34 patients, of whom five were FA-positive. These anaerobes were identified as Lactobacillus minutus, Veillonella parvula (two patients). Clostridium putrefaciens, and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. Aerobic bacteriuria (greater than 10(4) microorganisms/ml of urine) was detected in 27 patients, of whom 13 were FA-positive. In 10 women with mixed aerobic/anaerobic bacteriuria, no FA-positive bacteria were found. The finding of FA-positive anaerobes may indicate that these organisms are involved in silent renal infection.", "PMID": 118996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13590", "title": "Kinetics of antibody production to group A and group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines administered during the first six years of life: prospects for routine immunization of infants and children.", "content": "A cohort of infants, previously immunized once or twice between three and 12 months of age with vaccines containing polysaccharide of groups A and C Neisseria meningitidis, received boosters at two and five and one-half years of age with bivalent A/C vaccine. Antibody concentrations were measured by a radioactive antigen-binding assay. Concentrations of antibody to groups A and C N. meningitidis were 5.59 and 2.86 microgram/ml, respectively, by four years of age. After booster immunization at five and one-half years of age, concentrations of antibody to groups A and C N. meningitidis increased to 15.67 and 7.59 microgram/ml, respectively. Protective levels of antibody to group A meningococci may be achievable throughout early childhood by routine immunization with the A vaccine. Although the group C vaccine is effective in control of epidemics, the rapid decline in the concentration of antibody to group C meningococci following immunization of young children suggests that protection may not be long-lasting.", "contents": "Kinetics of antibody production to group A and group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines administered during the first six years of life: prospects for routine immunization of infants and children. A cohort of infants, previously immunized once or twice between three and 12 months of age with vaccines containing polysaccharide of groups A and C Neisseria meningitidis, received boosters at two and five and one-half years of age with bivalent A/C vaccine. Antibody concentrations were measured by a radioactive antigen-binding assay. Concentrations of antibody to groups A and C N. meningitidis were 5.59 and 2.86 microgram/ml, respectively, by four years of age. After booster immunization at five and one-half years of age, concentrations of antibody to groups A and C N. meningitidis increased to 15.67 and 7.59 microgram/ml, respectively. Protective levels of antibody to group A meningococci may be achievable throughout early childhood by routine immunization with the A vaccine. Although the group C vaccine is effective in control of epidemics, the rapid decline in the concentration of antibody to group C meningococci following immunization of young children suggests that protection may not be long-lasting.", "PMID": 118997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13591", "title": "The role of natural IgG and complement in the phagocytosis of type 4 Neisseria gonorrhoeae by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The role of human serum components in the phagocytosis of logarithmic-phase type 4 Neisseria gonorrhoeae by human polymorphononuclear leukocytes was investigated. The requirement of fresh normal human serum (FHS) for optimal phagocytosis and the fixation of human immunoglobulin (IgG) and complenet (C3) to the gonococcal cell surface suggested that both serum factors participate in the phagocytosis of these organisms. The percentage of neutrophils containing ingested organisms was directly proportional to the concentration of IgG purified from FHS. Absorption studies suggested that this natural IgG binds to a trypsin-sensitive surface protein on type 4 gonococci and cross-reacts with stationary-phase type 2 N. gonorrhoeae, group C Neisseria meningitidis, and Branhamella catarrhalis, but not with logarithmic-phase type 2 gonococci or other Neisseria species. Although complement alone did not promote phagocytosis, it enhanced IgG-mediated ingestion. Studies using C2-deficient serum or serum chelators indicated that the alternative complement pathway participates in this interaction.", "contents": "The role of natural IgG and complement in the phagocytosis of type 4 Neisseria gonorrhoeae by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The role of human serum components in the phagocytosis of logarithmic-phase type 4 Neisseria gonorrhoeae by human polymorphononuclear leukocytes was investigated. The requirement of fresh normal human serum (FHS) for optimal phagocytosis and the fixation of human immunoglobulin (IgG) and complenet (C3) to the gonococcal cell surface suggested that both serum factors participate in the phagocytosis of these organisms. The percentage of neutrophils containing ingested organisms was directly proportional to the concentration of IgG purified from FHS. Absorption studies suggested that this natural IgG binds to a trypsin-sensitive surface protein on type 4 gonococci and cross-reacts with stationary-phase type 2 N. gonorrhoeae, group C Neisseria meningitidis, and Branhamella catarrhalis, but not with logarithmic-phase type 2 gonococci or other Neisseria species. Although complement alone did not promote phagocytosis, it enhanced IgG-mediated ingestion. Studies using C2-deficient serum or serum chelators indicated that the alternative complement pathway participates in this interaction.", "PMID": 118998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13592", "title": "Mutagenicity studies with 5-thio-D-glucose. Cytogenetic investigation in mice, and the sex-linked recessive lethal gene test in Drosophila.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies in bone marrow cells and dividing spermatocytes I in male mice and the sex-linked recessive lethal gene test in Drosophila melanogaster were initiated to evaluate the mutagenic potential of 5-thio-D-glucose, a reversible male contraceptive in some mammals. The compound was administered by oral intubation to mice at 40 or 60 mg/kg for various time periods. Oregon-R D. melanogaster males were fed medium containing 600 or 1200 ppm of the substance for 72 hours and mated with virgin Muller-5 females to test for gene mutation. The compound did not enhance structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations or elevate sex-linked recessive lethals in D. melanogaster. It is concluded that under the conditions of the present study 5-thio is a nonmutagenic male antifertility agent.", "contents": "Mutagenicity studies with 5-thio-D-glucose. Cytogenetic investigation in mice, and the sex-linked recessive lethal gene test in Drosophila. Cytogenetic studies in bone marrow cells and dividing spermatocytes I in male mice and the sex-linked recessive lethal gene test in Drosophila melanogaster were initiated to evaluate the mutagenic potential of 5-thio-D-glucose, a reversible male contraceptive in some mammals. The compound was administered by oral intubation to mice at 40 or 60 mg/kg for various time periods. Oregon-R D. melanogaster males were fed medium containing 600 or 1200 ppm of the substance for 72 hours and mated with virgin Muller-5 females to test for gene mutation. The compound did not enhance structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations or elevate sex-linked recessive lethals in D. melanogaster. It is concluded that under the conditions of the present study 5-thio is a nonmutagenic male antifertility agent.", "PMID": 118994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13593", "title": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the measurement of antibody to Aspergillus in invasive aspergillosis.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) to measure antibody responses to Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus antigens in invasive aspergillosis (IA) was developed and compared with immunodiffusion (ID) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). SPRIA detected significant elevations in levels of aspergillus antibody in 15 (79)% of 19 patients with IA. Fewer patients with IA were positive by ID (give of 19) or CIE (four of 19). Only seven )8%) of 58 subjects with other fungal or bacterial infections were positive by SPRIA, as was one (5%) of 20 by ID and CIE. Weak cross-reactivity between aspergillus and candida antigens was demonstrated by SPRIA. IgG levels in patients with IA and control subjects were equivalent. Thus, an antibody response to Aspergillus can be detected in a greater percentage of patients with IA by SPRIA than by ID or CIE. Although a few patients without aspergillosis had elevated levels of aspergillus antibody, a rise in antibody level was specific for IA.", "contents": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the measurement of antibody to Aspergillus in invasive aspergillosis. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) to measure antibody responses to Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus antigens in invasive aspergillosis (IA) was developed and compared with immunodiffusion (ID) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). SPRIA detected significant elevations in levels of aspergillus antibody in 15 (79)% of 19 patients with IA. Fewer patients with IA were positive by ID (give of 19) or CIE (four of 19). Only seven )8%) of 58 subjects with other fungal or bacterial infections were positive by SPRIA, as was one (5%) of 20 by ID and CIE. Weak cross-reactivity between aspergillus and candida antigens was demonstrated by SPRIA. IgG levels in patients with IA and control subjects were equivalent. Thus, an antibody response to Aspergillus can be detected in a greater percentage of patients with IA by SPRIA than by ID or CIE. Although a few patients without aspergillosis had elevated levels of aspergillus antibody, a rise in antibody level was specific for IA.", "PMID": 118999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13594", "title": "Acquired immunity to human non-A, non-B hepatitis: cross-challenge of chimpanzees with three infectious human sera.", "content": "Chimpanzees that had recovered from non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted by inoculation of serum from each of three chronically infected humans were challenged by inoculation with a second of the three infectious sera to determine whether recovery from infection caused by one serum afforded protection against later infection by another. None of the challenge inoculations caused recognizable non-A, non-B hepatitis in any of the chimpanzees, a finding suggesting that either one agent or several agents sharing a common or similar antigen were responsible for the original non-A, non-B hepatitis in fections in these chimpanzees. Although circumstantial evidence in the literature suggests the existence of more than one agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis, the fact that the three inocula were obtained from humans residing in different geographic areas of the eastern United States suggests that one agent or a group of related agents may be the cause of many cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis in the United States.", "contents": "Acquired immunity to human non-A, non-B hepatitis: cross-challenge of chimpanzees with three infectious human sera. Chimpanzees that had recovered from non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted by inoculation of serum from each of three chronically infected humans were challenged by inoculation with a second of the three infectious sera to determine whether recovery from infection caused by one serum afforded protection against later infection by another. None of the challenge inoculations caused recognizable non-A, non-B hepatitis in any of the chimpanzees, a finding suggesting that either one agent or several agents sharing a common or similar antigen were responsible for the original non-A, non-B hepatitis in fections in these chimpanzees. Although circumstantial evidence in the literature suggests the existence of more than one agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis, the fact that the three inocula were obtained from humans residing in different geographic areas of the eastern United States suggests that one agent or a group of related agents may be the cause of many cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis in the United States.", "PMID": 119000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13595", "title": "Results of lithium- 131I treatment of thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "The role of lithium as an adjunct to 131I therapy of thyrotoxicosis has been assessed. Seventeen lithium- 131I treated patients and 16 control- 131I treated patients have been followed for almost three years. Five lithium- 131I and 3 control- 131I patients have become hypothyroid with the lithium treated patients developing earlier thyroid failure. Ten lithium and 10 control patients remain clinically and biochemically euthyroid. Two lithium- 131I and 2 control- 131I patients remain on low dose antithyroid drugs.", "contents": "Results of lithium- 131I treatment of thyrotoxicosis. The role of lithium as an adjunct to 131I therapy of thyrotoxicosis has been assessed. Seventeen lithium- 131I treated patients and 16 control- 131I treated patients have been followed for almost three years. Five lithium- 131I and 3 control- 131I patients have become hypothyroid with the lithium treated patients developing earlier thyroid failure. Ten lithium and 10 control patients remain clinically and biochemically euthyroid. Two lithium- 131I and 2 control- 131I patients remain on low dose antithyroid drugs.", "PMID": 118992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13596", "title": "Clinical responses of silvered leaf monkeys to infection with selected strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.", "content": "Minimal clinical and hematologic signs were observed in silvered leaf monkeys inoculated intradermally with four strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, both virulent and avirulent for laboratory mice. The clinical response of the monkeys to the infection was related to neither the virulence of the strains in mice nor the antigenic characteristics of the strains.", "contents": "Clinical responses of silvered leaf monkeys to infection with selected strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Minimal clinical and hematologic signs were observed in silvered leaf monkeys inoculated intradermally with four strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, both virulent and avirulent for laboratory mice. The clinical response of the monkeys to the infection was related to neither the virulence of the strains in mice nor the antigenic characteristics of the strains.", "PMID": 119001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13597", "title": "Dynamics of correlated genetic systems. VI. Variation in recombination rates in experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Recombination fractions among four chromosome 3 enzyme loci were measured over a 20 generation period in experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster. The experimental populations were initiated with complete pairwise linkage disequilibria among the marker loci, thereby providing an initial structure favorable to selection for recombination modification. The recombination data show no evidence of directional changes in recombination rates among the marker loci, although variation in estimates, both between families within generations and between generations was large. These materials also yielded much lower estimates for recombination fractions for the centromeric region of the third chromosome than previously reported. Taken in total, the experimental results show no evidence for recombination modification, although the results do indicate ample genetic variance for recombination rates.", "contents": "Dynamics of correlated genetic systems. VI. Variation in recombination rates in experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Recombination fractions among four chromosome 3 enzyme loci were measured over a 20 generation period in experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster. The experimental populations were initiated with complete pairwise linkage disequilibria among the marker loci, thereby providing an initial structure favorable to selection for recombination modification. The recombination data show no evidence of directional changes in recombination rates among the marker loci, although variation in estimates, both between families within generations and between generations was large. These materials also yielded much lower estimates for recombination fractions for the centromeric region of the third chromosome than previously reported. Taken in total, the experimental results show no evidence for recombination modification, although the results do indicate ample genetic variance for recombination rates.", "PMID": 118993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13598", "title": "Bacteriology of rattlesnake venom and implications for therapy.", "content": "Although the incidence of infection secondary to the bites of venomous snakes remains unknown, the routine use of prophylactic antimicrobial therapy is advocated. In this study, the venom from 15 rattlesnakes was cultured, and 58 aerobic and 28 anaerobic strains of bacteria were isolated. The most common species isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus species, coagulase-negative staphylocci, and Clostridium species. Bacteroides fragilis was also recovered. When the fang sheaths of four additional rattlesnakes were retracted and the fangs of these snakes decontaminated, 50% of the samples of venom had no bacterial growth (P = 0.035). Until a clinical study is performed, the use of antimicrobial therapy that reflects that complex oral flora of rattlesnakes is still recommended in most cases of envenomization.", "contents": "Bacteriology of rattlesnake venom and implications for therapy. Although the incidence of infection secondary to the bites of venomous snakes remains unknown, the routine use of prophylactic antimicrobial therapy is advocated. In this study, the venom from 15 rattlesnakes was cultured, and 58 aerobic and 28 anaerobic strains of bacteria were isolated. The most common species isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus species, coagulase-negative staphylocci, and Clostridium species. Bacteroides fragilis was also recovered. When the fang sheaths of four additional rattlesnakes were retracted and the fangs of these snakes decontaminated, 50% of the samples of venom had no bacterial growth (P = 0.035). Until a clinical study is performed, the use of antimicrobial therapy that reflects that complex oral flora of rattlesnakes is still recommended in most cases of envenomization.", "PMID": 119002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13599", "title": "Inhibitory effect of heat-labile serum factors on detection of staphylococcal, pseudomonas, and hepatitis B surface antigens by solid-phase radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Specific antibodies have previously been found to impair detection of staphylococcal antigen by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. The inhibitory effect of heat-labile serum factors on the detection of antigen is now described. Heating of serum at 56 C for 30 min prior to addition of antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus improved sensitivity by eight- to 32-fold. Heating was less effective when performed after addition of antigen. Treatment with zymosan reduced the inhibitory effect of serum, although less effectively than did preheating. Antigen in buffer was detected with 16 times less sensitivity in antibody-coated tubes exposed to fresh serum than in tubes exposed to heated serum. These findings suggest that complement factors can interact with antibody in coated tubes and at least some antigens and thereby inhibit detection of antigen. The finding that heat treatment improved the sensitivity of Ausria II -125 (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois) for hepatitis B surface antigen is of potential immediate clinical applicability.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of heat-labile serum factors on detection of staphylococcal, pseudomonas, and hepatitis B surface antigens by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Specific antibodies have previously been found to impair detection of staphylococcal antigen by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. The inhibitory effect of heat-labile serum factors on the detection of antigen is now described. Heating of serum at 56 C for 30 min prior to addition of antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus improved sensitivity by eight- to 32-fold. Heating was less effective when performed after addition of antigen. Treatment with zymosan reduced the inhibitory effect of serum, although less effectively than did preheating. Antigen in buffer was detected with 16 times less sensitivity in antibody-coated tubes exposed to fresh serum than in tubes exposed to heated serum. These findings suggest that complement factors can interact with antibody in coated tubes and at least some antigens and thereby inhibit detection of antigen. The finding that heat treatment improved the sensitivity of Ausria II -125 (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois) for hepatitis B surface antigen is of potential immediate clinical applicability.", "PMID": 119003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13600", "title": "[Immunologic studies concerned with high dose radiotherapy for osteosarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The 5-year cumulative survival rate was measured in 28 cases of osteosarcoma treated with high dose radiation since 1969 is 48.8% in our clinic. It can be said that high dose radiotherapy has a significant survival effect compared to early amputation therapy for the patient with osteosarcoma. The difference of the prognosis between both therapies may be related to immunological reactions. In order to obtain further information on this possibility, experimental studies on mice suffering from tumors have been performed. Results revealed that spleen cell migration inhibition reaction, as a specific immunity, became negative and anti-tumor properties were eliminated as a results of the amputation of the limb bearing the tumor. Also, when BCG as well as irradiated tumor cells were administered to tumor-afflicted mice, an improved rate of survival among the mice was observed. As a result of the study of patients with osteosarcoma that has been treated with high dose radiation related to changes in their immunity, it was disclosed that there was a marked tendency to diminution in peripheral blood lymphocytes or T cells in cases with poorer prognoses. In cases of long survival, both showed high values. Lymphoblastgenesis by PHA and PWM showed higher values in cases with better prognoses than in those with poor prognoses. Furthermore, in many of the cases in which the tuberculin skin reaction became negative, a short survival period was noted.", "contents": "[Immunologic studies concerned with high dose radiotherapy for osteosarcoma (author's transl)]. The 5-year cumulative survival rate was measured in 28 cases of osteosarcoma treated with high dose radiation since 1969 is 48.8% in our clinic. It can be said that high dose radiotherapy has a significant survival effect compared to early amputation therapy for the patient with osteosarcoma. The difference of the prognosis between both therapies may be related to immunological reactions. In order to obtain further information on this possibility, experimental studies on mice suffering from tumors have been performed. Results revealed that spleen cell migration inhibition reaction, as a specific immunity, became negative and anti-tumor properties were eliminated as a results of the amputation of the limb bearing the tumor. Also, when BCG as well as irradiated tumor cells were administered to tumor-afflicted mice, an improved rate of survival among the mice was observed. As a result of the study of patients with osteosarcoma that has been treated with high dose radiation related to changes in their immunity, it was disclosed that there was a marked tendency to diminution in peripheral blood lymphocytes or T cells in cases with poorer prognoses. In cases of long survival, both showed high values. Lymphoblastgenesis by PHA and PWM showed higher values in cases with better prognoses than in those with poor prognoses. Furthermore, in many of the cases in which the tuberculin skin reaction became negative, a short survival period was noted.", "PMID": 119020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13601", "title": "Acquisition of prerequisites to conservation by macaques.", "content": "Through a progressive series of learning sets, two rhesus macaques were trained to discriminate transformations that produce change of substance from other transformations and manipulations. Several tests were administered to assess the generalization of this discrimination to a variety of objects and shapes and to assess the effects, if any, of size cues, experimenter familiarity, and various methods to problem presentation. After training was completed, performance was not greatly affected by differences in problems and presentations. The results of these experiments suggest that monkeys can acquire this prerequisite for substance conservation as a result of learning set training.", "contents": "Acquisition of prerequisites to conservation by macaques. Through a progressive series of learning sets, two rhesus macaques were trained to discriminate transformations that produce change of substance from other transformations and manipulations. Several tests were administered to assess the generalization of this discrimination to a variety of objects and shapes and to assess the effects, if any, of size cues, experimenter familiarity, and various methods to problem presentation. After training was completed, performance was not greatly affected by differences in problems and presentations. The results of these experiments suggest that monkeys can acquire this prerequisite for substance conservation as a result of learning set training.", "PMID": 119026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13602", "title": "Stimulus similarity and order as factors in visual short-term memory in nonhuman primates.", "content": "The short-term retention of nonhuman primates for a single sample or for two successively presented samples was assessed in four delayed matching-to-sample experiments with delays of .03, 4, 8, 16, and 32 sec. The single sample tasks included one (Experiment 1) or two (Experiment 4) distractor stimuli in the choice set (matching test). In the two successive samples tasks, the animals matched (reconstructed) the order of presentation of two samples with (Experiment 3) and without (Experiment 2) a distractor stimulus. Also, the possible combinations of eight stimuli (four colors and four shapes) were arranged to test the effects of sample set and choice set similarity. Taken together, analyses of the errors indicated that both sample and choice set similarity were significant sources of confusions in delayed matching. Order errors occurred independently of similarity but were a source of forgetting primarily at the longest delays (16 and 32 sec). Two exceptions to the similarity effect (second response errors in Experiment 3 and errors of an inexperienced group in Experiment 4) were observed. Possible reasons for the exceptions and several implications of these findings for theories of short-term memory are discussed.", "contents": "Stimulus similarity and order as factors in visual short-term memory in nonhuman primates. The short-term retention of nonhuman primates for a single sample or for two successively presented samples was assessed in four delayed matching-to-sample experiments with delays of .03, 4, 8, 16, and 32 sec. The single sample tasks included one (Experiment 1) or two (Experiment 4) distractor stimuli in the choice set (matching test). In the two successive samples tasks, the animals matched (reconstructed) the order of presentation of two samples with (Experiment 3) and without (Experiment 2) a distractor stimulus. Also, the possible combinations of eight stimuli (four colors and four shapes) were arranged to test the effects of sample set and choice set similarity. Taken together, analyses of the errors indicated that both sample and choice set similarity were significant sources of confusions in delayed matching. Order errors occurred independently of similarity but were a source of forgetting primarily at the longest delays (16 and 32 sec). Two exceptions to the similarity effect (second response errors in Experiment 3 and errors of an inexperienced group in Experiment 4) were observed. Possible reasons for the exceptions and several implications of these findings for theories of short-term memory are discussed.", "PMID": 119027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13603", "title": "Effects of lysozyme on Bacillus cereus 569: rupture of chains of bacteria and enhancement of sensitivity to autolysins.", "content": "Bacillus cereus 569 is known to be resistant to lysis by lysozyme because of the presence of deacetylated glucosamine residues in its peptidoglycan, and cultures continued to grow even in the presence of lysozyme at 200 microgram ml-1. However, lysozyme caused rupture of the chains of bacteria and promoted the rate of autolysis in a non-growing cell suspension, causing a doubling of the rate of release of radioactively labelled wall material. Heat-inactivated cells did not autolyse and were not lysed by lysozyme unless they were supplemented by unheated cells or cell-free autolysate. Enhancement of autolysin activity could also be effected by pre-treatment of heated cells with lysozyme. The action of lysozyme on isolated cell walls released some free reducing groups, indicating limited breakage of the polysaccharide chains of peptidoglycan, and it was concluded that lysozyme modified the peptidoglycan and made it more susceptible to autolysin(s). Lysozyme also enhanced the rate of septum separation and the probable significance of the results in relation to the control of cell separation is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of lysozyme on Bacillus cereus 569: rupture of chains of bacteria and enhancement of sensitivity to autolysins. Bacillus cereus 569 is known to be resistant to lysis by lysozyme because of the presence of deacetylated glucosamine residues in its peptidoglycan, and cultures continued to grow even in the presence of lysozyme at 200 microgram ml-1. However, lysozyme caused rupture of the chains of bacteria and promoted the rate of autolysis in a non-growing cell suspension, causing a doubling of the rate of release of radioactively labelled wall material. Heat-inactivated cells did not autolyse and were not lysed by lysozyme unless they were supplemented by unheated cells or cell-free autolysate. Enhancement of autolysin activity could also be effected by pre-treatment of heated cells with lysozyme. The action of lysozyme on isolated cell walls released some free reducing groups, indicating limited breakage of the polysaccharide chains of peptidoglycan, and it was concluded that lysozyme modified the peptidoglycan and made it more susceptible to autolysin(s). Lysozyme also enhanced the rate of septum separation and the probable significance of the results in relation to the control of cell separation is discussed.", "PMID": 119028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13604", "title": "Asbestos fibers: 1. A modified preparation of tissue samples for analysis by electron microscopy. 2. Presence of fibers in tissues of baboon fed chrysotile asbestos.", "content": "A specimen preparation technique is described which yields uniformly dispersed particles on transmission electron microscope (TEM) grids. It is relatively rapid and probably incurs no fiber loss. This technique was used to test the hypothesis that orally administered chrysotile asbestos may pass through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) of the neonate baboon. A test neonate baboon was bottle-fed chrysotile asbestos which was suspended in a milk formula. Control and test baboons were sacrificed at the end of a 9-day feeding period, and several tissues were removed and preserved. Kidney, liver, and spleen tissues were prepared for TEM analysis. Tissues from the control animal showed no fibers. The number of chrysotile fibers recovered from the test kidney cortex was significantly higher than the level found in the control kidney cortex (p less than 0.005). The frequency distribution of fibers lengths in the kidney cortex was very similar to that of the feeding suspension. This study suggests that a wide range of fiber sizes can penetrate the GI tract and migrate.", "contents": "Asbestos fibers: 1. A modified preparation of tissue samples for analysis by electron microscopy. 2. Presence of fibers in tissues of baboon fed chrysotile asbestos. A specimen preparation technique is described which yields uniformly dispersed particles on transmission electron microscope (TEM) grids. It is relatively rapid and probably incurs no fiber loss. This technique was used to test the hypothesis that orally administered chrysotile asbestos may pass through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) of the neonate baboon. A test neonate baboon was bottle-fed chrysotile asbestos which was suspended in a milk formula. Control and test baboons were sacrificed at the end of a 9-day feeding period, and several tissues were removed and preserved. Kidney, liver, and spleen tissues were prepared for TEM analysis. Tissues from the control animal showed no fibers. The number of chrysotile fibers recovered from the test kidney cortex was significantly higher than the level found in the control kidney cortex (p less than 0.005). The frequency distribution of fibers lengths in the kidney cortex was very similar to that of the feeding suspension. This study suggests that a wide range of fiber sizes can penetrate the GI tract and migrate.", "PMID": 119025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13605", "title": "Differing contribution of polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages to protection of mice against Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Bacterial growth and lethality of Listeria monocytogenes in mice were augmented by carrageenan-treatment and X-irradiation (8 J kg-1), whereas growth and lethality of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were augmented by X-irradiation but not by carrageenan-treatment. Protection against L. monocytogenes, at least in the early phases, appears to depend mainly on macrophages, since carrageenan depletes macrophages but not polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), whereas protection against P. aeruginosa appears to depend mainly on PMN. Ineffectiveness of PMN in elimination of L. monocytogenes is supported by histological examination and observation of intracellular killing in vitro.", "contents": "Differing contribution of polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages to protection of mice against Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial growth and lethality of Listeria monocytogenes in mice were augmented by carrageenan-treatment and X-irradiation (8 J kg-1), whereas growth and lethality of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were augmented by X-irradiation but not by carrageenan-treatment. Protection against L. monocytogenes, at least in the early phases, appears to depend mainly on macrophages, since carrageenan depletes macrophages but not polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), whereas protection against P. aeruginosa appears to depend mainly on PMN. Ineffectiveness of PMN in elimination of L. monocytogenes is supported by histological examination and observation of intracellular killing in vitro.", "PMID": 119029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13606", "title": "Chemotaxis towards sugars by Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Many sugars and derivatives were tested in the capillary assay for their attraction of Bacillus subtilis. The major attractants were 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-fructose, gentiobiose, D-glucose, maltose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, beta-methyl-D-glucoside, N-acetylmannosamine, alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, D-sorbitol, L-sorbose, sucrose, trehalose and D-xylose. Only glucose chemotaxis was completely constitutive. Competition experiments were carried out to determine the specificities of chemoreceptors. There were 25 instances of no influence of two sugars on each other's taxis, 92 instances of one sugar interfering non-reciprocally with chemotaxis towards another and 49 instances of two sugars reciprocally competing. However, in most of the last instances, other sugars were identified that interfered with chemotaxis towards one member of the pair but not the other. Thus, nearly all sugars and related compounds appear to be detected by their own chemoreceptors, but many secondary interactions exist.", "contents": "Chemotaxis towards sugars by Bacillus subtilis. Many sugars and derivatives were tested in the capillary assay for their attraction of Bacillus subtilis. The major attractants were 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-fructose, gentiobiose, D-glucose, maltose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, beta-methyl-D-glucoside, N-acetylmannosamine, alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, D-sorbitol, L-sorbose, sucrose, trehalose and D-xylose. Only glucose chemotaxis was completely constitutive. Competition experiments were carried out to determine the specificities of chemoreceptors. There were 25 instances of no influence of two sugars on each other's taxis, 92 instances of one sugar interfering non-reciprocally with chemotaxis towards another and 49 instances of two sugars reciprocally competing. However, in most of the last instances, other sugars were identified that interfered with chemotaxis towards one member of the pair but not the other. Thus, nearly all sugars and related compounds appear to be detected by their own chemoreceptors, but many secondary interactions exist.", "PMID": 119030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13607", "title": "Partial purine deprivation causes sporulation of Bacillus subtilis in the presence of excess ammonia, glucose and phosphate.", "content": "In strains of Bacillus subtilis able to synthesize purines de novo, massive sporulation is suppressed by the combination of excess ammonia, glucose and phosphate. Purine auxotrophs, blocked in the general or the guanine-specific portion of the branched purine pathway, sporulated in such a medium when the purine required for normal growth was removed from the medium. The resulting spore titre and the sporulation frequency increased with the residual growth rate in the purine-free medium, i.e. with the leakiness of the purine mutation. Sporulation was further increased by allowing residual growth in growth-limiting amounts of guanosine. None-leaky purine mutants blocked before 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide also sporulated well when supplied with 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide at concentrations (2 mM) that supported growth at a suboptimal rate.", "contents": "Partial purine deprivation causes sporulation of Bacillus subtilis in the presence of excess ammonia, glucose and phosphate. In strains of Bacillus subtilis able to synthesize purines de novo, massive sporulation is suppressed by the combination of excess ammonia, glucose and phosphate. Purine auxotrophs, blocked in the general or the guanine-specific portion of the branched purine pathway, sporulated in such a medium when the purine required for normal growth was removed from the medium. The resulting spore titre and the sporulation frequency increased with the residual growth rate in the purine-free medium, i.e. with the leakiness of the purine mutation. Sporulation was further increased by allowing residual growth in growth-limiting amounts of guanosine. None-leaky purine mutants blocked before 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide also sporulated well when supplied with 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide at concentrations (2 mM) that supported growth at a suboptimal rate.", "PMID": 119031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13608", "title": "Lysine regulation of penicillin biosynthesis in low-producing and industrial strains of Penicillium chrysogenum.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of L-lysine on penicillin biosynthesis by Penicillium chrysogenum has been compared in a low-producing strain (Wis. 54-1255) and a high-producing strain (ASP-78). Lysine inhibited total penicillin synthesis to a similar extent in both strains. However, in the high-producing strain the onset of penicillin synthesis occurred even at a high lysine concentration, whereas in the low-producing strain lysine had to be depleted before penicillin production commenced.", "contents": "Lysine regulation of penicillin biosynthesis in low-producing and industrial strains of Penicillium chrysogenum. The inhibitory effect of L-lysine on penicillin biosynthesis by Penicillium chrysogenum has been compared in a low-producing strain (Wis. 54-1255) and a high-producing strain (ASP-78). Lysine inhibited total penicillin synthesis to a similar extent in both strains. However, in the high-producing strain the onset of penicillin synthesis occurred even at a high lysine concentration, whereas in the low-producing strain lysine had to be depleted before penicillin production commenced.", "PMID": 119032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13609", "title": "Lipoquinones of some spore-forming rods, lactic-acid bacteria and actinomycetes.", "content": "The respiratory quinones of 73 strains of Gram-positive bacteria including spore-forming rods, lactic-acid bacteria and actinomyctes were examined. Menaquinones with seven isoprenoid units (MK-7) were the main quinone type found in representatives of the genus Bacillus and in Sporolactobacillus inulinus. However, a strain of B. thuringiensis produced MK-8 in addition to MK-7, and strains of B. lentus and B. pantothenticus appeared to produce MK-9 and MK-8, respectively, with no MK-7. In the clostridia and lactic-acid bacteria, no quinones were found, except in Pediococcus cerevisiae NCTC 8066 and Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus ATCC 7469, which contained menaquinones, and Streptococcus faecalis NCTC 775 and HIM 478-1, which contained demethylmenaquinones, in relatively low concentrations. Menaquinones were also found in the actinomycetes (except Actinomyces odontolyticus and Bifidobacterium bifidum which did not produce any quinones) and in Protaminobacter alboflavus ATCC 8458, the so-called Actinobacillus actinoides ATCC 15900 and Noguchia granulosis NCTC 10559.", "contents": "Lipoquinones of some spore-forming rods, lactic-acid bacteria and actinomycetes. The respiratory quinones of 73 strains of Gram-positive bacteria including spore-forming rods, lactic-acid bacteria and actinomyctes were examined. Menaquinones with seven isoprenoid units (MK-7) were the main quinone type found in representatives of the genus Bacillus and in Sporolactobacillus inulinus. However, a strain of B. thuringiensis produced MK-8 in addition to MK-7, and strains of B. lentus and B. pantothenticus appeared to produce MK-9 and MK-8, respectively, with no MK-7. In the clostridia and lactic-acid bacteria, no quinones were found, except in Pediococcus cerevisiae NCTC 8066 and Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus ATCC 7469, which contained menaquinones, and Streptococcus faecalis NCTC 775 and HIM 478-1, which contained demethylmenaquinones, in relatively low concentrations. Menaquinones were also found in the actinomycetes (except Actinomyces odontolyticus and Bifidobacterium bifidum which did not produce any quinones) and in Protaminobacter alboflavus ATCC 8458, the so-called Actinobacillus actinoides ATCC 15900 and Noguchia granulosis NCTC 10559.", "PMID": 119033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13610", "title": "Preparation of protoplasts and whole cell ghosts from Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "Cell wall-deficient forms of Mycobacterium smegmatis were produced in growth medium containing D-cycloserine and horse serum. These cells were transformed into protoplasts with EDTA and lysozyme. Subsequent lysis by nucleases followed by osmotic shock produced membrane vesicles (whole cell ghosts).", "contents": "Preparation of protoplasts and whole cell ghosts from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Cell wall-deficient forms of Mycobacterium smegmatis were produced in growth medium containing D-cycloserine and horse serum. These cells were transformed into protoplasts with EDTA and lysozyme. Subsequent lysis by nucleases followed by osmotic shock produced membrane vesicles (whole cell ghosts).", "PMID": 119034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13611", "title": "Biochemical and antigenic comparison of the envelope glycoproteins of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus strains.", "content": "Pulse-chase experiments after synchronous initiation of translation indicate that the larger Venzuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus membrane glycoprotein E2, is derived by proteolytic cleavage of the precursor, PE2. The structural proteins of VEE virus strains representing each of the antigenic subtypes and varieties have been compared by discontinuous SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucleocapsid proteins of all isolates were similar in size (mol. wt. 35 to 36 X 10(3). The mol. wt. of E1 varied from 48 to 51 X 10(3) and the mol. wt. of E2 glycoproteins ranged from 53 to 59 X 10(3). Pixuna virus contained a third envelope glycoprotein of 59 X 10(3) mol. wt. in addition to the two major glycoproteins of mol. wt. 53 X 10(3) and 48 X 10(3) respectively. The isoelectric points (pI) of E1 and E2 for all VEE strains studied were approx. 7 and 9 respectively. Both glycoproteins of TC-83 virus induced precipitating antibodies which reacted only with the homologous purified E1 and E2 glycoproteins. Antibodies to E2 protein of each virus neutralized virus infectivity and inhibited the agglutination of goose erythrocytes by virions. Haemagglutination-inhibition tests using antisera to E2 glycoproteins of prototype viruses, representing each of the antigenic subtypes and varieties, differentiated the viruses into subtypes I, II, III and IV with subtype I divided into variants 1AB, 1C, 1D and 1E.", "contents": "Biochemical and antigenic comparison of the envelope glycoproteins of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus strains. Pulse-chase experiments after synchronous initiation of translation indicate that the larger Venzuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus membrane glycoprotein E2, is derived by proteolytic cleavage of the precursor, PE2. The structural proteins of VEE virus strains representing each of the antigenic subtypes and varieties have been compared by discontinuous SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucleocapsid proteins of all isolates were similar in size (mol. wt. 35 to 36 X 10(3). The mol. wt. of E1 varied from 48 to 51 X 10(3) and the mol. wt. of E2 glycoproteins ranged from 53 to 59 X 10(3). Pixuna virus contained a third envelope glycoprotein of 59 X 10(3) mol. wt. in addition to the two major glycoproteins of mol. wt. 53 X 10(3) and 48 X 10(3) respectively. The isoelectric points (pI) of E1 and E2 for all VEE strains studied were approx. 7 and 9 respectively. Both glycoproteins of TC-83 virus induced precipitating antibodies which reacted only with the homologous purified E1 and E2 glycoproteins. Antibodies to E2 protein of each virus neutralized virus infectivity and inhibited the agglutination of goose erythrocytes by virions. Haemagglutination-inhibition tests using antisera to E2 glycoproteins of prototype viruses, representing each of the antigenic subtypes and varieties, differentiated the viruses into subtypes I, II, III and IV with subtype I divided into variants 1AB, 1C, 1D and 1E.", "PMID": 119035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13612", "title": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for PBS Z1, a defective phage of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the defective phage PBS Z1 of Bacillus subtilis have been investigated. It was shown that phages in concentrations between 10(8) and 2.5 X 10(10) particles/ml could be assayed with this method. The coefficient of variation for concentrations between 5 X 10(8) and 5 X 10(9) particles/ml was approx. 10%. From some other Bacillus phages tested, only the defective phages resembling PBS Z1 in morphology were detected efficiently with the ELISA for PBS Z1. A comparison is made between ELISA and other assays for PBS Z1.", "contents": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for PBS Z1, a defective phage of Bacillus subtilis. The sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the defective phage PBS Z1 of Bacillus subtilis have been investigated. It was shown that phages in concentrations between 10(8) and 2.5 X 10(10) particles/ml could be assayed with this method. The coefficient of variation for concentrations between 5 X 10(8) and 5 X 10(9) particles/ml was approx. 10%. From some other Bacillus phages tested, only the defective phages resembling PBS Z1 in morphology were detected efficiently with the ELISA for PBS Z1. A comparison is made between ELISA and other assays for PBS Z1.", "PMID": 119036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13613", "title": "Serologic response in human hepatitis A: detection of antibody by radioimmunoassay and immune adherence hemagglutination.", "content": "An indirect solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) for detection of antibody to the hepatitis A antigen (anti-HAV) was developed using polystyrene pearls as the solid phase and hepatitis A antigen (HAAg) extracted from marmoset livers. This RIA was compared to an immune adherence hemagglutination assay (IAHA) which employed HAAg derived from the stools of chimpanzees collected during acute hepatitis A. Anti-HAV was detected in the sera of 15 humans with naturally acquired hepatitis A infection. Sensitivity and specificity were greater using the RIA, permitting the detection of anti-HAV as early as the time of onset of jaundice. Either seroconversion or a significant increase in the titer of anti-HAV was demonstrated following hepatitis A exposure in paired sera from six patients by both techniques. No significant difference in anti-HAV responses was noted between patients with icteric compared to anicteric hepatitis A or between children and adults with hepatitis A.", "contents": "Serologic response in human hepatitis A: detection of antibody by radioimmunoassay and immune adherence hemagglutination. An indirect solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) for detection of antibody to the hepatitis A antigen (anti-HAV) was developed using polystyrene pearls as the solid phase and hepatitis A antigen (HAAg) extracted from marmoset livers. This RIA was compared to an immune adherence hemagglutination assay (IAHA) which employed HAAg derived from the stools of chimpanzees collected during acute hepatitis A. Anti-HAV was detected in the sera of 15 humans with naturally acquired hepatitis A infection. Sensitivity and specificity were greater using the RIA, permitting the detection of anti-HAV as early as the time of onset of jaundice. Either seroconversion or a significant increase in the titer of anti-HAV was demonstrated following hepatitis A exposure in paired sera from six patients by both techniques. No significant difference in anti-HAV responses was noted between patients with icteric compared to anicteric hepatitis A or between children and adults with hepatitis A.", "PMID": 119037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13614", "title": "Adenine arabinoside inhibition of adenovirus replication enhanced by an adenosine deaminase inhibitor.", "content": "The inhibition of adenovirus multiplication by adenine arabinoside was determined by yield reduction in one-step multiplication cycle. Inhibition was greatly enhanced by an adenosine deaminase inhibitor (2-deoxycoformycin) in concentrations down to 10 ng/ml. Adenovirus types from four subgroups showed similar results. However, the enhancing effect of adenosine deaminase inhibitor was great in HeLa cells, moderate in human fibroblasts, and negligible in Vero cells. This difference could be explained by different concentrations of adenosine deaminase found in cell homogenates.", "contents": "Adenine arabinoside inhibition of adenovirus replication enhanced by an adenosine deaminase inhibitor. The inhibition of adenovirus multiplication by adenine arabinoside was determined by yield reduction in one-step multiplication cycle. Inhibition was greatly enhanced by an adenosine deaminase inhibitor (2-deoxycoformycin) in concentrations down to 10 ng/ml. Adenovirus types from four subgroups showed similar results. However, the enhancing effect of adenosine deaminase inhibitor was great in HeLa cells, moderate in human fibroblasts, and negligible in Vero cells. This difference could be explained by different concentrations of adenosine deaminase found in cell homogenates.", "PMID": 119038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13615", "title": "The occurrence of mononuclear cells at sites of osteoclastic bone resorption in experimental periodontitis.", "content": "The placement of silk ligatures around the necks of teeth and into the gingival sulcus causes a rapid, acute inflammatory response leading to vigorous osteoclastic resorption of alveolar crestal bone. Associated with the large numbers of osteoclasts are mononuclear cells, predominantly fibroblast-like cells and macrophages. Some fibroblast-like cells contain intracellular collagen fibrils. It is suggested that in periodontal disease these mononuclear cells may compliment the action of osteoclasts by ingesting and degrading matrix molecules mobilized from bone but not ingested or degraded by osteoclasts.", "contents": "The occurrence of mononuclear cells at sites of osteoclastic bone resorption in experimental periodontitis. The placement of silk ligatures around the necks of teeth and into the gingival sulcus causes a rapid, acute inflammatory response leading to vigorous osteoclastic resorption of alveolar crestal bone. Associated with the large numbers of osteoclasts are mononuclear cells, predominantly fibroblast-like cells and macrophages. Some fibroblast-like cells contain intracellular collagen fibrils. It is suggested that in periodontal disease these mononuclear cells may compliment the action of osteoclasts by ingesting and degrading matrix molecules mobilized from bone but not ingested or degraded by osteoclasts.", "PMID": 119041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13616", "title": "Early post traumatic seizures in adults. Study of 84 cases.", "content": "In a series of 2.980 brain-injured patients, 84 (2.8%) showed epileptic seizures. Epilepsy occurred with a higher incidence rate in operated patients (11.6%) than in non operated ones (1.2%). Seizures appeared within the first week since trauma in 91% of the cases. They have been single in 48%, recurring in 34%, with figures of status epilepticus in 16% partial in 61%, and GM in 33%. Prognosis quoad vitam of early epilepsy seems to be favourable, however, in severely brain-injured patients, seizures occur more frequently and may determine a worsening of the clinical picture even if they are not responsible for the death.", "contents": "Early post traumatic seizures in adults. Study of 84 cases. In a series of 2.980 brain-injured patients, 84 (2.8%) showed epileptic seizures. Epilepsy occurred with a higher incidence rate in operated patients (11.6%) than in non operated ones (1.2%). Seizures appeared within the first week since trauma in 91% of the cases. They have been single in 48%, recurring in 34%, with figures of status epilepticus in 16% partial in 61%, and GM in 33%. Prognosis quoad vitam of early epilepsy seems to be favourable, however, in severely brain-injured patients, seizures occur more frequently and may determine a worsening of the clinical picture even if they are not responsible for the death.", "PMID": 119039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13617", "title": "Effect of adenosine triphosphate and some derivatives on cerebral blood flow and metabolism.", "content": "1. Responses of cerebral blood vessels to peri- and intravascular doses of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and some derivatives were studied in cat and baboon. 2. Perivascular application of ATP to cat pial arterioles gave a threshold dilatory effect at a concentration of 10(-11) M. This figure is comparable to the amount of ATP calculated to be released from electrically stimulated brain slices. 3. It is concluded that adenine nucleotides have a major role to play in the local control of cerebral blood flow. 4. Intracarotid injection of ATP showed a calculated threshold effect at 4 x 10(8) M in the cat and 4 x 10(-9) M in the baboon. 5. The threshold response of the vasculature to intracarotid adenosine lay between 4 x 10(-7) M and 4 x 10(-6) M in the baboon. Little effect was produced with AMP, pyrophosphate and inorganic phosphate. 6. Intracarotid ATP increased the oxygen consumption of the baboon brain parenchyma. This effect was attributed in part to an elevation of the cellular cyclic AMP levels. 7. Osmotic disruption of the blood-brain barrier in baboon did not affect the vasodilatory or metabolic effect of intracarotid ATP. 8. It is postulated that circulating purine compounds mediate a form of metabolic communication inthe body. Also, release of purine compounds from active local nerves might influence cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "Effect of adenosine triphosphate and some derivatives on cerebral blood flow and metabolism. 1. Responses of cerebral blood vessels to peri- and intravascular doses of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and some derivatives were studied in cat and baboon. 2. Perivascular application of ATP to cat pial arterioles gave a threshold dilatory effect at a concentration of 10(-11) M. This figure is comparable to the amount of ATP calculated to be released from electrically stimulated brain slices. 3. It is concluded that adenine nucleotides have a major role to play in the local control of cerebral blood flow. 4. Intracarotid injection of ATP showed a calculated threshold effect at 4 x 10(8) M in the cat and 4 x 10(-9) M in the baboon. 5. The threshold response of the vasculature to intracarotid adenosine lay between 4 x 10(-7) M and 4 x 10(-6) M in the baboon. Little effect was produced with AMP, pyrophosphate and inorganic phosphate. 6. Intracarotid ATP increased the oxygen consumption of the baboon brain parenchyma. This effect was attributed in part to an elevation of the cellular cyclic AMP levels. 7. Osmotic disruption of the blood-brain barrier in baboon did not affect the vasodilatory or metabolic effect of intracarotid ATP. 8. It is postulated that circulating purine compounds mediate a form of metabolic communication inthe body. Also, release of purine compounds from active local nerves might influence cerebral blood flow.", "PMID": 119042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13618", "title": "[Double contrast studies of the colon. Use of acetyl-cystein or mucofluid? (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors propose a replacement product for acetylcysteine which had been suggested for use in order to obtain good double contrast studies of the colon after retrograde barium introduction. Mucofluid gives even better results at a much lower cost.", "contents": "[Double contrast studies of the colon. Use of acetyl-cystein or mucofluid? (author's transl)]. The authors propose a replacement product for acetylcysteine which had been suggested for use in order to obtain good double contrast studies of the colon after retrograde barium introduction. Mucofluid gives even better results at a much lower cost.", "PMID": 119048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13619", "title": "Intrauterine infections in nonhuman primates.", "content": "Gross and histologic examination of five nonhuman primate placentas revealed inflammatory processes, either of the ascending type, with chorioamnionitis and fetal vasculitis, or of the hematogenous type with villitis. These reactions were similar to those occurring in man, with known implications for perinatal outcome.", "contents": "Intrauterine infections in nonhuman primates. Gross and histologic examination of five nonhuman primate placentas revealed inflammatory processes, either of the ascending type, with chorioamnionitis and fetal vasculitis, or of the hematogenous type with villitis. These reactions were similar to those occurring in man, with known implications for perinatal outcome.", "PMID": 119050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13620", "title": "Amniocentesis and antenatal sex determination in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Antenatal sex was correctly identified in 87.5% of the rhesus monkeys studied by evaluation of sex chromatin bodies in the exfoliated cells present in amniotic fluid. Fluid samples were obtained by either amniocentesis, amnioscopy, or by cesarean section at 80--120 days of gestation. Amniotic fluid concentrations of progesterone, total estrogen, and testosterone were correlated with fetal sex. Concentrations of these hormones decreased over the time period examined. Amniocentesis is a simple procedure which provides for routine fetal sex determination.", "contents": "Amniocentesis and antenatal sex determination in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Antenatal sex was correctly identified in 87.5% of the rhesus monkeys studied by evaluation of sex chromatin bodies in the exfoliated cells present in amniotic fluid. Fluid samples were obtained by either amniocentesis, amnioscopy, or by cesarean section at 80--120 days of gestation. Amniotic fluid concentrations of progesterone, total estrogen, and testosterone were correlated with fetal sex. Concentrations of these hormones decreased over the time period examined. Amniocentesis is a simple procedure which provides for routine fetal sex determination.", "PMID": 119051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13621", "title": "Menetrier's disease in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Gross and microscopic features closely resembling those found in Menetrier's disease in man are described in a 20-month-old rhesus monkey. The gastric lining was characterized by greatly enlarged rugae caused by mucosal hypertrophy and hyperplasia along with outfolding of the muscularis mucosa and the submucosa. The mucosa and submucosa were infiltrated with inflammatory cells, mainly lymphocytes and plasma cells.", "contents": "Menetrier's disease in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Gross and microscopic features closely resembling those found in Menetrier's disease in man are described in a 20-month-old rhesus monkey. The gastric lining was characterized by greatly enlarged rugae caused by mucosal hypertrophy and hyperplasia along with outfolding of the muscularis mucosa and the submucosa. The mucosa and submucosa were infiltrated with inflammatory cells, mainly lymphocytes and plasma cells.", "PMID": 119052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13622", "title": "Alteration in the distribution of organ perfusion following profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest in the baboon.", "content": "The physiologic consequences of profound hypothermic circulatory arrest in infants are incompletely understood. Immature baboons underwent surface cooling, followed by core cooling using cardiopulmonary bypass, circulatory arrest for 30 min, and perfusion rewarming. Blood flow to and within organs was studied using the multiple-radionuclide-label microsphere technique. Marked redistribution of total and regional myocardial and cerebral flow occurred during cooling and rewarming.", "contents": "Alteration in the distribution of organ perfusion following profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest in the baboon. The physiologic consequences of profound hypothermic circulatory arrest in infants are incompletely understood. Immature baboons underwent surface cooling, followed by core cooling using cardiopulmonary bypass, circulatory arrest for 30 min, and perfusion rewarming. Blood flow to and within organs was studied using the multiple-radionuclide-label microsphere technique. Marked redistribution of total and regional myocardial and cerebral flow occurred during cooling and rewarming.", "PMID": 119053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13623", "title": "Altered lymphocyte response in adjuvant-induced arthritis.", "content": "Evaluation of lymphocyte response has been undertaken in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Lymphocyte reactivity was studied by evaluating lymphocyte transformation in mixed lymphocyte-chondrocyte cultures as well as the response to PHA and M. tuberculosis. It was found that animals immunized with Freund's complete adjuvant showed increased transformation when challenged with M. tuberculosis powder. However, there was a depressed response to PHA and a markedly depressed response in mixed lymphocyte-chondrocyte cultures.", "contents": "Altered lymphocyte response in adjuvant-induced arthritis. Evaluation of lymphocyte response has been undertaken in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Lymphocyte reactivity was studied by evaluating lymphocyte transformation in mixed lymphocyte-chondrocyte cultures as well as the response to PHA and M. tuberculosis. It was found that animals immunized with Freund's complete adjuvant showed increased transformation when challenged with M. tuberculosis powder. However, there was a depressed response to PHA and a markedly depressed response in mixed lymphocyte-chondrocyte cultures.", "PMID": 119049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13624", "title": "Persistence of impaired reversal learning in young monkeys exposed to low levels of dietary lead.", "content": "Lead acetate in milk was fed daily to infant rhesus monkeys at doses averaging 0 (control), 0.287 (low-Pb), or 0.880 (high-Pb) mg/kgd for the first year of life. Pb concentrations in whole blood (PbB) averaged 4.15, 31.71, and 65.17 microgram/dl for the control, low-Pb, and high-Pb groups, respectively, during the year of treatment and declined toward control levels when Pb dosing was stopped. Behavioral observations during the year of treatment had shown that both experimental groups were retarded in their acquisition of object-cue discrimination reversal learning sets. At 4 yr of age, when PbB levels in all animals were normal, the ability of the same monkeys to acquire a series of 3 spatial-cue reversal learning sets was examined; these data form the basis for this report. In the first problem, the high-Pb group was significantly retarded in acquisition of the original discrimination and of most reversals, and the low-Pb group was retarded on reversal 1 only. These deficits declined in severity across the three problems administered, in a manner similar to that seen in the tests given during the first year of life. These data demonstrate that reversal learning retardation, observed early in life, can recur in postadolescent primates with a history of chronic, low-level Pb intoxication during infancy.", "contents": "Persistence of impaired reversal learning in young monkeys exposed to low levels of dietary lead. Lead acetate in milk was fed daily to infant rhesus monkeys at doses averaging 0 (control), 0.287 (low-Pb), or 0.880 (high-Pb) mg/kgd for the first year of life. Pb concentrations in whole blood (PbB) averaged 4.15, 31.71, and 65.17 microgram/dl for the control, low-Pb, and high-Pb groups, respectively, during the year of treatment and declined toward control levels when Pb dosing was stopped. Behavioral observations during the year of treatment had shown that both experimental groups were retarded in their acquisition of object-cue discrimination reversal learning sets. At 4 yr of age, when PbB levels in all animals were normal, the ability of the same monkeys to acquire a series of 3 spatial-cue reversal learning sets was examined; these data form the basis for this report. In the first problem, the high-Pb group was significantly retarded in acquisition of the original discrimination and of most reversals, and the low-Pb group was retarded on reversal 1 only. These deficits declined in severity across the three problems administered, in a manner similar to that seen in the tests given during the first year of life. These data demonstrate that reversal learning retardation, observed early in life, can recur in postadolescent primates with a history of chronic, low-level Pb intoxication during infancy.", "PMID": 119054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13625", "title": "Mammary tumorigenesis in the rat following prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol and postnatal treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.", "content": "Pregnant rats were injected with vehicle or 1,2 microgram diethylstilbestrol (DES) during wk 2 or 3 of gestation; their female offspring ( approximately 50 d old) were fed 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthrocene (DMBA). The survivors (27 per group) were sacrificed 30 wk later. The three groups did not differ in the number of tumor-bearing animals; however, significantly more palpable mammary tumors arose in both DES-exposed groups than in controls. When DES was given during the second trimester, palpable tumors appeared earlier than in the other two groups. Thus, transplancental exposure to DES potentiated the action of a known carcinogen (DMBA) on rat mammary tissue. These results raise the possibility that, for young women, DES exposure in utero may have affected tissues other than the vagina. Further investigation is warranted, with special emphasis on the effects of DES on mammary and other estrogen-sensitive tissues.", "contents": "Mammary tumorigenesis in the rat following prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol and postnatal treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Pregnant rats were injected with vehicle or 1,2 microgram diethylstilbestrol (DES) during wk 2 or 3 of gestation; their female offspring ( approximately 50 d old) were fed 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthrocene (DMBA). The survivors (27 per group) were sacrificed 30 wk later. The three groups did not differ in the number of tumor-bearing animals; however, significantly more palpable mammary tumors arose in both DES-exposed groups than in controls. When DES was given during the second trimester, palpable tumors appeared earlier than in the other two groups. Thus, transplancental exposure to DES potentiated the action of a known carcinogen (DMBA) on rat mammary tissue. These results raise the possibility that, for young women, DES exposure in utero may have affected tissues other than the vagina. Further investigation is warranted, with special emphasis on the effects of DES on mammary and other estrogen-sensitive tissues.", "PMID": 119055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13626", "title": "Alpha-chain disease--a report of eleven patients from Iran.", "content": "About one hundred cases of alpha-chain disease have been reported to date from various Mediterranean and Middle-Eastern countries. We report eleven Iranian patients with primary lymphoma of the duodenum and upper small intestine and positive alpha-chain protein in their sera. The clinical, laboratory and pathological findings in these patients are discussed. The initial favourable response of some of these patients to antibiotic treatment is noted. It is concluded that the optimal treatment of alpha-chain disease is not yet well established, and the clinical improvement might not coincide with histological and immunological remission.", "contents": "Alpha-chain disease--a report of eleven patients from Iran. About one hundred cases of alpha-chain disease have been reported to date from various Mediterranean and Middle-Eastern countries. We report eleven Iranian patients with primary lymphoma of the duodenum and upper small intestine and positive alpha-chain protein in their sera. The clinical, laboratory and pathological findings in these patients are discussed. The initial favourable response of some of these patients to antibiotic treatment is noted. It is concluded that the optimal treatment of alpha-chain disease is not yet well established, and the clinical improvement might not coincide with histological and immunological remission.", "PMID": 119056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13627", "title": "The management of penicillin resistant gonococcal urethritis in Northern Nigeria.", "content": "Forty-five men, with acute gonococcal urethritis, were treated with a single dose regime of Probenecid 1 gm and Procaine penicillin, 4.8 mega-units, yielding a cure in 97 per cent. Multiple antibiotic resistance was noted in 69 per cent of 28 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates, and of 19 isolates tested for precise penicillin sensitivity, 58 per cent were resistant to greater than 2 i.u./ml. Serum penicillin levels measured in 3 patients showed adequate duration of plateau levels. The advantages of adopting such a regime are discussed.", "contents": "The management of penicillin resistant gonococcal urethritis in Northern Nigeria. Forty-five men, with acute gonococcal urethritis, were treated with a single dose regime of Probenecid 1 gm and Procaine penicillin, 4.8 mega-units, yielding a cure in 97 per cent. Multiple antibiotic resistance was noted in 69 per cent of 28 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates, and of 19 isolates tested for precise penicillin sensitivity, 58 per cent were resistant to greater than 2 i.u./ml. Serum penicillin levels measured in 3 patients showed adequate duration of plateau levels. The advantages of adopting such a regime are discussed.", "PMID": 119057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13628", "title": "Serum enzyme, bilirubin, uric acid, and cholesterol concentration changes during 7 days of total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase remained within normal limits during 7 days of total parenteral nutrition. Five patients showed a rise of total bilirubin up to 1.1 mg/100 ml on the fifth postoperative day, with no change in serum enzymes. Uric acid concentration fell continuously up to the third postoperative day (but within normal limits) and remained decreased until the end of infusion. During the preoperative nutrition period and after surgical intervention, cholesterol concentration showed a steep fall. Very low cholesterol concentrations can cause an alteration of erythrocyte membrane synthesis and should, therefore, be avoided.", "contents": "Serum enzyme, bilirubin, uric acid, and cholesterol concentration changes during 7 days of total parenteral nutrition. Lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase remained within normal limits during 7 days of total parenteral nutrition. Five patients showed a rise of total bilirubin up to 1.1 mg/100 ml on the fifth postoperative day, with no change in serum enzymes. Uric acid concentration fell continuously up to the third postoperative day (but within normal limits) and remained decreased until the end of infusion. During the preoperative nutrition period and after surgical intervention, cholesterol concentration showed a steep fall. Very low cholesterol concentrations can cause an alteration of erythrocyte membrane synthesis and should, therefore, be avoided.", "PMID": 119059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13629", "title": "Intravenous protein-sparing therapy in patients with gastrointestinal disease.", "content": "Two groups (each of 6 moderately ill, protein-depleted patients) were infused daily for 7 days. Mean 7 day nitrogen (N) balances with infusions of 0.83 and 1.83 g of a defined amino acid mixture (containing further nutrients but no other source of energy)/kg ideal body wt/day were -3.66 and +1.54 g/day, respectively (P less than 0.025) when adjusted for changes in body urea and estimated miscellaneous N losses. Concentrations of plasma free fatty acids, immunoreactive insulin and glucagon, and of blood glucose, pyruvate, lactate and glycerol were indistinguishable on corresponding treatment days in the 2 groups but blood ketone bodies were lower in the 1.83 g/kg group. Blood amino acid concentrations of alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine were similar, whereas those of phenylalanine, histidine, serine, and arginine were higher, and glutamine lower, in the 1.83 g/kg group. The data confirm that not only can body protein mass be maintained, but a net positive N retention achieved, in such patients, through provision of exogenous amino acids and concurrent mobilization of endogenous energy stores. Of note is that this fat mobilization can occur without plasma free fatty acids and/or significant blood ketone body elevations. An infusion of 2, rather than 1 g/kg/day seems suitable in the situation examined.", "contents": "Intravenous protein-sparing therapy in patients with gastrointestinal disease. Two groups (each of 6 moderately ill, protein-depleted patients) were infused daily for 7 days. Mean 7 day nitrogen (N) balances with infusions of 0.83 and 1.83 g of a defined amino acid mixture (containing further nutrients but no other source of energy)/kg ideal body wt/day were -3.66 and +1.54 g/day, respectively (P less than 0.025) when adjusted for changes in body urea and estimated miscellaneous N losses. Concentrations of plasma free fatty acids, immunoreactive insulin and glucagon, and of blood glucose, pyruvate, lactate and glycerol were indistinguishable on corresponding treatment days in the 2 groups but blood ketone bodies were lower in the 1.83 g/kg group. Blood amino acid concentrations of alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine were similar, whereas those of phenylalanine, histidine, serine, and arginine were higher, and glutamine lower, in the 1.83 g/kg group. The data confirm that not only can body protein mass be maintained, but a net positive N retention achieved, in such patients, through provision of exogenous amino acids and concurrent mobilization of endogenous energy stores. Of note is that this fat mobilization can occur without plasma free fatty acids and/or significant blood ketone body elevations. An infusion of 2, rather than 1 g/kg/day seems suitable in the situation examined.", "PMID": 119060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13630", "title": "Parenteral nutrition utilization: evaluation of an educational protocol and consult service.", "content": "A two part study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational protocol and consult service on parenteral nutrition (PN) utilization. Forty-one patient admissions were evaluated retrospectively and nine prospectively. Average length of hospital stay and number of days on PN were decreased significantly (p less than .05). Frequency of adverse effects were also decreased significantly (p less than .05). A positive trend toward selection of patients for enteral rather than PN was evidenced. Utilization of already available manpower and financial resources by this modified approach should contribute toward reducing costs and hazards of PN therapy, particularly for smaller hospitals with both limited requirements and resources, as well as for teaching institutions.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition utilization: evaluation of an educational protocol and consult service. A two part study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational protocol and consult service on parenteral nutrition (PN) utilization. Forty-one patient admissions were evaluated retrospectively and nine prospectively. Average length of hospital stay and number of days on PN were decreased significantly (p less than .05). Frequency of adverse effects were also decreased significantly (p less than .05). A positive trend toward selection of patients for enteral rather than PN was evidenced. Utilization of already available manpower and financial resources by this modified approach should contribute toward reducing costs and hazards of PN therapy, particularly for smaller hospitals with both limited requirements and resources, as well as for teaching institutions.", "PMID": 119061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13631", "title": "Bacterial contamination of enteral nutrient solution: a preliminary report.", "content": "The technique of continuous pump/tube enteric feeding is being utilized with ever increasing frequency and success. Commercially available formulas are being repackaged in 1-liter plastic containers for ease in clinical use. The nutrient solution often hangs at the patient's bedside at room temperature for periods of 8 to 12 hrs and the possibility of significant and serious bacterial growth must be recognized as a potential problem. Though this has never appeared to be a clinical problem in over 15,000 pump/tube feeding days, the bacteriology has not been previously studied. This preliminary study suggests that the major source of nutrient solution contamination relates to the technique of transfer from the commercial can to the clinical liter plastic container and that \"hang\" times of 8 to 12 hrs at room temperature are quite reasonable if appropriate care is exercised in the transfer process.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination of enteral nutrient solution: a preliminary report. The technique of continuous pump/tube enteric feeding is being utilized with ever increasing frequency and success. Commercially available formulas are being repackaged in 1-liter plastic containers for ease in clinical use. The nutrient solution often hangs at the patient's bedside at room temperature for periods of 8 to 12 hrs and the possibility of significant and serious bacterial growth must be recognized as a potential problem. Though this has never appeared to be a clinical problem in over 15,000 pump/tube feeding days, the bacteriology has not been previously studied. This preliminary study suggests that the major source of nutrient solution contamination relates to the technique of transfer from the commercial can to the clinical liter plastic container and that \"hang\" times of 8 to 12 hrs at room temperature are quite reasonable if appropriate care is exercised in the transfer process.", "PMID": 119065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13632", "title": "Characteristics of the enteral hyperalimentation literature.", "content": "There is a bias in secondary literature sources, such as MEDLINE, that results in an information gap on enteral hyperalimentation. This gap accentuates the problem of locating papers on enteral hyperalimentation with medical foods, a problem shared by physicians, dietitians, pharmacists, and information scientists. A complete information package on enteral hyperalimentation with chemically defined elemental diets was identified and collected for use in determining the characteristics of that literature. Less than 20 journal titles contain over half of the published papers which are predominantly published in English from research done in the United States. As the medical community's interest in the enteral route for hyperalimentation escalates, so does its need for information in this vital patient support area. Any possible hindrance to obtaining access to published information should be recognized and challenged.", "contents": "Characteristics of the enteral hyperalimentation literature. There is a bias in secondary literature sources, such as MEDLINE, that results in an information gap on enteral hyperalimentation. This gap accentuates the problem of locating papers on enteral hyperalimentation with medical foods, a problem shared by physicians, dietitians, pharmacists, and information scientists. A complete information package on enteral hyperalimentation with chemically defined elemental diets was identified and collected for use in determining the characteristics of that literature. Less than 20 journal titles contain over half of the published papers which are predominantly published in English from research done in the United States. As the medical community's interest in the enteral route for hyperalimentation escalates, so does its need for information in this vital patient support area. Any possible hindrance to obtaining access to published information should be recognized and challenged.", "PMID": 119067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13633", "title": "Microcentrifuge technique and its application for visualizing the simultaneous replication and transcription of an adenovirus DNA.", "content": "Miller's technique (microcentrifuge method) of visualizing transcriptional events at the molecular level is introduced with a review on the work that applied this technique, and followed by presentation of an article describing one such application in which the modes of replication and transcription are electronmicroscopically demonstrated in an adenovirus-infected cell nucleus. Adenovirus is chosen owing to its character of multiplying in a mammalian cell nucleus. Recently, there have been many important discoveries on the modes of DNA replication and RNA transcription through biochemical probes. It is confirmed by Miller's technique that large primary precursor messenger RNA is first transcribed at a late stage in a cell nucleus productively infected with adenovirus. Evidence is shown that a replicating viral DNA molecule can be simultaneously transcribed.", "contents": "Microcentrifuge technique and its application for visualizing the simultaneous replication and transcription of an adenovirus DNA. Miller's technique (microcentrifuge method) of visualizing transcriptional events at the molecular level is introduced with a review on the work that applied this technique, and followed by presentation of an article describing one such application in which the modes of replication and transcription are electronmicroscopically demonstrated in an adenovirus-infected cell nucleus. Adenovirus is chosen owing to its character of multiplying in a mammalian cell nucleus. Recently, there have been many important discoveries on the modes of DNA replication and RNA transcription through biochemical probes. It is confirmed by Miller's technique that large primary precursor messenger RNA is first transcribed at a late stage in a cell nucleus productively infected with adenovirus. Evidence is shown that a replicating viral DNA molecule can be simultaneously transcribed.", "PMID": 119074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13634", "title": "Combined action of semisynthetic penicillin and macrolide antibiotic on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "For the purpose of studying therapy for pseudomonas infection, the synergistic effect of carbenicillin and midecamycin or 9,3''-di-O-acetyl midecamycin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied in vitro and in vivo. Midecamycin and 9,3''-di-O-acetyl midecamycin were effective against spheroplasts of P. aeruginosa induced by carbenicillin treatment. As a result of investigating treatment using a combination of both carbenicillin and macrolide antibiotics on mouse infection model caused by subcutaneous injection of carrageenan solution containing viable cells of P. aeruginosa, the combined treatment was demonstrated to be significantly more effective than the control's single treatment by carbenicillin or the macrolide antibiotic alone.", "contents": "Combined action of semisynthetic penicillin and macrolide antibiotic on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo. For the purpose of studying therapy for pseudomonas infection, the synergistic effect of carbenicillin and midecamycin or 9,3''-di-O-acetyl midecamycin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied in vitro and in vivo. Midecamycin and 9,3''-di-O-acetyl midecamycin were effective against spheroplasts of P. aeruginosa induced by carbenicillin treatment. As a result of investigating treatment using a combination of both carbenicillin and macrolide antibiotics on mouse infection model caused by subcutaneous injection of carrageenan solution containing viable cells of P. aeruginosa, the combined treatment was demonstrated to be significantly more effective than the control's single treatment by carbenicillin or the macrolide antibiotic alone.", "PMID": 119075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13635", "title": "Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Clostridium botulinum type B toxin.", "content": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using different techniques has been applied to determine botulinum type B toxin. With the so-called \"sandwich\" technique, about 5,000 mouse ip LD50 of type B toxin can be detected. With the \"double-sandwich\" technique, about 400 mouse ip LD50 of toxin is detected and different commerical antisera are useful. For accurate quantification of botulinum toxins in culture filtrates, addition of EDTA to samples seems to be necessary. Cross-reactivity of the assay depends on the specificity of the antisera against botulinum type B toxin used and is almost eliminated with antiserum prepared against the toxic component of type B toxin.", "contents": "Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Clostridium botulinum type B toxin. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using different techniques has been applied to determine botulinum type B toxin. With the so-called \"sandwich\" technique, about 5,000 mouse ip LD50 of type B toxin can be detected. With the \"double-sandwich\" technique, about 400 mouse ip LD50 of toxin is detected and different commerical antisera are useful. For accurate quantification of botulinum toxins in culture filtrates, addition of EDTA to samples seems to be necessary. Cross-reactivity of the assay depends on the specificity of the antisera against botulinum type B toxin used and is almost eliminated with antiserum prepared against the toxic component of type B toxin.", "PMID": 119079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13636", "title": "Studies on adjuvants for human prophylactics. III. Comparison of adjuvanticity in different animal species.", "content": "Activities of common adjuvants were compared in mice, rabbits and monkeys with tetanus toxoid as an antigen. Aluminium gel showed consistently high adjuvanticity for antitoxin production in all animal species examined when administered subcutaneously. Water-in-oil in water (w/o/w) showed high activity comparable to that of aluminium in mice and rabbits but no activity in monkeys. Endotoxin was considerably effective in rabbits and monkeys but not so in mice. Production of both IgM and IgG antitoxin was promoted by the effective adjuvants in rabbits and monkeys. In mice, however, the effects of adjuvants on the production of IgM antitoxin was less significant and inconsistent. Contrary to the case of guinea pigs, tetanus antitoxin was produced in mice by ip injection to a level comparable to that induced by sc injection. The effects of adjuvants in mice administered by ip and sc injection were not significantly different from each other.", "contents": "Studies on adjuvants for human prophylactics. III. Comparison of adjuvanticity in different animal species. Activities of common adjuvants were compared in mice, rabbits and monkeys with tetanus toxoid as an antigen. Aluminium gel showed consistently high adjuvanticity for antitoxin production in all animal species examined when administered subcutaneously. Water-in-oil in water (w/o/w) showed high activity comparable to that of aluminium in mice and rabbits but no activity in monkeys. Endotoxin was considerably effective in rabbits and monkeys but not so in mice. Production of both IgM and IgG antitoxin was promoted by the effective adjuvants in rabbits and monkeys. In mice, however, the effects of adjuvants on the production of IgM antitoxin was less significant and inconsistent. Contrary to the case of guinea pigs, tetanus antitoxin was produced in mice by ip injection to a level comparable to that induced by sc injection. The effects of adjuvants in mice administered by ip and sc injection were not significantly different from each other.", "PMID": 119080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13637", "title": "Mixed cell agglutination reaction of ABO substances in the saliva and determination of human-type ABO blood groups in the cynomolgus monkey.", "content": "For detection of ABO substances in the saliva of the cynomolgus monkey, the mixed cell agglutination reaction (MCAR) gave specific and clear results with a very small amount of saliva. Anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the sera of the same species showed the clearest hemagglutination by the saline agglutination method. The combined use of both methods was demonstrated to be easily and accurately applicable to the determination of human-type ABO blood groups of the cynomolgus monkey.", "contents": "Mixed cell agglutination reaction of ABO substances in the saliva and determination of human-type ABO blood groups in the cynomolgus monkey. For detection of ABO substances in the saliva of the cynomolgus monkey, the mixed cell agglutination reaction (MCAR) gave specific and clear results with a very small amount of saliva. Anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the sera of the same species showed the clearest hemagglutination by the saline agglutination method. The combined use of both methods was demonstrated to be easily and accurately applicable to the determination of human-type ABO blood groups of the cynomolgus monkey.", "PMID": 119081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13638", "title": "Experimental renal disease due to schistosomiasis.", "content": "Although there is a marked variability in the development of renal lesions among individual animal models of schistosomal infections, much has been learned about the mechanisms leading to renal injury. The lesions in S. mansoni and S. japonicum infections correspond quite closely to the immune complex type of lesions, with complement involvement. The main antigens involved seem to be polysacharides of worm-gut origin, but participation of other antigens (including soluble egg antigens) cannot be excluded. Many observations testify to the localization of immune complexes, preformed in circulation, but the possibility that antigens, filtered through glomeruli, deposit incapillary walls first and bind with corresponding antibodies later on should be considered also. Deoxyribonucleic acids also may play a role in the pathogenesis. The perpetuation of the lesions is probably due to constant supply of antigens. In some models, renal pathology was related to the dose of infection, but in others there was no relation to worm burden. Renal pathology in S. haematobium infections is different, being related to the lower urinary tract, with obstructive lesions causing pyelonephritis and hydronephrosis.", "contents": "Experimental renal disease due to schistosomiasis. Although there is a marked variability in the development of renal lesions among individual animal models of schistosomal infections, much has been learned about the mechanisms leading to renal injury. The lesions in S. mansoni and S. japonicum infections correspond quite closely to the immune complex type of lesions, with complement involvement. The main antigens involved seem to be polysacharides of worm-gut origin, but participation of other antigens (including soluble egg antigens) cannot be excluded. Many observations testify to the localization of immune complexes, preformed in circulation, but the possibility that antigens, filtered through glomeruli, deposit incapillary walls first and bind with corresponding antibodies later on should be considered also. Deoxyribonucleic acids also may play a role in the pathogenesis. The perpetuation of the lesions is probably due to constant supply of antigens. In some models, renal pathology was related to the dose of infection, but in others there was no relation to worm burden. Renal pathology in S. haematobium infections is different, being related to the lower urinary tract, with obstructive lesions causing pyelonephritis and hydronephrosis.", "PMID": 119088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13639", "title": "Primate disease and breeding rates.", "content": "33 species were compared for 12 disease categories over 3 years of laboratory housing. There were low correlations between popularity, birth, death, and illness rates. Highest rates were: birth, Macaca nemestrina; illness, Pongo pygmaeus; death, Cercopithecus aethiops. Lowest rates were: birth, Lemur catta; illness, Sanguinus mystax; death, Galago crassicaudatus. Galago crassicaudatus and Macaca fasicularus had low disease and high birth rates.", "contents": "Primate disease and breeding rates. 33 species were compared for 12 disease categories over 3 years of laboratory housing. There were low correlations between popularity, birth, death, and illness rates. Highest rates were: birth, Macaca nemestrina; illness, Pongo pygmaeus; death, Cercopithecus aethiops. Lowest rates were: birth, Lemur catta; illness, Sanguinus mystax; death, Galago crassicaudatus. Galago crassicaudatus and Macaca fasicularus had low disease and high birth rates.", "PMID": 119108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13640", "title": "Anaesthetic effects of various ratios of ketamine and xylazine in rhesus monkeys (Macacca mulatta).", "content": "Intramuscular injection of selected ratios of ketamine and xylazine provided smooth anaesthetic induction, a wide safety margin, and no significant undersirable side effects. Induction and recovery times, duration of anaesthesia, and thermoregulatory ability can be affected by different combinations of ketamine and xylazine. The addition of xylazine to ketamine increases muscle relaxation, recovery time, and duration of anaesthesia, while generally decreasing induction time and thermoregulatory ability.", "contents": "Anaesthetic effects of various ratios of ketamine and xylazine in rhesus monkeys (Macacca mulatta). Intramuscular injection of selected ratios of ketamine and xylazine provided smooth anaesthetic induction, a wide safety margin, and no significant undersirable side effects. Induction and recovery times, duration of anaesthesia, and thermoregulatory ability can be affected by different combinations of ketamine and xylazine. The addition of xylazine to ketamine increases muscle relaxation, recovery time, and duration of anaesthesia, while generally decreasing induction time and thermoregulatory ability.", "PMID": 119109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13641", "title": "Aerometric study of viable fungus spores in an animal care facility.", "content": "Studies of airborn fungi were undertaken to evaluate exposure risks for laboratory animals and human handlers which might lead to allergic or invasive disease. Although sporadically high fungus levels were encountered, counts of viable fungus particles were in general low. Recoveries on malt extract agar significantly exceeded those on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The taxa most frequently and abundantly recovered were Penicillium species. Data analyses suggest that 'clean' bedding material may be the principal source of these spores, that cleaning temporarily increases spore levels, and that outdoor airborne fungi contributed little to the indoor air spora identified. Aspergillus fumigatus was infrequently encounted in our samples, and dermatophytes were not recovered.", "contents": "Aerometric study of viable fungus spores in an animal care facility. Studies of airborn fungi were undertaken to evaluate exposure risks for laboratory animals and human handlers which might lead to allergic or invasive disease. Although sporadically high fungus levels were encountered, counts of viable fungus particles were in general low. Recoveries on malt extract agar significantly exceeded those on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The taxa most frequently and abundantly recovered were Penicillium species. Data analyses suggest that 'clean' bedding material may be the principal source of these spores, that cleaning temporarily increases spore levels, and that outdoor airborne fungi contributed little to the indoor air spora identified. Aspergillus fumigatus was infrequently encounted in our samples, and dermatophytes were not recovered.", "PMID": 119110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13642", "title": "Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Using a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, 10 rhesus monkeys were bronchoscoped 30 times without complication. The bronchoscopic anatomy was found to be similar to that of the human except for the presence of a right cardiac lobe in the monkey.", "contents": "Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Using a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, 10 rhesus monkeys were bronchoscoped 30 times without complication. The bronchoscopic anatomy was found to be similar to that of the human except for the presence of a right cardiac lobe in the monkey.", "PMID": 119111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13643", "title": "A survey for Anatrichosoma (Nematoda: Trichinellida) in wild-caught Macaca mulatta.", "content": "One hundred rhesus monkeys which were captured from two geographical sites were tested for Anatrichosoma, a nematode that lives in the nasal passages. The monkeys were tested using both fecal examinations and nasal swabs. Three percent of the monkeys from one site were positive, and 68% from the other site were positive. Twenty-one percent of the animals tested by fecal examination were positive and 48% were positive using nasal swab examination.", "contents": "A survey for Anatrichosoma (Nematoda: Trichinellida) in wild-caught Macaca mulatta. One hundred rhesus monkeys which were captured from two geographical sites were tested for Anatrichosoma, a nematode that lives in the nasal passages. The monkeys were tested using both fecal examinations and nasal swabs. Three percent of the monkeys from one site were positive, and 68% from the other site were positive. Twenty-one percent of the animals tested by fecal examination were positive and 48% were positive using nasal swab examination.", "PMID": 119112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13644", "title": "Chylothorax in rhesus monkeys with intravenous catheters.", "content": "Chylothorax associated with the use of indwelling intravenous catheters was diagnosed in 13 Macaca mulatta. Clinical signs were marked respiratory embarrassment or sudden death. Lesions at necropsy included large quantities of sterile pleural fluid, pulmonary atelectasis and chronic fibrinous pleuritis. Lipid was present in the effusion and in tissue sections of visceral pleura.", "contents": "Chylothorax in rhesus monkeys with intravenous catheters. Chylothorax associated with the use of indwelling intravenous catheters was diagnosed in 13 Macaca mulatta. Clinical signs were marked respiratory embarrassment or sudden death. Lesions at necropsy included large quantities of sterile pleural fluid, pulmonary atelectasis and chronic fibrinous pleuritis. Lipid was present in the effusion and in tissue sections of visceral pleura.", "PMID": 119113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13645", "title": "Urinary cystic calculi in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis): a case report.", "content": "An adult female Macaca fascicularis monkey became acutely anorexic and depressed and was found dead approximately 24 hours later. Necropsy revealed three hard brownish-yellow stones within the urinary bladder and urethra, a moderately shrunken left kidney, hemorrhage of the medulla of the left adrenal gland and a yellow liver. The stones, one of which was lodged in the urethra, were 1-2.5 cm in diameter, and their surfaces were rough and covered with spines. Chemical analysis of the stones revealed oxalates, phosphates, carbonates, ammonium salts, magnesium and calcium. Microscopic examination revealed chronic interstitial and glomerular nephritis and papillary hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium of the bladder.", "contents": "Urinary cystic calculi in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis): a case report. An adult female Macaca fascicularis monkey became acutely anorexic and depressed and was found dead approximately 24 hours later. Necropsy revealed three hard brownish-yellow stones within the urinary bladder and urethra, a moderately shrunken left kidney, hemorrhage of the medulla of the left adrenal gland and a yellow liver. The stones, one of which was lodged in the urethra, were 1-2.5 cm in diameter, and their surfaces were rough and covered with spines. Chemical analysis of the stones revealed oxalates, phosphates, carbonates, ammonium salts, magnesium and calcium. Microscopic examination revealed chronic interstitial and glomerular nephritis and papillary hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium of the bladder.", "PMID": 119114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13646", "title": "Prevalence of ocular disease in a colony of tamarins and marmosets.", "content": "In a large tamarin and marmoset experimental colony, 526 animals were examined by biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy for the presence of ocular disease. In 109 animals, there were 147 abnormalities involving the eyelids, cornea, iris, lens, retina or optic nerve. Most abnormalities were unimportant in terms of ocular function, but a few did cause loss of vision and included diffuse, progressive retinal atrophy and a severely traumatized globe. The survey indicated that while usually minor, ocular disease in the tamarin and marmoset was widespread.", "contents": "Prevalence of ocular disease in a colony of tamarins and marmosets. In a large tamarin and marmoset experimental colony, 526 animals were examined by biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy for the presence of ocular disease. In 109 animals, there were 147 abnormalities involving the eyelids, cornea, iris, lens, retina or optic nerve. Most abnormalities were unimportant in terms of ocular function, but a few did cause loss of vision and included diffuse, progressive retinal atrophy and a severely traumatized globe. The survey indicated that while usually minor, ocular disease in the tamarin and marmoset was widespread.", "PMID": 119115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13647", "title": "Indoor-outdoor housing systems for a self-sustaining marmoset breeding colony.", "content": "Indoor-outdoor housing of three types was designed, constructed, used and evaluated for housing a breeding colony of common (Callithrix jacchus) and cottontop (Saguinus oedipus) marmosets. All types were relatively inexpensive to construct, required minimal care, simulated a natural environment and allowed for some isolation between units and between individual runs within units.", "contents": "Indoor-outdoor housing systems for a self-sustaining marmoset breeding colony. Indoor-outdoor housing of three types was designed, constructed, used and evaluated for housing a breeding colony of common (Callithrix jacchus) and cottontop (Saguinus oedipus) marmosets. All types were relatively inexpensive to construct, required minimal care, simulated a natural environment and allowed for some isolation between units and between individual runs within units.", "PMID": 119116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13648", "title": "[Meningococcus profilaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "In a General Hospital in San Sebastian, 96 cases of Neisseria meningitidis infections were detected in a two years period. By the use of the disk diffusion method, we found that all causative meningococcal strains but 4 were resistant to sulfonamide (with a 300 microgram sulfadiazine disk, all isolates with a zone diameter of less than 20 mm were considered to be resistant of sulfadiazine, whereas those with zone diameters of greater than 30 mm were considered susceptible). No rifampin nor minocycline-resistant meningococci were isolated. All strains had a disk zone diameter (30 micrograms rifampin and 30 micrograms tetracycline) of greater than 20 mm. The serogroups of meningococcal strains were as follows: group A, 1; group B, 67; group C, 5 and 23 were no typed. Children less than four years of age were most frequently attacked (67,7%). The attack rate was only slightly higher in males than in females (52 and 44).", "contents": "[Meningococcus profilaxis (author's transl)]. In a General Hospital in San Sebastian, 96 cases of Neisseria meningitidis infections were detected in a two years period. By the use of the disk diffusion method, we found that all causative meningococcal strains but 4 were resistant to sulfonamide (with a 300 microgram sulfadiazine disk, all isolates with a zone diameter of less than 20 mm were considered to be resistant of sulfadiazine, whereas those with zone diameters of greater than 30 mm were considered susceptible). No rifampin nor minocycline-resistant meningococci were isolated. All strains had a disk zone diameter (30 micrograms rifampin and 30 micrograms tetracycline) of greater than 20 mm. The serogroups of meningococcal strains were as follows: group A, 1; group B, 67; group C, 5 and 23 were no typed. Children less than four years of age were most frequently attacked (67,7%). The attack rate was only slightly higher in males than in females (52 and 44).", "PMID": 119117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13649", "title": "Effect of estrogen on fatty acid synthetase in the chicken oviduct and liver.", "content": "Estrogen administered to one-month-old female chickens resulted in a 180-fold increase in the amount of fatty acid synthetase, a seven-fold increase in the enzyme activity per gram of tissue and a 25-fold increase in the weight of the oviduct. In contrast, the fatty acid synthetase content in liver increased three-fold; activity per gram of tissue increased two-fold and the weight increased two-fold. The large increase in the fatty acid synthetase activity in the oviduct was due to a corresponding increase in the amount of the fatty acid synthetase protein since the specific activities of highly purified preparations of oviduct and liver fatty acid synthetases were the same and the two enzymes had the same end point as determined by immunoprecipitation. That the increase in activity of the oviduct enzyme is not due to a modification was further supported by physicochemical comparison of the oviduct enzyme with the chicken liver enzyme. Thus, the synthetase complexes have similar size, their subunit composition and size appear to be the same, and both are multifunctional enzymes. Finally, kinetic studies and product analyses indicated no catalytic difference between the enzyme induced by estrogen in the oviduct and the liver enzyme.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen on fatty acid synthetase in the chicken oviduct and liver. Estrogen administered to one-month-old female chickens resulted in a 180-fold increase in the amount of fatty acid synthetase, a seven-fold increase in the enzyme activity per gram of tissue and a 25-fold increase in the weight of the oviduct. In contrast, the fatty acid synthetase content in liver increased three-fold; activity per gram of tissue increased two-fold and the weight increased two-fold. The large increase in the fatty acid synthetase activity in the oviduct was due to a corresponding increase in the amount of the fatty acid synthetase protein since the specific activities of highly purified preparations of oviduct and liver fatty acid synthetases were the same and the two enzymes had the same end point as determined by immunoprecipitation. That the increase in activity of the oviduct enzyme is not due to a modification was further supported by physicochemical comparison of the oviduct enzyme with the chicken liver enzyme. Thus, the synthetase complexes have similar size, their subunit composition and size appear to be the same, and both are multifunctional enzymes. Finally, kinetic studies and product analyses indicated no catalytic difference between the enzyme induced by estrogen in the oviduct and the liver enzyme.", "PMID": 119123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13650", "title": "Construction of a colony bank of E. coli containing hybrid plasmids representative of the Bacillus subtilis 168 genome. Expression of functions harbored by the recombinant plasmids in B. subtilis.", "content": "A collection of about 2500 clones containing hybrid plasmids representative of nearly the entire genome of B. subtilis 168 was established in E. coli SK1592 by using the poly(dA).poly(dT) joining method with randomly sheared DNA fragments and plasmid pHV33, a bifunctional vector which can replicate in both E. coli and B. subtilis. Detection of cloned recombinant DNA molecules was based on the insertional inactivation of the Tc gene occurring at the unique BamHI cleavage site present in the vector plasmid. Thirty individual clones of the collection were shown to hybridize specifically with a B. subtilis rRNA probe. CCC-recombinant plasmids extracted from E. coli were pooled in lots of 100 and used to transform auxotrophic mutants of B. subtilis 168. Complementation of these auxotrophic mutations was observed for several markers such at thr, leuA, hisA, glyB and purB. In several cases, markers carried by the recombinant plasmids were lost from the plasmid and integrated into the chromosomal DNA. Loss of genetic markers from the hybrid plasmids did not occur when a rec- recipient strain of B. subtilis was used.", "contents": "Construction of a colony bank of E. coli containing hybrid plasmids representative of the Bacillus subtilis 168 genome. Expression of functions harbored by the recombinant plasmids in B. subtilis. A collection of about 2500 clones containing hybrid plasmids representative of nearly the entire genome of B. subtilis 168 was established in E. coli SK1592 by using the poly(dA).poly(dT) joining method with randomly sheared DNA fragments and plasmid pHV33, a bifunctional vector which can replicate in both E. coli and B. subtilis. Detection of cloned recombinant DNA molecules was based on the insertional inactivation of the Tc gene occurring at the unique BamHI cleavage site present in the vector plasmid. Thirty individual clones of the collection were shown to hybridize specifically with a B. subtilis rRNA probe. CCC-recombinant plasmids extracted from E. coli were pooled in lots of 100 and used to transform auxotrophic mutants of B. subtilis 168. Complementation of these auxotrophic mutations was observed for several markers such at thr, leuA, hisA, glyB and purB. In several cases, markers carried by the recombinant plasmids were lost from the plasmid and integrated into the chromosomal DNA. Loss of genetic markers from the hybrid plasmids did not occur when a rec- recipient strain of B. subtilis was used.", "PMID": 119126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13651", "title": "Ability of the male recombination factor 31.1 MRF to be transposed to another chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "By classical genetic experiments, evidence is provided that the male recombination factor, 31.1 MRF, has the ability to be transposed to another chromosome. The procedure by which the transposition occurs must be different from that of classical crossing over. It appears that transposition occurs only when the factor is active in male germ cells. Moreover, the factor appears to be able to undergo successive transpositions. Furthermore, the integration sites of the factor, when transposed into another chromosome, may not be completely random. Finally, the third chromosome of the 31.1/CyL4 strain can also induce male recombination.", "contents": "Ability of the male recombination factor 31.1 MRF to be transposed to another chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster. By classical genetic experiments, evidence is provided that the male recombination factor, 31.1 MRF, has the ability to be transposed to another chromosome. The procedure by which the transposition occurs must be different from that of classical crossing over. It appears that transposition occurs only when the factor is active in male germ cells. Moreover, the factor appears to be able to undergo successive transpositions. Furthermore, the integration sites of the factor, when transposed into another chromosome, may not be completely random. Finally, the third chromosome of the 31.1/CyL4 strain can also induce male recombination.", "PMID": 119127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13652", "title": "The analysis of a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutation influencing the expression of heat shock-inducible genes in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The effect of a ts-mutation belonging to the cell-lethal type on protein and RNA synthesis under heat shock conditions has been investigated. The mutation studied, l(l)ts-403, localized in the X-chromosome has significant effect on the kinetics of protein synthesis in salivary gland subjected to heat treatment under in vivo and in vitro conditions. The animals homozygous for l(l)ts-403 are characterized by a rapid drop of label incorporation into heat shock proteins. It is shown that the mutation affects not only the kinetics of heat-shock proteins synthesis but their electrophoretic pattern as well. The experiments performed enable us to conclude that the presumptive regulatory gene realized its action at the level of transcription of heat shock loci.", "contents": "The analysis of a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutation influencing the expression of heat shock-inducible genes in Drosophila melanogaster. The effect of a ts-mutation belonging to the cell-lethal type on protein and RNA synthesis under heat shock conditions has been investigated. The mutation studied, l(l)ts-403, localized in the X-chromosome has significant effect on the kinetics of protein synthesis in salivary gland subjected to heat treatment under in vivo and in vitro conditions. The animals homozygous for l(l)ts-403 are characterized by a rapid drop of label incorporation into heat shock proteins. It is shown that the mutation affects not only the kinetics of heat-shock proteins synthesis but their electrophoretic pattern as well. The experiments performed enable us to conclude that the presumptive regulatory gene realized its action at the level of transcription of heat shock loci.", "PMID": 119128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13653", "title": "[Ebola virus three years later (author's transl)].", "content": "Sporadic cases and data from serologic surveys give evidence that Ebola virus is still active in Northern Za\u00efre after the first outbreak in 1976. It is also active in Southern Sudan where it is, from August 1979, responsible of a new epidemic focus. In addition, serological surveys demonstrate that its dispersion area comprises several other african countries. Physicians practising in central Africa must be aware of this fact. Serological test is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. This confirmation is necessary to obtain convalescent patient plasma, the only specific treatment. The clinical, epidemiological and virological aspects of Ebola virus disease are reviewed as well as precautionary measures to be taken by medical and nursing staff to avoid infection.", "contents": "[Ebola virus three years later (author's transl)]. Sporadic cases and data from serologic surveys give evidence that Ebola virus is still active in Northern Za\u00efre after the first outbreak in 1976. It is also active in Southern Sudan where it is, from August 1979, responsible of a new epidemic focus. In addition, serological surveys demonstrate that its dispersion area comprises several other african countries. Physicians practising in central Africa must be aware of this fact. Serological test is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. This confirmation is necessary to obtain convalescent patient plasma, the only specific treatment. The clinical, epidemiological and virological aspects of Ebola virus disease are reviewed as well as precautionary measures to be taken by medical and nursing staff to avoid infection.", "PMID": 119124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13654", "title": "Some antigenic properties of cultured cell and bacteroid forms of fast- and slow-growing strains of Lotus rhizobia.", "content": "Immunodiffusion cross-reactions of 62 fast- and 76 slow-growing of Lotus rhizobia with antisera to four of the fast-growing and five of the slow-growing strains were studied. No sharing of antigens by both fast- and slow-growing strains was found. Somatic antigens were very strain specific with only eight of the fast-growing and five of the slow-growing strains tested having somatic antigens identical to those of one or more of the strains of the same group used for antisera production. In contrast, internal antigens were shared by all fast-growing strains and with seven exceptions by all slow-growing strains. Antigens of cultured rhizobia, and bacteroids from nodules formed on different legumes by the same strain of Rhizobium, were similar. However, incontrast to cultured cells, bacteroids generally required no pretreatment (heat or ultrasonic disruption) to give a strong somatic antigen reaction in immunodiffusions.", "contents": "Some antigenic properties of cultured cell and bacteroid forms of fast- and slow-growing strains of Lotus rhizobia. Immunodiffusion cross-reactions of 62 fast- and 76 slow-growing of Lotus rhizobia with antisera to four of the fast-growing and five of the slow-growing strains were studied. No sharing of antigens by both fast- and slow-growing strains was found. Somatic antigens were very strain specific with only eight of the fast-growing and five of the slow-growing strains tested having somatic antigens identical to those of one or more of the strains of the same group used for antisera production. In contrast, internal antigens were shared by all fast-growing strains and with seven exceptions by all slow-growing strains. Antigens of cultured rhizobia, and bacteroids from nodules formed on different legumes by the same strain of Rhizobium, were similar. However, incontrast to cultured cells, bacteroids generally required no pretreatment (heat or ultrasonic disruption) to give a strong somatic antigen reaction in immunodiffusions.", "PMID": 119129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13655", "title": "Comparison of three procedures for isolating DNA from bacteria.", "content": "Three methods employing chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (CI), phenol, or enzymes, were evaluated for isolating DNA from Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Arthrobacter globiformis. For the amounts of reagents employed at optimum conditions in the CI and phenol procedures, 0.4-0.9 mg of DNA/g wet weight of cells was isolated. Using the enzymatic procedure, approximately twice as much DNA was isolated. DNA isolated by the CI procedure contained 0.03-0.09% protein and 0.08-0.12% RNA. DNA isolated by the phenol procedure contained 0.02-0.05% protein and 2.2-2.6% RNA. DNA isolated by an enzymatic procedure, which is described in detail, contained 32.2-45.7% protein and 0.3-0.6% RNA. DNA isolated by all three procedures are double-stranded and at least 10(6) in molecular weight, as suggested by data from thermal transition analyses and transformations. These data emphasize that the desired characteristics of DNA for experimental purposes must be considered in selecting an isolation procedure.", "contents": "Comparison of three procedures for isolating DNA from bacteria. Three methods employing chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (CI), phenol, or enzymes, were evaluated for isolating DNA from Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Arthrobacter globiformis. For the amounts of reagents employed at optimum conditions in the CI and phenol procedures, 0.4-0.9 mg of DNA/g wet weight of cells was isolated. Using the enzymatic procedure, approximately twice as much DNA was isolated. DNA isolated by the CI procedure contained 0.03-0.09% protein and 0.08-0.12% RNA. DNA isolated by the phenol procedure contained 0.02-0.05% protein and 2.2-2.6% RNA. DNA isolated by an enzymatic procedure, which is described in detail, contained 32.2-45.7% protein and 0.3-0.6% RNA. DNA isolated by all three procedures are double-stranded and at least 10(6) in molecular weight, as suggested by data from thermal transition analyses and transformations. These data emphasize that the desired characteristics of DNA for experimental purposes must be considered in selecting an isolation procedure.", "PMID": 119130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13656", "title": "Cadmium and zinc sensitivity and tolerance in Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger and in a Pseudomonas sp.", "content": "The action of Cd2+ and Zn2+ on Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger ATCC 9372, and on a Pseudomonas sp. (possibly Pseudomonas fluorescens), isolated from cadmium-polluted soil has been determined and compared with results obtained previously with Klebsiella aerogenes. In liquid medium the lag and the mean generation time of Bacillus subtilis subsp, niger increased with increasing Cd2+ or Zn2+ concentrations whereas only the total biomass of the Pseudomonas sp. was affected. Nevertheless, the responses of both species indicated a specific action at low concentrations and a more general toxic action at high concentrations. The survival on Cd2+ - or Zn2+ - agar depended on the state of the metal ions with regard to chelating ligands and on the nutritional stage of the organisms. In admixture, the metal ions acted synergistically, particularly on the Pseudomonas sp. Resistance to both metal ions developed. It was graded to the training concentration and reciprocal cross-resistance occurred with Bacillus subtilis. subsp. niger but not with the Pseudomonas sp.", "contents": "Cadmium and zinc sensitivity and tolerance in Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger and in a Pseudomonas sp. The action of Cd2+ and Zn2+ on Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger ATCC 9372, and on a Pseudomonas sp. (possibly Pseudomonas fluorescens), isolated from cadmium-polluted soil has been determined and compared with results obtained previously with Klebsiella aerogenes. In liquid medium the lag and the mean generation time of Bacillus subtilis subsp, niger increased with increasing Cd2+ or Zn2+ concentrations whereas only the total biomass of the Pseudomonas sp. was affected. Nevertheless, the responses of both species indicated a specific action at low concentrations and a more general toxic action at high concentrations. The survival on Cd2+ - or Zn2+ - agar depended on the state of the metal ions with regard to chelating ligands and on the nutritional stage of the organisms. In admixture, the metal ions acted synergistically, particularly on the Pseudomonas sp. Resistance to both metal ions developed. It was graded to the training concentration and reciprocal cross-resistance occurred with Bacillus subtilis. subsp. niger but not with the Pseudomonas sp.", "PMID": 119131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13657", "title": "The formation of serine from glycine and formaldehyde by cell free extracts of Clostridium acidi-urici.", "content": "Cells of Clostridium acidi-urici which were grown in a medium containing uric acid were harvested, disrupted by sonication and centrifuged. After centrifugation the supernatant which served as the cell free extract was used to study the synthesis of serine from 2-14C glycine and formaldehyde. Serine was isolated from the reaction mixture by column chromatography. After identification by paper chromatography, serine was degraded carbon by carbon to locate the position of the labelled carbon. Radioactivity was confined almost exclusively to the alpha carbon of serine which was derived from the alpha carbon of glycine. Formaldehyde, therefore, binds at the alpha carbon of glycine to form serine. Conversion of serine to pyruvate was prevented by adding EDTA to the reaction mixture.", "contents": "The formation of serine from glycine and formaldehyde by cell free extracts of Clostridium acidi-urici. Cells of Clostridium acidi-urici which were grown in a medium containing uric acid were harvested, disrupted by sonication and centrifuged. After centrifugation the supernatant which served as the cell free extract was used to study the synthesis of serine from 2-14C glycine and formaldehyde. Serine was isolated from the reaction mixture by column chromatography. After identification by paper chromatography, serine was degraded carbon by carbon to locate the position of the labelled carbon. Radioactivity was confined almost exclusively to the alpha carbon of serine which was derived from the alpha carbon of glycine. Formaldehyde, therefore, binds at the alpha carbon of glycine to form serine. Conversion of serine to pyruvate was prevented by adding EDTA to the reaction mixture.", "PMID": 119132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13658", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the infective eggs of Hydatigera taeniaeformis.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of the outer surface coat of the infective eggs of Hydatigera taeniaeformis examined at high magnifications revealed the presence of scale-like features. At low magnifications the surface of eggs appeared smooth. Eggs that were fractured showed a thick inner surface layer of ridges and striations. A second layer characterized by a smooth membrane surface presumably the basement membrane was observed beneath the innermost surface layer. When the eggs were treated with 0.02 M of EDTA the outer surface coat became distorted and the emerging hooks of the embryo could be seen. Small, spherical bosses were observed on the surface of some eggs. Other eggs possibly at an earlier stage of development contained pit-like depressions.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the infective eggs of Hydatigera taeniaeformis. Scanning electron microscopy of the outer surface coat of the infective eggs of Hydatigera taeniaeformis examined at high magnifications revealed the presence of scale-like features. At low magnifications the surface of eggs appeared smooth. Eggs that were fractured showed a thick inner surface layer of ridges and striations. A second layer characterized by a smooth membrane surface presumably the basement membrane was observed beneath the innermost surface layer. When the eggs were treated with 0.02 M of EDTA the outer surface coat became distorted and the emerging hooks of the embryo could be seen. Small, spherical bosses were observed on the surface of some eggs. Other eggs possibly at an earlier stage of development contained pit-like depressions.", "PMID": 119133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13659", "title": "Irgasan-induced pigmentation in Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Two irgasan-resistant micro-organisms (P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens) were used to study the effects of various antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agents on pigment production. These agents included streptomycin, thallium acetate, polymyxin B, hexachlorophene, irgasan, prodigiosin and DMSO (dimethyl sulphoxide). Only irgasan, compared to other drugs and membrane-active agents showed the unique property of inducing pigmentation in both P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens, i.e. prodigiosin in S. marcescens and pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Irgasan-induced pigmentation in Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Two irgasan-resistant micro-organisms (P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens) were used to study the effects of various antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agents on pigment production. These agents included streptomycin, thallium acetate, polymyxin B, hexachlorophene, irgasan, prodigiosin and DMSO (dimethyl sulphoxide). Only irgasan, compared to other drugs and membrane-active agents showed the unique property of inducing pigmentation in both P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens, i.e. prodigiosin in S. marcescens and pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 119134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13660", "title": "Two methods of large-scale extraction of an antibiotic produced by Myxococcus coralloides.", "content": "Two methods for the isolation of an antibiotic produced by Myxococcus coralloides have been developed: the chloroform extraction method and the charcoal adsorption method. The recovery of antibiotic in each case was 25% and 30%, respectively, by the two methods. Although the two methods yield a relative low recovery, the charcoal adsorption method seems more attractive and promising due to its simplicity and economic advantages.", "contents": "Two methods of large-scale extraction of an antibiotic produced by Myxococcus coralloides. Two methods for the isolation of an antibiotic produced by Myxococcus coralloides have been developed: the chloroform extraction method and the charcoal adsorption method. The recovery of antibiotic in each case was 25% and 30%, respectively, by the two methods. Although the two methods yield a relative low recovery, the charcoal adsorption method seems more attractive and promising due to its simplicity and economic advantages.", "PMID": 119135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13661", "title": "Differential cell membrane labilizing effect of adenovirus type 5 and 12 observed during productive and abortive infection.", "content": "Culture fluid of human epitheloid (HEp-2) cells was examined for extracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity as an indicator of cell damage during a 48 h period in which virus replication and changes in cell morphology occurred. Uninfected and adenovirus type 5-infected cells had the same levels of extracellular enzyme activity both before and after the appearance of morphological changes in cells due to virus infection, whereas adenovirus type 12-infected cells showed increased extracellular enzyme activity. Cells infected with either adenovirus type 5 or type 12 had the same total cellular and extracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity. Hydrocortisone, a membrane stabilizing agent, prevented abnormal leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from adenovirus type 12-infected cells, but had no effect on virus replication or total enzyme activity of infected cells. After inoculation of monkey kidney (Vero) cells the yield of progeny adenovirus type 5 virions was greatly reduced and there was no production of adenovirus type 12 virions. The pattern of extracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity of uninfected and adenovirus type 5- and type 12-infected Vero cells was like that with HEp-2 cells. Therefore, production of adenovirus type 12 virions is not necessary for the virus-cell interaction causing cell membrane labilization.", "contents": "Differential cell membrane labilizing effect of adenovirus type 5 and 12 observed during productive and abortive infection. Culture fluid of human epitheloid (HEp-2) cells was examined for extracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity as an indicator of cell damage during a 48 h period in which virus replication and changes in cell morphology occurred. Uninfected and adenovirus type 5-infected cells had the same levels of extracellular enzyme activity both before and after the appearance of morphological changes in cells due to virus infection, whereas adenovirus type 12-infected cells showed increased extracellular enzyme activity. Cells infected with either adenovirus type 5 or type 12 had the same total cellular and extracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity. Hydrocortisone, a membrane stabilizing agent, prevented abnormal leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from adenovirus type 12-infected cells, but had no effect on virus replication or total enzyme activity of infected cells. After inoculation of monkey kidney (Vero) cells the yield of progeny adenovirus type 5 virions was greatly reduced and there was no production of adenovirus type 12 virions. The pattern of extracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity of uninfected and adenovirus type 5- and type 12-infected Vero cells was like that with HEp-2 cells. Therefore, production of adenovirus type 12 virions is not necessary for the virus-cell interaction causing cell membrane labilization.", "PMID": 119136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13662", "title": "[Change in ratio between citric and oxalic acid in Aspergillus niger upon exposure to mutagenic factors].", "content": "Stepwise selection of Aspergillus niger producing citric acid in highly buffered molassa media was carried on in order to decrease the biosynthesis of oxalic and gluconic acids using the following mutagenic factors: diethyl sulfate, thiophosphamide, cyclophosphan, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG), 5-fluorouracil, 1,4-bis-diazoacetylbutane, and UV. The ratio between the acids changed in mutants obtained upon the combined treatment with UV and NG. Mutants producing twice as less oxalic acid were characterized by weak growth and formation of conidia.", "contents": "[Change in ratio between citric and oxalic acid in Aspergillus niger upon exposure to mutagenic factors]. Stepwise selection of Aspergillus niger producing citric acid in highly buffered molassa media was carried on in order to decrease the biosynthesis of oxalic and gluconic acids using the following mutagenic factors: diethyl sulfate, thiophosphamide, cyclophosphan, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG), 5-fluorouracil, 1,4-bis-diazoacetylbutane, and UV. The ratio between the acids changed in mutants obtained upon the combined treatment with UV and NG. Mutants producing twice as less oxalic acid were characterized by weak growth and formation of conidia.", "PMID": 119143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13663", "title": "[Adsorption of phenylurea derivative and chlorine-substituted aniline herbicides by microorganisms].", "content": "Adsorption of phenylurea derivatives and chlorosubstituted anilines by Pseudomonas and Aspergillus was studied. All these substances were adsorbed by the microorganisms in large quantities. The bacteria adsorbed more of these substances per biomass unit than the fungi. Adsorption of herbicides by the microorganisms is a physical process and is characterized by the same correlation as adsorption of herbicides by soil. Derivatives of phenylurea and chlorosubstituted anilines are easily washed from the cells with water. Conditions under which the substances were completely desorbed have been studied. Acetylation of 3,4-dichloroaniline by Pseudomonas aurantiaca results in desorption of 3,4-dichloroaniline from the cells of Pseudomonas boreopolis.", "contents": "[Adsorption of phenylurea derivative and chlorine-substituted aniline herbicides by microorganisms]. Adsorption of phenylurea derivatives and chlorosubstituted anilines by Pseudomonas and Aspergillus was studied. All these substances were adsorbed by the microorganisms in large quantities. The bacteria adsorbed more of these substances per biomass unit than the fungi. Adsorption of herbicides by the microorganisms is a physical process and is characterized by the same correlation as adsorption of herbicides by soil. Derivatives of phenylurea and chlorosubstituted anilines are easily washed from the cells with water. Conditions under which the substances were completely desorbed have been studied. Acetylation of 3,4-dichloroaniline by Pseudomonas aurantiaca results in desorption of 3,4-dichloroaniline from the cells of Pseudomonas boreopolis.", "PMID": 119144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13664", "title": "Bowel preparation with mannitol.", "content": "Orally administered mannitol has been used for colonic preparation before operations, for colonoscopy, and before barium enema X-ray examinations. It is quick, effective, comfortable, safe, and cheap. The metabolic effects have been evaluated and found to be minimal, and recommendations for the use of orally administered mannitol are given.", "contents": "Bowel preparation with mannitol. Orally administered mannitol has been used for colonic preparation before operations, for colonoscopy, and before barium enema X-ray examinations. It is quick, effective, comfortable, safe, and cheap. The metabolic effects have been evaluated and found to be minimal, and recommendations for the use of orally administered mannitol are given.", "PMID": 119149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13665", "title": "Macrodosage of phenytoin.", "content": "Large doses (up to 1200 mg) of phenytoin were required to achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations and to control post-traumatic seizures in a 62-year-old woman. The elimination half-life of phenytoin was calculated to be 3.5 hours. Frequent monitoring of the plasma concentration was essential to optimize the therapeutic control and to avoid systemic toxicity.", "contents": "Macrodosage of phenytoin. Large doses (up to 1200 mg) of phenytoin were required to achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations and to control post-traumatic seizures in a 62-year-old woman. The elimination half-life of phenytoin was calculated to be 3.5 hours. Frequent monitoring of the plasma concentration was essential to optimize the therapeutic control and to avoid systemic toxicity.", "PMID": 119150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13666", "title": "[Blooming and destruction of cyanobacteria in the drainage bassin of the hydrogen sulfide spring of Staraya Matsesty].", "content": "The growth of cyanobacteria belonging to the genera Oscillatoria and Anabaena (up to 2.1 x 10(7) filaments per 1 g of wet sample) was found in a water reservoir with a high content of sulfides (up to 9 mM) in Staraya Matsesta throughout the year. The spots of Oscillatoria are located in the spring in more illuminated areas as compared to Anabaena. In the spring, not only spots of actively growing cells were detected, but also accumulations of Oscillatoria cells being destroyed (blue spots). Water-bloom spots in which Oscillatoria prevailed can transform into the spots of Anabaena. The main accompanying forms in the spots of Anabaena are long thin filaments of the flexibacterial type while short rods are found in the spots where Oscillatoria predominates. Heterotrophic enteric bacteria (48 x 10(4) cells per 1 g), Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and coryneform bacteria were also detected. Green bacteria (Chlorobium) and nonsulfur purple bacteria (Rhodomicrobium) were present in small quantities (16 x 10(3) cells per 1 g) as well as sulfate-reducing bacteria (5--15 x 10(2) cells per 1 g) and thiobacilli (40--60 cells per 1 g). In the spring, stones were covered with pink spots of spherical motile purple bacteria and with yellow-green spots of filamentous green bacteria. The cyanobacteria from the spots are capable of oxygenated photosynthesis. Fixation of CO2 by them in situ is 0.08 mcg per 1 g of dry sample per hour or 0.06 mcg per 10(6) cells per hour, and is inhibited by 10(-5) M DCMU by 70%.", "contents": "[Blooming and destruction of cyanobacteria in the drainage bassin of the hydrogen sulfide spring of Staraya Matsesty]. The growth of cyanobacteria belonging to the genera Oscillatoria and Anabaena (up to 2.1 x 10(7) filaments per 1 g of wet sample) was found in a water reservoir with a high content of sulfides (up to 9 mM) in Staraya Matsesta throughout the year. The spots of Oscillatoria are located in the spring in more illuminated areas as compared to Anabaena. In the spring, not only spots of actively growing cells were detected, but also accumulations of Oscillatoria cells being destroyed (blue spots). Water-bloom spots in which Oscillatoria prevailed can transform into the spots of Anabaena. The main accompanying forms in the spots of Anabaena are long thin filaments of the flexibacterial type while short rods are found in the spots where Oscillatoria predominates. Heterotrophic enteric bacteria (48 x 10(4) cells per 1 g), Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and coryneform bacteria were also detected. Green bacteria (Chlorobium) and nonsulfur purple bacteria (Rhodomicrobium) were present in small quantities (16 x 10(3) cells per 1 g) as well as sulfate-reducing bacteria (5--15 x 10(2) cells per 1 g) and thiobacilli (40--60 cells per 1 g). In the spring, stones were covered with pink spots of spherical motile purple bacteria and with yellow-green spots of filamentous green bacteria. The cyanobacteria from the spots are capable of oxygenated photosynthesis. Fixation of CO2 by them in situ is 0.08 mcg per 1 g of dry sample per hour or 0.06 mcg per 10(6) cells per hour, and is inhibited by 10(-5) M DCMU by 70%.", "PMID": 119145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13667", "title": "[Carboxylation enzymes of coryneform bacteria].", "content": "The enzymes of carbon dioxide heterotrophic fixation were studied in six strains of coryneform bacteria belonging to the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium and Nocardia. All of the strains were found to contain PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31), NADP or NAD dependent malic enzymes (EC 1.1.1.38--40). Pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) was found only in three strains of coryneforms: Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium aquaticum and Nocardia erythropolis. PEP carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) was detected in Brevibacterium ammoniagenes and Nocardia erythropolis. PEP carboxytransphosphorylase (EC 4.1.1.38) was found only in Brevibacterium ammoniagenes. These data suggest that carboxylation of C3-acids is one of the essential pathways in some coryneforms supplying the citric acid cycle with the products of glycolysis. The composition and the level of carboxylation enzymes reflect the ecological characteristics of the organisms rather than their taxonomical relations.", "contents": "[Carboxylation enzymes of coryneform bacteria]. The enzymes of carbon dioxide heterotrophic fixation were studied in six strains of coryneform bacteria belonging to the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium and Nocardia. All of the strains were found to contain PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31), NADP or NAD dependent malic enzymes (EC 1.1.1.38--40). Pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) was found only in three strains of coryneforms: Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium aquaticum and Nocardia erythropolis. PEP carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) was detected in Brevibacterium ammoniagenes and Nocardia erythropolis. PEP carboxytransphosphorylase (EC 4.1.1.38) was found only in Brevibacterium ammoniagenes. These data suggest that carboxylation of C3-acids is one of the essential pathways in some coryneforms supplying the citric acid cycle with the products of glycolysis. The composition and the level of carboxylation enzymes reflect the ecological characteristics of the organisms rather than their taxonomical relations.", "PMID": 119147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13668", "title": "[Secretion of substances by different actinomycetes which induce sporulation by an asporogenic mutant of Streptomyces griseus].", "content": "The asporogenic mutant of Streptomyces griseus 1439 sporulates under the action of factor A, a regulator of differentiation, liberated by the parent strain. It has been found that 11 out of 30 cultures belonging to various species of actinomycetes induce formation of spores in strain 1439. The response of this strain to each of the 11 strains of actinomycetes has shown that they liberate stimulating substances in different quantities and at different periods of time.", "contents": "[Secretion of substances by different actinomycetes which induce sporulation by an asporogenic mutant of Streptomyces griseus]. The asporogenic mutant of Streptomyces griseus 1439 sporulates under the action of factor A, a regulator of differentiation, liberated by the parent strain. It has been found that 11 out of 30 cultures belonging to various species of actinomycetes induce formation of spores in strain 1439. The response of this strain to each of the 11 strains of actinomycetes has shown that they liberate stimulating substances in different quantities and at different periods of time.", "PMID": 119148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13669", "title": "Effect of a single dose of inducers and inhibitors on the rate of synthesis of cytochromes and reductases in liver organelles.", "content": "Measurement of the effect of drugs on the in vivo rates of synthesis of rabbit liver organelle bound proteins were measured following individual treatments with the inducers phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene and PCB (a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls) and the inhibitors, cycloheximide, aflatoxin B1, chloramphenicol and actinomycin D. Following their isolation from a homogenate containing the combined livers of 14C-leucine injected experimental animals and 3H-leucine injected control animals, purified fractions of the following proteins were prepared: microsomal cytochrome b5, cytochrome P-450, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and proteolipids, outer mitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and proteolipids, inner mitochondrial membrane cytochrome c, NADH dehydrogenase and proteolipids, intermitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5 and circulating serum albumin. The effect of a drug was examined by measuring the 14C/3H ratio of leucine incorporation of each fraction; ratios which differed markedly from a control value of 1 represented actual changes in the relative rates of protein synthesis. Increased rates of synthesis of cytochrome P-450 and its reductase, intermitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5 and all three proteolipid fractions resulted from each inducer treatment. Treatments with 3-methylcholanthrene and PCB also increased the rate of synthesis of cytochrome b5 and its reductase in both the microsome and outer mitochondrial membrane. In addition, the PCB treatment increased the rates of synthesis of cytochrome c and NADH-dehydrogenase. The rates of synthesis of cytochromes, reductases and of circulating serum albumin were inhibited following treatments with cycloheximide, aflatoxin B1 and actinomycin D. Actinomycin D appeared to inhibit the release of newly synthesized albumin into the bloodstream while chloramphenicol treatment appeared to inhibit the incorporation of cytochrome c into the mitochondria. After 20 hours of treatment with inhibitors, the inhibitory effect of actinomycin D and cycloheximide were still apparent while the rates of protein synt;esis in chloramphenicol and aflatoxin B1 treated animals increased to levels above the controls. The incorporation of radioactively labeled leucine into the proteolipids of the microsomal, and the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes were inhibited following the treatment with actinomycin D and stimulated following the treatment with cycloheximide.", "contents": "Effect of a single dose of inducers and inhibitors on the rate of synthesis of cytochromes and reductases in liver organelles. Measurement of the effect of drugs on the in vivo rates of synthesis of rabbit liver organelle bound proteins were measured following individual treatments with the inducers phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene and PCB (a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls) and the inhibitors, cycloheximide, aflatoxin B1, chloramphenicol and actinomycin D. Following their isolation from a homogenate containing the combined livers of 14C-leucine injected experimental animals and 3H-leucine injected control animals, purified fractions of the following proteins were prepared: microsomal cytochrome b5, cytochrome P-450, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and proteolipids, outer mitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and proteolipids, inner mitochondrial membrane cytochrome c, NADH dehydrogenase and proteolipids, intermitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5 and circulating serum albumin. The effect of a drug was examined by measuring the 14C/3H ratio of leucine incorporation of each fraction; ratios which differed markedly from a control value of 1 represented actual changes in the relative rates of protein synthesis. Increased rates of synthesis of cytochrome P-450 and its reductase, intermitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5 and all three proteolipid fractions resulted from each inducer treatment. Treatments with 3-methylcholanthrene and PCB also increased the rate of synthesis of cytochrome b5 and its reductase in both the microsome and outer mitochondrial membrane. In addition, the PCB treatment increased the rates of synthesis of cytochrome c and NADH-dehydrogenase. The rates of synthesis of cytochromes, reductases and of circulating serum albumin were inhibited following treatments with cycloheximide, aflatoxin B1 and actinomycin D. Actinomycin D appeared to inhibit the release of newly synthesized albumin into the bloodstream while chloramphenicol treatment appeared to inhibit the incorporation of cytochrome c into the mitochondria. After 20 hours of treatment with inhibitors, the inhibitory effect of actinomycin D and cycloheximide were still apparent while the rates of protein synt;esis in chloramphenicol and aflatoxin B1 treated animals increased to levels above the controls. The incorporation of radioactively labeled leucine into the proteolipids of the microsomal, and the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes were inhibited following the treatment with actinomycin D and stimulated following the treatment with cycloheximide.", "PMID": 119159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13670", "title": "[Effect of sterigmatocystin on the toxinogenesis of the Aspergillus flavus group].", "content": "The aflatoxinogenesis of Aspergillus parasiticus is significantly enhanced by the presence, in the medium, of sterigmatocystin at a high level (35--50 microgram/ml); low concentrations, in the order of 175 microgram/ml, have no effect on the production of aflatoxins. During the period where the aflatoxinogenesis of the culture is high, no variation of the sterigmatocystin level is noted, Experiments with 14C-sterigmatocystin indicate that the mold does not utilize the metabolite itself as a precursor of aflatoxins.", "contents": "[Effect of sterigmatocystin on the toxinogenesis of the Aspergillus flavus group]. The aflatoxinogenesis of Aspergillus parasiticus is significantly enhanced by the presence, in the medium, of sterigmatocystin at a high level (35--50 microgram/ml); low concentrations, in the order of 175 microgram/ml, have no effect on the production of aflatoxins. During the period where the aflatoxinogenesis of the culture is high, no variation of the sterigmatocystin level is noted, Experiments with 14C-sterigmatocystin indicate that the mold does not utilize the metabolite itself as a precursor of aflatoxins.", "PMID": 119164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13671", "title": "Effects of satiety on self-stimulation of the orbitofrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Self-stimulation of the orbitofrontal cortex of the rhesus monkey was found to be attenuated after the monkeys were fed to satiety. Self-stimulation at some other sites (e.g. the nucleus accumbens septi, the region of the substantia nigra, and the caudate nucleus) was relatively unaffected in the same test sessions by the satiety. In recordings from single neurons in the monkey orbitofrontal cortex, neurons of the type found in the lateral hypothalamus with sustained responses associated with the sight of preferred foods were not found. However, some orbitofrontal neurons did respond to the removal of food or other desired objects. These experiments show that self-stimulation of the monkey orbitofrontal cortex in modulated by hunger, and show that some orbitofrontal neurons have complex responses which could be related to the control of feeding.", "contents": "Effects of satiety on self-stimulation of the orbitofrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. Self-stimulation of the orbitofrontal cortex of the rhesus monkey was found to be attenuated after the monkeys were fed to satiety. Self-stimulation at some other sites (e.g. the nucleus accumbens septi, the region of the substantia nigra, and the caudate nucleus) was relatively unaffected in the same test sessions by the satiety. In recordings from single neurons in the monkey orbitofrontal cortex, neurons of the type found in the lateral hypothalamus with sustained responses associated with the sight of preferred foods were not found. However, some orbitofrontal neurons did respond to the removal of food or other desired objects. These experiments show that self-stimulation of the monkey orbitofrontal cortex in modulated by hunger, and show that some orbitofrontal neurons have complex responses which could be related to the control of feeding.", "PMID": 119182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13672", "title": "Hormonal requirements for neuronal survival in culture.", "content": "The inability to grow neurons in culture in the absence of complex and undefined biological fluids (e.g. serum) has proved a major obstacle to a rigorous formulation of the growth, nutritional and hormonal requirements of the developing nervous system. We have been successful in maintaining dissociated chick dorsal root ganglia neurons in a serum-free, defined medium composed of F12 synthetic medium and, substituting for serum, a combination of hormones (insulin, PTH, triiodothyronine, TRH, somatomedin, hydrocortisone, testosterone) and other factors (transferrin). Not only were these hormones found to be sufficient for the maintenance of neurons in vitro, but, by the selective elimination of one component from the mixture, the role of specific hormones in neutral development could be grossly assessed. The elimination of insulin proved to be most inimical to neuronal survival.", "contents": "Hormonal requirements for neuronal survival in culture. The inability to grow neurons in culture in the absence of complex and undefined biological fluids (e.g. serum) has proved a major obstacle to a rigorous formulation of the growth, nutritional and hormonal requirements of the developing nervous system. We have been successful in maintaining dissociated chick dorsal root ganglia neurons in a serum-free, defined medium composed of F12 synthetic medium and, substituting for serum, a combination of hormones (insulin, PTH, triiodothyronine, TRH, somatomedin, hydrocortisone, testosterone) and other factors (transferrin). Not only were these hormones found to be sufficient for the maintenance of neurons in vitro, but, by the selective elimination of one component from the mixture, the role of specific hormones in neutral development could be grossly assessed. The elimination of insulin proved to be most inimical to neuronal survival.", "PMID": 119183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13673", "title": "L-histidine: effects on sensitivity of cat spinal neurones to amino acids.", "content": "L-Histidine enhanced the inhibitory actions of GABA, muscimol and beta-alanine rather than that of glycine on spinal neurones in pentobarbitone-anaesthetised cats. L-Histidine also enhanced the excitatory action of L-glutamate, D- and L-aspartate, L-homocysteate and especially that of quisqualate, whereas the actions of acetylcholine, kainate, N-methyl-D-aspartate and D-homocysteate were more commonly reduced. These actions of L-histidine are best ascribed to an effect on amino acid transport systems, probably of the low affinity type, which therefore appear to be partially responsible for the inactivation of exogenously administered amino acids.", "contents": "L-histidine: effects on sensitivity of cat spinal neurones to amino acids. L-Histidine enhanced the inhibitory actions of GABA, muscimol and beta-alanine rather than that of glycine on spinal neurones in pentobarbitone-anaesthetised cats. L-Histidine also enhanced the excitatory action of L-glutamate, D- and L-aspartate, L-homocysteate and especially that of quisqualate, whereas the actions of acetylcholine, kainate, N-methyl-D-aspartate and D-homocysteate were more commonly reduced. These actions of L-histidine are best ascribed to an effect on amino acid transport systems, probably of the low affinity type, which therefore appear to be partially responsible for the inactivation of exogenously administered amino acids.", "PMID": 119184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13674", "title": "Neurons with presynaptic somatic protrusions in the visual cortex of monkeys.", "content": "In layer IV of the visual cortex of two primate species three small neurons were found that gave rise to short presynaptic somatic protrusions. The protrusions contained a cluster of predominantly round vesicles and established asymmetrical synaptic contacts with the characteristics of Gray's type 1 terminals.", "contents": "Neurons with presynaptic somatic protrusions in the visual cortex of monkeys. In layer IV of the visual cortex of two primate species three small neurons were found that gave rise to short presynaptic somatic protrusions. The protrusions contained a cluster of predominantly round vesicles and established asymmetrical synaptic contacts with the characteristics of Gray's type 1 terminals.", "PMID": 119185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13675", "title": "The ventral dendritic arbor of marginal (lamina I) neurons in the adult primate spinal cord.", "content": "The ventral (gelatinosal) dendritic arbor of marginal neurons taken from lumbosacral cord was examined in Golgi preparations from adult Macaque monkey and adult Squirrel monkey where neurons were filled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) via secondary diffusion. Based on morphological criteria two types of marginal neurons were found which give rise to a substantial ventral dendritic arbor. These dendrites penetrate the depth of lamina II and some extend well into lamina III. The cell bodies are medium to large in size and confined to the medial half of lamina I. Marginal neurons located in the lateral half of the marginal layer lack gelatinosal dendrites and are characterized instead by numerous interstitial dendrites.", "contents": "The ventral dendritic arbor of marginal (lamina I) neurons in the adult primate spinal cord. The ventral (gelatinosal) dendritic arbor of marginal neurons taken from lumbosacral cord was examined in Golgi preparations from adult Macaque monkey and adult Squirrel monkey where neurons were filled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) via secondary diffusion. Based on morphological criteria two types of marginal neurons were found which give rise to a substantial ventral dendritic arbor. These dendrites penetrate the depth of lamina II and some extend well into lamina III. The cell bodies are medium to large in size and confined to the medial half of lamina I. Marginal neurons located in the lateral half of the marginal layer lack gelatinosal dendrites and are characterized instead by numerous interstitial dendrites.", "PMID": 119186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13676", "title": "Quantitative analysis of dendritic branching. II. Fundamental dendritic numbers as a tool for the study of neuronal groups.", "content": "The fundamental dendritic numbers [14] were studied in various neuronal groups from different species. Their mean values allow group characterization on a quantitative basis. This allows group comparisons and classification. Four sets of polydendritic neuronal groups are isolated: fewly branched Golgi I groups (A), mainly stemmed Golgi I groups (B), Golgi II groups (C) and highly branched Golgi I groups (D). Numerical interspecific comparisons allow quantitative phylogenetic studies. Only groups of the D set exhibit a significant evolution. Dendritic numbers are an efficient tool for neuronal group studies.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of dendritic branching. II. Fundamental dendritic numbers as a tool for the study of neuronal groups. The fundamental dendritic numbers [14] were studied in various neuronal groups from different species. Their mean values allow group characterization on a quantitative basis. This allows group comparisons and classification. Four sets of polydendritic neuronal groups are isolated: fewly branched Golgi I groups (A), mainly stemmed Golgi I groups (B), Golgi II groups (C) and highly branched Golgi I groups (D). Numerical interspecific comparisons allow quantitative phylogenetic studies. Only groups of the D set exhibit a significant evolution. Dendritic numbers are an efficient tool for neuronal group studies.", "PMID": 119187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13677", "title": "Influences of cerebellar hemispherectomy on slow potentials in the motor cortex preceding self-paced hand movements in the monkey.", "content": "With chronically implanted electrodes, surface negative and deep positive, slowly increasing potentials were recorded in the forelimb area of the motor cortex prior to self-paced movements of the contralateral hand in monkeys. The slow premovement potentials were markedly reduced in size after ablation of the cerebellar hemisphere on the contralateral side to the motor cortex under recording. It was suggested that the cerebellar hemisphere (neocerebellum) participates in preparing the activity of the motor cortex prior to voluntary movements.", "contents": "Influences of cerebellar hemispherectomy on slow potentials in the motor cortex preceding self-paced hand movements in the monkey. With chronically implanted electrodes, surface negative and deep positive, slowly increasing potentials were recorded in the forelimb area of the motor cortex prior to self-paced movements of the contralateral hand in monkeys. The slow premovement potentials were markedly reduced in size after ablation of the cerebellar hemisphere on the contralateral side to the motor cortex under recording. It was suggested that the cerebellar hemisphere (neocerebellum) participates in preparing the activity of the motor cortex prior to voluntary movements.", "PMID": 119188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13678", "title": "The crossed cortico-caudate projection in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "In the normal young adult rhesus monkey, reduced silver staining of degenerating axons revealed that the lateral prefrontal cortex projects to the caudate nucleus of the contralateral hemisphere. This crossed prefronto-caudate projection provides a means whereby the prefrontal cortex can affect the neuronal activity of the extrapyramidal motor systems in both hemispheres. These findings also support the concept that apparent neuronal plasticity in this primate telencephalic system is a result of expanded projections of axons that normally issue a minor projection to the contralateral caudate nucleus.", "contents": "The crossed cortico-caudate projection in the rhesus monkey. In the normal young adult rhesus monkey, reduced silver staining of degenerating axons revealed that the lateral prefrontal cortex projects to the caudate nucleus of the contralateral hemisphere. This crossed prefronto-caudate projection provides a means whereby the prefrontal cortex can affect the neuronal activity of the extrapyramidal motor systems in both hemispheres. These findings also support the concept that apparent neuronal plasticity in this primate telencephalic system is a result of expanded projections of axons that normally issue a minor projection to the contralateral caudate nucleus.", "PMID": 119189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13679", "title": "Excitatoty effects of TRH on medullary reticular neurones.", "content": "Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) was applied iontophoretically to single neruones in the rat bulbar reticular formation. TRH excited 41 to 56 cells tested; none were inhibited. Excitation developed slowly and was prolonged, and desensitization often occurred. TRH effects were not correlated with effects of acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine or serotonin on the same cells. Atropine applied to cells affected by both acetylcholine and TRH did not affect TRH responses although the acetylcholine actions were blocked. The results support a transmitter role for TRH in this brain area and may explain certain arousal effects of TRH mediated via the reticular formation.", "contents": "Excitatoty effects of TRH on medullary reticular neurones. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) was applied iontophoretically to single neruones in the rat bulbar reticular formation. TRH excited 41 to 56 cells tested; none were inhibited. Excitation developed slowly and was prolonged, and desensitization often occurred. TRH effects were not correlated with effects of acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine or serotonin on the same cells. Atropine applied to cells affected by both acetylcholine and TRH did not affect TRH responses although the acetylcholine actions were blocked. The results support a transmitter role for TRH in this brain area and may explain certain arousal effects of TRH mediated via the reticular formation.", "PMID": 119190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13680", "title": "Cortical projections of the medial visual area in the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus.", "content": "The cortical projections of the Medial Area (M) of the owl monkey were studied using the autoradiographic method. Area M projects to several extrastriate areas, including Area 18, in a pattern of terminations unlike that which would be expected if M was part of a larger Area 19 or V III band. The pattern of terminal lamination was found to be somewhat unusual in that projections were to layers VI, I and the deep portion of layer V in the major target areas.", "contents": "Cortical projections of the medial visual area in the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus. The cortical projections of the Medial Area (M) of the owl monkey were studied using the autoradiographic method. Area M projects to several extrastriate areas, including Area 18, in a pattern of terminations unlike that which would be expected if M was part of a larger Area 19 or V III band. The pattern of terminal lamination was found to be somewhat unusual in that projections were to layers VI, I and the deep portion of layer V in the major target areas.", "PMID": 119191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13681", "title": "Identification of the pallidal and peripallidal cells projecting to the habenula in monkey.", "content": "Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the habenula of squirrel monkeys labeled a multitude of neurons in the lateal hypothalamus and a lesser number of neurons in the internal pallidum (GPi). The distribution of labeled cells is heterogeneous and many HRP-marked pallidal neurons are intermingled with acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-rich cells in the internal medullary lamina. However, these AChE neurons do not appear to contribute significantly to the innervation of the habenula. These findings suggest species differences between rodents and primates in regard to the organization of the pallidohabenular system.", "contents": "Identification of the pallidal and peripallidal cells projecting to the habenula in monkey. Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the habenula of squirrel monkeys labeled a multitude of neurons in the lateal hypothalamus and a lesser number of neurons in the internal pallidum (GPi). The distribution of labeled cells is heterogeneous and many HRP-marked pallidal neurons are intermingled with acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-rich cells in the internal medullary lamina. However, these AChE neurons do not appear to contribute significantly to the innervation of the habenula. These findings suggest species differences between rodents and primates in regard to the organization of the pallidohabenular system.", "PMID": 119192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13682", "title": "Slow potentials preceding self-paced hand movements in the parietal cortex of monkeys.", "content": "In our previous paper, surface negative-deep positive slow potentials were reported to appear prior to self-paced hand movements in the premotor and the forelimb motor cortices of unanesthetized, freely moving monkeys, as recorded with the elctrodes implanted chronically in the cortices. The present study revealed that similar slow potentials were recorded also in the somatosensory cortex in most cases, but infrequently and unmarkedly in area 7, never in area 19.", "contents": "Slow potentials preceding self-paced hand movements in the parietal cortex of monkeys. In our previous paper, surface negative-deep positive slow potentials were reported to appear prior to self-paced hand movements in the premotor and the forelimb motor cortices of unanesthetized, freely moving monkeys, as recorded with the elctrodes implanted chronically in the cortices. The present study revealed that similar slow potentials were recorded also in the somatosensory cortex in most cases, but infrequently and unmarkedly in area 7, never in area 19.", "PMID": 119193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13683", "title": "Considerations on the importance of genetics in ophthalmology.", "content": "On the basis of his studies on Fabry's disease, the dyscephalic syndrome of Fran\u00e7ois, ligneous conjunctivitis and macular dystrophy of the cornea, the author stresses the importance of heredity in ophthalmology.", "contents": "Considerations on the importance of genetics in ophthalmology. On the basis of his studies on Fabry's disease, the dyscephalic syndrome of Fran\u00e7ois, ligneous conjunctivitis and macular dystrophy of the cornea, the author stresses the importance of heredity in ophthalmology.", "PMID": 119197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13684", "title": "Antiviral update.", "content": "There are two antiviral agents that are commercially available for use in ocular herpes infections, idoxuridine, and vidarabine (Ara-A). In topical usage, these medications are similar in their effectiveness and toxicity; however, vidarabine is systemically active for treatment of deep ocular disease. Trifluorothymidine, which is still an experimental drug, has been shown in double-blind clinical trials to be the most potent antiviral drug for ocular use. These three antiviral drugs, however, are not truly selective in their action and interfere with normal cellular functions as well as virus synthesis. Several new drugs have been reported that are selective and are only effective in herpes virus infected cells; the most active of these compounds appears to be acycloguanosine.", "contents": "Antiviral update. There are two antiviral agents that are commercially available for use in ocular herpes infections, idoxuridine, and vidarabine (Ara-A). In topical usage, these medications are similar in their effectiveness and toxicity; however, vidarabine is systemically active for treatment of deep ocular disease. Trifluorothymidine, which is still an experimental drug, has been shown in double-blind clinical trials to be the most potent antiviral drug for ocular use. These three antiviral drugs, however, are not truly selective in their action and interfere with normal cellular functions as well as virus synthesis. Several new drugs have been reported that are selective and are only effective in herpes virus infected cells; the most active of these compounds appears to be acycloguanosine.", "PMID": 119198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13685", "title": "Vitreous fluorophotometry in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Vitreous fluorophotometry has proved to be a useful method to evaluate the integrity of the blood-ocular barrier to fluorescein in clinical and experimental diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients with or without background retinopathy had increased vitreous accumulation of fluorescein after intravenous injection when compared with age-matched controls. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats increase vitreous fluorescein levels. In the rat, this abnormality was reversed with insulin therapy and with pancreatic islet transplantation. The breakdown of the blood-ocular barrier to fluorescein appears to be the earliest detectable ocular abnormality of diabetes.", "contents": "Vitreous fluorophotometry in diabetes mellitus. Vitreous fluorophotometry has proved to be a useful method to evaluate the integrity of the blood-ocular barrier to fluorescein in clinical and experimental diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients with or without background retinopathy had increased vitreous accumulation of fluorescein after intravenous injection when compared with age-matched controls. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats increase vitreous fluorescein levels. In the rat, this abnormality was reversed with insulin therapy and with pancreatic islet transplantation. The breakdown of the blood-ocular barrier to fluorescein appears to be the earliest detectable ocular abnormality of diabetes.", "PMID": 119199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13686", "title": "A pharmacologist looks at medical treatment in glaucoma--in retrospect and in prospect.", "content": "The histochemical distribution of carbonic anhydrase activity in the ciliary processes is shown. There is a multiplicity of possible points of attack of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, We do not know which sites are critically inhibited at clinical dosage. One primary mechanism of the therapeutic action of miotics is ciliary muscle contraction, but on prolonged treatment, subsensitivity of the muscle may shift emphasis to miotic inhibition of aqueous secretion by unknown mechanisms. The trabecular meshwork is a slow tissue living off the aqueous. Aqueous composition in chronic simple glaucoma should therefore be studied with a view to possible treatment of the sick meshwork.", "contents": "A pharmacologist looks at medical treatment in glaucoma--in retrospect and in prospect. The histochemical distribution of carbonic anhydrase activity in the ciliary processes is shown. There is a multiplicity of possible points of attack of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, We do not know which sites are critically inhibited at clinical dosage. One primary mechanism of the therapeutic action of miotics is ciliary muscle contraction, but on prolonged treatment, subsensitivity of the muscle may shift emphasis to miotic inhibition of aqueous secretion by unknown mechanisms. The trabecular meshwork is a slow tissue living off the aqueous. Aqueous composition in chronic simple glaucoma should therefore be studied with a view to possible treatment of the sick meshwork.", "PMID": 119200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13687", "title": "[Plasma cell granuloma of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "Case-report of a plasma cell granuloma of the lung found in a girl aged 8 years 6 months. The lesion of the lung was first interpreted as a metastasis of a suspected primary tumor in the right calf. It was only later that plasmacell granuloma of the lung was diagnosed. Plasma cell granuloma of the lung often gives rise to confusion, a fact illustrated by the various names applied to it, e.g. pseudosarcoma, postinflammatory pseudotumor of the lung, histiocytoma, xanthoma, fibroxanthoma, xanthogranuloma. On histological examination, this tumor consists of proliferations mainly of plasmacells and reticulo-endothelial cells, with some polymorphism and some giant cells. The tumor appears as a single, sharply circumscribed mass, is usually asymptomatic and therefore found mostly on routine-chest-films. Rarely is it found as an obstructive mass in the bronchi or in the trachea. The histopathogenesis of the tumor is not known, the lesion benign. Treatment is resection.", "contents": "[Plasma cell granuloma of the lung (author's transl)]. Case-report of a plasma cell granuloma of the lung found in a girl aged 8 years 6 months. The lesion of the lung was first interpreted as a metastasis of a suspected primary tumor in the right calf. It was only later that plasmacell granuloma of the lung was diagnosed. Plasma cell granuloma of the lung often gives rise to confusion, a fact illustrated by the various names applied to it, e.g. pseudosarcoma, postinflammatory pseudotumor of the lung, histiocytoma, xanthoma, fibroxanthoma, xanthogranuloma. On histological examination, this tumor consists of proliferations mainly of plasmacells and reticulo-endothelial cells, with some polymorphism and some giant cells. The tumor appears as a single, sharply circumscribed mass, is usually asymptomatic and therefore found mostly on routine-chest-films. Rarely is it found as an obstructive mass in the bronchi or in the trachea. The histopathogenesis of the tumor is not known, the lesion benign. Treatment is resection.", "PMID": 119203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13688", "title": "[Therapy of bacterial infections in infancy and childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "83 in-patients, age 3 months to 12 years, with tonsillitis, otitis, bronchitis and pneumonia were treated with a new galenic preparation of phenoxymethylpenicillin V potassium (Star-Pen Trockensirus SANABO). The drug was very well tolerated, no skin-rash was observed, no problems occurred with the oral administration. Diarrhea, not infrequent in oral penicillin therapy, was -- with one exception -- not noticed in patients above one year of age.", "contents": "[Therapy of bacterial infections in infancy and childhood (author's transl)]. 83 in-patients, age 3 months to 12 years, with tonsillitis, otitis, bronchitis and pneumonia were treated with a new galenic preparation of phenoxymethylpenicillin V potassium (Star-Pen Trockensirus SANABO). The drug was very well tolerated, no skin-rash was observed, no problems occurred with the oral administration. Diarrhea, not infrequent in oral penicillin therapy, was -- with one exception -- not noticed in patients above one year of age.", "PMID": 119204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13689", "title": "The Wildervanck syndrome: cervico-oculo-acoustic dysplasia.", "content": "The Wildervanck syndrome consists of the Klippel-Feil deformity of the spine, eyeball retraction, lateral gaze weakness, and hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss, as well as a more frequently occurring sensorineural hearing loss, is caused by dysplasia of the inner ear. Typically, polytomograms demonstrate a bulbous vestibule and dilated lateral semicircular canals with basilar impression of the skull. The Duane's eyeball retraction phenomenon completes the syndrome; this may be explained either by misdirected innervation of the extraocular muscles or by atrophy or fibrosis of the lateral rectus muscles.", "contents": "The Wildervanck syndrome: cervico-oculo-acoustic dysplasia. The Wildervanck syndrome consists of the Klippel-Feil deformity of the spine, eyeball retraction, lateral gaze weakness, and hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss, as well as a more frequently occurring sensorineural hearing loss, is caused by dysplasia of the inner ear. Typically, polytomograms demonstrate a bulbous vestibule and dilated lateral semicircular canals with basilar impression of the skull. The Duane's eyeball retraction phenomenon completes the syndrome; this may be explained either by misdirected innervation of the extraocular muscles or by atrophy or fibrosis of the lateral rectus muscles.", "PMID": 119202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13690", "title": "Deglutition after conservation surgery for cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx.", "content": "Conservation surgery for cancer of the larynx results in deglutition problems. Rehabilitation of swallowing function can successfully be managed by a team including a surgeon, a dietitian, and a nurse. This report details surgical reconstruction to prevent or treat aspiration, postsurgical dietetic management, and the nursing approach to deglutition training in a group of patients.", "contents": "Deglutition after conservation surgery for cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx. Conservation surgery for cancer of the larynx results in deglutition problems. Rehabilitation of swallowing function can successfully be managed by a team including a surgeon, a dietitian, and a nurse. This report details surgical reconstruction to prevent or treat aspiration, postsurgical dietetic management, and the nursing approach to deglutition training in a group of patients.", "PMID": 119201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13691", "title": "Long-term retention of a visually cued poison-based aversion in monkeys.", "content": "Retention of a poison-based aversion after a 3-yr. period by 8 vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) was found. The color of the visual cue appeared to effect the retention of the aversion.", "contents": "Long-term retention of a visually cued poison-based aversion in monkeys. Retention of a poison-based aversion after a 3-yr. period by 8 vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) was found. The color of the visual cue appeared to effect the retention of the aversion.", "PMID": 119208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13692", "title": "[Studies on the function of the autonomous adenoma of the thyroid gland (author's transl)].", "content": "Although the clinical picture of autonomous adenoma of the thyroid gland has been well known for a long time, a series of connections has in some cases been unclarified, and in other cases contradictory so far. This applies in particular to the relationships between the scintigraphic image and the metabolic balance of the autonomous adenoma. In 98 patiets aged from 21 to 70 years old (80 women, 18 men) with autonomous adenoma unequivocally verified by suppression or stimulation test, it was therefore investigated whether such connections can be demonstrated. The following could be established: 1. In patients with an autonomous adenoma, there is an established connection between the scintigraphy image, the thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in the serum as well as the delta-TSH. In patients with scintigraphically compensated autonomous adenomas, the hormone levels are all in the euthyroid range. In patients with scintigraphically decompensated autonomous adenoma, the values of thyroid hormones are found in some cases in the euthyroid, and in other cases in the hyperthyroid range. 2. Scintigraphically decompensated autonomous adenomas always display a negative TRH test, whereas this may be negative and in other cases also postivie in scintigraphically compensated autonomous adenomas. The TRH test may be negative in compensated and in decompensated autonomous adenoma even in patients in whom the thyroid hormone values in the serum are in the euthyroid range. The TRH test thus does not permit evaluation of the current functional activity of the autonomous adenoma. It is furthermore unsuitable for delimitation of a compensated from a decompensated autonomous adenoma as well as for different diagnosis between a nodular goiter and a scintigraphically compensated autonomous adenoma. 3. There is a statistically established relation between the size of the autonomous adenoma, the age of the patient as well as the thyroid hormone values. Autonomous adenomas accordingly become larger with increasing age. The values of thyroid hormones increase and lead to corresponding alterations in the TRH test.", "contents": "[Studies on the function of the autonomous adenoma of the thyroid gland (author's transl)]. Although the clinical picture of autonomous adenoma of the thyroid gland has been well known for a long time, a series of connections has in some cases been unclarified, and in other cases contradictory so far. This applies in particular to the relationships between the scintigraphic image and the metabolic balance of the autonomous adenoma. In 98 patiets aged from 21 to 70 years old (80 women, 18 men) with autonomous adenoma unequivocally verified by suppression or stimulation test, it was therefore investigated whether such connections can be demonstrated. The following could be established: 1. In patients with an autonomous adenoma, there is an established connection between the scintigraphy image, the thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in the serum as well as the delta-TSH. In patients with scintigraphically compensated autonomous adenomas, the hormone levels are all in the euthyroid range. In patients with scintigraphically decompensated autonomous adenoma, the values of thyroid hormones are found in some cases in the euthyroid, and in other cases in the hyperthyroid range. 2. Scintigraphically decompensated autonomous adenomas always display a negative TRH test, whereas this may be negative and in other cases also postivie in scintigraphically compensated autonomous adenomas. The TRH test may be negative in compensated and in decompensated autonomous adenoma even in patients in whom the thyroid hormone values in the serum are in the euthyroid range. The TRH test thus does not permit evaluation of the current functional activity of the autonomous adenoma. It is furthermore unsuitable for delimitation of a compensated from a decompensated autonomous adenoma as well as for different diagnosis between a nodular goiter and a scintigraphically compensated autonomous adenoma. 3. There is a statistically established relation between the size of the autonomous adenoma, the age of the patient as well as the thyroid hormone values. Autonomous adenomas accordingly become larger with increasing age. The values of thyroid hormones increase and lead to corresponding alterations in the TRH test.", "PMID": 119209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13693", "title": "Biological effects of some N-substituted (meth)acrylamides.", "content": "This paper reports an investigation of the biological effects of monomers of N-substituted (meth)-acrylamides used in the preparation of polymers suitable for medical purposes. By combining tests carried out on cell cultures and on living animals, we found thpheral nervous system. Tests performed on cell cultures can be used as preliminary and supplementary ones in testing the toxicity of substances on living animals.", "contents": "Biological effects of some N-substituted (meth)acrylamides. This paper reports an investigation of the biological effects of monomers of N-substituted (meth)-acrylamides used in the preparation of polymers suitable for medical purposes. By combining tests carried out on cell cultures and on living animals, we found thpheral nervous system. Tests performed on cell cultures can be used as preliminary and supplementary ones in testing the toxicity of substances on living animals.", "PMID": 119218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13694", "title": "Biological tolerance of copolymers of N-substituted (meth)acrylamides in the test organism.", "content": "The mechanical properties of hydrolphilic crosslinked polymers of N-substituted (meth)acrylamides may be improved by copolymerization with N-tertbutylacrylamide [1] so that the mechanical properties of resulting copolymers satisfy requirements on polymers used in medicine. Tests of the biological tolerance of the above copolymers have shown that the latter are completely nontoxic with respect to cell cultures and do not cause any reaction or changes in the subcutaneous implantation into a living organism.", "contents": "Biological tolerance of copolymers of N-substituted (meth)acrylamides in the test organism. The mechanical properties of hydrolphilic crosslinked polymers of N-substituted (meth)acrylamides may be improved by copolymerization with N-tertbutylacrylamide [1] so that the mechanical properties of resulting copolymers satisfy requirements on polymers used in medicine. Tests of the biological tolerance of the above copolymers have shown that the latter are completely nontoxic with respect to cell cultures and do not cause any reaction or changes in the subcutaneous implantation into a living organism.", "PMID": 119219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13695", "title": "Uniform depth dose distribution for biological irradiation using negative pions.", "content": "A simple, flexible technique has been developed to generate uniform depth dose profiles for the biomedical pion beam at TRIUMF using dynamic momentum control and linear programming. Either the entrance dose or the irradiation time required for a certain dose over the uniform region can be minimised. The dynamic momentum control can operate automatically under computer control even with a highly unstable beam. Cell survival profiles have been obtained for this uniform dose distribution using the gelatin technique. The RBE increases with increasing depth through the uniform dose region.", "contents": "Uniform depth dose distribution for biological irradiation using negative pions. A simple, flexible technique has been developed to generate uniform depth dose profiles for the biomedical pion beam at TRIUMF using dynamic momentum control and linear programming. Either the entrance dose or the irradiation time required for a certain dose over the uniform region can be minimised. The dynamic momentum control can operate automatically under computer control even with a highly unstable beam. Cell survival profiles have been obtained for this uniform dose distribution using the gelatin technique. The RBE increases with increasing depth through the uniform dose region.", "PMID": 119235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13696", "title": "The adaptability coefficient (AC)--an ergometric test in evaluation of the general functional capacity.", "content": "The AC test, based on the relation between the heart rate (fh) and triangular submaximal exercise intensity, was applied for 4 years on over 2000 healthy persons, and patients with cardiac and respiratory disorders. In this work there are presented the results of a reference group, made up of 20 male healthy students. The fh increased on an average with 5.32 beats/min for every 10 W step. The recovery of fh was obtained in 201 +/- 82 s, and the hemirecovery time in 38.5 +/- 15 s. We found the AC using the formula: (see text). The average value of the AC was 131 +/- 26. Together with the AC test, the Vo2 max, was also estimated during submaximum exercise--Astrand test; the average value was 35 +/- 6 ml/kg.min, with a semnificative linear correlation. This pleads, together with other data, for the value of AC test in clinical ergometric investigation.", "contents": "The adaptability coefficient (AC)--an ergometric test in evaluation of the general functional capacity. The AC test, based on the relation between the heart rate (fh) and triangular submaximal exercise intensity, was applied for 4 years on over 2000 healthy persons, and patients with cardiac and respiratory disorders. In this work there are presented the results of a reference group, made up of 20 male healthy students. The fh increased on an average with 5.32 beats/min for every 10 W step. The recovery of fh was obtained in 201 +/- 82 s, and the hemirecovery time in 38.5 +/- 15 s. We found the AC using the formula: (see text). The average value of the AC was 131 +/- 26. Together with the AC test, the Vo2 max, was also estimated during submaximum exercise--Astrand test; the average value was 35 +/- 6 ml/kg.min, with a semnificative linear correlation. This pleads, together with other data, for the value of AC test in clinical ergometric investigation.", "PMID": 119239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13697", "title": "The discrepancy between the inhibitory activity induced on passive hemagglutination by the free and conjugated hapten. The significance of the phenomenon for the explanation of the drug allergy.", "content": "The capacity of the free and conjugated haptens to inhibit passive hemagglutination has been comparatively studied in five immunological systems, using hapten specific antisera prepared in rabbits and conjugates of the respective haptens with rabbit serum proteins. The results demonstrate that the affinity of the free hapten for the specific antibodies is 100 to 10,000 times lower than the affinity of the conjugated hapten. This finding constitutes an explanation for the occurrence of the allergic drug reactions under the circumstances where the concentrations of the free hapten are much higher than the concentrations of the hapten bound in in vivo formed conjugates. Using the passive hemagglutination inhibition test, the affinity of the various forms of a given hapten for the specific antibodies can be comparatively evaluated.", "contents": "The discrepancy between the inhibitory activity induced on passive hemagglutination by the free and conjugated hapten. The significance of the phenomenon for the explanation of the drug allergy. The capacity of the free and conjugated haptens to inhibit passive hemagglutination has been comparatively studied in five immunological systems, using hapten specific antisera prepared in rabbits and conjugates of the respective haptens with rabbit serum proteins. The results demonstrate that the affinity of the free hapten for the specific antibodies is 100 to 10,000 times lower than the affinity of the conjugated hapten. This finding constitutes an explanation for the occurrence of the allergic drug reactions under the circumstances where the concentrations of the free hapten are much higher than the concentrations of the hapten bound in in vivo formed conjugates. Using the passive hemagglutination inhibition test, the affinity of the various forms of a given hapten for the specific antibodies can be comparatively evaluated.", "PMID": 119240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13698", "title": "Oxidative mechanisms in the granulocyte activity.", "content": "The bactericidal and bacteriolytic activity of the granulocyte occurs with the participation of some species of high oxidative potential such as singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radical (.OH). These derive from the superoxide anion (O2-) produced by a pyridine nucleotide oxidising system, initiating phagocytosis.", "contents": "Oxidative mechanisms in the granulocyte activity. The bactericidal and bacteriolytic activity of the granulocyte occurs with the participation of some species of high oxidative potential such as singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radical (.OH). These derive from the superoxide anion (O2-) produced by a pyridine nucleotide oxidising system, initiating phagocytosis.", "PMID": 119241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13699", "title": "Enkephalin-induced myoclonic twitches blocked by ergometrine and potentiated by haloperidol.", "content": "Myoclonic twitches (MT) in the submandibular muscles induced by intraventricular administration of D-ala2-met-enkephalinamide (DALA) were studied electromyographically in the rat. Measurement of MT activity was selected since it permits parallel study of the effect of enkephalin on both dopaminergic and serotonergic transmitter systems. The twitches induced by enkephalin were blocked by naloxone, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, and ergometrine, but potentiated by haloperidol. Methysergide did not alter the stimulatory effect of DALA. These results were interpreted as a possibility for a specific enkephalin-induced activation of the so-called inhibition-mediating dopaminergic system, which is sensitive to the blocking action of ergometrine, but resistant to the blocking action of haloperidol.", "contents": "Enkephalin-induced myoclonic twitches blocked by ergometrine and potentiated by haloperidol. Myoclonic twitches (MT) in the submandibular muscles induced by intraventricular administration of D-ala2-met-enkephalinamide (DALA) were studied electromyographically in the rat. Measurement of MT activity was selected since it permits parallel study of the effect of enkephalin on both dopaminergic and serotonergic transmitter systems. The twitches induced by enkephalin were blocked by naloxone, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, and ergometrine, but potentiated by haloperidol. Methysergide did not alter the stimulatory effect of DALA. These results were interpreted as a possibility for a specific enkephalin-induced activation of the so-called inhibition-mediating dopaminergic system, which is sensitive to the blocking action of ergometrine, but resistant to the blocking action of haloperidol.", "PMID": 119252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13700", "title": "Memory facilitation by post-training injection of ethanol.", "content": "Immediate post-training IP injection of ethanol (0.75--4.5 g/kg) significantly enhanced retention of a one-trial passive avoidance task in mice compared to saline controls. Ethanol (4.5 g/kg) in the absence of footshock did not affect test performance. The memory facilitation may reflect ethanol's effects on neurotransmitter, macromolecular, or hormonal systems, or a reduction in interference.", "contents": "Memory facilitation by post-training injection of ethanol. Immediate post-training IP injection of ethanol (0.75--4.5 g/kg) significantly enhanced retention of a one-trial passive avoidance task in mice compared to saline controls. Ethanol (4.5 g/kg) in the absence of footshock did not affect test performance. The memory facilitation may reflect ethanol's effects on neurotransmitter, macromolecular, or hormonal systems, or a reduction in interference.", "PMID": 119253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13701", "title": "Altered pilocarpine- or chlorpromazine-induced catalepsy after long-term treatment with cholinergic drugs.", "content": "Long-term administration of the cholinergic drug pilocarpine attenuates the catalepsy induced by an acute injection of pilocarpine or the deopamine antagonist chlorpromazine. Similar results (i.e., tolerance to pilocarpine and cross-tolerance to chlorpromazine) were noted in mice chronically treated with the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine but not in mice chronically treated with neostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor which does not penetrate the central nervous system. Mice maintained on the anticholinergic scopolamine showed the opposite effect; there was an increase in the sensitivity to the catalepsy induced by pilocarpine or chlorpromazine. The results suggest that long-term changes in cholinergic receptors may indirectly alter the behavioral effects of drugs which act via dopamine.", "contents": "Altered pilocarpine- or chlorpromazine-induced catalepsy after long-term treatment with cholinergic drugs. Long-term administration of the cholinergic drug pilocarpine attenuates the catalepsy induced by an acute injection of pilocarpine or the deopamine antagonist chlorpromazine. Similar results (i.e., tolerance to pilocarpine and cross-tolerance to chlorpromazine) were noted in mice chronically treated with the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine but not in mice chronically treated with neostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor which does not penetrate the central nervous system. Mice maintained on the anticholinergic scopolamine showed the opposite effect; there was an increase in the sensitivity to the catalepsy induced by pilocarpine or chlorpromazine. The results suggest that long-term changes in cholinergic receptors may indirectly alter the behavioral effects of drugs which act via dopamine.", "PMID": 119254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13702", "title": "Effects of ethyl alcohol on behaviour in nursing female mice.", "content": "Effects of administering 10% ethyl alcohol as drinking fluid to mice during pregnancy and lactation have been examined by ethological analysis of behaviour of nursing females in their home cages at 1 day, 5--7 days, and 12--14 days postpartum. The treatment with alcohol did not affect gestation period or litter size, and fluid intake of treated mice remained similar to that of controls, the average intake of alcohol amounting to 29 mg/g body weight during lactation. Increase in frequency of exploration at 1 day postpartum was the only significant behavioural effect of alcohol on the nursing female mice. Duration of Non-Social Behaviour was unaltered, and no effects of the treatment on Maternal Behaviour or on Social and Sexual Investigation of male partners could be demonstrated. Behaviour of nursing females changed with increase in age of their pups. This occurred to a similar extent in treated and control animals. Maternal and Non-Social Behaviours declined in frequency as the pups became older although the time spent in these behaviours remained fairly constant. Social Investigation of the male partner declined both in frequency and duration while females were nursing their pups.", "contents": "Effects of ethyl alcohol on behaviour in nursing female mice. Effects of administering 10% ethyl alcohol as drinking fluid to mice during pregnancy and lactation have been examined by ethological analysis of behaviour of nursing females in their home cages at 1 day, 5--7 days, and 12--14 days postpartum. The treatment with alcohol did not affect gestation period or litter size, and fluid intake of treated mice remained similar to that of controls, the average intake of alcohol amounting to 29 mg/g body weight during lactation. Increase in frequency of exploration at 1 day postpartum was the only significant behavioural effect of alcohol on the nursing female mice. Duration of Non-Social Behaviour was unaltered, and no effects of the treatment on Maternal Behaviour or on Social and Sexual Investigation of male partners could be demonstrated. Behaviour of nursing females changed with increase in age of their pups. This occurred to a similar extent in treated and control animals. Maternal and Non-Social Behaviours declined in frequency as the pups became older although the time spent in these behaviours remained fairly constant. Social Investigation of the male partner declined both in frequency and duration while females were nursing their pups.", "PMID": 119256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13703", "title": "Development of behavioral tolerance: a search for subcellular mechanisms.", "content": "Development of behavioral tolerance is one of the processes by which living organisms adjust to changes in their internal and external environments. The search for neurochemical mechanisms underlying such processes requires the testing of many hypotheses. The present study was designed to examine the possible involvement of certain subcellular events. The concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch), the high-affinity transport of Ch, and the rate of synthesis of ACh were measured in synaptosomes prepared from the brains of rats. The assays were made at critical times during the acute changes in behavior induced by administration of the anticholinesterase, di-isopropylfluorophosphate, and during the development of behavioral tolerance to this compound as chronicity of administration continued. No statistically significant differences were found among treatment groups in the total concentration of ACh or Ch, the synthesis of ACh, or the high-affinity transport of Ch. These results, plus evidence from previous experiments, indicate that the development of behavioral tolerance does not relate to the factors studied. Consequently, alternative mechanisms should be considered. In addition to changes in cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors already shown to occur concomitantly with the development of behavioral tolerance, it is suggested that the possible involvement of mechanisms controlling release of ACh should be studied.", "contents": "Development of behavioral tolerance: a search for subcellular mechanisms. Development of behavioral tolerance is one of the processes by which living organisms adjust to changes in their internal and external environments. The search for neurochemical mechanisms underlying such processes requires the testing of many hypotheses. The present study was designed to examine the possible involvement of certain subcellular events. The concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch), the high-affinity transport of Ch, and the rate of synthesis of ACh were measured in synaptosomes prepared from the brains of rats. The assays were made at critical times during the acute changes in behavior induced by administration of the anticholinesterase, di-isopropylfluorophosphate, and during the development of behavioral tolerance to this compound as chronicity of administration continued. No statistically significant differences were found among treatment groups in the total concentration of ACh or Ch, the synthesis of ACh, or the high-affinity transport of Ch. These results, plus evidence from previous experiments, indicate that the development of behavioral tolerance does not relate to the factors studied. Consequently, alternative mechanisms should be considered. In addition to changes in cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors already shown to occur concomitantly with the development of behavioral tolerance, it is suggested that the possible involvement of mechanisms controlling release of ACh should be studied.", "PMID": 119257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13704", "title": "Effect of anorexic drugs on food intake and the micro-structure of eating in human subjects.", "content": "Human volunteer subjects of normal weight received oral doses of (+)amphetamine (10 mg) or (+/-)fenfluramine (30 mg and 60 mg) together with a placebo control according to a within-subjects design. The effects of these treatments were monitored by measuring food intake in a test meal, subjective ratings of hunger motivation and the micro-structure of eating behaviour abstracted from videotaped recordings of the test meal. Various measures of the rate of feeding were computed from these recordings. Amphetamine and fenfluramine (60 mg) showed generally similar effects on food intake and on the subjective experience of hunger, but displayed differing actions on the fine structure of eating. Amphetamine increased latency to initiation of eating and increased the rate of food ingestion, whilst fenfluramine slowed the local rate of eating and eliminated the characteristic decline in the rate of feeding across the course of a meal. These findings display certain resemblance to the results of animal experiments involving similar pharmacological manipulations and emphasise the importance of measuring rate of feeding in animal and human studies. The results of this study suggest that the micro-analysis of feeding behaviour not only provides a tool for understanding systems involved in the modulation of food consumption but also reveals information which may be helpful for the use of drugs in the treatment of obesity.", "contents": "Effect of anorexic drugs on food intake and the micro-structure of eating in human subjects. Human volunteer subjects of normal weight received oral doses of (+)amphetamine (10 mg) or (+/-)fenfluramine (30 mg and 60 mg) together with a placebo control according to a within-subjects design. The effects of these treatments were monitored by measuring food intake in a test meal, subjective ratings of hunger motivation and the micro-structure of eating behaviour abstracted from videotaped recordings of the test meal. Various measures of the rate of feeding were computed from these recordings. Amphetamine and fenfluramine (60 mg) showed generally similar effects on food intake and on the subjective experience of hunger, but displayed differing actions on the fine structure of eating. Amphetamine increased latency to initiation of eating and increased the rate of food ingestion, whilst fenfluramine slowed the local rate of eating and eliminated the characteristic decline in the rate of feeding across the course of a meal. These findings display certain resemblance to the results of animal experiments involving similar pharmacological manipulations and emphasise the importance of measuring rate of feeding in animal and human studies. The results of this study suggest that the micro-analysis of feeding behaviour not only provides a tool for understanding systems involved in the modulation of food consumption but also reveals information which may be helpful for the use of drugs in the treatment of obesity.", "PMID": 119258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13705", "title": "The dorsal noradrenergic bundle and varieties of passive avoidance.", "content": "Neither acquisition learning nor 24-h retention was significantly altered by 6-hydroxydopamine intracerebral injections which depleted forebrain noradrenaline (NA) to less than 5% of control values. The absence of passive avoidance impairment cannot be ascribed to functional recovery following the lesion (indicated by testing 24 h post-operation) and by using the F-344 strain of rat which does not show denervation supersensitivity as measured by NA-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Nonassociative freezing to electric footshock, changed by the injections, resulted in slower acquisition at a footshock level 4 mA, but not at 1 mA.", "contents": "The dorsal noradrenergic bundle and varieties of passive avoidance. Neither acquisition learning nor 24-h retention was significantly altered by 6-hydroxydopamine intracerebral injections which depleted forebrain noradrenaline (NA) to less than 5% of control values. The absence of passive avoidance impairment cannot be ascribed to functional recovery following the lesion (indicated by testing 24 h post-operation) and by using the F-344 strain of rat which does not show denervation supersensitivity as measured by NA-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Nonassociative freezing to electric footshock, changed by the injections, resulted in slower acquisition at a footshock level 4 mA, but not at 1 mA.", "PMID": 119260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13706", "title": "Strain differences in amphetamine sensitivity in mice. I. A diallel analysis of open field activity.", "content": "Experiments are reported which show that 1 mg/kg of d-methylamphetamine HCl induced hyperactivity in pigmented strains (C57BR, C57BL/6, and SEC) and hypoactivity or no change in albino strains (BALB/c, A, and AKR) of mice. In F1 hybrids, the B6 genotype was partially dominant over BR and C, and BR over C. In animals back-crossed to C parents widespread distributions with two peaks were obtained in control experiments, and amphetamine induced hyperactivity in 38% of the albino population, and hypoactivity or no significant change in 45% of the pigmented one. This genetic study indicates that genes influencing locomotor activity are independent from those influencing amphetamine sensitivity. From results obtained in back-crosses and C57BL/6-c2J mice, the albino gene does not seem to be involved in the hypoactive effect of amphetamine.", "contents": "Strain differences in amphetamine sensitivity in mice. I. A diallel analysis of open field activity. Experiments are reported which show that 1 mg/kg of d-methylamphetamine HCl induced hyperactivity in pigmented strains (C57BR, C57BL/6, and SEC) and hypoactivity or no change in albino strains (BALB/c, A, and AKR) of mice. In F1 hybrids, the B6 genotype was partially dominant over BR and C, and BR over C. In animals back-crossed to C parents widespread distributions with two peaks were obtained in control experiments, and amphetamine induced hyperactivity in 38% of the albino population, and hypoactivity or no significant change in 45% of the pigmented one. This genetic study indicates that genes influencing locomotor activity are independent from those influencing amphetamine sensitivity. From results obtained in back-crosses and C57BL/6-c2J mice, the albino gene does not seem to be involved in the hypoactive effect of amphetamine.", "PMID": 119262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13707", "title": "Disruption of taste aversion learning by pentylenetetrazol.", "content": "Rats were taught an aversion to a sucrose taste cue (CS) by pairing it with lithium chloride-induced toxicosis (UCS). The CS-UCS interval was 30 min. Animals were injected with pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (50 mg/kg at 0, 15, 25, 28 or 30 min after the CS in an attempt to disrupt taste aversion learning. Only animals given PTZ 30 min after the CS (simultaneously with the UCS) showed a significant learning deficit. However, learning deficits were also observed in individual animals in groups given PTZ at 15, 25 and 28 min. As lithium salts may produce seizures and abnormal electroencephalographic activity, it is suggested that the neurophysiological consequences of PTZ administration may interact with those of LiCl, causing a greater amnesic effect than PTZ by itself. The resulting interference with the memory trace is probably affecting either the neural engram underlying the CS or the associative bond between the CS and UCS. Evidence was also found that PTZ could act as a UCS with which to establish a mild taste aversion.", "contents": "Disruption of taste aversion learning by pentylenetetrazol. Rats were taught an aversion to a sucrose taste cue (CS) by pairing it with lithium chloride-induced toxicosis (UCS). The CS-UCS interval was 30 min. Animals were injected with pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (50 mg/kg at 0, 15, 25, 28 or 30 min after the CS in an attempt to disrupt taste aversion learning. Only animals given PTZ 30 min after the CS (simultaneously with the UCS) showed a significant learning deficit. However, learning deficits were also observed in individual animals in groups given PTZ at 15, 25 and 28 min. As lithium salts may produce seizures and abnormal electroencephalographic activity, it is suggested that the neurophysiological consequences of PTZ administration may interact with those of LiCl, causing a greater amnesic effect than PTZ by itself. The resulting interference with the memory trace is probably affecting either the neural engram underlying the CS or the associative bond between the CS and UCS. Evidence was also found that PTZ could act as a UCS with which to establish a mild taste aversion.", "PMID": 119263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13708", "title": "The effect of naloxone on audiogenic seizures.", "content": "The severity of audiogenic seizures was increased in two strains of mice 5--10 min after naloxone (2 or 4 mg/kg IP). This may indicate involvement of an endorphin or enkephalin in the modulation of reactivity.", "contents": "The effect of naloxone on audiogenic seizures. The severity of audiogenic seizures was increased in two strains of mice 5--10 min after naloxone (2 or 4 mg/kg IP). This may indicate involvement of an endorphin or enkephalin in the modulation of reactivity.", "PMID": 119265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13709", "title": "Desmethylimipramine (DMI) counteracts learned helplessness in rats.", "content": "In a study of the mechanisms controlling the learned helplessness phenomenon, rats were exposed to either inescapable preshocks or control procedures, treated with one of three dosages of desmethylimipramine, and tested for later adaptive responding. This catecholamine modulator attenuated the deficits in escape responding that ordinarily follow prior exposure to inescapable preshocks, and it did so in a dose-dependent fashion. These findings support the position that the learned helplessness phenomenon is mediated by catecholamine changes.", "contents": "Desmethylimipramine (DMI) counteracts learned helplessness in rats. In a study of the mechanisms controlling the learned helplessness phenomenon, rats were exposed to either inescapable preshocks or control procedures, treated with one of three dosages of desmethylimipramine, and tested for later adaptive responding. This catecholamine modulator attenuated the deficits in escape responding that ordinarily follow prior exposure to inescapable preshocks, and it did so in a dose-dependent fashion. These findings support the position that the learned helplessness phenomenon is mediated by catecholamine changes.", "PMID": 119266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13710", "title": "Effects of dopamine receptor blockade on alimentary behaviors: home cage food consumption, magazine training, operant acquisition, and performance.", "content": "Administration of the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide (1.0 mg/kg) disrupted the initiation, but not the maintenance, of home cage food consumption. Likewise, the number of pellets consumed during magazine training was decreased among pimozide-treated rats during the first, but not the second day of training. The acquisition of a bar-press response for food reinforcement (using a retractable bar) was severely retarded by pimozide. However, such an impairment was not evident if animals initially received 2 training days in the absence of the drug. Further, among rats trained to bar press to asymptote using a nonretractable bar, pimozide reduced the within and between days bar-press rate such that performance was indistinguishable from that of animals placed on extinction in the absence of the drug treatment. When transferred from the pimozide treatment to extinction in the absence of drug, the response rate increased to the level observed during the first session of either extinction or pimozide in the continuous reinforcement condition. The results are discussed in terms of sensory-motor and reinforcement consequences of dopamine receptor blockade.", "contents": "Effects of dopamine receptor blockade on alimentary behaviors: home cage food consumption, magazine training, operant acquisition, and performance. Administration of the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide (1.0 mg/kg) disrupted the initiation, but not the maintenance, of home cage food consumption. Likewise, the number of pellets consumed during magazine training was decreased among pimozide-treated rats during the first, but not the second day of training. The acquisition of a bar-press response for food reinforcement (using a retractable bar) was severely retarded by pimozide. However, such an impairment was not evident if animals initially received 2 training days in the absence of the drug. Further, among rats trained to bar press to asymptote using a nonretractable bar, pimozide reduced the within and between days bar-press rate such that performance was indistinguishable from that of animals placed on extinction in the absence of the drug treatment. When transferred from the pimozide treatment to extinction in the absence of drug, the response rate increased to the level observed during the first session of either extinction or pimozide in the continuous reinforcement condition. The results are discussed in terms of sensory-motor and reinforcement consequences of dopamine receptor blockade.", "PMID": 119268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13711", "title": "Differential effects of chlordiazepoxide on comparable rates of responding maintained by food and shock avoidance.", "content": "Comparable rates and patterns of lever-pressing by rats were obtained under a multiple variable interval schedule of food reinforcement and continuous shock avoidance. Chlordiazepoxide (1.0--17.0 mg/kg) produced increases in food maintained responding at doses that decreased avoidance responding. Removing food, shock, or both in separate individual probe sessions did not produce differential effects. Under certain circumstances, the effects of chlordiazepoxide appear to be best predicted by knowledge of maintaining conditions.", "contents": "Differential effects of chlordiazepoxide on comparable rates of responding maintained by food and shock avoidance. Comparable rates and patterns of lever-pressing by rats were obtained under a multiple variable interval schedule of food reinforcement and continuous shock avoidance. Chlordiazepoxide (1.0--17.0 mg/kg) produced increases in food maintained responding at doses that decreased avoidance responding. Removing food, shock, or both in separate individual probe sessions did not produce differential effects. Under certain circumstances, the effects of chlordiazepoxide appear to be best predicted by knowledge of maintaining conditions.", "PMID": 119269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13712", "title": "Treatment of Schizophrenia with ergot derivatives.", "content": "Seven neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients received bromocriptine and eight schizophrenic patients received CF 25-397, both ergot derivatives with dopamine agonist activity. Psychosis failed to improve in response to either drug at the relatively low doses administered. Unlike the antipsychotic property of apomorphine at low dose levels, neither of these ergot drugs improved schizophrenic symptomatology.", "contents": "Treatment of Schizophrenia with ergot derivatives. Seven neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients received bromocriptine and eight schizophrenic patients received CF 25-397, both ergot derivatives with dopamine agonist activity. Psychosis failed to improve in response to either drug at the relatively low doses administered. Unlike the antipsychotic property of apomorphine at low dose levels, neither of these ergot drugs improved schizophrenic symptomatology.", "PMID": 119270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13713", "title": "Metrazol-produced impairment of passive avoidance retention specifically antagonized by anti-petit mal drugs.", "content": "In a single session, naive female 250-g Wistar rats were trained to remain for 3 min on a platform located above an electrifiable grid. During training, animals were shocked (4 mA) after they stepped down. Retention of the step-down avoidance was tested 24 h later in rats treated SC 30 min before the session with saline or a subconvulsive dose of metrazol (40 mg/kg). During the retention test no shock was delivered. The latency to step down and the time on the grid were recorded. The metrazol rats significantly failed to retain the avoidance task. Groups of six rats per dose were trained and 24 h later pretreated, 5 min before metrazol, with an IP injection of the following antiepileptics (dose range in mg/kg): Ethosuximide (20--320); trimethadione (20--320); clonazepam (0.04--0.63); sodium valproate (20--320); carbamazepine (1.25--20); phenobarbital (5--80); or diphenylhydantoin (5--80); or high dose of haloperidol (0.16) and amphetamine (0.63). Only ethosuximide, trimethadione, and clonazepam significantly increased the latency to step down and significantly shortened the time on the grid. Sodium valproate only shortened the time spent on the grid. The results suggest that only anti-petit mal drugs antagonize the retention impairment of passive avoidance produced by metrazol.", "contents": "Metrazol-produced impairment of passive avoidance retention specifically antagonized by anti-petit mal drugs. In a single session, naive female 250-g Wistar rats were trained to remain for 3 min on a platform located above an electrifiable grid. During training, animals were shocked (4 mA) after they stepped down. Retention of the step-down avoidance was tested 24 h later in rats treated SC 30 min before the session with saline or a subconvulsive dose of metrazol (40 mg/kg). During the retention test no shock was delivered. The latency to step down and the time on the grid were recorded. The metrazol rats significantly failed to retain the avoidance task. Groups of six rats per dose were trained and 24 h later pretreated, 5 min before metrazol, with an IP injection of the following antiepileptics (dose range in mg/kg): Ethosuximide (20--320); trimethadione (20--320); clonazepam (0.04--0.63); sodium valproate (20--320); carbamazepine (1.25--20); phenobarbital (5--80); or diphenylhydantoin (5--80); or high dose of haloperidol (0.16) and amphetamine (0.63). Only ethosuximide, trimethadione, and clonazepam significantly increased the latency to step down and significantly shortened the time on the grid. Sodium valproate only shortened the time spent on the grid. The results suggest that only anti-petit mal drugs antagonize the retention impairment of passive avoidance produced by metrazol.", "PMID": 119271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13714", "title": "Discriminative stimulus properties of intravenous morphine in the rat.", "content": "Using a single-lever operant task, rats were trained to discriminate between the effects of 1 mg/kg morphine and saline administered intravenously 15 min prior to sessions. Tests of stimulus control indicated that responding appropriate to the morphine training treatment was present at 5 min and persisted for at least 60 min following intravenous administration. Morphine administered intraperitoneally 15 min prior to sessions resulted in dose-related responding with 6 mg/kg producing stimulus control not significantly different from the intravenous training treatment. These results suggest that the discriminative stimulus properties of morphine in the rat are qualitatively similar following intraperitoneal and intravenous administration.", "contents": "Discriminative stimulus properties of intravenous morphine in the rat. Using a single-lever operant task, rats were trained to discriminate between the effects of 1 mg/kg morphine and saline administered intravenously 15 min prior to sessions. Tests of stimulus control indicated that responding appropriate to the morphine training treatment was present at 5 min and persisted for at least 60 min following intravenous administration. Morphine administered intraperitoneally 15 min prior to sessions resulted in dose-related responding with 6 mg/kg producing stimulus control not significantly different from the intravenous training treatment. These results suggest that the discriminative stimulus properties of morphine in the rat are qualitatively similar following intraperitoneal and intravenous administration.", "PMID": 119273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13715", "title": "Severe aggression in rats induced by mescaline but not other hallucinogens.", "content": "Pairs of male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DMPEA), or 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA) IP prior to being placed in a shock-elicited aggression situation. When foot shock was delivered, controls struck each other with their forepaws, but never engaged in either biting or injurious fighting. Mescaline-treated rats (50 or 250 mg) rarely struck each other, but engaged in nearly lethal biting. While LSD (25--400 micrograms/kg), psilocin (2.0 mg/kg), and DMT (5 mg/kg) produced some biting, this did not significantly differ from controls and never resulted in injuries. At higher doses, psilocin, DMT, and DMPEA decreased the amount and intensity of fighting. Rats treated with 5-OHDA (8--200 mg/kg) or LSD (25--400 micrograms/kg) did not differ from controls. These results suggest that mescaline's ability to induce pathological aggression in rats exposed to foot shock is not shared by other hallucinogens or nonhallucinogenic mescaline analogues.", "contents": "Severe aggression in rats induced by mescaline but not other hallucinogens. Pairs of male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DMPEA), or 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA) IP prior to being placed in a shock-elicited aggression situation. When foot shock was delivered, controls struck each other with their forepaws, but never engaged in either biting or injurious fighting. Mescaline-treated rats (50 or 250 mg) rarely struck each other, but engaged in nearly lethal biting. While LSD (25--400 micrograms/kg), psilocin (2.0 mg/kg), and DMT (5 mg/kg) produced some biting, this did not significantly differ from controls and never resulted in injuries. At higher doses, psilocin, DMT, and DMPEA decreased the amount and intensity of fighting. Rats treated with 5-OHDA (8--200 mg/kg) or LSD (25--400 micrograms/kg) did not differ from controls. These results suggest that mescaline's ability to induce pathological aggression in rats exposed to foot shock is not shared by other hallucinogens or nonhallucinogenic mescaline analogues.", "PMID": 119274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13716", "title": "An open field study of stereotyped locomotor activity in amphetamine-treated rats.", "content": "It is said that amphetamine induces stereotypy and locomotion in rats; however, the present paper shows amphetamine-induced stereotyped locomotion by analyzing the route of locomotion in an open field. Details of the analysis are given, normal as well as stereotypic features are discerned, and the results are discussed in relation to contemporary views on locomotion and exploration and on the mechanisms of amphetamine effect.", "contents": "An open field study of stereotyped locomotor activity in amphetamine-treated rats. It is said that amphetamine induces stereotypy and locomotion in rats; however, the present paper shows amphetamine-induced stereotyped locomotion by analyzing the route of locomotion in an open field. Details of the analysis are given, normal as well as stereotypic features are discerned, and the results are discussed in relation to contemporary views on locomotion and exploration and on the mechanisms of amphetamine effect.", "PMID": 119275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13717", "title": "The effect of propranolol phentolamine and pimozide on drug-induced anorexia in the mouse.", "content": "Pimozide was a potent antagonist of (+)amphetamine, diethylpropion, mazindol and phentermine anorexia in the mouse. Phentolamine and propranolol produced no such antagonism, but either potentiated or had no effect on the drug-induced anorexia. Although the mechanism of action of the four anorectic agents appears to involve dopamine receptor agonist activity, an antagonist or partial agonist effect at noradrenergic receptors may also be involved.", "contents": "The effect of propranolol phentolamine and pimozide on drug-induced anorexia in the mouse. Pimozide was a potent antagonist of (+)amphetamine, diethylpropion, mazindol and phentermine anorexia in the mouse. Phentolamine and propranolol produced no such antagonism, but either potentiated or had no effect on the drug-induced anorexia. Although the mechanism of action of the four anorectic agents appears to involve dopamine receptor agonist activity, an antagonist or partial agonist effect at noradrenergic receptors may also be involved.", "PMID": 119276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13718", "title": "Differential tolerance to dietary amino acid-induced changes in aggressive behavior and locomotor activity in mice.", "content": "Male albino mice were maintained on a semisynthetic 12% casein protein diet for 2 weeks, then switched to diets modified by the addition of a 4% L-amino acid supplement (L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, and L-tryptophan) or 4% casein (control). Territorial=induced aggressive behavior increased following 1 week on the amino acid supplements, especially after tyrosine, but an apparent tolerance developed to these effects after 5 weeks on the amino acid supplements. Locomotor activity also increased following 1 week on the supplements, most notably after phenylalanine alone or in combination with tyrosine, and these effects tended to persist after 5 weeks on the supplements. Endogenous whole brain levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan showed no tolerance to increased concentrations of brain catecholamines and indoleamines over the 5-week period, and no clear relation between the concentrations of these monoamines and the behavioral changes.", "contents": "Differential tolerance to dietary amino acid-induced changes in aggressive behavior and locomotor activity in mice. Male albino mice were maintained on a semisynthetic 12% casein protein diet for 2 weeks, then switched to diets modified by the addition of a 4% L-amino acid supplement (L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, and L-tryptophan) or 4% casein (control). Territorial=induced aggressive behavior increased following 1 week on the amino acid supplements, especially after tyrosine, but an apparent tolerance developed to these effects after 5 weeks on the amino acid supplements. Locomotor activity also increased following 1 week on the supplements, most notably after phenylalanine alone or in combination with tyrosine, and these effects tended to persist after 5 weeks on the supplements. Endogenous whole brain levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan showed no tolerance to increased concentrations of brain catecholamines and indoleamines over the 5-week period, and no clear relation between the concentrations of these monoamines and the behavioral changes.", "PMID": 119277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13719", "title": "Biosynthesis of prostaglandin (PGI2) and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) by pericardium, pleura, peritoneum and aorta of the rabbit.", "content": "Prostacyclin generation by pericardium, pleura, peritoneum, aorta and dura mater of the rabbit was assessed as platelet aggregation inhibitory activity in platelet rich plasma. All tissues except the dura mater, were also incubated with labelled (1-14C) arachidonic acid and (1-14C) prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 and the various metabolites formed were identified radiochromatographically. Pericardium, pleura and peritoneum form substantially high amounts of prostacyclin and HETE indicating that these tissues contain both cyclo-oxygenase and prostacyclin-synthetase. They also show considerable lipoxygenase activity.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of prostaglandin (PGI2) and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) by pericardium, pleura, peritoneum and aorta of the rabbit. Prostacyclin generation by pericardium, pleura, peritoneum, aorta and dura mater of the rabbit was assessed as platelet aggregation inhibitory activity in platelet rich plasma. All tissues except the dura mater, were also incubated with labelled (1-14C) arachidonic acid and (1-14C) prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 and the various metabolites formed were identified radiochromatographically. Pericardium, pleura and peritoneum form substantially high amounts of prostacyclin and HETE indicating that these tissues contain both cyclo-oxygenase and prostacyclin-synthetase. They also show considerable lipoxygenase activity.", "PMID": 119280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13720", "title": "[8-Quinolinol-5-sulfonic acid-loaded resin as a preconcentrating agent in the neutron activation analysis of the chalcophile elements (author's transl)].", "content": "A chelating agent-loaded resin consisting of 8-quinolinol-5-sulfonic acid and an anion-exchange resin (HOx-resin) was prepared in order to concentrate trace chalcophile elements in natural water samples selectively before neutron activation analysis. The exchange capacity of the Diaion SA No. 100 for the reagent (1.8 meq . g-1 resin) corresponds approximately to that for chloride ion (1.83 meq . g-1 resin), indicating that 8-quinolinol-5-sulfonic acid is adsorbed quantitatively on the exchange site of the resin through the sulfonate anion in the reagent. The basic conditions for the adsorption of the metal ions on the resin were investigated by employing the column method. The nitrate concentration and the pH of the sample solution affect the adsorption behavior of metal ions. Several solutions containing metal ions with varying pH or varying nitrate concentration were applied to the resin column (35 mm x 7 mm phi) with a flow rate of 2.0 cm3 . min-1. As a result, the optimum conditions for the quantitative adsorption of copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II) and manganese(II) were as follows: NO3- less than 0.01 mol . dm-3 pH greater than 4.6. Furthermore, the feasibility of the above conditions as well as quantitative adsorption of the chalcophile elements was confirmed through the neutron activation analysis of the synthesized metal solutions.", "contents": "[8-Quinolinol-5-sulfonic acid-loaded resin as a preconcentrating agent in the neutron activation analysis of the chalcophile elements (author's transl)]. A chelating agent-loaded resin consisting of 8-quinolinol-5-sulfonic acid and an anion-exchange resin (HOx-resin) was prepared in order to concentrate trace chalcophile elements in natural water samples selectively before neutron activation analysis. The exchange capacity of the Diaion SA No. 100 for the reagent (1.8 meq . g-1 resin) corresponds approximately to that for chloride ion (1.83 meq . g-1 resin), indicating that 8-quinolinol-5-sulfonic acid is adsorbed quantitatively on the exchange site of the resin through the sulfonate anion in the reagent. The basic conditions for the adsorption of the metal ions on the resin were investigated by employing the column method. The nitrate concentration and the pH of the sample solution affect the adsorption behavior of metal ions. Several solutions containing metal ions with varying pH or varying nitrate concentration were applied to the resin column (35 mm x 7 mm phi) with a flow rate of 2.0 cm3 . min-1. As a result, the optimum conditions for the quantitative adsorption of copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II) and manganese(II) were as follows: NO3- less than 0.01 mol . dm-3 pH greater than 4.6. Furthermore, the feasibility of the above conditions as well as quantitative adsorption of the chalcophile elements was confirmed through the neutron activation analysis of the synthesized metal solutions.", "PMID": 119281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13721", "title": "[Influence of EDTA on growth and reproduction of Biomphalaria glabrata (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of EDTA on B. glabrata has been investigated. Newly hatched snails were exposed to concentrations of EDTA from 1 to 64 ppm, and young (diameter of 6 mm) snails to concentrations of 50, 80 and 100 ppm, for periods of 90 days. Fifty percent reduction of egg productivity has been caused by concentration of 16 ppm of EDTA while 50% of mortality has occurred at about 70 ppm. The calcium and iron content both in treated and non-treated young snails have been estimated by atomic absorption photometry. The uptake of calcium was 40, 83 and 90% less for calcium and 37, 77 and 81% less for iron as compared with the untreated group. The calcium content of the shell was 5--15 times greater than that of the soft body, while the iron content of those two parts was in the proportion of 1:1. These proportions were maintained constant in the treated and non-treated groups. The interference of increasing concentrations of EDTA has resulted in the proportional reduction of growth-rate, reproduction rate and of longevity of the exposed snails.", "contents": "[Influence of EDTA on growth and reproduction of Biomphalaria glabrata (author's transl)]. The influence of EDTA on B. glabrata has been investigated. Newly hatched snails were exposed to concentrations of EDTA from 1 to 64 ppm, and young (diameter of 6 mm) snails to concentrations of 50, 80 and 100 ppm, for periods of 90 days. Fifty percent reduction of egg productivity has been caused by concentration of 16 ppm of EDTA while 50% of mortality has occurred at about 70 ppm. The calcium and iron content both in treated and non-treated young snails have been estimated by atomic absorption photometry. The uptake of calcium was 40, 83 and 90% less for calcium and 37, 77 and 81% less for iron as compared with the untreated group. The calcium content of the shell was 5--15 times greater than that of the soft body, while the iron content of those two parts was in the proportion of 1:1. These proportions were maintained constant in the treated and non-treated groups. The interference of increasing concentrations of EDTA has resulted in the proportional reduction of growth-rate, reproduction rate and of longevity of the exposed snails.", "PMID": 119284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13722", "title": "[Information on a wild rodent and marsupial collection from a \"cerrado\" region of Central Brazil (author's transl)].", "content": "A list of wild rodents and marsupials from \"cerrado\" region captured in six conties of Goi\u00e1s, Mato Grosso State and Federal District of Brasil, is presented. This list includes twenty-four rodent species and four marsupials species.", "contents": "[Information on a wild rodent and marsupial collection from a \"cerrado\" region of Central Brazil (author's transl)]. A list of wild rodents and marsupials from \"cerrado\" region captured in six conties of Goi\u00e1s, Mato Grosso State and Federal District of Brasil, is presented. This list includes twenty-four rodent species and four marsupials species.", "PMID": 119285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13723", "title": "[Influence of the sterilization technic and culture media components on the growth and dissociation of Brucella abortus strain 19 in submerged cultures].", "content": "Submerged cultures of Brucella abortus strain 19 were studied in shaking flasks. The influence of the sterilization methods and the medium composition on the bacterial yield and cellular dissociation were studied. The selected medium was as follows (amounts in g/l): casein pancreatic hydrolizated 30; yeast extract 10; glucose, 30; sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous 3,3; sodium monobasic monohydrate 9. Cell concentration of 8 . 10(10) viable cell/ml was obtained after 48 hours when the medium components were separated and sterilized at 121 degrees C for 20 min in autoclave.", "contents": "[Influence of the sterilization technic and culture media components on the growth and dissociation of Brucella abortus strain 19 in submerged cultures]. Submerged cultures of Brucella abortus strain 19 were studied in shaking flasks. The influence of the sterilization methods and the medium composition on the bacterial yield and cellular dissociation were studied. The selected medium was as follows (amounts in g/l): casein pancreatic hydrolizated 30; yeast extract 10; glucose, 30; sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous 3,3; sodium monobasic monohydrate 9. Cell concentration of 8 . 10(10) viable cell/ml was obtained after 48 hours when the medium components were separated and sterilized at 121 degrees C for 20 min in autoclave.", "PMID": 119282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13724", "title": "[Significance of epileptic seizures occurring during the first week of traumatic coma (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinically evident epileptic seizures were observed in 145 patients during the first week of traumatic coma. They frequently occurred during the first day in young subjects in reactive coma, and were often isolated attacks. When ssen at a later stage they are more common in adults with non-reactive coma. The partial or generalised nature of the seizures, the depth of the coma, and the chronological order in which the seizures appear have no bearing on the etiology; the only positive finding was that recurrent seizures were more frequent in patients with intracranial hematoma (18,6% of the patients). The early appearance of seizures does not worsen the prognosis of reactive coma or non-reactive coma in young people. Critical discharges without clinical manifestations were present in 37 patients with traumatic coma during the first week. The average age of these injured patients was higher, and the prognosis for non-reactive coma worse in this group. The comatous state does not modify the clinical aspects or the etiological significance of these early post-traumatic discharges.", "contents": "[Significance of epileptic seizures occurring during the first week of traumatic coma (author's transl)]. Clinically evident epileptic seizures were observed in 145 patients during the first week of traumatic coma. They frequently occurred during the first day in young subjects in reactive coma, and were often isolated attacks. When ssen at a later stage they are more common in adults with non-reactive coma. The partial or generalised nature of the seizures, the depth of the coma, and the chronological order in which the seizures appear have no bearing on the etiology; the only positive finding was that recurrent seizures were more frequent in patients with intracranial hematoma (18,6% of the patients). The early appearance of seizures does not worsen the prognosis of reactive coma or non-reactive coma in young people. Critical discharges without clinical manifestations were present in 37 patients with traumatic coma during the first week. The average age of these injured patients was higher, and the prognosis for non-reactive coma worse in this group. The comatous state does not modify the clinical aspects or the etiological significance of these early post-traumatic discharges.", "PMID": 119288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13725", "title": "The pharmacology of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol).", "content": "Diclofenac is a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic compound with good antipyretic and uricosuric properties. It is one of the most potent inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetase known. It shows a favourable therapeutic ratio considering its efficacy, and proved superior to the reference drugs in terms of gastro-intestinal tolerability. All metabolites are clearly less potent than the parent compound.", "contents": "The pharmacology of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol). Diclofenac is a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic compound with good antipyretic and uricosuric properties. It is one of the most potent inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetase known. It shows a favourable therapeutic ratio considering its efficacy, and proved superior to the reference drugs in terms of gastro-intestinal tolerability. All metabolites are clearly less potent than the parent compound.", "PMID": 119295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13726", "title": "[Radiographic identification of duodenal ulcer by ingestion of iodine tablets (radiological clinical case)].", "content": "Radiological diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease is currently made with a barium meal examination occassionaly is possible to demonstrate an ulcer by air contrast in a plain film of the abdomen or by the retention of a cholecistographic agent in the crater. In the present case, the ulcer was opacified by the ingestion of an antiamoebic yodinated drug. The value and possible mecanisms of its findings are discussed.", "contents": "[Radiographic identification of duodenal ulcer by ingestion of iodine tablets (radiological clinical case)]. Radiological diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease is currently made with a barium meal examination occassionaly is possible to demonstrate an ulcer by air contrast in a plain film of the abdomen or by the retention of a cholecistographic agent in the crater. In the present case, the ulcer was opacified by the ingestion of an antiamoebic yodinated drug. The value and possible mecanisms of its findings are discussed.", "PMID": 119293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13727", "title": "[Prostatic osteosis. Retrospective study of 110 cases treated with high-dose estrogens].", "content": "On the basis of 110 prostatic osteoses that were histologically proven, constantly painful and demonstrated by X-ray, treated by early estrogenotherapy using very high doses, backed up by a high-dose maintenance estrogenotherapy, the authors study the clinical, radiological, histological and biological profile of this metastatic cancer, as well as the response to treatment. The median actuarial survival time of the patients studied is 18.5 months. No statistically significant prognostic correlation was found. Only patients who are clinically estrogen-sensitive, are suffering from bone metastases without a combined visceral conditions, and have a normal initial rate of alcaline phosphates, tend to have a better prognosis (median actuarial survival 31 months versus 18.5 months for the overall population).", "contents": "[Prostatic osteosis. Retrospective study of 110 cases treated with high-dose estrogens]. On the basis of 110 prostatic osteoses that were histologically proven, constantly painful and demonstrated by X-ray, treated by early estrogenotherapy using very high doses, backed up by a high-dose maintenance estrogenotherapy, the authors study the clinical, radiological, histological and biological profile of this metastatic cancer, as well as the response to treatment. The median actuarial survival time of the patients studied is 18.5 months. No statistically significant prognostic correlation was found. Only patients who are clinically estrogen-sensitive, are suffering from bone metastases without a combined visceral conditions, and have a normal initial rate of alcaline phosphates, tend to have a better prognosis (median actuarial survival 31 months versus 18.5 months for the overall population).", "PMID": 119298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13728", "title": "A radioimmunosorbent technique for the assay of B- and C-types of carbonic anhydrase in human tissues.", "content": "A radioimmunosorbent technique for the assay of the human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes HCA B and HCA C in tissue fluids was developed. The sensitivity of the method was 0.2 ng/ml and the precision was 5% in duplicate determinations for both enzymes. The presence in a tissue of up to 20 times higher concentrations of one isoenzyme will not interfere with the assay of the other. Haemolysates contained (mean +/- SE, n = 11) 12.1 +/- 0.52 and 1.5 +/- 0.06 mg enzyme/g Hb, and serum 0.63 +/- 0.12 and 0.2 +/- 0.02 microgram/ml of HCA B and HCA C, respectively. Pilot experiments indicated that the isoenzymes can be determined also in tissues, i.e. urine, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid, where catalytic methods previously have indicated absence of or only weak carbonic anhydrase activity. N-terminals of both enzymes were not antigenic.", "contents": "A radioimmunosorbent technique for the assay of B- and C-types of carbonic anhydrase in human tissues. A radioimmunosorbent technique for the assay of the human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes HCA B and HCA C in tissue fluids was developed. The sensitivity of the method was 0.2 ng/ml and the precision was 5% in duplicate determinations for both enzymes. The presence in a tissue of up to 20 times higher concentrations of one isoenzyme will not interfere with the assay of the other. Haemolysates contained (mean +/- SE, n = 11) 12.1 +/- 0.52 and 1.5 +/- 0.06 mg enzyme/g Hb, and serum 0.63 +/- 0.12 and 0.2 +/- 0.02 microgram/ml of HCA B and HCA C, respectively. Pilot experiments indicated that the isoenzymes can be determined also in tissues, i.e. urine, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid, where catalytic methods previously have indicated absence of or only weak carbonic anhydrase activity. N-terminals of both enzymes were not antigenic.", "PMID": 119299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13729", "title": "Effect of Sar1-ala8-angiotensin II on blood pressure and renin in Bartter's syndrome, before and after treatment with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors.", "content": "Three patients suffering from Bartter's syndrome were studied before and after 5 days of treatment with the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, aspirin and indomethacin. Saralasin was given by intravenous infusion in increasing doses from 0.6 to 42 micrograms/min.kg/BW. During saralasin infusion a blood pressure reduction was observed in all patients. Aspirin treatment did not affect this response and nor did it affect other manifestations of the syndrome. Indomethacin treatment changed the blood pressure response to saralasin in such a way that the blood pressure was increased in one patient and was unchanged in the other. Indomethacin also tended to normalize other features of Bartter's syndrome, such as the hyperreninaemia and angiotensin unresponsiveness, but did not affect the hypokalaemia. The saralsin effect on blood pressure is thus evidently inversely related to the prevailing activity of the renin-angiotensin system in this condition also, and the patients obviously depended on the renin-angiotensin system to maintain their blood pressure. Our findings, together with data in the literature, indicate that angiotensin unresponsiveness of the vascular bed is not a primary feature in Bartter's syndrome. Chloride loss is currently thought to be the basic abnormality and this may link the Bartter's syndrome with other diseased states characterized by chloride loss, such as the syndrome of habitual vomiting and chronic treatment with loop diuretics.", "contents": "Effect of Sar1-ala8-angiotensin II on blood pressure and renin in Bartter's syndrome, before and after treatment with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Three patients suffering from Bartter's syndrome were studied before and after 5 days of treatment with the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, aspirin and indomethacin. Saralasin was given by intravenous infusion in increasing doses from 0.6 to 42 micrograms/min.kg/BW. During saralasin infusion a blood pressure reduction was observed in all patients. Aspirin treatment did not affect this response and nor did it affect other manifestations of the syndrome. Indomethacin treatment changed the blood pressure response to saralasin in such a way that the blood pressure was increased in one patient and was unchanged in the other. Indomethacin also tended to normalize other features of Bartter's syndrome, such as the hyperreninaemia and angiotensin unresponsiveness, but did not affect the hypokalaemia. The saralsin effect on blood pressure is thus evidently inversely related to the prevailing activity of the renin-angiotensin system in this condition also, and the patients obviously depended on the renin-angiotensin system to maintain their blood pressure. Our findings, together with data in the literature, indicate that angiotensin unresponsiveness of the vascular bed is not a primary feature in Bartter's syndrome. Chloride loss is currently thought to be the basic abnormality and this may link the Bartter's syndrome with other diseased states characterized by chloride loss, such as the syndrome of habitual vomiting and chronic treatment with loop diuretics.", "PMID": 119300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13730", "title": "Quantitation of gamma-trace in human biological fluids: indications for production in the central nervous system.", "content": "Gamma-Trace was purified in large amounts from urine and used for the production of a specific rabbit antiserum. An enzyme immunoassay for quantitation of gamma-trace was developed using the pure protein as a primary standard. Its sensitivity was approximately 30 microgram/l. An enzyme amplified single radial immunodiffusion was developed as well. Its sensitivity was approximately 0.3 mg/l. These assays allowed quantitation of gamma-trace in normal human biological fluids. The following results were obtained (mean +/- SD): cerebrospinal fluid: 5.8 +/- 2.2 mg/l, plasma: 1.1 +/- 0.42 mg/l, saliva: 1.8 +/- 0.88 mg/l and urine: 0.095 +/- 0.057 mg/l. Plasma samples from patients with advanced renal failure revealed gamma-trace values up to 13 times the normal mean plasma value. The results indicate a production of gamma-trace in the central nervous system and that the protein is primarily catabolized by the kidney.", "contents": "Quantitation of gamma-trace in human biological fluids: indications for production in the central nervous system. Gamma-Trace was purified in large amounts from urine and used for the production of a specific rabbit antiserum. An enzyme immunoassay for quantitation of gamma-trace was developed using the pure protein as a primary standard. Its sensitivity was approximately 30 microgram/l. An enzyme amplified single radial immunodiffusion was developed as well. Its sensitivity was approximately 0.3 mg/l. These assays allowed quantitation of gamma-trace in normal human biological fluids. The following results were obtained (mean +/- SD): cerebrospinal fluid: 5.8 +/- 2.2 mg/l, plasma: 1.1 +/- 0.42 mg/l, saliva: 1.8 +/- 0.88 mg/l and urine: 0.095 +/- 0.057 mg/l. Plasma samples from patients with advanced renal failure revealed gamma-trace values up to 13 times the normal mean plasma value. The results indicate a production of gamma-trace in the central nervous system and that the protein is primarily catabolized by the kidney.", "PMID": 119302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13731", "title": "EDTA effect on creatine kinase (CK) and on the SCE reagent.", "content": "The inclusion of EDTA in the creatine kinase reagent recommended by the Scandinavian Committee on Enzymes was shown to increase reagent stability from less than 24 h to 5 days. Part of this effect can be explained by the fact that EDTA delays the formation of inhibitory products formed when N-acetyl cysteine is oxidized. The addition of EDTA to the reagent also results in increased measured CK activity. This effect is more pronounced for CK-BB than for CK-MM. Calcium and ferric ions are shown to inhibit the enzyme and the chelation of these ions can partly explain the observed increase of CK acitivity.", "contents": "EDTA effect on creatine kinase (CK) and on the SCE reagent. The inclusion of EDTA in the creatine kinase reagent recommended by the Scandinavian Committee on Enzymes was shown to increase reagent stability from less than 24 h to 5 days. Part of this effect can be explained by the fact that EDTA delays the formation of inhibitory products formed when N-acetyl cysteine is oxidized. The addition of EDTA to the reagent also results in increased measured CK activity. This effect is more pronounced for CK-BB than for CK-MM. Calcium and ferric ions are shown to inhibit the enzyme and the chelation of these ions can partly explain the observed increase of CK acitivity.", "PMID": 119303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13732", "title": "Serum T3 and T4 determinations during the TRH test as a complement to improved discriminatory power in suspect hyperthyroidism.", "content": "The aim of the study was to determine whether the addition of T3 and T4 determination in connection with a routine TRH-test could increase the discriminatory power of the test. Thus, forty-one patients with suspect hyperthyroidism were examined and samples for T3 and T4 and TSH determinations were drawn prior to the administration of TRH and at 20 and 60 min thereafter. The results showed that the addition of these thyroid hormone estimations did not increase the clinical value of the TRH-test.", "contents": "Serum T3 and T4 determinations during the TRH test as a complement to improved discriminatory power in suspect hyperthyroidism. The aim of the study was to determine whether the addition of T3 and T4 determination in connection with a routine TRH-test could increase the discriminatory power of the test. Thus, forty-one patients with suspect hyperthyroidism were examined and samples for T3 and T4 and TSH determinations were drawn prior to the administration of TRH and at 20 and 60 min thereafter. The results showed that the addition of these thyroid hormone estimations did not increase the clinical value of the TRH-test.", "PMID": 119304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13733", "title": "Intestinal lysosomal enzymes in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease.", "content": "Acid hydrolases (lysosomal enzymes) were analyzed and compared with trypsin in duodenal juice obtained after a test meal (Lundh test). The possible diagnostic role of acid hydrolases in pancreatic disease was investigated. In all patients with chronic pancreatitis normal values of acid hydrolases but subnormal trypsin activities were found. In pancreatic cancer normal values of acid hydrolases and normal trypsin values were seen in three patients with small tumors, whereas five patients with more advanced cancer of the pancreas had decreased trypsin activity and three of them high activities of acid hydrolases in duodenal juice. In five patients operated on with a gastroenteroanastomosis acid hydrolases were markedly increased. Five patients had no activity of acid hydrolases in the aspirate, probably reflecting technical failure with dislodgement of the catheter from the duodenum to the stomach. In conclusion the assay of acid hydrolases does not seem to increase the diagnostic value of the conventional Lundh test (trypsin).", "contents": "Intestinal lysosomal enzymes in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. Acid hydrolases (lysosomal enzymes) were analyzed and compared with trypsin in duodenal juice obtained after a test meal (Lundh test). The possible diagnostic role of acid hydrolases in pancreatic disease was investigated. In all patients with chronic pancreatitis normal values of acid hydrolases but subnormal trypsin activities were found. In pancreatic cancer normal values of acid hydrolases and normal trypsin values were seen in three patients with small tumors, whereas five patients with more advanced cancer of the pancreas had decreased trypsin activity and three of them high activities of acid hydrolases in duodenal juice. In five patients operated on with a gastroenteroanastomosis acid hydrolases were markedly increased. Five patients had no activity of acid hydrolases in the aspirate, probably reflecting technical failure with dislodgement of the catheter from the duodenum to the stomach. In conclusion the assay of acid hydrolases does not seem to increase the diagnostic value of the conventional Lundh test (trypsin).", "PMID": 119305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13734", "title": "Fluid and electrolyte absorption and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in patients with severe short-bowel syndrome.", "content": "In eight patients who had received long-term parenteral nutrition because of short-bowel syndrome the need for parenteral supply of fluid, sodium, and potassium was estimated by balance studies. Six patients had jejunostomies. In two, most of the colon was preserved. Jejunostomy patients had a huge stool mass (1710--5270 g, median 2530 g/day) with fixed concentrations of sodium (92 +/- 10 mmol/l) and potassium (15 +/- 4 mmol/l). In contrast, two patients with massive small-bowel resection but with more than half of the colon intact showed almost normal sodium absorption and considerably smaller stool mass (170--510 g/day). Despite apparently good health and normal plasma electrolytes, urea, and haematocrit, four of six jejunostomy patients were sodium-depleted with low plasma volume, low sodium excretion in the urine, and increased plasma renin activity and, in the three most severe cases, increased aldosterone. Even in case of sodium depletion the sodium loss from jejunostomy effluents remained high and presumably unaffected by salt-retaining hormones. The study confirms the importance of preservation of part of the colon for maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance in patients with extensive bowel resection. Jejunostomy patients who are eating normally may need large parenteral saline supply. Assessment of water and electrolyte homeostasis in these patients requires determination of the urinary sodium excretion and is supported by measurements of plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration.", "contents": "Fluid and electrolyte absorption and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in patients with severe short-bowel syndrome. In eight patients who had received long-term parenteral nutrition because of short-bowel syndrome the need for parenteral supply of fluid, sodium, and potassium was estimated by balance studies. Six patients had jejunostomies. In two, most of the colon was preserved. Jejunostomy patients had a huge stool mass (1710--5270 g, median 2530 g/day) with fixed concentrations of sodium (92 +/- 10 mmol/l) and potassium (15 +/- 4 mmol/l). In contrast, two patients with massive small-bowel resection but with more than half of the colon intact showed almost normal sodium absorption and considerably smaller stool mass (170--510 g/day). Despite apparently good health and normal plasma electrolytes, urea, and haematocrit, four of six jejunostomy patients were sodium-depleted with low plasma volume, low sodium excretion in the urine, and increased plasma renin activity and, in the three most severe cases, increased aldosterone. Even in case of sodium depletion the sodium loss from jejunostomy effluents remained high and presumably unaffected by salt-retaining hormones. The study confirms the importance of preservation of part of the colon for maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance in patients with extensive bowel resection. Jejunostomy patients who are eating normally may need large parenteral saline supply. Assessment of water and electrolyte homeostasis in these patients requires determination of the urinary sodium excretion and is supported by measurements of plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration.", "PMID": 119306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13735", "title": "Parietal and chief cell sensitivity to histamine and pentagastrin stimulation before and after cimetidine treatment in healthy subjects.", "content": "Gastric acid and pepsin output in response to 2.5 and 25.6 micrograms . kg-1h-1 of histamine dihydrochloride and 0.10 and 6.0 micrograms . kg-1h-1 of pentagastrin was studied before and after cessation of 4 weeks of cimetidine treatment, 1 g/day, in 10 healthy volunteers. Acid output in response to the low dose of histamine increased significantly from an average of 6.7 mmol +/- 1.3 mmol (S.E.M.) before to 10.1 mmol +/- 0.9 mmol after treatment (p = 0.02), whereas acid output in response to the maximal dose of histamine was not significantly different. Parietal cell sensitivity to histamine stimulation increased significantly after the treatment period from a mean of 28.2% +/- 3.2% before treatment to 49.3% +/- 2.8% afterwards (p less than 0.01). The results indicate augmented parietal cell sensitivity in response to histamine stimulation after withdrawal of cimetidine. Both acid output in response to the two doses of pentagastrin and parietal cell sensitivity to pentagastrin stimulation were not significantly different after cessation of cimetidine treatment. Pepsin output and chief cell sensitivity to histamine and pentagastrin stimulation were not significantly influenced by cimetidine treatment.", "contents": "Parietal and chief cell sensitivity to histamine and pentagastrin stimulation before and after cimetidine treatment in healthy subjects. Gastric acid and pepsin output in response to 2.5 and 25.6 micrograms . kg-1h-1 of histamine dihydrochloride and 0.10 and 6.0 micrograms . kg-1h-1 of pentagastrin was studied before and after cessation of 4 weeks of cimetidine treatment, 1 g/day, in 10 healthy volunteers. Acid output in response to the low dose of histamine increased significantly from an average of 6.7 mmol +/- 1.3 mmol (S.E.M.) before to 10.1 mmol +/- 0.9 mmol after treatment (p = 0.02), whereas acid output in response to the maximal dose of histamine was not significantly different. Parietal cell sensitivity to histamine stimulation increased significantly after the treatment period from a mean of 28.2% +/- 3.2% before treatment to 49.3% +/- 2.8% afterwards (p less than 0.01). The results indicate augmented parietal cell sensitivity in response to histamine stimulation after withdrawal of cimetidine. Both acid output in response to the two doses of pentagastrin and parietal cell sensitivity to pentagastrin stimulation were not significantly different after cessation of cimetidine treatment. Pepsin output and chief cell sensitivity to histamine and pentagastrin stimulation were not significantly influenced by cimetidine treatment.", "PMID": 119307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13736", "title": "Bilateral adrenalectomy: effect of tryptophan on protein synthesis and pepsin activity in the stomach of rats.", "content": "The effect of bilateral adrenalectomy and subsequent force-feeding of L-tryptophan on the gastric mucosal pepsin activity and [3H]leucine incorporation into total protein of the stomach (fundus) in vivo were investigated. One month after bilateral adrenalectomy the gastric mucosal pepsin activity and overall protein synthesis in the stomach were decreased by 72% and 52%, respectively. Twenty-four hours after a single tube-feeding of tryptophan (30 mg/100 g body weight) both activities returned to sham-operated control levels. In adrenalectomized rats the tryptophan-mediated stimulation of gastric mucosal pepsin activity was found to be sensitive to the RNA synthesis inhibitor, actinomycin-D. The diminution in gastric mucosal pepsin activity after adrenalectomy and its enhancement by tryptophan could not be related to the presence of an inhibitor or activator in the tissue. One month after adrenalectomy serum gastrin concentration was found to be 36% above that of the sham-operated control. In adrenalectomized rats, 24 and 48 h after tryptophan force-feeding, serum gastrin concentrations were decreased by 50% and 20%, respectively, but none of the values differed significantly from those of water-fed adrenalectomized controls.", "contents": "Bilateral adrenalectomy: effect of tryptophan on protein synthesis and pepsin activity in the stomach of rats. The effect of bilateral adrenalectomy and subsequent force-feeding of L-tryptophan on the gastric mucosal pepsin activity and [3H]leucine incorporation into total protein of the stomach (fundus) in vivo were investigated. One month after bilateral adrenalectomy the gastric mucosal pepsin activity and overall protein synthesis in the stomach were decreased by 72% and 52%, respectively. Twenty-four hours after a single tube-feeding of tryptophan (30 mg/100 g body weight) both activities returned to sham-operated control levels. In adrenalectomized rats the tryptophan-mediated stimulation of gastric mucosal pepsin activity was found to be sensitive to the RNA synthesis inhibitor, actinomycin-D. The diminution in gastric mucosal pepsin activity after adrenalectomy and its enhancement by tryptophan could not be related to the presence of an inhibitor or activator in the tissue. One month after adrenalectomy serum gastrin concentration was found to be 36% above that of the sham-operated control. In adrenalectomized rats, 24 and 48 h after tryptophan force-feeding, serum gastrin concentrations were decreased by 50% and 20%, respectively, but none of the values differed significantly from those of water-fed adrenalectomized controls.", "PMID": 119308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13737", "title": "Senile cardiac amyloidosis: evidence of two different amyloid substances in the ageing heart.", "content": "In a material of seventy-two persons over 70 years of age, forty-seven cases of amyloidosis of the heart were found. In thirty-nine cases, deposits occurred only in the atria (isolated artrial amyloidosis, IAA), while in eight cases amyloid also was seen in the ventricles (senile cardiac amyloidosis, SCA). In some of the latter cases, small amyloid deposits occurred in other organs, especially the lungs. Some definite differences existed between the amyloid substance in SCA and IAA. Thus, tryptophan was demonstrated histochemically in SCA but not in IAA, and, furthermore, amyloid fibrils isolated from patients with IAA lacked protein Asca, the fibril subunit protein of senile cardiac amyloid. It is concluded that the ageing heart may be the target of two different forms of amyloid, one only affecting the atria, while the other is more widespread within the heart and sometimes also is found in other organs.", "contents": "Senile cardiac amyloidosis: evidence of two different amyloid substances in the ageing heart. In a material of seventy-two persons over 70 years of age, forty-seven cases of amyloidosis of the heart were found. In thirty-nine cases, deposits occurred only in the atria (isolated artrial amyloidosis, IAA), while in eight cases amyloid also was seen in the ventricles (senile cardiac amyloidosis, SCA). In some of the latter cases, small amyloid deposits occurred in other organs, especially the lungs. Some definite differences existed between the amyloid substance in SCA and IAA. Thus, tryptophan was demonstrated histochemically in SCA but not in IAA, and, furthermore, amyloid fibrils isolated from patients with IAA lacked protein Asca, the fibril subunit protein of senile cardiac amyloid. It is concluded that the ageing heart may be the target of two different forms of amyloid, one only affecting the atria, while the other is more widespread within the heart and sometimes also is found in other organs.", "PMID": 119309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13738", "title": "A high frequency of cytotoxic precursor cells for a syngeneic tumour.", "content": "The average frequency of cytotoxic precursor cells in DBA/2 lymph node cell preparations reactive to the syngeneic tumour P815 has been determined as 1 in 2000. This frequency is similar to the precursor frequency for an allogeneic tumour EL-4. The normal lack of response of DBA/2 lymph node cells to the syngeneic tumour P815 in vitro cannot be attributed to a lack of cytotoxic precursor cells. We conclude that in this tumour-host system non-immunogenicity reflects a defect at the inductive step.", "contents": "A high frequency of cytotoxic precursor cells for a syngeneic tumour. The average frequency of cytotoxic precursor cells in DBA/2 lymph node cell preparations reactive to the syngeneic tumour P815 has been determined as 1 in 2000. This frequency is similar to the precursor frequency for an allogeneic tumour EL-4. The normal lack of response of DBA/2 lymph node cells to the syngeneic tumour P815 in vitro cannot be attributed to a lack of cytotoxic precursor cells. We conclude that in this tumour-host system non-immunogenicity reflects a defect at the inductive step.", "PMID": 119310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13739", "title": "Clinical, epidemiological and prognostic aspects of hepatitis \"non-A, non-B\"--a comparison with hepatitis A and B.", "content": "Sera of 480 hospitalized hepatitis patients were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) and to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) and anti-HAV of IgM-class. Serological markers indicating hepatitis A infection were found in 107 (22.3%) and markers indicating hepatitis B in 297 patients (61.9%), while 63 patients (13.1%) were classified as hepatitis type \"non-A, non-B\". The latter group mainly comprised drug addicts (50.8%), cases of post-transfusion hepatitis (11.1%) and patients without obvious hepatitis exposure (28.6%). In spite of these epidemiological similarities to hepatitis B, the maximum levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin were comparable to those in patients with hepatitis A and significantly lower than in hepatitis B infection. Chronic hepatitis developed in 7.1% of the \"non-A, non-B\" patients, a figure close to that reported for hepatitis B.", "contents": "Clinical, epidemiological and prognostic aspects of hepatitis \"non-A, non-B\"--a comparison with hepatitis A and B. Sera of 480 hospitalized hepatitis patients were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) and to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) and anti-HAV of IgM-class. Serological markers indicating hepatitis A infection were found in 107 (22.3%) and markers indicating hepatitis B in 297 patients (61.9%), while 63 patients (13.1%) were classified as hepatitis type \"non-A, non-B\". The latter group mainly comprised drug addicts (50.8%), cases of post-transfusion hepatitis (11.1%) and patients without obvious hepatitis exposure (28.6%). In spite of these epidemiological similarities to hepatitis B, the maximum levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin were comparable to those in patients with hepatitis A and significantly lower than in hepatitis B infection. Chronic hepatitis developed in 7.1% of the \"non-A, non-B\" patients, a figure close to that reported for hepatitis B.", "PMID": 119311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13740", "title": "Fabry's disease. A brief review in connection with a Scandinavian survey.", "content": "Fabry's disease is an X-linked inborn error of glycosphingolipid catabolism, resulting from deficient activity of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase. The wide variety of symptoms may make it difficult to establish a diagnosis. This study was based on a Scandinavian survey of cases between 1967 and 1975. Altogether 13 cases were collected. Enzymatic studies and electromicroscopy confirmed the diagnosis in all cases. Renal transplantation has been performed in one Swedish patient and 8 years later his general health is good. Three of the patients died at about 50 years of age, which illustrates the grave prognosis of the disease. The report is concluded with a short review of the symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment of Fabry's disease. The possibility of enzyme replacement therapy and the potential value of renal transplantation are discussed. Prenatal diagnosis of Fabry's disease may also be possible.", "contents": "Fabry's disease. A brief review in connection with a Scandinavian survey. Fabry's disease is an X-linked inborn error of glycosphingolipid catabolism, resulting from deficient activity of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase. The wide variety of symptoms may make it difficult to establish a diagnosis. This study was based on a Scandinavian survey of cases between 1967 and 1975. Altogether 13 cases were collected. Enzymatic studies and electromicroscopy confirmed the diagnosis in all cases. Renal transplantation has been performed in one Swedish patient and 8 years later his general health is good. Three of the patients died at about 50 years of age, which illustrates the grave prognosis of the disease. The report is concluded with a short review of the symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment of Fabry's disease. The possibility of enzyme replacement therapy and the potential value of renal transplantation are discussed. Prenatal diagnosis of Fabry's disease may also be possible.", "PMID": 119314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13741", "title": "Immunoprofile studies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. II. Correlation of levels of different classes of immunoglobulins and specific antibodies with the extent of tuberculosis.", "content": "Humoral immune response of patients with newly detected, bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis was determined prior to initiation of chemotherapy. Correlation with the extent of the disease was studied. A significant rise in the IgA and IgG levels in the serum was observed, the increase in the IgA levels correlated with the extent of the disease. In tuberculous patients elevated levels of anti-OT (ppd) antibodies were found by haemaggluination, but no marked correlation was observed with the extent of the disease. There was no interrelationship between the IgA or IgG increase and that of specific anti-OT (PPD) antibodies. The importance of the mentioned findings is discussed.", "contents": "Immunoprofile studies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. II. Correlation of levels of different classes of immunoglobulins and specific antibodies with the extent of tuberculosis. Humoral immune response of patients with newly detected, bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis was determined prior to initiation of chemotherapy. Correlation with the extent of the disease was studied. A significant rise in the IgA and IgG levels in the serum was observed, the increase in the IgA levels correlated with the extent of the disease. In tuberculous patients elevated levels of anti-OT (ppd) antibodies were found by haemaggluination, but no marked correlation was observed with the extent of the disease. There was no interrelationship between the IgA or IgG increase and that of specific anti-OT (PPD) antibodies. The importance of the mentioned findings is discussed.", "PMID": 119315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13742", "title": "[Effect of aerobic and anaerobic germs on the healing of decubitus ulcers].", "content": "Bacteriological examinations of decubitus ulcers were performed in 34 geriatric patients. A total of 179 wound swabs were analyzed for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The decubitus ulcers were divided into three groups according to wound healing: group A with progressive worsening, group B, stationary, and group C with healing within 10 weeks. The aerobic bacteria isolated from the three groups were significantly different (p less than 0.0001). In group A Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in 88%, enterococci in 73% and Providentia in 34%, whereas in group B staphylococci were found in 69%, enterococci in 62% and E. coli in 32%. In group C staphylococci dominated with 91%, followed by enterococci (51%) and E. coli (25%). Anaerobic microorganisms were significantly (p less than 0.01) more frequent in decubitus ulcers with poor healing tendency (group A and B) than in healing ulcers (group C). These results suggest that bacterial growth on decubital ulcers significantly influences decubital ulcer healing. Furthermore, bacteriological examinations are of prognostic value and the results should be considered in treatment.", "contents": "[Effect of aerobic and anaerobic germs on the healing of decubitus ulcers]. Bacteriological examinations of decubitus ulcers were performed in 34 geriatric patients. A total of 179 wound swabs were analyzed for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The decubitus ulcers were divided into three groups according to wound healing: group A with progressive worsening, group B, stationary, and group C with healing within 10 weeks. The aerobic bacteria isolated from the three groups were significantly different (p less than 0.0001). In group A Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in 88%, enterococci in 73% and Providentia in 34%, whereas in group B staphylococci were found in 69%, enterococci in 62% and E. coli in 32%. In group C staphylococci dominated with 91%, followed by enterococci (51%) and E. coli (25%). Anaerobic microorganisms were significantly (p less than 0.01) more frequent in decubitus ulcers with poor healing tendency (group A and B) than in healing ulcers (group C). These results suggest that bacterial growth on decubital ulcers significantly influences decubital ulcer healing. Furthermore, bacteriological examinations are of prognostic value and the results should be considered in treatment.", "PMID": 119316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13743", "title": "[High-dose ifosfamide therapy: systemic use of a mucolytic agent for the reduction of urotoxicity].", "content": "Ifosfamid is an alkylating cytostatic agent which appears to differ in its clinical spectrum from the chemically similar cyclophosphamid. So far, however, its pronounced urotoxicity has limited dosage. In spite of prophylactic measures such as forced diuresis and alkalinization of the urine, the treatment has frequently has to be broken off because of macrohematuria and hemorrhagic cystitis. By repeated intravenous administration of sodium-mercapto-ethan-sulfonate (NNI: Mesnum) the urotoxic side effects of ifosfamid can largely be prevented. During 26 cycles of treatment in 18 patients, asymptomatic microhematuria was observed 6 times and macrohematuria only once in a patient with vesico-vaginal fistula. In another case where therapy had had to be discontinued because of hemorrhagic cystitis in spite of conventional prophylaxis, the treatment could be continued without change in the urine sediment under prophylaxis with Mesnum. Mesnum does not affect the antitumoral activity of ifosfamid.", "contents": "[High-dose ifosfamide therapy: systemic use of a mucolytic agent for the reduction of urotoxicity]. Ifosfamid is an alkylating cytostatic agent which appears to differ in its clinical spectrum from the chemically similar cyclophosphamid. So far, however, its pronounced urotoxicity has limited dosage. In spite of prophylactic measures such as forced diuresis and alkalinization of the urine, the treatment has frequently has to be broken off because of macrohematuria and hemorrhagic cystitis. By repeated intravenous administration of sodium-mercapto-ethan-sulfonate (NNI: Mesnum) the urotoxic side effects of ifosfamid can largely be prevented. During 26 cycles of treatment in 18 patients, asymptomatic microhematuria was observed 6 times and macrohematuria only once in a patient with vesico-vaginal fistula. In another case where therapy had had to be discontinued because of hemorrhagic cystitis in spite of conventional prophylaxis, the treatment could be continued without change in the urine sediment under prophylaxis with Mesnum. Mesnum does not affect the antitumoral activity of ifosfamid.", "PMID": 119317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13744", "title": "[Value of the oral TRH test for the evaluation of thyroid function in impaired TSH reserve. Preliminary report].", "content": "Oral TRH (40 mg) exerts a marked and protracted stimulatory effect on TSH release. The potency of oral TRH in stimulating TSH and T3 was evaluated in 26 euthyroid patients with absent or impaired TSH response in the i.v. TRH test (200 micrograms). All were given i.v. and oral TRH at an interval of at least 3 days. Based on the response to i.v. TRH, they were divided into \"non-responders\" (TSH increment less than 1.0 microU/ml) and \"low-responders\" (TSH increment 1.0--3.7 microU/ml). The results were compared with those in 11 patients with overt hyperthyroidism. 10 \"non-responders\" were additionally tested with 400 micrograms TRH i.v. to study the effect of a supramaximal dose. Most patients unresponsive to i.v. TRH had a pronounced response to oral TRH (TSH increment 0.1 +/- 0.1 and 4.0 +/- 0.9 microU/ml (mean +/- SEM) respectively, p less than 0.005). The \"low-responders\" in the i.v. test had a significantly enhanced response to the oral dose (2.4 +/- 0.3 and 7.6 +/- 1.6 respectively, p less than 0.005). The euthyroid patients with treated Graves' disease with a weak response to i.v. TRH showed a distinct response to the oral dose. On the other hand, plasma TSH in patients with overt hyperthyroidism failed to increase either after intravenous or after oral TRH. In contrast to oral TRH, the supramaximal dose of 400 micrograms i.v. TRH did not enhance the TSH-response in the \"non-responders\". In most patients with absent or impaired response to i.v. TRH, a marked increase in T3 could be demonstrated (0.5 +/- 0.1 ng/ml and 0.6 +/- 0.1 ng/ml in \"non-responders\" and \"low-responders\" respectively, p less than 0.01); thus, oral administration allows simultaneous stimulation of TSH and triiodothyronine. Oral TRH can be considered the test of choice for the investigation of patients with diminished TSH reserve.", "contents": "[Value of the oral TRH test for the evaluation of thyroid function in impaired TSH reserve. Preliminary report]. Oral TRH (40 mg) exerts a marked and protracted stimulatory effect on TSH release. The potency of oral TRH in stimulating TSH and T3 was evaluated in 26 euthyroid patients with absent or impaired TSH response in the i.v. TRH test (200 micrograms). All were given i.v. and oral TRH at an interval of at least 3 days. Based on the response to i.v. TRH, they were divided into \"non-responders\" (TSH increment less than 1.0 microU/ml) and \"low-responders\" (TSH increment 1.0--3.7 microU/ml). The results were compared with those in 11 patients with overt hyperthyroidism. 10 \"non-responders\" were additionally tested with 400 micrograms TRH i.v. to study the effect of a supramaximal dose. Most patients unresponsive to i.v. TRH had a pronounced response to oral TRH (TSH increment 0.1 +/- 0.1 and 4.0 +/- 0.9 microU/ml (mean +/- SEM) respectively, p less than 0.005). The \"low-responders\" in the i.v. test had a significantly enhanced response to the oral dose (2.4 +/- 0.3 and 7.6 +/- 1.6 respectively, p less than 0.005). The euthyroid patients with treated Graves' disease with a weak response to i.v. TRH showed a distinct response to the oral dose. On the other hand, plasma TSH in patients with overt hyperthyroidism failed to increase either after intravenous or after oral TRH. In contrast to oral TRH, the supramaximal dose of 400 micrograms i.v. TRH did not enhance the TSH-response in the \"non-responders\". In most patients with absent or impaired response to i.v. TRH, a marked increase in T3 could be demonstrated (0.5 +/- 0.1 ng/ml and 0.6 +/- 0.1 ng/ml in \"non-responders\" and \"low-responders\" respectively, p less than 0.01); thus, oral administration allows simultaneous stimulation of TSH and triiodothyronine. Oral TRH can be considered the test of choice for the investigation of patients with diminished TSH reserve.", "PMID": 119318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13745", "title": "[In vitro study on the problem of optimal gentamicin therapy in leukopenic patients: short injections or parenteral infusions?].", "content": "Killing curves of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were performed in an in vitro system simulating in-vivo gentamicin kinetics, i.e. decay of the antibiotic concentration with a 2.1 h halflife time. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of gentamicin killed 99.999% of the initial Pseudomonas inoculum whereas 99.99% were killed at a continuously falling gentamicin concentration (starting from the MIC level) in the same period of time. Regrowth of persistent germs occurred only after 6 hours in cultures exposed to falling gentamicin concentrations, and after 8 hours in cultures kept at the MIC. Thus, a postulated superiority of gentamicin infusions over intermittent gentamicin therapy could not be demonstrated in vitro. Intervals between bolus injections of gentamicin should probably not be longer than 6 hours.", "contents": "[In vitro study on the problem of optimal gentamicin therapy in leukopenic patients: short injections or parenteral infusions?]. Killing curves of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were performed in an in vitro system simulating in-vivo gentamicin kinetics, i.e. decay of the antibiotic concentration with a 2.1 h halflife time. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of gentamicin killed 99.999% of the initial Pseudomonas inoculum whereas 99.99% were killed at a continuously falling gentamicin concentration (starting from the MIC level) in the same period of time. Regrowth of persistent germs occurred only after 6 hours in cultures exposed to falling gentamicin concentrations, and after 8 hours in cultures kept at the MIC. Thus, a postulated superiority of gentamicin infusions over intermittent gentamicin therapy could not be demonstrated in vitro. Intervals between bolus injections of gentamicin should probably not be longer than 6 hours.", "PMID": 119319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13746", "title": "Current radiodiagnostic concept of ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Nine radiodiagnostic rules are drawn from the X-rays of 2125 ankylosing spondylitis patients. The significance of early diagnosis of the 'multicolored' saroiliac X-ray is looked onto; the syndesmophyte, squaring-phenomenon, barrel-shaped vertebra, Romanus and Andersson lesions, and the ossification of ligaments are discussed. The changes at the apophyseal and the costovertebral joints, unimportant for early diagnosis, are explored.", "contents": "Current radiodiagnostic concept of ankylosing spondylitis. Nine radiodiagnostic rules are drawn from the X-rays of 2125 ankylosing spondylitis patients. The significance of early diagnosis of the 'multicolored' saroiliac X-ray is looked onto; the syndesmophyte, squaring-phenomenon, barrel-shaped vertebra, Romanus and Andersson lesions, and the ossification of ligaments are discussed. The changes at the apophyseal and the costovertebral joints, unimportant for early diagnosis, are explored.", "PMID": 119322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13747", "title": "Effect of mannitol on the traumatized spinal cord. Microangiography, blood flow patterns, and electrophysiology.", "content": "The effects of mannitol on the spinal cord blood flow patterns in experimental traumatic paraplegia were correlated with microangiographic and electrophysiologic studies. At 1 hour following a therapeutic dose of mannitol (3 g/kg), an improved fluorescent intramedullary vascular pattern was detected among the mannitol-treated animals relative to those that were not treated. Within 4 hours, perfusion of many areas of the lateral white matter of the spinal cord often approximated normal in the mannitol-treated group. This pattern of perfusion was in striking contrast to that seen in the spinal cord of untreated animals, which displayed an almost total lack of fluorescing vessels at this later time. These findings correlated with an increased vascular caliber as revealed by microangiography and were postulated to be the result of a decrease in vasospasm and an expanded intramedullary blood volume following the administration of mannitol. Although mannitol therapy did not reverse the loss of the cortical evoked response observed during the 4-hour interval studied, the observation of improved blood flow patterns in the white matter is encouraging and warrants further study.", "contents": "Effect of mannitol on the traumatized spinal cord. Microangiography, blood flow patterns, and electrophysiology. The effects of mannitol on the spinal cord blood flow patterns in experimental traumatic paraplegia were correlated with microangiographic and electrophysiologic studies. At 1 hour following a therapeutic dose of mannitol (3 g/kg), an improved fluorescent intramedullary vascular pattern was detected among the mannitol-treated animals relative to those that were not treated. Within 4 hours, perfusion of many areas of the lateral white matter of the spinal cord often approximated normal in the mannitol-treated group. This pattern of perfusion was in striking contrast to that seen in the spinal cord of untreated animals, which displayed an almost total lack of fluorescing vessels at this later time. These findings correlated with an increased vascular caliber as revealed by microangiography and were postulated to be the result of a decrease in vasospasm and an expanded intramedullary blood volume following the administration of mannitol. Although mannitol therapy did not reverse the loss of the cortical evoked response observed during the 4-hour interval studied, the observation of improved blood flow patterns in the white matter is encouraging and warrants further study.", "PMID": 119323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13748", "title": "Cefoxitin in the treatment of gonorrhea.", "content": "Cefoxitin is active in vitro against beta-lactamase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae; therefore, its efficacy in the treatment of uncomplicated genital gonorrhea was evaluated in a study of ten men and 15 women. Cefoxitin was administered in two intramuscular doses given 5 hr apart, patients alternately receiving either 1 g or 2 g of cefoxitin in each injection. Probenecid (1 g) was administered orally with both injections to five women, and with the first injection only in the remaining patients. All cases of gonococcal cervicitis or urethritis were cured, and all rectal carriage was eliminated. Four of seven patients had persistent oropharyngeal carriage after treatment. There was no discernible difference between the efficacies of the 1-g and 2-g regimens. It was concluded that the cefoxitin regimens used are effective for therapy of uncomplicated genital or anorectal gonorrhea, but not for eradication of oropharyngeal carriage of N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Cefoxitin in the treatment of gonorrhea. Cefoxitin is active in vitro against beta-lactamase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae; therefore, its efficacy in the treatment of uncomplicated genital gonorrhea was evaluated in a study of ten men and 15 women. Cefoxitin was administered in two intramuscular doses given 5 hr apart, patients alternately receiving either 1 g or 2 g of cefoxitin in each injection. Probenecid (1 g) was administered orally with both injections to five women, and with the first injection only in the remaining patients. All cases of gonococcal cervicitis or urethritis were cured, and all rectal carriage was eliminated. Four of seven patients had persistent oropharyngeal carriage after treatment. There was no discernible difference between the efficacies of the 1-g and 2-g regimens. It was concluded that the cefoxitin regimens used are effective for therapy of uncomplicated genital or anorectal gonorrhea, but not for eradication of oropharyngeal carriage of N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 119328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13749", "title": "Association between the auxogroup of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the minimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin.", "content": "The auxogroups and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of penicillin for 885 recently isolated strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were determined. Auxogroups were established according to the growth requirements of the strains for proline (Pro-), uracil (Ura-), hypoxanthine (Hyx-), citrulline (Cit-), or citrulline replaceable by ornithine (Orn-). The seven most common auxogroups studied were: Pro-Cit-Ura- (38.8%), Orn-Hyx-Ura- (24.1%), nonrequiring (NR) strains (13.4%), Pro- (9.7%), Orn- (5.2%), Cit-Hyx-Ura- (4.2%), and Pro-Onr-Hyx-Ura- (2.0%). The distribution of MICs of penicillin for the complete set of 885 strains had a bimodal distribution, with a minor peak at 0.01 microgram of penicillin/ml and a major one at 0.16 microgram/ml. The auxogroups, however, had different patterns of distribution of MICs of penicillin. Five patterns of distribution were found among eight auxogroups identified. (1) Orn- and NR auxogroups showed a broad distribution of MICs, with peak at 0.08 microgram/ml. (2) Of the Cit-Hyx-Ura- and Orn-Hyx-Ura- auxogroups, greater than 98% of strains were susceptible to less than or equal to 0.04 microgram of penicillin/ml. (3) All strains of the Pro-Orn-Hyx-Ura- and Pro-Cit-Hyx-Ura- auxogroups were susceptible to less than or equal to 0.08 microgram of penicillin/ml. (4) More than 95% of strains of the Pro-Cit-Ura- auxogroup required greater than of equal to 0.08 microgram of penicillin/ml for inhibition of growth. (5) The Pro- auxogroup showed a bimodal distribution, with a major peak at 0.01 microgram of penicillin/ml and a minor one at 0.32 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Association between the auxogroup of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the minimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin. The auxogroups and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of penicillin for 885 recently isolated strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were determined. Auxogroups were established according to the growth requirements of the strains for proline (Pro-), uracil (Ura-), hypoxanthine (Hyx-), citrulline (Cit-), or citrulline replaceable by ornithine (Orn-). The seven most common auxogroups studied were: Pro-Cit-Ura- (38.8%), Orn-Hyx-Ura- (24.1%), nonrequiring (NR) strains (13.4%), Pro- (9.7%), Orn- (5.2%), Cit-Hyx-Ura- (4.2%), and Pro-Onr-Hyx-Ura- (2.0%). The distribution of MICs of penicillin for the complete set of 885 strains had a bimodal distribution, with a minor peak at 0.01 microgram of penicillin/ml and a major one at 0.16 microgram/ml. The auxogroups, however, had different patterns of distribution of MICs of penicillin. Five patterns of distribution were found among eight auxogroups identified. (1) Orn- and NR auxogroups showed a broad distribution of MICs, with peak at 0.08 microgram/ml. (2) Of the Cit-Hyx-Ura- and Orn-Hyx-Ura- auxogroups, greater than 98% of strains were susceptible to less than or equal to 0.04 microgram of penicillin/ml. (3) All strains of the Pro-Orn-Hyx-Ura- and Pro-Cit-Hyx-Ura- auxogroups were susceptible to less than or equal to 0.08 microgram of penicillin/ml. (4) More than 95% of strains of the Pro-Cit-Ura- auxogroup required greater than of equal to 0.08 microgram of penicillin/ml for inhibition of growth. (5) The Pro- auxogroup showed a bimodal distribution, with a major peak at 0.01 microgram of penicillin/ml and a minor one at 0.32 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 119329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13750", "title": "Colonization of the pharynx with Neisseria gonorrhoeae: experience in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases.", "content": "At a clinic for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, 1,453 patients were examined for pharyngeal colonization with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A history of oral sex was reported by 895 (61.2%) of the patients. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from the pharynges of 42 (2.9%) of the 1,453 patients. Twenty-seven of the 42 patients with N. gonorrhoeae-positive cultures gave histories of oral sex, and all 42 patients reported orogenital contact when questioned again at a follow-up visit. Seven patients with positive cultures had pharyngeal symptoms; all seven practiced fellatio. Eleven of the infected men were asymptomatic heterosexuals whose only orogenital contact was cunnilingus.", "contents": "Colonization of the pharynx with Neisseria gonorrhoeae: experience in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. At a clinic for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, 1,453 patients were examined for pharyngeal colonization with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A history of oral sex was reported by 895 (61.2%) of the patients. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from the pharynges of 42 (2.9%) of the 1,453 patients. Twenty-seven of the 42 patients with N. gonorrhoeae-positive cultures gave histories of oral sex, and all 42 patients reported orogenital contact when questioned again at a follow-up visit. Seven patients with positive cultures had pharyngeal symptoms; all seven practiced fellatio. Eleven of the infected men were asymptomatic heterosexuals whose only orogenital contact was cunnilingus.", "PMID": 119330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13751", "title": "Effects of low cobalamin diet and chronic cyanide toxicity on cobalamin distribution in baboons.", "content": "This paper reports the bodily distribution of total cobalamin and individual cobalamins at the termination of an experiment on the effects of a low cobalamin diet and chronic cyanide or thiocyanate administration in baboons. The results show that the distribution of cobalamins in the tissues of the baboon can be altered by a low cobalamin diet and also by chronic intoxication with cyanide, whether or not the animals are on a low cobalamin diet. All animals on the low cobalamin diet showed a reduction in total and individual cobalamins. In blood plasma and erythrocytes, kidney, spleen, testis and brain, the proportion of methylcobalamin tended to be disproportionately reduced in cobalamin-depleted animals. This reduction was lessened or prevented by the administration of cyanide. Neither cyanide not thiocyanate produced a significant increase in the proportion of cyanocobalamin in plasma, though thiocyanate produced a large increase in cyanocobalamin in erythrocytes. In liver, cyanocobalamin was more than doubled by the administration of cyanide to cobalamin-depleted animals.", "contents": "Effects of low cobalamin diet and chronic cyanide toxicity on cobalamin distribution in baboons. This paper reports the bodily distribution of total cobalamin and individual cobalamins at the termination of an experiment on the effects of a low cobalamin diet and chronic cyanide or thiocyanate administration in baboons. The results show that the distribution of cobalamins in the tissues of the baboon can be altered by a low cobalamin diet and also by chronic intoxication with cyanide, whether or not the animals are on a low cobalamin diet. All animals on the low cobalamin diet showed a reduction in total and individual cobalamins. In blood plasma and erythrocytes, kidney, spleen, testis and brain, the proportion of methylcobalamin tended to be disproportionately reduced in cobalamin-depleted animals. This reduction was lessened or prevented by the administration of cyanide. Neither cyanide not thiocyanate produced a significant increase in the proportion of cyanocobalamin in plasma, though thiocyanate produced a large increase in cyanocobalamin in erythrocytes. In liver, cyanocobalamin was more than doubled by the administration of cyanide to cobalamin-depleted animals.", "PMID": 119336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13752", "title": "Dipetalogaster maximus (Hemiptera, Triatominae) for xenodiagnosis of patients with serologically detectable Trypanosoma cruzi infection.", "content": "In patients serologically positive for Trypanosoma cruzi infection the three bug species/instar combinations used in xenodiagnosis showed third-instar Dipetalogaster maximus to be more efficient in detecting circulating trypanosomes than the first instar of the same species which, in turn, is more sensitive than third-instar Triatoma infestans. The sensitivity of the pool technique of faecal examination compared with individual dissection was investigated. Four pool examinations (the product of 20 bugs) were equivalent to 10 individual bug dissections. Because of the ease of providing large numbers of bugs for mass xenodiagnosis, first-instar D. maximus has replaced third-instar T. infestans in our routine work. The value of third-instar D. maximus as a xenodiagnostic agent needs further investigation.", "contents": "Dipetalogaster maximus (Hemiptera, Triatominae) for xenodiagnosis of patients with serologically detectable Trypanosoma cruzi infection. In patients serologically positive for Trypanosoma cruzi infection the three bug species/instar combinations used in xenodiagnosis showed third-instar Dipetalogaster maximus to be more efficient in detecting circulating trypanosomes than the first instar of the same species which, in turn, is more sensitive than third-instar Triatoma infestans. The sensitivity of the pool technique of faecal examination compared with individual dissection was investigated. Four pool examinations (the product of 20 bugs) were equivalent to 10 individual bug dissections. Because of the ease of providing large numbers of bugs for mass xenodiagnosis, first-instar D. maximus has replaced third-instar T. infestans in our routine work. The value of third-instar D. maximus as a xenodiagnostic agent needs further investigation.", "PMID": 119338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13753", "title": "Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rhesus monkeys 111. Electrocardiographic and histopathological findings.", "content": "In five rhesus monkeys surviving 'Peru strain' or 'strain 7' Trypanosoma cruzi infection for six to eight years, positive xenodiagnosis results and high indirect fluorescent antibody titres (4096 - 65536) persisted until the animals were killed. Abnormal electrocardiograph patterns in two monkeys (H and K) were possibly compatible with myocardial damage. Histopathological changes attributable to T. cruzi infection were minor in four monkeys but severe in one (R). In this animal, infected with what was judged previously to be the less virulent of the two T. cruzi stocks used ('strain 7'), there was severe myocarditis, with myofibre degeneration, and lesions of the oesophagus. Elevated serum levels of five enzymes were not detected in any of the chronically infected monkeys.", "contents": "Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rhesus monkeys 111. Electrocardiographic and histopathological findings. In five rhesus monkeys surviving 'Peru strain' or 'strain 7' Trypanosoma cruzi infection for six to eight years, positive xenodiagnosis results and high indirect fluorescent antibody titres (4096 - 65536) persisted until the animals were killed. Abnormal electrocardiograph patterns in two monkeys (H and K) were possibly compatible with myocardial damage. Histopathological changes attributable to T. cruzi infection were minor in four monkeys but severe in one (R). In this animal, infected with what was judged previously to be the less virulent of the two T. cruzi stocks used ('strain 7'), there was severe myocarditis, with myofibre degeneration, and lesions of the oesophagus. Elevated serum levels of five enzymes were not detected in any of the chronically infected monkeys.", "PMID": 119339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13754", "title": "Low-dose electron image reconstruction of negatively stained contractile phage sheath from Bacillus subtilis (PBS-Z).", "content": "The structure of the contractile sheath of the defective phage from B. subtilis (PBS-Z) has been investigated by low-dose electron microscopy and image reconstruction. The extended and contracted sheath particles were imaged by means of two negative stains which consisted of uranyl- and phosphotungstate-containing solutions of a pH of 4.2 and 7.0 respectively. Images of identical parts of the same type of specimen were recorded at a total electron dose of 80 C/m2 (5 electrons/A2) and 4 x 10(3) C/m2 (250 electrons/A2). The low-dose reconstructions of the extended and contracted sheath structure in the two stains show good correspondence and made it possible to draw the following structural conclusions. The sheath protein in both types of structure has an elongated shape, and in both structures the long molecular axis lies in a plane perpendicular to the helical sheath axis. The orientation of the protein in the extended and contracted sheath is different; the long axes differ by about 35 degrees in orientation. The reconstructions did not permit conclusions about different conformational states of the protein in both structures. These data, together with the packing parameters of the protein subunits in the contractile sheath [1], form the complete structural analysis of this biological structure by electron microscopy. The radiation damage effects which have been monitored in analyzing image pairs to the full extent may be summarized as follows. (1) Diameters of the sheath structure increase, which indicate flattening. (2) There is no loss in resolution, and layerline altitudes of the Fourier-transformed images do not change. (3) Uranyl stain behaves differently compared to phosphotungstate. In both negative stains the structural noise level increases upon irradiation as follows from the increase in phase residuals of the digital layerline data. In uranyl-stained images also more aperiodic noise appears. (4) The Fourier amplitudes of the principal layerline maxima shift towards lower spatial frequencies; phases of corresponding maxima generally remain constant. This pattern is more pronounced in the extended sheath data; there is no rationale describing these positional shifts. Moreover, in the case of contracted sheath the amplitudes of Fourier components also change more in absolute value. Therefore the damage effects also seem to depend on the type of structure embedded in the stain. (5) In the reconstructed images these radiation effects create artificial stain-excluded volumes of a type and at a radius which depend on the stain and structure.", "contents": "Low-dose electron image reconstruction of negatively stained contractile phage sheath from Bacillus subtilis (PBS-Z). The structure of the contractile sheath of the defective phage from B. subtilis (PBS-Z) has been investigated by low-dose electron microscopy and image reconstruction. The extended and contracted sheath particles were imaged by means of two negative stains which consisted of uranyl- and phosphotungstate-containing solutions of a pH of 4.2 and 7.0 respectively. Images of identical parts of the same type of specimen were recorded at a total electron dose of 80 C/m2 (5 electrons/A2) and 4 x 10(3) C/m2 (250 electrons/A2). The low-dose reconstructions of the extended and contracted sheath structure in the two stains show good correspondence and made it possible to draw the following structural conclusions. The sheath protein in both types of structure has an elongated shape, and in both structures the long molecular axis lies in a plane perpendicular to the helical sheath axis. The orientation of the protein in the extended and contracted sheath is different; the long axes differ by about 35 degrees in orientation. The reconstructions did not permit conclusions about different conformational states of the protein in both structures. These data, together with the packing parameters of the protein subunits in the contractile sheath [1], form the complete structural analysis of this biological structure by electron microscopy. The radiation damage effects which have been monitored in analyzing image pairs to the full extent may be summarized as follows. (1) Diameters of the sheath structure increase, which indicate flattening. (2) There is no loss in resolution, and layerline altitudes of the Fourier-transformed images do not change. (3) Uranyl stain behaves differently compared to phosphotungstate. In both negative stains the structural noise level increases upon irradiation as follows from the increase in phase residuals of the digital layerline data. In uranyl-stained images also more aperiodic noise appears. (4) The Fourier amplitudes of the principal layerline maxima shift towards lower spatial frequencies; phases of corresponding maxima generally remain constant. This pattern is more pronounced in the extended sheath data; there is no rationale describing these positional shifts. Moreover, in the case of contracted sheath the amplitudes of Fourier components also change more in absolute value. Therefore the damage effects also seem to depend on the type of structure embedded in the stain. (5) In the reconstructed images these radiation effects create artificial stain-excluded volumes of a type and at a radius which depend on the stain and structure.", "PMID": 119341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13755", "title": "Induction of infective stages of Theileria parva by exposure of host ticks to high temperature.", "content": "It was demonstrated that Theileria parva parasites infective to cattle could be induced by exposure of infected adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks to 37 degrees C. The production of the sporozoites of T parva was not as efficient as by feeding ticks on rabbits.", "contents": "Induction of infective stages of Theileria parva by exposure of host ticks to high temperature. It was demonstrated that Theileria parva parasites infective to cattle could be induced by exposure of infected adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks to 37 degrees C. The production of the sporozoites of T parva was not as efficient as by feeding ticks on rabbits.", "PMID": 119344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13756", "title": "[Development of enterococci and coli bacteria in Bulgarian yogurt].", "content": "The effect of lactic acid fermentation in Bulgarian yoghourt was studied by the development and decline of hygiene level indicating microorganisms--enterococci and coli-bacteriae. It was established that for the first 6 h after production of Bulgarian yoghourt, the quantity of enterococci (Str. faecalis, resp. Str. faecium) increases 5--6 times on the average, after the 12th hour it begins slowly to decrease and the number is reduced two times during storage for 7 days at 7--10 degrees C temperature of 6 days at 18--22 degrees C. The reduction in enterococci number is not fully correlated with the stage of lactic acid fermentation. Coli-bacteriae (E. coli) do not grow in number at the time the milk is turned into yoghourt. Their initial quantity diminishes along with the advance of the lactic acid process and after 24 h of milk storage at 18--22 degrees C or after 48 h at 7--10 degrees C they cannot be detected at all. The conclusion is drawn that enterococci are more suitable as hygiene level indicating microorganisms for hygienic evaluation of Bulgarian yoghourt, as compared to coli-bacteriae, due to their greater viability and longer survival in the product at the time of its production and during storage. It is recommended to perform the investigations on coli-forms not later than the 24th hour after yoghourt productions begins.", "contents": "[Development of enterococci and coli bacteria in Bulgarian yogurt]. The effect of lactic acid fermentation in Bulgarian yoghourt was studied by the development and decline of hygiene level indicating microorganisms--enterococci and coli-bacteriae. It was established that for the first 6 h after production of Bulgarian yoghourt, the quantity of enterococci (Str. faecalis, resp. Str. faecium) increases 5--6 times on the average, after the 12th hour it begins slowly to decrease and the number is reduced two times during storage for 7 days at 7--10 degrees C temperature of 6 days at 18--22 degrees C. The reduction in enterococci number is not fully correlated with the stage of lactic acid fermentation. Coli-bacteriae (E. coli) do not grow in number at the time the milk is turned into yoghourt. Their initial quantity diminishes along with the advance of the lactic acid process and after 24 h of milk storage at 18--22 degrees C or after 48 h at 7--10 degrees C they cannot be detected at all. The conclusion is drawn that enterococci are more suitable as hygiene level indicating microorganisms for hygienic evaluation of Bulgarian yoghourt, as compared to coli-bacteriae, due to their greater viability and longer survival in the product at the time of its production and during storage. It is recommended to perform the investigations on coli-forms not later than the 24th hour after yoghourt productions begins.", "PMID": 119346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13757", "title": "Biotransformation of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) in animals and in man. I. Isolation and identification of principal metabolites.", "content": "1. The anti-inflammatory agent diclofenac sodium (o-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenylacetic acid sodium salt) is extensively metabolized by rat, dog, baboon and man. The main metabolites were isolated from the urine of all species and from the bile of rat and dog and identified by spectroscopy. 2. Metabolism involves direct conjugation of the unchanged drug, or oxidation of the aromatic rings usually followed by conjugation. Sites of oxidation are either position 3' or 4' of the dichlorophenyl ring or, alternatively, position 5 of the phenyl ring attached to the acetic acid moiety. 3. In the urine of rat, baboon and man conjugates of the hydroxylated metabolites predominate, but the major metabolite in dog urine is the taurine conjugate of unchanged diclofenac. 4. In the bile of rat and dog, the main metabolite is the ester glucuroniade of unchanged diclofenac.", "contents": "Biotransformation of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) in animals and in man. I. Isolation and identification of principal metabolites. 1. The anti-inflammatory agent diclofenac sodium (o-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenylacetic acid sodium salt) is extensively metabolized by rat, dog, baboon and man. The main metabolites were isolated from the urine of all species and from the bile of rat and dog and identified by spectroscopy. 2. Metabolism involves direct conjugation of the unchanged drug, or oxidation of the aromatic rings usually followed by conjugation. Sites of oxidation are either position 3' or 4' of the dichlorophenyl ring or, alternatively, position 5 of the phenyl ring attached to the acetic acid moiety. 3. In the urine of rat, baboon and man conjugates of the hydroxylated metabolites predominate, but the major metabolite in dog urine is the taurine conjugate of unchanged diclofenac. 4. In the bile of rat and dog, the main metabolite is the ester glucuroniade of unchanged diclofenac.", "PMID": 119352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13758", "title": "Biotransformation of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) in animals and in man. II. Quantitative determination of the unchanged drug and principal phenolic metabolites, in urine and bile.", "content": "1. Quantitative determinations of unchanged diclofenac and two of its major phenolic metabolites were made by reverse isotope dilution analysis on urine of rat, dog, rhesus monkey, baboon and man and on bile of rat, dog and man. Isotope dilution analysis was performed before and after various methods of enzymic and chemical hydrolysis. 2. The same samples were also analysed by two-dimensional t.l.c. and subsequent autoradiography, to estimate the remaining phenolic metabolites. 3. In contrast to rat, rhesus monkey, baboon and man, which excrete mainly hydroxylated metabolites, the dog does not oxidize diclofenac. Dog urine contained a relatively stable taurine conjugate of diclofenac, and in the bile an ester glucuronide was excreted, which decomposed even in weakly alkaline soln. 4. The unstable ester glucuronide found in dog bile was also demonstrable in rat bile. It presumably hydrolyses in the duodenum, releasing diclofenac which undergoes enterohepatic circulation.", "contents": "Biotransformation of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) in animals and in man. II. Quantitative determination of the unchanged drug and principal phenolic metabolites, in urine and bile. 1. Quantitative determinations of unchanged diclofenac and two of its major phenolic metabolites were made by reverse isotope dilution analysis on urine of rat, dog, rhesus monkey, baboon and man and on bile of rat, dog and man. Isotope dilution analysis was performed before and after various methods of enzymic and chemical hydrolysis. 2. The same samples were also analysed by two-dimensional t.l.c. and subsequent autoradiography, to estimate the remaining phenolic metabolites. 3. In contrast to rat, rhesus monkey, baboon and man, which excrete mainly hydroxylated metabolites, the dog does not oxidize diclofenac. Dog urine contained a relatively stable taurine conjugate of diclofenac, and in the bile an ester glucuronide was excreted, which decomposed even in weakly alkaline soln. 4. The unstable ester glucuronide found in dog bile was also demonstrable in rat bile. It presumably hydrolyses in the duodenum, releasing diclofenac which undergoes enterohepatic circulation.", "PMID": 119353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13759", "title": "The disposition of the synthetic prostaglandin analogue cloprostenol ('Estrumate') in the rat and marmoset.", "content": "1. Following subcutaneous administration of the synthetic prostaglandin analogue [14C]cloprostenol to the rat (200 micrograms/kg), the dose was quantitatively recovered from the excreta: 52% of the dose was present in the urine and 43% in faeces. After intravaginal administration (200 micrograms/kg) 42% of the dose was recovered from the excreta, equally divided between urine and faeces, and 40% (range 25--66%) of the dose was recovered from the site of application. The radiolabelled compounds present in faeces were eliminated initially via the bile. 2. The max. observed plasma concn. of total 14C in the rat was 84 ng equiv./ml at 30 min after subcutaneous administration of cloprostenol (200 micrograms/kg). A component which co-chromatographed with cloprostenol on t.l.c. was rapidly cleared from plasma with a half-life of 54 min. After intravaginal administration of cloprostenol (200 micrograms/kg), low and persistent plasma concn. of 14C were detected. 3. The metabolic fate of cloprostenol in the rat and marmoset has been studied with radiolabelled and non-labelled drug mixed such that fragments detected by mass spectrometry exhibited characteristic 12C:14C isotope clusters. Metabolites derived from cloprostenol contained these characteristic doublets. 4. In the rat cloprostenol is metabolized by beta-oxidation to tetranor-cloprostenol. Unchanged cloprostenol and a conjugate of tetranor-cloprostenol were minor urinary metabolites. In the rat biotransformation of cloprostenol in the cyclopentane ring occurred; the tetranor acid of 9-keto-cloprostenol was identified in urine. In the marmoset unchanged cloprostenol and dinor-cloprostenol were major urinary components.", "contents": "The disposition of the synthetic prostaglandin analogue cloprostenol ('Estrumate') in the rat and marmoset. 1. Following subcutaneous administration of the synthetic prostaglandin analogue [14C]cloprostenol to the rat (200 micrograms/kg), the dose was quantitatively recovered from the excreta: 52% of the dose was present in the urine and 43% in faeces. After intravaginal administration (200 micrograms/kg) 42% of the dose was recovered from the excreta, equally divided between urine and faeces, and 40% (range 25--66%) of the dose was recovered from the site of application. The radiolabelled compounds present in faeces were eliminated initially via the bile. 2. The max. observed plasma concn. of total 14C in the rat was 84 ng equiv./ml at 30 min after subcutaneous administration of cloprostenol (200 micrograms/kg). A component which co-chromatographed with cloprostenol on t.l.c. was rapidly cleared from plasma with a half-life of 54 min. After intravaginal administration of cloprostenol (200 micrograms/kg), low and persistent plasma concn. of 14C were detected. 3. The metabolic fate of cloprostenol in the rat and marmoset has been studied with radiolabelled and non-labelled drug mixed such that fragments detected by mass spectrometry exhibited characteristic 12C:14C isotope clusters. Metabolites derived from cloprostenol contained these characteristic doublets. 4. In the rat cloprostenol is metabolized by beta-oxidation to tetranor-cloprostenol. Unchanged cloprostenol and a conjugate of tetranor-cloprostenol were minor urinary metabolites. In the rat biotransformation of cloprostenol in the cyclopentane ring occurred; the tetranor acid of 9-keto-cloprostenol was identified in urine. In the marmoset unchanged cloprostenol and dinor-cloprostenol were major urinary components.", "PMID": 119354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13760", "title": "Studies on the different metabolic pathways of antipyrine in rats: influence of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene treatment.", "content": "1. The amounts of antipyrine and its metabolites excreted in 24 h urine after i.v. injection of 10 mg antipyrine into male Wistar rats were quantified after enzymic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase/aryl sulphatase. In 24 h 2.7% of the administered dose was excreted as unchanged antipyrine, 13.3% as 4-hydroxyantipyrine, 7.4% as norantipyrine, 28.9% as 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine and 1.1% as 3-carboxyantipyrine. 2. Treatment with phenobarbital decreased the antipyrine half-life from 65 to 30 min, but did not significantly change the urinary metabolite profile. Only the amount of 3-carboxyantipyrine was significantly different and increased from 1.1 to 2.6% dose. 3. 3-Methylcholanthrene treatment resulted in a decrease of antipyrine half-life from 72 to 37 min. After treatment 4-hydroxyantipyrine was increased from 13.4% to 25.6% dose, whereas 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine was decreased from 26.8% to 8.5% and 3-carboxyantipyrine from 1.3% to 0.2% of the dose respectively; norantipyrine was unchanged. 4. It is concluded that different types of hepatic cytochrome P-450 may be involved in the formation of 4-hydroxyantipyrine on one hand and the formation of 6-hydroxymethylantipyrine on the other. Another possibility is that in methylcholanthrene-treated animals another haemoprotein is formed that results in the formation of more 4-hydroxyantipyrine and less 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine. In any case, the urinary metabolite profile of antipyrine can be used to study changes in the activity of different cytochromes in drug metabolism studies.", "contents": "Studies on the different metabolic pathways of antipyrine in rats: influence of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene treatment. 1. The amounts of antipyrine and its metabolites excreted in 24 h urine after i.v. injection of 10 mg antipyrine into male Wistar rats were quantified after enzymic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase/aryl sulphatase. In 24 h 2.7% of the administered dose was excreted as unchanged antipyrine, 13.3% as 4-hydroxyantipyrine, 7.4% as norantipyrine, 28.9% as 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine and 1.1% as 3-carboxyantipyrine. 2. Treatment with phenobarbital decreased the antipyrine half-life from 65 to 30 min, but did not significantly change the urinary metabolite profile. Only the amount of 3-carboxyantipyrine was significantly different and increased from 1.1 to 2.6% dose. 3. 3-Methylcholanthrene treatment resulted in a decrease of antipyrine half-life from 72 to 37 min. After treatment 4-hydroxyantipyrine was increased from 13.4% to 25.6% dose, whereas 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine was decreased from 26.8% to 8.5% and 3-carboxyantipyrine from 1.3% to 0.2% of the dose respectively; norantipyrine was unchanged. 4. It is concluded that different types of hepatic cytochrome P-450 may be involved in the formation of 4-hydroxyantipyrine on one hand and the formation of 6-hydroxymethylantipyrine on the other. Another possibility is that in methylcholanthrene-treated animals another haemoprotein is formed that results in the formation of more 4-hydroxyantipyrine and less 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine. In any case, the urinary metabolite profile of antipyrine can be used to study changes in the activity of different cytochromes in drug metabolism studies.", "PMID": 119355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13761", "title": "Fate of 2,5,4'-trichlorobiphenyl in rats.", "content": "1. Following the administration of daily oral doses (1 mg/kg) of 2,5,4'-trichloro-[14C]biphenyl to rats for 14 days, the compound was rapidly excreted, only small amounts (3--4%) being stored in the organs. 2. The majority of the biphenyl was metabolized (greater than 85%) and the major metabolites excreted were identified as hydroxy-, dechloro- and conjugated derivatives.", "contents": "Fate of 2,5,4'-trichlorobiphenyl in rats. 1. Following the administration of daily oral doses (1 mg/kg) of 2,5,4'-trichloro-[14C]biphenyl to rats for 14 days, the compound was rapidly excreted, only small amounts (3--4%) being stored in the organs. 2. The majority of the biphenyl was metabolized (greater than 85%) and the major metabolites excreted were identified as hydroxy-, dechloro- and conjugated derivatives.", "PMID": 119356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13762", "title": "The induction of hepatic and extrahepatic xenobiotic metabolism in the rat and ferret by a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture (Aroclor 1254).", "content": "1. The effect of a single i.p. dose (500 mg/kg) of a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture (Aroclor 1254) on hepatic and extrahepatic xenobiotic metabolism in male rat, and male and female ferret, was studied. 2. Aroclor 1254 treatment induced hepatic microsomal N-demethylase activities, and cytochrome P-450 and protein content in both rat and ferret. Liver size and aniline 4-hydroxylase were also increased in rat, but not ferret. The polychlorinated biphenyl mixture appeared to be a mixed-type inducer of hepatic xenobiotic metabolism in both species. 3. Aroclor 1254 treatment produced large increases in activities of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase in whole homogenates of the liver, small intestinal mucosa, kidneys and lungs of both species. Maximal stimulation of xenobiotic metabolism occurred in the kidney of both the rat and ferret. In contrast, UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity was only stimulated in liver, intestine and kidney of the rat and in liver and intestine of the ferret. 4. These results suggest a general species similarity in the response to the polychlorinated biphenyl mixture between the rat and ferret.", "contents": "The induction of hepatic and extrahepatic xenobiotic metabolism in the rat and ferret by a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture (Aroclor 1254). 1. The effect of a single i.p. dose (500 mg/kg) of a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture (Aroclor 1254) on hepatic and extrahepatic xenobiotic metabolism in male rat, and male and female ferret, was studied. 2. Aroclor 1254 treatment induced hepatic microsomal N-demethylase activities, and cytochrome P-450 and protein content in both rat and ferret. Liver size and aniline 4-hydroxylase were also increased in rat, but not ferret. The polychlorinated biphenyl mixture appeared to be a mixed-type inducer of hepatic xenobiotic metabolism in both species. 3. Aroclor 1254 treatment produced large increases in activities of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase in whole homogenates of the liver, small intestinal mucosa, kidneys and lungs of both species. Maximal stimulation of xenobiotic metabolism occurred in the kidney of both the rat and ferret. In contrast, UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity was only stimulated in liver, intestine and kidney of the rat and in liver and intestine of the ferret. 4. These results suggest a general species similarity in the response to the polychlorinated biphenyl mixture between the rat and ferret.", "PMID": 119357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13763", "title": "Avian metabolism of halogenated biphenyls.", "content": "1. The metabolism of several halogenated biphenyls has been studied using poultry as a model system. The substrates 4-chlorobiphenyl and 4-bromobiphenyl each yielded two metabolites (4'-chloro-4-biphenylol, 4'-chloro-3,4-biphenyldiol; 4'-bromo-4-biphenylol, 4'-bromo-3,4-biphenyldiol), while 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl yielded only one metabolite (4,4-dichloro-3-biphenylol). 2. Metabolites were not found in eggs collected for 7 days following the administration of the substrate.", "contents": "Avian metabolism of halogenated biphenyls. 1. The metabolism of several halogenated biphenyls has been studied using poultry as a model system. The substrates 4-chlorobiphenyl and 4-bromobiphenyl each yielded two metabolites (4'-chloro-4-biphenylol, 4'-chloro-3,4-biphenyldiol; 4'-bromo-4-biphenylol, 4'-bromo-3,4-biphenyldiol), while 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl yielded only one metabolite (4,4-dichloro-3-biphenylol). 2. Metabolites were not found in eggs collected for 7 days following the administration of the substrate.", "PMID": 119358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13764", "title": "Effect of hypocalcemic and hypercalcemic substances on the parathyroid histology of the lizard, Uromastix hardwickii (Gray).", "content": "The effects of hypocalcemic and hypercalcemic substance on activity of the parathyroid and plasma calcium and phosphorus levels in the lizard, Uromastix hardwickii are described. The cellular hypertrophy and degranulation of cytoplasm in the parathyroid cells along with decrease in plasma calcium level appeared after sodium citrate and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) treatment. On the other hand, degenerative changes are observed after calcium chloride treatment. It is suggested that the secretion of parathyroid is regulated by the circulating blood calcium level.", "contents": "Effect of hypocalcemic and hypercalcemic substances on the parathyroid histology of the lizard, Uromastix hardwickii (Gray). The effects of hypocalcemic and hypercalcemic substance on activity of the parathyroid and plasma calcium and phosphorus levels in the lizard, Uromastix hardwickii are described. The cellular hypertrophy and degranulation of cytoplasm in the parathyroid cells along with decrease in plasma calcium level appeared after sodium citrate and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) treatment. On the other hand, degenerative changes are observed after calcium chloride treatment. It is suggested that the secretion of parathyroid is regulated by the circulating blood calcium level.", "PMID": 119359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13765", "title": "[The influence on water-electrolyte balance through osmotherapy for decreasing intracranial pressure].", "content": "On the basis of a group of neurosurgical patients showing a differing composition, various procedures of the dehydrating therapy in the pre- and postoperative phases for decreasing the increased intracranial pressure were studied. In addition to the continuous recording of the intracranial pressure, the electrolyte and water balance was measured by recording the plasma, urinary, and cerebrospinal-fluid electrolytes and their osmolarities and the urinary output was determined. Besides, specific measurements of the haematocrit, of the central venous pressure and the arterial mean pressure brought pathophysiological findings on the dehydration. The comparison of conventional substances such as mannite and sorbite of different concentrations per time showed various disturbances of the electrolyte and water balance; therapeutic guiding rules could be elaborated under consideration of these experiences. On the basis of the intracranial pressure/volume relationship, the effectiveness of the dehydration should not only be assessed by the reduction of the intracranial pressure since the extent of the alteration of the electrolyte and water balance and the haemodynamically active changes are quite different. Finally, disease pictures should be taken into consideration in which the basic morphological and functional conditions have been lost and the limits of the therapeutic procedure are exceeded.", "contents": "[The influence on water-electrolyte balance through osmotherapy for decreasing intracranial pressure]. On the basis of a group of neurosurgical patients showing a differing composition, various procedures of the dehydrating therapy in the pre- and postoperative phases for decreasing the increased intracranial pressure were studied. In addition to the continuous recording of the intracranial pressure, the electrolyte and water balance was measured by recording the plasma, urinary, and cerebrospinal-fluid electrolytes and their osmolarities and the urinary output was determined. Besides, specific measurements of the haematocrit, of the central venous pressure and the arterial mean pressure brought pathophysiological findings on the dehydration. The comparison of conventional substances such as mannite and sorbite of different concentrations per time showed various disturbances of the electrolyte and water balance; therapeutic guiding rules could be elaborated under consideration of these experiences. On the basis of the intracranial pressure/volume relationship, the effectiveness of the dehydration should not only be assessed by the reduction of the intracranial pressure since the extent of the alteration of the electrolyte and water balance and the haemodynamically active changes are quite different. Finally, disease pictures should be taken into consideration in which the basic morphological and functional conditions have been lost and the limits of the therapeutic procedure are exceeded.", "PMID": 119368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13766", "title": "[Mechanism of switching over simple and systemic conditioned reflexes to time in animals].", "content": "Switching over of simple reflexes and of a system of reflexes to \"pure\" time was studied on 12 rabbits, 2 dogs and one monkey. Instrumental conditioned reflexes (pulling a ring or pressing a pedal) were elaborated in response to 5; 4, 2 and 1.5 minutes time intervals; a system of conditioned reflexes was elaborated to different time intervals: 1.5--2.5--3.5 min and 4--2 min. Switching over agents were a metronome (300 beats/min), noise of a ventilator plus light of an electrical bulb, as well as different quantities or qualities of alimentary reinforcement. Turning in of the one and turning out of the other agents caused switching over of the food-procuring activity from one rhythm to another. The mechanisms of this complex form of integrative brain activity are discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanism of switching over simple and systemic conditioned reflexes to time in animals]. Switching over of simple reflexes and of a system of reflexes to \"pure\" time was studied on 12 rabbits, 2 dogs and one monkey. Instrumental conditioned reflexes (pulling a ring or pressing a pedal) were elaborated in response to 5; 4, 2 and 1.5 minutes time intervals; a system of conditioned reflexes was elaborated to different time intervals: 1.5--2.5--3.5 min and 4--2 min. Switching over agents were a metronome (300 beats/min), noise of a ventilator plus light of an electrical bulb, as well as different quantities or qualities of alimentary reinforcement. Turning in of the one and turning out of the other agents caused switching over of the food-procuring activity from one rhythm to another. The mechanisms of this complex form of integrative brain activity are discussed.", "PMID": 119365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13767", "title": "[Why do the very aged become so old?].", "content": "Some men can obtain hundred years or more, but the grounds are as yet unknown. Till now medical research has given no specific clues. Intensive consideration shows that life under quite natural (no longer found), not too hard social and climatic conditions (more maritime than arid) and in mountainous regions is decisive. It is clear that few territories of the earth come into consideration. The specific mental situation of mountain dwellers which contrasts in important points to that of the inhabitants of flat country, plays a decisive part.", "contents": "[Why do the very aged become so old?]. Some men can obtain hundred years or more, but the grounds are as yet unknown. Till now medical research has given no specific clues. Intensive consideration shows that life under quite natural (no longer found), not too hard social and climatic conditions (more maritime than arid) and in mountainous regions is decisive. It is clear that few territories of the earth come into consideration. The specific mental situation of mountain dwellers which contrasts in important points to that of the inhabitants of flat country, plays a decisive part.", "PMID": 119391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13768", "title": "The stimulation of the mitochondrial respiration by citrulline synthesis.", "content": "1. The influence of ammonia and ornithine on the oxygen uptake and the formation of citrulline was investigated with isolated rat liver mitochondria. The experiments were performed in a cytosol-like saline medium at 38 degrees C. 2. Under these conditions an increase of the respiration rate by ammonia and ornithine was observed, but a small response to external ADP, only. The missing stimulation by ADP was due to a partial inhibition of the respiratory chain by traces of zinc (approximately 1 microM) present in the medium. This inhibition was only detected at low concentrations of mitochondria. 3. For activation of respiration by ammonia plus ornithine two different processes were responsible: (i) chelation of the inhibiting zinc by ornithine, which could be prevented by EDTA; (ii) ADP production in the matrix space during formation of carbamoyl phosphate, which could be prevented by oligomycin but not by carboxyatractyloside. 4. This stimulus of the carbamoyl phosphate formation and of the equivalent citrulline synthesis on the mitochondrial respiration ran to 12% of that increase caused by phosphorylation of external ADP. The maximum rate of citrulline formation was limited by the activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. 5. Added ADP suppresses the production of citrulline probably by the exchange of extramitochondrial ADP versus intramitochondrial ATP. The data suggest a common adenine nucleotide pool delivering ATP to the adenine nucleotide translocase as well as to the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.", "contents": "The stimulation of the mitochondrial respiration by citrulline synthesis. 1. The influence of ammonia and ornithine on the oxygen uptake and the formation of citrulline was investigated with isolated rat liver mitochondria. The experiments were performed in a cytosol-like saline medium at 38 degrees C. 2. Under these conditions an increase of the respiration rate by ammonia and ornithine was observed, but a small response to external ADP, only. The missing stimulation by ADP was due to a partial inhibition of the respiratory chain by traces of zinc (approximately 1 microM) present in the medium. This inhibition was only detected at low concentrations of mitochondria. 3. For activation of respiration by ammonia plus ornithine two different processes were responsible: (i) chelation of the inhibiting zinc by ornithine, which could be prevented by EDTA; (ii) ADP production in the matrix space during formation of carbamoyl phosphate, which could be prevented by oligomycin but not by carboxyatractyloside. 4. This stimulus of the carbamoyl phosphate formation and of the equivalent citrulline synthesis on the mitochondrial respiration ran to 12% of that increase caused by phosphorylation of external ADP. The maximum rate of citrulline formation was limited by the activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. 5. Added ADP suppresses the production of citrulline probably by the exchange of extramitochondrial ADP versus intramitochondrial ATP. The data suggest a common adenine nucleotide pool delivering ATP to the adenine nucleotide translocase as well as to the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.", "PMID": 119392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13769", "title": "[Tractional diverticulum of the urinary bladder as a component in recurring inguinal hernias].", "content": "The tractonal diverticulum as contained in recidivating inguional hernia occur rather often. They are created most often during plastic surgical treatment most frequently in inguinal hernia repairs in which a suture partially or completely passes through the urinary bladder and fixes it to the layers of inguinal canal when it is being sutured. They also occur when the bladder is accidentally pinched while the sutures are being pulled taught. The diverticulum so created almost never yields characteristic symptoms, and for this reason it is most often diagnosed intraoperatively. Because of this, the surgeon must keep in mind the possible existence of such a diverticulum when reoperating a recidivating hernia localized in the lower abdomen especially those near the bladder. It is important that such a diverticulum be carefully dissected and that the bladder be adequately closed with a layers of catgut sutures. An accidental -- overlooked lesion of the urinary bladder during operation can have a fatal outcome. For this reason such lesions must never be overlooked, and should be resolved during the hernioplasty itself.", "contents": "[Tractional diverticulum of the urinary bladder as a component in recurring inguinal hernias]. The tractonal diverticulum as contained in recidivating inguional hernia occur rather often. They are created most often during plastic surgical treatment most frequently in inguinal hernia repairs in which a suture partially or completely passes through the urinary bladder and fixes it to the layers of inguinal canal when it is being sutured. They also occur when the bladder is accidentally pinched while the sutures are being pulled taught. The diverticulum so created almost never yields characteristic symptoms, and for this reason it is most often diagnosed intraoperatively. Because of this, the surgeon must keep in mind the possible existence of such a diverticulum when reoperating a recidivating hernia localized in the lower abdomen especially those near the bladder. It is important that such a diverticulum be carefully dissected and that the bladder be adequately closed with a layers of catgut sutures. An accidental -- overlooked lesion of the urinary bladder during operation can have a fatal outcome. For this reason such lesions must never be overlooked, and should be resolved during the hernioplasty itself.", "PMID": 119394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13770", "title": "Failure of metoclopramide to influence LH, FSH and TSH secretion or their responses to releasing hormones.", "content": "Intravenous metoclopramide (MET) (10 mg) induced a brisk PRL response with a mean +/- SEM peak of 85.3 +/- 7.7 ng/ml maximal at 30 min. L-Dopa, but not atropine pre-treatment, attenuated the prolactin (PRL) response to MET. This indicates that the antidopaminergic properties of MET mediate PRL secretion. MET did not influence basal levels of TSH, LH or FSH. Neither did it affect their response to the respective releasing of hormones. Our results indicate that dopaminergic blockade induced by iv MET, does not influence the secretion of the pituitary glycoprotein hormones.", "contents": "Failure of metoclopramide to influence LH, FSH and TSH secretion or their responses to releasing hormones. Intravenous metoclopramide (MET) (10 mg) induced a brisk PRL response with a mean +/- SEM peak of 85.3 +/- 7.7 ng/ml maximal at 30 min. L-Dopa, but not atropine pre-treatment, attenuated the prolactin (PRL) response to MET. This indicates that the antidopaminergic properties of MET mediate PRL secretion. MET did not influence basal levels of TSH, LH or FSH. Neither did it affect their response to the respective releasing of hormones. Our results indicate that dopaminergic blockade induced by iv MET, does not influence the secretion of the pituitary glycoprotein hormones.", "PMID": 119396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13771", "title": "Serum levels of retinol, retinol-binding protein, carotenoids and triglycerides in children with beta-thalassemia major.", "content": "Levels of retinol (vitamin A), carotenoids and triglycerides in the serum of 50 children with homozygous beta-thalassemia have been studied, as well as the ability of the small intestine to absorb a test meal containing retinol palmitate, triglyceride, d-xylose and glucose. On the other hand, 8 patients underwent a dark-adaptation test, and in 40 children with homozygous beta-thalassemia the levels of retinol-binding protein in the serum were estimated. The mean levels of retinol, carotenoids and triglycerides in the serum of the patients were: 23 +/- 4.1 micrograms/dl (controls: 36.3 +/- 4.9), 44 +/- 15.5 micrograms/dl (controls: 103 +/- 24), 117 +/- 20 (controls: 126 +/- 26), respectively. The absorption from the small intestine of retinol, triglycerides, glucose and d-xylose was normal. 6 out of 8 patients studied for visual function showed an abnormal dark-adaptation test, and these 6 children had low serum retinol levels. Finally, the mean serum levels of retinol-binding protein in the patients were 4.74 +/- 0.53 mg/dl (controls: 5.63 +/- 0.58). The low retinol levels were correlated with the low retinol-binding protein values which, in turn, could be due to the abnormal liver function of the patients.", "contents": "Serum levels of retinol, retinol-binding protein, carotenoids and triglycerides in children with beta-thalassemia major. Levels of retinol (vitamin A), carotenoids and triglycerides in the serum of 50 children with homozygous beta-thalassemia have been studied, as well as the ability of the small intestine to absorb a test meal containing retinol palmitate, triglyceride, d-xylose and glucose. On the other hand, 8 patients underwent a dark-adaptation test, and in 40 children with homozygous beta-thalassemia the levels of retinol-binding protein in the serum were estimated. The mean levels of retinol, carotenoids and triglycerides in the serum of the patients were: 23 +/- 4.1 micrograms/dl (controls: 36.3 +/- 4.9), 44 +/- 15.5 micrograms/dl (controls: 103 +/- 24), 117 +/- 20 (controls: 126 +/- 26), respectively. The absorption from the small intestine of retinol, triglycerides, glucose and d-xylose was normal. 6 out of 8 patients studied for visual function showed an abnormal dark-adaptation test, and these 6 children had low serum retinol levels. Finally, the mean serum levels of retinol-binding protein in the patients were 4.74 +/- 0.53 mg/dl (controls: 5.63 +/- 0.58). The low retinol levels were correlated with the low retinol-binding protein values which, in turn, could be due to the abnormal liver function of the patients.", "PMID": 119397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13772", "title": "Interaction between beta-thalassaemia and Hb G Philadelphia associated with alpha-thalassaemia.", "content": "A man who did not produce and beta-chains did not suffer from a severe beta-thalassaemia. He was heterozygous for Hb G Philadelphia. It has been suggested that this haemoglobin variant was associated with alpha-thalassaemia and that interaction between alpha-thalassaemia and beta-thalassaemia decreased the imbalance of alpha/beta-globin biosynthesis and thereby the severity of the beta-thalassaemic disorder. Association of Hb G Philadelphia and alpha-thalassaemia in this man and his family is now demonstrated using bone marrow and reticulocytes of the propositus and one of his sons and reticulocytes only of another son.", "contents": "Interaction between beta-thalassaemia and Hb G Philadelphia associated with alpha-thalassaemia. A man who did not produce and beta-chains did not suffer from a severe beta-thalassaemia. He was heterozygous for Hb G Philadelphia. It has been suggested that this haemoglobin variant was associated with alpha-thalassaemia and that interaction between alpha-thalassaemia and beta-thalassaemia decreased the imbalance of alpha/beta-globin biosynthesis and thereby the severity of the beta-thalassaemic disorder. Association of Hb G Philadelphia and alpha-thalassaemia in this man and his family is now demonstrated using bone marrow and reticulocytes of the propositus and one of his sons and reticulocytes only of another son.", "PMID": 119398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13773", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in early pregnancy. Remission after plasma exchange.", "content": "A 24-year-old Chinese female developed fever, fluctuating neurological and renal manifestations, microangopathic hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia during the 11th week of her first pregnancy. Therapy for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), initiated during the 15th week of her pregnancy, including corticosteroids, platelet aggregation inhibitors, hysterotomy, and splenectomy was ineffective. However, dramatic improvement and remission occurred after plasma exchange of 3,560 ml was performed with the Haemonetics Model 30 Blood Cell Separator.", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in early pregnancy. Remission after plasma exchange. A 24-year-old Chinese female developed fever, fluctuating neurological and renal manifestations, microangopathic hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia during the 11th week of her first pregnancy. Therapy for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), initiated during the 15th week of her pregnancy, including corticosteroids, platelet aggregation inhibitors, hysterotomy, and splenectomy was ineffective. However, dramatic improvement and remission occurred after plasma exchange of 3,560 ml was performed with the Haemonetics Model 30 Blood Cell Separator.", "PMID": 119399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13774", "title": "Levamisole and autoimmunity in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "A case of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD) with important autoimmune symptoms disappearing under Levamisole therapy is reported. Since Levamisole is thought to have no direct effect on B cells, it is supposed that in AILD it regulates B lymphocyte activity via the restoration of impaired T cell functions.", "contents": "Levamisole and autoimmunity in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A case of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD) with important autoimmune symptoms disappearing under Levamisole therapy is reported. Since Levamisole is thought to have no direct effect on B cells, it is supposed that in AILD it regulates B lymphocyte activity via the restoration of impaired T cell functions.", "PMID": 119400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13775", "title": "Prolonged busulfan-induced remissions in chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "Two prolonged remissions were achieved in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia by two short courses of busulfan treatment. The first remission lasted for 7 years; the second one lasts already 14 years. In the interval periods no treatment was administered.", "contents": "Prolonged busulfan-induced remissions in chronic myeloid leukemia. Two prolonged remissions were achieved in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia by two short courses of busulfan treatment. The first remission lasted for 7 years; the second one lasts already 14 years. In the interval periods no treatment was administered.", "PMID": 119401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13776", "title": "Acute lymphatic leukemia with mediastinal involvement.", "content": "Mediastinal involvement was found in 11 (group A) of 43 patients affected with acute lymphatic leukemia when early thoracic roentgenograms of these patients were reviewed. Several clinicobiological characteristics of these patients were compared with those with a normal mediastinum as shown in their roentgenograms (group B). Statistically significant differences were observed between group A and group B not only as far as age was concerned (13 years group A, 7.4 years group B) but also in the ratio males/females (10:1 group A, 10:20 group B) and with regard to the leukocyte counts (266 x 10(9)/liter group A, 20 x 10(9)/liter group B). In addition, patients from group A showed a greater 'tumoral mass' and a more prominent extrahematological involvement (45% group A, 15% group B). In these cases 'convoluted' cells were frequently discovered and the blastic cells exhibited significantly lower scores of PAS-positivity and more marked acid phosphatase activity than those in group B. Although the rate of complete remissions (CR) obtained in both groups was similar (80% group A, 93% group B), marked differences were observed not only in the duration of CR but in the period of survival after CR as well, both factors being more prolonged in group B patients. 50% of patients with mediastinal involvement (group A) relapsed in the first 6 months of the evolution of the disease.", "contents": "Acute lymphatic leukemia with mediastinal involvement. Mediastinal involvement was found in 11 (group A) of 43 patients affected with acute lymphatic leukemia when early thoracic roentgenograms of these patients were reviewed. Several clinicobiological characteristics of these patients were compared with those with a normal mediastinum as shown in their roentgenograms (group B). Statistically significant differences were observed between group A and group B not only as far as age was concerned (13 years group A, 7.4 years group B) but also in the ratio males/females (10:1 group A, 10:20 group B) and with regard to the leukocyte counts (266 x 10(9)/liter group A, 20 x 10(9)/liter group B). In addition, patients from group A showed a greater 'tumoral mass' and a more prominent extrahematological involvement (45% group A, 15% group B). In these cases 'convoluted' cells were frequently discovered and the blastic cells exhibited significantly lower scores of PAS-positivity and more marked acid phosphatase activity than those in group B. Although the rate of complete remissions (CR) obtained in both groups was similar (80% group A, 93% group B), marked differences were observed not only in the duration of CR but in the period of survival after CR as well, both factors being more prolonged in group B patients. 50% of patients with mediastinal involvement (group A) relapsed in the first 6 months of the evolution of the disease.", "PMID": 119402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13777", "title": "Effect of vitamin E on platelet aggregation in diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "The effect of vitamin E on platelet aggregation was investigated in a group of 10 patients with diabetic retinopathy. Adenosine diphosphate induced platelet aggregation was inhibited in the patients' group as well as in the controls in the presence of vitamin E. An increased platelet aggregation was obtained with arachidonic acid in both groups when platelet-rich plasma was incubated prior with vitamin E. The clot retraction inhibition test parallels the findings of aggregation obtained with the platelet aggregation meter.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin E on platelet aggregation in diabetic retinopathy. The effect of vitamin E on platelet aggregation was investigated in a group of 10 patients with diabetic retinopathy. Adenosine diphosphate induced platelet aggregation was inhibited in the patients' group as well as in the controls in the presence of vitamin E. An increased platelet aggregation was obtained with arachidonic acid in both groups when platelet-rich plasma was incubated prior with vitamin E. The clot retraction inhibition test parallels the findings of aggregation obtained with the platelet aggregation meter.", "PMID": 119403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13778", "title": "Multiple myeloma and acute leukemia.", "content": "A patient suffering from multiple myeloma without treatment with cytoxic drugs or irradiation, died within 4 months, from acute leukemia. The appearance of acute leukemia in a patient with multiple myeloma without previous treatment is very unusual. The relation of these two conditions is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma and acute leukemia. A patient suffering from multiple myeloma without treatment with cytoxic drugs or irradiation, died within 4 months, from acute leukemia. The appearance of acute leukemia in a patient with multiple myeloma without previous treatment is very unusual. The relation of these two conditions is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 119404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13779", "title": "Hyperviscosity syndrome in a patient with plasma cell leukemia.", "content": "A patient with plasma cell leukemia and IgG (K) M-component, who developed a hyperviscosity syndrome is reported. To our knowledge, this complication has not yet been reported in plasma cell leukemia.", "contents": "Hyperviscosity syndrome in a patient with plasma cell leukemia. A patient with plasma cell leukemia and IgG (K) M-component, who developed a hyperviscosity syndrome is reported. To our knowledge, this complication has not yet been reported in plasma cell leukemia.", "PMID": 119405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13780", "title": "Platelet transfusion requirements of children with newly diagnosed lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "The platelet transfusion requirements of 70 unselected children with lymphoblastic leukaemia were studied from the time of diagnosis to the achievement of complete remission, or to death if no remission was obtained. Platelets were not transfused unless clinically significant bleeding occurred in association with a platelet count of less than 20.0 x 10(9)/l, and on this basis only 31 transfusions were given to 11 (15%) patients for 17 episodes of apparent or presumed bleeding. No deaths occurred due to haemorrhage, and 67 (95%) patients achieved complete remission. These findings suggest that such children do not need prophylactic platelet transfusions, which are commonly given despite their inherent risks and sequelae.", "contents": "Platelet transfusion requirements of children with newly diagnosed lymphoblastic leukaemia. The platelet transfusion requirements of 70 unselected children with lymphoblastic leukaemia were studied from the time of diagnosis to the achievement of complete remission, or to death if no remission was obtained. Platelets were not transfused unless clinically significant bleeding occurred in association with a platelet count of less than 20.0 x 10(9)/l, and on this basis only 31 transfusions were given to 11 (15%) patients for 17 episodes of apparent or presumed bleeding. No deaths occurred due to haemorrhage, and 67 (95%) patients achieved complete remission. These findings suggest that such children do not need prophylactic platelet transfusions, which are commonly given despite their inherent risks and sequelae.", "PMID": 119406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13781", "title": "Myeloproliferative disease of childhood associated with a trisomy 21 clone.", "content": "Myeloproliferative disease of childhood is frequently associated with chromosomal anomalies, usually of the C group. Clinical features are similar to those of the juvenile type of chronic myeloid leukemia. A child with this disease is described. Marked myeloid proliferation, anemia, thrombocytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly were present; leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and fetal hemoglobin were moderately elevated. Chromosome analysis of bone marrow cells revealed a mosaicism 47,XX,+21/46,XX. Down's syndrome was ruled out by the child's normal phenotype and dermatoglyphic analysis. The cytogenetic finding is probably evidence for the clonal origin of the trisomy 21 cell line.", "contents": "Myeloproliferative disease of childhood associated with a trisomy 21 clone. Myeloproliferative disease of childhood is frequently associated with chromosomal anomalies, usually of the C group. Clinical features are similar to those of the juvenile type of chronic myeloid leukemia. A child with this disease is described. Marked myeloid proliferation, anemia, thrombocytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly were present; leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and fetal hemoglobin were moderately elevated. Chromosome analysis of bone marrow cells revealed a mosaicism 47,XX,+21/46,XX. Down's syndrome was ruled out by the child's normal phenotype and dermatoglyphic analysis. The cytogenetic finding is probably evidence for the clonal origin of the trisomy 21 cell line.", "PMID": 119407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13782", "title": "Endogenous erythroid colony formation by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera.", "content": "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with polycythemia vera or myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia were studied for their erythroid colony growth characteristics in plasma clot cultures. In both diseases, erythroid colonies formed early in culture in the absence of added erythropoietin (endogenous colonies). In no instance did early, endogenous colony formation occur with peripheral blood cells from normals or patients with secondary polycythemia. A normal response to erythropoietin was observed with both control and patients' peripheral blood cells. Spleen mononuclear cells obtained from one patient with myelofibrosis also produced endogenous colonies and showed a response to erythropoietin. This study suggests that culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells might serve as a useful tool in discriminating polycythemia vera from secondary polycythemia.", "contents": "Endogenous erythroid colony formation by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with polycythemia vera or myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia were studied for their erythroid colony growth characteristics in plasma clot cultures. In both diseases, erythroid colonies formed early in culture in the absence of added erythropoietin (endogenous colonies). In no instance did early, endogenous colony formation occur with peripheral blood cells from normals or patients with secondary polycythemia. A normal response to erythropoietin was observed with both control and patients' peripheral blood cells. Spleen mononuclear cells obtained from one patient with myelofibrosis also produced endogenous colonies and showed a response to erythropoietin. This study suggests that culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells might serve as a useful tool in discriminating polycythemia vera from secondary polycythemia.", "PMID": 119408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13783", "title": "Bone marrow biopsy in patients with malignant neoplasms other than lymphomas or leukemia.", "content": "104 patients with various cancer, excluding malignant lymphoma and leukemia, underwent bone marrow biopsy using a Jamshidi needle, regular type. In 100 patients an adequate pice of bone marrow was obtained. In 24 patients metastases were detected in the bone marrow. Metastases were found in 10 of 38 (26.3%) patients with breast cancer, in 5 of 17 (29.4%) patients with lung cancer, in 5 of 10 (50%) patients with cancer of the prostate, in 1 patient with rhabdomyosarcoma, 1 with chordoma and in 2 of 14 patients who underwent biopsy in search of unknown cancer. 71% of the patients with positive findings in the bone marrow had clinical signs of bone involvement, 80% had positive X-ray film and 78.9% had positive skeletal isotope survey. Hemogram, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum calcium level and sedimentation rate were of no value in predicting whether the marrow was involved or not. No complications were documented following biopsy. The use of the Jamshidi bone marrow biopsy needle for staging and early detection of metastases in a select group cancer patients is suggested.", "contents": "Bone marrow biopsy in patients with malignant neoplasms other than lymphomas or leukemia. 104 patients with various cancer, excluding malignant lymphoma and leukemia, underwent bone marrow biopsy using a Jamshidi needle, regular type. In 100 patients an adequate pice of bone marrow was obtained. In 24 patients metastases were detected in the bone marrow. Metastases were found in 10 of 38 (26.3%) patients with breast cancer, in 5 of 17 (29.4%) patients with lung cancer, in 5 of 10 (50%) patients with cancer of the prostate, in 1 patient with rhabdomyosarcoma, 1 with chordoma and in 2 of 14 patients who underwent biopsy in search of unknown cancer. 71% of the patients with positive findings in the bone marrow had clinical signs of bone involvement, 80% had positive X-ray film and 78.9% had positive skeletal isotope survey. Hemogram, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum calcium level and sedimentation rate were of no value in predicting whether the marrow was involved or not. No complications were documented following biopsy. The use of the Jamshidi bone marrow biopsy needle for staging and early detection of metastases in a select group cancer patients is suggested.", "PMID": 119409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13784", "title": "Alterations of the cell surface morphology in human T-rosetting lymphocytes. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "A study of E-rosette ultrathin sections has been undertaken in an attempt to analyze changes induced during the T-lymphocyte-sheep red blood cell interaction on the rosetted lymphocyte surface architecture. The formation of nonimmune rosettes implies different types of attachment between lymphocytes and sheep red blood cells which can affect the rosetted lymphocyte surface morphology: (a) Junctions not involving morphological changes which correspond to bands or point-to-point contact sites. (b) Junctions displaying localized morphological changes, which are revealed mainly in the form of microvilli or digitations. (c) Junctions involving broad morphological changes, revealed primarily by the development of various microvilli or other more complex structures. In both cases, the alterations are found only in those areas of the lymphocyte membrane-bound sheep red blood cells. The modifications that affect the rosetted lymphocyte make the validity of the E-rosette test questionable for studies aiming at the analysis of the lymphocyte surface architecture.", "contents": "Alterations of the cell surface morphology in human T-rosetting lymphocytes. An ultrastructural study. A study of E-rosette ultrathin sections has been undertaken in an attempt to analyze changes induced during the T-lymphocyte-sheep red blood cell interaction on the rosetted lymphocyte surface architecture. The formation of nonimmune rosettes implies different types of attachment between lymphocytes and sheep red blood cells which can affect the rosetted lymphocyte surface morphology: (a) Junctions not involving morphological changes which correspond to bands or point-to-point contact sites. (b) Junctions displaying localized morphological changes, which are revealed mainly in the form of microvilli or digitations. (c) Junctions involving broad morphological changes, revealed primarily by the development of various microvilli or other more complex structures. In both cases, the alterations are found only in those areas of the lymphocyte membrane-bound sheep red blood cells. The modifications that affect the rosetted lymphocyte make the validity of the E-rosette test questionable for studies aiming at the analysis of the lymphocyte surface architecture.", "PMID": 119410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13785", "title": "Microbicidal function of the neutrophils in hairy-cell leukaemia.", "content": "The ability of neutrophils from patients with hairy-cell leukaemia to kill Candida guilliermondii and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro was investigated. Of 10 patients, 8 showed defective candida killing, 5 defective bacteria killing, in comparison with normal controls. Study of those patients who underwent splenectomy suggests that neutrophil function can be improved by splenectomy. The possible causes of defective function in this disease are discussed.", "contents": "Microbicidal function of the neutrophils in hairy-cell leukaemia. The ability of neutrophils from patients with hairy-cell leukaemia to kill Candida guilliermondii and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro was investigated. Of 10 patients, 8 showed defective candida killing, 5 defective bacteria killing, in comparison with normal controls. Study of those patients who underwent splenectomy suggests that neutrophil function can be improved by splenectomy. The possible causes of defective function in this disease are discussed.", "PMID": 119411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13786", "title": "Terminal transferase in leukemia of adults.", "content": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) determinations were carried out on peripheral blood leukocytes or bone marrow cells from 61 adult patients with various types of leukemia. TdT activity was undetectable in the cells of patients with acute myelocytic or acute myelomonocytic leukemia but was present in 12 of 13 patients with acute nonmyelocytic leukemia. None of 3 patients with acute myelocytic transformation of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) manifested TdT activity while 4 of 6 patients with lymphoid transformation had such activity. More patients with TdT in their leukemic cells responded to treatment than those without TdT activity. However, our findings suggest that TdT activity may be less useful in management of leukemia than has sometimes been supposed.", "contents": "Terminal transferase in leukemia of adults. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) determinations were carried out on peripheral blood leukocytes or bone marrow cells from 61 adult patients with various types of leukemia. TdT activity was undetectable in the cells of patients with acute myelocytic or acute myelomonocytic leukemia but was present in 12 of 13 patients with acute nonmyelocytic leukemia. None of 3 patients with acute myelocytic transformation of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) manifested TdT activity while 4 of 6 patients with lymphoid transformation had such activity. More patients with TdT in their leukemic cells responded to treatment than those without TdT activity. However, our findings suggest that TdT activity may be less useful in management of leukemia than has sometimes been supposed.", "PMID": 119412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13787", "title": "Acute agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with chromosomal abnormalities.", "content": "A case of a 37-year-old woman presenting with acute agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AAMM) is described. The disease had a stormy course and was characterized by moderate splenomegaly, persistently depressed WBC counts, extramedullary hemopoiesis and presence of a high percentage of atypical myeloblasts in the peripheral smear. Platelets were persistently low, reticulocytes significantly below normal, notwithstanding anemia. Hot tended to fall progressively to intolerably low values in the absence of transfusion. The chromosomal mapping of peripheral blood revealed the presence of a trisomy of chromosome No. 8. This abnormality already demonstrated in two previous cases of acute myelofibrosis and the clinical course of the disease suggest that acute myelofibrosis and AAMM could be the same disease while chronic myelofibrosis should be considered a separate entity. Also, it is possible that AAMM with trisomy of chromosome No. 8 and stormy clinical course may be a different entity from the acute myeloproliferative disorders associated with other chromosomal abnormalities.", "contents": "Acute agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with chromosomal abnormalities. A case of a 37-year-old woman presenting with acute agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AAMM) is described. The disease had a stormy course and was characterized by moderate splenomegaly, persistently depressed WBC counts, extramedullary hemopoiesis and presence of a high percentage of atypical myeloblasts in the peripheral smear. Platelets were persistently low, reticulocytes significantly below normal, notwithstanding anemia. Hot tended to fall progressively to intolerably low values in the absence of transfusion. The chromosomal mapping of peripheral blood revealed the presence of a trisomy of chromosome No. 8. This abnormality already demonstrated in two previous cases of acute myelofibrosis and the clinical course of the disease suggest that acute myelofibrosis and AAMM could be the same disease while chronic myelofibrosis should be considered a separate entity. Also, it is possible that AAMM with trisomy of chromosome No. 8 and stormy clinical course may be a different entity from the acute myeloproliferative disorders associated with other chromosomal abnormalities.", "PMID": 119413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13788", "title": "Chronic myeloid leukaemia and a myasthenic syndrome.", "content": "This is the first report of a case of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) complicated by myasthenic syndrome. The patient suffered two prolonged periods of idiosyncratic busulphan-induced marrow aplasia, the first occurring 5 months after busulphan was stopped. Between these two episodes, and at a time when no therapy was required for the leukaemia, myasthenic syndrome developed. After the patient recovered from the second episode, the myasthenic syndrome disappeared, and, despite subsequent recrudescence of CML, there were no further myasthenic symptoms, and treatment with neostigmine was discontinued.", "contents": "Chronic myeloid leukaemia and a myasthenic syndrome. This is the first report of a case of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) complicated by myasthenic syndrome. The patient suffered two prolonged periods of idiosyncratic busulphan-induced marrow aplasia, the first occurring 5 months after busulphan was stopped. Between these two episodes, and at a time when no therapy was required for the leukaemia, myasthenic syndrome developed. After the patient recovered from the second episode, the myasthenic syndrome disappeared, and, despite subsequent recrudescence of CML, there were no further myasthenic symptoms, and treatment with neostigmine was discontinued.", "PMID": 119414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13789", "title": "Thrombocytosis, thrombocythaemia and iron deficiency in patients with polycythaemia vera.", "content": "6 patients with polycythaemia vera who also developed concomitant iron deficiency are reported. When oral iron therapy was given, there was a marked reduction in the previously elevated platelet counts in 4 patients; during 2-9 years of observation of these patients there was a significant inverse relationship between haemoglobin concentration and platelet count. In the other 2 patients the elevated platelet counts did not fall when iron therapy was given. The significance of these different patterns of response in relation to the causal mechanism of elevated platelet counts in patients with polycythaemia vera is discussed.", "contents": "Thrombocytosis, thrombocythaemia and iron deficiency in patients with polycythaemia vera. 6 patients with polycythaemia vera who also developed concomitant iron deficiency are reported. When oral iron therapy was given, there was a marked reduction in the previously elevated platelet counts in 4 patients; during 2-9 years of observation of these patients there was a significant inverse relationship between haemoglobin concentration and platelet count. In the other 2 patients the elevated platelet counts did not fall when iron therapy was given. The significance of these different patterns of response in relation to the causal mechanism of elevated platelet counts in patients with polycythaemia vera is discussed.", "PMID": 119415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13790", "title": "Anti-lymphocyte antibody levels in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for measuring levels of lymphocyte autoantibody in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) has been developed. Antibody in the form of crude IgG was extracted from patients' sera and iodinated. The assay utilizes its cross-reactivity with other CLL cells. Levels were measured in 23 patients. The results show that an inverse relationship exists between the quantity of circulating CLL autoantibodies and the number of mouse red blood cell rosetting lymphocytes (M cells). The preliminary findings do not correlate with disease activity although it is our impression that patients who are maintaining higher levels of autoantibody and fewer M-rosetting cells have nonprogressive disease.", "contents": "Anti-lymphocyte antibody levels in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. A radioimmunoassay for measuring levels of lymphocyte autoantibody in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) has been developed. Antibody in the form of crude IgG was extracted from patients' sera and iodinated. The assay utilizes its cross-reactivity with other CLL cells. Levels were measured in 23 patients. The results show that an inverse relationship exists between the quantity of circulating CLL autoantibodies and the number of mouse red blood cell rosetting lymphocytes (M cells). The preliminary findings do not correlate with disease activity although it is our impression that patients who are maintaining higher levels of autoantibody and fewer M-rosetting cells have nonprogressive disease.", "PMID": 119416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13791", "title": "Serum ferritin and mean corpuscular volume measurement in the diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia minor and iron deficiency.", "content": "The value of serum ferritin and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measurement in distinguishing between iron deficient, beta-thalassaemia trait and normal subjects has been studied. Normal subjects had normal ferritin and MCV, iron-deficient ones had low ferritin and low or normal MCV, and thalassaemics had normal ferritin and low MCV. By the combined use of these two measurements it was possible to identify individuals belonging to one of the three categories with an accuracy of over 95%. Although definitive diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia trait requires the demonstration of abnormal haemoglobin A2 levels or reduced beta-chain synthesis, serum ferritin and MCV measurements are useful screening procedures for the initial diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia trait and iron deficiency. Because of the very small amounts of blood required for both of these measurements, they are particularly suitable for surveying large numbers of subjects in populations with a high prevalence of hypochromic-microcytic anaemias.", "contents": "Serum ferritin and mean corpuscular volume measurement in the diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia minor and iron deficiency. The value of serum ferritin and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measurement in distinguishing between iron deficient, beta-thalassaemia trait and normal subjects has been studied. Normal subjects had normal ferritin and MCV, iron-deficient ones had low ferritin and low or normal MCV, and thalassaemics had normal ferritin and low MCV. By the combined use of these two measurements it was possible to identify individuals belonging to one of the three categories with an accuracy of over 95%. Although definitive diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia trait requires the demonstration of abnormal haemoglobin A2 levels or reduced beta-chain synthesis, serum ferritin and MCV measurements are useful screening procedures for the initial diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia trait and iron deficiency. Because of the very small amounts of blood required for both of these measurements, they are particularly suitable for surveying large numbers of subjects in populations with a high prevalence of hypochromic-microcytic anaemias.", "PMID": 119417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13792", "title": "[Brain rat histoenzymological changes induced by microsphere injection during ischemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The cerebral thrombosis of the rat with 35 micrometer labeled microspheres gives infarcted areas easily seen. After 15 min, in these areas, there is no change in NADH diaphorase-, succinic-dehydrogenase-, mono-amino-oxidase-, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-, isocitric dehydrogenase-, lactic-dehydrogenase-, ATPase, alpha galactosidase-, acid phospatase activity. After 2, 4, 6 h all these activities diminish in the neuropil but they are preserved in the neurones for diaphorase, succinic-dehydrogenase and mono-amino-oxidase. The margin of infarcted areas shows a strong staining for acid phosphatase. Before 2 h there is not enzymatic changes neither oedema. This experimental model seems trustly and could be developped.", "contents": "[Brain rat histoenzymological changes induced by microsphere injection during ischemia (author's transl)]. The cerebral thrombosis of the rat with 35 micrometer labeled microspheres gives infarcted areas easily seen. After 15 min, in these areas, there is no change in NADH diaphorase-, succinic-dehydrogenase-, mono-amino-oxidase-, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-, isocitric dehydrogenase-, lactic-dehydrogenase-, ATPase, alpha galactosidase-, acid phospatase activity. After 2, 4, 6 h all these activities diminish in the neuropil but they are preserved in the neurones for diaphorase, succinic-dehydrogenase and mono-amino-oxidase. The margin of infarcted areas shows a strong staining for acid phosphatase. Before 2 h there is not enzymatic changes neither oedema. This experimental model seems trustly and could be developped.", "PMID": 119418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13793", "title": "Anaphylaxis in the monkey: pulmonary oedema after pre-treatment of beta-receptor stimulants.", "content": "Aggregate anaphylaxis was induced in seven ovalbumin-sensitized monkeys, with high tires of ovalbumin specific haemagglutinating antibodies. After pretreatment with an intravenous (i.v.) injection of 0.25 mg/kg terbutaline (n = 6) or an infusion of isoprenaline (n = 1), anaphylactic shock was induced by i.v. challenge with specific antigen. Haemodynamics, regional blood flows, respiratory mechanics, blood gases and haematological changes were studied during the following 30 min. Severe shock developed following ovalbumin challenge and the cardiac output was reduced by a mean of 74%. Pulmonary vascular resistance increased 11-fold. Pulmonary dynamic compliance decreased, but there was only a minor increase in pulmonary resistance. Hypoxaemia and severe metabolic acidosis developed. Circulating platelets and leucocytes decreased markedly. Three animals died with fulminant pulmonary oedema. In conclusion, the reaction pattern was similar to that found in studies of monkeys that received no prior treatment. However, the occurrence of pulmonary oedema suggests that the effects of large doses of terbutaline on the heart, combined with the high pulmonary vascular resistance, resulted in more severe pulmonary changes than took place in untreated animals.", "contents": "Anaphylaxis in the monkey: pulmonary oedema after pre-treatment of beta-receptor stimulants. Aggregate anaphylaxis was induced in seven ovalbumin-sensitized monkeys, with high tires of ovalbumin specific haemagglutinating antibodies. After pretreatment with an intravenous (i.v.) injection of 0.25 mg/kg terbutaline (n = 6) or an infusion of isoprenaline (n = 1), anaphylactic shock was induced by i.v. challenge with specific antigen. Haemodynamics, regional blood flows, respiratory mechanics, blood gases and haematological changes were studied during the following 30 min. Severe shock developed following ovalbumin challenge and the cardiac output was reduced by a mean of 74%. Pulmonary vascular resistance increased 11-fold. Pulmonary dynamic compliance decreased, but there was only a minor increase in pulmonary resistance. Hypoxaemia and severe metabolic acidosis developed. Circulating platelets and leucocytes decreased markedly. Three animals died with fulminant pulmonary oedema. In conclusion, the reaction pattern was similar to that found in studies of monkeys that received no prior treatment. However, the occurrence of pulmonary oedema suggests that the effects of large doses of terbutaline on the heart, combined with the high pulmonary vascular resistance, resulted in more severe pulmonary changes than took place in untreated animals.", "PMID": 119419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13794", "title": "Comparative effects of repeated and prolonged inhalation exposure of beagle dogs and Cynomolgus monkeys to anaesthetic and subanaesthetic concentrations of enflurane and halothane.", "content": "Male and female Beagle dogs and Cynomolgus monkeys were exposed to anaesthetic (1.5 MAC) and subanaesthetic (1/100 MAC) levels of enflurane and halothane for 3 hours on alternate days for 4 weeks. One-half of the animals were killed following the last exposure and the remainder after 4 weeks of recovery. The animals' condition was assessed during anaesthetic periods by measuring respiration, ECG, blood pressure, temperature and EEG. Haematology, urinalysis and clinical chemistry parameters were evaluated. Gross and microscopic pathological examinations were conducted at the end of the exposure and recovery periods. Two female monkeys in the mid- and high-dose halothane groups died during the study. No deaths were observed in the enflurane group. No quantitative differences were observed in respiration rate, heart rate, blood pressure and EEG activity of animals anaesthetized with enflurane or halothane. Muscle twitches were observed in some mid- and high-dose dogs inhaling enflurane, but not in monkeys. A number of liver function tests became abnormal in mid- and high-dose halothane-treated dogs and high-dose halothane-treated monkeys. This was not observed with enflurane. Histopathologic alterations were confined to the liver of animals exposed to halothane. In dogs, the lesions were characterized by centrilobular hepatocyte degeneration and/or necrosis, fibroblastic proliferation, hepatocyte enlargement, fat deposition and glycogen depletion; and in mid- and high-dose monkeys by moderate to marked hepatocyte vacuolation and fat deposition. Except for one high-dose dog, these lesions were not seen in animals killed after 4 weeks of recovery. No histopathologic alterations were observed with enflurane.", "contents": "Comparative effects of repeated and prolonged inhalation exposure of beagle dogs and Cynomolgus monkeys to anaesthetic and subanaesthetic concentrations of enflurane and halothane. Male and female Beagle dogs and Cynomolgus monkeys were exposed to anaesthetic (1.5 MAC) and subanaesthetic (1/100 MAC) levels of enflurane and halothane for 3 hours on alternate days for 4 weeks. One-half of the animals were killed following the last exposure and the remainder after 4 weeks of recovery. The animals' condition was assessed during anaesthetic periods by measuring respiration, ECG, blood pressure, temperature and EEG. Haematology, urinalysis and clinical chemistry parameters were evaluated. Gross and microscopic pathological examinations were conducted at the end of the exposure and recovery periods. Two female monkeys in the mid- and high-dose halothane groups died during the study. No deaths were observed in the enflurane group. No quantitative differences were observed in respiration rate, heart rate, blood pressure and EEG activity of animals anaesthetized with enflurane or halothane. Muscle twitches were observed in some mid- and high-dose dogs inhaling enflurane, but not in monkeys. A number of liver function tests became abnormal in mid- and high-dose halothane-treated dogs and high-dose halothane-treated monkeys. This was not observed with enflurane. Histopathologic alterations were confined to the liver of animals exposed to halothane. In dogs, the lesions were characterized by centrilobular hepatocyte degeneration and/or necrosis, fibroblastic proliferation, hepatocyte enlargement, fat deposition and glycogen depletion; and in mid- and high-dose monkeys by moderate to marked hepatocyte vacuolation and fat deposition. Except for one high-dose dog, these lesions were not seen in animals killed after 4 weeks of recovery. No histopathologic alterations were observed with enflurane.", "PMID": 119420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13795", "title": "Anatomy of the auditory tube and related structures in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "The primate nasopharynx-auditory tube-middle ear complex is being used by several researchers to model both normal and pathologic functions of the human auditory tube. An extensive search of the literature has indicated little detailed information on the primate tube/middle ear system. This study was undertaken to define the anatomical characteristic of the system in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and to determine the limits on the use of the monkey as a model of human tubal function. Although the direct application of morphologic data to account for the observed function of a system is a tenous one, the data on the rhesus monkey auditory tube appear to be consistent with those published for other mammals. The tensor veli palatini muscle appears to be the only muscle to act directly on the tube and effect tubal dilation. The muscle is attached to the lateral membranous tubal wall along its extrabullar extension. The muscle has an inferior attachment to the posterior hard palate and thus possesses a vector directed inferolaterally; contraction would appear to pull the membranous wall inferiorly and laterally, resulting in tubal dilation. The auditory tube relationships of the salpingopharyngeus, levator veli palatini, and internal pterygoid muscles are described. Their possible role in primate tubal function is minimal at best.", "contents": "Anatomy of the auditory tube and related structures in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The primate nasopharynx-auditory tube-middle ear complex is being used by several researchers to model both normal and pathologic functions of the human auditory tube. An extensive search of the literature has indicated little detailed information on the primate tube/middle ear system. This study was undertaken to define the anatomical characteristic of the system in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and to determine the limits on the use of the monkey as a model of human tubal function. Although the direct application of morphologic data to account for the observed function of a system is a tenous one, the data on the rhesus monkey auditory tube appear to be consistent with those published for other mammals. The tensor veli palatini muscle appears to be the only muscle to act directly on the tube and effect tubal dilation. The muscle is attached to the lateral membranous tubal wall along its extrabullar extension. The muscle has an inferior attachment to the posterior hard palate and thus possesses a vector directed inferolaterally; contraction would appear to pull the membranous wall inferiorly and laterally, resulting in tubal dilation. The auditory tube relationships of the salpingopharyngeus, levator veli palatini, and internal pterygoid muscles are described. Their possible role in primate tubal function is minimal at best.", "PMID": 119421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13796", "title": "Para-articular ossifications associated with melorheostosis L\u00e9ri.", "content": "A case of para-articular ossifications associated with melorheostosis gave differential diagnostic problems, as the only symptom referred to the ossifications in the left knee region.", "contents": "Para-articular ossifications associated with melorheostosis L\u00e9ri. A case of para-articular ossifications associated with melorheostosis gave differential diagnostic problems, as the only symptom referred to the ossifications in the left knee region.", "PMID": 119422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13797", "title": "Treatment of para-articular ossification after total hip replacement by excision and use of free fat transplants.", "content": "Six patients with para-articular ossification after total hip replacement were treated by excision and free fat tissue transplantation. The results of treatment were good and at the follow-up examinations, 2 to 8 years after the operation, a good range of movement of the hip joint was noted in all cases. It was apparent that the free fat transplant had prevented the recurrence of the para-articular ossification.", "contents": "Treatment of para-articular ossification after total hip replacement by excision and use of free fat transplants. Six patients with para-articular ossification after total hip replacement were treated by excision and free fat tissue transplantation. The results of treatment were good and at the follow-up examinations, 2 to 8 years after the operation, a good range of movement of the hip joint was noted in all cases. It was apparent that the free fat transplant had prevented the recurrence of the para-articular ossification.", "PMID": 119423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13798", "title": "Clinical and social status following injury to the lateral ligaments of the ankle. Follow-up of 144 patients treated conservatively.", "content": "Out of 174 patients treated conservatively for injuries to the lateral ligaments of the ankle 144 were seen at follow-up after 3.1--6.1 years (mean 4.2 years), and clinical as well as social sequelae were recorded. The diagnostic criterion was a difference in talar tilt of 6 or more degrees between the injured and uninjured foot on inversion stress radiographs. Occupational and athletic injuries, almost equally represented, made up a total of 64 per cent. Residual symptoms were present in 21 per cent, mainly in the form of functional instability, but only four patients (3 per cent) reported daily complaints. One patient had developed reflex dystrophy, and this was the only patient who had been referred for further orthopaedic treatment. There was a close correlation between pain on movement in the ankle joint and residual symptoms which were, incidentally, unrelated to the degree of primary talar tilt. All the patients seen at follow-up had normal range of movement in the talocrural and subtalar joints. Two patients with residual symptoms had stopped working, while in the others the working ability was unaffected. The period off work had been twice as long for patients having heavy and fairly heavy work as for those doing light work. All football players with residual symptoms had had to give up playing, but only a few had daily complaints. This indicates that some symptom-free patients have in fact latent symptoms, elicited only by fairly severe strain.", "contents": "Clinical and social status following injury to the lateral ligaments of the ankle. Follow-up of 144 patients treated conservatively. Out of 174 patients treated conservatively for injuries to the lateral ligaments of the ankle 144 were seen at follow-up after 3.1--6.1 years (mean 4.2 years), and clinical as well as social sequelae were recorded. The diagnostic criterion was a difference in talar tilt of 6 or more degrees between the injured and uninjured foot on inversion stress radiographs. Occupational and athletic injuries, almost equally represented, made up a total of 64 per cent. Residual symptoms were present in 21 per cent, mainly in the form of functional instability, but only four patients (3 per cent) reported daily complaints. One patient had developed reflex dystrophy, and this was the only patient who had been referred for further orthopaedic treatment. There was a close correlation between pain on movement in the ankle joint and residual symptoms which were, incidentally, unrelated to the degree of primary talar tilt. All the patients seen at follow-up had normal range of movement in the talocrural and subtalar joints. Two patients with residual symptoms had stopped working, while in the others the working ability was unaffected. The period off work had been twice as long for patients having heavy and fairly heavy work as for those doing light work. All football players with residual symptoms had had to give up playing, but only a few had daily complaints. This indicates that some symptom-free patients have in fact latent symptoms, elicited only by fairly severe strain.", "PMID": 119424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13799", "title": "Radiological and muscular status following injury to the lateral ligaments of the ankle. Follow-up of 144 patients treated conservatively.", "content": "An average of 4.2 years after conservative treatment of injury to the lateral ligaments of the ankle 144 patients attended a follow-up examination which included radiography and measurement of the strength of plantar flexion. Prior to treatment all of the patients had a difference in talar tilt of 6 or more degrees between the injured and uninjured side. At follow-up there was instability in 28 patients, or 19.4 per cent, but no correlation between instability and residual symptoms. Nine patients had an anterior \"drawer sign\" exceeding 2 mm, but this was also without relation to residual symptoms. Radiological evidence of osteoarthrosis was found in five patients, but four of them had a stable ankle joint and only one had residual symptoms. The mean age of the patients with osteoarthrosis was twice that for the entire material. Two patients had osteochondritis of the talus. The strength of plantar flexion was measured in 124 patients. There was significantly less strength in the injured than in the uninjured leg, but there was no statistically significant correlation between residual symptoms and reduced strength or between radiological instability and reduced strength. According to the results of the present study and a previous one (Hansen et al. 1979) and to the results reported in the literature, we find no reason to alter our present principles regarding the diagnosis and conservative treatment of injury to the lateral ligaments of the ankle.", "contents": "Radiological and muscular status following injury to the lateral ligaments of the ankle. Follow-up of 144 patients treated conservatively. An average of 4.2 years after conservative treatment of injury to the lateral ligaments of the ankle 144 patients attended a follow-up examination which included radiography and measurement of the strength of plantar flexion. Prior to treatment all of the patients had a difference in talar tilt of 6 or more degrees between the injured and uninjured side. At follow-up there was instability in 28 patients, or 19.4 per cent, but no correlation between instability and residual symptoms. Nine patients had an anterior \"drawer sign\" exceeding 2 mm, but this was also without relation to residual symptoms. Radiological evidence of osteoarthrosis was found in five patients, but four of them had a stable ankle joint and only one had residual symptoms. The mean age of the patients with osteoarthrosis was twice that for the entire material. Two patients had osteochondritis of the talus. The strength of plantar flexion was measured in 124 patients. There was significantly less strength in the injured than in the uninjured leg, but there was no statistically significant correlation between residual symptoms and reduced strength or between radiological instability and reduced strength. According to the results of the present study and a previous one (Hansen et al. 1979) and to the results reported in the literature, we find no reason to alter our present principles regarding the diagnosis and conservative treatment of injury to the lateral ligaments of the ankle.", "PMID": 119425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13800", "title": "The role of endogenous cortisol in patients with non-thyroidal illness and decreased T3 levels.", "content": "The aim of the study was to elucidate if endogenous cortisol, as previously suggested, could be involved in the mechanism behind the reduced serum T3 levels seen in euthyroid patients with various non-thyroidal illnesses. The correlation between the serum levels of T3 and cortisol was investigated in 41 hospitalized patients with non-thyroidal illness during hyperpyrexia. The results showed a correlation coefficient of -0.94, indicating a close reciprocal association between the two hormones. Cortisol may thus be one factor associated with the decreased T3 levels seen in euthyroid patients with non-thyroidal illness. The results also indicate a close parallelism between the total and free T3 levels during hyperpyrexia.", "contents": "The role of endogenous cortisol in patients with non-thyroidal illness and decreased T3 levels. The aim of the study was to elucidate if endogenous cortisol, as previously suggested, could be involved in the mechanism behind the reduced serum T3 levels seen in euthyroid patients with various non-thyroidal illnesses. The correlation between the serum levels of T3 and cortisol was investigated in 41 hospitalized patients with non-thyroidal illness during hyperpyrexia. The results showed a correlation coefficient of -0.94, indicating a close reciprocal association between the two hormones. Cortisol may thus be one factor associated with the decreased T3 levels seen in euthyroid patients with non-thyroidal illness. The results also indicate a close parallelism between the total and free T3 levels during hyperpyrexia.", "PMID": 119429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13801", "title": "Blood supply of the rat hypothalamus. VI. Posterior region of the hypothalamus (nucleus hypothalamicus posterior, nuclei praemammillares, nucleus supramammilaris, mammilary body).", "content": "It was shown by the double ink-filling technique that the arteries of the rat premammillary region and mammillary body arise from the a. communicans posterior while these areas are drained by the anterior interpeduncular vein. Disregarding some minor overlaps and anastomoses, the blood supplies of the two territories are independent of each other and from the neighbouring areas of the hypothalamus, diencephalon and mesencephalon. Arteries of the premammillary region arise from the premammillary artery, except for some branches of the posterior tuberal and interpeduncular arteries. The mammillary body is supplied by three mammillary arteries (anterior, posterior and lateral). The premammillary region drains into the anterior and posterior premammillary veins. Venous blood of the mammillary body is collected by the anterior and posterior mammillary veins which end in the anterior interpeduncular vein. The circulation of individual premammillary and mammillary nuclei is described in detail.", "contents": "Blood supply of the rat hypothalamus. VI. Posterior region of the hypothalamus (nucleus hypothalamicus posterior, nuclei praemammillares, nucleus supramammilaris, mammilary body). It was shown by the double ink-filling technique that the arteries of the rat premammillary region and mammillary body arise from the a. communicans posterior while these areas are drained by the anterior interpeduncular vein. Disregarding some minor overlaps and anastomoses, the blood supplies of the two territories are independent of each other and from the neighbouring areas of the hypothalamus, diencephalon and mesencephalon. Arteries of the premammillary region arise from the premammillary artery, except for some branches of the posterior tuberal and interpeduncular arteries. The mammillary body is supplied by three mammillary arteries (anterior, posterior and lateral). The premammillary region drains into the anterior and posterior premammillary veins. Venous blood of the mammillary body is collected by the anterior and posterior mammillary veins which end in the anterior interpeduncular vein. The circulation of individual premammillary and mammillary nuclei is described in detail.", "PMID": 119430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13802", "title": "Dichlorvos intoxication and gastric secretion.", "content": "Gastric acid secretion, pepsin concentration in gastric juice and acetylcholinesterase and histidine decarboxylase activities in gastric mucosa of rats treated with dichlorvos (DDVP) were investigated. The increase of HCl secretion, the decrease of acetylcholinesterase activity and enhanced activity of histidine decarboxylase were observed. It is suggested that a higher gastric acid secretion is secondary to histamine production in gastric mucosa, induced by acetylcholine yields gastrin yields histidine decarboxylase mechanism.", "contents": "Dichlorvos intoxication and gastric secretion. Gastric acid secretion, pepsin concentration in gastric juice and acetylcholinesterase and histidine decarboxylase activities in gastric mucosa of rats treated with dichlorvos (DDVP) were investigated. The increase of HCl secretion, the decrease of acetylcholinesterase activity and enhanced activity of histidine decarboxylase were observed. It is suggested that a higher gastric acid secretion is secondary to histamine production in gastric mucosa, induced by acetylcholine yields gastrin yields histidine decarboxylase mechanism.", "PMID": 119426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13803", "title": "[Analysis of results with Depamide in children with psychomotor instability (hyperkinesis (author's transl)].", "content": "This study results from observations, for 10 years, of children with psychomotor instability, also called hyperkinesis, generally due to \"minimal brain dysfunction\". A clinical summary emphasizes instability and difficult coordination of all aspects of personality. A pathogenic hypothesis concerns one of the stimulation function which may be abnormal, as the control and regulation of personality, partly located, at the subcortical level, and creating secondary symptoms and reactional ones. The results of therapy are interpreted according to a clinical research protocol. It proposes a global appreciation, an appreciation of the duration of therapeutic effect through the study of variation of specific criteria, and a general appreciation correlating both aspects. Through this stern methodology and the mean duration of treatment of 2 years, the results are significant in 55% of the cases. Compared to other drugs, Depamide seems more valid. Furthermore, this drug is without secondary clinical and psychological effects.", "contents": "[Analysis of results with Depamide in children with psychomotor instability (hyperkinesis (author's transl)]. This study results from observations, for 10 years, of children with psychomotor instability, also called hyperkinesis, generally due to \"minimal brain dysfunction\". A clinical summary emphasizes instability and difficult coordination of all aspects of personality. A pathogenic hypothesis concerns one of the stimulation function which may be abnormal, as the control and regulation of personality, partly located, at the subcortical level, and creating secondary symptoms and reactional ones. The results of therapy are interpreted according to a clinical research protocol. It proposes a global appreciation, an appreciation of the duration of therapeutic effect through the study of variation of specific criteria, and a general appreciation correlating both aspects. Through this stern methodology and the mean duration of treatment of 2 years, the results are significant in 55% of the cases. Compared to other drugs, Depamide seems more valid. Furthermore, this drug is without secondary clinical and psychological effects.", "PMID": 119428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13804", "title": "Hyperalimentation in alcoholic hepatitis.", "content": "Enteral hyperalimentation in four patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis and anorexia increased spontaneous food intake, increased their nitrogen balance and the patients improved clinically. Seven patients with alcoholic hepatitis, who were clinically ill and able to eat only 410-1,100 calories per day, were given a 900 mosM/l. parenteral \"hyperalimentation\" solution by a peripheral vein (P-900). The intravenous nutrition provided daily 51.6-77.4 gm. amino acids in addition to oral intake. All patients improved. None developed detectable encephalopathy after 16-42 days of P-900 therapy. Five additional patients had ascites and alcoholic hepatitis. The daily infusion of 2,000 ml. P-900 was not associated with hyponatremia, renal failure or encephalopathy in four of these five patients who improved and continued their diuresis. P-900 therapy was discontinued in one because of progressive hyponatremia. The observations indicate that over and above the maximum tolerable oral nutrition, intravenous nutrition can be effectively utilized by clinically ill, jaundiced patients with alcoholic hepatitis without precipitating encephalopathy or interference with standard therapy of ascites.", "contents": "Hyperalimentation in alcoholic hepatitis. Enteral hyperalimentation in four patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis and anorexia increased spontaneous food intake, increased their nitrogen balance and the patients improved clinically. Seven patients with alcoholic hepatitis, who were clinically ill and able to eat only 410-1,100 calories per day, were given a 900 mosM/l. parenteral \"hyperalimentation\" solution by a peripheral vein (P-900). The intravenous nutrition provided daily 51.6-77.4 gm. amino acids in addition to oral intake. All patients improved. None developed detectable encephalopathy after 16-42 days of P-900 therapy. Five additional patients had ascites and alcoholic hepatitis. The daily infusion of 2,000 ml. P-900 was not associated with hyponatremia, renal failure or encephalopathy in four of these five patients who improved and continued their diuresis. P-900 therapy was discontinued in one because of progressive hyponatremia. The observations indicate that over and above the maximum tolerable oral nutrition, intravenous nutrition can be effectively utilized by clinically ill, jaundiced patients with alcoholic hepatitis without precipitating encephalopathy or interference with standard therapy of ascites.", "PMID": 119434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13805", "title": "Functional and morphological affinities of the subadult hand (O.H. 7) from Olduvai Gorge.", "content": "Study of the O.H. 7 hand was based primarily on morphological comparisons with a large series of hand skeletons of extant hominoid primates. Most of the hand elements are fragmentary or have missing epiphyses and only comparisons based on qualitative morphological observations are possible. The distal phalanges are complete, however, and were analyzed metrically utilizing univariate and multivariate statistical techniques. To compensate for size differences among the Hominoidea a number of size adjustments were employed. None of the adjustments were totally satisfactory from theoretical and practical standpoints and none completely eliminated the influence of size. There is no entirely satisfactory procedure to eliminate size and it is advisable to use several techniques that are not closely related, to compare the results and interpret them with caution. In certain features the wrist and fingers resemble those of African apes; in others they are more like modern human hands; in still others they are unique. The scaphoid and the proximal articular surface of the trapezium retain ape-like features, as do the proximal and middle phalanges. The pollical carpometacarpal joint and the distal phalanges are closer in morphology to those of modern humans. The scaphoid, proximal phalanges and middle phalanges of rays II-V indicate a hand capable of a strong power grip. A number of features of the thumb and the distal phalanges suggest that the O.H. 7 individual was capable of more precise manipulation that extant apes. FLK NN-A, a first distal phalanx, does not closely resemble the first distal phalanx of any of the living Hominoidea. Multivariate distance analysis indicates, however, that it is closest in overall morphology to the pollical distal phalanx of modern humans. In some features not included in the metric analysis, FLK NN-A also resembles the hallucial distal phalanx of modern humans.", "contents": "Functional and morphological affinities of the subadult hand (O.H. 7) from Olduvai Gorge. Study of the O.H. 7 hand was based primarily on morphological comparisons with a large series of hand skeletons of extant hominoid primates. Most of the hand elements are fragmentary or have missing epiphyses and only comparisons based on qualitative morphological observations are possible. The distal phalanges are complete, however, and were analyzed metrically utilizing univariate and multivariate statistical techniques. To compensate for size differences among the Hominoidea a number of size adjustments were employed. None of the adjustments were totally satisfactory from theoretical and practical standpoints and none completely eliminated the influence of size. There is no entirely satisfactory procedure to eliminate size and it is advisable to use several techniques that are not closely related, to compare the results and interpret them with caution. In certain features the wrist and fingers resemble those of African apes; in others they are more like modern human hands; in still others they are unique. The scaphoid and the proximal articular surface of the trapezium retain ape-like features, as do the proximal and middle phalanges. The pollical carpometacarpal joint and the distal phalanges are closer in morphology to those of modern humans. The scaphoid, proximal phalanges and middle phalanges of rays II-V indicate a hand capable of a strong power grip. A number of features of the thumb and the distal phalanges suggest that the O.H. 7 individual was capable of more precise manipulation that extant apes. FLK NN-A, a first distal phalanx, does not closely resemble the first distal phalanx of any of the living Hominoidea. Multivariate distance analysis indicates, however, that it is closest in overall morphology to the pollical distal phalanx of modern humans. In some features not included in the metric analysis, FLK NN-A also resembles the hallucial distal phalanx of modern humans.", "PMID": 119435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13806", "title": "Quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus. I. Specific sensory relay nuclei.", "content": "Studies to date have indicated few differences in sensory perception among hominoids. Sensory relay nuclei in the dorsal thalamus--portions of the medial and lateral geniculate bodies (MGBp, LGBd) and the ventrobasal complex (VB)--in two gibbons, one gorilla, one chimpanzee and three humans were examined for anatomical similarity by measuring and estimating the nuclear volumes, neuronal densities, numbers of neurons per nucleus, and volumes of neuronal perikarya. The absolute volumes of these nuclei were larger in the larger brains; however, with the volume of the dorsal thalamus as a standard, these sensory relay nuclei showed negative allometry. The gibbons had about half as many neurons as did the other hominoids. Although the human VB had slightly more neurons, the numbers of neurons in LGBd and MGBp did not significantly differ between the great apes and humans. The volumetric distribution of the neuronal perikarya were similar among these hominoids. Other thalamic nuclei had much more diverse numbers of neurons and relative frequencies of their neuronal perikarya. The sensory relay nuclei appear to be a group of conservative nuclei in the forebrain. These results suggest that as a neurological base for complex behaviors evolved in hominids, not all parts of the brain changed equally.", "contents": "Quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus. I. Specific sensory relay nuclei. Studies to date have indicated few differences in sensory perception among hominoids. Sensory relay nuclei in the dorsal thalamus--portions of the medial and lateral geniculate bodies (MGBp, LGBd) and the ventrobasal complex (VB)--in two gibbons, one gorilla, one chimpanzee and three humans were examined for anatomical similarity by measuring and estimating the nuclear volumes, neuronal densities, numbers of neurons per nucleus, and volumes of neuronal perikarya. The absolute volumes of these nuclei were larger in the larger brains; however, with the volume of the dorsal thalamus as a standard, these sensory relay nuclei showed negative allometry. The gibbons had about half as many neurons as did the other hominoids. Although the human VB had slightly more neurons, the numbers of neurons in LGBd and MGBp did not significantly differ between the great apes and humans. The volumetric distribution of the neuronal perikarya were similar among these hominoids. Other thalamic nuclei had much more diverse numbers of neurons and relative frequencies of their neuronal perikarya. The sensory relay nuclei appear to be a group of conservative nuclei in the forebrain. These results suggest that as a neurological base for complex behaviors evolved in hominids, not all parts of the brain changed equally.", "PMID": 119437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13807", "title": "Further morphometric studies of the ulna from the Omo Basin, Ethiopia.", "content": "A reanalysis of the L40-19 fossil ulna from the Omo Basin, Ethiopia is presented. Using covariance adjustment rather than ratios to correct metric data for variations due to body size, a comparative sample reflecting 21 contemporary Anthropoid taxa, and both distribution-free and multivariate statistical procedures, this study indicates that the earlier conclusion drawn by McHenry et al. ('76), viz., that the fossil is \"unique\" among Hominoids, is essentially correct. This study also concludes, however, that although the fossil is projected closer to Pan and Homo than to Pongo, the distances are considerably greater than found between behaviorally similar modern forms. Consequently, aside from assigning the fossil on morphometric grounds to the Hominoidea, little else can be said about its possible locomotor habits or its ancestry.", "contents": "Further morphometric studies of the ulna from the Omo Basin, Ethiopia. A reanalysis of the L40-19 fossil ulna from the Omo Basin, Ethiopia is presented. Using covariance adjustment rather than ratios to correct metric data for variations due to body size, a comparative sample reflecting 21 contemporary Anthropoid taxa, and both distribution-free and multivariate statistical procedures, this study indicates that the earlier conclusion drawn by McHenry et al. ('76), viz., that the fossil is \"unique\" among Hominoids, is essentially correct. This study also concludes, however, that although the fossil is projected closer to Pan and Homo than to Pongo, the distances are considerably greater than found between behaviorally similar modern forms. Consequently, aside from assigning the fossil on morphometric grounds to the Hominoidea, little else can be said about its possible locomotor habits or its ancestry.", "PMID": 119438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13808", "title": "Growth, function and homology: aspects of dental replacement in toothcombed strepsirhines.", "content": "In maturing juvenile lemurs and lorises, it was found that the anteriormost lower deciduous premolar migrates forward and may become associated with the teeth of the toothcomb; this is similar to previous observations on the dentition of indriines. The mesial shift of dp2 appears to be associated with the eruption of P2 but, more importantly, also with replacement of the deciduous by the permanent teeth of the toothcomb--which is a period of functional disruption at the front of the jaw. It is suggested that this growth-related phenomenon should not be confused with other aspects of dental development and eruption which might be indicative of homology.", "contents": "Growth, function and homology: aspects of dental replacement in toothcombed strepsirhines. In maturing juvenile lemurs and lorises, it was found that the anteriormost lower deciduous premolar migrates forward and may become associated with the teeth of the toothcomb; this is similar to previous observations on the dentition of indriines. The mesial shift of dp2 appears to be associated with the eruption of P2 but, more importantly, also with replacement of the deciduous by the permanent teeth of the toothcomb--which is a period of functional disruption at the front of the jaw. It is suggested that this growth-related phenomenon should not be confused with other aspects of dental development and eruption which might be indicative of homology.", "PMID": 119439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13809", "title": "Aspects of the middle and external ear of early South African hominids.", "content": "A brief description of the exposed middle ear from two Swartkrans specimens demonstrates the feasibility of examining the inner auditory structures of existing fossil hominid material. These Swartkrans fossils provide the first clear view of the early hominid middle ear, and their structures appear to be morphologically distinct. The bony anatomy of the external ear of Australopithecus robustus is found to be unique among the South African hominids.", "contents": "Aspects of the middle and external ear of early South African hominids. A brief description of the exposed middle ear from two Swartkrans specimens demonstrates the feasibility of examining the inner auditory structures of existing fossil hominid material. These Swartkrans fossils provide the first clear view of the early hominid middle ear, and their structures appear to be morphologically distinct. The bony anatomy of the external ear of Australopithecus robustus is found to be unique among the South African hominids.", "PMID": 119440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13810", "title": "Fabry's disease. Primary diagnosis by electron microscopy.", "content": "Fabry's disease is a lipid storage disease found in children and adults. The lipid is stored as a myelin-figure-like whorl of membranes in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, myocardium, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells of the glomerulus. The lipid deposits are identifiable by light microscopy, but are much easier to demonstrate by electron microscopy. The disease leads to vascular insufficiency because of narrowing and thrombosis of arteries and arterioles. The resultant vascular insufficiency leads to peripheral neuritis, myocardial infarction, peripheral infarction and cerebral infarction. Corneal clouding due to lipid deposits is also seen. Renal involvement is widespread, but renal failure occurs late.", "contents": "Fabry's disease. Primary diagnosis by electron microscopy. Fabry's disease is a lipid storage disease found in children and adults. The lipid is stored as a myelin-figure-like whorl of membranes in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, myocardium, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells of the glomerulus. The lipid deposits are identifiable by light microscopy, but are much easier to demonstrate by electron microscopy. The disease leads to vascular insufficiency because of narrowing and thrombosis of arteries and arterioles. The resultant vascular insufficiency leads to peripheral neuritis, myocardial infarction, peripheral infarction and cerebral infarction. Corneal clouding due to lipid deposits is also seen. Renal involvement is widespread, but renal failure occurs late.", "PMID": 119441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13811", "title": "Middle East lymphoma and alpha-chain disease. An immunohistochemical study.", "content": "An immunoperoxidase study of the small intestinal mucosa of three patients with alpha-chain disease showed heavy infiltration of the mucosa by plasma cells containing alpha-heavy chain and J-chain but no light chains. An additional band-like and nodular mucosal infiltrate was also present and consisted of cells showing no evidence of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin synthesis. The cells comprising this infiltrate invaded and destroyed intestinal crypts, and immunoperoxidase staining showed them to be sharply distinct from the alpha-chain-containing plasma cells. In two cases of Middle East lymphoma, immunohistochemistry revealed a normal plasma cell population in the lamina propria of the small intestine. These results show that alpha-chain disease can be diagnosed in routine paraffin sections which should permit clarification of its true incidence in Middle East lymphoma. The demonstration of sharp distinction between the two types of mucosal infiltrate in alpha-chain disease is in contrast to previous immunofluorescence results and enables more ready identification of mucosal changes that may be important in the management of the disease.", "contents": "Middle East lymphoma and alpha-chain disease. An immunohistochemical study. An immunoperoxidase study of the small intestinal mucosa of three patients with alpha-chain disease showed heavy infiltration of the mucosa by plasma cells containing alpha-heavy chain and J-chain but no light chains. An additional band-like and nodular mucosal infiltrate was also present and consisted of cells showing no evidence of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin synthesis. The cells comprising this infiltrate invaded and destroyed intestinal crypts, and immunoperoxidase staining showed them to be sharply distinct from the alpha-chain-containing plasma cells. In two cases of Middle East lymphoma, immunohistochemistry revealed a normal plasma cell population in the lamina propria of the small intestine. These results show that alpha-chain disease can be diagnosed in routine paraffin sections which should permit clarification of its true incidence in Middle East lymphoma. The demonstration of sharp distinction between the two types of mucosal infiltrate in alpha-chain disease is in contrast to previous immunofluorescence results and enables more ready identification of mucosal changes that may be important in the management of the disease.", "PMID": 119442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13812", "title": "Evaluation of various doses of testosterone on accessory reproductive organs and plasma testosterone in intact and gonadectomized rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "The effect of 10 days i.m. treatment of testosterone propionate (TP) on plasma testosterone and accessory reproductive organs were studied in adult (6 to 6 1/2 kg) male rhesus monkeys, housed under natural light conditions using six different dose levels. The study was scheduled in the month of September and October. To maintain the weight of accessory reproductive organs and testosterone levels in castrates, different dose levels of exogenous testosterone propionate were required: 3.2 mg/d for seminal vesicles, 4.8 mg/d for ventral prostate and 3.2 mg/d for plasma testosterone titer. The levels of so-called \"physiological\" doses of exogenous testosterone varied for various target organs under consideration. TP at a dose of 0.4 mg/d had a depressing effect on plasma testosterone in intact monkeys. For higher doses, plasma testosterone increased roughly similarly in both intact and castrated monkeys. It suggests that with otherwise \"physiological\" doses of testosterone propionate, there is an almost complete blockage of endogenous testosterone secretion.", "contents": "Evaluation of various doses of testosterone on accessory reproductive organs and plasma testosterone in intact and gonadectomized rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The effect of 10 days i.m. treatment of testosterone propionate (TP) on plasma testosterone and accessory reproductive organs were studied in adult (6 to 6 1/2 kg) male rhesus monkeys, housed under natural light conditions using six different dose levels. The study was scheduled in the month of September and October. To maintain the weight of accessory reproductive organs and testosterone levels in castrates, different dose levels of exogenous testosterone propionate were required: 3.2 mg/d for seminal vesicles, 4.8 mg/d for ventral prostate and 3.2 mg/d for plasma testosterone titer. The levels of so-called \"physiological\" doses of exogenous testosterone varied for various target organs under consideration. TP at a dose of 0.4 mg/d had a depressing effect on plasma testosterone in intact monkeys. For higher doses, plasma testosterone increased roughly similarly in both intact and castrated monkeys. It suggests that with otherwise \"physiological\" doses of testosterone propionate, there is an almost complete blockage of endogenous testosterone secretion.", "PMID": 119450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13813", "title": "[Monitoring of extra- and intra-cellular compartment through total body impedance (author's transl)].", "content": "To evaluate the extra-cellular space, we measure the impedance (or resistance) of the extra-cellular electrolyte compartment with an alternating current at a fixed frequency of 5 kHz that can't pass through the cellular membrane. Total water is measured by the impedance to a current of 1 MHz which is conducted by extra and intra cellular hydro-electrolytic space. There is a good correlation between electrical impedance measurements and distribution of isotopic markers. The extra-cellular compartment was evaluated by diffusion of D.T.P.A. marked with 99mTc or with 111In and the total water by the diffusion of Antipyrin marked with 1,311 or 1,231. The findings indicate that there is not a significant difference between the results of the size of extra-cellular water measured by electrical impedance and D.T.P.A. diffusion (r = 0.75). Comparable results have been obtained in the determination of total water by electrical impedance measure and diffusion of Antipyrin (r = 0.90). We have also studied by method of electric impedance:--The state of hydratation in head injured patients and after pituitary surgery.--The lean body mass and hydro-electrolyte compartments in pregnancy. Electrical impedance measure seems to be a simple and reliable method to assess the hydric state of patients.", "contents": "[Monitoring of extra- and intra-cellular compartment through total body impedance (author's transl)]. To evaluate the extra-cellular space, we measure the impedance (or resistance) of the extra-cellular electrolyte compartment with an alternating current at a fixed frequency of 5 kHz that can't pass through the cellular membrane. Total water is measured by the impedance to a current of 1 MHz which is conducted by extra and intra cellular hydro-electrolytic space. There is a good correlation between electrical impedance measurements and distribution of isotopic markers. The extra-cellular compartment was evaluated by diffusion of D.T.P.A. marked with 99mTc or with 111In and the total water by the diffusion of Antipyrin marked with 1,311 or 1,231. The findings indicate that there is not a significant difference between the results of the size of extra-cellular water measured by electrical impedance and D.T.P.A. diffusion (r = 0.75). Comparable results have been obtained in the determination of total water by electrical impedance measure and diffusion of Antipyrin (r = 0.90). We have also studied by method of electric impedance:--The state of hydratation in head injured patients and after pituitary surgery.--The lean body mass and hydro-electrolyte compartments in pregnancy. Electrical impedance measure seems to be a simple and reliable method to assess the hydric state of patients.", "PMID": 119451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13814", "title": "The effect of hemorrhagic shock on plasma amino acids and tissue energy substrates in the primate.", "content": "Levels of plasma amino acids and muscle concentrations of energy substrates and metabolites after shock in the Macaca mulatta Rhesus monkey were investigated. The hemodynamic response to shock is similar to that of previously reported studies of primates in shock. Plasma glucose and ASAT increased significantly, while levels of ALAT and pyruvic acid did not change. Lactic acid was elevated. Muscle glycogen and concentrations of lactic acid were increased, and levels of pyruvic acid, creatine phosphate, and malate fell during shock. Levels of ATP in muscle were unchanged. Nine of the 23 arterial plasma amino acids analyzed decreased significantly. Aspartic acid was increased during shock. The increased levels of tissue carbohydrates and decreased concentrations of plasma amino acids observed in this study differ from results previously reported for other animal shock models. Changes in amino acid levels are similar to the results of some clinical studies.", "contents": "The effect of hemorrhagic shock on plasma amino acids and tissue energy substrates in the primate. Levels of plasma amino acids and muscle concentrations of energy substrates and metabolites after shock in the Macaca mulatta Rhesus monkey were investigated. The hemodynamic response to shock is similar to that of previously reported studies of primates in shock. Plasma glucose and ASAT increased significantly, while levels of ALAT and pyruvic acid did not change. Lactic acid was elevated. Muscle glycogen and concentrations of lactic acid were increased, and levels of pyruvic acid, creatine phosphate, and malate fell during shock. Levels of ATP in muscle were unchanged. Nine of the 23 arterial plasma amino acids analyzed decreased significantly. Aspartic acid was increased during shock. The increased levels of tissue carbohydrates and decreased concentrations of plasma amino acids observed in this study differ from results previously reported for other animal shock models. Changes in amino acid levels are similar to the results of some clinical studies.", "PMID": 119453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13815", "title": "[Changes in cholesterol esterification ratio during parenteral feeding including lipids (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors report the finding of an important change in the esterification of plasma cholesterol during parenteral nutrition using 10% intralipid. Thirty-seven patients with various disorders were included in the study. The results and possibility of deleterious effects are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in cholesterol esterification ratio during parenteral feeding including lipids (author's transl)]. Authors report the finding of an important change in the esterification of plasma cholesterol during parenteral nutrition using 10% intralipid. Thirty-seven patients with various disorders were included in the study. The results and possibility of deleterious effects are discussed.", "PMID": 119454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13816", "title": "[An atypical form of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia with complete remission lasting for more than two years after multiple chemotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "An authentic case of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia without a tumoural syndrome is reported, with initial signs of peripheral pancytopenia. Complete and persistent remission appears to have followed multiple sequential chemotherapy. This very satisfactory and, according to data in the published literature, very rare result suggests that this type of treatment should be prescribed for all patients with macroglobulinaemia with poor prognostic clinical and histological characteristics.", "contents": "[An atypical form of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia with complete remission lasting for more than two years after multiple chemotherapy (author's transl)]. An authentic case of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia without a tumoural syndrome is reported, with initial signs of peripheral pancytopenia. Complete and persistent remission appears to have followed multiple sequential chemotherapy. This very satisfactory and, according to data in the published literature, very rare result suggests that this type of treatment should be prescribed for all patients with macroglobulinaemia with poor prognostic clinical and histological characteristics.", "PMID": 119455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13817", "title": "[Evaluation of urease and beta-glucosidase activity for the practical identification of mycobacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "The urease and the beta-glucosidase for the identification of the mycobacteria were evaluated using 1,019 strains received for reference purposes in this laboratory in 1978. We found that the urease test was useful in the differential identification of BCG which, contrary to Mycobacterium bovis, gave a strong positive reaction in 3 h. The test was also useful to discriminate M. scrofulaceum from pigmented strains of M. avium. The beta-glucosidase test discriminated between M. tuberculosis and M. bovis and was useful to distinguish the niacine-positive strains of M. africanum which were usually negative in this test. The beta-glucosidase test was particularly useful in the differential identification of M. fortuitum and M. chelonei. In this report, the frequency distribution of the species which were submitted to this laboratory in 1978 was also shown and the results obtained for each of the conventional test procedures was presented.", "contents": "[Evaluation of urease and beta-glucosidase activity for the practical identification of mycobacteria (author's transl)]. The urease and the beta-glucosidase for the identification of the mycobacteria were evaluated using 1,019 strains received for reference purposes in this laboratory in 1978. We found that the urease test was useful in the differential identification of BCG which, contrary to Mycobacterium bovis, gave a strong positive reaction in 3 h. The test was also useful to discriminate M. scrofulaceum from pigmented strains of M. avium. The beta-glucosidase test discriminated between M. tuberculosis and M. bovis and was useful to distinguish the niacine-positive strains of M. africanum which were usually negative in this test. The beta-glucosidase test was particularly useful in the differential identification of M. fortuitum and M. chelonei. In this report, the frequency distribution of the species which were submitted to this laboratory in 1978 was also shown and the results obtained for each of the conventional test procedures was presented.", "PMID": 119459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13818", "title": "Transfer factor in immunodeficiency diseases.", "content": "Results of therapeutic trials of transfer factor in a number of laboratories suggest clinical benefit and enhancement of immunological reactivity in patients with primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases. Long term follow-up of 32 patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome suggested that transfer factor caused conversion of immunologic reactivity, apparent clinical benefit, and prolonged survival in some, but not in all patients. In 18 patients with disseminated (Stage III) malignant melanoma treated with surgery and transfer factor, survival was better than would ordinarily be expected for disseminated disease (78% with mean follow-up of 2 years). A randomized trial has been initiated which will answer the question of the efficacy of transfer factor as surgical adjuvant therapy in malignant melanoma. Studies in human subjects suggested that transfer factor does not cause enhancement of reactivity in normal subjects, when evaluated in a controlled, double-blind fashion. Similar controlled studies in immunodeficient patients are necessary to ascertain whether transfer factor does cause enhancement of immune responses in these patients. Based on these observations, a guinea pig model was developed in which transfer factor caused abrogation of tolerance to ABA-Tyrosine.", "contents": "Transfer factor in immunodeficiency diseases. Results of therapeutic trials of transfer factor in a number of laboratories suggest clinical benefit and enhancement of immunological reactivity in patients with primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases. Long term follow-up of 32 patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome suggested that transfer factor caused conversion of immunologic reactivity, apparent clinical benefit, and prolonged survival in some, but not in all patients. In 18 patients with disseminated (Stage III) malignant melanoma treated with surgery and transfer factor, survival was better than would ordinarily be expected for disseminated disease (78% with mean follow-up of 2 years). A randomized trial has been initiated which will answer the question of the efficacy of transfer factor as surgical adjuvant therapy in malignant melanoma. Studies in human subjects suggested that transfer factor does not cause enhancement of reactivity in normal subjects, when evaluated in a controlled, double-blind fashion. Similar controlled studies in immunodeficient patients are necessary to ascertain whether transfer factor does cause enhancement of immune responses in these patients. Based on these observations, a guinea pig model was developed in which transfer factor caused abrogation of tolerance to ABA-Tyrosine.", "PMID": 119460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13819", "title": "Biological activity of the pure thymus protein, LSHr.", "content": "LSHr, a protein from thymus, was shown to be a single pure peptide of 80,000 daltons by its migration in Sephadex G-150, SEDImentation velocity ultracentrifugation, both regular and SDS gel electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing as a single symmetrical peak. It promoted the differentiation of T-lymphocytes in in vitro and in vivo tests. Human bone marrow cells showed differentiation in response to LSHr treatment to express a surface marker unique to T-cells following incubation with 10(-14) to 10(-9) M LSHr. Control proteins showed no effect. In preliminary experiments, administration of microgram quantities of LSHr to nude mice for 2-3 weeks induced development of T-cell function as determined by antibody response to a T-dependent antigen, and a response of spleen cells to T-cell mitogen.", "contents": "Biological activity of the pure thymus protein, LSHr. LSHr, a protein from thymus, was shown to be a single pure peptide of 80,000 daltons by its migration in Sephadex G-150, SEDImentation velocity ultracentrifugation, both regular and SDS gel electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing as a single symmetrical peak. It promoted the differentiation of T-lymphocytes in in vitro and in vivo tests. Human bone marrow cells showed differentiation in response to LSHr treatment to express a surface marker unique to T-cells following incubation with 10(-14) to 10(-9) M LSHr. Control proteins showed no effect. In preliminary experiments, administration of microgram quantities of LSHr to nude mice for 2-3 weeks induced development of T-cell function as determined by antibody response to a T-dependent antigen, and a response of spleen cells to T-cell mitogen.", "PMID": 119461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13820", "title": "[Bacteriophage typing of 823 \"Listeria monocytogenes\" strains isolated in France from 1958 to 1978 (author's transl)].", "content": "This study was undertaken to establish a typing scheme for Listeria monocytogenes. A total of 823 strains, isolated in France from 1958 to 1978, were studied; 69.4% of these belonged to serotype 4. Using a set of 20 phages, the lytic activity, frequency and specific character of these phages were estimated and phage typing carried out. We were able to define a phage typing system for L. monocytogenes using 12 principal phages and 3 secondary phages. In order to discriminate phages types within serotype 1, the phages 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were used, and for phage types within serotype 4, the phages 10, 11, 14, 15, 16 and 17. Secondary phages 8, 9 and 20 had a weak lytic activity, but their specificity was very high. The lytic patterns obtained with the phages 9 and 20 were restricted to strains of serotype 5. We established a complete correlation between the lytic pattern of phages 1 to 8 and serotype 1, just as there was a correlation between the lytic pattern of phages 10 to 19 and serotype 4. Using the set of 20 phages we were able to type 645 of 823 strains of L. monocytogenes. Thus we were able to type 78.4% of all the strains examined. This percentage was very different according to the serotype of the strains tested: 88% of strains of serotype 4 and 57% of strains of serotype 1. With this set of phages 552 of 645 typable strains could be subdivided into 8 principal phagetypes: 3 types within the serotype 1 and 5 others in serotype 4. This phage typing system can be used in some epidemiological situations, in taxonomic investigations or as bacterial markers.", "contents": "[Bacteriophage typing of 823 \"Listeria monocytogenes\" strains isolated in France from 1958 to 1978 (author's transl)]. This study was undertaken to establish a typing scheme for Listeria monocytogenes. A total of 823 strains, isolated in France from 1958 to 1978, were studied; 69.4% of these belonged to serotype 4. Using a set of 20 phages, the lytic activity, frequency and specific character of these phages were estimated and phage typing carried out. We were able to define a phage typing system for L. monocytogenes using 12 principal phages and 3 secondary phages. In order to discriminate phages types within serotype 1, the phages 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were used, and for phage types within serotype 4, the phages 10, 11, 14, 15, 16 and 17. Secondary phages 8, 9 and 20 had a weak lytic activity, but their specificity was very high. The lytic patterns obtained with the phages 9 and 20 were restricted to strains of serotype 5. We established a complete correlation between the lytic pattern of phages 1 to 8 and serotype 1, just as there was a correlation between the lytic pattern of phages 10 to 19 and serotype 4. Using the set of 20 phages we were able to type 645 of 823 strains of L. monocytogenes. Thus we were able to type 78.4% of all the strains examined. This percentage was very different according to the serotype of the strains tested: 88% of strains of serotype 4 and 57% of strains of serotype 1. With this set of phages 552 of 645 typable strains could be subdivided into 8 principal phagetypes: 3 types within the serotype 1 and 5 others in serotype 4. This phage typing system can be used in some epidemiological situations, in taxonomic investigations or as bacterial markers.", "PMID": 119457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13821", "title": "[Effect of moderate protein-energy malnutrition in preschool children on various biochemical parameters. Use of biochemical indicators for early detection of malnutrition].", "content": "The efficiency of several biochemical parameters as indicators of moderate protein-energy malnutrition was investigated. 810 children aged under 5 years were studied in the forest region of southern Cameroon. The children were divided into groups of controls children and moderately malnourished children based on anthropometry. The means values of most of the biochemical parameters were decreased in the malnourished group. Prealbumin, Transferrin, Hydroxyproline index and Albumin/Globulins ratio showed the most significant decreases. There were highly significant (P less than 0.001) correlations between the parameters and all the anthropometric tests. It is concluded that biochemical tests studied are of value in detection of mild protein-energy malnutrition but only when used together and compared with levels in a control group of the same age and the same population. Because of the slight decreases, large distributions of individual values and interaction of factors others than malnutrition, interpretation of a single test appears to be very complex.", "contents": "[Effect of moderate protein-energy malnutrition in preschool children on various biochemical parameters. Use of biochemical indicators for early detection of malnutrition]. The efficiency of several biochemical parameters as indicators of moderate protein-energy malnutrition was investigated. 810 children aged under 5 years were studied in the forest region of southern Cameroon. The children were divided into groups of controls children and moderately malnourished children based on anthropometry. The means values of most of the biochemical parameters were decreased in the malnourished group. Prealbumin, Transferrin, Hydroxyproline index and Albumin/Globulins ratio showed the most significant decreases. There were highly significant (P less than 0.001) correlations between the parameters and all the anthropometric tests. It is concluded that biochemical tests studied are of value in detection of mild protein-energy malnutrition but only when used together and compared with levels in a control group of the same age and the same population. Because of the slight decreases, large distributions of individual values and interaction of factors others than malnutrition, interpretation of a single test appears to be very complex.", "PMID": 119462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13822", "title": "[Digestive duplications affecting the pharynx or fistulae of the fourth endo-branchial pouch. Four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of children with recurrent latero-cervical epithelial cystic tumours which where identified as exceptional derivatives of the 4th endobranchial pouch on the basis of their connections with the pharynx and in particular the piriform fossa. The opportunity is taken to review the characteristics of equally rare digestive, duplications and congenital diverticula at a cervical and buccopharyngeal level. This diagnosis was made initially in the first of these cases.", "contents": "[Digestive duplications affecting the pharynx or fistulae of the fourth endo-branchial pouch. Four cases (author's transl)]. Four cases of children with recurrent latero-cervical epithelial cystic tumours which where identified as exceptional derivatives of the 4th endobranchial pouch on the basis of their connections with the pharynx and in particular the piriform fossa. The opportunity is taken to review the characteristics of equally rare digestive, duplications and congenital diverticula at a cervical and buccopharyngeal level. This diagnosis was made initially in the first of these cases.", "PMID": 119463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13823", "title": "Sporozoan infection in cultured Sparus aurata L. and wild Siganus luridus.", "content": "White nodules containing intracellular ovoid Sporozoans were observed in internal organs (kidneys, liver and gut wall) of cultured Sparus aurata and in the liver of wild Siganus luridus in the gulf of Aquaba in the Red Sea. Nodules consisted of parasitised hypertrophic macrophage-like cells enclosed in a well-defined collagenous fibrous capsule. These parasites are evidently the cystozoite stage of a haemogregarine.", "contents": "Sporozoan infection in cultured Sparus aurata L. and wild Siganus luridus. White nodules containing intracellular ovoid Sporozoans were observed in internal organs (kidneys, liver and gut wall) of cultured Sparus aurata and in the liver of wild Siganus luridus in the gulf of Aquaba in the Red Sea. Nodules consisted of parasitised hypertrophic macrophage-like cells enclosed in a well-defined collagenous fibrous capsule. These parasites are evidently the cystozoite stage of a haemogregarine.", "PMID": 119464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13824", "title": "Defective activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh disease).", "content": "Autopsy examination confirmed the diagnosis of subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNE) in a 7-month-old male infant who underwent several metabolic studies before death. Intermittent lactic acidemia and fumaric aciduria, an extreme hyperglycemic response to an intravenous bolus of alanine, and an elevated total body flux rate of glucose (58.4 mumoles . kg-1 . min-1) suggested a disturbance in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. Enzymological studies of postmortem samples revealed low nonactivated pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in liver (19.4%) and brain (53.8%). The lowest brain pyruvate dehydrogenase activities were noted in the midbrain and pontine regions. Supramaximal activation of the hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (135% of control values) occurred in vitro. Spontaneous reactivation following in vitro inactivation of the complex with adenosine triphosphate was significantly less (p less than 0.02) in the patient's samples compared to controls. The biochemical defect was not apparent in fibroblasts. These enzymological observations point to an in vivo defect in the activation mechanism of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex as the biochemical disturbance in SNE. The findings suggest that dichloroacetate may be beneficial in treating SNE.", "contents": "Defective activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh disease). Autopsy examination confirmed the diagnosis of subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNE) in a 7-month-old male infant who underwent several metabolic studies before death. Intermittent lactic acidemia and fumaric aciduria, an extreme hyperglycemic response to an intravenous bolus of alanine, and an elevated total body flux rate of glucose (58.4 mumoles . kg-1 . min-1) suggested a disturbance in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. Enzymological studies of postmortem samples revealed low nonactivated pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in liver (19.4%) and brain (53.8%). The lowest brain pyruvate dehydrogenase activities were noted in the midbrain and pontine regions. Supramaximal activation of the hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (135% of control values) occurred in vitro. Spontaneous reactivation following in vitro inactivation of the complex with adenosine triphosphate was significantly less (p less than 0.02) in the patient's samples compared to controls. The biochemical defect was not apparent in fibroblasts. These enzymological observations point to an in vivo defect in the activation mechanism of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex as the biochemical disturbance in SNE. The findings suggest that dichloroacetate may be beneficial in treating SNE.", "PMID": 119480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13825", "title": "Dorsal thalamic lesion in a noted case of human memory dysfunction.", "content": "The extensively studied patient N.A. has had a severe verbal memory deficit since 1960, when he sustained a stab wound to the brain with a miniature fencing foil. His amnesia occurs in the absence of any other known cognitive defect. Recent CT scans have localized a lesion in the left dorsal thalamus of this patient in a position corresponding to the dorsomedial nucleus; there is no radiographic evidence of other damage in the diencephalon or cerebral cortex. The dorsomedial thalamus may be critical in the neuropathology of diencephalic amnesia and, in humans, may be required for normal memory functions.", "contents": "Dorsal thalamic lesion in a noted case of human memory dysfunction. The extensively studied patient N.A. has had a severe verbal memory deficit since 1960, when he sustained a stab wound to the brain with a miniature fencing foil. His amnesia occurs in the absence of any other known cognitive defect. Recent CT scans have localized a lesion in the left dorsal thalamus of this patient in a position corresponding to the dorsomedial nucleus; there is no radiographic evidence of other damage in the diencephalon or cerebral cortex. The dorsomedial thalamus may be critical in the neuropathology of diencephalic amnesia and, in humans, may be required for normal memory functions.", "PMID": 119481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13826", "title": "Comparison of protein values in cerebrospinal fluid by nephelometry and radial immunodiffusion.", "content": "Various parameters of three radial immunodiffusion systems, a kinetic nephelometer and two laser nephelometers were compared in a measurement of IgG and albumin in cerebrospinal fluid. Greater precision for IgG and albumin determinations was found with two RID systems. Correlation coefficients between methods ranged from 0.71 to 0.94. The generally poor correlations of methods, combined with the results of accuracy studies employing WHO standard reference dilutions and proportional errors demonstrated by linear regression equations, illustrate graphically the need for standardization in the field of immunochemical determinations. Our preliminary studies of the IgG/Alb ratio in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients agreed with the work of others. In each case, the ratio was elevated or borderline high.", "contents": "Comparison of protein values in cerebrospinal fluid by nephelometry and radial immunodiffusion. Various parameters of three radial immunodiffusion systems, a kinetic nephelometer and two laser nephelometers were compared in a measurement of IgG and albumin in cerebrospinal fluid. Greater precision for IgG and albumin determinations was found with two RID systems. Correlation coefficients between methods ranged from 0.71 to 0.94. The generally poor correlations of methods, combined with the results of accuracy studies employing WHO standard reference dilutions and proportional errors demonstrated by linear regression equations, illustrate graphically the need for standardization in the field of immunochemical determinations. Our preliminary studies of the IgG/Alb ratio in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients agreed with the work of others. In each case, the ratio was elevated or borderline high.", "PMID": 119478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13827", "title": "Acute intoxication with sodium valproate.", "content": "Two epileptic patients developed an acute toxic encephalopathy consisting of altered behavior, deteriorating seizure control, and confusion while taking sodium valproate alone. Serum valproate levels were greater than 100 microgram/ml in both. Toxic symptoms resolved when the dose of valproate was reduced, with a consequent fall in serum concentration of the drug.", "contents": "Acute intoxication with sodium valproate. Two epileptic patients developed an acute toxic encephalopathy consisting of altered behavior, deteriorating seizure control, and confusion while taking sodium valproate alone. Serum valproate levels were greater than 100 microgram/ml in both. Toxic symptoms resolved when the dose of valproate was reduced, with a consequent fall in serum concentration of the drug.", "PMID": 119482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13828", "title": "ABO and Rh blood groups in the Outer Hebrides.", "content": "ABO and Rh (D--,dd) phenotype frequencies and gene frequencies are reported on 1547 pregnant women from different populations in the Outer Hebrides. There was significant heterogeneity of ABO gene frequencies in the Isle of Lewis, but not in or between other populations. More heterogeneity was apparent at the Rh locus, significant amounts being present between the populations of rural Lewis, between Lewis and Harris and between Lewis, Harris and the combined populations of North and South Uist, Benbecula and Barra. There was no evidence of heterogeneity due to religion in Benbecula or South Uist. Data on exogamy and endogamy suggest that migration between the various populations has been at a level sufficient to prevent or correct any tendency to genetic diversification. It is suggested tentatively that the heterogeneity observed may be the result of the massive emigration from the islands which has occurred over the last 150 years.", "contents": "ABO and Rh blood groups in the Outer Hebrides. ABO and Rh (D--,dd) phenotype frequencies and gene frequencies are reported on 1547 pregnant women from different populations in the Outer Hebrides. There was significant heterogeneity of ABO gene frequencies in the Isle of Lewis, but not in or between other populations. More heterogeneity was apparent at the Rh locus, significant amounts being present between the populations of rural Lewis, between Lewis and Harris and between Lewis, Harris and the combined populations of North and South Uist, Benbecula and Barra. There was no evidence of heterogeneity due to religion in Benbecula or South Uist. Data on exogamy and endogamy suggest that migration between the various populations has been at a level sufficient to prevent or correct any tendency to genetic diversification. It is suggested tentatively that the heterogeneity observed may be the result of the massive emigration from the islands which has occurred over the last 150 years.", "PMID": 119479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13829", "title": "Kinetic studies on enzymatic acetylation of chloramphenicol in Streptococcus faecalis.", "content": "The kinetics of chloramphenicol (CP) acetylation by CP acetyltransferase from Streptococcus faecalis was studied. CP was shown to be acetylated enzymatically to its 3-O-acetyl derivative (3-AcCP) in the presence of acetyl coenzyme A, after which 3-AcCP was converted nonenzymatically to its 1-O-acetyl isomer, 1-O-acetyl CP (1-AcCP). At equilibrium, the 1-AcCP and 3-AcCP were present in a 1:4 ratio. Subsequently the diacetylated product, 1,3-O-O-diacetyl CP [1,3-(Ac)2CP], was enzymatically produced from 1-AcCP by the same enzyme. Theoretical calculation of rate constants (k1, k2, k3) for each successive reaction is as follows: (Formula: see text). This calculation gave k1 = 0.4 min-1, k2 = 0.002 min-1, and k3 = 0.016 min-1. Experimental results agreed closely with these calculated values.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on enzymatic acetylation of chloramphenicol in Streptococcus faecalis. The kinetics of chloramphenicol (CP) acetylation by CP acetyltransferase from Streptococcus faecalis was studied. CP was shown to be acetylated enzymatically to its 3-O-acetyl derivative (3-AcCP) in the presence of acetyl coenzyme A, after which 3-AcCP was converted nonenzymatically to its 1-O-acetyl isomer, 1-O-acetyl CP (1-AcCP). At equilibrium, the 1-AcCP and 3-AcCP were present in a 1:4 ratio. Subsequently the diacetylated product, 1,3-O-O-diacetyl CP [1,3-(Ac)2CP], was enzymatically produced from 1-AcCP by the same enzyme. Theoretical calculation of rate constants (k1, k2, k3) for each successive reaction is as follows: (Formula: see text). This calculation gave k1 = 0.4 min-1, k2 = 0.002 min-1, and k3 = 0.016 min-1. Experimental results agreed closely with these calculated values.", "PMID": 119483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13830", "title": "Microbial transformation of A23187, a divalent cation ionophore antibiotic.", "content": "A23187 is an ionophore antibiotic that forms dimeric complexes with divalent cations such an Mn2+ and Ca2+. Over 200 randomly selected soil microorganisms were incubated with A23187. None of these cultures was capable of transforming this compound. In contrast, many microorganisms were able to modify the methyl ester of A23187. The transformation products produced by one culture, Streptomyces chartreusis, were isolated and identified as 16-hydroxy-N-demethyl A23187 methyl ester, 16-hydroxy-A23187 methyl ester, and N-demethyl A23187 methyl ester. These ester derivatives lack most of the ionophore properties of the acids and cannot readily form dimeric complexes with divalent cations. However, they could be hydrolyzed by a mild treatment with ethanolic KOH to free acids that possess good ionophore activity. The use of the ester substrate in conjunction with the hydrolysis procedure is, at the present time, the only known method for microbiologically producing A23187 derivatives.", "contents": "Microbial transformation of A23187, a divalent cation ionophore antibiotic. A23187 is an ionophore antibiotic that forms dimeric complexes with divalent cations such an Mn2+ and Ca2+. Over 200 randomly selected soil microorganisms were incubated with A23187. None of these cultures was capable of transforming this compound. In contrast, many microorganisms were able to modify the methyl ester of A23187. The transformation products produced by one culture, Streptomyces chartreusis, were isolated and identified as 16-hydroxy-N-demethyl A23187 methyl ester, 16-hydroxy-A23187 methyl ester, and N-demethyl A23187 methyl ester. These ester derivatives lack most of the ionophore properties of the acids and cannot readily form dimeric complexes with divalent cations. However, they could be hydrolyzed by a mild treatment with ethanolic KOH to free acids that possess good ionophore activity. The use of the ester substrate in conjunction with the hydrolysis procedure is, at the present time, the only known method for microbiologically producing A23187 derivatives.", "PMID": 119484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13831", "title": "Effects of cerulenin on antibiotic-induced lysis of streptococcus faecalis (S. faecium).", "content": "Addition of the antibiotic cerulenin to cultures lowered the minimal effective concentration of penicillin G or methicillin required to produce bacterial lysis and killing. This effect was most pronounced at subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations. Cerulenin had no significant effects on lysis or killing induced in the presence of D-cycloserine, fosfomycin, bacitracin, or vancomycin.", "contents": "Effects of cerulenin on antibiotic-induced lysis of streptococcus faecalis (S. faecium). Addition of the antibiotic cerulenin to cultures lowered the minimal effective concentration of penicillin G or methicillin required to produce bacterial lysis and killing. This effect was most pronounced at subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations. Cerulenin had no significant effects on lysis or killing induced in the presence of D-cycloserine, fosfomycin, bacitracin, or vancomycin.", "PMID": 119485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13832", "title": "Composition and biological properties of lipopolysaccharides isolated from Schizothrix calcicola (Ag.) Gomont (Cyanobacteria).", "content": "The most common cyanobacterium contaminating drinking water systems in southwestern Pennsylvania is Schizothrix calcicola. Lipoplysaccharides (LPS) were isolated from this species by hot phenol-water extraction. The polysaccharide moiety was composed of glucosamine, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose and rhamnose. The lipid A part contained beta-hydroxylauric, myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, beta-hydroxypalmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. In contrast to many LPS isolated from Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant component was not beta-hydroxymyristic but beta-hydroxypalmitic acid. The LPS induced Limulus lysate gelation and Schwartzman reaction but was nontoxic to mice. The identity of LPS was verified by alkali and lysozyme treatment. The results suggest that S. calcicola is one of the principal sources of endotoxins in water systems using open finished-water reservoirs.", "contents": "Composition and biological properties of lipopolysaccharides isolated from Schizothrix calcicola (Ag.) Gomont (Cyanobacteria). The most common cyanobacterium contaminating drinking water systems in southwestern Pennsylvania is Schizothrix calcicola. Lipoplysaccharides (LPS) were isolated from this species by hot phenol-water extraction. The polysaccharide moiety was composed of glucosamine, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose and rhamnose. The lipid A part contained beta-hydroxylauric, myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, beta-hydroxypalmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. In contrast to many LPS isolated from Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant component was not beta-hydroxymyristic but beta-hydroxypalmitic acid. The LPS induced Limulus lysate gelation and Schwartzman reaction but was nontoxic to mice. The identity of LPS was verified by alkali and lysozyme treatment. The results suggest that S. calcicola is one of the principal sources of endotoxins in water systems using open finished-water reservoirs.", "PMID": 119486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13833", "title": "Effect of mercuric ion on the growth, photosynthesis, and nitrogenase activity of Anabaena inaequalis.", "content": "Anabaena inaequalis was sensitive to mercuric ion (Hg2+) in the ppb (nanogram per milliliter) range. Growth was inhibited significantly at concentrations of metal ion as low as 2 ppb, and 100 ppb was required to inhibit photosynthesis and acetylene reduction. Low levels of Hg2+ stimulated acetylene reduction and photosynthesis. The lysis of vegetative cells was the primary action of mercuric ions, resulting in the inhibition of growth, photosynthesis, and nitrogenase activity. There was a linear relationship between numbers of cells and the amount of Hg2+ required to induce culture lysis. Calculated on the basis of equivalent cell numbers, Hg2+ was toxic to A. inaequalis at 0.006, 0.009, and 0.100 micrograms of Hg2+ per 10(5) cells for photosynthesis, growth, and acetylene reduction, respectively.", "contents": "Effect of mercuric ion on the growth, photosynthesis, and nitrogenase activity of Anabaena inaequalis. Anabaena inaequalis was sensitive to mercuric ion (Hg2+) in the ppb (nanogram per milliliter) range. Growth was inhibited significantly at concentrations of metal ion as low as 2 ppb, and 100 ppb was required to inhibit photosynthesis and acetylene reduction. Low levels of Hg2+ stimulated acetylene reduction and photosynthesis. The lysis of vegetative cells was the primary action of mercuric ions, resulting in the inhibition of growth, photosynthesis, and nitrogenase activity. There was a linear relationship between numbers of cells and the amount of Hg2+ required to induce culture lysis. Calculated on the basis of equivalent cell numbers, Hg2+ was toxic to A. inaequalis at 0.006, 0.009, and 0.100 micrograms of Hg2+ per 10(5) cells for photosynthesis, growth, and acetylene reduction, respectively.", "PMID": 119487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13834", "title": "TSH and PRL response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in children with chronic renal failure undergoing haemodialysis.", "content": "Eight children (aged between 8 1/2 and 15 1/2 years) with chronic renal failure receiving intermittent haemodialysis, and 2 children with renal transplants were studied. The response of TSH and prolactin (PRL), and basal T4 and T3 values was measured. Basal TSH was normal, and rose only slightly after TRH stimulation. Plasma T4 and T3 were below normal levels in 6 children. Mean basal PRL was raised and could not be stimulated by TRH. This study demonstrates the involvement of the hypothalamus and pituitary in chronic renal disease. The cause of the abnormal secretion of TSH and PRL in chronic renal failure is discussed in the light of clinical importance.", "contents": "TSH and PRL response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in children with chronic renal failure undergoing haemodialysis. Eight children (aged between 8 1/2 and 15 1/2 years) with chronic renal failure receiving intermittent haemodialysis, and 2 children with renal transplants were studied. The response of TSH and prolactin (PRL), and basal T4 and T3 values was measured. Basal TSH was normal, and rose only slightly after TRH stimulation. Plasma T4 and T3 were below normal levels in 6 children. Mean basal PRL was raised and could not be stimulated by TRH. This study demonstrates the involvement of the hypothalamus and pituitary in chronic renal disease. The cause of the abnormal secretion of TSH and PRL in chronic renal failure is discussed in the light of clinical importance.", "PMID": 119489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13835", "title": "A rapid quantitative analysis of tyrosine and its oxidation products by tyrosinase.", "content": "A new technique based on liquid phase ion exchange chromatography on short column is proposed for quantitative determination of tyrosine and Dopa. alpha-Amino,beta-guanidinopropionic acid is used as an internal standard of coloration. The role of H2O2 and ascorbic acid on tyrosine and Dopa was checked. Ascorbic acid prevents the auto-oxidation of Dopa, H2O2 has no effect on tyrosine but oxidizes Dopa even in the presence of excess ascorbic acid. This method was tested in mushroom tyrosinase, with and without ascorbic acid. Assays performed with tyrosinase from rabbit ocular extracts clearly showed that they do oxidize tyrosine. Reliability of the method is comparable to radioassay.", "contents": "A rapid quantitative analysis of tyrosine and its oxidation products by tyrosinase. A new technique based on liquid phase ion exchange chromatography on short column is proposed for quantitative determination of tyrosine and Dopa. alpha-Amino,beta-guanidinopropionic acid is used as an internal standard of coloration. The role of H2O2 and ascorbic acid on tyrosine and Dopa was checked. Ascorbic acid prevents the auto-oxidation of Dopa, H2O2 has no effect on tyrosine but oxidizes Dopa even in the presence of excess ascorbic acid. This method was tested in mushroom tyrosinase, with and without ascorbic acid. Assays performed with tyrosinase from rabbit ocular extracts clearly showed that they do oxidize tyrosine. Reliability of the method is comparable to radioassay.", "PMID": 119492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13836", "title": "Levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in mothers' milk collected in Osaka Prefecture from 1969 to 1976.", "content": "Long-term investigations of polychlorinated hydrocarbon levels in mothers' milk were made from 1969 to 1976. The levels of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, dieldrin and PCB in mothers' milk were within the range reported by others. However, beta-BHC(Hexachlorocyclohexane) levels in the milk were 10 times that found in non-Japanese. A gradual decrease in the beta-BHC level in the milk was observed during this period. In contrast, the levels of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, dieldrin and PCB were consistent for the 7-year period. A significant correlation between the levels of PCB and p,p'-DDE in mothers' milk and blood was observed in the 1974-1976 samples. However, after prohibition of the use of chlorinated hydrocarbons, this relationship was less apparent in the 1972-1973 samples.", "contents": "Levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in mothers' milk collected in Osaka Prefecture from 1969 to 1976. Long-term investigations of polychlorinated hydrocarbon levels in mothers' milk were made from 1969 to 1976. The levels of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, dieldrin and PCB in mothers' milk were within the range reported by others. However, beta-BHC(Hexachlorocyclohexane) levels in the milk were 10 times that found in non-Japanese. A gradual decrease in the beta-BHC level in the milk was observed during this period. In contrast, the levels of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, dieldrin and PCB were consistent for the 7-year period. A significant correlation between the levels of PCB and p,p'-DDE in mothers' milk and blood was observed in the 1974-1976 samples. However, after prohibition of the use of chlorinated hydrocarbons, this relationship was less apparent in the 1972-1973 samples.", "PMID": 119494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13837", "title": "Surveillance of the daily PCB intake from diet of Japanese women from 1972 through 1976.", "content": "A survey of the daily PCB intake from the total diet of Japanese women was made for the years 1972 through 1976. All but one sample of 177 samples analyzed were contaminated with PCBs. Only one sample exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of PCBs of 5 micrograms/kg body weight in Japan. The average daily intake of PCBs per person was approximately 10 micrograms, which was very low compared to the ADI value. The main source of PCBs in the diet in Japan was inshore fishes, in contrast to fresh water fishes as in the U.S.A. The data obtained from this surveillance showed no statistically significant change of daily PCB intake from the diet during this 5-year period. However, there has been a marked decrease in the estimated intake of PCBs since 1972. Gas chromatograph analysis of the residual PCB patterns in the diet showed that the patterns in the marine products were somewhat different from those in dairy, meat, and poultry products. The former was similar to the pattern of the PCB standards mixture and the latter was similar to the PCB pattern found in human milk and tissue samples from the Japanese population.", "contents": "Surveillance of the daily PCB intake from diet of Japanese women from 1972 through 1976. A survey of the daily PCB intake from the total diet of Japanese women was made for the years 1972 through 1976. All but one sample of 177 samples analyzed were contaminated with PCBs. Only one sample exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of PCBs of 5 micrograms/kg body weight in Japan. The average daily intake of PCBs per person was approximately 10 micrograms, which was very low compared to the ADI value. The main source of PCBs in the diet in Japan was inshore fishes, in contrast to fresh water fishes as in the U.S.A. The data obtained from this surveillance showed no statistically significant change of daily PCB intake from the diet during this 5-year period. However, there has been a marked decrease in the estimated intake of PCBs since 1972. Gas chromatograph analysis of the residual PCB patterns in the diet showed that the patterns in the marine products were somewhat different from those in dairy, meat, and poultry products. The former was similar to the pattern of the PCB standards mixture and the latter was similar to the PCB pattern found in human milk and tissue samples from the Japanese population.", "PMID": 119495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13838", "title": "Contaminant levels in animal feeds used for toxicity studies.", "content": "Samples of commercial feeds for laboratory rats, guinea pigs, cats, monkeys, rabbits, and hamsters were collected and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for selected antibiotics, trace metals, pesticides (organophosphates and chlorinated hydrocarbons), natural agents, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The results indicated that antibiotics, parathion, diazinon, aldrin, and the aflatoxins were not detected, whereas, metals, chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (except aldrin), and PCBs were continually present. Malathion and estrogen were found occasionally.", "contents": "Contaminant levels in animal feeds used for toxicity studies. Samples of commercial feeds for laboratory rats, guinea pigs, cats, monkeys, rabbits, and hamsters were collected and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for selected antibiotics, trace metals, pesticides (organophosphates and chlorinated hydrocarbons), natural agents, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The results indicated that antibiotics, parathion, diazinon, aldrin, and the aflatoxins were not detected, whereas, metals, chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (except aldrin), and PCBs were continually present. Malathion and estrogen were found occasionally.", "PMID": 119496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13839", "title": "Sorption and desorption of atrazine by three bacterial species isolated from aquatic systems.", "content": "The isolates Acinetobacter spec., Cytophaga spec. and Pseudomonas fluorescens represent different morphological and physiological types of bacteria. They accumulate atrazine (2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-5-triazine) to different levels. Accumulation expressed by the ratio of atrazine sorbed per volume of bacteria to atrazine per the same volume of water amounted to 11 for Acinetobacter spec., 8.6 for Cytophaga spec. and 6.2 for Pseudomonas fluorescens. Accumulation ratios were proportional to the surface areas of the organisms. Single cells of Acinetobacter spec. sorbed amounts of atrazine comparable to the other species investigated, whereas cell aggregates, formed a few months after isolation, sorbed an order of magnitude less. A large portion of atrazine accumulated by the bacteria could be rapidly desorbed. A remainder of 10% was bound by Cytophaga spec. and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Acinetobacter spec. bound 70--80% of the atrazine sorbed. In the range of 0.3--3 mg/L atrazine, there was a linear relationship between the amount of non desorbable herbicide and its concentration in the incubation medium.", "contents": "Sorption and desorption of atrazine by three bacterial species isolated from aquatic systems. The isolates Acinetobacter spec., Cytophaga spec. and Pseudomonas fluorescens represent different morphological and physiological types of bacteria. They accumulate atrazine (2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-5-triazine) to different levels. Accumulation expressed by the ratio of atrazine sorbed per volume of bacteria to atrazine per the same volume of water amounted to 11 for Acinetobacter spec., 8.6 for Cytophaga spec. and 6.2 for Pseudomonas fluorescens. Accumulation ratios were proportional to the surface areas of the organisms. Single cells of Acinetobacter spec. sorbed amounts of atrazine comparable to the other species investigated, whereas cell aggregates, formed a few months after isolation, sorbed an order of magnitude less. A large portion of atrazine accumulated by the bacteria could be rapidly desorbed. A remainder of 10% was bound by Cytophaga spec. and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Acinetobacter spec. bound 70--80% of the atrazine sorbed. In the range of 0.3--3 mg/L atrazine, there was a linear relationship between the amount of non desorbable herbicide and its concentration in the incubation medium.", "PMID": 119497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13840", "title": "Acute epididymitis: etiology and therapy.", "content": "Fifty patients with acute epididymitis were evaluated prospectively by history, examination, and microbiologic studies, including cultures for aerobes, anaerobes, N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. E. Coli was the predominant pathogen isolated from the urine of men over 35 years old and C. trachomatis and N. gonnorrheae were the predominant pathogens isolated from the urethra of men under 35. The etiologic role of E. Coli and C. trachomatis was confirmed by isolation from epididymal aspirates from a high proportion of men with positive urine of urethral cultures for these agents. C. trachomatis epididymitis accounted for two thirds of \"idiopathic epididymitis\" in men, and was often associated with oligozoospermia. Of nine female sexual partners of men with C. trachomatis infection, six had antibody to C. trachomatis, of whom two had positive cervical cultures for this organism, and the others had nongonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease. Antibiotic therapy with tetracycline was effective for the treatment of men with C. trachomatis epididymitis, and should be offered to their female sex partner.", "contents": "Acute epididymitis: etiology and therapy. Fifty patients with acute epididymitis were evaluated prospectively by history, examination, and microbiologic studies, including cultures for aerobes, anaerobes, N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. E. Coli was the predominant pathogen isolated from the urine of men over 35 years old and C. trachomatis and N. gonnorrheae were the predominant pathogens isolated from the urethra of men under 35. The etiologic role of E. Coli and C. trachomatis was confirmed by isolation from epididymal aspirates from a high proportion of men with positive urine of urethral cultures for these agents. C. trachomatis epididymitis accounted for two thirds of \"idiopathic epididymitis\" in men, and was often associated with oligozoospermia. Of nine female sexual partners of men with C. trachomatis infection, six had antibody to C. trachomatis, of whom two had positive cervical cultures for this organism, and the others had nongonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease. Antibiotic therapy with tetracycline was effective for the treatment of men with C. trachomatis epididymitis, and should be offered to their female sex partner.", "PMID": 119499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13841", "title": "Male reproductive tract sequelae of gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis.", "content": "Gonorrhea is the most frequent bacterial infection as well as the most frequently reported venereal disease. Nongonococcal urethritis has approximately the same incidence as acute gonorrhea in cases reported by many venereal disease clinics. The relative epidemiology of the two diseases, as well as their acute and chronic manifestations in the male genital tract (urethritis, prostatitis, and epididymitis), will be briefly discussed. Resultant obstructions of the lower genitourinary tract of possible consequence to male fertility, such as urethral stricture disease and strictures of the ejaculatory ducts, are described in terms of anatomy, pathophysiology, and treatment. The postulated and demonstrable effects of infectious agents on seminal fluid and sperm are reviewed, with emphasis on the recent literature concerning Chlamydia and Mycoplasma.", "contents": "Male reproductive tract sequelae of gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis. Gonorrhea is the most frequent bacterial infection as well as the most frequently reported venereal disease. Nongonococcal urethritis has approximately the same incidence as acute gonorrhea in cases reported by many venereal disease clinics. The relative epidemiology of the two diseases, as well as their acute and chronic manifestations in the male genital tract (urethritis, prostatitis, and epididymitis), will be briefly discussed. Resultant obstructions of the lower genitourinary tract of possible consequence to male fertility, such as urethral stricture disease and strictures of the ejaculatory ducts, are described in terms of anatomy, pathophysiology, and treatment. The postulated and demonstrable effects of infectious agents on seminal fluid and sperm are reviewed, with emphasis on the recent literature concerning Chlamydia and Mycoplasma.", "PMID": 119500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13842", "title": "Culture methods for Neisseria gonorrhoea.", "content": "Cultures on an appropriate medium are both highly sensitive and specific, but false-negative cultures can occur because of sampling procedures, laboratory errors, sensitivity of certain gonococci to the vancomycin contained in selective mediums, or loss of bacterial viability in transport.", "contents": "Culture methods for Neisseria gonorrhoea. Cultures on an appropriate medium are both highly sensitive and specific, but false-negative cultures can occur because of sampling procedures, laboratory errors, sensitivity of certain gonococci to the vancomycin contained in selective mediums, or loss of bacterial viability in transport.", "PMID": 119501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13843", "title": "[Metabolic regulation of nutrition].", "content": "The mechanisms regulating nutrient metabolism and their adaptation and compensation during stress conditions are discussed. The stress conditions considered are fasting and refeeding, pregnancy, growth and development, and malnutrition.", "contents": "[Metabolic regulation of nutrition]. The mechanisms regulating nutrient metabolism and their adaptation and compensation during stress conditions are discussed. The stress conditions considered are fasting and refeeding, pregnancy, growth and development, and malnutrition.", "PMID": 119502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13844", "title": "[Arterial hypertension from secretion of catecholamines in an infant with a ganglioneuroblastoma].", "content": "The case of a 16 month old infant presenting with an abdominal tumour and systemic hypertension is reported. The profile of urinary plasma and tumour catecholamine levels corresponded with that of a pheochromocitoma. The combination of alphablockers and betablockers was the only effective treatment of the peaks of preoperative hypetension. The tumour was completely excised and was found to be a ganglioneuroblastoma. No recurrence has been observed after 3 years post-operative follow-up. The incidence and mechanisms of hypertension in neuroblastoma are reviewed. Only these histological forms of ganglioblastoma have the enzymatic set up for the synthesis and release of pressor amines.", "contents": "[Arterial hypertension from secretion of catecholamines in an infant with a ganglioneuroblastoma]. The case of a 16 month old infant presenting with an abdominal tumour and systemic hypertension is reported. The profile of urinary plasma and tumour catecholamine levels corresponded with that of a pheochromocitoma. The combination of alphablockers and betablockers was the only effective treatment of the peaks of preoperative hypetension. The tumour was completely excised and was found to be a ganglioneuroblastoma. No recurrence has been observed after 3 years post-operative follow-up. The incidence and mechanisms of hypertension in neuroblastoma are reviewed. Only these histological forms of ganglioblastoma have the enzymatic set up for the synthesis and release of pressor amines.", "PMID": 119503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13845", "title": "[Physiopathology of arterial hypertension in chronic hemodialysis patients].", "content": "The increase in total body sodium and hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin system plays a major part in hypertension in patients underdoing chronic dialysis. After sodium depletion most patients become normotensive. Their hypertension seems to be due to sodium overload but it is favoured by insufficient inhibition of renin secretion. Some renin hypertensive, hypersecretion of renin is the main factor in these cases but its effect is aggravated by the sodium overload. Other factors may play a role as suggested by the studies of hypertensive patients after bilateral nephrectomy. However, their roles and mechanisms are unknown at present.", "contents": "[Physiopathology of arterial hypertension in chronic hemodialysis patients]. The increase in total body sodium and hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin system plays a major part in hypertension in patients underdoing chronic dialysis. After sodium depletion most patients become normotensive. Their hypertension seems to be due to sodium overload but it is favoured by insufficient inhibition of renin secretion. Some renin hypertensive, hypersecretion of renin is the main factor in these cases but its effect is aggravated by the sodium overload. Other factors may play a role as suggested by the studies of hypertensive patients after bilateral nephrectomy. However, their roles and mechanisms are unknown at present.", "PMID": 119504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13846", "title": "[Physiological variations of arterial pressure and heart rate in the first 5 minutes after moving from a supine to an upright position].", "content": "The physiological variations of blood pressure and heart rate were studied in the first five minutes of orthostatism in conditions identical to those encountered in clinical medicine. An increase in heart rate and diastolic blood pressure was observed from the first minute. The value of systolic blood pressure decreased as the subject got up and then rose to the value measured when lying down. At the fourth and fifth minute the three parameters were stable at significantly higher values than observed when lying down for the heart rate and diastolic blood pressure, but at an identical level for the systolic blood pressure. This study shows the necessity of measuring the orthostatic blood pressure using a precise technique which detects postural abnormalities when measured in the minute of orthostatism and which gives an assessment of the standing blood pressure when measured at the fifth minute.", "contents": "[Physiological variations of arterial pressure and heart rate in the first 5 minutes after moving from a supine to an upright position]. The physiological variations of blood pressure and heart rate were studied in the first five minutes of orthostatism in conditions identical to those encountered in clinical medicine. An increase in heart rate and diastolic blood pressure was observed from the first minute. The value of systolic blood pressure decreased as the subject got up and then rose to the value measured when lying down. At the fourth and fifth minute the three parameters were stable at significantly higher values than observed when lying down for the heart rate and diastolic blood pressure, but at an identical level for the systolic blood pressure. This study shows the necessity of measuring the orthostatic blood pressure using a precise technique which detects postural abnormalities when measured in the minute of orthostatism and which gives an assessment of the standing blood pressure when measured at the fifth minute.", "PMID": 119505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13847", "title": "[Evaluation of an automatic device for arterial blood pressure determination : the Arteriosonde 1217].", "content": "The reproductibility and reliability of measurements made with an automatic device for measuring blood pressure was assessed with reference to the results obtained by indirect auscultation with a mercury manometer. The results of the study of the average values of the correlation between successive values, and of the variability of the values of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure show that the measurement obtained by this method are very reproducible.", "contents": "[Evaluation of an automatic device for arterial blood pressure determination : the Arteriosonde 1217]. The reproductibility and reliability of measurements made with an automatic device for measuring blood pressure was assessed with reference to the results obtained by indirect auscultation with a mercury manometer. The results of the study of the average values of the correlation between successive values, and of the variability of the values of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure show that the measurement obtained by this method are very reproducible.", "PMID": 119506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13848", "title": "[Saralasin and prediction of the surgical result in renovascular arterial hypertension].", "content": "The response of arterial pressure to an infusion of saralasin was compared to the effect of surgical correction of renal vascular lesions (3 to 6 months after surgery) in eleven patients whose hypertension was associated with uni or bilateral stenosis of renal artery. Saralasin was infused after four days of dietary sodium restriction (10-40 mEq/day). An excellent correlation (r = 0.83, p less than 0.005) between the effects of saralasin and surgery was obtained. There was no correlation between the response to saralasin or to surgery and the ratio of renal vein renin activities. It is suggested that saralasin may be a good tool for predicting the effect of surgery in renovascular hypertension, when infused in moderately sodium depleted patients.", "contents": "[Saralasin and prediction of the surgical result in renovascular arterial hypertension]. The response of arterial pressure to an infusion of saralasin was compared to the effect of surgical correction of renal vascular lesions (3 to 6 months after surgery) in eleven patients whose hypertension was associated with uni or bilateral stenosis of renal artery. Saralasin was infused after four days of dietary sodium restriction (10-40 mEq/day). An excellent correlation (r = 0.83, p less than 0.005) between the effects of saralasin and surgery was obtained. There was no correlation between the response to saralasin or to surgery and the ratio of renal vein renin activities. It is suggested that saralasin may be a good tool for predicting the effect of surgery in renovascular hypertension, when infused in moderately sodium depleted patients.", "PMID": 119507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13849", "title": "[Are surgical renal biopsies useful for clinical prognosis in renal artery stenosis?].", "content": "The most significant results show the predominance of arteriolar lesions in the controlateral kidney, The most significant results show the predotients with unilateral renal artery stenosis. and parenchymal lesions of the kidney with stenosis in patients with atherosclerosis. These results do not seem to provide information which would alter the clinical management in any particular case.", "contents": "[Are surgical renal biopsies useful for clinical prognosis in renal artery stenosis?]. The most significant results show the predominance of arteriolar lesions in the controlateral kidney, The most significant results show the predotients with unilateral renal artery stenosis. and parenchymal lesions of the kidney with stenosis in patients with atherosclerosis. These results do not seem to provide information which would alter the clinical management in any particular case.", "PMID": 119508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13850", "title": "[Prostaglandins in renovascular arterial hypertension].", "content": "Prostaglandins (PG) A1, B1, E2, F2 alpha and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 8 patients with unilateral artery stenosis, 7 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal atrophy without stenosis ans 20 controls. The measurement of the PG and PRA in the hypertensive group was performed in the infra-renal inferior vena cava and in the two renal veins. PRA and PGA1 were significantly raised in the renovascular hypertensive patients but no significant change was observed in the group with unilateral renal atrophy. On the other hand, the PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were raised in both groups, especially in the renal veins on the stenosed or atrophic side. There was a positive significant correlation between PRA and PGA1 and PGB, but none with PGE2 or PGF2 alpha. This study suggests that the increase in PGA1 and PGE2 represents a secondary hypertensive mechanism which is diuretic and natiuretic. The increase of PGF2 alpha represents a direct mechanism of hypertension. Simultaneous measurement of the vasopressor (PRA and PGF2 alpha) and vasodepressor (PGA and PGE) systems may give a better diagnostic and prognostic approach to renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "[Prostaglandins in renovascular arterial hypertension]. Prostaglandins (PG) A1, B1, E2, F2 alpha and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 8 patients with unilateral artery stenosis, 7 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal atrophy without stenosis ans 20 controls. The measurement of the PG and PRA in the hypertensive group was performed in the infra-renal inferior vena cava and in the two renal veins. PRA and PGA1 were significantly raised in the renovascular hypertensive patients but no significant change was observed in the group with unilateral renal atrophy. On the other hand, the PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were raised in both groups, especially in the renal veins on the stenosed or atrophic side. There was a positive significant correlation between PRA and PGA1 and PGB, but none with PGE2 or PGF2 alpha. This study suggests that the increase in PGA1 and PGE2 represents a secondary hypertensive mechanism which is diuretic and natiuretic. The increase of PGF2 alpha represents a direct mechanism of hypertension. Simultaneous measurement of the vasopressor (PRA and PGF2 alpha) and vasodepressor (PGA and PGE) systems may give a better diagnostic and prognostic approach to renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 119509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13851", "title": "[Arterial hypertension caused by anomaly of the renal artery or its branches in children].", "content": "38 cases of severe hypertension due to a vascular abnormality of the renal pedicle were studied in children under 16 years of age, 18 boys and 20 girls. The most common presentation was at routine clinical examination. The diagnosis of an abnormality of the renal artery was suggested by the appearances of intravenous urography. There were many causes; 4 aneurysms of the renal artery or its branches, 4 fibromuscular dysplasias with one case of bilateral fibromuscular dysplasia, 4 idiopathic stenoses, 2 endarteritis, and 6 thromboses revascularised to variable degrees (2 after umbilical vein catheterisation and one due to DLE). In three cases the hypertension was related to compression of the pedicle by a tumour of haematome, and 14 cases had multiple arterial lesion. In the latter group, 6 cases of neurofibromatosis, 2 cases of William and Beuren's disease, 1 case of generalised Elastorhexia, 2 cases of aortic medio stenosis, probably Takayashu's disease, and 3 unidentified conditions. Surgery was performed on 29 patients, 21 of whom had unilateral lesions and were definitively cured of hypertension. Of the 8 cases with multiple lesions, only 2 were completely corrected with cure of their hypertension.", "contents": "[Arterial hypertension caused by anomaly of the renal artery or its branches in children]. 38 cases of severe hypertension due to a vascular abnormality of the renal pedicle were studied in children under 16 years of age, 18 boys and 20 girls. The most common presentation was at routine clinical examination. The diagnosis of an abnormality of the renal artery was suggested by the appearances of intravenous urography. There were many causes; 4 aneurysms of the renal artery or its branches, 4 fibromuscular dysplasias with one case of bilateral fibromuscular dysplasia, 4 idiopathic stenoses, 2 endarteritis, and 6 thromboses revascularised to variable degrees (2 after umbilical vein catheterisation and one due to DLE). In three cases the hypertension was related to compression of the pedicle by a tumour of haematome, and 14 cases had multiple arterial lesion. In the latter group, 6 cases of neurofibromatosis, 2 cases of William and Beuren's disease, 1 case of generalised Elastorhexia, 2 cases of aortic medio stenosis, probably Takayashu's disease, and 3 unidentified conditions. Surgery was performed on 29 patients, 21 of whom had unilateral lesions and were definitively cured of hypertension. Of the 8 cases with multiple lesions, only 2 were completely corrected with cure of their hypertension.", "PMID": 119510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13852", "title": "[Role of extracorporeal surgery in the treatment of severe lesions of the renal artery and its branches].", "content": "This method has been used with good results in three patients, two of whom had single kidneys.", "contents": "[Role of extracorporeal surgery in the treatment of severe lesions of the renal artery and its branches]. This method has been used with good results in three patients, two of whom had single kidneys.", "PMID": 119511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13853", "title": "[Renal artery surgery. Choice of surgical technic. Experience apropos of 84 cases].", "content": "The choice of the surgical technique in renal artery surgery poses several problems: 1) A retroperitoneal approach may be indicated except when aortic surgery is associated; 2) The usual techniques involve hypogastric venous or arterial autografts. Extra corporeal surgery is reserved for distal lesions or when there are technical difficulties. Complex bypass surgery is reserved for certain Takayashu type diseases. The concept of nephron protection must be emphasised given the risk of obliteration of severe stenosis, despite advances in medical anti hypertensive therapy.", "contents": "[Renal artery surgery. Choice of surgical technic. Experience apropos of 84 cases]. The choice of the surgical technique in renal artery surgery poses several problems: 1) A retroperitoneal approach may be indicated except when aortic surgery is associated; 2) The usual techniques involve hypogastric venous or arterial autografts. Extra corporeal surgery is reserved for distal lesions or when there are technical difficulties. Complex bypass surgery is reserved for certain Takayashu type diseases. The concept of nephron protection must be emphasised given the risk of obliteration of severe stenosis, despite advances in medical anti hypertensive therapy.", "PMID": 119512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13854", "title": "[Radiologic exploration of pheochromocytoma].", "content": "The authors present their experience of radiological investigation of pheochromocytoma based on a series of 80 patients. The aim of radiological investigation are defined and primarily involve a topographical diagnosis and a preoperative assessment of the tumour. Each technique is discussed critically and their indications defined. At present, nephrourotomography by rapid injection is the technique of choice for the diagnosis of an adrenal lesion. Echotomography and scanning do not give as much precision. The assessment of the tumour requires above all arteriography, but staggered measurements from the vena cava is a promising new technique.", "contents": "[Radiologic exploration of pheochromocytoma]. The authors present their experience of radiological investigation of pheochromocytoma based on a series of 80 patients. The aim of radiological investigation are defined and primarily involve a topographical diagnosis and a preoperative assessment of the tumour. Each technique is discussed critically and their indications defined. At present, nephrourotomography by rapid injection is the technique of choice for the diagnosis of an adrenal lesion. Echotomography and scanning do not give as much precision. The assessment of the tumour requires above all arteriography, but staggered measurements from the vena cava is a promising new technique.", "PMID": 119515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13855", "title": "[Role of scintigraphy in the localization of pheochromocytoma].", "content": "Of the metabolic precursors of the catecholamines fixed by the adrenal medulla, 131I marked thyrosine was chosen as a radio-tracer. 6 positive results out of 11 pheochromocytomas confirmed at surgery were obtained in a series of 23 patients. This result is comparable with the results of arteriography but there are more false positives, reflecting the insecurity of this technique which is otherwise quite innocuous.", "contents": "[Role of scintigraphy in the localization of pheochromocytoma]. Of the metabolic precursors of the catecholamines fixed by the adrenal medulla, 131I marked thyrosine was chosen as a radio-tracer. 6 positive results out of 11 pheochromocytomas confirmed at surgery were obtained in a series of 23 patients. This result is comparable with the results of arteriography but there are more false positives, reflecting the insecurity of this technique which is otherwise quite innocuous.", "PMID": 119516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13856", "title": "[Cardiac manifestations of pheochromocytoma. Anatomo-clinical study].", "content": "Cardiomyopathy induced by catecholamines, first demonstrated in the animal is also observed in clinical medecine either after infusion by vasopressor drugs or during the course of pheochromocytoma. The clinical presentation is varied and may often deceive: acute coronary insufficiency, arrhythmia, heart failure, and, above all, cardiogemic shock. The authors emphasise the importance of considering the diagnosis of \"adrenergic myocarditis\" in such situations as well as in cases of pheochromocytoma, for which the only cure is ablation of the tumour.", "contents": "[Cardiac manifestations of pheochromocytoma. Anatomo-clinical study]. Cardiomyopathy induced by catecholamines, first demonstrated in the animal is also observed in clinical medecine either after infusion by vasopressor drugs or during the course of pheochromocytoma. The clinical presentation is varied and may often deceive: acute coronary insufficiency, arrhythmia, heart failure, and, above all, cardiogemic shock. The authors emphasise the importance of considering the diagnosis of \"adrenergic myocarditis\" in such situations as well as in cases of pheochromocytoma, for which the only cure is ablation of the tumour.", "PMID": 119517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13857", "title": "[Malignant pheochromocytoma].", "content": "The reported incidence of malignant pheochromocytoma varies from series to series. In this series 4 cases (7.2 p. 100) were observed out of a total of 55. In two cases the tumour progressed rapidly but in the other two cases, metastases were detected 3 to 12 years after the apparent cure of a histologically benign pheochromocytoma. The urinary levels of catecholamines and their metabolites gave no indication of the underlying malignancy. The diagnosis was only made from the clinical and radiological detection of metastases (2 hepatic, 2 bone). There is no satisfactory treatment and various therapeutic methods have to be used in succession; surgery for a single metastasis, radiotherapy and antiadrenergic agents to combat clinical manifestations. The natural history of this tumour is relatively long.", "contents": "[Malignant pheochromocytoma]. The reported incidence of malignant pheochromocytoma varies from series to series. In this series 4 cases (7.2 p. 100) were observed out of a total of 55. In two cases the tumour progressed rapidly but in the other two cases, metastases were detected 3 to 12 years after the apparent cure of a histologically benign pheochromocytoma. The urinary levels of catecholamines and their metabolites gave no indication of the underlying malignancy. The diagnosis was only made from the clinical and radiological detection of metastases (2 hepatic, 2 bone). There is no satisfactory treatment and various therapeutic methods have to be used in succession; surgery for a single metastasis, radiotherapy and antiadrenergic agents to combat clinical manifestations. The natural history of this tumour is relatively long.", "PMID": 119518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13858", "title": "Circulation, respiration, and blood homeostasis in cyanide-poisoned dogs after treatment with 4-dimethylaminophenol or cobalt compounds.", "content": "The effects of intravenously injected 4-dimethylaminophenol-HCl (DMAP), Co2EDTA, and Co(histidine)2 on the survival rate and several physiological parameters were studied on dogs after acute intravenous poisoning with the double lethal dose of potassium cyanide. All dogs survived when the antidotes were administered 1 min after poisoning. When the therapy began 4 min after poisoning more dogs were rescued in the DMAP group than in the cobalt groups. DMAP, Co2EDTA, and Co(histidine)2 restored circulation and respiration of the surviving animals in a similar manner. The increase in the plasma concentrations of glucose and lactate was much higher in the Co2EDTA group than in the DMAP group. The injection of Co2EDTA produced a sharp rise in the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio. The lactate-to-pyruvate ratio stayed unchanged for some 15 min after injection of DMAP before also rising. The total dose of KCN (4 mg/kg) was bound to the ferrihemoglobin formed by DMAP. The arterial pO2 increase, caused by liberation of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin during the formation of ferrihemoglobin, was less when the cyanide could act on the tissues for a longer period of time before the therapy with DMAP began. DMAP is more appropriate for the therapy of cyanide poisoning than Co2EDTA, since the latter adds its inhibitory effects on the metabolism to those of cyanide.", "contents": "Circulation, respiration, and blood homeostasis in cyanide-poisoned dogs after treatment with 4-dimethylaminophenol or cobalt compounds. The effects of intravenously injected 4-dimethylaminophenol-HCl (DMAP), Co2EDTA, and Co(histidine)2 on the survival rate and several physiological parameters were studied on dogs after acute intravenous poisoning with the double lethal dose of potassium cyanide. All dogs survived when the antidotes were administered 1 min after poisoning. When the therapy began 4 min after poisoning more dogs were rescued in the DMAP group than in the cobalt groups. DMAP, Co2EDTA, and Co(histidine)2 restored circulation and respiration of the surviving animals in a similar manner. The increase in the plasma concentrations of glucose and lactate was much higher in the Co2EDTA group than in the DMAP group. The injection of Co2EDTA produced a sharp rise in the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio. The lactate-to-pyruvate ratio stayed unchanged for some 15 min after injection of DMAP before also rising. The total dose of KCN (4 mg/kg) was bound to the ferrihemoglobin formed by DMAP. The arterial pO2 increase, caused by liberation of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin during the formation of ferrihemoglobin, was less when the cyanide could act on the tissues for a longer period of time before the therapy with DMAP began. DMAP is more appropriate for the therapy of cyanide poisoning than Co2EDTA, since the latter adds its inhibitory effects on the metabolism to those of cyanide.", "PMID": 119519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13859", "title": "Mannitol and maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "The extensive use of mannitol during maintenance hemodialysis prompted a study of mannitol kinetics. In 17 patients receiving empirical mannitol therapy of mannitol kinetics. In 17 patients receiving empirical mannitol therapy, residual levels range from 19 to 100 mg% In vitro mannitol clearance exceeds 125 ml/min for the CDAK 5 and PF 1.6 dialyzers, while in vivo clearance ranges from 98 to 140 ml/min in the Triex 1, PF 1.6 and CDAK 5. Despite an apparently adequate clearance rate, mannitol administered during dialysis is incompletely removed. Repeated use of mannitol during dialysis leads to mannitol accumulation. Clinical significance of the residual mannitol levels needs further evaluation.", "contents": "Mannitol and maintenance hemodialysis. The extensive use of mannitol during maintenance hemodialysis prompted a study of mannitol kinetics. In 17 patients receiving empirical mannitol therapy of mannitol kinetics. In 17 patients receiving empirical mannitol therapy, residual levels range from 19 to 100 mg% In vitro mannitol clearance exceeds 125 ml/min for the CDAK 5 and PF 1.6 dialyzers, while in vivo clearance ranges from 98 to 140 ml/min in the Triex 1, PF 1.6 and CDAK 5. Despite an apparently adequate clearance rate, mannitol administered during dialysis is incompletely removed. Repeated use of mannitol during dialysis leads to mannitol accumulation. Clinical significance of the residual mannitol levels needs further evaluation.", "PMID": 119523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13860", "title": "Liver support systems: a 1978 perspective.", "content": "The present status of support systems and devices for the injured liver is reviewed with emphasis on both long-term and short-term substitution. Long-term replacement can only be possible by the grafting or transplantation of a human and/or other primate liver. Most artificial systems may be applied for short-term biological and technical substitution, e.g., by hemodialysis/hemoperfusion through adsorbents and resins. More sophisticated devices for detoxification of blood or cell-free plasma in acute liver failure should combine the catalytic specificity of immobilized microsomal enzymes with the adsorptive capacity of activated charcoal, resins and affinity gels.", "contents": "Liver support systems: a 1978 perspective. The present status of support systems and devices for the injured liver is reviewed with emphasis on both long-term and short-term substitution. Long-term replacement can only be possible by the grafting or transplantation of a human and/or other primate liver. Most artificial systems may be applied for short-term biological and technical substitution, e.g., by hemodialysis/hemoperfusion through adsorbents and resins. More sophisticated devices for detoxification of blood or cell-free plasma in acute liver failure should combine the catalytic specificity of immobilized microsomal enzymes with the adsorptive capacity of activated charcoal, resins and affinity gels.", "PMID": 119524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13861", "title": "Hemodynamic studies in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients.", "content": "A study was undertaken to evaluate the acute hemodynamic effects in ten patients from this clinic's long-term peritoneal dialysis program. With a Swan-Ganz catheter, the following parameters were measured in each patient during peritoneal dialysis: cardiac index, pulmonary artery pressure, right atrial pressure, inferior vena cava pressure, heart rate and arterial pressure. Mean predialysis cardiac index, stroke volume index and heart rate were normal. Predialysis pulmonary artery pressure and arterial pressure were slightly elevated. Mean weight loss during peritoneal dialysis was 1.6 kg. The most striking post-dialysis changes were a significant 20% decrease of the cardiac index and a 17% decrease of the pulmonary artery pressure. Heart rate and arterial pressure remained constant due to a 25% increase of total peripheral resistance. After filling the abdomen with one, two and three liters of dialysate, intra-abdominal pressure and inferior vena cava pressure increased up to 150 and 100%, respectively, whereas central hemodynamic parameters (pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac index, stroke volume index, heart rate and arterial pressure) were unchanged.", "contents": "Hemodynamic studies in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients. A study was undertaken to evaluate the acute hemodynamic effects in ten patients from this clinic's long-term peritoneal dialysis program. With a Swan-Ganz catheter, the following parameters were measured in each patient during peritoneal dialysis: cardiac index, pulmonary artery pressure, right atrial pressure, inferior vena cava pressure, heart rate and arterial pressure. Mean predialysis cardiac index, stroke volume index and heart rate were normal. Predialysis pulmonary artery pressure and arterial pressure were slightly elevated. Mean weight loss during peritoneal dialysis was 1.6 kg. The most striking post-dialysis changes were a significant 20% decrease of the cardiac index and a 17% decrease of the pulmonary artery pressure. Heart rate and arterial pressure remained constant due to a 25% increase of total peripheral resistance. After filling the abdomen with one, two and three liters of dialysate, intra-abdominal pressure and inferior vena cava pressure increased up to 150 and 100%, respectively, whereas central hemodynamic parameters (pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac index, stroke volume index, heart rate and arterial pressure) were unchanged.", "PMID": 119525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13862", "title": "Tuberculosis of the thyroid: two case reports.", "content": "Tuberculosis of the thyroid gland occurs only rarely. Since extrapulmonary tuberculosis is now seen relatively more frequently the existence of this condition should be recognized. The cases of two patients with tuberculosis involving the thyroid are presented. The first, an Asian immigrant, presented with a painless goitre with no evidence of tuberculosis elsewhere. The second was an English woman who presented with hypothyroidism due to destruction of the thyroid by tuberculosis, and who subsequently died with disseminated tuberculosis; this is the only case to report the association between myxoedema and tuberculous thyroiditis. Other manifestations of thyroid tuberculosis and the pathological types are discussed.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the thyroid: two case reports. Tuberculosis of the thyroid gland occurs only rarely. Since extrapulmonary tuberculosis is now seen relatively more frequently the existence of this condition should be recognized. The cases of two patients with tuberculosis involving the thyroid are presented. The first, an Asian immigrant, presented with a painless goitre with no evidence of tuberculosis elsewhere. The second was an English woman who presented with hypothyroidism due to destruction of the thyroid by tuberculosis, and who subsequently died with disseminated tuberculosis; this is the only case to report the association between myxoedema and tuberculous thyroiditis. Other manifestations of thyroid tuberculosis and the pathological types are discussed.", "PMID": 119548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13863", "title": "Comparative studies of the primary structures of ribosomal RNAs of several eukaryotic cell lines by the fingerprinting method.", "content": "Comparisons of the primary structures of 18S and 28S ribosomal RNAs of man, rat, mouse and chicken were made by two-dimensional fractionation including electrophoresis at pH 3.5 and homochromatography. All large T1 oligonucleotides were recovered from the different fingerprints and their radioactivity was measured. They were then hydrolysed with pancreatic RNase and the pancreatic products were digested with alkali to determine their base composition and detect modified residues. Finally, residues bearing a modification on the ribose were analysed by hydrolyses with snake venom and spleen phosphodiesterases. For the 18A RNAs 23, 27, 26, 24 oligonucleotides, whose lengths range from 22 to 10 residues, were analyzed respectively for man, rat, mouse and chicken. Among these, 14 are identical in the four species, two at least are common to man, rat, mouse but differ by the presence of A-Cps in chicken spot 4' instead of A-Up in spot 4 and A2-Gp in chicken spot 14 instead of A2-Gp in spot 13. For the 28S RNAs of man, rat, mouse and chicken, 20, 19, 21 and 22 oligonucleotides ranging in length from 27 to 12 residues were analyzed. 11 of them are common to the four species; 4 of them are found in man, rat, mouse and one of these (spot 1) has a corresponding spot in chicken from which it differs only by the existence of A3-Up instead of A2-Up. Another mammalian oligonucleotide (spot 6) differs from its homologous chicken spot (spot 6') bytwo point mutations. The same modified residues as found by Khan and Maden in man, chicken, and xenopus, have been found in rat and mouse. Moreover when these modified residues are common to several species they are found within an identical nucleotide sequence, as can be seen in the case of spots 1, 3, 9, 11 of 18S RNAs and 4, 7, 13 for 28S RNAs. The number of differences observed between the ribosomal RNAs of the four species were compared to the number of differences observed in the same species for several proteins, globins alpha and beta, insulin, cytochrome C and lysozyme.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the primary structures of ribosomal RNAs of several eukaryotic cell lines by the fingerprinting method. Comparisons of the primary structures of 18S and 28S ribosomal RNAs of man, rat, mouse and chicken were made by two-dimensional fractionation including electrophoresis at pH 3.5 and homochromatography. All large T1 oligonucleotides were recovered from the different fingerprints and their radioactivity was measured. They were then hydrolysed with pancreatic RNase and the pancreatic products were digested with alkali to determine their base composition and detect modified residues. Finally, residues bearing a modification on the ribose were analysed by hydrolyses with snake venom and spleen phosphodiesterases. For the 18A RNAs 23, 27, 26, 24 oligonucleotides, whose lengths range from 22 to 10 residues, were analyzed respectively for man, rat, mouse and chicken. Among these, 14 are identical in the four species, two at least are common to man, rat, mouse but differ by the presence of A-Cps in chicken spot 4' instead of A-Up in spot 4 and A2-Gp in chicken spot 14 instead of A2-Gp in spot 13. For the 28S RNAs of man, rat, mouse and chicken, 20, 19, 21 and 22 oligonucleotides ranging in length from 27 to 12 residues were analyzed. 11 of them are common to the four species; 4 of them are found in man, rat, mouse and one of these (spot 1) has a corresponding spot in chicken from which it differs only by the existence of A3-Up instead of A2-Up. Another mammalian oligonucleotide (spot 6) differs from its homologous chicken spot (spot 6') bytwo point mutations. The same modified residues as found by Khan and Maden in man, chicken, and xenopus, have been found in rat and mouse. Moreover when these modified residues are common to several species they are found within an identical nucleotide sequence, as can be seen in the case of spots 1, 3, 9, 11 of 18S RNAs and 4, 7, 13 for 28S RNAs. The number of differences observed between the ribosomal RNAs of the four species were compared to the number of differences observed in the same species for several proteins, globins alpha and beta, insulin, cytochrome C and lysozyme.", "PMID": 119549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13864", "title": "Studies on the distribution of ribosomal proteins in mammalian ribosomal subunits.", "content": "Murine L5178Y cell ribosomes were dissociated into subunits either with potassium chloride in the presence of puromycin or with the chelating agent EDTA. The proteins of ribosomal subunits obtained by these different methods were compared by means of bidimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. KCl-derived 60S and 40S subunits were shown to contain 38 and 31 proteins respectively, 3 of them having identical electrophoretic mobilities. Preparations of EDTA-dissociated ribosomal subparticles contained different proportions of these proteins, and 11 major spots were shared between the EDTA-derived large and small ribosomal subunits. Furthermore, 10 proteins absent from subunits treated by high concentrations of KCl were reproducibly found in EDTA-treated ribosomal subparticles.", "contents": "Studies on the distribution of ribosomal proteins in mammalian ribosomal subunits. Murine L5178Y cell ribosomes were dissociated into subunits either with potassium chloride in the presence of puromycin or with the chelating agent EDTA. The proteins of ribosomal subunits obtained by these different methods were compared by means of bidimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. KCl-derived 60S and 40S subunits were shown to contain 38 and 31 proteins respectively, 3 of them having identical electrophoretic mobilities. Preparations of EDTA-dissociated ribosomal subparticles contained different proportions of these proteins, and 11 major spots were shared between the EDTA-derived large and small ribosomal subunits. Furthermore, 10 proteins absent from subunits treated by high concentrations of KCl were reproducibly found in EDTA-treated ribosomal subparticles.", "PMID": 119550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13865", "title": "Characterization of stable conformational variants of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases.", "content": "Limiting viscosity numbers of bovine and ovine erythrocytes carbonic anhydrase variants were calculated by the objective method of comparing viscosimetric data obtained from low-activity-human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase and its natural variant. Shifts of mobilities and isoelectric points are shown for all species variants, but variations of limiting viscosity numbers were only detected for human and bovine variants. Results of the study are consistent with the observation that variants arise by deamidation of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases, and that deamidation is responsible for changes in structure and hydration (i. e. \"conformational\" modifications). Thus, all the variants so far investigated are stable conformational variants or erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases.", "contents": "Characterization of stable conformational variants of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases. Limiting viscosity numbers of bovine and ovine erythrocytes carbonic anhydrase variants were calculated by the objective method of comparing viscosimetric data obtained from low-activity-human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase and its natural variant. Shifts of mobilities and isoelectric points are shown for all species variants, but variations of limiting viscosity numbers were only detected for human and bovine variants. Results of the study are consistent with the observation that variants arise by deamidation of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases, and that deamidation is responsible for changes in structure and hydration (i. e. \"conformational\" modifications). Thus, all the variants so far investigated are stable conformational variants or erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases.", "PMID": 119551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13866", "title": "Neutral alpha-glucosidase from human kidney. Molecular and immunological properties. Relationship with intestinal glucoamylase.", "content": "Some molecular properties of the purified neutral alpha-glucosidase from human kidney were studied. The enzyme is a glycoprotein with high molecular weight (315000-352000 according to the method used). Its sedimentation coefficient is 12.9S. It exhibits at least three peaks of activity in isoelectric focusing experiments. This heterogeneity appears to be related to sialic acid residues from the carbohydrate moiety. An anti-human renal alpha-glucosidase antiserum was raised from rabbit. The antiserum effect on human intestinal maltases was studied in immunodiffusion experiments. An identity pattern was observed between renal neutral alpha-glucosidase and intestinal glucoamylase. No precipitation occurred with intestinal sucrase. Renal neutral alpha-glucosidase and intestinal glucoamylase were both completely precipitated by the antiserum, their maltase activity being only slightly inhibited in the antigen-antibody complex. From their molecular and immunological properties a large homology appears between human renal alpha-glucosidase and intestinal glycoamylase.", "contents": "Neutral alpha-glucosidase from human kidney. Molecular and immunological properties. Relationship with intestinal glucoamylase. Some molecular properties of the purified neutral alpha-glucosidase from human kidney were studied. The enzyme is a glycoprotein with high molecular weight (315000-352000 according to the method used). Its sedimentation coefficient is 12.9S. It exhibits at least three peaks of activity in isoelectric focusing experiments. This heterogeneity appears to be related to sialic acid residues from the carbohydrate moiety. An anti-human renal alpha-glucosidase antiserum was raised from rabbit. The antiserum effect on human intestinal maltases was studied in immunodiffusion experiments. An identity pattern was observed between renal neutral alpha-glucosidase and intestinal glucoamylase. No precipitation occurred with intestinal sucrase. Renal neutral alpha-glucosidase and intestinal glucoamylase were both completely precipitated by the antiserum, their maltase activity being only slightly inhibited in the antigen-antibody complex. From their molecular and immunological properties a large homology appears between human renal alpha-glucosidase and intestinal glycoamylase.", "PMID": 119552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13867", "title": "Ionophore-mediated cation translocation in artificial systems. I. A23187-mediated calcium translocation.", "content": "The inophore A23187 stimulates the translocation of calcium from an aqueous Hepes buffer into an organic immiscible phase. At saturating calcium concentrations, 2 molecules of ionophore seem to complex each atom of calcium. Consistent with such a stoichiometric behaviour, the apparent ratio of calcium-ionophore association to dissociation rate constants increases as the concentration of ionophore is raised. As a result, at low calcium concentrations, the amount of translocated calcium increases as a power function of A23187 concentration. When allowance is made for such a phenomenon, the relation between calcium translocation and concentration is characterized by usual substrate-receptor binding kinetics.", "contents": "Ionophore-mediated cation translocation in artificial systems. I. A23187-mediated calcium translocation. The inophore A23187 stimulates the translocation of calcium from an aqueous Hepes buffer into an organic immiscible phase. At saturating calcium concentrations, 2 molecules of ionophore seem to complex each atom of calcium. Consistent with such a stoichiometric behaviour, the apparent ratio of calcium-ionophore association to dissociation rate constants increases as the concentration of ionophore is raised. As a result, at low calcium concentrations, the amount of translocated calcium increases as a power function of A23187 concentration. When allowance is made for such a phenomenon, the relation between calcium translocation and concentration is characterized by usual substrate-receptor binding kinetics.", "PMID": 119553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13868", "title": "[Cytochrome P-450 and transformation from 18-hydroxycorticosterone to aldosterone].", "content": "The authors have studied the in vitro conversion of 18 hydroxycorticost\u00e9rone to aldosterone (18 oxidation) by duck adrenal subcellular fractions. Considering the new hypothesis about the mechanism of this step (hydroxylation mechanism) the authors have investigated a possible relationship between this reaction and cytochrome P450. With experimental conditions described, data show that metyrapone, a cytochrome P450 competitive inhibitor does not inhibit 18 oxidation. In contrast, 18 oxidation is inhibited by spirolactones (spironolactones, canrenone, potassium canrenoate). These compounds act at the cytochrome P450 level but have also an uncoupling effect which has been recently discovered. The effects of metyrapone and spirolactones on 18 oxidation as well as the different behaviour between biologicaly and organically synthetised 18 hydroxycorticosterone allow us to propose hypotheses for the mechanism of this step.", "contents": "[Cytochrome P-450 and transformation from 18-hydroxycorticosterone to aldosterone]. The authors have studied the in vitro conversion of 18 hydroxycorticost\u00e9rone to aldosterone (18 oxidation) by duck adrenal subcellular fractions. Considering the new hypothesis about the mechanism of this step (hydroxylation mechanism) the authors have investigated a possible relationship between this reaction and cytochrome P450. With experimental conditions described, data show that metyrapone, a cytochrome P450 competitive inhibitor does not inhibit 18 oxidation. In contrast, 18 oxidation is inhibited by spirolactones (spironolactones, canrenone, potassium canrenoate). These compounds act at the cytochrome P450 level but have also an uncoupling effect which has been recently discovered. The effects of metyrapone and spirolactones on 18 oxidation as well as the different behaviour between biologicaly and organically synthetised 18 hydroxycorticosterone allow us to propose hypotheses for the mechanism of this step.", "PMID": 119555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13869", "title": "Comparative study of the histologic reactions to intravenous injections of heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa and of BCG.", "content": "Intravenous injection (i.v.) of heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice produced histologic changes in the thymic cortex, some of which resembled, while others differed from, those produced by i.v. injection of living BCG. The changes that were similar consisted of pyroninophilia of cortical lymphocytes and hyperplasia of epithelial cells in the medulla and at the corticomedullary junction with increased PAS positive cells and secretions. Major differences, however, in the sequence and nature of the histologic events were observed. Pseudomonas injections produced thymic epithelial cell hyperplasia with increased PAS positive cells and secretions and pyroninophilia of thymic cortical lymphocytes earlier than did i.v. BCG (day 1 versus day 7). Corticomedullary inversion of thymic structure and early transient hyperplasia of the thymus dependent areas in the lymph nodes and spleen occurred after Pseudomonas but not after BCG injections. Hyperplasia in the B cell areas and germinal centers started to appear at day 10 after injection of Pseudomonas and persisted up to day 21 (compared to day 7 and day 14, respectively, for BCG). In contrast to i.v. BCG, Pseudomonas injections did not produce granulomas or macrophage proliferations.", "contents": "Comparative study of the histologic reactions to intravenous injections of heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa and of BCG. Intravenous injection (i.v.) of heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice produced histologic changes in the thymic cortex, some of which resembled, while others differed from, those produced by i.v. injection of living BCG. The changes that were similar consisted of pyroninophilia of cortical lymphocytes and hyperplasia of epithelial cells in the medulla and at the corticomedullary junction with increased PAS positive cells and secretions. Major differences, however, in the sequence and nature of the histologic events were observed. Pseudomonas injections produced thymic epithelial cell hyperplasia with increased PAS positive cells and secretions and pyroninophilia of thymic cortical lymphocytes earlier than did i.v. BCG (day 1 versus day 7). Corticomedullary inversion of thymic structure and early transient hyperplasia of the thymus dependent areas in the lymph nodes and spleen occurred after Pseudomonas but not after BCG injections. Hyperplasia in the B cell areas and germinal centers started to appear at day 10 after injection of Pseudomonas and persisted up to day 21 (compared to day 7 and day 14, respectively, for BCG). In contrast to i.v. BCG, Pseudomonas injections did not produce granulomas or macrophage proliferations.", "PMID": 119556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13870", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a mesenchyme associated antigen from dimethylbenzanthracene induced rat fibrosarcoma.", "content": "Using an antiserum directed against human neurospecific antigen and the indirect immunofluorescence technique, we have obtained evidence for the presence of a mesenchyme associated cross-reacting antigen (MAA) in the dimethylbenzanthracene induced fibrosarcoma of the rat. This antigen has been purified from this tumor and compared with the antigen associated with the human nervous system and that associated with the nervous system of the rat. An anti-rat MAA antiserum has been obtained. It has cytotoxic activity against cultured fibrosarcoma cells as measured by release of radioactivity. This antigen can be considered as a marker of fibrosarcomas.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a mesenchyme associated antigen from dimethylbenzanthracene induced rat fibrosarcoma. Using an antiserum directed against human neurospecific antigen and the indirect immunofluorescence technique, we have obtained evidence for the presence of a mesenchyme associated cross-reacting antigen (MAA) in the dimethylbenzanthracene induced fibrosarcoma of the rat. This antigen has been purified from this tumor and compared with the antigen associated with the human nervous system and that associated with the nervous system of the rat. An anti-rat MAA antiserum has been obtained. It has cytotoxic activity against cultured fibrosarcoma cells as measured by release of radioactivity. This antigen can be considered as a marker of fibrosarcomas.", "PMID": 119557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13871", "title": "Continuous transcutaneous and intraarterial oxygen measurement during experimental hypoxemia in infant monkeys.", "content": "The relationship between PaO2 and tcPO2 is an important one and provides a physiologic measure of impaired circulatory control or vascular damage. The central and peripheral mechanisms involved have to be studied further. Although tcPO2 equates well with PaO2 in many circumstances, appropriate oxygen conserving, centrally mediated vasoconstriction can overcome the thermally induced local vasodilation. Investigation of the control of peripheral circulation in both clinical medicine and the experimental animal is advanced by the technique of transcutaneous oxygen recording.", "contents": "Continuous transcutaneous and intraarterial oxygen measurement during experimental hypoxemia in infant monkeys. The relationship between PaO2 and tcPO2 is an important one and provides a physiologic measure of impaired circulatory control or vascular damage. The central and peripheral mechanisms involved have to be studied further. Although tcPO2 equates well with PaO2 in many circumstances, appropriate oxygen conserving, centrally mediated vasoconstriction can overcome the thermally induced local vasodilation. Investigation of the control of peripheral circulation in both clinical medicine and the experimental animal is advanced by the technique of transcutaneous oxygen recording.", "PMID": 119558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13872", "title": "Experimental neurogenic disorders of the bladder after section of cauda equina.", "content": "Changes in the cystometric pattern and urethral pressure profile after surgical section of the cauda equina have been studied in a group of 20 monkeys (Macaca nemestrinal). The experimental autonomous bladder was characterised by tonic response to filling and with variable urethral dribbling incontinence but without co-ordinated detrusor activity. This pattern developed despite previous urinary diversion to prevent inadvertent overstretch of the bladder. Deliberate \"overstretch\" of the autonomous bladder was not followed by loss of tonus but was associated with the development of high amplitude regular detrusor contractions which were superimposed upon a steep rising filling cystometrogram. With urinary diversion the resting urethral pressure profiles were preserved after division of the cauda equina but were lower in amplitude after overstretch of the autonomous bladder.", "contents": "Experimental neurogenic disorders of the bladder after section of cauda equina. Changes in the cystometric pattern and urethral pressure profile after surgical section of the cauda equina have been studied in a group of 20 monkeys (Macaca nemestrinal). The experimental autonomous bladder was characterised by tonic response to filling and with variable urethral dribbling incontinence but without co-ordinated detrusor activity. This pattern developed despite previous urinary diversion to prevent inadvertent overstretch of the bladder. Deliberate \"overstretch\" of the autonomous bladder was not followed by loss of tonus but was associated with the development of high amplitude regular detrusor contractions which were superimposed upon a steep rising filling cystometrogram. With urinary diversion the resting urethral pressure profiles were preserved after division of the cauda equina but were lower in amplitude after overstretch of the autonomous bladder.", "PMID": 119563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13873", "title": "Interstitial cystitis.", "content": "Twenty histologically proven cases of interstitial cystitis were investigated in an attempt to find evidence of a possible autoimmune mechanism in its aetiology. HLA tissue typing was performed, autoantibody profiles were obtained, and a questionnaire of the patients' past history completed, especially with respect to other autoimmune conditions. An experiment was designed to test the effect of sodium cromoglycate on rat bladders. The results are discussed in relation to the management of patients with interstitial cystitis.", "contents": "Interstitial cystitis. Twenty histologically proven cases of interstitial cystitis were investigated in an attempt to find evidence of a possible autoimmune mechanism in its aetiology. HLA tissue typing was performed, autoantibody profiles were obtained, and a questionnaire of the patients' past history completed, especially with respect to other autoimmune conditions. An experiment was designed to test the effect of sodium cromoglycate on rat bladders. The results are discussed in relation to the management of patients with interstitial cystitis.", "PMID": 119564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13874", "title": "Long-term outcome after severe head injury.", "content": "From a consecutive series of 7000 patients with head injuries admitted to the regional accident service, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford between 10 and 24 years earlier, every patient was taken who had been amnesic or unconscious for one week or longer. Of these 479 patients, all but ten were traced, and either the cause of death was established or the survivors examined. Ten years after injury 4% were totally disabled, and 14% severely disabled to a degree precluding normal occupational or social life. Of the remainder, 49% had recovered, and the rest were dead. Additionally, a selected series of 64 patients whose unconsciousness had been prolonged for a month or more were studied. Forty of these had survived between three and 25 years after injury and were re-examined. On the basis of age at injury, the worst state of neurological responsiveness, and the duration of posttraumatic amnesia, the outcome of head injury can be predicted reliably in most cases. Patients and relatives need more reassurance and simple psychotherapeutic support, especially in the first few months after injury. Extrapolation from our figures suggests that each year in England and Wales 210 patients survive totally disabled and another 1500 are severely disabled.", "contents": "Long-term outcome after severe head injury. From a consecutive series of 7000 patients with head injuries admitted to the regional accident service, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford between 10 and 24 years earlier, every patient was taken who had been amnesic or unconscious for one week or longer. Of these 479 patients, all but ten were traced, and either the cause of death was established or the survivors examined. Ten years after injury 4% were totally disabled, and 14% severely disabled to a degree precluding normal occupational or social life. Of the remainder, 49% had recovered, and the rest were dead. Additionally, a selected series of 64 patients whose unconsciousness had been prolonged for a month or more were studied. Forty of these had survived between three and 25 years after injury and were re-examined. On the basis of age at injury, the worst state of neurological responsiveness, and the duration of posttraumatic amnesia, the outcome of head injury can be predicted reliably in most cases. Patients and relatives need more reassurance and simple psychotherapeutic support, especially in the first few months after injury. Extrapolation from our figures suggests that each year in England and Wales 210 patients survive totally disabled and another 1500 are severely disabled.", "PMID": 119567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13875", "title": "Biological effects of magnetic fields: studies with microorganisms.", "content": "Five bacteria and one yeast were grown in magnetic fields of 50-900 gauss with frequencies of 0-0.3 HZ and square, triangular, or sine waveform. Growth of these microorganisms could be stimulated or inhibited depending upon the field strength and frequency of the pulsed magnetic field. Spore germination and mutation frequency were unaffected by the magnetic fields used in this study.", "contents": "Biological effects of magnetic fields: studies with microorganisms. Five bacteria and one yeast were grown in magnetic fields of 50-900 gauss with frequencies of 0-0.3 HZ and square, triangular, or sine waveform. Growth of these microorganisms could be stimulated or inhibited depending upon the field strength and frequency of the pulsed magnetic field. Spore germination and mutation frequency were unaffected by the magnetic fields used in this study.", "PMID": 119572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13876", "title": "Nitrate reductase activities of rhizobia and the correlation between nitrate reduction and nitrogen fixation.", "content": "All species of Rhizobium except R. lupini had nitrate reductase activity. Only R. lupini was incapable of growth with nitrate as the sole source of nitrogen. However, the conditions necessary for the induction of nitrate reductase varied among species of Rhizobium. Rhizobium japonicum and some Rhizobium species of the cowpea strains expressed nitrate reductase activities both in the root nodules of appropriate leguminous hosts and when grown in the presence of nitrate. Rhizobium trifolii, R. phaseoli, and R. leguminosarum did not express nitrate reductase activities in the root nodules, but they did express them when grown in the presence of nitrate. In bacteroids of R. japonicum and some strains of cowpea Rhizobium, high N2 fixation activities were accompanied by high nitrate reductase activities. In bacteroids of R. trifolii, R. leguminosarum, and R. phaseoli, high N2 fixation activities were not accompanied by high nitrate reductase activities.", "contents": "Nitrate reductase activities of rhizobia and the correlation between nitrate reduction and nitrogen fixation. All species of Rhizobium except R. lupini had nitrate reductase activity. Only R. lupini was incapable of growth with nitrate as the sole source of nitrogen. However, the conditions necessary for the induction of nitrate reductase varied among species of Rhizobium. Rhizobium japonicum and some Rhizobium species of the cowpea strains expressed nitrate reductase activities both in the root nodules of appropriate leguminous hosts and when grown in the presence of nitrate. Rhizobium trifolii, R. phaseoli, and R. leguminosarum did not express nitrate reductase activities in the root nodules, but they did express them when grown in the presence of nitrate. In bacteroids of R. japonicum and some strains of cowpea Rhizobium, high N2 fixation activities were accompanied by high nitrate reductase activities. In bacteroids of R. trifolii, R. leguminosarum, and R. phaseoli, high N2 fixation activities were not accompanied by high nitrate reductase activities.", "PMID": 119573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13877", "title": "Partial characterization of a new C3-type capsule-dissolving phage of Streptococcus cremoris.", "content": "A viscous, ropy, sour milk product, called 'viili,' is produced in Finland. Capsule-forming strains of Streptococcus cremoris are the typical starters for this product. Occasionally fermentation fails and results in a non-ropy clot. The reasons for these failures, however, are obscure. In one batch of spoiled 'viili,' a new C3-type bacteriophage, termed KSY1, was isolated. The head of the phage was about 230 nm long and about 50 nm wide and the tail was 35 nm long and carried a complex collar structure. Upon infection of a number of encapsulated cultures of S. cremoris with KSY1, the cocci, though not serving as a host of the phage, lost their capsules. A capsuleless strain, S. cremoris 249, served as a host. The latent period was about 150 min and the average burst size 80. The bouyant density of KSYI1 was 1.436 g/cm3.", "contents": "Partial characterization of a new C3-type capsule-dissolving phage of Streptococcus cremoris. A viscous, ropy, sour milk product, called 'viili,' is produced in Finland. Capsule-forming strains of Streptococcus cremoris are the typical starters for this product. Occasionally fermentation fails and results in a non-ropy clot. The reasons for these failures, however, are obscure. In one batch of spoiled 'viili,' a new C3-type bacteriophage, termed KSY1, was isolated. The head of the phage was about 230 nm long and about 50 nm wide and the tail was 35 nm long and carried a complex collar structure. Upon infection of a number of encapsulated cultures of S. cremoris with KSY1, the cocci, though not serving as a host of the phage, lost their capsules. A capsuleless strain, S. cremoris 249, served as a host. The latent period was about 150 min and the average burst size 80. The bouyant density of KSYI1 was 1.436 g/cm3.", "PMID": 119574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13878", "title": "The role of temperate bacteriophage SP beta in prophage-mediated interference in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Virulent bacteriophage phi 1 grows on a variety of Bacillus subtilis strains, mutants of this virus which abortively infect the transformable bacillus. B. subtilis 168, while retaining the ability to productively infect related bacteria have been found. In the present study, we demonstrate that the inability of one such variant, phi 1m, to develop normally in strain 168 is mediated by cryptic prophage SP beta. The latter is a temperate bacteriophage which is carried by B. subtilis 168 and most strains derived from this bacterium. Phi 1 m infection of SP beta lysogens begins with apparently normal adsorption, penetration, and inititaion of virus-directed syntheses. At about the 20th min of the latent period, however, there is an abrupt cessation of nucleic acid synthesis and cellular respiration, accompanied by a change in cell permeability. This course of events can be altered to a permissive infection by mutation in the mpi gene of SP beta, by mutation in the spoOA gene of the host, or by growing SP beta lysogens at high temperature. In addition, we found a second class of phi 1 mutants which abortively infect B. subtilis 168 derivatives even in the absence of the SP beta prophage.", "contents": "The role of temperate bacteriophage SP beta in prophage-mediated interference in Bacillus subtilis. Virulent bacteriophage phi 1 grows on a variety of Bacillus subtilis strains, mutants of this virus which abortively infect the transformable bacillus. B. subtilis 168, while retaining the ability to productively infect related bacteria have been found. In the present study, we demonstrate that the inability of one such variant, phi 1m, to develop normally in strain 168 is mediated by cryptic prophage SP beta. The latter is a temperate bacteriophage which is carried by B. subtilis 168 and most strains derived from this bacterium. Phi 1 m infection of SP beta lysogens begins with apparently normal adsorption, penetration, and inititaion of virus-directed syntheses. At about the 20th min of the latent period, however, there is an abrupt cessation of nucleic acid synthesis and cellular respiration, accompanied by a change in cell permeability. This course of events can be altered to a permissive infection by mutation in the mpi gene of SP beta, by mutation in the spoOA gene of the host, or by growing SP beta lysogens at high temperature. In addition, we found a second class of phi 1 mutants which abortively infect B. subtilis 168 derivatives even in the absence of the SP beta prophage.", "PMID": 119575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13879", "title": "Ultrastructure of synapses and cellular relationships in the oculomotor nucleus of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The fine structure of synapses and of cellular relations was examined in the somatic efferent portion of the oculomotor nucleus of the adult rhesus monkey. Axosomatic and axodendritic synapses are characterized by distinct synaptic clefts which usually measure 20-30 nm between pre- and postsynaptic membranes. Cytoplasmic \"thickenings\" of pre- and postsynaptic membranes are often observed. Subjunctional bodies are present at both axosomatic and axodendritic synapses. Somatic and dendritic spine synapses are present. Serial synapses are also found, suggesting the operation of presynaptic inhibition in this nucleus. At some synapses the extracellular gap between pre- and postsynpatic membranes is reduced to 5-9 nm. However, junctions similar to the latter are also present between neurons and glia, and at the junctions between adjacent glial elements. The present results provide no evidence for a clear morphological substrate for electrotonic transmission in the somatic efferent portion of the primate oculomotor nucleus.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of synapses and cellular relationships in the oculomotor nucleus of the rhesus monkey. The fine structure of synapses and of cellular relations was examined in the somatic efferent portion of the oculomotor nucleus of the adult rhesus monkey. Axosomatic and axodendritic synapses are characterized by distinct synaptic clefts which usually measure 20-30 nm between pre- and postsynaptic membranes. Cytoplasmic \"thickenings\" of pre- and postsynaptic membranes are often observed. Subjunctional bodies are present at both axosomatic and axodendritic synapses. Somatic and dendritic spine synapses are present. Serial synapses are also found, suggesting the operation of presynaptic inhibition in this nucleus. At some synapses the extracellular gap between pre- and postsynpatic membranes is reduced to 5-9 nm. However, junctions similar to the latter are also present between neurons and glia, and at the junctions between adjacent glial elements. The present results provide no evidence for a clear morphological substrate for electrotonic transmission in the somatic efferent portion of the primate oculomotor nucleus.", "PMID": 119578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13880", "title": "Synergistic effects of p-fluorophenylalanine and supra-optimal temperatures on cell division in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "The combined effects of sub-optimal (20 degrees) or supra-optimal (31 degrees C and 34 degrees C) temperatures and the amino acid analogue p-fluorophenylalanine on preparations for cell division in Tetrahymena pyriformis were analysed. A supra-optimal temperature of 31 degrees produced a marked exaggeration of the division-delaying capacity of the analogue. The analogue also sensitises cells when combined with the normal heat shock temperature of 34 degrees, which indicates that division proteins continue to be synthesized at this temperature but cannot be effectively utilized by the cell. These results support the model that preparations involve interactions between and formation of assemblies of proteins on a strict time schedule shortly before division.", "contents": "Synergistic effects of p-fluorophenylalanine and supra-optimal temperatures on cell division in Tetrahymena pyriformis. The combined effects of sub-optimal (20 degrees) or supra-optimal (31 degrees C and 34 degrees C) temperatures and the amino acid analogue p-fluorophenylalanine on preparations for cell division in Tetrahymena pyriformis were analysed. A supra-optimal temperature of 31 degrees produced a marked exaggeration of the division-delaying capacity of the analogue. The analogue also sensitises cells when combined with the normal heat shock temperature of 34 degrees, which indicates that division proteins continue to be synthesized at this temperature but cannot be effectively utilized by the cell. These results support the model that preparations involve interactions between and formation of assemblies of proteins on a strict time schedule shortly before division.", "PMID": 119579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13881", "title": "The action of lipoxygenase-1 on furan derivatives.", "content": "Several 2,5-disubstituted furans, which are known to react with peroxyacids, singlet oxygen and other active forms of oxygen were tested as potential inhibitors, co-oxidants, or substrates for soybean lipoxygenase. The furan, 10,13-epoxy-octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid, methyl ester (IV) was converted by lipoxygenase or singlet oxygen or peroxyacid to the acyclic product, methyl 10,13-dioxo-octadec-11-enoate. Apparently furan IV is able to interact with an active site of lipoxygenase (Km = 220 microM). 2,5-Dimethylfuran (I), 2,5-diphenylfuran (II) and 3-(5'-methyl-2'-furyl)propenoic acid (III) were neither substrates nor inhibitors of lipoxygenase activity. Lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxidation of furan (IV), which is inhibited by hydroquinone, is explained by a mechanism involving lipoxygenase-superoxide complex and furan-radical intermediates. Also described is the selective cleavage of furan rings by m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid to yield the 1,4-diketoethylene functional system.", "contents": "The action of lipoxygenase-1 on furan derivatives. Several 2,5-disubstituted furans, which are known to react with peroxyacids, singlet oxygen and other active forms of oxygen were tested as potential inhibitors, co-oxidants, or substrates for soybean lipoxygenase. The furan, 10,13-epoxy-octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid, methyl ester (IV) was converted by lipoxygenase or singlet oxygen or peroxyacid to the acyclic product, methyl 10,13-dioxo-octadec-11-enoate. Apparently furan IV is able to interact with an active site of lipoxygenase (Km = 220 microM). 2,5-Dimethylfuran (I), 2,5-diphenylfuran (II) and 3-(5'-methyl-2'-furyl)propenoic acid (III) were neither substrates nor inhibitors of lipoxygenase activity. Lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxidation of furan (IV), which is inhibited by hydroquinone, is explained by a mechanism involving lipoxygenase-superoxide complex and furan-radical intermediates. Also described is the selective cleavage of furan rings by m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid to yield the 1,4-diketoethylene functional system.", "PMID": 119581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13882", "title": "Evaluation of two intravenous rehydration solutions in cholera and non-cholera diarrhoea.", "content": "A clinical trial was carried out with 126 male patients over 2 years of age suffering from diarrhoea requiring intravenous rehydration, 80 of the patients suffering from cholera and 46 from non-cholera diarrhoea. A new \"diarrhoea treatment solution\" (DTS) containing sodium at a concentration of 118 mmol/litre and glucose at 44 mmol/litre was compared with the usual Dacca intravenous solution (DS) which has a sodium concentration of 133 mmol/litre and contains no glucose. The other constituents and their concentrations were the same in both solutions. All the patients responded well clinically and made an uneventful recovery. Oral water intake measured during the first 24 h was higher in the group receiving the DS. This group also excreted a significantly higher quantity of sodium in the urine. A significant fall in the level of blood glucose from the admission values occurred in both the groups; the fall was relatively less in the DTS group, this solution containing 44 mmol of glucose per litre. Further work is required to find the optimum concentration of glucose in the solution for infants and young children.", "contents": "Evaluation of two intravenous rehydration solutions in cholera and non-cholera diarrhoea. A clinical trial was carried out with 126 male patients over 2 years of age suffering from diarrhoea requiring intravenous rehydration, 80 of the patients suffering from cholera and 46 from non-cholera diarrhoea. A new \"diarrhoea treatment solution\" (DTS) containing sodium at a concentration of 118 mmol/litre and glucose at 44 mmol/litre was compared with the usual Dacca intravenous solution (DS) which has a sodium concentration of 133 mmol/litre and contains no glucose. The other constituents and their concentrations were the same in both solutions. All the patients responded well clinically and made an uneventful recovery. Oral water intake measured during the first 24 h was higher in the group receiving the DS. This group also excreted a significantly higher quantity of sodium in the urine. A significant fall in the level of blood glucose from the admission values occurred in both the groups; the fall was relatively less in the DTS group, this solution containing 44 mmol of glucose per litre. Further work is required to find the optimum concentration of glucose in the solution for infants and young children.", "PMID": 119582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13883", "title": "Comparative metabolism and excretion of adriamycin in man, monkey, and rat.", "content": "Adriamycin and its fluorescent metabolites in bile (man, monkey, and rat) and urine (man and monkey) were determined by means of a simple, rapid, and highly reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure. Species differences in metabolism and biliary excretion were observed with respect to aldoketo reductase and conjugase activities.", "contents": "Comparative metabolism and excretion of adriamycin in man, monkey, and rat. Adriamycin and its fluorescent metabolites in bile (man, monkey, and rat) and urine (man and monkey) were determined by means of a simple, rapid, and highly reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure. Species differences in metabolism and biliary excretion were observed with respect to aldoketo reductase and conjugase activities.", "PMID": 119583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13884", "title": "Prolonged shock in the monkey following live E coli organism infusion.", "content": "Responses of the rhesus monkey to the administration of live Escherichia coli organisms during an observation of 0--27 hours were studied. Nine monkeys were infused for 30 minutes with live E coli organisms, the dose ranging between 7.6 X 10(9) and 3.0 X 10(11) organisms/kg. Three of nine animals survived for 24 hours or longer. Nonsurvivors demonstrated significant hypotension, hypoglycemia, and hypoinsulinemia, while survivors showed lesser degrees of physiologic derangement. Findings were hepatic sinusoidal fibrin thrombi and hepatocellular damage accompanied by elevated serum enzymes. The kidney did not show glomerular fibrin thrombi; however, tubular lesions were clearly evident and increases in blood urea nitrogen levels and endogenous creatinine were documented. Lungs of animals surviving longer contained fewer polymorphonuclear leukocytes and platelets than were seen in acute shock studies. This study emphasizes the importance of monitoring the nonhuman primate during an extended time period, since many significant pathophysiologic responses occur after eight hours of observation.", "contents": "Prolonged shock in the monkey following live E coli organism infusion. Responses of the rhesus monkey to the administration of live Escherichia coli organisms during an observation of 0--27 hours were studied. Nine monkeys were infused for 30 minutes with live E coli organisms, the dose ranging between 7.6 X 10(9) and 3.0 X 10(11) organisms/kg. Three of nine animals survived for 24 hours or longer. Nonsurvivors demonstrated significant hypotension, hypoglycemia, and hypoinsulinemia, while survivors showed lesser degrees of physiologic derangement. Findings were hepatic sinusoidal fibrin thrombi and hepatocellular damage accompanied by elevated serum enzymes. The kidney did not show glomerular fibrin thrombi; however, tubular lesions were clearly evident and increases in blood urea nitrogen levels and endogenous creatinine were documented. Lungs of animals surviving longer contained fewer polymorphonuclear leukocytes and platelets than were seen in acute shock studies. This study emphasizes the importance of monitoring the nonhuman primate during an extended time period, since many significant pathophysiologic responses occur after eight hours of observation.", "PMID": 119585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13885", "title": "Effects of glucagon on regional blood flow during cardiogenic shock.", "content": "We studied the effects of two dosage levels of glucagon infusion on systemic hemodynamic and regional blood flow measurements during experimental cardiogenic shock in monkeys. Cardiogenic shock was induced in monkeys by embolization of coronary arteries with glass microspheres. Glucagon 1 microgram/kg/min was infused in five monkeys and five remaining monkeys received glucagon infusion at 10 micrograms/kg/min. Radioactive microsphere technique was used to measure regional blood flows. During cardiogenic shock, there were significant decreases in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and rate of rise of left ventricular pressure and significant increases in total peripheral resistance. Blood flows to the heart, brain, kidney and splanchnic bed were markedly reduced. Neither dosage level of glucagon produced any significant improvement in systemic hemodynamic or regional blood flow values. Glucagon produced only nonsignificant increases in splanchnic blood flow during cardiogenic shock. These findings suggest that glucagon infusions in dosages of 1 microgram/kg/min and 10 micrograms/kg/min do not improve systemic or regional hemodynamic status in severe cardiogenic shock.", "contents": "Effects of glucagon on regional blood flow during cardiogenic shock. We studied the effects of two dosage levels of glucagon infusion on systemic hemodynamic and regional blood flow measurements during experimental cardiogenic shock in monkeys. Cardiogenic shock was induced in monkeys by embolization of coronary arteries with glass microspheres. Glucagon 1 microgram/kg/min was infused in five monkeys and five remaining monkeys received glucagon infusion at 10 micrograms/kg/min. Radioactive microsphere technique was used to measure regional blood flows. During cardiogenic shock, there were significant decreases in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and rate of rise of left ventricular pressure and significant increases in total peripheral resistance. Blood flows to the heart, brain, kidney and splanchnic bed were markedly reduced. Neither dosage level of glucagon produced any significant improvement in systemic hemodynamic or regional blood flow values. Glucagon produced only nonsignificant increases in splanchnic blood flow during cardiogenic shock. These findings suggest that glucagon infusions in dosages of 1 microgram/kg/min and 10 micrograms/kg/min do not improve systemic or regional hemodynamic status in severe cardiogenic shock.", "PMID": 119586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13886", "title": "Serum and urine glycosidase activities in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Plasma and urine beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase were measured in 75 diabetics and 35 control subjects. The plasma enzyme levels were significantly elevated in patients with evidence of vascular complications. There was a negative correlation between plasma enzymes and creatinine clearance.", "contents": "Serum and urine glycosidase activities in diabetes mellitus. Plasma and urine beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase were measured in 75 diabetics and 35 control subjects. The plasma enzyme levels were significantly elevated in patients with evidence of vascular complications. There was a negative correlation between plasma enzymes and creatinine clearance.", "PMID": 119588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13887", "title": "Kinetic behaviour under defined assay conditions for bovine lens aldose reductase.", "content": "Bovine lens aldose reductase, an enzyme important in sugar cataract formation, has been purified using a new procedure, and its optimum conditions of assay defined in both lens homogenates and purified preparations. Preliminary kinetic analysis shows that the degree of the rate equation is of a low order, and may be Michaelian under the standard conditions used.", "contents": "Kinetic behaviour under defined assay conditions for bovine lens aldose reductase. Bovine lens aldose reductase, an enzyme important in sugar cataract formation, has been purified using a new procedure, and its optimum conditions of assay defined in both lens homogenates and purified preparations. Preliminary kinetic analysis shows that the degree of the rate equation is of a low order, and may be Michaelian under the standard conditions used.", "PMID": 119591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13888", "title": "Amyloid goitre in familial Mediterranean fever.", "content": "Three patients known to suffer from familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), systemic amyloidosis and chronic renal failure developed large amyloid goitres. Amyloid goitre is an extremely rare complication of systemic amyloidosis not previously described in FMF. The clinical and pathological features of these three cases were similar to those previously described in amyloid goitre. In two of the patients abnormalities in thyroid function were consistent with those documented in chronic renal failure. There was evidence of hypothyroidism in a third patient. There was no evidence of amyloid induced dysfunction of other endocrine organs.", "contents": "Amyloid goitre in familial Mediterranean fever. Three patients known to suffer from familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), systemic amyloidosis and chronic renal failure developed large amyloid goitres. Amyloid goitre is an extremely rare complication of systemic amyloidosis not previously described in FMF. The clinical and pathological features of these three cases were similar to those previously described in amyloid goitre. In two of the patients abnormalities in thyroid function were consistent with those documented in chronic renal failure. There was evidence of hypothyroidism in a third patient. There was no evidence of amyloid induced dysfunction of other endocrine organs.", "PMID": 119593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13889", "title": "Interaction between the thyrotrophin-releasing hormone-induced growth hormone rise and dopaminergic drugs: studies in pathologic conditions of the animal and man.", "content": "A rise in plasma growth hormone (GH) after thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and a striking reduction after dopaminergic drugs is present in acromegalic ('responder') patients. We have investigated the GH response to dopaminergic stimuli in two conditions of animals and man, which, like acromegaly, are characterized by a TRH-induced GH rise, i.e. rats with electrolytic lesions of the median eminence (ME) and patients with hepatic cirrhosis. In addition, we have studied the TRH-induced GH rise in rats with ME lesions, in the cirrhotic patients and in a group of 'responder' acromegalics before and after administration of dopaminergic drugs. In rats with ME lesions an infusion of dopamine (DA) neither modified baseline GH levels nor the TRH-induced GH rise. In five out of six cirrhotic patients oral administration of L-Dopa was followed by the usual rise in plasma GH. infusion of DA increased plasma GH levels in three out of seven cirrhotic patients and in four out of five subjects an earlier GH rise after TRH was seen. However, in the 'responder' acromegalics, the infusion of DA, besides lowering baseline plasma GH, was capable of reducing the TRH-induced GH rise. Collectively these data indicate that the TRH-induced GH rise emphasizes defects in the neurohormonal links between the central nervous system and the anterior pituitary. Instead, the paradoxical fall of GH after dopaminergic drugs appears to be a prerequisite of acromegaly and may be attributable to receptors for DA located on the tumorous tissue.", "contents": "Interaction between the thyrotrophin-releasing hormone-induced growth hormone rise and dopaminergic drugs: studies in pathologic conditions of the animal and man. A rise in plasma growth hormone (GH) after thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and a striking reduction after dopaminergic drugs is present in acromegalic ('responder') patients. We have investigated the GH response to dopaminergic stimuli in two conditions of animals and man, which, like acromegaly, are characterized by a TRH-induced GH rise, i.e. rats with electrolytic lesions of the median eminence (ME) and patients with hepatic cirrhosis. In addition, we have studied the TRH-induced GH rise in rats with ME lesions, in the cirrhotic patients and in a group of 'responder' acromegalics before and after administration of dopaminergic drugs. In rats with ME lesions an infusion of dopamine (DA) neither modified baseline GH levels nor the TRH-induced GH rise. In five out of six cirrhotic patients oral administration of L-Dopa was followed by the usual rise in plasma GH. infusion of DA increased plasma GH levels in three out of seven cirrhotic patients and in four out of five subjects an earlier GH rise after TRH was seen. However, in the 'responder' acromegalics, the infusion of DA, besides lowering baseline plasma GH, was capable of reducing the TRH-induced GH rise. Collectively these data indicate that the TRH-induced GH rise emphasizes defects in the neurohormonal links between the central nervous system and the anterior pituitary. Instead, the paradoxical fall of GH after dopaminergic drugs appears to be a prerequisite of acromegaly and may be attributable to receptors for DA located on the tumorous tissue.", "PMID": 119594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13890", "title": "Elevated thyroxine-binding globulin with X-chromosome linked inheritance.", "content": "A new kindred with elevated levels of serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) as an inherited trait has been reported. Of the twenty-four family members tested, three males and nine females had elevated serum TBG. The pedigree was consistent with an X-chromosome linked mode of inheritance.", "contents": "Elevated thyroxine-binding globulin with X-chromosome linked inheritance. A new kindred with elevated levels of serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) as an inherited trait has been reported. Of the twenty-four family members tested, three males and nine females had elevated serum TBG. The pedigree was consistent with an X-chromosome linked mode of inheritance.", "PMID": 119595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13891", "title": "Cryoglobulins in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome and recurrent oral ulceration: assay by laser nephelometry.", "content": "The presence of cryoglobulins was investigated in ninety patients with recurrent oral ulcers (ROU) and sixty-one patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome (BS). The immunodiffusion method was compared with Laser nephelometry for the analysis of IgG, IgM, IgA and C3 in cryoglobulins. Although the two methods of assessment showed a very significant agreement. Laser nephelometry was more sensitive than the double diffusion precipitation method and was used for quantitative analysis of cryoglobulins. The prevalence of any type of cryoglobulins was 64% in ROU and 75% in BS, as compared with controls (15%). In ROU significant levels of IgA were found in minor (P = 0.0196) and major (P = 0.0114) aphthous ulcers and to a lesser extent in herpetiform ulcers (P = 0.0624). Among the four types of BS signficant increases in C3 were found in the arthritic type (P = 0.0068) and ocular type (P = 0.0275), whereas IgM (P = 0.0031) and IgG (P = 0.0369) were increased only in the muco-cutaneous type. Sequential studies showed that disease remissions or exacerbations were correlated with a decrease or increase in IgM or IgG classes of cryoglobulins. However, the converse was found with IgA which may inhibit some functions of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and this may be responsible for the failure to remove damaging IgG, IgM and C3 complexes from the circulation.", "contents": "Cryoglobulins in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome and recurrent oral ulceration: assay by laser nephelometry. The presence of cryoglobulins was investigated in ninety patients with recurrent oral ulcers (ROU) and sixty-one patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome (BS). The immunodiffusion method was compared with Laser nephelometry for the analysis of IgG, IgM, IgA and C3 in cryoglobulins. Although the two methods of assessment showed a very significant agreement. Laser nephelometry was more sensitive than the double diffusion precipitation method and was used for quantitative analysis of cryoglobulins. The prevalence of any type of cryoglobulins was 64% in ROU and 75% in BS, as compared with controls (15%). In ROU significant levels of IgA were found in minor (P = 0.0196) and major (P = 0.0114) aphthous ulcers and to a lesser extent in herpetiform ulcers (P = 0.0624). Among the four types of BS signficant increases in C3 were found in the arthritic type (P = 0.0068) and ocular type (P = 0.0275), whereas IgM (P = 0.0031) and IgG (P = 0.0369) were increased only in the muco-cutaneous type. Sequential studies showed that disease remissions or exacerbations were correlated with a decrease or increase in IgM or IgG classes of cryoglobulins. However, the converse was found with IgA which may inhibit some functions of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and this may be responsible for the failure to remove damaging IgG, IgM and C3 complexes from the circulation.", "PMID": 119596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13892", "title": "Relations between Fc receptor function and locomotion in human lymphocytes.", "content": "The relationship between the surface binding sites on human lymphocytes for chemotactic factors and for the Fc fraction of IgG was investigated using both blood lymphocytes and established cultures of human lymphoblasts. Pretreatment of human blood lymphocytes with a variety of chemotactic factors inhibited Fc-rosette formation. This was true even of small formylated peptides, for example, formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine (chemotactic) inhibited Fc-rosetting but unformylated methionyl-phenylalanine (non-chemotactic) did not. Conversely pretreatment of lymphocytes with IgG inhibited their locomotor reactions to a variety of chemoattractants. Aggregated IgG was more inhibitory than non-aggregated IgG and the inhibition was mediated via the Fc piece. In a filter assay, native IgG was chemokinetic but not chemotactic for lymphocytes. Heat-aggregated IgG induced more locomotion of lymphocytes than native IgG, and was possibly chemotactic, but no unequivocally so. The possibility that chemotactic factors and the Fc portion of IgG compete for the same cell surface receptor was investigated by binding studies using cultured lymphoblasts. These studies suggested that the reciprocal inhibition could not be explained by competition for receptors. An alternative explanation was suggested by the finding that inhibition of locomotion by aggregated IgG was dependent on the presence of divalent cations at the time the IgG was added, and did not occur in the presence of the calcium ionophore A23187. Addition of aggregated IgG or chemotactic factors to lymphocytes thus may lead to a gated entry of calcium, and following closure of the calcium gate, the cells become relatively unresponsive to further stimulation.", "contents": "Relations between Fc receptor function and locomotion in human lymphocytes. The relationship between the surface binding sites on human lymphocytes for chemotactic factors and for the Fc fraction of IgG was investigated using both blood lymphocytes and established cultures of human lymphoblasts. Pretreatment of human blood lymphocytes with a variety of chemotactic factors inhibited Fc-rosette formation. This was true even of small formylated peptides, for example, formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine (chemotactic) inhibited Fc-rosetting but unformylated methionyl-phenylalanine (non-chemotactic) did not. Conversely pretreatment of lymphocytes with IgG inhibited their locomotor reactions to a variety of chemoattractants. Aggregated IgG was more inhibitory than non-aggregated IgG and the inhibition was mediated via the Fc piece. In a filter assay, native IgG was chemokinetic but not chemotactic for lymphocytes. Heat-aggregated IgG induced more locomotion of lymphocytes than native IgG, and was possibly chemotactic, but no unequivocally so. The possibility that chemotactic factors and the Fc portion of IgG compete for the same cell surface receptor was investigated by binding studies using cultured lymphoblasts. These studies suggested that the reciprocal inhibition could not be explained by competition for receptors. An alternative explanation was suggested by the finding that inhibition of locomotion by aggregated IgG was dependent on the presence of divalent cations at the time the IgG was added, and did not occur in the presence of the calcium ionophore A23187. Addition of aggregated IgG or chemotactic factors to lymphocytes thus may lead to a gated entry of calcium, and following closure of the calcium gate, the cells become relatively unresponsive to further stimulation.", "PMID": 119597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13893", "title": "In vivo effect of levamisole on cellular and humoral immunity in normal chickens.", "content": "The effect of levamisole in vivo was studied on the PHA and Con A responses of chicken peripheral blood lymphocytes and on the in vivo antibody response to a thymus dependent antigen (BSA) and to a thymus independent antigen (Brucella abortus). Levamisole (0.25 mg/kg) increased significantly both the PHA and Con A responses of chicken blood lymphocytes. The antigens were given at the time of enhanced mitogenic responses and a significant increase was observed in both IgM and IgG antibodies to BSA. In contrast, no effect was obtained on antibody responses to Brucella abortus organisms. The results show that levamisole is able to enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses in normal chickens. The effect is probably mediated by the activation of the T cell function and effects only antibody responses to thymus dependent antigen. These findings confirm and extend the observations regarding the ability of levamisole to modulate immune responses.", "contents": "In vivo effect of levamisole on cellular and humoral immunity in normal chickens. The effect of levamisole in vivo was studied on the PHA and Con A responses of chicken peripheral blood lymphocytes and on the in vivo antibody response to a thymus dependent antigen (BSA) and to a thymus independent antigen (Brucella abortus). Levamisole (0.25 mg/kg) increased significantly both the PHA and Con A responses of chicken blood lymphocytes. The antigens were given at the time of enhanced mitogenic responses and a significant increase was observed in both IgM and IgG antibodies to BSA. In contrast, no effect was obtained on antibody responses to Brucella abortus organisms. The results show that levamisole is able to enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses in normal chickens. The effect is probably mediated by the activation of the T cell function and effects only antibody responses to thymus dependent antigen. These findings confirm and extend the observations regarding the ability of levamisole to modulate immune responses.", "PMID": 119598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13894", "title": "Bicycle spoke fracture.", "content": "Twenty-nine children were treated for bicycle spoke injury, which occurred while they were sitting behind their riding parents. Their feet were caught in between the bicycle spoke and the frame rod. Five of these children suffered supramalleolar fracture. These fractures had a similar radiographic pattern, namely a greenstick fracture of the distal end of the tibia and fibula, buckling into varus and usually also into anterior angulation. Healing of the fractures was uneventful. These injuries are preventable by rigid plastic net covers for the rear wheel of the bicycle.", "contents": "Bicycle spoke fracture. Twenty-nine children were treated for bicycle spoke injury, which occurred while they were sitting behind their riding parents. Their feet were caught in between the bicycle spoke and the frame rod. Five of these children suffered supramalleolar fracture. These fractures had a similar radiographic pattern, namely a greenstick fracture of the distal end of the tibia and fibula, buckling into varus and usually also into anterior angulation. Healing of the fractures was uneventful. These injuries are preventable by rigid plastic net covers for the rear wheel of the bicycle.", "PMID": 119600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13895", "title": "Ossicles in human menisci: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of ossicles in human menisci are added to the list of 18 previously reported cases. The points of interest in these cases are that in both cases multiple ossicles were incorporated in the posterior horns of the semilunar cartilages--2 in the first case and 7 in the second. In a 16-year-old girl, the posterior horn of the meniscus was torn longitudinally in the shape of a \"Y\" and each part of the bifurcated meniscus housed an ossicle. Arthrotomy had been performed twice without successful removal of the ossicles. In a 39-year-old woman, all 7 ossicles were incorporated in the posterior horn of the meniscus.", "contents": "Ossicles in human menisci: report of two cases. Two cases of ossicles in human menisci are added to the list of 18 previously reported cases. The points of interest in these cases are that in both cases multiple ossicles were incorporated in the posterior horns of the semilunar cartilages--2 in the first case and 7 in the second. In a 16-year-old girl, the posterior horn of the meniscus was torn longitudinally in the shape of a \"Y\" and each part of the bifurcated meniscus housed an ossicle. Arthrotomy had been performed twice without successful removal of the ossicles. In a 39-year-old woman, all 7 ossicles were incorporated in the posterior horn of the meniscus.", "PMID": 119601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13896", "title": "Treatment of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with intravaginal rings loaded with levonorgestrel.", "content": "The effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intravaginal rings were investigated in 15 rhesus monkeys for 52 weeks. The intravaginal rings were designed to provide a sustained release of either three or ten times the human dose level of the hormone. Untreated placebo rings were used as a control. The devices were well retained. After insertion of the vaginal rings, a dose-related decrease in vaginal bleeding was observed. The vaginal microbial flora were assessed qualitatively and semi-quantitatively and although all groups including controls showed some changes in microbial populations, by the end of the study nearly all animals returned to a normal balanced microflora. Terminal studies showed that, at the high dose level, ovulation was suppressed and widespread atrophy of the uterine mucosal and glandular epithelium had occurred. A dose-related increase in mucus within the lumen of the endocervical canal was observed. Focal or diffuse atrophy of the vaginal mucosal epithelium was seen in the majority of levonorgestrel-treated animals.", "contents": "Treatment of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with intravaginal rings loaded with levonorgestrel. The effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intravaginal rings were investigated in 15 rhesus monkeys for 52 weeks. The intravaginal rings were designed to provide a sustained release of either three or ten times the human dose level of the hormone. Untreated placebo rings were used as a control. The devices were well retained. After insertion of the vaginal rings, a dose-related decrease in vaginal bleeding was observed. The vaginal microbial flora were assessed qualitatively and semi-quantitatively and although all groups including controls showed some changes in microbial populations, by the end of the study nearly all animals returned to a normal balanced microflora. Terminal studies showed that, at the high dose level, ovulation was suppressed and widespread atrophy of the uterine mucosal and glandular epithelium had occurred. A dose-related increase in mucus within the lumen of the endocervical canal was observed. Focal or diffuse atrophy of the vaginal mucosal epithelium was seen in the majority of levonorgestrel-treated animals.", "PMID": 119606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13897", "title": "Pediatric osteomyelitis: III. anaerobic microorganisms.", "content": "Primary osteomyelitis consequent to obligate anaerobic microorganisms represents an infrequently encountered type of infection in pediatric patients. Unlike osteomyelitis caused by more common microorganisms such as Staphylococcus, children with osseous lesions due to anaerobic microorganisms are frequently minimally symptomatic and rarely present the classic signs of fulminant osteomyelitis. Radiographically, the lesions may mimic malignant osseous tumors. Fastidious microbiologic analysis of the material obtained at surgery is necessary to isolate obligate anaerobes. Basic treatment, comprising surgical drainage and appropriate antimicrobial agents, does not differ from that for osteomyelitis caused by aerobic or by facultative anaerobic microorganisms.", "contents": "Pediatric osteomyelitis: III. anaerobic microorganisms. Primary osteomyelitis consequent to obligate anaerobic microorganisms represents an infrequently encountered type of infection in pediatric patients. Unlike osteomyelitis caused by more common microorganisms such as Staphylococcus, children with osseous lesions due to anaerobic microorganisms are frequently minimally symptomatic and rarely present the classic signs of fulminant osteomyelitis. Radiographically, the lesions may mimic malignant osseous tumors. Fastidious microbiologic analysis of the material obtained at surgery is necessary to isolate obligate anaerobes. Basic treatment, comprising surgical drainage and appropriate antimicrobial agents, does not differ from that for osteomyelitis caused by aerobic or by facultative anaerobic microorganisms.", "PMID": 119602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13898", "title": "Bacillus cereus septic arthritis following arthrography.", "content": "Organisms of Bacillus species usually are common laboratory contaminants and nonpathogenic in humans. Recently, however, it has been suggested that cultures growing common Bacillus species may indeed represent significant infections and should not always be disregarded. A 24-year-old man developed Bacillus cereus septic arthritis following routine arthrography, which is an example of a serious orthopedic infection that can be caused by this supposedly nonpathogenic organism.", "contents": "Bacillus cereus septic arthritis following arthrography. Organisms of Bacillus species usually are common laboratory contaminants and nonpathogenic in humans. Recently, however, it has been suggested that cultures growing common Bacillus species may indeed represent significant infections and should not always be disregarded. A 24-year-old man developed Bacillus cereus septic arthritis following routine arthrography, which is an example of a serious orthopedic infection that can be caused by this supposedly nonpathogenic organism.", "PMID": 119603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13899", "title": "Serum bile acids in women taking combination contraceptives.", "content": "A longitudinal study in 60 women was undertaken to observe the changes, if any, in serum bile acids after taking oral combination pills containing either 50 or 30 microgram of ethinyl estradiol. The women were followed up to 12 months. Serum bile acids (cholyglycine conjugates) were estimated by radioimmunoassay. The combination contraceptives had no appreciable effect on serum bile acids.", "contents": "Serum bile acids in women taking combination contraceptives. A longitudinal study in 60 women was undertaken to observe the changes, if any, in serum bile acids after taking oral combination pills containing either 50 or 30 microgram of ethinyl estradiol. The women were followed up to 12 months. Serum bile acids (cholyglycine conjugates) were estimated by radioimmunoassay. The combination contraceptives had no appreciable effect on serum bile acids.", "PMID": 119607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13900", "title": "The rabbit as an animal model to study pharmacokinetics of norethindrone in women.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of norethindrone (NET) were studied in adult female rabbits and rhesus monkeys with a view to developing an animal model closely resembling humans in the handling of NET. Plasma levels of NET were determined in rabbits and monkeys after administering either labelled NET or a NET minipill. Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by using a two-compartment open model and by graphical and regression analysis of plasma NET data. In rabbits, the drug absorption was found to be rapid and NET peak levels were attained within 0.5 to 1.0 hour. The clearance half-lives were 1.3 hours for 'alpha' and 10.0 hours for 'beta'. In monkeys, plasma NET values showed an inconsistent pattern and the approximate t 1/2 was found to lie between 4 and 6 hours. The observed pharmacokinetics of NET in rabbits rather than in monkeys were closer to those in humans. On this basis, it would appear that the rabbit is a suitable animal model for studying effects of nutritional factors on the pharmacokinetics of NET.", "contents": "The rabbit as an animal model to study pharmacokinetics of norethindrone in women. The pharmacokinetics of norethindrone (NET) were studied in adult female rabbits and rhesus monkeys with a view to developing an animal model closely resembling humans in the handling of NET. Plasma levels of NET were determined in rabbits and monkeys after administering either labelled NET or a NET minipill. Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by using a two-compartment open model and by graphical and regression analysis of plasma NET data. In rabbits, the drug absorption was found to be rapid and NET peak levels were attained within 0.5 to 1.0 hour. The clearance half-lives were 1.3 hours for 'alpha' and 10.0 hours for 'beta'. In monkeys, plasma NET values showed an inconsistent pattern and the approximate t 1/2 was found to lie between 4 and 6 hours. The observed pharmacokinetics of NET in rabbits rather than in monkeys were closer to those in humans. On this basis, it would appear that the rabbit is a suitable animal model for studying effects of nutritional factors on the pharmacokinetics of NET.", "PMID": 119608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13901", "title": "Contribution to the definition and the taxonomy of Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "The phenotypic study of 6,000 strains of Y. enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-like organisms by the biochemical reaction of the identification of Enterobacteriaceae on one hand and of 100 strains representing different chemiotypes by an auxanogram technique shows a large homogeneity of these strains which are apparated from the other Yersinia within Enterobacteriaceae. Six chemiotypes are described. The strains fermenting thamnose, similar to chemiotype I, can be subdivided in two groups according to the acidification of melibiose. The future and the denomination of these strains are discussed. The biochemical characteristics difining Y. enterocolitica and six chemiotypes are defined.", "contents": "Contribution to the definition and the taxonomy of Yersinia enterocolitica. The phenotypic study of 6,000 strains of Y. enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-like organisms by the biochemical reaction of the identification of Enterobacteriaceae on one hand and of 100 strains representing different chemiotypes by an auxanogram technique shows a large homogeneity of these strains which are apparated from the other Yersinia within Enterobacteriaceae. Six chemiotypes are described. The strains fermenting thamnose, similar to chemiotype I, can be subdivided in two groups according to the acidification of melibiose. The future and the denomination of these strains are discussed. The biochemical characteristics difining Y. enterocolitica and six chemiotypes are defined.", "PMID": 119609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13902", "title": "Numerical classification of Yersinia enterocolitica and relationship between its subdivision and pathogenicity.", "content": "A total of 102 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were studied on their morphology, physiology and biochemistry at 25 degrees C. All data coded in binary notation and similarities between each pair of strains by simple matching coefficient were calculated using subsequent computation. Four clusters were distinguished within the 102 strains at a similarity level of 90--93%. Although some discrepancies were recognized on reactions of indole, xylose, esculin and salicin, it was evident that 3 of the 4 groups in the present study correspond to the DNA relatedness groups of Brenner et al., respectively. On the other hand, it was confirmed, using feeding tests with monkeys, that only the group 1 was enteropathogenic. These results support the suggestion of Brenner et al. that their DNA relatedness group 1 is true Y. enterocolitica.", "contents": "Numerical classification of Yersinia enterocolitica and relationship between its subdivision and pathogenicity. A total of 102 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were studied on their morphology, physiology and biochemistry at 25 degrees C. All data coded in binary notation and similarities between each pair of strains by simple matching coefficient were calculated using subsequent computation. Four clusters were distinguished within the 102 strains at a similarity level of 90--93%. Although some discrepancies were recognized on reactions of indole, xylose, esculin and salicin, it was evident that 3 of the 4 groups in the present study correspond to the DNA relatedness groups of Brenner et al., respectively. On the other hand, it was confirmed, using feeding tests with monkeys, that only the group 1 was enteropathogenic. These results support the suggestion of Brenner et al. that their DNA relatedness group 1 is true Y. enterocolitica.", "PMID": 119610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13903", "title": "Histopathological studies on experimental Yersinia enterocolitica infection in animals.", "content": "Experiments were made using mice, rabbits, and monkeys. Mice were divided into 2 groups: an intravenously injected group and an orally administered one. In either group, lesions were found mainly in mucous membranes on Peyer's patches of intestines. Lesions consisted of formation of bacterial colonies accompained by accumulation of neutrophils and histiocytes, and proliferation of reticulum cells. Severe intestinal lesions were common to the 3 animals. Apart from the intestines, the liver showed most remarkable changes. Next ranked changes in bone marrows and spleen. Mesenteric lymph nodes revealed no significant changes. On the other hand, nonpathogenic strains caused little change.", "contents": "Histopathological studies on experimental Yersinia enterocolitica infection in animals. Experiments were made using mice, rabbits, and monkeys. Mice were divided into 2 groups: an intravenously injected group and an orally administered one. In either group, lesions were found mainly in mucous membranes on Peyer's patches of intestines. Lesions consisted of formation of bacterial colonies accompained by accumulation of neutrophils and histiocytes, and proliferation of reticulum cells. Severe intestinal lesions were common to the 3 animals. Apart from the intestines, the liver showed most remarkable changes. Next ranked changes in bone marrows and spleen. Mesenteric lymph nodes revealed no significant changes. On the other hand, nonpathogenic strains caused little change.", "PMID": 119611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13904", "title": "The relationship between the protective and cross-reacting antigens of Brucella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica 0:9 and Salmonella serotypes of Kauffmann-White group N.", "content": "Vaccination with killed cells of Brucella abortus, Yersinia enterocolitica 0:9 and Salmonella neusdorf evoked cross-reacting antibodies in guinea pigs but only the homologous antigen effectively produced protective immunity to Br. abortus. None of these preparations induced protective immunity to Y. enterocolitica in gerbils but all stimulated protective immunity to S. landau in Balb/c mice. The antigenic determinants responsible for protective immunity to salmonella infection were located on the cross-reacting lipopolysaccharide-peptide agglutinogens of the brucella, yersinia and salmonella organisms. The protective effect could be passively transferred by serum and was probably mediated by IgM antibodies.", "contents": "The relationship between the protective and cross-reacting antigens of Brucella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica 0:9 and Salmonella serotypes of Kauffmann-White group N. Vaccination with killed cells of Brucella abortus, Yersinia enterocolitica 0:9 and Salmonella neusdorf evoked cross-reacting antibodies in guinea pigs but only the homologous antigen effectively produced protective immunity to Br. abortus. None of these preparations induced protective immunity to Y. enterocolitica in gerbils but all stimulated protective immunity to S. landau in Balb/c mice. The antigenic determinants responsible for protective immunity to salmonella infection were located on the cross-reacting lipopolysaccharide-peptide agglutinogens of the brucella, yersinia and salmonella organisms. The protective effect could be passively transferred by serum and was probably mediated by IgM antibodies.", "PMID": 119612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13905", "title": "Antigenicity of protein and lipopolysaccharide from Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "The rabbits infected intravenously with viable Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.) produced the precipitating antibodies against a protein component as well as lipopolysaccharide of the organism. The production of the precipitins against protein antigen persisted for a long period of time even after the O-agglutinins had disappeared. The rabbits infected orally with the organism produced only the precipitins against protein antigen, and the amount of the antibody was equal to or greater than that of intravenous infection. The same precipitins that rabbits produced were detected even in human patients with yersiniosis showing O-agglutinin titers as low as less than or equal to 1:20. The antibody titers of mice infected with Y.e. were markedly lower than those of rabbits.", "contents": "Antigenicity of protein and lipopolysaccharide from Yersinia enterocolitica. The rabbits infected intravenously with viable Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.) produced the precipitating antibodies against a protein component as well as lipopolysaccharide of the organism. The production of the precipitins against protein antigen persisted for a long period of time even after the O-agglutinins had disappeared. The rabbits infected orally with the organism produced only the precipitins against protein antigen, and the amount of the antibody was equal to or greater than that of intravenous infection. The same precipitins that rabbits produced were detected even in human patients with yersiniosis showing O-agglutinin titers as low as less than or equal to 1:20. The antibody titers of mice infected with Y.e. were markedly lower than those of rabbits.", "PMID": 119613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13906", "title": "Sites of insertion of TnA and TnM in RP1 and its derivatives.", "content": "The sites of insertion of TnM into the plasmid RP1, into derivatives of RP1 lacking TnA, and into derivatives in which the location of TnA within RP1 has been altered, were determined. Similarly, the sites of insertion of TnA into derivatives of RP1 from which TnA had been deleted, both with and without copies of TnM, have been examined. These studies show the presence in the plasmids of 'hot-spots' for TnA and TnM insertion. It is clear from the observations, however, that a particular DNA sequence in the recipient replicon is not sufficient to definite a 'hot-spot' since particular sequences sometimes do, and sometimes do not, contain many sites of insertion for a given transposon.", "contents": "Sites of insertion of TnA and TnM in RP1 and its derivatives. The sites of insertion of TnM into the plasmid RP1, into derivatives of RP1 lacking TnA, and into derivatives in which the location of TnA within RP1 has been altered, were determined. Similarly, the sites of insertion of TnA into derivatives of RP1 from which TnA had been deleted, both with and without copies of TnM, have been examined. These studies show the presence in the plasmids of 'hot-spots' for TnA and TnM insertion. It is clear from the observations, however, that a particular DNA sequence in the recipient replicon is not sufficient to definite a 'hot-spot' since particular sequences sometimes do, and sometimes do not, contain many sites of insertion for a given transposon.", "PMID": 119614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13907", "title": "Recombination nodules and synaptonemal complex in recombination-defective females of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The cytological effects of mutant alleles of the mei-9, mei-218, and mei-41 loci during prophase I have been examined by electron microscopy. None of these mutants affect synaptonemal complex structure, continuity, or temporal behavior. Both the precondition-defective mutants mei-218 and mei-41 affect both number and morphology of spherical recombination nodules and apparently affect at least the numbers of ellipsoidal recombination nodules, whereas in the exchange-defective mutant mei-9 the numbers and morphologies of both ellipsoidal and spherical recombination nodules are normal. The parallel effects of mei-218 and mei-41 on meiotic recombination and on recombination nodules indicate that spherical recombination nodules at least mark the site of exchange events; the effects of these mutants on nodule morphology suggest that the nodule performs an active role in the recombination process. The nodule phenotype of mei-9 indicates that spherical nodules are present, and presumably functioning, well before the concluding stages of the recombination event. The parallel effects of all 3 mutants on ellipsoidal and spherical nodules indicate that these are indeed related structures but does not ellucidate the nature of the relationship. It is suggested that all aspects of meiotic recombination are under the aegis of recombination nodules.", "contents": "Recombination nodules and synaptonemal complex in recombination-defective females of Drosophila melanogaster. The cytological effects of mutant alleles of the mei-9, mei-218, and mei-41 loci during prophase I have been examined by electron microscopy. None of these mutants affect synaptonemal complex structure, continuity, or temporal behavior. Both the precondition-defective mutants mei-218 and mei-41 affect both number and morphology of spherical recombination nodules and apparently affect at least the numbers of ellipsoidal recombination nodules, whereas in the exchange-defective mutant mei-9 the numbers and morphologies of both ellipsoidal and spherical recombination nodules are normal. The parallel effects of mei-218 and mei-41 on meiotic recombination and on recombination nodules indicate that spherical recombination nodules at least mark the site of exchange events; the effects of these mutants on nodule morphology suggest that the nodule performs an active role in the recombination process. The nodule phenotype of mei-9 indicates that spherical nodules are present, and presumably functioning, well before the concluding stages of the recombination event. The parallel effects of all 3 mutants on ellipsoidal and spherical nodules indicate that these are indeed related structures but does not ellucidate the nature of the relationship. It is suggested that all aspects of meiotic recombination are under the aegis of recombination nodules.", "PMID": 119618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13908", "title": "Monoclonal immunoglobulinaemia in rheumatological practice.", "content": "Monoclonal immunoglobulinaemia is the manifestation of a number of diseases with a quite different prognosis. In some instances in can be associated with articular symptomatology. The authors present an analysis of case-records of four patients where monoclonal immunoglobulinaemia was associated with signs of rheumatic disease--oligoarthritis or polyarthritis of the rheumatoid type. In one instance Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and hyperviscosity syndrome was involved. In another patient a myeloma was diagnosed. In the remaining two patients a more benign type of monoclonal immunoglobulinaemia was involved.", "contents": "Monoclonal immunoglobulinaemia in rheumatological practice. Monoclonal immunoglobulinaemia is the manifestation of a number of diseases with a quite different prognosis. In some instances in can be associated with articular symptomatology. The authors present an analysis of case-records of four patients where monoclonal immunoglobulinaemia was associated with signs of rheumatic disease--oligoarthritis or polyarthritis of the rheumatoid type. In one instance Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and hyperviscosity syndrome was involved. In another patient a myeloma was diagnosed. In the remaining two patients a more benign type of monoclonal immunoglobulinaemia was involved.", "PMID": 119619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13909", "title": "A new method for x-ray examination of the anterior-posterior stress of the ankle: technical note.", "content": "In spite of its relative reliability, X-ray examinations in anterior-posterior stress of the ankle are frequently made for diagnosing a lesion of a lateral ligament. A new method is presented.", "contents": "A new method for x-ray examination of the anterior-posterior stress of the ankle: technical note. In spite of its relative reliability, X-ray examinations in anterior-posterior stress of the ankle are frequently made for diagnosing a lesion of a lateral ligament. A new method is presented.", "PMID": 119620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13910", "title": "New approaches to ophthalmic electrodiagnosis by retinal oscillatory potential, drug-induced responses from retinal pigment epithelium and cone potential.", "content": "New clinical methods are proposed to assess (1) neuronal activities of the retinal inner layers including amacrine cells by means of the oscillatory potential, (2) photopic function through the rapid decay in the off-response and (3) activities of the retinal pigment epithelium through susceptibility of the standing potential of the eye to osmotic stress and to Diamox. These new methods are able to reveal otherwise undetectable retinal disorders.", "contents": "New approaches to ophthalmic electrodiagnosis by retinal oscillatory potential, drug-induced responses from retinal pigment epithelium and cone potential. New clinical methods are proposed to assess (1) neuronal activities of the retinal inner layers including amacrine cells by means of the oscillatory potential, (2) photopic function through the rapid decay in the off-response and (3) activities of the retinal pigment epithelium through susceptibility of the standing potential of the eye to osmotic stress and to Diamox. These new methods are able to reveal otherwise undetectable retinal disorders.", "PMID": 119621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13911", "title": "Renin activity and concentrations of angiotensin I and II in amniotic fluid of normal and Rh-sensitized pregnancies.", "content": "Renin activity and the concentrations of angiotensin I and angiotensin II in amniotic fluid of second- and third-trimester pregnancies were determined by radioimmunoassay. Between the 28th and 38th wk of gestation, the mean renin activity in the amniotic fluid was higher than during early pregnancy (before the 18th wk of gestation). Both renin activity and the concentrations of angiotensin I and II were increased on some cases of Rh-incompatibility. One to two weeks after the administration of betamethasone to the mother with threatened premature delivery, the intra-amniotic renin--angiotensin system was slightly suppressed. In urine samples of newborns, angiotensin concentrations were in the same range as those found in the amniotic fluid; renin activity was very low or undetectable in the urine of male neonates (1--7 days of age). Thus, angiotensin II in the amniotic fluid may be derived both from fetal urine and/or as the product of enzymatic reactions in the amniotic sac; the latter is dependent not only on the presence of renin and converting enzyme but also on the local renin substrate (angiotensinogen) concentration.", "contents": "Renin activity and concentrations of angiotensin I and II in amniotic fluid of normal and Rh-sensitized pregnancies. Renin activity and the concentrations of angiotensin I and angiotensin II in amniotic fluid of second- and third-trimester pregnancies were determined by radioimmunoassay. Between the 28th and 38th wk of gestation, the mean renin activity in the amniotic fluid was higher than during early pregnancy (before the 18th wk of gestation). Both renin activity and the concentrations of angiotensin I and II were increased on some cases of Rh-incompatibility. One to two weeks after the administration of betamethasone to the mother with threatened premature delivery, the intra-amniotic renin--angiotensin system was slightly suppressed. In urine samples of newborns, angiotensin concentrations were in the same range as those found in the amniotic fluid; renin activity was very low or undetectable in the urine of male neonates (1--7 days of age). Thus, angiotensin II in the amniotic fluid may be derived both from fetal urine and/or as the product of enzymatic reactions in the amniotic sac; the latter is dependent not only on the presence of renin and converting enzyme but also on the local renin substrate (angiotensinogen) concentration.", "PMID": 119623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13912", "title": "[Age dependence of the P2 amplitudes of visually evoked cortical responses to checkerboard pattern reversal (author's transl)].", "content": "The age dependence of the P2 amplitudes of visually evoked cortical responses to checkerboard pattern reversal was examined in 72 healthy individuals of between 10 and 69 years of age. Separate examination of the right and left eye yielded no statistically significant differences in P2 amplitudes. An age dependence of the P2 amplitudes was discovered inasmuch as healthy individuals under 25 years and over 55 are--with high statistical significance--apt to show higher P2 amplitudes than healthy individuals in the remaining life span.", "contents": "[Age dependence of the P2 amplitudes of visually evoked cortical responses to checkerboard pattern reversal (author's transl)]. The age dependence of the P2 amplitudes of visually evoked cortical responses to checkerboard pattern reversal was examined in 72 healthy individuals of between 10 and 69 years of age. Separate examination of the right and left eye yielded no statistically significant differences in P2 amplitudes. An age dependence of the P2 amplitudes was discovered inasmuch as healthy individuals under 25 years and over 55 are--with high statistical significance--apt to show higher P2 amplitudes than healthy individuals in the remaining life span.", "PMID": 119630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13913", "title": "[The stereo-electroencephalographic correlate of psychical seizures (author's transl)].", "content": "During stereo-EEG on drug resistant epileptic patients \"psychical seizures\" such as illusions, hallucinations, strange emotions and disturbances of thinking  were observed. The depth recordings of the presented cases reveal the epileptic nature of these psychic phenomena. Elementary illusions and hallucinations can often be correlated with circumscribed discharges in cortical representation areas. Larger areas of the temporal lobe are found to be involved regularly in the more complex hallucinations. Emotional changes are strongly linked to the limbic system whereas \"intellectual auras\" or other disturbances of thinking are attributed to paroxystic dysfunctions of mainly frontal areas. The discussion deals with the relationship between psychomotor epilepsy and psychosis as well as the relationship between the frequency of seizures and psychic and/or behavioral disturbances. In this context a possible explanation of the so-called \"forced normalization\" of the EEG is given.", "contents": "[The stereo-electroencephalographic correlate of psychical seizures (author's transl)]. During stereo-EEG on drug resistant epileptic patients \"psychical seizures\" such as illusions, hallucinations, strange emotions and disturbances of thinking  were observed. The depth recordings of the presented cases reveal the epileptic nature of these psychic phenomena. Elementary illusions and hallucinations can often be correlated with circumscribed discharges in cortical representation areas. Larger areas of the temporal lobe are found to be involved regularly in the more complex hallucinations. Emotional changes are strongly linked to the limbic system whereas \"intellectual auras\" or other disturbances of thinking are attributed to paroxystic dysfunctions of mainly frontal areas. The discussion deals with the relationship between psychomotor epilepsy and psychosis as well as the relationship between the frequency of seizures and psychic and/or behavioral disturbances. In this context a possible explanation of the so-called \"forced normalization\" of the EEG is given.", "PMID": 119631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13914", "title": "[Factor analysis of spectral EEG-data. Models of application in pharmaco-elektroencephalography (author's transl)].", "content": "The factor analysis of spectral EEG values is a data-reducing and also a structural analytical procedure. This procedure enables the numerous frequency variables obtained by spectral analysis to be replaced by a more clearly arranged system of independent complex spectral variables (spectral or frequency factors), while at the same time the interrelations which exist between the individual frequency variables are taken into consideration. The use of this information elucidates the substantial dimensions of spectral configurations, the relationship of the frequency components which constitute them and their factor scores under various conditions. We have used several application models obtained in the course of pharmacoencephalographical examinations which are based on the procedure of a not fully developed multi-model factor analysis; on the basis of these models we have shown how, in a problem-orientated application of the factor analysis, well interpretable information can be gained on the relevant dimensions of the pattern of the brain electric activity, their dynamics and their topical localisation.", "contents": "[Factor analysis of spectral EEG-data. Models of application in pharmaco-elektroencephalography (author's transl)]. The factor analysis of spectral EEG values is a data-reducing and also a structural analytical procedure. This procedure enables the numerous frequency variables obtained by spectral analysis to be replaced by a more clearly arranged system of independent complex spectral variables (spectral or frequency factors), while at the same time the interrelations which exist between the individual frequency variables are taken into consideration. The use of this information elucidates the substantial dimensions of spectral configurations, the relationship of the frequency components which constitute them and their factor scores under various conditions. We have used several application models obtained in the course of pharmacoencephalographical examinations which are based on the procedure of a not fully developed multi-model factor analysis; on the basis of these models we have shown how, in a problem-orientated application of the factor analysis, well interpretable information can be gained on the relevant dimensions of the pattern of the brain electric activity, their dynamics and their topical localisation.", "PMID": 119632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13915", "title": "[A practicable method of polygraphic investigations in preterm and fullterm neonates (author's transl)].", "content": "Polygraphic recording techniques (simultaneous recording of several physiological variables) have been used earlier in investigations of normal newborn and preterm infants. The clinical value of prolonged polygraphic recordings in highrisk neonates is well-known. The main-purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a clinically practicable method of polygraphic recording technique, needing no more than two hours recording-time and its interpretation by means of visual analysis.", "contents": "[A practicable method of polygraphic investigations in preterm and fullterm neonates (author's transl)]. Polygraphic recording techniques (simultaneous recording of several physiological variables) have been used earlier in investigations of normal newborn and preterm infants. The clinical value of prolonged polygraphic recordings in highrisk neonates is well-known. The main-purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a clinically practicable method of polygraphic recording technique, needing no more than two hours recording-time and its interpretation by means of visual analysis.", "PMID": 119633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13916", "title": "[Measure of skin resistance (dermatophoria) in children with headaches (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1942 a curve of skin conductibility to direct current was described in Prague. It is a slow or steep rising of intensity in the few seconds following the introduction of the 12 V current to the hand from the dorsum to the palm. This method has been called dermatophoria. This curve is characteristical for a given individual and it is different in paretic (central and peripheral) limbs, generally more flat. In children the curves are steeper. However, abnormally steep there are in 57% of juvenile vasomotor headaches. Dermatophoria is therefore promising to be an objective method in diagnosis of children's headache.", "contents": "[Measure of skin resistance (dermatophoria) in children with headaches (author's transl)]. In 1942 a curve of skin conductibility to direct current was described in Prague. It is a slow or steep rising of intensity in the few seconds following the introduction of the 12 V current to the hand from the dorsum to the palm. This method has been called dermatophoria. This curve is characteristical for a given individual and it is different in paretic (central and peripheral) limbs, generally more flat. In children the curves are steeper. However, abnormally steep there are in 57% of juvenile vasomotor headaches. Dermatophoria is therefore promising to be an objective method in diagnosis of children's headache.", "PMID": 119634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13917", "title": "Urinary cortisol and cortisol metabolites in women with idiopathic hirsutism.", "content": "Urinary unconjugated cortisol, total 17-oxogenic steroids and cortisol metabolites (THF, allo-THF, THE, cortol and cortolone) were measured in 90 normal women and in 90 women with idiopathic hirsutism of comparable age group. After carrying out Student's \"t\"-test, the mean steroid excretion values in hirsute women were significantly higher than those from normal females. The results indicate that, due to stress, these hirsute women do have altered adrenocortical function, as assessed by the estimation of these corticosteroids of which urinary unconjugated cortisol was found to be the most sensitive index.", "contents": "Urinary cortisol and cortisol metabolites in women with idiopathic hirsutism. Urinary unconjugated cortisol, total 17-oxogenic steroids and cortisol metabolites (THF, allo-THF, THE, cortol and cortolone) were measured in 90 normal women and in 90 women with idiopathic hirsutism of comparable age group. After carrying out Student's \"t\"-test, the mean steroid excretion values in hirsute women were significantly higher than those from normal females. The results indicate that, due to stress, these hirsute women do have altered adrenocortical function, as assessed by the estimation of these corticosteroids of which urinary unconjugated cortisol was found to be the most sensitive index.", "PMID": 119635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13918", "title": "Plasma renin activity in diabetic patients.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) in 40 diabetic patients and 42 healthy controls was investigated using the method of Pickens in modification of Serebrovskaja et al. (1967). PRA was slightly lower in the whole group of diabetes but the difference was not significant. The subgroup of 20 maturity-onset diabetics had significantly lower PRA in comparison with 22 controls of similar age, while PRA in juvenile diabetics did not differ significantly from matched controls. In patients without clinical signs and symptoms of microangiopathy PRA was as high as in the controls. In diabetics with microangiopathy PRA was significantly lower. PRA was also lower in patients with longer duration of the disease. The stimulation of juxtaglomerular apparatus with sodium free diet and diuretic drugs resulted in an increase of PRA both in controls and diabetics. This suggests a functional depression of PRA in diabetic patients. In diabetics with ketoacidosis PRA was higher than in control subjects and decreased after disappearance of ketoacidosis. A high level was recorded in a patient with hyperosmolar coma and a very low level in a patient with polyneuropathy and severe orthostatic hypotension. The possible mechanisms involved in the changes of PRA in diabetic patients are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in diabetic patients. Plasma renin activity (PRA) in 40 diabetic patients and 42 healthy controls was investigated using the method of Pickens in modification of Serebrovskaja et al. (1967). PRA was slightly lower in the whole group of diabetes but the difference was not significant. The subgroup of 20 maturity-onset diabetics had significantly lower PRA in comparison with 22 controls of similar age, while PRA in juvenile diabetics did not differ significantly from matched controls. In patients without clinical signs and symptoms of microangiopathy PRA was as high as in the controls. In diabetics with microangiopathy PRA was significantly lower. PRA was also lower in patients with longer duration of the disease. The stimulation of juxtaglomerular apparatus with sodium free diet and diuretic drugs resulted in an increase of PRA both in controls and diabetics. This suggests a functional depression of PRA in diabetic patients. In diabetics with ketoacidosis PRA was higher than in control subjects and decreased after disappearance of ketoacidosis. A high level was recorded in a patient with hyperosmolar coma and a very low level in a patient with polyneuropathy and severe orthostatic hypotension. The possible mechanisms involved in the changes of PRA in diabetic patients are discussed.", "PMID": 119636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13919", "title": "Inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 multifunctional oxidase by N-propargyl analogs of SKF-525 A and acetylmethadol.", "content": "New N-propargyl analogs of SKF-525A and acetyl methadol were tested for their inhibitory potency toward P-450 multifunctional oxidase. Metabolism of these analogs appears to be different from the metabolism of SKF-525 A itself; no N-dealkylated species were detected, --in vitro N-demethylation of aminopyrine and spectrofluorometric measurements support the hypothesis of an interaction between the hepatic flavo-protein and the acetylenic function of the inhibitors.", "contents": "Inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 multifunctional oxidase by N-propargyl analogs of SKF-525 A and acetylmethadol. New N-propargyl analogs of SKF-525A and acetyl methadol were tested for their inhibitory potency toward P-450 multifunctional oxidase. Metabolism of these analogs appears to be different from the metabolism of SKF-525 A itself; no N-dealkylated species were detected, --in vitro N-demethylation of aminopyrine and spectrofluorometric measurements support the hypothesis of an interaction between the hepatic flavo-protein and the acetylenic function of the inhibitors.", "PMID": 119638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13920", "title": "Extrapancreatic action of sulphonylureas: effect of gliquidone on insulin and glucagon binding to rat liver plasma membranes.", "content": "Gliquidone (a second generation sulphonylurea) was administered orally to normal rats 1 h before killing. Gliquidone treatment led to a decrease in plasma glucose, an increase in insulin and a diminution in glucagon concentration. Insulin binding to liver plasma membranes was enhanced by 40% in comparison with controls, whereas glucagon binding was slightly diminished. These findings indicate a greater sensitivity of liver cells to insulin during sulphonylurea treatment and support the view that sulphonylureas potentiate insulin action on the liver.", "contents": "Extrapancreatic action of sulphonylureas: effect of gliquidone on insulin and glucagon binding to rat liver plasma membranes. Gliquidone (a second generation sulphonylurea) was administered orally to normal rats 1 h before killing. Gliquidone treatment led to a decrease in plasma glucose, an increase in insulin and a diminution in glucagon concentration. Insulin binding to liver plasma membranes was enhanced by 40% in comparison with controls, whereas glucagon binding was slightly diminished. These findings indicate a greater sensitivity of liver cells to insulin during sulphonylurea treatment and support the view that sulphonylureas potentiate insulin action on the liver.", "PMID": 119639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13921", "title": "Urinary bile acids during development of recurrent cholestasis of pregnancy.", "content": "The pregnancies of two patients with mild intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (RCP) were followed with detailed analyses of bile acids in urine. About twenty-five different bile acids were determined by GC/MS following separation according to mode of conjugation. The results were collated with the clinical course of the disease. The first detectable change in bile acid excretion was the appearance of tetrahydroxylated bile acids at about the 30th gestational week. Somewhat later and concomitant with the rise in urinary oestriol, the total bile acid excretion started to increase. In one of the patients, who had a maximum total excretion of 84 mumol/24 h, deoxycholic acid was a major constituent, comprising about 40% of the total. The same patient had only slightly elevated levels of tetrahydroxylated bile acids and serum amino-transferases. The possible effect of low-fat diet on these results is discussed. Monohydroxylated bile acids were present throughout the pregnancies in small amounts and their role as aetiological factors is discussed. The care of RCP patients is outlined, and the need for simple, specific and quantitative methods for following the course of RCP is pointed out.", "contents": "Urinary bile acids during development of recurrent cholestasis of pregnancy. The pregnancies of two patients with mild intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (RCP) were followed with detailed analyses of bile acids in urine. About twenty-five different bile acids were determined by GC/MS following separation according to mode of conjugation. The results were collated with the clinical course of the disease. The first detectable change in bile acid excretion was the appearance of tetrahydroxylated bile acids at about the 30th gestational week. Somewhat later and concomitant with the rise in urinary oestriol, the total bile acid excretion started to increase. In one of the patients, who had a maximum total excretion of 84 mumol/24 h, deoxycholic acid was a major constituent, comprising about 40% of the total. The same patient had only slightly elevated levels of tetrahydroxylated bile acids and serum amino-transferases. The possible effect of low-fat diet on these results is discussed. Monohydroxylated bile acids were present throughout the pregnancies in small amounts and their role as aetiological factors is discussed. The care of RCP patients is outlined, and the need for simple, specific and quantitative methods for following the course of RCP is pointed out.", "PMID": 119640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13922", "title": "[Blood serum insulin concentration in children with protein-calorie malnutrition].", "content": "Fasting blood serum insulin, glucose and K+ ions concentrations were estimated in 50 children with protein calorie malnutrition. These children were born with the normal body weight or with symptoms of intrauterine dystrophy. 40 healthy children of the same age, with normal chronologic body weight were included into the control group. The results of IRI, glucose and K+ ions concentrations were evaluated statistically by Student's t test. The statistically significant lowering of the IRI level and statistically insignificant lowering in glucose and K+ ions concentrations were found in children with malnutrition if compared to control group.", "contents": "[Blood serum insulin concentration in children with protein-calorie malnutrition]. Fasting blood serum insulin, glucose and K+ ions concentrations were estimated in 50 children with protein calorie malnutrition. These children were born with the normal body weight or with symptoms of intrauterine dystrophy. 40 healthy children of the same age, with normal chronologic body weight were included into the control group. The results of IRI, glucose and K+ ions concentrations were evaluated statistically by Student's t test. The statistically significant lowering of the IRI level and statistically insignificant lowering in glucose and K+ ions concentrations were found in children with malnutrition if compared to control group.", "PMID": 119637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13923", "title": "Urinary bile acids in late pregnancy and in recurrent cholestasis of pregnancy.", "content": "The metabolic profiles of urinary bile acids in pregnant women in the last trimester and patients with recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (RCP) were studied. Following separation according to mode of conjugation, about thirty different bile acids were quantitatively analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In all patients the sulphate fraction comprised 50--90% of the total bile acids. In RCP a shift from glycine to taurine conjugation was noted to together with a slight relative increase in sulphation. A ten- to hundred-fold increase in cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids was seen in RCP, the increase being mainly in the sulphate fraction. Tetrahydroxylated bile acids, tentatively regarded as 1- and 6-hydroxylated products of cholic acid, were quantitatively important in patients with RCP. The relative amounts of the secondary bile acids, deoxycholic and lithocholic acids, decreased with increasing cholestasis. Metabolites hydroxylated at C-6 were common, and the excretion of hydroxylated at C-6 were common, and the excretion of hyocholic acid was positively correlated to that of chenodeoxycholic acid. An increase in the excretion of 5 alpha-configurated bile acids in RCP was noted. A positive correlation between the excretion of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid and 3 beta,12 alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholenoic acid indicates a metabolic relationship between the two compounds. Because of the relatively small amounts of lithocholic and 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acids in patients with RCP, these compounds do not seem to be of pathogenetic importance in this type of cholestasis.", "contents": "Urinary bile acids in late pregnancy and in recurrent cholestasis of pregnancy. The metabolic profiles of urinary bile acids in pregnant women in the last trimester and patients with recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (RCP) were studied. Following separation according to mode of conjugation, about thirty different bile acids were quantitatively analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In all patients the sulphate fraction comprised 50--90% of the total bile acids. In RCP a shift from glycine to taurine conjugation was noted to together with a slight relative increase in sulphation. A ten- to hundred-fold increase in cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids was seen in RCP, the increase being mainly in the sulphate fraction. Tetrahydroxylated bile acids, tentatively regarded as 1- and 6-hydroxylated products of cholic acid, were quantitatively important in patients with RCP. The relative amounts of the secondary bile acids, deoxycholic and lithocholic acids, decreased with increasing cholestasis. Metabolites hydroxylated at C-6 were common, and the excretion of hydroxylated at C-6 were common, and the excretion of hyocholic acid was positively correlated to that of chenodeoxycholic acid. An increase in the excretion of 5 alpha-configurated bile acids in RCP was noted. A positive correlation between the excretion of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid and 3 beta,12 alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholenoic acid indicates a metabolic relationship between the two compounds. Because of the relatively small amounts of lithocholic and 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acids in patients with RCP, these compounds do not seem to be of pathogenetic importance in this type of cholestasis.", "PMID": 119641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13924", "title": "Influence of meal frequency on diurnal lipid, glucose and insulin levels in normal subjects on a high fat diet; comparison with data obtained on a high carbohydrate diet.", "content": "Diurnal levels of serum triglyceride (TG) were measured in six normal persons consuming a fixed solid 65% fat diet under steady state conditions in a metabolic unit. The food was divided into either three or eight similar portions, differently spaced over the day and night. The diurnal TG-profiles on this diet were practically identical to those found under comparable conditions on a 65% carbohydrate diet [1]. Mean diurnal TG values did not significantly differ with varying meal frequency. Free fatty acid levels, however, were significantly higher on a high fat diet. Post-prandial glucose and insulin reponses did not significantly differ whether a high fat diet or a high carbohydrate diet was consumed. We conclude that the composition of the diet is of little importance in determining diurnal TG patterns when the diet consists of normal food stuffs, but that these patterns are dependent on meal frequency and distribution.", "contents": "Influence of meal frequency on diurnal lipid, glucose and insulin levels in normal subjects on a high fat diet; comparison with data obtained on a high carbohydrate diet. Diurnal levels of serum triglyceride (TG) were measured in six normal persons consuming a fixed solid 65% fat diet under steady state conditions in a metabolic unit. The food was divided into either three or eight similar portions, differently spaced over the day and night. The diurnal TG-profiles on this diet were practically identical to those found under comparable conditions on a 65% carbohydrate diet [1]. Mean diurnal TG values did not significantly differ with varying meal frequency. Free fatty acid levels, however, were significantly higher on a high fat diet. Post-prandial glucose and insulin reponses did not significantly differ whether a high fat diet or a high carbohydrate diet was consumed. We conclude that the composition of the diet is of little importance in determining diurnal TG patterns when the diet consists of normal food stuffs, but that these patterns are dependent on meal frequency and distribution.", "PMID": 119642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13925", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for type III procollagen peptide and its application to human liver disease.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay was developed for the precursor-specific peptide segment located at the amino end of bovine type III procollagen. Human material showed high cross-reactivity in this assay. Two forms of human procollagen peptides were detected in body fluids. The larger peptide (45K) was found in serum and ascites, and resembled the whole precursor-specific segment which is presumably released from human type III procollagen by a single enzymatic cleavage. The smaller peptide (10K) was found mainly in urine indicating that further degradation of circulating procollagen peptides is required prior to their passage through the kidney. Compared to peptide concentrations in normal human serum two to twenty-fold increases were observed in all patients with alcoholic liver disease, in fifteen of seventeen patients with acute hepatitis, and in ten of fourteen patients with chronic active hepatitis. Much higher levels were detected in ascites fluid. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases showed far smaller elevations of the serum peptide. In alcoholic liver disease peptide levels correlated well with inflammation and necrosis observed in liver biopsies, but not with other laboratory parameters.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for type III procollagen peptide and its application to human liver disease. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay was developed for the precursor-specific peptide segment located at the amino end of bovine type III procollagen. Human material showed high cross-reactivity in this assay. Two forms of human procollagen peptides were detected in body fluids. The larger peptide (45K) was found in serum and ascites, and resembled the whole precursor-specific segment which is presumably released from human type III procollagen by a single enzymatic cleavage. The smaller peptide (10K) was found mainly in urine indicating that further degradation of circulating procollagen peptides is required prior to their passage through the kidney. Compared to peptide concentrations in normal human serum two to twenty-fold increases were observed in all patients with alcoholic liver disease, in fifteen of seventeen patients with acute hepatitis, and in ten of fourteen patients with chronic active hepatitis. Much higher levels were detected in ascites fluid. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases showed far smaller elevations of the serum peptide. In alcoholic liver disease peptide levels correlated well with inflammation and necrosis observed in liver biopsies, but not with other laboratory parameters.", "PMID": 119643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13926", "title": "The effect of puromycin on subepithelial deposits induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens: a quantitative study.", "content": "The mechanism of the GN induced by the intravenous injection of antibodies directed against renal tubular epithelial antigens (RTE) was studied by the use of antibody specifically purified by affinity chromatography. With this reagent RTE antigens could be demonstrated on frozen sections of glomeruli as well as on glomerular cells in culture. The antibodies were radiolabelled, and using paired label techniques glomerular binding could be measured in vivo. In normal rats, approximately 4% of the antibody injected was specifically bound in the glomeruli. Binding was not detectable on proximal tubular brush borders. In rats treated with 100 mg/kg of aminonucleoside of puromycin, a substance known to induce alterations of glomerular epithelial cells, it could be shown that glomerular binding was selectively decreased. These observations indicate that immune deposits in passive Heyman nephitis are formed mainly in situ and that local alteration of the glomerulus can markedly influence deposit formation.", "contents": "The effect of puromycin on subepithelial deposits induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens: a quantitative study. The mechanism of the GN induced by the intravenous injection of antibodies directed against renal tubular epithelial antigens (RTE) was studied by the use of antibody specifically purified by affinity chromatography. With this reagent RTE antigens could be demonstrated on frozen sections of glomeruli as well as on glomerular cells in culture. The antibodies were radiolabelled, and using paired label techniques glomerular binding could be measured in vivo. In normal rats, approximately 4% of the antibody injected was specifically bound in the glomeruli. Binding was not detectable on proximal tubular brush borders. In rats treated with 100 mg/kg of aminonucleoside of puromycin, a substance known to induce alterations of glomerular epithelial cells, it could be shown that glomerular binding was selectively decreased. These observations indicate that immune deposits in passive Heyman nephitis are formed mainly in situ and that local alteration of the glomerulus can markedly influence deposit formation.", "PMID": 119645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13927", "title": "Free insulin, bound insulin, C-peptide and the metabolic control in juvenile onset diabetics: comparison of C-peptide secretors and non-secretors during 24 hours conventional insulin therapy.", "content": "In two groups of juvenile onset diabetics similar in age, weight, diet and daily insulin dosage (eight without C-peptide, group I; eight with C-peptide, group II) the serum levels of free and antibody bound insulin, C-peptide, glucose, lactate, alanine and FFA were determined over 24 h. In addition the affinity and binding capacity of the insulin antibodies were determined in vitro. No correlation was found between free or bound insulin and glucose. This holds true for the individual profiles as well as for the averaged profiles of the two groups. Free insulin and lactate or alanine were positively correlated in the C-peptide secreting group. C-peptide secretion followed the flucturations of the glucose level during 24 h in each individual patient. As a group, C-peptide secretors were better controlled than non-secretors with respect to mean blood glucose, M-value and the lability index and showed higher free insulin levels despite a similar daily insulin dosage. The possible reasons for this fact are discussed. No correlation was found between the affinity characteristics of the insulin antibodies and the degree of metabolic control or the daily insulin dosage.", "contents": "Free insulin, bound insulin, C-peptide and the metabolic control in juvenile onset diabetics: comparison of C-peptide secretors and non-secretors during 24 hours conventional insulin therapy. In two groups of juvenile onset diabetics similar in age, weight, diet and daily insulin dosage (eight without C-peptide, group I; eight with C-peptide, group II) the serum levels of free and antibody bound insulin, C-peptide, glucose, lactate, alanine and FFA were determined over 24 h. In addition the affinity and binding capacity of the insulin antibodies were determined in vitro. No correlation was found between free or bound insulin and glucose. This holds true for the individual profiles as well as for the averaged profiles of the two groups. Free insulin and lactate or alanine were positively correlated in the C-peptide secreting group. C-peptide secretion followed the flucturations of the glucose level during 24 h in each individual patient. As a group, C-peptide secretors were better controlled than non-secretors with respect to mean blood glucose, M-value and the lability index and showed higher free insulin levels despite a similar daily insulin dosage. The possible reasons for this fact are discussed. No correlation was found between the affinity characteristics of the insulin antibodies and the degree of metabolic control or the daily insulin dosage.", "PMID": 119646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13928", "title": "Surface adhesive properties of baboon lymphocyte and derived lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "content": "Cell surface adhesiveness of lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of Papio hamadryas monkeys was compared to the adhesiveness of lymphoblastoid cell lines derived by transformation of these lymphocytes with herpesvirus Papio. For the quantitative comparison of the cell surface adhesive properties, a recently developed latex particle adherence assay was utilized. It was found that cell surface adhesiveness of the suspension lines was substantially lower than that of their precursor lymphocytes.", "contents": "Surface adhesive properties of baboon lymphocyte and derived lymphoblastoid cell lines. Cell surface adhesiveness of lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of Papio hamadryas monkeys was compared to the adhesiveness of lymphoblastoid cell lines derived by transformation of these lymphocytes with herpesvirus Papio. For the quantitative comparison of the cell surface adhesive properties, a recently developed latex particle adherence assay was utilized. It was found that cell surface adhesiveness of the suspension lines was substantially lower than that of their precursor lymphocytes.", "PMID": 119650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13929", "title": "Effect of phenobarbital, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and polychlorinated biphenyls on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.", "content": "Studies were made in rats on the tumor-enhancing effect of phenobarbital, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), singly and in combination, after exposure to diethylnitrosamine (DEN). In sequential exposure to one of these three chemicals after DEN, liver tumor production was markedly enhanced by PCB, and moderately by phenobarbital sodium, but minimal by DDT. In combined administration of two to three of them, PCB took a dominant role in tumor enhancement, but their overall tumor enhancement did not exceed that of PCB alone.", "contents": "Effect of phenobarbital, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and polychlorinated biphenyls on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Studies were made in rats on the tumor-enhancing effect of phenobarbital, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), singly and in combination, after exposure to diethylnitrosamine (DEN). In sequential exposure to one of these three chemicals after DEN, liver tumor production was markedly enhanced by PCB, and moderately by phenobarbital sodium, but minimal by DDT. In combined administration of two to three of them, PCB took a dominant role in tumor enhancement, but their overall tumor enhancement did not exceed that of PCB alone.", "PMID": 119661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13930", "title": "The prophage of SP beta c2dcitK1, A defective specialized transducing phage of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The defective specialized transducing phage SP beta c2dcitK1 carries two known bacterial genes, kauA and citK, as well as SP beta hage markers including the heat-sensitive repressor allele, c2. Some phage genes (including essential ones) are missing. When SP beta c2dcitK1 transduces SP beta-sensitive cells of Bacillus subtilis, the defective prophage is inserted into sites in the homologous bacterial DNA of the attSP beta-kauA-citK region of the recipient chromosome. During the growth of these transductants, occasional excisions occur that result in the loss of the phage genes and of the heterogenotic state. These excisions increase greatly in frequency during growth at repressor-inactivating temperatures. The kinds of insertions and excisions seen suggest that a Campbell-type (CAMPBELL 1962) circular phage genome may occur transiently. If the transductants are superinfected by SP beta c2 or by the clear-plaque mutant SP beta c1, the resulting double lysogen can be heat induced to release high-frequency-of-transduction (HFT) lysates for kauA and citK.", "contents": "The prophage of SP beta c2dcitK1, A defective specialized transducing phage of Bacillus subtilis. The defective specialized transducing phage SP beta c2dcitK1 carries two known bacterial genes, kauA and citK, as well as SP beta hage markers including the heat-sensitive repressor allele, c2. Some phage genes (including essential ones) are missing. When SP beta c2dcitK1 transduces SP beta-sensitive cells of Bacillus subtilis, the defective prophage is inserted into sites in the homologous bacterial DNA of the attSP beta-kauA-citK region of the recipient chromosome. During the growth of these transductants, occasional excisions occur that result in the loss of the phage genes and of the heterogenotic state. These excisions increase greatly in frequency during growth at repressor-inactivating temperatures. The kinds of insertions and excisions seen suggest that a Campbell-type (CAMPBELL 1962) circular phage genome may occur transiently. If the transductants are superinfected by SP beta c2 or by the clear-plaque mutant SP beta c1, the resulting double lysogen can be heat induced to release high-frequency-of-transduction (HFT) lysates for kauA and citK.", "PMID": 119663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13931", "title": "Genetic instability in Drosophila melanogaster: the induction of specific chromosome 2 deletions by MR elements.", "content": "We describe the spontaneous induction of deletions by MR elements at the l(2)gl, net, pr and cn loci. The frequent induction of l(2)gl deletions mimics the high frequency of l(2)gl alleles found in wild populations of D. melanogaster. We suggest that these and other data that we present militate for the conclusion that, in the wild, autonomous MR elements occur and function as mutators. We contend that MR elements are not simply the by-products of hybridization between wild and laboratory strains.", "contents": "Genetic instability in Drosophila melanogaster: the induction of specific chromosome 2 deletions by MR elements. We describe the spontaneous induction of deletions by MR elements at the l(2)gl, net, pr and cn loci. The frequent induction of l(2)gl deletions mimics the high frequency of l(2)gl alleles found in wild populations of D. melanogaster. We suggest that these and other data that we present militate for the conclusion that, in the wild, autonomous MR elements occur and function as mutators. We contend that MR elements are not simply the by-products of hybridization between wild and laboratory strains.", "PMID": 119664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13932", "title": "The effects of mutagen-sensitive mutants of Drosophila melanogaster in nonmutagenized cells.", "content": "The effects of 13 mutagen-sensitive (mus) mutants (representing seven loci) on mitotic chromosome stability in nonmutagenized cells have been examined genetically. To do this, mus-bearing flies heterozygous for the recessive somatic-cell marker, multiple wing hairs (mwh), were examined for increased frequencies of mwh clones in the wing blade. Mutants at the mus-103, mus-104 and mus-106 loci do not affect the frequency of mwh clones, while mus-101, mus-102, mus-105 and mus-109 alleles cause increases in the frequency of mwh clones. These data show that the wild-type alleles of latter four loci specify functions that are required for chromosome stability in nonmutagenized cells. Analysis of the size distribution of mwh clones produced by these mutants suggests that most chromosome instability caused by these mutants is the consequence of chromosome breakage; in the presence of mus-105 and mus-109 alleles a small fraction of the mwh clones are produced by an event (mitotic recombination, mutation, nondisjunction) that produces euploid clones. To inquire whether any of the extant alleles of the mus-101, mus-102, mus-105 and mus-109 loci might be leaky alleles of loci that carry out essential mitotic functions, chromosome stability in females homozygous for alleles of these loci has been compared to that of females carrying one dose of a mutant over a deficiency for that mus locus. These comparisons show that the extant alleles at the mus-101, mus-109 and mus-105 loci are all leaky mutants. It is suggested that all three of these loci may specify essential mitotic functions.", "contents": "The effects of mutagen-sensitive mutants of Drosophila melanogaster in nonmutagenized cells. The effects of 13 mutagen-sensitive (mus) mutants (representing seven loci) on mitotic chromosome stability in nonmutagenized cells have been examined genetically. To do this, mus-bearing flies heterozygous for the recessive somatic-cell marker, multiple wing hairs (mwh), were examined for increased frequencies of mwh clones in the wing blade. Mutants at the mus-103, mus-104 and mus-106 loci do not affect the frequency of mwh clones, while mus-101, mus-102, mus-105 and mus-109 alleles cause increases in the frequency of mwh clones. These data show that the wild-type alleles of latter four loci specify functions that are required for chromosome stability in nonmutagenized cells. Analysis of the size distribution of mwh clones produced by these mutants suggests that most chromosome instability caused by these mutants is the consequence of chromosome breakage; in the presence of mus-105 and mus-109 alleles a small fraction of the mwh clones are produced by an event (mitotic recombination, mutation, nondisjunction) that produces euploid clones. To inquire whether any of the extant alleles of the mus-101, mus-102, mus-105 and mus-109 loci might be leaky alleles of loci that carry out essential mitotic functions, chromosome stability in females homozygous for alleles of these loci has been compared to that of females carrying one dose of a mutant over a deficiency for that mus locus. These comparisons show that the extant alleles at the mus-101, mus-109 and mus-105 loci are all leaky mutants. It is suggested that all three of these loci may specify essential mitotic functions.", "PMID": 119665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13933", "title": "Spontaneous unequal exchange in the rosy region of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A selective system for recovery of exchanges between trans mutations at adjacent loci, l(3)S12 and rosy, is described. In addition to the expected crossover and conversion classes, two exceptional types of offspring were recovered. Triploid offspring arose as 0.01% of all zygotes; the diploid chromosome set was apparently of maternal origin. Nine tandem duplications derived from unequal exchange between nonsister homologues were recovered among 2.25 x 10(6) zygotes screened. From considerations of the proportion of the genome that was assayed in this system, and on the assumption that the rate of unequal exchange observed is typical for the genome as a whole, it appears that one unequal exchange occurs per 500 female meioses in Drosophila.", "contents": "Spontaneous unequal exchange in the rosy region of Drosophila melanogaster. A selective system for recovery of exchanges between trans mutations at adjacent loci, l(3)S12 and rosy, is described. In addition to the expected crossover and conversion classes, two exceptional types of offspring were recovered. Triploid offspring arose as 0.01% of all zygotes; the diploid chromosome set was apparently of maternal origin. Nine tandem duplications derived from unequal exchange between nonsister homologues were recovered among 2.25 x 10(6) zygotes screened. From considerations of the proportion of the genome that was assayed in this system, and on the assumption that the rate of unequal exchange observed is typical for the genome as a whole, it appears that one unequal exchange occurs per 500 female meioses in Drosophila.", "PMID": 119666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13934", "title": "Rapid change of chromomeric and pairing patterns of polytene chromosome tips in D. melanogaster: migration of polytene-nonpolytene transition zone?", "content": "The high variability of chromomeric patterns in near-terminal regions of polytene chromosome arms has been explored in a number of races, strains and hybrids of Drosophila melanogaster. Traditional explanations for tip differences between strains (differential compaction of chromatin, somatic or germinal deletion) are examined and, in the light of the reported observations, rejected. The range of polytene tip variability and rates of change in wild races are greater than has been supposed: strains formerly considered to be terminally deleted appear to gain terminal bands; others, formerly considered normal, appear to have lost them. Strains with high cell-to-cell tip variability are also described. Cell-to-cell variations, as well as much of the observed rapid changes in tip appearance, are probably due to heritable differences in the location of an abrupt transition zone between polytene and nonpolytene chromatin. A quantitative relationship between the amount of certain subterminal bands present and the frequency of tip association of nonhomologous chromosomes is shown and its possible significance for chromosome is shown and its possible for chromosome pairing discussed.", "contents": "Rapid change of chromomeric and pairing patterns of polytene chromosome tips in D. melanogaster: migration of polytene-nonpolytene transition zone? The high variability of chromomeric patterns in near-terminal regions of polytene chromosome arms has been explored in a number of races, strains and hybrids of Drosophila melanogaster. Traditional explanations for tip differences between strains (differential compaction of chromatin, somatic or germinal deletion) are examined and, in the light of the reported observations, rejected. The range of polytene tip variability and rates of change in wild races are greater than has been supposed: strains formerly considered to be terminally deleted appear to gain terminal bands; others, formerly considered normal, appear to have lost them. Strains with high cell-to-cell tip variability are also described. Cell-to-cell variations, as well as much of the observed rapid changes in tip appearance, are probably due to heritable differences in the location of an abrupt transition zone between polytene and nonpolytene chromatin. A quantitative relationship between the amount of certain subterminal bands present and the frequency of tip association of nonhomologous chromosomes is shown and its possible significance for chromosome is shown and its possible for chromosome pairing discussed.", "PMID": 119667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13935", "title": "The effect of abo phenotypic expression on ribosomal DNA instabilities in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The recessive maternal-effect mutation, abnormal oocyte (abo:2--38), reduces viability in the offspring of homozygous mutant females. Zygotes lacking specific heterochromatic segments of the X or Y chromosomes are most severely affected. We have shown that abo/abo lines can lose the capacity to express the mutant phenotype, and that elevated rDNA redundancies can be observed in such stocks (Krider and Levine 1975). In this study, we describe a microhybridization procedure that facilitates the measurement of rDNA redundancy, using a small number of adult Drosophila. We show that instability of the rDNA content persists in an abo/abo line after loss of the capacity to express the phenotype, and that changes in rDNA amounts occur between successive generations of the stock. Further, we show that the rDNA content of XO progeny from abo/abo females is elevated. The effect is directly correlated with the expression of the abo phenotype, and it is not observed in the XO progeny of abo heterozygous females or abo homozygotes from lines that do not show abo expression.", "contents": "The effect of abo phenotypic expression on ribosomal DNA instabilities in Drosophila melanogaster. The recessive maternal-effect mutation, abnormal oocyte (abo:2--38), reduces viability in the offspring of homozygous mutant females. Zygotes lacking specific heterochromatic segments of the X or Y chromosomes are most severely affected. We have shown that abo/abo lines can lose the capacity to express the mutant phenotype, and that elevated rDNA redundancies can be observed in such stocks (Krider and Levine 1975). In this study, we describe a microhybridization procedure that facilitates the measurement of rDNA redundancy, using a small number of adult Drosophila. We show that instability of the rDNA content persists in an abo/abo line after loss of the capacity to express the phenotype, and that changes in rDNA amounts occur between successive generations of the stock. Further, we show that the rDNA content of XO progeny from abo/abo females is elevated. The effect is directly correlated with the expression of the abo phenotype, and it is not observed in the XO progeny of abo heterozygous females or abo homozygotes from lines that do not show abo expression.", "PMID": 119668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13936", "title": "Genetic mapping of the coding regions for three heat-shock proteins in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "We describe variants of three heat-shock proteins of Drosophila melanogaster and their use to map the chromosome regions that contain the coding sequences for these proteins. All three map to a region on chromosome 3L that includes only one heat-shock puff, designated as 67B. The results imply that the genes coding for at least three heat-shock proteins are included within the 67B region.", "contents": "Genetic mapping of the coding regions for three heat-shock proteins in Drosophila melanogaster. We describe variants of three heat-shock proteins of Drosophila melanogaster and their use to map the chromosome regions that contain the coding sequences for these proteins. All three map to a region on chromosome 3L that includes only one heat-shock puff, designated as 67B. The results imply that the genes coding for at least three heat-shock proteins are included within the 67B region.", "PMID": 119669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13937", "title": "The brood pattern of mitomycin-c-induced translocations in Drosophila melanogaster males: the effect of time.", "content": "Translocations between the two large autosomes were scored in the progeny of males that had been fed mitomycin-C. The frequencies were the same in spermatogonia sampled after 12 and 25 days and in spermatozoa stored for the same periods in untreated females.", "contents": "The brood pattern of mitomycin-c-induced translocations in Drosophila melanogaster males: the effect of time. Translocations between the two large autosomes were scored in the progeny of males that had been fed mitomycin-C. The frequencies were the same in spermatogonia sampled after 12 and 25 days and in spermatozoa stored for the same periods in untreated females.", "PMID": 119670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13938", "title": "Genetic modulation of RNA metabolism in Drosophila. III. Requirement for an rDNA-deficient X chromosome in YbbSuVar-3-mediated increases in RNA synthesis.", "content": "Males of the genotype car bb/YbbSuVar-5 have an approximately two-fold increase in the rate of accumulation of 4S, 5S, 18S plus 28S and poly-A+ RNA molecules when compared to males of the genotype car bb/Ybb- (CLARK, STRAUSBAUGH AND KIEFER 1977; CLARK and KIEFER 1977). Experiments were designed to determine if the modulation of RNA metabolism by YbbSuVar-5 requires an rDNA deficiency on the X chromosome. Synthetic rates for 4S, 5S, and 18S plus 28S RNA's were measured in the genotypes Sam + iso/Ybb- and Sam + iso/YbbSuVar-5 by injecting adult males with 3H-uridine, allowing them to incorporate label for two hours, fractionating extracted RNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and determining the specific activities of RNA's (dpm/microgram RNA). The results of these determination showed that the synthetic rates for 4S, 5S, and 18S plus 28S RNA's are the same in these two genotypes, demonstrating that the YbbSuVar-5 chromosome does not increase transcription when paired with an X chromosome that is wild type for rDNA. Saturation hybridization was used to measure the rDNA content in several genotypes. These results showed that Sam + iso/YbbSuVar-5 males and Sam + iso/Ybb- males have equivalent amounts of rDNA.--These results are consistent with the suggestion that the Ybb- and YbbSuVar-5 chromosomes have similar amounts of rDNA. The nature of compensatory strategies in rDNA-deficient genotypes is discussed.", "contents": "Genetic modulation of RNA metabolism in Drosophila. III. Requirement for an rDNA-deficient X chromosome in YbbSuVar-3-mediated increases in RNA synthesis. Males of the genotype car bb/YbbSuVar-5 have an approximately two-fold increase in the rate of accumulation of 4S, 5S, 18S plus 28S and poly-A+ RNA molecules when compared to males of the genotype car bb/Ybb- (CLARK, STRAUSBAUGH AND KIEFER 1977; CLARK and KIEFER 1977). Experiments were designed to determine if the modulation of RNA metabolism by YbbSuVar-5 requires an rDNA deficiency on the X chromosome. Synthetic rates for 4S, 5S, and 18S plus 28S RNA's were measured in the genotypes Sam + iso/Ybb- and Sam + iso/YbbSuVar-5 by injecting adult males with 3H-uridine, allowing them to incorporate label for two hours, fractionating extracted RNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and determining the specific activities of RNA's (dpm/microgram RNA). The results of these determination showed that the synthetic rates for 4S, 5S, and 18S plus 28S RNA's are the same in these two genotypes, demonstrating that the YbbSuVar-5 chromosome does not increase transcription when paired with an X chromosome that is wild type for rDNA. Saturation hybridization was used to measure the rDNA content in several genotypes. These results showed that Sam + iso/YbbSuVar-5 males and Sam + iso/Ybb- males have equivalent amounts of rDNA.--These results are consistent with the suggestion that the Ybb- and YbbSuVar-5 chromosomes have similar amounts of rDNA. The nature of compensatory strategies in rDNA-deficient genotypes is discussed.", "PMID": 119671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13939", "title": "Interchromosomal effects of heterochromatic deletions on recombination in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "It is now known that partial deletions of the satellite sequences in X-chromosome heterochromatin result in a significant decrease in intrachromosomal recombination in the proximal region of the X chromosome of D. melanogaster (YAMAMOTO and MIKLOS 1978). It is important to ask then if the loss or gain of heterochromatin on the X also alters recombination in other chromosomes of the genome (interchromosomal effects). I have looked for such alterations by measuring recombination in chromosome 3. The results clearly indicate that the partial loss of X-chromosome heterochromatin not only decreases crossing over in the proximal region of the X chromosome itself, but also increases the frequency in chromosome 3, especially in the euchromatic regions around the centromere. Furthermore, the greater the deficiency of X heterochromatin, the higher is recombination in chromosome 3. This finding not only provides further evidence in support of the hypothesis that heterochromatin, in this case mainly composed of satellite DNA, regulates the recombination system, but it demonstrates that when the satellite content of one chromosome of the D. melanogaster genome is altered, there is an alteration in the crossover characteristics of other chromosomes in the same complement. If the amount of satellite DNA in a genome is being continuously altered, then one can predict that the recombination system is also being continually perturbed. Thus, the changing gene combinations produced indirectly by increases or decreases of heterochromatin are among the components available to organisms to break up or form new gene combinations upon which selection can act.", "contents": "Interchromosomal effects of heterochromatic deletions on recombination in Drosophila melanogaster. It is now known that partial deletions of the satellite sequences in X-chromosome heterochromatin result in a significant decrease in intrachromosomal recombination in the proximal region of the X chromosome of D. melanogaster (YAMAMOTO and MIKLOS 1978). It is important to ask then if the loss or gain of heterochromatin on the X also alters recombination in other chromosomes of the genome (interchromosomal effects). I have looked for such alterations by measuring recombination in chromosome 3. The results clearly indicate that the partial loss of X-chromosome heterochromatin not only decreases crossing over in the proximal region of the X chromosome itself, but also increases the frequency in chromosome 3, especially in the euchromatic regions around the centromere. Furthermore, the greater the deficiency of X heterochromatin, the higher is recombination in chromosome 3. This finding not only provides further evidence in support of the hypothesis that heterochromatin, in this case mainly composed of satellite DNA, regulates the recombination system, but it demonstrates that when the satellite content of one chromosome of the D. melanogaster genome is altered, there is an alteration in the crossover characteristics of other chromosomes in the same complement. If the amount of satellite DNA in a genome is being continuously altered, then one can predict that the recombination system is also being continually perturbed. Thus, the changing gene combinations produced indirectly by increases or decreases of heterochromatin are among the components available to organisms to break up or form new gene combinations upon which selection can act.", "PMID": 119672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13940", "title": "A model of the negative correlation between male recombination and transmission frequency in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A model is proposed to account for the phenomenon of negative correlation between male recombination (theta) and transmission frequency (kappa) in Drosophila melanogaster. The model assumes that, in some stage or stages of development, the male recombination elements cause a particular event that does not occur in normal males and that this event, in turn, induces with certain probabilities male recombination and/or sperm dysfunction. The regression equations of theta on kappa predicted by the model were compared with those actually observed. There was generally excellent agreement between them.", "contents": "A model of the negative correlation between male recombination and transmission frequency in Drosophila melanogaster. A model is proposed to account for the phenomenon of negative correlation between male recombination (theta) and transmission frequency (kappa) in Drosophila melanogaster. The model assumes that, in some stage or stages of development, the male recombination elements cause a particular event that does not occur in normal males and that this event, in turn, induces with certain probabilities male recombination and/or sperm dysfunction. The regression equations of theta on kappa predicted by the model were compared with those actually observed. There was generally excellent agreement between them.", "PMID": 119673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13941", "title": "Studies of esterase-6 in Drosophila melanogaster. II. The genetics and frequency distributions of naturally occurring variants studied by electrophoretic and heat stability criteria.", "content": "Measurements of the electrophoretic mobility and thermostability of esterase-6 allozymes have been used to determine the amount of allelic variation at the esterase-6 locus in Drosophila melanogaster. We studied 398 homozygous lines obtained from four natural populations. Use of a spectrophotometric assay for esterase-6 activity has allowed precise quantitation of heat-stability variants. Using these methods, eight putative alleles were detected within the two most common electrophoretic classes. Analyses of F1 and F2 progeny show that the behavior of stability variants is consistent with the hypothesis that this variation is due to allelic variation at the Est-6 locus. Analyses of the gene-frequency distributions within and between populations show (1) that observed allele-frequency distributions do not deviate significantly from those expected for neutral variants, and (2) that there is little evidence for an increase in apparent divergence of the different populations at the genotypic or phenotypic levels when the additional variation detected is considered. These findings suggest that gene-frequency analysis alone is unlikely to resolve the question of the selective significance of allozyme variation.", "contents": "Studies of esterase-6 in Drosophila melanogaster. II. The genetics and frequency distributions of naturally occurring variants studied by electrophoretic and heat stability criteria. Measurements of the electrophoretic mobility and thermostability of esterase-6 allozymes have been used to determine the amount of allelic variation at the esterase-6 locus in Drosophila melanogaster. We studied 398 homozygous lines obtained from four natural populations. Use of a spectrophotometric assay for esterase-6 activity has allowed precise quantitation of heat-stability variants. Using these methods, eight putative alleles were detected within the two most common electrophoretic classes. Analyses of F1 and F2 progeny show that the behavior of stability variants is consistent with the hypothesis that this variation is due to allelic variation at the Est-6 locus. Analyses of the gene-frequency distributions within and between populations show (1) that observed allele-frequency distributions do not deviate significantly from those expected for neutral variants, and (2) that there is little evidence for an increase in apparent divergence of the different populations at the genotypic or phenotypic levels when the additional variation detected is considered. These findings suggest that gene-frequency analysis alone is unlikely to resolve the question of the selective significance of allozyme variation.", "PMID": 119674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13942", "title": "Prostaglandins and the contractile function of the human oviductal ampulla.", "content": "Millimeter-wide muscle strips were prepared from the circular and longitudinal musculature of the oviductal ampulla of fertile women. These specimens were mounted in organ baths for isometric recording of contractile activity. The two types of strips exhibited similar rhythmic spontaneous activity which was found to be present in all phases of the menstrual cycle. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) caused an inhibition of contractile activity in both the circular and longitudinal layers, whereas PGF2 alpha induced a marked excitatory response in the specimens. Administration of prostacyclin (PGI2) also elicited an excitatory effect although much less pronounced that that of PGF2 alpha. Pretreatment with ETA, a blocker of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis, abolished the spontaneous contractile activity in a concentration-dependent manner. It is concluded that the ampullary portion of the human oviduct possesses pharmacological properties which differ in certain important respects from those of the isthmus. A shift in the tissue levels of endogenous prostaglandin levels may occur in sequence with ovulation and the pattern of the prostaglandins synthesized seems to be appropriate for the contractile function of the various tubal segments during ovum transport in women.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and the contractile function of the human oviductal ampulla. Millimeter-wide muscle strips were prepared from the circular and longitudinal musculature of the oviductal ampulla of fertile women. These specimens were mounted in organ baths for isometric recording of contractile activity. The two types of strips exhibited similar rhythmic spontaneous activity which was found to be present in all phases of the menstrual cycle. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) caused an inhibition of contractile activity in both the circular and longitudinal layers, whereas PGF2 alpha induced a marked excitatory response in the specimens. Administration of prostacyclin (PGI2) also elicited an excitatory effect although much less pronounced that that of PGF2 alpha. Pretreatment with ETA, a blocker of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis, abolished the spontaneous contractile activity in a concentration-dependent manner. It is concluded that the ampullary portion of the human oviduct possesses pharmacological properties which differ in certain important respects from those of the isthmus. A shift in the tissue levels of endogenous prostaglandin levels may occur in sequence with ovulation and the pattern of the prostaglandins synthesized seems to be appropriate for the contractile function of the various tubal segments during ovum transport in women.", "PMID": 119675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13943", "title": "Fine structure and innervation of smooth muscle in the monkey oviduct.", "content": "The smooth muscle of the monkey oviduct is similar to that described for other species and organs. Cell-to-cell contacts, in the form of simple appositions, were numerous. The adrenergic nerve supply was sparse, and close contacts between nerve and muscle were extremely rare. There was no difference in the density of innervation between the isthmus and ampulla. The rabbit appeared to have a greater denisty of innervation than the monkey.", "contents": "Fine structure and innervation of smooth muscle in the monkey oviduct. The smooth muscle of the monkey oviduct is similar to that described for other species and organs. Cell-to-cell contacts, in the form of simple appositions, were numerous. The adrenergic nerve supply was sparse, and close contacts between nerve and muscle were extremely rare. There was no difference in the density of innervation between the isthmus and ampulla. The rabbit appeared to have a greater denisty of innervation than the monkey.", "PMID": 119676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13944", "title": "Ultrasonographic diagnosis of intervillous thrombosis related to Rh isoimmunization.", "content": "Greyscale ultrasonography of the placenta was performed in 54 primigravidae with placentas located on the anterior wall of the uterus, in a longitudinal study. During pregnancy single and multiple 'nodular increased transsonity' was seen echoscopically in the placenta. After birth these findings proved to be highly correlated to 'intervillous thrombosis'. The clinical value of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic diagnosis of intervillous thrombosis related to Rh isoimmunization. Greyscale ultrasonography of the placenta was performed in 54 primigravidae with placentas located on the anterior wall of the uterus, in a longitudinal study. During pregnancy single and multiple 'nodular increased transsonity' was seen echoscopically in the placenta. After birth these findings proved to be highly correlated to 'intervillous thrombosis'. The clinical value of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 119677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13945", "title": "IgM plasmacytoma. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "IgM paraproteinaemia is described in a patient with diffuse plasmacytoma involving the pleura, lymph nodes, and kidneys. Sixteen cases of pure plasmacellular tumor (diffuse or solitary plasmacytoma and plasmacellular leukaemia) associated with IgM paraproteinaemia have only been reported. These cases and experimental data indicate that neoplastic plasma cells can synthetize IgM as well as other immunoglobulins and that this particular M component is not associated solely with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia.", "contents": "IgM plasmacytoma. Report of a case and review of the literature. IgM paraproteinaemia is described in a patient with diffuse plasmacytoma involving the pleura, lymph nodes, and kidneys. Sixteen cases of pure plasmacellular tumor (diffuse or solitary plasmacytoma and plasmacellular leukaemia) associated with IgM paraproteinaemia have only been reported. These cases and experimental data indicate that neoplastic plasma cells can synthetize IgM as well as other immunoglobulins and that this particular M component is not associated solely with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia.", "PMID": 119678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13946", "title": "The biological role of immune complexes.", "content": "The biological role of immune complexes (IC) is reviewed. The mechanism of IC elimination, the influence of IC composition on their biological properties as well as on their elimination are discussed. The regulatory effect of IC in immune phenomena is briefly summarized.", "contents": "The biological role of immune complexes. The biological role of immune complexes (IC) is reviewed. The mechanism of IC elimination, the influence of IC composition on their biological properties as well as on their elimination are discussed. The regulatory effect of IC in immune phenomena is briefly summarized.", "PMID": 119679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13947", "title": "[Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): action mechanism of an enhanced dopamine release from rat striatal slices (author's transl)].", "content": "The enhancing effect of TRH on dopamine(DA) release from rat striatal slices was investigated in relation to Ca2+ and cholinergic mechanisms. TRH(10(-5)--10(-3) M) facilitated concentration dependently the uptake of 14C-DA by rat striatal slices, while methamphetamine (10(-6)--10(-4)M) exhibited a considerable inhibitory effect. TRH (10(-7)--10(--3)M) alone did not increase the DA release into the incubation medium, but it clearly enhanced the DA release in the concomitant presence of desipramine (5 x 10(-5)M). In the superfusion study, TRH (10(-5)--10(-3)M), methamphetamine (10(-6)--10(-4)M) and KCl (2.5--5.0 x 10(-2)M) enhanced the DA release into the perfusion fluid. The DA releasing effect of TRH was completely blocked by cholinergic blockers (scopolamine, hexamethonium and hemicholinium), Ca2+ chelator(EGTA), Ca2+ antagonist(CoCl2) and Ca2+ influx blocker(D-600) or by the removal of Ca2+ from the medium. The methamphetamine-enhanced DA release, however, was not modified by the above treatments except for a partial decline produced by EGTA coupled with the removal of Ca2+. TRH(10(-4)M) also facilitated the uptake of norepinephrine (NE) by rat cerebral cortex slices, but methamphetamine (10-(6)--10(-4)M) exhibited a considerable inhibitory effect. In the superfusion study, TRH (10(-5)--10(-4)M) and methamphetamine (10(-7)--10(-4)M) enhanced the NE release into the perfusion fluid. Therefore, it can be concluded that TRH facilitated the DA release from rat striatal slices by mediating through a cholinergic mechanism and enhancing the influx of Ca2+.", "contents": "[Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): action mechanism of an enhanced dopamine release from rat striatal slices (author's transl)]. The enhancing effect of TRH on dopamine(DA) release from rat striatal slices was investigated in relation to Ca2+ and cholinergic mechanisms. TRH(10(-5)--10(-3) M) facilitated concentration dependently the uptake of 14C-DA by rat striatal slices, while methamphetamine (10(-6)--10(-4)M) exhibited a considerable inhibitory effect. TRH (10(-7)--10(--3)M) alone did not increase the DA release into the incubation medium, but it clearly enhanced the DA release in the concomitant presence of desipramine (5 x 10(-5)M). In the superfusion study, TRH (10(-5)--10(-3)M), methamphetamine (10(-6)--10(-4)M) and KCl (2.5--5.0 x 10(-2)M) enhanced the DA release into the perfusion fluid. The DA releasing effect of TRH was completely blocked by cholinergic blockers (scopolamine, hexamethonium and hemicholinium), Ca2+ chelator(EGTA), Ca2+ antagonist(CoCl2) and Ca2+ influx blocker(D-600) or by the removal of Ca2+ from the medium. The methamphetamine-enhanced DA release, however, was not modified by the above treatments except for a partial decline produced by EGTA coupled with the removal of Ca2+. TRH(10(-4)M) also facilitated the uptake of norepinephrine (NE) by rat cerebral cortex slices, but methamphetamine (10-(6)--10(-4)M) exhibited a considerable inhibitory effect. In the superfusion study, TRH (10(-5)--10(-4)M) and methamphetamine (10(-7)--10(-4)M) enhanced the NE release into the perfusion fluid. Therefore, it can be concluded that TRH facilitated the DA release from rat striatal slices by mediating through a cholinergic mechanism and enhancing the influx of Ca2+.", "PMID": 119692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13948", "title": "[Behavioral and EEG alterations with brain stem compression and effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in chronic cats (author's transl)].", "content": "Behavioral and EEG changes induced by brain stem compression and the effect of TRH were studied. The compression was given for 1 to 6 min by inflating a balloon chronically implanted on the dorsal surface of the cat brain stem in the 4th ventricle via cisterna magna. Within 10 to 36 sec after the start of the compression, the cats turned sideways and became motionless in a spastic extension of four legs, and thereafter all reverted to a normal position, after 45 to 120 min, although slight movements or head-up position was observed in some animals. The cortical EEG patterns observed after the compression were initially a brief rush of low amplitude-fast waves (EEG arousal) followed by a flattened and/or spike pattern, and subsequently these shifted to high amplitude-slow waves with or without an accompanying EEG arousal. These behavioral EEG alterations were remarkably improved by i.v. administration of TRH as follows: eight of 12 cats with 1 mg/kg and one of 4 cats with 0.5 mg/kg promptly changed from the lateral to a crouching or abdominal position, and thereafter never turned sideways again. Partial recovery such as movements of forelegs, struggling or head-up in the lateral position, rolling or slight shift of position was also observed within several min in three cats with 1 mg/kg as well as in two cats with 0.5 mg/kg. Furthermore, TRH induced a dose dependent, persistent EEG arousal in all cats. These results show that TRH ameliorates deterioration in behavior and the EEG, this deterioration being similar to clinical states of disturbance in consciousness induced by compressing the brain stem.", "contents": "[Behavioral and EEG alterations with brain stem compression and effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in chronic cats (author's transl)]. Behavioral and EEG changes induced by brain stem compression and the effect of TRH were studied. The compression was given for 1 to 6 min by inflating a balloon chronically implanted on the dorsal surface of the cat brain stem in the 4th ventricle via cisterna magna. Within 10 to 36 sec after the start of the compression, the cats turned sideways and became motionless in a spastic extension of four legs, and thereafter all reverted to a normal position, after 45 to 120 min, although slight movements or head-up position was observed in some animals. The cortical EEG patterns observed after the compression were initially a brief rush of low amplitude-fast waves (EEG arousal) followed by a flattened and/or spike pattern, and subsequently these shifted to high amplitude-slow waves with or without an accompanying EEG arousal. These behavioral EEG alterations were remarkably improved by i.v. administration of TRH as follows: eight of 12 cats with 1 mg/kg and one of 4 cats with 0.5 mg/kg promptly changed from the lateral to a crouching or abdominal position, and thereafter never turned sideways again. Partial recovery such as movements of forelegs, struggling or head-up in the lateral position, rolling or slight shift of position was also observed within several min in three cats with 1 mg/kg as well as in two cats with 0.5 mg/kg. Furthermore, TRH induced a dose dependent, persistent EEG arousal in all cats. These results show that TRH ameliorates deterioration in behavior and the EEG, this deterioration being similar to clinical states of disturbance in consciousness induced by compressing the brain stem.", "PMID": 119693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13949", "title": "About the relationship between adrenal cortex and thyroid gland of rats (shift-effect).", "content": "In the present paper the inverse quantitative relationships between the thyrotropical system and the adrenocorticotropical system should be demonstrated under different acute experimental conditions by caryometric investigations. In stimulating the adrenal cortex system by a single injection of 0.2 ml saline solution (0.9%)/rat the nuclear sizes of the thyroid follicular cells decreased timedependend whereas the nuclear parameters of adrenal cortex fasciculata cells increased. In inhibiting the adrenal cortex system and stimulating the thyrotropical system by a single injection of 50 micrograms TRH/rat the thyroid nuclear values increased timedependend biphasically and the adrenal cortex parameters decreased correspondingly. The inverse relationships of the histometric parameters of both endocrine organs proved to be highly significant (p less than or equal to 0.001). The mathematical relations could be expressed by the straight line y = 63.76 - 1.05 x.", "contents": "About the relationship between adrenal cortex and thyroid gland of rats (shift-effect). In the present paper the inverse quantitative relationships between the thyrotropical system and the adrenocorticotropical system should be demonstrated under different acute experimental conditions by caryometric investigations. In stimulating the adrenal cortex system by a single injection of 0.2 ml saline solution (0.9%)/rat the nuclear sizes of the thyroid follicular cells decreased timedependend whereas the nuclear parameters of adrenal cortex fasciculata cells increased. In inhibiting the adrenal cortex system and stimulating the thyrotropical system by a single injection of 50 micrograms TRH/rat the thyroid nuclear values increased timedependend biphasically and the adrenal cortex parameters decreased correspondingly. The inverse relationships of the histometric parameters of both endocrine organs proved to be highly significant (p less than or equal to 0.001). The mathematical relations could be expressed by the straight line y = 63.76 - 1.05 x.", "PMID": 119696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13950", "title": "Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with a computer-controlled bedside monitoring and infusion system.", "content": "A metabolic monitoring system is described that allows the simultaneous and automatic in vivo analysis of the metabolic parameters glucose, pH, and pCO2 as well as the computer-controlled automation of the possible necessary infusion therapy. This bedside system has proved to be useful in treating acidotically and non-acidotically decompensated diabetes mellitus. Our experience with this system is as follows: 1. quick correction of the acidosis without danger of alkalosis, 2. shorter period of treatment, 3. considerably reduced insulin requirement, 4. no danger of hypoglycemia, and 5. minimum net blood withdrawal (1.2 ml/h). The efficiency of this system is demonstrated by examples.", "contents": "Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with a computer-controlled bedside monitoring and infusion system. A metabolic monitoring system is described that allows the simultaneous and automatic in vivo analysis of the metabolic parameters glucose, pH, and pCO2 as well as the computer-controlled automation of the possible necessary infusion therapy. This bedside system has proved to be useful in treating acidotically and non-acidotically decompensated diabetes mellitus. Our experience with this system is as follows: 1. quick correction of the acidosis without danger of alkalosis, 2. shorter period of treatment, 3. considerably reduced insulin requirement, 4. no danger of hypoglycemia, and 5. minimum net blood withdrawal (1.2 ml/h). The efficiency of this system is demonstrated by examples.", "PMID": 119698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13951", "title": "Preprogrammed insulin infusion with a portable pump system.", "content": "A glucose-controlled insulin infusion system (Biostator) was used to determine patient insulin requirement for clinical evaluation of a portable pump system (technical development by Siemens AG). Results from 6 insulin-dependent diabetics with respect to quality of control, carbohydrate/insulin ratio, and insulin requirement are shown. Preprogrammed insulin infusion with the portable system was carried out for up to 117 days.", "contents": "Preprogrammed insulin infusion with a portable pump system. A glucose-controlled insulin infusion system (Biostator) was used to determine patient insulin requirement for clinical evaluation of a portable pump system (technical development by Siemens AG). Results from 6 insulin-dependent diabetics with respect to quality of control, carbohydrate/insulin ratio, and insulin requirement are shown. Preprogrammed insulin infusion with the portable system was carried out for up to 117 days.", "PMID": 119699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13952", "title": "Hurler-Scheie phenotype: a report of two pairs of inbred sibs.", "content": "Four cases from two families with dermatan sulfate mucopolysacchariduria who lack alpha-L-iduronidase in peripheral leukocytes are described. The clinical and roentgenographic features of these cases represent an intermediate phenotype between Hurler's syndrome and Scheie's syndrome, and both parents in each family are first cousins. In the presence of parental consanguinity, a phenotypic variation or a third mutant allele at the iduronidase locus seems to be a more reasonable explanation for these cases than a genetic compound.", "contents": "Hurler-Scheie phenotype: a report of two pairs of inbred sibs. Four cases from two families with dermatan sulfate mucopolysacchariduria who lack alpha-L-iduronidase in peripheral leukocytes are described. The clinical and roentgenographic features of these cases represent an intermediate phenotype between Hurler's syndrome and Scheie's syndrome, and both parents in each family are first cousins. In the presence of parental consanguinity, a phenotypic variation or a third mutant allele at the iduronidase locus seems to be a more reasonable explanation for these cases than a genetic compound.", "PMID": 119701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13953", "title": "Plaque forming cell assay to measure responses in mice to the random copolymer (Glu60Phe40).", "content": "A plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay to measure the immune response of mice to the synthetic random copolymer of glutamic acid and phenylalanine (GPhe) is described here. GPhe can be coupled to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) using \"aged\" CrCl3. Both IgM and IgG plaques are detected in the murine GPhe response. Mice of H-2 haploytpes p and q are high responders, a and k are medium or low responders and b, d and s are nonresponders as detected by the PFC assay.", "contents": "Plaque forming cell assay to measure responses in mice to the random copolymer (Glu60Phe40). A plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay to measure the immune response of mice to the synthetic random copolymer of glutamic acid and phenylalanine (GPhe) is described here. GPhe can be coupled to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) using \"aged\" CrCl3. Both IgM and IgG plaques are detected in the murine GPhe response. Mice of H-2 haploytpes p and q are high responders, a and k are medium or low responders and b, d and s are nonresponders as detected by the PFC assay.", "PMID": 119705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13954", "title": "Experimentally induced autoantibody to heat-stable alkaline phosphatase in the baboon.", "content": "Experimental evidence has been collected which signifies that autoantibody has been induced against lung heat-stable alkaline phosphatase which represented 60% of the total alkaline phosphatase of that tissue. Immunization of a male baboon with highly purified human placental alkaline phosphatase (heat-stable and cross-reactive with the baboon heat-stable enzyme) resulted in production of a precipitating factor in the immune serum which reacted with the heat-stable enzyme of both the human and baboon but not the heat-labile form of alkaline phosphatase of either species. This precipitating factor is a baboon autoantibody because 1) it had a gamma mobility on immunoelectrophoresis and retarded the electrophoretic mobility of the heat-stable enzyme from both normal and immunized baboons; 2) its titer increased as more booster injections were administered; 3) it formed a well-defined precipitin rocket with the baboon heat-stable enzyme in the Lurell's antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis; 4) in immunodiffusion it formed a discrete precipitin line with the baboon heat-stable enzyme, which fused partially with the precipitin line of human placental alkaline phosphatase (immunogen).", "contents": "Experimentally induced autoantibody to heat-stable alkaline phosphatase in the baboon. Experimental evidence has been collected which signifies that autoantibody has been induced against lung heat-stable alkaline phosphatase which represented 60% of the total alkaline phosphatase of that tissue. Immunization of a male baboon with highly purified human placental alkaline phosphatase (heat-stable and cross-reactive with the baboon heat-stable enzyme) resulted in production of a precipitating factor in the immune serum which reacted with the heat-stable enzyme of both the human and baboon but not the heat-labile form of alkaline phosphatase of either species. This precipitating factor is a baboon autoantibody because 1) it had a gamma mobility on immunoelectrophoresis and retarded the electrophoretic mobility of the heat-stable enzyme from both normal and immunized baboons; 2) its titer increased as more booster injections were administered; 3) it formed a well-defined precipitin rocket with the baboon heat-stable enzyme in the Lurell's antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis; 4) in immunodiffusion it formed a discrete precipitin line with the baboon heat-stable enzyme, which fused partially with the precipitin line of human placental alkaline phosphatase (immunogen).", "PMID": 119706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13955", "title": "Catechol effect on the lysosomal enzymes in the adipose tissues of obese and obese-diabetic monkeys.", "content": "The activities of three lysosomal hydrolases were assayed in the basal and isoproterenol-stimulated states in the adipose tissues of lean, obese and obese-diabetic monkeys. The basal activity of acid lipase appeared higher in the obese tissues with or without diabetes than in the lean tissue. Isoproterenol stimulation did not affect these activities. The basal activity of beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) was similar in all tissues and unaffected by isoproterenol stimulation. Although basal activity of hexosaminidase (Hex) was comparable in all tissues, activity increased significantly in the stimulated diabetic-obese tissue but not in the stimulated tissues from lean animals or animals with simple obesity.", "contents": "Catechol effect on the lysosomal enzymes in the adipose tissues of obese and obese-diabetic monkeys. The activities of three lysosomal hydrolases were assayed in the basal and isoproterenol-stimulated states in the adipose tissues of lean, obese and obese-diabetic monkeys. The basal activity of acid lipase appeared higher in the obese tissues with or without diabetes than in the lean tissue. Isoproterenol stimulation did not affect these activities. The basal activity of beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) was similar in all tissues and unaffected by isoproterenol stimulation. Although basal activity of hexosaminidase (Hex) was comparable in all tissues, activity increased significantly in the stimulated diabetic-obese tissue but not in the stimulated tissues from lean animals or animals with simple obesity.", "PMID": 119711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13956", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of gamma-turn conformation in proline-containing peptides using 13C N.M.R.", "content": "The dependence of the 13C shift difference of proline carbons C beta and C gamma on the dihedral angle psi has been studied using the model peptide acetyl-D-proline N-methylamide. The shift difference delta beta gamma is shown to be correlated with the percent cis isomer about the acetylproline bond, both factors depending strongly on the degree of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Both the fraction of trans peptide bond and the fractional gamma-turn conformation increase as the sample concentration is decreased in CDCl3. delta beta gamma values have been used to evaluate the fractional gamma-turn probabilities in a number of cyclic and linear peptides including thyrotropin releasing factor and bradykinin. Using this parameter, it is concluded that in bradykinin the gamma-turn probability is low in D2O and not strongly temperature dependent. In contrast, studies of a model peptide for the portion of bradykinin believed to adopt a gamma-turn conformation are consistent with an increased gamma-turn probability inless polar solvents. Data for X-Pro-Y peptides (Y = imino acid) indicate significantly reduced values of delta beta gamma, and this appears to be a useful basis for assigning the Pro C beta resonances corresponding to this sequence.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of gamma-turn conformation in proline-containing peptides using 13C N.M.R. The dependence of the 13C shift difference of proline carbons C beta and C gamma on the dihedral angle psi has been studied using the model peptide acetyl-D-proline N-methylamide. The shift difference delta beta gamma is shown to be correlated with the percent cis isomer about the acetylproline bond, both factors depending strongly on the degree of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Both the fraction of trans peptide bond and the fractional gamma-turn conformation increase as the sample concentration is decreased in CDCl3. delta beta gamma values have been used to evaluate the fractional gamma-turn probabilities in a number of cyclic and linear peptides including thyrotropin releasing factor and bradykinin. Using this parameter, it is concluded that in bradykinin the gamma-turn probability is low in D2O and not strongly temperature dependent. In contrast, studies of a model peptide for the portion of bradykinin believed to adopt a gamma-turn conformation are consistent with an increased gamma-turn probability inless polar solvents. Data for X-Pro-Y peptides (Y = imino acid) indicate significantly reduced values of delta beta gamma, and this appears to be a useful basis for assigning the Pro C beta resonances corresponding to this sequence.", "PMID": 119712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13957", "title": "Structural phosphoproteins associated with purified measles virions and cytoplasmic nucleocapsids.", "content": "Measles virions and cytoplasmic nucleocapsids were labeled with [3H]-amino acids and [32P]-orthophosphate and were purified from infected Vero cells. When analyzed by PAGE, the two capsid-associated polypeptides (VP2 -- 69,000 daltons, VP3 -- 60,000 daltons) were shown to be phosphorylated. Characterization of the phosphorylated polypeptides by acid hydrolysis and high-voltage paper electrophoresis showed that serine was the major phosphorylated amino acid, although lesser amounts of phosphothreonine were also present. The possible role of phosphorylation in the replication cycle of the virus is discussed.", "contents": "Structural phosphoproteins associated with purified measles virions and cytoplasmic nucleocapsids. Measles virions and cytoplasmic nucleocapsids were labeled with [3H]-amino acids and [32P]-orthophosphate and were purified from infected Vero cells. When analyzed by PAGE, the two capsid-associated polypeptides (VP2 -- 69,000 daltons, VP3 -- 60,000 daltons) were shown to be phosphorylated. Characterization of the phosphorylated polypeptides by acid hydrolysis and high-voltage paper electrophoresis showed that serine was the major phosphorylated amino acid, although lesser amounts of phosphothreonine were also present. The possible role of phosphorylation in the replication cycle of the virus is discussed.", "PMID": 119717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13958", "title": "Biliary decompression in the treatment of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "The etiology and treatment of acute pancreatitis are discussed. The two main principles are conservative and surgical treatment. Biliary decompression was chosen as an elective method in the surgical treatment of acute pancreatitis, if signs of bile stasis and tension of the common bile duct could be seen. Peritoneal or peripancreatic dialysis were also applied. Five patients were treated in this way; according to literature and our experience it is a good, short and curative intervention for the treatment of acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Biliary decompression in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. The etiology and treatment of acute pancreatitis are discussed. The two main principles are conservative and surgical treatment. Biliary decompression was chosen as an elective method in the surgical treatment of acute pancreatitis, if signs of bile stasis and tension of the common bile duct could be seen. Peritoneal or peripancreatic dialysis were also applied. Five patients were treated in this way; according to literature and our experience it is a good, short and curative intervention for the treatment of acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 119713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13959", "title": "Directional change of ciliary beat effected with Mg2+ in Paramecium.", "content": "Two types of Triton X-100 extracted model of Paramecium caudatum were prepared and effects of the ionic compositions of the reactivating medium on the swimming behaviour of the extracted models were examined. Type I, prepared by the method of Naitoh and Keneko, did not change swimming direction depending on the concentrations of Mg2+ and K+ in the reactivating medium. Type II, prepared by a different method, however, reversed the swimming direction depending on the concentrations of Mg2+ and K+ in the reactivating medium, even when the concentration of Ca2+ was kept at an extremely low level (below 10-8M). Decreasing the concentration of Mb2+ induced the type II model to swim backwards. Intracellular injection of EDTA into a live paramecium cell induced reversal of the direction of ciliary beat.  The concentration of Mg2+ at which the reversal of swimming direction occurred varied with the concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a manner which suggested that the concentration of free ATP4- might be the critical determinant of swimming direction.", "contents": "Directional change of ciliary beat effected with Mg2+ in Paramecium. Two types of Triton X-100 extracted model of Paramecium caudatum were prepared and effects of the ionic compositions of the reactivating medium on the swimming behaviour of the extracted models were examined. Type I, prepared by the method of Naitoh and Keneko, did not change swimming direction depending on the concentrations of Mg2+ and K+ in the reactivating medium. Type II, prepared by a different method, however, reversed the swimming direction depending on the concentrations of Mg2+ and K+ in the reactivating medium, even when the concentration of Ca2+ was kept at an extremely low level (below 10-8M). Decreasing the concentration of Mb2+ induced the type II model to swim backwards. Intracellular injection of EDTA into a live paramecium cell induced reversal of the direction of ciliary beat.  The concentration of Mg2+ at which the reversal of swimming direction occurred varied with the concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a manner which suggested that the concentration of free ATP4- might be the critical determinant of swimming direction.", "PMID": 119789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13960", "title": "Comparison of the compositions of Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1016.", "content": "The complete polychlorinated biphenyl compositions of two American products, Aroclor 1242 and its more modern replacement, Aroclor 1016, have been determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) on twelve liquid phases of differing selectivities. Attempts were made to determine the degree of contamination of these Aroclors with chlorinated naphthalenes, using GLC with multiple ion-monitoring mass spectrometry. Chlorinated dibenzofurans, indetectable in Aroclor 1016, were tentatively identified by negative chemical-ionization mass spectrometry and their retention times relative to dieldrin on two GLC liquid phases. Quantitation of the dibenzofurans was initially accomplished using an electron-capture detector, and confirmed by negative chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. Aroclor 1242 contained less than 0.05 mol.% chloronaphthalenes, while Aroclor 1016 contained less than 0.06 mol.% of these compounds. Aroclor 1242 had approximately 150 ppb of chlorinated dibenzofurans, of which 43% was the toxic 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro isomer.", "contents": "Comparison of the compositions of Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1016. The complete polychlorinated biphenyl compositions of two American products, Aroclor 1242 and its more modern replacement, Aroclor 1016, have been determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) on twelve liquid phases of differing selectivities. Attempts were made to determine the degree of contamination of these Aroclors with chlorinated naphthalenes, using GLC with multiple ion-monitoring mass spectrometry. Chlorinated dibenzofurans, indetectable in Aroclor 1016, were tentatively identified by negative chemical-ionization mass spectrometry and their retention times relative to dieldrin on two GLC liquid phases. Quantitation of the dibenzofurans was initially accomplished using an electron-capture detector, and confirmed by negative chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. Aroclor 1242 contained less than 0.05 mol.% chloronaphthalenes, while Aroclor 1016 contained less than 0.06 mol.% of these compounds. Aroclor 1242 had approximately 150 ppb of chlorinated dibenzofurans, of which 43% was the toxic 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro isomer.", "PMID": 119790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13961", "title": "Culture diagnosis of meningococcal carriers: yield from different sites and influence of storage in transport medium.", "content": "Different specimens and techniques have been used in the diagnosis of carriers of Neisseria meningitidis, reflecting the uncertainty about the optimal diagnostic procedure. In the present investigation the culture yield of meningococci from throat specimens was compared to that from nasopharyngeal speimens in 178 persons: 44 carriers were diagnosed. All of them were detected by culture of throat specimens while 34% of them would have remained undiagnosed if only nasopharyngeal specimens had been examined. Storage of throat specimens in a transport medium for 24 hours before culture gave a negative culture for meningococci in 41% of the carriers. This loss was surprisingly high, the reasons for which are discussed.", "contents": "Culture diagnosis of meningococcal carriers: yield from different sites and influence of storage in transport medium. Different specimens and techniques have been used in the diagnosis of carriers of Neisseria meningitidis, reflecting the uncertainty about the optimal diagnostic procedure. In the present investigation the culture yield of meningococci from throat specimens was compared to that from nasopharyngeal speimens in 178 persons: 44 carriers were diagnosed. All of them were detected by culture of throat specimens while 34% of them would have remained undiagnosed if only nasopharyngeal specimens had been examined. Storage of throat specimens in a transport medium for 24 hours before culture gave a negative culture for meningococci in 41% of the carriers. This loss was surprisingly high, the reasons for which are discussed.", "PMID": 119792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13962", "title": "Hairy-cell leukaemia: an immunoperoxidase study of paraffin-embedded tissues.", "content": "Paraffin sections of a variety of tissues from 12 patients with typical hairy-cell leukaemia (HCL) were stained for immunoglobulin heavy and light chains by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. Plasma cells were frequent, particularly in a lymph node from a severely infected patient. The reactive nature of the plasma cells of HCL was suggested by the fact that there was no restriction of light-chain expression, although viable hairy cells were shown to express monoclonal surface immunoglobulin. This, together with the absence by both light and electron microscopy of forms intermediate between hairy cells and plasma cells and the lack of ribosome-lamella complexes in the plasma cells, suggested that hairy cells do not differentiate into plasma cells. Although hairy cells are known to contain immunoglobulin, this was not demonstrable in hairy cells in the paraffin-embedded tissue. The PAP technique was also useful for demonstrating abundant splenic macrophages in HCL.", "contents": "Hairy-cell leukaemia: an immunoperoxidase study of paraffin-embedded tissues. Paraffin sections of a variety of tissues from 12 patients with typical hairy-cell leukaemia (HCL) were stained for immunoglobulin heavy and light chains by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. Plasma cells were frequent, particularly in a lymph node from a severely infected patient. The reactive nature of the plasma cells of HCL was suggested by the fact that there was no restriction of light-chain expression, although viable hairy cells were shown to express monoclonal surface immunoglobulin. This, together with the absence by both light and electron microscopy of forms intermediate between hairy cells and plasma cells and the lack of ribosome-lamella complexes in the plasma cells, suggested that hairy cells do not differentiate into plasma cells. Although hairy cells are known to contain immunoglobulin, this was not demonstrable in hairy cells in the paraffin-embedded tissue. The PAP technique was also useful for demonstrating abundant splenic macrophages in HCL.", "PMID": 119793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13963", "title": "Absence of fatty livers in rhesus monkeys fed orotic acid.", "content": "Pairs of rhesus monkeys were fed for 10 wk a basal diet containing 1% orotic acid or 10% nonfat milk powders. Amounts of total lipids in the liver and hepatic morphology were normal after 10 wk indicating that orotic acid in the diet did not induce fatty livers in rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "Absence of fatty livers in rhesus monkeys fed orotic acid. Pairs of rhesus monkeys were fed for 10 wk a basal diet containing 1% orotic acid or 10% nonfat milk powders. Amounts of total lipids in the liver and hepatic morphology were normal after 10 wk indicating that orotic acid in the diet did not induce fatty livers in rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 119795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13964", "title": "Analysis of censored data for such as colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves.", "content": "Passive immunity in the neonatal calf is dependent upon colostral immunoglobulin transfer into the systemic circulation. Critical in this transfer is the period of absorption, which is dependent upon age of initial feeding of the calf and amount fed. For some calves known only was that absorption extended beyond duration of the experiment, causing the data to be censored. Analysis of the length of absorption showed a two-phase regression model when censored data were used with uncensored data. Incorrect inferences may be drawn if censored data are not incorporated into the analysis.", "contents": "Analysis of censored data for such as colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves. Passive immunity in the neonatal calf is dependent upon colostral immunoglobulin transfer into the systemic circulation. Critical in this transfer is the period of absorption, which is dependent upon age of initial feeding of the calf and amount fed. For some calves known only was that absorption extended beyond duration of the experiment, causing the data to be censored. Analysis of the length of absorption showed a two-phase regression model when censored data were used with uncensored data. Incorrect inferences may be drawn if censored data are not incorporated into the analysis.", "PMID": 119796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13965", "title": "On the pathogenicity of nonstable Brucella L-forms and their revertants.", "content": "The pathogenicity of B. abortus 870 L-forms obtained by long-term passaging of virulent culture on media with penicillin and of revertants obtained in vitro and in vivo was studied. L-form cultures stimulated only a mild response of the reticulo-endothelial system of the animal organism, at the same time displaying a certain level of toxicity. In vitro revertants approximated to L-forms, while in vivo revertants stood closer to the initial virulent culture, as regards pathogenicity. This seems to be evidence of a potential danger of brucella L-forms for the human and animal organisms.", "contents": "On the pathogenicity of nonstable Brucella L-forms and their revertants. The pathogenicity of B. abortus 870 L-forms obtained by long-term passaging of virulent culture on media with penicillin and of revertants obtained in vitro and in vivo was studied. L-form cultures stimulated only a mild response of the reticulo-endothelial system of the animal organism, at the same time displaying a certain level of toxicity. In vitro revertants approximated to L-forms, while in vivo revertants stood closer to the initial virulent culture, as regards pathogenicity. This seems to be evidence of a potential danger of brucella L-forms for the human and animal organisms.", "PMID": 119809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13966", "title": "Effect of antibiotics on the formation of specific antibodies.", "content": "Immune response to staphylococcal haemolysin and Haemophilus influenzae capsular antigen administered simultaneously with antibiotics was studied in rabbits. In addition to specific humoral antibodies, the quantitative values of IgG, IgA, IgM and C'3 complement were determined. Statistically significant deficiency of immune response was observed in all cases in animals which were given the antigen with the antibiotic in comparison with the controls which were immunized by the antigen alone. Statistically significant differences were also observed in the levels of immunoglobulins (mainly IgG and IgM) in animals which were given antigens simultaneously with antibiotics in comparison with animals which were given antibiotics alone.", "contents": "Effect of antibiotics on the formation of specific antibodies. Immune response to staphylococcal haemolysin and Haemophilus influenzae capsular antigen administered simultaneously with antibiotics was studied in rabbits. In addition to specific humoral antibodies, the quantitative values of IgG, IgA, IgM and C'3 complement were determined. Statistically significant deficiency of immune response was observed in all cases in animals which were given the antigen with the antibiotic in comparison with the controls which were immunized by the antigen alone. Statistically significant differences were also observed in the levels of immunoglobulins (mainly IgG and IgM) in animals which were given antigens simultaneously with antibiotics in comparison with animals which were given antibiotics alone.", "PMID": 119810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13967", "title": "Clinical application of a cytochemical bioassay for the determination of thyroid stimulating hormone.", "content": "Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was measured using a highly sensitive cytochemical bioassay (CBA) technique in normal subjects, in patients with Graves' disease (untreated and treated) and in patients with euthyroid goiter and negative thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-test. Plasma TSH levels of normal subjects and of subjects with untreated Graves' disease were reduced after the plasma had been incubated with a specific antibody to human TSH, indicating that the thyroid stimulating substance measured with this assay was likely to be TSH. Basal TSH levels in patients with Graves' disease and in a special group of patients with euthyroid goiter and negative TRH test were low but detectable. They did not rise after TRH administration. Increased TSH release (4.5- to 10-fold) after TRH stimulation was demonstrated, however, in two formerly hyperthyroid patients after treatment. This increase was not detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA) due to limited sensitivity.", "contents": "Clinical application of a cytochemical bioassay for the determination of thyroid stimulating hormone. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was measured using a highly sensitive cytochemical bioassay (CBA) technique in normal subjects, in patients with Graves' disease (untreated and treated) and in patients with euthyroid goiter and negative thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-test. Plasma TSH levels of normal subjects and of subjects with untreated Graves' disease were reduced after the plasma had been incubated with a specific antibody to human TSH, indicating that the thyroid stimulating substance measured with this assay was likely to be TSH. Basal TSH levels in patients with Graves' disease and in a special group of patients with euthyroid goiter and negative TRH test were low but detectable. They did not rise after TRH administration. Increased TSH release (4.5- to 10-fold) after TRH stimulation was demonstrated, however, in two formerly hyperthyroid patients after treatment. This increase was not detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA) due to limited sensitivity.", "PMID": 119800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13968", "title": "Suppression of clonidine-induced release of growth hormone by thyrotropin releasing hormone in humans.", "content": "A single oral dose of clonidine (0.15 mg), a selective alpha-adrenergic stimulating agent, was able to increase plasma growth hormone (GH) levels (above 5 ng/ml) in 6 out of 7 normal men tested. This GH increase was independent of the hypotensive effect of the drug and was observed without any modification of plasma prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, gonadotropins and glycemia. When oral clonidine administration was associated to a slow thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) infusion (1 mg dissolved in 400 ml of 0.9% saline solution, at a constant rate during 150 min) the plasma GH response was significantly inhibited when compared with that observed after clonidine alone. These results suggest that in normal subjects TRH is capable of blocking the effect of an alpha-adrenergic stimulus which is conceivably acting at the level of central nervous system.", "contents": "Suppression of clonidine-induced release of growth hormone by thyrotropin releasing hormone in humans. A single oral dose of clonidine (0.15 mg), a selective alpha-adrenergic stimulating agent, was able to increase plasma growth hormone (GH) levels (above 5 ng/ml) in 6 out of 7 normal men tested. This GH increase was independent of the hypotensive effect of the drug and was observed without any modification of plasma prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, gonadotropins and glycemia. When oral clonidine administration was associated to a slow thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) infusion (1 mg dissolved in 400 ml of 0.9% saline solution, at a constant rate during 150 min) the plasma GH response was significantly inhibited when compared with that observed after clonidine alone. These results suggest that in normal subjects TRH is capable of blocking the effect of an alpha-adrenergic stimulus which is conceivably acting at the level of central nervous system.", "PMID": 119798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13969", "title": "Hypothalamic-pituitary function in Cushing's disease.", "content": "Hypothalamic pituitary function was evaluated in seven patients with Cushing's disease. In all subjects there was an absence of GH elevation following hypoglycemia. Three patients demonstrated basal hyperprolactinemia. Six had an intact PRL rise following TRH. However, four patients failed to show PRL elevation with insulin hypoglycemia and six were unresponsive to chlorpromazine. Five patients showed impaired TSH response to TRH. Many of the subjects had low basal LH and FSH levels. Attenuated or absent gonadotropin responses to LHRH were noted in three females. One male demonstrated an exaggerated FSH response to LHRH. These results indicate that multiple abnormalities of anterior pituitary hormone secretion characterize Cushing's disease.", "contents": "Hypothalamic-pituitary function in Cushing's disease. Hypothalamic pituitary function was evaluated in seven patients with Cushing's disease. In all subjects there was an absence of GH elevation following hypoglycemia. Three patients demonstrated basal hyperprolactinemia. Six had an intact PRL rise following TRH. However, four patients failed to show PRL elevation with insulin hypoglycemia and six were unresponsive to chlorpromazine. Five patients showed impaired TSH response to TRH. Many of the subjects had low basal LH and FSH levels. Attenuated or absent gonadotropin responses to LHRH were noted in three females. One male demonstrated an exaggerated FSH response to LHRH. These results indicate that multiple abnormalities of anterior pituitary hormone secretion characterize Cushing's disease.", "PMID": 119799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13970", "title": "Stimulation of milk synthesis in the rabbit by fish pituitary extract.", "content": "The lactogenic properties of extracts of the pituitary glands of salmon and trout were evaluated by using the organ culture technique with rabbit mammary explants. Crude extracts and fractions obtained after chromatography on Ultrogel and selected for their capacity to compete with ovine prolactin in a rabbit mammary gland radioreceptor assay were added to the culture medium. The criteria of lactogenesis were lactose synthetase activity, casein synthesis, measurements of the concentration of casein messenger RNA and the histology of mammary glands. All these tests led to the conclusion that salmon and trout pituitary glands contain a prolactin-like principle capable of initiating milk synthesis in the rabbit mammary cell.", "contents": "Stimulation of milk synthesis in the rabbit by fish pituitary extract. The lactogenic properties of extracts of the pituitary glands of salmon and trout were evaluated by using the organ culture technique with rabbit mammary explants. Crude extracts and fractions obtained after chromatography on Ultrogel and selected for their capacity to compete with ovine prolactin in a rabbit mammary gland radioreceptor assay were added to the culture medium. The criteria of lactogenesis were lactose synthetase activity, casein synthesis, measurements of the concentration of casein messenger RNA and the histology of mammary glands. All these tests led to the conclusion that salmon and trout pituitary glands contain a prolactin-like principle capable of initiating milk synthesis in the rabbit mammary cell.", "PMID": 119820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13971", "title": "Polymorphisms and multiple sclerosis in Orkney.", "content": "Study of the blood group, isoenzyme, and serum protein systems representing polymorphic variants at 23 loci, in a population of 53 multiple sclerosis patients in Orkney, their relatives, and control series, showed that  patients were neither morre homozygous nor more inbred than controls. Any possible association of the disorder with the ABO and rhesus blood groups was not directly causal, but was related to the families of the patients rather than to the patients themselves.", "contents": "Polymorphisms and multiple sclerosis in Orkney. Study of the blood group, isoenzyme, and serum protein systems representing polymorphic variants at 23 loci, in a population of 53 multiple sclerosis patients in Orkney, their relatives, and control series, showed that  patients were neither morre homozygous nor more inbred than controls. Any possible association of the disorder with the ABO and rhesus blood groups was not directly causal, but was related to the families of the patients rather than to the patients themselves.", "PMID": 119821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13972", "title": "Replacement of posterior by anterior structures in the Drosophila wing caused by the mutation apterous-blot.", "content": "The recessive mutation apterous-blot in Drosophila melanogaster causes replacement of posterior wing structures by anterior ones, with variable penetrance and expressivity. Extreme transformations resemble mirror-image duplicate anterior wings as in the mutant engrailed. Anterior structures in the posterior wing only appear on the dorsal surface. Duplications solely of posterior structures are also seen. Clonal analysis shows that extra cell proliferation occurs in the posterior area but is complete by 108 h after egg deposition. Lineage analysis is consistent with a clonal perpetuation of the transformation. Genetic mosaics to test the cell-autonomy of apterous-blot show that it is not autonomously expressed in clones. The results of lineage analysis, the phenotypes of combinations of apterous-blot with other apterous alleles including a deletion for the locus and with various other homoeotic mutations, are together used to distinguish three alternative modes of action of this mutation. It is concluded that apterous-blot is unlikely to be a selector gene mutation but instead may cause the transformation by an event like transdetermination following a local failure in cell function in the wing disc.", "contents": "Replacement of posterior by anterior structures in the Drosophila wing caused by the mutation apterous-blot. The recessive mutation apterous-blot in Drosophila melanogaster causes replacement of posterior wing structures by anterior ones, with variable penetrance and expressivity. Extreme transformations resemble mirror-image duplicate anterior wings as in the mutant engrailed. Anterior structures in the posterior wing only appear on the dorsal surface. Duplications solely of posterior structures are also seen. Clonal analysis shows that extra cell proliferation occurs in the posterior area but is complete by 108 h after egg deposition. Lineage analysis is consistent with a clonal perpetuation of the transformation. Genetic mosaics to test the cell-autonomy of apterous-blot show that it is not autonomously expressed in clones. The results of lineage analysis, the phenotypes of combinations of apterous-blot with other apterous alleles including a deletion for the locus and with various other homoeotic mutations, are together used to distinguish three alternative modes of action of this mutation. It is concluded that apterous-blot is unlikely to be a selector gene mutation but instead may cause the transformation by an event like transdetermination following a local failure in cell function in the wing disc.", "PMID": 119822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13973", "title": "The dynamics of Drosophila melanogaster spermatogenesis in in vitro cultures.", "content": "A photographic description of meiosis and spermatogenesis in single sperm cysts of Drosophila melanogaster cultured in vitro is presented. In addition to the utility of this description for the study of spermatogenesis in whole live testes, the culture procedure provides a means for studying the dynamic development of individual sperm cysts from flies carrying male-sterile mutations, as illustrated with X/O males. Several deviations of spermatogenesis in vitro from that in vivo suggest that sperm morphogenesis is not rigidly coordinated.", "contents": "The dynamics of Drosophila melanogaster spermatogenesis in in vitro cultures. A photographic description of meiosis and spermatogenesis in single sperm cysts of Drosophila melanogaster cultured in vitro is presented. In addition to the utility of this description for the study of spermatogenesis in whole live testes, the culture procedure provides a means for studying the dynamic development of individual sperm cysts from flies carrying male-sterile mutations, as illustrated with X/O males. Several deviations of spermatogenesis in vitro from that in vivo suggest that sperm morphogenesis is not rigidly coordinated.", "PMID": 119823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13974", "title": "Measurement of calcium ion concentrations in the lateral line cupulae of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "1. Ion selective microelectrodes were used to measure the distribution of Ca2+ in the cupulae of Xenopus laevis, and to observe the effects of the Ca2+ blocker, La3+, and a Ca2+ chelating agent (EGTA) on the endocupular potential and K+ concentration. 2. Measurements of the endocupular Ca2+ and potential were found to be in the range of 2-30 muM and 55-10 mV respectively, and their relationship indicates that Ca2+ is passively distributed in the cupula. 3. The concentration of endocupular K+ and endocupular potential was found not to be influenced by addition of either 1 mM EGTA or 100 muM-La3+ to the bathing solution.", "contents": "Measurement of calcium ion concentrations in the lateral line cupulae of Xenopus laevis. 1. Ion selective microelectrodes were used to measure the distribution of Ca2+ in the cupulae of Xenopus laevis, and to observe the effects of the Ca2+ blocker, La3+, and a Ca2+ chelating agent (EGTA) on the endocupular potential and K+ concentration. 2. Measurements of the endocupular Ca2+ and potential were found to be in the range of 2-30 muM and 55-10 mV respectively, and their relationship indicates that Ca2+ is passively distributed in the cupula. 3. The concentration of endocupular K+ and endocupular potential was found not to be influenced by addition of either 1 mM EGTA or 100 muM-La3+ to the bathing solution.", "PMID": 119824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13975", "title": "Effects of the rod receptor potential upon retinal extracellular potassium concentration.", "content": "It has been hypothesized that the light-evoked rod hyperpolarization (the receptor potential) initiates the light-evoked decrease in extracellular potassium ion concentration, [K+]o, in the distal retina. The hypothesis was tested using the isolated, superfused retina of the toad, Bufo marinus; the receptor potential was recorded intracellularly from red rods, and [K+]o was measured in the photoreceptor layer with K+-specific microelectrodes. In support of the hypothesis, variations in stimulus irradiance or duration, or in retinal temperature, produced qualitatively similar effects on both the receptor potential and the decrease in [K+]o. A mechanism for the relationship between the receptor potential and the decrease in [K+]o was suggested by Matsuura et al. (1978. Vision Res. 18:767-775). In the dark, the passive efflux of K+ out of the rod is balanced by an equal influx of K+ fromthe Na+/K+ pump. The light-evoked rod hyperpolarization is assumed to reduce the passive efflux, with little effect on the pump. Thus, the influx will exceed the efflux, and [K+]o will decrease. Consistent with this mechanism, the largest and most rapid decrease in [K+]o was measured adjacent to the rod inner segments, where the Na+/K+ pump is most likely located; in addition, inhibition of the pump with ouabain abolished the decrease in [K]o more rapidly than the rod hyperpolarization. Based upon this mechanism, Matsuura et al. (1978) developed a mathematical model: over a wide range of stimulus irradiance, this model successfully predicts the time-course of the decrease in [K+]o, given only the time-course of the rod hyperpolarization.", "contents": "Effects of the rod receptor potential upon retinal extracellular potassium concentration. It has been hypothesized that the light-evoked rod hyperpolarization (the receptor potential) initiates the light-evoked decrease in extracellular potassium ion concentration, [K+]o, in the distal retina. The hypothesis was tested using the isolated, superfused retina of the toad, Bufo marinus; the receptor potential was recorded intracellularly from red rods, and [K+]o was measured in the photoreceptor layer with K+-specific microelectrodes. In support of the hypothesis, variations in stimulus irradiance or duration, or in retinal temperature, produced qualitatively similar effects on both the receptor potential and the decrease in [K+]o. A mechanism for the relationship between the receptor potential and the decrease in [K+]o was suggested by Matsuura et al. (1978. Vision Res. 18:767-775). In the dark, the passive efflux of K+ out of the rod is balanced by an equal influx of K+ fromthe Na+/K+ pump. The light-evoked rod hyperpolarization is assumed to reduce the passive efflux, with little effect on the pump. Thus, the influx will exceed the efflux, and [K+]o will decrease. Consistent with this mechanism, the largest and most rapid decrease in [K+]o was measured adjacent to the rod inner segments, where the Na+/K+ pump is most likely located; in addition, inhibition of the pump with ouabain abolished the decrease in [K]o more rapidly than the rod hyperpolarization. Based upon this mechanism, Matsuura et al. (1978) developed a mathematical model: over a wide range of stimulus irradiance, this model successfully predicts the time-course of the decrease in [K+]o, given only the time-course of the rod hyperpolarization.", "PMID": 119827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13976", "title": "Detection of an antigen-antibody system in serum associated with human non-A, non-B hepatitis.", "content": "An antigen was detected by counterelectrophoresis in serum samples from six of seven chimpanzees during the acute phase of experimentally induced non-A, non-B hepatitis using antiserum from a chimpanzee convalescent from human non-A, non-B hepatitis. This antigen could not be detected in 35 preinoculation serum samples from these chimpanzees, or in 94 weekly bleedings from three chimpanzees with hepatitis A and three chimpanzees with hepatitis B. The antigen was detected in serum samples obtained from three humans with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis whose blood had transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis to other humans (including a nurse by accidental needlestick) and to chimpanzees by experimental inoculation. In addition, the antigen was detected in serum obtained retrospectively from 11 to 31 former blood donors whose blood had transmitted posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis several years previously to recipients of a single unit of their blood. Antibody to this antigen was detected in convalescent serum samples from all seven chimpanzees studied, in convalescent serum from the nurse infected by accidental needlestick, and in serum from a hemodialysis patient convalescent from non-A, non-B hepatitis.", "contents": "Detection of an antigen-antibody system in serum associated with human non-A, non-B hepatitis. An antigen was detected by counterelectrophoresis in serum samples from six of seven chimpanzees during the acute phase of experimentally induced non-A, non-B hepatitis using antiserum from a chimpanzee convalescent from human non-A, non-B hepatitis. This antigen could not be detected in 35 preinoculation serum samples from these chimpanzees, or in 94 weekly bleedings from three chimpanzees with hepatitis A and three chimpanzees with hepatitis B. The antigen was detected in serum samples obtained from three humans with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis whose blood had transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis to other humans (including a nurse by accidental needlestick) and to chimpanzees by experimental inoculation. In addition, the antigen was detected in serum obtained retrospectively from 11 to 31 former blood donors whose blood had transmitted posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis several years previously to recipients of a single unit of their blood. Antibody to this antigen was detected in convalescent serum samples from all seven chimpanzees studied, in convalescent serum from the nurse infected by accidental needlestick, and in serum from a hemodialysis patient convalescent from non-A, non-B hepatitis.", "PMID": 119828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13977", "title": "Ebola and Marburg viruses: II. Thier development within Vero cells and the extra-cellular formation of branched and torus forms.", "content": "The development of Marburg virus and the Sudanese and Zaire strains of Ebola virus in Vero cells as visualized by electron microscopy is described. Despite differences in timing, all three strains appear to pass through identical stages of development. Initially there is a large increase in nucleolus material, and viral precursor material arranges itself in spirals and then into tubes. The cells fill with core material, which passes to the plasmalemma, which often proliferates. Each virion passes through the plasmalemma, acquiring a coat of host material. The formation of torus forms is discussed; the branched appearance that is often seen is believed to be an aberrant form. The reasons for this view are put forward.", "contents": "Ebola and Marburg viruses: II. Thier development within Vero cells and the extra-cellular formation of branched and torus forms. The development of Marburg virus and the Sudanese and Zaire strains of Ebola virus in Vero cells as visualized by electron microscopy is described. Despite differences in timing, all three strains appear to pass through identical stages of development. Initially there is a large increase in nucleolus material, and viral precursor material arranges itself in spirals and then into tubes. The cells fill with core material, which passes to the plasmalemma, which often proliferates. Each virion passes through the plasmalemma, acquiring a coat of host material. The formation of torus forms is discussed; the branched appearance that is often seen is believed to be an aberrant form. The reasons for this view are put forward.", "PMID": 119829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13978", "title": "Cell damage resulting from the labeling of rat lymphocytes and HeLa S3 cells with In-111 oxine.", "content": "Rat thoracic-duct lymphocytes and HeLa S3 cells were labeled in vitro with different amounts of indium-111 oxine. The labeled rat lymphocytes were tested for their ability to recirculate normally in syngeneic rats; the labeled HeLa S3 cells for their ability to divide to form colonies in tissue culture. Both cell types behaved normally by these criteria when labeled with small amounts of indium-111 oxine but at higher doses were obviously damaged. Evidence was obtained for the HeLa S3 cells that this damage was primarily radiation-induced. These findings may impose limitations on the use of In-111 oxine as a cell label for clinical purposes.", "contents": "Cell damage resulting from the labeling of rat lymphocytes and HeLa S3 cells with In-111 oxine. Rat thoracic-duct lymphocytes and HeLa S3 cells were labeled in vitro with different amounts of indium-111 oxine. The labeled rat lymphocytes were tested for their ability to recirculate normally in syngeneic rats; the labeled HeLa S3 cells for their ability to divide to form colonies in tissue culture. Both cell types behaved normally by these criteria when labeled with small amounts of indium-111 oxine but at higher doses were obviously damaged. Evidence was obtained for the HeLa S3 cells that this damage was primarily radiation-induced. These findings may impose limitations on the use of In-111 oxine as a cell label for clinical purposes.", "PMID": 119830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13979", "title": "Quantitative radionuclide imaging for early determination of fate of mandibular bone grafts.", "content": "Clinical assessment of bone-graft healing in the maxillofacial region is generally limited to clinical evaluation, radiographs, and biopsy. A noninvasive quantitative radionuclide method has been developed in an animal model, and it seems to allow earlier prediction of graft failure or success than conventional methods. Using a localization technique to identify preselected regions of interest reproducibly in the graft and adjacent host bone, an activity ration was developed between the graft region and a contralateral control. Two mandibular grafting systems were evaluated with this technique. When the activity ratio for the graft region over the period of study approached, or was greater than, the activity ratio for the host bone, the graft subsequently proved successful by clinical observation and gross dissection. When the activity ratio for the host bone remained greater than that of the graft, healing did not occur and the grafts were unsuccessful. This method allowed prediction of graft fate by 6 wk after grafting, and preceded radiographic confirmation of repair or failure by 2-3 wk.", "contents": "Quantitative radionuclide imaging for early determination of fate of mandibular bone grafts. Clinical assessment of bone-graft healing in the maxillofacial region is generally limited to clinical evaluation, radiographs, and biopsy. A noninvasive quantitative radionuclide method has been developed in an animal model, and it seems to allow earlier prediction of graft failure or success than conventional methods. Using a localization technique to identify preselected regions of interest reproducibly in the graft and adjacent host bone, an activity ration was developed between the graft region and a contralateral control. Two mandibular grafting systems were evaluated with this technique. When the activity ratio for the graft region over the period of study approached, or was greater than, the activity ratio for the host bone, the graft subsequently proved successful by clinical observation and gross dissection. When the activity ratio for the host bone remained greater than that of the graft, healing did not occur and the grafts were unsuccessful. This method allowed prediction of graft fate by 6 wk after grafting, and preceded radiographic confirmation of repair or failure by 2-3 wk.", "PMID": 119831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13980", "title": "Hepatic clearance mechanism of Tc-99m-HIDA and its effect on quantitation of hepatobiliary function: Concise communication.", "content": "Parameters affecting the hepatobiliary clearance of Tc-99m N(2,6-dimethylphenyl carbamoylmethyl) iminodiacetic acid (Tc-HIDA) were evaluated in dogs. Competitive clearance studies, were performed with Tc-HIDA after infusion to plasma saturation levels of an anion, sodium sulfobromophthalein (BSP), and a cation, oxyphenonium. The results demonstrated that Tc-HIDA is transported through hepatocytes by a carrier-mediated organic-anion pathway. The data are consistent with an alteration of the elimination kinetics of Tc-HIDA induced by elevations in the serum bilirubin level, and it is predicted that serum bilirubin at some increased concentration will dominate the distribution and elimination kinetics of Tc-HIDA independently of hepatobiliary status. A quantitative description of liver function in terms of regional distribution and elimination rate constants will require either a pharmacokinetic model that expressly includes the effects of bilirubin, the development of new anionic hepatobiliary agents capable of displacing endogenous bilirubin from transport binding sites, or the development of new hepatobiliary agents that use a different clearance mechanism from that used by bilirubin.", "contents": "Hepatic clearance mechanism of Tc-99m-HIDA and its effect on quantitation of hepatobiliary function: Concise communication. Parameters affecting the hepatobiliary clearance of Tc-99m N(2,6-dimethylphenyl carbamoylmethyl) iminodiacetic acid (Tc-HIDA) were evaluated in dogs. Competitive clearance studies, were performed with Tc-HIDA after infusion to plasma saturation levels of an anion, sodium sulfobromophthalein (BSP), and a cation, oxyphenonium. The results demonstrated that Tc-HIDA is transported through hepatocytes by a carrier-mediated organic-anion pathway. The data are consistent with an alteration of the elimination kinetics of Tc-HIDA induced by elevations in the serum bilirubin level, and it is predicted that serum bilirubin at some increased concentration will dominate the distribution and elimination kinetics of Tc-HIDA independently of hepatobiliary status. A quantitative description of liver function in terms of regional distribution and elimination rate constants will require either a pharmacokinetic model that expressly includes the effects of bilirubin, the development of new anionic hepatobiliary agents capable of displacing endogenous bilirubin from transport binding sites, or the development of new hepatobiliary agents that use a different clearance mechanism from that used by bilirubin.", "PMID": 119832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13981", "title": "Labeling of human platelets with [111In) 8-hydroxyquinoline.", "content": "We have evaluated the factors influencing the labeling of human platelets in the presence of autologous plasma. The labeling efficiency was found to be dependent on a) the time and temperature of incubation, b) the platelet concentration, c) the concentration of citrate ions (in ACD anticoagulant), and d) the concentration of 8-hydroxyquinoline in the suspending medium. Contrary to what was expected, unsaturated transferrin was found not to interfere with the transfer of In-111 from the [111In] 8-hydroxyquinoline complex to the platelets. Based on the findings of this study, a protocol was established by which human platelets can be labeled with In-111 in plasma with a labeling efficiency of 55.5 +/- 9.3 (mean +/- 1 s.d.) percent.", "contents": "Labeling of human platelets with [111In) 8-hydroxyquinoline. We have evaluated the factors influencing the labeling of human platelets in the presence of autologous plasma. The labeling efficiency was found to be dependent on a) the time and temperature of incubation, b) the platelet concentration, c) the concentration of citrate ions (in ACD anticoagulant), and d) the concentration of 8-hydroxyquinoline in the suspending medium. Contrary to what was expected, unsaturated transferrin was found not to interfere with the transfer of In-111 from the [111In] 8-hydroxyquinoline complex to the platelets. Based on the findings of this study, a protocol was established by which human platelets can be labeled with In-111 in plasma with a labeling efficiency of 55.5 +/- 9.3 (mean +/- 1 s.d.) percent.", "PMID": 119834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13982", "title": "The immunopathogenesis of progressive chronic inflammatory periodontal disease.", "content": "Natural, humoral and cellular immune mechanisms have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. However, confusion still exists as to the role played by each of these immunological mechanisms. Recently, characterization of the cell types within the progressive lesion has been established, in which four recognizable zones were described. Immediately subjacent to the epithelium lining the periodontal pocket both polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) and macrophages were seen, while cells deeper in the tissues had the morphological appearance of lymphocytes. The majority of these lymphocytes had a B-cell phenotype although a few T-cells and macrophages were found. On the advancing front of the lesion the cells had the morphological appearance of plasma cells, the majority of which contained IgG. Other cells found in this region had the morphology of plasma cells yet contained no cytoplasmic immunoglobulin, but they did contain substantial amounts of lysosomal enzymes. Similar cells have previously been described in periodontal disease; their frequent association with fibroblasts may suggest that they are important in the pathogenesis. Deposits of IgG and fibrin were found in the fibrous tissue band surrounding the lesion. These results are reviewed and, although the zones described were not anatomically distinct, by describing the lesion in this way it was possible to establish a convenient model to explain the immunopathogenesis of progressive chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. In this respect, progressive chronic inflammatory periodontal disease in man should be considered as a B-cell lesion.", "contents": "The immunopathogenesis of progressive chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. Natural, humoral and cellular immune mechanisms have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. However, confusion still exists as to the role played by each of these immunological mechanisms. Recently, characterization of the cell types within the progressive lesion has been established, in which four recognizable zones were described. Immediately subjacent to the epithelium lining the periodontal pocket both polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) and macrophages were seen, while cells deeper in the tissues had the morphological appearance of lymphocytes. The majority of these lymphocytes had a B-cell phenotype although a few T-cells and macrophages were found. On the advancing front of the lesion the cells had the morphological appearance of plasma cells, the majority of which contained IgG. Other cells found in this region had the morphology of plasma cells yet contained no cytoplasmic immunoglobulin, but they did contain substantial amounts of lysosomal enzymes. Similar cells have previously been described in periodontal disease; their frequent association with fibroblasts may suggest that they are important in the pathogenesis. Deposits of IgG and fibrin were found in the fibrous tissue band surrounding the lesion. These results are reviewed and, although the zones described were not anatomically distinct, by describing the lesion in this way it was possible to establish a convenient model to explain the immunopathogenesis of progressive chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. In this respect, progressive chronic inflammatory periodontal disease in man should be considered as a B-cell lesion.", "PMID": 119837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13983", "title": "An exophytic soft tissue mass of the buccal mucosa.", "content": "A case is presented in which electron microscopy proved invaluable in determining the nature of a clinically innocuous lesion of the buccal mucosa. The clinical, histologic and ultrastructural features of the neoplasm identified are reviewed in the light of previous literature.", "contents": "An exophytic soft tissue mass of the buccal mucosa. A case is presented in which electron microscopy proved invaluable in determining the nature of a clinically innocuous lesion of the buccal mucosa. The clinical, histologic and ultrastructural features of the neoplasm identified are reviewed in the light of previous literature.", "PMID": 119838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13984", "title": "Expansile lesion of the posterior maxilla in an adult male.", "content": "A case of odontogenic fibromyxoma of over 5 years' duration which was evident roentgenographically (but not diagnosed) at the time of treatment for a fractured zygoma of the ipsilateral side is presented. The rate of growth did not appear to be significantly altered by trauma. The tumor was successfully treated by enucleation and curettage with removal of the associated teeth. No evidence of recurrence was noted 6 months postoperatively.", "contents": "Expansile lesion of the posterior maxilla in an adult male. A case of odontogenic fibromyxoma of over 5 years' duration which was evident roentgenographically (but not diagnosed) at the time of treatment for a fractured zygoma of the ipsilateral side is presented. The rate of growth did not appear to be significantly altered by trauma. The tumor was successfully treated by enucleation and curettage with removal of the associated teeth. No evidence of recurrence was noted 6 months postoperatively.", "PMID": 119839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13985", "title": "Intracellular collagen in recurrent ameloblastic fibroma.", "content": "Electron microscopic examination of tissue from a twice recurrent ameloblastic fibroma revealed the presence of intracellular collagen fibres in fibroblasts active in protein synthesis. The intracellular fibres were morphologically identical to collagen fibres located extracellularly. The literature on intracellular collagen in biological systems and pathological states has been reviewed, and attention is focussed on collagen phagocytosis and degradation by fibroblasts which are currently considered to represent the basis of connective tissue remodelling and turnover.", "contents": "Intracellular collagen in recurrent ameloblastic fibroma. Electron microscopic examination of tissue from a twice recurrent ameloblastic fibroma revealed the presence of intracellular collagen fibres in fibroblasts active in protein synthesis. The intracellular fibres were morphologically identical to collagen fibres located extracellularly. The literature on intracellular collagen in biological systems and pathological states has been reviewed, and attention is focussed on collagen phagocytosis and degradation by fibroblasts which are currently considered to represent the basis of connective tissue remodelling and turnover.", "PMID": 119840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13986", "title": "The crystal chemistry of submandibular and parotid salivary gland stones.", "content": "The mineral composition of 38 human salivary gland stones was described qualitatively on the basis of X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis. In 32 submandibular stones, hydroxyapatite was the most frequently observed phase with a magnesium-substituted whitlockite co-phase (octacalcium phosphate was rarely present). In six parotid gland stones, apatite, magnesium substituted whitlockite and octacalcium phosphate were noted to be the major crystalline phases. Brushite was rarely found in either submandibular or parotid stones. This is the first report of octacalcium phosphate in salivary gland stones. All stones had ash weights ranging from 75--80%, but their Ca/P ratios could not be used to predict the crystalline phases present. Whitlockite was observed more frequently in the central regions of the submandibular stones than in the outer crusts. Possible explanations for the presence of each of these phases are discussed.", "contents": "The crystal chemistry of submandibular and parotid salivary gland stones. The mineral composition of 38 human salivary gland stones was described qualitatively on the basis of X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis. In 32 submandibular stones, hydroxyapatite was the most frequently observed phase with a magnesium-substituted whitlockite co-phase (octacalcium phosphate was rarely present). In six parotid gland stones, apatite, magnesium substituted whitlockite and octacalcium phosphate were noted to be the major crystalline phases. Brushite was rarely found in either submandibular or parotid stones. This is the first report of octacalcium phosphate in salivary gland stones. All stones had ash weights ranging from 75--80%, but their Ca/P ratios could not be used to predict the crystalline phases present. Whitlockite was observed more frequently in the central regions of the submandibular stones than in the outer crusts. Possible explanations for the presence of each of these phases are discussed.", "PMID": 119841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13987", "title": "The leukocytic response in ligated rat submandibular glands.", "content": "Within 1 h after ligation of the main excretory duct of the rat submandibular salivary gland neutrophils begin to migrate into the parenchymal epithelium and by 18 h they accumulate, unchanged, within the lumina of acini and intralobular ducts. By 24 h, monocytes become the predominant intraepithelial migrating cell type. These selectively migrate into lumina of convoluted ducts where they phagocytize intraluminal material consisting of secretion products, egested cell debris and neutrophils. By 4 days monocytes laden with phagosomes begin to migrate into the stroma and by 17 days relatively few leukocytes remain within the parenchyma. Changes in ligated gland weight reflect the cytological changes. It is concluded that in experimental obstructive adenitis monocytes play a most important role while neutrophils are adventitious.", "contents": "The leukocytic response in ligated rat submandibular glands. Within 1 h after ligation of the main excretory duct of the rat submandibular salivary gland neutrophils begin to migrate into the parenchymal epithelium and by 18 h they accumulate, unchanged, within the lumina of acini and intralobular ducts. By 24 h, monocytes become the predominant intraepithelial migrating cell type. These selectively migrate into lumina of convoluted ducts where they phagocytize intraluminal material consisting of secretion products, egested cell debris and neutrophils. By 4 days monocytes laden with phagosomes begin to migrate into the stroma and by 17 days relatively few leukocytes remain within the parenchyma. Changes in ligated gland weight reflect the cytological changes. It is concluded that in experimental obstructive adenitis monocytes play a most important role while neutrophils are adventitious.", "PMID": 119842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13988", "title": "Transcapillary exchange in the cat salivary gland during secretion, bradykinin infusion and after chronic duct ligation.", "content": "1. Capillary permeability-surface area products for 86Rb, [51Cr]EDTA (mol. wt. 357), [57Co]cyanocobalamin (mol. wt. 1353) and [125I]insulin (approximate mol. wt. 6000) have been measured using the single-circulation, multiple-tracer dilution technique in the in situ perfused submandibular salivary gland during parasympathetic nerve stimulation, close-arterial bradykinin infusion and following chronic duct ligation. 2. In glands with a natural blood supply, permeability-surface area for 86Rb and [51Cr]EDTA increased during parasympathetic stimulation, but this was shown to be related to the concomitant increase in blood flow rather than to a change in capillary permeability or in surface area. 3. In glands perfused at constant flow, parasympathetic stimulation led to a decrease in permeability-surface area for EDTA (-19.1 +/- 5.2%, mean +/- S.E., n = 5, P less than 0.05) cyanocobalamin (-12.3 +/- 6.0, n = 12, P less than 0.05), and insulin (-15.3 +/- 4.8, n = 11, P less than 0.02). It is suggested that this may be the result of a redistribution of flow from the acinar microcirculation to a less permeable ductal vasculature. 4. Bradykinin infusion had no significant effect on permeability-surface area for EDTA and cyanocobalamin in perfused glands. 5. In perfused glands, ligation of the submandibular duct for 3--12 days reduced permeability-surface area (ml.min-1.g-1) for [51Cr]EDTA from 5.26 +/- 0.60 (mean +/- S.E., n = 9) to 4.20 +/- 0.12 (n = 4, P less than 0.30), [57Co]cyanocobalamin from 3.22 +/- 0.12 (n = 48) to 2.02 +/- 0.08 (n = 15, P less than 0.001) and [125I]insulin from 1.52 +/- 0.07 (n = 39) to 0.72 +/- 0.23 (n = 11, P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Transcapillary exchange in the cat salivary gland during secretion, bradykinin infusion and after chronic duct ligation. 1. Capillary permeability-surface area products for 86Rb, [51Cr]EDTA (mol. wt. 357), [57Co]cyanocobalamin (mol. wt. 1353) and [125I]insulin (approximate mol. wt. 6000) have been measured using the single-circulation, multiple-tracer dilution technique in the in situ perfused submandibular salivary gland during parasympathetic nerve stimulation, close-arterial bradykinin infusion and following chronic duct ligation. 2. In glands with a natural blood supply, permeability-surface area for 86Rb and [51Cr]EDTA increased during parasympathetic stimulation, but this was shown to be related to the concomitant increase in blood flow rather than to a change in capillary permeability or in surface area. 3. In glands perfused at constant flow, parasympathetic stimulation led to a decrease in permeability-surface area for EDTA (-19.1 +/- 5.2%, mean +/- S.E., n = 5, P less than 0.05) cyanocobalamin (-12.3 +/- 6.0, n = 12, P less than 0.05), and insulin (-15.3 +/- 4.8, n = 11, P less than 0.02). It is suggested that this may be the result of a redistribution of flow from the acinar microcirculation to a less permeable ductal vasculature. 4. Bradykinin infusion had no significant effect on permeability-surface area for EDTA and cyanocobalamin in perfused glands. 5. In perfused glands, ligation of the submandibular duct for 3--12 days reduced permeability-surface area (ml.min-1.g-1) for [51Cr]EDTA from 5.26 +/- 0.60 (mean +/- S.E., n = 9) to 4.20 +/- 0.12 (n = 4, P less than 0.30), [57Co]cyanocobalamin from 3.22 +/- 0.12 (n = 48) to 2.02 +/- 0.08 (n = 15, P less than 0.001) and [125I]insulin from 1.52 +/- 0.07 (n = 39) to 0.72 +/- 0.23 (n = 11, P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 119844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13989", "title": "A comparison of duodenal osmolality and energy content as controlling factors of gastric emptying in the calf.", "content": "1. The relative importance of energy content and osmolality of the duodenal chyme in the feed-back control of gastric emptying was investigated in the milk-fed calf fitted with gastric (abomasal) and duodenal re-entrant cannulae. 2. Duodenal infusion of isosmolal solutions, containing glucose, fructose or galactose, with a range of combustible energy content (0--1.46 MJ/l.) resulted in the same high rate of emptying of test meals from the stomach (abomasum). Abomasal emptying was, therefore, not affected by the energy content of the duodenal infusate. 3. Gastric secretion of acid and pepsinogen, and the volume of gastric secretions produced were also unaffected by the energy content of isosomolal duodenal infusates. 4. The results of the study show that the combustible energy content of the intestinal chyme is not a direct determinant of gastric function and that total osmolality of the lumenal contents is the only parameter influencing duodenal receptors under the conditions of our experiments.", "contents": "A comparison of duodenal osmolality and energy content as controlling factors of gastric emptying in the calf. 1. The relative importance of energy content and osmolality of the duodenal chyme in the feed-back control of gastric emptying was investigated in the milk-fed calf fitted with gastric (abomasal) and duodenal re-entrant cannulae. 2. Duodenal infusion of isosmolal solutions, containing glucose, fructose or galactose, with a range of combustible energy content (0--1.46 MJ/l.) resulted in the same high rate of emptying of test meals from the stomach (abomasum). Abomasal emptying was, therefore, not affected by the energy content of the duodenal infusate. 3. Gastric secretion of acid and pepsinogen, and the volume of gastric secretions produced were also unaffected by the energy content of isosomolal duodenal infusates. 4. The results of the study show that the combustible energy content of the intestinal chyme is not a direct determinant of gastric function and that total osmolality of the lumenal contents is the only parameter influencing duodenal receptors under the conditions of our experiments.", "PMID": 119845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13990", "title": "Light adaptation in toad rods: requirement for an internal messenger which is not calcium.", "content": "1. The mechanism of light adaptation was investigated by recording intracellularly from single rods in the isolated, superfused retina of the toad, Bufo marinus. Steady background lights produce decreases in rod sensitivity and changes in response wave form similar to those previously observed in the toad eyecup. 2. The sensitivity of a dark-adapted rod is halved by a background light which bleaches about 4 rhodopsins per rod per second. Since a toad rod contains over 2000 disks, a rhodopsin bleached in one disk must alter the effectiveness of rhodopsins bleached in others. This could occur if the state of adaptation in the rod were regulated by the concentration of some diffusable substance. 3. This diffusable substance cannot be Ca2+. Increases in intracellular Ca2+, produced experimentally either by increasing extracellular Ca2+ or by facilitating Ca2+ permeability into the rod with the ionophore X537A, cause a hyperpolarization of membrane potential and a decrease in response amplitude; but they do not produce changes in sensitivity and response wave form like those produced by background light. 4. Either Ca2+ is not the internal transmitter released from the disks during excitation, or the disks release or otherwise alter the concentration of a second diffusable substance, in addition to Ca2+, which regulates the state of adaptation.", "contents": "Light adaptation in toad rods: requirement for an internal messenger which is not calcium. 1. The mechanism of light adaptation was investigated by recording intracellularly from single rods in the isolated, superfused retina of the toad, Bufo marinus. Steady background lights produce decreases in rod sensitivity and changes in response wave form similar to those previously observed in the toad eyecup. 2. The sensitivity of a dark-adapted rod is halved by a background light which bleaches about 4 rhodopsins per rod per second. Since a toad rod contains over 2000 disks, a rhodopsin bleached in one disk must alter the effectiveness of rhodopsins bleached in others. This could occur if the state of adaptation in the rod were regulated by the concentration of some diffusable substance. 3. This diffusable substance cannot be Ca2+. Increases in intracellular Ca2+, produced experimentally either by increasing extracellular Ca2+ or by facilitating Ca2+ permeability into the rod with the ionophore X537A, cause a hyperpolarization of membrane potential and a decrease in response amplitude; but they do not produce changes in sensitivity and response wave form like those produced by background light. 4. Either Ca2+ is not the internal transmitter released from the disks during excitation, or the disks release or otherwise alter the concentration of a second diffusable substance, in addition to Ca2+, which regulates the state of adaptation.", "PMID": 119846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13991", "title": "Discharges of intracerebellar nuclear cells in monkeys.", "content": "1. Conscious monkeys were trained with food rewards to perform movement tasks with the left forelimb and to accept manipulation of the joints and muscles and natural non-noxious stimulation of the skin of all four limbs. 2. Recordings were made from 217 cells situated in the left interpositus and dentate nuclei of the cerebellum. The identity of seventy-seven cells as cerebellar projection neurones was definitively established by activating them antidromically from the brachium conjunctivum near the contralateral red nucleus. 3. Modulation in the natural activity of 129 of these crebellar nuclear cells (sixty in interpositus; sixty-nine in dentate) occurred in a reproducible manner in temporal association with a phase of the self-paced movement tasks performed by the animal using the ipsilateral arm and hand. The discharges during motor performance of forty-two dentate and forty-five interpositus cells were shown to be associated with movement about a particular joint or region of the forelimb whenever that movement occurred. 4. Cells whose discharges were related to proximal joint movements (shoulder, elbow) and cells related to distal joint movements (wrist, fingers) were encountered in both the dentate and interposed nuclei. 5. The cells were tonically active at rest. Most commonly, accelerations in the discharge were related to movement of a joint or the limb in one direction and a reduction or cessation of activity accompanied movement in the opposite direction. 6. For some cells, variation of the amount of discharge demonstrated during movement performance could be related to the range of the movement or its duration, more activity being characteristic of more prolonged movement performance through larger angles of joint displacement. 7. The dentate and interpositus cells whose discharges were most strongly and consistently related to movements of the forelimb were concentrated in the mid region and caudal half of either nucleus. 8. None of seventy-three dentate neurones examined showed appreciable responses to stimulation of the skin or manipulation of joints and muscles of the fore- or hind limbs and only two cells responded to unexpected perturbation of movement performance. 9. No influence resulting from peripheral afferent input from the ipsilateral forelimb was detected in any interpositus cell whose firing was unchanged during ipsilateral arm movements. 10. Of the sixty interpositus cells whose discharge rates changed during motor performance, twenty-eight were demonstrated to be in receipt of input from receptors in the ipsilateral hand or arm, which could be activated by brisk tapping of the skin and sometimes by gentle squeezing of the forearm. 11. In the passive relaxed animal, manipulation of joints was ineffective in modifying the discharges of most interpositus neurones and, in all cases, prolonged pressure upon the skin elicited only transient responses...", "contents": "Discharges of intracerebellar nuclear cells in monkeys. 1. Conscious monkeys were trained with food rewards to perform movement tasks with the left forelimb and to accept manipulation of the joints and muscles and natural non-noxious stimulation of the skin of all four limbs. 2. Recordings were made from 217 cells situated in the left interpositus and dentate nuclei of the cerebellum. The identity of seventy-seven cells as cerebellar projection neurones was definitively established by activating them antidromically from the brachium conjunctivum near the contralateral red nucleus. 3. Modulation in the natural activity of 129 of these crebellar nuclear cells (sixty in interpositus; sixty-nine in dentate) occurred in a reproducible manner in temporal association with a phase of the self-paced movement tasks performed by the animal using the ipsilateral arm and hand. The discharges during motor performance of forty-two dentate and forty-five interpositus cells were shown to be associated with movement about a particular joint or region of the forelimb whenever that movement occurred. 4. Cells whose discharges were related to proximal joint movements (shoulder, elbow) and cells related to distal joint movements (wrist, fingers) were encountered in both the dentate and interposed nuclei. 5. The cells were tonically active at rest. Most commonly, accelerations in the discharge were related to movement of a joint or the limb in one direction and a reduction or cessation of activity accompanied movement in the opposite direction. 6. For some cells, variation of the amount of discharge demonstrated during movement performance could be related to the range of the movement or its duration, more activity being characteristic of more prolonged movement performance through larger angles of joint displacement. 7. The dentate and interpositus cells whose discharges were most strongly and consistently related to movements of the forelimb were concentrated in the mid region and caudal half of either nucleus. 8. None of seventy-three dentate neurones examined showed appreciable responses to stimulation of the skin or manipulation of joints and muscles of the fore- or hind limbs and only two cells responded to unexpected perturbation of movement performance. 9. No influence resulting from peripheral afferent input from the ipsilateral forelimb was detected in any interpositus cell whose firing was unchanged during ipsilateral arm movements. 10. Of the sixty interpositus cells whose discharge rates changed during motor performance, twenty-eight were demonstrated to be in receipt of input from receptors in the ipsilateral hand or arm, which could be activated by brisk tapping of the skin and sometimes by gentle squeezing of the forearm. 11. In the passive relaxed animal, manipulation of joints was ineffective in modifying the discharges of most interpositus neurones and, in all cases, prolonged pressure upon the skin elicited only transient responses...", "PMID": 119847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13992", "title": "Avian haematozoa: some taxonomic and nomenclatural problems arising from the Russian literature.", "content": "It is evident from a survey of the Russian literature that many species of avian haematozoa recorded do not meet the basic criteria required by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Thus 28 species of Haemoproteus and 4 species of Leucocytozoon are considered to be nomina nuda, while 1 species, Leucocytozoon turtur orientalis is a synonym of L. marchouxi.", "contents": "Avian haematozoa: some taxonomic and nomenclatural problems arising from the Russian literature. It is evident from a survey of the Russian literature that many species of avian haematozoa recorded do not meet the basic criteria required by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Thus 28 species of Haemoproteus and 4 species of Leucocytozoon are considered to be nomina nuda, while 1 species, Leucocytozoon turtur orientalis is a synonym of L. marchouxi.", "PMID": 119848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13993", "title": "Electron-microscopic studies on Theileria ovis Rodhain, 1916: development of kinetics in the gut of the vector tick, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann, 1897, and their transformation within cells of the salivary glands.", "content": "Gamogony of Theileria ovis Rodhain occurs within the gut of nymphs of the tick Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann. After molting, spherical and ovoid parasites are found within the intestinal cells of the ticks. These stages are thought to be zygotes, because they undergo a transformation process leading ultimately (in 3 days) to the formation of a motile stage, the kinete, the fine structure of which is very similar to that of the ookinetes of the hemosporidia. The kinete leaves the gut cells of the tick and penetrates the salivary gland cells where it produces infective stages (the sporozoites). These stages may be transmitted to sheep during the next blood meal of the tick. The developmental processes of T. ovis are compared to those of Hemosporina.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic studies on Theileria ovis Rodhain, 1916: development of kinetics in the gut of the vector tick, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann, 1897, and their transformation within cells of the salivary glands. Gamogony of Theileria ovis Rodhain occurs within the gut of nymphs of the tick Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann. After molting, spherical and ovoid parasites are found within the intestinal cells of the ticks. These stages are thought to be zygotes, because they undergo a transformation process leading ultimately (in 3 days) to the formation of a motile stage, the kinete, the fine structure of which is very similar to that of the ookinetes of the hemosporidia. The kinete leaves the gut cells of the tick and penetrates the salivary gland cells where it produces infective stages (the sporozoites). These stages may be transmitted to sheep during the next blood meal of the tick. The developmental processes of T. ovis are compared to those of Hemosporina.", "PMID": 119849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13994", "title": "Subcellular localization of the GABA-shunt enzymes in Euglena gracilis strain Z.", "content": "Glutamate decarboxylase, gamma-aminobutyrate-alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase and NAD-linked and NADP-linked succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, all constituting the GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate)-shunt pathway of glutamate metabolism are localized in the mitochondrial matrix in a streptomycin-bleached mutant of Euglena gracilis strain Z. Glutamate dehydrogenase, requiring NADP as the cofactor, was distributed in the cytoplasm. An improved version of the controlled digestion method for preparing Euglena mitochondria, which involves use of trypsin and a trypsin inhibitor and removal of broken cells before mechanical disruption of cells, is also described.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of the GABA-shunt enzymes in Euglena gracilis strain Z. Glutamate decarboxylase, gamma-aminobutyrate-alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase and NAD-linked and NADP-linked succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, all constituting the GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate)-shunt pathway of glutamate metabolism are localized in the mitochondrial matrix in a streptomycin-bleached mutant of Euglena gracilis strain Z. Glutamate dehydrogenase, requiring NADP as the cofactor, was distributed in the cytoplasm. An improved version of the controlled digestion method for preparing Euglena mitochondria, which involves use of trypsin and a trypsin inhibitor and removal of broken cells before mechanical disruption of cells, is also described.", "PMID": 119850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13995", "title": "The methylated purines of Tetrahymena pyriformis transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "By phenol extraction and DEAE cellulose column chromatography, tRNA was isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL. Following acid hydrolysis of the tRNA, the methylated purine content was determined by Dowex 50 column chromatography and paper chromatography. The most abundant methylated guanine derivative was found to be N2-DMG. Also present were 1-MG, N2-MG, and 7-MG. The most abundant methylated adenine was found to be 1-MA; no 2-MA was detected. Small amounts of the N6-methyladenines were detected.", "contents": "The methylated purines of Tetrahymena pyriformis transfer ribonucleic acid. By phenol extraction and DEAE cellulose column chromatography, tRNA was isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL. Following acid hydrolysis of the tRNA, the methylated purine content was determined by Dowex 50 column chromatography and paper chromatography. The most abundant methylated guanine derivative was found to be N2-DMG. Also present were 1-MG, N2-MG, and 7-MG. The most abundant methylated adenine was found to be 1-MA; no 2-MA was detected. Small amounts of the N6-methyladenines were detected.", "PMID": 119851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13996", "title": "Tetrahymena tubulins and in vitro translation of Tetrahymena RNA.", "content": "Tetrahymena outer doublet tubulin was compared with neurotubulin and Chlamydomonas flagellar tubulin on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Tetrahymena alpha tubulin did not comigrate with either brain or flagellar alpha tubulins, although brain, flagellar, and ciliary beta tubulins all comigrated. Axonemal tubulin from Tetrahymena strain ST was compared with this tubulin from strains W, S, HSM, and E, and all were found to have the same mobilities. Poly-A containing RNA was separated from whole cell Tetrahymena RNA by oligo-dT cellulose chromatography. Poly-A+ RNA from 24-h cultures (early exponential growth) stimulated greater incorporation of amino acids into polypeptides in the wheat germ cell-free translation system than did poly-A+ RNA from 36-h and 49-h cultures. When separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, the translation products of the 24-h poly-A+ RNA had 2 prominent protein bands which comigrated with alpha and beta tubulin isolated from Tetrahymena cilia. These bands were not found in the translation products of poly-A+ RNA isolated from 49-h cultures or in the translation products of poly-A- RNA.", "contents": "Tetrahymena tubulins and in vitro translation of Tetrahymena RNA. Tetrahymena outer doublet tubulin was compared with neurotubulin and Chlamydomonas flagellar tubulin on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Tetrahymena alpha tubulin did not comigrate with either brain or flagellar alpha tubulins, although brain, flagellar, and ciliary beta tubulins all comigrated. Axonemal tubulin from Tetrahymena strain ST was compared with this tubulin from strains W, S, HSM, and E, and all were found to have the same mobilities. Poly-A containing RNA was separated from whole cell Tetrahymena RNA by oligo-dT cellulose chromatography. Poly-A+ RNA from 24-h cultures (early exponential growth) stimulated greater incorporation of amino acids into polypeptides in the wheat germ cell-free translation system than did poly-A+ RNA from 36-h and 49-h cultures. When separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, the translation products of the 24-h poly-A+ RNA had 2 prominent protein bands which comigrated with alpha and beta tubulin isolated from Tetrahymena cilia. These bands were not found in the translation products of poly-A+ RNA isolated from 49-h cultures or in the translation products of poly-A- RNA.", "PMID": 119852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13997", "title": "5-(alpha-Bromoacetyl)-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate: an affinity label for thymidylate synthetase.", "content": "5-(alpha-Bromoacetyl)-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (1) is an active-site-directed irreversible inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase from Lactobacillus casei. Analysis of the rate of inactivation of the enzyme in the presence of substrate confirmed the intermediate formation of a reversible enzyme-inhibitor complex.", "contents": "5-(alpha-Bromoacetyl)-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate: an affinity label for thymidylate synthetase. 5-(alpha-Bromoacetyl)-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (1) is an active-site-directed irreversible inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase from Lactobacillus casei. Analysis of the rate of inactivation of the enzyme in the presence of substrate confirmed the intermediate formation of a reversible enzyme-inhibitor complex.", "PMID": 119854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13998", "title": "Optical resolution of some homobenzomorphan derivatives and their pharmacological properties.", "content": "Racemic 1,4-dimethyl- (1), 1,4,12 alpha-trimethyl- (2), and 1,4,12 beta-trimethyl-10-hydroxy-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1,6-methano-1H-4-benzazonine (3) have been optically resolved. The analgesic potency and physical-dependence capacity of the optical isomers and their racemic parents were determined. The levo isomers of compounds 2 and 3 were analgesically much more potent than the dextro isomers and were equipotent with morphine. Optical resolution gave no effect on the activity of compound 1. None of the optical isomers and the racemates suppressed the morphine-withdrawal syndrome in the monkey.", "contents": "Optical resolution of some homobenzomorphan derivatives and their pharmacological properties. Racemic 1,4-dimethyl- (1), 1,4,12 alpha-trimethyl- (2), and 1,4,12 beta-trimethyl-10-hydroxy-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1,6-methano-1H-4-benzazonine (3) have been optically resolved. The analgesic potency and physical-dependence capacity of the optical isomers and their racemic parents were determined. The levo isomers of compounds 2 and 3 were analgesically much more potent than the dextro isomers and were equipotent with morphine. Optical resolution gave no effect on the activity of compound 1. None of the optical isomers and the racemates suppressed the morphine-withdrawal syndrome in the monkey.", "PMID": 119855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_13999", "title": "Hereditary aspects of duodenal ulceration: pepsin 1 secretion in relation to ABO blood groups and ABH secretor status.", "content": "Pepsin 1, the ulcer-associated pepsin, occurred significantly more frequently in the gastric juice of those patients with duodenal ulcer who did not secrete A, B, or H antigens into gastric juice than in those secreting these antigens. This observation may explain the increased proportion of such non-secretors among patients with duodenal ulceration. In patients with gastric ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia, and in a miscellaneous group of patients, there was no association of pepsin 1 secretion with secretor status, suggesting that the association noted in duodenal ulceration is an indirect rather than a direct one. No increase of pepsin 1 occurred in group O patients with peptic ulcer, so that the increased proportion of such patients in peptic ulcer does not arise from differences in pepsin 1 secretion.", "contents": "Hereditary aspects of duodenal ulceration: pepsin 1 secretion in relation to ABO blood groups and ABH secretor status. Pepsin 1, the ulcer-associated pepsin, occurred significantly more frequently in the gastric juice of those patients with duodenal ulcer who did not secrete A, B, or H antigens into gastric juice than in those secreting these antigens. This observation may explain the increased proportion of such non-secretors among patients with duodenal ulceration. In patients with gastric ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia, and in a miscellaneous group of patients, there was no association of pepsin 1 secretion with secretor status, suggesting that the association noted in duodenal ulceration is an indirect rather than a direct one. No increase of pepsin 1 occurred in group O patients with peptic ulcer, so that the increased proportion of such patients in peptic ulcer does not arise from differences in pepsin 1 secretion.", "PMID": 119857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14000", "title": "Consumption of C3 via the classical and alternative complement pathways by sera and synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Five sera and four synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were found to contain substances which consumed hemolytic C3 in normal human serum (NHS) and in normal guinea pig serum (NGPS). These fluids were then tested for ability to activate the alternative pathway by incubating them with NHS containing MgEGTA and C4 deficient GPS. All sera and two synovial fluids depleted C3 in these reagents, indicating direct activation by the alternative pathway. Density gradient ultracentrifugation demonstrated C3 fixing activity in some specimens in the greater than 19s regions. These substances may also activate complement similarly in vivo and participate in the development of inflammatory processes associated with this disease.", "contents": "Consumption of C3 via the classical and alternative complement pathways by sera and synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Five sera and four synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were found to contain substances which consumed hemolytic C3 in normal human serum (NHS) and in normal guinea pig serum (NGPS). These fluids were then tested for ability to activate the alternative pathway by incubating them with NHS containing MgEGTA and C4 deficient GPS. All sera and two synovial fluids depleted C3 in these reagents, indicating direct activation by the alternative pathway. Density gradient ultracentrifugation demonstrated C3 fixing activity in some specimens in the greater than 19s regions. These substances may also activate complement similarly in vivo and participate in the development of inflammatory processes associated with this disease.", "PMID": 119858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14001", "title": "A new case of IgE myeloma (Des) ending with renal failure.", "content": "A new case of IgE myeloma (Des), a woman aged 55, is presented. The monoclonal Ig was identified as an IgE of the kappa type. The case history is detailed. Bone lesions were absent; there were up to 12% plasma cells in the peripheral blood; therapy with cytostatic drugs could not be applied because of leuco- and thrombopenia. The patient died of renal failure after having been maintained one year on steroids and transfusions. A comparison between several clinical and laboratory data of this new case, the twelfth to the author's knowledge, and those of the preceding ones, is also given.", "contents": "A new case of IgE myeloma (Des) ending with renal failure. A new case of IgE myeloma (Des), a woman aged 55, is presented. The monoclonal Ig was identified as an IgE of the kappa type. The case history is detailed. Bone lesions were absent; there were up to 12% plasma cells in the peripheral blood; therapy with cytostatic drugs could not be applied because of leuco- and thrombopenia. The patient died of renal failure after having been maintained one year on steroids and transfusions. A comparison between several clinical and laboratory data of this new case, the twelfth to the author's knowledge, and those of the preceding ones, is also given.", "PMID": 119859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14002", "title": "Reproductive and hormonal patterns in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).", "content": "The results of breeding Cercopithecus aethiops under time-mated laboratory conditions and analysis of total estrogen, progesterone, and LH concentrations in plasma during the menstrual cycle and plasma estrogen and progesterone concentrations during pregnancy indicate that this species is a suitable alternative for the rhesus monkey as a model for investigations of reproductive function in man.", "contents": "Reproductive and hormonal patterns in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). The results of breeding Cercopithecus aethiops under time-mated laboratory conditions and analysis of total estrogen, progesterone, and LH concentrations in plasma during the menstrual cycle and plasma estrogen and progesterone concentrations during pregnancy indicate that this species is a suitable alternative for the rhesus monkey as a model for investigations of reproductive function in man.", "PMID": 119860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14003", "title": "Anomalous origin of the right subclavian artery in a marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).", "content": "Anomalous right subclavian artery in a one-day-old marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is reported. The anomalous vessel originated with the left subclavian artery from a short trunk off the arch of the aorta, then passed posterior to the esophagus, indenting it.", "contents": "Anomalous origin of the right subclavian artery in a marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Anomalous right subclavian artery in a one-day-old marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is reported. The anomalous vessel originated with the left subclavian artery from a short trunk off the arch of the aorta, then passed posterior to the esophagus, indenting it.", "PMID": 119861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14004", "title": "Ureaplasmas in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): transmission and elimination.", "content": "All adult marmosets tested had ureaplasmas in their throats but not in the lower respiratory tract, and rarely in the genital tract. Ureaplasmas persisted in the throat of a marmoset separated from the colony for 44 days. They could not be recovered from the animals for at least nine weeks after a course of minocycline. Airborne reinfection did not occur when these animals were surrounded by, but separate from, infected marmosets. It occurred when the minocycline-treated animals were caged with the infected marmosets or were inoculated. The genital tract was more difficult to infect than the oropharynx.", "contents": "Ureaplasmas in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): transmission and elimination. All adult marmosets tested had ureaplasmas in their throats but not in the lower respiratory tract, and rarely in the genital tract. Ureaplasmas persisted in the throat of a marmoset separated from the colony for 44 days. They could not be recovered from the animals for at least nine weeks after a course of minocycline. Airborne reinfection did not occur when these animals were surrounded by, but separate from, infected marmosets. It occurred when the minocycline-treated animals were caged with the infected marmosets or were inoculated. The genital tract was more difficult to infect than the oropharynx.", "PMID": 119862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14005", "title": "Three social-preference measures in PKU monkeys.", "content": "Of twenty-four one-year-old rhesus, half were brain damaged from excessive phenylalanine (PKU) administered either pre- or post-natally. When compared on three measures of affiliation--(a) a simultaneous forced-choice proximity circus test, (b) a sequential free-operant Butler-box test, and (c) a social group in a playroom--the duration measure of the circus gave the best differentiation between stimulus animals, the Butler box the poorest. Both types of PKU monkeys were found to strongly prefer familiar PKU monkeys, and controls to refer unfamiliar followed by familiar controls. This extends preference research to induced brain damage and confirms behavioural abnormality in PKU macaques, an abnormality detectable by both humans and other monkeys.", "contents": "Three social-preference measures in PKU monkeys. Of twenty-four one-year-old rhesus, half were brain damaged from excessive phenylalanine (PKU) administered either pre- or post-natally. When compared on three measures of affiliation--(a) a simultaneous forced-choice proximity circus test, (b) a sequential free-operant Butler-box test, and (c) a social group in a playroom--the duration measure of the circus gave the best differentiation between stimulus animals, the Butler box the poorest. Both types of PKU monkeys were found to strongly prefer familiar PKU monkeys, and controls to refer unfamiliar followed by familiar controls. This extends preference research to induced brain damage and confirms behavioural abnormality in PKU macaques, an abnormality detectable by both humans and other monkeys.", "PMID": 119863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14006", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: hyperactivity and mesolimbic dopamine system in rats.", "content": "The mechanism of stimulatory action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on spontaneous motor activity was investigated in rats. TRH produced a significant hyperactivity with intraperitoneal administration of 20 mg/kg or bilateral injection of 10 micrograms into the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS). Following bilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway, the hyperactivity induced by TRH was not altered, whereas the response to apomorphine given intraperitoneally or DA injected into the NAS was clearly enhanced. The TRH-induced hyperactivity was remarkably suppressed by alpha-methyltyrosine and in contrast, augmented by pargyline. Systemic injection of aminooxyacetic acid in a dose producing behavioral depression reduced markedly the TRH-induced hyperactivity. Bilateral injection of ethanolamine O-sulphate (100 micrograms) into the NAS produced no behavioral depression per se, but remarkably attenuated the hyperactivity response to TRH or DA (20 micrograms) given intraperitoneally or into the NAS. Both TRH (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) and methamphetamine (10(-6)--10(-4) M increased the spontaneous release of 14C-DA from rat NAS slices. These findings suggest that TRH induces hyperactivity by enhancing DA release from nerve terminals in the NAS without a direct stimulation of the post-synaptic DA recptors. TRH and GABA, independently or via interaction between them, may play a reciprocal regulatory role in the activity of the mesolimbic DA system.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: hyperactivity and mesolimbic dopamine system in rats. The mechanism of stimulatory action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on spontaneous motor activity was investigated in rats. TRH produced a significant hyperactivity with intraperitoneal administration of 20 mg/kg or bilateral injection of 10 micrograms into the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS). Following bilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway, the hyperactivity induced by TRH was not altered, whereas the response to apomorphine given intraperitoneally or DA injected into the NAS was clearly enhanced. The TRH-induced hyperactivity was remarkably suppressed by alpha-methyltyrosine and in contrast, augmented by pargyline. Systemic injection of aminooxyacetic acid in a dose producing behavioral depression reduced markedly the TRH-induced hyperactivity. Bilateral injection of ethanolamine O-sulphate (100 micrograms) into the NAS produced no behavioral depression per se, but remarkably attenuated the hyperactivity response to TRH or DA (20 micrograms) given intraperitoneally or into the NAS. Both TRH (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) and methamphetamine (10(-6)--10(-4) M increased the spontaneous release of 14C-DA from rat NAS slices. These findings suggest that TRH induces hyperactivity by enhancing DA release from nerve terminals in the NAS without a direct stimulation of the post-synaptic DA recptors. TRH and GABA, independently or via interaction between them, may play a reciprocal regulatory role in the activity of the mesolimbic DA system.", "PMID": 119887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14007", "title": "[Prevention of Rh sensitization using anti-D immunoglobulin. (An 8 year study)].", "content": "From July 1969 to July 1977 the authors administered 629 doses of anti D immunoglobulin to 597 women, 26 of them having received the preparation twice and 3 three times. The preparation of anti D immunoglobulin is most frequently given after delivery to Rh negative, in the ABO system compatible primiparae having given birth to a Rh positive child and being not immunized. The effectiveness of the prophylaxis was tested by sensibilization tests 3--6 months after delivery in 159 women, and in 1977, 137 more women were summoned to a follow-up, so that in all 296 women were hematologically followed up. The prophylaxis proved a failure in 0.6% of women. Biological control was carried out in a group of 118 women who had given birth to Rh positive children following the use of anti D immunoglobulin. It showed failure of the prophylaxis applied in 1.6% of cases.", "contents": "[Prevention of Rh sensitization using anti-D immunoglobulin. (An 8 year study)]. From July 1969 to July 1977 the authors administered 629 doses of anti D immunoglobulin to 597 women, 26 of them having received the preparation twice and 3 three times. The preparation of anti D immunoglobulin is most frequently given after delivery to Rh negative, in the ABO system compatible primiparae having given birth to a Rh positive child and being not immunized. The effectiveness of the prophylaxis was tested by sensibilization tests 3--6 months after delivery in 159 women, and in 1977, 137 more women were summoned to a follow-up, so that in all 296 women were hematologically followed up. The prophylaxis proved a failure in 0.6% of women. Biological control was carried out in a group of 118 women who had given birth to Rh positive children following the use of anti D immunoglobulin. It showed failure of the prophylaxis applied in 1.6% of cases.", "PMID": 119891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14008", "title": "Chromosomal mutations causing resistance to tetracycline in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "We have isolated, after ethylmethanesulfonate mutagenesis, several chromosomal mutations causing resistance to tetracycline in Bacillus subtilis. These mutations fall into two classics, tetA and tetB. 30 S ribosomal protein S10 shows an altered mobility on two-dimensional acrylamide gels in cells bearing the former type of mutation. Ribosomes from these cells show elevated levels of resistance to tetracycline in vitro as measured by polyuridine dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis. The tetA locus maps adjacent to the tuf gene in the B. subtilis ribosomal protein gene cluster. Cells with the tetB mutation do not show any altered ribosomal protein, and their ribosomes are as sensitive, in vitro, to tetracycline as ribosomes isolated from wild type cells. The tetB mutation has been mapped proximal to cysA14.", "contents": "Chromosomal mutations causing resistance to tetracycline in Bacillus subtilis. We have isolated, after ethylmethanesulfonate mutagenesis, several chromosomal mutations causing resistance to tetracycline in Bacillus subtilis. These mutations fall into two classics, tetA and tetB. 30 S ribosomal protein S10 shows an altered mobility on two-dimensional acrylamide gels in cells bearing the former type of mutation. Ribosomes from these cells show elevated levels of resistance to tetracycline in vitro as measured by polyuridine dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis. The tetA locus maps adjacent to the tuf gene in the B. subtilis ribosomal protein gene cluster. Cells with the tetB mutation do not show any altered ribosomal protein, and their ribosomes are as sensitive, in vitro, to tetracycline as ribosomes isolated from wild type cells. The tetB mutation has been mapped proximal to cysA14.", "PMID": 119896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14009", "title": "Antagonistic effects of Bacillus natto and Streptococcus faecalis on growth of Candida albicans.", "content": "The growth-inhibitory effects of Bacillus natto and Streptococcus faecalis on Canida albicans were investigated. When inoculated into the filtrate of a long-term culture of B. natto strain BN (BN), a stock culture of C. albicans RIMD 0301020 lost its viability completely, whereas C. albicans RIMD 0301011, a fresh isolate from a clinical source, did not. In continuous flow (CF) culture the growth of both strains of C. albicans was suppressed by mixed cultivation with BN. On the other hand, in classical batch culture BN did not suppress the growth of C. albicans. S. faecalis BIO-4R, a multi-drug resistant strain, was also antagonistic to C. albicans RIMD 0301011 but symbiotic with BN in CF culture. These findings suggest that BN in concert with S. faecalis BIO-4R may inhibit the growth of C. albicans in the intestinal tract.", "contents": "Antagonistic effects of Bacillus natto and Streptococcus faecalis on growth of Candida albicans. The growth-inhibitory effects of Bacillus natto and Streptococcus faecalis on Canida albicans were investigated. When inoculated into the filtrate of a long-term culture of B. natto strain BN (BN), a stock culture of C. albicans RIMD 0301020 lost its viability completely, whereas C. albicans RIMD 0301011, a fresh isolate from a clinical source, did not. In continuous flow (CF) culture the growth of both strains of C. albicans was suppressed by mixed cultivation with BN. On the other hand, in classical batch culture BN did not suppress the growth of C. albicans. S. faecalis BIO-4R, a multi-drug resistant strain, was also antagonistic to C. albicans RIMD 0301011 but symbiotic with BN in CF culture. These findings suggest that BN in concert with S. faecalis BIO-4R may inhibit the growth of C. albicans in the intestinal tract.", "PMID": 119897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14010", "title": "\"Tween egg medium\" for isolating mycobacteria from sputum specimens.", "content": "'Tween egg medium,' in which Tween 80 was used as a carbon source, showed a higher rate of positive cultures than Ogawa egg medium in isolation of mycobacteria from sputum specimens.", "contents": "\"Tween egg medium\" for isolating mycobacteria from sputum specimens. 'Tween egg medium,' in which Tween 80 was used as a carbon source, showed a higher rate of positive cultures than Ogawa egg medium in isolation of mycobacteria from sputum specimens.", "PMID": 119898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14011", "title": "Mode of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus infection in tissue culture cells. I. Detection of infectious virions from cells infected with Niigata-1 strain of SSPE virus.", "content": "By the aid of freezing and thawing, cell-free infectious virions were detected from an apparently nonproductive Vero cell line infected with Niigata-1 strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus. The production of infectious virions was limited in amount and such virions were detectable only during a limited period after cell subculture. The infectious virions were filtrable through a 0.65 mu membrane filter and neutralized completely by an antiserum against measles virus. The virions were banded at the density of 1.132, while Edmonston strain of measles virus banded at 1.164 in potassium tartrate density gradients. Infectious virions were also released from infected Vero cells by treatment of the cells in a hypotonic solution to an amount comparable to that obtained by freezing and thawing. Infection of normal culture of Vero cells with the infectious virions readily established a virus-cell interaction identical to that in the original infected culture from which the virions were recovered.", "contents": "Mode of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus infection in tissue culture cells. I. Detection of infectious virions from cells infected with Niigata-1 strain of SSPE virus. By the aid of freezing and thawing, cell-free infectious virions were detected from an apparently nonproductive Vero cell line infected with Niigata-1 strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus. The production of infectious virions was limited in amount and such virions were detectable only during a limited period after cell subculture. The infectious virions were filtrable through a 0.65 mu membrane filter and neutralized completely by an antiserum against measles virus. The virions were banded at the density of 1.132, while Edmonston strain of measles virus banded at 1.164 in potassium tartrate density gradients. Infectious virions were also released from infected Vero cells by treatment of the cells in a hypotonic solution to an amount comparable to that obtained by freezing and thawing. Infection of normal culture of Vero cells with the infectious virions readily established a virus-cell interaction identical to that in the original infected culture from which the virions were recovered.", "PMID": 119899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14012", "title": "Probable mechanism of enzyme evolution: how did EBG of E. coli originate?", "content": "A mechanism is proposed for the formation of Ebg-evolved beta galactosidase-of E. coli based on the following assumptions: 1. In the presence of lactose, certain proteins being translated bind to their m-RNA-ribosome complexes; 2. This binding interferes with the release of m-RNA from the bacterial chromosome, marking the gene; 3. Thereupon a cytosine specific methylase and methyl cytosine deaminase pair, modify - mutate - the marked gene; 4. The result, after five or so mutations, is a new gene capable of coding for a different protein which can split lactose; 5. I propose that this enzyme pair has evolved to produce mutations internally, when need arises, as is the case here; 6. This may be a general mechanism through which drug resistance and detoxification of a novel chemical, could be achieved in bacteria; 7. All of these ideas are experimentally testable.", "contents": "Probable mechanism of enzyme evolution: how did EBG of E. coli originate? A mechanism is proposed for the formation of Ebg-evolved beta galactosidase-of E. coli based on the following assumptions: 1. In the presence of lactose, certain proteins being translated bind to their m-RNA-ribosome complexes; 2. This binding interferes with the release of m-RNA from the bacterial chromosome, marking the gene; 3. Thereupon a cytosine specific methylase and methyl cytosine deaminase pair, modify - mutate - the marked gene; 4. The result, after five or so mutations, is a new gene capable of coding for a different protein which can split lactose; 5. I propose that this enzyme pair has evolved to produce mutations internally, when need arises, as is the case here; 6. This may be a general mechanism through which drug resistance and detoxification of a novel chemical, could be achieved in bacteria; 7. All of these ideas are experimentally testable.", "PMID": 119900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14013", "title": "[Intravenous and oral TRH-stimulation test: comparison of the value of both tests concerning diagnosis and therapy of thyroid diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "15 euthyroid patients, 15 patients with a so-called non toxic goiter, 7 patients with hypothyroidism and 14 patients with hyperthyroidism (Grave's disease and autonomous adenoma) were submitted to intravenous (200 micrograms) and oral (40 mg) TRH-stimulation tests. After the oral application of TRH the patients with a normal thyroid function and the patients with a goiter showed an increase of the concentration of TSH which was about 1 1/2 fold higher than after the intravenous application of TRH. The patients who suffered from hypothyroidism showed a different reaction after intravenous and oral application of TRH. The patients with a hyperthyroidism had neither after the intravenous nor after the oral application of TRH an increase of the peripheral concentration of TSH. Therefore both intravenous and oral TRH-stimulation tests seem to be apt in the same way for the diagnosis of thyroid diseases and for the control of the therapy when thyroid hormones are applied.", "contents": "[Intravenous and oral TRH-stimulation test: comparison of the value of both tests concerning diagnosis and therapy of thyroid diseases (author's transl)]. 15 euthyroid patients, 15 patients with a so-called non toxic goiter, 7 patients with hypothyroidism and 14 patients with hyperthyroidism (Grave's disease and autonomous adenoma) were submitted to intravenous (200 micrograms) and oral (40 mg) TRH-stimulation tests. After the oral application of TRH the patients with a normal thyroid function and the patients with a goiter showed an increase of the concentration of TSH which was about 1 1/2 fold higher than after the intravenous application of TRH. The patients who suffered from hypothyroidism showed a different reaction after intravenous and oral application of TRH. The patients with a hyperthyroidism had neither after the intravenous nor after the oral application of TRH an increase of the peripheral concentration of TSH. Therefore both intravenous and oral TRH-stimulation tests seem to be apt in the same way for the diagnosis of thyroid diseases and for the control of the therapy when thyroid hormones are applied.", "PMID": 119902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14014", "title": "[Changes in thyroid function after application of iodinated contrast media to normal subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "In 39 patients without thyroid disorder the influence of radiographic contrast media (Conray 60, Biligram) on the thyroid function was studied. 6 weeks after the application of the iodine compounds a significant increase of T3 in blood serum could be established being accompanied by decreased TSH level and reduced response of TSH rpoduction to TRH injection. These findings showed to be even more marked 6 months later. It is assumed that the observed hormonal changes may possibly be due to a persistent Wolff-Chaikoff block induced by diffusion of free iodide and subsequent shifting of the intrathyroidal MIT/DIT ratio, which is finally followed by an increase of T3-levels in serum.", "contents": "[Changes in thyroid function after application of iodinated contrast media to normal subjects (author's transl)]. In 39 patients without thyroid disorder the influence of radiographic contrast media (Conray 60, Biligram) on the thyroid function was studied. 6 weeks after the application of the iodine compounds a significant increase of T3 in blood serum could be established being accompanied by decreased TSH level and reduced response of TSH rpoduction to TRH injection. These findings showed to be even more marked 6 months later. It is assumed that the observed hormonal changes may possibly be due to a persistent Wolff-Chaikoff block induced by diffusion of free iodide and subsequent shifting of the intrathyroidal MIT/DIT ratio, which is finally followed by an increase of T3-levels in serum.", "PMID": 119903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14015", "title": "[Psychosomatic medicine in the Munich medical outpatient clinic (author's transl)].", "content": "An outpatient clinic therapeutically situated between hospital and office of the general practitioner is to a particular extent suitable for research, teaching, diagnosis and treatment of psychosomatic diseases. The increasing importance of psychosomatic medicine, which is firmly rooted as a compulsory subject in the licensing regulations and as an insurance benefit as part of causal psychoanalytical psychotherapy, has also become better known to wide circles of the population. Our investigations emphasize the activities and problems of the psychosomatic advisory department of the Medical University Hospital in Munich.", "contents": "[Psychosomatic medicine in the Munich medical outpatient clinic (author's transl)]. An outpatient clinic therapeutically situated between hospital and office of the general practitioner is to a particular extent suitable for research, teaching, diagnosis and treatment of psychosomatic diseases. The increasing importance of psychosomatic medicine, which is firmly rooted as a compulsory subject in the licensing regulations and as an insurance benefit as part of causal psychoanalytical psychotherapy, has also become better known to wide circles of the population. Our investigations emphasize the activities and problems of the psychosomatic advisory department of the Medical University Hospital in Munich.", "PMID": 119909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14016", "title": "[The relationship between the doctor and pregnant women (author's transl)].", "content": "In a sample of 112 women in the third trimester of pregnancy a generally good quality of doctor-patient relationship was found by means of postal enquiry. This corresponds with the high degree of health-behavior of these women. A favorable assessment of the time spent correlated with the time the women had to wait before medical examination, and the imparting of information by the doctor. The women's need for information was very high. After the (marital) partner the doctor holds second place in importance as a competent adviser. But the women want him to take a considerably more important place as an advisor.", "contents": "[The relationship between the doctor and pregnant women (author's transl)]. In a sample of 112 women in the third trimester of pregnancy a generally good quality of doctor-patient relationship was found by means of postal enquiry. This corresponds with the high degree of health-behavior of these women. A favorable assessment of the time spent correlated with the time the women had to wait before medical examination, and the imparting of information by the doctor. The women's need for information was very high. After the (marital) partner the doctor holds second place in importance as a competent adviser. But the women want him to take a considerably more important place as an advisor.", "PMID": 119910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14017", "title": "[The first three-stage preparation for hormonal contraception. Clinical results (author's transl)].", "content": "The controlled clinical trial is reported of a new three-stage oral contraceptive which has meanwhile been introduced on to the market under the trade name Triquilar. Triquilar has a reliable contraceptive action: no pregnancy occurred in 8068 treatment cycles. In spite of the very low doses of estrogen and gestagen--Triquilar contains the lowest total quantity of steroids of all available preparations--the multistage structure guarantees an outstanding cycle control and a particularly good general tolerance. The reasons are discussed which today support the use of an oral contraceptive with the lowest possible amounts of the two hormone components.", "contents": "[The first three-stage preparation for hormonal contraception. Clinical results (author's transl)]. The controlled clinical trial is reported of a new three-stage oral contraceptive which has meanwhile been introduced on to the market under the trade name Triquilar. Triquilar has a reliable contraceptive action: no pregnancy occurred in 8068 treatment cycles. In spite of the very low doses of estrogen and gestagen--Triquilar contains the lowest total quantity of steroids of all available preparations--the multistage structure guarantees an outstanding cycle control and a particularly good general tolerance. The reasons are discussed which today support the use of an oral contraceptive with the lowest possible amounts of the two hormone components.", "PMID": 119912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14018", "title": "Colon cancer: its precursors and companions in Hawaii Japanese.", "content": "Following migration to Hawaii, the Japanese have acquired the same risk of developing large bowel cancer as that experienced by Caucasians. This tumor is uncommon in Japan. Other conditions are also more common in Hawaii Japanese, e.g., myocardial infarction, severe atherosclerosis, diverticulosis, and polyposis of the colon. Comparative studies in Hawaii and Japan suggest that the basis of these differences is probably related to the consumption of characteristically western foods by Hawaii Japanese.", "contents": "Colon cancer: its precursors and companions in Hawaii Japanese. Following migration to Hawaii, the Japanese have acquired the same risk of developing large bowel cancer as that experienced by Caucasians. This tumor is uncommon in Japan. Other conditions are also more common in Hawaii Japanese, e.g., myocardial infarction, severe atherosclerosis, diverticulosis, and polyposis of the colon. Comparative studies in Hawaii and Japan suggest that the basis of these differences is probably related to the consumption of characteristically western foods by Hawaii Japanese.", "PMID": 119916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14019", "title": "Pathological changes of experimental polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in chickens.", "content": "Two experiments were carried out to study pathological changes of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) \"KC 400\" poisoning. In them chickens were administered with this agent for a relatively short time. Eleven experimental diets were prepared to contain 11 different PCB concentrations, 4,800 ppm being the highest, respectively. They were given to broiler chickens in initial feeding and later. All the chickens fed 300 ppm and higher concentrations of PCB died, showing the serious dilatation of uriniferous tubules and involution of the bursa of Fabricius, by the time when they reached 12 days of age. All the chickens, except a very few, fed 100 ppm remained alive at the end of the experimental period, when they were 41 days of age and exhibited such edematous changes as hydropericardium. Few chickens fed 50 ppm and less manifested pathological changes until the end of the experimental period, when they were 22 days of age. Two experimental diets were prepared to contain 600 and 200 ppm of PCB, respectively. They were given to layer chickens in initial feeding and later. These layers were sacrificed for autopsy every fourth day. A gain in body weight was retarded mostly in those fed 600 ppm. Dilatation of uriniferous tubules and involution of the bursa of Fabricius began in the very early stage of experimental feeding in both groups. Hydropericardium occurred to many of the chickens fed 200 ppm in the late stage of the experimental period. The results of both experiments indicated that there was no essential difference in changes of PCB poisoning between broiler and layer chickens. The principal changes of the poisoning were dilatation of uriniferous tubules, involution of the bursa of Fabricius, and edematous alterations. They appeared in a relatively early stage of the experimental period of PCB feeding. Their severity was strongly dependent upon the concentration of PCB contained in the diet.", "contents": "Pathological changes of experimental polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning in chickens. Two experiments were carried out to study pathological changes of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) \"KC 400\" poisoning. In them chickens were administered with this agent for a relatively short time. Eleven experimental diets were prepared to contain 11 different PCB concentrations, 4,800 ppm being the highest, respectively. They were given to broiler chickens in initial feeding and later. All the chickens fed 300 ppm and higher concentrations of PCB died, showing the serious dilatation of uriniferous tubules and involution of the bursa of Fabricius, by the time when they reached 12 days of age. All the chickens, except a very few, fed 100 ppm remained alive at the end of the experimental period, when they were 41 days of age and exhibited such edematous changes as hydropericardium. Few chickens fed 50 ppm and less manifested pathological changes until the end of the experimental period, when they were 22 days of age. Two experimental diets were prepared to contain 600 and 200 ppm of PCB, respectively. They were given to layer chickens in initial feeding and later. These layers were sacrificed for autopsy every fourth day. A gain in body weight was retarded mostly in those fed 600 ppm. Dilatation of uriniferous tubules and involution of the bursa of Fabricius began in the very early stage of experimental feeding in both groups. Hydropericardium occurred to many of the chickens fed 200 ppm in the late stage of the experimental period. The results of both experiments indicated that there was no essential difference in changes of PCB poisoning between broiler and layer chickens. The principal changes of the poisoning were dilatation of uriniferous tubules, involution of the bursa of Fabricius, and edematous alterations. They appeared in a relatively early stage of the experimental period of PCB feeding. Their severity was strongly dependent upon the concentration of PCB contained in the diet.", "PMID": 119917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14020", "title": "[Parenteral feeding with varying nitrogen and caloric levels in esophageal cancer].", "content": "Eighteen male patients with operable esophagus carcinoma received parenteral nutrition during 4 preoperative and 14 postoperative days in three different infusion regimens. It was possible to demonstrate that a preoperative positive N-balance can be achieved in all patients of each group in comparison to 2 of the 3 groups postoperatively. Side effects were not observed in the course of this study.", "contents": "[Parenteral feeding with varying nitrogen and caloric levels in esophageal cancer]. Eighteen male patients with operable esophagus carcinoma received parenteral nutrition during 4 preoperative and 14 postoperative days in three different infusion regimens. It was possible to demonstrate that a preoperative positive N-balance can be achieved in all patients of each group in comparison to 2 of the 3 groups postoperatively. Side effects were not observed in the course of this study.", "PMID": 119936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14021", "title": "Simultaneous determination of C1q and C3 levels in human serum by electroimmunodiffusion on agarose.", "content": "An electroimmunodiffusion method for the simultaneous determination of C1q and C3 levels in human serum is proposed. The reproducibility is good, and an excellent correlation is observed between electroimmunodiffusion and radial immunodiffusion. This simple, fast, and accurate method is suitable for clinical investigation.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of C1q and C3 levels in human serum by electroimmunodiffusion on agarose. An electroimmunodiffusion method for the simultaneous determination of C1q and C3 levels in human serum is proposed. The reproducibility is good, and an excellent correlation is observed between electroimmunodiffusion and radial immunodiffusion. This simple, fast, and accurate method is suitable for clinical investigation.", "PMID": 119941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14022", "title": "Organochlorine residues in young herons from the upper Mississippi River-1976.", "content": "Chicks of great blue herons (Ardea herodias) from four heronaries located near South St. Paul, Royalton, and Wabasha, Minnesota, and La Crosse, Wisconsin, were analyzed for organochlorines, Highest mean wet-weight concentrations, 6.43 ppm PCBs. 1.31 ppm DDE, and 1.90 ppm sigma DDT, were found in the South St. Paul chicks. Among chicks from the other three heronries, most levels were similar, but were significantly lower than levels in South St. Paul chicks. Lowest mean organochlorine levels, 0.37 ppm DDE, 0.38 ppm sigma DDT, and 0.22 ppm PCBs, were found in chicks from Royalton. All birds from South St. Paul and La Crosse contained residues of DDT and TDE whereas only one of the 10 birds from Royalton contained DDT and one contained TDE residues. Five of the 12 birds from Wabasha contained DDT; eight contained TDE. Except for PCB residues in La Crosse heron chicks, the rate of organochlorine residue accumulation in the birds was generally less than the rate of dilution caused by growth.", "contents": "Organochlorine residues in young herons from the upper Mississippi River-1976. Chicks of great blue herons (Ardea herodias) from four heronaries located near South St. Paul, Royalton, and Wabasha, Minnesota, and La Crosse, Wisconsin, were analyzed for organochlorines, Highest mean wet-weight concentrations, 6.43 ppm PCBs. 1.31 ppm DDE, and 1.90 ppm sigma DDT, were found in the South St. Paul chicks. Among chicks from the other three heronries, most levels were similar, but were significantly lower than levels in South St. Paul chicks. Lowest mean organochlorine levels, 0.37 ppm DDE, 0.38 ppm sigma DDT, and 0.22 ppm PCBs, were found in chicks from Royalton. All birds from South St. Paul and La Crosse contained residues of DDT and TDE whereas only one of the 10 birds from Royalton contained DDT and one contained TDE residues. Five of the 12 birds from Wabasha contained DDT; eight contained TDE. Except for PCB residues in La Crosse heron chicks, the rate of organochlorine residue accumulation in the birds was generally less than the rate of dilution caused by growth.", "PMID": 119945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14023", "title": "Extracellular free calcium and fluid secretion by the rabbit lacrimal gland in vivo.", "content": "A possible role of extracellular free Ca2+ in methacholine-induced fluid secretion in the in vivo rabbit lacrimal gland has been investigated. Lowering the extracellular Ca2+ concentration by either intra-arterial injection or infusion of EGTA at doses which caused no systemic effects produced a dose related and reversible inhibition of methacholine-induced secretion. The inhibitory effect of EGTA was diminished when EGTA chelated with CaCl2 in varying concentration ratios was administered. On the other hand, intra-arterial injection of CaCl2 potentiated fluid secretion stimulated by submaximal doses of methacholine. These results suggest that fluid secretion from the rabbit lacrimal gland is dependent on the extracellular free Ca2+ concentration.", "contents": "Extracellular free calcium and fluid secretion by the rabbit lacrimal gland in vivo. A possible role of extracellular free Ca2+ in methacholine-induced fluid secretion in the in vivo rabbit lacrimal gland has been investigated. Lowering the extracellular Ca2+ concentration by either intra-arterial injection or infusion of EGTA at doses which caused no systemic effects produced a dose related and reversible inhibition of methacholine-induced secretion. The inhibitory effect of EGTA was diminished when EGTA chelated with CaCl2 in varying concentration ratios was administered. On the other hand, intra-arterial injection of CaCl2 potentiated fluid secretion stimulated by submaximal doses of methacholine. These results suggest that fluid secretion from the rabbit lacrimal gland is dependent on the extracellular free Ca2+ concentration.", "PMID": 119946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14024", "title": "Effect of danazol on thyroid function in women.", "content": "A longitudinal study of thyroid function during danazol treatment was performed in 18 women.  Serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), free T4-and free T3 index as well as thyroid hormone binding globulin (TBG) were measured before and during 6 months therapy. Thyroxine binding globulin showed a marked decrease to one third of the pretreatment level. All the hormones showed significant alterations within the normal ranges for this group. T3 and T4 decreased slightly and the free T4 and free T3 index showed an increase. TSH decreased from 2.4 +/- 0.6 to 1.7 +/- 0.3 mIU/l.  The observed hormonal changes were most likely induced by the decreased TBG concentrations and were probably without pathological significance.  However these changes must be kept in mind when thyroid function tests from patients with danazol are evaluated.", "contents": "Effect of danazol on thyroid function in women. A longitudinal study of thyroid function during danazol treatment was performed in 18 women.  Serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), free T4-and free T3 index as well as thyroid hormone binding globulin (TBG) were measured before and during 6 months therapy. Thyroxine binding globulin showed a marked decrease to one third of the pretreatment level. All the hormones showed significant alterations within the normal ranges for this group. T3 and T4 decreased slightly and the free T4 and free T3 index showed an increase. TSH decreased from 2.4 +/- 0.6 to 1.7 +/- 0.3 mIU/l.  The observed hormonal changes were most likely induced by the decreased TBG concentrations and were probably without pathological significance.  However these changes must be kept in mind when thyroid function tests from patients with danazol are evaluated.", "PMID": 119954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14025", "title": "Combined rifampicin and chloramphenicol therapy for Enterobacter osteomyelitis.", "content": "A 2-month-old infant with Enterobacter osteomyelitis complicating total parenteral nutrition was successfully treated with rifampicin and chloramphenicol. No untoward side effects attributed to rifampicin has been noted despite prolonged administration of rifampicin.", "contents": "Combined rifampicin and chloramphenicol therapy for Enterobacter osteomyelitis. A 2-month-old infant with Enterobacter osteomyelitis complicating total parenteral nutrition was successfully treated with rifampicin and chloramphenicol. No untoward side effects attributed to rifampicin has been noted despite prolonged administration of rifampicin.", "PMID": 119955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14026", "title": "Effect of supplemental glucose or sucrose on liver and carcass glycogen metabolism of young chicks.", "content": "An experiment was conducted with Leghorn chicks to evaluate the effect of glucose or sucrose on liver and carcass glycogen. Phosphorylase a and synthase a were assayed to learn if glycogen cycle enzymes could be influenced by the early plane of nutrition. Both glucose and sucrose in drinking water increased liver and carcass glycogen in 3-day-old chicks. Groups given sucrose had more liver glycogen than groups given glucose after 5 days. Supplementary glucose given to fed chicks resulted in an increase in glycogen synthase a and a decrease in glycogen phosphorylase a at 4 days of age. By 6 days of age, differences in synthase activity between groups given sucrose or glucose were small. However, glucose solutions decreased phosphorylase a activity. The relationship between synthase a and phosphorylase a also partially regulates glycogen metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of supplemental glucose or sucrose on liver and carcass glycogen metabolism of young chicks. An experiment was conducted with Leghorn chicks to evaluate the effect of glucose or sucrose on liver and carcass glycogen. Phosphorylase a and synthase a were assayed to learn if glycogen cycle enzymes could be influenced by the early plane of nutrition. Both glucose and sucrose in drinking water increased liver and carcass glycogen in 3-day-old chicks. Groups given sucrose had more liver glycogen than groups given glucose after 5 days. Supplementary glucose given to fed chicks resulted in an increase in glycogen synthase a and a decrease in glycogen phosphorylase a at 4 days of age. By 6 days of age, differences in synthase activity between groups given sucrose or glucose were small. However, glucose solutions decreased phosphorylase a activity. The relationship between synthase a and phosphorylase a also partially regulates glycogen metabolism.", "PMID": 119956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14027", "title": "[Spontaneous pneumothorax associated to active pulmonary tuberculosis].", "content": "This paper reviewed 8 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax, associated to pulmonary tuberculosis during a period of time of two years at the A.L.M. General Hospital of Toluca, Mex. The diagnosis was confirmed by clinical picture, radiology and bacteriology studies. Six males and two females proceding of the low class; farmers all of them. Their age ranged between 18 and 35 years. Two of the patients showed cavitary lesions, five had difusse fibrosis of the lung. We analized the clinical manifestations and reviewed the pathogenic mechanisms as well the medical and surgical treatment. No deaths ocurred en this series. We concluded that the direct relation between active pulmonary tuberculosis and spontaneous pneumothorax is not clear, but their association in this serie suggested further studies to stablished this. We emphasized the importance of this complication rare in the world literature.", "contents": "[Spontaneous pneumothorax associated to active pulmonary tuberculosis]. This paper reviewed 8 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax, associated to pulmonary tuberculosis during a period of time of two years at the A.L.M. General Hospital of Toluca, Mex. The diagnosis was confirmed by clinical picture, radiology and bacteriology studies. Six males and two females proceding of the low class; farmers all of them. Their age ranged between 18 and 35 years. Two of the patients showed cavitary lesions, five had difusse fibrosis of the lung. We analized the clinical manifestations and reviewed the pathogenic mechanisms as well the medical and surgical treatment. No deaths ocurred en this series. We concluded that the direct relation between active pulmonary tuberculosis and spontaneous pneumothorax is not clear, but their association in this serie suggested further studies to stablished this. We emphasized the importance of this complication rare in the world literature.", "PMID": 119959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14028", "title": "[Paraffin oxidizing system of the yeast Candida guilliermondii].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that the enzyme system of Candida guilliermondii responsible for hydrocarbon oxidation involves NADPH-cytochrome c-reductase (EC 1623) and cytochrome P-450. The system is located in the microsomal fraction. Cytochrome P-450 synthesis is induced by hexadecane occurring in the medium. The cellular content of cytochrome P-450 varies in the course of the culture growth. There is a correlation between the cellular content of cytochrome P-450 and the synthesis of primary products of hexadecane oxidation.", "contents": "[Paraffin oxidizing system of the yeast Candida guilliermondii]. It has been demonstrated that the enzyme system of Candida guilliermondii responsible for hydrocarbon oxidation involves NADPH-cytochrome c-reductase (EC 1623) and cytochrome P-450. The system is located in the microsomal fraction. Cytochrome P-450 synthesis is induced by hexadecane occurring in the medium. The cellular content of cytochrome P-450 varies in the course of the culture growth. There is a correlation between the cellular content of cytochrome P-450 and the synthesis of primary products of hexadecane oxidation.", "PMID": 119961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14029", "title": "[Immobilization of highly purified cytochrome P-450 from microsomes of rabbit liver].", "content": "Highly purified cytochrome P-450 from microsomes of the rabbit liver was immobilized on albumin modified Bio-gel P-300 using the glutaraldehyde method. The immobilized enzyme had a higher stability in storage and thermal stability than the soluble enzyme and retained catalytic activity toward cumene hydroperoxide-dependent aniline hydroxylation. Kinetic characteristics of cumene hydroperoxide-dependent aniline oxidation by solubilized and immobilized enzymes were compared.", "contents": "[Immobilization of highly purified cytochrome P-450 from microsomes of rabbit liver]. Highly purified cytochrome P-450 from microsomes of the rabbit liver was immobilized on albumin modified Bio-gel P-300 using the glutaraldehyde method. The immobilized enzyme had a higher stability in storage and thermal stability than the soluble enzyme and retained catalytic activity toward cumene hydroperoxide-dependent aniline hydroxylation. Kinetic characteristics of cumene hydroperoxide-dependent aniline oxidation by solubilized and immobilized enzymes were compared.", "PMID": 119962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14030", "title": "[Immobilization of commercial glucoamylase on the polymer carrier].", "content": "Commercial glucoamylase was immobilized on the polymer carrier produced by the binding of 4--8 mol.% 4,4'-diamine diphenyl oxide of the maleic anhydride copolymer with N-vinyl pyrrolidone. Two types of immobilized preparations were obtained: with covalent absorption and covalent attachment of the enzyme to the polymer. Glucoamylase activity of the first preparation was 20,000--60,000 and that of the second was 40--120 units/g polymer. Covalent-attached preparations showed a more prolonged action than covalent-absorbed ones.", "contents": "[Immobilization of commercial glucoamylase on the polymer carrier]. Commercial glucoamylase was immobilized on the polymer carrier produced by the binding of 4--8 mol.% 4,4'-diamine diphenyl oxide of the maleic anhydride copolymer with N-vinyl pyrrolidone. Two types of immobilized preparations were obtained: with covalent absorption and covalent attachment of the enzyme to the polymer. Glucoamylase activity of the first preparation was 20,000--60,000 and that of the second was 40--120 units/g polymer. Covalent-attached preparations showed a more prolonged action than covalent-absorbed ones.", "PMID": 119963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14031", "title": "Interactions between cellular membrane receptors and oncovirus envelope glycoprotein: influence of enzymes and protein-modifying reagents on receptors.", "content": "Binding of purified envelope glycoprotein (gp69/71) of Rauscher murine type C oncovirus to cellular membrane receptors has been analyzed with reaction systems using intact cells or membranes of disrupted cells. The reaction was highly specific; only cells permissive to infection by Rauscher virus bound the 125I-labeled viral glycoprotein. The specificity of binding was also demonstrated with respect to virus interference; cells productively infected with murine ecotropic type C virus failed to bind the virus envelope glycoprotein, whereas permissive cells infected with murine xenotropic virus continued to bind the Rauscher ecotropic virus glycoprotein. The reaction required the presence of Ca2+ or Mn2+ and was rapid and reversible. Studies of the enzymatic digestion of membranes suggested that the receptor is a protein which requires lipid either for its activity or for the integrity in the membrane. Receptor binding was greatly reduced by modification of histidine, tyrosine, and tryptophan residues.", "contents": "Interactions between cellular membrane receptors and oncovirus envelope glycoprotein: influence of enzymes and protein-modifying reagents on receptors. Binding of purified envelope glycoprotein (gp69/71) of Rauscher murine type C oncovirus to cellular membrane receptors has been analyzed with reaction systems using intact cells or membranes of disrupted cells. The reaction was highly specific; only cells permissive to infection by Rauscher virus bound the 125I-labeled viral glycoprotein. The specificity of binding was also demonstrated with respect to virus interference; cells productively infected with murine ecotropic type C virus failed to bind the virus envelope glycoprotein, whereas permissive cells infected with murine xenotropic virus continued to bind the Rauscher ecotropic virus glycoprotein. The reaction required the presence of Ca2+ or Mn2+ and was rapid and reversible. Studies of the enzymatic digestion of membranes suggested that the receptor is a protein which requires lipid either for its activity or for the integrity in the membrane. Receptor binding was greatly reduced by modification of histidine, tyrosine, and tryptophan residues.", "PMID": 119971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14032", "title": "Structure-activity relationships in diphtheria toxin and exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Diphtheria toxin and exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseudomonas toxin) block protein synthesis in sensitive animal cells by virtually identical mechanisms. Both toxins are proenzymes that, after activation, catalyze attachment of the adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADP-ribose) moiety of NAD to elongation factor 2 (EF-2) by covalent linkage. EF-2 is thereby inactivated. In the case of diphtheria toxin (60,000 daltons) the ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 is catalyzed by a 21,000-dalton peptide (fragment A) released after mild tryptic digestion and reduction of the toxin. The complementary B moiety of the toxin (39,000 daltons) is required for toxic activity and functions by attaching the toxin to oligosaccharide-containing cell surface receptors. In the case of the Pseudomonas toxin, the ADP-ribosylation reaction may be catalyzed either by the intact 66,000-dalton chain after reduction, or by a 26,000-dalton peptide released after mild proteolysis. Current approaches to study of the mechanisms of entry of the two toxins in active form into animal cells are reviewed.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships in diphtheria toxin and exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Diphtheria toxin and exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseudomonas toxin) block protein synthesis in sensitive animal cells by virtually identical mechanisms. Both toxins are proenzymes that, after activation, catalyze attachment of the adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADP-ribose) moiety of NAD to elongation factor 2 (EF-2) by covalent linkage. EF-2 is thereby inactivated. In the case of diphtheria toxin (60,000 daltons) the ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 is catalyzed by a 21,000-dalton peptide (fragment A) released after mild tryptic digestion and reduction of the toxin. The complementary B moiety of the toxin (39,000 daltons) is required for toxic activity and functions by attaching the toxin to oligosaccharide-containing cell surface receptors. In the case of the Pseudomonas toxin, the ADP-ribosylation reaction may be catalyzed either by the intact 66,000-dalton chain after reduction, or by a 26,000-dalton peptide released after mild proteolysis. Current approaches to study of the mechanisms of entry of the two toxins in active form into animal cells are reviewed.", "PMID": 119972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14033", "title": "[Purification of beta-glucanase on cellulose].", "content": "The paper describes a method for purifying beta-glucanse (lychenase) which includes enzyme absorption on the microcrystalline cellulose column or ground filter paper at pH 5.5, and elution with phosphate buffer pH 7.6. Specific activity of beta-glucanase eluted from the column may be increased by 8--23 times, depending on the purification conditions.", "contents": "[Purification of beta-glucanase on cellulose]. The paper describes a method for purifying beta-glucanse (lychenase) which includes enzyme absorption on the microcrystalline cellulose column or ground filter paper at pH 5.5, and elution with phosphate buffer pH 7.6. Specific activity of beta-glucanase eluted from the column may be increased by 8--23 times, depending on the purification conditions.", "PMID": 119964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14034", "title": "Short-term antibiotic prophylaxis of mixed infections during hysterectomy.", "content": "Surgical procedures on contaminated tissues, such as hysterectomy with opened vagina, are frequently followed by local or systemic infections. It seems that a prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis is not justified because of possible induction of resistant mutants or dysmicrobisms. The administration of antibiotics only in a short pre- and postsurgical period appears to be more rational. We have carried out a controlled clinical trial with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of this prophylactic practice. One hundred forty-five patients submitted to vaginal and two hundred seventy-five to abdominal hysterectomy entered this study (started September 1977). All patients received local nitrofurantoin treatment and were then subdivided into four randomized groups: control group, groups treated with thiamphenicol, cephazolin, thiamphenicol plus cephazolin, respectively. Each antibiotic was administered in the dose of 1 gm one hour before and five and 12 hours after surgery. Antibiotics were chosen taking into consideration the usual vaginal microbial flora, notoriously mixed (aerobic and anaerobic). The three treated groups presented a significant decrease in the incidence and severity of infectious complications. The use of antibiotics in the postoperative period resulted in significantly reduced morbidity in the treated groups. Thiamphenicol appears to be the most effective drug. Bacteriological studies showed that local treatment of the vagina decreased the bacteria charge, but never brought about sterilization.", "contents": "Short-term antibiotic prophylaxis of mixed infections during hysterectomy. Surgical procedures on contaminated tissues, such as hysterectomy with opened vagina, are frequently followed by local or systemic infections. It seems that a prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis is not justified because of possible induction of resistant mutants or dysmicrobisms. The administration of antibiotics only in a short pre- and postsurgical period appears to be more rational. We have carried out a controlled clinical trial with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of this prophylactic practice. One hundred forty-five patients submitted to vaginal and two hundred seventy-five to abdominal hysterectomy entered this study (started September 1977). All patients received local nitrofurantoin treatment and were then subdivided into four randomized groups: control group, groups treated with thiamphenicol, cephazolin, thiamphenicol plus cephazolin, respectively. Each antibiotic was administered in the dose of 1 gm one hour before and five and 12 hours after surgery. Antibiotics were chosen taking into consideration the usual vaginal microbial flora, notoriously mixed (aerobic and anaerobic). The three treated groups presented a significant decrease in the incidence and severity of infectious complications. The use of antibiotics in the postoperative period resulted in significantly reduced morbidity in the treated groups. Thiamphenicol appears to be the most effective drug. Bacteriological studies showed that local treatment of the vagina decreased the bacteria charge, but never brought about sterilization.", "PMID": 119975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14035", "title": "Reinforcing properties of some local anesthetics in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The reinforcing properties of several local anesthetics were determined in rhesus monkeys experienced in the intravenous self-injection of cocaine. Intravenous procaine and, occasionally, tetracaine maintained response rates higher than did vehicle injections in most monkeys. In contrast, lidocaine, procainamide and diethylaminoethanol (a metabolite of procaine) failed to maintain responding resulting in their intravenous delivery. These results demonstrate that not all local anesthetics are positive reinforcers in the rhesus monkey when delivered intravenously. Furthermore, the reinforcing properties of procaine probably cannot be attributed to its metabolite diethylaminoethanol. The data suggest that short-acting, esteratic local anesthetics are most likely to have reinforcing properties in the rhesus monkey.", "contents": "Reinforcing properties of some local anesthetics in rhesus monkeys. The reinforcing properties of several local anesthetics were determined in rhesus monkeys experienced in the intravenous self-injection of cocaine. Intravenous procaine and, occasionally, tetracaine maintained response rates higher than did vehicle injections in most monkeys. In contrast, lidocaine, procainamide and diethylaminoethanol (a metabolite of procaine) failed to maintain responding resulting in their intravenous delivery. These results demonstrate that not all local anesthetics are positive reinforcers in the rhesus monkey when delivered intravenously. Furthermore, the reinforcing properties of procaine probably cannot be attributed to its metabolite diethylaminoethanol. The data suggest that short-acting, esteratic local anesthetics are most likely to have reinforcing properties in the rhesus monkey.", "PMID": 119976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14036", "title": "Pulpal response to dental amalgams.", "content": "The pulpal reactions to amalgams with relatively high Cu content were compared with a conventional amalgam placed in unlined cavities prepared in intact monkey teeth. After a 1-week observation period the pulpal responses from one of the Cu-containing amalgams and the conventional amalgam were of the same magnitude, whereas the two other amalgams gave more pronounced reactions. After observation periods of 1 and 2 months only one of the amalgams with high Cu content caused more pronounced reactions than the conventional amalgam.", "contents": "Pulpal response to dental amalgams. The pulpal reactions to amalgams with relatively high Cu content were compared with a conventional amalgam placed in unlined cavities prepared in intact monkey teeth. After a 1-week observation period the pulpal responses from one of the Cu-containing amalgams and the conventional amalgam were of the same magnitude, whereas the two other amalgams gave more pronounced reactions. After observation periods of 1 and 2 months only one of the amalgams with high Cu content caused more pronounced reactions than the conventional amalgam.", "PMID": 119999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14037", "title": "The effect of proteolytic enzymes on the vitamin B12-binding proteins of human gastric juice and saliva.", "content": "Pepsin had no effect on the vitamin B12 binder in human saliva (R-binder), while trypsin was found to reduce the apparent molecular weight of the R-binder and to release vitamin B12 from the R-B12complex of human saliva and human gastric juice (HGJ). Trypsin had no effect on the molecular weight and biological activity of intrinsic factor (IF) in HGJ, as demonstrated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 and the uptake of IF-B12 by guinea pig intestinal brush borders. An extract of purified guinea pig intestinal lysosomes was also without effect on the molecular weight and the biological activity of IF but was found to release vitamin B12 from the R-B12 complex. The results support the observation that the external pancreatic secretion corrects malabsorption of vitamin B12 by an effect on the non-IF protein in the intestinal juice. Moreover, the results indicate that lysosomal enzymes are not involved in the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12.", "contents": "The effect of proteolytic enzymes on the vitamin B12-binding proteins of human gastric juice and saliva. Pepsin had no effect on the vitamin B12 binder in human saliva (R-binder), while trypsin was found to reduce the apparent molecular weight of the R-binder and to release vitamin B12 from the R-B12complex of human saliva and human gastric juice (HGJ). Trypsin had no effect on the molecular weight and biological activity of intrinsic factor (IF) in HGJ, as demonstrated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 and the uptake of IF-B12 by guinea pig intestinal brush borders. An extract of purified guinea pig intestinal lysosomes was also without effect on the molecular weight and the biological activity of IF but was found to release vitamin B12 from the R-B12 complex. The results support the observation that the external pancreatic secretion corrects malabsorption of vitamin B12 by an effect on the non-IF protein in the intestinal juice. Moreover, the results indicate that lysosomal enzymes are not involved in the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12.", "PMID": 120000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14038", "title": "Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of acute hepatitis types A, B, and non-A non-B.", "content": "A consecutive series of 115 patients hospitalized with acute viral hepatitis in Copenhagen was studied for serological markers for hepatitis A and B virus. Thirty-nine patients had type B, 66 had type A, 3 had both type A and B, and 7 had type non-A non-B. Of the patients 81% were between 15 and 40 years of age, and there was a dominance of males due to an overrepresentation of homosexual males (30%) in both the A and B group. The main type of exposure to hepatitis type A was travel to foreign countries (53%), and for type B it was drug addiction (41%). In types A and B the duration of jaundice was positively correlated to the age of the patients but did not vary with sex or type of exposure. There was no difference in maximum alanine aminotransferase levels between the groups, but maximum bilirubin levels were lower for the type A group. Patients with hepatitis type A had a higher level of IgM than those with type B and with type non-A and non-B. We conclude that both clinically acute hepatitis type A and type B occur mainly in young adults and that foreign travel, drug addiction, and homosexuality increase the risk of getting acute hepatitis.", "contents": "Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of acute hepatitis types A, B, and non-A non-B. A consecutive series of 115 patients hospitalized with acute viral hepatitis in Copenhagen was studied for serological markers for hepatitis A and B virus. Thirty-nine patients had type B, 66 had type A, 3 had both type A and B, and 7 had type non-A non-B. Of the patients 81% were between 15 and 40 years of age, and there was a dominance of males due to an overrepresentation of homosexual males (30%) in both the A and B group. The main type of exposure to hepatitis type A was travel to foreign countries (53%), and for type B it was drug addiction (41%). In types A and B the duration of jaundice was positively correlated to the age of the patients but did not vary with sex or type of exposure. There was no difference in maximum alanine aminotransferase levels between the groups, but maximum bilirubin levels were lower for the type A group. Patients with hepatitis type A had a higher level of IgM than those with type B and with type non-A and non-B. We conclude that both clinically acute hepatitis type A and type B occur mainly in young adults and that foreign travel, drug addiction, and homosexuality increase the risk of getting acute hepatitis.", "PMID": 120001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14039", "title": "Mucosal uptake, mucosal transfer and retention of iron, measured by whole-body counting.", "content": "A method is described which enables simple and accurate measurement of the separate steps of iron absorption. A double isotope technique was used with 59Fe as a tracer and 51Cr (as CrCl3) as an inert, not absorbable indicator. With a whole-body counter it was possible not only to measure initial mucosal uptake and retention but also to calculate mucosal transfer of iron. Thus faeces collection for determination of mucosal uptake of iron was no longer necessary. Absorption of a physiological dose of inorganic iron was studied in 25 normal subjects (15 males and 10 females), in 21 patients with uncomplicated iron deficiency and in 8 patients with idiopathic haemosiderosis. A significant difference was demonstrated between normals and patients with iron deficiency and in idiopathic haemosiderosis with respect to the various steps of iron absorption. The method provides a simple tool for the study of the regulation of iron absorption at the luminal and intracellular site of the intestinal mucosal cell.", "contents": "Mucosal uptake, mucosal transfer and retention of iron, measured by whole-body counting. A method is described which enables simple and accurate measurement of the separate steps of iron absorption. A double isotope technique was used with 59Fe as a tracer and 51Cr (as CrCl3) as an inert, not absorbable indicator. With a whole-body counter it was possible not only to measure initial mucosal uptake and retention but also to calculate mucosal transfer of iron. Thus faeces collection for determination of mucosal uptake of iron was no longer necessary. Absorption of a physiological dose of inorganic iron was studied in 25 normal subjects (15 males and 10 females), in 21 patients with uncomplicated iron deficiency and in 8 patients with idiopathic haemosiderosis. A significant difference was demonstrated between normals and patients with iron deficiency and in idiopathic haemosiderosis with respect to the various steps of iron absorption. The method provides a simple tool for the study of the regulation of iron absorption at the luminal and intracellular site of the intestinal mucosal cell.", "PMID": 120003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14040", "title": "Turnover of human lactoferrin in the rabbit.", "content": "Lactoferrin turnover was studied in the rabbit with 125I- and 131I-labelled human lactoferrin. Plasma lactoferrin activity showed a rapid decrease during the first 24 h, followed by a 'final slope' with a T1/2 of about 25 h. Turnover studies after transfer of plasma from one rabbit (A) 3 h after injection to another rabbit (B), showed a recovery of 100% compared to 30% in A rabbits but otherwise a similar disappearance curve. The rapid turnover was confirmed in whole body studies. Concomitantly with the initial dissapearance from the plasma, there was a marked accumulation of proteinbound activity only in the liver in both A and B rabbits. From these results, the rate of synthesis in normal man can be estimated at around 25 mg per d. The disappearance pattern and hepatic uptake are discussed in relation to knowledge about lactoferrin receptors in macrophages, asialo elimination, and fucose group recognition. Concerning the significance of lactoferrin turnover for iron metabolism it is concluded that the plasma turnover results are insufficient to explain the disturbance in iron kinetics seen in the anaemia of chronic disorders; however, it is likely that lactoferrin plays a role in iron metabolism within the extravascular space.", "contents": "Turnover of human lactoferrin in the rabbit. Lactoferrin turnover was studied in the rabbit with 125I- and 131I-labelled human lactoferrin. Plasma lactoferrin activity showed a rapid decrease during the first 24 h, followed by a 'final slope' with a T1/2 of about 25 h. Turnover studies after transfer of plasma from one rabbit (A) 3 h after injection to another rabbit (B), showed a recovery of 100% compared to 30% in A rabbits but otherwise a similar disappearance curve. The rapid turnover was confirmed in whole body studies. Concomitantly with the initial dissapearance from the plasma, there was a marked accumulation of proteinbound activity only in the liver in both A and B rabbits. From these results, the rate of synthesis in normal man can be estimated at around 25 mg per d. The disappearance pattern and hepatic uptake are discussed in relation to knowledge about lactoferrin receptors in macrophages, asialo elimination, and fucose group recognition. Concerning the significance of lactoferrin turnover for iron metabolism it is concluded that the plasma turnover results are insufficient to explain the disturbance in iron kinetics seen in the anaemia of chronic disorders; however, it is likely that lactoferrin plays a role in iron metabolism within the extravascular space.", "PMID": 120004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14041", "title": "Pulmonary damage associated with gold therapy. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis developed respiratory symptoms during sodium aurothiomalate treatment. Chest radiographs showed bilateral diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in both cases. In one patient the symptoms subsided and the chest radiograph became normal within 6 months after gold therapy was discontinued and steroids added. In the other patient the condition resulted in an irreversible lung damage.", "contents": "Pulmonary damage associated with gold therapy. A report of two cases. Two patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis developed respiratory symptoms during sodium aurothiomalate treatment. Chest radiographs showed bilateral diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in both cases. In one patient the symptoms subsided and the chest radiograph became normal within 6 months after gold therapy was discontinued and steroids added. In the other patient the condition resulted in an irreversible lung damage.", "PMID": 120005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14042", "title": "17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in monkey endometrium: characterization of enzyme activity, and effects of estradiol alone or in combination with progesterone.", "content": "17 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) was studied in endometrium removed surgically from intact female monkeys in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Also castrated monkeys (N=20) implanted with estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) in silastic capsules were used to investigate the hormonal dependence of this enzyme in endometrium. The activity was characterized by an optimal pH between 9 and 10, a Km for E2 of 14.2 x 10(-6)M, a Vmax of 0.9 x 10(-6)M x min-1 in Tris-HCl buffer 50 mM pH 9. Using these conditions, we found linearity with time and protein concentration. Subcellular fractionation of endometrial homogenate showed a maximal activity in the 105,000 x g ultracentrifugation microsomal pellet and a very low activity in cytosol. HSD activity increased slightly, but distinctly, with E2 capsules alone, and a marked HSD stimulation (10 fold) occurred after P administration in combination with E2. There are strong similarities between this enzyme and the one described in human endometrium.", "contents": "17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in monkey endometrium: characterization of enzyme activity, and effects of estradiol alone or in combination with progesterone. 17 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) was studied in endometrium removed surgically from intact female monkeys in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Also castrated monkeys (N=20) implanted with estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) in silastic capsules were used to investigate the hormonal dependence of this enzyme in endometrium. The activity was characterized by an optimal pH between 9 and 10, a Km for E2 of 14.2 x 10(-6)M, a Vmax of 0.9 x 10(-6)M x min-1 in Tris-HCl buffer 50 mM pH 9. Using these conditions, we found linearity with time and protein concentration. Subcellular fractionation of endometrial homogenate showed a maximal activity in the 105,000 x g ultracentrifugation microsomal pellet and a very low activity in cytosol. HSD activity increased slightly, but distinctly, with E2 capsules alone, and a marked HSD stimulation (10 fold) occurred after P administration in combination with E2. There are strong similarities between this enzyme and the one described in human endometrium.", "PMID": 120040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14043", "title": "Direct fluorescence polarization immunoassay.", "content": "Direct fluorescence polarization immunoassay of serum cortisol was established. Non-specific binding of fluorescent-labelled cortisol to serum proteins was successively eliminated by sodium dodecyl sulfate. The minimal amount of cortisol detected was 0.1 ng/tube and serum concentration of 1.0 microgram/dl to 100 microgram/dl of cortisol could be measured. This fluorescence polarization immunoassay satisfied the standard criteria of accuracy and precision. The values correlated well with those obtained by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Direct fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Direct fluorescence polarization immunoassay of serum cortisol was established. Non-specific binding of fluorescent-labelled cortisol to serum proteins was successively eliminated by sodium dodecyl sulfate. The minimal amount of cortisol detected was 0.1 ng/tube and serum concentration of 1.0 microgram/dl to 100 microgram/dl of cortisol could be measured. This fluorescence polarization immunoassay satisfied the standard criteria of accuracy and precision. The values correlated well with those obtained by radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 120042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14044", "title": "Attempts to produce megasyndrome in mice using stocks of Trypanosoma cruzi associated with megaoesophagus in man.", "content": "Two stocks of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from patients with advanced megaoesophagus produced megastomach in chronically infected mice. The mice showed evidence of stomach dilatation and a delay in intestinal transit time. These findings are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that regional variations in T. cruzi determines mega formation in man.", "contents": "Attempts to produce megasyndrome in mice using stocks of Trypanosoma cruzi associated with megaoesophagus in man. Two stocks of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from patients with advanced megaoesophagus produced megastomach in chronically infected mice. The mice showed evidence of stomach dilatation and a delay in intestinal transit time. These findings are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that regional variations in T. cruzi determines mega formation in man.", "PMID": 120044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14045", "title": "An outbreak of acute Chagas's disease in the S\u00e3o Francisco Valley region of Bahia, Brazil: triatomine vectors and animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "Following reports of an unusually high incidence of acute Chagas's disease and the appearance of large numbers of Triatoma infestans in the southwestern region of the State of Bahia, triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and domestic animals in one of the affected communities were surveyed and examined for infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Triatoma infestans was prevalent in houses and was also found in peridomestic habitats. T. sordida and T. pseudomaculata occupied peridomestic and sylvatic habitats and T. brasiliensis was found only among rocks far from houses. Panstrongylus megistus, formerly present in the region, was not found. Trypanosoma cruzi was detected in 19.5% of Triatoma infestans, 11.5% of T. sordida, 19% of dogs, 29% of cats and 100% of rats examined. A disproportionate number of early instar bugs were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, suggesting that a rapid increase in the rate of transmission had recently occurred. The history of the domestic triatomine fauna of the region since 1912 is reviewed, and it is proposed that the relatively recent arrival of Triatoma infestans initiated a domestic cycle linked to peridomestic and sylvatic cycles of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. Increased human mobility, the use of DDT for malaria control, and drought conditions are considered as factors which might have contributed to the outbreak of human infection.", "contents": "An outbreak of acute Chagas's disease in the S\u00e3o Francisco Valley region of Bahia, Brazil: triatomine vectors and animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma cruzi. Following reports of an unusually high incidence of acute Chagas's disease and the appearance of large numbers of Triatoma infestans in the southwestern region of the State of Bahia, triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and domestic animals in one of the affected communities were surveyed and examined for infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Triatoma infestans was prevalent in houses and was also found in peridomestic habitats. T. sordida and T. pseudomaculata occupied peridomestic and sylvatic habitats and T. brasiliensis was found only among rocks far from houses. Panstrongylus megistus, formerly present in the region, was not found. Trypanosoma cruzi was detected in 19.5% of Triatoma infestans, 11.5% of T. sordida, 19% of dogs, 29% of cats and 100% of rats examined. A disproportionate number of early instar bugs were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, suggesting that a rapid increase in the rate of transmission had recently occurred. The history of the domestic triatomine fauna of the region since 1912 is reviewed, and it is proposed that the relatively recent arrival of Triatoma infestans initiated a domestic cycle linked to peridomestic and sylvatic cycles of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. Increased human mobility, the use of DDT for malaria control, and drought conditions are considered as factors which might have contributed to the outbreak of human infection.", "PMID": 120045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14046", "title": "Immunization against measles in children at risk for severe disease.", "content": "Live measles vaccine induced protective levels of antibody in 70% of children with protein-calorie-malnutrition (PCM) within 21 days and possibly in 90% by 42 days. The development of specific antibody was delayed and symptoms due to the vaccine more frequent (64%) in these children than in healthy children. Administration of measles vaccine may have predisposed to an associated fatal pneumonia in one malnourished child. Human measles hyperimmune globulin can maintain adequate antibody levels in most children with PCM (75%) for at least three to four weeks. Vaccination induced protective levels of measles antibody in 83% of healthy children under 10 months of age, which compared well with 86% of successful immunizations done at 10 months or later. There was wastage of vaccine in 40 to 70% of children who, despite a negative history of measles, had protective levels of antibody when admitted to the study. It is suggested that malnourished children in the community or the very young can be safely and effectively vaccinated against measles. But passive immunization is preferred in children with PCM severe enough to be admitted to hospital and thereby at increased risk of exposure to measles and other infections.", "contents": "Immunization against measles in children at risk for severe disease. Live measles vaccine induced protective levels of antibody in 70% of children with protein-calorie-malnutrition (PCM) within 21 days and possibly in 90% by 42 days. The development of specific antibody was delayed and symptoms due to the vaccine more frequent (64%) in these children than in healthy children. Administration of measles vaccine may have predisposed to an associated fatal pneumonia in one malnourished child. Human measles hyperimmune globulin can maintain adequate antibody levels in most children with PCM (75%) for at least three to four weeks. Vaccination induced protective levels of measles antibody in 83% of healthy children under 10 months of age, which compared well with 86% of successful immunizations done at 10 months or later. There was wastage of vaccine in 40 to 70% of children who, despite a negative history of measles, had protective levels of antibody when admitted to the study. It is suggested that malnourished children in the community or the very young can be safely and effectively vaccinated against measles. But passive immunization is preferred in children with PCM severe enough to be admitted to hospital and thereby at increased risk of exposure to measles and other infections.", "PMID": 120046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14047", "title": "Ultastructural studies of Sarcocystis sp. from the camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Egypt.", "content": "By means of electron microscopy a study has been made on Sarcocystis from 29 camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Egypt. In oesophagus and diaphragm muscles sarcocysts have been observed. The micromorphology of metrocytes, merozoites as well as of the cyst wall has been described.", "contents": "Ultastructural studies of Sarcocystis sp. from the camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Egypt. By means of electron microscopy a study has been made on Sarcocystis from 29 camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Egypt. In oesophagus and diaphragm muscles sarcocysts have been observed. The micromorphology of metrocytes, merozoites as well as of the cyst wall has been described.", "PMID": 120047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14048", "title": "[Clinical significance of the radioimmunological determination of C-peptide (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of metabolic control to insulinogenic reserve in insulin-dependent diabetics. Thus, the secretory reserve of the pancreatic beta cell was estimated in insulin-dependent diabetics by measuring changes in peripheral serum immunoreactive C-peptide (IRCP) concentrations in response to intravenous arginine (n = 19; 0.5 g/kg, t = 30 min) or glibenclamide-glucose (n = 6; 2 mg HB 419-0.33 g/kg intravenously). In the majority of \"stable\" diabetics a small secretory reserve of the beta cell was demonstrated, but both the absolute and relative increase in IRCP was reduced after intravenous arginine or glibenclamide-glucose in comparison with normal controls. In \"unstable\" diabetics a decreased basal concentration of IRCP, significantly smaller than that seen in \"stable\" diabetics (p less than 0.01), was accompanied by a complete lack of IRCP release on intravenous arginine administration. Thus, we conclude that the radioimmunological determination of IRCP is of clinical interest in assessing the residual secretory capacity of the beta cell in insulin-dependent diabetics. In revealing a lack of insulin this diagnostic tool seems to detect a group of potentially \"unstable\" diabetics in need of strict observation, which would minimize the risks of bad metabolic control.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of the radioimmunological determination of C-peptide (author's transl)]. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of metabolic control to insulinogenic reserve in insulin-dependent diabetics. Thus, the secretory reserve of the pancreatic beta cell was estimated in insulin-dependent diabetics by measuring changes in peripheral serum immunoreactive C-peptide (IRCP) concentrations in response to intravenous arginine (n = 19; 0.5 g/kg, t = 30 min) or glibenclamide-glucose (n = 6; 2 mg HB 419-0.33 g/kg intravenously). In the majority of \"stable\" diabetics a small secretory reserve of the beta cell was demonstrated, but both the absolute and relative increase in IRCP was reduced after intravenous arginine or glibenclamide-glucose in comparison with normal controls. In \"unstable\" diabetics a decreased basal concentration of IRCP, significantly smaller than that seen in \"stable\" diabetics (p less than 0.01), was accompanied by a complete lack of IRCP release on intravenous arginine administration. Thus, we conclude that the radioimmunological determination of IRCP is of clinical interest in assessing the residual secretory capacity of the beta cell in insulin-dependent diabetics. In revealing a lack of insulin this diagnostic tool seems to detect a group of potentially \"unstable\" diabetics in need of strict observation, which would minimize the risks of bad metabolic control.", "PMID": 120077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14049", "title": "[Beta-blockader, pindolol, in the therapy of angina pectoris; a report on a multicentric controlled study].", "content": "68 patients with angina pectoris were treated 14 days with placebo and four weeks with 15 mg/die pindolol (Visken) in a double blind multicenter study. The patients were divided into two groups at random: group I received pindolol/placebo, group II pacebo/pindolol. Pindolol reduced in both groups significantly the number and intensity of angina pectoris attacks and the consumption of nitroglycerin capsules. There was no evidence for a rebound phenomenon after abrupt cessation of pindolol treatment. In the wash out period still a relevant antianginous effect of the beta-blocker could be observed. The oxygen demand of the myocardium was reduced by reduction of systolic blood pressure and heart rate whereas diastolic blood pressure remained unchanged. The tolerance of the preparation was good.", "contents": "[Beta-blockader, pindolol, in the therapy of angina pectoris; a report on a multicentric controlled study]. 68 patients with angina pectoris were treated 14 days with placebo and four weeks with 15 mg/die pindolol (Visken) in a double blind multicenter study. The patients were divided into two groups at random: group I received pindolol/placebo, group II pacebo/pindolol. Pindolol reduced in both groups significantly the number and intensity of angina pectoris attacks and the consumption of nitroglycerin capsules. There was no evidence for a rebound phenomenon after abrupt cessation of pindolol treatment. In the wash out period still a relevant antianginous effect of the beta-blocker could be observed. The oxygen demand of the myocardium was reduced by reduction of systolic blood pressure and heart rate whereas diastolic blood pressure remained unchanged. The tolerance of the preparation was good.", "PMID": 120078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14050", "title": "Computer-operated scanning analysis of FITC-labelled measles virus in cell cultures.", "content": "FITC-labelled measles virus antigen in infected cells was analysed by computer-operated scanning fluorometry, printed out by a mosaic printer according to a predetermined classification, and by a coordinate-recorder as a perspective image. The three-dimensional print-out of the topographic distribution of antigen accumulations in the cells can be optimized by a variation of the angle of view.", "contents": "Computer-operated scanning analysis of FITC-labelled measles virus in cell cultures. FITC-labelled measles virus antigen in infected cells was analysed by computer-operated scanning fluorometry, printed out by a mosaic printer according to a predetermined classification, and by a coordinate-recorder as a perspective image. The three-dimensional print-out of the topographic distribution of antigen accumulations in the cells can be optimized by a variation of the angle of view.", "PMID": 120074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14051", "title": "[Progress in the therapy of acute and chronic cardiac insufficiency by means of systemic vasodilators. Studies with prazosin and nitroglycerin].", "content": "In acute and chronic left heart failure peripheral resistance is elevated due to increased sympathetic tone. This should compensate the decrease in stroke volume. In the diseased left ventricle however the augmentation of afterload leads to further reduction of stroke volume and to increase of heart size and myocardial oxygen consumption. This vitious cycle may be interrupted by vasodilators. Drugs like nitroglycerin, mainly acting on the venous system, reduce preload and thereby relieve symptoms of pulmonary congestion (backward failure). Phentholamin on the other hand primarily reduces afterload by an action on the resistance vessels and thereby increases cardiac output (forward failure). Nitroprusside has effects on both, the capacity and resistance vessels. So nigroglycerin is the remedy of choice in acute pulmonary edema. Nitroprusside in leftf heart failure in acute myocardial infarction and Phentolamin in acute left ventricular failure due to critical rise in blood pressure. For long term treatment of chronic left heart failure (coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease) hydralazin or prazosin may be used as well as long acting nitrates.", "contents": "[Progress in the therapy of acute and chronic cardiac insufficiency by means of systemic vasodilators. Studies with prazosin and nitroglycerin]. In acute and chronic left heart failure peripheral resistance is elevated due to increased sympathetic tone. This should compensate the decrease in stroke volume. In the diseased left ventricle however the augmentation of afterload leads to further reduction of stroke volume and to increase of heart size and myocardial oxygen consumption. This vitious cycle may be interrupted by vasodilators. Drugs like nitroglycerin, mainly acting on the venous system, reduce preload and thereby relieve symptoms of pulmonary congestion (backward failure). Phentholamin on the other hand primarily reduces afterload by an action on the resistance vessels and thereby increases cardiac output (forward failure). Nitroprusside has effects on both, the capacity and resistance vessels. So nigroglycerin is the remedy of choice in acute pulmonary edema. Nitroprusside in leftf heart failure in acute myocardial infarction and Phentolamin in acute left ventricular failure due to critical rise in blood pressure. For long term treatment of chronic left heart failure (coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease) hydralazin or prazosin may be used as well as long acting nitrates.", "PMID": 120080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14052", "title": "[Dysphagia, diagnostic and therapeutic measures].", "content": "Dysphagia is a symptom of organically or functionally conditioned diseases of the oesophagus. In all circumstances it demands an immediate clarification of the etiology considering appropriate therapeutical measures and above all may be first reference to the carcinoma of the oesophagus.", "contents": "[Dysphagia, diagnostic and therapeutic measures]. Dysphagia is a symptom of organically or functionally conditioned diseases of the oesophagus. In all circumstances it demands an immediate clarification of the etiology considering appropriate therapeutical measures and above all may be first reference to the carcinoma of the oesophagus.", "PMID": 120085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14053", "title": "[Therapy of bacterial endocarditis].", "content": "The successful treatment of bacterial endocarditis requires a close cooperation to a clinical microbiological laboratory. This performs blood cultures, estimation of sensitivity to the different antibiotics, if anyhow possible also quantitatively, and supervision of therapy by serum bactericidal tests. Synergistic combinations by adding one of the aminoglycosides bring the best chances for therapeutic success. Special advices are given in dependence of the numerous causative bacterial agents. Rare ones are sufficiently taken into consideration. If blood cultures remain negative, empiricial chemotherapy is recommended. Surgical treatment by operative replacement of the infected heart valves and insertion of prosthetic ones is indicated in uncontrolled infection, in severe heart failure caused by valve perforation, and in recurrent embolism. Early interventions have a much better prognosis. Special problems are connected to bacterial endocarditis in prosthetic valves. Bacterial endocarditis in drug addicts is of relatively good prognosis in spite of the frequent complications. Patients with suspicious or evident bacterial endocarditis should be transferred to centers owing sufficient diagnostic and therapeutic experiences.", "contents": "[Therapy of bacterial endocarditis]. The successful treatment of bacterial endocarditis requires a close cooperation to a clinical microbiological laboratory. This performs blood cultures, estimation of sensitivity to the different antibiotics, if anyhow possible also quantitatively, and supervision of therapy by serum bactericidal tests. Synergistic combinations by adding one of the aminoglycosides bring the best chances for therapeutic success. Special advices are given in dependence of the numerous causative bacterial agents. Rare ones are sufficiently taken into consideration. If blood cultures remain negative, empiricial chemotherapy is recommended. Surgical treatment by operative replacement of the infected heart valves and insertion of prosthetic ones is indicated in uncontrolled infection, in severe heart failure caused by valve perforation, and in recurrent embolism. Early interventions have a much better prognosis. Special problems are connected to bacterial endocarditis in prosthetic valves. Bacterial endocarditis in drug addicts is of relatively good prognosis in spite of the frequent complications. Patients with suspicious or evident bacterial endocarditis should be transferred to centers owing sufficient diagnostic and therapeutic experiences.", "PMID": 120084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14054", "title": "[Contribution to the formal origin of multiple branched ossifications in the lung].", "content": "The observation of multiple ossifications in the lungs as secondary findings of the post-mortem examination of a 62-year-old male with chronic cardiac stasis and emphysema of the lung is reported. Apart from bone nodules larger branched mature bone clasps with marrow caves as well as a in most cases fibromatosis with a small focus which represents the matrix of ossification is represented. Apart from this histologically a hyperaemia with an oedema rich in protein, focal precipitation of protein with formation of a granulation tissue and later fibrosation are to be proved as presteps of nodular fibromatosis which according to the kind of the desmal ossification changes into bones. The chronic haemostasis in the pulmonary circulation is thus apparently of importance in our observation. The case is compared with literature. Up to now about 65 of such observations are reported which nearly exclusively concern old men. The etiology remains unclear.", "contents": "[Contribution to the formal origin of multiple branched ossifications in the lung]. The observation of multiple ossifications in the lungs as secondary findings of the post-mortem examination of a 62-year-old male with chronic cardiac stasis and emphysema of the lung is reported. Apart from bone nodules larger branched mature bone clasps with marrow caves as well as a in most cases fibromatosis with a small focus which represents the matrix of ossification is represented. Apart from this histologically a hyperaemia with an oedema rich in protein, focal precipitation of protein with formation of a granulation tissue and later fibrosation are to be proved as presteps of nodular fibromatosis which according to the kind of the desmal ossification changes into bones. The chronic haemostasis in the pulmonary circulation is thus apparently of importance in our observation. The case is compared with literature. Up to now about 65 of such observations are reported which nearly exclusively concern old men. The etiology remains unclear.", "PMID": 120086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14055", "title": "[Treatment of colitis ulcerosa during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Aggressive pharmacotherapeutic and surgical measures are often contra-indicated in the treatment of colitis ulcerosa in pregnancy. Especially in the sensitive embryonal development phase, the use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, chemotherapeutics and ACTH is considered questionable. The subtotal colectomies and ileostomies often demanded in toxically dramatic colitides place a considerable burden on mother and foetus. A conservative therapeutic regimen, which has been successfully used in more than 80 patients with inflammatory intestinal diseases, was modified to suit the requirements of pregnancy. This is a combination therapy involving parenteral feeding, food which can be absorbed by the intestinal walls, and a suitably adapted pharmacotherapy. In one case of a severe toxic relapse of colitis ulcerosa during early pregnancy, remission was achieved in a patient while fully maintaining the pregnancy.", "contents": "[Treatment of colitis ulcerosa during pregnancy (author's transl)]. Aggressive pharmacotherapeutic and surgical measures are often contra-indicated in the treatment of colitis ulcerosa in pregnancy. Especially in the sensitive embryonal development phase, the use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, chemotherapeutics and ACTH is considered questionable. The subtotal colectomies and ileostomies often demanded in toxically dramatic colitides place a considerable burden on mother and foetus. A conservative therapeutic regimen, which has been successfully used in more than 80 patients with inflammatory intestinal diseases, was modified to suit the requirements of pregnancy. This is a combination therapy involving parenteral feeding, food which can be absorbed by the intestinal walls, and a suitably adapted pharmacotherapy. In one case of a severe toxic relapse of colitis ulcerosa during early pregnancy, remission was achieved in a patient while fully maintaining the pregnancy.", "PMID": 120087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14056", "title": "Postoperative pulmonary complications in upper abdominal surgery. A randomized clinical comparison between physiotherapy and blow-bottles.", "content": "Blow-bottles were compared with conventional postoperative pulmonary physiotherapy in a randomized trial of 98 patients undergoing gastric or biliary tract surgery. Radiological evidence of postoperative pulmonary lesions found by \"blind\" evaluation of the films occurred with the same frequency in the two groups (30.6%). Blow-bottles were found preferable to physiotherapy because they are less time-consuming.", "contents": "Postoperative pulmonary complications in upper abdominal surgery. A randomized clinical comparison between physiotherapy and blow-bottles. Blow-bottles were compared with conventional postoperative pulmonary physiotherapy in a randomized trial of 98 patients undergoing gastric or biliary tract surgery. Radiological evidence of postoperative pulmonary lesions found by \"blind\" evaluation of the films occurred with the same frequency in the two groups (30.6%). Blow-bottles were found preferable to physiotherapy because they are less time-consuming.", "PMID": 120091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14057", "title": "Serum thyroxine, serum % -- T3 -- binding, and serum T3 in Zambians.", "content": "Serum total thyroxine (T4) was measured in clinically euthyroid and clinically hyperthyroid subjects, using the method of competitive protein binding. In 26 euthyroid subjects the mean +/- 1SD was 7.7 +/- 1.8 micrograms/dl and in 17 clinically hyperthyroid subjects, the mean +/- 1SD was 18.1 +/- 3.1 micrograms/dl. This difference is statistically significant. Serum % 125(1) -- T3 binding was measured using the principle of competition for 125(1) -- T3 between the unknown serum and the resin in the assay kit. In 18 clinically euthyroid subjects, the mean +/- 1SD was 112.6 +/- 4.4 % while in 14 clinically hyperthyroid subjects the % 125(1) -- T3 binding had a mean +/- 1SD of 71.4 +/- 11%. The difference is statistically significant. Serum total triiodothyronine was measured by radioimmunoassay. In 31 clinically euthyroid subjects the mean +/- 1SD was 146 +/- 19.8 ng/dl while in 19 clinically hyperthyroid sugjects the mean +/- 1SD was 390 +/- 111 ng/dl. This difference is statistically significant. There was a negative correlation which was not statistically significant between the serum T4 and % T3 binding. The measurements of these thyroid function indices were precise.", "contents": "Serum thyroxine, serum % -- T3 -- binding, and serum T3 in Zambians. Serum total thyroxine (T4) was measured in clinically euthyroid and clinically hyperthyroid subjects, using the method of competitive protein binding. In 26 euthyroid subjects the mean +/- 1SD was 7.7 +/- 1.8 micrograms/dl and in 17 clinically hyperthyroid subjects, the mean +/- 1SD was 18.1 +/- 3.1 micrograms/dl. This difference is statistically significant. Serum % 125(1) -- T3 binding was measured using the principle of competition for 125(1) -- T3 between the unknown serum and the resin in the assay kit. In 18 clinically euthyroid subjects, the mean +/- 1SD was 112.6 +/- 4.4 % while in 14 clinically hyperthyroid subjects the % 125(1) -- T3 binding had a mean +/- 1SD of 71.4 +/- 11%. The difference is statistically significant. Serum total triiodothyronine was measured by radioimmunoassay. In 31 clinically euthyroid subjects the mean +/- 1SD was 146 +/- 19.8 ng/dl while in 19 clinically hyperthyroid sugjects the mean +/- 1SD was 390 +/- 111 ng/dl. This difference is statistically significant. There was a negative correlation which was not statistically significant between the serum T4 and % T3 binding. The measurements of these thyroid function indices were precise.", "PMID": 120088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14058", "title": "Cholinergic nerves in blood vessels of the female reproductive system.", "content": "Cholinergic innervation of the blood vessels of the female reproductive system was investigated in human by the cholinesterase method. The following results were obtained: 1. The uterine and vaginal arteries are provided with a rich cholinergic innervation. 2. The ovarian, tubaric and ovarian-uterine artery are poorly innervated. 3. The ovarian and uterine vein are not provided with a cholinergic innervation.", "contents": "Cholinergic nerves in blood vessels of the female reproductive system. Cholinergic innervation of the blood vessels of the female reproductive system was investigated in human by the cholinesterase method. The following results were obtained: 1. The uterine and vaginal arteries are provided with a rich cholinergic innervation. 2. The ovarian, tubaric and ovarian-uterine artery are poorly innervated. 3. The ovarian and uterine vein are not provided with a cholinergic innervation.", "PMID": 120093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14059", "title": "Cytochemical visualization of calcium binding to the plasma membrane of L-1210 lymphoid leukaemic cells.", "content": "In L-1210 lymphoid leukaemic cells fixed in glutardialdehyde supplemented with CaCl2, calcium-dependent electron dense deposits were detected. The deposits were observed on the extra-cellular surface and were nonfrequent. Abundant deposits were also found at the periphery of lipid globules. The formation of deposits and the possible physiological significance of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Cytochemical visualization of calcium binding to the plasma membrane of L-1210 lymphoid leukaemic cells. In L-1210 lymphoid leukaemic cells fixed in glutardialdehyde supplemented with CaCl2, calcium-dependent electron dense deposits were detected. The deposits were observed on the extra-cellular surface and were nonfrequent. Abundant deposits were also found at the periphery of lipid globules. The formation of deposits and the possible physiological significance of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 120094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14060", "title": "[Drug-induced influence of the GABA-fluorescence in rat brain structures with some comments on the chemistry of the reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "1. GABA was demonstrated in rat brain in fluorescence histochemistry. The alteration by application of submaximal doses of drugs of the distribution and intensity of the transmitter fluorescence was studied in hippocampus and cerebellum. 2. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide and Penicillamine leads to a distinct grain formation and diminishing of the fluorescence product, normally appearing homogenous. These effects are considered to reflect an enzyme (GAD) inhibition. 3. By Cycloserine a distinct increase of the GABA fluorescence is effected, presumably by inhibiting GABA-transaminase-activity. 4. Chloropromazine causes diminishing, grain formation and dislocation as well of the fluorescent product, supposedly due to an affection of the membrane binding properties of GABA. 5. Hypotheses concerning the chemical events of the GABA-reaction are worded.", "contents": "[Drug-induced influence of the GABA-fluorescence in rat brain structures with some comments on the chemistry of the reaction (author's transl)]. 1. GABA was demonstrated in rat brain in fluorescence histochemistry. The alteration by application of submaximal doses of drugs of the distribution and intensity of the transmitter fluorescence was studied in hippocampus and cerebellum. 2. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide and Penicillamine leads to a distinct grain formation and diminishing of the fluorescence product, normally appearing homogenous. These effects are considered to reflect an enzyme (GAD) inhibition. 3. By Cycloserine a distinct increase of the GABA fluorescence is effected, presumably by inhibiting GABA-transaminase-activity. 4. Chloropromazine causes diminishing, grain formation and dislocation as well of the fluorescent product, supposedly due to an affection of the membrane binding properties of GABA. 5. Hypotheses concerning the chemical events of the GABA-reaction are worded.", "PMID": 120095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14061", "title": "Trace element localization and changes in zinc and copper concentrations during postnatal development of the rat CNS.", "content": "Changes in concentration and localization of the trace metals during postnatal ontogenetic development in the archi-, paleo-, and neurocerebellum, the cortex and the spinal cord of the rat have been studied by means of histochemical and atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis. It has been shown that the trace elements in the different regions of the nervous system become progressively detectable during the postnatal ontogenesis, and in the various structures (PURKINJE cells, pyramidal cells, motoneurons, mossy-fibre terminals) different times are necessary for the attainment of the localization observed in the mature animals. It is suggested that the trace elements may be transported not only intraneuronally, but also from neuron to neuron, from neuron to glia cell, and in the reverse direction, too.", "contents": "Trace element localization and changes in zinc and copper concentrations during postnatal development of the rat CNS. Changes in concentration and localization of the trace metals during postnatal ontogenetic development in the archi-, paleo-, and neurocerebellum, the cortex and the spinal cord of the rat have been studied by means of histochemical and atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis. It has been shown that the trace elements in the different regions of the nervous system become progressively detectable during the postnatal ontogenesis, and in the various structures (PURKINJE cells, pyramidal cells, motoneurons, mossy-fibre terminals) different times are necessary for the attainment of the localization observed in the mature animals. It is suggested that the trace elements may be transported not only intraneuronally, but also from neuron to neuron, from neuron to glia cell, and in the reverse direction, too.", "PMID": 120096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14062", "title": "[Notes on the transmitter histochemistry of the cortex cerebelli of rat].", "content": "The cortex cerebelli of the normal, adult rat was investigated fluorescence histochemically by means of the paraformaldehyde method according to FALCK and HILLARP (1962) for visualization of catecholamines and a modified ninhydrin-reaction for the demonstration of GABA (PFISTER and GORNE 1978), respectively. The Purkinje neurons were shown to display a considerable variability of the fluorescent GABA reaction product. Noradrenergic boutons were shown to be arranged mostly in a punctate manner around the somata of the Purkinje cells. The Purkinje cell pericarya would thus be under the inhibitory influence of cerebellar bascet neurons as well as of Locus coeruleus neurons.", "contents": "[Notes on the transmitter histochemistry of the cortex cerebelli of rat]. The cortex cerebelli of the normal, adult rat was investigated fluorescence histochemically by means of the paraformaldehyde method according to FALCK and HILLARP (1962) for visualization of catecholamines and a modified ninhydrin-reaction for the demonstration of GABA (PFISTER and GORNE 1978), respectively. The Purkinje neurons were shown to display a considerable variability of the fluorescent GABA reaction product. Noradrenergic boutons were shown to be arranged mostly in a punctate manner around the somata of the Purkinje cells. The Purkinje cell pericarya would thus be under the inhibitory influence of cerebellar bascet neurons as well as of Locus coeruleus neurons.", "PMID": 120097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14063", "title": "Proteoglycans and their relationship with the other components of the rabbit aorta wall observed in two different experimental conditions.", "content": "An electron microscopic study of the aorta wall of rabbit was carried out employing electron microscopic histochemical methods aimed at examining the distribution of proteoglycans and their correlation with the other structural components of the aorta wall. The ultrastructural evidence of the proteoglycans has been obtained by treating the arterial wall with alcian blue stain and supporting this staining procedure with control enzyme treatments. Moreover, in order to attain a better interpretation of the ultrastructural findings, the arterial wall has been studied under 2 different experimental conditions, the 1st one being represented by an accentuated contraction of the vase's wall, following immersion in the fixator, the other one by an extreme distension of the wall, reached prior to fixation, subjecting the tissue to its tension limit of 700 dyn/mm2. This type of electron microscopic visualization of the proteoglycans following alcian blue treatment leads on to think that at least 2 distinct macromolecular entities of proteoglycans exist, each one having an unusual relationship with the other components of the arterial wall. Different site and types of interaction are to be noted for each of the 2 distinct ultrastructural proteoglycans entities.", "contents": "Proteoglycans and their relationship with the other components of the rabbit aorta wall observed in two different experimental conditions. An electron microscopic study of the aorta wall of rabbit was carried out employing electron microscopic histochemical methods aimed at examining the distribution of proteoglycans and their correlation with the other structural components of the aorta wall. The ultrastructural evidence of the proteoglycans has been obtained by treating the arterial wall with alcian blue stain and supporting this staining procedure with control enzyme treatments. Moreover, in order to attain a better interpretation of the ultrastructural findings, the arterial wall has been studied under 2 different experimental conditions, the 1st one being represented by an accentuated contraction of the vase's wall, following immersion in the fixator, the other one by an extreme distension of the wall, reached prior to fixation, subjecting the tissue to its tension limit of 700 dyn/mm2. This type of electron microscopic visualization of the proteoglycans following alcian blue treatment leads on to think that at least 2 distinct macromolecular entities of proteoglycans exist, each one having an unusual relationship with the other components of the arterial wall. Different site and types of interaction are to be noted for each of the 2 distinct ultrastructural proteoglycans entities.", "PMID": 120098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14064", "title": "[On the localization of sorbitol dehydrogenase in the rat kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "We have investigated the localization and demonstration of sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in the rat kidney by comparative histochemical-electrophoretical technique. Under histochemical conditions an adequate demonstration of the activity of the sorbitol dehydrogenase in native sections is possible by membrane incubating technique in presence of PMS and KCN. In the glomerulum the strong and uniform reaction with regard to the specifity is not clear. In the glomerula of semithin sections from glutaraldehyde fixed, incubated and Epon-embedded cryostate sections the reaction product is localized predominantly in the maesangium cells. By micropolyacrylamidgel gradient electrophoresis of the supernatant from the kidney cortex and of isolated glomerula 2 sorbitol dehydrogenase fractions were found. The results are discussed in connection with the specifity of the reaction.", "contents": "[On the localization of sorbitol dehydrogenase in the rat kidney (author's transl)]. We have investigated the localization and demonstration of sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in the rat kidney by comparative histochemical-electrophoretical technique. Under histochemical conditions an adequate demonstration of the activity of the sorbitol dehydrogenase in native sections is possible by membrane incubating technique in presence of PMS and KCN. In the glomerulum the strong and uniform reaction with regard to the specifity is not clear. In the glomerula of semithin sections from glutaraldehyde fixed, incubated and Epon-embedded cryostate sections the reaction product is localized predominantly in the maesangium cells. By micropolyacrylamidgel gradient electrophoresis of the supernatant from the kidney cortex and of isolated glomerula 2 sorbitol dehydrogenase fractions were found. The results are discussed in connection with the specifity of the reaction.", "PMID": 120099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14065", "title": "beta-Glucuronidase activity in the developing uropygial gland.", "content": "The presence of sterolic compounds and beta-glucuronidase activity have been studied in the uropygial glands of chick embryos (18th day of inc.), chickens (3 weeks after hatching) and young fowls (5 months old). Sterols are histochemically detectable only after hatching and beta-glucuronidase activity, very faint before hatching, reaches its maximum in chicken glands with a peculiar inner localization coincident with sterolic localization. It is suggested that beta-glucuronidase has in uropygial gland a double functional significance: a certain amount of activity is developed to cell proliferation whereas a more strong activity is involved in the hydrolysis of sterol glucuronides.", "contents": "beta-Glucuronidase activity in the developing uropygial gland. The presence of sterolic compounds and beta-glucuronidase activity have been studied in the uropygial glands of chick embryos (18th day of inc.), chickens (3 weeks after hatching) and young fowls (5 months old). Sterols are histochemically detectable only after hatching and beta-glucuronidase activity, very faint before hatching, reaches its maximum in chicken glands with a peculiar inner localization coincident with sterolic localization. It is suggested that beta-glucuronidase has in uropygial gland a double functional significance: a certain amount of activity is developed to cell proliferation whereas a more strong activity is involved in the hydrolysis of sterol glucuronides.", "PMID": 120100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14066", "title": "Occurrence of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the dorsal hippocampus of the sand rat (Psammomys obesus).", "content": "Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) was demonstrated in neurons of the dorsal hippocampus of the sand rat by means of the immunofluorescence technique.", "contents": "Occurrence of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the dorsal hippocampus of the sand rat (Psammomys obesus). Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) was demonstrated in neurons of the dorsal hippocampus of the sand rat by means of the immunofluorescence technique.", "PMID": 120101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14067", "title": "Vascularization of the endochondral layer with respect to the otic capsule. A comparative anatomical study.", "content": "The otic capsules of several species were examined morphometrically and compared with the otic capsule of man. Area, perimeter and diameter of vessels, radius of tissue cylinder, circumscribing hexagon, intervascular distance, and O2 exchange area were evaluated. A correlation between occurrence and expansion of the interglobular spaces ('Interglobularr\u00e4ume') on the one hand and vascularization of the endochondral layer on the other hand was found. This corresponds to results of other authors concerning the persistence of cartilage observed in tissue cultures and long bones.", "contents": "Vascularization of the endochondral layer with respect to the otic capsule. A comparative anatomical study. The otic capsules of several species were examined morphometrically and compared with the otic capsule of man. Area, perimeter and diameter of vessels, radius of tissue cylinder, circumscribing hexagon, intervascular distance, and O2 exchange area were evaluated. A correlation between occurrence and expansion of the interglobular spaces ('Interglobularr\u00e4ume') on the one hand and vascularization of the endochondral layer on the other hand was found. This corresponds to results of other authors concerning the persistence of cartilage observed in tissue cultures and long bones.", "PMID": 120102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14068", "title": "Experimental endocarditis in rabbits. 3. Significance of the proteolytic capacity of the infecting strains of Streptococcus faecalis.", "content": "Insertion of a polyethylene catheter into the left ventricle of the heart was used for regular establishment of sterile endocarditis, and bacterial endocarditis was established by injection of approximately 10(8) Streptococcus faecalis into the blood stream at the same time as removal of the catheter which had been in place for 3 days. 100 out of 102 rabbits died spontaneously of bacterial endocarditis. Evidence is produced that the host-parasite interaction is influenced by the proteolytic property of S. faecalis in this experimental model. Two distinct types of clinical course are described: 1) A predominantly acute and damaging illness, characterized by a high level of bacteraemia, small amounts of soft, friable vegetations in the left side of the heart, high frequency of kidney infarcts and shorter survival time in rabbits infected with proteolytic strains. 2) A relatively subacute illness, characterized by a lower level of bacteraemia, large, hard, non-friable vegetations on the aortic valves, less pronounced destructive changes in the substance of valve leaflets, relatively lower frequency of kidney infarcts and longer survival time in rabbits infected with non-proteolytic strains. The results suggest that proteolytic strains of S. faecalis cause partial dissolution of the vegetations resulting in a more severe clinical picture.", "contents": "Experimental endocarditis in rabbits. 3. Significance of the proteolytic capacity of the infecting strains of Streptococcus faecalis. Insertion of a polyethylene catheter into the left ventricle of the heart was used for regular establishment of sterile endocarditis, and bacterial endocarditis was established by injection of approximately 10(8) Streptococcus faecalis into the blood stream at the same time as removal of the catheter which had been in place for 3 days. 100 out of 102 rabbits died spontaneously of bacterial endocarditis. Evidence is produced that the host-parasite interaction is influenced by the proteolytic property of S. faecalis in this experimental model. Two distinct types of clinical course are described: 1) A predominantly acute and damaging illness, characterized by a high level of bacteraemia, small amounts of soft, friable vegetations in the left side of the heart, high frequency of kidney infarcts and shorter survival time in rabbits infected with proteolytic strains. 2) A relatively subacute illness, characterized by a lower level of bacteraemia, large, hard, non-friable vegetations on the aortic valves, less pronounced destructive changes in the substance of valve leaflets, relatively lower frequency of kidney infarcts and longer survival time in rabbits infected with non-proteolytic strains. The results suggest that proteolytic strains of S. faecalis cause partial dissolution of the vegetations resulting in a more severe clinical picture.", "PMID": 120105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14069", "title": "Comparison of two selective media in the cultural diagnosis of Gonorrhoea.", "content": "A \"chocolate\" agar medium (CA-NCV) containing nystatin, colistin and vancomycin, was compared with the MNYC medium which contain lincomycin, colistin, amphotericin and trimethoprim. A total of 277 clinical specimens were cultured for gonococci, and 120 of these showed positive cultures on either or both of the media. The MNYC medium detected 96.6 per cent of the total number of positive cultures and 92.5 per cent of the patients and the CA-NCV medium after 80 and 79 per cent, respectively. Nearly half the positive cultures were detected on the MNYC medium after 24 hours of incubation. It is concluded that the MNYC medium is superior to the CA-NCV medium in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea.", "contents": "Comparison of two selective media in the cultural diagnosis of Gonorrhoea. A \"chocolate\" agar medium (CA-NCV) containing nystatin, colistin and vancomycin, was compared with the MNYC medium which contain lincomycin, colistin, amphotericin and trimethoprim. A total of 277 clinical specimens were cultured for gonococci, and 120 of these showed positive cultures on either or both of the media. The MNYC medium detected 96.6 per cent of the total number of positive cultures and 92.5 per cent of the patients and the CA-NCV medium after 80 and 79 per cent, respectively. Nearly half the positive cultures were detected on the MNYC medium after 24 hours of incubation. It is concluded that the MNYC medium is superior to the CA-NCV medium in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea.", "PMID": 120106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14070", "title": "Effect of centrophenoxine on acetylcholine release in perfused cerebral ventricles of cats under dynamic electrophysiological control.", "content": "The effects of centrophenoxine on the release of acetylcholine and on the changes in the bioelectrical activity are determined in experiments on non-anaesthesized cats subjected to perfusion of the anterior horn of the lateral cerebral ventricle and simultaneous recording of the bioelectrical activity of cortical and subcortical structures. Centrophenoxine is tested in doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg intravenously. Most characteristic changes are found to occur after the dose of 50 mg/kg, when centrophenoxine markedly increases the amount of the released acetylcholine and changes the bioelectrical activity (synchronous changes in the cortex and hypothalamus). The parallelism between the increase release of acetylcholine and the bioelectrical changes continued until the time of the peak effect of centrophenoxine (45 min), followed by dissociation between them (the level of the released acetylcholine gradually approached the initial level, while the changed bioelectrical activity persisted for a longer time.", "contents": "Effect of centrophenoxine on acetylcholine release in perfused cerebral ventricles of cats under dynamic electrophysiological control. The effects of centrophenoxine on the release of acetylcholine and on the changes in the bioelectrical activity are determined in experiments on non-anaesthesized cats subjected to perfusion of the anterior horn of the lateral cerebral ventricle and simultaneous recording of the bioelectrical activity of cortical and subcortical structures. Centrophenoxine is tested in doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg intravenously. Most characteristic changes are found to occur after the dose of 50 mg/kg, when centrophenoxine markedly increases the amount of the released acetylcholine and changes the bioelectrical activity (synchronous changes in the cortex and hypothalamus). The parallelism between the increase release of acetylcholine and the bioelectrical changes continued until the time of the peak effect of centrophenoxine (45 min), followed by dissociation between them (the level of the released acetylcholine gradually approached the initial level, while the changed bioelectrical activity persisted for a longer time.", "PMID": 120108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14071", "title": "Comparison of effects of pentobarbital and ethanol on the neuronal activity in the posterior parietal association cortex.", "content": "The problem of this study was whether the effects produced by alcohol in the posterior parietal association cortex are specific to this drug or shared by other centrally acting depressant drugs such as barbiturates. The effect of graded doses of pentobarbital on multineuronal impulse activity was recorded with transdural microelectrode technique in 30 expts. in Brodmann's area 7 of five stump-tailed monkeys (Macaca speciosa). The results were compared with those from 32 expts. performed with alcohol and published separately. The dosage of the two drugs was determined on the basis of the monkeys' sensori-motor coordination which was assessed with a rating scale of reaching accuracy for food rewards. There were several recording sites where the actions of the two drugs were similar at similar behavioural levels of intoxication. However, in the distribution of effects among various functional types of recording sites a significant difference was found between pentobarbital and alcohol. Alcohol commonly diminished cellular activity related to motor behaviour (reaching, grasping) and only rarely responses to somesthetic stimuli, whereas the effects of pentobarbital were the opposite being most common on somatosensory responses and least common on activity related to motor behaviour. Also responses to visual stimuli were more sensitive to pentobarbital than to alcohol. The actions of pentobarbital and alcohol on responses evoked by sensory stimulation differed significantly (P less than 0.01). We conclude that significant differences exist in the mechanisms of action of alcohol and barbiturate on the associative systems of the brain.", "contents": "Comparison of effects of pentobarbital and ethanol on the neuronal activity in the posterior parietal association cortex. The problem of this study was whether the effects produced by alcohol in the posterior parietal association cortex are specific to this drug or shared by other centrally acting depressant drugs such as barbiturates. The effect of graded doses of pentobarbital on multineuronal impulse activity was recorded with transdural microelectrode technique in 30 expts. in Brodmann's area 7 of five stump-tailed monkeys (Macaca speciosa). The results were compared with those from 32 expts. performed with alcohol and published separately. The dosage of the two drugs was determined on the basis of the monkeys' sensori-motor coordination which was assessed with a rating scale of reaching accuracy for food rewards. There were several recording sites where the actions of the two drugs were similar at similar behavioural levels of intoxication. However, in the distribution of effects among various functional types of recording sites a significant difference was found between pentobarbital and alcohol. Alcohol commonly diminished cellular activity related to motor behaviour (reaching, grasping) and only rarely responses to somesthetic stimuli, whereas the effects of pentobarbital were the opposite being most common on somatosensory responses and least common on activity related to motor behaviour. Also responses to visual stimuli were more sensitive to pentobarbital than to alcohol. The actions of pentobarbital and alcohol on responses evoked by sensory stimulation differed significantly (P less than 0.01). We conclude that significant differences exist in the mechanisms of action of alcohol and barbiturate on the associative systems of the brain.", "PMID": 120109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14072", "title": "Increased hepatic glycogen synthetase and decreased phosphorylase in trained rats.", "content": "Rats were either physically trained by a 12 wk swimming program or were freely eating or weight matched, sedentary controls. Trained rats had a higher relative liver weight and total hepatic glycogen synthetase (EC 2.4.1.11) activity and a lower phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) activity than the other groups of rats. These changes may partly explain the demonstrated training-induced increase in glucose tolerance. None of the findings could be ascribed to differences in foold intake or body weight.", "contents": "Increased hepatic glycogen synthetase and decreased phosphorylase in trained rats. Rats were either physically trained by a 12 wk swimming program or were freely eating or weight matched, sedentary controls. Trained rats had a higher relative liver weight and total hepatic glycogen synthetase (EC 2.4.1.11) activity and a lower phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) activity than the other groups of rats. These changes may partly explain the demonstrated training-induced increase in glucose tolerance. None of the findings could be ascribed to differences in foold intake or body weight.", "PMID": 120110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14073", "title": "Comparison between saliva and serum lithium concentrations in patients treated with lithium carbonate.", "content": "The relation between serum and saliva lithium concentration was studied in patients treated with lithium carbonate. In 23 patients a highly variable saliva/serum ratio was found in simultaneous saliva and serum samples. In five patients studied during a period of 4-8 weeks three patients showed a high fluctuation in saliva/serum lithium ratio. In 20 patients saliva lithium concentrations varied unexpectedly in a second sample produced after 15 min. Although some authors report a high and stable relation between saliva and serum lithium concentration, we consider the saliva lithium level unreliable as a prediction of the serum lithium level in patients treated with lithium carbonate.", "contents": "Comparison between saliva and serum lithium concentrations in patients treated with lithium carbonate. The relation between serum and saliva lithium concentration was studied in patients treated with lithium carbonate. In 23 patients a highly variable saliva/serum ratio was found in simultaneous saliva and serum samples. In five patients studied during a period of 4-8 weeks three patients showed a high fluctuation in saliva/serum lithium ratio. In 20 patients saliva lithium concentrations varied unexpectedly in a second sample produced after 15 min. Although some authors report a high and stable relation between saliva and serum lithium concentration, we consider the saliva lithium level unreliable as a prediction of the serum lithium level in patients treated with lithium carbonate.", "PMID": 120111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14074", "title": "Neuroendocrine correlates of testosterone-induced changes in brain evoked responses to afferent input.", "content": "Evoked responses (ER) to stimulation of spermatic nerve were picked up in conscious monkeys from hypothalamic limbic and cerebral cortical regions. The effect of intravenous injection of testosterone propionate (TPss; 0.4 mg/kg) on ER was examined in the same animal. Hormone administration caused inhibition or potentiation of ER in different regions of brain. The duration of hormone effect also suggested area specificity. A significant, immediate reduction in ER amplitude was produced by hormone injection in the ventromedial nucleus. On the contrary an increase of ER was observed in the anterior hypothalamus and in several limbic areas. Genital sensory motor cortex showed slight potentiation. The results support the hypothesis proposed in earlier EEG studies that TP and genital afferent input probably play a selective role in brain mechanisms underlying organized and integrated expression of reproductive functions.", "contents": "Neuroendocrine correlates of testosterone-induced changes in brain evoked responses to afferent input. Evoked responses (ER) to stimulation of spermatic nerve were picked up in conscious monkeys from hypothalamic limbic and cerebral cortical regions. The effect of intravenous injection of testosterone propionate (TPss; 0.4 mg/kg) on ER was examined in the same animal. Hormone administration caused inhibition or potentiation of ER in different regions of brain. The duration of hormone effect also suggested area specificity. A significant, immediate reduction in ER amplitude was produced by hormone injection in the ventromedial nucleus. On the contrary an increase of ER was observed in the anterior hypothalamus and in several limbic areas. Genital sensory motor cortex showed slight potentiation. The results support the hypothesis proposed in earlier EEG studies that TP and genital afferent input probably play a selective role in brain mechanisms underlying organized and integrated expression of reproductive functions.", "PMID": 120112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14075", "title": "Synchronization of EEG activity of male Rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta treated with ovocyclin.", "content": "Bipolar stainless steel electrodes were stereotaxically implanted in hypothalamus and cortex of six male monkeys. The effect of intramuscular injection of estradiol dipropionate (ovocyclin) in a dose of 10 mg/d was observed on EEG activity on 3 successive days. On the first day, slow waves appeared only in preoptic and on the second day also in posterior hypothalamus. Generalized slowing with an increase in amplitude appeared in all the hypothalamic areas and cortex on the third day. This suggest estrogen to possess (i) cumulative effect on brain and (ii) inhibitory action in the form of synchronization of EEG activity.", "contents": "Synchronization of EEG activity of male Rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta treated with ovocyclin. Bipolar stainless steel electrodes were stereotaxically implanted in hypothalamus and cortex of six male monkeys. The effect of intramuscular injection of estradiol dipropionate (ovocyclin) in a dose of 10 mg/d was observed on EEG activity on 3 successive days. On the first day, slow waves appeared only in preoptic and on the second day also in posterior hypothalamus. Generalized slowing with an increase in amplitude appeared in all the hypothalamic areas and cortex on the third day. This suggest estrogen to possess (i) cumulative effect on brain and (ii) inhibitory action in the form of synchronization of EEG activity.", "PMID": 120113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14076", "title": "Mutational mosaicism and genetic counseling in retinoblastoma.", "content": "Mutations may arise throughout an organism's life cycle. Typically, sporadic meiotic mutations give rise to individuals with all their germinal and somatic cells bearing the mutant gene. These mutations may be amorphs (with full penetrance and expressivity) or hypomorphs (with reduced penetrance and expressivity). Mutational mosaicism, however, involves the origin of mutations occurring during mitosis, whether in the parent at some stage prior to reproductive maturity or in the offspring at some time following fertilization. The phenotypic expression and transmission of these new mutations are dependent on the proportion of cells bearing the mutant gene as well as the location of these cells in somatic and/or germinal tissues. Mutational mosaicism was used as a developmental model to analyze 1,500 sporadic and 179 familial cases of retinoblastoma from the world literature. This model provided an interpretation for the origin, onset, and transmissibility of the sporadic unilateral retinoblastoma cases, which represent over 60% of all retinoblastoma patients. The model also permits a reclassification of all transmissible types of retinoblastoma; based on this classification, more accurate risk figures for genetic counseling can be offered. In addition, mutational mosaicism can be extended as a model to other autosomal dominant and X-linked mutations.", "contents": "Mutational mosaicism and genetic counseling in retinoblastoma. Mutations may arise throughout an organism's life cycle. Typically, sporadic meiotic mutations give rise to individuals with all their germinal and somatic cells bearing the mutant gene. These mutations may be amorphs (with full penetrance and expressivity) or hypomorphs (with reduced penetrance and expressivity). Mutational mosaicism, however, involves the origin of mutations occurring during mitosis, whether in the parent at some stage prior to reproductive maturity or in the offspring at some time following fertilization. The phenotypic expression and transmission of these new mutations are dependent on the proportion of cells bearing the mutant gene as well as the location of these cells in somatic and/or germinal tissues. Mutational mosaicism was used as a developmental model to analyze 1,500 sporadic and 179 familial cases of retinoblastoma from the world literature. This model provided an interpretation for the origin, onset, and transmissibility of the sporadic unilateral retinoblastoma cases, which represent over 60% of all retinoblastoma patients. The model also permits a reclassification of all transmissible types of retinoblastoma; based on this classification, more accurate risk figures for genetic counseling can be offered. In addition, mutational mosaicism can be extended as a model to other autosomal dominant and X-linked mutations.", "PMID": 120116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14077", "title": "Histological and ultrastructural studies of the cornea in Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome.", "content": "The author presents the histologic and electron-microscopic examination of the cornea of a patient with Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. Histochemic examinations established the absence of keratin sulfate and heparin sulfate in the accumulated material. By means of electron microscopy three cell types have been found in the stroma which may show, besides the storage of the accumulated glycosaminoglycans, the morphologic signs of the pathologic enzyme-substrate connection. Considering the presence of the lipidlike material, the question arises whether the Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome belongs to mucolipidoses.", "contents": "Histological and ultrastructural studies of the cornea in Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. The author presents the histologic and electron-microscopic examination of the cornea of a patient with Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. Histochemic examinations established the absence of keratin sulfate and heparin sulfate in the accumulated material. By means of electron microscopy three cell types have been found in the stroma which may show, besides the storage of the accumulated glycosaminoglycans, the morphologic signs of the pathologic enzyme-substrate connection. Considering the presence of the lipidlike material, the question arises whether the Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome belongs to mucolipidoses.", "PMID": 120117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14078", "title": "[Dosage-problems in controlled sodium nitroprusside hypotension in oto-rhino-laryngological surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "During a study of 130 patients undergoing hypotensive anaesthesia for oto-rhino-laryngological surgery the most important dose problems with sodium nitroprusside (S.N.P.) were characterized. In 14% of the cases more than 15 mcg/kg body weight/min S.N.P. were required. Our data show, that the smallest S.N.P. consumption occurs during neuroleptanalgesia in combination with 0.3--0.8 Vol-% enflurane. On the other hand, during neuroleptanalgesia alone, in several cases toxic amounts of S.N.P. would have been necessary to produce adequate hypotension. In such cases about 0.5 mg/kg body weight dihydralazine must be employed as a supporting agent for hypotension. The influence of this drug on the manoeuvrability of the low pressure state and on the administration of S.N.P. was investigated. Although, the equivalent amount of sodium thiosulfate (S.T.) did not increase the S.N.P. sensibility, its routine use is reconviended, since the combination of S.Th, and even higher doses of S.N.P. were tolerated without metabolic acidosis. As an alternative substance after long-term use of S.N.P. nitroglycerine should be used.", "contents": "[Dosage-problems in controlled sodium nitroprusside hypotension in oto-rhino-laryngological surgery (author's transl)]. During a study of 130 patients undergoing hypotensive anaesthesia for oto-rhino-laryngological surgery the most important dose problems with sodium nitroprusside (S.N.P.) were characterized. In 14% of the cases more than 15 mcg/kg body weight/min S.N.P. were required. Our data show, that the smallest S.N.P. consumption occurs during neuroleptanalgesia in combination with 0.3--0.8 Vol-% enflurane. On the other hand, during neuroleptanalgesia alone, in several cases toxic amounts of S.N.P. would have been necessary to produce adequate hypotension. In such cases about 0.5 mg/kg body weight dihydralazine must be employed as a supporting agent for hypotension. The influence of this drug on the manoeuvrability of the low pressure state and on the administration of S.N.P. was investigated. Although, the equivalent amount of sodium thiosulfate (S.T.) did not increase the S.N.P. sensibility, its routine use is reconviended, since the combination of S.Th, and even higher doses of S.N.P. were tolerated without metabolic acidosis. As an alternative substance after long-term use of S.N.P. nitroglycerine should be used.", "PMID": 120118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14079", "title": "[Leukoplakia and cancers of the buccal cavity. Immunofluorescence counting and typing of plasmocytes].", "content": "Immunofluorescent study of paraffin sections of 80 lesions of the buccal cavity, for the most part malignant or pre-malignant revealed marked plasmocytosis in premalignant or early malignant cases. This plasmocytosis, easily seen by the use of anti-immunoglobulin sera, is of polyclonal type, with marked preponderance of IgG secretors. In infiltrating carcinomas and in recurrences, the number of plasmocytes decreases and the percentage of IgG secretors falls markedly. By contrast, that of IgA immunocytes remains the same. The significance of these findings is considered and their practical value in the surveillance of cases of leukoplasia is stressed.", "contents": "[Leukoplakia and cancers of the buccal cavity. Immunofluorescence counting and typing of plasmocytes]. Immunofluorescent study of paraffin sections of 80 lesions of the buccal cavity, for the most part malignant or pre-malignant revealed marked plasmocytosis in premalignant or early malignant cases. This plasmocytosis, easily seen by the use of anti-immunoglobulin sera, is of polyclonal type, with marked preponderance of IgG secretors. In infiltrating carcinomas and in recurrences, the number of plasmocytes decreases and the percentage of IgG secretors falls markedly. By contrast, that of IgA immunocytes remains the same. The significance of these findings is considered and their practical value in the surveillance of cases of leukoplasia is stressed.", "PMID": 120119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14080", "title": "Drosophila melanogaster as an experimental host for study of multiplication and biology of the mycoplasma inducing the \"lethargy of coleoptera\".", "content": "The mulitplication of the mycoplasma responsible for the \"lethargy of coleoptera\" on a laboratory host, Drosophila melanogaster, was obtained on the first passage. Independant series of successive passages on D. melanogaster were performed without any apparent modifications of the properties of the microorganism. Pathogenicity for its natural host Melolontha melolontha was retained. The different forms of mycoplasma observed lead us to propose a probable cycle of development, composed of a succession of globular and rod-shaped bodies, these later being often sinuous. The infected Drosophila flies presented a reduced life span and fertility. Infection of the cephalic nervous system seems to be responsible for death. Horizontal transmission of the microorganism was not observed.", "contents": "Drosophila melanogaster as an experimental host for study of multiplication and biology of the mycoplasma inducing the \"lethargy of coleoptera\". The mulitplication of the mycoplasma responsible for the \"lethargy of coleoptera\" on a laboratory host, Drosophila melanogaster, was obtained on the first passage. Independant series of successive passages on D. melanogaster were performed without any apparent modifications of the properties of the microorganism. Pathogenicity for its natural host Melolontha melolontha was retained. The different forms of mycoplasma observed lead us to propose a probable cycle of development, composed of a succession of globular and rod-shaped bodies, these later being often sinuous. The infected Drosophila flies presented a reduced life span and fertility. Infection of the cephalic nervous system seems to be responsible for death. Horizontal transmission of the microorganism was not observed.", "PMID": 120120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14081", "title": "[Relationships between \"Mycobacterium simiae\" and the \"M. avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum\" complex (author's transl)].", "content": "The 24 strains of Mycobacterium simiae described in this report were isolated from 12 black Africans, 6 from white Europeans, 5 from primates and 1 from a leprosy infected Armadillo. These strains form 3 groups having the similar morphologic and cultural properties as M. intracellulare. Two groups were similar with respect to pigmentation, urease activity and niacin production but differed serologically, the second group being of M. intracellulare serotype 18. The third group was less homogenous and was intermediate to M. simiae and M. intracellulare. Thus M. simiae belong to the M. avium-intracellulare-simiae-scrofulaceum (MAISS) complex. Two cases of well characterized pulmonary disease progressed like M. avium mycobacteriosis.", "contents": "[Relationships between \"Mycobacterium simiae\" and the \"M. avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum\" complex (author's transl)]. The 24 strains of Mycobacterium simiae described in this report were isolated from 12 black Africans, 6 from white Europeans, 5 from primates and 1 from a leprosy infected Armadillo. These strains form 3 groups having the similar morphologic and cultural properties as M. intracellulare. Two groups were similar with respect to pigmentation, urease activity and niacin production but differed serologically, the second group being of M. intracellulare serotype 18. The third group was less homogenous and was intermediate to M. simiae and M. intracellulare. Thus M. simiae belong to the M. avium-intracellulare-simiae-scrofulaceum (MAISS) complex. Two cases of well characterized pulmonary disease progressed like M. avium mycobacteriosis.", "PMID": 120121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14082", "title": "The rate of bursting strength gain in repaired nerves.", "content": "The sciatic nerve in 60 rats was transected and repaired with 9-0 nylon under magnification. The repairs were tested for bursting strength at 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks and expressed as a percentage of the bursting strength of a paired control from the opposite leg. The mean percent bursting strength was 25, 42, 53, 45, and 62, respectively. There was no statistically significant gain in bursting strength from the third to the ninth week after nerve repair. However, there was a significant difference in bursting strength at 3 weeks and 12 weeks after repair. A similar experiment was performed in monkeys. At 4 weeks, the repaired nerves had regained 77% of the bursting strength of the normal median and ulnar nerves. These studies call into question earlier claims that repaired nerves regain normal bursting strength within 3 to 4 weeks of repair.", "contents": "The rate of bursting strength gain in repaired nerves. The sciatic nerve in 60 rats was transected and repaired with 9-0 nylon under magnification. The repairs were tested for bursting strength at 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks and expressed as a percentage of the bursting strength of a paired control from the opposite leg. The mean percent bursting strength was 25, 42, 53, 45, and 62, respectively. There was no statistically significant gain in bursting strength from the third to the ninth week after nerve repair. However, there was a significant difference in bursting strength at 3 weeks and 12 weeks after repair. A similar experiment was performed in monkeys. At 4 weeks, the repaired nerves had regained 77% of the bursting strength of the normal median and ulnar nerves. These studies call into question earlier claims that repaired nerves regain normal bursting strength within 3 to 4 weeks of repair.", "PMID": 120126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14083", "title": "[\"In vitro\" activity of a new cephalosporin (CGP-7174-E or cefsulodin) against \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of four betalactamins (carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin and (CGP-7174-E) against 109 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined by an agar dilution method. CGP-7174-E was the most active (MIC 3.4 micrograms/ml), followed in descending order by piperacillin (MIC 4.9 micrograms/ml), ticarcillin (MIC 22 micrograms/ml) and carbenicillin (MIC 36 microgram/ml). High correlation was found between the MIC of these betalactamins (r greater than 0.60). In 12 strains where MIC for carbenicillin was greater than or equal to 1,024 microgram/ml, MIC for CGP-7174-E was less than or equal to 128 micrograms/ml and less than 16 micrograms/ml in four strains.", "contents": "[\"In vitro\" activity of a new cephalosporin (CGP-7174-E or cefsulodin) against \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\" (author's transl)]. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of four betalactamins (carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin and (CGP-7174-E) against 109 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined by an agar dilution method. CGP-7174-E was the most active (MIC 3.4 micrograms/ml), followed in descending order by piperacillin (MIC 4.9 micrograms/ml), ticarcillin (MIC 22 micrograms/ml) and carbenicillin (MIC 36 microgram/ml). High correlation was found between the MIC of these betalactamins (r greater than 0.60). In 12 strains where MIC for carbenicillin was greater than or equal to 1,024 microgram/ml, MIC for CGP-7174-E was less than or equal to 128 micrograms/ml and less than 16 micrograms/ml in four strains.", "PMID": 120122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14084", "title": "[Isolation of free-living amoebae from the nasal mucosa of man. Potential risk (author's transl)].", "content": "From march 1976 until december 1978, we have analysed 1039 nasal swabs in order to discover the healthy free-living amoebae carriers. So, we have isolated 9 strains of which one Hartmannella vermiformis. From the 8 remaining Acanthamoebae, only one, ORL 561 (Acanthamoeba hatchetti) is as pathogenic for mice as the 2 other identical known strains and A. culbertsoni.", "contents": "[Isolation of free-living amoebae from the nasal mucosa of man. Potential risk (author's transl)]. From march 1976 until december 1978, we have analysed 1039 nasal swabs in order to discover the healthy free-living amoebae carriers. So, we have isolated 9 strains of which one Hartmannella vermiformis. From the 8 remaining Acanthamoebae, only one, ORL 561 (Acanthamoeba hatchetti) is as pathogenic for mice as the 2 other identical known strains and A. culbertsoni.", "PMID": 120123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14085", "title": "Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) amileari n. sp., isolated from Oryzomys eliurus (Wagner, 1845) (Rodentia-Cricetidae).", "content": "A new species of trypanosome, Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) amilcari, is described in the present paper. This new trypanosome was found in the circulating blood of a rodent species Oryzomys eliurus (Cricetidae). Some biological observations were made.", "contents": "Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) amileari n. sp., isolated from Oryzomys eliurus (Wagner, 1845) (Rodentia-Cricetidae). A new species of trypanosome, Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) amilcari, is described in the present paper. This new trypanosome was found in the circulating blood of a rodent species Oryzomys eliurus (Cricetidae). Some biological observations were made.", "PMID": 120124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14086", "title": "[Advantages of the Errecart's technique for the identification of Plasmodium (author's transl)].", "content": "Errecart (1945) proposed a modified technique for making thick films for the diagnosis of Chaga's disease. We applied his technique to the study of malaria in mammals; the morphology of the blood parasites is very well preserved and allows the identification of species which are frequently not identifiable in ordinary thick films.", "contents": "[Advantages of the Errecart's technique for the identification of Plasmodium (author's transl)]. Errecart (1945) proposed a modified technique for making thick films for the diagnosis of Chaga's disease. We applied his technique to the study of malaria in mammals; the morphology of the blood parasites is very well preserved and allows the identification of species which are frequently not identifiable in ordinary thick films.", "PMID": 120125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14087", "title": "Vestibular mechanisms.", "content": "It is apparent from this and other reviews of the subject that our knowledge of vestibular function is most complete for the primary canal and otolithic afferents. Relatively little progress has been made in the understanding of receptor mechanisms and the functional importance of the efferent vestibular system. Since most of it has been summarized previously the latter were not considered here. Considerably more knowledge has accumulated in the field of central vestibular mechanisms, particularly those related to eye movements. Recent advances in functional synaptology of direct and indirect vestibuloocular pathways are described. It appears that the indirect pathways are essential for the central integration of the peripheral head velocity into a central eye position signal. Candidates for the neural integrator are presented and discussed and their connectivity described both for the horizontal and the relatively poorly studied vertical eye movement system. This field will certainly be studied extensively during the next years. Another interesting field is the role of the cerebellum in the control the vestibuloocular reflex. Recent data and hypotheses, including the problem of cerebellar plasticity, are summarized and evaluated. That the vestibular nuclei are by no means a simple relay system for specific vestibular signals destined for other sensory or motor centers is evidenced in this review by the description of multiple canal-canal, canalotolith, and visual-vestibular convergence at the nuclear level. Canal-otolith and polysensory convergence in vestibular neurons enables them to correct for the inherent inadequacies of the peripheral canal system in the low frequency range. The mechanisms of polysensory interaction in the central vestibular system will undoubtedly be an important and interesting field for future research.", "contents": "Vestibular mechanisms. It is apparent from this and other reviews of the subject that our knowledge of vestibular function is most complete for the primary canal and otolithic afferents. Relatively little progress has been made in the understanding of receptor mechanisms and the functional importance of the efferent vestibular system. Since most of it has been summarized previously the latter were not considered here. Considerably more knowledge has accumulated in the field of central vestibular mechanisms, particularly those related to eye movements. Recent advances in functional synaptology of direct and indirect vestibuloocular pathways are described. It appears that the indirect pathways are essential for the central integration of the peripheral head velocity into a central eye position signal. Candidates for the neural integrator are presented and discussed and their connectivity described both for the horizontal and the relatively poorly studied vertical eye movement system. This field will certainly be studied extensively during the next years. Another interesting field is the role of the cerebellum in the control the vestibuloocular reflex. Recent data and hypotheses, including the problem of cerebellar plasticity, are summarized and evaluated. That the vestibular nuclei are by no means a simple relay system for specific vestibular signals destined for other sensory or motor centers is evidenced in this review by the description of multiple canal-canal, canalotolith, and visual-vestibular convergence at the nuclear level. Canal-otolith and polysensory convergence in vestibular neurons enables them to correct for the inherent inadequacies of the peripheral canal system in the low frequency range. The mechanisms of polysensory interaction in the central vestibular system will undoubtedly be an important and interesting field for future research.", "PMID": 120130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14088", "title": "Thyroid function tests in thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency.", "content": "Results are presented on two patients with complete and two with partial thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) deficiency. All four subjects had lowered serum thyroxine but were clinically euthyroid. While thyroid hormone uptake tests or TBG assay were effective in the recognition of such individuals, indices based on these tests were misleading in assessing their thyroid status. Results within the reference range were obtained with the Immophase Free Thyroxine assay.", "contents": "Thyroid function tests in thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency. Results are presented on two patients with complete and two with partial thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) deficiency. All four subjects had lowered serum thyroxine but were clinically euthyroid. While thyroid hormone uptake tests or TBG assay were effective in the recognition of such individuals, indices based on these tests were misleading in assessing their thyroid status. Results within the reference range were obtained with the Immophase Free Thyroxine assay.", "PMID": 120131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14089", "title": "Distribution of membrane-bound monoamine oxidase in bacteria.", "content": "The distribution of membrane-bound monoamine oxidase in 30 strains of various bacteria was studied. Monoamine oxidase was determined by using an ammonia-selective electrode; analyses were sensitive and easy to perform. The enzyme was found in some strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Serratia, and Proteus. Among strains of other families of bacteria tested, only Pseudomonas aeruginosa IFO 3901, Micrococcus luteus IFO 12708, and Brevibacterium ammoniagenes IAM 1641 had monoamine oxidase activity. In all of these bacteria except B. ammoniagenes, monoamine oxidase was induced by tyramine and was highly specific for tyramine, octopamine, dopamine, and norepinephrine. The enzyme in two strains oxidized histamine or benzylamine. Correlations between the distributions of membrane-bound monoamine oxidase and arylsulfatase synthesized in the presence of tyramine were discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of membrane-bound monoamine oxidase in bacteria. The distribution of membrane-bound monoamine oxidase in 30 strains of various bacteria was studied. Monoamine oxidase was determined by using an ammonia-selective electrode; analyses were sensitive and easy to perform. The enzyme was found in some strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Serratia, and Proteus. Among strains of other families of bacteria tested, only Pseudomonas aeruginosa IFO 3901, Micrococcus luteus IFO 12708, and Brevibacterium ammoniagenes IAM 1641 had monoamine oxidase activity. In all of these bacteria except B. ammoniagenes, monoamine oxidase was induced by tyramine and was highly specific for tyramine, octopamine, dopamine, and norepinephrine. The enzyme in two strains oxidized histamine or benzylamine. Correlations between the distributions of membrane-bound monoamine oxidase and arylsulfatase synthesized in the presence of tyramine were discussed.", "PMID": 120132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14090", "title": "14C-most-probable-number method for enumeration of active heterotrophic microorganisms in natural waters.", "content": "A most-probable-number method using 14C-labeled substrates is described for the enumeration of aquatic populations of heterotrophic microorganisms. Natural populations of microorganisms are inoculated into dilution replicates prepared from the natural water from which the organisms originated. The natural water is supplemented with a 14C-labeled compound added so as to approximate a true environmental concentration. 14CO2 evolved by individual replicates is trapped in NaOH and counted by liquid scintillation techniques for use in scoring replicates as positive or negative. Positives (14CO2 evolution) are easily distinguished from negatives (no 14CO2 evolution). The results from a variety of environments using the 14CO2 procedure agreed well with previously described methods, in most instances. The 14C-most-probable-number method described here reduces handling procedures over previously described most-probable-number procedures using 14C-labeled substrates. It also appears to have advantages over other enumeration methods in its attempt to approximate natural conditions more closely.", "contents": "14C-most-probable-number method for enumeration of active heterotrophic microorganisms in natural waters. A most-probable-number method using 14C-labeled substrates is described for the enumeration of aquatic populations of heterotrophic microorganisms. Natural populations of microorganisms are inoculated into dilution replicates prepared from the natural water from which the organisms originated. The natural water is supplemented with a 14C-labeled compound added so as to approximate a true environmental concentration. 14CO2 evolved by individual replicates is trapped in NaOH and counted by liquid scintillation techniques for use in scoring replicates as positive or negative. Positives (14CO2 evolution) are easily distinguished from negatives (no 14CO2 evolution). The results from a variety of environments using the 14CO2 procedure agreed well with previously described methods, in most instances. The 14C-most-probable-number method described here reduces handling procedures over previously described most-probable-number procedures using 14C-labeled substrates. It also appears to have advantages over other enumeration methods in its attempt to approximate natural conditions more closely.", "PMID": 120133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14091", "title": "Simple agar block slide culture suitable for varying the environment of bacteria during time-lapse cinephotomicrography.", "content": "A simple paper wick agar block slide culture is described for use in experiments which vary the chemical environment of bacteria during time-lapse cinephotomicrography.", "contents": "Simple agar block slide culture suitable for varying the environment of bacteria during time-lapse cinephotomicrography. A simple paper wick agar block slide culture is described for use in experiments which vary the chemical environment of bacteria during time-lapse cinephotomicrography.", "PMID": 120134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14092", "title": "Pesticide and PCB residues in the upper Snake River ecosystem, Southeastern Idaho, following the collapse of the Teton dam 1976.", "content": "The Teton Dam in Southeastern Idaho collapsed on June 5, 1976. The resulting flood damaged a large area and caused the release of toxicants into the Snake River. A pesticide recovery team in a helicopter worked the flooded area for three weeks and collected 1,104 containers, about 35% of which contained toxicants. It was estimated that less than 60% of the lost pesticide containers were recovered. This paper addresses the results of a one-time sampling effort designed to determine the magnitude of the chemical contamination. Over 300 samples of fish, plankton, waterfowl, sediments, water, stream drift, aquatic plants, and soil were taken. Pesticide residues were measured as microgram/kg (ppb) wet weight, whole animal basis. Rainbow trout had as much as 1432 micrograms/kg total DDT plus analogs, 66 micrograms/kg dieldrin, and 1010 micrograms/kg PCBs. Utah suckers had up to 1420 micrograms/kg total DDT plus analogs, 32 micrograms/kg dieldrin, and 1800 micrograms/kg PCB. Rocky Mountain whitefish had as much as 2650 micrograms/kg total DDT and analogs, 30 micrograms/kg dieldrin and 1400 micrograms/kg PCBs. These PCB and DDT levels were high, approaching the 2,000 micrograms/kg FDA proposed tolerance, but were below the 5,000 micrograms/kg present tolerance. Dieldrin levels were low and organophosphates were undetectable. An undeveloped area (the Fort Hall Bottoms) showed higher levels of contaminants than did an industrialized area (the lower Portneuf River). This apparent discrepancy remains unexplained. Very little pre-flood data on a whole fish basis were available for comparison (Johnson et al 1977). However, it does not appear that any human health hazard due to pesticide levels exists in this portion of the Snake River.", "contents": "Pesticide and PCB residues in the upper Snake River ecosystem, Southeastern Idaho, following the collapse of the Teton dam 1976. The Teton Dam in Southeastern Idaho collapsed on June 5, 1976. The resulting flood damaged a large area and caused the release of toxicants into the Snake River. A pesticide recovery team in a helicopter worked the flooded area for three weeks and collected 1,104 containers, about 35% of which contained toxicants. It was estimated that less than 60% of the lost pesticide containers were recovered. This paper addresses the results of a one-time sampling effort designed to determine the magnitude of the chemical contamination. Over 300 samples of fish, plankton, waterfowl, sediments, water, stream drift, aquatic plants, and soil were taken. Pesticide residues were measured as microgram/kg (ppb) wet weight, whole animal basis. Rainbow trout had as much as 1432 micrograms/kg total DDT plus analogs, 66 micrograms/kg dieldrin, and 1010 micrograms/kg PCBs. Utah suckers had up to 1420 micrograms/kg total DDT plus analogs, 32 micrograms/kg dieldrin, and 1800 micrograms/kg PCB. Rocky Mountain whitefish had as much as 2650 micrograms/kg total DDT and analogs, 30 micrograms/kg dieldrin and 1400 micrograms/kg PCBs. These PCB and DDT levels were high, approaching the 2,000 micrograms/kg FDA proposed tolerance, but were below the 5,000 micrograms/kg present tolerance. Dieldrin levels were low and organophosphates were undetectable. An undeveloped area (the Fort Hall Bottoms) showed higher levels of contaminants than did an industrialized area (the lower Portneuf River). This apparent discrepancy remains unexplained. Very little pre-flood data on a whole fish basis were available for comparison (Johnson et al 1977). However, it does not appear that any human health hazard due to pesticide levels exists in this portion of the Snake River.", "PMID": 120135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14093", "title": "Mercury and chlorinated hydrocarbons in zoobenthos of Lake P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne, Finland.", "content": "The average amounts of mercury, PCBs, and sigma DDT (primarily DDE), found in macrozoobenthos, on the wet basis, in Lake P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne, Finland, for the time period 1972-1974, were 79 ng/g, 29 ng/g, and 8 ng/g, respectively. Lindane was found in negligible amounts in only 2% of the samples examined; aldrin was present in 10% of the samples; no dieldrin was detected. Mercury and PCB concentrations varied regionally in the lake. PCB and sigma DDT concentrations were greater in the predatory bottom animals than in the herbivores or detritus feeders, and the amounts of chlorinated hydrocarbons were greater in profundal animals than in littoral animals. No significant correlation was apparent between the amount of residues found and the weight of the animal (e.g. Anodonta). A significant positive correlation was evident in the amounts of PCBs and sigma DDT in most of the taxonomical groups. Spongilla lacustris and Anodonta piscinalis were excellent species for monitoring purposes.", "contents": "Mercury and chlorinated hydrocarbons in zoobenthos of Lake P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne, Finland. The average amounts of mercury, PCBs, and sigma DDT (primarily DDE), found in macrozoobenthos, on the wet basis, in Lake P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne, Finland, for the time period 1972-1974, were 79 ng/g, 29 ng/g, and 8 ng/g, respectively. Lindane was found in negligible amounts in only 2% of the samples examined; aldrin was present in 10% of the samples; no dieldrin was detected. Mercury and PCB concentrations varied regionally in the lake. PCB and sigma DDT concentrations were greater in the predatory bottom animals than in the herbivores or detritus feeders, and the amounts of chlorinated hydrocarbons were greater in profundal animals than in littoral animals. No significant correlation was apparent between the amount of residues found and the weight of the animal (e.g. Anodonta). A significant positive correlation was evident in the amounts of PCBs and sigma DDT in most of the taxonomical groups. Spongilla lacustris and Anodonta piscinalis were excellent species for monitoring purposes.", "PMID": 120136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14094", "title": "Fate of chloroalkylene-9-14C in carrots, sugar beets, and soil under outdoor conditions.", "content": "Immediately after application of chloroalkylene-9-14C to soil (1.32 ppm, based on dry weight of soil in the upper layer of 0 to 10 cm) under outdoor conditions, carrots were sown; in the following year, sugar beets were grown. About 80% of the radioactivity applied volatilized within one vegetation period. Most of the remaining radioactivity was still in the upper soil layer; 0.8% had dispersed to a depth of 40 cm, and 3.3% was taken up by the carrot plants. In the second year, no more decreases of soil residues was observed; uptake by sugar beets was 0.1% of the applied radioactivity. In the first year, the residues in the upper soil layer consisted of 41% unchanged chloroalkylene-9, 19% soluble metabolites, and 40% unextractable residues; the amount of unextractable residues rose to 68% in the second year. The following conversion products were characterized in the soil extracts: a monohydroxylated dichlorobiphenyl, a monomethoxylated dichlorobiphenyl, and two isomeric monohydroxylated, monoisopropylated dichlorobiphenyls; in carrot roots, a monomethoxylated dichlorobiphenyl was detected. Conjugates occurring in the soil yielded, after acid hydrolysis, a monohydroxylated dichlorobiphenyl among other compounds.", "contents": "Fate of chloroalkylene-9-14C in carrots, sugar beets, and soil under outdoor conditions. Immediately after application of chloroalkylene-9-14C to soil (1.32 ppm, based on dry weight of soil in the upper layer of 0 to 10 cm) under outdoor conditions, carrots were sown; in the following year, sugar beets were grown. About 80% of the radioactivity applied volatilized within one vegetation period. Most of the remaining radioactivity was still in the upper soil layer; 0.8% had dispersed to a depth of 40 cm, and 3.3% was taken up by the carrot plants. In the second year, no more decreases of soil residues was observed; uptake by sugar beets was 0.1% of the applied radioactivity. In the first year, the residues in the upper soil layer consisted of 41% unchanged chloroalkylene-9, 19% soluble metabolites, and 40% unextractable residues; the amount of unextractable residues rose to 68% in the second year. The following conversion products were characterized in the soil extracts: a monohydroxylated dichlorobiphenyl, a monomethoxylated dichlorobiphenyl, and two isomeric monohydroxylated, monoisopropylated dichlorobiphenyls; in carrot roots, a monomethoxylated dichlorobiphenyl was detected. Conjugates occurring in the soil yielded, after acid hydrolysis, a monohydroxylated dichlorobiphenyl among other compounds.", "PMID": 120137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14095", "title": "Responses of rats exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls for fifty-two weeks. II. Compositional and enzymatic changes in the liver.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats consumed a diet to which 100 ppm of various polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures (Aroclors 1248, 1254, and 1262) were added for one year. Rats were hepatectomized at 13, 26, and 52 weeks during feeding and at 13 weeks following the discontinuation of the PCB diets. The liver homogenates of these rats had an increase in protein and RNA on a DNA basis and an increase in lipid and a decrease in DNA on the liver weight basis. The hepatic microsomes from these livers also had an increase in protein and cytochrome P-450. The RNA/microsomal protein levels were decreased, and no marked alterations were recorded for the phospholipids and cholesterol on a microsomal protein basis. Increased enzymatic activity was recorded for N-demethylase and nitroreductase. However, the specific activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was decreased throughout the treatment period.", "contents": "Responses of rats exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls for fifty-two weeks. II. Compositional and enzymatic changes in the liver. Male Sprague-Dawley rats consumed a diet to which 100 ppm of various polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures (Aroclors 1248, 1254, and 1262) were added for one year. Rats were hepatectomized at 13, 26, and 52 weeks during feeding and at 13 weeks following the discontinuation of the PCB diets. The liver homogenates of these rats had an increase in protein and RNA on a DNA basis and an increase in lipid and a decrease in DNA on the liver weight basis. The hepatic microsomes from these livers also had an increase in protein and cytochrome P-450. The RNA/microsomal protein levels were decreased, and no marked alterations were recorded for the phospholipids and cholesterol on a microsomal protein basis. Increased enzymatic activity was recorded for N-demethylase and nitroreductase. However, the specific activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was decreased throughout the treatment period.", "PMID": 120138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14096", "title": "Residues of DDT in a Norwegian fruitgrowing district two and four years after the termination of DDT usage.", "content": "This study describes the extent of DDT contamination in a typical fruit growing district in Norway two and four years after the DDT ban. Residues of DDT in man, dairy cows and soil were about five to one hundred times higher than in the control groups, while residues found in samples from the marine biota were the same or moderately higher (Figure 3). The residues of DDT in cows, gulls and parts of the marine samples showed a significant decrease from 1972 to 1974, while the level in soil was almost constant. The amount of DDE had increased considerably in 1974 for all the species except for the gull, although not to the same degree. The distribution of DDE, DDD and DDT in soil were almost constant during the two years of sampling.", "contents": "Residues of DDT in a Norwegian fruitgrowing district two and four years after the termination of DDT usage. This study describes the extent of DDT contamination in a typical fruit growing district in Norway two and four years after the DDT ban. Residues of DDT in man, dairy cows and soil were about five to one hundred times higher than in the control groups, while residues found in samples from the marine biota were the same or moderately higher (Figure 3). The residues of DDT in cows, gulls and parts of the marine samples showed a significant decrease from 1972 to 1974, while the level in soil was almost constant. The amount of DDE had increased considerably in 1974 for all the species except for the gull, although not to the same degree. The distribution of DDE, DDD and DDT in soil were almost constant during the two years of sampling.", "PMID": 120139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14097", "title": "Antimalarial activity of Floxacrine (HOE 991) I. Studies on blood schizontocidal action of Floxacrine against Plasmodium berghei, P. vinckei and P. cynomolgi.", "content": "Floxacrine (HOE 991), 7-chloro-10-hydroxy-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)3,4-dihydroacridine-1,9-(2H, 10H) dion, shows a high level of antimalarial action against blood-induced infection of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant lines of Plasmodium berghei in mice, rats and Syrian hamsters. The drug is also a potent blood schizontocide against drug-sensitive P. vinckei strains in rodents and P. cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys. The CD50/CD90 values against the drug-sensitive P. berghei strain ascertained in the '28-day test' in mice were 4.3/6.7 mg/kg after the oral route and 1.7/3.6 mg/kg after the subcutaneous (sc) route. In the 'two- and four-day test' the ED50 against sensitive P. vinckei was 0.7 mg/kg in both mice and rats. A moderate prophylactic effect could be demonstrated after the sc route probably due to a 'depot effect' of the water-insoluble active principle. Floxacrine was also highly active against P. berghei-lines which were resistant to chloroquine, mepacrine, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, sulfadoxine and dapsone. Resistance to HOE 991 could be developed in P. berghei and P. cynomolgi when the compound was used alone and administered repeatedly in subcurative doses. The antimalarial activity of the compound was not influenced by p-aminobenzoic acid or folic acid supplements in diets. Structural changes induced by floxacrine on pigment cytoplasm and nucleus in erythrocytic stages of P. berghei differed in some aspects from those of mepacrine and chloroquine. It is therefore assumed that the mode of action of floxacrine differs from that of the known antimalarial drugs. The general tolerance of the compound in rodents and rhesus monkeys is good and there is a wide range between the effective and maximum tolerated doses. Floxacrine was also effective at 100 ppm against pathogen Eimeria species in chickens, at 1000 mg/kg orally against Fasciola hepatica in rats and at 300-800 mg/kg orally against Heterakis spumosa in rats.", "contents": "Antimalarial activity of Floxacrine (HOE 991) I. Studies on blood schizontocidal action of Floxacrine against Plasmodium berghei, P. vinckei and P. cynomolgi. Floxacrine (HOE 991), 7-chloro-10-hydroxy-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)3,4-dihydroacridine-1,9-(2H, 10H) dion, shows a high level of antimalarial action against blood-induced infection of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant lines of Plasmodium berghei in mice, rats and Syrian hamsters. The drug is also a potent blood schizontocide against drug-sensitive P. vinckei strains in rodents and P. cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys. The CD50/CD90 values against the drug-sensitive P. berghei strain ascertained in the '28-day test' in mice were 4.3/6.7 mg/kg after the oral route and 1.7/3.6 mg/kg after the subcutaneous (sc) route. In the 'two- and four-day test' the ED50 against sensitive P. vinckei was 0.7 mg/kg in both mice and rats. A moderate prophylactic effect could be demonstrated after the sc route probably due to a 'depot effect' of the water-insoluble active principle. Floxacrine was also highly active against P. berghei-lines which were resistant to chloroquine, mepacrine, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, sulfadoxine and dapsone. Resistance to HOE 991 could be developed in P. berghei and P. cynomolgi when the compound was used alone and administered repeatedly in subcurative doses. The antimalarial activity of the compound was not influenced by p-aminobenzoic acid or folic acid supplements in diets. Structural changes induced by floxacrine on pigment cytoplasm and nucleus in erythrocytic stages of P. berghei differed in some aspects from those of mepacrine and chloroquine. It is therefore assumed that the mode of action of floxacrine differs from that of the known antimalarial drugs. The general tolerance of the compound in rodents and rhesus monkeys is good and there is a wide range between the effective and maximum tolerated doses. Floxacrine was also effective at 100 ppm against pathogen Eimeria species in chickens, at 1000 mg/kg orally against Fasciola hepatica in rats and at 300-800 mg/kg orally against Heterakis spumosa in rats.", "PMID": 120142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14098", "title": "[Intracorporeal cardiac pacemakers for refractory tachycardia (excluding atrial disease). Apropos of 18 cases].", "content": "The treatment of paroxysmal tachycardia by the use of permanent pacing to prevent or terminate attacks is discussed. The series comprises 18 patients with follow-up periods ranging from 1 to 12 years. In 6 cases the indication for pacing was atrial tachy-arrythmias favourised by bradycardia (5 of whom had vagally- induced atrial arrythmias). The atrial pacemaker successfully prevented attacks in 4 out of 6 cases. Three cases of chronic reciprocating tachycardia were successfully treated by simultaneous atrial and ventricular pacing or using sequential pacing with a very short P-R interval. Eight cases of paroxysmal orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia in the WPW syndrome were paced: in 5 cases pacing was employed to terminate attacks by atrial (3 cases) or ventricular (2 cases) stimulation, in the other 3 cases pacing was used to prevent the bradycardia which favourised the initiation of tachycardia. Good results were obtained in all 8 cases. Ventricular stimulation was used to terminate attacks in one patient with refractory ventricular tachycardia but the patient had a sudden death probably caused by the pacemaker. The place of these different pacing techniques with respect to medical treatment and specialised arrhythmia surgery is discussed.", "contents": "[Intracorporeal cardiac pacemakers for refractory tachycardia (excluding atrial disease). Apropos of 18 cases]. The treatment of paroxysmal tachycardia by the use of permanent pacing to prevent or terminate attacks is discussed. The series comprises 18 patients with follow-up periods ranging from 1 to 12 years. In 6 cases the indication for pacing was atrial tachy-arrythmias favourised by bradycardia (5 of whom had vagally- induced atrial arrythmias). The atrial pacemaker successfully prevented attacks in 4 out of 6 cases. Three cases of chronic reciprocating tachycardia were successfully treated by simultaneous atrial and ventricular pacing or using sequential pacing with a very short P-R interval. Eight cases of paroxysmal orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia in the WPW syndrome were paced: in 5 cases pacing was employed to terminate attacks by atrial (3 cases) or ventricular (2 cases) stimulation, in the other 3 cases pacing was used to prevent the bradycardia which favourised the initiation of tachycardia. Good results were obtained in all 8 cases. Ventricular stimulation was used to terminate attacks in one patient with refractory ventricular tachycardia but the patient had a sudden death probably caused by the pacemaker. The place of these different pacing techniques with respect to medical treatment and specialised arrhythmia surgery is discussed.", "PMID": 120143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14099", "title": "[Contribution of ultrastructural analysis to the knowledge of the neuromuscular relationships in the nodal and conduction tissue].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the atrio-ventricular junction in the rat heart fixed in situ was studied on serial fine sections. The relationships between the specialized tissue and the nervous system were studied after labelling adrenergic endings with 5-OH-dopamine. Among the various types of nerve endings a distinction may be made between: 1) adrenergic or cholinergic free endings; 2) large \"cluster\" endings of the cholinergic types, seen mainly in the equatorial regions of nodal cells; 3) small diameter cholinergic before the development of heart failure or significant card synaptic images; 4) afferent neurons, whose endings, rich in glycogen and mitochondria supply the conduction tissue fibres, getting into or through the muscle fibre. The intermembrane space is then 20 nm. The analogy between the images observed and the ultrastructural aspects of intrafusorial fibres in skeletal muscle is discussed.", "contents": "[Contribution of ultrastructural analysis to the knowledge of the neuromuscular relationships in the nodal and conduction tissue]. The ultrastructure of the atrio-ventricular junction in the rat heart fixed in situ was studied on serial fine sections. The relationships between the specialized tissue and the nervous system were studied after labelling adrenergic endings with 5-OH-dopamine. Among the various types of nerve endings a distinction may be made between: 1) adrenergic or cholinergic free endings; 2) large \"cluster\" endings of the cholinergic types, seen mainly in the equatorial regions of nodal cells; 3) small diameter cholinergic before the development of heart failure or significant card synaptic images; 4) afferent neurons, whose endings, rich in glycogen and mitochondria supply the conduction tissue fibres, getting into or through the muscle fibre. The intermembrane space is then 20 nm. The analogy between the images observed and the ultrastructural aspects of intrafusorial fibres in skeletal muscle is discussed.", "PMID": 120145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14100", "title": "[Multicenter epidemiological survey of primary myocardiopathies. Apropos of 380 cases].", "content": "A retrospective study of adult congestive cardiomyopathy was carried out; the admission criteria being heart failure with cardiomegaly after the exclusion of known causes of heart failure. Coronary artery disease was excluded by forming two sub groups, one with proven normal coronary arteries at angiography or autopsy and the other with only assumedly normal coronary arteries. The results concern the study of the incidence of this disease which has been regularly seen over the last 10 years in departments with a large number of referrals of cardiomyopathy. --Professional factors are analysed to see if there is a higher incidence amongst the working classes. --Other factors are analysed by comparison with three control groups: normal, coronary and valvular disease, and diabetes which may be a predisposing factor, but not the serum cholesterol which is decreased in these patients. There is a significant association with smoking and alcoholism and the main biological sign of the latter condition, macrocytosis. This is also found in both coronary sub groups. The isolation of this alcohol factor in the genesis of congestive cardiomyopathy implies the possibility of reversing or stabilising the myocardial damage after its withdrawal, so changing the severe diagnosis associated with this disease.", "contents": "[Multicenter epidemiological survey of primary myocardiopathies. Apropos of 380 cases]. A retrospective study of adult congestive cardiomyopathy was carried out; the admission criteria being heart failure with cardiomegaly after the exclusion of known causes of heart failure. Coronary artery disease was excluded by forming two sub groups, one with proven normal coronary arteries at angiography or autopsy and the other with only assumedly normal coronary arteries. The results concern the study of the incidence of this disease which has been regularly seen over the last 10 years in departments with a large number of referrals of cardiomyopathy. --Professional factors are analysed to see if there is a higher incidence amongst the working classes. --Other factors are analysed by comparison with three control groups: normal, coronary and valvular disease, and diabetes which may be a predisposing factor, but not the serum cholesterol which is decreased in these patients. There is a significant association with smoking and alcoholism and the main biological sign of the latter condition, macrocytosis. This is also found in both coronary sub groups. The isolation of this alcohol factor in the genesis of congestive cardiomyopathy implies the possibility of reversing or stabilising the myocardial damage after its withdrawal, so changing the severe diagnosis associated with this disease.", "PMID": 120146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14101", "title": "[Two-dimensional echocardiography of ventricular aneurysm. Study of 38 cases with angiographic correlation].", "content": "This is a study of the data supplied by cross-sectional echocardiography in the diagnosis of post-infarction aneurysm. It involves 38 confirmed cases of myocardial infarction. The clinical, electrical, radiological and echocardiographic data (in M mode) were specified. Right anterior oblique ventriculography showed 21 posterior and 17 anterior aneurysms (4 antero-lateral, 5 apical, 8 antero-apical), and 14 mitral regurgitations. Cross-sectional echocardiography using a (30 degrees or 90 degrees) mechanical sector scanner allowed the study of the kinetics of 6 segments following 5 viewing angles: one longitudinal, two transversal, two apical. Each segment was classified according to its shape and motion: akinetic, dyskinetic or aneurysmal, and the papillary muscles of the mitral valve were assessed as normal or pathological (dense and motionless on the echogram). 35 of the 38 aneurysms seen at angiography, were detected by cross-sectional echocardiography; in one case the diagnosis could not be made for technical reasons; in two cases echocardiography was in favour of akinesia. An abnormal papillary muscle was observed in the 14 cases of mitral insufficiency. The causes of error in localisation were considered. In conclusion, cross-sectional echocardiography appears to be an excellent atraumatic procedure for the diagnosis of aneurysms and papillary muscle dysfunction.", "contents": "[Two-dimensional echocardiography of ventricular aneurysm. Study of 38 cases with angiographic correlation]. This is a study of the data supplied by cross-sectional echocardiography in the diagnosis of post-infarction aneurysm. It involves 38 confirmed cases of myocardial infarction. The clinical, electrical, radiological and echocardiographic data (in M mode) were specified. Right anterior oblique ventriculography showed 21 posterior and 17 anterior aneurysms (4 antero-lateral, 5 apical, 8 antero-apical), and 14 mitral regurgitations. Cross-sectional echocardiography using a (30 degrees or 90 degrees) mechanical sector scanner allowed the study of the kinetics of 6 segments following 5 viewing angles: one longitudinal, two transversal, two apical. Each segment was classified according to its shape and motion: akinetic, dyskinetic or aneurysmal, and the papillary muscles of the mitral valve were assessed as normal or pathological (dense and motionless on the echogram). 35 of the 38 aneurysms seen at angiography, were detected by cross-sectional echocardiography; in one case the diagnosis could not be made for technical reasons; in two cases echocardiography was in favour of akinesia. An abnormal papillary muscle was observed in the 14 cases of mitral insufficiency. The causes of error in localisation were considered. In conclusion, cross-sectional echocardiography appears to be an excellent atraumatic procedure for the diagnosis of aneurysms and papillary muscle dysfunction.", "PMID": 120150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14102", "title": "[Aortocoronary bypass permeability explored by tomodensitometry. Preliminary study].", "content": "The patency of 24 aorto-coronary grafts was studied by tomodensitometry. --16 out of the 18 bypasses examined within the two weeks following surgery were seen. --4 older bypasses were not visible, either by scanner or by angiography and were therefore occluded: two more, performed more than a year previously, were patent on tomodensitometric examination. The interpretation of the results, discussed taking into account the small number of angiographic check ups does not permit any formal conclusion as to the validity of the procedure. The results of this technique seem satisfactory and quite comparable with other non invasive methods used in the study of aorto-coronary grafts.", "contents": "[Aortocoronary bypass permeability explored by tomodensitometry. Preliminary study]. The patency of 24 aorto-coronary grafts was studied by tomodensitometry. --16 out of the 18 bypasses examined within the two weeks following surgery were seen. --4 older bypasses were not visible, either by scanner or by angiography and were therefore occluded: two more, performed more than a year previously, were patent on tomodensitometric examination. The interpretation of the results, discussed taking into account the small number of angiographic check ups does not permit any formal conclusion as to the validity of the procedure. The results of this technique seem satisfactory and quite comparable with other non invasive methods used in the study of aorto-coronary grafts.", "PMID": 120151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14103", "title": "[Traumatic coronary-cardiac fistulas. Apropos of a case].", "content": "The case of a 24-year old patient having suffered a bullet wound was reported. After a hemopericardium accompanied by minor signs of tamponade, a continuous murmur gradually appeared due to a fistula between the right coronary artery and the right atrium, which was strictly symptomless: surgical repair was performed eight years after the accident. This satisfactory spontaneous outcome, after surviving the life threatening danger of tamponade and myocardial infarction was also observed in the 21 cases of coronary-cardiac fistulae already published. The fistula, which almost always involves the right heart cavities, only gives rise to a continuous murmur which is often discovered at a later stage. The long term course of traumatic coronary-cardiac fistulae can only be assessed by comparison with congenital coronary-cardiac fistulae, which are much better known, and the consequences of which are on all accounts similar. Four complications are discussed: heart failure, coronary insufficiency, infectious endocarditis, and the rupture of the fistulized coronary artery due to aneurysmal dilatation. These risks are statistically small and more theoretical then real, and the justification of systematic repair of traumatic coronary-cardiac fistulae now rests essentially on the relatively low risk of the procedure.", "contents": "[Traumatic coronary-cardiac fistulas. Apropos of a case]. The case of a 24-year old patient having suffered a bullet wound was reported. After a hemopericardium accompanied by minor signs of tamponade, a continuous murmur gradually appeared due to a fistula between the right coronary artery and the right atrium, which was strictly symptomless: surgical repair was performed eight years after the accident. This satisfactory spontaneous outcome, after surviving the life threatening danger of tamponade and myocardial infarction was also observed in the 21 cases of coronary-cardiac fistulae already published. The fistula, which almost always involves the right heart cavities, only gives rise to a continuous murmur which is often discovered at a later stage. The long term course of traumatic coronary-cardiac fistulae can only be assessed by comparison with congenital coronary-cardiac fistulae, which are much better known, and the consequences of which are on all accounts similar. Four complications are discussed: heart failure, coronary insufficiency, infectious endocarditis, and the rupture of the fistulized coronary artery due to aneurysmal dilatation. These risks are statistically small and more theoretical then real, and the justification of systematic repair of traumatic coronary-cardiac fistulae now rests essentially on the relatively low risk of the procedure.", "PMID": 120152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14104", "title": "[Hemodynamic effects of mexiletine].", "content": "The haemodynamic changes caused by intravenous mexiletine were studied in 12 patients. Initially the drug was given rapidly at the rate of 3 mg/kg/min for 10 minutes and then slowly at a rate of 0,06 mg/kg/min for 30 minutes. The plasma Mexiletine level measured after 20 minutes was used to divide the series of patients into two groups: in Group A the level was over 0,7 g/ml (0,961 +/- 0,109 microgram/ml) whilst in Group B the level was only 0,547 +/- 0,101 microgram/ml. The mean aortic pressure, heart rate and left ventricular end diastolic volume did not vary significantly in the two groups. The left ventricular end diastolic pressure rose, and the cardiac index and the ejection fraction fell in Group A. The indices of left ventricular contractility fell in all patients of the start of the injection. This depression only persisted to the end of the injection in Group A. Mexiteline did not cause significant changes in post extrasystolic potentialisation in the 5 cases in which this phenomenon was studied.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic effects of mexiletine]. The haemodynamic changes caused by intravenous mexiletine were studied in 12 patients. Initially the drug was given rapidly at the rate of 3 mg/kg/min for 10 minutes and then slowly at a rate of 0,06 mg/kg/min for 30 minutes. The plasma Mexiletine level measured after 20 minutes was used to divide the series of patients into two groups: in Group A the level was over 0,7 g/ml (0,961 +/- 0,109 microgram/ml) whilst in Group B the level was only 0,547 +/- 0,101 microgram/ml. The mean aortic pressure, heart rate and left ventricular end diastolic volume did not vary significantly in the two groups. The left ventricular end diastolic pressure rose, and the cardiac index and the ejection fraction fell in Group A. The indices of left ventricular contractility fell in all patients of the start of the injection. This depression only persisted to the end of the injection in Group A. Mexiteline did not cause significant changes in post extrasystolic potentialisation in the 5 cases in which this phenomenon was studied.", "PMID": 120153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14105", "title": "[Fibrinolytic treatment. First results during the early postoperative period].", "content": "Fibrinolytic treatment during the early post-operative period is associated with a real danger of hemorrhage. On the other hand, in palliative shunt procedures in Fallot's disease, especially in small children, the anastomoses may thrombose. In such cases the therapeutic lysis of the thrombus improves the child's condition and may defer further surgery. The authors describe five cases of children with Fallot's disease and thrombosis of Blalock-Taussig anastomoses who were successfully treated by streptokinase. They conclude that fibrinolytic treatment should be considered in early thrombosis following anastomosing operations.", "contents": "[Fibrinolytic treatment. First results during the early postoperative period]. Fibrinolytic treatment during the early post-operative period is associated with a real danger of hemorrhage. On the other hand, in palliative shunt procedures in Fallot's disease, especially in small children, the anastomoses may thrombose. In such cases the therapeutic lysis of the thrombus improves the child's condition and may defer further surgery. The authors describe five cases of children with Fallot's disease and thrombosis of Blalock-Taussig anastomoses who were successfully treated by streptokinase. They conclude that fibrinolytic treatment should be considered in early thrombosis following anastomosing operations.", "PMID": 120155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14106", "title": "[Pulmonary valve atresia with intact interventricular septum in the grown child and the adult].", "content": "Atresia of the pulmonary valve with an intact interventricular septum is a rare cyanotic congenital cardiac malformation. Rare at birth, it is exceptionally rare for cases to survive over 5 years. Three cases of porlonged survival aged eleven nineteen and thirty-four years are reported. In the latter case, the abnormality was probably aquired. Prolonged survival is related to a collateral pulmonary circulation. Surgical treatment is discussed with respect to the anatomical features. Good results were obtained in the two operated cases.", "contents": "[Pulmonary valve atresia with intact interventricular septum in the grown child and the adult]. Atresia of the pulmonary valve with an intact interventricular septum is a rare cyanotic congenital cardiac malformation. Rare at birth, it is exceptionally rare for cases to survive over 5 years. Three cases of porlonged survival aged eleven nineteen and thirty-four years are reported. In the latter case, the abnormality was probably aquired. Prolonged survival is related to a collateral pulmonary circulation. Surgical treatment is discussed with respect to the anatomical features. Good results were obtained in the two operated cases.", "PMID": 120157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14107", "title": "[Aneurysm of the interauricular septum by hernia of Vieussens' valve, and suspected coronary embolism].", "content": "During the hemodynamic evaluation of a young patient with heart failure whose electrocardiogram showed sequels of anterior necrosis, an aneurysm of the fossa ovalis was seen at cineangiography. Selective coronary angiography showed an interruption of filling of the anterior interventricular artery just distal to the branching of the first septal artery: it raised therefore the possibility of the embolic origin of that myocardial infarction. In connection with this case study, angiographic aspect, pathogenesis and the embolic role of the aneurysm of the fossa ovalis were discussed.", "contents": "[Aneurysm of the interauricular septum by hernia of Vieussens' valve, and suspected coronary embolism]. During the hemodynamic evaluation of a young patient with heart failure whose electrocardiogram showed sequels of anterior necrosis, an aneurysm of the fossa ovalis was seen at cineangiography. Selective coronary angiography showed an interruption of filling of the anterior interventricular artery just distal to the branching of the first septal artery: it raised therefore the possibility of the embolic origin of that myocardial infarction. In connection with this case study, angiographic aspect, pathogenesis and the embolic role of the aneurysm of the fossa ovalis were discussed.", "PMID": 120158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14108", "title": "[Intranodal reciprocal dual rhythm].", "content": "In a patient with spells of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia of two types, the stimulation tests demonstrated a dual intranodal conduction responsible sometimes for \"usual\" reciprocal rhythms (slow anterograde pathway and rapid retrograde pathway), sometimes for \"reversed\" reciprocal rhythms (rapid anterograde pathway and slow retrograde pathway). The latter contrasted with the lack of discontinuity of the retrograde nodal function curve (V1-V2 versus A1-A2).", "contents": "[Intranodal reciprocal dual rhythm]. In a patient with spells of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia of two types, the stimulation tests demonstrated a dual intranodal conduction responsible sometimes for \"usual\" reciprocal rhythms (slow anterograde pathway and rapid retrograde pathway), sometimes for \"reversed\" reciprocal rhythms (rapid anterograde pathway and slow retrograde pathway). The latter contrasted with the lack of discontinuity of the retrograde nodal function curve (V1-V2 versus A1-A2).", "PMID": 120159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14109", "title": "The cell cycle of Bacillus subtilis as studied by electron microscopy.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis strain Marburg was grown exponentially with a doubling time of 65 min. To follow the time course of various cell cycle events, cells were collected by agar filtration and were then classified according to length. The DNA replication cycle was determined by a quantitative analysis of radioautograms of tritiated thymidine pulse labeled cells. The DNA replication period was found to be 45 min. This period is preceded and followed by periods without DNA synthesis of about 10 min. The morphology and segregation of nucleoplasmic bodies was studied in thin sections. B. subtilis contains two sets of genomes. DNA replication and DNA segregation seem to go hand in hand and DNA segregation is completed shortly after termination of DNA replication. Cell division and cell separation were investigated in whole mount preparations (agar filtration) and in thin sections. Cell division starts about 20 min after cell birth; cell separation starts at about 45 min and before completion of the septum.", "contents": "The cell cycle of Bacillus subtilis as studied by electron microscopy. Bacillus subtilis strain Marburg was grown exponentially with a doubling time of 65 min. To follow the time course of various cell cycle events, cells were collected by agar filtration and were then classified according to length. The DNA replication cycle was determined by a quantitative analysis of radioautograms of tritiated thymidine pulse labeled cells. The DNA replication period was found to be 45 min. This period is preceded and followed by periods without DNA synthesis of about 10 min. The morphology and segregation of nucleoplasmic bodies was studied in thin sections. B. subtilis contains two sets of genomes. DNA replication and DNA segregation seem to go hand in hand and DNA segregation is completed shortly after termination of DNA replication. Cell division and cell separation were investigated in whole mount preparations (agar filtration) and in thin sections. Cell division starts about 20 min after cell birth; cell separation starts at about 45 min and before completion of the septum.", "PMID": 120161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14110", "title": "[Continuous feeding and the waking-sleeping rhythm in children].", "content": "Twelve children aged 1 to 8 months with severe intestinal disorders that had necessitated treatment from birth with continuous parenteral and/or enteral nutrition were recorded for 24 hours. The analysis of the EEG, their behaviour and their activity showed that the distribution of sleep and movement during the night was similar to that of normal babies fed on demand. The total duration of sleep and the longest sustained sleep were slightly reduced. The authors think that the suppression of feeding rhythms do not alter the pattern of waking and sleeping.", "contents": "[Continuous feeding and the waking-sleeping rhythm in children]. Twelve children aged 1 to 8 months with severe intestinal disorders that had necessitated treatment from birth with continuous parenteral and/or enteral nutrition were recorded for 24 hours. The analysis of the EEG, their behaviour and their activity showed that the distribution of sleep and movement during the night was similar to that of normal babies fed on demand. The total duration of sleep and the longest sustained sleep were slightly reduced. The authors think that the suppression of feeding rhythms do not alter the pattern of waking and sleeping.", "PMID": 120162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14111", "title": "Response of peritoneal cells to horseradish peroxidase and aldehyde-fixed erythrocytes in the mouse: an electron microscope study.", "content": "In adult dd-mice, response of peritoneal free cells to either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes were examined by electron microscopy. As reported previously (ABE et al., 1979), peritoneal free cells are classified into three types: type I, II and III cells. Type I cells are small lymphocytes, type II cells are medium-sized mononuclear cells, and type III cells are macrophages. The amount of HRP taken up is very large in type III cells. The cells contain numerous vacuoles filled with HRP. Type I and II cells also have vesicles containing HRP. The vesicles are fewer in type I cells than in type II. Type III cells rapidly enclose erythrocytes by thin cytoplasmic flaps and then ingest several erythrocytes. In type III cells, a labyrinth of ramifying tubes seen in the peripheral cytoplasm may serve as a reserve of the membrane system for allowing a rapid coverage and internalization of large foreign materials. A part of type II cells attach to erythrocytes and take them by a varying depth of invagination. Type I cells do not respond to erythrocytes at all. In conclusion, the three types of peritoneal cells can be differentiated by their response to foreign materials as well as by their cytologic features.", "contents": "Response of peritoneal cells to horseradish peroxidase and aldehyde-fixed erythrocytes in the mouse: an electron microscope study. In adult dd-mice, response of peritoneal free cells to either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes were examined by electron microscopy. As reported previously (ABE et al., 1979), peritoneal free cells are classified into three types: type I, II and III cells. Type I cells are small lymphocytes, type II cells are medium-sized mononuclear cells, and type III cells are macrophages. The amount of HRP taken up is very large in type III cells. The cells contain numerous vacuoles filled with HRP. Type I and II cells also have vesicles containing HRP. The vesicles are fewer in type I cells than in type II. Type III cells rapidly enclose erythrocytes by thin cytoplasmic flaps and then ingest several erythrocytes. In type III cells, a labyrinth of ramifying tubes seen in the peripheral cytoplasm may serve as a reserve of the membrane system for allowing a rapid coverage and internalization of large foreign materials. A part of type II cells attach to erythrocytes and take them by a varying depth of invagination. Type I cells do not respond to erythrocytes at all. In conclusion, the three types of peritoneal cells can be differentiated by their response to foreign materials as well as by their cytologic features.", "PMID": 120163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14112", "title": "Ultrastructural and morphometric studies on the rat pituitary thyrotrophs and thyroid follicular cells following administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone.", "content": "The pituitary thyrotrophs and thyroid follicular cells of rats were studied by electron microscopy and morphometric analysis at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min after intravenous injection of 200 microgram of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and at 10 min after injection of 10 microgram TRH. Multiple granule extrusions in a group were often observed around the pituitary thyrotrophs at 5, 10 and 20 min after administration of 200 microgram TRH, as well as at 10 min after injection of 10 microgram TRH. The number of released granules reached its maximum at 10 min after 200 microgram TRH injection, but the total number of secretory granules in the cytoplasm of thyrotrophs did not show any significant variation throughout the experimental period. Percent area of the rough endoplasmic reticulum indicated the maximum value at 20 min and that of the Golgi apparatus at 10 min. These findings suggest that TRH stimulates the thyrotroph and accelerates synchronously the secretion as well as the synthesis of TSH. In the thyroid follicular cells after 200 microgram TRH injection, numerous small vesicles which might be secretory granules were found in the apical cytoplasm at 5 and 10 min. Pseudopod formation on the luminal surface and accumulation of colloid droplets and lysosome-like granules in the apical cytoplasm were most frequently observed at 20 and 30 min. The value of the mean ratio of the diameter of the colloid lumen to the cell height of follicular cells in the thyroid follicles of all experimental animals stimulated with TRH decreased much more than that of the control animals. This value may indicate the increased activity of follicular cells to reabsorb the colloid.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and morphometric studies on the rat pituitary thyrotrophs and thyroid follicular cells following administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone. The pituitary thyrotrophs and thyroid follicular cells of rats were studied by electron microscopy and morphometric analysis at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min after intravenous injection of 200 microgram of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and at 10 min after injection of 10 microgram TRH. Multiple granule extrusions in a group were often observed around the pituitary thyrotrophs at 5, 10 and 20 min after administration of 200 microgram TRH, as well as at 10 min after injection of 10 microgram TRH. The number of released granules reached its maximum at 10 min after 200 microgram TRH injection, but the total number of secretory granules in the cytoplasm of thyrotrophs did not show any significant variation throughout the experimental period. Percent area of the rough endoplasmic reticulum indicated the maximum value at 20 min and that of the Golgi apparatus at 10 min. These findings suggest that TRH stimulates the thyrotroph and accelerates synchronously the secretion as well as the synthesis of TSH. In the thyroid follicular cells after 200 microgram TRH injection, numerous small vesicles which might be secretory granules were found in the apical cytoplasm at 5 and 10 min. Pseudopod formation on the luminal surface and accumulation of colloid droplets and lysosome-like granules in the apical cytoplasm were most frequently observed at 20 and 30 min. The value of the mean ratio of the diameter of the colloid lumen to the cell height of follicular cells in the thyroid follicles of all experimental animals stimulated with TRH decreased much more than that of the control animals. This value may indicate the increased activity of follicular cells to reabsorb the colloid.", "PMID": 120164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14113", "title": "Animal models for an integrated approach to the pharmacologic control of atherosclerosis.", "content": "A system of animal models potentially useful for the discovery and evaluation of new effective antiatherosclerotic agents is described. The models consist of a series of lipoprotein and atherosclerosis assays in rats, SEA Japanese quail and cynomolgus monkeys. SEA quail are particularly useful for detecting compounds that inhibit arterial cholesterol deposition. The use of this integrated system of models is illustrated with data on clofibrate, adamantyloxyaniline (a hypobetalipoproteinemic agent), and o,p'-DDD. Male SEA quail appear to be a quite satisfactory model for testing the effects of large numbers of compounds on atherosclerosis and are available in limited numbers to all qualified investigators in the field of atherosclerosis research for evaluation in their laboratories.", "contents": "Animal models for an integrated approach to the pharmacologic control of atherosclerosis. A system of animal models potentially useful for the discovery and evaluation of new effective antiatherosclerotic agents is described. The models consist of a series of lipoprotein and atherosclerosis assays in rats, SEA Japanese quail and cynomolgus monkeys. SEA quail are particularly useful for detecting compounds that inhibit arterial cholesterol deposition. The use of this integrated system of models is illustrated with data on clofibrate, adamantyloxyaniline (a hypobetalipoproteinemic agent), and o,p'-DDD. Male SEA quail appear to be a quite satisfactory model for testing the effects of large numbers of compounds on atherosclerosis and are available in limited numbers to all qualified investigators in the field of atherosclerosis research for evaluation in their laboratories.", "PMID": 120168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14114", "title": "Preventive, educational, and treatment priorities in a school dental programme.", "content": "Because of increased costs, school dental programmes should maintain the dental health of the maximum number of children possible. Suggestions are made on the priorities required in prevention and treatment provided for primary school children.", "contents": "Preventive, educational, and treatment priorities in a school dental programme. Because of increased costs, school dental programmes should maintain the dental health of the maximum number of children possible. Suggestions are made on the priorities required in prevention and treatment provided for primary school children.", "PMID": 120173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14115", "title": "[A new case of D/D blood].", "content": "A second case of the -D-/-D- blood in this country is described. A woman, belonging to this rare blood group is from the same region, from which is the first our case published 15 years ago.", "contents": "[A new case of D/D blood]. A second case of the -D-/-D- blood in this country is described. A woman, belonging to this rare blood group is from the same region, from which is the first our case published 15 years ago.", "PMID": 120189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14116", "title": "Human lysosomal genes: arylsulfatase A and beta-galactosidase.", "content": "The segregation of human lysosomal arylsulfatase A (ARS-A) has been evaluated in 50 primary hybrid clones derived from four separate fusions involving WBCs from two unrelated individuals and three hamster cell lines. ARS-A was expressed in the hybrids as a dimeric molecule of very similar or identical subunits. The expression of this enzyme was concordant with that of mitochondrial aconitase (ACON-M), an isozyme assigned to chromosome 22, in all 50 clones and with chromosome 22 segregation in all but one of the 29 karyotyped hybrids. No other human chromosome cosegregated with 22 in these clones, suggesting that this enzyme is specified in hybrid cells by a locus (or loci) on a single chromosome. beta-Galactosidase (B-GAL) expression was analyzed with two different electrophoresis systems and with a number of cell extract preparation methods in 39 of the primary hybrid clones. The B-GAL isozyme expressed in these hybrid cells was concordant with the expression of glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX-1), an isozyme assigned to chromosome 3, in all 39 clones and with the segregation of this chromosome in 97% of the 29 karyotyped hybrids. These observations substantiate the prior tentative assignments of an ARS-A locus to chromosome 22 and a B-GAL locus to chromosome 3 (Bruns et al., 1978a, b). The implications of the chromosome assignments of loci for 12 human lysosomal enzymes for the cellular assembly of these organelles are discussed.", "contents": "Human lysosomal genes: arylsulfatase A and beta-galactosidase. The segregation of human lysosomal arylsulfatase A (ARS-A) has been evaluated in 50 primary hybrid clones derived from four separate fusions involving WBCs from two unrelated individuals and three hamster cell lines. ARS-A was expressed in the hybrids as a dimeric molecule of very similar or identical subunits. The expression of this enzyme was concordant with that of mitochondrial aconitase (ACON-M), an isozyme assigned to chromosome 22, in all 50 clones and with chromosome 22 segregation in all but one of the 29 karyotyped hybrids. No other human chromosome cosegregated with 22 in these clones, suggesting that this enzyme is specified in hybrid cells by a locus (or loci) on a single chromosome. beta-Galactosidase (B-GAL) expression was analyzed with two different electrophoresis systems and with a number of cell extract preparation methods in 39 of the primary hybrid clones. The B-GAL isozyme expressed in these hybrid cells was concordant with the expression of glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX-1), an isozyme assigned to chromosome 3, in all 39 clones and with the segregation of this chromosome in 97% of the 29 karyotyped hybrids. These observations substantiate the prior tentative assignments of an ARS-A locus to chromosome 22 and a B-GAL locus to chromosome 3 (Bruns et al., 1978a, b). The implications of the chromosome assignments of loci for 12 human lysosomal enzymes for the cellular assembly of these organelles are discussed.", "PMID": 120190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14117", "title": "Characterization of the subunits of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from cultured normal human fibroblasts.", "content": "In previous communications we have demonstrated that the subunits of normal human erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase can be resolved into four major (1-4) and two minor (1p and 2p) components with the same molecular weight but different apparent isoelectric points (and net ionic charge). The existence of subunits with different charge results in a complex isoelectric focusing pattern of the native erythrocytic enzyme. In contrast, the isoelectric focusing pattern of the native enzyme obtained from cultured human fibroblasts is simpler. The multiple native isoenzymes obtained from human erythrocytes and human brain have isoelectric points ranging from 5.0 to 6.4 and from 5.2 to 5.8 respectively, whereas cultured human fibroblasts have two major native isoenzymes with apparent isoelectric points of 5.1 and 5.6. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase has been purified at least a hundredfold from 35S-labeled cultured human fibroblasts. A two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of the denatured purified normal fibroblast enzyme revealed that it consists mainly of subunit 1 (90%) with small amounts of subunits 2 (10%) and 3 (1%). This accounts for the observed differences between the native isoelectric focusing and the electrophoretic patterns of the erythrocyte and fibroblast enzymes. The purine nucleoside phosphorylase subunit 1 is detectable in the autoradiogram from a two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of a crude, unpurified extract of 35S-labeled cultured normal human fibroblasts. The fibroblast phosphorylase coincides with the erythrocytic subunit 1 of the same enzyme, and the cultured fibroblasts of a purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficient patient (patient I) lack this protein component, genetically confirming the identity of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase subunit in cultured fibroblasts.", "contents": "Characterization of the subunits of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from cultured normal human fibroblasts. In previous communications we have demonstrated that the subunits of normal human erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase can be resolved into four major (1-4) and two minor (1p and 2p) components with the same molecular weight but different apparent isoelectric points (and net ionic charge). The existence of subunits with different charge results in a complex isoelectric focusing pattern of the native erythrocytic enzyme. In contrast, the isoelectric focusing pattern of the native enzyme obtained from cultured human fibroblasts is simpler. The multiple native isoenzymes obtained from human erythrocytes and human brain have isoelectric points ranging from 5.0 to 6.4 and from 5.2 to 5.8 respectively, whereas cultured human fibroblasts have two major native isoenzymes with apparent isoelectric points of 5.1 and 5.6. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase has been purified at least a hundredfold from 35S-labeled cultured human fibroblasts. A two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of the denatured purified normal fibroblast enzyme revealed that it consists mainly of subunit 1 (90%) with small amounts of subunits 2 (10%) and 3 (1%). This accounts for the observed differences between the native isoelectric focusing and the electrophoretic patterns of the erythrocyte and fibroblast enzymes. The purine nucleoside phosphorylase subunit 1 is detectable in the autoradiogram from a two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of a crude, unpurified extract of 35S-labeled cultured normal human fibroblasts. The fibroblast phosphorylase coincides with the erythrocytic subunit 1 of the same enzyme, and the cultured fibroblasts of a purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficient patient (patient I) lack this protein component, genetically confirming the identity of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase subunit in cultured fibroblasts.", "PMID": 120191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14118", "title": "Characterization of human carbonic anhydrase III from skeletal muscle.", "content": "A third form of human carbonic anhydrase (CA III), found at high concentrations in skeletal muscle, has been purified and characterized. This isozyme shows relatively poor hydratase and esterase activities compared to the red cell isozymes, CA I and CA II, but is similar to these isozymes in subunit structure (monomer) and molecular size (28,000). CA III is liable to posttranslational modification by thiol group interaction. Monomeric secondary isozymes, sensitive to beta-mercaptoethanol, are found in both crude and purified material and can be generated in vitro by the addition of thiol reagents. Active dimeric isozymes, generated apparently by the formation of intermolecular disulfide bridges, also occur but account for only a small proportion of the total protein and appear only when the concentration of CA III is particularly high.", "contents": "Characterization of human carbonic anhydrase III from skeletal muscle. A third form of human carbonic anhydrase (CA III), found at high concentrations in skeletal muscle, has been purified and characterized. This isozyme shows relatively poor hydratase and esterase activities compared to the red cell isozymes, CA I and CA II, but is similar to these isozymes in subunit structure (monomer) and molecular size (28,000). CA III is liable to posttranslational modification by thiol group interaction. Monomeric secondary isozymes, sensitive to beta-mercaptoethanol, are found in both crude and purified material and can be generated in vitro by the addition of thiol reagents. Active dimeric isozymes, generated apparently by the formation of intermolecular disulfide bridges, also occur but account for only a small proportion of the total protein and appear only when the concentration of CA III is particularly high.", "PMID": 120192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14119", "title": "Ontogeny, cell distribution, and the physiological role of NADP-malic enxyme in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) (E.C. 1.1.1.40) is situated in the cytosol of Drosophila melanogaster. Both the tissue activity and CRM level of NADP-ME parallel changes in the dosage of a gene, Men+, located in region 87C2-3 to 87D1-2 of the third chromosome. The tissue activity of NADP-ME is very high in early third instar larvae, providing about 33% of the NADPH at this life stage. The tissue activity declines during pupal development but increases as the adult ages. The concentration of NADP-ME CRM and tissue activity are coordinately increased in third instar larvae by dietary carbohydrate and decreased by dietary lipid.", "contents": "Ontogeny, cell distribution, and the physiological role of NADP-malic enxyme in Drosophila melanogaster. NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) (E.C. 1.1.1.40) is situated in the cytosol of Drosophila melanogaster. Both the tissue activity and CRM level of NADP-ME parallel changes in the dosage of a gene, Men+, located in region 87C2-3 to 87D1-2 of the third chromosome. The tissue activity of NADP-ME is very high in early third instar larvae, providing about 33% of the NADPH at this life stage. The tissue activity declines during pupal development but increases as the adult ages. The concentration of NADP-ME CRM and tissue activity are coordinately increased in third instar larvae by dietary carbohydrate and decreased by dietary lipid.", "PMID": 120193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14120", "title": "Relationship of the oxidative pentose shunt pathway to lipid synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The tissue activities of the oxidative pentose shunt enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.49) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.44), in the larvae of Drosophila melanogaster are not dependent on the amount of flux through the oxidative pentose shunt pathway. An oxidative pentose shunt deficiency effects about a 40% reduction in the NADPH concentration in early third instar larvae, resulting in a six-fold difference in the NADPH/NADP+ ratio between wild-type and pentose-shunt-deficient larvae. The capacity of pentose-shunt-deficient larvae to synthesize triglyceride in response to a high concentration of dietary sucrose is only 73% of the wild-type level. Environmental temperature influences on the fatty acid composition of larvae are not altered by an oxidative pentose shunt deficiency.", "contents": "Relationship of the oxidative pentose shunt pathway to lipid synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. The tissue activities of the oxidative pentose shunt enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.49) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.44), in the larvae of Drosophila melanogaster are not dependent on the amount of flux through the oxidative pentose shunt pathway. An oxidative pentose shunt deficiency effects about a 40% reduction in the NADPH concentration in early third instar larvae, resulting in a six-fold difference in the NADPH/NADP+ ratio between wild-type and pentose-shunt-deficient larvae. The capacity of pentose-shunt-deficient larvae to synthesize triglyceride in response to a high concentration of dietary sucrose is only 73% of the wild-type level. Environmental temperature influences on the fatty acid composition of larvae are not altered by an oxidative pentose shunt deficiency.", "PMID": 120194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14121", "title": "Genetic and biochemical aspects of sucrase from Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Isoelectrofocusing of abdominal extracts of Drosophila melanogaster revealed the existence of two forms of sucrase (E.C. 3.2.1.26). One form exhibited an isoelectric point of 4.63 +/- 0.02 while the other form exhibited an isoelectric point of 4.83 +/- 0.02. The localization of the structural gene for sucrase is proposed on the basis of enzyme determinations in a series of duplication- and deletion-bearing aneuploids. We suggest that the sucrase structural gene lies between 31CD and 31EF on the left arm of chromosome 2 and that the two forms of abdominal sucrase derive from a common protein coded for by a single sucrase gene designated Sucr+.", "contents": "Genetic and biochemical aspects of sucrase from Drosophila melanogaster. Isoelectrofocusing of abdominal extracts of Drosophila melanogaster revealed the existence of two forms of sucrase (E.C. 3.2.1.26). One form exhibited an isoelectric point of 4.63 +/- 0.02 while the other form exhibited an isoelectric point of 4.83 +/- 0.02. The localization of the structural gene for sucrase is proposed on the basis of enzyme determinations in a series of duplication- and deletion-bearing aneuploids. We suggest that the sucrase structural gene lies between 31CD and 31EF on the left arm of chromosome 2 and that the two forms of abdominal sucrase derive from a common protein coded for by a single sucrase gene designated Sucr+.", "PMID": 120195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14122", "title": "Genetic and cytogenetic studies of the malate dehydrogenases of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Genetic and cytogenetic locations of the structural genes for the NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenases have been studied. The mitochondrial form (mMDH) is coded for by a gene (mMdh) found at 62.6 on the third chromosome and included in Df(3R)R14, which includes 90C2-91A3 in the salivary gland chromosomes. Based on its inclusion within several J (Jammed; 2-41.0) deficiencies, the structural gene (cMdh) for the cytoplasmic form (cMDH) was determined to lie in region 31B-E, confirming the earlier finding of Grell. Flies lacking any cMDH activity (cMdhn-gamma 10069/Df(2L)J-der-27) were both viable and fertile.", "contents": "Genetic and cytogenetic studies of the malate dehydrogenases of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetic and cytogenetic locations of the structural genes for the NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenases have been studied. The mitochondrial form (mMDH) is coded for by a gene (mMdh) found at 62.6 on the third chromosome and included in Df(3R)R14, which includes 90C2-91A3 in the salivary gland chromosomes. Based on its inclusion within several J (Jammed; 2-41.0) deficiencies, the structural gene (cMdh) for the cytoplasmic form (cMDH) was determined to lie in region 31B-E, confirming the earlier finding of Grell. Flies lacking any cMDH activity (cMdhn-gamma 10069/Df(2L)J-der-27) were both viable and fertile.", "PMID": 120196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14123", "title": "Isolation of 35S- and 3H-labelled proteoglycans from cultures of human embryonic skin fibroblasts.", "content": "35SO42- - and [3H]-leucine-labelled proteoglycans were isolated from the medium of a fibroblast culture, from an EDTA extract of the monolayer, and from consecutive dithiothreitol and guanidine hydrochloride extracts of the cells. Proteoglycans of different sizes were isolated from the extracts by gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B. In the medium and the EDTA extract the largest proteoglycans contained only 35S-labelled galactosaminoglycan, whereas all other fractions contained in addition heparan [35S-labelled galactosaminoglycan, whereas all other fractions contained in addition heparin [35S]sulphate. The galactosaminoglycan-containing proteoglycans of the various extracts were separated into a larger component, containing chondroitin sulphate-like side chains, and a smaller component, containing dermatan sulphate. The larger proteoglycan of the medium showed reversible association-dissociation behaviour when chromatographed on Sepharose CL2B in phosphate-buffered saline and 4M-guanidine hydrochloride respectively. This property remained after removal of extraneous proteins by CsCl-density-gradient centrifugation in guanidine hydrochloride. The association was markedly increased by the addition of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid.", "contents": "Isolation of 35S- and 3H-labelled proteoglycans from cultures of human embryonic skin fibroblasts. 35SO42- - and [3H]-leucine-labelled proteoglycans were isolated from the medium of a fibroblast culture, from an EDTA extract of the monolayer, and from consecutive dithiothreitol and guanidine hydrochloride extracts of the cells. Proteoglycans of different sizes were isolated from the extracts by gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B. In the medium and the EDTA extract the largest proteoglycans contained only 35S-labelled galactosaminoglycan, whereas all other fractions contained in addition heparan [35S-labelled galactosaminoglycan, whereas all other fractions contained in addition heparin [35S]sulphate. The galactosaminoglycan-containing proteoglycans of the various extracts were separated into a larger component, containing chondroitin sulphate-like side chains, and a smaller component, containing dermatan sulphate. The larger proteoglycan of the medium showed reversible association-dissociation behaviour when chromatographed on Sepharose CL2B in phosphate-buffered saline and 4M-guanidine hydrochloride respectively. This property remained after removal of extraneous proteins by CsCl-density-gradient centrifugation in guanidine hydrochloride. The association was markedly increased by the addition of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid.", "PMID": 120197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14124", "title": "beta-Galactoside-binding muscle lectins of man and monkey show antigenic cross-reactions with those of bovine origin.", "content": "Endogenous beta-galactoside-binding lectins were isolated from human heart and from human and rhesus-monkey skeletal muscles. Gel precipitation and radioimmunoassays with rabbit antisera to calf heart lectin revealed antigenic cross-reactions between the primate and bovine muscle lectins.", "contents": "beta-Galactoside-binding muscle lectins of man and monkey show antigenic cross-reactions with those of bovine origin. Endogenous beta-galactoside-binding lectins were isolated from human heart and from human and rhesus-monkey skeletal muscles. Gel precipitation and radioimmunoassays with rabbit antisera to calf heart lectin revealed antigenic cross-reactions between the primate and bovine muscle lectins.", "PMID": 120198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14125", "title": "Degradation of cytochrome P-450 haem by carbon tetrachloride and 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide in rat liver in vivo and in vitro. Involvement of non-carbon monoxide-forming mechanisms.", "content": "Degradation of intrinsic hepatic [(14)C]haem was analysed as (14)CO formation in living rats and in hepatic microsomal fractions prepared from these animals 16h after pulse-labelling with 5-amino[5-(14)C]laevulinic acid, a precursor that labels bridge carbons of haem in non-erythroid tissues. NADPH-catalysed peroxidation of microsomal lipids in vitro (measured as malondialdehyde) was accompanied by loss of cytochrome P-450 and microsome-associated [(14)C]haem (largely cytochrome P-450 haem), but little (14)CO formation. No additional (14)CO was formed when carbon tetrachloride and 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide were added to stimulate lipid peroxidation and increase loss of cytochrome P-450 [(14)C]haem. Because the latter effect persisted despite inhibition of lipid peroxidation with MnCl(2) or phenyl-t-butylnitrone(a spin-trapping agent for free radicals), it was concluded that carbon tetrachloride, as reported for 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide, may promote loss of cytochrome P-450 haem through a non-CO-forming mechanism independent of lipid peroxidation. By comparison with breakdown of intrinsic haem, catabolism of [(14)C]methaemalbumin by microsomal haem oxygenase in vitro produced equimolar quantities of (14)CO and bilirubin, although these catabolites reflected only 18% of the degraded [(14)C]haem. This value was increased to 100% by addition of MnCl(2), which suggests that lipid peroxidation may be involved in degradation of exogenous haem to products other than CO. Phenyl-t-butylnitrone completely blocked haem oxygenase activity, which suggests that hydroxy free radicals may represent a species of active oxygen used by this enzyme system. After administration of carbon tetrachloride or 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide to labelled rats, hepatic [(14)C]haem was decreased and haem oxygenase activity was unchanged; however, (14)CO excretion was either unchanged (carbon tetrachloride) or decreased (2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide). These changes were unaffected by cycloheximide pretreatment. From the lack of parallel losses of cytochrome P-450 [(14)C]haem and (14)CO excretion, one may infer that an important fraction of hepatic [(14)C]haem in normal rats is degraded by endogenous pathways not involving CO. We conclude that carbon tetrachloride and 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide accelerate catabolism of cytochrome P-450 haem through mechanisms that do not yield CO as an end product, and that are insensitive to cycloheximide and independent of haem oxygenase activity.", "contents": "Degradation of cytochrome P-450 haem by carbon tetrachloride and 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide in rat liver in vivo and in vitro. Involvement of non-carbon monoxide-forming mechanisms. Degradation of intrinsic hepatic [(14)C]haem was analysed as (14)CO formation in living rats and in hepatic microsomal fractions prepared from these animals 16h after pulse-labelling with 5-amino[5-(14)C]laevulinic acid, a precursor that labels bridge carbons of haem in non-erythroid tissues. NADPH-catalysed peroxidation of microsomal lipids in vitro (measured as malondialdehyde) was accompanied by loss of cytochrome P-450 and microsome-associated [(14)C]haem (largely cytochrome P-450 haem), but little (14)CO formation. No additional (14)CO was formed when carbon tetrachloride and 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide were added to stimulate lipid peroxidation and increase loss of cytochrome P-450 [(14)C]haem. Because the latter effect persisted despite inhibition of lipid peroxidation with MnCl(2) or phenyl-t-butylnitrone(a spin-trapping agent for free radicals), it was concluded that carbon tetrachloride, as reported for 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide, may promote loss of cytochrome P-450 haem through a non-CO-forming mechanism independent of lipid peroxidation. By comparison with breakdown of intrinsic haem, catabolism of [(14)C]methaemalbumin by microsomal haem oxygenase in vitro produced equimolar quantities of (14)CO and bilirubin, although these catabolites reflected only 18% of the degraded [(14)C]haem. This value was increased to 100% by addition of MnCl(2), which suggests that lipid peroxidation may be involved in degradation of exogenous haem to products other than CO. Phenyl-t-butylnitrone completely blocked haem oxygenase activity, which suggests that hydroxy free radicals may represent a species of active oxygen used by this enzyme system. After administration of carbon tetrachloride or 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide to labelled rats, hepatic [(14)C]haem was decreased and haem oxygenase activity was unchanged; however, (14)CO excretion was either unchanged (carbon tetrachloride) or decreased (2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide). These changes were unaffected by cycloheximide pretreatment. From the lack of parallel losses of cytochrome P-450 [(14)C]haem and (14)CO excretion, one may infer that an important fraction of hepatic [(14)C]haem in normal rats is degraded by endogenous pathways not involving CO. We conclude that carbon tetrachloride and 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide accelerate catabolism of cytochrome P-450 haem through mechanisms that do not yield CO as an end product, and that are insensitive to cycloheximide and independent of haem oxygenase activity.", "PMID": 120199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14126", "title": "Subcellular distribution of the different platelet proteins phosphorylated on exposure of intact platelets to ionophore A23187 or to prostaglandin E1. Possible role of a membrane phosphopolypeptide in the regulation of calcium-ion transport.", "content": "Exposure of 32P-labelled human platelets to ionophore A23187 results in an increased incorporation of 32P into polypeptides with apparent mol.wts. of 47 000 (P47) and 20 000 (P20), whereas exposure to prostaglandin E1 results in increased labelling of polypeptides with apparent mol.wts. of 24 000 (P24) and 22 000 (P22) [Haslam, Lynham & Fox (1979) Biochem. J. 178, 397-406]. Labelled platelets that had been incubated with ionophore A23187 or prostaglandin E1 were sonicated and rapidly separated into three fractions by differential centrifugation. Electron microscopy and measurement of marker enzymes indicated that the 1300-19 000 gav. particulate fraction was enriched in granules, mitochondria and plasma membranes, that the 19 000-90 000 gav. particulate fraction was enriched in both intracellular and plasma membranes and that the 90 000 gav. supernatant contained only soluble proteins. 32P-labelled phosphopolypeptide P47 was present almost exclusively in the 90 000 gav. supernatant, whereas phosphopolypeptide P20 was largely dephosphorylated under fractionation conditions that protected other phosphopolypeptides. 32P-labelled phosphopolypeptide P24 was enriched in both particulate fractions, but particularly in the 19 000-90 000 gav. fraction, and may therefore be present in both the intracellular and plasma membranes. Phosphopolypeptide P22 appeared to be similarly distributed. Both particulate fractions were capable of the ATP-dependent oxalate-stimulated uptake of Ca2+. When the 19 000-90  000 gav. membrane fraction was prepared from platelets that had been incubated with ionophore A23187, active uptake of Ca2+ did not occur, but when this fraction was isolated from platelets that had been exposed to prostaglandin E1, uptake of Ca2+ was significantly greater than observed with the corresponding membranes from control platelets. It is suggested that phosphorylation of polypeptide P24 (or P22) by a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase may promote the active transport of Ca2+ out of the platelet cytosol.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of the different platelet proteins phosphorylated on exposure of intact platelets to ionophore A23187 or to prostaglandin E1. Possible role of a membrane phosphopolypeptide in the regulation of calcium-ion transport. Exposure of 32P-labelled human platelets to ionophore A23187 results in an increased incorporation of 32P into polypeptides with apparent mol.wts. of 47 000 (P47) and 20 000 (P20), whereas exposure to prostaglandin E1 results in increased labelling of polypeptides with apparent mol.wts. of 24 000 (P24) and 22 000 (P22) [Haslam, Lynham & Fox (1979) Biochem. J. 178, 397-406]. Labelled platelets that had been incubated with ionophore A23187 or prostaglandin E1 were sonicated and rapidly separated into three fractions by differential centrifugation. Electron microscopy and measurement of marker enzymes indicated that the 1300-19 000 gav. particulate fraction was enriched in granules, mitochondria and plasma membranes, that the 19 000-90 000 gav. particulate fraction was enriched in both intracellular and plasma membranes and that the 90 000 gav. supernatant contained only soluble proteins. 32P-labelled phosphopolypeptide P47 was present almost exclusively in the 90 000 gav. supernatant, whereas phosphopolypeptide P20 was largely dephosphorylated under fractionation conditions that protected other phosphopolypeptides. 32P-labelled phosphopolypeptide P24 was enriched in both particulate fractions, but particularly in the 19 000-90 000 gav. fraction, and may therefore be present in both the intracellular and plasma membranes. Phosphopolypeptide P22 appeared to be similarly distributed. Both particulate fractions were capable of the ATP-dependent oxalate-stimulated uptake of Ca2+. When the 19 000-90  000 gav. membrane fraction was prepared from platelets that had been incubated with ionophore A23187, active uptake of Ca2+ did not occur, but when this fraction was isolated from platelets that had been exposed to prostaglandin E1, uptake of Ca2+ was significantly greater than observed with the corresponding membranes from control platelets. It is suggested that phosphorylation of polypeptide P24 (or P22) by a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase may promote the active transport of Ca2+ out of the platelet cytosol.", "PMID": 120200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14127", "title": "Postnatal development of uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase activity towards bilirubin and 2-aminophenol in human liver.", "content": "UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities towards 2-aminophenol and bilirubin were studied in a total of 70 human subjects, including premature and full-term newborn babies, infants, children and adults. These two activities have been reported in rat to develop latefoetally and neonatally respectively, but in man they both develop neonatally. There is a linear relationship between the logarithm of each liver transferase activity and the logarithm of the number of days after birth during the first 3 months of life, after which each activity remains constant.", "contents": "Postnatal development of uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase activity towards bilirubin and 2-aminophenol in human liver. UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities towards 2-aminophenol and bilirubin were studied in a total of 70 human subjects, including premature and full-term newborn babies, infants, children and adults. These two activities have been reported in rat to develop latefoetally and neonatally respectively, but in man they both develop neonatally. There is a linear relationship between the logarithm of each liver transferase activity and the logarithm of the number of days after birth during the first 3 months of life, after which each activity remains constant.", "PMID": 120201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14128", "title": "[Respiration-stimulated activation of DNAase I associated with mitochondria].", "content": "The influence of respiration and Ca++ transport in the liver mitochondria on the activation of DNAase I, associated with these organelles, was studied. It was shown that 96% of the total activity of this enzyme in mitochondria is in the latent state. Aeration of the mitochondrial suspension leads to a sharp increase in the enzyme activity. The activation of DNAase I is inhibited by EGTA addition (optimal pH 8.0), and stimulated in mitochondria, releasing Ca++. It is concluded that the activation of DNAase I is dependent on the state of cellular energetics. Participation of mitochondrial phospholypase A, activated by the Ca++ release from mitochondria during DNAase I activation is suggested.", "contents": "[Respiration-stimulated activation of DNAase I associated with mitochondria]. The influence of respiration and Ca++ transport in the liver mitochondria on the activation of DNAase I, associated with these organelles, was studied. It was shown that 96% of the total activity of this enzyme in mitochondria is in the latent state. Aeration of the mitochondrial suspension leads to a sharp increase in the enzyme activity. The activation of DNAase I is inhibited by EGTA addition (optimal pH 8.0), and stimulated in mitochondria, releasing Ca++. It is concluded that the activation of DNAase I is dependent on the state of cellular energetics. Participation of mitochondrial phospholypase A, activated by the Ca++ release from mitochondria during DNAase I activation is suggested.", "PMID": 120205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14129", "title": "[Chloramphenicol and dextramycin, inhibitors of mammary carcinogenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene].", "content": "In noninbred rats chloramphenicol and its optical isomer dextramycin diminished the blastomogenic effect of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene on mammary glands. The protective effect was shown by a decreased tumor incidence at all periods of observation and an increase in the life span of rats and in the case of dextramycin this action consisted in a prolongation of the latent period of tumor emergence.", "contents": "[Chloramphenicol and dextramycin, inhibitors of mammary carcinogenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene]. In noninbred rats chloramphenicol and its optical isomer dextramycin diminished the blastomogenic effect of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene on mammary glands. The protective effect was shown by a decreased tumor incidence at all periods of observation and an increase in the life span of rats and in the case of dextramycin this action consisted in a prolongation of the latent period of tumor emergence.", "PMID": 120206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14130", "title": "[Participation of the hypothalamus in the pituitary and testicular responses to administration of the antiandrogen 4-nitro-3-trifluoro-methylisobutyranilide].", "content": "The effect of the antiandrogen 4-nitro-3-trifluoro-methylisobutyranilide (flutamide, NFBA) on the content of follitropine, lutropine and testosteron in the blood plasma as well as on the testicular activity of the steroid delta 5-3 beta-Ol-dehydrogenase (SD) has been studied in male rats with intact and destroyed hypothalamic median eminence. In sham-operated rats with intact hypothalamus the levels of lutropin, follitropin, testosteron and the enzymatic activity were 5, 2, 4 and 3-4 times as increased, respectively, under the effect of NFBA. After destroyal of the hypothalamic median eminence NFBA treatment did not change follitropin secretion, while lutropin, testosteron plasma levels and SD activity were only 1 1/2-2 times higher, i.e. significantly less as compared to those in sham-operated animals. The data obtained suggest the most important role of the hypothalamus in pituitary and testicular responses to NFBA administration.", "contents": "[Participation of the hypothalamus in the pituitary and testicular responses to administration of the antiandrogen 4-nitro-3-trifluoro-methylisobutyranilide]. The effect of the antiandrogen 4-nitro-3-trifluoro-methylisobutyranilide (flutamide, NFBA) on the content of follitropine, lutropine and testosteron in the blood plasma as well as on the testicular activity of the steroid delta 5-3 beta-Ol-dehydrogenase (SD) has been studied in male rats with intact and destroyed hypothalamic median eminence. In sham-operated rats with intact hypothalamus the levels of lutropin, follitropin, testosteron and the enzymatic activity were 5, 2, 4 and 3-4 times as increased, respectively, under the effect of NFBA. After destroyal of the hypothalamic median eminence NFBA treatment did not change follitropin secretion, while lutropin, testosteron plasma levels and SD activity were only 1 1/2-2 times higher, i.e. significantly less as compared to those in sham-operated animals. The data obtained suggest the most important role of the hypothalamus in pituitary and testicular responses to NFBA administration.", "PMID": 120207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14131", "title": "Psychiatric manifestations in temporal lobe epilepsy: a controlled study.", "content": "Psychiatric disorder was studied in 62 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (study group) and 70 patients with grand mal epilepsy (control group), both diagnosed electroencephalographically. The two groups were similar as regards age, sex, socio-economic status, duration and frequency of fits, family history and premorbid personality. A significantly greater number of temporal lobe epileptics had emotional disturbances in childhood and psychiatric abnormalities at the time of study. Neuroses, schizophrenia and behaviour disorder occurred more commonly in the study group, while epileptic personality and confusional psychosis were seen more frequently in the controls. The findings of the study are discussed in the light of relevant literature.", "contents": "Psychiatric manifestations in temporal lobe epilepsy: a controlled study. Psychiatric disorder was studied in 62 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (study group) and 70 patients with grand mal epilepsy (control group), both diagnosed electroencephalographically. The two groups were similar as regards age, sex, socio-economic status, duration and frequency of fits, family history and premorbid personality. A significantly greater number of temporal lobe epileptics had emotional disturbances in childhood and psychiatric abnormalities at the time of study. Neuroses, schizophrenia and behaviour disorder occurred more commonly in the study group, while epileptic personality and confusional psychosis were seen more frequently in the controls. The findings of the study are discussed in the light of relevant literature.", "PMID": 120210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14132", "title": "[Development and control of liver amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity in the fetal rat].", "content": "The development of amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity is studied in fetal rat liver. The activity of control fetuses is high on day 17.5, decreases from day 17.5 to day 19.5, and then rises during the next days. In hypophysectomised fetuses, the increase of the activity is suppressed but not the decrease. Moreover, if the mother is adrenalectomized the decrease and the increase are abolished in hypophysectomised fetuses. Growth hormone administration is quite effective in preventing the decrease in enzyme activity but cortisol treatment does not prevent it. In contrast, cortisol produces a precocious decrease of the activity in intact fetuses. These findings suggest that during fetal life, two hormonal regulation mechanisms are involved in the regulation of amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity: cortisol has a repressive effect on the enzymic activity while growth hormone acts as an inducer.", "contents": "[Development and control of liver amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity in the fetal rat]. The development of amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity is studied in fetal rat liver. The activity of control fetuses is high on day 17.5, decreases from day 17.5 to day 19.5, and then rises during the next days. In hypophysectomised fetuses, the increase of the activity is suppressed but not the decrease. Moreover, if the mother is adrenalectomized the decrease and the increase are abolished in hypophysectomised fetuses. Growth hormone administration is quite effective in preventing the decrease in enzyme activity but cortisol treatment does not prevent it. In contrast, cortisol produces a precocious decrease of the activity in intact fetuses. These findings suggest that during fetal life, two hormonal regulation mechanisms are involved in the regulation of amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity: cortisol has a repressive effect on the enzymic activity while growth hormone acts as an inducer.", "PMID": 120213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14133", "title": "A rapid technique for measuring calcium uptake in mitogen-induced T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "The procedures for lymphocyte activation and for removing the cells from the radioactive loading solution in incubation medium were modified to routinely obtain significant and reproducible 45Ca2+ uptakes in mitogen-induced mouse T and B lymphocytes. Factors such as mouse strain, lymphocyte origin, and media pH were not critical to the 45Ca2+ uptake measurements. In contrast, factors such as lymphocyte cell concentration during mitogenic activation, filtering the 45Ca2+:3H2O mixtures, and the nature and purity of the B-cell mitogens were critical for obtaining maximal and reproducible 45Ca2+ uptakes. Centrifugation through silicone oil into sucrose was an efficient and rapid procedure for separating the cells from the radioactive loading solution in the incubation medium. Using optimal conditions, an approximate twofold increase in 45Ca2+ uptake (representing an influx of approximately 97 amol per lymphocyte and an increase in average cellular Ca2+ of approximately 0.72 mM) was routinely obtained with purified mouse lymphocytes activated with a variety of T- and B-cell mitogens (using concentrations resulting in maximal [3H]thymidine incorporation). A larger 45Ca2+ uptake was routinely obtained with mitogenic concentrations of A23187, a divalent cation ionophore stimulating T cells. Experiments employing [14C]sucrose and [14C]inulin with control and mitogen-induced lymphocytes showed that the trapped extracellular fluid measurements in the cell pellets should be used to correct the magnitude of the 45Ca2+ uptake measurements.", "contents": "A rapid technique for measuring calcium uptake in mitogen-induced T and B lymphocytes. The procedures for lymphocyte activation and for removing the cells from the radioactive loading solution in incubation medium were modified to routinely obtain significant and reproducible 45Ca2+ uptakes in mitogen-induced mouse T and B lymphocytes. Factors such as mouse strain, lymphocyte origin, and media pH were not critical to the 45Ca2+ uptake measurements. In contrast, factors such as lymphocyte cell concentration during mitogenic activation, filtering the 45Ca2+:3H2O mixtures, and the nature and purity of the B-cell mitogens were critical for obtaining maximal and reproducible 45Ca2+ uptakes. Centrifugation through silicone oil into sucrose was an efficient and rapid procedure for separating the cells from the radioactive loading solution in the incubation medium. Using optimal conditions, an approximate twofold increase in 45Ca2+ uptake (representing an influx of approximately 97 amol per lymphocyte and an increase in average cellular Ca2+ of approximately 0.72 mM) was routinely obtained with purified mouse lymphocytes activated with a variety of T- and B-cell mitogens (using concentrations resulting in maximal [3H]thymidine incorporation). A larger 45Ca2+ uptake was routinely obtained with mitogenic concentrations of A23187, a divalent cation ionophore stimulating T cells. Experiments employing [14C]sucrose and [14C]inulin with control and mitogen-induced lymphocytes showed that the trapped extracellular fluid measurements in the cell pellets should be used to correct the magnitude of the 45Ca2+ uptake measurements.", "PMID": 120214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14134", "title": "A broth-disc technique for the assay of antibiotic synergism.", "content": "A broth-disc technique has been developed to demonstrate the antibiotic synergism of some broad-spectrum penicillins plus an aminoglycoside against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterococci. Utilizing the zone sites obtained from Kirby-Bauer susceptibility tests, approximate minimum inhibitory concentrations of each antibiotic upon individual isolates were derived using standard regression curves. One-fourth of each value was calculated and the approximate desired concentration then prepared in Mueller-Hinton broth through use of the labelled antibiotic disc content. Tubes were inoculated with a standardized suspension of organism and incubated at 35 degrees C for 18-24 h. Subsequently, inhibitory end points were recorded. This approach to synergy testing showed good correlation with the standard checkerboard method. The broth-disc synergistic assay is also reproducible, financially feasible, and less time-consuming to execute.", "contents": "A broth-disc technique for the assay of antibiotic synergism. A broth-disc technique has been developed to demonstrate the antibiotic synergism of some broad-spectrum penicillins plus an aminoglycoside against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterococci. Utilizing the zone sites obtained from Kirby-Bauer susceptibility tests, approximate minimum inhibitory concentrations of each antibiotic upon individual isolates were derived using standard regression curves. One-fourth of each value was calculated and the approximate desired concentration then prepared in Mueller-Hinton broth through use of the labelled antibiotic disc content. Tubes were inoculated with a standardized suspension of organism and incubated at 35 degrees C for 18-24 h. Subsequently, inhibitory end points were recorded. This approach to synergy testing showed good correlation with the standard checkerboard method. The broth-disc synergistic assay is also reproducible, financially feasible, and less time-consuming to execute.", "PMID": 120215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14135", "title": "Thiocyanate utilization by an Arthrobacter.", "content": "An Arthrobacter species, which utilized thiocyanate (SCN-) as a nitrogen source, was isolated from soil by the enrichment culture method. The organism tolerated SCN- concentrations up to 0.1 M. On addition of nitrate or ammonium ion to cultures of the isolate growing in the presence of SCN-, the organism continued to degrade SCN-. Degradation could be followed by release of 14CO2 from SCN-(14C). The SCN- -degrading activity diminished to low levels as the stationary phase of growth was appraoched.", "contents": "Thiocyanate utilization by an Arthrobacter. An Arthrobacter species, which utilized thiocyanate (SCN-) as a nitrogen source, was isolated from soil by the enrichment culture method. The organism tolerated SCN- concentrations up to 0.1 M. On addition of nitrate or ammonium ion to cultures of the isolate growing in the presence of SCN-, the organism continued to degrade SCN-. Degradation could be followed by release of 14CO2 from SCN-(14C). The SCN- -degrading activity diminished to low levels as the stationary phase of growth was appraoched.", "PMID": 120217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14136", "title": "Catabolite repression-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Mutants of Bacillus subtilis that are able to sporulate under the condition of catabolite repression were isolated by a simple selection technique. The mutants used in the present study were able to grow normally on minimal medium with ammonium sulphate as the nitrogen source and glucose as the carbon source. Studies carried out with these mutants show that there is no close relation between catabolite repression of an inducible enzyme, acetoin dehydrogenase, and that of sporulation. Certain mutants are able to sporulate in the presence of all the carbon sources tested but some mutants are resistant only to the carbon source used in isolation. It is suggested that several metabolic steps may be affected in catabolite repression of sporulation.", "contents": "Catabolite repression-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis. Mutants of Bacillus subtilis that are able to sporulate under the condition of catabolite repression were isolated by a simple selection technique. The mutants used in the present study were able to grow normally on minimal medium with ammonium sulphate as the nitrogen source and glucose as the carbon source. Studies carried out with these mutants show that there is no close relation between catabolite repression of an inducible enzyme, acetoin dehydrogenase, and that of sporulation. Certain mutants are able to sporulate in the presence of all the carbon sources tested but some mutants are resistant only to the carbon source used in isolation. It is suggested that several metabolic steps may be affected in catabolite repression of sporulation.", "PMID": 120218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14137", "title": "Dissolved organic matter utilization and oxygen uptake in algal-bacterial microcosms.", "content": "Under closed laboratory conditions, at non-limiting nutrient levels, the biomass of Anabaena variabilis, Anacystis nidulans, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and Selanastrum capricornutum increased with increasing levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a result of bacterially produced carbon dioxide (CO2) and (or) cofactors. Oxygen (O2) produced as a result of algal photosynthesis was sufficient to supply the najority of O2 required by the bacterial community. The percentage of DOM utilized by bacteria which was subsequently incorporated into algal biomass varied with individual species indicating that the association between individual algal species and the bacterial microbiota varied. Under natural conditions bacteria could provide CO2 and (or) cofactors for algal photosynthesis which in turn supplies O2 for bacterial respiration. This mutualistic association in aquatic environments could result in an increase in planktonic and epiphytic algal biomass if other nutrients are available.", "contents": "Dissolved organic matter utilization and oxygen uptake in algal-bacterial microcosms. Under closed laboratory conditions, at non-limiting nutrient levels, the biomass of Anabaena variabilis, Anacystis nidulans, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and Selanastrum capricornutum increased with increasing levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a result of bacterially produced carbon dioxide (CO2) and (or) cofactors. Oxygen (O2) produced as a result of algal photosynthesis was sufficient to supply the najority of O2 required by the bacterial community. The percentage of DOM utilized by bacteria which was subsequently incorporated into algal biomass varied with individual species indicating that the association between individual algal species and the bacterial microbiota varied. Under natural conditions bacteria could provide CO2 and (or) cofactors for algal photosynthesis which in turn supplies O2 for bacterial respiration. This mutualistic association in aquatic environments could result in an increase in planktonic and epiphytic algal biomass if other nutrients are available.", "PMID": 120219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14138", "title": "The occurrence of Candida Albicans in Lake Ontario bathing beaches.", "content": "There are inherent weaknesses associated with currently used bacterial fecal pollution indicator systems. Fecal pollution indicator data would be more meaningful if supplemented with information relating to the occurrence of pathogens in recreational water. Through surveys of four bathing beaches on Lake Ontario, it was established that the opportunistically pathogenic yeast Candida albicans occurs in near shore waters. The beaches surveyed could be differentiated on the basis of bacterial fecal pollution indicator levels and numbers of the pathogens C. albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The occurrence of C. albicans and P. aeruginosa appeared to be related to elevated fecal pollution indicator levels. Maximum numbers of all parameters were observed in July and August in association with peak bather loads at the beaches. In only one instance does the data suggest that a beach was subjected to human fecal contamination.", "contents": "The occurrence of Candida Albicans in Lake Ontario bathing beaches. There are inherent weaknesses associated with currently used bacterial fecal pollution indicator systems. Fecal pollution indicator data would be more meaningful if supplemented with information relating to the occurrence of pathogens in recreational water. Through surveys of four bathing beaches on Lake Ontario, it was established that the opportunistically pathogenic yeast Candida albicans occurs in near shore waters. The beaches surveyed could be differentiated on the basis of bacterial fecal pollution indicator levels and numbers of the pathogens C. albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The occurrence of C. albicans and P. aeruginosa appeared to be related to elevated fecal pollution indicator levels. Maximum numbers of all parameters were observed in July and August in association with peak bather loads at the beaches. In only one instance does the data suggest that a beach was subjected to human fecal contamination.", "PMID": 120220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14139", "title": "The effect of nickel on the growth, photosynthesis, and nitrogenase activity of Anabaena inaequalis.", "content": "Anabaena inaequalis was sensitive to nickel ion in the order of decreasing sensitivity of growth, photosynthesis, and acetylene reduction. At a culture density of 9 x 10(4) cells per millilitre, growth after 12 days was completely inhibited by 0.125 ppm (microgram/mL) Ni2+. Nickel caused the increase of both the lag phase of growth and the culture doubling time, and caused the retardation phase to be sooner. Photosynthesis and acetylene reduction were completely inhibited by 10 and 20 ppm Ni2+, respectively, at a cell concentration of 1.3 x 10(6) cells per millilitre. Preincubation for 24 h in the presence of nickel ion significantly increased the sensitivity of photosynthesis and acetylene reduction. Under these conditions acetylene reduction was more sensitive than photosynthesis. Nickel ion reduced culture growth by 35% at a level of 0.05 ppm and inhibited that culture's acetylene-reducing ability by 29% while leaving photosynthesis unaffected. Nickel caused some damage to filament apical cells and induced pigment bleaching in aged cultures. Nickel toxicity was proposed to be due to poisoning of intracellular enzyme systems by nickel ions.", "contents": "The effect of nickel on the growth, photosynthesis, and nitrogenase activity of Anabaena inaequalis. Anabaena inaequalis was sensitive to nickel ion in the order of decreasing sensitivity of growth, photosynthesis, and acetylene reduction. At a culture density of 9 x 10(4) cells per millilitre, growth after 12 days was completely inhibited by 0.125 ppm (microgram/mL) Ni2+. Nickel caused the increase of both the lag phase of growth and the culture doubling time, and caused the retardation phase to be sooner. Photosynthesis and acetylene reduction were completely inhibited by 10 and 20 ppm Ni2+, respectively, at a cell concentration of 1.3 x 10(6) cells per millilitre. Preincubation for 24 h in the presence of nickel ion significantly increased the sensitivity of photosynthesis and acetylene reduction. Under these conditions acetylene reduction was more sensitive than photosynthesis. Nickel ion reduced culture growth by 35% at a level of 0.05 ppm and inhibited that culture's acetylene-reducing ability by 29% while leaving photosynthesis unaffected. Nickel caused some damage to filament apical cells and induced pigment bleaching in aged cultures. Nickel toxicity was proposed to be due to poisoning of intracellular enzyme systems by nickel ions.", "PMID": 120221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14140", "title": "Methionine transport in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A high-affinity (Km = 2.7 x 10(-7) M) energy-requiring methionine-transport system has been characterized in RM 46 and RM 48, two different PAO methionine auxotrophs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After 8 s of transport 40--60% of the methionine label in the alcohol extract appears in S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) with the remaining activity in free methionine. Methionine transport required a high degree of structural specificity for transport. Stimulation of transport occurred by addition of glucose or organic acids. The ability of a given substrate to stimulate transport was related to the type of carbon source used for growth. Transport was sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents and required oxidative phosphorylation, as indicated by the inhibitory effects of anaerobiosis, cyanide, and arsenate. The degree of inhibition by arsenate correlated with the level of ATP in the cell. Rapid transport in a SAM-deficient mutant (TM 1) and inhibition by arsenate of transport in this mutant suggested that SAM formation was not directly linked to transport and that ATP supplied energy for transport. Inhibition by arsenate was more severe in glucose- compared to citrate-stimulated cells. This result was also observed with proline transport indicating that this was not a peculiarity of the methionine-transport system. These data emphasize the close link between glucose metabolism, ATP levels, and transport. This ATP level is not so critical for transport in cells metabolizing citrate.", "contents": "Methionine transport in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A high-affinity (Km = 2.7 x 10(-7) M) energy-requiring methionine-transport system has been characterized in RM 46 and RM 48, two different PAO methionine auxotrophs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After 8 s of transport 40--60% of the methionine label in the alcohol extract appears in S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) with the remaining activity in free methionine. Methionine transport required a high degree of structural specificity for transport. Stimulation of transport occurred by addition of glucose or organic acids. The ability of a given substrate to stimulate transport was related to the type of carbon source used for growth. Transport was sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents and required oxidative phosphorylation, as indicated by the inhibitory effects of anaerobiosis, cyanide, and arsenate. The degree of inhibition by arsenate correlated with the level of ATP in the cell. Rapid transport in a SAM-deficient mutant (TM 1) and inhibition by arsenate of transport in this mutant suggested that SAM formation was not directly linked to transport and that ATP supplied energy for transport. Inhibition by arsenate was more severe in glucose- compared to citrate-stimulated cells. This result was also observed with proline transport indicating that this was not a peculiarity of the methionine-transport system. These data emphasize the close link between glucose metabolism, ATP levels, and transport. This ATP level is not so critical for transport in cells metabolizing citrate.", "PMID": 120222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14141", "title": "Chagas' disease: trends in immunological research and prospects for immunoprophylaxis.", "content": "Acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi usually subsides spontaneously but the mortality rate encountered in individuals with the chronic infection is high. Much evidence has accumulated in the last five years that autoimmunity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the myocarditis that is common in the chronic phase. A negative relationship has been observed between the demonstrable parasitaemia and the presence of severe cardiac lesions. This myocarditis is characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates and destruction of normal heart cells, in the absence of the parasite in situ. Furthermore, the demonstration in vitro of heart cell lysis by T. cruzi-sensitized T lymphocytes is strong evidence of autoimmunity in Chagas' disease.Acquired immunity plays a major role in the course that T. cruzi infections may run in the mammalian host. As a result of the immune mechanisms induced by the parasite, the infection is controlled at subpatent levels, and the immune host does not develop acute T. cruzi infection again. At present there are several means of achieving immunoprotection against experimental T. cruzi infections, but it is not known whether vaccinated animals might develop chronic Chagas' disease and die many months or years later. Studies on immunoprotection against Chagas' disease should therefore not be limited only to the acute phase of the infection. Furthermore, the involvement of autoimmunity in the production of the lesions of Chagas' disease indicates that research in this area should be conducted with caution. The definition of an animal model for chronic Chagas' disease is essential to further development of immunological research devoted to immunoprophylaxis.", "contents": "Chagas' disease: trends in immunological research and prospects for immunoprophylaxis. Acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi usually subsides spontaneously but the mortality rate encountered in individuals with the chronic infection is high. Much evidence has accumulated in the last five years that autoimmunity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the myocarditis that is common in the chronic phase. A negative relationship has been observed between the demonstrable parasitaemia and the presence of severe cardiac lesions. This myocarditis is characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates and destruction of normal heart cells, in the absence of the parasite in situ. Furthermore, the demonstration in vitro of heart cell lysis by T. cruzi-sensitized T lymphocytes is strong evidence of autoimmunity in Chagas' disease.Acquired immunity plays a major role in the course that T. cruzi infections may run in the mammalian host. As a result of the immune mechanisms induced by the parasite, the infection is controlled at subpatent levels, and the immune host does not develop acute T. cruzi infection again. At present there are several means of achieving immunoprotection against experimental T. cruzi infections, but it is not known whether vaccinated animals might develop chronic Chagas' disease and die many months or years later. Studies on immunoprotection against Chagas' disease should therefore not be limited only to the acute phase of the infection. Furthermore, the involvement of autoimmunity in the production of the lesions of Chagas' disease indicates that research in this area should be conducted with caution. The definition of an animal model for chronic Chagas' disease is essential to further development of immunological research devoted to immunoprophylaxis.", "PMID": 120233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14142", "title": "An effective rabies treatment in exposed monkeys: a single dose of interferon inducer and vaccine.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were injected with lethal doses of rabies virus and then treated with a variety of treatment combinations. The one found most successful was one dose of an interferon inducer (poly(I)-poly(C) complexed to poly-L-lysine and carboxymethyl-cellulose) and one dose of human diploid rabies vaccine. This combination proved to be as effective as hyperimmune serum and vaccine, and much better than vaccine alone. The combination of the interferon inducer plus vaccine could be administered at least up to 48 hours after the very severe challenge given and still provide marked protection.", "contents": "An effective rabies treatment in exposed monkeys: a single dose of interferon inducer and vaccine. Rhesus monkeys were injected with lethal doses of rabies virus and then treated with a variety of treatment combinations. The one found most successful was one dose of an interferon inducer (poly(I)-poly(C) complexed to poly-L-lysine and carboxymethyl-cellulose) and one dose of human diploid rabies vaccine. This combination proved to be as effective as hyperimmune serum and vaccine, and much better than vaccine alone. The combination of the interferon inducer plus vaccine could be administered at least up to 48 hours after the very severe challenge given and still provide marked protection.", "PMID": 120234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14143", "title": "Lower body negative pressure: a method to differentiate vasodilators in the intact rat.", "content": "1. In rats lower body negative pressure induced venous pooling in a reproducible manner. The response to LBNP in the pentobarbitone-anaesthetized rat appeared not to be influenced by the autonomic nervous system. 2. The hypotensive effect of arterial vasodilators was diminished at 5 mmHg LBNP, compared with effects at 3 mmHg, whereas the hypotensive effect of venous vasodilators was not changed at 5 mmHg LBNP, compared with that at 3 mmHg LBNP. 3. In the pithed rat dihydroergotamine caused venoconstriction. In the phenobarbitone-anaesthetized rat the hypotensive effect of venous vasodilators was decreased significantly by pretreatment with this drug, whereas it did not influence the hypotensive effect of arterial vasodilators. 4. Thus venodilatation by LBNP and venoconstriction by dihydroergotamine provide a method for differentiating arterial and venous sites of action of vasodilators in intact rats.", "contents": "Lower body negative pressure: a method to differentiate vasodilators in the intact rat. 1. In rats lower body negative pressure induced venous pooling in a reproducible manner. The response to LBNP in the pentobarbitone-anaesthetized rat appeared not to be influenced by the autonomic nervous system. 2. The hypotensive effect of arterial vasodilators was diminished at 5 mmHg LBNP, compared with effects at 3 mmHg, whereas the hypotensive effect of venous vasodilators was not changed at 5 mmHg LBNP, compared with that at 3 mmHg LBNP. 3. In the pithed rat dihydroergotamine caused venoconstriction. In the phenobarbitone-anaesthetized rat the hypotensive effect of venous vasodilators was decreased significantly by pretreatment with this drug, whereas it did not influence the hypotensive effect of arterial vasodilators. 4. Thus venodilatation by LBNP and venoconstriction by dihydroergotamine provide a method for differentiating arterial and venous sites of action of vasodilators in intact rats.", "PMID": 120235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14144", "title": "Glutathione and mercapturic acid conjugations in the metabolism of naphthalene and 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl).", "content": "The formation of glutathione (GSH) conjugate in the detoxification of [1-14C]-naphthalene and [naphthyl-14C]-carbaryl was investigated using rat liver homogenate. The mercapturic acid conjugate in rats was also investigated by collection of urine after intraperitoneal injection of 14C substrates. The formation of water-soluble metabolites in vitro from naphthalene was dependent on the amount of glutathione added, but this was not seen in carbaryl metabolism. In vitro, the metabolism of [1-14C]-naphthalene produced 50% GSH conjugates in the incubation mixture, whereas in vivo the metabolism of this compound produced 65% mercapturic acid conjugate in the urine. There was no evidence of GSH or mercapturic acid conjugate in the metabolism of [naphthyl-14C]-carbaryl in vitro and in vivo. This conclusion was made by comparing the nature and chemical characteristics of GSH and mercapturic acid conjugates formed in [1-14C]-naphthalene metabolism. With the aid of the specific enzyme (e.g. beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase) and acid hydrolysis, the water-soluble metabolites of [naphthyl-14C]-carbaryl were tentatively recognized as glucuronide or sulfate conjugated mainly with 5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxycarbaryl or N-hydroxy-methyl carbaryl and their hydrolytic products. This data demonstrated that the substituent group on the naphthalene molecule may affect the significance of GSH conjugation.", "contents": "Glutathione and mercapturic acid conjugations in the metabolism of naphthalene and 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl). The formation of glutathione (GSH) conjugate in the detoxification of [1-14C]-naphthalene and [naphthyl-14C]-carbaryl was investigated using rat liver homogenate. The mercapturic acid conjugate in rats was also investigated by collection of urine after intraperitoneal injection of 14C substrates. The formation of water-soluble metabolites in vitro from naphthalene was dependent on the amount of glutathione added, but this was not seen in carbaryl metabolism. In vitro, the metabolism of [1-14C]-naphthalene produced 50% GSH conjugates in the incubation mixture, whereas in vivo the metabolism of this compound produced 65% mercapturic acid conjugate in the urine. There was no evidence of GSH or mercapturic acid conjugate in the metabolism of [naphthyl-14C]-carbaryl in vitro and in vivo. This conclusion was made by comparing the nature and chemical characteristics of GSH and mercapturic acid conjugates formed in [1-14C]-naphthalene metabolism. With the aid of the specific enzyme (e.g. beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase) and acid hydrolysis, the water-soluble metabolites of [naphthyl-14C]-carbaryl were tentatively recognized as glucuronide or sulfate conjugated mainly with 5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxycarbaryl or N-hydroxy-methyl carbaryl and their hydrolytic products. This data demonstrated that the substituent group on the naphthalene molecule may affect the significance of GSH conjugation.", "PMID": 120242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14145", "title": "Inhibition of rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 system by cobaltous chloride and reversal of inhibition by iron in vivo.", "content": "The effects of preexposure of rats to cobaltous chloride (CO) mixed in iron-sufficient (I.S) and -deficient (I.D) diets on hepatic microsomal electron transfer system was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 4 weeks on I.D diets mixed with 0, 100 and 200 ppm CO. At the end of 4 weeks three rats from each group were transferred to I.S diets mixed with the same amount of CO. Liver microsomal NADPH - Cytochrome C reductase, NADPH - dehydrogenase, cytochrome P-450 and aniline binding were determined in both batches of rats. The rats receiving CO in the I.D diets showed a 35, 60, 75 and 40% decrease in NADPH - Cyt. C reductase, dehydrogenase, Cyt. P-450 and aniline binding respectively. The rats transferred from I.D diet to I.S diet showed a complete recovery of the inhibition of the microsomal electron transfer system. The rats receiving 200 ppm mixed with I.S diets did not show any changes in any biochemical parameter measured.", "contents": "Inhibition of rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 system by cobaltous chloride and reversal of inhibition by iron in vivo. The effects of preexposure of rats to cobaltous chloride (CO) mixed in iron-sufficient (I.S) and -deficient (I.D) diets on hepatic microsomal electron transfer system was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 4 weeks on I.D diets mixed with 0, 100 and 200 ppm CO. At the end of 4 weeks three rats from each group were transferred to I.S diets mixed with the same amount of CO. Liver microsomal NADPH - Cytochrome C reductase, NADPH - dehydrogenase, cytochrome P-450 and aniline binding were determined in both batches of rats. The rats receiving CO in the I.D diets showed a 35, 60, 75 and 40% decrease in NADPH - Cyt. C reductase, dehydrogenase, Cyt. P-450 and aniline binding respectively. The rats transferred from I.D diet to I.S diet showed a complete recovery of the inhibition of the microsomal electron transfer system. The rats receiving 200 ppm mixed with I.S diets did not show any changes in any biochemical parameter measured.", "PMID": 120243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14146", "title": "Bile acid metabolism in the fetus and newborn.", "content": "The development of bile acid synthesis, secretion and absorption was studied in laboratory animals and humans. Although there is species variation, a developmental pattern emerges. Bile acid pool size and synthesis rates increase during the final third of gestation and the perinatal period. Similarly, bile acid secretion is a developing function during the final third of gestation and is incompletely developed at birth. The ileal mechanism for active bile acid transport is absent at birth and only develops during the first 2--5 weeks or more of life. It is therefore possible that the intestinal conservation of bile acid is ineffective in the newborn. The combination of immaturity of bile acid synthesis, secretion and absorption probably contributes to the fat malabsorption especially evident in low birth weight infants. Finally, synthesis, secretion and absorption can be induced to develop early by the administration of adrenocortical steroid. The induction of mechanisms for bile acid metabolism raises the possibility of therapeutic intervention in severe cases of neonatal malabsorption of lipid.", "contents": "Bile acid metabolism in the fetus and newborn. The development of bile acid synthesis, secretion and absorption was studied in laboratory animals and humans. Although there is species variation, a developmental pattern emerges. Bile acid pool size and synthesis rates increase during the final third of gestation and the perinatal period. Similarly, bile acid secretion is a developing function during the final third of gestation and is incompletely developed at birth. The ileal mechanism for active bile acid transport is absent at birth and only develops during the first 2--5 weeks or more of life. It is therefore possible that the intestinal conservation of bile acid is ineffective in the newborn. The combination of immaturity of bile acid synthesis, secretion and absorption probably contributes to the fat malabsorption especially evident in low birth weight infants. Finally, synthesis, secretion and absorption can be induced to develop early by the administration of adrenocortical steroid. The induction of mechanisms for bile acid metabolism raises the possibility of therapeutic intervention in severe cases of neonatal malabsorption of lipid.", "PMID": 120241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14147", "title": "Central nervous system mediated stimulation by thyrotropin-releasing hormone of microcirculation in thyroid gland of rats.", "content": "The blood flow of thyroid, adrenal cortex and renal cortex in the pentobarbital anesthetized rat was assessed from hydrogen gas desaturation curve. The microcirculation of thyroid was markedly augmented within 2 min after an intraventricular injection of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) while Met-Enkephalin (ENK) failed to influence. Both TRH and ENK stimulated the microcirculation of adrenal cortex moderately. ENK diminished the microcirculation of renal cortex whereas TRH did not exert any effect. The response of thyroid to TRH was abolished by vagotomy, thus the existence of a specific TRH-vagus -thyroid connection was indicated.", "contents": "Central nervous system mediated stimulation by thyrotropin-releasing hormone of microcirculation in thyroid gland of rats. The blood flow of thyroid, adrenal cortex and renal cortex in the pentobarbital anesthetized rat was assessed from hydrogen gas desaturation curve. The microcirculation of thyroid was markedly augmented within 2 min after an intraventricular injection of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) while Met-Enkephalin (ENK) failed to influence. Both TRH and ENK stimulated the microcirculation of adrenal cortex moderately. ENK diminished the microcirculation of renal cortex whereas TRH did not exert any effect. The response of thyroid to TRH was abolished by vagotomy, thus the existence of a specific TRH-vagus -thyroid connection was indicated.", "PMID": 120247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14148", "title": "Equitable considerations in balancing the energy equation.", "content": "Decisions concerning how we balance energy supply and demand should not be made by quantitative cost-benefit analyses alone. The distributions of costs and benefits among individuals, groups of individuals, nations, and generations raise questions of equity that need to be addressed forthrightly. Doing so can help rather than impede the decision-making process.", "contents": "Equitable considerations in balancing the energy equation. Decisions concerning how we balance energy supply and demand should not be made by quantitative cost-benefit analyses alone. The distributions of costs and benefits among individuals, groups of individuals, nations, and generations raise questions of equity that need to be addressed forthrightly. Doing so can help rather than impede the decision-making process.", "PMID": 120249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14149", "title": "Relevance of animal experiments to humans.", "content": "The best evidence of an adverse human health effect is a properly conducted epidemiological study. But human beings should not be the sole test animal. Properly conducted animal studies have been shown to be preductive for carcinogenicity and toxicologic responses in human populations. We need to develop more efficient predictive animal tests for all the common serious toxic effects caused by chemicals. One particularly important use of epidemiological studies is to validate (or invalidate) the laboratory animal experiments. There is no more powerful tool than the combination of well conducted animal experiments and well conducted epidemiological experiments.", "contents": "Relevance of animal experiments to humans. The best evidence of an adverse human health effect is a properly conducted epidemiological study. But human beings should not be the sole test animal. Properly conducted animal studies have been shown to be preductive for carcinogenicity and toxicologic responses in human populations. We need to develop more efficient predictive animal tests for all the common serious toxic effects caused by chemicals. One particularly important use of epidemiological studies is to validate (or invalidate) the laboratory animal experiments. There is no more powerful tool than the combination of well conducted animal experiments and well conducted epidemiological experiments.", "PMID": 120250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14150", "title": "Role of scientific data in health decisions.", "content": "The distinction between reality and models or methodological assumptions is necessary for an understanding of the use of data--economic, technical or biological--in decision-making. The traditional modes of analysis used in decisions are discussed historically and analytically. Utilitarian-based concepts such as cost-benefit analysis and cannibalistic concepts such as \"acceptable risk\" are rejected on logical and moral grounds. Historical reality suggests the concept of socially necessary risk determined through the dialectic process in democracy.", "contents": "Role of scientific data in health decisions. The distinction between reality and models or methodological assumptions is necessary for an understanding of the use of data--economic, technical or biological--in decision-making. The traditional modes of analysis used in decisions are discussed historically and analytically. Utilitarian-based concepts such as cost-benefit analysis and cannibalistic concepts such as \"acceptable risk\" are rejected on logical and moral grounds. Historical reality suggests the concept of socially necessary risk determined through the dialectic process in democracy.", "PMID": 120251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14151", "title": "Health effects of the gas-aerosol complex. Report to Special Committee on Health and Ecological Effects of Increased Coal Utilization.", "content": "Combustion products derived from the burning of coal are definitely capable of producing adverse human health effects. No single component of the combustion product mixture is solely responsible. Rather, effects are due to a group of compounds, both gases and aerosols, in the effluents of stationary source combustion processes. Although incompletely defined, the individual components of the gas-aerosol complex appear to be capable of interacting both in terms of atmospheric chemistry and health effects. The three primary air quality standards pertinent to regulating coal combustion all represent to some extent indirect, although reasonable, measures of this gas-aerosol complex. As a group, these standards appear to be adequate to protect human health. Conventional toxicological considerations suggest that the adverse health effects of any necessary increase in coal combustion effluents would be greatest per unit of coal in those areas which are most heavily populated and have the highest preexisting levels of the gas-aerosol complex. In order to decrease the degree of uncertainty for future decisions of this type, it is important that prospective epidemiological and air monitoring studies be initiated in conjunction with any large scale introduction of coal use.", "contents": "Health effects of the gas-aerosol complex. Report to Special Committee on Health and Ecological Effects of Increased Coal Utilization. Combustion products derived from the burning of coal are definitely capable of producing adverse human health effects. No single component of the combustion product mixture is solely responsible. Rather, effects are due to a group of compounds, both gases and aerosols, in the effluents of stationary source combustion processes. Although incompletely defined, the individual components of the gas-aerosol complex appear to be capable of interacting both in terms of atmospheric chemistry and health effects. The three primary air quality standards pertinent to regulating coal combustion all represent to some extent indirect, although reasonable, measures of this gas-aerosol complex. As a group, these standards appear to be adequate to protect human health. Conventional toxicological considerations suggest that the adverse health effects of any necessary increase in coal combustion effluents would be greatest per unit of coal in those areas which are most heavily populated and have the highest preexisting levels of the gas-aerosol complex. In order to decrease the degree of uncertainty for future decisions of this type, it is important that prospective epidemiological and air monitoring studies be initiated in conjunction with any large scale introduction of coal use.", "PMID": 120252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14152", "title": "Atmospheric CO2 consequences of heavy dependence on coal.", "content": "Accurate and regular measurements of the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere during the past 20 years show an accelerating increase. Although clearing of tropical forests has released large amounts of carbon to the atmosphere, evidence is strong that a major contributor is the combustion of fossil fuels. Future energy demands of the world will require extensive further exploitation of fossil fuels, and projections show that without major development of nonfossil fuel alternatives, the atmospheric concentration will double within the next 75 years. Four issues require serious attention. The developing countries will require vastly increased amounts of energy. Major efforts to develop suitable (inexpensive) nonfossil energy sources to meet at least a portion of this demand are required. The distribution of carbon released from fossil fuels and from other anthropogenic sources among the reservoirs of the carbon cycle must be better defined. Uncertainties regarding the effect of the increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere on global climate must be reduced. Possible political and social responses to a substantial climate change must be studied in order to more fully understand all of the implication of increased atmospheric CO2.", "contents": "Atmospheric CO2 consequences of heavy dependence on coal. Accurate and regular measurements of the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere during the past 20 years show an accelerating increase. Although clearing of tropical forests has released large amounts of carbon to the atmosphere, evidence is strong that a major contributor is the combustion of fossil fuels. Future energy demands of the world will require extensive further exploitation of fossil fuels, and projections show that without major development of nonfossil fuel alternatives, the atmospheric concentration will double within the next 75 years. Four issues require serious attention. The developing countries will require vastly increased amounts of energy. Major efforts to develop suitable (inexpensive) nonfossil energy sources to meet at least a portion of this demand are required. The distribution of carbon released from fossil fuels and from other anthropogenic sources among the reservoirs of the carbon cycle must be better defined. Uncertainties regarding the effect of the increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere on global climate must be reduced. Possible political and social responses to a substantial climate change must be studied in order to more fully understand all of the implication of increased atmospheric CO2.", "PMID": 120253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14153", "title": "Chemical exposure and intestinal function.", "content": "The particular substances that are ingested by individuals are the consequence of their environmental, residential, and occupational exposures. The possible effects of these exposures on intestinal functions can be examined by the evaluation of in vivo or in vitro exposure followed by an in vivo and/or in vitro monitoring of effects. Several examples of the in vivo exposure and in vitro monitoring approach are presented to demonstrate the consequences of oral exposure to either a heavy metal (arsenic), or a herbicide contaminant (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) or a jet fuel propellant (hydrazine) and the subsequent measurement of either a particular metabolic pathway, or a cell-specific enzyme induction or the development of brush border enzymes are presented.", "contents": "Chemical exposure and intestinal function. The particular substances that are ingested by individuals are the consequence of their environmental, residential, and occupational exposures. The possible effects of these exposures on intestinal functions can be examined by the evaluation of in vivo or in vitro exposure followed by an in vivo and/or in vitro monitoring of effects. Several examples of the in vivo exposure and in vitro monitoring approach are presented to demonstrate the consequences of oral exposure to either a heavy metal (arsenic), or a herbicide contaminant (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) or a jet fuel propellant (hydrazine) and the subsequent measurement of either a particular metabolic pathway, or a cell-specific enzyme induction or the development of brush border enzymes are presented.", "PMID": 120255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14154", "title": "Biotransformation of xenobiotics in human intestinal mucosa.", "content": "Drug-metabolizing enzymes, especially monooxygenases, play a major role in biotransformation and detoxification of many foreign compounds including environmental carcinogens. Although largely localized in the liver they are also found in the small intestine, which is the portal of entry of dietary toxins. Therefore cytochrome P-450 content as well as monooxygenase (7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase) and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities were determined in surgical specimens of the human small intestine and in jejunal biopsy material obtained from patients by use of a hydraulic biopsy instrument. Microsomes were prepared from surgical material; these ranged in P-450 content from 30 to 120 pmole/mg protein and in monooxygenase activity from 60 to 110 pmole/min-mg protein. In the 20,000g supernatant of the homogenized biopsy material, monooxygenase activity was undetectable in patients who had total villous atrophy, and low enzyme rates were found when the mucosa showed a partial villous atrophy. The mucosal monooxygenase activity of patients with normal jejunal histology and steatorrhea was significantly higher than in mucosa with villous atrophy but was only half of that observed in normal controls. These eight control patients had normal histology and no malassimilation. Our results suggest that monooxygenase activity in the human small intestine is dependent on the morphological integrity of the mucosa and that in normal mucosa the enzyme rates are reduced when malassimilation is present.", "contents": "Biotransformation of xenobiotics in human intestinal mucosa. Drug-metabolizing enzymes, especially monooxygenases, play a major role in biotransformation and detoxification of many foreign compounds including environmental carcinogens. Although largely localized in the liver they are also found in the small intestine, which is the portal of entry of dietary toxins. Therefore cytochrome P-450 content as well as monooxygenase (7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase) and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities were determined in surgical specimens of the human small intestine and in jejunal biopsy material obtained from patients by use of a hydraulic biopsy instrument. Microsomes were prepared from surgical material; these ranged in P-450 content from 30 to 120 pmole/mg protein and in monooxygenase activity from 60 to 110 pmole/min-mg protein. In the 20,000g supernatant of the homogenized biopsy material, monooxygenase activity was undetectable in patients who had total villous atrophy, and low enzyme rates were found when the mucosa showed a partial villous atrophy. The mucosal monooxygenase activity of patients with normal jejunal histology and steatorrhea was significantly higher than in mucosa with villous atrophy but was only half of that observed in normal controls. These eight control patients had normal histology and no malassimilation. Our results suggest that monooxygenase activity in the human small intestine is dependent on the morphological integrity of the mucosa and that in normal mucosa the enzyme rates are reduced when malassimilation is present.", "PMID": 120254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14155", "title": "[Ischemic alterations of the regional mechanical performance of the left ventricle. Study of parietal deformation as a vectorial time-dependent parameter and of pressure-length loops (author's transl)].", "content": "A study was carried out on 59 patients with significant stenosis (greater than or equal to 75%) in at least one coronary vessel. For each parietal region of the left ventricle the pattern of contraction was defined through a study of the regional deformation as vectorial time-dependent parameter and of the construction of the pressure-length loops. The different models obtained in basal conditions and through intervention (nitroglycerin and post-extrasystolic potentiation) were correlated with experimental data on ischemic alterations of the regional mechanical performance.", "contents": "[Ischemic alterations of the regional mechanical performance of the left ventricle. Study of parietal deformation as a vectorial time-dependent parameter and of pressure-length loops (author's transl)]. A study was carried out on 59 patients with significant stenosis (greater than or equal to 75%) in at least one coronary vessel. For each parietal region of the left ventricle the pattern of contraction was defined through a study of the regional deformation as vectorial time-dependent parameter and of the construction of the pressure-length loops. The different models obtained in basal conditions and through intervention (nitroglycerin and post-extrasystolic potentiation) were correlated with experimental data on ischemic alterations of the regional mechanical performance.", "PMID": 120258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14156", "title": "[Criteria of the homology and phylogeny of facial muscles in primates including man. I. Prosimia and Platyrrhina].", "content": "The facial muscles of primates are derivates of sphincter colli profundus muscle and platysma myoides. A third superficial muscle layer which is present in primitive mammals is found as a rest in Tupaiiformes. The facial muscles of some Lemuriformes must be considered as a model from which originate the facial musculature of other primates. The new formation of muscles takes place at the margine of the original muscle layers; marginal muscle fibers assume another run and get individualized. So it can be seen in facial muscles of prosimians and platyrrhine monkeys that the profound muscles of mouth and nose and some of the rostral margine of the auricle have orginated from sphincter colli muscle, all others from platysma myoides. Primitive and modified muscle forms and intermediate muscle forms can be observed among prosimians as well as among platyrrhine monkeys and by this it is possible to see the homology of the facial muscles.", "contents": "[Criteria of the homology and phylogeny of facial muscles in primates including man. I. Prosimia and Platyrrhina]. The facial muscles of primates are derivates of sphincter colli profundus muscle and platysma myoides. A third superficial muscle layer which is present in primitive mammals is found as a rest in Tupaiiformes. The facial muscles of some Lemuriformes must be considered as a model from which originate the facial musculature of other primates. The new formation of muscles takes place at the margine of the original muscle layers; marginal muscle fibers assume another run and get individualized. So it can be seen in facial muscles of prosimians and platyrrhine monkeys that the profound muscles of mouth and nose and some of the rostral margine of the auricle have orginated from sphincter colli muscle, all others from platysma myoides. Primitive and modified muscle forms and intermediate muscle forms can be observed among prosimians as well as among platyrrhine monkeys and by this it is possible to see the homology of the facial muscles.", "PMID": 120260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14157", "title": "Pathogenesis of pathogenic Naegleria amoeba.", "content": "In brain sections of the Naegleria-caused cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, extensive demyelinization was found in the white matter, besides the severe histopathological changes and large clusters of trophozoites in the grey matter. The myelinoclasis appeared to be a result of a specific phospholipolytic effect, unlike that in post-viral encephalomyelitis, which has been attributed to vascular blockade or hemorrhages. In monkey kidney cell cultures a very early cytopathic effect was observed and traced to the cytolytic property of the seeding culture fluid. Rat brain slices inoculated with Naegleria culture exhibited amoebic growth and demyelinization in 28-52 hours incubation at 35 degrees C. In a chemically defined medium containing sphingomyelin, casein and glucose, the Naegleria produced a limited growth parallelling the clearance of the lipid turbidity during a 72 hour incubation at 35 degrees C. Chromatographic analysis of the turbidity-cleared cultures revealed decomposition of sphingomyeline with liberation of choline, sphingosine and fatty acids. It is, hence, concluded that the pathogenicity of cytopathic effect of pathogenic Naegleria can be attributed to the latter's capacity to liberate a phospholipolytic enzyme or factor during active growth, which \"makes holes\" in the lipid-rich cytoplasmic membrane of cells as well as demyelinizes nerve tissue.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of pathogenic Naegleria amoeba. In brain sections of the Naegleria-caused cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, extensive demyelinization was found in the white matter, besides the severe histopathological changes and large clusters of trophozoites in the grey matter. The myelinoclasis appeared to be a result of a specific phospholipolytic effect, unlike that in post-viral encephalomyelitis, which has been attributed to vascular blockade or hemorrhages. In monkey kidney cell cultures a very early cytopathic effect was observed and traced to the cytolytic property of the seeding culture fluid. Rat brain slices inoculated with Naegleria culture exhibited amoebic growth and demyelinization in 28-52 hours incubation at 35 degrees C. In a chemically defined medium containing sphingomyelin, casein and glucose, the Naegleria produced a limited growth parallelling the clearance of the lipid turbidity during a 72 hour incubation at 35 degrees C. Chromatographic analysis of the turbidity-cleared cultures revealed decomposition of sphingomyeline with liberation of choline, sphingosine and fatty acids. It is, hence, concluded that the pathogenicity of cytopathic effect of pathogenic Naegleria can be attributed to the latter's capacity to liberate a phospholipolytic enzyme or factor during active growth, which \"makes holes\" in the lipid-rich cytoplasmic membrane of cells as well as demyelinizes nerve tissue.", "PMID": 120297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14158", "title": "[Effect of thiol compounds on experimental liver damage (III). Effect of tiopronin (2-mercaptopropionylglycine) and glutathione on drug metabolizing activity (author's transl)].", "content": "In our previous papers, tiopronin (2-mercaptopropionylglycine) and glutathione were reported to suppress the liver damage induced by ethionine. In the damage induced by ethionine. In the present study, we evaluated such suppressive effect from the aspect of drug metabolizing activity. Aniline hydroxylating enzyme activity and aminopyrine N-demethylating enzyme activity of the liver microsome of rats 24 hr after administration of 1 g/kg ethionine were decreased to 53.2% and 61.7% respectively as compared with those of the normal rats. Administration of tiopronin or glutathione to the ethionine treated rats suppressed the decrease of both enzyme activities induced by ethionine. Ethionine did not influence NADH-cytochrome c reductase (fp1) but brought about increase of the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (fp2) and decrease of the cytochrome P-450 content. These thiol compounds did not influence fp1 and fp2 but tended to suppress the cytochrome P-450 content decreased by administration of ethionine. In particular, tiopronin suppressed the content significantly. Disappearance of aminopyrine, hexobarbital and pentobarbital from the blood was markedly delayed by ethionine administration. It was revealed, however, that such delay was recovered by tiopronin or glutathione. The sleeping time induced by hexobarbital and pentobarbital was also prolonged by ethionine, but this tended to be shortened by tiopronin or glutathione.", "contents": "[Effect of thiol compounds on experimental liver damage (III). Effect of tiopronin (2-mercaptopropionylglycine) and glutathione on drug metabolizing activity (author's transl)]. In our previous papers, tiopronin (2-mercaptopropionylglycine) and glutathione were reported to suppress the liver damage induced by ethionine. In the damage induced by ethionine. In the present study, we evaluated such suppressive effect from the aspect of drug metabolizing activity. Aniline hydroxylating enzyme activity and aminopyrine N-demethylating enzyme activity of the liver microsome of rats 24 hr after administration of 1 g/kg ethionine were decreased to 53.2% and 61.7% respectively as compared with those of the normal rats. Administration of tiopronin or glutathione to the ethionine treated rats suppressed the decrease of both enzyme activities induced by ethionine. Ethionine did not influence NADH-cytochrome c reductase (fp1) but brought about increase of the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (fp2) and decrease of the cytochrome P-450 content. These thiol compounds did not influence fp1 and fp2 but tended to suppress the cytochrome P-450 content decreased by administration of ethionine. In particular, tiopronin suppressed the content significantly. Disappearance of aminopyrine, hexobarbital and pentobarbital from the blood was markedly delayed by ethionine administration. It was revealed, however, that such delay was recovered by tiopronin or glutathione. The sleeping time induced by hexobarbital and pentobarbital was also prolonged by ethionine, but this tended to be shortened by tiopronin or glutathione.", "PMID": 120298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14159", "title": "[Effects of diispropyl 1, 3-dithiol-2-ylidene malonate (NKK-105) on the drug-metabolizing enzymes and fine structure of rat liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The mechanism of liver enlargement and anti-fatty liver effect of NKK-105 in the rat were investigated by the mesurement of drug-metabolizing enzyme activities and morphological changes in liver tissue detected using electron microscopy. A single administration of NKK-105(250, 500, 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) induced an apparent increase in liver weight. The elevation of aminopyrine demethylase activity and slight increase in microsomal cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P-450 content were seen with the administration of NKK-105. NKK-105 inhibited lipid peroxide formation in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. Total lipid content of liver decreased at 12 hr after the administration of NKK-105. Lipid peroxide formation in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions was markedly inhibited by the addition of NKK-105 (1 X 10(-3)M), in vitro. Disarrangement of rough endoplasmic reticulum and increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum were observed by the administration of NKK-105. The decrease in drug-metabolizing enzymes caused by CCl4 or ethionine was protected in the combination with NKK-105. NKK-105 markedly inhibited the elevation of lipid peroxide formation caused by CCl4 or ethionine. Similar effects on lipid peroxide formation were also obtained in vitro. These results suggest that the enlargement induced by NKK-105 indicates a functional not a toxic response. The inhibition of lipid peroxide formation in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions may thus play an important role in the mechanism of anti-fatty liver effect of NKK-105 on the CCl4 or ethionine-induced fatty liver.", "contents": "[Effects of diispropyl 1, 3-dithiol-2-ylidene malonate (NKK-105) on the drug-metabolizing enzymes and fine structure of rat liver (author's transl)]. The mechanism of liver enlargement and anti-fatty liver effect of NKK-105 in the rat were investigated by the mesurement of drug-metabolizing enzyme activities and morphological changes in liver tissue detected using electron microscopy. A single administration of NKK-105(250, 500, 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) induced an apparent increase in liver weight. The elevation of aminopyrine demethylase activity and slight increase in microsomal cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P-450 content were seen with the administration of NKK-105. NKK-105 inhibited lipid peroxide formation in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. Total lipid content of liver decreased at 12 hr after the administration of NKK-105. Lipid peroxide formation in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions was markedly inhibited by the addition of NKK-105 (1 X 10(-3)M), in vitro. Disarrangement of rough endoplasmic reticulum and increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum were observed by the administration of NKK-105. The decrease in drug-metabolizing enzymes caused by CCl4 or ethionine was protected in the combination with NKK-105. NKK-105 markedly inhibited the elevation of lipid peroxide formation caused by CCl4 or ethionine. Similar effects on lipid peroxide formation were also obtained in vitro. These results suggest that the enlargement induced by NKK-105 indicates a functional not a toxic response. The inhibition of lipid peroxide formation in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions may thus play an important role in the mechanism of anti-fatty liver effect of NKK-105 on the CCl4 or ethionine-induced fatty liver.", "PMID": 120299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14160", "title": "[Pharmacological studies of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101). (4). Enzyme induction (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of M7310U, a new non-steroidal analgesic anti-inflammatory agent, on liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes was investigated. Rats were treated orally with M73101 (100, 200, 500 mg/kg), henylbutazone (PZ, 200 mg/kg), aminopyrine (AM, 100 mg/kg) or phenobarbital sodium (PB, 100 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks and then were observed for 2 weeks during which treatment was not given. On treatment with M73101, PZ, AM and PB, the liver enlarged but was restored to normal 1 week after the last administration. The rate of increase in the case of M73101 was lower than that seen with the reference compounds. M73101 markedly increased the content of microsomal protein, cytochrome P-450 or b5 and NADPH cytochrome C reductase, aniline hydroxylase and AM demethylase activity, but these increments returned to the normal level 1 week after the last administration. The serum concentration of M73101 after repeated administration (200 mg/kg, p.o.) for 1 week was lower than that after a single administration. Furthermore, M73101 increased Vmax for both aniline hydroxylase and AM demethylase, whereas it increased Km only for aniline hydroxylase. M73101 did not enhance the lipid peroxidation. Our observations suggest that the enlargement of rat liver seen with M73101 was due to the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes and that this agent can probably be classified as a phenobarbital-type inducer.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101). (4). Enzyme induction (author's transl)]. The effect of M7310U, a new non-steroidal analgesic anti-inflammatory agent, on liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes was investigated. Rats were treated orally with M73101 (100, 200, 500 mg/kg), henylbutazone (PZ, 200 mg/kg), aminopyrine (AM, 100 mg/kg) or phenobarbital sodium (PB, 100 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks and then were observed for 2 weeks during which treatment was not given. On treatment with M73101, PZ, AM and PB, the liver enlarged but was restored to normal 1 week after the last administration. The rate of increase in the case of M73101 was lower than that seen with the reference compounds. M73101 markedly increased the content of microsomal protein, cytochrome P-450 or b5 and NADPH cytochrome C reductase, aniline hydroxylase and AM demethylase activity, but these increments returned to the normal level 1 week after the last administration. The serum concentration of M73101 after repeated administration (200 mg/kg, p.o.) for 1 week was lower than that after a single administration. Furthermore, M73101 increased Vmax for both aniline hydroxylase and AM demethylase, whereas it increased Km only for aniline hydroxylase. M73101 did not enhance the lipid peroxidation. Our observations suggest that the enlargement of rat liver seen with M73101 was due to the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes and that this agent can probably be classified as a phenobarbital-type inducer.", "PMID": 120300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14161", "title": "Visual capacities of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus): temporal contrast sensitivity.", "content": "Aotus monkeys were tested in a forced-choice discrimination task to determine their ability to discriminate sinusoidally flickering lights varying in temporal frequency and luminance contrast. Under conditions of moderate light adaptation this primate is maximally sensitive to lights flickering at 10 Hz while the highest frequency they can discriminate is about 42 Hz. At very low light levels (10(-5) ft L) maximum sensitivity is for 2.2--5 Hz flicker. The highest flicker rate that could be discriminated under these conditons was about 29 Hz. In comparison to humans tested in the same situation. Aotus monkeys show relatively lower sensitivity to temporal flicker under conditions of light adaptation but relatively higher sensitivity at very low light levels.", "contents": "Visual capacities of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus): temporal contrast sensitivity. Aotus monkeys were tested in a forced-choice discrimination task to determine their ability to discriminate sinusoidally flickering lights varying in temporal frequency and luminance contrast. Under conditions of moderate light adaptation this primate is maximally sensitive to lights flickering at 10 Hz while the highest frequency they can discriminate is about 42 Hz. At very low light levels (10(-5) ft L) maximum sensitivity is for 2.2--5 Hz flicker. The highest flicker rate that could be discriminated under these conditons was about 29 Hz. In comparison to humans tested in the same situation. Aotus monkeys show relatively lower sensitivity to temporal flicker under conditions of light adaptation but relatively higher sensitivity at very low light levels.", "PMID": 120301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14162", "title": "Pregnancy diagnosis in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus).", "content": "Abdominal palpation of the uterus was carried out on 25 pregnant and 29 non-pregnant marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus). 195 complete 24-hour urine specimens, collected between the first week of gestation and term (21 weeks), were tested with the Sub-Human Primate Tube (SHPT) test. No significant differences between the two methods in their ability to diagnose pregnancy were obtained between the first and 13th week of gestation. The SHPT test was seldom positive after the 13th week of pregnancy, whereas, with one exception, palpation always indicated pregnancy.", "contents": "Pregnancy diagnosis in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus). Abdominal palpation of the uterus was carried out on 25 pregnant and 29 non-pregnant marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus). 195 complete 24-hour urine specimens, collected between the first week of gestation and term (21 weeks), were tested with the Sub-Human Primate Tube (SHPT) test. No significant differences between the two methods in their ability to diagnose pregnancy were obtained between the first and 13th week of gestation. The SHPT test was seldom positive after the 13th week of pregnancy, whereas, with one exception, palpation always indicated pregnancy.", "PMID": 120302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14163", "title": "[Progress in the field of parenteral feeding].", "content": "A calorie sufficient intravenous nutrition for the severely ill is possible today with practically no limitations. Carbohydrates and fats are available as energy-donators. The maximum administration rate for glucose is 0.5 g/kg/h, however, in the postoperative phase it is only 0.25 g/kg/h. The dosage limit for fructose and sorbitol is likewise 0.25 g/kg/h and only 0.125 g/kg/h for xylitol. By taking advantage of the various metabolic pathways for the individual carbohydrates, a mixed-carbohydrate solution has been developed which is utilizable in a dosage of 0.5 g/kg/h. The fat emulsions which are commercially available today consist of soy bean oil with egg lecithin or phosphatides as emulsifiers. They are well tolerated and offer several advantages in contrast to high-percentage carbohydrate solutions. In newer developments, MCT fats are added as quickly utilizable substrates. Only L-amino acids should be used today in parenteral nutrition because of their specific utilization by the organism. In addition to the administration rate (0.1 g/kg/h), the relationship between essential and non-essential amino acids is decisive for utilization, whereby the so-called E/T ratio should be as high as possible. Improved substrate utilization can be achieved through the simultaneous administration of carbohydrates, protein and fat as well as minerals and vitamins, whereby the total daily requirement can be administered within 12 hours without metabolic dysfunction.", "contents": "[Progress in the field of parenteral feeding]. A calorie sufficient intravenous nutrition for the severely ill is possible today with practically no limitations. Carbohydrates and fats are available as energy-donators. The maximum administration rate for glucose is 0.5 g/kg/h, however, in the postoperative phase it is only 0.25 g/kg/h. The dosage limit for fructose and sorbitol is likewise 0.25 g/kg/h and only 0.125 g/kg/h for xylitol. By taking advantage of the various metabolic pathways for the individual carbohydrates, a mixed-carbohydrate solution has been developed which is utilizable in a dosage of 0.5 g/kg/h. The fat emulsions which are commercially available today consist of soy bean oil with egg lecithin or phosphatides as emulsifiers. They are well tolerated and offer several advantages in contrast to high-percentage carbohydrate solutions. In newer developments, MCT fats are added as quickly utilizable substrates. Only L-amino acids should be used today in parenteral nutrition because of their specific utilization by the organism. In addition to the administration rate (0.1 g/kg/h), the relationship between essential and non-essential amino acids is decisive for utilization, whereby the so-called E/T ratio should be as high as possible. Improved substrate utilization can be achieved through the simultaneous administration of carbohydrates, protein and fat as well as minerals and vitamins, whereby the total daily requirement can be administered within 12 hours without metabolic dysfunction.", "PMID": 120303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14164", "title": "[Origin and biological role of lipid mediators during inflammation (author's transl)].", "content": "In chemical terms the mediators of inflammation can be divided in amines (histamine, serotonine), peptides (ECF-A, bradykinin), proteins (lysosomal enzymes), and lipids. They mainly act at three levels: 1.) They induce vascular reactions and are responsible for the classical symptoms of inflammation, 2.) they define and modulate the cellular response towards the inflammatory stimulus such as the morphology of the tissue infiltrate, 3.) they act on haemostasis by interaction with platelets. While in the past investigations on classical mediators have dominated research, recently the biological role of lipid mediators has been appreciated. They can be detected only in minute quantities; they often have a short half-life and are not preformed within the cells. The most common precursor of the lipid mediators is arachidonic acid. This unsaturated fatty acid is generated from phospholipids after phospholipase activation of cells and is transformed by the enzyme cycloxygenase to a series of compounds such as the prostaglandins. They induce the classical signs of inflammation such asvescular dilatation, increase in permeability, pain, hyperalgesia etc. By the same process, the thromboxanes and prostacycline are generated which mainly act on the coagulation system. Various products are obtained from arachidonic acid via lipoxygenase activation. To these belong a factor chemically not completely defined with classical SRS-A activity; there is strong evidence that PAF and ECF are formed on the same line. Experiments in recent years have supported the idea that neutrophils and mononuclear cells are by far the main producers of lipid mediators, thus indicating the cellular interdependence during the inflammatory process.", "contents": "[Origin and biological role of lipid mediators during inflammation (author's transl)]. In chemical terms the mediators of inflammation can be divided in amines (histamine, serotonine), peptides (ECF-A, bradykinin), proteins (lysosomal enzymes), and lipids. They mainly act at three levels: 1.) They induce vascular reactions and are responsible for the classical symptoms of inflammation, 2.) they define and modulate the cellular response towards the inflammatory stimulus such as the morphology of the tissue infiltrate, 3.) they act on haemostasis by interaction with platelets. While in the past investigations on classical mediators have dominated research, recently the biological role of lipid mediators has been appreciated. They can be detected only in minute quantities; they often have a short half-life and are not preformed within the cells. The most common precursor of the lipid mediators is arachidonic acid. This unsaturated fatty acid is generated from phospholipids after phospholipase activation of cells and is transformed by the enzyme cycloxygenase to a series of compounds such as the prostaglandins. They induce the classical signs of inflammation such asvescular dilatation, increase in permeability, pain, hyperalgesia etc. By the same process, the thromboxanes and prostacycline are generated which mainly act on the coagulation system. Various products are obtained from arachidonic acid via lipoxygenase activation. To these belong a factor chemically not completely defined with classical SRS-A activity; there is strong evidence that PAF and ECF are formed on the same line. Experiments in recent years have supported the idea that neutrophils and mononuclear cells are by far the main producers of lipid mediators, thus indicating the cellular interdependence during the inflammatory process.", "PMID": 120307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14165", "title": "[Sarcosporidiosis (sarcocystis suihominis) in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven medical students and six members of the Institute of Medical Parasitology, University of Bonn participated in a meal with raw pork of an experimentally Sarcocystis suihominis infected pig. During the first two days the test persons suffered from the same symptoms as a previous group (see Piekarski et al., 1978). The severity of the symptoms was related ito certain degree to the quantity of the pork comsumed, but the individual reaction varied considerably; one test person with a higher amount of meat remained healthy. Apparently, only excessively high quantities of infected meat lead to severe symptoms. Lower dosages cause a protracted course of the disease. In general, the Sarcosporidia infection produces a transitory disease which quickly disapprears without remaining after-effects.", "contents": "[Sarcosporidiosis (sarcocystis suihominis) in man (author's transl)]. Eleven medical students and six members of the Institute of Medical Parasitology, University of Bonn participated in a meal with raw pork of an experimentally Sarcocystis suihominis infected pig. During the first two days the test persons suffered from the same symptoms as a previous group (see Piekarski et al., 1978). The severity of the symptoms was related ito certain degree to the quantity of the pork comsumed, but the individual reaction varied considerably; one test person with a higher amount of meat remained healthy. Apparently, only excessively high quantities of infected meat lead to severe symptoms. Lower dosages cause a protracted course of the disease. In general, the Sarcosporidia infection produces a transitory disease which quickly disapprears without remaining after-effects.", "PMID": 120308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14166", "title": "[Hemolysis in ger test -- an alternative to hamagglutination inhibition test for search of antibodies against rubella virus (author's transl)].", "content": "640 sera of unknown immune status were tested in the rubella hemagglutination inhibition test (HI) as well as in hemolysis in gel test (HIG). The results have been analysed by statistical methods. The reproducibility of zones of hemolysis are 1.7 mm for the long term precision and 1.0 mm for the short term precision. Comparing the HIG and the HI tests we had a correlation of 97% = sensitivity (544 out of 561 sera) in positive reacting sera and of 87% = specifity (69 out of 79 sera) in the negative reactions. We consider a person to have antibodies against rubella if the zone of hemolysis had a diameter of 8 mm or above. In cases of diameters under 8 mm the results of IH and HIG-tests do not correlate. The reasons are not completely known and should be investigated.", "contents": "[Hemolysis in ger test -- an alternative to hamagglutination inhibition test for search of antibodies against rubella virus (author's transl)]. 640 sera of unknown immune status were tested in the rubella hemagglutination inhibition test (HI) as well as in hemolysis in gel test (HIG). The results have been analysed by statistical methods. The reproducibility of zones of hemolysis are 1.7 mm for the long term precision and 1.0 mm for the short term precision. Comparing the HIG and the HI tests we had a correlation of 97% = sensitivity (544 out of 561 sera) in positive reacting sera and of 87% = specifity (69 out of 79 sera) in the negative reactions. We consider a person to have antibodies against rubella if the zone of hemolysis had a diameter of 8 mm or above. In cases of diameters under 8 mm the results of IH and HIG-tests do not correlate. The reasons are not completely known and should be investigated.", "PMID": 120309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14167", "title": "Light chain heterogeneity of type lambda anti-streptococcal group A-variant polysaccharide antibodies in rabbits.", "content": "BASILEA rabbits lack the expression of chi-polypeptide chains and compensate for this lack with expression of lambda polypeptide light chains. These rabbits were immunized with streptococcal group A-variant vaccines. The heterogeneity of the lambda polypeptide chains of specific antibodies was analyzed and compared with that of chi light chains. No significant difference was found by SDS-PAGE and IEF in the number of light chain bands of high affinity antibody expressed. This suggests that in the rabbit the size of the variable region repertoire is similar for lambda and chi light chains.", "contents": "Light chain heterogeneity of type lambda anti-streptococcal group A-variant polysaccharide antibodies in rabbits. BASILEA rabbits lack the expression of chi-polypeptide chains and compensate for this lack with expression of lambda polypeptide light chains. These rabbits were immunized with streptococcal group A-variant vaccines. The heterogeneity of the lambda polypeptide chains of specific antibodies was analyzed and compared with that of chi light chains. No significant difference was found by SDS-PAGE and IEF in the number of light chain bands of high affinity antibody expressed. This suggests that in the rabbit the size of the variable region repertoire is similar for lambda and chi light chains.", "PMID": 120310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14168", "title": "Saralasin-induced renin release: its blockade by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors in the conscious rat.", "content": "The angiotensin antagonist, saralasin, (10 and 30 mg/kg), increased serum renin activity (SRA) in normal, conscious rats from 2.7 +/- 0.4 to 16.2 +/- 3.7 and 22.5 +/- 2.4 ng/ml/hr (p less than 0.001), respectively, without markedly altering blood pressure or heart rate. Indomethacin, in a dose which inhibited the urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by 75%, and arachidonate-induced hypotension by 83%, failed to alter basal SRA but inhibited saralasin-induced renin release by 99% and 87% at the 10 and 30 mg/kg doses, respectively. Indomethacin failed to alter basal hemodynamics or the hemodynamic response to saralasin. Propranolol (1.5 mg/kg) inhibited saralasin-induced renin release by 93% and enhanced the suppressant effect of indomethacin from 79% to 100%. Meclofenamate, another prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, also blocked saralasin-induced renin release by 99% and 72% at the 10 and 30 mg/kg doses, respectively (p less than 0.001). In sodium-depleted rats, saralasin (0.3 mg/kg) increased SRA from 12 +/- 2 to 119 +/- 6 ng/ml/hr (p less than 0.001) and decreased blood pressure by 6% (p less than 0.01). In these animals, indomethacin failed to alter basal SRA, but inhibited saralasin-induced renin release by 82%, urinary excretion of PGE2 by 79%, and arachidonate-induced hypotension by 81%. These findings suggest 1) that saralasin-induced renin release is mediated by renal prostaglandins, and 2) an interrelationship exists between the receptor controlling AII-mediated inhibition of renin release, which is blocked by saralasin, and the juxtaglomerular beta-adrenergic receptor.", "contents": "Saralasin-induced renin release: its blockade by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors in the conscious rat. The angiotensin antagonist, saralasin, (10 and 30 mg/kg), increased serum renin activity (SRA) in normal, conscious rats from 2.7 +/- 0.4 to 16.2 +/- 3.7 and 22.5 +/- 2.4 ng/ml/hr (p less than 0.001), respectively, without markedly altering blood pressure or heart rate. Indomethacin, in a dose which inhibited the urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by 75%, and arachidonate-induced hypotension by 83%, failed to alter basal SRA but inhibited saralasin-induced renin release by 99% and 87% at the 10 and 30 mg/kg doses, respectively. Indomethacin failed to alter basal hemodynamics or the hemodynamic response to saralasin. Propranolol (1.5 mg/kg) inhibited saralasin-induced renin release by 93% and enhanced the suppressant effect of indomethacin from 79% to 100%. Meclofenamate, another prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, also blocked saralasin-induced renin release by 99% and 72% at the 10 and 30 mg/kg doses, respectively (p less than 0.001). In sodium-depleted rats, saralasin (0.3 mg/kg) increased SRA from 12 +/- 2 to 119 +/- 6 ng/ml/hr (p less than 0.001) and decreased blood pressure by 6% (p less than 0.01). In these animals, indomethacin failed to alter basal SRA, but inhibited saralasin-induced renin release by 82%, urinary excretion of PGE2 by 79%, and arachidonate-induced hypotension by 81%. These findings suggest 1) that saralasin-induced renin release is mediated by renal prostaglandins, and 2) an interrelationship exists between the receptor controlling AII-mediated inhibition of renin release, which is blocked by saralasin, and the juxtaglomerular beta-adrenergic receptor.", "PMID": 120320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14169", "title": "[Clinical experiences with a variable balanced diet in a neurological intensive care station].", "content": "The variable balanced diet (Berodi\u00e4t V) consisting of only a few requirement-adapted components can be used for longterm tube feeding in many patients of a neurological intensive care unit. This extraordinarily high energy supply necessary in this group of patients can be accomplished without difficulties, which makes it possible to dispense with longterm parenteral feeding. Preparation and administration are unproblematic. Cases of intolerance were observed only, if the rate of administration was too high.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with a variable balanced diet in a neurological intensive care station]. The variable balanced diet (Berodi\u00e4t V) consisting of only a few requirement-adapted components can be used for longterm tube feeding in many patients of a neurological intensive care unit. This extraordinarily high energy supply necessary in this group of patients can be accomplished without difficulties, which makes it possible to dispense with longterm parenteral feeding. Preparation and administration are unproblematic. Cases of intolerance were observed only, if the rate of administration was too high.", "PMID": 120325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14170", "title": "[The problem of dosage and importance of fats in parenteral feeding].", "content": "Using human volunteers the metabolic effects of continuous infusions of fat emulsions (Intralipid and Lipofundin S) without and with addition of carbohydrates and amino acids were investigated. A steady state for triglyceride concentration was attained even at an infusion rate of 0.25 gm/kg BW for Lipofundin S. This fat emulsion was utilized during parenteral administration of 0.1 gm/kg BW almost without an increase in triglyceride concentration. In the case of parenteral administration of Intralipid, however, we did not find indications for the existence of a steady state for serum triglyceride concentration. Without the addition of carbohydrates the parenteral application of fat emulsions causes hyperlipacidemia and ketosis even in metabolically healthy volunteers. These metabolic effects are suppressed by the simultaneous administration of fructose or glucose. The concentration of inorganic phosphate is elevated merely during the highly dosed infusions of Lipofundin S and not by Intralipid. Liver functions were not altered even by highly dosed intravenous fat. According to the results of these investigations in human volunteers Intralipid is eliminated considerably slower than Lipofundin S. There should be qualitative differences also. Lipofundin S is obviously to a greater extent metabolized by the physiological intravasal fat metabolizing system. The small elimination capacity for Intralipid, however, demands caution in the uncontrolled application of this fat emulsion to severely ill patients. Even the better metabolized Lipofundin S should be infused principally with the addition of carbohydrates. By taking these precautions the undesirable metabolic effects of intravenous fat (i.e. lipacidemia and ketosis) are prevented.", "contents": "[The problem of dosage and importance of fats in parenteral feeding]. Using human volunteers the metabolic effects of continuous infusions of fat emulsions (Intralipid and Lipofundin S) without and with addition of carbohydrates and amino acids were investigated. A steady state for triglyceride concentration was attained even at an infusion rate of 0.25 gm/kg BW for Lipofundin S. This fat emulsion was utilized during parenteral administration of 0.1 gm/kg BW almost without an increase in triglyceride concentration. In the case of parenteral administration of Intralipid, however, we did not find indications for the existence of a steady state for serum triglyceride concentration. Without the addition of carbohydrates the parenteral application of fat emulsions causes hyperlipacidemia and ketosis even in metabolically healthy volunteers. These metabolic effects are suppressed by the simultaneous administration of fructose or glucose. The concentration of inorganic phosphate is elevated merely during the highly dosed infusions of Lipofundin S and not by Intralipid. Liver functions were not altered even by highly dosed intravenous fat. According to the results of these investigations in human volunteers Intralipid is eliminated considerably slower than Lipofundin S. There should be qualitative differences also. Lipofundin S is obviously to a greater extent metabolized by the physiological intravasal fat metabolizing system. The small elimination capacity for Intralipid, however, demands caution in the uncontrolled application of this fat emulsion to severely ill patients. Even the better metabolized Lipofundin S should be infused principally with the addition of carbohydrates. By taking these precautions the undesirable metabolic effects of intravenous fat (i.e. lipacidemia and ketosis) are prevented.", "PMID": 120326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14171", "title": "[Loss of the serum iron diurnal rhythm during postoperative infusion therapy].", "content": "Iron-free parenteral nutrition following neurosurgery and vascular surgery leads to a loss of the known diurnal rhythm of the serum iron level. This fact is discussed in view to the post-operative pathophysiology and in view of the speculations on the reasons for this diurnal rhythm.", "contents": "[Loss of the serum iron diurnal rhythm during postoperative infusion therapy]. Iron-free parenteral nutrition following neurosurgery and vascular surgery leads to a loss of the known diurnal rhythm of the serum iron level. This fact is discussed in view to the post-operative pathophysiology and in view of the speculations on the reasons for this diurnal rhythm.", "PMID": 120327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14172", "title": "Rehabilitating children with temporomandibular joint ankylosis.", "content": "Although the probability of ankylosis following injury of the temporomandibular joint is small, patients, especially children with temporomandibular joint ankylosis, are greatly handicapped. Of the 42 cases of ankylosis seen in our clinic, six occurred in the adult, and 36 in children under 14 years of age. Treatment in all cases was surgical, and the results were beneficial, although the greatest difficulty in the treatment had been the early recurrence of ankylosis. Based on our experience, osteoarthrotomy for temporomandibular joint ankylosis in children has been advocated.", "contents": "Rehabilitating children with temporomandibular joint ankylosis. Although the probability of ankylosis following injury of the temporomandibular joint is small, patients, especially children with temporomandibular joint ankylosis, are greatly handicapped. Of the 42 cases of ankylosis seen in our clinic, six occurred in the adult, and 36 in children under 14 years of age. Treatment in all cases was surgical, and the results were beneficial, although the greatest difficulty in the treatment had been the early recurrence of ankylosis. Based on our experience, osteoarthrotomy for temporomandibular joint ankylosis in children has been advocated.", "PMID": 120330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14173", "title": "Surgical treatment of chronic hyperplastic sinusitis and maxillary sinus empyema of oral/dental origin.", "content": "Twelve patients with maxillary hyperplastic sinusitis or maxillary sinus empyema of oral/dental etiology have been treated according to a modified surgical technique. The treatment was initiated by several oro-nasal irrigations and drainage facilitated by an intact semilunar hiatus. This was followed by a surgical procedure including conservative curettage of inflamed sinus mucosa, adequate closure of the oro/antral communication, with establishment of a postoperative oral antrostomy. This antrostomy, through the canine fossa, was established by a vacuum drain, enabling continuous postoperative irrigation and aspiration. The rationale for this technique is discussed. A total of 12 patients operated according to this technique are described. Complete clinical and radiographic healing in all patients was observed over a postoperative period ranging from 6-12 months.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of chronic hyperplastic sinusitis and maxillary sinus empyema of oral/dental origin. Twelve patients with maxillary hyperplastic sinusitis or maxillary sinus empyema of oral/dental etiology have been treated according to a modified surgical technique. The treatment was initiated by several oro-nasal irrigations and drainage facilitated by an intact semilunar hiatus. This was followed by a surgical procedure including conservative curettage of inflamed sinus mucosa, adequate closure of the oro/antral communication, with establishment of a postoperative oral antrostomy. This antrostomy, through the canine fossa, was established by a vacuum drain, enabling continuous postoperative irrigation and aspiration. The rationale for this technique is discussed. A total of 12 patients operated according to this technique are described. Complete clinical and radiographic healing in all patients was observed over a postoperative period ranging from 6-12 months.", "PMID": 120331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14174", "title": "Anterior mandibular dentoalveolar advancement utilizing lyophilized bone.", "content": "Patients with low angle Class II malocclusions complicated by strong nasal and chin profiles, interarch width discrepancies, and an exaggerated mandibular curve of Spee present several diagnostic and treatment problems. Various treatment possibilities are discussed and anterior mandibular dentoalveolar advancement is suggested as a treatment for these patients. Lyophilized, homologous bone is recommended for placement into the defects created by segmental advancement to avoid root resorption and ankylosis caused by autologous bone grafts. Finally, a modified incision is presented that facilitates watertight closure of the surgical wound.", "contents": "Anterior mandibular dentoalveolar advancement utilizing lyophilized bone. Patients with low angle Class II malocclusions complicated by strong nasal and chin profiles, interarch width discrepancies, and an exaggerated mandibular curve of Spee present several diagnostic and treatment problems. Various treatment possibilities are discussed and anterior mandibular dentoalveolar advancement is suggested as a treatment for these patients. Lyophilized, homologous bone is recommended for placement into the defects created by segmental advancement to avoid root resorption and ankylosis caused by autologous bone grafts. Finally, a modified incision is presented that facilitates watertight closure of the surgical wound.", "PMID": 120332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14175", "title": "Effect of the addition of a vasoconstrictor to local anesthetic solution on operative and postoperative bleeding, analgesia and wound healing.", "content": "A clinical study of local anesthetic solutions with and without epinephrine was conducted involving 32 healthy adults requiring removal of bony impacted mandibular third molars. The time elapsing from the administration of the anesthetic solution until analgesia was obtained was significantly shorter in the vasoconstrictor group (P less than 0.001). Additional anesthetic was necessary in 44% of the patients in the control group. The blood loss in the vasoconstrictor group was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than in the group receiving anesthetic solution without the vasoconstrictor. No statistically significant difference in operation time between the groups was found, although the profuse bleeding in the control group impeded to some extent the surgical procedure. A positive correlation coefficient between operation time and blood loss of r = 0.65 in the vasoconstrictor group (P less than 0.006) and r = 0.77 in the control group (P less than 0.001) was found. Hemorrhage occurring 24 h postoperatively was recorded in 37% of the subjects in the vasoconstrictor group, and of these 83% revealed a healing of the socket by second intention.", "contents": "Effect of the addition of a vasoconstrictor to local anesthetic solution on operative and postoperative bleeding, analgesia and wound healing. A clinical study of local anesthetic solutions with and without epinephrine was conducted involving 32 healthy adults requiring removal of bony impacted mandibular third molars. The time elapsing from the administration of the anesthetic solution until analgesia was obtained was significantly shorter in the vasoconstrictor group (P less than 0.001). Additional anesthetic was necessary in 44% of the patients in the control group. The blood loss in the vasoconstrictor group was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than in the group receiving anesthetic solution without the vasoconstrictor. No statistically significant difference in operation time between the groups was found, although the profuse bleeding in the control group impeded to some extent the surgical procedure. A positive correlation coefficient between operation time and blood loss of r = 0.65 in the vasoconstrictor group (P less than 0.006) and r = 0.77 in the control group (P less than 0.001) was found. Hemorrhage occurring 24 h postoperatively was recorded in 37% of the subjects in the vasoconstrictor group, and of these 83% revealed a healing of the socket by second intention.", "PMID": 120334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14176", "title": "Usefulness of vascular examinations in diagnosis and treatment of the face-skull neoplasms.", "content": "Arteriography of external carotid artery and sporadically orbitophlebography were performed in 52 patients of both sexes, aged 10-74 years. Indications for arteriography and orbitography stemmed from cases in which routine clinical-radiological examinations failed to determine the extent of neoplastic changes. The technique of transdermic puncture of the common carotid artery of the supraorbital vein was applied in the studies. Uropolin 75% was used as control material. The studies confirmed usefulness of arteriography both in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of neoplasms of the jaws as well as the face facilitating the determination of topography of the tumor and the direction of growth.", "contents": "Usefulness of vascular examinations in diagnosis and treatment of the face-skull neoplasms. Arteriography of external carotid artery and sporadically orbitophlebography were performed in 52 patients of both sexes, aged 10-74 years. Indications for arteriography and orbitography stemmed from cases in which routine clinical-radiological examinations failed to determine the extent of neoplastic changes. The technique of transdermic puncture of the common carotid artery of the supraorbital vein was applied in the studies. Uropolin 75% was used as control material. The studies confirmed usefulness of arteriography both in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of neoplasms of the jaws as well as the face facilitating the determination of topography of the tumor and the direction of growth.", "PMID": 120335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14177", "title": "Benign cementoblastoma.", "content": "A review of 44 patients with benign cementoblastomas is presented. An additional case is reported. This patient appears to be of particular interest due to radiographic records 18 months prior to admission. In this period the tumor appeared to grow very slowly.", "contents": "Benign cementoblastoma. A review of 44 patients with benign cementoblastomas is presented. An additional case is reported. This patient appears to be of particular interest due to radiographic records 18 months prior to admission. In this period the tumor appeared to grow very slowly.", "PMID": 120336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14178", "title": "Deep neck infections.", "content": "From January 1967 to August 1978, 65 patients with cervical abscesses were referred to the ENT Clinic of Turku University Hospital. The origin of these deep neck infections was odontogenic in 19, tonsillitis or tonsillectomy in 14, trauma in seven, salivary glands in five and branchiogenic cysts in five and other known causes in three cases. In 12 cases the origin was unknown. The cervical abscesses of odontogenic origin were located mostly in the submandibular space (11/19). The rest of the deep cervical infections were mostly found in the parapharyngeal space (25/46). Etiological factors and treatment of these severe infections are discussed.", "contents": "Deep neck infections. From January 1967 to August 1978, 65 patients with cervical abscesses were referred to the ENT Clinic of Turku University Hospital. The origin of these deep neck infections was odontogenic in 19, tonsillitis or tonsillectomy in 14, trauma in seven, salivary glands in five and branchiogenic cysts in five and other known causes in three cases. In 12 cases the origin was unknown. The cervical abscesses of odontogenic origin were located mostly in the submandibular space (11/19). The rest of the deep cervical infections were mostly found in the parapharyngeal space (25/46). Etiological factors and treatment of these severe infections are discussed.", "PMID": 120337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14179", "title": "Recurrence of the odontogenic keratocyst in relation to clinical and histological features. A 20-year follow-up study of 72 patients.", "content": "Seventy-two patients with 75 primary odontogenic keratocysts have been followed from 6 months to 20 years after the primary treatment. Patients with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome were not included in the material. Fifty-four patients with 57 primary cysts have been followed for 5 years or more, and 18 patients all having a single primary cyst for less. If the number of primary cysts later recurring was related to the number of primary cysts observed for more than 5 years, a recurrence rate of 51% was found. A diagnosis of recurrence was made in 37 cases within a period of 5 years postoperatively and in 10 cases from 5 to 12 years after the operation. Only two of these patients have been followed with regular intervals for the first 5 years postoperatively. The diagnosis of recurrence was in these two cases made 6 and 8 years after the primary treatment. A postoperative follow-up period of 10 years after the last operation is therefore advocated. The occurrence of microcysts and/or islands of odontogneic epithelium in the cyst membrane of 26 nonrecurring cysts, 25 recurring primary cysts and the last recurrence in 14 patients were compared. There were no statistical differences in occurrence of remnants of odontogenic epithelium in the cyst wall between the three groups.", "contents": "Recurrence of the odontogenic keratocyst in relation to clinical and histological features. A 20-year follow-up study of 72 patients. Seventy-two patients with 75 primary odontogenic keratocysts have been followed from 6 months to 20 years after the primary treatment. Patients with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome were not included in the material. Fifty-four patients with 57 primary cysts have been followed for 5 years or more, and 18 patients all having a single primary cyst for less. If the number of primary cysts later recurring was related to the number of primary cysts observed for more than 5 years, a recurrence rate of 51% was found. A diagnosis of recurrence was made in 37 cases within a period of 5 years postoperatively and in 10 cases from 5 to 12 years after the operation. Only two of these patients have been followed with regular intervals for the first 5 years postoperatively. The diagnosis of recurrence was in these two cases made 6 and 8 years after the primary treatment. A postoperative follow-up period of 10 years after the last operation is therefore advocated. The occurrence of microcysts and/or islands of odontogneic epithelium in the cyst membrane of 26 nonrecurring cysts, 25 recurring primary cysts and the last recurrence in 14 patients were compared. There were no statistical differences in occurrence of remnants of odontogenic epithelium in the cyst wall between the three groups.", "PMID": 120338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14180", "title": "Tranexamic acid in alveolar sockets in the prevention of alveolitis sicca dolorosa.", "content": "The effect of trans-4-amino-methyl-cyclohexane acid (AMCA) and a placebo preparation on the development of alveolitis sicca dolorosa (ASD) was investigated in a double-blind designed experiment. The preoperative registrations were age, sex, use of oral contraceptives, menstrual cycle, smoking, degree of impaction and operation time. The study included 120 healthy persons. Each person had bilateral impacted mandibular molars removed surgically at one session. AMCA (160 mg/extraction site) or placebor was applied in each socket after the operation. The postoperative course was evaluated on average 5 days later by the use of 13 different variables describing local and general discomfort. The incidence of ASD was 7.5% in the AMCA side and 5.0% in the placebo side. The result shows that a local inhibition of plasminogen activation by AMCA is insufficient to prevent the development of ASD. The occurrence of ASD and postoperative discomfort was not increased in women operated during the menstrual period. The usage of oral contraceptives is known to be associated with a high frequency of ASD. Women taking oral contraceptives may therefore postpone the operation to the withdrawal period of the pill, to reduce the risk of developing ASD. Postoperative pains and the consumption of analgetics were significantly increased in patients who were habitual smokers.", "contents": "Tranexamic acid in alveolar sockets in the prevention of alveolitis sicca dolorosa. The effect of trans-4-amino-methyl-cyclohexane acid (AMCA) and a placebo preparation on the development of alveolitis sicca dolorosa (ASD) was investigated in a double-blind designed experiment. The preoperative registrations were age, sex, use of oral contraceptives, menstrual cycle, smoking, degree of impaction and operation time. The study included 120 healthy persons. Each person had bilateral impacted mandibular molars removed surgically at one session. AMCA (160 mg/extraction site) or placebor was applied in each socket after the operation. The postoperative course was evaluated on average 5 days later by the use of 13 different variables describing local and general discomfort. The incidence of ASD was 7.5% in the AMCA side and 5.0% in the placebo side. The result shows that a local inhibition of plasminogen activation by AMCA is insufficient to prevent the development of ASD. The occurrence of ASD and postoperative discomfort was not increased in women operated during the menstrual period. The usage of oral contraceptives is known to be associated with a high frequency of ASD. Women taking oral contraceptives may therefore postpone the operation to the withdrawal period of the pill, to reduce the risk of developing ASD. Postoperative pains and the consumption of analgetics were significantly increased in patients who were habitual smokers.", "PMID": 120339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14181", "title": "Influence of oral hygiene measures on the development of alveolitis sicca dolorosa after surgical removal of mandibular third molars.", "content": "This study was carried out in order to investigate the prophylactic effect of plaque control on the development of alveolitis sicca dolorosa (ASD). Sixty patients took part in the investigation. The patients in the test group had their teeth polished 5 days preoperatively and then used a 0.2% aqueous solution of chlorhexidine digluconate as a mouth rinse twice a day before the operation and during the postoperative week. No special oral hygiene measures were taken in the control group. Compared with the control group, the patients in the test group had significantly less plaque on their teeth on the day of operation (P less than or equal to 0.001). One patient in the test group developed ASD, while there were five cases of ASD in the control group. The results indicated that plaque control may be a possible way to decrease the incidence of ASD.", "contents": "Influence of oral hygiene measures on the development of alveolitis sicca dolorosa after surgical removal of mandibular third molars. This study was carried out in order to investigate the prophylactic effect of plaque control on the development of alveolitis sicca dolorosa (ASD). Sixty patients took part in the investigation. The patients in the test group had their teeth polished 5 days preoperatively and then used a 0.2% aqueous solution of chlorhexidine digluconate as a mouth rinse twice a day before the operation and during the postoperative week. No special oral hygiene measures were taken in the control group. Compared with the control group, the patients in the test group had significantly less plaque on their teeth on the day of operation (P less than or equal to 0.001). One patient in the test group developed ASD, while there were five cases of ASD in the control group. The results indicated that plaque control may be a possible way to decrease the incidence of ASD.", "PMID": 120340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14182", "title": "A model for evaluating the analgesic effect of a new fixed ratio combination analgesic in patients undergoing oral surgery.", "content": "A special model designed for evaluating the analgesic effect of oral analgesics was based on a short-time registration period of immediate postoperative pain. One-hour intervals in pain registration and a minimum of 2 h between the tablet intake allowed a good estimation of changes in pain levels. The patient material consisted of 112 patients and from each patient a lower impacted wisdom tooth was removed. The test model was used to compare two analgesic drugs with placebo. The two pharmacologically active preparations were Doleron (dextropropoxyphene, acetylsalicylic acid, phenazone, caffeine and Transergan) and Astra 2167 (dextropropoxyphene and acetylsalicylic acid). The trial was double blind and the tablets were administered according to a crossover design. There was no statistically significant difference in analgesic effect between Astra 2167 and Doleron, and both drugs were superior to placebo. Finally, the trial showed that a reduction of the number of components of a compound analgesic to some degree reduced the pain relieving effect on this particular postoperative pain. This observed reduction was however, not statistically significant.", "contents": "A model for evaluating the analgesic effect of a new fixed ratio combination analgesic in patients undergoing oral surgery. A special model designed for evaluating the analgesic effect of oral analgesics was based on a short-time registration period of immediate postoperative pain. One-hour intervals in pain registration and a minimum of 2 h between the tablet intake allowed a good estimation of changes in pain levels. The patient material consisted of 112 patients and from each patient a lower impacted wisdom tooth was removed. The test model was used to compare two analgesic drugs with placebo. The two pharmacologically active preparations were Doleron (dextropropoxyphene, acetylsalicylic acid, phenazone, caffeine and Transergan) and Astra 2167 (dextropropoxyphene and acetylsalicylic acid). The trial was double blind and the tablets were administered according to a crossover design. There was no statistically significant difference in analgesic effect between Astra 2167 and Doleron, and both drugs were superior to placebo. Finally, the trial showed that a reduction of the number of components of a compound analgesic to some degree reduced the pain relieving effect on this particular postoperative pain. This observed reduction was however, not statistically significant.", "PMID": 120341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14183", "title": "Viral hepatitis in oral surgery and periodontics in Norway.", "content": "The incidence of viral hepatitis in general dental practitioners, oral surgeons and periodontists was analyzed by questionnaires. Viral hepatitis was found to be an occupational risk for oral surgeons with no significant professional risk for general practitioners or periodontists. The differences were due mainly to type of patients. The importance of preoperative risk evaluation and proper precautions is stressed.", "contents": "Viral hepatitis in oral surgery and periodontics in Norway. The incidence of viral hepatitis in general dental practitioners, oral surgeons and periodontists was analyzed by questionnaires. Viral hepatitis was found to be an occupational risk for oral surgeons with no significant professional risk for general practitioners or periodontists. The differences were due mainly to type of patients. The importance of preoperative risk evaluation and proper precautions is stressed.", "PMID": 120342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14184", "title": "Effect of irradiation-timing on the initial socket healing in rats.", "content": "The effect of a single dose of 1500 R on early postextraction socket healing was studied in jaws of rats. A severe delay in healing was found in animals irradiated 2 weeks prior to extraction. Retardation of healing to a lesser degree was demonstrated in sockets irradiated immediately after exodontia.", "contents": "Effect of irradiation-timing on the initial socket healing in rats. The effect of a single dose of 1500 R on early postextraction socket healing was studied in jaws of rats. A severe delay in healing was found in animals irradiated 2 weeks prior to extraction. Retardation of healing to a lesser degree was demonstrated in sockets irradiated immediately after exodontia.", "PMID": 120344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14185", "title": "Photoelastic experiments on the implantation of a bone graft into the mandible with stable compression osteosynthesis.", "content": "The implantation of a bone graft into the mandible was simulated in photoelastic model tests. Problems posed by the lingual and alveolar areas untouched by the plate are discussed. The tests showed that in both problem areas enough interfragmentary pressure can be built up using a five-hold DC (dynamic compression) plate with a short implant and two four-hole DC plates with a long implant, whenever the metal plates have dynamic compression holes (DC), are prebent and the screws are in converging position. This is a prerequisite for a rapid revascularization of the implanted bone graft and primary bone healing. These tests and our clinical experience showed that with small implants using a five-hold plate and with long implants using two four-hole plates, and physiologically stressing the bone implant, the principles of stable compression osteosynthesis without intermaxillary immobilization have proved themselves.", "contents": "Photoelastic experiments on the implantation of a bone graft into the mandible with stable compression osteosynthesis. The implantation of a bone graft into the mandible was simulated in photoelastic model tests. Problems posed by the lingual and alveolar areas untouched by the plate are discussed. The tests showed that in both problem areas enough interfragmentary pressure can be built up using a five-hold DC (dynamic compression) plate with a short implant and two four-hole DC plates with a long implant, whenever the metal plates have dynamic compression holes (DC), are prebent and the screws are in converging position. This is a prerequisite for a rapid revascularization of the implanted bone graft and primary bone healing. These tests and our clinical experience showed that with small implants using a five-hold plate and with long implants using two four-hole plates, and physiologically stressing the bone implant, the principles of stable compression osteosynthesis without intermaxillary immobilization have proved themselves.", "PMID": 120345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14186", "title": "Radiographic findings in 224Ra-caused dental resorptions.", "content": "Dental resorptions as a delayed effect of Thorium X (224Ra) were observed in four patients. The radiographic findings showed distinct and representative patterns. Apparently, the observed changes are typical for delayed alterations related to 224Ra-specific disturbances in the alveolar process. Degenerative and inflammatory reactions may also be involved in the pathogenesis.", "contents": "Radiographic findings in 224Ra-caused dental resorptions. Dental resorptions as a delayed effect of Thorium X (224Ra) were observed in four patients. The radiographic findings showed distinct and representative patterns. Apparently, the observed changes are typical for delayed alterations related to 224Ra-specific disturbances in the alveolar process. Degenerative and inflammatory reactions may also be involved in the pathogenesis.", "PMID": 120346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14187", "title": "Closed vertical subcondylar osteotomy (CVSO) of the mandible. A most versatile procedure.", "content": "The closed vertical subcondylar osteotomy (CVSO) of the mandible is accomplished with a wire saw. Through a systematic approach to anatomical landmark recognition and application of a very definite series of surgical maneuvers, the surgeon can achieve optimum results with little sequelae. Because the proximal segment resulting from this osteotomy is considerably larger than that produced in the closed subcondylar osteotomy, this procedure allows for a greater degree of movement (anterior, posterior and even rotational) of the distal segment. This added versatility permits the use of the CVSO in the treatment of aperthognathia, micrognathia, posterior open bite, and various combinations of these deformaties, as well as prognathia.", "contents": "Closed vertical subcondylar osteotomy (CVSO) of the mandible. A most versatile procedure. The closed vertical subcondylar osteotomy (CVSO) of the mandible is accomplished with a wire saw. Through a systematic approach to anatomical landmark recognition and application of a very definite series of surgical maneuvers, the surgeon can achieve optimum results with little sequelae. Because the proximal segment resulting from this osteotomy is considerably larger than that produced in the closed subcondylar osteotomy, this procedure allows for a greater degree of movement (anterior, posterior and even rotational) of the distal segment. This added versatility permits the use of the CVSO in the treatment of aperthognathia, micrognathia, posterior open bite, and various combinations of these deformaties, as well as prognathia.", "PMID": 120347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14188", "title": "The Copenhagen spraymatic. A sterile spraymatic for oral surgery.", "content": "An apparatus is described which supplies sterile, air-free physiologic saline as coolant at the tip of the handpiece. The device is activated by the foot control of the dental engine and the bur is flooded with saline the very moment the rotations begin. In the same way is stops instantaneously without afterdrip and without suckback. The components are either disposable or autoclavable. Metallic components are stainless steel.", "contents": "The Copenhagen spraymatic. A sterile spraymatic for oral surgery. An apparatus is described which supplies sterile, air-free physiologic saline as coolant at the tip of the handpiece. The device is activated by the foot control of the dental engine and the bur is flooded with saline the very moment the rotations begin. In the same way is stops instantaneously without afterdrip and without suckback. The components are either disposable or autoclavable. Metallic components are stainless steel.", "PMID": 120348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14189", "title": "[Ten years experience with combination therapy for tonsillar malignancies (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1968 to 1978, 125 patients with cancer of the tonsil have been treated by the Departments of Radiology and Otolaryngology at the University Hospital, Homburg-Saar. Although all patients were unirradiated, many had previously undergone a surgical procedure. Most of the cancers when seen were in advanced stages. The three-year and five-year survival rates were 38.6 and 23.5% respectively. Reticulum cell sarcomas, Schmincke's tumors and non-keratinized squamous cell carcinomas had better prognoses than keratinized squamous cell carcinomas. Our findings indicate that the volume of large tumors should be reduced by surgical means before irradiation since irradiation alone resulted in a higher relapse rate in the advanced cancers. Various methods for radiotherapy either before or after surgery for different tumor stages are discussed. The combination of chemotherapy with radiation to make use of the so-called \"partial synchronisation effect\" in cases of inoperable extensive primary tumors or relapses is described.", "contents": "[Ten years experience with combination therapy for tonsillar malignancies (author's transl)]. From 1968 to 1978, 125 patients with cancer of the tonsil have been treated by the Departments of Radiology and Otolaryngology at the University Hospital, Homburg-Saar. Although all patients were unirradiated, many had previously undergone a surgical procedure. Most of the cancers when seen were in advanced stages. The three-year and five-year survival rates were 38.6 and 23.5% respectively. Reticulum cell sarcomas, Schmincke's tumors and non-keratinized squamous cell carcinomas had better prognoses than keratinized squamous cell carcinomas. Our findings indicate that the volume of large tumors should be reduced by surgical means before irradiation since irradiation alone resulted in a higher relapse rate in the advanced cancers. Various methods for radiotherapy either before or after surgery for different tumor stages are discussed. The combination of chemotherapy with radiation to make use of the so-called \"partial synchronisation effect\" in cases of inoperable extensive primary tumors or relapses is described.", "PMID": 120351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14190", "title": "Dissociation of adult mammalian heart into single cell suspension: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Adult rat heart was dissociated into a single cell suspension by a perfusion technique which used 0.05% collagenase and 0.1% hyaluronidase in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (KRP). The non-muscle cells of the suspension were separated from the myocytes by centrifugation through 3% Ficoll solution in KRP with 0.01 mM Ca2+. An approximately 90% pure suspension of isolated single muscle cells was obtained with this method. The effects of the successive steps in the dissociation procedure on the ultrastructure of the heart were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. After 30 minutes of enzyme digestion, dissociation of the inner endothelial lining of the ventricle into single cells or small groups of cells became apparent. In addition, the underlying cardiac skeleton began to disintegrate and linear arrays of cardiac muscle cells were observed. After 45 minutes of enzyme digestion the number of released single cells was higher because of the separation of intercalated discs. The majority of non-muscle cells were by now dissociated from the surfaces of muscle cells. Widening of the lateral intercellular spaces between the myocardial cells was associated with separation of desmosomes. In some regions of the heart, intact desmosomes, fasciae adherentes and gap junctions were observed even though lateral intercellular spaces had widened greatly. The majority of myocardial cells had become separated from one another after 60 minutes of enzyme digestion. Separation of gap junctional sites took place in two ways: (1) by 'unzipping' them through enzyme action; (2) by tearing them mechanically. Gap junction remnants were sometimes observed in a vesiculated state within the cell. The dissociation of the heart was ineffective when perfused with media containing 1.0 or 2 mM Ca2+. Alcian blue treatment after 60 minutes of enzyme digestion revealed that the basement membrane, and its accompanying collagen fibrils, was still present on the plasma membrane of dissociated single cells. The isolated myocardial cells retained their normal morphological characteristics. This study has enabled us to understand in detail how dismantlement of highly ordered adult cardiac tissue into a single cell suspension takes place. Cell suspensions of this type should be invaluable in the study of metabolic and synthetic activities in adult myocardial cells.", "contents": "Dissociation of adult mammalian heart into single cell suspension: an ultrastructural study. Adult rat heart was dissociated into a single cell suspension by a perfusion technique which used 0.05% collagenase and 0.1% hyaluronidase in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (KRP). The non-muscle cells of the suspension were separated from the myocytes by centrifugation through 3% Ficoll solution in KRP with 0.01 mM Ca2+. An approximately 90% pure suspension of isolated single muscle cells was obtained with this method. The effects of the successive steps in the dissociation procedure on the ultrastructure of the heart were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. After 30 minutes of enzyme digestion, dissociation of the inner endothelial lining of the ventricle into single cells or small groups of cells became apparent. In addition, the underlying cardiac skeleton began to disintegrate and linear arrays of cardiac muscle cells were observed. After 45 minutes of enzyme digestion the number of released single cells was higher because of the separation of intercalated discs. The majority of non-muscle cells were by now dissociated from the surfaces of muscle cells. Widening of the lateral intercellular spaces between the myocardial cells was associated with separation of desmosomes. In some regions of the heart, intact desmosomes, fasciae adherentes and gap junctions were observed even though lateral intercellular spaces had widened greatly. The majority of myocardial cells had become separated from one another after 60 minutes of enzyme digestion. Separation of gap junctional sites took place in two ways: (1) by 'unzipping' them through enzyme action; (2) by tearing them mechanically. Gap junction remnants were sometimes observed in a vesiculated state within the cell. The dissociation of the heart was ineffective when perfused with media containing 1.0 or 2 mM Ca2+. Alcian blue treatment after 60 minutes of enzyme digestion revealed that the basement membrane, and its accompanying collagen fibrils, was still present on the plasma membrane of dissociated single cells. The isolated myocardial cells retained their normal morphological characteristics. This study has enabled us to understand in detail how dismantlement of highly ordered adult cardiac tissue into a single cell suspension takes place. Cell suspensions of this type should be invaluable in the study of metabolic and synthetic activities in adult myocardial cells.", "PMID": 120352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14191", "title": "In vitro microbiological evaluation of TEI-1194 and TEI-2012, novel antipseudomonal semisynthetic penicillins.", "content": "TEI-1194, sodium 6-[D-(-)-alpha-(coumarin-3-carboxamide)-phenylacetamide] penicillanate and TEI-2012, sodium 6[D-(-)alpha-(8-hydroxy-coumarin-3-carboxamide)-phenylacetamide] penicillanate are new semisynthetic penicillin derivatives both possessing a broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activities. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of both agents were compared with carbenicillin. TEI-1194 and TEI-2012 were clearly found to have more potent activities especially against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than carbenicillin. At a concentration at 6.25 micrograms/ml, 85 approximately 90% of a total of 50 strains of clinically isolated P. aeruginosa were inhibited by TEI-1194 and TEI-2012, whereas carbenicillin had no effect. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity against a series of mutants producing different levels of beta-lactamases and test of the susceptibilities to some beta-lactamases demonstrated that TEI-1194 and TEI-2012 had low susceptibility to various cephalosporinases. However, both compounds were susceptible to penicillinase from Klebsiella pneumoniae H-2 at a rate of about 15% of penicillin-G taking its absolute rate as 100.", "contents": "In vitro microbiological evaluation of TEI-1194 and TEI-2012, novel antipseudomonal semisynthetic penicillins. TEI-1194, sodium 6-[D-(-)-alpha-(coumarin-3-carboxamide)-phenylacetamide] penicillanate and TEI-2012, sodium 6[D-(-)alpha-(8-hydroxy-coumarin-3-carboxamide)-phenylacetamide] penicillanate are new semisynthetic penicillin derivatives both possessing a broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activities. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of both agents were compared with carbenicillin. TEI-1194 and TEI-2012 were clearly found to have more potent activities especially against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than carbenicillin. At a concentration at 6.25 micrograms/ml, 85 approximately 90% of a total of 50 strains of clinically isolated P. aeruginosa were inhibited by TEI-1194 and TEI-2012, whereas carbenicillin had no effect. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity against a series of mutants producing different levels of beta-lactamases and test of the susceptibilities to some beta-lactamases demonstrated that TEI-1194 and TEI-2012 had low susceptibility to various cephalosporinases. However, both compounds were susceptible to penicillinase from Klebsiella pneumoniae H-2 at a rate of about 15% of penicillin-G taking its absolute rate as 100.", "PMID": 120353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14192", "title": "New knowledge of the connective tissue diseases I.", "content": "This paper examines the extent to which understanding of six of the principle disorders of connective tissue: the glycosaminoglycan storage diseases, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, chondrocalcinosis, and osteoarthrosis, has progressed during the past ten years. The paper recalls the pioneer observations of PAUL KLEMPERER on the systemic diseases of collagen, and introduces a series of reviews in which advances in present understanding of some of the connective tissue diseases will be examined in greater detail.", "contents": "New knowledge of the connective tissue diseases I. This paper examines the extent to which understanding of six of the principle disorders of connective tissue: the glycosaminoglycan storage diseases, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, chondrocalcinosis, and osteoarthrosis, has progressed during the past ten years. The paper recalls the pioneer observations of PAUL KLEMPERER on the systemic diseases of collagen, and introduces a series of reviews in which advances in present understanding of some of the connective tissue diseases will be examined in greater detail.", "PMID": 120350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14193", "title": "Program evaluation research: an experimental cost-effectiveness analysis of an armed robbery intervention program.", "content": "An armed robbery alarm system was implemented in 48 different stores in two separate geographical areas for 6 months and 12 months, respectively. The alarms were placed in the two separate areas at different times and all alarms were eventually removed. Thus, multiple baseline and reversal strategies were used to evaluate program impact. A device planted in a cash drawer was triggered whenever \"bait\" money was removed from the drawer sending an alarm signal directly to police cars and headquarters. On-scene apprehensions of armed robbers within target stores were greatly increased even though the armed robbery systems did not deter robbery incidents nor influence the court disposition of the cases. There was also no crime deterrence, crime displacement, or increased apprehensions in either the immediate neighborhoods of target stores or on a city-wide basis. The cost effectiveness of the program was calculated to be poor even though the program is being maintained because of the absence of an alternative robbery apprehension technology.", "contents": "Program evaluation research: an experimental cost-effectiveness analysis of an armed robbery intervention program. An armed robbery alarm system was implemented in 48 different stores in two separate geographical areas for 6 months and 12 months, respectively. The alarms were placed in the two separate areas at different times and all alarms were eventually removed. Thus, multiple baseline and reversal strategies were used to evaluate program impact. A device planted in a cash drawer was triggered whenever \"bait\" money was removed from the drawer sending an alarm signal directly to police cars and headquarters. On-scene apprehensions of armed robbers within target stores were greatly increased even though the armed robbery systems did not deter robbery incidents nor influence the court disposition of the cases. There was also no crime deterrence, crime displacement, or increased apprehensions in either the immediate neighborhoods of target stores or on a city-wide basis. The cost effectiveness of the program was calculated to be poor even though the program is being maintained because of the absence of an alternative robbery apprehension technology.", "PMID": 120362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14194", "title": "Selecting a cost-effective screening measure for the assessment of preschool social withdrawal.", "content": "The utility of teacher judgment (rankings, ratings) and peer judgment (sociometric ratings) were studied as screening variables for preschool social withdrawal/responsiveness. Observational measures of preschoolers' interaction were used as the validation criterion based upon theoretical, empirical, and practical considerations related to development of a multipurpose behavioral assessment system. Results indicated that teacher rankings of students' verbal interaction frequencies (1) were most highly correlated to interaction rate in two preschool settings, (2) had test-retest reliability consistently above Rho = .80, and (3) were useful in that 77% of teachers using this procedure could identify their least socially responsive student within five rankings. The peer nomination sociometric rating was the least reliable measure at retest (Rho = .35) and showed consistently the lowest correlation with observational indices of interaction partner preferences, e.g., reciprocal rate (Rho = .29 to .39). The tendency for relationships among screening measures and the criterion to increase at retest suggested a training effect on screening accuracy. The use of teacher rankings in combination with observational measures to confirm selection accuracy and for monitoring treatment progress is discussed as a cost-effective behavioral assessment procedure for preschool social withdrawal/responsiveness.", "contents": "Selecting a cost-effective screening measure for the assessment of preschool social withdrawal. The utility of teacher judgment (rankings, ratings) and peer judgment (sociometric ratings) were studied as screening variables for preschool social withdrawal/responsiveness. Observational measures of preschoolers' interaction were used as the validation criterion based upon theoretical, empirical, and practical considerations related to development of a multipurpose behavioral assessment system. Results indicated that teacher rankings of students' verbal interaction frequencies (1) were most highly correlated to interaction rate in two preschool settings, (2) had test-retest reliability consistently above Rho = .80, and (3) were useful in that 77% of teachers using this procedure could identify their least socially responsive student within five rankings. The peer nomination sociometric rating was the least reliable measure at retest (Rho = .35) and showed consistently the lowest correlation with observational indices of interaction partner preferences, e.g., reciprocal rate (Rho = .29 to .39). The tendency for relationships among screening measures and the criterion to increase at retest suggested a training effect on screening accuracy. The use of teacher rankings in combination with observational measures to confirm selection accuracy and for monitoring treatment progress is discussed as a cost-effective behavioral assessment procedure for preschool social withdrawal/responsiveness.", "PMID": 120363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14195", "title": "A calcium requirement for movement of cultured cells.", "content": "When calcium is removed from culture medium, motility of cultured cells is decreased. The effect is rapid, reversible and pronounced. Decreased motility is observed with normal mouse Balb/c 3T3 cells, mouse L929 cells, rat kidney fibroblasts and chick embryo fibroblasts. The calcium dependence of movement can be observed both with individual cells and with the movement of the margin of a monolayer into a wound. Magnesium will not substitute for calcium to maintain motility. Strontium will substitute, but is not as effective as calcium for maintaining cell movement. Low concentrations of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 (0.5-1 micron) partially reverse the reduced migration observed at low calcium concentrations. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that movement of non-muscle cells occurs through mechanisms similar to those important in the contraction of muscle.", "contents": "A calcium requirement for movement of cultured cells. When calcium is removed from culture medium, motility of cultured cells is decreased. The effect is rapid, reversible and pronounced. Decreased motility is observed with normal mouse Balb/c 3T3 cells, mouse L929 cells, rat kidney fibroblasts and chick embryo fibroblasts. The calcium dependence of movement can be observed both with individual cells and with the movement of the margin of a monolayer into a wound. Magnesium will not substitute for calcium to maintain motility. Strontium will substitute, but is not as effective as calcium for maintaining cell movement. Low concentrations of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 (0.5-1 micron) partially reverse the reduced migration observed at low calcium concentrations. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that movement of non-muscle cells occurs through mechanisms similar to those important in the contraction of muscle.", "PMID": 120370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14196", "title": "Effects of depletion of K+, Na+, or Ca2+ on DNA synthesis and cell cation content in chick embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "Decreasing the K+ concentration of the medium from 5 mM to 0.59 mM decreased the K+ content of chick embryo fibroblasts to 22% of control values and increased the Na+ content to 820% of control values. The alteration of monovalent cation content occurred within two hours but had no effect on the rate of DNA synthesis, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, for at least 16 hours. By decreasing the Na+ concentration in the medium, a 50% reduction in cellular Na+ could be obtained with no effect on thymidine incorporation. Since these changes in cellular Na+ or K+ are much larger than any known to occur under physiological conditions but have no effect on thymidine incorporation, we conclude that Na+ and K+ do not play a critical role in determining multiplication rate. Addition of 1.8 mEGTA to cells in media containing 1.7 mM Ca2+ and 0.8 mM Mg2+ inhibited thymidine incorporation and sharply decreased cellular K+ and increased cellular Na+ content. However, there was no reduction in total cellular Ca2+ levels. Likewise, decreasing the Ca2+ concentration of the medium below 0.01 mM inhibited thymidine incorporation, decreased cellular K+ and Mg2+, and increased cellular Na+ but did not affect total cellular Ca2+ levels. Inhibition of DNA synthesis, therefore, could not be correlated with changes in cellular Ca2+ levels.", "contents": "Effects of depletion of K+, Na+, or Ca2+ on DNA synthesis and cell cation content in chick embryo fibroblasts. Decreasing the K+ concentration of the medium from 5 mM to 0.59 mM decreased the K+ content of chick embryo fibroblasts to 22% of control values and increased the Na+ content to 820% of control values. The alteration of monovalent cation content occurred within two hours but had no effect on the rate of DNA synthesis, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, for at least 16 hours. By decreasing the Na+ concentration in the medium, a 50% reduction in cellular Na+ could be obtained with no effect on thymidine incorporation. Since these changes in cellular Na+ or K+ are much larger than any known to occur under physiological conditions but have no effect on thymidine incorporation, we conclude that Na+ and K+ do not play a critical role in determining multiplication rate. Addition of 1.8 mEGTA to cells in media containing 1.7 mM Ca2+ and 0.8 mM Mg2+ inhibited thymidine incorporation and sharply decreased cellular K+ and increased cellular Na+ content. However, there was no reduction in total cellular Ca2+ levels. Likewise, decreasing the Ca2+ concentration of the medium below 0.01 mM inhibited thymidine incorporation, decreased cellular K+ and Mg2+, and increased cellular Na+ but did not affect total cellular Ca2+ levels. Inhibition of DNA synthesis, therefore, could not be correlated with changes in cellular Ca2+ levels.", "PMID": 120371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14197", "title": "The growth response of cells in medium made hyperosmolal with electrolytes or mannitol.", "content": "A comparison of the growth rates of established human lymphoid and tumor cell lines was performed in nutrient medium made hyperosmolal with mannitol, NaCl, or mixtures of NaCl and KCl at a constant Na/K ratio. It was found that considerably higher osmolalities were attained with mannitol than electrolytes before a reduction in the growth rate of the culture was observed. This suggests that mannitol and electrolytes affected the growth rate through different mechanisms. Mannitol uptake was studied with two of the cell lines and both cell lines were found to be permeable to mannitol. This eventually would have eliminated the osmolality gradient between the interior of the cell and the medium, and could explain why higher osmolalities were obtained with mannitol before the growth rate was effected. In addition, initial experiments showed that these cell lines may also be able to metabolize mannitol.", "contents": "The growth response of cells in medium made hyperosmolal with electrolytes or mannitol. A comparison of the growth rates of established human lymphoid and tumor cell lines was performed in nutrient medium made hyperosmolal with mannitol, NaCl, or mixtures of NaCl and KCl at a constant Na/K ratio. It was found that considerably higher osmolalities were attained with mannitol than electrolytes before a reduction in the growth rate of the culture was observed. This suggests that mannitol and electrolytes affected the growth rate through different mechanisms. Mannitol uptake was studied with two of the cell lines and both cell lines were found to be permeable to mannitol. This eventually would have eliminated the osmolality gradient between the interior of the cell and the medium, and could explain why higher osmolalities were obtained with mannitol before the growth rate was effected. In addition, initial experiments showed that these cell lines may also be able to metabolize mannitol.", "PMID": 120372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14198", "title": "Determination of 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Using 1-ml plasma samples, levels of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) as low as 5 ng/ml and azathioprine (AZA) as low as 40 ng/ml can be detected using a high-performance liquid chromatography reversed-phase column procedure following extraction. Both compounds were stable in frozen plasma for seven weeks. AZA stability in blood was temperature dependent; the half-lives of AZA breakdown to 6MP at 37 degrees were 28 and 46 min in blood drawn from two rhesus monkeys. Plasma levels of 6MP were measured in a rhesus monkey following 6MP (1.47 mg/kg) and AZA (3 mg/kg) intravenous administration. 6MP levels were also measured in three renal transplant patients on daily 50- and 100-mg AZA doses. Peak levels (45-75 ng/ml) were reached within an hour and 6MP levels were detected for up to 7 h.", "contents": "Determination of 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Using 1-ml plasma samples, levels of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) as low as 5 ng/ml and azathioprine (AZA) as low as 40 ng/ml can be detected using a high-performance liquid chromatography reversed-phase column procedure following extraction. Both compounds were stable in frozen plasma for seven weeks. AZA stability in blood was temperature dependent; the half-lives of AZA breakdown to 6MP at 37 degrees were 28 and 46 min in blood drawn from two rhesus monkeys. Plasma levels of 6MP were measured in a rhesus monkey following 6MP (1.47 mg/kg) and AZA (3 mg/kg) intravenous administration. 6MP levels were also measured in three renal transplant patients on daily 50- and 100-mg AZA doses. Peak levels (45-75 ng/ml) were reached within an hour and 6MP levels were detected for up to 7 h.", "PMID": 120373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14199", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative analyses of polychlorinated biphenyls by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A model is presented of the relationship between the relative responses of flame-ionization and electron-capture detectors and the structure of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The model permits the calculation of detector responses for all PCBs and opens the possibility of detailed structural analyses.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative analyses of polychlorinated biphenyls by gas-liquid chromatography. A model is presented of the relationship between the relative responses of flame-ionization and electron-capture detectors and the structure of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The model permits the calculation of detector responses for all PCBs and opens the possibility of detailed structural analyses.", "PMID": 120375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14200", "title": "Separation of oligonucleotides on ion-exchange derivatives of Spheron.", "content": "Diphenylamine-formic acid hydrolyzate of Bacillus subtilis DNA (a mixture of pyrimidine oligodeoxyribonucleotides) was chromatographed using an ionic strength gradient on seven ion exchangers: five DEAE-Spherons 300 of various capacities, two types of BD-Spheron 300 and DEAE-Sephadex A-25. The suitability of ion-exchange derivatives of Spheron for the chromatography of oligonucleotides is discussed. The separation of mono- to undeca-deoxyribonucleotides was achieved.", "contents": "Separation of oligonucleotides on ion-exchange derivatives of Spheron. Diphenylamine-formic acid hydrolyzate of Bacillus subtilis DNA (a mixture of pyrimidine oligodeoxyribonucleotides) was chromatographed using an ionic strength gradient on seven ion exchangers: five DEAE-Spherons 300 of various capacities, two types of BD-Spheron 300 and DEAE-Sephadex A-25. The suitability of ion-exchange derivatives of Spheron for the chromatography of oligonucleotides is discussed. The separation of mono- to undeca-deoxyribonucleotides was achieved.", "PMID": 120376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14201", "title": "Multiple of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with differing antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibrosis were studied in an effort to determine the unique characteristics of the infecting strains and to elucidate the pattern of colonization. Of 413 patients studied, 81% were chronically infected with P. aeruginosa. Patients from whom P. aeruginosa was never or only occasionally isolated were in better clinical condition than the chronically infected patients. Isolates were classified into six morphologic varieties: classic, rough, mucoid, gelatinous, dwarf, and enterobacter. Most patients had two or more of these varieties. Such multiple varieties from the same individual were of the same serotype but often differed in antibiotic susceptibility as determined by both the disk and the minimal inhibitory concentration methods. These differences were apparent when mucoid strains were compared with nonmucoid strains and when nonmucoid strains were compared with one another. Studies of antibiotic susceptibility should be performed on each morphologically different type of P. aeruginosa obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Multiple of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with differing antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from patients with cystic fibrosis. Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibrosis were studied in an effort to determine the unique characteristics of the infecting strains and to elucidate the pattern of colonization. Of 413 patients studied, 81% were chronically infected with P. aeruginosa. Patients from whom P. aeruginosa was never or only occasionally isolated were in better clinical condition than the chronically infected patients. Isolates were classified into six morphologic varieties: classic, rough, mucoid, gelatinous, dwarf, and enterobacter. Most patients had two or more of these varieties. Such multiple varieties from the same individual were of the same serotype but often differed in antibiotic susceptibility as determined by both the disk and the minimal inhibitory concentration methods. These differences were apparent when mucoid strains were compared with nonmucoid strains and when nonmucoid strains were compared with one another. Studies of antibiotic susceptibility should be performed on each morphologically different type of P. aeruginosa obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 120383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14202", "title": "Comparison of antibiotic regimens for treatment of experimental pneumonia due to Pseudomonas.", "content": "The high mortality associated with pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa prompted a comparative trial of several currently available antibiotic regimens for this infection in a guinea pig model. Normal guinea pigs receiving an intratracheal challenge of 10(8) colony-forming units of Pseudomonas routinely died within 3-48 hr when treated with saline injections. Treatment with carbenicillin or ticarcillin did not affect this uniformly fatal outcome. Groups of animals treated with gentamicin or tobramycin had survival rates of 39% and 67%, respectively. The addition of either carbenicillin or ticarcillin to an aminoglycoside failed to enhance further the survival rates or durations of survival after infection. These survival data were supported by studies showing superior clearance of viable Pseudomonas from lung tissues in aminoglycoside-treated animals chosen at random for sacrifice 3 hr after infection. Thus, in animals experimentally challenged with P. aeruginosa to cause pneumonia and in which only a single isolate of Pseudomonas was evaluated, protection from pulmonary infection was best provided by an aminoglycoside rather than by a beta-lactam antibiotic.", "contents": "Comparison of antibiotic regimens for treatment of experimental pneumonia due to Pseudomonas. The high mortality associated with pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa prompted a comparative trial of several currently available antibiotic regimens for this infection in a guinea pig model. Normal guinea pigs receiving an intratracheal challenge of 10(8) colony-forming units of Pseudomonas routinely died within 3-48 hr when treated with saline injections. Treatment with carbenicillin or ticarcillin did not affect this uniformly fatal outcome. Groups of animals treated with gentamicin or tobramycin had survival rates of 39% and 67%, respectively. The addition of either carbenicillin or ticarcillin to an aminoglycoside failed to enhance further the survival rates or durations of survival after infection. These survival data were supported by studies showing superior clearance of viable Pseudomonas from lung tissues in aminoglycoside-treated animals chosen at random for sacrifice 3 hr after infection. Thus, in animals experimentally challenged with P. aeruginosa to cause pneumonia and in which only a single isolate of Pseudomonas was evaluated, protection from pulmonary infection was best provided by an aminoglycoside rather than by a beta-lactam antibiotic.", "PMID": 120384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14203", "title": "The role of antibody and complement in phagocytosis by rabbit alveolar macrophages.", "content": "The relative importance of antibody and complement in the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two common bacterial pathogens, by alveolar macrophages from rabbits was studied. Normal rabbit serum was a satisfactory opsonin for the phagocytosis of S. aureus but not for P. aeruginosa. Normal rabbit serum opsonized S. aureus by both the classic and the alternative complement pathways; loss of both pathways destroyed opsonic activity. The presence of complement was not required for maximal phagocytosis when 10% staphylococcal immune serum was used. However, an intact alternative complement pathway enhanced phagocytosis when the concentration of staphlyococcal immune serum was lowered to 0.3%. Similarly, 10% pseudomonas immune serum opsonized P. aeruginosa without complement. When the concentration of pseudomonas immune serum was lowered to 1%, either the classic or the alternative complement pathway could significantly enhance phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa. Similar results were obtained with alveolar macrophages activated with bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. These studies demonstrate the importance of complement in enhancing phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages of bacterial pathogens when antibody concentration is the limiting factor.", "contents": "The role of antibody and complement in phagocytosis by rabbit alveolar macrophages. The relative importance of antibody and complement in the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two common bacterial pathogens, by alveolar macrophages from rabbits was studied. Normal rabbit serum was a satisfactory opsonin for the phagocytosis of S. aureus but not for P. aeruginosa. Normal rabbit serum opsonized S. aureus by both the classic and the alternative complement pathways; loss of both pathways destroyed opsonic activity. The presence of complement was not required for maximal phagocytosis when 10% staphylococcal immune serum was used. However, an intact alternative complement pathway enhanced phagocytosis when the concentration of staphlyococcal immune serum was lowered to 0.3%. Similarly, 10% pseudomonas immune serum opsonized P. aeruginosa without complement. When the concentration of pseudomonas immune serum was lowered to 1%, either the classic or the alternative complement pathway could significantly enhance phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa. Similar results were obtained with alveolar macrophages activated with bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. These studies demonstrate the importance of complement in enhancing phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages of bacterial pathogens when antibody concentration is the limiting factor.", "PMID": 120385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14204", "title": "Experimental syphilis in the rabbit: passive transfer of immunity with immunoglobulin G from immune serum.", "content": "A preparation of immunoglobulin G isolated from a pool of immune sera derived from rabbits with long-term syphilis was shown to possess a high degree of purity as judged by immunodiffusion and protein electrophoresis. The antitreponemal power of the preparation of immunoglobulin G and that of the immune serum pool from which it was derived were found to be equivalent in both the skin protection and the systemic protection test. The observation that neither normal serum nor a pool of serum derived from animals \"immunized\" with Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, or zymosan was protective indicates that the protective power of the immune serum studied was due to specific antibodies residing principally, if not entirely, in the immunoglobulin G fraction of the serum.", "contents": "Experimental syphilis in the rabbit: passive transfer of immunity with immunoglobulin G from immune serum. A preparation of immunoglobulin G isolated from a pool of immune sera derived from rabbits with long-term syphilis was shown to possess a high degree of purity as judged by immunodiffusion and protein electrophoresis. The antitreponemal power of the preparation of immunoglobulin G and that of the immune serum pool from which it was derived were found to be equivalent in both the skin protection and the systemic protection test. The observation that neither normal serum nor a pool of serum derived from animals \"immunized\" with Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, or zymosan was protective indicates that the protective power of the immune serum studied was due to specific antibodies residing principally, if not entirely, in the immunoglobulin G fraction of the serum.", "PMID": 120386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14205", "title": "[Inhibin, a second testicular hormone (author's transl)].", "content": "Germinal epithelium secretes a peptide hormone, inhibin, that regulates FSH secretion. This substance originates inside the seminiferous tubules, from the Sertoli cells, and is transported towards the head of the epididymis where it is reabsorbed, and thus passes into the bloodstream. Inhibin blocks FSH pituitary secretion; its effect on the hypothalamus is debatable. Inhibin also exists in the female, in ovarian follicles and may have a role in follicular growth regulation.", "contents": "[Inhibin, a second testicular hormone (author's transl)]. Germinal epithelium secretes a peptide hormone, inhibin, that regulates FSH secretion. This substance originates inside the seminiferous tubules, from the Sertoli cells, and is transported towards the head of the epididymis where it is reabsorbed, and thus passes into the bloodstream. Inhibin blocks FSH pituitary secretion; its effect on the hypothalamus is debatable. Inhibin also exists in the female, in ovarian follicles and may have a role in follicular growth regulation.", "PMID": 120381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14206", "title": "Absorption test using latex particles as the indicator system for the species identification of bloodstains and muscles.", "content": "This paper reported the species identification of bloodstains and muscles by means of an absorption test in which antisera were absorbed by bloodstains or muscles and then the absorbed antibody capacity was titrated by using latex particles coated with corresponding serum proteins. This test method was proved to be simple, specific, and sensitive.", "contents": "Absorption test using latex particles as the indicator system for the species identification of bloodstains and muscles. This paper reported the species identification of bloodstains and muscles by means of an absorption test in which antisera were absorbed by bloodstains or muscles and then the absorbed antibody capacity was titrated by using latex particles coated with corresponding serum proteins. This test method was proved to be simple, specific, and sensitive.", "PMID": 120405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14207", "title": "Variations in surface protein composition associated with virulence properties in opacity types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The biological properties of a series of opacity variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae P9 have been examined. A novel protein, designated protein IId* (mol. wt 28 850), was identified within the set of heat-modifiable surface proteins previously reported. All variants producing extra outer membrane proteins were less sensitive to the bactericidal action of serum than the prototype transparent strain, with protein IIa* (mol. wt 28 500) being associated with increased resistance. The production of a different protein, protein II* (mol. wt 29 000), was correlated with resistance to low molecular weight antimicrobial agents (penicillin, fusidic acid, Cu2+, Zn2+). Increased adhesion to human buccal epithelial cells was demonstrated in all variants that produced extra surface proteins. These variants did not show increased binding to hexyl- and phenyl-substituted Sepharose gels suggesting that hydrophobic interaction was not responsible for their cohesive properties. The prototype strain lacking additional proteins demonstrated the greatest binding to erythrocytes, indicating that adhesion to buccal cells and red blood cells is mediated by different mechanisms. One variant producing protein IIa* showed increased association with leukocytes, whereas another producing protein IIb* showed decreased association with leukocytes. These results show that the heat-modifiable surface proteins are important virulence attributes of the gonococcus: this must be considered in the selection of strains for vaccine trials.", "contents": "Variations in surface protein composition associated with virulence properties in opacity types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The biological properties of a series of opacity variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae P9 have been examined. A novel protein, designated protein IId* (mol. wt 28 850), was identified within the set of heat-modifiable surface proteins previously reported. All variants producing extra outer membrane proteins were less sensitive to the bactericidal action of serum than the prototype transparent strain, with protein IIa* (mol. wt 28 500) being associated with increased resistance. The production of a different protein, protein II* (mol. wt 29 000), was correlated with resistance to low molecular weight antimicrobial agents (penicillin, fusidic acid, Cu2+, Zn2+). Increased adhesion to human buccal epithelial cells was demonstrated in all variants that produced extra surface proteins. These variants did not show increased binding to hexyl- and phenyl-substituted Sepharose gels suggesting that hydrophobic interaction was not responsible for their cohesive properties. The prototype strain lacking additional proteins demonstrated the greatest binding to erythrocytes, indicating that adhesion to buccal cells and red blood cells is mediated by different mechanisms. One variant producing protein IIa* showed increased association with leukocytes, whereas another producing protein IIb* showed decreased association with leukocytes. These results show that the heat-modifiable surface proteins are important virulence attributes of the gonococcus: this must be considered in the selection of strains for vaccine trials.", "PMID": 120407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14208", "title": "Relationship of group P1 plasmids revealed by heteroduplex experiments: RP1, RP4, R68 and RK2 are identical.", "content": "The molecular relationships of the IncP1 plasmids RP1, RP4, R68 and RK2 were tested by electron microscopic examination of heteroduplexes. In several hybridization experiments molecules were detected which had a 7.8% portion of incomplete reannealing. This 'heterologous region' could be explained by the typical renaturation behaviour of the transposon Tn1. The identity of the Tn1 transposon present in RP1 and RP4 was proved by heteroduplex experiments with lambda phage DNA containing this transposon. These results indicated that the plasmids RP1 and RP4 are identical. Additional heteroduplex experiments between plasmids R68.45 and RP8 and between R68.45 and RK2 were performed. R68.45, a derivative of R68, has a small DNA insertion and RP8 can be regarded as a large insertion mutant of RP4; both insertions were used as single-stranded hybridization markers. From the hybrid molecules formed, it was deduced that R68 and RK2 are identical with RP1 and RP4 as far as molecular structure is revealed by the technique used.", "contents": "Relationship of group P1 plasmids revealed by heteroduplex experiments: RP1, RP4, R68 and RK2 are identical. The molecular relationships of the IncP1 plasmids RP1, RP4, R68 and RK2 were tested by electron microscopic examination of heteroduplexes. In several hybridization experiments molecules were detected which had a 7.8% portion of incomplete reannealing. This 'heterologous region' could be explained by the typical renaturation behaviour of the transposon Tn1. The identity of the Tn1 transposon present in RP1 and RP4 was proved by heteroduplex experiments with lambda phage DNA containing this transposon. These results indicated that the plasmids RP1 and RP4 are identical. Additional heteroduplex experiments between plasmids R68.45 and RP8 and between R68.45 and RK2 were performed. R68.45, a derivative of R68, has a small DNA insertion and RP8 can be regarded as a large insertion mutant of RP4; both insertions were used as single-stranded hybridization markers. From the hybrid molecules formed, it was deduced that R68 and RK2 are identical with RP1 and RP4 as far as molecular structure is revealed by the technique used.", "PMID": 120408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14209", "title": "Identification of different sites of expression for spo loci by transformation of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Asporogenous mutants of Bacillus subtilis were rendered capable of forming heat-resistant spores by transformation with wild-type (spo+) DNA at, or near, the start of sporulation. For several mutants up to about 50% of the colonies derived from heat-resistant spores, formed as a result of the transformation, remained genetically asporogenous (spo). This was thought to indicate that the genome of the mother cell, but not that of the forespore, was transformed to spo+ and that correct expression of the spo locus in the mother cell was sufficient for spore formation. At the end of the process the mother cell was destroyed, leaving a mature heat-resistant spore that was genetically asporogenous. It is concluded that the loci spoIIID, spIVA, spoVB and spoVE are expressed in the mother cell. For one mutant more than 99% of the colonies derived from heat-resistant spores were genetically spo+. It is concluded that the locus involved, spoVA, had to be expressed in the forespore. Thus different sporulation-specific loci are expressed in the mother cell and in the forespore. The loci expressed in the mother cell are expressed in one cell type so that another cell type, the forespore, can develop into a heat-resistant spore. Other unselected donor markers could be introduced into the recipient during transformation provided high concentrations of DNA were used. The frequency of congression was the same for spo survivors as for spo+ survivors. This implies that there was no correlation between the DNA strand into which the selected spo+ and the unselected donor markers integrated.", "contents": "Identification of different sites of expression for spo loci by transformation of Bacillus subtilis. Asporogenous mutants of Bacillus subtilis were rendered capable of forming heat-resistant spores by transformation with wild-type (spo+) DNA at, or near, the start of sporulation. For several mutants up to about 50% of the colonies derived from heat-resistant spores, formed as a result of the transformation, remained genetically asporogenous (spo). This was thought to indicate that the genome of the mother cell, but not that of the forespore, was transformed to spo+ and that correct expression of the spo locus in the mother cell was sufficient for spore formation. At the end of the process the mother cell was destroyed, leaving a mature heat-resistant spore that was genetically asporogenous. It is concluded that the loci spoIIID, spIVA, spoVB and spoVE are expressed in the mother cell. For one mutant more than 99% of the colonies derived from heat-resistant spores were genetically spo+. It is concluded that the locus involved, spoVA, had to be expressed in the forespore. Thus different sporulation-specific loci are expressed in the mother cell and in the forespore. The loci expressed in the mother cell are expressed in one cell type so that another cell type, the forespore, can develop into a heat-resistant spore. Other unselected donor markers could be introduced into the recipient during transformation provided high concentrations of DNA were used. The frequency of congression was the same for spo survivors as for spo+ survivors. This implies that there was no correlation between the DNA strand into which the selected spo+ and the unselected donor markers integrated.", "PMID": 120409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14210", "title": "The growth and form of bacterial colonies.", "content": "A simple method is described for measuring the profile of bacterial colonies. Profiles were determined for colonies of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus albus of different ages. In spite of differences in cell morphology, the colony profiles had a common basic structure consisting of steeply rising leading edge connected by a ridge to an interior region where height also rose, though less steeply, to a flat or domed centre. The colony mass increased exponentially through part of the growth phase. It is suggested that net colony growth consists of a combination of leading edge growth, which is unrestricted and approaches the maximum specific growth rate of the organism, and diffusion-limited growth in the colony interior. Common elements of profiles from each species may be a consequence of such differences in growth rate.", "contents": "The growth and form of bacterial colonies. A simple method is described for measuring the profile of bacterial colonies. Profiles were determined for colonies of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus albus of different ages. In spite of differences in cell morphology, the colony profiles had a common basic structure consisting of steeply rising leading edge connected by a ridge to an interior region where height also rose, though less steeply, to a flat or domed centre. The colony mass increased exponentially through part of the growth phase. It is suggested that net colony growth consists of a combination of leading edge growth, which is unrestricted and approaches the maximum specific growth rate of the organism, and diffusion-limited growth in the colony interior. Common elements of profiles from each species may be a consequence of such differences in growth rate.", "PMID": 120410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14211", "title": "Tetracycline-mediated photodynamic inactivation of animal viruses.", "content": "Demethylchlortetracycline (DMCT), doxycycline and, to a lesser extent, chlortetracycline were capable of mediating the in vitro photoinactivation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus. Other tetracyclines tested were found to be inactive in this respect. However, no correlation between chemical structure and photosensitizing activity could be established. The photoinactivation of VEE virus by DMCT proceeds through a photodynamic mechanism as shown by the absolute requirement of O2 for the inactivation to take place. The photoinactivating effect of DMCT was also exerted upon other animal viruses tested, i.e. vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus and poliovirus, even when, in the case of poliovirus, the capsid seems to be impermeable to the tetracycline. The fact that the two most effective photosensitizing tetracyclines for VEE virus are also the drugs more frequently associated with drug-induced phototoxicity in humans, suggests that virus photoinactivation could be used as a screening procedure for potentially phototoxic drugs developed for human application.", "contents": "Tetracycline-mediated photodynamic inactivation of animal viruses. Demethylchlortetracycline (DMCT), doxycycline and, to a lesser extent, chlortetracycline were capable of mediating the in vitro photoinactivation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus. Other tetracyclines tested were found to be inactive in this respect. However, no correlation between chemical structure and photosensitizing activity could be established. The photoinactivation of VEE virus by DMCT proceeds through a photodynamic mechanism as shown by the absolute requirement of O2 for the inactivation to take place. The photoinactivating effect of DMCT was also exerted upon other animal viruses tested, i.e. vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus and poliovirus, even when, in the case of poliovirus, the capsid seems to be impermeable to the tetracycline. The fact that the two most effective photosensitizing tetracyclines for VEE virus are also the drugs more frequently associated with drug-induced phototoxicity in humans, suggests that virus photoinactivation could be used as a screening procedure for potentially phototoxic drugs developed for human application.", "PMID": 120411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14212", "title": "Heterogeneity of virus particles in measles virus.", "content": "A heterogeneous population of virions is generated by measles virus-infected cells. These particles are partially separable by sucrose density centrifugation into three peaks. Each population is stable and contains infectious particles. The particles of all three populations contain at least six polypeptide species that differ between particle populations only in quantity. All three populations contain a 50S RNA species, and the heaviest density peak also contains an additional species of 43S RNA. The difference between these results and previous studies with measles virions will be discussed.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of virus particles in measles virus. A heterogeneous population of virions is generated by measles virus-infected cells. These particles are partially separable by sucrose density centrifugation into three peaks. Each population is stable and contains infectious particles. The particles of all three populations contain at least six polypeptide species that differ between particle populations only in quantity. All three populations contain a 50S RNA species, and the heaviest density peak also contains an additional species of 43S RNA. The difference between these results and previous studies with measles virions will be discussed.", "PMID": 120412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14213", "title": "Electron microscopy of the morphogenesis of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SP3.", "content": "The capsid of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SP3 is assembled via a prohead intermediate which subsequently encapsulates DNA and attaches a tail. The prohead contains a ring-like core structure. The spokes which extend from the core to the inner prohead surface are thought to form a scaffold for the polymerization of the prohead. Ninety percent of the proheads are assembled prior to the onset of DNA encapsulation. The first mature phage particles are observed at 45 min after infection; titres of intracellular phage demonstrate their infectivity. The core is visible in phage ghosts.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of the morphogenesis of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SP3. The capsid of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SP3 is assembled via a prohead intermediate which subsequently encapsulates DNA and attaches a tail. The prohead contains a ring-like core structure. The spokes which extend from the core to the inner prohead surface are thought to form a scaffold for the polymerization of the prohead. Ninety percent of the proheads are assembled prior to the onset of DNA encapsulation. The first mature phage particles are observed at 45 min after infection; titres of intracellular phage demonstrate their infectivity. The core is visible in phage ghosts.", "PMID": 120413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14214", "title": "Characterization of a new avian influenza virus subtype and proposed designation of this haemagglutinin as Hav10.", "content": "The haemagglutinin of A/Dk/alb/60/76, an influenza A virus isolated from feral ducks in Canada, possesses no antigenic relatedness to any of the 16 reference haemagglutinin subtypes. Results of serological tests (HI and double immunodiffusion) with monospecific antisera to the haemagglutinin of this virus indicate that it represents a new avian haemagglutinin subtype. We propose that this haemagglutinin be designated as Hav10 under the current system of nomenclature.", "contents": "Characterization of a new avian influenza virus subtype and proposed designation of this haemagglutinin as Hav10. The haemagglutinin of A/Dk/alb/60/76, an influenza A virus isolated from feral ducks in Canada, possesses no antigenic relatedness to any of the 16 reference haemagglutinin subtypes. Results of serological tests (HI and double immunodiffusion) with monospecific antisera to the haemagglutinin of this virus indicate that it represents a new avian haemagglutinin subtype. We propose that this haemagglutinin be designated as Hav10 under the current system of nomenclature.", "PMID": 120414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14215", "title": "The separation and analysis of hepatitis B e antigen.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay has been used successfully for detecting hepatitis B e antigen in fractionated hepatitis B virus-containing serum. Ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by gel filtration through a column of Sepharose CL-6B resulted in two fractions of antigen-containing material with molecular weights of 220,000 and 130,000. The smaller of these two fractions was found to possess an average isoelectric point of 4.9 and consisted of two major polypeptide species with estimated molecular weights of 66,000 and 17,000 respectively. Affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose showed that e antigen was not retained under conditions which bound serum albumin. These results are discussed in relation to the immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B.", "contents": "The separation and analysis of hepatitis B e antigen. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay has been used successfully for detecting hepatitis B e antigen in fractionated hepatitis B virus-containing serum. Ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by gel filtration through a column of Sepharose CL-6B resulted in two fractions of antigen-containing material with molecular weights of 220,000 and 130,000. The smaller of these two fractions was found to possess an average isoelectric point of 4.9 and consisted of two major polypeptide species with estimated molecular weights of 66,000 and 17,000 respectively. Affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose showed that e antigen was not retained under conditions which bound serum albumin. These results are discussed in relation to the immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B.", "PMID": 120415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14216", "title": "Ultrastructure of supraspinal dorsal root projections in the toad. II. The cerebellar granular layer.", "content": "Following section of the left dorsal roots, degenerating fibres and boutons were observed in the granular layer of the ipsilateral cerebellum. The degenerating terminals were identified as large en passant varicosities of mossy fibres contacting the dendrites of presumptive granule cells. They contained round synaptic vesicles and neurofilaments and established Gray type I contacts. The terminals initially underwent filamentous degeneration with neurofilamentous hypertrophy, swollen mitochondria and loss of synaptic vesicles. At later survival times (6--30 days) they acquired an electron-dense appearance due to an increase and clumping of the filamentous component. After injection of horseradish peroxidase into the left cerebellum, all ipsilateral spinal ganglia showed a few (2--3%) labelled cells, indicating that a primary afferent contribution to this pathway originated from each segment of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of supraspinal dorsal root projections in the toad. II. The cerebellar granular layer. Following section of the left dorsal roots, degenerating fibres and boutons were observed in the granular layer of the ipsilateral cerebellum. The degenerating terminals were identified as large en passant varicosities of mossy fibres contacting the dendrites of presumptive granule cells. They contained round synaptic vesicles and neurofilaments and established Gray type I contacts. The terminals initially underwent filamentous degeneration with neurofilamentous hypertrophy, swollen mitochondria and loss of synaptic vesicles. At later survival times (6--30 days) they acquired an electron-dense appearance due to an increase and clumping of the filamentous component. After injection of horseradish peroxidase into the left cerebellum, all ipsilateral spinal ganglia showed a few (2--3%) labelled cells, indicating that a primary afferent contribution to this pathway originated from each segment of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 120416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14217", "title": "The mode of migration of neurons to the hippocampus: a Golgi and electron microscopic analysis in foetal rhesus monkey.", "content": "The mode of neuron migration from the site of their origin in the ventricular zone to area CA1 of the hippocampus was analysed with Golgi and electron microscopic methods during the first half of gestation in the foetal rhesus monkey. In the inner portion of the intermediate zone, the migrating cells have a bipolar form with one, or oaccasionally two, leading processes which do not reach the ammonic plate and with a single trailing process which usually ends within the intermediate zone. Both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the migrating cells are relatively electron-dense and the latter contains organelles typical of young neurons as described in other brain regions. Analysis of electron micrographs from serial sections reveals that the length of the somata and of the leading and trailing processes of the migrating neurons is apposed to fascicles of radially oriented, electron-lucent, microtubule-filled fibres which are ultrastructurally similar to the radial glial fibres of the neocortex and to the Bergmann glial fibres of the cerebellum. The close (20 nm) apposition between the membranes of the migrating cell and the radial fibre is maintained even in areas where the fibres bend or curve tortuously. Migrating neurons situated at progressively more superficial levels of the intermediate zone become progressively more differentiated and complex. Thus, in the outer portion of the intermediate zone, the migrating cells acquire several additional cytoplasmic processes and occasionally a long thin axon-like process which courses into the incipient alveus. These cells have somewhat larger somata and less electron-dense nuclei and cytoplasm than the migrating neurons still situated in the inner part of the intermediate zone. Cells close to the ammonic plate usually have one to three cytoplasmic processes that enter the ammonic plate and terminate near their presumed final position. Migrating neurons situated at the lower border of the ammonic plate have a single large apical process which intermingles with neurons already in their final position and which sometimes traverses the ammonic plate. The apposition of the migrating neurons to the radial glial processes becomes less explicit as the cell soma enters the ammonic plate, reflecting the more complex three-dimensional intercellular relationships. However, the present analysis indicates that during the middle and late stages of neuronal migration to the hippocampus radial glial fibres may guide postmitotic young neurons across the intermediate zone to the ammonic plate in the same way that they guide neurons migrating to the superficial and middle layers of the neocortical plate.", "contents": "The mode of migration of neurons to the hippocampus: a Golgi and electron microscopic analysis in foetal rhesus monkey. The mode of neuron migration from the site of their origin in the ventricular zone to area CA1 of the hippocampus was analysed with Golgi and electron microscopic methods during the first half of gestation in the foetal rhesus monkey. In the inner portion of the intermediate zone, the migrating cells have a bipolar form with one, or oaccasionally two, leading processes which do not reach the ammonic plate and with a single trailing process which usually ends within the intermediate zone. Both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the migrating cells are relatively electron-dense and the latter contains organelles typical of young neurons as described in other brain regions. Analysis of electron micrographs from serial sections reveals that the length of the somata and of the leading and trailing processes of the migrating neurons is apposed to fascicles of radially oriented, electron-lucent, microtubule-filled fibres which are ultrastructurally similar to the radial glial fibres of the neocortex and to the Bergmann glial fibres of the cerebellum. The close (20 nm) apposition between the membranes of the migrating cell and the radial fibre is maintained even in areas where the fibres bend or curve tortuously. Migrating neurons situated at progressively more superficial levels of the intermediate zone become progressively more differentiated and complex. Thus, in the outer portion of the intermediate zone, the migrating cells acquire several additional cytoplasmic processes and occasionally a long thin axon-like process which courses into the incipient alveus. These cells have somewhat larger somata and less electron-dense nuclei and cytoplasm than the migrating neurons still situated in the inner part of the intermediate zone. Cells close to the ammonic plate usually have one to three cytoplasmic processes that enter the ammonic plate and terminate near their presumed final position. Migrating neurons situated at the lower border of the ammonic plate have a single large apical process which intermingles with neurons already in their final position and which sometimes traverses the ammonic plate. The apposition of the migrating neurons to the radial glial processes becomes less explicit as the cell soma enters the ammonic plate, reflecting the more complex three-dimensional intercellular relationships. However, the present analysis indicates that during the middle and late stages of neuronal migration to the hippocampus radial glial fibres may guide postmitotic young neurons across the intermediate zone to the ammonic plate in the same way that they guide neurons migrating to the superficial and middle layers of the neocortical plate.", "PMID": 120417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14218", "title": "A radiometric microbiologic assay for the biologically active forms at niacin.", "content": "A radiometric microbiologic assay has been developed for the determination of niacin in biologic fluids. Lactobacillus plantarum produced 14CO2 from L-[U-14C] hr malic acid in quantities proportional to the amount of niacin present. The assay is specific for the biologically active forms of niacin in humans. Thirty normal hemolysates were analyzed and the values ranged from 13.0 to 17.8 micrograms niacin/ml RBC (mean = 15.27 +/- 1.33 s.d.). Good recovery and reproducibility studies were obtained with this assay. On thirty blood samples, correlation was excellent between the radiometric and the conventional turbidimetric assays.", "contents": "A radiometric microbiologic assay for the biologically active forms at niacin. A radiometric microbiologic assay has been developed for the determination of niacin in biologic fluids. Lactobacillus plantarum produced 14CO2 from L-[U-14C] hr malic acid in quantities proportional to the amount of niacin present. The assay is specific for the biologically active forms of niacin in humans. Thirty normal hemolysates were analyzed and the values ranged from 13.0 to 17.8 micrograms niacin/ml RBC (mean = 15.27 +/- 1.33 s.d.). Good recovery and reproducibility studies were obtained with this assay. On thirty blood samples, correlation was excellent between the radiometric and the conventional turbidimetric assays.", "PMID": 120418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14219", "title": "Gallium-68 labeling of albumin and albumin microspheres.", "content": "Because of the high stability constant of gallium transferrin, the formation of a protein that will be stable in vivo and labeled with gallium-68 (a positron emitter) requires preliminary coupling of a strong chelating group to the protein. In the present study, we have used a reaction developed by Krejcarek and Tucker, in which DTPA is coupled to proteins by the formation of an amide bond. Using human serum albumin (HSA) as a model, we have studied the efficiency of the reaction of HSA with the mixed acid anhydride of the quarternary triethyl ammonium salt of DTPA and butyl formate, as a function of the ratio of albumin to DTPA. After purification of the DTPA-labeled HSA, it is possible to prepare Ga-68-labeled albumin in high yield by chelation of the Ga-68 with the DTPA-labeled protein. In vitro and in vivo stability studies showed that the labeled protein was stable over a period of several hours. The same type of bifunctional chelate has been used to attach Ga-68 to HSA microspheres.", "contents": "Gallium-68 labeling of albumin and albumin microspheres. Because of the high stability constant of gallium transferrin, the formation of a protein that will be stable in vivo and labeled with gallium-68 (a positron emitter) requires preliminary coupling of a strong chelating group to the protein. In the present study, we have used a reaction developed by Krejcarek and Tucker, in which DTPA is coupled to proteins by the formation of an amide bond. Using human serum albumin (HSA) as a model, we have studied the efficiency of the reaction of HSA with the mixed acid anhydride of the quarternary triethyl ammonium salt of DTPA and butyl formate, as a function of the ratio of albumin to DTPA. After purification of the DTPA-labeled HSA, it is possible to prepare Ga-68-labeled albumin in high yield by chelation of the Ga-68 with the DTPA-labeled protein. In vitro and in vivo stability studies showed that the labeled protein was stable over a period of several hours. The same type of bifunctional chelate has been used to attach Ga-68 to HSA microspheres.", "PMID": 120419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14220", "title": "Radiolabeled liposomes as metabolic and scanning tracers in mice. II. In-111 oxine compared with Tc-99m DTPA, entrapped in multilamellar lipid vesicles.", "content": "We describe the organ distribution of positively and negatively charged multilamellar lipid vesicles (MLV) labeled with Tc-99m DTPA or In-111 oxine in mice. The organ distribution of MLV (In-111 oxine) is fairly constant throughout 72 hr, indicating that the radiotracer remains associated with cellular structures at the site of MLV uptake. In animals injected with MLV (Tc-99m DTPA), on the other hand, there is continuous leakage of radioactivity from the involved organs. This can be explained by the release of the radiotracer following MLV destruction in the organs. MLV (IN-111 oxine) may be used to study MLV uptake by different organs, whereas MLV (Tc-99m DTPA) may be a good indicator of the destruction rate of lipid vesicles. Various conditions bearing on liposome kinetics merit further study in order to assess the potentialities of these vectors as diagnostic or therapeutic agents.", "contents": "Radiolabeled liposomes as metabolic and scanning tracers in mice. II. In-111 oxine compared with Tc-99m DTPA, entrapped in multilamellar lipid vesicles. We describe the organ distribution of positively and negatively charged multilamellar lipid vesicles (MLV) labeled with Tc-99m DTPA or In-111 oxine in mice. The organ distribution of MLV (In-111 oxine) is fairly constant throughout 72 hr, indicating that the radiotracer remains associated with cellular structures at the site of MLV uptake. In animals injected with MLV (Tc-99m DTPA), on the other hand, there is continuous leakage of radioactivity from the involved organs. This can be explained by the release of the radiotracer following MLV destruction in the organs. MLV (IN-111 oxine) may be used to study MLV uptake by different organs, whereas MLV (Tc-99m DTPA) may be a good indicator of the destruction rate of lipid vesicles. Various conditions bearing on liposome kinetics merit further study in order to assess the potentialities of these vectors as diagnostic or therapeutic agents.", "PMID": 120420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14221", "title": "Indium-111-labeled human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: viability, random migration, chemotaxis, bacterial capacity, and ultrastructure.", "content": "Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were labeled with indium-111 oxine in ethanol, and the effects of the labeling procedure, radioactivity, and concentrations of oxine and ethanol on PMN function and structure were studied in vitro. The standard labeling procedure did not alter the viability, random migration, chemotaxis, bactericidal capacity, or the ultrastructure of PMNs. Exposure to higher doses of radioactivity, or to higher concentrations of ethanol, had no appreciable effects on random migration and chemotaxis of PMNs. A dose-dependent reduction in their random migration and chemotaxis was observed when higher concentrations of oxine were used. These results indicate that In-111-labeled PMNs are structurally intact and have normal in vitro locomotion and bactericidal activity. Indium-111-labeled PMNs should be suitable for studying the kinetics and distribution of these cells in health and disease.", "contents": "Indium-111-labeled human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: viability, random migration, chemotaxis, bacterial capacity, and ultrastructure. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were labeled with indium-111 oxine in ethanol, and the effects of the labeling procedure, radioactivity, and concentrations of oxine and ethanol on PMN function and structure were studied in vitro. The standard labeling procedure did not alter the viability, random migration, chemotaxis, bactericidal capacity, or the ultrastructure of PMNs. Exposure to higher doses of radioactivity, or to higher concentrations of ethanol, had no appreciable effects on random migration and chemotaxis of PMNs. A dose-dependent reduction in their random migration and chemotaxis was observed when higher concentrations of oxine were used. These results indicate that In-111-labeled PMNs are structurally intact and have normal in vitro locomotion and bactericidal activity. Indium-111-labeled PMNs should be suitable for studying the kinetics and distribution of these cells in health and disease.", "PMID": 120421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14222", "title": "Technetium-99m-labeled methylene diphosphonate and hydroxyethylidine diphosphonate--biologic and clinical comparison: concise communication.", "content": "The biologic and imaging characteristics of Tc-99m MDP and Tc-99m HEDP were compared in ten patients: Tc-99m MDP exhibited lower blood activity, lower 4-hr urinary excretion, and higher normal bone-to-background ratio. Assessment of overall image quality also favored Tc-99m MDP, indicating that the normal skeleton is better visualized with this agent. The total number of lesions seen (18) was not large enough to allow critical comparison of relative lesion-detecting efficacy. However, discrepancies between the two agents were observed, suggesting additional evaluation of the relative lesion-detecting efficacy of these two bone agents.", "contents": "Technetium-99m-labeled methylene diphosphonate and hydroxyethylidine diphosphonate--biologic and clinical comparison: concise communication. The biologic and imaging characteristics of Tc-99m MDP and Tc-99m HEDP were compared in ten patients: Tc-99m MDP exhibited lower blood activity, lower 4-hr urinary excretion, and higher normal bone-to-background ratio. Assessment of overall image quality also favored Tc-99m MDP, indicating that the normal skeleton is better visualized with this agent. The total number of lesions seen (18) was not large enough to allow critical comparison of relative lesion-detecting efficacy. However, discrepancies between the two agents were observed, suggesting additional evaluation of the relative lesion-detecting efficacy of these two bone agents.", "PMID": 120422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14223", "title": "A new electrophoretic method for determining ligand: technetium stoichiometry in carrier free 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals.", "content": "An electrophoretic procedure is outlined for the determination of the number of ligands bound to technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals. The approach involves use of ligands that will complex technetium in a similar fashion but that differ in charge. This approach was applied experimentally to dimercapto ligands in which the ligating sulfur atoms are separated by a flexible three-carbon chain (1,3-dimercapto compounds). Two such ligands studied are 1,3-dimercaptopropane (DMP) and dihydrothioctic acid (DHTA). The Tc compound of DHTA migrates much farther on electrophoresis than the Tc complex of DMP. However, when TcO4- is reduced by SnCl2 or NaBH4 in the presence of equimolar quantities of DHTA and DMP, a new compound is formed being twice as abundant as either the TcDMP or the TcDHTA compound and migrating an intermediate distance. The formation of this new complex and the 1:2:1 distribution indicates that two 1,3-dimercapto compounds are attached to the Tc-center in all three compounds.", "contents": "A new electrophoretic method for determining ligand: technetium stoichiometry in carrier free 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals. An electrophoretic procedure is outlined for the determination of the number of ligands bound to technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals. The approach involves use of ligands that will complex technetium in a similar fashion but that differ in charge. This approach was applied experimentally to dimercapto ligands in which the ligating sulfur atoms are separated by a flexible three-carbon chain (1,3-dimercapto compounds). Two such ligands studied are 1,3-dimercaptopropane (DMP) and dihydrothioctic acid (DHTA). The Tc compound of DHTA migrates much farther on electrophoresis than the Tc complex of DMP. However, when TcO4- is reduced by SnCl2 or NaBH4 in the presence of equimolar quantities of DHTA and DMP, a new compound is formed being twice as abundant as either the TcDMP or the TcDHTA compound and migrating an intermediate distance. The formation of this new complex and the 1:2:1 distribution indicates that two 1,3-dimercapto compounds are attached to the Tc-center in all three compounds.", "PMID": 120423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14224", "title": "Vitamin B2 activity of 7,8-dimethyl-10-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-4-formylbutyl)isoalloxazine in Lactobacillus casei.", "content": "The microbial activities of vitamin B2-aldehyde and vitamin B2-acid, produced by Schizophyllum commune, a Basidiomycete, were studied. Lactobacillus casei ATCC No. 7469 was used as a test microorganism. B2-aldehyde exhibited a good response curve in the growth of L. casei. B2-acid had neither a stimulatory nor an inhibitory effect on the growth. When B2-aldehyde was incubated with the homogenate of L. casei, it was converted to riboflavin. The flavin formed from B2-aldehyde by the homogenate not only exhibited an equivalent response curve to authentic riboflavin in the growth of L. casei, but also showed the same Rf value as authentic riboflavin in any paper chromatogram, as far as tested. Hence, the microbial activity of B2-aldehyde for L. casei seems to be ascribable to riboflavin which is a reduction product of B2-aldehyde.", "contents": "Vitamin B2 activity of 7,8-dimethyl-10-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-4-formylbutyl)isoalloxazine in Lactobacillus casei. The microbial activities of vitamin B2-aldehyde and vitamin B2-acid, produced by Schizophyllum commune, a Basidiomycete, were studied. Lactobacillus casei ATCC No. 7469 was used as a test microorganism. B2-aldehyde exhibited a good response curve in the growth of L. casei. B2-acid had neither a stimulatory nor an inhibitory effect on the growth. When B2-aldehyde was incubated with the homogenate of L. casei, it was converted to riboflavin. The flavin formed from B2-aldehyde by the homogenate not only exhibited an equivalent response curve to authentic riboflavin in the growth of L. casei, but also showed the same Rf value as authentic riboflavin in any paper chromatogram, as far as tested. Hence, the microbial activity of B2-aldehyde for L. casei seems to be ascribable to riboflavin which is a reduction product of B2-aldehyde.", "PMID": 120425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14225", "title": "Effect of low protein diets on free amino acids in plasma of young men: effect of wheat gluten diet.", "content": "Studies were made on alterations in plasma amino acids in young men fed a diet containing graded levels of wheat gluten. After one week on a standard diet containing 200 mgN/kg of mixed protein (animal protein content 45%), 38 young men were given a wheat gluten diet containing 170, 100, 60, 30, 15 or zero mgN/kg for 2 weeks. Blood samples measuring plasma free amino acids were taken before breakfast at the end of the periods on a standard diet and an experimental diet. In subjects on diets containing 170 to 30 mgN/kg the plasma concentrations of threonine, valine, methionine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, serine, histidine and arginine fell significantly with decrease in protein intake, but the concentration of alanine increased significantly. On the other hand, in subjects on diets containing 15 or zero mgN/kg, the plasma concentrations of the essential amino acids did not decrease, but increased to slightly more than in subjects on a diet containing 30 mgN/kg, and the alanine and glycine concentrations increased steadily. Values for plasma lysine varied from 146 +/- 22 to 194 +/- 31 mumoles/liter with gluten intakes of 170 to zero mgN/kg, but were comparable with that of 186 +/- 33 mumules/liter in subjects on a standard diet, showing that the plasma lysine concentration did not clearly reflect the dietary concentration of lysine in young men on a wheat gluten diet.", "contents": "Effect of low protein diets on free amino acids in plasma of young men: effect of wheat gluten diet. Studies were made on alterations in plasma amino acids in young men fed a diet containing graded levels of wheat gluten. After one week on a standard diet containing 200 mgN/kg of mixed protein (animal protein content 45%), 38 young men were given a wheat gluten diet containing 170, 100, 60, 30, 15 or zero mgN/kg for 2 weeks. Blood samples measuring plasma free amino acids were taken before breakfast at the end of the periods on a standard diet and an experimental diet. In subjects on diets containing 170 to 30 mgN/kg the plasma concentrations of threonine, valine, methionine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, serine, histidine and arginine fell significantly with decrease in protein intake, but the concentration of alanine increased significantly. On the other hand, in subjects on diets containing 15 or zero mgN/kg, the plasma concentrations of the essential amino acids did not decrease, but increased to slightly more than in subjects on a diet containing 30 mgN/kg, and the alanine and glycine concentrations increased steadily. Values for plasma lysine varied from 146 +/- 22 to 194 +/- 31 mumoles/liter with gluten intakes of 170 to zero mgN/kg, but were comparable with that of 186 +/- 33 mumules/liter in subjects on a standard diet, showing that the plasma lysine concentration did not clearly reflect the dietary concentration of lysine in young men on a wheat gluten diet.", "PMID": 120426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14226", "title": "Effect of an amino acid imbalance on intestinal sucrase and leucine aminopeptidase activities in rats.", "content": "In order to investigate the relationship between dietary amino acids and protein, as well as the activities of intestinal sucrase and leucine aminopeptidase in rats, the effects of an amino acid imbalance on these enzyme activities were studied. The amino acid imbalance was created by adding 8% of an indispensable amino acid mixture lacking threonine to a 6% casein diet supplemented with 0.3% methionine. The food intake and growth of rats fed the imbalanced diet ad libitum were depressed, and the segmental weights of the small intestine and its sucrase activity were clearly lower than those of rats fed the basal diet. The effect of the imbalanced diet under pair-feeding condition on the sucrase activity was similar to that under an ad libitum feeding condition. The food intake and segmental sucrase activity, that is, sucrase activity per length of the small intestine, of rats injected with cortisol (1 mg/day) and fed the imbalanced diet were not depressed, although administration of insulin (1.5 U/day) had no effect on the food intake or segmental sucrase activity. Force-feeding stimulated growth of rats receiving the imbalanced diet, as well as increasing their segmental sucrase activities. The effects of these different conditions on the leucine aminopeptidase activity of rats receiving the imbalanced diet were obscure. These results suggest that changes in segmental sucrase activity might be mediated by stimulating factors in food intake affected by the composition of ingested amino acids and protein together with sucrose in the gastrointestinal lumen.", "contents": "Effect of an amino acid imbalance on intestinal sucrase and leucine aminopeptidase activities in rats. In order to investigate the relationship between dietary amino acids and protein, as well as the activities of intestinal sucrase and leucine aminopeptidase in rats, the effects of an amino acid imbalance on these enzyme activities were studied. The amino acid imbalance was created by adding 8% of an indispensable amino acid mixture lacking threonine to a 6% casein diet supplemented with 0.3% methionine. The food intake and growth of rats fed the imbalanced diet ad libitum were depressed, and the segmental weights of the small intestine and its sucrase activity were clearly lower than those of rats fed the basal diet. The effect of the imbalanced diet under pair-feeding condition on the sucrase activity was similar to that under an ad libitum feeding condition. The food intake and segmental sucrase activity, that is, sucrase activity per length of the small intestine, of rats injected with cortisol (1 mg/day) and fed the imbalanced diet were not depressed, although administration of insulin (1.5 U/day) had no effect on the food intake or segmental sucrase activity. Force-feeding stimulated growth of rats receiving the imbalanced diet, as well as increasing their segmental sucrase activities. The effects of these different conditions on the leucine aminopeptidase activity of rats receiving the imbalanced diet were obscure. These results suggest that changes in segmental sucrase activity might be mediated by stimulating factors in food intake affected by the composition of ingested amino acids and protein together with sucrose in the gastrointestinal lumen.", "PMID": 120427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14227", "title": "Tumorous conditions of the fibula, supraorbital area and mandible.", "content": "Our patient's initial biopsy of the right fibula was diagnosed as Ewing's sarcoma and surgical amputation was suggested as the treatment of choice. After he refused, he was treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient refused to continue this type of therapy after a 6 weeks' regimen. The supraorbital swelling occurred 3 years later and the biopsy of it also revealed Ewing's sarcoma, as did the mandibular specimen. The patient, again, refused any further treatment.", "contents": "Tumorous conditions of the fibula, supraorbital area and mandible. Our patient's initial biopsy of the right fibula was diagnosed as Ewing's sarcoma and surgical amputation was suggested as the treatment of choice. After he refused, he was treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient refused to continue this type of therapy after a 6 weeks' regimen. The supraorbital swelling occurred 3 years later and the biopsy of it also revealed Ewing's sarcoma, as did the mandibular specimen. The patient, again, refused any further treatment.", "PMID": 120428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14228", "title": "Fine structure of cell types in an ameloblastoma.", "content": "An unusually large and old ameloblastoma, which revealed a diverse histological appearance, was studied by light and electron microscopy. In the tumor, the epithelial component formed several patterns in the collagenous stroma. The epithelial islands, consisting of tall columnar cells surrounding the inner core of stellate cells, mimicked the cells of the inner enamel epithelium and stellate reticulum, respectively, of the normal enamel organ. The ultrastructural appearances of the columnar cells, however, were only similar to those which are seen in undifferentiated preameloblasts. Areas of squamous metaplasia were present, and these squamous cells were structurally similar to the cells at the base of the oral epithelium. Some epithelial cells containing numerous lipid granules and mitochondria formed a network of cords. The connective tissue stroma was made up of fibroblast-like cells which appear to be metabolically active. In addition, multinucleated giant cells were present in the connective tissue stroma near the epithelial component.", "contents": "Fine structure of cell types in an ameloblastoma. An unusually large and old ameloblastoma, which revealed a diverse histological appearance, was studied by light and electron microscopy. In the tumor, the epithelial component formed several patterns in the collagenous stroma. The epithelial islands, consisting of tall columnar cells surrounding the inner core of stellate cells, mimicked the cells of the inner enamel epithelium and stellate reticulum, respectively, of the normal enamel organ. The ultrastructural appearances of the columnar cells, however, were only similar to those which are seen in undifferentiated preameloblasts. Areas of squamous metaplasia were present, and these squamous cells were structurally similar to the cells at the base of the oral epithelium. Some epithelial cells containing numerous lipid granules and mitochondria formed a network of cords. The connective tissue stroma was made up of fibroblast-like cells which appear to be metabolically active. In addition, multinucleated giant cells were present in the connective tissue stroma near the epithelial component.", "PMID": 120429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14229", "title": "Effects of isoproterenol on chemical carcinogenesis with DMBA in mouse salivary glands.", "content": "Histopathological studies were conducted on experimental carcinogenesis in mouse salivary glands using D L-isoproterenol hydochloride (isoproterenol) and 9 10-dimethyl-1 2-benzanthracene (DMBA). DMBA was administered once at 1 mg/0.02 ml in olive oil to the salivary glands, and isoproterenol was injected intraperitoneally at 1 mg/0.05 ml saline solution three times a week for 2 weeks at different periods during the oncogenic process. Salivary glands treated with carcinogen showed a relatively constant sequence of changes and developed epithelial and mesenchymal tumors irrespective of isoproterenol administration. Isoproterenol did not influence the development of another type of tumor; however, it did retard the oncogenic processes.", "contents": "Effects of isoproterenol on chemical carcinogenesis with DMBA in mouse salivary glands. Histopathological studies were conducted on experimental carcinogenesis in mouse salivary glands using D L-isoproterenol hydochloride (isoproterenol) and 9 10-dimethyl-1 2-benzanthracene (DMBA). DMBA was administered once at 1 mg/0.02 ml in olive oil to the salivary glands, and isoproterenol was injected intraperitoneally at 1 mg/0.05 ml saline solution three times a week for 2 weeks at different periods during the oncogenic process. Salivary glands treated with carcinogen showed a relatively constant sequence of changes and developed epithelial and mesenchymal tumors irrespective of isoproterenol administration. Isoproterenol did not influence the development of another type of tumor; however, it did retard the oncogenic processes.", "PMID": 120430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14230", "title": "Acatalasia in two Peruvian siblings.", "content": "The oral findings in two Peruvian brothers, 10- and 11-years-old, with acatalasia are presented. Gingival necrosis and severe alveolar bone destruction were the main oral manifestations. Otherwise the patients were in good health. Thirteen hypocatalasemic individuals, including both parents, were found among 29 relatives of the probands examined from four generations. No other acatalasemic individuals were found. Hypocatalectic relatives of the probands did not have oral lesions, and no other abnormalities were detected. The parents of the affected children were not known to be related; however, both parents and their families come from the same small rural community. The inheritance pattern in the kindred was compatible with an autosomal recessive disorder. It is postulated that the gingival lesions resulted from damage to tissue from hydrogen peroxide generated by organisms in gingival plaque. The hydrogen peroxide cannot be degraded by gingival tissue or by leukocytes genetically lacking the enzyme catalase.", "contents": "Acatalasia in two Peruvian siblings. The oral findings in two Peruvian brothers, 10- and 11-years-old, with acatalasia are presented. Gingival necrosis and severe alveolar bone destruction were the main oral manifestations. Otherwise the patients were in good health. Thirteen hypocatalasemic individuals, including both parents, were found among 29 relatives of the probands examined from four generations. No other acatalasemic individuals were found. Hypocatalectic relatives of the probands did not have oral lesions, and no other abnormalities were detected. The parents of the affected children were not known to be related; however, both parents and their families come from the same small rural community. The inheritance pattern in the kindred was compatible with an autosomal recessive disorder. It is postulated that the gingival lesions resulted from damage to tissue from hydrogen peroxide generated by organisms in gingival plaque. The hydrogen peroxide cannot be degraded by gingival tissue or by leukocytes genetically lacking the enzyme catalase.", "PMID": 120431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14231", "title": "Pathways of inflammatory cellular exudate through radicular cyst epithelium: a light and scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "A feature of radicular cyst histology is the observation that polymorphonuclear leucocytes infiltrate the epithelium whereas chronic inflammatory cells do not and accumulate in the subepithelial connective tissue. Material for the study of this phenomenon consisted of radicular cysts fixed in formol saline. Observation under the SEM indicated that the lumenal surface of the radicular cyst is characterized by numerous interepithelial spaces through which polymorphonuclear cells reach the cyst cavity. The cells on the lumenal surface are associated with interepithelial spaces. Observations of the cut surface indicate that channels occur between epithelial cells through which the polymorphonuclear leucocytes migrate. The channels may also be a pathway for exudates from capillaries to reach the cyst cavity and provide a means for radicular cyst enlargement. Erosions of epithelial cells and features of necrosis of superficial cells were observed. Thus it appears that polymorphonuclear leucocytes migrate through definite channels between epithelial cells in the radicular cyst lining, the chemotactic stimulus being degeneration and breakdown of the superficial epithelial cells.", "contents": "Pathways of inflammatory cellular exudate through radicular cyst epithelium: a light and scanning electron microscope study. A feature of radicular cyst histology is the observation that polymorphonuclear leucocytes infiltrate the epithelium whereas chronic inflammatory cells do not and accumulate in the subepithelial connective tissue. Material for the study of this phenomenon consisted of radicular cysts fixed in formol saline. Observation under the SEM indicated that the lumenal surface of the radicular cyst is characterized by numerous interepithelial spaces through which polymorphonuclear cells reach the cyst cavity. The cells on the lumenal surface are associated with interepithelial spaces. Observations of the cut surface indicate that channels occur between epithelial cells through which the polymorphonuclear leucocytes migrate. The channels may also be a pathway for exudates from capillaries to reach the cyst cavity and provide a means for radicular cyst enlargement. Erosions of epithelial cells and features of necrosis of superficial cells were observed. Thus it appears that polymorphonuclear leucocytes migrate through definite channels between epithelial cells in the radicular cyst lining, the chemotactic stimulus being degeneration and breakdown of the superficial epithelial cells.", "PMID": 120432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14232", "title": "Bge snail cell-line antigens: ineffectiveness as antischistosomal vaccine in mice.", "content": "Mice and rabbits were immunized with antigens derived from Bge cells, Biomphalaria glabrata hemolymph, or Schistosoma mansoni. Antisera from mice given molluscan antigens did not form immunoprecipitates with soluble antigen from adult worms, but their binding to surfaces of sporocysts, cercariae, and schistosomules suggests the presence of cross-reacting determinants. In vitro, cell-mediated immune responses to Bge antigens were not demonstrable in infected nor in immunized mice. Mice immunized with Bge cell-line antigens and challenged with S. mansoni cercariae showed no reduction in worm burden when compared with control mice.", "contents": "Bge snail cell-line antigens: ineffectiveness as antischistosomal vaccine in mice. Mice and rabbits were immunized with antigens derived from Bge cells, Biomphalaria glabrata hemolymph, or Schistosoma mansoni. Antisera from mice given molluscan antigens did not form immunoprecipitates with soluble antigen from adult worms, but their binding to surfaces of sporocysts, cercariae, and schistosomules suggests the presence of cross-reacting determinants. In vitro, cell-mediated immune responses to Bge antigens were not demonstrable in infected nor in immunized mice. Mice immunized with Bge cell-line antigens and challenged with S. mansoni cercariae showed no reduction in worm burden when compared with control mice.", "PMID": 120433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14233", "title": "Infectivity of Plasmodium simium to Aotus trivirgatus monkeys and different anophelines.", "content": "Infections of Plasmodium simium were induced in splenectomized and intact Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra monkeys by parasitized blood and by sporozoites from Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes. Eleven of 13 monkeys developed infection after sporozoite inoculation; prepatent periods ranged from 11 to 25 days (mean 15.8 days). Comparative infectivity studies indicated that An, freeborni mosquitoes were the most susceptible followed by An. stephensi, An. Balabacensis balabacensis, An. maculatus, An. quadrimaculatus, An. culicifacies, and An. albimanus. Studies with 3 pupal phenotypes of An. freeborni indicated that lines containing the green and nonstriped pupal phenotypes were more susceptible than the base colony; the striped phenotype was slightly less susceptible.", "contents": "Infectivity of Plasmodium simium to Aotus trivirgatus monkeys and different anophelines. Infections of Plasmodium simium were induced in splenectomized and intact Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra monkeys by parasitized blood and by sporozoites from Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes. Eleven of 13 monkeys developed infection after sporozoite inoculation; prepatent periods ranged from 11 to 25 days (mean 15.8 days). Comparative infectivity studies indicated that An, freeborni mosquitoes were the most susceptible followed by An. stephensi, An. Balabacensis balabacensis, An. maculatus, An. quadrimaculatus, An. culicifacies, and An. albimanus. Studies with 3 pupal phenotypes of An. freeborni indicated that lines containing the green and nonstriped pupal phenotypes were more susceptible than the base colony; the striped phenotype was slightly less susceptible.", "PMID": 120434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14234", "title": "Sarcocystis transmitted by blood transfusion.", "content": "Merozoites were found in blood smears from calves, lambs, and pigs exhibiting signs of acute sarcocystosis after oral infection with sporocysts of Sarcocystis bovicanis, Sarcocystis ovicanis, and Sarcocystis suihominis. In each of 3 experiments, whole blood containing merozoites was transfused from an infected host to 2 uninfected recipients of the same species; 2 additional animals of the same species served as uninfected nontransfused controls. The bovine, ovine, and porcine donors all died of acute sarcocystosis. Clinical signs of sarcocystosis were not seen in any transfusion recipients or controls. All recipients and controls were killed and histologic specimens of esophagus, diaphragm, heart, skeletal muscle, and tongue were examined microscopically. Large numbers of intramuscular cysts were present in transfusion recipients, whereas few or no cysts were present in controls, indicating that S. bovicanis, S. ovicanis, and S. suihominis had been transmitted between intermediate hosts of the same species by blood transfusion.", "contents": "Sarcocystis transmitted by blood transfusion. Merozoites were found in blood smears from calves, lambs, and pigs exhibiting signs of acute sarcocystosis after oral infection with sporocysts of Sarcocystis bovicanis, Sarcocystis ovicanis, and Sarcocystis suihominis. In each of 3 experiments, whole blood containing merozoites was transfused from an infected host to 2 uninfected recipients of the same species; 2 additional animals of the same species served as uninfected nontransfused controls. The bovine, ovine, and porcine donors all died of acute sarcocystosis. Clinical signs of sarcocystosis were not seen in any transfusion recipients or controls. All recipients and controls were killed and histologic specimens of esophagus, diaphragm, heart, skeletal muscle, and tongue were examined microscopically. Large numbers of intramuscular cysts were present in transfusion recipients, whereas few or no cysts were present in controls, indicating that S. bovicanis, S. ovicanis, and S. suihominis had been transmitted between intermediate hosts of the same species by blood transfusion.", "PMID": 120435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14235", "title": "Tetrapetalonema (T.) panamensis (McCoy, 1936) comb. n. (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) in Colombian primates, with a description of the adults.", "content": "Microfilaria panamensis McCoy, 1936 was identified in the blood of Cebus apella, C. capucinus, C. albifrous, and Saguinus oedipus from various regions in Colombia. Adult worms, recovered from the subcutaneous connective tissues of C. apella and S. oedipus, were identified with this microfilaria and are described as Tetrapetalonema (T.) panamensis (McCoy, 1936) comb. n. This nematode is smaller configuration of the female tail and in the appearance of the spicules, and T. barbascalensis which differs in the placement of the vulva relative to the base of the esophagus and in the structure of the right spicule. The spicular ratio of T. panamensis (1.6 to 2.1) is lower than that of any other member of the subgenus (2.6 to 10.8). The host induced and/or geographic variation of microfilariae and adults of T. panamensis is discussed.", "contents": "Tetrapetalonema (T.) panamensis (McCoy, 1936) comb. n. (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) in Colombian primates, with a description of the adults. Microfilaria panamensis McCoy, 1936 was identified in the blood of Cebus apella, C. capucinus, C. albifrous, and Saguinus oedipus from various regions in Colombia. Adult worms, recovered from the subcutaneous connective tissues of C. apella and S. oedipus, were identified with this microfilaria and are described as Tetrapetalonema (T.) panamensis (McCoy, 1936) comb. n. This nematode is smaller configuration of the female tail and in the appearance of the spicules, and T. barbascalensis which differs in the placement of the vulva relative to the base of the esophagus and in the structure of the right spicule. The spicular ratio of T. panamensis (1.6 to 2.1) is lower than that of any other member of the subgenus (2.6 to 10.8). The host induced and/or geographic variation of microfilariae and adults of T. panamensis is discussed.", "PMID": 120436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14236", "title": "Conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve, length of the forearm and body weight as correlates of gestational age in the infant pigtail macaque.", "content": "The conduction velocity of peripheral nerves is an indication of their growth. Ulnar nerve conduction velocity, forearm length, postpartum age and weight were measured in 25 monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) to determine the best way to estimate gestational age. Correlation analysis showed that while conduction velocity is strongly correlated with gestational age (r = 0.68), both forearm length (r = 0.91) and weight (r = 0.94) are more strongly correlated. Of the three simple measurements made, weight provides the best estimate of gestational age.", "contents": "Conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve, length of the forearm and body weight as correlates of gestational age in the infant pigtail macaque. The conduction velocity of peripheral nerves is an indication of their growth. Ulnar nerve conduction velocity, forearm length, postpartum age and weight were measured in 25 monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) to determine the best way to estimate gestational age. Correlation analysis showed that while conduction velocity is strongly correlated with gestational age (r = 0.68), both forearm length (r = 0.91) and weight (r = 0.94) are more strongly correlated. Of the three simple measurements made, weight provides the best estimate of gestational age.", "PMID": 120440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14237", "title": "Supernumerary epiphyses in the macaque (Macaca nemestrina).", "content": "The frequency, age distribution and development of supernumerary epiphyses in the hand and foot were radiographically documented in 98 macaque fetuses and infants. Extra epiphyses were observed only on distal metacarpal 1 and metatarsal 1, and were present in 15% of a cross-sectional sample and 20% of a longitudinal sample. They appeared coincidentally with the ossification of other secondary epiphyses of the hand and foot. Development of extra epiphyses in this species seems to be a normal phenomenon.", "contents": "Supernumerary epiphyses in the macaque (Macaca nemestrina). The frequency, age distribution and development of supernumerary epiphyses in the hand and foot were radiographically documented in 98 macaque fetuses and infants. Extra epiphyses were observed only on distal metacarpal 1 and metatarsal 1, and were present in 15% of a cross-sectional sample and 20% of a longitudinal sample. They appeared coincidentally with the ossification of other secondary epiphyses of the hand and foot. Development of extra epiphyses in this species seems to be a normal phenomenon.", "PMID": 120441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14238", "title": "Estrogen and luteinizing hormone secretion in diverse primate species from simplified urinary analysis.", "content": "A practical approach for monitoring urinary estrogen and luteinizing hormone (LH) in various primate species is described. Total immunoreactive estrogen (Et) levels, measured without chromatography, provided a convenient estimation of estrone, estradiol and estriol as the sum of their separated parts. Bioactive LH in urine was measured by the rat interstitial cell testosterone (RICT) in vitro bioassay. Correction for urinary creatinine content allowed for the comparison of hormone production from small volumes of urine collected from single daily voidings. Using these methods, urinary Et and LH profiles through the reproductive cycles of a human, gorilla, chimpanzee and capuchin monkey have been determined.", "contents": "Estrogen and luteinizing hormone secretion in diverse primate species from simplified urinary analysis. A practical approach for monitoring urinary estrogen and luteinizing hormone (LH) in various primate species is described. Total immunoreactive estrogen (Et) levels, measured without chromatography, provided a convenient estimation of estrone, estradiol and estriol as the sum of their separated parts. Bioactive LH in urine was measured by the rat interstitial cell testosterone (RICT) in vitro bioassay. Correction for urinary creatinine content allowed for the comparison of hormone production from small volumes of urine collected from single daily voidings. Using these methods, urinary Et and LH profiles through the reproductive cycles of a human, gorilla, chimpanzee and capuchin monkey have been determined.", "PMID": 120442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14239", "title": "Selection and pairing of 'normal' rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) for research: procedures, techniques, and observations.", "content": "A selection process has been developed by the authors to insure investigators that animal subjects used in their experiments will accurately reflect biological changes associated with the project design. The procedure involved the following: complete physical examination; complete hemogram, serum electrolytes, serum biochemistry, body weight; and anthropometric determinations; aging by dentition; electrocardiography; total-body radiography; fecal culture; fecal ova, and parasite examinations; and examination of other conditions. Arithmetic means and standard deviations were calculated and used to eliminate monkeys whose values varied from the mean by more than two standard deviations.", "contents": "Selection and pairing of 'normal' rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) for research: procedures, techniques, and observations. A selection process has been developed by the authors to insure investigators that animal subjects used in their experiments will accurately reflect biological changes associated with the project design. The procedure involved the following: complete physical examination; complete hemogram, serum electrolytes, serum biochemistry, body weight; and anthropometric determinations; aging by dentition; electrocardiography; total-body radiography; fecal culture; fecal ova, and parasite examinations; and examination of other conditions. Arithmetic means and standard deviations were calculated and used to eliminate monkeys whose values varied from the mean by more than two standard deviations.", "PMID": 120443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14240", "title": "Weights and heights of stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) living in colony groups.", "content": "Weights and heights of adults, week-old infants, and animals of intermediate ages were obtained from colony groups of stump-tailed macaques and are compared with similar measurements of rhesus, Japanese macaques, and other stump-tailed monkeys.", "contents": "Weights and heights of stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) living in colony groups. Weights and heights of adults, week-old infants, and animals of intermediate ages were obtained from colony groups of stump-tailed macaques and are compared with similar measurements of rhesus, Japanese macaques, and other stump-tailed monkeys.", "PMID": 120444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14241", "title": "A prolonged hematopoietic disturbance associated with aortic aneurism and splenomegaly in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). A case report.", "content": "In a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), monitored clinically for five years, histopathological review revealed diffuse lymphoblastic lymphocytes infiltrating the thyroid, kidney, liver, pancreas, adrenal medulla, internal fat, extramedullary hematopoietic foci in the spleen and liver, and a mild chronic peritonitis.", "contents": "A prolonged hematopoietic disturbance associated with aortic aneurism and splenomegaly in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). A case report. In a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), monitored clinically for five years, histopathological review revealed diffuse lymphoblastic lymphocytes infiltrating the thyroid, kidney, liver, pancreas, adrenal medulla, internal fat, extramedullary hematopoietic foci in the spleen and liver, and a mild chronic peritonitis.", "PMID": 120445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14242", "title": "Infective substructures of measles virus from acutely and persistently infected cells.", "content": "Ribonucleoprotein from cells acutely or persistently infected with measles virus were shown to be infectious by the calcium phosphate technique. Very little or no infectivity was obtained when calcium phosphate precipitation was omitted. Electron microscopy showed that the majority of ribonucleoprotein structures isolated from acutely infected cells were folded, whereas those from persistently infected cells were linear in appearance.", "contents": "Infective substructures of measles virus from acutely and persistently infected cells. Ribonucleoprotein from cells acutely or persistently infected with measles virus were shown to be infectious by the calcium phosphate technique. Very little or no infectivity was obtained when calcium phosphate precipitation was omitted. Electron microscopy showed that the majority of ribonucleoprotein structures isolated from acutely infected cells were folded, whereas those from persistently infected cells were linear in appearance.", "PMID": 120450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14243", "title": "Common protective antigen between Pseudomanas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Immunization with a common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced a high level of protection in mice against Vibrio cholerae infection. The average OEP-HA titer in mice sera of immune group was 1,600 HA titer. However, vibriocidal titer and agglutinin titer against V. cholerae were not observed in sera of mice immunized with OEP. By passive administration of anti-OEP rabbit serum, mice were also protected against challenge with V. cholerae. In order to confirm the presence of the common antigen of P. aeruginosa in V. cholerae, IF-30 (common antigen of V. cholerae) was provided. Antibodies were found by the OEP-passive hemagglutination test to cross-react with the common antigen (OEP) of P. aeruginosa in sera of rabbits immunized with IF-30. The titer of OEP antibody formation in rabbits immunized with IF-30 was almost the same as that of P. aeruginosa. When mice were immunized with IF-30 and challenged with each of 7 kinds of Fisher's immunotype of P. aeruginosa, protection was observed in all the mice vaccinated against the challenge with each of the 7 kinds of strains. Furthermore, it was also confirmed that there was significant protection in mice injected with anti-IF-30 rabbit serum against all strains of Fisher's immunotype of P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Common protective antigen between Pseudomanas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholerae. Immunization with a common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced a high level of protection in mice against Vibrio cholerae infection. The average OEP-HA titer in mice sera of immune group was 1,600 HA titer. However, vibriocidal titer and agglutinin titer against V. cholerae were not observed in sera of mice immunized with OEP. By passive administration of anti-OEP rabbit serum, mice were also protected against challenge with V. cholerae. In order to confirm the presence of the common antigen of P. aeruginosa in V. cholerae, IF-30 (common antigen of V. cholerae) was provided. Antibodies were found by the OEP-passive hemagglutination test to cross-react with the common antigen (OEP) of P. aeruginosa in sera of rabbits immunized with IF-30. The titer of OEP antibody formation in rabbits immunized with IF-30 was almost the same as that of P. aeruginosa. When mice were immunized with IF-30 and challenged with each of 7 kinds of Fisher's immunotype of P. aeruginosa, protection was observed in all the mice vaccinated against the challenge with each of the 7 kinds of strains. Furthermore, it was also confirmed that there was significant protection in mice injected with anti-IF-30 rabbit serum against all strains of Fisher's immunotype of P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 120454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14244", "title": "Experimental Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections in dogs.", "content": "Dogs were infected intravenously and intradermally with the Gilliam and Karp strains of R. tsutsugamushi. Although the development of clinical signs was related to the dose of the organism, Gilliam-infected dogs developed severer infections than those infected with Karp. Specific antibodies were demonstrated in sera of experimentally infected dogs.", "contents": "Experimental Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections in dogs. Dogs were infected intravenously and intradermally with the Gilliam and Karp strains of R. tsutsugamushi. Although the development of clinical signs was related to the dose of the organism, Gilliam-infected dogs developed severer infections than those infected with Karp. Specific antibodies were demonstrated in sera of experimentally infected dogs.", "PMID": 120457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14245", "title": "Persistence and reactivation of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections in laboratory mice.", "content": "The persistence of R. tsutsugamushi in tissues of experimentally infected mice for 565 days was demonstrated. Reactivation of apparently dormant infections was accomplished by inoculating the mice with a heterologous strain of the organism or treatment with cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Persistence and reactivation of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections in laboratory mice. The persistence of R. tsutsugamushi in tissues of experimentally infected mice for 565 days was demonstrated. Reactivation of apparently dormant infections was accomplished by inoculating the mice with a heterologous strain of the organism or treatment with cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 120458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14246", "title": "A kinetic measurement of red cell deformability: a modified micropipette aspiration technique.", "content": "A kinetic measurement of the red cell deformability is developed, modifying the micropipette aspiration technique of BRAASCH (1971). The sedimented human red cells on a slide-glass are individually aspirated into a micropipette by negative pressure (delta P), and the decreasing \"velocity (v)\" of the applied electric current, due to the aspirating cell, is taken as a measure of the \"easiness\" of the cell to enter into the small orifice of the micropipette (inner diameter, 2 R congruent to 3 micrometer). An empirical relation, v infinity (pi r2) . (delta P) . (\"deformability\"), is obtained. In order to test the validity of the method, some factors influencing the deformability are studied: i.e., the \"velocity\" decreases as lowering temperature; the \"velocity\" of the glutaraldehyde-pretreated cells and of both in vivo and in vitro aged cells decreases. Therefore, the parameter, \"velocity (v),\" reflects the deformability well. In addition, if a few assumptions could be allowed, v would be related to the Young's modulus of the membrane.", "contents": "A kinetic measurement of red cell deformability: a modified micropipette aspiration technique. A kinetic measurement of the red cell deformability is developed, modifying the micropipette aspiration technique of BRAASCH (1971). The sedimented human red cells on a slide-glass are individually aspirated into a micropipette by negative pressure (delta P), and the decreasing \"velocity (v)\" of the applied electric current, due to the aspirating cell, is taken as a measure of the \"easiness\" of the cell to enter into the small orifice of the micropipette (inner diameter, 2 R congruent to 3 micrometer). An empirical relation, v infinity (pi r2) . (delta P) . (\"deformability\"), is obtained. In order to test the validity of the method, some factors influencing the deformability are studied: i.e., the \"velocity\" decreases as lowering temperature; the \"velocity\" of the glutaraldehyde-pretreated cells and of both in vivo and in vitro aged cells decreases. Therefore, the parameter, \"velocity (v),\" reflects the deformability well. In addition, if a few assumptions could be allowed, v would be related to the Young's modulus of the membrane.", "PMID": 120460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14247", "title": "Elevation of visual pattern discrimination limen in monkeys with total removal of inferotemporal cortex.", "content": "Attempts were made to test the validity of the general view that inferotemporal lesions in monkeys do not result in a visual acuity disorder. It was found in the first experiment that monkeys with total removal of the inferotemporal visual area (TIT monkeys) showed a significant elevation of the discrimination limen for visual patterns of reduced sizes even when compared to monkeys with removal of lateral striate cortex (LS monkeys); yet in a food-morsel (raisin) detection test the TIT monkeys performed as well as normal monkeys, although the LS monkeys showed significant deficits. A second experiment was conducted, in which the same subjects were tested with the same patterns as in the first experiment but with the stimulus background changed from the square used earlier to an enlarged disc. While both normal and LS monkeys performed this task easily, the TIT monkeys could not learn the discrimination within the training limit of 1,200 trials. The results suggest that such a marked elevation of the discrimination limen in the TIT monkeys as found in the first experiment is not attributable to a visual acuity disorder, but is explained as due to an impairment of the pattern perception mechanism.", "contents": "Elevation of visual pattern discrimination limen in monkeys with total removal of inferotemporal cortex. Attempts were made to test the validity of the general view that inferotemporal lesions in monkeys do not result in a visual acuity disorder. It was found in the first experiment that monkeys with total removal of the inferotemporal visual area (TIT monkeys) showed a significant elevation of the discrimination limen for visual patterns of reduced sizes even when compared to monkeys with removal of lateral striate cortex (LS monkeys); yet in a food-morsel (raisin) detection test the TIT monkeys performed as well as normal monkeys, although the LS monkeys showed significant deficits. A second experiment was conducted, in which the same subjects were tested with the same patterns as in the first experiment but with the stimulus background changed from the square used earlier to an enlarged disc. While both normal and LS monkeys performed this task easily, the TIT monkeys could not learn the discrimination within the training limit of 1,200 trials. The results suggest that such a marked elevation of the discrimination limen in the TIT monkeys as found in the first experiment is not attributable to a visual acuity disorder, but is explained as due to an impairment of the pattern perception mechanism.", "PMID": 120461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14248", "title": "A quantitative evaluation for peripheral respiratory chemosensitivities by the withdrawal test in man.", "content": "Ten healthy subjects were tested for their peripheral respiratory chemosensitivities by the withdrawal technique two times on separate days. Hypoxic hypercapnia of PET, O2 75, 65 AND 55 mmHg with PET, CO2, 5 mmHg higher than the control level was replaced by 100% O2 two times with spontaneous respiration. Then, breath-by-breath depression calculated in minute ventilation (delta V) was observed during the period 5-20 sec after the first O2 inhalation. The results were analyzed by the linear relationship between PET, O2 and 1n delta V, and PaO2 and 1n delta V. Delta V at P02 50 mmHg, delta V50, was 9.09 +/- 6.81 liters/min (mean +/- SD) in PET, O2-1n delta V analysis and 9.22 +/- 7.46 liters/min in PaO2-1n delta V analysis, respectively. The averaged day to day variation of delta V50 expressed by SE in % was 5.3% in PET, O2-1n delta V analysis and 11.5% in PaO2-1n delta V analysis, respectively.", "contents": "A quantitative evaluation for peripheral respiratory chemosensitivities by the withdrawal test in man. Ten healthy subjects were tested for their peripheral respiratory chemosensitivities by the withdrawal technique two times on separate days. Hypoxic hypercapnia of PET, O2 75, 65 AND 55 mmHg with PET, CO2, 5 mmHg higher than the control level was replaced by 100% O2 two times with spontaneous respiration. Then, breath-by-breath depression calculated in minute ventilation (delta V) was observed during the period 5-20 sec after the first O2 inhalation. The results were analyzed by the linear relationship between PET, O2 and 1n delta V, and PaO2 and 1n delta V. Delta V at P02 50 mmHg, delta V50, was 9.09 +/- 6.81 liters/min (mean +/- SD) in PET, O2-1n delta V analysis and 9.22 +/- 7.46 liters/min in PaO2-1n delta V analysis, respectively. The averaged day to day variation of delta V50 expressed by SE in % was 5.3% in PET, O2-1n delta V analysis and 11.5% in PaO2-1n delta V analysis, respectively.", "PMID": 120462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14249", "title": "Stimulation of microsomal drug oxidation activities by incorporation into microsomes of purified NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase.", "content": "The effects of addition of purified NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase on microsomal activities of aniline hydroxylation, p-phenetidine O-deethylation and ethylmorphine and aminopyrine N-demethylations were investigated utilizing microsomes from untreated, phenobarbital-treated and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. The purified reductase was incorporated into microsomes. The drug oxidation activities were increased by the fortification of microsomes with the reductase while the extent of increase in the activities varied with the substrate and microsomes employed. The most pronounced enhancement was seen in p-phenetidine O-deethylation, followed by aniline hydroxylation and aminopyrine and ethylmorphine N-demethylations. The enhancement was more remarkable in microsomes from rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene or phenobarbital. alpha-Naphthoflavone inhibited p-phenetidine O-deethylation activity markedly when the reductase was incorporated into microsomes, indicating that a larger amount of a species of cytochrome P-450 sensitive to the inhibitor was capable of participating in the oxidation of this substrate in the presence of the added reductase. One of the two Km values seen with higher concentrations of aniline or aminopyrine was altered by the fortification of microsomes with the purified NADPH cytochrome c (P-450) reductase. From these results, we propose that NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase transfers electrons to the selected one or two of multiple species of cytochrome P-450 more preferentially depending upon the substrate and the concentration of the substrate in microsomal membranes.", "contents": "Stimulation of microsomal drug oxidation activities by incorporation into microsomes of purified NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase. The effects of addition of purified NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase on microsomal activities of aniline hydroxylation, p-phenetidine O-deethylation and ethylmorphine and aminopyrine N-demethylations were investigated utilizing microsomes from untreated, phenobarbital-treated and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. The purified reductase was incorporated into microsomes. The drug oxidation activities were increased by the fortification of microsomes with the reductase while the extent of increase in the activities varied with the substrate and microsomes employed. The most pronounced enhancement was seen in p-phenetidine O-deethylation, followed by aniline hydroxylation and aminopyrine and ethylmorphine N-demethylations. The enhancement was more remarkable in microsomes from rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene or phenobarbital. alpha-Naphthoflavone inhibited p-phenetidine O-deethylation activity markedly when the reductase was incorporated into microsomes, indicating that a larger amount of a species of cytochrome P-450 sensitive to the inhibitor was capable of participating in the oxidation of this substrate in the presence of the added reductase. One of the two Km values seen with higher concentrations of aniline or aminopyrine was altered by the fortification of microsomes with the purified NADPH cytochrome c (P-450) reductase. From these results, we propose that NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase transfers electrons to the selected one or two of multiple species of cytochrome P-450 more preferentially depending upon the substrate and the concentration of the substrate in microsomal membranes.", "PMID": 120463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14250", "title": "[Autotransplantation of Langerhans' islets in a case of total duodenopancreatectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A 36-year-old man suffering from chronic pancreatitis involving the whole organ had total duodenopancreatectomy. The Langerhans' islets were isolated from the extirpated organ and transplanted into the liver via portal artery. Insulin substitution could be lowered from 50 I.U. to 12 I.U. by the 5th post operative day. Repeatedly, raised insulin levels could be verified in response to high blood sugar loads. C-peptide and glucagon were also found. 7 months after transplantation the islets still seem to be functioning.", "contents": "[Autotransplantation of Langerhans' islets in a case of total duodenopancreatectomy (author's transl)]. A 36-year-old man suffering from chronic pancreatitis involving the whole organ had total duodenopancreatectomy. The Langerhans' islets were isolated from the extirpated organ and transplanted into the liver via portal artery. Insulin substitution could be lowered from 50 I.U. to 12 I.U. by the 5th post operative day. Repeatedly, raised insulin levels could be verified in response to high blood sugar loads. C-peptide and glucagon were also found. 7 months after transplantation the islets still seem to be functioning.", "PMID": 120474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14251", "title": "Patterns of reversion to bobbed condition of magnified bobbed loci in D. melanogaster.", "content": "The number of genes coding for the ribosomal RNA (rDNA) can increase in D. melanogaster by means of a process called magnification. In this way, a partial deletion in this locus, termed bobbed, can reach a wild type condition. A newly magnified locus, in turn, reverts to a deficient bobbed condition if it is kept in a phenotypically wild type genotype for several generations. We studied bobbed loci at different magnification steps, analysing their behaviour through the reversion process and the way they carry out a second round of magnification. Results based on the analysis of the reversion process led to the conclusion that magnification consists of a progressive integration into the bobbed locus of free rDNA copies. Moreover, evidence is supplied that the extent of this integration affects the way a reverted locus goes through a second magnification cycle. The extensive characterization of reverted bobbed loci lends substantial support to the extra copies model of rDNA magnification.", "contents": "Patterns of reversion to bobbed condition of magnified bobbed loci in D. melanogaster. The number of genes coding for the ribosomal RNA (rDNA) can increase in D. melanogaster by means of a process called magnification. In this way, a partial deletion in this locus, termed bobbed, can reach a wild type condition. A newly magnified locus, in turn, reverts to a deficient bobbed condition if it is kept in a phenotypically wild type genotype for several generations. We studied bobbed loci at different magnification steps, analysing their behaviour through the reversion process and the way they carry out a second round of magnification. Results based on the analysis of the reversion process led to the conclusion that magnification consists of a progressive integration into the bobbed locus of free rDNA copies. Moreover, evidence is supplied that the extent of this integration affects the way a reverted locus goes through a second magnification cycle. The extensive characterization of reverted bobbed loci lends substantial support to the extra copies model of rDNA magnification.", "PMID": 120480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14252", "title": "E. coli ribosomal proteins are cross reactive with antibody prepared against Chlamydomonas reinhardi chloroplast ribosomal subunit.", "content": "Antisera prepared against purified Chlamydomonas reinhardi small chloroplast ribosomal subunit, judged homogenous by sucrose gradient velocity sedimentation and RNA gel electrophoresis was immunologically cross reactive with E. coli ribosomal proteins. The results of three different experimental approaches, namely Ouchterlony double diffusion, sucrose gradient velocity sedimentation and two dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis indicate that both E. coli ribosomal subunits and the chloroplast large ribosomal subunit contain proteins which show antigenic similarity to the chloroplast small ribosomal subunit proteins. However, cytoplasmic ribosomal subunits did not contain proteins which were cross reactive with immune antisera.", "contents": "E. coli ribosomal proteins are cross reactive with antibody prepared against Chlamydomonas reinhardi chloroplast ribosomal subunit. Antisera prepared against purified Chlamydomonas reinhardi small chloroplast ribosomal subunit, judged homogenous by sucrose gradient velocity sedimentation and RNA gel electrophoresis was immunologically cross reactive with E. coli ribosomal proteins. The results of three different experimental approaches, namely Ouchterlony double diffusion, sucrose gradient velocity sedimentation and two dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis indicate that both E. coli ribosomal subunits and the chloroplast large ribosomal subunit contain proteins which show antigenic similarity to the chloroplast small ribosomal subunit proteins. However, cytoplasmic ribosomal subunits did not contain proteins which were cross reactive with immune antisera.", "PMID": 120481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14253", "title": "Biological activity of an antibiotic produced by Myxococcus coralloides.", "content": "A strain of Myxococcus coralloides was isolated which produced an antibiotic active against Gram-positive bacteria and also against Neisseria sp at high levels of antibiotic. The antibiotic was bactericidal on sensitive growing bacteria. It was inactive on non-growing cells and also on cells whose growth has been stopped by addition of chloramphenicol. Strains of S. aureus resistant to several antibiotics, including penicillin and ampicillin, were also sensitive to this antibiotic.", "contents": "Biological activity of an antibiotic produced by Myxococcus coralloides. A strain of Myxococcus coralloides was isolated which produced an antibiotic active against Gram-positive bacteria and also against Neisseria sp at high levels of antibiotic. The antibiotic was bactericidal on sensitive growing bacteria. It was inactive on non-growing cells and also on cells whose growth has been stopped by addition of chloramphenicol. Strains of S. aureus resistant to several antibiotics, including penicillin and ampicillin, were also sensitive to this antibiotic.", "PMID": 120482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14254", "title": "[Quantitative determination of the vascular volume of the cat carotid body under normoxia, hyperoxia, hypoxia and hypercapnia (author's transl)].", "content": "The ratio vascular volume to total volume was quantitatively analyzed in the cat's carotid body in dependence on the oxygen content of respired air and arterial pO2, respectively. Under hypoxia the vascular volume was 50% higher than under hyperoxia. This connection was ascertained after both perfusion fixation and immersion fixation.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of the vascular volume of the cat carotid body under normoxia, hyperoxia, hypoxia and hypercapnia (author's transl)]. The ratio vascular volume to total volume was quantitatively analyzed in the cat's carotid body in dependence on the oxygen content of respired air and arterial pO2, respectively. Under hypoxia the vascular volume was 50% higher than under hyperoxia. This connection was ascertained after both perfusion fixation and immersion fixation.", "PMID": 120483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14255", "title": "In vitro studies on bacterial colonization. The effects of beta-lactam antibiotics on the growth of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mixed culture.", "content": "Many cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection are considered to be secondary superinfections, resulting from bacterial colonization. Such cases of superinfection with P. aeruginosa developing after administration of cephalosporin or penicillin are offering serious clinical problems. To make a fundamental analysis of the development of such superinfections, attempts were made to compare the growth patterns of Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa in pure and mixed cultures and to determine the effects of cephalothin, cefazolin, cephalexin, and ampicillin on the growth patterns. In mixed cultures, the growth of P. aeruginosa was markedly inhibited by E. coli. The higher the concentration of each of the cephalosporins and ampicillin added to the mixed culture, the smaller the population of E. coli sensitive to these agents. When the population of E. coli became smaller than that of P. aeruginosa, which is resistant to these agents, the latter was restored to the same population level as that in pure cultures. Experimental bacterial colonization, by which the predominant population of E. coli was replaced by that of P. aeruginosa in mixed culture, was brought about more efficiently with the cephalosporins than with ampicillin. This might be accounted for by the difference in minimal inhibitory concentration for P. aeruginosa between ampicillin and the other three agents.", "contents": "In vitro studies on bacterial colonization. The effects of beta-lactam antibiotics on the growth of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mixed culture. Many cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection are considered to be secondary superinfections, resulting from bacterial colonization. Such cases of superinfection with P. aeruginosa developing after administration of cephalosporin or penicillin are offering serious clinical problems. To make a fundamental analysis of the development of such superinfections, attempts were made to compare the growth patterns of Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa in pure and mixed cultures and to determine the effects of cephalothin, cefazolin, cephalexin, and ampicillin on the growth patterns. In mixed cultures, the growth of P. aeruginosa was markedly inhibited by E. coli. The higher the concentration of each of the cephalosporins and ampicillin added to the mixed culture, the smaller the population of E. coli sensitive to these agents. When the population of E. coli became smaller than that of P. aeruginosa, which is resistant to these agents, the latter was restored to the same population level as that in pure cultures. Experimental bacterial colonization, by which the predominant population of E. coli was replaced by that of P. aeruginosa in mixed culture, was brought about more efficiently with the cephalosporins than with ampicillin. This might be accounted for by the difference in minimal inhibitory concentration for P. aeruginosa between ampicillin and the other three agents.", "PMID": 120484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14256", "title": "Cell wall-bridge maintaining three dimensional structure of cell packets formed by the localized suppression of cell separation of a Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus) mutant.", "content": "Cell packets of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus) mutant strain MT grown in medium supplemented with trypsin consisted of a tetrad as the unit structure. An interstice was observed between the unit-tetrads, and a three dimensional structure of cell packets was maintained by the cell wall-bridge along the rim of the cell packets which linked each unit-tetrad. This unique structure of strain MT cell packets seemed to occur when the cell separation was suppressed locally, i.e., when the cross wall inside the initial site of cell separation was cut off, while the wall outside the initial site of separation was not cut off but remained as a joint of the daughter cells. The mechanism of cell wall-bridge formation is discussed in connection with cell separation.", "contents": "Cell wall-bridge maintaining three dimensional structure of cell packets formed by the localized suppression of cell separation of a Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus) mutant. Cell packets of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus) mutant strain MT grown in medium supplemented with trypsin consisted of a tetrad as the unit structure. An interstice was observed between the unit-tetrads, and a three dimensional structure of cell packets was maintained by the cell wall-bridge along the rim of the cell packets which linked each unit-tetrad. This unique structure of strain MT cell packets seemed to occur when the cell separation was suppressed locally, i.e., when the cross wall inside the initial site of cell separation was cut off, while the wall outside the initial site of separation was not cut off but remained as a joint of the daughter cells. The mechanism of cell wall-bridge formation is discussed in connection with cell separation.", "PMID": 120485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14257", "title": "Growth and sporulation of auxotrophs of Bacillus subtilis in a medium with limited nutrients.", "content": "Growth and sporulation were examined for 30 auxotrophs of Bacillus subtilis in a chemically defined medium with suboptimal amounts of nutrients. All strains except for some adenine-requiring mutants could not overtake sporulation stage II when amino acids, vitamins, or bases were limited, whereas they sporulated fairly well without limitation. Abnormal structures, a cell with thickened cell wall and a cell with several refractile bodies, were found in some strains after the vegetative growth stopped.", "contents": "Growth and sporulation of auxotrophs of Bacillus subtilis in a medium with limited nutrients. Growth and sporulation were examined for 30 auxotrophs of Bacillus subtilis in a chemically defined medium with suboptimal amounts of nutrients. All strains except for some adenine-requiring mutants could not overtake sporulation stage II when amino acids, vitamins, or bases were limited, whereas they sporulated fairly well without limitation. Abnormal structures, a cell with thickened cell wall and a cell with several refractile bodies, were found in some strains after the vegetative growth stopped.", "PMID": 120486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14258", "title": "[In vitro studies with piperacillin. Effectiveness against enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to other antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro activity of piperacillin, a new semisynthetic penicillin was compared with the inhibitory effect of other broad-spectrum penicillins and beta-lactamase stable cephalosporins. The examination was carried out by agar diffusion test with 1699 gram-negative strains. The antibacterial activity of piperacillin was generally superior to that of the other penicillins. Less than one per cent. of pseudomonas aeruginosa strains tested was resistant against piperacillin. Only klebsiella spp. showed a higher sensitivity against cefoxitin and cefuroxime.", "contents": "[In vitro studies with piperacillin. Effectiveness against enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to other antibiotics (author's transl)]. The in vitro activity of piperacillin, a new semisynthetic penicillin was compared with the inhibitory effect of other broad-spectrum penicillins and beta-lactamase stable cephalosporins. The examination was carried out by agar diffusion test with 1699 gram-negative strains. The antibacterial activity of piperacillin was generally superior to that of the other penicillins. Less than one per cent. of pseudomonas aeruginosa strains tested was resistant against piperacillin. Only klebsiella spp. showed a higher sensitivity against cefoxitin and cefuroxime.", "PMID": 120489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14259", "title": "[Abolition of compulsory vaccination against smallpox. Increased danger to humans from animal smallpox? (author's transl)].", "content": "After the world-wide eradication of human smallpox, compulsory vaccination against smallpox will no longer be applicable in future in most countries. Although the human smallpox virus (variola virus) appears to have no animal reservoir, humanity is increasingly endangered in future by animal smallpox viruses pathogenic in man against which he has been so far protected by the general smallpox vaccination. This is a virus type of the Genus Orthopox virus. The risk from animal pox viruses, which are not related to the Orthopox virus, remains unchanged. Of the animal Orthopox viruses the monkey pox viruses deserve special attention; possibly rodents also play a decisive role in transmission of smallpox.", "contents": "[Abolition of compulsory vaccination against smallpox. Increased danger to humans from animal smallpox? (author's transl)]. After the world-wide eradication of human smallpox, compulsory vaccination against smallpox will no longer be applicable in future in most countries. Although the human smallpox virus (variola virus) appears to have no animal reservoir, humanity is increasingly endangered in future by animal smallpox viruses pathogenic in man against which he has been so far protected by the general smallpox vaccination. This is a virus type of the Genus Orthopox virus. The risk from animal pox viruses, which are not related to the Orthopox virus, remains unchanged. Of the animal Orthopox viruses the monkey pox viruses deserve special attention; possibly rodents also play a decisive role in transmission of smallpox.", "PMID": 120501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14260", "title": "[Current information on treatment and prophylaxis of malaria (author's transl)].", "content": "Malaria is not a disease of the past. As long as worldwide eradication has not been achieved there is a close connection between countries which export it and those which import it. If the European doctor is presently confronted with a feverish disease which may have been brought in from a tropical area, he should immediately think of malaria and take the necessary measures for treatment. If patients or travelers come into the office and enquire about drugs and preventive measures against malaria, the doctor must choose the correct methods. This is best done by two questions: Where have you come from? and Where are you going? In this way the doctor can obtain ideas on the possibility of resistant strains of parasite in the region in question. Tourists should not forget that a rational and regular chemoprophylaxis is the best protection against serious attacks of malaria.", "contents": "[Current information on treatment and prophylaxis of malaria (author's transl)]. Malaria is not a disease of the past. As long as worldwide eradication has not been achieved there is a close connection between countries which export it and those which import it. If the European doctor is presently confronted with a feverish disease which may have been brought in from a tropical area, he should immediately think of malaria and take the necessary measures for treatment. If patients or travelers come into the office and enquire about drugs and preventive measures against malaria, the doctor must choose the correct methods. This is best done by two questions: Where have you come from? and Where are you going? In this way the doctor can obtain ideas on the possibility of resistant strains of parasite in the region in question. Tourists should not forget that a rational and regular chemoprophylaxis is the best protection against serious attacks of malaria.", "PMID": 120502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14261", "title": "[Antimicrobial therapy in pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "At the present time there is no medicament completely harmless to the embryo or fetus. Passage through the placenta probably occurs by simple diffusion. Substances with a molecular weight under 600, low protein binding, a low degree of ionization and good solubility in lipids cross the placenta most easily. The harmful effects of the different groups of medicaments are describedand the substances classified into those not particularly toxic, those which can only be used in certain conditions and those only to be used in exceptional cases. The treatment of the most common infections in pregnancy is dealth with in detail. Infections of the maternal urinary tract and amnionitis raise most problems. For the treatment of amnionitis, direct instillation of the medicament into the amniotic sac is recommended.", "contents": "[Antimicrobial therapy in pregnancy (author's transl)]. At the present time there is no medicament completely harmless to the embryo or fetus. Passage through the placenta probably occurs by simple diffusion. Substances with a molecular weight under 600, low protein binding, a low degree of ionization and good solubility in lipids cross the placenta most easily. The harmful effects of the different groups of medicaments are describedand the substances classified into those not particularly toxic, those which can only be used in certain conditions and those only to be used in exceptional cases. The treatment of the most common infections in pregnancy is dealth with in detail. Infections of the maternal urinary tract and amnionitis raise most problems. For the treatment of amnionitis, direct instillation of the medicament into the amniotic sac is recommended.", "PMID": 120504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14262", "title": "[Modern therapy of intestinal helminthiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The modern chemotherapy of intestinal worm diseases is essentially based on niclosamide, thiabendazole and mebendazole. Thus an effective therapy with few side effects has become possible for these helminthiases. In infections with Taenia, Ascaris, Trichuris, Ankylostoma, Strongyloides, Trichostrongylus and Oxyuris, as the most frequently imported helminths, an elimination rate of over 90% of the parasites can be attained. Infections with nematode larvae as with Larva migrans and trichinoses are more problematic therapeutically because the anthelmintics are directed principally against the adult worms.", "contents": "[Modern therapy of intestinal helminthiasis (author's transl)]. The modern chemotherapy of intestinal worm diseases is essentially based on niclosamide, thiabendazole and mebendazole. Thus an effective therapy with few side effects has become possible for these helminthiases. In infections with Taenia, Ascaris, Trichuris, Ankylostoma, Strongyloides, Trichostrongylus and Oxyuris, as the most frequently imported helminths, an elimination rate of over 90% of the parasites can be attained. Infections with nematode larvae as with Larva migrans and trichinoses are more problematic therapeutically because the anthelmintics are directed principally against the adult worms.", "PMID": 120505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14263", "title": "[Current state and development of biliary tract surgery].", "content": "Status and Development of Biliary Tract Surgery: Diseases of the abdominal cavity are no longer the concern of the internist, general practitioner or surgeon alone. They belong in the hands of the gastroenterologist who are the symbiosis of general practitioner, internist and surgeon. This applies particularly to the wide range of diseases of the biliary tract. On the conservative side this means quick recognition of biliary tract diseases with inclusion of the neighboring organs in the diagnosis; conservative therapy of inflammatory or other additional diseases; establishing a condition suitable for operation and referring the patient to the surgeon before the gallbladder disease has become a biliary tract disease and the operative chances are destroyed by serious complications.", "contents": "[Current state and development of biliary tract surgery]. Status and Development of Biliary Tract Surgery: Diseases of the abdominal cavity are no longer the concern of the internist, general practitioner or surgeon alone. They belong in the hands of the gastroenterologist who are the symbiosis of general practitioner, internist and surgeon. This applies particularly to the wide range of diseases of the biliary tract. On the conservative side this means quick recognition of biliary tract diseases with inclusion of the neighboring organs in the diagnosis; conservative therapy of inflammatory or other additional diseases; establishing a condition suitable for operation and referring the patient to the surgeon before the gallbladder disease has become a biliary tract disease and the operative chances are destroyed by serious complications.", "PMID": 120509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14264", "title": "[Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract. Indications for operation (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgery of the gallbladder and biliary tract has undergone a few technical changes and widening of possibilities in the last 10 years. Opinions of the surgeons on the one hand and the rest of the medical profession on the other hand differ, often markedly, on the indications for operation in the gallbladder and biliary tract area particularly. For this reason it seems appropriate to present the current position of gallbladder and biliary tract surgery and its indications.", "contents": "[Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract. Indications for operation (author's transl)]. Surgery of the gallbladder and biliary tract has undergone a few technical changes and widening of possibilities in the last 10 years. Opinions of the surgeons on the one hand and the rest of the medical profession on the other hand differ, often markedly, on the indications for operation in the gallbladder and biliary tract area particularly. For this reason it seems appropriate to present the current position of gallbladder and biliary tract surgery and its indications.", "PMID": 120510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14265", "title": "[Whipple's operation for the treatment of diseases in the duodenopancreatic region (author's transl)].", "content": "Whipple's operation is a big intervention. Only through it have patients with serious and severe diseases of the duodenopancreatic region a real chance of cure. The decision to perform Whipple's operation in chronic relapsing pancreatitis, which in principle is a benign disease, is certainly not a light one. But there is no doubt that the chronic inflammatory and abscess-forming diseases of the head of the pancreas cannot be considered benign, either clinically or morphologically. The results are not satisfying, but understandable in view of the severity of the disease and the magnitude of the operation. In addition to operative experience, a better early diagnosis in particular gives a better chance of survival.", "contents": "[Whipple's operation for the treatment of diseases in the duodenopancreatic region (author's transl)]. Whipple's operation is a big intervention. Only through it have patients with serious and severe diseases of the duodenopancreatic region a real chance of cure. The decision to perform Whipple's operation in chronic relapsing pancreatitis, which in principle is a benign disease, is certainly not a light one. But there is no doubt that the chronic inflammatory and abscess-forming diseases of the head of the pancreas cannot be considered benign, either clinically or morphologically. The results are not satisfying, but understandable in view of the severity of the disease and the magnitude of the operation. In addition to operative experience, a better early diagnosis in particular gives a better chance of survival.", "PMID": 120511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14266", "title": "Differentiation of coital behavior in mammals: a comparative analysis.", "content": "The evidence reviewed suggests that in all mammalian species the adult male's ability to display masculine coital behavior depends in part on exposure of the developing brain to testicular testosterone or its metabolites. In many mammals, particularly rodents, ruminants, and some carnivores, perinatal exposure to androgen also causes behavioral defeminization, i.e., reduced capacity to display typically feminine coital behavior in response to gonadal hormones in adulthood. The data reviewed suggest that no such process occurs in certain other mammalian species, including ferret, rhesus monkey, marmoset, and man. Testicular androgen may cause behavioral defeminization only in those species in which expression of feminine sexual behavior normally depends on the neural action of progesterone, acting synergistically with estradiol; new data support this claim in the ferret. The possible contribution of estrogenic and 5 alpha-reduced androgenic metabolites of testosterone to the occurrence of behavioral masculinization and defeminization is considered in those mammalian species for which data are available.", "contents": "Differentiation of coital behavior in mammals: a comparative analysis. The evidence reviewed suggests that in all mammalian species the adult male's ability to display masculine coital behavior depends in part on exposure of the developing brain to testicular testosterone or its metabolites. In many mammals, particularly rodents, ruminants, and some carnivores, perinatal exposure to androgen also causes behavioral defeminization, i.e., reduced capacity to display typically feminine coital behavior in response to gonadal hormones in adulthood. The data reviewed suggest that no such process occurs in certain other mammalian species, including ferret, rhesus monkey, marmoset, and man. Testicular androgen may cause behavioral defeminization only in those species in which expression of feminine sexual behavior normally depends on the neural action of progesterone, acting synergistically with estradiol; new data support this claim in the ferret. The possible contribution of estrogenic and 5 alpha-reduced androgenic metabolites of testosterone to the occurrence of behavioral masculinization and defeminization is considered in those mammalian species for which data are available.", "PMID": 120519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14267", "title": "Freeze fracture studies on the interaction between the malaria parasite and the host erythrocyte in Plasmodium knowlesi infections.", "content": "The freeze fracture technique has been used to study the internal cyto-architecture of the surface membranes of the parasite and erythrocyte in Plasmodium knowlesi infections. Six fracture faces, derived from the plasma membrane and 2 pellicular membranes, have been identified at the surface of the free merozoite. The apposed leaflets of the 2 pellicular membranes show the characteristic features of E fracture faces, a result compatible with the view that the pellicular membranes line a potential cisterna. There is evidence to suggest that there may be changes in the distribution and density of the integral proteins in the merozoite plasma membrane at invasion. Furthermore, vesicles consisting of stacked membranes occur within and around the erythrocyte invagination at invasion; it is suggested that these vesicles are released from the merozoite rhoptries. Formation of the parasitophorous vacuole is accompanied by dramatic changes in the density and distribution of intra-membraneous particles (IMP) in the vacuolar membrane. Initially there is a great reduction in particle numbers, but subsequently the particles reappear and show reversed polarity. The possible causes and implications of these changes are discussed. The intra-erythrocytic parasite synthesizes new transmembrane proteins as development proceeds, and the trophozoite and schizont stages of development are characterized by the appearance of circular, particle-free regions in the parasite plasmalemma. There is a decrease in the density of transmembrane proteins in the erythrocyte plasma membrane during parasite maturation, and the P face IMP show the characteristic features of aggregation.", "contents": "Freeze fracture studies on the interaction between the malaria parasite and the host erythrocyte in Plasmodium knowlesi infections. The freeze fracture technique has been used to study the internal cyto-architecture of the surface membranes of the parasite and erythrocyte in Plasmodium knowlesi infections. Six fracture faces, derived from the plasma membrane and 2 pellicular membranes, have been identified at the surface of the free merozoite. The apposed leaflets of the 2 pellicular membranes show the characteristic features of E fracture faces, a result compatible with the view that the pellicular membranes line a potential cisterna. There is evidence to suggest that there may be changes in the distribution and density of the integral proteins in the merozoite plasma membrane at invasion. Furthermore, vesicles consisting of stacked membranes occur within and around the erythrocyte invagination at invasion; it is suggested that these vesicles are released from the merozoite rhoptries. Formation of the parasitophorous vacuole is accompanied by dramatic changes in the density and distribution of intra-membraneous particles (IMP) in the vacuolar membrane. Initially there is a great reduction in particle numbers, but subsequently the particles reappear and show reversed polarity. The possible causes and implications of these changes are discussed. The intra-erythrocytic parasite synthesizes new transmembrane proteins as development proceeds, and the trophozoite and schizont stages of development are characterized by the appearance of circular, particle-free regions in the parasite plasmalemma. There is a decrease in the density of transmembrane proteins in the erythrocyte plasma membrane during parasite maturation, and the P face IMP show the characteristic features of aggregation.", "PMID": 120521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14268", "title": "Pathophysiological changes in urine and blood from calves experimentally infected with Sarcocystit cruzi.", "content": "Two 8-week experiments were conducted to determine the relationships between nutritional stress and pathophysiological changes in male Holstein calves infected with Sarcocystis cruzi. Calves were infected by oral inoculation with 200 000 S. cruzi sporocysts. In the first experiment weight gain reduction was greatest in inoculated calves during weeks 4 and 5 after inoculation. Feed intake was reduced during the 5th week. Erythrocyte count was reduced during week 5 and haemoglobin was reduced during week 6. The 24-h excretion of urinary and urea nitrogen from the inoculated calves was increased by treatment. In the 2nd experiments, both the feed-restricted and inoculated calves lost weight during weeks 4 and 5; feed intake was lower from week 5 to 8 inclusive. Urine volume from inoculated calves was lower during week 8. Lower urine excretions of sodium and potassium resulted from S. cruzi inoculation. There was a non-significant trend for higher urinary zinc excretion in the inoculated group during week 4. Urine nitrogen excretion from inoculated calves was higher during week 6. The urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine from the inoculated calves was higher during week 4 and excretion of guanine was higher during weeks 4, 5 and 8. S. cruzi has several specific pathophysiological effects on calves beyond those induced by nutritional stress.", "contents": "Pathophysiological changes in urine and blood from calves experimentally infected with Sarcocystit cruzi. Two 8-week experiments were conducted to determine the relationships between nutritional stress and pathophysiological changes in male Holstein calves infected with Sarcocystis cruzi. Calves were infected by oral inoculation with 200 000 S. cruzi sporocysts. In the first experiment weight gain reduction was greatest in inoculated calves during weeks 4 and 5 after inoculation. Feed intake was reduced during the 5th week. Erythrocyte count was reduced during week 5 and haemoglobin was reduced during week 6. The 24-h excretion of urinary and urea nitrogen from the inoculated calves was increased by treatment. In the 2nd experiments, both the feed-restricted and inoculated calves lost weight during weeks 4 and 5; feed intake was lower from week 5 to 8 inclusive. Urine volume from inoculated calves was lower during week 8. Lower urine excretions of sodium and potassium resulted from S. cruzi inoculation. There was a non-significant trend for higher urinary zinc excretion in the inoculated group during week 4. Urine nitrogen excretion from inoculated calves was higher during week 6. The urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine from the inoculated calves was higher during week 4 and excretion of guanine was higher during weeks 4, 5 and 8. S. cruzi has several specific pathophysiological effects on calves beyond those induced by nutritional stress.", "PMID": 120522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14269", "title": "The effects of pargyline, scopolamine, and imipramine on territorial aggression in the convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum).", "content": "Scopolamine, pargyline, and imipramine reduce territorial aggression in the convict cichlid. Imipramine is effective at much lower doses than either scopolamine or pargyline. None of the drugs affected activity or predation/feeding, indicating that the observed drug effects are relatively specific.", "contents": "The effects of pargyline, scopolamine, and imipramine on territorial aggression in the convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum). Scopolamine, pargyline, and imipramine reduce territorial aggression in the convict cichlid. Imipramine is effective at much lower doses than either scopolamine or pargyline. None of the drugs affected activity or predation/feeding, indicating that the observed drug effects are relatively specific.", "PMID": 120534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14270", "title": "Behavioral influences on tolerance to the effects of morphine on schedule-controlled behavior.", "content": "Responding of pigeons was maintained under a multiple fixed interval, fixed ratio schedule of food delivery, and 10 mg/kg morphine was administered daily. Responding during both schedule components was initially decreased and measurable tolerance developed to this effect after four daily injections. However, the rate of tolerance development differed depending on whether or not presence of the drug coincided with performance during experimental sessions. Tolerance developed more rapidly when morphine was given before daily experimental sessions than when morphine was given daily but animals did not perform daily in experimental sessions. Tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of morphine depended on relations between presence of the drug and exposure to experimental sessions.", "contents": "Behavioral influences on tolerance to the effects of morphine on schedule-controlled behavior. Responding of pigeons was maintained under a multiple fixed interval, fixed ratio schedule of food delivery, and 10 mg/kg morphine was administered daily. Responding during both schedule components was initially decreased and measurable tolerance developed to this effect after four daily injections. However, the rate of tolerance development differed depending on whether or not presence of the drug coincided with performance during experimental sessions. Tolerance developed more rapidly when morphine was given before daily experimental sessions than when morphine was given daily but animals did not perform daily in experimental sessions. Tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of morphine depended on relations between presence of the drug and exposure to experimental sessions.", "PMID": 120535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14271", "title": "Effects of repeated administration of chlordiazepoxide on spontaneous locomotor activity in mice.", "content": "Spontaneous locomotor activity has been studied in mice treated with single or repeated doses (five daily injections) of chlordiazepoxide. The repeated administration enhanced the stimulatory action of the lower doses of the drug, while the depressant effect of the higher doses was reduced.", "contents": "Effects of repeated administration of chlordiazepoxide on spontaneous locomotor activity in mice. Spontaneous locomotor activity has been studied in mice treated with single or repeated doses (five daily injections) of chlordiazepoxide. The repeated administration enhanced the stimulatory action of the lower doses of the drug, while the depressant effect of the higher doses was reduced.", "PMID": 120536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14272", "title": "The effects of chlorpromazine and pentobarbital on behavior maintained by electric shock or point loss avoidance in humans.", "content": "Human volunteer subjects were trained to press a lever to avoid or escape electric shock or loss of points which could be redeemed for money at the termination of the study. The effects of pentobarbital and chlorpromazine on avoidance and escape behavior were compared. Both aversive stimuli maintained behavior which was differentially sensitive to these two drugs. Chlorpromazine caused a decrease in avoidance responding at doses which had little effect on escape responding. Pentobarbital, in contrast, suppressed avoidance responding at doses which also had a suppressant effect on escape responding.", "contents": "The effects of chlorpromazine and pentobarbital on behavior maintained by electric shock or point loss avoidance in humans. Human volunteer subjects were trained to press a lever to avoid or escape electric shock or loss of points which could be redeemed for money at the termination of the study. The effects of pentobarbital and chlorpromazine on avoidance and escape behavior were compared. Both aversive stimuli maintained behavior which was differentially sensitive to these two drugs. Chlorpromazine caused a decrease in avoidance responding at doses which had little effect on escape responding. Pentobarbital, in contrast, suppressed avoidance responding at doses which also had a suppressant effect on escape responding.", "PMID": 120538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14273", "title": "Growth and behavioural effects of ethyl alcohol on the offspring of mice; a comparison with its short-term actions.", "content": "Ten percent ethyl alcohol as drinking fluid of breeding mice did not affect gestation period, litter size or litter weight. Alcohol was secreted in milk, and weight gain up to weaning was reduced in offspring of treated mice, males having significantly reduced weights at 3--4 weeks. When weaned at 21 days, treated offspring were given 10% alcohol to drink. Intake amounted to 31 mg/g body weight each day on average. Ethological analysis of behaviour occurring in encounters between alcohol-treated and control mice of the same sex showed that exploration and scanning were increased in duration in treated mice of both sexes and were increased in frequency in treated females. The frequency of self-grooming was reduced in treated mice of both sexes and scratching in treated males. Ethyl alcohol (10%) as drinking fluid for 5 days to 21 day old mice procuced different behavioural effects. In treated males the social elements, 'investigate', 'sniff' and 'follow' were increased in frequency during encounters and 'digging' was reduced. Treated females showed no change in social behaviour. Weight gain was reduced in treated males.", "contents": "Growth and behavioural effects of ethyl alcohol on the offspring of mice; a comparison with its short-term actions. Ten percent ethyl alcohol as drinking fluid of breeding mice did not affect gestation period, litter size or litter weight. Alcohol was secreted in milk, and weight gain up to weaning was reduced in offspring of treated mice, males having significantly reduced weights at 3--4 weeks. When weaned at 21 days, treated offspring were given 10% alcohol to drink. Intake amounted to 31 mg/g body weight each day on average. Ethological analysis of behaviour occurring in encounters between alcohol-treated and control mice of the same sex showed that exploration and scanning were increased in duration in treated mice of both sexes and were increased in frequency in treated females. The frequency of self-grooming was reduced in treated mice of both sexes and scratching in treated males. Ethyl alcohol (10%) as drinking fluid for 5 days to 21 day old mice procuced different behavioural effects. In treated males the social elements, 'investigate', 'sniff' and 'follow' were increased in frequency during encounters and 'digging' was reduced. Treated females showed no change in social behaviour. Weight gain was reduced in treated males.", "PMID": 120539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14274", "title": "Interaction of apomorphine and haloperidol: effects on locomotion and other behaviour in the marmoset.", "content": "The behavioural effects of increasing doses of apomorphine and haloperidol were observed in a group of six marmosets. Behaviour was classified quantitatively into categories: Locomotion, inactivity, checking (small head movements), social interaction and purposeful activities. Statistical analysis revealed that apomorphine had a stimulant effect on checking and locomotion which could be antagonized by haloperidol. Activities and social contact were severly reduced by both apomorphine and haloperidol. Inactivity was increased by the lowest dose of apomorphine in otherwise untreated animals. It is suggested that haloperidol antagonizes the stimulant effects of apomorphine but is synergistic to its suppressant effects, and that the low dose effect of apomorphine on inactivity is mediated by a mechanism which may be different from that acted upon by haloperidol.", "contents": "Interaction of apomorphine and haloperidol: effects on locomotion and other behaviour in the marmoset. The behavioural effects of increasing doses of apomorphine and haloperidol were observed in a group of six marmosets. Behaviour was classified quantitatively into categories: Locomotion, inactivity, checking (small head movements), social interaction and purposeful activities. Statistical analysis revealed that apomorphine had a stimulant effect on checking and locomotion which could be antagonized by haloperidol. Activities and social contact were severly reduced by both apomorphine and haloperidol. Inactivity was increased by the lowest dose of apomorphine in otherwise untreated animals. It is suggested that haloperidol antagonizes the stimulant effects of apomorphine but is synergistic to its suppressant effects, and that the low dose effect of apomorphine on inactivity is mediated by a mechanism which may be different from that acted upon by haloperidol.", "PMID": 120540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14275", "title": "Interaction of cannabidiol and alcohol in humans.", "content": "Six male and four female healthy volunteers were given oral placebo (glucose capsule and orange juice), cannabidiol (CBD 200 mg capsule and orange juice), alcohol (1 g/kg in orange juice and glucose capsule), and CBD (200 mg capsule) plus alcohol (1 g/kg in orange juice) in a double-blind, crossover, randomized design. Treatments were spaced one week apart. Parameters measured were a finger tap test (motor performance), cancellation and differential aptitude tests (psychomotor performance), a 1-min time production task, subjective effects (66 item adjective-pair semantic differential), and breathalyzer estimations of blood alcohol levels. Compared to placebo, alcohol and alcohol plus CBD, but not CBD alone, produced significant impairments of motor and psychomotor performances, overestimations of time production and subjective responses indicating an accurate self-perception of their intoxication and deficits. The combination of alcohol plus CBD resulted in significantly lower blood alcohol levels compared to alcohol given alone, however, there were few differences observed between the pharmacological effects of the two alcohol conditions. Thus, the inactivity of CBD, a major marijuana constituent, on motor and mental performance and effects also extends to its interaction with alcohol.", "contents": "Interaction of cannabidiol and alcohol in humans. Six male and four female healthy volunteers were given oral placebo (glucose capsule and orange juice), cannabidiol (CBD 200 mg capsule and orange juice), alcohol (1 g/kg in orange juice and glucose capsule), and CBD (200 mg capsule) plus alcohol (1 g/kg in orange juice) in a double-blind, crossover, randomized design. Treatments were spaced one week apart. Parameters measured were a finger tap test (motor performance), cancellation and differential aptitude tests (psychomotor performance), a 1-min time production task, subjective effects (66 item adjective-pair semantic differential), and breathalyzer estimations of blood alcohol levels. Compared to placebo, alcohol and alcohol plus CBD, but not CBD alone, produced significant impairments of motor and psychomotor performances, overestimations of time production and subjective responses indicating an accurate self-perception of their intoxication and deficits. The combination of alcohol plus CBD resulted in significantly lower blood alcohol levels compared to alcohol given alone, however, there were few differences observed between the pharmacological effects of the two alcohol conditions. Thus, the inactivity of CBD, a major marijuana constituent, on motor and mental performance and effects also extends to its interaction with alcohol.", "PMID": 120541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14276", "title": "Protection by 4-amino-hex-5-enoic acid (gamma-vinyl GABA) and hypobaric hypoxia against kainic acid neurotoxicity.", "content": "The behavioral effects following IP injection of kainic acid in rats could be cancelled with hypobaric hypoxia (8% O2 corresponding to 7000 m altitude) or with IP injections of 7-amino-hex-5-enoic acid at a dose of 0.9 g/kg-1. This protection may result from increased accumulations of GABA in brain tissues.", "contents": "Protection by 4-amino-hex-5-enoic acid (gamma-vinyl GABA) and hypobaric hypoxia against kainic acid neurotoxicity. The behavioral effects following IP injection of kainic acid in rats could be cancelled with hypobaric hypoxia (8% O2 corresponding to 7000 m altitude) or with IP injections of 7-amino-hex-5-enoic acid at a dose of 0.9 g/kg-1. This protection may result from increased accumulations of GABA in brain tissues.", "PMID": 120542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14277", "title": "Kinetics of tryptophan accumulation into synaptosomes of various regions of rat brain.", "content": "The kinetics of synaptosomal tryptophan accumulation has been determined in five regions of the rat brain. For tryptophan concentrations ranging from 2.5 -- 20 microM, we found an active uptake in all the structures studied, i.e.: Corpus striatum, midbrain, brainstem, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex + hippocampus. The Vm of tryptophan uptake was highest in the cortex, followed in descending order by corpus striatum, hypothalamus, midbrain and brainstem, while the Km was highest in the cortex, then in descending order corpus striatum, brainstem, midbrain and hypothalamus. In spite of the possible nonspecific high affinity tryptophan uptake into serotoninergic neurons, we found a correlation between the Vm of tryptophan uptake and the different results in the literature concerning uptake and release of serotonin. These observations might indicate a correlation between the Vm of tryptophan uptake and the functional activity of serotonergic neurons.", "contents": "Kinetics of tryptophan accumulation into synaptosomes of various regions of rat brain. The kinetics of synaptosomal tryptophan accumulation has been determined in five regions of the rat brain. For tryptophan concentrations ranging from 2.5 -- 20 microM, we found an active uptake in all the structures studied, i.e.: Corpus striatum, midbrain, brainstem, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex + hippocampus. The Vm of tryptophan uptake was highest in the cortex, followed in descending order by corpus striatum, hypothalamus, midbrain and brainstem, while the Km was highest in the cortex, then in descending order corpus striatum, brainstem, midbrain and hypothalamus. In spite of the possible nonspecific high affinity tryptophan uptake into serotoninergic neurons, we found a correlation between the Vm of tryptophan uptake and the different results in the literature concerning uptake and release of serotonin. These observations might indicate a correlation between the Vm of tryptophan uptake and the functional activity of serotonergic neurons.", "PMID": 120544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14278", "title": "Dose-related effects of ethanol on avoidance-avoidance conflict behavior in the rat.", "content": "The effects of ethanol on avoidance-avoidance conflict behavior were examined, utilizing a 3- x -3 factorial design in which rats were trained and tested after drinking sugar-water solutions containing 0, 3, or 6% ethanol. Avoidance tendencies were established by initially training rats to escape from electric shock by running in one direction in a white alley, and in the opposite direction in a black alley. In subsequent shock free conflict tests, the rats were placed into an alley with one black wall and one white wall, an environment in which incompatible tendencies to avoid both ends of the alley were aroused. During training, ethanol decreased the speeds with which rats escaped shock. In the subsequent avoidance-avoidance conflict tests, rats that previously received shock escape training after drinking ethanol ran more slowly, and exhibited lower total movement and oscillation range scores than did animals trained after drinking plain sugar-water. Administration of ethanol just prior to the conflict tests resulted in dose-related increases in running speeds, total movement scores, and oscillation ranges. These results suggest that moderate doses of ethanol increased responding by differentially weakening conflicting avoidance tendencies.", "contents": "Dose-related effects of ethanol on avoidance-avoidance conflict behavior in the rat. The effects of ethanol on avoidance-avoidance conflict behavior were examined, utilizing a 3- x -3 factorial design in which rats were trained and tested after drinking sugar-water solutions containing 0, 3, or 6% ethanol. Avoidance tendencies were established by initially training rats to escape from electric shock by running in one direction in a white alley, and in the opposite direction in a black alley. In subsequent shock free conflict tests, the rats were placed into an alley with one black wall and one white wall, an environment in which incompatible tendencies to avoid both ends of the alley were aroused. During training, ethanol decreased the speeds with which rats escaped shock. In the subsequent avoidance-avoidance conflict tests, rats that previously received shock escape training after drinking ethanol ran more slowly, and exhibited lower total movement and oscillation range scores than did animals trained after drinking plain sugar-water. Administration of ethanol just prior to the conflict tests resulted in dose-related increases in running speeds, total movement scores, and oscillation ranges. These results suggest that moderate doses of ethanol increased responding by differentially weakening conflicting avoidance tendencies.", "PMID": 120545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14279", "title": "Evidence against serotonin involvement in the tonic component of electrically induced convulsions and in carbamazepine anticonvulsant activity.", "content": "Intraventricular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, selective destruction of descending serotoninergic neurons by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or electrolytic and chemical lesions of the nucleus raphe dorsalis did not affect the electroconvulsive threshold in rats. No effect was observed after the systemic administration of drugs known to increase central serotonin transmission, such as quipazine, m-chlorophenylpiperazine, and moderate doses of d-fenfluramine, whereas p-chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, decreased seizure susceptibility. The anticonvulsant activity of carbamazepine was not modified in animals with the same experimental lesions. The results, in relation to the high selectivity of the experimental procedures employed to deplete brain and spinal cord serotonin, do not bear out any involvement of serotonin in the tonic component of electrically induced convulsions or in the action of carbamazepine.", "contents": "Evidence against serotonin involvement in the tonic component of electrically induced convulsions and in carbamazepine anticonvulsant activity. Intraventricular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, selective destruction of descending serotoninergic neurons by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or electrolytic and chemical lesions of the nucleus raphe dorsalis did not affect the electroconvulsive threshold in rats. No effect was observed after the systemic administration of drugs known to increase central serotonin transmission, such as quipazine, m-chlorophenylpiperazine, and moderate doses of d-fenfluramine, whereas p-chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, decreased seizure susceptibility. The anticonvulsant activity of carbamazepine was not modified in animals with the same experimental lesions. The results, in relation to the high selectivity of the experimental procedures employed to deplete brain and spinal cord serotonin, do not bear out any involvement of serotonin in the tonic component of electrically induced convulsions or in the action of carbamazepine.", "PMID": 120546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14280", "title": "The effect of housing and gender on preference for morphine-sucrose solutions in rats.", "content": "To determine whether opiate consumption is affected by laboratory housing, individually caged and colony rats were given a choice between water and progressively more palatable morphine-sucrose solutions. The isolated rats drank significantly more of the opiate solution, and females drank significantly more than males. In the experimental phase during which morphine-sucrose solution consumption was greatest, the isolated females drank five times as much, and the isolated males sixteen times as much morphine (mg/kg) as the colony females and males respectively.", "contents": "The effect of housing and gender on preference for morphine-sucrose solutions in rats. To determine whether opiate consumption is affected by laboratory housing, individually caged and colony rats were given a choice between water and progressively more palatable morphine-sucrose solutions. The isolated rats drank significantly more of the opiate solution, and females drank significantly more than males. In the experimental phase during which morphine-sucrose solution consumption was greatest, the isolated females drank five times as much, and the isolated males sixteen times as much morphine (mg/kg) as the colony females and males respectively.", "PMID": 120547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14281", "title": "Effects of nicotine, mecamylamine, and hexamethonium on shock-induced fighting, pain reactivity, and locomotor behaviour in rats.", "content": "Three series of experiments were performed to evaluate possible nicotinic cholinergic influences on fighting behaviour in rats. Each series consisted of three tests (naive animals in each test); shock-induced fighting, pain threshold estimation and locomotor activity. In the first series, nicotine (0.25 -- 1.00 mg/kg) was found to produce a dose-dependent inhibition of fighting without altering shock thresholds. However, the highest dose used also significantly reduced rearing in the activity test. In the second series, mecamylamine (a centrally active antinicotinic) produced a facilitation of fighting at low doses (2.5 mg/kg) and an inhibition at higher doses (10 mg/kg). Whilst these effects were unrelated to changes in shock thresholds, the high dose resulted in a reduction in both horizontal activity and rearing. Finally, as a control for possible peripheral effects of nicotinic blockage, a third series examined the behavioural effects of hexamethonium. Low doses of this compound (2.25 -- 4.5 mg/kg) had little effect on fighting whilst higher doses (9 -- 18 mg/kg) attenuated these responses. Interestingly, although hexamethonium had no effect on shock thresholds, the highest dose (18 mg/kg) produced a facilitation of horizontal activity. Results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis of central nicotinic cholinergic inhibition of agonistic behaviour.", "contents": "Effects of nicotine, mecamylamine, and hexamethonium on shock-induced fighting, pain reactivity, and locomotor behaviour in rats. Three series of experiments were performed to evaluate possible nicotinic cholinergic influences on fighting behaviour in rats. Each series consisted of three tests (naive animals in each test); shock-induced fighting, pain threshold estimation and locomotor activity. In the first series, nicotine (0.25 -- 1.00 mg/kg) was found to produce a dose-dependent inhibition of fighting without altering shock thresholds. However, the highest dose used also significantly reduced rearing in the activity test. In the second series, mecamylamine (a centrally active antinicotinic) produced a facilitation of fighting at low doses (2.5 mg/kg) and an inhibition at higher doses (10 mg/kg). Whilst these effects were unrelated to changes in shock thresholds, the high dose resulted in a reduction in both horizontal activity and rearing. Finally, as a control for possible peripheral effects of nicotinic blockage, a third series examined the behavioural effects of hexamethonium. Low doses of this compound (2.25 -- 4.5 mg/kg) had little effect on fighting whilst higher doses (9 -- 18 mg/kg) attenuated these responses. Interestingly, although hexamethonium had no effect on shock thresholds, the highest dose (18 mg/kg) produced a facilitation of horizontal activity. Results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis of central nicotinic cholinergic inhibition of agonistic behaviour.", "PMID": 120548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14282", "title": "The effects of deanol on cognitive performance and electrophysiology in elderly humans.", "content": "Deanol (900 mg/day for 21 days) had no effect on learning a list of words when tested at weekly intervals. Tests of simple and complex reaction time and a test of continuous serial decoding of digits showed no enhancement with the drug. Several components of evoked potentials recorded from several scalp sites did show enhanced amplitude under drug treatment. These changes were not accompanied by changes in the EEG spectrum as are seen with some other psychoactive drugs. Deanol seems to be an ineffective treatment for the normal slowing of cognitive function seen in the normal elderly person or those elderly with only minimal cognitive decline and free of symptoms of dementia. Contrary to earlier reports, elderly persons were found to be able to benefit from warning signals in a complex reaction time task.", "contents": "The effects of deanol on cognitive performance and electrophysiology in elderly humans. Deanol (900 mg/day for 21 days) had no effect on learning a list of words when tested at weekly intervals. Tests of simple and complex reaction time and a test of continuous serial decoding of digits showed no enhancement with the drug. Several components of evoked potentials recorded from several scalp sites did show enhanced amplitude under drug treatment. These changes were not accompanied by changes in the EEG spectrum as are seen with some other psychoactive drugs. Deanol seems to be an ineffective treatment for the normal slowing of cognitive function seen in the normal elderly person or those elderly with only minimal cognitive decline and free of symptoms of dementia. Contrary to earlier reports, elderly persons were found to be able to benefit from warning signals in a complex reaction time task.", "PMID": 120549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14283", "title": "Bartter's syndrome: 10 cases in childhood. Results of long-term indomethacin therapy.", "content": "Ten children with Bartter's syndrome are described. Their ages at diagnosis ranged from three months to 15 years and there was an equal sex distribution. A wide spectrum of severity of clinical and biochemical features was found. Hypercalcaemia, hypophosphataemia, hypercalcuria, nephrocalcinosis, rickets and urine acidification defects were seen in some patients. Two affected children were siblings. Six children were treated over periods of six to 24 months with indomethacin with remarkable clinical and biochemical improvement. Catch-up growth was demonstrated in all treated cases. Tolerance to indomethacin appeared to develop in some children. Only one serious complication was seen with this therapy, a duodenal ulcer in a child on high dosage. Of those children not treated with indomethacin, one died, one is now on indomethacin elsewhere and two are well without therapy.", "contents": "Bartter's syndrome: 10 cases in childhood. Results of long-term indomethacin therapy. Ten children with Bartter's syndrome are described. Their ages at diagnosis ranged from three months to 15 years and there was an equal sex distribution. A wide spectrum of severity of clinical and biochemical features was found. Hypercalcaemia, hypophosphataemia, hypercalcuria, nephrocalcinosis, rickets and urine acidification defects were seen in some patients. Two affected children were siblings. Six children were treated over periods of six to 24 months with indomethacin with remarkable clinical and biochemical improvement. Catch-up growth was demonstrated in all treated cases. Tolerance to indomethacin appeared to develop in some children. Only one serious complication was seen with this therapy, a duodenal ulcer in a child on high dosage. Of those children not treated with indomethacin, one died, one is now on indomethacin elsewhere and two are well without therapy.", "PMID": 120550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14284", "title": "[Variation of the leukocyte number and formula in pregnancy in relation to the ABO blood group and Rh (D) factor].", "content": "A statistical research has been carried on 334 pregnant women considering the variation of leucocyte number and leucocyte formula beginning from the 2nd month on. The resulting variations either of the leucocyte number or their formula structure might favour etiological researches for a better understanding of the deep changes caused by pregnancy. These variations refer also to blood group (ABO) and Rh (D) factor.", "contents": "[Variation of the leukocyte number and formula in pregnancy in relation to the ABO blood group and Rh (D) factor]. A statistical research has been carried on 334 pregnant women considering the variation of leucocyte number and leucocyte formula beginning from the 2nd month on. The resulting variations either of the leucocyte number or their formula structure might favour etiological researches for a better understanding of the deep changes caused by pregnancy. These variations refer also to blood group (ABO) and Rh (D) factor.", "PMID": 120552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14285", "title": "Metabolism of two PGF2 alpha analogues in primates: 15(S)-15-methyl-delta 4-cis-PGF1 alpha and 16,16-dimethyl-delta 4-cis-PGF1 alpha.", "content": "The metabolism of the prostaglandin F2 alpha analogues, 15-methyl-delta 4-cis-PGF1 alpha and 16,16-dimethyl-delta 4-cis-PGF1 alpha, has been investigated in the cynomologus monkey and the human female. The two analogues, tritium labelled in the 9 beta-position, were administered by intramuscular injections into the monkeys and by subcutaneous injections into the human. Excretion of tritium labelled products were followed in urine (in both species) and feces (in monkeys only) and several metabolites were identified by GC/MS. The analogues were found to be resistant to the 15-hydroxy dehydrogenase and furthermore the degradation by beta-oxidation was delayed. About 13% of the given dose of 15-methyl-delta 4-cis-PGF1 alpha was excreted unchanged into urine and feces from the monkey. The corresponding figure for 16,16-dimethyl-delta 4-cis-PGF1 alpha was about 20%. In addition, a large part of the metabolites had the carbon skeleton intact and were only metabolized by omega-oxidation. The relative resistance to degradation of these two analogues is likely to be the basis for their prolonged pharmacological activity.", "contents": "Metabolism of two PGF2 alpha analogues in primates: 15(S)-15-methyl-delta 4-cis-PGF1 alpha and 16,16-dimethyl-delta 4-cis-PGF1 alpha. The metabolism of the prostaglandin F2 alpha analogues, 15-methyl-delta 4-cis-PGF1 alpha and 16,16-dimethyl-delta 4-cis-PGF1 alpha, has been investigated in the cynomologus monkey and the human female. The two analogues, tritium labelled in the 9 beta-position, were administered by intramuscular injections into the monkeys and by subcutaneous injections into the human. Excretion of tritium labelled products were followed in urine (in both species) and feces (in monkeys only) and several metabolites were identified by GC/MS. The analogues were found to be resistant to the 15-hydroxy dehydrogenase and furthermore the degradation by beta-oxidation was delayed. About 13% of the given dose of 15-methyl-delta 4-cis-PGF1 alpha was excreted unchanged into urine and feces from the monkey. The corresponding figure for 16,16-dimethyl-delta 4-cis-PGF1 alpha was about 20%. In addition, a large part of the metabolites had the carbon skeleton intact and were only metabolized by omega-oxidation. The relative resistance to degradation of these two analogues is likely to be the basis for their prolonged pharmacological activity.", "PMID": 120559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14286", "title": "Radiorespirometric analysis of glucose metabolism in the rat during feeding with 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene--radiorespirometry after partial hepatectomy.", "content": "In previous papers we reported that the earlier peak time (PT) in radiorespiratory during feeding with 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene(3'-Me-DAB) is due to activation of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway together with hepatic cell proliferation reflecting the toxic effects of this carcinogen. In this study, we investigated the correlation between the results of radiorespiratory and the levels of enzyme activities of HMP pathway in regenerating rat liver in connection with hepatic cell proliferation. [3H]Thymidine incorporation into rat liver DNA and the activities of hexokinase (HK) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-6-PD) reached a maximum at the 3rd day after partial hepatectomy. On radiorespirometry using [U-14C] glucose, the peak time (PT) was much earlier at the 2nd to 3rd day after partial hepatectomy. The peak height (PH) decreased to less than 1/2 of the initial level at the 2nd, but began to recover from the 3rd day. The yield value (YV) remained below the initial level for 4 days after the operation.", "contents": "Radiorespirometric analysis of glucose metabolism in the rat during feeding with 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene--radiorespirometry after partial hepatectomy. In previous papers we reported that the earlier peak time (PT) in radiorespiratory during feeding with 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene(3'-Me-DAB) is due to activation of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway together with hepatic cell proliferation reflecting the toxic effects of this carcinogen. In this study, we investigated the correlation between the results of radiorespiratory and the levels of enzyme activities of HMP pathway in regenerating rat liver in connection with hepatic cell proliferation. [3H]Thymidine incorporation into rat liver DNA and the activities of hexokinase (HK) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-6-PD) reached a maximum at the 3rd day after partial hepatectomy. On radiorespirometry using [U-14C] glucose, the peak time (PT) was much earlier at the 2nd to 3rd day after partial hepatectomy. The peak height (PH) decreased to less than 1/2 of the initial level at the 2nd, but began to recover from the 3rd day. The yield value (YV) remained below the initial level for 4 days after the operation.", "PMID": 120561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14287", "title": "Association between HBsAg and race in a mixed population of Northeastern Brazil.", "content": "The frequency of Australian antigen carriers (HBsAg) was studied in three samples from northeastern Brazil. In sample A there were 1000 women from Tsylla Balbino Maternity in Salvador; in sample B there were 1,512 blood donors from Salvador, and in sample C there were 930 blood donors from Aracaju. In sample A, B and C the observed frequency of carriers (HBsAg) was 1.20%, 1.58% and 2.04% respectively. These differences were not significant (x22 = 2.2; p greater than 0.25). There was no association between the carrier state and sex, age, ABO and Rh blood groups, Chagas' disease and rural origin. However, the frequency of carriers (HBsAg) increases from White to Black, as follows: Whites = 0.5%; Mulattoes = 1.91%, and Black = 1.96% (x22 = 7.91; p less than 0.02).", "contents": "Association between HBsAg and race in a mixed population of Northeastern Brazil. The frequency of Australian antigen carriers (HBsAg) was studied in three samples from northeastern Brazil. In sample A there were 1000 women from Tsylla Balbino Maternity in Salvador; in sample B there were 1,512 blood donors from Salvador, and in sample C there were 930 blood donors from Aracaju. In sample A, B and C the observed frequency of carriers (HBsAg) was 1.20%, 1.58% and 2.04% respectively. These differences were not significant (x22 = 2.2; p greater than 0.25). There was no association between the carrier state and sex, age, ABO and Rh blood groups, Chagas' disease and rural origin. However, the frequency of carriers (HBsAg) increases from White to Black, as follows: Whites = 0.5%; Mulattoes = 1.91%, and Black = 1.96% (x22 = 7.91; p less than 0.02).", "PMID": 120564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14288", "title": "[The use of 10-percent mannitol solution in colonic surgery].", "content": "Based on the experience acquired in 20 cases the authors discuss the use of the mannitol solution in the surgery of the colon. The colic voiding was evaluated in 19 cases as very good, a fact that stresses the efficiency of this method of mechanical preparation of the colon. The method is very well tolerated by the patients, and the secondary biological modifications are not significant. Contraindications are limited to the very aged (above 75 years), in patients with cardiac disease, or in those with hepatic and renal diseases, as well as in those with occluding forms of neoplasies.", "contents": "[The use of 10-percent mannitol solution in colonic surgery]. Based on the experience acquired in 20 cases the authors discuss the use of the mannitol solution in the surgery of the colon. The colic voiding was evaluated in 19 cases as very good, a fact that stresses the efficiency of this method of mechanical preparation of the colon. The method is very well tolerated by the patients, and the secondary biological modifications are not significant. Contraindications are limited to the very aged (above 75 years), in patients with cardiac disease, or in those with hepatic and renal diseases, as well as in those with occluding forms of neoplasies.", "PMID": 120565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14289", "title": "Immunological responses of fluke-infected and fluke-free cattle to Salmonella dublin and other antigens.", "content": "Immune responses to heat-killed Brucella abortus strain 19 and to ovalbumin were compared in 15 fluke-infected and 15 fluke-free Friesian heifers. B abortus was injected 16 weeks and ovalbumin 19 weeks after the oral administration of 1000 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. Agglutinating antibody responses to B abortus were similar in both groups. Immediate type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin was apparently suppressed in fluke-infected animals when assessed by active and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis two weeks after sensitisation. However, when assessed by Schultz-Dale responses of intestine, in vitro, 36 weeks after sensitisation there was no difference between the groups. The heifers were subsequently given live Salmonella dublin intravenously. The fluke-infected animals which became carriers of S dublin had the most persistently elevated titres of agglutinating antibodies in their sera and the highest incidence of immediate-type hypersensitivity, as assessed by Schultz-Dale responses of intestine, but the weakest cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions to S dublin. The latter might have been related to lymphopenia which developed after fluke infection. The increased susceptibility of fluke-infected cattle to S dublin cannot be attributed to impaired agglutinin responses but may result from effects on cell-mediated mechanisms.", "contents": "Immunological responses of fluke-infected and fluke-free cattle to Salmonella dublin and other antigens. Immune responses to heat-killed Brucella abortus strain 19 and to ovalbumin were compared in 15 fluke-infected and 15 fluke-free Friesian heifers. B abortus was injected 16 weeks and ovalbumin 19 weeks after the oral administration of 1000 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. Agglutinating antibody responses to B abortus were similar in both groups. Immediate type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin was apparently suppressed in fluke-infected animals when assessed by active and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis two weeks after sensitisation. However, when assessed by Schultz-Dale responses of intestine, in vitro, 36 weeks after sensitisation there was no difference between the groups. The heifers were subsequently given live Salmonella dublin intravenously. The fluke-infected animals which became carriers of S dublin had the most persistently elevated titres of agglutinating antibodies in their sera and the highest incidence of immediate-type hypersensitivity, as assessed by Schultz-Dale responses of intestine, but the weakest cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions to S dublin. The latter might have been related to lymphopenia which developed after fluke infection. The increased susceptibility of fluke-infected cattle to S dublin cannot be attributed to impaired agglutinin responses but may result from effects on cell-mediated mechanisms.", "PMID": 120572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14290", "title": "Experimental studies on the serological relationships between Yersinia enterocolitica and Brucella abortus.", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica O9 was shown to provoke O, OH and H antibody response in calves. Brucella abortus failed to generate Yersinia H antibody response and generated Brucella O antibodies that cross-reacted with Yersinia O and OH antigens. The presence of Yersinia H agglutinins along with a higher titre of Yersinia OH antibody than Brucella O antibody is suggestive of subclinical infection with yersiniosis rather than brucellosis. Cross-absorption of sera from calves with established Yersinia infections indicated that absorption of sera with Brucella O antigens, although completely removing Brucella O antibodies, failed to remove completely Yersinia O, OH and H antibodies, and thus provides an additional method of distinguishing between the two infections.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the serological relationships between Yersinia enterocolitica and Brucella abortus. Yersinia enterocolitica O9 was shown to provoke O, OH and H antibody response in calves. Brucella abortus failed to generate Yersinia H antibody response and generated Brucella O antibodies that cross-reacted with Yersinia O and OH antigens. The presence of Yersinia H agglutinins along with a higher titre of Yersinia OH antibody than Brucella O antibody is suggestive of subclinical infection with yersiniosis rather than brucellosis. Cross-absorption of sera from calves with established Yersinia infections indicated that absorption of sera with Brucella O antigens, although completely removing Brucella O antibodies, failed to remove completely Yersinia O, OH and H antibodies, and thus provides an additional method of distinguishing between the two infections.", "PMID": 120574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14291", "title": "Isoenzyme variation in piroplasms isolated from bovine blood infected with Theileria annulata and T parva.", "content": "Blood from calves infected with Theileria annulata and T parva was freed from host cell elements and the piroplasms liberated from the red cells by ammonium chloride lysis. Lysates of the purified piroplasms and control host cell material were examined electrophoretically for several enzymes. Zymograms stained for glucose phosphate isomerase showed distinct differences between the host cell enzyme pattern and parasite enzyme patterns. The isoenzyme pattern of T annulata piroplasms differed from the isoenzyme pattern of T parva piroplasms.", "contents": "Isoenzyme variation in piroplasms isolated from bovine blood infected with Theileria annulata and T parva. Blood from calves infected with Theileria annulata and T parva was freed from host cell elements and the piroplasms liberated from the red cells by ammonium chloride lysis. Lysates of the purified piroplasms and control host cell material were examined electrophoretically for several enzymes. Zymograms stained for glucose phosphate isomerase showed distinct differences between the host cell enzyme pattern and parasite enzyme patterns. The isoenzyme pattern of T annulata piroplasms differed from the isoenzyme pattern of T parva piroplasms.", "PMID": 120575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14292", "title": "The prevalence of Sarcocytis spp in dogs, foxes and sheep and Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and the use of the indirect haemagglutination reaction in serodiagnosis.", "content": "Sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp were found in the faeces of 39.3 per cent and 25 per cent of farm dogs and foxes respectively. The indirect haemagglutination serodiagnostic test suggested that nearly all sheep in the area sampled became infected early in life and diagnosis of infection by this means correlates well with trichinoscopy findings. The sarcocystis antigens used in serodiagnostic tests did not cross react with sera positive for Toxoplasma gondii. Sarcocystis antigens derived from cattle cross reacted with ovine sera but comparative tests showed the titres to be less than where the homologous antigen was used.", "contents": "The prevalence of Sarcocytis spp in dogs, foxes and sheep and Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and the use of the indirect haemagglutination reaction in serodiagnosis. Sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp were found in the faeces of 39.3 per cent and 25 per cent of farm dogs and foxes respectively. The indirect haemagglutination serodiagnostic test suggested that nearly all sheep in the area sampled became infected early in life and diagnosis of infection by this means correlates well with trichinoscopy findings. The sarcocystis antigens used in serodiagnostic tests did not cross react with sera positive for Toxoplasma gondii. Sarcocystis antigens derived from cattle cross reacted with ovine sera but comparative tests showed the titres to be less than where the homologous antigen was used.", "PMID": 120576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14293", "title": "Monkey pulpal response to composite resin restorations in cavities treated with various cleansing agents.", "content": "Pulpal response to composite resin restorations placed in experimentally prepared cavities treated with various cavity cleansing and etching agents were studied in monkey teeth. The use of etching agents and cleansers with a demineralizing potential enhanced the pulpal response to composite resin restorations. Bacterial proliferation on the cavity walls around the composite restorations may be one of several factors causing the harmful pulpal responses found. The protective effect of a calcium hydroxide-containing cavity lining material was confirmed.", "contents": "Monkey pulpal response to composite resin restorations in cavities treated with various cleansing agents. Pulpal response to composite resin restorations placed in experimentally prepared cavities treated with various cavity cleansing and etching agents were studied in monkey teeth. The use of etching agents and cleansers with a demineralizing potential enhanced the pulpal response to composite resin restorations. Bacterial proliferation on the cavity walls around the composite restorations may be one of several factors causing the harmful pulpal responses found. The protective effect of a calcium hydroxide-containing cavity lining material was confirmed.", "PMID": 120607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14294", "title": "Maturation of bursal stem cells within allogeneic or syngeneic bursal microenvironment: surface determinants and capacity for germinal centre formation.", "content": "Maturation of bursal stem cells in an allogeneic environment was studied. The occurrence of surface IgM, surface IgG, and Ia-like antigens on B cells after differentiatoin within an allogeneic bursa was studied. Furthermore, the immediate capacity of B cells to form germinal centres after differentiation in an allogeneic bursa was studied by injecting them with histocompatible T cells into \"test-tube\" birds. The results indicate that the switch to surface-IgG-bearing cells occurs in an allogeneic bursa in a similar manner as in a syngeneic bursa. Studies of the occurrence of Ia-like antigens on bursa cells demonstrate that they retain their original Ia-like antigens, even during maturation in an allogeneic host. Third, the results demonstrate that after differentiation within an allogeneic environment bursa cells have acquired the ijmediate capacity to cooperate with histocompatible T cells as measured by germinal centre formation in \"test-tube\" birds.", "contents": "Maturation of bursal stem cells within allogeneic or syngeneic bursal microenvironment: surface determinants and capacity for germinal centre formation. Maturation of bursal stem cells in an allogeneic environment was studied. The occurrence of surface IgM, surface IgG, and Ia-like antigens on B cells after differentiatoin within an allogeneic bursa was studied. Furthermore, the immediate capacity of B cells to form germinal centres after differentiation in an allogeneic bursa was studied by injecting them with histocompatible T cells into \"test-tube\" birds. The results indicate that the switch to surface-IgG-bearing cells occurs in an allogeneic bursa in a similar manner as in a syngeneic bursa. Studies of the occurrence of Ia-like antigens on bursa cells demonstrate that they retain their original Ia-like antigens, even during maturation in an allogeneic host. Third, the results demonstrate that after differentiation within an allogeneic environment bursa cells have acquired the ijmediate capacity to cooperate with histocompatible T cells as measured by germinal centre formation in \"test-tube\" birds.", "PMID": 120608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14295", "title": "Paracoccidioidal infection in the wife of a patient with paracoccidioidomycosis.", "content": "Three agar immunoprecipitin techniques (double immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and immunoelectroosmophoresis-immunodiffusion) made with paracoccidioidin and serum of a paracoccidioidomycosis patient's wife, permitted us to observe a specific band in 6 successive samples of blood taken from the wife over a period of 21 months. The case represents an example of a subclinical paracoccidioidomycosis infection that is usually diagnosed in its disseminated, progressive form. Three possible sources of infection are discussed. But an interhuman contagion appears to be the most feasible.", "contents": "Paracoccidioidal infection in the wife of a patient with paracoccidioidomycosis. Three agar immunoprecipitin techniques (double immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and immunoelectroosmophoresis-immunodiffusion) made with paracoccidioidin and serum of a paracoccidioidomycosis patient's wife, permitted us to observe a specific band in 6 successive samples of blood taken from the wife over a period of 21 months. The case represents an example of a subclinical paracoccidioidomycosis infection that is usually diagnosed in its disseminated, progressive form. Three possible sources of infection are discussed. But an interhuman contagion appears to be the most feasible.", "PMID": 120614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14296", "title": "Correlation between the growth inhibitory effects, partition coefficients and teratogenic effects of lipophilic acids.", "content": "The inhibition of cell duplication by many lipophilic acids was measured in Bacillus subtilis and in the following mammalian cell lines, the human epithelial-type cell lines HeLa, strain R and strain L-132, the human fibroblast cell line VA-13, and the rat glial cell line C. The results were correlated to the partition coefficient and the distribution coefficient (= apparent partition coefficient at pH 7.2) of the compounds, using octanol/water partition coefficients and pKa values either from the literature or measured for this work. For B. subtilis, the logarithm of the inhibitory potency of most compounds increases linearly with the logarithm of the partition coefficient. Exceptional high potencies were observed for compounds that can efficiently delocalize the charge of the negative ion over the whole molecule. Most compounds inhibit tissue cultures at least as potently as they inhibit B. subtilis. But some compounds are significantly more potent in tissue cultures than would have been expected from the B. subtilis data; such compounds (analgesics/antipyretics, anti-inflammatory compounds, butyrate, norepinephrine) presumably inhibits mammalian cells by specific reactions with certain cell components. However, most compounds inhibit the different cell lines to a similar degree, indicating no cellular specificity; exceptions to this rule are chlorambucil, chlortetracycline and dexamethasone. Many of the lipophilic acids that are potent inhibitors of mammalian cell replication are also teratogenic. Exceptional compounds may not reach the embryo. We propose that a number of other lipophilic acids that are potenta inhibitors and to which humans are frequently exposed should be tested for their teratogenic effect.", "contents": "Correlation between the growth inhibitory effects, partition coefficients and teratogenic effects of lipophilic acids. The inhibition of cell duplication by many lipophilic acids was measured in Bacillus subtilis and in the following mammalian cell lines, the human epithelial-type cell lines HeLa, strain R and strain L-132, the human fibroblast cell line VA-13, and the rat glial cell line C. The results were correlated to the partition coefficient and the distribution coefficient (= apparent partition coefficient at pH 7.2) of the compounds, using octanol/water partition coefficients and pKa values either from the literature or measured for this work. For B. subtilis, the logarithm of the inhibitory potency of most compounds increases linearly with the logarithm of the partition coefficient. Exceptional high potencies were observed for compounds that can efficiently delocalize the charge of the negative ion over the whole molecule. Most compounds inhibit tissue cultures at least as potently as they inhibit B. subtilis. But some compounds are significantly more potent in tissue cultures than would have been expected from the B. subtilis data; such compounds (analgesics/antipyretics, anti-inflammatory compounds, butyrate, norepinephrine) presumably inhibits mammalian cells by specific reactions with certain cell components. However, most compounds inhibit the different cell lines to a similar degree, indicating no cellular specificity; exceptions to this rule are chlorambucil, chlortetracycline and dexamethasone. Many of the lipophilic acids that are potent inhibitors of mammalian cell replication are also teratogenic. Exceptional compounds may not reach the embryo. We propose that a number of other lipophilic acids that are potenta inhibitors and to which humans are frequently exposed should be tested for their teratogenic effect.", "PMID": 120615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14297", "title": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae and the aetiology of lobar pneumonia in northern Nigeria.", "content": "Over a six-month period we studied 74 adult Nigerians who presented consecutively to Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, with lobar or segmental pneumonia. Pneumococcal infection was diagnosed in 50% by the detection of pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen in serum or purulent sputum: 24% had pneumococcal antigenaemia. Twelve patients had evidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and half of these also had pneumococcal infection. The suggestion that M pneumoniae respiratory infection may predispose to serious bacterial pneumonia is discussed. The initial clinical and radiological features were similar in the pneumococcal and M pneumoniae groups. Raised cold agglutinin titres were not a reliable indication of M pneumoniae infection, perhaps due to altered autoantibody production in Nigerians. Pneumonia was commoner in the dry season, probably related to depressed nasopharyngeal defences caused by drying. Less common causes of lobar pneumonia that were found are also discussed and no cases of legionnaires' disease were identified.", "contents": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae and the aetiology of lobar pneumonia in northern Nigeria. Over a six-month period we studied 74 adult Nigerians who presented consecutively to Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, with lobar or segmental pneumonia. Pneumococcal infection was diagnosed in 50% by the detection of pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen in serum or purulent sputum: 24% had pneumococcal antigenaemia. Twelve patients had evidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and half of these also had pneumococcal infection. The suggestion that M pneumoniae respiratory infection may predispose to serious bacterial pneumonia is discussed. The initial clinical and radiological features were similar in the pneumococcal and M pneumoniae groups. Raised cold agglutinin titres were not a reliable indication of M pneumoniae infection, perhaps due to altered autoantibody production in Nigerians. Pneumonia was commoner in the dry season, probably related to depressed nasopharyngeal defences caused by drying. Less common causes of lobar pneumonia that were found are also discussed and no cases of legionnaires' disease were identified.", "PMID": 120616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14298", "title": "Observations on glutaraldehyde-treated heterologous cardiac valves.", "content": "Recent publications on commercial porcine bioprosthetic cardiac valves have stated that the endothelium disappears during the glutaraldehyde processing and that in many cases histological evidence of early tissue deterioration was found. Our experiences have shown that porcine aortic valves can be processed in glutaraldehyde without loss of the integrity of the endothelium and with the development of optimum collagen fibre structure. The valve mounted in a Dacron tube is not restricted in diameter and performs well under biological conditions up to a period of six months.", "contents": "Observations on glutaraldehyde-treated heterologous cardiac valves. Recent publications on commercial porcine bioprosthetic cardiac valves have stated that the endothelium disappears during the glutaraldehyde processing and that in many cases histological evidence of early tissue deterioration was found. Our experiences have shown that porcine aortic valves can be processed in glutaraldehyde without loss of the integrity of the endothelium and with the development of optimum collagen fibre structure. The valve mounted in a Dacron tube is not restricted in diameter and performs well under biological conditions up to a period of six months.", "PMID": 120617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14299", "title": "In vivo recovery of factor VIII: a comparison of one-stage and two-stage assay methods.", "content": "The recovery and half-life of VIII:C in the plasma of severely haemophilic patients was measured by one-stage and two-stage assays after injection of two Factor VIII concentrates (Hemofil, Hyland and Fraction I-O, Kabi). Plasma volumes were measured with an Evans' Blue technique, and both concentrates and post-infusion samples were measured against the same plasma standard. There was a highly significant difference in recoveries estimated by the two assay methods. The one-stage assays gave the most consistent results, in that the average recovery was 100%, whereas the two-stage assays gave only about 80% of the value expected from in vitro assays. There was no differences in recoveries between the two concentrates. The two-stage assays gave a slightly shorter half-life than the one-stage assays, and the half-life of Hemofil was also shorter than that of Fraction I-O.", "contents": "In vivo recovery of factor VIII: a comparison of one-stage and two-stage assay methods. The recovery and half-life of VIII:C in the plasma of severely haemophilic patients was measured by one-stage and two-stage assays after injection of two Factor VIII concentrates (Hemofil, Hyland and Fraction I-O, Kabi). Plasma volumes were measured with an Evans' Blue technique, and both concentrates and post-infusion samples were measured against the same plasma standard. There was a highly significant difference in recoveries estimated by the two assay methods. The one-stage assays gave the most consistent results, in that the average recovery was 100%, whereas the two-stage assays gave only about 80% of the value expected from in vitro assays. There was no differences in recoveries between the two concentrates. The two-stage assays gave a slightly shorter half-life than the one-stage assays, and the half-life of Hemofil was also shorter than that of Fraction I-O.", "PMID": 120619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14300", "title": "Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on indocyanine green blood clearance in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "To assess effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on liver function adult male rhesus monkeys were treated with a single oral dose of acetone/corn oil (control) or 5, 25, or 75 micrograms/kg TCDD. Each monkey was used as its own control and indocyanine green (ICG) blood clearance and the following serum enzymes: glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GTP), were measured at regular intervals for 4 weeks before and 17 weeks after treatment. In control monkeys ICG blood clearance and serum enzymes were similar before and after treatment. However, in the monkey that received 5 micrograms/kg TCDD there was a mild increase in ICG blood clearance followed by a slight decrease. The magnitude of this biphasic change was greater in monkeys that received 25 and 75 micrograms/kg TCDD and the decrease in clearance was invariably associated with a 1--2-week period before the monkeys died. SDH and SGPT activities were elevated at some time during the course of intoxication in all TCDD-treated monkeys but gamma GTP activity was not altered. The monkey treated with 5 micrograms/kg TCDD survived but monkeys treated with 25 and 75 micrograms/kg died 4--6 weeks after treatment. Light microscopy of the livers of TCDD-treated monkeys that died revealed fatty infiltration with minimal hepatocellular necrosis.", "contents": "Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on indocyanine green blood clearance in rhesus monkeys. To assess effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on liver function adult male rhesus monkeys were treated with a single oral dose of acetone/corn oil (control) or 5, 25, or 75 micrograms/kg TCDD. Each monkey was used as its own control and indocyanine green (ICG) blood clearance and the following serum enzymes: glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GTP), were measured at regular intervals for 4 weeks before and 17 weeks after treatment. In control monkeys ICG blood clearance and serum enzymes were similar before and after treatment. However, in the monkey that received 5 micrograms/kg TCDD there was a mild increase in ICG blood clearance followed by a slight decrease. The magnitude of this biphasic change was greater in monkeys that received 25 and 75 micrograms/kg TCDD and the decrease in clearance was invariably associated with a 1--2-week period before the monkeys died. SDH and SGPT activities were elevated at some time during the course of intoxication in all TCDD-treated monkeys but gamma GTP activity was not altered. The monkey treated with 5 micrograms/kg TCDD survived but monkeys treated with 25 and 75 micrograms/kg died 4--6 weeks after treatment. Light microscopy of the livers of TCDD-treated monkeys that died revealed fatty infiltration with minimal hepatocellular necrosis.", "PMID": 120621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14301", "title": "Heroin addiction: relationship between the plasma levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, LH, FSH, and the plasma concentration of heroin.", "content": "Changes in sexual function and hormone levels are commonly found in subjects addicted to narcotics. In this study we examined 16 male and 3 female addicts who had been taking heroin (H) in the last year in doses higher than 150 mg/day. In these patients, who presented similar clinical problems, we assayed by RIA the plasma levels of heroin, testosterone, (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione (A), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for periods of 150 min, 6 h and 9 h. We found a significant reduction of T and DHT concomitant with higher plasma concentrations of heroin but no relevant changes of A, LH and FSH. T and DHT returned to the initial levels after the decrease of heroin concentration. The GnRH test effectd on a female subject allowed us to make the diagnosis of hypothalamic amenorrhea. In the same patient no circadian rhythms for T, DHT and A were detected.", "contents": "Heroin addiction: relationship between the plasma levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, LH, FSH, and the plasma concentration of heroin. Changes in sexual function and hormone levels are commonly found in subjects addicted to narcotics. In this study we examined 16 male and 3 female addicts who had been taking heroin (H) in the last year in doses higher than 150 mg/day. In these patients, who presented similar clinical problems, we assayed by RIA the plasma levels of heroin, testosterone, (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione (A), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for periods of 150 min, 6 h and 9 h. We found a significant reduction of T and DHT concomitant with higher plasma concentrations of heroin but no relevant changes of A, LH and FSH. T and DHT returned to the initial levels after the decrease of heroin concentration. The GnRH test effectd on a female subject allowed us to make the diagnosis of hypothalamic amenorrhea. In the same patient no circadian rhythms for T, DHT and A were detected.", "PMID": 120622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14302", "title": "The toxicity and renal handling of paraquat in cynomolgus monkeys.", "content": "The acute intravenous and oral toxicity of single doses of paraquat dichloride was studied in the cynomolgus monkey. Renal handling and effects upon renal function were also investigated following an oral dose of [14C]paraquat. Clinical signs consisted of vomiting, anorexia and dyspnoea. By 48 h all animals showed signs of acute renal failure with oliguria, high plasma urea and SGPT levels and metabolic acidosis. Animals dosed orally showed similar, though less severe, signs to those dosed intravenously. The oral LD50 was approx. 70 mg paraquat cation/kg. Following an oral dose plasma levels peaked by 2 h, but were constant from 12 h to 24 h. Paraquat clearance was high initially and exceeded the creatinine and urea clearance, but fell off markedly after 14 h as renal failure developed. By 18 h urine production had ceased. It is concluded that acute renal failure and acute pulmonary damage are the main causes of death, with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis being a factor in animals surviving the acute phase.", "contents": "The toxicity and renal handling of paraquat in cynomolgus monkeys. The acute intravenous and oral toxicity of single doses of paraquat dichloride was studied in the cynomolgus monkey. Renal handling and effects upon renal function were also investigated following an oral dose of [14C]paraquat. Clinical signs consisted of vomiting, anorexia and dyspnoea. By 48 h all animals showed signs of acute renal failure with oliguria, high plasma urea and SGPT levels and metabolic acidosis. Animals dosed orally showed similar, though less severe, signs to those dosed intravenously. The oral LD50 was approx. 70 mg paraquat cation/kg. Following an oral dose plasma levels peaked by 2 h, but were constant from 12 h to 24 h. Paraquat clearance was high initially and exceeded the creatinine and urea clearance, but fell off markedly after 14 h as renal failure developed. By 18 h urine production had ceased. It is concluded that acute renal failure and acute pulmonary damage are the main causes of death, with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis being a factor in animals surviving the acute phase.", "PMID": 120623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14303", "title": "Haematobium schistosomiasis in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "The squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) accommodates Schistosoma haematobium moderately well. Adults occur in the major viscera but the extent of tissue egg deposits and associated pathology is variable. Pathologic involvement of the urogenital system occurs in a large proportion of hosts exposed to moderate to heavy infections, and bladder pathology is indicative of conditions associated with bladder carcinoma.", "contents": "Haematobium schistosomiasis in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). The squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) accommodates Schistosoma haematobium moderately well. Adults occur in the major viscera but the extent of tissue egg deposits and associated pathology is variable. Pathologic involvement of the urogenital system occurs in a large proportion of hosts exposed to moderate to heavy infections, and bladder pathology is indicative of conditions associated with bladder carcinoma.", "PMID": 120625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14304", "title": "On the life cycle of Theileria velifera (Uilenberg, 1964) in the gut and the haemolymph of the tick vector Amblyomma variegatum (Fabriciu, 1794).", "content": "The development of Theileria velifera in the gut and the haemolymph of the tick vector Amblyomma variegatum is described. Between days three and eight after repletion various sexual stages are present in the gut of the nymphs. Zygotes were detected in the gut on day 14, while undifferentiated kinetes first appeared on day 15. In the haemolymph, differentiated kinetes were observed from day 16 after repletion onwards. Zygotes and kinetes were also found after the moult, in the adult tick, for a prolonged period of time. The results of this study show that the developmental stages of T. velifera in the gut and haemolymph are characteristic of the genus Theileria.", "contents": "On the life cycle of Theileria velifera (Uilenberg, 1964) in the gut and the haemolymph of the tick vector Amblyomma variegatum (Fabriciu, 1794). The development of Theileria velifera in the gut and the haemolymph of the tick vector Amblyomma variegatum is described. Between days three and eight after repletion various sexual stages are present in the gut of the nymphs. Zygotes were detected in the gut on day 14, while undifferentiated kinetes first appeared on day 15. In the haemolymph, differentiated kinetes were observed from day 16 after repletion onwards. Zygotes and kinetes were also found after the moult, in the adult tick, for a prolonged period of time. The results of this study show that the developmental stages of T. velifera in the gut and haemolymph are characteristic of the genus Theileria.", "PMID": 120627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14305", "title": "Drug resistance in newly discovered untreated tuberculosis patients in Poland, 1974-1977.", "content": "Between March 1974 and November 1977 altogether 2568 strains from 509 newly discovered, previously untreated tuberculosis patients from many areas of Poland were tested for susceptibility to 4 antituberculosis drugs: isoniazid (INH), streptomycin (SM), ethambutol (EMB) and rifampicin (RMP). Twenty seven patients (5.3 %) were infected with tubercle bacilli resistant to 1 (4.1 %) or 2 drugs (1.2 %). Sixteen patients (3.1 %) were infected with strains resistant to INH alone; t (1.0 %) to SM alone and 6 (1.2 %) to both INH and SM. Twenty two cases (4.3 %) were resistant to INH and 11 cases (2.1 %) to SM. No bacilli resistant to EMB or RMP, alone or in combination, were found. No relationship was found between sex or age and primary resistance rates.", "contents": "Drug resistance in newly discovered untreated tuberculosis patients in Poland, 1974-1977. Between March 1974 and November 1977 altogether 2568 strains from 509 newly discovered, previously untreated tuberculosis patients from many areas of Poland were tested for susceptibility to 4 antituberculosis drugs: isoniazid (INH), streptomycin (SM), ethambutol (EMB) and rifampicin (RMP). Twenty seven patients (5.3 %) were infected with tubercle bacilli resistant to 1 (4.1 %) or 2 drugs (1.2 %). Sixteen patients (3.1 %) were infected with strains resistant to INH alone; t (1.0 %) to SM alone and 6 (1.2 %) to both INH and SM. Twenty two cases (4.3 %) were resistant to INH and 11 cases (2.1 %) to SM. No bacilli resistant to EMB or RMP, alone or in combination, were found. No relationship was found between sex or age and primary resistance rates.", "PMID": 120628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14306", "title": "Intercellular glycosaminoglycans in human cancer.", "content": "Intercellular glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from various tissues were analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and enzymatic treatment with specific mucopolysaccharidases. Each tissue exhibits a particular composition of sulfate and unsulfated molecular species. Invariably, malignant human neoplasias and their metastases show striking variations in the electrophoretic pattern typical of the corresponding normal tissue. An absolute or relative increase in surface ChS A/C and HA seems to be a consistent feature of neoplastic transformation. On the other hand, the GAGs composition of benign noninfiltrative tumors does not vary greatly with respect to the original normal tissue.", "contents": "Intercellular glycosaminoglycans in human cancer. Intercellular glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from various tissues were analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and enzymatic treatment with specific mucopolysaccharidases. Each tissue exhibits a particular composition of sulfate and unsulfated molecular species. Invariably, malignant human neoplasias and their metastases show striking variations in the electrophoretic pattern typical of the corresponding normal tissue. An absolute or relative increase in surface ChS A/C and HA seems to be a consistent feature of neoplastic transformation. On the other hand, the GAGs composition of benign noninfiltrative tumors does not vary greatly with respect to the original normal tissue.", "PMID": 120629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14307", "title": "[Decarboxylase activity study of Pasteurella multocida].", "content": "Ornithine-, lysine- and arginine-decarboxylase activity of 218 P. multocida strains, isolated from birds of varying disease symptoms in Bulgaria and CSSR, and from pigs, rabbits and birds in Cuba, USSR and CSSR, was studied after the method of Moller. Positive ornithine decarboxylase activity was established in 211 strains, low -- in 2, and negative -- in 5 strains. Low arginine decarboxylase activity was observed in 12 Pasteurella strains, while in 14 -- low lysine decarboxylase activity. The presence of ornithine decarboxylase activity can be used, along with the cultural and biochemical properties and with lyzation by a specific bacteriophage, as a taxonomic character for the species. All Pasteurella strains pathogenic for white mice, produce ornithine-decarboxylase. Lines of the strain X 73 obtained following gamma-irradiation having lost their ornithine-decarboxylase are pathogenic for white mice.", "contents": "[Decarboxylase activity study of Pasteurella multocida]. Ornithine-, lysine- and arginine-decarboxylase activity of 218 P. multocida strains, isolated from birds of varying disease symptoms in Bulgaria and CSSR, and from pigs, rabbits and birds in Cuba, USSR and CSSR, was studied after the method of Moller. Positive ornithine decarboxylase activity was established in 211 strains, low -- in 2, and negative -- in 5 strains. Low arginine decarboxylase activity was observed in 12 Pasteurella strains, while in 14 -- low lysine decarboxylase activity. The presence of ornithine decarboxylase activity can be used, along with the cultural and biochemical properties and with lyzation by a specific bacteriophage, as a taxonomic character for the species. All Pasteurella strains pathogenic for white mice, produce ornithine-decarboxylase. Lines of the strain X 73 obtained following gamma-irradiation having lost their ornithine-decarboxylase are pathogenic for white mice.", "PMID": 120631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14308", "title": "[Effect of varying amounts of lysine in the ration on chickens].", "content": "The effect of varying lysine quantities given in the daily ration to 20 day-old chickens was studied for a 40 day-period. Highest body gain (157% as compared to the control group) was observed in group I (0.20% lysine). Two and four per cent of lysine in the ration reduced the basic body gain by 69.7% and 66.9% respectively. The level of calcium, blood sugar, carotene and vitamin A rose considerably, while phosphorus and magnesium content was reduced. SGOT and SGTP values remained without significant changes. The relative kidney weight increased.", "contents": "[Effect of varying amounts of lysine in the ration on chickens]. The effect of varying lysine quantities given in the daily ration to 20 day-old chickens was studied for a 40 day-period. Highest body gain (157% as compared to the control group) was observed in group I (0.20% lysine). Two and four per cent of lysine in the ration reduced the basic body gain by 69.7% and 66.9% respectively. The level of calcium, blood sugar, carotene and vitamin A rose considerably, while phosphorus and magnesium content was reduced. SGOT and SGTP values remained without significant changes. The relative kidney weight increased.", "PMID": 120632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14309", "title": "[Differentiation of nonspecific serological reactions in brucellosis].", "content": "Differentiation of non-specific agglutination was performed by the complement binding reaction, Coombs' reaction, Hajdu reaction, the surface fixation and agglutination reaction and the reaction of complement binding with heterologic antigens. For that purpose the following were used: 1) Serums--antiglobulin against cattle globulin, 5720 serum of various animals which had manifested non-specific agglutination with brucella antigen and brucella serums of experimentally infected sheep, of naturally infected swine and of cattle--received from abroad. 2) Antigens--of Br. abortus 99, of bacteria heterologic to brucellae: Proteus vulgaris, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus albus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. abortus ovis, for O and OH agglutination, water extraction antigens--for complement binding and concentrated suspensions of all bacteria used in brucellose and non-brucellose serum absorption. Highest number of non-specific reactions were observed in cattle serums and lowest--in goat serums. Titers with heterologic antigens were higher than these with brucella antigens. Often the serum having non-specific agglutiantion reacted not only with one, but with more heterologic antigens. Non-specific complement binding reactions were not produced in complete antibodies with the brucella antigen. Heterologic brucella antigens were exhausted more fully than heterologic complement binding antibodies. In their effectiveness (differentiation of non-specific agglutination with brucella antigen in cattle serum) the serological reactions studied rank as follows: complement binding reaction, slow agglutination with serums absorbed by heterologic antigens, surface fixation reaction, Coombs' reaction, and Hadju agglutination.", "contents": "[Differentiation of nonspecific serological reactions in brucellosis]. Differentiation of non-specific agglutination was performed by the complement binding reaction, Coombs' reaction, Hajdu reaction, the surface fixation and agglutination reaction and the reaction of complement binding with heterologic antigens. For that purpose the following were used: 1) Serums--antiglobulin against cattle globulin, 5720 serum of various animals which had manifested non-specific agglutination with brucella antigen and brucella serums of experimentally infected sheep, of naturally infected swine and of cattle--received from abroad. 2) Antigens--of Br. abortus 99, of bacteria heterologic to brucellae: Proteus vulgaris, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus albus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. abortus ovis, for O and OH agglutination, water extraction antigens--for complement binding and concentrated suspensions of all bacteria used in brucellose and non-brucellose serum absorption. Highest number of non-specific reactions were observed in cattle serums and lowest--in goat serums. Titers with heterologic antigens were higher than these with brucella antigens. Often the serum having non-specific agglutiantion reacted not only with one, but with more heterologic antigens. Non-specific complement binding reactions were not produced in complete antibodies with the brucella antigen. Heterologic brucella antigens were exhausted more fully than heterologic complement binding antibodies. In their effectiveness (differentiation of non-specific agglutination with brucella antigen in cattle serum) the serological reactions studied rank as follows: complement binding reaction, slow agglutination with serums absorbed by heterologic antigens, surface fixation reaction, Coombs' reaction, and Hadju agglutination.", "PMID": 120633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14310", "title": "[Is breast cancer screening effective? (author's transl)].", "content": "Two groups of patients consisting of women with and without breast symptoms are compared. They were mammographed in the same institute under identical technical conditions. Carcinomas found by screening were considerably less advanced. The findings confirm the experience of numerous authors that screening improves the prognosis; applied tandem method--physical examination and mammography--is far from ideal, but represents at present the best method to reduce breast cancer mortality. The final conclusion is to intensify the screening programs.", "contents": "[Is breast cancer screening effective? (author's transl)]. Two groups of patients consisting of women with and without breast symptoms are compared. They were mammographed in the same institute under identical technical conditions. Carcinomas found by screening were considerably less advanced. The findings confirm the experience of numerous authors that screening improves the prognosis; applied tandem method--physical examination and mammography--is far from ideal, but represents at present the best method to reduce breast cancer mortality. The final conclusion is to intensify the screening programs.", "PMID": 120634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14311", "title": "Alternative carboxylation reactions in type II methylotrophs and the localization of carboxylase activities in the intra-cytoplasmic membranes.", "content": "The peripheral arrangements of the intra-cytoplasmic membranes (ICM) as well as the guanine + cytosine (G + C) content of 63% indicate that our obligate methanotrophic strain M 102 would belong to the type II Methylotrophs. There are no active transport mechanisms for some organic additives, some of which are known to stimulate CO2-fixation. The CO2-acceptor molecules, Pyr (pyruvate) and PEP (phospho-enolpyruvate), must be metabolically intracellularly furnished. More than one carboxylating system could be induced in cell fractions. The carboxylating activities were variably registered in cell-free extracts and fragments. Indications that the site of the carboxylating activities are the ICM are discussed. The fact that the CO2-fixation intensities decreased at about the middle of the active growing phase indicates that the formation of the intermediate C4-compound OAA (oxaloacetate) must be furnished through some reactions by-passing the PEP-carboxylation step. The common serine-pathway for C1-assimilation is rearranged so as to fit in the discussed findings.", "contents": "Alternative carboxylation reactions in type II methylotrophs and the localization of carboxylase activities in the intra-cytoplasmic membranes. The peripheral arrangements of the intra-cytoplasmic membranes (ICM) as well as the guanine + cytosine (G + C) content of 63% indicate that our obligate methanotrophic strain M 102 would belong to the type II Methylotrophs. There are no active transport mechanisms for some organic additives, some of which are known to stimulate CO2-fixation. The CO2-acceptor molecules, Pyr (pyruvate) and PEP (phospho-enolpyruvate), must be metabolically intracellularly furnished. More than one carboxylating system could be induced in cell fractions. The carboxylating activities were variably registered in cell-free extracts and fragments. Indications that the site of the carboxylating activities are the ICM are discussed. The fact that the CO2-fixation intensities decreased at about the middle of the active growing phase indicates that the formation of the intermediate C4-compound OAA (oxaloacetate) must be furnished through some reactions by-passing the PEP-carboxylation step. The common serine-pathway for C1-assimilation is rearranged so as to fit in the discussed findings.", "PMID": 120638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14312", "title": "Influence of pesticides on the growth of cyanobacteria.", "content": "Two unicellular and two filamentous cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) were exposed under conditions optimal for photoautotrophic growth to eleven pesticides. Low concentrations (0.01 to 5 ppm) of diuron, atrazine, and paraquat inhibited growth. With MCPA, MCPP, 2,4-D, milstem and ethrel, marked inhibitory effects were achieved only at concentrations above 100 ppm. Growth was inhibited by glyphosate, DDT, and thiram at intermediate concentrations. In some cases, the effective concentration of the pesticide varied considerably with the organism tested.", "contents": "Influence of pesticides on the growth of cyanobacteria. Two unicellular and two filamentous cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) were exposed under conditions optimal for photoautotrophic growth to eleven pesticides. Low concentrations (0.01 to 5 ppm) of diuron, atrazine, and paraquat inhibited growth. With MCPA, MCPP, 2,4-D, milstem and ethrel, marked inhibitory effects were achieved only at concentrations above 100 ppm. Growth was inhibited by glyphosate, DDT, and thiram at intermediate concentrations. In some cases, the effective concentration of the pesticide varied considerably with the organism tested.", "PMID": 120640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14313", "title": "The relative roles of protein and energy deficiency in the pathogenesis of protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "This paper discusses two hypotheses to explain why in some circumstances kwashiorkor develops and in others marasmus. Dietary endocrine and biochemical data from Uganda and The Gambia are compared and their roles in the aetiology of the two different forms of protein-energy malnutrition are discussed. It is concluded that there can be both a dietary and a metabolic differentiating factor, and which is predominant depends on individual environmental circumstances.", "contents": "The relative roles of protein and energy deficiency in the pathogenesis of protein-energy malnutrition. This paper discusses two hypotheses to explain why in some circumstances kwashiorkor develops and in others marasmus. Dietary endocrine and biochemical data from Uganda and The Gambia are compared and their roles in the aetiology of the two different forms of protein-energy malnutrition are discussed. It is concluded that there can be both a dietary and a metabolic differentiating factor, and which is predominant depends on individual environmental circumstances.", "PMID": 120642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14314", "title": "[Plasma testosterone, free testosterone fraction LH and FSH in males during the early stage of acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "In 18 males (age 49--79 yrs) without endocrine diseases, testosterone, free testosterone fraction, LH, FSH and cortisol (as indicator for stress) were determined in the early stage of an acute myocardia infarction. Blood was taken on admission as well as every 4 hours up to meanly 43 hours. The patients were separated in 2 groups for proving whether alterations of the parameters may depend on the severity of the myocardial infarction (group A=severe infarction; group B=not severe infarction). Testosterone showed a rapid decrease in the first 11 hours after admission, which continued less striking to the end of the investigation. Testosterone was significantly decreased in group A in comparison to group B. LH and FSH in both groups together were remarkably reduced during the whole time. Whereas group A demonstrated a tendency to decreased values in comparison to group B for LH, there were not any essential differences between the two groups for FSH. The free testosterone fraction was not altered. Cortisol in group A was twice as high as in group B during the entire investigation. The systolic pressure in group A was generally lower than in group B during the whole time. The results demonstrate an important reduction of the secretion of testosterone, LH and FSH during the early stage of the acute myocardial infarction. The testosterone suppression seems to be dependent on the severity of the myocardial infarction. These alterations may be caused by a general impaired perfusion as a consequence of myocardial infarction and a suppressive effect of increased cortisol values on testosterone levels.", "contents": "[Plasma testosterone, free testosterone fraction LH and FSH in males during the early stage of acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. In 18 males (age 49--79 yrs) without endocrine diseases, testosterone, free testosterone fraction, LH, FSH and cortisol (as indicator for stress) were determined in the early stage of an acute myocardia infarction. Blood was taken on admission as well as every 4 hours up to meanly 43 hours. The patients were separated in 2 groups for proving whether alterations of the parameters may depend on the severity of the myocardial infarction (group A=severe infarction; group B=not severe infarction). Testosterone showed a rapid decrease in the first 11 hours after admission, which continued less striking to the end of the investigation. Testosterone was significantly decreased in group A in comparison to group B. LH and FSH in both groups together were remarkably reduced during the whole time. Whereas group A demonstrated a tendency to decreased values in comparison to group B for LH, there were not any essential differences between the two groups for FSH. The free testosterone fraction was not altered. Cortisol in group A was twice as high as in group B during the entire investigation. The systolic pressure in group A was generally lower than in group B during the whole time. The results demonstrate an important reduction of the secretion of testosterone, LH and FSH during the early stage of the acute myocardial infarction. The testosterone suppression seems to be dependent on the severity of the myocardial infarction. These alterations may be caused by a general impaired perfusion as a consequence of myocardial infarction and a suppressive effect of increased cortisol values on testosterone levels.", "PMID": 120643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14315", "title": "The erythrocytic entry- and exit-mechanism of Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1928.", "content": "The erythrocytic entry- and exit-mechanisms of Aegyptianella pullorum were investigated and characterized by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using for TEM ruthenium red as a marker of the red cell plasmalemma. The scanned Aegyptianella preparations produced static evidence of an endocytosis followed by an erythrocytic vesiculation as the possible mode of entrance of initial bodies into erythrocytes. The presence of ruthenium red only coating the membrane around the parasitophorous vacuole during the whole invasive process and the complete absence of the stain inside the host cell indicate that the entry of aegyptianellas is accomplished by invagination of the host cell plasmalemma and is not preceded nor followed by its breakage, furthermore unequivocally proving the intracellular parasitism of A. pullorum during its reproductive cycle. One possible mode of exit of initial bodies from parasitized erythrocytes appeared to be the invasive mechanism in reverse order, an exocytosis. Generally, however, the affected erythrocytes are parasitogenically injured, resulting in release of the parasites into the plasma and, subsequently, in host cell lysis.", "contents": "The erythrocytic entry- and exit-mechanism of Aegyptianella pullorum Carpano, 1928. The erythrocytic entry- and exit-mechanisms of Aegyptianella pullorum were investigated and characterized by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using for TEM ruthenium red as a marker of the red cell plasmalemma. The scanned Aegyptianella preparations produced static evidence of an endocytosis followed by an erythrocytic vesiculation as the possible mode of entrance of initial bodies into erythrocytes. The presence of ruthenium red only coating the membrane around the parasitophorous vacuole during the whole invasive process and the complete absence of the stain inside the host cell indicate that the entry of aegyptianellas is accomplished by invagination of the host cell plasmalemma and is not preceded nor followed by its breakage, furthermore unequivocally proving the intracellular parasitism of A. pullorum during its reproductive cycle. One possible mode of exit of initial bodies from parasitized erythrocytes appeared to be the invasive mechanism in reverse order, an exocytosis. Generally, however, the affected erythrocytes are parasitogenically injured, resulting in release of the parasites into the plasma and, subsequently, in host cell lysis.", "PMID": 120644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14316", "title": "The effect of lampit on Trypanosoma cruzi in mice organs and in the bloodstream.", "content": "Mice infected with bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi were treated with an active Nitrofuran compound (Nifurtimox, Lampit). Determination of the number of intracellular forms of T. cruzi in the liver and the spleen of control and Lampit-treated mice showed that the drug induced a decrease in the number of parasites inside the cells. A decrease in the number of bloodstream forms was also observed. Ultrastructural observations showed that Lampit induces several alterations in T. cruzi, the most characteristic alteration being the appearance of dense masses localized in the mitochondrial matrix of the parasites.", "contents": "The effect of lampit on Trypanosoma cruzi in mice organs and in the bloodstream. Mice infected with bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi were treated with an active Nitrofuran compound (Nifurtimox, Lampit). Determination of the number of intracellular forms of T. cruzi in the liver and the spleen of control and Lampit-treated mice showed that the drug induced a decrease in the number of parasites inside the cells. A decrease in the number of bloodstream forms was also observed. Ultrastructural observations showed that Lampit induces several alterations in T. cruzi, the most characteristic alteration being the appearance of dense masses localized in the mitochondrial matrix of the parasites.", "PMID": 120645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14317", "title": "A study of the rate of carbon dioxide output during mineralization of some organic materials in soil.", "content": "Soil respiration (CO2-evolution) was measured at different intervals during mineralization of organic materials in an Egyptian clay-loam soil. The rate of CO2 output was found to decline by time, and a linear negative correlation was found between the logarithm of time and the logarithm of the rate of CO2 output. Applying the linear regression equation it was possible to describe this relationship mathematically. A significant positive correlation was also found between the rate of CO2 output and the total plate count of bacteria and the ATP content of the soil.", "contents": "A study of the rate of carbon dioxide output during mineralization of some organic materials in soil. Soil respiration (CO2-evolution) was measured at different intervals during mineralization of organic materials in an Egyptian clay-loam soil. The rate of CO2 output was found to decline by time, and a linear negative correlation was found between the logarithm of time and the logarithm of the rate of CO2 output. Applying the linear regression equation it was possible to describe this relationship mathematically. A significant positive correlation was also found between the rate of CO2 output and the total plate count of bacteria and the ATP content of the soil.", "PMID": 120648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14318", "title": "[Aquatic myxobacteria as indicators in the evaluation of drinking water quality (author's transl))].", "content": "Aquatic myxobacteria were shown to be good indicators of surface contamination of drinking water, or water filtered by an inadequate soil profile, both in experiments with sterilized or biologically active soil profiles, resp., and in actual comparison data obtained in practical drinking water analyses. In experimental investigations with artificial profiles, aquatic myxobacteria were retained to a considerably greater degree than E. coli or P. fluorescens due to stronger forces of adhesion. In a number of bacteriological drinking water analyses, this property was confirmed insofar as aquatic myxobacteria could regularly be demonstrated when inspecting hygienically deficient wells or springs. The confirmed presence of E. coli, on the other hand, showed a considerably lesser correlation with the results of on the spot evaluations of hygienic conditions. It must be urgently advised to include the search for aquatic myxobacteria in bacteriological drinking water analyses, since, contrary to the demonstration of E. coli, not only the actual but, in addition, the potential hazard of contamination of drinking water with bacteria present in superficial soil strata is indicated.", "contents": "[Aquatic myxobacteria as indicators in the evaluation of drinking water quality (author's transl))]. Aquatic myxobacteria were shown to be good indicators of surface contamination of drinking water, or water filtered by an inadequate soil profile, both in experiments with sterilized or biologically active soil profiles, resp., and in actual comparison data obtained in practical drinking water analyses. In experimental investigations with artificial profiles, aquatic myxobacteria were retained to a considerably greater degree than E. coli or P. fluorescens due to stronger forces of adhesion. In a number of bacteriological drinking water analyses, this property was confirmed insofar as aquatic myxobacteria could regularly be demonstrated when inspecting hygienically deficient wells or springs. The confirmed presence of E. coli, on the other hand, showed a considerably lesser correlation with the results of on the spot evaluations of hygienic conditions. It must be urgently advised to include the search for aquatic myxobacteria in bacteriological drinking water analyses, since, contrary to the demonstration of E. coli, not only the actual but, in addition, the potential hazard of contamination of drinking water with bacteria present in superficial soil strata is indicated.", "PMID": 120649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14319", "title": "[Aquatic myxobacteria (Sporocytophaga cauliformis) and the order \"Myxobacterales\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The indicator function of aquatic myxobacteria for the purpose of evaluating drinking water quality as well as their occurrence in sewage effluent make it desirable to describe these hitherto little known organisms in more detail. To this end, a comparative investigation of anaerobic myxobacteria of the genus Sphaerocytophaga, two typical representatives of the Order Myxobacterales (Myxococcus fulvus, Sporocytophage cauliformis), and a strain ov Vitrepscilla (Vitroescilla proteolytica) was undertaken. With respect to culture morphology, the migratory fringe surrounding colonies of Sphaerocytophaga similar to the other strains studies was a prominent characteristic. In particular, the similarity with colonies of Sporocytophaga cauliformis was apparent. The gliding motility typical of Sphaerocytophaga could be demonstrated in all of the strains investigated. Scanning electron micrographs revealed an amorphous layer of slime covering the cell surfaces in all strains compared in this study, thus excluding the existence of more rigid organelles of locomotion. Taxonomically, the anaerobec myxobacteria of the oral cavity (Sphaerocytophaga) belong to the Order \"Myxobacterales\" and not the \"Eubacterales\", i.e., to the genus Fusobacterium. This is clearly suggested by their motility lacking flagella and, above all, by their cell morphology which differs from the Eubacterales.", "contents": "[Aquatic myxobacteria (Sporocytophaga cauliformis) and the order \"Myxobacterales\" (author's transl)]. The indicator function of aquatic myxobacteria for the purpose of evaluating drinking water quality as well as their occurrence in sewage effluent make it desirable to describe these hitherto little known organisms in more detail. To this end, a comparative investigation of anaerobic myxobacteria of the genus Sphaerocytophaga, two typical representatives of the Order Myxobacterales (Myxococcus fulvus, Sporocytophage cauliformis), and a strain ov Vitrepscilla (Vitroescilla proteolytica) was undertaken. With respect to culture morphology, the migratory fringe surrounding colonies of Sphaerocytophaga similar to the other strains studies was a prominent characteristic. In particular, the similarity with colonies of Sporocytophaga cauliformis was apparent. The gliding motility typical of Sphaerocytophaga could be demonstrated in all of the strains investigated. Scanning electron micrographs revealed an amorphous layer of slime covering the cell surfaces in all strains compared in this study, thus excluding the existence of more rigid organelles of locomotion. Taxonomically, the anaerobec myxobacteria of the oral cavity (Sphaerocytophaga) belong to the Order \"Myxobacterales\" and not the \"Eubacterales\", i.e., to the genus Fusobacterium. This is clearly suggested by their motility lacking flagella and, above all, by their cell morphology which differs from the Eubacterales.", "PMID": 120650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14320", "title": "[Evaluation of the viral contamination of the sea water after the emission of an effluent into the sea (author's transl)].", "content": "Research of virus in the sea water has been made by the concentrated method of adsorption-elution on glass powder. --This method has enabled us to strike the balance on the concentration of virus in the sea water, from the emission to the bank. The frequency of isolation of virus in the bathing zone considered as healthy is very high. The concentration of virus is practically constant in the length of an axis, 200 m distant in comparison with the bank.--The increase of particles of virus in the sea, in the estuary of the emission, reflects in the same way in the bathing zone, 5 m away from the bank. The phenomenon of dilution of the effluent in the sea water doesn't seem to play a part.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the viral contamination of the sea water after the emission of an effluent into the sea (author's transl)]. Research of virus in the sea water has been made by the concentrated method of adsorption-elution on glass powder. --This method has enabled us to strike the balance on the concentration of virus in the sea water, from the emission to the bank. The frequency of isolation of virus in the bathing zone considered as healthy is very high. The concentration of virus is practically constant in the length of an axis, 200 m distant in comparison with the bank.--The increase of particles of virus in the sea, in the estuary of the emission, reflects in the same way in the bathing zone, 5 m away from the bank. The phenomenon of dilution of the effluent in the sea water doesn't seem to play a part.", "PMID": 120651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14321", "title": "[Studies to investigate the ecological importance of the mass development of Hydrodictyon reticulatum in infiltration basins for drinking water. III. Identification of the active components by the use of spectroscopic methods and gas chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Antibacterial substances from H. reticulatum, that was harvested from its natural habitat or grown under culture conditions, could be isolated by extraction with ethanol or by steam destillation from cells as well as from culture filtrate. The active substances were tested by gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and characterized as a fraction of saturated fatty acids. Its composition seems to depend on external circumstances or culture conditions, respectively, because it differed from experiment to experiment even in samples, harvested at the same day. The most effective acids, active, however, only against grampositive strains are the long chain unsaturated ones with 16 or 18 C-atoms, as shown by bioassay detection (Fig. 3). The C16 = 3-acid was only found in the strain LB236-1b.", "contents": "[Studies to investigate the ecological importance of the mass development of Hydrodictyon reticulatum in infiltration basins for drinking water. III. Identification of the active components by the use of spectroscopic methods and gas chromatography (author's transl)]. Antibacterial substances from H. reticulatum, that was harvested from its natural habitat or grown under culture conditions, could be isolated by extraction with ethanol or by steam destillation from cells as well as from culture filtrate. The active substances were tested by gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and characterized as a fraction of saturated fatty acids. Its composition seems to depend on external circumstances or culture conditions, respectively, because it differed from experiment to experiment even in samples, harvested at the same day. The most effective acids, active, however, only against grampositive strains are the long chain unsaturated ones with 16 or 18 C-atoms, as shown by bioassay detection (Fig. 3). The C16 = 3-acid was only found in the strain LB236-1b.", "PMID": 120652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14322", "title": "[Examinations about the mutual influence of bacteria in aqueous medium with minimal nutritive substances (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments were done about the behaviour of 5 different strains of St. aureus (= St), E. coli (= Ec), Se. marcescens (= Se) and P. aeruginosa (= Pa) in aqua bidest. at 30 degress C and 40 degrees C. In the first part the smallest quantities of Standard-I-broth (Merck) were evaluated where the diverse bacteria-species are able to grow; it was found at 30 degrees C (in parenthesis at 40 degrees C): St. aureus 1750 (3750) microgram/dl, E. coli 1000 (1750) microgram/dl, Se. marcescens 2.5 (125) microgram/dl and P. aeruginosa 1250 (2000) microgram/dl. In the second part mixed cultures were formed in the following groups: St/Ec, St/Se, St/Pa, Ec/Se, Ec/Pa, Se/Pa. In each case such quantities of broth were given into aqua bidest that the more fastidious bacteria was just able to grow. The initial colony count in both bacteria-species was log 3-4/ml. It was reduced to log 2-3/ml in one of these two species in a second part and in the other species in a third part of this experiment. Mixed cultures of St. aureus with gram negative bacteria resulted in reduced numbers of St. aureus; in case of reduced initial colony counts of E. coli, Se. marcescens or P. aeruginosa colony numbers of St. aureus were a little higher. In mixed cultures Ec/Se and Se/Pa at 30 degrees C colony numbers of E. coli and P. aeruginosa were reduced initial colony counts of Se. marcescens they were also a little higher. In a further part of this experiment such quantities of broth were given that the more fastidious bacterium was not able to grow. Here it died quickly; there were no differences to control groups with only one species.", "contents": "[Examinations about the mutual influence of bacteria in aqueous medium with minimal nutritive substances (author's transl)]. Experiments were done about the behaviour of 5 different strains of St. aureus (= St), E. coli (= Ec), Se. marcescens (= Se) and P. aeruginosa (= Pa) in aqua bidest. at 30 degress C and 40 degrees C. In the first part the smallest quantities of Standard-I-broth (Merck) were evaluated where the diverse bacteria-species are able to grow; it was found at 30 degrees C (in parenthesis at 40 degrees C): St. aureus 1750 (3750) microgram/dl, E. coli 1000 (1750) microgram/dl, Se. marcescens 2.5 (125) microgram/dl and P. aeruginosa 1250 (2000) microgram/dl. In the second part mixed cultures were formed in the following groups: St/Ec, St/Se, St/Pa, Ec/Se, Ec/Pa, Se/Pa. In each case such quantities of broth were given into aqua bidest that the more fastidious bacteria was just able to grow. The initial colony count in both bacteria-species was log 3-4/ml. It was reduced to log 2-3/ml in one of these two species in a second part and in the other species in a third part of this experiment. Mixed cultures of St. aureus with gram negative bacteria resulted in reduced numbers of St. aureus; in case of reduced initial colony counts of E. coli, Se. marcescens or P. aeruginosa colony numbers of St. aureus were a little higher. In mixed cultures Ec/Se and Se/Pa at 30 degrees C colony numbers of E. coli and P. aeruginosa were reduced initial colony counts of Se. marcescens they were also a little higher. In a further part of this experiment such quantities of broth were given that the more fastidious bacterium was not able to grow. Here it died quickly; there were no differences to control groups with only one species.", "PMID": 120653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14323", "title": "[Examinations on the behaviour of grampositive and gramnegative bacteria in aqua bidest and tap-water at different initial colony counts and different temperatures (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments were done about the behaviour of 5 different strains of Staph. aureus, Strept. faecalis, E. coli, Ser. marcescens and P. aeruginosa in aqua bidest and sterile tap water at 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C. The behaviour of 3 different initial colony counts in each case was examined. Colony forming units (CFU) were evaluated at the beginning and after 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 h. CFU were reduced at Staph. aureus and E. coli in aqua bidest and tap water not earlier than after 4 h, but mostly after 24 h. In Strept. faecalis CFU were reduced in aqua bidest at 40 degrees C after 24 h, in tap water at 40 degrees C after 4 h, but there were no changes of CFU in both media at 20 degrees C or 30 degrees C. Ser. marcescens strains were growing in aqua bidest and tap water after 24 h at 20 degrees C. P. aeruginosa strains were reduced in aqua bidest at all temperatures but they were growing in tap water after 24 h. Reduction or growth of all strains did not depend on initial colony count during examination time, changing of CFU turned out to be quicker at 40 degrees C than at 20 degrees C. It is the conclusion that in humidifiers and nebulizers CFU will be different from initial colony count not earlier than after 6 h. Growth will be seen after 6 until 24 h if there are no particular nutritive organic compounds.", "contents": "[Examinations on the behaviour of grampositive and gramnegative bacteria in aqua bidest and tap-water at different initial colony counts and different temperatures (author's transl)]. Experiments were done about the behaviour of 5 different strains of Staph. aureus, Strept. faecalis, E. coli, Ser. marcescens and P. aeruginosa in aqua bidest and sterile tap water at 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C. The behaviour of 3 different initial colony counts in each case was examined. Colony forming units (CFU) were evaluated at the beginning and after 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 h. CFU were reduced at Staph. aureus and E. coli in aqua bidest and tap water not earlier than after 4 h, but mostly after 24 h. In Strept. faecalis CFU were reduced in aqua bidest at 40 degrees C after 24 h, in tap water at 40 degrees C after 4 h, but there were no changes of CFU in both media at 20 degrees C or 30 degrees C. Ser. marcescens strains were growing in aqua bidest and tap water after 24 h at 20 degrees C. P. aeruginosa strains were reduced in aqua bidest at all temperatures but they were growing in tap water after 24 h. Reduction or growth of all strains did not depend on initial colony count during examination time, changing of CFU turned out to be quicker at 40 degrees C than at 20 degrees C. It is the conclusion that in humidifiers and nebulizers CFU will be different from initial colony count not earlier than after 6 h. Growth will be seen after 6 until 24 h if there are no particular nutritive organic compounds.", "PMID": 120654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14324", "title": "[Improvement of bodycapacity through inhalation of negative carriers and through electrostatic fields (author's transl)].", "content": "Ergometrical investigations with standard stress show that negatively charged air increases carbon dioxide exhalation. Thereby work-acidosis is decreased and the centers of the circulatory system are relieved.", "contents": "[Improvement of bodycapacity through inhalation of negative carriers and through electrostatic fields (author's transl)]. Ergometrical investigations with standard stress show that negatively charged air increases carbon dioxide exhalation. Thereby work-acidosis is decreased and the centers of the circulatory system are relieved.", "PMID": 120655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14325", "title": "Determination of IgG subgroups in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients and others.", "content": "IgG subgroups (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4) were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of controls, multiple sclerosis (MS), infectious diseases (ID) and other neurological diseases (OND). The proportion of IgG1 in the total IgG subgroup concentration was significantly higher in the MS group compared to the other groups while the IgG2 proportion was significantly lower; IgG3 and IgG4 did not show any consistent change. The inverse relationship between IgG1 and IgG2 was similar in all diagnostic groups: high concentration of IgG1 was associated with low concentrations of IgG2 and vice versa. Patients with a high relative concentration of IgG1 in their CSF have a seven to eight times higher statistical risk to be suffering from MS than ID or OND. In the MS group only the IgG1 concentration correlated with the total IgG concentration determined by radial immunodiffusion, while in controls, ID and OND each IgG subgroup correlated significantly with the IgG concentration. This demonstrates that in MS a selective increase of IgG1 subgroup is mainly responsible for the increase of total IgG, while all subgroups are involved in OND and ID showing an increased total IgG concentration.", "contents": "Determination of IgG subgroups in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients and others. IgG subgroups (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4) were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of controls, multiple sclerosis (MS), infectious diseases (ID) and other neurological diseases (OND). The proportion of IgG1 in the total IgG subgroup concentration was significantly higher in the MS group compared to the other groups while the IgG2 proportion was significantly lower; IgG3 and IgG4 did not show any consistent change. The inverse relationship between IgG1 and IgG2 was similar in all diagnostic groups: high concentration of IgG1 was associated with low concentrations of IgG2 and vice versa. Patients with a high relative concentration of IgG1 in their CSF have a seven to eight times higher statistical risk to be suffering from MS than ID or OND. In the MS group only the IgG1 concentration correlated with the total IgG concentration determined by radial immunodiffusion, while in controls, ID and OND each IgG subgroup correlated significantly with the IgG concentration. This demonstrates that in MS a selective increase of IgG1 subgroup is mainly responsible for the increase of total IgG, while all subgroups are involved in OND and ID showing an increased total IgG concentration.", "PMID": 120670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14326", "title": "Different measurements of thyroid function in hypothyroid infants diagnosed by screening.", "content": "Different measurements of thyroid function including I123 thyroid scanning were performed in 16 hypothyroid infants diagnosed by a TSH screening project. These results were then related to the clinical presentation and the bone age. Although T3 levels were preferentially maintained, it was the best single measure of the severity of hypothyroidism. Thyroglobulin may have a role in the diagnosis of athyrosis. Scanning showed that athyrosis was uncommon (12.5%) but an ectopic gland occurred in 40%, and accounts for many of the less severly affected cases found on screening. Some of these measurements may have prognostic significance.", "contents": "Different measurements of thyroid function in hypothyroid infants diagnosed by screening. Different measurements of thyroid function including I123 thyroid scanning were performed in 16 hypothyroid infants diagnosed by a TSH screening project. These results were then related to the clinical presentation and the bone age. Although T3 levels were preferentially maintained, it was the best single measure of the severity of hypothyroidism. Thyroglobulin may have a role in the diagnosis of athyrosis. Scanning showed that athyrosis was uncommon (12.5%) but an ectopic gland occurred in 40%, and accounts for many of the less severly affected cases found on screening. Some of these measurements may have prognostic significance.", "PMID": 120671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14327", "title": "Effect of cyproterone acetate (CA) on growth and endocrine function in precocious puberty.", "content": "16 girls with precocious puberty have been studied. Following low dosage cyproterone acetate (CA) therapy (mean daily dosage 65 mg/m2BSA) a beneficial effect on growth and skeletal maturation was observed. During high dosage therapy (150 mg/m2 per day) endocrinological studies were performed in 10 of these patients. There was no significant difference in HGH levels (insulin- and arginine-test), T3 and TSH values (TRH-test) between patients and controls, T4 concentration was significantly increased. Basal prolactin levels and prolactin response to TRH was definitely elevated. Oral glucose load and arginine infusion resulted in a significantly enhanced insulin release. There was a significant reduction in basal LH levels and an increase in FSH response to LH-RH. Basal and diurnal plasma cortisol values were markedly reduced and the cortisol release due to corticotrophin injection, lysinevasopressin (LVP) injection and insulin-hypoglycemia as well. A definite increase in basal ACTH levels was observed, during LVP- and insulin-hypoglycemia test ACTH concentrations were within or significantly above normal range. In our patients a primary adrenocortical insufficiency due to CA treatment was evident.", "contents": "Effect of cyproterone acetate (CA) on growth and endocrine function in precocious puberty. 16 girls with precocious puberty have been studied. Following low dosage cyproterone acetate (CA) therapy (mean daily dosage 65 mg/m2BSA) a beneficial effect on growth and skeletal maturation was observed. During high dosage therapy (150 mg/m2 per day) endocrinological studies were performed in 10 of these patients. There was no significant difference in HGH levels (insulin- and arginine-test), T3 and TSH values (TRH-test) between patients and controls, T4 concentration was significantly increased. Basal prolactin levels and prolactin response to TRH was definitely elevated. Oral glucose load and arginine infusion resulted in a significantly enhanced insulin release. There was a significant reduction in basal LH levels and an increase in FSH response to LH-RH. Basal and diurnal plasma cortisol values were markedly reduced and the cortisol release due to corticotrophin injection, lysinevasopressin (LVP) injection and insulin-hypoglycemia as well. A definite increase in basal ACTH levels was observed, during LVP- and insulin-hypoglycemia test ACTH concentrations were within or significantly above normal range. In our patients a primary adrenocortical insufficiency due to CA treatment was evident.", "PMID": 120672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14328", "title": "Experimental studies on the mechanism of the nitroglycerin effect.", "content": "The regional decrease of the speed and extent of the contraction and the relaxation of the canine myocardium induced by coronary ligation was enhanced by intravenously administered nitroglycerin (GTN), simultaneously with the decrease of the left ventricular pressure, while the increase of myocardial fiber length caused by that procedure was partly abolished. The above changes could be reproduced by GTN applied directly onto the ischaemic myocardial surface even before the decrease of the left ventricular pressure. These changes induced by GTN might play a role in the decrease or abolishment of regional asynergic wall motion.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the mechanism of the nitroglycerin effect. The regional decrease of the speed and extent of the contraction and the relaxation of the canine myocardium induced by coronary ligation was enhanced by intravenously administered nitroglycerin (GTN), simultaneously with the decrease of the left ventricular pressure, while the increase of myocardial fiber length caused by that procedure was partly abolished. The above changes could be reproduced by GTN applied directly onto the ischaemic myocardial surface even before the decrease of the left ventricular pressure. These changes induced by GTN might play a role in the decrease or abolishment of regional asynergic wall motion.", "PMID": 120673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14329", "title": "Unit activity of the prefrontal cortex during delayed alternation performance in monkey.", "content": "Unit activity in the dorsolateral regions of the prefrontal cortex (s. principalis) of the monkey was analysed by multineuronal recording technique. The sequence during delayed-response alternation included anticipatory stimulus, non-specific expectancy, conditioned cue, delay, trigger stimulus and alternation performance. Food reward completed the sequence. Unit activity in s. principalis was found to be involved in such learning processes as integration of behavioural acts into an accomplished programme and storage of traces in short-term memory. The latter can be observed in successive involvement of neuronal populations during a 10 sec delay as well as in rearrangements of unit activity, the maximum of which shifts to the latest part of the delay period. Unit activity in s. principalis reflects the level of correct response, corresponding correlates of which depend on the level of attention. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has structural and functional characteristics for short-term storage of external signals in its neuronal nets according to the level of attention.", "contents": "Unit activity of the prefrontal cortex during delayed alternation performance in monkey. Unit activity in the dorsolateral regions of the prefrontal cortex (s. principalis) of the monkey was analysed by multineuronal recording technique. The sequence during delayed-response alternation included anticipatory stimulus, non-specific expectancy, conditioned cue, delay, trigger stimulus and alternation performance. Food reward completed the sequence. Unit activity in s. principalis was found to be involved in such learning processes as integration of behavioural acts into an accomplished programme and storage of traces in short-term memory. The latter can be observed in successive involvement of neuronal populations during a 10 sec delay as well as in rearrangements of unit activity, the maximum of which shifts to the latest part of the delay period. Unit activity in s. principalis reflects the level of correct response, corresponding correlates of which depend on the level of attention. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has structural and functional characteristics for short-term storage of external signals in its neuronal nets according to the level of attention.", "PMID": 120674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14330", "title": "Inhibition of rosette formation of IgE-bearing rat mast cells by disodium chromoglycate.", "content": "The interaction of reaginic antibody with specific antigen was studied by the rosette formation of peritoneal rat mast cells. The mast cells were obtained from actively sensitized rats or were passively sensitized in vitro. Rosette formation was of a higher degree with mast cells of actively sensitized rats; in this case 58% of the cells showed a strong rosette-forming effect (blinding more than 5 SRBC). No rosette formation was detected in 18% of the cells. With passively sensitized rat mast cells, rosette formation was 45% and 22%, respectively. Rosette formation of both actively and passively sensitized mast cells could be inhibited by disodium chromoglycate (DSCG); the inhibitory effect of 20 micrograms and 200 micrograms of the drug was the same, and neither dose caused a full inhibition. It is suggested that the linkage of specific antigen to the surface of sensitized mast cells can be inhibited by DSCG in vivo.", "contents": "Inhibition of rosette formation of IgE-bearing rat mast cells by disodium chromoglycate. The interaction of reaginic antibody with specific antigen was studied by the rosette formation of peritoneal rat mast cells. The mast cells were obtained from actively sensitized rats or were passively sensitized in vitro. Rosette formation was of a higher degree with mast cells of actively sensitized rats; in this case 58% of the cells showed a strong rosette-forming effect (blinding more than 5 SRBC). No rosette formation was detected in 18% of the cells. With passively sensitized rat mast cells, rosette formation was 45% and 22%, respectively. Rosette formation of both actively and passively sensitized mast cells could be inhibited by disodium chromoglycate (DSCG); the inhibitory effect of 20 micrograms and 200 micrograms of the drug was the same, and neither dose caused a full inhibition. It is suggested that the linkage of specific antigen to the surface of sensitized mast cells can be inhibited by DSCG in vivo.", "PMID": 120675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14331", "title": "Participation of adrenergic mechanisms in brain acetylcholine release produced by centrophenoxine.", "content": "The effect of phentolamine (alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist) and propranolol (beta-adrenoceptor antagonist) on the increased brain acetylcholine-releasing effect of centrophenoxine were studied in unanaesthetized cats in which perfusion of the anterior horn of a lateral cerebral ventricle was performed. Phentolamine alone decreased the amount of spontaneously released acetylcholine and did not change the effect of centrophenoxine. Propranolol alone did not change the amount of spontaneously released acetylcholine and reversed the centrophenoxine effect. The effects of centrophenoxine on acetylcholine release are attributed to its action on the presynaptic adrenoceptors (alpha and beta) situated in the cholinergic terminals of structures lying the anterior horn of a lateral cerebral ventricle.", "contents": "Participation of adrenergic mechanisms in brain acetylcholine release produced by centrophenoxine. The effect of phentolamine (alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist) and propranolol (beta-adrenoceptor antagonist) on the increased brain acetylcholine-releasing effect of centrophenoxine were studied in unanaesthetized cats in which perfusion of the anterior horn of a lateral cerebral ventricle was performed. Phentolamine alone decreased the amount of spontaneously released acetylcholine and did not change the effect of centrophenoxine. Propranolol alone did not change the amount of spontaneously released acetylcholine and reversed the centrophenoxine effect. The effects of centrophenoxine on acetylcholine release are attributed to its action on the presynaptic adrenoceptors (alpha and beta) situated in the cholinergic terminals of structures lying the anterior horn of a lateral cerebral ventricle.", "PMID": 120676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14332", "title": "Cancer chemotherapy in advanced malignant disease. A cost benefit analysis.", "content": "A cost benefit analysis of chemotherapy in unselected patients with advanced malignant disease originating in a defined population (250 000 inhabitants) demonstrated that the use of this therapy as the main treatment in hospitalised patients increased from a few per cent during 1973 to 60 per cent during 1977, corresponding to an increase in the cost of drugs from 10 000 to 200 000 dollars. At the same time the capacity for hospital care of patients with advanced malignancies increased from 317 to 488 patients without any enlargement of other resources. As more than 90 per cent of the medical budget consists of expenditures for salaries and localities, a cheaper medical care was obtained, but, above all, the survival rate and the quality of life for many patients was improved.", "contents": "Cancer chemotherapy in advanced malignant disease. A cost benefit analysis. A cost benefit analysis of chemotherapy in unselected patients with advanced malignant disease originating in a defined population (250 000 inhabitants) demonstrated that the use of this therapy as the main treatment in hospitalised patients increased from a few per cent during 1973 to 60 per cent during 1977, corresponding to an increase in the cost of drugs from 10 000 to 200 000 dollars. At the same time the capacity for hospital care of patients with advanced malignancies increased from 317 to 488 patients without any enlargement of other resources. As more than 90 per cent of the medical budget consists of expenditures for salaries and localities, a cheaper medical care was obtained, but, above all, the survival rate and the quality of life for many patients was improved.", "PMID": 120677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14333", "title": "Streptomycin sensitivity of ribosomes isolated from a streptomycin-producing Streptomyces griseus.", "content": "The streptomycin sensitivity of ribosomes derived from a streptomycin-producing Streptomyces griseus was examined in a polyuridylic acid directed 14C-phenylalanine incorporating system. In order to get reproducible results it is essential to use cell-free extracts which do not inactivate streptomycin. This condition can be fulfilled by the combination of washed ribosomes of the streptomycin-producing strain and the 110 000 g supernatant of the streptomycin-nonproducing variant of S. griseus, because the streptomycin-phosphorylating activity can be washed out from ribosomes of younger streptomycin-producing cultures, and the streptomycin-nonproducing S. griseus does not have any streptomycin-inactivating capacity. In this amino acid polymerizing system the ribosomes of the streptomycin-producing strain were as sensitive to streptomycin as the ribosomes of the nonproducing variant or of Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Streptomycin sensitivity of ribosomes isolated from a streptomycin-producing Streptomyces griseus. The streptomycin sensitivity of ribosomes derived from a streptomycin-producing Streptomyces griseus was examined in a polyuridylic acid directed 14C-phenylalanine incorporating system. In order to get reproducible results it is essential to use cell-free extracts which do not inactivate streptomycin. This condition can be fulfilled by the combination of washed ribosomes of the streptomycin-producing strain and the 110 000 g supernatant of the streptomycin-nonproducing variant of S. griseus, because the streptomycin-phosphorylating activity can be washed out from ribosomes of younger streptomycin-producing cultures, and the streptomycin-nonproducing S. griseus does not have any streptomycin-inactivating capacity. In this amino acid polymerizing system the ribosomes of the streptomycin-producing strain were as sensitive to streptomycin as the ribosomes of the nonproducing variant or of Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 120678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14334", "title": "Experimental approaches to the treatment of CNS leukemia.", "content": "Some of the current experimental approaches to the treatment of CNS leukemia are reviewed. While small animal models have provided a basic understanding of the pathophysiology of meningeal leukemia, large animal models, particularly the subhuman primate, allow a more detailed examination of the complex dynamics of CNS pharmacokinetics. Principles derived from these models have provided a rational basis for the development of new approaches to the treatment of meningeal leukemia in man.", "contents": "Experimental approaches to the treatment of CNS leukemia. Some of the current experimental approaches to the treatment of CNS leukemia are reviewed. While small animal models have provided a basic understanding of the pathophysiology of meningeal leukemia, large animal models, particularly the subhuman primate, allow a more detailed examination of the complex dynamics of CNS pharmacokinetics. Principles derived from these models have provided a rational basis for the development of new approaches to the treatment of meningeal leukemia in man.", "PMID": 120681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14335", "title": "Activation of coagulation and disseminated intravascular coagulation in the newborn.", "content": "Human newborns have certain hemostatic \"deficiencies\" which seem to be peculiar to this period of life, such as reduced factors II, VII, IX, X, XI, and XII, reduced antithrombin III levels, and reduced plasminogen levels. However, they are capable of activating the coagulation mechanism to elicit either the entity of disseminated intravascular coagulation or the occurrence of localized and diffuse thrombotic events. The mechanisms involved have yet to be defined. Evidence has been presented to suggest that preterm infants may manifest a variant form of disseminated intravascular coagulation in which thrombocytopenia is not present.", "contents": "Activation of coagulation and disseminated intravascular coagulation in the newborn. Human newborns have certain hemostatic \"deficiencies\" which seem to be peculiar to this period of life, such as reduced factors II, VII, IX, X, XI, and XII, reduced antithrombin III levels, and reduced plasminogen levels. However, they are capable of activating the coagulation mechanism to elicit either the entity of disseminated intravascular coagulation or the occurrence of localized and diffuse thrombotic events. The mechanisms involved have yet to be defined. Evidence has been presented to suggest that preterm infants may manifest a variant form of disseminated intravascular coagulation in which thrombocytopenia is not present.", "PMID": 120682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14336", "title": "Tattoo removal with the carbon dioxide laser.", "content": "Our preliminary experience with tattoo removal utilizing the carbon dioxide laser at the Vancouver General Hospital is reviewed. We developed the method by trial and error until we produced a system yielding an acceptable procedure time with good results.", "contents": "Tattoo removal with the carbon dioxide laser. Our preliminary experience with tattoo removal utilizing the carbon dioxide laser at the Vancouver General Hospital is reviewed. We developed the method by trial and error until we produced a system yielding an acceptable procedure time with good results.", "PMID": 120692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14337", "title": "Cationic composition of 22 species of bacteria grown in seawater medium.", "content": "Twenty-two species of bacteria of marine, estuarine, and terrestrial origin were analyzed for cationic content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after growth in a basal seawater medium. Alcaligenes marinus was analyzed from eight separate but replicate determinations yielding the following cationic concentrations: Na, 5,600 +/- 2,260; Mg 1,580 +/- 740; K, 700 +/- 360; Ca, 790 +/- 390; Mn, 1.7 +/- 0.5; Fe, 256 +/- 57; Ni, 1.7 +/- 0.7; Cu, 14 +/- 4; Zn, 122 +/- 27; Cd, 2.8 +/- 0.7; and Pb, 10 +/- 3 ppm/(dry weight). Washing A. marinus cells before analyses was necessary due to interstitial medium within the cell pellets after centrifugation and loose cationic retention by the cells. The principal source of error in the procedure was ascribed to variability due to washing cells with 0.5 M ammonium formate. The mean cationic concentrations for trace elements in the 22 bacterial cultures grown in the basal seawater medium to constant optical density and washed three times with 0.5 M ammonium formate were: Mn, 2.4 +/- 3.8; Fe, 262 +/- 112; Ni, 2.3 +/- 1.8; Cu, 24 +/- 17; Zn, 146 +/- 72; Cd, 3.8 +/- 2.5; and Pb, 17 +/- 21 ppm (dry weight). Major ions were concentrated only occasionally by the cells after washing, whereas Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were concentrated from the medium by the following factors on the average: 180, 1,600, 140, 1,200, 750, 1,900, and 900, respectively.", "contents": "Cationic composition of 22 species of bacteria grown in seawater medium. Twenty-two species of bacteria of marine, estuarine, and terrestrial origin were analyzed for cationic content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after growth in a basal seawater medium. Alcaligenes marinus was analyzed from eight separate but replicate determinations yielding the following cationic concentrations: Na, 5,600 +/- 2,260; Mg 1,580 +/- 740; K, 700 +/- 360; Ca, 790 +/- 390; Mn, 1.7 +/- 0.5; Fe, 256 +/- 57; Ni, 1.7 +/- 0.7; Cu, 14 +/- 4; Zn, 122 +/- 27; Cd, 2.8 +/- 0.7; and Pb, 10 +/- 3 ppm/(dry weight). Washing A. marinus cells before analyses was necessary due to interstitial medium within the cell pellets after centrifugation and loose cationic retention by the cells. The principal source of error in the procedure was ascribed to variability due to washing cells with 0.5 M ammonium formate. The mean cationic concentrations for trace elements in the 22 bacterial cultures grown in the basal seawater medium to constant optical density and washed three times with 0.5 M ammonium formate were: Mn, 2.4 +/- 3.8; Fe, 262 +/- 112; Ni, 2.3 +/- 1.8; Cu, 24 +/- 17; Zn, 146 +/- 72; Cd, 3.8 +/- 2.5; and Pb, 17 +/- 21 ppm (dry weight). Major ions were concentrated only occasionally by the cells after washing, whereas Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were concentrated from the medium by the following factors on the average: 180, 1,600, 140, 1,200, 750, 1,900, and 900, respectively.", "PMID": 120696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14338", "title": "Role of bovine serum albumin in the nutrition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.", "content": "Bovine serum albumin promotes the growth of small inocula of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in media containing unesterified fatty acids. Albumin binds fatty acids present in concentrations toxic for the organisms. In the present study, additional roles of albumin were investigated. When present in a basal medium, fatty acid-free albumin could be utilized by M. tuberculosis as a sole source of carbon. Since albumin could not substitute for the amino acids in basal medium as a nitrogen source, it was concluded that the protein component in albumin was not utilized as a nutrient by the organisms. An ether extract of fatty acid-free albumin supported a small but significant amount of growth. Analysis of the lipids in fatty acid-free albumin by gas chromatography revealed the presence of 686 microgram of fatty acid per g of albumin. Although a small amount of growth occurred when a lipid extract of albumin was present in the medium, growth stimulation was dependent in major part on the presence of undenatured albumin in the medium. Lipids, when bound to albumin, can serve as a nontoxic source of carbon and energy.", "contents": "Role of bovine serum albumin in the nutrition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bovine serum albumin promotes the growth of small inocula of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in media containing unesterified fatty acids. Albumin binds fatty acids present in concentrations toxic for the organisms. In the present study, additional roles of albumin were investigated. When present in a basal medium, fatty acid-free albumin could be utilized by M. tuberculosis as a sole source of carbon. Since albumin could not substitute for the amino acids in basal medium as a nitrogen source, it was concluded that the protein component in albumin was not utilized as a nutrient by the organisms. An ether extract of fatty acid-free albumin supported a small but significant amount of growth. Analysis of the lipids in fatty acid-free albumin by gas chromatography revealed the presence of 686 microgram of fatty acid per g of albumin. Although a small amount of growth occurred when a lipid extract of albumin was present in the medium, growth stimulation was dependent in major part on the presence of undenatured albumin in the medium. Lipids, when bound to albumin, can serve as a nontoxic source of carbon and energy.", "PMID": 120697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14339", "title": "Biodegradation of 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in soil and in liquid enrichment culture.", "content": "The biodegradation of radiochemically pure (99%) 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) in soil was investigated. Experimental difficulties posed by the high volatility and slow biodegradation rate of the TCBs were partially overcome by using a specially designed incubation and trapping apparatus. Evolution of (14)CO(2) from active versus poisoned soil dosed with 50 mug of the individual TCBs per g gave conclusive proof that both isomers are biodegradable. At 20 degrees C, 1,2,4-TCB was mineralized at an approximate rate of 1 nmol/day per 20 g of soil sample, and 1,2,3-TCB was mineralized at one-half to one-third that rate. Mineral fertilizers or cosubstrates failed to increase TCB mineralization rates in soil. Anaerobic conditions had a negative effect on mineralization, and increased temperatures had a positive effect. With increasing 1,2,4-TCB concentrations, (14)CO(2) evolution exhibited saturation kinetics with an apparent K(m) of 55.5 nmol per g of soil. Recovery of total radioactivity was good from soil containing high organic matter concentrations. From low-organic-matter soil, some of the radioactivity was recovered only on combustion, and overall recovery was lower. In soil-inoculated liquid culture, the cosubstrates glucose and benzene caused a slight stimulation of 1,2,4-TCB mineralization. Cochromatography of known standards with the extracts of soil pretreated with [(14)C]TCBs indicated that 3,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol and, to a lesser degree, 2,3-dichlorophenol were present in soils incubated with 1,2,3-TCB. 2,4-, 2,5-, and 3,4-dichlorophenol were present in soils incubated with 1,2,4-TCB.", "contents": "Biodegradation of 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in soil and in liquid enrichment culture. The biodegradation of radiochemically pure (99%) 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) in soil was investigated. Experimental difficulties posed by the high volatility and slow biodegradation rate of the TCBs were partially overcome by using a specially designed incubation and trapping apparatus. Evolution of (14)CO(2) from active versus poisoned soil dosed with 50 mug of the individual TCBs per g gave conclusive proof that both isomers are biodegradable. At 20 degrees C, 1,2,4-TCB was mineralized at an approximate rate of 1 nmol/day per 20 g of soil sample, and 1,2,3-TCB was mineralized at one-half to one-third that rate. Mineral fertilizers or cosubstrates failed to increase TCB mineralization rates in soil. Anaerobic conditions had a negative effect on mineralization, and increased temperatures had a positive effect. With increasing 1,2,4-TCB concentrations, (14)CO(2) evolution exhibited saturation kinetics with an apparent K(m) of 55.5 nmol per g of soil. Recovery of total radioactivity was good from soil containing high organic matter concentrations. From low-organic-matter soil, some of the radioactivity was recovered only on combustion, and overall recovery was lower. In soil-inoculated liquid culture, the cosubstrates glucose and benzene caused a slight stimulation of 1,2,4-TCB mineralization. Cochromatography of known standards with the extracts of soil pretreated with [(14)C]TCBs indicated that 3,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol and, to a lesser degree, 2,3-dichlorophenol were present in soils incubated with 1,2,3-TCB. 2,4-, 2,5-, and 3,4-dichlorophenol were present in soils incubated with 1,2,4-TCB.", "PMID": 120698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14340", "title": "[Milk intolerance in Colombian children, its prevalence and relation to lactose malabsorption].", "content": "A total of 121 children from an orphange were studied. Their ages ranged from 2 to 10 years and represented different ethnic backgrounds. The prevalence of malnutrition was 45% and their gastrointestinal symptomatology in response to graded amounts of milk intake was evaluated. None of the children complained when milk intakes were of 200 cc; 10% complained of gastrointestinal discomfort and/or diarrhea when 300 cc of milk (equivalent to 12 g of lactose) were administered, and 54% presented lactose malabsorption unrelated to ethnic background, sex or malnutrition. It is concluded that the prevalence of milk intolerance is minimal when milk is given in the usual amounts.", "contents": "[Milk intolerance in Colombian children, its prevalence and relation to lactose malabsorption]. A total of 121 children from an orphange were studied. Their ages ranged from 2 to 10 years and represented different ethnic backgrounds. The prevalence of malnutrition was 45% and their gastrointestinal symptomatology in response to graded amounts of milk intake was evaluated. None of the children complained when milk intakes were of 200 cc; 10% complained of gastrointestinal discomfort and/or diarrhea when 300 cc of milk (equivalent to 12 g of lactose) were administered, and 54% presented lactose malabsorption unrelated to ethnic background, sex or malnutrition. It is concluded that the prevalence of milk intolerance is minimal when milk is given in the usual amounts.", "PMID": 120706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14341", "title": "[Chronic idiopathic binodal block. Occurrence, course and pathogenesis].", "content": "The incidence of binodal, sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV), block was determined in a series of 362 patients, 90 of whom had chronic sinoatrial block (group I), 162 suprahisian, infrahisian or diffuse AV block (group II), 38 with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (group III), and 70 with slow atrial fibrillation, 54 of whom were studied in sinus rhythm (group IV). Electrophysiological investigation revealed: overt or latent AV block in 71% of group I, 48% of group III, and 100% of group IV; overt or latent SA block in 40 to 61% of group II, 87% of group III and 78% of group IV; paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in 61% of group I, 25% of group II and 50% of group IV; intra-atrial block in 26% of group I, 20% of group II, 16% of group III and 31% group IV. An ECG syndrome associating binodal block and disturbances or atrial conduction and excitability is suggested. The pathogenesis and anatomical basis are discussed, the prime lesion of which may be fibrosis of the atrial tissues which may ultimately result in partial or total atrial standstill.", "contents": "[Chronic idiopathic binodal block. Occurrence, course and pathogenesis]. The incidence of binodal, sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV), block was determined in a series of 362 patients, 90 of whom had chronic sinoatrial block (group I), 162 suprahisian, infrahisian or diffuse AV block (group II), 38 with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (group III), and 70 with slow atrial fibrillation, 54 of whom were studied in sinus rhythm (group IV). Electrophysiological investigation revealed: overt or latent AV block in 71% of group I, 48% of group III, and 100% of group IV; overt or latent SA block in 40 to 61% of group II, 87% of group III and 78% of group IV; paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in 61% of group I, 25% of group II and 50% of group IV; intra-atrial block in 26% of group I, 20% of group II, 16% of group III and 31% group IV. An ECG syndrome associating binodal block and disturbances or atrial conduction and excitability is suggested. The pathogenesis and anatomical basis are discussed, the prime lesion of which may be fibrosis of the atrial tissues which may ultimately result in partial or total atrial standstill.", "PMID": 120709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14342", "title": "[Adult familial idiopathic binodal block].", "content": "Four brothers with a maximum age difference of 20 years, the eldest of whom has been re-examined after a 10 year interval, have sinoatrial block, a supra-hisian atrioventricular block and paroxysmal atrial arrhythmias which have led to partial atrial standstill in the eldest: left anterior hemiblock is also present in the two youngest brothers. The condition is very well tolerated. This family is compared to the other 12 reported cases of familial idiopathic binodal block in the adult, an autosomal dominant condition with variable penetration. The diagnosis is reserved and justifies endocavitary investigation of the sinus node function and atrioventricular conduction in the four brothers and the most exposed members of their family. The mechanism of the condition is unknown. It seems to arise from variable degrees of nonspecific of the nodal and atrial tissues.", "contents": "[Adult familial idiopathic binodal block]. Four brothers with a maximum age difference of 20 years, the eldest of whom has been re-examined after a 10 year interval, have sinoatrial block, a supra-hisian atrioventricular block and paroxysmal atrial arrhythmias which have led to partial atrial standstill in the eldest: left anterior hemiblock is also present in the two youngest brothers. The condition is very well tolerated. This family is compared to the other 12 reported cases of familial idiopathic binodal block in the adult, an autosomal dominant condition with variable penetration. The diagnosis is reserved and justifies endocavitary investigation of the sinus node function and atrioventricular conduction in the four brothers and the most exposed members of their family. The mechanism of the condition is unknown. It seems to arise from variable degrees of nonspecific of the nodal and atrial tissues.", "PMID": 120710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14343", "title": "[Acute posterior myocardial infarction involving the right ventricle. Anatomical study].", "content": "Thirty patients who died in the acute phase of an inaugural posterior myocardial infarction were classified in two groups: group A, 14 cases, and group B, 16 cases without extension to the right ventricle. The autopsy examination showed the following differences. In group A: 1. The right coronary artery (RCA) gave off the posterior descending artery in all cases; 2. The RCA had diffuse atheromatous change in 10 cases (p less than 0,05); 3. Total occlusion of the RCA by thrombosis was constant (p less than 0,01) and was always proximal to or near the origin of the right marginal artery (p less than 0,001); 4. Postero-septal extension was constant and nearly always transmural (p less than 0,001).", "contents": "[Acute posterior myocardial infarction involving the right ventricle. Anatomical study]. Thirty patients who died in the acute phase of an inaugural posterior myocardial infarction were classified in two groups: group A, 14 cases, and group B, 16 cases without extension to the right ventricle. The autopsy examination showed the following differences. In group A: 1. The right coronary artery (RCA) gave off the posterior descending artery in all cases; 2. The RCA had diffuse atheromatous change in 10 cases (p less than 0,05); 3. Total occlusion of the RCA by thrombosis was constant (p less than 0,01) and was always proximal to or near the origin of the right marginal artery (p less than 0,001); 4. Postero-septal extension was constant and nearly always transmural (p less than 0,001).", "PMID": 120713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14344", "title": "[Coronary lesions due to aortic valve disease. I -- Occurrence and clinical prognosis].", "content": "A multicentre retrospective study of 467 cases of operated aortic valve disease was undertaken to define the indications of coronary arteriography in the pre-operative work-up. Significant coronary artery disease was present in 15% of all cases or, more precisely, in 17% of cases with angina and in 8% when investigation was only routine. Coronary artery disease was more frequent in males, in patients with clinical or electrical evidence of previous myocardial infarction, in patients with ST-T wave changes, and when angina was severe (more than one attack per day). None of these factors was specific. It is therefore difficult to limit coronary arteriography to these patients or there would be a risk of missing significant lesions in a small number of cases. It is important to give the surgeon all the necessary information before aortic valve replacement and so coronary arteriography should be widely practiced in this context. However exceptions may be made for young patients and also those in congestive cardiac failure in whom coronary arteriography represents an unnecessary risk before surgery.", "contents": "[Coronary lesions due to aortic valve disease. I -- Occurrence and clinical prognosis]. A multicentre retrospective study of 467 cases of operated aortic valve disease was undertaken to define the indications of coronary arteriography in the pre-operative work-up. Significant coronary artery disease was present in 15% of all cases or, more precisely, in 17% of cases with angina and in 8% when investigation was only routine. Coronary artery disease was more frequent in males, in patients with clinical or electrical evidence of previous myocardial infarction, in patients with ST-T wave changes, and when angina was severe (more than one attack per day). None of these factors was specific. It is therefore difficult to limit coronary arteriography to these patients or there would be a risk of missing significant lesions in a small number of cases. It is important to give the surgeon all the necessary information before aortic valve replacement and so coronary arteriography should be widely practiced in this context. However exceptions may be made for young patients and also those in congestive cardiac failure in whom coronary arteriography represents an unnecessary risk before surgery.", "PMID": 120716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14345", "title": "[Coronary lesions due to aortic valve disease. II -- Results and indications of aortocoronary bypass surgery].", "content": "454 cases of aortic valve replacement were studied: 217 had no significant coronary artery disease, 197 had associated aorto-coronary bypass surgery and 40 coronary artery disease without revascularization surgery:-- The early mortality in the three groups was 5.5%, 21% and 12.5% respectively, the only statistically significant difference being between the first two groups. -- The coronary artery disease was signigicantly more severe in the group which underwent associated aorto-coronary bypass surgery. The early mortality was significantly raised in the group without bypass surgery in cases with severe coronary artery disease (28%) and in the group with bypass surgery with unsuitable coronary artery lesions (35.5%). On the other hand, the long term survival and functional capacity of patients who underwent associated bypass surgery approached that of the non-coronary patients. Combined aortic valve replacement and coronary bypass surgery should therefore be continued in selected cases.", "contents": "[Coronary lesions due to aortic valve disease. II -- Results and indications of aortocoronary bypass surgery]. 454 cases of aortic valve replacement were studied: 217 had no significant coronary artery disease, 197 had associated aorto-coronary bypass surgery and 40 coronary artery disease without revascularization surgery:-- The early mortality in the three groups was 5.5%, 21% and 12.5% respectively, the only statistically significant difference being between the first two groups. -- The coronary artery disease was signigicantly more severe in the group which underwent associated aorto-coronary bypass surgery. The early mortality was significantly raised in the group without bypass surgery in cases with severe coronary artery disease (28%) and in the group with bypass surgery with unsuitable coronary artery lesions (35.5%). On the other hand, the long term survival and functional capacity of patients who underwent associated bypass surgery approached that of the non-coronary patients. Combined aortic valve replacement and coronary bypass surgery should therefore be continued in selected cases.", "PMID": 120717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14346", "title": "[Acute early mitral insufficiency following myocardial infarction].", "content": "Five cases of acute mitral incompetence complicating myocardial infarction at an early stage underwent early mitral valve replacement. The surgical indications were deterioration of the clinical and haemodynamic conditions or dependance on medical therapy and intra-aortic balloon pumping. The mitral lesion was haemorrhagic necrosis of the posterior papillary muscle in all cases, associated with rupture of the chordae or papillary muscle in 3 cases. The outcome was favourable in all cases and has been maintained after more than two years post operative follow-up. The problems of the surgical indications, the mitral valve replacement and coronary revascularisation are discussed.", "contents": "[Acute early mitral insufficiency following myocardial infarction]. Five cases of acute mitral incompetence complicating myocardial infarction at an early stage underwent early mitral valve replacement. The surgical indications were deterioration of the clinical and haemodynamic conditions or dependance on medical therapy and intra-aortic balloon pumping. The mitral lesion was haemorrhagic necrosis of the posterior papillary muscle in all cases, associated with rupture of the chordae or papillary muscle in 3 cases. The outcome was favourable in all cases and has been maintained after more than two years post operative follow-up. The problems of the surgical indications, the mitral valve replacement and coronary revascularisation are discussed.", "PMID": 120718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14347", "title": "[Variations in blood pressure measurement during systematic screening tests and their effects on public health].", "content": "The variability of blood pressure measurements is studied, in a standardized screening, by comparing the measures obtained during a medical examen and those made by technicians under different circumstances. This variability is important. A systematic bias is due to the digit preference for the zero value by the doctors. Besides, strong subject/obser interaction accounts partly for higher values measured in the medical exam. The mean blood pressures and the prevalence of hypertension are increased under some circumstances close to those of everyday life and labile hypertension is very frequent. The individual variability of the measure and the prevalence of hypertension are reduced by a standardized technique when applied under favorable circumstances by technicians. The reproductibility of this measure is good but the simultaneous taking into account of two successive measures still reduces much this prevalence. In these conditions it is very difficult to estimate the prevalence of hypertension in the population: an example is given where this frequency varies in the proportion of 1 to 6 according to the measures considered. The implications of this variability on the screening of hypertension are discussed.", "contents": "[Variations in blood pressure measurement during systematic screening tests and their effects on public health]. The variability of blood pressure measurements is studied, in a standardized screening, by comparing the measures obtained during a medical examen and those made by technicians under different circumstances. This variability is important. A systematic bias is due to the digit preference for the zero value by the doctors. Besides, strong subject/obser interaction accounts partly for higher values measured in the medical exam. The mean blood pressures and the prevalence of hypertension are increased under some circumstances close to those of everyday life and labile hypertension is very frequent. The individual variability of the measure and the prevalence of hypertension are reduced by a standardized technique when applied under favorable circumstances by technicians. The reproductibility of this measure is good but the simultaneous taking into account of two successive measures still reduces much this prevalence. In these conditions it is very difficult to estimate the prevalence of hypertension in the population: an example is given where this frequency varies in the proportion of 1 to 6 according to the measures considered. The implications of this variability on the screening of hypertension are discussed.", "PMID": 120720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14348", "title": "[Comparison of hospitalized hypertensive patients and those consulting in a specialized unit. Initial clinical state and patient compliance].", "content": "This study is based on a series of 1919 hypertensive patients examined consecutively either in hospital or in the out patient clinic between 1969 and 1977 and reviewed in February 1977 by a postal questionnaire. The initial presentation of in-patients and out-patients differed very significantly in the same specialised department: the patients hospitalised were seen at a more advanced stage of their hypertensive illness. Neither group was truly representative of the general population of hypertensive patients. The percentage of patient compliance was only slightly lower in the out-patients. The mortality rate observed did not differ significantly from the expected mortality rate in out-patients; despite treatment it remained over 200% greater in the hospitalised group. It would seem desirable to develop out-patient rather than in-patient hospital facilities for the treatment of hypertension, despite the foreseeable practical difficulties.", "contents": "[Comparison of hospitalized hypertensive patients and those consulting in a specialized unit. Initial clinical state and patient compliance]. This study is based on a series of 1919 hypertensive patients examined consecutively either in hospital or in the out patient clinic between 1969 and 1977 and reviewed in February 1977 by a postal questionnaire. The initial presentation of in-patients and out-patients differed very significantly in the same specialised department: the patients hospitalised were seen at a more advanced stage of their hypertensive illness. Neither group was truly representative of the general population of hypertensive patients. The percentage of patient compliance was only slightly lower in the out-patients. The mortality rate observed did not differ significantly from the expected mortality rate in out-patients; despite treatment it remained over 200% greater in the hospitalised group. It would seem desirable to develop out-patient rather than in-patient hospital facilities for the treatment of hypertension, despite the foreseeable practical difficulties.", "PMID": 120721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14349", "title": "[Health insurance and hypertension. Review of current data].", "content": "Medical insurance gives a very incomplete view of the spectrum of hypertensive disease, based only on the results of clinical examination of persons undergoing check-ups in the Medical Examination Centres: 39 850 in 1976, or on those examined by consulting physicians according to article L293: 23 308 in 1976, or being examined for invalidity allowance: 11 471 in 1976. The complications of hypertension do not appear in these statistics under the label of hypertension. They have been estimated and, when taken into account, increase the total number of hypertensive patients detected in 1976 by the Medical Insurance to 99 318, that is to say 0,25% of the covered population. An inquiry carried out on 130 male hypertensives in the Paris region tends to approach the medico-economic profile of the hypertensive patient with respect to age.", "contents": "[Health insurance and hypertension. Review of current data]. Medical insurance gives a very incomplete view of the spectrum of hypertensive disease, based only on the results of clinical examination of persons undergoing check-ups in the Medical Examination Centres: 39 850 in 1976, or on those examined by consulting physicians according to article L293: 23 308 in 1976, or being examined for invalidity allowance: 11 471 in 1976. The complications of hypertension do not appear in these statistics under the label of hypertension. They have been estimated and, when taken into account, increase the total number of hypertensive patients detected in 1976 by the Medical Insurance to 99 318, that is to say 0,25% of the covered population. An inquiry carried out on 130 male hypertensives in the Paris region tends to approach the medico-economic profile of the hypertensive patient with respect to age.", "PMID": 120722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14350", "title": "[Development of an antihypertensive agent. Methodology and cost].", "content": "This schematic analysis demonstrates the great increase in the cost and time required to develop a new molecule, factors which therefore limit the development of new therapeutic methods. The patent period is shorter so that the period of commercialisation of a product by a single drug company is more and more limited. Therefore the situation may occur where the costs of development will no longer be covered. (In addition, the costs of research not leading to a marketable product have not been taken into account).", "contents": "[Development of an antihypertensive agent. Methodology and cost]. This schematic analysis demonstrates the great increase in the cost and time required to develop a new molecule, factors which therefore limit the development of new therapeutic methods. The patent period is shorter so that the period of commercialisation of a product by a single drug company is more and more limited. Therefore the situation may occur where the costs of development will no longer be covered. (In addition, the costs of research not leading to a marketable product have not been taken into account).", "PMID": 120723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14351", "title": "[Congenital absence of the circumflex artery. Association with an infarction without coronary disease].", "content": "A 31 year old man had a congenitally absent circumflex coronary artery, one of the least described of all the congenital abnormalities of the coronary arteries. Before confirmation of the diagnosis, an ectopie circumflex artery was excluded by the two angiographical signs observed by Page and by non-selective coronary arteriography. This abnormality was thought to have played a role in myocardial infarction in this young patient without coronary risk factors and with no obvious coronary artery narrowing on coronary arteriography.", "contents": "[Congenital absence of the circumflex artery. Association with an infarction without coronary disease]. A 31 year old man had a congenitally absent circumflex coronary artery, one of the least described of all the congenital abnormalities of the coronary arteries. Before confirmation of the diagnosis, an ectopie circumflex artery was excluded by the two angiographical signs observed by Page and by non-selective coronary arteriography. This abnormality was thought to have played a role in myocardial infarction in this young patient without coronary risk factors and with no obvious coronary artery narrowing on coronary arteriography.", "PMID": 120724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14352", "title": "[False aneurysm associated with mitral insufficiency due to rupture of the heart at the point of insertion of the anterior papillary muscle. A successfully operated case].", "content": "Although rupture of a mitral papillary muscle during myocardial infarction is well known, and post-infarction transmural ruptures causing false aneurysms occasionally reported, the association of rupture of the anterior papillary muscle and a underlying transmural parietal rupture giving rise to a false aneurysm is quite exceptional, and, to the best of our knowledge, has not previously been reported. Despite the serious nature of the disease, surgical cure of the aneurysm with mitral valve replacement was successful, due to the limitation of the anatomical disruption by early pericardial symphysis.", "contents": "[False aneurysm associated with mitral insufficiency due to rupture of the heart at the point of insertion of the anterior papillary muscle. A successfully operated case]. Although rupture of a mitral papillary muscle during myocardial infarction is well known, and post-infarction transmural ruptures causing false aneurysms occasionally reported, the association of rupture of the anterior papillary muscle and a underlying transmural parietal rupture giving rise to a false aneurysm is quite exceptional, and, to the best of our knowledge, has not previously been reported. Despite the serious nature of the disease, surgical cure of the aneurysm with mitral valve replacement was successful, due to the limitation of the anatomical disruption by early pericardial symphysis.", "PMID": 120725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14353", "title": "Treponema succinifaciens sp. nov., an anaerobic spirochete from the swine intestine.", "content": "The morphology, the general physiological characteristics, and the energy-yielding metabolism of an obligately anaerobic spirochete isolated from the colon of a swine were studied. Electron microscopy showed that the helical spirochetal cells possessed an outer sheath, a protoplasmic cylinder, and 4 periplasmic fibrils in a 2-4-2 arrangement. The spirochete grew in an atmosphere of N2 in prereduced media containing a carbohydrate, NaHCO3, rumen fluid, yeast extract, peptone, L-cysteine, and inorganic salts. The spirochete fermented carbohydrates and required substrate amounts of CO2 (HCO3-) for growth. Amino acids were not fermented. Major fermentation products of cells growing with glucose as the substrate and in the presence of CO2 were acetate, formate, succinate, and lactate. Small amounts of 2,3-butanediol, pyruvate, and acetoin were also formed. Determinations of enzymatic activities in cell extracts, and of radioactivity in products formed by growing cells from [1-14C]glucose, indicated that this sugar was dissimilated to pyruvate via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. The spirochetes used a coliform-type clastic reaction to metabolize pyruvate. Determinations of radioactivity in products formed from [14C]NaHCO3 indicated that CO2 was assimilated and used in succinate production. The guainine + cytosine content of the DNA was 36 mol %. This study indicates that this intestinal spirochete represents a new species of Treponema. It is proposed that the new species be named Treponema succinifaciens.", "contents": "Treponema succinifaciens sp. nov., an anaerobic spirochete from the swine intestine. The morphology, the general physiological characteristics, and the energy-yielding metabolism of an obligately anaerobic spirochete isolated from the colon of a swine were studied. Electron microscopy showed that the helical spirochetal cells possessed an outer sheath, a protoplasmic cylinder, and 4 periplasmic fibrils in a 2-4-2 arrangement. The spirochete grew in an atmosphere of N2 in prereduced media containing a carbohydrate, NaHCO3, rumen fluid, yeast extract, peptone, L-cysteine, and inorganic salts. The spirochete fermented carbohydrates and required substrate amounts of CO2 (HCO3-) for growth. Amino acids were not fermented. Major fermentation products of cells growing with glucose as the substrate and in the presence of CO2 were acetate, formate, succinate, and lactate. Small amounts of 2,3-butanediol, pyruvate, and acetoin were also formed. Determinations of enzymatic activities in cell extracts, and of radioactivity in products formed by growing cells from [1-14C]glucose, indicated that this sugar was dissimilated to pyruvate via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. The spirochetes used a coliform-type clastic reaction to metabolize pyruvate. Determinations of radioactivity in products formed from [14C]NaHCO3 indicated that CO2 was assimilated and used in succinate production. The guainine + cytosine content of the DNA was 36 mol %. This study indicates that this intestinal spirochete represents a new species of Treponema. It is proposed that the new species be named Treponema succinifaciens.", "PMID": 120726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14354", "title": "Isolation and analysis of mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa unable to assimilate nitrate.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa can reduce nitrate to nitrite and evenutally to nitrogen gas by the denitrification pathway, thereby providing the organism with a mode of respiration and ATP generation in the absence of oxygen. P. aeruginosa can also reduce nitrate to nitrite through an assimilatory pathway that provides the cell with reduced nitrogen for biosyntheses. In order to establish whether this organism synthesizes a single nitrate reductase protein that functions in both pathways, or produces one for each pathway, we isolated mutants blocked in the assimilation of nitrate. These mutants are unaffected in the reduction of nitrate be the denitrification pathway, although they produce low or undectable levels of assimilatory nitrate reductase. On the basis of transductional analysis, the mutations were found to be distributed among four genes designated nasA, nasB, nasC, and nasD. Shifting a nasA mutant from anaerobic to aerobic growth eliminated the culture's ability to reduce nitrate, i.e. the anaerobic nitrate reductase cannot function in the presence of oxygen. Thus P. aeruginosa can synthesize two distinct proteins which reduce nitrate to nitrite: an assimilatory nitrate reductase and a dissimilatory nitrate reductase. If conditions of growth are fully aerobic, the latter is not synthesized and does not function. The former, synthesized under the control of at least four genes, is repressed by readily available nitrogen sources.", "contents": "Isolation and analysis of mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa unable to assimilate nitrate. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can reduce nitrate to nitrite and evenutally to nitrogen gas by the denitrification pathway, thereby providing the organism with a mode of respiration and ATP generation in the absence of oxygen. P. aeruginosa can also reduce nitrate to nitrite through an assimilatory pathway that provides the cell with reduced nitrogen for biosyntheses. In order to establish whether this organism synthesizes a single nitrate reductase protein that functions in both pathways, or produces one for each pathway, we isolated mutants blocked in the assimilation of nitrate. These mutants are unaffected in the reduction of nitrate be the denitrification pathway, although they produce low or undectable levels of assimilatory nitrate reductase. On the basis of transductional analysis, the mutations were found to be distributed among four genes designated nasA, nasB, nasC, and nasD. Shifting a nasA mutant from anaerobic to aerobic growth eliminated the culture's ability to reduce nitrate, i.e. the anaerobic nitrate reductase cannot function in the presence of oxygen. Thus P. aeruginosa can synthesize two distinct proteins which reduce nitrate to nitrite: an assimilatory nitrate reductase and a dissimilatory nitrate reductase. If conditions of growth are fully aerobic, the latter is not synthesized and does not function. The former, synthesized under the control of at least four genes, is repressed by readily available nitrogen sources.", "PMID": 120727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14355", "title": "Nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum requirement for growth of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum.", "content": "Growth of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum on H2 and CO2 as sole energy and carbon sources was found to be dependent on Ni, Co, and Mo. At low concentrations of Ni (less than 100 nM), Co (less than 10 nM) and Mo (less than 10 nM) the amount of cells formed was roughly proportional to the amount of transition metal added to the medium; for the formation of 1 g cells (dry weight) approximately 150 nmol NiCl2, 20 nmol CoCl2 and 20 nmol Na2MoO4 were required. A dependence of growth on Cu, Mn, Zn, Ca, Al, and B could not be demonstrated. Conditions are described under which the bacterium grew exponentially with a doubling time of 1.8 h up to a cell density of 2 g cells (dry weight)/l.", "contents": "Nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum requirement for growth of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Growth of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum on H2 and CO2 as sole energy and carbon sources was found to be dependent on Ni, Co, and Mo. At low concentrations of Ni (less than 100 nM), Co (less than 10 nM) and Mo (less than 10 nM) the amount of cells formed was roughly proportional to the amount of transition metal added to the medium; for the formation of 1 g cells (dry weight) approximately 150 nmol NiCl2, 20 nmol CoCl2 and 20 nmol Na2MoO4 were required. A dependence of growth on Cu, Mn, Zn, Ca, Al, and B could not be demonstrated. Conditions are described under which the bacterium grew exponentially with a doubling time of 1.8 h up to a cell density of 2 g cells (dry weight)/l.", "PMID": 120728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14356", "title": "Changes in sporulation potential during the growth cycle of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The sporulation potential of Bacillus subtilis as a function of position in the cell cycle was determined by transferring cells from growth medium to sporulation medium at various times during growth. Growth was induced by incubating heat-activated spores in rich medium or by diluting stationary phase vegetative cultures with fresh growth medium. The results supported earlier observations that sporulation potential is cell cycle dependent. The rise in sporulation potential was studied by exposing cultures to the inhibitors of cell wall and protein synthesis, vancomycin and chloramphenicol. The delay in the appearance of the peak of sporulation potential caused by these inhibitors compared with the reported lack of effect of nalidixic acid, indicates that the appearance of sporulation potential requires synthesis of a macromolecular component other than deoxyribonucleic acid. The effect of nalidixic acid in preventing the decline of the sporulation potential was compared with the effect of high temperature on a mutant temperature sensitive for the initiation of DNA replication. It was found that prevention of chromosome completion with nalidixic acid maintained a high sporulation potential, whereas prevention of chromosome re-initiation in the temperature sensitive mutant did not affect the decline in sporulation potential as the cells enter stationary phase.", "contents": "Changes in sporulation potential during the growth cycle of Bacillus subtilis. The sporulation potential of Bacillus subtilis as a function of position in the cell cycle was determined by transferring cells from growth medium to sporulation medium at various times during growth. Growth was induced by incubating heat-activated spores in rich medium or by diluting stationary phase vegetative cultures with fresh growth medium. The results supported earlier observations that sporulation potential is cell cycle dependent. The rise in sporulation potential was studied by exposing cultures to the inhibitors of cell wall and protein synthesis, vancomycin and chloramphenicol. The delay in the appearance of the peak of sporulation potential caused by these inhibitors compared with the reported lack of effect of nalidixic acid, indicates that the appearance of sporulation potential requires synthesis of a macromolecular component other than deoxyribonucleic acid. The effect of nalidixic acid in preventing the decline of the sporulation potential was compared with the effect of high temperature on a mutant temperature sensitive for the initiation of DNA replication. It was found that prevention of chromosome completion with nalidixic acid maintained a high sporulation potential, whereas prevention of chromosome re-initiation in the temperature sensitive mutant did not affect the decline in sporulation potential as the cells enter stationary phase.", "PMID": 120729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14357", "title": "[A clinical study of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas according to the Kiel classification (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of 138 patients with Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas was performed. The results were compared with retro- and prospective investigations of patients of the Kiel lymphoma study group. The aim of the study is to evaluate the value of the Kiel classification for the therapy and prognosis of malignant lymphomas. The malignant lymphomas of low- and high-grade malignancy differ significantly in their biological behaviour. Especially the clinical progress of the disease and the response to therapy are different. The lymphomas of low-grade malignancy may not need any treatment for long periods in some patients. In contrary, patients with lymphomas of high-grade malignancy need an active treatment immediately after the establishment of the diagnosis. In stages I and II radiotherapy is sufficient, in stages III and IV chemotherapeutic regimens are necessary. Each type of malignant lymphoma may be accompanied by leukemia. Most of the malignant lymphomas, particularly the immunocytomas, may produce monoclonal gammopathies, most of them being macroglobulinemias. Thus the macroglobulinemia Waldenstr\u00f6m is just a clinical necessary to evaluate the significance of the subtypes of the Kiel classification for the planning of specific treatment.", "contents": "[A clinical study of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas according to the Kiel classification (author's transl)]. A study of 138 patients with Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas was performed. The results were compared with retro- and prospective investigations of patients of the Kiel lymphoma study group. The aim of the study is to evaluate the value of the Kiel classification for the therapy and prognosis of malignant lymphomas. The malignant lymphomas of low- and high-grade malignancy differ significantly in their biological behaviour. Especially the clinical progress of the disease and the response to therapy are different. The lymphomas of low-grade malignancy may not need any treatment for long periods in some patients. In contrary, patients with lymphomas of high-grade malignancy need an active treatment immediately after the establishment of the diagnosis. In stages I and II radiotherapy is sufficient, in stages III and IV chemotherapeutic regimens are necessary. Each type of malignant lymphoma may be accompanied by leukemia. Most of the malignant lymphomas, particularly the immunocytomas, may produce monoclonal gammopathies, most of them being macroglobulinemias. Thus the macroglobulinemia Waldenstr\u00f6m is just a clinical necessary to evaluate the significance of the subtypes of the Kiel classification for the planning of specific treatment.", "PMID": 120730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14358", "title": "[Cerebral seizures, alcoholism, and deliria (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurrence of cerebral seizures in alcoholics was investigated in case histories of 84 delirious and nondelirious male patients. Eighteen patients had seizures before they became alcoholics; the frequency of the seizures increased during abuse. Twelve had no deliria at all up to the moment of this investigation; in 66 of the patients the occurrence of seizures was assumed to be caused by alcohol abuse alone. Seventy-one patients had seizures irrespective of deliria and nearly 40% of them had no deliria at all. In 21% we observed only deliria with seizures; in 16% only deliria without seizures; and 24% had deliria both with and without seizures. The remaining 13 patients of 84 had only deliria complicated by cerebral seizures; only 3 had deliria without seizures. The seizures occurred as grand mal in 94% of the alcoholics, in all patients with genuine epilepsy, and in 60% of the patients with post-traumatic epilepsy.", "contents": "[Cerebral seizures, alcoholism, and deliria (author's transl)]. The occurrence of cerebral seizures in alcoholics was investigated in case histories of 84 delirious and nondelirious male patients. Eighteen patients had seizures before they became alcoholics; the frequency of the seizures increased during abuse. Twelve had no deliria at all up to the moment of this investigation; in 66 of the patients the occurrence of seizures was assumed to be caused by alcohol abuse alone. Seventy-one patients had seizures irrespective of deliria and nearly 40% of them had no deliria at all. In 21% we observed only deliria with seizures; in 16% only deliria without seizures; and 24% had deliria both with and without seizures. The remaining 13 patients of 84 had only deliria complicated by cerebral seizures; only 3 had deliria without seizures. The seizures occurred as grand mal in 94% of the alcoholics, in all patients with genuine epilepsy, and in 60% of the patients with post-traumatic epilepsy.", "PMID": 120731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14359", "title": "Epidemiology of diarrhoeal diseases in Singapore.", "content": "Diarrhoeal diseases in the form of bacterial food poisoning are prevalent in Singapore. Common food poisoning organisms implicated were Staphylococcus aureus, non-thypoid Salmonellae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. El tor cholera, believed to be introduced through intra-regional trade and travel, occurred sporadically with a common source outbreak, probably food-borne, in September 1978. Shigellosis and amoebiasis were mainly confined to areas where poor personal hygiene was prevalent. The incidence of enteric favers (typhoid and paratyphoid) continued to decline with 39.1% of the cases imported in 1978. Non-bacterial diarrhoeal diseases, including rotavirus, constituted 8--90% of the cases. The emergence of multiple antibiotic resistance enterobacteria which gave rise to occasional outbreaks in institutions, is a matter of concern. Control of diarrhoel diseases is directed mainly at food control and legislation and health education, backed by a high standard of environmental sanitation and a well-established system of epidemiological survelliance. The use of oral rehydration solution for the treatment of diarrhoea is being promoted.", "contents": "Epidemiology of diarrhoeal diseases in Singapore. Diarrhoeal diseases in the form of bacterial food poisoning are prevalent in Singapore. Common food poisoning organisms implicated were Staphylococcus aureus, non-thypoid Salmonellae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. El tor cholera, believed to be introduced through intra-regional trade and travel, occurred sporadically with a common source outbreak, probably food-borne, in September 1978. Shigellosis and amoebiasis were mainly confined to areas where poor personal hygiene was prevalent. The incidence of enteric favers (typhoid and paratyphoid) continued to decline with 39.1% of the cases imported in 1978. Non-bacterial diarrhoeal diseases, including rotavirus, constituted 8--90% of the cases. The emergence of multiple antibiotic resistance enterobacteria which gave rise to occasional outbreaks in institutions, is a matter of concern. Control of diarrhoel diseases is directed mainly at food control and legislation and health education, backed by a high standard of environmental sanitation and a well-established system of epidemiological survelliance. The use of oral rehydration solution for the treatment of diarrhoea is being promoted.", "PMID": 120734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14360", "title": "Experimental congenital infection of Toxoplasma gondii in Macaca arctoides.", "content": "Congenital toxoplasmosis was studied in Macaca arctoides as a model for primates. Time-mated female monkeys were assigned to 5 experimental groups and inoculated with 4 different strains of Toxoplasma gondii before pregnancy and during various stages of gestation. All monkeys showed a rise in indirect hemagglutination antibody (IHA) titers following infection, and some had demonstrable parasitemia. Of the 23 progeny, 2 were stillbirths and 2 died soon after birth, but only the one neonate born of a mother inoculated intrauterally succumbed to acute toxoplasmosis. No physical anomalies were observed in any of the progeny. The toxoplasms organism was not isolated from any of the placentas obtained nor from the cord blood. None of the tissues from the stillborn or infant monkeys that died were positive for toxoplasmosis by mouse inoculation. The live progeny were usually born with high IHA antibody titers which were usually soon lost, indicating presence of passively acquired maternal antibody. However, 2 babies, born of mothers infected with tissue cysts on day 79 and 149 of gestation, maintained moderate to high titers for about 8 and 19 months respectively, indicating that an active infection had taken place but no clinical disease was detected. Data obtained suggest that although certain developmental stages of the toxoplasma organism and of the fetus may favor the occurrence of congenital infection, very little neonatal disease results in this primate model.", "contents": "Experimental congenital infection of Toxoplasma gondii in Macaca arctoides. Congenital toxoplasmosis was studied in Macaca arctoides as a model for primates. Time-mated female monkeys were assigned to 5 experimental groups and inoculated with 4 different strains of Toxoplasma gondii before pregnancy and during various stages of gestation. All monkeys showed a rise in indirect hemagglutination antibody (IHA) titers following infection, and some had demonstrable parasitemia. Of the 23 progeny, 2 were stillbirths and 2 died soon after birth, but only the one neonate born of a mother inoculated intrauterally succumbed to acute toxoplasmosis. No physical anomalies were observed in any of the progeny. The toxoplasms organism was not isolated from any of the placentas obtained nor from the cord blood. None of the tissues from the stillborn or infant monkeys that died were positive for toxoplasmosis by mouse inoculation. The live progeny were usually born with high IHA antibody titers which were usually soon lost, indicating presence of passively acquired maternal antibody. However, 2 babies, born of mothers infected with tissue cysts on day 79 and 149 of gestation, maintained moderate to high titers for about 8 and 19 months respectively, indicating that an active infection had taken place but no clinical disease was detected. Data obtained suggest that although certain developmental stages of the toxoplasma organism and of the fetus may favor the occurrence of congenital infection, very little neonatal disease results in this primate model.", "PMID": 120735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14361", "title": "Serum complement (C3 and C4) levels in the Malaysian adult population.", "content": "Serum C3 and C4 values were determined in 236 normal adults of three racial groups, using the single radial immunodiffusion techniques. The C3 levels varied from 47 to 119 mg/dl and C4 levels from 16 to 66 ml/dl (mean +/- 2SD). The values were found to be comparable to the normals reported in some Western series. No significant differences in the levels related to sex and race were found.", "contents": "Serum complement (C3 and C4) levels in the Malaysian adult population. Serum C3 and C4 values were determined in 236 normal adults of three racial groups, using the single radial immunodiffusion techniques. The C3 levels varied from 47 to 119 mg/dl and C4 levels from 16 to 66 ml/dl (mean +/- 2SD). The values were found to be comparable to the normals reported in some Western series. No significant differences in the levels related to sex and race were found.", "PMID": 120736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14362", "title": "Pituitary response of prepuberal lambs to oestradiol-17 beta.", "content": "In two experiments 48 prepuberal Merino ewe lambs were injected with oestradiol-17 beta (E2) or saline to study the effect of E2 on their plasma LH levels and on oestrus and ovulation. In the three groups which received 30 (experiment I), 50 and 30 (experiment II) microgram E2 respectively, 27 out of 28 lambs showed an LH response, the corresponding mean LH peaks being 64.3 +/0 22.5, 153.6 +/-33.4 and 91.7 +/- 16.9 ng/ml at mean intervals of 11.1, 11.2 and 10.5 h, respectively, after injection. None of the 20 lambs in the control groups had an LH level higher than 18 ng/ml 12 h after injection. In the three E2 groups, 41.7, 62.5 and 37.5% of animals showed oestrus within 26 h of injection while in the control groups only one animal showed oestrus. Of 13 animals showing oestrus in the E2 groups, 11 failed to ovulate. The mean pre-injection plasma FSH level in experiment I was 102.7 ng/ml, and in four 5--7-month-old lambs over several weeks uas 155.3 ng/ml. Despite these high pre-injection levels of FSH, it appears that the follicles were unable to respond to the LH peak which followed the E2 injection.", "contents": "Pituitary response of prepuberal lambs to oestradiol-17 beta. In two experiments 48 prepuberal Merino ewe lambs were injected with oestradiol-17 beta (E2) or saline to study the effect of E2 on their plasma LH levels and on oestrus and ovulation. In the three groups which received 30 (experiment I), 50 and 30 (experiment II) microgram E2 respectively, 27 out of 28 lambs showed an LH response, the corresponding mean LH peaks being 64.3 +/0 22.5, 153.6 +/-33.4 and 91.7 +/- 16.9 ng/ml at mean intervals of 11.1, 11.2 and 10.5 h, respectively, after injection. None of the 20 lambs in the control groups had an LH level higher than 18 ng/ml 12 h after injection. In the three E2 groups, 41.7, 62.5 and 37.5% of animals showed oestrus within 26 h of injection while in the control groups only one animal showed oestrus. Of 13 animals showing oestrus in the E2 groups, 11 failed to ovulate. The mean pre-injection plasma FSH level in experiment I was 102.7 ng/ml, and in four 5--7-month-old lambs over several weeks uas 155.3 ng/ml. Despite these high pre-injection levels of FSH, it appears that the follicles were unable to respond to the LH peak which followed the E2 injection.", "PMID": 120739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14363", "title": "Isolation of inner cell masses from mouse blastocysts by immunosurgery or exposure to the calcium ionophore A23187.", "content": "Two techniques have been evaluated for their use in routinely isolating inner cell masses from mouse blastocysts by destroying the trophectoderm. The most efficient method of immunosurgery was a 15-min incubation in a 1:50 dilution of rabbit anti-mouse spleen antiserum followed by a 30--60-min incubation in guinea pig complement (1:10). Alternatively, inner cell masses were isolated by incubating blastocysts in 10(-5) M calcium ionophore A23187 in medium devoid of calcium and magnesium ions. Inner cell masses re-exposed to immunosurgery or the ionophore were less susceptible to lysis than the trophectoderm had been. The presence of the zona pellucida reduced trophectoderm lysis by immunosurgery in antiserum dilutions greater than 1:100, but had no effect when in the presence of ionophore. Inner cell masses were consistently isolated from expanded blastocysts which had been collected 78 h after ovulation and cultured in vitro for 24 h before exposure to ionophore or immunosurgery, whereas blastocysts which had developed for the full 102 h in vivo were frequently unaffected.", "contents": "Isolation of inner cell masses from mouse blastocysts by immunosurgery or exposure to the calcium ionophore A23187. Two techniques have been evaluated for their use in routinely isolating inner cell masses from mouse blastocysts by destroying the trophectoderm. The most efficient method of immunosurgery was a 15-min incubation in a 1:50 dilution of rabbit anti-mouse spleen antiserum followed by a 30--60-min incubation in guinea pig complement (1:10). Alternatively, inner cell masses were isolated by incubating blastocysts in 10(-5) M calcium ionophore A23187 in medium devoid of calcium and magnesium ions. Inner cell masses re-exposed to immunosurgery or the ionophore were less susceptible to lysis than the trophectoderm had been. The presence of the zona pellucida reduced trophectoderm lysis by immunosurgery in antiserum dilutions greater than 1:100, but had no effect when in the presence of ionophore. Inner cell masses were consistently isolated from expanded blastocysts which had been collected 78 h after ovulation and cultured in vitro for 24 h before exposure to ionophore or immunosurgery, whereas blastocysts which had developed for the full 102 h in vivo were frequently unaffected.", "PMID": 120740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14364", "title": "Use of EDTA blood samples for mannosidosis testing.", "content": "Preincubation of EDTA plasma with 4mM ZnCl2 restores acidic alpha mannosidase activity, previously inhibited as a result of chelation of Zn++ by EDTA. This allows estimation of acidic alpha mannosidase activity in EDTA plasma samples, followed by granulocyte tests on those samples with low activities.", "contents": "Use of EDTA blood samples for mannosidosis testing. Preincubation of EDTA plasma with 4mM ZnCl2 restores acidic alpha mannosidase activity, previously inhibited as a result of chelation of Zn++ by EDTA. This allows estimation of acidic alpha mannosidase activity in EDTA plasma samples, followed by granulocyte tests on those samples with low activities.", "PMID": 120741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14365", "title": "Hexobarbital blood levels and effects on EEG in the presence and absence of caffeine.", "content": "The interaction of caffeine and hexobarbital in the rat with spinal cord transection was studied. Duration of hexobarbital effect on the brain was taken as the time from the injection of hexobarbital (i.v.) to the return of pre-injection cortical voltage. Hexobarbital distribution and elimination was estimated by application of a two-compartmental model to values for blood hexobarbital concentration (determined by a direct gas chromatographic method after extraction). Caffeine caused a shift in the dose-response curve for hexobarbital but no changes in hexobarbital distribution and elimination. Results are interpreted on the basis of a central interaction of caffeine with hexobarbital at a brain receptor level.", "contents": "Hexobarbital blood levels and effects on EEG in the presence and absence of caffeine. The interaction of caffeine and hexobarbital in the rat with spinal cord transection was studied. Duration of hexobarbital effect on the brain was taken as the time from the injection of hexobarbital (i.v.) to the return of pre-injection cortical voltage. Hexobarbital distribution and elimination was estimated by application of a two-compartmental model to values for blood hexobarbital concentration (determined by a direct gas chromatographic method after extraction). Caffeine caused a shift in the dose-response curve for hexobarbital but no changes in hexobarbital distribution and elimination. Results are interpreted on the basis of a central interaction of caffeine with hexobarbital at a brain receptor level.", "PMID": 120744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14366", "title": "[Antibacterial activity of mezlocillin and azlocillin/A survey (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of the antibacterial activity of 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) and 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) is given on the basis of extensive in vitro studies. The action of each of the preparations is compared with that of important antibiotics of other substance classes from the group of penicillins and cephalosporins.", "contents": "[Antibacterial activity of mezlocillin and azlocillin/A survey (author's transl)]. A review of the antibacterial activity of 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) and 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) is given on the basis of extensive in vitro studies. The action of each of the preparations is compared with that of important antibiotics of other substance classes from the group of penicillins and cephalosporins.", "PMID": 120745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14367", "title": "[Ultrastructural and microbiological studies on the activity of azlocillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)].", "content": "To examine the effect of 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) on the ultrastructure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa investigations were carried out by electron microscopy on thin sections and on negative-stained preparations. Depending on the concentration and the contact time of azlocillin the bacteria showed distinct alterations. The bacterial cells did not build septa and therefore only grew in length up to 100-fold that of untreated controls. The bacteria diameter remained unchanged. Survival curves showed that these bacterial filaments were unable to build colonies. They were irreversibly damaged.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural and microbiological studies on the activity of azlocillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)]. To examine the effect of 6-[(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) on the ultrastructure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa investigations were carried out by electron microscopy on thin sections and on negative-stained preparations. Depending on the concentration and the contact time of azlocillin the bacteria showed distinct alterations. The bacterial cells did not build septa and therefore only grew in length up to 100-fold that of untreated controls. The bacteria diameter remained unchanged. Survival curves showed that these bacterial filaments were unable to build colonies. They were irreversibly damaged.", "PMID": 120746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14368", "title": "Pseudomonas infections of the lung treated with azlocillin. Microbiology, pharmacokinetics, clinic.", "content": "6-[(R)-2-(2-Oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen), has a special activity against Pseudomonas species besides is broadspectrum character. We confirmed the high in vitro potency of that antibiotic in 200 clinical Pseudomonas isolates. Good penetration of azlocillin into bronchial secretions was found, especially through the inflamed bronchial mucosa, but also in the post-inflammatory phase. In 16 patients with serious Pseudomonas infections of the respiratory tract the good efficacy of azlocillin was shown. There were no tolerance problems.", "contents": "Pseudomonas infections of the lung treated with azlocillin. Microbiology, pharmacokinetics, clinic. 6-[(R)-2-(2-Oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen), has a special activity against Pseudomonas species besides is broadspectrum character. We confirmed the high in vitro potency of that antibiotic in 200 clinical Pseudomonas isolates. Good penetration of azlocillin into bronchial secretions was found, especially through the inflamed bronchial mucosa, but also in the post-inflammatory phase. In 16 patients with serious Pseudomonas infections of the respiratory tract the good efficacy of azlocillin was shown. There were no tolerance problems.", "PMID": 120747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14369", "title": "The free amino acid pool composition during growth of the culture of Xanthomonas citri (Hasse) Dowson.", "content": "Fourteen amino acids were found to constitute the intracellular amino compound pool of the developing culture of Xanthomonas citri (Hasse) Dowson. These were serine, dl-alanine, beta-alanine, leucine/isoleucine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, cystine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and proline. Of these, beta-alanine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, and tyrosine could be traced as excretory amino acids in the bacterial culture filtrate, being exuded at the cost of and parallel to the depletion of their amounts in bacterial cell extract. Thus, the composition and pool size of intra- and extracellular amino acids varies considerably during the growth of this pathogen. The wall constituents of X. citri, especially alanine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, were prominent among the amino compounds detected.", "contents": "The free amino acid pool composition during growth of the culture of Xanthomonas citri (Hasse) Dowson. Fourteen amino acids were found to constitute the intracellular amino compound pool of the developing culture of Xanthomonas citri (Hasse) Dowson. These were serine, dl-alanine, beta-alanine, leucine/isoleucine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, cystine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and proline. Of these, beta-alanine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, and tyrosine could be traced as excretory amino acids in the bacterial culture filtrate, being exuded at the cost of and parallel to the depletion of their amounts in bacterial cell extract. Thus, the composition and pool size of intra- and extracellular amino acids varies considerably during the growth of this pathogen. The wall constituents of X. citri, especially alanine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, were prominent among the amino compounds detected.", "PMID": 120748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14370", "title": "The ultrastructure of Penicillium chrysogenum in the course of benzyl-penicillin biosynthesis.", "content": "The find structures of high- and low-yield mutants of Penicillium chrysogenum, producing 100 and 10,000 units/ml of penicillin G, were compared. The cells of both mutants demonstrated a typical eukaryotic ultrastructure. In the cytoplasm nuclei, mitochondira, lipid bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi vesicles were observed. In the cells of high-yield mutant, during the biosynthesis of penicillin, the number of lipid bodies decreased. It is possible that the lipids are metabolized in the process of biosynthesis of penicillin. In the cytoplasm more multivesicular bodies and small vesicles, about 40 nm in diameter, could be seen. These Golgi vesicles, present in largest number in cells of high-yield mutant, fuse with the cell membrane and play an important role in the transport of penicillin from the cytoplasm to the cell environment. The cell walls of the high-yield mutant become three times thicker during the antibiotic biosynthesis. No comparable changes were observed in the ultrastructure of the low-yield mutant. The cell wall thickness did not increase, the cytoplasm contained few Golgi vesicles only, and the lipid bodies can be seen in all cells.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of Penicillium chrysogenum in the course of benzyl-penicillin biosynthesis. The find structures of high- and low-yield mutants of Penicillium chrysogenum, producing 100 and 10,000 units/ml of penicillin G, were compared. The cells of both mutants demonstrated a typical eukaryotic ultrastructure. In the cytoplasm nuclei, mitochondira, lipid bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi vesicles were observed. In the cells of high-yield mutant, during the biosynthesis of penicillin, the number of lipid bodies decreased. It is possible that the lipids are metabolized in the process of biosynthesis of penicillin. In the cytoplasm more multivesicular bodies and small vesicles, about 40 nm in diameter, could be seen. These Golgi vesicles, present in largest number in cells of high-yield mutant, fuse with the cell membrane and play an important role in the transport of penicillin from the cytoplasm to the cell environment. The cell walls of the high-yield mutant become three times thicker during the antibiotic biosynthesis. No comparable changes were observed in the ultrastructure of the low-yield mutant. The cell wall thickness did not increase, the cytoplasm contained few Golgi vesicles only, and the lipid bodies can be seen in all cells.", "PMID": 120749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14371", "title": "The site of benzyl penicillin accumulation in Penicillium chrysogenum.", "content": "Benzyl penicillin was localized in cells of Penicillium chrysogenum by means of enzymatical and immunological methods, enabling the determination of minute amounts of penicillin. The reactions were performed on ultrathin sections. They allow to determine the antibiotic inside of the cells. The results indicate that benzyl penicillin is present in the vesicles belonging to the Golgi apparatus. Benzyl penicillin is transported from the cytoplasm outside the cell membrane by the Golgi vesicles.", "contents": "The site of benzyl penicillin accumulation in Penicillium chrysogenum. Benzyl penicillin was localized in cells of Penicillium chrysogenum by means of enzymatical and immunological methods, enabling the determination of minute amounts of penicillin. The reactions were performed on ultrathin sections. They allow to determine the antibiotic inside of the cells. The results indicate that benzyl penicillin is present in the vesicles belonging to the Golgi apparatus. Benzyl penicillin is transported from the cytoplasm outside the cell membrane by the Golgi vesicles.", "PMID": 120750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14372", "title": "Effect of phenytoin on protein binding of valproic acid.", "content": "In vitro experiments using the equilibrium dialysis technique were performed to determine the binding of valproic acid to plasma components in the absence and presence of therapeutic concentrations of phenytoin. The free fraction of valproic acid was found to be dependent on the total valproic acid concentration. Phenytoin did not influence valproic acid protein binding.", "contents": "Effect of phenytoin on protein binding of valproic acid. In vitro experiments using the equilibrium dialysis technique were performed to determine the binding of valproic acid to plasma components in the absence and presence of therapeutic concentrations of phenytoin. The free fraction of valproic acid was found to be dependent on the total valproic acid concentration. Phenytoin did not influence valproic acid protein binding.", "PMID": 120756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14373", "title": "Sodium valproate in the treatment of cerebellar disorders.", "content": "Because of the high concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei, an attempt was made to enhance GABAergic transmission in patients with cerebellar disease. Maximum tolerated doses of sodium valproate, a drug which inhibits the degradation of GABA, failed to influence cerebellar deficits in a double blind crossover study on six patients.", "contents": "Sodium valproate in the treatment of cerebellar disorders. Because of the high concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei, an attempt was made to enhance GABAergic transmission in patients with cerebellar disease. Maximum tolerated doses of sodium valproate, a drug which inhibits the degradation of GABA, failed to influence cerebellar deficits in a double blind crossover study on six patients.", "PMID": 120757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14374", "title": "Fractionation of Plasmodium knowlesi-induced antigens of rhesus monkey erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "In order to characterize parasite-induced host cell membrane antigens, the plasma membranes of Plasmodium knowlesi-infected rhesus erythrocytes have been compared with those of normal red cells and purified schizonts by immunochemical and biochemical techniques. Host cell membranes and schizonts were separated by differential centrifugation following nitrogen decompression. Isolated schizonts were further fractionated into several subcellular compartments. Crossed-immune electrophoresis, against monkey anti-schizont serum, of Triton X-100-solubilized material identified 7 P. knowlesi-specific antigens, of which 4 could be detected only in the host cell membranes. These membranes also contained 3 proteins, with relative molecular masses of 55 000, 65 000 and 90 000 and isoelectric points at pH 4.5, 4.5 and 5.2, respectively, which are lacking in normal membranes. Pulse-chase experiments with ((14)C)-glucosamine showed that these parasite-induced host cell membrane components are glycoproteins.", "contents": "Fractionation of Plasmodium knowlesi-induced antigens of rhesus monkey erythrocyte membranes. In order to characterize parasite-induced host cell membrane antigens, the plasma membranes of Plasmodium knowlesi-infected rhesus erythrocytes have been compared with those of normal red cells and purified schizonts by immunochemical and biochemical techniques. Host cell membranes and schizonts were separated by differential centrifugation following nitrogen decompression. Isolated schizonts were further fractionated into several subcellular compartments. Crossed-immune electrophoresis, against monkey anti-schizont serum, of Triton X-100-solubilized material identified 7 P. knowlesi-specific antigens, of which 4 could be detected only in the host cell membranes. These membranes also contained 3 proteins, with relative molecular masses of 55 000, 65 000 and 90 000 and isoelectric points at pH 4.5, 4.5 and 5.2, respectively, which are lacking in normal membranes. Pulse-chase experiments with ((14)C)-glucosamine showed that these parasite-induced host cell membrane components are glycoproteins.", "PMID": 120762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14375", "title": "Immunization of rhesus monkeys with blood-stage antigens of Plasmodium knowlesi.", "content": "Evaluation of the efficacy of 3 nonviable blood-stage antigens-schizont Ag, merozoite Ag, and \"French press\" Ag-of Plasmodium knowlesi, emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), was carried out in a study involving 32 rhesus monkeys. After 2 immunizations, administered 6 weeks apart, monkeys were challenged with a variant of P. knowlesi different from that used for immunization. All 8 control monkeys that received either PBS or FCA developed a severe parasitaemia and died of the infection within 12 days after parasite challenge. In the group that received the freeze-thawed schizont Ag, 5 of the 8 monkeys died at the same time as the controls, 1 died a day later, and 2 survived the infection (maximum parasitaemia: 0.7%; 3.2%). In the freeze-thawed merozoite Ag group, 1 monkey died at the same time as the controls, 5 monkeys died between 14 and 17 days after challenge, and 2 monkeys survived the infection (maximum parasitaemia: <0.01%; 2.7%). In the lyophilized French press Ag group, 2 monkeys died at the same time as the controls, 2 died between 12 and 15 days after challenge, and 4 survived the infection (maximum parasitaemia: 1.2%; 0.4%; 0.9%; 0.07%).Immunized monkeys failed to gain weight during the period of immunization and abscess formation at injection sites was comparable in monkeys of the 3 Ag groups. Reticulocytosis and anaemia developed in all monkeys that survived longer than 12 days after challenge, even in monkeys with very low-grade levels of parasitaemia.Various tests were performed to assess humoral or cell-mediated immune responses during the period of immunization and after challenge. No clear-cut relationship could be established between the results of any of these tests and the survival of immunized monkeys after parasite challenge. Some of the results, however, suggest that there might be some relationship between cell-mediated responses and the survival of immunized monkeys beyond the survival time of control monkeys.", "contents": "Immunization of rhesus monkeys with blood-stage antigens of Plasmodium knowlesi. Evaluation of the efficacy of 3 nonviable blood-stage antigens-schizont Ag, merozoite Ag, and \"French press\" Ag-of Plasmodium knowlesi, emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), was carried out in a study involving 32 rhesus monkeys. After 2 immunizations, administered 6 weeks apart, monkeys were challenged with a variant of P. knowlesi different from that used for immunization. All 8 control monkeys that received either PBS or FCA developed a severe parasitaemia and died of the infection within 12 days after parasite challenge. In the group that received the freeze-thawed schizont Ag, 5 of the 8 monkeys died at the same time as the controls, 1 died a day later, and 2 survived the infection (maximum parasitaemia: 0.7%; 3.2%). In the freeze-thawed merozoite Ag group, 1 monkey died at the same time as the controls, 5 monkeys died between 14 and 17 days after challenge, and 2 monkeys survived the infection (maximum parasitaemia: <0.01%; 2.7%). In the lyophilized French press Ag group, 2 monkeys died at the same time as the controls, 2 died between 12 and 15 days after challenge, and 4 survived the infection (maximum parasitaemia: 1.2%; 0.4%; 0.9%; 0.07%).Immunized monkeys failed to gain weight during the period of immunization and abscess formation at injection sites was comparable in monkeys of the 3 Ag groups. Reticulocytosis and anaemia developed in all monkeys that survived longer than 12 days after challenge, even in monkeys with very low-grade levels of parasitaemia.Various tests were performed to assess humoral or cell-mediated immune responses during the period of immunization and after challenge. No clear-cut relationship could be established between the results of any of these tests and the survival of immunized monkeys after parasite challenge. Some of the results, however, suggest that there might be some relationship between cell-mediated responses and the survival of immunized monkeys beyond the survival time of control monkeys.", "PMID": 120763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14376", "title": "Immunization of Aotus trivirgatus against Plasmodium falciparum with irradiated blood forms.", "content": "Five owl monkeys, Aotus trivirgatus, were immunized against falciparum malaria by the intravenous injection of gamma-irradiated parasitized blood from donor monkeys with high parasitaemias. Each animal received approximately 1 x 10(8) parasitized erythrocytes per immunizing dose. Three monkeys received 4 doses and 2 monkeys received a single dose. After challenge, 3 control monkeys that received saline and the 2 monkeys that received a single dose of parasitized blood died with fulminant parasitaemias. The 3 monkeys that received 4 immunizing doses had either no parasitaemia at all (one monkey) or low-grade (<2.5%) parasitaemias (two monkeys); one of the latter monkeys died after the malaria had run a prolonged course. No striking haematological abnormalities were noted in animals as a result of the immunization procedure. These results confirm that immunity to Plasmodium falciparum can be induced in owl monkeys by inoculation with parasitized erythrocytes that have not undergone culture and without the use of adjuvant.", "contents": "Immunization of Aotus trivirgatus against Plasmodium falciparum with irradiated blood forms. Five owl monkeys, Aotus trivirgatus, were immunized against falciparum malaria by the intravenous injection of gamma-irradiated parasitized blood from donor monkeys with high parasitaemias. Each animal received approximately 1 x 10(8) parasitized erythrocytes per immunizing dose. Three monkeys received 4 doses and 2 monkeys received a single dose. After challenge, 3 control monkeys that received saline and the 2 monkeys that received a single dose of parasitized blood died with fulminant parasitaemias. The 3 monkeys that received 4 immunizing doses had either no parasitaemia at all (one monkey) or low-grade (<2.5%) parasitaemias (two monkeys); one of the latter monkeys died after the malaria had run a prolonged course. No striking haematological abnormalities were noted in animals as a result of the immunization procedure. These results confirm that immunity to Plasmodium falciparum can be induced in owl monkeys by inoculation with parasitized erythrocytes that have not undergone culture and without the use of adjuvant.", "PMID": 120764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14377", "title": "Duration of immunity following a single vaccination with irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei.", "content": "A rodent model of sporozoite immunization against malaria based on a single immunizing dose is described. The duration of protective immunity was measured as a function of dose, and the results suggest that the percentage of protection follows a bimodal distribution. The first peak occurs between days 7-12 after immunization, while the second peak occurs at approximately 28 days. Although the percentage of protection declines steadily after the second peak, some immunity was detectable as long as 140 days after immunization with the higher doses.", "contents": "Duration of immunity following a single vaccination with irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei. A rodent model of sporozoite immunization against malaria based on a single immunizing dose is described. The duration of protective immunity was measured as a function of dose, and the results suggest that the percentage of protection follows a bimodal distribution. The first peak occurs between days 7-12 after immunization, while the second peak occurs at approximately 28 days. Although the percentage of protection declines steadily after the second peak, some immunity was detectable as long as 140 days after immunization with the higher doses.", "PMID": 120765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14378", "title": "Preliminary studies on vaccination of rhesus monkeys with irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi and characterization of surface antigens of these parasites.", "content": "Studies were conducted to develop an effective method of inducing protection against sporozoite-induced malaria in a primate system and to obtain information regarding the surface membrane antigens of sporozoites. Immunization of rhesus monkeys was performed with gamma-irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi. Levels of antisporozoite antibodies were monitored by immunofluorescence, sporozoite neutralization, and the circumsporozoite precipitate reaction, and appeared to correlate well with protection. Only the intravenous route was effective in inducing both protection and antisporozoite antibodies. Immunization with sporozoites mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant failed completely to induce protection and resulted in a minimal antibody response. Mechanisms of resistance to sporozoites probably involve the interaction of the host's immune system with the parasite's surface antigen(s). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of surface-labelled, partially purified sporozoites followed by autoradiography revealed the presence of a small number of labelled proteins in the extract. Immunoprecipitation with specific antisera to P. berghei detected primarily one of these membrane components, with an apparent molecular weight of 41 000. The molecular weight of this main surface antigen in sporozoites of P. berghei was different from that in sporozoites of P. knowlesi.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on vaccination of rhesus monkeys with irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi and characterization of surface antigens of these parasites. Studies were conducted to develop an effective method of inducing protection against sporozoite-induced malaria in a primate system and to obtain information regarding the surface membrane antigens of sporozoites. Immunization of rhesus monkeys was performed with gamma-irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi. Levels of antisporozoite antibodies were monitored by immunofluorescence, sporozoite neutralization, and the circumsporozoite precipitate reaction, and appeared to correlate well with protection. Only the intravenous route was effective in inducing both protection and antisporozoite antibodies. Immunization with sporozoites mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant failed completely to induce protection and resulted in a minimal antibody response. Mechanisms of resistance to sporozoites probably involve the interaction of the host's immune system with the parasite's surface antigen(s). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of surface-labelled, partially purified sporozoites followed by autoradiography revealed the presence of a small number of labelled proteins in the extract. Immunoprecipitation with specific antisera to P. berghei detected primarily one of these membrane components, with an apparent molecular weight of 41 000. The molecular weight of this main surface antigen in sporozoites of P. berghei was different from that in sporozoites of P. knowlesi.", "PMID": 120766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14379", "title": "Factors affecting the in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi.", "content": "Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi have been established in continuous culture using the basic method of Trager & Jensen. Various parameters of the culture system have been examined, namely, the gas requirements, serum and red cell requirements, frequency of medium replacement, and a comparison of static and agitated cultures made. The most important factors affecting growth in vitro seem to be the oxygen tension, red cell concentration, the frequency with which old medium is replaced, and the use of appropriate sera. Preliminary results indicate that horse serum may be possible as a replacement for human serum. Initial studies with P. knowlesi indicate that in the course of adapting to culture, parasites may change their antigenic specificity.", "contents": "Factors affecting the in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi have been established in continuous culture using the basic method of Trager & Jensen. Various parameters of the culture system have been examined, namely, the gas requirements, serum and red cell requirements, frequency of medium replacement, and a comparison of static and agitated cultures made. The most important factors affecting growth in vitro seem to be the oxygen tension, red cell concentration, the frequency with which old medium is replaced, and the use of appropriate sera. Preliminary results indicate that horse serum may be possible as a replacement for human serum. Initial studies with P. knowlesi indicate that in the course of adapting to culture, parasites may change their antigenic specificity.", "PMID": 120767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14380", "title": "Immunization of experimental monkeys against Plasmodium falciparum: use of synthetic adjuvants.", "content": "The replacement of Freund's adjuvant by a possible safe adjuvant for effective immunization of owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra) against a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has been investigated. Experiments involved the use of two synthetic adjuvants: MDP (N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) and stearoyl-MDP (6-O-stearoyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine). In both cases, P. falciparum merozoites obtained through short-term in vitro cultivation were used as antigen. MPD was used as adjuvant in 5 owl monkeys; 2 control monkeys died and of the 3 experimental monkeys only 1 survived. In contrast, in another experiment where stearoyl-MDP was used as adjuvant, there was 100% protection of 4 immunized monkeys against a challenge with the homologous strain of P. falciparum. The results of the second experiment are encouraging for the development of an effective and safe vaccine for human malaria.", "contents": "Immunization of experimental monkeys against Plasmodium falciparum: use of synthetic adjuvants. The replacement of Freund's adjuvant by a possible safe adjuvant for effective immunization of owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra) against a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has been investigated. Experiments involved the use of two synthetic adjuvants: MDP (N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) and stearoyl-MDP (6-O-stearoyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine). In both cases, P. falciparum merozoites obtained through short-term in vitro cultivation were used as antigen. MPD was used as adjuvant in 5 owl monkeys; 2 control monkeys died and of the 3 experimental monkeys only 1 survived. In contrast, in another experiment where stearoyl-MDP was used as adjuvant, there was 100% protection of 4 immunized monkeys against a challenge with the homologous strain of P. falciparum. The results of the second experiment are encouraging for the development of an effective and safe vaccine for human malaria.", "PMID": 120768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14381", "title": "Malaria vaccination with irradiated sporozoites: serological evaluation of the antigen and antibody responses.", "content": "Vaccination against Plasmodium falciparum with attenuated sporozoites is the goal of the US Navy's Malaria Vaccine Program. One requirement in the development of this vaccine is an immunological test to study the sporozoite antigen and immune responses it induces. Using an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and P. berghei in the mouse or rat as a model, we have made significant progress toward this goal. Four antigens were detected in vaccine preparations: sporozoite-specific antigens, mosquito antigens, antigens on the sporozoite that are common to erythrocytic stages, and bovine serum albumm, an antigenic element of the isolation medium no longer employed. The IFAT was a reliable monitor of vaccination in a mouse and rat model in conjunction with protection to challenge. The test was a sensitive monitor of vaccine quality. Anamnestic responses to bites of infected mosquitos were detected in mice previously immunized with irradiated sporozoites.", "contents": "Malaria vaccination with irradiated sporozoites: serological evaluation of the antigen and antibody responses. Vaccination against Plasmodium falciparum with attenuated sporozoites is the goal of the US Navy's Malaria Vaccine Program. One requirement in the development of this vaccine is an immunological test to study the sporozoite antigen and immune responses it induces. Using an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and P. berghei in the mouse or rat as a model, we have made significant progress toward this goal. Four antigens were detected in vaccine preparations: sporozoite-specific antigens, mosquito antigens, antigens on the sporozoite that are common to erythrocytic stages, and bovine serum albumm, an antigenic element of the isolation medium no longer employed. The IFAT was a reliable monitor of vaccination in a mouse and rat model in conjunction with protection to challenge. The test was a sensitive monitor of vaccine quality. Anamnestic responses to bites of infected mosquitos were detected in mice previously immunized with irradiated sporozoites.", "PMID": 120769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14382", "title": "Characterization of sporozoite surface antigens by indirect immunofluorescence: detection of stage- and species-specific antimalarial antibodies.", "content": "Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) was used to localize stage-specific antigen(s) on the surface of the sporozoite membrane. The authors examined the feasibility of using an IF assay to determine whether an antisporozoite response is developed by individuals living in endemic areas. The specificity and sensitivity of the IF assay were first defined by using hyperimmune sera of sporozoite-immunized hosts protected against rodent (P. berghei), simian (P. knowlesi), and human (P. falciparum, P. vivax) malarias. Species- and stage-specific antisporozoite antibodies were detected by this technique when viable or glutaralde-hyde-fixed sporozoites were used as antigen. The sensitivity of indirect immunofluorescence was found to be 5-10 times greater than that of the circumsporozoite precipitation (CSP) assay. Preliminary studies on sera obtained from individuals living in endemic areas showed that the IF assay can be used to detect species- and stage-specific antisporozoite antibodies in sera of naturally-infected human and simian hosts.", "contents": "Characterization of sporozoite surface antigens by indirect immunofluorescence: detection of stage- and species-specific antimalarial antibodies. Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) was used to localize stage-specific antigen(s) on the surface of the sporozoite membrane. The authors examined the feasibility of using an IF assay to determine whether an antisporozoite response is developed by individuals living in endemic areas. The specificity and sensitivity of the IF assay were first defined by using hyperimmune sera of sporozoite-immunized hosts protected against rodent (P. berghei), simian (P. knowlesi), and human (P. falciparum, P. vivax) malarias. Species- and stage-specific antisporozoite antibodies were detected by this technique when viable or glutaralde-hyde-fixed sporozoites were used as antigen. The sensitivity of indirect immunofluorescence was found to be 5-10 times greater than that of the circumsporozoite precipitation (CSP) assay. Preliminary studies on sera obtained from individuals living in endemic areas showed that the IF assay can be used to detect species- and stage-specific antisporozoite antibodies in sera of naturally-infected human and simian hosts.", "PMID": 120770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14383", "title": "In vitro inhibition of the growth of Plasmodium falciparum by Aotus serum.", "content": "An in vitro assay for measuring growth and reinvasion inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum was developed from a microculture system. Inhibition of growth was observed after parasites had been incubated with Aotus serum obtained from monkeys that had become immune to malaria after repeated exposure to P. falciparum. Immune Aotus serum (IAS), at concentrations as low as 1.25%, showed a marked inhibitory effect upon parasites cultured in 10% normal human serum (NHS). Growth was also inhibited when 5% of normal Aotus serum (NAS) was added to medium containing 10% of NHS. The inhibitory activity of NAS, but not of IAS, could be removed by lowering serum concentrations below 2.5% or by exposing the serum to 56 degrees C for 30 minutes. Further investigations with relatively synchronous microcultures showed that (3)H-hypoxanthine, a nucleic acid precursor, was incorporated preferentially into the more mature parasites of P. falciparum. Additional studies with the microculture system should elucidate the effects of immune serum on different asexual erythrocyte stages and, in general, facilitate the study of immune effector mechanisms in falciparum malaria.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of the growth of Plasmodium falciparum by Aotus serum. An in vitro assay for measuring growth and reinvasion inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum was developed from a microculture system. Inhibition of growth was observed after parasites had been incubated with Aotus serum obtained from monkeys that had become immune to malaria after repeated exposure to P. falciparum. Immune Aotus serum (IAS), at concentrations as low as 1.25%, showed a marked inhibitory effect upon parasites cultured in 10% normal human serum (NHS). Growth was also inhibited when 5% of normal Aotus serum (NAS) was added to medium containing 10% of NHS. The inhibitory activity of NAS, but not of IAS, could be removed by lowering serum concentrations below 2.5% or by exposing the serum to 56 degrees C for 30 minutes. Further investigations with relatively synchronous microcultures showed that (3)H-hypoxanthine, a nucleic acid precursor, was incorporated preferentially into the more mature parasites of P. falciparum. Additional studies with the microculture system should elucidate the effects of immune serum on different asexual erythrocyte stages and, in general, facilitate the study of immune effector mechanisms in falciparum malaria.", "PMID": 120771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14384", "title": "A study of cellular and humoral immune responses in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) following vaccination against Plasmodium falciparum.", "content": "VACCINATION OF ANIMALS AGAINST MALARIA PARASITES IS THOUGHT TO INDUCE TWO BASIC IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES: (i) specific recognition of parasite antigens by the host, and (ii) a generalized immune enhancement due to the presence of adjuvant. Immunological techniques were used in this study to monitor cellular and humoral immune changes in owl monkeys prior to and following immunization with a vaccine consisting of merozoite-enriched schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum and one of three adjuvants: N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide), Freund's complete adjuvant, or 6-O-stearoyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine. The results showed that most of the immunized animals responded specifically to malarial antigens as demonstrated by the fact that peripheral blood lymphocytes underwent blast transformation in vitro in the presence of parasite antigens and that substantial antibody titres were produced as detected by indirect immunofluorescence. By use of the in vitro inhibition test, it was found that sera from immunized owl monkeys collected after challenge greatly inhibited merozoite reinvasion. Generalized nonspecific immune responses observed in owl monkeys following vaccination included an increase in the number of white blood cells and the proportion of T and B cells in the peripheral blood. Responses to mitogen stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen, however, did not appear to be appreciably affected by immunization.", "contents": "A study of cellular and humoral immune responses in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) following vaccination against Plasmodium falciparum. VACCINATION OF ANIMALS AGAINST MALARIA PARASITES IS THOUGHT TO INDUCE TWO BASIC IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES: (i) specific recognition of parasite antigens by the host, and (ii) a generalized immune enhancement due to the presence of adjuvant. Immunological techniques were used in this study to monitor cellular and humoral immune changes in owl monkeys prior to and following immunization with a vaccine consisting of merozoite-enriched schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum and one of three adjuvants: N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide), Freund's complete adjuvant, or 6-O-stearoyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine. The results showed that most of the immunized animals responded specifically to malarial antigens as demonstrated by the fact that peripheral blood lymphocytes underwent blast transformation in vitro in the presence of parasite antigens and that substantial antibody titres were produced as detected by indirect immunofluorescence. By use of the in vitro inhibition test, it was found that sera from immunized owl monkeys collected after challenge greatly inhibited merozoite reinvasion. Generalized nonspecific immune responses observed in owl monkeys following vaccination included an increase in the number of white blood cells and the proportion of T and B cells in the peripheral blood. Responses to mitogen stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen, however, did not appear to be appreciably affected by immunization.", "PMID": 120772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14385", "title": "Use of attenuated sporozoites in the immunization of human volunteers against falciparum malaria.", "content": "Three human volunteers were successfully protected against sporozoite challenge by immunization with attenuated sporozoites of the Tamenie strain of Plasmodium falciparum from Ethiopia. The immunizing sporozoites were attenuated by exposing infected Anopheles stephensi mosquitos to X-rays at a dose of at least 120 Gy (12 000 rad). These irradiated, infected mosquitos were allowed to feed upon volunteers, thereby inoculating sporozoites into their blood stream. During the 10- to 38-week period of immunization, volunteers were exposed 6-8 times, at irregular intervals, to a total of 440-987 irradiated infected mosquitos. Protection against challenge by nonirradiated infected mosquitos lasted for at least 8 weeks, but not 16 weeks, after the last immunization with irradiated sporozoites. By contrast, volunteers who were exposed to a total of 200 or fewer irradiated infected mosquitos on 2-4 occasions were not protected upon challenge. Immunization by a sufficient number of irradiated mosquitos infected with the chloroquine-sensitive Tamenie strain from Ethiopia also protected against challenge with the chloroquine-resistant Marks strain of P. falciparum from Viet Nam. The results obtained in these studies suggest that immunization with attenuated sporozoites may be a useful method of protecting small groups of nonimmune individuals living in endemic areas. These findings should encourage further efforts to develop a sporozoite vaccine against human malaria.", "contents": "Use of attenuated sporozoites in the immunization of human volunteers against falciparum malaria. Three human volunteers were successfully protected against sporozoite challenge by immunization with attenuated sporozoites of the Tamenie strain of Plasmodium falciparum from Ethiopia. The immunizing sporozoites were attenuated by exposing infected Anopheles stephensi mosquitos to X-rays at a dose of at least 120 Gy (12 000 rad). These irradiated, infected mosquitos were allowed to feed upon volunteers, thereby inoculating sporozoites into their blood stream. During the 10- to 38-week period of immunization, volunteers were exposed 6-8 times, at irregular intervals, to a total of 440-987 irradiated infected mosquitos. Protection against challenge by nonirradiated infected mosquitos lasted for at least 8 weeks, but not 16 weeks, after the last immunization with irradiated sporozoites. By contrast, volunteers who were exposed to a total of 200 or fewer irradiated infected mosquitos on 2-4 occasions were not protected upon challenge. Immunization by a sufficient number of irradiated mosquitos infected with the chloroquine-sensitive Tamenie strain from Ethiopia also protected against challenge with the chloroquine-resistant Marks strain of P. falciparum from Viet Nam. The results obtained in these studies suggest that immunization with attenuated sporozoites may be a useful method of protecting small groups of nonimmune individuals living in endemic areas. These findings should encourage further efforts to develop a sporozoite vaccine against human malaria.", "PMID": 120773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14386", "title": "Isolation of stages of the human parasite Plasmodium falciparum from culture and from animal blood.", "content": "Procedures for isolation of various forms of the asexual erythrocytic stages of the human parasite Plasmodium falciparum are outlined. The procedures employ the plasma expander Physiogel, which is composed of a chemically modified, partially hydrolysed gelatin dissolved in Ringer's lactate. Based on the observation that parasitized cells which are easily separable by this technique differ appreciably at the ultrastructural level, a mechanism by which separation occurs is proposed.", "contents": "Isolation of stages of the human parasite Plasmodium falciparum from culture and from animal blood. Procedures for isolation of various forms of the asexual erythrocytic stages of the human parasite Plasmodium falciparum are outlined. The procedures employ the plasma expander Physiogel, which is composed of a chemically modified, partially hydrolysed gelatin dissolved in Ringer's lactate. Based on the observation that parasitized cells which are easily separable by this technique differ appreciably at the ultrastructural level, a mechanism by which separation occurs is proposed.", "PMID": 120774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14387", "title": "The use of membrane screen filters in the isolation of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites from mosquitos.", "content": "An improved procedure is presented for the isolation of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites from host mosquitos. The method employs filtration through a series of Nuclepore membranes followed by two consecutive centrifugations of the filtrate layered over Renografin-60 solutions of different densities. A Coulter Counter was used to compare isolations prepared by this technique with those prepared by a routinely employed discontinuous gradient method. When the sporozoite concentration in each preparation was standardized at 300 sporozoites per ml, isolations prepared by the new technique were significantly cleaner than isolations prepared by the discontinuous gradient method, containing an average of 1706 total particles per ml compared with 46 107 total particles per ml. The latter procedure was more effective, however, in removing viable microorganisms. Sporozoites isolated by both techniques were similar in immunogenicity and virulence.", "contents": "The use of membrane screen filters in the isolation of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites from mosquitos. An improved procedure is presented for the isolation of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites from host mosquitos. The method employs filtration through a series of Nuclepore membranes followed by two consecutive centrifugations of the filtrate layered over Renografin-60 solutions of different densities. A Coulter Counter was used to compare isolations prepared by this technique with those prepared by a routinely employed discontinuous gradient method. When the sporozoite concentration in each preparation was standardized at 300 sporozoites per ml, isolations prepared by the new technique were significantly cleaner than isolations prepared by the discontinuous gradient method, containing an average of 1706 total particles per ml compared with 46 107 total particles per ml. The latter procedure was more effective, however, in removing viable microorganisms. Sporozoites isolated by both techniques were similar in immunogenicity and virulence.", "PMID": 120775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14388", "title": "Low-temperature preservation of sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei.", "content": "Large numbers of biologically active sporozoites are needed as a source of potential antigen in the development of a malaria vaccine and the most practical method of accumulating sufficient numbers of these forms would be to freeze and store them at low temperature. The purpose of this work was to determine the feasibility of preserving the infectivity of frozen and thawed sporozoites. The results indicate that sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei exhibit a typical response to freezing over a wide range of cooling rates; the distribution around the optimum was a normal one and both the magnitude and position of the peak of their infectivity depended upon the preservative used. The optimum cooling rate with preservatives of high relative molecular mass was between 20 degrees C and 60 degrees C per min, but varied with the preservative used. A new apparatus was designed and built to yield reproducible controlled cooling rates over the range studied. A comparison of various commonly used preservatives showed mouse serum alone to be effective, but the combination of serum and hydroxyethyl starch proved to be the best cryopreservative of those examined.", "contents": "Low-temperature preservation of sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei. Large numbers of biologically active sporozoites are needed as a source of potential antigen in the development of a malaria vaccine and the most practical method of accumulating sufficient numbers of these forms would be to freeze and store them at low temperature. The purpose of this work was to determine the feasibility of preserving the infectivity of frozen and thawed sporozoites. The results indicate that sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei exhibit a typical response to freezing over a wide range of cooling rates; the distribution around the optimum was a normal one and both the magnitude and position of the peak of their infectivity depended upon the preservative used. The optimum cooling rate with preservatives of high relative molecular mass was between 20 degrees C and 60 degrees C per min, but varied with the preservative used. A new apparatus was designed and built to yield reproducible controlled cooling rates over the range studied. A comparison of various commonly used preservatives showed mouse serum alone to be effective, but the combination of serum and hydroxyethyl starch proved to be the best cryopreservative of those examined.", "PMID": 120776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14389", "title": "Localization and chemical characterization of Plasmodium knowlesi schizont antigens.", "content": "The identification of malarial antigens that induce protective immunity could provide a rational basis for developing an effective antimalarial vaccine as well as specific serodiagnostic tests indicative of clinical immune status. Since protective immunity is probably induced by stage-dependent rather than stage-independent antigens, the antigenic composition of different stages of Plasmodium knowlesi has been compared, and a limited chemical characterization undertaken. This information should provide some insight into the types of preparative procedure appropriate for the purification of functionally important malarial antigens.", "contents": "Localization and chemical characterization of Plasmodium knowlesi schizont antigens. The identification of malarial antigens that induce protective immunity could provide a rational basis for developing an effective antimalarial vaccine as well as specific serodiagnostic tests indicative of clinical immune status. Since protective immunity is probably induced by stage-dependent rather than stage-independent antigens, the antigenic composition of different stages of Plasmodium knowlesi has been compared, and a limited chemical characterization undertaken. This information should provide some insight into the types of preparative procedure appropriate for the purification of functionally important malarial antigens.", "PMID": 120777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14390", "title": "[Enzymes catalyzing the reduction of aldopentoses and the oxidation of pentitols in Mycobacteria].", "content": "M. phlei, grown on synthetic Sauton medium (with 6% glycerol as carbon source), had NADPH- and NADH-aldopentose reductase, as well as NAD-pentitol dehydrogenase activities; some of their properties are studied. These activities are not present in BCG grown on the same medium. All experiments of aldopentose-reductase induction in BCG on a D(+)xylose medium were negative.", "contents": "[Enzymes catalyzing the reduction of aldopentoses and the oxidation of pentitols in Mycobacteria]. M. phlei, grown on synthetic Sauton medium (with 6% glycerol as carbon source), had NADPH- and NADH-aldopentose reductase, as well as NAD-pentitol dehydrogenase activities; some of their properties are studied. These activities are not present in BCG grown on the same medium. All experiments of aldopentose-reductase induction in BCG on a D(+)xylose medium were negative.", "PMID": 120778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14391", "title": "[Increase in activity of natural killer cells (NK cells) by serum thymic factor].", "content": "The serum thymic factor (FTS) and one of its structural analogues have been administered to adult normal Mice for 2 to 12 weeks. This treatment induced a significant increase in spleen cell natural killer (NK) activity, evaluated by a cytotoxicity assay against YAC cells.", "contents": "[Increase in activity of natural killer cells (NK cells) by serum thymic factor]. The serum thymic factor (FTS) and one of its structural analogues have been administered to adult normal Mice for 2 to 12 weeks. This treatment induced a significant increase in spleen cell natural killer (NK) activity, evaluated by a cytotoxicity assay against YAC cells.", "PMID": 120779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14392", "title": "[Measles and temporary increase in masculine births: coincidence or causality?].", "content": "Data from three West-African populations shows significant increase of sex-ratio. In two of them a considerable excess of male births came from conceptions the year following an epidemic of measles. This is limited to the villages affected by this epidemic. These facts seem to be similar to those related to hepatitis and sex-ratio. They suggest similarities between measles virus and surface antigens of Y sperms. This hypothesis could be tested by immunological investigation.", "contents": "[Measles and temporary increase in masculine births: coincidence or causality?]. Data from three West-African populations shows significant increase of sex-ratio. In two of them a considerable excess of male births came from conceptions the year following an epidemic of measles. This is limited to the villages affected by this epidemic. These facts seem to be similar to those related to hepatitis and sex-ratio. They suggest similarities between measles virus and surface antigens of Y sperms. This hypothesis could be tested by immunological investigation.", "PMID": 120780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14393", "title": "[Detection and localization of a ribonuclease activity associated with vaccinia virus].", "content": "A ribonuclease associated with vaccinia virus can be detected when reduced concentrations of nucleotides are used for an in vitro RNA synthesis assay. The non-viral origin of this ribonuclease may be inferred from its external location and from its variable activity on different purified virus stocks. The detection of this ribonuclease activity on purified virus grown without foetal Calf serum may suggest that this enzyme is of cellular origin.", "contents": "[Detection and localization of a ribonuclease activity associated with vaccinia virus]. A ribonuclease associated with vaccinia virus can be detected when reduced concentrations of nucleotides are used for an in vitro RNA synthesis assay. The non-viral origin of this ribonuclease may be inferred from its external location and from its variable activity on different purified virus stocks. The detection of this ribonuclease activity on purified virus grown without foetal Calf serum may suggest that this enzyme is of cellular origin.", "PMID": 120781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14394", "title": "[Identification of a virus similar to hepatitis B virus in non-A non-B hepatitis].", "content": "Hepatitis B virus-like particles (including DANE particles) with DNA polymerase activity but negative for HBs Ag have been identified in NON-A, NON-B hepatitis sera positive for HC Ag. Although specifically associated with the particles, HC Ag is not a surface antigen of the hepatitis C virus identified here for the first time. The relationship of this agent with HBV seems obvious, and deserves further study.", "contents": "[Identification of a virus similar to hepatitis B virus in non-A non-B hepatitis]. Hepatitis B virus-like particles (including DANE particles) with DNA polymerase activity but negative for HBs Ag have been identified in NON-A, NON-B hepatitis sera positive for HC Ag. Although specifically associated with the particles, HC Ag is not a surface antigen of the hepatitis C virus identified here for the first time. The relationship of this agent with HBV seems obvious, and deserves further study.", "PMID": 120782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14395", "title": "[Importance of respiratory route in experimental salmonellosis in Balb/c mice].", "content": "Infection of Mice with S. typhimurium, was conducted by respiratory, oral and peritoneal routes. The results obtained showed that infection occurred more quickly by i. p. than by other routes. However i. n. inoculation is the more efficient concerning Bacteria concentration per Mousse to obtain the DL 100. A study of Salmonella growth in vivo was conducted in lungs, spleen, liver and blood. The results are discussed in relation to the calf respiratory Salmonellosis actually observed.", "contents": "[Importance of respiratory route in experimental salmonellosis in Balb/c mice]. Infection of Mice with S. typhimurium, was conducted by respiratory, oral and peritoneal routes. The results obtained showed that infection occurred more quickly by i. p. than by other routes. However i. n. inoculation is the more efficient concerning Bacteria concentration per Mousse to obtain the DL 100. A study of Salmonella growth in vivo was conducted in lungs, spleen, liver and blood. The results are discussed in relation to the calf respiratory Salmonellosis actually observed.", "PMID": 120783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14396", "title": "[Diagnosis of the presence of meconium in amniotic fluid by dispersion curves of the longitudinal relaxations of protons].", "content": "Dispersion curves of the longitudinal relaxation T1 of protons in healthy amniotic fluid in a meconium solution are distinct at low Larmor frequencies (V0 less than 100 kHz). We are thus able to distinguish these fluids by T1 measurements in this range.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of the presence of meconium in amniotic fluid by dispersion curves of the longitudinal relaxations of protons]. Dispersion curves of the longitudinal relaxation T1 of protons in healthy amniotic fluid in a meconium solution are distinct at low Larmor frequencies (V0 less than 100 kHz). We are thus able to distinguish these fluids by T1 measurements in this range.", "PMID": 120784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14397", "title": "[Seasonal variations in the sexual activity of the male genet (Genetta genetta L.)].", "content": "The Genet testis shows a spermatogenic activity throughout the year. The plasmatic androgen level presents two periods where the values are higher; one in spring the other in autumn. The spring testosterone rise co\u00efncides with a mating period.", "contents": "[Seasonal variations in the sexual activity of the male genet (Genetta genetta L.)]. The Genet testis shows a spermatogenic activity throughout the year. The plasmatic androgen level presents two periods where the values are higher; one in spring the other in autumn. The spring testosterone rise co\u00efncides with a mating period.", "PMID": 120785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14398", "title": "[Morphological differentiation of neuroblastoma by 1 methyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid (CCA) and some C1 derivatives].", "content": "We describe the induction of neuroblastoma morphological differentiation by 1 methyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid (CCA) and by some C1 derivatives of CCA. This induction proceeds in a medium which allows, in the absence of inducer, a normal growth of neuroblastoma cells and contains 7.5% fetal Calf serum. In order to establish a clear-dose response relationship and to compare the relative potencies of different drugs, the morphological changes were assessed by examining \"long neurite-bearing cells\".", "contents": "[Morphological differentiation of neuroblastoma by 1 methyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid (CCA) and some C1 derivatives]. We describe the induction of neuroblastoma morphological differentiation by 1 methyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid (CCA) and by some C1 derivatives of CCA. This induction proceeds in a medium which allows, in the absence of inducer, a normal growth of neuroblastoma cells and contains 7.5% fetal Calf serum. In order to establish a clear-dose response relationship and to compare the relative potencies of different drugs, the morphological changes were assessed by examining \"long neurite-bearing cells\".", "PMID": 120786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14399", "title": "[Interpretation of the gingival inflammatory infiltrate].", "content": "The investigation of tooth eruption in dermoid cysts of the ovary allows one to observe in the chorion at the level of the epithelial attachment, an anatomical component that seems to correspond to a local system of defense. Up until now this has been considered to be a secondary inflammatory response resulting from the bacterial or mechanical assault. This component is found to form when the tooth erupts and constitutes an important element in the physico-pathogical process and of the immune response of the dental organ.", "contents": "[Interpretation of the gingival inflammatory infiltrate]. The investigation of tooth eruption in dermoid cysts of the ovary allows one to observe in the chorion at the level of the epithelial attachment, an anatomical component that seems to correspond to a local system of defense. Up until now this has been considered to be a secondary inflammatory response resulting from the bacterial or mechanical assault. This component is found to form when the tooth erupts and constitutes an important element in the physico-pathogical process and of the immune response of the dental organ.", "PMID": 120787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14400", "title": "[Phospholipid and fatty acid composition of lamellar bodies isolated from chicken lungs at different stages of development].", "content": "In order to elucidate whether the lamellar body content represents functional surfactant as soon as these bodies appear in lung epithelium during fetal development, lamellar bodies were isolated from lungs of Chicken at various developmental stages. Their content was analyzed and compared to extra-cellular functionnal surfactant. The results show that this content undergoes gradual changes in the phospholipid/protein ratio, as well as in the relative phosphatidylcholine amount. Thus, in the Chicken, nascent lamellar bodies do not represent the final form of extracellular surfactant.", "contents": "[Phospholipid and fatty acid composition of lamellar bodies isolated from chicken lungs at different stages of development]. In order to elucidate whether the lamellar body content represents functional surfactant as soon as these bodies appear in lung epithelium during fetal development, lamellar bodies were isolated from lungs of Chicken at various developmental stages. Their content was analyzed and compared to extra-cellular functionnal surfactant. The results show that this content undergoes gradual changes in the phospholipid/protein ratio, as well as in the relative phosphatidylcholine amount. Thus, in the Chicken, nascent lamellar bodies do not represent the final form of extracellular surfactant.", "PMID": 120788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14401", "title": "[Oculomotor reflex evoked by vibrassae stimulation in the cat].", "content": "The oculomotor effects of vibrissae stimulation have been studied in the \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" non-anaesthetized Cat. Intracellular recording of lateral rectus motoneurones showed an excitatory projection via the ipsilateral infraorbital nerve to these motoneurones. The afferent fibers are type A alpha, recuited with a low threshold (0.2-0.5 mA) and convey information about vibrissae displacement.", "contents": "[Oculomotor reflex evoked by vibrassae stimulation in the cat]. The oculomotor effects of vibrissae stimulation have been studied in the \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" non-anaesthetized Cat. Intracellular recording of lateral rectus motoneurones showed an excitatory projection via the ipsilateral infraorbital nerve to these motoneurones. The afferent fibers are type A alpha, recuited with a low threshold (0.2-0.5 mA) and convey information about vibrissae displacement.", "PMID": 120789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14402", "title": "[Vitamin D and reproduction in Wistar rats].", "content": "Females have received from weaning a semi-synthetic diet  (0,35% Ca; 0,32% P; 0,03% Mg), with or without vitamin D (+/- D). Fertility of these females was not changed. At weaning, the young from mothers--D had lower weight, calcemia and phosphatemia, but the ash content of the femur was the same as for young from mothers + D. Young rats from mothers +/- D were given the diet with or without vitamin D. 19 days after weaning, the diet of the mother (+/- D) appears to be the principal factor for growth, calcemia and the ash content of the femur; the diet of the young (+/- D) produced only slight differences between ash contents.", "contents": "[Vitamin D and reproduction in Wistar rats]. Females have received from weaning a semi-synthetic diet  (0,35% Ca; 0,32% P; 0,03% Mg), with or without vitamin D (+/- D). Fertility of these females was not changed. At weaning, the young from mothers--D had lower weight, calcemia and phosphatemia, but the ash content of the femur was the same as for young from mothers + D. Young rats from mothers +/- D were given the diet with or without vitamin D. 19 days after weaning, the diet of the mother (+/- D) appears to be the principal factor for growth, calcemia and the ash content of the femur; the diet of the young (+/- D) produced only slight differences between ash contents.", "PMID": 120790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14403", "title": "[Radioautographic identification of dopaminergic axons in the rat CNS. In vitro marking with tritiated dopamine or noradenaline].", "content": "A new radioautographic technique for the visualization of central dopaminergic fibers is described. This technique is based upon in vitro uptake of triatiated norepinephrine or tritiated dopamine in the presence of monoamine oxidase inhibitor and specific uptake inhibitor in noradrenergic fibers. After a short step in glutaraldehyde, the use of osmium vapours as a fixative, instead of osmic acid immersion, allows a satisfactory retention of triatiated amines within dopaminergic fibers.", "contents": "[Radioautographic identification of dopaminergic axons in the rat CNS. In vitro marking with tritiated dopamine or noradenaline]. A new radioautographic technique for the visualization of central dopaminergic fibers is described. This technique is based upon in vitro uptake of triatiated norepinephrine or tritiated dopamine in the presence of monoamine oxidase inhibitor and specific uptake inhibitor in noradrenergic fibers. After a short step in glutaraldehyde, the use of osmium vapours as a fixative, instead of osmic acid immersion, allows a satisfactory retention of triatiated amines within dopaminergic fibers.", "PMID": 120791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14404", "title": "[Effect of progesterone on male and female sex behavior induced by steroid hormones in adult ovariectomized ewes].", "content": "Ovariectomized adult Ewes daily treated with I/M injections of testosterone propionate (10 mg/day) or oestradiol benzoate (200 microgram/day) show male-like sexual behaviour and simultaneously a permanent female receptivity. Additional daily treatment with 100 mg of progresterone results in a rapid decrease in male sexual responses both when Ewes are treated with testosterone and with oestradiol. No effect is observed on the female receptivity. Cyproterone acetate (100 mg/day) given to Ewes in addition to daily injection of testosterone propionate (10 mg/day) has effects similar to those of progesterone. These results show that progesterone has antiandrogen and antioestrogen properties and that this hormone administered at high doses is able to inhibit male activity.", "contents": "[Effect of progesterone on male and female sex behavior induced by steroid hormones in adult ovariectomized ewes]. Ovariectomized adult Ewes daily treated with I/M injections of testosterone propionate (10 mg/day) or oestradiol benzoate (200 microgram/day) show male-like sexual behaviour and simultaneously a permanent female receptivity. Additional daily treatment with 100 mg of progresterone results in a rapid decrease in male sexual responses both when Ewes are treated with testosterone and with oestradiol. No effect is observed on the female receptivity. Cyproterone acetate (100 mg/day) given to Ewes in addition to daily injection of testosterone propionate (10 mg/day) has effects similar to those of progesterone. These results show that progesterone has antiandrogen and antioestrogen properties and that this hormone administered at high doses is able to inhibit male activity.", "PMID": 120792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14405", "title": "[Lewis blood group activity in Fasciola hepatica].", "content": "Lewis blood group specificities are detected in the liver Fluke: Fasciola hepatica. Such specificities had never been reported in nature, other than in the human body. The investigation of this phenomenon might contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in parasite-host relationship.", "contents": "[Lewis blood group activity in Fasciola hepatica]. Lewis blood group specificities are detected in the liver Fluke: Fasciola hepatica. Such specificities had never been reported in nature, other than in the human body. The investigation of this phenomenon might contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in parasite-host relationship.", "PMID": 120793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14406", "title": "Providing saline reacting anti-D cell typing reagent.", "content": "Since 1969, when anti-D specific IgG was made available to protect recently delivered D negative women from sensitisation by fetal D positive cells, the supply of saline acting anti-D, suitable for reagent use has diminished. The same immunized male blood donors that provide the anti-D for the production of the specific IgG used for prophylaxis may, when bled up to fourteen days after restimulation, provide a source of saline anti-D suitable for reagent use. The results of such a procedure in 12 donors are described.", "contents": "Providing saline reacting anti-D cell typing reagent. Since 1969, when anti-D specific IgG was made available to protect recently delivered D negative women from sensitisation by fetal D positive cells, the supply of saline acting anti-D, suitable for reagent use has diminished. The same immunized male blood donors that provide the anti-D for the production of the specific IgG used for prophylaxis may, when bled up to fourteen days after restimulation, provide a source of saline anti-D suitable for reagent use. The results of such a procedure in 12 donors are described.", "PMID": 120796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14407", "title": "Growth, plaque assay and immunofluorescent studies on Tataguine virus in cell culture.", "content": "The growth characteristics of Tataguine virus were studied in Cercopithecus monkey kidney (Vero); rhesus monkey kidney (LLC-MK2), baby hamster kidney (BHK-21); porcine kidney (PK-15), mouse fibroblasts (L-929) and Aedes albopictus cell monolayers. The virus replicated without producing any cytopathology in Vero, BHK-21 and Aedes albopictus: but not in the other three cell culture systems. Two or three subsequent serial blind passages in those cultures supporting the growth of the virus did not produce any appreciable increase in virus titre. Immunofluorescent staining of inoculated Vero cells demonstrated the presence of Tataguine virus antigen in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Plaques 1--1.5 mm in diameter were produced only in Vero cell culture. In neutralization tests performed on Tataguine virus, immune mouse and hamster sera, higher antibody titres were obtained by plaque reduction than mouse protection tests.", "contents": "Growth, plaque assay and immunofluorescent studies on Tataguine virus in cell culture. The growth characteristics of Tataguine virus were studied in Cercopithecus monkey kidney (Vero); rhesus monkey kidney (LLC-MK2), baby hamster kidney (BHK-21); porcine kidney (PK-15), mouse fibroblasts (L-929) and Aedes albopictus cell monolayers. The virus replicated without producing any cytopathology in Vero, BHK-21 and Aedes albopictus: but not in the other three cell culture systems. Two or three subsequent serial blind passages in those cultures supporting the growth of the virus did not produce any appreciable increase in virus titre. Immunofluorescent staining of inoculated Vero cells demonstrated the presence of Tataguine virus antigen in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Plaques 1--1.5 mm in diameter were produced only in Vero cell culture. In neutralization tests performed on Tataguine virus, immune mouse and hamster sera, higher antibody titres were obtained by plaque reduction than mouse protection tests.", "PMID": 120801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14408", "title": "Respiratory function of blood of the avians.", "content": "Individual blood samples were collected from wing veins of eight adult pigeons, two adult chickens and four adult geese and were analyzed for oxygen dissociation curves by hemo-scan, an instrument measuring PO2 and O2 saturation simultaneously. The findings agree with the common belief that avian blood in general has a low affinity for oxygen. Blood pH, PCO2, concentration of 2,3-DPG, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, red blood cell, hemoglobin and hematocrit were also determined, the related parameters have been calculated. Normal values of those variables were reported and the possible effects of some of those parameters on oxygen affinity are postulated.", "contents": "Respiratory function of blood of the avians. Individual blood samples were collected from wing veins of eight adult pigeons, two adult chickens and four adult geese and were analyzed for oxygen dissociation curves by hemo-scan, an instrument measuring PO2 and O2 saturation simultaneously. The findings agree with the common belief that avian blood in general has a low affinity for oxygen. Blood pH, PCO2, concentration of 2,3-DPG, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, red blood cell, hemoglobin and hematocrit were also determined, the related parameters have been calculated. Normal values of those variables were reported and the possible effects of some of those parameters on oxygen affinity are postulated.", "PMID": 120802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14409", "title": "Some problems in the bioassay of haematological drugs.", "content": "The principles of biological standardization are well understood and generally accepted. However, discrepancies in potency estimates due to inter-method and inter-laboratory variations in assay hinder general agreement on potency values for certain biological drugs used in treating disorders of haemostatis. While attempts are made to minimize these differences, the magnitude of existing inter-laboratory discrepancies should be acknowledged.", "contents": "Some problems in the bioassay of haematological drugs. The principles of biological standardization are well understood and generally accepted. However, discrepancies in potency estimates due to inter-method and inter-laboratory variations in assay hinder general agreement on potency values for certain biological drugs used in treating disorders of haemostatis. While attempts are made to minimize these differences, the magnitude of existing inter-laboratory discrepancies should be acknowledged.", "PMID": 120812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14410", "title": "Long-term effects of segmental alveolar osteotomy.", "content": "The long-term effects of segmental alveolar osteotomy are reviewed. Thirteen patients attended a follow-up appointment between 5 and 9 years after operation and investigations related to the teeth, their supporting structures and the osteotomy bone cuts. The teeth involved in the osteotomies which gave a vital response after 1 year with ethyl chloride all maintained this response in the long term and about half the number of the teeth not responding at 3 years had recovered this response after 5 years or more. The incidence of periodontal pocketing, non-vital teeth and tooth mobility was low. There was radiographic evidence of the osteotomy bone cuts in more than half of the cases in the long term, although clinically, union had occurred in all cases. The occlusion was stable in all except one class II div. 2 case, which had been treated by lower segmental osteotomy only, where relapse had occurred.", "contents": "Long-term effects of segmental alveolar osteotomy. The long-term effects of segmental alveolar osteotomy are reviewed. Thirteen patients attended a follow-up appointment between 5 and 9 years after operation and investigations related to the teeth, their supporting structures and the osteotomy bone cuts. The teeth involved in the osteotomies which gave a vital response after 1 year with ethyl chloride all maintained this response in the long term and about half the number of the teeth not responding at 3 years had recovered this response after 5 years or more. The incidence of periodontal pocketing, non-vital teeth and tooth mobility was low. There was radiographic evidence of the osteotomy bone cuts in more than half of the cases in the long term, although clinically, union had occurred in all cases. The occlusion was stable in all except one class II div. 2 case, which had been treated by lower segmental osteotomy only, where relapse had occurred.", "PMID": 120855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14411", "title": "Preprosthetic vestibular sulcus extension by the operation of Edlan and Mejchar. A 2-year follow-up study-I.", "content": "Nineteen patients suffering from denture retention problems and/or pain on function due to atrophy of the mandibular alveolar ridge were operated on by the method of EDLAN & MEJCHAR. All patients felt an improvement of denture retention. Three out of seven still had pain on function after the operation. An average of 80% of the surgically created sulcus extension remained after 2 years.", "contents": "Preprosthetic vestibular sulcus extension by the operation of Edlan and Mejchar. A 2-year follow-up study-I. Nineteen patients suffering from denture retention problems and/or pain on function due to atrophy of the mandibular alveolar ridge were operated on by the method of EDLAN & MEJCHAR. All patients felt an improvement of denture retention. Three out of seven still had pain on function after the operation. An average of 80% of the surgically created sulcus extension remained after 2 years.", "PMID": 120856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14412", "title": "Profile changes of bone and soft tissues following vestibular sulcus extension by the operation of Edlan and Mejchar. A 2-year follow-up study-II.", "content": "The progression of alveolar resorption and the alteration of the soft tissue profile of the chin were studied in 15 patients operated on by the vestibular sulcus extension technique of EDLAN & MEJCHAR. Lateral cephalograms and tracings exhibited an apparently accelerated bone resorption of the alveolar crest. Furthermore, a significant reduction of lower lip height and increase of mental soft tissue protrusion have been recorded.", "contents": "Profile changes of bone and soft tissues following vestibular sulcus extension by the operation of Edlan and Mejchar. A 2-year follow-up study-II. The progression of alveolar resorption and the alteration of the soft tissue profile of the chin were studied in 15 patients operated on by the vestibular sulcus extension technique of EDLAN & MEJCHAR. Lateral cephalograms and tracings exhibited an apparently accelerated bone resorption of the alveolar crest. Furthermore, a significant reduction of lower lip height and increase of mental soft tissue protrusion have been recorded.", "PMID": 120857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14413", "title": "Swelling and trismus after third molar removal. A comparison of two techniques.", "content": "The linqual split technique is associated with less external swelling than a method of mandibular third molar removal confined to a buccal approach.", "contents": "Swelling and trismus after third molar removal. A comparison of two techniques. The linqual split technique is associated with less external swelling than a method of mandibular third molar removal confined to a buccal approach.", "PMID": 120858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14414", "title": "Subperiosteal transmucosal porous ceramic/titanium implants. Clinical experience from three cases.", "content": "Porous ceramic (Al2O3) material was used in combination with titanium fixtures as subperiosteal transmucosal implants in three patients at the Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo. Ceramic pieces were furnished with titanium receptacles and matching threaded posts. The implantation approach was based upon two stages, the first for subperiosteal placement of the ceramic onlay segment containing the titanium receptacles, and the second procedure for perforation of the mucosa and insertion of the posts intended for prosthetic use. A healing period of 8 weeks was planned between the two procedures. In one of the patients, however, the implants were removed only a few weeks after placement because of inflammation and soft tissue breakdown over the ceramic material. Reoperation was performed, however, with the same negative results. The other two individuals retained the implants, with uneventful postoperative healing periods. Between 6 and 8 weeks after mucosal perforation and insertion of the titanium posts, however, subjective and objective symptoms of infection were registered in both patients. In addition, one of the cases exhibited dehiscence and exposure of the ceramic. The implants were removed in both individuals.", "contents": "Subperiosteal transmucosal porous ceramic/titanium implants. Clinical experience from three cases. Porous ceramic (Al2O3) material was used in combination with titanium fixtures as subperiosteal transmucosal implants in three patients at the Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo. Ceramic pieces were furnished with titanium receptacles and matching threaded posts. The implantation approach was based upon two stages, the first for subperiosteal placement of the ceramic onlay segment containing the titanium receptacles, and the second procedure for perforation of the mucosa and insertion of the posts intended for prosthetic use. A healing period of 8 weeks was planned between the two procedures. In one of the patients, however, the implants were removed only a few weeks after placement because of inflammation and soft tissue breakdown over the ceramic material. Reoperation was performed, however, with the same negative results. The other two individuals retained the implants, with uneventful postoperative healing periods. Between 6 and 8 weeks after mucosal perforation and insertion of the titanium posts, however, subjective and objective symptoms of infection were registered in both patients. In addition, one of the cases exhibited dehiscence and exposure of the ceramic. The implants were removed in both individuals.", "PMID": 120859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14415", "title": "Penetration resistance of dental injection needles.", "content": "A laboratory test of the sharpness and penetration resistance of different brands of dental needles was undertaken. Both properties are essential when pain during injection is discussed. Using a Strograph in combination with a piece of stretched chamois leather resembling the mucous membrane, graphs were obtained for each needle tested and evaluated with reference to maximum penetration resistance at the actual point of puncture and to the smoothness of the further insertion through the leather. The findings gave a relative characteristic of each product based on a trial of 20 needles selected at random from each batch of 100 needles.", "contents": "Penetration resistance of dental injection needles. A laboratory test of the sharpness and penetration resistance of different brands of dental needles was undertaken. Both properties are essential when pain during injection is discussed. Using a Strograph in combination with a piece of stretched chamois leather resembling the mucous membrane, graphs were obtained for each needle tested and evaluated with reference to maximum penetration resistance at the actual point of puncture and to the smoothness of the further insertion through the leather. The findings gave a relative characteristic of each product based on a trial of 20 needles selected at random from each batch of 100 needles.", "PMID": 120860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14416", "title": "Ameloblastic fibroma.", "content": "Four cases of ameloblastic fibroma appearing in the posterior maxilla and the cupsid area of the mandibula are presented. One of the lesions appeared in the wall of a cyst and another was found in connection with a cyst. The treatment is conservative but the tumor needs close follow up for possible recurrence.", "contents": "Ameloblastic fibroma. Four cases of ameloblastic fibroma appearing in the posterior maxilla and the cupsid area of the mandibula are presented. One of the lesions appeared in the wall of a cyst and another was found in connection with a cyst. The treatment is conservative but the tumor needs close follow up for possible recurrence.", "PMID": 120861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14417", "title": "Incomplete branchial arch syndromes, branchial cleft cyst and vascular hamartoma in a patient with multiple neurofibromatosis.", "content": "A case report with simultaneous occurrence of neurofibromatosis, incomplete branchial arch syndromes, a branchial cleft cyst and a pseudocyst in connection with a vascular hamartoma anterior to the right ear of a 38-year-old woman is presented. A possible common pathogenesis of the vascular hamartoma and the incomplete branchial arch syndromes as well as that of the neurofibromatosis is suggested. The pseudocyst is interpreted as a branchial cleft cyst showing inflammatory changes due to a pharyngitis shortly before the preauricular tumor appeared.", "contents": "Incomplete branchial arch syndromes, branchial cleft cyst and vascular hamartoma in a patient with multiple neurofibromatosis. A case report with simultaneous occurrence of neurofibromatosis, incomplete branchial arch syndromes, a branchial cleft cyst and a pseudocyst in connection with a vascular hamartoma anterior to the right ear of a 38-year-old woman is presented. A possible common pathogenesis of the vascular hamartoma and the incomplete branchial arch syndromes as well as that of the neurofibromatosis is suggested. The pseudocyst is interpreted as a branchial cleft cyst showing inflammatory changes due to a pharyngitis shortly before the preauricular tumor appeared.", "PMID": 120862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14418", "title": "Abnormal root development, probably due to erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome).", "content": "A case report is presented of a patient in whom nearly all teeth of the permanent dentition still present had short roots, while some teeth had never been formed at all. It may be concluded from the typical differences in length between the roots of the various teeth that this condition must be due to complete cessation of the growth of the teeth at the age of 7 or 8 years. Since the patient suffered a fulminant attack of erythema multiforme (STEVENS-JOHNSON syndrome) at this age, and since no other possible explanation of the short roots has been found, it is concluded that this clinical condition may have been the reason for the short root anomaly found. Damage or even destruction of the epithelial root sheath during the disease may be assumed to be the direct cause of the failure of full root development.", "contents": "Abnormal root development, probably due to erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). A case report is presented of a patient in whom nearly all teeth of the permanent dentition still present had short roots, while some teeth had never been formed at all. It may be concluded from the typical differences in length between the roots of the various teeth that this condition must be due to complete cessation of the growth of the teeth at the age of 7 or 8 years. Since the patient suffered a fulminant attack of erythema multiforme (STEVENS-JOHNSON syndrome) at this age, and since no other possible explanation of the short roots has been found, it is concluded that this clinical condition may have been the reason for the short root anomaly found. Damage or even destruction of the epithelial root sheath during the disease may be assumed to be the direct cause of the failure of full root development.", "PMID": 120863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14419", "title": "Benign osteoblastoma of the mandible. A clinical-pathologic review and report of a case.", "content": "Benign osteoblastoma is an uncommon, solitary, osteoid and bone-producing tumor which is characterized by prevalent active osteoblasts and rich vascularized delicate fibrous stroma, previously regarded as malignant. The term benign osteoblastoma was recently proposed by different authors to separate this lesion from other solitary benign bone tumors. It most often involves long bones and vertebral column and other bones, and also occurs in jaw bones. There is a close histopathologic similarity between benign osteoblastoma and osteoid osteoma; consequently, much debate about them exists. Benign osteoblastoma has a good prognosis and is best treated by curettage or conservative surgical excision. Recurrence is rare. Because of its rarity in jaw bones, one case of benign osteoblastoma of the mandible is reported.", "contents": "Benign osteoblastoma of the mandible. A clinical-pathologic review and report of a case. Benign osteoblastoma is an uncommon, solitary, osteoid and bone-producing tumor which is characterized by prevalent active osteoblasts and rich vascularized delicate fibrous stroma, previously regarded as malignant. The term benign osteoblastoma was recently proposed by different authors to separate this lesion from other solitary benign bone tumors. It most often involves long bones and vertebral column and other bones, and also occurs in jaw bones. There is a close histopathologic similarity between benign osteoblastoma and osteoid osteoma; consequently, much debate about them exists. Benign osteoblastoma has a good prognosis and is best treated by curettage or conservative surgical excision. Recurrence is rare. Because of its rarity in jaw bones, one case of benign osteoblastoma of the mandible is reported.", "PMID": 120864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14420", "title": "Immunological features and corticosteroid therapy of midline granuloma.", "content": "This paper presents treatment of midline granuloma with corticosteroids and immunological features of this disease. The cellular immunity state of this patient was examined by counting T cell subpopulation and lymphocyte blastformation index (BI) by phytohemagglutinin at various time intervals during the corticosteroid therapy. Consequently, the percentage of T cells and BI became greatly increased according to the subsiding of the primary lesion, whereas non-T cell production and its function were depressed. In this communication we discuss a possible autoantibody mechanism and impared lymphocyte transformation in midline granuloma.", "contents": "Immunological features and corticosteroid therapy of midline granuloma. This paper presents treatment of midline granuloma with corticosteroids and immunological features of this disease. The cellular immunity state of this patient was examined by counting T cell subpopulation and lymphocyte blastformation index (BI) by phytohemagglutinin at various time intervals during the corticosteroid therapy. Consequently, the percentage of T cells and BI became greatly increased according to the subsiding of the primary lesion, whereas non-T cell production and its function were depressed. In this communication we discuss a possible autoantibody mechanism and impared lymphocyte transformation in midline granuloma.", "PMID": 120865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14421", "title": "Splitting the condyle--a method of removing the condyle in cases of fibrous ankylosis.", "content": "A method used to remove a fibrous ankylosed condyle is discussed. To overcome the complications of the conventional condylectomy, the risk of opening the neurocranium and laceration of the internal maxillary artery, the condyle is split in a latero-medial direction. Four patients have been operated upon successfully.", "contents": "Splitting the condyle--a method of removing the condyle in cases of fibrous ankylosis. A method used to remove a fibrous ankylosed condyle is discussed. To overcome the complications of the conventional condylectomy, the risk of opening the neurocranium and laceration of the internal maxillary artery, the condyle is split in a latero-medial direction. Four patients have been operated upon successfully.", "PMID": 120866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14422", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunological diagnosis of human tularemia.", "content": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied for immunological diagnosis of human tularemia, using lipopolysaccharide from Francisella tularensis as antigen. Sera collected from patients, healthy individuals, and vaccinated volunteers were investigated for antibodies against F. tularensis by ELISA and tube agglutination. In ELISA all sera were titrated with a polyspecific anti-immunoglobulin enzyme conjugate. A limited number of consecutive sera from individual patients were also investigated for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies by means of immunoglobulin class-specific conjugates. On an average ELISA was more than 10-fold as sensitive as tube agglutination. Two weeks after onset of disease, sera from patients had significantly higher titers in ELISA than sera from healthy controls. High titers persisted after more than 2 years. Significant amounts of both IgG and IgM antibodies were present within 1 to 2 weeks after infection. The antibody activity increased during the first month, without any significant change of the relation between IgG and IgM titers. After 2.5 years the IgG/IgM titer ratio of sera from patients was significantly increased. Within 6 weeks after vaccination sera from about half of the vaccinees had significantly elevated titers in ELISA. Titers observed after vaccination were generally lower than those found after infection. An elevated ELISA titer can be of diagnostic importance by the end of the first week of illness. A significant increase of titer in consecutive serum samples indicates a diagnosis of tularemia. Determination of IgG and IgM antibodies may be of value in determing whether a positive titer of a single serum sample is of longstanding or recent origin.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunological diagnosis of human tularemia. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied for immunological diagnosis of human tularemia, using lipopolysaccharide from Francisella tularensis as antigen. Sera collected from patients, healthy individuals, and vaccinated volunteers were investigated for antibodies against F. tularensis by ELISA and tube agglutination. In ELISA all sera were titrated with a polyspecific anti-immunoglobulin enzyme conjugate. A limited number of consecutive sera from individual patients were also investigated for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies by means of immunoglobulin class-specific conjugates. On an average ELISA was more than 10-fold as sensitive as tube agglutination. Two weeks after onset of disease, sera from patients had significantly higher titers in ELISA than sera from healthy controls. High titers persisted after more than 2 years. Significant amounts of both IgG and IgM antibodies were present within 1 to 2 weeks after infection. The antibody activity increased during the first month, without any significant change of the relation between IgG and IgM titers. After 2.5 years the IgG/IgM titer ratio of sera from patients was significantly increased. Within 6 weeks after vaccination sera from about half of the vaccinees had significantly elevated titers in ELISA. Titers observed after vaccination were generally lower than those found after infection. An elevated ELISA titer can be of diagnostic importance by the end of the first week of illness. A significant increase of titer in consecutive serum samples indicates a diagnosis of tularemia. Determination of IgG and IgM antibodies may be of value in determing whether a positive titer of a single serum sample is of longstanding or recent origin.", "PMID": 120873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14423", "title": "Effect of osmotic stabilizers on radiometric detection of cell wall-damaged bacteria.", "content": "The effect of osmotic stabilizers on the 14CO2-dependent radiometric detection of cell wall-damaged Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in BACTEC 14C-labeled blood culture medium. The organisms were previously exposed to cefamandole or carbenicillin at 63 to 80% of the minimum inhibitory concentrations. The addition of 10% sucrose, 2.2% glycerol, and 2.2% ethylene glycol to the medium failed to reduce the time required for detection and diminished the amounts of 14CO2 released by the growing cultures. Viable counts made after 4 to 7 h of incubation showed a decreased culture density in osmotically stabilized media as compared with saline or Ficoll controls. Sucrose and Ficoll had little or no inhibitory effect on 14CO2 evolution by P. aeruginosa. The osmotic stabilizers tested did not seem to improve the survival of the bacterial inoculum and failed to increase the sensitivity of the radiometric system of detection.", "contents": "Effect of osmotic stabilizers on radiometric detection of cell wall-damaged bacteria. The effect of osmotic stabilizers on the 14CO2-dependent radiometric detection of cell wall-damaged Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in BACTEC 14C-labeled blood culture medium. The organisms were previously exposed to cefamandole or carbenicillin at 63 to 80% of the minimum inhibitory concentrations. The addition of 10% sucrose, 2.2% glycerol, and 2.2% ethylene glycol to the medium failed to reduce the time required for detection and diminished the amounts of 14CO2 released by the growing cultures. Viable counts made after 4 to 7 h of incubation showed a decreased culture density in osmotically stabilized media as compared with saline or Ficoll controls. Sucrose and Ficoll had little or no inhibitory effect on 14CO2 evolution by P. aeruginosa. The osmotic stabilizers tested did not seem to improve the survival of the bacterial inoculum and failed to increase the sensitivity of the radiometric system of detection.", "PMID": 120874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14424", "title": "Indirect hemagglutination test for detection of antibody to Rickettsia rickettsii in sera from humans and common laboratory animals.", "content": "Antibody production in humans and three species of laboratory animals infected with Rickettsia rickettsii was determined with the indirect hemagglutination test. Rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice were inoculated with R. rickettsii and bled at intervals. Antibody which agglutinated both fresh and glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep erythrocytes sensitized with antigen prepared either from purified rickettsiae or from infected yolk sacs was found in rabbit sera at all intervals tested (10 to 59 days postinfection). Antibody which agglutinated fresh but not glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes sensitized with either of the above antigens was detected in guinea pig sera obtained 7, 14, and 28 days postinfection. Antibody was found in mice inoculated with 5.6 x 10(6) plaque-forming units of R. rickettsii but not in mice given 5.6 x 10(2) plaque-forming units. Peak indirect hemagglutination titers occurred in nonvaccinated human Rocky Mountain spotted fever patients about 3 weeks after onset of illness, and antibody was still detectable after 1 year. Both human immunoglobulin G and human immunoglobulin M antibodies agglutinated sensitized cells, but immunoglobulin M antibodies apparently were more efficient. The indirect hemagglutination test is useful for the titration of human, rabbit, guinea pig, and mouse antibodies when the appropriate erythrocytes are used.", "contents": "Indirect hemagglutination test for detection of antibody to Rickettsia rickettsii in sera from humans and common laboratory animals. Antibody production in humans and three species of laboratory animals infected with Rickettsia rickettsii was determined with the indirect hemagglutination test. Rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice were inoculated with R. rickettsii and bled at intervals. Antibody which agglutinated both fresh and glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep erythrocytes sensitized with antigen prepared either from purified rickettsiae or from infected yolk sacs was found in rabbit sera at all intervals tested (10 to 59 days postinfection). Antibody which agglutinated fresh but not glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes sensitized with either of the above antigens was detected in guinea pig sera obtained 7, 14, and 28 days postinfection. Antibody was found in mice inoculated with 5.6 x 10(6) plaque-forming units of R. rickettsii but not in mice given 5.6 x 10(2) plaque-forming units. Peak indirect hemagglutination titers occurred in nonvaccinated human Rocky Mountain spotted fever patients about 3 weeks after onset of illness, and antibody was still detectable after 1 year. Both human immunoglobulin G and human immunoglobulin M antibodies agglutinated sensitized cells, but immunoglobulin M antibodies apparently were more efficient. The indirect hemagglutination test is useful for the titration of human, rabbit, guinea pig, and mouse antibodies when the appropriate erythrocytes are used.", "PMID": 120875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14425", "title": "Adaptation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to the avian system.", "content": "A microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect chicken anti-rovirus antibodies. Studies of the parameters which affect the outcome of the assay with avian serum revealed two aspects for a successful assay. First, enzyme-antibody conjugates prepared by the periodate oxidation technique were found to have retained far more immunological activity than conjugates produced by a glutaraldehyde cross-linking. Second, the results indicated an unusually high affinity of chicken immunoglobulin for the microplate plastic which was mostly eliminated by a pretreatment technique with fixed fetal calf serum. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared favorably with the latex passive agglutination test, yielding a titration endpoint of 1:511,000, or approximately 1,300 times more sensitive than the latex passive agglutination assay. The assay proved not only to be sensitive to less than 1 ng of specific antibody, but also to have low to moderate variance and high reliability.", "contents": "Adaptation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to the avian system. A microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect chicken anti-rovirus antibodies. Studies of the parameters which affect the outcome of the assay with avian serum revealed two aspects for a successful assay. First, enzyme-antibody conjugates prepared by the periodate oxidation technique were found to have retained far more immunological activity than conjugates produced by a glutaraldehyde cross-linking. Second, the results indicated an unusually high affinity of chicken immunoglobulin for the microplate plastic which was mostly eliminated by a pretreatment technique with fixed fetal calf serum. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared favorably with the latex passive agglutination test, yielding a titration endpoint of 1:511,000, or approximately 1,300 times more sensitive than the latex passive agglutination assay. The assay proved not only to be sensitive to less than 1 ng of specific antibody, but also to have low to moderate variance and high reliability.", "PMID": 120876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14426", "title": "Evaluation of a killed Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine in cynomolgus monkeys.", "content": "A nonhuman primate model of Rocky Mountain spotted fever infection was developed in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) infected by the subcutaneous route or by aerosol. Clinical responses, hematology and serum chemistry values, and pathological findings were similar to those found in humans ill with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The clinical model was then used to test the efficacy of a killed Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine grown in chicken embryo cells. Monkeys were immunized with varying dilutions of the vaccine with a two-dose schedule and then challenged at 2 months with virulent Rickettsia rickettsii by the subcutaneous route or by aerosol. The undiluted vaccine totally protected monkeys against both challenges, even at extremely high doses.", "contents": "Evaluation of a killed Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine in cynomolgus monkeys. A nonhuman primate model of Rocky Mountain spotted fever infection was developed in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) infected by the subcutaneous route or by aerosol. Clinical responses, hematology and serum chemistry values, and pathological findings were similar to those found in humans ill with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The clinical model was then used to test the efficacy of a killed Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine grown in chicken embryo cells. Monkeys were immunized with varying dilutions of the vaccine with a two-dose schedule and then challenged at 2 months with virulent Rickettsia rickettsii by the subcutaneous route or by aerosol. The undiluted vaccine totally protected monkeys against both challenges, even at extremely high doses.", "PMID": 120877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14427", "title": "[The outcome in pregnancies resulting after the induction of ovulation 519 pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "Some geneticists have been against induction of ovulation because there is a greater incidence of chromosome abnormalities in spontaneous abortions that occur after induced pregnancies. We have found the number of early abortions (15.6  p. 100) and of malformed fetuses (4.8 p. 100) is not greater than average when we have studied a personal prospective series of 140 pregnancies and a series of 519 pregnancies collected following an enquiry made among some of our colleagues. The number of late abortions and of premature labours is much higher (3.4 p. 100 and 14.8 p. 100 respectively) and they correspond particularly with the higher incidence of multiple pregnancies (12.3 p. 100) which have been obtained especially after the use of HMG. This has a direct repercussion on perinatal mortality (4.3 p. 100).", "contents": "[The outcome in pregnancies resulting after the induction of ovulation 519 pregnancies (author's transl)]. Some geneticists have been against induction of ovulation because there is a greater incidence of chromosome abnormalities in spontaneous abortions that occur after induced pregnancies. We have found the number of early abortions (15.6  p. 100) and of malformed fetuses (4.8 p. 100) is not greater than average when we have studied a personal prospective series of 140 pregnancies and a series of 519 pregnancies collected following an enquiry made among some of our colleagues. The number of late abortions and of premature labours is much higher (3.4 p. 100 and 14.8 p. 100 respectively) and they correspond particularly with the higher incidence of multiple pregnancies (12.3 p. 100) which have been obtained especially after the use of HMG. This has a direct repercussion on perinatal mortality (4.3 p. 100).", "PMID": 120884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14428", "title": "Ciliate protozoa in the rumen of Brazilian water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus.", "content": "Total numbers and distribution of genera, subgenera and species were determined for the ciliate protozoa in rumen contents of 4 Brazilian water buffalo Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus. The fauna of one animal, housed in close proximity to European and zebu-type cattle, differed considerably from that of the remaining animals, which were somewhat isolated on a large ranch. Several of the protozoan species observed in the semi-isolated animals were first described in rumen contents from humped Indian cattle, and their subsequent occurrence in other hosts and geographic locations has been limited or absent. In all, 49 different species of protozoa were found, 8 of which have not been previously described. Three of the new species belong to the genus Entodinium: E. ciculum sp. n., E. spinonucleatum sp. n. and E. triangulum sp. n.; 4 to Diplodinium (Ostracodinium): D. (O.) brazili sp. n., D. (O.) esalqum sp. n., D. (O.) nucleolobum sp. n., and D. (O.) tiete sp. n.; and one to Diplodinium (Eudiplodinium): D. (E.) bubalus sp. n.", "contents": "Ciliate protozoa in the rumen of Brazilian water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus. Total numbers and distribution of genera, subgenera and species were determined for the ciliate protozoa in rumen contents of 4 Brazilian water buffalo Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus. The fauna of one animal, housed in close proximity to European and zebu-type cattle, differed considerably from that of the remaining animals, which were somewhat isolated on a large ranch. Several of the protozoan species observed in the semi-isolated animals were first described in rumen contents from humped Indian cattle, and their subsequent occurrence in other hosts and geographic locations has been limited or absent. In all, 49 different species of protozoa were found, 8 of which have not been previously described. Three of the new species belong to the genus Entodinium: E. ciculum sp. n., E. spinonucleatum sp. n. and E. triangulum sp. n.; 4 to Diplodinium (Ostracodinium): D. (O.) brazili sp. n., D. (O.) esalqum sp. n., D. (O.) nucleolobum sp. n., and D. (O.) tiete sp. n.; and one to Diplodinium (Eudiplodinium): D. (E.) bubalus sp. n.", "PMID": 120894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14429", "title": "Extrusion of DNA from the macronucleus of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL.", "content": "Administration of the thymidine analog 5-bromodeoxyuridine to exponentially growing cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL in chemically defined medium results in inhibition of cell multiplication by at least one generation before DNA synthesis stops. Cell multiplication can be restored in these cultures, if they are transferred to fresh growth medium, but although most of the cells in the culture contain close to a G2-amount of DNA, a full DNA replication round is a prerequisite for renewed cell multiplication. Large extrusion bodies are found at the first division after transfer to fresh growth medium. Autoradiographic analysis has revealed that the DNA in the extrusion body is a representative of the DNA in the macronucleus indicating a random distribution of DNA between daughter nuclei and extrusion body.", "contents": "Extrusion of DNA from the macronucleus of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL. Administration of the thymidine analog 5-bromodeoxyuridine to exponentially growing cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL in chemically defined medium results in inhibition of cell multiplication by at least one generation before DNA synthesis stops. Cell multiplication can be restored in these cultures, if they are transferred to fresh growth medium, but although most of the cells in the culture contain close to a G2-amount of DNA, a full DNA replication round is a prerequisite for renewed cell multiplication. Large extrusion bodies are found at the first division after transfer to fresh growth medium. Autoradiographic analysis has revealed that the DNA in the extrusion body is a representative of the DNA in the macronucleus indicating a random distribution of DNA between daughter nuclei and extrusion body.", "PMID": 120895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14430", "title": "Synchronization of division in vitamin B12-starved Euglena gracilis.", "content": "Vitamin B12 deficiency arrests cell division in Euglena gracilis. B12 starvation for short periods made it possible to induce synchronous growth by addition of the vitamin. Culture conditions were established to optimize replenishment synchrony. The DNA content of E. gracilis in steady state culture and vitamin B12 deficiency culture was measured by flow cytofluorometry and was consistent with colorimetric determinations. The cell volume and DNA distributions of E. gracilis in synchronous culture were analyzed and the sequential changes during the division cycle were computed. Synchronous culture permits more definitive studies of shifts in cell volume and DNA distributions, in which the biochemical events required for cell division are presumably synchronized.", "contents": "Synchronization of division in vitamin B12-starved Euglena gracilis. Vitamin B12 deficiency arrests cell division in Euglena gracilis. B12 starvation for short periods made it possible to induce synchronous growth by addition of the vitamin. Culture conditions were established to optimize replenishment synchrony. The DNA content of E. gracilis in steady state culture and vitamin B12 deficiency culture was measured by flow cytofluorometry and was consistent with colorimetric determinations. The cell volume and DNA distributions of E. gracilis in synchronous culture were analyzed and the sequential changes during the division cycle were computed. Synchronous culture permits more definitive studies of shifts in cell volume and DNA distributions, in which the biochemical events required for cell division are presumably synchronized.", "PMID": 120896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14431", "title": "Absolute DNA determinations by flow microfluorometry.", "content": "The DNA content of Euglena gracilis and murine leukemic cell line L-1210 were varied by growth under abnormal conditions. DNA measurements by colormetry and by flow microfluorometry were compared and absolute calibration of the flow device was established.", "contents": "Absolute DNA determinations by flow microfluorometry. The DNA content of Euglena gracilis and murine leukemic cell line L-1210 were varied by growth under abnormal conditions. DNA measurements by colormetry and by flow microfluorometry were compared and absolute calibration of the flow device was established.", "PMID": 120897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14432", "title": "Antigenic analysis by direct immunofluorescence of 114 isolates of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi recovered from febrile patients in rural Malaysia.", "content": "One hundred and fourteen Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolates, recovered from febrile patients in central Peninsular Malaysia, were antigenically analyzed by direct immunofluorescence using eight prototype strains. Twenty-nine antigenic types were detected. The TA763, TA716, Karp and TA686 strains were the most common and occurred singly or in combination with each other or other strains in 86% of the isolates.", "contents": "Antigenic analysis by direct immunofluorescence of 114 isolates of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi recovered from febrile patients in rural Malaysia. One hundred and fourteen Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolates, recovered from febrile patients in central Peninsular Malaysia, were antigenically analyzed by direct immunofluorescence using eight prototype strains. Twenty-nine antigenic types were detected. The TA763, TA716, Karp and TA686 strains were the most common and occurred singly or in combination with each other or other strains in 86% of the isolates.", "PMID": 120901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14433", "title": "Comparison of experimental Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections in silvered leaf (Presbytis cristatus) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys.", "content": "Both silvered leaf and cynomolgus monkeys were infected with the Gilliam, Karp and Kato strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. The two species developed similar clinical syndromes, but the antibody responses were greater in cynomolgus monkeys. In both species of monkeys, the Gilliam strain induced more severe clinical manifestations. At 10 months post-infection, silvered leaf monkeys were immune to homologous intradermal (id) challenge. Cynomolgus monkeys, at 15 months post-infection, were relatively resistant to homologous intravenous challenge, but not to a homologous or heterologous id challenge.", "contents": "Comparison of experimental Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections in silvered leaf (Presbytis cristatus) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys. Both silvered leaf and cynomolgus monkeys were infected with the Gilliam, Karp and Kato strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. The two species developed similar clinical syndromes, but the antibody responses were greater in cynomolgus monkeys. In both species of monkeys, the Gilliam strain induced more severe clinical manifestations. At 10 months post-infection, silvered leaf monkeys were immune to homologous intradermal (id) challenge. Cynomolgus monkeys, at 15 months post-infection, were relatively resistant to homologous intravenous challenge, but not to a homologous or heterologous id challenge.", "PMID": 120902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14434", "title": "Effect of vanadate on gill cilia: switching mechanism in ciliary beat.", "content": "Lateral (L) cilia of freshwater mussel (Margaritana margaritifera and Elliptio complanatus) gills can be arrested in one of two unique positions. When treated with 12.5 mM CaCl2 and 10(-5) M A23187 they arrest in a \"hands up\" position, ie, pointing frontally. When treated with approximately 10 mM vanadate (V) they arrest in a \"hands down\" position, ie, pointing abfrontally. L-cilia treated with 12.5 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM NaN3 also arrest in a \"hands down\" position; substitution of 20 mM KCl and 1 mM NaN3 causes cilia to move rapidly and simultaneously to a \"hands up\" position. The observations suggest that there are two switching mechanisms for activation of active sliding in ciliary beat one at the end of the recovery stroke and the other at the end of the effective stroke; the first is inhibited by calcium and the second by vanadate or azide. This is consistent with a model of ciliary beating where microtubule doublet numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 are active during the effective stroke while microtubule doublets numbers 6, 7, 8, and 9 are passive, and the converse occurs during the recovery stroke.", "contents": "Effect of vanadate on gill cilia: switching mechanism in ciliary beat. Lateral (L) cilia of freshwater mussel (Margaritana margaritifera and Elliptio complanatus) gills can be arrested in one of two unique positions. When treated with 12.5 mM CaCl2 and 10(-5) M A23187 they arrest in a \"hands up\" position, ie, pointing frontally. When treated with approximately 10 mM vanadate (V) they arrest in a \"hands down\" position, ie, pointing abfrontally. L-cilia treated with 12.5 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM NaN3 also arrest in a \"hands down\" position; substitution of 20 mM KCl and 1 mM NaN3 causes cilia to move rapidly and simultaneously to a \"hands up\" position. The observations suggest that there are two switching mechanisms for activation of active sliding in ciliary beat one at the end of the recovery stroke and the other at the end of the effective stroke; the first is inhibited by calcium and the second by vanadate or azide. This is consistent with a model of ciliary beating where microtubule doublet numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 are active during the effective stroke while microtubule doublets numbers 6, 7, 8, and 9 are passive, and the converse occurs during the recovery stroke.", "PMID": 120905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14435", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans of the plasma membranes of renal tubule and liver cells.", "content": "Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from plasma membranes of hepatic and renal tubule cells of guinea pig. Plasmalemma of renal tubule cells contained more total glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin-4 sulfates and chondroitin-6 sulfates, and less dermatan sulfates and heparin sulfates than liver plasma membranes. These glycocalyx components, owing to their polyanionic properties, may have a role in the transport of water, ions, and macromolecules across the cell membrane.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans of the plasma membranes of renal tubule and liver cells. Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from plasma membranes of hepatic and renal tubule cells of guinea pig. Plasmalemma of renal tubule cells contained more total glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin-4 sulfates and chondroitin-6 sulfates, and less dermatan sulfates and heparin sulfates than liver plasma membranes. These glycocalyx components, owing to their polyanionic properties, may have a role in the transport of water, ions, and macromolecules across the cell membrane.", "PMID": 120907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14436", "title": "7-Acetylcytochalasin B: differential effects on sugar transport and cell motility.", "content": "Cytochalasin B (CB) is a potent inhibitor of sugar transport and cell motility in animal cells. We have synthesized and characterized the CB derivative 7-acetylcytochalasin B (CBAc) and have found that it has differential effects on transport and motile processes in fibroblasts. The derivative inhibited sugar transport in human red cells, 3T3 cells, and chicken embryo fibroblasts at micromolar concentrations, although it was less potent than its parent compound. Unlike CB, which causes fibroblasts to round up and arborize at less than 10 microM, CBAc had no effect on fibroblast morphology and membrane ruffling at concentrations as high as 90 microM. Competitive binding experiments using [3H] CB showed that the affinity of CBAc for sites related to sugar transport in the red cell membrane is about one-fourth of that of CB. In contrast, similar experiments using [3H] dihydrocytochalasin B (a derivative which inhibits cell motility but not sugar transport) showed that the affinity of CBAc for sites associated with red cell spectrin and actin is only about 1/20 of that of dihydrocytochalasin B. This study demonstrates that acetylation of the C-7 hydroxyl group of CB reduces its effect on cell morphology and motility much more than its ability to inhibit sugar transport. This observation, together with our earlier work with dihydrocytochalasin B, establishes that the pharmacologic effects of CB on fibroblasts result from the binding of the drug to two distinct classes of receptors and that these receptors interact with different parts of the cytochalasin molecule.", "contents": "7-Acetylcytochalasin B: differential effects on sugar transport and cell motility. Cytochalasin B (CB) is a potent inhibitor of sugar transport and cell motility in animal cells. We have synthesized and characterized the CB derivative 7-acetylcytochalasin B (CBAc) and have found that it has differential effects on transport and motile processes in fibroblasts. The derivative inhibited sugar transport in human red cells, 3T3 cells, and chicken embryo fibroblasts at micromolar concentrations, although it was less potent than its parent compound. Unlike CB, which causes fibroblasts to round up and arborize at less than 10 microM, CBAc had no effect on fibroblast morphology and membrane ruffling at concentrations as high as 90 microM. Competitive binding experiments using [3H] CB showed that the affinity of CBAc for sites related to sugar transport in the red cell membrane is about one-fourth of that of CB. In contrast, similar experiments using [3H] dihydrocytochalasin B (a derivative which inhibits cell motility but not sugar transport) showed that the affinity of CBAc for sites associated with red cell spectrin and actin is only about 1/20 of that of dihydrocytochalasin B. This study demonstrates that acetylation of the C-7 hydroxyl group of CB reduces its effect on cell morphology and motility much more than its ability to inhibit sugar transport. This observation, together with our earlier work with dihydrocytochalasin B, establishes that the pharmacologic effects of CB on fibroblasts result from the binding of the drug to two distinct classes of receptors and that these receptors interact with different parts of the cytochalasin molecule.", "PMID": 120908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14437", "title": "Computer-assisted mapping with the light microscope.", "content": "With the system described specific features in a histological section such as neuronal degeneration, specific cell types, or the silver grains of autoradiography can be accurately localized. It is simple to operate, and allows for data storage and retrieval. The system consists of a Zeiss Universal microscope equipped with stepping motor drives on the X and Y axes and interfaced to a PDP-12 computer equipped with a printer/plotter. The user controls the system through a joystick control box and teletype. In spite of magnification changes all points in the field remain constant relative to a point of origin selected at the beginning of the mapping sequence. Therefore, the outline and major features of a section are entered at low magnification while the detail of neuronal degeneration, for example, is added in its precise location at a higher magnification. The plotting of points can be done in either random fashion or in a systemized series of horizontal or vertical scans. A graphic display is available throughout the procedure and all maps are both printed on a Versatec printer/plotter and stored on a disk for future recall and analysis. Use of the system in plotting neuronal degeneration is described.", "contents": "Computer-assisted mapping with the light microscope. With the system described specific features in a histological section such as neuronal degeneration, specific cell types, or the silver grains of autoradiography can be accurately localized. It is simple to operate, and allows for data storage and retrieval. The system consists of a Zeiss Universal microscope equipped with stepping motor drives on the X and Y axes and interfaced to a PDP-12 computer equipped with a printer/plotter. The user controls the system through a joystick control box and teletype. In spite of magnification changes all points in the field remain constant relative to a point of origin selected at the beginning of the mapping sequence. Therefore, the outline and major features of a section are entered at low magnification while the detail of neuronal degeneration, for example, is added in its precise location at a higher magnification. The plotting of points can be done in either random fashion or in a systemized series of horizontal or vertical scans. A graphic display is available throughout the procedure and all maps are both printed on a Versatec printer/plotter and stored on a disk for future recall and analysis. Use of the system in plotting neuronal degeneration is described.", "PMID": 120910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14438", "title": "A method of reversible inactivation of small regions of brain tissue.", "content": "A method is described for reversibly inactivating small, precisely localized regions of brain tissue with injections of nanoliter quantities of the local anesthetic lidocaine hydrochloride. The injections are made through a combined recording-injection probe consisting of a glass micropipette onto whose outer surface is plated a metallic cylinder for recording extracellular action potentials. The recording cylinder for recording extracellular action potentials. The recording cylinder, located a known distance from the pipette tip, picks up a continuous, large-amplitude, multiunit response which can be used to accurately position the tip according to physiological criteria. It also provides a means of determining the duration of the anesthetic block and estimating its spreat. This devise has been used to selectively block 200--400 micrometers regions of individual laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus centered within 50 micrometers of a retinotopically defined target site. The blocks last from 3 to 10 min and can be repeated many times at the same location.", "contents": "A method of reversible inactivation of small regions of brain tissue. A method is described for reversibly inactivating small, precisely localized regions of brain tissue with injections of nanoliter quantities of the local anesthetic lidocaine hydrochloride. The injections are made through a combined recording-injection probe consisting of a glass micropipette onto whose outer surface is plated a metallic cylinder for recording extracellular action potentials. The recording cylinder for recording extracellular action potentials. The recording cylinder, located a known distance from the pipette tip, picks up a continuous, large-amplitude, multiunit response which can be used to accurately position the tip according to physiological criteria. It also provides a means of determining the duration of the anesthetic block and estimating its spreat. This devise has been used to selectively block 200--400 micrometers regions of individual laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus centered within 50 micrometers of a retinotopically defined target site. The blocks last from 3 to 10 min and can be repeated many times at the same location.", "PMID": 120911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14439", "title": "Discrepancies in the extracellular space of sympathetic ganglia measured using different isotopes of mannitol and sucrose.", "content": "The extracellular space of rat superior cervical ganglia in vitro was measured using mannitol and sucrose labelled with tritium and carbon-14. The volumes of distribution of the 3H-labelled derivatives, especially [3H]mannitol, exceeded those of the 14C-derivatives. The divergence increased with increasing lengths of incubation. Thus, after 30 min incubation, 'spaces' (ml . g-1) were: [14Cu]mannitol, 0.407; [3H]mannitol 0.447; [14C]mannitol, 0.458; [3H]mannitol, 0.645; [14C]sucrose, 0.430; [3H]sucrose, 0.497. Using thin layer chromatography, it was shown that an average of 22% of the label in ganglia incubated for 120 min with [3H]mannitol, but only 4% with [14C]mannitol, was not associated with the parent compound. Both [3H]- and [14C]sucrose appeared to be metabolized by 11%. It is concluded that mannitol and sucrose can be metabolized in isolated ganglia and that this may lead to substantial errors in estimating the extracellular space, particularly when [3H]markers are used.", "contents": "Discrepancies in the extracellular space of sympathetic ganglia measured using different isotopes of mannitol and sucrose. The extracellular space of rat superior cervical ganglia in vitro was measured using mannitol and sucrose labelled with tritium and carbon-14. The volumes of distribution of the 3H-labelled derivatives, especially [3H]mannitol, exceeded those of the 14C-derivatives. The divergence increased with increasing lengths of incubation. Thus, after 30 min incubation, 'spaces' (ml . g-1) were: [14Cu]mannitol, 0.407; [3H]mannitol 0.447; [14C]mannitol, 0.458; [3H]mannitol, 0.645; [14C]sucrose, 0.430; [3H]sucrose, 0.497. Using thin layer chromatography, it was shown that an average of 22% of the label in ganglia incubated for 120 min with [3H]mannitol, but only 4% with [14C]mannitol, was not associated with the parent compound. Both [3H]- and [14C]sucrose appeared to be metabolized by 11%. It is concluded that mannitol and sucrose can be metabolized in isolated ganglia and that this may lead to substantial errors in estimating the extracellular space, particularly when [3H]markers are used.", "PMID": 120912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14440", "title": "A dual-purpose device for protecting brain implants of baboons.", "content": "A device is described which is relatively easy to construct and which can be used to protect brain implants affixed to the skull of large primates. The device is essentially a stainless steel ring cemented around the brain implant. A plexiglass dome can then be attached to the ring to protect the implant. Further, a second device can be constructed which attaches to the ring and which provides gentle leverage to the brain implant to remove adhered obturators.", "contents": "A dual-purpose device for protecting brain implants of baboons. A device is described which is relatively easy to construct and which can be used to protect brain implants affixed to the skull of large primates. The device is essentially a stainless steel ring cemented around the brain implant. A plexiglass dome can then be attached to the ring to protect the implant. Further, a second device can be constructed which attaches to the ring and which provides gentle leverage to the brain implant to remove adhered obturators.", "PMID": 120913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14441", "title": "Influence of A-factor on the ultrastructure of the A-factor deficient mutant of Streptomyces griseus.", "content": "The fine structure of the A-factor deficient mutant strain of Streptomyces griseus grown in the absence or in the presence of this factor was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The submerged 96 h culture grown in the presence of the A-factor was characterized by the formation of a large amount of spores accompanied by mycelium disintegration. A number of essential ultrastructural changes were observed in the mycelium in the course of development and streptomycin biosynthesis after the A-factor addition. Thus, the cell wall was transformed in another manner at various developmental stages. For a long time the associated ribosomes were preserved. The number of intracytoplasmic membrane structures increased. New, unusual organelles appeared which consisted of parallel cylindrical structures. The possible nature of these organelles is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of A-factor on the ultrastructure of the A-factor deficient mutant of Streptomyces griseus. The fine structure of the A-factor deficient mutant strain of Streptomyces griseus grown in the absence or in the presence of this factor was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The submerged 96 h culture grown in the presence of the A-factor was characterized by the formation of a large amount of spores accompanied by mycelium disintegration. A number of essential ultrastructural changes were observed in the mycelium in the course of development and streptomycin biosynthesis after the A-factor addition. Thus, the cell wall was transformed in another manner at various developmental stages. For a long time the associated ribosomes were preserved. The number of intracytoplasmic membrane structures increased. New, unusual organelles appeared which consisted of parallel cylindrical structures. The possible nature of these organelles is discussed.", "PMID": 120922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14442", "title": "Serological properties of cellular and extracellular glycerol teichoic acid antigens of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Cell-free supernatant of Streptococcus mutans cultures was concentrated by 50% ammonium sulphate precipitation to 1/50 of the original culture volume. Most extracellular glucosyltransferase activity was detected in the supernatant. Furthermore, the supernatant reacted with serotype specific antiserum, showing immunological identities with the serotype specific polysaccharide antigen obtained from whole cells by hot saline or NaOH extraction in double diffusion tests. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis also revealed that the supernatant antigen possessed significant quantities of lipid-bound and free glycerol teichoic acid antigens. The lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was obtained from whole cells by phenol-water extraction. The lipid-teichoic acid linkage was easily split by mild acid or alkaline hydrolysis. The supernatant and phenol antigens spontaneously sensitized sheep red blood cells. These antigens were adsorbed to hydroxyapatite powder. The extracellular LTA and glucosyltransferase were found to be closely associated and difficult to separate chromatographically. In vivo significance of these properties of LTA and GTase is discussed in terms of the ecology of S. mutans and other oral streptococci.", "contents": "Serological properties of cellular and extracellular glycerol teichoic acid antigens of Streptococcus mutans. Cell-free supernatant of Streptococcus mutans cultures was concentrated by 50% ammonium sulphate precipitation to 1/50 of the original culture volume. Most extracellular glucosyltransferase activity was detected in the supernatant. Furthermore, the supernatant reacted with serotype specific antiserum, showing immunological identities with the serotype specific polysaccharide antigen obtained from whole cells by hot saline or NaOH extraction in double diffusion tests. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis also revealed that the supernatant antigen possessed significant quantities of lipid-bound and free glycerol teichoic acid antigens. The lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was obtained from whole cells by phenol-water extraction. The lipid-teichoic acid linkage was easily split by mild acid or alkaline hydrolysis. The supernatant and phenol antigens spontaneously sensitized sheep red blood cells. These antigens were adsorbed to hydroxyapatite powder. The extracellular LTA and glucosyltransferase were found to be closely associated and difficult to separate chromatographically. In vivo significance of these properties of LTA and GTase is discussed in terms of the ecology of S. mutans and other oral streptococci.", "PMID": 120923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14443", "title": "Effect of ions on the activity of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase from Plectonema boryanum.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase extracted from P. boryanum with lysozyme or polymyxin B treatment was used in a comparative study of cell bound and cell free enzyme. The effects of various ions on enzyme activity were tested. Calcium was found to enhance activity to the greatest degree stimulating the cell bound alkaline phosphatase 100% and cell free enzyme four-fold. Magnesium and potassium also stimulated the activity of cell bound and cell free enzyme. Other ions were found to be inhibitory to varying degrees.", "contents": "Effect of ions on the activity of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase from Plectonema boryanum. Alkaline phosphatase extracted from P. boryanum with lysozyme or polymyxin B treatment was used in a comparative study of cell bound and cell free enzyme. The effects of various ions on enzyme activity were tested. Calcium was found to enhance activity to the greatest degree stimulating the cell bound alkaline phosphatase 100% and cell free enzyme four-fold. Magnesium and potassium also stimulated the activity of cell bound and cell free enzyme. Other ions were found to be inhibitory to varying degrees.", "PMID": 120924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14444", "title": "Effects of microwaves on organisms. Ptychodiscus brevis--Gomphosphaeria aponina interactions.", "content": "The two referenced organisms have been subjected to microwave irradiation (2,450 MHz CW). Initial experiments indicated no statistically significant loss of cell numbers as a result of simple temperature rise (6 degrees C) or experimental manipulation. Cell survival for P. brevis one week after irradiation was related to total energy absorbed, not power level used. Over a 48 h period, a first-order decrease in cell numbers was observed. All cells were destroyed at a threshold level of 0.1 kJ/cm3. In contrast, the blue-green alga G. aponina in log phase of growth showed no loss of cells. In the presence of G. aponina, P. brevis suffered cell lysis, though G. aponina thrived. Irradiation of the mixed cultures appeared to enhance the lysis effect.", "contents": "Effects of microwaves on organisms. Ptychodiscus brevis--Gomphosphaeria aponina interactions. The two referenced organisms have been subjected to microwave irradiation (2,450 MHz CW). Initial experiments indicated no statistically significant loss of cell numbers as a result of simple temperature rise (6 degrees C) or experimental manipulation. Cell survival for P. brevis one week after irradiation was related to total energy absorbed, not power level used. Over a 48 h period, a first-order decrease in cell numbers was observed. All cells were destroyed at a threshold level of 0.1 kJ/cm3. In contrast, the blue-green alga G. aponina in log phase of growth showed no loss of cells. In the presence of G. aponina, P. brevis suffered cell lysis, though G. aponina thrived. Irradiation of the mixed cultures appeared to enhance the lysis effect.", "PMID": 120925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14445", "title": "Salmonella choleraesuis proteins and their relation to proteins from bacteria of heterologous sero-groups.", "content": "A diversity of proteins was identified in the material isolated from S. choleraesuis with the help of sera prepared in rabbits with this material. The sera displayed, in agar-gel diffusions, numerous superimposed precipitation lines against proteins from: Salmonellae, Shigellae and E. coli. In contrast to proteins from S. paratyphi C, sharing identical identical 'O' 'factors, the serological activity of the S. choleraesuis proteins was impaired by heating. The immunochemical analysis of the sera before and after exhaustive absorptions with heterologous proteins exhibited a stronger relation of S. choleraesuis with S. thyphimiurium and S. Newport than with S. paratyphi C. The antibodies induced against free proteins with S. paratyphi C specificity, present in the mosaic of proteins isolated from S. choleraesuis, were removed by the respective absorption without substantial modifications of the homologous precipitation. In contrast, the absorption of the serum with proteins from either S. newport or S. typhimurium removed almost all the homologous induced antibodies. The strong relations found among species belonging to different serogroups underline the non-conformity of the empirical established serofactors.", "contents": "Salmonella choleraesuis proteins and their relation to proteins from bacteria of heterologous sero-groups. A diversity of proteins was identified in the material isolated from S. choleraesuis with the help of sera prepared in rabbits with this material. The sera displayed, in agar-gel diffusions, numerous superimposed precipitation lines against proteins from: Salmonellae, Shigellae and E. coli. In contrast to proteins from S. paratyphi C, sharing identical identical 'O' 'factors, the serological activity of the S. choleraesuis proteins was impaired by heating. The immunochemical analysis of the sera before and after exhaustive absorptions with heterologous proteins exhibited a stronger relation of S. choleraesuis with S. thyphimiurium and S. Newport than with S. paratyphi C. The antibodies induced against free proteins with S. paratyphi C specificity, present in the mosaic of proteins isolated from S. choleraesuis, were removed by the respective absorption without substantial modifications of the homologous precipitation. In contrast, the absorption of the serum with proteins from either S. newport or S. typhimurium removed almost all the homologous induced antibodies. The strong relations found among species belonging to different serogroups underline the non-conformity of the empirical established serofactors.", "PMID": 120926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14446", "title": "Interaction of the mannosephilic lectins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with luminous species of marine enterobacteria.", "content": "The marine bacteria Beneckea harveyi and Photobacterium leiognathi were shown to bear mannose-containing binding sites for the mannosephilic lectins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and concanavalin A (Con A). The interaction between the lectins and the marine bacteria was demonstrated by the bacteriagglutination test, by adsorption of the lectins onto the bacteria and by mannose-specific peroxidase-binding to the lectin-coated bacteria. Treatment of the bacteria with formaldehyde, phenol, ethanol or boiling them for 15 min, did not alter their ability to adsorb the lectins. The growth rate of the marine bacteria was unaffected when either the Pseudomonas lectins or Con A was added to the culture medium.", "contents": "Interaction of the mannosephilic lectins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with luminous species of marine enterobacteria. The marine bacteria Beneckea harveyi and Photobacterium leiognathi were shown to bear mannose-containing binding sites for the mannosephilic lectins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and concanavalin A (Con A). The interaction between the lectins and the marine bacteria was demonstrated by the bacteriagglutination test, by adsorption of the lectins onto the bacteria and by mannose-specific peroxidase-binding to the lectin-coated bacteria. Treatment of the bacteria with formaldehyde, phenol, ethanol or boiling them for 15 min, did not alter their ability to adsorb the lectins. The growth rate of the marine bacteria was unaffected when either the Pseudomonas lectins or Con A was added to the culture medium.", "PMID": 120927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14447", "title": "Effect of varying concentrations of EDTA on the antimicrobial properties of cutting fluid preservatives.", "content": "The potentiating effects of EDTA and its disodium, trisodium and tetrasodium salts were studied in combination with several cutting fluid preservatives. It was found that a ratio of 1 part preservative to 2 to 4 parts chelating agent produced marked increases in antimicrobial action.", "contents": "Effect of varying concentrations of EDTA on the antimicrobial properties of cutting fluid preservatives. The potentiating effects of EDTA and its disodium, trisodium and tetrasodium salts were studied in combination with several cutting fluid preservatives. It was found that a ratio of 1 part preservative to 2 to 4 parts chelating agent produced marked increases in antimicrobial action.", "PMID": 120928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14448", "title": "Influence of potassium chloride upon the binding and antibacterial activity of chlorhesidine diacetate and (ethoxy)5 octyl phenol (Triton X45) towards Bacillus megaterium KM-.", "content": "Chlorhexidine (0.5-0.65 microM) and Triton X45 (30-40 microM) added to exponential phase Bacillus megaterium KM- cultures was growth inhibitory. The presence of KCl (0.05-0.35 M) in the medium did not significantly affect growth rate in the absence of drug, yet reduced the growth inhibitory activity of the chlorhexidine and enhanced that of Triton X45. These effects were maximal at KCl concentrations of 0.2 M and above, when complete protection towards chlorhexidine and lysis of the cultures in the presence of Triton X45 were observed. Time-survivor curves in the presence of chlorhexidine (0.7-1.0 microM) gave LT90 values of 1.5-2.0 h in the absence of KCl, yet its inclusion (0.35 M) totally inhibited this low level bactericidal activity. Drug absorption by whole cell and isolated cell wall preparations was determined in the presence and absence of KCl (0.35 M). Chlorhexidine uptake by intact cells was reduced by approximately 50% in the presence of salt whereas that of Triton X45 increased by a similar fraction. Uptake of chlorhexidine by the cell wall fraction accounted for approximately 50% of that for the whole cells and was relatively unaffected by the presence of KCl. Conversely, absorption of Triton X45 by the cell wall fraction accounted for most of the uptake by whole cells and increased markedly in the presence of salts.", "contents": "Influence of potassium chloride upon the binding and antibacterial activity of chlorhesidine diacetate and (ethoxy)5 octyl phenol (Triton X45) towards Bacillus megaterium KM-. Chlorhexidine (0.5-0.65 microM) and Triton X45 (30-40 microM) added to exponential phase Bacillus megaterium KM- cultures was growth inhibitory. The presence of KCl (0.05-0.35 M) in the medium did not significantly affect growth rate in the absence of drug, yet reduced the growth inhibitory activity of the chlorhexidine and enhanced that of Triton X45. These effects were maximal at KCl concentrations of 0.2 M and above, when complete protection towards chlorhexidine and lysis of the cultures in the presence of Triton X45 were observed. Time-survivor curves in the presence of chlorhexidine (0.7-1.0 microM) gave LT90 values of 1.5-2.0 h in the absence of KCl, yet its inclusion (0.35 M) totally inhibited this low level bactericidal activity. Drug absorption by whole cell and isolated cell wall preparations was determined in the presence and absence of KCl (0.35 M). Chlorhexidine uptake by intact cells was reduced by approximately 50% in the presence of salt whereas that of Triton X45 increased by a similar fraction. Uptake of chlorhexidine by the cell wall fraction accounted for approximately 50% of that for the whole cells and was relatively unaffected by the presence of KCl. Conversely, absorption of Triton X45 by the cell wall fraction accounted for most of the uptake by whole cells and increased markedly in the presence of salts.", "PMID": 120929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14449", "title": "Variations in attachment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to vaginal epithelial cells during the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy.", "content": "An in vitro system was used to study the ability of virulent gonococci to adhere to vaginal epithelial cells obtained from healthy donors during the pre- and postmenstrual phases, and from those in early pregnancy. It was found that more gonococci adhered to the cells from donors in the postmenstrual phase than to cells from those in the premenstrual one. This difference was statistically highly significant. The attachment rate of gonococci to vaginal epithelial cells was similar in early pregnancy and in the premenstrual phase.", "contents": "Variations in attachment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to vaginal epithelial cells during the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy. An in vitro system was used to study the ability of virulent gonococci to adhere to vaginal epithelial cells obtained from healthy donors during the pre- and postmenstrual phases, and from those in early pregnancy. It was found that more gonococci adhered to the cells from donors in the postmenstrual phase than to cells from those in the premenstrual one. This difference was statistically highly significant. The attachment rate of gonococci to vaginal epithelial cells was similar in early pregnancy and in the premenstrual phase.", "PMID": 120931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14450", "title": "[Studies on tissue affinity of serogroups of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)].", "content": "The distributions of serogroups of 316 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from respiratory secretions (134), urines (105) and wound secretions (77) of patients in various hospitals show significant accumulations of 0-groups 1 (wound secretions), 4 and 5 (respiratory secretions). The statistical prevalence of these serogroups is due to their overproportional frequency in specimens from particular hospitals and, therefore, caused by local epidemiologic situations. There is no evidence that P. aeruginosa strains with certain 0 antigens have a special affinity to wounds, the respiratory, or the urinary tract.", "contents": "[Studies on tissue affinity of serogroups of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)]. The distributions of serogroups of 316 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from respiratory secretions (134), urines (105) and wound secretions (77) of patients in various hospitals show significant accumulations of 0-groups 1 (wound secretions), 4 and 5 (respiratory secretions). The statistical prevalence of these serogroups is due to their overproportional frequency in specimens from particular hospitals and, therefore, caused by local epidemiologic situations. There is no evidence that P. aeruginosa strains with certain 0 antigens have a special affinity to wounds, the respiratory, or the urinary tract.", "PMID": 120932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14451", "title": "Properties of [3H]taurine release from crude synaptosomal fractions of rat cerebral cortex.", "content": "The release of previously accumulated [3H]taurine and [14C]GABA from crude synaptosomal (P2) fractions isolated from rat cerebral cortex was studied using a superfusion system. The spontaneous efflux of [3H]taurine and [14C]GABA was stimulated by elevated concentrations of K+ (15--133 mM) in a concentration-dependent manner. This K+-stimulated relase of [14C]Gaba but not of [3H]taurine was enhanced in the presence of Ca2+. However, addition of 3 mM Ca2+ to the superfusion medium in the presence of the ionophore A 23187 resulted in a stimulation of the release of both [3H]taurine and [14C]GABA. These results are discussed in connection with the cellular localization of taurine in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Properties of [3H]taurine release from crude synaptosomal fractions of rat cerebral cortex. The release of previously accumulated [3H]taurine and [14C]GABA from crude synaptosomal (P2) fractions isolated from rat cerebral cortex was studied using a superfusion system. The spontaneous efflux of [3H]taurine and [14C]GABA was stimulated by elevated concentrations of K+ (15--133 mM) in a concentration-dependent manner. This K+-stimulated relase of [14C]Gaba but not of [3H]taurine was enhanced in the presence of Ca2+. However, addition of 3 mM Ca2+ to the superfusion medium in the presence of the ionophore A 23187 resulted in a stimulation of the release of both [3H]taurine and [14C]GABA. These results are discussed in connection with the cellular localization of taurine in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 120936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14452", "title": "Myosin autoantibodies reacting with selective muscle fiber types.", "content": "Myosin in striated muscle exists in at least two immunologically distinct forms. Human autoantibodies specific for either form show selective muscle fiber reactivity. One group of antibodies reacts with type 2b (white) muscle fibers, the other with type 2a (red) and type 1 (intermediate) fibers. All of these antibodies react with the A band of glycerinated myofibrils. Both groups of antibodies react with cardiac muscle. Muscle-fiber-specific antibodies are detected in approximately 1% of sera submitted for diagnostic screening. Sera from eight patients were studied further. The two patients with antibodies against type 2b (white) muscle myosin had rheumatoid arthritis. The six patients with antibodies against type 2a (red) and type 1 (intermediate) myosin had clinical features which included various autoimmune and infectious disorders.", "contents": "Myosin autoantibodies reacting with selective muscle fiber types. Myosin in striated muscle exists in at least two immunologically distinct forms. Human autoantibodies specific for either form show selective muscle fiber reactivity. One group of antibodies reacts with type 2b (white) muscle fibers, the other with type 2a (red) and type 1 (intermediate) fibers. All of these antibodies react with the A band of glycerinated myofibrils. Both groups of antibodies react with cardiac muscle. Muscle-fiber-specific antibodies are detected in approximately 1% of sera submitted for diagnostic screening. Sera from eight patients were studied further. The two patients with antibodies against type 2b (white) muscle myosin had rheumatoid arthritis. The six patients with antibodies against type 2a (red) and type 1 (intermediate) myosin had clinical features which included various autoimmune and infectious disorders.", "PMID": 120934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14453", "title": "The occurrence of new retinoblastomas after treatment.", "content": "New separate tumors have developed in 11% of eyes containing retinoblastoma treated primarily with external beam radiation. The tumors were primarily found in the inferior retinal periphery and averaged 1.5 disc diameters in size. All of the tumors were controlled, with photocoagulation and cryopexy being the most frequently used treatments.", "contents": "The occurrence of new retinoblastomas after treatment. New separate tumors have developed in 11% of eyes containing retinoblastoma treated primarily with external beam radiation. The tumors were primarily found in the inferior retinal periphery and averaged 1.5 disc diameters in size. All of the tumors were controlled, with photocoagulation and cryopexy being the most frequently used treatments.", "PMID": 120939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14454", "title": "Neuroanastomosis of orthotopically transplanted palmaris longus muscles.", "content": "Palmaris longus (PML) muscles of rhesus monkeys were transplanted, with or without anastomosis of the median nerve, to the nerve stump of the autograft. Because PML autografts revascularize spontaneously, vascular anastomoses were not performed. Muscle fibers regenerated in all autografts with neuroanastomosis, but in only three of eight autografts without neuroanastomosis. Five autografts without neuroanastomosis were replaced by noncontractile connective tissue. Growth and differentiation of muscle fibers into three fiber types and development of capillarity were analyzed histochemically, and succinate oxidase activity of whole-muscle homogenates was determined. None of these measures reached values for control PML muscles within 100 days of transplantation. In comparison to control muscles, autografts had slower times to peak tension and less absolute tension, but similar tension per square centimeter of muscle fiber cross-sectional area. Monkey PML autografts with neuroanastomosis were similar in structure and function to cat extensor digitorum longus autografts that had not had neuroanastomosis.", "contents": "Neuroanastomosis of orthotopically transplanted palmaris longus muscles. Palmaris longus (PML) muscles of rhesus monkeys were transplanted, with or without anastomosis of the median nerve, to the nerve stump of the autograft. Because PML autografts revascularize spontaneously, vascular anastomoses were not performed. Muscle fibers regenerated in all autografts with neuroanastomosis, but in only three of eight autografts without neuroanastomosis. Five autografts without neuroanastomosis were replaced by noncontractile connective tissue. Growth and differentiation of muscle fibers into three fiber types and development of capillarity were analyzed histochemically, and succinate oxidase activity of whole-muscle homogenates was determined. None of these measures reached values for control PML muscles within 100 days of transplantation. In comparison to control muscles, autografts had slower times to peak tension and less absolute tension, but similar tension per square centimeter of muscle fiber cross-sectional area. Monkey PML autografts with neuroanastomosis were similar in structure and function to cat extensor digitorum longus autografts that had not had neuroanastomosis.", "PMID": 120935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14455", "title": "[Demonstration of a serum and liver antigen in acute or chronic non A-non B viral hepatitis].", "content": "A new precipitating antigen-antibody system possibly was demonstrated by immuno-diffusion in the serum of patients suffering from non A-non B hepatitis. The antigen appears during the first four weeks of transaminases elevation. In acute cases was transient antigenemia (average 3 weeks). Antibodies appeared rapidly after the disappearance of antigen. The same antigen was also detected, by immunodiffusion and by immunofluorescence, in the liver nuclei of infected hepatocytes. This antigen specific appears for non A-non B hepatitis since it is neither found in the serum of normal subjects nor in that of patients with cirrhosis toxic or viral that hepatitis A or B. The hypothesis of a virus associated antigen is the most likely explanation.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a serum and liver antigen in acute or chronic non A-non B viral hepatitis]. A new precipitating antigen-antibody system possibly was demonstrated by immuno-diffusion in the serum of patients suffering from non A-non B hepatitis. The antigen appears during the first four weeks of transaminases elevation. In acute cases was transient antigenemia (average 3 weeks). Antibodies appeared rapidly after the disappearance of antigen. The same antigen was also detected, by immunodiffusion and by immunofluorescence, in the liver nuclei of infected hepatocytes. This antigen specific appears for non A-non B hepatitis since it is neither found in the serum of normal subjects nor in that of patients with cirrhosis toxic or viral that hepatitis A or B. The hypothesis of a virus associated antigen is the most likely explanation.", "PMID": 120941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14456", "title": "[Economic aspects of varices surgery. A plea for ambulatory treatment].", "content": "Health expenses have increased in recent years in the majority of western countries. The treatment of varicose veins of the lower limbs occupies an important position from the budgetary point of view, and the duration of hospitalisation is clearly a determining factor. Apart from other methods currently being investigated--Dextran, intermittent pneumatic compression, anti-aggregants--low dose heparin therapy appears to be 80% effective in the prevention of post-operative thromboembolic complications. In the same way local complications after varicose surgery--haematomas, lymphoedema--have disappeared, as a result of progress in surgical technique (fine, atraumatic dissection, rigorous haemostasis) and improvement in methods of bandaging. In the light of our last fifty ligations and stripping of the internal saphenous vein, notably without thromboembolic complications, it seems reasonable to consider short hospital stays, of three days, with the exception of \"high risk\" patients. \"Out-patient\" treatment (24 hours) can be considered for patients who are \"active and motivated\".", "contents": "[Economic aspects of varices surgery. A plea for ambulatory treatment]. Health expenses have increased in recent years in the majority of western countries. The treatment of varicose veins of the lower limbs occupies an important position from the budgetary point of view, and the duration of hospitalisation is clearly a determining factor. Apart from other methods currently being investigated--Dextran, intermittent pneumatic compression, anti-aggregants--low dose heparin therapy appears to be 80% effective in the prevention of post-operative thromboembolic complications. In the same way local complications after varicose surgery--haematomas, lymphoedema--have disappeared, as a result of progress in surgical technique (fine, atraumatic dissection, rigorous haemostasis) and improvement in methods of bandaging. In the light of our last fifty ligations and stripping of the internal saphenous vein, notably without thromboembolic complications, it seems reasonable to consider short hospital stays, of three days, with the exception of \"high risk\" patients. \"Out-patient\" treatment (24 hours) can be considered for patients who are \"active and motivated\".", "PMID": 120944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14457", "title": "[Results of personal experience in the long-term treatment of chronic lymphatic edema].", "content": "The author sets out his comments on the satisfactory results obtained in the treatment of lymphatic oedema of the lower limbs. He puts much stress on the need always to undertake these treatments, which even when instituted late, bring about a definite improvement. Long term surveillance is absolutely indispensable.", "contents": "[Results of personal experience in the long-term treatment of chronic lymphatic edema]. The author sets out his comments on the satisfactory results obtained in the treatment of lymphatic oedema of the lower limbs. He puts much stress on the need always to undertake these treatments, which even when instituted late, bring about a definite improvement. Long term surveillance is absolutely indispensable.", "PMID": 120946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14458", "title": "[Critical study of the therapeutic effects of phlebotropic drugs on chronic venous insufficiency].", "content": "The authors describe two types of test. Their aim was to verify the therapeutic potency of drugs used in the treatment of chronic venous disorders. The tests were carried out using both a single prescription and using successive prescriptions. The results showed that with strict clinical surveillance, phlebotropic drugs had definite therapeutic effects both on the subjective disturbances and on certain objective parameters.", "contents": "[Critical study of the therapeutic effects of phlebotropic drugs on chronic venous insufficiency]. The authors describe two types of test. Their aim was to verify the therapeutic potency of drugs used in the treatment of chronic venous disorders. The tests were carried out using both a single prescription and using successive prescriptions. The results showed that with strict clinical surveillance, phlebotropic drugs had definite therapeutic effects both on the subjective disturbances and on certain objective parameters.", "PMID": 120945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14459", "title": "Dentin formation in formocresol pulpotomized primary monkey teeth studied by tetracycline and 3H-proline incorporation.", "content": "The influence of formocresol treatment on the pulp tissue of 24 primary monkey teeth was studied using tetracycline and 3H-proline labeling techniques. Six untreated monkey teeth served as controls. The tetracycline labeled teeth were examined between 352 and 600 d, following treatment. The 3H-proline labeled teeth were observed over a period of 22-607 d, the isotope being administered 15 d before extraction. The labeling was evaluated in the coronal, middle and apical area of the roots. Dentin formation as indicated by tetracycline labeling was observed in both control teeth and successfully treated teeth, as well as in some of the unsuccessfully treated teeth. The average dentin formation rate per day varied from 1 micrometer in the control teeth to 0.14 micrometer in the pulpotomized teeth (P less than 0.01). Success of treatment was of significant importance for the amount of dentin formation (P less than 0.001). Labeling with 3H-proline, indicating collagen synthesis, could be observed in the pulp and predentin of the majority of areas judged to be normal, degenerated or inflamed. Labeling was not observed in fixed or necrotic tissue. In degenerated pulp tissue the proline labeling was clearly reduced. The findings indicate that dentin formation and collagen synthesis may take place in formaldehyde influenced pulp tissue although at a decreased rate.", "contents": "Dentin formation in formocresol pulpotomized primary monkey teeth studied by tetracycline and 3H-proline incorporation. The influence of formocresol treatment on the pulp tissue of 24 primary monkey teeth was studied using tetracycline and 3H-proline labeling techniques. Six untreated monkey teeth served as controls. The tetracycline labeled teeth were examined between 352 and 600 d, following treatment. The 3H-proline labeled teeth were observed over a period of 22-607 d, the isotope being administered 15 d before extraction. The labeling was evaluated in the coronal, middle and apical area of the roots. Dentin formation as indicated by tetracycline labeling was observed in both control teeth and successfully treated teeth, as well as in some of the unsuccessfully treated teeth. The average dentin formation rate per day varied from 1 micrometer in the control teeth to 0.14 micrometer in the pulpotomized teeth (P less than 0.01). Success of treatment was of significant importance for the amount of dentin formation (P less than 0.001). Labeling with 3H-proline, indicating collagen synthesis, could be observed in the pulp and predentin of the majority of areas judged to be normal, degenerated or inflamed. Labeling was not observed in fixed or necrotic tissue. In degenerated pulp tissue the proline labeling was clearly reduced. The findings indicate that dentin formation and collagen synthesis may take place in formaldehyde influenced pulp tissue although at a decreased rate.", "PMID": 120982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14460", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the effect of various cleansing agents on cavity walls in vitro.", "content": "The appearance of prepared cavity walls after treatment with different cavity cleansers and cleaning procedures was studied. Class II and V cavities were prepared on extracted human and monkey teeth and the cavities were exposed to the different agents for 1 min. Where commercial products were used, the manufacturers' directions for use were followed. The cavity walls were examined in the scanning electron microscope and representative photos were taken from dentinal and enamel areas. Only demineralizing solutions producing an etch pattern were able to remove the smeared layer from the cavity walls.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the effect of various cleansing agents on cavity walls in vitro. The appearance of prepared cavity walls after treatment with different cavity cleansers and cleaning procedures was studied. Class II and V cavities were prepared on extracted human and monkey teeth and the cavities were exposed to the different agents for 1 min. Where commercial products were used, the manufacturers' directions for use were followed. The cavity walls were examined in the scanning electron microscope and representative photos were taken from dentinal and enamel areas. Only demineralizing solutions producing an etch pattern were able to remove the smeared layer from the cavity walls.", "PMID": 120983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14461", "title": "Microleakage along composite restorations in human premolars after treatment with different cleansing agents.", "content": "Cavities prepared on extracted human premolars wereeee treated with different cleansing agents and by different procedures. The cavities were filled with a composite restorative material and microleakage was assessed by recording the penetration of basic fuchsin dye. Only acid agents which removed the smeared layer, producing an etch pattern on the enamel cavity walls, were able to prevent microleakage.", "contents": "Microleakage along composite restorations in human premolars after treatment with different cleansing agents. Cavities prepared on extracted human premolars wereeee treated with different cleansing agents and by different procedures. The cavities were filled with a composite restorative material and microleakage was assessed by recording the penetration of basic fuchsin dye. Only acid agents which removed the smeared layer, producing an etch pattern on the enamel cavity walls, were able to prevent microleakage.", "PMID": 120984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14462", "title": "The epidermal melanocyte system in patients with malignant melanoma. Quantitative and qualitative investigation of dopa positive melanocytes.", "content": "The results from this study indicate that in 5 out of 22 patients increased activity of the melanocytes in the vicinity (a few mm to 1 cm) of the tumour is to be found. In 8 out of 22 patients suspect cells were also found a few mm to 1 cm from the tumour; a finding which accounts for the frequent recurrence following close excision of the melanoma. Furthermore, it was ascertained that the total melanocyte population is increased in 14 out of 22 patients. An increased melanocyte population can contain a greater number of instabile cell forms that can easier be malignantly transformed under the influence of external factors.", "contents": "The epidermal melanocyte system in patients with malignant melanoma. Quantitative and qualitative investigation of dopa positive melanocytes. The results from this study indicate that in 5 out of 22 patients increased activity of the melanocytes in the vicinity (a few mm to 1 cm) of the tumour is to be found. In 8 out of 22 patients suspect cells were also found a few mm to 1 cm from the tumour; a finding which accounts for the frequent recurrence following close excision of the melanoma. Furthermore, it was ascertained that the total melanocyte population is increased in 14 out of 22 patients. An increased melanocyte population can contain a greater number of instabile cell forms that can easier be malignantly transformed under the influence of external factors.", "PMID": 120985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14463", "title": "Prolactin secretion and nodular goiter. (Hypothetical correlations).", "content": "In a group of 129 female patients with nodular goiter, Graves' disease and primary hypothyroidism, the PRL and TSH secretions were studied in parallel. Concurrent changes in the two hormones were evident only in conditions of marked hyper- or hypothyroidism. In the patients with non-toxic nodular (single or multiple) goiter the TSH showed low or normal values, while the PRL appeared normal or elevated. From these results two important conclusions can be drawn: 1. the T3 and T4 levels interact with PRL secretion concomitantly with TSH only when they undergo a huge deviation from the normal range; 2. the goitrogenic action of PRL that has been reported in experimental animals cannot be excluded in man.", "contents": "Prolactin secretion and nodular goiter. (Hypothetical correlations). In a group of 129 female patients with nodular goiter, Graves' disease and primary hypothyroidism, the PRL and TSH secretions were studied in parallel. Concurrent changes in the two hormones were evident only in conditions of marked hyper- or hypothyroidism. In the patients with non-toxic nodular (single or multiple) goiter the TSH showed low or normal values, while the PRL appeared normal or elevated. From these results two important conclusions can be drawn: 1. the T3 and T4 levels interact with PRL secretion concomitantly with TSH only when they undergo a huge deviation from the normal range; 2. the goitrogenic action of PRL that has been reported in experimental animals cannot be excluded in man.", "PMID": 120979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14464", "title": "Antibodies to Candida species after operations on the large intestine: observations on the association with oral and faecal yeast colonization.", "content": "The occurrence of agglutinating and precipitating antibodies to Candida species was determined in 50 patients undergoing operations on the large intestine. The number of patients with oral or faecal yeast colonization and the amount of faecal colonization increased during the period after operation. No patient developed overt fungal infection but 15 patients developed precipitins to mannan antigens and 9 patients developed percipitins to cytoplasmic antigens during this period. The association between the formation of precipitins and the extent of faecal colonization is discussed.", "contents": "Antibodies to Candida species after operations on the large intestine: observations on the association with oral and faecal yeast colonization. The occurrence of agglutinating and precipitating antibodies to Candida species was determined in 50 patients undergoing operations on the large intestine. The number of patients with oral or faecal yeast colonization and the amount of faecal colonization increased during the period after operation. No patient developed overt fungal infection but 15 patients developed precipitins to mannan antigens and 9 patients developed percipitins to cytoplasmic antigens during this period. The association between the formation of precipitins and the extent of faecal colonization is discussed.", "PMID": 120986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14465", "title": "Enrichment of human heterokaryons by Ficoll gradient for complementation analysis of iduronate sulfatase deficiency.", "content": "Ficoll gradients have been used to enrich for heterokaryons in cultures of human skin fibroblasts following polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced fusion. These gradients provide a simple and consistent method for obtaining populations of multinucleated cells, at least twofold greater than those resulting from fusion alone. Formation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) heteropolymers has been used as a functional assay for the presence of heterokaryons. Analysis of cell populations enriched for multinucleated cells has revealed complementation leading to iduronate sulfatase activity in heterokaryons derived from iduronate sulfatase-deficient fibroblasts expressing the Hunter and multiple sulfatase-deficiency mutations.", "contents": "Enrichment of human heterokaryons by Ficoll gradient for complementation analysis of iduronate sulfatase deficiency. Ficoll gradients have been used to enrich for heterokaryons in cultures of human skin fibroblasts following polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced fusion. These gradients provide a simple and consistent method for obtaining populations of multinucleated cells, at least twofold greater than those resulting from fusion alone. Formation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) heteropolymers has been used as a functional assay for the presence of heterokaryons. Analysis of cell populations enriched for multinucleated cells has revealed complementation leading to iduronate sulfatase activity in heterokaryons derived from iduronate sulfatase-deficient fibroblasts expressing the Hunter and multiple sulfatase-deficiency mutations.", "PMID": 120987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14466", "title": "A simplified, cost-effective approach to the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.", "content": "Plasma catecholamines have been used for diagnosis and computerized tomography scanning for localization in 21 patients with proved pheochromocytoma. Blood catecholamines were obtained in 20 of the patients and were elevated significantly in every instance. Successful localization of the tumor was accomplished by excretory urography in only 47% of the cases, by selective angiography in 85% and by abdominal computerized tomography scanning in 88%. In 7 patients preoperative identification and localization of the tumor were determined correctly by computerized tomography scanning alone. Data in our series suggest that the diagnosis and localization of pheochromocytoma can be accomplished usually by a simple blood test and body scan. More elaborate and sometimes hazardous studies should be necessary only in exceptional cases, usually with tumors less than 3 cm. in diameter.", "contents": "A simplified, cost-effective approach to the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Plasma catecholamines have been used for diagnosis and computerized tomography scanning for localization in 21 patients with proved pheochromocytoma. Blood catecholamines were obtained in 20 of the patients and were elevated significantly in every instance. Successful localization of the tumor was accomplished by excretory urography in only 47% of the cases, by selective angiography in 85% and by abdominal computerized tomography scanning in 88%. In 7 patients preoperative identification and localization of the tumor were determined correctly by computerized tomography scanning alone. Data in our series suggest that the diagnosis and localization of pheochromocytoma can be accomplished usually by a simple blood test and body scan. More elaborate and sometimes hazardous studies should be necessary only in exceptional cases, usually with tumors less than 3 cm. in diameter.", "PMID": 120992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14467", "title": "An experimental approach to the study of intraocular Toxocara canis.", "content": "An experimental study of nematode endophthalmitis due to T canis and review of the literature has been presented. Six owl monkeys were infected either by nasogastric tube using embryonated T canis eggs or by carotid or intravitreal injection of second stage larvae. The clinical manifestations, especially ocular, were observed and various diagnostic tests performed. Only minimal or no intraocular changes were seen after systemic infection but significant abnormalities such as retinal hemorrhages and venous dilation were noted after intravitreal infection. Motile larvae were observed in the lenses of three eyes and in the vitreous of five eyes and, probably a sixth, after intravitreal injection. The intensity and timing of the intraocular reaction seemed to correlate with the infecting dose and apparent disappearance of larvae from the eye. Pathologic confirmation of larvae in the lens was obtained in one eye. A marked inflammatory reaction occurred in eyes receiving intraocular infection but none was seen in eyes with only systemic infectin. Various laboratory and serologic studies were performed, including the ELISA test, which were used to evaluate systemic as well as intraocular responses to infection with T canis. The two monkeys infected by nasogastric tube gave a positive ELISA response in the serum but intraocular fluids gave a negative response in all monkeys including those infected syst:mically and/or intraocularly. Problems in the understanding of clinical aspects of the disease, laboratory diagnosis and treatment are discussed. The need for future experimental studies is emphasized.", "contents": "An experimental approach to the study of intraocular Toxocara canis. An experimental study of nematode endophthalmitis due to T canis and review of the literature has been presented. Six owl monkeys were infected either by nasogastric tube using embryonated T canis eggs or by carotid or intravitreal injection of second stage larvae. The clinical manifestations, especially ocular, were observed and various diagnostic tests performed. Only minimal or no intraocular changes were seen after systemic infection but significant abnormalities such as retinal hemorrhages and venous dilation were noted after intravitreal infection. Motile larvae were observed in the lenses of three eyes and in the vitreous of five eyes and, probably a sixth, after intravitreal injection. The intensity and timing of the intraocular reaction seemed to correlate with the infecting dose and apparent disappearance of larvae from the eye. Pathologic confirmation of larvae in the lens was obtained in one eye. A marked inflammatory reaction occurred in eyes receiving intraocular infection but none was seen in eyes with only systemic infectin. Various laboratory and serologic studies were performed, including the ELISA test, which were used to evaluate systemic as well as intraocular responses to infection with T canis. The two monkeys infected by nasogastric tube gave a positive ELISA response in the serum but intraocular fluids gave a negative response in all monkeys including those infected syst:mically and/or intraocularly. Problems in the understanding of clinical aspects of the disease, laboratory diagnosis and treatment are discussed. The need for future experimental studies is emphasized.", "PMID": 120993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14468", "title": "[Suitability of chemical neutralizers applied for disinfection control on commercial animal husbandry objects].", "content": "A study on the effect of various neutralizers of the most widely spread means of disinfection applied in animal rearing was made. For that purpose twin lecytine was tested for quadruple ammonium compounds: twin--for phenolic compounds, natrium thiosulfate--for iodoformium and chlor-containing compounds, as well as natrium sulfite--for formalin. As test micro-organisms were used Staph. aureus Sg 511, E. coli 078, and Ps. aeruginosa. The investigations were performed after the suspension method with dilutions in geometrical progressions. It was established that for the disinfection by quadruple ammonium compounds 3% twin-80 plus 0.3% lecytine is suitable as neutralizer. In disinfection with phenolic compounds the 1% twin-80 solution gives good results. As neutralizer of formalin disinfection 2% natrium sulfite solution can be successfully used. For iodoformium disinfection or disinfection with chlor-containing compounds good neutralizing effect can be achieved by 1% solution of natrium thiosulfate.", "contents": "[Suitability of chemical neutralizers applied for disinfection control on commercial animal husbandry objects]. A study on the effect of various neutralizers of the most widely spread means of disinfection applied in animal rearing was made. For that purpose twin lecytine was tested for quadruple ammonium compounds: twin--for phenolic compounds, natrium thiosulfate--for iodoformium and chlor-containing compounds, as well as natrium sulfite--for formalin. As test micro-organisms were used Staph. aureus Sg 511, E. coli 078, and Ps. aeruginosa. The investigations were performed after the suspension method with dilutions in geometrical progressions. It was established that for the disinfection by quadruple ammonium compounds 3% twin-80 plus 0.3% lecytine is suitable as neutralizer. In disinfection with phenolic compounds the 1% twin-80 solution gives good results. As neutralizer of formalin disinfection 2% natrium sulfite solution can be successfully used. For iodoformium disinfection or disinfection with chlor-containing compounds good neutralizing effect can be achieved by 1% solution of natrium thiosulfate.", "PMID": 120995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14469", "title": "[Sporulation of anthrax bacilli].", "content": "Studies on Bac. antharcis sporulation were carried out. By modifying the medium of Kim et al., it was proven that 10 out of the 13 Bac. antharcis strains studied sporulated until the 72d h more than 99%. The remaining 3 strains sporulated more slowly. It was established that the nutrient medium could not ensure optimal sporulation conditions for all strains. The fact that the capsuleless vaccine \"Ihtiman\" sporulates 100% at the 24th to the 48th h is of considerable importance. The cultivation of this strain on synthetic medium does not change its immunogenic properties. No reversion to its primary state of virulence was observed.", "contents": "[Sporulation of anthrax bacilli]. Studies on Bac. antharcis sporulation were carried out. By modifying the medium of Kim et al., it was proven that 10 out of the 13 Bac. antharcis strains studied sporulated until the 72d h more than 99%. The remaining 3 strains sporulated more slowly. It was established that the nutrient medium could not ensure optimal sporulation conditions for all strains. The fact that the capsuleless vaccine \"Ihtiman\" sporulates 100% at the 24th to the 48th h is of considerable importance. The cultivation of this strain on synthetic medium does not change its immunogenic properties. No reversion to its primary state of virulence was observed.", "PMID": 120996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14470", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic and microbiological studies of Pharmachem erythromycin asparate].", "content": "Anti-microbial activity and pharmokinetics of erythromycin aspartate \"Pharmachim\" (EA) in chickens was studied. The investigations included erythromycin thiocyanat (ET) of the company Abbott-USA (the preparation Gallimycin poultry formula). The studies revealed that EA has an effect on Gram-positive microorganisms mainly. It is quickly resorbed by the digestive tract and following the administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight (applied by tube) in doses of 0.14 to 0.8 meg/cm3 it can be detected in the blood serum of chickens after 10 min only have elapsed. Maximal concentrations (from 0.35 to 0.95 meg/cm3) are discovered at about the 30-60th min and after that EA levels are gradually reduced to traces or 0.125 mcg/cm3 by 24th h. Application via drinking water in a dose of 115 mg/l results in EA quantities of 0.11 to 0.2 meg/cm3 detected in the blood during the entire course of treatment with therapeutic water. The use of equal ET doses results in 20 to 39% lower antibiotic levels. The same is true for EA and ET content in organs and tissues. Both preparations are eliminated by the bile secretion untill the 96th h post treatment's end. Resorption of EA is quick and high grade following muscular injection and at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight the antibiotic persists in bacteriostatic concentrations in the blood up to the 15th, while at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight-up to the 24th h post its single application.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic and microbiological studies of Pharmachem erythromycin asparate]. Anti-microbial activity and pharmokinetics of erythromycin aspartate \"Pharmachim\" (EA) in chickens was studied. The investigations included erythromycin thiocyanat (ET) of the company Abbott-USA (the preparation Gallimycin poultry formula). The studies revealed that EA has an effect on Gram-positive microorganisms mainly. It is quickly resorbed by the digestive tract and following the administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight (applied by tube) in doses of 0.14 to 0.8 meg/cm3 it can be detected in the blood serum of chickens after 10 min only have elapsed. Maximal concentrations (from 0.35 to 0.95 meg/cm3) are discovered at about the 30-60th min and after that EA levels are gradually reduced to traces or 0.125 mcg/cm3 by 24th h. Application via drinking water in a dose of 115 mg/l results in EA quantities of 0.11 to 0.2 meg/cm3 detected in the blood during the entire course of treatment with therapeutic water. The use of equal ET doses results in 20 to 39% lower antibiotic levels. The same is true for EA and ET content in organs and tissues. Both preparations are eliminated by the bile secretion untill the 96th h post treatment's end. Resorption of EA is quick and high grade following muscular injection and at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight the antibiotic persists in bacteriostatic concentrations in the blood up to the 15th, while at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight-up to the 24th h post its single application.", "PMID": 120997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14471", "title": "[Interferometric studies of the dynamics of hydration and dry matter content during light-dependent germination of the Anabaena variabilis K\u00fctzing akinetes].", "content": "Calculations following interference-microscopical measurements performed on akinetes (A), heterocyts (H), and \"vegetative\" cells (F) of the Cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Anabaena variabilis resulted in significant higher values of mean absolute dry matter content of the akinetes (2.06 . 10(-10) g; as compared to 0.46 . 10(-10) g and 0.31 . 10(-10) g for H and F, respectively). tthe water content of these resting cells (63%) was significantly lower than in the other two types of cells (H: 85%, F: 77%). Light exposition of the akinetes in fresh nutrition medium (i. e., conditions allowing germination within 30--50 h) resulted in a decrease of the relative dry matter content so that already in the period preceding the outgrowth of the germling the water content of the vegetative cells was achieved. Simultaneously their volume increased by the uptake of water; whereas the absolute content of dry matter remained constant or was even temporarily diminished during the first period. Only in the second period the values increased in some cases and then remained constant up to germination. The increased dry matter content, however, was not a precondition necessary for the germination of the akinetes. In darkness under otherwise unaltered conditions the values remained unchanged or, after a light period, came back to the initial level. The results demonstrate that formation and germination of the resting cells of Cyanobacteria as well are connected with an alteration in the hydratation level, i. e., in cells which continuously are kept under water saturated conditions. This increase by hydratation during the germination period is, as the germination process itself, strictly controlled by light.", "contents": "[Interferometric studies of the dynamics of hydration and dry matter content during light-dependent germination of the Anabaena variabilis K\u00fctzing akinetes]. Calculations following interference-microscopical measurements performed on akinetes (A), heterocyts (H), and \"vegetative\" cells (F) of the Cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Anabaena variabilis resulted in significant higher values of mean absolute dry matter content of the akinetes (2.06 . 10(-10) g; as compared to 0.46 . 10(-10) g and 0.31 . 10(-10) g for H and F, respectively). tthe water content of these resting cells (63%) was significantly lower than in the other two types of cells (H: 85%, F: 77%). Light exposition of the akinetes in fresh nutrition medium (i. e., conditions allowing germination within 30--50 h) resulted in a decrease of the relative dry matter content so that already in the period preceding the outgrowth of the germling the water content of the vegetative cells was achieved. Simultaneously their volume increased by the uptake of water; whereas the absolute content of dry matter remained constant or was even temporarily diminished during the first period. Only in the second period the values increased in some cases and then remained constant up to germination. The increased dry matter content, however, was not a precondition necessary for the germination of the akinetes. In darkness under otherwise unaltered conditions the values remained unchanged or, after a light period, came back to the initial level. The results demonstrate that formation and germination of the resting cells of Cyanobacteria as well are connected with an alteration in the hydratation level, i. e., in cells which continuously are kept under water saturated conditions. This increase by hydratation during the germination period is, as the germination process itself, strictly controlled by light.", "PMID": 120999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14472", "title": "Biochemical studies on sporulation in blue-green algae. I. Glycogen accumulation.", "content": "Glycogen accumulation in vegetative cells of Anabaena sp. is demonstrated to be a light-dependent process. No glycogen accumulation is found in dark or in cultures supplemented with 10(-5) M DCMU in light. Large quantities of glycogen accumulate in cells undergoing sporulation and the amount increased with the onset of maturation of spores.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on sporulation in blue-green algae. I. Glycogen accumulation. Glycogen accumulation in vegetative cells of Anabaena sp. is demonstrated to be a light-dependent process. No glycogen accumulation is found in dark or in cultures supplemented with 10(-5) M DCMU in light. Large quantities of glycogen accumulate in cells undergoing sporulation and the amount increased with the onset of maturation of spores.", "PMID": 121000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14473", "title": "Re-examination of transformation within different species of Rhizobium.", "content": "Investigations of the phenomenon of transformation in Rhizobium were carried out. Streptomycin resistance (str) was the genetic marker used in all experiments, with the exception of auxotrophic strains. Twenty-one experiments were performed on nine different Rhizobium strains. Some of these strains were previously reported to be transformed, while others had no prior history of transformation. Different conditions which are thought to affect the development of competence were used. In these experiments no positive results were obtained. The possibility that the experiments failed, due to inactivation of donor DNA during its preparation, was ruled out by comparison with results obtained with strains of Bacillus subtilis.", "contents": "Re-examination of transformation within different species of Rhizobium. Investigations of the phenomenon of transformation in Rhizobium were carried out. Streptomycin resistance (str) was the genetic marker used in all experiments, with the exception of auxotrophic strains. Twenty-one experiments were performed on nine different Rhizobium strains. Some of these strains were previously reported to be transformed, while others had no prior history of transformation. Different conditions which are thought to affect the development of competence were used. In these experiments no positive results were obtained. The possibility that the experiments failed, due to inactivation of donor DNA during its preparation, was ruled out by comparison with results obtained with strains of Bacillus subtilis.", "PMID": 121002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14474", "title": "Subtilopeptidase A produced by Bacillus subtilis PR-70. II. Kinetic behaviour of immobilized enzyme.", "content": "The kinetic behaviour of immobilized subtilopeptidase A was investigated. The enzyme was obtained from a local isolate of B. subtilis PR-70. Using different inorganic supports, Amberlite CG-50 was superior in this respect. It gave 97.8% adsorption, followed by silica gel GC. The values of K and K2 for the rate of enzyme catalyzed being 8.75 and 2.06, respectively. The behaviour of v against Et is the same as v against St. Michaelis' constant was determined using different methods. The average of Km value and Vmax were 0.0094 and 0.95, respectively. Studying how v behaves when St is varied while Et is constant, two active site per enzyme molecule and auto-inhibition of enzyme by its own substrate were observed. Comparing kinetic parameters of a soluble and insoluble subtilopeptidase A showed that Km decreased from 0.016 to 0.0094, while Vmax increased from 0.71 to 0.95, respectively. This indicated that when subtilopeptidase was bound to Amb. GC-50, a case of partially non-competitive inhibition occurred. The recovery of enzymatic activity in the water insoluble subtilopeptidase A is 12.8 per cent.", "contents": "Subtilopeptidase A produced by Bacillus subtilis PR-70. II. Kinetic behaviour of immobilized enzyme. The kinetic behaviour of immobilized subtilopeptidase A was investigated. The enzyme was obtained from a local isolate of B. subtilis PR-70. Using different inorganic supports, Amberlite CG-50 was superior in this respect. It gave 97.8% adsorption, followed by silica gel GC. The values of K and K2 for the rate of enzyme catalyzed being 8.75 and 2.06, respectively. The behaviour of v against Et is the same as v against St. Michaelis' constant was determined using different methods. The average of Km value and Vmax were 0.0094 and 0.95, respectively. Studying how v behaves when St is varied while Et is constant, two active site per enzyme molecule and auto-inhibition of enzyme by its own substrate were observed. Comparing kinetic parameters of a soluble and insoluble subtilopeptidase A showed that Km decreased from 0.016 to 0.0094, while Vmax increased from 0.71 to 0.95, respectively. This indicated that when subtilopeptidase was bound to Amb. GC-50, a case of partially non-competitive inhibition occurred. The recovery of enzymatic activity in the water insoluble subtilopeptidase A is 12.8 per cent.", "PMID": 121003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14475", "title": "[Analysis of the biological effect of city smog extract. V. Comparative investigations on the effect of city smog extracts on DNA synthesis of Syrian hamster kidney and embryonic cells and of African green monkey kidney cells in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "We analysed the effect of two samples of city smog extract from Bochum and Duisburg on DNA synthesis of mammalian cells in vitro. As a test system we used tissue cultures of kidney and embryonic cells from the Syrian golden hamster and monkey kidney cells from Cercopithecus aethiops. DNA synthesis of cells was measured by autoradiography using 3H-Thymidine. Both samples of city smog extract exerted a dose-dependent decrease of the rate of DNA synthesis in tissue culture cells. These alterations of nucleic acid metabolism were expressed by a reduction of DNA-synthesizing cells and by a delay of entrance of cells in DNA synthesis. High concentrations of city smog extracts induced a large number of cell necroses. Monkey kidney cells were more sensitive to the toxic action than hamster cells. Furthermore the city smog extract from Duisburg showed a stronger toxic effect than the extract from Bochum.", "contents": "[Analysis of the biological effect of city smog extract. V. Comparative investigations on the effect of city smog extracts on DNA synthesis of Syrian hamster kidney and embryonic cells and of African green monkey kidney cells in vitro (author's transl)]. We analysed the effect of two samples of city smog extract from Bochum and Duisburg on DNA synthesis of mammalian cells in vitro. As a test system we used tissue cultures of kidney and embryonic cells from the Syrian golden hamster and monkey kidney cells from Cercopithecus aethiops. DNA synthesis of cells was measured by autoradiography using 3H-Thymidine. Both samples of city smog extract exerted a dose-dependent decrease of the rate of DNA synthesis in tissue culture cells. These alterations of nucleic acid metabolism were expressed by a reduction of DNA-synthesizing cells and by a delay of entrance of cells in DNA synthesis. High concentrations of city smog extracts induced a large number of cell necroses. Monkey kidney cells were more sensitive to the toxic action than hamster cells. Furthermore the city smog extract from Duisburg showed a stronger toxic effect than the extract from Bochum.", "PMID": 121004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14476", "title": "[Verification of nosocomial infection chains with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)].", "content": "With all 3 typing methods (sero, lyso, pyocin type) errors can arise. The pyocin test following heat curing can be expected to give the least erroneous results. This was demonstrated by a test of 200 non-selected strains which were grown within 4 weeks. The possibility exists that a single patient discharges several different strains simultaneously or in succession. These results must be considered when efforts are made to detect infection chains in a hospital.", "contents": "[Verification of nosocomial infection chains with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)]. With all 3 typing methods (sero, lyso, pyocin type) errors can arise. The pyocin test following heat curing can be expected to give the least erroneous results. This was demonstrated by a test of 200 non-selected strains which were grown within 4 weeks. The possibility exists that a single patient discharges several different strains simultaneously or in succession. These results must be considered when efforts are made to detect infection chains in a hospital.", "PMID": 121005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14477", "title": "[About the temperature dependence of the bactericidal effect of some chemical disinfectants (author's transl)].", "content": "In quantitative suspension tests the influence of different temperatures (4 degrees C, 12 degrees C, 22 degrees C, 37 degrees C, +/- 2 degrees) on the bactericidal effect of formalin, phenol, sodium hydroxide peracetic acid with respect to gram-positive and gram-negative test germs (10(8) KBE/ml original culture) was examined. The results showed for formalin, phenol and sodium hydroxide a distinct temperature factor within the range of the germ-dependent, bactericidal limit concentrations. Compared with the temperature of about 22 degrees C which is normally applied in disinfectants tests revealed that at 12 degrees C the action time had at least to be doubled and at 4 degrees C the action time had to be four times as long for the complete killing of the germs. By contrast, with peracetic acid in its minimum effective concentrations (0.015 to 0.06%) a total germ reduction was attained after identical action times (5 minutes) at temperatures ranging between 4 degrees and 37 degrees C. Recommendations for the use of disinfectants must make allowance for the temperature factor.", "contents": "[About the temperature dependence of the bactericidal effect of some chemical disinfectants (author's transl)]. In quantitative suspension tests the influence of different temperatures (4 degrees C, 12 degrees C, 22 degrees C, 37 degrees C, +/- 2 degrees) on the bactericidal effect of formalin, phenol, sodium hydroxide peracetic acid with respect to gram-positive and gram-negative test germs (10(8) KBE/ml original culture) was examined. The results showed for formalin, phenol and sodium hydroxide a distinct temperature factor within the range of the germ-dependent, bactericidal limit concentrations. Compared with the temperature of about 22 degrees C which is normally applied in disinfectants tests revealed that at 12 degrees C the action time had at least to be doubled and at 4 degrees C the action time had to be four times as long for the complete killing of the germs. By contrast, with peracetic acid in its minimum effective concentrations (0.015 to 0.06%) a total germ reduction was attained after identical action times (5 minutes) at temperatures ranging between 4 degrees and 37 degrees C. Recommendations for the use of disinfectants must make allowance for the temperature factor.", "PMID": 121006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14478", "title": "Tricarboxylic acid-cycle enzymes and ATP pool in facultative and obligate methylotrophs: Pseudomonas J26 and Methylomonas Pl1.", "content": "1. No essential differences were found in the activities of tricarboxylic acid-cycle enzymes in the newly isolated facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas J26 and obligate methylotroph Methylomonas Pl1. 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase were absent in Methylomonas Pl1; in Pseudomonas J26 the functioning of the cycle was imparied only on the methanol medium. Citrate synthase of both organisms showed low sensitivity to 2-oxoglutarate, NADH and ATP. 2. In both methylotrophs, methanol dehydrogenase was inhibited non-competitively by ATP: the activity was reduced by half by ATP at a concentration of 5 mM. 3. Concentration of ATP in the log-phase cultures of Methylomonas Pl1 was about twice as high as in Pseudomonas J26 (4.7 and 1.7 mumol/g dry wt., respectively). 4. Differences between the energy state of Methylomonas Pl1 and Pseudomonas J26 might be due to the higher ability of the former to oxidize methanol and/or lower energy requirement for C1 assimilation by the hexulose pathway in the obligate methylotroph.", "contents": "Tricarboxylic acid-cycle enzymes and ATP pool in facultative and obligate methylotrophs: Pseudomonas J26 and Methylomonas Pl1. 1. No essential differences were found in the activities of tricarboxylic acid-cycle enzymes in the newly isolated facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas J26 and obligate methylotroph Methylomonas Pl1. 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase were absent in Methylomonas Pl1; in Pseudomonas J26 the functioning of the cycle was imparied only on the methanol medium. Citrate synthase of both organisms showed low sensitivity to 2-oxoglutarate, NADH and ATP. 2. In both methylotrophs, methanol dehydrogenase was inhibited non-competitively by ATP: the activity was reduced by half by ATP at a concentration of 5 mM. 3. Concentration of ATP in the log-phase cultures of Methylomonas Pl1 was about twice as high as in Pseudomonas J26 (4.7 and 1.7 mumol/g dry wt., respectively). 4. Differences between the energy state of Methylomonas Pl1 and Pseudomonas J26 might be due to the higher ability of the former to oxidize methanol and/or lower energy requirement for C1 assimilation by the hexulose pathway in the obligate methylotroph.", "PMID": 121007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14479", "title": "Oxidative and demethylating activity of multiple forms of laccase from Pholiota mutabilis.", "content": "1. The inducible and constitutive forms of laccase from the fungus Pholiota mutabilis show both the oxidative and demethylating activity, which proves the bifunctional character of the enzyme. 2. The oxidative/demethylating activity ratio of the forms induced either with ferulic or syringic acid is different from that shown by the constitutive form. 3. Splitting of one methoxyl group from the methoxyphenol substrate is associated with the release of one molecule of methanol.", "contents": "Oxidative and demethylating activity of multiple forms of laccase from Pholiota mutabilis. 1. The inducible and constitutive forms of laccase from the fungus Pholiota mutabilis show both the oxidative and demethylating activity, which proves the bifunctional character of the enzyme. 2. The oxidative/demethylating activity ratio of the forms induced either with ferulic or syringic acid is different from that shown by the constitutive form. 3. Splitting of one methoxyl group from the methoxyphenol substrate is associated with the release of one molecule of methanol.", "PMID": 121008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14480", "title": "The mechanical properties of proteins determine the laws of evolutionary change.", "content": "The general inorganic nature of traditional selection theory (based on differential growth between any two systems) is pointed out, wherefrom it follows that this theory cannot provide explanations for the characteristics of organic evolution. Specific biophysical aspects enter with the complexity of macro-molecules: vital physical conditions for the perpetuation of the system, irrevocable extinction (= death) and random change leading to novelty, are the result of 'complexity per se'. Further biophysical properties are a direct function of the pathway along which random mutation in nucleic acids is converted into continuous protein - (specifically enzyme) - function, from there into organismic phenotype with fitness components which may, or may not, correspond to identifiable structural units in DNA. The general machine-like properties of enzymes, in that there is no additive relationship between structural (amino acid) composition and functional output, is discussed in more detail. The continuous growth functions of molecular concentrations, directed by enzyme turnover, determine simple laws of growth and morphogenesis in the organic hierarchy and thus of phenotype. Thus, the combined effect of DNA-structure and of environmental parameters (temperature, pressure, pH, etc.) on protein function determines ultimately the actual phenotype and hence, quality and intensity of genotypic selection.", "contents": "The mechanical properties of proteins determine the laws of evolutionary change. The general inorganic nature of traditional selection theory (based on differential growth between any two systems) is pointed out, wherefrom it follows that this theory cannot provide explanations for the characteristics of organic evolution. Specific biophysical aspects enter with the complexity of macro-molecules: vital physical conditions for the perpetuation of the system, irrevocable extinction (= death) and random change leading to novelty, are the result of 'complexity per se'. Further biophysical properties are a direct function of the pathway along which random mutation in nucleic acids is converted into continuous protein - (specifically enzyme) - function, from there into organismic phenotype with fitness components which may, or may not, correspond to identifiable structural units in DNA. The general machine-like properties of enzymes, in that there is no additive relationship between structural (amino acid) composition and functional output, is discussed in more detail. The continuous growth functions of molecular concentrations, directed by enzyme turnover, determine simple laws of growth and morphogenesis in the organic hierarchy and thus of phenotype. Thus, the combined effect of DNA-structure and of environmental parameters (temperature, pressure, pH, etc.) on protein function determines ultimately the actual phenotype and hence, quality and intensity of genotypic selection.", "PMID": 121009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14481", "title": "The ultradian pulsatile release of gonadotropins in normal female subjects.", "content": "With an original statistical study which employes the analysis of variance and the harmonic analysis, the authors evaluated the levels of LH and FSH obtained from 5 female patients of the infertility clinic. These subjects, apparently free from endocrine disorders, underwent a 7-hour test consisting of samples obtained at 20 minute intervals. By a double-antibody RIA method, we assayed LH and FSH in quintuplicate or triplicate in each sample and counted the tubes twice consecutively. In all subjects for LH and in 3 subjects for FSH we detected a real ultradian pulsatile release of the hormone. Period and amplitude of the LH fluctuations vary according to the phase of the menstrual cycle (follicular phase: short period and low amplitude; luteal phase: long period and high amplitude). No change in amplitude was observed for FSH, while the period in two cases varied in accordance with LH. In two cases we found multiple periods in the fluctuations of one hormone during the same test.", "contents": "The ultradian pulsatile release of gonadotropins in normal female subjects. With an original statistical study which employes the analysis of variance and the harmonic analysis, the authors evaluated the levels of LH and FSH obtained from 5 female patients of the infertility clinic. These subjects, apparently free from endocrine disorders, underwent a 7-hour test consisting of samples obtained at 20 minute intervals. By a double-antibody RIA method, we assayed LH and FSH in quintuplicate or triplicate in each sample and counted the tubes twice consecutively. In all subjects for LH and in 3 subjects for FSH we detected a real ultradian pulsatile release of the hormone. Period and amplitude of the LH fluctuations vary according to the phase of the menstrual cycle (follicular phase: short period and low amplitude; luteal phase: long period and high amplitude). No change in amplitude was observed for FSH, while the period in two cases varied in accordance with LH. In two cases we found multiple periods in the fluctuations of one hormone during the same test.", "PMID": 121012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14482", "title": "The resistant ovary syndrome la sindrome da ovaio resistente.", "content": "After briefly recapitulating present-day knowledge on this recently identified syndrome with its polymorphic clinical and laboratory pattern, the authors describe three cases that have come to their attention. The most interesting was case III which was successfully treated on the basis of analogous reports found in the literature, with large doses of HMG-HCG in spite of the apparent \"physiological absurdity\" of this treatment. The authors stress the discrepancy frequently observed between functional diagnosis and histological findings; they suggest some possible explanations but stress the need for further research in order to clarify the nature of the functional damage in these patients and the level at which it is situated.", "contents": "The resistant ovary syndrome la sindrome da ovaio resistente. After briefly recapitulating present-day knowledge on this recently identified syndrome with its polymorphic clinical and laboratory pattern, the authors describe three cases that have come to their attention. The most interesting was case III which was successfully treated on the basis of analogous reports found in the literature, with large doses of HMG-HCG in spite of the apparent \"physiological absurdity\" of this treatment. The authors stress the discrepancy frequently observed between functional diagnosis and histological findings; they suggest some possible explanations but stress the need for further research in order to clarify the nature of the functional damage in these patients and the level at which it is situated.", "PMID": 121013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14483", "title": "Anterior pituitary of the macaca mulatta monkey: an electron microscopic view.", "content": "An electron microscopic study was performed of the cells which constitute thar anterior pituitary of the Macaca Mulatta female monkey. The characteristics of each cell are described, and the findings are illustrated schematically. Different forms of hormonal secretion are observed and described.", "contents": "Anterior pituitary of the macaca mulatta monkey: an electron microscopic view. An electron microscopic study was performed of the cells which constitute thar anterior pituitary of the Macaca Mulatta female monkey. The characteristics of each cell are described, and the findings are illustrated schematically. Different forms of hormonal secretion are observed and described.", "PMID": 121015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14484", "title": "Effect of short-term administration of cyproterone acetate on the reproductive tract histology, ovarian and serum cholesterol contents of female monkey (Presbytis entellus entellus).", "content": "Short courses of cyproterone acetate, a compound with progestational and antiandrogenic activities were administered to normally cycling female monkeys to investigate into the effects of cyproterone acetate on the reproductive tract. In little earlier follicular stage 20 mg of the drug daily for 30 days increased the cholesterol contents in the gonads. Serum cholesterol contents were slightly increased. When the reproductive tract was examined histologically, the gonads showed reduction in size, along with widespread degeneration of the young follicles as well as other growing follicles. Uterus showed progestational endometrial proliferation and sloughing of the vaginal productive tract.", "contents": "Effect of short-term administration of cyproterone acetate on the reproductive tract histology, ovarian and serum cholesterol contents of female monkey (Presbytis entellus entellus). Short courses of cyproterone acetate, a compound with progestational and antiandrogenic activities were administered to normally cycling female monkeys to investigate into the effects of cyproterone acetate on the reproductive tract. In little earlier follicular stage 20 mg of the drug daily for 30 days increased the cholesterol contents in the gonads. Serum cholesterol contents were slightly increased. When the reproductive tract was examined histologically, the gonads showed reduction in size, along with widespread degeneration of the young follicles as well as other growing follicles. Uterus showed progestational endometrial proliferation and sloughing of the vaginal productive tract.", "PMID": 121016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14485", "title": "Increased serum IgE in Hodgkin's disease is of polyclonal origin.", "content": "The light chain of serum IgE from 4 untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease with elevated IgE levels was studied by an immunoadsorbent technique. Serum IgE was found to contain both kappa and lambda light chains in all cases studied. In addition an association between serum levels of IgE and that of IgA, IgG, and IgM was demonstrated. These findings make it unlikely that increased serum IgE in Hodgkin's disease is of monoclonal origin and support the view that serum IgE in such patients reflects a general disturbance in the regulation of their humoral immune response.", "contents": "Increased serum IgE in Hodgkin's disease is of polyclonal origin. The light chain of serum IgE from 4 untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease with elevated IgE levels was studied by an immunoadsorbent technique. Serum IgE was found to contain both kappa and lambda light chains in all cases studied. In addition an association between serum levels of IgE and that of IgA, IgG, and IgM was demonstrated. These findings make it unlikely that increased serum IgE in Hodgkin's disease is of monoclonal origin and support the view that serum IgE in such patients reflects a general disturbance in the regulation of their humoral immune response.", "PMID": 121023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14486", "title": "Cholesterol dynamics in macrophages implication for the bacteriology and pathology of leprosy.", "content": "M. leprae in the host multiplies abundantly in macrophages rich in cholesterol. Host-grown leprosy bacilli have an extremely high cholesterol content and in this respect they occupy a unique place among procariotic cells. M. leprae takes up cholesterol from the environment and it is not clear whether it can synthesize cholesterol and if so from which precursors. Mycobacteria can be grown from leprous tissues in primary cultures only in the presence of cholesterol. These strains quickly adapt to in vitro substrates and are able to synthesize cholesterol from still-unknown chemical entities, which are also sources of carbon and energy. These still unknown substrates will probably have to be discovered before cultivation of these elusive microorganisms is achieved and we approach a better understanding of the chemical mediators in the cellular defence and/or pathology of leprosy.", "contents": "Cholesterol dynamics in macrophages implication for the bacteriology and pathology of leprosy. M. leprae in the host multiplies abundantly in macrophages rich in cholesterol. Host-grown leprosy bacilli have an extremely high cholesterol content and in this respect they occupy a unique place among procariotic cells. M. leprae takes up cholesterol from the environment and it is not clear whether it can synthesize cholesterol and if so from which precursors. Mycobacteria can be grown from leprous tissues in primary cultures only in the presence of cholesterol. These strains quickly adapt to in vitro substrates and are able to synthesize cholesterol from still-unknown chemical entities, which are also sources of carbon and energy. These still unknown substrates will probably have to be discovered before cultivation of these elusive microorganisms is achieved and we approach a better understanding of the chemical mediators in the cellular defence and/or pathology of leprosy.", "PMID": 121019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14487", "title": "Mycobacterium leprae: atypical and unclassified.", "content": "Once M. leprae is grown on artificial media in the test tube, it might prove to have a great variety of characteristics quite different to those expected from our knowledge of M. leprae isolated from the susceptible host. The cultures might be slow or fast growing, pigmented or colorless, pathogenic for the armadillo, or not; they might produce limited disease in the foot pad of mice, or the contrary. The in vitro M. leprae culture might or might not provoke a lepromine reaction; the culture might grow at a lower or higher temperature. It is well documented that mycobacteria show great differences in elasticity and adaptability to cultivation conditions. It is absolutely certain that once grown in a test tube, M. leprae will behave as an atypical species. However, each individual culture of M. leprae obtained in vitro will have the same drug sensitivity pattern as in the lepromatous leprosy patient from whom it was cultivated.", "contents": "Mycobacterium leprae: atypical and unclassified. Once M. leprae is grown on artificial media in the test tube, it might prove to have a great variety of characteristics quite different to those expected from our knowledge of M. leprae isolated from the susceptible host. The cultures might be slow or fast growing, pigmented or colorless, pathogenic for the armadillo, or not; they might produce limited disease in the foot pad of mice, or the contrary. The in vitro M. leprae culture might or might not provoke a lepromine reaction; the culture might grow at a lower or higher temperature. It is well documented that mycobacteria show great differences in elasticity and adaptability to cultivation conditions. It is absolutely certain that once grown in a test tube, M. leprae will behave as an atypical species. However, each individual culture of M. leprae obtained in vitro will have the same drug sensitivity pattern as in the lepromatous leprosy patient from whom it was cultivated.", "PMID": 121020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14488", "title": "Development of specific cellular immunoreactivity in typhoid fever.", "content": "Development of cellular immunoreactivity to Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-A was studied by the leukocyte migration inhibition test in 9 patients with typhoid fever and in 2 patients with paratyphoid fever. Cellular reactivity could be demonstrated from the first days of the disease in all the subjects. The most pronounced migration inhibition was observed during the febrile period. It is suggested that specific cellular reactivity may play a pathogenetic role in typhoid fever.", "contents": "Development of specific cellular immunoreactivity in typhoid fever. Development of cellular immunoreactivity to Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-A was studied by the leukocyte migration inhibition test in 9 patients with typhoid fever and in 2 patients with paratyphoid fever. Cellular reactivity could be demonstrated from the first days of the disease in all the subjects. The most pronounced migration inhibition was observed during the febrile period. It is suggested that specific cellular reactivity may play a pathogenetic role in typhoid fever.", "PMID": 121028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14489", "title": "The chemotactic, phagocytic, and microbial killing abilities of primate polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PML).", "content": "Functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes including chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbial killing were investigated in baboons (Papio cynocephalus), cebus monkeys (Cebus apella), and marmosets (Saguinus oedipus). Cells from a group of normal adult human volunteers were also studied for comparison. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from the three nonhuman primate species were comparable to each other and to humans in chemotactic activity using endotoxin activated serum. In addition, the ability of blood leukocytes to ingest and kill microorganisms was investigated using a new fluorochrome microassay. Leukocytes of all non-human primates were competent in phagocytosing bacteria, but leukocytes from cebus monkeys and marmosets ingested candida organisms poorly. Compared to humans, all nonhuman primates exhibited poor killing of the microbes.", "contents": "The chemotactic, phagocytic, and microbial killing abilities of primate polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PML). Functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes including chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbial killing were investigated in baboons (Papio cynocephalus), cebus monkeys (Cebus apella), and marmosets (Saguinus oedipus). Cells from a group of normal adult human volunteers were also studied for comparison. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from the three nonhuman primate species were comparable to each other and to humans in chemotactic activity using endotoxin activated serum. In addition, the ability of blood leukocytes to ingest and kill microorganisms was investigated using a new fluorochrome microassay. Leukocytes of all non-human primates were competent in phagocytosing bacteria, but leukocytes from cebus monkeys and marmosets ingested candida organisms poorly. Compared to humans, all nonhuman primates exhibited poor killing of the microbes.", "PMID": 121031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14490", "title": "Involvement of peritoneal macrophages in cellular responses to mastocytoma in resistant and susceptible mice.", "content": "The involvement of peritoneal macrophages in rejection of mastocytoma cells in the C57BL/6 mice was examined in comparison to similar cell responses in susceptible DBA/2 mice. By means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy it was found that macrophages constituted the major cell class responding to the mastocytoma cells in the peritoneum of both mouse strains. However, in the resistant mouse strain macrophages formed the predominant cell type during the course of tumor growth. Furthermore, tissue culture of peritoneal exudate cells from this resistant mouse strain injected with mastocytoma cells five days earlier failed to grow out tumor cells. On the other hand, macrophages decreased in number in the susceptible DBA/2 mouse strain and tumor cells did grow readily in vitro when peritoneal cells containing tumor cells and macrophages were cultured in vitro. These results indicate that macrophages constitute an important cell class in resistance of a mouse strain which is now susceptible to mastocytoma cells. The ultrastructural study provided some insight into the nature of the cell types involved and their interaction with the tumor cell.", "contents": "Involvement of peritoneal macrophages in cellular responses to mastocytoma in resistant and susceptible mice. The involvement of peritoneal macrophages in rejection of mastocytoma cells in the C57BL/6 mice was examined in comparison to similar cell responses in susceptible DBA/2 mice. By means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy it was found that macrophages constituted the major cell class responding to the mastocytoma cells in the peritoneum of both mouse strains. However, in the resistant mouse strain macrophages formed the predominant cell type during the course of tumor growth. Furthermore, tissue culture of peritoneal exudate cells from this resistant mouse strain injected with mastocytoma cells five days earlier failed to grow out tumor cells. On the other hand, macrophages decreased in number in the susceptible DBA/2 mouse strain and tumor cells did grow readily in vitro when peritoneal cells containing tumor cells and macrophages were cultured in vitro. These results indicate that macrophages constitute an important cell class in resistance of a mouse strain which is now susceptible to mastocytoma cells. The ultrastructural study provided some insight into the nature of the cell types involved and their interaction with the tumor cell.", "PMID": 121034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14491", "title": "Anti-inflammatory consequences of transplanted tumors.", "content": "Rats and mice bearing transplanted chemically induced neoplasms have defective macrophage infiltration of inflammatory sites distant to the tumor. The defect limits concurrently accumulation of macrophages within the tumor, raising dramatically the tumor to macrophage cell ratio. The defect may not compromise host surveillance because it requires relatively large numbers of tumor cells. The abnormality does not appear to result from circulating monocyte depletion, defective monocyte chemotaxis, or the traffic of monocytes into the tumor.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory consequences of transplanted tumors. Rats and mice bearing transplanted chemically induced neoplasms have defective macrophage infiltration of inflammatory sites distant to the tumor. The defect limits concurrently accumulation of macrophages within the tumor, raising dramatically the tumor to macrophage cell ratio. The defect may not compromise host surveillance because it requires relatively large numbers of tumor cells. The abnormality does not appear to result from circulating monocyte depletion, defective monocyte chemotaxis, or the traffic of monocytes into the tumor.", "PMID": 121035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14492", "title": "Long-term effects of ribose on adenine nucleotide metabolism in isoproterenol-stimulated hearts.", "content": "1. Among the precursor substances tested 1-14C-glycine is the most suitable for measuring rates of AN biosynthesis in rat hearts in vivo. 2. Continuous i.v. infusion of ribose for 24 hours stimulates AN biosynthesis in normal hearts and amplifies the enhancement of this process in hearts of isoproterenol-treated rats. The isoproterenol-induced decline of myocardial ATP is prevented by long-term application of ribose. 3. Elevation of the available PRPP pool mainly mediated by ribose and release of feedback inhibition of PRPP amidotransferase activity by the isoproterenol-induced ATP decline appear to be the optimal conditions required for maximal stimulation of myocardial AN biosynthesis.", "contents": "Long-term effects of ribose on adenine nucleotide metabolism in isoproterenol-stimulated hearts. 1. Among the precursor substances tested 1-14C-glycine is the most suitable for measuring rates of AN biosynthesis in rat hearts in vivo. 2. Continuous i.v. infusion of ribose for 24 hours stimulates AN biosynthesis in normal hearts and amplifies the enhancement of this process in hearts of isoproterenol-treated rats. The isoproterenol-induced decline of myocardial ATP is prevented by long-term application of ribose. 3. Elevation of the available PRPP pool mainly mediated by ribose and release of feedback inhibition of PRPP amidotransferase activity by the isoproterenol-induced ATP decline appear to be the optimal conditions required for maximal stimulation of myocardial AN biosynthesis.", "PMID": 121039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14493", "title": "Inhibition of purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity and of T-cell function with allopurinol-riboside.", "content": "Allopurinol-riboside competitively inhibits the action of purine nucleoside phosphorylase on inosine in vitro with a Ki of 277 mumol. After simple incubation of allopurinol-riboside with PNP, allopurinol was not formed. Lymphocyte blastogensis induced by PHA and Con A was significantly suppressed by allopurinol-riboside in a concentration-dependent manner. When LPS was used as a mitogen, the inhibition of allopurinol-riboside on lymphocyte proliferation was less marked. Humoral immunity was not suppressed by allopurinol-riboside. In contrast, cellular immunity was significantly suppressed by allopurinol-riboside in vivo. These results suggested that allopurinol-riboside is a drug which produces a model of PNP deficiency, and that it may be a useful inhibitor of cellular immunity.", "contents": "Inhibition of purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity and of T-cell function with allopurinol-riboside. Allopurinol-riboside competitively inhibits the action of purine nucleoside phosphorylase on inosine in vitro with a Ki of 277 mumol. After simple incubation of allopurinol-riboside with PNP, allopurinol was not formed. Lymphocyte blastogensis induced by PHA and Con A was significantly suppressed by allopurinol-riboside in a concentration-dependent manner. When LPS was used as a mitogen, the inhibition of allopurinol-riboside on lymphocyte proliferation was less marked. Humoral immunity was not suppressed by allopurinol-riboside. In contrast, cellular immunity was significantly suppressed by allopurinol-riboside in vivo. These results suggested that allopurinol-riboside is a drug which produces a model of PNP deficiency, and that it may be a useful inhibitor of cellular immunity.", "PMID": 121041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14494", "title": "The effect of disodium cromoglycate on in vitro mast cell degranulation in human jejunal mucosa.", "content": "The in vitro effect of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on IgE antigen-induced mast cell degranulation is described. Serum from an egg white allergic patient was used to sensitize jejunal mucosa from nine individuals. Egg white was used to challenge the IgE sensitized mast cells. DSCG in concentrations 3 x 10(-7) M to 3 x 10(-4) M was added to the mucosal specimens before antigen challenge. Mast cell degranulation in the sensitized specimens challenged with egg white was 38%. Mast cell degranulation in sensitized specimens treated with DSCG before and during antigen challenge was reduced to 2% at a concentration of 3 x 10(-5) M of DSCG (P=0.006) and to 28% at a concentration of 3 x 10(-6) M (P=0.027). No significant reduction of mast cell degranulation was seen at concentrations of 3 x 10(-7) M and 3 x 10(-4) M. The results support a role for DSCG in the treatment of gastrointestinal allergy.", "contents": "The effect of disodium cromoglycate on in vitro mast cell degranulation in human jejunal mucosa. The in vitro effect of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on IgE antigen-induced mast cell degranulation is described. Serum from an egg white allergic patient was used to sensitize jejunal mucosa from nine individuals. Egg white was used to challenge the IgE sensitized mast cells. DSCG in concentrations 3 x 10(-7) M to 3 x 10(-4) M was added to the mucosal specimens before antigen challenge. Mast cell degranulation in the sensitized specimens challenged with egg white was 38%. Mast cell degranulation in sensitized specimens treated with DSCG before and during antigen challenge was reduced to 2% at a concentration of 3 x 10(-5) M of DSCG (P=0.006) and to 28% at a concentration of 3 x 10(-6) M (P=0.027). No significant reduction of mast cell degranulation was seen at concentrations of 3 x 10(-7) M and 3 x 10(-4) M. The results support a role for DSCG in the treatment of gastrointestinal allergy.", "PMID": 121046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14495", "title": "The definition of the face.", "content": "There is no generally agreed definition of the human and subhuman face. For primatologists the definition forwarded by PERKNOPF (1957) is most agreeable: all structures of the head which can be seen from en face belong to the human face. The face is a combination of structures heterogeneous in both anatomy and function (forehead, eyes, mouth, pelage, etc.). They are different in qualities (e.g., color of the skin or the hair) and quantities as well (length of the jaw or the hairs of the mane). Despite the heterogeneity in form and function, the face as a whole appears as a unit, because in facial expressions there is always more than one structure involved. Blage, etc.). They are different in qualities (e.g., color of the skin or the hair) and quantities as well (length of the jaw or the hairs of the mane). Despite the heterogeneity in form and function, the face as a whole appears as a unit, because in facial expressions there is always more than one structure involved. Blage, etc.). They are different in qualities (e.g., color of the skin or the hair) and quantities as well (length of the jaw or the hairs of the mane). Despite the heterogeneity in form and function, the face as a whole appears as a unit, because in facial expressions there is always more than one structure involved. Because of the frontally oriented eyes and the stereoscopic vision, the facial structures are situated on the head so that they can be seen from in front. This is the reason why primate display mainly face to face. The concepts of the internal and external face are justified only in terms of topographical anatomy.", "contents": "The definition of the face. There is no generally agreed definition of the human and subhuman face. For primatologists the definition forwarded by PERKNOPF (1957) is most agreeable: all structures of the head which can be seen from en face belong to the human face. The face is a combination of structures heterogeneous in both anatomy and function (forehead, eyes, mouth, pelage, etc.). They are different in qualities (e.g., color of the skin or the hair) and quantities as well (length of the jaw or the hairs of the mane). Despite the heterogeneity in form and function, the face as a whole appears as a unit, because in facial expressions there is always more than one structure involved. Blage, etc.). They are different in qualities (e.g., color of the skin or the hair) and quantities as well (length of the jaw or the hairs of the mane). Despite the heterogeneity in form and function, the face as a whole appears as a unit, because in facial expressions there is always more than one structure involved. Blage, etc.). They are different in qualities (e.g., color of the skin or the hair) and quantities as well (length of the jaw or the hairs of the mane). Despite the heterogeneity in form and function, the face as a whole appears as a unit, because in facial expressions there is always more than one structure involved. Because of the frontally oriented eyes and the stereoscopic vision, the facial structures are situated on the head so that they can be seen from in front. This is the reason why primate display mainly face to face. The concepts of the internal and external face are justified only in terms of topographical anatomy.", "PMID": 121047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14496", "title": "Plasma oestrone, oestradiol and gonadotrophin concentrations in postmenopausal patients treated with oestradiol or with a combination of oestradiol and oestriol.", "content": "The effect of adding oestriol or oestriol succinate to oestradiol in the treatment of climacteric postmenopausal patients was examined in a cross-over trial. Plasma concentrations of oestrone (E1), oestradiol (E2), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by radioimmunoassay after collection over a day after each medication. The subjective effect of each therapy was evaluated by the patient herself. The combination of 1 mg oestriol with 2 mg oestradiol did not change the daily profiles of plasma E1, E2, LH and FSH in three out of four patients, compared with only 2 mg of oestradiol. The other combination, 8 mg of oestriol succinate with 1 mg oestradiol, similarly did not change the daily plasma profiles of oestrogens or gonadotrophins, compared with only 1 mg of oestradiol. Neither oestriol succinate changed the clinical response during the treatment of these climacteric patients.", "contents": "Plasma oestrone, oestradiol and gonadotrophin concentrations in postmenopausal patients treated with oestradiol or with a combination of oestradiol and oestriol. The effect of adding oestriol or oestriol succinate to oestradiol in the treatment of climacteric postmenopausal patients was examined in a cross-over trial. Plasma concentrations of oestrone (E1), oestradiol (E2), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by radioimmunoassay after collection over a day after each medication. The subjective effect of each therapy was evaluated by the patient herself. The combination of 1 mg oestriol with 2 mg oestradiol did not change the daily profiles of plasma E1, E2, LH and FSH in three out of four patients, compared with only 2 mg of oestradiol. The other combination, 8 mg of oestriol succinate with 1 mg oestradiol, similarly did not change the daily plasma profiles of oestrogens or gonadotrophins, compared with only 1 mg of oestradiol. Neither oestriol succinate changed the clinical response during the treatment of these climacteric patients.", "PMID": 121048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14497", "title": "[A new method for enteral self administration of psychotropic drugs in the rhesus monkey (author's transl)].", "content": "This surgical method for the parenteral self administration of psychoactive substances in the Rhesus monkey is a modified gastrostomy. Success is warranted with a catheter-model which can be fixed at the inner wall of the abdomen. The catheter is placed subcutaneously until it leaves between the shoulders. Additionally all monkeys received leather corsets. This method has proved to be very safe in long-time self administration of drugs in the Rhesus monkey.", "contents": "[A new method for enteral self administration of psychotropic drugs in the rhesus monkey (author's transl)]. This surgical method for the parenteral self administration of psychoactive substances in the Rhesus monkey is a modified gastrostomy. Success is warranted with a catheter-model which can be fixed at the inner wall of the abdomen. The catheter is placed subcutaneously until it leaves between the shoulders. Additionally all monkeys received leather corsets. This method has proved to be very safe in long-time self administration of drugs in the Rhesus monkey.", "PMID": 121053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14498", "title": "[Preliminary note on the study of seawater pollution of the Saharan coast of Tunisia].", "content": "The study to an analyse of 726 samples of sea water, taken monthly (1977-1978) at 23 stations. At the basis of the data concerning the NPP of total coliformas, 75,5% of the samples point out a clean water for the bathing place, 11,04% = \"acceptable\" and 9,96% = \"dirty\". Considering the data about the MPP of fecal coliformas and of fecal streptocques, the sanitary state is reported in 94,23% \"clean for the bathing place\", 1,77% \"acceptable\" and 4% dirty.", "contents": "[Preliminary note on the study of seawater pollution of the Saharan coast of Tunisia]. The study to an analyse of 726 samples of sea water, taken monthly (1977-1978) at 23 stations. At the basis of the data concerning the NPP of total coliformas, 75,5% of the samples point out a clean water for the bathing place, 11,04% = \"acceptable\" and 9,96% = \"dirty\". Considering the data about the MPP of fecal coliformas and of fecal streptocques, the sanitary state is reported in 94,23% \"clean for the bathing place\", 1,77% \"acceptable\" and 4% dirty.", "PMID": 121049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14499", "title": "[Current tests for the \"in vitro\" immunologic exploration in man].", "content": "Several \"in vitro\" methods are developed to study cellular immunity as same as study of antibodies in humoral immunity exploration. The more used in human pathologics are the enumeration of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes by the formation of nonimmune rosettes E with sheep erythocytes and bone marrow (B) lymphocytes by the presence of membrane-bound immunglobulins; the detection of lymphocyte activation by measuring proliferation (lymphocyte transformation); the mixed lymphocyte reaction, the elaboration of biologically active mediators (lymphokines) and the lymphocyte-mediated cytoxicity.", "contents": "[Current tests for the \"in vitro\" immunologic exploration in man]. Several \"in vitro\" methods are developed to study cellular immunity as same as study of antibodies in humoral immunity exploration. The more used in human pathologics are the enumeration of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes by the formation of nonimmune rosettes E with sheep erythocytes and bone marrow (B) lymphocytes by the presence of membrane-bound immunglobulins; the detection of lymphocyte activation by measuring proliferation (lymphocyte transformation); the mixed lymphocyte reaction, the elaboration of biologically active mediators (lymphokines) and the lymphocyte-mediated cytoxicity.", "PMID": 121050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14500", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of plasminogen activator from human uterine tissue.", "content": "A procedure was developed for the purification of a plasminogen activator from human uterine tissue. It involves six consecutive steps: (1) extraction of the plasminogen activator from delipidated uterine tissue with 0.3 M potassium acetate buffer, pH 4.2; (2) ammonium sulphate precipitation; (3) zinc chelate-agarose chromatography; (4) n-butyl-agarose chromatography; (5) concanavalin A-agarose chromatography; and (6) gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. The specific activity of the final plasminogen activator preparation was increased by a factor 4500 as compared with the crude extract. The purified plasminogen activator showed a strong tendency to adsorb to surfaces. This could be effectively prevented by Tween-80. The molecular weight of the plasminogen activator was 64 000 as estimated by gel filtration in 1.0 M NaCl and 69 000 as estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The plasminogen activator consisted of two chains (molecular weights 31 000 and 38 000) connected by disulphide bridges. The smallest chain contained the serine residue of the active site as deduced from the incorporation of the tritium label of [3H]diisopropylphosphofluoridate.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of plasminogen activator from human uterine tissue. A procedure was developed for the purification of a plasminogen activator from human uterine tissue. It involves six consecutive steps: (1) extraction of the plasminogen activator from delipidated uterine tissue with 0.3 M potassium acetate buffer, pH 4.2; (2) ammonium sulphate precipitation; (3) zinc chelate-agarose chromatography; (4) n-butyl-agarose chromatography; (5) concanavalin A-agarose chromatography; and (6) gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. The specific activity of the final plasminogen activator preparation was increased by a factor 4500 as compared with the crude extract. The purified plasminogen activator showed a strong tendency to adsorb to surfaces. This could be effectively prevented by Tween-80. The molecular weight of the plasminogen activator was 64 000 as estimated by gel filtration in 1.0 M NaCl and 69 000 as estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The plasminogen activator consisted of two chains (molecular weights 31 000 and 38 000) connected by disulphide bridges. The smallest chain contained the serine residue of the active site as deduced from the incorporation of the tritium label of [3H]diisopropylphosphofluoridate.", "PMID": 121055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14501", "title": "Critical density for protein-protein monoconjugation on a polysaccharide matrix.", "content": "The galactose binding toxin (RCAII) from Ricinus communis was affinity-immobilised at varying densities on a polysaccharide matrix and reacted with glutaraldehyde. The critical density below which inter-molecular cross-links were not formed was determined. At this density RCAII was monoconjugated to lysozyme. This approach could serve as a prototype for enzyme-lectin and enzyme-antipolysaccharide antibody monoconjugation.", "contents": "Critical density for protein-protein monoconjugation on a polysaccharide matrix. The galactose binding toxin (RCAII) from Ricinus communis was affinity-immobilised at varying densities on a polysaccharide matrix and reacted with glutaraldehyde. The critical density below which inter-molecular cross-links were not formed was determined. At this density RCAII was monoconjugated to lysozyme. This approach could serve as a prototype for enzyme-lectin and enzyme-antipolysaccharide antibody monoconjugation.", "PMID": 121056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14502", "title": "Physicochemical properties of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome P-450 reductase from bovine adrenocortical microsomes.", "content": "Adrenocortical NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (EC. 1.6.2.4) was purified from bovine adrenocortical microsomes by detergent solubilization and affinity chromatography. The purified cytochrome P-450 reductase was a single protein band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, being electrophoretically homogeneous and pure. The cytochrome P-450 reductase was optically a typical flavoprotein. The absorption peaks were at 274, 380 and 45 nm with shoulders at 290, 360 and 480 nm. The NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was capable of reconstituting the 21-hydroxylase activity of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in the presence of cytochrome P-45021 of adrenocortical microsomes. The specific activity of the 21-hydroxylase of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in the reconstituted system using the excess concentration of the cytochrome P-450 reductase, was 15.8 nmol/min per nmol of cytochrome P-45021 at 37 degrees C. The NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, like hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, could directly reduce the cytochrome P-45021. The physicochemical properties of the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase were investigated. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 80 000 +/- 1000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. The cytochrome P-450 reductase contained 1 mol each FAD and FMN as coenzymes. Iron, manganese, molybdenum and copper were not detected. The Km values of NADPH and NADH for the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and those of cytochrome c for the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase were determined kinetically. They were 5.3 microM for NADPH, 1.1 mM for NADH, and 9-24 microM for cytochrome c. Chemical modification of the amino acid residues showed that a histidyl and cysteinyl residue are essential for the binding site of NADPH of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase.", "contents": "Physicochemical properties of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome P-450 reductase from bovine adrenocortical microsomes. Adrenocortical NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (EC. 1.6.2.4) was purified from bovine adrenocortical microsomes by detergent solubilization and affinity chromatography. The purified cytochrome P-450 reductase was a single protein band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, being electrophoretically homogeneous and pure. The cytochrome P-450 reductase was optically a typical flavoprotein. The absorption peaks were at 274, 380 and 45 nm with shoulders at 290, 360 and 480 nm. The NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was capable of reconstituting the 21-hydroxylase activity of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in the presence of cytochrome P-45021 of adrenocortical microsomes. The specific activity of the 21-hydroxylase of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in the reconstituted system using the excess concentration of the cytochrome P-450 reductase, was 15.8 nmol/min per nmol of cytochrome P-45021 at 37 degrees C. The NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, like hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, could directly reduce the cytochrome P-45021. The physicochemical properties of the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase were investigated. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 80 000 +/- 1000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. The cytochrome P-450 reductase contained 1 mol each FAD and FMN as coenzymes. Iron, manganese, molybdenum and copper were not detected. The Km values of NADPH and NADH for the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and those of cytochrome c for the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase were determined kinetically. They were 5.3 microM for NADPH, 1.1 mM for NADH, and 9-24 microM for cytochrome c. Chemical modification of the amino acid residues showed that a histidyl and cysteinyl residue are essential for the binding site of NADPH of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase.", "PMID": 121057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14503", "title": "Chemical cross-linking of hemoglobin H. A possible approach to introduce cooperativity and modification of its oxygen transport properties.", "content": "Native and reconstituted hemoglobin H molecules were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde at pH values close to the physiological. The Schiff base adducts were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before and after reduction with sodium borohydride. The major component had a molecular weight of about 31 000 which corresponded to the dimeric species of the beta subunit. In contrast to the native protein, which has very high oxygen affinity and no heme-heme interaction or 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid effect, the modified hemoglobin H molecules showed cooperative oxygen binding, decreased oxygen affinity and a noticeable 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid effect.", "contents": "Chemical cross-linking of hemoglobin H. A possible approach to introduce cooperativity and modification of its oxygen transport properties. Native and reconstituted hemoglobin H molecules were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde at pH values close to the physiological. The Schiff base adducts were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before and after reduction with sodium borohydride. The major component had a molecular weight of about 31 000 which corresponded to the dimeric species of the beta subunit. In contrast to the native protein, which has very high oxygen affinity and no heme-heme interaction or 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid effect, the modified hemoglobin H molecules showed cooperative oxygen binding, decreased oxygen affinity and a noticeable 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid effect.", "PMID": 121058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14504", "title": "[Elastolytic enzymes from Actinomyces fradiae 119].", "content": "Using ion-exchange chromatography and gel-filtration, elastase II, the main elastolytic component of protofradin (preparation of proteases of Act. fradiae 119), was purified to an electrophoretically homogeneous state. The enzyme is a serine proteinase with mol. weight of 17800 +/- 1000 and a pI greater than 10. The enzyme is stable at pH greater than 4,0 and exhibits its maximal activity towards elastin at pH 9,2. An analysis of elastolytic products revealed that the enzyme hydrolyses natural elactin of bovine nuchal ligament to form large fragments with mol. weights ranging from 25 000 to 80 000 and small oligopeptides. The elastolysis is ceased at the stage of formation of short-chained peptides, predominantly tripeptides. Elastase I is a minor component of protofradin and in its molecular weight and some enzymatic properties is similar to elastase II.", "contents": "[Elastolytic enzymes from Actinomyces fradiae 119]. Using ion-exchange chromatography and gel-filtration, elastase II, the main elastolytic component of protofradin (preparation of proteases of Act. fradiae 119), was purified to an electrophoretically homogeneous state. The enzyme is a serine proteinase with mol. weight of 17800 +/- 1000 and a pI greater than 10. The enzyme is stable at pH greater than 4,0 and exhibits its maximal activity towards elastin at pH 9,2. An analysis of elastolytic products revealed that the enzyme hydrolyses natural elactin of bovine nuchal ligament to form large fragments with mol. weights ranging from 25 000 to 80 000 and small oligopeptides. The elastolysis is ceased at the stage of formation of short-chained peptides, predominantly tripeptides. Elastase I is a minor component of protofradin and in its molecular weight and some enzymatic properties is similar to elastase II.", "PMID": 121059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14505", "title": "[Amino acid composition and chemical functional group modification of protease (TI-Ajl) inhibitor from Actinomyces janthinus 118].", "content": "The amino acid composition of the protease (TI-Ajl) inhibitor from Actinomyces janthinus 118 has been determined. It was shown that the TI-Ajl, S-SI and plasminostreptin inhibitors of trypsin and subtilisin have a number of common features: number of double bonds, tryptophane and tyrosine residues, prevalence of the acidic amino acids over the basic ones, ets. The effect of chemical modification of amino groups, arginine, tyrosine and methionine residues on the inhibitory activity of TI-Ajl was studied. The data obtained are indicative of the presence of two active centers of the inhibitor. The antitrypsin center contains a lysine residue.", "contents": "[Amino acid composition and chemical functional group modification of protease (TI-Ajl) inhibitor from Actinomyces janthinus 118]. The amino acid composition of the protease (TI-Ajl) inhibitor from Actinomyces janthinus 118 has been determined. It was shown that the TI-Ajl, S-SI and plasminostreptin inhibitors of trypsin and subtilisin have a number of common features: number of double bonds, tryptophane and tyrosine residues, prevalence of the acidic amino acids over the basic ones, ets. The effect of chemical modification of amino groups, arginine, tyrosine and methionine residues on the inhibitory activity of TI-Ajl was studied. The data obtained are indicative of the presence of two active centers of the inhibitor. The antitrypsin center contains a lysine residue.", "PMID": 121060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14506", "title": "Correlations between chromosome segments and fitness in Drosophila melanogaster III. Differential genetic responses to zinc sulfate and selenocystine.", "content": "Genetic X environmental interactions are examined at an intrachromosomal level in Drosophila melanogaster. With respect to two fitness components, egg production and egg-to-adult viability, evidence is provided that different segments of the X chromosome are affected differently by each of the chemical substances, zinc sulfate and selenocystine. The extent of a segment's effect on a trait is not always parallelled by the extent of its association with that trait's sensitivity to chemical treatment. Both attributes are functions of the genetical background. The degree of dominance of each segment is not always greater in the chemical environments, a finding inconsistent with Parson's concept of \"extreme-environment heterosis\".", "contents": "Correlations between chromosome segments and fitness in Drosophila melanogaster III. Differential genetic responses to zinc sulfate and selenocystine. Genetic X environmental interactions are examined at an intrachromosomal level in Drosophila melanogaster. With respect to two fitness components, egg production and egg-to-adult viability, evidence is provided that different segments of the X chromosome are affected differently by each of the chemical substances, zinc sulfate and selenocystine. The extent of a segment's effect on a trait is not always parallelled by the extent of its association with that trait's sensitivity to chemical treatment. Both attributes are functions of the genetical background. The degree of dominance of each segment is not always greater in the chemical environments, a finding inconsistent with Parson's concept of \"extreme-environment heterosis\".", "PMID": 121061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14507", "title": "Activity of precentral neurons during torque-triggered hand movements in awake primates.", "content": "In monkeys performing a handle-repositioning task involving primarily wrist flexion-extension (F-E) movements after a torque perturbation was delivered to the handle, single units were recorded extracellularly in the contralateral precentral cortex. Precentral neurons were identified by passive somatosensory stimulation, and were classified into five somatotopically organized populations. Based on electromyographic recordings, it was observed that flexors and extensors about the wrist joint were specifically involved in the repositioning of the handle, while many other muscles which act at the wrist and other forelimb joints were involved in the task in a supportive role. In precentral cortex, all neuronal responses observed were temporally correlated to both the sensory stimuli and the motor responses. Visual stimuli, presented simultaneously with torque perturbations, did not affect the early portion of cortical responses to such torque perturbations. In each of the five somatotopically organized neuronal populations, task-related neurons as well as task-unrelated ones were observed. A significantly larger proportion of wrist (F-E) neurons was related to the task, as compared with the other, nonwrist (F-E) populations. The above findings were discussed in the context of a hypothesis for the function of precentral cortex during voluntary limb movement in awake primates. This hypothesis incorporates a relationship between activities of populations of precentral neurons, defined with respect to their responses to peripheral events at or about single joints, and movements about the same joint.", "contents": "Activity of precentral neurons during torque-triggered hand movements in awake primates. In monkeys performing a handle-repositioning task involving primarily wrist flexion-extension (F-E) movements after a torque perturbation was delivered to the handle, single units were recorded extracellularly in the contralateral precentral cortex. Precentral neurons were identified by passive somatosensory stimulation, and were classified into five somatotopically organized populations. Based on electromyographic recordings, it was observed that flexors and extensors about the wrist joint were specifically involved in the repositioning of the handle, while many other muscles which act at the wrist and other forelimb joints were involved in the task in a supportive role. In precentral cortex, all neuronal responses observed were temporally correlated to both the sensory stimuli and the motor responses. Visual stimuli, presented simultaneously with torque perturbations, did not affect the early portion of cortical responses to such torque perturbations. In each of the five somatotopically organized neuronal populations, task-related neurons as well as task-unrelated ones were observed. A significantly larger proportion of wrist (F-E) neurons was related to the task, as compared with the other, nonwrist (F-E) populations. The above findings were discussed in the context of a hypothesis for the function of precentral cortex during voluntary limb movement in awake primates. This hypothesis incorporates a relationship between activities of populations of precentral neurons, defined with respect to their responses to peripheral events at or about single joints, and movements about the same joint.", "PMID": 121062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14508", "title": "Pools and protein synthesis: studies with the D- and L-isomers of leucine.", "content": "D-leucine and L-leucine produce pools of an identical nature in HeLa cells. Both isomers noncompetitively inhibit to the same extent pool formation and incorporation of valine. In the presence of D-leucine, [3H]-L-leucine at high specific activity is avidly incorporated into protein while forming a highly radioactive pool. The development of this pool was suppressed to normal levels by the presence of cycloheximide. It therefore represented a largely catabolic pool derived from proteins which had already become labelled. Discharge of pools of D-leucine followed first order kinetics and was significantly retarded when medium contained 10(-2) M of either isomer. Discharge of catabolic pools was equally as fast but the continual flow of labelled amino acid from protein sustained its intracellular level. The presence of 10(-2) to 10(-4) M leucine in the chase medium did not apparently alter the rate of discharge of this catabolic pool. The results are discussed in terms of the specificity of amino acids for different stages of the pathway leading to and from protein synthesis, and support the intracellular perfusion mechanism described elsewhere (Wheatley and Inglis, 1979).", "contents": "Pools and protein synthesis: studies with the D- and L-isomers of leucine. D-leucine and L-leucine produce pools of an identical nature in HeLa cells. Both isomers noncompetitively inhibit to the same extent pool formation and incorporation of valine. In the presence of D-leucine, [3H]-L-leucine at high specific activity is avidly incorporated into protein while forming a highly radioactive pool. The development of this pool was suppressed to normal levels by the presence of cycloheximide. It therefore represented a largely catabolic pool derived from proteins which had already become labelled. Discharge of pools of D-leucine followed first order kinetics and was significantly retarded when medium contained 10(-2) M of either isomer. Discharge of catabolic pools was equally as fast but the continual flow of labelled amino acid from protein sustained its intracellular level. The presence of 10(-2) to 10(-4) M leucine in the chase medium did not apparently alter the rate of discharge of this catabolic pool. The results are discussed in terms of the specificity of amino acids for different stages of the pathway leading to and from protein synthesis, and support the intracellular perfusion mechanism described elsewhere (Wheatley and Inglis, 1979).", "PMID": 121067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14509", "title": "Production of potent antivenin against cobra venom with conjugated-cobrotoxin.", "content": "Cobra venom (Naja naja atra) and its fractions obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation were subjected to chromatography on CM-Cellulose colum. A highly purified cobrotoxin obtained by the repeated chromatography on preparative CM-Cellulose column was 6.7 times more toxic than the original cobra venom. The toxin was detoxified by a bifunctional reagent, glutaraldehyde, to about 99.8% and utilized for immunization in animals. Mice received 4 weekly immunization with detoxified cobrotoxin and challenged one week after the last injection showed 60% protection in rabbits by immunization with detoxified cobrotoxin reached 360 LD50 neutralizing level against the cobra venom within 30 days. The results indicate that it is feasible and promising to prepare potent antivenin in animals by glutaraldehyde-treated cobrotoxin.", "contents": "Production of potent antivenin against cobra venom with conjugated-cobrotoxin. Cobra venom (Naja naja atra) and its fractions obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation were subjected to chromatography on CM-Cellulose colum. A highly purified cobrotoxin obtained by the repeated chromatography on preparative CM-Cellulose column was 6.7 times more toxic than the original cobra venom. The toxin was detoxified by a bifunctional reagent, glutaraldehyde, to about 99.8% and utilized for immunization in animals. Mice received 4 weekly immunization with detoxified cobrotoxin and challenged one week after the last injection showed 60% protection in rabbits by immunization with detoxified cobrotoxin reached 360 LD50 neutralizing level against the cobra venom within 30 days. The results indicate that it is feasible and promising to prepare potent antivenin in animals by glutaraldehyde-treated cobrotoxin.", "PMID": 121068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14510", "title": "Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin in foods.", "content": "A method has been developed for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in the boiled rice extract. The procedure utilized was the batch adsorption of enterotoxin from the cell-free culture supernatant by CG-50 ion exchange resin at pH 5.6. The enterotoxin was eluted by various concentrations of elution solution with different pH values. The lyophilized eluate was dissolved in Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) solution and analyzed with a quantitative double diffusion method. The desorption of enterotoxin from ion exchange resin appeared to be less effective by increasing the concentration of elution solution than by elevating the pH value of elution solution. The pH below 6.2 seemed to lose the ability to elute the enterotoxin from ion exchanger but enough to elimate non-specific extra proteins. The quantitative double diffusion method was able to detect enterotoxin in food with approximation in quantitation.", "contents": "Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin in foods. A method has been developed for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in the boiled rice extract. The procedure utilized was the batch adsorption of enterotoxin from the cell-free culture supernatant by CG-50 ion exchange resin at pH 5.6. The enterotoxin was eluted by various concentrations of elution solution with different pH values. The lyophilized eluate was dissolved in Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) solution and analyzed with a quantitative double diffusion method. The desorption of enterotoxin from ion exchange resin appeared to be less effective by increasing the concentration of elution solution than by elevating the pH value of elution solution. The pH below 6.2 seemed to lose the ability to elute the enterotoxin from ion exchanger but enough to elimate non-specific extra proteins. The quantitative double diffusion method was able to detect enterotoxin in food with approximation in quantitation.", "PMID": 121069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14511", "title": "Protective effect of glutathione on the in vitro inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P-450 by captan.", "content": "The in vitro effect of various concentrations of captan on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 from pehnobarbital-pretreated rats was studied. The I-50 value, namely the concentration of the inhibitor necessary to produce 50% loss of cytochrome P-450 was determined from theplotted inhibition curve. The presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in microsomal incubations prior to the addition of captan failed to prevent the loss of cytochrome P-450 by captan. In contrast, reduced glutathione (0.5 mM) added to microsomal incubations before captan (0.1 mM) afforded almost complete protection of cytochrome P-450 from captan inhibition. These data indicate that the inhibitory effect of captan on vitally important drug-metabolizing enzyme system, of which cytochrome P-450 is a major component, can be prevented by prior presence of reduced glutathione (GSH) but not of EDTA.", "contents": "Protective effect of glutathione on the in vitro inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P-450 by captan. The in vitro effect of various concentrations of captan on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 from pehnobarbital-pretreated rats was studied. The I-50 value, namely the concentration of the inhibitor necessary to produce 50% loss of cytochrome P-450 was determined from theplotted inhibition curve. The presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in microsomal incubations prior to the addition of captan failed to prevent the loss of cytochrome P-450 by captan. In contrast, reduced glutathione (0.5 mM) added to microsomal incubations before captan (0.1 mM) afforded almost complete protection of cytochrome P-450 from captan inhibition. These data indicate that the inhibitory effect of captan on vitally important drug-metabolizing enzyme system, of which cytochrome P-450 is a major component, can be prevented by prior presence of reduced glutathione (GSH) but not of EDTA.", "PMID": 121071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14512", "title": "Effect of particle size distribution on hexamethylmelamine toxicity in rats.", "content": "Single oral dose toxicities of six hexamethylmelamine samples with different particle size distributions were evaluated in Osborne-Mendel rats. The calculated LD50 values for the 6 samples were 1706 to 2150 mg/kg )10,236 to 12,900 mg/m2). The two samples with median particle size less than 40 micron were more toxic than the other 4 samples. Among the latter samples, severity of toxic effects was not correlated with particle size. Leukocytes, lymphocytes, platelets and body weight showed dose-related decreases for all samples. Particle size appeared to have a minimal effect on these variables. The drug produced toxic effects on rapidly proliferating tissues: lymphoid, hematopoietic and germinal epithelium. At lethal doses, microscopic lesions were lymphoid tissue hypoplasia, bone marrow hypoplasia with elevated myeloid:erythroid ratios and spermatogenic arrest. The major target organs at nonlethal doses were bone marrow and germ cells, with germinal epithelium showing the most severe lesions.", "contents": "Effect of particle size distribution on hexamethylmelamine toxicity in rats. Single oral dose toxicities of six hexamethylmelamine samples with different particle size distributions were evaluated in Osborne-Mendel rats. The calculated LD50 values for the 6 samples were 1706 to 2150 mg/kg )10,236 to 12,900 mg/m2). The two samples with median particle size less than 40 micron were more toxic than the other 4 samples. Among the latter samples, severity of toxic effects was not correlated with particle size. Leukocytes, lymphocytes, platelets and body weight showed dose-related decreases for all samples. Particle size appeared to have a minimal effect on these variables. The drug produced toxic effects on rapidly proliferating tissues: lymphoid, hematopoietic and germinal epithelium. At lethal doses, microscopic lesions were lymphoid tissue hypoplasia, bone marrow hypoplasia with elevated myeloid:erythroid ratios and spermatogenic arrest. The major target organs at nonlethal doses were bone marrow and germ cells, with germinal epithelium showing the most severe lesions.", "PMID": 121072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14513", "title": "Biochemical and immunological studies on the P400 protein, a protein characteristic of the Purkinje cell from mouse and rat cerebellum.", "content": "The P400 protein is a glycoprotein of high apparent molecular weight which is abundant in isolated cerebellar Purkinje cells. On SDS polyacrylamide gels, the P400 protein reacts with 125I plant lectins such as 125I Con A. This reaction is used to increase the level of detection of the protein. The P400 protein is purified by successive extraction of synaptosomal and microsomal membranes with 2% Triton X-100 and 25% Na-cholate and preparative gel electrophoresis in SDS. The specific content of P400 protein decreases in the cerebella from homozygous nervous and Purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice, where the total number of Purkinje cells is markedly reduced, and increases in those of the reeler and weaver mice where a deficit of the granule cells exists. In the cerebellum from the homozygous staggerer mouse, a small amount of P400 protein persists. During postnatal development the specific content of P400 protein per net weight does not change up to the 12th day after birth then increases up to the 25th day when it reaches the adult level. Antisera have been raised against the purified P400 protein. They give precipitation lines by the immunodiffusion reaction of Ouchterlony against a preparation of P400 protein submitted to mild proteolytic attack. Indirect immunofluorescence performed on slices of rat cerebellum with purified anti-P400 immunoglobulin G, absorbed or not on rat cerebrum membranes, reveals that both the soma and the dendritic arborization of the Purkinje cells are labelled. The neurons from the deep cerebellar nuclei are not stained.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological studies on the P400 protein, a protein characteristic of the Purkinje cell from mouse and rat cerebellum. The P400 protein is a glycoprotein of high apparent molecular weight which is abundant in isolated cerebellar Purkinje cells. On SDS polyacrylamide gels, the P400 protein reacts with 125I plant lectins such as 125I Con A. This reaction is used to increase the level of detection of the protein. The P400 protein is purified by successive extraction of synaptosomal and microsomal membranes with 2% Triton X-100 and 25% Na-cholate and preparative gel electrophoresis in SDS. The specific content of P400 protein decreases in the cerebella from homozygous nervous and Purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice, where the total number of Purkinje cells is markedly reduced, and increases in those of the reeler and weaver mice where a deficit of the granule cells exists. In the cerebellum from the homozygous staggerer mouse, a small amount of P400 protein persists. During postnatal development the specific content of P400 protein per net weight does not change up to the 12th day after birth then increases up to the 25th day when it reaches the adult level. Antisera have been raised against the purified P400 protein. They give precipitation lines by the immunodiffusion reaction of Ouchterlony against a preparation of P400 protein submitted to mild proteolytic attack. Indirect immunofluorescence performed on slices of rat cerebellum with purified anti-P400 immunoglobulin G, absorbed or not on rat cerebrum membranes, reveals that both the soma and the dendritic arborization of the Purkinje cells are labelled. The neurons from the deep cerebellar nuclei are not stained.", "PMID": 121073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14514", "title": "The differing responsiveness of the anterior- and the middle-anterior hypothalamic area to estradiol benzoate implant: inhibition of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy.", "content": "Estradiol benzoate (E2) was chronically implanted, unilaterally or bilaterally, for about 30 days in the anterior (A-AHA) or the middle (M-AHA) portion of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) of unilaterally ovariectomized (ULO) and intact cyclic rats. E2 unilaterally implanted in the A-AHA partially blocked and bilaterally implanted totally blocked compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH) in response to ULO. E2 implanted in the M-AHA induced ovarian atrophy in ULO rats. In M-AHA E2 implanted rats, ovulation was completely inhibited, vaginal smears became persistently cornified, serum FSH was drastically suppressed to 23-24% of the estrous level, LH was unremarkably changed. These effects were less pronounced when the implant was place in the A-AHA, i.e., ovulation was partially blocked only with bilateral implantation, vaginal cycles were irregular, serum FSH was suppressed to 66% and 44% of the estrous level after unilateral and bilateral implantation, respectively, LH was rather unchanged. Uteri were neither atrophic whether the implants was placed in the A-AHA or in the M-AHA. In normal cyclic rats, the effects of E2 implantation in the two areas were similar to those observed in ULO rats, except that the effects were evident even after unilateral implantation since the brain had not been compensated. The results allowed to indicate a functional subdivision of the ventral AHA, at least into the A-AHA and the M-AHA. The M-AHA was experimentally elucidated to be more estrogen sensitive than the A-AHA for monitoring of serum FSH, and was suggested to be involved in the episodic secretion of FSH. The inhibitory effect of estrogen on COH may primarily be mediated through the M-AHA and secondarily through the A-AHA.", "contents": "The differing responsiveness of the anterior- and the middle-anterior hypothalamic area to estradiol benzoate implant: inhibition of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy. Estradiol benzoate (E2) was chronically implanted, unilaterally or bilaterally, for about 30 days in the anterior (A-AHA) or the middle (M-AHA) portion of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) of unilaterally ovariectomized (ULO) and intact cyclic rats. E2 unilaterally implanted in the A-AHA partially blocked and bilaterally implanted totally blocked compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH) in response to ULO. E2 implanted in the M-AHA induced ovarian atrophy in ULO rats. In M-AHA E2 implanted rats, ovulation was completely inhibited, vaginal smears became persistently cornified, serum FSH was drastically suppressed to 23-24% of the estrous level, LH was unremarkably changed. These effects were less pronounced when the implant was place in the A-AHA, i.e., ovulation was partially blocked only with bilateral implantation, vaginal cycles were irregular, serum FSH was suppressed to 66% and 44% of the estrous level after unilateral and bilateral implantation, respectively, LH was rather unchanged. Uteri were neither atrophic whether the implants was placed in the A-AHA or in the M-AHA. In normal cyclic rats, the effects of E2 implantation in the two areas were similar to those observed in ULO rats, except that the effects were evident even after unilateral implantation since the brain had not been compensated. The results allowed to indicate a functional subdivision of the ventral AHA, at least into the A-AHA and the M-AHA. The M-AHA was experimentally elucidated to be more estrogen sensitive than the A-AHA for monitoring of serum FSH, and was suggested to be involved in the episodic secretion of FSH. The inhibitory effect of estrogen on COH may primarily be mediated through the M-AHA and secondarily through the A-AHA.", "PMID": 121074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14515", "title": "The effect of estrogen withdrawal upon the tubal epithelium of immature ovariectomized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) pretreated with estradiol dipropionate.", "content": "Immature ovariectomized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) were injected intramuscuarly with estradiol dipropionate (EDP) at a dose of 20 micrograms/kg/day for 6 consecutive days and were sacrificed at days 1, 3, 8, 13 and 25 following withdrawal of the hormone. The overall height of the epithelia of the infundibulum (Inf), Ampulla (A) and the isthmus (I) and the status of the ciliated and nonciliated cells therein were observed under both the light and electron microscope and those observed at days 3-25 were assessed against those found at day 1 (control values). The EDP effect on the above aspects did not change significantly at days 3 and 8 as compared to day 1. There was rather an increase of such hormone impact on day 8: this is indicated by the observations that the nonciliated cells possessed a greater number of secretory granules (SG) and/or exhibited signs of higher secretory activity. Possible neosynthesis of SG was discerned on days 3 and 8. Retrogressive changes in the epithelia and in the constituent cell types were evident on day 13; those advanced further on day 25 but to different degrees in different segments. The changes were highest in Inf following by those in A and I in order: Inf greater than A greater than I. All these changes were described and commented upon. It is concluded that the estrogen impact lasts for some time after its withdrawal and that the nature of subsequent regression of any epithelium and of the celltype therein is determined by their position within the tube.", "contents": "The effect of estrogen withdrawal upon the tubal epithelium of immature ovariectomized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) pretreated with estradiol dipropionate. Immature ovariectomized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) were injected intramuscuarly with estradiol dipropionate (EDP) at a dose of 20 micrograms/kg/day for 6 consecutive days and were sacrificed at days 1, 3, 8, 13 and 25 following withdrawal of the hormone. The overall height of the epithelia of the infundibulum (Inf), Ampulla (A) and the isthmus (I) and the status of the ciliated and nonciliated cells therein were observed under both the light and electron microscope and those observed at days 3-25 were assessed against those found at day 1 (control values). The EDP effect on the above aspects did not change significantly at days 3 and 8 as compared to day 1. There was rather an increase of such hormone impact on day 8: this is indicated by the observations that the nonciliated cells possessed a greater number of secretory granules (SG) and/or exhibited signs of higher secretory activity. Possible neosynthesis of SG was discerned on days 3 and 8. Retrogressive changes in the epithelia and in the constituent cell types were evident on day 13; those advanced further on day 25 but to different degrees in different segments. The changes were highest in Inf following by those in A and I in order: Inf greater than A greater than I. All these changes were described and commented upon. It is concluded that the estrogen impact lasts for some time after its withdrawal and that the nature of subsequent regression of any epithelium and of the celltype therein is determined by their position within the tube.", "PMID": 121075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14516", "title": "Production of antibodies against the porcine luteinizing hormone by two immunization methods.", "content": "Two methods of rabbit immunization were applied: multisite intradermal injections of small doses and intramuscular injections of large hormone doses for obtaining antibodies against the porcine luteinizing hormone (LH). A high titre, specificity towards LH and affinity were obtained in rabbits immunized by both methods. In most animals the highest titre was noted 10 weeks after the first immunization.", "contents": "Production of antibodies against the porcine luteinizing hormone by two immunization methods. Two methods of rabbit immunization were applied: multisite intradermal injections of small doses and intramuscular injections of large hormone doses for obtaining antibodies against the porcine luteinizing hormone (LH). A high titre, specificity towards LH and affinity were obtained in rabbits immunized by both methods. In most animals the highest titre was noted 10 weeks after the first immunization.", "PMID": 121076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14517", "title": "Creatine kinase in serum after grand mal seizures.", "content": "Total creatine kinase (CK) activity in serum was increased post-ictally in 14 out of 17 patients (82%) admitted to the hospital after one or more generalized seizures. No correlation was found between increased CK levels and cerebral or extracerebral ictal injuries. A highly significant negative correlation exists between regular anti-epileptic treatment and elevated levels of the enzyme (p less than 0.01). The maximum value of CK activity was found on the 3rd or 4th post-ictal day in 10 out of 14 patients. Correspondingly, late CK-activity increases on the 2nd-4th post-ictal day were found in 6 out of 9 experiments with unrestrained cats. In cats immobilized by relaxant drugs, only an initial rise of the enzyme within 24 h after the electrographic seizures was observed. These findings suggest that sources other than the skeletal muscle alone contribute to the increased CK activity after grand mal seizures.", "contents": "Creatine kinase in serum after grand mal seizures. Total creatine kinase (CK) activity in serum was increased post-ictally in 14 out of 17 patients (82%) admitted to the hospital after one or more generalized seizures. No correlation was found between increased CK levels and cerebral or extracerebral ictal injuries. A highly significant negative correlation exists between regular anti-epileptic treatment and elevated levels of the enzyme (p less than 0.01). The maximum value of CK activity was found on the 3rd or 4th post-ictal day in 10 out of 14 patients. Correspondingly, late CK-activity increases on the 2nd-4th post-ictal day were found in 6 out of 9 experiments with unrestrained cats. In cats immobilized by relaxant drugs, only an initial rise of the enzyme within 24 h after the electrographic seizures was observed. These findings suggest that sources other than the skeletal muscle alone contribute to the increased CK activity after grand mal seizures.", "PMID": 121079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14518", "title": "Human complement activation by lipopolysaccharides from bacteroides oralis, fusobacterium nucleatum, and veillonella parvula.", "content": "The properties of different lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations to induce C3 conversion in human serum was studied by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. C3 conversion by the alternative pathway was evaluated after calcium depletion, and lipid A-dependent activation was measured by means of inhibition with polymyxin B sulfate. LPS from Bacteroides oralis converted Co mainly via the alternative pathway, whereas LPS from Fusobacterium nucleatum and Veillonella parvula const pronounced lipid A-dependent conversion. The results are discussed in relation to the chemical composition of the LPS preparations.", "contents": "Human complement activation by lipopolysaccharides from bacteroides oralis, fusobacterium nucleatum, and veillonella parvula. The properties of different lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations to induce C3 conversion in human serum was studied by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. C3 conversion by the alternative pathway was evaluated after calcium depletion, and lipid A-dependent activation was measured by means of inhibition with polymyxin B sulfate. LPS from Bacteroides oralis converted Co mainly via the alternative pathway, whereas LPS from Fusobacterium nucleatum and Veillonella parvula const pronounced lipid A-dependent conversion. The results are discussed in relation to the chemical composition of the LPS preparations.", "PMID": 121108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14519", "title": "Effect of passage history on dengue-2 virus replication in subpopulations of human leukocytes.", "content": "Three passage levels of dengue-2 virus strain PR-159, obtained during the course of deriving the attenuated S-1 vaccine, were tested for their ability to replicate in subpopulations of human peripheral blood leukocytes: (i) 6th primary African green monkey kidney (PGMK) cell passage (parent virus); (ii) 19th PGMK cell passage of a small-plaque-forming clone derived from the parent virus (S-1 PGMK virus); and (iii) virus derived by four additional passages of the S-1 PGMK virus in diploid fetal rhesus lung cells (S-1 vaccine virus). Replication of these PR-159 viruses and another strain of dengue-2 virus adapted to Raji cells (16681-Raji virus) was measured in adherent and nonadherent mononuclear cells. All viruses except the S-1 PGMK virus replicated in monocytes. Occasional replication of the S-1 PGMK virus was associated with reversion to parent virus. The addition to the monocyte cultures of low concentrations of homologous dengue-2 antibody or non-neutralizing heterologous antibody increased the yield of the parent virus as much as 400-fold. This phenomenon of immune enhancement usually enabled the S-1 PGMK virus to replicate slowly in monocytes, but the progeny virus produced large plaques similar to the parent virus. Replication of the S-1 vaccine virus in cultured monocytes did not result in the appearance of large plaques. We could not recover S-1 vaccine virus from monocytes harvested from infected volunteers in the same manner that monocytes from natural human infections yield wild virus. The three passage levels of PR-159 virus were tested for replication in lymphocytes in comparison with the 16681-Raji virus. Only the 16681-Raji virus replicated in human lymphocytes cultured with or without enhancing antibody.", "contents": "Effect of passage history on dengue-2 virus replication in subpopulations of human leukocytes. Three passage levels of dengue-2 virus strain PR-159, obtained during the course of deriving the attenuated S-1 vaccine, were tested for their ability to replicate in subpopulations of human peripheral blood leukocytes: (i) 6th primary African green monkey kidney (PGMK) cell passage (parent virus); (ii) 19th PGMK cell passage of a small-plaque-forming clone derived from the parent virus (S-1 PGMK virus); and (iii) virus derived by four additional passages of the S-1 PGMK virus in diploid fetal rhesus lung cells (S-1 vaccine virus). Replication of these PR-159 viruses and another strain of dengue-2 virus adapted to Raji cells (16681-Raji virus) was measured in adherent and nonadherent mononuclear cells. All viruses except the S-1 PGMK virus replicated in monocytes. Occasional replication of the S-1 PGMK virus was associated with reversion to parent virus. The addition to the monocyte cultures of low concentrations of homologous dengue-2 antibody or non-neutralizing heterologous antibody increased the yield of the parent virus as much as 400-fold. This phenomenon of immune enhancement usually enabled the S-1 PGMK virus to replicate slowly in monocytes, but the progeny virus produced large plaques similar to the parent virus. Replication of the S-1 vaccine virus in cultured monocytes did not result in the appearance of large plaques. We could not recover S-1 vaccine virus from monocytes harvested from infected volunteers in the same manner that monocytes from natural human infections yield wild virus. The three passage levels of PR-159 virus were tested for replication in lymphocytes in comparison with the 16681-Raji virus. Only the 16681-Raji virus replicated in human lymphocytes cultured with or without enhancing antibody.", "PMID": 121109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14520", "title": "Natural phosphorylation of group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C.", "content": "Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) type C, produced by strain T18P grown in the presence of 32P, was separated from culture supernatant fluids by using alcohol precipitation. The resulting toxin (EtOH-1) contained 3 X 10(6) to 5 X 10(6) cpm of 32P per milligram of protein. The radiolabel migrated with SPE C during isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels (pI 6.7) and double immunodiffusion, in which the toxin formed a line of identity with highly purified SPE C when reacted with hyperimmune antisera raised against SPE C. The EtOH-1 radiolabeled toxin was pyrogenic and had the capacity to enhance host susceptibility to lethal endotoxin shock. EtOH-1 toxin lost both radiolabel and biological activity after being treated with alkaline phosphatase. The nonspecific lymphocyte mitogenicity of purified unlabeled SPE C was stimulated by adenosine monophosphate but not adenosine, adenosine diphosphate, or adenosine triphosphate. Adenosine monophosphate may function as a cofactor of SPE C and contribute the phosphate group required for biological activity.", "contents": "Natural phosphorylation of group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C. Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) type C, produced by strain T18P grown in the presence of 32P, was separated from culture supernatant fluids by using alcohol precipitation. The resulting toxin (EtOH-1) contained 3 X 10(6) to 5 X 10(6) cpm of 32P per milligram of protein. The radiolabel migrated with SPE C during isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels (pI 6.7) and double immunodiffusion, in which the toxin formed a line of identity with highly purified SPE C when reacted with hyperimmune antisera raised against SPE C. The EtOH-1 radiolabeled toxin was pyrogenic and had the capacity to enhance host susceptibility to lethal endotoxin shock. EtOH-1 toxin lost both radiolabel and biological activity after being treated with alkaline phosphatase. The nonspecific lymphocyte mitogenicity of purified unlabeled SPE C was stimulated by adenosine monophosphate but not adenosine, adenosine diphosphate, or adenosine triphosphate. Adenosine monophosphate may function as a cofactor of SPE C and contribute the phosphate group required for biological activity.", "PMID": 121110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14521", "title": "Changes in immunoferritin labeling of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi after serial cultivation in 60Co-irradiated BHK cells.", "content": "The immunolabeling characteristics of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Gilliam strain) were examined by using a purified immunoglobulin G fraction of antibody to R. tsutsugamushi raised in rabbits. Formalin-fixed rickettsiae were reacted with this antibody and then with ferritin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit Fc antibody. R. tsutsugamushi cultivated in yolk sacs was used to raise antibody for this study. When rickettsiae in BHK-21 cells infected from yolk sac seed material were immunoferritin labeled, the binding of ferritin was found to be dense and uniform on the outer surface of the rickettsiae in disrupted host cells. Immunolabeling of purified suspensions of extracellular rickettsiae resulted in the uniform ferritin labeling of the microorganism. Aggregation of these rickettsiae by antibody appeared to depend upon the purity of the pellets. Immunoferritin labeling examined at high magnification revealed ferritin very close to the outer dense leaflet of the outer membrane. On some rickettsiae or on focal sites of others, the labelin; was several ferritin particles thick, suggesting the presence of a thick coating. The immunoferritin labeling of R. tsutsugamushi during successive serial passages in BHK-21 cells revealed decreased labeling with each passage, and by the 10th passage there was no detectable labeling. However, these rickettsiae inoculated back into yolk sacs regained their immunoferritin labeling. R. tsutsugamushi passed back into yolk sacs after four serial propagations in BHK-21 cells regained their labeling on the first passage in yolk sacs. However, rickettsiae from the 20th serial passage in BHK-21 cells required five passages in yolk sacs to reestablish their previous labeling affinity. Rickettsiae which did not label after 20 passages in BHK cells regained some of their labeling characteristics when sonicated. Antibody against rickettsiae cultivated in BHK-21 cells continued labeling rickettsiae even after 9 serial passages in BHK-21 cells.", "contents": "Changes in immunoferritin labeling of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi after serial cultivation in 60Co-irradiated BHK cells. The immunolabeling characteristics of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Gilliam strain) were examined by using a purified immunoglobulin G fraction of antibody to R. tsutsugamushi raised in rabbits. Formalin-fixed rickettsiae were reacted with this antibody and then with ferritin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit Fc antibody. R. tsutsugamushi cultivated in yolk sacs was used to raise antibody for this study. When rickettsiae in BHK-21 cells infected from yolk sac seed material were immunoferritin labeled, the binding of ferritin was found to be dense and uniform on the outer surface of the rickettsiae in disrupted host cells. Immunolabeling of purified suspensions of extracellular rickettsiae resulted in the uniform ferritin labeling of the microorganism. Aggregation of these rickettsiae by antibody appeared to depend upon the purity of the pellets. Immunoferritin labeling examined at high magnification revealed ferritin very close to the outer dense leaflet of the outer membrane. On some rickettsiae or on focal sites of others, the labelin; was several ferritin particles thick, suggesting the presence of a thick coating. The immunoferritin labeling of R. tsutsugamushi during successive serial passages in BHK-21 cells revealed decreased labeling with each passage, and by the 10th passage there was no detectable labeling. However, these rickettsiae inoculated back into yolk sacs regained their immunoferritin labeling. R. tsutsugamushi passed back into yolk sacs after four serial propagations in BHK-21 cells regained their labeling on the first passage in yolk sacs. However, rickettsiae from the 20th serial passage in BHK-21 cells required five passages in yolk sacs to reestablish their previous labeling affinity. Rickettsiae which did not label after 20 passages in BHK cells regained some of their labeling characteristics when sonicated. Antibody against rickettsiae cultivated in BHK-21 cells continued labeling rickettsiae even after 9 serial passages in BHK-21 cells.", "PMID": 121111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14522", "title": "Isolation and characterization of toxic fractions from Brucella abortus.", "content": "Two types of toxic fractions, protein-rich and carbohydrate-rich, were isolated from attenuated (strain 19) and virulent (strain 2308) Brucella abortus organisms. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the protein-rich fraction, in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, revealed qualitative and quantitative differences in the protein bands derived from the attenuated and virulent strains. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis indicated that the major differences between these protein fractions were in the molecular weight range from 14,000 to 40,000. Immunoelectrophoresis of these fractions from the attenuated and virulent strains revealed differences in the antigenic spectrum. Polypeptides in the carbohydrate-rich fraction could be visualized on polyacrylamide gels only when reacted with fluorescamine before electrophoresis. Immune sera did not precipitate the components of the carbohydrate-rich fraction. Intradermal injecttion of the protein and carbohydrate-rich fractions resulted in different types of skin lesions in guinea pigs, i.e., edematous/erythematous and necrotic lesions, respectively. Fractions derived from attenuated and virulent strains of B. abortus were equally toxic in the guinea pig skin test. The toxic activity of both types of fractions was susceptible to pronase and heat treatment.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of toxic fractions from Brucella abortus. Two types of toxic fractions, protein-rich and carbohydrate-rich, were isolated from attenuated (strain 19) and virulent (strain 2308) Brucella abortus organisms. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the protein-rich fraction, in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, revealed qualitative and quantitative differences in the protein bands derived from the attenuated and virulent strains. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis indicated that the major differences between these protein fractions were in the molecular weight range from 14,000 to 40,000. Immunoelectrophoresis of these fractions from the attenuated and virulent strains revealed differences in the antigenic spectrum. Polypeptides in the carbohydrate-rich fraction could be visualized on polyacrylamide gels only when reacted with fluorescamine before electrophoresis. Immune sera did not precipitate the components of the carbohydrate-rich fraction. Intradermal injecttion of the protein and carbohydrate-rich fractions resulted in different types of skin lesions in guinea pigs, i.e., edematous/erythematous and necrotic lesions, respectively. Fractions derived from attenuated and virulent strains of B. abortus were equally toxic in the guinea pig skin test. The toxic activity of both types of fractions was susceptible to pronase and heat treatment.", "PMID": 121112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14523", "title": "Comparison of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis infections of mice and their effect on acquired cellular resistance.", "content": "By using mice infected with strains of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis we examined the histological responses to infection, the relationship of histology to persistence of organisms, and the relation of persistence of organisms to the acquisition of acquired cellular resistance (ACR). Infection with B. abortus resulted in well-formed granulomas in the livers, which persisted for more than 30 days. In contrast, infection with B. melitensis produced microabscesses in the livers which resolved before 30 days. The clearance of organisms from the tissues was also different. A total of 30 days after infection, large numbers of viable bacteria were recovered from the tissues of B. abortus-infected mice whereas bacteria were no longer recoverable from B. melitensis-infected animals. ACR to Listeria monocytogenes, another intracellular pathogen, persisted for more than 30 days in B. abortus-infected mice but waned rapidly in B. melitensis-infected animals. This disappearance of ACR due to B. melitensis paralleled the clearance of bacteria from the tissues.", "contents": "Comparison of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis infections of mice and their effect on acquired cellular resistance. By using mice infected with strains of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis we examined the histological responses to infection, the relationship of histology to persistence of organisms, and the relation of persistence of organisms to the acquisition of acquired cellular resistance (ACR). Infection with B. abortus resulted in well-formed granulomas in the livers, which persisted for more than 30 days. In contrast, infection with B. melitensis produced microabscesses in the livers which resolved before 30 days. The clearance of organisms from the tissues was also different. A total of 30 days after infection, large numbers of viable bacteria were recovered from the tissues of B. abortus-infected mice whereas bacteria were no longer recoverable from B. melitensis-infected animals. ACR to Listeria monocytogenes, another intracellular pathogen, persisted for more than 30 days in B. abortus-infected mice but waned rapidly in B. melitensis-infected animals. This disappearance of ACR due to B. melitensis paralleled the clearance of bacteria from the tissues.", "PMID": 121113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14524", "title": "Serospecificity and opsonic activity of antisera to Legionella pneumophila.", "content": "A high-molecular-weight surface component (F-1 fraction) has been isolated from the four serogroups of Legionella pneumophila. Antibody raised against live organisms was found by microagglutination assay to be specific for the homologous serogroup. Agglutinating activity of antiserum was markedly diminished after absorption with the homologous, but not heterologous, F-1 fraction. In addition, it was found that L. pneumophila organisms were not interiorized by rat alveolar macrophages or mouse peritoneal macrophages in the absence of antiserum, whereas homologous antiserum effectively opsonized the organisms. The opsonizing activity of serogroup-specific antisera was eliminated by absorption of the antisera with the homologous, but not heterologous, F-1 fraction. These data indicate that the serogroup-specific antigen of L. pneumophila resides in the F-1 fraction and that antibody to the F-1 fraction is required for phagocytosis of L. pneumophila by mammalian phagocytes.", "contents": "Serospecificity and opsonic activity of antisera to Legionella pneumophila. A high-molecular-weight surface component (F-1 fraction) has been isolated from the four serogroups of Legionella pneumophila. Antibody raised against live organisms was found by microagglutination assay to be specific for the homologous serogroup. Agglutinating activity of antiserum was markedly diminished after absorption with the homologous, but not heterologous, F-1 fraction. In addition, it was found that L. pneumophila organisms were not interiorized by rat alveolar macrophages or mouse peritoneal macrophages in the absence of antiserum, whereas homologous antiserum effectively opsonized the organisms. The opsonizing activity of serogroup-specific antisera was eliminated by absorption of the antisera with the homologous, but not heterologous, F-1 fraction. These data indicate that the serogroup-specific antigen of L. pneumophila resides in the F-1 fraction and that antibody to the F-1 fraction is required for phagocytosis of L. pneumophila by mammalian phagocytes.", "PMID": 121114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14525", "title": "In vitro studies of rickettsia-host cell interactions: ultrastructural changes induced by Rickettsia rickettsii infection of chicken embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "Secondary chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with the Sheila Smith strain of Rickettsia rickettsii and grown in monolayer culture undergo rapid morphological alterations. Transmission electron microscopic examination of cells at intervals after infection showed several progressive host cell lesions, including widespread dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and outer nuclear envelope and the accumulation of electron-dense material within the cisternae of intracellular membranes. Dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is a common, early reversible manifestation of other forms of cell injury. However, the severity of the damage to the host cell resulting from the progressive distention of intracellular membranes and the subsequent formation of small segments of membrane-bound host cytoplasm within the cisternae of these membranes is unknown. Early in the infection cycle, the rickettsiae were found free in the host cell cytoplasm, within invaginations of the nuclear envelope, occasionally free in the space between the outer and inner nuclear membranes, and in the host nucleoplasm, but not within cisternae formed by swollen endoplasmic reticulum. As a consequence of intracisternal swelling and fusion of intracellular membranes later in the infection cycle, the majority of the rickettsiae were found surrounded by host cytoplasm bound by host-derived internal membranes and appeared to persist in this state until cell lysis. The overall cytopathological changes in cells infected with R. richettsii appear dramatic and, from other studies in our laboratory, are significantly different from those observed in cells infected with Rickettsia prowazekii.", "contents": "In vitro studies of rickettsia-host cell interactions: ultrastructural changes induced by Rickettsia rickettsii infection of chicken embryo fibroblasts. Secondary chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with the Sheila Smith strain of Rickettsia rickettsii and grown in monolayer culture undergo rapid morphological alterations. Transmission electron microscopic examination of cells at intervals after infection showed several progressive host cell lesions, including widespread dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and outer nuclear envelope and the accumulation of electron-dense material within the cisternae of intracellular membranes. Dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is a common, early reversible manifestation of other forms of cell injury. However, the severity of the damage to the host cell resulting from the progressive distention of intracellular membranes and the subsequent formation of small segments of membrane-bound host cytoplasm within the cisternae of these membranes is unknown. Early in the infection cycle, the rickettsiae were found free in the host cell cytoplasm, within invaginations of the nuclear envelope, occasionally free in the space between the outer and inner nuclear membranes, and in the host nucleoplasm, but not within cisternae formed by swollen endoplasmic reticulum. As a consequence of intracisternal swelling and fusion of intracellular membranes later in the infection cycle, the majority of the rickettsiae were found surrounded by host cytoplasm bound by host-derived internal membranes and appeared to persist in this state until cell lysis. The overall cytopathological changes in cells infected with R. richettsii appear dramatic and, from other studies in our laboratory, are significantly different from those observed in cells infected with Rickettsia prowazekii.", "PMID": 121115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14526", "title": "Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: role of normal and activated macrophages.", "content": "Resident peritoneal macrophage from BALB/c mice were infected in vitro with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi strain Gilliam, and rickettsial growth was estimated by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained cells. Both number of infected macrophage per culture and number of intracellular rickettsiae per cell increased with time during culture. Treatment of rickettsiae with immune serum before infection macrophage cultures reduced the number of infected macrophage by 50%. Macrophage treated in vitro with lymphokines were able to suppress rickettsial growth in the absence of detectable antibody and exhibited a 75% reduction in infection compared with normal macrophage. We also obtained activated macrophage from immune mice and found that they were refractory to in vitro rickettsial infection. Macrophage populations activated in vitro or in vivo contained a small percentage of cells which supported unrestrained growth of rickettsiae. These data suggest that an early immunological event in experimental scrub typhus infection may be the development of activated macrophage capable of suppressing rickettsial proliferation before the appearance of circulating antibody.", "contents": "Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: role of normal and activated macrophages. Resident peritoneal macrophage from BALB/c mice were infected in vitro with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi strain Gilliam, and rickettsial growth was estimated by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained cells. Both number of infected macrophage per culture and number of intracellular rickettsiae per cell increased with time during culture. Treatment of rickettsiae with immune serum before infection macrophage cultures reduced the number of infected macrophage by 50%. Macrophage treated in vitro with lymphokines were able to suppress rickettsial growth in the absence of detectable antibody and exhibited a 75% reduction in infection compared with normal macrophage. We also obtained activated macrophage from immune mice and found that they were refractory to in vitro rickettsial infection. Macrophage populations activated in vitro or in vivo contained a small percentage of cells which supported unrestrained growth of rickettsiae. These data suggest that an early immunological event in experimental scrub typhus infection may be the development of activated macrophage capable of suppressing rickettsial proliferation before the appearance of circulating antibody.", "PMID": 121116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14527", "title": "Method for quantitating sensitivity to a staphylococcal bacteriocin.", "content": "A convenient method for quantitating the sensitivity of large numbers of bacterial strains (presently Corynebacterium diphtheriae) to a Staphylococcus aureus phage type 71 bacteriocin is described.", "contents": "Method for quantitating sensitivity to a staphylococcal bacteriocin. A convenient method for quantitating the sensitivity of large numbers of bacterial strains (presently Corynebacterium diphtheriae) to a Staphylococcus aureus phage type 71 bacteriocin is described.", "PMID": 121117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14528", "title": "The I-R system of hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: influence on SF females sterility of their inducer and reactive paternal chromosomes.", "content": "A specific kind of sterile F1 female, denoted SF, arises when females from strains known as reactive are crossed with males from the complementary class of strains (inducer). It has been shown that this sterility results from the interaction between the maternal reactive cytoplasm and any one of the paternal inducer chromosomes. This interaction yields other dysgenic traits including non-disjunction and mutations. In this note, the abilities of paternal gametes containing various combinations of inducer and reactive chromosomes to give more or less sterile SF females when fertilising standard reactive oocytes were compared. Although they did not cause SF sterility, reactive chromosomes, when present in sperm containing at least one inducer chromosome, were found to influence the intensity of sterility: variations of SF sterility were observed between SF females which differed only by one paternally inherited reactive chromosome. Reactive chromosomes are known to control the cytoplasmic state of reactive females. The present results suggest that this chromosomal control also takes place in SF females.", "contents": "The I-R system of hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: influence on SF females sterility of their inducer and reactive paternal chromosomes. A specific kind of sterile F1 female, denoted SF, arises when females from strains known as reactive are crossed with males from the complementary class of strains (inducer). It has been shown that this sterility results from the interaction between the maternal reactive cytoplasm and any one of the paternal inducer chromosomes. This interaction yields other dysgenic traits including non-disjunction and mutations. In this note, the abilities of paternal gametes containing various combinations of inducer and reactive chromosomes to give more or less sterile SF females when fertilising standard reactive oocytes were compared. Although they did not cause SF sterility, reactive chromosomes, when present in sperm containing at least one inducer chromosome, were found to influence the intensity of sterility: variations of SF sterility were observed between SF females which differed only by one paternally inherited reactive chromosome. Reactive chromosomes are known to control the cytoplasmic state of reactive females. The present results suggest that this chromosomal control also takes place in SF females.", "PMID": 121118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14529", "title": "Quantitative chromatographic method for the determination of low levels of nitrilotriacetic and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acids in diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid.", "content": "A quantitative method for determination of low levels (0.05%, w/w) of nitrilotriacetic and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acids in diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid is described. Palmitic acid is added to the chelator as an internal standard before esterification with methanol containing 2%(v/v)H2SO4. The methyl esters of palmitic, nitrilotriacetic, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acids are first separated from diethylenetriaminepentaacetate by silicic acid column chromatography and are subsequently quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography. The method is both accurate and reproducible with less than 10% relative error. Thin-layer chromatographic separations of the methyl esters, and quantitation at the 1% level, are also described.", "contents": "Quantitative chromatographic method for the determination of low levels of nitrilotriacetic and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acids in diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. A quantitative method for determination of low levels (0.05%, w/w) of nitrilotriacetic and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acids in diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid is described. Palmitic acid is added to the chelator as an internal standard before esterification with methanol containing 2%(v/v)H2SO4. The methyl esters of palmitic, nitrilotriacetic, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acids are first separated from diethylenetriaminepentaacetate by silicic acid column chromatography and are subsequently quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography. The method is both accurate and reproducible with less than 10% relative error. Thin-layer chromatographic separations of the methyl esters, and quantitation at the 1% level, are also described.", "PMID": 121119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14530", "title": "Determination of sulphated disaccharides from chondroitin sulphates by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive method for the determination of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulphate is presented. After chondroitinase digestion of the chondroitin sulphate preparations, the obtained disaccharides are separated on a weak anion-exchange resin in a high-performance liquid chromatography system. The method was used to study 4-sulphate to 6-sulphate ratios in chondroitin sulphates prepared from bovine nasal cartilage and human nucleus pulposus. The results show clearly that these two preparations contain considerable amounts of both isomers.", "contents": "Determination of sulphated disaccharides from chondroitin sulphates by high-performance liquid chromatography. A sensitive method for the determination of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulphate is presented. After chondroitinase digestion of the chondroitin sulphate preparations, the obtained disaccharides are separated on a weak anion-exchange resin in a high-performance liquid chromatography system. The method was used to study 4-sulphate to 6-sulphate ratios in chondroitin sulphates prepared from bovine nasal cartilage and human nucleus pulposus. The results show clearly that these two preparations contain considerable amounts of both isomers.", "PMID": 121120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14531", "title": "Ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography: the use of low concentrations of long-chain alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides for resolving anionic solutes.", "content": "The qualitative and quantitative determination of large anionic solutes, including the drug sodium cromoglycate, by an ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic technique using alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides as pairing ions is described. The method provides a sensitive and selective assay for the solutes examined in both simple aqueous solutions and in complex biological fluids, and requires no pre-extraction step. Retention mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography: the use of low concentrations of long-chain alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides for resolving anionic solutes. The qualitative and quantitative determination of large anionic solutes, including the drug sodium cromoglycate, by an ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic technique using alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides as pairing ions is described. The method provides a sensitive and selective assay for the solutes examined in both simple aqueous solutions and in complex biological fluids, and requires no pre-extraction step. Retention mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 121121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14532", "title": "Combined reversed-phase and normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in the purification and identification of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene metabolites.", "content": "A total of 37 compounds have been identified as rat liver microsomal metabolites of the potent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and its hydroxymethyl derivatives 7-methyl-12-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene, 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylben[a]anthracene and 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene. The metabolites were characterized by: (i) retention times on reversed-phase (with a C18 column) and normal-phase (with a silica gel column) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); (ii) ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence spectra; (iii) mass spectral analysis; (iv) optical activity; and (v) comparison of the physicochemical properties of the metabolites with those of some available synthetic standards. The 37 identified metabolites include four trans-3,4-dihydrodiols, four trans-5,6-dihydrodiols, four trans-8,9-dihydrodiols, four trans-10,11-dihydrodiols, two methyl carboxylic acids, two methyl aldehydes, two hydroxymethyl aldehydes, four 2-phenols, four 3-phenols, four 4-phenols and three hydroxymethyl derivatives. The trans configuration of the dihydrodiols was determined by their inability to form vicinal cisacetonides. Seven dihydrodiol metabolites were found to be optically active. Detailed physicochemical properties, such as ultraviolet absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra measured in methanol and in 0.1 N NaOH, major mass ions from mass spectral analysis and the retention times on two HPLC systems, are presented in support of the structural assignments.", "contents": "Combined reversed-phase and normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in the purification and identification of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene metabolites. A total of 37 compounds have been identified as rat liver microsomal metabolites of the potent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and its hydroxymethyl derivatives 7-methyl-12-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene, 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylben[a]anthracene and 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene. The metabolites were characterized by: (i) retention times on reversed-phase (with a C18 column) and normal-phase (with a silica gel column) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); (ii) ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence spectra; (iii) mass spectral analysis; (iv) optical activity; and (v) comparison of the physicochemical properties of the metabolites with those of some available synthetic standards. The 37 identified metabolites include four trans-3,4-dihydrodiols, four trans-5,6-dihydrodiols, four trans-8,9-dihydrodiols, four trans-10,11-dihydrodiols, two methyl carboxylic acids, two methyl aldehydes, two hydroxymethyl aldehydes, four 2-phenols, four 3-phenols, four 4-phenols and three hydroxymethyl derivatives. The trans configuration of the dihydrodiols was determined by their inability to form vicinal cisacetonides. Seven dihydrodiol metabolites were found to be optically active. Detailed physicochemical properties, such as ultraviolet absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra measured in methanol and in 0.1 N NaOH, major mass ions from mass spectral analysis and the retention times on two HPLC systems, are presented in support of the structural assignments.", "PMID": 121126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14533", "title": "Observations on the lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) after eye removal: a light and electron microscopic study. I. Classification and degeneration of optic fibre terminals.", "content": "The morphological signs of terminal degeneration are compared at the light and electron microscopic levels in the lateral geniculate nucleus of Macaca fascicularis, from 29 hours to 10 days after eye removal. A close correlation can be found between the appearance of degenerating RLP-terminals (i.e. large terminals containing round vesicles and pale mitochondria), which display marked, unorganized neurofilamentous hyperplasia, and the club-shaped structures revealed by neurofibrillary staning. The ring-shaped entities present in silver-impregnated material closely resemble annular bundles of neurofilaments located in smaller retinal terminals within the neuropil. Various non-filamentous degenerative forms of particularly small terminals are also described. It is concluded that the clubs and rings visualized by neurofibrillary stains in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey do, indeed, represent synaptic structures. The implications of this conclusion are discussed, as are possible reasons that contrary conclusions have been drawn by other investigators. It is further suggested that club and ring formation of degenerating retinal afferents may be related to Y and X axons in the optic tract, respectively.", "contents": "Observations on the lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) after eye removal: a light and electron microscopic study. I. Classification and degeneration of optic fibre terminals. The morphological signs of terminal degeneration are compared at the light and electron microscopic levels in the lateral geniculate nucleus of Macaca fascicularis, from 29 hours to 10 days after eye removal. A close correlation can be found between the appearance of degenerating RLP-terminals (i.e. large terminals containing round vesicles and pale mitochondria), which display marked, unorganized neurofilamentous hyperplasia, and the club-shaped structures revealed by neurofibrillary staning. The ring-shaped entities present in silver-impregnated material closely resemble annular bundles of neurofilaments located in smaller retinal terminals within the neuropil. Various non-filamentous degenerative forms of particularly small terminals are also described. It is concluded that the clubs and rings visualized by neurofibrillary stains in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey do, indeed, represent synaptic structures. The implications of this conclusion are discussed, as are possible reasons that contrary conclusions have been drawn by other investigators. It is further suggested that club and ring formation of degenerating retinal afferents may be related to Y and X axons in the optic tract, respectively.", "PMID": 121133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14534", "title": "[Enzyme histochemical examinations of the visual system of the adult rat following unilateral enucleation].", "content": "12 adult white lab-rats were enucleated and after a survival period of 1, 3, 7 and 30 days the activities of GABA-T, GDH, LDH, SDH and GPDH were demonstrated histochemically in the Tractus opticus (To), Corpus geniculatum laterale, pars dorsalis (CGLd) et ventralis (CGLv), Colliculus superior (Cs) and Nucleus olivaris praetectalis (Nop). Since the ipsi- and contralateral grisea are always in the same tissue section the enzyme activities can be quantitatively compared by visual impression without a greater mistake. In To enucleation caused a hypertrophy of astrocytes together with an increase of the activities of GABA-T, GDH, LDH, and GPDH in these cells. The reactions indicate a more intensive metabolism in connection with the myelin degradation. In CGLd, CGLv, Cs and Nop following enucleation there appeared contralaterally a graded loss in the activities of GDH, LDH, GPDH, and GABA-T; only SDH scarely changed its activity. The fastest and strongest reaction was found in Cs and Nop, while CGLd and CGLv reacted later and to a less degree. In CGLv the enzyme reaction was limited to the lateral part of the nucleus. As diminution of activity is caused by degeneration of the retinal terminals the effected enzymes must be localised in cytoplasma and mitochondria of these terminals. Taking into account findings from literature the following is concluded from the time patterns, the degree of diminution of the enzyme activities and the relation of retinal to extraretinal terminals in the individual nuclei: GABA probably acts as a transmitter in interneurons of CGLd, Cs, and Nop. Glutamate is a transmitter in Cs and Nop.", "contents": "[Enzyme histochemical examinations of the visual system of the adult rat following unilateral enucleation]. 12 adult white lab-rats were enucleated and after a survival period of 1, 3, 7 and 30 days the activities of GABA-T, GDH, LDH, SDH and GPDH were demonstrated histochemically in the Tractus opticus (To), Corpus geniculatum laterale, pars dorsalis (CGLd) et ventralis (CGLv), Colliculus superior (Cs) and Nucleus olivaris praetectalis (Nop). Since the ipsi- and contralateral grisea are always in the same tissue section the enzyme activities can be quantitatively compared by visual impression without a greater mistake. In To enucleation caused a hypertrophy of astrocytes together with an increase of the activities of GABA-T, GDH, LDH, and GPDH in these cells. The reactions indicate a more intensive metabolism in connection with the myelin degradation. In CGLd, CGLv, Cs and Nop following enucleation there appeared contralaterally a graded loss in the activities of GDH, LDH, GPDH, and GABA-T; only SDH scarely changed its activity. The fastest and strongest reaction was found in Cs and Nop, while CGLd and CGLv reacted later and to a less degree. In CGLv the enzyme reaction was limited to the lateral part of the nucleus. As diminution of activity is caused by degeneration of the retinal terminals the effected enzymes must be localised in cytoplasma and mitochondria of these terminals. Taking into account findings from literature the following is concluded from the time patterns, the degree of diminution of the enzyme activities and the relation of retinal to extraretinal terminals in the individual nuclei: GABA probably acts as a transmitter in interneurons of CGLd, Cs, and Nop. Glutamate is a transmitter in Cs and Nop.", "PMID": 121134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14535", "title": "Distribution of beta-galactosidase in the cerebral hemisphere of Calotes versicolor.", "content": "The histoenzymological mapping of beta-galactosidase in various nuclei and fiber tracts of reptilian cerebral hemisphere (Calotes versicolor) has been reported for the first time. Almost all the enzymatic preparations demonstrate mild activity in the nuclei except one nucleus (HPD) which reveals intense activity. On the other hand, the fiber tracts, in view of the intense activity of the enzyme, have presented themselves as well delineated tracts along their entire courses so much so that in certain nuclei they can be clearly distinguished passing through the nuclei. The metabolic significance of the enzyme in various locales has been discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of beta-galactosidase in the cerebral hemisphere of Calotes versicolor. The histoenzymological mapping of beta-galactosidase in various nuclei and fiber tracts of reptilian cerebral hemisphere (Calotes versicolor) has been reported for the first time. Almost all the enzymatic preparations demonstrate mild activity in the nuclei except one nucleus (HPD) which reveals intense activity. On the other hand, the fiber tracts, in view of the intense activity of the enzyme, have presented themselves as well delineated tracts along their entire courses so much so that in certain nuclei they can be clearly distinguished passing through the nuclei. The metabolic significance of the enzyme in various locales has been discussed.", "PMID": 121135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14536", "title": "Mutagenicity of skin tanning lotions.", "content": "Two lotions that tan skin in the absence of sunlight and their active ingredient, dihydroxyacetone (DHA), are mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 without metabolic activation. However, addition of S-9 mix that contains Aroclor 1254-induced rat hepatic microsomes enhances significantly the mutagenic activity of all three agents. Both lotions and DHA also cause primary DNA damage as determined by the rec-assay in Bacillus subtilis. The potential human health hazard of these lotions is discussed.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of skin tanning lotions. Two lotions that tan skin in the absence of sunlight and their active ingredient, dihydroxyacetone (DHA), are mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 without metabolic activation. However, addition of S-9 mix that contains Aroclor 1254-induced rat hepatic microsomes enhances significantly the mutagenic activity of all three agents. Both lotions and DHA also cause primary DNA damage as determined by the rec-assay in Bacillus subtilis. The potential human health hazard of these lotions is discussed.", "PMID": 121138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14537", "title": "Influence of Ca2+ ions and cation chelators on activity measurement of creatine kinase isoenzymes.", "content": "EDTA and EGTA, added to the reaction mixture for the activity determination of creatine kinase, stimulate the activity of creatine kinase to various extents by suppressing the inhibitory effect of Ca2+ ions. The activation effect is highest for isoenzyme BB, less for isoenzyme MB, and lowest for isoenzyme MM.", "contents": "Influence of Ca2+ ions and cation chelators on activity measurement of creatine kinase isoenzymes. EDTA and EGTA, added to the reaction mixture for the activity determination of creatine kinase, stimulate the activity of creatine kinase to various extents by suppressing the inhibitory effect of Ca2+ ions. The activation effect is highest for isoenzyme BB, less for isoenzyme MB, and lowest for isoenzyme MM.", "PMID": 121139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14538", "title": "Gliding mycoplasmas are inhibited by cytochalasin B and contain a polymerizable protein fraction.", "content": "Studies are presented on the effect of cytochalasin B (CB) on the growth of five Mycoplasma species, three Acholeplasma species, and one Spiroplasma species. The three gliding mycoplasma species (M gallisepticum, M pneumoniae and M pulmonis are the only mycoplasmas inhibited by CB. These are the only prokaryotes reported to be inhibited by CB. This suggested that these three mycoplasmas might have some sort of cytoskeletal structure. A protein fraction has been isolated from M gallisepticum which polymerizes in 0.6 M KCl and depolymerizes when KCl is removed. This fraction contains a major 58,000-dalton protein, a 46,000-dalton protein, and a minor 87,000-dalton protein.", "contents": "Gliding mycoplasmas are inhibited by cytochalasin B and contain a polymerizable protein fraction. Studies are presented on the effect of cytochalasin B (CB) on the growth of five Mycoplasma species, three Acholeplasma species, and one Spiroplasma species. The three gliding mycoplasma species (M gallisepticum, M pneumoniae and M pulmonis are the only mycoplasmas inhibited by CB. These are the only prokaryotes reported to be inhibited by CB. This suggested that these three mycoplasmas might have some sort of cytoskeletal structure. A protein fraction has been isolated from M gallisepticum which polymerizes in 0.6 M KCl and depolymerizes when KCl is removed. This fraction contains a major 58,000-dalton protein, a 46,000-dalton protein, and a minor 87,000-dalton protein.", "PMID": 121144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14539", "title": "[Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). A new antineoplastic agent derived from the group of heavy metal complexes (author's transl)].", "content": "Platinum coordination complexes represent a new class of antineoplastic agents among which only cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) has undergone extensive clinical trials. Cis-DDP and some of its congeners share the potential to form DNA-crosslinks with the group of bifunctional alkylating agents, yet cross-resistance is incomplete. The prominent dose-limiting nephrotoxicity can be effectively circumvented by forced diuresis. Cis-DDP not only displays outstanding activity against non-seminomatous testicular cancer but also has a broad spectrum of clinical activity. It ranks very high in activity against bladder cancer and head and neck tumors. Since myelosuppression by cis-DDP is mild, it combines well with other antineoplastic agents. Synergism has been experimentally shown for cyclophosphamide and several other antineoplastic agents. For testicular cancer combination chemotherapy including cis-DDP has become accepted treatment. The simple geometry of platinum coordination complexes allows substitutions of leaving and remaining ligands with anorganic or organic moieties thus altering pharmakokinetic, antineoplastic, and toxic properties in comparison to the parent compound. Mechanism of action, pharmacology, and clinical use of cis-DDP as well as of potentially useful congeners are discussed in this review, since cis-DDP is expected to be available for general use in medical oncology in the near future.", "contents": "[Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). A new antineoplastic agent derived from the group of heavy metal complexes (author's transl)]. Platinum coordination complexes represent a new class of antineoplastic agents among which only cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) has undergone extensive clinical trials. Cis-DDP and some of its congeners share the potential to form DNA-crosslinks with the group of bifunctional alkylating agents, yet cross-resistance is incomplete. The prominent dose-limiting nephrotoxicity can be effectively circumvented by forced diuresis. Cis-DDP not only displays outstanding activity against non-seminomatous testicular cancer but also has a broad spectrum of clinical activity. It ranks very high in activity against bladder cancer and head and neck tumors. Since myelosuppression by cis-DDP is mild, it combines well with other antineoplastic agents. Synergism has been experimentally shown for cyclophosphamide and several other antineoplastic agents. For testicular cancer combination chemotherapy including cis-DDP has become accepted treatment. The simple geometry of platinum coordination complexes allows substitutions of leaving and remaining ligands with anorganic or organic moieties thus altering pharmakokinetic, antineoplastic, and toxic properties in comparison to the parent compound. Mechanism of action, pharmacology, and clinical use of cis-DDP as well as of potentially useful congeners are discussed in this review, since cis-DDP is expected to be available for general use in medical oncology in the near future.", "PMID": 121143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14540", "title": "Idiotype in myeloma terminating in erythroleukemia.", "content": "A patient with multiple myeloma, IgG kappa type, developed erythroleukemia with cytogenetic abnormalities three years after diagnosis. The latter disease progressed terminally to acute granulocytic leukemia. Anti-idiotype antibody reagents were prepared by injecting rabbits with the purified monoclonal IgG kappa obtained from the patient's serum and subsequent absorption of the antisera with normal IgG coupled to Sepharose 4B. These reagents reacted specifically with autologous myeloma cells but failed to react with all tested allogeneic cells: these included myeloma cells, reactive lymphocytes and plasma cells, and established lymphoid cell lines. Common idiotypic determinants were found in lymphoid and plasmacytic cells of the patient's marrow, spleen, lymph node, and gastrointestinal tract at autopsy that were not present in the leukemic population. The findings indicate that myeloma and granulocytic leukemia cells have separate clonal origins.", "contents": "Idiotype in myeloma terminating in erythroleukemia. A patient with multiple myeloma, IgG kappa type, developed erythroleukemia with cytogenetic abnormalities three years after diagnosis. The latter disease progressed terminally to acute granulocytic leukemia. Anti-idiotype antibody reagents were prepared by injecting rabbits with the purified monoclonal IgG kappa obtained from the patient's serum and subsequent absorption of the antisera with normal IgG coupled to Sepharose 4B. These reagents reacted specifically with autologous myeloma cells but failed to react with all tested allogeneic cells: these included myeloma cells, reactive lymphocytes and plasma cells, and established lymphoid cell lines. Common idiotypic determinants were found in lymphoid and plasmacytic cells of the patient's marrow, spleen, lymph node, and gastrointestinal tract at autopsy that were not present in the leukemic population. The findings indicate that myeloma and granulocytic leukemia cells have separate clonal origins.", "PMID": 121148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14541", "title": "Forebrain fatty acid composition during development in protein-calorie and essential fatty acid deficiencies in the rat.", "content": "Rats were fed three different dietary levels of essential fatty acids (EFA), 3.0, 0.75 and 0.1 cal%, representing normal, subnormal and severely deficient dietary intakes. From the animals kept on these diets, with a protein content of 16 cal%, 3-month-old females were randomly selected to be fed diets with only 6 cal% protein but with unchanged amounts of EFA. The rats were then mated, and the effects of the diets were studied in the forebrains of their offspring. The growth and the fatty acid patterns of the ethanolamine phosphoglyceride and total phosphoglyceride fractions were studied during the first 60 days of life. Addition of protein-calorie deficiency to rats severely undernourished in EFA mitigated the biochemical signs of EFA deficiency. In EPG the developmental pattern with a decrease of 20:4 (n-6) and an increase of 22:6 (n-3) was retarded between 11 and 21 days of age in the protein-calorie deficient groups suggesting a delay in the maturation of the forebrain.", "contents": "Forebrain fatty acid composition during development in protein-calorie and essential fatty acid deficiencies in the rat. Rats were fed three different dietary levels of essential fatty acids (EFA), 3.0, 0.75 and 0.1 cal%, representing normal, subnormal and severely deficient dietary intakes. From the animals kept on these diets, with a protein content of 16 cal%, 3-month-old females were randomly selected to be fed diets with only 6 cal% protein but with unchanged amounts of EFA. The rats were then mated, and the effects of the diets were studied in the forebrains of their offspring. The growth and the fatty acid patterns of the ethanolamine phosphoglyceride and total phosphoglyceride fractions were studied during the first 60 days of life. Addition of protein-calorie deficiency to rats severely undernourished in EFA mitigated the biochemical signs of EFA deficiency. In EPG the developmental pattern with a decrease of 20:4 (n-6) and an increase of 22:6 (n-3) was retarded between 11 and 21 days of age in the protein-calorie deficient groups suggesting a delay in the maturation of the forebrain.", "PMID": 121152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14542", "title": "The effect of progesterone on fetal and placental development in normal and protein-energy-restricted rats.", "content": "Maternal protein-energy restriction (25% of the ad libitum intake) during the first 10 days of pregnancy resulted in severely altered fetal growth rates. Fetal development was assessed by body weight, brain weight, brain DNA, and brain protein content on fetal days 16, 18, 20 and at term. The individual placentas were also examined (weight, DNA and protein content) on each of these fetal days. Progesterone was administered commencing with day 3 of pregnancy until the day Caesarian section was done, in an attempt to rehabilitate placental development. This treatment did not improve placental development on fetal days 16 or 18. However, fetal development was significantly improved on day 16 and day 20, as compared to the dietary-restricted group without progesterone.", "contents": "The effect of progesterone on fetal and placental development in normal and protein-energy-restricted rats. Maternal protein-energy restriction (25% of the ad libitum intake) during the first 10 days of pregnancy resulted in severely altered fetal growth rates. Fetal development was assessed by body weight, brain weight, brain DNA, and brain protein content on fetal days 16, 18, 20 and at term. The individual placentas were also examined (weight, DNA and protein content) on each of these fetal days. Progesterone was administered commencing with day 3 of pregnancy until the day Caesarian section was done, in an attempt to rehabilitate placental development. This treatment did not improve placental development on fetal days 16 or 18. However, fetal development was significantly improved on day 16 and day 20, as compared to the dietary-restricted group without progesterone.", "PMID": 121153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14543", "title": "[Some peculiarities of the kinetics of DNA structural transition after thermal jump registered by hyperchromic effect].", "content": "Structural transition of DNA is characterized by complex optical kinetic curve. The kinetic version of Felsenfeld's method is used for estimation of concentrations of \"denatured\" AT- and GC-base pairs in DNA molecules, and the rate constants of the accumulation of \"denatured\" AT as well as GC pairs have been estimated. The possible interpretation of the kinetic data obtained may be done by assumption that the fast stage of the process reflects the accumulation of the \"denatured\" AT pairs, which is due to the melting of AT-rich regions in the DNA molecules, whereas the slow stage of the process is limited by the melting of GC-rich regions. In contrast to the fast stage, slow stage takes place at conditions, when unwinded AT-rich regions (loops) may exist in DNA molecules and cause the delay in the process of denaturation.", "contents": "[Some peculiarities of the kinetics of DNA structural transition after thermal jump registered by hyperchromic effect]. Structural transition of DNA is characterized by complex optical kinetic curve. The kinetic version of Felsenfeld's method is used for estimation of concentrations of \"denatured\" AT- and GC-base pairs in DNA molecules, and the rate constants of the accumulation of \"denatured\" AT as well as GC pairs have been estimated. The possible interpretation of the kinetic data obtained may be done by assumption that the fast stage of the process reflects the accumulation of the \"denatured\" AT pairs, which is due to the melting of AT-rich regions in the DNA molecules, whereas the slow stage of the process is limited by the melting of GC-rich regions. In contrast to the fast stage, slow stage takes place at conditions, when unwinded AT-rich regions (loops) may exist in DNA molecules and cause the delay in the process of denaturation.", "PMID": 121149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14544", "title": "Evolutionary considerations of DNA repair in relation to mutagenesis, teratogenesis and carcinogenesis.", "content": "Living organisms have various mechanisms for repairing spontaneous and mutagen-induced damage in DNA. Mutagenesis, teratogenesis, and carcinogenesis are discussed in relation to DNA misrepair. The existence of highly efficient genetic mechanisms for tolerating environmental threats is argued from evolutionary viewpoints.", "contents": "Evolutionary considerations of DNA repair in relation to mutagenesis, teratogenesis and carcinogenesis. Living organisms have various mechanisms for repairing spontaneous and mutagen-induced damage in DNA. Mutagenesis, teratogenesis, and carcinogenesis are discussed in relation to DNA misrepair. The existence of highly efficient genetic mechanisms for tolerating environmental threats is argued from evolutionary viewpoints.", "PMID": 121155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14545", "title": "Molecular structure of Q nucleotide.", "content": "The crystal and molecular structure of queuosine 5'-monophosphate (PQ) was analyzed by the X-ray diffraction method.", "contents": "Molecular structure of Q nucleotide. The crystal and molecular structure of queuosine 5'-monophosphate (PQ) was analyzed by the X-ray diffraction method.", "PMID": 121156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14546", "title": "Studies on tetrahydrofuranyl-5-fluorouracils. 2. NMR studies of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-, 3-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-, and 1,3-bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracils.", "content": "Measurements of the 1H NMR spectra of the diastereoisomers of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil, 3-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil, and 1,3-bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil in the presence of tris[3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethylidene)-d-camphorato]europium(Eu(TFC)3) as a chiral shift reagent showed differences between the isomers in the chemical shift changes of the protons of C2'-H and C6-H etc.", "contents": "Studies on tetrahydrofuranyl-5-fluorouracils. 2. NMR studies of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-, 3-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-, and 1,3-bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracils. Measurements of the 1H NMR spectra of the diastereoisomers of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil, 3-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil, and 1,3-bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil in the presence of tris[3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethylidene)-d-camphorato]europium(Eu(TFC)3) as a chiral shift reagent showed differences between the isomers in the chemical shift changes of the protons of C2'-H and C6-H etc.", "PMID": 121157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14547", "title": "Mechanism of central action of octopamine.", "content": "Octopamine (50-250 microgram ivc) activates both noradrenergic and dopaminergic system of the rat. In rats pretreated with reserpine or reserpine and FLA-63 the stimulatory action of octopamine was not inhibited, but even enhanced. Only selective destruction of dopamine containing neurons (6-hydroxydopamine, 200 microgram ivc, given 1 hr after desipramine, 25 mg/kg ip) prevents octopamine-induced hyperactivity. Octopamine depressed the noradrenaline level in the rat brain and increased utilization of the amine, but did not affect the level and utilization of dopamine.", "contents": "Mechanism of central action of octopamine. Octopamine (50-250 microgram ivc) activates both noradrenergic and dopaminergic system of the rat. In rats pretreated with reserpine or reserpine and FLA-63 the stimulatory action of octopamine was not inhibited, but even enhanced. Only selective destruction of dopamine containing neurons (6-hydroxydopamine, 200 microgram ivc, given 1 hr after desipramine, 25 mg/kg ip) prevents octopamine-induced hyperactivity. Octopamine depressed the noradrenaline level in the rat brain and increased utilization of the amine, but did not affect the level and utilization of dopamine.", "PMID": 121158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14548", "title": "Some structure-activity relationships of iodophorous iodine complex compounds. Part II. Biological.", "content": "The iodophors described in the part I [5] were subjected to studies in order to determine their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus 209P, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. General effectiveness was evaluated and useful concentration was determined using the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) method and a test with mechanical carriers. The obtained results were compared with respective values for a commercial product--Iosan (Ciba--Geigy); we found that properties of the products were comparable. The possibility of removal of iodophors, labelled with 131I, from glass, rubber and polystyrene surfaces was also examined. We found that the iodophors are suitable for disinfection of glass and drug packages.", "contents": "Some structure-activity relationships of iodophorous iodine complex compounds. Part II. Biological. The iodophors described in the part I [5] were subjected to studies in order to determine their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus 209P, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. General effectiveness was evaluated and useful concentration was determined using the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) method and a test with mechanical carriers. The obtained results were compared with respective values for a commercial product--Iosan (Ciba--Geigy); we found that properties of the products were comparable. The possibility of removal of iodophors, labelled with 131I, from glass, rubber and polystyrene surfaces was also examined. We found that the iodophors are suitable for disinfection of glass and drug packages.", "PMID": 121159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14549", "title": "Tupaias (tree shrews)--a new animal model for gallstone research. II. Influence of fat, sugar, and cholesterol on bile composition.", "content": "The lipid composition of bile obtained from the gallbladder and from the liver of tupaias was determined. Compared to the gallbladder bile of man, the gallbladder bile of tupaias contains the same percentage of phospholipids (PL), one third of the cholesterol (CH), and 50% more total bile acids (TBA). The lithogenic index (LI) of the bile is about 0.2--0.3. No significant sex differences or diurnal variations are found in the composition of bile. The concentration of PL, CH, and TBA is found 5 to 8 times higher in the gallbladder bile than in the liver bile. The bile acid spectrum in tupaias equals that in man qualitatively and is similar quantitatively. In a feeding experiment, the influences of butter, cholesterol, butter plus cholesterol and sucrose on bile composition, clinicochemical serum values, and liver and gallbladder histology were studied. Groups of six animals each were fed the different diets over a 10-week period. In group A: 20% butter added to the standard diet, PL content was higher, the LI was unchanged. In group B: 2% cholesterol added to the standard diet, the CH value and the LI were elevated, CH crystals but no stones were found. In group C: 2% cholesterol and 20% butter in the standard diet, stone formation was observed. PL and CH values were higher than in group A and B, TBA values were lower. In group D: 50% sucrose added to the standard diet  very low PL and TBA values were determined in the liver bile, resulting in elevated LIs. It is concluded that all three components of a diet, which had proven lithogenic in a preceding experiment (Schwaier, 1979a), contribute to gallstone formation.", "contents": "Tupaias (tree shrews)--a new animal model for gallstone research. II. Influence of fat, sugar, and cholesterol on bile composition. The lipid composition of bile obtained from the gallbladder and from the liver of tupaias was determined. Compared to the gallbladder bile of man, the gallbladder bile of tupaias contains the same percentage of phospholipids (PL), one third of the cholesterol (CH), and 50% more total bile acids (TBA). The lithogenic index (LI) of the bile is about 0.2--0.3. No significant sex differences or diurnal variations are found in the composition of bile. The concentration of PL, CH, and TBA is found 5 to 8 times higher in the gallbladder bile than in the liver bile. The bile acid spectrum in tupaias equals that in man qualitatively and is similar quantitatively. In a feeding experiment, the influences of butter, cholesterol, butter plus cholesterol and sucrose on bile composition, clinicochemical serum values, and liver and gallbladder histology were studied. Groups of six animals each were fed the different diets over a 10-week period. In group A: 20% butter added to the standard diet, PL content was higher, the LI was unchanged. In group B: 2% cholesterol added to the standard diet, the CH value and the LI were elevated, CH crystals but no stones were found. In group C: 2% cholesterol and 20% butter in the standard diet, stone formation was observed. PL and CH values were higher than in group A and B, TBA values were lower. In group D: 50% sucrose added to the standard diet  very low PL and TBA values were determined in the liver bile, resulting in elevated LIs. It is concluded that all three components of a diet, which had proven lithogenic in a preceding experiment (Schwaier, 1979a), contribute to gallstone formation.", "PMID": 121164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14550", "title": "Case report. An immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction apparently caused by anti-Dia.", "content": "The Diego blood group system has had its primary applications in population genetics and anthropology, although it can also give rise to clinical problems. Anti-Dia has ofter been reported to cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. The patient presented in the report experienced an immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction apparently due to anti-Dia. We believe it to be the only such case reported since the Diego system was first discovered in 1956.", "contents": "Case report. An immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction apparently caused by anti-Dia. The Diego blood group system has had its primary applications in population genetics and anthropology, although it can also give rise to clinical problems. Anti-Dia has ofter been reported to cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. The patient presented in the report experienced an immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction apparently due to anti-Dia. We believe it to be the only such case reported since the Diego system was first discovered in 1956.", "PMID": 121166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14551", "title": "Resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to macrolide and analogous antibiotics.", "content": "1. The susceptibility of M. pneumoniae to antibiotics can be determined by the microtiter method. The adequate technique requires that the final volume of broth medium in a well is 0.2 ml and that the dilution is made after the parent solution of antibiotic in the test tube is dropped into a well every fifth wells. 2. M. pneumoniae was cultured on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of macrolide and analogous antibiotics, and the following results were obtained. 1) The growth of eight strains of M. pneumoniae on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of the antibiotics revealed that, in six strains, one CFU (colony forming unit) per 10(5) to 10(6) CFU of an inoculum dose was resistant to the antibiotics. 2) The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of erythromycin for the subculture of thet strains of M. pneumoniae on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of the antibiotics revealed that, in six strains, one CFU (colony forming unit) per 10(5) to 10(6) CFU of an inoculum dose was resistant to the antibiotics. 2) The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of erythromycin for the subculture of thet strains of M. pneumoniae on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of the antibiotics revealed that, in six strains, one CFU (colony forming unit) per 10(5) to 10(6) CFU of an inoculum dose was resistant to the antibiotics. 2) The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of erythromycin for the subculture of the colony grown as an average of 0.5 to eight on agar media containing erythromycin in four strains was 0.1 to 1.6 micrograms/ml in some colonies, and 400 to 800 micrograms/ml in most colonies. The results disclosed that the broth culture contains a small number of mycoplasma cells with a definite, high degree of resistance to the antibiotics, but no cells with intermediate degrees of resistance. 3) The FH strain was made resistant to erythromycin, oleandomycin, midecamycin, acetylspiramycin, leucomycin, josamycin, tylosin, lincomycin, or clindamycin by subculture in broth medium from the colony grown at the highest concentrations of each of the antibiotics in agar media. The degree of the resistance developed was 16 to 128,000 in the MIC radio and showed high values of MIC in most strains. The resistance developed was not lost by subculturing the resistant strain in broth medium without antibiotic. 4) The FH strain made resistant to the antibiotics had cross resistance to other macrolides. Strains resistant to some of the antibiotics had cross resistance to lincomycin and clindamycin, and strains resistant to others did not. Some strains made resistant to macrolides with cross resistance to lincomycin and clindaymycin and strains made resistant to lincomycin or clindamycin had no cross resistance to vernamycin B alpha, while all the resistant strains without cross resistance to lincomycin and clindamycin had cross resistance to vernamycin B alpha. No strain had cross resistance to vernamycin A...", "contents": "Resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to macrolide and analogous antibiotics. 1. The susceptibility of M. pneumoniae to antibiotics can be determined by the microtiter method. The adequate technique requires that the final volume of broth medium in a well is 0.2 ml and that the dilution is made after the parent solution of antibiotic in the test tube is dropped into a well every fifth wells. 2. M. pneumoniae was cultured on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of macrolide and analogous antibiotics, and the following results were obtained. 1) The growth of eight strains of M. pneumoniae on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of the antibiotics revealed that, in six strains, one CFU (colony forming unit) per 10(5) to 10(6) CFU of an inoculum dose was resistant to the antibiotics. 2) The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of erythromycin for the subculture of thet strains of M. pneumoniae on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of the antibiotics revealed that, in six strains, one CFU (colony forming unit) per 10(5) to 10(6) CFU of an inoculum dose was resistant to the antibiotics. 2) The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of erythromycin for the subculture of thet strains of M. pneumoniae on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of the antibiotics revealed that, in six strains, one CFU (colony forming unit) per 10(5) to 10(6) CFU of an inoculum dose was resistant to the antibiotics. 2) The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of erythromycin for the subculture of the colony grown as an average of 0.5 to eight on agar media containing erythromycin in four strains was 0.1 to 1.6 micrograms/ml in some colonies, and 400 to 800 micrograms/ml in most colonies. The results disclosed that the broth culture contains a small number of mycoplasma cells with a definite, high degree of resistance to the antibiotics, but no cells with intermediate degrees of resistance. 3) The FH strain was made resistant to erythromycin, oleandomycin, midecamycin, acetylspiramycin, leucomycin, josamycin, tylosin, lincomycin, or clindamycin by subculture in broth medium from the colony grown at the highest concentrations of each of the antibiotics in agar media. The degree of the resistance developed was 16 to 128,000 in the MIC radio and showed high values of MIC in most strains. The resistance developed was not lost by subculturing the resistant strain in broth medium without antibiotic. 4) The FH strain made resistant to the antibiotics had cross resistance to other macrolides. Strains resistant to some of the antibiotics had cross resistance to lincomycin and clindamycin, and strains resistant to others did not. Some strains made resistant to macrolides with cross resistance to lincomycin and clindaymycin and strains made resistant to lincomycin or clindamycin had no cross resistance to vernamycin B alpha, while all the resistant strains without cross resistance to lincomycin and clindamycin had cross resistance to vernamycin B alpha. No strain had cross resistance to vernamycin A...", "PMID": 121168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14552", "title": "[Roussy-Levy's syndrome: clinical aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of non familial Roussy-L\u00e9vy syndrome is presented: optic atrophy, gait ataxia, bilateral hypotrophy of thenar and hypothenar muscles, weak deep tendon reflexes of the upper limbs, weak knee jerks, absent ankle jerks, bilateral Babinski, anapallaesthesia from the bisiliac spine distally, bilateral pes cavus. The literature on Roussy-L\u00e9vy syndrome is discussed and whether this syndrome should be considered as a precise entity among heredo-degenerative diseases. The overlapping of differing clinical features may suggest an intermediate form between Friedreich's and Charcot-Marie-Tooth's diseases.", "contents": "[Roussy-Levy's syndrome: clinical aspects (author's transl)]. A case of non familial Roussy-L\u00e9vy syndrome is presented: optic atrophy, gait ataxia, bilateral hypotrophy of thenar and hypothenar muscles, weak deep tendon reflexes of the upper limbs, weak knee jerks, absent ankle jerks, bilateral Babinski, anapallaesthesia from the bisiliac spine distally, bilateral pes cavus. The literature on Roussy-L\u00e9vy syndrome is discussed and whether this syndrome should be considered as a precise entity among heredo-degenerative diseases. The overlapping of differing clinical features may suggest an intermediate form between Friedreich's and Charcot-Marie-Tooth's diseases.", "PMID": 121167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14553", "title": "Combined cycloheximide and 8-hydroxyquinoline pretreatment for study of plant chromosomes.", "content": "The actions of cycloheximide and 8-hydroxyquinoline on dividing cells of root meristems of Zea mays L. have been studied during the development of a new cytological technique for sugar cane (Saccharum) root tips. The determination of mitotic phase indices revealed that combined treatment with cycloheximide (70 ppm) plus 8-hydroxyquinoline (250 ppm) was superior to treatments with either chemical separately. After the combined treatment, the preparations contained nearly ten times more cells in prophase and metaphase that were suitable for chromosome counting than those given a single pretreatment with 8-hydroxyquinoline. This new pretreatment has been developed especially for chromosome studies in tropical grasses with a large number of small chromosomes. However, both chemicals are active in a wide range of plant species.", "contents": "Combined cycloheximide and 8-hydroxyquinoline pretreatment for study of plant chromosomes. The actions of cycloheximide and 8-hydroxyquinoline on dividing cells of root meristems of Zea mays L. have been studied during the development of a new cytological technique for sugar cane (Saccharum) root tips. The determination of mitotic phase indices revealed that combined treatment with cycloheximide (70 ppm) plus 8-hydroxyquinoline (250 ppm) was superior to treatments with either chemical separately. After the combined treatment, the preparations contained nearly ten times more cells in prophase and metaphase that were suitable for chromosome counting than those given a single pretreatment with 8-hydroxyquinoline. This new pretreatment has been developed especially for chromosome studies in tropical grasses with a large number of small chromosomes. However, both chemicals are active in a wide range of plant species.", "PMID": 121174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14554", "title": "[Occurrence and distribution of fruiting body-forming myxobacteria in Siebengebirge. Comparative studies with special reference to characteristic biotypes].", "content": "In the region of the \"Siebengebirge\" near Bonn, six characteristic biotopes were studied with respect to the occurrence of fruiting body forming myxobacteria. 23 different species, belonging to the 8 known genera, were found. The number of species in the respective biotopes varied between 6 and 17, the average numbers of species per sampling area were between 2.1 and 10.0. 15 species were found on dung pellets of wild living herbivorous mammals. Deciduous forest soils contained 13 species in spring, 17 species in autumn. Rock coverings contained 14, creek slopes 16, bark of living trees 9, and rotting wood 16 fruiting myxobacterial species. Myxococcus fulvus, Myxococcus coralloides and Archangium gephyra occurred in all biotops studied. The rare species were Melittangium boletus, Polyangium vitellinum, Stigmatella aurantiaca, and Chondramyces apiculatus. The composition of the myxobacterial flora depends on ecological factors (kind of dung pellets, rock, bark and pH). The ecological influences upon the distribution are discussed.", "contents": "[Occurrence and distribution of fruiting body-forming myxobacteria in Siebengebirge. Comparative studies with special reference to characteristic biotypes]. In the region of the \"Siebengebirge\" near Bonn, six characteristic biotopes were studied with respect to the occurrence of fruiting body forming myxobacteria. 23 different species, belonging to the 8 known genera, were found. The number of species in the respective biotopes varied between 6 and 17, the average numbers of species per sampling area were between 2.1 and 10.0. 15 species were found on dung pellets of wild living herbivorous mammals. Deciduous forest soils contained 13 species in spring, 17 species in autumn. Rock coverings contained 14, creek slopes 16, bark of living trees 9, and rotting wood 16 fruiting myxobacterial species. Myxococcus fulvus, Myxococcus coralloides and Archangium gephyra occurred in all biotops studied. The rare species were Melittangium boletus, Polyangium vitellinum, Stigmatella aurantiaca, and Chondramyces apiculatus. The composition of the myxobacterial flora depends on ecological factors (kind of dung pellets, rock, bark and pH). The ecological influences upon the distribution are discussed.", "PMID": 121178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14555", "title": "[Diseases of the digestive tract in old age (author's transl)].", "content": "Diseases of the digestive tract follow a changed pattern in old age. Their particularities as well as the geriatric aspects of diagnosis and therapy are discussed. Inflammations, neoplasms and circulatory disorders in the alimentary tract are discussed, while affections of the stomach, colon and the biliary tract are described in more detail because of their frequency and the propensity to complications and increased mortality rate involved. Although the therapeutical means and methods available for elderly patients do not differ substantially from those available for younger ones, certain guiding lines should be taken into consideration. The author shows by means of examples that certain difficulties in treating old people must not be allowed to lead either to an overrealous or nihilistic attitude.", "contents": "[Diseases of the digestive tract in old age (author's transl)]. Diseases of the digestive tract follow a changed pattern in old age. Their particularities as well as the geriatric aspects of diagnosis and therapy are discussed. Inflammations, neoplasms and circulatory disorders in the alimentary tract are discussed, while affections of the stomach, colon and the biliary tract are described in more detail because of their frequency and the propensity to complications and increased mortality rate involved. Although the therapeutical means and methods available for elderly patients do not differ substantially from those available for younger ones, certain guiding lines should be taken into consideration. The author shows by means of examples that certain difficulties in treating old people must not be allowed to lead either to an overrealous or nihilistic attitude.", "PMID": 121181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14556", "title": "[Rapid determination of antibiotics resistance in clinico-surgical practice on the basis of radioactive carbon dioxide measurements].", "content": "The radiometric method is founded on the measurement of the 14CO2 which has gone free. This method was worked out of our team. It is a prompt sensitive and quantitative procedure for the control of antibiotic effect on bacteria. The method is a support in critical clinical situations. The prompt establishment of the antibiotic sensitivity can be live-saving. The empirics descended from 312 surgical patients. The antibiotical sensitivity of secretion samples is to be obtained within 4-6 hours. The results show in comparison with the classic bacteriological examinations five per cent less deviation. At the same time the computer analysis enables a finer distinction. 22 variable findings are possible within the categories: sensible, middling sensible and resistant. In that way the tested antibiotics are classified in an order of rank. The apparatus for the examination is producible without particular expenses. The measurements can be carried out at each hospital or clinical laboratory.", "contents": "[Rapid determination of antibiotics resistance in clinico-surgical practice on the basis of radioactive carbon dioxide measurements]. The radiometric method is founded on the measurement of the 14CO2 which has gone free. This method was worked out of our team. It is a prompt sensitive and quantitative procedure for the control of antibiotic effect on bacteria. The method is a support in critical clinical situations. The prompt establishment of the antibiotic sensitivity can be live-saving. The empirics descended from 312 surgical patients. The antibiotical sensitivity of secretion samples is to be obtained within 4-6 hours. The results show in comparison with the classic bacteriological examinations five per cent less deviation. At the same time the computer analysis enables a finer distinction. 22 variable findings are possible within the categories: sensible, middling sensible and resistant. In that way the tested antibiotics are classified in an order of rank. The apparatus for the examination is producible without particular expenses. The measurements can be carried out at each hospital or clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 121182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14557", "title": "[Bacteriological examination of amniotic fluid after intra-amnial tocometry sub partu (author's transl)].", "content": "Two sets of group of 50 women were examined and compared to find out if the introduction of continuous intra-uterine catheter during labour increased infection. Amniotic fluid was withdrawn from both groups and examined. Also a catheter was introduced into the amniotic sac of one group and after 2 and 5 hours amniotic fluid was also withdrawn from both groups and examined. Inhaled amniotic fluid from the infant was also withdrawn and bacteriologically examined both quantitatively and qualitatively. The examination proved that there was no significant increase in the infection of the test group and the control group. Also there were no complications observed on the mother and child after delivery.", "contents": "[Bacteriological examination of amniotic fluid after intra-amnial tocometry sub partu (author's transl)]. Two sets of group of 50 women were examined and compared to find out if the introduction of continuous intra-uterine catheter during labour increased infection. Amniotic fluid was withdrawn from both groups and examined. Also a catheter was introduced into the amniotic sac of one group and after 2 and 5 hours amniotic fluid was also withdrawn from both groups and examined. Inhaled amniotic fluid from the infant was also withdrawn and bacteriologically examined both quantitatively and qualitatively. The examination proved that there was no significant increase in the infection of the test group and the control group. Also there were no complications observed on the mother and child after delivery.", "PMID": 121183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14558", "title": "[Osteon structure of the enchondral layer of labyrinthine bone. A comparative anatomical study].", "content": "Until now it is well known that throughout life the endochondral layer of human labyrinthine bone consists of a \"woven, alamellar, fine-fibred type of bone\" which is called \"embryonic skein bone\" (embryonaler Str\u00e4hnenknochen) (MEYER 1927). In the present study different types of osteons in endochondral layer are described. According to KNESE and TITSCHAK'S (1962) classification of osteons these structures appear almost identical to developing osteons. They exist of woven bone or of woven bone containing lamellar fragments. There are osteons which consist of bundles of skein bone and which are not visible in long bones. Especially considering the embryologic character of endochondral layer the classification of \"vascular mantles\"(MANASSE 1914) is discussed.", "contents": "[Osteon structure of the enchondral layer of labyrinthine bone. A comparative anatomical study]. Until now it is well known that throughout life the endochondral layer of human labyrinthine bone consists of a \"woven, alamellar, fine-fibred type of bone\" which is called \"embryonic skein bone\" (embryonaler Str\u00e4hnenknochen) (MEYER 1927). In the present study different types of osteons in endochondral layer are described. According to KNESE and TITSCHAK'S (1962) classification of osteons these structures appear almost identical to developing osteons. They exist of woven bone or of woven bone containing lamellar fragments. There are osteons which consist of bundles of skein bone and which are not visible in long bones. Especially considering the embryologic character of endochondral layer the classification of \"vascular mantles\"(MANASSE 1914) is discussed.", "PMID": 121184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14559", "title": "Oxytetracycline concentration of bile after systemic and regional administration.", "content": "Oxytetracycline concentration of bile was determined after systemic and regional (intraportal) infusions. A single dose of 3.60 mg/kg of oxytetracycline was infused into the brachial vein of 8 dogs and into the portal vein of 9 dogs in 120 minutes. Bile samples taken at 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes showed that the liver excretes into the bile higher concentrations of oxytetracycline in the case of intraportal infusion. The results suggest that treatment of inflammatory diseases of bacterial origin of the biliary tree might be more effective when the antibiotic is applied in intraportal infusion.", "contents": "Oxytetracycline concentration of bile after systemic and regional administration. Oxytetracycline concentration of bile was determined after systemic and regional (intraportal) infusions. A single dose of 3.60 mg/kg of oxytetracycline was infused into the brachial vein of 8 dogs and into the portal vein of 9 dogs in 120 minutes. Bile samples taken at 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes showed that the liver excretes into the bile higher concentrations of oxytetracycline in the case of intraportal infusion. The results suggest that treatment of inflammatory diseases of bacterial origin of the biliary tree might be more effective when the antibiotic is applied in intraportal infusion.", "PMID": 121188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14560", "title": "Optimization procedures in twin zygosity diagnosis by genetic markers. A cost-effectiveness analysis.", "content": "More and more genetic markers usable for twin zygosity determination have become available. A relatively small number of markers is sufficient to achieve a satisfactory probability of correctly classifying a twin pair. Previously only the genetic properties of markers have been considered when choosing the markers to be determined. A cost-effectiveness analysis, which considers both genetic properties and relative determination costs of markers, is presented and illustrated with data from the Finnish Twin Registry studies.", "contents": "Optimization procedures in twin zygosity diagnosis by genetic markers. A cost-effectiveness analysis. More and more genetic markers usable for twin zygosity determination have become available. A relatively small number of markers is sufficient to achieve a satisfactory probability of correctly classifying a twin pair. Previously only the genetic properties of markers have been considered when choosing the markers to be determined. A cost-effectiveness analysis, which considers both genetic properties and relative determination costs of markers, is presented and illustrated with data from the Finnish Twin Registry studies.", "PMID": 121189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14561", "title": "Monitoring as anesthesia draws to a close.", "content": "The closing phase of anesthesia is defined. Some of the hazards of this period are reported and illustrated by capnograms. It is claimed that the dangers arising at the end of anesthesia are insufficiently appreciated.", "contents": "Monitoring as anesthesia draws to a close. The closing phase of anesthesia is defined. Some of the hazards of this period are reported and illustrated by capnograms. It is claimed that the dangers arising at the end of anesthesia are insufficiently appreciated.", "PMID": 121191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14562", "title": "An assessment of \"Caloreen\", a new, high-energy source.", "content": "A prospective evaluation study has been undertaken on \"Caloreen\", a new high energy preparation. Data were complete in 23 consecutive patients. Mean weight gain was 2.6 Kg (adults), and 2.2 Kg (children). Levels of haemoglobin and of serum albumin were. maintained (10.9-10.9 g%, and 3.4-3.6 g% respectively). Patient compliance was high. It was concluded that \"Caloreen\" was useful, and would given even more satisfactory results in predominantly Paediatric practices.", "contents": "An assessment of \"Caloreen\", a new, high-energy source. A prospective evaluation study has been undertaken on \"Caloreen\", a new high energy preparation. Data were complete in 23 consecutive patients. Mean weight gain was 2.6 Kg (adults), and 2.2 Kg (children). Levels of haemoglobin and of serum albumin were. maintained (10.9-10.9 g%, and 3.4-3.6 g% respectively). Patient compliance was high. It was concluded that \"Caloreen\" was useful, and would given even more satisfactory results in predominantly Paediatric practices.", "PMID": 121187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14563", "title": "Chronic peritoneal dialysis in the management of chronic renal failure.", "content": "Three patients with indwelling Tenckhoff catheters were maintained on peritoneal dialysis using an automated reverse-osmosis dialysis machine. All showed striking improvement. Peritonitis developed in two and necessitated catheter replacement in one. Strict aseptic technique in the dialysis procedure is emphasised, prevention of peritonitis being the key to success. Long-term peritoneal dialysis offers three advantages: it is a practical alternative to haemodialysis in selected cases, especially where trained personnel are few; it is simpler and cheaper.", "contents": "Chronic peritoneal dialysis in the management of chronic renal failure. Three patients with indwelling Tenckhoff catheters were maintained on peritoneal dialysis using an automated reverse-osmosis dialysis machine. All showed striking improvement. Peritonitis developed in two and necessitated catheter replacement in one. Strict aseptic technique in the dialysis procedure is emphasised, prevention of peritonitis being the key to success. Long-term peritoneal dialysis offers three advantages: it is a practical alternative to haemodialysis in selected cases, especially where trained personnel are few; it is simpler and cheaper.", "PMID": 121186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14564", "title": "The monkey's prefrontal cortex functions in motor programming.", "content": "A new experimental approach is presented which resulted in clarification of the specific functions of the monkey\u0092s prefrontal cortex. Monkeys with chronically implanted transcortical nonpolarizable electrodes were trained on delayed response (DR) and visual delayed matching-to-sample (DMS) tasks. The onset of the trial for each group depended upon on-line computer detection of one of the specified events: FN \u0096 surface-negative steady potential shifts (SPS) from principalis cortex; MN \u0096 a similar SPS from precentral cortex; FB \u0096 near baseline SP from principalis cortex; LEM \u0096 rightward eye deviations; and YC \u0096 controls, with intertrial intervals yoked to those of other monkeys. Monkeys were trained with 1-s cue presentations. on successive delays of 2 to 12 s. The DR acquisition rate by the FN group was substantially faster than that of any other group, as indicated by its mean error that was only 17.24 percent the YC group\u0092s error. The MN and LEM monkeys acquired the task at the same rates as the YCs, while the FB monkeys were the slowest learners. The correct DR performance transferred to testing with constant intertrial intervals (without preconditions). Subsequent on-line tests with brief (0.1 s) cue duration showed high DR performance by the FN, but not by other groups. No similar rapid learning was found with the DMS task. The findings from this, and other experiments, suggest that the major function of principalis cortex is the selection, or programming of delayed spatial choice responses. The view seems consonant with interpretations for the role of the human prefrontal cortex.", "contents": "The monkey's prefrontal cortex functions in motor programming. A new experimental approach is presented which resulted in clarification of the specific functions of the monkey\u0092s prefrontal cortex. Monkeys with chronically implanted transcortical nonpolarizable electrodes were trained on delayed response (DR) and visual delayed matching-to-sample (DMS) tasks. The onset of the trial for each group depended upon on-line computer detection of one of the specified events: FN \u0096 surface-negative steady potential shifts (SPS) from principalis cortex; MN \u0096 a similar SPS from precentral cortex; FB \u0096 near baseline SP from principalis cortex; LEM \u0096 rightward eye deviations; and YC \u0096 controls, with intertrial intervals yoked to those of other monkeys. Monkeys were trained with 1-s cue presentations. on successive delays of 2 to 12 s. The DR acquisition rate by the FN group was substantially faster than that of any other group, as indicated by its mean error that was only 17.24 percent the YC group\u0092s error. The MN and LEM monkeys acquired the task at the same rates as the YCs, while the FB monkeys were the slowest learners. The correct DR performance transferred to testing with constant intertrial intervals (without preconditions). Subsequent on-line tests with brief (0.1 s) cue duration showed high DR performance by the FN, but not by other groups. No similar rapid learning was found with the DMS task. The findings from this, and other experiments, suggest that the major function of principalis cortex is the selection, or programming of delayed spatial choice responses. The view seems consonant with interpretations for the role of the human prefrontal cortex.", "PMID": 121197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14565", "title": "Comparative biological and antitoxoplasmic effects of particulate and water-soluble polysaccharides, in vitro.", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages, but not HeLa cells, presented many characteristics of activated cells following treatment in culture with LTN or PSK. Indeed, they demonstrated increase in size, spread, endocytic and antiparasitic activities. These data lead favorably to consider that among the five polysaccharides tested under the present experimental model LTN and PSK are the most potent activators of resident mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The mechanism of macrophage activation by LTN and PSK should be different from that of Di Luzio glucans and SPG since activated macrophages can be induced by the latter two compounds in experimental animals but not in vitro in cell cultures.", "contents": "Comparative biological and antitoxoplasmic effects of particulate and water-soluble polysaccharides, in vitro. Mouse peritoneal macrophages, but not HeLa cells, presented many characteristics of activated cells following treatment in culture with LTN or PSK. Indeed, they demonstrated increase in size, spread, endocytic and antiparasitic activities. These data lead favorably to consider that among the five polysaccharides tested under the present experimental model LTN and PSK are the most potent activators of resident mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The mechanism of macrophage activation by LTN and PSK should be different from that of Di Luzio glucans and SPG since activated macrophages can be induced by the latter two compounds in experimental animals but not in vitro in cell cultures.", "PMID": 121198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14566", "title": "[Treatment with carbamazepine of epilepsy with behavioral trouble in mentally retarded children in a medicopedagogic institution (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty five mentally retarded girls, with epilepsy associated with behavioral troubles, were treated with carbamazepine in a medicopedagogic institution for 4 months to 7 years. Fifty percent got better, thirty percent showed a disappearance of the epileptic spells and 67% showed an aggravation of the EEG. Improvement of behavior and absence of spells are more frequent in primary generalized epilepsy as in secondary generalized epilepsy and even less frequent in secondary generalized epilepsy. Results are better in epileptics only showing tonicoclonic crises than in those with absences. They are also better in dementia epileptica than in epilepsy without dementia. The aggravation of EEG, consistent with the disappearance of epileptic crises and behavioral improvement, is most often observed in patients with epileptic absences or progressive dementia.", "contents": "[Treatment with carbamazepine of epilepsy with behavioral trouble in mentally retarded children in a medicopedagogic institution (author's transl)]. Thirty five mentally retarded girls, with epilepsy associated with behavioral troubles, were treated with carbamazepine in a medicopedagogic institution for 4 months to 7 years. Fifty percent got better, thirty percent showed a disappearance of the epileptic spells and 67% showed an aggravation of the EEG. Improvement of behavior and absence of spells are more frequent in primary generalized epilepsy as in secondary generalized epilepsy and even less frequent in secondary generalized epilepsy. Results are better in epileptics only showing tonicoclonic crises than in those with absences. They are also better in dementia epileptica than in epilepsy without dementia. The aggravation of EEG, consistent with the disappearance of epileptic crises and behavioral improvement, is most often observed in patients with epileptic absences or progressive dementia.", "PMID": 121194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14567", "title": "In vivo activation of murine peritoneal macrophages by Nocardia water soluble mitogen (NWSM).", "content": "In vitro NWSM has been shown to be a B cell mitogen and a polyclonal activator. Although NWSM has been also shown to be adjuvant active in vivo, motogenicity and polyclonal activation are not observed when this fraction has been administered to mice. In contrast, the experiments reported here demonstrate that after in vivo administration several effects of NWSM on mouse peritoneal macrophages can be observed: NWSM was able to induce an important increase in the ability of peritoneal macrophages to inhibit in vitro growth of tumor cells, to increase their phagocytic activity and to enhance their ability to induce an immune response, following the incubation with an antigen NWSM was able to stimulate phagocytic activity of macrophages of C3H/He Orl. mice (LPS-resistant strain). Those findings suggest that the adjuvant activity of NWSM in vivo can be related to its capacity to activate macrophages.", "contents": "In vivo activation of murine peritoneal macrophages by Nocardia water soluble mitogen (NWSM). In vitro NWSM has been shown to be a B cell mitogen and a polyclonal activator. Although NWSM has been also shown to be adjuvant active in vivo, motogenicity and polyclonal activation are not observed when this fraction has been administered to mice. In contrast, the experiments reported here demonstrate that after in vivo administration several effects of NWSM on mouse peritoneal macrophages can be observed: NWSM was able to induce an important increase in the ability of peritoneal macrophages to inhibit in vitro growth of tumor cells, to increase their phagocytic activity and to enhance their ability to induce an immune response, following the incubation with an antigen NWSM was able to stimulate phagocytic activity of macrophages of C3H/He Orl. mice (LPS-resistant strain). Those findings suggest that the adjuvant activity of NWSM in vivo can be related to its capacity to activate macrophages.", "PMID": 121200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14568", "title": "Effects of pesticides on the reticuloendothelial system.", "content": "The information available concerning the effects of compounds utilized as pesticides on functions of the reticuloendothelial system is quite limited. Review of selected examples of such studies in this and other reports (3) reveals considerable diversity in terms of species of experimental animal, purity and dose of pesticide, length of exposure, and class of pesticide employed. Observations include depression, enhancement, or no significant effect on the selected reticuloendothelial system function studies. With the present available information it is difficult to formulate general conclusions or to predict whether or not any individual pesticide will consistently and significantly alter any specific function of the reticuloendothelial system. At the present time, it is not known if pesticides within a single chemical class act in a similar manner in regard to their ability to influence reticuloendothelial system function. In addition, the relationship, if any, between the toxic, mutagenic teratogenic, or carcinogenic potential of any pesticide and its ability to alter the reticuloendothelial system is also unknown. More extensive systematic studies in experimental animal models would appear to be required before protocols to effectively evaluate the potential of pesticides to influence reticuloendothelial system function in man can be developed.", "contents": "Effects of pesticides on the reticuloendothelial system. The information available concerning the effects of compounds utilized as pesticides on functions of the reticuloendothelial system is quite limited. Review of selected examples of such studies in this and other reports (3) reveals considerable diversity in terms of species of experimental animal, purity and dose of pesticide, length of exposure, and class of pesticide employed. Observations include depression, enhancement, or no significant effect on the selected reticuloendothelial system function studies. With the present available information it is difficult to formulate general conclusions or to predict whether or not any individual pesticide will consistently and significantly alter any specific function of the reticuloendothelial system. At the present time, it is not known if pesticides within a single chemical class act in a similar manner in regard to their ability to influence reticuloendothelial system function. In addition, the relationship, if any, between the toxic, mutagenic teratogenic, or carcinogenic potential of any pesticide and its ability to alter the reticuloendothelial system is also unknown. More extensive systematic studies in experimental animal models would appear to be required before protocols to effectively evaluate the potential of pesticides to influence reticuloendothelial system function in man can be developed.", "PMID": 121203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14569", "title": "Positive direct antiglobulin test on thawed deglycerolized units of erythrocytes: prediction and prevention.", "content": "Occasional units of red blood cells develop a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) when frozen and deglycerolyzed by the Meryman method. The presence of cold autoagglutinins with a high titer at 4 degrees C or autoreactivity at room temperature were generally predictive of which units would develop a positive DAT, but neither was reliable in all cases. An indicator system is presented in which a DAT is performed on a segment that has been glycerolized and deglycerolized in a manner similar to the Meryman method for freezing a donor unit. This system is extremely reliable in predicting which units will convert from DAT-negative to DAT-positive during processing. The positive DAT of deglycerolized red blood cells was due to C4 and weak C3d binding. This complement binding can be prevented by addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or removal of plasma before the addition of glycerol.", "contents": "Positive direct antiglobulin test on thawed deglycerolized units of erythrocytes: prediction and prevention. Occasional units of red blood cells develop a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) when frozen and deglycerolyzed by the Meryman method. The presence of cold autoagglutinins with a high titer at 4 degrees C or autoreactivity at room temperature were generally predictive of which units would develop a positive DAT, but neither was reliable in all cases. An indicator system is presented in which a DAT is performed on a segment that has been glycerolized and deglycerolized in a manner similar to the Meryman method for freezing a donor unit. This system is extremely reliable in predicting which units will convert from DAT-negative to DAT-positive during processing. The positive DAT of deglycerolized red blood cells was due to C4 and weak C3d binding. This complement binding can be prevented by addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or removal of plasma before the addition of glycerol.", "PMID": 121208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14570", "title": "[A method of separation of antilipoprotein immunoglobulins by chromatography on glass beads (author's transl)].", "content": "In this method, under certain experimental conditions, the use of calibrated glass beads permitted the separation of lg with antilipoprotein antibody activity (HLAA). The sera are first precipitated on ammorium sulphate at 25 per cent, 30 per cent and 40 per cent saturation. The precipitates are then submitted to short ultracentrifugation and the product of ultra-entrifugation is fractionnated on a glass bead column, balanced then eluted with an acetate veronal buffer at pH 9. The eluted fraction in peak 1 contains antibodies (IgG or IgA) and albumin. Passive hemagglutination with red cells covered with beta and alpha-lipoproteins, through chromium chloride, together with inhibition of the reaction show that the activity of these Ig antibodies is directed against lipoprotein antigens.", "contents": "[A method of separation of antilipoprotein immunoglobulins by chromatography on glass beads (author's transl)]. In this method, under certain experimental conditions, the use of calibrated glass beads permitted the separation of lg with antilipoprotein antibody activity (HLAA). The sera are first precipitated on ammorium sulphate at 25 per cent, 30 per cent and 40 per cent saturation. The precipitates are then submitted to short ultracentrifugation and the product of ultra-entrifugation is fractionnated on a glass bead column, balanced then eluted with an acetate veronal buffer at pH 9. The eluted fraction in peak 1 contains antibodies (IgG or IgA) and albumin. Passive hemagglutination with red cells covered with beta and alpha-lipoproteins, through chromium chloride, together with inhibition of the reaction show that the activity of these Ig antibodies is directed against lipoprotein antigens.", "PMID": 121212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14571", "title": "The effect of focal twitching on the intracranial pressure during paralysis and mechanical ventilation.", "content": "Three patients with head injuries developed minor facial twitching while their intracranial, intrathoracic and systemic arterial pressures were being monitored and they were on mechanical ventilation. These twitches were disclosed by the coincided great and damaging increases in the intracranial pressure, while the intrathoracic and arterial pressures were virtually unchanged. The intracranial hypertension was attributed to cerebral vasodilatation which was presumed to be due to the accumulation of cerebral metabolites since other causative factors such as systemic hypertension and hypoxia were under control. Cerebral elastance modulated the rise in intracranial pressure.", "contents": "The effect of focal twitching on the intracranial pressure during paralysis and mechanical ventilation. Three patients with head injuries developed minor facial twitching while their intracranial, intrathoracic and systemic arterial pressures were being monitored and they were on mechanical ventilation. These twitches were disclosed by the coincided great and damaging increases in the intracranial pressure, while the intrathoracic and arterial pressures were virtually unchanged. The intracranial hypertension was attributed to cerebral vasodilatation which was presumed to be due to the accumulation of cerebral metabolites since other causative factors such as systemic hypertension and hypoxia were under control. Cerebral elastance modulated the rise in intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 121216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14572", "title": "The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "This paper is a review of the pathology of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The various classifications proposed as alternatives to the Rappaport classification are briefly reviewed. The light microscopic morphology of the various sub-types are described, mentioning where possible the derivation of the tumour cell type as delineated by enzyme and immunological cell marker studies. The natural history and salient clinicopathological aspects of the disease entities are also described.", "contents": "The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. This paper is a review of the pathology of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The various classifications proposed as alternatives to the Rappaport classification are briefly reviewed. The light microscopic morphology of the various sub-types are described, mentioning where possible the derivation of the tumour cell type as delineated by enzyme and immunological cell marker studies. The natural history and salient clinicopathological aspects of the disease entities are also described.", "PMID": 121217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14573", "title": "A response profile of 100 long-stay psychiatric patients.", "content": "The responses of 100 male long-stay psychiatric patients in 1973 to 9 questions, mainly on their personal particulars, were noted. One patient gave the correct date, 10 patients gave their age correctly, 33 patients gave their address correctly, 55 patients gave the correct hospital ward they were in, 62 patients gave their marital status correctly, 86 patients gave their sex correctly and 87 patients gave their name correctly.", "contents": "A response profile of 100 long-stay psychiatric patients. The responses of 100 male long-stay psychiatric patients in 1973 to 9 questions, mainly on their personal particulars, were noted. One patient gave the correct date, 10 patients gave their age correctly, 33 patients gave their address correctly, 55 patients gave the correct hospital ward they were in, 62 patients gave their marital status correctly, 86 patients gave their sex correctly and 87 patients gave their name correctly.", "PMID": 121218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14574", "title": "Work performance of rehabilitated psychiatric patients--a comparative study.", "content": "View Road Hospital (VRH) was commissioned on 1st August 1975 with the main objective of providing intensive rehabilitation and training for male long-stay mental patients from Woodbridge Hospital. The aim was to train and prepare them for work outside the hospital. This paper examines the work performance of the 38 patients who have been phased out to work since the commissioning. A matched group of 38 male patients undergoing similar rehabilitative schemes in Woodbridge Hospital and placed in similar open employment was selected for comparison. Contrary to expectation, the VRH patients did not perform significantly better than the Woodbrige Hospital's patients. Some of the probable reasons for this discrepancy, and their implications for psychiatric rehabilitative services in general, are discussed.", "contents": "Work performance of rehabilitated psychiatric patients--a comparative study. View Road Hospital (VRH) was commissioned on 1st August 1975 with the main objective of providing intensive rehabilitation and training for male long-stay mental patients from Woodbridge Hospital. The aim was to train and prepare them for work outside the hospital. This paper examines the work performance of the 38 patients who have been phased out to work since the commissioning. A matched group of 38 male patients undergoing similar rehabilitative schemes in Woodbridge Hospital and placed in similar open employment was selected for comparison. Contrary to expectation, the VRH patients did not perform significantly better than the Woodbrige Hospital's patients. Some of the probable reasons for this discrepancy, and their implications for psychiatric rehabilitative services in general, are discussed.", "PMID": 121219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14575", "title": "[Purification of pineal antigonadotropic factor (author's transl)].", "content": "Pineal activity on hypothalamo-hypophyso genital axis is well established. The mechanism is not simple, since progonadotropic or/an antigonadotropic activity were described. The biochemical isolation of the potent factor has been assayed. Several substances: melatonin, AVT, peptides have antigonadotropic properties. In this paper, we report many experiments concerning isolation and purification by several chromatographies of the factor (probably peptidic), that we believe to be responsible of antigonadotropic activity. Biological activity of the substance is proved by \"in vitro\" methods and radio immunoassays. This component is quite pure because electrophoresis on gel polyacrylamid reveals only one strip. Gel Sephadex G10 chromatography indicates a probable MW is between 500 and 1,000. This component causes an important inhibition of pituitary LH discharge (in vitro methods).", "contents": "[Purification of pineal antigonadotropic factor (author's transl)]. Pineal activity on hypothalamo-hypophyso genital axis is well established. The mechanism is not simple, since progonadotropic or/an antigonadotropic activity were described. The biochemical isolation of the potent factor has been assayed. Several substances: melatonin, AVT, peptides have antigonadotropic properties. In this paper, we report many experiments concerning isolation and purification by several chromatographies of the factor (probably peptidic), that we believe to be responsible of antigonadotropic activity. Biological activity of the substance is proved by \"in vitro\" methods and radio immunoassays. This component is quite pure because electrophoresis on gel polyacrylamid reveals only one strip. Gel Sephadex G10 chromatography indicates a probable MW is between 500 and 1,000. This component causes an important inhibition of pituitary LH discharge (in vitro methods).", "PMID": 121221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14576", "title": "[Familial case of male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17-ketoreductase defect: late diagnosis in the \"aunt\" of a patient with the same defect (author's transl)].", "content": "A 42 year old (46 XY) subject with 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency was investigated. The patient reared as female, has developed masculine features (facial hair, male distribution of body hair, male body habitus, acne and clitoridomegaly) at about 15 years of age but never consulted. She married at 22 years and for 20 years thought to have a \"normal\" female sex life. Only when her 14 year old \"niece\" was investigated (1) and treated for similar problems she realized hers. She had a small phallus with perineal urethra, vaginal pouch absence of labia minora and undescended testis, no breast development. Baseline peripheral studies showed plasma testosterone (T) in the range of Tanner II stade of puberty (150 ng/dl), elevated delta 4-androstenedione (delta 4) (930 ng/dl) and estrone (E1) (33,5 NG/DL) LEVELS 6--8 times above normal, but subnormal estradiol levels. Increased basal gonadotropins showed an hyper-response to LHRH stimulation. Dynamic tests (ACTH test, Dexamethasone suppression, and hCG stimulation) showed that abnormal delta 4 and E1 were not of adrenal origin. In the spermatic veins delta 4 levels were extremely high (239 micrograms/dl) but T levels low (11.4 micrograms/dl). delta 4/T ratio in the spermatic vein was much higher than in the peripheral blood suggesting intact peripheral conversion of delta 4 to T. After castration all hormone levels returned to the range usually seen in agonadic male or female adults.", "contents": "[Familial case of male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17-ketoreductase defect: late diagnosis in the \"aunt\" of a patient with the same defect (author's transl)]. A 42 year old (46 XY) subject with 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency was investigated. The patient reared as female, has developed masculine features (facial hair, male distribution of body hair, male body habitus, acne and clitoridomegaly) at about 15 years of age but never consulted. She married at 22 years and for 20 years thought to have a \"normal\" female sex life. Only when her 14 year old \"niece\" was investigated (1) and treated for similar problems she realized hers. She had a small phallus with perineal urethra, vaginal pouch absence of labia minora and undescended testis, no breast development. Baseline peripheral studies showed plasma testosterone (T) in the range of Tanner II stade of puberty (150 ng/dl), elevated delta 4-androstenedione (delta 4) (930 ng/dl) and estrone (E1) (33,5 NG/DL) LEVELS 6--8 times above normal, but subnormal estradiol levels. Increased basal gonadotropins showed an hyper-response to LHRH stimulation. Dynamic tests (ACTH test, Dexamethasone suppression, and hCG stimulation) showed that abnormal delta 4 and E1 were not of adrenal origin. In the spermatic veins delta 4 levels were extremely high (239 micrograms/dl) but T levels low (11.4 micrograms/dl). delta 4/T ratio in the spermatic vein was much higher than in the peripheral blood suggesting intact peripheral conversion of delta 4 to T. After castration all hormone levels returned to the range usually seen in agonadic male or female adults.", "PMID": 121222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14577", "title": "[Study of a new case of male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "We studied a 17 year old patient with primary amenorrhea, hirsutixm, clitoral enlargment, poor breast development and 46, XY karyotype. The results shown in table clearly indicate a 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency. In the view of previously described patients we can conclude that: 1) intensity of virilisation depends on both plasma testosterone and androstenedione levels; 2) importance of gynecomastia depends on plasma E2 but not E1 levels; 3) FSH levels are not correlated with circulating androgens or estrogens but presumably depends on importance of seminiferous tubules' lesions.", "contents": "[Study of a new case of male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency (author's transl)]. We studied a 17 year old patient with primary amenorrhea, hirsutixm, clitoral enlargment, poor breast development and 46, XY karyotype. The results shown in table clearly indicate a 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency. In the view of previously described patients we can conclude that: 1) intensity of virilisation depends on both plasma testosterone and androstenedione levels; 2) importance of gynecomastia depends on plasma E2 but not E1 levels; 3) FSH levels are not correlated with circulating androgens or estrogens but presumably depends on importance of seminiferous tubules' lesions.", "PMID": 121223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14578", "title": "[Preliminary results of an atiepizootic field test using EDTA-Na extract vaccine from Escherichia coli strains pathogenic to swine in swine production industrial units].", "content": "An anti-epizootic field test was applied to industrialised pig farms in the region of Wroc\u0142aw, Poland, to test the effectiveness of a pentavalent EDTA (calcium disodium edetate)--sodium vaccine extracted from Escherichia coli strains with pathogenicity to swine. The vaccine had been received from a centre in Berlin-Buch, GDR. The vaccine failed to provide any protection, when orally applied to nursed piglets. However, both morbidity and mortality were reduced and, thus, an anti-epizootic effect on nursed piglets produced, when the vaccine had been injected intramuscularly to the pregnant mother animals, prior to farrowing. In weaned piglets morbidity was sucessfully reduced by both oral as well as intramuscular administration.", "contents": "[Preliminary results of an atiepizootic field test using EDTA-Na extract vaccine from Escherichia coli strains pathogenic to swine in swine production industrial units]. An anti-epizootic field test was applied to industrialised pig farms in the region of Wroc\u0142aw, Poland, to test the effectiveness of a pentavalent EDTA (calcium disodium edetate)--sodium vaccine extracted from Escherichia coli strains with pathogenicity to swine. The vaccine had been received from a centre in Berlin-Buch, GDR. The vaccine failed to provide any protection, when orally applied to nursed piglets. However, both morbidity and mortality were reduced and, thus, an anti-epizootic effect on nursed piglets produced, when the vaccine had been injected intramuscularly to the pregnant mother animals, prior to farrowing. In weaned piglets morbidity was sucessfully reduced by both oral as well as intramuscular administration.", "PMID": 121226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14579", "title": "[Emergency treatment of inborn amino errors of amino acid metabolism detected in the neonatal period].", "content": "The indications and effects of exchange transfusion, peritoneal dialysis, osmotic diuresis and early feeding have been studied in 28 children with inborn errors of aminoacid metabolism presenting in the neonatal period. Exchange-transfusion has only a transitory and incomplete effect but it is simple and quick. Peritoneal dialysis has a remarkable and often life-saving effect because the blood levels of toxic metabolites are reduced very effectively in organic acidaemias. However the rate of removal may decline if plasma concentrations fall below a critical level (1.2 mmol/L foor leucine). If the dialysis is prolonged for more than 36 hours it may cause hypoprotidaemia. Osmotic diuresis increases the 45 ml/min. However it is of little elimination of methylmalonic acid because the renal clearance is between 15 and 45 ml/min. However it is of little value in maple syrup urine disease, propionic acidaemia or isovaleric acidaemia because the renal clearance of the toxic metabolites is so low. The early re-introduction of low protein high calorie of a low protein and high calorie diet by continuous intragastric feeding is very important. The authors propose a protocol for the treatment of babies presenting inborn errors of aminoacid metabolism in the neonatal period. Peritoneal dialysis should be started as soon as the diagnosis is considered and continued for 24 to 36 hours. An exchange of transfusion shold be undertaken before and after the dialysis, together with an osmotic diuresis if appropriate. Continuous enteral feeding should be given, the quantity being adjusted to the baby's requirements.", "contents": "[Emergency treatment of inborn amino errors of amino acid metabolism detected in the neonatal period]. The indications and effects of exchange transfusion, peritoneal dialysis, osmotic diuresis and early feeding have been studied in 28 children with inborn errors of aminoacid metabolism presenting in the neonatal period. Exchange-transfusion has only a transitory and incomplete effect but it is simple and quick. Peritoneal dialysis has a remarkable and often life-saving effect because the blood levels of toxic metabolites are reduced very effectively in organic acidaemias. However the rate of removal may decline if plasma concentrations fall below a critical level (1.2 mmol/L foor leucine). If the dialysis is prolonged for more than 36 hours it may cause hypoprotidaemia. Osmotic diuresis increases the 45 ml/min. However it is of little elimination of methylmalonic acid because the renal clearance is between 15 and 45 ml/min. However it is of little value in maple syrup urine disease, propionic acidaemia or isovaleric acidaemia because the renal clearance of the toxic metabolites is so low. The early re-introduction of low protein high calorie of a low protein and high calorie diet by continuous intragastric feeding is very important. The authors propose a protocol for the treatment of babies presenting inborn errors of aminoacid metabolism in the neonatal period. Peritoneal dialysis should be started as soon as the diagnosis is considered and continued for 24 to 36 hours. An exchange of transfusion shold be undertaken before and after the dialysis, together with an osmotic diuresis if appropriate. Continuous enteral feeding should be given, the quantity being adjusted to the baby's requirements.", "PMID": 121227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14580", "title": "Determination of subclasses of myeloma proteins M-IgG by enzymatic hydrolysis.", "content": "Several methods of determine M-IgG subclasses after hydrolysis with papain and pepsin were compared, and the results were checked by the passive hemagglutination test with erythrocytes using specific antisera. For practical purposes, the papain method was preferred to the pepsin method for recognition of IgG-3 subclass. A shortened method of digestion with papain which distinguishes between the papain-sensitive subclasses,  i.e. IgG-1 and IgG-3, is proposed. Apart from its diagnostic value in distinguishing between myeloma (monoclonal) protein subclasses, this work can serve as a basis for preparing protein antigens and production of specific antisera.", "contents": "Determination of subclasses of myeloma proteins M-IgG by enzymatic hydrolysis. Several methods of determine M-IgG subclasses after hydrolysis with papain and pepsin were compared, and the results were checked by the passive hemagglutination test with erythrocytes using specific antisera. For practical purposes, the papain method was preferred to the pepsin method for recognition of IgG-3 subclass. A shortened method of digestion with papain which distinguishes between the papain-sensitive subclasses,  i.e. IgG-1 and IgG-3, is proposed. Apart from its diagnostic value in distinguishing between myeloma (monoclonal) protein subclasses, this work can serve as a basis for preparing protein antigens and production of specific antisera.", "PMID": 121228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14581", "title": "Influence of lipids from Listeria monocytogenes on the course of infections due to some gram-positive bacteria in mice.", "content": "The influence of lipids from Listeria monocytogenes on the course of infections due to some gram-positive cocci Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus and L. monocytogenes was studied in white mice. Varying doses of the lipid preparation were administered before infection. Mortality of the animals and rate of elimination of the bacteria from the organs and blood circulation were recorded. In appropriate doses, the lipids markedly enhanced resistance to the aforementioned bacteria. Mortality was substantially reduced, and elimination of the infectious agent from tissues and blood was significantly accelerated.", "contents": "Influence of lipids from Listeria monocytogenes on the course of infections due to some gram-positive bacteria in mice. The influence of lipids from Listeria monocytogenes on the course of infections due to some gram-positive cocci Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus and L. monocytogenes was studied in white mice. Varying doses of the lipid preparation were administered before infection. Mortality of the animals and rate of elimination of the bacteria from the organs and blood circulation were recorded. In appropriate doses, the lipids markedly enhanced resistance to the aforementioned bacteria. Mortality was substantially reduced, and elimination of the infectious agent from tissues and blood was significantly accelerated.", "PMID": 121229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14582", "title": "[The protein digestibility and amino acid absorption in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 6. Results of the application of 15N-lysine].", "content": "From two fattening pigs (average live weight 63 kg) with re-entrance cannulae both in the duodenum and the ileocecal region, the intake, the excretion and the flow rates of nitrogen, 15N, lysine and 15N-lysine are measured after the oral application of 15N-lysine as supplement of a wheat-wheat gluten diet. A scheme of the lysine metabolism of pigs is drawn on the basis of the measured values. The absorption of synthetic and native lysine as well as the endogenous and exogenous lysine contents of the duodenal and ileum chyme are estimated.", "contents": "[The protein digestibility and amino acid absorption in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 6. Results of the application of 15N-lysine]. From two fattening pigs (average live weight 63 kg) with re-entrance cannulae both in the duodenum and the ileocecal region, the intake, the excretion and the flow rates of nitrogen, 15N, lysine and 15N-lysine are measured after the oral application of 15N-lysine as supplement of a wheat-wheat gluten diet. A scheme of the lysine metabolism of pigs is drawn on the basis of the measured values. The absorption of synthetic and native lysine as well as the endogenous and exogenous lysine contents of the duodenal and ileum chyme are estimated.", "PMID": 121231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14583", "title": "[The metabolism of colostomised laying hens with 15N-labelled wheat. 4. 15N-Incorporation in the corpuscular components of blood, in the blood plasma and the basic amino acids].", "content": "Three colostomised Laying hybrids received over four days a dosage of 672 mg 15N-excess (15N'), 20.3 mg lysine 15N', 23.0 mg histidine-15N' and 66.7 mg arginine-15N' with a ration customary in production. After feeding the same nonlabelled ration for another four days the hens were killed and the N-content of the blood as well as of its fractions (corpuscular components, plasma, free amino acids of the plasma) was determined.", "contents": "[The metabolism of colostomised laying hens with 15N-labelled wheat. 4. 15N-Incorporation in the corpuscular components of blood, in the blood plasma and the basic amino acids]. Three colostomised Laying hybrids received over four days a dosage of 672 mg 15N-excess (15N'), 20.3 mg lysine 15N', 23.0 mg histidine-15N' and 66.7 mg arginine-15N' with a ration customary in production. After feeding the same nonlabelled ration for another four days the hens were killed and the N-content of the blood as well as of its fractions (corpuscular components, plasma, free amino acids of the plasma) was determined.", "PMID": 121232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14584", "title": "[Unusual location of extramedullary plasmacytomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma, one of the nasopharynx and one of the tongue are reported. Although there was no paraprotein secretion present, we were able to demonstrate an intracytoplasmic monoclonal immunoglobulin (type IgG-kappa) by immunohistochemical methods. Twelve months following surgical treatment both patients locally and by serum controls are free of residual disease. We confirm former studies in the literature that the prognosis of solitary extramedullary plasmacytomas seems to be good after surgical or radiation therapy. Continuous individual follow-up including serum and X-ray controls are obligatory.", "contents": "[Unusual location of extramedullary plasmacytomas (author's transl)]. Two cases of solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma, one of the nasopharynx and one of the tongue are reported. Although there was no paraprotein secretion present, we were able to demonstrate an intracytoplasmic monoclonal immunoglobulin (type IgG-kappa) by immunohistochemical methods. Twelve months following surgical treatment both patients locally and by serum controls are free of residual disease. We confirm former studies in the literature that the prognosis of solitary extramedullary plasmacytomas seems to be good after surgical or radiation therapy. Continuous individual follow-up including serum and X-ray controls are obligatory.", "PMID": 121234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14585", "title": "A comparison of four methods for the serotyping of group B streptococci.", "content": "Group B streptococci are implicated in a wide range of clinical conditions in human adults and neonates. The Group is subdivided into five serotypes Ia, Ib, Ic, II and III, which are differentiated on the basis of capsular polysaccharides. In the interests of epidemiology and efficiency a cheap, rapid method which is easily interpreted would be advantageous. In this study four methods of serotyping, namely, counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), microimmunodiffusion (MID), coagglutination (COA), and the Lancefield capillary precipitin (CP) test were compared in terms of ease of operation and interpretation, accuracy and rapidity. Todd Hewitt Broth (THB) cultures and acid extracts of the group B streptococcal strains were used as antigens for these methods. It was concluded that COA using THB cultures allows cheap and rapid screening for presumptive serotyping, having a 93-96% correlation with the CP test. MID gives an accurate (100% correlation with the CP test) and unambiguous confirmatory diagnosis of serotype.", "contents": "A comparison of four methods for the serotyping of group B streptococci. Group B streptococci are implicated in a wide range of clinical conditions in human adults and neonates. The Group is subdivided into five serotypes Ia, Ib, Ic, II and III, which are differentiated on the basis of capsular polysaccharides. In the interests of epidemiology and efficiency a cheap, rapid method which is easily interpreted would be advantageous. In this study four methods of serotyping, namely, counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), microimmunodiffusion (MID), coagglutination (COA), and the Lancefield capillary precipitin (CP) test were compared in terms of ease of operation and interpretation, accuracy and rapidity. Todd Hewitt Broth (THB) cultures and acid extracts of the group B streptococcal strains were used as antigens for these methods. It was concluded that COA using THB cultures allows cheap and rapid screening for presumptive serotyping, having a 93-96% correlation with the CP test. MID gives an accurate (100% correlation with the CP test) and unambiguous confirmatory diagnosis of serotype.", "PMID": 121235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14586", "title": "Studies on the incubation mixtures for the in vitro mutagenesis test with metabolic activation (microsomal assay). Behaviour of mixed function oxidase and lipid peroxidation in the presence of some xenobiotics.", "content": "The effect of some xenobiotics on microsomal mixed function oxidase and lipid peroxidation, in mice, in incubation mixtures for the in vitro mutagenesis test with metabolic activation was studied. Aniline 1 or 2 mM and aminopyrine 0.38 or 8.33 mM completely inhibited the lipid peroxidation with small protection of the monooxygenase. Styrene 50 or 100 mM inhibited to a lesser extent the lipid peroxidation with marked increase in the inactivation of the monooxygenase. By a technique based on successive additions of fresh microsomes it was possible to evaluate the part of the inactivation due to enzyme denaturation and that due to inhibition. EDTA 40 mM was not able to protect from inactivation in the presence of aniline 1mM. Data of this type could be utilized to obtain more reliable results of in vitro mutagenesis tests with metabolic activation by suitably managing the enzyme activity in the incubation mixtures in order to keep it as constant as possible.", "contents": "Studies on the incubation mixtures for the in vitro mutagenesis test with metabolic activation (microsomal assay). Behaviour of mixed function oxidase and lipid peroxidation in the presence of some xenobiotics. The effect of some xenobiotics on microsomal mixed function oxidase and lipid peroxidation, in mice, in incubation mixtures for the in vitro mutagenesis test with metabolic activation was studied. Aniline 1 or 2 mM and aminopyrine 0.38 or 8.33 mM completely inhibited the lipid peroxidation with small protection of the monooxygenase. Styrene 50 or 100 mM inhibited to a lesser extent the lipid peroxidation with marked increase in the inactivation of the monooxygenase. By a technique based on successive additions of fresh microsomes it was possible to evaluate the part of the inactivation due to enzyme denaturation and that due to inhibition. EDTA 40 mM was not able to protect from inactivation in the presence of aniline 1mM. Data of this type could be utilized to obtain more reliable results of in vitro mutagenesis tests with metabolic activation by suitably managing the enzyme activity in the incubation mixtures in order to keep it as constant as possible.", "PMID": 121239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14587", "title": "[Effects of octopamine on pulmonary circulation of the pig].", "content": "The perfusion of octopamine in pig produces an increase of cardiac output with decrease of pulmonary vascular resistances. The changes in lung circulation depend by a direct action of this drug on nervous control of vascular walls because when the pulmonary shunt increase the effect is not correlated to changes a pattern of breathing.", "contents": "[Effects of octopamine on pulmonary circulation of the pig]. The perfusion of octopamine in pig produces an increase of cardiac output with decrease of pulmonary vascular resistances. The changes in lung circulation depend by a direct action of this drug on nervous control of vascular walls because when the pulmonary shunt increase the effect is not correlated to changes a pattern of breathing.", "PMID": 121240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14588", "title": "Influence of contractile state on the size of the extracellular space in isolated ventricular myocardium.", "content": "A method is described with which the extracellular space of isolated ventricular muscle can be measured accurately and continuously in the same muscle. The size of the extracellular space is shown to vary with the contractile state of the myocardium. Interventions such as quiescence, manganese and acidosis reduce myocardial contractility and increase the size of the extracellular space. Barium, ouabain and hypoxia cause contracture and reduce the size of the extracellular space. These changes should be taken into account when measuring intracellular electrolytes in isolated ventricular preparations.", "contents": "Influence of contractile state on the size of the extracellular space in isolated ventricular myocardium. A method is described with which the extracellular space of isolated ventricular muscle can be measured accurately and continuously in the same muscle. The size of the extracellular space is shown to vary with the contractile state of the myocardium. Interventions such as quiescence, manganese and acidosis reduce myocardial contractility and increase the size of the extracellular space. Barium, ouabain and hypoxia cause contracture and reduce the size of the extracellular space. These changes should be taken into account when measuring intracellular electrolytes in isolated ventricular preparations.", "PMID": 121236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14589", "title": "Cartilage and bone formation in arterial wall. 1. Morphological and histochemical aspects.", "content": "Cartilaginous and/or osseous foci were observed in eight aortas from 20 rabbits immunized against heterologous aorta homogenates and sacrificed 11 to 24 months later. They were studied by means of histological and histochemical methods and compared with normal aortas, cartilage and bone. Some of the observed changes seemed to be true markers of these transformations. Chondroid metaplasia was characterized by 1) generalized increase in alcianophilic hyaluronidase sensitive substances. 2) Appearance of Dermatan and/or Keratan sulfates round some isolated cells. 3) Advent of G6 Pase and Alk. Phase activities in cells adjacent to osseous foci. Osteous metaplasia was characterized by 1) decrease, then disappearance of alcianophilic and PAS positive material, 2) increase in osteoblastic alkaline Pase-activities.", "contents": "Cartilage and bone formation in arterial wall. 1. Morphological and histochemical aspects. Cartilaginous and/or osseous foci were observed in eight aortas from 20 rabbits immunized against heterologous aorta homogenates and sacrificed 11 to 24 months later. They were studied by means of histological and histochemical methods and compared with normal aortas, cartilage and bone. Some of the observed changes seemed to be true markers of these transformations. Chondroid metaplasia was characterized by 1) generalized increase in alcianophilic hyaluronidase sensitive substances. 2) Appearance of Dermatan and/or Keratan sulfates round some isolated cells. 3) Advent of G6 Pase and Alk. Phase activities in cells adjacent to osseous foci. Osteous metaplasia was characterized by 1) decrease, then disappearance of alcianophilic and PAS positive material, 2) increase in osteoblastic alkaline Pase-activities.", "PMID": 121237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14590", "title": "The bovine immune response to Brucella abortus. II. Elimination of some sporadic serological reactions by chelation of divalent cations.", "content": "The standard agglutination tests for detecting antibody to Brucella abortus were modified by addition of chelating agents (EDTA and EGTA) to the antigens. Approximately 80% of \"singleton\" agglutination test reactions, negative on the diagnostic complement fixation test, obtained with cattle sera were eliminated while no decrease in titer was apparent when sera from B. abortus infected or vaccinated cattle were tested.", "contents": "The bovine immune response to Brucella abortus. II. Elimination of some sporadic serological reactions by chelation of divalent cations. The standard agglutination tests for detecting antibody to Brucella abortus were modified by addition of chelating agents (EDTA and EGTA) to the antigens. Approximately 80% of \"singleton\" agglutination test reactions, negative on the diagnostic complement fixation test, obtained with cattle sera were eliminated while no decrease in titer was apparent when sera from B. abortus infected or vaccinated cattle were tested.", "PMID": 121242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14591", "title": "[Epigastric congenital diverticulum of the right ventricle. Resection during the neonatal period (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors relate a neo-natal case of cardiac diverticulum of the right ventricle, reaching the epigastric area and associated with several connected malformations : partial pericardial agenesis, anterior diaphagmatic breach, diastasis of Musc. recti abdominis, skin aplasia in the epigastric area, and, moreover, dextrocardia with Fallot tetralogy. The diverticulum was successful resected in emergency.", "contents": "[Epigastric congenital diverticulum of the right ventricle. Resection during the neonatal period (author's transl)]. The authors relate a neo-natal case of cardiac diverticulum of the right ventricle, reaching the epigastric area and associated with several connected malformations : partial pericardial agenesis, anterior diaphagmatic breach, diastasis of Musc. recti abdominis, skin aplasia in the epigastric area, and, moreover, dextrocardia with Fallot tetralogy. The diverticulum was successful resected in emergency.", "PMID": 121245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14592", "title": "[Chemical reactivity of an essential arginine residue in substrate binding, reflecting the state of activation of glycogen phosphorylase in rabbit muscle].", "content": "Arginine residues have been shown to be present in the binding sites of both phosphorylated substrates and nucleotide activators of glycogen phosphorylase. The former residue can only be modified by arginine-directed reagents when the enzyme is activated, i. e. in phosphorylase a, or in phosphorylase b in the presence of activators. Conversely, after this residue has been modified, phosphorylase b is irreversibly blocked in an active conformation.", "contents": "[Chemical reactivity of an essential arginine residue in substrate binding, reflecting the state of activation of glycogen phosphorylase in rabbit muscle]. Arginine residues have been shown to be present in the binding sites of both phosphorylated substrates and nucleotide activators of glycogen phosphorylase. The former residue can only be modified by arginine-directed reagents when the enzyme is activated, i. e. in phosphorylase a, or in phosphorylase b in the presence of activators. Conversely, after this residue has been modified, phosphorylase b is irreversibly blocked in an active conformation.", "PMID": 121246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14593", "title": "[Effect of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) on the utilization of vitamin A and induction of cytochrome P 450 in rats receiving DDT].", "content": "During detoxication processes of DDT, there is, in the Rat, interference between vitamins A and E (D.1.alpha-tocopherol acetate). Vitamin E spares retinal and has a slighter but significant influence on P 450 cytochrome induction. These results are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) on the utilization of vitamin A and induction of cytochrome P 450 in rats receiving DDT]. During detoxication processes of DDT, there is, in the Rat, interference between vitamins A and E (D.1.alpha-tocopherol acetate). Vitamin E spares retinal and has a slighter but significant influence on P 450 cytochrome induction. These results are discussed.", "PMID": 121247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14594", "title": "[Coagulation of hemolymph in Crustacea. Electrophoretic demonstration of a plasmatic component in the course of hemostasis in a group A crustacean (Cancer pagurus)].", "content": "Coagulation assays in vitro of plasmatic extract from Cancer pagurus reveal the existence of a plasmatic coagulation in this species which was considered as yet as lacking a such process. Electrophoretical analysis of this extract before and after coagulation shows the presence of a plasmatic component probably involved in the formation of the clot.", "contents": "[Coagulation of hemolymph in Crustacea. Electrophoretic demonstration of a plasmatic component in the course of hemostasis in a group A crustacean (Cancer pagurus)]. Coagulation assays in vitro of plasmatic extract from Cancer pagurus reveal the existence of a plasmatic coagulation in this species which was considered as yet as lacking a such process. Electrophoretical analysis of this extract before and after coagulation shows the presence of a plasmatic component probably involved in the formation of the clot.", "PMID": 121248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14595", "title": "[Experimental reproduction of the mechanical process of dental attrition by abrasion: paleoecological implications to fossil man].", "content": "By microscopic examination we differentiated rays appearing on dental surfaces according to the geometry of abrasive grains which produced them. Since the aspect of particules originally relied on paleoecological conditions, this new research helps us to complete our knowledge of the bolus and of fossil environment.", "contents": "[Experimental reproduction of the mechanical process of dental attrition by abrasion: paleoecological implications to fossil man]. By microscopic examination we differentiated rays appearing on dental surfaces according to the geometry of abrasive grains which produced them. Since the aspect of particules originally relied on paleoecological conditions, this new research helps us to complete our knowledge of the bolus and of fossil environment.", "PMID": 121249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14596", "title": "[Two-step purification of estradiol calf uterine cytosol receptor].", "content": "The use of two affinity chromatography methods: heparin-Ultrogel and estradiol 7 alpha-(CH2)3-poly (alanine-lysine)-agarose, allows us to purify the calf uterine estradiol cytosol receptor with a 20% recovery. Electrophoresis under denaturing conditions allows us to estimate its molecular weight as 70 000 dalton.", "contents": "[Two-step purification of estradiol calf uterine cytosol receptor]. The use of two affinity chromatography methods: heparin-Ultrogel and estradiol 7 alpha-(CH2)3-poly (alanine-lysine)-agarose, allows us to purify the calf uterine estradiol cytosol receptor with a 20% recovery. Electrophoresis under denaturing conditions allows us to estimate its molecular weight as 70 000 dalton.", "PMID": 121250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14597", "title": "[Preventive action of phenylalanine on acute intoxication of ochratoxin-A].", "content": "Ochratoxin-A, a mycotoxin causing kidney and liver damage, inhibits protein synthesis by competition with phenylalanine in the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase catalysed reaction. A dose of 0,8 mg ochratoxine per Mouse is 100% lethal within 24 hrs, when injected intraperitoneally. When phenylalanine is injected simultaneously with ochratoxine-A, the survival of the animals was 100% for 1 mg of phenylalanine per Mouse. Ten times higher doses of phenylalanine are necessary to obtain a 85% survival if the amino acid is injected 30 min. after the mycotoxin. Phenylalanine gives a very low protection if injected 1 hr or more ochratoxine-A.", "contents": "[Preventive action of phenylalanine on acute intoxication of ochratoxin-A]. Ochratoxin-A, a mycotoxin causing kidney and liver damage, inhibits protein synthesis by competition with phenylalanine in the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase catalysed reaction. A dose of 0,8 mg ochratoxine per Mouse is 100% lethal within 24 hrs, when injected intraperitoneally. When phenylalanine is injected simultaneously with ochratoxine-A, the survival of the animals was 100% for 1 mg of phenylalanine per Mouse. Ten times higher doses of phenylalanine are necessary to obtain a 85% survival if the amino acid is injected 30 min. after the mycotoxin. Phenylalanine gives a very low protection if injected 1 hr or more ochratoxine-A.", "PMID": 121251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14598", "title": "[Cure of osteopetrosis by allogenic bone marrow injection in the double mutant \"osteopetrosi-athymic\" rat].", "content": "The cure of osteopetrosis by allogenic bone marrow injection has been obtained in homozygous rats for both mutations, osteopetrosis (op) and athymic nude (rnu). This new animal model will help in studying the eventual relationship between the bone resorption process and the immunological reconstitution.", "contents": "[Cure of osteopetrosis by allogenic bone marrow injection in the double mutant \"osteopetrosi-athymic\" rat]. The cure of osteopetrosis by allogenic bone marrow injection has been obtained in homozygous rats for both mutations, osteopetrosis (op) and athymic nude (rnu). This new animal model will help in studying the eventual relationship between the bone resorption process and the immunological reconstitution.", "PMID": 121252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14599", "title": "[Increases in frequency of sister chromatid exchange following tumor grafts in different immunocompetent hosts].", "content": "Measurement of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) frequency of inbred Rat or nu/nu Mice bone marrow cells, following tumour grafts, have been developed. Increase of SCEs was observed in hosts which present or not metases and with reduced survival rates after malignant tumour grafts. These results suggest a remote control of tumoral tissue by a diffused matter effect.", "contents": "[Increases in frequency of sister chromatid exchange following tumor grafts in different immunocompetent hosts]. Measurement of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) frequency of inbred Rat or nu/nu Mice bone marrow cells, following tumour grafts, have been developed. Increase of SCEs was observed in hosts which present or not metases and with reduced survival rates after malignant tumour grafts. These results suggest a remote control of tumoral tissue by a diffused matter effect.", "PMID": 121253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14600", "title": "[Gonadostatin and gonadocrinin, polypeptides of ovarian origin with hypophysiotropic activity].", "content": "Crude acetic acid extract of Rat ovaries pretreated with pregnant mare serum (PMSG) contains native peptides with two types of separable biological activities: one, molecular weight greater than 10,000 dalton inhibits the secretion of both LH and FSH as stimulated by luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) in a pituitary monolayer culture system and is referred to as gonadostatin; the other, less than 3,500 dalton, stimulates the secretion of gonadotropins and is designated as gonadocrinin. The biological activities of ovarian gonadocrinin can be competitively inhibited by an LRF-analog-antagonist, D-Phe2, D-Trp6-LRF. These ovarian peptides may participate in physiological control of pituitary LH/FSH secretion.", "contents": "[Gonadostatin and gonadocrinin, polypeptides of ovarian origin with hypophysiotropic activity]. Crude acetic acid extract of Rat ovaries pretreated with pregnant mare serum (PMSG) contains native peptides with two types of separable biological activities: one, molecular weight greater than 10,000 dalton inhibits the secretion of both LH and FSH as stimulated by luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) in a pituitary monolayer culture system and is referred to as gonadostatin; the other, less than 3,500 dalton, stimulates the secretion of gonadotropins and is designated as gonadocrinin. The biological activities of ovarian gonadocrinin can be competitively inhibited by an LRF-analog-antagonist, D-Phe2, D-Trp6-LRF. These ovarian peptides may participate in physiological control of pituitary LH/FSH secretion.", "PMID": 121254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14601", "title": "[Ultrastructure of neurons of nucleus preopticus and pars lateralis of the nucleus lateralis tuberis in Gambusia (Teleosta poeciliidae)].", "content": "The nucleus preopticus (NPO) and the pars lateralis of the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) have been examined at the ultrastructural level. In the NPO two types of large neurons occur, both containing 140-150 nm secretory granules. The pars lateralis of the NLT contains only one cell type with similar granules. Both of these nuclei may be the source of type A fibres innervating the gonadotropic cells of Gambusia.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of neurons of nucleus preopticus and pars lateralis of the nucleus lateralis tuberis in Gambusia (Teleosta poeciliidae)]. The nucleus preopticus (NPO) and the pars lateralis of the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) have been examined at the ultrastructural level. In the NPO two types of large neurons occur, both containing 140-150 nm secretory granules. The pars lateralis of the NLT contains only one cell type with similar granules. Both of these nuclei may be the source of type A fibres innervating the gonadotropic cells of Gambusia.", "PMID": 121255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14602", "title": "[Changes in plasma levels of metabolites during long-term fasting in the goose].", "content": "In fed geese, plasma levels of glucose and alanine were 1.9 g.l-1 and 560 mumol.l-1, respectively. During a long fast (40 days), plasma glucose and alanine were maintained at a high level (1.5-1.8 g.l-1 and 370-540 mumol.l-1, respectively). Plasma level of acetoacetate was very low (40 mumol.l-1); by contrast, plasma level of beta hydroxybutyrate reached very high values (20 mmol.l-1) after about 20 days of fasting, then it decreased. Plasma levels of lactate and pyruvate decreased along the course of the fast, from 2 500 to 2 000 mumol.l-1 and 220 to 170 mumol.l-1, respectively.", "contents": "[Changes in plasma levels of metabolites during long-term fasting in the goose]. In fed geese, plasma levels of glucose and alanine were 1.9 g.l-1 and 560 mumol.l-1, respectively. During a long fast (40 days), plasma glucose and alanine were maintained at a high level (1.5-1.8 g.l-1 and 370-540 mumol.l-1, respectively). Plasma level of acetoacetate was very low (40 mumol.l-1); by contrast, plasma level of beta hydroxybutyrate reached very high values (20 mmol.l-1) after about 20 days of fasting, then it decreased. Plasma levels of lactate and pyruvate decreased along the course of the fast, from 2 500 to 2 000 mumol.l-1 and 220 to 170 mumol.l-1, respectively.", "PMID": 121256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14603", "title": "[Epithelial localization of pyruvate kinase L (ATP pyruvate phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.40) in rat liver].", "content": "Using three methods: histoenzymatic and immunoenzymatic, stained with tetrazolium salt, and immunofluorescence, we have localized PK \"L\" in hepatocytes. This localization in the cytoplasm of the cells differs widely in intensity with diet or hormone administration. Maximal with animals fed on high carbohydrate diet, still elevated with a subsequent insulin administration, it decreases with a normal diet to become weaker in animals, which have fasted for 48 hrs.", "contents": "[Epithelial localization of pyruvate kinase L (ATP pyruvate phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.40) in rat liver]. Using three methods: histoenzymatic and immunoenzymatic, stained with tetrazolium salt, and immunofluorescence, we have localized PK \"L\" in hepatocytes. This localization in the cytoplasm of the cells differs widely in intensity with diet or hormone administration. Maximal with animals fed on high carbohydrate diet, still elevated with a subsequent insulin administration, it decreases with a normal diet to become weaker in animals, which have fasted for 48 hrs.", "PMID": 121257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14604", "title": "[Semi-synthesis and proposed structure of platelet-activating factor (P.A.F.): PAF-acether an alkyl ether analog of lysophosphatidylcholine].", "content": "We have studied the molecular structure of platelet-activating factor\" (P.A.F.), a mediator of inflammation obtained from blood leukocytes, macrophages, and platelets themselves. We have semi-synthetized a substance that possesses all the known physicochemical and biological characteristics of P.A.F. from hog leukocytes. This was performed by successive methylation, hydrogenation, and acetylation of lysophosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen. We therefore propose the following structure for P.A.F.: 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine. This molecular structure is not yet described among the numerous substances capable of inducing platelet aggregation and release.", "contents": "[Semi-synthesis and proposed structure of platelet-activating factor (P.A.F.): PAF-acether an alkyl ether analog of lysophosphatidylcholine]. We have studied the molecular structure of platelet-activating factor\" (P.A.F.), a mediator of inflammation obtained from blood leukocytes, macrophages, and platelets themselves. We have semi-synthetized a substance that possesses all the known physicochemical and biological characteristics of P.A.F. from hog leukocytes. This was performed by successive methylation, hydrogenation, and acetylation of lysophosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen. We therefore propose the following structure for P.A.F.: 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine. This molecular structure is not yet described among the numerous substances capable of inducing platelet aggregation and release.", "PMID": 121258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14605", "title": "[Stimulation of peripheral guinea pig blood lymphocytes by autologous epidermal cells].", "content": "Using a strictly autologous (and not syngeneic) mixed culture system in the guinea-pig, it was shown that Mitomycin C treated ear epidermal cells (E) were capable of stimulating peripheral blood lymphocytes (L) from the same animal. The proliferative response of the lymphocytes as measured by 3H thymidine incorporation, is optimal on the 5th day of culture, and when the ratio of the concentrations of the two cell populations (L : E) is 1 : 1. The autoreactivity of the lymphocytes varies with the animal.", "contents": "[Stimulation of peripheral guinea pig blood lymphocytes by autologous epidermal cells]. Using a strictly autologous (and not syngeneic) mixed culture system in the guinea-pig, it was shown that Mitomycin C treated ear epidermal cells (E) were capable of stimulating peripheral blood lymphocytes (L) from the same animal. The proliferative response of the lymphocytes as measured by 3H thymidine incorporation, is optimal on the 5th day of culture, and when the ratio of the concentrations of the two cell populations (L : E) is 1 : 1. The autoreactivity of the lymphocytes varies with the animal.", "PMID": 121259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14606", "title": "[Effect of an acute inflammatory process on anti-infectious resistance in mice].", "content": "Acute Inflammatory reaction induced by intrapleural injection of calcium pyrophosphate increases the resistance of mice to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Transfer to mice of protection against Klebsiella pneumoniae is effected by injection of inflammation sera.", "contents": "[Effect of an acute inflammatory process on anti-infectious resistance in mice]. Acute Inflammatory reaction induced by intrapleural injection of calcium pyrophosphate increases the resistance of mice to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Transfer to mice of protection against Klebsiella pneumoniae is effected by injection of inflammation sera.", "PMID": 121260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14607", "title": "[Determination of free intracellular proline pool in fibroblast cultures].", "content": "By using a direct, rapid, sensitive colorimetric method, free intracellular proline pool from human adult skin fibroblasts in monolayer was determined. Thus under identical experimental conditions, free intracellular proline pool was about 20 pmol proline/micrograms cellular proteins, whatever the cell lines from human adult skin fibroblasts, the passage and the time of subculture. Besides, there was a poor correlation between collagen biosynthesis in fibroblast cultures and free intracellular proline pool.", "contents": "[Determination of free intracellular proline pool in fibroblast cultures]. By using a direct, rapid, sensitive colorimetric method, free intracellular proline pool from human adult skin fibroblasts in monolayer was determined. Thus under identical experimental conditions, free intracellular proline pool was about 20 pmol proline/micrograms cellular proteins, whatever the cell lines from human adult skin fibroblasts, the passage and the time of subculture. Besides, there was a poor correlation between collagen biosynthesis in fibroblast cultures and free intracellular proline pool.", "PMID": 121261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14608", "title": "[Perturbation of glycoregulation in irradiated rabbits].", "content": "Acute whole body gamma irradiation of the rabbit can induce a latent diabetes revealed by the stimulated hyperglycemia test. The manifestations of this state, and in particular the assimilation coefficient and the development of an insulino-resistance, vary greatly according to sex.", "contents": "[Perturbation of glycoregulation in irradiated rabbits]. Acute whole body gamma irradiation of the rabbit can induce a latent diabetes revealed by the stimulated hyperglycemia test. The manifestations of this state, and in particular the assimilation coefficient and the development of an insulino-resistance, vary greatly according to sex.", "PMID": 121262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14609", "title": "[Effect of neonatal unilateral enucleation on the development of orientation selectivity in kitten primary visual cortex].", "content": "In normally reared Kittens (6 weeks old), all orientations encoded by visual cells in the primary visual cortex are equally represented. In Kittens of the same age, unilaterally enucleated at birth and reared in identical conditions, 70% of orientation-selective cells preferentially respond to horizontal or vertical orientations.", "contents": "[Effect of neonatal unilateral enucleation on the development of orientation selectivity in kitten primary visual cortex]. In normally reared Kittens (6 weeks old), all orientations encoded by visual cells in the primary visual cortex are equally represented. In Kittens of the same age, unilaterally enucleated at birth and reared in identical conditions, 70% of orientation-selective cells preferentially respond to horizontal or vertical orientations.", "PMID": 121263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14610", "title": "[Veinous meningeal system in fossil man from Biache-Saint Vaast (Pas-de-Calais), established by the endocranial cast].", "content": "In fossil Man from Biache, the pattern of the middle meningeal veins studied by means of endocranial cast shows a sapiens pattern with many vascular anastomosis in the parietal region.", "contents": "[Veinous meningeal system in fossil man from Biache-Saint Vaast (Pas-de-Calais), established by the endocranial cast]. In fossil Man from Biache, the pattern of the middle meningeal veins studied by means of endocranial cast shows a sapiens pattern with many vascular anastomosis in the parietal region.", "PMID": 121264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14611", "title": "[Action and teleaction of specific ligands on DNA: a quantitative study with Azbel's model and an application to the regulatory mechanism of the lac operon].", "content": "Assuming that the action of specific ligands is transferred to DNA via the bases in close contact with the ligand, which are stabilized (or destablized) in this process, the local and more distant action of the ligand on DNA can be evaluated quantitatively with the aid of Azbel's model. An application to the system regulating the E. coli lac operon is presented.", "contents": "[Action and teleaction of specific ligands on DNA: a quantitative study with Azbel's model and an application to the regulatory mechanism of the lac operon]. Assuming that the action of specific ligands is transferred to DNA via the bases in close contact with the ligand, which are stabilized (or destablized) in this process, the local and more distant action of the ligand on DNA can be evaluated quantitatively with the aid of Azbel's model. An application to the system regulating the E. coli lac operon is presented.", "PMID": 121265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14612", "title": "[In vivo occupation of estrogen receptors by hydroxylated metabolites of tamoxifen].", "content": "We report that after in vivo administration of (3H) tamoxifen, the cytosol and nuclear estrogen receptor sites of Rat uterus and Chicken oviduct are mostly occupied by polar metabolites. One of the major metabolites is 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen which we have identified by cocrystallisation withe non radioactive compound and which is known to display a high affinity for the estrogen receptor. In the Rat uterus, the proportion of the metabolites versus tamoxifen, increases with time with a maximum at 8 hrs. for the 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen. Other hydroxylated metabolites (M2) became predominant after 24 hrs. We propose that in vivo, the synthetic antiestrogens act mostly via their transformation into hydroxylated metabolites.", "contents": "[In vivo occupation of estrogen receptors by hydroxylated metabolites of tamoxifen]. We report that after in vivo administration of (3H) tamoxifen, the cytosol and nuclear estrogen receptor sites of Rat uterus and Chicken oviduct are mostly occupied by polar metabolites. One of the major metabolites is 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen which we have identified by cocrystallisation withe non radioactive compound and which is known to display a high affinity for the estrogen receptor. In the Rat uterus, the proportion of the metabolites versus tamoxifen, increases with time with a maximum at 8 hrs. for the 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen. Other hydroxylated metabolites (M2) became predominant after 24 hrs. We propose that in vivo, the synthetic antiestrogens act mostly via their transformation into hydroxylated metabolites.", "PMID": 121266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14613", "title": "[Interaction between an antifungal heptaene, amphotericin B and cholesterol in vitro, as detected by circular dichroism and absorption. Influence of temperature].", "content": "The polyene antibiotic \"Amphotericin B\" can interact with sterols, cholesterol or ergosterol in aqueous and hydroalcoholic media and a correlative striking spectral change appears between 300 and 420 nm in the CD and absorption spectra. Using these spectroscopic methods we have determined that the influence of temperature between 4 and 80 degrees C is very important. The higher the temperature the most rapid is the modification of the spectra. Thus, the \"Amphotericin B\"-sterol complex is more easily formed when heating. We have not found any reversibility at 80 degrees C.", "contents": "[Interaction between an antifungal heptaene, amphotericin B and cholesterol in vitro, as detected by circular dichroism and absorption. Influence of temperature]. The polyene antibiotic \"Amphotericin B\" can interact with sterols, cholesterol or ergosterol in aqueous and hydroalcoholic media and a correlative striking spectral change appears between 300 and 420 nm in the CD and absorption spectra. Using these spectroscopic methods we have determined that the influence of temperature between 4 and 80 degrees C is very important. The higher the temperature the most rapid is the modification of the spectra. Thus, the \"Amphotericin B\"-sterol complex is more easily formed when heating. We have not found any reversibility at 80 degrees C.", "PMID": 121267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14614", "title": "[Modification of human adenovirus type 7 after culture in guinea pig brain cells in vitro].", "content": "Multiplication of human adenovirus 7 (Ad7) is restricted in subcultures of adult Guinea Pig brain cells. It was however possible to recover enough infectious virus to purify it, and to study its properties. Several properties are similar to that of Ad 7 produced in HeLa cells but differences in sensitivity to cesium chloride and in its polypeptide composition were found.", "contents": "[Modification of human adenovirus type 7 after culture in guinea pig brain cells in vitro]. Multiplication of human adenovirus 7 (Ad7) is restricted in subcultures of adult Guinea Pig brain cells. It was however possible to recover enough infectious virus to purify it, and to study its properties. Several properties are similar to that of Ad 7 produced in HeLa cells but differences in sensitivity to cesium chloride and in its polypeptide composition were found.", "PMID": 121268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14615", "title": "[Invariability of the H-Y antigen expression in the heterogametic sex of some amphbians and evidence for sexual dimophrism of the antigen expression in Pelodytes punctatus D (Amphibia, Anura)].", "content": "The H-Y antigen is studied in some Amphibians whose sexual genetic constitution is known. Thus, in Pelurodeles waltlii, Ambystoma mexicanum, Xenopus laevis and Rana ridibunda, the invariability of the H-Y antigen expression in the heterogametic, sex is confirmed. In Pelodytes punctatus the genetic sex is unknown but the existence of the H-Y antigen in phenotypic males leads to the conclusion of a male heterogamety of the XY type.", "contents": "[Invariability of the H-Y antigen expression in the heterogametic sex of some amphbians and evidence for sexual dimophrism of the antigen expression in Pelodytes punctatus D (Amphibia, Anura)]. The H-Y antigen is studied in some Amphibians whose sexual genetic constitution is known. Thus, in Pelurodeles waltlii, Ambystoma mexicanum, Xenopus laevis and Rana ridibunda, the invariability of the H-Y antigen expression in the heterogametic, sex is confirmed. In Pelodytes punctatus the genetic sex is unknown but the existence of the H-Y antigen in phenotypic males leads to the conclusion of a male heterogamety of the XY type.", "PMID": 121269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14616", "title": "[Immunocytochemical anatomy of alpha granules in the human endocrine pancreas].", "content": "Using the sensitive protein A-gold technique for the demonstration of antigenic sites in thin section for electron microscopy it was found that in the alpha granules of human pancreas, glucagon immunoreactivity (specific, C-terminal) is restricted to the dense granule core while glicentin immunoreactivity predominates on the peripheral halo surrounding the dense core.", "contents": "[Immunocytochemical anatomy of alpha granules in the human endocrine pancreas]. Using the sensitive protein A-gold technique for the demonstration of antigenic sites in thin section for electron microscopy it was found that in the alpha granules of human pancreas, glucagon immunoreactivity (specific, C-terminal) is restricted to the dense granule core while glicentin immunoreactivity predominates on the peripheral halo surrounding the dense core.", "PMID": 121270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14617", "title": "[Organization of reflex responses elicited in man by muscle stretch applied to uni- and bi-functional muscles].", "content": "The organization of human forearm reflexes following the application of extension torque perturbations has been studied in three flexors of the elbow: brachioradialis (BR), biceps (B), and pronator teres (PT). Two of these flexors are also involved in wrist supination: (B) and pronation (PT). During the perturbation, the wrist was fixed at various angles: from full supination to full pronation. The results show that the amplitude of the reflex responses of B and PT is highly dependent on wrist position. By eliminating biceps length changes as a source of observed reflex variation, it has been shown that the normalized reflex amplitude of B increases by 300% when the wrist position is varied from full pronation to full supination. In contrast, the BR muscle has a reflex response which is independent of wrist position. These results are discussed in relation to the role of reciprocal innervation and the possible action of receptors encoding wrist angle.", "contents": "[Organization of reflex responses elicited in man by muscle stretch applied to uni- and bi-functional muscles]. The organization of human forearm reflexes following the application of extension torque perturbations has been studied in three flexors of the elbow: brachioradialis (BR), biceps (B), and pronator teres (PT). Two of these flexors are also involved in wrist supination: (B) and pronation (PT). During the perturbation, the wrist was fixed at various angles: from full supination to full pronation. The results show that the amplitude of the reflex responses of B and PT is highly dependent on wrist position. By eliminating biceps length changes as a source of observed reflex variation, it has been shown that the normalized reflex amplitude of B increases by 300% when the wrist position is varied from full pronation to full supination. In contrast, the BR muscle has a reflex response which is independent of wrist position. These results are discussed in relation to the role of reciprocal innervation and the possible action of receptors encoding wrist angle.", "PMID": 121271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14618", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of secretion of chylomicrons in the rat by enterocytes in lymphatic capillary lumen].", "content": "Rats were fed on a 20% fat diet; 30 min. or 2 hrs later intestinal jejunal cells were fixed in situ; samples were taken and processed for subsequent study by electron microscopy. Chylomicron secretion was followed from the enterocyte to the lymphatic capillary lumen. Chylomicrons entered the lamina propria through breaks in the basal membrane at intercellular space level. Their penetration into the lymphatic capillary lumen occurred through the open junctions of the endothelial cells normally kept closed by desmosomal formations.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of secretion of chylomicrons in the rat by enterocytes in lymphatic capillary lumen]. Rats were fed on a 20% fat diet; 30 min. or 2 hrs later intestinal jejunal cells were fixed in situ; samples were taken and processed for subsequent study by electron microscopy. Chylomicron secretion was followed from the enterocyte to the lymphatic capillary lumen. Chylomicrons entered the lamina propria through breaks in the basal membrane at intercellular space level. Their penetration into the lymphatic capillary lumen occurred through the open junctions of the endothelial cells normally kept closed by desmosomal formations.", "PMID": 121272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14619", "title": "Representation of reality in the perceptual world.", "content": "What contribution can neurobiologists make to the philosophical issues involved in the Theory of Knowledge? The sensory physiologist or psychologist must start with the assumption (albeit philosophically naive) that the biological function of sense organs is to act as transducers of genuine events in the outside world, and thus to contribute to an internal description of external reality. Although visual perception seems to its introspecting owner to be a unitary process, involving an integrated and complete description of all the properties of the visual scene, there is now good evidence that sensory processing of messages from the eyes involves a great deal of filtering of information and anatomically segregated analysis of such features as shape, colour, movement and distance. Sensory neurobiology can say little about the way in which conscious perceptions are synthesized from the heap of features into which the sensory signals are shattered, about how the inherent ambiguity of messages from sensory neurons is overcome, or about how the ultimate percepts are externalized. Finally, the evidence that the nature of the sensory world varies from species to species forces us to re-examine the theory of solipsism in biological terms.", "contents": "Representation of reality in the perceptual world. What contribution can neurobiologists make to the philosophical issues involved in the Theory of Knowledge? The sensory physiologist or psychologist must start with the assumption (albeit philosophically naive) that the biological function of sense organs is to act as transducers of genuine events in the outside world, and thus to contribute to an internal description of external reality. Although visual perception seems to its introspecting owner to be a unitary process, involving an integrated and complete description of all the properties of the visual scene, there is now good evidence that sensory processing of messages from the eyes involves a great deal of filtering of information and anatomically segregated analysis of such features as shape, colour, movement and distance. Sensory neurobiology can say little about the way in which conscious perceptions are synthesized from the heap of features into which the sensory signals are shattered, about how the inherent ambiguity of messages from sensory neurons is overcome, or about how the ultimate percepts are externalized. Finally, the evidence that the nature of the sensory world varies from species to species forces us to re-examine the theory of solipsism in biological terms.", "PMID": 121279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14620", "title": "Triunism: a transmaterial train--mind theory.", "content": "Triunism postulates that the mind is a unity with the following three structural elements so essential that the absence of any one will prevent its existence: (1) Brain cells and pathways possessing material and transmaterial properties. (2) A flow of environmental information, coded and transduced at the sensory receptors and forming part of the working brain through modifications of its anatomy and physiology. (3) Detectable manifestations derived from (1) and (2) which are expressed inward as perceptions and outward as behaviour. The outside world enters through the senses and becomes a material and functional part of the maturing brain. Without a brain, the mind cannot exist. Without sensory inputs, the mind will not be structured and cannot appear. Without manifestations of inner perceptions and outward motor expression, the mind cannot be recognized by the individual or the environment. Transmaterial entities require the existence of supporting matter and may be represented by patterns of material organization or by temporal or functional relations between parts of the material substratum. They may transcend the existence of specific materials, changing carriers while preserving their nonmaterial identity, but do not possess intrinsic properties of matter such as mass and energy. Transmaterial aspects of reality, including material substratum patterning, and relative temporal, and functional characteristics may be subjects of experimental research.", "contents": "Triunism: a transmaterial train--mind theory. Triunism postulates that the mind is a unity with the following three structural elements so essential that the absence of any one will prevent its existence: (1) Brain cells and pathways possessing material and transmaterial properties. (2) A flow of environmental information, coded and transduced at the sensory receptors and forming part of the working brain through modifications of its anatomy and physiology. (3) Detectable manifestations derived from (1) and (2) which are expressed inward as perceptions and outward as behaviour. The outside world enters through the senses and becomes a material and functional part of the maturing brain. Without a brain, the mind cannot exist. Without sensory inputs, the mind will not be structured and cannot appear. Without manifestations of inner perceptions and outward motor expression, the mind cannot be recognized by the individual or the environment. Transmaterial entities require the existence of supporting matter and may be represented by patterns of material organization or by temporal or functional relations between parts of the material substratum. They may transcend the existence of specific materials, changing carriers while preserving their nonmaterial identity, but do not possess intrinsic properties of matter such as mass and energy. Transmaterial aspects of reality, including material substratum patterning, and relative temporal, and functional characteristics may be subjects of experimental research.", "PMID": 121281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14621", "title": "Phonation, emotion, cognition, with reference to the brain mechanisms involved.", "content": "Phylogenetic steps in the evolution of vocal communication have a bearing on the brain mechanisms involved in the emergence of human language and speech. A schema of the neuronal organization of voicing in a hierarchical manner is presented. At the lowest mesencephalic level the movements of the vocal apparatus are coordinated and integrated into species-specific vocal gestures. At the middle level these signals are controlled by the anterior limbic cortex, which serves this function in primates only, and only in the human species is the highest level around the cortical larynx and facial area actively involved in the vocal signalling process. This functional schema is used to explain the sequential stages in the ontogenetic process of phonemicization in the human infant, and special emphasis is placed on vocal-auditory feedback mechanisms which come into play from the lowest to the highest level of the central nervous system during maturation. Even feedback loops of the lowest level enable the distinction to be made between self-produced vocalizations and those produced by others. These mechanisms are thought to be an early means for the development of self-awareness. If one grants that the human infant possesses self-awareness, one must concede that such stages of the mind were developed before the emergence of the human species.", "contents": "Phonation, emotion, cognition, with reference to the brain mechanisms involved. Phylogenetic steps in the evolution of vocal communication have a bearing on the brain mechanisms involved in the emergence of human language and speech. A schema of the neuronal organization of voicing in a hierarchical manner is presented. At the lowest mesencephalic level the movements of the vocal apparatus are coordinated and integrated into species-specific vocal gestures. At the middle level these signals are controlled by the anterior limbic cortex, which serves this function in primates only, and only in the human species is the highest level around the cortical larynx and facial area actively involved in the vocal signalling process. This functional schema is used to explain the sequential stages in the ontogenetic process of phonemicization in the human infant, and special emphasis is placed on vocal-auditory feedback mechanisms which come into play from the lowest to the highest level of the central nervous system during maturation. Even feedback loops of the lowest level enable the distinction to be made between self-produced vocalizations and those produced by others. These mechanisms are thought to be an early means for the development of self-awareness. If one grants that the human infant possesses self-awareness, one must concede that such stages of the mind were developed before the emergence of the human species.", "PMID": 121283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14622", "title": "The nature of genetic recombination near the third chromosome centromere or Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated that recombination near the third chromosome centromere is associated with negative chromosome interference, a phenomenon for which Green (1975) and Sinclair (1975) suggested gene conversion as a possible mechanism. In this report, we demonstrate that negative chromosome interference is still observed when deficiencies or translocation breakpoints are scored as the middle markers in recombination experiments and the rate of recombination is increased by interchromosomal effect. We argue that these chromosomal rearrangement breakpoints are not subject to conversion. Since neither successive premeiotic and meiotic exchanges, nor negative chromatid interference, can by themselves account for the negative chromosome interference, we conclude that a greater than expected frequency of multiple exchanges actually occurs. We further suggest that negative chromosome interference may be characteristic of all chromosomal regions normally showing very little exchange in relation to physical length.", "contents": "The nature of genetic recombination near the third chromosome centromere or Drosophila melanogaster. Previous studies have indicated that recombination near the third chromosome centromere is associated with negative chromosome interference, a phenomenon for which Green (1975) and Sinclair (1975) suggested gene conversion as a possible mechanism. In this report, we demonstrate that negative chromosome interference is still observed when deficiencies or translocation breakpoints are scored as the middle markers in recombination experiments and the rate of recombination is increased by interchromosomal effect. We argue that these chromosomal rearrangement breakpoints are not subject to conversion. Since neither successive premeiotic and meiotic exchanges, nor negative chromatid interference, can by themselves account for the negative chromosome interference, we conclude that a greater than expected frequency of multiple exchanges actually occurs. We further suggest that negative chromosome interference may be characteristic of all chromosomal regions normally showing very little exchange in relation to physical length.", "PMID": 121288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14623", "title": "Non-Mendelian female sterility in Drosophila melanogaster: influence of aging and thermic treatments. III. Cumulative effects induced by these factors.", "content": "Crosses between various strains of Drosophila melanogaster may give rise to a female sterility of non-Mendelian determination. Reduced fertility is observed in females, known as SF females, bred from crosses between females of \"reactive\" strains and males of \"inducer\" strains. The reduced fertility of the SF females is the result of an interaction between an extrachromosomal property varies considerably in its ability to reduce fertility. The fertility reduction of the SF females corresponds to what is known as the reactivity level of their reactive mothers. Two nongenetic factors can modify the level of reactivity: aging and temperature. The action of aging is cumulative. When the flies of a reactive strain are submitted at each generation to the action of this factor, the level of reactivity of this strain is gradually modified. The modifications induced are reversible. Indeed, when such a modified strain is returned to standard breeding conditions, the reactivity returns progressively to its initial level. The effect of thermic treatments also seems to be cumulative and reversible.", "contents": "Non-Mendelian female sterility in Drosophila melanogaster: influence of aging and thermic treatments. III. Cumulative effects induced by these factors. Crosses between various strains of Drosophila melanogaster may give rise to a female sterility of non-Mendelian determination. Reduced fertility is observed in females, known as SF females, bred from crosses between females of \"reactive\" strains and males of \"inducer\" strains. The reduced fertility of the SF females is the result of an interaction between an extrachromosomal property varies considerably in its ability to reduce fertility. The fertility reduction of the SF females corresponds to what is known as the reactivity level of their reactive mothers. Two nongenetic factors can modify the level of reactivity: aging and temperature. The action of aging is cumulative. When the flies of a reactive strain are submitted at each generation to the action of this factor, the level of reactivity of this strain is gradually modified. The modifications induced are reversible. Indeed, when such a modified strain is returned to standard breeding conditions, the reactivity returns progressively to its initial level. The effect of thermic treatments also seems to be cumulative and reversible.", "PMID": 121289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14624", "title": "Correlation between hyperplastic scars, hyperplastic callus and heterotopic ossifications.", "content": "Independently of the local and general physiopathological factors that influence the repair of skin and bone, there seems to be marked parallelism in the same subject between hyperplastic scars, exuberant callus formation, and heterotopic ossification. The writer describes his findings in a series of personal cases. Arising out of these observations, he discusses the probable pathogenesis of this parallelism of behaviour, and its practical implications. Subjects in whom hyperplastic scars are produced are constitutionally more predisposed to form rapid and exuberant callus, or heterotopic ossification, than normal subjects.", "contents": "Correlation between hyperplastic scars, hyperplastic callus and heterotopic ossifications. Independently of the local and general physiopathological factors that influence the repair of skin and bone, there seems to be marked parallelism in the same subject between hyperplastic scars, exuberant callus formation, and heterotopic ossification. The writer describes his findings in a series of personal cases. Arising out of these observations, he discusses the probable pathogenesis of this parallelism of behaviour, and its practical implications. Subjects in whom hyperplastic scars are produced are constitutionally more predisposed to form rapid and exuberant callus, or heterotopic ossification, than normal subjects.", "PMID": 121299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14625", "title": "Differential mutagenicities of triamino benzenes against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the presence of S9 fractions from polychlorinated biphenyls-, phenobarbital- or 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats, hamsters and mice.", "content": "Mutagenicity of 6 aminobenzene derivatives against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 was studied in the presence of various S9 fractions. S9, which has been prepared form the livers of rats, hamsters and mice after pretreatment with different types of inducers; polychlorinated biphenyls, phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene, was used as the methabolic activating enzyme in this mutation assay. The S9 fractions from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats and mice are most useful for mutation induction by the all aminobenzenes used. The mutagenic activity of the compounds was clearly correlated to 3-methylcholanthrene-induced cytochrome P-450. However, any significant correlation between aniline hydroxylase activity and the mutagenesis was not observed.", "contents": "Differential mutagenicities of triamino benzenes against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the presence of S9 fractions from polychlorinated biphenyls-, phenobarbital- or 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats, hamsters and mice. Mutagenicity of 6 aminobenzene derivatives against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 was studied in the presence of various S9 fractions. S9, which has been prepared form the livers of rats, hamsters and mice after pretreatment with different types of inducers; polychlorinated biphenyls, phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene, was used as the methabolic activating enzyme in this mutation assay. The S9 fractions from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats and mice are most useful for mutation induction by the all aminobenzenes used. The mutagenic activity of the compounds was clearly correlated to 3-methylcholanthrene-induced cytochrome P-450. However, any significant correlation between aniline hydroxylase activity and the mutagenesis was not observed.", "PMID": 121315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14626", "title": "Cooxygenation by prostaglandin cyclooxygenase from rabbit inner medulla.", "content": "The renal inner medulla may be exposed to high concentrations of organic compounds which are excreted into the urine. This report examines the capacity of the inner medulla to metabolize organic compounds both in vitro and in vivo. The compounds used were 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), luminol, and benzidine. The inner medulla was shown to possess the capacity to oxidize each of these compounds. Microsomal oxygenation did not require NADPH. Cytochorome P-450 inhibitors carbon monoxide and metyrapone did not reduce DPBF metabolism. Lipoxygenase activity was not detected in inner medullary microsomes. Oxygenation of DPBF was demonstrated in inner medullary slices and was inhibited by indomethacin. The product of DPBF metabolism in renal slices and microsomes was identified as O-dibenzoylbenzene. In vivo experiments demonstrated benzidine metabolism, which was blocked by meclofenamic acid. On the basis of substrate specificity and inhibitor studies, it was concluded that oxygenation of DPBF, luminol, and benzidine was mediated by prostaglandin cyclooxygenase. These results are compatible with cooxygenation being a mechanism of inner medullary drug metabolism.", "contents": "Cooxygenation by prostaglandin cyclooxygenase from rabbit inner medulla. The renal inner medulla may be exposed to high concentrations of organic compounds which are excreted into the urine. This report examines the capacity of the inner medulla to metabolize organic compounds both in vitro and in vivo. The compounds used were 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), luminol, and benzidine. The inner medulla was shown to possess the capacity to oxidize each of these compounds. Microsomal oxygenation did not require NADPH. Cytochorome P-450 inhibitors carbon monoxide and metyrapone did not reduce DPBF metabolism. Lipoxygenase activity was not detected in inner medullary microsomes. Oxygenation of DPBF was demonstrated in inner medullary slices and was inhibited by indomethacin. The product of DPBF metabolism in renal slices and microsomes was identified as O-dibenzoylbenzene. In vivo experiments demonstrated benzidine metabolism, which was blocked by meclofenamic acid. On the basis of substrate specificity and inhibitor studies, it was concluded that oxygenation of DPBF, luminol, and benzidine was mediated by prostaglandin cyclooxygenase. These results are compatible with cooxygenation being a mechanism of inner medullary drug metabolism.", "PMID": 121316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14627", "title": "[Ophthalmologic symptoms in trisomy 22 (author's transl)].", "content": "After a brief description of the ophthalmological findings in the autosomal trisomies, a case of the extremely rare trisomy 22 is reported. Ophthalmological abnormalities seen were hypertelorism, epicanthus, antimongoloid slant, microphthalmus, microcornea, persistent pupillary membrane, lens opacities and chorioretinal colobomata.", "contents": "[Ophthalmologic symptoms in trisomy 22 (author's transl)]. After a brief description of the ophthalmological findings in the autosomal trisomies, a case of the extremely rare trisomy 22 is reported. Ophthalmological abnormalities seen were hypertelorism, epicanthus, antimongoloid slant, microphthalmus, microcornea, persistent pupillary membrane, lens opacities and chorioretinal colobomata.", "PMID": 121317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14628", "title": "Influence of buffer ions and divalent cations on coated vesicle disassembly and reassembly.", "content": "Disruption of the coat of coated vesicles is accompanied by the release of clathrin and other proteins in soluble form. The ability of solubilized coated vesicle proteins to reassemble into empty coats is influenced by Mg2+, Tris ion concentration, pH, and ionic strength. The proteins solubilized by 2 M urea spontaneously reassemble into empty coats following dialysis into isolation buffer (0.1 M MES--1 m M EGTA--1 mM MgCl2--0.02% NaN3, pH 6.8). Such reassembled coats have sedimentation properties similar to untreated coated vesicles. Clathrin is the predominant protein of reassembled coats; most of the other proteins present in native coated vesicles are absent. We have found that Mg2+ is important in the coat assembly reaction. At pH 8 in 0.01 M or 0.1 M Tris, coats dissociate; however, 10 mM MgCl2 prevents dissociation. If the coats are first dissociated at pH 8 and then the MgCl2 is raised to 10 mM, reassembly occurs. The results suggest that Mg2+ stabilizes the coat lattice and promotes reassembly. This hypothesis is supported by our observations that increasing Mg2+ (10 microM--10 mM) increases reassembly whereas chelation of Mg2+ by (EGTA) inhibits reassembly. Coats reassembled in low-Tris (0.01 M, pH 8) supernatants containing 10 mM MgCl2 do not sediment, but upon dialysis into isolation buffer (pH 6.8), these coats become sedimentable. Nonsedimentable coats are noted also either when partially purified clathrin (peak I from Sepharose CL4B columns) is dialyzed into low-ionic-strength buffer or when peaks I and II are dialyzed into isolation buffer. Such nonsedimentable coats may represent intermediates in the assembly reaction which have normal morphology but lack some of the physical properties of native coats. We present a model suggesting that tightly intertwined antiparallel clathrin dimers form the edges of the coat lattice.", "contents": "Influence of buffer ions and divalent cations on coated vesicle disassembly and reassembly. Disruption of the coat of coated vesicles is accompanied by the release of clathrin and other proteins in soluble form. The ability of solubilized coated vesicle proteins to reassemble into empty coats is influenced by Mg2+, Tris ion concentration, pH, and ionic strength. The proteins solubilized by 2 M urea spontaneously reassemble into empty coats following dialysis into isolation buffer (0.1 M MES--1 m M EGTA--1 mM MgCl2--0.02% NaN3, pH 6.8). Such reassembled coats have sedimentation properties similar to untreated coated vesicles. Clathrin is the predominant protein of reassembled coats; most of the other proteins present in native coated vesicles are absent. We have found that Mg2+ is important in the coat assembly reaction. At pH 8 in 0.01 M or 0.1 M Tris, coats dissociate; however, 10 mM MgCl2 prevents dissociation. If the coats are first dissociated at pH 8 and then the MgCl2 is raised to 10 mM, reassembly occurs. The results suggest that Mg2+ stabilizes the coat lattice and promotes reassembly. This hypothesis is supported by our observations that increasing Mg2+ (10 microM--10 mM) increases reassembly whereas chelation of Mg2+ by (EGTA) inhibits reassembly. Coats reassembled in low-Tris (0.01 M, pH 8) supernatants containing 10 mM MgCl2 do not sediment, but upon dialysis into isolation buffer (pH 6.8), these coats become sedimentable. Nonsedimentable coats are noted also either when partially purified clathrin (peak I from Sepharose CL4B columns) is dialyzed into low-ionic-strength buffer or when peaks I and II are dialyzed into isolation buffer. Such nonsedimentable coats may represent intermediates in the assembly reaction which have normal morphology but lack some of the physical properties of native coats. We present a model suggesting that tightly intertwined antiparallel clathrin dimers form the edges of the coat lattice.", "PMID": 121318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14629", "title": "Dynamic electrocardiography. II. A crucial test of the electromechanical QRS wave theory.", "content": "The dynamic electromechanical electrocardiogram hypothesis, that QRS voltage fluctuations can be used as a simple noninvasive transducer of cardiac mechanical function, has been subjected to a crucial experiment. Under direct vision, transient modifications of the end-diastolic volume of the baboon heart were produced and photographed. Sequential obstructions to filling (by vena caval compression) and to emptying (by aortic compression), and vice versa, significantly distorted the size and shape of the heart. The instantaneous effects of these manipulations on the amplitudes of the R and S waves were evaluated in electrocardiograms recorded from electrodes glued to selected pericardial and epicardial sites. Major QRS voltage deviations occurred in the perircardial leads. Manipulations increasing the left ventricular volume increased the S wave and reduced the R wave, while those decreasing heartsize had the opposite effect. These findings refute the null hypothesis, that the electrocardiogram is not an indicator of mechanical function. No changes of the QRS waves in the epicardial lead were detected, supporting the concept that displacement relative to the recording electrode is the basis of the QRS CHANGEs due to heartsize variation. The results negate the classical concept that the electrocardiogram does not reflect cardiac mechanical function, and strongly corroborate the dynamic electromechanical electrocardiogram hypothesis.", "contents": "Dynamic electrocardiography. II. A crucial test of the electromechanical QRS wave theory. The dynamic electromechanical electrocardiogram hypothesis, that QRS voltage fluctuations can be used as a simple noninvasive transducer of cardiac mechanical function, has been subjected to a crucial experiment. Under direct vision, transient modifications of the end-diastolic volume of the baboon heart were produced and photographed. Sequential obstructions to filling (by vena caval compression) and to emptying (by aortic compression), and vice versa, significantly distorted the size and shape of the heart. The instantaneous effects of these manipulations on the amplitudes of the R and S waves were evaluated in electrocardiograms recorded from electrodes glued to selected pericardial and epicardial sites. Major QRS voltage deviations occurred in the perircardial leads. Manipulations increasing the left ventricular volume increased the S wave and reduced the R wave, while those decreasing heartsize had the opposite effect. These findings refute the null hypothesis, that the electrocardiogram is not an indicator of mechanical function. No changes of the QRS waves in the epicardial lead were detected, supporting the concept that displacement relative to the recording electrode is the basis of the QRS CHANGEs due to heartsize variation. The results negate the classical concept that the electrocardiogram does not reflect cardiac mechanical function, and strongly corroborate the dynamic electromechanical electrocardiogram hypothesis.", "PMID": 121322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14630", "title": "Choroidal edema associated with retinal detachment repair: experimental and clinical correlation.", "content": "Experimental owl monkey data and prospective clinical data is presented, demonstrating the correlation of serous-choroidal edema with the extent of vortex obstruction and the additive factors of sudden hypotony from drainage and cryotherapy. Older eyes are more susceptible for developing this phenomenon of choroidal edema. The extreme extent of vortex venous stasis is that of venous stasis anterior segment ischemia demonstrated in two clinical cases.", "contents": "Choroidal edema associated with retinal detachment repair: experimental and clinical correlation. Experimental owl monkey data and prospective clinical data is presented, demonstrating the correlation of serous-choroidal edema with the extent of vortex obstruction and the additive factors of sudden hypotony from drainage and cryotherapy. Older eyes are more susceptible for developing this phenomenon of choroidal edema. The extreme extent of vortex venous stasis is that of venous stasis anterior segment ischemia demonstrated in two clinical cases.", "PMID": 121324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14631", "title": "Management of neonatal narcotic abstinence utilizing a phenobarbital loading dose method.", "content": "A group of eighteen infants which experienced the neonatal abstinence syndrome due to prenatal maternal use of methadone responded adequately to phenobarbital with control of symptoms. By administering the phenobarbital as an initial single loading dose and closely monitoring the blood levels, maintenance dosing could easily be adjusted for variables in infant metabolism and pharmacologic effect. By use of a multifactorial abstinence scoring system, the pharmacologic effects on clinically observed abstinence symptomatology could be closely monitored and correlated with the blood levels. Serum levels of 20-30 mcg/ml were adequate to control all but one infant. Tapering the blood level of phenobarbital to 10-12 mcg/ml and observing no scores over 8 for 72 hours identified the place in time where abstinence was no longer significant and the infant could be discharged without medication.", "contents": "Management of neonatal narcotic abstinence utilizing a phenobarbital loading dose method. A group of eighteen infants which experienced the neonatal abstinence syndrome due to prenatal maternal use of methadone responded adequately to phenobarbital with control of symptoms. By administering the phenobarbital as an initial single loading dose and closely monitoring the blood levels, maintenance dosing could easily be adjusted for variables in infant metabolism and pharmacologic effect. By use of a multifactorial abstinence scoring system, the pharmacologic effects on clinically observed abstinence symptomatology could be closely monitored and correlated with the blood levels. Serum levels of 20-30 mcg/ml were adequate to control all but one infant. Tapering the blood level of phenobarbital to 10-12 mcg/ml and observing no scores over 8 for 72 hours identified the place in time where abstinence was no longer significant and the infant could be discharged without medication.", "PMID": 121340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14632", "title": "Relative analgesic potency of intramuscular heroin and morphine in cancer patients with postoperative pain: a preliminary report.", "content": "The results of this study in postoperative patients have, thus far, revealed little that was not expected from a review of the literature. Heroin hydrochloride appears to be about two to three times more potent than morphine sulfate as an analgesic, to act more promptly and to have a slightly shorter duration of action. There is a suggestion that heroin may have a somewhat different spectrum of side effects and mood effects compared to morphine, but the effects of both drugs on mood were inversely correlated with the patients' feelings at the time of drug administration. Regardless, as a group, patients responded to both drugs with significantly improved moods. A lag time between the peak intensity of analgesic and mood effects of both heroin and morphine suggest a dissociation between these effects. Whether or not these early impressions will be reinforced as this study proceeds, and whether or not the effects of the drugs in patients with chronic pain due to advanced cancer will be any different than in these patients with postoperative pain, remains to be seen.", "contents": "Relative analgesic potency of intramuscular heroin and morphine in cancer patients with postoperative pain: a preliminary report. The results of this study in postoperative patients have, thus far, revealed little that was not expected from a review of the literature. Heroin hydrochloride appears to be about two to three times more potent than morphine sulfate as an analgesic, to act more promptly and to have a slightly shorter duration of action. There is a suggestion that heroin may have a somewhat different spectrum of side effects and mood effects compared to morphine, but the effects of both drugs on mood were inversely correlated with the patients' feelings at the time of drug administration. Regardless, as a group, patients responded to both drugs with significantly improved moods. A lag time between the peak intensity of analgesic and mood effects of both heroin and morphine suggest a dissociation between these effects. Whether or not these early impressions will be reinforced as this study proceeds, and whether or not the effects of the drugs in patients with chronic pain due to advanced cancer will be any different than in these patients with postoperative pain, remains to be seen.", "PMID": 121341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14633", "title": "Clinical analgesic assay of oral zomepirac and intramuscular morphine.", "content": "Zomepirac appears to be an unexpectedly effective oral, non-opioid analgesic. The relative potency of oral zomepirac is roughly 1/5 to 1/8 that of intramuscular morphine. Visual analogues of pain relief offer a reliable alternative to verbal categorical scales, and may provide some advantages in assays of peak drug effect, and in relatively small patient populations.", "contents": "Clinical analgesic assay of oral zomepirac and intramuscular morphine. Zomepirac appears to be an unexpectedly effective oral, non-opioid analgesic. The relative potency of oral zomepirac is roughly 1/5 to 1/8 that of intramuscular morphine. Visual analogues of pain relief offer a reliable alternative to verbal categorical scales, and may provide some advantages in assays of peak drug effect, and in relatively small patient populations.", "PMID": 121342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14634", "title": "The phase III clinical evaluation of LAAM: I. Comparative epidemiology of mortality in LAAM and methadone.", "content": "Two essential points can be made: 1. Mortality  experience in the LAAM Phase II trial follows closely the experience of methadone maintenance though these data should be considered preliminary. 2. Generally, the influence of time in treatment on the probability of mortality is strong enough to warrant avoiding comparisons between mortality rates where this parameter is not controlled.", "contents": "The phase III clinical evaluation of LAAM: I. Comparative epidemiology of mortality in LAAM and methadone. Two essential points can be made: 1. Mortality  experience in the LAAM Phase II trial follows closely the experience of methadone maintenance though these data should be considered preliminary. 2. Generally, the influence of time in treatment on the probability of mortality is strong enough to warrant avoiding comparisons between mortality rates where this parameter is not controlled.", "PMID": 121344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14635", "title": "Histopathologic and clinical abnormalities of the respiratory system in chronic hashish smokers.", "content": "Thirty chronic hashish smokers (mean age-20 years) with respiratory symptoms and six control subjects who were nonhashish smokers were evaluated by history, physical examination, bronchoscopy, and bronchial biopsy. Twenty-three (23) of 23 (100 percent) patients who smoked hashish plus cigarettes had one or more histopathologic abnormalities of basal cell hyperplasia, atypical cells, or squamous cell metaplasia. Only one of seven (28.6 percent) hashish smokers who smoked cigarettes, one of three (33.3 percent) cigarette smokers who smoked no hashish, and zero of three (0 percent) nonsmokers showed one or more of the same histopathologic lesions (p less than .05). Hashish smoking when combined with cigarette smoking appeared to have more deleterious pulmonary effects than either hashish or cigarettes smoked alone, and the abnormal histopathologic lesions found in these smokers are identical to those frequently associated with later development of emphysema and carcinoma of the lung.", "contents": "Histopathologic and clinical abnormalities of the respiratory system in chronic hashish smokers. Thirty chronic hashish smokers (mean age-20 years) with respiratory symptoms and six control subjects who were nonhashish smokers were evaluated by history, physical examination, bronchoscopy, and bronchial biopsy. Twenty-three (23) of 23 (100 percent) patients who smoked hashish plus cigarettes had one or more histopathologic abnormalities of basal cell hyperplasia, atypical cells, or squamous cell metaplasia. Only one of seven (28.6 percent) hashish smokers who smoked cigarettes, one of three (33.3 percent) cigarette smokers who smoked no hashish, and zero of three (0 percent) nonsmokers showed one or more of the same histopathologic lesions (p less than .05). Hashish smoking when combined with cigarette smoking appeared to have more deleterious pulmonary effects than either hashish or cigarettes smoked alone, and the abnormal histopathologic lesions found in these smokers are identical to those frequently associated with later development of emphysema and carcinoma of the lung.", "PMID": 121348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14636", "title": "Disinfection of sewage by ultraviolet irradiation.", "content": "Disinfection of sewage from an activated sludge process, and of sewage from an activated sludge process followed by chemical precipitation, has given very high killing rates for the indicator organisms examined. For coliforms, Escherichia coli and faecal streptococci, a killing rate of more than 999.99% was usually obtained, and the residual number of microorganisms in the irradiated sewage was very low. The killing rate increased with the irradiation dosage, depending on the intensity of the irradiation, ie the water quality, and on the irradiation period, ie the water flow. The study demonstrates that ultraviolet irradiation may be an alternative method to chlorination of sewage.", "contents": "Disinfection of sewage by ultraviolet irradiation. Disinfection of sewage from an activated sludge process, and of sewage from an activated sludge process followed by chemical precipitation, has given very high killing rates for the indicator organisms examined. For coliforms, Escherichia coli and faecal streptococci, a killing rate of more than 999.99% was usually obtained, and the residual number of microorganisms in the irradiated sewage was very low. The killing rate increased with the irradiation dosage, depending on the intensity of the irradiation, ie the water quality, and on the irradiation period, ie the water flow. The study demonstrates that ultraviolet irradiation may be an alternative method to chlorination of sewage.", "PMID": 121372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14637", "title": "The ultrastructural features of laser trabeculopuncture and cyclodialysis. Problems related to successful treatment of chronic simple glaucoma.", "content": "Microexplosions induced by a Q-switched Nd:glass laser working above optical breakdown power density levels are able to destroy the inner wall of Schlemm's canal and to tear open both the supraciliary and suprachoroidal space. Furthermore, the ciliary muscles bundles may be disrupted, becoming subsequently permeable to the aqueous and thus also acting as a new outflow route. However, whereas breaks of the inner wall of Schlemm's canals are sealed in the monkey by the activity of endothelial cells forming a new Descemet membrane over the impact site, the supraciliary and suprachoroidal spaces remain open over an observation period of up to 480 days. Perfusion experiments with a HgS tracer substance have shown that these newly created, potential outflow routes may be considered as real additional filtration areas.", "contents": "The ultrastructural features of laser trabeculopuncture and cyclodialysis. Problems related to successful treatment of chronic simple glaucoma. Microexplosions induced by a Q-switched Nd:glass laser working above optical breakdown power density levels are able to destroy the inner wall of Schlemm's canal and to tear open both the supraciliary and suprachoroidal space. Furthermore, the ciliary muscles bundles may be disrupted, becoming subsequently permeable to the aqueous and thus also acting as a new outflow route. However, whereas breaks of the inner wall of Schlemm's canals are sealed in the monkey by the activity of endothelial cells forming a new Descemet membrane over the impact site, the supraciliary and suprachoroidal spaces remain open over an observation period of up to 480 days. Perfusion experiments with a HgS tracer substance have shown that these newly created, potential outflow routes may be considered as real additional filtration areas.", "PMID": 121373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14638", "title": "PSRO impact: are the statements valid?", "content": "The generation of PSRO impact statements cannot simply be a \"fill in the formula\" routine. A health care system is not a simple environment, and narrow approaches to documenting change usually will not suffice. Instead, one would hope that future PSRO impact studies will take into consideration at least the concerns discussed here, as well as many others. As demonstrated in the New Mexico PSRO experiment, PSROs may not be able to demonstrate cost savings given the enormity and fragmentation of the health care environment. Such a conclusion should not result in a declaration of the PSRO program's failure but, instead, should serve to redirect the program's emphasis toward quality assurance, for which even the OPEL study noted impact.", "contents": "PSRO impact: are the statements valid? The generation of PSRO impact statements cannot simply be a \"fill in the formula\" routine. A health care system is not a simple environment, and narrow approaches to documenting change usually will not suffice. Instead, one would hope that future PSRO impact studies will take into consideration at least the concerns discussed here, as well as many others. As demonstrated in the New Mexico PSRO experiment, PSROs may not be able to demonstrate cost savings given the enormity and fragmentation of the health care environment. Such a conclusion should not result in a declaration of the PSRO program's failure but, instead, should serve to redirect the program's emphasis toward quality assurance, for which even the OPEL study noted impact.", "PMID": 121381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14639", "title": "Assessing nutrition services in an alcohol rehabilitation unit: the role of the registered dietitian.", "content": "Nutrition education and consultation can and should play an important role in the recovery process of the ARU patient. The registered dietitian, as a vital member of the ARU therapeutic program, has a challenging opportunity to become non-judgmentally involved in helping the recovering alcoholic achieve a quality life of long-term sobriety.", "contents": "Assessing nutrition services in an alcohol rehabilitation unit: the role of the registered dietitian. Nutrition education and consultation can and should play an important role in the recovery process of the ARU patient. The registered dietitian, as a vital member of the ARU therapeutic program, has a challenging opportunity to become non-judgmentally involved in helping the recovering alcoholic achieve a quality life of long-term sobriety.", "PMID": 121389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14640", "title": "Evolution of quality assurance reflected in new standard. Staff, Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals.", "content": "The new quality assurance standard, which should help hospitals to identify optimum methods for improving patient care and clinical performance and to be recognized for all rational and purposeful efforts at improvement, will take time to implement. In its continuing effort to help hospitals upgrade the quality of patient care, the JCAH is committed to implementing the new quality assurance standard in a manner that will not be disruptive to participating hospitals. The JCAH is also committed to ascertaining that hospitals are making every effort to comply with the standard. The degree to which a hospital does comply with the standard will be a persuasive factor in determining accreditation status.", "contents": "Evolution of quality assurance reflected in new standard. Staff, Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. The new quality assurance standard, which should help hospitals to identify optimum methods for improving patient care and clinical performance and to be recognized for all rational and purposeful efforts at improvement, will take time to implement. In its continuing effort to help hospitals upgrade the quality of patient care, the JCAH is committed to implementing the new quality assurance standard in a manner that will not be disruptive to participating hospitals. The JCAH is also committed to ascertaining that hospitals are making every effort to comply with the standard. The degree to which a hospital does comply with the standard will be a persuasive factor in determining accreditation status.", "PMID": 121426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14641", "title": "Assessing damage to the respiratory tract following thermal injury.", "content": "Physicians may institute respiratory therapy at several points along the course of treatment of the burn patient. In the emergency room, they may have to introduce an airway before they can transport the patient to a burn unit. Physicians may have to administer oxygen or place the patient on mechanical ventilation to reverse ventilatory failure, start treatment of the damage to the airways, or prevent or respond to respiratory complications. Any time a physician must choose respiratory therapy, he must base his decision on accurate assessments of the upper and lower airways.", "contents": "Assessing damage to the respiratory tract following thermal injury. Physicians may institute respiratory therapy at several points along the course of treatment of the burn patient. In the emergency room, they may have to introduce an airway before they can transport the patient to a burn unit. Physicians may have to administer oxygen or place the patient on mechanical ventilation to reverse ventilatory failure, start treatment of the damage to the airways, or prevent or respond to respiratory complications. Any time a physician must choose respiratory therapy, he must base his decision on accurate assessments of the upper and lower airways.", "PMID": 121433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14642", "title": "Risk management and quality assurance: integration for optimal effectiveness.", "content": "The following is the second article in a two-part series examining the relationship between quality assurance and risk management functions. In part one, \"Risk Management and Medical Malpractice: An Overview of the Issues,\" published in the April 1979 QRB, Dr. Fifer reviewed the problem of medical malpractice--the primary motivation for the present interest in risk management--and discussed the characteristics of current efforts in risk management, particularly their limitations in light of the facts about malpractice. In part two, Dr. Fifer first reviews the major quality assurance functions of the medical staff. He then focuses on methods for coordinating these quality assurance functions with the risk management function in a way that will utilize the expertise of the medical staff and create a unified, hospital-wide system intended to detect and prevent deviations from expected patient outcomes.", "contents": "Risk management and quality assurance: integration for optimal effectiveness. The following is the second article in a two-part series examining the relationship between quality assurance and risk management functions. In part one, \"Risk Management and Medical Malpractice: An Overview of the Issues,\" published in the April 1979 QRB, Dr. Fifer reviewed the problem of medical malpractice--the primary motivation for the present interest in risk management--and discussed the characteristics of current efforts in risk management, particularly their limitations in light of the facts about malpractice. In part two, Dr. Fifer first reviews the major quality assurance functions of the medical staff. He then focuses on methods for coordinating these quality assurance functions with the risk management function in a way that will utilize the expertise of the medical staff and create a unified, hospital-wide system intended to detect and prevent deviations from expected patient outcomes.", "PMID": 121441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14643", "title": "Models of patient care for operating room nurses.", "content": "The focus of quality assurance programs in nursing is on improving the quality of care delivered to patients. Three methods of assesing quality of care for surgical patients are retrospective chart review, process audit, and expected patient outcomes as identified in models of patient care and individual care plans. Care plans specify nursing activities necessary to achieve established goals and, therefore, can be used in assessing the quality of care surgical patients receive.", "contents": "Models of patient care for operating room nurses. The focus of quality assurance programs in nursing is on improving the quality of care delivered to patients. Three methods of assesing quality of care for surgical patients are retrospective chart review, process audit, and expected patient outcomes as identified in models of patient care and individual care plans. Care plans specify nursing activities necessary to achieve established goals and, therefore, can be used in assessing the quality of care surgical patients receive.", "PMID": 121447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14644", "title": "An evaluation of the toxicity of cefaclor in laboratory animals.", "content": "The toxicity of cefaclor, a new orally-administered cephalosporin, was evaluated in laboratory animals given single or multiple doses of the antibiotic. The acute toxicity data for cefaclor in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys were comparable to that previously reported for cephalexin. Rats were maintained on dietary mixtures of cefaclor which provided average daily doses of approximately 230 to 950 mg/kg for 28 days in subacute toxicity tests, and 160 to 675 mg/kg for 1 year in chronic toxicity tests. Treatment-related effects in the above studies were limited to soft stool excretion and caecal dilatation in the subacute test. Effects in dogs given daily oral doses of 50 to 200 mg/kg for 30 days were limited to a transient moderate fall in haemoglobin concentration in the two males at the highest dose. Soft stool excretion and occasional episodes of emesis were observed in dogs given cefaclor for 1 year at oral doses of 100 to 400 mg/kg/day. A reversible thrombocytopenia occurred in one animal at the highest dose. Analysis of various tissue fluids taken 2 hours after the last dose revealed that the concentration of cefaclor in the synovial fluid was approximatley one-half of that in serum. The results of these studies indicate that cefaclor has a low toxic potential in the species tested.", "contents": "An evaluation of the toxicity of cefaclor in laboratory animals. The toxicity of cefaclor, a new orally-administered cephalosporin, was evaluated in laboratory animals given single or multiple doses of the antibiotic. The acute toxicity data for cefaclor in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys were comparable to that previously reported for cephalexin. Rats were maintained on dietary mixtures of cefaclor which provided average daily doses of approximately 230 to 950 mg/kg for 28 days in subacute toxicity tests, and 160 to 675 mg/kg for 1 year in chronic toxicity tests. Treatment-related effects in the above studies were limited to soft stool excretion and caecal dilatation in the subacute test. Effects in dogs given daily oral doses of 50 to 200 mg/kg for 30 days were limited to a transient moderate fall in haemoglobin concentration in the two males at the highest dose. Soft stool excretion and occasional episodes of emesis were observed in dogs given cefaclor for 1 year at oral doses of 100 to 400 mg/kg/day. A reversible thrombocytopenia occurred in one animal at the highest dose. Analysis of various tissue fluids taken 2 hours after the last dose revealed that the concentration of cefaclor in the synovial fluid was approximatley one-half of that in serum. The results of these studies indicate that cefaclor has a low toxic potential in the species tested.", "PMID": 121454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14645", "title": "Cefaclor in the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis.", "content": "Cefaclor is a cephalosporin antibiotic whose chemical structure is similar to that of cephalexin. The substitution of a chloro group for the methyl group of cephalexin has produced a compound with markedly improved antibacterial activity, while retaining the property of gastrointestinal absorption. Cefaclor has shown good in vitro activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In a controlled clinical trial, 40 men with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis received cefaclor given as a one gram loading dose, followed by 500 mg 4 times daily for 3 days, for a total dose of 7 g. All patients were re-evaluated at 3 to 7 days following completion of therapy. Two patients did not complete the entire course of therapy and were eventually treated with another regimen. Of 38 men who took the full course of therapy, 35 were clinically and bacteriologically cured. Two men were clinically infected but had negative pretreatment cultures. Of 19 men with beta-lactamase-positive gonococcal urethritis, 18 were cured, whereas among 17 men with penicillin-sensitive strains, all were cured. There were no adverse reactions to the drug, and all patients expressed a preference for the oral regimen. The success of cefaclor in this pilot study suggests that additional clinical trials should be performed.", "contents": "Cefaclor in the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis. Cefaclor is a cephalosporin antibiotic whose chemical structure is similar to that of cephalexin. The substitution of a chloro group for the methyl group of cephalexin has produced a compound with markedly improved antibacterial activity, while retaining the property of gastrointestinal absorption. Cefaclor has shown good in vitro activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In a controlled clinical trial, 40 men with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis received cefaclor given as a one gram loading dose, followed by 500 mg 4 times daily for 3 days, for a total dose of 7 g. All patients were re-evaluated at 3 to 7 days following completion of therapy. Two patients did not complete the entire course of therapy and were eventually treated with another regimen. Of 38 men who took the full course of therapy, 35 were clinically and bacteriologically cured. Two men were clinically infected but had negative pretreatment cultures. Of 19 men with beta-lactamase-positive gonococcal urethritis, 18 were cured, whereas among 17 men with penicillin-sensitive strains, all were cured. There were no adverse reactions to the drug, and all patients expressed a preference for the oral regimen. The success of cefaclor in this pilot study suggests that additional clinical trials should be performed.", "PMID": 121455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14646", "title": "Glyceryl trinitrate ointment in angina pectoris.", "content": "Skin absorption of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) has been recognized for a long time. The effect of GTN and a placebo ointment in prevention of chest pain has been assessed and compared by studying the exercise capacity in 17 patients with angina pectoris. The placebo cream was ineffective but the GTN ointment was found to have beneficial effect in relief of pain in 16 cases. This was established by the patients' capacity to exercise on a bicycle ergometer without chest pain. The beneficial effect was sustained for up to 3 hr in 12 patients. This preparation appears to act as a long-acting nitrate and may be valuable for patients in whom beta-blocking agents are ineffective or contra-indicated, and surgery is not feasible.", "contents": "Glyceryl trinitrate ointment in angina pectoris. Skin absorption of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) has been recognized for a long time. The effect of GTN and a placebo ointment in prevention of chest pain has been assessed and compared by studying the exercise capacity in 17 patients with angina pectoris. The placebo cream was ineffective but the GTN ointment was found to have beneficial effect in relief of pain in 16 cases. This was established by the patients' capacity to exercise on a bicycle ergometer without chest pain. The beneficial effect was sustained for up to 3 hr in 12 patients. This preparation appears to act as a long-acting nitrate and may be valuable for patients in whom beta-blocking agents are ineffective or contra-indicated, and surgery is not feasible.", "PMID": 121456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14647", "title": "Intracellular free amino acids in patients treated with regular haemodialysis (HD).", "content": "Plasma and intracellular free amino acids were studied in seven haemodialysis patients with a protein and energy intake of greater than 1g/kg BW/day and greater than 145kJ/kg BW/day, respectively. Abnormalities in intracellular free amino acids known to be associated with uraemia, (low concentrations of threonine, valine and tyrosine) were not observed in the well-nourished haemodialysis patients. Other intracellular amino acid abnormalities were still present, suggesting that these are caused by uraemic factors not controlled by dialysis.", "contents": "Intracellular free amino acids in patients treated with regular haemodialysis (HD). Plasma and intracellular free amino acids were studied in seven haemodialysis patients with a protein and energy intake of greater than 1g/kg BW/day and greater than 145kJ/kg BW/day, respectively. Abnormalities in intracellular free amino acids known to be associated with uraemia, (low concentrations of threonine, valine and tyrosine) were not observed in the well-nourished haemodialysis patients. Other intracellular amino acid abnormalities were still present, suggesting that these are caused by uraemic factors not controlled by dialysis.", "PMID": 121457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14648", "title": "Reduction of unfavourable effects of heparin with use of gabexate mesilate in dialysis.", "content": "Gabexate mesilate (GM), a potent synthetic proteinase inhibitor has been evaluated as an alternative anticoagulant to heparin for haemodialysis. GM haemodialysis was achieved at a dose of 1,600mg/hr. GM was found to be dialysable and so rapidly degraded that dialysis with GM anticoagulation was analogous to regional heparinisation. Although heparin induced considerable lipolytic activity, GM showed no particular effect on lipids. Some patients reported mild nausea and there was evidence of slight clot formation around the top of the venous drip chamber. GM anticoagulation is easier than the conventional unreliable techniques of regional heparinisation.", "contents": "Reduction of unfavourable effects of heparin with use of gabexate mesilate in dialysis. Gabexate mesilate (GM), a potent synthetic proteinase inhibitor has been evaluated as an alternative anticoagulant to heparin for haemodialysis. GM haemodialysis was achieved at a dose of 1,600mg/hr. GM was found to be dialysable and so rapidly degraded that dialysis with GM anticoagulation was analogous to regional heparinisation. Although heparin induced considerable lipolytic activity, GM showed no particular effect on lipids. Some patients reported mild nausea and there was evidence of slight clot formation around the top of the venous drip chamber. GM anticoagulation is easier than the conventional unreliable techniques of regional heparinisation.", "PMID": 121458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14649", "title": "Non-A, non-B hepatitis: a new syndrome in uraemic patients.", "content": "One hundred patients on chronic haemodialysis were studied prospectively over one year for evidence of hepatitis and of infection with hepatitis A or B virus. Five patients developed transient elevations of SGPT, accompanied by a consistent pattern of clinical manifestations, including low-grade fever, anorexia, nausea, hepatomegaly, and hypotension during dialysis. None of these patients had a positive test for A or B virus infection. Non-A non-B hepatitis appears to cause a specific syndrome in uraemic patients, and its transmission in a dialysis unit seems unrelated to blood transfusions.", "contents": "Non-A, non-B hepatitis: a new syndrome in uraemic patients. One hundred patients on chronic haemodialysis were studied prospectively over one year for evidence of hepatitis and of infection with hepatitis A or B virus. Five patients developed transient elevations of SGPT, accompanied by a consistent pattern of clinical manifestations, including low-grade fever, anorexia, nausea, hepatomegaly, and hypotension during dialysis. None of these patients had a positive test for A or B virus infection. Non-A non-B hepatitis appears to cause a specific syndrome in uraemic patients, and its transmission in a dialysis unit seems unrelated to blood transfusions.", "PMID": 121459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14650", "title": "Central and peripheral haemodynamics in longterm peritoneal dialysis patients.", "content": "A study was undertaken in 11 longterm peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients to evaluate the acute haemodynamic effects of PD. After filling the abdomen with 1, 2 and 3L of dialysate, intra-abdominal pressure and inferior vena cava pressure increased up to 140 and 98% respectively, whereas central haemodynamic parameters were unchanged. Venous capacity decreased by 18%. Mean weight loss during PD was 1.6kg. The most striking post-PD changes were a significant 19% decrease of cardiac index and 18% decrease of pulmonary artery pressure. Heart rate and arterial pressure remained constant due to a 24% increase in total peripheral resistance.", "contents": "Central and peripheral haemodynamics in longterm peritoneal dialysis patients. A study was undertaken in 11 longterm peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients to evaluate the acute haemodynamic effects of PD. After filling the abdomen with 1, 2 and 3L of dialysate, intra-abdominal pressure and inferior vena cava pressure increased up to 140 and 98% respectively, whereas central haemodynamic parameters were unchanged. Venous capacity decreased by 18%. Mean weight loss during PD was 1.6kg. The most striking post-PD changes were a significant 19% decrease of cardiac index and 18% decrease of pulmonary artery pressure. Heart rate and arterial pressure remained constant due to a 24% increase in total peripheral resistance.", "PMID": 121460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14651", "title": "Does gastrin (pentagastrin) act directly on the parietal cell in the isolated whole stomach of the mouse?", "content": "Acid secretory effect of pentagastrin and compound 48/80 was studied in the isolated whole stomach of the mouse. Acid secretory response to compound 48/80 was inhibited by cimetidine, indicating histamine involvement in this reaction. Acid secretion stimulated by pentagastrin was not diminished after pre-treatment with compound 48/80 suggesting that gastrin releases non-mast cell histamine. Secretory response to pentagastrin was reduced in Ca++-free serosal media but not to histamine and compound 48/80. A possible pathway of gastrin will be discussed.", "contents": "Does gastrin (pentagastrin) act directly on the parietal cell in the isolated whole stomach of the mouse? Acid secretory effect of pentagastrin and compound 48/80 was studied in the isolated whole stomach of the mouse. Acid secretory response to compound 48/80 was inhibited by cimetidine, indicating histamine involvement in this reaction. Acid secretion stimulated by pentagastrin was not diminished after pre-treatment with compound 48/80 suggesting that gastrin releases non-mast cell histamine. Secretory response to pentagastrin was reduced in Ca++-free serosal media but not to histamine and compound 48/80. A possible pathway of gastrin will be discussed.", "PMID": 121466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14652", "title": "[Value of ventilatory assistance through the mouth in readaptation of patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. Report of 20 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty patients with severe and chronic respiratory insufficiency (SaO2 less than or equal to 80% - PaCO2 greater than or equal to 50 mmHg) were treated with intermittent ventilatory assistance. They used volumetric apparatus 2 to 8 hours a day, during at least 6 months (22 months +/- 13). Respiratory status never improved strikingly, on the contrary most of the time it worsened and patients needed other ventilatory technics and/or died (11 of 20). This technic of ventilatory assistance does not seem to really change the prognosis of these patients in a severe and chronic state.", "contents": "[Value of ventilatory assistance through the mouth in readaptation of patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. Report of 20 cases (author's transl)]. Twenty patients with severe and chronic respiratory insufficiency (SaO2 less than or equal to 80% - PaCO2 greater than or equal to 50 mmHg) were treated with intermittent ventilatory assistance. They used volumetric apparatus 2 to 8 hours a day, during at least 6 months (22 months +/- 13). Respiratory status never improved strikingly, on the contrary most of the time it worsened and patients needed other ventilatory technics and/or died (11 of 20). This technic of ventilatory assistance does not seem to really change the prognosis of these patients in a severe and chronic state.", "PMID": 121481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14653", "title": "[Immediate effects and conditions of effectiveness of a session of mechanical assisted ventilation (M.A.V.) in severe respiratory insufficiency (PaCO2 greater than 50 mmHg) out of intensive care conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "Effectiveness and haemodynamic tolerance of M.A.V. in conscious patients with a severe respiratory insufficiency is mainly due to the proper adaptation to ventilator with low frequency and adequate V.T. Thus M.A.V. is an eventual complement to directed ventilation exercises which in addition reduce the \"rebound\" of hypoxia and hypercapnia after a M.A.V. session. A proper adaptation ensures haemodynamic tolerance. Expiratory time should be sufficient in such obstructive patients. A post inspiratory pause can improve V.C.O2. Nevertheless, it should not shorten inspiratory time to less than one second and for each patient the best ventilatory profile should be properly established taking into account blood gases, circulatory, expired CO2 and clinical monitoring.", "contents": "[Immediate effects and conditions of effectiveness of a session of mechanical assisted ventilation (M.A.V.) in severe respiratory insufficiency (PaCO2 greater than 50 mmHg) out of intensive care conditions (author's transl)]. Effectiveness and haemodynamic tolerance of M.A.V. in conscious patients with a severe respiratory insufficiency is mainly due to the proper adaptation to ventilator with low frequency and adequate V.T. Thus M.A.V. is an eventual complement to directed ventilation exercises which in addition reduce the \"rebound\" of hypoxia and hypercapnia after a M.A.V. session. A proper adaptation ensures haemodynamic tolerance. Expiratory time should be sufficient in such obstructive patients. A post inspiratory pause can improve V.C.O2. Nevertheless, it should not shorten inspiratory time to less than one second and for each patient the best ventilatory profile should be properly established taking into account blood gases, circulatory, expired CO2 and clinical monitoring.", "PMID": 121482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14654", "title": "[A control trial of home I.P.P.B. therapy in patients with chronic obstructive respiratory insufficiency. Protocol and state of the study (author's transl)].", "content": "Because a previous retrospective study did not allow any conclusion as to the efficacy of home IPPB therapy in patients with chronic airflow obstruction, a control trial has been started. The protocol includes definition of patients, modalities of treatment, criteria for evaluation. Among criteria for a patient to enter the trial is a chronic hypercapnia (with PaCO2 greater than or equal to 48 mmHg) observed over a preliminary period of 4 months. At the end of this period patients are allocated at random into two groups with and without IPPB at home (at least 1 to 2 hours daily through a mouthpiece); medical prescriptions are same in the 2 groups so as surveillance which is planned for 2 years. Evaluation should be based upon 5 predetermined criteria. This trial is in progress.", "contents": "[A control trial of home I.P.P.B. therapy in patients with chronic obstructive respiratory insufficiency. Protocol and state of the study (author's transl)]. Because a previous retrospective study did not allow any conclusion as to the efficacy of home IPPB therapy in patients with chronic airflow obstruction, a control trial has been started. The protocol includes definition of patients, modalities of treatment, criteria for evaluation. Among criteria for a patient to enter the trial is a chronic hypercapnia (with PaCO2 greater than or equal to 48 mmHg) observed over a preliminary period of 4 months. At the end of this period patients are allocated at random into two groups with and without IPPB at home (at least 1 to 2 hours daily through a mouthpiece); medical prescriptions are same in the 2 groups so as surveillance which is planned for 2 years. Evaluation should be based upon 5 predetermined criteria. This trial is in progress.", "PMID": 121483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14655", "title": "[Experimental study of extra-corporeal circulation with membrane oxygenators: effects on the lung structures of dogs and monkeys (author's transl)].", "content": "Six dogs and 5 monkeys underwent extra-corporeal circulations with membrane oxygenators for variable time periods (from 4 to 57 hours). The development and evolution of the lesions, which were similar in the two animal species, were controlled by electron microscopic examination of lung samples. From the 2nd h, abnormalities of the capillary endothelium were observed; but a 6 h, all the inner lung structures were reached and the lesions grew worse with time. Thus, the intrinsic toxicity of membrane oxygenators on lung structures emphasizes that this method should be used with utmost precaution in man.", "contents": "[Experimental study of extra-corporeal circulation with membrane oxygenators: effects on the lung structures of dogs and monkeys (author's transl)]. Six dogs and 5 monkeys underwent extra-corporeal circulations with membrane oxygenators for variable time periods (from 4 to 57 hours). The development and evolution of the lesions, which were similar in the two animal species, were controlled by electron microscopic examination of lung samples. From the 2nd h, abnormalities of the capillary endothelium were observed; but a 6 h, all the inner lung structures were reached and the lesions grew worse with time. Thus, the intrinsic toxicity of membrane oxygenators on lung structures emphasizes that this method should be used with utmost precaution in man.", "PMID": 121484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14656", "title": "[Experiments to establish the most suitable method for the production and control of conjugated sera].", "content": "Studies aiming to establish the most suitable method for conjugated serum production and control were carried out. Results obtained indicate that purest globulin fractions are obtained in case the serum is precipitated by 50% saturation with (NH4)2.SO4, then the sediment is washed with 50% (NH4)2SO4, dissolved in water and precipitated again by 50% saturation with (NH4)2SO4. Conjugated titer is highest when conjugation is performed at a 4:100 FITC (fluorescin-iso-thio-cyanate):protein ratio. The produced conjugated serums are specific and are release with a working titer not lower that 1:4.", "contents": "[Experiments to establish the most suitable method for the production and control of conjugated sera]. Studies aiming to establish the most suitable method for conjugated serum production and control were carried out. Results obtained indicate that purest globulin fractions are obtained in case the serum is precipitated by 50% saturation with (NH4)2.SO4, then the sediment is washed with 50% (NH4)2SO4, dissolved in water and precipitated again by 50% saturation with (NH4)2SO4. Conjugated titer is highest when conjugation is performed at a 4:100 FITC (fluorescin-iso-thio-cyanate):protein ratio. The produced conjugated serums are specific and are release with a working titer not lower that 1:4.", "PMID": 121491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14657", "title": "[Acute and subchronic toxicity of 8-hydroxyquinolone derivatives in combined application].", "content": "The toxicity of combined application of broxychinoline and broxaldin (5:1) was investigated in experiments on white mice and white rats. The presence of higher species specific sensitivity was observed in white mice. LD50 was determined by intraperitoneal application of 0.125 (0.085 + 0.182)/kg body weight on white mice: 0.213 (0.167 + 0.270)/kg body weight on white rats, and by subcutaneous application of more than 1.0/kg body weight on white mice. After a 30-day peroral application of the named combination on white rats at a daily dose of 0.1 kg body weight/24 h no disturbances in the physical state and in the microstructure of the inner organs were scored. The use of a dose of 0.24 kg/kg t/24 h resulted in necrobiotic changes in the kidneys. A trend toward shortening the time of blood clotting and of reducing the relative weight of the kidneys, spleen, lungs and heart is established.", "contents": "[Acute and subchronic toxicity of 8-hydroxyquinolone derivatives in combined application]. The toxicity of combined application of broxychinoline and broxaldin (5:1) was investigated in experiments on white mice and white rats. The presence of higher species specific sensitivity was observed in white mice. LD50 was determined by intraperitoneal application of 0.125 (0.085 + 0.182)/kg body weight on white mice: 0.213 (0.167 + 0.270)/kg body weight on white rats, and by subcutaneous application of more than 1.0/kg body weight on white mice. After a 30-day peroral application of the named combination on white rats at a daily dose of 0.1 kg body weight/24 h no disturbances in the physical state and in the microstructure of the inner organs were scored. The use of a dose of 0.24 kg/kg t/24 h resulted in necrobiotic changes in the kidneys. A trend toward shortening the time of blood clotting and of reducing the relative weight of the kidneys, spleen, lungs and heart is established.", "PMID": 121492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14658", "title": "[Microbiological aspects of stored hard-boiled eggs].", "content": "Hard-bioled eggs in the shell were without any pretreatment stored in air at 20 degrees C and 4 degrees C. Furthermore the keeping quality of varnish-coated eggs stored in air at 20 degrees C and of untreated eggs stored in 100% carbon dioxide at the same temperature was studied. Hard-boiled eggs stored at 4 degrees C and varnish-coated eggs stored at 20 degrees C were of excellent bacteriological quality up to 5 weeks. Untreated eggs stored in air at 20 degrees C showed high microbiological contamination (more than 10(6)/g) already after one week. The CO2 storage atmosphere inhibited the growth of microorganisms during the first week of storage, but in the days to follow counts increased to more than 10(6)/g as well.", "contents": "[Microbiological aspects of stored hard-boiled eggs]. Hard-bioled eggs in the shell were without any pretreatment stored in air at 20 degrees C and 4 degrees C. Furthermore the keeping quality of varnish-coated eggs stored in air at 20 degrees C and of untreated eggs stored in 100% carbon dioxide at the same temperature was studied. Hard-boiled eggs stored at 4 degrees C and varnish-coated eggs stored at 20 degrees C were of excellent bacteriological quality up to 5 weeks. Untreated eggs stored in air at 20 degrees C showed high microbiological contamination (more than 10(6)/g) already after one week. The CO2 storage atmosphere inhibited the growth of microorganisms during the first week of storage, but in the days to follow counts increased to more than 10(6)/g as well.", "PMID": 121493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14659", "title": "[Neurohormonal regulation of male gonad function].", "content": "In a survey the neurohormonal regulatory mechanisms are discussed which control the incretory and spermiogenetic function of the testicles in adulthood. The central position of LH-RH and the factors influencing its secretion, the negative feedback between the testicular hormones including inhibin and the hypophyseal gonadotropins as well as the periodic changes superimposed to the basal secretion of the sexual hormones are explained. Finally, the present knowledge is summarized on the cooperation of the different hormones and mechanisms in the regulation of the incretory and excretory testicular functions.", "contents": "[Neurohormonal regulation of male gonad function]. In a survey the neurohormonal regulatory mechanisms are discussed which control the incretory and spermiogenetic function of the testicles in adulthood. The central position of LH-RH and the factors influencing its secretion, the negative feedback between the testicular hormones including inhibin and the hypophyseal gonadotropins as well as the periodic changes superimposed to the basal secretion of the sexual hormones are explained. Finally, the present knowledge is summarized on the cooperation of the different hormones and mechanisms in the regulation of the incretory and excretory testicular functions.", "PMID": 121496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14660", "title": "[Congenital spondylo-epiphysial dysplasia. A case with histological findings (author's transl)].", "content": "We have reported on an infant suffering from congenital spondylo-epiphysial dysplasia, in whom the autosomally dominant affliction could already be perceived in the baby's age by the relevant affection of the spine and of the proximal epiphyses. Firstly, it should be tried to stop the progredient kyphoscoliosis by a circular brace. A significantly increased mucopolysaccharide separation could biochemically not be stated in 24 h-urine. Gasser cells could not be found in the lymphocytes as proved by Spranger and Wiedmann in five of six patients. The histological investigation of the biopsy material, taken from the posterior iliac crest, resulted in a desmale ossification process which is atypical for this region.", "contents": "[Congenital spondylo-epiphysial dysplasia. A case with histological findings (author's transl)]. We have reported on an infant suffering from congenital spondylo-epiphysial dysplasia, in whom the autosomally dominant affliction could already be perceived in the baby's age by the relevant affection of the spine and of the proximal epiphyses. Firstly, it should be tried to stop the progredient kyphoscoliosis by a circular brace. A significantly increased mucopolysaccharide separation could biochemically not be stated in 24 h-urine. Gasser cells could not be found in the lymphocytes as proved by Spranger and Wiedmann in five of six patients. The histological investigation of the biopsy material, taken from the posterior iliac crest, resulted in a desmale ossification process which is atypical for this region.", "PMID": 121497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14661", "title": "Production and isolation of milk-clotting enzyme from Aspergillus versicolor.", "content": "The production of a milk-clotting enzyme by Aspergillus versicolor in 19 different culture media was investigated. Considerable milk-clotting activity was achieved by supplying corn steep liquor with either glucose of maltose. Dephytinization of corn steep liquor had an adverse effect on the production of milk-clotting enzyme. The results indicated that complex organic compounds favoured the production of the enzyme. Precipitation with acetone or tannin was unsuitable, but ammonium sulphate and ethanol above certain concentration produced active fractions.", "contents": "Production and isolation of milk-clotting enzyme from Aspergillus versicolor. The production of a milk-clotting enzyme by Aspergillus versicolor in 19 different culture media was investigated. Considerable milk-clotting activity was achieved by supplying corn steep liquor with either glucose of maltose. Dephytinization of corn steep liquor had an adverse effect on the production of milk-clotting enzyme. The results indicated that complex organic compounds favoured the production of the enzyme. Precipitation with acetone or tannin was unsuitable, but ammonium sulphate and ethanol above certain concentration produced active fractions.", "PMID": 121498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14662", "title": "Glycosaminoglycan content in tissues and body fluids of rats treated with atherogenic diet.", "content": "An increase of total glycosaminoglycan content in aortic wall and liver as well as changes in the concentration of glycosaminoglycan fractions in aorta, skin, liver, and blood serum were found in white rats fed with atherogenic diet. Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans was increased in experimental animals.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycan content in tissues and body fluids of rats treated with atherogenic diet. An increase of total glycosaminoglycan content in aortic wall and liver as well as changes in the concentration of glycosaminoglycan fractions in aorta, skin, liver, and blood serum were found in white rats fed with atherogenic diet. Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans was increased in experimental animals.", "PMID": 121507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14663", "title": "Semiquantitative determination of liver specific antigen in the urine or rats with toxic hepatic necrosis.", "content": "Using Mancini's single radial immunodiffusion technique, the excretion of a liver specific saline soluble antigen was semiquantitatively assayed in the urine of rats with thioacetamine induced hepatic necrosis. The relative amounts of antigen detected in the urine were found to roughly correlate with the extent of necrotic liver parenchyma. It is suggested that a quantitative approach to histuria may provide clinically relevant information on the activity of pathologic processes associated with release of organ specific antigens from degenerative and necrotic lesions into the circulation (histemia) and thence into the urine.", "contents": "Semiquantitative determination of liver specific antigen in the urine or rats with toxic hepatic necrosis. Using Mancini's single radial immunodiffusion technique, the excretion of a liver specific saline soluble antigen was semiquantitatively assayed in the urine of rats with thioacetamine induced hepatic necrosis. The relative amounts of antigen detected in the urine were found to roughly correlate with the extent of necrotic liver parenchyma. It is suggested that a quantitative approach to histuria may provide clinically relevant information on the activity of pathologic processes associated with release of organ specific antigens from degenerative and necrotic lesions into the circulation (histemia) and thence into the urine.", "PMID": 121510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14664", "title": "Effect of tetrahydroaminoacridine and 4-aminopyridine on recovery from ketamine-diazepam anesthesia in the macacus rhesus monkey.", "content": "Tetrahydroaminoacridine (T.H.A., Tacrine) 1 mg/kg, and 4-aminopyridine (Pymadin) 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg i.v., significantly reduced the recovery time when the were administered after ketamine-diazepam anesthesia in Maccacus Rhesus monkeys. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (50 mg), diazepam (1.2 mg) and sodium glycopyrrolate (0.02 mg) as a secretiondrying agent, as a single bolus injection. Anesthesia was continued with ketamine by constant infusion of a solution of 5 mg/ml, at a speed of 20 mg/ml, at a speed of 20 ml/hour, during 30 minutes. The 5 monkeys in the control group were allowed to recover spontaneously. The test series consisted of the same monkeys, with an adequate rest period of one or more weeks between anesthesias. Recovery was indicated by production of nystagmus, and by an awake pattern in the EEG. Clinical signs, restlessness and purposeful movements, were also used.", "contents": "Effect of tetrahydroaminoacridine and 4-aminopyridine on recovery from ketamine-diazepam anesthesia in the macacus rhesus monkey. Tetrahydroaminoacridine (T.H.A., Tacrine) 1 mg/kg, and 4-aminopyridine (Pymadin) 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg i.v., significantly reduced the recovery time when the were administered after ketamine-diazepam anesthesia in Maccacus Rhesus monkeys. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (50 mg), diazepam (1.2 mg) and sodium glycopyrrolate (0.02 mg) as a secretiondrying agent, as a single bolus injection. Anesthesia was continued with ketamine by constant infusion of a solution of 5 mg/ml, at a speed of 20 mg/ml, at a speed of 20 ml/hour, during 30 minutes. The 5 monkeys in the control group were allowed to recover spontaneously. The test series consisted of the same monkeys, with an adequate rest period of one or more weeks between anesthesias. Recovery was indicated by production of nystagmus, and by an awake pattern in the EEG. Clinical signs, restlessness and purposeful movements, were also used.", "PMID": 121511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14665", "title": "Comparative steady state serum levels of valproic acid administered as two different formulations--Deprakine and Orfiril.", "content": "Plain tablets of sodium valproate (VPA), a useful antiepileptic drug, are bitter tasting and produce gastric irritation which leads to poor patient compliance. We have studied the steady state serum levels of VPA which can be produced in epileptic patients before and after a 1 week treatment with a plain tablet (Deprakine) versus an enteric coated tablet (Orfiril). The latter drug produced in most patients a higher drug fasting blood level than the uncoated preparation (22%). The enteric coated tablets appeared also better tolerated.", "contents": "Comparative steady state serum levels of valproic acid administered as two different formulations--Deprakine and Orfiril. Plain tablets of sodium valproate (VPA), a useful antiepileptic drug, are bitter tasting and produce gastric irritation which leads to poor patient compliance. We have studied the steady state serum levels of VPA which can be produced in epileptic patients before and after a 1 week treatment with a plain tablet (Deprakine) versus an enteric coated tablet (Orfiril). The latter drug produced in most patients a higher drug fasting blood level than the uncoated preparation (22%). The enteric coated tablets appeared also better tolerated.", "PMID": 121513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14666", "title": "Tissue reaction to submerged ceramic tooth root implants. An experimental study in monkeys.", "content": "Tooth root replica implants made from alumina ceramic material of solid structure coated with a porous layer, were used as dental implants in monkeys. The porous coating was 1/2 mm thick and had pore sizes within 50--200 microns range, with a 30% degrees of porosity. Tne implants were inserted into prepared sockets in the mandible of 5 Cercopithecus monkeys. After submerged implantation periods varying from 5 to 15 weeks, a perforating steel post was introduced through the covering gingiva into the artificial root canal of the implants. The animals were sacrificed after 6 weeks, 2, 3 and 4 months. Three out of the total number of 10 implants were lost. The remaining 7 specimens were retrieved for histologic and microradiographic examination. Fibrous and mineralized tissue ingrowth of the porous layer of the implants was found. No adverse reactions of the adjacent bone were demonstrable. The implants became anchored to the host and no epithelial downgrowth along the ceramic was found.", "contents": "Tissue reaction to submerged ceramic tooth root implants. An experimental study in monkeys. Tooth root replica implants made from alumina ceramic material of solid structure coated with a porous layer, were used as dental implants in monkeys. The porous coating was 1/2 mm thick and had pore sizes within 50--200 microns range, with a 30% degrees of porosity. Tne implants were inserted into prepared sockets in the mandible of 5 Cercopithecus monkeys. After submerged implantation periods varying from 5 to 15 weeks, a perforating steel post was introduced through the covering gingiva into the artificial root canal of the implants. The animals were sacrificed after 6 weeks, 2, 3 and 4 months. Three out of the total number of 10 implants were lost. The remaining 7 specimens were retrieved for histologic and microradiographic examination. Fibrous and mineralized tissue ingrowth of the porous layer of the implants was found. No adverse reactions of the adjacent bone were demonstrable. The implants became anchored to the host and no epithelial downgrowth along the ceramic was found.", "PMID": 121514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14667", "title": "[Non-amyloid nephrotic syndrome: first isolated manifestation of a kappa light chain myeloma (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a case which demonstrates that nephrotic syndromes occuring during the course of a myeloma are not always of the amyloid type. They emphasize the possibility of a dysglobulinemia being involved in a glomerular nephropathy syndrome, especially when there are histological lesions of a glomerulosclerosis. The published literature is reviewed and the possible pathogenesis of these nephropathies briefly discussed: either protein deposits, the nature of which has not been fully determined, or mesangial modifications induced by the filtered light chains.", "contents": "[Non-amyloid nephrotic syndrome: first isolated manifestation of a kappa light chain myeloma (author's transl)]. The authors describe a case which demonstrates that nephrotic syndromes occuring during the course of a myeloma are not always of the amyloid type. They emphasize the possibility of a dysglobulinemia being involved in a glomerular nephropathy syndrome, especially when there are histological lesions of a glomerulosclerosis. The published literature is reviewed and the possible pathogenesis of these nephropathies briefly discussed: either protein deposits, the nature of which has not been fully determined, or mesangial modifications induced by the filtered light chains.", "PMID": 121516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14668", "title": "[Blood prolactin levels in male hypogonadism (author's transl)].", "content": "Prolactin levels were measured in 84 patients aged 20 years with hypogonadism, both under baseline conditions and after stimulation with TRH. In those with impuberty from delayed puberty or gonadotropin insufficiency, baseline blood prolactin levels were normal but the response after stimulation was reduced in a significant manner. In patients with Klinefelter's syndrome, both baseline and reserve blood prolactin levels were increased. No correlation was observed between these abnormal levels and the usual clinical and biological disturbances found in this disorder (gynaecomastia, diabetes, hyperinsulinism, changes in 5-alpha-reduction). The significance of this hyperprolactinaemia remains obscure.", "contents": "[Blood prolactin levels in male hypogonadism (author's transl)]. Prolactin levels were measured in 84 patients aged 20 years with hypogonadism, both under baseline conditions and after stimulation with TRH. In those with impuberty from delayed puberty or gonadotropin insufficiency, baseline blood prolactin levels were normal but the response after stimulation was reduced in a significant manner. In patients with Klinefelter's syndrome, both baseline and reserve blood prolactin levels were increased. No correlation was observed between these abnormal levels and the usual clinical and biological disturbances found in this disorder (gynaecomastia, diabetes, hyperinsulinism, changes in 5-alpha-reduction). The significance of this hyperprolactinaemia remains obscure.", "PMID": 121517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14669", "title": "[Dynamic study of the coronary vascular bed by selective coronary scanning using hyperaemia].", "content": "Advantage may be taken of the hyperaemic response to the iodine contained in the contrast medium injected during coronary angiography to assess the functional value of the coronary tree using radioactive microspheres. This series comprises 73 selective coronary scans performed in the resting state (113 m In marked microspheres) and during the hyperaemic phase (99 m TC marked microspheres) in 70 patients. A positive hyperaemic response distal to severe truncular stenosis indicates a good distal arteriolar bed and collateral circulation for aorto-coronary bypass grafting. After aorto-coronary bypass (23 cases), the hyperaemic response gives an indication of the functional value of the revascularised myocardium. In 71% cases, the results correlate well with the measurement of the peroperative blood flow through the graft. It is usually positive when the bypass graft is implanted with good distal arterial run off.", "contents": "[Dynamic study of the coronary vascular bed by selective coronary scanning using hyperaemia]. Advantage may be taken of the hyperaemic response to the iodine contained in the contrast medium injected during coronary angiography to assess the functional value of the coronary tree using radioactive microspheres. This series comprises 73 selective coronary scans performed in the resting state (113 m In marked microspheres) and during the hyperaemic phase (99 m TC marked microspheres) in 70 patients. A positive hyperaemic response distal to severe truncular stenosis indicates a good distal arteriolar bed and collateral circulation for aorto-coronary bypass grafting. After aorto-coronary bypass (23 cases), the hyperaemic response gives an indication of the functional value of the revascularised myocardium. In 71% cases, the results correlate well with the measurement of the peroperative blood flow through the graft. It is usually positive when the bypass graft is implanted with good distal arterial run off.", "PMID": 121520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14670", "title": "[Remote results of ostial coronaritis surgically treated].", "content": "This study comprises 15 patients operated for syphilitic coronary ostial stenosis by Dubost's team between 1959 and 1975. Three operative deaths (20%) were observed. Three other late deaths occured, but only one of his coronary pathology. Of the nine survivors, seven have been reviewed and five have undergone control coronary angiography. The long term results of the 9 survivors, reviewed from 3 1/2 to 11 years after operation, illustrate the difficulties of disobliteration of the right coronary ostium, the necessity of changing the aortic valve systematically when incompetent and the maintenance of the good results obtained by this surgery.", "contents": "[Remote results of ostial coronaritis surgically treated]. This study comprises 15 patients operated for syphilitic coronary ostial stenosis by Dubost's team between 1959 and 1975. Three operative deaths (20%) were observed. Three other late deaths occured, but only one of his coronary pathology. Of the nine survivors, seven have been reviewed and five have undergone control coronary angiography. The long term results of the 9 survivors, reviewed from 3 1/2 to 11 years after operation, illustrate the difficulties of disobliteration of the right coronary ostium, the necessity of changing the aortic valve systematically when incompetent and the maintenance of the good results obtained by this surgery.", "PMID": 121521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14671", "title": "[Short- and mean results of mitral and aortic valve replacement with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley disc prosthesis. Thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications].", "content": "96 patients with a Bj\u00f6rk aortic valve and 112 patients with a Bj\u00f6rk mitral valve were followed up for four and a half years and five years after operation respectively. The actuarial survival rate was 82.5% in the aortic and 73% in the mitral patients. Late death was observed in 7.3% of mitral patients with thromboembolic complications and 4.2% of mitral patients with left ventricular dysfunction, compared to 2.6% of aortic patients with thromboembolism and 3.6% with left ventricular dysfunction. The incidence of thrombolic complications was three times as great with the prosthesis in the mitral position. The probability of absence of thromboembolic complications, studied by actuarial methods, was 93% at 4 1/2 years in aortic prostheses compared to 82% at 5 years in the mitral prostheses. 12 haemorrhagic complications (5.7%), with one fatality, were observed. Aortic valve replacement with a Bj\u00f6rk prosthesis is a very satisfactory operation and the results compare favourably with other prostheses. However, the risk of thromboembolic complications should be seriously considered in the surgical indications when this prosthesis is to be used for mitral valve replacement.", "contents": "[Short- and mean results of mitral and aortic valve replacement with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley disc prosthesis. Thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications]. 96 patients with a Bj\u00f6rk aortic valve and 112 patients with a Bj\u00f6rk mitral valve were followed up for four and a half years and five years after operation respectively. The actuarial survival rate was 82.5% in the aortic and 73% in the mitral patients. Late death was observed in 7.3% of mitral patients with thromboembolic complications and 4.2% of mitral patients with left ventricular dysfunction, compared to 2.6% of aortic patients with thromboembolism and 3.6% with left ventricular dysfunction. The incidence of thrombolic complications was three times as great with the prosthesis in the mitral position. The probability of absence of thromboembolic complications, studied by actuarial methods, was 93% at 4 1/2 years in aortic prostheses compared to 82% at 5 years in the mitral prostheses. 12 haemorrhagic complications (5.7%), with one fatality, were observed. Aortic valve replacement with a Bj\u00f6rk prosthesis is a very satisfactory operation and the results compare favourably with other prostheses. However, the risk of thromboembolic complications should be seriously considered in the surgical indications when this prosthesis is to be used for mitral valve replacement.", "PMID": 121522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14672", "title": "[Triple-valve replacements].", "content": "34 patients aged between 17 and 62 years underwent triple valve replacement, 14 of whom exclusively with Starr-Edwards prosthesis; 25 patients were operated at Stage III and 4 at Stage IV of the NYHA classification; the operative mortality was 14%, the late mortality 21%. The actuarial survival curve shows 66% survival at 5 years; in all, 21 good results were obtained with a follow-up ranging from 3 months to 11 years (average 41 months). A notable late complication specific to these patients was dysfunction of the tricuspid prosthesis; a gradient across the tricuspid prosthesis was observed in 14 postoperative catheter studies; one of these patients had to be reoperated for thrombosis of a Starr-Edwards tricuspid prosthesis. Analysis of the results of this series suggests that surgery is beneficial, especially when the very precarious preoperative state of these patients is taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Triple-valve replacements]. 34 patients aged between 17 and 62 years underwent triple valve replacement, 14 of whom exclusively with Starr-Edwards prosthesis; 25 patients were operated at Stage III and 4 at Stage IV of the NYHA classification; the operative mortality was 14%, the late mortality 21%. The actuarial survival curve shows 66% survival at 5 years; in all, 21 good results were obtained with a follow-up ranging from 3 months to 11 years (average 41 months). A notable late complication specific to these patients was dysfunction of the tricuspid prosthesis; a gradient across the tricuspid prosthesis was observed in 14 postoperative catheter studies; one of these patients had to be reoperated for thrombosis of a Starr-Edwards tricuspid prosthesis. Analysis of the results of this series suggests that surgery is beneficial, especially when the very precarious preoperative state of these patients is taken into consideration.", "PMID": 121523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14673", "title": "Immunity against the venom of Mexican scorpion Centruroides lumpidus limpidus induced by some proteins from this venom.", "content": "A protein fraction, which consisted of at least 12 proteins, was obtained from the venom of Mexican scorpion Centruroides limpidus limpidus. The molecular weights of these proteins ranged between 9,800 and 163,000 daltons. This fraction was separated from the rest of the venom components, which were almost all neurotoxins, by chromatographying the venom obtained by electrical stimulation through a Sephadex G-50M column. This fraction was non-toxic for mice, even at dose of 200 micrograms/mouse. The most important is that it was able to induce immunity against C. l. limpidus venom, since 92.8% of the animals inoculated with three doses survived after the challenge with 39.2 micrograms of venom (2 DL50 for mice of 20 g); on the contrary, 88 min after the challenge, 100% of the control mice had already died. In another experiment, this immunogen was inoculated into mice three times at variable doses. Seven days after the last injection, each mouse was challenged with 19.6 micrograms of venom. In all controls the typical envenomation picture produced by scorpion venom was developed, and death was registered in 19% of the animals. In contrast, 87% of mice immunized with the highest dose failed to show signs of envenomation or died throughout the observation time. Only two immunized animals (13%) showed mild tachycardia and hyperpnea at 120 min post-challenge. Immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion tests revealed that these proteins induced antibodies against components of the most toxic fraction.", "contents": "Immunity against the venom of Mexican scorpion Centruroides lumpidus limpidus induced by some proteins from this venom. A protein fraction, which consisted of at least 12 proteins, was obtained from the venom of Mexican scorpion Centruroides limpidus limpidus. The molecular weights of these proteins ranged between 9,800 and 163,000 daltons. This fraction was separated from the rest of the venom components, which were almost all neurotoxins, by chromatographying the venom obtained by electrical stimulation through a Sephadex G-50M column. This fraction was non-toxic for mice, even at dose of 200 micrograms/mouse. The most important is that it was able to induce immunity against C. l. limpidus venom, since 92.8% of the animals inoculated with three doses survived after the challenge with 39.2 micrograms of venom (2 DL50 for mice of 20 g); on the contrary, 88 min after the challenge, 100% of the control mice had already died. In another experiment, this immunogen was inoculated into mice three times at variable doses. Seven days after the last injection, each mouse was challenged with 19.6 micrograms of venom. In all controls the typical envenomation picture produced by scorpion venom was developed, and death was registered in 19% of the animals. In contrast, 87% of mice immunized with the highest dose failed to show signs of envenomation or died throughout the observation time. Only two immunized animals (13%) showed mild tachycardia and hyperpnea at 120 min post-challenge. Immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion tests revealed that these proteins induced antibodies against components of the most toxic fraction.", "PMID": 121518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14674", "title": "[Reintervention on heart valve prostheses. Apropos of 78 cases].", "content": "78 patients with one or more prosthetic heart valves were reoperated on between 1972 and 1978, and comprised 12% of the work load of valvular surgery. There were two postoperative periods in which the incidence of reoperation was high: the first year, 38%, and the period between the 5th and the 8th year, 41%. The main causes of reoperation could be divided into two groups: those common to all valves with paravalvular leaks (25%), endocarditis (12%) being the principal causes, and those associated with particular valves: deterioration of Beall prosthesis 33%, and thrombosis mainly affecting the Bjork and Beall prostheses (25%). The operative mortality was 12%. The fact that urgent operation is required in severe cases is underlined. In the light of these results, the surgical indications of reoperation should be discussed at an earlier stage. These indications are based essentially on the clinical condition of the patient and objective confirmation by further investigation should not delay the operation, which, in our experience, has never been unnecessary.", "contents": "[Reintervention on heart valve prostheses. Apropos of 78 cases]. 78 patients with one or more prosthetic heart valves were reoperated on between 1972 and 1978, and comprised 12% of the work load of valvular surgery. There were two postoperative periods in which the incidence of reoperation was high: the first year, 38%, and the period between the 5th and the 8th year, 41%. The main causes of reoperation could be divided into two groups: those common to all valves with paravalvular leaks (25%), endocarditis (12%) being the principal causes, and those associated with particular valves: deterioration of Beall prosthesis 33%, and thrombosis mainly affecting the Bjork and Beall prostheses (25%). The operative mortality was 12%. The fact that urgent operation is required in severe cases is underlined. In the light of these results, the surgical indications of reoperation should be discussed at an earlier stage. These indications are based essentially on the clinical condition of the patient and objective confirmation by further investigation should not delay the operation, which, in our experience, has never been unnecessary.", "PMID": 121524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14675", "title": "[Increased catabolism of antigen and enhanced recruitment of antigen-sensitive cells by activation of macrophages with a bacterial phospholipid extract (EBP) (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravenous (IV) infection of a bacterial phospholipid extract (EBP) 24 H before IV immunization of mice with sheep red blood cells has modified the specific immune response. A decrease of the response evaluated by the number of rosette-forming cells was observed after the larger doses of EBP. This effect appeared secondarily to an increased catabolism of antigen. Infection of a medium sized dose of EBP directly into the portal vein induced a decreased response by enhancing antigen phogocytosis by liver macrophages. The same amount of EBP injected IV into a systemic vein increased the immune response. An enhanced phagocytosis by macrophages which do not act in the immune response appeared likely after the larger stimulation. Irradiated spleen cells when transferred into naive recipients showed a decreased immunogenicity when obtained from mice injected with antigen and previously treated by the larger doses of EBP. On the other hand, after treatment of mice with low of medium sized doses of EBP, the immune response was increased. Twice the number of rosette-forming cells was observed in treated mice on days 3, 4 and 5 after immunization. The number of B rosette-forming cells appeared higher than the T rosettes following this treatment. This effect appeared secondarily to an increased recruitment of precursor cells. Transfer into naive irradiated recipients of treated spleen cells mixed with antigen was without effect. On the contrary, an enhanced number of rosette-forming cells was detected after transfer of normal spleen cells into irradiated and EBP-treated recipients. This enhancement of response appeared to be produced by more efficient recruitment of precursor cells as demonstrated by an increased frequency of antibody-forming cells in an in vivo limiting dilution technique.", "contents": "[Increased catabolism of antigen and enhanced recruitment of antigen-sensitive cells by activation of macrophages with a bacterial phospholipid extract (EBP) (author's transl)]. Intravenous (IV) infection of a bacterial phospholipid extract (EBP) 24 H before IV immunization of mice with sheep red blood cells has modified the specific immune response. A decrease of the response evaluated by the number of rosette-forming cells was observed after the larger doses of EBP. This effect appeared secondarily to an increased catabolism of antigen. Infection of a medium sized dose of EBP directly into the portal vein induced a decreased response by enhancing antigen phogocytosis by liver macrophages. The same amount of EBP injected IV into a systemic vein increased the immune response. An enhanced phagocytosis by macrophages which do not act in the immune response appeared likely after the larger stimulation. Irradiated spleen cells when transferred into naive recipients showed a decreased immunogenicity when obtained from mice injected with antigen and previously treated by the larger doses of EBP. On the other hand, after treatment of mice with low of medium sized doses of EBP, the immune response was increased. Twice the number of rosette-forming cells was observed in treated mice on days 3, 4 and 5 after immunization. The number of B rosette-forming cells appeared higher than the T rosettes following this treatment. This effect appeared secondarily to an increased recruitment of precursor cells. Transfer into naive irradiated recipients of treated spleen cells mixed with antigen was without effect. On the contrary, an enhanced number of rosette-forming cells was detected after transfer of normal spleen cells into irradiated and EBP-treated recipients. This enhancement of response appeared to be produced by more efficient recruitment of precursor cells as demonstrated by an increased frequency of antibody-forming cells in an in vivo limiting dilution technique.", "PMID": 121519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14676", "title": "[Factor analysis fever in the early postoperative period following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in adults. Correlation with bacteriological data. Statistical study of 518 case histories by computer].", "content": "The results of a continuous series of 518 adults undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, operated on by the same surgeon, comprising valvular replacement and aorto-coronary bypass surgery with a peroperative protocol of asepsis and a short prophylactic course of Penicillin and Streptomycin, a preoperative and postoperative bacteriological study, were treated by computer. The postoperative temperature chart showed a progressively decreasing pyrexia in the first 8 days after cardiopulmonary bypass. The nature of the operation, the bypass time, the quantity of blood used during operation and the blood loss were statistically significant factors. Patients with a clinical infection had significantly higher temperatures from the first on. 8,9% of patients had a febrile reaction which continued after the 10th day after cardiopulmonary bypass. The cause was not always apparent but the appearance of their temperature graphs was distinguishable after the first week. Analysis of the systematic bacterial specimens showed bacterial contamination of nearly 10% of drains, 10% of blood cultures, over 15% of intravenous infusion catheters and 70% of urinary catheters. The significance of these results is discussed. The normal appearance of the temperature chart after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in the absence of clinical complications and bacterial contamination has been established.", "contents": "[Factor analysis fever in the early postoperative period following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in adults. Correlation with bacteriological data. Statistical study of 518 case histories by computer]. The results of a continuous series of 518 adults undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, operated on by the same surgeon, comprising valvular replacement and aorto-coronary bypass surgery with a peroperative protocol of asepsis and a short prophylactic course of Penicillin and Streptomycin, a preoperative and postoperative bacteriological study, were treated by computer. The postoperative temperature chart showed a progressively decreasing pyrexia in the first 8 days after cardiopulmonary bypass. The nature of the operation, the bypass time, the quantity of blood used during operation and the blood loss were statistically significant factors. Patients with a clinical infection had significantly higher temperatures from the first on. 8,9% of patients had a febrile reaction which continued after the 10th day after cardiopulmonary bypass. The cause was not always apparent but the appearance of their temperature graphs was distinguishable after the first week. Analysis of the systematic bacterial specimens showed bacterial contamination of nearly 10% of drains, 10% of blood cultures, over 15% of intravenous infusion catheters and 70% of urinary catheters. The significance of these results is discussed. The normal appearance of the temperature chart after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in the absence of clinical complications and bacterial contamination has been established.", "PMID": 121525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14677", "title": "[Traumatic myocardial infarct].", "content": "Two cases of traumatic, closed chest, myocardial infarction in two young patients, aged 18 and 19 years respectively, are reported. They illustrate the two possible physiopathological mechanisms of this affection: in the first case, myocardial contusion after thoraco-abdominal trauma by crushing, probably complicated by a subendocardial tear of the inferior wall of the left ventricle, with a spontaneous favourable outcome; in the second case, a transmural myocardial infarction was observed secondary to a coronary lesion (? tearing of the adventitia of the left anterior descending artery) complicated by the early development of a large antero-apical aneurysm. Haemodynamic and arrhythmic complications necessitated infarctectomy and aorto coronary bypass surgery on the 35th day. The pathological lesions and their outcome are examined with respect to these two cases. The diagnostic, therapeutic and medieolegal problems associated with this condition are also discussed.", "contents": "[Traumatic myocardial infarct]. Two cases of traumatic, closed chest, myocardial infarction in two young patients, aged 18 and 19 years respectively, are reported. They illustrate the two possible physiopathological mechanisms of this affection: in the first case, myocardial contusion after thoraco-abdominal trauma by crushing, probably complicated by a subendocardial tear of the inferior wall of the left ventricle, with a spontaneous favourable outcome; in the second case, a transmural myocardial infarction was observed secondary to a coronary lesion (? tearing of the adventitia of the left anterior descending artery) complicated by the early development of a large antero-apical aneurysm. Haemodynamic and arrhythmic complications necessitated infarctectomy and aorto coronary bypass surgery on the 35th day. The pathological lesions and their outcome are examined with respect to these two cases. The diagnostic, therapeutic and medieolegal problems associated with this condition are also discussed.", "PMID": 121526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14678", "title": "[Effects on the systemic and coronary circulation of 2 nitrate derivatives, intravenous trinitrin and sublingual isosorbide dinitrate, administered during atrial pacing].", "content": "The changes in the systemic and coronary circulations produced by intravenous trinitrin 0.38 +/- 0.125 mg/hour and sublingual isosorbide dinitrate 5 mg were studied in 24 patients with coronary artery disease. When given during rapid atrial pacing both drugs decreased pulmonary capillary pressures (p less than 0.001), cardiac and coronary output (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01) and myocardial oxygen consumption (p less than 0.01). At these dosages, intravenous trinitrin has no significant effect on average systemic blood pressure or left ventricular work index; the coronary arterial resistances increased (p less than 0.005). Isosorbide dinitrate significantly decreased average systemic blood pressure and the left ventricular work index (p less than 0.001); there was no significant difference in the coronary arterial resistances; the decrease in coronary blood flow observed after sublingual isosorbide dinitrate seems partly due to a decreased perfusion pressure. The beneficial effect of these nitrite derivatives seems to be mainly related to a reduced preload.", "contents": "[Effects on the systemic and coronary circulation of 2 nitrate derivatives, intravenous trinitrin and sublingual isosorbide dinitrate, administered during atrial pacing]. The changes in the systemic and coronary circulations produced by intravenous trinitrin 0.38 +/- 0.125 mg/hour and sublingual isosorbide dinitrate 5 mg were studied in 24 patients with coronary artery disease. When given during rapid atrial pacing both drugs decreased pulmonary capillary pressures (p less than 0.001), cardiac and coronary output (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01) and myocardial oxygen consumption (p less than 0.01). At these dosages, intravenous trinitrin has no significant effect on average systemic blood pressure or left ventricular work index; the coronary arterial resistances increased (p less than 0.005). Isosorbide dinitrate significantly decreased average systemic blood pressure and the left ventricular work index (p less than 0.001); there was no significant difference in the coronary arterial resistances; the decrease in coronary blood flow observed after sublingual isosorbide dinitrate seems partly due to a decreased perfusion pressure. The beneficial effect of these nitrite derivatives seems to be mainly related to a reduced preload.", "PMID": 121527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14679", "title": "[Systolic time intervals in essential hypertension. I. Study of untreated patients].", "content": "15 patients with Stage II (VHO Classification) hypertension were studied before treatment. The following systolic time intervals were measured: 1) total electromechanical systolic period (QS2); 2) left ventricular ejection time (LVET); 3) interval between the first and second sounds (S1 S2); 4) pre-ejection period (PEP); 5) interval between the start of QRS and the first sound (QS1); 6) isovolumetric contraction time (ICT); 7) PEP/LVET ratio. The values measured were compared to the theoretical values obtained by the Weissler regression methods, taking into consideration the sex of the patient and the heart rate. QS1 and the ICT were both a slightly longer than normal; the PEP was increased by 25.6% (26.8 ms), whilst the LVET was decreased by 7.9% (24.0 ms), both differences being significant; QS2 increased by 1.1% (to 4.9 ms) but this was not significant; the PEP/LVET ratio was 0.479 +/- 0.12. These results seem to characterise moderate systemic hypertension with a significant relation between the variations of PEP, LVET and PEP/LVET with the diastolic blood pressure; although they have no absolute value, these results may be used in a longitudinal study to follow the course of hypertension and to study the effects of treatment.", "contents": "[Systolic time intervals in essential hypertension. I. Study of untreated patients]. 15 patients with Stage II (VHO Classification) hypertension were studied before treatment. The following systolic time intervals were measured: 1) total electromechanical systolic period (QS2); 2) left ventricular ejection time (LVET); 3) interval between the first and second sounds (S1 S2); 4) pre-ejection period (PEP); 5) interval between the start of QRS and the first sound (QS1); 6) isovolumetric contraction time (ICT); 7) PEP/LVET ratio. The values measured were compared to the theoretical values obtained by the Weissler regression methods, taking into consideration the sex of the patient and the heart rate. QS1 and the ICT were both a slightly longer than normal; the PEP was increased by 25.6% (26.8 ms), whilst the LVET was decreased by 7.9% (24.0 ms), both differences being significant; QS2 increased by 1.1% (to 4.9 ms) but this was not significant; the PEP/LVET ratio was 0.479 +/- 0.12. These results seem to characterise moderate systemic hypertension with a significant relation between the variations of PEP, LVET and PEP/LVET with the diastolic blood pressure; although they have no absolute value, these results may be used in a longitudinal study to follow the course of hypertension and to study the effects of treatment.", "PMID": 121528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14680", "title": "[Systolic time intervals in essential hypertension. II. Variations produced by treatment with labetalol].", "content": "Characteristic changes in the systolic time intervals in Stage II (WHO Classification) hypertension have been demonstrated comprising an increase in the pre ejection period (PEP), a decrease in the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) both statistically significant, and an increase in the PEP/LVET ratio. We have studied the variations brought about by effective hypotensive therapy with an alpha and beta blocking agent (Labetalol) in 15 patients over a period of 90 days, with an average dosage of 420 mg/day in three divided doses. There was no significant variations in the PEP, but the LVET which had been reduced by 7.9% returned to within 2.8% of normal, with a reduction in the PEP/LVET ratio. The variations of these systolic indices (generally considered to be the most sensitive assessment of left ventricular function) seem to show that the hypotensive effect of labetalol is not related to a reduction in cardiac efficiency.", "contents": "[Systolic time intervals in essential hypertension. II. Variations produced by treatment with labetalol]. Characteristic changes in the systolic time intervals in Stage II (WHO Classification) hypertension have been demonstrated comprising an increase in the pre ejection period (PEP), a decrease in the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) both statistically significant, and an increase in the PEP/LVET ratio. We have studied the variations brought about by effective hypotensive therapy with an alpha and beta blocking agent (Labetalol) in 15 patients over a period of 90 days, with an average dosage of 420 mg/day in three divided doses. There was no significant variations in the PEP, but the LVET which had been reduced by 7.9% returned to within 2.8% of normal, with a reduction in the PEP/LVET ratio. The variations of these systolic indices (generally considered to be the most sensitive assessment of left ventricular function) seem to show that the hypotensive effect of labetalol is not related to a reduction in cardiac efficiency.", "PMID": 121529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14681", "title": "[Importance of sequential atrioventricular pacing in obstructive myocardiopathy with atrioventricular block].", "content": "A case of atrioventricular block (AVB) complicating hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is reported and analysed with respect to the results of cardiac catheterisation. The installation of 2nd degree AVB was associated with an increase of the intraventricular pressure gradient from 36 to 128 mmHg. This aggravation was related to the lenghtening of diastole which lowered the aortic diastolic pressure and allowed a more forceful ventricular contraction with a reduction in the calibre of the intraventricular stenosis. The sudden lenghtening of diastole also led to an increased contractility of the following systole. In complete AVB the increased gradient was related to a reduction in ventricular volume secondary to the loss of atrial systole. The 33 mmHg pressure gradient disappeared when spontaneous atrial systole or an atrial systole provoked by sequential atrioventricular pacing preceded ventricular contraction. Sequential atrioventricular pacing would seem to be the most appropriate pacing technique in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy complicated by complete AVB.", "contents": "[Importance of sequential atrioventricular pacing in obstructive myocardiopathy with atrioventricular block]. A case of atrioventricular block (AVB) complicating hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is reported and analysed with respect to the results of cardiac catheterisation. The installation of 2nd degree AVB was associated with an increase of the intraventricular pressure gradient from 36 to 128 mmHg. This aggravation was related to the lenghtening of diastole which lowered the aortic diastolic pressure and allowed a more forceful ventricular contraction with a reduction in the calibre of the intraventricular stenosis. The sudden lenghtening of diastole also led to an increased contractility of the following systole. In complete AVB the increased gradient was related to a reduction in ventricular volume secondary to the loss of atrial systole. The 33 mmHg pressure gradient disappeared when spontaneous atrial systole or an atrial systole provoked by sequential atrioventricular pacing preceded ventricular contraction. Sequential atrioventricular pacing would seem to be the most appropriate pacing technique in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy complicated by complete AVB.", "PMID": 121530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14682", "title": "[Reentry tachycardia with complete atrioventricular dissociation probably connected with the right Maha\u00efm bundle].", "content": "A case of reentrant tachycardia with narrow and wide ventricular complexes without appearances of preexcitation is reported. Electrophysiological investigation showed complete retrograde atrioventricular block during tachycardia; left bundle branch block did not show the tachycardia rate. The reentry loop probably comprised: the His bundle, the right bundle branch, a right Maha\u00efm bundle and possibly a myocardial bridge. Possible intra-hisian reentry is discussed. The initiation of the tachycardia is analysed together with the possible consequences of permanent cardiac pacing.", "contents": "[Reentry tachycardia with complete atrioventricular dissociation probably connected with the right Maha\u00efm bundle]. A case of reentrant tachycardia with narrow and wide ventricular complexes without appearances of preexcitation is reported. Electrophysiological investigation showed complete retrograde atrioventricular block during tachycardia; left bundle branch block did not show the tachycardia rate. The reentry loop probably comprised: the His bundle, the right bundle branch, a right Maha\u00efm bundle and possibly a myocardial bridge. Possible intra-hisian reentry is discussed. The initiation of the tachycardia is analysed together with the possible consequences of permanent cardiac pacing.", "PMID": 121531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14683", "title": "[Acute myocarditis simulating myocardial infarct with regressive heart failure].", "content": "Two patients were hospitalised with severe heart failure and hypotension thought initially to be due to acute anterior myocardial infarction because of very suggestive electrocardiographic appearances. Heart failure rapidly regressed in both cases. The young age of these two patients, the pyrexia, rapid and total regression of the ECG appearances, the absence of atheromatous lesions at coronary angiography and clinical cure with a follow-up of 10 years in one of the cases, were factors in favour of the diagnosis of acute myocarditis.", "contents": "[Acute myocarditis simulating myocardial infarct with regressive heart failure]. Two patients were hospitalised with severe heart failure and hypotension thought initially to be due to acute anterior myocardial infarction because of very suggestive electrocardiographic appearances. Heart failure rapidly regressed in both cases. The young age of these two patients, the pyrexia, rapid and total regression of the ECG appearances, the absence of atheromatous lesions at coronary angiography and clinical cure with a follow-up of 10 years in one of the cases, were factors in favour of the diagnosis of acute myocarditis.", "PMID": 121532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14684", "title": "[Traumatic rupture of the aortic valve. Echocardiographic aspects. Apropos of a case].", "content": "The appearance of a diastolic murmur in a pyrexial patient 15 days after trauma was suggestive of infectious endocarditis. This diagnosis was excluded, especially by echocardiography, and the aortic incompetence was attributed to the trauma. The value of echocardiography and the features of other reported cases are discussed with referrence to this case.", "contents": "[Traumatic rupture of the aortic valve. Echocardiographic aspects. Apropos of a case]. The appearance of a diastolic murmur in a pyrexial patient 15 days after trauma was suggestive of infectious endocarditis. This diagnosis was excluded, especially by echocardiography, and the aortic incompetence was attributed to the trauma. The value of echocardiography and the features of other reported cases are discussed with referrence to this case.", "PMID": 121533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14685", "title": "Lysozyme in the serum, urine and peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with immunocytoma.", "content": "Lysozyme activity was determined in the serum, urine and leukocytes of 53 patients with immunocytoma and 24 patients with lymphoproliferative syndromes without associated monoclonal gammapathy. In patients with multiple myeloma the frequency of low serum lysozyme activity and high leukocyte lysozyme activity was higher. In the cases with renal failure, lysozyme activity was raised in serum and urine, and the 24-hour urinary lysozyme excretion was increased. In 7 patients with increased urinary lysozyme excretion no clinical or laboratory evidence of renal complications was found. Relative monocytosis in peripheral blood was observed in half of the cases of multiple myeloma, and in these patients also in about half of the cases the lysozyme activity was raised in the leukocytes and urine, and the 24-hour urinary lysozyme excretion was increased. In patients with Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma and chronic lymphatic leukemia the frequency of low serum lysozyme activity was increased.", "contents": "Lysozyme in the serum, urine and peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with immunocytoma. Lysozyme activity was determined in the serum, urine and leukocytes of 53 patients with immunocytoma and 24 patients with lymphoproliferative syndromes without associated monoclonal gammapathy. In patients with multiple myeloma the frequency of low serum lysozyme activity and high leukocyte lysozyme activity was higher. In the cases with renal failure, lysozyme activity was raised in serum and urine, and the 24-hour urinary lysozyme excretion was increased. In 7 patients with increased urinary lysozyme excretion no clinical or laboratory evidence of renal complications was found. Relative monocytosis in peripheral blood was observed in half of the cases of multiple myeloma, and in these patients also in about half of the cases the lysozyme activity was raised in the leukocytes and urine, and the 24-hour urinary lysozyme excretion was increased. In patients with Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma and chronic lymphatic leukemia the frequency of low serum lysozyme activity was increased.", "PMID": 121534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14686", "title": "Uptake of asialo-glycophorin by the perfused rat liver and isolated hepatocytes.", "content": "Perfused rat livers took up asialo-glycophorin, a glycoprotein derived from human erythrocyte membranes, with a t1/2 for clearance of 7 min. As a comparison, asialo-orosomucoid was taken up by this system with a t1/2 of 3.5 min. Both proiteins were digested and their 125I labels were released to the perfusate as free 125I-. EGTA completely inhibited uptake of these glycoproteins, but not uptake of denatured bovine serum albumin. Addition of Ca2+ reversed the inhibition nearly completely. Isolated hepatocytes had an uptake rate of approximately 3 ng/min per 10(6) cells for the asialo forms of glycophorin, orosomucoid and fetuin. Cellular uptake of each of these asialoglycoproteins could be inhibited by one of the other proteins. Asialo-fetuin caused a 95% inhibition of the uptake rate of asialo-orosomucoid by the perfused liver. This fetal calf glycoprotein had a similar inhibitory effect on asialo-glycophorin, but only after an initial 40% of the asialo-glycophorin had been taken up by the liver at an almost normal rate during the first 30 min of perfsuion. The possibility of an alternative hepatic removal system for asialo-glycophorin is suggested.", "contents": "Uptake of asialo-glycophorin by the perfused rat liver and isolated hepatocytes. Perfused rat livers took up asialo-glycophorin, a glycoprotein derived from human erythrocyte membranes, with a t1/2 for clearance of 7 min. As a comparison, asialo-orosomucoid was taken up by this system with a t1/2 of 3.5 min. Both proiteins were digested and their 125I labels were released to the perfusate as free 125I-. EGTA completely inhibited uptake of these glycoproteins, but not uptake of denatured bovine serum albumin. Addition of Ca2+ reversed the inhibition nearly completely. Isolated hepatocytes had an uptake rate of approximately 3 ng/min per 10(6) cells for the asialo forms of glycophorin, orosomucoid and fetuin. Cellular uptake of each of these asialoglycoproteins could be inhibited by one of the other proteins. Asialo-fetuin caused a 95% inhibition of the uptake rate of asialo-orosomucoid by the perfused liver. This fetal calf glycoprotein had a similar inhibitory effect on asialo-glycophorin, but only after an initial 40% of the asialo-glycophorin had been taken up by the liver at an almost normal rate during the first 30 min of perfsuion. The possibility of an alternative hepatic removal system for asialo-glycophorin is suggested.", "PMID": 121540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14687", "title": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains].", "content": "By means of MBC and MIC determinations, the sensitivity tests of some pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas aeuruginosa were determined. Moreover it has been found production of H2S and higher amounts of piocianyne in resistant strains compared with sensible ones.", "contents": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains]. By means of MBC and MIC determinations, the sensitivity tests of some pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas aeuruginosa were determined. Moreover it has been found production of H2S and higher amounts of piocianyne in resistant strains compared with sensible ones.", "PMID": 121537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14688", "title": "Regulation of the formation and activity of enzymes in microbial populations of the soil.", "content": "The regulatory mechanism in microbial populations of the soil enriched with various organic substances was studied. Factors were detected that control the formation of catabolic enzymes, as were the mechanisms regulating their activity. The type of the observed regulatory mechanism depends on the nature of the added energy source and on the composition and properties of the microbial biocoenosis. The possible role of regulatory mechanisms in the development and activity of microbial associations in the soil is discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of the formation and activity of enzymes in microbial populations of the soil. The regulatory mechanism in microbial populations of the soil enriched with various organic substances was studied. Factors were detected that control the formation of catabolic enzymes, as were the mechanisms regulating their activity. The type of the observed regulatory mechanism depends on the nature of the added energy source and on the composition and properties of the microbial biocoenosis. The possible role of regulatory mechanisms in the development and activity of microbial associations in the soil is discussed.", "PMID": 121541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14689", "title": "Structure of the surface of spores and morphological-physiological properties of individual strains of Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "The structure of the surface of spores of 10 strains of Bacillus megaterium was investigated by the method of carbon replicas. They were separated into three groups according to the peculiarities of the structural organization of the surface of the spores. The combination of other morphological and physiological-biochemical characteristics of these strains was characteristic of the species Bac. megaterium. Strains with differences in the structure of the spore surface also showed similarities in other peculiarities of carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism studied in the work, as well as in the primary structure of DNA. The date obtained lead to the conclusion that structural differences in the surface of the spores cannot be considered a sufficient basis for isolating the bacteria studied into separate taxonomic groups.", "contents": "Structure of the surface of spores and morphological-physiological properties of individual strains of Bacillus megaterium. The structure of the surface of spores of 10 strains of Bacillus megaterium was investigated by the method of carbon replicas. They were separated into three groups according to the peculiarities of the structural organization of the surface of the spores. The combination of other morphological and physiological-biochemical characteristics of these strains was characteristic of the species Bac. megaterium. Strains with differences in the structure of the spore surface also showed similarities in other peculiarities of carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism studied in the work, as well as in the primary structure of DNA. The date obtained lead to the conclusion that structural differences in the surface of the spores cannot be considered a sufficient basis for isolating the bacteria studied into separate taxonomic groups.", "PMID": 121542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14690", "title": "Kinetic approach to the study of primary production in the ocean.", "content": "Theoretical arguments for and experimental verification of the kinetic approach to the study of primary production in the ocean are described. According to some kinetic models the increase in pure primary production in the ocean is proportional not to time, but approximately to the square root of time. Calculation of the pure primary production of the Pacific Ocean, according to data in the literature, allowing for kinetic correction, gives a value of the order of 7 x 10(9)-10 x 10(9) tons CO2 per annum, equivalent to about 10% of the global pure primary production in the present-day biosphere, calculated from seasonal fluctuations in CO2 in the atmosphere. The existence of polycircadian cycles of function of oceanic phytoplankton is demonstrated.", "contents": "Kinetic approach to the study of primary production in the ocean. Theoretical arguments for and experimental verification of the kinetic approach to the study of primary production in the ocean are described. According to some kinetic models the increase in pure primary production in the ocean is proportional not to time, but approximately to the square root of time. Calculation of the pure primary production of the Pacific Ocean, according to data in the literature, allowing for kinetic correction, gives a value of the order of 7 x 10(9)-10 x 10(9) tons CO2 per annum, equivalent to about 10% of the global pure primary production in the present-day biosphere, calculated from seasonal fluctuations in CO2 in the atmosphere. The existence of polycircadian cycles of function of oceanic phytoplankton is demonstrated.", "PMID": 121543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14691", "title": "Differentiation of genera of the coryneform bacteria.", "content": "A scheme of the generic structure of the group of coryneform bacteria, including the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Cellulomonas, Corynebacterium, and Rhodococcus, is suggested. Morphological, chemotaxonomic (presence and stereochemical form of diaminopimelic acid, lipid A, and L-arabinose), and physiological features were used as diagnostic criteria. The position of Microbacterum and Mycococcus and of coryneforms with a nocardial wall but giving a positive Hugh-Leifson anaerobic test, and also of Arthrobacter pascens, which may be identical with Mycoplana sp., remains uncertain.", "contents": "Differentiation of genera of the coryneform bacteria. A scheme of the generic structure of the group of coryneform bacteria, including the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Cellulomonas, Corynebacterium, and Rhodococcus, is suggested. Morphological, chemotaxonomic (presence and stereochemical form of diaminopimelic acid, lipid A, and L-arabinose), and physiological features were used as diagnostic criteria. The position of Microbacterum and Mycococcus and of coryneforms with a nocardial wall but giving a positive Hugh-Leifson anaerobic test, and also of Arthrobacter pascens, which may be identical with Mycoplana sp., remains uncertain.", "PMID": 121544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14692", "title": "Ultrastructure of melanocytes and premelanosomes in the human epidermis during melanogenesis.", "content": "Two types of melanocytes differing in their ultrastructural organization--active and \"spent,\" or reserve--are present in the adult human epidermis. In active melanocytes, intensive melanogenesis takes place, and six stages of melanosomes development can be distinguished in them. The \"spent\" melanocytes do not contain premelanosomes, and the presence of glycogen inside and around them is evidently indicative of a phase preceding restoration of their function.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of melanocytes and premelanosomes in the human epidermis during melanogenesis. Two types of melanocytes differing in their ultrastructural organization--active and \"spent,\" or reserve--are present in the adult human epidermis. In active melanocytes, intensive melanogenesis takes place, and six stages of melanosomes development can be distinguished in them. The \"spent\" melanocytes do not contain premelanosomes, and the presence of glycogen inside and around them is evidently indicative of a phase preceding restoration of their function.", "PMID": 121546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14693", "title": "Phycobilisomes from the blue-green algae Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Anabaena variabilis.", "content": "Phycobilisomes (PBS) were isolated from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Anabaena variabilis. The absorption spectra and second derivative of the absorption spectra of isolated PBS indicate the presence of phycoerythrocyanin, and allophycocyanin. The fluorescence spectra of PBS were measured at room temperature and -196 degrees C. Undamaged PBS have the principal fluorescence maximum in the region of 660 nm at room temperature and in the region of 685-690 nm at -196 degrees. When the PBS were heated from ) to 60 degrees the fluorescence at 685-690 nm disappeared and it increased in the region of 650-660 nm. This is apparently due to disruption of the structure of PBS, which results in a disturbance in the migration of energy along the chain phycoerythrocyanin leads to phycocyanin leads to allophycocyanin.", "contents": "Phycobilisomes from the blue-green algae Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Anabaena variabilis. Phycobilisomes (PBS) were isolated from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Anabaena variabilis. The absorption spectra and second derivative of the absorption spectra of isolated PBS indicate the presence of phycoerythrocyanin, and allophycocyanin. The fluorescence spectra of PBS were measured at room temperature and -196 degrees C. Undamaged PBS have the principal fluorescence maximum in the region of 660 nm at room temperature and in the region of 685-690 nm at -196 degrees. When the PBS were heated from ) to 60 degrees the fluorescence at 685-690 nm disappeared and it increased in the region of 650-660 nm. This is apparently due to disruption of the structure of PBS, which results in a disturbance in the migration of energy along the chain phycoerythrocyanin leads to phycocyanin leads to allophycocyanin.", "PMID": 121545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14694", "title": "Variability in the enzyme properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 2x oxidizing p-xylene.", "content": "A culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2x was observed for its spontaneous variability for growth on p-xylene and the intermediate products of its metabolism. The highest variability was found for ability to grow on p-xylene and pyrocatechol, and a variability an order of magnitude lower was found for ability to grow on protocatechuate and p-toluate. No variability was found for the character \"ability to grow on p-hydroxybenzoate.\" The activity of the key enzymes for the oxidation of p-xylene was studied in p-xylene-negative strains. The difference between the p-xylene-positive wild type strain and the spontaneous p-xylene-negative strains was found to be linked to changes in the regulatory mechanisms for several enzymes: p-xylene methylhydroxylase and the enzymes involved in the breakdown of the aromatic ring. In addition, the appearance of p-xylene-negative strains was linked with a significant fall in the specific activity of all enzymes, except pyrocatechuase, which was replaced by metapyrocatechuase on a number of substrates.", "contents": "Variability in the enzyme properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 2x oxidizing p-xylene. A culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2x was observed for its spontaneous variability for growth on p-xylene and the intermediate products of its metabolism. The highest variability was found for ability to grow on p-xylene and pyrocatechol, and a variability an order of magnitude lower was found for ability to grow on protocatechuate and p-toluate. No variability was found for the character \"ability to grow on p-hydroxybenzoate.\" The activity of the key enzymes for the oxidation of p-xylene was studied in p-xylene-negative strains. The difference between the p-xylene-positive wild type strain and the spontaneous p-xylene-negative strains was found to be linked to changes in the regulatory mechanisms for several enzymes: p-xylene methylhydroxylase and the enzymes involved in the breakdown of the aromatic ring. In addition, the appearance of p-xylene-negative strains was linked with a significant fall in the specific activity of all enzymes, except pyrocatechuase, which was replaced by metapyrocatechuase on a number of substrates.", "PMID": 121547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14695", "title": "Reaction of freshwater phyto- and zooplankton to pesticides.", "content": "The reaction of plankton to the toxic effect of pesticides is considered at four levels: the cell, the organism, the population, and the biocenosis. The basis for the methodological approach to evaluation of response at the cell level was the principle of phase reactions. Depending on concentration, the pesticides may either suppress or stimulate the plankton organisms. Temperature may be decisive intoxic effects (pesticides are effective in a range of 15 to 25 degrees C). Most pesticides having algacidal activity are effective in a range of concentrations of 1-10 mg/liter. Phytoplankton as a whole has a high buffer capacity with respect to pesticides. Changes in ratios of basic components of phytoplankton effected by pesticides most often lead to a change of the dominant. Analogical changes are characteristic also for zooplankton; pesticides lead to the elimination of water fleas from its composition. The stimulating effect of a low concentration of pesticides, changes in the functional activity of the components of bacterial plankton, and changes coupled with this in biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen and phosphorous as well as elimination of water fleas from the plankton promotes the development of \"secondary\" eutrophication, that is, an increase in the biomass of the phytoplankton.", "contents": "Reaction of freshwater phyto- and zooplankton to pesticides. The reaction of plankton to the toxic effect of pesticides is considered at four levels: the cell, the organism, the population, and the biocenosis. The basis for the methodological approach to evaluation of response at the cell level was the principle of phase reactions. Depending on concentration, the pesticides may either suppress or stimulate the plankton organisms. Temperature may be decisive intoxic effects (pesticides are effective in a range of 15 to 25 degrees C). Most pesticides having algacidal activity are effective in a range of concentrations of 1-10 mg/liter. Phytoplankton as a whole has a high buffer capacity with respect to pesticides. Changes in ratios of basic components of phytoplankton effected by pesticides most often lead to a change of the dominant. Analogical changes are characteristic also for zooplankton; pesticides lead to the elimination of water fleas from its composition. The stimulating effect of a low concentration of pesticides, changes in the functional activity of the components of bacterial plankton, and changes coupled with this in biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen and phosphorous as well as elimination of water fleas from the plankton promotes the development of \"secondary\" eutrophication, that is, an increase in the biomass of the phytoplankton.", "PMID": 121548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14696", "title": "The effects of sodium arsenate on the free amino acid levels in erythrocytes and plasma in rats.", "content": "The effects of arsenate on the levels of free amino acids in rat plasma and red blood cells have been investigated. The biggest changes occur in the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine and leucine which are markedly decreased. The levels of several other amino-acids also change. The effects on the amino acids are not due to a change in the food intake caused by dosing with arsenate. This has been shown by comparing the results with those on fasting rats (40 h). Branched-chain amino acids in particular are markedly increased in plasma of fasting rats as opposed to a decrease in arsenate-treated rats.", "contents": "The effects of sodium arsenate on the free amino acid levels in erythrocytes and plasma in rats. The effects of arsenate on the levels of free amino acids in rat plasma and red blood cells have been investigated. The biggest changes occur in the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine and leucine which are markedly decreased. The levels of several other amino-acids also change. The effects on the amino acids are not due to a change in the food intake caused by dosing with arsenate. This has been shown by comparing the results with those on fasting rats (40 h). Branched-chain amino acids in particular are markedly increased in plasma of fasting rats as opposed to a decrease in arsenate-treated rats.", "PMID": 121555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14697", "title": "Interaction of benzo[alpha]pyrene diol-epoxide with nuclei and isolated chromatin.", "content": "Chicken erythrocyte chromatin and nuclei were labeled with benzo[alpha]-pyrene (B[alpha]P) diol-epoxide (anti) and digested with micrococcal nuclease to mono- and dinucleosomes. Analysis of the distribution of the carcinogen showed that the internucleosomal region bound 3-4 times more carcinogen per unit DNA than did nucleosomes. The enhanced binding of the 'ultimate' carcinogen to the internucleosomal region was similar when isolated chromatin or nuclei were used for in vitro labeling. Furthermore, isolation of the histone core proteins, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, revealed that only 15% of the carcinogen was associated with the histones and that the majority of the carcinogen was bound to chromosomal DNA. Fluorography of purified nucleosomal histones showed that the covalent association of the carcinogen was mainly with histones H3 and H2B.", "contents": "Interaction of benzo[alpha]pyrene diol-epoxide with nuclei and isolated chromatin. Chicken erythrocyte chromatin and nuclei were labeled with benzo[alpha]-pyrene (B[alpha]P) diol-epoxide (anti) and digested with micrococcal nuclease to mono- and dinucleosomes. Analysis of the distribution of the carcinogen showed that the internucleosomal region bound 3-4 times more carcinogen per unit DNA than did nucleosomes. The enhanced binding of the 'ultimate' carcinogen to the internucleosomal region was similar when isolated chromatin or nuclei were used for in vitro labeling. Furthermore, isolation of the histone core proteins, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, revealed that only 15% of the carcinogen was associated with the histones and that the majority of the carcinogen was bound to chromosomal DNA. Fluorography of purified nucleosomal histones showed that the covalent association of the carcinogen was mainly with histones H3 and H2B.", "PMID": 121556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14698", "title": "Taurine in development and nutrition.", "content": "Taurine is an amino acid that is widely distributed in the fluids and tissues of man. In mammals, taurine is a major end-product of methionine metabolism. Taurine is found in most mammalian tissues but is only present in trace amounts in many plants. During fetal development of the brain in man and other mammals taurine is present in high concentrations and declines to lower, adult concentrations during neonatal life. However, during this time there is a net accumulation of taurine when the amount per brain rather than per gram of tissue is calculated. In man, taurine is apparently an essential nutrient, unlike in other animals which have a much greater capacity to synthesize this compound. The human infant, is particular, needs a dietary supply of taurine to synthesize the bile salt taurocholate. Thus, taurine appears to be an important component of the developing brain and must be supplied to man in the diet.", "contents": "Taurine in development and nutrition. Taurine is an amino acid that is widely distributed in the fluids and tissues of man. In mammals, taurine is a major end-product of methionine metabolism. Taurine is found in most mammalian tissues but is only present in trace amounts in many plants. During fetal development of the brain in man and other mammals taurine is present in high concentrations and declines to lower, adult concentrations during neonatal life. However, during this time there is a net accumulation of taurine when the amount per brain rather than per gram of tissue is calculated. In man, taurine is apparently an essential nutrient, unlike in other animals which have a much greater capacity to synthesize this compound. The human infant, is particular, needs a dietary supply of taurine to synthesize the bile salt taurocholate. Thus, taurine appears to be an important component of the developing brain and must be supplied to man in the diet.", "PMID": 121570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14699", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to the terpolymer L-glutamic acid 60-L-alanine 30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT). III. Restricted heterogeneity of the anti-GAT response from BALB/c responder mice.", "content": "The heterogeneity of the anti-GAT [terpolymer poly(Glu60, Ala30, Tyr10)] response of GAT responder mice has been analyzed. Purified anti-GAT antibodies from BALB/c mice belong only to the gamma 1 kappa subclass. The isoelectric focusing pattern obtained indicates that the anti-GAT antibodies are particularly basic and restricted. These results have been confirmed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; by this technique, we have shown that the gamma 1 chain and the corresponding kappa chain of anti-GAT antibodies are restricted. All the anti-GAT antibodies from 10 BALB/c mice bear the cross-reactive GAT idiotype previously defined (J. Th\u00e8ze and G. Somm\u00e9, Eur. J. Immunol. 1979, 9: 924). The present results indicate that the anti-GAT repertoire expressed in BALB/c mice is very limited.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to the terpolymer L-glutamic acid 60-L-alanine 30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT). III. Restricted heterogeneity of the anti-GAT response from BALB/c responder mice. The heterogeneity of the anti-GAT [terpolymer poly(Glu60, Ala30, Tyr10)] response of GAT responder mice has been analyzed. Purified anti-GAT antibodies from BALB/c mice belong only to the gamma 1 kappa subclass. The isoelectric focusing pattern obtained indicates that the anti-GAT antibodies are particularly basic and restricted. These results have been confirmed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; by this technique, we have shown that the gamma 1 chain and the corresponding kappa chain of anti-GAT antibodies are restricted. All the anti-GAT antibodies from 10 BALB/c mice bear the cross-reactive GAT idiotype previously defined (J. Th\u00e8ze and G. Somm\u00e9, Eur. J. Immunol. 1979, 9: 924). The present results indicate that the anti-GAT repertoire expressed in BALB/c mice is very limited.", "PMID": 121571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14700", "title": "Detection of proteolytic (C 3-cleaving) activity on mouse mastocytoma (P 815) cells and other mouse cell lines by formation of cell contact with C 3-carrying mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "Mouse mastocytoma cells (P 815) formed rosettes with normal mouse spleen lymphocytes which had been coated with uncleaved human C 3; this interaction was clearly dependent on the amount of C 3. Lymphocytes treated with C 3 b or buffer alone were ineffective. Formation of cell contact could be inhibited by the presence of protease inhibitors such as diisopropyl fluorophosphate, phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride and tosyllysyl chloromethyl ketone. Seve n out of 13 different cell lines behaved like P 815 cells. The results strongly suggested that a proteolytic activity on mouse tumor cells led to a cooperation with uncleaved C 3 on a carrier cell to connect these two cells. We interpreted these data in analogy to the complement-dependent bridge formation mechanism (M. P. Dierich and B. Landen, J. Exp. Med. 1977. 146: 1484): uncleaved C 3, attached to mouse spleen lymphocytes as carriers, becomes cleaved by enzymes associated with the tumor cells tested; by this cleavage, the labile binding site is released on C 3 (nascent C 3 b) and anchors the C 3-carrying cell to the protease-carrying cell; since this labile binding site is short-lived, this process can be induced by membrane-associated proteases only. The nature of the proteases and the biological implications of this process are as yet uncertain.", "contents": "Detection of proteolytic (C 3-cleaving) activity on mouse mastocytoma (P 815) cells and other mouse cell lines by formation of cell contact with C 3-carrying mouse lymphocytes. Mouse mastocytoma cells (P 815) formed rosettes with normal mouse spleen lymphocytes which had been coated with uncleaved human C 3; this interaction was clearly dependent on the amount of C 3. Lymphocytes treated with C 3 b or buffer alone were ineffective. Formation of cell contact could be inhibited by the presence of protease inhibitors such as diisopropyl fluorophosphate, phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride and tosyllysyl chloromethyl ketone. Seve n out of 13 different cell lines behaved like P 815 cells. The results strongly suggested that a proteolytic activity on mouse tumor cells led to a cooperation with uncleaved C 3 on a carrier cell to connect these two cells. We interpreted these data in analogy to the complement-dependent bridge formation mechanism (M. P. Dierich and B. Landen, J. Exp. Med. 1977. 146: 1484): uncleaved C 3, attached to mouse spleen lymphocytes as carriers, becomes cleaved by enzymes associated with the tumor cells tested; by this cleavage, the labile binding site is released on C 3 (nascent C 3 b) and anchors the C 3-carrying cell to the protease-carrying cell; since this labile binding site is short-lived, this process can be induced by membrane-associated proteases only. The nature of the proteases and the biological implications of this process are as yet uncertain.", "PMID": 121572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14701", "title": "Partial N-terminal amino acid sequence analyses and comparative tryptic peptide maps of murine Ia molecules encoded by the I-A subregion.", "content": "The partial N-terminal amino acid sequences and tryptic peptide maps of I-A subregion products from the H-2b, H-2d, H-2k and H-2s haplotypes demonstrate that haplotype-associated differences are present in both alpha and beta polypeptides. The genetic and evolutionary implications of these multiple amino acid substitutions and the homology relationships among Ia molecules from human, guinea pig and the I-E subregion of the mouse are discussed.", "contents": "Partial N-terminal amino acid sequence analyses and comparative tryptic peptide maps of murine Ia molecules encoded by the I-A subregion. The partial N-terminal amino acid sequences and tryptic peptide maps of I-A subregion products from the H-2b, H-2d, H-2k and H-2s haplotypes demonstrate that haplotype-associated differences are present in both alpha and beta polypeptides. The genetic and evolutionary implications of these multiple amino acid substitutions and the homology relationships among Ia molecules from human, guinea pig and the I-E subregion of the mouse are discussed.", "PMID": 121573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14702", "title": "[Alterations of ventricular repolarization at rest, in young asymptomatic subjects. Diagnostic and predictive value of non-invasive methods].", "content": "In 34 asymptomatic subjects, aged 16 to 39 years, with clearcut abnormalities of ventricular repolarization on resting electrocardiogram, a forced hyperventilation and maximal exercise test were performed. The stress test was repeated, using the same protocol, after sublingual administration of nitroglycerin (0.3 mg) and of i.v. injection of propranolol (0.1 mg/Kg). In 24 subjects an echocardiogram was recorded: a mitral valve prolapse was present in 6 cases, while in 11 cases minor abnormalities were found. The response to exercise test was positive in 50% of cases. After nitroglycerin the ischemic threshold increased in 7 subjects while it remained unchanged or even lowered in 10 cases. In subjects with a negative stress test nitroglycerin did not produce any important electrocardiographic variations both at rest and during exercise. After propranolol injection the repolarization abnormalities on resting electrocardiogram disappeared or decreased in 23 subjects. The drug increased the exercise tolerance in 4 cases; in other 12 subjects the electrocardiographic response to stress testing became normal. During the follow-up period coronary events occurred in 3 cases; in all of them nitroglycerin had induced an increase of ischemic threshold. Our study suggests that the evaluation of the exercise ischemic threshold after nitroglycerin can be useful in order to identify subjects at high coronary risk.", "contents": "[Alterations of ventricular repolarization at rest, in young asymptomatic subjects. Diagnostic and predictive value of non-invasive methods]. In 34 asymptomatic subjects, aged 16 to 39 years, with clearcut abnormalities of ventricular repolarization on resting electrocardiogram, a forced hyperventilation and maximal exercise test were performed. The stress test was repeated, using the same protocol, after sublingual administration of nitroglycerin (0.3 mg) and of i.v. injection of propranolol (0.1 mg/Kg). In 24 subjects an echocardiogram was recorded: a mitral valve prolapse was present in 6 cases, while in 11 cases minor abnormalities were found. The response to exercise test was positive in 50% of cases. After nitroglycerin the ischemic threshold increased in 7 subjects while it remained unchanged or even lowered in 10 cases. In subjects with a negative stress test nitroglycerin did not produce any important electrocardiographic variations both at rest and during exercise. After propranolol injection the repolarization abnormalities on resting electrocardiogram disappeared or decreased in 23 subjects. The drug increased the exercise tolerance in 4 cases; in other 12 subjects the electrocardiographic response to stress testing became normal. During the follow-up period coronary events occurred in 3 cases; in all of them nitroglycerin had induced an increase of ischemic threshold. Our study suggests that the evaluation of the exercise ischemic threshold after nitroglycerin can be useful in order to identify subjects at high coronary risk.", "PMID": 121574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14703", "title": "[Endocrinological aspect of galactorrhea and lactation in relation to the cytology of breast secretion].", "content": "The concentration of prolactin in the plasma and the cytologic smears of the mammary extraction were analysed in 67 patients with galactorrhea. In 38 patients galactorrhea was couple with amenorrhea. Out of 67 patients with galactorrhea, 32 had hyperprolactinemia (68.6 +/- 14.4 ng/ml) along with low estrogen (14.6 +/- 3.8 ug/24 hours) and aonadotropin (FSH 6.2 +/- 2.0, LH 8.5 +/- 2.6 mIU/ml) values. In 48 out of 67 patients galactorrhea seceded under the therapy of Parlodel (bromocriptine). Out of 13 patients waiting pregnancy, 9 showed a restitution ofa the ovulatory cycle and 2 became pregnant. In the group of parturients it proved possible to suppress ablactation by estrogenic-and androgenic preparations (Ablacton) without a decrease in the prolactin concentration, while Parlodel brought about ablactation with a decrease of the prolactin concentration to normal values as early as 24 hours following the application of its first dose. In 6 patients with hyperprolactinemia and low estrogaen and gonatropin values an increase in the concentration of LH and FSH after 100 micrograms LH--RH i. m. was observed. In the cytologic smears of the mammary excretion there were no atypical or malignant cells.", "contents": "[Endocrinological aspect of galactorrhea and lactation in relation to the cytology of breast secretion]. The concentration of prolactin in the plasma and the cytologic smears of the mammary extraction were analysed in 67 patients with galactorrhea. In 38 patients galactorrhea was couple with amenorrhea. Out of 67 patients with galactorrhea, 32 had hyperprolactinemia (68.6 +/- 14.4 ng/ml) along with low estrogen (14.6 +/- 3.8 ug/24 hours) and aonadotropin (FSH 6.2 +/- 2.0, LH 8.5 +/- 2.6 mIU/ml) values. In 48 out of 67 patients galactorrhea seceded under the therapy of Parlodel (bromocriptine). Out of 13 patients waiting pregnancy, 9 showed a restitution ofa the ovulatory cycle and 2 became pregnant. In the group of parturients it proved possible to suppress ablactation by estrogenic-and androgenic preparations (Ablacton) without a decrease in the prolactin concentration, while Parlodel brought about ablactation with a decrease of the prolactin concentration to normal values as early as 24 hours following the application of its first dose. In 6 patients with hyperprolactinemia and low estrogaen and gonatropin values an increase in the concentration of LH and FSH after 100 micrograms LH--RH i. m. was observed. In the cytologic smears of the mammary excretion there were no atypical or malignant cells.", "PMID": 121592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14704", "title": "[Importance of determining gonadotropin levels in the serum in secondary amenorrhea].", "content": "On the basis of the results of the analysis of FSH, LH, and prolactin values in the serum of patients with secondary ammenorrhea, four groups of patients were formed: group 1 with low values of both gonadotropin hormones, group 2 with low FSH and high LH values, group 3 with high FSH and high LH values, and group 4 with the basdal gonadotropin values within normal. The use of functional tests proved helpful in the differentiation of the causes of amenorrhea. The use of the LH-RH test is of particular significance in the differentiation of the degree of changes in patients from group 1 and 4. To determine adequate therapy, the determination of estrogen in patients from group 1 and 3 is imperative. A successful treatment of secondary amenorrhea depends on its duration and a timely detection of its causes.", "contents": "[Importance of determining gonadotropin levels in the serum in secondary amenorrhea]. On the basis of the results of the analysis of FSH, LH, and prolactin values in the serum of patients with secondary ammenorrhea, four groups of patients were formed: group 1 with low values of both gonadotropin hormones, group 2 with low FSH and high LH values, group 3 with high FSH and high LH values, and group 4 with the basdal gonadotropin values within normal. The use of functional tests proved helpful in the differentiation of the causes of amenorrhea. The use of the LH-RH test is of particular significance in the differentiation of the degree of changes in patients from group 1 and 4. To determine adequate therapy, the determination of estrogen in patients from group 1 and 3 is imperative. A successful treatment of secondary amenorrhea depends on its duration and a timely detection of its causes.", "PMID": 121593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14705", "title": "[Ultrastructural aspects of juvenile xanthogranuloma].", "content": "An ultrastructural study of a juvenile xanthogranuloma is presented. Foamy histiocytes reveal several vacuoles of irregular profile containing a type of lipid which is not fixed by osmium tetraoxide. There are also myelin figures. Plasmatic membrane shows numerous digit-like foldings related to collagen fibers. Cytoplasm containing few organelles are restricted to a narrow band around the nucleus and delicate trasverse bandings among the vacuoles. Several intranuclear spheroidal corpuscles have been identified in the histiocytes. Genesis of these foamy histiocytes is discussed probably related to a metabolic derangement of an organelle but in no way related to phagocytosis of fragmented polymorphonuclear leukocytes or Lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural aspects of juvenile xanthogranuloma]. An ultrastructural study of a juvenile xanthogranuloma is presented. Foamy histiocytes reveal several vacuoles of irregular profile containing a type of lipid which is not fixed by osmium tetraoxide. There are also myelin figures. Plasmatic membrane shows numerous digit-like foldings related to collagen fibers. Cytoplasm containing few organelles are restricted to a narrow band around the nucleus and delicate trasverse bandings among the vacuoles. Several intranuclear spheroidal corpuscles have been identified in the histiocytes. Genesis of these foamy histiocytes is discussed probably related to a metabolic derangement of an organelle but in no way related to phagocytosis of fragmented polymorphonuclear leukocytes or Lymphocytes.", "PMID": 121594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14706", "title": "[Problems of alimentation in massive intestinal resections].", "content": "Before reviewing the consequences of extensive exeresis of the small intestine, the physiology of the entero-hepatic circulation of bile salts, the absorption of triglycerides and the varying sites of absorption of foodstuffs at intestinal level are discussed. It has been found that massive (i.e. at least 2/3) removal of the small intestine is incompatible with life owing to the onset of serious metabolic disturbances due to the increase in the speed of transit of foodstuffs from stomach to colon. Malabsorption of lipides causes steatorrhoea and is often associated with choleriform diarrhoea owing to the massive losses of water and electrolytes (Na, Cl, Ca, Mg). Some surgical techniques are illustrated and the local compensation mechanisms (anatomical adaptation of the intestinal mucosa, functional adaptation) designed to prolong transit time are described. Feeding must be parenteral for the first 2--3 months and oral during the alimentary adaptation phase.", "contents": "[Problems of alimentation in massive intestinal resections]. Before reviewing the consequences of extensive exeresis of the small intestine, the physiology of the entero-hepatic circulation of bile salts, the absorption of triglycerides and the varying sites of absorption of foodstuffs at intestinal level are discussed. It has been found that massive (i.e. at least 2/3) removal of the small intestine is incompatible with life owing to the onset of serious metabolic disturbances due to the increase in the speed of transit of foodstuffs from stomach to colon. Malabsorption of lipides causes steatorrhoea and is often associated with choleriform diarrhoea owing to the massive losses of water and electrolytes (Na, Cl, Ca, Mg). Some surgical techniques are illustrated and the local compensation mechanisms (anatomical adaptation of the intestinal mucosa, functional adaptation) designed to prolong transit time are described. Feeding must be parenteral for the first 2--3 months and oral during the alimentary adaptation phase.", "PMID": 121596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14707", "title": "Plasma levels of malondialdehyde, a product of cyclo-oxygenase-dependent and independent lipid peroxidation in rheumatoid arthritis: a correlation with disease activity.", "content": "Plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), indicating the sum of lipid peroxidation dependent and independent of cyclo-oxygenase activity, were measured in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. MDA levels were increased in those patients most severely diseased. Higher levels of MDA correlated with more active RA.", "contents": "Plasma levels of malondialdehyde, a product of cyclo-oxygenase-dependent and independent lipid peroxidation in rheumatoid arthritis: a correlation with disease activity. Plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), indicating the sum of lipid peroxidation dependent and independent of cyclo-oxygenase activity, were measured in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. MDA levels were increased in those patients most severely diseased. Higher levels of MDA correlated with more active RA.", "PMID": 121600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14708", "title": "Penicillin and essential fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia.", "content": "There is evidence of a prostaglandin deficiency in schizophrenia, possibly particularly of the 1 series. Treatment of neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenics with essential fatty acids and penicillin in an attempt to increase synthesis of 1 series prostaglandins had a therapeutic effect in six severely ill patients. Two detailed case histories are described.", "contents": "Penicillin and essential fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia. There is evidence of a prostaglandin deficiency in schizophrenia, possibly particularly of the 1 series. Treatment of neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenics with essential fatty acids and penicillin in an attempt to increase synthesis of 1 series prostaglandins had a therapeutic effect in six severely ill patients. Two detailed case histories are described.", "PMID": 121601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14709", "title": "The role of metabolism of chemicals with respect to carcinogenicity tests.", "content": "Precarcinogens can be activated to carcinogenic effective compounds--ultimate carcinogens--by mammalian enzymes in vivo. In in vitro short-term tests, estimating effects which correlate with carcinogenicity in vivo of a chemical, these enzymes are represented by liver postmitochondrial fractions (S9) added to the test system. For the characterization and standardization of these S9 preparations we estimated certain enzymes involved in activating process: benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, the N-demethylases of dimethylnitrosamine, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and for a comparison, ethylmorphine as well as the azoreductase with 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene as a substrate. In order to get preparations with high enzyme activities, the animals such as rats, mice, hamsters and rabbits were pretreated by inducers such as polychlorinated biphenyls, phenobarbital, and 3-methylcholanthrene. We have observed species-specific differences in basic enzymatic patterns and in the degree of enzyme activities after induction. So it is principally possible to find out, whether or not a distinct animal species or strain is capable of metabolizing certain precarcinogens. Our aim is to optimize the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans by including human enzyme preparation in short-term tests.", "contents": "The role of metabolism of chemicals with respect to carcinogenicity tests. Precarcinogens can be activated to carcinogenic effective compounds--ultimate carcinogens--by mammalian enzymes in vivo. In in vitro short-term tests, estimating effects which correlate with carcinogenicity in vivo of a chemical, these enzymes are represented by liver postmitochondrial fractions (S9) added to the test system. For the characterization and standardization of these S9 preparations we estimated certain enzymes involved in activating process: benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, the N-demethylases of dimethylnitrosamine, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and for a comparison, ethylmorphine as well as the azoreductase with 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene as a substrate. In order to get preparations with high enzyme activities, the animals such as rats, mice, hamsters and rabbits were pretreated by inducers such as polychlorinated biphenyls, phenobarbital, and 3-methylcholanthrene. We have observed species-specific differences in basic enzymatic patterns and in the degree of enzyme activities after induction. So it is principally possible to find out, whether or not a distinct animal species or strain is capable of metabolizing certain precarcinogens. Our aim is to optimize the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans by including human enzyme preparation in short-term tests.", "PMID": 121597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14710", "title": "Prostaglandin synthetase and prostaglandin E2 levels in human breast carcinoma.", "content": "Prostaglandin synthetase activity and tissue prostaglandin E2 levels were measured in 53 human breast carcinoma specimens. Each set of data is log-normally distributed. There is a weak but statistically significant correlation between prostaglandin synthetase activity and tissue prostaglandin E2 levels of individual specimens. In addition, in a series of four rat mammary tumors, a rough correlation between prostaglandin synthetase activity and tissue prostaglandin E2 levels was observed. The data suggest a multifactorial explanation for abnormalities of prostaglandin metabolism in human breast cancer.", "contents": "Prostaglandin synthetase and prostaglandin E2 levels in human breast carcinoma. Prostaglandin synthetase activity and tissue prostaglandin E2 levels were measured in 53 human breast carcinoma specimens. Each set of data is log-normally distributed. There is a weak but statistically significant correlation between prostaglandin synthetase activity and tissue prostaglandin E2 levels of individual specimens. In addition, in a series of four rat mammary tumors, a rough correlation between prostaglandin synthetase activity and tissue prostaglandin E2 levels was observed. The data suggest a multifactorial explanation for abnormalities of prostaglandin metabolism in human breast cancer.", "PMID": 121602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14711", "title": "Inhibition of ferrous iron induced oxidation of arachidonic acid by indomethacin.", "content": "The molecular mechanism by which indomethacin exerts its inhibitory effects on the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase enzyme is unknown. In the present study we have explored the possibility that indomethacin might interact with Fe++ in the enzyme to produce its inhibitory effect. For this study we made use of the recent discovery that Fe++ alone can oxidize arachidonic acid, and the interaction of this fatty acid with the metal can be detected by following reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) or by conversion of the Fe++ to Fe+++. Indomethacin markedly inhibited NBT reduction in the presence of arachidonic acid and Fe++ when the indomethacin had been preincubated with the Fe++. Indomethacin also inhibited the conversion of Fe++ to Fe+++ by arachidonic acid. Results obtained by varying the concentrations of indomethacin and arachidonic acid and measuring inhibition of the conversion of Fe++ to Fe+++ by the indomethacin are consistent with a one to one complex forming between indomethacin and Fe++. The complex between indomethacin and Fe++ separates on prolonged incubation of the complex with arachidonic acid. The nature of the binding is suggested by a molecular model. Our results suggest that indomethacin may act to inhibit the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase enzyme by complexing Fe++ in the enzyme. Ibuprofen and tolmetin, two other prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, also inhibit the interaction of Fe++ with arachidonic acid suggesting this may be a general mechanism for this type of drug.", "contents": "Inhibition of ferrous iron induced oxidation of arachidonic acid by indomethacin. The molecular mechanism by which indomethacin exerts its inhibitory effects on the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase enzyme is unknown. In the present study we have explored the possibility that indomethacin might interact with Fe++ in the enzyme to produce its inhibitory effect. For this study we made use of the recent discovery that Fe++ alone can oxidize arachidonic acid, and the interaction of this fatty acid with the metal can be detected by following reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) or by conversion of the Fe++ to Fe+++. Indomethacin markedly inhibited NBT reduction in the presence of arachidonic acid and Fe++ when the indomethacin had been preincubated with the Fe++. Indomethacin also inhibited the conversion of Fe++ to Fe+++ by arachidonic acid. Results obtained by varying the concentrations of indomethacin and arachidonic acid and measuring inhibition of the conversion of Fe++ to Fe+++ by the indomethacin are consistent with a one to one complex forming between indomethacin and Fe++. The complex between indomethacin and Fe++ separates on prolonged incubation of the complex with arachidonic acid. The nature of the binding is suggested by a molecular model. Our results suggest that indomethacin may act to inhibit the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase enzyme by complexing Fe++ in the enzyme. Ibuprofen and tolmetin, two other prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, also inhibit the interaction of Fe++ with arachidonic acid suggesting this may be a general mechanism for this type of drug.", "PMID": 121603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14712", "title": "Vitamin E inhibits the release of calcium from a platelet fraction in vitro.", "content": "Vitamin E, an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, was evaluated for its effects on platelet intracellular calcium flux. These studies used a platelet membrane fraction containing membranes of the dense tubular system which actively sequesters calcium in the presence of ATP and magnesium. After these membrane vesicles have accumulated calcium, the cation can be released by addition of the calcium ionophore A23187. Vitamin E had no effect on uptake of calcium by the membrane vesicles, but showed a concentration dependent inhibition of the release of calcium induced by A23187. In similar or slightly higher concentrations than inhibited calcium release, vitamin E also inhibited platelet aggregation, internal contraction and secretion, but had no effect on prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis and potentiated phospholipase A2 activity. It is suggested that vitamin E acts to inhibit platelet internal contraction and secretion by preventing efflux of calcium from the dense tubular system. The potentiation of phospholiplase A2 by vitamin E could be explained by a localized increase of calcium at the site of the phospholipase A2 on the inner side of the dense tubular system membrane proximal to the vitamin E block.", "contents": "Vitamin E inhibits the release of calcium from a platelet fraction in vitro. Vitamin E, an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, was evaluated for its effects on platelet intracellular calcium flux. These studies used a platelet membrane fraction containing membranes of the dense tubular system which actively sequesters calcium in the presence of ATP and magnesium. After these membrane vesicles have accumulated calcium, the cation can be released by addition of the calcium ionophore A23187. Vitamin E had no effect on uptake of calcium by the membrane vesicles, but showed a concentration dependent inhibition of the release of calcium induced by A23187. In similar or slightly higher concentrations than inhibited calcium release, vitamin E also inhibited platelet aggregation, internal contraction and secretion, but had no effect on prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis and potentiated phospholipase A2 activity. It is suggested that vitamin E acts to inhibit platelet internal contraction and secretion by preventing efflux of calcium from the dense tubular system. The potentiation of phospholiplase A2 by vitamin E could be explained by a localized increase of calcium at the site of the phospholipase A2 on the inner side of the dense tubular system membrane proximal to the vitamin E block.", "PMID": 121605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14713", "title": "Prostaglandin synthesis in homogenates of cultured neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Homogenates of 5 neuroblastoma cell lines found to produce prostaglandin products from exogenous [14C]arachidonate, with specific enzyme activities ranging from 60 to 365 pmol per min per mg protein. Under identical conditions a glial cell line was much less active. PGF2 alpha and PGE2 were the major products from neuroblastoma cells, with PGF2 alpha predominating in all cases. The prostaglandin synthesizing activity of neuroblastoma extracts was at least an order of magnitude higher than activities reported for endogenous prostaglandin synthesis in brain tissues. The pattern of products was similar to that achieved after incubation of a rat brain microsomal extract with [14C]arachidonate, although the enzyme activity of neuroblastoma was about 200-fold higher. The presence of a relatively high prostaglandin cyclooxygenate activity  in cultured neuroblastoma cells is of particular interest in that these cells may be useful model systems for studies of some aspects of neuronal prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Prostaglandin synthesis in homogenates of cultured neuroblastoma cells. Homogenates of 5 neuroblastoma cell lines found to produce prostaglandin products from exogenous [14C]arachidonate, with specific enzyme activities ranging from 60 to 365 pmol per min per mg protein. Under identical conditions a glial cell line was much less active. PGF2 alpha and PGE2 were the major products from neuroblastoma cells, with PGF2 alpha predominating in all cases. The prostaglandin synthesizing activity of neuroblastoma extracts was at least an order of magnitude higher than activities reported for endogenous prostaglandin synthesis in brain tissues. The pattern of products was similar to that achieved after incubation of a rat brain microsomal extract with [14C]arachidonate, although the enzyme activity of neuroblastoma was about 200-fold higher. The presence of a relatively high prostaglandin cyclooxygenate activity  in cultured neuroblastoma cells is of particular interest in that these cells may be useful model systems for studies of some aspects of neuronal prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 121606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14714", "title": "Ionic composition of small intestinal secretion induced by PGE2.", "content": "Small intestinal fluid secretion induced by oral prostaglandin E2 in fasted rats was analyzed for various ionic components. Rat intestinal fluid had elevated calcium and potassium as well as decreased sodium and chloride concentrations relative to plasma electrolytes. Either low dose prostaglandin (0.15 mg/kg) or 1 ml of intragastric mannitol (5%) induced accumulation in the small intestine of fluid that had elevated chloride and depressed calcium and sodium concentrations compared to vehicle-treated controls. Higher doses of prostaglandin (1.0 mg/kg) led to secretions with increased sodium and chloride concentrations with respect to mannitol-induced fluid. Electrolyte concentrations in fluid induced by low dose prostaglandin appear to be similar to those in fluid caused by osmotically-induced changes. Higher doses of prostaglandin E2 induce additional electrolyte alterations which may result from modified gut transport of water and ions.", "contents": "Ionic composition of small intestinal secretion induced by PGE2. Small intestinal fluid secretion induced by oral prostaglandin E2 in fasted rats was analyzed for various ionic components. Rat intestinal fluid had elevated calcium and potassium as well as decreased sodium and chloride concentrations relative to plasma electrolytes. Either low dose prostaglandin (0.15 mg/kg) or 1 ml of intragastric mannitol (5%) induced accumulation in the small intestine of fluid that had elevated chloride and depressed calcium and sodium concentrations compared to vehicle-treated controls. Higher doses of prostaglandin (1.0 mg/kg) led to secretions with increased sodium and chloride concentrations with respect to mannitol-induced fluid. Electrolyte concentrations in fluid induced by low dose prostaglandin appear to be similar to those in fluid caused by osmotically-induced changes. Higher doses of prostaglandin E2 induce additional electrolyte alterations which may result from modified gut transport of water and ions.", "PMID": 121607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14715", "title": "Reversible depression of electrically-induced contractions of guinea pig longitudinal muscle by a reversible inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase.", "content": "The pesticide chlordimeform (CDM) depressed the electrically-induced twitch responses of the guinea pig longitudinal muscle ED50 = 3 X 10(-5)M). Naloxone reversed twitch depression induced by morphine but not by CDM. Phentolamine reversed twitch depression induced by either norepinephrine or clonidine, but not by CDM. PGE2 completely reversed twitch depression induced by either CDM or indomethacin, but only partially reversed twitch depression induced by lidocaine. The actions of CDM best resemble those of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The reversibility of the CDM depression by washing indicates that the guinea pig ileal preparation is a convenient screen for distinguishing reversible from irreversible inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "contents": "Reversible depression of electrically-induced contractions of guinea pig longitudinal muscle by a reversible inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase. The pesticide chlordimeform (CDM) depressed the electrically-induced twitch responses of the guinea pig longitudinal muscle ED50 = 3 X 10(-5)M). Naloxone reversed twitch depression induced by morphine but not by CDM. Phentolamine reversed twitch depression induced by either norepinephrine or clonidine, but not by CDM. PGE2 completely reversed twitch depression induced by either CDM or indomethacin, but only partially reversed twitch depression induced by lidocaine. The actions of CDM best resemble those of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The reversibility of the CDM depression by washing indicates that the guinea pig ileal preparation is a convenient screen for distinguishing reversible from irreversible inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "PMID": 121609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14716", "title": "Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by eicosapentaenoic acid.", "content": "Eicosapentaenoic acid [20 : 5 (n-3)] is not oxidized by the purified cyclooxygenase from sheep vesicular glands in the conditions of low peroxide tone in which arachidonate [20 : 4 (n-6)] is rapidly oxygenated. When the level of peroxide in incubation mixtures is allowed to rise, there is a dramatic change in reactivity of the cyclooxygenase to react with 20 : 5 (n-3) at one-halt the rate and one-third the extent observed with 20 : 4 (n-6). Overall, the low peroxide levels expected in vivo would most probably cause the (n-3) type of fatty acid to be a general inhibitor of prostaglandin formation, through both reversible and irreversible actions at the enzyme site.", "contents": "Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by eicosapentaenoic acid. Eicosapentaenoic acid [20 : 5 (n-3)] is not oxidized by the purified cyclooxygenase from sheep vesicular glands in the conditions of low peroxide tone in which arachidonate [20 : 4 (n-6)] is rapidly oxygenated. When the level of peroxide in incubation mixtures is allowed to rise, there is a dramatic change in reactivity of the cyclooxygenase to react with 20 : 5 (n-3) at one-halt the rate and one-third the extent observed with 20 : 4 (n-6). Overall, the low peroxide levels expected in vivo would most probably cause the (n-3) type of fatty acid to be a general inhibitor of prostaglandin formation, through both reversible and irreversible actions at the enzyme site.", "PMID": 121610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14717", "title": "Arachidonic acid metabolism by cells in culture: analyses of culture fluids for cyclooxygenase products by radioimmunoassay before and after separation by high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Biosynthesis of PGI2, measured as 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, thromboxane A2, measured as thromboxine B2, and prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha and D2 by lymphocytes (WEHI-5), endothelial cells, normal human lung cells (WI-38), normal human fibroblasts (D-550), rat adult Type II alveolar cells (L-2) and canine kidney cells (MDCK) was measured by radioimmunoassay of culture fluids before and after their separation by high pressure liquid chromatography. The metabolic profiles and the levels of each metabolite obtained by both procedures were comparable. The profile of arachidonic biosynthesis was unique to each cell. Endothelial cells synthesized primarily prostacyclin; the lymphocytes synthesized principally thromboxane. The dog kidney cells synthesized relatively large amounts of prostaglandin F2 alpha, I2 and E2, while the normal human lung cells produced predominantly prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha, and thromboxane. The rat adult alveolar cell (L-2) and the normal human fibroblasts (D-550) biosynthesized primarily prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha.", "contents": "Arachidonic acid metabolism by cells in culture: analyses of culture fluids for cyclooxygenase products by radioimmunoassay before and after separation by high pressure liquid chromatography. Biosynthesis of PGI2, measured as 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, thromboxane A2, measured as thromboxine B2, and prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha and D2 by lymphocytes (WEHI-5), endothelial cells, normal human lung cells (WI-38), normal human fibroblasts (D-550), rat adult Type II alveolar cells (L-2) and canine kidney cells (MDCK) was measured by radioimmunoassay of culture fluids before and after their separation by high pressure liquid chromatography. The metabolic profiles and the levels of each metabolite obtained by both procedures were comparable. The profile of arachidonic biosynthesis was unique to each cell. Endothelial cells synthesized primarily prostacyclin; the lymphocytes synthesized principally thromboxane. The dog kidney cells synthesized relatively large amounts of prostaglandin F2 alpha, I2 and E2, while the normal human lung cells produced predominantly prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha, and thromboxane. The rat adult alveolar cell (L-2) and the normal human fibroblasts (D-550) biosynthesized primarily prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha.", "PMID": 121611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14718", "title": "Regulation of the in vivo immune response to an autologous red blood cell antigen (Hb) by prostaglandins.", "content": "Mice treated with inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetase showed an alteration in the number of spontaneous, anti-autologous erythrocyte antigen (Hb)-antibody-forming cells in the spleens. The number of anti-Hb plaque-forming cells and rosette-forming cells in the peritoneum of mice treated with inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis was regulated depending on a magniture of the response in the individual experiments. Depletion of T cells after the antithymocyte treatment of animals resulted in a significant diminution of the regulatory action of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor. The results indicate that prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of the in vivo anti-Hb autoimmune response mediating the regulatory cell action.", "contents": "Regulation of the in vivo immune response to an autologous red blood cell antigen (Hb) by prostaglandins. Mice treated with inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetase showed an alteration in the number of spontaneous, anti-autologous erythrocyte antigen (Hb)-antibody-forming cells in the spleens. The number of anti-Hb plaque-forming cells and rosette-forming cells in the peritoneum of mice treated with inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis was regulated depending on a magniture of the response in the individual experiments. Depletion of T cells after the antithymocyte treatment of animals resulted in a significant diminution of the regulatory action of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor. The results indicate that prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of the in vivo anti-Hb autoimmune response mediating the regulatory cell action.", "PMID": 121612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14719", "title": "Interference by sulfinpyrazone and salicylate of aspirin inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase activity.", "content": "The irreversible effect of acetylsalicylic acid on platelet cyclooxygenase activity is inhibited by salicylate and by sulfinpyrazone. Since acetylsalicylate is rapidly hydrolysed in plasma to salicylate which has a relatively prolonged half life in plasma, it is possible that persistant elevation of plasma salicylate may interfere with the efficacy of subsequent doses of aspirin. Sulfinpyrazone is sometimes used in combination with aspirin, and could interfere with the efficacy of aspirin on platelets. This theoretical possibility would be more likely to occur at lower doses of aspirin.", "contents": "Interference by sulfinpyrazone and salicylate of aspirin inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase activity. The irreversible effect of acetylsalicylic acid on platelet cyclooxygenase activity is inhibited by salicylate and by sulfinpyrazone. Since acetylsalicylate is rapidly hydrolysed in plasma to salicylate which has a relatively prolonged half life in plasma, it is possible that persistant elevation of plasma salicylate may interfere with the efficacy of subsequent doses of aspirin. Sulfinpyrazone is sometimes used in combination with aspirin, and could interfere with the efficacy of aspirin on platelets. This theoretical possibility would be more likely to occur at lower doses of aspirin.", "PMID": 121613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14720", "title": "Contribution of prostaglandins to the regulation of pulmonary vascular resistance in adult cats and dogs.", "content": "In order to determine the role of prostaglandins in the regulation of pulmonary vascular resistance, we investigated effects of prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase inhibition by indomethacin (2 mg/kg), meclofenamate (2 mg/kg), and aspirin (40 mg/kg) upon canine and feline pulmonary vasoconstriction caused by two stimuli: acute hypoxia (6% O2) and exogenous PGF2 alpha. Measurements were made utilizing an open chest, pump-perfused, in situ lung preparation. Cat pulmonary vasculatures were more responsive to hypoxia and PGF2 alpha than were dog's. In dogs, indomethacin, meclofenamate, and aspirin all increased pulmonary vascular resistance and augmented pulmonary vasoconstrictor responses to hypoxia and PGF2 alpha. Neither indomethacin, meclofenamate, nor aspirin affected baseline pulmonary vascular resistance of cats. Aspirin and indomethacin augmented pulmonary vasoconstriction in the cat. Meclofenamate was without effect. Further, although aspirin and indomethacin strongly inhibited pulmonary vascular pressor responses to exogenous arachidonic acid, meclofenamate decreased pulmonary responses to arachidonic acid very little. All three inhibitors nearly abolished systemic responses to arachidonic acid in the cat. Exogenous PGI2 infusion decreased pulmonary vascular resistance in the cat. Prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase activity produces a vasodilator influence, probably PGI2, in  the canine pulmonary vasculature that may be significant in protecting the animal from pulmonary hypertension and its consequences. The role of the prostaglandin system in the feline pulmonary vasculature appears to be qualitatively similar, but quantitatively less, than in the dog.", "contents": "Contribution of prostaglandins to the regulation of pulmonary vascular resistance in adult cats and dogs. In order to determine the role of prostaglandins in the regulation of pulmonary vascular resistance, we investigated effects of prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase inhibition by indomethacin (2 mg/kg), meclofenamate (2 mg/kg), and aspirin (40 mg/kg) upon canine and feline pulmonary vasoconstriction caused by two stimuli: acute hypoxia (6% O2) and exogenous PGF2 alpha. Measurements were made utilizing an open chest, pump-perfused, in situ lung preparation. Cat pulmonary vasculatures were more responsive to hypoxia and PGF2 alpha than were dog's. In dogs, indomethacin, meclofenamate, and aspirin all increased pulmonary vascular resistance and augmented pulmonary vasoconstrictor responses to hypoxia and PGF2 alpha. Neither indomethacin, meclofenamate, nor aspirin affected baseline pulmonary vascular resistance of cats. Aspirin and indomethacin augmented pulmonary vasoconstriction in the cat. Meclofenamate was without effect. Further, although aspirin and indomethacin strongly inhibited pulmonary vascular pressor responses to exogenous arachidonic acid, meclofenamate decreased pulmonary responses to arachidonic acid very little. All three inhibitors nearly abolished systemic responses to arachidonic acid in the cat. Exogenous PGI2 infusion decreased pulmonary vascular resistance in the cat. Prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase activity produces a vasodilator influence, probably PGI2, in  the canine pulmonary vasculature that may be significant in protecting the animal from pulmonary hypertension and its consequences. The role of the prostaglandin system in the feline pulmonary vasculature appears to be qualitatively similar, but quantitatively less, than in the dog.", "PMID": 121614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14721", "title": "Alterations in the enzyme profile in intensive care patients undergoing total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been demonstrated to be an effective therapeutic means in improving the clinical course of the critically ill patients. Various metabolic complications are described; the cause of some of these remain unclear. The changes in some plasma enzyme indices (GOT, GPT, GIDH, LDH, HBDH, CPK, ChE, AP, gamma-GT) in two groups of critically ill patients undergoing TPN (group with more marked enzyme alterations and group with less marked alteration) were examined. Two types of alterations were found: (1) early increase of some enzymes (GOT, GPT, GIDH); (2) constant increase of plasma enzyme level during TPN (AP, gamma GT). These two evolutionary patterns were more evident in the complicated group and the enzyme changes were statistically significant for GOT and GPT (P = 0.05) and not significant for initial values of G1DH, ap and gamma-GT. Both groups presented constant elevated plasma values of LDH, HBDH, CPK and depressed constant ChE value during treatment; the difference was not significant in both groups for the same enzymes. The data were interpreted from a functional point of view; that is they were related to both the metabolic post-aggressive state and TPN. A relationship between the rate of protein catabolism and the inductive increase of some enzymes (GOT, GPT, G1DH) was found. Whereas a final induction in the energy metabolism is suggested for other enzymes (LDH, HBDH), the alteration of CPK, AP, gamma-GT and ChE was interpreted as dependent on: (1) direct muscular trauma (CPK); (2) functional increase in relation to the duration of TPN (AP and gamma-GT); (3) possible depressed malnutritive synthesis (ChE). The improvement of the enzymatic patterns with the early use of TPN and with the improvement of clinical and nutritional conditions was emphasized.", "contents": "Alterations in the enzyme profile in intensive care patients undergoing total parenteral nutrition. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been demonstrated to be an effective therapeutic means in improving the clinical course of the critically ill patients. Various metabolic complications are described; the cause of some of these remain unclear. The changes in some plasma enzyme indices (GOT, GPT, GIDH, LDH, HBDH, CPK, ChE, AP, gamma-GT) in two groups of critically ill patients undergoing TPN (group with more marked enzyme alterations and group with less marked alteration) were examined. Two types of alterations were found: (1) early increase of some enzymes (GOT, GPT, GIDH); (2) constant increase of plasma enzyme level during TPN (AP, gamma GT). These two evolutionary patterns were more evident in the complicated group and the enzyme changes were statistically significant for GOT and GPT (P = 0.05) and not significant for initial values of G1DH, ap and gamma-GT. Both groups presented constant elevated plasma values of LDH, HBDH, CPK and depressed constant ChE value during treatment; the difference was not significant in both groups for the same enzymes. The data were interpreted from a functional point of view; that is they were related to both the metabolic post-aggressive state and TPN. A relationship between the rate of protein catabolism and the inductive increase of some enzymes (GOT, GPT, G1DH) was found. Whereas a final induction in the energy metabolism is suggested for other enzymes (LDH, HBDH), the alteration of CPK, AP, gamma-GT and ChE was interpreted as dependent on: (1) direct muscular trauma (CPK); (2) functional increase in relation to the duration of TPN (AP and gamma-GT); (3) possible depressed malnutritive synthesis (ChE). The improvement of the enzymatic patterns with the early use of TPN and with the improvement of clinical and nutritional conditions was emphasized.", "PMID": 121618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14722", "title": "[Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis caused by an intravenous catheter and successfully treated with amikacin].", "content": "A patient with complicated acute myocardial infarction in who coagulase-positive hemolytic staphylococci followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated in serial cultures of catheter and blood samplles is reported. The latter was only sensitive to amikacine sulfate and was resistant to other specific antibiotics which have been recently introduced in Cuba. This event evidences the hazard and resistance of the new generations as well as the mutations experienced by these microorganisms. Care to be taken when the patient needs emergency medical instrumentations as puncture s, catheterizations, etc., is emphasized. Assistential institutions must be always prepared in order to prevent or combat infections.", "contents": "[Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis caused by an intravenous catheter and successfully treated with amikacin]. A patient with complicated acute myocardial infarction in who coagulase-positive hemolytic staphylococci followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated in serial cultures of catheter and blood samplles is reported. The latter was only sensitive to amikacine sulfate and was resistant to other specific antibiotics which have been recently introduced in Cuba. This event evidences the hazard and resistance of the new generations as well as the mutations experienced by these microorganisms. Care to be taken when the patient needs emergency medical instrumentations as puncture s, catheterizations, etc., is emphasized. Assistential institutions must be always prepared in order to prevent or combat infections.", "PMID": 121616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14723", "title": "Cardiovascular changes during general anaesthesia: for dental surgery. A prospective study of five different anaesthetic techniques.", "content": "A prospective study of 79 fit young adults who underwent oral dental surgery was undertaken with five different anaesthetic techniques. Anaesthesia was commenced with methohexitone or flunitrazepam, muscle relaxants, and cuffed nasal intubation, and anaesthesia was maintained with 50% nitrous oxide, 50% oxygen, halothane or fentanyl with or without intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). Six of the 33 patients who received methohexitone and halothane developed dangerous dysrhythmias. Flunitrazepam, IPPV, adequate analgesia and anaesthesia provide maximum cardiovascular stability.", "contents": "Cardiovascular changes during general anaesthesia: for dental surgery. A prospective study of five different anaesthetic techniques. A prospective study of 79 fit young adults who underwent oral dental surgery was undertaken with five different anaesthetic techniques. Anaesthesia was commenced with methohexitone or flunitrazepam, muscle relaxants, and cuffed nasal intubation, and anaesthesia was maintained with 50% nitrous oxide, 50% oxygen, halothane or fentanyl with or without intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). Six of the 33 patients who received methohexitone and halothane developed dangerous dysrhythmias. Flunitrazepam, IPPV, adequate analgesia and anaesthesia provide maximum cardiovascular stability.", "PMID": 121636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14724", "title": "First tuberculosis prevalence survey in KwaZulu.", "content": "The results of a prevalence survey undertaken during 1974 are presented. A stratified 3-stage sampling technique was used to select 3 789 people from 10 randomly chosen sites in KwaZulu. One Heaf test and 2 Mantoux tests were performed on each of 1 769 children under 18 years of age, of whom 28,7% were found to have BCG scars. Of the radiographs taken of persons 15 years of age and older, 893 were found to be negative, 25 (2,7%) disclosed active tuberculosis (TB) and 3 (0,3%) miliary TB. Of the 1 136 sputum specimens collected and examined by fluorescence microscopy, 15 (1,3%) were found to be positive and 9 of them were confirmed by culture. Culture of 1 149 specimens yielded 9 (0,8%) isolations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 17 strains of other mycobacteria. The annual rate of infection was calculated at 1,4% by applying Styblo's epidemiological model, and a downward trend was indicated. A follow-up survey after 5 years is needed to confirm this trend.", "contents": "First tuberculosis prevalence survey in KwaZulu. The results of a prevalence survey undertaken during 1974 are presented. A stratified 3-stage sampling technique was used to select 3 789 people from 10 randomly chosen sites in KwaZulu. One Heaf test and 2 Mantoux tests were performed on each of 1 769 children under 18 years of age, of whom 28,7% were found to have BCG scars. Of the radiographs taken of persons 15 years of age and older, 893 were found to be negative, 25 (2,7%) disclosed active tuberculosis (TB) and 3 (0,3%) miliary TB. Of the 1 136 sputum specimens collected and examined by fluorescence microscopy, 15 (1,3%) were found to be positive and 9 of them were confirmed by culture. Culture of 1 149 specimens yielded 9 (0,8%) isolations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 17 strains of other mycobacteria. The annual rate of infection was calculated at 1,4% by applying Styblo's epidemiological model, and a downward trend was indicated. A follow-up survey after 5 years is needed to confirm this trend.", "PMID": 121637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14725", "title": "Diabetes newly diagnosed during pregnancy: A 4-year study at Groote Schuur Hospital.", "content": "As a result of active screening for gestational diabetes of the population attending various antenatal clinics in the Cape Peninsula, 127 patients with a repeatedly diabetic glucose tolerance test (GTT) were discovered; in many the GTT was grossly abnormal. The most useful screening factor was repeated glycosuria. Because they had booked late, 22 patients received virtually no treatment, and 1 patient aborted. Treatment of the remaining 104 patients was achieved principally by regulating diet, but when this failed metformin or glibenclamide therapy was instituted. Insulin was used when diet and oral drugs failed. Diabetic control was considered adequate if fasting blood glucose levels remained below 5,5 mmol/l and if postprandial levels were below 7 mmol/l. Most patients (67) were well controlled on a strict dietary regimen, and there were no perinatal deaths in this group. Glibenclamide and metformin, judging from this small series, appear to be safe for use in gestational diabetics. The overall perinatal mortality in treated patients was 10/1 000 as compared with an effective perinatal mortality of 145/1 000 in the 'untreated' group. Neonatal morbidity was similar to that in other reported series. Hypoglycaemia was seldom a problem and 79% of birth weights were between the 10th and the 90th percentiles.", "contents": "Diabetes newly diagnosed during pregnancy: A 4-year study at Groote Schuur Hospital. As a result of active screening for gestational diabetes of the population attending various antenatal clinics in the Cape Peninsula, 127 patients with a repeatedly diabetic glucose tolerance test (GTT) were discovered; in many the GTT was grossly abnormal. The most useful screening factor was repeated glycosuria. Because they had booked late, 22 patients received virtually no treatment, and 1 patient aborted. Treatment of the remaining 104 patients was achieved principally by regulating diet, but when this failed metformin or glibenclamide therapy was instituted. Insulin was used when diet and oral drugs failed. Diabetic control was considered adequate if fasting blood glucose levels remained below 5,5 mmol/l and if postprandial levels were below 7 mmol/l. Most patients (67) were well controlled on a strict dietary regimen, and there were no perinatal deaths in this group. Glibenclamide and metformin, judging from this small series, appear to be safe for use in gestational diabetics. The overall perinatal mortality in treated patients was 10/1 000 as compared with an effective perinatal mortality of 145/1 000 in the 'untreated' group. Neonatal morbidity was similar to that in other reported series. Hypoglycaemia was seldom a problem and 79% of birth weights were between the 10th and the 90th percentiles.", "PMID": 121638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14726", "title": "The effect of prophylactic tinidazole on the anaerobic vaginal flora in patients undergoing gynaecological surgery.", "content": "The effects of prophylactic tinidazole on the vaginal carrier state of anaerobic bacteria and the development of postoperative infections were studied in 50 patients undergoing gynaecological surgery. The results are based on a double-blind trial, using tinidazole (Fasigyn; Pfizer) and placebo. Although no postoperative infections other than urinary tract infections were observed in our series, this study shows conclusively that the isolation of anerobic bacteria from the vagina decreased markedly in the tinidazole group compared with the placebo group.", "contents": "The effect of prophylactic tinidazole on the anaerobic vaginal flora in patients undergoing gynaecological surgery. The effects of prophylactic tinidazole on the vaginal carrier state of anaerobic bacteria and the development of postoperative infections were studied in 50 patients undergoing gynaecological surgery. The results are based on a double-blind trial, using tinidazole (Fasigyn; Pfizer) and placebo. Although no postoperative infections other than urinary tract infections were observed in our series, this study shows conclusively that the isolation of anerobic bacteria from the vagina decreased markedly in the tinidazole group compared with the placebo group.", "PMID": 121639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14727", "title": "The effect of cyclical administration of levonorgestrel and ethinyloestradiol on blood pressure, body mass, blood glucose and serum triglycerides.", "content": "The effects of two differing dosage schedules of ethinyloestradiol and levonorgestrel, taken cyclically as oral contraceptives, on blood pressure, body mass, blood glucose and serum triglycerides were measured. After 12 months there were no significant changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure or blood glucose levels. There was a small but statistically significant increase in body mass after 1 year in the group taking levonorgestrel 15 microgram and ethinyloestradiol 30 microgram (P < 0,02), but not in the other group, although the mass in this group was significantly increased after 3 months of therapy. There was a statistically significant increase in serum triglycerides in the group taking levonorgestrel 50 microgram with ethinyloestradiol 50 microgram for 11 days, followed by levonorgestrel 125 microgram for 11 days, followed by levonorgestrel 125 microgram with ethinyloestradiol 50 microgram for 10 days. This effect appears to be dose-related and progressive with continued therapy; the significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of cyclical administration of levonorgestrel and ethinyloestradiol on blood pressure, body mass, blood glucose and serum triglycerides. The effects of two differing dosage schedules of ethinyloestradiol and levonorgestrel, taken cyclically as oral contraceptives, on blood pressure, body mass, blood glucose and serum triglycerides were measured. After 12 months there were no significant changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure or blood glucose levels. There was a small but statistically significant increase in body mass after 1 year in the group taking levonorgestrel 15 microgram and ethinyloestradiol 30 microgram (P < 0,02), but not in the other group, although the mass in this group was significantly increased after 3 months of therapy. There was a statistically significant increase in serum triglycerides in the group taking levonorgestrel 50 microgram with ethinyloestradiol 50 microgram for 11 days, followed by levonorgestrel 125 microgram for 11 days, followed by levonorgestrel 125 microgram with ethinyloestradiol 50 microgram for 10 days. This effect appears to be dose-related and progressive with continued therapy; the significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 121640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14728", "title": "[Encephaloceles. with special reference to the diagnostic difficulties].", "content": "We have studied 15 occipital, 3 frontal and one parietal cases of encephaloceles from the point of view of the etiopathogenetic, clinic and especially diagnostic problem. The diagnosis of M.E. is based on: 1) the x-ray demonstration of the bone-gap by particular projections and by tomography; 2) in the frontal M.E. the presence of face deformity, with hipertelorism and widening of nose bridge and the finding of ectopic tissue in the nose or in the oral cavity in presence of palatoschisis. Cerebral angiography and pneumoencephalography, made by tomography, are useful to show the herniated brain, hydrocephalus and other associated anomalies. Finally we think computerized tomography (C.T.) is very important for the diagnosis, since it shows the herniation, the bone-gap and the kind of herniated tissue.", "contents": "[Encephaloceles. with special reference to the diagnostic difficulties]. We have studied 15 occipital, 3 frontal and one parietal cases of encephaloceles from the point of view of the etiopathogenetic, clinic and especially diagnostic problem. The diagnosis of M.E. is based on: 1) the x-ray demonstration of the bone-gap by particular projections and by tomography; 2) in the frontal M.E. the presence of face deformity, with hipertelorism and widening of nose bridge and the finding of ectopic tissue in the nose or in the oral cavity in presence of palatoschisis. Cerebral angiography and pneumoencephalography, made by tomography, are useful to show the herniated brain, hydrocephalus and other associated anomalies. Finally we think computerized tomography (C.T.) is very important for the diagnosis, since it shows the herniation, the bone-gap and the kind of herniated tissue.", "PMID": 121633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14729", "title": "The pharmacological treatment of epilepsy.", "content": "A short classification and brief clinical description of epileptic seizures are presented. The pharmacokinetic principles underlying modern drug treatment of epileptic seizures are discussed and the drug(s) of choice for different seizure types are listed according to their clinical efficacy. The current view of using single-drug therapy rather than polypharmacy, whenever possible, is emphasized.", "contents": "The pharmacological treatment of epilepsy. A short classification and brief clinical description of epileptic seizures are presented. The pharmacokinetic principles underlying modern drug treatment of epileptic seizures are discussed and the drug(s) of choice for different seizure types are listed according to their clinical efficacy. The current view of using single-drug therapy rather than polypharmacy, whenever possible, is emphasized.", "PMID": 121641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14730", "title": "Current concepts in asthma therapy.", "content": "Attacks of asthma can be precipitated in susceptible individuals by a variety of stimuli acting through immunological or non-immunological pathways. The pathological changes in the lung which characterize asthma include bronchoconstriction, mucosal oedema and tenacious secretions. A logical approach to therapy is outlined, based on intervention at successive sites along the trigger-to-target organ response pathway.", "contents": "Current concepts in asthma therapy. Attacks of asthma can be precipitated in susceptible individuals by a variety of stimuli acting through immunological or non-immunological pathways. The pathological changes in the lung which characterize asthma include bronchoconstriction, mucosal oedema and tenacious secretions. A logical approach to therapy is outlined, based on intervention at successive sites along the trigger-to-target organ response pathway.", "PMID": 121642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14731", "title": "Oesophagojejunal anastomosis after total gastrectomy.", "content": "Techniques of oesophagojejunal anastomosis were studied in chacma baboons (Papio ursinus ursinus). End-to-end anastomosis utilizing a Roux-en-Y loop and interrupted silk sutures gave the best results. End-to-end anastomosis performed in 3 animals resulted in jejunal volvulus.", "contents": "Oesophagojejunal anastomosis after total gastrectomy. Techniques of oesophagojejunal anastomosis were studied in chacma baboons (Papio ursinus ursinus). End-to-end anastomosis utilizing a Roux-en-Y loop and interrupted silk sutures gave the best results. End-to-end anastomosis performed in 3 animals resulted in jejunal volvulus.", "PMID": 121643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14732", "title": "Effects of the sulphonylurea drugs gliclazide and glibenclamide on blood glucose control and platelet function.", "content": "Platelet aggregation and adhesion are commonly increased in diabetes mellitus. These abnormalities may in part be responsible for the increased incidence of vascular disease in diabetics. We have investigated the effects of diet, diet plus glibenclamide, and diet plus gliclazide on plasma glucose control and platelet function in 10 newly diagnosed maturity-onset diabetics who had not previously been treated. Before treatment, the mean postprandial plasma glucose value was 13,4 +/- 0,8 mmol/l, which fell insignificantly on dietary treatment, to 12,2 +/- 1,0 mmol/l (P greater than 0,05). Both glibenclamide and gliclazide, when added to the diet, significantly lowered mean plasma glucose values to 9,3 +/- 0,8 mmol/l and 7,8 +/- 0,8 mmol/l respectively (P less than 0,05). Platelet aggregation in response to 1 mumol adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was increased in the diet period, whereas aggregation in response to 10 mumol and 100 mumol was normal. This suggests an increased sensitivity of the platelets to ADP in diabetic patients. The addition of both glibenclamide and gliclazide reduced the magnitude of the response to within the normal range. Platelet aggregation in response to 10 mumol adrenaline and 750 micrograms/ml collagen was significantly reduced by glibenclamide (P less than 0,05). We conclude that sulphonylurea therapy appears to reduce the increased platelet aggregation which occurs in diabetics. This may play a role in the prevention of vascular disease.", "contents": "Effects of the sulphonylurea drugs gliclazide and glibenclamide on blood glucose control and platelet function. Platelet aggregation and adhesion are commonly increased in diabetes mellitus. These abnormalities may in part be responsible for the increased incidence of vascular disease in diabetics. We have investigated the effects of diet, diet plus glibenclamide, and diet plus gliclazide on plasma glucose control and platelet function in 10 newly diagnosed maturity-onset diabetics who had not previously been treated. Before treatment, the mean postprandial plasma glucose value was 13,4 +/- 0,8 mmol/l, which fell insignificantly on dietary treatment, to 12,2 +/- 1,0 mmol/l (P greater than 0,05). Both glibenclamide and gliclazide, when added to the diet, significantly lowered mean plasma glucose values to 9,3 +/- 0,8 mmol/l and 7,8 +/- 0,8 mmol/l respectively (P less than 0,05). Platelet aggregation in response to 1 mumol adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was increased in the diet period, whereas aggregation in response to 10 mumol and 100 mumol was normal. This suggests an increased sensitivity of the platelets to ADP in diabetic patients. The addition of both glibenclamide and gliclazide reduced the magnitude of the response to within the normal range. Platelet aggregation in response to 10 mumol adrenaline and 750 micrograms/ml collagen was significantly reduced by glibenclamide (P less than 0,05). We conclude that sulphonylurea therapy appears to reduce the increased platelet aggregation which occurs in diabetics. This may play a role in the prevention of vascular disease.", "PMID": 121645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14733", "title": "[Salicylamide-- a potential pain-remedy alternative in the analgesic asthma syndrome].", "content": "Central pathogenetic mechanism of the analgesics-asthma-syndrome is very probably an analgesics-conditioned inhibition of the prostaglandin-biosynthesis (cyclooxygenase). Salicylamide, an analgesic without effect on the prostaglandin synthesis was in the oral exposition test of 18 patients with proved analgesics-asthma-syndrome in the dosage of 500 mg subjectively and objectively tolerated without reaction. Body-plethysmographically in consistent thoracic gas volume a slight decrease of the airways resistance could be registered. At the model of the isolated trachea of guinea-pigs salicylamide, in contrast to indomethacin and phenazone (prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitory substances) did not lead to an increase of the acetylcholine-induced spasm. Salcylamide can, after a tolerability test, be recommended as alternative analgesic in the analgesics-asthma-syndrome in a dosage of 500 mg.", "contents": "[Salicylamide-- a potential pain-remedy alternative in the analgesic asthma syndrome]. Central pathogenetic mechanism of the analgesics-asthma-syndrome is very probably an analgesics-conditioned inhibition of the prostaglandin-biosynthesis (cyclooxygenase). Salicylamide, an analgesic without effect on the prostaglandin synthesis was in the oral exposition test of 18 patients with proved analgesics-asthma-syndrome in the dosage of 500 mg subjectively and objectively tolerated without reaction. Body-plethysmographically in consistent thoracic gas volume a slight decrease of the airways resistance could be registered. At the model of the isolated trachea of guinea-pigs salicylamide, in contrast to indomethacin and phenazone (prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitory substances) did not lead to an increase of the acetylcholine-induced spasm. Salcylamide can, after a tolerability test, be recommended as alternative analgesic in the analgesics-asthma-syndrome in a dosage of 500 mg.", "PMID": 121654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14734", "title": "[Debridement of burns with proteolytic enzymes from Bacillus subtilis].", "content": "50 patients with burns received an enzymatic debridement with bacillus subtilis (Protease-ointment = Travase. Symmetrical control sites were treated without Protease-ointment simultaneously. With the help of Protease-ointment early eschar removal was achieved in deep dermal burns. In full thickness burns the success of the treatment was dependent on the depths of the tissue damage and the early application of Protease-ointment, which allowed the removal of the dermal elements of the eschar whereas fat remained unaffected. In our experience Protease-ointment can be considered a valuable method of eschar removal in addition to surgical measures.", "contents": "[Debridement of burns with proteolytic enzymes from Bacillus subtilis]. 50 patients with burns received an enzymatic debridement with bacillus subtilis (Protease-ointment = Travase. Symmetrical control sites were treated without Protease-ointment simultaneously. With the help of Protease-ointment early eschar removal was achieved in deep dermal burns. In full thickness burns the success of the treatment was dependent on the depths of the tissue damage and the early application of Protease-ointment, which allowed the removal of the dermal elements of the eschar whereas fat remained unaffected. In our experience Protease-ointment can be considered a valuable method of eschar removal in addition to surgical measures.", "PMID": 121655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14735", "title": "Abnormalities of ultrastructure and calcium distribution in the flight muscle of a flightless mutant of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "An X-linked mutant of Drosophila melanogaster was isolated which was completely unable to fly. The map position of the mutation is 43 +/- 0.1. Gynandromorph analysis indicated that the mutation is autonomously expressed in the flight muscle. Fate-map data show that the focus of the mutation lies close to the ventral midline of the blastoderm. Flightlessness appears to be the result of abnormalities of the thoracic musculature, including highly irregular arrangement of the fibrils, lack of the normal striation pattern and abnormal structure of the mitochondria. X-ray microanalysis (EDAX) demonstrates a pronounced difference in the distribution of calcium in mutant and wild-type flight muscle at the fine-structural level. We propose that an abnormal calcium distribution in the mutant may be associated with the ultrastructural abnormalities and ultimately responsible for the flightless phenotype.", "contents": "Abnormalities of ultrastructure and calcium distribution in the flight muscle of a flightless mutant of Drosophila melanogaster. An X-linked mutant of Drosophila melanogaster was isolated which was completely unable to fly. The map position of the mutation is 43 +/- 0.1. Gynandromorph analysis indicated that the mutation is autonomously expressed in the flight muscle. Fate-map data show that the focus of the mutation lies close to the ventral midline of the blastoderm. Flightlessness appears to be the result of abnormalities of the thoracic musculature, including highly irregular arrangement of the fibrils, lack of the normal striation pattern and abnormal structure of the mitochondria. X-ray microanalysis (EDAX) demonstrates a pronounced difference in the distribution of calcium in mutant and wild-type flight muscle at the fine-structural level. We propose that an abnormal calcium distribution in the mutant may be associated with the ultrastructural abnormalities and ultimately responsible for the flightless phenotype.", "PMID": 121656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14736", "title": "[Selectivity of action of the lipoxygenase from rabbit reticulocytes on mitochondria and erythrocyte membranes].", "content": "Whereas the lipoxygenase from rabbit reticulocytes caused a large formation of malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) with rat liver mitochondria, erythrocyte ghosts were attacked only slightly independently of their type of preparation. The formation of MDA was not enhanced by release of spectrin-actin from the ghosts. The lipoxygenase did not give rise to hemolysis of intact erythrocytes. The formation of MDA was increased by heat treatment of the ghosts. Addition of cholesterol to a phospholipid emulsion inhibited the formation of MDA by the reticulocyte lipoxygenase. These results indicate that both lipid-protein interactions and the cholesterol content of the membranes may be involved in the preferential attack of the lipoxygenase on mitochondrial membranes.", "contents": "[Selectivity of action of the lipoxygenase from rabbit reticulocytes on mitochondria and erythrocyte membranes]. Whereas the lipoxygenase from rabbit reticulocytes caused a large formation of malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) with rat liver mitochondria, erythrocyte ghosts were attacked only slightly independently of their type of preparation. The formation of MDA was not enhanced by release of spectrin-actin from the ghosts. The lipoxygenase did not give rise to hemolysis of intact erythrocytes. The formation of MDA was increased by heat treatment of the ghosts. Addition of cholesterol to a phospholipid emulsion inhibited the formation of MDA by the reticulocyte lipoxygenase. These results indicate that both lipid-protein interactions and the cholesterol content of the membranes may be involved in the preferential attack of the lipoxygenase on mitochondrial membranes.", "PMID": 121657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14737", "title": "Increased plasma corticosteroid-binding globulin in insulin-dependent pubertal diabetics: relationships with other glycoproteins, growth hormone and prolactin.", "content": "A selected group of 13 juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetics in mid-late puberty (stages 3-4) and under comparable conditions of metabolic control was studied in order to evaluate the plasma levels of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG, transcortin: expressed as the binding capacity for cortisol) in relation to the levels of other glycoproteins and to growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) responsiveness to provocative tests (arginine infusion and TRH injection, respectively). Further evidence was provided that juvenile-onset diabetics show most frequently enhanced plasma CBG binding capacity; statistical significance with p-values less than 0.01 was attained in comparison to 25 age-matched controls. Among other variables examined, only hemoglobin A1c amd alpha 2-macroglobulin were significantly raised in the diabetic group (p less than 0.01 and less than 0.02, respectively). In our patients growth hormone response to arginine infusion was in the normal range, whereas PRL response to TRH was slightly but significantly supranormal in terms of maximum value and maximum increment above baseline value. No correlation was found between CBG binding capacity and other variables examined. We conclude that raised levels of CBG may occur as an additional alteration of the plasma glycoprotein pattern in juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetics. Specific regulatory factors conceivably subserve plasma concentrations of different glycoproteins.", "contents": "Increased plasma corticosteroid-binding globulin in insulin-dependent pubertal diabetics: relationships with other glycoproteins, growth hormone and prolactin. A selected group of 13 juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetics in mid-late puberty (stages 3-4) and under comparable conditions of metabolic control was studied in order to evaluate the plasma levels of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG, transcortin: expressed as the binding capacity for cortisol) in relation to the levels of other glycoproteins and to growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) responsiveness to provocative tests (arginine infusion and TRH injection, respectively). Further evidence was provided that juvenile-onset diabetics show most frequently enhanced plasma CBG binding capacity; statistical significance with p-values less than 0.01 was attained in comparison to 25 age-matched controls. Among other variables examined, only hemoglobin A1c amd alpha 2-macroglobulin were significantly raised in the diabetic group (p less than 0.01 and less than 0.02, respectively). In our patients growth hormone response to arginine infusion was in the normal range, whereas PRL response to TRH was slightly but significantly supranormal in terms of maximum value and maximum increment above baseline value. No correlation was found between CBG binding capacity and other variables examined. We conclude that raised levels of CBG may occur as an additional alteration of the plasma glycoprotein pattern in juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetics. Specific regulatory factors conceivably subserve plasma concentrations of different glycoproteins.", "PMID": 121658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14738", "title": "Oscillations of marrow culture growth in acute myeloid leukemia during remission induction and remission.", "content": "Sequential studies in acute myeloid leukemia of bone marrow cells in agar culture showed striking fluctuations of colony and cluster formation during induction of remission. These oscillations may be initiated by recruitment of resting leukemic and normal cells upon chemotherapeutic perturbation. Striking oscillations of the colony and cluster formation occurred also during remission with or without maintenance therapy, but with a longer periodicity as compared sto the phase of induction of remission. Oscillations of the marrow growth capacity during remission may reflect potential relapses where the outcome depends on proliferative advantages of the normal or leukemic cell clone.", "contents": "Oscillations of marrow culture growth in acute myeloid leukemia during remission induction and remission. Sequential studies in acute myeloid leukemia of bone marrow cells in agar culture showed striking fluctuations of colony and cluster formation during induction of remission. These oscillations may be initiated by recruitment of resting leukemic and normal cells upon chemotherapeutic perturbation. Striking oscillations of the colony and cluster formation occurred also during remission with or without maintenance therapy, but with a longer periodicity as compared sto the phase of induction of remission. Oscillations of the marrow growth capacity during remission may reflect potential relapses where the outcome depends on proliferative advantages of the normal or leukemic cell clone.", "PMID": 121664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14739", "title": "Transformation in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Different blast cell clones in different anatomical sites.", "content": "A 45-year-old female developed blastic metamorphosis in chronic granulocytic leukaemia after 52 months of chronic phase. During the subsequent 6--7 months, lymphosarcomatous enlargements of various lymph nodes developed. The blast cells in lymph nodes differed morphologically from those in bone marrow and blood, being 'lymphoid' non-B, non-T, non-ALL cells. The karyotype of all metaphases from one lymph node was 47,XX, +21(Ph1+) being identical to the karyotype of medullary cells. However, the karyotype of all blasts from another lymph node was 47,XX,+mar(Ph1+). It is likely that the local micro-environment controlled the clonal differentiation of these subpopulations which had originated from the same Ph1-positive multipotent stem cell. In lymph nodes and other extramedullary sites blasts were primitive without differentiation, but a myeloid differentiation in the bone marrow was demonstrated morphologically and cytochemically.", "contents": "Transformation in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Different blast cell clones in different anatomical sites. A 45-year-old female developed blastic metamorphosis in chronic granulocytic leukaemia after 52 months of chronic phase. During the subsequent 6--7 months, lymphosarcomatous enlargements of various lymph nodes developed. The blast cells in lymph nodes differed morphologically from those in bone marrow and blood, being 'lymphoid' non-B, non-T, non-ALL cells. The karyotype of all metaphases from one lymph node was 47,XX, +21(Ph1+) being identical to the karyotype of medullary cells. However, the karyotype of all blasts from another lymph node was 47,XX,+mar(Ph1+). It is likely that the local micro-environment controlled the clonal differentiation of these subpopulations which had originated from the same Ph1-positive multipotent stem cell. In lymph nodes and other extramedullary sites blasts were primitive without differentiation, but a myeloid differentiation in the bone marrow was demonstrated morphologically and cytochemically.", "PMID": 121665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14740", "title": "Multiple myeloma without detectable Ig synthesis.", "content": "A case of nonproductor myeloma is reported. The diagnosis was supported by the radiological findings, the heavy marrow infiltration of malignant plasma cells, the absence of a monoclonal component in the serum or urine and the failure to demonstrate intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins with immunoifluorescent techniques. The clinical findings of our patient are similar to those reported for the 5 cases of nonproductor myeloma described so far, indicating that there are no characteristic features differentiating nonproductor myeloma from productor myelomas.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma without detectable Ig synthesis. A case of nonproductor myeloma is reported. The diagnosis was supported by the radiological findings, the heavy marrow infiltration of malignant plasma cells, the absence of a monoclonal component in the serum or urine and the failure to demonstrate intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins with immunoifluorescent techniques. The clinical findings of our patient are similar to those reported for the 5 cases of nonproductor myeloma described so far, indicating that there are no characteristic features differentiating nonproductor myeloma from productor myelomas.", "PMID": 121666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14741", "title": "Management of nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease stage I, II A and B: evidence for a beneficial effect of MOPP on the relapse rate.", "content": "85 patients with previously untreated Hodgkin's disease with stage I, II A and B nodular sclerosis were treated. 31 of them with stage I and II A were submitted to radiotherapy alone. All are alive, but 9 of them (30%) relapsed. On the contrary, 35 patients with stage I and II A, and 19 with stage I, II and IIE B were submitted to radiotherapy followed by three courses of MOPP. All 54 patients are alive and relapse-free. No severe complication related to chemotherapy was observed. The analysis of results suggests that 3 courses of MOPP can significantly (Ip < 0.00025) reduce the relapse rate in patients with stage I and II nodular sclerosis, eligible for radiotherapy, without increasing morbidity.", "contents": "Management of nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease stage I, II A and B: evidence for a beneficial effect of MOPP on the relapse rate. 85 patients with previously untreated Hodgkin's disease with stage I, II A and B nodular sclerosis were treated. 31 of them with stage I and II A were submitted to radiotherapy alone. All are alive, but 9 of them (30%) relapsed. On the contrary, 35 patients with stage I and II A, and 19 with stage I, II and IIE B were submitted to radiotherapy followed by three courses of MOPP. All 54 patients are alive and relapse-free. No severe complication related to chemotherapy was observed. The analysis of results suggests that 3 courses of MOPP can significantly (Ip < 0.00025) reduce the relapse rate in patients with stage I and II nodular sclerosis, eligible for radiotherapy, without increasing morbidity.", "PMID": 121667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14742", "title": "Ferritin deposits in peripheral blood lymphocytes of Hodgkin's disease patients.", "content": "In view of the reported associations of Hodgkin's disease and ferritin, an electron microscopic study of the peripheral blood lymphocytes of these patients was done. In 5 out of the 6 patients studied intracellular ferritin deposits were seen. No such deposits were seen in the lymphocytes of healthy subjects or in those of a patient with beta-thalassemia. The lymphocyte ferritin accumulation in Hodgkin's disease can arise either from increased synthesis or from phagocytosis.", "contents": "Ferritin deposits in peripheral blood lymphocytes of Hodgkin's disease patients. In view of the reported associations of Hodgkin's disease and ferritin, an electron microscopic study of the peripheral blood lymphocytes of these patients was done. In 5 out of the 6 patients studied intracellular ferritin deposits were seen. No such deposits were seen in the lymphocytes of healthy subjects or in those of a patient with beta-thalassemia. The lymphocyte ferritin accumulation in Hodgkin's disease can arise either from increased synthesis or from phagocytosis.", "PMID": 121668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14743", "title": "Variation of serum ferritin in low birth weight infants with maternal ferritin, birth weight and gestational age.", "content": "Serum ferritin measured at birth in 69 low birth weight infants proved to vary with gestational age as well as with weight. The increase with gestational age was even more striking when the infants small for gestational age were excluded. The relation between maternal and infant serum ferritin concentration was investigated for 2 groups of infants and their mothers (*preterm and term infants, respectively). Neither in preterm nor in term infants was the serum ferritin found to vary with that in the respective mothers.", "contents": "Variation of serum ferritin in low birth weight infants with maternal ferritin, birth weight and gestational age. Serum ferritin measured at birth in 69 low birth weight infants proved to vary with gestational age as well as with weight. The increase with gestational age was even more striking when the infants small for gestational age were excluded. The relation between maternal and infant serum ferritin concentration was investigated for 2 groups of infants and their mothers (*preterm and term infants, respectively). Neither in preterm nor in term infants was the serum ferritin found to vary with that in the respective mothers.", "PMID": 121669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14744", "title": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia in childhood. Report of a case with a review of the literature.", "content": "A rare case of acute promyelcytic leukemia (APL) is reported in a 7-year-old boy. The patient displayed the typical features of APL including impaction of the marrow with promyelocytes, marked elevation of the serum vitamin B12 and transcobalamin I levels and a hemorrhagic diathesis. The bleeding diathesis in the case was due to thrombocytopenia, and there was no evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia in childhood. Report of a case with a review of the literature. A rare case of acute promyelcytic leukemia (APL) is reported in a 7-year-old boy. The patient displayed the typical features of APL including impaction of the marrow with promyelocytes, marked elevation of the serum vitamin B12 and transcobalamin I levels and a hemorrhagic diathesis. The bleeding diathesis in the case was due to thrombocytopenia, and there was no evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "PMID": 121670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14745", "title": "Light scattering properties of pluripotent and committed haemopoietic stem cells.", "content": "Mouse bone marrow cells were separated according to their light scattering properties in a light-activated cell sorter. The intensity of the scattered light was measured in a forward direction (FLS) and perpendicular to the incident light (PLS). These two parameters were found to give an indication of cell size and shape. The fractions containing cells with different light scxattering properties were assayed for CFU-s (pluripotent stem cells) content and for the incidence of three types of CFU-c (cells committed to granulocyte/macrophage differentiation). These measurements confirm previous size calculations based on sedimentation rate and density separation. During maturation, the different colony-forming units (CFU) show a gradual increase in PLS intensity. This suggests that the transition from CFU-s through to CFU-c 3 is accompanied by a morphological differentiation.", "contents": "Light scattering properties of pluripotent and committed haemopoietic stem cells. Mouse bone marrow cells were separated according to their light scattering properties in a light-activated cell sorter. The intensity of the scattered light was measured in a forward direction (FLS) and perpendicular to the incident light (PLS). These two parameters were found to give an indication of cell size and shape. The fractions containing cells with different light scxattering properties were assayed for CFU-s (pluripotent stem cells) content and for the incidence of three types of CFU-c (cells committed to granulocyte/macrophage differentiation). These measurements confirm previous size calculations based on sedimentation rate and density separation. During maturation, the different colony-forming units (CFU) show a gradual increase in PLS intensity. This suggests that the transition from CFU-s through to CFU-c 3 is accompanied by a morphological differentiation.", "PMID": 121672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14746", "title": "Haemopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures. A review.", "content": "Bone marrow-derived adherent cell layers, containing endothelial cells, fat cells and macrophages will support prolonged haemopoiesis in vitro. Evidence suggests that the adherent layer is acting as an in vitro haemopoietic inductive environment for stem cell proliferation and differentiation into the variety of committed progenitor cells of the granulocytic, erythroid, megakaryocytic and lymphoid lineages. Using this system we have analysed the factors controlling proliferation of stem cells (CFU-S), differentiation and maturation of granulocyte/macrophage precursor cells (CFU-C), leukaemic transformation by chemicals and viruses, the role of environment versus stem cells in the aetiology of haemopoietic aplasias and the possible usefulness of long-term cultures for bone marrow transplantation.", "contents": "Haemopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures. A review. Bone marrow-derived adherent cell layers, containing endothelial cells, fat cells and macrophages will support prolonged haemopoiesis in vitro. Evidence suggests that the adherent layer is acting as an in vitro haemopoietic inductive environment for stem cell proliferation and differentiation into the variety of committed progenitor cells of the granulocytic, erythroid, megakaryocytic and lymphoid lineages. Using this system we have analysed the factors controlling proliferation of stem cells (CFU-S), differentiation and maturation of granulocyte/macrophage precursor cells (CFU-C), leukaemic transformation by chemicals and viruses, the role of environment versus stem cells in the aetiology of haemopoietic aplasias and the possible usefulness of long-term cultures for bone marrow transplantation.", "PMID": 121673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14747", "title": "Humoral factors modulating growth of granulocyte macorphage progenitor cells.", "content": "The kinetic of production of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) inducing mouse and human colony-forming cells (CFU-C) was tested in different human leukocyte culture systems. Stimulated and unstimulated cultures of spleen single cell suspensions, peripheral mononuclear leukocytes and acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL) cells were investigated. With the exception of the AMoL cells, stimulated cultures always revealed higher CSA levels than unstimulated controls. The spleen cell cultures exhibited the highest overall activity showing three molecular species of 70,000, 35,000 and 10,000 daltons activating human CFU-C to form colonies in the agar culture system. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that colony formation could be inhibited by low molecular weight fibrinogen degradation products obtained by digestion of fibrinogen with granulocyte-derived elastase.", "contents": "Humoral factors modulating growth of granulocyte macorphage progenitor cells. The kinetic of production of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) inducing mouse and human colony-forming cells (CFU-C) was tested in different human leukocyte culture systems. Stimulated and unstimulated cultures of spleen single cell suspensions, peripheral mononuclear leukocytes and acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL) cells were investigated. With the exception of the AMoL cells, stimulated cultures always revealed higher CSA levels than unstimulated controls. The spleen cell cultures exhibited the highest overall activity showing three molecular species of 70,000, 35,000 and 10,000 daltons activating human CFU-C to form colonies in the agar culture system. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that colony formation could be inhibited by low molecular weight fibrinogen degradation products obtained by digestion of fibrinogen with granulocyte-derived elastase.", "PMID": 121674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14748", "title": "Colony growth of T lymphocytes in vitro. Control and regulation of clonal formation.", "content": "Human lymphocytes stimulated with PHA in liquid phase (step 1) and then seeded in a two-layer soft agar system (step 2) grew and developed into T cell colonies. Colony formation was enhanced when the agar culture was supplemented with culture fluid obtained from phytohemagglutin-treated lymphocytes (Ly-CF). Untreated lymphocytes plated directly in the soft agar system also developed into colonies if the culture medium contained Ly-CF. Mitogen-sensitized T lymphocytes produced a lymphocyte colony enhancing factor in the culture fluid which stimulated lymphocytes into colony formation. The best plating efficiency (1:250) was attained when blood mononuclear cells were seeded. When spleen cell culture fluid or a highly concentrated blood-adherent cell population was added to the soft agar, colony development was strongly inhibited. Monocytes-macrophages secrete a lymphocyte colony inhibiting factor in the culture medium. These lymphokines exert a competitive influence on T cells and thus control and regulate clonal proliferation.", "contents": "Colony growth of T lymphocytes in vitro. Control and regulation of clonal formation. Human lymphocytes stimulated with PHA in liquid phase (step 1) and then seeded in a two-layer soft agar system (step 2) grew and developed into T cell colonies. Colony formation was enhanced when the agar culture was supplemented with culture fluid obtained from phytohemagglutin-treated lymphocytes (Ly-CF). Untreated lymphocytes plated directly in the soft agar system also developed into colonies if the culture medium contained Ly-CF. Mitogen-sensitized T lymphocytes produced a lymphocyte colony enhancing factor in the culture fluid which stimulated lymphocytes into colony formation. The best plating efficiency (1:250) was attained when blood mononuclear cells were seeded. When spleen cell culture fluid or a highly concentrated blood-adherent cell population was added to the soft agar, colony development was strongly inhibited. Monocytes-macrophages secrete a lymphocyte colony inhibiting factor in the culture medium. These lymphokines exert a competitive influence on T cells and thus control and regulate clonal proliferation.", "PMID": 121675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14749", "title": "In vitro colony growth of granulocytes, macrophages, T and B lymphocytes in agar capillaries.", "content": "Compared with the common agar of hematopoietic colonies in Petri dishes, the use of glass capillary tubes offers a couple of advantages which have been exploited. Among these advantages are less materials, less cells to be seeded, lower costs, easier and quicker colony counting by visual and semi-automated optical scanning, and lower risk of bacterial contamination. In tubes several parameters affecting the colony formation of mouse and human granulocytes and macrophages as well as of human peripheral T and B lymphocyte from mouse spleen were optimized. The applicability of the cultures to assay for inhibiting and stimulating humoral factors and cytostatics was demonstrated.", "contents": "In vitro colony growth of granulocytes, macrophages, T and B lymphocytes in agar capillaries. Compared with the common agar of hematopoietic colonies in Petri dishes, the use of glass capillary tubes offers a couple of advantages which have been exploited. Among these advantages are less materials, less cells to be seeded, lower costs, easier and quicker colony counting by visual and semi-automated optical scanning, and lower risk of bacterial contamination. In tubes several parameters affecting the colony formation of mouse and human granulocytes and macrophages as well as of human peripheral T and B lymphocyte from mouse spleen were optimized. The applicability of the cultures to assay for inhibiting and stimulating humoral factors and cytostatics was demonstrated.", "PMID": 121676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14750", "title": "Role of serum factors and adherent cells in cloning of human T lymphocytes in agar culture.", "content": "In the presence of serum, 2-mercaptoethanol-treated bovine serum albumin enhances T cell colony formation as does 2-mercaptoethanol. The factor only partially substitutes for FCS, but neither for the mitogen phytohemagglutinin nor for conditioned medium derived from cultures of adherent cells.", "contents": "Role of serum factors and adherent cells in cloning of human T lymphocytes in agar culture. In the presence of serum, 2-mercaptoethanol-treated bovine serum albumin enhances T cell colony formation as does 2-mercaptoethanol. The factor only partially substitutes for FCS, but neither for the mitogen phytohemagglutinin nor for conditioned medium derived from cultures of adherent cells.", "PMID": 121677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14751", "title": "Current concepts of abnormal stem cell proliferation in human disease.", "content": "Using acute myeloid leukemia as an example, the concept of abnormal hematopoietic stem cell production has been examined. It is concluded that the major problem does not lie in humoral regulators, either stimulators or inhibitors, of stem cell production but in intrinsic cellular defects which do not allow cells to respond to these materials. The nature of the stem cell defects has not been defined. Similar mechanisms appear to exist in other human hematopoietic disorders in which abnormal stem cell proliferation is a major feature.", "contents": "Current concepts of abnormal stem cell proliferation in human disease. Using acute myeloid leukemia as an example, the concept of abnormal hematopoietic stem cell production has been examined. It is concluded that the major problem does not lie in humoral regulators, either stimulators or inhibitors, of stem cell production but in intrinsic cellular defects which do not allow cells to respond to these materials. The nature of the stem cell defects has not been defined. Similar mechanisms appear to exist in other human hematopoietic disorders in which abnormal stem cell proliferation is a major feature.", "PMID": 121678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14752", "title": "Jaundice in preterm infants with hypoxia of various severity.", "content": "Maximum serum bilirubin concentration and the possible influencing factors were studied in three groups of preterm infants suffering from hyaline membrane disease. The groups were selected according to the severity of hypoxia, estimated on clinical grounds. It was found that the severity of hypoxia per se did not influence the peak bilirubin level. From among the parameters studied, only caloric intake correlated significantly and negatively with maximum bilirubin concentration in the total patient material, and more strongly in the surviving infants.", "contents": "Jaundice in preterm infants with hypoxia of various severity. Maximum serum bilirubin concentration and the possible influencing factors were studied in three groups of preterm infants suffering from hyaline membrane disease. The groups were selected according to the severity of hypoxia, estimated on clinical grounds. It was found that the severity of hypoxia per se did not influence the peak bilirubin level. From among the parameters studied, only caloric intake correlated significantly and negatively with maximum bilirubin concentration in the total patient material, and more strongly in the surviving infants.", "PMID": 121679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14753", "title": "Ring chromosome 17 in a mentally retarded boy.", "content": "A six-year-old boy was found to have a ring chromosome 17. In addition to psychomotor retardation, speech delay and seizure disorders, his abnormal phenotypic features included epicanthal folds, broad depressed nasal bridge, protruding thick upper and lower lips, micrognathia, narrow high arched palate, short fifth fingers with a mild degree of clinicodactyly, multiple caf\u00e9-aui-lait spots, and abnormal dermatoglyphics.", "contents": "Ring chromosome 17 in a mentally retarded boy. A six-year-old boy was found to have a ring chromosome 17. In addition to psychomotor retardation, speech delay and seizure disorders, his abnormal phenotypic features included epicanthal folds, broad depressed nasal bridge, protruding thick upper and lower lips, micrognathia, narrow high arched palate, short fifth fingers with a mild degree of clinicodactyly, multiple caf\u00e9-aui-lait spots, and abnormal dermatoglyphics.", "PMID": 121681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14754", "title": "[Vaccine prophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis of cerebrospinal meningitis].", "content": "The Author points up a review on the argument accordingly to the most recent literatur. Particularly are treated the status of meningococcal vaccines anti-A, C and Y groups (their preparations and trends in Field-trials), and the status of proteic vaccines anti-B. In the second part the most important substances in chemio-antibiotic prophylaxis are considered (rifampin, minocyclin, sulphadiazine, TMP, etc.) accordingly to their efficacy, safety and side-effects. The status of the perspectives on the control of the desease is discussed at the end.", "contents": "[Vaccine prophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis of cerebrospinal meningitis]. The Author points up a review on the argument accordingly to the most recent literatur. Particularly are treated the status of meningococcal vaccines anti-A, C and Y groups (their preparations and trends in Field-trials), and the status of proteic vaccines anti-B. In the second part the most important substances in chemio-antibiotic prophylaxis are considered (rifampin, minocyclin, sulphadiazine, TMP, etc.) accordingly to their efficacy, safety and side-effects. The status of the perspectives on the control of the desease is discussed at the end.", "PMID": 121683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14755", "title": "[Validity of the antibiotic sensitivity test with a semi-automatic determination method].", "content": "The sensitivity of bacteria to chemioantibiotics has been compared with a semiautomatic technique and with the agar diffusion method of Kirby-Bauer a mass total of 400 bacterial strains of gram-negative bacilli, of gram-negative bacilli from urinary tract infections, of stafilococci and enterococci. The percentages of accordance between two methods in the almost totality of the chemioantibiotics have been considerable. The AA. agree about the sensitivity and repeat practical function of the new method particulary utilizable for hospital routine.", "contents": "[Validity of the antibiotic sensitivity test with a semi-automatic determination method]. The sensitivity of bacteria to chemioantibiotics has been compared with a semiautomatic technique and with the agar diffusion method of Kirby-Bauer a mass total of 400 bacterial strains of gram-negative bacilli, of gram-negative bacilli from urinary tract infections, of stafilococci and enterococci. The percentages of accordance between two methods in the almost totality of the chemioantibiotics have been considerable. The AA. agree about the sensitivity and repeat practical function of the new method particulary utilizable for hospital routine.", "PMID": 121684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14756", "title": "Lactose malabsorption and lactose intolerance: implications for general milk consumption.", "content": "A total of 194 publications related to lactose malabsorption or intolerance were reviewed. The poor correlation between lactose malabsorption and intolerance to the amounts of milk ordinarily ingested in a meal, indicates that the assumption of milk tolerance by many populations is exaggerated. The methods for the diagnosis of these conditions were critically evaluated and it is suggested that, a) \"physiological\" doses of lactose be used; b) milk is the vehicle of choice; c) tests of intolerance be double-blind, and d) analysis of breath hydrogen be used for malabsorption. Most of the evidence indicates that milk consumption allows adequate growth of children, even when they are malnourished and have diarrhea. Nevertheless, it is recommended to substitute temporarily non-human milk by other good sources of dietary protein and energy during episodes of severe diarrhea, and to reintroduce milk to the diet gradually during convalescence. Breast feeding, however, should not be interrupted. These is not enough scientific nor epidemiological support to justify discouraging the use of milk in food supplementation programs, but several aspects that must be considered in such programs are outlined.", "contents": "Lactose malabsorption and lactose intolerance: implications for general milk consumption. A total of 194 publications related to lactose malabsorption or intolerance were reviewed. The poor correlation between lactose malabsorption and intolerance to the amounts of milk ordinarily ingested in a meal, indicates that the assumption of milk tolerance by many populations is exaggerated. The methods for the diagnosis of these conditions were critically evaluated and it is suggested that, a) \"physiological\" doses of lactose be used; b) milk is the vehicle of choice; c) tests of intolerance be double-blind, and d) analysis of breath hydrogen be used for malabsorption. Most of the evidence indicates that milk consumption allows adequate growth of children, even when they are malnourished and have diarrhea. Nevertheless, it is recommended to substitute temporarily non-human milk by other good sources of dietary protein and energy during episodes of severe diarrhea, and to reintroduce milk to the diet gradually during convalescence. Breast feeding, however, should not be interrupted. These is not enough scientific nor epidemiological support to justify discouraging the use of milk in food supplementation programs, but several aspects that must be considered in such programs are outlined.", "PMID": 121688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14757", "title": "Dietary manipulation of serum triglycerides.", "content": "A group of children who had been treated for protein-energy malnutrition with a high-energy, high-faty diet, presented very low levels of fasting serum triglycerides (50.8 +/- 5.9 mg/dl). When the diet was changed to a high-energy, low-fat formula, these levels increased rapidly to normal values (104.9 +/- 19.2 mg/dl). Reversing the dietary change produced the opposite effect within 2 days. This effect was also studied in 14 normal adults, who received a high-fat diet ad libitum during 5 days. Meals were prepared from common foodstuffs with a high fat content. The hypotriglyceridemic effect occurred in all volunteers. A close relationship was observed between the initial triglyceride concentration and the decrement produced by the high-fat diet (r = 0.97), which did not affect serum cholesterol levels. No consistent response of serum free-fatty acids was detected, while serum proteins remained within normal values. Despite the rather high energy intake, most subjects lost weight during the experimental period. The level of fasting serum triglycerides of the adult volunteers was negatively correlated to the fat content of their self-selected diets. These results are discussed in relation to current ideas about fat requirements.", "contents": "Dietary manipulation of serum triglycerides. A group of children who had been treated for protein-energy malnutrition with a high-energy, high-faty diet, presented very low levels of fasting serum triglycerides (50.8 +/- 5.9 mg/dl). When the diet was changed to a high-energy, low-fat formula, these levels increased rapidly to normal values (104.9 +/- 19.2 mg/dl). Reversing the dietary change produced the opposite effect within 2 days. This effect was also studied in 14 normal adults, who received a high-fat diet ad libitum during 5 days. Meals were prepared from common foodstuffs with a high fat content. The hypotriglyceridemic effect occurred in all volunteers. A close relationship was observed between the initial triglyceride concentration and the decrement produced by the high-fat diet (r = 0.97), which did not affect serum cholesterol levels. No consistent response of serum free-fatty acids was detected, while serum proteins remained within normal values. Despite the rather high energy intake, most subjects lost weight during the experimental period. The level of fasting serum triglycerides of the adult volunteers was negatively correlated to the fat content of their self-selected diets. These results are discussed in relation to current ideas about fat requirements.", "PMID": 121689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14758", "title": "[Comparative study of bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics with the \"abac\" automatic system and the agar diffusion disk method].", "content": "654 bacterial strains isolated from different biological materials have been tested either with \"abac\" automatic system or diffusion system on disks according to the Bauer-Kirby standardized method. The higher discrepancy has been observed to Co-trimoxazol antibiotic. Some other discrepancies, non significative, are shown in figures. The use of \"abac\" provides increased efficiency and convenience improving the quality of routine antimicrobic susceptibility results.", "contents": "[Comparative study of bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics with the \"abac\" automatic system and the agar diffusion disk method]. 654 bacterial strains isolated from different biological materials have been tested either with \"abac\" automatic system or diffusion system on disks according to the Bauer-Kirby standardized method. The higher discrepancy has been observed to Co-trimoxazol antibiotic. Some other discrepancies, non significative, are shown in figures. The use of \"abac\" provides increased efficiency and convenience improving the quality of routine antimicrobic susceptibility results.", "PMID": 121685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14759", "title": "[Salmonella infections in the province of Frosinone in the period 1974-1978].", "content": "835 isolates for Samonellae have been obtained from more than 32,000 stool cultures carried out on healthy persons living in the Frosinone district during 1974-1978. The strains typed were 786 and any of more than 37 serotypes have been identified. S. wien showed the highest incidence.", "contents": "[Salmonella infections in the province of Frosinone in the period 1974-1978]. 835 isolates for Samonellae have been obtained from more than 32,000 stool cultures carried out on healthy persons living in the Frosinone district during 1974-1978. The strains typed were 786 and any of more than 37 serotypes have been identified. S. wien showed the highest incidence.", "PMID": 121686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14760", "title": "[Meningoencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults. Description of 2 cases].", "content": "Two patients are presented who had Listeria meningo-encephalitis. They were both adults and reduced in defences against infections. The diagnosis was made by isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from cerebrospinal fluid cultures. One of the patients recovered; other died although therapeutic measures were promptly started. The Authors suggest the need for a careful research about Listeria infections in our country.", "contents": "[Meningoencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults. Description of 2 cases]. Two patients are presented who had Listeria meningo-encephalitis. They were both adults and reduced in defences against infections. The diagnosis was made by isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from cerebrospinal fluid cultures. One of the patients recovered; other died although therapeutic measures were promptly started. The Authors suggest the need for a careful research about Listeria infections in our country.", "PMID": 121687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14761", "title": "[Benign monoclonal gammopathies. Case reports].", "content": "30 cases of patients presenting a benign monoclonal gammopathy (b.m.g.) have been studied, stress being laid on concomitant conditions, cases with likely typical symptomatology, atypical variations over time in certain patients of the monoclonal Ig level, and cases which, before they can be called benign, need further controls. Two cases of transitory b.m.g., one in a child, with double polymerization state, are also presented.", "contents": "[Benign monoclonal gammopathies. Case reports]. 30 cases of patients presenting a benign monoclonal gammopathy (b.m.g.) have been studied, stress being laid on concomitant conditions, cases with likely typical symptomatology, atypical variations over time in certain patients of the monoclonal Ig level, and cases which, before they can be called benign, need further controls. Two cases of transitory b.m.g., one in a child, with double polymerization state, are also presented.", "PMID": 121690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14762", "title": "[Benign monoclonal gammopathies. Critical review].", "content": "During a review of the relevant literature, the view is expressed that the term \"monoclonal\" expresses no more than an operative concept. A classification of the benign monoclonal gammopathies is proposed in accordance with their aetiopathogenesis. Stress is laid on the importance of antigen stimuli and self-maintenance of the tumour mass below a certain number of cells. Reference is made to the possible typical symptomatology and criteria for the differential diagnosis of myeloma and Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease are put forward. Inter alia, emphasis is placed on the little significance of Bence-Jones proteinuria for the purpose of differentiation. Models of atypical behaviour are presented.", "contents": "[Benign monoclonal gammopathies. Critical review]. During a review of the relevant literature, the view is expressed that the term \"monoclonal\" expresses no more than an operative concept. A classification of the benign monoclonal gammopathies is proposed in accordance with their aetiopathogenesis. Stress is laid on the importance of antigen stimuli and self-maintenance of the tumour mass below a certain number of cells. Reference is made to the possible typical symptomatology and criteria for the differential diagnosis of myeloma and Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease are put forward. Inter alia, emphasis is placed on the little significance of Bence-Jones proteinuria for the purpose of differentiation. Models of atypical behaviour are presented.", "PMID": 121691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14763", "title": "Serologic differentiation of adult Toxocara and Ascaris.", "content": "The antigenic analysis of Toxocara canis a causative agent of visceral larva migrans and Ascaris suum has been carried out. Agar gel double diffusion techniques and its modifications were employed to determine whether or not crude antigens, obtained from the adult parasites: (a) contained components unique for each, (b) could be used to differentiate the parasites serologically. Adult Toxocara canis and Ascanis suum antigens used in this study were found to contain several unique antigenic components. It was shown that antisera produced in rabbits artificially immunized against adult Ascaris and Toxocara could be specifically differentiated from each other by using intragel absorption test.", "contents": "Serologic differentiation of adult Toxocara and Ascaris. The antigenic analysis of Toxocara canis a causative agent of visceral larva migrans and Ascaris suum has been carried out. Agar gel double diffusion techniques and its modifications were employed to determine whether or not crude antigens, obtained from the adult parasites: (a) contained components unique for each, (b) could be used to differentiate the parasites serologically. Adult Toxocara canis and Ascanis suum antigens used in this study were found to contain several unique antigenic components. It was shown that antisera produced in rabbits artificially immunized against adult Ascaris and Toxocara could be specifically differentiated from each other by using intragel absorption test.", "PMID": 121695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14764", "title": "Serologic differentiation of larval Toxocara and Ascaris.", "content": "Antigenic extracts of adult and larval T. canis and A. suum have been used in microgel double diffusion technique to differentiate antibodies produced in animals, experimentally infected with these parasites. Antigenic extracts from adult Ascaris reacted with the sera from animals infected with A. suum but the extracts from adult Toxocara failed to react or reacted feebly with the sera from animals infected with T. canis. Interestingly the antigenic extract from adult Toxocara reacted with the sera from animals infected with Ascaris. The antigens extracted from embryonated eggs of both the worms reacted with anti-Toxocara larval serum but could not absorb all the specific antibodies in the interagel absorption test.", "contents": "Serologic differentiation of larval Toxocara and Ascaris. Antigenic extracts of adult and larval T. canis and A. suum have been used in microgel double diffusion technique to differentiate antibodies produced in animals, experimentally infected with these parasites. Antigenic extracts from adult Ascaris reacted with the sera from animals infected with A. suum but the extracts from adult Toxocara failed to react or reacted feebly with the sera from animals infected with T. canis. Interestingly the antigenic extract from adult Toxocara reacted with the sera from animals infected with Ascaris. The antigens extracted from embryonated eggs of both the worms reacted with anti-Toxocara larval serum but could not absorb all the specific antibodies in the interagel absorption test.", "PMID": 121696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14765", "title": "Trace minerals in paediatric gastroenterology: zinc and copper.", "content": "A number of aspects of zinc and copper metabolism are relevant in the clinical practice of pediatric gastroenterology. Although the diagnosis of zinc and copper deficiency is problematic, deficiencies and altered metabolism of these two nutrients are seen in a host of hepatic and intestinal diseases of childhood. Several medical and surgical interventions can adversely affect zinc and copper nutriture as well. Continuing scientific research into the biology of zinc and copper will provide new insights into the pathophysiology of pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.", "contents": "Trace minerals in paediatric gastroenterology: zinc and copper. A number of aspects of zinc and copper metabolism are relevant in the clinical practice of pediatric gastroenterology. Although the diagnosis of zinc and copper deficiency is problematic, deficiencies and altered metabolism of these two nutrients are seen in a host of hepatic and intestinal diseases of childhood. Several medical and surgical interventions can adversely affect zinc and copper nutriture as well. Continuing scientific research into the biology of zinc and copper will provide new insights into the pathophysiology of pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.", "PMID": 121692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14766", "title": "[Role of 17-beta-estradiol in the synthesis and secretion of prolactin].", "content": "In 5 post-menopausal women TSH and prolactin secretions, induced by TRH, were studied before and after treatment with mg 20 of polyestradiol valerate. After this drug, plasma prolactin concentration increased, but no difference was observed in TSH secretion. The data suggest that 17-beta-estradiol doesn't increase the number of TRH receptors on pituitary cell surface, but stimulates prolactin synthesis.", "contents": "[Role of 17-beta-estradiol in the synthesis and secretion of prolactin]. In 5 post-menopausal women TSH and prolactin secretions, induced by TRH, were studied before and after treatment with mg 20 of polyestradiol valerate. After this drug, plasma prolactin concentration increased, but no difference was observed in TSH secretion. The data suggest that 17-beta-estradiol doesn't increase the number of TRH receptors on pituitary cell surface, but stimulates prolactin synthesis.", "PMID": 121700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14767", "title": "[In-vitro antibiotic resistance of hospital and non-hospital strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa].", "content": "The AA report about the resistence towards antibiotics of 42 stocks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from hospitalized patients and of 18 stocks isolated from non hospitalized patients. The most active antibiotics are Gentamicine, Neomicine and Streptomicine. Interestingly towards Tobramicine no resistence has been detected. The stocks isolated from hospitalized patients have generally shown a higher resistence.", "contents": "[In-vitro antibiotic resistance of hospital and non-hospital strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. The AA report about the resistence towards antibiotics of 42 stocks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from hospitalized patients and of 18 stocks isolated from non hospitalized patients. The most active antibiotics are Gentamicine, Neomicine and Streptomicine. Interestingly towards Tobramicine no resistence has been detected. The stocks isolated from hospitalized patients have generally shown a higher resistence.", "PMID": 121701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14768", "title": "[Effect of factor VIII concentrate on malondialdehyde release by normal human platelets].", "content": "It is well known that Factor VIII concentrates affect platelet function both \"in vitro\" and \"in vivo\" but the mechanism of their action is poorly understood. Therefore the aim of the present work was to investigate a possible effect of these concentrates on prostaglandin synthesis by platelets, measured as the amount of released malondialdehyde (MDA), which is an index of Thromboxane A2 production. Our data suggest that Factor VIII concentrates have no effect on MDA release by platelets and on its inhibition by aspirin and heparin. In conclusion the effect of Factor VIII concentrates on platelets is not mediated by an increased synthesis of prostaglandins.", "contents": "[Effect of factor VIII concentrate on malondialdehyde release by normal human platelets]. It is well known that Factor VIII concentrates affect platelet function both \"in vitro\" and \"in vivo\" but the mechanism of their action is poorly understood. Therefore the aim of the present work was to investigate a possible effect of these concentrates on prostaglandin synthesis by platelets, measured as the amount of released malondialdehyde (MDA), which is an index of Thromboxane A2 production. Our data suggest that Factor VIII concentrates have no effect on MDA release by platelets and on its inhibition by aspirin and heparin. In conclusion the effect of Factor VIII concentrates on platelets is not mediated by an increased synthesis of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 121702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14769", "title": "Response of nonhuman animals to speech and to species-specific sounds.", "content": "Three questions relate to how nonhuman species respond to speech and species-specific sounds: (1) Do nonhuman species perceive human speech in a human-like fashion? (2) How do nonhuman species perceive their own vocalizatios? and (3) How does human perception of animal sounds differ from the animals' perception of those sounds? Four methodologies are available for studying an animal's perception of sounds: (1) discriminative conditioning; (2) habituation-dishabituation; (3) playbacks in captivity; and (4) playbacks in situ. Each of these techniques has a different degree of ecological validity and has different intrinsic biases toward the conclusions one might draw. Experiments using these methodologies for each of the three questions are reviewed and the methodological problems of each are discussed. A two-stage model of perceiving species-specific sounds is presented which accounts for both categorical perception of sounds and within category discrimination of sounds.", "contents": "Response of nonhuman animals to speech and to species-specific sounds. Three questions relate to how nonhuman species respond to speech and species-specific sounds: (1) Do nonhuman species perceive human speech in a human-like fashion? (2) How do nonhuman species perceive their own vocalizatios? and (3) How does human perception of animal sounds differ from the animals' perception of those sounds? Four methodologies are available for studying an animal's perception of sounds: (1) discriminative conditioning; (2) habituation-dishabituation; (3) playbacks in captivity; and (4) playbacks in situ. Each of these techniques has a different degree of ecological validity and has different intrinsic biases toward the conclusions one might draw. Experiments using these methodologies for each of the three questions are reviewed and the methodological problems of each are discussed. A two-stage model of perceiving species-specific sounds is presented which accounts for both categorical perception of sounds and within category discrimination of sounds.", "PMID": 121704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14770", "title": "Oscillations in performance in levodopa-treated parkinsonians: treatment with bromocriptine and L-deprenyl.", "content": "Fluctuations in performance in levodopa-treated Parkinsonians pose frequent and difficult problems of managment. Controlled trials with two recently introduced drugs, bromocriptine and L-deprenyl, have been performed in an attempt to clarify their use in Parkinsonian oscillations. Bromocriptine, partially substituted for levodopa, was helpful in 4 of 6 patients with early morning dystonia, but did not benefit 9 patients with end-of-dose deterioration and 5 patients with \"on-off changes. L-Deprenyl 10mg daily gave substantial benefit to 19 of 39 patients with end-of-dose deterioration, but to only 1 of 10 patients with \"on-off' phenomena. Neither L-deprenyl nor bromocriptine helped patients disabled by freezing episodes or levodopa-induced involuntary movements.", "contents": "Oscillations in performance in levodopa-treated parkinsonians: treatment with bromocriptine and L-deprenyl. Fluctuations in performance in levodopa-treated Parkinsonians pose frequent and difficult problems of managment. Controlled trials with two recently introduced drugs, bromocriptine and L-deprenyl, have been performed in an attempt to clarify their use in Parkinsonian oscillations. Bromocriptine, partially substituted for levodopa, was helpful in 4 of 6 patients with early morning dystonia, but did not benefit 9 patients with end-of-dose deterioration and 5 patients with \"on-off changes. L-Deprenyl 10mg daily gave substantial benefit to 19 of 39 patients with end-of-dose deterioration, but to only 1 of 10 patients with \"on-off' phenomena. Neither L-deprenyl nor bromocriptine helped patients disabled by freezing episodes or levodopa-induced involuntary movements.", "PMID": 121706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14771", "title": "Some aspects of the clinical use of clonazepam in refractory epilepsy.", "content": "Sodium valproate and clonazepam were given in combination to 17 refractory epileptic patients and their progress was reviewed clinically and by EEG's. Even though plasma concentrations of sodium valproate and conventional anticonvulsants were monitored and adjusted according to individual requirements, combination therapy consisting of valproate and clonazepam was ineffective in controlling seizures in the majority of patients. A further 40 patients receiving clonazepam were reviewed in relation to adverse reactions. 22 patients in this group suffered from undesirable effects attributable to clonazepam. These effects were managed by cessation of the drug or a reduction in the dose. The commonest side effects were drowsiness, loss of concentration, irritability and aggression.", "contents": "Some aspects of the clinical use of clonazepam in refractory epilepsy. Sodium valproate and clonazepam were given in combination to 17 refractory epileptic patients and their progress was reviewed clinically and by EEG's. Even though plasma concentrations of sodium valproate and conventional anticonvulsants were monitored and adjusted according to individual requirements, combination therapy consisting of valproate and clonazepam was ineffective in controlling seizures in the majority of patients. A further 40 patients receiving clonazepam were reviewed in relation to adverse reactions. 22 patients in this group suffered from undesirable effects attributable to clonazepam. These effects were managed by cessation of the drug or a reduction in the dose. The commonest side effects were drowsiness, loss of concentration, irritability and aggression.", "PMID": 121707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14772", "title": "Effects of chemicals on the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in normal and Bloom's syndrome lymphocytes.", "content": "Bloom's syndrome (BS) lymphocytes, which are characterized by a high incidence of sister chromatid exchangs (SCE, 78.4 per cell), were treated with bifunctional--(MC) and monofunctional--(M--MC) mitomycin C and 4-nitroquinoline-l-oxide (4NQO) either singly or in combination with caffeine, and the effects of the chemicals on the frequency of SCE and chromosome aberrations compared with that in normal lymphocytes. The normal cells were highly sensitive to MC with regard to SCE frequency (10 times over the control level), but not to M--MC and 4NQO, whereas in BS cells, MC, M--MC or 4NQO easily induced SCE up to 'saturation' level, though the relative increase in SCE was not as high (2 times over the control level). The effect of caffeine in combination with these agents was to increase markedly the SCE frequency and that of shattered chromosomes in normal cells, whereas in BS cells the effect of caffeine on SCE was not synergistic with these agents, i.e. the SCE level achieved was not significantly increased over that obtained by the simple addition of these agents. The frequency of mitotic chiasmata was significantly increased by MC in BS cells; however, no significant difference was found in the distribution of chiasmata among chromosome regions between treated and untreated materials. This differs from the reported action of MC on cultured lymphocytes of normal subjects, where chiasmata are concentrated at secondary constrictions and centromeres of chromosomes nos. 1, 9 and 16. Possible differences in the mechanisms inducing SCE and chromosome aberrations in chemically-treated normal and Bloom's syndrome cells are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of chemicals on the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in normal and Bloom's syndrome lymphocytes. Bloom's syndrome (BS) lymphocytes, which are characterized by a high incidence of sister chromatid exchangs (SCE, 78.4 per cell), were treated with bifunctional--(MC) and monofunctional--(M--MC) mitomycin C and 4-nitroquinoline-l-oxide (4NQO) either singly or in combination with caffeine, and the effects of the chemicals on the frequency of SCE and chromosome aberrations compared with that in normal lymphocytes. The normal cells were highly sensitive to MC with regard to SCE frequency (10 times over the control level), but not to M--MC and 4NQO, whereas in BS cells, MC, M--MC or 4NQO easily induced SCE up to 'saturation' level, though the relative increase in SCE was not as high (2 times over the control level). The effect of caffeine in combination with these agents was to increase markedly the SCE frequency and that of shattered chromosomes in normal cells, whereas in BS cells the effect of caffeine on SCE was not synergistic with these agents, i.e. the SCE level achieved was not significantly increased over that obtained by the simple addition of these agents. The frequency of mitotic chiasmata was significantly increased by MC in BS cells; however, no significant difference was found in the distribution of chiasmata among chromosome regions between treated and untreated materials. This differs from the reported action of MC on cultured lymphocytes of normal subjects, where chiasmata are concentrated at secondary constrictions and centromeres of chromosomes nos. 1, 9 and 16. Possible differences in the mechanisms inducing SCE and chromosome aberrations in chemically-treated normal and Bloom's syndrome cells are discussed.", "PMID": 121708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14773", "title": "[The antibacterial efficacy of cefaclor in routine testing of clinical material from two Berlin hospitals (author's transl)].", "content": "The agar diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial efficacy of cefaclor against bacterial strains isolated routinely from patients in two hospitals in Berlin. A comparison was made with the efficacy of oxacillin, azlocillin, amikacin, gentamicin, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, penicillin, cefazolin, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin. A total of 1235 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus species, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested. Cefaclor was superior to the other substances in its activity against E. coli, Klebsiellae, and Proteus mirabilis. Co-trimoxazole and tetracycline, on the other hand, proved more effective against indole-positive Proteus species and Citrobacter. Tetracycline was also more effective against Enterobacter. Ampicillin was the most effective agent against enterococci, and oxacillin the most effective against S. aureus. Cefaclor showed good antibacterial activity against strains which were resistant to the orally administrable agents ampicillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole.", "contents": "[The antibacterial efficacy of cefaclor in routine testing of clinical material from two Berlin hospitals (author's transl)]. The agar diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial efficacy of cefaclor against bacterial strains isolated routinely from patients in two hospitals in Berlin. A comparison was made with the efficacy of oxacillin, azlocillin, amikacin, gentamicin, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, penicillin, cefazolin, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin. A total of 1235 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus species, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested. Cefaclor was superior to the other substances in its activity against E. coli, Klebsiellae, and Proteus mirabilis. Co-trimoxazole and tetracycline, on the other hand, proved more effective against indole-positive Proteus species and Citrobacter. Tetracycline was also more effective against Enterobacter. Ampicillin was the most effective agent against enterococci, and oxacillin the most effective against S. aureus. Cefaclor showed good antibacterial activity against strains which were resistant to the orally administrable agents ampicillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole.", "PMID": 121730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14774", "title": "[Therapy of chronic respiratory tract infections in children, including mucoviscidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In respiratory tract infections in children a distinction must be made between frequently recurring infections and genuine chronic infections due to specific anatomical factors, immunological defects or congenital diseases such as mucoviscidosis. The most frequent pathogens are Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella, S. aureus predominates in infants. The same applies for mucoviscidosis, in which P. aeruginosa is the second most frequent pathogen, occurring frequently after a primary infection with staphylococci. In order to avoid frequent relapses in mucoviscidosis patients, uninterrupted long-term treatment with an antibiotic which is effective against staphylococci is recommended, commencing the moment the diagnosis has been established. Suitable antibiotics are co-trimoxazole or oral cephalosporins (e. g. cephalexin, cephradine or cefaclor). Other respiratory tract infections should be treated according to the antibiogramme with a suitable antibiotic once the diagnosis has been confirmed.", "contents": "[Therapy of chronic respiratory tract infections in children, including mucoviscidosis (author's transl)]. In respiratory tract infections in children a distinction must be made between frequently recurring infections and genuine chronic infections due to specific anatomical factors, immunological defects or congenital diseases such as mucoviscidosis. The most frequent pathogens are Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella, S. aureus predominates in infants. The same applies for mucoviscidosis, in which P. aeruginosa is the second most frequent pathogen, occurring frequently after a primary infection with staphylococci. In order to avoid frequent relapses in mucoviscidosis patients, uninterrupted long-term treatment with an antibiotic which is effective against staphylococci is recommended, commencing the moment the diagnosis has been established. Suitable antibiotics are co-trimoxazole or oral cephalosporins (e. g. cephalexin, cephradine or cefaclor). Other respiratory tract infections should be treated according to the antibiogramme with a suitable antibiotic once the diagnosis has been confirmed.", "PMID": 121731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14775", "title": "Lytic manifestations in the bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteriophages bacteriocines, autoplaques).", "content": "Ps. aeruginosa strains--a frequement resuet of an irresponsible antibiotic therapy--represent a common agent of nosocomial infektions. At the same time, gravity of Pseudomonas diseases is also increasing. Lysogeny, bacteriocinogeny and frequent occurrence of autoplaques are the lytic manifestations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains which play a great role in the complexity of solving diagnostic, epidemiological end therapeutical problems connected with infections induced by these microbes. A survey is presented of the importance and utilization of the lytic properties of bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the differentiation, epidemiological typing and further expansion of therapeutical possibilities in infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria.", "contents": "Lytic manifestations in the bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteriophages bacteriocines, autoplaques). Ps. aeruginosa strains--a frequement resuet of an irresponsible antibiotic therapy--represent a common agent of nosocomial infektions. At the same time, gravity of Pseudomonas diseases is also increasing. Lysogeny, bacteriocinogeny and frequent occurrence of autoplaques are the lytic manifestations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains which play a great role in the complexity of solving diagnostic, epidemiological end therapeutical problems connected with infections induced by these microbes. A survey is presented of the importance and utilization of the lytic properties of bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the differentiation, epidemiological typing and further expansion of therapeutical possibilities in infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria.", "PMID": 121741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14776", "title": "The use of the carbon dioxide laser in the pediatric airway.", "content": "Congenital and acquired lesions of the pediatric airway present difficulties in management. Until recently, correction of these problems frequently involved an external approach to the larynx and trachea. Development of fiberoptic instrumentation, as well as the introduction of the Zeiss operating microscope, has now given the surgeon a new means to visualize the larynx and trachea. Soon after its development, the carbon dioxide surgical laser was coupled to these instruments to permit an extremely precise form of tissue excision and ablation. Its unique properties, including an extraordinary hemostatic effect, as well as minimal postoperative edema and scarring, make it an ideal tool for management of lesions of the pediatric airway. It has been employed successfully in the treatment of 177 lesions.", "contents": "The use of the carbon dioxide laser in the pediatric airway. Congenital and acquired lesions of the pediatric airway present difficulties in management. Until recently, correction of these problems frequently involved an external approach to the larynx and trachea. Development of fiberoptic instrumentation, as well as the introduction of the Zeiss operating microscope, has now given the surgeon a new means to visualize the larynx and trachea. Soon after its development, the carbon dioxide surgical laser was coupled to these instruments to permit an extremely precise form of tissue excision and ablation. Its unique properties, including an extraordinary hemostatic effect, as well as minimal postoperative edema and scarring, make it an ideal tool for management of lesions of the pediatric airway. It has been employed successfully in the treatment of 177 lesions.", "PMID": 121743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14777", "title": "The effect of overdistention of the lung on pulmonary function in beagle puppies.", "content": "The removal of one lung from a beagle puppy results in minimal interference with lung function or the arterial gases. The removal of air from the empty pleural cavity results in a shift of the mediastinum and overdistention of the contralateral lung. An immediate decrease in the PO2 and increase in the PCO2 is seen. Significant increase in the alveolar-arterial CO2 gradient reflected marked increase in dead space ventilation. Biopsies of the overdistended lung demonstrated emphysema and disruption of alveoli. These changes may explain some of the deterioration of lung function and the complication of contralateral pneumothorax following repair of a Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia. Our study suggests that the mediastinum should be stabilized in the midline after repair of a diaphragmatic hernia or after a pneumonectomy in an infant or small child.", "contents": "The effect of overdistention of the lung on pulmonary function in beagle puppies. The removal of one lung from a beagle puppy results in minimal interference with lung function or the arterial gases. The removal of air from the empty pleural cavity results in a shift of the mediastinum and overdistention of the contralateral lung. An immediate decrease in the PO2 and increase in the PCO2 is seen. Significant increase in the alveolar-arterial CO2 gradient reflected marked increase in dead space ventilation. Biopsies of the overdistended lung demonstrated emphysema and disruption of alveoli. These changes may explain some of the deterioration of lung function and the complication of contralateral pneumothorax following repair of a Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia. Our study suggests that the mediastinum should be stabilized in the midline after repair of a diaphragmatic hernia or after a pneumonectomy in an infant or small child.", "PMID": 121744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14778", "title": "Sequelae of prolonged ventilatory support for pediatric surgical patients.", "content": "The evolution of intensive prolonged respiratory support has been a major development in improving survival in the critically-ill child. That intensive respiratory support can be maintained for prolonged periods of time even in the home with survival of good babies is the subject of this report. In a 3-yr period, 2112 surgical patients were admitted to intensive care facilities with an over-all survival of 95%. Ventilatory support was required in 368 (17.4%) of these children, and survival in this group was 75.3%. Prolonged mechanical ventilation was necessary in 13 of the 368 children (3.5%) for a mean support time of 359 days (range 101 to 1095). Of these 13 children, 4 died while hospitalized (30.8%), and 3 died subsequently after being discharged (23.1%) for a total mortality of 53.8%. However, 6 children (46.2%) survive, 3 free of ventilatory support and 3 being weaned from their machine at home. The greatest cost in this expensive program was delivered to the survivors and psycho-social and developmental data confirm that these children are good babies with favorable long-term prognoses.", "contents": "Sequelae of prolonged ventilatory support for pediatric surgical patients. The evolution of intensive prolonged respiratory support has been a major development in improving survival in the critically-ill child. That intensive respiratory support can be maintained for prolonged periods of time even in the home with survival of good babies is the subject of this report. In a 3-yr period, 2112 surgical patients were admitted to intensive care facilities with an over-all survival of 95%. Ventilatory support was required in 368 (17.4%) of these children, and survival in this group was 75.3%. Prolonged mechanical ventilation was necessary in 13 of the 368 children (3.5%) for a mean support time of 359 days (range 101 to 1095). Of these 13 children, 4 died while hospitalized (30.8%), and 3 died subsequently after being discharged (23.1%) for a total mortality of 53.8%. However, 6 children (46.2%) survive, 3 free of ventilatory support and 3 being weaned from their machine at home. The greatest cost in this expensive program was delivered to the survivors and psycho-social and developmental data confirm that these children are good babies with favorable long-term prognoses.", "PMID": 121745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14779", "title": "Bladder outlet obstruction after operation for ureterocele.", "content": "Two patients with ureterocele-induced bladder outlet obstruction are presented. In each instance, a broad-based diverticulum had developed in the floor of the bladder as a result of the muscular defect created by a simple ureterocele in one patient and an ectopic ureterocele in the other. This bladder diverticulum produced secondary obstruction of the bladder outlet during the act of voiding. Urinary diversion in one patient had been carried out because of bladder outlet obstruction and was being seriously considered in the other patient because of upper tract deterioration. After the correct diagnosis was established, reconstruction of the muscular defect eliminated the obstruction and reestablished satisfactory bladder function. Urinary diversion was thus prevented in one patient and undiversion accomplished in another, when the true obstructing nature of the bladder diverticulum was established and correct therapy instituted.", "contents": "Bladder outlet obstruction after operation for ureterocele. Two patients with ureterocele-induced bladder outlet obstruction are presented. In each instance, a broad-based diverticulum had developed in the floor of the bladder as a result of the muscular defect created by a simple ureterocele in one patient and an ectopic ureterocele in the other. This bladder diverticulum produced secondary obstruction of the bladder outlet during the act of voiding. Urinary diversion in one patient had been carried out because of bladder outlet obstruction and was being seriously considered in the other patient because of upper tract deterioration. After the correct diagnosis was established, reconstruction of the muscular defect eliminated the obstruction and reestablished satisfactory bladder function. Urinary diversion was thus prevented in one patient and undiversion accomplished in another, when the true obstructing nature of the bladder diverticulum was established and correct therapy instituted.", "PMID": 121746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14780", "title": "Characterisation of the immunological response in marmoset monkeys immunised against hCG beta-subunit and its relationship with their subsequent fertility.", "content": "Female marmoset monkeys that are actively immunised against hCG beta-subunit remain infertile while antibody titres are high. With declining antibody levels the animals experience recurrent abortions that occur progressively later as the levels continue to wane. After booster immunisations the animals become infertile once more. The affinity and total binding sites of antibodies to beta-hCG were monitored after booster injections in marmosets and the values were correlated with subsequent reproductive events. The relationship between antibody amount and affinity varied considerably and the affinity was the important factor in producing the biological effects, pregnancies being often associated with a fall in antibody affinity. The antisera were also biologically active in inhibiting hCG-induced ovulation and increase in uterine weight in mice. There was no apparent cross-reaction between the antisera and human luteinizing hormone as tested by indirect immunofluorescence on adult human pituitary sections.", "contents": "Characterisation of the immunological response in marmoset monkeys immunised against hCG beta-subunit and its relationship with their subsequent fertility. Female marmoset monkeys that are actively immunised against hCG beta-subunit remain infertile while antibody titres are high. With declining antibody levels the animals experience recurrent abortions that occur progressively later as the levels continue to wane. After booster immunisations the animals become infertile once more. The affinity and total binding sites of antibodies to beta-hCG were monitored after booster injections in marmosets and the values were correlated with subsequent reproductive events. The relationship between antibody amount and affinity varied considerably and the affinity was the important factor in producing the biological effects, pregnancies being often associated with a fall in antibody affinity. The antisera were also biologically active in inhibiting hCG-induced ovulation and increase in uterine weight in mice. There was no apparent cross-reaction between the antisera and human luteinizing hormone as tested by indirect immunofluorescence on adult human pituitary sections.", "PMID": 121747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14781", "title": "Electron-microscope study of the effect of chlorhexidine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Electron micrographs of cytological damage to log phase Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused by low consentrations of chlorhexidine indicate an action primarily on the cytoplasmic membrane at concentration of 2.0--3.0 micrograms/ml chlorhexidine, and on the cytoplasmic membrane plus layers external to it at concentrations greater than 3.0 micrograms/ml. Evidence of two types of resistance to chlorhexidine is presented.", "contents": "Electron-microscope study of the effect of chlorhexidine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Electron micrographs of cytological damage to log phase Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused by low consentrations of chlorhexidine indicate an action primarily on the cytoplasmic membrane at concentration of 2.0--3.0 micrograms/ml chlorhexidine, and on the cytoplasmic membrane plus layers external to it at concentrations greater than 3.0 micrograms/ml. Evidence of two types of resistance to chlorhexidine is presented.", "PMID": 121759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14782", "title": "Primate facial allometry and interpretations of australopithecine variation.", "content": "Pilbeam and Gould have discussed African Plio-Pleistocene hominid evolution in the context of allometry (size-dependent morphological change). These authors demonstrate that some general aspects of australopithecine morphology (tooth, brain and body size) support the hypothesis that certain early African hominids were merely scaled variations of each other at different sizes. They also speculate that the methods applied to these very broad anatomical categories can be extended to more specific and detailed traits, especially in the face and cranium. Such traits underlie most taxonomic and phylogenetic discussions of the early African Hominidae, so it is useful to follow Pilbeam and Gould's lead, as we do here, and investigate the structural differences in the australopithecine face and cranimum in a quantificiable fashion.", "contents": "Primate facial allometry and interpretations of australopithecine variation. Pilbeam and Gould have discussed African Plio-Pleistocene hominid evolution in the context of allometry (size-dependent morphological change). These authors demonstrate that some general aspects of australopithecine morphology (tooth, brain and body size) support the hypothesis that certain early African hominids were merely scaled variations of each other at different sizes. They also speculate that the methods applied to these very broad anatomical categories can be extended to more specific and detailed traits, especially in the face and cranium. Such traits underlie most taxonomic and phylogenetic discussions of the early African Hominidae, so it is useful to follow Pilbeam and Gould's lead, as we do here, and investigate the structural differences in the australopithecine face and cranimum in a quantificiable fashion.", "PMID": 121762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14783", "title": "Ionophore A23187 disrupts membrane structure by modifying protein-lipid interactions.", "content": "The physiological function of membrane-boudn protein clearly depends on the nature of its neighbouring lipid. However, the question of how critical the protein is to the structure and function of membrane lipid has received much less attention. There is some evidence that lipid surrounding membrane protein, 'boundary lipid', may be more ordered than continuum lipid. Protein can also alter the enthalpy and temperature of pure lipid-phase transitions. However, controversy surrounds the question of whether membrane proteins determine long-range aspects of lipid structure or merly perturb their local environments. Here, we demonstrate that a lipophilic substance, the calcium ionophore, A23187 (Lilly), dramatically disorders the lipid structure of the membrane and that this phenomenon depends on the presence of proteins.", "contents": "Ionophore A23187 disrupts membrane structure by modifying protein-lipid interactions. The physiological function of membrane-boudn protein clearly depends on the nature of its neighbouring lipid. However, the question of how critical the protein is to the structure and function of membrane lipid has received much less attention. There is some evidence that lipid surrounding membrane protein, 'boundary lipid', may be more ordered than continuum lipid. Protein can also alter the enthalpy and temperature of pure lipid-phase transitions. However, controversy surrounds the question of whether membrane proteins determine long-range aspects of lipid structure or merly perturb their local environments. Here, we demonstrate that a lipophilic substance, the calcium ionophore, A23187 (Lilly), dramatically disorders the lipid structure of the membrane and that this phenomenon depends on the presence of proteins.", "PMID": 121763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14784", "title": "Galactosyltransferase and membrane glycoprotein abnormality in human platelets from Tn-syndrome donors.", "content": "Early studies on the analysis of membranes isolated from the erythrocytes of Tn-patients by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed a severe reduction in the staining capacity of glycophorin with the periodate-Schiff (PAS) reaction. A low sialic acid and galactose (Gal) content of the polyagglutinable red cells was confirmed while it was reported that the abnormal red cells of Tn-patients contained little or no UDPGal: GalNAc-beta-3-D-galactosyltransferase (T-transferase) activity. The glycoprotein (GP) abnormality in Tn-erythrocytes appeared to be due to incomplete synthesis of the alkali-labile oligosaccharide chaims of glycophorin. We now report studies on the membrane GP composition and the T-transferase activity of platelets isolated from there Tn-syndrome patients whose red cell membranes contain GP abnormalities which are typical of those found in this rare clinical condition.", "contents": "Galactosyltransferase and membrane glycoprotein abnormality in human platelets from Tn-syndrome donors. Early studies on the analysis of membranes isolated from the erythrocytes of Tn-patients by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed a severe reduction in the staining capacity of glycophorin with the periodate-Schiff (PAS) reaction. A low sialic acid and galactose (Gal) content of the polyagglutinable red cells was confirmed while it was reported that the abnormal red cells of Tn-patients contained little or no UDPGal: GalNAc-beta-3-D-galactosyltransferase (T-transferase) activity. The glycoprotein (GP) abnormality in Tn-erythrocytes appeared to be due to incomplete synthesis of the alkali-labile oligosaccharide chaims of glycophorin. We now report studies on the membrane GP composition and the T-transferase activity of platelets isolated from there Tn-syndrome patients whose red cell membranes contain GP abnormalities which are typical of those found in this rare clinical condition.", "PMID": 121764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14785", "title": "Classification of hereditary cataracts in children by linkage analysis.", "content": "A total of 12-different types of hereditary cataracts have been positively assigned to the gene map. They are located on autosomes as well as on the X chromosome. This establishes several kinds of cataracts as distinct diseases caused by different mutations. In selected cases the information may be helpful for prenatal diagnosis.", "contents": "Classification of hereditary cataracts in children by linkage analysis. A total of 12-different types of hereditary cataracts have been positively assigned to the gene map. They are located on autosomes as well as on the X chromosome. This establishes several kinds of cataracts as distinct diseases caused by different mutations. In selected cases the information may be helpful for prenatal diagnosis.", "PMID": 121767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14786", "title": "Efficacy of Alrestatin, an aldose reductase inhibitor, in human diabetic and nondiabetic lenses.", "content": "Immediately after cataract extraction, lenses from diabetic and nondiabetic patients were collected, classified, and assayed or incubated in high-glucose medium. The distribution of cataract types within the diabetic and nondiabetic groups was almost identical. The aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor AY22,284 (Alrestatin) was as effective in blocking sorbitol formation in diabetic as in nondiabetic lenses. While there was no difference in the level of intralenticular glucose, the diabetic lens produced significantly more sorbitol than did the nondiabetic lens. Also, the activity of polyol dehydrogenase (PD) was much lower in the diabetic population. The diabetic lenses swelled slightly more (P <.2) than nondiabetic lenses in high glucose media, and AY22,284 was effective in reducing the swelling of diabetic lenses in 35.5 mM glucose medium. While these results are preliminary, they suggest that diabetes, in some way, may confer on the human lens an increased susceptibility to osmotic stress via the sorbitol pathway. It is also reassuring to note that an AR inhibitor is no less effective in blocking the more active AR in the diabetic than in the nondiabetic lens. The therapeutic implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "Efficacy of Alrestatin, an aldose reductase inhibitor, in human diabetic and nondiabetic lenses. Immediately after cataract extraction, lenses from diabetic and nondiabetic patients were collected, classified, and assayed or incubated in high-glucose medium. The distribution of cataract types within the diabetic and nondiabetic groups was almost identical. The aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor AY22,284 (Alrestatin) was as effective in blocking sorbitol formation in diabetic as in nondiabetic lenses. While there was no difference in the level of intralenticular glucose, the diabetic lens produced significantly more sorbitol than did the nondiabetic lens. Also, the activity of polyol dehydrogenase (PD) was much lower in the diabetic population. The diabetic lenses swelled slightly more (P <.2) than nondiabetic lenses in high glucose media, and AY22,284 was effective in reducing the swelling of diabetic lenses in 35.5 mM glucose medium. While these results are preliminary, they suggest that diabetes, in some way, may confer on the human lens an increased susceptibility to osmotic stress via the sorbitol pathway. It is also reassuring to note that an AR inhibitor is no less effective in blocking the more active AR in the diabetic than in the nondiabetic lens. The therapeutic implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 121768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14787", "title": "Trout mortalities as a result of Streptococcus infection.", "content": "Excessive mortalities were experienced in the bigger rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at an efficiently managed trout farm. All tests for known toxins in the feed and water proved to be negative. A faecal Streptococcus which belongs to the Lancefield group D but which could not be identified as belonging to any of the recognized species within this group, was isolated from the spleens, livers and kidneys of affected fish. Pathogenicity studies with this organism proved it to be highly fatal to trout but not to Mozambique bream (Sarotherodon mossambicus), banded bream (Tilapia sparrmenii), carp (Cyprinus carpio) or largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The isolation and biochemical characteristics of the organism are described. The symptoms, gross- and histopathology of this disease are described and discussed. The disease resembles a haemorrhagic septicaemia and appears to be associated with intensification and conditions of stress.", "contents": "Trout mortalities as a result of Streptococcus infection. Excessive mortalities were experienced in the bigger rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at an efficiently managed trout farm. All tests for known toxins in the feed and water proved to be negative. A faecal Streptococcus which belongs to the Lancefield group D but which could not be identified as belonging to any of the recognized species within this group, was isolated from the spleens, livers and kidneys of affected fish. Pathogenicity studies with this organism proved it to be highly fatal to trout but not to Mozambique bream (Sarotherodon mossambicus), banded bream (Tilapia sparrmenii), carp (Cyprinus carpio) or largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The isolation and biochemical characteristics of the organism are described. The symptoms, gross- and histopathology of this disease are described and discussed. The disease resembles a haemorrhagic septicaemia and appears to be associated with intensification and conditions of stress.", "PMID": 121769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14788", "title": "Distribution of blood groups and secretor status in schistosomiasis.", "content": "Urine and stool specimens from 425 school children in Swaziland were examined for evidence of Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma haematobium infection. Concurrently, saliva collections were analysed for ABH secretory ability and blood samples were typed for ABO, Rh and Lewis groups. Among individuals infected with S. mansoni, the frequency of blood group B was significantly increased (P < 0.001), and there was a greater prevalence of positive secretor status (P < 0.05). In contrast, the presence and severity of S. haematobium infection did not correlate with any of the variables tested.", "contents": "Distribution of blood groups and secretor status in schistosomiasis. Urine and stool specimens from 425 school children in Swaziland were examined for evidence of Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma haematobium infection. Concurrently, saliva collections were analysed for ABH secretory ability and blood samples were typed for ABO, Rh and Lewis groups. Among individuals infected with S. mansoni, the frequency of blood group B was significantly increased (P < 0.001), and there was a greater prevalence of positive secretor status (P < 0.05). In contrast, the presence and severity of S. haematobium infection did not correlate with any of the variables tested.", "PMID": 121770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14789", "title": "Protection of mice against Babesia microti with cord factor, COAM, zymosan, glucan, Salmonella and Listeria.", "content": "Cord factor (trehalose 6-6' dimycolate). COAM (chlorite-oxidized oxyamylose), zymosan, glucan, Salmonella enteritidis 11RX and Listeria monocytogenes were found to protect mice against subsequent infection with Babesia microti, an intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasite. This protection was not observed after injection of Staphylococcus epidermidis, a viridans group Streptococcus, thioglycollate, or colloidal carbon. All the agents which protect against B. microti have also been reported to induce non-specific protection against experimental tumours. The parasites appear to die inside circulating red cells. This implies that these can exert non-specific protection against this parasite through the mediation of a soluble factor.", "contents": "Protection of mice against Babesia microti with cord factor, COAM, zymosan, glucan, Salmonella and Listeria. Cord factor (trehalose 6-6' dimycolate). COAM (chlorite-oxidized oxyamylose), zymosan, glucan, Salmonella enteritidis 11RX and Listeria monocytogenes were found to protect mice against subsequent infection with Babesia microti, an intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasite. This protection was not observed after injection of Staphylococcus epidermidis, a viridans group Streptococcus, thioglycollate, or colloidal carbon. All the agents which protect against B. microti have also been reported to induce non-specific protection against experimental tumours. The parasites appear to die inside circulating red cells. This implies that these can exert non-specific protection against this parasite through the mediation of a soluble factor.", "PMID": 121772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14790", "title": "Acute effects of zimelidine and alaproclate, two inhibitors of serotonin uptake, on neuroendocrine function.", "content": "The accumulation of 14C-5-hydroxytryptamine in human platelets in vitro and plasma levels of a number of hypophyseal hormones and cortisol in healthy male volunteers were determined after acute oral administration of zimelidine and alaproclate, two selective inhibitors of serotonin (5-HT) uptake. Alaproclate (100 mg)  significantly inhibited the accumulation of 14C-5-HT by 42% at 90 minutes but showed no significant effect at 4 hours. At 200 mg the decrease in the accumulation was 55% after 90 minutes and 31% after 4 hours. Zimelidine (200 mg) caused a 72% decrease at 90 minutes and 73% at 4 hours. Plasma levels of prolactin, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and thyroid stimulating hormone remained unchanged after zimelidine and alaproclate, and the levels were comparable to those after placebo. A physiological decline of plasma cortisol levels was noted in the morning during the test period of 4 hours, but there were slight differences in the secretory pattern after the different drugs used.", "contents": "Acute effects of zimelidine and alaproclate, two inhibitors of serotonin uptake, on neuroendocrine function. The accumulation of 14C-5-hydroxytryptamine in human platelets in vitro and plasma levels of a number of hypophyseal hormones and cortisol in healthy male volunteers were determined after acute oral administration of zimelidine and alaproclate, two selective inhibitors of serotonin (5-HT) uptake. Alaproclate (100 mg)  significantly inhibited the accumulation of 14C-5-HT by 42% at 90 minutes but showed no significant effect at 4 hours. At 200 mg the decrease in the accumulation was 55% after 90 minutes and 31% after 4 hours. Zimelidine (200 mg) caused a 72% decrease at 90 minutes and 73% at 4 hours. Plasma levels of prolactin, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and thyroid stimulating hormone remained unchanged after zimelidine and alaproclate, and the levels were comparable to those after placebo. A physiological decline of plasma cortisol levels was noted in the morning during the test period of 4 hours, but there were slight differences in the secretory pattern after the different drugs used.", "PMID": 121774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14791", "title": "Exclusion of dysthyroid eye disease as a cause of unilateral proptosis.", "content": "In many patients with unilateral proptosis dysthyroid disease can be excluded on clinical grounds. The primary purpose of the CT scan is to exclude a mass lesion but the appearances must be correlated with biochemical tests of thyroid function. Confirmation of dysthyroid disease is provided by an abnormal thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) test in the great majority of patients whose proptosis is increasing or is of recent origin.", "contents": "Exclusion of dysthyroid eye disease as a cause of unilateral proptosis. In many patients with unilateral proptosis dysthyroid disease can be excluded on clinical grounds. The primary purpose of the CT scan is to exclude a mass lesion but the appearances must be correlated with biochemical tests of thyroid function. Confirmation of dysthyroid disease is provided by an abnormal thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) test in the great majority of patients whose proptosis is increasing or is of recent origin.", "PMID": 121784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14792", "title": "[Comparative studies of the preparation of alpha-gliadin].", "content": "alpha-gliadin was prepared from wheat flour by two different methods. The products were compared electrophoretically and by double radial immuno-diffusion. The alpha-gliadin fraction proved to be identical in the immunological test. Only the alpha-gliadin preparation received by ion exchange chromatography is suitable for further purification by multiple gel filtrations.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of the preparation of alpha-gliadin]. alpha-gliadin was prepared from wheat flour by two different methods. The products were compared electrophoretically and by double radial immuno-diffusion. The alpha-gliadin fraction proved to be identical in the immunological test. Only the alpha-gliadin preparation received by ion exchange chromatography is suitable for further purification by multiple gel filtrations.", "PMID": 121786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14793", "title": "[Regulations of IgM immune response. IV. Effect of the hapten: carrier ratio and the nature of the carrier on the intrinsic and functional affinity of carp DNP-antibodies].", "content": "Carp anti-DNP antibodies were raised by various DNP-carrier conjugates. Their intrinsic affinity (K0) to monovalent E-DNP-L-lysine and functional affinity (DF) for binding to the multivalent DNP-T4 bacteriophages were determined. The functional affinity of antibodies elicited by T-cell-dependent DMPn-HSA (n = 3, 15, 33) is relatively high (KF):1010-1012 M-1). These KF values increase more than K0 during the immune response. The functional affinity is dependent on the molar KNP: HSA ratio. The mediate coupled DMP15-HSA elicits antibodies with the highest functional affinity. Carps immunized with T-cell-independent DNP-conjugates synthesize antibodies which have similar K0 as the antibodies elicited with DNP-HSA. However, the KF-values are in the range from 107 to 1010 M-1 only. The KF of antibodies raised with DNP-BA are 103-104 fold, those of DNP-S III and DNP-Ficoll elicited are only 4 . 101 to 4,7 . 102 fold higher than their corresponding K0-values. This means that these antibodies are not very effective in binding the multivalent DNP-T4. Specifically purified antibodies have also such low functional affinities. These strong differences in the functional affinity of carp DNP-antibodies elicited by T-cell dependent and independent DNP-conjugates are discussed with regard to stimulation of different B-cell subpopulations.", "contents": "[Regulations of IgM immune response. IV. Effect of the hapten: carrier ratio and the nature of the carrier on the intrinsic and functional affinity of carp DNP-antibodies]. Carp anti-DNP antibodies were raised by various DNP-carrier conjugates. Their intrinsic affinity (K0) to monovalent E-DNP-L-lysine and functional affinity (DF) for binding to the multivalent DNP-T4 bacteriophages were determined. The functional affinity of antibodies elicited by T-cell-dependent DMPn-HSA (n = 3, 15, 33) is relatively high (KF):1010-1012 M-1). These KF values increase more than K0 during the immune response. The functional affinity is dependent on the molar KNP: HSA ratio. The mediate coupled DMP15-HSA elicits antibodies with the highest functional affinity. Carps immunized with T-cell-independent DNP-conjugates synthesize antibodies which have similar K0 as the antibodies elicited with DNP-HSA. However, the KF-values are in the range from 107 to 1010 M-1 only. The KF of antibodies raised with DNP-BA are 103-104 fold, those of DNP-S III and DNP-Ficoll elicited are only 4 . 101 to 4,7 . 102 fold higher than their corresponding K0-values. This means that these antibodies are not very effective in binding the multivalent DNP-T4. Specifically purified antibodies have also such low functional affinities. These strong differences in the functional affinity of carp DNP-antibodies elicited by T-cell dependent and independent DNP-conjugates are discussed with regard to stimulation of different B-cell subpopulations.", "PMID": 121787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14794", "title": "The longitudinal approach to the pathogenesis of respiratory disease.", "content": "Longitudinal observations were made of a well-defined population of children at a day care center in an investigation of the pathogenesis of infections due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. A single RSV infection induced a modest but significant degree of resistance to further RSV infection in these children. Age and immunity seemed to interact to decrease the intensity of the clinical expression of illness associated with RSV infection. Infants and young children had asymptomatic or mild infections with M. pneumoniae; some of these children also became reinfected. A rise in titer of antibody to M. pneumoniae was demonstrated frequently in children of all ages. However, stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes by M. pneumoniae antigen was demonstrated infrequently in children younger than four years of age but frequently in children older than four years of age. It is speculated that the clinical expression of disease due to M. pneumoniae is modulated by immune responses; this hypothesis would explain the greater severity of illness in older children and young adults than in younger children. It is also speculated that RSV vaccines will not prevent RSV infection but may be expected to lessen the severity of clinical disease that follows such infections. M. pneumoniae vaccines probably should not be used in children because these vaccines may enhance immunity and increase the sevrity of illness.", "contents": "The longitudinal approach to the pathogenesis of respiratory disease. Longitudinal observations were made of a well-defined population of children at a day care center in an investigation of the pathogenesis of infections due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. A single RSV infection induced a modest but significant degree of resistance to further RSV infection in these children. Age and immunity seemed to interact to decrease the intensity of the clinical expression of illness associated with RSV infection. Infants and young children had asymptomatic or mild infections with M. pneumoniae; some of these children also became reinfected. A rise in titer of antibody to M. pneumoniae was demonstrated frequently in children of all ages. However, stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes by M. pneumoniae antigen was demonstrated infrequently in children younger than four years of age but frequently in children older than four years of age. It is speculated that the clinical expression of disease due to M. pneumoniae is modulated by immune responses; this hypothesis would explain the greater severity of illness in older children and young adults than in younger children. It is also speculated that RSV vaccines will not prevent RSV infection but may be expected to lessen the severity of clinical disease that follows such infections. M. pneumoniae vaccines probably should not be used in children because these vaccines may enhance immunity and increase the sevrity of illness.", "PMID": 121783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14795", "title": "Studies on the regulation of igm immune response. VII. changes in the affinity of antibodies and cell receptors after immunization with the T-cell independent antigen DNP-Ficoll.", "content": "A/J-mice immunized by a single injection with DNP21-Ficoll respond on the humoral level exclusively with IgM antibodies. The intrinsic association constants (K0) of IgM anti-DNP to monovalent hapten E-DNP-L-lysine are within the range of 105-106 M-1 and do not change significantly during the immune response. On the other hand, the functional association constants (KF) of pentameric IgM to multivalent DNP-T4 bacteriophage increase from 1010 M-1 at 3rd day up to 1012 M-1 at 8th day. Subsequently, a decrease of KF to 1011 M-1 can be observed. This rise and fall of the affinity of IgM antibodies of multivalent DNP-conjugate can be detected at the cellular level also by inhibition of plaque formation. The concentration of DNP15-BSA needed for 50% inhibition of plaque formation (I50) decreases from second day to 8 th day by 4 orders, which represents a strong increase of functional affinity. In contrast, the I50 of E-DNP-L-lysine slightly decreases only until day 4 and does not change until day 21. the inhibition of rosette formation by mono- and multivalent ligands was used to study the affinity of lymphocyte receptors. In the course of immunization antigen-binding cells carrying receptors with increasingly higher affinity for multivalent DNP-conjugates occur. These results are discussed with regard to the importance of functional affinity of lymphocyte receptors for the antigen-driven selection of high affinity anti-DNP-cell clones producing IgM antibodies.", "contents": "Studies on the regulation of igm immune response. VII. changes in the affinity of antibodies and cell receptors after immunization with the T-cell independent antigen DNP-Ficoll. A/J-mice immunized by a single injection with DNP21-Ficoll respond on the humoral level exclusively with IgM antibodies. The intrinsic association constants (K0) of IgM anti-DNP to monovalent hapten E-DNP-L-lysine are within the range of 105-106 M-1 and do not change significantly during the immune response. On the other hand, the functional association constants (KF) of pentameric IgM to multivalent DNP-T4 bacteriophage increase from 1010 M-1 at 3rd day up to 1012 M-1 at 8th day. Subsequently, a decrease of KF to 1011 M-1 can be observed. This rise and fall of the affinity of IgM antibodies of multivalent DNP-conjugate can be detected at the cellular level also by inhibition of plaque formation. The concentration of DNP15-BSA needed for 50% inhibition of plaque formation (I50) decreases from second day to 8 th day by 4 orders, which represents a strong increase of functional affinity. In contrast, the I50 of E-DNP-L-lysine slightly decreases only until day 4 and does not change until day 21. the inhibition of rosette formation by mono- and multivalent ligands was used to study the affinity of lymphocyte receptors. In the course of immunization antigen-binding cells carrying receptors with increasingly higher affinity for multivalent DNP-conjugates occur. These results are discussed with regard to the importance of functional affinity of lymphocyte receptors for the antigen-driven selection of high affinity anti-DNP-cell clones producing IgM antibodies.", "PMID": 121788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14796", "title": "Childhood epilepsy uncontrolled by phenytoin: clinical and electroencephalographic study.", "content": "Nine cases of childhood epilepsy manifesting motor convulsions uncontrolled despite high levels of phenytoin (PHT) were studied clinically and electroencephalographically. These cases consisted of five cases of partial seizures without impairment of consciousness, two cases of partial seizures (occasionally generalized seizures beginning locally), one case of predominantly unilateral seizures, and one case of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. the onset of seizures was at a rather early age, between 3 months and 9 years, and under 3 years of age in eight cases. All cases had single or multiple, cortical epileptic foci in EEG. The projection of spikes was localized to a rather limited area. Seizures of these patients were frequent. All cases, except one, did not respond to other medication. Convulsive seizures with cortical focal spike foci in EEG uncontrolled despite high levels of PHT were thought to have poor responsiveness to not only PHT itself, but also to other anticonvulsants.", "contents": "Childhood epilepsy uncontrolled by phenytoin: clinical and electroencephalographic study. Nine cases of childhood epilepsy manifesting motor convulsions uncontrolled despite high levels of phenytoin (PHT) were studied clinically and electroencephalographically. These cases consisted of five cases of partial seizures without impairment of consciousness, two cases of partial seizures (occasionally generalized seizures beginning locally), one case of predominantly unilateral seizures, and one case of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. the onset of seizures was at a rather early age, between 3 months and 9 years, and under 3 years of age in eight cases. All cases had single or multiple, cortical epileptic foci in EEG. The projection of spikes was localized to a rather limited area. Seizures of these patients were frequent. All cases, except one, did not respond to other medication. Convulsive seizures with cortical focal spike foci in EEG uncontrolled despite high levels of PHT were thought to have poor responsiveness to not only PHT itself, but also to other anticonvulsants.", "PMID": 121793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14797", "title": "[Experimental infection in man and monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus) by sarcosporidian cysts of cattle and swine].", "content": "Reported in this paper is experimental sarcosporidial infection of man and lower primates (grass monkey). The courses of infection were followed up by coprological and serological tests. Oral-alimentary administration of 100 Sarcocystis (S.)-fusiformis cysts obtained from cattle muscle caused patent infection in man. Gastro-intestinal symptoms developed in one of the probands, between five and seven days after infection. No sporocysts were detectable from the stools of seven probands who had consumed 200 g each of commercially available minced pork which contained small amounts of Sarcocystis miescherania villi. Rise in antibody to Sarcocystes following infection was detected however, by means of indirect fluorescence antibody reaction (IFAR). Gastrointestinal complaints were reported by one of the probands, one day after infection. No sporocysts were detectable from the stools of four grass monkeys, following oral-alimentary administration of 50 or 25 S. miescherania cysts, but rise in antibody to S. miescherania was recorded in these cases. Those grass monkeys which had received 50 cysts responded by exhibiting, after infection, severe clinical phenomena with intestinal signs and symptoms of the central nervous sytem.", "contents": "[Experimental infection in man and monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus) by sarcosporidian cysts of cattle and swine]. Reported in this paper is experimental sarcosporidial infection of man and lower primates (grass monkey). The courses of infection were followed up by coprological and serological tests. Oral-alimentary administration of 100 Sarcocystis (S.)-fusiformis cysts obtained from cattle muscle caused patent infection in man. Gastro-intestinal symptoms developed in one of the probands, between five and seven days after infection. No sporocysts were detectable from the stools of seven probands who had consumed 200 g each of commercially available minced pork which contained small amounts of Sarcocystis miescherania villi. Rise in antibody to Sarcocystes following infection was detected however, by means of indirect fluorescence antibody reaction (IFAR). Gastrointestinal complaints were reported by one of the probands, one day after infection. No sporocysts were detectable from the stools of four grass monkeys, following oral-alimentary administration of 50 or 25 S. miescherania cysts, but rise in antibody to S. miescherania was recorded in these cases. Those grass monkeys which had received 50 cysts responded by exhibiting, after infection, severe clinical phenomena with intestinal signs and symptoms of the central nervous sytem.", "PMID": 121795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14798", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction: intracoronary application of nitroglycerin and streptokinase.", "content": "In five patients with acute myocardial infarction, the effects of both intracoronary nitroglycerin (NTG) and subsequent intracoronary streptokinase application were evaluated. In addition, transluminal recanalization was performed in one of these patients. Injection of NTG into the infarct-related coronary artery resulted in improved distal filling of the subtotally occluded left circumflex artery in one patient, and in transient patency of the completely occluded right coronary artery in a second patient. In a third patient patency of the totally occluded left anterior descending artery (LAD) was achieved by transluminal recanalization with a guide wire. In a forth patient with occulsion of the LAD, there was no response to intracoronary NTG and mechanical recanalization was not attempted. Subsequent intracoronary infusion of streptokinase (1,000--2,000 U/min for 15--60 min) resulted in a further and long-term reduction of narrowing at the site of acute occlusion in patients I-III and in opening of the completely occluded LAD in patient IV. Improvement of lumen was paralleled by alleviation of symptoms. In a fifth patient, in whom the LAD was subtotally occluded, the degree of coronary obstruction could not be changed by intracoronary application of NTG or by lysis. In this patient, symptoms and ECG changes improved with reduction of pathologically elevated blood pressure values. The findings suggest that myocardial infarction had been caused by thrombotic occulsion in four patients, and that spasm of the infarct vessel could have been an additional factor in two of these patients. In the fifth patient, an increase of afterload in the presence of a subtotal lesion might have caused the critical imbalance between oxgen supply and demand, resulting in cell death.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction: intracoronary application of nitroglycerin and streptokinase. In five patients with acute myocardial infarction, the effects of both intracoronary nitroglycerin (NTG) and subsequent intracoronary streptokinase application were evaluated. In addition, transluminal recanalization was performed in one of these patients. Injection of NTG into the infarct-related coronary artery resulted in improved distal filling of the subtotally occluded left circumflex artery in one patient, and in transient patency of the completely occluded right coronary artery in a second patient. In a third patient patency of the totally occluded left anterior descending artery (LAD) was achieved by transluminal recanalization with a guide wire. In a forth patient with occulsion of the LAD, there was no response to intracoronary NTG and mechanical recanalization was not attempted. Subsequent intracoronary infusion of streptokinase (1,000--2,000 U/min for 15--60 min) resulted in a further and long-term reduction of narrowing at the site of acute occlusion in patients I-III and in opening of the completely occluded LAD in patient IV. Improvement of lumen was paralleled by alleviation of symptoms. In a fifth patient, in whom the LAD was subtotally occluded, the degree of coronary obstruction could not be changed by intracoronary application of NTG or by lysis. In this patient, symptoms and ECG changes improved with reduction of pathologically elevated blood pressure values. The findings suggest that myocardial infarction had been caused by thrombotic occulsion in four patients, and that spasm of the infarct vessel could have been an additional factor in two of these patients. In the fifth patient, an increase of afterload in the presence of a subtotal lesion might have caused the critical imbalance between oxgen supply and demand, resulting in cell death.", "PMID": 121799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14799", "title": "Influence of high hydrostatic pressure on the formation of keto and amino acids by a barotolerant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The peculiarities of the growth and extracellular accumulation of free keto and amino cids by a barotolerant culture (strain 0798) in culturing on Ran's glucose-mineral medium conditions of 1, 200, 300, and 500 atm were investigated. At a high pressure the culture possesses the ability for extracellular accumulation of free keto and amino acids, pyruvic, alpha-ketoglutaric, and oxaloacetic acids, alanine, and glutamic acid, while under conditions of atmospheric pressure, chiefly valine is accumulated in the medium, and there are no extracellular keto acids. The established specificity of the extracellular accumulation of keto and amino acids under conditions of high hydrostatic and atmospheric pressure is due to the different sensititivy of the enzyme systems participating in the biosynthesis of free keto and amino acids to the influence of high hydrostatic pressure.", "contents": "Influence of high hydrostatic pressure on the formation of keto and amino acids by a barotolerant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The peculiarities of the growth and extracellular accumulation of free keto and amino cids by a barotolerant culture (strain 0798) in culturing on Ran's glucose-mineral medium conditions of 1, 200, 300, and 500 atm were investigated. At a high pressure the culture possesses the ability for extracellular accumulation of free keto and amino acids, pyruvic, alpha-ketoglutaric, and oxaloacetic acids, alanine, and glutamic acid, while under conditions of atmospheric pressure, chiefly valine is accumulated in the medium, and there are no extracellular keto acids. The established specificity of the extracellular accumulation of keto and amino acids under conditions of high hydrostatic and atmospheric pressure is due to the different sensititivy of the enzyme systems participating in the biosynthesis of free keto and amino acids to the influence of high hydrostatic pressure.", "PMID": 121798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14800", "title": "Parenteral nutrition with essential amino acids in pretransplantation anephrics.", "content": "The effect of intravenous hyperalimentation with essential amino acids and hypertonic dextrose on nitrogen metabolism, total body urea and creatinine was studied in 16 patients with end-stage renal disease prior to and after bilateral nephrectomy, splenectomy and appendectomy. Parenteral essential amino acids and hypertonic dextrose are effective in lowering blood urea nitrogen in anephric patients who are incapable of improving renal function. The inclusion of essential amino acids in hypertonic dextrose increases nutritional value far beyond that which can be attributed to the caloric concentration of the amino acids themselves.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition with essential amino acids in pretransplantation anephrics. The effect of intravenous hyperalimentation with essential amino acids and hypertonic dextrose on nitrogen metabolism, total body urea and creatinine was studied in 16 patients with end-stage renal disease prior to and after bilateral nephrectomy, splenectomy and appendectomy. Parenteral essential amino acids and hypertonic dextrose are effective in lowering blood urea nitrogen in anephric patients who are incapable of improving renal function. The inclusion of essential amino acids in hypertonic dextrose increases nutritional value far beyond that which can be attributed to the caloric concentration of the amino acids themselves.", "PMID": 121807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14801", "title": "The use of a simplified standardized hyperalimentation formula.", "content": "The use of a standardized hyperalimentation solution that can be modified is discussed. A comparison of in-hospital addition of electrolytes with factor addition of electrolytes is presented, in which both solutions are acceptable to patients and in which the labor and cost to the pharmacy are decreased in the factory-mixed additives.", "contents": "The use of a simplified standardized hyperalimentation formula. The use of a standardized hyperalimentation solution that can be modified is discussed. A comparison of in-hospital addition of electrolytes with factor addition of electrolytes is presented, in which both solutions are acceptable to patients and in which the labor and cost to the pharmacy are decreased in the factory-mixed additives.", "PMID": 121808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14802", "title": "[Dyspnea symptoms in coalminers].", "content": "One of the authors observed an excess of dyspnea complaints in coalminers without bronchitis, massive fibrosis or emphysema in different epidemiological surveys. An abnormally high prevalence of dyspnea complaints in coalminers has also been reported by other investigators in different countries. It seems therefore necessary to study whether the type of complaints observed in our country can be validated by appropriate functional investigations. A research on this problem is in progress in our laboratory. In this preliminary publication a review of the literature concerning the mechanisms of dyspnea is presented. Such a study was necessary in order to make an adequate choice of the functional measurements usable for our validation study.", "contents": "[Dyspnea symptoms in coalminers]. One of the authors observed an excess of dyspnea complaints in coalminers without bronchitis, massive fibrosis or emphysema in different epidemiological surveys. An abnormally high prevalence of dyspnea complaints in coalminers has also been reported by other investigators in different countries. It seems therefore necessary to study whether the type of complaints observed in our country can be validated by appropriate functional investigations. A research on this problem is in progress in our laboratory. In this preliminary publication a review of the literature concerning the mechanisms of dyspnea is presented. Such a study was necessary in order to make an adequate choice of the functional measurements usable for our validation study.", "PMID": 121819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14803", "title": "Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy as a natural model of childhood epilepsy.", "content": "Fukuyama type Congenital Muscular Dystrophy, inherited autosomal-recessively, is characterized by muscular dystrophy associated with severe mental retardation and epileptic convulsions. By examining 56 cases, followed for more than three years, 75 EEG records from 40 patients and visual evoked potentials from 11 patients with reference to autopsied materials, the authors aimed at clarifying the causative relationship between congenital central nervous system (CNS) lesions and childhood epilepsy. In 36 out of 56 cases diffuse epileptic seizures were observed with onset at 1.64 +/- 1.01 years average. In 32/36 cases seizures developed before 3 years of age. In 51/75 EEGs focal paroxysmal discharges (FPD), fronto-contro-parietal in younger and centro-occipital in older cases, were observed. Abnormal basic activities (ABA), diffuse-alpha-activity and/or abundant or extreme spindles, were observed more often in older than younger cases. The incidence of FPD was similar between convulsive and non-convulsive cases, but ABA predominated in the former, VEP revealed abnormal findings in 64% of 11 cases examined. Of the CNS pathology, consisting of cerebral and cerebellar gyral abnormalities and a hypoplastic corticospinal tract, the gyral lesions (verrucous polymicrogyria with adhesions of adjacent gyri and cellular disarrangement) were thought to be lesions causing epilepsy. Cortical nonprogressive gyral lesions occurring around the second trimester could cause FPD and clinical diffuse epileptic seizures develop with other factors concerned with ABA.", "contents": "Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy as a natural model of childhood epilepsy. Fukuyama type Congenital Muscular Dystrophy, inherited autosomal-recessively, is characterized by muscular dystrophy associated with severe mental retardation and epileptic convulsions. By examining 56 cases, followed for more than three years, 75 EEG records from 40 patients and visual evoked potentials from 11 patients with reference to autopsied materials, the authors aimed at clarifying the causative relationship between congenital central nervous system (CNS) lesions and childhood epilepsy. In 36 out of 56 cases diffuse epileptic seizures were observed with onset at 1.64 +/- 1.01 years average. In 32/36 cases seizures developed before 3 years of age. In 51/75 EEGs focal paroxysmal discharges (FPD), fronto-contro-parietal in younger and centro-occipital in older cases, were observed. Abnormal basic activities (ABA), diffuse-alpha-activity and/or abundant or extreme spindles, were observed more often in older than younger cases. The incidence of FPD was similar between convulsive and non-convulsive cases, but ABA predominated in the former, VEP revealed abnormal findings in 64% of 11 cases examined. Of the CNS pathology, consisting of cerebral and cerebellar gyral abnormalities and a hypoplastic corticospinal tract, the gyral lesions (verrucous polymicrogyria with adhesions of adjacent gyri and cellular disarrangement) were thought to be lesions causing epilepsy. Cortical nonprogressive gyral lesions occurring around the second trimester could cause FPD and clinical diffuse epileptic seizures develop with other factors concerned with ABA.", "PMID": 121866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14804", "title": "\"Moya-moya' disease caused by cranial trauma.", "content": "A case of \"moya-moya\" disease of a 12-year-old boy is reported. The clinical history started at 3 years 2 months after cranial trauma. The patient developed mental retardation, hemiparesis and seizures.", "contents": "\"Moya-moya' disease caused by cranial trauma. A case of \"moya-moya\" disease of a 12-year-old boy is reported. The clinical history started at 3 years 2 months after cranial trauma. The patient developed mental retardation, hemiparesis and seizures.", "PMID": 121867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14805", "title": "Adult type GMl-gangliosidosis: a complementation study on somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Two adult siblings with progressive pyramidal and extrapyramidal lesions, and generalized muscle atrophy had a profound deficiency of beta-galactosidase in all the cells and body fluids examined. Neuraminidase activity was normal in fibroblasts. The fused fibroblasts of infantile GMl-gangliosidosis and each of these adult patients had beta-galactosidase activity as expected for the average value in a mixture of equal numbers of parental cells. However, there was a remarkable increase in the activity of beta-galactosidase when the cells from each of these cases were fused with those from the beta-galactosidase-deficient adult with cherry-red spots, cerebellar ataxia, myoclonus and neuraminidase deficiency in fibroblasts. It was concluded that the two siblings represent a new genetic variant (adult type) of GMl-gangliosidosis.", "contents": "Adult type GMl-gangliosidosis: a complementation study on somatic cell hybrids. Two adult siblings with progressive pyramidal and extrapyramidal lesions, and generalized muscle atrophy had a profound deficiency of beta-galactosidase in all the cells and body fluids examined. Neuraminidase activity was normal in fibroblasts. The fused fibroblasts of infantile GMl-gangliosidosis and each of these adult patients had beta-galactosidase activity as expected for the average value in a mixture of equal numbers of parental cells. However, there was a remarkable increase in the activity of beta-galactosidase when the cells from each of these cases were fused with those from the beta-galactosidase-deficient adult with cherry-red spots, cerebellar ataxia, myoclonus and neuraminidase deficiency in fibroblasts. It was concluded that the two siblings represent a new genetic variant (adult type) of GMl-gangliosidosis.", "PMID": 121869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14806", "title": "Carbamazepine as a sole anticonvulsant for partial seizures.", "content": "The efficacy, serum concentration and side effects of CBZ for partial seizures in children were evaluated. The study was undertaken on 27 patients with partial seizures ranging from 5 to 17 years of age. Further 15 patients with various types of epilepsy taking CBZ with other anticonvulsants were selected as controls to compare the serum levels of CBZ. In nineteen of the 27 patients seizures were controlled completely, in whom serum CBZ levels varied fro trace to 15.6 mcg/ml, average being 8.18 +/- 3.40 mcg/ml, while those of uncontrolled ones ranged from 3.5 to 11.3 mcg/ml, average being 7.50 +/- 2.97 mcg/ml. There was no significant difference between both groups of the above. EEG was improved in the seven of 19 seizure-free cases, serum levels of which ranged from 5.9 to 13.2 mcg/ml. With regard to the side effects, transient leucopenia was observed in four patients and serum GOT and GPT slightly elevated in two. Correlation between dose and serum level in the monotherapy group was not significant as well as in the combined therapy group. Serum DBZ levels in the monotherapy group were significantly higher than those in combined therapy group.", "contents": "Carbamazepine as a sole anticonvulsant for partial seizures. The efficacy, serum concentration and side effects of CBZ for partial seizures in children were evaluated. The study was undertaken on 27 patients with partial seizures ranging from 5 to 17 years of age. Further 15 patients with various types of epilepsy taking CBZ with other anticonvulsants were selected as controls to compare the serum levels of CBZ. In nineteen of the 27 patients seizures were controlled completely, in whom serum CBZ levels varied fro trace to 15.6 mcg/ml, average being 8.18 +/- 3.40 mcg/ml, while those of uncontrolled ones ranged from 3.5 to 11.3 mcg/ml, average being 7.50 +/- 2.97 mcg/ml. There was no significant difference between both groups of the above. EEG was improved in the seven of 19 seizure-free cases, serum levels of which ranged from 5.9 to 13.2 mcg/ml. With regard to the side effects, transient leucopenia was observed in four patients and serum GOT and GPT slightly elevated in two. Correlation between dose and serum level in the monotherapy group was not significant as well as in the combined therapy group. Serum DBZ levels in the monotherapy group were significantly higher than those in combined therapy group.", "PMID": 121870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14807", "title": "[Appearance of aflatoxin M1 during the manufacture of Camembert cheese].", "content": "Several classic cheese making of camembert are made from raw milk spiked with Aflatoxin M1. Three Aflatoxin levels 7.5 microgram/l, 3 microgram/l are used. In respective curds 35.6, 47.1 and 57.7% of Aflatoxin M1 are recovered and 64.4, 52.9 and 42.3% in respective whey. During the first 15 days of storage the Aflatoxin M1 content of different cheeses decrease respectively 25, 55, 75%. A similar experience is made with a milk contamined in Aflatoxin M1 C14 labelled. Same results are recovered, except about behaviour of Aflatoxin M1 in cheese: a same C14 activity is recovered during storage for 30 days.", "contents": "[Appearance of aflatoxin M1 during the manufacture of Camembert cheese]. Several classic cheese making of camembert are made from raw milk spiked with Aflatoxin M1. Three Aflatoxin levels 7.5 microgram/l, 3 microgram/l are used. In respective curds 35.6, 47.1 and 57.7% of Aflatoxin M1 are recovered and 64.4, 52.9 and 42.3% in respective whey. During the first 15 days of storage the Aflatoxin M1 content of different cheeses decrease respectively 25, 55, 75%. A similar experience is made with a milk contamined in Aflatoxin M1 C14 labelled. Same results are recovered, except about behaviour of Aflatoxin M1 in cheese: a same C14 activity is recovered during storage for 30 days.", "PMID": 121871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14808", "title": "[Immunochemical method for study and identification of unicellular organisms (yeasts and bacteria) incorporated into food products as a protein source].", "content": "The expected increase and diversification of single cell proteins production already requires the development of convenient methods for the identification of producing strains from the processed S.C.P., i.e. killed and dried cells. A simple immunological method based on double immunodiffusion analysis is proposed, that enables the identification of Toprinal L (Candida tropicalis), Toprina G (Candida lipolytica) and Pruteen (Pseudomonas methylotropha), all S.C.P. having received an approval from different european countries. Sensitivity and specificity are high enough to enable the identification of these products mixed to feeds in concentrations as low as 5 p. cent (1 p. cent with Pruteen).", "contents": "[Immunochemical method for study and identification of unicellular organisms (yeasts and bacteria) incorporated into food products as a protein source]. The expected increase and diversification of single cell proteins production already requires the development of convenient methods for the identification of producing strains from the processed S.C.P., i.e. killed and dried cells. A simple immunological method based on double immunodiffusion analysis is proposed, that enables the identification of Toprinal L (Candida tropicalis), Toprina G (Candida lipolytica) and Pruteen (Pseudomonas methylotropha), all S.C.P. having received an approval from different european countries. Sensitivity and specificity are high enough to enable the identification of these products mixed to feeds in concentrations as low as 5 p. cent (1 p. cent with Pruteen).", "PMID": 121872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14809", "title": "Studies of pre- and postimmunization antibodies of sheep.", "content": "Serum samples were taken serially from three nonimmunized sheep over a long period of time. Antibodies to human serum albumin (HSA), ovalbumin (OA) and FITC were separated from the samples. Than, two of the animals were injected with HSA+ complete Freund's adjuvant, the third with adjuvant without antigen. Serial postimmunization serum samples were subjected to the same procedures as the pre-immunization ones. The specific antibodies increased in concentration, and only the postimmunization antibody population was able to precipitate. In the presence of the antigen, the postimmunization antibodies bound to the Fc receptors of lymphocytes to an increased degree. There was no difference between pre- and postimmunizaton antibody populations either in complement-activating capacity or in the quantity of antigen necessary for reaching antigen-antibody equivalence. Isoelectro-focusing showed no new bands which would indicate antibodies different from the pre-existing ones. However, changes were observed in the relative participation of the antibodies forming different bands. No sharp limit was observed between pre- and postimmunization antibody populations. The Ig increment demonstrated after immunization was accompanied by a similar increment in the specific antibodies tested in the animal that had not given antigen, but not in the others. The authors attribute a role to humoral antibodies already in the earliest phase of immune response.", "contents": "Studies of pre- and postimmunization antibodies of sheep. Serum samples were taken serially from three nonimmunized sheep over a long period of time. Antibodies to human serum albumin (HSA), ovalbumin (OA) and FITC were separated from the samples. Than, two of the animals were injected with HSA+ complete Freund's adjuvant, the third with adjuvant without antigen. Serial postimmunization serum samples were subjected to the same procedures as the pre-immunization ones. The specific antibodies increased in concentration, and only the postimmunization antibody population was able to precipitate. In the presence of the antigen, the postimmunization antibodies bound to the Fc receptors of lymphocytes to an increased degree. There was no difference between pre- and postimmunizaton antibody populations either in complement-activating capacity or in the quantity of antigen necessary for reaching antigen-antibody equivalence. Isoelectro-focusing showed no new bands which would indicate antibodies different from the pre-existing ones. However, changes were observed in the relative participation of the antibodies forming different bands. No sharp limit was observed between pre- and postimmunization antibody populations. The Ig increment demonstrated after immunization was accompanied by a similar increment in the specific antibodies tested in the animal that had not given antigen, but not in the others. The authors attribute a role to humoral antibodies already in the earliest phase of immune response.", "PMID": 121873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14810", "title": "Synthesis and studies of transferrin.", "content": "Combination of the usual techniques yielded 70-80 p.c. pure apo- and iron-transferrin preparations, whose analysis revealed the presence of antigenically identical transferrin fractions differing from one another in respect of electrophoretic motility and sedimentation contrast. No similar modifications of transferrin have previously been reported.", "contents": "Synthesis and studies of transferrin. Combination of the usual techniques yielded 70-80 p.c. pure apo- and iron-transferrin preparations, whose analysis revealed the presence of antigenically identical transferrin fractions differing from one another in respect of electrophoretic motility and sedimentation contrast. No similar modifications of transferrin have previously been reported.", "PMID": 121874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14811", "title": "Potency of PPD preparations derived from M. tuberculosis and M. bovis.", "content": "No significant difference was found between the biological activity of PPD-preparations derived from M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, although the latter was more potent. In potency tests performed in guinea-pigs, the use of difference mycobacteria as sensitizing agents had no influence on the result of the assay. We could not demonstrate a significantly greater potency of homologous versus heterologous PPD. Evaluation of the 95 p.c. fiducial limits established in the course of variance analysis suggested a greater reliability of reading at 48 than at 24 hrs after allergen application. It also seems possible that the results of the potency assays of PPDs derived from different mycobacterium strains are greatly influenced by the level of the working dilutions employed.", "contents": "Potency of PPD preparations derived from M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. No significant difference was found between the biological activity of PPD-preparations derived from M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, although the latter was more potent. In potency tests performed in guinea-pigs, the use of difference mycobacteria as sensitizing agents had no influence on the result of the assay. We could not demonstrate a significantly greater potency of homologous versus heterologous PPD. Evaluation of the 95 p.c. fiducial limits established in the course of variance analysis suggested a greater reliability of reading at 48 than at 24 hrs after allergen application. It also seems possible that the results of the potency assays of PPDs derived from different mycobacterium strains are greatly influenced by the level of the working dilutions employed.", "PMID": 121875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14812", "title": "[Sensitization to Cw antigen].", "content": "This paper describes a patient who, after being subjected to repeated blood Transfusions, has developed antibodies to Antigen Cw.", "contents": "[Sensitization to Cw antigen]. This paper describes a patient who, after being subjected to repeated blood Transfusions, has developed antibodies to Antigen Cw.", "PMID": 121881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14813", "title": "24-hour extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the hypoxic dog: hemodynamics and pulmonary gas exchange.", "content": "Hemodynamic and pulmonary gas exchange values were investigated during 24-hour extracorporeal membrane oxygenation performed on 7 anesthetized dogs subjected to alveolar hypoxia. The chief effects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were demonstrated. The duration of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was associated with a progressive decline in the systemic arterial pressure and heart rate and a progressive increase in the pulmonary blood flow rate. Left-ventricular stroke work remained constant. The sum of the pulmonary and extracorporeal oxygen uptakes showed no change in spite of large variations in pulmonary flow rate.", "contents": "24-hour extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the hypoxic dog: hemodynamics and pulmonary gas exchange. Hemodynamic and pulmonary gas exchange values were investigated during 24-hour extracorporeal membrane oxygenation performed on 7 anesthetized dogs subjected to alveolar hypoxia. The chief effects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were demonstrated. The duration of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was associated with a progressive decline in the systemic arterial pressure and heart rate and a progressive increase in the pulmonary blood flow rate. Left-ventricular stroke work remained constant. The sum of the pulmonary and extracorporeal oxygen uptakes showed no change in spite of large variations in pulmonary flow rate.", "PMID": 121885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14814", "title": "13C NMR analysis of methionine sulfoxide in protein.", "content": "The 13C epsilon NMR signal of methionine sulfoxide is 22.6 ppm downfield from that of methionine. This affords a method by which the extent of methionine oxidation can be determined in intact protein. We demonstrate the utility of this approach with beta-galactosidase enriched with 13C in its methionine methyls.", "contents": "13C NMR analysis of methionine sulfoxide in protein. The 13C epsilon NMR signal of methionine sulfoxide is 22.6 ppm downfield from that of methionine. This affords a method by which the extent of methionine oxidation can be determined in intact protein. We demonstrate the utility of this approach with beta-galactosidase enriched with 13C in its methionine methyls.", "PMID": 121887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14815", "title": "Electron microscopic study of glomerular filtration barrier in the rat kidney embedded in polymerized glutaraldehyde-urea.", "content": "Embedding kidney in polymerized glutaraldehyde-urea favors the retention of glycoprotein matrix of the cell coat and the basement membrane of the glomeruli. The basement membrane appears as a single layer with uniform amorphous matrix. Thick glycoprotein coat covers the whole surface of prodocytes and their foot processes. In areas other than the slits and the portion of the foot processes which touch on the basement membrane, the coat is a continuous layer with an average thickness of 490 A. In the slits between the foot processes of podocytes there is an actual fusion of glycoprotein coats; the average width of the slit is 415 A. The glycoprotein 'plugs' in the slit may be a significant portion of the glomerular filtration barrier against macromolecules, together with the basement membrane and the slit diaphragms.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of glomerular filtration barrier in the rat kidney embedded in polymerized glutaraldehyde-urea. Embedding kidney in polymerized glutaraldehyde-urea favors the retention of glycoprotein matrix of the cell coat and the basement membrane of the glomeruli. The basement membrane appears as a single layer with uniform amorphous matrix. Thick glycoprotein coat covers the whole surface of prodocytes and their foot processes. In areas other than the slits and the portion of the foot processes which touch on the basement membrane, the coat is a continuous layer with an average thickness of 490 A. In the slits between the foot processes of podocytes there is an actual fusion of glycoprotein coats; the average width of the slit is 415 A. The glycoprotein 'plugs' in the slit may be a significant portion of the glomerular filtration barrier against macromolecules, together with the basement membrane and the slit diaphragms.", "PMID": 121906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14816", "title": "Infantile GM1-gangliosidosis with marked manifestation of lungs.", "content": "GM1-gangliosidosis is a disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of GM1-ganglioside in the brain and viscera. The disease is characterized by clinical findings similar to Hurler's disease and pathologic features resembling Niemann-Pick's disease but with involvement of the glomerular epithelium. A 14-month-old boy, clinically diagnosed as GM1-gangliosidosis, died of respiratory insufficiency and was autopsied except for the brain. Biochemically, marked increase of GM1-ganglioside in the viscera was demonstrated. Pathologically, the foam cells were present in the viscera. Some parts of the cytoplasmic vacuoles in the lungs and spleen contained osmiophilic fibrillar material electron-microscopically. This case was characterized by marked accumulation of foam cells in the pulmonary alveolar spaces.", "contents": "Infantile GM1-gangliosidosis with marked manifestation of lungs. GM1-gangliosidosis is a disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of GM1-ganglioside in the brain and viscera. The disease is characterized by clinical findings similar to Hurler's disease and pathologic features resembling Niemann-Pick's disease but with involvement of the glomerular epithelium. A 14-month-old boy, clinically diagnosed as GM1-gangliosidosis, died of respiratory insufficiency and was autopsied except for the brain. Biochemically, marked increase of GM1-ganglioside in the viscera was demonstrated. Pathologically, the foam cells were present in the viscera. Some parts of the cytoplasmic vacuoles in the lungs and spleen contained osmiophilic fibrillar material electron-microscopically. This case was characterized by marked accumulation of foam cells in the pulmonary alveolar spaces.", "PMID": 121907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14817", "title": "Pleomorphism in Cellulomonas acidula.", "content": "Pleomorphism of Cellulomonas acidula in liquid and on solid media is described. Growth in liquid medium is characterized initially by the formation of club-shaped rods and later by cocci. On solid media the organism formed irregular branched cells and large swollen cells.", "contents": "Pleomorphism in Cellulomonas acidula. Pleomorphism of Cellulomonas acidula in liquid and on solid media is described. Growth in liquid medium is characterized initially by the formation of club-shaped rods and later by cocci. On solid media the organism formed irregular branched cells and large swollen cells.", "PMID": 121908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14818", "title": "Studies on termination of protein synthesis in wheat germ.", "content": "Oligophenylalanines are soluble in m-cresol, but oligophenylalanyl-tRNAs are not. This differential solubility can be used to assay oligophenylalanines released from tRNA during their synthesis by wheat germ extracts. When poly U is the message, virtually no free product appears. When poly A U (A < U) is used, a considerable amount of oligophenylalanines are released. The fraction of product released is approximately constant with time, implying that a steady-state is not achieved between initiation and release. The dependence of release on various reaction variables and the effects of several inhibitors on release indicate that the reaction is probably catalyzed by peptidyl transferase, in accord with the mechanisms described for mammals and prokaryotes.", "contents": "Studies on termination of protein synthesis in wheat germ. Oligophenylalanines are soluble in m-cresol, but oligophenylalanyl-tRNAs are not. This differential solubility can be used to assay oligophenylalanines released from tRNA during their synthesis by wheat germ extracts. When poly U is the message, virtually no free product appears. When poly A U (A < U) is used, a considerable amount of oligophenylalanines are released. The fraction of product released is approximately constant with time, implying that a steady-state is not achieved between initiation and release. The dependence of release on various reaction variables and the effects of several inhibitors on release indicate that the reaction is probably catalyzed by peptidyl transferase, in accord with the mechanisms described for mammals and prokaryotes.", "PMID": 121910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14819", "title": "[Antibacterial activity of amikacin towards gentamicin-resistant, Gram-negative bacilli].", "content": "Antibacterial activity of amikacin with regards to gentamicin resistant, Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated. Probable systems of enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic were postulated for amikacin and other aminoglycosides.", "contents": "[Antibacterial activity of amikacin towards gentamicin-resistant, Gram-negative bacilli]. Antibacterial activity of amikacin with regards to gentamicin resistant, Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated. Probable systems of enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic were postulated for amikacin and other aminoglycosides.", "PMID": 121911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14820", "title": "[Electroimmunodiffusion with Reiter treponema antigen shows serum immunoglobulin isolated from subjects with secondary syphilis].", "content": "The results of electroimmunodiffusion investigations with Reiter treponema antigen and syphilitic subject sera are presented. Counter-immunoelectrophoresis, rocked electrophoresis and crossed-electrophoresis studies have been performed. The test positivity is shown by the appearance of one ore two precipitates. No aspecificities were remarked with the latter two techniques: particular attention was devoted to the preparation of the treponema antigen in the attempt to eliminate the aspecificity which, sometimes, occurs above all with counter immuno-electrophoresis. Immuno-sorbents were also prepared to isolate IgG involved in this reaction: the latter turned out to be slow-migration IgG. Agarose-agar electroimmunoprecipitation between treponema antigens and sera of syphilitic subjects supplies possibilities for diagnosis and research in the field of treponema antigens and in the formation of antibodies in the syphilitic disease.", "contents": "[Electroimmunodiffusion with Reiter treponema antigen shows serum immunoglobulin isolated from subjects with secondary syphilis]. The results of electroimmunodiffusion investigations with Reiter treponema antigen and syphilitic subject sera are presented. Counter-immunoelectrophoresis, rocked electrophoresis and crossed-electrophoresis studies have been performed. The test positivity is shown by the appearance of one ore two precipitates. No aspecificities were remarked with the latter two techniques: particular attention was devoted to the preparation of the treponema antigen in the attempt to eliminate the aspecificity which, sometimes, occurs above all with counter immuno-electrophoresis. Immuno-sorbents were also prepared to isolate IgG involved in this reaction: the latter turned out to be slow-migration IgG. Agarose-agar electroimmunoprecipitation between treponema antigens and sera of syphilitic subjects supplies possibilities for diagnosis and research in the field of treponema antigens and in the formation of antibodies in the syphilitic disease.", "PMID": 121912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14821", "title": "[Research on the core and delta antigens of human hepatitis virus B using immunofluorescence, with liver biopsy of pediatric subjects affected by various forms of chronic hepatitis].", "content": "On liver biopsies of 20 children with different forms of chronic HBsAg-positive hepatitis, submitted to immunodepressive treatment, the presence and the distribution of core and delta antigens and their correlation with the different clinical forms have been studied with the direct immunofluorescence technique. Core antigen was present in 11 patients, delta antigen in 4 patients: both antigens in 3 cases. The percent rate of positive nuclei varied from 5 to 80%. All subjects negative for both antigens showed a favourable course. Delta antigen seems to be associated to forms with unsatisfactory course notwithstanding therapy, particularly to relapses and recurrences of chronic hepatitis in such a way as to hypothesize the possible responsibility either of another hepatitic virus (non A, non B virus) or of a different virus. Core morphological expression frequent in chronic hepatitis submitted to immunodepressive treatment, corresponded approximately to the finding thus far reported for the adults. The interpretation of these results, though difficult, shows remarkable interest for the pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations which follow.", "contents": "[Research on the core and delta antigens of human hepatitis virus B using immunofluorescence, with liver biopsy of pediatric subjects affected by various forms of chronic hepatitis]. On liver biopsies of 20 children with different forms of chronic HBsAg-positive hepatitis, submitted to immunodepressive treatment, the presence and the distribution of core and delta antigens and their correlation with the different clinical forms have been studied with the direct immunofluorescence technique. Core antigen was present in 11 patients, delta antigen in 4 patients: both antigens in 3 cases. The percent rate of positive nuclei varied from 5 to 80%. All subjects negative for both antigens showed a favourable course. Delta antigen seems to be associated to forms with unsatisfactory course notwithstanding therapy, particularly to relapses and recurrences of chronic hepatitis in such a way as to hypothesize the possible responsibility either of another hepatitic virus (non A, non B virus) or of a different virus. Core morphological expression frequent in chronic hepatitis submitted to immunodepressive treatment, corresponded approximately to the finding thus far reported for the adults. The interpretation of these results, though difficult, shows remarkable interest for the pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations which follow.", "PMID": 121913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14822", "title": "[Iron, copper, and zinc in children from Tanzania afflicted with protein-calorie malnutrition].", "content": "Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was employed in an evaluation of zinc, copper and iron as trace elements in serum and erythrocytes from 56 children with protein-calorie malnutrition at different stages (early kwashiorkor, kwashiorkor and marasma). Iron and zinc concentrations showed a decreasing pattern through the various stages of the P.C.M. Significant changes are present in zinc values. The role of these trace elements in the P.C.M. is shortly discussed.", "contents": "[Iron, copper, and zinc in children from Tanzania afflicted with protein-calorie malnutrition]. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was employed in an evaluation of zinc, copper and iron as trace elements in serum and erythrocytes from 56 children with protein-calorie malnutrition at different stages (early kwashiorkor, kwashiorkor and marasma). Iron and zinc concentrations showed a decreasing pattern through the various stages of the P.C.M. Significant changes are present in zinc values. The role of these trace elements in the P.C.M. is shortly discussed.", "PMID": 121914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14823", "title": "Identification of a breast tumor-associated orosomucoid by concanavalin A affinity chromatography.", "content": "Con A-Sepharose affinity chromatography was utilized to examine the glycoproteins in phosphosaline extracts of normal and breast tumor tissues and breast patient sera. In extracts of normal breast tissue, normal sera and patient sera, all glycoproteins were eluted from the Con A-Sepharose with a linear gradient of 0.0-0.5 M alpha-methylmannose. Using breast tumor extracts, a glycoprotein peak which could not be eluted as with normal tissue extracts was observed. This tightly-binding peak could be eluted from the Con A-Sepharose with acetate buffer containing 1.0 M KCl. Polyacrylamide electrophoresis of this tightly-binding glycoprotein peak revealed one major glycoprotein and four minor glycoproteins. The major glycoprotein obtained from electrophoresis represented about 60% of the Con A-Sepharose tightly-binding protein and reacted with antiserum to human orosomucoid (alpha 1-acid glycoprotein). All glycoproteins isolated from tumor tissue extracts appeared to represent normal serum constituents as they were retained on an immunoadsorbent containing antibodies to normal serum proteins. The possible significance of the isolated tumor-associated orosomucoid is discussed.", "contents": "Identification of a breast tumor-associated orosomucoid by concanavalin A affinity chromatography. Con A-Sepharose affinity chromatography was utilized to examine the glycoproteins in phosphosaline extracts of normal and breast tumor tissues and breast patient sera. In extracts of normal breast tissue, normal sera and patient sera, all glycoproteins were eluted from the Con A-Sepharose with a linear gradient of 0.0-0.5 M alpha-methylmannose. Using breast tumor extracts, a glycoprotein peak which could not be eluted as with normal tissue extracts was observed. This tightly-binding peak could be eluted from the Con A-Sepharose with acetate buffer containing 1.0 M KCl. Polyacrylamide electrophoresis of this tightly-binding glycoprotein peak revealed one major glycoprotein and four minor glycoproteins. The major glycoprotein obtained from electrophoresis represented about 60% of the Con A-Sepharose tightly-binding protein and reacted with antiserum to human orosomucoid (alpha 1-acid glycoprotein). All glycoproteins isolated from tumor tissue extracts appeared to represent normal serum constituents as they were retained on an immunoadsorbent containing antibodies to normal serum proteins. The possible significance of the isolated tumor-associated orosomucoid is discussed.", "PMID": 121919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14824", "title": "Damage and restoration of the DNA-membrane complex of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis after the action of gamma radiation.", "content": "It was shown that the structural damages arising in DNA-membrane complexes (DMC) of the Bacterium Bacillus subtilis under the action of gamma radiation are reversible in the postradiation period. The ability of the bacteria to repair radiation damage to DMC is correlated with their radiosensitivity. It is suggested that the process of restoration of the DMC depends on the products of the Pol A and the rec A genes.", "contents": "Damage and restoration of the DNA-membrane complex of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis after the action of gamma radiation. It was shown that the structural damages arising in DNA-membrane complexes (DMC) of the Bacterium Bacillus subtilis under the action of gamma radiation are reversible in the postradiation period. The ability of the bacteria to repair radiation damage to DMC is correlated with their radiosensitivity. It is suggested that the process of restoration of the DMC depends on the products of the Pol A and the rec A genes.", "PMID": 121915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14825", "title": "Denaturation of thymidylate synthetase from amethopterin-resistant Lactobacillus casei.", "content": "The effects of various concentrations of urea and guanidine hydrochloride on enzyme activity and on subunit association were determined. Incubation of thymidylate synthetase with buffered solutions of 3M to 3.5M guanidine hydrochloride or 5 M to 6 M urea resulted in the loss of about 90% of the enzyme activity. Under these denaturing conditions a red shift of the fluorescence emission maximum from 340 nm to 351 nm was observed together with a significant decrease in the relative fluorescence intensity of the protein. Studies at both 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C indicated that the enzyme was in the dimer form in 2 M guanidine hydrochloride but was dissociated into monomers in concentrations of this denaturant of 3 M and above. Although only monomeric species were evident at 4 degrees C in 6 M urea, at 25 25 degrees C this denaturant caused protein aggregation which increased with decreasing phosphate buffer concentration. Enzyme (5 mg/ml) in 0.5 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, containing 4 M guanidine hydrochloride gave a minimum S20, w value of 1.22S at 25 degrees C. Sedimentation behavior of the native enzyme in the range of 5 to 20 mg/ml was only slightly concentration-dependent (4.28 S to 4.86 S) but extensive aggregation occurred above 20 mg/ml.", "contents": "Denaturation of thymidylate synthetase from amethopterin-resistant Lactobacillus casei. The effects of various concentrations of urea and guanidine hydrochloride on enzyme activity and on subunit association were determined. Incubation of thymidylate synthetase with buffered solutions of 3M to 3.5M guanidine hydrochloride or 5 M to 6 M urea resulted in the loss of about 90% of the enzyme activity. Under these denaturing conditions a red shift of the fluorescence emission maximum from 340 nm to 351 nm was observed together with a significant decrease in the relative fluorescence intensity of the protein. Studies at both 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C indicated that the enzyme was in the dimer form in 2 M guanidine hydrochloride but was dissociated into monomers in concentrations of this denaturant of 3 M and above. Although only monomeric species were evident at 4 degrees C in 6 M urea, at 25 25 degrees C this denaturant caused protein aggregation which increased with decreasing phosphate buffer concentration. Enzyme (5 mg/ml) in 0.5 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, containing 4 M guanidine hydrochloride gave a minimum S20, w value of 1.22S at 25 degrees C. Sedimentation behavior of the native enzyme in the range of 5 to 20 mg/ml was only slightly concentration-dependent (4.28 S to 4.86 S) but extensive aggregation occurred above 20 mg/ml.", "PMID": 121920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14826", "title": "Enzymically-modified human mammary carcinoma cells: modulators of macrophage functions.", "content": "Human mammary carcinoma cells (HMCC), vibrio cholera neuraminidase (VCN) treated HMCC(VCN-HMCC); glutaraldehyde fixed VCN-HMCC(Glut-VCN-HMCC), normal mammary epithelial cells (HMEC), VCN treated HNEC (VCN-HNEC) and glutaraldehyde fixed VCN-HNEC (Glut-VCN HNEC) were prepared and injected into separate groups of mice. Intraperitoneal injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) produced a delayed type of inflammatory reaction characterized by an accumulation of macrophages. Injection of HNEC, VCN-HNEC, and Glut-VCN-HNEC had no effect, HMCC inhibited, and VCN-HMCC and Glut-VCN-HMCC increased both the number and the tumoricidal activity of peritoneal macrophages. Cell-free media (CFM) harvested from cultures of HMCC alone or mixed with lymphocytes from patients with mammary carcinoma inhibited, whereas CFM from mixed cultures of HMCC and lymphocytes from  normal subjects had no effect on, the chemotactic response and migration of normal peritoneal macrophages. CFM was passes through a series of Amicon membranes, the active principle passed through membrane PM-10 but was retained by PM-5 suggesting a molecular weight of less than 10,000. In culture, HNEC, VCN-HNEC and VCN-HMCC proliferated as sheets of single cell monolayers, whereas HMCC began to spread as a monolayer, but as cellular density increased it formed cell foci, cell colonies and cell clusters packed into solid tissuelike masses.", "contents": "Enzymically-modified human mammary carcinoma cells: modulators of macrophage functions. Human mammary carcinoma cells (HMCC), vibrio cholera neuraminidase (VCN) treated HMCC(VCN-HMCC); glutaraldehyde fixed VCN-HMCC(Glut-VCN-HMCC), normal mammary epithelial cells (HMEC), VCN treated HNEC (VCN-HNEC) and glutaraldehyde fixed VCN-HNEC (Glut-VCN HNEC) were prepared and injected into separate groups of mice. Intraperitoneal injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) produced a delayed type of inflammatory reaction characterized by an accumulation of macrophages. Injection of HNEC, VCN-HNEC, and Glut-VCN-HNEC had no effect, HMCC inhibited, and VCN-HMCC and Glut-VCN-HMCC increased both the number and the tumoricidal activity of peritoneal macrophages. Cell-free media (CFM) harvested from cultures of HMCC alone or mixed with lymphocytes from patients with mammary carcinoma inhibited, whereas CFM from mixed cultures of HMCC and lymphocytes from  normal subjects had no effect on, the chemotactic response and migration of normal peritoneal macrophages. CFM was passes through a series of Amicon membranes, the active principle passed through membrane PM-10 but was retained by PM-5 suggesting a molecular weight of less than 10,000. In culture, HNEC, VCN-HNEC and VCN-HMCC proliferated as sheets of single cell monolayers, whereas HMCC began to spread as a monolayer, but as cellular density increased it formed cell foci, cell colonies and cell clusters packed into solid tissuelike masses.", "PMID": 121921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14827", "title": "Prolactin binding to dissociated cells from rat mammary tumors and mammary gland.", "content": "Prolactin binding activity was studied in suspensions of cells which had been enzymatically dissociated from R3230AC mammary tumors, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors and lactating rat mammary glands. Prolactin bound specifically with high affinity (apparent binding affinity = 4.0 X 10(9) M-1) to R3230AC tumor cells. Hormone binding at room temperature was proportional to cell number and increased with time of incubation up to 120-180 min. Prolactin binding to R3230AC tumor cells from diabetic animals was reduced by about 50%. Specific prolactin binding activity was also demonstrated in preparations of cells from DMBA-induced tumors and lactating mammary gland. The levels of hormone binding in both dissociated cells and subcellular particles prepared from these tissues varied as follows: DMBA-induced tumors > lactating mammary gland > R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Prolactin binding to dissociated cells from rat mammary tumors and mammary gland. Prolactin binding activity was studied in suspensions of cells which had been enzymatically dissociated from R3230AC mammary tumors, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors and lactating rat mammary glands. Prolactin bound specifically with high affinity (apparent binding affinity = 4.0 X 10(9) M-1) to R3230AC tumor cells. Hormone binding at room temperature was proportional to cell number and increased with time of incubation up to 120-180 min. Prolactin binding to R3230AC tumor cells from diabetic animals was reduced by about 50%. Specific prolactin binding activity was also demonstrated in preparations of cells from DMBA-induced tumors and lactating mammary gland. The levels of hormone binding in both dissociated cells and subcellular particles prepared from these tissues varied as follows: DMBA-induced tumors > lactating mammary gland > R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 121922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14828", "title": "Physics of the surgical laser.", "content": "Following a brief historical introduction to the use of lasers in surgery, the principal characteristics of laser light sources relevant to surgery with lasers are reviewed and the nomenclature most often used in connection with laser devices is explained. The interactions of electromagnetic energy with soft tissues that make possible ablative surgery with carbon dioxide lasers are stressed. The general requirements of laser instruments for clinical surgery are mentioned in conclusion.", "contents": "Physics of the surgical laser. Following a brief historical introduction to the use of lasers in surgery, the principal characteristics of laser light sources relevant to surgery with lasers are reviewed and the nomenclature most often used in connection with laser devices is explained. The interactions of electromagnetic energy with soft tissues that make possible ablative surgery with carbon dioxide lasers are stressed. The general requirements of laser instruments for clinical surgery are mentioned in conclusion.", "PMID": 121924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14829", "title": "Temporal specificity of procarbazine in the inhibition of mouse immune responses to allogeneic tumor.", "content": "The inhibition of the cellular response of C57Bl/6 mice against allogeneic P815 mastocytoma by procarbazine was shown to be uniquely dependent upon time of administration with respect to antigen. If the drug was given 4 or 6 days after antigen, the development of the T cell effectors was inhibited; if it was given earlier (2 hr or 1 or 2 days after antigen), the response was affected less. In contrast to the immunosuppressive effectiveness of delayed administration of procarbazine, the inhibition of the T cell response by daunorubicin was greatest when the agent was given 2 days after antigen, and that by cyclophosphamide, at the concentrations used, was relatively time independent. Under similar conditions the effects of the three agents on the humoral response were found to be less selective. The inhibition of both responses by procarbazine was shown to be dose dependent and relatively independent of the route of administration.", "contents": "Temporal specificity of procarbazine in the inhibition of mouse immune responses to allogeneic tumor. The inhibition of the cellular response of C57Bl/6 mice against allogeneic P815 mastocytoma by procarbazine was shown to be uniquely dependent upon time of administration with respect to antigen. If the drug was given 4 or 6 days after antigen, the development of the T cell effectors was inhibited; if it was given earlier (2 hr or 1 or 2 days after antigen), the response was affected less. In contrast to the immunosuppressive effectiveness of delayed administration of procarbazine, the inhibition of the T cell response by daunorubicin was greatest when the agent was given 2 days after antigen, and that by cyclophosphamide, at the concentrations used, was relatively time independent. Under similar conditions the effects of the three agents on the humoral response were found to be less selective. The inhibition of both responses by procarbazine was shown to be dose dependent and relatively independent of the route of administration.", "PMID": 121931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14830", "title": "Vitamin A-deficiency and thyrotropin secretion in the rat.", "content": "Basal serum TSH concentrations and TRH-induced TSH response were studied in control and in vitamin A-deficient rats at different times between the fifth week on diet (when growth of deficient animals was still normal) and the beginning of the weight plateau (as soon as growth of deficient animals had stopped). In deficient rats the TSH values were always lower than in the control rats. TRH injections (50 ng/100 g b.w.) in anaesthetized animals (amobarbital 1 mg/100 g b.w.) resulted in an approximately 12-fold increase in serum TSH levels within 6 minutes. The TSH levels remained elevated for at least 15 minutes and were similar in control and deficient rats. We hypothesize that the lower basal serum TSH concentrations are the result of a feedback mechanism triggered by an increase of serum free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3).", "contents": "Vitamin A-deficiency and thyrotropin secretion in the rat. Basal serum TSH concentrations and TRH-induced TSH response were studied in control and in vitamin A-deficient rats at different times between the fifth week on diet (when growth of deficient animals was still normal) and the beginning of the weight plateau (as soon as growth of deficient animals had stopped). In deficient rats the TSH values were always lower than in the control rats. TRH injections (50 ng/100 g b.w.) in anaesthetized animals (amobarbital 1 mg/100 g b.w.) resulted in an approximately 12-fold increase in serum TSH levels within 6 minutes. The TSH levels remained elevated for at least 15 minutes and were similar in control and deficient rats. We hypothesize that the lower basal serum TSH concentrations are the result of a feedback mechanism triggered by an increase of serum free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3).", "PMID": 121933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14831", "title": "Sensitivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi to various temperatures, disinfectants and drugs.", "content": "Spores of Encephalitozoon cuniculi were exposed to various temperature or to disinfectants, and their infectivity was then tested on monolayer cultures of canine kidney cells. The maximum survival time for spores suspended in medium 199 was 1 day at -20 degrees C, 98 days at 4 degrees C, 6 days at 22 degrees C, and 2 days at 37 degrees C. Only 2.5% survived 30 min at 56 degrees C. Boiling for 5 min or autoclaving at 120 degrees C for 10 min killed all spores. Dry spores survived less than a week at 4 degrees C but at least 4 weeks at 22 degrees C. Exposure for 30 min to recommended working concentrations of 9 of the 11 disinfectants tested killed all spores. The growth-inhibition effect of 7 antibiotics and chemotherapeutics was studied on canine kidney cell culture inoculated with E. cuniculi. None could completely inhibit growth. The most effective was chloroquine phosphate which, at a concentration of 12.5 mg per 1000 ml culture medium and during a test period of 8 weeks, reduced the harvest of E. cuniculi to 31% of that from inoculated, untreated cultures.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi to various temperatures, disinfectants and drugs. Spores of Encephalitozoon cuniculi were exposed to various temperature or to disinfectants, and their infectivity was then tested on monolayer cultures of canine kidney cells. The maximum survival time for spores suspended in medium 199 was 1 day at -20 degrees C, 98 days at 4 degrees C, 6 days at 22 degrees C, and 2 days at 37 degrees C. Only 2.5% survived 30 min at 56 degrees C. Boiling for 5 min or autoclaving at 120 degrees C for 10 min killed all spores. Dry spores survived less than a week at 4 degrees C but at least 4 weeks at 22 degrees C. Exposure for 30 min to recommended working concentrations of 9 of the 11 disinfectants tested killed all spores. The growth-inhibition effect of 7 antibiotics and chemotherapeutics was studied on canine kidney cell culture inoculated with E. cuniculi. None could completely inhibit growth. The most effective was chloroquine phosphate which, at a concentration of 12.5 mg per 1000 ml culture medium and during a test period of 8 weeks, reduced the harvest of E. cuniculi to 31% of that from inoculated, untreated cultures.", "PMID": 121934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14832", "title": "Monosodium glutamate neurotoxicity, hyperosmolarity, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction.", "content": "Rats received 3H-mannitol, which marks the intactness of the blood-brain barrier, and 14C-glutamate or 14C-aspartate by intracardiac injection after oral gavage with water, monosodium glutamate, monosodium aspartate, or sodium chloride (doses equiosmolar to 4 g/kg monosodium glutamate). Thirty min later, various brain regions (e.g., cerebellum, cortex, hypothalamus, and striatum) were assayed for tritium and carbon-14. In most regions in most animals given monosodium glutamate or hypertonic saline, the level of the carbon-14 acidic amino acid tended to parallel the extent of damage incurred by the blood-brain barrier, as indicated by high levels of tritium-labelled mannitol. These data suggest that severe hyperosmolarity may be a prerequisite for monosodium glutamate to produce neurotoxic changes, and may explain why elective dietary consumption of enormous quantities of glutamate, by animals given free access to water, fails to induce brain lesions.", "contents": "Monosodium glutamate neurotoxicity, hyperosmolarity, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Rats received 3H-mannitol, which marks the intactness of the blood-brain barrier, and 14C-glutamate or 14C-aspartate by intracardiac injection after oral gavage with water, monosodium glutamate, monosodium aspartate, or sodium chloride (doses equiosmolar to 4 g/kg monosodium glutamate). Thirty min later, various brain regions (e.g., cerebellum, cortex, hypothalamus, and striatum) were assayed for tritium and carbon-14. In most regions in most animals given monosodium glutamate or hypertonic saline, the level of the carbon-14 acidic amino acid tended to parallel the extent of damage incurred by the blood-brain barrier, as indicated by high levels of tritium-labelled mannitol. These data suggest that severe hyperosmolarity may be a prerequisite for monosodium glutamate to produce neurotoxic changes, and may explain why elective dietary consumption of enormous quantities of glutamate, by animals given free access to water, fails to induce brain lesions.", "PMID": 121936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14833", "title": "The steady state kinetics of tyrosine decarboxylase from Streptococcus faecalis.", "content": "The present study has explained the general reaction mechanism of the bacterial tyrosine decarboxylase. The rate equation for this mechanism has been presented. The steady state kinetics of tyrosine decarboxylase, as for tyrosine transaminase, have shown that the apoenzyme can bind not only the coenzyme, but also the non-enzymatically formed Schiff base between the coenzyme and the substrate. Our data then have confirmed the importance of the non-enzymatically formed Schiff base in the B6-dependent enzymes, possibly in all of them which have a low affinity constant for the coenzyme, such that the coenzyme must be present in excess in respect to the protein to saturate the active center. The interaction between apotyrosine decarboxylase with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate has been studied.", "contents": "The steady state kinetics of tyrosine decarboxylase from Streptococcus faecalis. The present study has explained the general reaction mechanism of the bacterial tyrosine decarboxylase. The rate equation for this mechanism has been presented. The steady state kinetics of tyrosine decarboxylase, as for tyrosine transaminase, have shown that the apoenzyme can bind not only the coenzyme, but also the non-enzymatically formed Schiff base between the coenzyme and the substrate. Our data then have confirmed the importance of the non-enzymatically formed Schiff base in the B6-dependent enzymes, possibly in all of them which have a low affinity constant for the coenzyme, such that the coenzyme must be present in excess in respect to the protein to saturate the active center. The interaction between apotyrosine decarboxylase with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate has been studied.", "PMID": 121930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14834", "title": "[Current treatment of tetanus patients in intensive therapy].", "content": "A brief survey of recent criteria for evaluation of the seriousness of toxicity and infection in tetanus is followed by the examination of a series of cases of average severity. The method employed in their therapeutic management is described, and an account is given of its advantages and the possibility of complications. The mortality rate for the years 1974-1978 is also reported.", "contents": "[Current treatment of tetanus patients in intensive therapy]. A brief survey of recent criteria for evaluation of the seriousness of toxicity and infection in tetanus is followed by the examination of a series of cases of average severity. The method employed in their therapeutic management is described, and an account is given of its advantages and the possibility of complications. The mortality rate for the years 1974-1978 is also reported.", "PMID": 121937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14835", "title": "[Hemoglobin J Amiens beta 17 (A 14) Lys replaced by Asn. Coincidence of a functionally silent new abnormal hemoglobin and a polycythemia vera (author's transl)].", "content": "A new abnormal hemoglobin, Hb J Amiens beta 17 (A 14) Lys replaced by Asn, has been discovered during the exploration of a recent polycythemia in a 65-year-old patient of Spanish extraction. Oxygen affinity of washed red blood cells was found to be normal at pH 7.13 (P 50 = 30.0 mmHg, N = 29.5 +/- 1). Cooperativity is unchanged, and no instability was detected. From this study, it is concluded that there is no relation between this functionally silent hemoglobin and the polycythemia. In fact, the recent appearance of the polycythemia, the involvement of the other blood cell lines, particularly the thrombocytosis, the high score of leukocyte alkaline phosphatases, and the results of the bone marrow biopsy led to the diagnosis of polycythemia vera.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin J Amiens beta 17 (A 14) Lys replaced by Asn. Coincidence of a functionally silent new abnormal hemoglobin and a polycythemia vera (author's transl)]. A new abnormal hemoglobin, Hb J Amiens beta 17 (A 14) Lys replaced by Asn, has been discovered during the exploration of a recent polycythemia in a 65-year-old patient of Spanish extraction. Oxygen affinity of washed red blood cells was found to be normal at pH 7.13 (P 50 = 30.0 mmHg, N = 29.5 +/- 1). Cooperativity is unchanged, and no instability was detected. From this study, it is concluded that there is no relation between this functionally silent hemoglobin and the polycythemia. In fact, the recent appearance of the polycythemia, the involvement of the other blood cell lines, particularly the thrombocytosis, the high score of leukocyte alkaline phosphatases, and the results of the bone marrow biopsy led to the diagnosis of polycythemia vera.", "PMID": 121938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14836", "title": "Present and future uses of mutagenicity tests for assessment of the safety of food additives.", "content": "The tier approach has been employed for the past 3 years for investigating the potential mutagenicity of food additives and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) substances. This approach is used to set testing priorities, since a large number of substances must be investigated. Three tiers or testing levels are used. The first tier is a pre-screen to determine whether a chemical has the potential to cause genetic damage. The second tier is designed to ascertain whether mutagenic activity detected at tier one can be confirmed in the tests which are a part of tier two. The third tier is used for risk assessment and, as such, attempts to define the genetic risk to humans that is associated with use of a substance which is a confirmed mutagen as defined by one or more test methods in tier two. The future uses of mutagenicity test methods will probably be in the area of short-term tests for carcinogenicity and as a means of assessing the risk associated with the use of gentically active chemicals.", "contents": "Present and future uses of mutagenicity tests for assessment of the safety of food additives. The tier approach has been employed for the past 3 years for investigating the potential mutagenicity of food additives and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) substances. This approach is used to set testing priorities, since a large number of substances must be investigated. Three tiers or testing levels are used. The first tier is a pre-screen to determine whether a chemical has the potential to cause genetic damage. The second tier is designed to ascertain whether mutagenic activity detected at tier one can be confirmed in the tests which are a part of tier two. The third tier is used for risk assessment and, as such, attempts to define the genetic risk to humans that is associated with use of a substance which is a confirmed mutagen as defined by one or more test methods in tier two. The future uses of mutagenicity test methods will probably be in the area of short-term tests for carcinogenicity and as a means of assessing the risk associated with the use of gentically active chemicals.", "PMID": 121932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14837", "title": "[In vivo and in vitro methods of studying platelet adhesion to the components of the vascular wall].", "content": "Platelet adhesion to the subendothelium of the vessel wall and to its collagen component plays a key role in hemostasis, thrombosis, and the development of atherosclerosis. In order to study the mechanisms of platelet adhesion and eventually to inhibit adhesion, it has been necessary to develop methods that measure platelet adhesion quantitatively in vivo and in vitro. In this article, the methods that are used to measure platelet adhesion are reviewed critically with emphasis on their aims, advantages, and disadvantages. The methods that are used to measure platelet adhesion can be divided in five groups: (1) methods that use an aggregometer to measure platelet adhesion to collagen in the presence of EDTA; (2) methods that use binding of radiolabeled collagen, affinity chromatography, or gel filtration; (3) the morphometric method of Baumgartner that measures platelet interaction with the subendothelium of an aorta exposed to flow in an annular perfusion chamber; (4) the quantitative isotopic measurement of platelet adhesion to collagen-coated surfaces and to subendothelium with the rotating probe device of Cazenave; and (5) in vivo platelet adhesion to the subendothelium measured by the morphometric method or with platelets radiolabeled with 51Cr or 111In. With these methods is has been possible to study the factors (Ca2+; VIII: von Willebrand factor; hemodynamic factors: red cells, shear rate; components of the vessel wall) governing platelet adhesion to subendothelium and to collagen. It has also been possible to screen and study drugs inhibiting platelet adhesion, which is the first step in the formation of a thrombus at the site of vascular injury.", "contents": "[In vivo and in vitro methods of studying platelet adhesion to the components of the vascular wall]. Platelet adhesion to the subendothelium of the vessel wall and to its collagen component plays a key role in hemostasis, thrombosis, and the development of atherosclerosis. In order to study the mechanisms of platelet adhesion and eventually to inhibit adhesion, it has been necessary to develop methods that measure platelet adhesion quantitatively in vivo and in vitro. In this article, the methods that are used to measure platelet adhesion are reviewed critically with emphasis on their aims, advantages, and disadvantages. The methods that are used to measure platelet adhesion can be divided in five groups: (1) methods that use an aggregometer to measure platelet adhesion to collagen in the presence of EDTA; (2) methods that use binding of radiolabeled collagen, affinity chromatography, or gel filtration; (3) the morphometric method of Baumgartner that measures platelet interaction with the subendothelium of an aorta exposed to flow in an annular perfusion chamber; (4) the quantitative isotopic measurement of platelet adhesion to collagen-coated surfaces and to subendothelium with the rotating probe device of Cazenave; and (5) in vivo platelet adhesion to the subendothelium measured by the morphometric method or with platelets radiolabeled with 51Cr or 111In. With these methods is has been possible to study the factors (Ca2+; VIII: von Willebrand factor; hemodynamic factors: red cells, shear rate; components of the vessel wall) governing platelet adhesion to subendothelium and to collagen. It has also been possible to screen and study drugs inhibiting platelet adhesion, which is the first step in the formation of a thrombus at the site of vascular injury.", "PMID": 121939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14838", "title": "[Hyperprolactinemia and primary amenorrhea].", "content": "Six patients with primary amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia are presented. The patients had normal secondary characteristics and normal body proportions. In four patients a tumour of the hypophysis was diagnosed radiologically, while in two patients the cause of hyperprolactinemia remained unknown. The gonadotropin concentration in the serum was normal. Reaction to Gn-RH was the same as that in women with the normal cycle in the follicular phase. In all the patients with function of the thyroid was normal. Primary amenorrhea was found in 14.6% of women with a disturbed cycle and hyperprolactinemia. In all the patients the administration of bromocryptin normalized prolactin concentrations, induced ovulation, and four patients became pregnant.", "contents": "[Hyperprolactinemia and primary amenorrhea]. Six patients with primary amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia are presented. The patients had normal secondary characteristics and normal body proportions. In four patients a tumour of the hypophysis was diagnosed radiologically, while in two patients the cause of hyperprolactinemia remained unknown. The gonadotropin concentration in the serum was normal. Reaction to Gn-RH was the same as that in women with the normal cycle in the follicular phase. In all the patients with function of the thyroid was normal. Primary amenorrhea was found in 14.6% of women with a disturbed cycle and hyperprolactinemia. In all the patients the administration of bromocryptin normalized prolactin concentrations, induced ovulation, and four patients became pregnant.", "PMID": 121935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14839", "title": "Healing of myocardial infarction in animal models.", "content": "The experimental models used by investigators to study myocardial infarction have been considered as to their possible application for use in studies of the healing of myocardial infarction. The information concerning healing has also been surveyed. In general, the healing of the myocardial infarct in the dog and in the rat is by connective tissue replacement of the injured tissue resulting in a scar similar to skin scars. In the healing process, there is an early increase of glycoproteins, possibly from serum, and of hyaluronic acid in the injured tissue. Much of this is part of the general reaction to injury and may not be part of the healing process. Somewhat later (about 2-3 days in the dog) the chondroitin-4-sulfate fraction begins to rise. Collagen biosynthesis increases at the same time although this relationship is not well established. Much later (after 30 days in dog) the chondroitin-4-sulfate content of the injured tissue begins to decrease. At this time the scar is well formed. Much later (as late as 171 days) the scar in the myocardium still contains elevated amounts of chondroitin-4-sulfate. The dermatan sulfate is increased and the hyaluronic acid slightly decreased as compared to undamaged myocardium. These changes are typical in maturing scars of skin.", "contents": "Healing of myocardial infarction in animal models. The experimental models used by investigators to study myocardial infarction have been considered as to their possible application for use in studies of the healing of myocardial infarction. The information concerning healing has also been surveyed. In general, the healing of the myocardial infarct in the dog and in the rat is by connective tissue replacement of the injured tissue resulting in a scar similar to skin scars. In the healing process, there is an early increase of glycoproteins, possibly from serum, and of hyaluronic acid in the injured tissue. Much of this is part of the general reaction to injury and may not be part of the healing process. Somewhat later (about 2-3 days in the dog) the chondroitin-4-sulfate fraction begins to rise. Collagen biosynthesis increases at the same time although this relationship is not well established. Much later (after 30 days in dog) the chondroitin-4-sulfate content of the injured tissue begins to decrease. At this time the scar is well formed. Much later (as late as 171 days) the scar in the myocardium still contains elevated amounts of chondroitin-4-sulfate. The dermatan sulfate is increased and the hyaluronic acid slightly decreased as compared to undamaged myocardium. These changes are typical in maturing scars of skin.", "PMID": 121943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14840", "title": "Valproic acid: in vitro plasma protein binding and interaction with phenytoin.", "content": "Because valproic acid (VPA) is highly bound to plasma protein, several variables affecting binding will significantly alter the quantity of free drug which is pharmacologically active. Therefore, total VPA plasma concentrations do not reflect the therapeutic strength of the drug in tissue. We have performed equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration studies of VPA binding to plasma protein. The converging data in these in vitro studies indicate a clinically significant alteration in the percent of free VPA when total drug concentration exceeds 80 micrograms/ml. Saturation of drug binding sites probably occurs in this range. At 20--60 micrograms/ml VPA there is 5% free drug, with a significant increase to 8% free at 80 micrograms/ml; free drug increases to over 20% at 145 micrograms/ml total VPA. Human plasma, which is low in albumin, has twice the quantity of free VPA as normal plasma (10 versus 5% free). The clinical evidence of interaction between VPA and phenytoin is confirmed in vitro by the increase in the free fraction of both drugs. VPA binding decreases by 3--6%, while phenytoin binding decreases 5--6% as both drugs reach high plasma concentrations. When appropriate, laboratory reports should be available defining concentration of free drug in plasma for optimal interpretation of drug concetrations relative to clinical effects.", "contents": "Valproic acid: in vitro plasma protein binding and interaction with phenytoin. Because valproic acid (VPA) is highly bound to plasma protein, several variables affecting binding will significantly alter the quantity of free drug which is pharmacologically active. Therefore, total VPA plasma concentrations do not reflect the therapeutic strength of the drug in tissue. We have performed equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration studies of VPA binding to plasma protein. The converging data in these in vitro studies indicate a clinically significant alteration in the percent of free VPA when total drug concentration exceeds 80 micrograms/ml. Saturation of drug binding sites probably occurs in this range. At 20--60 micrograms/ml VPA there is 5% free drug, with a significant increase to 8% free at 80 micrograms/ml; free drug increases to over 20% at 145 micrograms/ml total VPA. Human plasma, which is low in albumin, has twice the quantity of free VPA as normal plasma (10 versus 5% free). The clinical evidence of interaction between VPA and phenytoin is confirmed in vitro by the increase in the free fraction of both drugs. VPA binding decreases by 3--6%, while phenytoin binding decreases 5--6% as both drugs reach high plasma concentrations. When appropriate, laboratory reports should be available defining concentration of free drug in plasma for optimal interpretation of drug concetrations relative to clinical effects.", "PMID": 121944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14841", "title": "The evolution of electroencephalographic features in lissencephaly syndrome.", "content": "The electroencephalographic features and their evolutional changes with age were described in three cases of lissencephaly syndrome diagnosed by CT scan. The case with more severe lissencephaly displayed very similar EEG findings. In early or middle infancy when infantile spasms began, EEG showed very high amplitude (more than 400 microV) slow waves mixed with sharp theta-waves. In their clinical course, they showed extreme spindles and in late infancy, the EEG revealed a tendency towards bilaterally synchronous discharges of high amplitude sharp and slow waves. On the other hand, milder forms of lissencephaly showed hypsarrhythmia in early infancy. In the late infancy the EEG showed bisynchronous sharp and slow waves of more than 200 microV. The anomaly ranging from agyria to pachygyria seems to be closely associated with varying EEG abnormalities from extremely high voltage hypsarrhythmia to focal spikes. The very high voltage of hypsarrhythmic patterns and the very low frequency of sharp wave discharges seem to be typical in the most severe lissencephaly or agyria", "contents": "The evolution of electroencephalographic features in lissencephaly syndrome. The electroencephalographic features and their evolutional changes with age were described in three cases of lissencephaly syndrome diagnosed by CT scan. The case with more severe lissencephaly displayed very similar EEG findings. In early or middle infancy when infantile spasms began, EEG showed very high amplitude (more than 400 microV) slow waves mixed with sharp theta-waves. In their clinical course, they showed extreme spindles and in late infancy, the EEG revealed a tendency towards bilaterally synchronous discharges of high amplitude sharp and slow waves. On the other hand, milder forms of lissencephaly showed hypsarrhythmia in early infancy. In the late infancy the EEG showed bisynchronous sharp and slow waves of more than 200 microV. The anomaly ranging from agyria to pachygyria seems to be closely associated with varying EEG abnormalities from extremely high voltage hypsarrhythmia to focal spikes. The very high voltage of hypsarrhythmic patterns and the very low frequency of sharp wave discharges seem to be typical in the most severe lissencephaly or agyria", "PMID": 121950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14842", "title": "Sodium valproate and thrombocytopenia.", "content": "Thrombocytopenia has been occasionally reported in patients on sodium valproate. Here is reported a 6-year-old boy on this drug who was found to have thrombocytopenia 6 months after initiation of administration and it was progressive up to 16 months. Though the medication was continued because of its efficacy, platelet count gradually recovered to the normal level spontaneously. Throughout the course, no hemorrhagic tendency was observed clinically. It was suggested that platelet count should be monitored periodically, but that the presence of thrombocytopenia itself does not serve as an absolute indication for discontinuing the drug.", "contents": "Sodium valproate and thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia has been occasionally reported in patients on sodium valproate. Here is reported a 6-year-old boy on this drug who was found to have thrombocytopenia 6 months after initiation of administration and it was progressive up to 16 months. Though the medication was continued because of its efficacy, platelet count gradually recovered to the normal level spontaneously. Throughout the course, no hemorrhagic tendency was observed clinically. It was suggested that platelet count should be monitored periodically, but that the presence of thrombocytopenia itself does not serve as an absolute indication for discontinuing the drug.", "PMID": 121951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14843", "title": "[Treatment of bone marrow aplasia in phase I of acute lymphatic leukemia treatment in children].", "content": "In the first phase of treatment of acute lymphatic leukemia in children (ALL) with aggresive cytostatic protocols, the doctor is, in some patients, forced to modify the antitumor therapy over a certain period of time because of bone marrow depression. The authors attempted to pull patients with ALL through this critical phase of the disease - by administering \"profilactically\" Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3) ( in order to stimulate granulopoiesis) or, if anaemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia had already occurred, by administering concentrates of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets - without discontinuing the administration of cytostatics. The results of these attempts are reported.", "contents": "[Treatment of bone marrow aplasia in phase I of acute lymphatic leukemia treatment in children]. In the first phase of treatment of acute lymphatic leukemia in children (ALL) with aggresive cytostatic protocols, the doctor is, in some patients, forced to modify the antitumor therapy over a certain period of time because of bone marrow depression. The authors attempted to pull patients with ALL through this critical phase of the disease - by administering \"profilactically\" Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3) ( in order to stimulate granulopoiesis) or, if anaemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia had already occurred, by administering concentrates of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets - without discontinuing the administration of cytostatics. The results of these attempts are reported.", "PMID": 121957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14844", "title": "Comparative evaluation of some methods for detection of M. pneumoniae antibodies.", "content": "Various methods of detection are available for measuring antibodies specific to M. pneumoniae. We examined over 600 sera of patients with clinical diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection using complement fixation (CF) test. 91 gave positive reaction and were therefore selected for a comparative analysis with other methods such as metabolic inhibition (MI), mycoplasmocidal (MC) and radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) methods. MC and RIP test gave antibody titers comparatively higher than MI and CF. Comparative studies on the sensitivity of the various methods considered were also carried out on 6 paired sera collected from the same patients at 10 days intervals. The increase in antibody titers were much higher when MC and RIP tests were considered. When RIP and MC methods were compared, the first appeared more sensitive in all cases studied.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of some methods for detection of M. pneumoniae antibodies. Various methods of detection are available for measuring antibodies specific to M. pneumoniae. We examined over 600 sera of patients with clinical diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection using complement fixation (CF) test. 91 gave positive reaction and were therefore selected for a comparative analysis with other methods such as metabolic inhibition (MI), mycoplasmocidal (MC) and radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) methods. MC and RIP test gave antibody titers comparatively higher than MI and CF. Comparative studies on the sensitivity of the various methods considered were also carried out on 6 paired sera collected from the same patients at 10 days intervals. The increase in antibody titers were much higher when MC and RIP tests were considered. When RIP and MC methods were compared, the first appeared more sensitive in all cases studied.", "PMID": 121958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14845", "title": "[Gonadotropin response to acute stimulation with LHFSHRH in idiopathic oligospermia. Preliminary results].", "content": "Serum FSH and LH levels in basal conditions and after Gn-RH test were investigated in 15 idiopathic oligozoospermic patients. Basal FSH was significantly higher in oligospermic than in normal subjects and a negative relationship was found between basal FSH and sperm count. Basal LH was not different in oligozoospermic and in normal subjects. Both FSH and LH responses to GN-RH were significantly higher in oligozoospermic patients. In idiopathic oligozoospermia the presence of a testicular defect involving both the seminiferous epithelium and Leydig cells is suggested.", "contents": "[Gonadotropin response to acute stimulation with LHFSHRH in idiopathic oligospermia. Preliminary results]. Serum FSH and LH levels in basal conditions and after Gn-RH test were investigated in 15 idiopathic oligozoospermic patients. Basal FSH was significantly higher in oligospermic than in normal subjects and a negative relationship was found between basal FSH and sperm count. Basal LH was not different in oligozoospermic and in normal subjects. Both FSH and LH responses to GN-RH were significantly higher in oligozoospermic patients. In idiopathic oligozoospermia the presence of a testicular defect involving both the seminiferous epithelium and Leydig cells is suggested.", "PMID": 121959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14846", "title": "Pig kidney diamine oxidase. A new method of purification.", "content": "Diamine oxidase has been purified from pig kidney by a new method to rapidly obtain larger amounts of pure enzyme with a good yield. The enzyme obtained gives only one band in SDS gel electrophoresis. The specific activity and the absorption spectra were identical to those of already preparations homogeneous reported by different methods of purification.", "contents": "Pig kidney diamine oxidase. A new method of purification. Diamine oxidase has been purified from pig kidney by a new method to rapidly obtain larger amounts of pure enzyme with a good yield. The enzyme obtained gives only one band in SDS gel electrophoresis. The specific activity and the absorption spectra were identical to those of already preparations homogeneous reported by different methods of purification.", "PMID": 121960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14847", "title": "[Analysis of flexion energy variations of a human red blood cell, of ellipsoid form, in the process of deformation imposed by turbulent tangential flux].", "content": "The purpose of the present, morphological analysis is to recognize a functional connection between shear stress tau, which Human Red Cells, treated with glutaraldehyde, are subjected and their energy of bending (U), during the shape transition, turbulent shear-flow dependent, under the hypothesis of \"isoareal\" transformation. The experimental basis of this analysis is the work of Sutera and Mehrjardi.", "contents": "[Analysis of flexion energy variations of a human red blood cell, of ellipsoid form, in the process of deformation imposed by turbulent tangential flux]. The purpose of the present, morphological analysis is to recognize a functional connection between shear stress tau, which Human Red Cells, treated with glutaraldehyde, are subjected and their energy of bending (U), during the shape transition, turbulent shear-flow dependent, under the hypothesis of \"isoareal\" transformation. The experimental basis of this analysis is the work of Sutera and Mehrjardi.", "PMID": 121961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14848", "title": "[Further biochemical investigations on glycosaminoglycans extracted from Euglena gracilis].", "content": "Polyanionic glycans extracted from Euglena gracilis have been studied by biochemical, chromatographic and electrophoretic analysis. Our results show the presence of a fraction which precipitate with CPC and another one which not precipitate with CPC. The CPC precipitable material fractionated on CPC-Cellulose column shows the presence of 5 Glycosaminoglycans; the not CPC precipitable material contains uronic acid, galactose, sulfate, galactosamine and cannot be related to Keratan sulfate.", "contents": "[Further biochemical investigations on glycosaminoglycans extracted from Euglena gracilis]. Polyanionic glycans extracted from Euglena gracilis have been studied by biochemical, chromatographic and electrophoretic analysis. Our results show the presence of a fraction which precipitate with CPC and another one which not precipitate with CPC. The CPC precipitable material fractionated on CPC-Cellulose column shows the presence of 5 Glycosaminoglycans; the not CPC precipitable material contains uronic acid, galactose, sulfate, galactosamine and cannot be related to Keratan sulfate.", "PMID": 121963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14849", "title": "[Presence of microtubular and filamentous structures in frequent association with ribosomal crystals].", "content": "The contact of tubular bodies and cytofilaments with ribosome microcrystals from chick embryos incubated at 5 degrees C, was investigated by negative staining. It is revealed that for a good observation the time of fixation in glutaraldehyde was a critical point. It is suggested that tubular bodies and cytofilaments are engaged in the transport of ribosomes and ribosome tetramers.", "contents": "[Presence of microtubular and filamentous structures in frequent association with ribosomal crystals]. The contact of tubular bodies and cytofilaments with ribosome microcrystals from chick embryos incubated at 5 degrees C, was investigated by negative staining. It is revealed that for a good observation the time of fixation in glutaraldehyde was a critical point. It is suggested that tubular bodies and cytofilaments are engaged in the transport of ribosomes and ribosome tetramers.", "PMID": 121962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14850", "title": "[Essential amino acids and rat growth. I. Effect of lysine deficiency on hematopoiesis and rat growth].", "content": "The AA. reports that lysine deficiency in rats results in poor growth, low weight of heart and liver, anemia, hypoproteinemia and low concentration of haemoglobin. Rats fed supplemented lysine diet did not have any pathological condition in comparison with normal rats receiving standard laboratory diet.", "contents": "[Essential amino acids and rat growth. I. Effect of lysine deficiency on hematopoiesis and rat growth]. The AA. reports that lysine deficiency in rats results in poor growth, low weight of heart and liver, anemia, hypoproteinemia and low concentration of haemoglobin. Rats fed supplemented lysine diet did not have any pathological condition in comparison with normal rats receiving standard laboratory diet.", "PMID": 121964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14851", "title": "[Lysine deficiency and carnitine biosynthesis in the rat].", "content": "Male rats weanling fed 20% gluten diet for 90 days of demonstrate to have about one-third lower level of carnitine per gram of skeletal muscle and heart muscle than the group which received the same diet supplemented with 1% of lysine. The carnitine level of the liver, however, was significantly higher in the unsupplemented versus the lysine supplemented groups.", "contents": "[Lysine deficiency and carnitine biosynthesis in the rat]. Male rats weanling fed 20% gluten diet for 90 days of demonstrate to have about one-third lower level of carnitine per gram of skeletal muscle and heart muscle than the group which received the same diet supplemented with 1% of lysine. The carnitine level of the liver, however, was significantly higher in the unsupplemented versus the lysine supplemented groups.", "PMID": 121965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14852", "title": "Immunochemical studies on beta-lactoglobulins. precipitin reactions of sow's and mare's mammary secretions against anti - bovine beta - lactoglobulin antiserum.", "content": "By double diffusion in agarose gel, in well defined experimental conditions, cross reactions were observed between porcine beta-lactoglobulins and anti-bovine beta-lactoglobulin antisera. The immunological reactivity between these beta-lactoglobulins from a monogastric and the ruminant anti beta-lactoglobulin antiserum thus implies a certain degree of similarity between the monomeric beta-lactoglobulins examined and the dimeric of the ruminants. With the same antisera it also proved possible to demonstrate the presence of beta-lactoglobulins in the mammary secretions of another monogastric, namely, the mare. Identity reactions observed between sow's and mare's beta-lactoglobulins seem to indicate a close similarity in their structures.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on beta-lactoglobulins. precipitin reactions of sow's and mare's mammary secretions against anti - bovine beta - lactoglobulin antiserum. By double diffusion in agarose gel, in well defined experimental conditions, cross reactions were observed between porcine beta-lactoglobulins and anti-bovine beta-lactoglobulin antisera. The immunological reactivity between these beta-lactoglobulins from a monogastric and the ruminant anti beta-lactoglobulin antiserum thus implies a certain degree of similarity between the monomeric beta-lactoglobulins examined and the dimeric of the ruminants. With the same antisera it also proved possible to demonstrate the presence of beta-lactoglobulins in the mammary secretions of another monogastric, namely, the mare. Identity reactions observed between sow's and mare's beta-lactoglobulins seem to indicate a close similarity in their structures.", "PMID": 121966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14853", "title": "Immunological evidence of beta-lactoglobulins in human colostrum and milk.", "content": "Over thirty specimens of breast milk and colostrum were examined by the double diffusion method in agarose gel using antibovine beta-lactoglobulin antisera. Cross reactions were obtained showing the presence of beta-lactoglobulins in human milk and colostrum; the strength of these reactions was comparable with those already observed with porcine and equine mammary secretions. Identity reactions were obtained between human and sow's milk against anti-bovine beta-lactoglobulin antisera. Results are discussed from the immunological and structural point of view.", "contents": "Immunological evidence of beta-lactoglobulins in human colostrum and milk. Over thirty specimens of breast milk and colostrum were examined by the double diffusion method in agarose gel using antibovine beta-lactoglobulin antisera. Cross reactions were obtained showing the presence of beta-lactoglobulins in human milk and colostrum; the strength of these reactions was comparable with those already observed with porcine and equine mammary secretions. Identity reactions were obtained between human and sow's milk against anti-bovine beta-lactoglobulin antisera. Results are discussed from the immunological and structural point of view.", "PMID": 121967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14854", "title": "[Frequency and antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from urine cultures].", "content": "The AA report the data pertinent to the urine culture performed during a year in the Sanitary and Prophylactic Laboratory of the district of L'Aquila. In urine samples with number of bacteria > 10(5)/ml have been found E. coli (49%), Proteus mirabilis (32%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%), Staphylococcus aureus (5%), Proteus rettgeri (1%), Enterococco (1%). The data are also reported concerning germ resistance to several antibiotics.", "contents": "[Frequency and antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from urine cultures]. The AA report the data pertinent to the urine culture performed during a year in the Sanitary and Prophylactic Laboratory of the district of L'Aquila. In urine samples with number of bacteria > 10(5)/ml have been found E. coli (49%), Proteus mirabilis (32%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%), Staphylococcus aureus (5%), Proteus rettgeri (1%), Enterococco (1%). The data are also reported concerning germ resistance to several antibiotics.", "PMID": 121968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14855", "title": "[Action of thymic extracts on the growth of different cell populations in vitro].", "content": "Thymic, splenic and renal cellular extracts were obtained by tissular grinding and ultra centrifugation, from animals having undergone diverse hormonal treatments. These extracts were added to different cellular populations in culture (carcinomatous HeLa strain, established MRCs strain, primo-culture of human foetal lung strain). The thymic extracts of non treated animals and the splenic extracts rich in FK substance from intact guinea pigs treated by oestrogenes or FSH, provoque an inhibition of tumoral cell growth. The most important effects are obtained with thymus extracts rich in FK substance. The FK substance seems capable of concentrating certain antitumoral thymic fractions.", "contents": "[Action of thymic extracts on the growth of different cell populations in vitro]. Thymic, splenic and renal cellular extracts were obtained by tissular grinding and ultra centrifugation, from animals having undergone diverse hormonal treatments. These extracts were added to different cellular populations in culture (carcinomatous HeLa strain, established MRCs strain, primo-culture of human foetal lung strain). The thymic extracts of non treated animals and the splenic extracts rich in FK substance from intact guinea pigs treated by oestrogenes or FSH, provoque an inhibition of tumoral cell growth. The most important effects are obtained with thymus extracts rich in FK substance. The FK substance seems capable of concentrating certain antitumoral thymic fractions.", "PMID": 121970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14856", "title": "[Considerations about surgical treatment of complex fractures of malleoli (author's transl)].", "content": "According to the results established after careful observation of the series of cases (50 at all) examined, the malleolus fractures are submitted to analysis by the authors of the text. The outcome they achieve is the recovery may be attained, with better probabilities, only by the operation. The recovery is meant as complete both in the bony parts and in the ligaments' ones.", "contents": "[Considerations about surgical treatment of complex fractures of malleoli (author's transl)]. According to the results established after careful observation of the series of cases (50 at all) examined, the malleolus fractures are submitted to analysis by the authors of the text. The outcome they achieve is the recovery may be attained, with better probabilities, only by the operation. The recovery is meant as complete both in the bony parts and in the ligaments' ones.", "PMID": 121973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14857", "title": "Turnover and degradation of mitochondria and their proteins.", "content": "Very little is known about intracellular protein degradation. We have concentrated on mitochondrial proteins for simplicity. Even this is a complex problem and several mechanisms may be involved. The half-lives of mitochondrial proteins vary widely. Using immunological, autoradiographic (ferritin and iodine) and biochemical techniques we are delineating the extent of intra-mitochondrial protein degradation, lysosomal participation in that degradation, and signals controlling the overall process. As a high yielding dividend of our autoradiographic and immunological experiments it seems possible to clarify such important questions as whether there is a selective inactivation and turnover of mitochondria and their proteins. Calculations of autophagy and vacuoles, the concentration of mitochondrial proteins within lysosomes, as well as key aspects of the initiation and regulation of protein turnover and its elasto-plastic control are presented.", "contents": "Turnover and degradation of mitochondria and their proteins. Very little is known about intracellular protein degradation. We have concentrated on mitochondrial proteins for simplicity. Even this is a complex problem and several mechanisms may be involved. The half-lives of mitochondrial proteins vary widely. Using immunological, autoradiographic (ferritin and iodine) and biochemical techniques we are delineating the extent of intra-mitochondrial protein degradation, lysosomal participation in that degradation, and signals controlling the overall process. As a high yielding dividend of our autoradiographic and immunological experiments it seems possible to clarify such important questions as whether there is a selective inactivation and turnover of mitochondria and their proteins. Calculations of autophagy and vacuoles, the concentration of mitochondrial proteins within lysosomes, as well as key aspects of the initiation and regulation of protein turnover and its elasto-plastic control are presented.", "PMID": 121974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14858", "title": "Effects of parasitic infections in pregnant women.", "content": "This review focuses on the parasitic diseases which occur frequently in the tropics and which affect pregnant women. Clinical disease of the mother during pregnancy, vertical transmission of parasites and transplacental passage of soluble parasitic antigens are discussed in relation to their immunopathological significance for the fetus. The incidences of congenital malaria, African trypanosomiasis and Chagas' disease are reviewed, together with vertical transmission of filarial infection, involvement of the female genital tract in schistosomiasis, and fulminant colitis due to Entamoeba histolytica infection during pregnancy.", "contents": "Effects of parasitic infections in pregnant women. This review focuses on the parasitic diseases which occur frequently in the tropics and which affect pregnant women. Clinical disease of the mother during pregnancy, vertical transmission of parasites and transplacental passage of soluble parasitic antigens are discussed in relation to their immunopathological significance for the fetus. The incidences of congenital malaria, African trypanosomiasis and Chagas' disease are reviewed, together with vertical transmission of filarial infection, involvement of the female genital tract in schistosomiasis, and fulminant colitis due to Entamoeba histolytica infection during pregnancy.", "PMID": 121975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14859", "title": "Sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster to low concentrations of the gaseous 1, 2-dibromoethane: I. acute exposures.", "content": "Drosophila melanogaster males were exposed to gaseous 1, 2-dibromoethane at concentrations lower than those used in aerosol treatments of suspected mutagens by other investigators. Premeiotic stages appear to be more sensitive than postmeiotic stages to gaseous mutagens. At an exposure of 125 ppm . hr, significant numbers of mutations were induced in spermatids, spermatocytes, and spermatogonia. Since this exposure increased the mutation rate in spermatogonial stages by a factor of 20--40 over the spontaneous rate, it appears that the lowest detectable exposures may be much lower than 125 ppm . hr for 1, 2-dibromoethane.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster to low concentrations of the gaseous 1, 2-dibromoethane: I. acute exposures. Drosophila melanogaster males were exposed to gaseous 1, 2-dibromoethane at concentrations lower than those used in aerosol treatments of suspected mutagens by other investigators. Premeiotic stages appear to be more sensitive than postmeiotic stages to gaseous mutagens. At an exposure of 125 ppm . hr, significant numbers of mutations were induced in spermatids, spermatocytes, and spermatogonia. Since this exposure increased the mutation rate in spermatogonial stages by a factor of 20--40 over the spontaneous rate, it appears that the lowest detectable exposures may be much lower than 125 ppm . hr for 1, 2-dibromoethane.", "PMID": 121976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14860", "title": "Lack of correlation between MMS-toxicity in larvae and in adults of mutagen-sensitive mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Adult males of 20 different stocks of Drosophila melanogaster, including 16 with various X-linked mutagen-sensitive mutations, were tested for sensitivity to the lethal action of methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) in a continuous feeding experiment. It was impossible to establish a correlation between MMS-toxicity in adults and MMS-toxicity in larvae. In addition, experiments to examine the fertility of MMS-treated flies of four mutagen-sensitive strains and one wild-type strain were performed. These experiments demonstrated that the spermatogonia of mei-9L1 and mei-41D5 in larvae and in adults are more sensitive to MMS than the spermatogonia of the wild-type strain or the other two mutagen-sensitive strains.", "contents": "Lack of correlation between MMS-toxicity in larvae and in adults of mutagen-sensitive mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Adult males of 20 different stocks of Drosophila melanogaster, including 16 with various X-linked mutagen-sensitive mutations, were tested for sensitivity to the lethal action of methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) in a continuous feeding experiment. It was impossible to establish a correlation between MMS-toxicity in adults and MMS-toxicity in larvae. In addition, experiments to examine the fertility of MMS-treated flies of four mutagen-sensitive strains and one wild-type strain were performed. These experiments demonstrated that the spermatogonia of mei-9L1 and mei-41D5 in larvae and in adults are more sensitive to MMS than the spermatogonia of the wild-type strain or the other two mutagen-sensitive strains.", "PMID": 121977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14861", "title": "Mutagenicity of nitrosocarbaryl and other methylating nitrosamides as related to uptake in Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "Differences greater than 6,000-fold in the mutagenic potency of three nitrosamides that are methylating agents [N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-nitrosocarbaryl (NC)] could be accounted for in part by differences in their uptake into the Haemophilus influenzae cells. Uptake was roughly correlated with the octanol/water partition coefficient. The most potent mutagen, NC, was concentrated by the cells. The least potent, MNU, was essentially excluded from the bacteria. Uptake was a linear function of concentration, whereas induction of novobiocin-resistant mutations followed higher-order kinetics. The effective dose of chemical to the bacteria (number of molecules taken up) under conditions of mutagenesis could be calculated.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of nitrosocarbaryl and other methylating nitrosamides as related to uptake in Haemophilus influenzae. Differences greater than 6,000-fold in the mutagenic potency of three nitrosamides that are methylating agents [N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-nitrosocarbaryl (NC)] could be accounted for in part by differences in their uptake into the Haemophilus influenzae cells. Uptake was roughly correlated with the octanol/water partition coefficient. The most potent mutagen, NC, was concentrated by the cells. The least potent, MNU, was essentially excluded from the bacteria. Uptake was a linear function of concentration, whereas induction of novobiocin-resistant mutations followed higher-order kinetics. The effective dose of chemical to the bacteria (number of molecules taken up) under conditions of mutagenesis could be calculated.", "PMID": 121978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14862", "title": "Genetic effects of strong magnetic fields in Drosophila melanogaster: I. Homogeneous fields ranging from 13,000 to 37,000 Gauss.", "content": "Drosophila melanogaster males were exposed to homogeneous magnetic fields of intensities of 13,000 to 37,000 Gauss as eggs, larvae, pupae and as adults. Sex linked recessive lethals were scored in chromosomes exposed as spermatozoa, spermatids and as spermatocytes. There was no indication of enhanced mutation induction by the magnetic fields.", "contents": "Genetic effects of strong magnetic fields in Drosophila melanogaster: I. Homogeneous fields ranging from 13,000 to 37,000 Gauss. Drosophila melanogaster males were exposed to homogeneous magnetic fields of intensities of 13,000 to 37,000 Gauss as eggs, larvae, pupae and as adults. Sex linked recessive lethals were scored in chromosomes exposed as spermatozoa, spermatids and as spermatocytes. There was no indication of enhanced mutation induction by the magnetic fields.", "PMID": 121979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14863", "title": "[In vitro antibacterial activity of a halogenated derivative of D-alanine].", "content": "The \"in vitro\" effect of beta-chloro-D-alanine, a drug that inhibits cell-wall synthesis, was studied. We used some strains of microorganisms, mainly Gram-negative and resistant to antibiotics with the same mechanism of action. MIC and MBC values obtained show a poor efficacy of this drug. Therefore we studied the association of beta-chloro-D-alanine with ampicillin and fosfomycin. The evaluation of the results, determined by means of a graphic and a mathematical method, shows a good synergistic effect with both associations. Synergism is more marked with ampicillin.", "contents": "[In vitro antibacterial activity of a halogenated derivative of D-alanine]. The \"in vitro\" effect of beta-chloro-D-alanine, a drug that inhibits cell-wall synthesis, was studied. We used some strains of microorganisms, mainly Gram-negative and resistant to antibiotics with the same mechanism of action. MIC and MBC values obtained show a poor efficacy of this drug. Therefore we studied the association of beta-chloro-D-alanine with ampicillin and fosfomycin. The evaluation of the results, determined by means of a graphic and a mathematical method, shows a good synergistic effect with both associations. Synergism is more marked with ampicillin.", "PMID": 121980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14864", "title": "A comparative study on the pretreatment methods for the cultivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on LJ medium. Part I.", "content": "The sputa of 303 cases who were admitted at Ojha Sanitaurium Karachi were studied for comparing the efficacy and reliability of the three pretreatment methods including the standard method, and those recommended by Nassau (1958) and Becker (1916). Out of the total 223 cases were found to be positive after cultivation on LJ medium out of which 142 were found positive with ZNCF staining while in 81 cases no AFB could be detected. The number of cases found to be positive with standard method, Becker's method and Nassau's method were 117,131, and 147 respectively. As to the contamination, 58 were encountered with standard method, 25 with Becker's method and 84 with Nassau's method. 128 negatives were observed with the standard method, and 147 and 72 with Becker's method and Nassau's method respectively. The merits and demerits of the three methods are discussed.", "contents": "A comparative study on the pretreatment methods for the cultivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on LJ medium. Part I. The sputa of 303 cases who were admitted at Ojha Sanitaurium Karachi were studied for comparing the efficacy and reliability of the three pretreatment methods including the standard method, and those recommended by Nassau (1958) and Becker (1916). Out of the total 223 cases were found to be positive after cultivation on LJ medium out of which 142 were found positive with ZNCF staining while in 81 cases no AFB could be detected. The number of cases found to be positive with standard method, Becker's method and Nassau's method were 117,131, and 147 respectively. As to the contamination, 58 were encountered with standard method, 25 with Becker's method and 84 with Nassau's method. 128 negatives were observed with the standard method, and 147 and 72 with Becker's method and Nassau's method respectively. The merits and demerits of the three methods are discussed.", "PMID": 121981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14865", "title": "[Lipopolysaccharides of Rickettsiaceae and the Limulus endotoxin assay].", "content": "The A.A. have examined by Limulus endotoxin assay some LPS preparations from R. typhi, R. slovaka, C. burnetti phase I and II, as a demonstration of endotoxicity. All the preparations tested were able to gel the Limulus amoebocyte lysates, even if to a different degree of reactivity. The results add credibility to the hypothesis that LPS from Rickettsiaceae can represent at least in part the pathogenetic mediators of some manifestations described in Rickettsiosis; however, without endotoxin assay in the blood of patients, one cannot assume to this be true.", "contents": "[Lipopolysaccharides of Rickettsiaceae and the Limulus endotoxin assay]. The A.A. have examined by Limulus endotoxin assay some LPS preparations from R. typhi, R. slovaka, C. burnetti phase I and II, as a demonstration of endotoxicity. All the preparations tested were able to gel the Limulus amoebocyte lysates, even if to a different degree of reactivity. The results add credibility to the hypothesis that LPS from Rickettsiaceae can represent at least in part the pathogenetic mediators of some manifestations described in Rickettsiosis; however, without endotoxin assay in the blood of patients, one cannot assume to this be true.", "PMID": 121982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14866", "title": "[Gastrin levels in normal dogs subjected to truncal and selective parietal cell vagotomy].", "content": "Based upon the fact that there is an increase of serum gastrin levels after vagotomy, the authors compare normal gastrin levels in non-operated dogs, with two series of dogs submitted to truncal and parietal cells vagotomy (PCV), respectively. The surgical technique, as well as the method of gastrin determination employed are described herein. Three series of 7 dogs each were compared. A: \"Normal\"(non-operated) dogs; B: Dogs with truncal vagotomy and C: Dogs with PCV. The results of Mean values and P for every series were as follows: Series A: Mean 26 +/- 15.0 pg/ml. Series B: Mean 110 +/- 51.6 pg/ml. Series C: Mean 17.4 +/- 12.9 pg/ml. The relation of P showed high significance (P = 0,0004) between A and B; (\"normal\" vs truncal); slight significance(P = 0,128) between A and C (\"normal\" vs PCV) and again high (P = 0,0002) between B and C (truncal vs PCV). It is concluded that the rise in serum gastrin levels in dogs submitted to truncal vagotomy are highly significant when are compared with those in \"normal\" dogs. Dogs submitted to PCV showed slight rises in serum gastrin levels, without statistic significance when are compared with \"normal\" dogs, strongly indicating the near-physiologic effects of the PCV on the serum gastrin levels.", "contents": "[Gastrin levels in normal dogs subjected to truncal and selective parietal cell vagotomy]. Based upon the fact that there is an increase of serum gastrin levels after vagotomy, the authors compare normal gastrin levels in non-operated dogs, with two series of dogs submitted to truncal and parietal cells vagotomy (PCV), respectively. The surgical technique, as well as the method of gastrin determination employed are described herein. Three series of 7 dogs each were compared. A: \"Normal\"(non-operated) dogs; B: Dogs with truncal vagotomy and C: Dogs with PCV. The results of Mean values and P for every series were as follows: Series A: Mean 26 +/- 15.0 pg/ml. Series B: Mean 110 +/- 51.6 pg/ml. Series C: Mean 17.4 +/- 12.9 pg/ml. The relation of P showed high significance (P = 0,0004) between A and B; (\"normal\" vs truncal); slight significance(P = 0,128) between A and C (\"normal\" vs PCV) and again high (P = 0,0002) between B and C (truncal vs PCV). It is concluded that the rise in serum gastrin levels in dogs submitted to truncal vagotomy are highly significant when are compared with those in \"normal\" dogs. Dogs submitted to PCV showed slight rises in serum gastrin levels, without statistic significance when are compared with \"normal\" dogs, strongly indicating the near-physiologic effects of the PCV on the serum gastrin levels.", "PMID": 121984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14867", "title": "[Interaction of cimetidine and metoclopramide on the lower esophageal sphincter in man].", "content": "The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of Cimetidine and Metoclopramide on human lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure. Intravenous Metoclopramide in a bolus injection (0.3 mg/Kg or a maximal dose of 20 mg) produced an increase of LES pressure from 20,8 +/- 3,1 mmHg to a peak response of 42,0 +/- 5,0 mmHg. Intravenous Cimetidine in a bolus injection of 300 mg failed to alter basal LES pressure and LES response to Metoclopramide. Cimetidine in continuous infusion (100 mg/h) also failed to alter basal LES pressure and LES response to intravenous Metoclopramide. These studies suggest that: (1) Human LES pressure increases in response to intravenous Metoclopramide; (2) H2-Antagonism with Cimetidine has no effect on the human LES basal pressure; and (3) The H-2 receptors have no apparent role in the human LES response to Metoclopramide.", "contents": "[Interaction of cimetidine and metoclopramide on the lower esophageal sphincter in man]. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of Cimetidine and Metoclopramide on human lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure. Intravenous Metoclopramide in a bolus injection (0.3 mg/Kg or a maximal dose of 20 mg) produced an increase of LES pressure from 20,8 +/- 3,1 mmHg to a peak response of 42,0 +/- 5,0 mmHg. Intravenous Cimetidine in a bolus injection of 300 mg failed to alter basal LES pressure and LES response to Metoclopramide. Cimetidine in continuous infusion (100 mg/h) also failed to alter basal LES pressure and LES response to intravenous Metoclopramide. These studies suggest that: (1) Human LES pressure increases in response to intravenous Metoclopramide; (2) H2-Antagonism with Cimetidine has no effect on the human LES basal pressure; and (3) The H-2 receptors have no apparent role in the human LES response to Metoclopramide.", "PMID": 121985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14868", "title": "[Value of liver biopsy in the diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice].", "content": "50 patients with cholestatic jaundice were studied with liver biopsy and fine needle transhepatic cholangiography. In 36 cases there was obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Rest of the cases had normal bile ducts. These findings were compared with those of the liver biopsy. When there is portal inflammation, bile pigment intracellular, cholangitis and bile plugs associated there was obstruction in 99 per cent of cases. A concluded that cholangiography should precede biopsy in cholestatic jaundice.", "contents": "[Value of liver biopsy in the diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice]. 50 patients with cholestatic jaundice were studied with liver biopsy and fine needle transhepatic cholangiography. In 36 cases there was obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Rest of the cases had normal bile ducts. These findings were compared with those of the liver biopsy. When there is portal inflammation, bile pigment intracellular, cholangitis and bile plugs associated there was obstruction in 99 per cent of cases. A concluded that cholangiography should precede biopsy in cholestatic jaundice.", "PMID": 121986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14869", "title": "Radiation-induced fluctuation of the polysome content in adequately oxygenated tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "The polysome content of the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis is transiently reduced by gamma-irradiation. In order to test whether this is a result of a respiration-produced or radiation-produced hypoxia or some other mechanism, the oxygen content of the culture was determined during and after irradiation, and the polysome contents and rates of amino acid incorporation were measured with and without air bubbling. Irradiation (40 krad at approximately 3 krad/min) produced approximately a 25 per cent loss in dissolved O2 content in the medium. This decrease is not sufficient to affect the polysome level, since (a) the same radiation-induced loss of polysomes and inhibiition of amino acid incorporation was observed whether or not the culture was bubbled with air during the irradiation and (b) bubbling unirradiated cultures with gas mixtures containing as little as 17 per cent of the normal O2 content did not influence the polysome level. As long as the cells are irradiated as a shallow layer in open flasks, replacement of O2 from the gas phase appears adequate, and neither respiration-induced nor radiation-induced hypoxia masks the effects of the radiation.", "contents": "Radiation-induced fluctuation of the polysome content in adequately oxygenated tetrahymena pyriformis. The polysome content of the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis is transiently reduced by gamma-irradiation. In order to test whether this is a result of a respiration-produced or radiation-produced hypoxia or some other mechanism, the oxygen content of the culture was determined during and after irradiation, and the polysome contents and rates of amino acid incorporation were measured with and without air bubbling. Irradiation (40 krad at approximately 3 krad/min) produced approximately a 25 per cent loss in dissolved O2 content in the medium. This decrease is not sufficient to affect the polysome level, since (a) the same radiation-induced loss of polysomes and inhibiition of amino acid incorporation was observed whether or not the culture was bubbled with air during the irradiation and (b) bubbling unirradiated cultures with gas mixtures containing as little as 17 per cent of the normal O2 content did not influence the polysome level. As long as the cells are irradiated as a shallow layer in open flasks, replacement of O2 from the gas phase appears adequate, and neither respiration-induced nor radiation-induced hypoxia masks the effects of the radiation.", "PMID": 121991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14870", "title": "[Contact cholangiography in the pathology of the terminal choledochus].", "content": "We performed 25 operative contact cholangiographies in patients operated upon for biliary and/or pancreatic diseases. With this technic we obtained better operative radiologic studies of the distal portion of the common bile duct and of the proximal segment of duct of Wirsung; these images were sharper than that of the conventional operative cholangiography, giving a better idea of the real size of both biliary and pancreatic ductal size. The technic is performed placing a small dental occlusal X-ray plates that measures 5 x 7 cm behind the mobilized second portion of the duodenum and head of the pancreas by a Kocher maneuver and iodized contrast medium is injected through the cystic duct; we performed first a conventional operative cholangiography followed by contact cholangiography. In this series of patients we compared the results obtained with both types of cholangiographies, concluding that when there are doubts in the interpretation or in the diagnosis of the biliary condition at the distal portion of the common bile duct or at the ampullary region in a conventional operative cholangiography, it should be performed a contact cholangiography since this will yield better and sharper images.", "contents": "[Contact cholangiography in the pathology of the terminal choledochus]. We performed 25 operative contact cholangiographies in patients operated upon for biliary and/or pancreatic diseases. With this technic we obtained better operative radiologic studies of the distal portion of the common bile duct and of the proximal segment of duct of Wirsung; these images were sharper than that of the conventional operative cholangiography, giving a better idea of the real size of both biliary and pancreatic ductal size. The technic is performed placing a small dental occlusal X-ray plates that measures 5 x 7 cm behind the mobilized second portion of the duodenum and head of the pancreas by a Kocher maneuver and iodized contrast medium is injected through the cystic duct; we performed first a conventional operative cholangiography followed by contact cholangiography. In this series of patients we compared the results obtained with both types of cholangiographies, concluding that when there are doubts in the interpretation or in the diagnosis of the biliary condition at the distal portion of the common bile duct or at the ampullary region in a conventional operative cholangiography, it should be performed a contact cholangiography since this will yield better and sharper images.", "PMID": 121987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14871", "title": "Effects of varying O2 concentration on the X-ray sensitivity of transforming DNA.", "content": "The X-ray-induced inactivation of the biological activity of Bacillus subtilis transforming DNA in dilute aqueous solution has been studied over a wide range of O2 concentrations in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms involved in O2 action. When the DNA is irradiated in the presence of 100 per cent O2 there is a protection of the transforming DNA compared to the sensitivity in N2-saturated or in N2O-saturated solutions. When the equilibrating gas contains intermediate concentrations of O2 (1 per cent--90 per cent) in N2 or N2O, the DNA sensitivity is equivalent to that in pure N2 or N2O respectively. At low O2 concentrations (approximately 0.14 per cent O2 in N2 or in N2O) there is a sensitization of the DNA and this sensitization can be prevented by .OH scavengers. Possible mechanisms for these actions of O2 on the radiation sensitivity of transforming DNA are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of varying O2 concentration on the X-ray sensitivity of transforming DNA. The X-ray-induced inactivation of the biological activity of Bacillus subtilis transforming DNA in dilute aqueous solution has been studied over a wide range of O2 concentrations in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms involved in O2 action. When the DNA is irradiated in the presence of 100 per cent O2 there is a protection of the transforming DNA compared to the sensitivity in N2-saturated or in N2O-saturated solutions. When the equilibrating gas contains intermediate concentrations of O2 (1 per cent--90 per cent) in N2 or N2O, the DNA sensitivity is equivalent to that in pure N2 or N2O respectively. At low O2 concentrations (approximately 0.14 per cent O2 in N2 or in N2O) there is a sensitization of the DNA and this sensitization can be prevented by .OH scavengers. Possible mechanisms for these actions of O2 on the radiation sensitivity of transforming DNA are discussed.", "PMID": 121992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14872", "title": "[Cambendazole - a new substance for the treatment of strongyloidiasis].", "content": "The Author studied the therapeutic activity of a new drug - Cambendazole, in the treatment of 100 children suffering from strongyloidiasis infection. The patients received a single dose of the 5 mg per K of body weight, and laboratorial controls were made in the 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th after the treatment and consisting of Berman-Moraes method.", "contents": "[Cambendazole - a new substance for the treatment of strongyloidiasis]. The Author studied the therapeutic activity of a new drug - Cambendazole, in the treatment of 100 children suffering from strongyloidiasis infection. The patients received a single dose of the 5 mg per K of body weight, and laboratorial controls were made in the 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th after the treatment and consisting of Berman-Moraes method.", "PMID": 121988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14873", "title": "[Malabsorption in strongyloidiasis].", "content": "The author studied fifty cases of Strongyloidiasis infection. In fourteen patients (28%) who had heavy (massive) infection the author detected clinically and laboratorially six cases (12%) with defects of the malabsorption syndrome.", "contents": "[Malabsorption in strongyloidiasis]. The author studied fifty cases of Strongyloidiasis infection. In fourteen patients (28%) who had heavy (massive) infection the author detected clinically and laboratorially six cases (12%) with defects of the malabsorption syndrome.", "PMID": 121989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14874", "title": "[Gastric cancer. A review of the subject].", "content": "Of 102 cases of gastric carcinoma operated on, the tumor could be resected in only 53 patients. Over 60% of all cases had prolonged medical treatment before the diagnosis of gastric cancer was made. Most of the lesions were huge and locally advanced. Twenty nine operations could be considered as radical procedures, but, only fifteen of them filled the requirements of a curative radical operation (28,3%). There was no uniformity in the way that the surgical treatment was performed and too many Billroth I operations were done, (28%). This mainly because a preoperative surgical plan was not on hand. The overall surgical mortality was 14 per cent for all the cases explored, but increased to 22,5 per cent for the cases in which the tumor was resected. There was no case in which the tumor was limited to the mucosa and in the four cases classified as T1 the lesion infiltrated the muscular layer. The radical gastrectomy showed its benefits, only in those cases with limited penetration and negative nodes. This was sustained by the fact that the only survivals over ten years were four cases in the category of T2N2M0 and all of them were submitted to a radical gastrectomy. But, in advanced cases with large lesions and positive nodes the morbidity and mortality were considerable higher and survival was not even above two years. An effort in every way must be done to try to operate lesions much less advanced, but at the same time it is necessary the practice of radical surgical curate procedures in such cases.", "contents": "[Gastric cancer. A review of the subject]. Of 102 cases of gastric carcinoma operated on, the tumor could be resected in only 53 patients. Over 60% of all cases had prolonged medical treatment before the diagnosis of gastric cancer was made. Most of the lesions were huge and locally advanced. Twenty nine operations could be considered as radical procedures, but, only fifteen of them filled the requirements of a curative radical operation (28,3%). There was no uniformity in the way that the surgical treatment was performed and too many Billroth I operations were done, (28%). This mainly because a preoperative surgical plan was not on hand. The overall surgical mortality was 14 per cent for all the cases explored, but increased to 22,5 per cent for the cases in which the tumor was resected. There was no case in which the tumor was limited to the mucosa and in the four cases classified as T1 the lesion infiltrated the muscular layer. The radical gastrectomy showed its benefits, only in those cases with limited penetration and negative nodes. This was sustained by the fact that the only survivals over ten years were four cases in the category of T2N2M0 and all of them were submitted to a radical gastrectomy. But, in advanced cases with large lesions and positive nodes the morbidity and mortality were considerable higher and survival was not even above two years. An effort in every way must be done to try to operate lesions much less advanced, but at the same time it is necessary the practice of radical surgical curate procedures in such cases.", "PMID": 121990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14875", "title": "[Carbon dioxide laser and gynaecological surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe their one year's experience with a CO2 Laser in gynaecology. They emphasise the ease of use of the equipment. Three major divisions of gynaecology can benefit from the CO2 Laser: benign or precancerous lesions of the vulva and of the vagina, dysplasia of the cervix, surgery of the fallopian tubes. In the future, technical progress will enable the CO2 Laser to be used in laparoscopy and its indications will certainly be extended to laparoscopic surgery.", "contents": "[Carbon dioxide laser and gynaecological surgery (author's transl)]. The authors describe their one year's experience with a CO2 Laser in gynaecology. They emphasise the ease of use of the equipment. Three major divisions of gynaecology can benefit from the CO2 Laser: benign or precancerous lesions of the vulva and of the vagina, dysplasia of the cervix, surgery of the fallopian tubes. In the future, technical progress will enable the CO2 Laser to be used in laparoscopy and its indications will certainly be extended to laparoscopic surgery.", "PMID": 121998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14876", "title": "Oxidative deamination of epsilon-N-acetylthialysine and epsilon-N-acetylselenalysine by snake venom L-aminoacid oxidase.", "content": "epsilon-N-acetylthialysine and epsilon-N-acetylselenalysine are oxidatively deaminated by Crotalus adamanteus l-aminoacid oxidase, giving rise to the corresponding alpha-ketoacids, identified by some chemical and chromatographic tests and by comparison with synthetic compounds. no cleavage of the C-S or C-Se bonds of the substrates occurs during the reaction. The enzyme acts as well on the epsilon-N-acetylderivatives of thialysine and selenalysine as on epsilon-N-acetyllysine. The substitution of the gamma methylene group of lysine by a sulfur or a selenium atom seems not to greatly affect the substrate specificity of the enzyme.", "contents": "Oxidative deamination of epsilon-N-acetylthialysine and epsilon-N-acetylselenalysine by snake venom L-aminoacid oxidase. epsilon-N-acetylthialysine and epsilon-N-acetylselenalysine are oxidatively deaminated by Crotalus adamanteus l-aminoacid oxidase, giving rise to the corresponding alpha-ketoacids, identified by some chemical and chromatographic tests and by comparison with synthetic compounds. no cleavage of the C-S or C-Se bonds of the substrates occurs during the reaction. The enzyme acts as well on the epsilon-N-acetylderivatives of thialysine and selenalysine as on epsilon-N-acetyllysine. The substitution of the gamma methylene group of lysine by a sulfur or a selenium atom seems not to greatly affect the substrate specificity of the enzyme.", "PMID": 121995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14877", "title": "Postnatal amino acid uptake by the rat small intestine. Changes in membrane transport systems for amino acids associated with maturation of jejunal morphology.", "content": "The uptake of a number of amino acids by the developing small intestine of the rat was investigated in vitro. L-valine, L-leucine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-arginine and L-lysine were all taken up by active transport and concentrated within the jejunal mucosa. GABA was not actively transported by the jejunum. The kinetics of carrier transport of amino acids was determined from birth to maturity. The Michaelis constant (Km) of the L-leucine, L-methionine, L-arginine and l-lysine transport systems was found to be low postnatally and increased with age, particularly after the time of weaning. The rate of l-leucine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine and L-lysine transport (Vmax) was high postnatally but decreased after weaning. Neutral amino acids were transported at higher rates than basic amino acids. l-arginine was poorly transported by the jejunum. The specificity of transport systems for amino acids was investigated in inhibition studies. Amino acid transport systems appeared to be polyfunctional in the postnatal period but were more specific in post-weaned animals. The changes in kinetics and specificity of amino acid transport in the small intestine are discussed with reference to their possible functional significance and to the maturational changes in the jejunum, particularly with the appearance of a functionally distinct absorptive cell lining the intestinal villi during the third postnatal week (the time of weaning).", "contents": "Postnatal amino acid uptake by the rat small intestine. Changes in membrane transport systems for amino acids associated with maturation of jejunal morphology. The uptake of a number of amino acids by the developing small intestine of the rat was investigated in vitro. L-valine, L-leucine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-arginine and L-lysine were all taken up by active transport and concentrated within the jejunal mucosa. GABA was not actively transported by the jejunum. The kinetics of carrier transport of amino acids was determined from birth to maturity. The Michaelis constant (Km) of the L-leucine, L-methionine, L-arginine and l-lysine transport systems was found to be low postnatally and increased with age, particularly after the time of weaning. The rate of l-leucine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine and L-lysine transport (Vmax) was high postnatally but decreased after weaning. Neutral amino acids were transported at higher rates than basic amino acids. l-arginine was poorly transported by the jejunum. The specificity of transport systems for amino acids was investigated in inhibition studies. Amino acid transport systems appeared to be polyfunctional in the postnatal period but were more specific in post-weaned animals. The changes in kinetics and specificity of amino acid transport in the small intestine are discussed with reference to their possible functional significance and to the maturational changes in the jejunum, particularly with the appearance of a functionally distinct absorptive cell lining the intestinal villi during the third postnatal week (the time of weaning).", "PMID": 121999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14878", "title": "The differential diagnosis of the bovine theilerias of Southern Africa.", "content": "It is currently thought that the following species or sub-species of Theileria occur in cattle in southern Africa: Theileria parva parva (East Coast fever), Theileria parva lawrencei (Corridor disease), Theileria parva bovie (Rhodesian theileriosis), Theileria mutans proper (transmitted by Amblyomma species), so-called Theileria mutans (a non-pathogenic species transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, possibly identical with Theileria taurotragi) and Theileria velifera. The parasites can be differentiated on serological, morphological and epidemiological grounds. The four true species are serologically distinct. T. mutans proper and T. velifera show morphological differences from the other two species in some stages of their development. The T. parva group are the only parasites that are commonly pathogenic. Differentiation of the three members of this group is based on differences in the numbers of schizonts and piroplasms present and on differences in the epidemiology of the diseases they cause.", "contents": "The differential diagnosis of the bovine theilerias of Southern Africa. It is currently thought that the following species or sub-species of Theileria occur in cattle in southern Africa: Theileria parva parva (East Coast fever), Theileria parva lawrencei (Corridor disease), Theileria parva bovie (Rhodesian theileriosis), Theileria mutans proper (transmitted by Amblyomma species), so-called Theileria mutans (a non-pathogenic species transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, possibly identical with Theileria taurotragi) and Theileria velifera. The parasites can be differentiated on serological, morphological and epidemiological grounds. The four true species are serologically distinct. T. mutans proper and T. velifera show morphological differences from the other two species in some stages of their development. The T. parva group are the only parasites that are commonly pathogenic. Differentiation of the three members of this group is based on differences in the numbers of schizonts and piroplasms present and on differences in the epidemiology of the diseases they cause.", "PMID": 122000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14879", "title": "Comparative aspects of the inactivation of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate aldolase by D- and l-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.", "content": "Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase inactivation by L- and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (Ga 3-P) obeys pseudo first-order kinetics. L-Ga 3-P is much more effective than the D-isomer: the Ki values obtained are 0.032 mM and 0.54 mM respectively. Kinetic analysis suggests that one residue of the active center region is involved in the inactivation mechanism: specifically, a cysteine residue appears to be responsible for the initial inactivation by L-Ga 3-P. Lysine and arginine residues become involved at further steps of the inactivation mechanism. No correlation between loss of thiol groups and decay of catalytic activity was observed for the enzyme treated with D-Ga 3-P. The role of lysine and arginine residues in this reaction is discussed.", "contents": "Comparative aspects of the inactivation of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate aldolase by D- and l-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase inactivation by L- and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (Ga 3-P) obeys pseudo first-order kinetics. L-Ga 3-P is much more effective than the D-isomer: the Ki values obtained are 0.032 mM and 0.54 mM respectively. Kinetic analysis suggests that one residue of the active center region is involved in the inactivation mechanism: specifically, a cysteine residue appears to be responsible for the initial inactivation by L-Ga 3-P. Lysine and arginine residues become involved at further steps of the inactivation mechanism. No correlation between loss of thiol groups and decay of catalytic activity was observed for the enzyme treated with D-Ga 3-P. The role of lysine and arginine residues in this reaction is discussed.", "PMID": 121996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14880", "title": "The primary structure of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart: peptides obtained by cleavage with pepsin and with Staphylococcus aureus protease.", "content": "Results obtained after digestion of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart with pepsin and with the protease from S. aureus are described. Peptic digestion produced a very complex mixture of peptides, which were purified and analyzed; structural information contained in these peptides covered nearly the entire molecule. Moreover, the lengths of some individual peptides and the peculiar self-overlapping found with families of peptides from adjacent regions were especially useful and interesting. Not all the possible peptides originating after digestion with S. aureus protease were isolated and examined. However, the high specificity of this protease and its usefulness for sequence studies were confirmed. In particular, the S. aureus peptides obtained were important for establishing the amidation state of glutamic acid/glutamine residues.", "contents": "The primary structure of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart: peptides obtained by cleavage with pepsin and with Staphylococcus aureus protease. Results obtained after digestion of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart with pepsin and with the protease from S. aureus are described. Peptic digestion produced a very complex mixture of peptides, which were purified and analyzed; structural information contained in these peptides covered nearly the entire molecule. Moreover, the lengths of some individual peptides and the peculiar self-overlapping found with families of peptides from adjacent regions were especially useful and interesting. Not all the possible peptides originating after digestion with S. aureus protease were isolated and examined. However, the high specificity of this protease and its usefulness for sequence studies were confirmed. In particular, the S. aureus peptides obtained were important for establishing the amidation state of glutamic acid/glutamine residues.", "PMID": 121997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14881", "title": "[Prophylactic use of antibiotics in biliary tract and stomach surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "115 patients undergoing elective surgery on biliary tract (80 patients), and stomach (35 patients) for duodenal ulcer were divided into three groups: some received prophylactic antibiotics, cephalothin sodium or sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim and some received none. The antibiotics were started preoperatively and continued postoperatively for three days. The wound infection rate was reduced from 7.1% in the control group to 2.3% in patients treated with cephalothin sodium and 3.2% in sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim treated group. In patients who had biliary tract surgery, the wound infection rate was reduced to 3.3% and 0% with cephalothin sodium and sulfamethoxasole-trimetoprim respectively from 10% in the control group. Only one patient who had gastric surgery who received sulfamethoxasole-trimetoprim prophylactically, developed wound infection postoperatively. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However the wound infection rate was higher in patients who had positive bile culture (p < 0.05).", "contents": "[Prophylactic use of antibiotics in biliary tract and stomach surgery (author's transl)]. 115 patients undergoing elective surgery on biliary tract (80 patients), and stomach (35 patients) for duodenal ulcer were divided into three groups: some received prophylactic antibiotics, cephalothin sodium or sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim and some received none. The antibiotics were started preoperatively and continued postoperatively for three days. The wound infection rate was reduced from 7.1% in the control group to 2.3% in patients treated with cephalothin sodium and 3.2% in sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim treated group. In patients who had biliary tract surgery, the wound infection rate was reduced to 3.3% and 0% with cephalothin sodium and sulfamethoxasole-trimetoprim respectively from 10% in the control group. Only one patient who had gastric surgery who received sulfamethoxasole-trimetoprim prophylactically, developed wound infection postoperatively. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However the wound infection rate was higher in patients who had positive bile culture (p < 0.05).", "PMID": 122003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14882", "title": "[Antigenic relationships between Salmonella choleraesuis strains and Torulopsis (author's transl)].", "content": "Antigenic relationships between Candida clausseni and Salmonella choleraesuis were presented before. In this study, antigenic relationships between Salmonella choleraesuis and different strains of Torulopsis analyzed by immunodiffusion studies. Antigenic relationships between intragroups of Torulopsis were also studied. The results showed that the common thermostable component (s) of S. choleraesuis and Torulopsis musae may probably be related to the common enterobacterial antigen. Other results are also discussed.", "contents": "[Antigenic relationships between Salmonella choleraesuis strains and Torulopsis (author's transl)]. Antigenic relationships between Candida clausseni and Salmonella choleraesuis were presented before. In this study, antigenic relationships between Salmonella choleraesuis and different strains of Torulopsis analyzed by immunodiffusion studies. Antigenic relationships between intragroups of Torulopsis were also studied. The results showed that the common thermostable component (s) of S. choleraesuis and Torulopsis musae may probably be related to the common enterobacterial antigen. Other results are also discussed.", "PMID": 122004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14883", "title": "[Bartter's syndrome: the long term effects of indomethacin on growth (author's transl)].", "content": "Six children with Bartter's syndrome aged 6 years 4 months to 13 years 11 months were treated with indomethacin (1.7 to 4.3 mg/kg/day) during 7 to 27 months. A catch up growth was first observed, then growth curve was parallel to the normal. A catch up weight was also observed. The osseous maturation was the faster it was more delayed. These changes were observed despite a partial correction of potassium and plasma renine activity.", "contents": "[Bartter's syndrome: the long term effects of indomethacin on growth (author's transl)]. Six children with Bartter's syndrome aged 6 years 4 months to 13 years 11 months were treated with indomethacin (1.7 to 4.3 mg/kg/day) during 7 to 27 months. A catch up growth was first observed, then growth curve was parallel to the normal. A catch up weight was also observed. The osseous maturation was the faster it was more delayed. These changes were observed despite a partial correction of potassium and plasma renine activity.", "PMID": 122007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14884", "title": "[Hypophosphatemias (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe hypophosphatemia may be observed after the ingestion of certain antacids which complex phosphorus in the intestinal lumen. In severe burn cases, during realimentation after denutrition, during intense and prolonged hyperventilations responsible for respiratory alkalosis, in diabetic ketoacidosis and in alcoholics. Hypophosphatemia lead to erythrocyte abnormalities which may eventually approach hemolysis, to phagocytosis and platelet function disorders and to neurological troubles which suggest a metabolic encephalopathy, a myopathy, a metabolic acidosis or a change in hepatic functioning. Treatment for hypophosphatemia with milk and sodium or potassium phosphate must be begun as soon as possible and must be sufficient to maintain blood phosphate levels above 10 mg/liter.", "contents": "[Hypophosphatemias (author's transl)]. Severe hypophosphatemia may be observed after the ingestion of certain antacids which complex phosphorus in the intestinal lumen. In severe burn cases, during realimentation after denutrition, during intense and prolonged hyperventilations responsible for respiratory alkalosis, in diabetic ketoacidosis and in alcoholics. Hypophosphatemia lead to erythrocyte abnormalities which may eventually approach hemolysis, to phagocytosis and platelet function disorders and to neurological troubles which suggest a metabolic encephalopathy, a myopathy, a metabolic acidosis or a change in hepatic functioning. Treatment for hypophosphatemia with milk and sodium or potassium phosphate must be begun as soon as possible and must be sufficient to maintain blood phosphate levels above 10 mg/liter.", "PMID": 122009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14885", "title": "[Effects of the parenteral administration of trinitroglycerin on myocardial function, coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption in the coronary artery disease patient (author's transl)].", "content": "An angiographic study, combined with the determination of coronary flow (thermodilution) and of coronary arteriovenous difference was performed in 10 patients with coronary artery disease under basal conditions and following an infusion of trinitroglycerine. The following changes were noted under the influence of trinitroglycerine: significant fall in left ventricular telediastolic pressure (40%), telediastolic volume (18%), telediastolic strain (53%), mean aortic pressure (11%) and mean systolic strain (21%). Significant increase in ejection fraction (8%), mean shortening (Vcf: 22%) and thickening (Vep: 22%) rates. Significant fall in coronary flow (11%) without any change in coronary arteriovenous difference. Decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption parallel to the reduction in mean systolic strain. These results indicate that the essential mechanism of haemodynamic and metabolic action of trinitroglycerine is located at the level of \"load\", in particular \"preload\".", "contents": "[Effects of the parenteral administration of trinitroglycerin on myocardial function, coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption in the coronary artery disease patient (author's transl)]. An angiographic study, combined with the determination of coronary flow (thermodilution) and of coronary arteriovenous difference was performed in 10 patients with coronary artery disease under basal conditions and following an infusion of trinitroglycerine. The following changes were noted under the influence of trinitroglycerine: significant fall in left ventricular telediastolic pressure (40%), telediastolic volume (18%), telediastolic strain (53%), mean aortic pressure (11%) and mean systolic strain (21%). Significant increase in ejection fraction (8%), mean shortening (Vcf: 22%) and thickening (Vep: 22%) rates. Significant fall in coronary flow (11%) without any change in coronary arteriovenous difference. Decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption parallel to the reduction in mean systolic strain. These results indicate that the essential mechanism of haemodynamic and metabolic action of trinitroglycerine is located at the level of \"load\", in particular \"preload\".", "PMID": 122015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14886", "title": "[Intravenous trinitroglycerin during acute myocardial infarction with cardiac failure. Cooperative study of 68 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravenous trinitroglycerine was administered in 68 patients in cardiac failure during the acute phase of myocardial infarction. With a mean hourly dose of 1.58 mg, trinitroglycerine was effective against signs of left and right heart failure after about ten minutes for almost all the teams involved, its tolerance being excellent. Mean capillary pressure fell by 33% (from 22.4 +/- 0.71 mmHg to 15.5 +/- 0.60 mmHg; n = 68; p < 10(-9), as did mean pulmonary artery pressure. Mean right atrial pressure fell by 25% (from 9.96 +/- 0.53 mmHg to 7.48 +/- 0.58 mmHg; n = 68; p  < 10(-9). Cardiac output increased by 10.7% (from 2.48 +/- 0.07 l/mn/m2 to 2.74 l/mn/m2; n = 68; p < 10(-7). Since cardiac output was unaltered, systolic index was improved, as was cardiac index, by 11.5% (from 28.4 +/- 1.08 cm3/syst/m2 to 31.7 +/- 1.15 cm3/syst/cm2; n = 68; p < 10(-5). Mean arterial blood pressure was slightly decreased (-9.3%; p < 10(-9), as were systemic resistance (-13%; p < 10(-6) and pulmonary resistance (-27%; p < 10(-6). Systolic work index was significantly improved by 8.37% (from 31.3 +/- 1.73 g-m/m2 to 33.7 +/- 1.74 g-m/m2); n = 68; p < 0.01), which reflects, in view of the decrease in the total work supplied by the heart, a redistribution in favour of more useful work. Treatment must be adapted for each patient, in order to determine the optimum hourly dose of TNT,. which ensures the best cardiac index whilst adequately reducing capillary pressure to levels of the order of 14 to 18 mmHg. Treatment must be closely observed and altered several times a day in relation to values of cardiac output and pulmonary capillary pressure.", "contents": "[Intravenous trinitroglycerin during acute myocardial infarction with cardiac failure. Cooperative study of 68 patients (author's transl)]. Intravenous trinitroglycerine was administered in 68 patients in cardiac failure during the acute phase of myocardial infarction. With a mean hourly dose of 1.58 mg, trinitroglycerine was effective against signs of left and right heart failure after about ten minutes for almost all the teams involved, its tolerance being excellent. Mean capillary pressure fell by 33% (from 22.4 +/- 0.71 mmHg to 15.5 +/- 0.60 mmHg; n = 68; p < 10(-9), as did mean pulmonary artery pressure. Mean right atrial pressure fell by 25% (from 9.96 +/- 0.53 mmHg to 7.48 +/- 0.58 mmHg; n = 68; p  < 10(-9). Cardiac output increased by 10.7% (from 2.48 +/- 0.07 l/mn/m2 to 2.74 l/mn/m2; n = 68; p < 10(-7). Since cardiac output was unaltered, systolic index was improved, as was cardiac index, by 11.5% (from 28.4 +/- 1.08 cm3/syst/m2 to 31.7 +/- 1.15 cm3/syst/cm2; n = 68; p < 10(-5). Mean arterial blood pressure was slightly decreased (-9.3%; p < 10(-9), as were systemic resistance (-13%; p < 10(-6) and pulmonary resistance (-27%; p < 10(-6). Systolic work index was significantly improved by 8.37% (from 31.3 +/- 1.73 g-m/m2 to 33.7 +/- 1.74 g-m/m2); n = 68; p < 0.01), which reflects, in view of the decrease in the total work supplied by the heart, a redistribution in favour of more useful work. Treatment must be adapted for each patient, in order to determine the optimum hourly dose of TNT,. which ensures the best cardiac index whilst adequately reducing capillary pressure to levels of the order of 14 to 18 mmHg. Treatment must be closely observed and altered several times a day in relation to values of cardiac output and pulmonary capillary pressure.", "PMID": 122016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14887", "title": "[Intravenous trinitroglycerin in the treatment of pre-infarction syndrome. Preliminary results (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravenous trinitroglycerine (IV TNT) was used in 17 patients with myocardial pre-infarction syndrome defined by the presence of prolonged spontaneous attacks of attacks of angina, with electrocardiographic changes, persisting despite medical treatment with beta-blockers and oral nitrite derivatives. Seven patients had chronic angina, 7 had angina of recent onset and 3 patients had early post-infarction angina. IV TNT was used for 3 to 11 days at a mean dose of 40 micrograms/mn in 11 patients and 8 micrograms/mn in 6 patients. In the latter, cardiac output and pulmonary pressures were measured. IV TNT made it possible to decrease or stop angina attacks in all the patients except one. There was no significant variation in heart rate and mean blood pressure fell by 8 mmHg (p < 0.001). Cardiac index was maintained despite a fall in capillary pressure of 4.1 mmHg (p < 0.01). Coronary arteriography was performed in 16 cases, with circulatory assistance in 4 patients. Thirteen patients were treated by surgical revascularisation, with two operative deaths. IV TNT appeared to be effective and well tolerated treatment in these particularly severe forms of unstable angina.", "contents": "[Intravenous trinitroglycerin in the treatment of pre-infarction syndrome. Preliminary results (author's transl)]. Intravenous trinitroglycerine (IV TNT) was used in 17 patients with myocardial pre-infarction syndrome defined by the presence of prolonged spontaneous attacks of attacks of angina, with electrocardiographic changes, persisting despite medical treatment with beta-blockers and oral nitrite derivatives. Seven patients had chronic angina, 7 had angina of recent onset and 3 patients had early post-infarction angina. IV TNT was used for 3 to 11 days at a mean dose of 40 micrograms/mn in 11 patients and 8 micrograms/mn in 6 patients. In the latter, cardiac output and pulmonary pressures were measured. IV TNT made it possible to decrease or stop angina attacks in all the patients except one. There was no significant variation in heart rate and mean blood pressure fell by 8 mmHg (p < 0.001). Cardiac index was maintained despite a fall in capillary pressure of 4.1 mmHg (p < 0.01). Coronary arteriography was performed in 16 cases, with circulatory assistance in 4 patients. Thirteen patients were treated by surgical revascularisation, with two operative deaths. IV TNT appeared to be effective and well tolerated treatment in these particularly severe forms of unstable angina.", "PMID": 122019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14888", "title": "[Nitroglycerin infusion in patients with or without cardiac failure. Demonstration by multifactorial analysis (analysis of correspondences) of three types of hemodynamic response dependent upon the initial state (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of nitroglycerin on systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output are highly debated. This study demonstrates that these effects depend on the initial haemodynamic condition, and explains the conflicting results previously reported. 31 patients presenting initially with a fairly wide spectrum of various haemodynamic parameters underwent cardiac catheterisation with measures of parameters before and after nitroglycerin infusion. Multifactorial statistical analysis by correspondence analysis identifies 3 types of haemodynamic responses and demonstrates the association of each response with a particular haemodynamic profile. It is demonstrated that systemic vascular resistance is decreased only when it is initially elevated and cardiac output is increased only when initial pulmonary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance are elevated and cardiac output is low. The effects of nitroglycerin on cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, heart rate and arterial pressure differ significantly according to the presence or not of cardiac insufficiency and depend mainly on the initial value of three parameters: systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary wedge pressure and cardiac output.", "contents": "[Nitroglycerin infusion in patients with or without cardiac failure. Demonstration by multifactorial analysis (analysis of correspondences) of three types of hemodynamic response dependent upon the initial state (author's transl)]. The effects of nitroglycerin on systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output are highly debated. This study demonstrates that these effects depend on the initial haemodynamic condition, and explains the conflicting results previously reported. 31 patients presenting initially with a fairly wide spectrum of various haemodynamic parameters underwent cardiac catheterisation with measures of parameters before and after nitroglycerin infusion. Multifactorial statistical analysis by correspondence analysis identifies 3 types of haemodynamic responses and demonstrates the association of each response with a particular haemodynamic profile. It is demonstrated that systemic vascular resistance is decreased only when it is initially elevated and cardiac output is increased only when initial pulmonary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance are elevated and cardiac output is low. The effects of nitroglycerin on cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, heart rate and arterial pressure differ significantly according to the presence or not of cardiac insufficiency and depend mainly on the initial value of three parameters: systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary wedge pressure and cardiac output.", "PMID": 122023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14889", "title": "[Nutritional status in critically ill patients. Relationship with mortality (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma proteins, triglyceridemia, body composition and delayed hypersensitivity were determined in 154 critically ill patients after admission. Plasma proteins levels were significantly increased in patients that were subsequently discharged vs. those that died: albumin: 33 +/- 6 g/l vs 28 +/- 6 g/l (p < 10(-6)); transferrin 2,18 +/- 0,65 g/l vs. 1,54 +/0 0,55 g/l (p < 10(-7)); prealbumin: 14,32 +/- 7,79 mg/100 ml vs. 7,28 +/-5,36 mg/100 ml (p < 10(-7)) and triglyceridemia was decreased: 1,07 +/- 0,38 g/l vs. 1,66 +/- 1,12 g/l (p not equal to 10(-3)). Body weight, fat weight and lead body mass were not correlated to subsequent mortality. Muscle cell mass was decreased (-17%, p < 10(-2)) and extracellular water was increased (+14%, p < 10(-4)), in patients who subsequently died. Total body water and visceral cell mass did not change. Initial anergy (tested with 3 antigens: candidin, tuberculin, varidase) did correlate with mortality: 35/62 died when delayed hypersensitivity was negative vs. 13/71 when it was positive (p < 10(-4)). Mortality was associated with decreased total lymphocyte count: 884 +/- 1025 vs. 1270 +/- 870 (p < 0,02) and serum iron: 51 +/- 40 micrograms/100 ml vs. 74 +/- 45 micrograms/100 ml (p < 10(-2)). Sepsis correlated with mortality (p < 10(-3)) and could produce these changes. These results suggest that critically ill paients have a protein-calorie malnutrition syndrom marktly different from that observed in simple starvation. Nutritional therapy must be, in this group of patients, adapted to this concept.", "contents": "[Nutritional status in critically ill patients. Relationship with mortality (author's transl)]. Plasma proteins, triglyceridemia, body composition and delayed hypersensitivity were determined in 154 critically ill patients after admission. Plasma proteins levels were significantly increased in patients that were subsequently discharged vs. those that died: albumin: 33 +/- 6 g/l vs 28 +/- 6 g/l (p < 10(-6)); transferrin 2,18 +/- 0,65 g/l vs. 1,54 +/0 0,55 g/l (p < 10(-7)); prealbumin: 14,32 +/- 7,79 mg/100 ml vs. 7,28 +/-5,36 mg/100 ml (p < 10(-7)) and triglyceridemia was decreased: 1,07 +/- 0,38 g/l vs. 1,66 +/- 1,12 g/l (p not equal to 10(-3)). Body weight, fat weight and lead body mass were not correlated to subsequent mortality. Muscle cell mass was decreased (-17%, p < 10(-2)) and extracellular water was increased (+14%, p < 10(-4)), in patients who subsequently died. Total body water and visceral cell mass did not change. Initial anergy (tested with 3 antigens: candidin, tuberculin, varidase) did correlate with mortality: 35/62 died when delayed hypersensitivity was negative vs. 13/71 when it was positive (p < 10(-4)). Mortality was associated with decreased total lymphocyte count: 884 +/- 1025 vs. 1270 +/- 870 (p < 0,02) and serum iron: 51 +/- 40 micrograms/100 ml vs. 74 +/- 45 micrograms/100 ml (p < 10(-2)). Sepsis correlated with mortality (p < 10(-3)) and could produce these changes. These results suggest that critically ill paients have a protein-calorie malnutrition syndrom marktly different from that observed in simple starvation. Nutritional therapy must be, in this group of patients, adapted to this concept.", "PMID": 122028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14890", "title": "[Sodium cromoglycate in spray treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "1) Intal nebuliser solution can be effectively administered to young asthmatic children. 2) The treatment is well accepted and efficacious with no reported side effects. 3) Nebulisation provides a practical alternative for patients unable to inhale Intal powder via a spinhaler.", "contents": "[Sodium cromoglycate in spray treatment (author's transl)]. 1) Intal nebuliser solution can be effectively administered to young asthmatic children. 2) The treatment is well accepted and efficacious with no reported side effects. 3) Nebulisation provides a practical alternative for patients unable to inhale Intal powder via a spinhaler.", "PMID": 122029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14891", "title": "Determination of the minimal amount of IgG synthesized within the central nervous system in different neurological diseases.", "content": "The albumin and the IgG were determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 312 patients by radial immunodiffusion. The correlation between the CSF/serum ratio of IgG and the CSF/serum ratio of albumin was determined by regression analysis in three groups of patients with no signs of IgG synthesis within the central nervous system. The patients were selected on the basis of the state of the blood-CSF barrier, as indicated by the ratio of serum/CSF of albumin. Using the +2 S.D. regression borderlines, the maximal amount of IgG derived from the blood and the minimal amount of IgG synthesized within the central nervous system can be calculated in CSF samples of patients with acute infections and chronic inflammatory diseases.", "contents": "Determination of the minimal amount of IgG synthesized within the central nervous system in different neurological diseases. The albumin and the IgG were determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 312 patients by radial immunodiffusion. The correlation between the CSF/serum ratio of IgG and the CSF/serum ratio of albumin was determined by regression analysis in three groups of patients with no signs of IgG synthesis within the central nervous system. The patients were selected on the basis of the state of the blood-CSF barrier, as indicated by the ratio of serum/CSF of albumin. Using the +2 S.D. regression borderlines, the maximal amount of IgG derived from the blood and the minimal amount of IgG synthesized within the central nervous system can be calculated in CSF samples of patients with acute infections and chronic inflammatory diseases.", "PMID": 122042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14892", "title": "Diagnosis of urethral diverticula in females.", "content": "Female urethral diverticula are probably a more common cause of symptomatology than is generally suspected. Radiologic techniques may play a key role in their demonstration. Particularly in the patient with clinical findings referable to the urethral area, fluoroscopy of the urethra as part of cystography as well as the use of urethral catheters may be helpful in diagnosis.", "contents": "Diagnosis of urethral diverticula in females. Female urethral diverticula are probably a more common cause of symptomatology than is generally suspected. Radiologic techniques may play a key role in their demonstration. Particularly in the patient with clinical findings referable to the urethral area, fluoroscopy of the urethra as part of cystography as well as the use of urethral catheters may be helpful in diagnosis.", "PMID": 122038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14893", "title": "Malignant external otitis with multiple cranial nerve involvement.", "content": "A case of bilateral malignment external otitis with multiple cranial nerve deficits is presented. Thirty-five similar cases reported in the world literature are reviewed. All cranial nerves have been involved with the exception of the first and fourth. The resultant pseudomonas ostemyelitis may be spread extensively in these elderly diabetic patients to involve the entire base of the skull as well as other structures. The preferred treatment is long term systemic antibiotics followed by surgical intervention for plateau or further progression of disease. The overall mortality is 61 percent (22/36), a lower figure than previously reported.", "contents": "Malignant external otitis with multiple cranial nerve involvement. A case of bilateral malignment external otitis with multiple cranial nerve deficits is presented. Thirty-five similar cases reported in the world literature are reviewed. All cranial nerves have been involved with the exception of the first and fourth. The resultant pseudomonas ostemyelitis may be spread extensively in these elderly diabetic patients to involve the entire base of the skull as well as other structures. The preferred treatment is long term systemic antibiotics followed by surgical intervention for plateau or further progression of disease. The overall mortality is 61 percent (22/36), a lower figure than previously reported.", "PMID": 122044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14894", "title": "Deficiency of arylsulfatase B in 2 brothers aged 40 and 38 years (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, type B).", "content": "Two brothers, aged 40 and 38 years, suffered from dysplastic features, coarse facies, bone and skeletal abnormalities, deformities of spine, and joint impairments. Body heights were 168 and 164 cm, respectively. Enlargement of liver and spleen, cardiac insufficiency, marked corneal clouding, and hernias were absent. Both patients had signs of cervical and lumbar radiculopathy and cervical myelopathy (tetraspastic syndrome). Vacuoles, acid phosphatase-positive granules, and metachromatic inclusions were found in peripheral lymphocytes; granulocytes and monocytes contained azurophilic hypergranulation. By electron microscopy, clear membrane-bound vacuoles were noted in lymphocytes (but not in neurtrophils), fibroblasts, Schwann cells, mural cells of the vasculature, and epidermal cells. Leukocytes, urine, and cultured skin fibroblasts revealed a deficiency of arylsulfatase B (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate sulfatase). The 6-year-old daughter of one of the patients has an intermediate level of this enzyme. Fibroblasts exhibited a constant intracellular accumulation of 35S-labeled mucopolysaccharides. The urine of one of the brothers showed an abnormal mucopolysacchariduria; in both, the presence of urinary dermatan sulfate could be demonstrated. These findings conform to the mild B variant of Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome with high longevity.", "contents": "Deficiency of arylsulfatase B in 2 brothers aged 40 and 38 years (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, type B). Two brothers, aged 40 and 38 years, suffered from dysplastic features, coarse facies, bone and skeletal abnormalities, deformities of spine, and joint impairments. Body heights were 168 and 164 cm, respectively. Enlargement of liver and spleen, cardiac insufficiency, marked corneal clouding, and hernias were absent. Both patients had signs of cervical and lumbar radiculopathy and cervical myelopathy (tetraspastic syndrome). Vacuoles, acid phosphatase-positive granules, and metachromatic inclusions were found in peripheral lymphocytes; granulocytes and monocytes contained azurophilic hypergranulation. By electron microscopy, clear membrane-bound vacuoles were noted in lymphocytes (but not in neurtrophils), fibroblasts, Schwann cells, mural cells of the vasculature, and epidermal cells. Leukocytes, urine, and cultured skin fibroblasts revealed a deficiency of arylsulfatase B (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate sulfatase). The 6-year-old daughter of one of the patients has an intermediate level of this enzyme. Fibroblasts exhibited a constant intracellular accumulation of 35S-labeled mucopolysaccharides. The urine of one of the brothers showed an abnormal mucopolysacchariduria; in both, the presence of urinary dermatan sulfate could be demonstrated. These findings conform to the mild B variant of Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome with high longevity.", "PMID": 122048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14895", "title": "Growth yields, polysaccharide production and energy conservation in chemostat cultures of Rhizobium trifolii.", "content": "Rhizobium trifolii was grown in a defined medium in chemostat cultures. Extracellular polysaccharide production was found in carbon-sufficient as well as in carbon-limited cultures. Extracellular polysaccharide production in carbon-limited cultures was strongly dependent on the growth rate. In mannitol-limited cultures, asparagine was always totally depleted from the culture medium. Only when the asparagine supply was not sufficient to meet the nitrogen need of the culture, ammonia assimilation took place. Excess organic nitrogen was excreted as ammonia. Whether ammonia assimilation or ammonia excretion took place was also dependent on the growth rate. Respiration-coupled proton translocation measurements showed the presence of three energy conserving sites in an electron transport chain which is branched. Assuming a H+/P ratio of 4, a P/O ratio of 2.33 was found. Growth yield calculations indicated a P/O ratio of approximately 2. Sulphate limitation in the chemostat culture resulted in a decrease in the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and in a less stringent coupling between growth and energy yielding processes.", "contents": "Growth yields, polysaccharide production and energy conservation in chemostat cultures of Rhizobium trifolii. Rhizobium trifolii was grown in a defined medium in chemostat cultures. Extracellular polysaccharide production was found in carbon-sufficient as well as in carbon-limited cultures. Extracellular polysaccharide production in carbon-limited cultures was strongly dependent on the growth rate. In mannitol-limited cultures, asparagine was always totally depleted from the culture medium. Only when the asparagine supply was not sufficient to meet the nitrogen need of the culture, ammonia assimilation took place. Excess organic nitrogen was excreted as ammonia. Whether ammonia assimilation or ammonia excretion took place was also dependent on the growth rate. Respiration-coupled proton translocation measurements showed the presence of three energy conserving sites in an electron transport chain which is branched. Assuming a H+/P ratio of 4, a P/O ratio of 2.33 was found. Growth yield calculations indicated a P/O ratio of approximately 2. Sulphate limitation in the chemostat culture resulted in a decrease in the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and in a less stringent coupling between growth and energy yielding processes.", "PMID": 122050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14896", "title": "(1-14C) acetate assimilation by obligate methylotrophs, Pseudomonas methanica and Methylosinus trichosporium.", "content": "The oxidation of one carbon compounds (methane, methanol, formaldehyde, formate) and primary alcohols (ethanol, propanol, butanol) supported the assimilation of [1-14C]acetate by cell suspensions of type I obligate methylotroph, Pseudomonas methanica, Texas strain, and type II obligate methylotroph, Methylosinus trichosporium, strain PG. The amount of oxygen consumed and substrate oxidized correlated with the amount of [1-14C]acetate assimilated during oxidation of C-1 compounds and primary alcohols. Oxidation of methanol, formaldehyde, and primary alcohols in extracts of Pseudomonas methanica, Texas strain, and Methylosinus trichosporium, strain PG, was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate linked, ammonium ion dependent methanol dehydrogenase. The oxidation of aldehydes was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate linked, ammonium ion independent aldehyde dehydrogenase. Formate was oxidized by a NAD+ linked formate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "(1-14C) acetate assimilation by obligate methylotrophs, Pseudomonas methanica and Methylosinus trichosporium. The oxidation of one carbon compounds (methane, methanol, formaldehyde, formate) and primary alcohols (ethanol, propanol, butanol) supported the assimilation of [1-14C]acetate by cell suspensions of type I obligate methylotroph, Pseudomonas methanica, Texas strain, and type II obligate methylotroph, Methylosinus trichosporium, strain PG. The amount of oxygen consumed and substrate oxidized correlated with the amount of [1-14C]acetate assimilated during oxidation of C-1 compounds and primary alcohols. Oxidation of methanol, formaldehyde, and primary alcohols in extracts of Pseudomonas methanica, Texas strain, and Methylosinus trichosporium, strain PG, was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate linked, ammonium ion dependent methanol dehydrogenase. The oxidation of aldehydes was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate linked, ammonium ion independent aldehyde dehydrogenase. Formate was oxidized by a NAD+ linked formate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 122051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14897", "title": "[A study on microbiological characteristics and sensitivity to antibiotics of 108 \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\" strains collected during hospital infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of this research has been considering the increasing importance of hospital infections due to the so called \"opportunist bacteria\", to value which is the frequency of isolating Pseudomonas aeruginosa types from various hospital sections pathogenous material. Moreover morphological, straining, cultivation and biochemical characteristics have been studied together with enzymatic properties (lipase, ecc.), serological characteristics and sensitivity to antibiotics. We hoped to find same differences among Pseudomonas aeruginosa different types related to the pathological material kind or to the department of origin. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa different types have been isolated, mostly from urine and bronchial secretions belonging to patients in the Reanimation Department, with a somewhat low frequency (9.8%) in relation to the total number of types. Results obtained showed how all the types have almost the some characteristics and only seldom (8.3%) a complete resistance to all antibiotics tested. Most past of them (31.4%) instead showed sensibility to 4 or more different antibiotics.", "contents": "[A study on microbiological characteristics and sensitivity to antibiotics of 108 \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\" strains collected during hospital infections (author's transl)]. The aim of this research has been considering the increasing importance of hospital infections due to the so called \"opportunist bacteria\", to value which is the frequency of isolating Pseudomonas aeruginosa types from various hospital sections pathogenous material. Moreover morphological, straining, cultivation and biochemical characteristics have been studied together with enzymatic properties (lipase, ecc.), serological characteristics and sensitivity to antibiotics. We hoped to find same differences among Pseudomonas aeruginosa different types related to the pathological material kind or to the department of origin. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa different types have been isolated, mostly from urine and bronchial secretions belonging to patients in the Reanimation Department, with a somewhat low frequency (9.8%) in relation to the total number of types. Results obtained showed how all the types have almost the some characteristics and only seldom (8.3%) a complete resistance to all antibiotics tested. Most past of them (31.4%) instead showed sensibility to 4 or more different antibiotics.", "PMID": 122052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14898", "title": "[Researches on the production of inhibitory substances by strains of \"N. meningitidis\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility to produce some inhibitory substances has been researched in 85 strains of N. meningitidis belonging to different serogroups. By the double layer agar method, 9 of these strains have inhibited the growth of one or more indicator strains. We had the best results at 37 degrees C and 30 degrees C in tests made incubating 3 producer strains in different experiment conditions; the \"Brain heart infusion agar\" and the \"Heart infusion agar\" were the best and fittest culture media, used for the production of these substances. Several attempts to get the production of bacteriocins in liquid culture media have always given negative results, both by spontaneous growing and by ultraviolet irradiation and mitomycin induction. We were able to get 3 among these substances from as many strains of N. meningitidis (from the 85 tested) in the supernatant, only growing the strains in soft agar and centrifuging these growths. So these 3 bacteriocins had inhibited the growth of the 92% of the tested N. meningitidis, but they were inactive towards 296 bacterial strains belonging to Gram-positive and Gram-negative species (including the 15 strains of Shigella and E. coli given as indicators in the research of colicins), 70 strains of Mycoplasma and 9 L-forms of Pr. mirabilis and of St. aureus. Only 3 L-forms obtained from as many strains of N. meningitidis resulted to be inhibited by the three bacteriocins.", "contents": "[Researches on the production of inhibitory substances by strains of \"N. meningitidis\" (author's transl)]. The possibility to produce some inhibitory substances has been researched in 85 strains of N. meningitidis belonging to different serogroups. By the double layer agar method, 9 of these strains have inhibited the growth of one or more indicator strains. We had the best results at 37 degrees C and 30 degrees C in tests made incubating 3 producer strains in different experiment conditions; the \"Brain heart infusion agar\" and the \"Heart infusion agar\" were the best and fittest culture media, used for the production of these substances. Several attempts to get the production of bacteriocins in liquid culture media have always given negative results, both by spontaneous growing and by ultraviolet irradiation and mitomycin induction. We were able to get 3 among these substances from as many strains of N. meningitidis (from the 85 tested) in the supernatant, only growing the strains in soft agar and centrifuging these growths. So these 3 bacteriocins had inhibited the growth of the 92% of the tested N. meningitidis, but they were inactive towards 296 bacterial strains belonging to Gram-positive and Gram-negative species (including the 15 strains of Shigella and E. coli given as indicators in the research of colicins), 70 strains of Mycoplasma and 9 L-forms of Pr. mirabilis and of St. aureus. Only 3 L-forms obtained from as many strains of N. meningitidis resulted to be inhibited by the three bacteriocins.", "PMID": 122053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14899", "title": "The action of humidified gas on the pulmonary lining layer. Ultrastructural observations after administration of pure oxygen and of various mixtures of oxygen and carbon dioxide.", "content": "The study concerns the action of dehumidified or humidified gas on the pulmonary lining layer. The results of our research suggest that water vapor used in artificial ventilation may be an important determining factor of the respiratory problems reported by clinicians in man. Important modifications of the lining layer of the alveolar epithelium occur, accompanied by more important alterations, including those of the content of the alveolus, all of which contribute to the pulmonary edema observed.", "contents": "The action of humidified gas on the pulmonary lining layer. Ultrastructural observations after administration of pure oxygen and of various mixtures of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The study concerns the action of dehumidified or humidified gas on the pulmonary lining layer. The results of our research suggest that water vapor used in artificial ventilation may be an important determining factor of the respiratory problems reported by clinicians in man. Important modifications of the lining layer of the alveolar epithelium occur, accompanied by more important alterations, including those of the content of the alveolus, all of which contribute to the pulmonary edema observed.", "PMID": 122059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14900", "title": "[Evaluation of the gel diffusion technique in the diagnosis of the amoebiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Amoebic gel diffusion precipitin test has tried in comparison with fluorescent antibody test on sera from clinical amoebiasis cases and on 50 normal control sera. Ultimately the use of both tests is recommended as the latter resulted more specific while the positivity of the gel diffusion test appeared strictly correlated with acute infections.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the gel diffusion technique in the diagnosis of the amoebiasis (author's transl)]. Amoebic gel diffusion precipitin test has tried in comparison with fluorescent antibody test on sera from clinical amoebiasis cases and on 50 normal control sera. Ultimately the use of both tests is recommended as the latter resulted more specific while the positivity of the gel diffusion test appeared strictly correlated with acute infections.", "PMID": 122054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14901", "title": "[Comparison of manual agar-diffusion (Bauer) technique and \"Abac\" semiautomatic device for the determination of \"in vitro\" bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison of antibiotic in vitro sensitivity tests performed on 115 freshly isolated Gram-negative bacterial strains with the manual standardized agar-diffusion technique according to Bauer and with the semiautomatic Abac (Intertechnique) device showed univocal results 85.5% of times, being Abac sensitivity 85.6% and specificity 86.2%. The frequency of univocal results is higher that in most of the previous trials, especially for ampicillin and cephalotin. No particular responses have been shown by the dirrerent microorganisms tested. After a discussion of the variables which can influence the results and the suggestion of some steps to be taken, the AA. analyze the role of Abac and its possible achievements in small and medium-size bacteriological laboratories.", "contents": "[Comparison of manual agar-diffusion (Bauer) technique and \"Abac\" semiautomatic device for the determination of \"in vitro\" bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics (author's transl)]. A comparison of antibiotic in vitro sensitivity tests performed on 115 freshly isolated Gram-negative bacterial strains with the manual standardized agar-diffusion technique according to Bauer and with the semiautomatic Abac (Intertechnique) device showed univocal results 85.5% of times, being Abac sensitivity 85.6% and specificity 86.2%. The frequency of univocal results is higher that in most of the previous trials, especially for ampicillin and cephalotin. No particular responses have been shown by the dirrerent microorganisms tested. After a discussion of the variables which can influence the results and the suggestion of some steps to be taken, the AA. analyze the role of Abac and its possible achievements in small and medium-size bacteriological laboratories.", "PMID": 122055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14902", "title": "Pharmacological activity of some pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines.", "content": "The paper reports the pharmacological activity in vitro and in vivo of a series of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives. Some of these compounds have proved to be active in decreasing the body temperature. They are also very active inhibitors of the guinea-pig lung prostaglandin-sintetase.", "contents": "Pharmacological activity of some pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. The paper reports the pharmacological activity in vitro and in vivo of a series of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives. Some of these compounds have proved to be active in decreasing the body temperature. They are also very active inhibitors of the guinea-pig lung prostaglandin-sintetase.", "PMID": 122074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14903", "title": "Is there a role for dietetic foods in the management of diabetes and/or obesity?", "content": "The cost and nutritional value (calorie, carbohydrate, protein, and fat content) of 108 regular products were compared with 101 dietetic products. The cost of dietetic candies, cookies, fruits, preserves/syrups, and puddings/gelatins was significantly greater (p less than 0.005, p less than 0.005, p less than 0.005, and p less than 0.025, respectively). Dietetic candies and cookies contained more calories than the regular ones. These differences were significant only for candies (p less than 0.005). In contrast, dietetic fruits and preserves/syrups had significantly fewer calories than the regular ones (p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.005 respectively). Dietetic puddings/gelatins were significantly less expensive and contained fewer calories than the regular products (p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.005, respectively). Dietetic ice creams were generally more expensive with varying amounts of carbohydrate content. Most dietetic products contained higher amounts of protein than regular food products. Since the dietetic products constitute only a fraction of total food intake, the differences in their composition have little or no effect on the relationship of nutrients consumed within a 24-hour period. Thus, in most cases the consumer receives little or no nutritional benefit from the higher cost of dietetic products.", "contents": "Is there a role for dietetic foods in the management of diabetes and/or obesity? The cost and nutritional value (calorie, carbohydrate, protein, and fat content) of 108 regular products were compared with 101 dietetic products. The cost of dietetic candies, cookies, fruits, preserves/syrups, and puddings/gelatins was significantly greater (p less than 0.005, p less than 0.005, p less than 0.005, and p less than 0.025, respectively). Dietetic candies and cookies contained more calories than the regular ones. These differences were significant only for candies (p less than 0.005). In contrast, dietetic fruits and preserves/syrups had significantly fewer calories than the regular ones (p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.005 respectively). Dietetic puddings/gelatins were significantly less expensive and contained fewer calories than the regular products (p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.005, respectively). Dietetic ice creams were generally more expensive with varying amounts of carbohydrate content. Most dietetic products contained higher amounts of protein than regular food products. Since the dietetic products constitute only a fraction of total food intake, the differences in their composition have little or no effect on the relationship of nutrients consumed within a 24-hour period. Thus, in most cases the consumer receives little or no nutritional benefit from the higher cost of dietetic products.", "PMID": 122073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14904", "title": "[Comparison of the values of selected reagents for the diagnosis of swine brucellosis. I. Preparation and standardization of antiglobulin serum].", "content": "The purpose of these studies was to make and to evaluate serums (SAG) helpful to the carrying out of OAG in diagnosis of pig brucellosis. Immunological serums directed against globulin fraction of pig serum were produced on rabbits immunizing them with \"Suiglobin\" preparation or with own preparation--\"purified globulins\" obtained from pig serum. Kr\u00f3lak immunization method was used and in parallel that of Ressang's for the sake of comparison. Obtained SAG was titrated in the quick and slow OAG according to Hajdu. It was shown that rabbit immunization according to Ressang gives better results than that of Kr\u00f3lak's. With the help of the immunoelectrophoresis reaction, in all SAG, the presence of the antibodies precipitating subfractions IgG and IgM of pig serum was found. Moreover, it was shown that to determine the final, working dilution of SAG, its titration was necessary in the slow, sample variant of OAG according to Hajdu.", "contents": "[Comparison of the values of selected reagents for the diagnosis of swine brucellosis. I. Preparation and standardization of antiglobulin serum]. The purpose of these studies was to make and to evaluate serums (SAG) helpful to the carrying out of OAG in diagnosis of pig brucellosis. Immunological serums directed against globulin fraction of pig serum were produced on rabbits immunizing them with \"Suiglobin\" preparation or with own preparation--\"purified globulins\" obtained from pig serum. Kr\u00f3lak immunization method was used and in parallel that of Ressang's for the sake of comparison. Obtained SAG was titrated in the quick and slow OAG according to Hajdu. It was shown that rabbit immunization according to Ressang gives better results than that of Kr\u00f3lak's. With the help of the immunoelectrophoresis reaction, in all SAG, the presence of the antibodies precipitating subfractions IgG and IgM of pig serum was found. Moreover, it was shown that to determine the final, working dilution of SAG, its titration was necessary in the slow, sample variant of OAG according to Hajdu.", "PMID": 122118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14905", "title": "[The use of potentiating agents in megavoltage therapy of non-resected localized carcinoma of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "A 5 years survival of 20% without local recurrence and/or metastasis was obtained after radiation therapy alone. This figure is slightly inferior to the survival rate of surgically treated tumours. Failure is mostly due to the appearance of metastases after radical treatment in spite of additional chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy. But experience has also shown that certain cancers \"locally controlled\" by radiation therapy can recur 3, 5, 8 or even more years later. Two thirds of squamous cell carcinomas are sterilized with doses of 60 Gy. A dose of 80-90 Gy has a greater curative effect on tumours usually unresponsive to doses of 60 Gy. But this level of radiation results in significant damage to normal tissue with inacceptable complications. Even with such doses, quiescent cells and hypoxic cells remain unresponsive. These cell populations are both clonogenic later. Megavoltage therapy must therefore be associated with chemical and physical radiosensitizing agents (e. g. hyperthermia and drugs of the nitro-imidazole group). Treatment protocols also fully exploit the biological effect of chemotherapy recruitment, cell synchronisation and synergistic lethal effect. The biological effects to neutrons on hypoxic cells were also explored, as most of the latter respond to neither X nor kappa therapy. In all, the new treatment strategy must seek the complementarity of the specific biological effects or radiotherapy chemotherapy and radiosensitizing agents (chemical and/or physical). The goal is a 10% growth rate in the cure of squamous cell carcinomas.", "contents": "[The use of potentiating agents in megavoltage therapy of non-resected localized carcinoma of the lung (author's transl)]. A 5 years survival of 20% without local recurrence and/or metastasis was obtained after radiation therapy alone. This figure is slightly inferior to the survival rate of surgically treated tumours. Failure is mostly due to the appearance of metastases after radical treatment in spite of additional chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy. But experience has also shown that certain cancers \"locally controlled\" by radiation therapy can recur 3, 5, 8 or even more years later. Two thirds of squamous cell carcinomas are sterilized with doses of 60 Gy. A dose of 80-90 Gy has a greater curative effect on tumours usually unresponsive to doses of 60 Gy. But this level of radiation results in significant damage to normal tissue with inacceptable complications. Even with such doses, quiescent cells and hypoxic cells remain unresponsive. These cell populations are both clonogenic later. Megavoltage therapy must therefore be associated with chemical and physical radiosensitizing agents (e. g. hyperthermia and drugs of the nitro-imidazole group). Treatment protocols also fully exploit the biological effect of chemotherapy recruitment, cell synchronisation and synergistic lethal effect. The biological effects to neutrons on hypoxic cells were also explored, as most of the latter respond to neither X nor kappa therapy. In all, the new treatment strategy must seek the complementarity of the specific biological effects or radiotherapy chemotherapy and radiosensitizing agents (chemical and/or physical). The goal is a 10% growth rate in the cure of squamous cell carcinomas.", "PMID": 122119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14906", "title": "Orthostatic tests in 85 geriatric patients in in-patient long-term care.", "content": "Pathological orthostatic heart rate and systolic blood pressure responses are common in geriatric patients in long-term in-patient care. The distribution of these pathological types of response differs markedly from that of earlier investigated patients (2), with a higher prevalence of asympathicotonic and vasovagal responses and a lower prevalence of sympathicotonic responses in this material.", "contents": "Orthostatic tests in 85 geriatric patients in in-patient long-term care. Pathological orthostatic heart rate and systolic blood pressure responses are common in geriatric patients in long-term in-patient care. The distribution of these pathological types of response differs markedly from that of earlier investigated patients (2), with a higher prevalence of asympathicotonic and vasovagal responses and a lower prevalence of sympathicotonic responses in this material.", "PMID": 122121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14907", "title": "A comparison of challenge with Trypanosoma cruzi blood-stream trypomastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes from Rhodnius prolixus in mice immunized with killed antigens.", "content": "Groups of CD-1 mice were immunized with vaccines prepared from freeze-thawed or ultra-sonicated epimastigotes, blood trypomastigotes, or \"plasma antigen\", of Trypanosoma cruzi strains Y, M1 and Tulahuen. The mice were challenged by the injection of blood stream trypomastigotes obtained from mice, or of metacyclic trypomastigotes harvested from the rectum of Rhodnius prolixus. Both challenges induced virulent infections in control mice. Blood-stream trypomastigotes killed mice more rapidly than the same number of bug-derived trypomastigotes. Vaccinated mice resisted infection with bug-derived trypomastigotes as well as with blood trypomastigotes, and in some instances better. It is concluded that results obtained with the more convenient, but artificial blood trypomastigote challenge are comparable with the more natural, bug-derived, challenge.", "contents": "A comparison of challenge with Trypanosoma cruzi blood-stream trypomastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes from Rhodnius prolixus in mice immunized with killed antigens. Groups of CD-1 mice were immunized with vaccines prepared from freeze-thawed or ultra-sonicated epimastigotes, blood trypomastigotes, or \"plasma antigen\", of Trypanosoma cruzi strains Y, M1 and Tulahuen. The mice were challenged by the injection of blood stream trypomastigotes obtained from mice, or of metacyclic trypomastigotes harvested from the rectum of Rhodnius prolixus. Both challenges induced virulent infections in control mice. Blood-stream trypomastigotes killed mice more rapidly than the same number of bug-derived trypomastigotes. Vaccinated mice resisted infection with bug-derived trypomastigotes as well as with blood trypomastigotes, and in some instances better. It is concluded that results obtained with the more convenient, but artificial blood trypomastigote challenge are comparable with the more natural, bug-derived, challenge.", "PMID": 122124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14908", "title": "Two pathways to kwashiorkor?", "content": "Comparisons, based on anthropometric and biochemical measurements, have been made between Gambian and Ugandan children with kwashiorkor, and Gambian children with marasmus. Cases of kwashiorkor and marasmus in The Gambia were very similar both anthropometrically and in their plasma hormone and amino-acid patterns, but quite different in these respects from kwashiorkor in Uganda. Additional data from a prospective longitudinal study recently completed in The Gambia indicated that, when it occurred, hypoalbuminaemia appeared acutely, in contrast to the gradual development observed in Uganda. These findings suggest that kwashiorkor in The Gambia and in Uganda have distinct aetiologies and possible reasons for the difference in pathophysiologies are discussed. In particular the association of hypoalbuminaemia with diarrhoeal disease in The Gambia indicates that plasma protein loss from the gastro-intestinal tract could be a factor precipitating kwashiorkor in children who would otherwise be regarded as cases of marasmus.", "contents": "Two pathways to kwashiorkor? Comparisons, based on anthropometric and biochemical measurements, have been made between Gambian and Ugandan children with kwashiorkor, and Gambian children with marasmus. Cases of kwashiorkor and marasmus in The Gambia were very similar both anthropometrically and in their plasma hormone and amino-acid patterns, but quite different in these respects from kwashiorkor in Uganda. Additional data from a prospective longitudinal study recently completed in The Gambia indicated that, when it occurred, hypoalbuminaemia appeared acutely, in contrast to the gradual development observed in Uganda. These findings suggest that kwashiorkor in The Gambia and in Uganda have distinct aetiologies and possible reasons for the difference in pathophysiologies are discussed. In particular the association of hypoalbuminaemia with diarrhoeal disease in The Gambia indicates that plasma protein loss from the gastro-intestinal tract could be a factor precipitating kwashiorkor in children who would otherwise be regarded as cases of marasmus.", "PMID": 122125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14909", "title": "Modification by propranolol of cardiovascular response to hypercapnia during halothane anaesthesia.", "content": "The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of propranolol on the cardiovascular response to carbon dioxide (0-20%) during anaesthesia with 1% halothane in oxygen (blood level 16.3 mg/100 ml S.D. +/- 5) in dogs each with a chronically implanted electromagnetic flow probe on the ascending aorta. Cardiac output, stroke volume; heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were obtained and paired with arterial blood gas determination after each step of increased concentration of carbon dioxide with or without propranolol. Propranolol (0.06-0.9 mg/kg) prevented the response to elevation of inspired carbon dioxide of increased heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output, TPR and MAP were reduced by CO2 and only slightly changed in the propranolol series.", "contents": "Modification by propranolol of cardiovascular response to hypercapnia during halothane anaesthesia. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of propranolol on the cardiovascular response to carbon dioxide (0-20%) during anaesthesia with 1% halothane in oxygen (blood level 16.3 mg/100 ml S.D. +/- 5) in dogs each with a chronically implanted electromagnetic flow probe on the ascending aorta. Cardiac output, stroke volume; heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were obtained and paired with arterial blood gas determination after each step of increased concentration of carbon dioxide with or without propranolol. Propranolol (0.06-0.9 mg/kg) prevented the response to elevation of inspired carbon dioxide of increased heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output, TPR and MAP were reduced by CO2 and only slightly changed in the propranolol series.", "PMID": 122129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14910", "title": "Preliminary report on long term cure of schistosomiasis using metrifonate (Bilarcil/Dipterex)--a new antischistosomal drug.", "content": "Twenty patients aged between 7 and 19 years with confirmed vesical schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium were treated with Metrifonate (Dipterex, Bilarcil) orally on a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg body weight repeated at fortnightly intervals until egg excretion ceased. This was achieved with a maximum of three doses. No symptoms of toxicity or significant side effects were observed. Four patients remained symptom free of the infection for up to three years after the initial treatment. These results suggest that Metrifonate (Bilarcil), a cheap, relatively non-toxic, orally administered and effective drug against Schistosoma haematobium, can be used successfully in the management of this crippling infection. They also suggest that, provided there is no re-exposure, the subjects can remain free of symptoms for more than three years.", "contents": "Preliminary report on long term cure of schistosomiasis using metrifonate (Bilarcil/Dipterex)--a new antischistosomal drug. Twenty patients aged between 7 and 19 years with confirmed vesical schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium were treated with Metrifonate (Dipterex, Bilarcil) orally on a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg body weight repeated at fortnightly intervals until egg excretion ceased. This was achieved with a maximum of three doses. No symptoms of toxicity or significant side effects were observed. Four patients remained symptom free of the infection for up to three years after the initial treatment. These results suggest that Metrifonate (Bilarcil), a cheap, relatively non-toxic, orally administered and effective drug against Schistosoma haematobium, can be used successfully in the management of this crippling infection. They also suggest that, provided there is no re-exposure, the subjects can remain free of symptoms for more than three years.", "PMID": 122130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14911", "title": "The twinning incidence of Nigeria.", "content": "The dizygotic twinning rate in Western Nigeria is the highest on record (45-50 per mil maternities). It is suggested that, rather than to peculiarities in the population structure or to genetic factors, such a high incidence might be due to the presence in the diet of estrogen-like substances.", "contents": "The twinning incidence of Nigeria. The dizygotic twinning rate in Western Nigeria is the highest on record (45-50 per mil maternities). It is suggested that, rather than to peculiarities in the population structure or to genetic factors, such a high incidence might be due to the presence in the diet of estrogen-like substances.", "PMID": 122131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14912", "title": "The frequency of ovular resorption during the first trimester of twin pregnancy.", "content": "A follow-up of 78 twin pregnancies diagnosed in the first trimester indicated that early ovular resorption occurred in 63% of spontaneous and 64% of Clomiphene-induced gestations, so that singletons were born. No failure was observed in the 12 twin conceptions following administration of gonadotropins or Cyclofenil.", "contents": "The frequency of ovular resorption during the first trimester of twin pregnancy. A follow-up of 78 twin pregnancies diagnosed in the first trimester indicated that early ovular resorption occurred in 63% of spontaneous and 64% of Clomiphene-induced gestations, so that singletons were born. No failure was observed in the 12 twin conceptions following administration of gonadotropins or Cyclofenil.", "PMID": 122132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14913", "title": "[Serologic data from 537 patients with a positive direct Coombs' test (Vienna 1949 to 1979)].", "content": "In the period from 1949--1979 537 patients with positive direct Coombs-reaction were observed, their serological findings are presented and analysed regarding correlations to ABO, Rh, age and sex. Close connexions between the strength of the direct Coombs-reaction, autoantibodies in the serum and the absence of haptoglobin were found as it was expected. The sensitivity of different methods to detect autoantibodies, frequencies and specificities are discussed. Two causes of autoimmune hemolytic anemia with monospecific autoantibodies and four healthy blood donors with unexpected and inexplicable positive direct Coombs-reaction are described.", "contents": "[Serologic data from 537 patients with a positive direct Coombs' test (Vienna 1949 to 1979)]. In the period from 1949--1979 537 patients with positive direct Coombs-reaction were observed, their serological findings are presented and analysed regarding correlations to ABO, Rh, age and sex. Close connexions between the strength of the direct Coombs-reaction, autoantibodies in the serum and the absence of haptoglobin were found as it was expected. The sensitivity of different methods to detect autoantibodies, frequencies and specificities are discussed. Two causes of autoimmune hemolytic anemia with monospecific autoantibodies and four healthy blood donors with unexpected and inexplicable positive direct Coombs-reaction are described.", "PMID": 122133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14914", "title": "[General facts on mastocytoma in the dog. Apropos of the first Tunisian case].", "content": "After anatomo-pathologic, \u00e9pidemiologic and etiopathogenic description of canine Mast-cell tumor, the authors insist on the importance of this neoplasm in comparative pathology. Such animal model observation can be eventually used both in cancer Research and in allergo-dermatology.", "contents": "[General facts on mastocytoma in the dog. Apropos of the first Tunisian case]. After anatomo-pathologic, \u00e9pidemiologic and etiopathogenic description of canine Mast-cell tumor, the authors insist on the importance of this neoplasm in comparative pathology. Such animal model observation can be eventually used both in cancer Research and in allergo-dermatology.", "PMID": 122139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14915", "title": "[Chronic active hepatitis with a favorable course, after fulminant hepatitis].", "content": "The case reported here is that of a girl with presumably viral non A, non B, acute hepatitis with a very unusual course. Fulminant hepatitis with submassive and bridging hepatic necrosis and a 17-day coma began during the 7th week of evolution. Prolonged chronic active hepatitis followed. Treatment was initiated 6 months after the beginning of the affection and was maintained for more than 2 years, with an apparent cure persisting after follow-up period of 6 months; fibrous scars were the only abnormalities demonstrable on histologic examination of liver biopsy. It is possible that such type of fulminant hepatitis with unusual course will become more frequent, as survival of the initial acute episode increase.", "contents": "[Chronic active hepatitis with a favorable course, after fulminant hepatitis]. The case reported here is that of a girl with presumably viral non A, non B, acute hepatitis with a very unusual course. Fulminant hepatitis with submassive and bridging hepatic necrosis and a 17-day coma began during the 7th week of evolution. Prolonged chronic active hepatitis followed. Treatment was initiated 6 months after the beginning of the affection and was maintained for more than 2 years, with an apparent cure persisting after follow-up period of 6 months; fibrous scars were the only abnormalities demonstrable on histologic examination of liver biopsy. It is possible that such type of fulminant hepatitis with unusual course will become more frequent, as survival of the initial acute episode increase.", "PMID": 122140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14916", "title": "[Septic arthritis due to a nontoxigenic diphtheria bacillus].", "content": "Septic arthritis of the hip in a 2 year old child is described. A nontoxigenic diphtheria bacillus was isolated in large numbers from the articular fluid. The same organism was isolated from excoriated skin lesions of the toes. The bacteriology, epidemiology and pathology of the infection are discussed.", "contents": "[Septic arthritis due to a nontoxigenic diphtheria bacillus]. Septic arthritis of the hip in a 2 year old child is described. A nontoxigenic diphtheria bacillus was isolated in large numbers from the articular fluid. The same organism was isolated from excoriated skin lesions of the toes. The bacteriology, epidemiology and pathology of the infection are discussed.", "PMID": 122141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14917", "title": "[Hypolemmal cisterns and epileptogenic foci].", "content": "A particularly great number of neuronal subsurface cisterns was found in the cerebral cortex of rats in the vicinity of epileptic foci. This phenomenon is worthwhile considering if one remembers the generally admitted role of these cisterns: transmission of ions or of electric potentials.", "contents": "[Hypolemmal cisterns and epileptogenic foci]. A particularly great number of neuronal subsurface cisterns was found in the cerebral cortex of rats in the vicinity of epileptic foci. This phenomenon is worthwhile considering if one remembers the generally admitted role of these cisterns: transmission of ions or of electric potentials.", "PMID": 122144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14918", "title": "Effect of n-dipropylacetate and L-glutamine on gamma amino-n-butyric acid levels in brains of rats intoxicated with ethanol.", "content": "The concentrations of gamma-amino-n-butyric acid in brains of rats intoxicated with half intraperitoneal LD50 ethanol were determined at various times and found increased at early times (10 min) and decreased later (1 to 3 hours). The concentration tended to be restored to normal values upon administration of n-dipropylacetate (400 mg/kg) or L-glutamine (340 mg/kg). The treatment with both substances showed a positive interaction with an overall positive effect greater than the sum of each.", "contents": "Effect of n-dipropylacetate and L-glutamine on gamma amino-n-butyric acid levels in brains of rats intoxicated with ethanol. The concentrations of gamma-amino-n-butyric acid in brains of rats intoxicated with half intraperitoneal LD50 ethanol were determined at various times and found increased at early times (10 min) and decreased later (1 to 3 hours). The concentration tended to be restored to normal values upon administration of n-dipropylacetate (400 mg/kg) or L-glutamine (340 mg/kg). The treatment with both substances showed a positive interaction with an overall positive effect greater than the sum of each.", "PMID": 122142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14919", "title": "Colchicine effect on the permeability of the whole epithelium and of isolated cells of frog skin.", "content": "The effect of 2 X 10(-5) M colchicine on epithelial cells isolated from frog skins was investigated. Three hours of treatment with colchicine did not change either Na+ and K+ content of isolated cells or nonelectrolyte permeability. When ADH (50 mU/ml) was added, thiourea uptake values became greater than without the hormone; the same values were found in the cells previously treated with colchicine. Na+ transepithelial transport, measured by means of short-circuit current, was inhibited by the antimitotic agent both under control conditions and after ADH stimulation. These results support the view that colchicine does not directly affect ADH action on membrane permeability, but influences some mechanism that controls ADH action on transepithelial transport. Intercellular junctions appear to be the location of such a mechanism.", "contents": "Colchicine effect on the permeability of the whole epithelium and of isolated cells of frog skin. The effect of 2 X 10(-5) M colchicine on epithelial cells isolated from frog skins was investigated. Three hours of treatment with colchicine did not change either Na+ and K+ content of isolated cells or nonelectrolyte permeability. When ADH (50 mU/ml) was added, thiourea uptake values became greater than without the hormone; the same values were found in the cells previously treated with colchicine. Na+ transepithelial transport, measured by means of short-circuit current, was inhibited by the antimitotic agent both under control conditions and after ADH stimulation. These results support the view that colchicine does not directly affect ADH action on membrane permeability, but influences some mechanism that controls ADH action on transepithelial transport. Intercellular junctions appear to be the location of such a mechanism.", "PMID": 122148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14920", "title": "The role of extracellular potassium in early epilepsy.", "content": "Clinical studies indicate that early epilepsy after injury may be associated with some transient and reversible pathophysical processes of the brain. It has been proposed that epileptogenesis in the neocortex and hippocampus may be related to potassium ion accumulation in extracellular spaces. To investigate this hypothesis, we measured [K+]0 using potassium-sensitive microelectrodes in the sensorimotor cortex of cats during early seizures induced by trauma. The [K+]0 increases associated with seizure activity ranged from 14.6 to 25.1 mM, and these were significantly higher than those unassociated with spikes or seizure discharges. Moreover, high K+ solutions (15 mM or more) directly applied to the cortex produced spiking and seizures. These results seem to support the hypothesis that accumulation of [K+]0 is related to development of early epilepsy.", "contents": "The role of extracellular potassium in early epilepsy. Clinical studies indicate that early epilepsy after injury may be associated with some transient and reversible pathophysical processes of the brain. It has been proposed that epileptogenesis in the neocortex and hippocampus may be related to potassium ion accumulation in extracellular spaces. To investigate this hypothesis, we measured [K+]0 using potassium-sensitive microelectrodes in the sensorimotor cortex of cats during early seizures induced by trauma. The [K+]0 increases associated with seizure activity ranged from 14.6 to 25.1 mM, and these were significantly higher than those unassociated with spikes or seizure discharges. Moreover, high K+ solutions (15 mM or more) directly applied to the cortex produced spiking and seizures. These results seem to support the hypothesis that accumulation of [K+]0 is related to development of early epilepsy.", "PMID": 122151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14921", "title": "[The importance of chemoantibiotic resistance in controlling infections disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. examine those  mechanisms which might determine the phenomenon of drug resistance in microorganism. They then review those infections of interest to public health. Diseases such as meningococcus, enterobacterial and vibro infections frequently show chemoantibiotic resistance. The AA. procede to point out the problems which may arise during therapy or prophylaxis. Some measures are then reported as necessary in order to prevent or retard the development of drug resistance in microorganism.", "contents": "[The importance of chemoantibiotic resistance in controlling infections disease (author's transl)]. The AA. examine those  mechanisms which might determine the phenomenon of drug resistance in microorganism. They then review those infections of interest to public health. Diseases such as meningococcus, enterobacterial and vibro infections frequently show chemoantibiotic resistance. The AA. procede to point out the problems which may arise during therapy or prophylaxis. Some measures are then reported as necessary in order to prevent or retard the development of drug resistance in microorganism.", "PMID": 122153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14922", "title": "[Results of different methods used for drug susceptibility of Mycobacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourty strains of Mycobacteria have been tested for drug susceptibility using Canneti's method of proportions: every strain has been tested using direct method, which provides results in a relatively short time, and using indirect method on primary cultures. Results of two methods have been compared and time required to perform direct and indirect test has been related to one of rapid, impregnated disks, method.", "contents": "[Results of different methods used for drug susceptibility of Mycobacteria (author's transl)]. Fourty strains of Mycobacteria have been tested for drug susceptibility using Canneti's method of proportions: every strain has been tested using direct method, which provides results in a relatively short time, and using indirect method on primary cultures. Results of two methods have been compared and time required to perform direct and indirect test has been related to one of rapid, impregnated disks, method.", "PMID": 122154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14923", "title": "[Observations on antibiotic sensitivity of \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\" strains isolated in pediatric wards (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been studied the antibiotic sensitivity of 27 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains belonging to only two types, isolated hospitalized children and responsible of different clinical pictures. The strains were in vitro resistant to Carbenicillin, Sisomicine, Gentamycine and many other antibiotic tested, partially resistant to Tobramycin and sensitive to Amikacine, Polimixine B and Colistatin.", "contents": "[Observations on antibiotic sensitivity of \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\" strains isolated in pediatric wards (author's transl)]. It has been studied the antibiotic sensitivity of 27 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains belonging to only two types, isolated hospitalized children and responsible of different clinical pictures. The strains were in vitro resistant to Carbenicillin, Sisomicine, Gentamycine and many other antibiotic tested, partially resistant to Tobramycin and sensitive to Amikacine, Polimixine B and Colistatin.", "PMID": 122155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14924", "title": "[\"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\" in the hospital of Avellino, and the presence of colonies in the obstetric, pediatric and neonatal wards. A microbiological and epidemiological study (author's transl)].", "content": "Two episodes of unexpected and widely spread colonisation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a hospital urged us with a series of measures concerning personnel and environmental hygiene and prophylaxis. We referred on the microbiological researches made on nine stories of the hospital building in which the microorganism settled and the countermeasures were adopted. The isolates proved to have a strong resistance to the various types of disinfectant we used and it was particularly difficult to clean wash-hand-basins and some medical tests. The AA. think that carefully instructing the staff in the hospital on bacterial biology and their channel of diffusion, and on the appropriate measures to avoid and fight them, could give better results compared to those we actually obtain by simply disinfecting the environment.", "contents": "[\"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\" in the hospital of Avellino, and the presence of colonies in the obstetric, pediatric and neonatal wards. A microbiological and epidemiological study (author's transl)]. Two episodes of unexpected and widely spread colonisation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a hospital urged us with a series of measures concerning personnel and environmental hygiene and prophylaxis. We referred on the microbiological researches made on nine stories of the hospital building in which the microorganism settled and the countermeasures were adopted. The isolates proved to have a strong resistance to the various types of disinfectant we used and it was particularly difficult to clean wash-hand-basins and some medical tests. The AA. think that carefully instructing the staff in the hospital on bacterial biology and their channel of diffusion, and on the appropriate measures to avoid and fight them, could give better results compared to those we actually obtain by simply disinfecting the environment.", "PMID": 122156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14925", "title": "[\"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\" in the hospital of Avellino, and the presence of colonies in the obstetric, pediatric and neonatal wards. A microbiological study of the environment and of hygienic and prophylactic measures (author's transl)].", "content": "We observed two episodes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation taking place in a Hospital. This organism was isolated in a pure culture from the faeces of 41 newborn children, many patients and from a large part on the obstetrics and pediatry division's staff. The AA. investigated the ways of spreading of this germ which caused both in the adults and the babies, no sign of illness. Biotypes one causing the first episode and the other related to the second one were isolated them showed a wide spectrum of resistance to several antibiotics and they of disappeared after accurate measures of hygiene concerning persons and places were adopted.", "contents": "[\"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\" in the hospital of Avellino, and the presence of colonies in the obstetric, pediatric and neonatal wards. A microbiological study of the environment and of hygienic and prophylactic measures (author's transl)]. We observed two episodes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation taking place in a Hospital. This organism was isolated in a pure culture from the faeces of 41 newborn children, many patients and from a large part on the obstetrics and pediatry division's staff. The AA. investigated the ways of spreading of this germ which caused both in the adults and the babies, no sign of illness. Biotypes one causing the first episode and the other related to the second one were isolated them showed a wide spectrum of resistance to several antibiotics and they of disappeared after accurate measures of hygiene concerning persons and places were adopted.", "PMID": 122157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14926", "title": "[Observations on antibacterial activity of thiamphenicol glycinate acetylcysteinate (author's transl)].", "content": "In vitro thiamphenicol antibacterial activity in the presence of N-acetylcysteine as sodium salt proved to be enhanced when compared with that of the antibacterial alone against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The in vitro results were confirmed in vivo in the guinea-pig, where the sera from animals previously treated by i.m. route with thiamphenicol glycinate acetylcysteinate, showed a higher antibacterial activity than sera from animals treated with thiamphenicol glycinate hydrochloride. The observation, even after allowing for differences between species might be of some interest in view of use of this chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of respiratory infections.", "contents": "[Observations on antibacterial activity of thiamphenicol glycinate acetylcysteinate (author's transl)]. In vitro thiamphenicol antibacterial activity in the presence of N-acetylcysteine as sodium salt proved to be enhanced when compared with that of the antibacterial alone against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The in vitro results were confirmed in vivo in the guinea-pig, where the sera from animals previously treated by i.m. route with thiamphenicol glycinate acetylcysteinate, showed a higher antibacterial activity than sera from animals treated with thiamphenicol glycinate hydrochloride. The observation, even after allowing for differences between species might be of some interest in view of use of this chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of respiratory infections.", "PMID": 122158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14927", "title": "Gas chromatographic method for the determination of valproic acid in human plasma.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method has been developed for the routine monitoring of valproic acid (VPA) in human plasma samples. Two compounds, 2-ethylpentanoic acid (EPA) and 2-propylhexanoic acid (PHA), were synthesized and evaluated as internal standards together with cyclohexane carboxylic acid (CHCA), a commonly employed internal standard. Crystalline barium salts of VPA, EPA, and PHA were prepared, which enabled preparation of standard solutions of high accuracy for use in calibration experiments and in daily intra-laboratory quality control tests. The extraction scheme was designed on the basis of the solvent partitioning properties of VPA. Solvent transfers are required in the extraction scheme, but solvent evaporations are not. Studies were made of the performances of EPA, PHA, and CHCA as internal standards in the VPA assay at different lifetimes of the 10% SP-1000 chromatography column. As judged by these studies, EPA or CHCA is a better choice than PHA as an internal standard, provided that certain guidelines are followed in the use of CHCA.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic method for the determination of valproic acid in human plasma. A gas chromatographic method has been developed for the routine monitoring of valproic acid (VPA) in human plasma samples. Two compounds, 2-ethylpentanoic acid (EPA) and 2-propylhexanoic acid (PHA), were synthesized and evaluated as internal standards together with cyclohexane carboxylic acid (CHCA), a commonly employed internal standard. Crystalline barium salts of VPA, EPA, and PHA were prepared, which enabled preparation of standard solutions of high accuracy for use in calibration experiments and in daily intra-laboratory quality control tests. The extraction scheme was designed on the basis of the solvent partitioning properties of VPA. Solvent transfers are required in the extraction scheme, but solvent evaporations are not. Studies were made of the performances of EPA, PHA, and CHCA as internal standards in the VPA assay at different lifetimes of the 10% SP-1000 chromatography column. As judged by these studies, EPA or CHCA is a better choice than PHA as an internal standard, provided that certain guidelines are followed in the use of CHCA.", "PMID": 122159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14928", "title": "Valproic acid-phenytoin interaction.", "content": "The interaction between valproic acid (VPA) and phenytoin (DPH) was examined during therapeutic monitoring in an epileptic outpatient population. Gas-liquid chromatographic methods were used to measure DPH and VPA concentrations. (1) In 12 patients on stable DPH regimens, the mean DPH level declined from 19.7 to 15.3 microgram/ml when VPA was added (p less than 0.001). (2) In 20 patients receiving DPH and VPA, the median free fraction was 15.8%, compared to 9.1% free DPH in 40 patients receiving DPH only or DPH and phenobarbital (p less than 0.001). (3) Addition of VPA to a stable DPH regimen may result in a transient increased risk of DPH toxicity, followed by restabilization at the original free DPH level.", "contents": "Valproic acid-phenytoin interaction. The interaction between valproic acid (VPA) and phenytoin (DPH) was examined during therapeutic monitoring in an epileptic outpatient population. Gas-liquid chromatographic methods were used to measure DPH and VPA concentrations. (1) In 12 patients on stable DPH regimens, the mean DPH level declined from 19.7 to 15.3 microgram/ml when VPA was added (p less than 0.001). (2) In 20 patients receiving DPH and VPA, the median free fraction was 15.8%, compared to 9.1% free DPH in 40 patients receiving DPH only or DPH and phenobarbital (p less than 0.001). (3) Addition of VPA to a stable DPH regimen may result in a transient increased risk of DPH toxicity, followed by restabilization at the original free DPH level.", "PMID": 122160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14929", "title": "[Poligraphy during awakeness and sleep in patients with epilepsia partialis continua].", "content": "Report is made of two patients with Epilepsia Partialis Continua (E.P.C.) from brain organic damage (since carcinoma metastasis and localized ischemia). Clinical EEG, neuroradiological and anatomo-pathological and therapeutical problems are dealth with the light of a review on previous papers. The EEG by itself is assumed as a not sufficient neurophysiological mean. Long time poligraphic enregistrations during awakeness and sleep havae, on the contrary, produced interesting data. The continuous and localized more or less rhythmic myoclonus, which are the distinctive feature in the E.P.C., were in both the patients confined to the first two fingers of their hands; the more they decreased the deeper was sleep (phase II and III-IV) and almost disappeared in the REM phase. Thus poligraphic enregistrations for E.P.C. patients are maintained as very significant.", "contents": "[Poligraphy during awakeness and sleep in patients with epilepsia partialis continua]. Report is made of two patients with Epilepsia Partialis Continua (E.P.C.) from brain organic damage (since carcinoma metastasis and localized ischemia). Clinical EEG, neuroradiological and anatomo-pathological and therapeutical problems are dealth with the light of a review on previous papers. The EEG by itself is assumed as a not sufficient neurophysiological mean. Long time poligraphic enregistrations during awakeness and sleep havae, on the contrary, produced interesting data. The continuous and localized more or less rhythmic myoclonus, which are the distinctive feature in the E.P.C., were in both the patients confined to the first two fingers of their hands; the more they decreased the deeper was sleep (phase II and III-IV) and almost disappeared in the REM phase. Thus poligraphic enregistrations for E.P.C. patients are maintained as very significant.", "PMID": 122164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14930", "title": "Studies of fibrinolytic activity of uremic and longterm hemodialytic patients with special reference to fibrinolytic inhibitor.", "content": "Fibrinolytic activities on cases with chronic renal failure, 13 cases at pre and post introduction of hemodialysis and 40 cases at pre and post hemodialysis of maintenance hemodialysis with 38 normal controls were investigated. The plasminogen activator of untreated chronic renal failure was lower than controls, yet increased with the introduction of hemodialysis. On the other hand the antiplasmin was lowered with the introduction. In cases with maintenance hemodialysis, the plasminogen activator was lower than controls, but was elevated with hemodialysis. The level of antiactivator was higher in uremia of either pre or post hemodialysis than controls. The levels of alpha 2-macroglobulin and alpha 1-antitrypsin were reduced at prehemodialysis state comparing to controls, and yet, increased with hemodialysis, respectively. The low molecular weight antiplasmin and antiactivator, molecular weight below 30,000 were separated with Sephadex G-50 gel filtration of plasma. The low molecular weight fibrinolysis inhibitors of plasma with untreated uremia were elevated comparing to controls, but decreased with the hemodialysis. The removable fibrinolytic inhibitors were indicated, however, the ratio of the low molecular weight fibrinolytic inhibitors to the total fibrinolytic inhibitors were little.", "contents": "Studies of fibrinolytic activity of uremic and longterm hemodialytic patients with special reference to fibrinolytic inhibitor. Fibrinolytic activities on cases with chronic renal failure, 13 cases at pre and post introduction of hemodialysis and 40 cases at pre and post hemodialysis of maintenance hemodialysis with 38 normal controls were investigated. The plasminogen activator of untreated chronic renal failure was lower than controls, yet increased with the introduction of hemodialysis. On the other hand the antiplasmin was lowered with the introduction. In cases with maintenance hemodialysis, the plasminogen activator was lower than controls, but was elevated with hemodialysis. The level of antiactivator was higher in uremia of either pre or post hemodialysis than controls. The levels of alpha 2-macroglobulin and alpha 1-antitrypsin were reduced at prehemodialysis state comparing to controls, and yet, increased with hemodialysis, respectively. The low molecular weight antiplasmin and antiactivator, molecular weight below 30,000 were separated with Sephadex G-50 gel filtration of plasma. The low molecular weight fibrinolysis inhibitors of plasma with untreated uremia were elevated comparing to controls, but decreased with the hemodialysis. The removable fibrinolytic inhibitors were indicated, however, the ratio of the low molecular weight fibrinolytic inhibitors to the total fibrinolytic inhibitors were little.", "PMID": 122165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14931", "title": "Structural identity of the pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell.", "content": "A review is presented of the experiments that resulted in the identification of a specific morphologic entity representing the pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell (HSC) in mouse bone marrow. This entity was subsequently discovered in concentrated HSC preparations from bone marrow of rats, monkeys, and humans. In the mouse, a set of physical parameters (of the HSC) has been collected which agree with its morphologic description. It was also shown that these physical properties, and a number of cell surface properties, do not enable a distinction between HSC and its immediate descendants, the G/M CFU 1 and the E-BFU. The factors that stimulate proliferation of these three cell types have been isolated from human leukocyte conditioned medium and mouse spleen conditioned medium and were partly purified and characterized. The information at present indicates that the three cell types respond to closely related, if not identical, factors. Direct counts of HSC in electron microscopic preparations of density gradient fractions of different enrichment have been compared with HSC values computed from spleen colony counts and f factors for rat and mouse marrow. A high degree of correlation was found between the two types of observations. The slopes of the regression lines for mouse marrow fractions, for concentrates of normal rat marrow, and for concentrates of cycling rat marrow were the same, namely, 0.5. The deviation of this value from the expected value of 1.0 is probably not due to the use of erroneous f values. It is proposed that the observed discrepancy may be due to heterogeneity of spleen colony forming cells, in that a proportion of them may not be pluripotential.", "contents": "Structural identity of the pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell. A review is presented of the experiments that resulted in the identification of a specific morphologic entity representing the pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell (HSC) in mouse bone marrow. This entity was subsequently discovered in concentrated HSC preparations from bone marrow of rats, monkeys, and humans. In the mouse, a set of physical parameters (of the HSC) has been collected which agree with its morphologic description. It was also shown that these physical properties, and a number of cell surface properties, do not enable a distinction between HSC and its immediate descendants, the G/M CFU 1 and the E-BFU. The factors that stimulate proliferation of these three cell types have been isolated from human leukocyte conditioned medium and mouse spleen conditioned medium and were partly purified and characterized. The information at present indicates that the three cell types respond to closely related, if not identical, factors. Direct counts of HSC in electron microscopic preparations of density gradient fractions of different enrichment have been compared with HSC values computed from spleen colony counts and f factors for rat and mouse marrow. A high degree of correlation was found between the two types of observations. The slopes of the regression lines for mouse marrow fractions, for concentrates of normal rat marrow, and for concentrates of cycling rat marrow were the same, namely, 0.5. The deviation of this value from the expected value of 1.0 is probably not due to the use of erroneous f values. It is proposed that the observed discrepancy may be due to heterogeneity of spleen colony forming cells, in that a proportion of them may not be pluripotential.", "PMID": 122166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14932", "title": "Modulation of erythropoietin concentrations by manipulation of hypercarbia.", "content": "The present studies were done to determine whether preventing the respiratory alkalosis, which is known to occur with acute \"hypoxic\" stimuli, would lead to alterations in plasma concentrations of erythropoietin (Ep). Rats were subjected to two acute stresses, hypoxia and blood loss, separately and in combination, with and without the added stress of hypercarbia. Hypercarbia in all experimental groups was associated with a decrease in plasma concentrations of Ep. This reduction in plasma Ep with hypercarbia could not be fully explained by the higher arterial pO2S or p50S of the hypercarbic rats. Hypercarbia may have indirectly suppressed Ep production by increasing blood flow to the site of Ep production. Alternatively, the cell of origin of Ep could be sensitive to changes in pH and/or PCO2. It was further demonstrated that neither the onset nor the degree of reticulocytosis could be predicted by the plasma Ep concentrations. It is likely that the removal of red blood cells led to a decrease in marrow transit time with the early emergence of reticulocytes after acute blood loss.", "contents": "Modulation of erythropoietin concentrations by manipulation of hypercarbia. The present studies were done to determine whether preventing the respiratory alkalosis, which is known to occur with acute \"hypoxic\" stimuli, would lead to alterations in plasma concentrations of erythropoietin (Ep). Rats were subjected to two acute stresses, hypoxia and blood loss, separately and in combination, with and without the added stress of hypercarbia. Hypercarbia in all experimental groups was associated with a decrease in plasma concentrations of Ep. This reduction in plasma Ep with hypercarbia could not be fully explained by the higher arterial pO2S or p50S of the hypercarbic rats. Hypercarbia may have indirectly suppressed Ep production by increasing blood flow to the site of Ep production. Alternatively, the cell of origin of Ep could be sensitive to changes in pH and/or PCO2. It was further demonstrated that neither the onset nor the degree of reticulocytosis could be predicted by the plasma Ep concentrations. It is likely that the removal of red blood cells led to a decrease in marrow transit time with the early emergence of reticulocytes after acute blood loss.", "PMID": 122167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14933", "title": "Screening by culture for the detection of gonorrhoea in women.", "content": "The number of gonoccal infections detected by each of three sets of diagnostic cultures from the urethra, cervix, rectum and occasionally the throat, were calculated for 1976 when Thayer Martin (TM) medium was used and for 1977 when Modified New York City (MNYC) medium was used. In 1977, 98.7 per cent (451/457) of the total infections diagnosed were confirmed by culture compared with 88.3 per cent (324/367) of infections diagnosed in 1976 (P less than 0.001). The first set of diagnostic tests detected 97.6 per cent (440/451) of culture-positive infections in 1977 compared with only 88.9 per cent (228/324) in 1976 (P less than 0.001). The efficiency of screening with a single endocervical culture was also calculated. This procedure would have detected 90.2 per cent (407/451) of culture-positive infections in 1977 when MNYC medium was used compared with only 78.1 per cent (253/324) in 1976 when TM medium was used (P less than 0.001). It is suggested that the statistically significant improvement in the culture results for 1977 resulted from the introduction of MNYC medium since all other diagnostic procedures were identical to those in 1976. Other advantages associated with the use of MNYC medium are discussed.", "contents": "Screening by culture for the detection of gonorrhoea in women. The number of gonoccal infections detected by each of three sets of diagnostic cultures from the urethra, cervix, rectum and occasionally the throat, were calculated for 1976 when Thayer Martin (TM) medium was used and for 1977 when Modified New York City (MNYC) medium was used. In 1977, 98.7 per cent (451/457) of the total infections diagnosed were confirmed by culture compared with 88.3 per cent (324/367) of infections diagnosed in 1976 (P less than 0.001). The first set of diagnostic tests detected 97.6 per cent (440/451) of culture-positive infections in 1977 compared with only 88.9 per cent (228/324) in 1976 (P less than 0.001). The efficiency of screening with a single endocervical culture was also calculated. This procedure would have detected 90.2 per cent (407/451) of culture-positive infections in 1977 when MNYC medium was used compared with only 78.1 per cent (253/324) in 1976 when TM medium was used (P less than 0.001). It is suggested that the statistically significant improvement in the culture results for 1977 resulted from the introduction of MNYC medium since all other diagnostic procedures were identical to those in 1976. Other advantages associated with the use of MNYC medium are discussed.", "PMID": 122170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14934", "title": "[Hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis in chronic alcoholic patients].", "content": "Eleven male chronic alcoholics without cirrhosis but with clinical features of alcoholism were studied. Ten healthy men of similar age served as controls. After suppressing hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17-beta-oestradiol (E2) and testosterone were determined in basal conditions and after administration of clomiphene citrate in each case. Basal levels of FSH, LH and E2 were higher and the testosterone level lower in the alcoholic group. After stimulation, there was no difference in gonadal hormone levels between both groups, suggesting a normal hypothalamic-pituitary axis with an adequate gonadal response.", "contents": "[Hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis in chronic alcoholic patients]. Eleven male chronic alcoholics without cirrhosis but with clinical features of alcoholism were studied. Ten healthy men of similar age served as controls. After suppressing hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17-beta-oestradiol (E2) and testosterone were determined in basal conditions and after administration of clomiphene citrate in each case. Basal levels of FSH, LH and E2 were higher and the testosterone level lower in the alcoholic group. After stimulation, there was no difference in gonadal hormone levels between both groups, suggesting a normal hypothalamic-pituitary axis with an adequate gonadal response.", "PMID": 122168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14935", "title": "Acetylcholine-like activity in the fruit of the black nightshade (Solanaceae).", "content": "The presence of acetylcholine in aqueous extracts of the fruit of Solanum nigrum Linn. (black nightshade) has been established based upon the following pharmacological tests: a) isotonic contraction of the isolated toad rectus abdominis; b) negative chronotropic and inotropic action on the isolated toad heart; c) isotonic contraction of the isolated guinea pig's ileum; d) isotonic contraction of the rat's isolated jejunum; 3) decrease on the cat's arterial blood pressure; f) secretory effects on the rat's submaxillary gland. These actions were selectively blocked by curate or atropine and disappeared after incubation of the extract at 37 C with plasma. Further evidence showing that the fruit of the black nightshade contains acetylcholine was obtained by chromatographic separation of the aqueous extract. The average content of acetylcholine was found to be 250 micrograms/g of fruit.", "contents": "Acetylcholine-like activity in the fruit of the black nightshade (Solanaceae). The presence of acetylcholine in aqueous extracts of the fruit of Solanum nigrum Linn. (black nightshade) has been established based upon the following pharmacological tests: a) isotonic contraction of the isolated toad rectus abdominis; b) negative chronotropic and inotropic action on the isolated toad heart; c) isotonic contraction of the isolated guinea pig's ileum; d) isotonic contraction of the rat's isolated jejunum; 3) decrease on the cat's arterial blood pressure; f) secretory effects on the rat's submaxillary gland. These actions were selectively blocked by curate or atropine and disappeared after incubation of the extract at 37 C with plasma. Further evidence showing that the fruit of the black nightshade contains acetylcholine was obtained by chromatographic separation of the aqueous extract. The average content of acetylcholine was found to be 250 micrograms/g of fruit.", "PMID": 122174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14936", "title": "[Hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis in patients with liver cirrhosis of alcoholic origin].", "content": "Plasma levels of testosterone, 17-beta-oestradiol (E2), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone were estimated in 19 males with alcoholic cirrhosis and in 10 healthy age matched controls in basal conditions and after administration of clomiphene citrate. The gonadal hormone response is normal in the cirrhotic group after stimulation with clomiphene citrate, suggesting a normal functional reserve of the gonad of the cirrhotic patients. It is emphasized the direct damage that the alcohol produces in the Leydig cell.", "contents": "[Hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis in patients with liver cirrhosis of alcoholic origin]. Plasma levels of testosterone, 17-beta-oestradiol (E2), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone were estimated in 19 males with alcoholic cirrhosis and in 10 healthy age matched controls in basal conditions and after administration of clomiphene citrate. The gonadal hormone response is normal in the cirrhotic group after stimulation with clomiphene citrate, suggesting a normal functional reserve of the gonad of the cirrhotic patients. It is emphasized the direct damage that the alcohol produces in the Leydig cell.", "PMID": 122169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14937", "title": "[Results of radiotherapy of gastrointestinal malignancies].", "content": "Irradiation offers only a palliative treatment for malignant tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid represents an exception; above all, preoperative irradiation improves a five year survival rate up to 15%. There is a better prognosis for non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphomas of the entire gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "[Results of radiotherapy of gastrointestinal malignancies]. Irradiation offers only a palliative treatment for malignant tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid represents an exception; above all, preoperative irradiation improves a five year survival rate up to 15%. There is a better prognosis for non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphomas of the entire gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 122218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14938", "title": "[Aplastic anemia following indomethacin therapy].", "content": "A 78 year old woman developed non-fatal pure red cell aplasia after taking Indomethacin for a long period. We gave the patient red cell transfusions and treated her with Methylprednisolon. Approximately 3 months after discontinuation of Indomethacin the patient felt well and blood picture was normal.", "contents": "[Aplastic anemia following indomethacin therapy]. A 78 year old woman developed non-fatal pure red cell aplasia after taking Indomethacin for a long period. We gave the patient red cell transfusions and treated her with Methylprednisolon. Approximately 3 months after discontinuation of Indomethacin the patient felt well and blood picture was normal.", "PMID": 122219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14939", "title": "[Physiopathology of prostaglandin I2 synthesis in the human gastrointestinal mucosa].", "content": "1. PGI2 is synthetized in human gastrointestinal mucosa. 2. PGI2 seems to be responsible for pathophysiological conditions. 3. Disorders caused by an enhanced or diminished PGI2-synthesis could be treated in the future by inhibition of prostacyclin synthetase or exogenous synthetic PGI2 respectively. 4. In order to remove the problems with the unstable PGI2, synthetic analogs could be used for the treatment.", "contents": "[Physiopathology of prostaglandin I2 synthesis in the human gastrointestinal mucosa]. 1. PGI2 is synthetized in human gastrointestinal mucosa. 2. PGI2 seems to be responsible for pathophysiological conditions. 3. Disorders caused by an enhanced or diminished PGI2-synthesis could be treated in the future by inhibition of prostacyclin synthetase or exogenous synthetic PGI2 respectively. 4. In order to remove the problems with the unstable PGI2, synthetic analogs could be used for the treatment.", "PMID": 122220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0004_14940", "title": "Echographic studies of osmotic agents.", "content": "The effectiveness of osmotic agents, acetazolamide (Diamox), urea, glycerol, and mannitol, and massages (5 and 10 minutes) for inducing hypotony in rabbit eyes was evaluated by ultrasonography. Mannitol was found to have the greatest hypotonic effect followed closely by urea and glycerol, then acetazolamide. The difference between the 5 and 10 minute massages was negligible.", "contents": "Echographic studies of osmotic agents. The effectiveness of osmotic agents, acetazolamide (Diamox), urea, glycerol, and mannitol, and massages (5 and 10 minutes) for inducing hypotony in rabbit eyes was evaluated by ultrasonography. Mannitol was found to have the greatest hypotonic effect followed closely by urea and glycerol, then acetazolamide. The difference between the 5 and 10 minute massages was negligible.", "PMID": 122221}